28 


1610-1620. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVy. 
1613  Sprint].  Me.  Captain  Argall  of 
Jamestown  pillages  and  burns  the 
French  settlement  at  Mount  Desert 
Island,  it  being  in  the  territory  of  the 
London  Company. 

*  *  rail.  Smith  destroys  every  building 
of  a  French  colony  at  the  mouth  of  the 
St.  Croix  Uiver. 

*  *  Can.    Smith  bums  the  deserted  hani- 


1617    FocahontaB  dies  in  Europe  A22. 
iei8    West,  Thomas  Lord  Delaware,  Gov. 
of  Va.,  A4I. 

Powhatan,  Indian  chief,  dies. 
1620    AUouez,  Claude  Jean,  Fr.  Jesuit,  born. 

Dale,  Sir  Thomas,  Gov.  of  Va.,  dies. 


let 


CHURCH. 
1610    June  *    Va.    A  day  given  to  reli- 
gious  services    on    the    return    of   the 
colonists  to  their  homes.    (See  State.) 


of   Port  Royal   in  Acadia   (Nova    1611    June  10.     Va.    Many  godly  emi- 


Scotia). 

*  *  N.  r.  Smith  destroys  the  cabins  of 
the  Dutch  on  Manhattan  Island,  and 
compel-s  them  to  acknowledge  the  sover- 
eignty of  Jjvmes  I.  of  England, 

1614  *  » If.  r.  The  Dutch  buUd  a  fort 
on  the  southern  extremity  of  Manhattan 
IsLiud. 

*  »  JV.  r.  Fort  Nassau  is  built  by  the 
Dutch  [near  Albany]. 

1615  Oct.  10.  X.  r.  Battle  between 
Champlain  and  the  Iroquois  Indians  in 
western  New  York. 

ART  —  SCrEN  CE  —  NATURE  — 
EXPLORATION. 
1610  »  •  Eng.    Hudson  sails  on  a  north- 
ern voyage  of  discovery,  seeking  a  pas- 
sage westward  to  the  Indies. 

*  •  Spring.  Va.  Smith  introduces  the 
cultivation  of  maize,  and  plants  30  or 
40  acres. 

July  27.  Sir  Thomas  Smythe  discovers 
Delaware  Bay. 

Aug.  2.  Can.  Hudson  enters  the  straits 
which  bear  his  name,  and  thinks  he  dis- 
covers the  Pacific  [Hudson  Bay]. 

1612  ♦  *  Va.  The  coloiusts  begin  to 
manufacture  bricks. 

»  *  Va.  ,Iohn  Rolfe  [the  husband  of 
Tocahontas]  begins  the  systematic  cul- 
tivation of  tobacco. 

1614  *  *  N.  Y.  Adriaen  Block  of  Xew 
Amsterdam  builds  the  first  colonial  ship, 
the  Onntst  (Kestless). 

*  *  Conn.  Block,  in  the  OiirusI,  explores 
Long  Island  Sound,  and  discovers  the 
Connecticut  River. 

June  +  *  Captain  John  Smith  explores 
the  New  England  coast,  and  gives  it  this 
name. 

1615  *  *  Can.  Champlain  visits  Lake 
Huron. 

1616  *  •  Can.  Bylot  and  Baffin  are 
sent  in  search  of  the  northwest  pas- 
sage ;  Wolstenholme's  Sound,  Lancaster 
Sound,  and  Baffin  Bay  are  discovered. 

1617  *  *  Guiana.  Sir  Walter  Baleigh 
explores  the  coast. 

1618  •  *  Can.  Baffin  reaches  the  78°  of 
latitude  in  the  bay  which  bears  his 
name. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1610  ?  Berkeley,  Sir  William,  Gov.  of  Va.,  b. 
?  Newport,  Christopher,  commander,  dies. 

1611  Day,  .Stephen,  first  printer,  born. 
•1613    Bradstreet,  Anne,  poet,  born. 

1613  Morton,  Nathaniel,  historian,  born. 

1614  Cheever,  Kzekiel,  teacher,  born. 
1616    Leverett,  Sir  John,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  bom. 

Mereloza,de  Juan  Gonzales,  Jlex.  vicar,  .4.77. 


grants  arrive  ;  they  commence  the  labors 
of  the  day  by  offering  prayers  in  their 
little  church,  and  order  and  comfort 
increase. 

June  12.  .V.  S.  Two  Jesuit  mission- 
aries arrive  at  Port  Royal,  but  their 
work  among  the  Micmaos  is  frustrated 
by  tlie  government. 

*  *  Va.  Gov.  Dale  requires  every  man 
and  woman  to  give  an  account  of  his 
faith  to  the  minister  for  the  test  of 
orthodoxy;  he  orders  them  to  be 
whipped  if  they  refuse,  and  to  be 
whipped  daily  till  they  acknowledge 
their  faith. 

1614  *  *  I're.  Pocahontas  becomes  the 
first  Christian  convert,  and  is  bap- 
tized in  the  Episcopal  church,  under 
the  name  of  Rebecca. 

1615  *  *  Ton.  Le  Caron,  a  Franciscan, 
carries  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  to 
the  Indians  of  eastern  Maine,  and  west- 
ward to  the  llurons. 

1617  *  *  Eng.  The  refugee  Puritans 
in  Holland  apply  to  the  London  Com- 
pany for  permission  to  emigrate  to  their 
territory  in  America,  and  their  request 
is  granted. 

1619  July*  Va.  The  House  of  Bur- 
gesses confirms  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land as  the  Church  of  Virginia,  and 
intends  that  the  first  four  ministers 
shall  each  receive  £200  a  year,  and  all 
persons  whatsoever  shall  attend  church 
on  the  Sabbath,  both  forenoon  and 
afternoon. 

*  *  Eng.  Another  request  signed  by  the 
greater  part  of  the  Puritans  is  sent  to 
the  Company.  [Dissensions  in  the  Com- 
pany delay  success.] 

*  *  N.  S.  Reformed  Franciscans  be- 
gin mission  work  in  Acadia. 

1620  Dec.  21.  Mass.  Only  the  Plym- 
outh people  come  over  as  separatists, 
the  other  colonists  remain  in  the 
Church  of  Sngland  seeking  to  reform 
her  corruptions.  The  Congregational 
service  is  introduced  by  the  Pilgrims. 

*  *  Arg.  Hep.  Buenos  Ayres  becomes  a 
bishopric  by  creation  of  Pope  Paul  V. 

*  *  Eng.  A  company  of  London  mer- 
chants is  formed  that  agrees  to  loan 
money  to  the  poor  Puritans  so  they 
may  emigrate ;  each  is  to  give  his  ser- 
vices for  seven  years  to  the  company. 

LETTERS. 

1610  ♦  •  The  TrueReportoryofthe  Wrack 

and  Redemption  of  Sir  Thmnas   Gates, 

written  at  Jamestown  by  William  Stra- 

chey. 


1613  *  *  Oood  Xetes  from  Virginia,  by 
Alexander  Whitaker,  "  The  Apostle  of 
Virginia." 

1614*  *  Captain  .John  Smith  makes  a 
map  of  the  New  England  coast  and 
country ;  names  it  New  England. 

1616  •  *  Peril.  The  college  of  San 
Carlos  is  founded. 

1619  *  *  Va.  .An  effort  is  made  to  estab- 
lish a  college  at  Henrico  (Richmond). 

An  endowment  of  ,61,500  and  10,000 
acres  of  land  is  procured  ;  the  massacre 
of  its  friends  defeats  the  project. 

SOCIETY. 

1611  June  21.  Can.  Henry  Hudson, 
his  sons,  and  five  others  are  sent  adrift 
by  his  mutinous  crew,  and  perish  in 
Hudson  Bay. 

*  *  Va.  The  land  hitherto  held  In  com- 
mon is  now  divided,  and  each  of  the  700 
colonists  receives  three  acres. 

Sept.  1.  Henry  Hudson's  mutinous  crew 
is  picked  up  in  a  wretched  condition. 

1612  June  29.  Eng.  A  lottery  is 
drawn  in  London  for  the  benefit  of 
the  Virginia  plantations ;  profit  nearly 
£30,000. 

1613  *  •  Va.  Pocahontas  is  stolen  and 
held  for  a  ransom  by  the  colonists.  [In- 
dian troubles  follow.] 

1614*  *  Va.  Capt.  Hunt,  the  deputy 
governor,  treacherously  entices  the  In- 
dian chief,  Santo,  with  27  others,  on 
board  of  his  ship,  and  sails  for  Spain, 
where  he  sells  them  into  slavery. 

Apr.  *  Va.  Pocahontas  is  married  to 
.John  Rolfe,  a  worthy  young  Englishman, 
[King  James  is  scandalized  that  one  not 
of  royal  blood  should  marry  a  princess,] 

1616  *  »  Pocahontas  visits  England 
and  is  received  at  Court, 

1619  *  *  Va.  Laws  are  made  against  the 
playing  of  dice  and  cards,  drtmken- 
ness,  and  idleness;  excess  in  apparel 
is  restrained  by  a  tax. 

*  *  Va.  The  colony  is  reenforced  by  the 
arrival  of  1,200  emigrants,  including  100 
felons  sent  by  the  king  to  be  sold  as 
servants  among  the  planters. 

*  *  Etig.  Bad  management  of  the  treas- 
urer of  the  London  Company. 

About  ?400,000  have  been  spent  and 
only  600  men,  chiefly  rovers,  are  found 
in  the  colony ;  it  is  discovered  that 
women  must  be  introduced  to  make 
the  enterprise  succeed. 

Aug.  *  Va.  A  Dutch  man-of-war  brings 
20  African  negroes  to  Jamestown,  and 
sells  them  to  the  eoI<mist8  at  auction, 
thus  introducing  African  slavery. 

1620  Dec.  21.  Mass.  The  "Pilgrim 
Fathers  "  land  at  Plymouth  Rock,  and 
their  colony  consists  of  73  males,  29  fe- 
males ;  3t  adult  males,  18  adult  females  ; 
20  boys  and  8  girls  ;  also  3  maid  servants 
and  19  men  servants,  etc.     (Winsor.) 

*  *  Eng.  Ninety  young  women  of  good 
breeding  and  modest  manners  are  per- 
suaded to  emigrate  to  Virginia, 

Men  who  become  husbands  pay  120  lbs. 
of  tobacco  to  repay  the  alnK»st  bankrupt 
company  the  expense  of  the  voyage. 


AMERICA. 


1610-1620. 


29 


SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1610  May  24.  Ta.  Capt.-gen.  Gates 
HuJ  about  150  others  arrive  from  Ber- 
miula,  where  they  were  inhipwrecketl. 

June  *  /  'a.  '  *  The  starving  time.' ' 
Vice  and  famine  have  reduced  the 
colonists  from  4D0  to  only  60 ;  they  are  dis- 
heartened, and  abandoning  Jamestown, 
set  sail  for  the  lishernien's  fleet  at  New- 
fo  midland. 

June  10.  Ta.  The  departing  colonists 
meet  a  fleet  of  3  vessels  with  reeuforce- 
meuts  and  supplies,  and  then  return  to 
-Jamestown. 

Lord  Delaware,  the  acting  governor, 
brings  peace,  plenty,  and  prosperity  to 
.lamestown. 

Xew  York.  The  first  Butch  emi- 
grants arrive  at  Manhattan. 

*  *  Brazil.  Jesuit  settlements  are 
formed ;  communism  prevails. 

*  *  Fr.    liouis Xlll.  enthroned. 

*  *  Nicaragua.  The  foundation  of  Leou 
[the  future  rival  of  Granada]  is  laid. 

*  ♦  N.  F.  Mr.  Gay,  of  Bristol,  founds  a 
colony  at  Conception  Bay. 

i  *  *  Paraguay.  Jesuit  settlements  of 
natives  are  begun  ;  civilization  follows. 

*  *  Va.  Delaware  returns  to  England  for 
his  health. 

1611  May  10.  Va.  Sir  Thomas  Bale 
arrives  in  the  Chesapeake  with  stores 
and  emigrants  ;  he  assumes  the  govern- 
ment as  high  marshal. 

Aug.  *  Va.  Sir  Thomas  Gates  arrives 
with  300  colonists,  12  cows,  20  goats,  and 
supplies ;  he  enters  office  as  deputy 
governor. 

*  *  Va.  Colonists  receive  individual  al- 
lotments of  three  acres  of  land. 

1612  Mar.  *  Va.  James  I.  grants  a 
third  charter  to  the  London  Company. 

It  includes  the  Bermudas  ;  because  of 
the  flnancial  failure  of  the  venture  the 
stockholders  are  given  control,  and  with- 
out intention,  a  democratic  government 
is  encouraged. 

*  *  Itrazil.  A  French  colony  is  founded 
on  the  island  of  Marajo.  [Maintained 
six  years.] 

*  *  Eng.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  having 
spent  $200,000  to  found  a  colony,  without 
success,  gives  up  the  undertaking. 

*  *  Fr.  The  Protestants  being  in  power, 
the  great  Cond€  becomes  viceroy  of 
the  French  empire  in  America. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Dutch  send  the  Tiger 
and  the  Fortune  to  trade  with  the  Indians 
on  the  Hudson  River.  Huts  are  erected 
on  HdCanhattan  Island.  (About  45 
Broadway.) 

1613  May  *  Me.  Madame  de  Guerche- 
ville,  having  secured  DeMonts'  patent 
and  a  new  one  from  the  crown,  for  all 
lands  between  Florida  and  the  St.  Law- 
rence River,  Port  Royal  excepted,  sends 
Saussago  and  two  Jesuits,  who  settle  a 
small  colony  on  Mount  Desert  Island. 
[It  is  soon  broken  up.] 

*  *  Guiana.  A  colony  of  Dutchmen  ar- 
rives. 

*  •  New  York.  The  Dutch  establish  a 
trading-post  on  Manhattan  Island. 


*  *  Va.     Captain    Samuel    Argall    of 

Jamestown  breaks  up  the  French  settle- 
ments in  Maine  and  Acadia,  also  the 
Dutch  trading-station  (?)  at  New  Nether- 
land. 

1614  Oct.  11.  .V.  Y.  A  charter  is 
granted  by  the  States-General  to  the 
New  Netherland  Company,  includ- 
ing territory  from  40°  north  to  45°  north, 
with  a  monopoly  of  the  fur  trade  for 
three  years. 

*  *  Conn.    Settlement  of  Connecticut. 

The  Dutch,  led  by  Adriaen  Block,  ex- 

glore  the  coast,  also  the  chief  river,  and 
uild  a  fort  [near  Hartford]. 

*  *  Guiana.     The  States  of  Holland  en- 
courage settlements  by  offering  mono-< 
polies  for  four  years. 

*  *  Mass.  An  expedition  is  sent  to  New 
England  by  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges 
and  the  Earl  of  Southampton. 

*  *  A^  Y.  The  Dutch  form  a  settlement 
on  Manhattan  Island,  also  erect  a  fort ; 
they  build  another  [Fort  Nassau]  150 
miles  up  the  river. 

*  *  New  York.  Jean  Vigne,  the  first  white 
child,  born  on  Manhattan  Island. 

*  *  Va.  Gov.  Gates  returns  to  England, 
and  leaves  the  government  to  Sir  Thomas 
Dale  [for  two  years]. 

The  cultivation  of  tobacco  brings 
prosperity  to  the  colony ;  the  streets 
of  Jamestown  are  planted  with  it,  and 
it  becomes  the  accepted  currency. 

1615  Mayi  *  New  Eng.  John  Smith 
vainly  attempts  to  form  a  settlement. 

*  *  Brazil.    Belem  is  founded  by  Calderia. 

*  *  Cati.  Champlain  leads  an  expedition 
to  Lake  Huron. 

*  *  N.  F.  Captain  Richard  Whitborne 
is  sent  to  establish  order  among  the 
flshermen  at  Newfoimdland, 

*  *  Va.  Private  ownership  of  land 
begins,  each  colonist  receiving  50  acres 
for  himself  and  heirs. 

1616  May  *  Va.  Sir  Thomas  Dale  re- 
signs the  governorship,  and  returns  to 
England,  leaving  George  Yeardley  as 
deputy  governor.  Pocahontas  goes  to 
England. 

*  *  Nfw  Kng.  Sir  Ferdinando  Gor- 
ges makes  persistent  effort  for  the  set- 
tlement of  New  England. 

1617  Jan.  *  Va.  Captain  Samuel  Ar- 
gall is  elected  deputy  governor. 

[Fraud,  oppression,  violence,  greed, 
and  tyranny  on  the  jtart  of  the  govern- 
ment check  immigration,  and  tlie  col- 
ony becomes  reduced  to  600  persons.] 

May  15.  Va,  Argall  arrives  in  Jamestown. 

**N.J.  The  Dutch  from  New  Am- 
sterdam start  a  settlement  at  Bergen. 
[The  first  in  New  Jersey.] 

*  *  N.  Y.  Fort  Nassau  [Albany]  is  de- 
stroyeil  by  a  rtootl. 

1618*  *  New  Eng.  Ferdinando  Gorges 
sends  Captain  Rooroft  from  England  to 
New  England ;  he  spoils  a  French  bark 
on  the  way,  and  goes  to  Virginia,  where 
he  is  killed. 

1619  Jan.  1.  N.  Y.  Expiration  of  the 
first  Now  Netherland  charter. 


*  *  Va.  Iiord  Delaware  sails  with  sup- 
plies, and  dies  on  the  voyage.  Ope- 
chancanough  succeeds  Powhatan, 

Apr.  19,    Va.  Sir  George  Yeardley  is 

appointed  deputy  governor.     [The  col- 
ony grows  and  prospers.] 

*  *  Hoi.  The  Pilgrims  get  a  patent  from 
the  London  (South  Virginia)  Company. 

July  *  Va.  Popular  government  in- 
troduced. 

Yeardley  divides  the  plantation  into 
11  boroughs,  and  issues  a  proclamation 
requesting  the  election  of  two  citizens 
from  each  to  assist  in  the  government. 

July  30,  Va.  The  House  of  Burgesses 
meets  at  Jamestown,  the  first  colonial 
legislature  in  the  New  World. 

It  is  an  elective  assembly  for  discus- 
sion onlv,  and  has  no  power  without  the 
approval  of  the  London  Company. 

1620  July22.  Hnl.  The  Pilgrims  de- 
part from  Delfshaven  in  the  Speeihcell^ 
having  spent  the  preceding  night  in 
prayer  and  religious  conversation. 

The  Pilgrims  purchase  the  Speedwell^ 
and  hire  the  Mayflower. 

Aug.  5.  Eng.  The  Pilgrims  set  sail 
from  Southampton  for  Virginia  in  the 
Afat/flower  of  180  tons  burden,  and  the 
Speedwelly  GO  tons.  [The  Speedtvell  proves 
leaky,  and  compels  their  return  to  Dart- 
mouth.] 

Aug.  20±.  The  repairs  on  the  Speedwell 
being  completed,  the  Pilgrims  reem- 
bark.  [The  Speedwell  i)roves-un8eawor- 
thy,  and  they  return  to  Plymouth.] 

Sept.  6.  Eng.  The  Pilgrims  finally 
leave  Plymouth  in  the  Maj/flowery 
and  number  103  persons. 

Nov.  3.  Eng.  The  Plymouth  Com- 
pany reorganized. 

King  James  incorptirates  forty  of  his 
subjects  as  "  the  Council  established  at 
Plymouth  for  the  planting,  ruling,  or- 
dering, and  governing  of  New  England 
in  America. 

Nov,  9.    Mass.    The    Pilgrims    come    in 

sight  of  Cape  Cod  after  a  voyage  of  63 

days. 
Nov,  11.    Mass.    Pilgrims  on   the  May- 

Jlo^ver  sign  an  instrument  of  republican 

government,  and   elect   John  Carver 

governor.    (Nov.  21,  N.  S.) 
Being  denied  a  patent  by  the  king,  they 

proceed  to  di.scharge  all  the  functions  of 

an  organized  state. 

Dec.  11.  Mass.  The  Pilgrim  Fathers 
disembark  at  Plymouth  Rock,  and 
found  a  colony  numbering  102  persons. 
New  Style,  Dec.  2L    (Winsor.) 

Dec.  23.  Mass.  The  Pilgrims  begin 
building  a  settlement  at  Plymouth. 

*  *  Arg.  liep.  The  Spaniards  erect  a  new 
government  for  Buenos  Ay  res  —  the 
Rio  de  la  Plata,  with  Buenos  Ayres 
for  its  capital ;  cities  and  settlements 
abound. 

*  *  Paraguay  is  separated  from  Bue- 
nos Ayres. 

*  *  Mass.  The  whole  body  of  the  male 
inhabitants  constitute  the  legislature. 
[Continuing  thus  for  18  years.] 

*  *  Va.  The  1,000  inhabitants  receive  an 
accession  of  1,200  more. 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF 


CLASSIFIED   DATES 


Digitized  by  tine  Internet  Arciiive 

in  2008  witii  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


littp://www.arcliive.org/details/cyclopediaofclaisOOIittricli 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF 
CLASSIFIED   DATES 

WITH  AN  EXHAUSTIVE  INDEX 
BY  CHARLES   E.  LITTLE 

COMPILER   OF   BIBLICAL   LIGHTS,  AND 
HISTORICAL  LIGHTS  AND  SIDE-LIGHTS 


FOR  THE  USE  OF  STUDENTS  OF  HISTORY,  AND 
FOR  ALL  PERSONS  WHO  DESIRE  SPEEDY 
ACCESS  TO  THE  FACTS  AND  EVENTS,  WHICH 
RELATE  TO  THE  HISTORIES  OF  THE  VARI- 
OUS COUNTRIES  OF  THE  WORLD,  FROM  THE 
EARLIEST   RECORDED  DATES 


FUNK    &   WAGNALLS    9OMPANY 

NEW  YORK   AND    LONDON, 

1900 


•j~mwjnru 


Copyright  1899,  by 
FUNK    &  WAGNALLS  COMPANY 

[REGISTERED    AT     STATIONERS'     HALL,     LONDON] 
PBIXTED  IN  TBE  VyrTED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 


INTRODUCTION. 

This  book  is  designed  for  general  use,  as  it  possesses  the  essential  features  of  a  Universal 
History,  a  Biographical  Dictionary,  a  Geographical  Gazetteer,  and,  besides  these  specific  uses, 
a  general  utility  fitting  it  to  become  a  companion  to  the  Dictionary,  both  in  the  library  of  the 
scholar,  and  in  the  homes  and  schools  where  young  people  are  pursuing  their  studies. 

It  aims  primarily  to  serve  as  a  volume  of  historical  annals  for  students  and  general  readers, 

"     ■       ■  "   ■  "  '     '        *~"       '      "■  -sons  or  events  referred  to 

;ts,  in  the  current  of  siinul- 
•y  country;  and  yet  furtnor 
e  space  allotted  to  each  of 


SIGNS  AND  SYMBOLS  USED  IN  THE  CYCLOPEDIA 
OF  CLASSIFIED  DATES 


+ 


I  statement  are  of  primary 
■  inaccuracy,  because  this  is 
ies  have  been  encountered, 
the  information  here  given 
so  often  used  by  authors  in 
ecific,  and  by  the  frequent 
ial  facts  which  the  plan  of 
lired  to  obtain  only  a  sc|fbJl 

sments  of  various  authors, 
an  important  event  as  the 
,  respecting  l)oth  the  date, 
Mass.,  and  that  adopted  by 
lence,  accept  Decemlier  2l8t 
ade  in  the  18th  century  to 
yle,  whereas  only  ten  should 
ere  required  to  correct  the 
\fayflower,  sonio  historians 
J  correct. 

bives.  The  famous  Captain 
«ignated  by  some  persons  iis 
could  be  misled  by  the  Rev. 
gilt  conclude  with  him  that 
8  tree  was  an  elm. 
rotestant  countries  accepted 
i82,  nearly  one  hundred  and 
!S  of  Gtermany,  and  one  hun- 
the  same  event  would  have 
or  a  Protestant  writer. 
y  an  uncertain  value.  Tile 
times  is  well  known ;  but 
Dility  is  evident.  Hei*e  the 
g  any  suspicion  of  uncer- 
rhich  dates  may  be  accepted 

In  the  dates  given  to  the  earlier  'BTOllClU  eveiiiu,  ine  orUer  ot  usner's  Chronology  has  been  fol- 
lowed, for  the  lack  of  something  better;  but  these  dates  are  placed  at  the  end  instead  of  the  begin- 
tiing  of  the  item,  and  are  enclosed  in  parentheses  with  the  chronologist's  na«ne,  to  indicate  uncer- 
tainty. Differing  authorities  are  often  added  in  the  same  manner.  M'hen  the  chronology  is  com- 
monly accepted  by  modern  scholarship  the  dates  are  placed  in  the  style  followed  throughout  the  book. 

For  the  eventu  of  recent  years  whicli  have  not  yet  passed  \inder  the  pen  of  the  hist<orian,  the 
best  digests  of  daily  news  have  been  consulted,  and  the  books  noted,  are  those  which  have  been 
commended  by  the  most  scholarly  reviews. 


=  day  of  month  unknown. 
=  month  and  day  of  month  unknown. 
=  year,  month,  and  day  of  month  unknown. 
=  the  event  recorded  did  not  terminate  on  the  date 
given. 

-t  =  proximity  to  the  date  given,  the  precise  date 
being  unknown. 

—  preceding  an  entry  denotes  that  tlie  date  is  the 

same  as  given  in  preceding  entry. 

Geographical  Location  of  an  event  is  indicated  by 
inserting  immediately  after  the  date  the  name 
(in  full  or  abbreviated)  of  state,  province,  county, 
or  cit}',  in  italic  type.  In  recording  events  of 
ancient  history,  the  moJern  name  of  the  country 
is  the  one  so  iiiilicated. 

In  certain  lists  of  events,  such  for  instance  as  guberna- 
torial inaugurations,  recorded  under  one  date, 
the  additional  date  at  the  beginning  of  each 
entry  of  the  list  indicates  the  termination  of  the 
l)eriod  (term  of  office,  for  instance)  to  vrhicli  the 
event  relates. 


816G56 


s\^ 


V 


INTRODUCTION. 


This  book  is  designed  for  general  use,  as  it  possesses  the  essential  features  of  a  Universal 
History,  a  Biographical  Dictionary,  a  Geographical  Gazetteer,  and,  besides  these  specific  uses, 
a  general  utility  fitting  it  to  become  a  companion  to  the  Dictionary,  both  in  the  library  of  the 
scholar,  and  in  the  homes  and  Bchools  where  young  people  are  pursuing  their  studies. 

It  aims  primarily  to  serve  as  a  volume  of  historical  annals  for  students  and  general  readers, 
who  may  desire  immediate  access  to  historical  facts  relating  to  the  persons  or  events  referred  to 
in  any  publication,  or  wish  to  obtain  the  historical  setting  of  such  facts,  in  the  current  of  simul- 
taneous events.  It  also  aims  to  serve  as  a  digest  of  the  history  of  every  country;  and  yet  further 
to  show  the  trend  of  history  almost  at  a  glance,  by  noting  the  relative  space  allotted  to  each  of 
the  several  topics,  under  which  events  are  classified.  ^ 

The  author  has  kept  constantly  in  mind  that  accuracy  of  date  and  statement  are  of  primary 
importance  in  a  book  of  dated  facts.  No  other  excellence  ean  atone  for  inaccuracy,  because  this  is 
a  fundamental  feature.  In  pursuit  of  this  purpose  immense  difficulties  have  been  enco\nit<?red, 
yet  neither  labor  nor  expense  have  been  considered  too  great  to  make  the  information  hero  given 
reliable.  Many  difficulties  have  been  occasioned  by  the  general  terms  so  often  used  by  a\ithors  in 
describing  events,  which  by  the  plan  of  this  book  must  be  made  specific,  and  by  the  frequent 
absence  in  one  or  several  historical  narratives  of  some  of  the  essential  facts  which  the  plan  of 
this  work  requires,  hence  much  laborious  research  has  often  been  required  to  obtain  only  a  s^^l 
part  of  a  single  item. 

More  serious  impediments  have  been  found  in  the  disa^jreeing  statements  of  various  authors. 
Some  of  these  disagreements  are  quite  surprising.  Concerning  such  an  important  event  .as  the 
landing  of  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth  Rock,  historians  are  wide  apart,  respecting  both  the  date, 
and  the  numbei-  of  persons  landing.  The  date  celebrated  in  Plymouth,  Mass.,  and  that  adopted  by 
many  historians,  is  the  22d  of  December;  others,  with  satisfactory  evidence,  accept  Decemfier  2l8t 
as  the  anniversj  ry  day.  The  error  probably  arises  from  an  attempt  made  in  the  18th  century  to 
fix  the  New  Stye  date,  by  adding  eleven  days  to  December  11th,  Old  Style,  whereas  only  ten  should 
be  added,  as  the  landing  occurred  in  the  17th  century,  when  t«n  days  were  required  to  correct  the 
calendar.  Respecting  the  number  of  colonists  who  came  over  on  the  Mayflower,  some  historians 
give  it  a.s  100,  ot'iers  as  101,  and  yet  others  as  102  jjersons;  the  last  being  correct. 

Another  faniliar  event  illustrates  the  confusion  in  historical  narratives.  The  famous  Captain 
Wadsworth,  wh )  hid  the  charter  of  Connecticut  in  an  ancient  oak,  is  designated  by  some  persons  lis 
William,  by  others,  and  more  properly,  as  Joseph  Wadsworth.  If  we  could  be  misled  by  the  Rev. 
Samuel  Peters,  the  fabricator  of  the  Blue  Laws  of  Connecticut,  we  might  conclude  with  him  that 
(jiptain  Wadsworth's  Christian  name  was  Samuel,  and  that  the  famous  tree  was  an  elm. 

Much  confusion  has  been  caused  by  the  reluctance  with  which  the  Pi-otestant  countries  accepted 
the  reformation  of  the  Calendar,  jn;ule  by  Gregory  XIII.  in  the  year  1582,  nearly  one  hundred  and 
twenty  years  having  elapsed  before  its  adoption  by  the  Protestant  states  of  Germany,  and  one  hun- 
di-ed  and  seventy  years  before  it  was  adopted  by  Great  Britain.  Hence  the  same  event  would  have 
a  date  ten  or  eleven  days  apart,  according  as  it  was  given  by  a  Catholic  or  a  Protestant  writer. 

Readers  are  aware  that  the  dates  ot  very  ancient  history  have  only  an  uncertain  value.  The 
fallibility  of  human  testimony  relating  to  simple  events  in  modern  times  is  well  known  ;  but 
v\hen  its  evidence  consists  entirely  in  a  current  tradition,  its  unreliability  is  evident.  Here  the 
' ommonly  received  chronology  has  been  followed  without  indicating  any  suspicion  of  uncer- 
'  ainty  ;  but  when  a  point  is  reached  in  the  history  of  a  country,  after  which  dates  may  be  accepted 
iis  authentic,  the  fact  has  been  stated  in  tlie  text. 

In  the  dates  given  to  the  earlier  Biblical  events,  the  order  of  Usher's  Chronology  has  been  fol- 
iowed,  for  the  lack  of  something  better;  but  these  dates  are  placed  at  the  end  instead  of  the  begin- 
:;ing  of  the  item,  and  are  enclosed  in  parentheses  with  the  chronologist'e  na«ne,  to  indicate  uncer- 
1  ainty.  Differing  authorities  are  often  added  in  the  same  manner.  When  the  chronology  is  com- 
monly accepted  by  modem  scholarship  the  dates  are  placed  in  the  style  followed  throughout  the  book. 
For  the  events  of  recent  years  which  have  not  yet  passed  under  the  pen  of  the  hist/Oriati,  the 
best  digests  of  daily  news  have  been  consulted,  and  the  books  noted,  are  those  which  have  been 
commended  by  the  most  scholarly  reviews. 

81.6G56 


VI  CYOLOPBDIA.  OF  dLASSIFIKD  DATK8. 

Notable  as  well  as  important  events  have  been  included  in  this  work.    By  notable  is  meant 

such  events  as  excited  widespread  interest  at  the  time  of  their  occurence,  and  are  often  ignored  by 

the  liistorian;   as  the  brief  excitement  respecting  domestic  silk-culture  in   some  New  England 

•i,  and  the  burning  of  Barnum's  Museum  in  New  York.     By  utilizing  this  class  of  events,  it 

ped  that  these  pages  may  in  some  sense  reflect  the  current  thought  of  each  period. 

Special  attention  is  directed  to  features  of  the  book  which  are  believed  to  be  worthy  of  par- 
ticular mention.  Besides  the  combination  of  the  topical  and  chronological  systems  already  men- 
tioned, the  vast  assemblage  of  historical  facts  may  be  noted;  also,  the  locality  of  events  which  has 
boen  systematically  indicated  by  a  locality  word;  the  simultaneous  exhibit  of  concurrent  events-; 
the  names  of  contemporaries  under  the  heading  Births  and  Deaths;  the  exhaustive  Index,  with 
iMHiierals  referring  to  the  column,  as  well  as  the  page;  and  Anally  the  free  use  of  several  kinds  of 
t  \|k:,  making  it  easy  for  the  eye  to  search  the  pages. 

Ancient  Greece,  r?03iie,  and  the  Bible  Lands  have  been  ti-eated  with  much  care  and  fulness,  in 
iir<5er  to  meet  the  needs  of  students  of  Classical  and  Biblical  history.  The  aid  of  experts  has  been 
onlisted  in  the  compiling  of  the  Greek  and  Assyrian  events. 

Obviously  the  value  of  a  work  of  this  kind  depends  in  great  measure  on  its  adaptation  for 
Tactical  use.  It  is  believed  that  the  arrangement  and  style  of  this  book  favors  quick  access  to  de- 
sired information;  the  grouping  of  items  under  a  common  subject,  the  use  of  bold  face  type,  and  the 
imiform  use  of  a  loijality  word,  are  all  contributary  to  this  end.  But  the  most  valuable  feature  is 
the  unique  combination  of  the  two  common  methods  of  arranging  events,  so  that  both  the  chrono- 
logical and  the  topical  orders  may  be  seen  at  once,  yet  so  that  neitfier  is  impaired  by  the  union. 
Throughout  the  book  it  will  be  fo\ind  that  the  two  opposite  pages,  that  come  under  the 
eye,  liave  dates  rcjlating  to  a  common  period;  on  these  pages  are  all  the  events  the  book  contains 
fur  that  period,  relating  to  the  country  there  named,  except  as  shown  by  cross-references  in  the 
Index,  whenever  events  are  common  to  two  or  more  Countries;  hence,  there  is  no  turning  of  pages 
■.iStev  a  period  sought  for  is  found.  Seven  classifications  of  items  may  also  be  seen;  these  are  made 
l)y  grouping  them  under  comprehensive  topics.  Thus,  without  marring  the  important  chronolQg- 
ical  order,  the  reader  has  the  advantage  of  knowing  where  to  look  for  a  fact,  under  its  proper  topic. 
Thereby  he  avoids  the  loss  of  time  involvedi  were  one  item  to  be  selected  from  all  the  items  on  the 
page,  instead  of  selected  from  only  one  group.  If  he  chooses,  he  may  now  discard  all  the  other 
lassiflcatioKs  and  read  one  topic  continuously,  from  page  to  page,  and  thus  obtain  the  record  of  a 
Kition's  activity  in  a  single  department  from  the  beginning.  Yet  at  any  time,  he  may  find  the 
listorical  setting  of  an  event  amid  the  variety  of  concurrent  events,  all  of  which  fall  under  his  eye 
t  the  same  time,  as  the  item  which  engages  his  attention.  The  seven  topical  classifications  an; 
liiefly  self-explanatory,  yet  additional  explanation  may  aid  the  reader  in  all  cases  where  subjects 
may  seem  to  have  relation  to  two  or  more  topical  classifications. 

Army  and  Navy  includes  the  organization  of  military  and  naval  expeditions;  the  equipment 
and  movements  of  armies;  sieges;  and  the  great  battles  of  history,  whether  on  land  or  sea,  with 
the  strength  of  the  forces  engaged,  the  names  of  opposing  commanders,  and  statistics  of  the 
casualties.  Special  attention  has  been  given  to  important  conflicts  which  have  occurred  in  recent 
.\ear8,  and  an  exceptionally  full  treatment  is  given  to  the  Civil  War  in  the  United  States.  Here 
a.lso  are  grouped  items  relating  to  the  launching  and  testing  of  war- vessels  with  their  subsequent 
movements,  and  the  promotion  of  the  higher  officers  of  the  army  and  navy. 

Art  includes  such  events  as  relate  to  the  fine  and  industrial  arts,  their  progress,  increase; 
•"rtstering  organizations;  noted  architecture;  important  engineering  works;  paintings;  statuary;  the 
liama;  music;  and  the  founding  and  meetings  of  societies  for  the  promotion  of  art.  Science 
includes  discoveries;  important  inventions;  the  founding  of  sctientiflc  institutions;  and  organizations 
for  the  advancement  of  science.  Nature  includes  such  notable  phenomena  as  the'  appearance  ol* 
1  omets;  eclipses;  the  occm'rence  of  earthquakes;  storms  and  various  other  meteorological  events. 

Births  and  Deaths  includes  the  names  of  many  thousands  of  persons  who  have  taken  prominent 
part  in  the  achievements  of  mankind;  in  addition,  their  vocation  or  official  position  is  recorded. 

Church  includes  all  items  relating  to  religious  and  ecclesiastical  affairs;  these  are  treated 
without  sectarian  prejudice,  partiality,  or  editorial  comment.  Facts  are  grouped  which  relate- 
!'i  the  beginnings  and  progress  of  all  religions;  especially  the  origin  and  development  of  Christian 
•lodies;  the  general  councils  of  the  Church;  general  assemblies;  general  conferences;  yearly 
iicetings;  and  national  and  international  gatherings;  various  philanthropic,  educational,  ind 
missionary  organizations;  young  peoples' societies  of  many  names;  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciations, and  like  oi-ganizations;  reformations;  revivals;  heresies;  disruptions;  secessions;  reuni-jns; 
the  founding  of  religious  orders;  the  consecration  of  the  higher  clergy,  and  the  changes  in  the 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  CLABSIFIBD  DATES.  VU 

papacy.  Biblical  events  and  the  history  of  Palestine  may  be  found  under  Turkey;  events 
relating  to  early  Christianity  are  chiefly  nan-ated  under  Italy ;  here  are  also  the  names  of  all  the 
popes,  in  the  order  given  by  the  Roman  Almanac  Gerarchia  Cattolica. 

Lett«r8  includes  whatever  relates  to  education  andliteratui-e;  such  as  the  founding  of  institutions 
of  learning  and  libraries;  pioneer  and  important  newspapers;  appearance  of  magazines,  together  with 
popular  and  imjiortaut  books;  the  organization  of  educational  societif^s;  educational  gatherings. 

Society  includes  events  which  have  their  chief  value  as  exhibitions  of  humanity  in  the  social 
relations,  whether  expressive  of  hiunan  brotherhood  or  of  "man's  inhumanity  to  man:"  such  as 
notable  benefactions  for  human  weal;  congresses  and  conferences  for  the  betterment  of  human  con- 
ditions; the  anti-slavery  agitation;  temperance  reformation;  organization  of  fraternal  associations 
and  brotherhoods;  founding  of  asylums,  hospitals,  institutions  of  mercy  and  reform;  also  crimes; 
scandals;  suicides;  prize  fights;  lynchings;  slavery;  strikes,  and  all  indications  of  social  unrest. 

Under  State  are  grouped  the  events  relating  to  the  government,  whether  administrative,  legis- 
lative, or  judicial;  the  founding  and  federation  of  states;  political  agitations;  i-evolutions;  arbitra- 
tions; alliances;  conventions;  treaties;  ministries;  ambassadorships;  the  opening  and  the  closing  of 
Parliament.  In  the  United  States  it  includes  the  organization  of  political  parties  and  their  national 
conventions;  national  elections,  with  both  the  popidar  and  electoral  votes  for  presidents;  the  sessions 
and  acts  of  the  Continental,  Federal,  and  the  United  States  Congresses;  the  speakers  of  the  House 
of  Representatives;  cabinet,  judiciary  and  diplomatic  appointments;  the  inauguration  of  govem- 
Drs;  and  statistics  of  national  currency,  revenue,  and  expenditure. 

Miscellaneous  comprises  all  items  not  related  to  the  seven  classifications  already  mentioned; 
such  as  affairs  concerning  commerce;  railroads;  steamship  lines;  races;  accidents;  wrecks;  fires: 
epidemics;  p.auics;  census  returns,  and  many  other  subjects. 

Two  stars  (♦*  )  preceding  an  item  in  the  text  indicate  that  the  year-date  has  not  been  found; 
three  stai-s  ( *  *  * )  indicate  an  indefinite  period. 

The  locality  word,  printed  in  italias  at  the  beginning  of  an  item,  indicates  the  modern  name  of 
the  country  to  which  it  relates;  when  given  of  ancient  times  these  localitii-s  uia\  In-  onlv  .•innrov- 
imately  con-ect. 

The  space  given  to  the  Index  and  the  evidence  of  the  labor  applied  t..  ,>.„., ^, >  .j,„.i  ^„^^-„  ul  oni- 
deused  references,  indicate  its  estimated  importance.  A  large  volume  for  refei-ence  without 
direct  reference  guides  is  like  a  city  without  a  directory,  the  larger  the  city  the  greater  the 
confusion  of  the  stranger.  Here  a  stranger  to  the  book  may  find  an  item  sought  by  the  use  of 
the  Index,  as  quickly  as  the  author.  It  has  not  been  deemed  advisable  to  burden  the  Index  with 
numerous  cross-references  tt»  analogous  subjects;  the  reader,  howev«:>r,  may  extend  his  information 
by  turning  to  the  names  of  such  as  are  closely  related.  As  the  references  are  arranged  chronolog- 
ically, the  history  of  religious,  reformatory,  and  other  movement*,  as  well  as  personal  bii:>grapbies 
may  be  traced;  also  the  histories  of  important  cities  and  federated  states.  For  further  explana- 
tions concerning  the  Index  the  reader  is  i-efei  red  to  page  1162,  which  immediately  precedes  it. 

The  labor  expended  on  this  work  can  hardly  be  estimated  by  the  average  reader.  The  work 
was  begun  in  l.SOO,  and  c^oncludod  in  Dettember,  1899 ;  and  from  two  to  five  persons  liavo  Vieon 
continuously  employed  in  collecting  materials,  verifying  dates,  s{>ellings,  and  statements,  or  in 
critically  revising  copy  and  printer's  proofs. 

It  is  a  real  pleasure  to  publicly  acknowledge  the  valuable  services  of  those  persons  who  have 
shared  the  toil  of  the  author.  Sincei-e  thanks  are  tendered  U)  John  D.  Pkince,  Ph.D.,  Professor 
of  Semitic  Languages  and  Comparative  Philology  in  the  New  York  University,  for  assistance 
in  revising  "Babylon"  and  "Assyria;"  to  Hobacb  O.  Wait,  B.A.,  late  PriAcipal  of  Hasbrouck 
Institute,  of  .lersey  City,  for  revising  "Greece;"  to  Wuxiam  Clarke,  B.A.,  author  of 
scliool-books,  for  assistance  in  the  preparation  of  "Great  Britain;"  to  Thomas  (^ambbi^l- 
(JopELAND,  editor  and  statistician,  for  revising  "France"  and  "Great  BritJiin;"  to  (Jharles 
E.  Little,  Jr.,  and  William  Cl^v.rki:  .Ir,,  for  assistance  in  research  and  compilation;  to 
Lotns  E.  Van  Norman,  A.M.,  for  assistance  in  matters  relating  to  general  literary  form,  and 
in  seeing  the  book  through  the  press;  and  to  Frank  H.  Vizetp.lly,  editor  and  critic,  for  vnhied 
suggestions  on  the  plate-proofs  and  Index,  and  for  assistance  in  securing  general  typographical 
aoiu-acy.  Acknowle<lgment8  are  due  to  several  legations  at  Washington  for  courteous  coopera- 
tion in  the  revision  of  the  proof-sheets  of  those  poi-tions  of  this  work  which  relate  specifically  to 
the  coimtries  that  they  represent. 

Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  Dec.  7,  J899.  a,   K.  L. 


TABLE    OF  ABBREVIATIONS. 

Thksk  abb  Used  Chibfi,y  in  Itkms  undeb  Bmras  and  Dkaths  and  in  thk  Index. 


Acad., 

Academy. 

fnd.. 

A.O., 

Anno  Domini. 

Fr., 

adj., 

adjul.ml. 

ft.. 

adm.. 

admiral. 

Oa., 

adv.. 

advocate. 

Afg., 

Afghanistan. 

O.  A.  R., 

Afr., 

Africa. 

G.  B., 

agriciiltnre  or 

Oeii.  Ass., 

agr-. 

agricultural. 

genea., 
Geo., 

Arg.  Rep., 

J  .rgentioe  Kepublic. 

Al»., 

Alal>ama. 

geog., 
geol.. 

Ainu., 

Alaska. 

Alox., 

Alexander. 

geom.. 
Ger., 

Alf., 

Alfred. 

Alg., 

Algeria. 

Or., 

Am., 

America  or  American. 

Guat., 

amiq., 

antiquary. 

H.C, 

Arab., 

Arabia. 

Heb., 

artihbp.. 

arcbblsliop. 

H.  L., 

Ariz., 

Arizon;!. 

Hoi., 

Ark., 

Arkansas. 

hort.. 

.1S(,'J., 

as»octatlon. 

heap.. 

-Assvr., 

Assyria. 

Hung., 

\tt\  -Gen., 

Attorney-General. 

la.. 

ill  ..rauth. 

author. 

Ice., 

A  list.. 

Aiujtria. 

Ida., 

.1  i^tral.. 

Australia. 

incorp., 

av. 

avenue. 

Ind., 

1>., 

born. 

inst., 

B., 

Baron. 

Int., 

Bait., 

Baltimore. 

Intro., 

llapt., 

Baptist. 

Inv., 

11.'  .. 

Before  Christ. 

Ire., 

!l,  ! . 

Belgium  or  Belgian. 

Is.. 

i;.  .,"  ,' 

Benjamin. 

I.  Ter., 

In... 

bishop. 
brigadier. 

Jap., 

iniii.. 

Jer., 

Hr.or  Brit., 

British. 

jour., 

Ilulg., 

Bulgarian  or  Bulgaria. 

Jos., 

Ol., 

California. 

Jr., 

Oaii., 

Canada. 

-•apt.. 

captain. 

Justice, 

Card., 

Cardinal. 

k.. 

Cath., 

Catliolic. 

K., 

eel., 

celebration  or 

Kan., 

celebrates. 

Katb., 

ch., 

church. 

Ky., 

«hanc., 

chancellor. 

L., 

Oil  US. 

ri,:irle». 

La.. 

cbror., 

'lii'iilologist. 

lexicog.. 

ol., 

.:lt:i(;\-. 

Ijmd., 

Colo., 

(.lolo.      ■ 

I.uth., 

Ci>m., 

Con  1 

Mai., 
Mal.-Gen., 

conf.. 

cm  f . 

Ciiiifeil., 

t  Com  iin'riicy  or 

Mar., 

i    C.M.fe.lerate. 

Mass., 

Com;., 

C.HiaV.'liK, 

math.. 

Cuui)., 

■     ut. 

Matt., 

cons.. 

■1. 

M.  C, 

conven.. 

Md., 

ot.. 

o"ii:  [. 

Me., 

«yn.. 

cyclopedia. 

met.. 

»« 

Dnke. 

Meth.  Epis. 

J., 

died. 

Mex., 

D.C., 

<  Dislrict  of  Columbia 
1       or  Washingtou. 

mfg.. 

mfd., 

Del., 

Delaware. 

Mich., 

nero.. 

1  l>eniocrat  or 

Minn., 

i  Democratic. 

Miss.. 

Den., 

Denmark. 

miss., 

1  lepart., 

Department. 

Mc, 

■iio., 

diocese. 

Mont., 

DiB., 

(of  Christ),  Disciples. 

M.  v.. 

dl8.. 

discovers  <»r  discoverer. 

N., 

T>oni.  Rep., 

Doininlcan  Eopublic. 

nat.. 

dranu, 

dr.imatisl. 

Natb., 

E., 

Earl. 

nav.. 

Jiben.. 

Et>enezer. 

N.  B., 

£<!ua.. 

Kenador. 

N.  C, 

e.t.. 

editor. 

N.  Dak., 

Kev., 

Eeypt. 
Klizabeth. 

Keb., 

*■  '■"  , 

Neth., 

eun>tror. 

NaT., 

oni'vclopedia. 
'-  ■    ''^uid. 

N.  F.. 

N.  H., 

'  leor. 

N,J., 

iVBr. 

nom., 

Nor.,Norw 

M.S., 

1 

Kuropean. 

N.T., 

i.*  .>!>., 

l...tojguit.:  i.1. 

K.  y., 

Ejiek.. 

Kieklei. 

o., 

Fin., 

Florida. 

Obad., 

fouutl  or  founded. 
France  or  Francb. 

fort. 

Georgia. 
I     Grand  ArniT 
}  "f  thp  nepublic, 

(;.  m. 

<■  riibljr, 

g' 

goocrapher. 
geologist. 

geometrician, 
iormaii. 
Ureeli  or  Greece. 
Quatomala. 
Uoude  of  Gonimons. 
Hebrew, 
House  of  Lords. 
Holland, 
horticulturist, 
hospital. 
Hungary. 
Iowa. 
Iceland. 
Idaho. 

incorporated. 
Indiana. 

institute  or  Instituted. 
Intorior. 
introduced, 
inventor. 
Ireland. 

Island  or  Islands. 
Indian  Territory. 
Japan. 
tTereniiah. 
journalist. 
Jo«eph. 
Junior. 

j   Justice  of  the 
1  Supreme  Court. 
killed. 
King. 
Kansas. 
Katharine. 
Kentucky. 
Ix>rJ. 
Louisiana, 
lexicographer. 
London. 
Lutlioran. 
Major. 

Majni -General. 
Margaret. 
Massac  tmsetts. 
m:Uhematician. 
Matthew. 

Member  nf  Congress. 
Maryland. 
Maine. 

metaphysician. 
MetliotJist  EpiscopaL 
Moxiw. 

raajiufacturfng. 
manufactured. 
Mlohigan. 
Minnesota. 
MiBslitaippi. 
missionary. 
Missouri. 
Montana, 

Memberof  Parliament. 
North, 
national. 
Nathaniel, 
navii^ator. 
New  Brunswick. 
North  Carolina. 
Nfirtli  Dakota. 
NehrH.'»ka. 
Neriierland. 
Nevada, 
Newfoundland. 
New  Hampshire. 
New  Jersey, 
nominated! 
,  Norway. 
Nova  Snotia. 
New  Testament. 
New  York. 
Ohio. 
Obad  I  ah. 


obs., 

Okla.. 

opd.,  opnd., 

Ot«., 

ornlch., 

O.  T., 

Pa., 

paint., 

Pal., 

Pari., 

path., 

P,  E.  I.. 

Pers., 

pbll., 

Phila., 

phi  Ian., 

philol., 

Pnl., 

polit.. 

Port., 

Pr:; 

Pres., 

Pres.,  Presb, 

print., 

Prof., 

Prot., 

Prus., 

Qm 

K.  C.  or 

Kom.Catb., 

Kef., 

Kef.  Epis., 

Kef.  Presb., 

Kep., 

Kev., 

K.  1.. 

Kobt., 

it  us., 

S., 

8am., 

Sax., 

S.  C. 

schol., 

Scot., 

sculp., 

S.  Dak., 

.Som., 

Sen., 

serg., 

Sp.. 

Sr., 

stjites., 

Sllpt., 

Burg., 
.  Swe., 
.Switi., 
Tenn., 
Ter., 
Tox., 
thet).. 
Thos., 
Tim., 
Tcir., 
Tur.  A., 
Tur.  E., 
U.  S., 
U.  S.  A., 
U.  S.  N., 

V.  3.  v.. 

Cull., 

Cniv., 

Vn., 

Vetiez., 

vol.. 

A'.  I'res., 

Vt., 

W., 

■Wash., 

Wash.  Citv, 

(often  D.  C). 

W.  C.  T.  U., 
VTes.  Meth., 
Wis., 
Wm  , 
W.  Va., 
Wyo., 
Zecb., 


observatory. 
Oklahoma, 
opened. 
Oregon. 
ornuholoKist. 
Old  Tesiameni. 
Pennsylvania, 
painter. 
P.tlestine. 
Parliament, 
pathologist. 
Prince  Edward  Island. 
Persia, 
philosopher. 
Philadelphia, 
philanthropist, 
philologist, 
physician. 

Post  Master  General. 
Poland, 
politician. 
Portugal, 
pages. 
Prince. 
President. 
I.,  Presbyterian, 
printer. 
Professor. 
Protestant. 
Prussia. 
Queen. 

.  Kom.-ui  Catholic. 

Keformed. 

Helormed  Episcopal. 
Keformod  Presbyterlfui. 
Kepiiblican. 
revenue  or  Kevcren-l. 
Khode  Island. 
Kobert. 
Russia. 
South. 
Samuel. 

Saxons  or  Saxonv. 
South  Carolina.  " 
scholar. 

Scotland  or  Scottish, 
sculptor. 
South  Dakota. 
Seminary. 
Senator, 
sergeant. 
Spain. 
Senior, 
statesman, 
superlutendont. 
snrgeon. 
Sweden, 
Switzerland. 
Tennessee. 
Territory. 
Texas. 
theol<>gian. 
Thomas. 
Timothy. 
Turkey. 

Turkey  in  Asia. 
Turkey  in  Europe. 
United  St.-itcs. 
UiiLt.  ■■■■  -,1  luv. 

Ulir 
111 

1     \oiUllU'-i.-. 

Ijiiitariari. 

I  I'liiversltv  or 

t  I-' 111  versa  list. 

\'irginia. 

Venezuela. 

volunteers. 

Vice-i*resiilent. 

Vermont. 

Wales. 

Washington  (State). 

j  Washington  r,;\ 

I  Womajr 

( Tempei;ii 
Wosieyaii  .>ic;  .  - 
W  iscoiisin. 
"William. 
West  Virginia. 
Wyoming. 
Zechai  iah. 


Cyclopedia  of  Classified  Dates. 


ABYSSINIA. 


329-184Z 


ABTB8IKIA  ia  an  oxtenslra  country  of  Northeaitem  Africa,  and  comprlsea  a  part  of  i^icieot  Kthlopia;  estimated  area, 
,000  square  miles ;  estlinuted  population,  5,000,000.  Tile  people  are  Indo-Cauca«iani! :  tlip  prevailing  religioo  is  Coptic.  The 
pire  comprises  the  Iclngdoms  of  Tigri'!,  Lasta,  Amimra,  Cogam,  and  Slioa,  with  many  uiitlv  i  .:  lieimndenciefl. 

The  early  liiatory  is  very  uncertaitt.     In  the  Drat  and  aecond  oentnrtea  the  kingdom  of  tb-  Aiixmnitn^  flourished. 


ARMY  — HAVT. 

62  •  •  Expedition  of  Chosroes,  king 
of  Peraia,  againat  the  ("hriatian  kingdom 
.11  Arabia,  ftauided  by  Abyasiniana. 

■  20  •  •  A  Portuguese  fleet  enters  the 
ai  Sea  to  aid  the  Abywlniana  against 

lie  Turks.  ^ 
'29*  '  !yi^>haramed  Uragn  with  armies 

I  Uohpunmedana  overruns  the  coun- 
try tu\<i  drives  the  Emperor  into  the 
muuvitalns.    fThe  country  disturbed  for 
Vi  >ears.] 
'to  •  •  Another  Fortoguese  fleet  un- 

■  or  Stephen  de  Oama  arrives  at  MasHo- 
wah  to  fight  the  Turks. 

540*  •  Christopher  deOanut,  brother 
of  the  admiral,  ia  joined  by  the  natives, 
and  after  8<>nie  success  la  defeated  and 
executed  hy  the  Turks. 

*  Moliariirnod  Gragn  is  Bhot  and  his 
army  rout*;d. 

CHURCH. 
20  •  •  The  Abysainlans  are  converted 
to  Christianity  by  the  Coptics. 
46  •  •  Frumentius,  bialiop  of  Anxuma 
(Axum),  preaches  in  Abyasinia. 
50  •  •  The  Bible  is  translated  into 
Kthiupic,  probably  by  Fromentiua. 

*  Saiuts  are  excessively  honored,  re- 
.olving  almost  divine  reverence. 

.  0  •  •  Many  monks  enter  the  ooantry 

-nd  perftetuate  monschlsm. 
20  •  •  Christians  are  persecuted  by 
the  king  of  tlie  llomerites  from  the  op- 

oslte  side  of  the  Red  Sea. 
MO  *  *  The  Jesuits  introduce  Cathol- 
icism. 

*  *  After  helnf;  lust  to  the  annals  of  the 
world  for  a  thousand  years,  the  Abys- 
sinian Christians  are  rediaoovered  by 
oflloers  of  the  Portuguese  navy,  after 
sailing  aroiuxl  the  African  continent. 
520  *  *  Father    Alvaress    arrives    from 

Portugal,  with  other  .lesuits. 

■55  *  *  The  ,/esuits  send  out  thirteen 
missionaries. 

580*  •Bennudes,  the  Catholic  pri- 
mate, quarrels  with  the  Emperor,  who 
refuses  Ut  publicly  confess  hiioseU  a 
Qouvert. 

*  Bermudas  is  obliged  to  laare. 


1601  *  •  Father  Paez  ajrives,  and  by 
his  skill  and  tact  soon  wins  the  favor  of 
the  court. 

1603  •  *  Another  Jesuit  mission  eatab- 
ilshed,  tbo  former  having  been  recalled 
by  a  papal  bull.  [Twenty  yeara  of  in- 
trigue, civil  war,  and  slaughter  follow.] 

1621  •  ♦  An  ineffectual  attempt  ia  made 
by  the  Jesoits  to  Install  a  patriarch,  and 
the  result  is  disastrous. 

1624  Dec*  The  A  byssbiianchureh  for- 
mally submits  to  the  See  of  Borne. 

1625  *  *  Mendes  succeeds  Father  Paez. 
1633*  •  Disheartened  by  failure,  Mendez 

abandons  the  country. 

*  *  The  Jesuits  are  expelled  after  labor- 
ing for  a  oeiit  ary  and  a  half. 

1750*  '-54.*  *'The  Jesuits  reesublish 
themselves. 

1826  *  •  The  fltst  Froteetants  arrive; 
Meseta.  Oobat  and  Kugler,  mlssiouarlM 
of  the  Church  Mlssioimry  Society,  are 
well  received  by  the  Kas  of  Tigrt^. 

1828  •  *The  Bo  man  Catholic  inlrtmi 
renewed. 

1830  •  •  Bishop  Oobat  Is  favorably  re- 
ceived at  Gondar. 

Miasionary  Isenberg  aueceeds  Chris- 
tian Kugler,  deoaasad. 

*  *  Miaaionaries  Charles  Henry  Blnm- 
hardt  and  John  Ludwig  Krapf  arrive. 

1833  *  •  Bishop  Ciobat  returns  to  Europe. 

1834  •  ♦  Bishop  Goiiat  r.aums  to  Tlgr^. 
1836  •  *  111  health  lompels Bishop Gubat 

to  return  to  Europe. 
1838*  'The  missionaries  are  espelled 
through    the  opfKisition   of   the  native 
priests  agaiiu&t  all  foreigners. 

*  *  Missiunaries  Krapf  and  Isenberg  go  to 
Shoa  and  compile  the  Amhario  dic- 
tionary, a  Kcography,  and  prayer 
book. 

1840  *  *  Th<-  Amharic  translntinn  of  tbo 
Bible  is  revised  by  the  British  and 
Koreign  Bible  Society. 

1841  •  •  n>e  Abuna  appointed  by  the 
government  comes  from  the  Church  Mis- 
sion School  at  Calm, 

1842  •  •  MlMionary  Krapf  leaves  Shoa 
because  of  Intrigues  against  Frotestanta. 


STATE. 

622  •  *  King  Caleb,  or  Slesbeutn,  ex- 
tends his  kingdom  into  Arabia,  and 
a  period  of  great  prosperity  begins. 

662  •  •  The  Abyssiniaoe  are  driven  out 
of  Arabia  by  the  Persians. 

060  »  '  The  Jewish  Prtnoeas  Judith 
secures  the  throne  and  most  of  the  kln^ 
dom  by  murdering  nearly  all  of  the  royal 
family. 

1268  •  •  "nie  kingdom  is  restored  to 
the  former  line,  and  loon  Imlac  reigna. 

•  *  *  Abyssinia  is  supposed  to  be  ruled  by 
Frester  John. 

1607  •  *  The  Kmi>eror  sends  Matthew,  an 
Armenian,  to  the  King  of  Portugal  to 
request  his  aid  against  th«  Turks. 

•  *  The  intruding  Portugrueee  are  odloua 
to  the  people  and  driven  oat. 

1636  *  ♦  The  Emperor  sends  Bermudes 
ti)  Portugal  to  again  solicit  aid  against 
the  Turks. 

ISSOi.  •  •  The  OaUa  tribes  enter  Abys- 
sinia from  the  South.  [They  gradually 
overrun  the  whole  country]. 

>  •  •  The  empire  ia  broken  up. 

1633  *  •  The  Emperor  dies,  and  his  son 
Facilidas  succeeds  hbn. 

1838  •  •  Through  saaploion  of  foreign  in- 
terference, all  f  oreig^iers  are  expelled . 

•  *  •  The  country  is  dIvlUwt  into  four 
provinces. 

1841  Nov.  16.  Major  Harris,  envoy 
from  India,  oonoludf^s  a  treaty  of  com- 
merce with  the  King  of  Shoa. 

WSCELLAnZOUS. 
1480  •  •  Pedro  de  Covilham,  with  an 

explorlngexpetiltion, enters  the  country. 
1605 1  •  •  Churches,  palacea,  and  loidges 

are  constructed  mider  the  direction  of 

Father  Paez. 
1768*  *  James    Bruce,    the   traveler, 

visits  the  country, 
1770    Feb.  16.    Bruce   enters  Gondar, 

the  capita],  and  visits  the  Entperor. 
1773  ♦  *  Uruce  makes  his  second  visit!. 
1809  *  *  Henry  Salt  ex  plores  the  country 

by  the  order  of  the  British  government. 
1818:i:  •  •  Ui  KasHS  (snbsequeutly  Kbig 

Theodore)  bom  in  Kuara. 


1849-1894. 


ABYSSINIA. 


ARMY -WAVY. 

1835    Feb.  •  King  Theodore  ronts  the 

governor  of  TIgre  after  defeating  the 

chief  of  Godjam. 

I860*  'Theodore's     army     nainbets 

from  lOO.WX)  to  150.000  fighting  men. 
*  •  Theodore  terribly  avenge*  the  death 
of  two  EngliBliniea,  Plowdcn  and  Bell, 
by  the  sIsuKhler  or  mutilation  of  nearly 
2,000  reboh. 
1867  •  •  Theodore's  army  reduced  to  a 

skeleton  by  rebellions  and  desertions. 
Sept.  7, 8.    -68  ••War    with     Eng. 
land.    A  pioneer  force  under  Sir  Eob- 
ort  Napier  sails  from  Bombay  to  rescue 
the  British  captives  from  Theodore. 
Oct.  21.    A  British  force  of  more  than 
32,000  men  iaiid.s  at  Zoulla,  and  begins 
a  journey  of  400  miles  Into  the  moun- 
tainous interior. 
Oct.  26.    Kapier  issues  his  proclamation 

to  the  Abysslniajis. 
1868    Jan.  4.    Arrives  at  Annesley  Bay. 
Apr.  2.    He  arrives  below  Magdala. 
Apr.  10.    Battle  of  Aroeie ;  3,000  Abys- 
einians  sudcbuly  attack  Nafder,  are  ro- 
jiuhied,  and  driven  back  in  good  order. 
Apr.  1 1.    Theodore  sues  for  peace. 
Honorable  treatment  is  promised  on 
tlie  surreniler  of  the  captives  and  the 
R'j"™»e  of  TbetKlore  to  submit  to  Queen 

Lieuteuant  Prtdoauit  cimveys  the  let- 
ter, which  1  lioodnre  receives  with  soom: 
an  uihuliini;  ie|ily  follows. 
Apr.  12.    Theodore  sends  an  apology. 

He  surreiid.-rs  thi-  captives  and  niake» 
a  pr.>s,.„,  ..:   ,  ,,.>    ,  ,|^,  sheg,, ; 

J,'!*  '  ■  ^  and  fam- 

i''^  ,  Present 

reiticu .^ „,,„„., 

Apr.  13.    Theodore  attempts  to  escape. 

Part  of  the  Abyssinian  army  mutinies; 

the  BritJah  bombard  and  storm  Mag- 
dala ;  Theodore  i.i  defeated  and  commits 
suicide. 

Apr.  1 7.  Theodore  being  dead,  his  trociis 
are  sent  away,  and  the  fi.rtiflcations  of 
Majrdala  destroyed  and  the  town  burned. 

May  2.  The  British  force  retires,  after 
rewarding  Prince  Kassai  of  Tigr4,  their 
valuable  ally. 

*  •  Beport  of  animals  used  by  the  British 
In  the  expedition  :  «  elephants,  7,417 
eamelB,  12,920  mules  and  ponies,  7,033 
bullocks,  827  donkeys. 

•  •  Ueport  of  British  expense  in  the  war, 
$44,8.S7,5O0. 

1871  June  21.  CiirU  War-  between 
Gobaiye,  the  king  of  Amhara,  and  Kas- 
sai, prince  of  Tigr^,  who  successfully 
seeks  independence. 

1871  July  11.  Oobazye  defeated  and 
captured. 

1875*  .-76»  •WarwlthEgypt  [to- 
mail  Paslia  makes  a  disastrous  attempt 
to  coniiiier  Abyssinian  territory.] 

•  *  The  Khedive's  army  enters  Abyssinia; 
the  natives  retiring. 

•  'The  Abyssininris  surprise,  defeat,  and 
massacre  the  Egyptians  at  Kberad  Iska. 

Oct.  16.  The  Abyssialans  again  defeat 
the  Egyptians  la  a  desperate  battle  at 
<}<mda  Ooaddt 


1876  Feb.  19.  After  a  three  days' fight 
the  Egyptians  defeat  the  Abyasinians. 

1877  Junel5±.  Civil  War.  .Mene- 
lek.  King  of  Shoa,  is  t.3tally  defeated  by 
King  John. 

1885    Sep.  23.    Conflict  atKufeit  near 

Amadib  between  Arabs  and  Abyssinians. 
1887*  •  War  with  Italy. 
Jan.  18+.    Abyssinians  defeated  in  their 

attack  upon  Maasowah  and  the  Italian 

outposts. 
Jan.  25,  26.   Abysslnians  under  Kas  AIu- 

lu  cut  otr  about  BOO  Italians,  proceeding 

with  supplies  to  Sahati,  at  Dagoli,  ni!ar 

Massowah. 

Mar.  27,  28.  Italians  have  skirmishes 
with  the  Oeber  tribe. 

Nov.  10.  Abysslnians  besiege  Maaso- 
wah. 

1888  Aug.*  By  native  treaclierj-  the 
ItaUana  are  Sefeated  in  a  conflict  at 
Sanganeiti  on  the  border,  and  four  ofli- 
cers  are  killed. 

1889  Jan.  23.  King  ,Tohn  prepares  for 
war  with  Menelek,  King  of  .Shoa. 

Mar.  7.  King  John  besieges  Kas.sala, 
Senoussls'  army  is  marching  on  Khar- 
tum. 

Mar.  9.  CivU  'War  is  declared  against 
King  .lohn  by  King  Menelek  of  Shoa. 

Mar.  10.  King  John  attacks  the  der- 
vishes  in  their  stronghold  at  Netemmeh, 
but  is  defeated  and  badly  wounded. 

Mar.  12.  The  dervishes  make  a  sortie, 
and  rout  King  John's  army,  killing 
the  kingand  bis  officer,  Ras  Area,  besides 
many  others. 

Mar.  14.  Menelek,  prochilmlng  himseU 
Negus,  marches  upcm  Adowa. 

June  6.  Announcement  made  that  Ital- 
ian troops  occupy  the  Keren  district. 

June  1 2.  Italians  capture  and  oocnST 
Seualfe. 

Aug.  21.  Ras  Alulu  is  defeated  at  God- 
felassl  by  the  Italian  General  Baldessaro. 

Nov.  8.    General  Baldessara  resigns. 

Dervishes  fight  the  Abysslnians. 

Nov.  9.  General  Orcro  succeeds  General 
Baldessara  in  command  of  Italian  troops. 

Deo.*  Menelek'sforces  wholly  defeat 

the  dervishes. 

1890  Feb.  3.  The  Italian  troops  leave 
Adowa  and  reoross  the  Mareb. 

Feb.  13.  King  Menelek  defeats  Baa 
Alulu,  severely  wounding  him. 

Mar.  8.  Menelek  reported  to  have  joined 
forces  with  the  Italians  in  preparation 
for  an  advance  on  Adowa. 

1801  Oct.  6.  Bas  Alulu  and  another 
officer  rout  the  forces  of  Bebeb,  an 
aspirant  to  tho  Abyssinian  throne. 

1893  Dec.  22.  The  Itall.in  troops  de- 
feat the  dervishes  near  Massowah;  sev- 
eral hundred  dervishes  are  killed,  the 
ItaUan  loss  being  alwut  one  hundred. 

1804  Dec.  19.  Italian  (native)  troops 
under  Major  Toselii  defeat  a  party  of 
Arabs  near  Ualai. 


1855  *  »  Bishop  Gobat  sends  Protestant 
miasionaTiefl  Krapf  and  Fad  to  engage 
in  secular  as  well  as  spiritual  work. 

1858  •  •  The  Society  of  Basle  has  sii 
missionaries  at  work. 

1889  *  •  Negussle,  King  of  Tigr^  and  8t- 
men,  semis  an  embassy  to  Rome,  to  ao- 
nomice  submission  to  the  Roman  Church. 

•  •  The  king  gladly  receives  the  vernacn- 
lar  Scriptures  furnished  by  ttie  i,ondon 
Bible  Society,  and  distributes  them. 

•  'King  Theodore  again  expels  tlie 
Jesuits  from  his  kingdom. 

1860  *  »  Dr.  Stern  is  sent  by  the  Ixmdon 
Society  as  a  missionary  to  the  Jews  of 
Abyssinia ;  soon  after,  the  Scotch  So- 
ciety sends  Mr.  Staiger  on  a  similar  mis- 
sion. 

1863  •  •  Missionary  Stem  and  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Kosentha)  arrive. 

Oct.  •  Missionary  Stem  is  beaten  and  im- 
prisoned by  King  Theodore. 

1864  Jan.  *  All  the  missionaries  are 
imprisoned  for  pretended  insults. 

*  •  *Marieha,  a  Protestant,  becomes 
chief  minister  of  Prince  Kahsai  of  Tlgri, 
and  the  country  enjoys  peac«. 

1869  •  *  The  country  is  closed  to  mission- 
ary work. 

1871  *  •  Catholic  missionaries  are  pun- 
ished for  interference  in  politics. 

1884  »  »  The  Gospel  of  Mark  in  ElBhl- 
opic  characters  is  published. 

1887  •  ♦  Swedish  miaaionariea,  haviBjg 
been  expelled,  return  with  the  Itolioo. 
army. 

1889  Mays.  A  treaty  Is  made  with 
Italy  permitting  tnissionary  work. 

•  •  The  Swedish  Evangelical  Society  re- 
poru  missipu  stations  at  Arkibo,  at 
McKullo,  and  also  at  Djimma. 

•  ♦  Ball!  in  the  Shoa  district  is  occupied 
by  a  mhisionary  of  the  St.  Chrischona 
Pilgrim  mission. 

•  •  •  [Tlie  native  church  is  ruled  by  the 
Abuna;  Christianity  and  Judai.'.m  ore 
strangely  mUed;  iu  spirit  is  savage.] 

1891    Sept.  10.    The  new  year  begins. 

Sept.  26.  The  anniversary  of  the  find- 
ing of  the  true  cross  is  celebrated  as 
usual,  it  being  the  greatest  feast  of  the 
year. 

•  *  [Male  and  female  babes  are  eiroum- 
cised  when  eight  days  old ;  260  regiUai 
fast  days  are  appointed  for  each  year 
J^y^V?  ."bstinence  from  both  eating 

•  » BtMsia  seeks  a  religious  alUance 
with  the  Negus,  whereby  tbecbi:r.li  shall 
be  brought  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
Holy  Synod  of  St.  Petersburg. 

•  •  The  clergy  are  reported  as  the  only 
educated  people,  and  they  hold  all  power 
In  their  hands. 

•  •  •  In  recent  times  the  church  is  di- 
vided respecting  "  the  unction  of  Jesus 
Christ,"  and  two  parties  have  excommu- 
nicated each  other. 


CHURCH. 
1849*  •The  Roman  CathoUc  misaion- 
ories  are  expelled. 


SOCIETY. 

*  *  •Blacksmiths   are   hereditary  sor- 
cerers. 

•  •  'Matrimony  Is  entered  at  the  age  of 
12  years,  girU  having  their  dowry  la  oxen. 


ABYSSINIA. 


1849-1894. 


1868  Apr.  9.  Theodore  massacres 
about  300  native  captives. 

*  *  Henry  M.  Stanley  accompanies  the 
British  expedition  to  Abyssinia  as  cor- 
respondent of  the  New  York  Herald. 

June  5.  It  is  reported  that  the  Mahdists 
in  "Western  Abyssinia  have  destroyed 
whole  flocks  and  herds,  sold  into  slavery 
thousands  of  Christians,  while  many 
others  have  been  butchered  without 
mercy,  and  hundreds  of  the  noblest  in- 
habitants have  been  taken  to  Mecca  and 
sold  for  slaves,  in  violation  of  treaties. 

1889  Oct.  7.  Abyssinia  agrees  to  help 
suppress  the  slave-trade. 

Dec.  1.  Greeting  of  explorer  Henry  M. 
Stanley  at  Massowah  by  newspaper  cor- 
respondents. 

1890  Apr.  7.  King  Menelek  asks  Italy 
to  represent  him  in  the  Brussels  anti- 
slavery  congress. 

STATE. 

1855  Feb.*  Kas  All  is  deposed  by  his 
8on-in-l:iw,  Lij  Kassa  [Theodore  III.J, 
who  takes  the  throne. 

1862  Feb.  9.  British  Consul  Cam- 
eron arrives  at  JMassowah. 

Oct.  7.  Consul  Cameron  is  received  by 
Tlicodoro,  to  whom  he  presents  the 
Queen's  gifts  and  letter. 

Oct.  *  He  is  dismissed  with  a  letter  to 
the  Queen  of  England  desiring  alliance 
Against  the  Turks,    [No  reply  given.] 

1863  Aug.  *  Consul  Cameron  returns. 
Oct.  *  Missionary   Stern   beaten   and 

imprisoned  for  alleged  intrusion  upon 
Theodore. 

TTov.  *  Despatches  are  received  from  Eng- 
land, but  no  reply  to  Theodore's  letter. 

1884  Jan.  *  Consul  Cameron,  his 
suite,  and  missionaries  Stern  and  K'»- 
senthal  are  imprisoned  for  pretended 
insults. 

July  24.  A  British  messenger,  Hormuzd 
Kassam,  arrives  at  Massowah  with  a  let- 
ter from  the  Queen. 

July  *  Kassam  .asks  permission  to  present 
the  Queen's  letter,  and  receives  no  reply. 

1865  Aug.  12.  Rassam  is  informed  by 
note  that  Consul  Cameron  is  released, 
and  that  he  may  come  to  the  King. 

Nov.  21.  Hormuzd  Rassam,  I.ieut.  Prid- 
eaux,  and  Dr.  Blanc  arrive  at  Metemeh. 

1866  Jan.  25.  The  party  reaches  the 
camp  in  Damot,  and  is  well  received. 

Mar.  1 2 .  The  captives  are  all  released 
and  the  mission  progresses  favorably. 

Apr.  13.  ±  After  starting  for  the  coast, 
the  entire  party  is  compelled  to  return, 
and  is  placed  in  gentle  confinement. 

*  *  Theodore  sends  Mr.  Flad  to  England 
with  a  second  letter  to  the  Queen,  ask- 
ing for  workmen  and  machinery. 

July  *  The  prisoners  are  put  in  chains 
and  severely  treated. 

Oct.  29.  Mr.  Flad  arrives  at  Massowah 
with  the  Queen's  letter  and  workmen. 

Dec.  19.  ±  Theodore  receives  the  Queen's 
letter,  in  which  machinery  and  workmen 
are  promised  when  the  English  prisoners 
are  sarrendered ;  it  has  no  effect. 


1867  +  Jan.  *  Bebellions  against  the 
burdensome  exactions  of  Theodore  break 
out ;  his  power  is  waning. 

*  *  Shoa  has  shaken  off  the  yoke  of 
Theodore,  and  Godjam  has  become  vir- 
tually independent.  Tigre  continues  in 
the  hands  of  his  enemies. 

*  *  The  peasantry  leave  the  fertile 
plains  and  escape  to  the  mountains  to 
avoid  the  demands  of  Theodore's  army. 

Apr.  16.  Lord  Stanley's  ultimatum 
sent  to  Theodore,  demanding  the  release 
of  the  captives  in  three  months.  [It  was 
not  received.] 

May  *  Mr.  Flad  is  received  by  Theodore, 
and  forced  to  join  his  family  in  prison. 

July  *  The  Dritish  government  decides 
to  send  an  armed  force  into  the  coun- 
try mider  Sir  Robert  Napier. 

Sept.  9,  A  formal  letter  sent  by  the  Brit- 
isli  government  to  Theodore.  [It  was 
not  received.] 

Sept.  •  ±  Tigr6  revolts  against  the  rule 
of  the 'rebel  chief  Wagsham  Gobazye, 
and  becomes  independent  under  Dejach 
Kassai. 

Nov.  11.    The  captives  reported  well. 

Nov.  25.  Tlie  Gallas  reported  to  be  in 
rebellion  against  Theodore. 

Nov.  26,  27.  Eng.  Parliament  appro- 
priates $10,000,000  for  the  prosecu- 
tion of  the  war. 

1868  *  *  A  third  ultimatuna  sent  by 
Napier;  it  was  suppressed  by  Rassam  as 
endangering  the  lives  of  the  captives, 
he  having  received  it  through  a  rebel 
chief. 

Apr.  12.  The  captives  and  foreigners 
are  released.  Terunish,  Tlieodore's 
queen,  accompanies  the  British  troops 
in  returning  to  her  own  country. 

July  14.  Eng.  Theodore's  son  Alama- 
you  (aged  7)  arrives  at  Plymouth. 

1869  Jan.  26.  Kixi.  Alamayou  sails 
for  India  to  be  educated. 

July  *  Ivassai  punishes  the  Cathohc 
missionaries  for  partisanship,  and  en- 
ters an  alliance  with  Egypt. 

1872  Jan.  12.  Kassai  is  crowned 
with  much  ceremony  at  Axum,  as  King 
John  H. 

1879  Oct.  *  Colonel  Charles  George 
Gordon,  of  the  Egyptian  service,  con- 
cludes a  peace,  granting  a  seaport  to 
Abyssinia. 

1884  May  26.  ±  King  John  receives 
Admiral  Hewett  from  Suakin,  and  en- 
ters a  treaty  respecting- Massowah,  etc. 

Aug.  19.  Two  envoys  f  I'om  Abyssinia  ar- 
rive in  England. 

1885  Feb.  6.  The  Italian  flag  hoisted 
by  the  side  of  the  Egyptian  at  Massowah. 

Dec.  2.  Tlie  government  of  Massowah 
assumed  by  the  Italians. 

1887  May  2.  Proclamation  issued  by 
Italy  announcing  war  and  blockade  of 
ports  of  Massowah  and  its  dependencies. 

Oct.  18.  The  Chief  Kantibay  submits  to 
the  authority  of  Italy. 

1888  May  8i:.  King  John  makes  a 
treaty  placing  the  country  under  an 
Italian  protectorate. 


July  1.  Italy  notifies  the  powers  that  she 
has  annexed  Massowah. 

Aug.  3.  The  Italian  protectorate  is  pro- 
claimed at  Zulla. 

1889  Feb.  14.  The  Cossack  expedi- 
tion at  Taljarah,  on  the  Gulf  of  Aden, 
organizes  a  large  caravan  with  the  in- 
tention of  proceeding  to  Ankolvar. 

Mar.  12.  King  John  killed;  Menelek, 
king  of  Shoa,  proclaims  himself  Ne- 
gus, and  marches  on  Adowa. 

Apr.  10.  Dagiac  Maugascia,  the  succes- 
sor of  King  John,  is  his  nephew. 

±  King  Menelek  ignores  Maugas- 

cia's  claim  and  assumes  authority. 

±   Many  of  the  most  important  chiefs, 

including  Has  Michael,  have  recognized 
Menelek  as  Negus. 

*  *  The  king  despatches  a  mission  of 
twenty  persons,  including  several  im- 
jrortant  chiefs,  to  the  King  of  Italy. 

June  2.  The  Italians  occupy  and  annex 
Keren  without  resistance. 

Aug.  5.  Massaval  and  the  whole  of  Abys- 
sinia, except  the  Province  of  Tigr^,  have 
submitted  to  Menelek. 

Oct.  14.  Italian  Government  declares  a 
protectorate  over  Abyssinia. 

Nov.  3.  Menelek  H.  and  Queen  Taitri 
are  crowned  at  Aretoto. 

Dec.  0.  Menelek  orders  a  suspension  of 
trade  relations  between  his  country  and 
Italy.    War  is  imminent. 

Dec.  *  Menelek  having  overcome  the  reb- 
els in  the  province  of  Tigr^,  establishes 
his  reign  over  the  whole  of  Abyssinia. 

1890  Mar.  5.  Menelek  agrees  to  ac- 
cept Italy's  assistance  in  all  negotia- 
tions with  foreign  powers,  and  to  give  it 
preference  in  all  industrial  and  commer- 
cial concessions. 

Mar.  11.  The  Abyssinian  territory  coded 
to  Italy  extends  to  Mareb. 

Apr.  7.  Menelek  asks  a  free  passage 
through  Italian  territory  for  arms  to  be 
used  in  fighting  the  dervishes. 

1891  Apr.  *  Russia  sends  an  expedi- 
tion of  six  or  seven  men  to  Abyssinia, 
which  purports  to  be  "scientific,"  but 
is,  presumably,  political. 

Oct.  5.  Debeb,  an  aspirant  for  power,  is 
routed  by  Kas  Alulu. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1855*  *  Theodore  m.  is*' the  best  shot, 
the  best  spearman,  the  best  runner,  and 
the  best  horseman  in  Abyssinia." 

1868  Apr.  13.  King  Theodore  commits 
suicide.    A48. 

May  10.  Queen  Terunish,  who  accom- 
panied the  British,  dies  on  the  march  to 
the  interior. 

1879  Dec.  14.  Eng.  Prince  Alamayou 
dies  at  Leeds. 

1890  Feb.  14.  Reported  death  of  Kaa 
Alulu  from  wounds.    [False  report.] 

*  *  Population  about  6,000,000,  and  much 
superior  in  every  respect  to  their  Afri- 
can neighbors. 


979-187a 


AFGHANISTAN. 


AroHAJfiSTAN  is  an  inland  country  of  Asia,  lying  east  of  India,  and  having  iU-defined  boundaries.  It  is  ruled  by  an  absolute 
sovereign  called  the  Ameer.  Kabul  is  the  capital.  The  prevailing  religion  ia  Mohammedanism.  Estimated  area,  279,000  square 
miles ;  estimated  population,  4,000,000. 


ARMY. 
1213  *  *  Ghenghis  Khan  with  three  ar- 
mies   overruns   northern   China.    [1219. 
Conquests  in  Western  Asia.] 
1358  *  *  Tamerlane    begins    his    con- 
quests. [1398.  Enters  India.]  (See  India.) 
1504  *  *  Baber  takes  Kabul.    [1521.    He 
invades    India.     1525.     Again    conquers 
Kabul.] 
1715  *  *  Afghans  conquer  Herat. 
1731  *  *  Nadir  Shah  takes  Herat. 
1737  *  *  -38  *  •  Nadir  Shah  takes  Ka- 
bul and  recovers  Kandahar.     He  gains 
the  good  will  of  the  Afghans,  and  enrolls 
many  of  them  in  his  army. 
1 747  *  *  Ahmed  Shah  resolves  to  throw 
off  the  Persian  yoke;  he  seizes  the 
booty  taken  from  India  by  Nadir. 
1761   June  6.   Ahmed  Shah  wins  great 

victory  over  Mahrattas  at  Fanipat. 
1823*  •The  Afghans  defeated  by  the 

Sikhs  at  Naoshera. 
1838*  •The  Persians,  influenced  by 
Russia,  lay  siege  to  Herat,  the  key  of 
Afghanistan  and  India. 
Dec.  *  Shuja  Shah,  with  an  army  led 
by  British  officers  and  paid  by  British 
money,  marches  toward  Sind. 

1839  *  *  First  war  with  the  British. 
Feb.  20.    A  British   army  passes  the 

Indus  about  12,000  strong,  and  having 
40,000  camp-followers,  besides  the  new 
levies  of  the  Shah. 

Mar.  *  The  Bolan  Pass  is  traversed ;  most 
of  the  baggage  is  lost. 

Apr.  7.    The  Kojuk  Pass  is  traversed. 

Apr.  25.  Kandahar,  abandoned  by 
the  Afghan  princes,  is  entered  by  the 
British  under  Sir  John  Keane. 

July  22.  Ghunzee,  a  great  stronghold, 
is  taken  by  storm,  and  Dost  Moham- 
med's army  disbands.     The  war  ends. 

1840  Nov.  3.  Dost  ]V[obammed  sur- 
renders to  British,  and  is  sent  to  India. 

1841  Nov.  *  -42  Apr.  *  Famous  de- 
fense of  Jelalabad,  by  Sir  Robert  Sale, 
against  the  revolting  Afghans. 

Nov.  2.  The  Afghans,  led  by  Akbar 
Khan,  revolt  and  expel  the  British 
from  Kabul ;  24  British  are  killed. 

Nov.  3.  The  forts  at  Kabul  close  to  the 
British  camp  are  occupied. 

Nov.  5.  General  Elphinstone  talks  of 
buying  a  free  passage  out  of  the  country. 

Nov.  9.  The  commissariat  fort  has  its 
garrison  of  80  men  overpowered,  and  is 
taken  by  the  Afghans.  The  British 
menaced  with  starvation. 

Nov.  15.  The  British  force  demor- 
alized by  the  incapacity  of  its  coin- 
xnandcr,  who  negotiates  for  a  cessation 
of  hostilities. 

Dec.  23.  Akbar  Khan  treacherougly  as- 
sassinates Sir  William  Macnaghten 
and  others. 

Dec.  (?)  *  Shuja  Shah  assassinated. 


1842  Jan.  1.  The  British  capitulate. 
They  agree  to  pay  the  Afghans  $050,000 
in  coin  and  sign  bills  for  §1700,000  more  : 
to  leave  nearly  all  tlieir  artillery  and 
ammunition,  and  evacuate  the  country. 
The  chiefs  promise  safe  conduct,  pro- 
visions, and  baggage-cattle. 

Jan.  6,  The  British,  with  4,500  combat- 
ants and  12,000  cami)-follower8,  begin 
their  march  for  India. 

*  *  Cold,  snow,  disease,  and  want,  with 
utter  disorder,  reduce  their  number. 

Jan.  6-13.  Annihilation  of  the  Brit- 
ish army. 

Tfrrihle  massacre  of  about  3,849  sol- 
diers and  12,000  camp-followers  at  h'hai- 
Ixir  Pass,  by  the  GUilzais.  Dr.  Brydone 
and  a  few  natives  escape.  [Later  ninety- 
five  prisoners  are  recovered.] 

Mar.  *  General  Pollock  is  reenforced  at 
Pesbawur  and  begins  bis  march  to  re- 
lieve the  troops  in  Afghanistan, Via  the 
Khaibar  Pass. 

July  *  Lord  Kllenborough,  Governor-gen- 
eral of  India,  orders  a  general  advance 
on  Kabul  from  Kandahar  by  General 
Nott,  and  Jelalabad  by  General  Pollock. 

Aug.  20.  General  Pollock  arrives  at 
Gundamuck. 

Aug.  23.    He  defeats  a  body  of  Afghans. 

Aug.  30.  General  Nott  takes  possession 
of  Ghuznee. 

Sept.  6.  General  Nott  defeats  the  Af- 
ghans at  Alydan. 

Sept.  8.  General  Pollock  carries  the 
Jugduluk  Pass. 

Sept.  13.  He  defeats  the  main  body  of 
the  Afghans  at  Tezeen. 

Sept.  15.  The  British  occupy  Kabul, 
and  release  Lady  Sale  and  others. 

Sept.  17.  The  two  armies  joined  at 
Kabul. 

Sept.  29.  General  M'Caakill  storms  Is- 
talif  and  destroys  the  town  in  revenging 
the  massacre  of  the  garrison  at  Char- 
ikar,  and  the  harboring  of  the  murderers 
of  Burnes. 

*  *  Captain  Cragie  and  a  Sepoy  garrison 
brilliantly  repulse  the  Afghans  in  an  at- 
tack on  the  fortress  of  Kala't-i-Ghilzai. 

Dec.  *  British  evacuate  Afghanistan. 

1850  *  *  Balkb  reconquered  by  Afghans. 

1856    Oct.  25.    Persians  take  Herat. 

1858  *  *  Dost  Mohammed  formsa  regu- 
lar army,  containing  IC  infantry  regi- 
ments (nominally)  of  800  nten,  3  of  cav- 
alry, of  300  men,  and  at)out  80  field 
pieces,  and  a  few  heavy  guns. 

1863  May  26.  Dost  takes  Herat  from 
Ahmed.  Ahmed  is  a  vassal  of  the  Per- 
sians, who  are  under  the  influence  of 
Kussia;  Herat  is  regarded  as  the  "Key 
of  India." 

1864  June  6.  Sbere  All,  the  Ameer, 
defeats  his  brother  Azim  and  confeder- 
ates at  Kujhbaz. 

June  14.    Shere  Ali  enters  Kandahar. 
1866    Mar.  2.    Kabul  is  surrendered 
to  Azim  by  Ibrahim,  a  son  of  the  Ameer. 


May  10.  Shere  Ali  defeated  at  Sheik- 
habad ;  he  flies  for  Kandahar. 

1867  Jan.  17.  Shere  Ali  defeated  by 
Azim  and  Abder-Rahman  at  Kujhbaz. 

Sept.  17.  Shere  Ali  is  again  defeated 
and  his  general  killed. 

1868  Apr.  *  Azim's  army  defeated 
and  Yakoob,  son  of  the  Ameer,  enters 
Kandahar. 

Sept.  *  Azim's  army  dissolved  by  deser- 
tion. 

Nov.  •  -Dec.  *  Shere  AH  resists  Abder- 
Rahman. 

1869  Jan.  *  Shere  Ali  routs  Abder- 
Rahman  and  Azim, 

1870  May  6.  Yakoob  takes  Herat 
from  his  father. 

1878  Sept.  22.  A  British  mission  with 
an  armed  escort  are  threatened  at  a  fort 
in  the  Khaibar  Pass,  if  they  advance; 
they  retire. 

•  *  -81  *  *  Second  war  with  the 
British. 

Oct.  *  A  religious  war  against  the  Brit- 
ish is  proposed  by  Shere  Ali. 

Nov,  21.  The  British  army  (34,730  na- 
tives and  12,740  Europeans)  advances. 

Nov.  22.  The  British  shell  Ali  Masjid, 
and  take  21  guns,  losing  2  officers  and  35. 
men. 

Nov.  23.    Dakka  and  Pisheen  occupied. 

Nov.  25.    Kuram  fort  occupied. 

Dec.  2.  The  British,  inader  General  Rob- 
erts, defeat  the  Goorkhas  at  Peiwar 
Fass»  losing  2  officers  and  80  men  killed 
and  woimded. 

Dec.  20,    Jellalabad  occupied. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1163*  *  Oen^hls  Khan,  emperor  and  con- 
queror, born. 

1227  •  *  Genghis  Khan  dies  In  Mongolia. 

1336  *  *  Tamerlane  la  born  at  Kesh. 

1405    Feb.  17.    Tamerlane  dies  at  Atrar. 

1483  Feb.  14.  Baber.  founder  of  dynasty 
and  conqueror,  born. 

1530    Dec.  26.    Baber  dies,  A4S. 

1715  *  *  Mir  Wais,  sovereign  of  Kandahar,  d. 

1724  *  •  Mahniud,  son  of  Mir  Wais,  dies. 

1747  *  •  Nadir  Shah,  sovereign,  assassinated. 

1773*  •  Ahmed  Shah,  Ameer,  dies. 

1793  •  *  Timur  Shah,  Ameer,  dies. 

1798i:  *  *  Dost  Mohammed.  Ameer,  born. 

1829*  ♦  Mohammed  Shah  dies. 

1830    Abder-Rahman  Khan,  Ameer,  bom. 

1842  *  *  Kamran,  Ameer  at  Herat,  dies. 

1863  June  O.  Dost  Mohammed.  Ameer, 
dies,  A  t  do. 

1867    Oct.*  Ufzel,  rival  Ameer,  dies.       * 
1860i:    Jan.  *  Azim,  rival  Ameer,  dies. 
1878    Aue.  17.    Abdoola  Jan,  the  Ameer's 

heir,  dies. 

STATE. 

979  •  *  Mahud,  Sultan  of  Ghazni,  ex- 
tends his  dominions  by  adding  Trans- 
oxiania,  also  Kabul  and  a  part  of  India. 

I350i  *  *  A  native  djTiasty  called  XCurts 
springs  up  in  Western  Afghanistan. 


AFGHANISTAN. 


979-1878. 


1369  *  *  Tamerlane  proclaimed  sov- 
ereign at  Balkh. 

1495  *  *  Baber  enthroned  at  12  years  of 
age. 

1526  Apr.  21.  By  the  victory  of  Pani- 
pat,  Kabul  and  Kandahar  become  a  part 
of  the  empire  of  Delhi,  under  the  so- 
called  Mogul  dynasty  which  Baber 
founded. 

1530±  *  *  Afghanistan  divided  be- 
tween Persia  and  Hindustan. 

1715  *  *  Herat  taken  by  conquest. 

1720*  *  The  Afghans  revolt. 

1731  *  *  Herat  is  taken  by  Nadir  Shah. 

1737  *  *  Nadir  Shah  invades  the  coun- 
try, and  subdues  and  rules  the  Afghans. 

1747  *  *  Nadir  Shah  assassinated. 

*  •-73*  *  Ahmed  Shah,  an  Afghan,  be- 
comes the  successful  ruler  and  warrior. 
He  resolves  to  throw  off  the  Persian 
yoke.  UndtT  his  rule  Afghanistan  first 
takes  a  place  among  the  kingdoms  of 
the  earth. 

1748  *  *  He  expels  the  Mogul  governor 
from  Kabul  and  Peshawur,  and  overruns 
the  Punjab. 

1749  *  *  Herat  recovered  by  the  Af- 
ghans. 

1773  *  *  -93  *  *  Timur  Shah  (son)  en- 
throned; he  becomes  a  tyrant. 

1774  *  *  The  seat  of  government  is  re- 
moved from  Kandahar  to  Kabul. 

1793  *  *  Timurdies;his23son8struggle 
for  the  crown,  and  Zaman  gets  it. 

He  conceives  the  idea  of  consolidating 
the  Mohammedan  power  of  India. 

1800  *  *  Zaman  is  dethroned,  and  his  son, 
Mahmoud  Shah,  succeeds  as  Ameer. 

1803  *  *  Mahmoud  is  dethroned,  and 
Shuja  Shah  (his  brother)  succeeds  him. 

1808  *  *  Afghans  lose  Sind. 

1809  *  *  Mahmoud  is  restored  to  be 
Ameer  by  Fatteh  Khan. 

1816  *  *  The  jealous  Mahmoud  brutally 
tortures  and  murders  Fatteh  Khan. 

1818  *  *  The  Barakzai  brothers  drive 
Mahmoud  from  Kabul,  and  he  gains 
Herat,  where  he  becomes  ruler. 

1819  *  *  Afghans  lose  Kashmir. 

1826  *  *  Dost  Mohammed  Khan,  one 
of  the  Barakzais,  becomes  Ameer. 

1829*  *  Mohammed  Shah  dies,andKam- 
ran,  his  son,  rules  at  Herat. 

1837  *  *  Captain  Alexander  Bumes 
sent  to  Dost  Mohammed  at  Kabul  as  am- 
bassador of  the  British  government,  to 
offset  the  intrigues  of  Kussia. 

1838  *  *  Persians  vainly  attempt  to  wrest 
Herat  from  the  Afghans. 

The  British  find  the  Ameer  is  not  sub- 
servient to  their  Interests,  and  they  at- 
tempt to  restore  Shuja  Shah,  a  pen- 
sioner of  India.to  the  throne;  war  follows. 

1839  Aug.  6.  Kabul  opens  its  gates  to 
the  British. 

Aug.  7.  Shuja  Shah  enthroned  at  the 
capital;  Mohammed  a  fugitive;  the  real 
government  in  the  hands  of  'William 
Macnaghten,  the  British  envoy. 

Nov.  *  Akbar  Khan  attempts  to  re- 
store his  father  by  expelUng  the  British. 


1840  Nov.  3.  I>ost  Mohammed,  having 
surrendered  to  the  British,  is  sent  to 
India. 

*  *  Penjdeh  Is  assured  to  Afghanistan  by 
Lord  Auckland. 

*  *  -41  *  *  Insurrections  succeed  each 
other. 

1841  *  *  British  occupation  costs  the  In- 
dian treasury  $6,250,000  yearly. 

Nov.  2.    An    insiurection   against   the 

British    breaks   out   in   Kabul ;    envoy 

Burnes  and  others  slain. 
Dec.  *  Semi-anarchy  follows  the  death 

of  the  Ameer,  who  falls  at  the  hands  of 

an  assassin. 
Dec.  23.    At    a   conference   with  Dost's 

son,  Akbar  Khan,  this  chief  murders 

Sir  "W.  Macnaghten,  the  chief  British 

envoy,  with  his  own  hand. 

1842  *  *  British  power  broken.  Akbar 
Khan  rules  in  place  of  his  father. 

Jan.  *  The  British  enter  a  convention  to 

evacuate  the  country. 
Jan.  *  The  convention  disregarded  by  the 

Afghans  and  the  army  massacred. 

*  *  Dr.  Brydone  is  the  only  European 
who  reaches  .lelalabad  and  he  is  wounded 
and  nearly  dead. 

Oct.  12.    The  British  leave  KabtU  and 

march  for  India. 
Oct.d::  *  Dost  Mohammed  restored  to 

the  throne. 

1855  Jan.  ♦  Afghans  and  British  make 
a  treaty  of  peace.  Dost  Mohammed 
becomes  an  ally. 

1856  Oct.  25.    Persians  seize  Herat. 

1857  July  27.    Persians  restore  Herat. 

*  *  The  revenues  of  Dost  Mohammed  are 
estimated  at  4,000,000  rupees,  or  about 
$2,000,000,  exclusive  of  the  revenue  from 
Herat,  which  he  does  not  hold. 

1863  May  26.  After  ten  months'  siege 
Dost  Mohammed  captures  Herat  from 
Ahmed. 

June  9.  Shere  All  (3d  son)  enthroned  as 
Ameer;  his  15  rival  brothers  oppose  him. 

1864  *  *  Unsuccessful  insurrection  of 
the  Ameer's  brothers,  Ufzul  and  Azim. 

May  16.    Azim  a  fugitive. 

June  2.  ITfzul  acriuiesces  in  the  de- 
mands of  the  British. 

Aug.  *  Insurrection  of  Abder-Rahman  ; 
Ufzul  in  prison. 

*  •  Shere  Ali  enters  Kabul. 

1866  *  ♦  Kabul  has  two  rulers,  the  sen- 
sual Ufzul  and  the  cruel  Azim. 

1867  *  *  Azim  rules  alone,  on  the  death 
of  Ufzul. 

*  *  Shere  Ali  holds  only  Balkh  and 
Herat. 

1868  Mar.  *  Azim  quarrels  with  Ab- 
der-Rahman, who  deserts  him. 

July  *  Azim  abandons  Kabul. 
Sept.  8.    Shere  Ali  again  occupies  Kabul. 
Nov.  *  -Dec.  *  The  British  help  Shere 
Ali  with  arms  and  money. 

1869  Mar.  27.  Shere  Ali  receives  a 
subsidy  from  the  British. 

1870  May  6.  Yakoob,  his  son,  rebels 
and  takes  Herat. 

1871  June*  Feramoz  Khan,  Shere 
All's  general,  assassinated. 


July  *  Yakoob  reconciled  with  his 
father  through  British  influence,  and 
made  governor  of  Herat. 

Sept.  *  Yakoob  again  rebels. 

Oct.  *  Shere  Ali  makes  new  boundaries; 
British  pay  him  another  subsidy. 

1873  Dec.  *  Shere  Ali  names  Abdoola 
Jan,  his  youngest  son,  as  his  successor, 
and  thus  angers  Yakoob,  his  oldest  son. 

1874  Dec.  *  Yakoob  confined  by  his 
father. 

1878  Aug.  *  Stolietoff ,  a  Eussian 
envoy,  signs  a  treaty ;  Russia  to  be 
the  guardian  of  the  Ameer. 

Sept.  *  The  Ameer  dismisses  the  envoy 
from  tlie  viceroy  of  India  with  presents, 
and  declines  intercourse  with  the 
British. 

Sept.  22.  A  British  mission  with  mili- 
tary escort  is  stopped  at  the  Khaibar 
Pass;  tliey  retire  toward  Peshawur. 

Oct.  20.  The  British  send  an  ultima- 
tum to  be  answered  before  Nov.  20. 

Nov.  19.  The  Ameer  sends  an  evasive 
reply. 

Nov.  23.  The  viceroy  of  India  Issues  a 
proclamation  to  the  Afghans. 

Dec.  13.  Shere  Ali  flees  from  Kabul ; 
the  Russian  mis5ic>n  retires,  and  Ya- 
koob Khan  assumes  authority. 

Dec.  26.  General  Roberts  annexes  the 
Kuram  district  to  India  by  proclama- 
tion. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

997  *  *  Mahmoud  patronizes  hteratiu'e. 

1150±  *  *  Ghazni  is  one  of  the  most 
splendid  cities  of  Asia. 

1413*  *-24*  *  Historyoftheconquest 
of  Swat  by  Shakh  MILIi,  written  by  a 
chief  of  the  Yusufzais  and  a  leader  in 
the  conquest. 

17th  Century*  *  Abdarrahman,  the  poet, 
flourishes. 

1750±  *  *  Ahmed  Shah  writes  poetry. 

*  *  In  a  single  night  Ahmed  Shah's  army 
loses  18,000  men  from  cold,  near 
Herat,  while  retreating  from  Persia. 

1754  *  *  Modern  Kandahar  is  founded. 

1809  *  *  First  visit  of  an  English  envoy 
(Elphinstone), 

1832  *  *  Visitof  Lieut.  Alex.  Burnes  from 
England. 

1837  *  *  The  remaining  population  of  de- 
clining Farrah  is  carried  off  to  Kandahar. 

1841  *  *  Maasacre  at  Kabul. 

1842  *  *  Sir  G.  Pollock's  expedition  visits 
Jelalabad  and  destroys  the  town  walls. 

1855  *  *  The  Church  Missionary  Society 
starts  a  mission  for  the  Afghans  at 
Peshawur. 

1857  *  *  -68  *  *  Major  Lumsden*8  partj 
explores  the  Kurram  Valley. 

1857  Jan.  *  Sir  John  I^awrence  has 
an  interview  with  Dost  Moliammed  at 
Peshawur  in  tlie  Punjab.  [A  treaty  fa- 
vorable to  British  influence  is  entered 
into,  promising  arms  and  a  subsidy  ; 
Maj.  Lumsden  enters  Kandahar,  and  the 
Indian  mutiny  follows.] 


1879-1894. 


AFGHANISTAN. 


ARMY. 
1879    Jan  6.    Afghans  leave  Kandahar. 
Jan  7.    Roberts  defeats  the  MangaJs 

near  Matoon  ;  occupies  Kandahar. 
Feb.  16.    The  Alizais  attack  the  British 

and  retire. 
Apr.  2.    Action  near  Futtehabad,  5,000 

Khugianis  defeated  by  the  British. 
June  8.    The  British  retire. 
Sept.  5.    Mutiny  at  Herat  and  many  of- 
ficials killed. 
Sept.  6.    The  British  commence  a  march 

toward  Kabul, 
Sept.  19.    Natives  defeated  at  Shutar- 

gardan. 
Sept.  24.    (Jeneral  Baker  at  Kushi. 
Sept.  28.    Baker  at  Kabul. 
Sept.  29.    Baker  occupies  Dakka. 
Oct.  2.    The  British  repulse  an  attack  at 

Shutargardan. 
Oct.  6.    Battle  of  Char-asiab ;  70  killed 

or  wounded  on  the  British  side. 
Oct.  8.    The  Afghans  retire. 
Oct.  12.    Gen.  lioberts  occupies  Kabul. 
Oct.  14.    Gen.  Gough  occupies  Jelalabad. 
Oct.  *  -Nov.  *  Many  Afghan   mutineers 

tried,  and  87  executed  as  murderers. 
Dec.  11-14.    Frequent  fighting  and  heavy 


Dec.  14.  The -British  army  concentrated 
in  the  Sherpur  cantonments. 

Dec.  23.  Koberts  and  Gough  defeat 
25,000  Afghans  near  the  Sherpur 
cantonments. 

Deo.  24.    The  Afghans  retire  from  Kabul. 

Dec.  26.    The  British  reoccupy  Kabul. 

Dec.  29.  Colonel  Norman  repulses  an  at- 
tack at  Jagdalak. 

1880  Jan.  10.  Mohammed  Jan  seizes 
Ghazpi  and  holds  it  for  Musa  Khan. 

Apr.  3.    Mohammed  Jan  killed  in  battle. 

Apr,  16,  Pathans  attack  a  camp  at  Du- 
wai  and  kill  the  garrison. 

Apr.  19.  The  Ghilzais  in  force  attack 
General  Stewart  at  Ahmad  Khel  and 
are  repulsed. 

Apr.  25.  Col.  Jenkins  checks  4,000  Loga- 
ris,  till  reenforced  by  Gen.  Macpherson 
at  Char-asiab,  then  they  are  routed. 

May  2.  Gen.  Sir  Donald  Stewart  as- 
sumes conunand  at  Kabul. 

July  14±.  Shere  All's  troops  at  Kan- 
dahar revolt  and  join  Ayoob  Khan,  the 
governor  of  Herat. 
July  27.  General  J.  Burrows  attacks 
Ayoob  Khan,  who  has  an  intrenched 
force  of  about  20,000  men  at  Maiw<and, 
on  the  river  Helmud,  with  about  12,000 
men,  and  is  defeated  with  severe  loss. 
July  28.    The  British,  about  4,000  strong, 

hold  the  citadel  at  Kandahar. 
Aug.  9.    Ayoob  at  Kokaran. 

General  Sir  F.  Roberts  starts  from 
Kabul  to  relieve  General  Burrows  at 
Kandahar. 

Aug.ll.    TheBritish  troops  withdraw 
from  Kabul  after  an  interview  with 
Abder-Rahman,  the  Ameer. 
Aug.  16,    Unsuccessful  sortie  by  British 


from  Kandahar,  180  men  and  several 
officers  killed. 

Aug.  25.  Ayoob  reenforced  by  the 
Ghilzais,  making  an  army  of  about 
20,000  men, 

Aug.  30.    Ayoob  retires  from  Kandahar. 

Aug.  31.  Roberts,  with  about  10,000  men, 
arrives  at  Kandahar. 

Sept.  1.  Roberts  defeats  Ayoob  at 
Mazra  and  captures  his  camp. 

1881  July  26.  Ayoob  defeats  the  Am- 
eer's army  at  Karez-i-atta,  Gholam 
Hyder  commanding  it. 

July  30.    Ayoob  occupies  Kandahar. 

Aug.  21.  Gholam llyderatKhelat-i-Ghil- 
zai  receives  reenforcements  from  Kabul. 

Sept.  22.  Ayoob  defeated  at  Old  Kan- 
dahar, chiefly  by  the  desertion  of  his 
troops ;  he  flees  to  Herat. 

Sept.  30,  The  Ameer  occupies  Kanda- 
har. 

Oct.  2.    Ayoob's  adherents  defeated. 

Oct.  4,  The  Ameer  enters  Herat;  Ayoob 
flees  to  Persia. 

1883  Apr.  27.  ±  The  Shlnwarris  de- 
feated by  the  Ameer. 

1887  Apr.  19.  The  Ghilzais  reported  to 
have  defeated  the  Ameer's  troops. 

Apr.  25 1.  Again  defeated  at  Khelat-i- 
Ghilzai. 

June  9.  A  mutiny  of  Ghilzais  at  Herat 
is  violently  suppressed. 

June  13-16.  Reported  defeat  of  the 
Ghilzais  by  Gholam. 

July  15.  Disastrous  defeat  of  the  reb- 
els at  Mashakui  reported. 

July  26.  Conflicting  reports  of  victory  at 
Kotaldab  by  Gholam  Khan. 

Aug.  31.  Hot  fighting  with  the  insur- 
gents at  Mashakai. 

Sept.  *  Ayoob,  having  entered  Afghan- 
istan with  a  few  followers,  is  driven  out. 

Sept.  7.  The  Ameer's  troops  fight  the  in- 
surgents near  Mukur ;  their  leader,  Ja- 
lander  Khan,  taken  prisoner. 

Sept.  *  -Oct.  *  Occasional  fighting  re- 
ported. 

Nov.  15.  Another  fight  with  the  insur- 
gents reported  ;  60  killed. 

1888  May  9.  The  Afghans  defeat  the 
Turcomans  in  a  fight. 

Sept.  29.  Ishak  Khan  defeated  by  the 
Ameer's  troops  at  Tash  Kurgan. 

Sept.  30.  Ishak  again  defeated  at  Mazari 
Sherif. 

1889  Jan.  19.  Ishak  Khan  and  follow- 
ers, and  .Sultan  Murad  Khan  with  3,000 
families  of  Afghan  Wynegs,  cross  the 
frontier  and  enter  the  Bokharan  service. 

Feb.  3.  The  Shlnwarris  defeated  by 
the  Ameer's  troops  tmder  Gholam  Hy- 
der. 

Feb.  12.  Russian  troops  on  a  hurried 
march  to  reenforce  frontier  posts.  Gen- 
eral Komaroflf  and  Russian  stalT  arrive 
at  Chardjin  on  the  Amu  Darya. 

Feb.  14.  KoDiaroff,  with  a  strong  force 
of  Russians,  arrives  at  Bokhara. 

Feb.  22.  Russian  troops  are  ordered  to 
attack  the  Ameer  if  he  approaches  the 
Russian  frontier. 


Feb.  27.  The  Ameer  crosses  the  Rus- 
sian frontier,  cominitting  cruelties. 

Feb.  28.  Reported  that  18,000  Russian 
troops  are  massed  on  the  frontier. 

Mar.  1.  Afghans  advancing  from  Herat, 
and  the  Emir  of  Bokhara  preparing  to 
attack  them. 

1890  Mar.  20.  Reported  that  Ishak 
Khan  luis  a  large  force  at  Bokhara,  and 
is  preparing  to  invade  Afghanistan. 

Aug.  7.  Troops  are  sent  to  quell  a  revolt 
among  the  Alehayaras  in  Kandahar. 

1892  Apr.  29.  Afghans  rise  against 
soldiery  between  Herat  and  Bamian. 

Aug.  4.  The  Afghans  skirmish  with  both 
Russians  and  Chinese  on  the  AUchur 
Pamir  and  take  a  number  of  Kirghiz 
prisoners. 

Aug.  11.  More  fighting  reported  between 
the  Afghans  and  Russians  at  Pamir. 

Aug.  22.  Afghan  troops  defeated  by 
Hazara  tribesmen. 

Aug.  30.  The  Ameer,  Abder-Rahman 
Khan,  is  preparing  to  resist  a  Russian 
advance. 

Aug.  31.  The  Ameer's  troops  captiuro 
Kamsan  from  the  revolting  Hazaras. 

Sept.  2.  Punjab  infantry  and  cavalry, 
with  a  mountain  battery,  to  be  sent  to  the 
Wana  Comul  Valley,  unless  the  Ameer 
of  Afghanistan  recalls  the  agents  dis- 
turbing the  peace  on  the  Indian  frontier. 

Sept.  12.  The  Ameer  is  supporting  the 
mountain  tribes  in  their  resistance  to 
British  authority. 

A  British  force  is  on  its  way  to  the 
Valley  of  the  Indus  to  destroy  the  town 
of  Balo,  in  which  Haskim  All  has  been 
harbored. 

1894  *  *  The  Ameer  has  a  regtilar  army 
of  50,000  troops,  and  the  tribal  levies 
are  incorporated  with  these  as  irregular 
auxiliaries,  with  the  exception  of  the 
horsemen  who  follow  feudal  chiefs. 

•  •  An  arsenal  established  at  Kabul 
manufactures  powder. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1879    Feb.  20.    Shere  Ali  dies  (announced). 

STATE. 
1879    May    26.     Treaty     of     Peace 
signed  with  Yakoob  Khan,  son  of  th» 
deceased  Ameer,  at  Gandamak. 

The  British  to  occupy  certain  territory, 
have  a  resident  at  Kabul,  and  pay  an 
annual  subsidy  of  $300,000  to  the  Ameer, 
Ayoob  the  governor  of  Herat  for  his 
brother. 

Sept.  3,  4.  Revolt  of  Afghans,  who  mas- 
sacre British  residents  and  their 
guards. 

Sept.  5.  Mutiny  in  Herat ;  both  mili- 
tary and  civil  governors  killed. 

Oct.  14.  Gen.  Roberts  proclaims  martial 
law  and  Gen.  Hills  and  Gholab  Hussein 
Khan  to  be  military  governors. 

Oct.  *  Yakoob  Khan  abdicates. 

Oct.  30.  Roberts  announces  the  occupa- 
tion of  Kabul,  etc. 

Dec.  *  Mohammed  Jan  Wardak  combines 
tribes  against  the  British. 

Dec.  17.  Musa  Khan,  son  of  Yakoob, 
reported  to  be  Ameer. 


AFGHANISTAN. 


1879-1894. 


1880    Jan.  6.    Gen.  Roberts  proclaims 

an  almost  universal  amnesty. 
Mar.  21.    Thenew  Ameer,  Musa  Khan, 

and  the  chiefs  at  Ghazni  submit  to  the 

British. 
*  *  The  British  make  Shere  Ali,  consin  of 

the  late  Ameer,  Governor  of  Kandahar. 
July  22,    The  British  proclaim  Abder- 

Hahman,  Ameer  at  Kabul. 
Dec.  *  Shere  Ali  resigns  ;  retires  to  India. 
1381  Oct.  *  Abder-Eahman   becomes 

sole  ruler. 

1882  Feb.  *  Afzul  Khan  is  chosen  by 
the  Ameer  as  British  resident  at  Kabul. 

1883  June  21.  Shinwarris  accept  peace. 
July  21.    The  Ameer  accepts  a  subsidy 

from  India. 

1884  Apr.  2.  The  Ameer  meets  Lord 
Uufferiu,  the  viceroy,  at  Rawalpindi. 

Aug.  *  The  Ameer  accepts  the  proposal 
of  the  Afghan  frontier  commission. 

1885  July*  England  and  Russia  dif- 
fer respecting  the  Zulfikar  Pass. 

July  *  Strong  RuBsian  force    posted   at 

Askabad. 
July  *  The    Penjdeh    surrendered  to 

Russia. 
Aug.  22.     It  is  announced  that  the  Rus- 
sians give  up  their  contention  respecting 

the  Zultikar  Pass. 
Sept.  *  The  dispute  between  Russia  and 

England  is  closed  by  signing  a  Protocol 

at  London. 
Nov.  12.    First  boundary  pillar  set  by  the 

joint  commission. 

1886  Feb.  13,   Russia  occupies  Penjdeh. 
Sept.  6.    Joint   commission  having  con- 
cluded its  work  is  dissolved. 

Oct.  30i:.    Kevolt  against  taxation. 

1887  July  8.  Proclamation  of  peace, 
amnesty,  and  remission  of  taxes  for 
two  years  issued  by  the  Ameer. 

July  13.  Execution  of  Taimar  Shah, 
chief  of  the  Herat  mutineers. 

Jtay20.  The  Afghan  Frontier  Com- 
mission meet  at  St.  Petersburg  and  set- 
tle the  boundary  question. 

Aug.  14.  Ayoob  Khan  escapes  from 
Teheran  ;  he  raises  his  standard  against 
the  Ameer. 

Aug.  29  ±.  Rebellion  reported  at  an  end, 
and  several  tribes  return  home. 

Nov.  9.  Reported  that  Ayoob  Khan  has 
surrendered  to  the  viceroy  of  India. 

Nov.  13.  Peace  reported  in  Southern 
Afghanistan. 

Dec.  10.  The  Ameer  issues  an  amnesty 
proclamation. 

1888  Sept.  *  Revolt  of  Ishak  Khan, 
the  governor  of  Afghan-Turkestan. 

1889  Feb.  13.  The  insurrectionary 
leader,  Ishak  Khan,  is  treated  with  great 
honor  at  Samarcand,  Russia. 

Feb.  20.  The  Ameer  has  appointed  Qho- 
1am  Hyder  Khan  Governor  of  Afghan- 
Turkestan. 

Aug.  7.  The  Alehayaras  in  Kandahar  re- 
volt ;  troops  sent  to  quell  disturbance. 

1890  Aug.  6.  The  new  Ameer  sends  an 
embassy  to  Russia  to  conclude  a  com- 
mercial treaty. 


Summer.  Abder-Rahman, the  Ameer, 
continues  at  Mezar,  the  chief  place  in 
Afghan-Turkestan,  for  the  purpose  of 
crushing  hostilities  and  reorganizing 
the  administration. 

*  ♦  The  Ameer  has  given  the  Russians 
important  trade  concessions  which  are 
denied  to  the  English. 

*  *  The  Ameer  seeks  to  replace  pillage 
and  violence  with  commerce  and 
peaceful  industries. 

Aug.  11,  The  Ameer  arrives  at  Kabul 
and  is  given  an  enthusiastic  reception. 

1891  Sept.  7.  Reported  arrest  of  Gen- 
eral Alikhanoff,  charged  with  being  a 
Russian  spy. 

*  *  The  Russians  send  out  an  expedi- 
tion for  political  purposes,  which  has  a 
strong  Cossack  support,  and  starting 
from  Osh,  in  the  Russian  province  of 
Ferghana,  it  enters  the  Pamir  region, 
and  claims  a  great  part  of  it. 

1892  Apr.  11.  The  Ameer  issues  aState 
paper  to  the  "Noble  Chiefs  of  Afghan- 
istan," advising  their  adherence  to 
Great  Britain  rather  than  to  Russia. 

Apr,  15.  The  Ameer  gains  possession  of 
one  of  the  two  passes  leading  through 
the  Pamir  country  to  India,  the  British 
having  possession  of  the  other. 

July  8.  Reported  that  the  Russians  are 
encroaching  on  Afghan  territory  on  the 
Murghab  River  and  in  the  Pamirs. 

[The  Af^rhans  make  an  effort  to  pro- 
tect their  frcmtier  against  the  advances 
of  the  Russians.    (See  Army.) 

Axig,  9.  The  revolt  of  the  Hazara  tribes 
grows  more  serious  daily. 

Aug.  14.  Owing  to  increased  complica- 
tions the  Ameer  negotiates  with  the 
rebels. 

Aug.  23.  Reported  that  the  Ameer  has 
asked  the  Government  of  India  to  in- 
tervene to  prevent  Russian  aggression 
in  the  Pamir  country. 

Sept.  12.  The  Ameer  is  said  to  be  sup- 
porting the  mountain  tribes  in  their  re- 
sistance to  British  authority. 

Dec.  16.  Sher  AfzulKhan,murdererand 
usurper,  is  <lriven  from  Chitral. 

Dec.  22.  The  Ameer  is  recognized  as 
Suzerain  of  Chitral. 

1893  Feb.  4.  Overtures  made  for  a  con- 
ference between  Russia,  England,  and 
China  to  consider  the  frontiers  of  Ruf>sia, 
China,  and  Afghanistan. 

Mar.  13.  The  Ameer  declines  to  meet 
Lord  Roberts  to  confer  concerning  the 
trouble  among  Indian  frontier  tribes. 

Oct.  2,  Arrival  at  Kabul  of  Sir  Mortimer 
Durand's  Mission. 

Nov.  15.  The  Ameer  announcea,  at  a 
military  review,  that  the  frontier  ques- 
tion and  other  matters  long  pending  be- 
tween Afghanistan  and  India  have  been 
satisfactorily  adjusted. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1879  Sept.  *  Commencement  of  the 
Quetta  Railway, 

Oct.  16.  The  British  lose  arms,  ammuni- 
tion, and  about  20  men  by  an  explosion. 


*  *  The  British  use  a  portable  heliograph 
in  their  campaign. 

*  *  I'he  Ameer  secures  a  regular  sub- 
sidy of  about  925,000  a  month  from  the 
In<lian  treasury. 

1880  Jan.  *  The  joint  Anglo-Russian 
Boundary  Commission  complete  the 
boundary  delimitation. 

Oct.  *  The  work  on  the  Railway  is  stopped. 

1884  Apr.*  Work  on  the  Railway  is  re- 
sumed. 

1885  Oct.  28.  Opening  of  the  Lower 
Bolan  Railway,  connecting  with  India. 

1887  Mar.  14.  The  rails  are  joined  of 
the  Sibi  and  Quetta  sections  of  the  Sind- 
Pishin  Railroad  ria  the  Harrai  route. 

May*  Russians,  under  General  Ozan 
Tora,  occupy  the  town  of  Kerki,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Oxus,  between  Bokhara 
and  Herat. 

Aug.  14.  Ayoob  Khan,  the  cousin  and 
rival  of  Abder-Rahman,  escapes  from 
Teheran,  where  he  was  kept  interned 
by  the  British. 

1888  July  *  The  opening  of  the  rail- 
road through  Bokhara  to  Samarcand 
is  celebrated  with  festivities.  General 
Annenkoff,  who  directed  its  construc- 
tion, is  appointed  its  chief  director  for 
two  years. 

Oct.  *  Ishak  Khan  a  fugitive  in  Russian 

territory. 

Dec.  26.  The  Ameer  barely  escapes  as- 
sassination. 

*  *  Railroad  connection  is  completed  to 
the  Caspian  Sea,  a  distance  of  900  miles. 

1889  Feb.  16.  Exportation  of  goods 
resumed  ;  no  obstacle  against  the  impor- 
tation of  Russian  goods. 

Apr.  9.    Tranquillity  prevails  along  the 

frontier. 
Dec.  26,    The  Ameer  is  fired  at  by  a  sepoy 

of  the  Herat  Infantry,  who  is  executed 

on  the  spot. 

*  *  The  railroad  is  dependent  upon  the 
supply  of  naphtha,  the  only  fuel 
available. 

1890  *  *  Kabul  supposed  to  have  100,000 
inhabitants. 

*  *  The  tomb  of  Shah  Ahmed  at  Ka- 
bul is  so  sacred  that  the  king  may  not 
remove  a  criminal  who  has  taken  refuge 
within  its  walls. 

*  *  The  Ameer  demands  a  tax  of  from 
10  to  30  per  cent  of  the  produce  of  the 
land,  according  to  the  amount  of  irriga- 
tion. 

1891  *  *  The  Ameer  is  endeavoring  to 
extend  new  manufactures. 

1893  *  *  Manufactures  are  chiefly  silk, 
felts,  carpets,  and  postins. 

*  *  Exports  consist  chiefly  of  fruits  and 
nuts  and  large  quantities  of  asafetida. 

*  *  The  population  exceeds  4,000,000. 

*  *  The  Ghilzai,  Burani,  and  other  tribes 
inhabit  the  central  parts  of  the  coun- 
try;  the  Tajiks  cultivate  the  soil  and 
ply  peaceful  trades;  the  Aimaks,  Haza- 
ras,  and  Uzbecks  dwell  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  country. 

*  *  A  large  number  of  the  Hazaras  and 
the  Kizilbashis  are  Shiite  Mohamme- 
dans. 


Ill  B.  C.-1866  A.D. 


ALGERIA. 


Algeria  is  a  country  of  Northern  Africa,  organized  as  a  colonial  possession  of  France,  and  divided  into  three  departments, 
Algiers,  Oran,  and  Constantine  ;  capital,  Algiers.  The  government  is  vested  in  a  governor-general,  appointed  by  France,  and  a 
Superior  Coancil ;  the  prevailing  religion  is  Mohammedanism.  Area  (Algeria  proper),  122,876  square  miles  :  population  in  1891 
3,910,399. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

Ill  *  ♦  B.  c.  War  between  Rotncand 
Numidia  begins.    (See  Italy.) 

46  *  *  B.  c.  Juba,  the  last  king  of  Nu- 
midia, is  killed  at  the  battle  of  Thapsus. 

42**  ^B.  c.  Suetonius  suppresses  a  revolt 
in  Mauritania. 

533  *  *  -35  ♦  *  A.  D.  Justinian's  great 
general,  Belisarius,  conducts  the  Bo- 
mans  successfully  against  the  Vandals. 

637  *  *  -709  *  *  The  Saracens  subdue 
the  country. 

1248*  *  William,  Prince  of  Achaia,  con- 
quers  the  Moors. 

1492  •  *  The  Moors  are  drlTen  out  of 
Spain  into  Algiers. 

1505*  *  Ferdinand,  King  of  Spain, 
sends  a  powerful  fleet  under  the  Count 
of  Navarre  against  the  country ;  he  soon 
captures  Oran,  Bugia,  and  other  towns. 

1509  *  *  Algiers  is  taken  by  the  Span- 
iards. 

1516  *  *  The  Turks  aid  in  expelling  the 
Spaniards,  under  Horush  Barbarossa. 

1516*  ♦-20*  *  Algiers  is  retaken  by 
Horush  and  Hadher-ed-Din  Barbarossa, 
and  made 'the  capital  of  a  Mohammedan 
state. 

1518*  *  The  Spaniards  capture  Horush 
Barbarossa  and  put  him  to  death. 

1541  Oct.  28^.  The  Spanish  Emperor 
Charles  V.  loses  the  greater  part  of  a 
fleet  of  370  vessels  and  an  army  of  30,000 
men,  in  an  expedition  against  Algiers; 
Charles  himself  escapes  with  ditficulty. 
(See  Miscellaneous.) 

*  *  The  Spaniards  are  driven  out. 

1616  *  *  The  Algerine  fleet  consists  of 
40  sail,  of  ships  of  between  200  and  400 
tons,  and  a  flag-ship  of  500  tons. 

1617  *  *  A  French  fleet  is  sent  against 
the  Algerines,  and  captures  two  res- 
sela. 

1620  •  *  The  English  send  out  an  un- 
successful fleet  under  Sir  Robert  Manscl. 

*  *  *  The  Venetians  send  out  a  fleet  un- 
der Admiral  Capello,  which  captures  16 
galleys. 

1655*  *  Cromwell  sends  Admiral  Blake 
with  a  fleet,  which  soon  subdues  the 
Algerines. 

1680  *  •  The  French  send  out  a  fleet 
under  Vice-Admiral  Duquesne,  which 
destroys  14  Algerine  ships. 

1683  May  *  Duquesne  appears  before 
Algiers,  and  threatens  to  bombard  the 
town. 

The  pacific  Bey  is  murdered,  and  also 
all  the  Freiicli  in  tlie  town.  The  FVench 
Consul  is  fired  nt  the  Frenoh  fleet  from 
the  mouth  of  a  mortar.  Duquesne  de- 
stroys the  fortifications,  the  shipping, 
and  the  cUief  part  of  the  town. 

1792  *  *  The  Spaniards  surrender  Oran. 
1815  *  *  Commodore   Decatur   of   the 
United  States  navy   encounters  the 


Algerine  squadron,  captures  a  frigate 
and  a  brig,  and  forces  the  surrender  of 
American  prisoners. 

1816  Aug.  27.  The  city  of  Algiers  is 
succes8f\Uly  bombarded  by  the  Brit- 
ish fleet,  under  Lord  Exmouth,  who 
also  burns  its  fleet. 

1817+  *  *  The  Algerines  more  strongly 
fortify  their  city  than  ever  before. 

1826  *  *  Algerine  pirates  openly  seize 
Italian  vessels  in  the  Mediterranean  and 
extend  their  incursions  to  the  North  Sea. 

1830  *  *  War  with  France.  Caused  by 
insults  given  to  ambassadors,  and  to 
great  restlessness  in  France. 

May  *  The  French  prepare  a  fleet  at 
Toulon,  for  war  on  a  large  scale. 

June  14.  Rout  of  the  Algerines  after  a 
fierce  attack  in  strong  force. 

July  4.  The  French  begin  the  bombard- 
ment of  Algiers,  and  subdue  the  town. 

July  5.  Algiers  surrendered  to  the 
French  under  General  Bourmont  and 
Admiral  Duperr^,  after  severe  conflicts. 
The  French  force  consists  of  37,000  in- 
fantry, and  4,000cavalry,  and  a  good  sup- 
ply of  artillery;  Hussan  Bey's  army 
numbers  (JO.OOO.  The  spoil  consists  of 
12 ships,  1^00  bronze  cannon,  and  nearly 
$10,000,000  in  specie. 

•  *  General  Clausel  succeeds  General 
Bourmont. 

1831  Feb.  *,  General  Berthezfene  is  ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief. 

•  *  He  makes  unsuccessful  attempts  to 
chastise  the  hostile  tribes  of  the  interior. 

*  *  Revolt  of  the  natives  against  the 
tyranny  of  the  French. 

Oct.  *  The  Kabyles  capture  Bona. 
Nov.  *  General  Savary,  Due  de  Rovigo, 

reenforces  the  French  with  16.000  men. 

He  exasperates  the  natives  by  cruelty 

and  treachery. 

1832  •  *  The  Arab  chief  Abd-el-Ka- 
der  preaches  a  holy  war,  and  collects 
an  army  of  11,000  men. 

May*  He  attacks  the  French  at  Oran, 
and,  after  bravely  flgbtlug  three  daj's, 
is  repulsed  with  considerable  loss. 

1835  *  *  Jealousy  inspires  war  with  Abd- 
el-Kader. 

June  28.  At  the  Makta  River  the  French 
are  defeated  with  great  slaughter. 

The  French  under  Marshal  Clausel 

with  11,000  men  invade  Mascara. 

Dec.  5.  The  French  take  Mascajra  and 
fire  the  city, 

1836  Jan.  *  Marshal  Clausel  undertakes 
an  expedition  against  Tlempen;  he 
captures  and  garrisons  the  town. 

*  *  Abd-el-Kader  defeats  3.000  men  un- 
der Count  d'Arlanges  on  the  Tafna. 

July  6.  General  Bugeaud  completely  de- 
feats the  Arabs  on  the  Sikak  Kiver. 

Nov.  *  Marshal  Clausel  conducts  an  un- 
successful expedition  of  8,000  men 
against  the  Bey  uf  Coustantine. 


1837  May  30.  Abd-el-Kader  thor- 
oughly defeated, 

Oct.  *  A  French  army  of  20,000  men 
marches  against  the  Bey  of  Constantine. 

Oct.  12.  The  French  storm  and  capture 
Constantine,  losing  General  Danr6- 
mont.    General  Valee  succeeds  him. 

1839  Oct.  *  Boundary  disputes  and 
intrusion  lead  to  war. 

*  *  Reenforcements  of  20,000  men  are  sent 
out  from  France. 

Dec.  *  Abd-el-Kader  suddenly  attacks 
the  Fronch  in  the  plain  of  Mettdja,  and 
routs  them  with  great  slaughter. 

1840*  *  The  French  garrison  of  123 
men  defends  Fort  Masagran  against 
the  attack  of  12.000  to  15,000  Arabs, 
for  three  days. 

1841  *  *  General  Bugeaud,  with  from 
80,000  to  100,000  men,  subdues 
raiding  Arabs  by  use  of  flying  columns. 

1842  Jan.  *  Tlempen  is  taken  by  the 
French. 

Fort  of  Tafna  captured  and  destroyed. 

1843  *  ♦  Spring.  The  French  under  the 
Buke  of  Aumale  surprise  Abd-el- 
Kader  ;  they  take  several  thousand 
prisoners  and  much  booty. 

1844  Aug.  14.  The  Arabs  from  Mo- 
rocco, under  Abd-el-Kader,  are  defeat- 
ed by  General  Bugeaud,  on  the  river  Isly. 

1845  June  18.  General  Pelissier  suf- 
focates about  600  Arab  men,  women , 
and  children  in  a  cave  after  they  re- 
fused to  surrender. 

1847  Dec.  23.  Abd-el-Kader  finally 
surrenders  to  Ijamoricifere. 

1849  *  *  General  Pelissier  marchcH 
against  several  of  the  rebellious  tribes 
and  subdues  them. 

1850  *  *  Several  revolts  are  subdued. 

1851  *  *  Kabyle  insurrection  subdued  by 
the  French  under  General  St.  Arnaud, 
after  several  sharp  engagements. 

1852  *  *  General  Macmahon  Is  sent 
out  against  Kabylia. 

*  *  General  Pelissier  takes  Laghonat  by 
storm. 

1854  *  *  An  expedition  eabdues  .the 
Arabs  in  the  south. 

1857  Oct.  *  General  Randon  subdues 
the  tribes  of  Great  Kabylia,  and  the  au- 
thority of  France  is  undisputed. 

1859  Oct.  31.  The  Arab  tribes  rebel, 
attack  the  French,  and  are  defeated. 

Nov.  6.    Theyrebelagain withlikeresult. 

1864  Apr.*  The  Arabs  of  the  south  rise 
in  formidable  insurrection;  rebellion 
pi'ovoked  by  an  insult. 

June  *  After  defeat  the  Arabs  submit. 
Oct.  2.    Fresh     revolts ;    insurgents    de- 
feated by  Jolivet. 

1865  Oct.*  Fresh  insurrection  in  Oran  ; 
subdued  by  Colonel  de  Colomb. 

1866  Mar.  16.  Another  insurrection  in 
Oran  is  subdued  by  the  same  officer. 


ALGERIA. 


Ill  B.C. -1866  AD.     9 


BIRTHS  —DEATHS. 

JJ60+ *  *  AmobiuB.  Rhetorician  of  Numidia. 

354*  *  Augustine,  Saint.  (Numidian  bishop 
of  Hippo),  born. 

4th  Century.     I>onatus,  Nuniidian  schismatic. 

430  ♦  *  AueuBtine.  Saint,  Nuinidian  bishop, 
A76. 

1059  *  *  Abdallah-Ibn-Yaeln,  founder  of 
tlie  empire  of  the  Alinoravides,  dies. 

1546*  *  BarbaroBsa,  Hadher,  Greek-Alge- 
rine  pirate,  dies. 

1718  *  *  Baba-AU.  Dey  of  Algiers,  dies. 

1773  t  *  *  Hussein  or  Iloussein  Pasha  (Dey) 
born. 

1807  *  ♦  Abd-el-Kader  (Emir)  born. 

1835*  *  Allemand-Laviererie  (Fr.  Cardi- 
nal) born  in  Bayonne. 

1838  *  ♦  Hussein  or  Houssein  Pasha,  last 
Dey  of  Algiers,    dies.  A  ±  65. 

1864  May  22.  Marshal  Pelisaier,  governor- 
general,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

1050±  *  *  AbduUa-ben  Yazim  forms  the 
prosperous  sect  of  Moabites. 

I540:h  *  *  Pope  Paul  III.  issues  a  bull 
offering  the  remission  of  sins  aiid  the 
crown  of  martyrdom  to  those  lost  in 
fighting  the  Algerians. 

1828  *  *  Abd-el-Kader  makes  his  sec- 
ond pilgrimage  to  Mecca,  and  receives 
the  title  Iladji. 

1832  *  *  Abd-el-Kader  preaches  a  holy- 
war. 

SOCIETY. 

1520 1  *  *  Thirty  thousand  Christian 
slaves  are  employed  in  constructing  a 
mole  in  the  harbor  of  Algiers.  [Finished 
in  three  years.] 

*  *  The  Algerine  pirates  are  dreaded 
and  subsidized  by  all  the  commercial 
nations. 

1816  Aug.*  Under  British  pressure  the 
Dey  liberates  1,211  Christian  slaves,  and 
promises  that  piracy  and  the  enslave- 
ment of  Christians  shall  cease,  forever. 

1832  *  *  A  Holy  "War  excitement  pre- 
vails. 

1860  Sept.  *  Algiers  is  visited  by  the 
French  Emperor  Napoleon  HI. 

1865  May  3-June  *  Napoleon  is  wel- 
comed with  enthusiasm. 

STATE. 

46  *  *  B.  c.  A  part  of  Mauritania  (Alge- 
ria) is  conquered  by  the  Homans. 

45  *  ♦  B.  c.  MauritaniabecomesaRoman 
province,  with  Sallust  for  proconsul. 

42  *  *  B,  c.  Mauritania  is  divided  into 
two  parts. 

439*  *A.  D.  Mauritania  is  conquered 
in  part  by  the  Vandals. 

533  *  *  The  "Vandals  are  expelled  by 
the  Romans,  and  the  territory  is  reimited 
to  the  empire. 

690  i  *  *  The  Saracens  subdue  this  prov- 
ince. [It  becomes  divided  among  many 
petty  chiefs,  and  relapses  into  barbar- 
ism.] 

935+*  *  The  town  of  Algiers  is  founded 
by  the  Arabs  near  the  site  of  ancient 
Icosium. 


1075±  *  *  The  sect  called  Moabites  sub- 
due rival  chiefs  and  lay  the  foundation 
of  the  dynasty  of  the  Almoravides. 

1147  *  *  -1231  *  *  The  dynasty  of  the 

Almohades  follows. 
1273*  *  Change  of  dynasty;  the  country 

is  divided  into  small  states. 
1509  *  *  Spain  acquires  dominion. 
1516  *  *  The  Algerians  revolt  and  seek 

aid  of  the  famous  Turkish  pirate,  Horuah 

Barbarossa. 

*  *  The  invaders  being  expelled,  Barba- 
rossa murders  the  prince,  Selira  Cut- 
smi,  and  mounts  the  throne. 

*  *  He  extends  Ms  dominions  by  force 
and  treachery. 

*  *  Algiers  becomes  nominally  a  prov- 
ince of  Turkey. 

1518  *  *  Hadher  Barbarossa,  as  Pasha 
of  Algiers,  succeeds  his  brother,  who  is 
slain  by  the  Spaniards. 

±  *  *  He  solicits  aid  from  Selim  I.,  and 
acknowledges  his  sovereignty. 

i  *  *  The  Moors  establish  the  pirati- 
cal states  of  Algiers  and  Tun^. 

*  *  *  Viceroys,  or  pashas,  appointed 
by  Turkey,  continue  to  govern  the  coun- 
try till  the  17th  century. 

1600 ±  *  *  Turkey  permits  the  janizaries 
to  choose  their  own  dey  or  governor. 

1609  *  *  Many  Moors  flock  to  Algiers 
after  their  expulsion  from  Spain,  and  as 
able  sailors  raise  the  power  of  the  state. 

1686  *  *  The  English  conclude  a  favor- 
able treaty  with  Algiers.  [Jt  is  only  par- 
tially enforced  for  a  long  time.] 

1705  *  ♦  The  last  Turkish  pasha  is  ex- 
pelled by  Dey  Ibrahim. 

1710±  *  *The  office  of  pasha  is  united 
with  that  of  dey. 

The  janizaries  control  the  appoint- 
ment of  chiefs,  and  they  declare  inde- 
pendence of  the  Turks ;  all  regular 
tribute  is  withdrawn. 

1795  *  *  The  Americans  refuse  any 
longer  to  subsidize  the  Dey  of  Algiers. 

1816  *  *  A  new  treaty  with  England  is 
made,  and  Christian  slavery  is  abolished. 

1818  *  *  Hussein  Bey  succeeds  to  the 
government. 

1823  *  *  The  French  demand  reparations 
for  insults  to  their  consul  and  for  out- 
rages committed  on  French  vessels,  but 
without  success,  and  an  army  follows. 

1830  July  5.  The  French  depose  the 
Dey,  and  overthrow  the  barbarian  gov- 
ernment.    The  Dey  retires  to  Naples, 

*  *  General  Bourmont  is  superseded  by 
General  Clausel,  who  makes  little  etfort 
to  conciliate  the  natives. 

1833  *  *  The  French  ministry  declares  i  Is 
imrpose  to  retain  the  government  and  to 
colonize  the  country,  in  opposition  to  its 
agreement  with  England. 

Mar.  *  General   Avizard  is  appointed 
interim  Governor  on  the  retirement  of 
Rovigo.     [He  dies  soon  after.] 
*  General  Voirol  is  nominated  Gov- 
ernor, 


1834  *  *  Abd-el-Kader  enters  a  treaty 
acknowledging  the  supremacy  of  France, 
and  is  recognized  as  the  Emir  of  the 
province  of  Miiscara. 

May  20.  Tlie  French  ministry  announces 
its  intention  to  retain  Algiers  perma- 
nently. 

*  *  France  is  displeased  with  the  treaty, 
and  General  Desmichels,  Governor  of 
Oran,  is  recalled. 

July  *  General  Drouet  d'Erlon  be- 
comes Governor-general  of  the  colony. 

1835  *  *  Marshal  Clausel  supersedes 
Count  d'Erlon  as  Governor-general. 

1837  May  30.  The  French  sign  a 
treaty  of  peace  with  Abd-el-Kader  on 
the  banks  of  the  Tafua ;  be  recognizes 
French  supremacy. 

Dec.i  *  General  Val6e  is  appointed 
Governor-General  of  the  colony. 

1841  Feb.  22.  General  Bugeaud  suc- 
ceeds Val^e. 

1842  Feb.*  Algeria  annexed  to 
France,  and  the  Emir  declared  a  rebel. 

1848  *  *  General  Cavaignac  apiKjijited 
Governor-general  of  the  Colony. 

Jan.  29.  Abd-el-Kader  is  taken  a  pris- 
oner to  France,  contrary  to  the  agree- 
ment of  the  French. 

1852  *  *  Louis  Napoleon  releases  him 
from  prison  on  the  condition  that  he 
retires  to  Asia  Minor. 

1857  *  *  French  authority  undisputed. 

1858  *  *  The  govei-nment  entrusted  to 
Prince  Napoleon  as  special  minister. 
[The  special  ministry  is  soon  abolished.] 

1860  Nov.  *  Marshal  Febssier,  Duke 
of  MalakhofF,  is  apjwinted  Governor- 
general,  with  a  council  of  thirty  mem- 
bers. 

1863  Feb.  *  The  emperor  promises  a 
constitution,  with  a  representative  as- 
sembly, securing  the  rights  of  the  Arabs, 
saying,  "  I  am  as  much  emperor  of  the 
Arabs  as  of  the  French." 

1864  May  22.  Death  of  Marshal  Pelis- 
sier.  Marshal  Macmahon,  Duke  of 
Magenta,  succeeds  him. 

1865  July  *  More  rights  and  privileges 
are  promised  by  the  French  to  the  na- 
tives. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1520  *  *  Under  Barbarossa,  Algeria  be- 
comes famous  for  its  pirates.  [They 
infest  the  seas  till  1S30.] 

1541  Oct.  28.  A  fearful  storm  at- 
tended by  an  earthquake  nearly  destroys 
the  fleet  of  the  Spaniards  in  the  port  of 
Algiers. 

1670  *  *  The  city  of  Tlem9en  is  destroyed 
by  Are. 

1716  May* -June*  Earthquakes  de- 
stroy 20,000  people. 

1866  *  *  Population  by  census  returns 
'2,921,146. 

*  *  The  cro[»s  are  almost  entirely  de- 
stroyed by  locusts. 


10 


1867-1894. 


ALGERIA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1867  Jan.  *  A  new  expeilition  subdues 
the  refractory  Arabs  of  the  south. 

1868  Jan.  *  Si-Hamed  leads  a  revolt 
and  is  killed  by  the  French  ;  his  follow- 
ers are  routed. 

1869  Jan.  ♦  Several  large  bodies  of  in- 
surgents in  the  extreme  south  move 
northward  and  surprise  Tagguin. 

Feb.  2.    Colonel  Sonis  defeats  about  4,000 

Arabs,  and  routs  them. 
June  *  The  insurrection  Is  quelled. 

1870  Aug.  15.  Algeria  proclaimed 
in  a  state  of  siege. 

1871  •  *  'Widespread  insurrection  of 
the  Arab  and  Kabyle  tribes,  prompted 
by  the  weakened  condition  of  France. 

June  24.  State  of  siege  raised  after  the 
fall  of  the  Commune  at  Paris  ;  [a  contri- 
bution of  $6,000,000  imposed  upon  the 
rebels]. 

1879  June  *  Another  insurrection ;  it 
is  soon  subdued. 

1881  Apr.*  Dispute  between  the 
French  government  and  Timis  respect- 
ing the  sheltering  of  insurgents.  The 
French  land  an  array  in  Tunis. 

June  *  Arab  insurrection  headed  by  Bou 
Ameema. 

July  13.  Bou  Ameema  is  said  to  be  de- 
feated by  the  French,  and  a  fugitive. 

Aug.  1.  lieported  preparation  for  a  fresh 
revolt ;  a  strong  force  marches  against 
Bou  Ameeraa. 

Aug.  *  Indecisive  actions  with  the  rebels. 

1882  Apr.  *  A  topographical  expedi- 
tion is  attacked,  and  more  than  40  per- 
sons are  reported  killed. 

1883  June  *  Announcement  of  the  sub- 
mission of  revolting  tribes. 

1891  Dec.  23.  The  Amours  tribe  re- 
bels against  French  authority,  and  fight- 
ing begins. 

»  *  Each  of  the  three  military  depart- 
ments in  Algeria  is  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  commandant  of  the  19th 
corps  of  the  French  army. 

1892  *  *  An  insutticient  military  expedi- 
tion sent  by  the  Sultan  of  Morocco  to 
punish  the  i)eople  of  the  oases  for  de- 
claring their  freedom  from  tribute  and 
their  sympathy  with  France,  fails  in  its 
purpose. 

1894  Jan.  25.  Timbuctu  occupied 
by  French  Troops. 

Feb.  9.  Colonel  Bonnier,  commanding 
the  French  force  which  took  Timbuctu, 
is  killed  by  the  Tuaregs,  together  with 
seventy-eight  officers  and  soldiers. 

Aug.  28.  The  Tuaregs,  after  three  days' 
fighting,  defeat  the  French  troops  at 
Timbuctu,  and  compel  them  to  retire. 

DEATHS. 

1883  •  *  Abd-el-Kader,  Algerian  chieftain, 
A76. 

1892  ♦  •  AUeniand-I.avle;erle,  Fr.  Cardi- 
nal, anti-slavery  advocate,  apb.  Algiers,  .\67. 

CHURCH. 

1889  •  *  Algiers  has  synagogues,  a  hand- 
some cathedral,  and  three  other  Catholic 


churches,  a  Protestant  chapel,  six  col- 
leges, an  Episcopal  seminary,  and  bish- 
op's palace. 

*  *  The  London  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Gospel  among  the  Jews 
reports  a  mission  station  at  Algiers. 

SOCIETY. 

1870  *  *  Native  Jews  are  admitted  to 
French  citizenship. 

1890  May  19.  Arabs  pillage  a  Jew's 
store  at  Quelma,  and  are  dispersed  by 
troops. 

1893  *  *  The  French  colonists  and  ofBcials 
discourage  any  attempt  to  elevate  the 
natives,  and  persistently  oppose  the 
proposition  to  establish  schools. 

STATE. 

1871  *  *  A  war  contribution  imposed  on 
the  rebels  by  the  French. 

Oct.  *  The  military  rule  abolished  and  a 
civil  government  established,  [which 
brings  peace  and  prosperity.] 

1873  *  *  General  Chanzy  is  appointed 
governor. 

1878  July  *  General  Chanzy  accused  of 
governing  despotically ;  his  resignation 
not  accepted  by  Marshal  Macniahon. 

*  *  He  is  replaced  by  Albert  Gr6vy. 

1879  June  *  An  insurrection,  which  is 
soon  quelled. 

1881  Apr.  *  Dispute  between  Algeria 
and  Tunis  respecting  incursions  of  the 
Kroumirs  into  Algerian  territory. 

May  12.    The  French  force  the  Bey  of 

Tunis  to  cede  territory  and  become 

the  vassal  of  France. 
Nov.  6.    Resignation  of  the  governor,  A. 

Gr^vy,  announced. 
Nov.  26.  ♦  Ijouis     Tirman     appointed 

governor. 

1882  Dec.  •  Announcement  of  the  an- 
nexation of  the  province  Mzab. 

1883  *  •  The  French  government  has 
proposed  to  expropriate  tribal  lands  of 
the  nomadic  Arabs  and  a  part  of  those 
of  the  sheep-raising  Kabyles  of  the 
mountains,  in  order  to  advance  coloniz- 
ation by  Europeans,  whose  presence  will 
give  security  to  the  French  dominion. 

1891  *  *  Governor-general  Tirman  re- 
tires from  oifice. 

Apr.  *  Jules  Camborn  Is  appointed  gov- 
ernor-general. 

(Tliere  are  three  departments,  each  of 
which  elects  one  senator  in  Algeria  and 
two  deputies.) 

1892  Jan.  23.  The  sherif  of  Wazen  is 
forcibly  detained  in  Algeria  by  the 
French. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1867    Jan.  *  Several  villages  destroyed 
by  an  earthquake ;  a  prolonged  drought 
and  famine  follow. 

*  *  The  cholera  destroys  50,000  persons. 

1871  *  *  The  French  government  grants 
land  and  means  to  start  in  agriculture 
to  10,500  refugees  from  Alsace-Lorraine. 

1872  •  *  Population  2,146,235. 


1875  *  *  Population  2,448,691. 

1876  *  *  The  most  prosperous  year  of  the 
Colony. 

1880  Mar.  •  M.  Mouchot,  by  a  mirror, 
collects  solar  rays,  and  boils  water, 
drives  an  engine,  etc. 

1881  Oct.  *  Reported  death  of  61  per- 
sons killed  by  a  waterspout. 

*  'There  are  2,328,636  persons  engaged 
in  agriculture. 

1883  «  *  A  project  for  making  the  Sahara 
desert  an  inland  sea  is  entertained. 

1884  •  *  Railroads  completed,  993  miles. 

1886  »  *  Population  3,910,399. 

1887  *  *  Railroads  completed,  l,290mlles. 

*  » A  plague  of  grasshoppers  damages 
the  growing  crops. 

1888  July*  Another  plague  of  lo- 
custs. 

*  *  Swarms  of  crickets  devastate  vegeta- 
tion in  many  localities. 

*  *  The  first  section  of  the  Trans-Sahara 
Railroad  is  opened. 

1889  Jan.  5.  The  Governor  orders  the 
expulsion  from  the  country  of  two  editors 
of  a  Spanish  newspaper  published  at 
Oran. 

1890  Jan.  22.  The  authorities  forbid 
pilgrimages  to  Mecca  on  account  of  the 
]>rovalence  of  cholera  in  Arabia. 

Jime  25.    Cardinal   Lavigerie    favors   a 

Trans-Saharan  railway. 
Aug.  26.    Fire    rages   in   the   Soukari's 

forest ;  two  villages  destroyed. 
Sept.  26.    Destructive  storm  and  cyclone. 

1891  Jan.  15.  Three  violent  shocks  of 
earthquake  occur. 

Aug.  19.  A  forest  fire  destroys  35,00a 
acres  of  trees. 

*  *  Population  by  last  census  returns, 
3,636,967  in  the  civil  departments,  and  in 
the  interior  military  departments, 487,765- 

*  *  Locusts  destroy  the  pastures. 

*  *  There  are  3,262,478  persons  engaged  in 
agriculture,  187,000  of  whom  are  Euro- 
peans. 

*  •  Value  of  Imports,  $52,609,645 ;  ex- 
ports, $45,494,900. 

*  *  The  Trans-Sahara  Railroad,  starting 
from  El  Guerrah,  has  been  carried 
across  the  mountains  up  to  the  edge  of 
the  Tuareg  country,  and  extends  from 
oasis  to  oasis,  to  Biscara,  390  miles.  It 
is  projected  to  Lake  Chad,  1,887  miles. 

1892  Aug.  2.    Astrongsirocco prevails- 

*  ♦  Roads  to  the  interior,  with  wells  sunk 
along  them,  have  been  established  be- 
tween the  military  posts. 

*  *  Railroads  completed  cover  l,910mile8 ;; 
telegraphs,  7,000  miles. 

1893  *  *  The  Trans  -  Sahara  Eailroad 
reaches  within  80  miles  of  the  oasis  of 
Fignig. 

1894  *  *  Fr.  The  annihilation  of  the 
French  advance  column  at  Timbuctu 
causes  deep  feeling  in  France. 


AMERICA. 


955  B.C. -1121  A.  n. 


11 


America  is  a  name  applied  to  the  Western  Continent,  and  includes  both  North  and  South  America  and  the  adjacent  islands. 
Greatest  length,  10,500*=  miles;  greatest  breadth,  S.OOOi  miles.  Estimated  area,  15,700,000 square  miles  ;  estimated  population  in 
1891,  121,713,000. 

Kxi'L.vN  ATORY  NoTE.  —  The  early  history  of  each  American  country  ia  given  in  fuller  detail  under  its  proper  title,  except  that  of  the  United 
States,  which  appears  under  the  title  of  America  only  until  tlie  Declaration  of  Independence  in  177f^. 

Mexican,  Central  and  South  American  dates  are  of  uncertain  value  until  the  sixteenth  century.  All  items  relating  to  the  Norsemen  In 
America  can  hardly  be  considered  well-established  historical  records. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

4th  Century  B.  c.    The  spherical  shape 

of  the  earth  is  taught  by  the  Greeks. 

4th  Century  A.  d.  The  compass  is  use^l 
by  mariners  on  the  Indian  Ocean. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

945ir    Mex.    Kauhyotl,  king,  dies. 

1007    Sfass.  (?)     Sonorri,  son    of    Thorflnn, 

born  in  Vinland. 
1054 1     Peril-     Manco  Capac,  founder  of  the 

state,  dies. 
1070 1    Mex.    Huemac  Ateopanecatl,  last  Tol- 

tec  king,  dies  at  Capultepec. 

CHURCH. 

999  *  *  Scan.  Leif,  son  of  Eric  the  Red, 
becomes  a  convert  to  Christianity  [and 
in  the  year  1000  takes  Roman  mission- 
ary priests  to  Iceland,  by  whom  many 
are  converted.] 

lOOOi  *  *  Peru.  Man  CO  Capac  (from 
China?),  accompanied  by  his  wife,  and 
sister  Mama  Ocello,  appears. 

They  announce  themselves  "children 
of  the  sun,"  sent  by  deity  to  civilize  the 
people  by  teaching  agriculture  and  the 
arts,  publishing  laws,  and  by  introdu- 
cing religious  rites.    (Peruvian  Artnals.) 

1056  *  *  Iceland.  A  bishop's  see  is 
erected  in  the  east  and  southwest. 

1106*  *  Iceland.  A  bishop's  see  of 
175  parishes  is  erected  in  the  north. 

1121  ♦  *  Eric  Gnupsson  is  appointed 
**  bishop  of  Greenland  and  Vinland 
in  partibus  intidelium,"  by  Paschal  II. 

DISCOVERY  —  EXPLORATION. 

635*  *  Mex.    The  Chichimecs  leave 

Chicomoztoc  in  their  progress  toward 

Mexico. 
648  *  *  Mex.    Toltecs  invade  Mexico. 
8th  Century.    Greenland  is  visited  by 

Northmen. 
860*  *  Iceland  is  discovered:  Nad- 

doddr,  a  Norse  pirate,  is  driven  to  the 

coast  by  adverse  winds. 
865  *  *  Iceland  is  visited  by  Floki,  the 

viking. 
876*  *  Greenland  discovered :  Gunn- 

bjorn,  a  Norwegian,  driven  by  adverse 

winds  beyond  Iceland,  views  its  coast. 

985  f  *  *  Greenland.  Eric  Raude,  with 
a  number  of  Icelanders,  is  said  to  have 
spent  three  years  in  exploring  the  coun- 
try. <Its  name  is  suggested  by  its  abun- 
dant verdure.) 

986  *  *America  discovered :  Her- 
julfson,  a  Norse  navigator,  sailing  from 
Iceland,  is  caught  in  a  storm  and  driven 
soutliwestward  to  the  coasts  of  New- 
foundland and  Labrador,  but  does  not 
land. 

1000  *  *  New  England  is  visited  by 
Xjcif  Ericsson  with  a  crew  of  about  35 


Icelanders.  He  arrives  at  Labrador, 
and  explores  the  coast  as  far  as  Massa- 
chusetts, where  he  remains  more  than  a 
year  at  Vinland. 

1002  *  *  Me.  Thorwald,  a  brother  of 
Leif  Ericsson,  accompanied  by  his  wife 
and  a  crew  of  30  men,  visits  Maine  and 
Massachusetts. 

1003  Summer.  Thorwald  extends  his 
explorations  to  the  southward. 

1004  *  *  Mass.  Xjeif  explores  the  coast 
northward  [reaching  the  present  site  of 
Boston],  where  he  is  slain  by  the  na- 
tives. 

1005  ♦  *  New  Eng.  Thorstien,  another 
brother  of  Leif  Ericsson,  explores  the 
New  England  coast. 

1006  *  *  Mnss.^n.  I.  Thorfinn  Karl- 
sefne,  with  three  ships,  containing  IGO 
men,  and  a  number  of  women  and  cattle, 
explores  the  coast  of  Massachusetts  and 
Rhode  Island,  and  possibly  sails  as  far 
south  as  Virginia,  but  is  driven  away  by 
the  natives. 

1011  *  *  Masa.  Freydis  visits  Viulaud, 
accompanied  by  30  men. 

*  *  Greenland.  Helgi  and  Finnbogi, 
with  35  men,  sail  from  Greenland  to 
cut  timber  in  Massachusetts.  (?) 

1012*  *J/as.t.  (?)  The  Northmen,  under 
Thorwald,  having  murdered  Helgi  and 
Finnbogi,  with  their  followers,  sail  for 
Greenland. 

nth,  12th  Centuries.  The  Arabs  explore 
the  Atlantic,  seeking  to  find  its  limits. 

1116  (?)*  *  Mex.  The  Aztecs'  migra- 
tion from  the  north  reaches  Chico- 
moztoc. 

1120  (?)  •  *  Mex.  The  Chichimecs,  a 
half-savage  tribe,  invade  Mexico. 

LETTERS. 

*  *  *  Mexican  annals  of  a  remote  pe- 
riod are  recorded  by  picture-writing. 
[Their  value  is  uncertain.] 

4th  Century  n.  c.  Thestory  of  the  Island 
of  Atlantis  is  mentioned  by  Plato. 

SOCIETY. 

686  (?)  *  *  Mex.  The  Toltecs  evince  an  ■ 
advanced  civilization  in  weaving, 
building,  jeweling,  and  nuiking  orna- 
ments of  feathers ;  among  them  are  as- 
trologers, poets,  sorcerers,  philosophers, 
and  orators. 

1011  Winter.  Mass.  (7)  The  North- 
men's games  cause  dissension. 

Thorwald.  the  husband  of  Freydis, 
avenges  an  insult  by  the  massacre  oif  the 
35  men  and  five  women  of  a  neighboring 
expediti<^in  of  the  brothers  Helgi  and 
Finnbogi. 

*  *  Peru.  Communism  prevails  in  ag- 
ricultural labor  and  products. 


*  *  Mex.  and  Peru.  The  masses  of  the 
people  are  serfs  or  slaves. 

*  *  *  Peru.  Manco  Capac,  with  his 
wife,  and  sister  Mama  Ocello,  arrives 
from  China  (?),  claiming  to  be  sent  by 
deity  to  reclaim  the  tribes  from  savage 
life;  civilized  society  begins.  [This 
account  is  received  with  some  incredu- 
lity by  scholars.]  __ 

STATE  —  SETTLEMENT. 

955  *  *  B.  c.  Mexican  history  begins 
[according  to  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg]. 

470i  *  *  B.  c.  Peru.  The  Pirua dynasty 
begins  [as  some  allege]. 

4th  to  7th  Century  a.  D.  Mex.  The 
Nahuas  dwell  in  the  Mexican  plateau. 

503  *  *  Mex.  With  the  appearance  of  the 
Toltecs  on  the  tableland  authentic  his- 
tory begins  [according  to  Ixtlllxochitl]. 
(Clavigero,  596,  Vetia,  (397.) 

686  ±  *  *  Mex.  The  Toltec  empire  is 
finally  established.  The  Toltecs  are  the 
true  founders  of  civilization  in  this  p^rt 
of  North  America. 

714*  *  Antillia,  or  the  Island  of  the 
Seven  Cities,  is  settled  frtun  Spain.  (?) 

830*  *  Peru.  Fall  of  the  Tirua  dy- 
nasty. (?) 

835  *  *  Greenland  is  inhabited.  (?) 

875  i:  ♦  *  Iceland.  The  Icelandic  com- 
monwealth is  founded  hy  Norsemen, 
under  Ingolf,  the  son  of  Orn. 

9th  Century,    The  Irish  visit  Iceland. 

895(?)*  *  Mex.  Topiltzin  Ceacatl 
Quetzalcoatl,  the  most  famous  of  the 
Toltec  sovereigns,  founds  a  new  seat  of 
government  on  the  plain  of  Huitzilapan. 
[LaPuebla?] 

930  *  *  Iceland.  First  meeting  of  the 
Althing,  a  general  assembly  secured  by 
the  influence  of  Ulfijot,  a  leader  among 
the  Icelanders. 

083*  *-985*  *  Greenland.  p:ric  Raude 
returns,  and  founds  two  settlements 
on  the  west  coast. 

*  *  *  Peru.  Manco  Capac  arrives  and 
reforms  the  people.  (I3th  Century, 
Winsor.) 

1007  *  *  Can.  Colonies  are  planted  [in 
Newfoundland  and  Nova  Scotia],  which 
are  soon  abandoned. 

1041  *  *  -47  (?)  *  *  Mex.  Irruption  of 
the  Chichimecs-Teotenancas  into  tlie 
valley  of  Mexico. 

nth  Century.  Mex.  The  fall  of  the 
Toltec   power. 

Tho  Toltecs,  greatly  reduced  in  num- 
bers, leave  Mexico  and  enter  Central 
America. 

nth  Century.  Mex.  After  the  fall  of  the 
Toltec  empire,  a  great  migration  cf 
Wortherntribessouthward  begins.  [It 
continues  for  three  centuries.] 


12    1.121-1492,  Oct.  12. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

13th  Century.  Mex.  The  ferocity  of  the 
Aztecs  causes  their  neighbors  to  banil 
together  against  them.  Many  forays  and 
bloody  wars  follow. 

1415  *  » Mex.  The  Tepanecs  invade 
the  territory  of  the  Tezcucans  and  are 
invaded  in  turn. 

1425+  •  »  Mex.  The  Tepanecs  subdue 
the  Tezcucans. 

1433 *  •  Peru.  Peruvians  invade 
Chile,  conquering  the  southern  part. 

1450±  »  »  Mex.  Montezuma  I.  sulidues 
the  country  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

1469  *  *  Mex.  A  military  expedition 
under  Axayacatl  moves  down  the  Isth- 
mus of  Me.vico  as  far  as  Tehuantepeo. 
He  ravages  the  Totonac  region,  securing 
immense  plunder  and  mjiny  captives. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
12th  Century.    The  Catalans  and  Basques 

use  the  compass. 
1267*  *  Jill!/.    The  Opu.i Mnjorliy'RogeT 

Bacon  appears,  teaching  the  sphericity 

of  the  globe. 
1306  *  *  It.    Map  of  Marino  Sanuto,  the 

beginning  of  Atlantic  cartography,  ap- 
pears. 
;  1367  *  *  -73  •  *  Pizigana's  map  of  the 

Atlantic  appears. 
1430  •  •  Valeequa's  chart  of  the  Atlantic 

appears. 

1436  *  •  Variation  of  the  needle  shown 
on  maps. 

1446*  *  Mex.  Earthenware  pipes  used 
for  conducting  water  to  the  capital  from 
Chapultepec. 

1470  *  *  Nicholas  Donis's  map  appears  ^ 
the  earliest  engraved  map  in  which 
Greenland  is  shown. 

1472  •  *  Mex.  Art  and  culture  center 
in  Tezcuco. 

1484  *  *  Regimontanus  adapts  the  astro- 
labe for  use  on  the  sea. 

1486*  *  Sp.  The  Laon  Globe  appears. 
[Dated  1493.] 

1488*  *  Sp.  The  project  of  Colum- 
btis  is  referred  by  the  king  to  Ferdinand 
de  Talavera,  who  summons  astronomers 
and  cosmographers  to  confer  with  Co- 
lumbus before  a  jury  of  ecclesiastics, 
where  his  theories  are  overturned  with 
biblical  texts  and  extracts  from  the  great 
divines. 

1401  *  *  Talavera  denounces  the  pro- 
ject to  the  king  as  impracticable. 

1402  *  *  Somewhere  200  leagues  west  of 
the  Canaries,  lay  on  ancient  m.aps  the 
Ijost  Island  of  the  Seven  Cities. 

*  *  Colimibus,  after  long  study  and 
much  conference  with  the  best  authori- 
ties, concludes  the  globe  to  be  only  ten 
or  twelve  thousand  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence ;  he  also  overestimates  the  size  of 
the  Asiatic  continent. 

Sept.  13.  Columbus  is  startled  to  find 
the  needle  moving  westward  and  no 
longer  pointing  to  the j)()le. 

Sept.  15.  A  meteor  falls  five  lengths 
from  Columbus's  ship. 


•  *  Cuba.  Coltunbus  concludes  that  he 
has  reached  Cipango.  Afterward  he 
changes  his  mind,  and  decides  it  to  be 
the  mainland  of  India. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1357    Mex.    Techotl,  mler    of  the  Chlclil- 

mecs,  dies. 
1435-56     /(.      Columbus.      Christopher 

born.     [I445±  Ilarrisse:  14.56  I'ayne.J 
1451    It.  Vespucci.  Amerlgro,  Mar.  9,  b. 
1466    Mex.    Montezuma  II.,  emperor,  b. 
1469    Mex.    Montezuma  I. .  emperor  of  the 

-Vztecs,  (lies. 

1478  Mex.  Nezahualcoytl,  king  of  Tez- 
cuco, dies. 

1474     Sp.  'Casas.     Bartolome     de 
"  The  Apostle  of  the  Indies,"  born. 

1481  Mex.  Axayacatl,  emperor  of  the  Az- 
tecs, dies. 

1486  (7)     Mex. 


JjBlB, 


Tizoc,  king  of  Tezcucans,  d. 

CHURCH. 

1121  *  *  Greenland.  Bishop  Eric  Gnups- 
son  goes  in  search  of  Vinland.  (Massa- 
chusetts and  Khode  Island.) 

1124*  *  Greenland.  Bishop  Arnold  is 
consecrated. 

1325  *  *  Mex.  Mexicans  adopt  the  prac- 
tise of  offering  human  sacrifices  in 
worship. 

1450  *  *  Mex.  Mexicans  recognize  a  Su- 
preme Creator,  and  also  worship  a 
plurality  of  deities. 

*  *  Mex.  Fully  5000  priests  are  at- 
tached to  the  principal  tenii)le  of  the 
city  of  Mexico. 

1487  •  *  Mex.    Ahuizotl  celebrates  the 

dedication  of  the  great  temple  of  Huitz- 

ilopochtli  by  slaughtering  72,344  hunian 

victims.    (Probably  an  exaggeration.) 
1489    Dec.  *  Sp.    Columbus,  learning 

that  the  Sultan  of  Egypt  has  threatened 

to  raze  the  tomb  of  Christ,  makes  a  vow       ^'"''    ^'^ 

to  devote  the  proceeds  of  his  discovery    1477    Feb. 

to  the  defense  of  the  holy  sepulcher.       bus. 
1402  *  •  .Sp.    Juan  Perez,  prior  of  the    ■'''"'  '>"'"n'-    Greenland  ceases  to  corn- 
monastery  of  La  Rabida,  writes  a  letter       '"unicate  with  Europe. 


•  *The  Northmen  visit  an  island  in 
Baffin's  Bay,  where  they  erect  a  mon- 
ument.   [Discovered  in  1824.] 
1153  *  •  Ger.    Indians  said  to  have  l>een 
cast  upon  the  German  coast. 

1170*  *  "Welshmen  under  Madoo  dis- 
cover America.    (?) 

IZIIi  Cenluri/.  Guatemala  occupied  by 
the  Quiches  and  Cakchi. 

Peru  supposed  to  have  been  visited  by 

Kublai  Khan. 

1347  *  *  The  coasts  of  Labrador  and  New 
England  visited  by  Norwegian  sailors, 
who  bring  the  last  tidings  concerning 
Vinland. 

1393  (1304  ?)  July  »  Greenland  visited 
by  three  ships  under  Nicclo  Zeno,  a 
Venetian,  who  had  sailed  from  the  Fiiroe 
Islands. 

1396±  *  *  Greenland.  Antonio,  a  broth- 
er of  Nicolo  Zeno,  explores  the  coasts.  (?) 

1424  *  *  Antillia  first  fomul  on  the  maps. 

1444  *  *  jimerira.  Bisoayans  said  to 
have  discovered  western  land. 

1463*  »-64*  *  Ken-foundland.  Cor- 
treal,  a  Portuguese  navigator,  said  to 
liave  visited  the  coast. 

*  *  *  Newfoundland  visited  by  the 
Dutch.    (?) 

1470+ **  Columbus  concludes  that 
much  of  the  world  is  still  undiscovered, 
and  that  Asia  may  be  reached  by  sail- 
ing westward. 

1470  *  »  -84  *  *  Portugal  visited  by  Co- 
lumbus. 

1474  •  *  Columbus  explains  his  views  to 
Paola  ToscaneUi,  a  Florentine  navi- 
gator, from  whom  he  receives  hearty 
encouragement. 

1476  *  *  Skolno    coasts    along    Labra- 


Iceland  visited  by  Colum- 


to  Isabella,  Queen  of  Castile,  which  se- 
cures an  interview  for  Columbus. 

Columbus  asks  powers  which  the  arch- 
bishop declares  "  arrogant  and  presump- 
tuous ;  "  therefore  his  mission  fails. 
Apr.  17.  Through  the  influence  of  Perez 
and  others,  Columbus  is  recalled  to  the 
Spanish  Court  and  receives  his  commis- 
sion. 

Columbus  bears  a  letter  to  the  grand 
Khan  of  Cipango,  whom  he  hopes  to  con- 
vert to  Christianity. 

Before  sailing,  Columbus,  with  most  of 
his  officers  and  crew,  confesses  to  Juan 
Perez,  and  receives  the  holy  sacrament. 
Oct.  12.  ir. /.  The  first  procedure  by 
Europeans  in  the  New  AVorld  is  an 
act  of  devotion  to  God,  while  over  them 
is  unfurled  a  flag  bearing  a  green  cross. 
The  natives  conclude  that  the  gods  have 
come  from  their  celestial  abode. 

DISCOVERY  —  EXPLORATION. 
1135    Apr.  *  Greenland  visited  by 
Scandinavians,  who  sail  as  far  north 
as  latitude  73°. 


1480  *  *-92*  *  Sp.  Columbus,  impov- 
erished and  disheartened  by  many  rejec- 
tions, finds  a  sympathetic  friend  in 
Isabella,  Queen  of  Castile. 

1484  *  *  I'nrt.  Columbtis,  having  vain- 
ly appealed  to  John  II.  for  three  ships 
with  provisions  for  one  year,  leaves  the 
Portuguese  service. 

Columbus,  having  been  deceived  by 
John  II.,  goes  to  Spain. 

1485  *  *  /(.  Columbus  lays  his  project 
before  the  Genoese,  wlio  reject  it. 

±*  *  It.  Columbus  .-ippeals  to  the  Ve- 
netians for  aid  without  success. 

*  *  ±  Columbus  sends  proposals  to 
Henry  VII.  of  England,  olTering  to 
sail  under  the  English  flag.    (1488?) 

*  *  Fr.  Columbus  in  the  French  pirati- 
cal service. 

±  *  *  Sp.  Fernando  de  Talavera,  the 
confessor  of  Isabella,  fearing  hetero- 
doxy in  the  ideas  of  Columbus,  pre- 
vents his  access  to  the  king. 

*  •  *  Cardinal  Mendoza,  "  the  third 
king  of  Spain,"  presents  Coltunbus  to 
Ferdinand.    (1485  or  14SC.) 


AMERICA. 


1121-1492,  Oct  12.     13 


I486  *  •  Sp.    Col\imbU8  enters  the  Cas- 

tilian  service. 
1488*  *-89*  *  Coiisin  visits  the  South 

American  coast.    (?) 

1491  *  *  Sp.  A  clerical  committee  ap- 
pointed by  the  King  to  investigate  the 
project  of  Columbus  report  adversely. 

"The  project  in  question  is  vain  and 
impossil>le,  and  not  becoming  great 
princes  to  engftge  in,  on  such  slender 
grounds  as  li:ia  been  ad<luced  ;  **  a  con- 
*  elusion  reached  chiefly  by  controverting 
Scripture  texts. 

1492  **A>.    Columbus  states  his  lofty    ^^*^  <^entwry.    Iceland  has  an  intelligent 
terms,  and  his  proposal  is  declined  by       P«»Ple  and  nourishes  learning  by  many 


Oct.  11,  At  10  o'clock  at  night  Columbus 
perceives  a  distant  light ;  *'  no  one  sleeps 
this  night." 

Oct.  12.     ir.  /.    Land    discovered    on 

Friday  at  two  o'clock  in  the  morning. 

Kodrigo  de  Triana,  a  sailor  on  board 
the  Nhia,  is  the  first  to  see  it:  all  the 
vessels  lay  to,  and  the  voyage  of  36  days 
is  ended.  (It  is  Guanahani,  or  Watling 
Island,  one  of  the  Bahamas.) 

LETTERS. 


the  King. 

He  demands  the  office  of  admiral,  with 
the  vice-royalty  of  tlie  lands  he  may  dis- 
cover, and 'one-tenth  of  the  gains  to  be 
received  from  them :  the  King  declines 
the  conditions. 


schools,  four  of  which  have  the  character 

of  universities. 
1195+  *  *  3fex.     The  Aztecs  celebrate 

the  festival  of  tying  up  the  **  bundle  of 

years,"  and  begin  a  new  cycle. 
1215±  *  *  Iceland.        The  Heiviskringlay 

or  Chronicle  of  Snorro  Sturleson,  [one 

of  the  greatest  historical  books  in  the 

world,!  is  written. 


Apr.  17.    Sp.    Columbus  is  recalled, 

and  articles  of  agreement  are  drawn  and 
signed  at  Santa  F^. 

Aug.  3.    Friday.    Sp.    Colin^bus  salls^^-g-^-T  weU-develoned 

from  the  port  of  Palos,  with  119  men  in^   f.°    /    xceiana   Has   weu-aeveioped 
three  ships.    (00  men?)  I     ^i^f^*'^^-    consisting   of    poems,    his- 

The  Santa  Maria,  of  90  feet  keel,  is  '     '""""'  """^  l^ge"-!'- 
decked  over  from  stem   to  stern;    the;  14th  Century.    Mex.    The  civil  year   of 
Pinta  and  iVi/ta  are  undecked  caravels.        355  days  is  divided  into  18  months  of  20 
Some  of  the  crew  are  obtamed  by  offer-         i  j    ,- 

iiifl  advanced  pay  and  two  months'  ex-       **^y^'  *"**   ^    supplementary    days,   the 
emption  from  arrest  after  their  return,   \  month  into  4  weeks  of  5  days  each. 
while  others  are  secured  by  impressment,    j^g  *  *  Ger.    Johann  Faust  opens  the 


Aug.  6.    The  Pinta  loses  her  rudder. 

Aug.  9.  Canary  Islands.  The  expedi- 
tion puts  in  at  Teneriffe  to  refit  the  Pinta, 

Sept.  6.    Columbus  resumes  his  voyage. 

Sept.  16.  The  expedition  enters  the 
region  of  the  trade  winds. 

*•  The  air  was  so  mild  that  it  only 
wanted  the  song  of  the  nightingales  to 
make  it  like  the  month  of  April  in  An- 
dalusia."   (Columbus.) 

Sept.  *  The  vessels  enter  the  Sargasso 
Sea  ;  immense  quantities  of  floating  sea- 
weed are  observed. 

Sept.  17.  Columbus  calms  his  alarmed 
sailors  with  a  flctitio.is  explanation  of 
the  variation  of  the  con\pass. 

Sept.  18.  Many  birds  are  seen,  and  they 
awaken  expectations  of  land. 

Sept.  20.    Two  pelicans  appear. 

All  are  sure  of  the  nearness  of  land. 
The  wind  shifts  to  the  southwest,  and  the 
crews  are  glail  that  they  will  not  ever  be 
urged  forward  by  an  ejist  winii,  against 
wliich  it  would  be  impossible  to  return. 

Sept.  23.    A  storm  prevails,  and  the  crews 

insist  that  Providence  should  be  tempted 

no  further. 
Sept.  25.    Alonzo  Pinzo,  deceived  by  a 

cloud,  raises  the  false  cry  of  "land;** 

"  Gloria  in  excelsis  "  is  sung. 
Oct.  1.    Columbus  predicts  his  entrance 

into  an  Asiatic  port  within  forty  days. 
Oct.  7.    Sailors  on  the  Nina,  under  the 


ifrst  printing  place ;  the  art  of  print- 
ing facilitates    the  work   of   discovery 
;d  exploration  in  the  New  World. 


SOCIETY. 

1241  Sept.  22.  Iceland.  Snorro  Stur- 
leson,  "  the  good,"  a  warrior,  states- 
man, and  poet,  is  murdered. 

*  *  *  Iceland.  The  people  are  remarkable 
for  their  moral  qualities. 

1469  *  *  Mex.  Axayacatl  ascends  the 
throne,  and  follows  the  usual  custom  of 
raiding  the  south  country  to  get  thou- 
sands of  prisoners  whose  sacrifice  should 
grace  his  coronation. 

1480i  *  *  Mex.  TlteKingofTezcucohas 
2,000  concubines  in  his  palace^ 

1486  *  *  Mex.  Xing  Tizoc  is  assassi- 
nated. 

STATE. 

12th  Century.  (?)  Mex.  The'  Aztecs  mi- 
grate from  place  to  place. 

1170  (?)  *  *  Mex.  The  rude  Chichimecs 
enter  Anahuac  (Mexico). 

1177±  *  *  Mex.  The  Aztecs,  or  Mexi- 
cans, arrive  in  Anahuac,  leading  a  mi- 
gratory and  precarious  life. 

1184  (?)*  *  or  1186  (?)*  *  Mex.      The 
Aztecs   establish   themselves  at  Cha- 
pultepec. 
illusion  of  land  in  view,  raijic  a  flag  and    1240±  *  *  Pern.    Bule  of  the  Incas  be- 


fire  a  gun, 
Oct.  *  The  crew  approach  a  condition  of 

mutiny,  and  despairingly  threaten  to 

throw  Columbus  overltoard. 
Oct.  11.     The  Pinta  fishes  up  a  cane,  a 

log  of  wood,  and  a  stick  with  a  piece  of 

iron  attached.    The  Nina  siglits  a  stake 

covered  with  dog-roses ;    "  ail  of  them 

breathed  and  were  glad." 


gins  witli  Manco  Capac.    (Or  1021  +  .) 

1260+  *  *  Peru.     Keign  of  Sinchi  Rocca. 

1262  *  *  Iceland  loses  its  republican  in- 
dependence, and  becomes  subject  to 
Hakon,  King  of  Norway. 

1280ir  *  *  Peru.  Reign  of  Inca  Lloque 
Yupanqui. 

1300+  *  *  Peru.  Reign  of  Inca  Mayta 
Capao. 


1325  *  *  Mex.  The  Aztecs,  under  the 
reign  of  Tenuch,  fomid  the  city  of  Ten- 
ochtitlan  (Mexico),  probably  at  first  only 
a  cluster  of  huts,  on  a  low  island  in  a 
great  lake.  It  is  the  earliest  established 
<iate  in  Mexican  histoi^. 

1340jr  *  *  Peru.     Reign  of  Inca  Rocca. 

1349  *  *  Greenland.  The  Eskimos  ap- 
pear. 

1350  *  *  New  Eng.  A  great  plague* 
which  depopulates  Iceland  and  Green- 
laud,  also  destroys  the  Norsemen  in  Vin- 
laml,  thus  cutting  off  communication 
with  the  New  World.  (?) 

*  *  Greenland.  Hostile  Eskimos  dis- 
tress the  settlers. 

*  *  *  Mex.  Toltecs  convert  the  hunting 
Chichimecs  into  an  agricultural  people. 

*  *  *  Peru.  The  Incas  exercise  a  pater- 
nal authority  in  government,  which  is, 
in  fact,  a  despotism. 

These  unwarlike  kings  have  domin- 
ion founded  on  policy,  superstition,  and 
the  arts. 

1357  *  *  Mex.  Techotl,  a  great  Chlchl- 
mec  ruler,  dies  and  is  succeeded  by 
Ixtlilxochitl. 

1360+  *  *  Peru.  Reign  of  the  Inca  Ya- 
huar-Huaccac. 

1380  i  *  *The  commerce  of  Iceland 
and  Greenland  being  restricte<l  by  Den- 
mark, these  islands  begin  to  decline. 

*  *  Peru.    Reign  of  Inca  Uira-Cocha. 
14(X)+  *  *  Peru.    Reign  of  Inca  Pachacu- 

tec  Yupanqui. 
1415  *  *  Mex.    Invasion  of  the  Tepanecs 

in  Tezcuco. 
1418*  *  Greenland.     .Settlements  of 

Norsemen  are  destroyed  by  natives,  and 

the  foreigners  reduced  to  slavery. 
1430+  *  *  Mex.    The  Acolhua,  Aztec,  and 

Tepauec  Kings  form  a  triple  alliance. 

(The  Aztecs  soon  become  predominant.) 
1440*  *-69*  *  Mex.    Montezuma  I., 

the  soldier  king,  reigns. 

*  *  Peru.    Reign  of  Inca  Tupac  C^apac. 
1450  (?)  *  *  Mex.    The    government    be- 
comes an  elective  monarchy. 

1464  (?)*  *  Mex.  Overthrow  of  the 
empire  of  the  Tutul-Xius.  [The  new 
empire  continues  till  the  arrival  of  the 
Spaniards.] 

1469*  *  Mex.  Axayacatl  succeeds  Mon- 
tezuma I. 

14:72  (?)**  Mex.  Nezahualcoyotl, 
King  of  Tezcuco,  dies,  and  is  succeeded 
by  his  son  Nezahuapilli. 

1481  *  *  Mex.  Axayacatl  dies,  and  is 
succeeded  by  his  brother  Tizoc. 

1492  Oct.  12.  jr./.  Columbus, vice- 
roy of  the  New  World,  assumes  authority 
as  its  first  European  ruler. 

A  part  of  the  expedition  lands  at  sun- 
rise. 

Columbus,  richly  clad  in  ofticial  dress, 
leads,  and  all,  kneeling  down,  kiss  the 
ground  and  give  thanks  to  God  with  tears 
of  joy.  Columbus  rises,  draws  his  sword, 
shakes  out  the  royal  banner,  and  takes 
possession  of  the  land  for  his 'sovereigns, 
and  names  it  San  Salvador. 

1492+ *  *  Peru,  Huayna  Capac  begins 
his  reign.    (Or  14S3.) 


14     1492,  Oct.  14-1500,  Dec. 


AMERICA. 


*  •  Haiti.  Belig:ion  consists  of  simple 
fetisliism  and  imcestor  worsliip. 

*  •  )r.  /.  Bernardo  Boyle  is  appointed 
by  tlie  Pope  to  the  office  of  Apostolic 
Viear  for  the  Indies,  probably  the  first 
clergyman  sent  to  America. 

1498*  *JSng.  Henry  VII.,  being  a  good 
Catholic,  is  deterred  from  claiming  the 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1494  •  »  Mex.    Military  force  is   first 
used  in  the  New  World  to  subdue  the 
outraged  natives  to  the  rule  of  Spain. 

By  a  brilliant  coup  de  main  the  cjicique 
Caonabo  is  captured  and  his  people  sub- 
mit to  t!ie  .Spaniards  ;  not  one  of^the  SUO 
soldiers  is  lost. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

*  »  *  Peru.    Many  of   the    useful  arts, 

as  agriculture,  architecture,  pottery, 
spinning,  and  navigation,  are  developed. 
Peruvians  know  how  to  give  hardness  to 
copper,  for  making  edge  tools,  by  melt- 
ing it  with  tin. 

*  *  *  Central  America.  The  Spaniards 
find  semi-civilized  nations,  wearing 
woven  clothes,  and  constructing  works 

of  art.  as  temples,  grottoes,  and  fortifl-    1492    Oct.  14.   Walling  Island.   Colum- 
cations.  bus  coasts  along  the  shore  northward. 

*  *  *  Chileans    practise    weaving    and    Oct.  19, 
agriculture.  J^^    ' 

1493    Jan.  *  Haiti.  Columbus  completes    Oct.  28, 
the  first  European  structure  in  the 


Dec.  »  Haiti.  The  city  of  Isabella,  the 
first  settlement  by  Europeans  in  the 
New  'World,  is  founded. 

llie  fortune-seekers  are  disappointed 
and  censure  Columbus;  they  are  igno- 
rant, proud,  contentious,  and  insubordi- 
nate. 

1494    May  3.     W.  I.    Jamaica  is  dis- 
oovered. 
benefits  of  Cabot's  discoveries,  because    t,,„_  i  o      ,^.  ,        ^  ,       t. 
„,  ,v„  T>      ,    .  •,      »  June  l.d.    Cwfto.    Columbus  signs  a  doc- 

of  the  Pope's  inconsiderate  grant  to  the       ,.  s  "  »  "">. 

/„     ,.,         ,  T         .'  ument,  drawn  by  a  notary,  attesting  the 

cro»-ns  of  Castile  and  Leon  in  1403.  j;  ,        i-  J,  <»">=s"uB  >■"» 

Te««     «        0,0     -r,  discoveryof  continuous  land  — the  coast 

1500    Apr.  26.    Easter.  Jlrazil.  Cabral       of  Cuba. 

takes  possession  for  Portugal,  and  erects     j,,„^ti      u^ttj  i-^x,      j„, 

«,.  uifo,  o„H   „i„   .         .  !    Jimel3.    IF.  I.    Evangelista  Island  (Isle 

an  altar  and  plants  a  stone  cross,  and 


calls  the  country  the  Ijand  of  the  Holy 
Cross. 


DISCOVERY  —  EXPLORATION. 


The  Island  Isabella  is  discov- 


New  World  at  San  Domingo.  It  is  a  fort 
made  out  of  the  timbers  of  the  Santa 
Maria,  which  has  been  wrecked  by  bad 
steering. 

•  *  *  Peruvians  far  surpass  the  Mexi- 
cans in  both  the  practical  and  elegant 
arts  of  life.  They  excel  in  masonry, 
using  hard  chisels,  and  they  ornament 
their  work  with  carvings. 

1496  *  *  Haiti.  Columbus  discovers 
C:old  mines,  and  concludes  he  is  in  the 
Land  of  Ojihir. 

1497  *  *  Sebastian  Cabot  sails  within 
twenty  degrees  of  the  North  Pole,  while 
seeking  a  northwest  passage  to  the 
Pacific. 

CHURCH. 
1493    Feb.  *  Terrified  by  a  storm  the 

sailors,  and    probably   Columbus    also, 

vow  to  attend  ina.ss  in  their  shirts  at 

their  first  opportunity. 
Feb.   18±,    Azores.      The    sailors    keep 

the  vow  made  in  their  distress,  by  going 

to  the  church  at  Santa  Maria. 

*  *  Sp.  Columbus  i,resents  nine  Ameri- 
can Indians  for  baptism. 

May  3,  4.  It.  Pope  Alexander  VI.  (a 
Spaniard)  issues  bulls  *'  out  of  our  pure 
liberality,  certain  knowledge,  and  pleni- 
tude of  Apostolic  power,"  "  and  by  vir- 
tue of  the  authority  of  omnipotent  God." 
granting    to  Spain   all   newly  acquired 


of  Pines)  is  discovered. 
Sept.  29.    Haiti.   Columbus  returns  from 

his  voyage  of  discovery  to  Isabella,  and 

lies  sick  for  five  months. 
*  *  -1507  *  ♦  Alleged  improbable  voyage 

of  Behaim  to  the  South  -American  coast. 

1496  Mar.  5.  Ung.  Henry  VH.  signs 
the  commission  of  John  Cabot,  a  Ve- 
netian, to  make  <iiscoveries  and  take 
possession  of  lands  for  the  English  flag. 
"  No  day  in  the  history  of  the  New  World 
was  more  important."    (Eidpath.) 

Mar.  10.  Haiti.  Columbus  leaves  in  the 
Nina  for  Spain  to  meet  the  malicious 
charges  of  his  enemies. 
■Wreck  of  the  Santa  June  11.  Sp.  Columbus  returns  to 
Cadiz,  lands  in  great  dejection,  wearing 
the  costume  of  a  Franciscan. 

1497  May*  Eng.  John  Cabot  sails 
from  Bristol,  on  a  voyage  of  discovery, 
accompanied  by  his  son  Sebastian. 

May  10.  Sp.  Amerigo  Vespucci,  an 
educated  Italian,  sails  on  his  first  voy- 
age, with  Yaiiez  Pinzon  and  Juan  Diaz 
de  Soils,  who  visit  the  north  coast  of 
Honduras,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Florida,  and 
the  Bermudas.     [Disputed.] 

June  24.  Can.  First  discovery  of  the 
American  continent,  at  Cape  Breton 
(or  Labrador),  by  John  Cabot ;  he  calls 
it  Prima  Vista. 

He  raises  two  banners,  one  the  flag 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain,  and 
the  other  the  flag  of  the  Republic  of 
Venice.  The  private  enterprise  of  John 
Cabot  and  Sebastian,  his  son,  leads  to  the 
discoveryof  the  American  continent,  and 
its  annexation  to  the  British  realm,  the 
prudent  King  not  sharing  the  risk  of  the 
voyage. 

1498  Apr.  *  Sebastian  Cabot  sails  on 
his  second  voyage  to  the  Atlantic  coast 
of  North  America. 


Cuba  is  visited. 
Oct.  *  —  Jan.  *  Columbus  discovers  Ex- 

iinia,  Bahia,  and  Santa  Catalina. 
Dec.  6.    Haiti.    He  discovers  Hispan- 

iola   [later   called    San    Domingo   and 

Haiti]. 
Deo.  25.    Haiti 

Maria. 
1493    Jan.  •  Haiti.    Columbus  erects  a 

fort  from  the  wreckage  of  the  vessel,  and 

calls  it  La  Navidad. 

Jan.  4.    Colimibus  sails  for  Spain  in 

the  A'ijia. 

Feb.  12.  In  a  terrifying  storm  Columbus 
places  a  record  of  the  voyage  In  a  cask, 
and  commits  it  to  the  deep. 

Feb.  18,  Azores.  Columbus  arrives  at 
Santa  Maria. 

The  Portuguese  governor  disallows  his 
commission,  and  threatens  to  seize  him. 

Feb.  24.  Azores.  Columbus  renews  his 
voyage. 

Mar.  4.  fort.  The  Alna,  under  stress  of 
weather,  drops  anchor  near  Lisbon.  Ad- 
miral Columbus  is  received  with  highest 
honors  by  the  King. 

Mar.  15,  Friday.  Sp.  Columbus  com- 
pletes his  vpyage  amid  great  rejoi- 
cings. 

The  gold,  cotton,  parrots,  curious  arms, 
mysterious  plants,  strange  birds  and 
beasts,  and,  above  all,  nine  captured  In- 
dians, greatly  interest  the  Court  and  the 
people. 


lands  west  of  an  imaginary  line  running    Sept.  25.    Sp.  Columbus's  second  voy- 


north  and  south  300  miles  west  of  the 
Azores ;  Portug.al  receives  dominion 
east  of  this  line.  He  divides  the 
world  between  two  men. 

Sept.  *  Sp.  Columbus  renews  his  vow  to 
rescue  the  Holy  Sepulcher,  and  prom- 
ises within  the  next  seven  years  to  equip 
at  his  own  expense  a  crusading  army  of 
60,000  foot  and  4,000  horse,  and  in  five 
years  thereafter  to  follow  this  with  a 
second  army  of  like  dimensions. 

Sept.  25.  Sp.  Christianity  is  formally 
introduced.  Twelve  missionaries 
sail  for  the  New  World. 


age. 

He  sails  from  Cadiz  with  a  fleet  of  sev- 
enteen ships,  carrying  1,500  people,  with 
animals  and  implements  for  starting  a 
colony.  Many  of  his  company  are  worth- 
less adventurers. 

Nov.  S-*-.  Carihhee  Islands.  Discoveryof 
Dominica  and  several  others  of  the 
Windward  Group ;  also  Porto  Rico. 

Nov.  4.  W.  I.  Guadaloupe  is  discov- 
ered. 

Nov.  10.     W.  I.    Antigua  is  discovered. 

Nov.  22.  Haiti.  Columbus  arrives  at 
La  Navidad,  finds  the  fort  burned,  and 
learns  that  the  colony  has  perished. 


He  has  five  or  six  ships,  300  men,  and 
explores  the  coast  line  from  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence  to  the  Chesapeake  Bay, 
and  probably  as  far  as  Cape  Hatteras, 
claiming  all  the  territory  for  England. 
(Kidpath.) 

May  30.  Sp.  Columbus  sails  on  his 
third  voyage,  from  St.  Lucar. 

He  has  a  fleet  of  six  ships  ;  three  bound 
for  San  Domingo,  and  three  others  to 
continue  his  discoveries. 

July  31.  W.I.  Trinidad  Island  is  dis- 
covered by  Columbus. 

Aug.  1.  Venez.  Columbus  beholds  the 
continent  for  the  first  time,  and  mis- 
takes it  for  an  insignificant  island ;  lie 
enters  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco  River. 

Aug.  30.  Haiti.  Coliunbus  retams  to 
Isabella. 


AMERICA. 


1492,  Oct.  14-1500,  Dec.  *     15 


»  •  Eny.  Thomas  Bradley  aiid  Lance- 
lot Tbirkill  sail  for  discoverieB  in  the 
"  New  Isle.'* 

1 499  *  *  Brazil  is  discovered  by  Vincent 
V'myjm,  a  Spanish  navifjator,  who  fol- 
lows the  coast  from  30°  northwestward. 

May  16.  Sp.  Vespucci  sails  on  an 
important  voyage  in  the  expedition  of 
.Alonzo  de  Ojeda  and  Juan  de  La  Cosa. 

They  coast  from  some  point  in  North- 
ern Brazil  to  Paria,  and  westward  to 
Maricabo  and  to  Cape  de  La  Vela.  On 
liis  return  he  gives  an  exciting  report. 

June  *  Guiana— Colombia.  Ojeda  discov- 
ers Surinam,  the  Gulf  of  Venezuela,  and 
New  Granada. 

1500  Jan.*  Brazil.  Diego  de  Lepe  ex- 
plores the  coast  to  about  10°  south. 

Feb.  28.  Brazil.  Discovery  of  the 
Amazon  River  by  Pinzon. 

Apr.  24.    Brazil.    Pedro  Alvarez  Cabral,    < 
a  Portuguese,  boxuid  for  India,  is  driven 
by  adverse  winds  from  his  track,  and 
anchors  in  Port  Seguro.    [He  follows  the    < 
coast  from  about  ir  to  10°  30'  soutli.] 

May  3.  Brazil.  Cabral  discovers  the 
mouth  of  the  Amazon,  and  names  the 
country  Terra  Sanotse  Crucis. 

•  *  Can.  liabrador  is  visited  by  Gas- 
pare Cortereal,  a  Portuguese,  who  also 
explores  the  shores  of  Canada  for  600 
or  700  miles,  and  discovers  and  names 
Conception  Bay. 

Oct.  *  -02  Sept.  *  Venez.   Voyage  of  Rod- 

rigo  Bastidas  and  La  Cosa,  who  trace  the 

'       Pearl  Coast  westward  to  Point  Manza- 

;       Billa. 

Nov.  25.    Sp.    ColumbUB  returns  from 

his  third  voyage. 

LETTERS. 
1493    Feb.  *  -Mar.  *  Columbus  writes 
the  narrative  of  his  discoveries. 

•  »  *  Mex.  Books  are  made  of  long  strips 
or  webs  of  cotton  cloth,  leaves  of  aloe 
after  preparation,  and  skins  of  animals  ; 
they  are  neatly  joined,  with  pages  folded 
in  a  zigzag  manner,  and  they  are  i>ro- 
tected  by  covers  of  wood. 

•  *  *  The  Aztec  language  is  copious  and 
polished  ;  some  of  its  words  have  twelve 
or  fifteen  syllables. 

The  written  language  is  essentially 
picture-writing,  with  few  symbols  or 
real  hieroglyphs. 

SOCIETY. 

1492  Oct.  *  Cuba.  Columbus  finds  the 
natives  enjoy  the  smoking  of  tobacco. 

±  *  *  The  aborigines  of  America  differ. 
They  speak  from  4fl0  to  WX)  ditferent 
languages,  vary  in  size  from  the  semi- 
dwarf  of  the  Arctic  regions  to  the  Pata- 
gonian  giants  of  tlie  Scaith,  and  embrace 
a  variety  of  shades  of  brown  in  their 
color;  they  cultivate  the  sitil  and  jiro- 
duce  maize,  beans,  pumjikins,  and  to- 
bacco.   The  imiversal  vice  is  indolence. 

1493  Mar.  *  Sp.  Columbus  is  made  a 
grandee. 

May  4.  Sp.  Columbus  receives  a  mag- 
nificent scutcheon,  having  tlijp  royal 
castle  and  lion  of  Castile  and  Leon 
blazoned  in  combination  with  the  four 
anchors  of  his  old  coat  of  arms. 


*  *  W.  I.  Discords  and  mutinies  pre- 
vail among  the  fortune-seekers  who 
come  to  the  New  World. 

1494*  *  W.  1.  ColiunbusenslavesSOO 
Indians,  and  sends  them  to  Spain  to  be 
publicly  sold. 

1495  June  24.  W.I.  Five  ship-loads 
of  Indians  are  embarked  for  Seville  by 
Columbus,  to  be  sold  fis  slaves. 

1496  *  *  W.  I.  Bartholomew  Columbus 
ships  300  natives  to  Spain  to  be  sold  as 
slaves. 

[A  third  of  the  gentle  Indians  are  said 
to  have  perished  within  two  or  three 
years  after  the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards.] 
1499  June  20.  Sp.  Isabella,  moved 
with  indignation  at  the  enslavement  of 
Indians,  procures  the  instant  libera- 
tion and  speedy  return  of  the  last  gang 
brought  into  Spain. 

*  *  Haiti.  Indians  are  assigned  to  labor, 
in  support  of  certain  Spaniards,  by  a 
kind  of  villenage. 

*  *  *  jforth  America.  The  Indians  prac- 
tise polygamy,  treat  their  wives  with 
cruelty  and  their  children  with  indlHer- 
ence.  The  women  raise  maize,  beans, 
and  pumpkins  tor  the  support  of  their 
families. 

*  •  *  Chile.  Chileans  make  a  fermented 
drink  of  maize,  and  drunkenness  is  a 
common  vice. 

*  *  *  Civilized  nations  of  the  Toltecan 
family  occupy  Mexico,  Peru,  and  Bogota. 

*  *  *  Civilization  is  foimd  to  follow 
closely  the  chain  of  the  Andes,  an<l  is 
specially  developed  in  Mexico  and  Peru, 
the  latter  being  the  most  highly  civi- 
lized empire  in  America. 

*  •  •  Mex.  Beggars  abound,  and  are 
decimated  by  frequent  famines. 

Immutable  custom  regulates  society, 
and  chains  the  wheels  of  progress. 

Chicha,  a  fermented  infusion  of  maize, 
and  pulque,  nuule  from  the  sap  of  the 
great  aloe  plant,  are  intoxicants  drunk 
by  the  people ;  public  festivals  are  pro- 
longed drinking  l>outs.  To  maintain  the 
occupations,  one  part  of  the  population 
abstains  while  the  other  part  indulges. 

The  masses  are  attached  to  the  soil, 
allotments  of  which  are  cultivated  in 
common  by  the  slaves  of  nobles  for  their 
own  subsistence. 

"  The  excessive  use  of  pulque  appears 
to  have  occasioned  the  decay  of  the  Tol- 
tecs."    (Payne.) 
«  »  *  Peru.    An  intoxicating  beverage 
is  made  from  the  quinoa  bean. 

The  mass  of  tlie  people  are  in  a  state  of 
mUd  servitude,  mider  a  kind  of  nobil- 
ity, who  are  ruled  by  Incas. 
Harems  are  maintained  by  the  Incas. 
"  The  excessive  use  of  chicha  appears 
to  have  been  nearly  connected  with  the 
ruin  of  the  Peruvians."    (Payne.) 
1500    May  *  Haiti.    Columbus  is  im- 
prisoned and  put  in  chains  by  BobadiUa, 
who  has  been  sent  out  to  Investigate  his 
conduct. 
•  *  While  returning  to  Spain,  Villejo,  cap- 
tain of  the  caravel,  proposes  to  remove 
the  chains.    Columbus  replies,  "  I  will 


-wear  them  as  a  memento  of  the  grati- 
tude of  princes." 

STATE. 
1493    Jan.  16.    Haiti.   Columbus  leaves 
43  men  at  the  fort  called  Navidad  (Isa- 
bella), and  sails  for  Spain. 
May  3,  4.    It.    Bull  of  demarcation. 
Pope  Alexander  VI.  draws  a  line  from 


the  North  to  the  .South  Pole,  100  leagues 
west  of  the  Azores,  and  gives  to  Spain 
the  dominion  of  the  lands  westward,  and 
to  Portugal  those  lying  eastw  ard,  includ- 
ing Western  Africa. 
*  *  -1527  *  *  Sp.  Bishop  Fonseca  is 
all-powerful  in  Indian  affairs  at  the 
Spanish  court. 

1494  Apr.  24.  Haiti.  Columbus  leaves 
his  colony  in  the  care  of  a  council  of 
regency,  under  his  brother  Diego,  with 
Pedro  de  Margarite  for  captain-general, 
while  he  pursues  a  voyage  of  discovery. 

June  4-7.  Sp.  Convention  at  Torde- 
sillas,  which  moves  the  meridian  line, 
dividing  Spanish  from  Portuguese  pos- 
sessions, 370  leagues  west  of  the  Cape 
Verde  Islands. 

1495  Oct.  *  W.  I.  Juan  Aguado  ar- 
rives at  Isabella,  commissioned  to 
investigate  the  complaints  against 
Columbus'  rule. 

1496  *  ■*  Haiti.  Columbus  founds  the 
city  of  San  Domingo. 

May  *  Columbus  again  leaves  Diego  in 
charge  of  the  colony,  and  sails  for  Spain. 
He  fails  as  a  planter  of  colonies  and  as  a 
ruler  of  men. 

1497  June  24  ) .  Tlie  discoveries  of 
John  Cabot  along  the  Atlantic  coast 
form  the  basis  of  English  claims  to  the 
territ<iry  of  North  America. 

1498  Aug.  30.  Haiti.  Columbus  is 
compelled  to  compromise  with  Roldan, 
who  leads  a  revolt. 

*  *  Fr.    Louis  XH.  is  enthroned. 

1499  May  21.  Haili.  BobadiUa,  the 
enemy  of  Columbus,  is  nuide  governor 
of  the  Spanish  colony,  and  given  charge 
of  all  fortresses  and  arms. 

1500  Aug.  23.  Haiti.  BobadiUa  ar- 
rives, and  confusion  and  disaster  follow. 

[He  entertains  accusations  ngains  Co- 
lumbus of  injustice,  severity,  and  venal- 
ity, and  sends  him  and  his  two  brothers 
to  Spain,  wearing  chains.] 
Oct.  *  Haiti.  Prosperity  begins  to  favor 
the  colonists  in  the  opening  of  success- 
ful gold  mines. 

Indians  are  settled  in  villages  and 
Christianized ;  Columbus  estimates  the 
royal  revenues  may  average  60,000,000 
reals  (§7,500,000)  in  three  years.  [The 
new  governor  reverses  the  prosperity.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1492  Oct.  •  -Dec.  *  Haiti.  Columbus 
concludes  that  San  Salvador  is  the  Land 
of  Ophir,  from  whence  Solomon  ob- 
tained his  gold. 

1495  •  *  ly.  I.  Columbus  still  believes 
that  he  has  discovered  the  Indies  ;  hence 
the  islands  are  called  the  West  Indies. 

1498  Aug.  *  Venez.  Columbus  enters 
the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco,  and  he  ima- 
gines it  to  be  the  great  river  Gihon, 
having  Its  rise  in  the  Garden  of  Eden. 


16     1500,  Dec.  17-15ia 


AMERICA. 


ARMY -WAVY. 
1503  *  *  Mt'x.    Montezuma's    expedi- 
tion against  the  Tlascalans,  to  get  vic- 
tims for  sacritices,  is  disastrously  de- 
feated. 

1509  *  *  Porto  Rico  is  subjugated  by 
Ponce  de  Leon. 

1511  *  *  Cuba  is  conquered  by  Diego 
Velasquez. 

CONQUEST  OF  MEXICO. 
1519    Feb.  10.    Cuba.   Hernando  Cor- 
tez  sails  for  the  invasion  of  Mexico. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1608  *  *  -12  *  *  Sp.     Amerigo     Ves- 
pucci renders  important  service  to  sci- 
ence, in  his  position  of  royal  pilot. 

*  *  *  Mex,  The  Spaniards  lind  the  na- 
tives skilled  in  the  arts. 

Pyramids,  temples,  grottoes,  bas-re- 
liefs, and  arabesques  show  their  skill  in 
the  fine  arts  ;  roads,  aqueducts,  fortifi- 
cations, and  mining  operations  exhibit 
their  practical  arts.  Buildings  with 
vaulted  roofs,  obelisks  covered  with 
mythical    figures,    pictorial    and  hiertv 

f;raphical  inscriptions,  evince  their  intel- 
igence  and  skill. 

*  *  *  Mex.  The  calendar  of  the  civil 
year  is  composed  of  3G5  days  divided  into 
18  months  of  20  days,  and  having  live 
supplementary  days. 

The  Mexicans  spin  thread,  weave 
cloth,  build  stone  houses,  cultivate 
maize,  potatoes,  plantains,  and  raise 
cotton. 

*  *  *  Peruvians  have  admirable  pub- 
lic roads,  one  extending  1,500  miles; 
rivers  are  crossed  by  suspension  bridges. 

They  excel  other  nations  in  navigation, 
using  sails  on  rafts,  which  they  tack  and 
veer  ;  other  races  having  only" the  canoe 
and  paddle. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1603  Mex.     Ahuitzotl,  Aztec  king,  dies. 

1604  Sp.  Isabella  of  Castile,  patron  of 
Columbus,  Nov.  12  dies. 

1606    Sp.     Columbus.  Chriatopher.  May 

20,  A61±. 
1612    It.    Vespucci,  Amerigo,  navigator,  d. 
1616     Mex.     Nezahualpilli,  Aztec  king,  dies. 
1616     Sp.     Ferdinand  V..  king,  dies. 

Arg.  Rep.    Solia,  Juan  Diaz  de,  navigator, 

dies. 
1616    Peru.    Manco  Capac  [2d],  inca,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1502  *  *  Sp.  Bartolom^  de  Ijas  Casas 
sails  with  Columbus. 

*  *  Haiti.  Franciscans  enter  Hispan- 
iola. 

1503  *  *  It.  Pius  m.,  later  Julius  II., 
is  elected  pope. 

1508  *  *  Fr.  North  American  Indians 
are  baptized  in  France. 

1510  *  *  Haiti.  Las  Casas  is  ordained  a 
priest,  probably  the  first  ordination  in 
the  New  World. 

*  *  Haiti.  Dominican  monks  arrive, 
and  rebuke  the  avarice  and  cruelty  of 
the  Spaniards. 

1513  *  *  It.    Leo  X.  is  elected  pope. 
1614*  *  Haiti.     Las  Casas,  "the  pro- 
tector of  the  Indians/*  is  converted  to 


anti-slavery  work  by  a  Bible  text.  He 
arrays  the  authority  of  the  church 
against  oppression,  after  hrst  freeing 
his  own  slaves. 

Ibll  *  *  Ger.  The  Reformation  under 
Luther  begins.  [It  ultimately  affects 
the  religious  development  of  North  Am- 
erivia.) 

1518  *  *  Mex.  Numerous  prisoners  are 
immolated  in  honor  of  the  dedication  of 
the  temple  of  Coatlan,  the  last  slaughter 
of  this  kind  in  Mexico. 

DISCOVERY  —  EXPLORATION. 

1601  Mar.  19.  En<f.  Henry VII. grants 
a  patent  to  a  company  of  discoverers. 
[They  probably  reach  America.] 

May  14.  Port.  Vespucci  sails  on  his 
third  voyage  with  Nuno  Manuel  (?) 
along  the  coast  of  Brazil. 

He  recognizes  the  discoveries  in  the 
New  World  as  no  part  of  India.  [He 
afterward  publishes  a  narrative  which 
omits  all  reference  to  Columbus,  and  so 
gives  his  name  to  the  continent.] 

*  *  Cortereal  sails  again,  seekinga  passage 
to  the  East  Indies,  and  is  lost  on  the  voy- 
age. 

*  *  Colombia.  Bastidas  visits  the  coasts 
of  New  Granada. 

1502  Jan.  1.  Brazil.  Vespucci  dis- 
covers the  Bay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

May  9.  Sp.  Columbus,  57  years  (?) 
old,  sails  on  his  fourth  voyage,  with 
four  caravels  and  150  men,  seeking  for  a 
western  passage  to  Asia.  [He  coasts 
from  Cape  Honduras  eastward  and  south- 
ward to  the  Gulf  of  Darien.] 

May  10.  Port.  Gasparo  Cortereal  being 
lost,  his  brother  Miguel  sails  in  search 
of  him  [and  never  returns]. 

*  *  Haiti.  Columbus  is  refused  permis- 
sion to  retit  his  largest  ship  in  Ms  own 
colony. 

June  13.  Columbus  discovers  Marti- 
nique. 

July  *  +■  Darien  —  Mex.  Columbus  dis- 
covers various  islands  along  the  coast 
of  Honduras,  and  explores  the  coast  of 
Darien. 

Aug.  14.  Honduras.  Columbus  first 
lands  on  the  American  Continent  at 
Punta  de  Cassinas  [Cabo  de  Honduras] ; 
he  claims  the  country  for  Spain. 

Oct.  5+.  ir. /.  Columbus  discovers  Costa 
Rica  and  later  Nicaragua  ;  he  also  visits 
the  coast  of  New  Granada  [Colombia]. 

Nov.  2.  Panama.  Columbus  discovers 
and  names  Porto  Hello. 

*  *  Sp.  Ojeda's  second  voyage  to  Terra 
Firma  (Brazil). 

1503  May  10.  IV.  I.  Columbus  discov- 
ers the  Tortugas  Islands. 

May  *  Port.  Vespucci  sails  with  Gon- 
^alo  Coelho  from  Lisbon,  with  six  ships, 
for  the  Brazilian  coast,  and  meets  with 
disasters. 

June  23.  Jamaica.  Columbus's  vessel 
runs  agromid  in  Santa  Gloria  (St.  Ann's 
Bay),  [and  waits  more  than  a  year  for 
relief.] 


*  *  Brazil.  Christovao  Jaques  co^ts 
southward  to  about  52"  south  on  the 
coast  of  Patagonia. 

*  *  ColombUi.   Columbus  discovers  Darien. 
1504    Sept.  12.    Haiti.   Columbus  takes 

final  leave  of  the  New  World,  and  sails 
for  Spain. 
Nov.  7.    Sp.    Columbus  returns  from 
his  last  voyage. 

*  *  Guiana.  Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa  lands- 
on  the  coast  of  Guiana. 

*  *  Newfoiuidland  visited  by  Breton 
fishermen. 

*  *  Sp.  Juan  de  la  Cosa  sails  on  liis 
third  voyage  for  South  America  in  a 
[successtul]  search  for  gold.  [1507  and 
1509.    He  sails  again.] 

1606  *  *  Can.  The  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence is  examined  and  .sketclied  by 
Jean  Denys  of  Hontleur  and  Camart 
of  Kouen. 

*  *  Mex.  Yucatan  is  discovered  by  Juan 
Diaz  Solis  and  ^'incent  Yanez  Pinzon, 
of  Portugal. 

1507  *  *  -08  *  *  Panama.  Las  Casas  and 
Vespucci  explore  the  Gulf  of  Darien, 

1508  June  29.  Brazil.  Pinzon  and 
Solis  sail  from  Portugal,  and  follow  the 
coast  of  South  America  to  about  50" 
south. 

*  *  Pinzon  said  to  have  discovered  theBlo 
de  la  Plata. 

*  *  Can.  Thomas  Aubert  touches  at 
Newfoundland,  and  thence  carries  the 
French  flag  up  the  St.  Lawrence 
River.  He  takes  Indians  with  him  on 
his  return  to  France. 

*  *  Cuba  circumnavigated  by  Ocampo, 
and  found  to  be  an  island. 

*  *  Newtoundland  is  visited  by  the 
Normans. 

*  *  Sp  Sebastian  Cabot  enters  the  ser- 
vice of  Spain.  [1516.  He  prepares  to 
sail  to  seek  a  northwest  passage,  but  is 
prevented  by  the  king's  death.] 

1513  Mar.  3.  Panama.  Juan  Ponce 
de  Leon  sails  from  Porto  Rico  for  the 
fabled  Fountain  of  Perpetual  Youth. 

Mar.  27.  Fta.  De  Leon  rediscover* 
Florida,  the  land  of  flowers,  and  claims 
it  for  Spain. 

Apr.  8.  Fta.  De  Leon  lands  [a  few 
miles  north  of  St.  Augustine]. 

Sept.  25.  Panama.  Vasco  Nunez  d© 
Balboa,  having  led  an  expedition  of  290 
men  across  the  isthmus,  discovers  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

Sept.  29.  Panama.  Balboa  wades  into 
the  ocean,  draws  bis  sword,  and  takes 
possession  in  the  name  of  the  King  of 
Spain. 

1514*  *-l6*  *  Panama.  Bartolom* 
Hurtado,  Espinoza,  and  Herman  Ponce 
are  sent  to  explore  the  Pacific  coast ; 
they  prepare  the  way  for  settlements  in 
Costa  Kica. 

1515  *  *  Uruguay.    Solis  again  arrives. 

1516  Jan.  *  Solis  enters  the  La  Plata 
River,  searching  for  a  strait  leading 
westward. 


AMERICA. 


1500,  Dec.  17-15ia     17 


*  *  -17  *  *  Can.  Alleged  voyage  of  Cabot 
to  New  France. 

*  *  Fla.  Voyage  of  Diego  Miruelo  from 
Spain  to  Florida. 

1517  *  *  Yucatan  rediscovered  by  Fer- 
nando de  Cordova,  and  the  gulf  coast 
explored  as  far  as  Florida. 

*  *  Panama.  Balboa  is  beheaded  for 
treason,  when  about  to  lead  an  expedi- 
tion to  Peru. 

1518  May  * -June  *  3/ex.  The  im- 
portant expedition  of  Juan  de  Gri- 
jalva  discovers  the  east  coast  of  Mexico 
and  visits  Florida. 

With  240  Spaniards  be  enters  Mexico ; 
the  Aztecs  first  behold  the  white  man, 
and  give  him  tidings  of  the  great  empire 
of  the  Montezumas.  Yucatan  is  visited 
and  named  New  Spain,  He  explores 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  returns  with 
masses  of  gold. 

*  *  Can.  Baron  de  Leri  attempts  to 
plant  a  colony  on  Sable  Island,  but 
only  succeeds  in  introducing  cattle. 

LETTERS. 

1500*  *  Sp,  Juan  de  la  Cosca,  a  Bis- 
cayan  pilot,  makes  bis  remarkable  map. 

1504  *  *  Sp.  Vespucci  publishes  an  ac- 
count of  his  voyage. 

1507  *  *  Fr.  Martin  Waltzemuller  from 
Freiburg  in  Breisgau,  professor  at  St. 
Die  in  Jjorraiue,  originates  the  name 
America. 

In  bis  [ntroductinn  to  Geography, 
published  at  the  college  press,  lie  says  : 
"  And  the  fourth  part  of  the  world  hav- 
ing been  discovered  by  Amerigo,  or 
Americus,  we  may  call  it  America." 

1509  *  *  Eng.  Sebastian  Brant's  Ship 
of  Foots  is  the  first  English  publication 
to  mention  America. 

1510  *  *  Sp.  The  learning  and  intelli- 
gence of  Spain  admit  there  is  a  Fountain 
of  Perpetual  Youth  somewhere  in  the 
Bahamas ;  Ponce  de  Leon  seeks  for  it. 

16th  Century.  Mex.  Dated  records  of 
Mexican  events  are  preserved,  and  by 
many  scholars  received  as  the  begin- 
ning of  accepted  history. 

SOCIETY. 

1500  Dec.  17.  Sp.  Columbus  ar- 
rives as  a  prisoner  in  Spain. 

Dec.  *  Columbus,  richly  dressed,  is  re- 
ceived by  their  majesties ;  the  Queen  is 
moved  to  tears  by  bis  recital  of  suffer- 
ings and  wrongs.  Great  indignation 
at  his  dishonorable  treatment  is  aroused 
throughout  Spain. 

•  *  Sp.  Queen  Isabella  commands  the 
liberation  of  the  enslaved  Indiana  in 
her  European  possessions. 

1501  *  *  Haiti.  A  few  negroes  are  im- 
ported as  slaves. 

•  *  Call.  Cortereal  captures  57  Indians 
and  takes  them  to  Portugal  to  be  sold  as 
slaves. 

1502  *  *  Can.  Cortereal  sails  again  for  a 
cargo  of  slaves.  [Not  returning  the  fol- 
lowing year,  his  brother  sails  to  find  him  ; 
what  became  of  the  two  slave-ships  is  an 
unsolved  mystery.] 

1503  *  *  Haiti.  There  are  so  many  Af- 
rican slaves  on  the  island  that  the  gov- 


ernor entreats  for  the  restraint  of  the 
traffic. 
1504  *  ♦  Haiti.    Hernando  Cortez  ar- 
rives in  San  Domingo,  19  years  of  age, 
and  seeking  adventures. 

1506  May  20.  Sp.  Columbus  dies  in 
neglect  at  ValladoUd. 

*  *  If.  /.  The  more  important  islands 
are  colonized,  and  the  natives  murdered 
or  reduced  to  slavery. 

1507  *  *  Mex.  To  mark  the  beginning  of 
a  new  cycle  of  years,  fire  is  kindled  for 
the  last  time  on  a  human  breast  by 
Mexicans. 

*  *  ^Ificaragua  suffers  under  fire  Span- 
ish rulers. 

"The  first  had  been  a  murderer,  the 
second  a  murderer  and  a  rebel,  the 
third  murdered  the  second,  the  fourth 
was  a  forger,  and  the  fifth  a  murderer." 
(Boyle.) 

1508  *  *  Haiti.  The  native  Indiana  be- 
ing too  weak  to  labor  in  the  Spanish  gold 
mines,  negroes  are  imported  from 
Africa. 

Thus  was  "  laid  the  foundation  of  a 
traffic  which  continued  U*  disgrace  the 
civilization  of  Europe  for  three  centu- 
ries."   (Ency.  Brit.) 

1510  *  *  Haiti.  Tlie  Spaniards  revolt 
against  the  Dominicans  for  calling 
them  no  better  than  Mohammedans,  be- 
cause of  their  cruelty  to  the  natives. 

1511  *  *  Haiti.  A  royal  ordinance  en- 
joins the  direct  transportation  of  slaves 
from  Guinea,  as  one  negro  can  do  the 
work  of  four  Indians. 

1617  *  *  Ciiba.  The  Spaniards  fit  up  an 
expedition  of  three  ships  for  catching 
slaves ;  Cordova  is  in  command. 

STATE. 

1500  Dec,  *  Sp.  Great  indignation 
throughout  Spain  because  of  the  treat- 
ment given  Columbus  ;  the  Crown  disap- 
proves of  the  proceedings  against  him. 

±  *  *  Mex.  The  Aztecs  spread  by  force 
of  arms  from  the  Pacific  to  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico. 

1502  Feb.  18.  W.I.  Nicolas  de  Ovan- 
do  succeeds  to  the  governorship  of  the 
colonies,  and  sails  with  a  fleet  of  thirty 
ships  and  2,500  people  from  San 
Lucar,  Spain. 

*  *  Mex.  Ahuitzotl,  the  Aztec  emperor, 
dies,  and  Montezuma  II.  is  elected. 

*  *  iy.  I.  Columbus  cea«es  to  be 
viceroy. 

i  *  *  Costa  Rica.  Spanish  adventurers  ar- 
rive. 

1503  Mar.  *  Bethlehem  is  abandoned. 
Columbus  resolves  to  leave  80  men  at 

the  colony  of  Bethlehem,  where  gold  was 
found,  and  return  to  Spain  for  supplies  ; 
but  needless  quarrels  with  the  natives 
break  up  the  settlement  before  he  sails. 

1504  June*  Jamaica.  After  being  re- 
fused assistance  from  shipwreck,  and 
waiting  one  year,  Columbus  is  at  last 
rescued  by  Ovando. 

*  *  Brazil.  The  Portuguese,  led  by  Amer- 
igo Vespucci,  establish  a  small  colony 
at  All  Saints.  The  name  Brazil  is  fre- 
quently given  to  South  America, 


*  *  W.  I.  Hernando  Cortez  comes  to 
the  New  World. 

1509  *  *  Colombia.  Alonzo  de  Ojeda  at- 
tempts to  colonize  New  Andalusia  and 
conquer  the  natives ;  he  calls  his  colony 
San  Sebastian  ;  it  is  soon  abandoned. 

*  *  Haiti.  Arrival  of  Diego  Columbus  as 
governor  of  the  Indies. 

*  *  Eng.    Henry  VUI.  is  enthroned. 

*  *  Panama.  Arrival  of  Francisco  Pi- 
zarro. 

*  *  jr.  /,  Ponce  de  IJeon  is  appointed 
governor  of  Porto  Rico. 

1510*  *  Brazil.  Diego  Alvarez  at  Bahia. 

*  *  Darien.  The  colony  of  Santa  Ma- 
ria del  Darien  is  planted  by  Enciso  ;  it 
is  the  first  permanent  settlement  on 
the  continent  of  America. 

*  *  Panama.  Nombre  de  Dios  is  founded 
by  Nlcuessa. 

1511  *  *  Cuba.  Diego  Velasquez  and  Cor- 
tez, with  300  Europeans,  settle  at  Ba^ 
racoa.     Velasquez  subdues  the  Cubans. 

*  *  Brazil.  Tlie  Portuguese  appear  in  Rio 
de  Janeiro  Bay. 

*  *  -17  *  *  Darien.  The  Spaniards  hear 
reports  of  the  wealth  of  the  Incas. 

1512  Apr.  2.  Sp.  Ponce  de  Leon  is 
empowered  to  settle  Bimeni,  the  great 
unknown  land  to  the  north,  which  is  re- 
puted to  have  a  fountain  of  youth. 

*  *  Sp.    Ferdinand  V.  is  enthroned. 

1513  *  *  Fla.  Spain  claims  Florida  by 
the  right  of  discovery  made  by  Ponce  de 
Leon ;  England  lays  a  claim  to  the 
whole  contment  by  the  original  discovery 
of  Cabot. 

1514*  *  W.  T.    Santiago     becomes     the 

capital  of  Cuba. 
Trinidad  is  settled. 

1515  *  *  Brazil  is  colonized  by  the  Portu- 
guese ;  it  is  the  first  agricultural  col- 
ony. 

*  *  Cuba.  San  Cristoval  de  la  Havana, 
on  the  south  coast,  is  settled. 

*  *  Fr.    Francis  I.  is  enthroned. 

*  *  Mex.    King  Nezahualpilli  dies. 

1516  •  *  Sp.    Charles  I.  is  enthroned. 
Las  Casas  is  made  *  *  Universal  Pro- 
tector of  the  Indians." 

1517  *  *  Panama.  Nata  is  founded  by 
Spaniards. 

Unfortunate  Balboa  is  beheaded  as 
a  traitor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1500  *  *  Sp.  Columbus  preserves  his 
fetters  in  his  cabinet,  and  desires  that 
they  may  be  buried  with  him. 

1501  *  *  -02  *  *  Newfoundland.  Portu- 
guese fisheries  are  established. 

1504  *  *  Can.  Cape  Breton  fisheries  are 
visited  by  Bretons,  Normans,  and  Basque 
sailors. 

1509  June  *  Domestic  animals,  in- 
cluding fowls,  are  first  sent  to  America. 

1513  Mar  3.  fr.  I.  Ponce  de  I^on 
sails  with  three  ships  from  Porto  Rico 
for  the  Bahamas,  to  find  the  Fountain 
of  Youth. 


18 


1519-1529. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1519  Mar.  4.  Mex.  Cortez,  with  11 
ships  and  550  men,  lands  at  Tabasco, 
and  begins  the  conquest  of  Mexico. 

Apr.  *  Mex.  Cortez  negotiates  with 
Montezuma,  who  orders  the  invaders 
to  depart. 

•  *  *  Afex.  Cortez  is  elected  general 
by  the  troops. 

Cortez  scuttles  his  vessels  to  cut  otf 
retreat. 

Aug.  *  Cortez  leaves  Vera  Cniz,  and 
marches  for  the  city  of  Mexico  with 
450  men,  beside  his  Tlascalan  allies. 

Sept.  18.  Mex.  Cortez  enters  the  con- 
quered city  of  Tlascala. 

Nov.  8.  Mex.  Cortez  arrives  at  the 
city  of  Mexico,  and  is  received  with 
great  distinction. 

Dec.  *  Mex.  Cortez  seizes  Montezuma 
in  his  own  house  for  a  liostage. 

He  compels  the  kijig  to  acknowledge 
himself  a  vassal  of  the  King  of  Spain, 
and  to  agree  to  pay  an  annual  tribute, 
besides  an  immediate  payment  of  a  sura 
amounting  to  $6,3oo,ocx). 

1520  *  *  Mex.  Velasquez,  the  jealous 
Governor  of  Cuba,  sends  Pamfilo  de 
Narvaez  with  a  military  force  to  chas- 
tise Cortez. 

May  26.  Mex.  Cortez,  with  about  225 
men,  surprises  and  captures  Narvaez, 
his  rival,  near  Vera  Cruz.  He  gains  10 
or  12  cannon,  80  horses,  and  about  900 
soldiers. 

June  24,  Mex.  Cortez  returns  to  the 
capital,  and  enters  the  city  without  mo- 
lestation. 

June  30.  Mex.  The  Mexicans  revolt 
and  kill  Montezuma,  in  indignation  at 
his  capitulation. 

July  1.  Mex.  The  retreating  Spaniards 
are  furiously  attacked  on  one  of  the 
causeways,  while  leaving  the  city,  and 
suffer  terrible  loss. 

July  7.  Mex.  On  the  Plain  of  Otumba 
Cortez  decides  the  fate  of  Mexico  by  de- 
feating the  great  army  which  had  driven 
his  forces  out  of  the  city,  after  a  gallant 
defense  of  75  days. 

Dec.  *  Cortez,  reenforced  and  re-sup- 
plied, assumes  the  aggressive,  and 
marches  again  into  the  interior. 

Dec.  31.    Mex.  Cortez  occupies  Tescuco. 

1521  •  *  Mex.  Conquest  of  Iztapala- 
pan. 

Apr.  28.  Mex.  Cortez  begins  the  siege 
of  Mexico. 

May*  -Aug.  13.  Mex.  Cortez,  having 
built  and  transported  a  fleet,  launches 
it  on  the  Lake  of  Mexico  [and  takes 
the  city  after  a  long  siege]. 

Aug.  *  Mex.  The  empire  of  the  Mon- 
tezumas  is  overthrown,  and  its  cap- 
tured king,  Guatemozin,  executed,  after 
suffering  torture. 

Mexico  submits  to  Cortez,  who  governs 
it  with  unlimited  power,  as  a  province 
of  Spain. 

♦  *  Fla.  The  Caribbee  Indians  drive 
Ponce  de  XiCon  and  his  men  back  to 
their  ships. 


1523  *  *  Guatemala  invaded  by  Pedro 
de  Alvarado,  under  orders  of  Cortez. 

1524  *  *  Honduras.  Cortez  sends  Chris- 
toval  de  Olid,  one  of  his  captains,  from 
Mexico  to  assume  authority. 

*  *  Gv.atemala.  Alvarado,  the  conqueror, 
is  also  governor  [for  17  years]. 

Oct.  *  Honduras  entered  by  Cortez. 

Nov.  14.  Colombia.  Francisco  Pizarro 
with  100  foot-soldiers  and  G7  horsemen, 
sails  from  Panama  for  Peru.  [He 
makes  observations,  and  returns.] 

1526  *  *  S.C.  The  Indians  of  Chicora 
drive  off  De  Ayllon,  the  treacherous 
slave-catcher. 

*  *  -26  *  *  San  Salvador  is  conquered 
for  Spain  by  Alvarado. 

1526  Mar.  10.  Peru.  Almagro  and 
Ifuque  sign  a  contract  for  the  conquest 
of  Peru,  Gaspar  de  Espinosa  supplying 
the  funds.  [It  is  an  attempt  at  private 
conquest]. 

May  *  Mex.  Cortez  returns  to  Mexico 
in  great  splendor. 

*  *  Colombia.  Pizarro  sails  from  Pan- 
ama on  his  second  expedition  to  Peru, 
and  lands  most  of  his  men  at  San  Juan, 
when  Almagro  returns  for  supplies. 

1527±  *  *  Colombia.  Pizarro  makes  his 
third  start  from  San  Juan,  and  again 
halts  at  the  Island  of  Gallo  and  sends 
back  to  Panama  for  supplies ;  here  the 
Spaniards  suffer  incredible  hardships. 

*  *  Colombia.  Pizarro  makes  his  fourth 
start  from  near  the  Island  of  Gallo,  and 
discovers  Peru.  He  then  returns  to 
Panama  for  reeuforcements. 

*  *  Mex.  Conquest  of  Yucatan  is  begun. 

1528  Apr.  12.  Fla.  Pamfilo  de  Nar- 
vaez lands  at  Tampa  Bay  an  army  of 
conquest. 

It  consists  of  260  foot  and  40  horsemen. 
[Unparalleled  sufferings  and  perils  by 
land  and  sea  await  them  ;  the  four  survi- 
vors are  finally  rescued  at  San  Miguel  on 
the  Pacific  coast.] 

*  *  Cuba.    The  buccaneers  bum  Havana. 

*  *  Peru.  Pizarro  retiums  to  Spain  for 
aid  and  volunteers,  after  the  Governor 
of  Panama  has  refused  them. 

1529  July  26.  Sp.  Fizarro  arranges 
a  capitulation  with  the  Spanish  crown 
for  the  conquest  of  Peru. 

ART  ~  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1521±  *  *  Pent.  The  Spaniards  discover 
the  potato. 

1522  Sept.  7.  Sp.  Magellan's  ship 
completes  the  circumnavigation  of  the 
globe. 

1524  Mar.  *  Verrazano,  a  Florentine, 
is  supposed  to  be  the  first  to  sail  di- 
rectly west  in  crossing  the  Atlantic. 

*  *  The  Cabots  notice  the  immense  shoals 
of  fish  which  throng  the  waters  of  New- 
foundland. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

ix.    Montezuma  II.,  last  A 

1525     Peru.    Capac,  Huayna,  inca,  dies. 


1530    Mex.    Montezuma  II.,  last  Aztec  king, 

dies. 


CHURCH. 

1519  Mar.*  Mex.  The  Mexicans  believe 
the  Spaniards  to  be  gods,  and  send  to 
Cortez  human  beings  for  sacrifice. 

1521*  ♦  Venez.  LasCasasprosecuteBhis 
humanitarian  work  ttn  the  Pearl  Coast. 

*  *  The  Bominicans  are  driven  from  the 
Pearl  Coast  by  natives  who  have  been 
exasperated  by  slave-catchers. 

1522  *  *  LasCasas  becomes  a  D<jminican. 

*  *  It.    Adrian  "VT.  is  elected  pope. 

*  *  Mex.  Franciscan  missionaries  ar- 
rive. 

1523  *  *  It.  Clement  Vm.  is  elected 
I)ope. 

1526  '^  ♦  Va.  Dominican  missionaries 
arrive,  and  erect  a  chapel  on  the  James 
Kiver.  Antonio  Montesino  is  the  mis- 
sionary preacher.  They  are  the  first  re- 
ligious teachers  sent  to  this  country. 

*  *  Mex.  Dominican  missionaries  ar- 
rive. 

*  *  *  Chile.  Chileans  believe  in  a 
supreme  being,  and  good  and  bad 
spirits,  but  iiave  neither  temples,  idols, 
nor  religious  rites.  They  believe  in  a 
future  state,  hold  vague  traditions  of  a 
deluge,  and  of  persons  saved  on  a  high 
mo  im  tain. 

*  *  *  Mex.  Hebgion  is  savage  in  spirit 
and  more  degrading  than  that  of  the  un- 
civilized Indians,  their  deities  being  hid- 
eous creatures  to  whom  hmnari  sacrifices 
are  yearly  offered  in  great  nuinbers. 

*  *  *  Pern.  The  Incas  are  regarded  as  a 
sacred  race,  possessing  divinity  derived 
from  the  great  deity,  the  smi.  They  are 
supreme  pontitfs  as  well  as  sovereigns. 

Tlie  sun,  moon,  evening  star,  the  spirit 
of  thunder,  and  the  rainbow,  are  all  wor- 
shiped, and  temples  are  erected  in  their 
honor;  sacrifices  are  chiefly  the  edible 
fruits  or  grain,  and  are  always  bloodless. 
1528  Apr.  16.  U.S.  Franciscan 
monks  accompany  Pamfilo  de  Narvaez 
in  hisconquestof  Florida.  [They  perish 
of  starvation.] 

*  *  Mex.  Pedro  de  Musa,  a  lay-brother, 
reports  200,000  converts  in  six  j'ears. 

DISCOVERY  —  EXPLORATION. 

1519  Aug.  10.  Sp.  Fernando  Magel- 
lan, a  Portuguese  navigator,  sails  on 
his  eventful  voyage.  [He  enters  the 
Plata  River  and  later  the  Pacific  Ocean.] 

*  *  Fla.  Alvarez  de  Pineda,  seeking  a 
strait  leading  westward,  coasts  from 
Cape  Florida  to  the  River  Panuco  in 
Mexico. 

Aug.  *  Pineda  enters  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi. 

*  *  Yucatav.  Cortez  arrives  on  the 
coast  iiMd  proceeds  to  Mexico. 

*  *  Panama.  Espinoza  coasts  westward 
on  the  Pacific  as  far  as  Cape  Blanco 
(Costa  Rica). 

*  *  Francis  de  Garay  explores  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico. 

1520  Oct.  21.  Chile.  Magellan  en- 
ters the  Strait  of  Magellan. 

Nov.  28.  Chile  Magellan  enters  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 


AMERICA. 


1519-1529. 


19 


»  *  N.T.  The  Spaniards  visit  the 
shores  of  New  York,  and  leave  the 
Pompey  stone.  (?) 

•  *  S.  C.  Lucas  Vasqaez  de  Ayllon  brings 
an  expedition  consisting  of  two  vessels 
to  American  shores  In  search  of  Indians 
to  be  taken  as  slaves. 

A  storm  drives  him  northward,  and  he 
enters  St.  Helena  Sound  (South  Caro- 
lina), and  names  the  country  Chicora, 
and  the  river  he  calls  the  Jordan  (Cam- 
bahee). 

1521  *  *  Fla.  Ponce  de  Leon  lands  in 
Florida  the  second  time,  is  mortally 
wounded  by  the  Indians,  and  taken  back 
to  Cuba,  where  he  dies. 

1522  Sept.  7.  Sp.  The  circumnavi- 
gation of  the  globe  is  completed  by  the 
return  of  Magellan's  ship. 

•  *  Discovery  of  the  Bermudas. 

•  *  Nicaragua  is  regularly  explored 
by  an  expedition  sent  out  from  Panama, 
under  Gil  Gonzalez  Davila. 

1524  Mar.  *  +  Giovanni  Verrazano, 
a  Florentine,  sailing  under  the  French 
flag,  explores  the  coast  of  North  Caro- 
lina, Virginia,  Maryland,  New  Jersey, 
New  York  Bay,  and  onward  to  Acadia 
<Nova  Scotia). 

The  country  between  the  28th  and 
50tli  ilegrees  of  latitude  be  calis  New 
France.  This  voyage  lay.s  tlie  basis  of 
tlie  claims  of  France  to  this  territory. 
(He  is  the  fourth  Italian  of  great  dis- 
tinction in  the  discovery  of  the  New 
World,  —  Columbus,  Vespucius,  John 
Cabot,  and  Verrazano.) 

Apr.  *  +  Verrazano  enters  New  York 
Bay.  (?) 

Nov.  14.  Panama.  Francisco  Pizarro 
sails  on  an  unsuccessful  voyage  for  Peru, 
reaching  only  one-third  the  distance. 

*  *  R.  I.  Verrazano  carefully  inspects 
the  spacious  harbor  of  Newport.  (?) 

1525*  *Estevan  Gomez  sails  from  Spain 
and  follows  the  east  coast  from  Labra- 
dor to  Florida. 

Jjine  13.  jV.  }'.  Gomez  discovers  the 
Saint  Anthony  (Hudson)  Biver. 

•  *  California  discovered  by  Cortez 
while  seeking  an  eastward  passage. 

1526  *  *  Voyage  of  Sebastian  Cabot 
under  the  Spanish  flag ;  he  explores  the 
country  about  Buenos  Ayres,  and  enters 
the  La  Plata  and  Parana  Rivers. 

*  *  Paraguay  and  Uruguay  are  explored. 
»  *  N.  F.     Nicolas  Don  visits  Newfound- 
land. 

•  *  Lucas  Vasques  de  Ayllon,  a  Span- 
iard, follows  the  Atlantic  coast  as  far  as 
the  Chesapeake  Bay. 

1527  *  *  John  Kut,  an  Englishman, 
coasts  north  to  53°  north,  and  on  his  re- 
turn visits  Newfoundland,  Cape  Breton, 
and  the  coast  of  Maine. 

*  *  Pamfllo  de  Narvaez,  a  Spanish  ad- 
venturer, visits  the  coast  of  the  upper 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

•  *  Mex.  Cortez  despatches  an  explor- 
ing fleet  to  the  Pacific  coast. 

1528  Apr.  14+.  /'7a.  Pamfllo  de  Nar- 
vaez with  four  ships,  carrying  400  men 
and  80  horses,  lands  in  Appalache  Bay, 
and  thence  explores  westward ;  four 
persons  survive  many  disasters,  and 


wandering  2,000  miles,  they  finally  arrive 

at  Culiacan,  Mexico. 
May  1.    Narvaez,  with  300  men,  of  whom 

40  are  mounted,  strikes  for  the  interior. 
Aug.  *  Narvaez  reaches    the   shore   (St. 

Mark's  Bay)  without  finding  his  ships. 

*  *  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  a  surviving  compan- 
ion of  Narvaez,  crosses  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  discovers  fresh  water. 

*  *  Panama.  Pizarro  sails  for  Spain, 
and  reports  his  success. 

LETTERS. 

1519  July  10.  Mex.  Cortez  writes  his 
first  letter  concerning  his  explorations. 

15?0  Oct.  30.  Mex.  Cortez  writes  a 
second  letter. 

1522  *  *  Mex.  Cortez  writes  a  third 
letter. 

1524  •  *  Mex.  Cortez  writes  a  fourth 
letter. 

1526  Sept.  *  Mex.  Cortez  writes  his 
fifth  letter. 

1529  *  *  Mex.  Earliest  phonetic  render- 
ing of  Mexican  tongues. 

SOCIETY. 
1520'*  •S.C.  Lucas  Vasquezde  Ayllon, 
with  six  others,  entices  the  natives  of 
Chicora  aboard  bis  ships,  and  when  the 
decks  are  crowded,  sails  for  San  Domin- 
go, loaded  with  slaves ;  one  vessel  sank 
and  most  of  the  natives  died  en  route. 

*  *  S.  C.  De  Ayllon  returns  for  more 
slaves,  but  is  driven  off  by  the  natives. 

»  ■►  » Chileans  are  a  brave-spirited 
people,  without  ferocity ;  they  are  the 
most  manly  and  energetic  of  all  Ameri- 
cans. 

STATE. 

1519  Aug.*  Panama.  The  seat  of  gov- 
ernment is  transferred  by  Pedro  Arias 
from  Darien  to  Panama. 

*  *  Cuba.  The  name  Havana  is  given  to 
the  capital. 

*  *  Mex.  The  golden  riches  of  Mex- 
ico inflame  the  avarice  of  the  Spaniards. 

Cortez  founds  the  colony  of  Vera 
Crviz,  and  causes  himself  to  be  elected 
its  captain-general. 

1520  June  30.  Mex.  Montezimiall., 
the  last  of  the  Aztec  kings,  dies. 

*  *  Venez.  The  first  settlement  is  made 
at  Cumana  by  Spaniards. 

1521  Aug.  13.  Mex.  By  the  capture 
of  the  capital,  Mexico  becomes  a  Span- 
ish province. 

*  *  *  Mex.  The  native  government  is 
a  perfect  feudal  monarchy,  in  which 
the  nobility  and  the  priests  monopolize 
all  the  power. 

The  government  has  a  system  of  cou- 
riers for  conveying  intelligence,  and  a 
kind  of  police  for  cleaning  and  watch- 
ing the  city. 

The  first  visitors  find  no  tame  animals, 
no  roads,  and  no  money  for  interchange 
of  commerce. 

*  *  *  Chile.  The  Spaniards  find  fifteen 
Independent  tribes,  who  maintain  them- 
selves chiefly  by  agriculture. 


*  *  *  Peru.  Government  is  a  theoc- 
racy and  paternal  in  character ;  it  is 
administered  and  tithes  are  collected  by 
officers  placed  over  the  people,  who  are 
arranged  in  parties  of  ten  families. 
Others  rule  over  five  or  ten  tithings,  and 
others  fifty  or  a  lumdred  ;  the  Inca  is 
both  pontiff  and  sovereign. 

The  Peruvians,  having  the  least  warlike 
spirit,  maintain  the  largest  empire ;  it 
covers  2,500  miles  of  territory. 
+  *  •  Colombia.  Hernandez  de  Cordova 
is  beheaded  as  a  rebel  by  Pedro  Arias, 
the  bloody  governor  of  Panama. 

*  *  Fla.  Ponce  de  Leon,  with  two  ships, 
attempts  to  find  a  site  for  a  colony,  but 
is  driven  away  by  the  Indians. 

*  *  Port.    John  m.  is  enthroned. 

1522  *  *  Nicaraffiut.  The  city  of  Granada 
is  founded  by  Gil  Gonzalez  Davila. 

1523  *  *  /*cru.    Huascar  becomes  Inca. 

1524  Jtily  *  Giovanni  Verrazano  claims 
for  France  the  coast  from  the  latitude 
of  "WUmlngton  to  Nova  Scotia,  and 
calls  it  New  France. 

±  *  *  5.  r.  Charles  V.  of  Spain  appoints 
Lucas  Vasquez  de  Ayllon  governor  of 
Chicora,  with  a  grant  of  territory  as  a 
reward  for  his  success  in  stealing  slaves. 

1525  Nov.  •  Peru.  The  great  Inca, 
Huayna  Capac,  the  twelfth  king  in  suc- 
cession from  Manco,  dies. 

*  *  Can.  A  [short-lived]  Portuguese 
colony  is  planted  at  Cape  Breton  Island. 

1526  Mar.  10.  Panama.  Francisco 
Pizarro,  Almagro,  and  Luque  formally 
renew  their  compact  to  conquer  Peru, 
and  divide  the  revenue  between  them- 
selves. 

May*  Mex.  Cortez  returns  from  Yuca- 
tan. 

*  *  Fla.  Charles  V.  appoints  the  un- 
scrupulous Pamfilo  de  Narvaez  gover- 
nor of  Florida,  with  the  privilege  of  con- 
quest. 

*  •  Va.  De  Ayllon  begins  a  settlement 
called  San  Miguel,  and  is  aided  in  the 
work  by  negro  slaves.  [It  is  on  the  site 
of  Jamestown  of  81  years  later,  and  is 
soon  abandoned.] 

1528  *  *  Mex.  Cortez  goes  to  Spain, 
where  he  is  made  Marquis  del  Valle  de 
Oajaca. 

*  *  Venez.  Germans  settle  at  Caro,  be- 
tween St.  Martha  and  Maracapana. 

*  *  Paraguay.  Sebastian  Cabot  arrives 
and  buUds  a  fort  called  Santo  Espirltu. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1519+  *  *  Cuba.  City  of  Havana  is  re- 
moved [to  its  present  site]. 

•  *  Panama  is  founded  by  Pedrarias. 
[1521.     It  becomes  a  city.] 

1524  •  *  The  French  prosecute  the  New- 
foun<lland  fislieries  vigorously,  while  the 
English  continue  to  fisli  in  the  Icelandic 
Seas. 

May  *  Sp.  An  important  congress  is 
held  at  Badajos. 

1527  •  •  JV.  F.  Normans  and  Bretons 
arrive. 


20      1530-1541,  Feb.  * 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1530  *  *  Sp.  Francisco  Pizarro,  with 
his  four  brothers  and  a  band  of  enthu- 
siastic followers,  sails  for  Panama  en 
route  for  Peru. 

Dec.  28.  Colombia.  Pizarro  makes  his 
fifth  start  from  Panama  for  Peru,  hav- 
ijig  three  vessels,  about  200  men,  and  50 
horses. 

CONQUEST  OF  PERU. 

[Pizarro,  with  an  army  of  1,000  men, 
conquers  Peru  in  little  more  than  a 
year.  "The  easy  conquest  of  this 
country  has  not  its  parallel  in  history."] 

1531  Jan.  14.  Peini.  Pizarro  plunders 
a  town  in  the  province  of  Caque.  [Re- 
enforced  by  1;J0  men,  he  proceeds  to 
build  the  town  of  San  Miguel.] 

*  *  *  Peru.  War  between  the  Inca  and 
the  usurper,  Atahualpa;  the  Inca  is 
taken  prisoner. 

1532  *  *  Ptrii.  Pizarro  again  arrives 
at  Tumbez. 

Sept,  25±.  Peru.  Pizarro,  with  two- 
thirds  of  his  army,  starts  for  the  interior. 

Nov.  15.  Pern.  Pizarro,  with  his  little 
army,  enters  Caxamarca. 

Nov.  16.  Peru.  Pizarro  treacherously 
captures  the  dominant  Inca,  Ata- 
hualpa, and  massacres  a  host  of  Indians, 
without  loss  to  his  army  of  177  men. 

1533  Feb.  *  Peru.  Pizarro's  colleague, 
Almagro,  arrives  with  reenforce- 
ments. 

Spring.  Peru.  Francisco  Pizarro,  with 
20  horsemen  and  half  a  dozen  arquebus- 
iers,  makes  a  journey  of  400  miles  and 
desecrates  the  famous  temple  of  Pacha- 
camac. 

Aug.  29.  Peru.  After  raising  a  ransom 
valued  at  $17,500,000,  Pizarro  puts 
Atahualpa,  the  captive  Inca,  to  death. 

*  *  Peru.  Hernando  Pizarro  is  sent 
to  Spain  with  the  royal  .«hare  of  the 
plunder. 

Nov.  15.  Peru.  Pizarro,  with  500  men, 
enters  the  city  of  Cuzco,  after  a  fierce 
battle,  and  proclaims  as  Inca,  Manco 
Inca  Yupanqui,  the  legitimate  succes- 
sor. 

1534  •  *  Eucador.  Alvarado  marches 
from  Puerto  Viego  to  Quito. 

*  *  Peru.  Spaniards  occupy  [Xiima,  the 
capital  city]. 

1535  *  *  Ar<j.  Hep.  Mendoza,  having 
foimded  Buenos  Ayres,  conquers  the 
adjacent  country  with  a  force  of  about 
2,000  men. 

Autumn.  Peru.  Unsuccessful  inva- 
sion of  Chile  by  Almagro  with  200 
Spaniards  and  many  Indian  allies. 

*  •  -36  *  *  Peru.  Rebellion  of  the  na- 
tives against  the  Spaniards. 

The  Peruvian  allies  desert  Almagro 
and  return  :  the  natives  in  many  parts 
of  the  country  revolt  and  cut  off  com- 
munication between  Lima  and  Cuzco. 
The  Spaniards  send  to  Panama,  Guate- 
mala, and  Mexico  for  succor. 

1536  *  *  1537  *  *  Colcmbm.  Spaniards 
under  Ximenes  de  Quesada  conquer 
New  Oranada. 


Feb.  *  -Aug.  *  Peru.  The  Spaniards  are 
besieged  in  Cuzco  by  the  Peruvians, 
who  make  frequent  and  vigorous  as- 
saults. 
Sept.  *  The  Inca  attacks  Almagro  in 
.  the  valley  of  Yucay,  and  is  defeated  with 
much  slaughter. 

1537  Apr.  8.  Peru.  Almagro  seizes 
Cuzco  as  a  rival  of  Pizarro,  after  having 
returned  from  Chile.  He  places  the 
brothers  Hernando  and  Gonzalo  Pizar- 
ro in  confinement.    [They  soon  escape.] 

*  *-48*  *  Pent.  Civil  disturbance  and 
bloodshed  among  the  Spaniards. 

*  *  Peru.  Decisive  defeat  of  Manco 
Capac  by  liodrigo  de  Orgonez,  Alma- 
gro's  lieutenant;  the  natives  retire  to 
the  Andes. 

1538  Apr.  *  Sp.  Ferdinand  de  Soto 
sails  for  the  conquest  of  Florida  with 
a  fleet  of  seven  large  and  three  small 
vessels. 

Apr.  26.  Peru.  Almagro  is  defeated  in 
the  battle  of  Las  Salinas  by  Pizarro. 

The  victorious  army  is  commanded  by 
Hernando  Pizarro,  a  brother  of  Fran- 
cisco Pizarro. 

July  10.  Peru.  Almagro  executed  by 
Hernando  Pizarro. 

*  *  Cuba.    French  destroy  Havana. 

1539  May  18.  Cw/>a.  De  Soto  sails  for 
the  conquest  of  unknown  cities  and  the 
discovery  of  mines  of  gold. 

May  30.  Fla.  DeSoto,  with  his  selected 
cavaliers,  900t  strong,  all  gaily  dressed 
and  bountifully  furnished,  lands  at 
Tampa  Bay. 

1540  Mar.  *  Peru.  Valdivia  marches 
to  Chile, 

1540-41*  *  Louisiana  is  conquered  by 
De  Soto. 

*  *  Can.  Jacques  Cartier  erects  the 
fortress  of  Charlesburg. 

Oct.  18.  Ala.  De  Soto  has  a  terrible 
battle  with  the  Mobile  Indians.  (See 
Discovery  —  Exploration.) 

*  *  -42  *  *  New  Mex.  Coronado  with  an 
army  visits  the  Zuni.  (See  Exploration.) 

1541  Feb.  *  The  Spaniards  under  De 
Soto  are  attacked  by  the  Indians  and 
lose  170  men  and  the  remainder  of  their 
baggage.   (See  Discovery  —Exploration.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1530*  *  Col.    First  information  concern- 
ing the  Pueblo  Indians. 
1540:t  *  *  Venez.    Indications  of  gold 

are  discovered  at  several  points  along 
the  coast. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1633    Peru.     Altahualpa,  usurper,  executed. 
1638    Peru.    Almagro,  Diego,  invader,  exe- 
cuted. 

1540    Sp.    Mendoza,     de    Juan     Gonzalez 

(Viceroy),  horn. 

CHURCH. 
1531*  *  Can.  Cartier  consecrates  New 
France  to  Christianity  by  the  erection 
of  a  great  wooden  cross  on  an  eminence, 
as  if  to  signify  a  religious  mission  in  his 
discovery. 


*  *  Eng.  Henry  VIII.  declares  the  Eng- 
lish Church  independent  of  Rome;  h& 
is  recognized  as  its  head. 

*  *  it.    Pius  m.  is  elected  pope. 

1534  *  *  Peru.  Pizarro  converts  a  hea- 
then temple  into  a  Dominican  monas- 
tery at  Cuzco. 

1536*  *  Haiti.  Las  Casas  goes  to  Gua- 
temala to  protect  the  Indians. 

1537  May  2.  Guatemala.  LasCasasis- 
prepared  for  his  mission  "  in  the  land  of 
war."  [He  wins  a  complete  and  peace- 
ful victory.] 

*  *  //.  The  Pope  issues  a  brief  forbidding 
the  further  enslavement  of  the  Indians. 

1539  *  *  Fla.  Missionaries  accompany 
De  Soto's  exi>edition  ;  all  perish. 

*  *  Father  Mark,  a  Spanish  monk,  at- 
tempts to  establish  a  mission  to  the  Zuni 
in  the  city  of  Cibola;  he  plants  a  large 
cross,  but  fails  in  his  mission. 

DISCOVERY  —  EXPLORATION. 

1530  *  *  Mex.  An  Indian  slave  tells  the 
Spaniards  of  the  wonders  of  the  seven 
cities  of  Cibola,  the  land  of  the  Butfa^ 
loes. 

*  *  Venez.  Ambrosio  de  Alfinger  leads 
an  expedition  into  the  interior,  to  find 
the  Eldorado. 

1531  Jan.  1.  Brazil.  Martino  Alfon- 
zo  de  Sousa,  a  Portuguese  adventurer, 
discovers  Kio  de  Janeiro,  and  examines 
the  coast  southward. 

*  *  I'enez.  Diego  Ordaz  seeks  the  fa- 
bled Land  of  Wealth,  by  sailing  up  the 
Orinoco. 

1532  May  *  Cal.  Hurtaldo  de  Men- 
doza sails  up  the  Pacific  coast  !iy  order 
of  Cortez,  with  two  vessels,  both  of  which 
are  lost. 

1533  *  *  Mex.  Cortez  builds  two  vessels, 
and  sends  Diego  Becarra  on  an  explor- 
ing expedition  ;  he  discovers  a  part  of 
l/ower  California. 

1534*  *-38*  *  Venez.  George  of 
Spires  searches  for  the  Eldorado. 

June  * -Aug.  *  Cai}.  Jacques  Cartier, 
■  a  French  navigator,  with  2  vessels  and 
61  men,  surveys  the  coast  of  Newfound- 
land, and  enters  the  mouth  of  the  St. 
liawrence,  on  the  banks  of  which  he 
plantsa  cross  surmounted  with  the  lilies 
of  France. 

1535  Oct.  3.  Can.  Cartier  arrives  at 
Hochelaga  (Montreal),  having  ex- 
plored the  great  river  to  this  point.  In- 
formation is  received  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

*  *  Cal.    Grijalvas'  expedition,  equip- 
ped by  Cortez,  discovers  California. 

1536  *  *  Can.  Cartier  explores  the 
upper  St.  liawrence  country,  and  takes 
possession  of  it  for  France. 

May  *  Mex.  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  and  three 
other  stirvivors  of  the  Narvaez  expe- 
dition, after  nearly  six  years  of  captivity, 
approach  the  Pacific  at  San  Miguel. 

July  6.     Fr.    Cartier  arrives  at  St.  Malo. 

1537  *  *  Mex.  Cortez  discovers  the  pe- 
ninsula of  California.  (Or  Cabrillo  in 
1542.) 


AMERICA. 


1530-1541,  Feb. 


21 


1538  •  *  Chile.  Dom  Pedro  de  Valdivia, 
an  officer  of  Pizarro,  explores  the  west 
coast  of  South  America  to  40°  south. 

1539  Mar.  •  -Aug.  »  Mex.  A  Spanish 
expe<litioii,  under  IVa  Marcos,  searcli- 
iiig  for  the  seven  cities,  discovers  the 
Zunia. 

May  30.  Fla.  Ferdinand  de  Soto, 
with  over  900  men,  lands  on  the  west 
coast  in  search  of  gold. 

The  Spaniards  hope  to  repeat  the  suc- 
cess of  Cortez  in  Mexico,  and  of  Pizarro 
in  Peru. 

Dec.  25.  Ecuador.  Gonzalo  Pizarro 
begins  the  exploration  of  the  interior 
forests  [builds  a  vessel  on  the  Napo 
River,  and  descends  it.  Part  of  the  com- 
pany sail  4,000  miles  down  the  Ama- 
zon to  the  sea.] 

*  *  Peru.  Alonzo  de  Camargo,  a  Span- 
iard, completes  the  exploration  of  the 
west  coast  of  South  America  by  sailing 
from  the  Straits  of  Magellan  to  Peru. 

»  •  Mtx.  Francisco  de  TJlloa  explores 
the  Gulf  of  Calilornia  for  Cortez. 

1540  Mar.  3.  Ga.  De  Soto  resumes 
liis  march  for  a  country  governed  by  a 
woman  and  abounding  in  gold. 

Apr.  *  Ga.  De  Soto  arrives  on  the  Oge- 
chee  River. 

*  »  Mex.  Mendoza,  the  Spanish  viceroy, 
sends  Francisco  Vasquez  Coronado 
in  search  of  the  seven  opulent  cities 
of  Cibola,  reported  by  the  Indians.  He 
discovers  the  Grand  CaHon  of  the  Col- 
orado. 

May  1.  S.  C.  De  Soto  turns  from  near 
the  coast  westward. 

May  11.  N.  Mex.  Coronado  arrives  at 
Zuiii. 

Sept.  30.  Ariz.-Cal.  Hernando  de 
Alarcon  sent  out  by  Mendoza ;  having 
explored  the  coast  of  California  as  far  as 
30°  north,  he  discovers  and  ascends  the 
Colorado  Kiver. 

Oct.  18.  .-Ila.  De  Soto  fights  a  terrible 
battle  with  the  Mobile  Indians. 

In  it  '2,500  Indians  are  shot  or  burned  ; 
De  Soto's  loss  is  18  killed  and  150 
wounded,  besides  80  horses  and  nearly 
all  ilie  baggage  lost. 

Uov.  18.  Ala.  De  Soto  leaves  the  coast 
and  marches  inland. 

Deo.  *  Atiss.  De  Soto  arrives  in  the  comi- 
try  of  the  Chickasaws  (Northern  Missis- 
sippi). 

The  expedition  crosses  the  Yazoo,  and 
winters  m  a  deserted  Indian  village, 
subsisting  on  plantations  of  ungathered 
maize. 

•  *  Can.  Jacques  Cartier's  French 
expedition  of  five  ships  explores  the 
St.  Lawrence. 

1541  Feb.  *  Miss.  The  Spaniards  are 
fiercely  but  vainly  attacked  by  the  Indi- 
ans at  night. 

The  small  remainder  of  their  liaggage 
is  burned,  so  thev  are  henceforth  com- 
pelled to  clothe  themselves  in  skins  and 
mats  of  ivy. 

Apr.  26.  Miss.  De  Soto  leaves  winter 
quarters  and  resumes  liis  march. 

May  6.  Brazil.  Francisco  Orellana, 
having  crossed  the  Andes  from  Quito, 


and  sailed  down  the  Napo  and  the  Ama- 
zon, he  arrives  at  the  sea,  thus  crossing 
the  continent. 

LETTERS. 

1531**  Mexico  has  a  printing-press. 
Shagun,  the  Dominican,  arrives. 

SOCIETY. 

1530  *  *'  W.  I.  Laa  Casaa  goes  to  Spain 
and  obtains  a  decree  from  Charles  V. 
prohibiting  the  enslavement  of  Indians 
in  Peru  and  Chile. 

1531  June  12.  Mex.  Zumarraga,  the 
first  bishop,  writes  that  20,000  victims 
perished  at  the  annual  saturnalia. 
[Probably  an  exaggerated  number.] 

1534  *  *  Cuban  ofBcials  apply  to  the 
King  of  .Spain  for  "  7,000  negroes,  that 
they  miglit  become  inured  to  labor  be- 
fore the  Indians  ceased  to  exist." 

*  *  'Peru.  Pizarro  employs  great  cru- 
elty in  extracting  unbounded  wealth 
from  the  helpless  natives,  who  are  driven 
to  exhaustive  labors  in  the  mines. 

1536  May  10.  Can.  .Jacques  Cartier 
decoys  nine  Indian  Chiefs  on  board 
his  vessel,  and  sails  away  for  France. 

1539  *  *  De  Soto  takes  for  his  expedition 
a  dozen  priests,  that  the  festiv-ils  of 
the  church  may  be  kept,  and  chams  for 
the  captive  Indians,  and  bloodhounds 
to  hunt  those  who  attempt  to  escape. 

1540  *  *  De  Soto  bums  an  Indian  guide 
for  honestly  confessing  that  he  does  not 
know  where  there  are  any  regions  of  gold. 

*  *  *  De  Soto  treats  the  Indians  with 
great  barbarity. 

He  pillages  th(!ir  provisions,  cuts  off 
the  hands  of  c.-iptives,  burns  them  at  the 
stake,  suffers  blooilhounds  to  tear  them 
to  pieces,  chains  them  together  with  iron 
collars,  and  compels  them  to  carry  the 
baggage  of  their  tormentors. 


STATE. 
1530*  *  .S^oin.       Pizarro  rettima  to 

America. 
July  15.    Mex.    Cortez  arrives  at  Vera 

Cruz. 

*  *  Cnsta  Rica.  George  de  Alvarado  sub- 
dues the  Indian  tribes  and  founds  a 
colony. 

*  *  Brazil  is  divided  into  captaincies  by 
the  Portuguese,  and  is  first  perma- 
nently occupied. 

1531*  *  Brazil .  A  IfonzodeSousa,  a  Por- 
tuguese, founds  San  Viucente. 

1532  *  *  Peru.  The  conquests  of  Pizarro 
make  Peru  a  Spanish  province. 

Atahualpa  usurps  the  throne  of  the 
Incas. 

1533  *  *  Chile.  The  Peruvian  domin- 
ion ceases. 

1534  Mar.  24.  Peru.  Pizarro  allows 
Manco,  a  son  of  Huayna  Capac,  and  the 
rightful  heir,  to  be  crowned  Inca. 

*  *  Spain.  Don  Pedro  de  Mendoza, 
with  the  largest  and  wealthiest  expedi- 
tion that  has  ever  left  Europe,  sails  from 
Cadiz,  Spain,  for  the  Plata  River. 


*  *  Mex.  Cortez  marches  up  the  Pacific 
coast,  and  settles  Iiower  California. 

1535  Jan.  6.  Peru.  Pizarro  founds 
the  city  of  Lima. 

Jan.  *  Chile.  Almagro  receives  his  com- 
mission as  governor  of  New  Castile 
(Chile). 

Feb.  2.  Arg.  Rep.  Mendoza  founds 
Buenos  Ayres. 

May  29.  Fr.  Jacques  Cartier  sails  again 
with  three  vessels  to  colonize  New 
France. 

*  *  Peru.  Arrival  of  Pedro  de  Valdivia, 
Spain's  first  viceroy,  in  America. 

1537  Aug.  15.  Paraguay.  Juan  de 
Ayolas  founds  Asuncion  on  the  Para- 
guay River. 

Nov.  13.  Peru— Chile.  Pizarro  and  Al- 
magro make  a  fruitless  effort  to  settle 
their  disputed  boundaries. 

+  *  *  Arg.  Rep.  Buenos  Ayres  is  burnt 
by  the  Indians;  the  colony  is  broken  up. 

*  *  *  Peru.  Spanish  adventurers  arrive 
by  the  ship-load,  seize  estates,  despoil 
temples,  and  make  themselves  odious 
as  masters. 

»  »  Colombia.  Spaniards  under  Quesada 
subdue  New  Granada. 

*  *Cuba.  Ferdinand  de  Soto  becomes  gov- 
ernor. 

1538  July  *  Peru.  Hernando  Pizarro 
executes  Diego  Almagro  for  rebellion. 

*  *  Colombia.    Behalcazar  is  at  Bogota. 

1539  *  *  Ecuador.  Gonzalo  Pizarro  ap- 
pointed to  command  the  province  of 
Quito.  [He  is  absent  on  an  exploring 
expedition  for  two  and  a  half  years.] 

*  *  Colombia.    Federmann  is  at  Bogota. 

1540  •  *  Fr.  Jean  Fran9ois  de  la 
Koque,  Sieiu:  de  Koberval,  receives 
from  tlie  king  the  empty  title  of  "  Lord 
Lieutenant-General  and  viceroy  of  all 
American  countries  discovered,  either 
by  the  French  or  English." 

Mar.  *  Peru.  Pedro  de  Valdivia  leads  an 
expedition  to  Chile. 

*  *  W.  f.    Cortez  again  returns  to  Spain. 

*  ♦  Spain.  Vaca  de  Castro  is  sent  to  in- 
spect the  cruel  work  of  Pizarro  in  Peru. 

1541  *  *  Chile.  The  conquests  of  Alma- 
gro make  ChUe  a  Spanish  province. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 
1533    June  17.    Peru.   The  Inoaa' ran- 
som is  divided. 

Pizarro  receives  2,350  marks  of  silver 
and  57,220  pieces  of  gold  :  his;  brother 
Hernando,  2,207  marks  of  silver  and  31,080 
pieces  of  gold;  the  church  deducts  as 
tithes  90  marks  of  silver  and  2,220  pieces 
of  gold. 
1535+  *  *  Panama.  It  is  estimated  that 
30,000  or  40,000  people  perish  in 
transit  across  the  Isthmus  of  Panama, 
seeking  the  wealth  of  Peru. 
•  »  *  Peru.  Tillable  lands  are  divided 
into  three  shares. 

One  share  is  consecrated  to  the  service 
of  religion,  the  erection  of  temples,  and 
the  maintenance  of  priests ;  the  sec- 
ond is  set  apart  for  the  support  of  the 
fovernment ;  the  third  and  largest  share, 
or  the  support  of  the  people  ;  the  divi- 
sion is  revised  every  year. 


22     1541,  May  22-156a 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1541  June  26.  I'eru.  Francisco  Pi- 
zarro  is  assasinated  by  conspirators. 

*  *  Chile.  Don  Teilro  de  Valdivia,  with 
Indian  allies,  conquers  nearly  all  of 
Chile,  under  orders  of  Pizarro. 

1542  Sept.  16.  Peru.  Castro,  the  gov- 
ernor, defeats  the  army  of  Almagro  the 
lad,  in  the  battle  of  Chupas.  [He  be- 
heads the  boy  at  Cuzco.] 

1543  Sept.  10.  ilex.  Arrival  of  311 
men,  the  remains  of  De  Soto's  expedi- 
tion, at  Panuco. 

1546  Jan.  18.  Peru.  The  viceroy  Vela 
is  defeated  and  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Anaquito  by  the  Spanish  rebels. 

Nov.  *  Colombia.  Pedro  de  la  Gasca 
gains  possession  of  the  fleet  at  Panama, 
in  the  interest  of  the  Spanish  croivn. 

1547  Apr.  *  Colcmbia.  Gasca  sails  from 
Panama  with  a  considerable  force  to 
maintain  royal  authority  in  Peru. 

Oct.  20.  Peru.  The  loyal  Spaniards 
tmder  Diego  de  Centeno  are  <lefeated  in 
a  bloody  battle  near  Lake  Titicaca  by 
Pizarro. 

1548  Apr.  9.  Peui.  Gasca  defeats 
the  Spanish  rebels ;  Gonzalo  Pizarro, 
the  brother  of  Francisco,  is  executed  on 
the  field. 

Apr.  12.    Peru.    Gasca  enters  Cuzco. 

1549  •  •  Chile.  The  assaults  of  the 
Araucanians  imperil  the  very  existence 
of  the  Spaniards. 

1550  *  *  Nicarafjua.  The  Spanish  col- 
onists rebel  against  the  mother  country. 

1554  May  *  Peru.  Rebels  under  Fran- 
cisco Hernandez  Giron  defeat  the  army 
of  the  judges  at  Chuquingua. 

Oct.  11.  Peru.  Giron  is  routed  by  the 
army  of  the  judges  at  Pucara. 

Deo.  6.  Peru.  Giron  is  defeated  and  ex- 
ecuted at  Lima. 

*  *  Cnba.  The  French  again  destroy 
Havana. 

1555  *  •  Cuba.  Jacob  Sores,  the  pirate, 
plunders  Havana. 

1560  *  *  Brazil.  The  Portuguese  destroy 
the  French  settlement  at  Rio. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1549±  *  •  Brazil.  Gold  is  discovered 
at  Bahia. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1641  Peru.  Pizarro.  Francisco,  conqueror, 
assassinated. 

1643  La.  De  Soto,  Ferdinand,  adventurer, 
dies. 

1544  Peru.  Manco  Capac,  Inca,  assassi- 
nated, A21. 

1547  Sp.  Cortez.  Hernando,  conqueror 
of  Mexico,  dies. 


CHURCH. 

1541  *  *  Dakota  Indians  come  to  worship 
De  Soto  and  his  wobegone  cavaliers  as 
children  of  the  gods,  but  the  Catholics 
refuse  their  consent  to  such  idolatry. 

1542  *  *  -60  *  •  Paraguay.  Christian 
missions  are  established  by  the  Fran- 


ciscans, Armenta,  Lebron,  and  Solano. 
[The  latter  is  canonized  later  as  the 
apostle  of  Paragniay.] 

*  *  Peru.  Loaysa  becomes  bishop  of  Lima. 

1544  *  *  Guatemala.  lias  Casas  be- 
comes bishop  of  Chiapa. 

1545  *  *  Fla.  Louis  Cancer  de  Barbas- 
tro,  a  Dominican  Father,  with  three  as- 
sociates, lands  at  Tampa  Bay,  where  two 
of  his  associates  are  murdered. 

1547  *  *  Oautemala.  Las  Casas  resigns 
his  bishopric,  and  returns  to  Spain. 

*  *  Alex.  Archbishopric  of  Mexico  and 
New  Spain  created. 

*  *  Paraguay.  Bishopric  of  Paragiuay 
established. 

1548  *  *  Brazil.  Jews  banished  from 
Portugal  come  to  Brazil. 

*  *  Peru.    Loaysa  is  made  archbishop. 

1549  Apr.  *  Brazil.  Six  Jesuits  arrive 
at  Bahia  with  colonists,  and  undertake 
the  moral  culture  of  natives  and  colo- 
nists. , 

1550  *  *  Fla.  A  number  of  Dominicans 
make  another  attempt  to  establish  a 
mission,  but  are  shipwrecked,  and  all 
perish. 

*  •  It.    Julitis  m.  is  elected  pope. 

1551  ♦  *  Iceland.  Protestantism  intro- 
duced. 

1552  •  *  Brazil.  The  first  bishop  arrives, 
and  checks  the  vices  of  abandoned 
priests. 

1555  *  *  Brazil.  First  Protestant  mis- 
sion in  the  world. 

The  church  of  Geneva  sends  fourteen 
missionaries  to  Brazil,  who  land  on  an 
island  in  the  harbor  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

*  *  It.  Marcellus  II.,  later  Paul  IV., 
is  elected  pope. 

»  •  Peru.  Catholic  priests  are  pro- 
vided for  the  conquered  natives. 

1556+  *  *  Brazil.  Vallegagnon,  the 
leader  of  the  Protestant  colony  at  Rio, 
joins  the  Catholics  and  dissension  fol- 
lows. 

»  *-70*  *  Fla.  A  French  Jesuit 
mission  is  planted  on  the  coast  (near 
Augustine). 

1558  *  *  Eng.  Dissenters  begin  to  be 
persecuted  by  Henry  for  not  admitting 
his  authority  in  spiritual  matters.  [And 
later  yet  more  severely  during  the  reign 
of  Mary,  an  ardent  Catholic  — Puritan- 
ism is  developed.] 

1559*  *  Ala.  Dominicans  labor  among 
the  Mobilians. 

•  *  It.    Pius  rv.  is  elected  pope. 

1560+  *  ♦  Paraguay.  The  Jesuit  mis- 
sionaries, Salonio,  Field,  and  Ortega,  la- 
bor with  small  success. 

1562  *  *  Fr.  Coligni,  the  high  admiral, 
proposes  a  refuge  colony  in  America  for 
his  brethren,  the  persecuted  Huguenots. 

May  »  S.  C.  The  First  Protestant  set- 
tlement in  America  is  made  by  Hugue- 
nots at  Port  Royal. 

DISCOVERY  -  EXPLORATION. 
1541    May  •  De  Soto  discovers  the  Mis- 
sissippi River. 


May  30.  Miss.  (?)  Transports  are  built 
for  the  horses,  and  the  expedition 
crosses  the  Mississippi  Eiver  in  search 
of  cities  and  gold. 

May  ♦  Can.  Cartier  sails  on  a  third 
voyag:e,  which  is  devoid  of  important 
results. 

*  *  Coronado's  expedition  reaches  40* 
north,  and  turns  back  for  Mexico. 

*  ♦  yirk.  De  Soto's  expedition  crosses 
the  St.  Francis  River,  and  visits  the  Hot 
Springs. 

*  *-i2*  */.  T.  De  Soto  passes  the 
winter  on  the  banks  of  the  Washita 
River. 

*  *  Venez.  Philip  Van  Huten  search- 
es for  the  Eldorado. 

1542  Spring.  Mex.  Return  of  Corona- 
do's expedition  from  the  land  of  the 
Zimis. 

May*  La.    The  De  Soto  expedition, 

greatly  distressed,  follows  the  Red  Kiver 

to  a  point  near  Natchez. 
May  21.    La.    De     Soto    dies,  and   is 

buried  in  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi ; 

Luis  de  Moscoso  becomes  leader. 

*  *  La.  The  T)e  Soto  expedition  turns 
to  the  west,  hoping  to  reach  Mexico. 

Dec.  *  La.  The  Spaniards  return  to  the 
Mississippi,  above  the  Red  River. 

1543  July  2.  La.  The  De  Soto  expe- 
dition sails  down  the  Mississippi  in 
ves-sels  rudely  built,  aiming  to  reach  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

*  •  Ore.  Juan  Cabrillo  and  Bartolome 
Ferelo,  two  Spaniards,  explore  the  Pa- 
cific coast  as  far  as  Oregon. 

Sept.  10.  Mex.  The  311  survivors  of 
the  De  Soto  expedition  reach  Pa- 
nuco. 

In  17  days  they  have  sailed  .MO  miles  to- 
the  sea,  and  for  55  days  have  followed 
the  coast  to  the  River  of  Palms.  "  Thus 
ends  the  most  marvellous  expedition  in 
the  history  of  our  country."    (Ridpath.) 

1549  *  *  Fr.  Roberval,  the  French  col- 
onizer, sails  on  a  voyage  of  discovery,. 
with  a  great  company  of  emigrants; 
their  fate  is  unknown. 

*  *  Venez.  Pedro  d' tJrsua,  a  Portuguese, 
seeks  the  Eldorado. 

1553  May  *  Unfortunate  expedition  of 
Sir  Hugh  Willoughby  to  the  Arctic  Seas, 
seeking  a  northwest  passage. 

1560  *  *  Ga.    The  Spaniards  arrive. 

*  *  -61  *  *  Colombia.  Pedro  de  Ursua 
sails  in  search  of  the  Empire  of  Orma- 
guas,  and  Lope  de  Aguirre  sails  in  search 
of  the  Eldorado. 

1562  •  *  Fla.  John  Bibault,  at  tlie 
head  of  a  French  expedition,  discovers 
the  River  of  May  (St.  John). 

LETTERS. 
1551  *  •  Peru.    The  University  of  San 
Marcos  is  established  at  Lima.    [The 
most  ancient  in  the  New  World.] 

*  *  Mex.  A  University  is  founded  in 
the  City  of  Mexico.  [It  now  remains, 
but  is  nearly  deserted.] 

1554±  •  •  Brazil.  Tlie  Jesuits  establish 
a  college,  named  St.  Paulo.  [It  greatly 
benefits  the  rising  state.] 


AMERICA. 


1541,  May  22-1563.     23 


SOCIETY. 
1542  *  *  Sp.    The  "New  Ijaws,"  for- 
bidding the  enslavement  of  the  Indians 
■  for  any  cause,  are  promulgated,  chiefly 

through  the  influence  of  Las  Casas. 
1553  *  *  Cuba.    Not  an  Indian  is  left. 
Pestilence,  cruelty,  and  suicide  have 
decimated  them  ;  the  remainder  escaped 
in  boats  to  Florida. 
1562  *  *  The    Knglish    make  their  first 
slave  voyage  to  America ;  John  Haw- 
kins brings   300   negroes,    in    three 
ships,  to  the  West  Indies. 

STATE. 

1541  May  22.  Can.  Cartier  sails  from 
St.  Malo  with  five  ships  belonging  to  the 
expedition  of  De  laKoque  ;  visits  the  St. 
Iiawrence ;  also  foimda  the  fortress  at 
Charlesbourg ;  the  colonists  are  chiefly 
noblemen  and  amateurs. 

On  his  arrival  he  builds  a  fort  near  the 
present  site  of  Quebec,  to  repel  the  hos- 
tile natives. 
June  *  Peru.    Almagro  the  lad,  a  natural 
son  of  Almagro,  is  proclaimed  governor. 

*  *  Chile.    Santiago  de  Chile  founded. 
June  26.  Peru.  Pizarro  is  assassinated 

at  Lima. 

1542  June  *  Can.  Cartier  returns  with 
his  ships  to  France. 

N.  F.    Sieur   de    Roberval    builds    a 

fort,  which  is  soon  abandoned. 

*  •-43  *  *  Can.  Roberval,  with  a  fresh 
colony,  consisting  chiefly  of  criminals, 
passes  the  winter  [near  the  present  site 
of  Quebec],  and  then  returns  to  France. 

Sept.  *  Peru.  Almagro  the  lad,  being  de- 
feated in  battle,  is  beheaded  by  Castro, 
the  royal  judge  at  Cuzco. 

*  *  Arg.  Rep.  A  new  colony  reestablishes 
Buenos  Ayres. 

*  *  Peru.  The  **K"ew  Laws"  enacted 
by  Charles  V.  to  restrain  the  oppression 
of  the  natives.     [Civil  war  follows.] 

*  *  A  court  of  chancery  and  royal 
audiencia,  with  authority  over  Guate- 
mala and  Honduras,  are  established. 

1543  Feb.  3.  Arg.  Rep.  Hostile  In- 
dians again  break  up  the  settlement  at 
Buenos  Ayres. 

*  *  Peru.  Blasco  Nunez  de  Vela  is  sent 
out  as  viceroy  to  enforce  the  "  New 
Laws." 

1544  Sept.  3.  Chile.  Valparaiso  is 
founded  by  Pedro  de  Valdivia. 

*  *  Peru.  Arrival  of  Vela  as  viceroy  ;  he 
is  charged  to  enforce  the  "  New  Laws," 
aiming  at  the  abolition  of  slavery  and 
the  protection  of  the  natives. 

Oct.  28.  Peru.  Gonzalo  Pizarro  rebels 
against  the  violence  of  the  viceroy  and 
the  "  New  Laws." 

1545  *  *  Bolivia.  The  mines  of  Potosi 
are  claimed  by  Spain. 

Oct.  20.  Peru.  The* 'New  Laws  "are 
revoked. 

*  *  -20  *  *  Venez.  Spaniards  found  To- 
cuyo. 

1546  Jan.  18.  Peru.  Gonzalo,  having 
defeated  and  killed  the  viceroy  in  battle, 
becomes  the  master  of  Peru. 


July  *  Peru.    Gonzalo  enters  Lima. 

*  *  -49  *  *  Fla.  Luis  de  Barbastro  leads 
a  party  of  Dominican  friars  in  an  at- 
tempt to  form  a  settlement ;  the  Span- 
iards are  massacred  by  the  Indians. 

1547  June  13.  Peru.  After  repealing 
part  of  the  "New  Laws,"  Pedro  de  la 
Gasca  succeeds,  as  viceroy,  in  securing 
pacification  and  organization. 

*  *  Ft.    Henry  H.  is  enthroned. 

*  *  Eng.    Edward  VL  is  enthroned. 

1548  Apr.  9.  Peru.  Gasca  receives  the 
submission  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro. 

*  *  Brazil  becomes  important,  and  at- 
tracts the  attention  of  the  mother  state. 

*  *  Eng.  First  act  of  Parliament  relat- 
ing to  America  is  one  concerning  the 
fisheries  of  Newfoundland. 

*  *  Peru.  The  Spanish  crown  assumes 
the  government  of  the  comitry. 

1549  Apr.  *  Brazil.  Thome  de  Souza 
arrives  at  San  Salvador  (Bahia)  to  estab- 
lish a  city  and  as  the  first  captain-general. 

He  brings  220  persons  in  the  king's  pay, 
and  300  free  colojiists  and  400  convicts. 

*  *  Can.  Roberval  again  attempts  to 
colonize  Canada. 

*  *  Brazil.  The  languishing  Portuguese 
colonies  become  prosperous  by  the  dis- 
covery of  gold. 

1550  Jan.*  /*er«.  Gascasails  forSpain. 

*  *  Cuba.  The  seat  of  Spanish  govern- 
ment in  the  West  Indies  is  removed  from 
Santiago  de  Cuba  to  Havana. 

*  *  Iceland.  Bishop  Jon  Aaronson  fails 
to  achieve  the  independence  of  Ice- 
land, and  is  executed  by  the  Danes. 
All  power  is  removed,  and  exercised  by 
a  foreign  government. 

*  *  Per^u  is  imder  the  rule  of  the  royal 
audiencia. 

*  *  Venez.  The  territory  is  erected  in- 
to the  cap  tain-gen  eralcy  of  Caracas  by 
the  Spaniards. 

1551  Sept.  23.  Peru.  Don  Antonio  de 
Mendoza,  the  second  viceroy,  arrives. 

*  *  Peru.  An  insurrection  against  the 
judges  is  led  by  Francisco  Hernandez 
Giron. 

1552  *  *  Venez.  Barquisimeto  is  founded. 

1553  *  *  Brazil.  Duarte  da  Costa  arrives, 
and  assumes  the  captain-generalcy. 

*  *  Peru.    The  Inca  Sayri  Tupac  reigns. 

1554  Dec.  6.  Peru.  Giron,  the  rebel, 
is  executed. 

Mar.  30.  Peru.  Alonzo  de  Alvarado 
enters  Cuzco. 

1555  July  6.  Peru.  The  third  viceroy, 
Don  Andrez  Hurdato  de  Mendoza,  enters 
Lima,    [lie  soon  stamps  out  anarchy.] 

*  *  Peru.  The  Inca  Manco,  with  his  family 
and  nobles,  is  put  to  death  by  the  Span- 
iards, and  his  son,  Sayri  Tupac,  is  his 
successor. 

*  *  Brazil.  CoUgni  sends  a  Protestant 
colony  from  France  under  Nicolas  de 
Villegagnon,  in  two  ships,  to  the  Bay  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro. 

1556*  *  Peru.  Mendoza  is  the  first  vice- 
roy to  establish  a  secure  government. 

*  *  Sp.    Philip  II.  is  enthroned. 


1557  *  *  Perti.  Hurdato  de  Mendoza  be- 
comes viceroy  in  Chile. 

*  *  Brazil.  Large  reenforcements  of  colo- 
nists arnve  from  France  and  Geneva. 

Villegagnon,  having  joined  the  Cath- 
olics and  become  oppressive,  many  colo- 
nists leave  Kio  and  return  to  France. 

*  *  P<yri.    Sebastian  is  enthroned. 

1558  *  *  Brazil.  Mem  de  Sa  is  sent  out 
as  captain-general  by  Portugal. 

The  Portuguese  murder  some  of  the 
French  colonists  at  Rio  Janeiro. 
Jan.  6.    Peru.    The  Inca  Sayri  Tupac  and 
his  people  return  from  the  mountains  to 
Lima. 

*  *  Venez.  The  last  Spanish  expedition 
to  Carolina  fails  to  settle. 

*  *  Eng.    Elizabeth  is  enthroned. 

1559  Aug.  14.  Mex.  The  expedition 
of  Don  Tristan  de  Luna,  with  an  army 
of  1,500  men,  and  a  colony  including 
women  and  children  and  many  friars, 
leaves  Vera  Cruz  for  the  conquest  and 
settlement  of  Florida.  [It  is  wrecked 
on  its  coast.] 

*  '^  Arg.  Rep.  Mendoza  crosses  the  Andes 
from  Chile,  and  founds  Mendoza. 

*  *  Fr.   Francis  H.  is  enthroned. 

*  ♦  Venez.     The  audiencia  in  Caracas. 

1560  *  *  Brazil.  Coligni's  Protestant 
colony  at  Kio  is  entirely  broken  up 
by  the  Portuguese. 

*  *  Peru.  Reign  of  the  Inca  Titu  Cusi 
Yupanqui. 

*  *  Fr.    Charles  IX.  is  enthroned. 
1561*  *  Peru.  The  fourth  viceroy,  Cond6 

de  Nieva,  arrives. 

1562  Feb.  18.  Fr.  Admiral  Coligni 
despatches  a  squadron  with  colonists 
under  Jean  Ribault,  for  Florida;  it  is 
his  second  [unsuccessful]  attempt  to 
found  a  Huguenot  colony. 

May  *  .*?.  C.  Ribault  forms  a  French  set- 
tlement at  Port  Royal ;  Fort  Charles  is 
erected. 

July  *  S.  C.  Ribault  leaves  his  colony, 
and  sails  for  France. 

*  *  Chile.  Rodrigo  de  Quiroza  is  governor. 

*  *  Peru.  The  second  Council  of  Lima  is 
formed. 

*  *  Mex.  Yucatan  is  separated  from  Mex- 
ico. 

1563  Spring.  S.  C.  The  French  at  Port 
Royal  become  discouraged,  and  sail 
for  France  in  a  rude  brigantine  of  their 
own  construction.  They  are  rescued 
from  famine  by  an  English  vessel. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1540  *  *  Honduras  has  large  and  flour- 
ishing cities. 

*  *  Costa  Rica.  The  colony  is  renamed 
New  Carthage. 

1549*  *  Brazil.  The  discovery  of  gold 

attracts  emigrants  to  Bahia. 
1555  *  *  Peru.    Wheat  ia  first  reaped  In 

the  valley  of  Caiiete  by  a  lady  named 

Maria  de  Escobar. 


24     1564,  June  25-1598. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY —  NAVY. 

1565  Aug.  28.  Fla.  Pedro  Menen- 
dez,  a  ferocious  Spaniard,  arrives  with  an 
expedition  to  extirpate  the  HuguenotB 
and  colonize  the  country. 

Sept.  4.  S.C.  The  fleet  of  Meneudez  ap- 
pears at  Tort  Royal ;  but  he  [retires  for  a 
time  and  begins  to  build  St.  Augustine]. 

Sept.  10.  a.  C.  The  French  sail  from 
Port  Royal  to  capture  St,  Augustine. 
[They  are  dispersed  by  a  gale  the  next 
day,] 

Sept.  17.  Fla.  Menendez  assumes  the 
offensive,  and  starts  overland  for  Port 
Kovfil  with  500  men. 

Sept.  20.  S.  C.  Menendez  storms  Fort 
Carolina,  and  slaughters  142  men,  wo- 
men, and  children  who  are  taken  with  it. 
Only  a  few  persons  are  spared.  "  I  do 
this  not  as  to  Frenchmen,  but  m.-j  to 
Lutherans." 

Sept.  28.  Ffa.  Menendez  murders  in 
cold  blood  200  of  the  French,  who, 
having  been  shipwrecked,  vainly  appeal 
to  his  clemency, 

Sept.  30>.  .S\  C  Menendez tindVi another 
party  of  150  French,  who  surrender  on 
the  promise  of  safety;  he  then  butchers 
them.     [Philip  II.  commends  his  zeal.] 

*  *  Fla.  Castle  of  St.  Augustine  con- 
structed by  the  Spaniards. 

1567  Apr.  *  Fla.  Dominic  de  Gour- 
grues  appears  on  the  St.  Johns  River 
with  three  ships  fitted  out  for  ven- 
geance against  the  murderers  of  the 
French  Colony.  He  successively  sur- 
prises three  forts  on  the  St.  Johns 
River,  and  hangs  the  leaders  with  this 
inscription  affixed  :  *'  Not  Spaniartts, 
but  liars  and  murderers." 

1570  *  ♦  -88  *  •  Great  struggle  be- 
tween England  and  Spain  for  naval 
supremacy  of  the  world. 

1572*  *  A/ex.,  etc,  Francis  Drake 
makes  his  first  niarauding  voyage  to 
South  America,  in  which  he  attacks  the 
Spanish  settlements  at  Nombre  deDios, 
Carthagena,  etc. 

1585  *  •  Fla.  The  Spaniards  are  plun- 
dered by  the  English  under  Drake. 

1586  *  *  Brazil.  The  Spanish  colony  at 
Bahia  is  plundered  by  the  English 
under  Witherington. 

*  •  jr.  /.  Admiral  Drake  sacks  Porto 
Bello,  Panama,  St.  Domingo,  and  Car- 
thagena. 

1588*  *  En(j.     (Jreatstruggleof England 

with  the  **  Invincible  Armada**  —the 

Koanoko  colonists  are  overlooked  and 

perish. 
1591  *  *  Brazil.    Tlie  Spanish  colony  of 

St.  Vincent  is  burned  by  the  Knglisb 

under  Cavendish. 
1595  ♦  *  Brazil.      James    Lancaster,    an 

English  buccaneer,  captures  Pemam- 

buco  from  the  Spaniards. 
1595  •  *  Porto  Rico  repulses  the  attacks 

of  Admirals  Drake  and  Hawkins. 

*  *  Brazil.    The   Spanish    colony  of 
Olinda  is  taken  by  Lancaster. 

*  *  W.  t.    Sir    Walter  Raleigh   takes 
Trinidad  from  the  Spaniards. 


1598  *  *  Can.  The  Marquis  de  la 
Koche  obtains  from  the  King  of  France 
a  commission  to  conquer  New  France. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1570  *  *  Chile.  An  earthquake  de- 
stroys 2,000  lives  at  Concepcion. 

1577  May*  Can.  Martin Frobisher, an 
English  navigator,  approaches  Meta  In- 
cog:nita  in  the  extreme  northwest,  and 
thinks  it  a  part  of  Asia. 

1578  Spring.  Eng.  A  "  mineral  man  " 
of  London  pronounces  a  stone  brought 
from  Meta  Incognita  to  be  gold,  and  fif- 
teen vessels  sail  with  gold-seekers. 
[They  return  with  worthless  cargoes. 1 

1585  *  •  N.C.  The  English  colonists  for 
the  first  time  see  the  com,  the  sweet 
potato,  and  the  tobacco  plant. 

1586  June  9.  Pemi.  A  great  earth- 
quake at  Lima. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1S66    Sp.     Caaas,    Bartolome,    de     Las 

(Miss.),  dies. 
1568±  Afer.      Ixtlilxochitl,  Fernando  de  AI 

va,  historian,  born. 
1 578    Sp.    Pizarro,    Fernando,    conqueror, 

age  104  i. 

CHURCH. 
1566  *  *  it.  St.  Pius  V.  is  elected  pope. 

*  *  Peril.    Arrival  of  the  Jesuits. 

*  *  Brazil.  John  Boles,  a  Huguenot  mis- 
sionary, is  put  to  death  by  the  Portu- 
guese after  an  imprisonment  of  eight 
yeare,  in  order  to  terrify  his  coimtry- 
men. 

1571  *  *  Mex.  The  Inquisition  estab- 
lished. 

1572  Aug.  24.  Fr.  Massacre  of  St. 
Bartholomew.  [It  quickens  the  spirit 
of  emigration  among  the  Huguenots.] 

*  * /(.    Gregory  XII.  is  elected  pope. 

*  *  Afex.    Jesuit  missionaries  arrive. 

1573  Nov.  19.  Peru.  First  auto  da 
fe  at  Lima. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  first  successful  mission 
to  the  Indians  is  planted  at  St.  Augus- 
tine by  Spanish  Franciscans. 

*  *  Mex.  A  gothic  cathedral  is  built 
on  the  sight  of  the  ancient  temple  at 
Mexico. 

1574*  *  Mex.     First    auto   da    fe    in 

Mexico. 
1578  *  *  Can.     Master  Wolfall,  an  Plng- 

lishman,  celebrates  a  communion  on 

the  shores  of  Frobisher's  Strait,  the  first 

recorded  in  America. 
1581  *  *  Peru.        Archbishop      Torebio 

reaches  Lima. 

*  » -1776  •  •  Peru  suffers  from  the  In- 
quisition. [50  Europeans  are  burned, 
and  29  "  autos  "  occur  at  Lima.] 

1585  *  *  It.    Sixtus  V.  is  elected  pope. 

1586  *  *  Paratfunif.  Jesuits  establish 
their  famous  mission. 

1590*  * //.  Urban  VII..  later  Greg- 
ory XIV.,  is  elected  pope. 

1591  *  ♦  It.  Innocent  IX,  is  elected 
pope. 

1592  *  *  //.  Clement  VHI.  is  elected 
pope. 


1597  *  *  U.  S.  Franciscan  monks  estab- 
lish the  second  successful  mission  In 
New  Mexico. 

DISCOVERY  —  EXPLORATION, 
1573  *  *  Ta.     Pedro  Menendez  Mar- 
quez    coasts    northward   from   Florida, 
and  enters  the  Chesapeake  Bay. 

1576  June  *  -Aug.  ♦  Can.  Martin  Fro- 
bisher sails  from  England  on  his  first 
voyage  to  find  a  northwest  passage; 
he  discovers  Frobisher's  Strait  and 
Meta  Incognita. 

1577  May* -Sept.*  Can.  Second  voy- 
age of  Frobisher  in  the  northwest; 
his  ship  is  loaded  with  worthless  sand, 
which  is  supposed  to  be  gold. 

1578  May  * -Sept.  *  Tail.  Third  voy- 
age of  Frobisher,  having  a  fleet  of  16 
sail  and  100  colonists. 

•  *  Unsuccessful  voyage  of  Sir  Hum- 
phrey Gilbert.  He  takes  possession  of 
Newfoundland  for  England,  but  plants 
no  colony. 

1579  *  *  Cal.  Sir  Francis  Drake  traces 
the  western  coast  of  America  as  far 
north  as  New  Albion  (Oregon),  seeking  a 
strait  connecting  the  two  oceans. 

lbSO**N.Mex.  Augustin  Ruys, 
a  Spanish  missionary,  discovers  New 
Mexico. 

1583  *  *  Newfoimdland  visited  by  Sir 
Humphrey  Gilbert. 

1584  July  13.  K.  C.  Sir  Walter  Ra- 
leigh's expedition  lands  on  the  Island 
of  Wocokon,  and  takes  possession,  nam- 
ing it  Virginia  after  the  Virgin  Queen. 

'  ♦  Can.    Gasca  discovers  Davis*s  Strait. 
John  Davis  explores  Davis's  Strait 
to  06°  40',  visits  Gilbert  Sound  and  Cum- 
berland Strait. 

1586  *  *  Can.  Davis  makes  his  second 
voyage,  and  visits  Labrador. 

1587  *  *  Can.  Davis  discovers  the  Cum- 
berland Islands,  London  coast,  Lumley's 
Inlet  (Frobisher*s  Strait),  on  his  third 
voyage. 

1592  *  *  Davis  discovers  the  Falkland 
Islands. 

•  *  Can.  Spaniards,  under  Juna  de 
Fuca,  visit  the  northwest  coast  of  the 
American  Continent.  (?) 

1504  *  *  "Willem  Barentz  explores 
Nova  Zembla. 

1595  *  *  Ouiana.  Sir  "Walter  Raleigh 
explores  the  coast,  and  ascends  the  Ori- 
noco 400  miles  from  its  mouth. 

LETTERS. 

1598  *  *  Peru.    The  University  of  San 

Antonio  Abad  is  founded  at  Cuzco. 

SOCIETY. 
1565  Sept.  20.  Fla.  Pedro  Menendez 
massacres  the  Huguenots  on  the 
St.  Johns  River,  sparing  neither  men, 
women,  nor  children  —  except  a  few 
reserved  as  slaves. 

•  *  Fr.  Great  resentment  against  the 
Spaniards  because  of  the  massacre  of 
the  Huguenots  in  Florida. 


AMERICA. 


1564,  June  25-1598,       25 


1565  *  *  Fta.  Part  of  the  Frencli  colony 
on  the  St.  Johns  River  embark  on  a 
piratical  expedition  against  the  Span- 
iards. 

1567  *  *  ^la-  Dominic  de  Gonrgues, 
with  150  men,  comes  from  France,  and 
avenges  the  Hug:uenots  by  hanging  200 
Spaniards  on  trees. 

STATE. 

1564  June  25.  Fla.  A  French  expe- 
dition, sent  out  by  Coligni  and  led  by 
Ken*^  de  Laudonnifere,  arrives  at  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  Johns  River,  and  builds 
Fort  Carolina. 

Dec.  *  Fla.  Some  of  the  French  colonists 
depart,  ostensibly  for  France,  but  en- 
gage in  piracy  against  Spain. 

*  ^-69*  *  Peru.  Lope  Garcia  de  Castro 
rules  only  as  governor. 

1565  Aug.*  S.C.  SirJohnHawkins, 
the  slave  merchant,  relieves  the  needs  of 
the  colony  at  Port  Royal. 

Aug.  28.  Fla.  Jean  Ribault  arrives  at 
the  French  otilony  with  300  men  and  am- 
ple supplies. 

Fla.    Pedro  Menendez,  the  agent 

of  Philip  II.,  arrives  in  Florida,  with  a 
commission  to  exterminate  the  Prot- 
estants and  establi.sli  a  colony. 

Sept.  8.  Fla.  St.  Augustine  is  founded 
by  Pedro  Menendez. 

It  is  the  first  permanent  European 
settlement  in  [the  existing  Unitetl 
States  of]  North  America.  He  comes 
to  conquer  and  colonize,  and  brings  2,500 
persons  with  him.  [The  period  of  Span- 
ish discovery  and  adventure  in  the  New 
World  practically  ends.] 

Sept.  20i:.  Fla.  Menendez  annihilates 
the  Huguenot  colony  on  the  St.  Johns 
Biver.    (See  Society.) 

Arg.  Rep.    Spaniards  cross  from  Peru 

and  found  Tucuman. 

*  *  Chile  is  under  the  royal  audiencia. 

1567  *  *  Brazil.  The  Portuguese,  having 
broken  up  the  French  settlement  at  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  now  foimd  a  colony  there, 
and  name  it  San  Salvador. 

*  *  Can.  The  French,  having  failed 
with  two  colonies,  abandon  the  colo- 
nization of  the  southern  coast,  and 
turn  northward.  The  Marquis  de  la 
Roche  obtains  a  commission  to  establish 
a  colony  on  the  St.  Lawrence.  [A  colony 
of  criminals  is  sent  out  and  fails.] 

*  *  Venez.  Caracas  is  founded  by  the 
Dutch. 

*  *  Brazil.    Sebastian  is  founded. 

1568  May  *  S.  C.  Having  driven  out 
the  French,  the  Spaniards  hold  the 
country. 

*  *  Chile.  The  audiencia  established  at 
Santiago. 

1569  Nov.  26.  Peru.  Don  Francisco 
de  Toledo  enters  Lima  as  viceroy, 

1570  *  *  Arg.  Rep.  Spain  cripples  the 
colonists  by  restricting  navigation 
and  commerce. 

*  *  *  England  and  Spain  contest  the 
maritime  supremacy  of  the  world. 


1571*  *  Pent.  Inca  Tupac  Amaru  reigns. 
The  viceroy  unjustly  beheads  Tupac 
Amnru,  the  last  of  the  Xnoas,  on  the 
square  of  Cuzco. 

1572  *  *  Brazil.  An  attempt  is  made  to 
divide  the  colony. 

*  *  Va.  The  colony  of  Pedro  Menendez 
lands  on  the  banks  of  the  Potomac. 

1573  *  *  Arg.  Rep.  Spaniards  from  Peru 
found  Cordova. 

Don  Juan  de  Garay  leads  an  expedition 
to  found  Santa  Fe. 

*  *  Costa  Rica,  New  Carthage  receives  its 
third  governor  from  Madrid,  and  the 
colony  is  well  established. 

1574  •  *  Fr,    Henry  UI.  is  enthroned. 

*  *  Brazil.    The  colony  is  divided. 
1577  *  *  Brazil.    Many  of  the  Protestant 

colonists  return  to  France. 
1578*  *  Greenland.    Frobisher    takes 
possession  of  the  west  coast  in  the  name 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  calls  it  West 
England. 

*  *  Brazil.  Diego  Laurenco  da  Veiga  is 
appointed  governor-general  of  the  flour- 
ishing colonies. 

Brazil  becomes  an  appendage  of 
Spain,  and  is  again  imited  under  (me 
government. 
Nov.  19.  Eng.  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert's 
first  expedition  sails  to  found  a  colony 
in  America. 

*  *  Port.  Henry  "the  Cardinal  "ifl  en- 
throned. 

1579  May  *  Eng.  Gilbert's  unsuccess- 
ful expediticin  returns  from  Newfomid- 
land. 

1580  June  11.  Arg.  Rep.  Another 
Spanish  expedition  under  Garay  recolo- 
nizes  Ituenos  Ayres  and  prospers. 

*  *  Guiana.  The  Dutch  begin  a  settle- 
ment on  the  coast. 

*  *  Port.    Anthony  is  enthroned. 

*  *  -1640  ♦  *  Portugal  and  her  colo- 
nies are  under  the  dominion  of 
Spain. 

1581  *  *  Hoi.  The  republic  of  the  United 
Netherlands  is  established. 

*  *  Peru.   Don  Martin  Henriquez  becomes 
viceroy. 

1582*  *  New  Mex.  Santa  F(S  is  visited 
by  De  Espejio. 

*  *  Peru.     Second  council  of  Lima. 

1583  June  *  N.  F.  An  expedition  of 
genuine  colonists,  led  by  Sir  Hum- 
phrey Gilbert,  and  patronized  by  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  sails  for  America.  [It 
utterly  fails.] 

Aug.  5.  Nciv/ountlland.  Gilbert  lands  at 
St.  Johns,  and  takes  possession  of  the 
island  in  the  name  of  his  queen. 

Aug.  27 .  (i  i  Ibert's  largest  ship  is  wrecked 
through  carelessness,  and  100  perish  ;  the 
survivors  return  to  England. 

*  *  Chile.    Sotomayor  is  governor. 

1584  *  *  Sir  Walter  Baleigh  receives 
his  first  patent. 

July  13.  N.  C.  An  exploring  expedition 
is  sent  out  by  Raleigh,  which  lands  on 
Hoanoke  Island,  and  takes  possession 
of  the  country  in  the  name  of  the  virgin 
queen,  and  calls  it  Virginia. 


1585  Apr.  Fug.  Raleigh  sends  out  his 
first  colony  of  llOpersonsunderGren- 
Tille.  Many  persons  are  eager  to  sail  for 
America. 

June  26.  N.  C.  Raleigh's  colony  ar- 
rives at  Koanoke  Island  and  is  left 
in  charge  of  Ralph  Lane.  It  is  the  first 
English  settlement  in  the  New  World. 

Aug.  25.  N.  C.  Grenville  sails  for  Eng- 
land. 

*  *  Arg.  Rep.  Buenos  Ayres  advances  in 
prosperity. 

*  *  GuiaTia  is  visited  by  Raleigh. 

1586  Jxme  19.  iV.  C.  The  English  in 
less  than  a  year  abandon  the  settlement 
on  Roanoke  Island  and  leave  with  Sir 
Francis  Drake.  They  carry  back  tobac- 
co and  the  potato.  [A  supply-ship  ar- 
rives a  few  days  later  and  departs.] 

July  ♦  N.  C.  Fifteen  days  later,  Gren- 
ville also  arrives  at  Roanoke  with  sup- 
plies, and  leaves  15  men  to  hold  possession 
of  the  country.    [Their  fate  is  unknown.] 

1587  July*  N.  C.  Raleigh's  second 
colonizing  expedition  of  117  men  and 
women,  under  Captain  John  White,  ar- 
rives at  Roanoke,  but  finding  no  colony 
it  returns. 

*  *  Guiana.  The  Spaniards  found  St. 
Thomas  Island. 

1589  Mar.  7.  Fng.  Raleigh  sells  his 
proprietary  rights  to  a  company  of 
merchants. 

*  *  Fr.    Henry  IV.  is  enthroned. 

1590  Aug.  17.  Gov.  John  White  re- 
turns to  the  Roanoke  settlement,  and 
finds  '*  it  desert,  tenantless,  and  silent." 

*  *  Peru,    llerdatode  Mendoza  is  viceroy. 
1592  *  *  Peru.    Martin   Gracia  Onez  de 

Loyola  is  viceroy. 

1594  *  *  Brazil.  French  Catholics  estab- 
lish a  colony  on  the  Island  of  Maranhao. 

1595*  *  Venez.  Haleigh  visits  Guiana, 
and  jiscends  the  Orinoco  River  400  miles, 
in  quest  of  the  £1  Dorado. 

1597  *  *  Arg.  Rep.  Buenos  Ayres  is 
linnly  established. 

1598  *  *  Can.  The  Marquis  de  la  Roche 
secures  a  patent  for  a  colony  in  New 
France  (Nova  Scotia)  from  Henry  IV. 

La  Roche  establishes  a  colony,  chiefly 
taken  from  the  prisons  of  France,  on 
Sable  Islaml. 

*  *  Sp.    Philip  m,  is  enthroned. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1583  Sept.  *  Wreck  of  Sir  Humphrey 
(jilbert's  ship ;  all  perish. 

1584  i  *  *  Privateering  and  coloniza- 
tion go  hand  in  hand.  Sir  Ricliard 
Grenville,  on  his  return  voyage,  takes  a 
Spanish  merchantman. 

By  a  process  scarcely  differing  from 
piracy,  and  witli  little  regard  for  the 
law  of  nations,  great  wealth  was  speed- 
ily acquired  by  many  English  adven- 
turers. 
1587.  Aug.  18.  ^.  r.  Virginia  Dare, 
the  first  cliild  of  English  parentage, 
is  born  at  Roanoke. 


26 


1600-1609. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1603  *  *  Uruf/iiaij.  The  Charruas  Indi- 
ans defeat  the  Spaniards  in  a  pitched 
battle. 

1607**  Fa.  John  Smith  is  taken  pris- 
oner by  the  Indians,  and  condemned  to 
death ;  but  is  set  at  liberty  after  a  cap- 
tivity of  seven  weeks. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
EXPLORATION. 

1602  May  14.  Mass.  Arrival  of  Bar- 
tholomew Gosnold,  who  is  the  first  to 
sail  directly  across  the  Atlantic,  from 
the  Azores,  instead  of  by  the  Canary  Is- 
land route. 

]SiXay  15.  Mass.  Gosnold  visits  Cape 
Cod. 

*  *  Fa.  Voyage  of  Samuel  Mace  to  Vir- 
ginia. 

*  *  JF.  I.  Port  Royal,  Jamaica,  is  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthquake. 

1603  Apr.  10,  Eng.  Martin  Pring 
sails  on  a  voyage  of  commerce  and  ex- 
ploration to  New  England  [where  he 
enters  Plymouth  Harbor]. 

*  *  Can.  Samuel  Champlain  is  commis- 
sioned by  a  company  of  French  mer- 
chants of  Rouen  to  explore  the  country 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  establish  a 
trading-post. 

1605  May  17+.  Me.  George  "Wey- 
mouth of  England  explores  part  of  the 
coast  and  some  of  the  rivers. 

1607  May*  Eng.  Henry  Hudson 
starts  on  his  first  voyage,  instructed  to 
sail  northwest  and  directly  across  the 
pole. 

May  *  Va,  Newport  and  twenty  others 
return  to  Jamestown  after  exploring 
the  James  River  as  far  as  the  falls  [near 
Richmond]. 

*  *  Va.  Jamestown  colonists  send  an 
expedition  of  six  men  up  the  Chicka- 
hominy  River  expecting  to  find  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

1608  July  21.  Va.  John  Smith  re- 
turns to  Jamestown  from  the  first  ex- 
ploration of  the  Chesapeake  Bay  and  its 
tributaries. 

July  24.  Va.  Smith  sails  on  an  ex- 
ploring expedition  for  the  Susque- 
hanna River. 

Sept.  7.  Va.  Smith  returns  to  James- 
town, having  explored  3,000  miles  of 
coast. 

*  *  Eng.  Sir  Henry  Hudson  makes  a 
second  attempt  to  reach  India  by  a 
northwest  passage. 

*  *  Va.  Capt.  Newport  sails  up  the 
James  River  to  find  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

1609  Apr.  4.  IIol.  Sir  Henry  Hud- 
son sails  on  his  important  third  voyage, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Dutch  East 
India  Company. 

His  vessel  is  a  small  yacht  called  the 
Halve.  Monn,  having  a  crew  of  18  or  20 
men ;  the  icebergs  baffle  his  endeavors 
in  the  north,  and  he  follows  the  coast 
southward. 

July*  N.  Y.    Samuel  Champlain,  the 

French  navigator,  enters  the  lake  which 


bears  his  name,  and  is  the  first  white 
man  to  set  his  foot  on  the  soil  of  the 
Empire  State. 

Aug.  28.  K.  J.  Hudson  anchors  in 
Delaware  Bay.  [Soon  after  he  explores 
the  coast  of  New  Jersey.] 

Sept.  3.  N.  Y.  Hudson  anchors  in  the 
Lower  Bify  of  New  York,  behind  Sandy 
Hook,  and  is  refreshed  with  green  corn, 
wild  fruits,  and  oysters. 

Sept.  6.    N.  J.    Hudson  lands. 

Sept.  6.  N.  J.  Hudson  sounds  the  Nar- 
rows, and  passes  through  the  Kill  Van 
KuU  to  Newark  Bay. 

Sept.  9.  New  York.  Hudson  passes 
from  the  Lower  Bay  into  the  Narrows. 

Sept.  11.  N.  Y.  Hudson  enters  the 
Great  River  of  the  north  (Hudson). 

Sept.  14.    Hudson  visits  the  Highlands. 

Sept.  19.  N.  Y.  The  Halve  Moon  tarries 
[at  Kinderhook]  while  a  small  boat  as- 
cends the  river  [above  Albany]. 

Sept.  *  Hudson  abandons  the  pursuit  of 
a  northwest  passage  via  the  Hudson 
River. 

*  *  Va.  The  colonists  of  Jamestown  be- 
gin the  manufactiure  of  glass  beads, 
for  trafllc  with  the  Indians. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1600  (lorton,  Samuel,  pioneer,  born. 
Hopkins,  Edvvani.  Rovernor,  born, 
aiason,  -John,  cajitain,  born. 

1601  Coddington,  William,  founder  of  R.  I., 
born. 

1603    Stuyvesant.  Peter.  Gov.  of  N.Y.,  b. 

1603  liradstreet.  Simon,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  bom. 
+  Fenwick,  George,  proprietor  In  Conn.,  b. 

1604  Eliot,  John.  Apostle  to  Indians,  born. 

1606  Calvert,  Leonard,  Gov.  of  Md.,  born. 
Winthrop,  Jobn,  (;ov.  of  Conn.,  born. 

1607  Gosnold,  liartholomew,  colonizer,  d. 
Harvard,  John,  founder,  born. 

1609    Clarke,  Jobn,  lipptist  founder,  born. 
Clap,  Roger,  autlior,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1605  Aug.  19.  Me.  The  English  colo- 
nists at  St.  George,  an  island  [in  the 
Androscoggin  River],  all  leave  their 
ships  and  go  ashore,  where  they  have 
located  their  plantation,  and  listen  to  a 
sermon  by  their  preacher,  after  which 
the  laws  of  the  colony  are  read. 

*  *  Paraguay/.  A  second  band  of  Jesuit 
missionaries  — Cataldino,  Mazeta,  and 
Lorenzana  — begin  a  successful  work. 

*  *  It.    Leo  XI.  and  later  Paul  V.,  pope. 

1606  Apr.  10.  Va.  The  charter  is 
issued ;  it  makes  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land the  religion  of  the  colony,  and  all 
the  people  taxable  for  its  support ;  the 
aborigines  are  to  be  converted  to  Chris- 
tianity if  possible. 

1607  Jime  21.  Va.  The  Holy  Sac- 
rament is  administered  in  a  chapel 
having  sail-cloth "  for  a  covering,  rails 
for  walls,  and  logs  for  benches ;  Rev, 
R.  Hunt,  minister  at  Jamestown. 

*  *  Me.  Rev.  Richard  Seymour  accom- 
panies a  colony,  for  the  service  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 

*  *  li.  I.  A  Baptist  Church  (according 
to  some  authorities)  formed  at  Tiverton. 


1608*  *Eng,    Rev.    John    Robinson 

and  other  Puritans  thrown  into  jail  for 
dissenting,  when  about  to  flee  from  Eng- 
land. 

*  *  Paraffuay-  Jesuits  are  zealous  in 
civilizing  natives. 

*  *  Hoi.  Part  of  the  fleeing  Puritans- 
reach  HoUand. 

1609  *  *  Mass.  "William  Brewster  is 
chosen  eUler  of  the  Plymouth  colony,. 
and  becomes  a  religious  leader. 

*  *  *  Can.  The  Jesuit  missionaries 
commence  the  work  of  converting  the 
Indian  tribes,  and  exhibit  unparalleled 
fortitude  and  great  perseverance. 

LETTERS. 

1608  *  *  The  True  Jielatkm-,  by  Captain 
John  Smith,  is  printed  in  London. 

*  *  Va.  Smith  sends  to  England  his  com- 
pleted Map  of  the  Chesapeake  Hay, 

SOCIETY. 

1606  Apr.  *  The  London  Company  is 
required  by  a  clause  in  its  patent  to 
hold  all  property  of  its  settlement  in 
common  for  the  first  five  years. 

1607*  *  Va.  The  colony  at  Jamestown 
consists  of  12  laborers,  10  or  12  mechan- 
ics, and  48  gentlemen,  and  no  women. 

*  *  Va.  Suspicion,  dissension,  and  ras- 
cality prevail  among  the  colonists. 

Dec.  *  Va.  Capt.  John  Smith  is  tnken 
prisoner  by  the  Indians,  and  sentenced 
to  die,  but  liis  life  is  spared  by  the  in- 
tercession of  Pocahontas,  daughter  of 
Powliatan. 

1608*  *  Va.  A  conspiracy  is  formed  to 
kill  John  Smith,  and  abandon  the  colony. 

*  *  Va.  Gov.  John  Smith's  first  law: 
"  He  who  would  not  work  should  not 
eat ;  "  the  second,  "  Each  man  for  six 
days  in  the  week  should  work  six  hours 
each  day." 

Apr.  *  Va.  Capt.  Newport  arrives  with 
a  company  of  34  gentlemen  and  an  as- 
sortment of  gold  hunters,  adventur- 
ers, and  vagabonds. 

1609  *  *  -10  Jflnter.  Va.  Vicious- 
ness  and  profligacy  on  the  part  of  the 
greater  number  of  the  colonists  bring^ 
about  dearth  ;  only  GO  persons  out  of  490- 
survive  till  spring. 

*  *  Va.  Thirty  colonists  seize  one  of 
the  vessels  and  sail  away  as  pirates ; 
riot  and  idleness  prevail,  domestic  ani- 
mals are  killed,  and  firearms  traded 
away. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

*  *  *The  Cherokee,  Catawba,  and 
Tuscarora  Indians  hold  the  Southern 
mountain  country,  and  approach  within 
about  100  miles  of  the  Atlantic  coast. 

*  *  *  The  Dakotas  are  in  the  great  West 
and  Northwest ;  the  Mobilians  are  in 
the  South. 

*  *  *  Tlie  Seminoles  are  in  the  Florida 
peninsula ;  the  Shoshones  between  the 
Rio  Grande  and  lower  Mississippi,  and 
in  the  Great  Salt  Lake  region  and  north- 
ward ;  the  Comanches  are  east  of  th& 
Rio  Grande  and    near  the  Sluishones;. 


AMERICA. 


1600-1609. 


27 


the  Klainatha  are  along  the  Pacific 
slope  south  of  the  Columbia  Kiver ;  the 
Galifornians  are  south  of  the  Kla- 
maths  ;  and  the  Athapascans,  between 
the  Colorado  Kiver  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

*  •  *  North  American  Indian  tribes  are 
governed  by  a  chief  and  council  who 
are  elective.  Captive  warriors  are 
treated  with  great  cruelty ;  women, 
boys,  and  girls  are  made  slaves. 

*  *  *  The  Huron  family  of  Indian  tribes 
dwell  north  of  Lake  Erie  and  Lake 
Ontario. 

*  *  *  The  great  Algonkian  family  rule 
both  forest  and  prairie,  extending  along 
the  Atlantic  seaboard  from  the  St.  Law- 
rence to  Cape  Uatteras,  and  along  the 
Ohio  Eiver  westward  to  the  Mississippi, 
and  northward  to  Lakes  Superior  and 
Huron. 

The  powerful  Iroquois  Indian  fam- 
ily, including  many  tribes,  extend  south 
of  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario  and  the  St. 
Lawrence  River  for  one  or  two  hundred 
miles,  and  to  the  east  as  far  as  Lake 
Champlain. 

1602  *  •  Arg.  Hep.  Spain  permits  col- 
onists to  export  two  ship-loads  of  pro- 
duce each  year  with  50  per  cent  customs 
duties. 

*  *  Holl.  The  Dutch  Bast  India  Com- 
pany is  for.med. 

*  *  Mass.  The  first  New  England  set- 
tlement is  made  on  an  island  in  Buz- 
zard's Bay,  by  Bartholomew  Gosnold,  for 
the  Association  of  London  Merchants. 
[It  is  short-lived.] 

1603  Mar.  24.  Eng.  James  I.  en- 
throned. 

Apr.  *  Me.  Martin  Pring  leads  an  Eng- 
glish  expedition  to  the  coast.  [It  returns 
after  an  absence  of  six  months.] 

Nov.  *  Sieur  de  Monts,  a  French  Hu- 
guenot, receives  a  grant  of  the  coimtry 
from  one  degree  north  of  Montreal  to 
the  latitude  of  Philadelphia. 

1605.  Aug.  9.  il/e.  An  English  colony 
is  planted  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sagada- 
hoc (Androscoggin)  River,  on  an  island 
called  St.  George. 

Nov.  14.  N.  .S.  De  Monts  establishes 
the  first  French  settlement  in  the 
country  at  Port  Royal  (Annapolis)  in 
Acadia. 

*  •  Maine  is  visited  by  an  expedition 
under  George  Weymouth. 

*  *  N.  S.  Acadia  Is  the  only  active  set- 
tlement except  those  in  Central  and 
South  America,  after  100  years  of  explo- 
ration. 

1606  Apr.  10.  Great  Virginia.  The 
first  charter  is  granted. 

A  great  joint-stock  company  is  formed 
in  England  for  the  establishment  of  two 
colonies  in  America.  The  Londfin  or 
Virginia  Company,  having  jurisdiction 
from  34°  to  38°  north  latitiule,  and  the 
Plymouth  or  North  Virginia  Company, 
with  headquarters  at  Plymouth,  having 
jurisdiction  from  4,V  to  41°;  and  the  in- 
tervening territory  (38°  to  41°)  to  go  to  the 
company  establishing  the  flrst  self-sus- 
taining colony. 


A.^3g.*  Eng.    The  Plymouth  Company 

of  "  knights,  gentlemen,  and  merchants  " 
sends  out  its  pioneer  ship  for  explo- 
ration, and  it  is  taken  by  the  Spaniards. 

Autumn.  Eng.  The  second  ship  of  the 
Plymouth  Company  goes  out,  and  re- 
turns with  glowixig  accounts. 

Dec.  19.  Eng.  The  Ix>ndon  Company 
of  "  noblemen,  gentlemen,-  and  mer- 
chants" sends  out  three  ships.  A  Su- 
perior Council  in  England  and  an  In- 
ferior Council  in  America  are  to  manage 
its  affairs. 

»  *  » France  claims  all  the  territory- 
north  of  Florida  by  right  of  the  dis- 
coveries of  Verrazano. 

»  ♦  *  England  claims  the  territory  from 
the  Cape  Fear  in  North  Carolina  to  New- 
foundland, and  westward  indefinitely, 
by  the  discoveries  of  John  Cabot. 

*  *  Mass.  The  French  attempt  to  settle 
Cape  Cod,  but  are  driven  off  by  the  In- 
dians. 

1607  May*  Va.  John  Smith  is  placed 
in  confinement  during  the  latter  part  of 
the  voyage  to  Virginia,  on  the  absurd 
charge  of  designing  to  murder  the  Coun- 
cil, and  make  himself  its  monarch. 

May  13.  Va.  Commander  Newport  lands 
105  colonists  at  Jamestown,  on  the 
north  bank  of  the  James  River,  about 
32  miles  from  its  mouth. 

Only  12  are  laborers,  and  10  or  12  are 
mechanics,  while  48  are  gentlemen,  and 
there  are  no  women. 

*  *  -10  Spring.  N.  S.  Port  Boyal  is  de- 
serted. 

May  *  Va.  The  Inferior  Council  elect 
Edward  "Wlngfield  the  first  governor. 

*  *  Va.  John  Smith  is  at  first  jealously 
excluded  from  his  seat  in  the  Council. 

June  2.  Va.  Capt.  Newport  sails  for 
England,  leaving  the  colonists  in  a 
wretched  condition. 

Aug.  8.  Me.  The  second  English  Col- 
ony is  planted. 

George  Popham  and  Raleigh  Gilbert 
plant  120  colonists  in  a  fort  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Kennebec  River.  [It  is  abandoned 
the  next  year.] 

Aug.  *  Va.  General  sickness  at  James- 
town ;  only  five  men  able  to  do  sentinel 
duty. 

Sept.  10.  Va.  Gov.  Wingfleld  and  his 
confederate,  George  Kendall,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  governing  council,  are  detected 
in  embezzling  the  stores  of  the  colony. 
[They  are  impeached  and  deprived  of 
office.] 

Sept.  15.  Va.  One  half  of  the  colonists 
have  been  swept  away  by  disease. 

Sept.  *  Va.  John  Ratclifte  is  chosen 
president  of  the  council  and  governor 
of  the  colony.  [He  is  detected  in  an 
attempt  to  abandon  the  colony,  and  is 
deposed.] 

Deo.  *  *  Va.  Jamestown  improves  un- 
der the  management  of  John  Smith  ;  by 
strategy  com  is  secured  from  the  Indians 
for  winter. 

*  *  Va.  Only  two  of  the  seven  members 
of  the  council  remain,  Martin  and 
Smith;  Martin  elects  Smith,  not  yet 


30  years  old.  President  of  Virginia.  [He 
becomes  the  most  noted  man  in  the 
early  history  of  America.] 

■Winter.  Va.  Smith  is  held  in  captiv- 
ity by  the  Indians. 

1608  Jan.  *  Va.  Smith  returns  from 
captivity. 

Apr.  *  Va.  Newport  returns  to  James- 
town with  a  second  company,  con- 
sisting of  120  emigrants,  like  the  flrst, 
'*  vagabond  gentlemen,"  idlers,  and  gold- 
hunters  ;  only  38  remain  of  the  original 
105  colonists. 

Newport  sails  for  England  with  a  lot 
of  worthless  earth,  supposed  to  contain 
gold. 

July  3.  Can.  Champlain  returns  from 
France  to  New  France  with  a  colony 
sent  out  by  De  Monts,  and  lays  the  foun- 
dation of  Quebec. 

*  *  Va.  The  colonists  waste  the  planting 
season  in  eold-seeking. 

Autumn.  Va.  Arrival  of  20  colonists 
with  Capt.  Newport,  which  increases 
the  number  to  a  total  of  200  persons. 

Sept.  10±.  Va.  John  Smith  is  formally 
elected  President;  he  enforces  law; 
gold-hunting  becomes  unpopular,  and 
prosperity  increases. 

*  *  Va.  Smith,  Martin,  and  Newport 
constitute  the  Inferior  Council. 

1609  May  23.  Va.  A  second  charter 
is  issued,  having  enlarged  privileges. 

King  James  revokes  the  constitution 
without  consulting  the  wishes  of  the 
colonists,  and  grants  the  London  Com- 
pany a  new  cliarter,  extending  from 
Cape  Fear  to  Sanily  Hook,  and  westward 
to  the  Pacific. 

May  *  Eng.  Lord  Delaware  is  elected 
governor  of  A'irginia  for  life. 

He  is  the  first  one  elected  by  the  stock- 
holders of  the  London  (Jompany ;  Sir 
George  .Somers  is  admiral ;  .Sir  Thomas 
Dale  is  high  marshal;  Sir  Ferdinand 
Wainman  master  of  horse,  etc. 

Jwno*  Eng.  Many  noblemen  with  20 
women  and  children  sail  in  a  company 
of  500  emigrants  for  Virginia. 

One  vessel  is  wrecked,  and  one  run 
a.shore  in  the  Bermudas,  and  seven  ar- 
rive in  Jamestown.  The  governing 
commissioners  being  stranded  in  Ber- 
muda, John  Smith  continues  in  office, 
and  greets  the  worst  emigrants  yet  sent 
out. 

Sept.  15.  Va.  Smith  sails  for  England, 
to  recover  his  health. 

Sept.  *  Va.  Sir  George  Percy  governs 
Jamestown  as  Smith's  delegate ;  it  con- 
tains between  50  and  GO  houses. 

Winter.  Va.  The  450  colonists  suffer 
hunger  because  of  profligacy  and  ill 
government. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1604  *  *  Eng.  The  Muscovy  Company 
sends  the  flrst  English  ship  to  Green- 
land. 

1605  *  *  Me.  George  Weymouth  sails  on 
a  trading  expedition  for  furs  to  thfr 
coast  of  Maine. 

*  *  Va.  Captain  John  Smith  is  sick, 
and  so  near  to  death  that  his  comrades 
dig  his  grave. 


28 


1610-1620. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVy. 
1613  Spring.  Me.  Captain  Argall  of 
Jamestown  pillages  and  burns  the 
French  settlement  at  Mount  Desert 
Island,  it  being  in  the  territory  of  the 
London  Company. 

*  *  Can.  Smith  destroys  every  building 
of  a  French  colony  at  the  mouth  of  the 
St.  Croix  Kiver. 

*  *  Can.  Smith  bums  the  deserted  ham- 
let of  Port  Royal  in  Acadia  (Nova 
Scotia). 

*  *  N.  Y.  Smith  destroys  the  cabins  of 
the  Dutch  on  Manhattan  Island,  and 
compels  them  to  acknowledge  the  sover- 
eignty of  James  I.  of  England. 

1614.*  *N.r.  The  Dutch  build  a  fort 
on  the  southern  extremity  of  Manhattan 
Island. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Fort  Nassau  is  built  by  the 
Dutch  [near  Albany], 

1615  Oct.  10.  .V.  r.  Battle  between 
Champlain  and  the  Iroquois  Indians  in 
western  New  Y<>rk. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
EXPLORATION. 
1610  *  *  Eng.    Hudson  sails  on  a  north- 
ern voyage  of  discovery,  seeking  a  pas- 
sage westward  to  the  Indies. 

*  *  Spring.  Va.  Smith  introduces  the 
cultivation  of  maize,  and  plants  30  or 
40  acres. 

July  27 .  Sir  Thomas  Smythe  discovers 
Delaware  Bay. 

Aug.  2.  Can.  Hudson  enters  the  straits 
which  bear  his  name,  and  thinks  he  dis- 
covers the  Pacific  [Hudson  Bay]. 

1612  *  *  Va.  The  colonists  begin  to 
manufacture  bricks. 

*  *  Va.  John  Rolfe  [the  husband  of 
Pocahontas]  begins  the  systematic  cul- 
tivation of  tobacco. 

1614  *  *  N.  Y.  Adriaen  Block  of  New 
Amsterdam  builds  the  first  colonial  ship, 
the  Onrusf  (Restless). 

*  *  Conn.  Block,  in  the  Onnisf,  explores 
Long  Island  Sound,  and  discovers  the 
Connecticut  River. 

June  +  *  Captain  John  Smith  explores 
the  New  England  coast,  and  gives  it  this 
name. 

1615  *  *  Can.  Champlain  visits  Lake 
Huron. 

1616  *  *  Call.  Bylot  and  Baffin  are 
sent  in  search  of  the  northwest  pas- 
sage ;  Wolstenholme's  Sound,  Lancaster 
Sound,  and  BaMn  Bay  are  discovered. 

1617  *  *  Guiana.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
explores  the  coast. 

1618  *  *  Can.  Baffin  reaches  the  78'  of 
latitude  in  the  bay  which  bears  his 
name. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1610  ?  Berkeley,  Sir  William,  Gov.  of  Va.,b. 
?  Newport,  Christopher,  commander,  dies. 

161 1  Day,  Stephen,  first  printer,  born. 
•1612  Bradstreet,  Anne,  poet,  born. 

1613  Morton,  Nathaniel,  historian,  born. 

1614  Cheever,  Kzekiel,  teacher,  born. 
1616  Leverett,  Sir  John,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  bom. 

Mereloza,de  Juan  Gonzales,  Mex.  viear,A77. 


1617  Pocahontas  dies  In  Europe  A22. 

1618  West,  Thomas  Lord  Delaware,  Gov. 
of  Va.,  A41. 

Powhatan,  Indian  chief,  dies. 
1620    AUouez,  Claude  Jean,  Fr.  Jesuit,  born. 
Dale,  Sir  Thomas,  Gov.  of  va.,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

1610  June  *  Va.  A  day  given  to  reli- 
gious services  on  the  return  of  the 
colonists  to  their  homes.    (See  State.) 

1611  June  10.  Va.  Many  godly  emi- 
grants arrive ;  they  commence  the  labors 
of  the  day  by  offering  prayers  in  their 
little  church,  and  order  and  comfort 
increase. 

June  12.  N'.  S.  Two  Jesuit  mission- 
aries arrive  at  Port  Royal,  but  their 
work  among  the  Micmacs  is  frustrated 
by  the  government. 

*  *  Va.  Gov.  Dale  requires  every  man 
and  woman  to  give  an  account  of  his 
faith  to  the  minister  for  the  test  of 
orthodoxy ;  he  orders  them  to  be 
whipped  if  they  refuse,  and  to  be 
whipped  daily  till  they  acknowledge 
their  faith. 

1614  *  *  TTi.  Pocahontas  becomes  the 
first  Christian  convert,  and  is  bap- 
tized in  the  Episcopal  church,  under 
the  name  of  Rebecca. 

1615  *  *  Can.  Le  Caron,  a  Franciscan, 
carries  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  to 
the  Indians  of  eastern  Maine,  and  west- 
ward to  the  Hurons. 

1617  *  *  Eng.  The  refugee  Puritans 
in  Holland  ajiply  to  the  London  Com- 
pany for  permission  to  emigrate  to  their 
territory  in  America,  and  their  request 
is  granted. 

1619  July*  Va.  The  House  of  Bur- 
gesses confirms  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land as  the  Church  of  Virginia,  and 
intends  that  the  first  four  ministers 
shall  each  receive  £200  a  year,  and  all 
persons  whatsoever  shall  attend  church 
on  the  Sabbath,  both  forenoon  and 
afternoon. 

*  *  Enff.  Another  request  signed  by  the 
greater  part  of  the  Puritans  is  sent  to 
the  Company.  [Dissensions  in  the  Com- 
pany delay  success.] 

*  *  N.  S.  Reformed  Franciscans  be- 
gin mission  work  in  Acadia. 

1620  Dec.  21.  Mass.  Only  the  Plym- 
outh people  come  over  as  separatists, 
the  other  colonists  remain  in  the 
Chiurch  of  £]ngland  seeking  to  reform 
her  corruptions.  The  Congregational 
service  is  introduced  by  the  Pilgrims. 

*  *  Arg.  Hep.  Buenos  Ayres  becomes  a 
bishopric  by  creation  of  Pope  Paul  V. 

*  *  Eng.  A  company  of  London  mer- 
chants is  formed  that  agrees  to  loan 
money  to  the  poor  Puritans  so  they 
may  emigrate  ;  each  is  to  give  his  ser- 
vices for  seven  years  to  the  company. 

LETTERS. 

1610  *  *  The  True  Reportoryof  the  Wrack 

and  Redemption  of  Sir  Tfiomas  Gates, 

written  at  Jamestown  by  William  Stra- 

chey. 


1613  *  *  Good  Neips  /rom  Virginia,  by 
Alexander  Whitaker,  **  The  Apostle  of 
Virginia." 

1614  *  *  Captain  John  Smith  makes  a 
map  of  the  New  England  coast  and 
country ;  names  it  New  England. 

1616  *  *  Pern.     The    college    of    San 

Carlos  is  fovuided. 
1619  *  *  Va.     An  eifort  is  made  toestab- 

lish  a  college  at  Henrico  (Richmond). 
An  endowment  of    €1,500  and    10,000 

acres  of  land  is  procured  ;  the  massacre 

of  its  friends  defeats  the  project. 

SOCIETY. 

1611  Jtme  21.    Can.   Henry  Hudson, 

his  sons,  and  Ave  others  are  sent  adrift 
by  his  mutinous  crew,  and  perish  in 
Hudson  Bay. 

*  *  Va.  The  land  hitherto  held  in  com- 
mon is  now  divided,  and  each  of  the  700 
colonists  receives  three  acres. 

Sept.  1.  Henry  Hudson's  mutinous  crew 
is  picked  up  in  a  wretched  coiulition. 

1612  June  29.  Eng.  A  lottery  is 
drawn  in  London  for  the  benefit  of 
the  Virginia  plantations ;  profit  nearly 
£30,000. 

1613  *  *  Va.  Pocahontas  is  stolen  and 
held  for  a  ransom  by  the  colonists.  [In- 
dian troubles  follow.] 

1614*  *  Va.  Capt.  Hunt,  the  deputy 
governor,  treacherously  entices  the  In- 
dian chief,  Santo,  with  27  others,  on 
board  of  his  ship,  and  sails  for  Spain, 
where  he  sells  them  into  slavery. 

Apr.  *  Va.  Pocahontas  is  married  to 
John  Rolfe,  a  worthy  young  Englishman. 
[King  James  is  scandalized  that  one  not 
of  royal  blood  should  marry  a  i)rincess.] 

1616  ♦  *  Pocahontas  visits  England 
and  is  received  at  Court. 

1619  *  *  Va.  Laws  are  made  against  the 
plasring  of  dice  and  cards,  drunken- 
ness, and  idleness;  excess  in  apparel 
is  restrained  by  a  tax. 

*  *  Va.  The  colony  is  reenforced  by  the 
arrival  of  1,200  emigrants,  including  100 
felons  sent  by  the  king  to  be  sold  as 
servants  among  the  planters. 

*  *  Eng.  Bad  management  of  the  treas- 
urer of  the  London  Company. 

About  ?400,000  have  been  spent  and 
only  600  men,  chiefly  rovers,  are  fomid 
in  the  colony ;  it  is  discovered  that 
women  must  be  introduced  to  make 
the  enterprise  succeed. 

Aug.  *  Va.  A  Dutch  man-of-war  brings 
20  African  negroes  to  Jamestown,  and 
sells  them  to  the  colonists  at  auction, 
thus  introducing  African  slavery. 

1620  Dec.  21.  Mass.  The  "Pilgrim 
Fathers  *'  land  at  Plymouth  Rock,  and 
their  colony  consists  of  73  males,  29  fe- 
males ;  34  adult  males,  18  adult  females ; 
20  boys  and  8  girls  ;  also  3  maid  servants 
and  19  men  servants,  etc.    (Winsor.) 

*  *  E7ig.  Ninety  young  women  of  good 
breeding  and  modest  manners  are  per- 
suaded to  emigrate  to  Virginia. 

Men  who  become  husbands  pay  120  lbs, 
of  tobacco  to  repay  the  almost  bankrupt 
company  the  expense  of  the  voyage. 


AMERICA. 


1610-1620. 


29 


SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 
1610    May  24.     J'o.    Capt.-gen.  Gates 

auJ  about  150  others  arrive  from  Ber- 
nul(ia,  where  they  were  shipwrecked. 

June*  I'll.  "  The  starving  time." 
Vice  and  famine  have  reduced  the 
colonists  from  490  to  only  60 ;  they  are  dis- 
heartened, and  abandoning  .Jamestown, 
set  sail  for  the  fishermen's  fleet  at  New- 
foimdland. 

JmielO.  Va.  The  departing  colonists 
meet  a  fleet  of  3  vessels  with  reeuforce- 
ments  and  supplies,  and  then  retturn  to 
.lames  to  w^i. 

Lord  Delaware,  the  acting  governor, 
brings  peace,  plenty,  and  prosperity  to 
.Jamestown. 

Xeii)  York.  The  first  Dutch  emi- 
grants arrive  at  Manhattan. 

*  *  Brazil.  Jesuit  settlements  are 
formed ;  commmiism  prevails. 

*  •  Fr.    liOtiis  Xm.  enthroned. 

*  *  Nicaragua.  The  foundation  of  Leon 
[the  future  rival  of  Granada]  is  laid. 

»  *  K.  F.    Mr.  Gay,  of  Bristol,  fotmds  a 

colony  at  Conception  Bay. 
±  *  *  Paraguay.    Jesuit  settlements  of 

natives  are  begun  ;  civilization  follows. 
»  *  Va.    Delaware  returns  to  England  for 

his  health. 

1611  May  10.  Va.  Sir  Thomas  Dale 
arrives  in  the  Chesapeake  with  stores 
and  emigrants  ;  he  assmnes  the  govern- 
ment as  high  marshal. 

Aug.  *  Va.  Sir  Thomas  Gates  arrives 
with  300  colonists,  13  cows,  20  goats,  and 
supplies;  he  enters  ofRce  as  deputy 
governor. 

*  *  Va.  Colonists  receive  individual  al- 
lotments of  three  acres  of  land. 

1612  Mar.  •  To.  James  I.  grants  a 
third  charter  to  the  London  Company. 

It  includes  the  Bermudas  ;  because  of 
the  financial  failure  of  the  venture  the 
stockholders  are  given  control,  and  with- 
out intention,  a  democratic  government 


is  encouraged. 
>  *  Brazil.   A  French  colony  is  founded 
on  the  island  of  Marajo.    [Maintained 
six  years.J 
»  *  Fng.    Sir  MTalter  Kaleigh,  having 
spent  $200,000  to  found  a  colony,  without 
success,  gives  up  the  tmdertaking. 
•  *  Fr.    The  Protestants  being  in  power, 
the  great  Condfi  becomes  viceroy  of 
the  French  empire  in  America. 
«  •  jVew  York.    The  Dutch  send  the  Tiger 
and  the  Firrtune.  to  trade  with  the  Indians 
on  the  Hudson  Kiver.     Huts  are  erected 
on    Manhattan    Island.       (About    45 
Broadway.) 
1613    May  *  Me.    Madame  de  Guerche- 
ville,  having  secured  DeMonts'   patent 
and  a  new  one  from  the  crown,  for  all 
lands  between  Florida  and  the  St.  Law- 
rence Eiver,  Port  Royal  excepted,  sends 
Saussage  and  two  .Jesuits,  who  settle  a 
small  colony  on  Mount  Desert  Island. 
[It  is  soon  broken  up.] 
»  »  Guiana.    A  colony  of   Dutchmen  ar- 
rives. 
*  *  New  York.      The   Dntch   establish    a 
trading-post  on  Manhattan  Island. 


*  *  Va.     Captain    Samuel    Argall    of 

Jamestown  breaks  up  the  French  settle- 
ments in  Maine  and  Acadia,  also  the 
Dutch  trading-station  (?)  at  New  Nether- 
land. 
1614  Oct.  11.  .V.  Y.  A  charter  is 
granted  by  the  States-General  to  the 
New  Netherland  Company,  includ- 
ing territory  from  40°  north  to  45°  north, 
with  a  monopoly  of  the  fur  trade  for 
three  years. 

*  *  Conn.    Settlement  of  Connecticut. 

Tlie  Dutch,  led  by  Adriaen  Block,  ex- 
plore the  coast,  also  the  chief  river,  and 
build  a  fort  [near  Hartford]. 

*  •  Guiana.     The  States  of  Holland  en- 
courage settlements  by  offering  mouo-i 
polies  for  four  years. 

*  *  Mass,  An  expedition  is  sent  to  New 
England  by  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges 
and  the  Earl  of  Southampton. 

*  •  A'.  I'.  The  Dutch  form  a  settlement 
on  Manhattan  Island,  also  erect  a  fort ; 
they  build  another  [Fort  Nassau]  150 
miles  up  the  river. 

*  *NewYork.  Jean Vigne.thefirstwhlte 
child,  born  on  Manhattan  Island. 

*  *  J'o.  Gov.  Gates  returns  to  England, 
and  leaves  the  government  to  Sir  Thomaa 
Dale  [for  two  years]. 

The  cultivation  of  tobacco  brings 
prosperity  to  the  colony;  the  streets 
of  Jamestown  are  planted  with  it,  and 
it  becomes  the  accepted  currency. 

1615  May±  •  New  Eng.  John  Smith 
vainly  attempts  to  form  a  settlement. 

*  »  Brazil.    Belem  Is  founded  by  Calderia. 

*  *  Can.  Champlain  leads  an  expedition 
to  Lake  Huron. 

*  *  N.  F.  Captain  Kiohard  Whitborne 
is  sent  to  establish  order  among  the 
fishermen  at  Newfoundland. 

*  •  Va.  Private  ownership  of  land 
begins,  each  colonist  receiving  50  acres 
for  himself  and  heirs. 

1616  May  *  Va.  Sir  Thomas  Dale  re- 
signs the  governorship,  and  returns  to 
England,  leaving  George  Yeardley  as 
deputy  governor.  Pocahontas  goes  to 
England. 

*  *  Ni-u)  Eng.  Sir  Ferdinando  Gor- 
ges makes  persistent  effort  for  the  set- 
tlement of  New  England. 

1617  Jan.  *  Va.  Captain  Samuel  Ar- 
gall is  elected  deputy  governor. 

[Fraud,   oppression,    violence,   greed, 
and  tyranny  on  the  part  of  the  govern- 
ment check   inunigration,  and  tlie  col- 
ony becomes  reduced  to  600  persons.] 
May  15.  Va.  Argall  arrives  in  Jamestown. 

*  *  N.J.  The  Dutch  from  New  Am- 
sterdam start  a  settlement  at  Bergen. 
[The  first  in  New  Jersey.] 

*  »  .V.  r.  Fort  Nassau  [Albany]  is  de- 
stroye<l  by  a  fiood. 

1618  *  *  Nev:  Eng.  Ferdinando  Gorges 
sends  Captain  Rocroft  from  England  to 
New  England  ;  he  spoils  a  French  bark 
on  the  way,  and  goes  to  Virginia,  where 
he  is  killed. 

1619  Jan.  1.  N.  Y.  Expiration  of  the 
first  New  Netherland  charter. 


•  *  Va,  Lord  Delaware  sails  with  sup- 
plies, and  dies  on  the  voyage.  Ope- 
chancanough  succeeds  Powhatan. 

Apr.  10.  Va.  Sir  George  Yeardley  is 
appointed  deputy  governor.  [The  col- 
ony grows  and  prospers.] 

*  •  Jfol.  The  Pilgrims  get  a  patent  from 
the  London  (South  Virginia)  Company. 

July*  )'«.  Popular  government  in- 
troduced. 

Yeardley  divides  the  plantation  into 
11  boroughs,  and  Lssues  a  proclamation 
requesting  the  election  of  two  citizens 
from  each  to  assist  in  the  government. 

July  30.    I'a.   The  House  of  Burgesses 

meets  at  Jamestown,  the  first  colonial 
legislature  in  the  New  World. 

It  is  an  elective  assembly  for  discus- 
sion only,  and  has  no  power  without  the 
approval  of  the  London  Company. 

1620  July 22.  Hoi.  ThePilgrimsde- 
part  from  Delfshaven  in  the  Speedtcell, 
having  spent  the  preceding  night  In 
prayer  and  religious  conversation. 

The  Pilgrims  purchase  the  Speedwell, 
and  hire  the  MayjUnver. 

Aug.  5.  Eng.  The  Pilgrims  set  sail 
from  Southiimpton  for  Virginia  in  the 
Mayflower  of  180  tons  burden,  and  the 
Speedwell,  60  tons.  [The  Speedwell  proves 
leaky,  and  compels  their  return  to  Dart- 
mouth.] 

Aug.  20+.  The  repairs  on  the  Speedwell 
being  completed,  the  Pilgrims  reem- 
bark.  [The  Speedwell  proves- unseawor- 
thy,  and  they  return  to  Plymouth.] 

Sept.  6.  Eng,  The  PUgrims  finally 
leave  Plymouth  in  the  Mayflmoer, 
and  number  102  persons. 

Nov.  3.  Eng,  The  Plymouth  Com- 
pany reorganized. 

King  .James  incorporates  forty  of  his 
subjects  as  "  the  Council  established  at 
Plymouth  for  the  planting,  ruling,  or- 
dering, and  governing  of  New  England 

1  Ti     ATn*.i'i(.n 


in  America.' 
Nov.  0.  Mass,  The  Pilgrims  come  in 
sight  of  Cape  Cod  after  a  voyage  of  63 
days. 
Nov.  11.  Mass,  Pilgrims  on  the  May- 
flower sign  an  Instrument  of  republican 
government,  and  elect  John  Car\'er 
governor.    (Nov.  21,  N.  S.) 

Being  denied  a  patent  by  the  king,  they 
proceed  to  discliarge  all  (he  functions  of 
an  organized  state. 
Dec.  11.  Mass,  The  Pilgrim  Fathers 
disembark  at  Plymouth  Kock,  and 
found  a  colony  numbering  102  persons. 
NewStyle,  Dec.  21.  (Winsor.) 
Deo.  23.  Mass,  The  Pilgrims  begin 
building  a  settlement  at  Plymouth. 

•  *  Arg,  Rep,  The  Spaniards  erect  a  new 
government  for  Buenos  Ayres  — the 
Bio  de  la  Plata,  with  Buenos  Ayres 
for  its  capital;  cities  and  settlements 
abound. 

•  ♦Paraguay  is  separated  from  Bue- 
nos Ayres. 

•  •  Mass.  Tlie  whole  body  of  the  male 
inhabitants  constitute  the  legislature. 
[Continuing  thus  for  18  years.] 

•  *  Va.  The  1 ,000  inhabitants  receive  an 
accession  of  1,200  more. 


80     1621,  Mar.  21-1629,  Aug.  29. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1621  *  *  Va.  The  settlers  scour  the 
wilderness,  burn  Indian  villages,  and 
kill  some  savages ;  the  remainder  are 
driven  into  the  interior. 

*  *  Mass.  Capt.  Miles  Standish,  with  a 
force  of  six  men,  explores  the  coimtry  to 
learn  the  disposition  and  number  of  the 
Indians. 

Aug.  14.  Mass.  The  Plymouth  colony 
sends  14  armed  men  to  awe  the 
Indians. 

1622  Mar.  22.  Va.  Indians  attempt 
to  annihilate  the  settlements  by  an  un- 
expected attack,  in  which  347  colonists 
■are  killed,  and  72  settlements  destroyed. 
Only  l.UOO  men  survive  iu  the  8  remain-' 
ing  settlements. 

1623  *  *  Mass.  Miles  Standish  with 
eight  men  goes  to  the  rescue  of  Wey- 
mouth, and  defeats  the  Indians. 

June  ±  *  A".  Y.    The  Dutch  build  Fort 

Orange  (Albany). 
N.  J.    The  Dutch  build  Fort  Nassau 

on  the  east  shore  of  the  Delaware  [a 

little  below  Philadelphia]. 
.July  *    Va.    Parties   of   settlers   attack 

the  savages  and  drive  them  inland. 

1624  July  *  Va.  The  Assembly  orders 
another  attack  ou  the  Indians. 

*  *  Brazil.  The  Dutch  take  Bahia  with- 
out a  struggle. 

1628*  *  Can.  Champlain  repulses 
David  Kirk  in  his  attempt  to  capture 
Quebec ;  Port  Koyal  falls  into  the  hands 
of  the  English. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1621  *  *  Va.  Workmen  skilled  in  mak- 
ing iron  arrive,  bees  are  introduced, 
and  cotton  is  planted  as  an  experiment. 

1622  *  *  Va.    First  grist-miU  erected. 
Twenty-five  shipwrights  arrive. 

_  1625  *  *  Mass.  Plymouth  has  already 
built  a  little  vessel. 

BIRTHS -DEATHS. 

.  1681     Carver.  John,  Gov.  of  Plymouth  col- 
ony, A  3 1. 
Mayhew,  Thomas,  clergyman  of  Mass.,  born. 
Hubbard,  William,  clergyman  of  ]Mass.,born. 

1623  Laval- Montmorency,    Bp.    of    Que- 
bec, born. 

1635     Cushman,  Robert,  of  Plymouth  colony, 

A45.  ? 
1637    7eardley.  Sir  Oeorgre.  Gov.  of  Va.,  d. 

CHURCH. 
1621*  *  K.  Y.   Lutherans  settle  in  Kew 
Amsterdam. 

*  *  It.    Gregory  XV,,  pope, 

1623  *  *  Mass.  Protestant  Episcopal 
service  is  first  regnlarly  established 
here  by  Bev.  William  Morrell  of  Eng- 
land. 

*  *  N.  IT.  The  colonists  are  tolerant  to- 
ward all  religious  faiths. 

*  •  It.    Urban  Vm.,  pope. 

*  *  N,  Y.  The  "Walloons  are  driven  to 
America  hy  persecution. 

'-  •  *  Va.  The  General  Assembly  ordains 
.  the  suppression  *'  of  all  teaching  or 
/..preaching,    public   or   private,"  of   all 


non-Episcopal  ministers,  and  the  expul- 
sion of  non-eonformists  from  the  colony. 
±  *  *  Mass.  The  London  Company  vexes 
the  PljTnouth  colony  by  its  efforts  to 
thrust  on  the  Pilgrims  a  minister  of  the 
Established  Church ;  they  had  come 
to  the  western  wilderness  to  escape  such 
oppression. 

1626  *  *  Can.  Fathers  Brebeuf  and 
Daniel,  llecoUects,  begin  work  among 
the  Hurous. 

*  *  New  York.  Public  worship  by  the 
Reformed  Dutch  at  New  Amsterdam 
begins,  in  the  absence  of  ministers,  by 
the  weekly  reading  of  the  Scriptures 
and  the  creeds  in  a  room  over  a  horse- 
mill,  by  two  men  (Huyck  and  Krol)  sent 
over  as  *'  Comforters  of  the  Sick." 

1627  *  *  N.  M.  The  Franciscan  mis- 
sionaries report  27  new  missions,  sev- 
eral large  churches,  10  convents,  thou- 
sands of  Indians  baptized,  and  over  8,000 
converts  to  Christianity. 

1628  Apr.  7.  N.  Y.  Jonas Michaelius, 
the  first  Butch  minister,  arrives;  the 
Reformed  Dutch  Ch\u:ch  is  organized 
in  New  Amsterdam. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  first  Presbyterian 
church  in  America  is  organized  in  New 
Amsterdam. 
July  20.  Mass.  The  ballot  first  used 
in  America  in  the  election  of  John  Wil- 
son as  pastor  and  teacher  at  Salem  after 
a  day  of  humiliation.  The  church  or- 
ganized. 

1629  Aug.  6.  Mass.  Organization  of 
the  second  Congregational  church  at 
Salem. 

John  and  Samuel  Brown  set  up 
Episcopal  worship  in  Salem :  ap- 
parently the  first  to  resist  the  politico- 
religious  law  of  the  colony. 

LETTERS. 
1622  *  *  Va.     The   Bishop    of    London 

raises  £1,000  toward   a  imiversity  for 

this  colony. 
1624  *  *  General  History  of  Virginia,  by 

Captain  John   Smith,  is    printed   in 

London. 
1626  *  *  A  TraTislation  of  Ovidfhy  Sandys, 

appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1621  Mar.  22.  Va.  Jamesto^vn  and 
other  settlements  are  saved  from  gen- 
eral massacre  by  the  warning  given  by 
a  converted  red  man,  who  reveals 
the  plot  on  the  previous  night. 

Mar.  *  Mass.  Massasoit,  the  great 
sachem  of  the  Wampanoags,  is  received 
by  the  Plymouth  colony  with  much 
parade.  A  treaty  of  peace  follows.  [It 
is  faitlif  ully  kept  for  fifty  years.] 

May  12.  The  first  marriage  in  the 
Plymouth  colony  takes  place  between 
Edward  Winslow  and  Susanna  White. 

June  18.  The  first  duel  in  New  Eng- 
land brings  disgrace  on  the  duelists. 

It  is  fought  by  two  servants  with  sword 
and  dagger,  and  both  are  wounded.  The 
authorities  sentence  them  to  lie  24  hours 
with  their  heads  and  feet  tied  together. 


*  *  Va.  Sixty  more  young  women 
arrive ;  150  lbs.  of  tobacco  are  charged 
each  man  who  becomes  a  husband,  to 
pay  expenses  incurred  in  bringing  his 
bride  to  Virginia. 

Aug,  21.  Va.  One  widow  and  eleven 
maids  consigned  to  the  colony  from 
London,  to  be  sold  for  tobacco  at  the 
rate  of  120  lbs.  of  the  best  leaf  for  each. 

1622  *  *  Mass.  The  English  settlers  at 
Weymouth  seek  their  subsistence  by 
defrauding  the  Indians,  instead  of 
laboring  in  useful  employment ;  conflict 
follows. 

1625  June  9.  N.  Y.  The  first  white 
child  born  in  Brooklyn. 

1626  *  *  N.  Y.  The  Butch  introduce 
negro  slaves. 

1628  *  *  N.  Y.  The  Dutch  on  Manhat- 
tan Island  live  in  houses  thatched  with 
straw  and  having  wooden  chimneys, 
while  creaking  windmills  extend  their 
ungainly  sails  against  the  sky. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1621   Mar.  21.    Mass.  Massasoit  visits 

Plymouth,  and  makes  a  treaty. 

The  Pilgrims  enter  a  treaty  with  the 
Wampanougs.  [it  is  kept  inviolate  for 
50  years.] 

Spring,  Mass.  Of  the  102  Pilgrims,  only 
about  50  survive  the  winter. 

June  1.  Entf.  John  Pierce  receives  his 
first  patent  for  the  Pilgrims. 

June  3.  X.  Y.  The  States-General  grant 
to  the  Dutch  'West  India  Company  a 
charter,  with  full  powers  over  New  Neth- 
erland  for  24  years. 

July  24.  Va.  Sir  Francis  Wyatt,  the 
governor,  brings  a  new  constitution 
for  the  colony. 

it  vests  the  government  in  a  governor, 
a  council  of  state,  and  a  general  assem- 
bly, for  which  two  burgesses  are  to  be 
chosen  by  each  town,  hundred,  and  plan- 
tation, 'f'hegoveriior  has  the  veto  power, 
and  every  enactment  of  the  assembly  re- 
quires the  company's  sanction;  on  the 
other  hand,  the  .assembly  may  veto  the 
acts  of  the  company. 

Sept.  10.  Can.  Sir  William  Alexan- 
der obtains  from  the  crown  of  Scotland 
a  patent  for  all  Acadia,  under  the  title 
of  Nova  Scotia.  [An  unsuccessful  at- 
tempt is  made  at  colonizing.] 

Nov.  19.  Mass.  Another  company  of 
emigrants  arrives  with  scant  provisions 
for  the  winter. 

Nov.  *  -Dec.  *  Va.  First  session  of  the 
Assembly  inider  the  new  constitution. 

*  *  Mass.  "William  Bradford  is  elected 
governor,  on  the  decease  of  Carver. 

Pestilence  had  swept  away  about  one- 
half  of  the  Indians  prior  to  the  arrival 
of  the  Pilgrims. 

"Winter.  Mass.  Starvation  threatens  the 
colonists,  and  they  subsist  on  half  ra- 
tions for  six  months. 

*  *  Mass.  The  supply  vessel  Fortune  is 
sent  back  from  Plymouth,  laden  with 
beaver  skins  and  clapboards  valued  at 
$2,500,  the  first  returns  from  the  colony. 

*  *  .V.  F.  Sir  George  Calvert  plants 
a  colony  in  Newfoundland  [and  resides 
there  for  several  years]. 


AMERICA.        1621,  Mar.  21-1629,  Aug.  28.     31 


*  *  iSp.    Philip  rv.  enthroned. 

*  •  Va.  Jamestown  exports  i>5,000  lbs. 
of  tobacco  tliis  year. 

The  cultivation  of  cotton  is  intro- 
duced. 

*  *_22  *  *  Fa.  Great  increase  in  im- 
migration. 

1622  Aug.  10.  N.H.  Sir  Ferdinand© 
Gorges  and  John  Mason  obtaiu  a  pa- 
tent for  landa  between  the  Merrimac 
aiid  Kennebec  Bivers,  called  Lacouia. 

Settlements  made  on  the  sites  of  Dover 
and  Portsmouth. 

Nov.  6.  The  king's  proclamation  prohib- 
its "  interloping  and  disorderly  trading 
to  New  England." 

[This  hastens  the  dissolution  of  the 
Plymouth  company.] 

*  ♦  Can.  Samuel  Champlain  is  gover- 
nor of  Canada  [including  Michigan], 

*  *  Eng,  The  London  Company  is  bank- 
rupt, and  the  numerous  stockholders 
are  divided  by  dissensions. 

*  *  Mass.  English  fishing  vessels  arrive 
and  sell  food  to  the  starving  Pilgrims 
at  double  price. 

Emigrants  sent  out  by  Thomas  Weston 
of  London  begin  a  new  settlement  [near 
Boston]  called  Weymouth. 

'•  *  Me.  The  first  permanent  settlement 
in  Maine  is  made  at  Saco.    (Or  in  1623.) 

^  *  Spring.  N.  Y.  The  great  West  In- 
dia Company  take  possession  of  New 
Netherlaud  under  their  charter. 

*  *  Va.  A  massacre  of  a  part  of  the 
colonists  reduces  the  plantations  from 
80  to  less  than  eight. 

The  census  shows  a  population  of  2,500 
people. 

3.623  Apr.  *  Eng.  liOrd  Baltimore's 
patent  is  granted.  [Dies.  Patent  not 
sealed.] 

Apr.  *  The  whole  of  Long  Island  is 
granted  to  the  Earl  of  Stirling. 

Apr.  *  y.  Y.  Thirty  families,  called 
Walloons,  arrive  from  Flanders ;  they 
seek  civil  and  religious  freedom,  and  to 
escape  the  persecutions  of  their  own 
country. 

.June  25.  Va.  King  James  contends 
with  the  London  Company  and  en- 
deavors to  annul  its  charter. 

-June  ±*  Ji.  Y.  Eighteen  of  the  emigrant 
families  of  W^alloons  ascend  the  Hud- 
con,  and  build  Fort  Orange  (.Albany). 

*  *  N.  J.  "Walloons,  under  Comelis  Ja- 
cobson  May,  ascend  the  South  River 
(Delaware)  and  build  Fort  Nassau  [be- 
low Camden]. 

*  *  Can.  Scotch  colonists  sent  out  by 
Sir  William  Alexander  arrive  in  Nova 
Scotia,  but  return  when  they  find  French 
adventurers  already  established  there. 

-July  20.  New  England  is  divided 
among  the  original  patentees. 

*  *  Mass.  Weymouth  [near  Boston]  is 
abandoned ;  the  majority  of  colonists  re- 
turn to  England. 

John  Pierce's  second  patent  Issued  on 
his  own  account,  making  the  Plymouth 
people  his  tenants.  [He  sells  it  to  the 
Pilgrims  for  $2,500  — cost  price  $250.] 


John  Lyford  and  John  Oldham 
conspire  against  the  welfare  of  the 
colony,  and  both  are  banished. 

The  Pilgrims  no  longer  labor  in  com- 
mon, but  receive  allotments  of  land  to 
individuals  for  one  year. 

*  *  Me.-N.  H.  Settlements  are  made  in 
New  Hampshire  and  Maine,  including 
Portsmouth  and  Dover. 

1624*  *  .Spring.  Mass.  Land  is  no 
longer  held  in  common ;  every  person 
receives  a  little  land  in  perpetual  lee. 
Edward  Winslow  returns  from  England, 
bringing  the  Cape  Ann  patent. 

Cattle  are  first  brought  to  Plymouth 
—  three  heifers  and  one  bull. 

June  16.  Virginia  becomes  a  royal 
colony. 

James  I.  arbitrarily  annuls  the  liberal 
charter  of  the  London  Company,  after 
it  has  spent  $750,000  above  its  receipts, 
and  Virginia  becomes  a  royal  colony, 
having  Sir  Francis  Wyatt  for  governor, 
with  12  councilors. 

Dec.  *  Neto  Eng.  After  four  years  of 
labor  and  expense,  only  180  persons 
remain;  there  is  no  hope  of  future 
profit. 

*  *  Brazil  is  invaded  by  the  Dutch. 

*  *  Mass.  John  White,  a  Puritan  minis- 
ter from  Dorchester,  England,  plants  a 
small  colony  on  Cape  Cod. 

The  governor's  i>ower  is  restricted  by 
a  council  of  five. 

Cape  Ann  is  settled  by  a  few  Puri- 
tans. [Later  the  colony  removes  to 
Naumkeag.] 

*  *  iV.  r.  The  Dutch  ship  New  Nether- 
land  brings  over  a  colony  of  110  Wal- 
loons of  French  origin,  to  the  Hudson 
River  region.  They  bring  farm-stock, 
seed,  and  implements. 

The  Dutch  begin  civil  govern- 
ment ;  Captain  Cornelius  May  is  the 
first  governor,  and  his  duties  chiefly  re- 
late to  the  management  of  a  trading- 
post. 

*  *  Va.  About  2,000  colonists  remain  of 
the  9,000  sent  out. 

1625  Mar.  27.  £ng.  Charles  I.  en- 
throned. 

May  13.  Va.  Charles  I.  issues  a  proc- 
lamation inimical  to  the  Jamestown 
colony. 

*  *  Mass.  Mount  WoUaston  [near  Bos- 
ton] settled  by  Captain  WoUaston. 

*  *  New  York.  Sarah  Kapaelje  is  born, 
the  first  white  girl  born  on  Manhattan 
Island. 

Three  ships  and  a  yacht  bring  many 
settlers  from  Holland  and  100  cattle. 

*  *  -.V.  Y.  W^iUiam  Verhulat  is  governor 
of  New  Netherland.  Walloons  settle  at 
Fort  Orange  (Albany). 

1626  Jan.*  N.  Y.  The  Dutch  West 
India  Company  appoint  Peter  Minuit 
governor  of  New  Netherland. 

May  4.  N.  Y.  Gov.  Minuit  arrives ; 
also  four  shiploads  of  colonists  with 
300  cattle ;  population  of  New  Amster- 
dam two  hundred. 

*  *  Guiana.  The  French  settle  on  the 
Sinamary  River. 


May  *  New  York.  Minuit  buys  the  en- 
tire Manhattan  Island,  comprising 
more  than  20,000  acres,  for  $24  worth 
of  scarlet  cloth,  brass  buttons,  etc. 

*  *  N.  H.  A  feeble  settlement  is  made  on 
the  Piscataqua  Iliver  (Dover). 

*  *  Va.  Sir  George  Yeardley,  benefac- 
tor of  Virginia,  reappointed  governor. 

1627  Aug.  *  Va.  The  King  proposes  a 
royal  monopoly  of  the  tobacco  trade. 

*  *  Summer.  Va.  One  thousand  emi- 
grants arrive. 

Nov.  *  Mass.  Eight  of  the  Plymouth 
colonists  purchase  the  entire  interest 
of  the  London  Company  in  the  Plym- 
outh colony  for  $9,000. 

Nov.  *  Va.  The  colonists  elect  Francis 
W^est  to  fill  the  vacancy  in  the  gover- 
norship.    [He  is  soon  excluded.] 

*  *  Can.  The  colony  of  Quebec  is 
transferred  to  the  company  of  100  mer- 
chants under  Cardinal  Richelieu. 

*  *  Guiana.  Dutch  settlements  are  es- 
tablished. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Plymouth  colony  intro- 
duce the  use  of  wampum  as  currency. 

*  *Mass.-N.  Y.  The  Dutch  and  the  Puri- 
tans are  fast  frie;ids.  Dutch  embassy  is 
sent  to  Plymouth  with  oxpresslons  of 
good  will. 

1628  Mar.  19.  Mass.  The  fcimda- 
tion  of  the  Massachusetts  colcny  is 
laid  by  6  Englishmen. 

They  purchase  a  belt  of  land  ex- 
tending from  ocean  to  ocean,  and  from 
3  miles  north  of  the  Merrimac  River  to 
3  miles  south  of  the  River  Charles  and 
the  Massachusetts  Bay. 

Mar.  *  Va.  The  colonists  assent  to  the 
royal  monopoly  of  the  tobacco  trade. 

Sept.  16.  Mass.  Arrival  of  a  colony  at 
Salem,  led  by  John  Endicott. 

*  *  Mass.  Endicott  suppresses  the  settle- 
ment at  WoUaston. 

*  *  New  York  Manhattan  has  a  popu- 
lation of  270 ;  the  fur  trade  flourishes. 

*  *  Va.    John  Potts  is  governor. 

1629  Mar.  4.  Mass.  Charles  I.  issues 
a  chai*ter  to  the  company  which  had 
settled  Salem,  incorporating  the  pro- 
prietors as  the  Governor  and  Company 
of  Massachusetts  Bay  in  New  Eng- 
land;  M.  Cradock  governor.  [Declines.] 

June  6.  N.  Y.  The  Dutch  West  In- 
dia   Company   created    a   charter   of 

.     privileges  corporation. 

Under  it  certain  patroons  may  each 
hold  in  fee  simple,  as  do  the  hereditary 
lords  of  Europe,  a  tract  of  land  not 
more  than  16  miles  long  and  8  miles 
wide,  or  other  width  determined  by  the 
position. 

June  30  +.  Mass.  Two  hundred  addi- 
tional immigrants  arrive ;  one-half  go  to 
the  Plymouth  Colony  and  the  other 
half  lay  the  foundation  of  Charles- 
town,  dividing  the  land  into  two-acre 
lots,  one  for  each  settler.  [More  than 
one-half  die  in  a  year.] 

Aug.  29.  ^fass.  The  charter  and  gov- 
ei-nment  of  the  Massachusetts  Company 
is  transferred  to  the  colony  by  the 
Company ;  John  Winthrop  is  chosen 
governor. 


32      1629-1634.  Oct. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1629  *  *  Can.  Conquest  of  Quebec  by 
the  English,  who  are  led  by  three  refu- 
gee French  Calvinists. 

1630*  *  Brazil.  The  Dutch  take  Olinda. 

1633  *  *  Coim.  The  Indiana  commit 
their  first  act  of  violence  in  this  col- 
ony by  murdering  the  crew  of  a  trading 
vessel  on  the  Connecticut  Itiver;  they 
apologize,  and  sign  a  treaty  of  peace. 

•  *  Kew  York.  Fort  Amsterdam  is  be- 
gun.   [Number  4  Bowling  Green.] 

1634  Oct.  *  Conn.  Plymouth  colonists 
ascend  the  Connecticut  River,  and  build 
a  fort  at  "Windsor. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1629  *  *  Mass.  The  colonists  at  Salem 
coinraence  to  make  bricks. 

1630  *  *  Peru.  Destructive  earthquake 
at  Lima. 

1631  *  *  Can.  Searching  for  the  north- 
west passage,  Fox  discovers  Fox  Chan- 
nel ;  touches  Cape  Peregrine.  James» 
on  the  same  errand,  discovers  James's 
Bay. 

•  *  Mass.  The  little  vessel  Blessing  of 
the  Bay  is  built. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1630    Johnson,  (Lady)  Arabella,  Pilgrim,  d. 
1633    Smith.  John,  leader  in  Va.,  A53. 

CHURCH. 
1629*  *  Mass.  Gov,  Endicott  sends  away 
the  Episcopal  brothers  Brown,  who  de- 
sire services  in  their  own  house,  as  "  fac- 
tious and  evil-conditioned." 

1630  Feb.  22.  Mass.  Fa«t  day 
changed  into  a  day  of  thanksgiving,  be- 
cause of  the  arrival  of  a  ship  from  Eng- 
land with  provisions. 

*  *  Conn.  Presbyterian  worship,  con- 
ducted by  Richard  Denton,  pastor,  com- 
mences at  Wet  hers  field. 

*  *  Mass.  John  Winthrop,  an  Epis- 
copalian, chooses  affliction  with  the 
Puritans. 

•  *  iV".  y.  A  colony  of  Dutch  establish 
the  Reformed  Dutch  worship  at  Fort 
Orange  (Albany). 

1631  Feb.  5.  Boston.  Roger  "Wil- 
liams arrives  from  England 

Apr.  12.  Mass.  Williams  becomes 
teacher  for  the  Salem  church. 

May  18.  Mass.  The  General  Court  of 
the  Massachusetts  Bay  colony  decrees, 
"  No  man  shall  be  admitted  to  the  body 
politic,  but  such  as  are  members  of  some 
of  the  churches  within  the  limits  *'  of  the 
colony. 

"Nov.  3.  Boston.  Rev.  John  Eliot  ar- 
rives. 

*  *  Mass.  Taxes  are  levied  for  the  sup- 
X>ort  of  the  gospel ;  attendance  at 
church  is  required  by  law ;  only  church 
members  can  be  elected  to  offices  of 
trust ;  intolerance  and  bigotry,  the  vice 
of  the  age,  is  also  the  vice  of  the  Pu- 
ritans. 


The  Plymouth  colony  is  more  toler- 
ant than  the  Massachusetts  colony. 

Roger  "Williams,  a  minister  of  Salem, 
denounces  the  intolerant  laws. 

He  is  the  "  first  in  America  or  EumiH' 
to  proclaim  the  doctrine  of  full  religious 
toleration ; "  he  holds  that  the  stale 
should  leave  matters  of  religious  opinion 
and  worship  to  the  conscience  of  the 
individual,  and  confine  government  to 
secular  atfairs. 

1632  *  *  Can.  The  conversion  of  the 
heathen  is  committed  solely  to  the 
Jesuits. 

The  missionaries  are  employed  to 
confirm  the  alliance  made  with  the 
HuroDs,  by  establishing  missions  among 
them. 

*  ♦  Mass.  The  erection  of  the  first 
church  in  Boston  is  commenced. 

1633  Mar.  25.  J'a.  Tlie  services  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  church  are  be- 
gun on  St.  Clement's  Island,  on  the 
Potomac,  by  Kevs.  Andrew  White  and 
John  Altham. 

Oct.  *  X.  H.  The  first  Congregational 
minister  preaches  in  the  State. 

*  *  Can.  Jesuit  missionaries  resume 
work  in  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley. 

*  *  Spring.  N.  Y.  A  second  Dutch 
minister  arrives  at  New  Amsterdam. 

*  *  Md.  The  Society  of  Jesus  begins  its 
labors. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  records  of  the  Re- 
formed (Dutch)  church  begin. 

The  first  church  on  Manhattan 
Island  is  erected  by  the  Dutch  (on  Pearl 
Street,  between  Broad  and  Whitehall). 

1634  Mar.  3.  Md.  Tlie  first  colony  of 
200  Catholics  arrives  on  the  Potomac, 
for  the  settlement  of  Maryland  under 
Lord  Baltimore. 

Mar.  25.  Md.  The  English  Catholic 
families  land  from  the  two  ships,  the 
Arc  and  the  D&oe. 

Mar.  27.  Md.  Lord  Baltimore,  a  Cath- 
olic, plants  the  first  colony,  composed 
of  both  Puritans  and  Catholics,  but 
chiefly  Catholics,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Potomac,  and  some  are  men  of  fortmie. 

*  *  *  Mass.  The  opposition  to  the 
Quakers  rests  on  semi-political  grounds 
chiefly,  because  they  annoy  congrega- 
tions in  their  worship. 

May  24.  Mass.  Commencement  of  the 
custom  of  preaching  election-day  ser- 
mons, by  Rev.  John  Cotton. 

Sept.  ±  *  Mass.  Roger  "Williams  be- 
comes pastor  of  the  Salem  church. 

LETTERS. 
1630  *  ♦  The  Golden  Fleece,  by  Vaughn, 

appears. 

*  *  .1  Model  of  Christian  ChaHty  is  writ- 
ten by  John  "Winthrop  while  on  his 
voyage  to  Massachusetts. 

*  *  *  The  Puritarp  are  an  educated 
people, 

1633  *  *  New  York,  llie  Dutch  estab- 
lish a  school  at  New  Amsterdam. 

SOCIETY. 

1629  *  *  Brazil.      Commencement   of 

raids  into  the  interior  to  capture  In- 


dians for  slavery ;  the  converted  Indians 
in  Paraguay  are  not  spared. 

*  *  Eng.  The  Massachusetts  colony  in 
Ijondon,  directing  Gov.  Endicott,  says:  — 

"  We  pray  you  endeavour,  though  there 
be  much  strong  water  for  sale,  yet  so  to 
order  it  as  that  the  savage  may  not,  for 
our  lucre  sake,  be  induced  to  the  exces- 
sive use,  or  rather  abuse  of  it ;  and  at 
any  time  take  care  our  people  give  no 
ill  example  :  and  if  any  nvAii  exceed  in 
the  inordinate  kind  of  drinking  as  to  be- 
come drunk,  we  hope  you  will  take  care 
his  punishment  be^  made  exemplary  for 
all  others.'* 

*  *  Paragnoy.  Spanish  colonists  raid  the 
Indian  tribes  of  the  interior,  to  secure 
slaves,  repeatedly  attacking  the  Indian 
settlements  of  the  Jesuits. 

*  *  -35  *  *  Va.  Gov.  John  Hervey  sides 
with  certain  speculators  and  land  mo- 
nopolists in  wronging  the  people. 

1630  *  •  Brazil.  The  Dutch  send  an  ex- 
pedition to  Africa  to  capture  slaves 
from  a  Portuguese  settlement  for  the 
colony  at  Olinda. 

*  *  Mass.  About  300  of  the  best  kind 
of  Puritans  families  emigrate  to  New 
England. 

"  Not  adventurers,  not  vagabonds, 
were  these  brave  people,  but  virtuous, 
well-educated,  courageous  men  and 
women,  who,  for  conscience's  sake,  left 
comfortable  homes  with  no  thought  of 
returning.'* 

The  court  fixes  the  prices  of  labor; 
mechanics  to  receive  no  more  than  28.  a 
day,  under  a  penalty  of  10». 

1631  *  *  Del.  The  entire  colony  of  30 
persons  at  Lewiston  is  massacred  by  the 
Indians  in  revenge  of  one  murder. 

*  ♦  Mass.    Roger  Williams  arrives. 

1633  *  *  Mass.  One  of  the  laws  of  the 
colony  directs  that  *'  No  man  shall  sell 
or  (being  in  the  course  of  trade)  give  any 
strong  water  to  any  Indian.'* 

*  *  *  Brazil.  Maurice,  the  Dutch  gov- 
ernor, promotes  the  amalgamation  of 
the  natives  and  colonists  by  marriage. 

The  colony  grants  partial  toleration. 

It  enacts  that  i>r()vision  be  made  for 
all  refugees  from  religious  iiersecution 
on  their  arrival,  except  Jesuits  and 
priests  ;  blasphemy,  idolatry,  and  witch- 
craft are  made  punishable  with  death  ; 
immoralities  are  severely  punished; 
money  is  not  to  be  loaned  for  inter- 
est; extravagance  in  dress  is  a  crime; 
and  the  Ilible  is  accepted  as  the  ultimate 
tribunal  when  the  laws  are  defective. 

*  *  Mich,  The  Iroquois  Indians  drive  the 
Hurons  on  St.  Joseph's  Island,  where 
many  starve  during  the  winter. 

1634  *  *  Mass.  Mrs.  Hutchinson  organ- 
izes a  meeting  of  women,  they  being 
excluded  from  speaking  in  the  weekly 
meetings  for  social  worship. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 
1629    Sept.   13.     Mass.    Nine   sachems 
come  to  Plymouth  and  offer  their  alle- 
giance.    (J.  Endicott,  acting  governor.) 

*  *  Can.  Quebec  and  all  Canada  is  sur- 
rendered to  the  English. 

*  *  Mass.  The  name  of  the  Bay  Colony  is 
changed  from  Naumkeag  to  Salem. 

*  *  N.  H.  —  Me.  Mason  and  Gorges,  the 
proprietors  of  New  Hampshire  and 
Maine,  dissolve  their  union,  and  each 


AMERICA. 


1629-1634. 


33 


receives  a  new  grant ;  Mason  from  the 
Merriinac  to  the  Piscataway  River, 
Gorges  from  the  latter  to  the  Kennebec, 
and  it  is  called  New  Somersetshire. 

*  *  N,J.  Godyn  and  Blomaert,  two  Dutch 
patroons,  obtain  a  grant  of  the  lower 
part  of  New  Jersey,  bordering  the  Del- 
aware Bay. 

*  ♦  Va.  Gov.  John  Harvey  arrives  at 
elamestown,  bearing  a  commission  from 
Charles  I.  [His  presence  vexes  the  col- 
onists for  six  years.] 

Ijord  Baltimore  visits  Virginia,  and 
is  promised  citizenship  if  he  will  take  an 
oath,  which  his  Catholic  conscience  for- 
bids. He  is  not  permitted  to  plant  a 
colony  here. 

*  *  Del.  Samuel  Godyn,  a  Dutch  direc- 
tor, purchases  from  the  Indians  all  their 
lands  from  Cape  Henlopen  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Delaware. 

1630  Midwinter.  Afass.  Two  hundred 
Puritans  have  perished  from  the 
severity  of  the  climate  and  their  inferior 
shelter. 

Apr.  18.    X.  Y.    Manors  are  created. 

May  *  -A^.  //.  The  province  of  Laconia 
has  its  name  changed  to  New  Hamp- 
shire.   It  is  first  settled. 

June  12.  Mass.  John  Winthrop  arrives 
at  Salem  with  the  charter  of  Massachu- 
setts Colony.  The  government  is  re- 
moved from  England  to  America. 

(John  "Winthrop  is  elected  the  first 
governor  of  the  Massachusetts  Colony.) 
He  is  a  Christian  patriot  and  states- 
man, of  the  Episcopal  religion,  and  of 
republican  principles.  [He  oecomes  the 
controlling  spirit  of  the  colony.] 

July  6.  ^fass.  Fourteen  vessels  arrive 
with  1,500  colonists  for  Massachusetts 
Uay.  [They  found  Watertown,  Dor- 
chester, and  Roxbury.] 

July*  K.  r.  The  Council  ratify  the  pur- 
chase from  the  natives  of  all  land  be- 
tween Cape  Henlopen  and  the  mouth  of 
the  Delaware  by  Samuel  Godyn. 

Aug.  9.  JV.  Y,  Staten  Island  is  pur- 
chased from  the  Indians  by  Michael 
Pauw,  a  Dutch  director.  [They  sell  it 
twice  afterwards.] 

Aug.  23.  Afass.  The  first  court  of  as- 
sistants is  held  at  Charlestown  ;  it  settles 
the  price  of  mechanical  labor :  mechan- 
ics are  to  receive  no  more  than  2s.  a 
<hiy,  mider  a  penalty  of  10s.  to  giver 
and  taker. 

Aug.  *  ^fasf^.  Trimountain  (Boston)  is 
founded  by  John  Winthrop  and  a  few 
leading  families. 

Sept.  17.  Mass.  The  court  of  Charles- 
town  changes  the  name  of  the  settle- 
ment at  Trimountain  to  Boston. 

Oct.  19.  Boston.  The  first  General 
Court  in  America  is  held;  110  freemen 
in  the  colony. 

Oct.  *  Mass.  It  is  found  impracticable 
to  transact  public  business  by  a  primary 
assembly  of  all  freemen  meeting  four 
times  in  a  year ;  a  Board  of  Assistants 
is  appointed. 

Nov.  *  X.  J.  Michael  Pauw  becomes  the 
patroou  of  Hoboken  Hacking  (Hobokeu), 


*  *  Ouiana.  The  first  settlement  is  made 
at  Surinam. 

*  *  Brazil,  The  Dutch  seize  the  coast, 
and  establish  a  colony  at  Oliiida  in  Per- 
nambuco ;  Count  Maurice  comes,  and 
prosperity  follows. 

Regular  government  is  established  and 
a  supply  of  slaves  provided. 

*  *  Cmin.  ITie  Council  of  Plymouth  grant 
to  the  Earl  of  Warwick  the  land  120  miles 
southeast  from  the  Narragansett  Kiver, 
and  extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific.    [Not  settled  for  five  years.] 

*  *  Mass.  A  third  and  last  patent  given 
to  the  Plymouth  Colony,  grants  lands 
between  the  Cohasset  Iliver  and  the 
Narragansett,  and  westward  to  the  limits 
of  Pokenakut  (or  Sowamset). 

The  great  emigration  begins. 

Over  1,000  persons  brought  over  in 
17  vessels,  besides  horses,  cattle,  and 
goats,  also  necessaries  for  planting,  fish- 
ing, and  ship-building.  Many  persons 
of  importance  are  among  the  emigrants. 

*  ♦  Me.  Settlements  are  made  on  the 
Saco  by  Kichard  Vines  and  John 
Oldham. 

*  *  .V.  C,  Charles  I.  grants  Sir  Robert 
Heath  a  patent  to  Carolina,  an  im- 
mense tract  south  of  Virginia.  [After 
33  years  of  useless  existence,  it  is  re- 
voked.] 

*  *  AT.  5.  St.  Etienne,  a  Huguenot  of  La 
Tour,  buys  the  patent  for  Nova  Scotia, 
of  Sir  William  Alexander,  with  a  con- 
dition requiring  its  continued  subjection 
to  Scotland. 

*  *  2i.  Y.  Kiliaen  van  Rensselaer,  one 
of  the  colonial  directors,  appropriates 
lands  bought  of  the  Indians,  north  and 
south  of  Fort  Orange  (Albany),  24 
miles  along  the  river,  and  48  miles  in- 
land. Dutch  colonists  settle  Rensse- 
laer wyck. 

*  *  Va.  Virginians  are  vexed  with  the 
rash  imposition  of  frequent  fines,  which 
now  become  the  perquisites  of  Governor 
Harvey. 

1631  Feb.  5.  Mass,  Arrival  of  the 
Lyon  from  Bristol,  laden  with  much 
needed  food. 

Mar.  29.  Comi.  "Warwick  transfers  his 
claim  to  Lord  Say  and  Seal,  Lord 
Brooke,  John  Hampden,  and  others. 

Spring.  Del.  De  Vries,  with  30  Dutch 
colonists,  lays  the  fotmdation  of  Lewis- 
town,  the  oldest  settlement  in  Delaware. 
[All  are  massacred  by  Indians.] 

May  5.  N.  J.  The  Dutch  purchase  Cape 
May  of  the  Indians. 

Oct.  18.  Mass.  The  Puritans  limit  the 
suffrage  to  members  of  the  church, 
thus  jjutting  the  government  in  the 
hands  of  a  minority,  excluding  from 
their  rights  nearly  three-fourths  of  the 
people. 

*  *  Mass,  A  fortified  town  is  begun  on 
the  Charles  Iliver,  and  called  Newtown 
(Cambridge). 

*  *  Me.  A  division  line  is  drawn  by  the 
proprietors,  Gorges  and  Mason,  be- 
tween Maine  and  ^ew  Hampshire, 
separating  the  colonies, 


*  *  Md.  William  Claybome,  with  other 
Virginians,  makes  the  first  settlement, 
on  Kent  Island. 

1632  Mar.  29.  Fr.  Treaty  of  St. 
Germain  between  France  and  England  ; 
New  France,  Acadia,  and  Canada  go  to 
the  dominion  of  Frairce ;  all  British  in- 
terests are  surrendered. 

June  20.  Md.  Cecil  Calvert,  second 
Lord  Baltimore,  receives  from  Charles 
I.  the  grant  of  a  new  province,  which  he 
calls  Maryland,  in  lionor  of  the  queen. 
[The  severing  of  their  territory  vexes 
the  Virginians,  but  they  remonstrate  in 
vain.] 

Oct.  *  Mass.  Governor  Winthrop  and 
Pastor  Wilson,  of  the  Massachusetts 
Colony,  visit  the  Plymouth  settlement 
to  show  good  will. 

*  *  Coim.  Dutch  traders  visit  the  Con- 
necticut. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Connecticut  valley  be- 
ing more  fertile,  emigration  is  urged 
thither  by  Winthrop. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Charles  I.  reasserts  the  title  of 
England  to  New  Netherland,  by  "  first 
discovery,  occupation,  and  possession," 

1633  Jan.  8.  Conn,  The  Dutch  buy 
land  of  the  Indians  on  both  sides  of  the 
river. 

Apr.  *  X.  Y.  Wouter  van  Twiller  su- 
persedes 3Ijnuet  as  governor. 

Oct.  *  Conn.  A  trading-post  is  estab- 
lished by  the  Pilgrims,  and  settlers  lo- 
cate at  Windsor  in  disregard  of  tlie 
claims  of  the  Dutch. 

Nov.  22.  Md.  Leonard  Calvert, 
brother  of  the  second  Lord  Baltimore, 
sails  with  a  colony  of  ilOI  persons,  chiefly 
Roman  Catholics  and  their  servants. 

*  *  Mass.  Men  who  become  eminent  ar- 
rive ;  among  them  are  John  Haynes, 
John  Cotton,  Thomas  Hooker,  and  Sam- 
uel Stone. 

*  *  Mass.  Charles  I.  becomes  alarmed 
at  the  growing  popularity  of  the  liberal 
Massachusetts  government.  The  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  is  oifended. 

The  governor's  power  is  restricted 
by  a  council  which  is  now  increasedfrora 
five  to  ten.    (E.  Winslow,  governor.) 

*  *  Pa.  The  Dutch  buy  lands  on  the 
Schuylkill. 

1634  Mar.  26.  Md.  Lord  Baltimore's 
first  colony  lands  on  St.  Clement's 
Island. 

Apr.  *  Eng.  Superintendency  of  the 
colonies  is  removed  from  the  privy 
coimcil  to  a  special  commission  led  by 
the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

May  *  Mass.  The  ballot  is  substituted 
for  a  show  of  hands  at  a  public  election. 

*  *  Mass.  Thos.  Prince,  Gov.  of  Plym- 
outh ;  Thos.  Dudley,  of  Mass.  Bay. 

*  *  Guiana,  The  French  settle  at  Cay- 
enne. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1630  *  *  Greenland.  Eight  men  belong- 
ing to  the  Muscovy  Company  are  left 
here  by  accident  till  the  next  season, 
and  yet  survive  their  terrible  sufferings. 


84 


1634-1639. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1635  Apr.  25.  Md.  Fight  between  the 
arinoil  boats  of  "WiUiam  Claybome 
and  the  colonists. 

*  *  Me.  The  French  seize  the  Penobscot 
trading-post  established  by  Plymouth 
colonists,  who  fail  to  retake  it, 

*  *  Conn.  The  English  send  over  men, 
ordnance,  and  ammunition,  with  $10,000 
to  build  a  fort  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Connecticut  Eiver  (at  Saybrook). 

A  colony  led  by  the  younger  John 
"Winthrop  drives  the  Dutch  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Connecticut  River,  settles 
Saybrook,  and  builds  a  fort,  under  a  pa- 
tent given  by  Lord  Say  and  Seal  and 
Lord  Brooke. 
1636*  *-37*  *  Conn.  The  Indians  com- 
mit many  ravages  near  Saybrook. 
General  alarm  is  felt. 

THE    PEQUOT    WAR. 

1636  JulyfT?. /.  The  Indians  of  Block 
Island  plunder  a  trading-vessel  and  kill 
its  captain, 

Sept.  *  -Oct.  *  Mass.  Capt.  Endicott 
ravages  the  territory  of  the  Pequots  in 
revenge. 

1637  Apr.*  Conn.  Indians maasacre 
nine  soldiers  at  Wethersfield. 

*  *  Spring.  Conn.  The  Pequots  seek 
the  alliance  of  the  Narragansetts,  with 
whom  they  had  long  been  at  enmity,  but 
are  frustrated  by  Roger  Williams. 

May  10.  Coiin.  The  colonists  in  conven- 
tion declare  war  against  the  Pequots. 

May  26.  Conn.  Defeat  of  the  Pe- 
quots in  their  fort  by  a  force  of  80 
men,  commanded  by  Captain  James 
Mason,  and  aided  by  several  hundred 
doubtful  Indian  allies. 

July  13.  Conn.  Complete  overthrow  of 
the  Pequots. 

*  *  Mtl.  The  colonists  have  a  bloody 
skirmish  with  William  Clayborne  at 
Kent  Island,  and  dispossess  him. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 
1635    Aug.  15.    New  En g.    Terrible 
storm  and  great  tide  20  feet  high ;  lives 
and  property  destroyed. 

1638  June  1.  New  Eng.  An  earth- 
quake alarms  the  people. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Dutch  on  Staten  Island 
are  the  first  of  the  colonists  to  distil 
brandy. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1634  Dongan,  Thomas,  Gov.  of  N.Y.,  born. 

1635  Mason,  John,  founder  In  N.  II.,  dies. 

1636  Oldliam,  John,  colonizer,  murdered. 

1637  Andres,  Edmund,  Gov.  of  New.  Eng.,  b. 
1636    Harvard,  John,  founder  of  Harvard 

College,  A31. 

1639  Alarcon    y   Mendoza,   de    Don    Jan, 
Mex.  poet,  A39.  ? 

Church,  Ilenjamin,  soldier,  born. 

Mather,  Increase,  Pres.  of  Harvard,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1634*  *  Can.  The  Jesuits,  Brebeuf  and 

Daniel,   join   the  barefoot  Hurons  on 

their    returning  from  QuebQQ  to  their 

owH  country. 


*  *  Mass.  Irreligion,  as  well  as  her- 
esy, punishable. 

Mr.  Lathrop  and  his  flock,  fleeing  from 
England,  settle  at  Scituate. 

Roger  Williams  writes  a  paper  declar- 
ing the  grants  of  land  by  the  King  of 
England  are  invalid  until  the  natives 
are  justly  recompensed. 

*  *  Md.  The  colonists,  with  Father  White 
for  their  priest,  worship  in  an  immense 
wig^wam  of  the  departed  Indian  chief, 
which  is  the  first  iEnglish  Catholic 
church  in  America. 

*  *  Va.  A  band  of  non-conformists 
are  driven  out  because  of  their  religious 
opinion. 

1635  Jan.  19.  Mass.  Tlie  governor 
convenes  the  clergy  to  decide  "  whether 
it  be  lawful  for  us  to  carry  the  cross 
[of  England]  in  our  banners?"  They 
divide,  and  defer  their  answer. 

May  *  Mass.  The  clergy  favor  changing 
the  red  cross  of  the  English  banner  to 
the  red  and  white  rose. 

*  *  Mass.  Roger  "Williams  and  John 
Smyth,  a  miller,  are  banished  from 
the  colony  because  of  heresy. 

Arrival  of  Rev.  Thomas  Hooker,  the 
"  Light  of  the  Western  Churches." 

Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson  becomes  the 
champion  of  her  sex  against  the  clergy, 
whom  she  charges  with  defrauding  the 
women  of  the  gospel,  also  declaring  that 
they  were  no  better  than  Pharisees  ;  she 
advocates  Antinomian  doctrines. 

1636  Mar.  30.  Mass.  The  Council 
sends  a  constable  to  Salem,  to  suppress 
those  who  do  not  submit  to  the  Estab- 
lished Church. 

*  *  Can.  Fifteen  Jesuit  Missionaries 
are  among  the  Indians. 

*  *  Del.  Swedes  establish  Lutheran 
worship. 

*  *  Mass.  The  first  Congregational 
organization  at  Cambridge  formed. 

1637  Aug.  30.  Mass.  The  Synod  of 
Wew  England  meets  for  the  first  time 
at  Newtown,  and  Anne  Hutchinson  and 
her  friends  are  deemed  unworthy  of  the 
society  of  Christians,  and  are  banished. 
[They  join  the  colony  under  Koger 
Williams  (Rhode  Island).] 

±  *  *  Mass.  The  Puritans  and  others  are 
annoyed  by  the  erratic  Samuel  Gorton, 
who  is  rated  a  heretic. 

Rev.  Francis  Doughty,  a  Presbyte- 
rian, is  driven  from  Taunton  because 
he  favors  the  baptism  of  the  infants  of 
believers. 

General  Synod  of  the  Congregational 
church  is  held  at  Cambridge ;  it  con- 
demns Antinomianism. 

1638  May  *  R.  I.  A  citizen  of  Provi- 
dence is  disfranchised  for  striking  his 
wife,  disturbing  her  conscience,  and 
preventing  her  from  attending  church. 

Dec.  *  N.  II.  The  First  Congregational 
church  organized  at  Dover. 

*  *  Can.     Eminent    French    Cathobcs 

endow  a  public  hospital  for  Indians,  and 
three  nuns  are  sent  to  serve  it. 


*  *  Del.  First  Episcopal  service  held 
within  the  Swedish  Fort  Christina 
(Wilmington). 

XiUtherans  from  Sweden  bring  a  min- 
ister with  them,  and  settle  on  the  Dela- 
ware (Wilmington). 

*  *  Mass.  Arrival  of  John  Davenport, 
a  clergyman,  from  London. 

John  "Wheelwright  is  banished  for 
expressing  sympathy  with  the  teachings 
of  Anne  Hutchinson. 

*  *  Ncic  York.  At  New  Amsterdam  Dom- 
inie Bogardus  writes  Van  Twiller, 
the  incompetent  governor,  threatening 
to  give  him  "  such  a  shake  from  the  pul- 
pit on  the  following  Sunday  as  would 
make  him  shudder." 

1639  Mar.  *  R.  I.  The  first  Baptist 
church  in  America  formed  at  Provi- 
dence.   [Questioned  by  some.] 

Mar.  16.  R.  I.  Roger  'Williams's 
views  of  baptism  change. 

Having  been  baptized  in  infancy,  he 
meekly  submits  to  be  baptized  again  by 
Ezekiel  Holliman,  a  layman,  and  then 
Williams  baptizes  Holliman  "  and  some 
ten  more:"  thus  rejecting  the  doctrine 
of  infant  baptism. 

June  *  Conn.  The  leading  men  of  New 
Haven  hold  a  convention  in  a  barn,  and 
adopt  the  Bible  as  the  constitution  of 
the  State.  None  but  church  members 
to  have  the  rights  of  citizens.  They 
have  no  government  for  the  first  year. 

*  *  Conn.  Religious  toleration  enacted 
in  New  Haven. 

*  *  Md.  The  Assembly  make  the  Roman 
Catholic  religion  the  church  of  the 
State. 

*  *  Mich.  St.  Mary*s  becomes  the  center 
of  mission  work  among  the  Hurons. 

*  */?./.  Roger  Williams  withdraws 
from  the  Baptists  because  of  their  non- 
apostolical  succession. 

LETTERS. 

1635  *  *  Boston.  Provision  is  made  for 
the  establishment  of  a  public  schooL 

*  *  Can.  The  foundation  of  a  seminary 
is  laid  in  Quebec  by  the  Jesuits. 

1636  Oct.  28.  Mass.  The  General 
Court  makes  provision  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  college. 

The  Colony  Court "  agreed  to  give  £400 
towards  a  schoole  or  collidge,  whereof 
£200  is  to  be  paid  the  next  yeare,  and 
£200  when  the  work  is  finished,  and  the 
next  court  to  appoint  where,  and  what 
building."  The  act  doubles  the  taxes 
for  tills  year. 

1637  *  *  Mass.  A  college  is  ordered  to 
be  erected  at  "  Newetowne.'* 

1638  *  *  Mass.  The  name  of  the  college 
is  changed  from  Cambridge  to  Har- 
vard College,  because  of  the  bequest 
of  £779  17s.  2rf.,  and  his  library,  by 
Rev.  John  Harvard ;  the  object  being 
"  the  education  of  the  English  and  In- 
dian youth  of  this  coimtry  in  knowledge 
and  godliness." 

*  *  Boston.  Stephen  Day  imports  the 
first  font  of  types. 

1639  *  *  Boston.  Bay  sets  up  his  print- 
ing-press at  Cambridge. 

The  first  American  almanac  appears. 


AMERICA. 


1634-1639. 


35 


"  An  Almanac  Calculatrd  for  Xew  Eng- 
land^  by  Mr.  Pierce,  Mariner."  Stephen 
Day,  printer  at  Cambridge. 

*  *  Can.  An  XJraxilme  convent  for  the 
education  of  girls  established  at  Quebec. 

SOCIETY. 

1637  Nov.  2.  Mass.  Kev.  John  Har- 
vard is  made  a  freeman  of  the  colony, 
soon  after  his  arrival. 

*  *  Mass.    Negro  slaves  are  imjxjrted. 

*  *  Mass.  Ordinary-keepers  are  ordered 
not  to  sell  either  sack  or  strong:  water 
to  the  Indians.       ' 

*  *  Hhode  Island  colonists  are  protected 
from  the  dangerous  Pequot  Indians  by 
the  powerful  Narragansetts. 

1638  May  1.  Sng.  The  King  forbids 
the  sailing  of  8  vessels,  ready  to  depart 
for  America,  and  said  to  have  John 
Hampden,  Oliver  Cromwell,  and 
other  noted  Puritans  on  board. 

*  *  Mass.  One  person  in  each  of  II  named 
towns  is  authorized  to  retail  sack  or 
Strong  water. 

1638*  *  N.  Y,  The  Dutch  on  Staten 
Island  are  the  first  colonists  to  distil 
brandy. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE, 

1634  *  *  Eiuf.  An  anti-emigration 
edict  issued,  without  the  effect  desired. 

*  *  Massachusetts  changes  its  form  of 
government  from  a  pure  to  a  repre- 
sentative democracy ;  deputies  chosen 
by  the  people  assume  the  powers  of  gov- 
ernment, while  the  clergy  oppose  the 
change. 

The  Massachusetts  Company  has  some 
20  or  30  villages,  and  nearly  4,000  English- 
men have  come  over  to  dwell  in  them. 

*  *  i\r.  J.  Sir  Edmund  Ployden  obtains  a 
grant  of  the  country  on  the  Delaware 
(New  Jersey)  from  the  king  of  Eng- 
land, and  calls  it  New  Albion. 

1635  Feb.  *  The  hostility  of  the  king 
and  church  causes  the  Plymouth  Coun- 
cil for  New  England  to  surrender  its 
charter  and  rights  in  America,  on  con- 
ilition  that  the  king  disregard  various 
grants,  and  divide  up  the  territory  in 
severalty  among  its  members. 

*  *  Mass.  John  Haynes,  who  arrived  in 
1633,  is  electetl  governor  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  Colony. 

*  *  Mass.  William  Bradford,  who  ar- 
rived in  1620,  is  elected  governor  of  the 
Plymouth  Colony. 

Feb.  26.  M(l.  The  first  general  assem- 
bly meets,  and  enacts  laws. 

Apr.  *  Md.  Hostilities  between  Mary- 
land and  Virginia. 

William  ClHyborne's  pinnace  is  seized 
by  a  party  froin  St.  Mary's.  He  refuses 
to  recognize  the  authority  of  Lord 
Baltimore. 

Oct.  8.  Conn.  John  "Winthrop,  son  of 
the  governor  of  Massachusetts,  arrives 
from  England  as  governor  of  Connecti- 
cut. 

Oct.  *  New  En(j.  A  colony  of  GO  persons 
leaves  Boston  and  settles  in  the  valley 
of  the  Connecticut  River ;  Windsor, 


Hartford,     and     Wethersfield     are 
founded ;  many  nearly  perish  for  lack 
of  food. 
Dec.  *   Va.     Sir  John  Harvey  re-ap- 
pointed governor  by  King  Charles  1. 

*  *  Va.  The  House  of  Burgesses  depose 
Governor  Harvey,  whom  Charles  I. 
commissioned. 

Because  of  his  partisanship  with  un- 
principled speculators,  and  they  appoint 
Captain  John  West  in  his  place  "  until 
the  king's  pleasure  be  known  in  the 
matter.'*  A  majority  of  the  councilors 
favoring,  the  governor  is  constrained  to 
go  to  England  for  a  trial. 

*  *  Conn.  A  Puritan  colony  having  ob- 
tained acharter, drives  the  Dutch  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Conuecticut  aud  settle 
Say brook. 

*  *  Guiana.   A  French  colony  established. 

*  *  Mass.  Roger  Williams  is  banished 
into  the  wilderness. 

Political  troubles  in  England  stimu- 
late emigration. 

Three  thousand  emigrants  arrive,  and 
Henry  Vane,  the  younger,  and  Hugh 
Peters,  are  among  them. 

Musket  buUets  are  made  lawful  cur- 
rency by  enactment. 

Twelve  families  of  immigrants  found 
Concord,  16  miles  from  Boston, 

*  *  Kew  Emj.  Selectmen  are  first  ap- 
pointed as  the  officers  of  townships. 

*  *  N.  F.  Permission  is  given  to  the 
French  to  cure  and  dry  fish,  for  a 
consideration. 

*  *  Eng.  A  Quo  Warranto  issued 
against  the  Massachusetts  Company. 

1636  Apr.  *  Mass.  Springfield  i  s 
settled  by  William  Pynchon  and  others 
from  Roxbury. 

Jxme  *  R.  I.  Roger  Williams  having 
bought  the  land  of  the  Indians,  with 
five  others  lays  the  foundation  of  the 
city  of  Providence. 

June*  -July*  Conn.  Ministers  Hooker 
and  Stone,  with  their  congregations, 
migrate  from  Newtown  (Cambridge), 
Massachusetts,  and  buy  land  of  the  In- 
dians on  the  Connecticut  River. 

*  *  Can,    Quebec  has  100  inhabitants. 

*  *  Mass.  The  General  Fundamen- 
tals, a  code  of  laws,  is  established  at 
Plymouth. 

An  unsuccessful  attempt  is  made  to 
rescind  the  charter  [and  again  the  next 
year]. 

The  [afterward  distinguished]  Henry 
Vane,  a  young  man  of  great  talent  and 
much  piety,  is  elected  governor.  Wins- 
low  is  reelected  governor  of  Plymouth. 

*  *  N.J.  New  Albion  (including  New 
Jersey)  granted  to  Sir  Edward  Plowden, 
the  viceroy  of  Ireland. 

1637  Spring.  Mass.  John  Winthrop  re- 
elected governor.    Also  Wm.  Bradford. 

May  10.  Conn.  Tlie  first  General  Court 
declares  war  against  the  Pequots. 

July*  Eng.  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges 
appointed  Governor  of  New  England  by 
the  king.    [He  did  not  leave  England.] 

Summer.  N.  Y.  Tlie  Dutch  Company 
buy  back  the  lands  in  Pavouia  and 
Staten  Island.    Price  [$10,000], 


Aug.  *  Mass.  Henry  Vane  returns  to 
England. 

*  *  Conn.  Windsor,  Wethersfield,  and 
Hartford  become  the  colony  of  Con« 
necticut. 

1638  Mar,  *  Del.  Swedes  settle  in 
Northern  Delaware,  after  buying  the 
land  of  the  Indiana  ;  they  call  their  col- 
ony New  Sweden,  and  greatly  prosper. 
Peter  Minuet,  governor. 

Jan.  *  Md.  An  act  of  attainder  is  car- 
ried against  William  Clayborne,  as  on© 
indicted  for  piracy  and  murder ;  he  flees 
from  justice  to  England. 

Mar.  7.  Jl.  I.  Civil  government  is  es- 
tablished at  Newport  by  John  Clarke, 
M.D.,  and  17  others,  who  left  Massa- 
chusetts for  religious  freedom,  the  Jew- 
ish Nation  furnishing  their  model  of 
government. 

Mar.  29.  New  York.  William  Kieft, 
the  governor,  arrives  at  New  Amster^ 
dam. 

Mar.  30.  Conn.  A  colony  of  Puritans, 
led  by  Rev.  John  Davenport  and  The- 
ophilus  Eaton,  sails  from  Boston,  [and 
settle  New  Haven,] 

May  1.  Charles  I.  restrains  emigration 
by  detaining  a  squadron  of  eight  vessels 
about  to  sail  from  London,  in  which 
John  Hampden  and  Oliver  Cromwell  are 
said  to  have  embarked. 

Nov.  24.  Conn.  New  Haven  ia  pur- 
chased from  the  Indians. 

*  *  Mass.    Thomas  Prince,  governor. 

*  *  N.  T.  New  Netherland  is  opened  for 
general  trade  and  settlement. 

*  *  R.  I.  William  Coddington  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, with  Mrs.  Anne  Hutchin- 
son and  a  few  others,  buys  Khode  Is- 
land, and  then  founds  the  colony  of 
Portsmouth  [later  Newport],  and  Cod- 
dington is  elected  the  first  magistrate. 

*  *  *  Eng.  Persecution  hastens  emigra- 
tion to  New  Engliiud. 

1639  Jan.  14.  Conn.  Civil  govern- 
ment organized. 

Delegates  from  three  towns,  Windsor, 
Hartford,  and  Wethersfield,  draw  up  a 
simple  and  liberal  instrument  at  Hart- 
ford. Saybrook  and  New  Haven  decline 
to  sign  it. 

Apr,  *  Va.  Charles  I.  treats  the  colo- 
nists with  contempt ;  he  restores  Gov- 
ernor Harvey, 

June  4.  Mass.  First  General  Assem- 
bly of  the  deputies  of  each  town  in  the 
Plymouth  Colony. 

Aug,  *  Conn.  The  leading  men  of  New 
Haven  adopt  the  Bible  as  the  consti- 
tution of  the  State ;  they  exclude  from 
rights  of  citizenship  non-church  mem- 
bers. [They  so  administer  the  govern- 
ment for  twenty  years.] 

Nov.  *  Va.  Sir  Francis  Wyatt  reap- 
pointed governor. 

*  *  Conn.  John  Haynes  chosen  govern- 
or of  the  Connecticut  Colony,  and  The- 
ophilus  Eaton  of  the  New  Haven  Col- 
ony. 

*  *  Mass.  William  Bradford  is  reelected 
governor  of  Plymouth  Colony. 


36      1639-1646,  Aug. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1640*  *^.  Y.    The  Dutch,  "tho  bloody 
men,"  abuse  the  Indians,  and  war  fol- 
lows in  New  Netherland. 

1641  *  *  A".  Y.  The  Baritan  Indians 
from  New  Jersey  avenge  their  wrongs  by 
destroying  the  Dutch  settlements  on 
Staten  Island. 

1642  *  *  -43  *  *  Maryland  colonists  con- 
tend with  the  Susquehannock  Indians, 

1643  Feb.  25,  26.  JV^.  Y.  Massacre 
of  friendly  Indians  by  the  Dutch,  at 
Pavonia,  imder  orders  of  Gov.  ICleft. 
A  war  of  revenge  follows. 

Sept.  *  X.  Y.    Anne   Hutojiinson   and 

nearly  all  her  family  are  massacred  [near 

New  Rochelle]. 
Sept.  *  N.  Y.    A  temporary  truce  with 

Indians  on  Long  Island  is  secured  by 

Roger  Williams. 

*  *  Conn.  Miantonoznoh,  chief  of  the 
Narragansetts,  is  murdered  with  the  ap- 
proval of  the  colony. 

1644  Feb.+  *  y.  Y.  Captain  John  Un- 
derbill of  Long  Island  leads  a  force 
which  subdues  the  Delaware  Indians 
in  New  Jersey,  and  also  the  Indians  of 
Long  Island  and  Comiecticut. 

Apr.  184^,  Va.  The  Indians  suddenly 
attack  the  colonists,  kill  300,  and  are 
then  chastised  in  turn. 

Apr.  *  -46  *  *  Conn.  Border  warfare 
with  the  Indians  prevails. 

1645  Aug.  30.  N.Y,  Treaty  of  peace 
between  the  Dutch  of  New  Amsterdam, 
under  William  Kieft,  and  the  Indians  of 
the  vicinity. 

Neio  Eng.    Treaty  of  peace  between 

the  New  England  colonies  and  the  Nar- 
ragansett  Indians. 

*  *  Brazil.  Insurrection  against  tyranny 
led  by  JoHo  Fernandez  Vieira. 

Spring.  -46  Aug.  *  Md.  Rebellion  of 
'Wilham  Claybome  and  Captain  Rich- 
ard Ingle ;  the  latter  is  practically  a 
pirate.    (Or  1044.) 

1646  Aug.*  Md.  Gov.  Calvert  organ- 
izes a  force,  which  makes  a  descent 
on  St.  Mary's,  and  recovers  the  prov- 
ince from  the  insurgents. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1642  *  *  X.  Y.  A  stone  tavern  is  built 
in  New  Amsterdam. 

*  *  Mass,  Iron  castings  are  first  made 
at  the  Sagus  Iron  Works. 

*  *  Mass.  Bostonians  are  the  first  colo- 
nists to  manufacture  ropes. 

1644  Feb.  4,  Disappearance  of  a 
strange  comet  of  prodigious  tail  which 
had  distressed  the  people  of  New  Eng- 
land. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1640  Hennepin,  Louis,  Fr.  missionary,  born. 

1641  Mlnuit,  Teter,  Gov,  of  N.  Y.,  A61+. 
164«i    Bacon,  Nathaniel,  patriot  of  Va.,b. 

1643  IIut<^liinsoii,  Anne,  rel.  enthusiast,  A52. 

1644  Penn.William. founder  of  Quakers,  b. 
1649    JoUet,  Louis,  explorer,  hora, 


CHURCH. 

1640  Mar.  16.  N.  //.  An  investigating 
committee  of  the  Boston  church  declares 
the  New  church  of  Portsmouth  irregu- 
lar in  taking  the  Lord's  Supper  with  ex- 
communicated persons. 

Oct.  21.  X.  Y.  John  Yoxmg  organizes 
a  Puritan  church  at  Southold,  Long 
Island. 

*  *  Can.  The  Sulpicians  make  Montreal 
a  rendezvous  for  converted  Indians. 

Charles  Raymbault  and  Claude  Pi- 
cart  lahor  in  the  Huron  Missions,  and 
carry  the  gospel  to  the  Indians  of  Mich- 
igan. 

*  *  Mass.  Stevenson  Reek  is  labeled  for 
his  religious  opinions,  placed  in  the  pil- 
lory two  hours,  and  fined  $250. 

*  *  X.  Y.  The  Presbyterian  church  of 
Southold,  Long  Island,  formed. 

1641  June  6.  X.  Y.  The  Director  and 
Council  of  New  Netherland  grant  the 
"free  exercise  of  religion"  to  the 
Church  of  England. 

Oct.  4.  Can.  Two  French  Jesuits,  Fa- 
ther Charles  Raymbaultwith  Father 
Isaac  Jogues,  are  sent  to  convert  the 
Chii>peways  on  the  Great  Lakes. 

Starting  from  Sault  St.  Marie,  for  sev- 
enteen days  they  sail  westward,  and  on 
landing,  they  are  met  by  two  thousand 
Chippeways,  who  welcome  them. 

*  *  -44  *  *  Can.  The  missionaries  re- 
ceive no  supplies,  and  their  clothes  fall 
to  pieces. 

*  *  U.  I,    A  church  is  formed  at  Newport. 

*  *  Mass,  Samuel  Gorton,  an  Anti- 
nomian,  is  driven  out  of  Plymouth. 

*  *  Va.  The  Episcopal  Church  is  estab- 
lished bylaw,  and  dissenting  is  declared 
to  be  a  crime. 

1642  Aug.  16.  Can.  The  site  destined 
for  the  city  of  Montreal  Is  formally  con- 
secrated, 

Aug.  *  X,  Y.  Father  Jogues  is  cap- 
tured and  tormented  by  the  Mohawks. 

[The  Indians  make  him  their  slave,  yet 
he  opens  a  mission,  in  which  he  has  70 
converts  when  rescued.  In  1646,  having 
recovered  from  his  wounds,  he  returns 
to  his  converts.]    (See  1646.) 

Sept.  *  Mass,  It  18  enacted  that  neither 
freeman  nor  deputies  of  New  Hampshire 
are  required  to  be  church  members. 

Oct.  22,  Can.  Death  of  Charles Kaym- 
bault,  the  illustrious  missionary  to  the 
Indians. 

*  *  Del.  Swedes  begin  to  preach  to  the 
Delaware  Indians. 

*  *  Md,  Lord  Baltimore,  a  Catholic,  in- 
vites the  Puritans  of  Massachusetts  to 
settle  in  his  colony. 

*  *  *  Md,  The  administration  is  in  the 
hands  of  Catholics,  while  the  very  great 
majority  of  the  people  are  Protestants. 

*  *  X.  H.  The  Episcopal  minister  is 
banished  from  Portsmouth  by  the  Puri- 
tans. 

*  *  X,  Y.  Johannis  Megapolensis  bo- 
comes  the  first  i>astor  of  the  Reformed 
Putch  church  at  Tort  Orange.   [$380.] 


*  *  Xew  York.  A  stone  church  is  built 
at  New  Amsterdam,  on  the  Battery,  by 
the  Dutch. 

*  *  Va.  The  Act  of  Uniformity  is  made 
very  stringent. 

1643  Feb.  28.  Mass.  Koger  Scott  is 
tried  by  the  Court  "  for  common  sleeping 
at  the  public  exercise  on  the  Lord's  Day, 
and  for  striking  him  that  waked  him." 
[He  was  severely  whipped  in  December.] 

Mar.  *  Va.  The  colony  enacts  that  dis- 
believers of  the  doctrine  of  the  Fnglish 
Episcopal  church  shall  not  be  allowed 
to  teach,  publicly  <^  privately,  or  preach 
the  gospel  in  the  colony,  and  non-con- 
formists are  to  be  banished. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
church  begins  its  mission  work  in  New 
England,  on  tlie  island  of  Martha's  Vine- 
yard; Thomjis  Mayhew,  Jr.,  becomes 
pastor  of  the  whites,  and  missionary  to 
the  Indians. 

*  *  X.  Y.  Ministers  of  the  Reformed 
Dutch  church  labor  among  the  Mo- 
hawk Indians. 

Francis  Doughty  preaches  in  New 
York  —  the  first  English  Presbyterian. 

Lady  Deborah  Moody,  owner  of  400 
acres  at  Swampscott,  is  obliged  to  move 
to  Gravesend,  Long  Island,  for  denying 
infant  baptism. 

*  *  II.  I.  The  plantations  at  Providence, 
and  the  English  on  the  Piscataqua,  are 
rejected  in  forming  the  New  England 
confederacy,  because  of  their  heterodox 
religion. 

Freedom  of  worship  is  the  chief  objec- 
tion raised  against  granting  the  request 
of  Rhode  Island. 

1644  Nov.  13.  Mass.  Thomas  Painter 
of  Hingham  is  whipped  for  refusing  to 
have  his  child  christened. 

The  General  Court  orders  the  banish- 
ment of  rejecters  of  infant  baptism. 

*  *  Can.  Father  Francis  Joseph  Bres- 
sani,  a  French  Jesuit,  is  captured  and 
tortured  by  the  Iroquois,  when  en  route 
to  the  Hurons. 

*  *  Can.  The  entire  Island  of  Montreal 
becomes  the  property  of  the  Sulpiciana 
of  Paris  by  royal  grant, 

*  *  It,    Innocent  X.,  pope. 

*  *  Md.  Claybome  and  Ingle,  having 
overturned  the  government,  ship  Father 
White  and  other  Jesuits  to  England. 

*  *  X.  Y.    German  Lutherans  arrive. 

Richard  Doughty  becomes  pastor 
of  Presbyterians  at  Hempstead,  Long 
Island. 

*  *  n.I.  The  first  Baptist  church 
formed  at  Providence. 

A  Baptist  church  formed  at  Newport. 

1645  Sept.  6.  X.  Y.  General  thanks- 
giving ordained  by  Gov.  Kieft,  through 
New  Amsterdam,  for  the  restoration  of 
peace  with  the  Indians. 

Oct.  10,  X.  Y,  The  Director  and  Coun- 
cil of  New  Netherland  grant  to  Flushing 
by  charter  the  free  exercise  of  religion. 

±  *  *  Mass.  Hiaccomes  is  the  first  In- 
dian convert  engaged  in  New  England 
mission  work. 


AMERICA. 


1646  Feb.*  Afass.  Wm.Witterof Lynn 
is  arraigned  before  the  Court  for  saying, 
"  Tliey  who  stayed  while  a  child  la  bap- 
tized do  worship  the  devil." 

LETTERS. 
1640  *  *  Mass.     The    Bay    State    Psalm 

Bool;  is  published  at  Cambridge ;  it  Is  the 

first  book  published  in  America  north 

of  Mexico. 
»  t  _54  *  *  Mass.  Eev.  Henry  Dvmster 

is  president  of  Harvard  College. 

1642  Oct.  9.  Mass.  First  Commence- 
ment at  Harvard  College. 

1643  *  *  A  Key  into  the  Language  of 
America,  by  Koger  Williams,  appears. 

*  t  -44  ♦  »  The  Bloody  Tenet,  a  treatise 
against  persecution,  by  Roger  Williams, 
appears. 

1645  *  *  Mass.  Every  family  in  New 
England  is  required  to  give  either  a 
peck  of  com  or  twelve  pence,  toward 
the  support  of  the  college. 

*  *  Massachusetts  passes  a  law  for  the 
establishment  of  public  schools. 

SOCIETY. 

1640  *  *  Brazil.  Numerous  Southern 
tribes  are  reduced  to  slavery  by  the 
Portuguese. 

1641  Sept.  1.  N.  J.  Raritan  Indians 
murder  colonists  on  Staten  Island,  in 
retaliation  of  an  attack  by  the  Dutch 
of  New  Amsterdam. 

1642  t:  *  •  Mil.  The  kidnapping  of 
Indians  is  made  a  capital  offense. 

*  *  Md.  Drunkenness  is  to  be  fined  by 
the  payment  of  100  lbs.  of  tobacco ;  and 
if  the  offender  is  a  servant  and  unable 
to  pay,  he  is  to  be  set  in  the  bilboes  and 
compelled  to  fast  for  24  hours,  or  be 
imprisoned. 

1643  Feb.  25.  N.  J.  Indians  who 
seek  protection  from  the  Mohawks  aro 
barbarously  massacred  by  the  Dutch 
at  Pavonia,  opposite  New  Amsterdam  ; 
80  are  killed,  and  great  indignation  is 
expressed  in  New  Amsterdam  at  the 
heartless  Governor  Kieft. 

*  *  Va.  Puritans  are  held  in  contempt 
in  loyal  Virginia,  as  disturbers  of  the 
peace  of  England.    (See  State.) 

1644  *  ♦  Pennsylvania  abandons  pro- 
hibition. 

"  Tlie  Court,  apprehending  that  it  is 
not  lit  to  deprive  the  Indians  of  any 
lawful  comforts  which  Ood  alloweth  to 
all  men  by  the  use  of  wine,  orders  that 
it  shall  be  lawful  for  all  who  are  licensed 
to  retail  wines,  to  sell  also  to  Indians." 

1645  Sept.  6.  N.  T.  Thanksgiving 
Day  observed,  in  gratitude  for  the  close 
of  the  Indian  hostilities. 

*  *  Boston.  A  party  sails  for  Guinea  to 
secure  a  cargo  of  slaves. 

*  *  Oyjin.  Selling  intoxicating  liquors  to 
the  Indians  is  prohibited,  under  a  pen- 
alty of  40  shillings  to  5  pounds. 

SETTLEMENT—  STATE. 
1639  ♦  *  Mil.    A  regular  representative 
government  is  established. 

*  *  New  Kiiq.  An  ineffectual  attempt  is 
made  to  unite  the  New  England  colonies. 


*  *  N.  y.  De  Vries  colonizes  Staten 
Island. 

*  *  II.  I.  Newport  is  settled  by  colonists 
from  the  other  end  of  the  island. 

1640  July  7.  B.I.  Providence  has  a 
government  formed  by  40  citizens  after 
their  own  model. 

*  *  Brazil  is  restored  to  the  possession 
of  the  Portuguese  by  the  Spaniards. 

*  *  Conn.    Edmund  Hopkins  is  governor. 

*  *  Bel.    Peter  Hollander  is  governor. 

*  *  Mass.    Thos.  Dudley  is  governor. 

*  *  New  England  advances  rapidly. 
Nearly  a  million  dollars  have    been 

spent  in  development,  and  more  than 
fifty  towns  and  villages  are  established  ; 
298  emigrant  ships  have  anchored  in 
Massachusetts  Bay,  and  21,i!00  people 
have  joined  the  Puritan  colonies. 

*  » JV.  r.  Increased  emigration  from 
Holland.  About  forty  families  from 
Lynn,  Massachusetts,  migrate,  and  found 
Southampton  on  Long  Island. 

*  *  Port.    John  IV.  enthroned. 

1641  Mar.  16.  It.  I.  William  Codding- 
ton'a  Israelite  form  of  government  hav- 
ing failed,  a  new  constitution  is  adopt- 
ed at  a  public  meeting  of  citizens  ;  civil 


1639-1646,  Aug.       87 

*  *  Conn.    Geo.  Wyllys  is  governor. 

•  *  If.  /.    Tobago  is  settled  by  the  Dutch. 
1643    Jan.  *  By  Act  of  Parliament  the 

Earl  of  Warwick  is  made  Govemor- 
in-chief  and  Lord  High-admiral  of  the 
American  colonies  ;  he  has  a  council  of 
five  peers  anil  12  commoners,  and  is  to 
have  supreme  power  over  governors  and 
officers. 

Mar.  14.  B.  I.  Roger  'Williams  ob- 
tains a  patent  from  the  Earl  of  War- 
wick for  the  union  of  the  towns  of  Prov- 
idence, Newport,  and  Portsmouth,  under 
one  charter  (Rhode  Island). 

May  14.    Fr.    Louis  XTV.  enthroned. 

May  19.  New  Eng.  The  first  confed- 
erated government  In  the  New 
■World. 

A  measure  for  uniting  the  New  Eng- 
land colonies  for  mutual  defense  is 
adopted;  Massachusetts, Plymouth, Con- 
necticut, and  New  Haven  combine  into 
a  loose  confederacy  called  The  United 
Colonies  of  New  England. 

♦  *  Conn.  New  Haven,  Milford,  Stamford, 
and  Guilford  united  in  the  Kepublio  of 
New  Haven.  [Later  Southold  on  Long 
Island  and  Branford  are  added.] 


and  religious  liberty,  justice  and  equal-   Sept.  7.    New  Eng.    The  commissioners 


ity,  are  secured  to  all  citizens.  Here 
the  first  declaration  of  democracy  in 
the  New  World  was  formulated. 
Deo.  *  Mass.  The  Assembly  of  the  Gen- 
eral Court  adopts  a  code  of  100  laws, 
called  The  Body  of  Liberties,  as  the 
Constitution  of  the  State. 

*  *  Brazil  makes  a  feeble  attempt  for  in- 
dependence. 

*  *  Can.  Maisonneuve  becomes  governor 
of  Montreal. 

*  •  Richard  Bellingham  is  governor 
of  the  Mass.  Bay  Colony ;  Peter  Hol- 
lander of  the  Swedes  [in  Pa.] ;  and  Sir 
William  Berkeley  in  Virginia. 

*  *  Eng.  Oppressive  restriction  of  colo- 
nial commerce ;  colonial  commodities 
must  be  sold  in  English  ports. 

1642  Feb.*  Va.  Sir  William  Berke- 
ley assumes  office  as  governor;  [pros- 
perity follows]. 

April  14.  N.  H.  By  the  action  of  its 
o\vn  people.  New  Hampshire  is  united 
to  Massachusetts ;  it  is  the  only  colony 
east  of  the  Hudson  not  founded  by  the 
Puritans.    John  Winthrop,  governor. 

*  •  Md.  A  company  of  Puritans,  who 
had  been  expelled  from  Virginia,  settle 
in  Maryland,  and  become  turbulent. 

*  *  New  Eng.  About  fifty  towns  and  vil- 
lages are  reported. 

Aug.  29.  N.  Y.  The  First  Represen- 
tative Assembly  meets. 

Governor  Kieft  permits  a  meeting  at 
New  Amsterdam  of  the  heads  of  fam- 
ilies, who  choose  12  of  their  number  to 
investigate  the  affairs  of  the  colony. 
They  soon  pass  from  Indian  difficulties 
to  governmental  abuses,  and  they  review 
the  despotic  acts  of  the  governor,  [and 
resist  his  control,  so  he  dissolves  the 
Assembly.] 

■  *  Va,  The  trade  of  the  colony  is  crip- 
pled, as  England  claims  it  for  herself. 
[The  restrictions  of  commerce  vex  the 
colonies  until  the  Revdlution.] 


of  the  Confederacy  open  their  first  ntect- 
ing,  and  elect  John  'Winthrop  presi- 
dent of  the  United  Colonies  of  New 
England. 
»  •  -64  *  ♦  New  Eng.  Period  of  pros- 
perity.   [Civil  War  in  England.] 

*  •  Conn.  John  Haynes  and  Ed.  Hopkins, 
governors.    {Del.  J.  Printz.) 

*  *  Pa.  The  Swedes  establish  a  colony 
on  the  Delaware,  within  six  miles  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Schuylkill. 

1644  •  *  Conn.  Saybrook  is  purchased 
by  George  Fenwick,  one  of  the  proprie- 
tors, and  permanently  annexed  to  Con- 
necticut, and  the  union  of  eight  towns 
called  by  the  latter  name. 

*  *  Mass.  The  colony  divides  its  legis- 
lative assembly  into  two  bodies,  the 
legislature  and  the  governor's  council. 

*  *  New  York.  A  city  hall  is  built  in 
New  Amsterdam  (Coonties  Slip.) 

*  *  B.  I.  Roger  Williams  returns  with  a 
charter  for  Rhode  Island. 

1645  Aug.  30.  N.  Y.  The  Dutch  of 
New  Amsterdam  and  the  Iroquois  In- 
dians sign  Articles  of  Peace. 

*  *  Governors  inaugurated  :  Wm.  Brad- 
ford of  Plymouth ;  Thos.  Dudley  of  Mas- 
sachusetts Bay  ;  Richard  Kemp  (Lieut.), 
and  later  Sir  Wm.  Berkeley,  of  Virginia. 

*  *  Mass.  Boston  offers  3,000  acres  of 
land  as  a  bounty  for  setting  up  iron- 
works, also  a  monopoly  for  21  years. 

*  *  Md.  A  rebellion,  led  by  Clayborne 
and  Ingle,  overthrows  the  government ; 
the  governor  flees  to  Virginia. 

*  *  N.  T.  Only  100  persons  left  at 
Manhattan,  and  1,500  in  the  province. 

1646  Aug.  *  Md.  Governor  Calvert 
regains  the  government;  a  general 
amnesty  is  granted. 

*  •  Mass.  Edward  Winslow,  governor  of 
Plymouth  ;  J.  Endicott,  Bay  Colony. 


88 


1646-1654. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1646*  *The  Dutch  are  defeated  at 

Guarapari. 
1647    Apr.  *  Md.     Calvert    in    person 

reduces  Kent  Island. 
1649  *  *  Can.     The    Huron    Indians 

are  massacred  at  St.   Ignatius  by  the 

Iroquois. 

*  *  Brazil.  War  between  the  Dutch  and 
Portuguese  colonists ;  the  Brazil  Com- 
pany aids  its  people  with  a  fleet. 

1651*  *  Del.  The  Dvitch  of  New  Am- 
sterdam build  and  garrison  Fort  Casi- 
mir  on  the  Delaware  River,  five  miles 
below  Fort  Christiana,  to  menace  the 
Swedes,  who  are  regarded  as  intruders. 

1652  Mar.  *  Fa.  Parliament  sends  a 
naval  force  to  subdue  the  Virginians, 
who  favor  Charles  I. 

1653  Sept.  19.  New  England  colonies 
declare  war  against  the  Xiantick  In- 
dians. 

*  *  New  York.  A  wall  is  built  across 
Manhattan  Island  (Wall  Street)  for  de- 
fense against  the  Indians  and  the  ex- 
pected troops  of  Oliver  Cromwell ;  it 
has  breastwork,  ditch,  and  palisades, 
and  extends  2,340  feet. 

*  *  Khode  Island  declares  war  against 
New  NetUerland. 

1654  *  *  Md,  A  civil  war  between 
Catholics  and  Protestants  rages. 

*  *  Del.  The  Swedes  under  Gov.  Rising 
drive  the  Dutch  from  Fort  Casimir 
(New  Castle). 

*  *  Brazil.  The  insurrection  against  the 
Dutch  is  successful. 

*  *  Can.  Oliver  Cromwell  sends  a 
strong  force  against  the  French  in 
Nova  Scotia. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1652  *  ♦  Mass.  First  iron  forge  set  up 
in  Raynham,  a  town  of  the  Plymouth 
colony. 

1654  Aug.  16.  N.  Y.  The  Onondaga 
salt  springs  discovered  by  the  Jesuits. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1647  Bogardus,  Everarrtus,  Dutch  pastor  In 
N.  J.,  dies. 

Calvert,  l^onanl,  Gov.  of  Md.,  A41. 
Dudley,  Joaepli,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  born. 
Hooker,  Tliomaa,  founder  of  Conn.,  A61. 

1 648  P    1  xtlilxochitl,  Fernando  de  Alva,  Mex. 
historian,  AHO.  ? 

1649  Winthrop.  John,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  A63. 
Yale,  Elihu,  patron  of  Yale,  born. 

lesOi:    KUlil,  William,  pirate,  bom. 

1661  ('ruz,  .Fuana  In^a  de  la,  Slex.  poet,  b. 
Phlps,  Sir  William,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  born. 

1662  Cotton,  John,  Puritan  minister,  A66. 
Sewall,  Sanuiel,  jurist,  born. 

Haynes,  John,  statesman,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

1646  Aug.  ±  *  Me.  Father  Gabriel 
Dreuillettea  descends  the  Kennebec 
to  its  mouth,  and  builds  a  mission 
chapel  for  the  Indians. 

Sept.  *  Mass.  The  Second  General 
Synod  meets  at  Cambridge,  and  frames 
a  "  Platform  of  church  discipline  gath- 
ered out  of  the  Word  of  God." 


It  approves  the  Westminster  Assem- 
bly's Confession  of  Faith,  as  slightly 
modified  by  the  Savoy  Synod. 

Oct.  *  N.  Y.  The  Mohawks  secure  Fa- 
ther Jogues  as  a  prisoner,  kill  him,  and 
throw  his  body  into  the  Mohawk  River. 

Oct.  28.  Mass.  John  Eliot,  "the  Apos- 
tle to  the  Indians,"  preaches  his  tirst  ser- 
mon to  the  Indians  in  a  wigwam  at  No- 
nantum  —  the  first  sermon  ever  preached 
in  North  America  in  the  native  tongue. 

*  *  Mass.  Episcopalians  in  Boston  peti- 
tion for  the  use  of  the  Prayer-Book. 

It  is  enacted  that  the  elders  of  the 
church  shall  choose  two  persons  yearly 
to  spread  the  gospel  among  the  Indians. 

Eliot  begins  his  missionary  work. 

He  gathers  Christian  Indians  into 
"  praying  Indian  towns,"  governed  by 
native  magistrates  chosen  by  the  people. 
The  first  was  located  at  Natick  •  the  sec- 
ond, Pakeniitt,  at  Stoughton  ;  the  third, 
Hassanamesit,  at  Grafton  :  the  fourth, 
Okommakamesit,  at  Marlborough;  the 
fifth,  Wamesit,  at  Tewksbury ;  the  sixth, 
Nashobah,  at  Littleton;  and  the  seventh, 
Magunkaquog,  at  Hopkinton. 

1647  *  *  Can.  The  wilderness  has  al- 
ready been  visited  by  42  Jesuit  mission- 
aries and  18  assistants. 

*  *  R.  I.    A  law  is  passed  tolerating  all 
religious  opinions,  whether  Christia 
or  infidel. 

1648  July  4.  Mich.  Father  Anthony 
Daniel  of  St.  Joseph's,  with  many  Hu- 
ron converts,  is  killed  by  the  Mohawks. 

*  *  Mass.  A  Synod  of  churches  at  Cam- 
bridge completes  the  organization  of 
Congregationalism,  and  issues  the 
••Cambridge  Platform." 

*  *  N.J.  Richard  Stout  and  other  Bap- 
tists settle  at  Middletown,  the  govern- 
ment being  preeminent  in  granting  reli- 
gious liberty. 

1649  Mar.  16.  A  thousand  Iroquois 
Indians  surprise  the  mission  town  of  St. 
Ignatius,  and  only  three  persons  escape 
the  general  massacre. 

Mar.  *  Fathers  Jean  de  Brebeuf  and 
Gubriel  Xiallemand  of  St.  Joseph's 
Mission  suffer  terrible  and  fatal  tortures 
after  the  taking  of  St.  Louis  by  the  Iro- 
quois. 

*  ♦  Del.  The  Assembly  decrees  that  no 
person  professing  faith  in  Christ  shall 
be  molested  in  his  religion  or  its  free 
exercise. 

*  *  Eng.  Organization  by  Parliament  of 
the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of 
the  Gospel  in  New  England,  through 
the  example  and  success  of  Eliot. 

*  *  Mass.  Thomas  Cushman  is  chosen 
elder. 

The  General  Court  lays  the  Cambridge 
Platform  before  the  congregations. 

*  *  Md.  The  legislature  declares  for  tol- 
eration. 

No  person  believing  in  the  fundamental 
doctrines  of  Christianity  to  be  distressed 
because  of  hi.s  opinions  or  practises,  and 
it  is  a  finable  offense  to  iLse  opprobrious 
epithets  in  religious  controversy.  The 
province  becomes  known  as  the  "  Land 
of  the  Sanctuary." 

*  *  Va.  Twenty  churches  are  estab- 
lished, the  livings  of  the  ministers  being 
worth  on  an  aterage  *'  at  least  £100." 


1650  *  *  Mass.  Many  Indians  on  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard  abandon  heathenism  and 
accept  Christianity. 

The  opinion  gains  groimd  that  all  bap- 
tized persons  of  upright  and  decorous 
lives  shall  for  all  practical  purposes  be 
considered  members  of  the  church.  The 
theory  is  stigmatized  as  the  ••  Half-way 
'  Covenant." 

*  *  N.  C.  Presbyterians  settle  in  this 
province. 

1651  July  13.  Boston.  John  Spur  is 
expelled  from  the  Boston  church  "  be- 
cause he  ceased  to  commune  with  them, 
on  the  belief  that  their  baptism,  singing 
of  psalms,  and  covenant  were  human 
inventions." 

Sept.  6.  Boston.  Obadiah  Holmes  is 
whipped ;  he  receives  30  stripes  for  be- 
ing a  Baptist.  While  the  blood  is  flow- 
ing, he  says,  "  You  have  struck  me  with 
roses."  [Thirteen  persons  afterwards 
suffer  for  showing  him  sympathy,  great 
public  indignation  follows.] 

*  *  Mass.  John  Clarke  is  persecuted  for 
holding  Baptist  doctrines.  Absence 
from  preaching  is  punishable  with  a  fine. 

The  Cambridge  platform  is  adopted 
by  the  congregations ;  provides  a  plan 
of  Church  discipline. 

Thomas  Mayhew  reports  190  conver- 
sions among  the  Indians  of  Martha's 
Vineyard. 

1652  Oct.  *  Mass.  The  first  native 
church  in  New  England  is  organized, 
having  282  members. 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  church  is  built  at  Flat- 
bush,  the  first  on  Long  Island. 

*  *  -53  ♦  *  Ji.  I.  A  division  occurs  in 
the  Baptist  church  at  Providence,  a  part 
seceding  on  the  question  of  the  laying 
on  of  hands. 

1653*  *  N.  C.  Dissenting  Presbyteri- 
ans, oppressed  by  the  collection  of  tithes 
for  the  Church  of  England,  leave  Vir- 
ginia, and  settle  on  the  Chowan  River. 

1654  Oct.  *  Md.  The  colony  is  dis- 
tracted by  the  dissensions  of  the  Cath- 
olic and  Protestant  parties.  The 
Protestant  party  call  an  assembly  at 
Patuxent,  and  disfranchise  the  Cath- 
olics, prohibit  their  worship,  and  de- 
prive them  of  the  protection  of  the  laws 
of  their  own  province. 

*  *  Del.  A  Dutch  Reformed  church 
is  established  at  New  Amstel  (New 
Castle). 

*  *  A'.  Y.  Father  Le  Moyne  joins  the 
Mohawks  on  the  Mohawk  River.  A 
mission  is  opened  for  the  Indians  of 
Onondaga,  and  a  chapel  built  by  the 
Roman  Catholics. 

A  Reformed  Dutch  church  is  es- 
tablished at  Midwout  (Flatbush),  Long 
Island. 

LETTERS. 
1647  *  *  Mass.  It  Is  enacted  that  every 
town  or  district  having  fifty  household- 
ers should  have  a  public  school ;  and 
one  hxmdred  families  should  have  a 
grammar  school. 

*  *  The  Simple  Cobbler  of  Agairam,  by 
Nathaniel  Ward,  appears. 


AMERICA. 


1646-1654. 


39 


1650 1  *  *  The  Poems  of  Anne  liradstreet 
and  Benjamin  Thompson  api)ear. 

1651  Jan.  11.  ^fass.  Mr.  Experience 
Maybew  opens  the  first  school  in  New 
England  for  the  instruction  of  Indian 
children, 

1652  *  *  Experiments  of  Spiritual  Life, 
and  Health  and  Their  Preservatives^  by 
Roger  Williams,  appears. 

*  *  Hireling  Ministry  and  Bloody  Tenet 
Yet  More  Bloody ^  by  Roger  Williams, 
appears. 

1654*  *-72*  *  Mass.  Rev.  Charles 
Chauncy  is  President  of  Harvard  Col- 
lege. 

SOCIETY. 

1647  *  *  M.  I,  Drunkenness  is  forbid- 
den under  penalty  of  5s.,  or  G  hours  in 
the  stocks  if  unable  to  pay.  Selling  to 
Indians  is  forbidden  under  penalty  of 
5  pounds. 

1648  *  *  Boston.  It  is  ordered  "  that  only- 
one  person  be  allowed  to  sell  wine  to 
the  Indians." 

1649  ♦  *  Va.  There  are  6  public  brew 
houses,  4  windmills,  together  with  5 
watermills  to  grind  corn. 

1650  *  *  Conn.  No  licensed  dealer  is 
to  suffer  any  one  to  be  drunk  or  to 
drink  excessively  (viz.,  above  half  a  pint 
at  a  time),  or  to  tipple  above  the  space  of 
half  an  hour,  or  at  luireasonable  times. 

The  penalty  for  drunkenness  appear- 
ing in  speech  or  gesture  only  is  10s. ;  for 
excessive  drinking,  3s.  4rf. ;  for  tippling 
over  half  an  hour,  2s.  6rf.,  for  tippling 
at  unreasonable  hours,  or  after  nine 
o'clock,  5s.  Second  offenses  have  a 
double  penalty. 

±*  *  New  York.  Negro  slaves  brought 
to  New  Amsterdam. 

1652  May  18.  R.  I.  The  representa- 
tives of  Providence  and  Warwick  pro- 
hibit perpetual  slavery,  and  limit 
bondage  to  ten  years. 

1654  *  *  Mass.  Licensed  persons,  allow- 
ing tippling  and  excessive  drinking,  are 
fined  20s.  • 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 
1646*  *Kng.  Parliament  frees  colonial 
merchandise  from  all  duty  for  three 
years,  on  condition  that  all  productions 
be  carried  in  English  vessels. 

*  *  Mass.    Gov.  Winthrop  is  reelected. 

*  *  N.  Y.  "Bruecklyn"  (Brooklyn)  re- 
ceives a  village  charter. 

1647  May  11.  N.  Y.  Peter  Stuyve- 
sant  assumes  the  governorship;  he  is 
the  last  and  greatest  of  the  governors  of 
New  Netherland.    [In  office  17  years.] 

*  *  Md.  Calvert,  having  recovered  author- 
ity, establishes  Robert  Vaughn,  a  Pro_ 
testant,  as  governor. 

*  *  Mich.  A  settlement  Is  made  at  Detroit 
by  the  French. 

*  *{U.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
Md.    Thomas  Greene. 

May  *  It.  J.  John  Coggeshall  governor 
of  Providence,  Warwick,  Portsmouth, 
and  Newport. 

Governor  Stuyvesant  claims  all  the 
region  between  Cape  Henlopen  and  Cape 


Cod.  He  restores  prosperity  to  the  col- 
ony, which  had  been  nearly  ruined  by 
Kieft,  his  predecessor, 

*  *  P.  I.  The  first  general  assembly  of 
the  province  meets,  and  frames  a  code  of 
laws.  • 

1648  Aug,  *  Md.  Lord  Baltimore  dis- 
misses the  Catholic  governor,  Green,  and 
appoints  a  Protestant,  William  Stone, 
in  his  place. 

*  *  Conn.  The  settlement  of  ISTew  Iion- 
don  is  commenced. 

Rhode  Island  petitions  to  be  admitted 
into  the  confederacy  of  New  England 
Colonies,  and  is  refused,  after  declining 
to  submit  itself  to  the  jurisdiction  of 
Plymouth,    W.  Coddington,  governor. 

Eng.    THE  COMMOirWEALTH. 

1649  Jan.  30.    Charles  I.  is  executed. 

*  *  /?.  /.  John  Smith,  governor.  (Mass. 
Bay.    J.  Endicott.) 

*  *  Mass.  A  definite  code  of  laws  is 
finally  secured. 

*  *  Md.  The  Assembly  passes  a  law  of 
perfect  toleration  for  all  Christian 
sects.  Many  exiled  Puritans  received 
from  Virginia  and  settle  Annapolis. 

*■  (f  Va.  The  Virginians  reject  Crom- 
well, and  proclaim  Charles  II.  as  right- 
ful sovereign  of  the  British  realm. 

The  Northern  Neck  (between  the  Rap- 
pahannock and  the  Potomac)  is  granted 
to  Lord  Culpepper  and  a  company  of 
Cavaliers,  as  a  refuge  for  their  partisans. 

1650  June  *  Va.  Berkeley  receives  a 
ne  w  commission  from  the  exiled 
English  king,  Charles  II. 

Oct.  3.  Eng.  The  Long  Parliament  as- 
serts its  supremacy  over  the  colonies. 

*  *  Eiiff.  Foreign  ships  are  forbidden 
to  trade  with  the  rebellious  (royalist) 
colony  of  Virginia. 

*  *  Md.  The  legislature  is  divided  into 
two  houses. 

To  appease  the  Protestants  their  settle- 
ment is  erected  into  a  separate  county 
—  Anne  Arundel.  [Charles  County  is 
erected  later.] 

*  *  Governors  elected :  Thomas  Dudley 
(Mass.) ;  Nicholas  Easton  (K.  I.). 

*  *  N.  Y.  An  amicable  adjustment  of 
the  boundary  line  between  the  Dutch 
and  New  England  colonies  (near  the 
present  line)  is  treated  with  contempt 
by  the  English  government. 

1651  Oct.  9.  E7ig.  Parliament  passes 
the  first  navigation  act,  forbidding 
the  importation  of  goods  into  England 
except  in  English  vessels.  (It  is  aimed 
against  the  Dutch,  and  designed  to  pun- 
ish the  royalists  of  Virginia.) 

*  *[U.S.]    Governors  elected  : 

*  *  Mass.  Bay.    John  Endicott. 

*  *  R.  I.  Sam.  Gorton  (Prov.  and  War). 

*  *  Eng.  Parliament  appoints  conmiis- 
sioners  to  visit  America  and  assume 
control  of  the  colonies  bordering  on  the 
Chesapeake.  Stone,  the  deputy  of  Lord 
Baltimore,  is  deposed  by  them. 

*  *  The  war  between  England  and  Hol- 
land somewhat  strains  the  relation  be- 


tween the  English  and  Dutch  colonies, 
but  no  rupture  occurs. 
±  *  *  N.  C.    The  first  actual  settlement 
made  near  the  mouth  of  the  Chowan 
River. 

1652  Mar.  12.  Va.  The  loyalists 
surrender  to  Parliament  when  a  war- 
vessel  appears  with  commissioners 
from  Cromwell.  It  is  agreed  that  *'  the 
People  of  Virginia"  ought  to  have  all 
the  liberties  of  the  free-born  people  of 
England. 

Oct.  2.  Eng.  Roger  Williams  secures  the 
confirmation  of  the  charter  and  the 
union  of  Providence  and  Rhode  Island. 

*  *  Eng.  Parliament  assumes  control  of 
Maryland,  and  nominally  suspends  the 
government  in  Rhode  Island. 

*  *  Guiana.  The  English  colony  on  the 
Surinam  River  returns  to  Paramaribo. 

*  *  Massachvisetts  purchases  Maine 
for  $5,3^. 

A  mint  is  erected,  and  silver  coined 
into  shilling,  sixpenny,  and  threepenny 
pieces. 

N.  Y.  Newtown  and  Flatbush  on 
Long  Island  are  settled  under  Dutch 
patents. 

Va.  Richard  Bennett,  a  Puritan,  is 
elected  governor.    (R.  I.    John  Smith.) 

1653  *  *  N.  C.  Oppressed  colonists 
emign:'ate  from  Virginia,  and  settle  on 
the  Chowan  River.  Governor  Berkeley 
assumes  jurisdiction,  and  appoints  Wil- 
liam Drummond  governor. 

Feb.  2,  Neiv  York.  New  Amsterdam 
incorporated,  and  an  elective  munici- 
pal government  established. 

Dec.  16.  Eng.  Oliver  Cromwell  be- 
comes Lord  Protector  of  the  British 
realm. 

Dec.  10.  y.  Y.  First  General  assembly 
of  the  people,  consisting  of  two  deputies 
from  each  village ;  Stuyvesant  is  un- 
willing to  sanction  it,  but  is  imable  to 
prevent  it. 

*  *  [  f7.  5.]    Governors  inaugurated  : 

*  *  Del.     Johan  C.  Rising, 

*  *  Mass.    Richard  Bellingham. 

*  *  R.I.    Roger  Williams. 

Feb.  *  Md.  Governor  Stone's  proclama- 
tion to  make  oath  of  fidelity  to  the  pro- 
prietary (a  Catholic)  is  resisted. 

July  15±.  Md.  Bennett  and  Clayborne, 
the  governor  and  secretary  of  Virginia, 
come  and  take  the  government  out  of 
the  hands  of  Stone,  and  hold  it  for  the 
Lord  Protector. 

July  +  *  Md.  William  Fuller  and  nine 
others  are  appointed  commissioners 
to  execute  government. 

Oct.  *  Md.  A  factional  assembly  at 
Patuxent  .acknowledges  the  authority 
of  Cromwell,  but  disfranchises  the 
whole  Catholic  party. 

*  *  Brazil.  The  colonies  unite  under 
the  royal  authority  of  Portugal. 

*  *  Mass.  Emigration  nearly  ceases 
during  the  commonwealth  ;  many  Puri- 
tans return  to  assist  in  the  struggle  in 
England. 


40 


1655-1662. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1655  Mar.  25.  Md.  The  Catholic  pro- 
prietary attacks  the  Puritans  at  Provi- 
dence, but  is  defeated  and  captured. 

May  3.  W.  /.  Jamaica  is  taken  from 
the  Spaniards  by  the  British  mider  Ad- 
miral Penn  and  troops  under  Yenables. 

Sept.  5.  N.  r.  Peter  Stuyvesant  with 
600  men  sails  from  New  York  against 
the  Swedes  of  Delaware,  and  subdues 
them. 

Sept.  *  K.  y.  The  Algonkian  Indians 
vainly  rise  in  rebellion  against  the 
Dutch  at  and  near  New  Amsterdam. 
[They  sue  for  peace  on  the  return  of 
Stuyvesant  and  his  force  from  Delar 
ware.] 

1661  *  *  Brazil.  An  uprising  occurs 
against  the  missionaries. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1659*  *-N.  Y,  Bricks  made  at  New 
Amsterdam ;  previously  they  were  im- 
ported from  Holland,  and  only  used  for 
ovens  and  chimneys,  etc, 

1662  *  *  N.  Y.  A  windmill  is  erected 
at  New  Amsterdam. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1666  Winslow.   Sdward.   (Jov.  of  Mass., 
A  60. 

Standlsh.  Miles.  Puritan  soldier,  A72.  ? 

1667  Cardillac,  Antoine  de  la  Motte,  f  dr,  b. 
Wayliew,  Thomas,  minister,  A36. 
Hopkins,  Kdward,  Gov.  of  Conn.,  A57. 
Fenwick,  (ieorge,  proprietor  In  Conn.,  A54. 

1668  De  Peyster,  Abraham,mayorof  N.Y.,b. 
1668    Dunster,  Henry,  pres.  of  Harvard,  d. 

1660  Dyer,  Mary,  Quaker  martyr,  hanged. 
Dustin,  Hannah,  heroine,  born. 
Mathews,  Samuel,  Gov.  of  Va.,  dies. 

1661  Iberville, Pierre  le  Moyne,  Sieur,  foun- 
der, born. 

leea    Leverett,  John,  pres.  of  Harvard,  b. 

CHURCH. 

1655  Nov.  *  N.  r.  Father  Chaumo- 
not  and  Claude  Dablon  join  the  Onon- 
daga Indians. 

*  •  It.    Alexander  VU,,  pope. 

*  *  Aid.  Several  persons  killed  in  a  con- 
flict between  Catholics  and  Protestants. 

*  *  New  York.  By  special  act  of  the  Com- 
pany at  Amsterdam  the  Jews  are  per- 
mitted to  live  in  New  Amsterdam, 
provided  they  agree  to  support  their 
own  poor. 

1656  Feb.  1.  New  York.  Tyranny  of 
the  Dutch.  The  authorities  of  New 
Netherland  decree  all  meetings  illegal 
except  those  of  the  Reformed  divine 
service. 

Mar.  13.  New  York.  Jews  are  permitted 
to  worship  in  their  own  houses  at  New 
Amsterdam,  but  not  publicly  in  syna- 
gogues. 

June  2.  N.  Y.  Comer-stone  of  the 
Dutch  church  laid  in  the  center  of 
State  Street  at  Albany. 

Oct.  14.  Mass.  Act  passed  prohibiting 
the  immigration  of  Quakers,  and  ap- 
pointing 20  lashes  and  imprisonment  to 
such  as  should  arrive,  and  death  to  such 
as  return  after  transportation. 


Wov.  8.  N.  Y.  Baptists  are  perse- 
cuted; Wm.  Hallet  of  Flushing  fined 
$250  for  permitting  meetings  to  be  held 
in  his  house.  [Afterwards  banished  for 
non-payment.] 

*  *  C(in.  Two  French  missionaries  be- 
gin work  among  the  Ottawas  by  request 
of  the  chiefs.  One  is  mortally  woimded 
in  an  attack  by  the  Iroquois,  and  both 
are  captured. 

Father  Mesnard  goes  to  the  Cayugas 
and  Father Chaumonot  to  theSenecas. 

*  *  Mass.  A  day  of  solemn  prayer  and 
fasting  observed  because  of  reports  from 
England  concerning  Quakers  who  would 
destroy  all  churches  and  governments. 
Two  weeks  later  two  female  Quaker 
missionaries  arrive. 

*  *  A'.  Y.  Baptist  converts  are  baptized 
at  Flushing. 

*  *  li.  I.  Secession  from  the  Baptist 
church  to  form  a  Six-Principle  Baptist 
church. 

1657  Apr.  7.  Mass.  Henry  Dunster, 
late  president  of  Cambridge  college,  is 
arraigned  before  the  Court  for  refusing 
to  have  his  infant  child  baptized. 

June  4.  Mass.  A  Congregational  minis- 
ters' meeting  at  Boston  adopts  "the 
Half -Way  Covenant." 

It  declares  "  that  all  persons  of  sober 
life  and  correct  sentiments,  without 
being  examined  as  to  a  change  of  heart, 
might  profess  religion  or  become  mem- 
bers of  the  church,  and  have  their  chil- 
dren baptized,  though  they  did  not  come 
to  the  Lord's  table." 

*  *  Conn.  John  Eliot  is  the  first  to  preach 
the  gospel  to  the  Indians  at  Hartford, 
in  an  assembly  of  Podunks. 

The  Podtmk  Indians  were  asked  by 
Eliot  to  accept  Christ ;  they  answered 
emphatically,  "  No,"  adding,  the  Eng- 
lish had  taken  their  lands,  and  would 
now  make  them  servants. 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  four  imited  colonies 
prohibit  the  landing  of  Quakers. 

Persecution  of  the  Quakers.  "A 
motley  tribe  — half  fanatic,  half  insane, 
and  without  definite  purposes."  (Ban- 
croft.) The  penalty  for  attending  a 
Quaker  meeting  is  ten  shillings,  and 
for  speaking  in  such  a  meeting  ten 
pomids. 

*  *  Mass.  Faunce  is  chosen  elder  of  the 
colony. 

*  *  New  York.  John  E.  Goetwater,  a 
Lutheran  minister,  arrives  in  New  Am- 
sterdam. 

1658  Mar.  26.  New  Ym-k.  Tlie  New 
Netherland  authorities  annul  the  right 
of  Flushing  to  hold  town  or  heretical 
meetings,  and  require  all  to  pay  taxes 
for  the  support  of  the  minister,  or  lose 
their  goods  and  take  themselves  "out 
of  this  government.** 

*  *  N.  C.  Presbyterians  settle  on  the 
Chowan  River.     (See  page  38.) 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  commissioners  of  the 
four  United  Colonies  advise  the  Court 
of  Massachusetts  to  execute  Quakers 
returning  from  banishment ;  the  law  is 
enacted  by  a  majority  of  one  vote. 

*  *  li.  I.  A  Jewish  congn^egation  is  or- 
ganized at  Providence. 


*  *  Va.  Religious  liberty  is  universal, 
except  for  the  Quakers,  who  are  ban- 
ished by  law  and  their  return  proscribed 
as  a  felony. 

1659  *  *  Mass.  Two  Quakers  executed 
for  returning  from  banishment. 

1660  June  1.  Mass.  Mary  Dyer,  a 
Quakeress  returning  from  banishment, 
is  executed. 

Aug.  *  Can.  Father  Ren€  Mesnard, 
an  aged  man,  responds  to  the  request  of 
the  Indians,  and  opens  a  mission  near 
Kneweenaw,  where  he  is  neglected,  per- 
secuted, and  finally  dies. 

*  *  Mass.  John  £lJot  forms  a  church  of 
converted  Indians  at  Natick. 

Prisons  are  full  of  Quakers  ready 
for  martyrdom. 

*  *  *  Maryland  is  an  asylum  for  the  per- 
secuted. 

1661  Mar.  14.  Mass.  "William  Ledra, 
a  Quaker,  is  hanged  by  the  Puritans. 

*  *  Mass.  The  death  penalty  against  the 
Quakers  is  removed  from  the  statute- 
book. 

John  Eliot  prints  the  New  Testa- 
ment in  the  Indian  language. 

*  *  Co}in.  Abraham  Pierson  begins 
preaching  to  the  Indians  about  Weth- 
ersfield. 

*  *  It.  I.  First  yearly  meeting  of  Qua- 
kers established. 

1662  Apr.  4.  Va.  Many  Quakers  ar- 
raigned before  the  Court  as  recusants. 

Dec.  *  Va.  Enactments  passed  to  op- 
press the  Baptists. 

*  *  Boston.  A  partial  Synod  approves 
the  Half-Way  Covenant. 

A  few  French  Protestant  refugees  are 
granted  leave  to  reside  in  the  colony. 
Ejectment  of  non-conformist  ministers. 

*  *  Va.  Stringent  law^s  passed  against 
Quakers  and  all  sectarians. 

*  *  Va.  The  Royalists'  General  Assem- 
bly provides  for  a  church,  parsonage, 
and  minister  for  every  parish. 

His  salary  fe  be  £80,  all  to  be  raised 
in  tax  levies.  [Tlie  salary  was  after- 
wards changed  to  1,600  pounds  of  tobac- 
co.] Absence  from  church  for  one  Sim- 
day  punishable  by  fine  of  50  poimds  of 
tobacco ;  non-con rormists  to  pay  i;20  for 
a  month's  absence ;  all  non-l5piscopal 
ministers  are  forbidden  to  preach. 

LETTERS. 

1661  *  *  -63  Dec,  *  John  Eliot  com- 
pletes his  translation  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment into  the  Indian  vernacular. 

1662  *  *  Mass.  Two  licensers  of  the  press 
are  appointed. 

*  *  The />ayo/Z)oom,  by  Michael  Wiggles- 
worth,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1655  *  *  Md.  Hostilities  between  Prot- 
estants and  Catholics. 

1656  *  *  New  Eng.  Quakers  are  per- 
secuted.   (See  Church.) 

1657  *  *  Mass.  Selling  liquor  to  In- 
dians is  absolutely  prohibited ;  penalty 
40s. 

*  '*'  Mass.  A  return  is  made  to  the  origi- 
nal prohibitory  law  of  1639. 


AMERICA. 


1655-1662. 


41 


It  is  decreed  that  "All  persons  are 
wholly  prohibited  to  sell,  truck,  b-arter, 
or  give  any  strong  liquors  to  any  Indian, 
directly  or  indirectly,  wliether  known 
by  the  name  of  rum,  strong  waters, 
wine,  strong  beer,  brandy,  cider,  or 
perry,  or  any  other  strong  liquor  going 
under  any  other  name  whatsoever." 

1658  *  •  Md.  Dninkennesa  is  punished 
by  conflnement  in  the  stocks  for  6  hours 
or  a  tine  of  100  lbs.  of  tobacco  (half  to 
the  informer) ;  for  a  second  offense,  by 
public  whipping  or  a  tine  of  300  lbs.  of 
tobacco ;  for  the  third  offense  the  of- 
fender is  adjudged  infamous,  and  dis- 
franchised three  years. 

»  *  Va.  One  convicted  of  drvmkeimess 
three  times  is  accoimted  a  common 
drunkard. 

1659  July  26.  Can.  Indians  mas- 
sacre more  than  one  thousand  people 
at  Montreal. 

*  *  Conn.  Any  person  found  drunk  at 
any  private  house  is  to  be  fined  20s.  and 
the  owner  of  the  house  10s.  Distillation 
of  corn  or  malt  into  liquor  is  prohibited. 

1660  July  27.  Boston.  Two  of  the 
fugitive  judges  of  Charles  I.,  Edward 
■Whalley  and  William  Golfe,  are  wel- 
comed, and  concealed  from  royal  officers. 

1662  June  20.  Conn.  Three  women 
condemned  at  Hartford  as  Avitches ; 
one  is  hanged. 

*  *  *  Brazil.  A  hardy  race  of  men  is 
produced  at  San  Paulo,  from  the  inter- 
marriage of  colonists  with  natives. 

*  •  Mass.  Adultery  is  punished  with 
death. 

*  *  Ta.  It  is  enacted  that  offspring  shall 
follow  the  condition  of  the  mother,  nuik- 
ing  the  children  of  white  men  by 
negro  women  slaves  from  birth. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1655  Jan.  ±  *  Md.  Beputy  -  governor 
Stone  vainly  seeks  to  regain  authority 
by  revolution. 

*  *  Conn.  Thomas  Welles,  governor. 
(Mass.  Bay.    John  Endicott.) 

Sept.  *  N.  Y,  Gov.  Stuyvesant  compels 
the  .Swedes  of  Delaware  to  acknowledge 
the  supremacy  of  New  Netherland  ;  the 
little  State  of  New  Sweden  ceases 
to  exist,  and  the  territory  is  annexed 
to  New  Netherland. 

*  *  Md.  Conflict  between  the  Puritans 
and  Koman  Catholics. 

*  *  Va.  Sdward  Diggs  elected  gov- 
ernor. 

1656  July*  Md.  Josias  Fendall,  a 
weak  and  impetuous  man,  commissioned 
as  Lord  Baltimore's  lieutenant.  [Tlie 
council  of  ten  holds  him  under  arrest  as 
a  dangerous  person.  There  are  two  gov- 
ernments for  two  years.] 

Sept.  11.  Conn.  Stuyvesant  concludes  a 
boundary  treaty,  limiting  New  Neth- 
erland by  Oyster  Bay  on  Long  Island, 
and  the  neighborhood  of  Greenwich  on 
the  mainland. 

*  *  Conn.  John  Webster,  governor.  (Va. 
Samuel  Matthews.) 

*  *  Del.  The  city  of  Amsterdam  pur- 
chases the  proprietary  of  Delaware 


from  the  Brandywine  to  Bombay  Hook, 
and  by  purchase  from  the  natives  extends 
its  lands  to  Cape  Henlopen.  The  Dutch 
own  from  New  England  to  Maryland. 

*  *  Port.    Alfonso  VI.  enthroned. 

»  »  -58  •  *  A'.  ¥.  A  short-lived  French 
colony  in  western  New  York. 

*  *  *  Ka.  Charles  II.,  now  in  exile,  is 
invited  to  join  the  colony  and  be 
"King  of  Virginia."  This  incident 
suggested  the  title  of  "The  Old  Do- 
minion." 

1657  *  *  \_U.  S.]  Governors  inaugu- 
rated. 

*  *  Conn.    John  Winthrop. 

*  *  Plym.    Thomas  Prince. 

*  *  R.  I.    Benedict  Arnold.    [16«2-63.] 

1658  Mar.  *  Md.  The  revolt  is  settled 
by  compromise,  Fendall  is  acknowledged 
governor, and  the  Protestant  assemblies 
accepted  as  valid ;  a  general  amnesty  is 
announced. 

Sept.  3.    Eny.    Richard  Cromwell, 

Iiord  Protector. 
**Conn.    Settlement    of    Southerton 

(Stonington)  commenced. 

*  "  N.J.  Purchasers  obtain  a  large  grant 
called  Bergen,  and  the  station  becomes 
a  permanent  settlement. 

*  *  Conn.  T.  Welles  and  Francis  New- 
man, governors. 

»  •  Va.  Samuel  Matthews  elected  gov- 
ernor ;  the  legislature  grants  a  fixed  sal- 
ary to  the  office  [and  repeals  the  act  in 
the  following  year]. 

1659*  *  Mass.  Settlement  of  Nan- 
tucket by  Thomas  Macy. 

*  *  Conn.  John  Winthrop,  governor.  (Pa. 
Alex.  D'Hinoyossa  (Dutch).  [1663.  Re- 
appointed.   1660.    R.  I.    Wm.  Brenton.]) 

1660  Mar.  12.  Md.  Popular  sov- 
eignty  is  exercised  by  the  representa- 
tives, wlio  vote  themselves  a  lawful  as- 
sembly, without  dependence  on  any  other 
power  in  the  province,  thus  ignoring  the 
rights  of  Lord  Baltimore. 

May  8.  Eng.  Charles  II.  enthroned 
as  sovereign  over  the  British  realm ; 
"  the  worst  monarch  of  modern  times." 
(Ridpath.)  [He  oppresses  the  commerce 
of  Virginia,  and  sneers  at  complaints.] 

Nov.  10.  Mass.  It  becomes  well  known 
thatthemonarchyis  restored  in  England. 

Dec.  19.  .1/<ess.  The  General  Court  con- 
vened, and  addresses  are  prepared  for 
the  king  and  parliament. 

*  *  -70  *  *  Eng.  Enactment  of  naviga- 
tion, trade,  excise,  and  other  laws 
inimical  to  the  colonies  in  America. 

*  *  C<}Sta  Rica.  Spaniards  reappear,  and 
subdue  the  rebellious  Indians  again. 

*  *  Mass.  The  government  persecutes 
the  Quakers. 

*  •  Md.  Philip  Calvert,  governor.  {R.  I. 
Wm.  Brenton.) 

»  *  N.  F.  Tlie  French  found  a  colony  at 
Placentia  Bay. 

*  *  New  Eng.  Population,  38,000 ;  Md., 
12,000. 

Arrival  of  the  English  regicides. 

*  *  Va.  Sir  'William  Berkeley  is  elect- 
ed governor  by  the  House  of  Burgesses. 


He  surpasses  the  tyranny  of  the  king  ; 
Baptists  and  Quakers  are  persecuted ; 
personal  property  is  heavily  taxed;  large 
estates  are  exempted  ;  the  biennial  elec- 
tion of  burgesses  is  abolished.  [This 
continues  for  16  years.] 

ITte  people  contend  against  a  rising 
aristocracy  for  the  control  of  the  polit- 
ical life. 

The  population  is  estimated  by  Gov- 
ernor Berkeley  at  *'  40,000,  including 
2,000  black  slaves,  6,000  Christian  ser- 
vants, of  whom  about  1,500  are  imported 
yearly,  principally  English."  The  Chris- 
tian servants  are  chiefly  ex-convicts. 
1661  Mar.  12.  Va.  The  first  session 
of  the  royalist  assembly  marks  a  polit- 
ical revolution.  F.  Moryson  governor. 
June  10.  Mass.  Foreboding  collision 
with  the  Crown,the  General  Court  makes 
a  declaration  of  the  natural  and  char- 
tered rights  of  the  colonists. 

July  27.  N.  Y.  Schenectady  pur- 
chased from  the  Indians. 

Aug.  7.  Mass.  Charles  H.  is  pro- 
claimed. 

Aug.  *  Conn.  John  Winthrop  sent  to 
England  to  obtain  a  charter.  Wm. 
Leete,  governor  of  New  Haven. 

*  *  Eng.  By  Act  of  Parliament,  sugar, 
tobacco,  indigo,  and  other  "  enumerated 
articles,"  are  not  to  be  shipped  from 
the  colonies  to  any  country  but  Eng- 
land. 

*  *Mass.  Penal  laws  against  the  Qua- 
kers suspended  by  the  king. 

Indian  wampum  a  legal  tender  in  small 
transactions.    [Continued  for  50  years.] 

*  *  -V.  C  A  company  of  New  England 
Puritans  establishes  a  colony  on  Old- 
town  Creek. 

*  *  New  Eng.  Warrants  arrive  for  the 
arrest  of  the  regicides  of  Charles  I.,  Ed- 
ward Whalley,  William  Goff,  and  John 
Dixwell,  who  have  escaped  to  New  Eng- 
land, and  are  effectually  concealed. 

*  *  *  Va.  The  loyal  Virginians  are 
oppressed. 

Charles  II.  treats  Virginia  as  personal 
property,  and  grants  large  tracts  of  both 
tilled  and  wild  lands  to  the  most  worth- 
less profligates  that  court  his  favor,  pro- 
ducing great  uncertainty  and  distress 
among  the  planters.  The  planters  also 
suffer  religious  oppression.  (See  Church.) 

1662  Apr.  23.  Conn.  A  Liberal  char- 
ter for  Connecticut  is  granted. 

Charles  II.  signs  the  charter  prepared 
by  the  colonists  without  the  alteration 
or  a  word  or  letter.  [It  is  character- 
ized as  the  most  liberal  charter  ever 
granted  by  an  English  monarch  ;  for  14 
years  the  younger  Winthrop  is  annually 
elected  governor.] 

*  *  Chtiana.  Charles  H.  grants  the  en- 
tire English  colony  to  Lord  Willoughby. 

*  *  Md.  Charles  Calvert  (Lord  Balti- 
more) is  confirmed  in  the  government. 

An  Act  is  passed  to  establish  a  mint. 

*  *  Va.  The  Royalist  Legislature  enacts 
a  permanent  imposition  on  all  ex- 
ported tobacco,  to  provide  a  perpetual 
revenue  for  royal  officers,  and  make 
them  independent  of  colonial  legislation. 

Tlie  Assembly  for  14  years  denies  to 
the  people  the  right  of  choosing  their 
own  legislators,  by  assuming  to  be  a 
perpetual  body. 


42 


1663-1669,  Feb. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1663  Jvme7.  M.  Y.  The  Indiana  at- 
tack the  settlers  at  Esopus  (Kingston) 
on  the  Hudson,  and  are  subdued  after 
killing  65  whites.  Kondout  is  almost 
annihilated  by  them  about  this  time. 

1664  *  *  Guiana.  Cayenne  is  taken  by 
the  French. 

Sept.  8.  New  York.  New  Netherland 
is  taken. 

A  small  English  fleet  takes  New  Am- 
sterdam without  a  struggle  ;  Peter  Stuy- 
vesant  proposes  resistance,  but  is  forced 
by  his  council  to  sign  the  capitulation. 

Sept.  24.  N.  Y.  Port  Orange  (Albany) 
surrenders  to  the  British. 

Oct.  1.  Del.  The  Swedish  and  Dutch 
colonists  on  the  Delaware  submit  to 
the  British,  who  thus  complete  their 
conquest. 

Deo.  *  N.  Y.    Truce  with  the  Indians. 

*  *  W.  I.  Buccaneers,  led  by  [Sir] 
Henry  Morgan,  begin  their  depredations 
on  the  colonies  of  Spain. 

1665  May  •  .V.  }'.  Treaty  of  peace 
entered  with  the  Indians. 

*  *  Fla.  The  town  of  St.  Augustine  is 
captured  and  plundered  by  a  company 
of  buccaneers  under  Capt.  John  Davis, 
an  Englishman. 

*  •  Cuba.  The  wall  around  Havana  is 
commenced. 

1666  Jan.  29.  Fr.  France  declares 
war  against  England. 

Jan.+*  Can.  The  French  expedition  of 
Courcelles  and  Tracy  goes  against  the 
Mohawk  Indians. 

*  *  Guiana.  The Dutchtakethe  English 
settlement  by  storm,  and  a  heavy  ran- 
som is  exacted. 

1667  *  *  Guiana.  Surinam  is  taken  by 
the  English. 

*  *  Afass.  Kavages  are  committed  by 
the  Mohawks  near  Korthampton. 

1668*  •  Can.  Peace  is  made  between 
the  French  and  Five  Nations. 

*  •  Maine  yields  to  the  authority  of 
Massachusetts  by  force  of  arms. 

»  *  Panama.  Morgan's  1,200  bucca- 
neers take  Porto  Bello  and  immense 
spoils. 


1665    Endlcott,  John,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  A76. 

1667  Carr,  Sir  Robert,  Kngllsh  officer,  dies. 

1668  Wilson,  ,lohn,  clergvman  of  lioston,  il. 
Day,  Stephen,  flrst  printer  In  Hew  Eng.,  A57. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1663  Feb.  5.    Caji.     Severe    earth- 
quakes. 

[They  continue  with  short  intermis- 
sions for  over  6  months,  and  change  the 
surface  of  the  earth.] 

1664  Nov.  17.    New  Eng.    A  bearded 
comet  becomes  visible. 

[It  exhibits  a  tail  when  it  departs.] 
1666    Aug.  4.     W.  I.     Terrific     hurri- 
cane ;  Lord  Francis  Willoughby,  with  his 
tleet  of  15  sail,  perishes  in  it. 
1667+  *  *  Painters  ply  their  art  making 
portraits  of  dignitaries. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1663    Mather.  Cotton,  clergyman  and  au- 
thor, born. 
Bradfonl,  William,  printer  In  Pa.,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1663  Sept.*  Va.  Oppression  of  Sep- 
aratists, who  are  fined  for  holding  meet- 
ings, and  the  more  aftluent  are  compelled 
to  pay  the  fines  of  the  poor.  Baptists 
are  proscribed,  Quakers  are  fined,  per- 
secuted, and  imprisoned. 

*  *  Mass.  The  flrst  Baptist  Church 
formed  in  Swansea. 

John  Eliot  completes  the  printing  of 
the  O.  T.  in  the  Indian  language. 

The  King's  commissioners  vex  the 
Puritans  by  using  the  Episcopal  ser- 
vice in  Boston.  The  Puritans  observed 
Saturday  evening  as  part  of  the  Sabbath, 
the  commissioners  spend  it  in  carousals. 

1664  May*  R.I.  The  Assembly  estab- 
lishes reUgious  freedom. 

*  *  Boston.  Episcopalians  petition  for  the 
use  of  the  Prayer-Book.    (Second  time.) 

*  *  Mass.  Kev.  John  Cotton  preaches  to 
the  Indians  of  Martha's  Vineyard. 

1665  Mar.  28.  Boston.  The  first  re- 
corded meeting  of  Baptists  (falsely 
called  Anabaptists). 

Sept.  *  Can.  Claude  AUouez  goes  to 
Montreal,  intending  to  return  to  the 
mission  left  vacant  by  the  death  of 
Mesnard.  He  opens  a  mission  on  the 
shores  of  Lake  Superior. 

*  *  n.  I.  The  Seventh-day  Baptists  or- 
ganize a  church  at  Newport. 

1666  June  14.  At  New  Netherland 
the  Lutherans  are  permitted  to  worship 
in  their  own  houses. 

*  *  N.  Y.  First  church  erected  in 
Brooklyn  (site  on  Fulton  Ave.,  near 
Lawrence  St.). 

*  *  Midi.  AUouez,  the  Jesuit,  founds 
the  mission  of  St.  Espiritu,  south  of  Lake 
.Superior. 

1667 1  Aug.*  Can.  Father  Lewis 
Nicols  goes  to  the  Indians  of  the  north- 
west. 

*  *  The  Jesuit  missions  among  the  Iro- 
quois reopened. 

*  •  It.    Clement  IX.,  pope. 

*  *  N.  J.  A  Presbyterian  church 
formed  in  Newark  under  pastor  Abra- 
ham Pierson. 

1668  Spring.  Can.  The  celebrated 
Father  Marquette  leaves  Quebec,  in 
company  with  Father  Le  Boesme,  to 
join  the  Ottawa  mission. 

*  *  X.  J.  A  Presbyterian  chvurch  is 
formed  in  Elizabeth. 

1660  Feb.  *  New  York.  Jacob  Fabri- 
citis  reaches  New  Amsterdam  as  the 
pioneer  preacher  to  the  German  Luther- 
ans. He  preaches  in  their  own  ver- 
nacular. 

LETTERS.  , 

1663*  *  Mass.    Ehot's  Indian  Bible  is 

the  first  one  printed  in  America. 
1664  *  *  Mass.    Act  passed    prohibiting 
printing-presses  elsewhere  than  at  Cam- 
bridge. 


1665  Sept.  5.  Mass.  The  printing  of 
the  New  Testament  in  the  Indian  ver- 
nacular is  completed. 

SOCIETY. 

1664  «  *  Va.  The  Virginia  assembly  re- 
strains the  clergy.  "  Ministers  shall  not 
give  themselves  to  excess  in  drinking  or 
riot,  spending  their  time  idly  by  day  or 
night,  in  playing  at  dice,  cards,  and 
other  unlawful  games." 

1665  *  *  N.  Y.  Dealers  required  not  to 
sell  beer  above  Id.  a  quart,  or  any  other 
liquor  above  12«.  a  gallon,  under  penalty 
of  20s.  a  gallon,  so  sold.  Selling  liquor 
to  Indians  is  prohibited. 

1668  *  *  N.J.  Persons  foimd  drinking 
after  nine  o'clock  are  apprehended 
and  punished  at  discretion ;  drunken- 
ness is  fined  Is.,  2s.,  and  2s.  M.,  for  the 
first,  second,  and  third  offenses  respec- 
tively. 

*  *  Va.  It  is  enacted  that  "  The  death 
of  a  slave  from  extremity  of  correction 
was  not  accounted  a  felony;  since  it 
cannot  be  presumed  that  prepensed 
malice  should  induce  any  man  to  de- 
stroy his  own  estate."    (Or  1667.) 


SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1663  Feb.  14.  Can.  The  hundred  as- 
sociates surrender  their  charter,  and 
New  France  becomes  a  royal  province. 

Feb.  •  -July  *  N.  Y.  The  Dutch  West 
India  Company  sells  the  whole  country 
on  the  Delaware  to  the  city  of  Amster- 
dam. 

Mar.  24.  Charles  II.  issues  a  patent  to 
Lord  Clarendon,  General  Moilk,  and 
six  other  noblemen  who  had  assisted  in 
his  restoration,  to  lands  between  the 
St.  Johns  Elver  and  the  36th  parallel  of 
latitude,  extending  from  the  Atlantic 
to  the  Pacific,  with  jurisdiction  over  the 
same ;  it  is  called  Carolina. 

Julys.  R.  I.  Charles  II.  renews  the 
charter  of  Khode  Island  and  Provi- 
dence plantations,  to  the  surprise  and 
joy  of  the  colonists. 

*  *  M.  de  Mesey  becomes  (Fr.)  governor 
of  Mich.  (Can.),  and  Alex.  D'Hinoyossa 
(Dutch)  governor  of  Pennsylvania.  [1664. 
Robert  Carr,governor  of  Pennsylvania. 
1065.  Kichard  Bellingham,  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  Colony,  and  M.  de  Cour- 
celles (Fr.),  of  Mich.  (Can.).] 

*  *  N.  C.  The  settlers  at  Puritan  on  the 
Chowan  Kiver  organize  a  civil  gov- 
ernment, and  elect  William  Drummond 
governor  of  the  Albemarle  Colony. 

*  *  Conn.  WhaUey  and  Goffe,  two  of 
the  regicide  judges  who  voted  to  put 
Charles  I.  to  death,  flee  to  New  Haven 
and  find  protection  from  the  officers 
sent  to  arrest  them. 

*  *  Eng.  An  act  is  passed  to  monopolize 
the  colonial  trade;  European  goods 
for  the  colonies  to  pass  through  British 
ports. 

*  *  N.  J.  A  company  of  Long  Island 
Puritans  obtain  permission  to  settle 


AMERICA. 


1663-1669,  Feb.      43 


on  tlie  banks  of  the  Karitan,  but  they 
delay  to  migrate. 

*  *  M'lHs.  Mississippi  is  included  in  the 
charter  of  South  Carolina. 

1664  Mar.  12.  New  York  becomes 
a  Duchy. 

Charles  II. ,  deeming  tlie  Butch  in  New 
Netherland  usurpers,  totally  regardless 
of  prior  grants,  arbitrarily  grants  the 
entire  territory  between  the  Connecticut 
and  Delaware'Eivers  to  his  brother,  the 
Duke  of  York  ;  he  also  gives  hini  the 
territory  between  the  Kennebec  and  St. 
Croix  liivers  (Maine). 

May  29.  N.  C.  Sir  John  Yeamans 
lands  sever,al  hundred  English  colonists 
at  Cape  Fear  River  in  Clarendon. 

May  *  Fr.  Louis  XIV.  grants  to  a  new 
company  of  the  West  Indies  the  mo- 
nopoly of  all  French  commerce  in  North 
and  South  America,  except  the  fisheries. 

Jtine  10.  Va.  The  navigation  acts  en- 
forced. 

June  23.  N.  Y.  The  Duke  of  York  sells 
his  claim  to  lands  between  the  Dela- 
ware and  the  Hudson  (in  part)  to  Iiord 
Berkeley  and  Sir  George  Carteret ; 
Sir  George  hjlving  been  governor  of  the 
island  of  Jersey,  it  is  called  New  Jer- 
sey ;  and  it  becomes  a  proprietary  state, 
owned  by  the  owners  of  Carolina.  New 
Jersey  is  separated  from  New  York. 

*  *  Enn-  The  king  appoints  four  com- 
missioners, Nicolls,  Carr,  Cartwright, 
and  Maverick,  to  hear  complaints  and 
appeals  in  New  England,  and  settle  the 
peace  of  the  country. 

July  23.  Boston,  The  king's  commis- 
sioners arrive,  and  are  opposed  as  hos- 
tile to  colonial  liberties.  [They  leave 
for  New  Netherland.] 

*  *  N.Y.  After  much  controversy  with 
Holland  concerning  the  title  of  New 
Netherland  (New  York),  the  English 
proceed  to  settle  the  matter  by  taking 
forcible  possession. 

Sept.  8.  New  York.  New  Netherland 
ceases  to  exist.  The  Dutch  surrender 
New  Amsterdam.    (O.  S.  Aug.  29.) 

Colonel  Richard  Nicolls  assumes  ofHce 
as  English  governor,  and  the  name  of 
the  city  is  changed  to  New  York.  [The 
English  government  lasts  nine  years.]  » 

Sept.  20.  N.  Y.  Port  Orange  sur- 
renders to  the  English,  and  its  name 
changed  to  Albany. 

Oct.  1.  The  Dutch  and  Swedes  on  the 
Delaware  capitulate  to  the  English,  and 
for  the  (irst  time  every  mile  of  the 
American  coast  from  the  N.E.  corner 
of  Maine  to  the  southern  limits  of 
Georgia  is  under  the  British  flag. 

Oct.  25.  Mass.  A  remonstrance 
against  the  royal  menace  of  tyranny  is. 
issued,  and  addressed  to  the  king. 

Oct.  *  N.  J.  A  villiige  is  begun,  and 
named  Ellzabethtown  in  honor  of 
Lady  Carteret.     (Philip  Carteret,  gov.) 

Oct.  28.  A^.  J.  Governor  Nicolls  ratifies 
the  sale  of  the  Ellzabethtown  tract  by 
the  Indians  to  Long  Island  Puritans, 
while  ignorant  of  the  sale  of  New  Jer- 
sey by  the  Duke  of  York. 

Dec.  1.  Connecticut  surrenders  all  claim 
to  Ijong  Island,  and  obtains  a  favorable 
boundary  on  the  coast. 


Dec.  *  New  York  has  an  estimated  popu- 
lation of  10,000. 

*  *  Mass.  Act  passed  prohibiting  print- 
ing-presses elsewhere  than  in  Cam- 
bridge. 

*  *  N.  J.  Governor  Nicolls  grants  an  ex- 
tensive tract  of  land  on  Newark  Bay  to 
a  company  of  Puritans. 

Ellzabethtown,  Newark,  Middletown, 
and  Shrewsbury  begun  by  settlers  from 
New  England  and  Long  Island. 

The  lands  of  New  Jersey  are  dis- 
tributed to  settlers  for  a  quit-rent  of  a 
half-penny  an  acre,  payable  in  the  year 
1G70. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Governor  Nicolls  makes  a 
treaty  with  the  Five  Nations,  they 
ceding  their  land,  and  submitting  to 
the  authority  of  Charles  II. 

First  settlement  [in  Central"  New 
York]  made  at  Schenectady.    (See  1661.) 

*  *  W.  I.  The  French  occupy  San  Do- 
mingo. 

1665  Feb.  10.  N.  J.  The  earliest 
constitution,  "  Concessions  and  Agree- 
ments," is  adopted.    (See  1677,  Mar.  3.) 

Feb.  .24.  Mass.  Deerfield  is  purchased 
of  the  Indians.    (R.  Bellingham,  gov.) 

Feb.  *  N.  J.  The  royalist  proprietors 
offer  special  inducements  of  a  liberal 
character  to  emigrants. 

Apr.  *  N.  J.  William  Goulding  and 
others  receive  a  patent  for  a  grant,  ex- 
tending from  Sandy  Hook  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Raritan.  East  New  Jersey  is 
called  Albania. 

May  26.  Mass.  The  royal  commission- 
ers depart.  The  General  Court  refuses 
to  recognize  them,  and  they  leave  the 
province  in  anger. 

June  12.  N.  Y.  City  of  New  York  is 
incorporated  by  Governor  Nicolls ;  a 
mayor,  5  aldermen,  and  a  sheriff  ap- 
pointed. Thomas  Willet  is  the  first 
mayor. 

June  *  The  Carolina  grant  is  extended 
northward  to  36°  SO',  so  as  to  include  the 
Chowan  settlement  [in  North  Carolina]. 

*  »  Arg.  Rep.  Spain  relaxes  her  restric- 
tions on  commerce. 

*  *  Can.  Courcelles  governor  of  New 
France.  Much  emigration  and  rapid 
growth. 

*  *  Conn.  Connecticut  and  New  Haven 
unite. 

*  *  Conn.  John  Wiuthrop  is  elected  gov- 
ernor. 

*  *  Maine  is  taken  by  royal  authority 
from  Massachusetts,  and  restored  to  the 
heirs  of  Gorges. 

*  *  N.  C.  A  little  Puritan  colony  on 
the  Cape  Fear  River  is  broken  up  by 
the  Indians. 

The  same  site  is  purchased,  with  32 
square  miles  of  territory,  by  a  company 
of  planters  from  Barbados,  led  by  Sir 
John  Yeamans.  Eight  hundred  people 
settle  along  the  river  during  the  first 
year. 

*  *  New  Hampshire  is  officially  named. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  English  plant  a  colony 
under  PhiUp  Carteret,  the  first  gover- 
nor, with  Ellzabethtown  for  the  capital ; 
his  administratiou  not  popular. 


*  *  Sp.    Charles  II.  enthroned. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Governor  Nicolls,  the  deputy 
of  the  Duke  of  York,  enacts  a  code 
called  the  "  Duke's  Laws."    (Feb.  28.) 

*  *  -67  *  *  N.  Y.  The  English  oppress 
the  Dutch. 

Representative  government  is  denied ; 
old  titles  to  land  are  annulled,  and  new 
titles  are  obtained  at  a  cost  which  pro- 
vides an  immense  revenue. 

1666  May  21.  N.  J.  An  association 
of  Puritans  from  Connecticut  sails  up 
the  Passaic,  and  extinguishes  the  Indian 
title  to  Newark,  after  holding  a  council 
with  them. 

*  *  Governors  chosen  :  'William  Bren- 
ton  (R.  I.) ;  Edward  Diggs  (Va.)  for 
the  English  Commonwealth. 

»  •  Can.  Robert  Cavalier  de  la  Salle  ar- 
rives from  France. 

*  *  Cmrn.  Hartford,  New  Haven,  New 
London,  and  Fairfield  are  the  four 
counties,  and  each  has  its  court. 

*  *  N.  J.  Colonists  from  Connecticut 
settle  in  Ellzabethtown,  Newark,  and 
in  Hackensack. 

*  •  New  York.  ITiomas  Delavall  the 
2d  mayor. 

*  *  W.  I.  Great  depredations  by  buc- 
caneers. 

*  *  Guiana.  Surinam  occupied  by  the 
English. 

1667  May*  N.Y.  The  governor,  Fran- 
cis Lovelace,  an  outrageous  and  incu- 
rable tyrant ;  the  people  groan  under 
excessive  taxation. 

July  31.  Hoi.  The  Treaty  of  Breda, 
between  England,  Holland,  France,  and 
Denmark, provides  the  cession  of  (l)Nova 
Scotia  to  France  by  England,  (2)  Antigua 
Monserrat  and  St.  Christopher  to  Eng- 
land by  France.  England  retains  New 
Netherland,  and  Holland  Surinam. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  Clarendon  colony  is  aban- 
doned.   Sara.  Stephens,  governor. 

*  *  New  York.  Thomas  Willet  the  3d 
mayor. 

*  *  W.  I.  The  Bahamas  granted  to  the 
proprietors  of  South  Carolina. 

1668  May  2.  Fr.  The  treaty  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle  ends  the  war  between  Eng- 
land and  Spain,  and  the  colonists  begin 
to  discuss  the  right  of  arbitrary  govern- 
ment. 

May  26.  N.  J.  The  first  legislative 
assembly  meets  at  Ellzabethtown,  and 
assigns  the  punishment  of  death  to 
twelve  offenses  ;  all  penalties  are  made 
severe. 

*  *  Can.  Sault  Ste.  Marie  founded  by 
Father  Marquette  at  the  entrance  of 
Lake  Superior. 

*  ♦  Maine  again  put  under  the  govern- 
ment of  Massachusetts,  upon  applica- 
tion of  some  of  its  people. 

*  *  Mass.  Daniel  Gookin  and  others 
granted  a  tract  eight  miles  square,  to  be 
called  Worcester. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1669  *  *  Ga.     Spaniards  still  work  the 
gold  mines. 


44     1669,  July-1675,  July  8. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1669  *  *  Mohawk  and  Mohegan  War. 

1670  *  *  Panama.  Morgan  reduces  the 
castle  of  San  Lorenzo  at  Chagres. 

1671  Feb.  24.  Panama  is  burned  by 
Morgan's  buccaneers. 

Sept.  7, 8.  Mass.  Great  training-days 
in  Boston ;  1,200  men  in  the  field. 

1672  May  28.  Mass.  First  declara- 
tion of  war  in  the  colonies ;  Boston 
declares  war  against  the  Dutch. 

*  *  Del.  A  force  of  Marylanders  invades 
Lewiston. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Susquehannock  tribe  is  an- 
nihilated by  the  resistless  league  of  the 
Five  Xations. 

*  *  ,S'.  C.  Spaniards  from  St.  Augustine 
endeavor  to  drive  away  the  settlers  in 
Carolina,  but  are  repulsed. 

*  *  W.  I.  The  English  take  Tobago  from 
the  Dutch. 

1673  Feb.  21.  Mass.  Medfield  is 
surprised  by  Indians,  principally  Nar- 
ragansetts.  Eighteen  men,  women,  and 
children  are  killed,  and  half  the  town 
is  burnt. 

July  *   Can.    Fort  Frontenac  is  built. 
Va.-N.  J.    War  between  Fngland 

and  Holland ;  the  Dutch  ravage  the 

Virginia  coast,  and  subdue  New  Jersey. 
Aug.  8.    New  York  is  taken  by  the 

Dutch  without  a  shot  being  fired ;  they 

rename  it  New  Orange. 

1674  Feb.  9.  New  York.  According  to 
the  terms  of  peace  between  England 
and  Holland,  the  Dutch  governor  An- 
thony Colve  is  to  surrender  the  city 
to  the  British. 

Oct.  31.  New  York.  The  Dutch  forces 
evacuate  the  city. 

*  *  Mass.  An  Indian  plot  is  formed 
against  the  colonies  ;  a  friendly  Indian 
missionary  reveals  it  and  is  murdered. 

*  *  W.r.  The  Dutch  retake  Tobago 
from  the  English. 

*  *  Me.    A  Boston  ship  captures  Castine. 

1675  June  24 -78  Apr.  12.  New  Enrj. 
King  Philip's  W^ar.  Causes  :  Indian 
jealousy  of  the  growth  of  the  English  set- 
tlements, and  the  almost  complete  alien- 
ation of  hunting-grounds  by  treaties. 

June  24.  Mass.  King  Philip's  "War  be- 
gins at  Swanzey,  in  the  Plymouth 
colony,  where  eight  or  idiie  English  are 
slain.  Nearly  all  of  the  Indians  of  New 
England  from  Maine  to  Connecticut 
combine  against  the  foreign  invaders. 

June  28.  Mass.  Plymouth  colonists  at- 
tack King  Philip,  routing  the  Indians. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1669  *  *  Can.  Robert  de  la  Salle  leaves 
Montreal  and  begins  his  explorations. 

Louis  Joliet  explores  the  Great  Lakes. 

1670  *  *  Mass.    Bees  are  introduced. 

1673  June  17.  Wis.  Jacques  Mar- 
quette and  Ijouis  Joliet  discover  the 
Mississippi  Kiver  at  its  confluence  with 
the  AVisconsin. 


BIRTHS  ~  DEATHS. 

1670    Davenport,  Jolm,  Puritan  clereyman, 
A73. 

1672  Bradstreet,  Anne,  poetess.  A60. 
Chauncy,  Charles,  I'res.  of   llarvard  Col- 
lege. ABO. 

Mason,  John,  conqueror  of  the  Pequots,  A72. 

1673  Pnendo,  Padre,  the  great  preacher  of 
Peru,  dies. 

1674  Logan,  James,  statesman,  author,  b. 


CHURCH. 

1669  Aug.  24.  Ji.  I.  Roger  Williams 
writes  of  some  who  deny  punishment 
for  sin  in  a  future  life. 

*  *  Can.  A  mission  for  the  Iroquois  is 
begun  opposite  Montreal  by  French 
Jesuits. 

Advent  of  Claudius  Bablon,  Superior 
of  the  western  missions. 

A  new  mission  is  started  on  the  south 
shore  of  the  Falls  of  St.  Marie,  under 
Dablon.  Marquette  enters  the  mission 
until  now  occupied  by  AUouez,  at  La- 
pointe,  and  there  spends  the  winter 
studying  with  an  Illinois  captive  the 
dialect  of  his  tribe.  AUouez  proceeds  to 
Green  Bay,  where  he  founds  the  mission 
of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  and  spends  the 
wintei  and  spring  in  ministering  to  the 
needs  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  the  Potta- 
wattomies,  and  the  Winnehagos. 

*  *  Boston.  Secession  from  the  First 
Church. 

The  advocates  of  the  Half-Way  Cove- 
nant organize  themselves  as  the  lliird 
Church  of  Boston  {Old  South  Church), 
and  an  edifice  of  wood  is  first  erected. 

*  *  Wis.  The  western  shores  of  Lake 
Michigan  are  visited  by  the  Jesuits. 

1670  Mar.  *  Carolina.  Locke's  consti- 
tution is  modified  to  tolerate  every  re- 
ligion, and  yet  make  the  Chiurch  of 
England  the  State  church. 

*  *  Can.  Father  Andr€  is  in  charge  of 
the  Ottawa  tribes  on  islands  and  shores 
of  Lake  Huron,  and  Father  Druillettes 
enters  the  work  at  Sault  St.  Marie. 

*  *  //.    Clement  X.,  pope. 

*  *  Mass.  The  first  Indian  church, 
with  native  pastor,  is  organized  on 
Martha's  Vineyard ;  3,000  native  Chris- 
tians on  the  island. 

*  *-73*  *  Mass.  Eliot  organizes  seven 
other  "praying-towns**  among  the 
Indians. 

The  fi  rst  Manchage  (Oxford) ;  the  second 
Chabanakongkoum,  of  Dudley;  the  third, 
Maanexit,  was  the  northeast  part  of 
Woodstock  ;  the  fourth,  Quantisset,  the 
southeast  part  of  Woodstock  ;  the  fifth, 
Wabquissit,  the  southwest  part  of  Wood- 
stock ;  the  sixth,  Pakachoog,  partly  in 
Worcester  and  partly  in  Ward  ;  and  the 
seventh,  Waeimtug,  is  now  Uxbridge. 

*  *  S.  C.  Presbyterian  and  Independ- 
ents jointly  settle  in  this  Province. 

1671  June  4.  Mic?i.  Saint  Jjasson 
holds  a  grand  conference  with  many 
Indian  tribes  at  St.  Mary's. 

*  *  Can.  Father  Henry  Nouvel  entet-s 
the  mission  work  at  the  Falls  of  St, 
Marie. 

Marquette  establishes  the  mission  of 
St.  Ignatius  among  the  Hurous  at  Michil- 
imackinac. 

Dablon  is  recalled  to  Quebec  to  be- 
come Superior  of  all  the  Canada  mis- 
sions. 


±  *  *  Carolina.  Quaker  preachers  are 
the  first  to  visit  the  colonists. 

*  *  New  York.  The  German  Luther- 
ans erect  a  church. 

*  *  R.  I.  Secession  from  the  Baptist 
church  forms  a  Seventh-day  Baptist 
church. 

*  *  Va.  The  colonists  report  48  parishes^ 
and  the  ministers  well  paid. 

1672  *  *  Can.  Many  of  the  Ottawas 
settle  at  Marquette  mission. 

Father  Allouez  preaches  to  the  Illi- 
nois, Kickapoos,  Mascoutens,  Mianiis, 
and  Weas  Indians. 

A  little  church  is  organized  and  chapel 
built  at  Sault  St.  Marie. 

Allouez  and  Dablon  visit  CathoUc 
missions  in  Wisconsin  and  Illinois. 

*  *  N.  C.  A  Society  of  Friends  settles 
in  Pequimans  county,  and  is  visited  by 
William  Edmundson,  who  establishes 
a  quarterly  meeting. 

*  *  George  Fox  visits  the  Quakers  of 
America  in  all  the  settlements  along  the 
coast. 

1673  June*  IjOuisJoUet  and  Jacques 
Marquette,  Jesuit  missionaries,  with 
five  other  Frenchmen,  leave  Green  Bay 
and  explore  the  Mississippi  and  cer- 
tain tributaries,  traveling  2,500  miles. 

*  *  Neio  York.  The  Dutch  deprive  the 
German  Lutherans  of  their  only 
church  edifice. 

*  *  Peru.  Padre  Puendo,  the  great 
preacher,  dies. 

1674  *  *  Can.  Bishop  Laval  becomes 
the  first  Roman  Catholic  bishop  of 
Quebec,  his  see  extending  from  Maine 
to  Louisiana. 

*  *  Mass.  Eliot  reports  two  churches 
and  1,150  church  members  in  his  Indian 
"  praying-town." 

1675  June  24.  Mastt.  This  day  ob- 
served by  fasting  and  prayer,  in  antici- 
pation of  an  Indian  war. 

LETTERS. 

1669  *  *  The  New  England  Memorial  is 
published  by  Nathaniel  Morton. 

1671*  *  Va.  (5ov.  Berkeley  opposes  edu- 
cation. 

"  There  are  no  free  schools  nor  print- 
ing, and  I  hope  we  shall  not  have  these 
hundred  years ;  for  learning  has  brought 
disobedience  and  heresy  and  sects  into 
the  world,  and  printing  has  divulged 
them,  and  libels  against  the  best  govern- 
ment.   God  keep  us  from  both." 

1672*  *  Mass.  Harvard  College  receives 
a  valuable  library  by  the  bequest  of 
Theophilus  Gale. 

1674  *  *  Boston.  John  Poster  is  author- 
ized to  set  up  a  printing-press. 

SOCIETY. 

1670  Apr.  20.  Va.  The  importation 
of  convicted  felons  is  prohibited. 

*  *  Mass.  The  selectmen  are  required  to 
post  drunkards'  names  in  public 
houses  and  prohibit  sales  to  them,  or 
their  frequenting  such  places. 

*  ♦  Md.  Importation  of  convicted  felons 
prohibited. 


AMERICA. 


1669,  July-1675,  July  8.    45 


*  *  New  York.  Merchants  of  Manhattan 
meet  every  Friday  at  noon  on  the  bridge 
over  the  Broad  Street  canal  for  barter. 

*  *  Va.  It  is  enacted  that  "all  servants 
not  being  Christians,  imported  into  this 
country  by  shipping,  shall  be  slaves." 

Under  Gov.  Berkeley  the  council  lays 
burdensome  taxes  on  the  poorer  peo- 
ple* and  exempts  the  holders  of  large 
estates. 

1671  *  *  Carolina.  Governor  Sir  John 
Yeamans  introduces  slavery,  by  bring- 
ing nearly  200  negroes  from  Barbados  to 
this  colony,    (1672.     Winsor.) 

*  *  Md.  Act  passed  encouraging  the  im- 
portation of  slaves. 

*  *  *  }V.  I.  Great  depredations  by  buc- 
caneers. 

1672  *  *  Va.  It  is  made  lawful  for  "  per- 
sona pursuing  fugitive  colored  slaves 
to  woimd  or  even  kill  them." 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1669  July  21.  H.C.  The  absurd  Fun- 
damental Constitutions  drawn  up  by 
John  Locke  are  nominally  operative. 

May  *  R*  I.    Benedict  Arnold,  governor. 

*  *  Guiaiia.  The  Dutch  hold  the  entire 
territory. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  first  legislative  assem- 
bly meets  at  Albemarle,  and  organizes 
a  remarkably  liberal  government ;  Sam- 
uel Stevens  governor. 

*  *  -70  *  *  New  York.  Cornelis  Steen- 
wyok  the  4th  mayor. 

*  *  J'tryinia  is  dismembered  by  lavish 
grants. 

1670  Feb.  ±  *  S.  a  An  English  col- 
ony, led  by  Joseph  West  and  AVilliam 
Sayle,  is  planted  on  the  Ashley  River. 

May  2.  Can.  The  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany is  chartered. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  colonists  refuse  to  pay 
the  quit-rent  for  their  land,  having 
already  paid  for  the  same  twice  to  other 
claimants.    (See  N.  J.  16G4.) 

*  *  N.  Y.  Eight  towns  on  Long  Island 
protest  against  paying  a  tax  of  10  per 
cent  on  all  imports  and  exports,  on  the 
sole  authority  of  the  governor  and  coun- 
cil.   Protest  burned. 

Oct.  *  N.  Y.  Annual  assemblies  are 
demanded,  and  the  government  refuses 
to  yield  them. 

Va.  The  right  of  suffrage  is  lim- 
ited to  freeholders  and  householders, 
and  the  majority  of  the  people  are  dis- 
franchised. 

*  *  Maine,  east  of  the  Penobscot,  sur- 
rendered to  France. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  colonists  ignore  Locke's 
Grand  Model,  and  show  a  fine  capacity 
to  govern  themselves. 

The  Model  made  strange  provisions 
for  a  state  in  the  wilderness,  "where  a 
few  colonists  lived  on  venison  and 
potatoes,  and  paid  their  debts  with 
tobacco ; "  it  provided  for  "  dukes,  earls, 
and  marquises ;  knights,  lords,  and 
squires ;  baronial  courts,  heraldic  cere- 
mony, and  every  sort  of  feudal  non- 
sense." (liidpath.)  [It  was  nominally 
the  law  of  the  colony  for  alMiut  25  years.] 

Foundation  of  (old)  Charlestown  laid 
by  English  settlers  on  the  Ashley  Kiver. 


*  *  Treaty  of  Madrid,  between  England 
and  Spain,  settles  boundaries  of  their 
respective  possessions  in  America  on  the 
basis  of  possession. 

1671  *  *  Can.  The  region  of  Lakes  Hu- 
ron and  Superior  taken  for  France. 

Courcelles  establishes  a  trading-post 
on  Lake  Ontario. 
Aug.  28.  S.  C.  Joseph  "West  is  ap- 
pointed governor  by  the  proprietors. 
[Also  1674.]  [Dec.  26.  Sir  John  Yea- 
mans  succeeds  him.  A  revised  copy  of 
the  Model  arrives.] 

*  *  N.  C.  The  colonists  refuse  to  pay 
royal  taxes  in  any  form,  ajid  seize  the 
records  of  the  province,  imprison  the 
governor*s  secretary,  and  boldly  defy 
his  authority. 

*  *  Massachusetts  is  ••  almost  on  the 
brink  of  renouncing  any  depend- 
ence upon  the  Crown." 

*  *  Maryland  has  a  population  of  20,000 
people. 

Act  passed  encouraging  the  impor- 
tation of  slaves. 

*  *  New  York.  Thomas  Delavall  the  5th 
mayor. 

*  *  S.  C.  Dutch  emigrants  from  New 
York  and  others  from  Holland  arrive. 

*  *  Va.  Population  40,000,  including  2,000 
slaves. 

1672  Apr.  19.  S.  C.  The  colony  de- 
mands a  new  government  for  itself ;  all 
previous  parliamentary  conventions  are 
dissolved. 

May  14.  N.  J.  The  anti-rent  colonists 
meet  in  assembly  at  Elizabethtown,  and 
depose  Philip  Carteret,  the  governor. 

May  31.  Mass,  Union  of  the  colonies 
of  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and  Ply- 
mouth. 

*  *  Can.  Count  de  Prontenac,  having 
been  appointed  governor,  arrives  at 
Quebec. 

*  *  Del.  Maryland  colonists  attempt  to 
absorb  Lewistown  by  force. 

*  *  Eng.  Third  Navigation  Xiaw.  Par- 
liament imposes  customs  upon  the  col- 
onies, to  be  collected  by  the  revenue 
officers  of  the  Crown. 

*  *  New  York.  Matthias  Nicolls  the  6th 
mayor. 

*  *  R.  I.    Nicholas  Easton,  governor, 

1673  Feb.  25.  Virginia  is  given  away 
by  Charles  II. 

Charles  II.  changes  his  former  grant  of 
Virginia,  and  leases  the  entire  State  for 
tliirty-one  years  to  a  pair  of  ignoble 
gentlemen.  Lord  Culpepper  and  the  Earl 
of  Arlington. 

Mar.  18.  N.  J.  John  Fenwick,  in  trust 
for  Edward  Byllinge,  buys  Berkeley's  in- 
terest in  New  Jersey  for  £1,000. 

*  *  Mass.  Josiah  Winslow  is  governor  of 
Plymouth  ;  John  Leverett  of  Mass.  Bay. 

May*  N.J.  The  authority  of  Captain 
Berry,  Philip  Carteret's  deputy,  is  ac- 
knowledged. 

Aug.  8.  N.  Y.  The  Dutch  recapture 
and  rule  New  York,  also  New  Jersiey, 
which  they  name  Achter  ICol ;  the  au- 
thority of  Holland  is  restored  [for 


three  months]  from  the  Connecticut  to 
Maryland, 

New  Amsterdam  is  called  New  Orange, 
and  Anthony  Clove  is  made  governor. 

*  *  Kng.  Parliament  excludes  New  Eng- 
land merchants  from  competing  with 
English  merchants  in  the  Southern  plan- 
tations ;  free  traffic  abolished. 

*  *  New  York,  John  Lawrence  the  7th 
mayor. 

*  *  O.  French  Settlers  establish  them- 
selves in  "Western  Ohio. 

1674  Feb.  9.  Nt'w  York.  New  Am- 
sterdam is  surrendered  to  the  Fnglish 
in  making  peace  between  England  and 
Holland,  by  the  Treaty  of  Westminster. 

June  29.  N.  Y.  Tlie  Duke  of  York's 
patent  enlarged. 

July  28,  29.  N,  J.  Sir  George  Car- 
teret receives  a  confirmatory  grant  from 
the  Duke  of  York. 

July  31.    N.  J.    Philip  Carteret  returns. 

Sept.  21.  Va.  Agents  are  appointed  to 
remonstrate  with  the  King  against  the 
grant  to  Culpepper,  and  the  invasion  of 
popular  liberties. 

Oct.  30.  N.  Y.  Sir  Edmund  Androa 
assumes  the  government.  [Misrule  and 
arbitrary  government  follow.] 

Nov.  10.  N.  Y.  New  York  is  restored 
to  the  English  authorities. 

*  *  Guiana.  The  New  Dutch  West  India 
Company  is  founded  ;  Guiiuia  conveyed 
to  it  by  charter. 

The  French  Colony  passes  under  the 
control  of  the  Crown  after  a  series  of 
failures  through  incompetence  and  mis- 
management. 

*  *  R.  I.  William  Coddlngton  is  ap- 
pointed governor.    [1678.    Reappointed.] 

*  *  N.  C.  Population  about  4,000 ;  com- 
merce is  impeded  by  duties  wliich  yield 
the  proprietors  $12,000  from  New  Lng- 
land  trade  alone.    G.  Cartwright,  pres. 

*  '^  N,  Y.  Gov.  Andros  advises  the  pro- 
prietor, the  Duke  of  York,  to  grant  the 
clamorous  people  the  right  of  electing  a 
legislature. 

The  Duke  replies  that  popular  assem- 
blies are  seditious  and  dangerous^  that 
they  only  foster  discontent,  and  disturb 
the  peace  of  government;  and  finally 
that  he  did  not  see  any  use  for  them. 

Treaty  at  Albany  with  Indians. 

*  *  Va.  The  comn\on  people,  made  desper- 
ate by  taxes,  make  the  first  movement 
for  reform ;  it  is  easily  suppressed. 

1675  May  13.  Can.  Louis  IV.  grants 
La  Salle  a  manor  at  Fort  Frontenac 
(Kingston). 

July  8.  Va.  Lord  Culpepper  is  aj)- 
pointed  governor  of  Virginia  for  life. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1670±  *  *  N.  Y.  Gov.  Lovelace  orders 
May  races  at  Hempstead,  Long  Island. 

1672  Dec.  10.  A  monthly  post  is 
established  between  New  York  and 
Boston. 

"^  *  Mass.  The  business  of  whale-fishery 
is  commenced  at  Nantucket. 

1675  Mar.  21.  Boston.  The  castle  at 
the  entrance  of  the  harbor  is  accident- 
ally destroyed  by  fire. 


46     1675,  July  9-1680,  May  10. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1675  July  14.  Mass.  Mendon  is  at- 
tacked by  Indians ;  several  persons 
killed. 

July  15,  Mass.  The  Narragansetts  en- 
ter into  a  treaty  of  peace  witli  the  col- 
onists. 

±    TbeNipmuck Indiansbecomeallies 
of  Philip. 

July*  Va.  Indians  pillage  a  plantation 
in  revenging  a  fraud,  and  are  beaten  or 
killed  by  the  settlers.  General  hos- 
tilities follow. 

Conn.    Andros,  with  armed  sloops, 

attempts  to  establish  Ills  authority  as 
far  as  the  Connecticut  River. 

Aug.  2.  Mass.  Captain  Hutchinson 
and  20  men  are  sent  to  win  back  the 
Nipmucks ;  they  are  waylaid  and  slain 
at  Brook  field. 

Aug.  25.  Mass.  Deerfield  is  attacked 
by  180  Indians ;  the  colonists  lose  eleven 
men,  and  the  Indians  twenty-six. 

Sept.  1.  Mass.  The  greater  part  of  Deer- 
field  is  burnt  by  the  Indians;  Hadley 
is  attacked,  but  successfully  defended 
by  William  Goffe. 

Sept.  18.  Mass.  Battle  with  Indians  at 
Bloody  Brook ;  700±  Indians  surround 
80  men,  killing  nearly  all  of  them.  Cap- 
tain Mosley,  by  hard  fighting,  drives 
them  away  from  Deerfield. 

Sept.  *  -Oct.  *  N'ew  Eng.  The  United 
Colonies  assume  the  burden  of  the  war, 
and  raise  2,000  troops. 

Oct.  5.  Mass.  Springfield  is  attacked 
by  the  Indians,  and  saved  by  reenforce- 
ments. 

Oct.  19.  Ma^s.  Philip,  with  seven  or 
eight  hundred  Indians,  attacks  Hat- 
fi.eld,  but  is  driven  off. 

Dec.  *  Mass.  The  colonists,  fearing  the 
Narragansetts,  prepare  to  attack  them, 
although  they  have  not  sided  with  Philip 
during  the  war. 

Dec.  10.  ii.  I.  The  numerous  and  pow- 
erful Wampanoags  are  defeated  in  a 
decisive  battle  near  Narragansett  Bay. 
The  New  England  army  consists  of  13 
companies  of  infantry  (1,500)  and  one  of 
cavalry;  Indians  lose  1.000  killed  and 
captured,  colonists  from  200  to  400  ;  [the 
widespread  vengeance  of  the  Indians 
rests  upon  all  white  men  alike;  burn- 
ings and  blood-shedding  abound]. 

*  *  Va.  Six  hostile  Indian  chiefs  present 
themselves  to  treat  for  peace,  and  are  put 
to  death ;  a  war  for  vengeance  follows. 

1676  Feb.  10.  Mass.  Indians  attack 
Ijancaster,  and  nearly  destroy  it. 

Feb.  24.  Indians  surprise  Deerfield ; 
many  people  are  killed,  and  50  buildings 
burnt.    (Feb.  21,  Holmes.) 

Feb.  25.  Mass.  "Weymouth  is  as- 
saulted by  Indians ;  houses  and  barns 
are  burnt. 

Mar.  14.  Mass.  Indians  attack  North- 
ampton, but  are  repulsed  after  six  per- 
sons are  kille<l. 

Mar.  26.  Mass.  Marlborough  de- 
stroyed by  the  Indians, 


Mar.  28.  Mass.  Behoboth  is  partly 
burnt  by  Indians.  [Mar.  29.  Providence.] 

Mar.  *  Va.  Three  hundred  persons  have 
been  killed  by  Indians  in  the  hist  twelve 
months. 

Apr.  18.  Mass.  Sudbury  is  attacked 
by  the  Narragansett  Indians ;  several 
houses  and  barns  are  burnt ;  the  pursu- 
ers are  ambushed  and  slain. 

Apr.  20.  Va.  Rebellion  begins;  500 
men  in  arms,  with  Bacon  as  leader, 
against  the  Indians.    (See  State.) 

May  8.  Mass.  Bridgewater  is  attacked 
by  Indians  ;  17  buildings  are  biirut. 

May  11.  Mass.  Plymouth  is  assault- 
ed ;  11  houses  and  5  barns  are  burnt. 

May  19.  Mass.  A  camp  of  Indians  near 
Turner  Falls  is  surprised  and  destroyed 
by  a  company  of  volunteers. 

May  30.  Mass.  Hatfield  is  burnt  by 
Indians. 

June  2.  Mass.  Great  battle  with  the 
Indians  near  Mount  Hope. 

June  12.  Mass.  About  700  Indians  at- 
tack Hadley,  and  are  driven  off. 

June  *  Mass.  The  Nipmucks  submit  to 
the  colonists  and  abandon  the  war. 

Va.    Nathaniel  Bacon  subdues  the 

Indians  without  permission  from  the 
jealous  governor. 

Civil  war.  Bacon  leads  a  rebellion 
against  the  outrages  of  Gov.  Berkeley. 

July+  *  Va.  Indians  massacre  the 
whites,  and  are  punished  by  volunteer 
expeditions. 

Julys.  Ji.  I.  Indian  battle  near  Nar- 
ragansett. 

Aug.  12.  Mass.  The  King  Philip's 
war  ends  with  the  death  of  Philip. 

One-tenth  of  the  private  dwellings  are 
burnt,  GOO  men  have  been  slain  in  battle, 
many  women  and  children  massacred, 
and  nearly  every  family  is  in  mourning. 
The  Indian  race  is  nearly  swept  out  of 
New  England.  [The  tribes  of  Maine  and 
New  Hampshire  continue  hostilities  un- 
til 1678.] 

Sept.  *  Va.  Jamestown,  the  only  town 
in  the  colony,  is  burnt  by  its  own  citi- 
zens as  an  act  of  patriotism. 

Sept.  6.  Me.  A  Massachusetts  force  sur- 
])rises  and  subdues  the  Indians  at 
Cocheco. 

Oct.  1.  Va.  Bacon  dies,  and  the  rebel- 
lion ends. 

*  *  Me.  A  Dutch  frigate  captures 
Castine. 

*  *  W.  I.  The  French  take  Trinidad 
from  the  English. 

Dec.  21.  Guiana.  The  French  attack 
Cayenne. 

1677  Sept.  9.  Conn.  Hatfield  is  at- 
tacked by  Indians  ;  20  persons  are  killed 
or  captured. 

1678  Apr.  12.  Mass.  A  treaty  of  peace 
is  made  with  the  Indians. 

*  *  San  Domingo.  A  negro  insurrec- 
tion arises. 

1679  *  *  Colombia.  Buccaneers  attack 
Porto  Bello. 

1680  Jan,  *  III.  La  Salle  builds  Fort 
Crevecoeur  in  the  Illinois  country. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1676  Jan,  26.  Laying  of  the  keel  of  the 
GriffiUf  the  first  vessel  in  the  western 
waters,  built  by  La  Salle,  6  miles  west  of 
Niagara  Falls. 

1670  *  *  French  exploration  of  the  Great 
Lakes  and  the  Mississippi. 

May  *  Can.  The  Griffin  is  launched  on 
Lake  Erie. 

Aug.  7.  La  Salle  sails  in  the  Griffin  from 
Niagara  on  his  remarkable  tour  of  dis- 
covery through  three  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

Nov.i  *  A  great  comet  becomes  visible. 

1680  Feb.  10.  The  great  comet  dis- 
appears. 

[It  terrorized  New  England,  while  it 
enabled  Newton  to  ascertain  the  para- 
bolic form  of  the  trajectory  of  comets.] 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1675  Marquette,     Jacques,    explorer    of 

MiBS.  River,  A38. 
Dudley,  Paul,  colonial  jurist,  born. 

1676  Bacon,    Nathaniel,   patriot  of  Va., 
"rebel,"  A 34. 

Calvert,  Cecil,  2d  Lord  Baltimore,  dies. 
Clarke,  John,  founder  of  liap.  ch.,  A67. 
Wintlirop,  .John,  (iov.  of  Conn.,  .\70. 
Berkeley,  .Sir  William,  (iov.  of  Va.,  A67. 
(jorton,  Samuel,  pioneer  settler  It.  I.,  A77.  ? 
1678    Coddington,  William,  founder  of  K.  1., 
A77. 
Conant,  Roger,  settler  in  Mass.,  A86. 
Leverett,  Sir  Jolin,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  A63. 
Wheelrigbt,  John,  Puritan  clergyman,  A85. 
Wolcott,  Roger,  Gov.  of  Conn.,  born. 

CHURCH. 
1675  *  *  Can.     The  Recollects  are  ac- 
tive, and  Hennepin  is  among  them. 

*  *  Dfl.  The  first  Quaker  meetings 
are  held. 

*  *  Mass.    Indians  are  abused. 

Fifteen  Christian  Indians,  who  had 
rendered  the  colonists  most  faithful 
service  as  scouts,  and  are  living  peace- 
fully in  their  own  towns,  are  taken  and 
witli  their  hands  bound  behind  them, 
are  fastened  ttigether  by  ropes  round 
their  necks,  marched  down  to  Boston, 
and  thrown  into  prison.  [Finally  they 
are  expelled  and  remove  to  Deer's  Island, 
where  hxniger,  exposure,  and  disease 
reduce  their  number.] 

1676*  *  Can.  Rivalry  between  the 
Jesuits  and  other  orders. 

*  *  It.    Innocent  XI.,  pope. 

1677  *  *  Mass.  Laws  passed  for  the  pun- 
ishment of  persons  attending  a  Quaker 
meeting. 

1678  *  *  N.  y.  First  record  of  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  services  in  New  York. 

1679*  *  Boston.  Charles  II.  causes  the 
first  Episcopal  church  to  be  built. 

*  *  -80  *  *  Boston.  The  Congregational 
"  Reformed  Synod  "  approves  the  Savoy 
confession. 

*  *  Hot.  Labadists  send  Danckers  and 
Sluyter  to  New  Vork. 

SOCIETY. 
1675  *  *  Mass.    The  colonists  are  terri- 
fied by  an  impending  Indian  war. 

Superstition  adds  its  terrors ;  some 
have  seen  an  Indian  bow  drawn  across 
the  heavens ;  others  see  a  sealp  on  the 
face  of  the  eclipsed  moon  ;  others  see 
phantom  horsemen  gallop  through  the 
air,  or  hear  the  whistling  of  bullets,  etc. 


AMERICA. 


1675,  July  9-1680,  May  10.     47 


Oppression  of  the  TnriiaTia  during 
King  I'hilip's  War. 

"  The  governor  and  council  issue  an 
order  disbanding  all  Christian  Indians, 
expelling  them  from  white  towns,  im- 
prisoning them  within  five  of  their  own 
towns,  and  forbidding  them  to  leave 
these  towns  on  penalty  of  death.  [Later 
a  reward  of  $100  was  offered  for  every 
Christian  Indian  killed,  if  found  more 
than  one  mile  from  his  town.]  Prevent- 
ed from  hunting,  not  allowed  to  gather 
their  crops,  forbidden  to  work  or  buy 
food  in  white  towns,  they  are  reduced  to 

freat  suffering,  and  starvation  seems  to 
ace  them  ;  and  jret  they  uttered  no  com- 
plaint, but  continued  steadfast  in  the 
lailh."    (Cyc.  of  Missions.) 

1676  June  *  Va,  The  new  reform  As- 
sembly absolutely  prohibits  the  sale 
of  wines  and  ardent  spirits,  if  not  at 
Jamestown,  yet  elsewhere  through  the 
whole  country. 

*  *  Md.  The  importation  of  convicted 
felons  is  prohibited. 

1677  *  *  N.J.  Selling  liquor  to  Indi- 
ans is  a  finable  offense ;  penalty,  $100, 
and  this  is  doubled  at  each  subsequent 
offense,  with  20  stripes  if  the  offender  is 
unable  to  pay. 

1678*  *  N.  Y.  West  Indian  or  Guinea 
slaves  are  valued  at  about  $150  at  Man- 
hattan. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1675  July  9.  N.  Y.  A  force  under 
Gov.  Andros  sails  to  the  Connecticut 
to  claim  the  territory  westward  for 
the  Duke  of  York. 

July  11.  Conn.  The  Puritans  at  Say^ 
brooke  intimidate  Andros,  and  he  ret 
turns.  Connecticut  protests  against  th© 
invasion. 

*  *  Md.  Sir  Charles  Calvert  becomes 
proprietor  by  the  death  of  Cecil,  his 
father,  on  November  30. 

Nov.  6.  N.  J.  Carteret  resumes  the 
government  from  which  he  had  been 
expelled  in  East  Jersey. 

John  Fenwick  plants  a  colony  at  Sa- 
lem.   Commissioners  rule  W.  Jersey. 

*  *  New  York.  William  Darvall  the  8th 
mayor. 

1676  Apr.*  Va.  Bacon's  rebellion 
distracts  the  colony.  Civil  war  is  brought 
on  by  the  corruption,  tyranny,  and  in- 
efficiency of  Governor  Berkeley. 

Virginians  are  divided  into  an  aris- 
tocratic and  a  people's  party.  [The  lat- 
ter is  suppressed  after  the  death  of 
IJacon,  its  leader.  The  rebellion  cost 
the  colony  £100,000.] 

The  particular  causes  of  the  rebellion 
chiefly  lay  in  the  low  price  of  tobacco 
and  wrongs  committed  in  exchanging 
goods  for  It,  with  a  dislike  for  proprie- 
taries unknown  to  the  charter  and  bur- 
densome taxes  occasioned  thereby ;  the 
burdening  of  trade  by  parliamentary 
restraints  also  excited  opposition. 

Apr.  19.  Eng.  Charles  II.  orders  that 
a  liberal  charter  be  prepared  for  Vir- 
ginia, in  response  to  protests.  [May  31. 
Order  reversed.] 

May  29.  Va.  Berkeley  proclaims  Bacon 
a  traitor. 

*  ♦  li.  I.    Walter  Clarke,  governor. 
Jime  24.     Va.    Meeting  of  the  If  ew  As- 
sembly   that    enacts    the    '*  Bacon 


Xjaws,**  a  series  of  reform  measures. 
Bacon  appointed  commander-in-chief 
against  the  Indians. 

July  1,  N.  J.  By  a  "  quintipartite  deed," 
New  Jersey  is  divided  into  East  and 
"West  Jersey ;  the  former  is  granted  to 
George  Carteret,  the  latter  to  the  Quaker 
assignees  of  Byllinge. 

July  4.  Va.  Completion  of  the  reform 
legislation  of  the  new  assembly,  and 
momentary  joy  (jf  the  colony.  {Date  by 
New  Style.)    It  is  the  first  revolution, 

July  *  Boston.  Arrival  of  Edward 
Randolph  as  kin^s  messenger,  to  coL 
lect  evidence  against  Massachusetts. 

Aug.  3.  Va.  A  popular  convention 
meets  at  Middle  Plantations  (Williams- 
burg), and  votes  to  sustain  Bacon  against 
the  Indians,  and  if  possible  prevent  civil 
war. 

Oct.  1.  Va.  Bacon  suddenly  sickens  and 
dies. 

Nov.  ±  *  Va.  Thomas  Hanford,  a  pa- 
triot, is  condemned  and  hanged  by 
Berkeley.  He  is  the  first  native  Amer- 
ican to  perish  on  the  gallows,  a  martyr 
to  the  right  of  the  people  to  govern 
themselves. 

*  *  Can.  La  Salle  returns  as  proprietor 
of  a  large  tract  near  Fort  Frontenac. 

*  *  Eng.  The  king  commands  the  royal 
governors  to  strictly  enforce  the  navi- 
gation lawSi  as  well  as  those  imposing 
duties  (1672)  on  colonial  trade. 

*  *  New  Y<yrk,  Nicholas  de  Meyer  the 
9th  mayor. 

*  *  Va.  The  patriotic  citizens  of  James- 
town bum  their  own  houses  and  the 
entire  town  to  ashes,  rather  than  have 
it  the  capital  of  a  tyrant. 

1677  Jan.  20.  Va.  The  vindictive  gov- 
ernor Berkeley  hangs  the  patriot,  "Wil- 
liam^Drummond,  three  hours  after 
his  triaK 

Jan  3 1 .  Va,  Arrival  of  royal  commis- 
sioners to  investigate  the  causes  of  the 
rebellion.     [Sir  H.  Jeffreys,  governor.] 

*  *  Va.  Disastrous  consequences  fol- 
low the  rebellion. 

Berkeley  hangs  22  of  the  leading  pa- 
triots, and  distresses  the  people  with 
fines  and  confiscations  ;  speaking  or 
writing  against  the  government  is  made 
punishable  V>y  ttno  or  whipping,  when 
thrice  reptsited.  with  death;  arbitrary, 
tyrannical  government  ensues. 

Mar.  3.  N.J.  The  fundamental  laws  of 
West  New  Jersey  perfected  and  pub- 
lished (Concessions  and  Agreements)  — 
democratic  equality  conspicuous  ;  social 
government  is  established. 

May,  •  Maine  is  bought  by  Massachu- 
setts for  £1,250,  after  the  dispute  with 
the  heirs  of  Ferdinando  Gorges  is  de- 
cided against  them.  It  becomes  a  part 
of  their  colony. 

Aiig.  25.  Va.  liord  Culpepper  ob- 
tains the  control  of  the  government,  as 
proprietor  and  governor. 

*  *  N,  C.  An  English  collector  of  cus- 
toms provokes  an  insurrection  in  the 
district  of  Pasquotank,  which  over- 
turns the  government ;  it  is  practically 
an  independent  state  [for  two  years]. 


President  Miller  is  imprisoned,  and  John 
Culpepper  elected  to  his  i)lace. 

*  *  New  Eng.  A  postal  system  is  in- 
augurated, which  substitutes  the  custom 
of  leaving  letters  at  the  Town  House,  to 
be  forwarded  at  the  pleasure  of  persons 
who  visit  that  place. 

*  *  N.  H.  The  king  secures  a  decision 
from  the  judges  that  the  revived  Mason 
claims  bad  always  been  worthless. 

*  *  Md.  Thomas Notley, governor.  (R.I. 
Benedict  Arnold.)  [1678.  John  Crans- 
ton.   I*a.    Sir  Henry  Chicheley.] 

*  *  New  York.  S.  van  Cortlandt  the  10th 
mayor. 

1678  Apr.  12.  Mass.  Governor  Wins- 
low  makes  peace  with  the  Indians, 
each  English  family  to  pay  them  a  i)eck 
of  corn,  annually,  as  quit-rent. 

May  12.  Ija.  Salle  receives  a  grant  for 
the  construction  of  forts,  taking  lands, 
and  holding  a  monopoly  of  trade  in 
the  West. 

Jxine  10.  Boston.  Arrival  of  Edward 
Handolph,  collector  and  surveyor  of 
customs,  with  8i>ecific  instruction  to  en- 
force the  Navigation  Act.  The  people 
treat  him  as  an  enemy  invading  their 
rights. 

Oct.  10,  N.  Y.  Governor  Andros  de- 
mands that  the  ships  of  New  Jersey 
should  pay  tribute  to  New  York. 

*  *  N.J.    Many  Quakers  arrive. 

*  *  New  York.  Thomas  Delavall  the  11th 
mayor.    The  city  contains  343  houses. 

1679  July  24.  N.  H.  By  a  decree  of 
Charles  II.,  New  Hampshire  is  sepa- 
rated from  Massachusetts,  and  organ- 
ized as  a  royal  province,  and  Edward 
Cranfleld  is  its  first  governor. 

*  *  N.  C.  Governor  Miller  escapes  from 
prison,  goes  to  England,  and  seeks  re- 
dress.   (N.  J.    Sam.  Jennings,  dep.  gov.) 

*  *  Mass.  The  British  government  as- 
sails Massachusetts. 

The  General  Court  opposes  the 
king.    (Simon  Bradstreet,  governor.) 

It  votes  **  that  the  acts  of  navigation 
are  au  invasion  of  the  rights  and  privi- 
leges of  the  subjects  of  his  majesty  in 
this  colony,  they  not  being  represented 
in  Parliament." 

*  *  Neto  York.  Francis  Rombouts  the 
12th  mayor. 

1680  Mar.  16.  N.  H.  The  first  Pro- 
vincial Assembly  convened  at  Ports- 
mouth ;  John  Cutts  the  royal  governor. 

Apr.  30.  N.  J.  Gov.  Philip  Carteret 
is  arrested  for  interference  with  the 
authority  of  the  governor  of  the  prov- 
ince of  New  York,  Sir  Edmmid  Andros, 
and  is  taken  to  New  York  City. 

May  10.  Va.  Lord  Culpepper  arrives 
and  assumes  the  office  of  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1676  Nov.*  Boston.  Forty-six  dwell- 
ings, a  church,  and  other  buildings  are 
burned. 

1679  *  *  Boston.  A  great  fire  occurs ; 
80  dwellings  and  70  warehouses  are 
burned.    Estimated  loss  £200,000. 


48      1680,  June-1685. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1680  *  ♦  Panama.  Morgan's  buccaneers 
cross  the  istliiims,  and  take  the  city  of 
Santa  Maria  from  the  Spaniards. 

1681  *  •  111.  Fort  St.  liouia,  on  the  Illi- 
nois River,  is  founded  by  La  Salle. 

1682  r  *  *'The  Carolina  colonists  main- 
tain war  with  the  savages  for  a  year,  not 
so  much  to  punish  as  to  capture  them, 
in  order  to  sell  them  as  slaves  in  the 
West  Indies. 

•  *  Can.  The  French  attack  the  Hudson 
Bay  Company's  posts. 

1684*  *  A  long  war  begins  between  the 
Five  Nations  and  the  French,  chiefly  on 
the  upper  lakes. 

The  French  Jesuits  repeatedly  fail  to 
persuade  the  Five  Nations  to  break  their 
peace  with  the  Dutch  and  Englisli. 

The  French  erect  a  fort  at  the  Falls  of 
Niagara.  Under  De  la  Barre  they  in- 
vade the  country  of  the  Iroquois,  but  the 
mighty  Mohawks  and  the  brave  Oneidas 
drive  them  back  with  much  slaughter. 

1686  *  *  Nicaragua.  XjCOU  is  sacked  by 
William  Bampier, 

ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1680  *  *  Hennepin,  a  French  priest, 
with  La  Salle,  discovers  the  Mississippi 
Kiver  and  the  "  Falls  of  Saint  Anthony 
of  Padua.'* 

1681  Feb.  6.  Ija  Salle  is  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Mar.  14.    Xja  Salle  is  near  the  Arkansas 

River. 
Aug.  17.    First  appearance  of  a  comet 

having  a  tail  15°  long,    [It  continues  in 

the  view  of  New  Englanders  for  several 

weeks.] 

1682  Apr.  9.  La  Salle  reaches  the 
Mississippi  Kiver,  and  sets  up  a  cross 
and  the  arms  of  France,  having  de- 
scended from  the  confluence  of  the  Illi- 
nois River  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  he 
calls  the  great  valley  Louisiana.  [One 
of  the  most  remarkable  exploits  in  the 
history  of  the  country.] 

1683  Nov.  *  Can.  La  Salle  returns 
from  his  explorations. 

1685  Oct.  31.  La  Salle,  with  four 
armed  French  vessels,  leaves  the  Lavaca 
River  on  the  Gulf  coast  to  find  the  Mis- 
sissippi, without  success. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1680    Bienville,    de.    Jean    Baptlste    L.. 

Sieur,  born. 
Boylston,  Zabdiel,  physician,  born. 
1680    Charlevoix,  Pierre  Kran5oisXavier,de, 

Jesuit,  born. 
Stuyvesant,  Peter,  (iov.  of  N.  Y.,  A80. 
1683    W^illiams,  Ro?er,  founder  in  R.  I., 

A  84. 

1686  Morton,  Nathaniel,  historian  in  New 
Kng.,  A  73. 

CHURCH. 
1680  *  *  Can.    Father  Hennepin  is  cap- 
tured by  the  Sioux,  and  attempts  mission 
work  among  them,  but  without  success. 

*  *  Tlie  Society  of  Friends  (Quakers) 
begins  tospread  rapidly  in  America. 

*  *  A''.  J.  Presbyterian  church  organ- 
ized in  Woodbridge  and  Fairfield. 


*  *  .S".  C.  The  first  Episcopal  clergyman 
is  Kev.  Atkin  Williamson. 

*  *  Boston.  A  Baptist  church  edifice 
erected. 

*  *  Va.  Four  of  Cromwell's  soldiers  are 
hanged  by  a  mob  for  religious  opinions 
"  as  a  warning  to  the  remainder." 

1681  June  28.  N.J.  First  General 
Yearly  Meeting  of  the  Quakers  at 
Burlington. 

1682  Sept.  25.  Me.  The  first  Baptist 
church  in  Maine  organized  at  Kittery. 
[Bitter  opposition  from  the  "  Standing 
Order"  follows.] 

*  *  Boston.  The  quarrel  between  the 
First  and  Third  churches  ends. 

*  *  -90  *  *  .V,  J.  Persecuted  Qtiakers 
and  Presbyterians  arrive  in  great 
numbers. 

Many  Scotch  Presbyterians  arrive. 

*  *  S.C.  The  first  Baptist  church  is 
fonned  in  this  colony  at  Charleston. 
The  Episcopal  church  is  also  estab- 
lished there. 

1683  Oct.*  N.  Y.  The  first  General 
Assembly  of  the  royal  province  enacts 
that  no  person  should  be  in  any  wise  dis- 
tressed or  persecuted  who  accepts  the 
general  doctrines  of  religion. 

*  *  Can.  Mission  of  St.  Francis  de  Sales 
established  at  the  Falls  of  the  Chaudifere; 
their  work  spreads  into  Maine. 

*  *  Mich.  French  priests  plant  the  cross 
and  the  flag  of  France  in  the  wilderness 
in  the  present  site  of  Detroit. 

*  *  Boston.  John  Ehnblem  of  England 
becomes  pastor  of  the  Baptist  church. 

*  *  M({.  A  Presbyterian  church  at 
Rehoboth  formed. 

Francis  Makemie,  a  Presbyterian, 
sent  out  from  Ireland,  arrives.  [A 
new  era  in  Presbyterianism  follows.] 

*  *  .V.  J.  Many  Covenanter  Presby- 
terians arrive  in  East  Jersey,  whither 
they  flee  from  tlie  persecutions  in  Scot^ 
land  on  the  reestablishment  of  Episco- 
pacy. 

*  *  X.  y.  A  Huguenot  Presbyterian 
church  established. 

*  *  Neiv  York,  A  Catholic^  Thomas  Don- 
gan,  appointed  governor  of  New  York  by 
the  Catholic  Duke  of  York. 

Jesuit  Fathers  arrive,  and  com- 
mence the  services  of  the  Catholic 
church. 

*  *  Pa.  Mennonites  arrive  at  German- 
town. 

1684  July  *  Mass.  Joseph  Gatchell  of 
Marblehead  is  brought  before  the  Gen- 
eral Court  for  discoursing  "  that  all  men 
should  be  saved." 

*  *  Md.  Francis  Makemie  organizes 
the  Presbyterian  church  at  Snow  Hill. 

1685  *  *  Fr.  Blind  and  bigoted  Louis 
XIA''.  of  France,  hoping  to  make  Catholi- 
cism universal,  revokes  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  which  protected  Protestants 
in  their  worship ;  he  thus  exiles  500,000 
of  the  best  people  of  France  [many  of 
whom  settle  in  America,  chiefly  in 
(South)  Carolina,  during  the  following 
years]. 


*  *  N.  Y.  A  Huguenot  Presbyterian 
church  formed  on  Staten  Island. 

*  *  New  Jersey  becomes  the  refuge  of 
persecuted  Scotch  Presbyterians. 

*  *  S.  C.  First  Baptist  church  organ- 
ized near  Cooper  River. 

*  *  Va.  Dr.  James  Blair  is  sent  as  the 
commissary  of  the  Bishop  of  London. 

[The  American  Protestant  Episco- 
pal church  is  without  a  bishop  100  years.] 

LETTERS. 

1680  Oct.  *  Mass.  The  Court  grants 
the  ferry  between  Boston  and  Charles- 
town  to  Harvard  College. 

*  *  Mass.  A  new  edition  of  Eliot's  Bible 
published. 

1684*  *  Va.  Tlie  first  printing-press 
south  of  Boston  is  set  up,  and  soon  sup- 
pressed by  the  governor. 

1685*  *-1701*  *  Mass.  Increase 
Mather  is  president  of  Harvard  College. 

*  *  Phila.  "William  Bradford  sets  up 
the  first  printing-press  in  the  colony, 
and  issues  an  almanac.  ' 

SOCIETY. 

1680 ±  *  *  Carolina.  Two  opposing  par- 
ties contend,  the  Cavaliers  and  "Jll- 
livers,"  having  morals  fashioned  after 
those  of  the  profligate  court  of  Charles, 
and  the  Presbyterians,  Quakers,  and 
Huguenots. 

1681  Mar.  5.  Pa.  W'illiam  Penn  pro- 
poses a  commonwealth  founded  on  free- 
dom, without  respect  to  color,  race,  or 
religion,  to  subdue  the  savages  by  the 
weapons  of  love  and  justice,  and  to  es- 
tablish a  refuge  for  persecuted  Quakers. 

*  *  Pa.  Penn  writes  the  Swedes  who  have 
already  settled  in  Pennsylvania  to  be 
of  good  cheer,  keep  their  homes,  make 
their  own  laws,  and  fear  no  oppression. 

Nov.  *  N.  J.  The  West  Jersey  Assem- 
bly prohibits  the  sale  of  ardent  spir- 
its to  red  men,  and  permits  criminals, 
other  than  murderers,  to  be  pardoned  by 
the  persons  injured. 

*  *  Va.  Six  Susquehannock  chieftains 
sue  for  peace,  and  are  foully  murdered. 
[This  shameful  atrocity  leads  to  war.] 

1682  *  *  Va.  It  is  enacted  that  the  con- 
version of  servants  to  the  Christian  faith 
does  not  make  them  free. 

1683  *  *  Pa.  To  prevent  lawsuits,  three 
peacemakers  are  appointed  for  each 
county. 

1685  *  *  Pa.  The  yearly  Meeting  of 
Friends,  for  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jer- 
sey, declares  against  Intemperance. 

"  This  meeting  doth  imanimously  agree 
and  give  as  their  judgment  that  it  is  not 
consistent  with  the  honor  of  truth,  for 
any  that  make  profession  thereof,  to  sell 
rum  or  any  strong  liquors  to  the  Indians, 
because  they  use  them  not  to  modera- 
tion, but  to  excess  and  drunkenness." 

*  *  Va.  Many  persons  implicated  in  the 
Monmouth  rebellion,  in  England,  are 
sent  to  this  colony,  by  Jeffries,  as  ser- 
vants for  a  term  of  years. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1680  June  *  J 'a.  A  royal  revenue 
from  a  perpetual   export   duty  on   to- 


AMERICA. 


1680,  June-1685.      49 


bacGO  is  voted  by  the  Assembly ;  and 
thus  the  only  check  on  the  administra- 
tion is  dissolved. 
Aug.  *  Jf.  J.  The  Duke  of  York  relin- 
quishes every  claim  to  the  territory  of 
Kew  Jersey. 

*  *  III.  La  Salle  Is  among  the  Illinois 
Indians. 

*  *  Maine  organized  as  a  province  of 
Massachusetts  by  the  governor  and  Gen- 
eral Court. 

*  •  .V.  C.  John  Harvey,  president.  [.John 
Jenltins.]    7?.  7.    Peleg  Sandford. 

*  *  Aew  Mex,    Revolts  begin. 

*  *  -81  *  *  Ifew  York.  William  Dyer  the 
13th  mayor. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  colony  on  the  Ashley  River 
at  (old)  Charleston,  move  to  [the  present 
site  of]  Charleston,  and  make  it  the 
seat  of  government. 

1681*  *  Mass.  T.Hinckley, governor  of 
Plymouth.    (X.  C.    Henry  Wilkinson.) 

Mar.  4.  Pennsylvania  is  granted  to 
WiUiam  Penn  (41°  and  43°  N.),  who  be- 
comes the  proprietor  of  a  great  state  at 
the  cost  of  £16,000  sterling. 

Mar.  *  A^.  J.  The  Duke  of  York  confirms 
Penn's  purchase  in  New  Jersey. 

Mar.  14.  Ark.  La  Salle,  near  the  Ar- 
kansas River,  takes  possession  of  the 
country  for  France. 

June  27  ±.  Md.  Lord  Baltimore,  by  proc- 
lamation, arbitrarily  annuls  the  liberal 
elective  franchise,  and  limits  it  to 
freeholders  possessing  50  acres,  or  free- 
men having  a  visible  estate  of  40  pounds, 
and  making  no  distinction  respecting 
color. 

July  11.  Eng.  Penn  agrees  to  the 
"  Conditions  and  Concessions." 

Three  immigrant  vessels  are  sent  out 
for  Pennsylvania. 

Nov.  *  N.  J.  Tlie  first  General  Sessions 
of  the  province  of  West  Jersey  meets 
at  the  call  of  Jennings,  the  deputy-gov- 
ernor. 

*  *  Md.  The  opposition  to  Lord  Balti- 
more as  a  feudal  sovereign  and  a  Catho- 
lic increases.  [In  Kngland  he  is  accused 
of  favoring  papists.] 

*  •  Pa.  The  first  colony  arrives,  and 
settles  above  the  confluence  of  the 
Schuylkill  and  the  Delaware. 

1682  Feb.  1,  2.  N.  J.  William  Penn 
and  eleven  other  Quakers  buy  the  re- 
mainder of  New  Jersey  from  the  heirs 
of  Carteret. 

Feb.  *  Afass.  The  General  Court  ap- 
points Joseph  Dudley  and  John  Rich- 
ards as  its  agenta  in  defending  its 
charter  before  the  king. 

Mar.  »  N.  Y.  An  attempt  to  levy  cus- 
toms without  a  colonial  assembly  is  de- 
feated by  the  grand  jury,  and  trade 
becomes  free. 

Apr.  9.  La  Salle,  having  descended  the 
St.  Joseph,  the  Illinois,  and  the  Missis- 
sippi Rivers  to  the  sea,  takes  possession 
of  the  great  vaUey  for  Louis  XIV., 
and  calls  it  Ijouisiana. 

Apr.  25.  Penn,  by  proclamation,  pro- 
poses that  the  colonists  make  their 


own  laws,  and  pledges  not  to  interfere, 
or  leave  it  in  the  power  of  his  successors 
to  do  so,  "  that  the  will  of  no  one  man 
may  hinder  the  good  of  a  whole  coun- 
try." 

July  10.  Phila.  [Walnut  Street]  sur- 
veyed by  David  Hammon. 

Aug.  24.  Del.  The  Duke  of  York 
grants  the  territories  beyond  the 
Delaware  (Newcastle)  to  Penn. 

Oct.  27.  Pa.  Penn.with  100  immigrants, 
first  lands  at  Newcastle.  Within  one 
year  80  houses  and  cottages  are  built. 

Dec.  4+.  Pa.  Penn  holds  a  general  con- 
vention of  colonists  at  Chester  to  or- 
ganize the  territory. 

*  *  Can.    Frontenac  recalled  to  France. 

*  •  III.  First  Ihiglish  settlement  made 
near  the  Mississippi  River  (near  Alton). 

*  *  K.  H.  The  people  revolt  against 
arbitrary  government,  and  the  governor 
abandons  the  colony. 

*  *  2f.J.    Perth  Amboy  founded. 

Newark  has  about  100  families.  Set- 
tlements commenced  on  the  Jersey  shore 
of  the  Delaware  by  360  emigrants. 

The  Friends,  having  control  of  both 
East  and  West  Jersey,  elect  Robert 
Barclay,  a  Scotch  Quaker,  governor  of 
the  province  for  life. 

»  *  -87  »  *  N.  J.  Period  of  Scotch  emi- 
gration, pressed  by  persecution. 

»  •  -83  *  *  New  York.  Cornelia  Steen- 
wyck  the  14th  mayor. 

*  *  Pa.    Welsh  immigrants  arrive. 

*  *  S.C    Jos.  Morton  is  governor. 
1683    Jan.  *  Pa.    Penn    buys    out    the 

possessions   of    the    Swedes    near   the 

Schuylkill. 
Feb.  *  Pa.    Penn  completes  the  laying 

out  of   the  city  of  Philadelphia  by 

blazing  the  trees. 
Mar.  12.    Phila.    The  first  Assembly 

is  held.    [Apr.  2.    New  charter  given.] 

*  *  Conn.  R.  Treat,  gov.  [^V.  J.  Gawen 
Lawrie.    Ji.  I.    Wm.  Coddington,  Jr.] 

May  23.  Va.  Appeals  to  the  king,  un- 
der the  value  of  one  hundred  pounds 
sterling,  prohibited. 

June  23.  Pa.  Penn  enters  a  treaty  of 
peace  and  friendship  with  the  Indians 
under  an  elm-tree  at  Shackamoxon 
(Kensington).  "  The  only  treaty  never 
sworn  to,  and  never  broken."  (Voltaire.) 

July  26.  Mass.  A  writ  of  quo  war- 
ranto issued  against  the  charter  by  the 
Crown. 

The  king  will  regulate  the  charter  for 
his  service  and  their  good,  if  submission 
is  made  before  prosecution.  The  colony 
sends  a  letter  of  attorney  to  an  agent  in 
£ngland  to  act  in  their  behalf. 

Aug.  28.  JV.  r.  Thomas  Dongan  ar- 
rives, and  succeeds  Andros  as  governor. 

Aug.  »  Fa.  Lord  Howard  of  Effing- 
ham is  appointed  governor. 

Oct.  17.  Jf.  Y.  First  session  of  the 
Assembly. 

Representatives  of  the  freeholders  first 
meet  in  an  assembly  of  two  houses,  under 
Dongan,  the  Roman  Catholic  governor. 
[Oct.  30.  It  passes  the  Charter  of  Liber- 
ties, enlarging  rights,  with  toleration 
for  all  Christians.] 


Nov.  23.  iV.  r.  Partition  line  agreed 
to  between  New  York  and  Connecticut. 

*  *  N.  C.  Seth  Sothel  is  sent  out  as  gov- 
ernor ;  he  oppresses  the  people  and  de- 
frauds the  proprietors. 

*  *  S.C.  A  company  of  dissenters 
leaves  England  and  settles  in  Charleston. 

An  Irish  company  settles  in  the  same 
province,  on  the  Ashley  River.  The  best 
blood  of  Europe,  English,  Irish,  Scotch, 
and  French,  combines  in  these  settle- 
ments. 

*  *  Pa.  Germantown  settled  by  about 
20  families  of  Germans,  chiefly  Mennou- 
ites. 

*  *Port.    Peter  n.  enthroned. 

*  *  Va.  Arlington  surrenders  his  interest 
in  Virginia  to  Culpepper. 

*  *  *  Va.  Poverty,  misgovemment, 
and  general  distress  prevail. 

1684  June  21.  Mass.  On  a  suit  of 
scire  facias,  the  English  Court  of  Chan- 
cery gives  judgment  against  the  colony, 
declares  its  charter  is  forfeited,  and 
its  liberties  seized  by  the  king. 

July  25.  Virginia  becomes  a  royal 
province.    Lord  Howard,  governor. 

Charles  11.  revokes  the  grant  of  Vir- 
ginia to  Lord  Culpepper  on  the  ground  c>f 
his  dishonesty,  frauds,  and  many  vices. 

Aug.  2.  N.  Y.  The  agent  of  Massachu- 
setts, the  governors  of  New  York  and 
Virginia,  and  the  sachems  of  the  Iro- 
quois Indians  meet  at  Albany,  and  set- 
tle on  the  terms  of  a  lasting  peace. 

Aug.  *  Pa.  Penn  sails  for  England, 
and  appoints  Thomas  Lloyd  president 
in  his  absence ;  five  commissioners  are 
chosen  to  assist  him. 

Aug.  •  La.  La  Salle  is  sent  from  France 
to  settle  a  colony  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi ;  [the  entrance  is  missed,  and 
St.  Louis  is  settHed  and  abandoned.] 

*  »  -88  ♦  *  Mass.  The  darkest  period 
In  the  history  of  this  colony.  The 
mother  country  exasperates  the  colo- 
nists by  tyrannical  government.  Jos. 
Dudley,  president  Massachusetts  Bay. 

*»  New  York.  Gabriel  Mlnvielle  the  16th 
mayor. 

*  *  Philadelphia  has  about  2,000  inhab- 
itants. 

*  *  S.C.  Lord  Cardross,  with  ten  families 
of  persecuted  Presbyterians,  arrives  at 
Port  Royal.  [Expelled  by  Spaniards.] 
Rich.  Kirk  [Robert  Quarry],  governors. 

*  *  N.J.    Thos.  Olive,  gov.  (West  Jersey). 

1685  Feb.  6.  Eng.  The  Duke  of  York 
enthroned  as  James  II. 

Apr.  20.    Boston.    James  II.  proclaimed. 
July  2.   Boston.    Acopyof  the  judgment 

of  the  Court  of  Chancery  received,  and 

the  charter  expires. 
July  *  Tex.    La  Salle,  with  four  French 

.^hips,  lands  a  colony  on  the  coast ;  the 

country  becomes  a  part  of  Louisiana. 
Oct.  22.    Er.    The  edict  of  Nantes  is 

revoked,   and   emigration   to   America 

quickened. 
**[£/.  S.]    Governors  appointed : 

*  *  N.  J.    John  Skeine  (W.  Jersey). 

*  *  B.l.    Henry  Bull. 

*  *  S.  C.    Joseph  Norton. 


50      1685-1691,  June. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1686*  *  N.  r.    The  French  attack  the 
Senecas. 

*  *  S.  a  The  Scotch  colonists  at  Port 
Royal  are  driven  away  by  Spaniards, 
who  lay  waste  their  plantation. 

1687  June  13.  Can.  Denonville  leaves 
Montreal  to  attack  the  Senecas. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  invading  French  under 
DenonviUe  are  again  driven  back  by 
the  Mohawks  and  Oneidas. 

1688  June  17.  Guiana.  Mutiny  of 
soldiers  in  Dutch  Guiana;  the  Gov- 
ernor is  killed. 

*  *  Ale.    Fort  Andros  ia  built. 

1689  *  *  -97  *  *  King  William's  "War 
with  the  French,  —  a  part  of  the  gen- 
eral war  against  Louis  XIV. 

June  25.    France  declares  war   against 

England. 
June  27.    A'".  H.    Indians  are  allies  of 

the  French ,  and  they  surprise  Dover ; 

23  persons  are  killed  and  29  captured  ; 

the  houses  are  burned,  and  the  place 

left  desolate. 
Aug.  4,  5.    Can.     The  Iroquois    attack 

Jjachine. 
Aug.  25.    Can.    The  Isle  of  Montreal  is 

surprised  by  1,500  Iroquois,  and  its  200 

inhabitants  are  massacred. 
The  war-like  Iroquois  spread  terror 

throughout  Canada  as  far  as  Quebec, 

until  peace  is  finally  made. 

*  *  Can.  Frontenac  decides  to  make  a 
triple  descent  upon  the  English  colonies. 

*  *  -90  *  *  N.  H.  Indians  commit  many 
depredations. 

1690  Feb.  8.  N^.  Y.  Surprise  and  mas- 
sacre of  the  English  at  Schenectady 
by  300  French  and  Iildians ;  GO  persons 
are  killed,  30  captives  taken,  and  the 
village  is  burned. 

Mar.  27.  JV^.  H.  The  Indians  surprise 
and  destroy  Salmon  Falls  on  the  Pis- 
cataqua  River. 

Apr.  *  Can.  The  English  under  Sir  Wil- 
liam Phips  seize  Port  Royal  (Annapo- 
lis). 

May  17.  Me.  The  French  and  Indians 
take  and  destroy  Casco. 

Aug.  *  JH.  Y.  The  land-attack  on  Can- 
ada fails,  through  the  division  and 
mutual  criminations  of  Leisler  and 
Winthrop,  after  reaching  Lake  Cham- 
plain. 

Oct.  16.  Can.  A  Massachusetts  fleet  of 
32  vessels,  under  the  incompetent  Phips, 
arrives  before  Quebec. 

Oct.  21.  Can.  The  invaders  reembark 
for  Boston  without  making  an  attack. 

Oct.  *  Can.  Wreck  of  a  part  of  the  re- 
turning New  England  fleet. 

Nov.  *  The  exhausted  and  debt-burdened 
colonies  content  themselves  with  the 
defense  of  their  frontiers  against  the 
French. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1686    Apr.  26.    La  SaUe  again  starts  to 
ascend  the  Mississippi  to  Canada. 


1687    Jan.  12.     Tex.    La  Salle  and  IG 

companions  set  out  to  walk  from  the 
Texas  coast  to  Canada.  [He  is  assassi- 
nated by  one  of  his  men.] 

*  *  Peru.  Terrible  earthquake  at  Lima. 
City  of  Callao  also  destroyed  by  an 
earthquake  followed  by  a  tidal  wave. 

1690  *  *  Phila.  Wm.  Bradford  estab- 
lishes the  first  paper-mill  in  America 
at  Germantown. 

*  *  A'.  C.  Kice  is  first  planted,  the  seed 
being  given  by  the  captain  of  a  vessel. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1686  Alden,  John,  PUgrim  settler,  A88. 

1687  lia  Salle,  de,   Kobert,  Cavalier,  ex- 
plorer, A  44. 

Prince,  Thomas,  clergyman,  bom. 

1688  Dickinson,  Jonathan,  clergyman,  born, 
ftlayhew,  John,  missionary  to  Indians,  dies. 
Vincennes,  Jean  de,  founder,  horn. 

1690  Allouez,Claude  .lean,  Jesuit  Jliss.,  A70. 
Barclay,  Robert,  Scottish  writer,  A62. 
Beissel,  Johann  Conrad,  Ger.-Ani.  mystic,  b. 
Eliot,  John,  Apostle  to  the  Indiana,  A86. 

1691  Leisler,  Jacob,u8urper  in  N.  Y.,  hanged. 

CHURCH. 

1686  *  *  Boston.  Andros,  the  .President 
of  New  Kngland,  forcibly  seizes  the  Old 
South  Church  for  Episcopal  service. 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  Episcopal  clergy- 
man is  the  only  person  in  all  New  Eng- 
land who  is  authorized  to  unite  persons 
in  marriage. 

*  *  Mass.  Episcopacy  is  fully  intro- 
duced by  Governor  Andros,  and  the 
people  required  to  furnish  funds  to  build 
a  church  for  its  service.  A  tax  of  the 
same  amomit  is  levied  upon  each  person, 
poor  or  rich.  Some  towns  refuse  to  pay  it. 

Huguenots  arrive. 

*  *  S.C.  A  Huguenot  Presbyterian 
church  formed  in  Charleston. 

1687  Mar.  27.  Boston.  The  Old  South 
Meeting-house  opened  on  Good  Fri- 
day, by  Andros,  for  Episcopal  service. 

*  *  Boston.  A  Huguenot  Presbyterian 
church  formed  in  Boston. 

1688*  *  Boston.  Governor  Andros  causes 
the  erection  of  King's  Chapel. 

Worship  after  the  form  of  the  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Church  becomes  regular 
and  permanent  among  the  Puritans. 

*  *  Me.  Mission  work  among  the  Abnaki 
Indians  is  renewed  by  the  Jesuits. 

1689  *  *  It.    Alexander  VIII.,  pope. 

*  *  N.  J.  A  Baptist  church  is  organized 
at  Piscataqua  called  "Auabaptist  Town." 

*  *  Pa.  Presbyterians  begin  to  arrive 
from  Scotland  and  the  north  of  Ireland. 
A  Presbyterian  church  formed  in  Phil- 
adelphia. 

1690  May  20.  Mass.  John  Eliot, 
nearly  60  years  a  pastor  and  missionary 
to  the  Indians,  dies,  aged  86. 

*  *  Ind.  French  priests  establish  a  mis- 
sion on  the  Wabash  Kiver  at  Vincennes 
(Indiana). 

*  *  Md.  A  Presbyterian  organization  is 
formed  in  Upper  Marlborough. 

LETTERS. 

1688  *  *  A^  Y.  Printing  -  presses  are 
forbidden  in  the  province  by  royal 
authority. 


1690  Sept.  25.  Boston.  The  first 
newspaper,  called  Public  Occurrences^ 
issued  ;  the  government  suppresses  it 
after  the  first  issue. 

SOCIETY. 

1691  May  16.  K.Y.  Governor  Slough- 
ter  is  made  drunk  by  Royalists,  who 
thereby  secure  his  .signature  to  the  death 
warrants  of  the  patriots  Leisler  and  Mil- 
borne. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1685  *  *  Brazil,  Insurrection  at 
Maranham. 

*  *  Can.    Benonville  becomes  governor. 

*  * -87  *  *  James  II.  makes  strenuous 
eiforts  to  take  away  all  the  New  Eng- 
land charters. 

He  consolidates  all  the  American  colo- 
nies from  Maine  to  the  Delaware,  with 
Sir  Edmund  Andros  as  temporary  royal 
governor. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Duchy  of  New  York  be- 
comes a  royal  province. 

*  *  New  York.  NicholasBayard  the  16th 
mayor. 

*  *  S.  C.  Great  numbers  of  persecuted 
Huguenots  arrive. 

A  collector  of  customs  for  the  Crown 
is  established  at  Charleston. 

*  *  Va.  Despotism  attempted  by  James 
II.  and  resisted  by  the  colonists. 

*  *  *  Rivalry  between  France  and  Great 
Britain  in  America. 

1686  April  27.  N.  Y.  Governor  Don- 
gan  grants  a  charter  to  the  city  of  New 
York.  [It  remains  the  basis  of  its  muni- 
cipal rights  for  200  years.] 

May  14.  Mass.  Joseph  Dudley,  a  late 
convert  to  kingly  prerogative,  is  ap- 
pointed the  royal  president  of  Massa- 
chusetts by  James  II.  [He  is  regarded 
as  the  betrayer  of  his  country's  liberties.] 

May  25.  Mass.  The  charter  govern- 
ment is  displaced. 

July  22.  N.  Y.  City  of  Albany  incor- 
porated. 

Wov.  16.  Eng.  Treaty  of  neutraUty 
between  England  and  France,  for  Amer- 
ica, 

Nov.  *  S.  C.  James  Colleton  becomes 
governor. 

He  foolishly  attempts  to  establish 
Philosopher  Locke's  absurd  constitu- 
tion, hence  the  colony  rebels. 

Dec.  19.  Neio  Eng.  Sir  Edmimd  An- 
dros, vicegerent  of  New  England  and 
the  first  royal  governor,  arrives  at  Bos- 
ton ;  two  companies  of  soldiers  are  sent 
to  support  his  authority. 

Connecticut  and  [S.]  Carolina  have 
writs  quo  warranto  issued  against 
them. 

*  *  E7ig.  James  II.  resolves  to  reduce 
all  colonies  to  a  direct  dependence  on 
the  Crown. 

*  *  Mass.    Arrival  of  Huguenots. 

*  *  N.  J.  Lord  Neill  Campbell  is  gover- 
nor (E.  Jersey),    (li.  I.     W.Clarke.) 

*  *  .V.  Y.  James  II.  abolishes  the  rep- 
resentative assembly,  and  resumes  ar- 
bitrary and  oppressive  govermuent. 


AMERICA. 


1685-1691,  June.     51 


*  *  -87  *  *  New  York.  S.  vau  CortlauUt 
the  I7th  mayor. 

1687  *  •  Conn, —  It.  I.  Charters  are  re- 
scinded In  England. 

Jan.  12.  li.  I.  Andros  dissolves  the  gov- 
ernment, and  breaks  the  seal. 

Five  citizens  are  appointed  members 
of  his  council,  and  a  commission  substi- 
tutes representative  government. 

Oct.  31.  Conn.  Gov.  Andros  visits 
Hartford  to  estabhsh  his  authority. 

Ho  enters  the  Assembly,  writes  FINIS 
at  the  Itottom  of  the  record,  and  demands 
the  immediate  surrender  of  their  liberal 
charter;  Governor  Treat  pleads  and  ar- 
gues till  darkness  falls,  when  Joseph 
Wadsworth  secretly  takes  the  charter 
away  and  hides  it  in  the  famous  oak,  and 
so  saves  the  liberties  of  Connecticut. 
.A.ndros  assumes  the  government. 

*  *  Can.  French  diplomacy  aims  to  per- 
vade the  West,  and  concerts  an  alliance 
with  all  Indians  to  the  Mississippi. 

About  11,000  persons  in  New  France, 
one-twentieth  of  the  population  in  the 
English  settlements. 

*  '  Md.  A  writ  quo  warranto  issued 
against  Maryland. 

*  *  N.  C>  Gov.  Colleton  attempts  to  collect 
quit-rents  on  cultivated  fields  and  wild 
lands,  and  arouses  insubordination; 
the  secretary  of  the  province  is  impris- 
oned, the  records  seized,  and  the  gov- 
ernor and  his  patrons  defied. 

*  *  N.  J.  Daniel  Coxe  receives  Byllynge's 
interest  in  "West  Jersey.  Coxe  becomes 
governor ;  Andrew  Hamilton  is  gover- 
nor of  East  Jersey. 

*  *  iV.  Y.  Gov.  Dongan  is  ordered,  from 
England,  to  protect  the  Five  Nations 
from  the  French. 

1688  *  *  New  Eng.  Continued  tyr- 
anny of  Andros ;  the  colonists  send  au 
;igent  to  England  to  present  their  griev- 
ances to  the  king. 

*  '  New  York  is  made  a  dependency  of 
New  England  by  annexation  to  the  vice- 
royalty  of  Andros,  its  governor-general. 

Apr.  *  N.  J.  Proprietors  of  East  New 
Jersey  submit  to  Andros,  the  royal 
usurper  of  authority. 

July  *  New  Eng.  The  seaboard  from 
the  St.  Croix  to  Maryland  is  under  one 
dominion,  having  Boston  for  its  capital. 

Aug.  H.  Andros  is  made  governor-gen- 
eral of  British  America. 

Oct.  *  N.  J.  The  proprietors  of  West 
New  Jersey  vote  to  surrender  their 
government  to  New  England. 

Nov.  5.  Eng.  William  of  Orange 
lands  in  Devonshire. 

Dec.  11.  Eng.  James  II.  flees  for  France. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Francis  Nicholson  appointed 
lieutenant-governor.  {Pa.  John  Black- 
well,  deputy.     Va.    Nathaniel  Bacon.) 

±*  *  Carolina.  Many  Huguenots,  flee- 
ing from  the  persecutions  of  Louis  XIV., 
join  this  colony. 

*  *  A'^.  C.  An  insurrection  against  Seth 
Sothel ;  the  infamous  governor  is  over- 
thrown, disfranchised,  and  banished  by 
the  eulonists. 

1689  Jan.  4.  K-ng.  Col.  Henry 
Sloughter  appointed  governor  of  N.  Y. 


Feb.  13.  Eng.  William  and  Mary  en- 
throned. 

Mar.  14.  Mass.  The  king  concedes  the 
recall  of  Governor  Andros. 

Apr.  4.  Boston.  The  Revolution  in 
England  known. 

A  messenger  annoimces  the  invasion 
of  England  b^  William  III.,  and  is 
thrown  into  prison. 

Apr.  18.  Boston.  Tidings  received  of 
the  accession  of  William  and  Mary, 
the  royal  government  is  overthrown  [and 
the  despotic  Andros  is  sent  to  prison]. 

Apr.  20.  Boston.  The  general  court 
again  assembles,  and  Simon  Bradstreet 
is  restored  to  power. 

Apr.  *  Md.  Au  armed  force,  led  by  John 
Coode,  is  organized  against  the  adher- 
ents of  Baltimore,  in  the  interest  of 
William  III. 

Apr.  *  New  York.  A  tumult  of  gladness 
over  the  Revolution  in  England  takes 
place. 

May  1.  Rhode  Island  resumes  its  char- 
ter privileges  which  Andros  aimulled. 

May  9.  Conn.  .James  II.  being  dethroned 
and  Andros  deposed,  the  old  govern- 
ment, mider  Treat,  is  resumed  by  the 
colonists,  under  the  charter  so  saga- 
ciously preserved  in  the  oak-tree. 

May  26.  Mass.  News  of  the  accession 
of  William  and  Mary  received  with 
great  joy. 

May  *  N.  Y.  Bitter  feud  between  fac- 
tions in  New  Vork,  each  seeking  to  con- 
trol the  colony  for  or  against  William 
and  Mary. 

June  ♦ -92  Aug.*  N.J,  Owing  to  many 
conflicting  claims  of  authority,  there  is 
no  recognized  government ;  the  peo- 
ple are  vexed  by  a  superfluity  of  rulers. 

June  1.  Neil}  York,  The  military  com- 
panies persuade  Jacob  Leisler,  their 
senior  captain,  to  possess  the  fort  and 
assume  the  temporary  government 
for  William  III. 

June  5.  Mass.  The  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives meets,  and  refuses  to  act  till 
the  old  charter  officers  of  1686  assume 
their  power  as  of  right. 

June  8.  N.  Y.  A  committee  of  safety 
of  ten  is  appointed,  and  they  attempt 
to  reorganize  the  government  on  liberal 
principles. 

Aug.  1.  Md.  John  Coode,  at  the  head 
of  "the  Association  in  arms  for  the  de- 
fense of  the  Protestant  religion,"  usurps 
the  government,  forces  the  adherents 
of  Baltimore  to  capitulate,  and  consent 
to  exclude  Catholics  from  office. 

Aug.  *  N.  Y.  Iiieut.-Gov.  Nicholson 
goes  to  Albany  to  escape  the  hostile  peo- 
ple, and  denounces  Leisler  as  a  rebel. 

Sept.  *  N.  Y.  Commissioners  from  New 
England  hold  a  conference  with  the 
Mohawks  at  Albany. 

Dec*  jV.  Y.  a  royal  letter  received,  com- 
missioning Nicholson  as  governor. 

*  *  N.  C.    (iov.  Philip  liUdwell  conducts 
an  excellent  administration  [continuing 
six  years]. 
Huguenots  arrive. 


*  *  N.  Y.  New  Rochelle  is  settled  by 
H  uguenots. 

*  *  -90  *  *  New  York.  Peter  de  la  Noy, 
the  18th  mayor. 

*  *  S.  C,  Governor  Ludwell  comes  to 
South  Carolina,  and  attempts  to  en- 
force the  absurd  constitution  of 
Locke,  and  confusion,  approaching  an- 
archy, prevails. 

Gov.  Colleton  pretends  to  fear  danger 
from  Indians  or  Spaniards,  and  pro- 
claims martial  law,  but  can  find  no 
force  to  execute  it. 

*  *  Conn.  Robt.  Treat,  gov.  (Mass.  Thos. 
Hinckley,  Plymouth ;  Thos.  Danforth, 
acting  governor  Mass.  Bay  Colony.) 

1690  May  1 .  Netc  York.  First  Amer- 
ican Congress.  A  conference  of  colo- 
nial governors,  respecting  the  safety  of 
the  colonies,  is  held. 

They  decide  to  attempt  the  conquest 
of  Canada,  by  a  force  descending  Lake 
Champlain,  and  another  sailing  from 
Boston  for  Quebec. 

Mar.  12.  N.  H.  On  the  downfall  of  Gov. 
Andros,  the  Assembly  reannex  the 
province  to  Massachusetts. 

*  *  Car.—  Va.  Many  French  Protestant 
refugees  migrate  to  America,  and  settle 
chiefly  in  Carolina  and  Virginia. 

*  *  Massachusetts  issues  paper  money  to 
meet  her  war  debt. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Jacob  Leisler  is  recognized 
throughout  the  province  as  temporary 
govemor. 

*  *  N.C,  Governor  Ludwell  leaves  the 
colony,  despairing  of  its  government. 

*  *  S.  C.  Gov.  Colleton  is  impeached  by 
the  colonists  for  arbitrary  government 
and  banished. 

Seth  Sothel,  the  candidate  of  the 
popular  party,  becomes  their  vexatioua 
governor  [for  two  years!. 
+  *  *  Germany.  The  ravages  of  war  in 
their  native  land  drive  many  Germans 
to  America;  Germantown,  near  Phila- 
delphia, is  settled  by  them. 

*  *  R.  I.  Henry  Bull,  governor.  Later, 
John  Easton. 

1691  Mar.  19.  New  York.  The  new- 
governor.  Col.  Sloughter,  arrives  from 
England. 

Captain  Jacob  Leisler  resigns  his 
trust,  and  is  immediately  arrested  on 
the  charge  of  treason. 

Apr.  1.  Pa.  Delaware  secedes  from 
Pennsylvania.  Penn  reluctantly  con- 
sents to  the  desire  of  the  *'  lower  coun- 
ties" (Del.)  to  govern  themselves.  [They 
are  two  years  under  Markham.] 

May  16.  New  York.  Leisler  and  Mil- 
borne,  his  son-in-law,  are  hanged  for 
treason,  by  the  authority  of  a  drunkard, 
Governor  Sloughter.  The  act  considered 
judicial  murder. 

June  1.  Md.  King  W^illiam  revolution- 
izes the  government,  and  takes  it  as  a 
royal  province ;  Sir  Lionel  Copley  is 
sent  out  as  governor. 

[He  establishes  the  Church  of  England, 
and  taxes  the  Catholics  to  maintain  it. 
He  finally  disfranchises  the  Catholics, 
who  established  the  colony.] 


52    1691,  Aug.-1697,  Mar. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1691  *  *  Can.  Major  Schuyler  makes  a 
raid  on  tlio  French  settlements  on  the 
Sorel. 

1692*  *-94*  *Me.  Indian  depreda- 
tions occur. 

Jan.  25.  Me.  The  town  of  York  is 
surprised  and  nearly  destroyed  by  the 
French  and  Indians;  about  75  people 
are  massacred,  and  as  many  taken  into 
captivity. 

Feb.  *  Can.  The  French  send  a  force 
against  the  Mohawks. 

Frontenac  sends  300  French  with  In- 
dians against  the  hunting  parties  of 
Senecas  in  Upper  Can.ada,  and  under- 
takes to  subdue  the  Five  Nations. 

Oct.  26.  Conn.  Gov.  Fletcher  is  com- 
missioned to  take  command  of  the  mi- 
litia of  Connecticut ;  but  the  Puritans 
of  Hartford  successfully  resist  him,  and 
he  returns  to  New  York. 

Nov.  26.  Can.  Port  Koyal  (Annapolis) 
surrenders  to  a  French  ship. 

*  *  JV.  r.  Major  Schuyler,  of  Albany, 
makes  great  efforts  to  pacify  the  terri- 
fied settlers,  and  protect  them  from  the 
Indians. 

*  *  ^fe.  Sir  William  Phips,  the  governor, 
erects  Fort  William  Henry  at  Pemaquid. 

*  *  -1700  *  *  Mexico  is  reconquered 
by  Diego  de  Vergas. 

*  *  Newfound  land.  The  English  destroy 
the  French  settlement. 

1693  Jan.*  -Feb.*  N.  T.  A  strong 
French  force  invades  the  country  of  the 
Mohawks,  bent  on  their  extermination. 

Feb.  6.  JV.  r.  Mohawks  are  attacked 
by  the  French  and  Indians  ;  300  prison- 
ers are  taken. 

Feb.  •  N.  Y.  Major  Schuyler  leaves 
Albany  with  200  men,  pursues  the 
French,  and  liberates  the  captive  Mo- 
hawks. 

Aug.  11.  Me.  The  Abnaki  Indians  sue 
for  peace  after  a  long  and  bloody  war. 

*  *  Can.  Frontenac  leads  a  French  ex- 
pedition against  the  Iroquois. 

*  •  Fngland  resolves  to  conquer  Can- 
ada.   A  British  fleet  arrives  at  Boston. 

1694  July  18.  N.  H.  About  250  In- 
dians attack  a  village  on  Oyster  River ; 
94  persons  are  killed  or  captured. 

*  *  Can.  Frontenac  conducts  his  last 
campaign  against  the  Iroquois. 

1696  *  *  Eng.  King  William  gives  Cap- 
tain Kidd  a  commission  and  a  galley  of 
30  guns  to  suppress  piracy.  [He  turns 
I)irate  himself.] 

*  *  New  England  suffers  from  French 
incursions. 

June  26.  N.  H.  Indians  attack  Ports- 
mouth Plain;  14  persons  are  killed. 

*  *  Me.  The  French  under  Iberville  and 
Castin  capture  the  fort  at  Pemaquid 
(Bremen). 

*  *  Fla.  Spaniards  build  a  fort  at  Pen- 
sacola. 

July  28.  Can.  The  French  under 
Frontenac  for  the  la.'it  time  invade 
northern  New  York.  [They  are  defeated 
by  the  colonists  and  th«ir  Iroquois  allies.] 


1697  Mar.  15.  Mats.  Indians  attack 
Haverhill;  40  persons  are  killed  or 
taken  captive ;  among  the  latter  is 
Hannah  Dustin,  the  heroine,  who  kills 
her  sleeping  captors.    (See  Society.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1692  June  7.  W.  I.  Great  earthquake 
in  Jamaica ;  nine-tenths  of  Port  Royal 
buried  under  water ;  2,000  perish  in  the 
convulsion,  and  3,000  whites  by  a  follow- 
ing pestilence. 

1693  •  *  S.  C.  The  cultivation  of  rice 
begins,  and  with  it  the  prosperity  of  the 
colony.    (1(594?;  1G95?;  1698?) 

1694  *  *  Can.  A  company  of  amateiu? 
actors  give  a  theatrical  performance  at 
Quebec. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1692    Rravo,  Lonardo,  Mex.  patriot,  born. 
Dinwiddle,  Kobert,  Lieut.-gov.  of  Va.,  born. 

1695  rhlpa,  .Sir  Wm.,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  A44. 

1696  Johnson,  .Samuel,  Pres.  of  Col.  Coll.,  b. 
Pepperell,  Sir  William,  general,  born. 
Wentworth,  Banning,  Gov.  of  N.  H.,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1691*  »/«.    Innocent  Xn.,  pope. 

*  *  Md.  The  colony  being  made  a  Royal 
Province,  the  Church  of  England  is 
established  by  law,  and  the  Catholic  col- 
onists are  taxed  to  maintain  it. 

*  •  Mass.  A  Baptist  church  is  org.an- 
ized  at  Cohansey. 

*  •  Va.  Francis  Makemie  goes  to  Lon- 
don, and  appeals  to  the  Presbyterian 
ministers  for  missionaries ;  [two  young 
men,  John  Hampton  and  George  Mc- 
Nish,  are  sent  out.]    (Briggs,  1704.) 

1692  »  *N.  J.  The  "  Scotch  Meet- 
ing-house,'* Presbyterian  church,  or- 
ganized at  Freehold. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Governor  Fletcher  attempts 
to  force  the  Episcopal  church  on  the 
colonists;  but  the  General  Assembly  de- 
crees equality  and  toleration,  and  places 
the  Episcopal  church  on  a  level  with 
other  churches,  and  permits  vestrymen 
to  call  non-Episcopal  pastors.  About 
one-tenth  of  the  population  are  Episco- 
palians. 

The  provisions  of  the  English  Test  Act 
are  enforced  against  Catholics. 

*  *  Phita.  First  Presbyterian  o  o  n  - 
gregation  in  Philadelphia  meets  in  the 
*'  Barbadoes  Company's  warehouse." 

1693  *  *  Mass.  The  General  Court  pro- 
vides for  common  schools  and  the  sup- 
port of  Congregational  ministers. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Assembly  provides  for  the 
settlement  and  support  of  ministers  by 
levying  a  tax  on  all  the  vieople. 

Episcopacy  is  established  by  law. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Baptist  church  is  moved 
from  Cooper  River  to  Charleston. 

*  *  Va.  The  colonists  establish  a  col- 
lege (William  and  Mary)  "  to  educate  a 
domestic  succession  of  Church  of  Eng- 
land ministers,"  as  well  as  to  teach  the 
children  of  Indians  to  read. 

1694  Aug.*  R.  I.  Jews  first  establish 
public  worship  at  Ne\s'port,  and  find 
protection. 


1695  Apr.  10.  N.  Y.  The  House  de- 
cides that  non-Episcopal  ministers 
may  be  called  in  New  York. 

*  *  A'.  C.  Churches  are  erected,  and 
provisions  made  for  sustaining  public 
worship. 

*  *  I'/iila.  First  record  of  Protestant 
Episcopal  services  in  Pennsylvania ;  a 
church  is  erected  in  Philadeli)hia. 

1696  May  11.  S.  Y.  The  Reformed 
Protestant  Dutch  church  formed  in 
America  incorporated. 

*  *  /'7a.  Spaniards  build  a  Roman  Cath- 
olic church  at  Pensacola. 

*  *  New  York-.  The  first  Jewish  syn- 
agogue in  America  is  erected. 

The  first  Trinity  church  (Prot.  Epis.) 
is  built  and  endowed ;  Rev.  W.  Vesey 
pastor. 

*  •  Pliila.  The  nucleus  of  a  Baptist 
church  appears  in  the  persons  of  John 
Farmer  and  wife  from  London. 

1697  Feb.  6.  A'ero  York.  The  first 
Trinity  church  (Prot.  Epis.)  is  opened 
for  worship. 

LETTERS. 
1602  •  *  Va.    WilUam  and  Mary  Col- 
lege (Prot.  Epis.)  chartered  at  Williams- 
burg, through  the  efforts  of  Rev.  James 
Blair  and  Lieut.-gov.  Nicholson. 

*  •  Mass.  The  degree  of  D.D.  is  first 
conferred  by  Harvard  College ;  it  is 
given  to  its  president.  Increase  Mather. 

*  *  Phila.  A  public  high  school,  char- 
tered by  Penn,  is  established. 

1693  Mar.  25.  New  York.  Printing  is 
ordered  to  be  introduced. 

*  *  New  York.  "WiUiam  Bradford  moves 
to  New  York,  sets  up  the  first  printing- 
press,  and  is  appointed  State-printer. 
[He  is  called  the  "  Father  of  Printing  " 
in  the  middle  colonies.] 

Aug.  23.  New  York.  The  first  printing 
is  a  proclamation  by  the  governor. 

*  *  Va.  Rev.  James  Blair  is  appointed 
the  first  president  of  William  and  Mary 
College.    [1729.    Active.] 

*  *  The  Wanders  of  the  Invisible  World, 
by  Cotton  Mather,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

*  *  *  N.  Y.  The  colony  is  protected  from 
French  invasions  and  hostile  Indians,  for 
many  years,  by  the  friendly  Five  Na/- 
tions. 

1691*  * -1715*  •A'.i/.  Land  specu- 
lators vex  the  people  by  buying  ancient 
claims  to  their  lands,  and  trying  to  dis- 
possess them  or  secure  rents,  but  no 
judgments  are  obtained  in  the  courts. 

1692  Feb. '  Mass.  The  witchcraft 
delusion  breaks  out  at  Danvers,  a  part 
of  Salem. 

A  niece  of  the  minister  is  the  subject, 
and  an  old  Indian  servant,  Tituba,  the 
victim,  whose  confession  is  obtained  un- 
der the  rod. 

Apr.  22.  Mass.  Edward  Bishop,  having 
cured  one  of  the  afflicted  by  fiogglng 
him,  and  proposed  that  others  be  cured 
in  the  same  way,  is  sent  to  prison  for 
expressing  his  opinion. 


AMERICA. 


1691,  Aug.-1697,  Mar.     53 


June  10.  Mass.  Bridget  Bishop  is 
hanged  for  witchcraft  at  Salem. 

June  30.  Mags.  Tlie  General  Court  con- 
demns to  death  live  women,  all  of 
blameless  lives,  and  all  declaring  them- 
selves innocent  of  witchcraft. 

July  19.  Mass.  Rebecca  Nurse,  a  wo- 
man of  blameless  life,  is  taken  to  church 
in  chains,  and  publicly  excommunicated 
as  a  witch  ;  [later  she  is  hanged]. 

Aug.  3.  Mass.  The  Court  condemns  six 
others  as  witches. 

*  •  .)[ass.  The  children  of  Martha  Car- 
ter witness  against  their  mother,  who  is 
accused  of  witchcraft ;  the  two  sons  re- 
fuse to  perjure  themselves  till  tied  neck 
and  heels,  and  the  little  daughter,  seven 
years  old,  is  made  a  witness. 

Aug.  19.  Mass.  Five  witches  (?) 
hanged  for  witchcraft  at  Salem. 

Aug.  *  Mass.  The  delusion  aflfects  the 
higher  classes,  and  a  clergyman  of  the 
highest  respectability  is  executed. 

*  •  Mass.  Giles  Cory,  an  octogenarian, 
refuses  to  plead  to  the  charge  of  witch- 
craft, and  is  pressed  to  death. 

Sept.  9.  Mass.  Six  women  condemned 

for  witchcraft. 
Sept.  22.    Mass.    Two  men  and  seven 

women    are    executed    at    Salem    for 

witchcraft ;  one  is  pressed  to  death  for 

standing  mute. 
Sept.  28.    Mass.     Eight    persons    are 

hanged  as  witches. 

*  *  Autumn.  Mass.  Twenty  persons  have 
been  put  to  death,  fifty-five  tortured,  and 
the  jails  are  full  of  victims. 

Oct.  18.  Mass.  Protest  made  by  the 
people  of  Andover  to  the  General  Court 
against  the  witch  tribunals. 

Oct.*  Mass.  The  delusion  of  witchcraft 
is  rapidly  disappearing. 

*  •  A>w  York.  The  whipping-post,  pil- 
lory, and  ducking-stool  are  set  up. 

*  *  -98  *  *  A'.  1'.  Gov.  Fletcher  receives 
large  gifts  from  the  pirates. 

1693  Jan.  *  -Feb.  *  Mass.  It  becomes 
difficult  to  convict  accused  witches. 

»  » Mass.  Great  popular  indignation 
against  the  prosecutors  for  witchcraft. 

1695  *  *  Carolina.  Gov.  John  Archdale 
(a  Quaker)  protects  the  Indians  from 
the  kidnapping  colonists.  Some  native 
Catholics  are  ransomed  from  slavery, 
and  sent  to  their  homes  in  Florida. 

1696  Apr.  1.  John  Briggs,  the  her- 
mit, dies,  aged  97. 

His  figure  has  become  grotesque  be- 
cause of  the  numerous  pieces  of  leather 
nailed  to  his  clothes ;  one  of  his  shoes 
is  made  of  about  1,000  pieces  of  leather. 

Apr.  *  Eng.  Capt.  William  Kidd,  a 
bold,  successful  American  shipmaster, 
is  commissioned  to  suppress  piracy.  [He 
becomes  a  pirate  himself.] 

1697  Jan.  14.  Mass.  Samuel  Sewall 
makes  a  public  confession  of  his  com- 
plicity in  the  witchcraft  trials. 

Mar.  *  Mass.  Hannah  Dustin,  her  ser- 
vant, and  a  boy  kill  ten  of  twelve  Indians 
while  they  sleep,  and  then  escape  from 
captivity. 


SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1691  Aug.  »  New  York.  Capt.  Kichard 
Ingoldsby  is  acting  governor ;  Governor 
Sloughter  deceased  (July  23). 

Summer.  A^.  1'.  The  treaty  with  the 
Iroquois  Indians  (Five  Nations)  is  re- 
newed at  Albany. 

Oct.  7.  Eng.  King  William  grants  a 
new  and  less  liberal  charter  to  Massa- 
chusetts. [He  permits  Rhode  Island  and 
Connecticut  to  resume  their  charters.] 

*  *  Mass.  Increase  Mather  is  permitted 
to  nominate  the  first  officers  under  the 
new  charter  ;  he  proposes  Sir  "William 
Phipps  for  governor. 

*  *  New  York.  John  Lawrence,19th  mayor. 

1692  Jan.  26.  Can.  Acadia  (Nova 
Scotia)  becomes  a  part  of  Massachusetts. 

Feb.  *  Mass.  The  witchcraft  frenzy 
breaks  out.    {See  Society.) 

May  14.  Mass.  Gov.  Phipps  arrives 
with  the  new  charter.  Phipi>s  is  also 
governor  of  Plymouth  Colony  and  the 
provinces  of  Maine,  Nova  Scotia,  and 
the  country  north  of  the  St.  Lawrence ; 
also,  the  Elizabeth  Islands,  Nantasket, 
and  Martha's  Vineyard ;  unites  Plym- 
outh with  Massachusetts. 

Aug.  13.  A^.  H.  The  English  govern- 
ment separates  New  Hampshire  from 
Massachusetts  the  se(*ond  time,  not- 
withstanding the  protests  of  the  people. 

Sept.  •  AV7t'  York.  Benjamin  Fletcher, 
a  man  of  bad  passions  and  poor  abilities, 
arrives,  and  assumes  office  as  governor. 

Oct.  21.  Pa.  The  British  government 
takes  away  Penn's  proprietary  rights 
and  transfers  the  government  to  Fletcher 
of  New  York.    [Penn  is  restored  in  1694.] 

Nov.  26.  Can.  Nova  Scotia  again  un- 
der the  French  flag. 

*  »  Cmm.  The  Crown  claims  the  control 
of  the  militia. 

*  *  Mil.  SirL.Copley,  the  first  royal  gover- 
i^r,  assumes  office.  (N.J.  A.  Hamilton.) 

*  •  New  York.  The  assembly  passes  a 
resolution  against  arbitrary  govern- 
ment, and  claiming  that  the  people  are 
a  part  of  the  governing  power. 

*  *  -95  *  *  New  York.  Abraham  de  Peys- 
ter  the  20th  mayor. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  proi)rietaries  reject  all  the 
acts  of  the  democratic  legislature. 

*  *  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut  retain 
their  charters. 

*  *  Va.  [and  Mil.]  Sir  Edmund  Andros, 
governor.    (5.  C.    Philip  Ludwell.) 

1693  Apr.*  Carolina.  Proprietors  .at 
length  abandon  the  John  Locke 
scheme  of  government ;  thus  the  paper 
Empire  of  the  West  vanishes. 

5.  C.  Thomas  Smith  appointed  gov- 
ernor.   (A^.  C.   Alex.  Lillington,  deputy.) 

Apr.  26.  Pa.  Governor  Fletcher  again 
unites  Maryland  to  Pennsylvania,  and 
assumes  authority. 

Oct.  26.  Conn.  Gov.  Fletcher  of  New 
York  goes  to  Hartford  to  assume  com- 
mand of  the  militia. 

While  reading  his  commission,  Capt. 
Wadswortli  orders  the  drums  beaten, 
and   intimidates   the    royally    commis- 


sioned offtcer  from  intruding  on  an  inde- 
pendent people. 

*  *  Delaware  is  placed  under  the  rule  of 
the  governor  of  New  York. 

1694  Mar.  26.  Pa.  Penn  sends  Mark- 
ham  to  be  his  deputy-governor,  who  calls 
an  Assembly  of  the  people  to  form  for 
themselves  a  liberal  constitution. 

Aug.  20.  Pa.  Penn  is  reinstated  in 
his  province,  which  had  been  taken  from 
him  and  annexed  to  New  York. 

♦  •  S.  C.  John  Archdale,  an  upright 
Quaker,  is  elected  governor. 

He  mitigates  the  hostility  existing  be- 
tween the  profligate  "  Cavalier  "  party 
and  the  Presbyterians,  etc.,  who  oppose 
them, 

*  *  Md.  The  capital  is  removed  from  St. 
Mary's  to  [.\nnapolis]  by  the  Protes- 
tants. 

1695  Apr.  12.  A^.  Y.  Votes  of  the  As- 
sembly first  published. 

Aug.  17.  S.  C.  Gov.  Archdale  selects 
for  his  council  two  men  of  the  moderate 
party  to  one  High  Churchman. 

*  *  Colombia.  A  company  for  colonizing 
Darien  is  formed. 

•  *  Mil.  A  public  post  is  established, 
and  letters  conveyed  eight  times  a  year 
from  the  Potomac  to  Philadelphia. 

•  •  A^.  )'.  Lord  Bellamont  is  appointed 
governor.     (See  1698.) 

•  «  -98  *  •  New  York.  William  Merritt 
the  21st  mayor. 

1696  May  *  Eng.  The  affairs  of  the 
plantations  are  permanantly  entrusted 
to  the  commissioners  who  form  the  Board 
of  Trade,  and  all  questions  of  colonial 
liberties  and  affairs  are  decided  from  the 
standpoint  of  English  commerce. 

Stunmer.  Me.  By  Iberville's  capture  of 
Pemaquid  (Bremen)  the  French  fron- 
tier is  extended  into  the  heart  of  Maine. 

Nov.  7.  Pa.  Third  frame  of  govern- 
ment passed  by  Gov.  Markham  on  a 
purely  democratic  basis. 

•  *  Fla.  Spaniards  build  a  fort,  a  church, 
and  a  few  houses  at  Pensacola. 

*  *  U.  S.  Governors  inaugurated : 
-02  ''  *  Mil.  Nathaniel  Ulackstoue. 
-97  *  *  It.  I.    Walter  Clarke. 

5.  C.    Joseph  Blake. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

•  *  •  A^.  C.  Carolina  is  noted  tor  its  pro- 
duction of  naval  stores. 

»  •  P'a.  For  many  years  voluntary  im- 
migration almost  ceases,  there  being 
such  restrictions  on  conwnerce  as  to 
cause  all  forms  of  industry  to  languish. 

1693  June  11.  Mass.  A  terribly  ma- 
lignant disease  is  brought  to  Boston 
by  an  English  military  expedition  ;  3.100 
out  of  4,500  members  die  while  crossing 
from  England. 

•  *  Brazil.    Gold  mining  commenced. 

1695  *  *  A  post  route  is  established  be- 
tween the  Potomac,  through  Annapolis 
to  Philadelphia,  the  mail-carrier  to  make 
eight  trips  in  a  year  for  £50. 

1696  •  •  New  Eiiy.  Population  is  about 
one  hundred  thousand. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Population  of  the  city  six 
thousand. 


54      1697,  Sept.-1703. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1697  Sept.  20.  The  King  William's 
"War  ends  by  the  peace  of  Byswiek. 

Sept.  21,  N.  Y.  An  impending  invasion 
of  the  French  into  the  province  of  New 
York  is  averted  by  the  peace  of  Ryswick. 

*  *  Colombia.  Cartagena  is  taken  by  buc- 
caneers. 

1699*  *Mis8.    BUoxi   is   fortified   by 

the  French. 
1700*  *  S.  C'.-t    The  Creek  Indians 

muster  about  5,000  warriors. 

1701  June  *  Mick.  De  la  Motte  Car- 
dillac,  with  a  Jesuit  missionary  and  100 
French,  is  sent  from  Canada  to  occupy 
Detroit. 

1702  *  *-13  *  *  Queen  Anne's  "War. 
between  French  and  p]nglish ;  it  is  known 
in  Europe  as  the  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession. 

Sept.  *  Fla.  The  colonists  of  Carolina, 
led  by  Gov.  Moore,  send  an  unsuccessful 
expedition  against  the  Spaniards  of 
Florida  for  plunder. 

*  *  III.  The  French  vacate  their  post  on 
the  Illinois. 

1703  Apr.*  .V.  r.  The  Assembly 
grants  $7,500  to  fortify  the  Narrows, 
"  and  for  no  other  txse  whatever."  [The 
money  disappeared,  and  the  Narrows 
were  neglected.] 

June  20.  Me.  The  Abnakis  promise 
peace. 

Aug.  10.  Me.  Irruption  of  French 
and  Indians.  [They  desolate  the  coun- 
try from  Casco  to  Wells,  and  massacre 
or  enslave  150  persons.] 

Aug.  *  Massachusetts  is  at  war  with  the 
Abnakis.  [Frontier  war  for  several 
years.] 

Dec.  *  S.  C.  Indian  towns  between  the 
Altamaha  and  Savannah  are  laid  in  ashes 
because  of  the  alliance  of  their  people 
,wlth  the  Spaniards. 

*  *  Ga.  Colonel  Moore  invades  the  Apa- 
laohe  country. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 

EXPLORATION. 

1699  *  *  U.  S.    The  Mississippi  River 

is  explored. 
1701  *  *  Iberville  makes  his  third  voy- 
age to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Cal.    Father  Kino  makes  his  explo- 
rations in  California. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1700*  * 

Faneuil,  Peter,  founder,  born. 

Joliet,  Louis,  explorer  of  the  Miss.,  A55.  ? 
1701*   • 

liartram,  John,  botanist,  born. 

Hennepin,  L.,  Flemish  missionary,  A61. 

Kidd,  William,  pirate,  hanged,  A51. 

SanvoUe,  Le  Moyne, colonial  (jov.  of  La.,  A50. 
1703 •  * 

Fitch,  James,  divine  and  missionary,  A80. 
1703*  • 

Clap,  Thomas,  pres.  of  Yale,  born. 

De  Laneey,  James,  Gov.  of  N.Y.,  born. 

SdwardB,  Jonathan,  clergyman,  born. 

Iflla,  .losd  Francisco,  de,  .Jesuit,  l)orn. 

I'ynchon,  John,  N.  Eng.  colonist,  .Vttti. 

Tennent,  Gilbert,  clergyutan,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1697*  *  Cal.  The  Spaniards  having  been 
expelled  by  the  ill-used  natives.  Upper 
California  is  granted  by  Charles  XI. 
of  Spain  to  the  Jesuits. 

*  *  Pkila.  John  "Watts  immerses  four 
Baptists. 

±  *  *  S.  C.  All  Christians  except  Cath- 
olics are  enfranchised. 

1698  Dec.  13.  Pkila.  The  first  Bap- 
tist church  formed  in  a  storehouse; 
Jedediah  Andrews,  minister. 

*  ♦  Cal.  The  Spanish  establish  mission- 
ary stations.    Father  Kino  arrives. 

*  *  Carolina.  Two-thirds  of  the  colo- 
nists are  Dissenters,  yet  they  consent 
that  one  minister  of  the  Church  of 
England  shall  be  maintained  at  public 
expense. 

1699*  *  Boston.  Ellis  Callender  becomes 
pastor  of  the  Baptist  church. 

The  Manifesto  church  is  a  protest 
against  Matherism. 

*  *  Del.  Consecration  of  Trinity  Epis- 
copal church  near  Wilmington. 

*  *  R.  I.  A  (first)  Protestant  Episco- 
pal parish  is  formed  at  Newport. 

*  *  S.  C.  Baptists  at  Charleston  build 
a  brick  church  and  parsonage. 

*  *  Va.  A  Presbyterian  church  is  or- 
ganized, and  Francis  Makemie  is  li- 
censed to  preach. 

1700  *  */?./.  The  Yearly  Meeting  is 
established  by  the  Friends,  at  Newport. 

Nov,  23.    It.    Clement  XI.  pope. 

*  *  Mass.  The  province  enacts  the  ban- 
ishment of  aU  Roman  Catholics  and 
Jesuits. 

*  *iV .  Y.  Because  of  their  hostile  influ- 
ence among  the  Indians,  the  Legislature 
provides  for  the  hanging  of  every 
•*  popish  priest "  who  shall  voluntarily 
enter  the  province. 

1701  *  *  Can.  Jesuits  try  to  live  with 
the  Iroquois  [remaining  8  years].        • 

*  *  Eng.  The  Society  for  the  Propaga- 
tion of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts 
has  for  its  object  the  conversion  of  the 
Indians,  but  is  diverted  by  politicians  to 
promote  the  Church  of  England  in  all 
the  American  colonies. 

*  *  N.  Y.  J.  N.  Kurtz  is  the  first  Lu- 
theran minister  ordained  in  this  coun- 
try. 

*  *  Pa.  Religious  liberty  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *  Pkila.  J.  Andrews  is  ordained  (?)  and 
installed  pastor  of  the  first  Presby- 
terian church  in  this  city. 

1702  *  ♦  Conn.  The  Society  for  the 
propagation  of  the  Gospel  sends  Messrs. 
Keith  and  Talbot  as  (Prot.  Epis.)  mis- 
sionaries to  New  London. 

*  *  M(L  The  Anglican  Church  is  estab- 
lished. 

Catholics  alone  subject  to  intolerance ; 
no  priest  or  bishop  may  seek  to  make  a 
proselyte  or  teach  the  young.  Not  one- 
tenth  of  the  people  adhere  to  the  es- 
tablished church. 

*  *  X.  J.  Liberty  of  conscience  granted 
to  all,  except  the  Papists. 


The  first  Episcopal  Church  in  New 
Jersey  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Gov.  Cornbury  forges  a  clause 
in  his  commission  that  he  may  foster 
the  Episcopal  church. 

1703  May  6.  S.  C.  Orthodoxy  pro- 
tected by  the  menace  of  disfranchis©-  . 
ment  and  prisons. 

*  *  Carolina.  The  first  minister  (Prot. 
Epis.)  arrives. 

*  *  Neio  York.  Tlie  Lutherans  rebuild 
their  church  (southwest  corner  of  Broad- 
way and  Rector  Streets). 

The  **  King's  Farm  **  is  granted  to 
Trinity  Church  by  Queen  Anne. 

*  *  Va.  A  legal  opinion  is  received  from 
London,  that  a  minister  is  an  incum- 
bent for  life,  and  cannot  be  removed  by 
his  parishioners.  Church  revenue  is  paid 
in  tobacco. 

LETTERS. 
1700  *  *  C(y}in.    Yale   College  is  com- 
menced. 

"  I  give  these  books  for  the  founding  of 
a  College  in  this  colony."  Words  of  ten 
Congregational  ministers,  assembled  at 
the  village  of  Branford,  a  few  miles  east 
of  Hartford,  used  in  donating  books 
from  their  libraries,  whereby  Yale  Col- 
lege is  founded. 

*  *  New  York.  The  first  public  library 
is  established  in  America. 

*  *  Va.  The  college  of  "William  and 
Mary  graduates  its  first  class. 

*  *  The  Selling  ofJosepk,  by  Samuel  Sew- 
all,  appears. 

1701*  *  Conn.  Rev.  Abraham  Pierson 
the  first  rector  of  Yale  College. 

Oct.  9.  Conn.  Yale  College  receives 
its  charter,  and  is  formally  opened  as  a 
school  at  Saybrook. 

1702  *  *  Jacob  Hemmingway  the  first 
and  only  student  of  Yale  until  Septem- 
ber, when  seven  others  enter. 

*  *  Mass.  Magnalia  Christi  Americana^ 
by  Cotton  Mather,  appears. 

Apr.  *  N.  J.  Queen  Anne  prohibits  the 
keeping  of  a  printing-press,  and  for- 
bids the  publication  of  any  book  or  pam- 
phlet -without  a  license. 

1703  *  *  Neil)  York.  The  rector  and  war- 
dens of  Trinity  Church  are  directed  to 
take  stei)s  toward  the  erection  of  a  col- 
lege. [King's  College  (Columbia)  was 
the  result.] 

SOCIETY. 
1697  *  *  New  York.    A  night  watch  is 

instituted. 
1699*  *  Neto  York.  Capt.  "William 
Kidd  returns  from  a  long  piratical 
voyage,  bringing  an  immense  booty. 
[With  great  audacity  he  visits  Boston, 
is  arrested,  sent  to  Englandfor trial,  and 
finally  hanged.] 

*  *  Pa.  "William  Penn,  accompanied 
by  his  wife,  returns  to  America,  purpos- 
ing to  abide  there.  [1701 .  He  is  recalled 
to  preserve  his  imperiled  charter  from 
appropriation  by  the  crown.] 

1700  *  *  N.  H.  Innkeepers  permitting 
townspeople  to  remain  in  their  houses 
drinking  on  Saturday  night  or  Sunday 


AMERICA. 


1697,  Sept.-1703.     55 


are  fined  &s. ;  the  same  fine  is  to  be  paid 
by  the  drinker. 

*  *  Carolina.  Pestilence  and  strong 
drink  have  reduced  the  sav.'iges  to  :i 
small  number;  out  of  a  thousand  war- 
riors, but  a  dozeu  weak  men  remain. 

*  *  Pa.  Penn  legislates  for  the  sanctity 
of  marriage  among  negro  slaves,  and 
also  frees  his  own  slaves. 

1701  *  *  Boston  instructs  its  representa- 
tives "  to  encourage  the  bringing  of 
white  servants,  and  to  put  a  period  to 
negroes  being  slaves." 

*  *  N.  H.  A  fine  of  5s.  is  imposed  for 
drunkenness. 


STATE. 

1697  Sept.  20.  Peace  of  Kyswlck; 
France  and  England  are  each  to  restore 
their  recent  conquests ;  Acadia  restored 
to  France. 

*  *  Massachusetts  and  New  Hamp- 
shire recognize  the  authority  of  Bella- 
mont,  governor  of  New  York,  but  Con- 
necticut, and  Rhode  Island  remain  inde- 
pendent.   {N.  J,    Jer.  Basse,  governor.) 

*  *  N.  Y.  On  complaint  of  the  Lords  of 
Trade,  Bellamont  is  instructed  to  re- 
strict the  liberties  of  the  courts  and 
assemblies  in  Nfrw  York,  and  to  increiise 
the  prerogatives  of  the  governor  and 
council ;  a  political  struggle  thenceforth 
ensues. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  English  remove  all  dis- 
criminations against  French  emigrants. 

*  *  Pa.  Penn  proposes  an  annual  con- 
gress of  all  the  American  provinces 
with  power  to  regulate  commerce. 

1698  Apr.  2.  New  York.  The  Earl  of 
Bellamont  arrives  with  a  commission 
including  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and 
all  New  England  except  Connecticut 
and  Rhode  Island. 

Oct.  *  Conn.  The  Assembly  divides,  and 
forms  an  Upper  House. 

*  *[U.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-07  *  *  Conn.     Fitz-John  Winthrop. 

It.  I.     Samuel  Cranston. 
-05  *  *  Va.    Francis  Nicholson. 

*  *  -99  *  *  New  York.  Johaimes  de  Pey- 
ster  the  22d  mayor. 

1699  Mar.  2.  La.  A  French  colony 
enters  the  Mississippi,  under  Lemoine 
d'lberville. 

May  •  Miss.  Iberville  erects  a  fort  on 
Biloxi  Bay,  and  lays  the  foundation  of 
the  State  of  Mississippi  by  the  French. 

Sept.  16.  La.  An  English  colony  under 
Bienville  follows  Iberville,  but  retires 
on  discovering  the  French. 

Nov.  30.    Pa.    William  Penn  arrives. 

*  •  Eny.  Parliament  oppresses  manu- 
factures. 

It  enacts  that  no  wool  or  woolen 
manufactures  shall  be  shippe<l  from 
any  of  the  colonies,  under  jjenalty  of 
forfeiture  of  ship  and  cjuscs. 

*  *  Me.  France  claims  the  coast  from 
Kennebec  eastward,  and  the  fisheries  of 
the  north  coast. 

*  *  Mass.  —  N.  II.  Massachusetts  and 
New  Hampshire  are  placed  under  Gov. 
Bellamont.    (May  26.) 


*  *IU.  .9.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-1700  *  *  Mass.    Richard  Coote.    [1700^ 

01,  Wm.  Stoughton.] 
-01  *  *  N.  J.    Andrew  Hamilton. 
-05**A^.  C.    H.  Walker  (Pres.).     [1700- 

02,  19.  S.  C.     James  Moore.] 

*  *-1700*  *  New  York.  David  Provoost 
the  23d  mayor. 

1700  Jan.  17.  Lemoine  d'IberviUe 
takes  possession  of  the  Mississippi 
River  for  France,  and  plants  a  colony 
at  Poverty  Point.     [  T  t  languishes.] 

Mar.  30.  Darien.  The  Scotch  settle- 
ments surrendered  to  the  Spaniards. 

Jime  7.  Pa.  The  old  constitution  is 
surrendered  with  the  consent  of  the 
assembly  and  governor's  council. 

Sept.  8.  Can.  A  treaty  made  with  the 
Iroquois. 

Nov.  1.    Sp.    Philip  V.  king. 

*  *  La.    Bienville  reaches  the  Red  River. 

*  ♦  French  missionaries  occupy  various 
points  on  the  Mississippi,  and  take  pos- 
session for  France. 

*  *  01  •  *  New  York.  Isaac  de  Riemer 
the  24th  mayor. 

*  *  Va.    Huguenots  arrive. 

1701  May*  Conn.  It  is  decided  that 
the  government  meet  alternately  in 
Hartford  and  New  Haven. 

June  24.  Mich.  Sieur  de  la  Motte  Ca- 
dillac, with  100  men,  makes  the  first  per- 
manent settlement  in  Michigan  (De- 
troit). 

July  19.  N.  Y.  Alleged  treaty  with  the 
Iroquois  at  Albany,  surrendering  beaver 
grounds  to  the  English. 

Aug.  4.  Can.  The  French  make  a  treaty 
with  the  Iroquois. 

Sept.  2.  A'.  Y.  A  Court  of  Chancery  for 
the  State  is  organized. 

Oct.  28.  Philadelphia  is  first  char- 
tered by  William  Penn. 

*  *  La.  Bienville  is  in  command  of  the 
French  settlements. 

*  * -02  *  *  Mass.  Government  as- 
sumed by  the  Council. 

»  *  -02  *  •  New  York.  Thomas  Noell  the 
25th  mayor.    John  Nanfan,  governor. 

*  *  Pa.  Andrew  Hamilton  and  John 
Evans  are  appointed  deputy-governors 
by  Penn. 

*  *  N.J.  The  Jerseys  become  a  royal 
province. 

lK>rd  Combury  arrives. 

1702  Jan.*  Ala.  The  first  settle- 
ment in  the  state  is  made  by  the  French 
from  Biloxi,  on  the  western  bank  of  the 
Mobile  River.    (Mobile.) 

Mar.  8.  Eng.  Queen  Anne  en- 
throned. 

Apr.  17.  New  Jersey  a  royal  province. 
The  proprietors  of  East  and  West 
Jersey  surrender  their  rights  to  the 
Crowii.  One  government  is  foi-med  and 
called  New  Jersey ;  by  mutual  agree- 
ment all  the  various  claimants  surrender 
the  right  of  government,  but  retain 
their  rights  to  the  soil. 

Maya.  -08*  * N.  Y.  Lord  Corn- 
bury  succeeds  Bellamont  as  governor. 

He  unites  in    one   government   New 
York  and  New  Jersey.    [The  union  con- 


tinues   thirty-six    years  with    a    single 
executive,  but  two  separate  assemblies.] 
May  28.  Boston.   News  received  of  Queen 
Anne's  accession. 

June  1.  Boston.  Queen  Anne  is  pro- 
claimed. 

*  »-i5t  *  Mass.     Joseph    Dudley 

governor. 

Sept.  1 .  Carolina,  by  vote  of  the  provin- 
cial assembly,  refuses  an  hereditary 
nobility,  or  the  dominion  of  wealth. 

*  •  Carolina.  The  colony  is  btirdened 
with  a  debt  of  £6,000  by  its  unsuccessful 
military  expedition  against  the  Span- 
iards at  St.  Augustine.  (The  assembly 
enacts  the  issuing  of  bills  of  credit.) 

*  *  Del.  —  Pa.  The  two  legislatures 
convened  apart  [and  never  again  re- 
united]. 

*  *  Ind.  Vincennes  founded.  The 
French  vacate  their  posts  on  the  Il- 
linois. 

»  *  La.  Only  30  French  families  have 
been  settled. 

*  *-03*  *New  York.  Philip  French  the 
20th  mayor. 

1703  **[£/. S.]  Governors  inaugu- 
rated : 

-04  *  *  Mil.    Tliomas  Trench. 
-08  *  *  S.  C.    Sir  N.-ithaniel  Johnson. 

*  *  Mass.  Joseph  Dudley,  governor, 
quarrels  with  the  General  Court  over 
the  salaries  of  State  officers. 

*  *  -V.  J.  The  General  Assembly  meets 
at  Perth  Amboy. 

N.  Y.    Gov.    Combury   denies  the 

right  of  the  assembly  to  ask  questions 
of  the  governor  until  the  queen  has 
given  them  permission. 

*  *  Pa.  The  province  is  set  apart  from 
the  territories  ;  Pennsylvania  and  Dela- 
are  have  separate  assemblies.  Edward 
Shippen  (pres.  of  council). 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1697  *  *  NT.  The  Common  Council  or- 
ders the  city  to  be  lighted  by  lanterns 
suspended  from  poles,  which  are  to  pro- 
ject from  every  seventh  house. 

1699*  *Po.  The  yellow  fever  appears 
at  Philadelphia,  where  it  commits  great 
ravages. 

1700  *  *  Miss.  A  gold-seeking  expedition 
from  Biloxi  ascends  to  the  Falls  of 
St.  Anthony. 

*  *  English  imports  from  the  North 
American  Colonies  amoujit  to  $1,975,000. 

*  *  Boston.    Population  about  7,000. 

*  *  New  York  has  about  760  dwellings, 
4,500  whites,  and  750  blacks. 

*  *  About  300,000  negroes  imported 
into  America  by  the  English  in  the  last 
20  years. 

1701  *  *  Population  of  the  American  col- 
onies estimated  at  two  hundred  and 
sixty-two  thousand. 

1702  *  » New  York.     A    pestilence    is 
'  brought  from  St.  Thomas,  and  nearly 

GOO  people  (one  in  ten)  die. 


66 


1703-1712. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1704  Mar.  1.  Mass.  Deerfieldisaiir- 
prised  and  burnt. 

It  is  the  work  of  200  French  and  142 
Indians  under  Hertel  de  Kouville ;  47 
are  slain'  and  147  captives,  among  whom 
is  Eunice  Williams,  are  taken  through 
the  snow  to  Canada. 

Dec.  *  S.  C.  Gov.  James  Moore  leads  a 
freebooting  expedition  of  50  whites  and 
1 ,000  Indians  against  the  Indians  south- 
west of  Savannah  ;  five  important  towns 
are  carried,  and  the  English  flag  is  borne 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  [The  only  crime 
of  the  Indians  is  their  willingness  to  be 
taught  agriculture  and  religion  by  the 
Spaniards.] 

1705  Dec.  14.  JFla.  Moore  defeats  the 
Indians  near  St.  Marks. 

Dec.  15.  Fla.  Moore  defeats  the 
Spanish  commander  on  Apalachee  Bay. 

*  *  Mass.  Prowling  Indians  terrorize  the 
country.    Death  hangs  on  the  frontier. 

*  *  Me.  A  war  party  burns  the  Indian 
church  and  village  at  Norridgewock. 

1706  *  *  S.  a  A  French  expedition 
from  Havana,  to  enforce  French  claims 
for  the  country,  is  repulsed  at  Charles- 
ton by  William  Rhett  and  the  Governor. 

1707  *  *  Massachusetts  attempts  the 
conquest  of  Acadia  [Nova  Scotia] 
by  a  costly  expedition. 

May  *  Mass.  Two  regiments  leave  Nan- 
tasket  to  attack  the  French  at  Port 
Royal.  [The  attempt  to  bombard  the 
fort  fails.] 

1708*  *  Can.  A  war-councl!  at  Montreal 
resolves  to  invade  New  England  with 
an  expedition  of  Indians  and  100  picked 
Canadians  led  by  French  officers. 

Aug.  30.  JV^.  //.  The  French  and  Indi- 
ans surprise  Haverhill,  on  the  Merri- 
mac,  killing  40  and  carrying  away  100 
prisoners. 

*  *  Massachusetts  offers  a  bounty  for 
Indian  scalps. 

1709  *  *  Costa  Rica.   A  second  massacre 

■    of  the  Spaniards  is  accomplished  by 

the  Indians  whom  they  had  conquered. 

*  *  The  English  colonies  prepare  to  aid 
a  British  fleet  in  the  conquest  of  Can- 
ada ;  the  fleet  fails  to  arrive. 

1710*  *  N.  Y.-N.J.  The  colonists  of 
New  York  and  New  Jersey  raise  1,800 
volunteers  to  aid  in  the  conquest  of 
Canada. 

Sept.  * -Oct.  *  Conquest  of  Acadia 
[Nova  Scotia] 

Sept.  18.  Boston.  A  second  expedition 
against  the  French  sails  for  Port  Royal. 

Oct.  16.  A'  S.  Port  Royal  is  taken  by 
a  fleet  from  England  aided  by  a  colonial 
army ;  its  name  changed  to  Annapolis 
In  honor  of  Queen  Anne. 

*  *  Brazil.  One  thousand  French  led  by 
Duclerc  attack  Rio,  but  are  defeated 
and  captured. 

1711  July  30.  Boston.  A  large  colo- 
nial army  and  a  British  armament,  un- 
der Sir  Hovenden  Walker,  sail  to  take 
Quebec.  [The  wreck  of  8  vessels  de- 
feats the  expedition.] 


Aug.  28.  N.  T.  A  second  expedition 
leaves  Albany  to  march  against  the 
French.  [It  returns  on  hearing  of  the 
failure  of  the  first  one.] 

Sept,  12.  Brazil.  AnotherFrenchsquad- 
ron  with  6,000  troops,  under  Admiral 
Duguay-Trouin,  attack  Rio  and  take 
the  town  after  a  battle  of  4  days. 

Sept.  *  N.  C.  Capture  and  torture  of 
Surveyor  Lawson  by  Indians. 

Sept.  22.  N.  C.  The  Indian  "War. 
The  Tuscaroras  and  Cores  massacre  130 
persons  between  the  Roanoke  River  and 
Pamlico  Sound. 

Oct.  10,  Brazil.  To  prevent  the  burning 
of  Rio  by  the  French,  the  governor  signs 
a  capitulation  to  pay  010,000  crusados, 
500  cases  of  sugar,  and  to  provision  the 
fleet. 

1712  May*  Mick.  Detroit,  the  center 
of  New  France,  is  besieged  by  the  Fox 
Indians,  and  delivered  by  its  various 
Indian  allies. 

Aug.  *  Truce  between  England  and 
France. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1704*   • 

Godfrey,  Thomas,  mathematician,  born. 

Hubbard,  William,  clergyman,  A83. 

SpanBrenberg*,  August  G.,  founder  of  Mo- 
ravians in  Am.,  born. 
1706  *   * 

Chauncy,  Charles,  clergyman,  born. 

Loudoun,  John  Campbell,  I'rit.  gen.,  born. 

Tennent,  William,  Presb.  clergyman,  b. 
1706*   • 

Abercrombie,  James,  Brit,  gen.,  born. 

Jan.  17.     Franklin.    Benjamin,   printer, 
philosopher,  statesman,  born  in  Boston. 

Iberville,  d',  P.    Lemoine,    Canadian  com- 
mander, A  45. 

Oliver,  Andrew,  Lieut.-Gov.  of  Mass.,  born. 
1707*   * 

Byles,  Mather,  clergyman,  born. 

Hopkins,  Stephen,  signer  of  Declaration,  b. 
1708*  • 

Cheever,  Ezekiel,  teacher,  A93. 

Laval-Montmorency,  Francois  Xavler,  R.  C. 
Bp.  of  Que.,  A86. 
1710*  ♦ 

Cruger,  John,  Mayor  of  K.Y.,  born. 

Hamilton,  .James,  governor,  born. 

LoveU,  John,  educator,  born. 

Trumbull.  Jonathan,  statesman,  born. 
1711  *  * 

liradstreet,  John,  general,  born. 

Gridley,  Kichard,  general,  born. 

Hutchinson,  Thomas,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  born. 

Wheelock,  Eleazer,  clergyman,  born. 
1713*   * 

±  Bernard,  Sir  Francis,  Gov.  of  N.  J.,  born. 

Ingraham,  Benjamin,  bishop,  born. 

Lawson,  John,  surveyor,  dies. 

±  Pontiac,  Ottawa  Indian  chief,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1704*  *  Md.  An  Act  passed  to  prevent 
the  growth  of  Roman  Catholicism. 

Catholic  priests  prohibited  from  mak- 
ing converts  or  teaching  the  young. 
Children  becoming  Catholics  forfeit 
their  share  in  the  estate  of  their 
parents. 

*  *  K.  C.  The  Church  of  England  made 
the  established  chiu-ch,  and  officials 
required  to  take  an  oath  to  sustain  it. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Protestants  send  Mr.  Moore,  a 
missionary,  to  the  Indians  of  New 
York,  who  returns  in  one  year  dis- 
couraged. 

*  *  li.  I.  A  (Prot.  Epis.)  ndssionary  is 
sent  to  Newport. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Church  of  England  made 
the  established  church  and  dissenters 


disfranchised  ;  two-thirds  of  the  people 
are  dissenters. 

*  *  A\  J.  First  Episcopal  church 
erected  in  New  Jersey  at  Burlington. 

1705  *  *  Co7m.  The  first  Baptist  church 
in  this  state  is  organized  in  Groton. 

±  *  *  Fla.  The  Apalache  Indians  are 
Spanish  converts  to  Catholicism ;  they 
live  in  villages  and  construct  churches. 

*  *  Carolina.    The  first  church  is  built. 

*  *  Phila.  First  American  Presbytery- 
organized,  having  7  members  present. 
(Briggs,  170G.) 

1706  Jan.  17.  Boston.  Benjamin 
Franklin  is  born  and  baptized  on  the 
same  day,  according  to  the  Boston 
regifiter. 

June  10.  S.  C.  Parliament  decides  that 
the  disfranchising  act,  because  of 
religion,  is  contrary  to  the  laws  of  Eng- 
land, 

Nov.  30.  Carolina.  The  colonial  Assem- 
bly repeals  the  acts  of  intolerance, 
after  being  declared  null  by  royal  au- 
thority. 

Dec.  29.  N.  J.  First  meeting  of  the 
general  Presbytery,  of  which  record 
now  remains  at  Freehold. 

John  Boyd  is  the  first  Presbyterian 
ordained  in  America. 

+  *  *  Conn.  Absentees  from  the  law- 
ful church  are  liable  to  a  fine  of  20s. 

Meetings  in  private  houses  are  forbid- 
den. A  fine  of  £10,  with  whipping  for 
each  otfense,  is  imposed  on  unlawful 
ministers  who  administer  the  sacra- 
ments. 

Episcopacy  is  introduced. 

The  persons,  families,  and  estates  of 
ministers  are  exempt  from  taxation. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Jesuit  mission  at  Mack- 
inaw is  abandoned. 

1707  Jan.  *  New  Ym-k.  Two  Presby- 
terian ministers  are  arrested  by  Gover- 
nor Cornbury  for  preaching  without 
his  permission.     (Or  1706.) 

Mar.  22.  Pa.  Meeting  of  the  general 
Presbytery  at  Philadelphia. 

Apr.*  Conn.  Organization  of  the  parish 
of  Christ's  Church  (Prot.  Epis.),  Strat- 
ford, the  first  in  the  state. 

First  Episcopal  society  is  formed  at 
New  Haven. 

*  New  York.  Francis  Makemie  is  tried 
and  imprisoned  by  Lord  Cornbury  for 
the  crime  of  preaching  to  dissenters. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Philadelphia  Association 
of  Baptists  formed,  including  delegates 
from  Pennepek,  Middletown,  Piscata- 
way,  Cohansey,  and  Welsh  Tract. 

1708  Dec.  9.  Mass.  John  Higginson, 
the  first  minister  at  Salem,  dies. 

Sept.  9.  Conn.  Congregational  Synod 
meets  at  Say  brook  and  forms  the  •*  Say- 
brook  Platform  "  of  discipline.  Pres- 
byterians and  Congregationalists  unite 
on  it.  [Oct.  *  General  Court  approves.] 
The  custom  introduced  of  preaching 
a  sermon  on  the  day  apjwinted  by  law 
for  the  election  of  civil  rulers,  proper 
for  the  direction  of  the  towns.  [Later 
it  becomes  a  law.] 


AMERICA. 


1703-1712. 


57 


The  General  Assembly  passes  an  act 
removing  the  penalty  from  "sober'dis- 
seuters  "  wlio  do  not  worship  with  the 
"  standing  order." 

*  *  Del.  The  first  Episcopal  church  in 
Dover  is  erected. 

1709  May  18.  C<ynn.  The  General 
Association  of  Congregational  min- 
isters organized ;  the  first  state  organ- 
ization, 

1710  June  14.  Ke%a  Y<yrk.  Gov.  Hun- 
ter arrives  from  England  with  3,000 
Palatines  fleeing  from  persecution ;  [a 
Jjutheran  church  is  soon  formed]. 

*  *  Can.  The  Jesuits  have  become  the 
protectors  of  the  natives  against  the 
colonists. 

*  *  N.  Car.  The  whole  country  has  but 
one  clergyman;  he  is  of  the  Church 
of  England. 

*  *  *  From  New  England  to  Carolina  it 
is  commonly  believed  that  baptism  is 
inconsistent  with  a  state  of  slavery, 
and  that  Christian  slaves  should  be  set 
free. 

*  *  Conn.  A  Baptist  church  is  organized 
at  Waterford. 

*  *  *  Many  forms  of  religion  among 
the  colonists. 

Calvinism  predominates  in  New  Eng- 
land, Quakerigm  in  Pennsylvania,  Ko- 
nian  Catliolicism  in  Maryland,  Florida, 
and  among  the  French  along  the  St. 
Lawrence,  and  Episcopalianism  in  South 
Carolina,  Virginia,  and  New  York. 

1711  May  25.  N.J.  Important  coun- 
cil of  the  Baptist  church  consigning 
the  record  of  past  quarrels  to  "ob- 
livion." Vote  42-26.  [Prosperity  fol- 
lows.] 

*  *  New  York.  Baptist  preaching  intro- 
duced in  the  house  of  Nicholas  Eyers, 
by  Valentine  Wightman.    (Or  1712.) 

*  *  Eng.  The  Society  for  the  Propagation 
of  the  Gospel  send  Rev.  Mr.  Andrews  to 
the  Indians  of  New  York  ;  he  arrives  at 
Albany. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  population  is  described  by 
royalists  as  made  up  of  "  Presbyterians, 
Independents,  Quakers,  and  other  evil- 
disposed  persons."  The  proprietors  de- 
termine to  establisli  the  Church  of 
England  ;  the  people  resist. 

*  *  S.  C.  It  is  enacted  that  baptism 
does  not  entitle  slaves  to  freedom. 

LETTERS. 

1704  Apr.  24.  liostnn.  The  News-Ut- 
ter, the  first  continuous  American  news- 
paper, appears.  (C(jntinues  till  1744.) 
Edited,  apparently,  by  John  Campbell, 
and  printed  on  a  half  sheet,  eight  by 
twelve  inches  in  size. 

1705  *  ♦  History  of  Virginia,  by  Robert 
Beverly,  appears. 

*  *  Conn.  The  first  printing-press  in 
this  colony  is  set  up  at  New  London. 

1710*  *  Essays  to  do  Good,  by  Cotton 
Mather,  appears. 

*  *  New  York.  Trinity  School  estab- 
lished in  connection  with  the  Anglican 
church. 


SOCIETY. 

1705  *  *  Va.  By  the  fifth  colonial  re- 
vision of  the  code,  a  slave  is  declared 
real  estate  and  attached  to  the  soil, 
like  a  Russian  serf. 

1709*  *N'ew  York  has  a  regular 
slave-market  at  the  foot  of  Wall 
Street. 

1710i:  *  *  The  jiopular  belief  that  Chris- 
tianity should  enfranchise  her  con- 
verts proves  an  obstacle  to  the  "  con- 
version of  these  poor  people." 

1711  *  *  N.  C.  The  colony  is  called  the 
•*  Sanctuary  of  Runaways,"  as  it  has 
hardly  any  government. 

1712  *  *  N.  C.  John  Lawson,  surveyor- 
general,  is  burned  to  death  by  Indians. 

STATE. 

1703  ♦  *  -07  *  *  New  York.  William 
Peartree  the  27th  mayor. 

*  *  Parliament  condemns  to  the  navy 
every  pitch-pine  tree  that  is  not  with- 
in an  enclosure. 

*  *  Rice  and  molasses  are  added  to  the 
list  of  commodities  which  are  only  to 
be  sold  in  the  English  colonies. 

*  *[U.S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-08    A/d.    John  Seymour. 

N.  C.      Robert  Daniel  (deputy). 
[1705-08.     Thomas  Carey.] 

1705  Dec*  Efa.  England  gains  anew 
claim  to  the  territory  of  northern 
Florida  by  the  conquests  of  James 
Moore  of  South  Carolina. 

*  *  N.  (\  Anarchy  prevails  after  the 
death  of  the  governor. 

*  *  New  Eng.  Joseph  Dudley,  Gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts  and  a  native  of 
New  England,  takes  the  lead  in  the 
conspiracy  against  its  liberties. 

*  *  -06  *  *  J'a.  Edward  Nott,  lieuten- 
ant-governor. 

1706  Nov.  *  S.  C.  Repeal  of  the  law 
which  disfranchises  dissenters. 

*  *  -10  *  *  N.  C.  The  royalists  and  pop- 
ular party  each  has  a  governor  and 
legislature;  the  former  lacks  popular 
favor,  and  the  latter  lacks  legal  sanc- 
tion. 

*  *  Port.    John  V.  king. 

S.  C.  Governor  Johnson  becomes  the 
executive. 

Invasion  by  the  French  and  Span- 
ish, who  claim  the  country  as  a  part  of 
Florida. 

*  *-10*  *  Va.  Edmund  Jennings 
lieutenant-governor. 

1707  Apr.  7.  New  York.  Samuel  Jen- 
nings reads  to  Lord  Cornbury  a  sharp 
remonstrance,  passed  by  the  New 
Jersey  assembly,  against  his  acceptance 
of  bribes  and  "  his  new  methods  of  gov- 
ernment." 

Dec.  17.  Conn.  Rev.  Giirdon  Salton- 
stall,  of  New  London,  is  elected 
governor. 

*  *  N.  C.  A  band  of  French  Huguenots 
settle  here. 

*  *  -10  *  *  New  York.  Ebenezer  Wilson 
the  28th  mayor. 


1708  June  26.  N.  Y.  The  act  vacat- 
ing extravagant  grants  of  land  in  New 
York  confirmed. 

Dec.  18.  N.  Y.  Arrival  of  John  Love- 
lace, the  new  governor  of  the  province. 
(1708-1709.)    New  Jersey  included. 

*  *  Can.  The  French  press  forward 
their  great  design  of  uniting  the  region 
of  the  Great  Lakes  with  the  Valley  of 
the  Mississippi  by  means  of  trading- 
posts  and  missions. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Governor  Cornbury  stub- 
bornly curtails  the  liberties  of  the 
colonists,  and  they  stubbornly  curtail 
the  revenue  of  the  governor,  and  peti- 
tion for  his  removal.  He  is  dismissed 
from  office,  and  imprisoned  for  debt  till 
the  death  of  his  father,  when  he  be- 
comes a  peer. 

1709  Apr.  *  ^V.  Y.  The  assembly  meets, 
and  proceeds  to  contest  the  governor's 
claim  for  a  permanent  revenue,  and  de- 
cides on  an  atmual  revenue  instead. 

June  8.  N.  Y.  Paper  money  is  first 
authorized  and  issued  here. 

*  *  -10  *  *  N.C.  "William  Grover,  gov- 
ernor.   (1709.     C.  S.    Edward  Tynte.) 

*  *  N.J.    Paper  money  is  first  issued. 

*  •  -10  *  *  N.  Y.  Richard  Ingoldsby, 
governor.    {1709.     A"".  J.) 

*  *  Pa.  Charles  Gookin  becomes  deputy- 
governor.    (-1713.    Md.   Edward  Lloyd.) 

1710  *  *  Eng.  Parliament  provides  for 
a  post-offlce  establishment  in  the  col- 
onies, with  New  York  as  the  chief  office. 

*  ♦  -12  *  *  .V.  C.  Edward  Hyde,  gov- 
ernor.   (-1711.     S.  C.     Robert  Gibbes.) 

*  *  N.  Y.    GerardusBeekman  governor. 
«  *  -19  *  *  N.  Y.    Robert  Hunter,  gov- 
ernor.   (1710.    A'.  J.) 

*  *_22*  *  Va.  Alexander  Spotswood, 
lieutenant-governor. 

He  builds  iron  furnaces,  and  fosters 
schools,  tra(fe,  and  peace.  The  colony 
flourishes  under  his  administration. 

*  *-ll*  *  New  York.  Jacobus  van  Cort- 
landt  the  29th  mayor. 

1711*  *N.C.  Thomas  Carey,  the 
deputy-governor,  being  deposed,  leads  a 
rebellion  against  the  Assembly  and  Ed- 
ward Hyde,  the  president  of  the  Coun- 
cil, and  proclaims  himself  governor. 
Governor  Spotswood  of  Virginia  sends 
an  armed  force  to  aid  Hyde,  and  Carey 
flees.    [He  is  sent  to  England  for  trial.] 

*  *  -14  *  *  New  York.  Caleb  Heathcote 
is  the  30th  mayor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1710  Apr.  18.  Eng.  Four  Indian 
chiefs  arrive  in  London,  and  are  carried 
in  the  royal  coaches  to  their  audience 
with  the  queen. 

±  *  *  Brazil.    Diamonds  discovered. 

1711  Oct.  2.  Boston.  Great  fire;  lives 
lost  and  100  buildings  destroyed. 

1712  *  *  N.  C.  Yellow  fever  decimates 
the  colonists. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Albany  has  a  population  of 
four  thousand. 


58      1712-1721,  Feb. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1712*  *  Guiana.  The  French  attack 
the  Dutch,  and  exact  a  contribution. 

Jan.  28.  N.  C.  Above  New  Berne,  S. 
Carolinians  under  Col.  Barnwell  re- 
venge a  massacre  of  settlers  on  Sept. 
22  f,  by  attacking  the  Tuscarora  In- 
dians, killing  300  and  capturing  100. 

1713  Mar.  20.  N.C.  Col.  James  Moore 
of  S.  C.  defeats  the  fortified  Tuscaroras 
on  Cotentnea  Creek  [Snow  Hill],  killing 
many  and  capturing  800.  The  tribe  mi- 
grates north,  and  joins  the  Iroquois  Con- 
federation as  the  Sixth  Nation. 

Mar.  31.  Can.  The  Peace  of  Utrecht 
ends  the  hostilities  witli  Canada. 

1715  Apr.  26.  S.  C.  Massacre  of  the 
English  by  the  Yamasis  begins,  and 
Charleston  itself  is  in  peril.  [After  kill- 
ing 400  whites,  and  a  struggle  of  two 
years,  they  are  finally  driven  into  Flor- 
ida by  Gov.  Craven.] 

1718  ±  *  *  fK.  /.  The  buccaneers  are 
suppressed  by  Wood  Rogers,  the  gover- 
nor of  New  Providence. 

*  *  S.  C.  Pirates  on  the  coast  are  sup- 
pressed by  the  Governor. 

1719  *  *  Me,    Fort  St.  George  is  built. 

*  *  Panama.  The  Indians  destroy  several 
towns  which  the  Catholic  niissiouaries 
bad  established. 

*  *  "War    between  France  and  Spain. 
1720*  *^V.   S.    Ttie  French    begin    the 

defenses  of  liOuisburg. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1715  *  *  iV.  J.  John  "Watson,  born  in 
Scotland,  commences  painting^  por- 
traits at  Perth  Aniboy,  and  is  the  lirst 
artist  to  attain  celebrity  in  America. 

*  *  Va.    Commencement  of  tlie  manu- 
facture of  pig-iron  in  Vivginia. 

1716  Feb.  8.  Per^  is  shaken  by  an 
earthquake. 

1717  Feb.  22.  Boston.  Snow  is  six  feet 
deep. 

1720  *  *  Pa.  S.  W^utt  erects  a  forge  in 
Coventry,  and  manufactures  iron. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1718*  • 

Lewis,  Francis,  signer  of  Declaration,  born. 
1714*  » 

Acreltus,  Israel,  Swedish  missionary,  born. 

Andres.  Sir  Edmund,  Gov.  of  H.  Kng.,  A77. 

Henry,  Matthew,  author,  A62. 
1715*  * 

Dong'an,  Thomas,  Governor  of  New  York, 
A81. 

Finley,  Samuel,  pres.  Princeton  coll.,  b. 

Herkimer,  NirboJas,  general,  born. 

Johnson,  Sir  William,  colonist,  born. 

Ponieroy,  Seth,  patriot,  born. 

Williams,  Ephraim,  founder,  born. 
1716*   * 

Boylston,  Nicholas,  philanthropist,  born. 

Livingston,  ThiUp,  signer  of  Declaration,  b. 

Patch,  Klizabeth,  the  first  female  born  in 
Massachusetts,  dies. 
1717*  * 

Collins,  John,  Clovernor,  born. 

Cooke,  Nicholas,  deputy-governor,  born. 

Gardiner,  Sylvester,  physician,  born. 

1718*  * 

Urainerd,  David,  missionary,  born. 
Church,  Henjamin,  American  officer,  A7ft. 
Hopkins,  Esek,  first  eunuiiudore  t.  S.  N., 
bora. 


Penn,  ■WllUam,  founder  of  Pa.,  A74. 

Prideaux,  John,  soldier,  bom. 

Putnam,  Israel,  general,  patriot,  born. 
1719*   * 

Bellamy,  Joseph,  clergyman,  \vTiter,  born. 

Culpepper,  Thomas,  Lord,  Gov.  of  Va.,die8. 

Phillips,  John,  philanthropist,  born. 
1720*   * 

Dudley,  Joseph,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  A73. 

Gates,  Thomas,  Brit,  gen.,  born. 

Lennox,  Charlotte,  novelist,  born. 

Mayhew,  Jonathauj  clergyman,  born. 

Mercer,  Hugh,  soldier,  born. 

Woolman,  John,  Quaker  preacher,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1713  *  *  iV.    Y.      About  150  families  of 

XjUtherans  settle  in  Schoharie  County. 
+    U.  S.    Large  accessions  of  Irish  Pres- 

bjrterians,  who  are  driven  to  America 

by  the  Test  Act. 
1714*  *  Va.     First  Baptist  church  in 

this  province  formed  at  Burleigh. 

1715  *  *  Md.  It  is  enacted  that  bap- 
tism does  not  entitle  slaves  to  freedom. 

Benedict  Charles  Calvert,  the  pro- 
prietary, renounces  his  Gatholic  faith 
to  receive  his  inheritance. 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  third  Reformed  Dutch 
church  is  built  at  Albany. 

*  *  R.  I.  Roman  Catholics  are  disf  ran- 
cliised. 

1716  Sept.  22.  Phila.  Presbyterians 
divide  into  three  Presbyteries,  and 
thus  constitute  the  first  synod,  called 
the  Synod  of  Philadelphia. 

*  *  New  York.  "WiUiam  Tennent  ar- 
rives [and  leaves  the  Episcopal  church 
for  the  Presbyterian]. 

1717  Sept.  17.  Phila.  The  Presby- 
terian Synod  first  meets.  It  "  founds 
a  fund  for  pious  uses." 

*  *  Can.  French  priests  have  flanked 
the  English  colonies  with  more  than  GO 
missions,  between  Montreal  and  New- 
Orleans  on  the  great  lakes  and  rivers. 

*  *  La.  French  priests  plant  the  cross 
and  the  flag  of  France  on  the  lower 
Miss'ssippi,  at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Mass.  Dr.  Ebenezer  Gay,  of  Hingham, 
is  [supposed  to  be]  the  first  Unitarian 
preaclier  in  America. 

*  *  Me.  Flourishing  Catholic  mission 
of  Sebastian  llasles,  on  the  Kennebec 
River. 

Massachusetts  fomids  an  anti-Catho- 
lic mission  among  the  Indians  on  the 
Kennebec. 

*  *  New  York.  A  Presbyterian  church 
is  organized  in  this  city. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Many  more  Lutherans  come 
over, 

*  *  Tex.  Franciscan  missionaries  begin 
their  labors  among  the  Indians. 

1718  May21,  Mass.  Increase  Math- 
er preaches  the  ordination  sermon  of 
Elisha  Callender,  pastor  of  the  Baptist 
church ;  subject,  '*  Good  Men  United." 

4;*  ♦-30*  *  Pa.  The  German  Baptists, 
called  Bunkers,  come  to  this  country. 

1719  *  *  Scot.  The  Synod  of  Glasgow 
and  Ayr  or<lers  one-tentli  of  a  collection 
to  be  taken  up  in  aid  of  Presbyterian 
worship  in  New  York  City. 

*  *  New  York.  The  first  Presbyterian 
church  iu  this  city  is  built  (Wall  Street), 


1720*  *-23*  *  Greenland.  Hans 
'Egede,  a  Danish  ndssionary,  founds  a 
mission  at  Good  Hope. 

*  *  N.  H.  Mrs.  Rachel  Scammon  moves  to 
Statham,  and  is  the  first  Baptist  in  the 
colony. 

*  *  N.  J.  T.  J.  Frelinghuysen  preaches  hi 
Raritan  and  vicinity. 

May  *  Pa.  WiUiam  Tennent  removes 
to  Neshamlny,  where  he  establishes 
*'  Log  College." 

*  *  S.  C.  A  Presbytery  in  connection 
with  the  kirk  is  formed. 

1721  Jan.  23.  New  York.  Nicholas 
Eyers,  a  brewer,  is  licensed  to  preach 
to  a  Baptist  flock  by  the  authorities  of 
New  Amsterdam. 

LETTERS. 
1714  *  *  }r.  I.    The  Codrington   Col- 
lege    at     Bridgetown,     Barbados,     is 
founded  by  the  Moravians. 

1716  *  *  Conn.  Tlie  College  is  moved 
from  Saybrook  to  New  Haven,  and 
called  Yale. 

1717  *  *  Boston  has  its  first  auction  sale 
of  books. 

1718*  *  Mrtss.    Psalterium  AvfUkHcanum^ 

by  Cotton  Mather,  appears. 
n\9*  *  liostfm.    Mother    Goose's    Tales 

arc  published. 
The  Boston  Gazette  is  first  published. 

*  *  Phila.  The  American  Weekly  Messen- 
ger (the  third  newspaper)  is  published 
by  Andrew  Bradford. 

*  *  .22  *  *  Conn.  Kev.  Timothy  Cutler 
is  rector  of  Yale  College. 

SOCIETY. 

1712*  *  New  Yark.  Negro  plot  to  burn 
th«  town ;  nineteen  negroes  convicted 
and  executed. 

*  *  Pa.  The  legislature  receives  a  peti- 
tion for  the  **  enlargement"  of  negro 
slaves  by  law;  it  replies  that  it  is 
"  neither  just  nor  convenient  to  set 
them  at  liberty." 

*  *  S.  C.  Special  enactment  denying  that 
baptism  confers  freedom  to  negroes. 

1713  Mar.  31.  By  the  12th  article  of 
the  Treaty  of  Utrecht,  an  English  com- 
pany secures  the  exclusive  right  to 
carry  African  slaves  into  American 
ports ;  this  defeats  the  colonial  legisla- 
tures that  seek  to  stop  the  slave-trade. 

*  *  Pa.  The  introduction  of  negroes  and 
slaves  is  prohibited  "  as  exciting  the 
suspicions  and  dissatisfaction  of  the 
Indians." 

*  *  Va.  Gov.  Spotswood  writes  to  the 
Board  of  Trade  of  London  that  '*  the 
Indians  never  break  with  the  English 
without  gross  provocation  from  persons 
trading  with  them." 

1715  *  *  Md.  Two  fines  are  imposed : 
(1)  for  carrying  liquor  to  Indian  towns, 
5,000  lbs.  of  tobacco  ;  (2)  for  selling  over 
one  gallon  of  liquor  a  day  to  an  Indian, 
3,000  lbs. 

Special  enactment  denying  that  bap- 
tism confers  freedom  to  negroes. 


AMERICA. 


1712-1721,  Feb. 


59 


X719  *  *  ta.  Negroes  arrive  from 
Guinea. 

*  *  N.  H.  The  names  of  drunkards  are 
posted  in  public  houses ;  the  sale  of 
liquor  to  them  is  forbidden. 

STATE. 

1712  *  *  Guiana.  The  French  compel 
the  Dutch  in  Surinam  to  pay  a  ran- 
som to  save  their  city. 

Sept.  14.  Fr.  Antony  Crozat  is  granted 
a  monopoly  of  trade  and  $10,000  an- 
nually for  settling  the  Southwest  (Loui- 
siana). 

*  *  Mass.  Province  bills  are  made  legal 
tender. 

*  *  North  Carolina  is  the  refuge  of  many 
fugitives  from  justice,  and  has  scarcely 
any  government. 

*  *-13*  *N.C.  Thos.  Pollock,  president. 

*  *  S.C.  Issue  on  interest  of  new  bills  for 
£50,000.   (1715.   Chas.  Craven,  governor.) 

1713  Mar.  31.  Treaty  of  Utrecht,  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  France. 

By  this  treaty  Hudson  Bay  and  Straits, 
Nova  Scotia,  Newfoundland,  and  St. 
Christopher  of  the  West  Indies  become 
subject  to  Great  Britain.  The  Five 
Nations  become  subject  to  England  with 
Acadia.  The  French  have  certain  re- 
served rights  on  the  "French  shores" 
of  Newfoundland.  Brazil  is  confirmed 
to  Portugal. 

*  *  Mass.  Rectification  of  the  bound- 
ary line  by  ceding  100,000  acres  of  land 
to  Connecticut. 

Worcester  settled. 

*  *  Miss.  A  trading-post  established  at 
Natchez. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Five  Nations  and  the 
Tuscaroras  of  Carolina  send  their  sa- 
chems to  Albany  to  meet  the  governors 
of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Vir- 
ginia. 

A  treaty  is  made  with  these  six  nations, 
by  which  the  valuable  fur  trade  of  tlie 
Indians  is  to  be  diverted  from  the  French 
to  the  English. 

The  English  establish  a  trading-post 
at  Oswego,  with  a  garrison  ;  the  French 
have  strong  forts  at  Niagara  and  at 
Crown  Point  on  Lake  Champlain. 

1714  Aug.  1.  Eng.  George  I.  en- 
throned. 

*  *  Mass.  Emission  of  £50,000  in  bills,  to 
be  let  out  at  live  per  cent  on  safe  mort- 
gages of  real  estate,  and  to  be  paid  back 
in  five  annual  instalments.  [Not  paid; 
more  issues  demanded.] 

*  *  Md.  Benedict  Charles  Calvert  suc- 
ceeds to  his  father's  hereditary  rights, 
and  he  soon  restores  the  authority  of 
the  proprietary,  after  a  suspension  of 
24  years. 

John  Hart  rules  for  [the  5th]  Lord 
Baltimore. 

*  *  -21  *  *  N.  C.     Chas.  Eden,  governor. 

*  *  -19  *  ♦  New  York.  John  Johnson  the 
31st  mayor. 

*  ♦  Tenn.  A  trading-post  started  on  the 
Tennessee  Kiver  [at  Nashville]. 

1716  Sept.  1.  Fr.  Louis  XV.  en- 
throned. 

*  *  A'.  C.     Edonton  founded. 


*  *  Mas/:.  The  Council  governs.  Jo- 
seph Dudley,  royal  governor. 

*  *-16*  *  Mass.  William  Tailer,  gov- 
ernor. 

17 16  *  *  Me.  English  settlements  estab- 
lished on  the  Kennebec. 

*  *  Miss.  Natchez  is  settled,  and  trade 
with  England  begins. 

*  ♦  Fr.  Law's  Mississippi  scheme  be- 
gins in  France. 

*  *  Va.  Gov.  Spotswood  crosses  the 
Blue  Ridge  and  is  the  first  to  enter  the 
great  valley  beyond ;  he  opens  a  road, 
and  emigration  soon  follows  to  the  Ohio 
lands. 

*  *  -23  *  *  Mass.  Samuel  Shute,  gov- 
ernor. 

*  *  S.  C.    Robert  Daniel,  governor. 

*  *  O.  Route  from  the  Miami  River  to 
the  Wabash  is  opened. 

*  *  The  French  are  in  the  Ohio  val- 
ley, 

1717  Sept.*  Fr.  The  Western  Louisi- 
ana Company  obtains  its  grant.  Illi- 
nois is  annexed. 

*  *  La.  Crogat  transfers  his  interest  in 
this  province  to  a  chartered  company, 
headed  by  John  Law,  whose  national 
bank  and  Mississippi  speculation  (Xiaw's 
Bubble)  involve  the  ruin  of  half  the 
French  nobility. 

Bienville  appointed  governor-gen- 
eral, 

*  *  Pa.  Sir  William  Keith  becomes 
governor  [the  last  appointed  by  Penn 
himself], 

1718  May  *  Massachusetts  imposes  a 
duty  on  English  manufactures,  and 
makes  a  small  discrimination  in  favor 
of  its  commerce,  [It  is  negatived  by  the 
king] 

July  30.    Eng.    William  Penn  dies. 
Pa.    The  government  is  administered 
for  his  three  sons  (minors)  by  deputies 
[till  the  Revolution,  when  their  claims 
are  purchased  by  the  Commonwealth]. 

Aug.  25.  La.  Arrival  of  800  French 
emigrants  at  Dauphine  Island.  They 
found  New  Orleans,  Bienville  is  com- 
mandant-general. 

*  *  Colombia.  New  Granada  becomes 
a  Spanish  vice-royalty. 

*  *  Ecuador.  The  province  of  Quito 
Is  detached  from  Peru  and  annexed  to 
New  Granada. 

*  *  *  Eng.  Period  of  official  corrup- 
tion. 

Offices  in  the  colonies  are  used  by  men 
in  power  to  provide  for  their  relatives, 
dependents,  and  partisans,  or  sold  out- 
right for  cash,  or  by  setting  apart  a  pro- 
portion of  the  emoluments  for  the 
patron. 

*  *  Va.  Parliament  extends  the  post- 
office  establishment  to  Virginia. 

*  *  O.  French  settlements  made  in 
the  Ohio  Valley. 

*  *  Tex.    La  Harp©  arrives. 

*  •  New  Eng,  Arrival  of  the  Scotch- 
Irish,  who  introduce  potatoes. 

*  *  La.  Land  grants  are  issued  by  the 
Mississippi  Company  for  settlements  on 
the  Bay  of  St.  Louis. 


1719  July  31.  N.  Y.  The  chief  com- 
mand of  the  province  comes  to  Peter 
Schuyler,  in  the  absence  of  Colonel 
Hunter.      [To  1720.] 

Dec.  21.  S.C.  The  government  of  Car- 
olina is  revolutionized. 

James  Moore,  having  been  elected  gov- 
ernor by  the  people,  is  inaugurated  with 
military  display,  notwithstanding  the 
opposition  of  Governor  Johnson  m  be- 
half of  the  proprietors. 

*  *  Eng.  Parliament  first  prohibits  the 
manufacture  of  iron  in  the  colonies. 

The  Mother  Country  enacts  a  law  pro- 
hibiting the  working  of  iron  or  steel  in 
the  colonies,  and  also  declaring  that  no 
sugar,  tobacco,  ginger,  indigo,  cotton, 
fustic,  or  dyeing  woods  shall  be  trans- 
ported to  any  other  than  English  markets 
under  penalty  of  forfeiture,  and  requir- 
ing all  goods  to  be  imported  in  Knglish 
vessels,  and  therefore  from  Knglish 
markets;  because  "erecting  any  manu- 
factories in  the  colonies  tended  to  lessen 
their  dependence  on  Great  Britain." 

±  *  *  England  restricts  American 
manufactures. 

"The  inhabitants  worked  up  their 
wool  and  flax,  and  made  a  coarse  cloth 
for  their  own  use.  .  .  .  Hatters  were  in 
the  marine  towns.  .  ,  ,  Six  furnaces 
and  nineteen  forges  were  set  up  for 
making  iron." 

*  *  La.  Eleven  French  vessels  arrive ; 
500  negroes  imported  from  Guinea. 

*  *-20*  *  New  York.  Jacobus  van  Cort- 
landt  the  32d  mayor, 

*  *  S.  C.    Arthur  Middleton,  governor. 

1720  *  *  Brazil.  The  district  of  Minas  is 
separated  from  San  Paulo,  having  5  prin- 
cipal settlements  with  royal  charters. 

*  *-26*  *  Md.    Chas.  Calvert,  governor. 

*  *  Eng.  Royal  orders  forbid  the  Eng- 
lish colonies  to  issue  paper  money. 

*  *N.  Y.  William  Burnet,  governor  [till 
1728] ;  trade  between  the  French  and  In- 
dians prohibited.    New  Jersey  included. 

*  •  -25  *  •  New  York.  Robert  Walters 
the  33d  mayor, 

1721  Feb.  i  *  S.C.  Francis  Nichol- 
son, governor  of  Carolina,  arrives. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1713  Mar.  *  N.  Y.  A  part  of  the  de- 
feated Tuscaroras  leave  Carolina,  and 
migrate  to  northern  New  York,  and  be- 
come the  sixth  nation  of  the  Iroquois 
confederacy. 

1714  *  *  Boston  has  a  project  for  a  bank 
of  credit. 

*  *  -17  *  *  Xew  Eng.  Period  of  great 
commercial  activity.  The  trade  with 
the  West  Indies  is  extensive. 

1716  May  2.  Fr.  Law's  bank  estab- 
lished in  Paris. 

1717  *  *  Carolina.  Population  has  in- 
creased but  600  in  41  years. 

*  *  Fr.  The  Company  of  the  "West 
chartered,  with  John  Law  director. 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  whale  -  fishery  is 
begun. 

1719  *  *  Mass.  Colonists  begin  to  use 
tea. 

1720*  *  tJ.  S.  Clocks  introduced 
about  this  date,  and  substitute  hour- 
glasses. 


C'O     1721,  May-1730,  Feb. 

ARMY  — HA  VY. 

1721  »  •  5.  C.  Got.  Nicholson  confirms 
peace  with  the  Indians. 

1722  July  25.  New  England  declares 
war  ag.iiHst  the  Indians. 

1723  Mar.  9.  Me.  An  expedition 
from  Massachusetts  burns  an  Abnalci 
Tillage  on  the  Penobscot. 

•  »  Miss.    Second  Natchez  War. 

1724  Aug.  23.  Me.  An  expedition 
from  Massachusetts  again  burns  Nor- 
ridgewock,  an  Abnaki  Tillage  on  the 
Penobscot. 

*  *  La.  Prance  sends  out  1,000  soldiers 
to  protect  the  colonists. 

1725  Deo.  15.  Me.  The  Eastern  In- 
dians sign  a  peace  with  the  English. 

•  *  Carolina  is  invaded  by  the  Yamasis 
of  Florida. 

*  *  LoTcwell's  fight  occurs  at  Pegwaoket. 

•  *  O.  The  English  are  disturbed  by  the 
French,  who  establish  themselTea  on  the 
Ohio. 

1726  *  •  The  French  retake  Fort  Denon- 
Tille  near  Niagara  KiTer. 

*  *Jf.  r.    The  French  build  Port  Niag- 
ara [at  Lewiston]. 

1729  »  *  Uruguay.  The  Spaniards  com- 
plete the  conquest  begun  by  the  Portu- 
guese at  Montevideo,  under  General 
Zarala, 

Nov.  29.  Miss.  The  Indians  attack 
the  French  settlement  at  Natchez;  200 
colonists  slain,  150  children,  80  women, 
and  as  many  negroes  taken  into  cap- 
tiTity;  only  20  whites  and  6  negroes 
escape. 

1730  Feb.  8.  La.  An  expedition  of 
revenge  captures  nearly  the  whole  tribe 
of  Natchezan  Indians,  that  niaasacred 
the  French.  [They  are  sent  to  St.  Do- 
mingo as  glares.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
1722+*  */?./.     Hemp -duck   is    first 
manufactured. 

•  *  iV.  /.  Destructive  cyclone  at  Ja- 
maica. The  town  of  Port  Royal  is  over- 
whelmed with  an  inundation  of  the  sea. 

1727    Oct.  29.    Neiv  Kng.    An  alarming 

earthquake  occurs. 
1729 1  *  *  Brazil.  Diantond  mines  discoT- 

ered  in  Seria  Frio  (1710J  are  announced. 

•  •  Mass.  First  paper-mill  is  erected  .at 
Charlestown. 

•  •  Peru.  A  piece  of  gold  weighing  90 
marks  is  found  near  La  Paz. 


AMERICA. 


Harnett,  Cornelhis,  statesman,  born. 

Laiiilon,  .Samuel,  I'rrs.  of  Harvard,  born. 

LiviUKSton,  Williaiii,  Hot.  of  N.  J.,  poet,  A67. 

Mather,  Increase,  clergyman,  author,  A84. 

Randolph,  Peyton,  lirst  ITes.  of  Congress,  b. 
1734 •  • 

Backus,  Isaac,  clergyman,  born. 

Carleton,  .Sir  <iny,<lov.  of  Queliec,  born. 

Ilavies,  Samuel,  I'rcs.  of  I'rinc'cton,  born. 

Laurens.  Henry,  statesman,  born. 

Kivington,  James,  printer,  born. 
1725  •  • 

Cooper,  Samuel,  clergyman,  born. 

Cashing,  Thomas,  (iov.  of  Mass.,  born. 

Hall,  Lyman,  statesman,  born. 

Mason,  (leorge,  statesman,  born. 

Mlxon,  John,  general,  born. 

Otis.  James,  patriot,  born. 

Prdvost.  Augustine,  major-general,  born. 

Thomas,  John,  general,  born. 
1726*   • 

Alexander,  William,  major-general,  born. 

ISass,  Edward,  I'.  K.  bisliop,  born. 

Kolsom,  >■.,  brigadier-general,  born. 

Otterbein,  Philip  William,  founder,  bom. 

I'rescott,  William,  colonel,  born. 

Wythe,  George,  jurist,  born. 
1727'  • 

Bowdoin,  James,  statesman,  born. 

EUery,  William,  signer  of  Declaration,  born. 

Alclntosh,  Laohlan,  general.  Lorn. 

Stiles,  Ezra,  Pres.  of  Vale  College,  born. 

Ward,  Artemas.  general,  born. 
1728*  • 

De  Peyster,  .Abraham,  acting  Gov.  of  N.Y., 

Gates.  Horatio,  general  V.  S.  A.,  born. 
Holyoke,  Edward  A  ugustus,  physician,  born. 
Mather.  Cotton,  tlieologian,  A65. 
Stark.  John,  general,  born. 
Warren,  Mercy,  authoress,  born. 
1729'  • 
liarllett,  Joslah,  signer  of  Declaration,  born. 
Buddington,  William  Ives,  clergyman,  A62. 
Embury.  Philip.  .Methodist  jireacher,  born. 
Franklin,  William,  Governor  of  N.  J.,  born. 
Howe,  .Sir  William,  Eng.  general,  born. 
Seabury,  Samuel,  i'.  E.  bishop,  horn. 
Thomson,  Charles,  Sec.  of  Congress,  born. 
Williams,  John,  Tke  Redeemed  Captive,  ASS. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1721 • • 

Ashe,  John,  patriot,  born. 

De  Kalt),  Baron  John,  general,  born. 

Hopkins,  Samuel,  clergyman,  born. 

Pendleton,  Edmund,  judge,  horn. 

Sherman,  Roger,  statesman,  born. 

Yede.  EUbu,  patron  of  Yale  College,  A73. 

Zeisberger,  David,  missionary,  born. 
1722 •  • 

Adams.  Samuel,  statesman,  born. 

AucbnuUy,  Samuel,  lovallst,  born. 

Humphrey,  Marshall,  botanist,  born. 

Lowndes,  Rawlins,  statesman,  born. 

Witherspoon,  John,  clergyman,  patriot,  born. 
1723 •  • 

±  Calef,  Robert,  antl-iiersecutionist,  dies. 

Cornbury,  Lord  Edward  Hyde,Gov.  of  N.Y., 
dies. 


CHURCH. 

1721  Mays.  It.  Innocent Xm. pope. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Mackinaw  mission  is  re- 
opened. 

1722  •  •  Conn.  The  Protestant  Epis- 
copal church  has  its  effective  begin- 
ning at  Stratford. 

1723  •  *  Miss.  The  Jesuits  are  in  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  north  of  Natchez. 

*  *  Conn.  First  Episcopal  church  in  this 
province  built  at  Stratford,  under  Dr. 
Johnson. 

Sept.  20.  Phila.  The  Synod  of  Philadel- 
phia appoints  a  Committee  of  Confer- 
ence with  the  miidsters  of  Connecticut, 
with  regard  to  their  affairs. 

*  *  *  Miss.  The  Natchez  tribe  of  Indi- 
ans worships  the  sun,  and  keeps  an  un- 
dying fire  in  its  great  wigwam. 

1724  May  29.  It.  Benedict XIII.  pope. 
Aug.  23.    Me.   Father  Sebastian  Rasles, 

the  most  noted  Catholic  missionary  in 
New  England,  is  killed  in  battle,  after  a 
service  of  thirty-seven  years  ;  he  dies 
standing  by  the  cross,  at  Norri<lgewock. 
Sept.  *  Neio  York.  The  first  Baptist 
church  is  organized,  with  Nicholas 
Eyers  pastor. 

1725  Jan.  1.  Greenland.  Fred.  Chris- 
tian, the  first  convert  of  the  Danish 
nnssionaries,  is  baptized. 

*  *  Mass.  The  ministers  desire  a  synod 
"  to  recover  and  establish  the  faith  and 
order  of  the  gospel."  [They  are  repri- 
manded by  the  Bishop  of  London  for 
setting  a  bad  precedent  for  dissenters.] 


1726  *  *  JI.I.  The  Baptists  of  Newport 
vote  to  take  "  a  weekly  contribution  for 
the  support  of  the  ministry." 

1727  May  19.  Eng.  The  Bishop  of 
London  declares  that  "Christianity  and 
the  embracing  of  the  gospel  does  not 
make  the  least  alteration  in  civil  prop- 
erty "  (slaves). 

*  *  La.  Ursullne  nuns  established  at 
New  Orleans. 

*  *  iV.  C.  Paul  Palmer  forms  the  Shiloh 
Baptish  church  in  Camden  Corner. 

*  *  Pa.  Rev.  George  Michael  Weiss, 
the  pioneer  minister  of  the  German 
Reformed  church,  arrives  and  organizes 
the  first  church. 

■William  Tennent,  a  Presbyterian,  es- 
tablishes the  first  theological  school 
in  America,  at  Neshaminy ;  it  is  com- 
monly called  "Log  College." 

*  •  Phila.  It  is  proposed  in  the  Presby- 
terian Synod  to  require  all  ministers  to 
subscribe  to  the  confession  of  faith. 
[Nev  Englanders  object.] 

A  great  number  of  German  Luther- 
ans arrive. 

1728  *  *  Greenland.  Godthaab  becomes 
a  Danish  mission  station. 

1729*  'Boston.  The  Old  South 
Church  is  erected  [now  standing]. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Baptists  and  Quakers  ex- 
empted from  paying  the  parish  minis- 
terial taxes  when  it  offends  their  con- 
sciences. 

*  *  N.  C.  A  second  Baptist  church  formed 
at  Meherriu,  by  Joseph  Parker. 

*  *  Xew  York,  Many  Jews  arrive  and 
settle  in  this  city. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Presbyterian  Synod,  by  an 
' '  Adopting  Act,"  makes  the  Westmin- 
ster Confession  of  Faith  its  standard. 

*  *  It.  /.  General  or  Arminian  Baptists 
form  an  association  at  Newport. 

LETTERS. 
1721    Aug.  21.     Boston.     TheNewEng- 
land   Courant  is    published   by   James 
Franklin. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Christian  Philosopher,  by 
Cotton  Mather,  appears. 

1723  Jan.  ♦ /ioston.  The  legislature  ap- 
points a  comnnttee  of  inquiry  respect- 
ing the  Ubels  of  the  press,  and  James 
Franklin  is  Imprisoned. 

The  New  England  Courant  is  continued 
with  Benjamin  Franklin,  the  younger 
brother  and  apprentice  to  James,  as 
nominal  publisher. 

1725  Oct.  16.  a:  r.  The  Nein  York 
Gazette,  the  first  newspaper  in  the 
city  and  the  fifth  newspaper  established 
in  the  colonies,  issued  by  William  Brad- 
ford.   [Continued  till  1741.] 

1726*  *-39»  *  Conn.  ReT.  Elisha  Wil- 
liams rector  of  Yale  College. 

1727  *  *  The  Maryland  Gazette,  the  first 
in  this  colony,  issued  at  Annapolis. 

1728  Feb.  13.  Mass.  Cotton  Mather, 
the  most  learned  man  in  America,  dies. 

1729  *  •  Pa.  Modem  Chivalry,  or  the 
Adventures  of  Captain  Farrago,  by 
Brackenridge,  appears. 


AMERICA. 


1721,  May-1730,  Feb,     61 


*  *  Phi/a.  The  Pennsylvania  Gazette, 
with  a  circuhition  of  ninetj',  is  bought 
by  Benjamin  Franklin. 

1730  Apr.  22.  A'ew  York.  A  public 
library  founded. 

SOCIETY. 
1721  *  *  Tlosfon  has  an  inoculation  con- 
troversy. 

*  *  Va.  Free  negroes,  mulattoes,  and 
Indians  are  disfranchised  "  for  the 
better  government  of  negroes." 

1723  •  •  New  York.  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin arrives  in  a  penniless  condition. 

*  *  I'hUa.  Benjamin  Franklin,  17  years 
of  age,  arrives  and  works  at  the  prin- 
ter's trade. 

1724  *  *  Phila.  Benjamin  Franklin 
sails  for  Europe  to  buy  printer's  ma- 
terials. 

[Dec.  •  He  arrives  in  London,  bnt  is 
disappointed  in  his  expectations.  1726. 
July  23.  He  sails  for  Philadelphia,  in- 
tending to  become  a  merchant.  Oct.  11. 
He  arrives.] 

*  *  Va.  Strong  opposition  to  the  slave 
trade. 

*  *  *  Eng,  The  government  opposes  ef- 
forts of  colonists  to  suppress  the  slave 
trade. 

STATE. 

1721  May*  Mass.  Dispute  with  the 
governor.  The  House  of  Representa- 
tives declines  to  ask  the  governor  to  ap- 
prove its  choice  of  speaker,  and  it  also 
refuses  grants  of  money  till  the  governor 
shall  accept  its  acts,  resolves,  and  elec- 
tions. 

June  *  La.    News  of  John  Law's  flight 

arrives. 
Sept.  *  Eng.  The  Board  of  Trade  presents 

a  plan  for  consolidating  the  government 

of  the  American  colonies,  and  getting  a 

revenue  from  them,  which  endangers 

the  charter  governments. 
Jeremiah  Dummer  defends  the  New 

England  charters. 
••  *  La.     Nearly    1,000    immigrants    and 

1,367  slaves  arrive. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  English  hold  a  conference 
with  the  Five  Nations  at  Conestoga. 

*  ♦  Portugal.  The  Brazil  Company  is 
abolished  by  .John  V. 

*  *  R.  I.  Notes  issued  for  .<;40,000,  inter- 
est on  which  is  payable  in  hemp  and 
flax. 

*  *  S.  C.  Proprietary  government  is 
overthrown. 

*  •  Va.  Free  negroes  are  first  disfran- 
chised. 

1722  July  •  Mass.  The  legislature  de- 
clares the  Abnakis  to  be  traitors  and 
robbers,  and  offers  a  bounty  for  scalps. 

**  Chile.  After  a  struggle  of  180  years 
the  Chileans  make  a  treaty  with  the 
Spaniards,  separating  a  part  of  the 
country  to  form  Spanish  Chile. 

*  *  La.  German  settlers  remove  from 
Arkansas,  and  settle  20  miles  above  New 
Orleans, 

*  *  Md.  Marylanders  declare  theiriselves 
the  inheritors  of  English  common 
law. 


*  *  Mex.  Don  Juan  de  Acuna  becomes 
viceroy,  and  evinces  ability  and  in- 
tegrity. 

*  *  K.  C.  ThomasPolIook,  president  of 
council. 

»  «  _24  •  *  N.  C.  "William  Beed,  presi- 
dent of  council. 

*  *  X.  Y.  The  authorities  of  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia  hold  a  con- 
ference with  the  Iroquois. 

Burnet   builds    a   trading-house   at 
Oswego. 

*  »  -26  *  *  Va.  Hugh  Drysdale  is  lieu- 
tenant-governor. 

1723  Aug.  *  La.  New  Orleans  made 
the  center  of  French  authority  in  the 
South. 

*  »  Mass.  Gov.  Samuel  Shute  flees  to 
England  to  arraign  the  colony  fur  in- 
subordination. 

*  *-28*  *  Mass.  'WUliam  Dummer 
governor.    [1729-30.    Again.] 

*  *  Pa.  Paper  money  amounting  to 
£45,000  has  been  issued  in  the  last  two 
years. 

Franklin  assists  in  introducing  paper 
money.     [Afterwards   he  perceives  its 
evil  tendencies.] 
*•  *  Va.    The  negro,  mulatto,  and  Indian 
are  disfranchised, 

1724  ** -41  *•  Conn.  Joseph  Talcott 
governor. 

*  •  -25  *  *  N.  C.  George  Burrington 
governor. 

±  *  •  0.  The  Delawares  migrate  to 
branches  of  the  Ohio  for  convenience  in 
getting  game. 

*  *  Sp.    Louis  I.  king. 

Philip  V.  again  king. 

*  *  -31*  *  Vt.  French  settlements 
made. 

*  *  Vt.  Fort  Dummer  built,  the  first 
English  settlement. 

1725  *  •  Mass.  Western  Massachusetts 
is  settled. 

Dec.  15.  Mass.  Dummer  makes  a  treaty 
with  the  Indians. 

*  *  The  rivalry  between  France  and 
England  for  the  possession  of  Oswego 
and  Niagara  begins. 

*  *  N.C.  Sir  Eichard  Everard  gover- 
nor.   (,S'.  V.    Arthur  Middletou.) 

*  *  -26  *  *  New  York.  Johannes  Jansen 
the  34th  mayor. 

1726*  *  Can.  Beauhamois  is  appointed 
governor.    (To  1747.) 

»  *  Mass.  Gov.  Shute  receives  an  ex- 
planatory charter  from  the  Crown,  giv- 
ing him  more  power  over  the  General 
Court. 

Treaty  of  peace  made  [and  long  kept] 
with  Eastern  Indians. 

*  *  N.  Y.  By  treaty,  the  Senecas,  Cayu- 
gas,  and  Onondagas  place  their  lands 
under  English  protection,  with  that  of 
the  Mohawks  and  Oneida  Indians. 

*  *  -35  •  *  New  York.  Robert  Lurting 
the  35th  mayor. 

+  »  *  Engl.and  and  France  dispute  re- 
specting the  boundaries  along  the 
Lakes  and  St.  Lawrence  — the  avenue 


of  western  communication.  The  In- 
dians surrender  a  strip  six  miles  wide, 
along  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  On- 
tario, to  the  English, 

*  *  Pa.   Patrick  Gordon  governor. 

*  »  -27  *  *  Va.  Eobert  Carter  is  lieu- 
tenant-governor, 

1727  July  11.  Eng.  George  H.  en- 
throned. 

July  *  Me.  Further  treaty  made  with 
the  Indians  at  Falmouth  (Portsmouth). 

*  *  N.  Y.  Oswego  is  founded  as  a  for- 
tress. 

*  *  Va,    Fredericksburg  founded. 

*  *  Governors  inaugurated : 

-30  *  *  .)/(/.    Benedict  L.  Calvert. 
-32  *  *  It.  I.    Joseph  Jenckes. 
-49  »  •  Fo.    William  Gooch. 

1728  *  *  Conn.  England  strives  to  alter 
the  laws  of  Connecticut. 

The  English  Law  in  regard  to  intestate 
estates,  favoring  the  eldest-born,  is  de- 
clared in  force  by  the  English  govern- 
ment, and  the  colonial  law  annulled. 

*  *  Eng.  Sir  William  Keith  proposes  a 
Stamp  Act. 

*  *  New  Jersey  colonists  petition  the 
king  to  separate  their  colony  from 
New  York;  he  refuses. their  request. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Gov.  Burnet  is  transferred  to 
Massachusetts  to  make  way  for  John 
Montgomerie,  the  groom  of  the  chamber 
of  George  II,  while  he  was  Prince  of 
Wales.    (To  1731).    Governor  of  N.  J. 

*  *  The  Sha^wneea  migrate  to  branches 
of  the  Ohio. 

1729  July  29.  Carolina  becomes  a 
royal  government,  the  king  having 
bought  a  seven-eighths  interest  of  the 
proprietors  for  the  sum  of  £17,500,  with 
£5,000  added  for  quit-rents. 

Sept.  *  Carolina  is  divided  into  North 
.and  South  Carolina,  and  a  governor  ap- 
pointed for  North  Carolina, 

*  *  -30  *  *  Mass.  William  Dummer  is 
governor  again, 

*  *  It.  I.    George  Berkeley  arrives, 

*  *  S.  C.    German  Palatines  arrive. 

1730  Jan.  15.  New  York.  Gov.  Mont- 
gomerie grants  a  new  charter  to  the 
city.  It  provides  for  the  annual  election 
of  aldermen  and  other  local  officers  by 
the  people. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1721  *  *  Mass.  A  scourge  of  small-pox 
attacks  about  6,000  pcojile  in  and  near 
Boston ;  vaccination  is  introduced 
and  much  opposed. 

1722  *  *  Ma.is.  Population  is  about 
ninety-lour  thousand. 

1724  *  *  Eng.  English  ship-carpenters 
complain  of  the  competition  of  Ameri- 
cans. 

1727  *  *  English  imports  from  the 
North  American  Colonies  amount  to 
$2,870,000 ;  exports,  $2,085,000. 

1730  *  *  Doston.  Small  -  pox  ravages 
the  toivn  ;  loss,  500  lives. 

*  *  Port.  The  discovery  of  diamonds  in 
Brazil  being  announced,  the  govern- 
ment declares  them  crown  property. 


62 


1730,  Aug. -1736. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1731*  *JV.  r.  The  French  construct 
Fort  Frederick  at  Crown  Point  on  the 
west  shore  of  Lake  Champlain  [and 
make  it  a  strong  fortress],  commanding 
the  natural  waterway  between  the  Hud- 
son and  the  St.  I^awrence  rivers. 

*  *  La.  The  last  of  the  Natchez  war- 
riors are  defeated  by  the  French  [near 
Natchitoches]. 

1735  Apr.±  *  Ala.  The  French  send 
one  expedition  from  the  South  and  an- 
other from  the  North  against  the  brave 
Chicka»aws.  [Both  of  them  are  de- 
feated.] 

■1736  May  20.  Miss.  The  Chicka- 
aaws  defeat  the  French  force  from  Illi- 
nois under  D'Artaguette,  and  burn  him 
and  others  at  the  stake. 

May  29.  Miss.  The  Chickasaws  de- 
feat a  large  body  of  French  and  their 
Indian  allies  under  Gov.  Bienville. 

1736  *  *  Ga.  Gov.  Oglethorpe  builds  a 
fort  on  the  Savannah  River  at  Augusta, 
in  anticipation  of  a. Spanish  war ;  various 
other  forts  are  also  erected.  [In  Eng- 
land, Parliament  appropriates  §50,000 
for  expenses.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1731    May*  Phila.     Thomas    Godfrey 

obtains   a   patent   for    his    reflecting 

quadrant,  used  in  taking  altitudes  of 

the  sun  or  stars. 
*  *  liishnp   lierkeley  and  his   family  are 

painted  by  John  Symbert. 
1734  ♦  *  W.  I.     A    destructive    cyclone 

visits  Jamaica. 
1736    Feb.  6.    New  England  is  shaken 

by  an  earthquake. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1730 •  * 

Cardillac,  Antoine  de  ia  Motte,  founder,  d. 

Fairfax,  Bryan  L.,  loyalist,  born. 

Hewes,  Joseph,  signer  of  Declaration,  born. 

Kodney,  Cipsar,  patriot,  horn.  ? 

Ro88^(ieorge,  statesman,  born. 

Spwall,  SaiiHiel,  jurist,  A7K, 

Steuben,  Baron  Frederick.  I'rus.  gen.,  b. 

Stockton,  Kiohard,  signer  of  Declaration,  b. 
X731*   « 

Banneher,  Benjamin,  negro  mathematician, 
born. 

Clavigero,  Francis  X.,  Mexican  historian,  b. 

Craik,  James,  physician,  born. 

Hollis,  Thomas,  benefa<'tor  of  Harvard,  A72. 

Huntington,  Samuel,  signer  of  Declaration,  b. 

Landiver,  Rafael,  Jesuit  jioet,  born. 

Lee,  Charles,  general,  born. 

McDougail,  Alexander,  general,  born. 

Moultrie,  William,  general,  born. 

Treat,  Koljert,  lawyer  and  patriot,  born. 

Williams,  William,  signer  of  Declaration,  b. 
1733*   • 

Abbott,  Benjamin,  Methodist  preacher,  bom. 

Abbott,  Samuel,  founder,  born. 

Blair,  John,  justice,  born  in  Va. 

Carver,  Jonailian,  traveler,  born. 

Dickinson,  John,  political  writer,  born. 

Dunmore,  John  Murray,  governor,  born. 

Edes,  Benjamin,  journalist,  born. 

Erving,  .lobn,  clergyman,  born. 

Jolmson,  Tliomas,  justice,  born  in  Md. 

Johnston,  Samuel,  governor,  born. 

Lee.  Richard  Henry,  patriot,  born. 

Marion.  Francis,  patriot,  born. 

Rittenhouae,  David,  astronomer,  born. 

Washing-ton.  Oeorgre.  Father  of  his  coun- 
try, born.    Feb.  Sa. 
1733*  * 

Conway,  Thomas,  Count  de,  general,  born. 

Gushing:,  William,  justice,  born  in  Mass. 

Deane,  i+.iinuel,  clergyman,  born. 

Duane,  James,  statesman,  born. 
.  Fellows,  John,  general,  born. 


Law,  Richard,  jurist,  born. 

Lincoln,  Benjamm,  general,  born. 

Whipple,  Abraham,  naval  officer,  born. 
1734*   * 

(.aldwell,  James,  patriot,  Pres.  cl.,  born. 

Floyd,  William,  jiatriot,  born. 

(Joodricb,  Elizur,  clergyman,  born. 

Heck,  liarbara,  Methodist,  born. 

Lee.  Francis  Llg-btfoot.  patriot,  born. 

Jlanly,  John,  naval  conunander,  born. 

McKean.  Tliomas,  jurist,  born. 

Morris.  Robert,  statesman,  born. 

Saint  Clair,  Arthur,  general,  born. 

Sumter,  Thomas,  general,  sen.  for  S.  C,  bom. 
1735*   • 

Oct.  19.    Adams,  John.  2d  I'resident,  b. 

Boone.  Daniel,  pioneer,  born. 

Carroll,  John  D..  .Vrchbp.  of  Italttmore,  b. 

Clayton,  Abner,  general,  born. 

Cooper,  Allies,  Tres.  of  Colund>ia  Coll.,  born. 

Morgan,  John,  physician,  born. 

Revere,  Paul,  patriot,  born. 

Trumbull,  Benjamin,  historian,  born. 

Williamson,  Hugh,  physician,  born. 
1736*  * 

Clinton.  James,  general,  born. 

Henry.  Patrick,  orator,  born. 

Lee,  Ann.  founder  of  Shakers,  bom. 

Montg-omery.  Richard,  general,  born. 

Morgan,  Daniel,  general,  liorn. 

Vincennes  Sieur,de,.)ean,  fan.  founder,  A 48. 

Wentworih,  Sir  John,  Gov.  of  ii.  H.,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1130*  *  lioston.    The  Presbyterian 

church  is  organized. 
July  12.    It.    Clement  XIII.  pope. 

*  *  Conn,  — R.I.  Thirteen  Baptist 
churches  hold  yearly  meetings  upon 
the  *'Six  Principles." 

*  *  Me.  The  Jesuits  send  a  missionary 
from  Quebec,  and  Norridgewock  is  re- 
built. 

1731  Dec.  13.  W.  I.  The  first  Mora- 
vian missionaries  arrive  at  St.  Thomas. 

1732  Dec.  13.  W.  I.  O'Leonard  Dober 
and  Kitschnian,  Danish  missionaries, 
arrive  at  St.  Thomas. 

*  *  N.  H.  Its  first  Protestant  Episcopal 
church  erected  at  Portsmouth. 

*  ♦  Pa.  GathoUca  come  under  the  min- 
istrations of  Knglish  Jesuits. 

*  *  W.  I.  Nassau  becomes  a  mission  sta- 
tion of  the  Society  for  the  Propagation 
of  the  Gospel. 

1733  May  20.  Greenland.  Moravian 
missionaries  tirst  arrive. 

May*  Pa,  The  Seventh  Day  (German) 
Baptists  establish  a  monastic  society  at 
Ephrata. 

*  *  Ga.    Lutherans  settle  at  Ebenezer. 
The  Jews  at  Savannah  organize. 

*  *  Eny.  The  Society  for  the  Propagation 
of  the  Gospel  sends  Jonathan  Barber,  a 
missionary,  to  the  Mohicans. 

*  *  Pa.  The  first  German  Lutheran 
church  in  America  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  The  only  Roman  Catholic 
church  north  of  Maryland,  erected 
before  the  Revolution,  is  built. 

*  *  JV.  I.  St.  Croix  becomes  a  mission 
station  of  the  Moravians. 

1734  Oct.  *  Conn.  Rev.  .John  Sargent, 
of  Yale  College,  opens  a  mission  station 
among  the  Housatonics,  receiving  £500 
annually  from  the  Society  for  the  Prop- 
agation of  the  Gospel. 

*  *  Ga.  The  German  Lutherans  settle 
in  Georgia,  with  Pastors  Bolzius  and 
Gronau. 


*  *  -35  *  *  Mass.  The  great  awaken- 
ing at  Northampton,  under  the  minis- 
try of  Jonathan  Edwards. 

1735  Oct.  14.  Em/.  The  two  Wes- 
leys  sail  for  America. 

John  Wesley,  having  declined  a  quiet 
rectory,  sets  out  with  his  brother  Charles 
for  Georgia,  to  become  missionaries  to 
the  Indians.  Charles  Wesley  is  also  to 
be  secretary  to  the  governor. 

*  *  John  "Wesley  observes  the  Mora- 
vians. 

A  terrible  storm  convinces  W^esley  that 
the  German  Moravians  on  board  the  ves- 
sel have  a  fellowship  with  God,  to  which 
he  is  a  stranger. 

*  *  Co7in.  A  Baptist  church  is  organized 
at  Wallingfoi-d. 

*  *  Guinea.  The  first  Moravian  mission- 
aries land  at  Surinam. 

*  *  Mass.  The  General  Assembly  orders 
a  new  meeting-house  built  for  the  Indi- 
ans, which  should  be  thirty  feet  wide 
and  forty  feet  long. 

*  *  N.  r.  The  Church  of  England  mis- 
sion among  the  Mohawks  reports  marked 
success. 

*  *  Va.    Lutherans  settle  Spottsylvania. 

1736  *  *  Ga.  The  Wesleys  change 
their  plan. 

They  abandon  the  project  of  establish- 
ing missions  among  the  Indians,  and 
engage  in  religious  work  among  the  col- 
onists, but  they  enforce  the  forms  of 
the  church  with  a  rigor  and  frequency  of 
repetition  which  soon  tires  the  people, 
and  provokes  resentment  and  persecu- 
tion. 

*  *  Ga.  The  Moravians  begin  mission- 
work  among  the  Indians. 

A  colony  of  pious  men  from  Herrnhut 
and  neighborhood  arrives,  seeking  that 
religious  liberty  which  was  denied  at 
home.  Some  brethren  resolved  to  go 
with  it,  in  order  to  preach  the  gospel  to 
the  Creek,  Chickasaw,  and  Cherokee 
Indians. 

The  two  Wesleys  become  ascetics. 

Tliey  deny  themselves  many  of  the 
common  conveniences  of  life,  sleep  on 
the  ground,  eat  only  bread  and  water, 
and  John  Wesley  goes  barefoot  that  he 
may  encourage  the  poor  boys  of  his 
school. 

*  *  Conn.  Mr.  Sargent's  church  among 
the  Housatonics  reports  52  members. 
[Later  two  hundred  and  fifty.] 

*  *  S.  C.  Ashley  River  Baptist  church  is 
formed. 

LETTERS, 

1730  *  *  S.  C.  A  printing-press  set  up 
at  Charleston. 

1731  Jan.  8.  The  South  Carolina  Oor- 
zette  issued  at  Charleston. 

*  *  Phila.  Franklin  establishes  the  first 
circulating  library  in  this  city.  The 
Library  Company  and  Loganian  Library 
founded. 

1732  *  *  Phila.  Benjamin  Franklin's 
PoorJiichartVs  Almanac^  the  first  of  any 
note  in  the  United  States,  appears. 

1733  *  *  NeiP  York.  John  Peter  Zenger 
issues  the  Weekly  JoHma/,  and  criticizes 
the  arbitrary  acts  of  the  governor  and 
Assembly  in  imposing  illegal  taxes  — 
the  first  attempt  to  criticize  political 
measures  in  a  newspaper. 


AMERICA. 


1730-Aug.,  1736.     C3 


Great  aj^itation  respecting  the  free- 
dom of  the  press. 

The  aristocratic  party  denies  its  right 
to  criticize  the  government:  the  demo- 
cratic party  maintains  that  right. 

*  *  riiila.  Benjamin  Franklin,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-seven,  begins  the  study  of 
the  French,  Italian,  Spanish,  and  Latin 
languages. 

*  *  R.  I.  The  first  Rhode  Island  Gazette 
appears  at  Newport.    (Or  Sept.  7,  1732.) 

1734  Nov.  17.  Neto  York.  Zenger 
imprisoned  for  defending  popular  gov- 
ernment in  the  Weekly  Journal. 

Zenger  is  the  editor,  and  is  put  in 
prison  for  criticizing  the  administra- 
tion ;  the  people  are  clamorous  for  his 
release.    [He  is  acquitted  shortly  after,] 

1735  *  *  Pa.  The  first  newspaper  in  a 
foreign  tongue  is  issued  in  German,  at 
German  town. 

1736  Aug.  6.  Va.  The  Virginia  Ga- 
zette appears  at  Williamsburg. 

*  *  Mass.  Mr.  HoUis  of  London  pledges 
to  support  twelve  Indian  scholars  in  the 
Housatonic  School  at  $100  per  annum, 
and  Mr.  Holden  five  more  on  the  same 
t«nn8. 

SOCIETY. 

1732  *  *  Georgia  Colony  is  planned  as  a 
benevolent  enterprise. 

James  Oglethorpe,  a  High  Churchman, 
a  cavalier,  a  soldier,  a  member  of  Parlia- 
ment, and  an  Oxford  man,  organizes  this, 
the  last  of  thirteen  colonies,  in  pure 
benevolence  as  a  refuge  for  the  poor,  es- 
pecially for  the  thousands  of  poor  debtors 
who  are  thrown,  annually,  into  the 
prisons  of  Kngland  for  no  other  ofifense 
tli;in  impecuniosity. 

Nov.  17.  Ent/.  Oglethorpe  sails  with 
120  poor  people  to  plant  a  colony  in 
the  wilderness  of  Georgia. 

1733  Jan.  26.  j\'.^.  A  negro  is  burnt 
alive  for  an  assault  on  a  white  woman. 

May  21  i.  Ga.  Oglethorpe  secures  a 
general  council  w i th  many  1  ndian 
chiefs ;  this  spreads  his  fame  for  justice 
and  goodness  far  and  wide. 

Tomo-chichi,  chief  of  the  Yamacraws, 
meets  his  new  neighbor,  Gov.  Ogle- 
thorpe, and  presents  liim  with  a  buffalo 
robe  painted  on  the  inside  with  the  head 
and  feathers  of  an  eagle.  "  Here  is  a 
present  for  you,*'  said  the  donor.  "  The 
feathers  are  soft  and  signify  love,  the 
buffalo  skin  is  an  emblem  of  protection, 
therefore  protect  us."  The  request  was 
not  lost  on  the  philanthropist. 

July  30.  Boston.  The  first  lodge  of 
Freemasons  is  opened. 

*  *  Ga.  On  the  second  day  after  his  ar- 
rival. Governor  Oglethorpe  declares  that 
"the  importation  of  ardent  spirit  is 
illegal." 

1734  *  *  Ga.  The  councilors  of  Georgia 
prohibit  the  importation  of  rum  into 
the  colony ;  slavery  is  positively  for- 
bidden ;  traffic  with  the  Indians  is  regu- 
lated by  license. 

*  *  Phila.  The  second  Freemasons' 
lodge  in  the  colonies  is  opened. 

1735  July  *  New  York.  Alexander 
Hamilton,  a  noted  lawyer  of  Philatlel- 
phia,  argues  for  the  acquittal  of  Editor 
Zenger,  who  is  charged  with  libel  for 
criticizing  the  government ;  he  gains 
the  verdict,  and  receives  a  gold  box  as  a 
testimonial  from  the  citizens. 


*  *  Eng.    Parliament  prohibits  the  im- 
portation of  liquors  into  Georgia. 

Slaves  run  away  to  Florida,  where  the 
Spaniards  welcome  them  and  give  them 
lands;  this  irritates  the  colonists  and 
provokes  war,  as  the  authorities  refuse 
to  surrender  such  slaves. 


STATE. 

1730  *  *  Brazil.  The  Government  de- 
clares diamond  mines  regalia. 

*  *  [  f/.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
June-July,     ^f(^ss.    William  Tailer. 
-41*  *  J.  Belcher.    Aug.  10.     Arrives. 
-35  *  *  S.  C.     Robert  Johnson. 

*  *  Ky.  Settlers  straggle  into  this  country. 

*  *  Md.     Baltimore  founded. 

*  *  R.  I    "Wild  issues  of  paper  money. 

1731  May  14.  Conn.  —  X.  V.  Final 
settlement  of  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween New  York  and  Connecticut. 

**[(/.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated: 
-33  *  *  Md.    Samuel  Ogle. 

H.  C.    George  Burnington. 
-32  *  *  N.Y,    Rip  van  Dam. 

*  *  N.  C,    It  is  a  royal  province  again. 

1732  Apr.  10.  La.  The  Mississippi 
Company  surrenders  its  unprofitable 
charter  to  the  French  crown. 

June  9.  Eng.  George  II.  grants  [Geor- 
gia] to  James  Edward  Oglethorpe,  the 
philanthropist,  *'  to  be  held  in  trust  for 
the  poor ; "  40,000  hopeless  debtors  lie  in 
English  prisons. 

*  *  Eng.  Parliament  prohibits  the  in- 
troduction from  oi]e  colony  into  another 
of  hats  and  woolens  of  domestic  man- 
ufacture, and  makes  it  illegal  for  hatters 
to  have  more  than  two  apprentices. 

*  *  iU.  S.}  Governors  inaugurated : 
-33  *  *  Md.  Charles  Lord  Baltimore. 
-36*  *  N.  Y.    Win.  Crosby.    Aug.  1. 

Arrives. 
-36  *  *  N.J.    John  Anderson  (pres.). 
-34  *  *  R.  1.     William  Wanton. 

*  *  Md.  Tobacco  is  made  a  legal  ten- 
der at  one  penny  a  pound. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Two  parties  struggle  for 
supremacy,  the  democratic  party  main- 
tains the  freedom  of  the  press  to  criticize 
the  government,  and  the  aristocratic 
party,  which  opposes  its  freedom. 

*  ♦  -33  *  *  R.  I,  Wm.  "Wanton  gov- 
ernor. 

1733  Feb.  1.  Qa.  Gov.  Oglethorpe 
lays  out  the  streets  of  his  settlement 
(Savannah)  and  lands  his  colony. 

Feb.  12.  Ga.  The  colony  of  Savannah 
is  begun. 

He  designs  it  as  a  home  for  the  poor, 
and  a  reformatory  for  prisoners ;  35 
families,  numbering  about  150  persons, 
settle  here. 
May  21  i.  Ga.  Oglethorpe  holds  an  im- 
portant councU  with  the  Indians. 

*  ♦  Eng.  Parliament  passes  the  odious 
Importation  Act,  laying  exorbitant 
duties  on  all  the  sugar,  molasses,  and 
rum  imported  into  the  colonies.  [This 
excites  resentment,  and  evasion,  and 
leads  to  revolution.] 


*  *  La.  Bienville  returns  from  Fram-e 
with  a  conunissiou  from  the  king  ns 
governor. 

*  *  Mass.  The  province  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay  petitions  Parliament  against 
the  grievance  of  a  royal  instruction  to 
support  the  Crown  officers  by  a  general 
instead  of  an  annual  grant.  [The  peti- 
tion is  voted  to  be  frivolous  and  ground- 
less —  a  high  insult.] 

1734  Mar.  *  Ga.  Germans  found  Eb- 
enezer,  above  Savannah. 

Nov.  17.  New  York.  Zenger,  printer 
of  the  Weekly  Journal,  is  arrested  for 
libeling  Governor  Crosby.  [Ac- 
quitted in  1735.]  This  is  the  first  attack 
upon  freedom  of  speech. 

*  ♦[r.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-41  *  *  Md.    Samuel  Ogle. 

N.  C.    Nathaniel  Rice  (pres.). 
-52  *  *  N.  C.    Gabriel  Johnson. 
-52  *  *  R.  I.    John  Wanton. 

*  *  Costa  Rica.  The  port  of  Caldera  is 
opened,  and  prosperity  revives. 

*  *  Ga.    Augusta  founded. 

1735  May  *  Ga.  Nine  Moravians,  or 
United  Brethren,  begin  a  settlement 
south  of  Savannah. 

*  *-39*  *  Nerv  York.  Paul  Richards 
36th  mayor. 

*  *  ^37  *  *  s.  C.    T.  Brougbton,  gov. 
1736*  *  Ga.    A  party  of  100  Scotch 

Highlanders,  with  John  M'Leod  their 
minister, arrive  and  [found  Invernesson 
the  Altamaha]. 
Feb.  6.  Ga.  Governor  Oglethorpe  re- 
turns from  England,  bringiii*;  300  im- 
migrants, including  25  Moravians  and 
the  two  Wesleys. 

*  *  [U.  5.]    Governors  inaugurated. 
-43  *  *  N.  Y.    George  Clarke. 

N.  J.  John  Anderson  (pres.). 
-38  *  *  N.  J.  John  Hamilton  (pres.). 
-38  ♦  *  Pa.    James  Logan  (pres.)- 

*  *  Pa.  Benjamin  Franklin  is  chosen 
clerk  of  the  general  assembly, 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1731*  *  Neiv  York.  First  fire  engines 
introduced :  a  department  is  organized. 

*  *  Philadelphia  has  12,500  population. 

*  *  Rhode  Island  has  about  18,000  inhab- 
itants. 

1732  *  *  N.  Y.  A  stage  route  opened 
from  New  York  to  Boston,  a  journey  of 
fourteen  days. 

*  *  S.  C.  Prevalence  of  yellow  fever ; 
business  nearly  suspended. 

*  *  W.  /.  The  yellow  fever  appears  in 
several  islands  of  the  West  Indies. 

*  *  New  York  province  has  a  population 
of  about  65,000;  Pennsylvania,  about 
30,000 ;  and  Virginia,  about  sixty  thou- 
sand. 

1733  *  *  Maryland  has  a  population  of 
thirty-six  thoxisand. 

1734  *  *  Can.  Quebec  and  its  suburbs 
have  4,603  inhabitants. 

1735  *  *  Boston  has  a  population  of 
about  sixteen  thousand. 

1736  *  *  Mass.  A  regular  line  of  stages 
runs  from  Boston  to  Newport. 


64 


1737-1744. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1737  *  *  Ga.      Gov.  Oglethorpe    returns 
from  England  with  a  military  commis- 
sion and  a  British  regiment  of  600  men, 
to  protect  the  colony  from  the  Spaniards. 

1739  Oct.  23  -48  *  *  England  is  at 
war  with  Spain  to  open  the  ports  of 
Spanish  America  to  English  merchants. 

Nov.  22.  Colombia.  Admiral  Edward 
Vernon,  with  six  English  men-of-war, 
takes  Portobello  from  Spain. 

1740  Jan.  4^.  Ga.  Governor  Ogle- 
thorpe with  1,200  troops  and  1,000  ludi- 
aus  invades  Florida  as  ordered  from 
England.  [May  10.  Takes  Fort  St.  Di- 
ego, near  St.  Augustine.] 

Mar.  *  Ala.  The  French  send  another 
expedition  against  the  Chickasaws. 

June  *  -July  *  Fla.  Oglethorpe  leads  a 
strong  expedition  to  capture  St.  Augus- 
tine; after  a  siege  of  five  weeks  he 
withdraws. 

Oct.  *  W.  I.  New  England  troops  join 
Admiral  Vernon  in  an  expedition  sent  to 
break  Spanish  power  in  the  West  Indies. 

ITov.  *  Ala,  The  Chickasaws  promise 
peace  to  the  French. 

1741  Mar.  *  Colombia.  Admiral  Ver- 
non's expedition  of  27,000  men  against 
Cartagena  is  frustrated  by  disease. 

*  *  Cuba.  Tlie  English  colonies  partici- 
pate in  an  attack  upon  this  island. 

1742  July  5.  Ga.  A  Spanish  fleet 
of  51  vessels,  with  5,000±  men,  carries 
the  war  northward  into  Georgia.  [It 
is  foiled  by  the  stratagem  of  Ogle- 
thorpe and  his  small  army;  the  Span- 
ish commander  is  dismissed  from  the 
service.] 

July  15,  Ga.  The  Spaniards  retire 
from  the  attack  on  Savannah  County. 

July  18.  Ga.  The  Spaniards  attack 
Fort  Williani  and  are  repulsed. 

1744*  *-4S*  *King   George's   War 

between  Great  Britain  and  France. 
Mar.  15.     France    declares  war   against 

Great  Britain. 
May  *  Me.    A  French  force  from  Cape 

Breton  surprises  the  English  garrison  at 

Canso  and  destroys  the  fort. 
June    2.      Boston  receives  information 

that  France  has  declared  war  against 

England. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1741  *  *  Vitus  Bering  discovers  north- 
western America. 

1742*  *  Boston.  Faneuil  Hall  is  built 
by  Peter  Faneuil,  and  presented  to  the 
town. 

*  *  Cart.  Middleton  and  Moore  make 
their  discoveries  in  Hudson  Bay. 

*  *  Afd.  Copper- works  are  in  operation, 

1743  *  *  7*rt.  John  Bartram  engages  in 
botanical  explorations. 

*  *  Phila.  Benjamin  Franklin  estab- 
lishes the  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety.  [1753i.   Expires.   17C9.  Revived.] 

*  *  A'.  C,  The  cultivation  of  indigo 
begins. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1737*   • 

Allen.  £than,  colonel,  born. 

Carroll,  Charles,  patriot,  born. 

Copley,  John  Singleton,  painter,  born. 

Deane.  Silas,  diploniatist,  born. 

Hancock,  John,  titatesman,  born. 

Heath,  Williani.  general,  born. 

llopkiiison,  Fraiujis,  author,  born. 

Nicholson,  .James,  conunodore,  born. 

Paine.  Thomas,  author,  born. 
1738*   * 

lioardman,  Richard,  clergyman,  born. 

Ilobart,  John  (I.,  senator,  born. 

Nelson,  Thomas,  statesman,  born. 

Palmer,  Kuf  ua,  general,  born. 

Qnincy,  Kdmund,  jurist,  born. 

■West,  Benjemin,  painter,  born. 
1739  •   * 

ISartram,  William,  botanist,  born. 

Clinton.  Geori^e,  vice-president,  (lov.  of  N. 
Y.,  born. 

Clymer,  (Jeorge,  statesman,  born. 

Duche,  Jacob,  Hrst  chaplain  of  Cong.,  liorn. 

Dupont,  Pierre  Samuel,  economist,  born. 
Jarvis,  Abraham,  bisboj),  born. 

Langdou,  John,  statesman,  born. 

Pickens,  Andrew,  general,  born. 
Rutledge,  John,  justice,  born  in  S.  C. 
1740*   * 
Harrison,  Benjamin,  signer  of  Decl'n,  b. 

Lathiop,  .lolm,  clergyman,  born. 
Lee.  Arthur,  statesumn,  born, 
Meig^s,  Return  Jonathan,  offlcer,  born. 
O'Hrien,  .Jeremiah,  privateer,  born. 
Otis,  Samuel  A.,  senator,  born, 
Sullivan,  John,  general,  born, 
1741  *   ♦ 
Arnold,  Benedict,  gen.,  traitor,  born. 
Chase,  Samuel,  justice,  born  in  Md. 
Fitzsinimons,  Tltomas.  i)atriot,  born. 
Kirklan<l,  Sainnel,  foimder,  born. 
Murray,  John,  clergyman,  born. 
Peaboiiy,  Nathaniel,  general,  born. 
Peale,  Charles  Wilson,  painter,  born. 
Perkins,  Elisha,  jibysician,  born. 
Reed,  Joseph,  patriot,  born. 
Warren,  Joseph,  patriot,  born. 
1743*   * 
Hard,  Samuel,  physician,  born. 
Bradford,  Andrew,  journalist,  A55. 
Brant,  Joseph,  Tklohawk  chief,  born.  ? 
Cadwallader,  John,  general,  born. 
Clagget,  J.  Thomas,  bishop,  born. 
Drayton,  William  Henry,  statesman,  born. 
Greene,  Nathaniel,  general,  born. 
Hooper.  William,  patriot,  born. 
Hagar,  Isaac,  general,  born. 
Icard,  Rnlph,  statesman,  born. 
Middleton,  Arthur,  statesman,  born. 
ProToost,  Samuel,  bishop,  born. 
Robertson,  James,  pioneer,  born. 
Wilson.  James,  justice,* born  in  Pa. 
1743*   * 
Allen,  Thomas,  chaplain,  born. 
Blair,  .lames,  William  and  Mary  College,  d. 
l>ana,  Francis,  jurist,  born. 
Dexter,  Timothy,  eccentric  citizen,  born. 
Elbert,  Samuel,  Governor  of  t;a.,born. 
Faneuil.  Peter,  donor  of  Faneuil  Hall,  A43. 
Fitch,  John,  inventor,  born. 
Heckewelder,  Jotm,  missionary,  born. 
Jackson,  Jonatlian,  congressman,  born. 
Jefferson,  Thomas,  President,  born  Apr.  2. 
Porter,  Andrew,  general,  born. 
Rand,  Isaac,  physician,  born. 
Rumsey,  James,  inventor,  born. 
Warner,  Seth,  officer,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1737  Sept.  23.  A'.  }'.  Hebrews  dis- 
franchised by  the  Legislature. 

*  *  Ga.  Charles  Wesley  leaves  the  colony 
for  England  nia  Boston. 

John  "Wesley  sails  for  England  later 
in  the  year,  having  failed  aa  a  mission- 
ary, and  thoroughly  cured  of  mysticism. 

1738  Jan.  *  George  "Whitefield,  pul- 
pit orator  and  consecrated  Methodist 
evangelist,  sails  for  Georgia  on  his  first 
visit  to  America.  [He  projects  an  or- 
phan asylum,  and  soon  returns  to  Eng- 
land in  its  interests.] 

May*  Ga.  Whitctjeld  arrives,  and  es- 
tablishes an  asylum  for  orphans. 


Sept.  *  S.  C.  Whitefield  sails  from 
Charleston  for  England. 

*  *  Greenland.  Kajaruak,  the  first  Eski- 
mo convert, is  awakened  by  the  Moravian 
preaching. 

*  *  S.C.    Peedee  Baptist  church  formed. 

1739  Sept.  *  Eng.  George  White- 
field  sails  from  England  to  visit  Amer- 
ica the  second  time. 

[He  lands  in  Philadelphia  early  in 
November.  He  visits  New  York, preach- 
ing thrice  dailj^  for  a  week  ;  goes  to 
Georgia  and  visits  his  Orphan  House ; 
visits  most  of  the  important  cities, 
preaching  incessantly,  and  greatly  hon- 
ored by  clergy  and  people,  and  power- 
fully movine  the  masses  of  the  people  by 
his  zeal  and  eloquence.  Twenty  thou- 
sand persons  listen  to  his  farewell  ad- 
dress on  the  Common  in  Boston ;  he 
raises  much  money  for  his  Orphan 
House.] 

*  *  Mass.  The  meeting-house  (and  school 
house),  built  by  the  Assembly  for  the 
Indians,  is  tirst  occupied. 

*  *  Md.  Baltimore  has  its  first  Protestant 
Episcopal  church. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Presbyterian  Synod  divided 
into  friends  and  foes  of  the  revival 
connected  with  Whitefield. 

1740  Aug.  17.  It.  Benedict  XIV. 
pope. 

*  *  Conn.  Conversion  of  the  Indian,  Sam- 
son Occum,  afterward  Indian  mission- 
ary. 

*  Mass.    Arian  views  of  Christ  cher- 
ished in  New  England. 

*  *  N^.  y.  Henry  Ranch,  the  first  Mora- 
vian missionary  to  the  New  York  In- 
dians, begins  work  at  Shekosniko. 

Missionary  Henry  Ranch  is  bitterly 
opposed  by  the  white  people. 

Their  large  income  in  trading  with  the 
Indians  is  due  to  the  ignorance  of  the 
latter.  In  proportion  to  the  success  of 
the  mission,  opposition  increases.  Mis- 
sionaries and  Christian  Indians  are  ar- 
rested upon  absurd  and  false  charges, 
and  the  work  of  Ranch  and  his  co- 
laborers  is  obstructed  in  every  possible 
way. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Moravians  begin  mission 
work  among  the  Indians  at  Bethlehem. 

*  *  -47  *  *  Pa.  Between  these  dates 
Ludweek  Hacker  set  up  a  Sabbath- 
school  at  Ephrata,  among  the  German 
Seventh-day  Baptists  there.  (Haydn.) 
[The  school-room  was  used  as  a  hos- 
pital after  the  battle  of  Brandywine, 
(1777),  thus  breaking  up  the  school.] 

*  *  Phila.  Friction  in  the  Presby- 
terian Synod ;  cause,  revivals. 

*  *  S.  C.  George  "Whitefield  is  called 
before  the  commissary  to  answer  for 
"certain  articles,"  touching  irregulari- 
ties and  breach  of  pledges  made  in 
ordination. 

1741  Jan.  16.  S.  C.  Whitefield  em- 
barks at  Charleston  for  England. 

*  *  Phila.  Schism  in  the  Presbyterian 
Synod ;  the  New  Brimswick  Presbytery 
is  excluded. 

June  2.  Phila.  The  Presbytery  of  New 
Brunswick  meets,  with  others  who  are 
excluded  from  the  synod,  and  organizes 
the  Presbytery  of  liondonderry.  [A 
synod  ia  called  for  August,  1742.] 


AMERICA. 


1737-1744. 


65 


*  *  New  Eng.    "Whitefield'a  revival. 

Between  thirty  and  forty  thousand 
persons  have  professed  conversion  dur- 
ing the  last  two  years,  under  the  preach- 
ing of  Whitefleld. 

*  •  X.  Y.  The  Church  of  England  Mo- 
hawk Mission  reports  500  Indians  in  2 
towns,  and  58  communicants. 

*  *  Pa.  Count  Zinzendorf  visits 
America  and  preaches  to  the  Moravians, 

It  is  claimed  tliat  Dr.  George  de  Benne- 
ville  first  preaches  UniversaliBni  in 
America. 

The  Moravians  found  Bethlehem. 

1742  Feb.  11.  Pa.  Count  Zinzendorf 
ordains  two  missionaries  at  Oly,  to  labor 
among  the  Indians. 

*  *  Conn.  The  General  Assembly  repeals 
the  law  exempting  "  sober  dissent- 
ers** from  worshiping  with  the  "stand- 
ing order." 

Severe  laws  enacted  against  the 
"•New  Xiights,**  who  favor  a  more 
spiritual  life  in  religion  — bitter  conten- 
tion with  the  "  Old  Lights." 

Harvard  and  Yale  arrayed  against 
■Whitefleld;  the  General  Assembly 
makes  it  illegal  for  any  unsettled  min- 
ister to  preach  at  all. 

*  »  Md.  The  first  Baptist  church  formed 
at  Chestnut  Ridge,  near  Baltimore. 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  great  revival  prevails 
among  the  Mohican  and  other  Indian 
tribes. 

Aug.  *  Pa.  The  Presbytery  of  New  Lon- 
donderry holds  its  first  meeting  ;  it  con- 
sists of  members  who  were  excluded  from 
the  Presbyterian  Synod. 

*  '  Pa.  Arrival  of  Henry  M.  Muhlen- 
berg, the  founder  of  the  Lutheran 
church  in  America.  A  new  epoch  opens 
for  the  Lutherans  in  his  organizing  work. 

1743  •  *  Boston.  A  second  Baptist 
church  formed. 

May  30.  Phila.  The  Presbyterian  Synod 
meets,  and  rejects  overtures  of  peace 
from  the  Synod  of  New  York. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Mohawk  mission  of  the 
Church  of  England  reports  only  two  or 
three  of  the  tribe  unbaptized. 

LETTERS. 
1739  *  •  -66  *  •  Conn.    Kev.   Thomas 
Clap  is  president  of  Yale  College. 

1741  *  *  Phila.  The  American  Magazine, 
conducted  by  John  Webbe,  appears.  It 
is  the  earliest  magazine  In  America ; 
but  two  numbers  issued. 

The  General  Magazine  and  Historical 
Chronicle,  the  first  literary  journal  in 
America,  is  issued  by  Benj.  rr.inklin. 
(Six  numbers.) 

1742  •  *  Pa.  The  first  public  library  in 
Pennsylvania  is  instituted  by  the  effort 
of  Franklin. 

1743  •  »  -47  *  *  Boston.  The  American 
Magazine  appears. 

*  •  Boston.  The  Boston  Weekly  Museum 
appears.    (Four  numbers.) 

*  •  -45  •  ♦  Boston.  The  Christian  IPistory 
appears. 

*  *  Mass.  The  education  of  Housatonio 
Indian  girls  is  begmi  with  poor  success. 


*  *  New  York.  The  New  York  Gazette  or 
Weekly  Post-Bop  issued  by  Jas.  Parker. 

*  *  Pa.  A  German  edition  of  the  Bible  is 
published  at  Germantown. 

SOCIETY. 

1738  *  *  S.  C.  Desolating  insurrection 
of  negroes,  inspired  by  Spanish  inilu- 
ence  ;  leaders  are  executed. 

1740  *  *  S.  C.  Teaching  negroes  to 
write  is  prohibited  by  law. 

1741  *  •  Neio  York.  Negroes  conspire 
to  murder  their  masters,  and  burn  the 
city ;  a  panic  ensues,  and  a  public  fast 
is  observed. 

Four  whites  and  18  negroes  are  sud- 
denly hanged,  14  negroes  are  burned,  71 
transported,  and  many  imprisoned  ;  the 
existence  of  a  plot  is  doubted.  [Later  it 
is  proved  that  none  existed.] 

1743  »  »  Ga.  Gov.  Oglethorpe  closes 
ten  years  of  office  with  the  colonists,  not 
having  taken  for  himself  an  acre  of 
ground,  nor  even  owned  a  house. 

The  poor  colonists  clamor  for  the 
introduction  of  slaves;  the  prohibitory 
laws  are  first  evaded  and  then  defied. 

±  *  *  Ga.  Improvident  English  settlers 
contend  that  rum  is  necessary  to  resist 
the  climate,  and  that  none  but  slaves 
can  till  the  soil. 

1744)-  *  »  t'a.  Mobs  persecute  the 
Baptists  here  and  elsewhere  ;  ministers 
are  frequently  imprisoned  for  preaching. 

STATE. 

1737  *  *  La.  A  royal  edict  permits  ten 
years*  freedom  of  commerce  between 
Louisiana  and  the  West  Indies. 

Mar.  *  N.  C.  The  Assembly  imprisons 
the  king's  officers  for  distraining  rent ; 
because  of  this  it  is  dissolved,  leaving 
the  colony  without  revenue  and  the 
officers  without  pay. 

»  *  -43  *  •  5.  c.    Wm.  Bull,  governor. 

1738  •  *  Jamaica.  The  Maroons  (run- 
away slaves)  are  permitted  to  form  set- 
tlements in  the  north  part  of  the  island. 

*  •  New  Jersey  becomes  a  separate 
colony. 

Colonists  again  petition  for  separation 
from  New  York,  and  the  king  yields,  and 
appoints  I^ewis  Morris  governor. 

*  *[U.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-46  •  *  N.J.     Lewis  MorrLs. 

-47  *  *  Pa.   George  Thomas  (deputy). 

1739  •  *  Colombia.  The  new  kingdom 
of  Granada  is  established  under  a 
viceroy. 

*  *  Me,  A  few  Germans  settle  in  Waldo- 
borough. 

*  * -44  *  *  New  York.  John  Cruger 
the  37th  mayor. 

1740  *  »  Ga.  The  Moravians  are  op- 
posed to  war,  and  emigrate  as  a  body 
to  Pennsylvania,  where  they  found  Beth- 
lehem and  Nazareth. 

*  »  -43  *  *  B.  /.  Richard  Ward  gover- 
nor. 

*  *  S.  C.  Act  passed  forbidding  to 
teach  negroes  how  to  write. 


*  *  The  jurisdiction  of  the  French  north 
of  Baton  Rouge,  in  the  Mississippi  Val- 
ley, is  only  in  name ;  its  expensive  colo- 
nization is  a  failure. 

*  *  Tennessee  first  explored. 

*  *  *  Period  of  colonial  prosperity. 

1741  *  *  Eng.  Parliament  interferes  to 
restrain  the  issue  of  paper  currency 
in  the  colonies. 

*  *  New  Hampshire  is  finally  separated 
from  Massachusetts,  and  becomes  the 
only  royal  government  in  New  England. 

*  *IU.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-50  *  *  Conn.    Jonathan  Law. 
May  6-49  *  *  Mass.    Wm.  Shirley. 

1742  •  •  Va.  Richmond  is  established 
by  legislative  enactment. 

*  *  Md.    Thos.  Bladen,  governor. 

1743*  *iU.  S.]  Governors  inatigu- 
rated : 

Sept.  22-53  *  »  A'.  Y.    Gen.  Clinton. 
-44  *  *  n.  I.    W.  Greene.    [1746, 48-54.] 
-55  •  *  S.C.    James  Glen. 

Sept.  27.  N.  Y.  Gov.  Clinton's  first  offi- 
cial act  is  to  dissolve  the  Legislature, 
and  issue  writs  calling  another. 

1744  Jtily  4±.  Pa.  Commissioners  from 
Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia 
meet  envoys  of  the  Iroquois  at  Iian- 
caster,  and  for  $2,000  purchase  their 
claim  to  the  region  between  the  Blue 
Ridge  and  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 
[Later  the  English  claims  extend  to  the 
Mississippi.] 

*  *  Eng.  Parliament  provides  for  the 
government  of  the  province  of  Quebec, 
empowering  the  king  to  appoint  a  coun- 
cil of  administration. 

*  *  O.  The  English  seek  to  occupy  the 
Ohio  Valley  in  competition  with  the 
French.  [The  struggle  continues  for 
thirty  years.] 

*  *  -47  *  *  Neio  York.  Stephen  Bayard 
the  38th  mayor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1738*  •Paper  currency  depreciated; 
gold  is  at  a  premium. 

One  hundred  English  sovereigns  are 
worth  £500  in  New  England  notes,  £160 
or  more  in  the  notes  of  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland, 
.^1,000  in  notes  of  North  Carolina  or 
£1,400  if  offered  in  London. 

1739  Aug.*  Ga.  Governor  Oglethorpe, 
with  only  three  or  four  attendants,  jour- 
neys through  the  unbroken  wilderness 
for  a  month,  suffering  great  hardships, 
in  order  to  meet  Tomo  Chichi  and  other 
chiefs  in  a  great  council  at  the  Indian 
town  of  Choweta,  300  miles  northwest  of 
Savannah. 

*  *  W.  I.    The  yellow  fever  rages. 

1740  •  *  S.  C.  Great  fire ;  best  build- 
ings burned.  [Parliament  appropriates 
8100,000  for  the  sufferers.] 

1741  Mar.  18.  New  York.  The  chapel 
and  buildings  in  the  fort  are  burned. 

1743  *  *  Ga.  Settlers  not  permitted  to 
hold  their  lands  in  fee  simple  previous 
to  this  date. 


GG      1744-1751,  Nov. 

ARMY— NAVY.  • 

1745  June  17.    N.  S.    Louisburg,  the 

chief  stronghold  of  the  French  in 
America,  is  taken  by  4,000  colonists 
from  New  England,  led  by  William 
Pepperell,  a  wealthy  merchant  of  Maine, 
aided  by  a  few  Knglish  vessels. 
Nov.  16.  Jf.  Y.  The  French  and  In- 
dians surprise  the  village  of  Saratoga. 

*  *  Can.  The  projected  conquest  of  Can- 
ada by  the  united  colonists  is  abandoned 
on  the  arrival  of  a  French  fleet. 

*  *  Boston  becomes  apprehensive  of  an 
attack  from  D'Anville's  fleet. 

1746  Aug.  20.  Mass.  The  French  and 
Indians  take  Fort  Massachusetts ; 
part  of  the  prisoners  are  massacred. 

1747  Feb.  4.  m  S.  Colonel  Noble  is 
surprised  at  Grand  Pr^. 

Jan.  31.    iV.  S.    Battle  of  Minas. 
June  *  Can.    Montreal  is  raided  by  the 
British. 

1748  June  26.  Vt.  A  battle  with  In- 
dians is  fought  at  Marlborough ;  the 
Indians  retire. 

1749  •  *  Can.  Fort  Roulll^  [Toronto] 
is  built. 

1750  Apr.  »  Can.  Hostilities  occur  in 
Acadia  [Nova  Scotia]  between  French 
and  English  respecting  boundaries. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1745  *  *  Benjamin  "West,  seven  years 
of  age,  executes  his  infant  sister's  por- 
trait in  black  and  red  inks. 

*  *  IV.  I.  A  theatrical  representation 
given  by  a  company  of  amateur  actors, 
including  the  famous  Moody,  in  the 
Island  of  .Jamaica. 

1746  Oct.  28.  Peru.  An  earthquake 
destroys  Ijima  and  Callao. 

Eighteen  thousand  persons  are  buried 
in  ruins ;  every  inhabit.ant  but  one,  of 
Callao,  is  destroyed  by  the  earthquake 
or  the  tidal  wave  attending  it. 

*  *  Pa.  The  first  iron  rolling  and  slit- 
ting mill  is  erected  in  Thornbury. 

*  *  Phila.  Franklin  experiments  with 
electricity. 

1748  *  *  Phita.  FrankUn  makes  an  ex- 
hibition of  electricity. 

At  a  picnic  he  "  killed  a  turkey  by  the 
electric  spark,  and  roasted  it  by  an 'elec- 
tric jack  before  a  fire  kindled  by  the 
electric  bottle." 

1749  •  ♦  Boston.  The  King's  Chapel  is 
built.    (1689.    First  built.) 

*  *  Phita.  A  company  of  amateurs  at- 
tempt to  open  a  theater. 

*  *  Mil.  Eight  furnaces  and  nine  forges 
are  at  work. 

1750  Mar.  5.  Xeio  York.  Eichard  lU. 
is  performed  at  a  theater  on  Nassau 
Street. 

*  *  Boston.  Otway's  Orphan  is  acted  at 
the  coffee-house  in  State  Sti'eet.  It  is 
the  first  theatrical  performance  in 
the  country,  and  is  immediately  pro- 
hibited. 

*  *  Mex.  Buins  of  PalenquS  are  first 
discovered. 

±  *  » Phila.  Robert  Feke  paints  por- 
traits. 


AMERICA. 


±  *  *  Patience  Wright  models  miniature 

heads  in  relief,  with  wax. 
±  *  *  Deacon  Shem  Drowne  makes  some 

elaborate  weather-vanes. 
1751    Nov.  21.    ;i^. /.  Port-au-Prince, 

St.  Domingo,  is  ruined  by  an  earthquake. 
*  *  ia.    Sugar-cane  is  introduced. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1744*    * 

Adams,  Abigail,  writer,  born. 

lielknap,  Jeremy,  historian,  born. 

Ilra(l3treet,  Jolin,  major-general,  dies. 

Qerry.  Elbridg-e.  vice-president,  born. 

Mifflin,  Tboinas,  general,  horn. 

Parker,  .Samuel,  bishop  of  Mass.,  born. 

Quincy.  Josiah,  patriot,  born. 

Roineyn,  Tbeodoric  D..  theologian,  born. 

Sevier,  .John,  pioneer,  liorn. 

Sullivan,  James,  statesman,  born. 
1745*   * 

Asbury,  Francis,  bishop,  bom. 

.-Xvery.  Waightsiill,  lawyer,  born. 

liaebe.  Sarah,  nurse,  born. 

liarry,  .lohn,  naval  officer,  born. 

Edwards,  Jonathan,  theologian,  born. 

Ellsworth.  Oliver,  chief-justice,  b.  in  Conn. 

Harrison.  Robert  H..  justice,  born  in  Md. 

Ilayne,  Isaac,  officer,  born. 

Jay.  John,  chief-justice,  born  in  N.Y, 

Kitteridge,  Thomas,  surgeon,  born. 

I/(Juverture,  Toussaint,  liberator,  born. 

Murray,  Llndley,  grammarian,  born. 

Paterson.  ■William,  justice,  born  in  N.  J. 

Patterson,  lEobert,  senator,  born. 

Pickering:,  Timothy,  statesman,  born. 

Rush.  Benjamin,  physician,  born. 

Rutgers,  Henry,  patriot,  born. 

Wayne,  Anthony,  general,  born. 
1746*   * 

Allen,  John,  patriot,  born. 

Andrew,  Joiin,  clergyman,  born. 

Benson,  Egbert,  judge,  born. 

Billings,  William,  composer,  born. 

Livingston,  Robert  R.,  statesman,  born. 

Jliililenl>erg,  John  I'.  (J.,  general,  born. 

Neale,  Leonard,  bishop,  born. 

Pinckney,    Charles    Ootesworth,    states- 
man, born. 


1747*   * 

Brainerd,  David,  missionary,  A29. 

Coke,  Thomas,  bishop,  born. 

Dickinson,  Jonathan,  clergyman,  A59. 

F'arrar,  Timothy,  judge,  born. 

Fitaon,  John,  explorer,  born. 

Howell,  David,  judge,  born. 

Jones,  John  Paul,  naval  officer,  born. 

Moody,  Samuel,  minister,  A7I. 

Shays,  Daniel,  insurrectionist,  born. 
1748*   * 

Deane,  James,  missionary,  born. 

Few,  William,  colonel,  born. 

Hicks.  Elias,  Friend  preacher,  born. 

Martin,  Luther,  lawyer,  born. 

Moore,  Benjamin,  bisliop,  born. 

Williams,  Otho  H.,  general,  born. 
1749*   * 

Backus,  Charles,  clergyman,  bom. 

Baynan,  William,  surgeon,  born. 

(Jansevoort,  Peter,  officer,  born. 

Godfrey,  Thomas,  mathematician,  dies. 

(iriffln,  Cyrus,  statesman,  born. 

Ingersoll,  Jared,  jurist,  born. 

Lincoln,  Levi,  statesman,  born. 

Ijyn<th,  Thomas,  Jr.,  signer  of  Declaration,  b. 

Palmer,  .\nthony.  statesman,  dies. 

Itamsay,  David,  physician,  born. 

Rutledgre.  Edward,  statesman,  born. 

Sargetit,  .John,  missionary,  A49. 

Stevens,  John  L.,  inventor,  born. 

Thomas,  Isaiah,  journalist,  born. 
1750*    * 

Biddle.  Nicholas,  navy,  bom. 

DaboIL  X.iDian,  teacher,  born, 

/t  KraiK'isco.  Miranda,  Venezuelan,  born. 

Girard.  Stephen,  founder,  born. 

Iredell,  James,  justice,  born  in  N.  C. 

.Ia8i>er,  William,  patriot,  born. 

Knox,  Henry,  general,  born. 

Lawrence,  John,  statesman,  born. 

Parsons,  Theopbilus,  judge,  born. 

Pinckney,  Thomas,  general,  born. 

Taliaferro,  Ilenjandn,  officer,  born. 

Trumbull,  John,  poet,  born. 

CHURCH. 
1744  *  *  N'.    y.     The  governor  opposes 
the  missionaries, 


Influenced  by  white  opposition,  he 
issues  orders  "  that  the  several  Moravian 
and  vagrant  teachers  among  the  Indians 
of  New  York  should  desist  from  further 
teaching  and  preaching  to  the  Indians, 
and  depart  the  province."  [These  orders 
were  executed  by  the  sheriff.] 

Rev.  David  Brainerd  is  sent  by  the 
Presbytery  of  New  York  a  missionary  to 
the  Indians. 

*  *  Pa.  The  "  Old  Side  "  or  strict  Pres- 
byterians open  an  academy  at  New  Lon- 
don. 

*  *  George  Whitefield  makes  his  third 
evangelistic  visit  to  America. 

*  *  Va.  Mobs  of  persecutors  torment 
the  Baptists. 

1745  May  25.  Phila.  Commissioners 
from  the  Presbytery  of  New  York  de- 
cline to  accept  the  report  of  a  Synodical 
Commission  appointed  to  remove  differ- 
ences ;  it  proposes  to  the  Synod  a  mutual 
agreement  to  erect  another  synod,  to  be 
called  the  Synod  of  New  l^ork, 

Sept.  19.  X.J.  The  Presbyteries  of  New 
York,  New  Brunswick,  and  New  London- 
derry unite  at  Klizabethtown  and  erect 
the  .Synod  of  New  York,  thus  dividing 
the  Presbyterian  church. 

The  division  is  chiefly  caused  by  differ- 
ences in  opinions  respecting  ministerial 
education.  The '*  Old  Side"  constitute 
the  Synod  of  Philadelphia;  the  "New 
Side,"  the  Synod  of  New  York  ;  the 
latter  urge  a  more  spiritual  ministry. 

1746  May  15.  Phila.  Fifty-six  Bap- 
tists form  a  Baptist  church  entirely  in- 
dependent of  that  at  Pennepeck  (Lower 
Dublin). 


*  *  N.  J.  The  "  New  Side  "  Presbyterians 
get  a  charter  for  the  college  of  New 
Jersey  (Princeton  College) ;  first  locate 
it  at  Klizabethtown, 

1747*  *  Mass.,  etc.  John  Brainerd  suc- 
ceeds his  brother  as  missionary  to  the 
Indians. 

*  *  Mtt.  Controversy  on  baptism  by 
Samuel  Finley  and  Abel  Morgan 
through  the  press. 

Sept.  12.  New  York.  A  sub-governing 
body,  called  the  Coetus,  is  formed  in 
the  Dutch  Reformed  church. 

Sept.  29.  Pa.  The  first  Reformed  Ger- 
man Coetus  is  formed. 

1748  Aug.  14.  Phila.  Convention 
of  Lutherans  meets  and  organizes  the 
first  Lutheran  Synod  In  America  ;  J.  N. 
Kurtz  is  ordained  for  the  ministry, 
the  first  of  this  denomination  in  the 
colonies, 

1749  *  *  Boston.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
[present]  King's  Chapel  is  laid.  [1754, 
Aug.  2L    Reopened.] 

*  *  N.  y.  A  new  missionary  resumes  the 
work  among  the  Mohawks,  which  was 
abandoned  during  the  recent  war. 

1750  Jan.  *  Boston.  Jonathan  May- 
hew  preaches  against  tyranny  and  priest- 
craft. 

June  22.  Ma.fs.  Contention  drives  Jon- 
athan Edwards  from  his  church  at 
Northampton,  "  the  largest  Protestant 
society  in  the  world";  he  becomes  a 
missionary  to  the  Stockbridge  Indians. 

*  *  or  1755  *  *  A^  ff.  The  first  Baptist 
church  is  formed  at  Newtown  (Newton). 


AMERICA. 


1744-1751,  Nov. 


67 


LETTERS. 

1744*  *  Pa.  Benjamin  Franklin  be- 
comes the  projector  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania. 

*  *  Franklin  becomes  the  founder  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society. 

1745*  *  Boston.  Th^  American  Monthly 
Magazine  is  established  by  Jeremy 
Gridley. 

*  *  Md.  The  Maryland  Gazette,  the  first 
newspaper  printed  in  this  province,  is 
revived  at  Annapolis,  the  capital. 

1746  Oct.  22.  K.  r.  Bill  introduced 
in  the  assembly  to  raise  $11,250  by  lot- 
tery, for  the  erection  of  a  college 
(Columbia). 

*  *  2i.  J.  The  (Presbyterian)  Presbytery 
of  New  York,  in  session  at  Elizabeth- 
^own,  New  Jersey,  founds  Nassau  Hall 
(Princeton). 

*  *  -47  ♦  *  jvewj  York.  The  Evening  Post 
issued  by  Henry  de  Forrest. 

*  *  A  Treatise  Concerning  the  Religious 
Affections^  by  Jonathan  Edwards, 
appears. 

1747  *  *  History  of  the  First  Discovery 
and  Settlement  of  Virginia,  by  William 
Stith,  appears. 

*  *  Philosophic  Solitude,  by  William  Liv- 
ingston, appears. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  College  of  New  Jersey 
(Princeton)  is  removed  to  Newark. 

1748  Oct.  28.  X.  r.  Governor  Clin- 
ton signs  the  bill  revising  an  act  to 
raise  $9,000  by  lottery,  to  build  a  col- 
lege (Columbia). 

*  *  S.C.   The  Library  Society  is  organized. 

1749  *  *  An  Inquiry  into  the  Qualifica- 
tions for  Full  Comtnunion  in  the  Churchy 
by  Jonathan  Edwards,  appears. 

*  *  N.  C.    Printing  is  introduced. 

*  *  Pa.  The  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania (non-sect.)  is  founded.     (Or  1740.) 

*  *  Va.  ['Washington  and  IJee  Uni- 
versity] (non-sect.)  is  founded  as  a  school 
at  Greenville. 

1750  *  *  Mass.  Ninety  Mohawks  come 
from  New  York,  and  put  their  children 
in  the  Stockbridge  Indian  School. 

SOCIETY. 

1745  Feb.  2.  W.  I.  A  conspiracy  of 
negroes  in  Jamaica  to  murder  their 
masters,  exposed  by  a  negress  to  her  mis- 
tress.   [Severely  piuiished.] 

1747  Nov.  17.  Boston.  The  British 
impress  seamen.  An  indignant  mob 
expresses  the  public  resentment  against 
Commander  Knowles  ;  the  governor 
withdraws  to  Castle  William. 

1750  *  ♦  Boston.  An  amateur  theatrical 
play  leads  the  legislature  to  prohibit 
theatrical  exhibitions  in  the  province. 

STATE. 
1744  *  *  Virginia  purchases  of  the  Indi- 
ans the  right  to  extend  settlements  to  the 
Ohio,  and  build  a  fort  [where  Pittsburg 
now  stands]. 

*  ♦  Wis.  Charles  d©  Langlade  becomes  a 
settler. 


1745*  *Md.  Frederick  City  is  founded. 

*  *  R.  I.  Gideon  Wanton  governor. 
[17470 

*  *  Va.  Lord  Halifax  settles  beyond  the 
mountains. 

1746  *  *  Sp.    Ferdinand  VI.,  king. 

*  *  {U.S.I    Governors  inaugurated : 
-51  *  *  Md,    Samuel  Ogle. 

N.  J.    John  Hamilton  (pres.). 
-47  *  *N.J.    John  Reading. 

1747  Nov.  17.  Boston.  Commander 
Knowles  impresses  seamen,  and  his 
officers  are  imprisoned  by  a  mob  until 
tlie  release  of  the  men  impressed. 

*  *  _57  *  *  ^ew  Vork.  Edward  Holland 
the  39th  mayor. 

*  *[U'.S.]    Governors  inaugurated: 
-57  *  *  N.  J.    Jonathan  Belcher. 
-48  *  *  Pa.    Anthony  Palmer  (pres.). 

1748  July*  N.  Y.  A  colonial  con- 
gress held  at  Albany  is  attended  by 
representatives  of  New  England  and  of 
the  Six  Nations. 

Oct.  7.  Fr,  Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle 

between  England,  France,  and  Spain, 
by  which  each  surrenders  its  conquests, 
and  Cape  Breton  is  restored  to  the 
French.  [1749.  May  10.  It  is  proclaimed 
at  Boston.] 
Oct.  *  N.  Y.  Gov.  Clinton  meets  an  as- 
sembly at  Albany,  and  demands  a  rev- 
enue for  the  king.  The  assembly 
insists  on  naming  the  incumbent  of 
each  office,  and  is  prorogued. 

*  *  Persons  in  England  and  Virginia  unite 
to  form  the  Ohio  Company. 

*  *  Pa.    James  Hamilton,  governor. 

*  *  W.  I.  Tobago  is  declared  a  neutral 
island. 

1749  Mar.  3.  Eng.  Under  the  pretext 
of  suppressing  the  flagrant  evils  of  co- 
lonial paper  money,  Walpole  reports  a 
bill  to  overrule  all  charters,  and  to 
make  the  orders  by  the  king,  or  under 
his  authority,  the  highest  law  of 
America. 

June  5.  N.  S.  The  British  government 
sends  emigrants  to  Nova  Scotia  at  its 
own  expense;  Halifax  is  founded. 

Oct.  16.  Massachusetts  makes  a  treaty 
with  the  eastern  Indians. 

*  *  Eng.    A  Stamp  Act  proposed. 

*  *  Massachusetts becomesahardmoney 
colony. 

*  *[U.S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-53  *  *  Mass.    Sponcer  Phips. 

-70  *  *  Va.  Lord  Albemarle,  Thomas 
Lee,  and  later,  Lewis  Bur- 
well  (acting). 

*  *  New  England  is  reimbursed  by 
England  in  specie  for  her  outlay  in  the 
Louisburg  expedition,  and  thus  enabled 
to  redeem  her  i>aper  currency. 

*  *  JV.  If.  Disputes  over  the  New  Hamp- 
shire grants  [continuing  for  forty  years]. 

*  ♦  *  The  struggle  between  the  French 
and  English  for  possession  of  Ohio 
Valley  begins.  The  French  are  the 
first  occupants. 

1750  *  *  The  Ohio  Company  obtains  a 


grant  of  about  600,000,000  acres  about 
the  Ohio  River  in  territory  claimed  by 
France.    [War  follows  for  eight  years.] 

*  *  Arg.  Rep.  Montevideo  enjoys  a  pro- 
vincial government  separate  from  that 
of  Buenos  Ayrea. 

*  *  Boston.  Jonathan  Mayhew  makes 
his  bold  utterances  against  England. 

*  *  Eng.  Parliament  attempts  to  sup- 
press the  development  of  the  colo- 
nies, to  prevent  competition  in  similar 
productions. 

It  forbids,  under  penalties,  the  main- 
taining of  iron-mills,  slitting  or  rolling 
mills,  I dai ting- forges,  and  especially  the 
manufacture  of  steel  ;  it  also  prohibits 
the  felling  of  pine-trees  outside  of  cer- 
tain enclosures. 

*  *  Md.  —  Pa.    Mason   and   Dixon  are 

appointed  to  survey  the  division  line 
between  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania. 
[It  afterwards  becomes  the  notable 
boundary  between  freedom  and  slavery.] 

*  ♦  N.  Y.  The  colony  grows  slowly, 
being  outstripped  by  Massachusetts, 
Connecticut,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland, 
and  Virginia. 

*  *  N.  S.  Conflicting  claims  are  made 
by  the  French  and  English. 

*  *  O.  Christopher  Gist,  G.  Crogan,  and 
A.  Mentour  are  in  the  Ohio  country. 

The  Shawnees  enter  the  Ohio  country. 

*  *  Paraguay.  The  Jesuits  resist  the 
transfer  of  a  part  of  Paraguay  to  the 
Spaniards,  till  they  are  subdued  by  com- 
bined Spaniards  and  Portuguese  troops. 
It  is  in  the  interest  of  their  missions. 

*  *  Port.    Joseph  Immanuel  king. 

*  *  J'a.  George  "Washington,  nineteen 
years  of  age,  is  appointed  surveyor-gen- 
eral of  the  Northern  District. 

The  Ohio  Company  send  Christopher 
Gist  into  the  west  on  an  exploring  ex- 
pedition. 

*  *  -  54  *  *  Conn.  Roger  Wolcott  is  gov- 
ernor. 

1751  July*  N.  Y.  A  colonial  con- 
gress at  Albany  in  which  South  Caro- 
lina joins  for  the  first  time.  Subject, 
the  protection  of  the  colonies  from  the 
French.  Peace  co4icluded  between  the 
English  colonies  and  the  Six  Nations. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1745  *  *  W.  J.    A  census  taken;  popu- 
lation sixty-one  thousand  four  hundred 
and  three. 

*  *  }V.  I.    The  yellow  fever  rages. 

1748  *  *  Md.  The  population  is  esti- 
mated at  94,000  whites  and  3G,000  blacks ; 
total,  130,000. 

*  *  Colombia.  Porto  Bello  is  the  great 
commercial  mart  for  the  rich  commerce 
of  Chile  and  Peru.  [Now  a  small  village 
20  miles  northeast  of  Colon. 1 

1750  *  *  j\'e?r  Eng.  Popoulation  about 
three  hundred  and  fifty-four  thousand. 

*  *  W.  I.  Fire  consumes  a  part  of  Port 
Royal,  Jamaica. 

*  ♦  Pennsylvania  receives  5,317  emi- 
grants. 

*  *  Since  1607  there  has  been  very  little 
emigration  to  the  colonies  to  this  date. 


nn     1751-1755,  Sept.  8. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1751  •  *  Va.  George  "Washington,  19 
years  of  age.  is  appointed  Adjt.-Gen.  for 
the  Northern  District  of  Virginia. 

1752  *  •  Pa.  Virginians  delay  building 
the  fort  at  tlie  forks  of  the  Ohio. 

*  *  O.  The  French  destroy  the  English 
trading-post  at  Pickawillany. 

1754  *  *  Lieut.-Col.  "Washington,  22 
years  old,  becomes  colonel  on  the  illness 
of  Col.  Fry.  [Without  experience  in  war 
he  soon  strikes  the  first  blow  in  the  final 
struggle  between  the  French  and  Eng- 
lish for  supremacy  in  the  New  World.] 

Mar.  ♦  Pa.  Thirty-three  "Virginians 
forestall  the  French  and  build  a  stock- 
ade in  the  West.  [On  the  present  site 
of  Pittsburg.] 

Apr.  17.  Pa.  The  French  capture  the 
Virginians,  erect  a  stronger  fortress  and 
call  it  Fort  Du  Quesne  (Pittsburg). 

May  28.  Pa  Near  the  Great  Meadows 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Monongahela 
and  the  Alleghany  Rivers,  "Washington 
surprises  and  defeats  a  French  force 
under  M.  Junionville,  who  is  killed  with 
10  of  his  men  ;  22  survivors  are  captured, 
while  only  one  Virginian  Is  killed  and 
two  or  three  wounded. 

July  4.  Pa.  Col.  George  Washington 
has  his  first  defeat  in  the  defense  of 
Fort  Necessity  (S.  W.  Pennsylvania), 
where  he  capitulates  to  a  superior  force 
of  the  French. 

Aug.  27.  N.  y.  The  French  and  In- 
dians break  up  all  settlements  at  Hoo- 
sick  and  Schaghticoke. 

*  ♦  Me.  Fort  Halifax  is  built  on  the  Ken- 
nebec. 

*  *  The  English  establish  forts  west  of 
the  AUeghanies. 

1755  Feb.  *  Va.  Geuj  Braddock,  com- 
mander of  British  forces,  arrives  from 
Ireland. 

OLD  FRENCH   AND  INDIAN   WAR. 

*  •  -03  *  *  The  French  and  Indian 
"War  between  England  and  France  — 
a  part  of  the  Seven  Years'  War  in  Eu- 
rope. It  is  a  struggle  to  acquire  su- 
premacy in  the  New  World. 

The  French  have  Indians  as  their 
allies. 

Apr.  ±  *  Threeexpeditionsare planned 
against  the  French  in  a  council  of  colo- 
nial governors:  (1)  against  Fort  Du 
Quesne;  (2)  against  Fort  Niagara;  (3) 
against  the  fort  at  Crown  Point. 

May  20.  N.  S.  Two  thousand  troops 
sail  from  Boston  to  subdue  the  French 
in  Acadia.  [In  less  than  a  month,  with 
a  loss  of  only  20  men,  the  English  take 
the  entire  country.] 

May  30,  I'a.  Gen.  Braddock  advances 
to  drive  the  French  intruders  out  of  the 
Ohio  Valley. 

June  8.  The  British  fleet  off  Cape  Race 
attacks  a  part  of  a  French  fleet,  and 
captures  two  vessels.    (June  10?). 

June  7.  Md.  Gen.  Braddock  sets  out 
on  his  disastrous  march  from  Fort  Cum- 
berland. 


June  16.  N.  S.  Fort  Beau  Se  jour  sur- 
renders to  Col.  Monckton  after  a  siege 
of  four  days. 

Fort  Gaspereau  surrenders  to 
Monckton. 

Jime  *  Va.  Braddock  refuses  the  aid  of 
Indian  scouts  and  frontier  men,  having 
"experienced  troops  on  whom  he  could 
rely  for  all  purposes." 

June* -July*  N.  Y.  Fort  Edward, 
on  the  Hudson,  is  erected  against  the 
French  by  GeneralPhineas Lyman,  with 
about  G.OOO  troops  ;  they  also  fortify  Ti- 
conderoga. 

July  7.    Pa.    Braddock's  defeat. 

Near  Fort  Du  Quesne  (Pittsburg),  Gen. 
Braddock  is  surprised  by  a  party  of 
French  and  Indians,  his  1,200  troops  are 
routed,  and  he  is  mortally  wounded. 

The  enemy  consist  of  220  French,  led 
by  Beaujeu  and  Dumas,  with  637  In- 
dians ;  of  Braddock's  85  officers,  26  are 
killed  and  37  wounded,  and  714  privates 
killed  or  wounded.  Colonel  George 
Washington  saves  the  remnant  of  the 
army  ;  he  has  two  horses  shot  under 
him,  and,  though  his  coat  is  shot 
through,  he  escapes  unscathed. 

+  *  *  England  and  France  struggle  for 
possession  of  the  Ohio  Valley  and 
Acadia. 

*  *  Mass.  Governor  Shirley  of  Mas- 
sach  usetts  is  appointed  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  British  forces  in  America. 

*  *  Summer.  Pa.  The  disaster  attend- 
ing Braddock's  expedition  tills  the  colo- 
nies with  gloom  and  consternation; 
it  shakes  the  colonists'  confidence  in  the 
British  soldiers. 

Aug.  2.  Pa.  Col.  Dunbar  leaves  a  few 
troops  at  Fort  Cumberland,  and  retires 
with  the  rest  of  his  army  to  Philadelphia. 

Aug.  *  N.  Y.  Gen.  William  Johnson 
erects  a  fort  at  the  head  of  Lake  George. 

Aug.  30±.  N.  ¥.  Gen.  William  John- 
son with  3,400  men  is  sent  to  drive  the 
French  from  the  LakeChamplain  region. 

Sept.  5.  N.  S.  Exile  of  the  Acadians 
announced. 

The  British,  having  subdued  the 
French  in  Acadia,  proceed  to  banish 
more  than  4,000  hapless  men,  women, 
and  children  among  the  British  colonies, 
and  burn  their  property.  "The  history 
of  civilized  nations  furnishes  no  parallel 
to  this  wanton  and  wicked  destruction 
of  an  inoffensive  colony."    (Kidpath.) 

Sept.  8.  N.  Y.  Col.  Ephraim  "Wil- 
liams, with  athousand  men,  leaves  Lake 
George,  and  marches  for  the  defense  of 
Fort  Edward.  He  is  soon  surprised  by 
French  and  Indians  under  Baron  Dies- 
kau,and  driven  back.  The  English  lose 
among  the  killed  Col.  Williams  and  the 
Indian  Chief  Hendrick. 

The  French  follow  the  returning  fu- 
gitives to  Lake  George,  where  they  are 
repulsed  by  the  New  England  militia. 
American  loss,  216  killed  and  96  wound- 
ed ;  the  French  loss  is  greater. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1751+  ♦  *  Phila.    David    Rittenhouse 

(19  years  old)  discovers  the  method  of 

fluxions. 
1752    Sept.  25.     J'a.    The   first    play 

performed    in  America   by  a  regular 

company  of  comedians  is  acted. 


The  Merchant  of  Venice  and  Garrick's 
Lefhe  are  performed  by  William  Hal- 
lam's  Company  of  English  actors  at  Wil- 
liamsburg, the  capital  city. 

*  *  Phila.  Benjamin  Franklin  makes 
remarkable  electrical  discoveries. 

Franklin  brings  electricity  down  from 
a  cloud,  and  proves  that  it  is  identical 
with  lightning. 
±  *  *  Lightning  conductors  are  set  up 
for  the  protection  of  buildings  by  Ben- 
jamin Franklin, 

*  *  S.  C.  St.  Michael's  Church  at 
Charleston  is  built. 

1753  Sept.  17.  New  York.  The  second 
theater  in  this  city  is  opened  in  Nassau 
Street,  by  Hallam's  Company,  with 
Steele's  Conscious  Loiters. 

*  *  Phila.  An  Arctic  expedition  is  sent 
out  under  the  instigation  of  Franklin. 

*  *  Pa.  Benjamin  "West  paints  the 
Death  of  Socrates  at  Lancaster. 

*  *  *  It  is  commonly  believed,  even  by 
educated  people,  in  the  Old  World,  that 
plants  and  animals  degenerate  in  size 
and  quality  when  transplanted  into  the 
New  World. 

1754  Apr,  15.  Phila,  The  first  thea- 
ter is  opened  at  the  corner  of  Cedar  and 
Vernon  Streets,  with  the  Fair  Penitent, 
by  Hallam's  Company,  at  "  the  store- 
house "  of  Wm.  Plumstead. 

1755  Apr.  ♦  Ecuador.  An  earthquake 
destroys  Quito. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1751 »   * 

Allen,  Ira,  founder,  born. 

Allen,  Solomon,  clergyman,  born. 

Barber,  Francis,  officer,  born. 

Cabot,  (ieorge,  agitator,  born. 

Dearborn,  Henry,  general,  born. 

Decatur,  Stephen,  commodore  U.  S.  N.,  b. 

Dudley,  I'aid,  jurist,  dies. 

Leilvard,  .lohn,  traveler,  born. 

Madison.  James. 4th  t'residentjborn&Iar.  16. 

Phillips,  .Samuel,  l>enefactor,  born. 

Ked  Jacket,  Seneca  Indian,  born. 

Sniybert,  John,  painter,  A67. 
1752*    * 

lileecker,  Ann  Eliza,  poetess,  born. 

Bowdoin,  James,  diplomat,  born. 

Bradford.  W^Uliam.  printer,  A92. 

Burton,  Asa,  clergyman,  born. 

Cbanipe.  John,  soldier,  born. 

Chipiiian,  Nathaniel,  jurist,  born. 

Clarke,  ( ieorge  Rogers,  genera.1,  born. 

Duval.  Gabriel,  justice,  born  in  Md. 

Dwtght,  Timothy.  I'res.  of  Yale  CoU.,  b. 

Freneau,  IMiilip,  poet,  born. 

Oarrettson.  Freeborn,  Aleth.  el.,  born. 

Howard,  John  Eager,  soldier,  born. 

Hnniplireys,  David,  soldier,  born. 

Linn.  William,  chaplain,  born. 

I.ogan,  Benjamin,  pioneer,  born. 

Morris.  Gouverneur.  statesman,  born. 
1753*  • 

Baldwin,  Thomas,  theologian,  born. 

Eustis,  William,  physician,  born. 

Harniar.  Josiah,  general,  born. 

Hull,  William,  general,  born. 

McCrea,  Jane,  killed  by  Indians,  Iwrn. 

Runiford,  Count  (Benjamin  Thompson). 
philosopher,  born. 

Warren,  John,  physician,  born. 

Whealley,  Phillis,  negro  poetess,  born. 

Wilkinson,  Jemima,  impostor,  born. 
1764*  » 

Barlow,  Joel,  poet-patriot,  born. 

Burbeck,  Henry,  army  officer,  born. 

Ellicott,Andrew,  astronomer,  born. 

Hampton.  "Wade,  general,  horn. 

Tailniadge,  Benjamin,  army  officer,  bom. 

Thatcher,  James,  physician,  born. 

CHURCH. 
1751  *  *  Mass,      Tuscarora   and    Oneida 
Indians  join   the  Christian    Indians  of 
Stockbridge,  and  put  their  children  In 
the  Indian  schools. 


AMERICA. 


1751-1755,  Sept.  8.     G9 


Jonathan  Edwards  becomes  pastor 
of  the  church  at  Stockbridge,  ami  mis- 
sionary to  the  Stockbridge  Imliaiis. 
Salary,  £6  13s.  4rf. 

*  *  S.  C.  Charleston  Baptist  Association 
formed. 

1752  *  *  Can.  Moravian  missionaries 
land  in  Labrador. 

*  *  Pa.  Arrival  of  Mr.  Cuthbertaon,  a 
Presbyterian  (Reformed)  minister  sent 
from  Scotland. 

Arrival  of  Philip  "William  Otter- 
bein  (Ger.),  founder  of  the  United 
Hrethren  in  Christ. 
1754  *  *  A'.  )'.  The  Coetus  of  the  Re- 
formed Dutch  church  takes  steps  for 
the  formation  of  a  Classis. 

*  *  Jamaica,  Moravian  missionaries  he- 
gin  labor  among  the  natives. 

*  *  Va.  By  the  laws  of  this  colony,  every 
settlement  is  to  have  "  a  house  for  the 
worship  of  God  "  ;  absence  therefrom  is 
punishable  with  a  fine;  traveling  or 
shooting  on  the  Sabbath  is  interdicted. 

*  ♦  IV.  I.  Friedensthal  becomes  a  mis- 
sion station  of  the  Moravians,  at  St. 
Croix. 

*  *  Catholic  vs.  Protestant. 

The  religious  future  of  the  New  World 
is  in  the  issue  of  the  Freuch  and  Indian 
war ;  the  success  of  the  French  signifies 
the  dominance  of  Catholicism  ;  of  the 
Knglish,  the  supremacy  of  Protestantism. 

LETTERS. 

1751  *  *  N,J.  Woodbridge  has  the  first 
printing-press  in  the  province. 

*  *  N:  Y.  The  sum  of  £3,443  has  been 
raised  to  found  King's  College  (Colum- 
bia). 

1752*  *  New  York.  The  Independent /it- 
flectnr  issued  by  James  Parker. 

The  Mercury  issued  by  Hugh  Gaine. 
±  *  *  Struggle  in  the  legislature  and 
through  the  press  to  prevent  the  estab- 
lishment of  seminaries  of  learning 
having  connection  with  any  religious 
society;  William  Livingston  leader. 

1753  *  *  Keto  York:  The  Pacquet  issued 
by  William  Wenman. 

New  York.  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson, 
of  Connecticut,  is  invited  to  the  presi- 
dency of  King's  (Columbia)  College; 
salary,  £250. 

*  *  H.  I.  The  Athenaeum  Library  at 
Providence  is  founded. 

1754  July  17.  Ne^o  York.  King's  (Co- 
lumbia) College,  under  the  presidency 
of  Dr.  Johnson,  opens  with  a  class  of 
ten  students,  in  the  vestry  room  of 
Trinity  Church. 

Oct.  31.  Nero  York.  A  royal  charter 
for  King's  (Columbia)  College  (Prot- 
£pls.)  passes  the  seals. 

Governors,  the  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, the  principal  clergy  of  live  re- 
ligious denominations  in  New  York, 
and  twenty  private  gentlemen.  Money 
is  raised  in  England,  and  Joseph  Murray 
gives  S40.000  and  his  library. 
The  Society  Library  is  founded. 

SOCIETY. 

1752  Feb.  2.    Pennsylvania  hospital 

admits  its  first  patient. 


*  *  *  A'e»'  Enq.  It  becomes  fashionable 
as  well  as  honorable  to  wear  home- 
spun, because  of  British  oppression  in 
restricting  manufactures  and  commerce. 
Harvard  students  make  it  a  point  to 
be  graduated  in  homespun. 

*  *  *  Ga.  The  Colony  is  a  financial 
failure. 

After  nearly  20  years  of  benevolent  ef- 
fort and  the  expenditure  of  more  than 
S(jf)0,000  in  Parliamentary  grants,  and 
of  private  contributions  amounting  to 
nearly  .«!90,000.  Georgia  has  only  1,700 
whites,  and  400  negroes,  and  a  discoura- 
ging future.  The  failure  of  the  colony  is 
charged  to  its  benevolent  scheme,  and 
lack  of  wisdom  iu  the  proprietary  regu- 
lations. 

1753  Oct.  31.  Va.  George  Wash- 
ington, a  surveyor,  22  years  old,  with 
four  comrades  and  an  interpreter,  sets 
out  for  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  bearing 
an  important  remonstrance  from  the 
Governor  of  Virginia  to  the  commander 
of  the  French. 

Dec.  16.  Pa.  Washington  starts  on 
his  return  journey,  in  great  peril  from 
Indians. 

STATE. 

1751  *  *  D.C.  Georgetown  is  laid  out  at 
the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Potomac; 
it  grows  rapidly. 

*  *  •  America  refuses  to  be  ruled  by  ar- 
bitrary instruction. 

*  *  Eng.  The  colonies  are  regarded  by 
the  mother  country  as  depots  for  the 
distribution  of  home  products  on  a  new 
soil. 

1752  Jan.  1.  Eng.  The  calendar  is 
changed. 

Parliament  enacts  that  the  beginning 
of  the  new  vear  shall  be  changed  from 
the  25th  of  March  to  January  1  in  Eng- 
land and  her  colonies.  Eleven  days  to 
be  omitted  after  September  3d. 

Mar.  *  Pa.  A  plan  of  American  union 
is  proposed. 

Jime  13.  Virginia  treats  with  the  Indi- 
ans at  Logstown,  and  is  permitted  to 
build  a  fort  at  the  forks  of  the  Ohio. 
[Delayed.] 

June  23.  Ga.  The  trustees  of  this  un- 
successful colony  surrender  the  char- 
ter to  the  king,  and  it  becomes  a  royal 
province. 

Sept.  3.  Eng.  New  Style  introduced. 
The  CALENDAR  CHANGED ; 
Sept.  3  changed  to  Sept.  14  in  England 
and  her  colonies. 

*  *\_U.  S.']    Governors  inaugurated : 
-54  *  *  Ga.    Capt.  J.  Reynolds  (Prov.). 

Md.    Benjamin  Tasker. 
N*  C    Nathaniel  Hice  (pres.). 
-^8  *  *  Va.    Robert  Dinwiddie. 

1753  May  ±*  O.  A  large  body  of 
French  and  Indian  allies  enter  the  val- 
ley of  the  Ohio. 

Oct.  10.  A^.  Y.  Sir  Danvers  Osborn 
supersedes  Governor  Clinton. 

Oct.  31.  Tlie  English  colonies  are  irri- 
tated by  the  erection  of  French  forts  in 
the  interior,  at  their  rear.  George  Wash- 
ington commissioned  by  the  governor  of 
Virginia  to  remonstrate. 


Nov.  14.  Va.  Washington  starts  from 
Williamsburg  on  his  perilous  journey 
through  the  forest,  to  inquire  the  pur- 
jtoses  of  the  invading  French  at  Fort  Le 
Bceuf  [Pittsburg], 

Dec.  12.  N.  Y.  The  Assembly  passes 
an  act  for  the  registry  of  mortgages, 
to  prevent  fraud. 

*  *  Connecticut  colonizes  lands  in  Penn- 
sylvania. 

*  *[?7.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-56  *  *  Mass,    William  Shirley. 
-56  *  *  Md.    Horatio  Sharpe. 

-54  *  *  N.  C.  Matthew  Rowan  (pres.). 
Oct.  10.  N.  Y.  Sir  Danvers  Osborne. 
-55  *  *  N.  Y.    James  de  Lancey. 

*  *  Pa.  The  first  settlement  in  the  Ohio 
Valley  is  made  by  Virginians  on  the 
banks  of  the  Youghiogheny. 

1754  Jan  16.  Va.  George  W^aahing- 
ton  brings  a  letter  from  the  French 
commander  refusing  to  vacate  the  terri- 
tory held  by  the  French  in  the  West. 

June  19.  A"".  }'.  Congress  of  seven 
colonies  at  Albany ;  a  union  for  de- 
fense is  proposed. 

July  4.  N.  Y.  Benjamin  Franklin 
lays  before  the  Congress  at  Albany  a 
plan  for  a  federal  constitution,  aim- 
ing to  provide  by  union  for  a  common 
defense  against  French  encroachment; 
it  is  adopted  [but  afterward  rejected  by 
some  of  the  colonies,  and  by  the  British 
government]. 

Dec.  *  Boston,  (iov.  Shirley  lays  before 
Franklin  a  scheme  of  colonial  union, 
which  provides  for  a  colonial  congress 
and  British  taxation. 

*  *  Kentucky  is  settled  by  Col.  Daniel 
Boone  of  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania. 

*  *  [U.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated: 
-66  *  *  Conn.    Thomas  Fitch. 

-56  *  *  Ga.  John  Reynolds. 
-63  *  *  N.  C.  Arthur  Dobbs. 
-55  *  *  Pa,    Robert  II.  Morris  (dep.). 

*  *  Va.  The  French  continue  to  en- 
croach upon  the  territory  of  Virginia, 
west  of  the  AUeghanies. 

1755  Apr.  14.  Va.  In  a  colonial  con- 
gress at  Alexandria,  Gen.  Braddock 
and  ffve  colonial  governors  recommend 
taxation  of  America  by  Parliament. 

July*  Eng.  Halifax  proposes  to  ease 
the  mother  country  by  taxing  the  colo- 
nies. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1751  *  *  La.    Sugar-cane  is  introduced, 

*  *  Pa.  Franklin  estimates  the  popula- 
tion of  the  colonies  at  "  nearly  a  mil- 
lion English  souls.'*  about  20,000  of  them 
to  be  native  born. 

*  *Philadelphiahas  about  17,000  people, 
including  6,000  negroes. 

1752  *  *  Boston  loses  about  550  people  by 
a  small-pox  scourge.  The  population 
is  17,574. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  first  house  is  erected  in 
[the  city  of  Troy]. 

*  *  -54  *  *  Iceland.  Great  famine  be- 
cause of  the  failure  of  crops  ;  thousands 
perish. 


70     1755,  Sept.  10-1759,  July. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1755  Sept.  10.  Can.  Seven  thousand 
Acadians  are  forced  to  embark  for 
banishment.  [Fisher's  estimate,  7,000  ; 
Winsor's,  4,000.] 

Sept.  *  iV.  r.  Fort  William  Henry,  a 
useless  wooden  defense,  is  erected  at 
Lake  George  hy  Gen.  Johnson. 

Oct.  24.  Gov.  Shirley,  commander  of  the 
expedition  against  Fort  Niagara,  grows 
weak-hearted,  and  abandons  the  move- 
ment after  learning  of  Braddock's  defeat. 

*  *^.  r.  The  French  fortify  Ticon- 
deroga. 

*  *  Va.  Indian  warfare  on  the  fron- 
tier [continuing  several  years]. 

1756  May  17.  En^.  After  fighting  the 
Frencn  tor  two  years.  Great  Britain 
makes  an  open  declaration  of  w^ar. 

June  9.  France  fomuilly  declares  war 
against  Great  Britain. 

June  15.  New  York.  Gen.  Abercrom- 
bie,  the  second  in  command  under  the 
Earl  of  Loudoun,  arrives  with  several 
British  regiments. 

Forty  German  officers  arrive  to  re- 
cruit a  loyal  American  regiment  of  4,000 
men. 

June  27.  A\  V.  Abercrombie,  at  Al- 
bany, billets  his  soldiers  upon  private 
houses,  and  proceeds  to  while  away  the 
summer. 

June  *  Gov.  Shirley  resigns  the  com- 
mand of  the  British  troops  in  America. 

Aug.±  *  Can.  The  Marquis  Louis  Joseph 
Montcalm  supersedes  Baron  Dies- 
kau  in  command  of  the  French. 

Aug.  12.  Can.  Montcalm,  with  a  mixed 
force  of  over  5,000  men,  and  30  pieces  of 
cannon,  commences  the  siege  of  Fort 
Ontario,  on  the  Oswego  Kiver. 

Aug.  13.  N.  r.  The  garrison  of  Fort 
Ontario  retires  to  the  old  fort  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river. 

Aug.  14.  A',  y.  Suirrender  of  Oswe- 
go. Montcalm  obtains  an  immense 
amount  of  military  stores,  also  1,400  pris- 
oners, and  134  cannon. 

Sept.  8.  Pa.  Col.  John  Armstrong, 
with  300  volunteers,  surprises  and  de- 
stroys the  hostile  Indians  in  Western 
Pennsylvania,  with  a  loss  of  only  16  men. 

*  *  ///.  The  French  construct  a  system 
of  forts  in  the  interior,  westward,  near 
the  Illinois  Kiver. 

*  *  Rhode  Island  sends  50  privateers, 
with  1,500  men,  against  the  French. 

*  *  Va.  George  "Washington  drives  the 
the  Indians  out  of  the  Valley  of  the 
Shenandoah. 

1757  Jan.  *  Caji.  General  Stark  goes 
down  Lake  George  with  70  rangers,  and 
turns  the  strong  post  of  Carillon. 

Jtme  20.  Can.  Loudoun  sails  with  a 
splendid  army  for  Halifax.  [He  is  reen- 
forced  later  by  additional  troops,  mak- 
ing 11,000  men  and  16  men  of  war.] 

Aug.  3.  N.  y.  The  French  and  Indians 
under  Montcalm  besiege  Fort  "Wil- 
liam Henry ;  Col.  Monroe  sends  to 
Fort  Edward  15  miles  distant  for  aid,  of 
Gen.  Webb,  who  has  4,000  men  at  com- 


mand ;  he  declines  the  request,  and  coun- 
sels a  surrender. 

Aug.  4.  Can.  Gen.  Loudoun  is  in- 
formed that  a  large  French  fleet  and  a 
garrison  of  6,000  men  await  him  at  Louis- 
burg,  so  he  abandons  the  expedition 
against  it. 

Aug.  9.  X.  y.  Col.  Monroe  with  about 
2,600  men  surrenders  Fort  "William 
Henry  to  Gen.  Montcalm  who  has 
11,500  men  ;  the  Indian  allies,  maddened 
with  rum,  cruelly  massacre  the  pris- 
oners at  Bloody  Pond. 

*  ♦  The  French  seem  triumphant  every- 
where. 

The  campaigns  of  the  last  two  years 
have  been  disgraceful  to  the  British 
flag ;  imbecility  and  cowardice  In  the 
management  is  the  cause.  France  pos- 
sesses twenty  times  as  much  American 
territory  as  England. 

*  *  Eiuj.  Lord  Jeffrey  Amherst  is  ap- 
pointed commander  of  a  division  of 
the  British  army  in  America;  James 
Wolfe  is  his  talented  lieutenant. 

1758  Jan.i:  *  The  imbecile  Lord  Lou- 
doun is  retired  and  Gen.  Abercrombie 
succeeds  him  in  command  of  the 
British  army  in  America.  Lord 
Howe  is  next  in  rank. 

Mar.  *  Rogers  is  defeated  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain. 

Apr.  30.  X.  y.  German  Flats  are  at- 
tacked by  the  Indians. 

May  28  ^uly  26.  N.  S.  Successful 
expedition  of  the  British  against 
Louisburg. 

Gen.  Amherst,  with  nearly  12,000  men, 
and  Admiral  Boscawen,  with  nearly  40 
vessels,  capture  the  fortress  and  destroy 
the  shipping. 

June  8.  A'.  S.  General  Amherst  lands 
his  forces  near  Louisburg. 

July  5.  N.  y.  Abercrombie  and  Lord 
Howe  embark  on  Lake  George  against 
Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point,  having 
nearly  16,000  men  and  much  artillery 
with  them. 

July  6.  JV.  y.  The  French  ambuscade 
the  British  advance  near  Fort  Ticon- 
deroga ;  Lord  Howe,  "  the  soul  of  the 
army,"  is  killed,  and  the  soldiers  are 
dispirited,  having  no  confidence  in  Aber- 
crombie. 

July  8.  X,  y.  Battle  of  Ticonderoga 
won  by  the  French. 

The  British  attack  the  fort,  which  is 
successfully  defended  by  about  one- 
fourth  their  number.  "  In  no  battle  of 
the  Revolution  did  the  British  have  so 
large  a  force  engaged  or  meet  so  terrible 
a  loss."    (Ridpath.) 

July  9.  N.  y,  Abercrombie  retreats 
from  Ticonderoga  to  Fort  George. 

July  26.  X.  S.  England  takes  Nova 
Scotia. 

After  a  siege  of  a  few  weeks  Louisburg 
capitulates  to  Gens.  Wolfe  and  Amherst : 
Cape  Breton,  Prince  Eilward  Island,  and 
nearly  6,000  prisoners  fall  to  the  British. 

July  *  Fort  Stanwix  is  built. 

Aug.  27.  Can.  The  British,  under  Col. 
Bradstreet,  take  Fort  Frontenac 
(Kingston),  also  46  cannon,  9  vessels  of 
war,  and  a  large  military  store. 

Sept.  15.  Pennsylvania  troops  and  800 
Highlanders  under  Gen.  Bouquet  ap- 


proach the  French  position  at  Fort  Du 
Quesne,  are  surprised  and  routed. 

Nov.  24.  Pa.  The  French  abandon 
and  bum  Fort  Du  Quesne  at  the 
approach  of  Gens.  Forbes,  Washington, 
and  Armstrong,  with  9,000  men. 

Nov.  25.  Pa.  The  English  flag  is  raised 
over  the  ruins,  and  the  place  is  called 
Pittsburg  after  the  great  Commoner. 

*  *  Can.  Montreal  is  surrounded  by 
walls. 

1759  Jan.±  *  Va.  Washington  (aged 
26)  resigns  his  command  after  the  de- 
parture of  the  French  from  Fort  Du 
Quesne. 

Jan.  23.  JV.  I.  The  British  attack 
Guadeloupe. 

Jan,  *  Eng.  General  Amherst  (Lord 
Jeffrey)  is  promoted  to  the  chief  com- 
mand of  the  army  in  America ;  par- 
liament votes  $60,000,000,  to  carry  on  the 
war ;  "William  Pitt  proposes  to  con- 
quer all  Canada. 

June  21.  Can.  The  English  fleet  ap- 
j)roaches  Quebec. 

June  27.  Can.  Gen.  "Wolfe  lands  an 
army  of  about  8,000  a  few  miles  below 
Quebec.  A  French  force  of  13,000  is  in 
the  city. 

June  30.  Ca/i.  Wolfe  takes  possession 
of  Point  I*evi,  where  he  proceeds  to 
erect  batteries. 

July  18.  Can.  Some  of  Wolfe's  vessels 
pass  above  Quebec. 

July  25,  Can.  Fort  Niagara  capitu- 
lates to  the  British  under  Sir  William 
Johnson  after  a  bloody  battle. 

French  communication  between  Can- 
ada and  Louisiana  is  forever  broken  off. 
Gen.  Prideaux  is  killed  by  the  bursting 
of  a  gun  during  the  siege. 

July  26.  X.  y.  The  French  garrison  re- 
treats from  Fort  Ticonderoga  to  Crown 
Point  at  the  approach  of  Gen.  Amherst. 

Summer.  Pa.  Stanwix  builds  Fort  Pitt 
near  Du  Quesne. 

July  31.  Can.  "Wolfe  is  checked  in 
an  impetuous  assault  on  the  French  at 
Quebec,  in  which  he  loses  400  men. 

X.  y.    The  French  abandon   the 

important  fortress  at  Crown  Point,  and 
surrender  the  valley  of  the  Champlain 
without  a  battle. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1755  Nov.  18.  New  England  is  shaken 
by  an  earthquake. 

*  *  Phila.  Franklin  makes  experiments 
in  electricity  with  a  kite. 

Nov.  18.  An  earthquake  extends  from 
New  England  to  the  West  Indies. 

1756  Feb.  14.  X.  Y.  The  Hudson 
River  is  free  from  ice  ;  recruits  sail  from 
New  York  for  Albany. 

*  *  Phila.  Benjamin  "West  is  estab- 
lished as  a  portrait  painter. 

1758  *  *  C<mn.  The  first  paper-mill  is 
erected  at  Norwich. 

*  *  Xew  York.  A  sail-loft  is  used  for  the- 
atrical purposes  by  a  strolling  company. 

A  new  theater  is  built  at  Cruger'a 
wharf  by  Mr.  Douglas. 


AMERICA. 


1755,  Sept.  10-1759,  July.     71 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1755'  • 
Ailanis,  Hannah,  authoress,  born. 
llaniToft,  .\aron,  theologian,  born. 
Evans,  Oliver,  engineer,  born, 
(iray,  Robert,  discoverer,  born. 
Hale.  Nathan,  i)atriot,  born. 
Kenton,  .Simon,  pioneer,  bom, 
Kin^,  Rufus.  statesman,  horn. 
Marshall,  John,  chief  jnstlce,  born  in  Va. 
Moore,  Allred.  justice,  born  in  N.  C. 
Truxtun,  Thomas,  naval  officer,  horn. 
Williams,  Kphraim,  colonel,  founder,  A40. 

1758*  • 

Burr.  Aaron,  slayer  of  Hamilton,  born. 

Dale,  Richard,  commodore,  born. 

Laurens,  .John,  officer,  born. 

I,ee.  Henry,  general,  born. 

Stuart.  Gilbert  Charles,  painter,  bom. 

Tilghman,  William,  jurist,  bom. 

Trumbull.  John,  painter,  born. 
1767'  • 

Badger,  .Joseph,  missionary,  born. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  statesman,  born. 

Hammond,  Samuel,  statesman,  bom. 

Lafayette.  Marauis  de.  bom  in  France, 
Sept.  6. 

Macon.  Nathaniel,  sen.  for  N.  C.  born. 

I'aine,  Klijah,  Jurist,  bora. 

Robbins,  Ashur,  statesman,  bom. 

Wilkinson,  James,  general,  bom. 
17B8'  • 

Ames,  Fisher,  statesman,  born, 

Armstrong,  John,  author,  born. 

Edwards.  Jonathan,  theologian,  A55. 

Messerve,  Nathaniel,  colonel,  patriot,  A43. 

Monroe,  James.  5th  President,  born  Apr. 
28  in  Va. 

Paulding,  John,  patriot,  born. 

Plnckney,  Charles,  statesman,  born. 

Prince,  'I'hom.as,  historian,  .\7I. 

Webster,  Noah,  lexicographer,  born, 

Worcester,  Noah,  clergyman,  born, 

CHURCH. 

1755  Sept.  30.  A^.  V.  Assembling  of 
the  ConlerentieottlieEetorined  Dutch 
in  New  York.  [Much  strife  aud  fre- 
quently some  violence  in  the  chiirchea 
on  governmental  questions.] 

*  'Can.  In  Nova  Scotia  7,000  Catholic 
Acadians  are  banished  and  scattered 
for  refusing  to  take  the  oath  of  suprem- 
acy. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Presbytery  organizes  a 
mission  presbytery  in  Hanover  County, 
Virginia. 

1756  Apr.  1.  Jamaica.  The  first  Mo- 
ravian mi.S8ionary  lands  at  St,  Johns. 

Oct.  5.  JV.  J.  The  Philadelphia  Baptist 
Association  decides  to  raise  money  for 
the  establishment  of  a  scliool  at  Hope- 
well. 

*  *  Mass.  Isaac  Backus  becomes  a  Bap- 
tist, and  forms  the  first  Baptist  church 
at  Middleborougli. 

1757  Jan.  12.  Jamaica.  The  first  Mo- 
ravian convert  is  baptized. 

Sept.  10.  N.  J.  G.  Du  Bois,  the  first 
pastor  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church 
of  Bergen,  is  installed. 

1758  Jan.  11.  Ga.  The  General  As- 
sembly, meeting  at  Savannah,  legalizes 
the  Chvirch  of  llngland  as  the  church 
of  the  province. 

May  22,  Pa.  The  two  Presbyterian 
Synods  reunite  after  a  separation  of 
thirteen  years,  and  form  *'  the  Synod  of 
New  York  and  Philadelphia"  with  &4 
members. 

*  *  Greenland.  Lichtenfels  becomes  a 
mission  station  of  the  Moravians. 

*  •  St.  Clement  XTTT.  pope. 

*  *  N.  C.   A  Baptist  Association  formed, 

*  *  O.  Christian  Frederic  Post  first  opens 
a  Moravian  mission  in  the  Oliio  country. 


LETTERS. 

1755  *  *  Mass.  John  Adams  graduates 
at  Harvard, 

*  *  Mass.  Jn  Inquiry  into  the  Modem 
Prevailing  Notion  respectinc/  that  Free- 
dom of  Will  which  is  supposed  to  be 
essential  to  Moral  Agency,  etc.,  by  Jon- 
athan Edwards,  appears.    [Or  VIM.] 

Dec.  *  N.  C.  Its  first  newspaper,  the 
North  Carolina  Gazette,  is  issued  at 
New  Berne. 

*  *  Conn.  The  first  newspaper,  the  Con- 
necticut  Gazette,  is  issued  at  New  Haven. 

*  *  New  York.  Sir  Charles  Hurdy,  the 
new  governor,  subscribes  $2,500  for  the 
founding  of  a  college ;  this  settles  the 
controversy  in  favor  of  the  church  party. 

1756  Aug.  23.  New  York.  The  corner- 
stone of  King's  (Columbia)  College  is 
laid. 

*  *  N.  H.  Its  first  newspaper,  the  New 
Hampshire  Gazette,  is  issued  at  Ports- 
mouth. 

1757  ±.  The  Great  Christian  Doctrine  of 
Original  Sin  Defended,  by  Jonathan 
Edwards,  appears. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  College  of  New  Jersey 
is  removed  from  Newark  to  Princeton. 

*  *  Phila.  The  American  Magazine  ap- 
pears. 

1758  •  •  Boston.  The  New  England 
Magazine  appears. 

*  *  N.J.  Jonathan  Edwards  is  called 
to  the  presidency  of  Princeton  College. 

*  *  -66  *  *  A',  J.  North  American  Mag- 
azine appears  at  Woodbridge. 

SOCIETY. 

1757  *  *  Oa.  It  is  enacted  that  no  liq- 
uor license  shall  be  granted  to  any 
joiner,  bricklayer,  plasterer,  shipwright, 
silversmith,  goldsmith,  shoemaker, 
smith,  tailor,  tanner,  cabinet  maker,  or 
cooper,  who  should  be  capable  of  getting 
a  livelihood  by  honest  labor  and  indus- 
try. 

1759  Jan.  6.  Va.  George  Washing- 
ton marries  Martha  Custis. 

STATE. 
1755  Sept.  10.  Can.  The  Acadians, 
occupying  territory  claimed  by  England, 
are  forced  to  embark  for  transporta- 
tion, leavLiig  their  homes  behind  them 
for  the  English  Crown. 

*  *  America's  first  discontent  arises 
from  duties  levied  upon  goods  imported 
from  foreign  countries. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  governor  induces  the  Cher- 
okee TnHifiT^ft  to  cede  a  large  territory 
to  Great  Britiiin,  and  to  agree  to  move 
inland  away  from  the  British  settle- 
ments. 

»  *  -63  *  *  The  French  and  Indian 
War  unites  the  colonies,  and  schools 
them  in  the  art  of  war. 

»  *  Port.  A  second  Brazil  company  is 
chartered, 

*  •  \_U.  S.]  Governors  inaugtirated : 
-57  *  *  N.  Y.    Sir  Charles  Hardy, 

-56  *  *  E.  I.    Stephen  Hopkins.    [Also 
in  1768, 1763, 1767.] 


1756  May  *  Can.  Montcalm  arrives 
in  Quebec.  [He  becomes  the  greatest  of 
the  governors.] 

*  *  [U.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated ; 
-57  *  *  Mass.    Spencer  Phips. 

-58  ♦  *  Pa.    W,  Denny  ;  J,  Hamilton, 
deputy.    [Also  in  1750-62, 1777.] 
-59  *  *  S.  C.    William  H.  Littleton. 

*  *  -63  *  *  The  colonists  begin  to  discuss 
the  political  questions  involved  in  the 
policy  of  the  Home  Government,  and  its 
endeavor  to  interfere  with  their  civil 
rights  and  industries ;  the  people  are 
intensely  aroused. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  first  settlement  is  made 
on  the  Tennessee  River  (30  miles  from 
Knoxville). 

1757  Jan.  *  Boston.  A  congress  of 
governors  meets  and  agrees  to  raise 
4,000  men  against  the  French.  Another 
congress  of  Southern  governors  meets 
at  Pluladelphla. 

Jtuie  *  £ng.  WiUiam  Pitt  enters  the 
Newcastle  ministry,  and  soon  recovers 
British  military  prestige  in  America. 
[He  rejects  a  stamp-tax.] 

Pa.  A  controversy  occurs  between 
the  governor  and  the  Assembly  respect- 
ing a  scheme  of  taxation. 

July  27.  Benjamin  Franklin  again  ar- 
rives in  London,  as  ambassador  to  the 
king,  from  the  colony  of  Pemisylvania. 

*  *[U.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-59  *  *  Del.    Henry  Ellis. 
Apr.-Aug.    Mass.    The  CovmoU. 
-60  *  *  Mass.    Thomas  Pownall. 
-60  *  *  N.  Y.    James  de  Lancey. 

N.  J.    John  Reading  (pres.). 
Jl.  J.    William  Greene. 

*  *  Mass.  The  General  Court  and  Lord 
Loudoun  have  a  controversy  respecting 
the  quartering  of  troops. 

*  *  -66  •  *  New  York.  John  Cruger  the 
40th  mayor. 

1758  Nov.  26.  Thanksgiving  Day  is 
observed  by  the  colonists  because  the 
French  are  driven  out  of  Fort  Duquesne, 
and  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  and  the  great 
West  are  opened  for  the  advance  of  Eng- 
lish settlers. 

*  *  N.  S.  A  constitution  is  granted  to 
this  province. 

*  *  Georgia  is  divided  into  eight  parishes. 

*  *[U.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-58  *  *  N.J.    Francis  Bernard. 

-61  •  *  R.I.    Stephen  Hopkins.    [1767,] 
-68  *  *  Va.    Francis  Fauquier  ;    John 
Blair,  lieutenant. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1755  •  *  New  Eng.      Population     abont 
435,000, 

1757  *  *  La.  The  French  population  is 
about  10,000 

*  *  New  York  City.  Population  about 
12,000. 

*  *  Philadelphia.  Population  abont 
13,000. 

1758  *  *  Va.  About  70,000  hogsheads 
of  tobacco  exported. 


72      1759,  Aug. -1763. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1759  Aug.  4.  A'.  Y.  Crown  Point  is 
occupied  by  11,000  British  under  Gen. 
Amherst  on  the  retreat  of  the  French. 

Aug.  11.  jV.  r.  The  British  embark  at 
Crown  Point  to  follow  the  French,  but 
soon  abandon  the  effort. 

Sept.  13.  Call.  First  battle  on  the 
Plains  of  Abraham. 

After  a  siege  of  69  days,  Quebec  is  as- 
saulted and  the  French  defeated.  Gen. 
James  Wolfe  falls  with  his  third  woiuid, 
and  the  equally  l>rave  French  general, 
Montcalm,  is  mortally  wounded.  Great 
Britain  %vins  a  vast  empire  by  a  single 
battle,  *'  »»ue  of  the  most  momentous 
victories  in  the  annals  of  mauliind." 
(Bancroft.) 

Sept.  18.    Quebec   capitulates   to   the 

English. 

Sept.  26.  Tenn.  Col.  Montgomery,  with 
a  force  from  Carolina,  attaclcs  the  Chero- 
kees  [burning  many  of  their  towns]. 

Oct.  *  Fa.  Gov.  Lyttleton,  by  perfidious 
conduct  and  insolence,  provokes  a  war 
with  the  Cberokees. 

•  *  Afe.  Fort  Pownall  Is  built  on  the 
Penobscot. 

1760  Mar.  3.  S.  C.  Unsuccessful  at- 
tack of  300  Cherokees  on  Fort  Ninety- 
six. 

Apr.  28.  Can.  The  French  (tempo- 
rarily) defeat  the  English  in  a  second 
battle  on  the  Plains  of  Abraham. 

May  16.  Can.  English  reenforcements 
arrive,  and  the  French  retire  from 
Quebec. 

June  *  Tenn.  Carolinians,  under  Colonel 
Montgomery,  invade  and  ravage  the 
valley  of  the  Tennessee,  to  punish  the 
Cherokees.  Tliey  enrage  the  Indians 
without  subduing  them. 

July  1.  S.  C.  Arrival  of  Montgomery 
on  his  retreat  from  the  Tennessee  coun- 
try. 

Aug.  7.  Tenn.  The  garrison  of  Fort 
Xioudoun  capitulates  to  the  Chero- 
kees [and  is  foully  massacred  or  taken 
into  captivity.] 

ALL  CANADA  TAKEN  BY  THE 
BRITISH. 
Sept.  8.   Montreal   falls  Into  the  hands 
of   General  Amiierst,  at    the   head   of 
three  powerful  armies. 

Amherst  Jipproached  tlie  city  from  up 
the  river,  wliile  Murray  ascended  from 
below,  and  Haviland  marched  from  tlie 
Lake  Charaplain  region. 

Nov.  29.  Mich.  Bel^tre  surrenders  at 
Detroit. 

1761  June  10  +.  Tenn.  The  Chero- 
kees are  defeated  by  the  British  under 
Lieut.  Col.  James  Grant ;  their  town, 
magazines,  and  cornfields  destroyed. 

Summer.  Mich.  The  garrison  of  De- 
troit barely  escapes  a  conspiracy  to 
massacre  the  force  by  the  Seneca  and 
Wyandot  Indians. 

1762  Jan.  1.  War  between  England 
and  Spain. 

*  *  N.  B.    The  French  gain  [temporary] 

possession  of  St.  John. 
June  6.    Cuba.    An  English  squadron  of 

32  men-of-war  and  200  transports,  with 


20,000  men,  under  the  command  of  the 
Duke  of  Albemarle  and  Adiniral  Pocock, 
appears  off  Havana. 

July  30.  Cuba.  The  Morro  Castle  is 
taken  by  storm. 

Aug.  13.  Cuba.  The  governor  of  Ha- 
vana capittilates. 

The  English  g.ain  9  ships  of  the  line  and 
4  frigates,  and  14,000  prisoners,  besides 
spoil  valued  at  $10,000,000. 

Auttimn.    Pontiae  plans  his  conspiracy. 

*  *  jr.  /.  The  English  take  Martinique, 
St.  Lucia,  and  St.  Vincent. 

The  French  West  Indian  Islands 
surrender  to  an  expedition  of  royal  and 
provincial  troops. 

1763  Feb.  10.  The  Treaty  of  Paris 
closes  the  Frencli  and  Indian  War,  one 
of  the  most  important  and  far-reaching 
in  its  results. 

May7. -Nov.  *  Mich.  Fontiac,  chief  of 
the  Ottawas,  instigates  a  conspiracy. 

It  aims  to  surprise  every  English  post 
between  tlie  Alleghanies  and  the  Missis- 
■  sippi  by  a  confederacy  of  all  the  tribes, 
and  thus  exterminate  the  English  in  tlie 
West;  an  Indian  maiden  at  Detroit  ex- 
poses and  defeats  the  scheme  at  thiit 
garrison. 

May  16.  O.  The  Wyandots  take  Fort 
Sandusky,  and  butcher  the  garrison. 

May  29.  Mich.  The  Chippeways  take 
Fort  Mackinaw,  and  murder  nearly  all 
of  its  defenders. 

May+  •  Mich.    Siege  of  Detroit. 

July  15.  All  the  English  forts  of  the 
West  captured  by  the  Indians  except 
Niagara,  Fort  Pitt,  and  Detroit. 

Sept.  3.  Mich.  Detroit  is  relieved  from 
a  long  siege,  conducted  by  Pontiac,  by  a 
vessel  from  Niagara. 

Nov.  *  General  Gage  succeeds  Am- 
herst as  commander-in-chief  of  the 
British  forces. 

Dec.  14-27.  Pa.  The "Paxton Boys" 
massacre  the  Conestogas,  who  were  con- 
verted Indians. 

ART  —  SCIEHCE  —  NATURE. 

1760*  *  Mass.  John  Singleton  Cop- 
ley first  paints. 

»  *  Benjamin  West  goes  abroad  to  study 
art. 

*  *  Boy  and  Tame  Squirrel  is  sent  by  John 
Singleton  Copley  to  the  Royal  Academy. 

1761  Mar.  12.  Mass.  An  earthquake 
shocks  this  and  adjoining  states. 

*  *  B.  I.  Performance  of  The  Provoked 
Husband  at  Newport. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1759*  « 

Adair,  .John,  general,  born. 
Barney,  .Joshua,  commodore,  born. 
Cooper,  Tlionias,  8<jienti8t,  l>orn. 
Dallas,  Alex.  James,  statesman,  born. 
Oilman,  .Jolm,  Gov.  of  N.  U.,  born. 
I'epperell,  .Sir  William,  general,  A63.  ? 
Plumer,  William,  statesman,  born. 
I'rldeaux,  .John,  offlcer,  A41. 
Read,  Nathan,  inventor,  born. 
Wolfe.  James,  general,  dies. 
1760 •  • 
Carey,  Matthew,  philanthropist,  bom. 
Bayton,  Jonathan,  patriot,  born. 
Dessallnes,  Jean  Jacques,  Haitian  emp.,  b. 
Duane,  William,  jiolitician,  born. 
Puponceau,  I'eter  S.,  lawyer,  born. 
Van  Wort,  Isaac,  patriot,  born. 
Wolcott,  Oliver,  statesman,  born. 


1781 •  • 

Alsop,  Uichard,  poet,  born, 

Charlevoix,  Pierre  Kran<;oi8  Xavier,  miulon- 
ary,  dies. 

Davles,  .Samuel,  pres.  of  Princeton  Coll.  A37. 

iJexter,  .Sanmel,  statesman,  born. 

Gallatin.  Albert,  statesman,  born. 

Morse,  Je(le<liah,  geographer,  horn. 

Murray,  William  Vans,  statesman,  bom. 

Preble,  Edward,  commodore,  born. 

.Spauldlng,  .Solomon,  Book  of  .Mormon,  bora. 

Wistar,  Casper,  physician,  born. 
1762 •  • 

Abbot,  Benjamin,  teacher,  bom. 

Earle,  Pliny,  inventor,  born. 

Giles,  William  P.ranch,  statesman,  born. 

Moore,  Kichard  Cbannlng,  bp.  of  Va.,  bom. 

Washington.  Bushrod.  justice,  born  In  Va. 
1763 •  » 

Astor,  John  Jacob,  capitalist,  born. 

Breckinridge,  James,  congressman,  bom. 

Delano,  .\nta8a,  traveler,  born. 

Holmes,  .\blel,  clergyman,  born. 

Kent,  James,  jurist,  born. 

Maclure,  William,  geologist,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1759  *  *  Jf.  y.  Samson  Occum,  an  In- 
dian convert,  is  ordained  by  the  Suffolk 
Presbytery. 

1760  Aug.  10.  A'ew  I'or*.  Arrival  of 
PhUip  Embury,  the  first  Methodist 
preacher  in  America. 

*  •  Brazil.  On  the  pretext  of  influencing 
a  native  revolt  the  Jesuits  are  exx>elled 
with  great  severity. 

1761  *  *  Jfew  York.  The  American  peo- 
ple are  alarmed  at  Episcopacy  because 
of  its  connection  with  politics,  the  clergy 
of  the  Colony  having.  In  concealed  cor- 
respondence, urged  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  to  promote  the  abrogation 
of  provincial  cliarters. 

1762  June  10.  New  York.  The  [pres- 
ent] First  Baptist  church  is  organized. 

Deo.  9.  Mass.  Dr.  Jonathan  Mayhew 
avows  Universalism  in  a  Thanksgiving 
sermon. 

1763  •  *  Can.  First  Baptist  church 
formed  in  [British  America,]  at  New 
Brunswick. 

*  •  Fla.  The  Franciscan  Mission  in 
Florida  reports  at  this  date  25  stations, 
81  missionaries,  and  over  600  converts. 

*  *  K.  Y.  The  Synod  of  New  York  or- 
ders a  collection  to  be  taken  in  all  its 
churches  for  the  support  of  Indian 
missions. 

The  Presbytery  of  Dutchess  County  is 
organized. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Christian  Indians  in  Beth- 
lehem and  vicinity  are  persecuted  by 
the  whites  during  the  Pontiac  War. 

LETTERS. 

1759  *  •  Mass.  Joseph  Warren  grad- 
uates at  Harvard. 

1760  *  *  New  England  surpasses  all 
the  other  colonies  in  education. 

"  There  was  not  to  be  found,  in  all 
New  England,  an  adult,  bom  in  the 
country,  wlio  could  not  read  and  write." 
(Ridpath.) 

»  *  Virginia  leads  the  Southern  colonies 
in  diffusing  education,  and  Maryland, 
Carolina,  and  Georgia  bring  up  the  rear 
of  the  column. 

1761  *  •  -62  •  •  The  Amencan  Chronicle 
issued  by  Samuel  Farley. 


AMERICA. 


1759,  Aug. -1763.     73 


*  *  Del.  The  first  newspaper,  the  Wi?- 
mington  Gazette^  appears. 

*  *  Mass.  Speech  of  James  Otis,  the 
orator,  against  the  "  writs  of  assistance." 

1762  *  *  R.  I.  Providence  has  its  first 
newspaper,  tlie  Providence  Gazette. 

*  *  A  Vindication  of  the  Conduct  of  the 
House  of  Jtepresentatires,  by  Patrick 
Henry,  appears. 

»  *  Va.  Thomas  Jefferson  graduates 
at  William  and  Mary  College. 

1763  Apr.  17.  Ga.  The  Georgia  Ga- 
zette issued  at  Savannah  on  its  first  and 
recently  arrived  printing-press. 

*  •  Md.  Frederick  CoUege  (non-seot.) 
organized. 

*  *  2few  York-.  Rev.  Myles  Cooper  he- 
comes  president  of  King's  (Columbia) 
College. 

SOCIETY. 
1760  *  *  Various  social  customs  in  the 

colonies. 

Manners  and  customs  of  the  Puritans 
prevail  in  Kew  England ;  those  of  the 
Dutch  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  ; 
those  of  the  Quakers  along  the  Dela- 
ware ;  those  of  the  Huguenots  along  the 
rivers  of  South  Carolina. 

*  •  ♦  New  Eng.  Ijaws  prohibit  many 
things. 

Among  them,  the  defrauding  of  credit- 
ors, in  order  to  live  in  luxury ;  "  drink- 
ing of  healths,  as  a  bad  habit ;  "  wearing 
embroidered  garments  and  laces,  also 
sleeves  that  do  not  reach  the  wrist,  these 
must  not  be  more  than  an  ell  wide ;  the 
use  of  tobacco  by  such  as  are  under  20 
years  of  age,  those  who  use  it  publicly  are 
nnod  sixpence ;  all  persons  are  restrained 
from  "  swimming  in  the  waters  on  the 
Sabbath  day,  or  unreasonably  walking  in 
the  fields  or  streets."  Those  who  refuse 
to  vote,  or  serve  when  elected  to  oflice, 
are  fined  for  want  of  patriotism. 

Thomas  Hutchinson  is  the  most  con- 
spicuous man  in  New  England.  (Win- 
sor). 

*  *  •  Pa.  Ijaws  prohibit  "  stage  plays, 
playing  of  cards,  dice,  May-garaes, 
masques,  and  revels." 

*  *  *  Va.  Rigorous  laws  regulate  con- 
duct. 

Absence  from  church  is  punishable  by 
fine ;  the  wardens  are  sworn  to  report 
cases  of  "  drmikenness,  swearing,  and 
other  vices,"  olfendera  are  liable  to 
punishment  by  fines,  %t  the  rate  of  '*  a 
shilling  an  oath  "  for  swearers  ;  minis- 
ters are  to  jibstaiji  from  excess  of  drink- 
ing and  riot,  and  are  not  to  play  cards 
or  dice. 

*  *  *  Car.  Laws  similar  to  the  preceding 
are  enacted  in  the  Carolinas. 

1763  *  *  Ohio.  The  English  introduce 
the  rum  traffic  (which  the  French  had 
prohibited)  among  the  Indians  along  the 
lakes  and  the  Valley  of  the  Ohio ;  their 
demoralization  follows. 

*  *  Guiana.  A  formidable  insurrection 
of  negro  slaves. 

STATE. 
1759    Sept.  18.     Can.    Bamezay  is  gov- 
ernor at  Quebec. 
»  *  Sp.    Charles  m.  king. 

*  *  Massachusettshasself-imposedtaxes. 

*  *  Pa.    James  Hamilton  governor. 


1760  Sept.  8.  Canada,  having  been  sur- 
rendered to  General  Amherst,  is  imited 
to  Great  Britain  [ceded  in  1763]. 

Oct.  25.     Eng.    George  II.  dies. 
Nov.  20.    Eng.  George m.  enthroned. 
Dec.  27.    Boston  receives  tidings  of  the 
death  of  George  II. 

*  *  ^7117.  The  king  and  aristocracy  strug- 
gle against  the  people. 

•  *  Eng.  Franklin  denies  that  Ameri- 
cans desire  independence,  or  ever  will, 
except  they  suffer  gross  abuse. 

♦  *  Ga.  This  province  issues  $37,050  this 
year  in  paper  money. 

*  ♦  Guiana.  Peace  is  made  with  the  Au- 
kan  negroes  in  Dutch  Guiana. 

•  *  Estimated  population  of  the  13  colo- 
nies, 1,695,000  people,  of  which  numl)er 
310,000  were  negroes. 

*  *  English  imports  from  the  North  Amer- 
ican colonies  amount  to  $3,805,000;  ex- 
ports, 813,060,000. 

«  *  [  f/.  S.)    Governors  inaugurated : 
-75  •  *  Ga.    James  Wright. 
June-Aug.    Mass.    Thos.  Hutchinson. 

[1769-74.] 
-69  *  *  Mass.    Sir  Francis  Bernard. 

N.  J.     Thomas  Boone. 
-61  *  *  N'.    y.     Cadwalliider     Golden. 

[1761-65;  1769-70.] 
-61  •  •  S.  C.    William  Bull.     [1763-69.] 

1761  Jan.  27.  Mass.  Joseph  Hutch- 
inson is  appointed  chief-justice. 

[.John  Adams  considered  this  date  the 
beginning  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion.] 
Feb.  *  Boston.  James  Otis  becomes  the 
champion  of  the  colonies  in  opposing  the 
Acts  of  Trade  before  the  subservient 
Chief-Justice  Hutchinson. 

He  produces  a  sensation  throughout 
the  colonies  by  his  masterly  address, 
showing  the  unconstitutionality  of  the 
Parliamentary  acts,  and  advocating  the 
rights  of  the  colonies. 

•  •  Eng.  The  British  ministry  endeavor 
to  strictly  enforce  the  Importation 
Act. 

»  •  Mass.  Disputes  and  bitterness  pre- 
vail over  the  arbitrary  methods  of  col- 
lecting customs. 

Great  excitement  follows  the  unjust 
and  tyrannical  action  of  the  king's  ofli- 
cers  in  Salem  and  Boston,  who  are  given 
"  Writs  of  Assistance"  for  entering  and 
searching  any  place  for  goods  suspected 
of  evading  the  import  duty. 

»  *  [U.  S.]    Governors  Inaugurated : 
-62  »  *  N.J.    Josiah  Hardy. 
Oct.  26.    2f.  r.    Robert  Monckton. 

1762  Nov.  1.  Phila.  Franklin  again 
returns  from  England. 

Nov.  3.  La.  France,  by  a  secret  treaty, 
cedes  to  Spain  the  whole  of  Louisi- 
ana west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  also  the 
island  of  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Guiana.  Peace  is  made  with  the 
Saramaccan  negroes  in  Dutch  Guiana. 

•*[(/.  .S".]    Governors  inaugurated : 
R.  I.  Sam.  Ward.  [1765.  Reappointed.] 
S.  C.    Thomas  Boone. 


1763  Jan.  *  Pa.  The  English  govern- 
ment orders  Connecticut  to  cease  colo- 
nizing the  Wyoming  Valley. 

Feb.  10.  The  Treaty  of  Paris,  between 
Great  Britain,  France,  Spain,  and  Por- 
tugal. 

The  Mississippi  becomes  the  western 
boundary  of  Virginia ;  Spain  cedes  Flor- 
ida to  Great  Bntain ;  France  cedes  to 
Spain  all  the  vast  territory  of  Louisiana 
lying  west  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and 
the  isles  of  St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon  are 
confirmed  to  her.  England  restores 
Havana,  receives  Nova  Scotia,  Canada, 
and  Cape  Breton.  The  French  power 
disappears  from  the  New  World. 

*  *  -65  Apr.  *  Eng.  George  Qren- 
ville  prime  minister. 

Oct.  7.  Eng.  The  king  by  a  proclama- 
tion defines  the  respective  boundaries  of 
Quebec,  East  Florida,  West  Florida,  and 
Granada,  but  the  regions  north  of  the 
Great  Lakes  and  west  of  the  AUeghanies 
remain  Crown  lands,  closed  to  settlers. 

Nov.  3.  Treaty  of  Fontainebleau  be- 
tween England,  France,  and  Spain. 

Nov.  15.  Pa.  Charles  Mason  and  Jere- 
miah Dixon  begin  the  running  of 
the  "  Mason  and  Dixon  line."  [It 
forms  the  southern  boundary  of  the 
free  State  of  Pennsylvania  in  later 
times.] 

Dec.  28.  N.  y.  The  governor  issues  a 
proclamation  claiming  the  territory 
(Vermont)  west  of  the  Connecticut  River 
under  the  grants  of  Charles  II.  to  the 
Duke  of  York. 

Deo.  *  Va.  First  collision  In  Virginia 
between  the  prerogative  of  the  king  and 
the  authority  of  the  Legislature  occurs. 
The  king  refuses  to  sign  the  law  au- 
thoriziiJfe  debtors  to  pay  their  public 
dues  in  money  instead  of  tobacco  —  the 
legalized    currency.      Patrick    Henry 

.pleads  the  rights  of  the  colonists,  and 
denies  the  king's  right  to  make  laws  for 
the  colonies. 

*  *  Brazil.  The  capital  transferred 
from  Bahia  to  Rio  Janeiro. 

*  *  The  English  occupy  all  the  posts  es- 
tablished by  the  French  along  the  lakes 
and  the  Ohio  Valley. 

*  *  It  is  believed  that  England  intends  to 
tax  the  colonies  to  relieve  her  financial 
burdens. 

*  *[U.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated: 
-75  **lf.C.    William  Franklin. 
-72  •  •  Pa.    John  Penn.    [1773-76.] 
-64  *  *  R.I.    Stephen  Hopkins. 

UISCELLANEOnS. 

1759  *  *  Port.  A  third  Brazil  company 
is  ft>rmed. 

1760  Mar.  20.  Boston.  One-tenth  of 
the  city  destroyed  by  fire. 

»  *  Culm.  Yellow  fever  first  appears  at 
Havana. 

*  *  R.  I.    Newport  has  about  6B0  slaves. 

1762  Oct.  *  Phila.  The  yellow  fever 
rages  with  unparalleled  violence. 

1763  *  *N'.  Y.  A  ferry  established  be- 
tween New  York  and  Faulus  Hook  (Jer- 
sey City). 


74    1763-1768,  June  10. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1764  June*  Col.  Brailstreet  conducts  a 
campaign  along  the  Great  Lakes. 

Aug.  5,  6.    Battle  of  Busby  Run. 

•  *  Major  Loftus,  with  British  troops, 
ascends  the  Mississippi  from  New 
Orleans. 

Oct.  •  -Nov.  •  O.  Col.  Henry  Bouquet 
marches  against  the  Ohio  Indians. 

1765  *  *  Fort  Chartres  is  turned  over  to 
English  troops. 

•  •  ///.  English  troops  first  enter  the 
Illinois  country. 

1766  Mar.  5.  Ulloa  takes  possession  of 
New  Orleans  for  .Spain. 

•  *  Boston.    The  royal  artillery  arrives. 

1767  *  •  Boston.  Irritation  caused  by 
the  appearance  of  a  man-of-war,  the 
Romney ;  the  colony  having  broken  no 
laws,  and  only  appealed  for  redress. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1765  •  *  Thomas  Godfrey  writes  Prince 

of  Parthia,  the  first  play  written  by  an 

American. 
1767    Aug.  •    W.  I.    About  16,000  perish 

by  an  earthquake  at  Martinique. 

•  *  JVem  lor*.  A  theater  is  built  In  John 
Street. 

•  *  Pa.  David  Rittenhouse  projects  a 
large  orrery  on  a  new  and  improved  plan. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1764*  • 

Daggett,  David,  senator,  born. 

Eaton,  William,  soldier,  born. 

Emmet,  Thomas,  lawyer,  born. 

Livingston,  Brockholst,  U.  S.  .Supreme  Court, 
born. 

Livingston,  Edward,  statesman,  born. 

Mitchell,  Samuel  Latham,  physician,  born. 

Perkins,  Tlioinas,  pliilantliroiiist,  born. 

Pinkney,  William,  lawyer,  I)orn. 

Tennent,  <;ill)ert,  clergyman,  dies. 

Van  Rensselaer,  .Stephen,  statesman,  born. 

Ware,  Henry,  clergyman,  born. 
1765*   • 

Andrada,  Sylvae,  d',  Brazilian  statesman,  b. 

Backus,  .\zel,  college  president,  born. 

Fulton.  Robert,  engineer,  born. 

(Jardiner,  .lolin  S.,  clergyman,  born. 

Harper,  iloliert  (loodloe,  lawyer,  born. 

Meigs,  lieturn  .Jonathan,  (iov.  of  O.,  born. 

Pitkin,  Tiniotiiy,  historian,  born. 

Smithson,  James  L.  M.,  pliysicist,  born. 

Stanwix,  John,  general,  dies. 

Todd,  Thomas,  justice,  born  in  Ky. 

Whitney,  Eli,  inventor,  born. 
1768 •  • 

Appleton,  .Samuel,  pbilantliropist,  born. 

Barton,  Benjamin  Sniitli,  naturalist,  born. 

Boylston,  Zalnliel,  physician,  .\8(). 

Dunlap,  William,  painter,  born. 

Finley,  Samuel,  pres.  I'rinceton  Coll.,  A51. 

Irving,  William,  auttior,  born. 

Mayliew,  Jonattian,  clergyman,  A46. 

I'erkins,  Jacob,  inventor,  born. 

Wilson,  Alexander,  ornithologist,  born. 
1767'   » 

Adams.  John  Q.,  6th  President,  born  in 
Mass.,  July  11. 

Bayard.  James  Asheton,  statesman,  born. 

Black  Hawk,  Indian  chief,  born. 

Brooks,  Peter  C,  philanthropist,  bom. 

Clap,  Thomas,  Pres.  Yale  Coll.,  A64. 

Ceorge,  Enoch,  Ijisliop,  born. 

Grang:er,  Gideon,  statesman,  born. 

Jackson,  Andrew,  general,  statesman,  7th 
President,  born. 

Thompson.  Smith,  justice,  born  in  N.Y. 

Wolcott,  Itoger,  Gov.  of  Conn.,  A88. 

CHURCH. 
1764    Apr.  15.     Kew    York.     The   Re- 
formed Dutch  church  has  preaching  in 
English    by  an    English    pastor    lately 


called.    (Much  opposition    to   the   lan- 
guage follows.) 
1765    May  9.  Mass.   The  Baptist  church 
of  Haverhill  is  constituted;  Hezekiah 
Smith,  pastor. 

*  *  Boston.  Samuel  StUlman  becomes 
pastor  of  the  Baptist  Church.  [He 
preaches  against  the  Stamp  Act.] 

*  •  Mich.  Only  two  Jesuit  missionaries 
remain  in  the  Northwest ;  both  are  at 
Mackinaw. 

**lf.C.  The  Kehukee  Baptist  Associa- 
tion is  formed. 

*  *  Tenn.  Two  Baptist  churches  formed 
in  East  Tennessee. 

*  *  S.  C.  Jews  have  a  congregation  at 
Charleston. 

**Pa.(?)  Lutherans  start  a  private  the- 
ological Seminary. 

*  *  W.  I.  Two  Moravian  missionaries  are 
sent  to  the  Barbados. 

1766  •  *  New  York.  Methodism  is  in- 
troduced. 

The  first  Methodist  sermon  in  the  New 
World  is  preached  by  Philip  Embury  at 
his  residence  in  New  York. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Presbyterian  Synod  unites 
with  the  General  (Cong'l)  Associa- 
tion of  Connecticut  to  defeat  the  pro- 
posed establishment  of  an  Episcopal 
church  for  the  colonies,  to  be  supported 
by  a  common  tax ;  they  also  agree  to 
meet  in  annual  conventions. 

1767*  *  Neto  Eng.  Some  of  the  Baptist 
churches  are  Seventh-day,  some  Ar- 
minian,  and  a  majority  maintain  the  im- 
position of  hands  on  the  immersed  as  a 
divine  ordinance. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Methodists  worship 
in  a  rigging-loft. 

*  *  Pa.  Capt.  Thomas  Webb  introduces 
Methodism  into  Philadelphia. 

A  general  missionary  collection  is 
ordered  among  Presbyterians  by  the 
Synod,  to  maintain  preaching  on  the 
frontier. 

*  *  Paraguay.    The  Jesuits  are  expelled. 

*  */?./.  Warren  Baptist  Association 
formed. 

*  *  W.  I.  Moravian  mission  work  pros- 
pers in  Barbados. 

*  *  Expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  from  Span- 
ish South  America. 

LETTERS. 
1764    Mar.  24.    Pa.     The   New    Castle 

Chronicle  first  issued. 
Oct.  29.    Conn.    Hartford   has    its   first 

newspaper,  the  Connecticut  Couranl. 

*  *  Can.  The  first  newspaper  in  Que- 
bec is  issued,  the  Qtiebec  Gazette,  pub- 
lished in  two  languages. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Harvard  Library  is  de- 
stroyed by  fire;  about  6,000  books  are 
burned. 

*  *  Phila.  The  first  medical  school  in 
America  is  founded. 

*  *  B.  I.  Brown  University  (Baptist) 
established  at  Warren. 

*  ♦  Bights  of  British  Colonies,  by  Otis, 
appears. 


1765  *  *  N.  Y.  Samson  Ocum  visits  Eu- 
rope, and  secures  $50,000  for  his  Indian 
schools  on  Long  Island. 

1766  Nov.  10.  A^.  J.  The  Reformed 
Dutch  obtain  a  charter  for  Queen's 
(Rutgers)  College.  (Unsatisfactory 
and  inoperative.) 

*  *  Conn.  Rev.  Eleazer  Wheelock  estab- 
lishes a  school  for  training  Indian  boys 
to  be  teachers  of  their  own  race. 

*  «  -77  *  *■  Conn.  Kev.  NaphtaU  Dag- 
gett is  president  of  Yale  College. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Chronicle  issued  by 
A.  and  J.  Robertson. 

The  New  York  Journal,  or  OenercU 
Advertiser,  issued  by  John  Holt. 

1767  Oct.  *Con7».  The  Connecticut  Jour- 
nal and  New  Haven  Post-Boy  is  issued. 

SOCIETy. 

1764  *  *  Mass.  John  Adams  marries 
AbigaU  Smith. 

1765  *  *  Cmm.  Indignation  of  colo- 
nists against  the  Stamp  Act. 

The  Connecticut  stamp-offlcer  rode 
into  Hartford  on  his  white  horse  to  de- 
posit his  resignation,  with  a  thousand 
armed  farmers  riding  after  him,  and 
said  he  "  felt  like  death  on  the  pale 
horse  with  all  bell  following  him."  — 
Ency.  Brit. 

*  *  Eng.  Parliament  authorizes  the  min- 
istry to  send  troops  to  enforce  the  Stamp 
Act;  the  colonies  are  to  find  "quar- 
ters, fuel,  cider  or  rum,  candles,  and 
other  necessaries  "  for  them. 

Merchants  resolve  to  purchase  no 
more  goods  in  England,  and  the  people 
pledge  themselves  to  buy  nothing  of 
English  manufacture. 

*  *  Stamp  Act  agitation  prevails. 

Jluffled  bells  toll  the  funeral  peal  of 
liberty  in  Boston  and  Philadelphia  ;  in 
New  York  a  copy  of  the  Stamp  Act  is 
carried  through  the  streets,  having  a 
death's-head  nailed  to  it,  and  this  in- 
scription attached.  The  Folly  of  England 
and  the  Ruin  of  America. 

1766  Oct.*  Boston.  The  Daniel  Mai-- 
colm  riot ;  writ  forcibly  resisted. 

1768  June  10.  Boston.  Kiot  against 
the  action  of  the  commissioners  of  the 
king's  customs,  in  seizing  the  sloop  Xt6- 
erty  belonging  to  John  Hancock. 

STATE. 

1763  *  *  -64  »  *  Eng.  The  ministry 
seeks  to  enforce  the  Importation  Act 
by  seizing  and  confiscating  colonial  ves- 
sels in  unlawful  trade. 

*  *  Guiana.  A  French  company  sends 
out  12,000  colonists  without  provision 
for  their  labor  or  support ;  very  many 
suifer  and  perish. 

*  *  Mass.  Samuel  Adams  shows  that  ac- 
cording to  English  common  law  the  peo- 
ple alone  have  the  right  of  voting  taxes 
by  their  representatives  ;  and  the  colo- 
nists have  the  full  right  of  Englishmen. 

1764  Mar.  10.  Eng.  The  House  of 
Commons  adopts  a  resolution  affirming 
the  propriety  of  charging  certain  stamp 
duties  on  the  American  colonies.  [The 
report  soon  crosses  the  sea  and  produces 
universal  indignation.] 


AMERICA. 


1763-1768,  June  10.      75 


Apr.  6.  Eng.  Passage  of  Grenville's 
Act,  modifying  the  Sugar  Act  of  1732,  to 
take  eflfect  Sept.  30th. 

May  24.  Boston  takes  action  against 
taxation  by  Parliament. 

Dec.  17.  N.  H.  The  governor  issues  a 
proclamation  declaring  the  claims  of 
New  York  to  Vermont  are  obsolete. 

Dec.  *  Eng.  Franklin  returns  to  Lon- 
don. 

*  *  Mass.  Colonists  resolve  not  to  \ise 
British  manufactures. 

"  The  Rights  of  British  Colonists  as- 
serted and  proved  "  by  James  OtiSj  aids 
the  movement  for  liberty. 

*  *  Afo.  The  French  settle  the  town  of 
St.  Xiouis,  making  it  a  trading-post. 

*  *  The  enforcement  of  the  Importation 
Act  nearly  destroys  the  colonial  trade 
with  the  West  Indies. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Legislature  offers  large 
bounties  of  land  to  settlers ;  many  im- 
migrants arrive  from  Germany,  France, 
England,  and  Scotland,  chiefly  poor 
people. 

Oct.  27-71  Julyl.i\r,  C.  Wm.  Tyron 
is  governor. 

*  *  Fontleroy  is  sent  by  the  French 
government  to  observe  the  American 
colonies. 

1765  Feb.  6.  Eng.  George  GrenviUe 
introduces  the  resolutions  for  a 
Stamp  Act,  and  a  favoring  vote  is 
taken  by  the  Committee  of  the  House 
of  Commons.    Vote  245 — 49. 

Feb.  27.  Eng.  The  Stamp  Act  passes 
the  House  of  Commons  without  a  formal 
division. 

Mar.  8.  Eng.  The  Lords  pass  the 
Stamp  Act  without  debate,  protest, 
amendment,  division,  or  a  single  oppos- 
ing vote. 

Mar.  22.  Eiig.  Commissioners,  acting 
on  behalf  of  King  George  III.,  sign  the 
obnoxious  Stamp  Act,  and  it  becomes 
law. 

After  the  first  of  November  every 
legal  document  is  to  be  executed  on 
paper  bearing  an  English  stamp,  each 
sheet  costing  the  colonist  from  three- 
pence to  six  pounds  sterling ;  news- 
papers, pamphlets,  and  almanacs  to  be 
on  paper  stamped  to  the  value  of  one 
half-penny  and  increasing  to  fourpence ; 
each  advertisement  two  shillings. 

Apr.  *  Eng.  The  Mutiny  Act  is  ex- 
tended to  the  English  colonies. 

May  30.  Va.  The  right  of  taxation 
denied. 

Patrick  Henry  (29  years  of  age)  makes 
his  famous  liery  speech  in  the  House  of 
Burgesses,  and  the  assembly  passes  reso- 
lutions in  expression  of  colonial  rights  ; 
its  effect  on  the  colonies  is  electrical. 

(New  York   and   Massachusetts  assem- 
)liea  pass  similar  resolutions.] 

June  6.  Mass.  The  assembly  issues  a 
call  for  a  congress  of  deputies  from 
the  several  colonies  to  meet  in  New 
York  on  October  7th. 

July  13.  -66  Aug.  2.  E7ig.  The  Rock- 
ingham ministry. 

*  *  Boston.  The  mob  compels  Andrew 
Oliver,  the  stamp-agent,  to  resign,  and 
promise  he  will  not  aid  in  the  distribu- 


tion of  the  stamps.     He  is  hanged  in 
efligy. 

Aug.  26.  Boston.  The  chief  justice, 
Joseph  Hutchinson,  is  assailed,  and  his 
house  is  sacked. 

Oct.  7-25.  N.  r.  An  Anti-Stamp  Act 
Congress  meets  in  New  York  City. 

Twenty-eight  delegates  are  jtresent 
from  nine  colonies,  New  Hampshire, 
Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and  Georgia 
being  representatively  absent,  but  quies- 
cent. It  promises  loyalty,  and  sends  a 
petition  to  Parliament. 

Oct.  19.  New  York.  The  Stamp  Act 
Congress,  having  drawn  up  petitions  and 
memorials  to  the  King  and  Parliament, 
adopts  a  "Declaration  of  Rights." 

Oct.  31.  New  York.  All  the  governors 
of  colonies,  Rhode  Island  excepted,  take 
oath  to  execute  the  Stamp  Act. 

*  *  The  "Sons  of  liiberty"  are  organ- 
ized to  oppose  arbitrary  government  and 
defend  colonial  rights.  Tlie  right  of 
taxation  by  Parliament  is  much  dis- 
cussed. 

*  *  Pa.  Pittsburg  is  laid  out  and  set- 
tled. 

Nov.  1.  The  Stamp  Act  comes  into 
force  on  this  day  and  is  universally  con- 
temned ;  flags  fly  at  half-mast,  bells  are 
tolled,  and  business  suspended. 

In  New  York  ten  boxes  of  stamps  are 
forcibly  seized  and  destroyed ;  in  Con- 
necticut the  stamp-oflicer  is  threatened 
with  banging ;  in  Boston  houses  are  de- 
stroyed and  the  stamps  given  to  the 
winds  and  flames ;  every  stamp-officer 
in  America  is  obliged  to  resign  or  leave 
the  country. 

Merchants  of  the  principal  cities  en- 
ter into  engagements  with  each  other 
to  import  no  more  goods  from  Great 
Britain  till  the  Stamp  Act  shall  be 
repealed. 

Nov.  7.  Massachusetts  appoints  Dennis 
Deberdt  its  agent  in  London. 

*  *  French  Guiana.  Only  918  colonists 
remain  alive  out  of  12,000  sent  out. 

Nov.  *  li.  I.  Governor  Ward  refuses  to 
take  an  oath  to  sustain  the  Stamp  Act ; 
other  governors  acquiesce. 

*  *-69*  *  N.  Y.  SirH.  Moore,  governor, 
1766  Jan.  14.   Eng.  Pitt  advocates  the 

repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act  In  Parliament. 
He  says,  "  I  rejoice  that  the  Americans 
have  resisted ;  if  they  had  submitted, 
they  would  voluntarily  have  become 
slaves.  They  have  been  driven  to  mad- 
ness by  injustice."    (See  p.  917.) 

Jan.  28.  Eng.  Benj.  Franklin  is  ex- 
amined in  the  House  of  Commons 
respecting  the  Stamp  Act.  He  testifies 
as  to  the  temper  of  his  countrymen. 

Mar.  7.  Eng.  The  Declaratory  Act  is 
passed  by  Parliament,  asserting  that 
"  Parliament  has  power  to  bind  the  col- 
onies in  all  cases  whatsoever." 

Mar.  18.  Eng.  The  Stamp  Act  is  re- 
pealed ;  great  joy  among  the  friends  of 
America ;  bonfires,  flags,  and  illumina- 
tions in  London.  The  act  had  brought 
in  no  revenue. 

May  6,  Eng,  Ix)rd  Howe  and  Gen. 
Howe  appointed  commissioners  for  re- 
storing peace  in  the  British  colonies. 

*  *  News  of  the  repeal  occasions  great 
rejoicing  in  the  colonies ;  bells  are  rung 


and  bonfires  lighted  and  importations 
encouraged ;  a  great  calm  follows,  while 
another  storm  is  brewing.    (May  19.) 

Aug.  10.  New  York.  At  night  soldiers 
cut  down  a  citizen's  flagstaff.    Replaced. 

Dec.  *  New  York,  Soldiers  again  cut 
down  the  flagstaff.  Great  excitement 
follows. 

*  *  -76  *  *  New  York.  Whitehead  Hicks 
the  41st  mayor. 

*  *\_V.  5.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-69  *  *  Conn.    William  Pitkins. 
-QQ*  *Ji.I.    Samuel  Ward. 

-68  *  *  S.  C.    Charles  Montague. 

1767  Jtine  20.  Eng.  Parliament  en- 
acts duties  on  tea,  etc. 

Jime  29.  The  irritation  of  the  colo- 
nies renewed. 

Koyal  assent  is  given  to  an  act  impos- 
ing colonial  duties  on  imported  glass, 
paper,  painters'  colors,  and  tea ;  it  also 
suspends  the  powers  of  the  General 
Assembly  of  New  York  until  it  votes 
supplies  for  the  King's  troops  in  that 
province.  [The  flames  of  resentment 
burst  out  afresh.] 

*  •  Mass.  Non  -  importation  asso<Ha- 
tions  again  come  Into  vigorous  exist- 
ence. 

*  *  Eng.  Custom  House  and  Board  of 
Commissioners  created  for  America. 

Nov.  20.  Tlie  Act  taxing  colonial  im- 
ports goes  into  effect. 

Dec.  26.  Pa.~Md.  Mason  and  Dixon 
complete  their  important  survey  as  far 
as  a  war-path,  thirty-six  miles  from  the 
end  of  the  line,  where  the  Indians  com- 
pel them  to  stop. 

Dec.  *  -70  Jan.  *  Eng.  Duke  of  Graf- 
ton prime  minister,  Hillsborough 
succeeds  Shelburne  in  the  ministry  as 
colonial  secretary. 

1768  Feb.  11.  Mass.  The  Assembly, 
by  a  circular  letter,  calls  upon  other 
colonies  to  unite  in  an  effort  to  obtain 
redress  for  grievances. 

June*  Eng.  Tlxe  ministry  perempto- 
rily orders  the  Assembly  of  Massachu- 
setts to  rescind  its  circular. 

June  10.  Boston.  The  commissioners 
of  customs  seize  John  Hancock's  sloop 
Liberty ^  and  the  enraged  citizens  drive 
them  to  the  fort  for  safety. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1764  June  18.  N.  J.  The  lighthouse 
at  Sandy  Hook  first  put  in  operation. 

1765  Aug.  14.  Boston.  Consecration 
of  the  Liberty-tree ;  copper-plate  af- 
fixed with  the  words,  "  The  Tree  of  Lib- 
erty.   Aug.  14,  1765." 

*  *  *  The  British  Board  of  Trade  has 
checked  aU  manufacturing  enter- 
prise, by  means  of  restrictions  which 
make  success  impossible. 

1766  *  *  N.  Y.~Pa.  An  express  wag- 
on runs  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia 
in  two  days,  and  the  enterprise  is  con- 
sidered remarkable. 

1767  *  *  The  colonists  again  form  non- 
importation associations  to  destroy 
the  market  for  British  goods  ;  importa- 
tions of  dutiable  articles  nearly  cease. 


76      1768,  July-1772. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1768  Sept.  *  Bostmi.  Two  British  re- 
giments arrive,  having  been  sent  by 
request  of  the  royal  officers  in  the 
colony.     (Sept.  28.) 

Oct.  *  Mass.  General  Gage,  commander- 
in-chief,  is  sent  from  Halifax  to  subdue 
"  the  insolent  town  of  Boston." 

He  marches  through  the  streets  with 
700  regulars  having  fixed  bayonets  ;  the 
people  are  enraged  at  the  invasion. 

*  *-7l*  *  jv^.  c.   War  of  the  Regulators. 

1770  Mar.  5.  Boston.  ««The  Boston 
Massacre."  The  citizens  exasperate 
Captain  Prescott's  company  of  soldiers, 
and  they  fire,  killing  three  citizens  and 
wounding  eight. 
Soon  after  several  thousand  colonists 


appear  under  arms,  and  dem.and  that 
the  governor  withdraw  the  troops  from 
the  city,  and  he  is  forced  to  yield. 

1772  June  10.  R.  I.  The  armed  ves- 
sel, Gaspee,  is  grounded  and  burned 
for  enforcing  customs. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1768  Oct.  5.  Cuba.  A  great  cyclone 
strikes  Havana;  4,0i8  houses  and  1,000 
lives  are  destroyed. 

1769  July  3.  N.  Y.  The  first  theatri- 
cal performance  at  Albany  is  the  play, 
Venice  Preserved. 

*  *  Cal.  San  Francisco  Bay  is  discov- 
ered. 

*  *  Eng.  Samuel  Hearne  seeks  a  north- 
west passage  in  the  Arctic  seas.  [He  is 
absent  3  years.] 

*  *  Ky.  Daniel  Boone  explores  the  Ken- 
tucky region. 

*  *  Phila.  The  American  Philosoph- 
ical Society  begins  its  publications. 

1770  *  *  Coiin.  ITie  first  manufacture 
of  tinware  in  the  colonies  begins  at 
Berlin. 

±  *  *  W.  Billings  and  others  write  music 
for  the  singing-schools  in  New  England. 

±  *  *  A  portrait  of  Washington,  in  the  uni- 
form of  a  Virginia  colonel,  is  painted  by 
C.  W.  Peale. 

1771  *  *  Boston.  John  Ramage  paints 
miniatures. 

*  *  Matthew  Prat  paints  the  portrait  of 
CadumUader  Colden  for  the  New  York 
Chamber  of  Commerce. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1768*  * 

Beissel,  Johann,  Conrad,  mystic,  A78. 

Boydj  John  Parker,  general,  born. 

Dennie,  Joseph,  journalist,  born. 

Harris,  Thaddeus,  clergyman,  bom. 

Jones,  Jacob,  naval  officer,  born. 

Mason,  Jeremiah,  senator,  born. 

Tecumseh,  Shawnee  chief,  born.  ? 

Wadsworth,  James,  philanthropist,  born. 
1769*  • 

Barron,  James,  commodore,  born. 

Brown,  Nicholas,  patron  of  Brown  Univer- 
sity, born. 

Clinton.  De  Witt.  Gov.  of  N.  Y.,  born. 

Craneh,  William,  jurist,  born. 

Hosack,  David,  author,  born. 

Mercer,  Jesse,  clergyman,  born. 

Messer,  Asa,  pres.  of  Brown  TTniv.,  born. 

Miller,  Samuel,  clergyman,  born. 

Plesaants,  James,  senator,  born. 

Fontiac,  Ottawa  chief,  A57. 
1770*  • 

Attucks,  Crispus,  Boston  massacre,  dies. 

Blant,  Edmund  March,  writer,  born. 


Burg-ess.  Trlstam,  jurist,  born. 

Caldas,  Francisco  Jos(5,  So.  Am.  savant,  b. 

Clarke.  WiUiam.  explorer,  born. 

Dinwiddie,  llobert,  Gov.  of  Va.,  A78. 

Guess,  George—  Se-quoy-ah,  Indian  inventor 
—  born. 

Hopkinson,  Joseph,  jurist,  born. 

Kirkland,  John  T.,  pres.  Harvard  Univ.,  b. 

Mason,  John  Mitchell,  clergyman,  born. 

Moore,  Zeph.  Swlft,pres.  of  Williams  CoU.,b. 

Wentworth,  Benning,  Gov.  of  N.  H.,  A74. 

Whitefleld,  Georg-e,  revivalist,  A.'jfj. 

Zea,  Francisco  Antonla,  statesman,  born. 
1771*   * 

Alden,  Timothy,  college  president,  born. 

Ballou,  Hosea,  Universalist  clergyman,  b. 

Boylston,  Nicholas,  benefactor,  A55. 

Brown,  Charles  Brock^ien,  author,  born. 

Fessenden,  Thomas  Green,  author,  born. 

Hopper.  Isaac  Tatem,  philanthropist,  b. 

Irving,  Peter,  author,  born. 

Johnson,  WiUiam,  justice,  born. 

Morrow,  Jeremiah,  statesman,  born. 
1773*   * 

Alexaniler,  Archibald,  clergyman,  born. 

Appleton,  Jesse,  pres.  of  Bowdoin  Coll., born. 

Burrill,  James,  lawyer,  bom. 

Caldwell,  Charles,  pliysician,  born. 

Chauncey,  Isaac,  navy,  born. 

Crawford,  WiUiam  Harris,  statesman,  born. 

Dooly,  John  Mitchell,  jurist,  born. 

Dowse,  Thomas,  book  collector,  born. 

Finley,  llobert,  clergyman,  born. 

MacArtlmr,  Duncan,  Gov.  of  O.,  bom. 

l*orter,  Kbenezer,  scliolar,  born. 

Quincy,  Josiah.  statesman,  born. 

Wirt.  William,  orator,  born. 

Woolman,  John,  author,  A63. 


CHURCH. 

1768  Aug.  17.  N.  J.  John  "Wither- 
spoon  is  inaugurated  president  of  the 
college  of  New  Jersey. 

Oct.  30.  N.  Y.  John  Street  Methodist 
church  in  New  York  is  dedicated  by 
Philip  Embury. 

*  *  Phila.  First  organization  of  Metho- 
dists ;  meetings  held  in  a  gall-loft  by  a 
class  of  7  members. 

*  *  Vt.  The  first  Baptist  church  is 
founded  in  Shaftsbury. 

1769  May  19.  It.  Clement  XIV. 
pope. 

*  *  Cal.  Father  Junipero  Serra,  a  Fran- 
ciscan monk,  founds  a  mission  at  San 
Diego.  Many  of  bis  associates  die  dur- 
ing the  first  months  of  hardship. 

Jesuit  missions  are  established  in  New 
California. 

*  *  Can.  The  Burgher  Presbytery  of 
Truro,  Nova  Scotia,  is  formed. 

*  *  Phila.  First  Methodist  church  (St. 
George)  obtained  by  purchase. 

Arrival  of  Richard  Boardman  and 
Joseph  Pi  1  moor,  Wesley  an  Methodist 
missionaries. 

*  *  Va.  Methodism  is  planted  by  Robert 
Williams,  a  local  preacher. 

1770  Mar.  20.  N.  Y.  The  Reformed 
Dutch  obtain  a  new  charter  for  a  col- 
lege (Rutgers). 

Sept.  30.  N.  J.  John  Murray,  founder 
of  the  Universalist  church  in  America, 
arrives  from  England,  and  preaches  bis 
first  sermon  in  America  at  Good  Luck. 

*  *  Cnl.  A  mission  station  is  founded  at 
Monterey  on  the  Pacific  coast,  by  Fran- 
ciscan missionaries. 

*  *  S.  C.  Presbytery  of  Orange  is  organ- 
ized. 

*  *  There  are  about  97  Baptist  churches 
in  the  13  colonies. 


1771  Feb.  27.  li.  I.  The  Six-Princi- 
ple Baptists  secede  from  the  Baptist 
church  at  Providence,  because  their 
president  (Manning)  did  not  make  impo- 
sition of  hands  a  bar  to  communion,  and 
probably  because  of  his  holding  to  sing- 
ing in  public  worship,  *'  which  was  highly 
disgustful." 

July  31.  Mass.  George  III.  disallows 
and  rejects  the  act  of  the  colony  in  op- 
pressing Baptists  at  Aslifleld. 

Oct.  15.  JVcw?  Yorl:.  General  conven- 
tion of  Reformed  Dutch  ministers 
and  laymen,  to  plan  for  union. 

Oct.  27.  Phila.  Arrivalof  Francis  As- 
bury  and  Richard  Wright,  being  sent  by 
John  Wesley  to  preach  Methodism  in 
America. 

*  *  Xiabrador  made  a  Moravian  mission 
station. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Presbyterian  Synod  approves 
a  scheme  for  the  support  of  candidates 
for  the  ministry. 

*  *  W.  I.  Friedensberg,  St.  Croix,  be- 
comes a  mission  station  of  the  Mora- 
vians, who  work  among  the  slaves. 

1772  May  *  N.  Y.  English  Shakers 
emigrate  to  America. 

Oct.  *  Neto  York.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  Kefomied  Dutch  church 
meets  and  consummates  the  union  of 
the  churches. 

*  *  O.  Moravians  and  their  converts 
removed  from  Pennsylvania,  open  an 
Indian  mission  at  Schonbrann,  in  the 
Muskingum  Valley. 

*  *  A'cMJ  York.  Tlie  Classis  of  Amsterdam 
gives  full  approbation  to  the  formation 
of  a  Dutch  Synod  in  America.    (Jan.  14.) 

*  *  Francis  Asbury  is  temporarily  ap- 
pointed "  general  assistant  in  America," 
by  John  Wesley. 

LETTERS. 

1768  July 4.  Boston.  Dickinson's 
Liberty  Song  is  published. 

*  *  N.J.  John  "Witherspoon  made 
president  of  Princeton  College. 

*  *  Phila.  Phonography  suggested  by 
Franklin. 

*  *  Circular  Letter  to  Each  Colonial  Legis- 
lature, by  Adams  and  Otis,  appears. 

1769  *  *  The  Croakers,  by  J.  li.  Drake, 
appears. 

*  *  xV.  H.  Dartmouth  College  (Cong.) 
founded  at  Hanover. 

*  *  Phila,  The  American  Magazine  ap- 
pears. 

1770  May*  R.L  The  Baptist  College 
removed  from  Warren  to  Providence, 
James  Manning,  president. 

July*  Mass.  TheMassachusetta  Spy  first 
appears. 

*  *  Peru.  The  College  of  San  Carlos 
established. 

±  *  *  Poems  on  Various  Subjects^  Religious 
and  Morale  by  Phillis  Wheatley,  a  ue- 
gress,  born  in  Africa  appears. 


AMERICA. 


1768,  July-1772.      77 


1771  Nov.  3.  jV.  Y.  First  newspaper 
priuted  in  Albany,  the  Albany  Gazette. 

*  *  X.  J.  James  Madison  graduates  at 
Princeton. 

*  *  The  Royal  Spiritual  Magazine  issued. 

1772  *  *  The  Progress  of  Dullness,  by 
John  Trumbull,  appears. 

SOCIETY, 

1768  Sept.  *  Boston.  The  newly  arrived 
British  officers  are  fretted  with  legal  im- 
pediments, and  denounce  "  this  country 
where  every  man  studies  law." 

1770  Feb.  22.  Jiost<m.  A  patriotic 
crowd  of  men  and  boys  resents  the  Con- 
travention Act  and  is  fired  on  by  sol- 
diers ;  a  Mr.  Bichardson  and  Christo- 
pher Snider,  a  boy  11  years  old,  are 
killed ;  the  newspapers  announce  the 
boy  as  the  first  martyr  to  American 
liberty. 

Mar.  5.  Boston.  "  The  Boston  Massa- 
cre." Tliree  persons  are  killed  and 
eight  wounded  by  the  fire  of  the  soldiers. 

*  •  Md.  TJmbrellaa  first  introduced, 
having  been  landed  at  Baltimore,  and 
commonly  scouted  as  evidences  of  eifeni- 
Inacy. 

*  *  The  Indians  become  civilized. 

ThemissionamongtheOneidas  is  placed 
under  the  care  of  the  London  Board  of 
Correspondence  iji  Boston.  With  their 
aid,  a  meeting-house,  schoolhouse,  saw- 
mill, grist-mill,  and  blacksmith's  shop 
are  erected.  Drmikenness  is  almost  un- 
known, and  the  people  become  "  sober, 
regular,  industrious,  praying  Indians." 

1772  Jan.  1.  Va.  Thomas  Jeff  erson 
marries  Martha  Skelton. 

*  *  Founding  of  the  Improved  Order  of 
Red  Men. 

STATE. 

1768  JidyS.  Boston,  Thirty Bostoni- 
ansboardaschoonerseized  by  custom  of- 
ficers for  having  30  hogsheads  of  molasses 
on  board ;  they  confine  the  officers,  and 
remove  the  molasses. 

Sept.  *  Boston.  The  ministers  of  tlie  col- 
ony, in  the  King's  name,  require  tlie  As- 
sembly to  **  express  regrets,"  and 
rescind  their  action,  but  it  reaffirms  the 
former  action  in  a  circular  letter  by  a 
nearly  unanimous  vote. 

Sept.  24.  N.  Y.  A  treaty  entered  into 
by  tlie  English  colonists  with  the  Indians 
at  Fort  Stanwix,  defining  a  line  between 
the  Kngligh  colonies  and  the  Indians 
[later  known  as  the  "  property  line  "]. 

Sept.  27-29.  Mass.  Convention  of  the 
towns  to  consider  the  coming  of  tlie 
troops. 

Sept.  *  ^.  C.  The  "  Kegulators  "  bind 
themselves  to  resist  the  payment  of 
taxes,  except  such  as  were  levied  and 
were  to  be  applied  according  to  law. 

Oct.  *  Boston.  Troops  arrive  to  sustain 
the  officers. 

The  selectmen  of  Boston  flatly  refuse 
to  provide  quarters  for  General  Gage's 
troops :  so  they  are  quartered  in  the 
State  House. 

*  •  Baron  De  Kalb  is  sent  by  Clioiseul  to 
observe  the  spirit  of  the  Americans. 


*  *  Eng.  The  term  American  begins 
to  be  used  in  connection  with  the  sup- 
porters of  colonial  privileges,  who  adopt 
the  name  of  "  American  Whigs." 

*  *  La.  A  temporary  French  republic 
established. 

*  •  Tenn.  Parties  from  North  Carolina 
settle  in  Tennessee. 

*  *  Governors  inaugurated : 
-77  *  *  Mick.  Guy  Carleton. 
-60  *  *  R.I.    Josiah  Lyndon. 

Va.    John  Blair  lieutenant-governor. 
-70  *  *  Va.    Norborne  Berkeley,  Lord 
de  Botetourt. 

1769  Feb.  *  Eng.  Parliament  cen- 
sures the  people  of  Massachusetts,  ap- 
proves the  use  of  force  against  them,  and 
urges  the  trial  of  leaders  for  treason  in 
the  courts  of  England. 

May*  Ky.  Daniel  Boone  and  a  party 
of  Virginians  settle  in  Kentucky. 

May  16.  Va.  The  Assembly  passes 
resolutions  "  as  bad  as  those  of  Massa- 
chusetts." 

May  17.  Va.  The  Governor,  Lord  Bote- 
tourt, dissolves  the  Assembly  for  pass- 
ing obnoxious  resolutions. 

May  18.  Virginia  enters  into  the  non- 
importation agreement. 

The  members  of  the  Assembly  hold  a 
meeting  in  which  Washington  presents 
the  resolutions  against  imp<)rting  Brit- 
ish merchandise.  The  members  make  a 
special  covenant  not  to  import  any  more 
slaves,  nor  to  purchase  any  that  others 
import. 

July  15.  Mass.  Gov.  Bernard  pro- 
rogues the  General  Court,  because  it 
refuses  to  make  provision  for  the  support 
of  British  soldiers,  sent  to  take  away 
the  liberties  of  the  people. 

*  *  Mass.  Ijieut.-Gov.  Thomas  Hutch- 
inson assumes  authority. 

Aug.*  N.  Y,    Bernard  sails  for  England. 

*  *  Cal.  Spaniards  occupy  the  coast. 
Monterey  is  founded. 

*  *  Ky.  Daniel  Boone  makes  explora- 
tions beyond  the  mountains, 

*  *  Mass.  The  General  Court  refuses  to 
do  business  while  a  guard  is  stationed 
at  the  door,  and  adjourns  to  Cambridge. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Watauga  Association 
makes  settlements. 

*  *  [  f/.  A'.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-84  *  *  Conn.    Jonathan  Trumbull, 
-74  *  *  Md.    Robert  Eden. 

-74  *  *  R.  T.    Joseph  Wanton. 

1770  Jan.  *  Eng.  Lord  North  be- 
comes prime  minister. 

Jan.  *  Neio  York.  Soldiers  cut  down  the 
liberty  pole  and  the  people  retaliate. 

Mar.  5.  Eng.  The  non-importation  as- 
sociations cripple  the  English  colo- 
nial trade. 

All  duties  are  now  removed  excejtt 
threepence  a  pound  on  tea,  retained  at 
the  express  command  of  the  King,  who 
said,  "There  should  always  be  one  tax, 
at  least,  to  keep  up  the  right  of  taxing ; " 
the  non-imi»ortation  agreement  is  soon 
relaxed,  except  with  regard  to  tea. 

Mass.    Public  excitement  is  intensi- 

lied  throughout  the  colonies  by  the  Bos- 
ton Massacre.    (See  Army.) 


Apr.  *  Eng.  The  Towushend  Act  re- 
pealed, except  that  relating  to  the 
duty  on  tea. 

Aug.  21.  New  York.  An  equestrian 
statue  of  George  III.  is  erected  in  Bowl- 
ing Green  by  loyalists. 

Sept.  22.  Boston.  Covention  of  dele- 
gates at  Faneuil  Hall,  from  %  towns,  to 
consider  the  grievance  of  a  standing 
army, 

*  *  -73  *  *  There  is  scarcely  Miy  gov- 
ernment in  the  colonies,  the  royal  gov- 
ernment having  practically  gone  to 
pieces. 

*  *  Boston.  The  King's  soldiers  cut  down 
a  liberty  pole  which  had  stood  in  the  park 
for  several  years. 

*  *  Eng.  Sdmimd  Burke  becomes  agent 
for  New  York.  [He  continues  for  five 
years.] 

*  *  O.  The  Zane  family  settle  on  the  Ohio, 
near  the  mouth  of  Wheeling  Creek. 

*  *  Governors  inaugurated : 

-71  ^  *  N.  Y.    John,  Lord  Dunmore. 
-72**ra.   William  Nelson,  lieutenant- 
governor. 

1771  Mar.  28.  N.Y.  AMr.McDougal, 
some  time  imprisoned  as  the  author  of 
a  newspaper  article  signed  **  A  Son  of 
Ijiberty,"  is  discharged  by  the  Supreme 
Court. 

*  *  Cuba.  The  port  of  Havana  is  no 
longer  monopolized  by  Seville  and  Cadiz, 
but  open  to  all  nations  for  certain  arti- 
cles of  trade. 

*  *  A^.  C.  The  Regulators  attempt  to 
overthrow  the  government  and  courts 
by  force. 

*  *  [i7.  ,5.]  Governors  inaugurated : 
July  1.  N.  C.  James  Hasell  (pres.). 
Aug.  *  -76  *  *  N.  C.  Josiah  Martin. 
-77  *  *  N.  Y.    William  Tryon. 

-72  *  *  Pa.    Richard  Penn. 

1772  June  10.  R.  I.  The  Americans 
burn  the  revenue  schooner  Gaspce  in 
Narragansett  Bay. 

Aug.  4.  Eng.  Dartmouth  succeeds 
Hillsborough  in  the  Ministry. 

Nov.  2.  Boston.  Town-meeting  held  ; 
committees  of  correspondence  ap- 
pointed by  the  "Sons  of  Liberty"  [out 
of  it  grows  the  Colonial  Congress], 
Samuel  Adams  the  leader. 

*  *  Eng.  Parliament  orders  that  the 
burners  of  the  Gaspee  be  arrested,  and 
taken  to  England  for  trial. 

*  *  Guiana.  The  revolt  of  the  Maroons 
at  Surinam  [lasts  five  years]. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1768  *  *  New  York.  The  Chamber  of 
Commerce  founded. 

1770*  *  New  York.  The  Chamber  of 
Commerce  incorporated  by  Act  of  Legis- 
lature. 

Sept.  10.  Boston.  The  governor  delivers 
Castle  William  over  to  the  king's 
troops. 

1772  *  *  Mass.—R.  I.  A  stage  -  coach 
runs  between  Boston  and  Providence. 


78     1772-1775,  Mar,  8. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1774  *  *  Indian  war ;  caused  by  the 
atrocities  of  the  whites  and  by  the  mur- 
der (Apr.  30)  of  the  family  of  Logan. 

Oct.  10.  W.  ra.  Battle  of  Point  Pleas- 
ant, on  the  Ohio ;  1,500  Shawnees  under 
Chiefs  Cornstalk  and  Logan  are  defeated 
by  1,200  Virginians  under  Gen.  A.  Lewis, 
who  lose  75  killed  and  140  wounded. 

Sept.  5±.  Boston.  Gen.  Gage  erects  for- 
tifications on  **  the  Neck.** 

Dec.  13.  Mass.  The  people  take  posses- 
sion of  the  arsenal  at  Charlestown, 
from  which  the  powder  ha^i  been  re- 
moved by  Gen.  Gage. 

Dec.  13±.  N.  H.  A  company  of  men  led 
by  John  Sullivan  [afterward  major- 
general]  capture  the  fort  at  Ports- 
mouth, and  remove  100  barrels  of  pow- 
der and  some  cannon. 

1775  Jan.*  Boston.  Gage  sends  troops 
to  Marshfield. 

*  *  R.  I.  At  Newport  the  patriots  seize 
44  pieces  of  artillery  and  convey  them 
to  Providence.     (Dec.  6.) 

Feb.  26.  Mass.  Gen.  Gage  orders  140 
soldiers  to  go  to  Salem  and  seize  the 
military  stores;  the  militia  under  Col. 
Pickering  raise  the  drawbridge  and 
otherwise  oppose  the  attempt. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE, 

1773  Dec.  *  Guatemala.  An  earth- 
quake swallows  up  80.000  inhabitants. 

*  *  Pkila.  Thefirststeam-engine  built 
in  America  is  set  up. 

*  *  S.  C.  A  theater  is  opened  at  Charles- 
ton. 

1774  Oct.  24.  Phila.  Tlie  Continental 
Congress  recommends  a  suspension  of 
all  public  amusements. 

*  *  W.  I.  Port  Royal,  Jamaica,  is  de- 
stroyed by  a  cyclone. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1778 •  • 

Biglow,  William,  teacher  and  poet,  born. 
Kowditcli,  Nathaniel,  matheinatiiMan,  born. 
Caldwell,  Joseph,  college  jiresiUent,  born. 
Clayton,  John,  physician  and  botanist,  dies. 
Day,  Jeremiah,  pres.  of  Yale  Coll.,  born. 
Harrison,  'Wliliaxn  Henry,  9th  Tresident, 

born  in  Va.  Feb.  9. 
Hull.  Isaac,  (commodore,  born. 
Nott,  Elijihalet,  pres.  of  Union  Coll.,  born. 
Paine,  Robert  Treat,  Jr.,  author,  born. 
Randolph.  John,  statesman,  bom. 
1774*   * 
Balnbridgre,  'WiUiam,  commodore,  born. 
Daviess,  Joseph  Hamilton,  lawyer,  born. 
Grisconi,  John,  educator,  born. 
Oliver,  .Vndrewj  Lieut.-Gov.  of  Mass.,  A68. 
Tompkins,  Daniel  D.,  statesman,  born. 
Van  Rensselaer,  Solomon,  general,  born. 
Wood,  Leonard,  clergyman,  born. 

CHXJRCH. 

1773  July  14-16.  Phila.  The  first 
American  conference  of  Methodist 
preachers  in  session  at  St.  George's 
church  ;  American  membership  1,160. 

*  *  Md.  The  Catholics  are  left  without 
priests  by  the  complete  suppression  of 
the  order  of  Jesuits,  by  Pope  Clement 
XIV. 

*  *  Pa.  Tlie  Presbyterian  Synod  appoints 
a  committee  on  religious  publications. 


*  *  Eng.  Mr.  Wesley  appoints  Thoa. 
Kankin  general  superintendent  of 
Methodist  societies  in  America. 

1774  Mar.  10.  The  Presbytery  of  the 
Beformed  Presbyterian  Church  of 
America  is  formed. 

May  25.  Phila.  Second  Methodist  Con- 
ference is  held. 

Aug.  16.  New  York.  Ann  Ijce  and  nine 
(Shaker)  followers  arrive  in  New  York. 

Sept.  7.  Phila.  Rev.  J.  Buch^,  an  as- 
sistant minister  of  Christ's  (Episcopal) 
church,  reads  prayers  and  Psalm  xxxv. 
for  the  First  Continental  Congress, 
in  Carpenter's  Hall.  "It  seems  as  if 
heaven  had  ordained  that  psalm  to  be 
read  that  morning."    (John  Adams.) 

Nov.  29.  Boston.  The  Old  South 
Meeting-house  is  used  by  the  patriots 
for  the  purpose  of  a  town  meeting,  to 
discuss  the  tea  question,  the  Dartmouth 
having  arrived  with  a  cargo  of  tea.  Its 
frequent  use  for  such  purposes,  when 
Faneuil  Hall  was  not  large  enough  for 
the  meeting,  led  the  goveriior  to  desig- 
nate this  church  as  the  "  seed-bed  of 
rebellion." 

*  *  Can.  Religious  liberty  is  granted  to 
Roman  Catholics. 

*  *  Eng.  During  the  discussion  of  the 
Boston  Port  Bill  in  Parliament,  Kx-gov. 
Johnston  said  :  "  If  you  ask  an  Amer- 
ican who  is  his  master,  he  will  tell 
you  he  has  nf>ne ;  nor  any  governor 
but  Jesus  Christ." 

*  *  Greenland.  Lichtenan  becomes  amis- 
sion station  of  the  Moravians. 

*  *  .V.  }'.  The  English  Shakers  settle 
near  Albany. 

*  *  Va.  The  first  Baptist  church  in  Vir- 
ginia (Simpson  Creek)  is  formed. 

1775  Feb.  15.    //.    Piiis  VI.  pope. 
Feb.  *  Mass.    The    ministers    of    Salem 

prevent  an  outbreak  against  General 
Gage,  who  comes  on  Sunday  to  search 
for  powder. 

LETTERS. 

1774  *  ♦  Observations  on  the  Boston  Port 
Billy  by  Josiah  Quincy,  appears. 

*  *  The  Journal  of  John  Woolman  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  History  of  Redemption,  by  Jonathan 
Edwards,  appears. 

*  *  -75  *  *  Tinsion.  The  Royal  America/ti 
Magazine  appears. 


SOCIETY. 

1773  Dec.  16.  Boston.  The  Boston 
Tea  Party. 

Seven  thousand  people  assemble  in 
town-meeting;  Adams  and  Quincy  ad- 
dress them  ;  in  the  evening  come  about 
fifty  men  disguised  as  Indians,  who,  with 
war-wlioops,  lead  the  crowd  to  the 
wharves,  and  then  empty  342  chests  of 
taxed  tea  into  the  harbor. 

1774  June  1.  NewEng.  The  patriotic 
colonists  make  this  a  day  of  fasting 
and  mourning,  because  of  the  Port  Bill. 

Sept.  *  J'hila.  Asserting  the  rights  of 
British  America,  Thomas  Jefferson  laid 


before  the  Colonial  Congress  an  anti- 
slavery  paper : — 

"The  abolition  of  domestic  Slavery  is 
the  greatest  object  of  desire  in  these 
Colonies,  where  it  was  luihappily  intro- 
duced in  their  infant  State.  B»it  i)re- 
vioua  to  the  enfranchisement  of  the 
slaves,  it  is  necessary  to  exclude  further 
importations  from  Africa.  Yet  our  re- 
peated attempts  to  effect  this  have  been 
defeated  by  his  majesty's  negative." 

*  *  Mass.  The  people  of  all  the  colonies 
send  money  and  provisions  for  the 
poor  of  the  proscribed  town  of  Boston, 
even  the  settlements  beyond  the  Al- 
leghanies  remember  them,  and  $150,000 
are  subscribed  in  London. 

1775  Mar.  8.  A  citizen  of  Billerica  is 
tarred  and  feathered  by  the  British  ;  the 
Americans  adopt  it  as  the  mode  of  pun- 
ishing Tories. 

STATE. 

1772  *  *  Mass.    Parliament  enacts  that 

the  salaries  of  the  colonial  governors  and 
judges  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  colonial 
revenues  without  authorization  by  the 
General  Assembly.  [The  Assembly  soon 
declares  the  act  of  Parliament  void.] 

*  *A'.  r.  — ,S'.  C.  Settlement  of  the 
boundary  between  North  and  South 
Carolina. 

*  *  Eng.  The  tea  tax  produces  from  the 
American  ctjlonies  a  revenue  of  only 
$400  a  year,  at  an  annual  expense  of 
$1,500,000  for  collection. 

*  * -76  *  *  I'a.  John,  Lord  Dunmore, gov- 
ernor. 

1773  Jan.  ♦  -Feb.  *  Mass.  A  contro- 
versy exists  between  Governor  Hutch- 
inson and  the  General  Court. 

*  *  Mass.  Ships  loaded  with  tea  arrive 
at  Charlestown. 

The  tea  is  landed,  but  its  sale  is  forbid- 
den ;  at  New  York  and  Philadelnhia  the 
ports  are  declared  closed  and  the  ships 
are  forbidden  to  enter;  at  Boston  the 
town  anthorities  refuse  to  permit  the 
tea  to  be  landed,  although  it  is  consigned 
to  Gov.  Hutchinson  and  his  friends. 

*  *  The  colonial  assemblies  meet,  and  be- 
fore the  governors  can  prorogue  them, 
appoint  "committees  of  correspon- 
dence,** in  order  to  secure  unity  of 
action  among  the  colonies. 

Mar.  *  Va.  Intercolonial  committees  of 
correspondence  established. 

May  *  Eng.  The  ministry  applies  strata- 
gem to  dispose  of  the  accumulated  tea 
of  British  merchants. 

It  removes  the  export  tax,  so  that 
■with  the  imi)ort  tax  paid,  tea  can  be 
bought  in  Boston  cheaper  than  in  Lon- 
don ;  the  Americans  respond  by  order- 
ing cajitains  to  take  their  cargoes  back 
to  England. 

June -July.  Miss.  About  400  English 
families  emigrate  to  the  vicinity  of 
Natchez. 

Dec.  16.  Mass.  The  Boston  Tea  Party. 
Destruction  of  tea  in  Boston  Harbor  by 
citizens  disguised  as  Indians ;  342  chests 
of  tea  are  emptied  into  the  sea.  (See 
Society.) 

Dec.  25,  New  York.  A  tea  ship  is  sent 
back  with  her  cargo. 

The  captain  is  escorted  out  of  town 
with  banners  flying  and  the  band  playing 


AMERICA. 


1772-1775,  Mar.  8.     79 


Gotl  Save  the  King,  Eighteen  chests  of 
tea  concealed  on  board  another  ship  are 
thrown  into  the  dock. 

*  *  Cal.  Presidios  established  in  Upper 
California. 

*  *  Can.  Celtic  settlers  arrive  in  Nova 
Scotia. 

*  *  Eng.  Franklin  is  called  before  the 
Privy  Council. 

*  *  Kentucky  is  settled  by  colonists  led 
by  Daniel  Boone. 

*  *  Philadelphians  denounce  as  an  en- 
emy to  his  country  "  whosoever  shall 
abet  in  unloading,  receiving,  or  vending 
the  tea."  Charleston  and  New  York 
adopt  similar  resolutions. 

*  *  S.  C.  About  300  families  of  Germans 
leave  Maine,  and  settle  in  southwestern 
South  Carolina. 

*  *  Governors  inaugurated : 

-82  *  *  Cal.    Felippe  de  Neve  (Spanish). 

Mass.  General  Thomas  Gage. 
-75*  *  Mass.  A  Provincial  Congress 
governs. 
1774  Jan.  29.  Eng.  Franklin  appears 
before  the  Privy  Council  of  George  III., 
to  present  a  petition  from  Massachu- 
setts. 

*  *  Conventions,  to  agitate  the  public 
mind  in  favor  of  liberty,  are  held  in  all 
the  colonies. 

Jan.  31.  Eng.  Parliament  votes  to  dis- 
miss Benjamin  Franklin  from  his 
office  of  postmaster-general  in  America 
because  of  his  patriotic  sympathies. 

Mar.  31.  Eng.  Parliament  passes  the 
Boston  Port  Bill. 

It  closes  that  port  to  all  commerce, 
except  food  and  fuel,  and  transfers 
the  seat  of  government  to  Salem,  which 
declines  the  honor,  and  refuses  to  profit 
by  tlie  hand  of  tyranny.  The  bill  is  to 
take  effect  on  June  1. 

Apr.  19.  Eng.  Edmund  Burke  makes 
his  famous  speech  on  American  taxar 
tion. 

Apr.  *  Ky.  Emigrants  arrive  j  Harrods- 
burg  is  soon  settled. 

*  *  Eng.  The  Quebec  Bill  passes  Parlia- 
ment, which  grants  unusual  concessions 
to  the  Catholics  of  Canada,  to  secure 
their  fidelity. 

May  13,  Mass.  Gov.  Hutchinson  is 
superseded  by  Gen.  Gage,  who  vaiiily 
"trives  to  repress  the  ferment  of  liberty 
among  the  people. 

May  17.  Rhode  Island  proposes  a 
general  congress. 

May  20.  Eng.  Parliament  subverts 
the  charter  of  Massachusetts  by  au- 
thorizing the  removal  of  certain  persons, 
charged  with  crime,  beyond  its  limits 
for  trial. 

*  *  The  colonists  are  divided  into  two 
parties ;  the  patriots,  called  Whigs,  and 
the  Royalists,  called  Tories. 

May  20.  Fr.  Iiouis  XVI.  en- 
throned. 

June  1.  Mass.  The  Boston  Port  Bill 
goes  into  operation,  closing  the  har- 
bor against  commerce  ;  business  is  sus- 
pended ;  the  day  observed  in  many  parts 
with  fasting  and  mourning.  General 
sympathy  for  Boston. 


Boston.     Ex-Gov.     Hutchinson     de- 
parts. 
June  17.    Boston.    A  Port  Act  meeting 

is  convened. 
Aug.  *  -Sept.  *  Mass.     County  conven- 
tions held  to  protest  against  the  Parlia- 
ment. 
Aug.  ±  *  S.  C.     Generous    Carolinians 
send  Bostouians  '200  barrels  of  rice  and 
promise  800  more,  but  urge  them  "not 
to  pay  for  an  ounce  of  tea." 
*  *  North  Carolina  raises  by  subscription 

$1,000  for  the  relief  of  Boston, 
Sept  5.  Phita.  The  First  Continental 
Congress  and  second  Colonial  Con- 
gress meets  in  Carpenter's  Hall ;  56  def- 
egatea  represent  11  colonies.  [Later, 
68.]  Peyton  Randolph  of  Virginia,  pres- 
ident. [Oct.  22.  Henry  Middleton  of 
South  Carolina.]  Charles  Thomson, 
secretary. 

Georgia,  having  a  royalist  governor, 
has  no  delegate.  Congress  proceeds  to  as- 
sume control  of  all  military  movements 
in  all  the  colonies  ;  it  acknowledges  the 
authority  of  the  king,  but  opposes  the 
Acts  of  Parliament.  No  delegate  is  in- 
structed to  ask  for  independence.    [Sept. 

6.  Each  colony  is  gi  v en  one  vote.    Sept. 

7.  Rev.  J.  Duch^  elected  chaplain. 
Sept.  10.  Approval  of  Suffolk  (Mass.) 
Resolutions  of  Sept.  6,  "  No  obedience  is 
due  to  any  part  of  the  recent  Acts  of 
Parliament."  Seiit.  28.  Rejects  Joseph 
Galloway's  plan  of  union  aiming  at  per- 
petual dependence.  Oct.  14.  Adopts 
Declaration  of  Rights.  Oct.  20.  The 
American  Association  Is  formed  by  52 
members;  it  pledges  itself  fornon-inter- 
course  with  Great  Britain  until  the  of- 
fensive Acts  are  repealed.  Oct.  21.  The 
Address  to  the  People  of  Great  Britain, 
prepared  by  John  Jay,  approved.  A 
memorial  to  the  several  Anglo-Ameri- 
can Colonies  adopted.  Oct.  22.  Letters 
despatched  to  unrepresented  colonies  at 
St.  John's  ^now  Prince  Edward  Island), 
Nova  Scotia,  Georgia,  East  and  West 
Florida.  Oct.  25.  Petition  to  the  king, 
written  by  John  Dickinson  (Pa.),  is  or- 
dered. Oct.  26.  An  Address  to  the  Peo- 
ple of  Quebec,  drawn  by  Dickinson, 
adopted.    Dissolved.] 

Sept.  28,  Mass.  The  royalist  governor 
dissolves  the  Assembly. 

Oct.  5ib.  Mass.  The  Assembly  meets 
at  Salem,  notwithstanding  the  action  of 
Governor  Gage  in  countermanding  the 
summons  which  convoked  it. 

[The  members  of  the  Assembly,  having 
a-ijourned  to  Concord,  resolve  them- 
selves into  a  Provincial  Congress, 
with  John  Hancock,  president,  and  Ben- 
jamin Jjincoln,  secretary.] 

Oct.  *  Mass.  The  colonists  are  further 
incensedby  thearrival  of  British  troops, 
and  by  the  measures  adopted  by  General 


Oct.  26.  Mass.  The  Provincial  Congress 
proceeds  to  organize  the  militia  as 
"  minute-men,"  and  collect  stores  and 
ammunition  for  public  defense. 

Nov.  4.  Congress,  by  its  committee, 
makes  a  Declaration  of  Bights. 

It  claims  the  right  of  participating 
in  the  making  of  the  laws  of  the  land, 
and  in  the  ordering  of  the  taxes ;  of 
having  trial  by  jury  in  the  vicinage  ; 
of  holding  public  meetings  :  of  seeking 
redress  for  grievances.  It  protests 
against  a  standing  army  imposed  with- 
out its  consent ;  and  against  eleven 
governmental  acts  violating  colonial 
rights  and  privileges.    It  proposes  peace- 


able redress  by  forming  an  American 
association  pledged  not  to  trade  with 
Great  Britain,  or  the  West  Indies,  nor 
with  those  engaged  in  the  slave-trade, 
and  not  to  buy  British  goods  or  tea; 
a  non-importation,  non-consumption, 
and  non-exportation  agreement  is 
adopted. 

Nov.  i:  *  Provincial  legislatures  pass 
resolutions  for  obtaining  military 
stores  and  arming  the  inhabitants. 

Nov.  5.  Va.  The  militia  assembled  at 
Fort  Gower  resolve  to  support  their 
countrymen  rather  than  the  tyranny  of 
their  King. 

Dec.  *  The  king,  having  prohibited  the 
exportation  of  military  stores  to 
America,  patriots  in  Rhode  Island  take 
about  40  cannon  from  the  public  battery  ; 
in  New  Hampshire  they  seize  over  100 
barrels  of  gunpowder  lying  in  the  fort 
at  Portsmouth. 

*  *  Can.  A  legislative  council  is  es- 
tablished ;  the  laws  made  by  the  French 
are  confirmed,  and  the  Catholics  secured 
in  their  religious  freedom. 

*  *  Connecticut  issues  paper  money, 
the  first  of  the  Revolution. 

*  *  Ga.  Several  millions  of  acres  of  land 
ceded  to  the  King,  by  the  Creek  and 
Cherokee  Indians. 

*  *  Ky.     George  R.  Clark  arrives. 

*  *  Mass.  A  great  commotion  arises 
against  Gov.  Hutchinson  and  Lieut.-gov. 
Oliver,  whose  letters  to  the  British 
government  against  the  liberties  of 
the  colony  beconie  known.  These  offi- 
cials propose  the  introduction  of  troops, 
and  one  of  them  suggests  the  establish- 
ment of  a  "patrician  order."  The 
governor  advises  the  abridgement  of 
**  English  liberties,*'  as  he  doubted  if 
the  people  of  a  colony  could  enjoy  all 
the  liberty  of  the  parent  State. 

*  *  Spain  permits  free-trade  with  several 
of  her  South  American  settlements. 

*  *  Newspapers  are  divided,  for  and 
against  the  government. 

1775  *  *  Eng.    Parliament  is  occupied 

with  American  affairs. 
Jan.  20,    Eng.     Chatham  presents  his 

motion  to  Parliament  for  conciliation 

with  America. 
Feb.  1.    Mass.    The  second  Provincial 

Congress  meets  at  Cambridge. 
Feb.  10.    Eng.    Lord  North  introduces 

a  bill  to  restrain  the  trade  and  com- 
merce   of   New    England    [which    soon 

after  passes  Parliament]. 
Feb,  *  Franklin  is  in  London,  conferring 

with  the  Howes. 
Mar.  5.    New  York.     A  town-meeting 

favors  a  congress ;  hoop-poles  from  a . 

neighboring  cooper's  yard  are  used  to 

enforce  a  favoring  vote, 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1773  *  *  Conn.  An  old  copper-mine  at 
Simsbury  is  used  as  a  prison. 

1774  *  *  Boston.  The  streets  are  first 
lighted. 

*  *  Conn.  Only  1,363  Indians  are  reported 
in  this  colony. 


80     1775,  Mar.  18-1775. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1775  Mar.  18.  Mass.  Gen.  Gage  seizes 
13,425  musket  cartridges  and  3,000 
lbs.  of  ball  belonging  to  private  Ameri- 
cans and  stored  on  Boston  Neck. 

He  strengthens  the  fortifications  on 
Boston  lieck,  and  accumulates  mili- 
tary stores. 
Apr.  18.  Boston.  Gen.  Gage  issues 
orders  forbidding  any  one  to  leave  the 
town  after  dark. 

Paul  Revere  rides  to  Concord  to 
arouse  the  patriots. 

WAR  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 

Apr.  19.  Afass.  Ijexington,  the  First 
Battle  of  the  "War  for  American  In- 
dependence. 

Gen.  Gage  secretly  sends  a  regiment 
of  800  men  to  Concord,  16  miles  from 
Boston,  to  destroy  the  military  stores  of 
the  colonists.  They  attack  the  patriots 
at  Lexington  and  partially  succeed  in 
their  mission,  when  they  are  in  turn  at- 
tacked by  the  '*  minute-men,"  and  driven 
back  to  6oston.  American  loss  49  killed, 
34  wounded,  and  five  missing ;  British 
loss  273.  '*  This  is  the  world-renowned 
battle  of  Concord,  more  eventful  than 
Agincourt  and  Blenheim." 

Apr.  20.  Mass.  Gen.  Putnam  arrives 
at  Concord,  having  ridden  his  horse 
about  100  miles  in  18  hours. 

Apr.  20  + -76,    Mar.   17,1776. 
SIEGE  OF  BOSTON. 

Apr.  20.  Boston  under  siege  by  about 
20,000  Americans. 

The  isthmus  connecting  the  town  of 
Boston  with  the  main  land  is  blockaded 
and  the  siege  of  the  city  begins. 

Fa.    Gov.  Dunmore  sends  marines  in 

the  night,  to  remove  about  20  barrels 
of  giuipowder  from  the  arsenal  at  Wil- 
liamsburg, the  capital ;  some  of  the  ex- 
asperated inhabitants  fly  to  arms. 

Apr.  25.  Md.  Baliimoreans  seize  the 
provincial  magazines,  containing  1,500 
stand  of  arms,  on  receiving  the  war-news 
from  Lexington. 

Apr.  27.  Afass.  Bostonians  deliver  up  to 
Gen.  Gage  a  large  quantity  of  guns,  etc. 

May  2.  fa.  Patrick  Henry  and  700 
patriots  force  the  governor  to  pay  for 
the  powder  removed  from  Williamsburg. 

May  5.  Mass.  A  naval  skirmish  takes 
place  at  Martha's  Vineyard. 

May  10.  N.  Y,  Surrender  of  Ticon- 
deroga ;  the  gateway  to  Canada  is 
taken. 

Ethan  Allen  of  Vermont,  with  83 
•*  Green  Mountain  Boys,"  surprises  the 
garrison,  and  demands  its  surrender  of 
Commander  Delaplace,  "  In  the  name 
of  the  Great  Jehovah  and  the  Conti- 
nental Vongress."  Thirty-eight  prison- 
ers and  a  fortress  costing  S40,0(X>,000, 
with  120  cannons  and  vast  military  stores 
are  taken  by  these  extemporized  troops 
in  ten  minutes.  [The  military  supplies 
are  soon  hurried  to  the  besiegers  of  Bos- 
ton, where  they  are  much  needed.] 

May  12.  N.  Y.  Crown  Point  is  taken 
by  Seth  Warner  without  loss  of  life. 

•  *  Eng.  British  officers  resign  their 
commissions  rather  than  fight  the  colo- 
nists. 

May  25.  Boston.  Oens.  Howe,  Clin- 
ton, and  Burgoyne  arrive,  and  com- 


mand an  army  of  more  than,  10,000 
disciplined  soldiers. 

May  27.  Boston.  Israel  Putnam  defeats 
a  few  British  raiders  on  Hog  Island. 

May  *  Boston.  Artemaa  "Ward  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  American  forces. 
Conflicts  occur  in  the  harbor. 

Phila.    Congress  adopts  the  army 

before  Boston  as  the  Continental  army. 

*  *  A'.  I'.  Sir  John  Johnson  flees  from 
the  Mohawk  Valley  to  Canada. 

June  9.  Mass.  The  American  army 
at  Cambridge;  officers  1,581,  privates 
6,063 ;  total  7,644. 

Jtine  12.  Me.  The  Margaretta  seized  at 
Mac  bias. 

June  16.  Mass.  The  Americans  throw 
up  entrenchments  near  Bunker  Hill 
during  the  night,  and  command  Boston 
with  their  cannons. 

June  17.  Phila.  Continental  Congress 
elects  George  Washington  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  American 
army  ;  he  accepts  the  appointment,  re- 
fusing all  compensation.    (June  15?) 

*  *  Massachusetts  authorizes  priva- 
teering. 

*  *  Rhode  Island  commissions  two 
cruisers,  and  sends  Abraham  Whipple 
to  Bermuda  to  seize  powder. 

Mass.     Battle     of    Bunker    Hill 

(Breed's  Hill). 

About  3,000  British  troops  under  Gen- 
erals Howe  and  Pigot,  aided  by  the  fleet, 
carry  the  entrenchments  on  the  third 
assault,  the  Americans  having  consumed 
their  ammunition.  British  loss,  1,054 
killed  and  wounded;  Americans  lose 
150  killed  (among  them  the  brave  Gen. 
Joseph  Warren),  270  wounded,  and  32 
prisoners. 
Charlestown  is  burnt  by  the  British. 

June  21.  Phila.  "Washington  leaves 
to  take  command  of  the  American  army. 

June*  Ky.  Daniel  Boone  builds  his 
fort. 

July  2.  Mass.  Washington  arrives  at 
Cambridge, 

July  3.  Mass.  Washington  assumes 
command  of  the  army,  consisting  of 
14,500  men. 

July  27.  Phila.  Congress  establishes  a 
hospital  for  20,000  men. 

July  *  Can.  Col.  Guy  Johnson  holds  a 
conference  with  the  Indians  at  Mon- 
treal. Many  Indian  chiefs  agree  to 
support  the  King's  cause,  against  the 
colonists,  but  accomplish  very  little. 

Boston.    The  army  in  three  divisions 

invests  the  city. 

Aug.  21.  X.  Y.  Continental  array  un- 
der Gen.  Montgomery  arrives  at  Fort 
Ticonderoga. 

Aug.  26.  Mass.  The  Americans  open 
their  entrenchments  on  a  hill  near 
Boston. 

Aug.  30.  Conn.  Stonington  is  at- 
tacked by  the  British. 

Sept.  2.  Mass.  Washington  begius  to 
commission  war-vessels. 

Sept.  *  X.  Y.  Schuyler  from  Ticonde- 
roga moves  toward  Canada,  but  yields 


the   command    to  Montgomery,    who 
captures  Chambly. 

*  *  Me.  Benedict  Arnold  moves  up  the 
Kennebec  to  invade  Canada. 

Sept.  *  -Dec.  *  Pa.  Hostilities  in  the 
Susquehanna  country  between  the  Con- 
necticut and  Pennsylvania  settlers. 

Sept.  25.  Ca7i.  Col.  Ethan  Allen,  with 
83  men,  attempts  to  take  Montreal ;  all 
are  made  prisoners. 

Sept.  *  S.  C.  Col.  Moultrie,  with  the 
militia,  takes  possession  of  Fort  John- 
son on  St.  James  Island. 

Oct.  7.  B.  I.  British  vessels  sail  into  the 
harborof  Bristol  and  fire  upon  the  town  ; 
Newport  is  threatened  with  destruction. 

Oct.  10.  Boston.  Lord  W^illiam  Howe 
succeeds  General  Gage  in  command 
at  Boston. 

Oct.  13.  The  United  States  Navy 
originated  by  an  order  of  Congress  for 
the  construction  of  2  cruisers,  mounting 
respectively  10  and  14  guns. 

Oct.  18.  Me.  Falmouth  (Portland)  is 
burned  by  the  British  under  lieutenant 
Mowatt. 

Oct.  *  -Dec.  *  The  American  vessels, 
Lynch  and  Franklin,  cruise  in  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence. 

Nov.  2.  A^  B.  The  garrison  at  St.  John 
surrenders  to  Americans  under  Gen- 
eral Montgomery. 

Nov.  9.  Can.  General  Arnold,  with 
1,000  men,  arrives  before  Quebec;  they 
are  deterred  from  taking  the  city  by  the 
want  of  boats. 

Nov.  12.  Can.  The  Americans  under 
^Montgomery,  having  invaded  Canada, 
attempt  to  surprise  the  British  and 
take  Montreal, 

*  ♦  Gtr.  British  eflforts  to  secure  Ger- 
man mercenaries  begin. 

Nov.  22.  Mass.  Americans  take  Cobble 
or  Miller's  Hill  near  Boston  and  for- 
tify it. 

Nov.  23.  British  despatch-hearer  Con- 
nelly captured  near  Hagerstown,  while 
on  his  way  to  Detroit,  with  papers  of 
great  consequence. 

Nov.  25.  Phila.  Congress  declares, Brit- 
ish vessels  open  to  capture  by  Amer- 
icans, in  retaliation  for  ordering  the 
attack  on  American  seaport  towns  by 
British  vessels. 

Nov.  29.  An  American  privateer  cap- 
tures three  British  ships  containing 
military  stores. 

Nov.  *  Eng.  Parliament  votes  to  in- 
crease the  British  army  in  America 
to  40,000  men,  requiring  an  addition  of 
25,000  men.  British  subjects  decline  to 
enlist,  and  17,000  Hessians  are  hired  of 
Brunswick  and  Hesse-Cassel,  at  $36  a 
bead. 

Dec.  1.  Can.  Arnold  and  Montgom- 
ery unite  their  forces  on  the  St.  Law- 
rence. 

Dec.  8.  Can.  The  siege  of  Quebec 
begins. 

Dec.  9.  Va.  A  slight  action  takes  place 
at  Cedar  Bridge. 


AMERICA. 


1775,  Mar.  18-177  5.     81 


Dec.  10.  British  vessels  destroy  the 
buildings  on  Canonicut  Island. 

Dec.  13.  Phila.  The  germ  of  the  navy 
department.  Congress  first  determines 
to  build  a  navy  of  13  frigates. 

Dec.  22,  Phila.  Congress  appoints  a 
corps  of  naval  officers,  Esek  Hopkins 
commander,  and  John PaulJones lieu- 
tenant, naval  affairs  being  in  charge  of 
a  *'  Marine  Committee." 

*  *  Boston.  Admiral  Shulflam  relieves 
Admiral  Graves  as  commander  of  the 
British  fleet. 

Dec.  30.  Can.  Gen.  Montgomery  de- 
feated and  killed  l)efore  Quebec. 
Gen.  Arnold  continues  the  fruitless 
siege. 

Dec.  *  Phila.  Congress  authorizes  Wash- 
ington to  push  the  attack  upon  Boston, 
to  the  destruction  of  the  town  if  neces- 
sary. 

CHURCH. 

1775  May  28.  R.  L  Dedication  of  a 
new  Baptist  church  at  Providence ; 
steeple  106  ft.  high;  bell,  2,515  lbs.; 
cost,  $35,000. 

May  20.  K.  C.  Presbyterians  form  the 
Mecklenburgh  Convention,  which 
anticipates  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence made  at  Philadelphia. 

May  *  Va.  Baptist  churches  issue  a 
patriotic  address. 

LETTERS. 

1775  May  10.  New  York.  A  mob  com- 
pels President  Cooper  of  King's  (Co- 
lumbia) College  to  flee  for  his  life 
because  of  his  Tory  sentiments. 

*  ♦Nov.  *  New  York.  Rivington's  Ga- 
zetteer office  is  destroyed  by  Connecticut 
marauders. 

*  *  Eng.  Appeals  and  addresses,  or- 
dered by  tlie  Colonial  Congress,  arrive  in 
England. 

William  Pitt  commends  the  patriots. 
"  For  myself  I  must  avow,  that,  in  all 
my  reading,  —  and  I  have  read  Thucyd- 
ides,  and  I  have  studied  and  admired 
the  master  states  of  the  world, —  for 
solidity  of  reason,  force  of  sagacity,  and 
wisdom  of  conclusion^  under  a  compli- 
cation of  difficult  circumstances,  no 
nation  or  body  of  men  can  stand  in 
preference  to  the  general  congress  at 
Philadelphia.  The  nistories  of  Greece 
and  Rome  give  us  nothing  equal  to  it, 
and  all  attempts  to  impose  servitude 
upon  such  a  mighty  continental  nation 
must  be  in  vain." 

SOCIETY. 

1775  Apr.  14.  Phila.  The  first  Aboli- 
tion Society  is  formed,  with  Benjamin 
Franklin  as  president,  and  Benjamin 
Rush  as  secretary. 

Apr.  19,  The  patriots'  victory  at  the 
battle  of  Lexington  fires  the  coxmtry. 

Public  sentiment  quickly  changes  from 
loyalty  to  an  almost  universal  desire  to 
separate  from  England. 

May  *  Eng.  Tlie  people  are  divided  in 
their  allegiance. 

English  privilege  and  officialism  are 
with  the  kings ;  the  j)opular  heart  and 
conscience  are  with  the  colonists,  by  a 
great  majority. 


June  17.  The  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill, 
though  a  defeat,  inspires  the  war 
spirit  in  the  colonies ;  it  is  discovered 
that  British  troops  are  not  invincible. 

*  *  Jioston.  The  people  suffer  because  of 
the  rigorous  siege. 

*  *  Boston.  Dr.  Benj.  Church,  director  of 
the  hospital,  is  the  first  American  traitor. 

Nov.  4,  Phila.  The  Continental  Con- 
gress directs  that  there  should  be  issued 
daily  to  each  soldier  a  pint  of  milk  and 
a  quart  of  spruce  beer  or  cider. 

STATE. 

1776  Mar.  *  Eng.  Franklin  leaves  Lon- 
don. 

Mar.  *  Mass.  The  movement  develops 
a  struggle  for  liberty. 

John  Adams  says,  "  That  there  are  any 
who  pant  after  independence  is  the 
greatest  slander  on  the  province."  [A 
sudden  change  soon  follows.] 

Apr.  3.    N.  Y.   The  Colonial  Assembly 

holds  its  last  session,  and  adjourns. 
Apr.  19.  The  political  existence  of  the 
United  States  dates  from  the  Battle  of 
Lexington ;  its  legal  existence  from 
the  adoption  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence on  July  4,  1776. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Richmond  and  Queens  Counties 
side  with  the  Tories,  and  send  no  dele- 
gates to  the  Provincial  Congress.  The 
wealth  and  influence  of  New  York 
City  are  hostile  to  the  patriots. 

Apr.  22.  Mass.  The  Provincial  Congress 
resolves  to  raise  an  army  of  30,000 
men,  of  which  the  quota  of  Massachu- 
setts will  be  13,600. 

May  5.  Phila.  Benjamin  Franklin 
returns  from  England  after  an  absence 
of  more  than  ten  years. 

May  10.  Phila.  The  Second  Conti- 
nental Congressopens  in  Independence 
Hall.  [Peyton  Randolph,  president ; 
Charles  Thomson,  secretary.]  Colonies 
represented,  13 ;  delegates  present,  55. 

May  15.  Phila.  Congress  resolves  to 
issue  paper  money  as  a  substitute  for 
taxation. 

*  *  Phila.  Congress  votes  to  establish  a 
line  of  posts  from  Maine  to  Georgia. 

May  20.  Phila.  Articles  of  confed- 
eration and  perpetual  union  agreed 
upon  in  the  Congress, 

iV.  C.    The  colonists  begin  to  speak 

of  the  United  Colonies  of  America: 
at  Charlotte  the  citizens  assemble  has- 
tily to  startle  the  country  by  adopting 
the  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  liide- 
pendence,  [two  months  before  that 
written  by  Jefferson.  Winsor  =  May  20  ; 
some  others  =  May  31]. 

May  24.    Phila.     John     Hancock     is 

-    elected  president  of  Congress. 

June  7.  Mass.  The  General  Court  con- 
siders the  creation  of  a  naval  force,  and 
authorizes  privateers. 

Its  action  is  anticij>ated  by  the  people 
of  Buzzard's  Bay.  [.Jeremiah  O'Brien 
is  made  a  naval  captain,  commanding 
the  prize  sloop  Margaretta.] 

June  12.  Mass.  Gen.  Gage  by  procla- 
mation arrog.'intIy  offers  pardon  to  all 
"  rebels  "  and  "  traitors  "  who  may  sur- 


render, but  excepts  Samuel  Adams  and 
John  Hancock. 

June  14.  Phila.  Congress  votes  to  raise 
an  army  of  20,000  men.  [June  15.  Wash- 
ington elected  commander.] 

June  15.  Phila.  Congress  makes  a 
last  appeal  to  George  III.  for  justice  and 
liberty.    [July  8.    Second  petition.] 

June  22.  Phila.  Congress  resolves  to 
emit  $2,000,000  in  bills  of  credit. 

July  6.  Phila.  Congress  issues  a  man- 
ifesto, justifying  its  resistance  to 
England. 

July  26.  Md.  The  Maryland  Convention 
meets  at  Annapolis,  and  resolves  to  sup- 
port the  measures  of  Congress ;  orders 
$266,666  bills  of  credit  struck,  and 
decides  to  raise  40  companies  of  min- 
ute-men. 

Phila.    Congress  first  establishes  a 

post-office;  Benjamin  Franklin,  post- 
master. 

Summer.  Franklin  proposes  a  plan  for 
confederating  the  English  colonies. 

Aug.  *  Georgia  joins  the  other  colonies. 

Summer.  The  King's  authority  is 
overthrown  in  all  the  colonies ;  the 
governors  either  join  the  popular  cause, 
or  are  driven  away  by  the  people. 

Aug  23.  Eng.  King  George  III.  pro- 
claims the  existence  of  open  rebellion 
in  the  colonies,  and  calls  on  loyal  per- 
sons to  give  information  against  the  dis- 
loyal colonists. 

*  *  Phila.  Congress  passes  a  Pension 
Act. 

Oct.  6.  Phila.  Congress  urges  the  arrest 
of  Tories. 

*  *  Phila.  Congress  appoints  a  Naval 
Committee. 

Oct.  13.  Phila.  Congress  orders  war- 
vessels  to  be  built. 

Nov.  *  Can.  Commissioners  from  Con- 
gress go  to  Canada. 

*  *  Phila.  Bonvouloir  sounds  Congress 
by  direction  of  the  French  government. 

Nov.  13.  Massachusetts  authorizes  pri- 
vate armed  vessels  to  cruise. 

Nov.  29.  Phila.  Congress  first  seeks  ad- 
mission into  the  family  of  nations  by 
appointing  Franklin,  Jay,  and  three 
others,  a  committee  to  confer  with 
friends  of  the  colonies  *'  in  Great  Britain, 
Ireland,  and  elsewhere." 

*  *  [U.  S.]  Governors  inaugurated; 
Nov.  *  -78*  *  li.  I.  Nicolas  Cooke. 
S.  C.    William  Campbell. 

Dec.  2.  Phila.  Congress  votes  to  em- 
ploy foreign  engineers. 

Dec.  21.  Eng.  Act  of  Parliament  for 
confiscating  all  American  vessels 
and  impressing  their  crews  into  the 
British  navy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1775  *  *  Can.  Quebec  has  5,000  inhab- 
itants. 

Dec.  14.  Boston.  Gen.  Howe  orders 
about  100  wooden  buildings  to  be  taken 
down  and  used  for  fuel. 


82     1775-1776,  July  3. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY -NAVY. 

1775  *  *  Both  the  English  and  Americans 
seek  the  aid  of  the  Indians, 

1776  Jan.  1.  Mass.  The  Union  flag 
is  first  unfurled  in  the  camp  at  Cam- 
bridge. 

Va.    WTorfolk,  the  principal  shipping 

port  of  Virginia,  is  partly  burned  by 
the  Americans  to  deprive  the  British 
of  shelter,  and  in  part  by  the  British 
Tories  under  Gov.  Lord  Dunmore,  who 
had  been  driven  from  office  by  the 
patriots. 

*  *  Washington  commissions  Samuel 
Tucker  as  naval  captain. 

Jan.  20.  Sir  John  Johnson  is  forced 
by  Gen.  Schuyler  to  disband  his  High- 
landers and  Mohawks,  and  give  his 
parole  not  to  fight  the  patriots. 

Feb.  4.  New  York.  The  Americans 
take  possession;  Gen.  Charles  Lee 
enters  the  city  and  encamps  in  the 
suburb  on  The  Fields  (City  Hall  Park). 

Feb.  •  The  first  American  fleet  of  armed 
vessels  begins  its  cruise. 

The  British  seek  to  transfer  the  seat 
of  war  to  the  southern  colonies. 

The  American  regular  army  num- 
bers a  little  more  than  14,000  men  ;  6,000 
Massachusetts  militia  are  available. 

Feb.  10.  Mass.  Washington,  at  Charles- 
town,  writes:  "Without  men,  without 
arms,  without  ammunition,  little  is  to 
be  done." 

Feb.  27.  A'.  C.  Tories  and  Highlanders 
under  McDonald  defeated  at  Moore's 
Creek  Bridge  by  the  patriots,  who 
take  the  British  general,  350  guns,  1,500 
rides,  13  wagons,  150  swords. 

•  •  Mass.  The  cannons  taken  at  Fort 
Tioonderoga,  having  been  hauled 
thither  on  sleds,  are  placed  along  the 
American  line  around  Boston. 

Mar.  2.    Mass.     Americans    bombard 
the  British  in  Boston. 
An  action  occurs  at  Morris  Creek. 

Mar.  3.  Ga.  Col.  Bull  and  Americans 
burn  British  ship  Inverness,  and  6  other 
vessels  laden  for  England,  near  Savan- 
nah. 

Mar.  4.  W.  I.  Com.  Esek  Hopkins 
takes  NewT  Providence  from  the  Brit- 
ish with  its  military  stores. 

Mar.  5.  Mass  A  detachment  of  Amer- 
icans under  Gen,  Thomas  tkkes  posses- 
sion of  Dorchester  Heights  in  the 
night,  thus  beginning  the  long-expected 
attempt  to  take  Boston. 

Boston.    A  severe  storm  delays  the 

storming  of  the  American  works  by  the 
British,  and  the  works  are  strengthened. 

Mar.  *  Can.  The  Americans  are  ex- 
pelled from  Canada  by  Sir  Guy  Carle- 
ton. 

Mar.  17.  Boston  is  evacuated  by  the 
British  under  Howe  without  molesta- 
tion, there  being  an  informal  agreement 
that  the  city  would  not  be  burned  if  no 
attack  was  made.  [Eleven  days  re- 
quired.] 


Mar.  18.  Boston.  'Washington  enters 
the  city,  and  finds  250  cannon  and  25,000 
bushels  of  wheat. 

Mar.  23.  rhila.  Congress  issues  letters 
of  marque  and  reprisal  against  Eng- 
land, and  declares  all  British  vessels  to 
be  lawful  prizes. 

Mar. '-Apr.  *  Ger.  The  troops  of 
Hesse-Cassel  are  first  mustered  in  by 
the  British. 

Apr.  4.  Mass.  Washington  leaves  Cam- 
bridge for  New  York. 
Apr.  6.  British  ship  Glasgow,  20  guns, 
and  her  tender,  under  Captain  Howe, 
attack  the  brigantine  Catx>t,  30  guns, 
Columbus,  28  guns,  brig  Annodine,  G 
giuis,  and  sloop  Providence,  12  guns, 
under  Commodore  Hopkins,  and  escapes 
with  the  loss  of  her  tender. 
•  *  Washington  ceases  to  supervise  naval 

affairs. 
Apr.  13.  New  York.  'Washington  and 
the  main'part  of  the  army  arrive  from 
Cambridge  ;  he  has  about  8,000  effective 
men. 
May  17.  Boston.  Capt.  Mugford,  having 
captured  the  British  ship  Hope,  with 
1,500  barrels  of  powder,  brings  the  prize 
to  port. 

New  York.    Washington  first  learns 

that  17,000  German    troops  have  been 
hired  by  the  British,  who  are  landing 
in  Canada. 
May  10.    Can.     Gen.   Benedict  Arnold, 
with900Americans,  captures  the  British 
post  at  the  Cedars,  releasing  500  Amer- 
ican prisoners. 
May  25.    Phila.    Congress  resolves  to 
engage  the  Indians  for  military  ser- 
vice. 
May  *  Can.     The    Americans    are    de- 
feated at  Three  Rivers. 

Gen.  Thomas  retreats  from  Quebec 
in  command  of  the  Northern  army. 
June  2.     Can.     Gen.  .John  Thomas  dies 

of  smallpox. 
June  4.    S.  C.    The  British  fleet  appears 
off  Charleston. 

Gen.  Lee  arrives  at  Charleston,  for 

its  defense,  as  Gen.   Clinton  arrives 

to  destroy  it;  both  parties  proceed  to 

erect  defenses. 

June  15.    Can.     The    British    retake 

Montreal  from  the  Americans. 
June  *  ±  Can.  Gen.  Howe  leaves  Halifax, 
and  sails  with  his  army  for  New  York 
Bay. 
June  16.    Can.    The  Americans  abandon 

the  province  of  Canada. 
June  17,  18.    English  transports  bound 
for  Boston  are  captured  by  American 
cruisers. 
June  18.    Canada  is  entirely  evacu- 
ated by  the  Americans,  "  defeated,  dis- 
contented, dispirited,  diseased." 
June  25.    N.  Y.     Gen.  Hovire   arrives 

at  Sandy  Hook  with  his  forces. 
June  28.    New  York.    Gen.  Howe,  with 
the    garrison   of    Boston,  on   board    a 
British  fleet   of   40  vessels,  enters  the 
harbor. 


June  *  Gen.  Horatio  Gates  takes  com- 
mand   of    the    Northern    army  of 

Americans. 
Jime  27.  The  British  under  Gen.  Clinton 
and  Sir  Peter  Parker  bombard  the  fort 
on  Sullivan's  Island  for  10  hours  and 
retire;  British  loss,  210  killed  and 
wounded ;  Americans,  32.  [The  name 
of  the  fort  is  changed  to  Fort  Moultrie, 
in  honor  of  its  commander.] 

Incident  of  bravery:  Sergeant  Jasper 
leaps  outside  the  fort  and  seizes  the 
fallen  flag,  which  he  ties  to  a  pole  on 
the  parapet  amid  "iron  hail." 
June  30.  JV.  1'.  Gen.  Howe  lands  a 
strong  British  force  on  Staten  Island, 
where  he  is  welcomed  by  the  Tories. 

*  *  Gen.  Ward  commissions  Capt.  Mug- 
ford  to  cruise  near  Boston. 

*  •  Paul  Jones  with  the  privateer  Provi- 
dence takes  10  prizes. 

June  *  New  York.  Washington  discovers 
a  Tory  conspiracy,  in  which  some  of 
the  patriot  soldiers  are  involved,  and 
one  of  the  guard,  Thomas  Hickey,  is 
hanged  "for  mutiny,  sedition,  and 
treachery."    Tories  take  warning. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1775  »  •  Boston,    The  Blockade  of  Boston 
is   written    by  General   Burgoyne.  and 
performed  in  Boston  by  British  officers. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1775'  • 
Anderson,  .Alexander,  engraver,  born. 
Barbour.  James,  statesman,  born, 
Beecber.  Lyman,  theologian,  born. 
Bohler,  Peter,  Moravian  bisli0}>,  AH3. 
Brown,  .laroli,  major-general,  born. 
Chase.  Philander,  bishop,  l)orn. 
Eckfoni,  Henry,  sliipbuilder,  born. 
Embury.  Philip,  first  Metli.  preaclier,  A46. 
Ilotiart,  .John   Henry,  Prot.-Epis.  bishop  of 

N.  v.,  author,  born. 
Lytnaii,  I'lniieas,  general,  A.Sft. 
Slilledoler,  I'liilip,  pres.  of  Ktltgers  Coll.,  b. 
Montgomery,  Richard,  general,  A39. 
Morgan,  Wdliani,  abdii<;ted,  born. 
Qulncy,  Josiah.  Jr..  patriot  and  orator,  A31. 
Randolph.  Peyton,  first   American    Con- 
gress, Ab'Z. 
Spalding,  Lyman,  physician,  born. 
■Warren.  Joseph,  gen.,  pbys.,  patriot,  A34. 

CHURCH. 
1775*  "Boston.     The    Old    South 
Church    used    as    a   riding-school   for 
Burgoyne's   light-horse. 

*  *  Conn.    Discomfort  in  the  churches. 

Stoves  are  not  yet  introduced  into  Con- 
necticut churches,  though  the  climate  is 
more  severe  than  in  recent  years,  and 
the  communion  bread  freezes  on  the 
tables,  yet  new-born  infants  are  taken 
to  the  churches  to  be  baptized,  accord- 
ing to  the  custom. 

*  *  Eng.  The  religious  sympathies  of  the 
dissenters  especially  favor  the  colonists. 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  New  Fngland  is  formed  (London- 
derry, Salem,  and  Palmer). 

*  *  I'rt.  The  General  Association  of  Bap- 
tists appoints  3  bishops  ;  one  is  elected 
an  apostle  by  ballot. 

1776  May  4.  It.  I.  The  Baptists  re- 
pudiate all  allegiance  to  George  111. 

*  *  All  the  colonies,  with  the  exception  of 
Khode  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsyl- 


amp:rica. 


1775-1776,  July  3.     83 


vania,  have  a  church  established  by- 
law, or  custom,  as  the  rightful  custo- 
dian of  the  spiritual  interests  of  the 
people. 
June*  Francis  Asbury,  a  distinguished 
Methodist,  is  arrested  and  fined  £5  for 
preacliiug  without  first  taking  the  oath 
of  loyalty. 

LETTERS. 

1775  Mar.  6.  Boston.  Joseph  "War- 
ren repeats  his  massacre  oration. 

*  *  \ew  York:  Rev.  Benjamin  Moore 
becomes  president  of  King's  (Columbia) 
College. 

The  Constitutional  Gazette  issued  by 
John  Anderson.    (Dies  the  same  year.) 

*  *  Phila.  The  Pennsylvania  Magazine 
appears. 

*  *  Va.  Patrick  Henry,  the  greatest 
orator  in  America,  makes  his  famous 
patriotic  speech  before  the  House  of 
Burgesses. 

McFingal,  by  John  Trumbull,  appears 
in  part. 

1776  Jan.  8.  Thomas  Paine  issues  his 
Common  Sense,  which  is  widely  circu- 
lated, and  greatly  aids  the  Revolution 
by  showing  the  importance  and  necessity 
of  seeking  independence. 

SOCIETY. 

1776  Mar.  18.  Boston.  Washington 
enters  the  city  at  the  head  of  his  army  ; 
the  whole  coimtry  is  wild  with  de- 
light. [Congress  orders  a  gold  medal 
to  be  struck  for  General  Washington.] 

Apr.  6.  Phila.  Congress  prohibits  the 
importation  of  slaves. 

STATE. 

1775*  *  Governors  inaugurated : 

*  *  S.  C.  William  Campbell  governor, 
later,  John  Kutledge,  the  first  governor 
under  the  Federal  Constitution. 

1776.  Jan.  1.  Mass.  The  flag  of  the 
13  United  Colonies  is  first  raised ;  it  re- 
tains the  crosses  of  St.  George  and  St. 
Andrew  on  a  blue  ground,  and  adds  red 
and  white  stripes.    It  is  first  used  by 

,   Washington  at  Cambridge. 

*  *  *  New  York.  Gov.  Tryon  prudently 
retires  on  board  of  a  British  man-of-war. 

Jan.  2.  Phila.  Congress  urges  strenu- 
ous measures  against  the  Tories. 

Jan.  *  Eng.  Pitt  makes  a  speech  on 
the  Americans  in  Parliament. 

Feb.  1.  Eng.  Gen.  Howe  is  directed 
not  to  use  the  King's  name  in  the  ex- 
change of  prisoners. 

Feb.  17.  Phila.  Congress  is  obliged  to 
issue  $4,000,000  additional  bills  of 
(Continental  paper  to  meet  the  expenses 
of  the  war. 

Mar.  2.  Phila.  Congress  appoints  Silas 
Deane,  of  Ct.,  commissioner  to  France. 

Mar.*  Phila,  Congress  commissions 
Carroll,  Franklin,  and  Chase  to  go 
to  Canada  to  effect  a  union. 


Mar.  23.  Phila.  Congress  authorizes 
privateers  to  prey  upon  British  com- 
merce. 

Mar.  14.  Phila.  Congress  urges  the  dis- 
arming of  disaffected  citizens. 

Mar.  *  -Jime  *  U.  S.  Ifotable  increase 
of  the  spirit  of  independence. 

Mar.  26.  S.  C.  The  General  Assembly 
adopts  a  Constitution  for  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Province.  It  is  to  continue 
till  October  21,  "  and  no  longer." 

*  *  Phila.  Congress  issues  instructions 
to  privateers. 

Apr.  6.  Congress  declares  American 
ports  open  to  the  trade  of  all  nations 
except  Great  Britain,  but  prohibits  the 
slave-trade. 

Apr.  22.  North  Carolina  authorizes  her 
delegates  to  subscribe  to  a  declaration 
of  independence. 

Apr.  *  Phila.  A  finance  committee, 
the  germ  of  the  Treasury  Deijartment, 
is  appointed  by  Congress. 

May  4.  P.  I.  Tlie  Assembly  repeak  the 
**  Act  fnr  the  more  effectually  securing 
to  his  Majesty  the  allegiance  of  Rhode 
Island  and  Providence  plantations,"  and 
provides  that  in  legal  papers,  the  name 
ami  authority  of  the  King  shall  be 
omitted,  and  those  of  "  the  Governor 
and  Company  of  this  Colony"  be  sub- 
stituted. 

May  10.  Pa.  The  colonial  charter  is 
overthrown. 

Mass.    Tlie  General  Assembly  calls 

upon  the  people  to  assemble  in  town- 
meetings,  and  instruct  their  represen- 
tatives, "  Whether,  if  the  Honorable 
Congress  should,  for  the  safety  of  said 
Colonies,  declare  them  independent 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain,  they, 
the  said  inhabitants,  will  solemnly  en- 
gage, with  their  lives  and  fortunes, 
to  support  them  in  the  measure." 
[Barnstable  is  the  only  town  in  the 
Commonwealth  that  hesitates.] 

May  15.  Phila.  Congress  calls  upon 
the  States  to  jtrovide  independent  gov- 
ernments, and  totally  suppress  every 
kind  of  authority  under  the  Crown. 

Va.    The    Convention    instructs  the 

delegates  of  Virginia  in  Congress  to 
urge  it  •*  to  declare  the  United  Colo- 
nies free  and  independent  States, 
absolved  from  allegiance  to,  or  depend- 
ence upon,  the  Crown  or  Parliament  of 
Great  Britain." 

May  *  Fr.  —  Sp.  France  and  Spain  se- 
cretly resolve  to  aid  the  Americans 
with  money. 

May  24,  Phila.  The  Continental  Con- 
gress elects  John  Hancock  of  Massa- 
chusetts as  its  president. 

June  7.  Phila.  Congress  changes  its 
demand,  and  asks  for  independence 
instead  of  constitutional  liberties. 

Phila,  Richard  Henry  Lee,  in  obe- 
dience to  the  instructions  of  the  Assem- 
bly of  Virginia,  offers  a  resolution  in 
Congress  •*  that  the  united  colonies 
are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free 


and     independent     States.**      John 

Adams  of  Massachusetts  seconds  the 
motion ,  and  a  great  debate  follows.  New 
York,  New  .Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Mary- 
land, and  South  Carolina  are  conserva- 
tive, and  hesitate  to  support  such  a 
radical  step.  Tlie  resolution  is  post- 
poned till  July  first. 

June  10  and  Aug.  11.  Phila.  Beau- 
marchais,  as  agent,  receives  from  the 
French  and  Spanish  governments  mon- 
eys, and  conducts  his  business  under  the 
style  "  Hortalez  et  Compagnie." 

Jtuie  11.  Phila.  Congress  appoints  T. 
Jefferson,  John  Adams,  Benj.  Franklin, 
Roger  Sherman,  and  Robert  R.  Living- 
ston a  committee  to  prepare  a  decla- 
ration of  independence. 

June  12.  Va.  A  Declaration  of  Rights 
is  adopted. 

June  *  Va.  Gov.  Dunmore  prudently  re- 
tires on  board  a  British  man-of-war. 

June  20.  Conn.  The  General  Assembly 
issues  a  declaration  of  independence 
and  absolution  from  all  allegiance  to  the 
King  of  Great  Britain. 

Jtme  *  New  York.  Discovery  of  the 
"Hickey  Plot,"  to  assassinate  Wash- 
ington. 

*  *  Fr.  Silaa  Deane  reaches  France  as 
the  first  agent  of  the  United  States. 

*  *  Phila.  The  United  States  solicits 
money  of  France. 

*  *  Phila.    Congress  proposes  a  loan. 

Jime  28.  Phila.  Congress.  The  reso- 
lution of  Independence  drafted  by 
Thomas  Jefferson  of  Virginia,  having 
been  accepted  by  the  committee,  is  re- 
ported to  the  delegates. 

July  1.  Phila.  Congress.  Debate  com- 
mences on  the  resolution  for  Independ- 
ence. 

July  2.  Phila.  Congress.  Delegates  of 
all  the  colonies  adopt  the  resolution  of 
Independence  except  New  York,  whose 
delegates  have  not  been  instructed  to 
take  such  an  important  step. 

July  3.  Phila.  Congress  debates  the 
Declaration  of   Independence   with 

great  earnestness,  but  the  discussion  is 
not  completed. 

Note  — The  KeBolution  of  Independence,  the 
important  event,  passes  on  the  3d  of  July. 
The  reasons  for  so  doing  are  passed  by  Con- 
gress two  days  later.  John  Adams  predicted 
the  '•  fld  day  of  July  "  would  be  long  cele- 
brated. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

*  *  *  "Wealth  abounds  in  many  South- 
em  families ;  it  is  chiefly  produced  by 
growing  tobacco,  indigo,  and  rice. 

1776  Jan.  1.  Va.  Norfolk  is  de- 
stroyed by  fire  and  the  cannon  balls  of 

the  British  ;  loss,  $1,500,000. 

Spring.  New  York.  Hydrant  water  in- 
troduced ;  reservoir  on  the  east  side  of 
Broad  Street,  near  Pearl. 


84     1776,  July  4-1777,  Jan.  1. 


AMERICA; 


Thk  United  States  of  America  is  a  federal  republic,  extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Oceans,  and  occupying 
most  of  the  southern  half  of  the  Continent  of  North  America.  It  comprises  45  States  and  three  Territories,  besides  the  District 
of  Columbia.    Washington  is  the  federal  capital. 

The  government  is  a  representative  democracy.  The  Federal  executive  authority  is  vested  in  a  President,  elected  for  four 
years,  aided  by  a  Cabinet  having  eight  members ;  the  legislative  authority,  in  a  Congress  having  two  houses,  the  Senate  com- 
prising two  members  for  each  State,  and  a  House  of  Representatives  having  356  members  who  are  elected  by  the  direct  vote  of 
the  people.  Katio  of  representation,  one  Representative  to  173,901  of  the  population.  Tlie  Senators  are  elected  by  the  State  Le- 
gislatures ;  the  Representatives  are  elected  for  two  years  by  the  direct  vote  of  the  people  of  the  different  States.  The  Federal 
authority  is  limited  to  national  affairs.  Each  State  has  a  Governor  and  a  Legislature  of  two  houses,  having  extensive  inde- 
pendent power  reserved  to  it  xmder  the  Federal  Constitution,  for  controlling  its  local  affairs.  The  Federal  judiciary  system  is 
distinct  from  that  of  the  States ;  the  highest  court  being  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  All  religions  are  tolerated, 
and  English  is  the  common  language.    Area,  3,025,600  square  miles  ;  including  Alaska,  3,557,000.    Population,  1890,  62,622,250. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1776  July  5.  Coim.  New  Haven  is 
plundered  and  pillaged  by  the  British. 

July  12.  N.  Y.  Sir  William  Howe  lands 
9,000  British  soldiers  on  Staten  Island. 

July  15-Oet.  11.  S.  C.  War  with  the 
Cherokee  Indians.  Their  settlements 
are  destroyed,  and  they  are  driven  be- 
yond the  mountains  by  a  force  under 
Col.  Andrew  Williamson. 

July  •  y,  T.  General  Sullivan  is  driven 
from  Canada  by  the  British  ;  he  rests  at 
Crown  Point. 

Aug.  1.  N.  Y.  Sir  Henry  Clinton's 
army  arrives  from  Charleston,  South 
Carolina. 

Aug.  8.  Northern  army  under  Washing- 
ton reports  10,514  fit  for  duty  ;  3,668  sick ; 
2,946  on  command;  97  on  furlough;  total, 
17,225. 

Lieut.  Paul  Jones  receives  acaptaiu's 

commission.  [Nov.  2.  if.  /.  He  sails  in 
command  of  the  ship  Alfred,  having  30 
guns  and  300  men,  and  the  sloop  Provi- 
dence,  having  12  guns  and  70  men.  He 
soon  breaks  up  the  fishery  at  Cape 
Breton.] 

Aug.  14.  JV.  Y.  Lords  Dunmore  and 
Campbell  and  Sir  Peter  Parker,  after 
taking  from  the  Virginians  about  1,000 
negroes,  join  XiOrd  Howe  on  Stateu 
Island,  making  his  entire  force  about 
35,000  men. 

Aug.  20.  N.  Y.  Gen.  Sullivan  suc- 
ceeds Gen.  Greene  in  command  of  the 
Americans  on  Long  Island.  [Aug.  24. 
He  is  succeeded  by  Gen.  Putnam.] 

Aug.  22.  N.  Y.  Gen.  Howe  lands  10,000 
British  soldiers  on  Xiong  Island  near 
the  Narrows.  (The  British  fleet  num- 
bers 437  vessels.) 

Aug.  27.  N.  Y.  Battle  of  Long  Island. 
Disastrous  defeat  of  5,000  Americans 
by  16,000  British  and  Hessians  in  Brook- 
lyn [Greenwood  Cemetery].  The  Amer- 
ican*^ under  Putnam,  Sullivan,  and  Stir- 
ling lose2,000killed  and  taken  prisoners, 
ineiudingthree  generals  captured  ;  Brit- 
ish loss,  about  400  men. 

Aug.  28.  A^.  Y.  The  British  on  Long 
Island  make  no  assault  on  the  Amer- 
ican lines,  but  prepare  for  a  regular 
siege ;  the  Americans  are  reenforced. 

*  *  *  Successive  disasters  fall  to  the 
Americans. 

Aug.  30.  N.  Y.  Washington,  favored 
by  a  dense  fog,  secretly  retreats  during 
the  night  from  Brooklyn  to  New  York. 


Sept.  *  Phila.  Congress  establishes  uni- 
forms for  the  army  and  navy. 

N.  Y.    Great  numbers  of  the  militia 

desert  after  the  defeat  on  Long  Island ; 
Washington's  army  is  reduced  to  less 
than  20,000  men. 

Sept.  14.  N.  Y.  The  British  enter 
New  York  City,  and  the  Americans 
retire  to  Harlem.  Washington  narrowly 
escapes  capture  in  his  reluctant  retreat. 

Sept.  16.  N.  Y.  The  British  make  an  un- 
successful attack  at  Harlem  Heights, 
near  New  York,  losing  20  killed  and  100 
wounded. 

Sept.  22.  JS'.  5'.  Captain  Nathan  Hale 
is  captured  while  reconnoitering  the 
British  force  on  Long  Island ;  he  is  de- 
nied the  attendance  of  a  clergyman,  and 
speedily  hanged  by  Sir  William  Howe  ; 
his  letters  to  his  mother  and  friends  are 
destroyed. 

*  *  New  York.  Oliver  de  Lancey  raises 
a  royalist  corps. 

Sept.f  *  N.  Y.  The  two  armies  watch 
each  other  for  several  weeks. 

Oct.  10.  Phila.  Congress  creates  cap- 
tains in  the  navy,  which  comprises  26 
vessels  carrying  536  guns. 

Oct.  11-13.  Brig.-Gen.  Benedict  Ar- 
nold,  in  command  of  a  small  fleet  on 
Lake  Champlain,  heroically  fights  a  su- 
perior force  under  Sir  Guy  Carleton, 
Governor  of  Canada  ;  the  enemy  retires, 
but  afterward  returns  and  defeats  Ar- 
nold, who  runs  some  of  his  vessels  ashore 
and  fires  them,  while  others  escape. 
[Oct.  14.  N.  Y.  Carleton  occupies  Crown 
Point.] 

Arnold  destroys  the  buildings  at 
Crown  Point  [and  retreats  to  Fort 
Ticonderoga]. 

Oct.  23.  New  York.  Manhattan  Island 
is  abandoned  by  the  Americans,  while 
Gen.  Howe  attempts  to  gain  their  roar. 

Oct.  28.  N.  Y.  Gen.  Howe  defeats 
Washington  at  the  Battle  of  "White 
Plains,  near  New  York ;  losses,  about 
400  men  on  each  side. 

Oct.*  N.  Y.  Finding  Ticonderoga 
strengthened  by  Gen.  Gates,  Carleton 
retires  to  Canada,  and  postpones  the 
proposed  division  of  the  colonies  by  con- 
necting with  Howe  at  New  York. 

*  *  Capt.  Lambert  "Wickes,  of  the  Hc- 
prisal,  takes  Dr.  Franklin  to  Europe  ; 
Wiokes  is  the  first  American  to  cruise 
in  Euroj>eaii  waters. 


*  *  Esek  Hopkins,  commander-in-chief 
of  the  navy,  captures  the  English  ship- 
of-war  Glasgow.  [1777.  Jan.  2.  Dis- 
missed the  service  for  neglect.] 

Nov.  4.  ^'.  Y.  Washington  withdraws 
to  North  Castle,  about  five  miles  distant. 

Nov.  *  N.  Y.  The  two  armies  watch  each 
other. 

Nov.  *  N.  J.  Washington  crosses  the 
Hudson  to  Fort  Lee,  near  New  York,  on 
the  west  bank  ;  he  leaves  7,000  men  with 
Gen.  Charles  Lee. 

Nov,  16.  N.  Y.  The  British  under  Howe 
attack  Fort  "Washington,  and  Col. 
Magaw  capitulates  after  a  stubborn  re- 
sistance ;  the  British  take  more  than 
2,000  prisoners. 

Nov.  18.  N.  Y.  Gen.  Cornwallis,  with 
G,000  British  soldiers,  crosses  the  Hudson 
to  attack  Fort  Lee  in  New  Jersey. 

Nov.  20.  N.  J.  Washington,  hastily 
abandoning  his  artillery,  withdraws 
with  his  little  army  of  3,000  men  to 
llackensack.  [Nov.  *  He  retreats  to 
Newark,  New  Brunswick,  and  Prince- 
ton.] 

Nov.  *  Gen.  Charles  Xiee  is  virtually  in- 
subordinate, and  refuses  to  cooperate 
with  and  reenforce  Washington. 

Nov.  30.  N.  J.  Washington's  army  oc- 
cupies Trenton. 

Dec.  2-4.  N.  J.  Gen.  Lee  crosses  the 
Hudson  at  Haverstraw.  [Dec.  11.  He 
finally  reaches  Morristown.] 

Dec  8.  Pa.  Washington,  having  re- 
treated across  the  State  of  New  Jersey, 
crosses  the  Delaware  into  Pennsylva- 
nia ;  he  destroys  all  the  boats  within  70 
miles,  and  is  not  pursued  farther.  • 

/;.  /.    The  British   take   Rhode 

Island,  and  blockade  its  ports  ;  Provi- 
dence and  Canonicut  Islands  are  also 
subdued.     [Held  for  3  years.] 

*  *  *  The  militia,  especially  that  of  New 
Jersey,  refuses  to  take  the  field  in  be- 
half of  a  ruined  enterprise. 

Dec.  13.  N.  J.  A  squad  of  British  cav- 
alry captures  Gen.  Lee  at  Basking 
Ridge.     [Taken  to  New  York.] 

Dec.  14.  N.  J.  The  British  go  into  win- 
ter quarters. 

Dec.  *  N.  J.  Gen.  Schuyler,  with  part 
of  the  army  from  Lake  Champlain,  re- 
enforces  W"ashington  at  Morristown, 
augmenting  his  force  to  6,000  men. 

Dec.  20.  Pa.  Gen.  Sullivan  with  Lee*s 
army  arrives  at  headquarters. 


UNITED    STATES.   1776,  July  4-1777,  Jan.  l.  85 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

Dec.  25.  The  tide  of  fortune  turns  in 
favor  of  tlie  Americans.  Washington 
recrosses  the  Delaware  in  the  night 
.■imid  the  floating  ice  with  2,400  men. 

Deo.  26.  A'.  J.  Battle  of  Trenton. 
Washington  surprises  and  surrounds 
the  1,500  British  at  Trenton  under  Col. 
Kahl ;  he  captures  1,000  Hessians,  losing 
only  two  men.  [This  victory  rouses  the 
nation  from  despondency.] 

Dec.  27.  N.J.  The  British  .abandon  all 
their  posts  on  the  Delaware  River. 

Dec.  *  Robert  Rogers  recruits  the 
Queen's  Rangers  [afterward  led  by 
John  Graves,  Lord  Simeoe]. 

•  •  Eng.  John  the  Painter  fires  the  Eng- 
lish dockyards. 

*  *  Marshal  Broglie  makes  movements  to 
supersede  Washington. 

1777  Jan.  1.  N.  J.  Col.  Beed,  with 
six  horsemen,  m.ikes  a  dash  near  Prince- 
ton, captures  12  dragoons,  and  brings 
them  to  the  American  camp  at  Trenton. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS 
1776 •  ♦ 

Bates,  Joshua,  cl.,  college  president,  born. 
Uoyer,  Jean  Pierre,  Haiti,  born. 
Cheves,  Langdon,  statesman,  born. 
Eaton,  .\inoa,  naturalist,  born. 
Rale.  Capt.  Nathan,  patriot,  A21. 
Morris,  Thomas,  statesman,  born. 
Murdock,  James,  tlieologian,  born. 
Thomas,  John,  general,  A51. 
Troost,  Gerard,  chemist,  born. 
Vanderlyn,  John,  painter,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1776*  *  Boston.  The  churches  suffer ; 
the  British  have  used  one  church  as  a 
riding-school,  three  as  barracks,  and  one 
for  iirewood. 

*  *  Cat.  Catholic  missionaries  settle  at 
Verba  Buena  [San  Francisco]. 

*  *  Del.  All  the  Methodist  preachers 
sent  by  Mr.  Wesley  return  to  England, 
except  Francis  Asbury. 

LETTERS. 

1776  Dee.  3.  N.  J.  First  issue  of  the 
New  Jersey  Gazette  at  Burlington  ;  it  is 
the  first  newspaper  in  the  .State. 

*  •  The  American  Crisis,  by  Thomas  Paine, 
appears. 

*  *  *  New  York.  Rivinqlon's  Gazetteer, 
the  most  influential  Tory  journal  in  the 
country. 

*  *  New  York.  John  Englishman  in  De- 
fence of  the  English  Constitution ,  issued 
(f  or.threo^ionths)  by  Parker  and  Wyman. 

*  *  The  New  York  Pacqnet  and  the  Ameri- 
can Advertizer  issued  by  Samuel  I^oudon , 

The  Committee  of  Safety  take  King's 
(Columbia)  College  for  a  military  hos- 
pital. 

*  •  Phila.  The  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence is  drafted  by  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son. 

*  *  R.  I.  Dialogue  against  Slai'ery,  by 
Samuel  Hopkins,  appears. 

*  ♦  Va.  JameT  Monroe  graduates  at  Wil- 
liam and  Mary  College. 

Hampden-Sidney  College  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized. 


SOCIETY. 

1776  Sept.  •  Phila.  Alexander  Ham- 
ilton, 20  years  of  age,  attracts  the  atten- 
tion and  wins  the  long  friendship  of 
Washington  by  his  skill  in  planning 
the  defenses  of  Fort  Washington,  New 
York. 

Sept. -Dec.    General   despondency 

prevails  because  of  the  military  disas- 
ters and  the  loss  of  hope. 

Nov.  18.  Phila.  Congress  approves  of 
a  lottery  bill  to  defray  military  ex- 
penses. 

*  *  Phila.  Robert  Morris  offers  his 
princely  fortune  for  the  support  of  the 
distressed  army. 

*  *  Slavery  exists  in  every  one  of  the 
colonies  that  enters  the  struggle  for  lib- 
erty. 

*  *  Washington  issues  orders  forbidding 
"  all  playing  at  cards  or  other  games  of 
chance"  in  the  army. 

STATE. 

1776  July  4.  Phila.  Continental  Con- 
gress :  At  2  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  the 
Declaration  of  American  Indepen- 
dence is  adopted  by  the  delegates  of 
13  colonies. 

"  Resolved  that  these  united  colonies 
are  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free  and 
independent  States  ;  that  they  are  ab- 
sohed  from  all  allegiance  to  the  British 
crown  ;  and  that  all  political  connection 
between  them  ami  the  State  of  Great 
Britain  is  and  ought  to  be  totally  dis- 
solved." [Aug.  2.  Signed  by  the  last 
delegate.] 

July  *  The  colonists  accept  the  Declara- 
tion with  great  enthusiasm ;  they  ex- 
press their  delight  with  bonfires,  bells. 
and  speeches  ;  the  New  Yorkers  (July  9) 
pull  down  the  leaden  statue  of  George 
III.  and  cast  it  into  bullets. 

Jtily  8.  Phila.  The  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence is  read  from  the  steps  of 
the  State  House,  and  to  the  American 
army 

July  0.  N.  Y.  The  Provincial  Congress 
assembles  at  White  Plains  and  formally 
takes  the  name  of  the  Representatives 
of  New  York,  and  proclaims  its  adhe- 
sion to  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
[.July  10.  New  York  is  declared  an  in- 
dependent State.] 

July  12.  Phila.  Dickinson's  proposed 
plan  for  confederation  is  presented  to 
Congress. 

July  14.  Gen.  Washington  refuses  to  re- 
ceive a  letter  from  Adm.  Lord  Howe, 
addressed  to  "  George  Washington, 
Esq."  (And  later  another  to  "  George 
Washington,  etc.,  etc.,  etc."  He  finally 
accepts  one  properly  addressed.) 

Aug.  23.  New  York.  Sir  William  Howe 
issues  a  proclamation  of  pardon  to 
all  who  return  to  the  allegiance  of  the 
King. 

Sept.  5.  Phila.  A  report  on  treason 
is  made  to  Congress. 


Sept.  9.  Phila.  The  Colonies  are  first 
called  the  United  States  of  America, 

by  Congress. 

Sept.  11.  N.  Y.  Adm.  Howe,  having  so- 
licited a  conference  respecting  rec- 
onciliation, meets  John  Adams,  Benj. 
Franklin,  and  Edward  Rutledge,  at  a 
house  on  Staten  Island  opposite  Amboy ; 
the  Americans  disdain  submission. 

Deo.  *  Kentucky  Is  made  a  county  of 
Virginia.    [1791.    Feb.*  Separated.] 

Oct.  13.  Phila.  Congress  lays  the  foun- 
dation of  the  American  navy  by  ap- 
pointing a  committee  to  build  13  frigates. 

Nov.  2.  Phila.  Congress  establishes  a 
cannon-foundry. 

Nov.  *  Phila.  Congress  appoints  Ar- 
thur Ijee  and  Benjamin  Franklin  am- 
bassadors to  negotiate  a  treaty  with 
France.  [Dec.  7.  They  arrive  at  Nantes, 
France.] 

Nov.  30.  N.  Y.  Adm.  Lord  and  Gen. 
Sir  William  Howe  issne  a  proclamation 
of  pardon. 

It  calls  upon  all  insurgents  to  lay  down 
their  arms,  and  olTers  pardon  for  60  days. 
[Many  persons,  especially  the  wealthy 
people,  comply ;  among  whom  are  two 
delegates  of  tiie  Continental  Congress, 
and  the  president  of  the  New  Jersey 
Convention  which  approved  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence.  For  10  days 
after  its  issue  from  200  to  300  come  daily 
to  take  the  oath.] 

*  *  Phila.  Congress  orders  that  persons 
refusing  to  take  Continental  money  be 
arrested. 

Dec.  12.  Phila.  Owing  to  the  proximity 
of  the  British  army,  the  Continental 
Congress  adjourns  to  Baltimore. 

Dec.  20.  Md.  Third  session  of  the 
Colonial  Congress  at  Baltimore. 

[Dec.  27.  It  clothes  Washington  with 
dictatorial  powers  to  direct  all  mill 
tary  operations  for  six  months.] 

*  •  -84  *  *  New  York.  David  Matthews 
(Tory),  the  42d  mayor. 

*  *  The  hiring  of  Hessian  troops  to  sub- 
jugate the  colonists  causes  disloyalty 
to  become  rampant. 

*  *  Governors  inaugurated ; 
-77  •  *  Del.    John  McKinley. 

Go.  Archibald  Bullock  (acting). 
-79  *  *  N.  C.    Richard  Caswell. 
89  *  *  N.J.    Wm.  Livingston. 
-77  **  Pa.   Benj.  Franklin  (Committee 

of  Safety). 
-79  *  *  Va.    Patrick  Henry. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  States  adopt  new  consti- 
tutions. (July  2,  N.  J. ;  July  B,  Va. ; 
July  16,  Pa. ;  Aug.  14,  Md. ;  Sept.  20,  Del.; 
Dec.  18,  N.  C.)  [1777,  Feb.  B,Ga. ;  Apr. 
20 ;  1778,  Mar.  19,  S.  C. ;  1780,  Mar.  2, 
Mass.] 

1777  Jan.  1.  ^f<l.  Congress  authorizes 
Franklin  to  negotiate  a  treaty  with 
Spain. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1776  Sept.  21.  Netv  York.  Trinity 
Church  and  492  buildings  are  de- 
stroyed by  fire  after  the  evacuation. 


86     1777,  Jan.  2 -Oct.  16. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1777  Jan.  3.  N.J.  Battle  of  Princeton. 
Washington  again  surprises  and  defeats 
a  part  of  Cornwallis's  army  and  lakes 
several  hundred  prisoners.  British  loss, 
100  slain,  300  prisoners  ;  American  loss, 
very  slight,  includes  Gen.  Mercer. 

Jan.  *  The  army  is  in  very  bad  con- 
dition, owing  to  the  lack  of  money,  the 
paper  currency  having  little  value. 

Jan.  5.  A^.  J.  Washington  withdraws 
his  troops  to  a  strong  position  at  Morris- 
town,  the  right  wing  under  Putnam  is 
at  Princeton,  and  his  left  wing  under 
Gen.  Heath  in  the  Highlands  on  the 
Hudson. 

The  militia  rises  in  armsand  vexes  the 
British,  until  their  lines  are  contracted 
about  New  Brunswick  and  Amboy. 
[Washington's  headquarters  continue 
here  during  nearly  all  of  the  remainder 
of  the  war.] 

•  *  Fr.  The  first  vessels  leave  France 
with,  supplies  for  the  American  army. 

Jan.  7.  — May  28.  N.  J.  Washington's 
force  is  encamped  at  Morristown. 

Jan.  7.  N.  J.  British  troops  evacuate 
Slizabethtown  ;  Gen.  Maxwell  attacks 
their  rear,  takes  70  prisoners  and  a 
schooner  loaded  with  baggage. 

Feb.  6.  Great  Britain  grants  letters 
of  marque  and  reprisal  against  the 
United  States. 

Feb.  13.  Fr.  Franklin  and  Deane  en- 
gage Du  Portail  and  other  engineers. 

Feb.  18.  JV.  J.  Col.  Neilson,  with  a 
party  of  American  militia,  defeats 
British  troops  under  Major  Stockton, 
kills  4  and  captures  the  commander  and 
69  men. 

Feb.  19.  Baltimore.  Congre.'is  commis- 
sions five  major-generals. 

They  are  Stirling,  St.  Clair,  Mifflin, 
Stephen,  aud  Lincoln.  (Benedict  Arnold 
is  overlooked.)  Eighteen  brigadier-gen- 
erals are  also  commissioned.  They  in- 
clude Glover,  George  Clinton,  Woodford, 
Miihlenberg  (Ger.  Lutheran  clergyman). 
Hand,  Antnony  Wayne,  and  Conway, 
the  Irish  adventurer. 

*  *  It.  T.  The  entire  American  fleet 
under  Adm.  Hopkins  is  blockaded  at 
Providence. 

Feb.  27.  S.  C.  The  militia  defeats  a 
large  force  of  American  royalists,  and 
captures  much  ammunition  and  other 
military  stores. 

Mar.  23.  X.  Y.  British,  under  Bird, 
land  at  Peekskill  to  seize  military 
stores  ;  some  are  burned  by  Gen.  Mc- 
Dougall,  who  retires.  The  British  secure 
much  provision,  forage,  and  burn  valu- 
able property. 

Mar.  29.  Netv  York.  Gen.  Charles  Lee 
writes  treasonable  negotiations  for  Gen. 
Howe.    [Discovered  after  his  death.] 

May  6.  Can.  Gen.  Burgoyne  arrives 
at  Quebec  to  take  command  of  the 
British  forces  in  Canada. 

He  proposes  to  cut  the  colonies  in  two 
by  an  expedition  moving  through  Lake 
Champlain  and  down  the  Hudson  River. 

Mar.  *  Fr.  Three  ship-loads  of  mili- 
tary supplies  sail  for  America.  [Only 
one  escapes  the  British  cruisers,  and  it 


brings  great  relief  to  the  army  at  Mor- 
ristown, in  April.] 

*  *  Spring.  Capt.  Conyngham  is  sent  out 
by  Silas  Deane  from  Dunkirk,  to  prey 
on  British  commerce. 

Apr.  13.  2^.  J.  The  British  under  Corn- 
wallis  surprise  Gen.  Lincoln  with  50(> 
Americans  at  Boundbrook ;  he  retreatf^ 
with  the  loss  of  GO  men. 

Apr.  15.  Ky.  Indians  attack  Boones- 
boro ;  4  of  Col.  Boone's  men  are  killed. 

Phila.    Congress  resolves  to  abolish 

distinctions  between  troops,  as  '*  Cong- 
ress' Own  Regiment,"  "  Washington's 
Life  Guards." 

Apr.  17.  Capt.  John  Barry  captures  the 
British  vessel  Edward,  the  first  Amer- 
ican prize. 

Apr.  *  N.  J.  Washington's  force  is  in- 
creased to  about  7,000  men. 

Apr.  25.  S.  C.  Marquis  deljafayette, 
but  lOyearsold,  withllofficers,  landsat 
Charleston,  having  raised  a  corps  at  his 
own  expense,  this  forms  one  of  the  prom- 
inent events  of  the  war. 

27.     Conn.    Gen.  Tryon,  with  2,000 

British  soldiers,  makes  a  raid  on  Ban- 
bury and  burns  18  houses  and  military 
stores  ;  the  patriotic  militia  attacks  their 
flank  and  rear  while  they  retreat  to  the 
coast. 

Spring.  N.  H.  A  vessel  arrives  at  Ports- 
mouth from  France  with  more  than 
11,000  stand  of  arms  and  1,000  barrels 
of  gunpowder;  10,000  stand  of  arms  are 
received  at  another  port. 

May  22.  Phila.  Gen.  Schuyler  is  con- 
firmed in  the  command  of  the  Northern 
army. 

May  24.  N.  Y.  Col.  Meigs,  with  200  Con- 
necticut militia-men,  surprises  the  Brit- 
ish post  at  Sag  Harbor,  Long  Island, 
and  captures  90  prisoners,  a  gun-ship, 
10  loaded  transports  and  vast  military 
stores,  and  all  without  the  loss  of  a  single 
man.  [Congress  afterward  voted  the  gal- 
lant colonel  a  sword.] 

May^  Benedict  Arnold  commissioned 
major-general  and  presented  by  Con- 
gress with  a  horse  richly  caparisoned ; 
he  is  yet  below  the  5  other  major- 
generals. 

May  28.  N.J.  Washington  removes  his 
headquarters  to  the  heights  of  Middle- 
brook. 

*  *  Capt.  John  Manley  sails  on  a  cruise. 

*  *  Captain  Johnson  of  the  Lexington 
cruises  in  European  waters. 

June  1.  N.  Y.  Burgoyne,  the  suc- 
cessor of  Sir  Guy  Carleton,  invades 
Northern  New  York  with  an  army 
from  Canada. 

June  19.  N.  J.  Sir  "Wm.  Howe,  hav- 
ing received  large  reenforcements  and 
supplies,  establishes  his  headquarters 
at  New  Brunswick,  about  ten  miles 
from  Washington's  army. 

±N.  Y.    Burgoyne  lands  at  CrownPoint, 

June  20i.  N.  Y.  Howe  makes  various 
attempts,  but  fails  to  draw  Washington 
apart  from  his  strong  position  into  a 
general  engagement. 


June  *  N.  Y.  Burgoyne  meets  the  chiefs 
of  the  >Six  Nations  in  council  and  induces 
400  of  their  warriors  to  join  his  army. 

June  *  N.  Y.  Burgoyne,  by  proclamation, 
calls  on  the  patriots  to  submit,  or  to  be 
ravaged  by  his  Indian  allies. 

June  25.  N.  J.  Cornwallis  being  reen- 
forced  by  Howe,  maneuvers  for  position, 
but  dares  not  attack  Washington  at 
Boundbrook. 

June  30.  N.  Y.  After  six  months'  ma- 
neuvering and  little  fighting,  the  Brit- 
ish abandon  New  Jersey,  and  encamp 
on  Staten  Island.  [The  national  spirits 
revive,  and  the  British  are  dismayed  at 
the  unexpected  turn  of  affairs.] 

July  4.  Ky.  Boonesboro  attacked  by 
Indians. 

July  6.  N.  Y.  Gen.  St.  Clair  and  3,000 
Americans  abandon  Fort  Ticonder- 
oga  in  the  night,  and  retreat  through 
Vermont  toward  Fort  Edward. 

July  6.  K.  Y.  Gen.  Burgoyne  takes 
possession  of  Ticonderoga,  with  about 
7,000  troops  and  7,000  Indians. 

Burgoyne  captures  a  large  quantity 
of  military  stores  near  "Whitehall. 

July?.  N.  Y.  The  Americans  bum  Fort 
Ann. 

Vt.    Burgoyne  defeats  the  Americans 

under  St.  Clair  at  Hubbardton,  while 
on  their  retreat. 

Julys.  N.  Y.  Battle  of  Fort  Ann; 
Americans  under  Livingston  defeated; 
they  retire  to  Fort  Edward,  losing  128 
cannons,  and  stores. 

July  10.  R.  I.  A  British  general  cap- 
tured. 

Col.  William  Barton  of  Providence  by 
stratagem  surprises  and  captures  Gen. 
Prescott  while  in  bed  at  a  farmhouse 
near  Newport.  [The  Americans  after- 
ward exchanged  him  for  Gen.  Lee.] 

July  12.  N.  Y.  Gen.  St.  Clair  arrives 
at  Fort  Edward,  having  in  late  re- 
verses lost  nearly  200  pieces  of  artillery 
and  large  quantities  of  military  stores. 

July  19.  Ky.  About  200  Indians  besiege 
Logan's  Fort;  16  men  repel  them. 

*  *  Pa.  Leading  Quakers  are  arrested 
and  sent  South. 

July  23.  Gen.  Howe  leaves  a  garrison 
at  Staten  Island  and  takes  18,000  men  to 
sea  in  transports ;  destination  unknown 
to  Americans. 

July  24.  N.  J.  Washington  marches 
South.  [Lafayette,  DeKalb,  and  Pu- 
laski soon  join  his  array.] 

July  27.  N.  Y.  Jane  McCrea  is  slain. 
The  Indian  allies  of  the  British  toma- 
hawk her  while  she  is  being  conveyed 
to  her  lover  in  the  camp  at  Fort  Edward. 
[Public  horror  intensities  the  hatred  of 
British  oppression.] 

July  30.  Burgojoie  arrives  at  Fort 
Edward,  recently  deserted  by  the  Amer- 
icans under  Gen.  Schuyler  (an  unsuc- 
cessful commander),  who  retire  to 
Saratoga. 

N.  J.  "Washington  crosses  the  Del- 
aware to  Germantown  with  his  army. 

July  31,  Lafayette,  20  years  old,  made 
Major-General  in  tht^  army  by  Con- 
gress (without  command). 


UNITED    STATES. 


1777,  Jan,  2- Oct.  16.     87 


Aug.  3-23,  2i.  Y.  Barry  St.  Ledger,  with 
a  British  force,  attacks  Fort  Stanwix. 

Aug.  3.  N.  Y.  Battle  of  Fort  Schuy- 
ler on  the  Mohawk  River  (Fort  Stanwix). 
The  garrison  of  600  Continentals,  under 
Cols.  Gansevoort  and  Willet,successtully 
resists  1,800  Tories,  Canadians,  and  In- 
dians under  Gen.  St.  Ledger  and  Indian 
Chief  Brant. 

Phila.     Congress  accepts  the  service 

of  Count  Pulaski  of  Poland  ;  his  fel- 
low countryman, Thaddeus  Kosciusko, 
21  years  of  age,  is  already  serving  with 
General  Schuyler. 

Aug.  6.  A'.  }'.  Battle  of  Oriakany. 
Gen.  Herkimer  is  defeated  and  mortally 
wounded  in  an  ambuscade  while  march- 
ing to  the  relief  of  Fort  Schuyler  with 
the  militia  of  the  vicinity. 

Aug.  10.  N.  Y.  Burgoyne  sends  a  de- 
tachment under  Col.  Baum  to  seize  the 
provisions  and  military  stores  at  Ben- 
nington, Vermont. 

Aug.  15.  N.  Y,  Gen.  Burgoyne  leaves 
Fort  Edward. 

Aug.  16.  Vt.  Battle  of  Bennington. 
Col.  John  Stark,  with  the  militia, 
defeats  the  British  force  under  Col, 
Baum,  which  loses  200  killed  and  700 
prisoners  ;  American  loss,  14  killed  and 
40  wounded.  [The  country  is  fired  with 
enthusiasm.] 

Aug.  17.  N.  Y.  Gen.  Schuyler  is  re- 
enforced  ;  he  now  has  13,000  men, 

Aug.  19.  Gen.  Schuyler  is  super- 
seded hy  Gen.  Gates  in  the  Northern 
Department, 

Aug.  22.  K.  Y.  Gen.  Sullivan  and  Col. 
Ogden  raid  the  British  on  Staten 
Island,  capture  130  prisoners,  a  few 
officers,  destroy  stores,  etc. 

Gen.  Benedict  Arnold  marches  to 
the  relief  of  Fort  Schuyler.  St.  Ledger 
and  his  panic-stricken  army  leave  in 
haste  with  tents  standing. 

Aug.  24.  Phila.  Washington's  army 
passes  through  Philadelphia  for  the 
Chesapeake. 

Aug.  25.  Md.  Gen.  Howe,  with  16,000 
men,  enters  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  lands 
at  Head  of  Elk,  and,  advancing  in  two 
columns,  threatens  Philadelphia. 

Sept.  1.  W.  Fa.  An  attack  is  made  on 
Fort  William  Henry  (Wheeling). 

Sept.  8.  N.  Y,  The  Northern  army,  6,000 
strong,  under  Gen.  Gates,  estahlishes 
a  fortified  camp  at  Bemis  Heights, 
near  Stillwater,  in  Saratoga  county. 

Sept.  0.  K.  Y.  Col.  Brown,  with  a  de- 
tachment of  men,  seizes  the  posts  at  the 
outlet  of  Xjake  George,  and  a  fleet  of 
bateaux  laden  with  provisions  for  Bur- 
goyne. 

Sept.  11.  Pa.  Battle  of  Brandywine. 
Washington  is  severely  defeated  by 
superior  numbers  under  Howe,  aided  by 
Cornwallis  and  Knyphausen  ;  American 
1088,1,000;  British  loss,  584.  Lafayette 
is  wounded  in  this,  his  first  American 
battle.  Alexander  Hamilton  is  aide  to 
Washington. 

•  *  Gen.  Arnold  is  quarrelsome,  and  de- 
nied a  command  under  Gen.  Gates. 

Sept.  12.  Phila.  Washington  reenters 
with  the  remnant  of  his  army. 


A'.  Y.     Gen,  Gates,  with  the  Northern 

Army,  encamps  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mohawk  Uiver. 

Sept.  13.  N.  Y.  Gen.  Burgoyne  crosses 
the  Hudson  and  encamps  on  the  heights 
and  plains  of  Saratoga. 

Sept.  18.  N.  Y.  Burgoyne  advances 
within  two  miles  of  Gen.  Gates's  camp. 

N.  Y,    Americans  under  Col.  Brown 

seize  the  British  posts  at  the  outlet  of 
Lake  George  and  at  Ticonderoga,  taking 
293  prisoners  and  releasing  100  Amer- 
icans ;  they  cut  off  Burgoyne's  re- 
treat. 

Sept,  19.  Pa.  The  Americans  cross 
the  Schuylkill  and  encamp  on  the 
eastern  bank. 

.V.  Y.  Battle  of  Stillwater  (Sar- 
atoga). 

Burgoyne  attacks  Gates  ;  the  action  is 
indecisive ;  the  British  hold  the  field 
with  a  loss  of  600  men,  and  the  Amer- 
icans retire  with  a  loss  of  319.  The 
British  are  distressed  for  supplies,  and 
the  army  is  put  on  half-rations. 

Sept.  20,  +  A'.  Y.  Burgoyne  fortifies  his 
camp. 

Pa.  Gen.  Wayne,  with  1,500  Amer- 
icans, surprised  at  Paoli,  or  TrudufBn, 
by  the  British  ;  loss  300. 

Sept.  23.  Pa.  Howe  crosses  the 
Schuylkill  with  the  entire  British  army. 

Sept.  24.    A  fight  at  Diamond  Island. 

Sept.  26.  Pa.  The  British  encamp  at 
Germ  an  town. 

Sept.  27.  Phila.  The  British  under  Howe 
enter  the  capital  of  the  Republic, 
"  the  rebel  city,"  while  the  main  army 
remains  at  Germantown. 

Oct,  3.  New  York:  Gen.  Clinton  em- 
barks his  troops  to  ascend  the  Hudson 
so  as  to  cooperate  with  Burgoyne. 

Oct.  4.  Phila.  Battle  of  German- 
town.  Washington,  with  1,100  men, 
suddenly  falls  on  the  British  under 
Howe,  is  successful  at  first,  but  soon 
retreats ;  British  loss  535  ;  American 
loss  152  killed  and  521  wounded. 

Oct.  6.  N.  Y.  Sir  Henry  Clinton  cap- 
tures Forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery 
on  the  Hudson,  from  Gov.  George  Clin- 
ton supported  by  the  New  York  militia. 

Oct.  7.  N.  Y.  Battle  of  Saratoga  (Still- 
water). 

Terrible  conflict  at  Bemis  Heights,  in 
which  Gen.  Benedict  Arnold  fights  (with- 
out authority)  with  great  bravery,  and 
is  the  inspiring  spirit  of  battle.  The 
British  general,  Fraser,  is  mortally 
wounded.     Burgoyne  is  again  defeated. 

Oct.  8.  K.  Y.  Burgoyne  encamps  on 
heights  one  mile  from  his  late  battle- 
field. 

Oct.  9.  X.  Y.  Burgoyne  retreats  to 
Saratoga,  where  he  finds  the  Americans 
entrenched. 

Oct.  10.  A'.  Y.  Burgoyne*8  army  re- 
turns to  its  former  camp,  which  it  pro- 
ceeds to  strengthen,  and  waits  for  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  and  much  needed  sup- 
plies. 

Oct.  13.  N.  Y.  Burgoyne's  retreat  being 
cut  off  and  provisions  nearly  exhausted, 
he  proposes  a  cessation  of  hostilities. 


and  rejects  the  demand  for  an  uncon- 
ditional surrender. 

The  British  wantonly  burn  the  village 
of  Kingston, 
Oct.  16.  N.  Y.  British  loss  in  Bxir- 
goyne's  army,  since  July  6,  in  killed, 
wounded,  and  desertions,  nearly  3,000 
men. 

SOCIETY. 

1777  Mar,  7.  N.H.  James  Aitken,  con- 
victed of  arson,  is  hanged  on  a  gallows 
60  feet  high  at  Portsmouth. 

July  27.  N.  Y.  Murder  of  Jane  Mc- 
Crea  at  Fort  Edward  by  Indians. 

STATE. 
1777   Jan.  6.   Fr.   Franklin  arrives  in 
Paris  as  ambassador,  seeking  to  negoti- 
ate a  treaty. 

Franklin's  wisdom  and  sagacity,  united 
with  great  simplicity,  captivate  the  gay 
court  of  Louis  XVI.  [The  American  Am- 
bassadors are  lionized  ;  after  Burgoyne's 
surrender  a  treaty  is  made.] 

Jan.  *  Md.  Congress  pays  the  army  in 
paper  money  having  but  little  value. 

*  *  Md.  Congress  advises  the  States  to 
cease  the  issue  of  paper  money. 

Jan.  15.  Vt.  The  people  of  the  New 
Hampshire  grants  make  a  declaration  of 
iiidependence,  and  call  their  territory 
Vermont. 

Feb.  *  l!:ng.  Parliament  votes  supplies 
and  men  for  the  prosecution  of  the  war. 

Mar.  4,  Baltimore,  Md.  The  Conti- 
nental Congress  adjourns. 

Phila.    The  Fotirth  session  of  the 

Continental  Congress. 

Mar.  29.  New  York,  Gen.  Charles  liCe, 
a  prisoner  and  traitor,  writes  "  Mr.  Lee's 
Plan,"  of  destroying  the  "Congress  gov- 
ernment." 

Apr.  17.  Phila.  Congress  appoints  a 
Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs. 

June  14.  Phila.  Congress  adopts  a 
flag ;  13  stripes  alternate  red  and  white ; 
13  stars,  white  on  a  blue  canton,  which 
replace  the  crosses  of  St.  George  and 
St.  Andrew. 

June  26.  Ger.  Arthur  Lee's  State  papers 
are  stolen  in  Berlin. 

Lee  suspects  the  British  envoy,  states 
his  suspicions  to  the  minister,  and  his 
papers  are  secretly  returned. 

Aug.  25.  Pa.  Sir  William  Howe  again 
by  proclamation  offers  pardon  to  those 
rebels  who  submit.    (Aug.  27?) 

Sept.  18.  Pfiila.  Congress  adjourns  to 
Lancaster  because  of  the  approach  of 
the  British. 

Sept.  27.  Pa.  Fifth  session  of  the 
Continental  Congress  at  Lancaster. 
It  immediately  adjourns  to  York. 

Sept.  30.  Pa.  Sixth  session  of  the 
Continental  Congress  at  York.  [Its 
session  continues  until  the  British  evac- 
uate Philadelphia.] 

Oct.  *  Jacob  Duch^  attempts  to  seduce 
'Washington  from  the  American  cause. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1777    Oct.  *   U.  S.     The    Continental 
bills  advance  20  per  cent  in  value  after 
iho  surrender  of  Burgoyne, 


88     1777,  Oct.  17-  1778,  Nov.  3. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1777  Oct.  17.  A^  I'.  Gen.Burgoyne 
surrenders  his  army  to  Gen.  Gatea  at 
Saratoga. 

Burgoyne  surrenders  his  army  on  con- 
dition that  it  march  out  of  camp  with 
honors  of  war,  and  the  soldiers  be  talien 
from  Boston  to  England.  The  prisoners 
number  5,791,  ana  include  6  members 
of  Parliament.  Forty-two  pieces  of  brass 
artillery  and  immense  military  stores  are 
tal^en.  Active  American  force  about 
11,000.  [Congress  refuses  to  ratify  the 
terms.] 

Oct.  22.  A^  J.  Twelve  hundred  Hessians 
under  Count  Donop  attack  Fort  Mer- 
cer, at  Bed  Bank,  7  miles  below  Phila- 
delphia, on  the  Delaware  Kiver ;  the 
garrison  of  400  men,  under  Col.  Chris- 
topher Greene  of  Ehode  Island,  mal<es 
a  successful  resistance.  British  loss, 
about  400;  American,  8  killed  and  29 
wounded. 

Oct.  29.  Pa.  The  army  under  Washing- 
ton numbers  12,480  men,  of  whom  8,963 
are  Regulars  or  Continentals. 

Oct.  *  Philadelphia  still  occupied  by  the 
British  army. 

Autumn.  Ger.  Frederick  the  Great 
stops  the  German  mercenaries  from 
crossing  his  dominions  on  their  march 
to  embark  for  America. 

Oct.  29.  Pa.  Washington  retires  to 
White  Marsh,  below  Philadelphia. 

*  *  Pa.  Washington  is  reenforced  by 
about  4,000  victorious  troops  from  the 
North. 

Nov.  6.  Mass.  The  "Convention" 
troops  (Burgoyne's  from  Saratoga) 
reach  the  neighborhood  of  Boston  for 
embarkation. 

Nov.  10-16.  Pa.  Admiral  Howe's  fleet 
and  a  land  force  attack  Fort  Mifflin,  on 
Mud  Island,  in  the  Delaware,  and  a  siege 
continues  till  the  -Americans  burn  the 
fort  and  retreat  to  Fort  Mercer.  Gen. 
Howe  thus  gains  control  of  the  Delaware. 

Nov.  16.  Pa.  The  British  occupy  Fort 
Mifflin. 

Nov.  18.  X.  J.  Fort  Mercer  is  aban- 
doned to  the  British. 

Nov.  25.  N.J.  Lafayette  is  at 
Gloucester. 

•  •  Paul  Jones  is  cruising  in  the  Ranger. 
Deo.  1.    Me.    Baron  Steuben  arrives  at 

Portland,  and  tenders  his  services  to 
America  as  a  volunteer. 

York,  Pa.    Congress    resolves   "that 

Gen.  W.-ishington  be  informed  that  it  is 
highly  agreeable  to  Congress  that  the 
Marquis  de  Lafayette  be  appointed  to 
the  command  of  a  division  in  the  Conti- 
nental army."     [Antedated  July  31.] 

Dec.  4.  Lafayette  is  appointed  to  the 
command  of  Gen.  Stephen's  division  of 
the  army,  whose  intemperate  habits  had 
caused  his  dismissal. 

Pa.    Gen.  Howe  vainly  attempts  to 

surprise  Washington  at  'White  Marsh, 
near  Philadelphia,  but  lie  receives 
timely  information  by  Lydia  Darrah  ; 
Howe  maneuvers  four  days,  and  then 
retires  to  the  city. 


Dec.  8,    Phila.    Howe's  army  goes  into 

winter  quarters. 
Dec.  11  +.    Pa.    Sufferings  at  Valley 
Forge. 

Washington's  army  goes  into  dreary 
winter  quarters  on  the  Schuylkill  River, 
20  miles  north  of  Philadelphia,  where, 
amid  his  half-clad  and  half-fed  army,  he 
spends  the  darkest  days  of  his  life,  Con- 
gress having  partly  abandoned  him,  and 
the  people  being  doubtful  of  his  success. 
Deo.  23.  Pa.  Washington's  army  num- 
bers 8,200,  with  2,898  of  them  unfit  for 
duty,  being  barefooted,  or  otherwise 
naked  and  suffering. 
Dec.  *  A  conspiracy  exists  to  remove 
Washington  from  the  chief  command, 
and  place  Gen.  Gates  or  Gen.  Lee  (the 
traitor)  at  the  head  of  the  American 
forces. 
1778    Feb,  3.    Bost<m.  Burgoyne's  army 

is  dented  embarkation. 
Feb.  7.    Ky.    Daniel  Boone  is  captured 
by  French  and  Indians  [who  hold  him  a 
few  days]. 
*  *  Fa.    Henry  Lee,   "Light   Horse 
Harry,"  raises  an  independent  body  of 
horse. 
Mar.  4.    The  British  ships  Ariadne  and 
Veres  take  the  American  frigate  Alfred, 
having  20  guns. 
Mar.  •  War   between    England    and 
France,  caused  by  a  French  alliance 
and  treaty  with  the  Americans. 
Mar.  7.    The  American  frigate  Randolph, 
Capt.  Nicholas  Biddle,  having  36  guns 
and  305  men,  is  blown  up  by  the  British 
ship  Yarmouth  of  64  guns ;  only  4  of  the 
crew  are  saved. 
Mar.  18.   A^.  J.    An  action  takes  place  at 

Quintin's  Bridge. 
Mar.  23.   Nathaniel  Greene  made  quar- 
termaster-general. 
Apr.  *  Eng.    Paul  Jones  makes  a  de- 
scent on  Whitehaven. 
May.*  Gen.  Charles  Lee  is  exchanged 

for  the  British  Gen.  Prescott. 
Apr.  •  An  address  in  German  is  scattered 
among  the  Hessians,  inviting  them  to 
desert. 
Apr.  ♦  Paul  Jones  cruises  on  the  Scottish 

coast. 
May  6.    Pa.    The  French   alliance  Is 

celebrated  at  Valley  Forge. 
May  12.     Baron  Steuben  enters  the 
American  service,  Congress  having  ap- 
pointed him  inspector-general,  with 
the  rank  of  major-general  [he  improves 
discipline]. 
May  20.     Pa.     Gen.   Grant,  with  5,000 
British,  surprises  Lafayette  at  Barren 
Hill,  near  Valley  Forge,  who  falls  back 
in  good  order  to  the  main  army. 
May  24.    PhUa.    Gen.  Howe  embarks 
for  England. 

Sir  Henry  Clinton  assumes  com- 
mand of  the  British  army.  Gen.  Howe 
being  recalled  at  his  own  request. 
June  18.  Phila.  France  having  become 
an  ally,  the  British  evacuate  Phila- 
delphia on  the  approach  of  the  French 
fleet,  to  concentrate  their  force  in  New 
York.  They  retreat  across  New  Jersey. 
[Washington  is  soon  in  pursuit.] 


Jime  19.  PhUa.  Maj.-Gen.  Benedict 
Arnold  appointed  to  command  this  city. 

June  28.  A'.  J.  Battle  of  Monmouth. 
Gen.  Washington  turns  the  retreat  un- 
der Gen.Chjiries  Lee  into  avictory;  severe 
fighting  continues  till  night,  when  the 
British  retire  and  abandon  New  Jersey. 
Losses,  American,  67  killed,  170  wounded; 
the  British  leave  nearly  300  dead  on  the 
field.  [On  march,  2,000  Hessians  desert, 
dune  29.   "  Molly  Pitcher  "  a  sergeant.] 

July  4.  Gen.  Charles  Lee  is  brought  to 
trial  for  insubordination.    [Guilty.] 

July  4,  5.  Pa.  Terrible  massacre  m 
the  Wyoming  VaUey  during  the  ab- 
sence of  many  of  the  men  in  the  army. 

Tories,  Canadians,  and  Indians,  under 
Maj.  John  Butler,  a  Tory  of  Niagara,  are 
responsible  for  the  slaughter  of  about 
300  aged  people,  women,  and  children ; 
Brant,  a  Mohawk  chief,  assists  Butler. 

July  8.  A  French  fleet  of  IS  vessels, 
with  about  4,000  men  under  Count 
D'Estaing,  arrives  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Delaware.  He  proposes  to  surprise  the 
smaller  British  fleet,  but  finds  it  has 
sailed  northward ;  he  seeks  it  in  New 
York  Bay,  but  the  bar  prevents  his  deep 
frigates  entering. 

*  *  Washington  advises  Count  D'Estaing 
to  sail  for  Newport,  and  aid  the  .imer- 
icans  in  an  attempt  on  Rhode  Island. 

*  »  -81  *  •  0.  George  Rogers  Clark,  a 
Kentuckian,  under  authority  of  the 
State  of  Virginia,  leads  a  band  of  fron- 
tiersmen to  the  capture  of  the  British 
posts  north  of  the  Ohio  River  covering 
the  country  as  far  as  Detroit. 

July  29.  R.  I.  The  French  fleet  ar- 
rives at  Newport. 

July  *  N.  Y.  Washington  conducts  his 
army  to  'White  Plains, to  cooperate 
with  the  expected  French  fleet  against 
New  York. 

R.I.    Lafayette  is  employed  in 

Rhode  Island. 

The  British  army,  33,000  strong  at  its 

maximum,  now  holds  possession  of  but 
two  cities,  New  York  and  Newport,  R.  I. 

*  •  Admiral  Byron  succeeds  Admiral 
Lord  (Richard)  Howe  in  command  of 
the  British  fleet  in  America. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Indian  Chief  Brant  raids  the 
Mohawk  Valley,  and  burns  houses  in  the 
Cobbleskill  Valley  at  Springfield. 

Aug.*  N.Y.  Brant  burns  German  Flats. 
Aug.  5.    R.I.   D'Estaing  enters  the  Na'r- 
ragansett  Bay. 

Aug.  12.  R.  I.  The  French  and  Brit- 
ish fleets  maneuver  to  give  battle,  when 
a  terrible  storm  separates  them. 

Aug.  15.  Sullivan  advances  on  Rhode 
Island  (but  the  French  fleet  leaving  him 
without  support,  his  expedition  returns]. 

Aug.  8.  Ky.  DanielBoone successfully 
defends  his  fort  against  the  Indians. 

Aug.  23.  R.  I.  The  French  fleet  sails 
lor  Boston  to  refit,  by  strict  orders. 

Aug.  29.  R  I.  Americans  under  Sulli- 
van are  victorious  at  Quaker  Hill,  but 
soon  retire. 

Lafayette  rides  from  Rhode  Island 

to  Boston,  70  miles,  in  6i  hours,  to  beg 
Count  D'Estaing  to  return  and  assist  in 
an  attack  upon  the  British. 

*  *  The  British  decide  to  make  a  demon- 
stration upon  the  Southern  States,  and 
Invade  Georgia  from  the  north  and  the 
south. 


UNITED   STATES.   1777,  Oct.  17-1778,  Nov.  3.     89 


*  ♦  *  The  war  degenerates  into  maraud- 
ing expeditions  against  helplei^s 
villages. 

Sept.  *  Mass.  The  towns  of  New  Bed- 
ford and  Fair  Haven  are  wantonly 
burned  with  70  vessels  in  their  ports. 

S.  C.  Gen.  Benjamin  Iiincoln  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  Southern 
(American)  army  at  Charleston. 

Oct.  *  N.  J.  The  American  vessels  at 
Little  Egg  Harbor  are  burned  by  a 
band  of  incendiaries  led  by  Ferguson. 

Pa.  An  expedition  punishes  the  sav- 
ages for  the  massacres  committed  in  the 
Wyoming  Valley. 

Nov.  1.  Neip  York.  Departure  of  5,000 
British  troops  for  the  West  Indies. 

Boston.    D'£lataing  sails  for  the 

West  Indies. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  ~-  NATURE. 

1777  *  *  li.I.  Cold-cut  nails  are  manu- 
factured at  Cumberland. 

*  *  Md.  The  first  theater  is  opened  at 
Baltimore. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1777*  * 

Auchmuty,  Samuel,  clergyman,  A55. 
Bartram,  John,  botanist,  A7(). 
Beasley,  Frederick,  clergyman,  born. 
Chandler,  Abiel,  philanthropist,  born. 
Chauncy,  Cliarlea,  lawyer,  born. 
Clay.  Henry,  orator,  born. 
Dow,  liOrenzo,  eccentric  Meth.  preacher,  b. 
Fraser,  Simon,  Brit,  gen.,  dies, 
Gaines.  Edward  Pendleton,  general,  born. 
Grundy,  Felix,  jurist,  senator  for  Va.,  born. 
Herkimer,  Nieliolas,  general,  dies. 
Jackson,  James,  pliysician,  born. 
Malbone,  Edward  G.,  ;iainter,  t>orn. 
Ntlea,  Hezekiah,  journalist,  born. 
Pickering,  Jotin,  philologist,  born. 
Taney,  Rog-er  Brooke,  jurist,  born. 
Tennent,  WiUiam.  clergyman,  A72. 
Trimble.  Robert,  justice,  born  in  Ky. 
Wooster,  David,  general,  Ati7. 

CHURCH. 

1778  Spring.  Del.  Francis  Asbury  is 
compelled  to  desist  from  preaching  [for 
about  two  years],  because  of  his  English 
connections. 

LETTEBS. 
1777  *  •  -95  *  *  Conn.  Rev.  Czra  StileB 
is  President  of  Yale  College. 

*  ♦  New  York,  The  New  York  Gazetteer, 
etc.,  changed  to  Rivington'a  New  York 
Royal  Gazette. 

*  *  The  Pretty  Story,  by  Francis  Hopkin- 
BOQ,  concluded. 

SOCIETY. 

1777  ♦  *  Gen.  Stephen,  one  of  Wash- 
ington's division  commanders,  is  dis- 
missed because  of  intemperance. 

*  *  Pkila.  The  following  resolution  pass- 
es the  Continental  Congress  :  — 

'*  Resolved,  That  it  be  recommended 
to  the  several  legislatures  in  the  United 
States  immediately  to  pass  laws  tho 
most  effectual  for  putting  an  immediate 
stop  to  the  pernicious  practise  of  distil- 
ling grain,  by  which  the  most  extensive 
evils  are  likely  to  be  derived,  if  not 
quickly  prevented." 

1778  Jan.  19.  N.  J.  Francis  Furgler, 
a  recluse,  dies  after  living  25  years 
without  fire  in  an  oven-like  cell,  near 
Burlington. 


May  *  Eng.  Nearly  $20,000  raised  for 
the  benefit  of  American  prisoners, 
(about  924)  in  England. 

May  31.  New  York.  After  two  and  a 
half  years  of  captivity,  Col.  Sthan  Al- 
len arrives  in  the  army  j  he  is  received 
with  a  military  salute. 

June  28.  Gen.  Charles  Lee  and  Col.  John 
Laurens  fight  a  duel,  occasioned  by 
Lee's  disrespect  to  Washington ;  Lee  is 
shot  in  the  side. 

Jvme  29,  Having  been  passionately  re- 
proved at  the  battle  of  Monmouth , 
Gen.  Lee  demands  an  apology  from 
"Washington,  shows  insubordination 
[and  is  suspended  from  the  service  for  a 
year], 

July  4,  Gen.CadwalladerandMaj.-Gen. 
Thomas  Conway  fight  a  duel. 

STATE. 

1777  Oct.  29.  Mass,  John  Hancock, 
the  President  of  Congress,  resigns.  [Nov. 
1.    Henry  Laurens  (S.  C.)  his  successor.] 

Nov.  15.  York,  Pa.  Congress  adopts  the 
Articles  of  Confederation  and  Per- 
petual Union  prepared  by  its  committee 
(Dickinson's  plan) ;  the  confederacy  is 
to  bo  called  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica. [Nov.  17.  Sent  to  the  separate 
States  for  ratification.] 

*  *  Fr.    Lee  and  Deane  quarrel  in  Paris. 
Nov.  21.     York,  Pa.     Congress    recalls 

Silas  Deane  from  London,  and  appoints 
John  Adams  bis  successor. 

Paris.    The  United  States  commission- 
ers issue  instructions  to  privateers. 
Nov.  *  Pa.   Congress  creates  a  Board  of 
War. 

*  *  York,  Pa.  Congress  becomes  more 
and  more  the  mere  agent  of  the  States 
in  issuing  paper  and  borrowing  money; 
its  national  character  grows  less,  while 
the  State  jealousies  and  ambitions  in- 
crease. 

*  *  Governors  inaugurated : 

-85  *  *  Mick.    Frederick  Haldimand. 

-79  •  *  N.C.    Richard  Caswell. 

-95  •  *  N,  Y.    George  Clinton. 

Pa.    Thomas  Wharton,  Jr.,  President 

of  the  Supreme  Executive  Council. 

1778  Jan.  ±  *  York,  Pa.  The  "  Con- 
way Cabal"  is  exposed. 

It  includes  some  members  of  Congress. 
A  few  ofHcers,  led  by  an  Irish  adven- 
turer, endeavor  to  undermine  the  popu- 
larity of  Washington  and  advance 
General  Gates.  [The  cabal  cowers  be- 
fore the  storm  of  indignation  which 
arises.] 

Jan.  *  The  military  success  of  the  past 
year  facilitates  the  efforts  of  the  colon- 
ists in  securing  foreign  aid  and  influence. 

Jan.  30. —  Feb.  6.  France  acknowl- 
edges the  independence  of  the  United 
States,  and  enters  into  treaty  rela- 
tions; [America  rejoices;  England  is 
enraged.]  France  agrees  to  send  16  ves- 
sels and  4,000  men  to  America. 

*  *  Questions  relating  to  the  Western  ter- 
ritory delay  the  adoption  of  Articles. 

Feb.  *  Eng.  Parliament  renounces  the 
right  of  taxing  tho  American  colonies, 
except  for  the  regulation  of  trade,  and 


appoints  commissioners  to  negotiate  for 
their  submission. 
*  *  Articles  of  Confederation  signed : 
[Feb.  5.  S.  C. ;  Feb.  6,  N.  Y. ;  Feb.  9, 
R.  I. ;  Feb.  12,  Conn.  ;  Feb.  26,  Ga.  ;  Mar. 
4.  N.  H  ;  Mar.  5,  Pa.  ;  Mar.  10,  Mass.  ; 
Apr.  5,  N.  C. ;  Nov.  19,  N.  J. ;  Dec.  15, 
Va. ;  1779, Feb.  1, Del. ;  1781,  Jan. 30,Md.] 

Feb.  12.  Fr.  John  Adams  is  sent  to 
France  in  Silas  Deane's  place  [where  he 
remains  only  a  short  time]. 

Feb.  17.  Eng.  Lord  North's  concilia- 
tory bills  are  presented  in  Parliament. 

Mar.  9.  N.  Y.  A  Great  Council  is  held 
at  Johnstown,  between  the  Six  Nations 
Indians  and  the  New  York  company. 

Mar.  11.  Eng.  FarHament,  alarmed  at 
the  loss  of  an  army  at  Saratoga,  and  at 
the  French  alliance,  repeals  the  ob- 
noxious bills,  to  placate  Americans. 

Mar.  13.  Eng.  The  treaty  of  France 
with  the  United  States  is  ofQclally  an- 
nounced. 

Vermont  is  constituted  a  State. 

Apr.  7.  Eng,  Chatham's  last  appear- 
ance in  Parliament.    [Apr.  11.    Dies.] 

Apr.  30.  America  receives  information 
of  Lord  North's  conciliatory  bills,  of- 
fered in  Parliament  Feb.  17th. 

May  5.  Eng.  Sensation  produced  by 
the  treaty  of  France  with  the  United 
States. 

May  *  Eng.  Gen.  Burgoyne  defends 
himself  in  Parliament. 

May  *  York,  Pa.  Congress  ratifies  the 
treaty  with  France.  George  IIL  is  wil- 
ling to  treat  with  the  Americans. 

June  4.  York,  Pa.  Commissioners  of 
Parliament  arrive  with  proposals  for 
reconciliation,  which  are  submitted  to 
Congress. 

[Congress  demands  independence ;  the 
British  Commissioners  resort  to  bribery 
and  intrigue,  and  Congress  declines  to 
have  any  further  conference  with  them.] 

June  17.  York,  Pa.  Congress  rejects 
the  proposals  of  the  commissioners  ap- 
pointed by  Parliament,  until  independ- 
ence is  acknowledged. 

June  18.  Pkila.  Three  thousand  Tories 
leave  with  the  British  troops. 

June  *  New  York  passes  a  banish- 
ment act  against  the  Tories. 

Jime  27 .  York,  Pa,  Congress  ad- 
journs to  Philadelphia. 

July  2.  Pkila.  The  7th  session  of  the 
Continental  Congress  opens. 

July  9.  The  delegates  of  eight  states 
sign  the  Articles  of  Confederation. 
[Later  in  the  month  Georgia  and  North 
Carolina  sign  them.] 

July  26.  Convention  of  the  United 
States  and  France  concerning  the 
•*  Droit  d*Aubaine." 

Aug.  6.  Pkila.  Monsieur  Gerard,  am- 
bassador from  France,  is  introduced  to 
Congress  ;  the  first  from  any  nation. 

Sept.  *  Massachusetts  passes  an  act 
against  the  Tories. 

Sept.  14.  Franklin  is  sent  to  France  as 
minister  plenipotentiary. 

Oct.  *  III.  The  Blinoia  Country  is 
made  a  county  of  Virginia. 


90     1778,  Nov.  11-1780,  Apr.  18. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1778  Nov.  11,  12.  A'  r.  Massacre 
in  Cherry  Valley,  Otsego  County,  by 
Tories  and  Indians  with  terrible  cruelty, 
every  house  in  the  village  being  burned, 
many  persons  are  murdered,  and  40  are 
dragged  into  captivity. 

Nov.  21 1.  New  York.  Departure  of 
3,000  British  troops  by  transports  for 
Georgia. 

Nov.  27.  N.  J.  Washington  goes  into 
winter  quarters  at  lltliddlebrook. 

Dec.  17.  in(f'  Gen.  Hamilton  recaptures 
Vincennes  from  the  Americans. 

Dec.  23.  Ga.  The  British  troops  attack 
Savannah. 

Dec.  29.  The  British  capture  Savan- 
nah. 

Gen.  Robert  Howe  in  command  of  850 
men  is  driven  out  of  the  city  by  Col. 
Campbell  commanding  2,000  invading 
British.  [This  is  claimed  to  be  the  only 
real  conquest  of  the  British  during  this 
entire  year;  the  thinly  populated  State 
Is  easily  subjugated.] 

*  •  Pa.  Col.  David  Rogers  takes  stores 
from  New  Orleans  up  the  river  to  Fort 
Pitt. 

*  *  Several  vessels  of  considerable  force 
are  purchased  or  built  and  added  to  the 
navy,  including  thecelebrated  ^^/iance, 
a  frigate  of  32  guns. 

1779  Jan.  1.  Boston.  Burgoyne's 
(Saratoga)  army  is  removed  to 
Virginia. 

Jan.  7.  Mass.  France  being  at  war  with 
England,  Iiafayette  sails  from  Boston 
in  the  Alliance  to  aid  his  native  land, 
carrying  honorable  scars,  and  a  sword 
given  by  Congress.    [Feb.  11.    Arrives.] 

Jan.  9.  Ga.  Fort  Sunbury  on  St.  Cath- 
erine's Sound,  below  Savannah,  is  cap- 
tured by  Gen.  Prevost  with  British 
troops  from  Florida. 

Jan.  29.  Ga.  Two  thousand  British 
under  Col.  Campbell  take  Augusta. 

Feb.  3.  First  organized  mutiny  in  the 
American  service  occurs  on  board  the 
United  States  frigate  Alliance,  bound 
to  France  with  Lafayette  on  board. 

S.  C.  Gen.  Moultrie  defeats  200  Brit- 
ish at  Port  Royal,  and  drives  them  otF 
the  Island. 

Feb.  14.  Ga.  Col.  Pickens,  -with  a 
force  of  Carolina  militia,  annihilates  a 
force  of  Tories  west  of  Broad  River, 
killing  Col.  Boyd,  their  commander,  and 
70  men,  hanging  five  of  the  ringleaders 
for  treason ;  this  secures  western  Georgia 
to  the  patriots. 

Feb.  *  Charges  are  made  against  Gen. 
Arnold.    (See  Dec.  *  1779.) 

Feb,  25.  Ind.  Col.  G.  R.  Clark  cap- 
tures Got.  Hamilton,  and  reoccupies 
Vincennes. 

*  *  Ky.  St.  "Vincent,  with  stores,  taken 
by  Americans  under  Col.  Clark;  79  Brit- 
ish captured. 

*  *  S.  C.  Capt.  Anderson  defeats  the 
Tories  in  Carolina. 

Mar.  *  Conn.  Gov.  Tryon  of  New  York, 
with  1,500  regulars  and  Tories,  goes  to 
Horse  Neck  to  destroy  the  salt- works. 


Israel  Putnam  and  the  militia  resist, 
but  are  flanked  and  defeated ;  Gen. 
Putnam  makes  his  famous  ride  down 
the  steep  declivity. 

Gov.  Tryon  bums  the  village  of  West 
Greenwich. 

Mar  3.  Ga.  Gen.  Ashe,  with  about  60 
Continental  troops  and  1,500  militia,  is 
surrounded  and  utterly  defeated  by  a 
British  force  at  Brier  Creek  below 
Augusta;  he  loses  150  killed  and  160 
prisoners,  Georgia  is  now  entirely 
subjugated. 

Mar.  19.  Phila.  Gen.  Arnold  resigns 
his  command. 

Apr.  5.  Afass.  Refugees  plunder  Nan- 
tucket and  carry  otf  with  them  two 
loaded  brigs  and  several  other  vessels. 

Apr.  18  -24.  .V.  )'.  Gen.  Van  Shaick 
destroys  the  Onondaga  towns,  killing 
12  Indians  and  capturing  thirty-four. 

Apr.  23.  S.  C.  Gen.  Lincoln,  with  5,000 
men,  attempts  to  enter  Georgia  via 
Augusta. 

Apr.  *  Tenn.  An  expedition  is  sent 
against  the  Tennessee  Indians. 

*  *  Arnold  opens  treasonable  corre- 
spondence with  Clinton,  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  British  forces. 

Spring.  British  incursions  are  made  in 
the  Chesapeake. 

May  8  -June  16.  Spain  declares  war 
against  Great  Britain. 

May  12.  .S'.  C.  Gen.  Prevost  ^^nf^ands 
the  surrender  of  Charleston ;  being  re- 
fused by  Gen.  Moultrie  [he  soon  retires 
at  the  approach  of  Gen.  Lincoln]. 

May  14+.  Va.  Portsmouth  and  Nor- 
folk are  taken  by  '2,500  British  under 
Gen.  Mattliews  ;  stores,  houses,  and  ves- 
sels are  burned  with  many  small  towns 
in  the  vicinity. 

May  *  Va.  The  British  bum  the  navy- 
yard  at  Gosport,  destroying  130  mer- 
chant ships  and  several  war-vessels  on 
the  stocks. 

May  31.  A'.  Y.  Stony  Point  is  aban- 
doned at  the  approach  of  the  British 
under  Gen.  Clinton. 

June  1.  iV.  )'.  Stony  Point  is  used  to 
subdue  Verplanck's  Point  on  the  oppo- 
site side  ;  both  forts  are  soon  strongly 
fortilied  and  garrisoned  by  the  British. 

*  *  Naval  war  between  England  and 
France. 

June  20.  S.  C.  Americans  are  repulsed 
in  an  attack  on  the  British  at  Stono 
Ferry. 

*  *  Me.    The  British  occupy  Castine. 
July  5.     Conn.    Gov.  Tryon  of  New  York, 

with  2,600  Hessians  and  Tories,  sails  for 
New  Haven,  and  takes  the  town. 

July  7.  Coun.  Fairfield  is  plundered 
and  burnt  by  2,500  British  under  Gov. 
Tryon. 

July  11.  Conn.  The  British  under  Tryon 
plunder  and  burn  Norwalk. 

July  15.  8  P.M.  JH.  Y.  Stony  Point 
retaken. 

Gen.  Wayne,  having  raised  a  force  of 
light  infantry,  suddenly  assaults  Stony 
Point  on  the  Hudson,  and  with  a  loss  of 
15  killeil  and  81  wounded,  he  captures 


the  garrison  (515)  and  its  vast  stores  ;  he 
destroys  the  fort;  63  of  the  British  are 
killed  in  the  attack.  [Congress  votes 
Gen.  Wayne  a  gold  medal.] 

July  19.  N.  Y.  Americans  fortify 
West  Point. 

Boston.  The  New  England  fleet  de- 
stroyed. 

An  expedition  of  24  transports  and  20 
armed  transports  and  privateers  leaves 
to  subdue  the  British  at  Penobscot, 
Maine. 

N.  Y.    Indians  under  Brant  attack 

Minnisink  settlements. 

July  25.  Me.  After  a  useless  delay  at 
Penobscot  [the  vessels  of  the  New  Eng- 
land fleet  are  all  taken  or  destroyed  by 
the  British ;  the  men  escape]. 

J\ily31.  N.  Y.  Sullivan  begins  his 
march  through  the  Indian  country. 

Aug.  19.  N.  J.  "  Light  Horse  Harry " 
(Lee),  with  a  company  of  militia,  sur- 
prises the  garrison  at  Paulua  Hook 
(Jersey  City),  takes  150  prisoners,  with 
the  loss  of  only  two  men.  [Congress 
votes  him  a  gold  medal.] 

Aug.  22  +.  N.  Y.  Military  expedition, 
xmder  Col.  Brodhead,  into  the  Indian 
country ;  about  50,000  bushels  of  corn 
burned  in  8  Indians  towns. 

Aug.  29  +.  jV.  Y,—Pa.  The  expedition 
under  Gens.  Sullivan  and  James  Clinton 
defeats  the  Tories  and  Indians  at  Tioga, 
and  the  whole  country,  including  40  In- 
dian villages,  is  wasted  by  the  patriots 
in  retaliatory  massacres. 

Sept.  3.  Ga.  The  French  fleet  under 
D'Estaing  arrives  on  the  Savannah 
River.    He  captures  a  British  fleet. 

Sept.  10.  N.  Y.  The  Indian  village  of 
Canandaigua  burnt. 

Sept.  15.  W.  Y.  Sullivan  begins  his  re- 
turn march  from  the  Indian  country. 

Sept.  ±  *  Ga.  Gen.  Lincoln  marches  on 
Augusta,  but  retires  before  determined 
resistance. 

Sept.  23.  Naval  battle  with  the  Ser- 
apis. 

Paul  Jones  with  the  Bonkomme  Rich- 
ard has  a  battle  off  the  coast  of  Scotland 
with  the  British  frigate  Serapis,  carry- 
ing 44  guns ;  the  battle  lasts  one  and  a 
half  hours.  The  vessels  are  lashed  to- 
gether, and  at  last  the  Serapis  surren- 
ders, and  the  Bonkomme  Riclmrd  sinks ; 
the  companion  of  the  Serapis  is  also 
taken ;  out  of  375  Americans,  300  were 
either  killed  or  wounded. 

Ga.    The   siege   of   Gen.  Prevost's 

army  begins  at  Savannah. 

Sept.  *  -Oct.  *  S.  C.  Prevost  makes 
an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  capture 
Charleston. 

Sept.  27  i.  Ga.  The  French  fleet  and  a 
part  of  the  southern  army  besiege 
Savannah. 

Sept.  *  The  Spaniards  capture  British 
posts  on  the  Lower  Mississippi. 

Oct.  4.  IIol.  Paul  Jones  enters  Texel, 
North  Holland,  in  the  Serapis. 

Oct.  11-25.  It.  I.  Sir  H,  Clinton  with- 
draws the  British  forces  from  Hhode 
Island,  in  anticipation  of  the  arrival  of 
a  French  fleet,  leaving  his  heavy  guns 
and  large  military  stores  behind  him. 


UNITED    STATES.    1778,  Nov.  11-1780,  Apr.  18.   91 


Oct.  9.  Ga.  The  Aniericaiis  and  French 
togetlier  attempt  the  reduction  of  Sa- 
vannali;  their  assault  is  repulsed  by 
the  British,  and  Count  Pulaski  is  mor- 
tally wounded. 

[The  fleet  now  sails  for  the  West  In- 
dies ;  great  excitement  through  the  coun- 
try because  of  the  inefficient  cooperation 
of  the  French  fleet.] 

Oct.  25.  A'.  J.  Washington  goes  into 
■winter  quarters  near  Morristown. 

Dec*  Phila.  Benedict  Arnold  is  tried 
by  coiirt  martial  on  various  charges, 
chiefly  for  tyranny  and  mercenary  cor- 
ruption.   (See  Jan.  26,  1780.) 

Great  discouragement  prevails  in 

the  colonies,  the  French  alliance  hav- 
ing brought  little  help  to  America;  the 
credit  of  Congress  is  almost  worthless, 
the  treasury  bankrupt,  and  the  army 
chiefly  fed  with  unkept  promises,  while 
freedom  is  yet  out  of  sight. 

Dec.  26.  New  York.  Gen.  Clinton,  with 
8,500  men,  sails  for  Savannah,  leaving 
a  powerful  garrison  under  Kuyphausen. 

*  *  Fort  Mcintosh  is  built. 

*  *  The  British  winter  in  New  York. 
1780  *  *  The  British  are  successful  in 

the  South. 

Jan.  10.  Gen.  Charles  Lee  is  dismissed 
from  the  army  for  insolence. 

Jan.  26.  Phila.  The  court  martial  ac- 
quits Benedict  Arnold  of  criminal 
intent,  but  condemns  him  to  be  repri- 
manded by  Washington, 

Feb,  2,  N.  C.  A  skirmish  occurs  at 
Cowan's  Ford, 

Feb.  11.  S.  C.  The  British,  under  Sir 
Henry  Clinton ,  land  on  St.  John's  Island, 
about  30  miles  from  Charleston,  and 
begin  their  attack. 

*  *  Military  operations  are  nearly  sus- 
pended at  the  North  during  this  year, 
owing  largely  to  the  destitution  of  Wash- 
ington's army. 

Mar.  *  Tlie  British  propose  to  subjugate 
the  entire  South,beginning  atCharleston. 

Mar.  14,  Ala.  Spaniards  take  Mo- 
bile. Capt.  Darnford,  with  the  British 
garrison  of  284  regulars  and  51  armed 
Indians,  capitulates  to  Don  Bernardo  de 
Galvez. 

Apr.  *  Lafayette  returns  to  America, 
an<l  brings  good  news  —  arms,  clothing, 
and  an  army  are  on  the  way  from  France. 

Apr.  9.  S,  C.  Charleston  is  invaded  by 
British  land  and  naval  forces  under  Sir 
Henry  Clinton. 

Apr,  12-20.  S.  C.  The  British  fire  on 
the  batteries  at  Charleston. 

Apr.  14.  S.  C.  Tarleton  surprises  and 
defeats  the  American  cavalry  at  Monk's 
Comer,  capturing  a  large  quantity  of 
arms,  clothing,  and  ammunition. 

Apr.  18.  S.  C.  Lord  Comwallis  arrives 
at  Charleston  with  3,000  fresh  troops. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1779*  *  New  York.  Stereotyping  is  in- 
troduced by  Mr.  Golden.    (?)  See  p.  121. 


1780    Jan.  29,     Phila.     This     is     the 

coldest  day  in  25  years. 
Feb.   22.    Phila.     Ice    is    17    inches 

thick ;  an  ox  is  roasted  on  the  river. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1778*   * 

Allston,  Joseph,  Oov.  of  S.  C,  born. 
Bangs,  Nathan,  clergyman,  horn, 
liiddle,  Nicholas,  naval  commander,  A28. 
Buel,  Jesse,  journaliat,  horn. 
Gaston,  William,  jurist,  born. 
<irnher,  Jacob,  clergyman,  horn. 
Haninionil,  Jabez  1).,  judge,  horn. 
Kingsley,  James  Luce,  scholar,  born. 
Ladd,  William,  peace  advoijite,  horn. 
Livingston,  Philip,  signer  of  Deel'n,  A62. 
Peale.  Rembrandt,  painter,  born. 
Kitchie,  Thomas,  jonrnalist,  horn. 
Stewart,  Charles,  rear-admiral,  horn. 
Tallmadge,  James,  jurist  and  statesman,  h. 
Warren,  John  Collins,  anatomist,  born. 
1779*   • 
Allston.  W^ashinston.  painter,  horn. 
Baldwin,  Henry,  justice,  born  in  Pa. 
Bernard,  Sir  Francis,  Gov.  of  N.  H.,  A65. 
Bowen,  Nathaniel,  bishop,  bom. 
Brownell,  Thomas  Church,  college  pres.,  b. 
Brute,  Simon  W.  (i.,  bishop,  t»orn. 
Decatur,  Stephen,  Jr.,  commodore,  born. 
Drayton,  "William  Henry,  patriot,  A37. 
Farrar,  John,  mathematician,  born. 
Hartshorne,  Joseph,  j)hysician,  born. 
Humphrey,  Heinan,  I'res.  of  Amherst,  born, 
Jasper,  William,  brave  soldier,  A29. 
Jay,  William,  pliilantliropist,  born. 
Lynch,  Thomas,  Jr.,  signer  of  Deel'n,  A30. 
Moore,  Clement  (_'larke,  poet,  born. 
I'arrish,  Joseph,  physician,  born, 
rauhling,  James  Kirke,  novelist,  born. 
Pike,  Zebulon  Montgomery,  general,  b. 
Poindext*T,  (leorge,  statesman,  born, 
I'oinsett,  .Joel  Roberts,  statesman,  born. 
Koss,  (ieorge,  statesman,  A49. 
Sergeant,  John,  Jurist,  horn. 
Silllman,  Benjamin,  physicist,  horn. 
Story.  Joseph,  justice,  horn  in  Mass. 
Tudor,  William,  author,  horn. 
Watson,  John  Fanning,  author,  born. 
Wheelock,  Kleazer,  pres.  of  Dartmouth,  A68. 


CHURCH. 

1778  •  *  Massachusetts  relaxes  her 
severity  against  the  Baptists. 

1779  May  18.  Va.  On  the  question  of 
ordinance,  more  than  one-half  of  the 
Methodist  preachers  secede  tempo- 
rarily, and  bold  a  separate  conference 
at  Fluvanna. 

LETTERS. 

1778  ♦  *  Yankee  Doodle  sung  by  the 
troops. 

SOCIETY. 

1779  *  *  Vt.  Drunkenness  is  liable  to 
a  penalty  of  $2,  if  noticeable  in  speech, 
gesture,  or  behavior. 

Apr.  *  Afd.  The  Methodist  Conference 
at  Baltimore  proposes  to  disown  "  all 
persons  who  should  engage  in  the  prac- 
tise of  distilling  grain  into  liquor." 

STATE. 

1778  Nov.*  New  Jersey  signs  the  Ar- 
ticles of  Confederation. 

*  *  Eng.  Complications  with  France,  and 
approaching  hostility  of  Spain  and  Hol- 
land, with  paucity  of  military  results, 
alarm  the  British  government. 

Dec.  10.  Phila.  John  Jay,  of  New 
York,  is  elected  president  of  Congress. 

Dec.  15.  Maryland  refuses  to  vote  for 
the  Confederation  until  the  rights  for 
the  lands  iu  the  Northwest  are  settled. 


Dec.  *  Holland.  C.  W.  F.  Dumas  be- 
comes agent  for  the  United  States. 

*  *  Governors  inaugiu*ated : 

Pa.'    Joseph     Keed,    President   of   the 
Supreme  Executive  Council. 
-86  *  *  P.  I.    Wm.  Greene,  Jr. 
-89  *  *  Vt.    Thomas  Chittenden. 

1779  Jan.  2.  Phila.  Congress  calls  for 
a  contribution  from  the  States  of  six 
millions  annually  for  18  years,  to  form  a 

sinking  fund. 

Feb.  *  -Mar.  *  Phila.  Congress  for- 
mulates its  conditions  of  peace  with 
Great  Britain. 

Mar.  3.  Ga.  By  the  utter  defeat  of  the 
Americans  at  Brier  Creek,  the  royal 
government  is  soon  reestablished. 

Mar.  *  -July  *  Phila.  A  struggle  iu 
Congress  over  the  fishing  demands  of 
Prance.    Common  rights  maintained. 

Apr.  *  Spain  by  a  secret  treaty  makes 
common  cause  with  France  against 
Great  Britain. 

Apr.  "^  Massachusetts  passes  a  Conspir- 
acy Act  against  the  Tories. 

June  *  Eng.  Joseph  Galloway  is  ex- 
amined before  Parliament. 

Aug.  17.  La.  Independence  of  the 
United  States  declared  at  New  Orleans 
with  beating  of  drums,  etc. 

Sept.  27.  John  Adams  is  appointed 
commissioner  to  negotiate  a  treaty  with 
Great  Britain. 

Sept.  28.  John  Jay  is  chosen  commis- 
sioner to  Spain. 

Sept.  *  Phila.  liuzeme  arrives  as  min- 
ister from  France. 

*  *  Pa.  Extension  westward  of  Mason 
and  Dixon's  line. 

*  *  Eng.  Controversy  in  Parliament  over 
the  generalship  of  Sir  William  Howe 
and  of  General  Burgoyne.  [It  continues 
more  than  two  years.] 

*  *  Va.  The  seat  of  government  is  re- 
moved from  "Williamsburg  to  Rich- 
mond. 

*  *  Governors  inaugurated : 

N.  C.    Abner  Nast. 
-81  *  *  Va.    Thomas  Jefferson. 

1780  Feb.  19.  New  York  cedes  her 
right  in  Western  lands  to  the  United 
States.    [1781.  Mar.*  Congress  accepts.] 

Feb.  28-Mar.  10.  Hussia  issues  a  dec- 
laration of  armed  neutrality. 

Mar.  1.    Bank  of  Philadelphia  chartered. 

Spring.  Ky.  IjOuisviUe  settled  by 
about  600  people. 

Mar.  18.  Phila.  Congress  resolves  to 
call  in  by  taxes  all  the  Continental 
money  and  burn  it,  and  to  issue 
$10,000,000  new  money,  redeemable 
in  specie  within  six  years. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1778  *  *  *  The  British  and  Tories  flood 
the  country  with  counterfeit  money. 

*  *  *  Business  is  paralyzed  for  want  of 
currency,  and  the  distress  is  extreme 
and  widespread. 


I 


92     1780,  Apr.  24.-1781,  Mar.  2.         AMERICA  : 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1780  May  6.  S.C.  Fort  Moultrie  sur- 
renders to  the  British. 

May  9.  S.  C.  The  British  begin  to  can- 
nonade Charleston. 

May  11.  X.J.  Lafayette  rejoins  Wash- 
ington, after  an  absence  of  15  months, 
and  announces  the  approach  of  French 
succor. 

May  12.  S.  C.  Charleston  is  taken. 
Gen.  Lincoln  with  an  army  of  3,000 
men  capitulates  to  Sir  Henry  Clinton 
with  5,000  British  soldiers,  and  Charles- 
ton is  surrendered  after  a  siege  in  which 
the  fortifications  were  beaten  down  by 
200  cannons ;  6,000  Americans  become 
prisoners  of  war. 

May  *  S.  C.  Clinton  sends  off  three  ex- 
peditions ;  one  to  intercept  approaching 
reen  force  men  ts  under  Col.  IJuford,  one 
toward  Augusta,  and  the  third  toward 
Camden. 

May  21.  N.  Y.  Johnstown  is  burned  by 
Tories. 

May*  S,  C.  Tlie  British  take  Ninety- 
Six,  an  American  post  150  miles  north- 
west of  Charleston. 

May  25.  N.  J.  Two  regiments  of  Wash- 
ington's trooi»  mutiny ;  they  are  soon 
persuaded  to  return  to  duty. 

May  26.  Mo.  The  Spaniards  at  St. 
IjOuIs  are  attacked  by  the  English. 

May  29.  S.  C.  Col.  Buford  with  400 
Americans  is  pursued  by  Col.  Tarleton 
and  massacred  at  Waxhaw  Creek, 
while  negotiations  for  surrender  are 
pending. 

May*  Failure  of  the  English  plans  to 
capture  posts  on  the  Mississippi. 

June  5.  -Y.  J.  Knyphausen  leads  an 
expedition  into  New  Jersey,  visiting 
Elizabethtown  and  burning  Connecti- 
cut Farms.  He  is  harassed  by  the  mili- 
tia and  makes  an  inglorious  retreat. 

S.  C.    The  Americans  being  subdued. 

Gen.  Clinton,  with  a  large  part  of  his 
troops,  embarks  for  the  North. 

June  13.  PhUa.  Gen.  Gates,  the  most 
popular  American  general,  is  ordered 
by  Congress  to  take  command  of  the 
army  in  the  South. 

June  *  Fort  Jefferson,  on  the  Mississippi 
below  the  Ohio,  is  built. 

June  23.  N.  J.  Gen.  Greene  defeats  the 
British  at  Springfield. 

July  10.  R.  I.  A  French  fleet  arrives 
at  Newport,  bringing  the  Count  de 
Rochambeau  and  6,000  soldiers  to  aid 
the  Americans.  [They  soon  join  Wash- 
ington in  New  Jersey.  The  British 
fleet  blockades  the  French  vessels  at 
Newport.]    (Winsor,  July  12.) 

July  21.  Va.  Gen.  Wayne  has  a  skirmish 
at  Bull's  Ferry. 

July  25.  Gen.  Horatio  Gates  takes 
command  of  the  Southern  army. 

July  30.  S.  C.  Col.  Sumter  attempts 
to  surprise  a  British  post  at  Rocky 
Mount,  but  a  Tory  apprises  the  com- 
mander and  Siunter  is  repulsed. 

Aug.  1.  N.  Y.  Indians  burn  the  village 
of  Canajoharie. 

Aug.  3.    N.   Y.     Maj.-gen,    Benedict 


Arnold,  by  his  own  request,  takes 
command  of  the  fortress  at  "West  Point, 
on  the  Hudson  ;  it  contains  the  most 
valuable  collection  of  military  stores  in 
America. 
Aug.  6,  S.  C.  Col.  Sumter  attacks  a 
large  detachment  of  British  regulars 
and  Tories  at  Hanging  Rock,  and  then 
retires.  Here  Andrew  Jackson,  not 
14  years  of  age,  begins  his  career  as  a 
soldier. 

Aug.  15.  S.  C.  By  coincidence.  Gen. 
(lates  and  Lord  Cornwallis  set  out  in 
the  night  to  surprise  each  other,  at 
Sanders*  Creek, 

Aug.  16.  S.  C.  Nearly  3,000  Americans 
defeated  in  the  battle  of  Sanders' 
Creek  near  Camden.  Gates  loses  all 
his  artillery,  ammunition,  wagons,  and 
much  of  the  baggage.  Here  Baron  De 
Kalb  is  mortally  wounded,  and  1,000  men 
are  killed  or  taken  prisoners.  [It  is  one 
of  the  worst  defeats  suffered  by  any 
American  army.l    British  loss  325. 

Aug.  18.  S.  C.  Col.  Sumter's  force  is 
dispersed  by  Col.  Tarleton  at  Fishing- 
Creek;  Gen.  Marion  retreats  toward 
North  Carolina. 

Autumn  and  Winter.  5.  C.—Ga.  An 
audacious  partizan  warfare  is  success- 
fully conducted  in  tlie  South  by  the 
famous  Col.  Thomas  Sumter  and  Col. 
Francis  Marion,  great  leaders  of  the 
militia. 

Sept.  8.  .V.  C.  The  British  at  the  South 
advancing  northward  enter  North  Caro- 
lina. 

Sept.  21.  N.  Y.  Maj.  Andr6  lands  in 
the  night  from  the  British  sloop-of-war 
Vulture,  and  proceeds  to  meet  Arnold. 
Treason  of  Maj.-Gen.  Arnold. 
About  midnight,  Benedict  Arnold 
meets  Maj.  John  Andr^,  two  miles  be- 
low Haverstraw,  on  the  Hudson,  to  per- 
fect the  scheme  of  treason.  Arnold 
bargains  to  betray  his  country  for 
$50,000  and  a  commission  as  brigadier 
iji  the  British  army ;  he  surrenders  to 
the  British  descriptive  papers  of  the 
fortress  and  directions  for  approach. 

Sept.  23.  N.  r.  Maj.  Andr6,  the 
British  spy,  is  arrested  near  Tarrytown 
by  John  Paulding,  David  Williams,  and 
Isaac  Wirt,  who  refuse  his  bribes. 

Sept.  26.  A'  Y.  Benedict  Arnold  flees 
to  the  British  sloop-of-war  Vulture,  and 
is  taken  to  New  York. 

Sept.  *  Conn.  Washington  and  Rocham- 
beau confer  at  Hartford. 

Sept.  26.  X.  C.  The  British  on  their 
northward  march  enter  Charlotte ;  the 
Americans  falling  back  without  a  battle. 

Sept.  29.  y.  Y.  A  court  martial  at 
Tappan,  consisting  of  six  major-generals 
and  eight  brigadiers,  finds  Maj.  Andr€ 
guilty  and  condemns  him  to  death. 

Oct.  2.  X.  Y.  Maj.  Andr6  is  hanged 
as  a  spy  at  Tapjtan. 

Oct.  7.  X.  C.  Battle  of  King's  Moun- 
tain. 

Col.  Ferguson  ^vith  1,100  regulars  and 
Tories  is  defeated  on  the  top  of  King's 
Mountain  by  1,000  militia  men  unaer 
Col.  Campbell.  Ferguson  and  300  men 
are  killed,  800  are  taken  prisoners,  and 


10  Tories  are  hanged.  [Drooping  pa- 
triotism begins  to  revive.] 

Oct.  14.    Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene,  next 

to  Washington  the  ablest  of  the  Ameri- 
can officers,  supersedes  Gen.  Gates  in 
the  South. 

Oct.  16.  Vt.  Royalton  is  attacked  by 
300  Indians  ;  many  houses  are  burned. 

Oct.*  N.  Y.  The  Americans  raid  Staten 
Island. 

Nov,  18.  N.  C.  An  action  occiu's  at  Fish 
Bam  Ford. 

Nov.  20.  N.  C.  Col,  Sumter  defeats  Col. 
Tarleton  at  Blackstocks. 

Dec.  2.  Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene  assumes 
command  of  the  Southern  army. 

*  *  N.  C.  Col.  John  Sevier  conducts  an 
expedition  against  the  Indians  west  of 
Nortb  Carolina. 

Dec.  *  W.  F.  Indians  make  attacks 
along  the  Mohawk  River  and  through 
the  Champlain  coiuitry. 

*  *  N.  J.  Washington  enters  winter 
quarters  at  Totowa  and  Preakness. 

1781  Jan.  1.  N,  J.  Revolt  in  the 
army. 

Washington's  army  is  in  a  desperate 
condition  — no  food,  no  pay,  no  clothing. 
The  whole  Pennsylvania  line,  1,300 
strong,  mutiny,  and  leaving  their  camp 
at  Morristown,  they  start  for  Philadel- 
phia to  lay  their  complaints  before 
Congress. 

Jan  3  ±.  Ta.  Benedict  Arnold  is  ap- 
pointed Brig.-Gen.  in  the  British  army. 
[He  conducts  a  ravaging  expedition  into 
Virginia,  along  the  James  River.] 

Jan.  *  N.  J.  Emissaries  from  Gen.  Clin- 
ton meet  the  mutinous  Pennsylvanians 
at  Princeton  with  bribes  to  desert  the 
service,  which  are  indignantly  declined, 
and  the  agents  delivered  to  be  hanged 
as  spies.  [Concessions  from  Congress 
quiet  the  mutiny.] 

Jan.  5.  Va.  Benedict  Arnold,  with 
1,G00  British  troops,  burns  the  stores 
near  Richmond. 

*  *X.J,  The  New  Jersey  brigade 
mutinies  at  Pompton. 

It  is  quelled  by  force ;  12  of  the  prin- 
cipal mutineers  are  compelled  to  shoot 
the  two  ringleaders.  [The  insurrections 
have  a  good  effect  on  Congress.] 

Jan.  17.  S.  <\  Battle  of  Cowpens. 
Gen.  Morgan,  with  1,000  men,  utterly 
defeats  Gen.  Tarleton  with  1,100  British 
troops.  Losses,  British,  300  killed  and 
wounded,  more  than  500  made  prisoners ; 
Americans,  12  killed,  GO  wounaed. 

Jan.  *  5.  C.  The  great  military  race 
begins  by  Gen.  Greene  ordering  both 
divisions  of  his  army  to  fall  back  —  re- 
treating northward  from  the  approach 
of  Lord  Cornwallis's  advance. 

Jan.  28.  S.  C.  Gen.  Morgan's  division 
crosses  the  Catawba  River  to  the  north- 
ern banks  ;  Cornwallis  arrives  late  in 
the  day  on  the  opposite  side,  but  floods 
of  rain  during  the  night  compel  his  de- 
lay for  many  days,  before  crossing. 

Jan.  31.  X.  C.  Gen.  Greene  takes 
command  of  Morgan's  army. 

Jan.  *-Mar.  *  Afich.  The  Spaniards  in- 
vade Michigan. 


UNITED    STATES.    1780,  Apr.  24-1781,  Max.  2.    93 


Feb.  1.  \.C.  Lieut.-Col.  Wm.  Davidson 
is  defeated  aud  killed  at  Cowan's  Ford, 
on  the  Catawba,  by  Lord  CornwalUs, 
whose  horse  is  killed  under  him. 

Feb.  7.  A'.  C.  Gen.  Greene  arrives  at 
Guilford  Court  House,  and  there  joins 
the  remainder  of  his  army. 

Feb.  15.  N.  C.  Greene,  with  great  tact, 
completes  his  retreat  by  crossing  the 
Dan  into  Virginia,  narrowly  escaping  his 
pursuers,  but  abandoning  to  them  the 
entire  State  of  North.  Carolina. 

Feb.  21,  22,  N.C.  Greene  re- crosses 
the  Dan ;  he  sends  Lieut. -Col.  Lee  after 
a  troop  of  Tarleton's  dragoons  under 
Capt.  Miller. 

Feb.  23.  N.  C.  Greene's  rear  guard  is 
attacked  by  the  van  of  the  British  while 
crossing  the  Yadkin. 

Feb.  25.  N.  C.  Col.  Pyle  and  a  body  of 
royalists  defeated  near  Haw  Hiver  by 
Pickens  and  Lee,  without  losing  a  man. 

Mar.  2.  N.  C.  Cols.  Lee  and  Pickens, 
with  their  cavalry,  cut  to  pieces  three 
or  four  hundred  mounted  Tories  enlisted 
by  Tarleton. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  -  NATURE. 

1780  May  19.  New  Kng.  The  dark 
day  occasioned  by  a  thin  cloud,  or 
vapor. 

*  *  Boston.  Tlie  American  Academy  of 
Arts  and  Sciences  founded. 

*  *  A'.  //.  The  first  American  glass-fac- 
tory is  erected  in  Temple  township. 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  making  of  wrought 
iron  nails  is  an  important  home  indus- 
try during  the  winter  mouths,  and  in 
stormy  weather,  among  the  thrifty,  in- 
dustrious rural  people. 

1781  *  *  John  Trumbull  paints  the 
Death  of  Montgomery . 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1780*  • 

Anderson,  Tsaar,  pioneer  elergj'man,  bom. 
Andre,  John,  Itrit.  niajur  and  spy,  hanged. 
Audubon,  John  James,  ornithologist,  born. 
Blnney,  Horace,  statesman,  born. 
Carver,  Jonathan,  traveler,  A48. 
Channing.  William  Ellery.  clergyman,  b. 
Chapman,  Nathaniel,  physician,  born. 
Cleavelantl,  Parker,  mineralogist,  l>orn. 
De  Kalb,  John,  Baron,  gen.,  k.  at  Camden, 

A  59. 
Duane,  William  John,  Sec.  of  Treasury,  b. 
Dudley,  Charles  Edward,  senator,  born. 
Duer,  William  Alexander,  jnrist,  born. 
Featherstonaugh,  (.leorge  William,  geologist, 

born. 
Ferguson,  Patrick,  major  in  army,  dies. 
Forsyth,  John,  statesman,  born. 
Hedding,  Klijah,  bishop,  born. 
Hitchcock,  Peter,  jurist,  born. 
Hutcliinson,  Tbouias,  <iov.  of  Mass.,  A69. 
Key,  Francis  Scott,  poet,  born. 
Lo^an,  Indian  chief,  dies. 
McKinley.  John,  justice,  born  in  Ala. 
Mussey,  Iteul>en  Diamond,  surgeon,  born. 
Porter,  David,  conunodore,  born. 
Rush,  Richard,  diplomatist,  born. 
Schweinitz,  von,  Lewis  J>avid,  botanist,  b. 
Stuart,  Moses,  theologian,  horn. 
1781  •   • 
Abercrombie,  James,  general,  .\75. 
Ashe,  John,  patriot,  A60. 
Berrien,  John  Mcl'herson,  senator,  born. 
IJrown,  John  A.,  financier,  born. 
(Jreene,  Christopher,  col.,  dies. 
Hare,  Robert,  physicist,  born. 
Harnett,  C'ornellus,  statesman,  A58. 
Hayne,  Isaac,  officer,  A36. 
HoUey,  Horace,  clergyman,  born. 
Lawrence,  James,  naval  oltlcer,  born. 
Leigh,  Itenjamin,  st^itesman,  liuni. 
Miller,  William,  A<lvent  preaciher,  born, 
ytocktou,  Ri<--hard,  signer  of  l>eclaratiou,A5i. 


CHURCH. 

1780  Apr.  24.  Md.  The  Methodist 
preachers  of  the  North  hold  a  Conference 
at  Baltimore. 

May  8.  Va.  The  separated  Methodist 
bodies  unite  in  the  Conference  held  at 
Manakintown,  in  Powhatan  county. 

The  southern  seceders  bring  slavery 
as  a  social  institution  among  Methodists. 

*  *  Mass.  First  Universalist  church 
formed,  in  Gloucester. 

*  *  Miss.  First  Baptist  church  in  Missis- 
sippi formed  near  Natchez. 

*  *  N.  H.  The  Freewill  Baptists  organ- 
ize their  first  society,  at  Dover. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  independent  Presbytery  of 
Morris  County  is  formed. 

*  *Pa.  —  Va.  Christ's  Church,  Phila- 
delphia, is  the  only  Protestant  Episcopal 
church  left  In  the  State  after  the  war ; 
28  Episcopal  clergymen  remain  in  Vir- 
ginia ;  91  (loyalists)  leave  the  State. 

*  *  Francis  Asbury  becomes  the  rfe/ac(o 
Superintendent  of  Methodism  in  Amer- 
ica, the  war  having  detached  Methodists 
from  Wesley. 

*  *  -1800  ♦  *  Great  revival  of  religion 
among  the  colored  people. 

SOCIETY. 

1780  Apr.*  Md.  The  Methodist  Confer- 
ence at  Baltimore  proposes  to  disown 
"  all  persons  who  should  engage  in 
distilling." 

The  first  measures  are  taken  for  extir- 
pating slavery  among  Methodists  by 
declaring  "  That  slavery  is  contrary 
to  the  laws  of  God,  man,  and  nature, 
and  hurtful  to  society,  contrary  to  the 
dictates  of  conscience  and  pure  religion, 
aud  doing  that  which  we  would  not 
others  should  do  to  us  and  ours." 

*  *  Gloom  settles  over  the  country. 
The  treason  of  Benedict  Arnold  intensi- 
fies the  general  depression. 

June  13.    Phita.    Women  organize   the 

**  American  Daughters  of  Iiiberty,** 

an  association  to  provide  clothing  for 

the  suffering  soldiers. 
June  17.    Phila.    A  bank  is  opened  for 

supplying  the  army  with  provisions, 

and  $945,000  subscribed. 
Sept.  23.    N.  Y.    Maj.  Andrfi,  a  British 

spy,  is  arrested  near  Tarrytown. 
Oct.  2.    N.  Y.    Maj.  Andr6  is  hanged 

as  a  spy  at  Tappan. 

*  *  Pennsylvania  abolishes  slavery. 

*  *  Massachusetts  adopts  a  constitution 
which  abolishes  slavery. 

*  *  The  mothers  of  America  send  sup- 
plies of  food  and  clothing  to  the  camps 
of  the  patriots. 

*  *  Va.  James  Monroe  marries  Eliza 
Kortright. 

*  *  S.  C.  Negroes  in  great  numbers 
desert  their  masters  and  flee  to  the 
British. 

1781  Feb.  *  Lafayette's  force  of  1,200 
men  is  in  a  state  of  extreme  destitution. 
Congress  has  neither  money  nor  credit ; 
l,afayette  purchases  a  full  outfit  from 
his  private  purse. 


STATE. 

1780  May  11.  Lafayette  brings  "Wash- 
ington the  appointment  of  lieutenant- 
general  in  the  army  of  France  and  vice- 
admiral  in  its  navy,  in  order  to  remove 
vexing  questions  of  etiquette  from  the 
minds  of  French  oflScers  in  American 
service. 

May*  Ky.  The  Legislature  of  Virginia 
incorporates  the  town  of  Louisville. 

Summer.  S.  C.  By  the  capture  of 
Charleston  and  other  American  ports, 
royal  authority  is  re-established 
over  the  territory  of  South  Carolina, 
but  not  over  the  people. 

Aug.  2.  Boston.  The  Massachusetts 
Constitutional  Convention  meets. 

Oct.  5.  Phila.  The  United  States  ac- 
cedes to  the  armed  neutrality  at  sea. 

Oct.  7-20.  New  York.  Benedict  Ar- 
nold issues  an  address  and  proclamation 
from  the  British  headquarters. 

Oct.  10.  Conn.  The  State  offers  its 
western  lands  to  the  Federal  Union 
with  [unsatisfactory]  conditions. 

Oct.  25.  Mass.  John  Hancock  is 
chosen  first  governor  under  the  New 
Constitution. 

*  *  Henry  Laurens,  U.  S.  minister  to 
The  Netherlands,  is  captured  at  sea  by 
the  British, 

Dec,  *  The  Hollanders  sympathize  with 
the  Americans ;  they  declare  war 
against  England. 

*  *  Massachusetts  adopts  a  constitution 
with  a  bill  of  rights,  which  abolishes 
slavery. 

Dec.  18.  Phila.  Congp^ess  appoints 
Francis  Dana  minister  to  Russia. 

*  *  New  York.  A  Board  of  Associated 
IjoyalistS  is  formed  to  aid  the  British. 

1781  Jan.  *  Virginia  offers  to  condi- 
tionally give  up  its  lands  northwest  of 
the  Ohio.    (See  Mar.  1,  17&i.) 

Feb.  20.  Phila.  Congress  appoints 
Robert  Morris  Superintendent  of  Fi- 
nance. 

Mar.  1.  N.  Y.  The  delegates  of  New 
York  facilitate  the  completion  of  the 
Union  by  the  transfer  to  the  Federal 
Congress  of  the  vague  claims  of  that 
State  to  western  territory. 

Maryland,  the  last  of  the  13  States, 

signs  the  Articles  of  Confederation. 

The  Confederation  is  accepted  by 

all  the  States  as  a  loose  union  of  inde- 
pendent commonwealths. 

Phila.    The  old  Congress  of  the  . 

Revolution  closes. 

Mar.  2.  Phila.  The  new  Congress  of 
the  Confederation  opens. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1780  July  *  U.  S.  Continental  cur- 
rency notes  are  worth  two  cents  on 
a  dollar.  "  It  takes  a  wagon  load  of 
currency  to  buy  a  wagon  load  of  provis- 
ions." 

Aug.  *  O.  Two  block-houses  are  built  on 
the  Ohio  Kiver  (Cincinnati)  by  Ameri- 
can troops. 


94     1781,  Mar.  6-1783,  Mar. 


AMERICA 


^RMY  — HAVY. 
1781    Mar.  6.     X.  C.    The  British  are 
worsted  in  an  engagement    at   Reedy 
Fort  Creek. 
Mar.  8.    V'a.   Washington  sends  Ijafay- 
'■  ette  with  1,200  men  [and  the  French  fleet 
from  Rhode  Island]  to  Virginia  to  cap- 
ture Benedict  Arnold. 
Mar.  15.     -V.  C.     Battle  at   Guilford 
Court  House  (Greensborough). 

Gen.  Greene  is  attacked  by  Lord  Corn- 
wallis ;  American  force,  4,400,  mostly 
raw  militia ;  British  force,  ^,400,  chiefly 
veteran  soldiers.  Losses ;  American, 
2,309  killed,  wounded,  and  missing; 
British,  over  532  men.  The  Americans 
retire  in  good  order  after  a  bloody  bat- 
tle, with  Comwallis  unable  to  pursue. 
Mar.  16.  Va.  The  British  Admiral  Ar- 
buthnot  compels  the  French  fleet  to 
return  to  Rhode  Island. 
Mar.  18.  A'.  C.  Comwallis  retreats 
from  Guilford  Court  House,  leaving 
the  wounded  Americans  and  70  wounded 
British. 
Mar.  25.  Va.  A  British  force  of  2,000 
men  under  Gen.  Phillips  reenforces 
Arnold. 

The  British  under  Phillips  spare  the 
buildings  at  Mount  Vernon  on  con- 
dition that  supplies  are  furnished. 
Mar.    30.     The    mutiny   on    board   the 
United  States  frigate  Alliance   is  fully 
disclosed  on  her  return  from  France  to 
Boston. 
Apr.7.  JV^.r.  Comwallis  at  "Wilmington. 
Apr.*   Va.    Steuben  is  active  in  Vir- 
ginia. 
Apr.  18.    ,S.  C.    The  British  evacuate 
Charleston  after  firing  buildings,  and 
leave  their  badly  wounded  behind  them. 
Gen.  Greenfe  approaches  Camden. 
Apr.  23.    S.  C.     Col.  Lee  takes  Fort 

"Watson  from  the  British. 
Apr.  25.    S.  C.     Battle  at  Hobkirk's 
Hill,  near  Camden  ;  Lord  Rawdon  de- 
feats Gen.  Greene,  who  saves  his  artil- 
lery and  carries  off  his  wounded. 

Va.    The  British  under  Arnold  and 

Phillips    take    Petersburg,    burn   400 
hogsheads  of  tobacco,  a  ship,  and  several 
small  craft. 
Apr.+  N.  H.    The  first  American  man- 
of-war  is  built  at  Portsmouth,  under 
the  superintendence  of  Paul  .Jones ;  it  is 
a  line-of-battle  ship  and  named  America. 
Apr.  25.     Va.     Lord  Comwallis   under- 
takes the  conquest  of  Virginia;   La- 
fayette undertakes  its  defense. 
May  8.     Count  De  Barras  arrives  from 
France,  and  announces  that  20  ships  of 
the  line  are  coming  in  a  few  mouths. 
May  9.    Fla.    The  Spaniards  take  Pen- 

sacola. 
May  10.    S.  C.    The  British  under  Lord 
Rawdon  evacuate  Camden  and  retire 
beyond  the  Santee, 
May  11.     N.  Y.     Ogdensburg  surren- 
ders to  Americans  under  Gen.  Sumter. 
May  13.    Va.    On  the  death  of  Gen.  Phil- 
lips, Benedict  Arnold  becomes  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  British  forces 
in  Virginia  for  7  days  —  the  summit  of 
the  traitor's  glory  ! 


May  14.+     S.  C.    The   British  posts  at 
Fort    Granby,   Orangeburg,    and    Fort 
Motte  successively  fall  into  the  hands 
of  the  Americans  under  Col.  Lee. 
*  *  Ga.    Augusta  is  besieged. 
May  20.     Va.     Comwallis   arrives   at 
Petersburg,  and  joins  the  forces  lately 
comm.iuded  by  Gen.  Phillips. 
May21.     Conn.    Washington  and 
Gen.   Jean   Rochambeau    confer    at 
Wethersfield. 
June  5.    Ga.    Americana  capture  Au- 
gusta. 
June  21.      Va.     Comwallis   evacuates 

Richmond. 
June  19.    S.  C.    After  maintaining  the 
siege  of  Ninety-Six  for  27  days.  Gen. 
Greene  is  obliged  to  retire  ou  the  ap- 
proach of  an  army  imder  Lord  Rawdon. 
July  4.     Va.    'Williamsburg   is   evacu- 
ated by  Comwallis. 
July*  S.  C.    Gen.  Greene  is  forced   to 

retire  to  the  mountains. 
July  6.     Va.    Lafayette  orders  an  attack 
on  Comwallis ;  Gen.  Wayne  makes  an 
.assault  and  retires  in  good  order. 

X.  Y.    After  11  months  of  inactivity 

at  Newport,  R.I.,  the  French  army 
joins  "Washington  on  the  Hudson. 
July  *  Comwallis  refuses  to  serve  with 
Maj.-Geu.  Benedict  Arnold  in  Virginia; 
Arnold  is  sent  North. 
Aug.  1.     Va.    The  British  forces  are 
concentrated  at  Yorktown  and  Glou- 
cester, and  entrench. 
Aug.  4.    S.  C.     Col.   Isaac  Hayne,    a 
patriot  soldier,  is  hanged  by  the  British 
at  Charleston. 
Aug.  14.     X.  Y.    Washington  decides  to 
transfer  his  army  from  New  York  to 
Virginia. 
Aug.  28.    H.  I.    De  Barras,  commanding 
the  French  fleet  at  Newport,  suddenly 
puts  to  sea,  steering  toward  Chesapeake 
Bay. 
Aug.  30.     Va.     Count   De  Grasse  ar- 
rives in  the  Chesapctke  B,ay,  from  the 
West  Indies,  with  a  French  fleet  of  28 
s.ail-of-the-line. 
+  X.Y.    Tlie  British  Adm.  Graves  is  re- 
enforced  by  nearly  20  ships-of-the-line, 
from  the  West  Indies. 
Sept.  5.     Va.    Adm.  Graves  arrives  in 
the  Chesapeake,  and  a  fight  of  two  hours 
ensues,  off  the  Capes. 
Sept.  6-10.     De  Grasse  maneuvers  four 
days,  as  if  for  battle,  and  thus  secures  a 
passage  for  the  approaching  fleet  under 
De  Barras  to  enter  the  bay,  where  they 
imite  to  blockade  ComwaUis. 
Sept.  6.     Conn.      An    expedition     under 
Benedict  Arnold  bums  New  London, 
his  native  town,  .after  capturing  Fort 
Griswold,  and  killing  most  of  the  garri- 
son after  they  have  surrendered. 
Sept.  7.    Va.    Lafayette.with  8,000  men, 
cuts  ofi  Comwallis  from  retreating  into 
North  Carolina. 
Sept.  8.    5.  C.     Battle    of    Eutaw 
Springs,  the  last  important  conflict 
in  the  South. 

Gon.  (Jreene  attacks  the  British,  now 
under  Col.  Stuart,  and  one  of  the  fiercest 


battles  of  the  war  ensues.  British  loss, 
nearly  70O  killed  and  wounded,  and  500 
prisoners  ;  American  loss,  550  men.  By 
this  battle  the  British  power  is  broken 
in  the  South.  [Though  defeated  in  every 
battle,  Greene  finally  drives  the  British 
out  of  the  country.] 

Sept.  14.     Va.    "Washington  arrives  at 
Williamsburg  and  assumes  command. 

Sept.  28.    Va.    The  siege  of  Yorktown 
begins. 

The  Army  of  the  North,  under  Wash- 
ington, 9,000  strong,  and  the  French 
army  under  liocbambeau,  7,000  strong, 
arrive  at  Yorktown. 

Oct.  19.  Va.  Lord  Comwallis  sur- 
renders his  army  of  7,247  men,  besides 
S40  seamen,  at  Yorktown  ;  this  victory 
practically  concludes  the  "War  of 
Independence. 
Oct.  20.  X.  Y.  The  Mohawk  Valley  is 
invaded  by  Indians. 

Xew  York.    Clinton  sails  to  reenforce 

Comwallis  in  Virginia  with  7,000  men. 
Oct.  *   Ga.    Col.  Andrew  Pickens  invades 

the  Cherokee  country. 
Nov.  13.    I'hila.    John  Moody  is  hanged 

as  a  British  spy. 
Dec.  *  The  British  in  the  South  are 
confined  to  the  cities  of  Charleston  and 
Savannah. 
»  *  George  R.  Clark  fails  in  his  plans  for 

the  capture  of  Detroit. 
1782    Feb.*  Xew   York.      Benjamin 
Thompson  (Count  Rumford)  is  an  ofiicer 
of  the  King's  Dragoons,  but  takes  no 
part  in  the  war. 
Mar.  *  O.    Col.  "Williamson  massacres 
90  inoffensive  Indians,  —  men,  women, 
and  children,  on  the  Muskingum, —to 
take  vengeance  on  suspected  murderers. 
Mar.  24.    X.  J.    A  blockhouse  on  Toms 
River  is  captured  by  royalists,  and  its 
commander  summarily  executed  with- 
out trial. 
Apr.  •  X.  Y.   Wiishington's  headquarters 
is  located  atNewburgh.on  the  Hudson. 
May  *  -June  *  Col.   William    Crawford 
leads  .an  exi)edition  against  the  "Wyan- 
dot Indians. 
May*  Xew  York.     Sir   Guy    Carleton 
arrives,  and  relieves  Gen.  Clinton  of 
his  command. 
June  6.    0.    An  expedition  against  the 
remnant  of  the  Christian  Indians  from 
western  Pennsylvania  is  ambushed  and 
defeated,  with  the  loss  of  many  prisoners. 
July  11.     Ga.     Savannah  is  evacuated 

by  the  British. 
Aug.  15.    Ky.    Indians  attack  Bryant's 

Station,  and  are  repulsed. 
Aug.  27.    S.  C.    The  last  battle  of  the 
Revolution  is  fought  on  the  Combahee, 
near  Charleston ;  the  younger  Laurens 
is  killed  —  much  lamented. 
Nov.  5.    X.  II.     Tlie  America,  a   74-gun 
ship,  is  launched  at  Portsmouth ;  it  is 
the  first  line-of-battle  ship. 
Nov.  *  O.    George  R.  Clark  conducts  an 

expedition  against  the  Miami  Indians. 
Nov.  30.    Paris.    A  preliminary  treaty 

of  peace  with  Great  Britain  is  signed. 
Dec.  14.    S.  C.     The   British   evacuate 
Charleston.  _ 


UNITED   STATES.       1781,  Mar.  6-1783,  Mar.     95 


1783  Feb.  4.  Final  cessation  of  hos- 
tilities with  Great  Britain. 

Feb.  *  A\  y.  Col.  Marinus  Willett  at- 
temjils  to  surprise  the  British  at  Os- 
wego on  Lake  Erie,  because  they  retain 
the  post  after  the  treaty. 

Mar.  *  2i.  V.  A  plausible  address  is  pri- 
vately circulated  in  camp  at  Newburg, 
I)roposing  the  intimidation  of  Con- 
gress for  the  redress  of  soldiers'  griev- 
ances. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1782  *  *  Phila.    Oliver  Evans  patents  a 
steam -wagon. 

*  *  Phila,  The  manufacture  of  fustians 
and  jeans  begins. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1783*  * 
Benton,  Thomas  Hart,  senator  for  Mo.,  b. 
Bond,  Thomas  E.,  editor,  born. 
Calhoun.  John   Caldwell,   Sec.  of  State^ 

senator  for  S.  C,  born. 
Cass,  Lewis,  Sec.  of  State,  sen.  for  Mich.,  b. 
Darlington,  William,  botanist,  born. 
Duer,  John,  jurist,  born. 
Elliott,  Jesse  Duncan,  commodore,  born. 
Fraser,  Charles,  painter,  born. 
(Jrimshaw,  William,  author,  born. 
Guthrie,  Samuel,  chemist,  born. 
IngersoU,  C'harles  Jared,  author,  born. 
I^aurens,  Jolin,  otficer,  A26. 
Lee,  C'harles,  general,  A5!. 
Lincoln,  Levi,  governor  of  Mass.,  bom. 
Longworth,  Nicholas,  horticulturist,  born. 
Lotuloun,  John  Campbell,  earl  of,  gen.,  A77. 
Macomb,  Alexander,  general,  born. 
Kipley,  Eleazer  Wlieelock,  general,  born. 
Warrington,  Lewis,  naval  officer,  born. 
'Webster,  Daniel,  sen.  for  Mass.,  Sec.  of 

State,  born  in  N.  H. 

CHURCH. 

1781  Apr.  24.  Md.  The  United 
Methodist  preachers  of  the  North  and 
tlie  South  meet  in  Conference  at  Balti- 
more. 

June  *  Ky.  The  first  Baptist  church  is 
organized  at  EUzabethtown. 

*  *  Pkila.  Elhanan  Winchester,  a  Bap- 
tist minister,  joins  the  Universalists. 

1782  Mar.  *  O.  Moravian  converts 
are  massacred.  Over  ninety  inoffensive 
Christian  Indians,  men  and  women,  of 
the  Moravian  missions,  are  gathered  hy 
the  whites  into  two  slaughter-pens,  and 
butchered  in  cold  blood. 

Apr,  17.  Va,  The  Methodist  preachers 
hold  a  Conference  at  Ellis's  Chapel, 
Sussex  County, 

May  21,  Md.  The  Methodist  preachers 
hold  a  Conference  at  Baltimore. 

Sept.  12.  \ew  Eng.  The  Presbyterian 
Synod  of  New  England,  being  very 
weak,  dissolves. 

Oct.  13.  The  Reformed  Presbytery  is 
disorganized  by  its  union  with  the  Pres- 
bytery of  the  Associate  Church,.  [Dis- 
satisfaction follows,  and  there  are  three 
organizations  instead  of  one.] 

Nov.  1.  Phila.  "The  Synod  of  the 
Associate  Reformed  Church**  is  or- 
ganized by  the  union  of  two  Associate 
Presbyteries  with  the  Reformed  Pres- 
bytery. 

*  *  Pa.  Dr.  William  "White  [afterward 
bishop]  recommends  the  bjshopless  Epis- 
copalians to  adopt  temporarily  a  Pres- 
byterian form  of  goTenunent, 


LETTERS. 

1781  *  *  Vt.  First  issue  of  the  Vermont 
Gazette  or  Green  Mountain  Pout-Boy  at 
Westminster,  the  first  newspaper  in 
the  State. 

1782  *  *  Md.  "Washington  CoUege 
(non-sect.)  organized  at  Chestertown. 

*  *  McFlngal,  by  John  Trumbull,  ap- 
pears C(»mplete. 

*  *  Phila.  The  first  English  Bible  pub- 
lished in  America  appears, 

June  8,  N.  Y.  First  issue  of  the  Brook- 
lyn Hall  Super-Extra  Gazette^  the  first 
paper  in  the  city. 

SOCIETY. 
1781  Oct.  23.  Phila.  A  meseenger  from 
Washington  arrives  at  ^he  capital  city, 
bringing  tidings  of  the  victory  at 
Yorktown ;  the  night  watchmen  call 
the  hour  and  often  add,  '*  and  Com- 
waltis  is  taken.'" 

*  *  Eng,  The  fictitious  story  of  the  Blue 
Laws  of  Connecticut  is  published  by 
Kev.  Samuel  Peters,  a  Tory  refugee. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  people  pursue  the  avoca- 
tions of  peace,  except  in  the  vicinity  of 
military  conflict,  for  some  time  before 
the  close  of  the  war ;  independence  is 
practically  a  fact  except  near  the  camps 
of  the  enemy, 

STATE. 

1781  Apr,  19.  Massachiisetts  cedes 
her  claims  to  western  lands  to  the 
Union. 

May  26.  Phila.  Congress  resolves  to 
establish  the  Bank  of  North  America. 

May9.  E/a.  Fensacola  is  taken  by  the 
Spaniards. 

*  *  Phila.  Robert  Morris  is  appointed 
treasurer  by  Congress. 

He  and  his  friends  pledge  their  private 
fortunes  for  the  payment  of  the  future 
obligations  of  Congress,  and  so  improve 
the  credit  of  the  Government. 

June  15.  Phila.  Congress  appoints  five 
commissioners  to  conclude  a  treaty 
with  Great  Britain,  —  John  Adams,  Ben- 
jamin Franklin,  John  Jay,  Henry  Lau- 
rens, and  Thomas  Jefferson. 

*  *  An  Austro-Kussian  offer  of  media- 
tion between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain  is  made. 

July  9.  Phila.  Congress  ratifies  the 
Articles  of  Confe<leration. 

Aug.  10.  Phila.  R.R.Livingston  is  made 
the  first  Secretary  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

Oct.  24.  Phila.  Congress  assembles 
and  listens  to  Washington's  despatch 
announcing  the  victory  at  Yorktown ; 
the  weeping  and  exulting  members,  with 
many  citizens,  go  to  the  Dutch  church, 
where  thanks  are  rendered  to  Almighty 
God. 

*  *  Eng.  The  capture  of  a  second  army 
(Cornwallis's)  by  the  Americans  makes 
the  war  impopular  in  England. 

Dec.  31.  Phila.  Congress  charters  the 
Bank  of  North  America. 

1782  Jan.  *  Eng.  An  Act  of  Parlia^ 
ment  is  passed  to  enable  George  111. 
to  make  peace  with  the  United  States. 


Mar.  4,  Eng.  The  House  of  Conmaons 
favors  peace. 

Gen.  Conway's  motion  approved,  say- 
ing "  the  House  would  consider  as  ene* 
mies  to  his  Majesty  and  the  country,  all 
those  who  should  advise  or  attempt  the 
further  prosecution  of  offensive  war  on 
the  American  continent." 

Mar.  20.  Eng.  Resignation  of  the  hos- 
tile ministry  of  Lord  North,  and  acces- 
sion of  that  of  the  Marquis  of  Rock- 
ingham. 

Apr.  6.  Eng.  Lord  Shelburne  sends 
Oswald  to  Franklin. 

Apr.  19.  HoUand  acknowledges  the  In- 
dependence of  the  United  States,  and 
receives  John  Adams  as  its  minister. 

Apr.  23.  Eng.  The  British  Ministry  de- 
cide to  send  separate  negotiators  to 
Vergennes  and  to  Franklin. 

May  4^7.  Fr.  Oswald  and  Grenrille  are 
in  Paris. 

May  23.  Eng.  The  Ministry  agree  to 
propose  American  Independence. 

May  *  New  York.  Sir  Guy  Carleton 
arrives,  empowered  to  make  proposi- 
tions of  peace.  He  proposes  the  cessa- 
tion of  hostilities  to  Washington. 

June  20.  Phila.  Congress  adopts  the 
great  seal  of  the  United  States. 

Jime  23.  Fr.  John  Jay  arrives  in 
Paris. 

Julyl+.  Eng.  The  Earl  of  Shel- 
bume's  Administration  follows  that  of 
Rockingham. 

Sept.  13.  Phila.  Congress  agrees  to  ac- 
cept the  offer  of  "Virginia's  western 
lands. 

Oct.  8.  John  Adams  concludes  a  trea^ 
with  Holland. 

Oct.  26.  Fr.  John  Adams  reaches 
Paris. 

Oct.  29.  Phila.  Congress  accepts  the 
lands  ceded  to  it  by  New  York. 

Nov.  20.  J'a.  Delegates  are  authorized 
to  complete  the  transfer  of  western 
lands  to  Congress, 

Nov.  30,  Paris.  Adams,  Franklin,  Jay, 
and  Laurens  sign  a  preliminary  treaty 
of  peace  with  Great  Britain. 

Dec.  *  Loyalists  leave  the  Atlantic 
ports  in  large  numbers. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-90  *  *  Cat.    Pedro  Faj^s  (Spanish). 
Pa.    John  Dickinson  is  president  of 
the  Supreme  Executive  Council. 

1783  Jan.  20.  Fr.  England  on  one 
hand,  and  France,  the  ally  of  America 
and  Spain  on  the  other,  being  desirous 
of  peace,  suspend  hostilities,  and  sign 
preliminary  articles  at  Versailles. 

Feb.  5.  Sweden  acknowledges  the  Inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States. 

Feb.  16.  Pelatiah  Webster  makes  a  prop- 
osition to  remodel  the  Government. 

Feb.  25.  Denmark  acknowledges  the 
Independence  of  the  United  States. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1782    Jan.  7.    Pfiila.     The    Bank    of 

North  America  opens  for  business. 
Jan.  *   U.  S.    The  war  debt  at  the  close 

of  the  struggle  is  $42,000,000. 


96    1783,  Mar.  24-1785,  Sept.  14.         AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1783  Apr.  11.  Phila.  Congress  pro- 
claims the  cessation  of  arms. 

Apr.  19.  Cessation  of  hostilities  is 
proclaimed  in  the  American  army,  just 
8  years  from  the  commencement  of  the 
war.  Troops  engaged,  —  regulars,  130,- 
711 ;  militia  and  volunteers,  164,080;  total, 
309,781.  Great  Britian  sent  to  America, 
during  the  war,  112,584  soldiers  and  22,000 
seamen.  Estimated  loss  of  life  to  the 
Americans,  70,000  men,  vast  numbers  of 
whom  died  on  prison-ships ;  11,000  alone 
on  the  prison-ship  Jersey.  Estimated 
cost  of  the  war  to  the  Americans,  $135,- 
000,000  in  specie. 

June  2.  Washington  furloughs  the  sol- 
diers of  the  war. 

June  8.  Washington  announces  his  in- 
tended resignation,  as  commander  of 
the  army,  to  the  governors  of  the  vari- 
ous States. 

June  21.  Phila.  About  300  American 
troops  with  fixed  bayonets  surround 
the  house  in  which  Congress  is  sitting, 
and  demand  a  redress  of  grievances. 

Oct.  18.  Princeton,  X.  J.  Congress  is- 
sues a  proclamation  that  the  arniy  will 
be  disbanded  from  and  after  Nov.  3. 

Nov.  2.  Washington  issues  his  farewell 
address  to  the  army. 

Nov.  3.    N.  Y.    The  army  disbands. 

Nov.  25.  Xetp  York.  The  British  evac- 
uate the  city  and  Washington  enters. 

Dec.  4.  NeJV  York.  Washington  takes 
leave  of  the  officers  of  the  army. 

Dec.  23.  Annapolis,  Md.  Washington 
surrenders  his  commission  to  Con- 


Dec.  *  Ga.  Chief  M'Gillivray  leads  the 
Creeks  in  the  Oconee  "War. 

*  *  Maj.-Gen.  Henry  Knox  is  appoint- 
ed (second)  to  command  the  army. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1784  *  *  Franklin  is  appointed  by  the 
French  Academy  one  of  a  commission  to 
investigate  mesmerism. 

Sept.  *  James  Rumaey  experiments  in 
steam  navigation  on  the  Potomac. 

1785  Mar.  11.  Phila.  The  Southwark 
Theater  is  opened  by  Hallam's  Com- 
pany. 

*  *  Pa.  John  Fitch  makes  experiments 
in  steam  navigation  on  the  Delaware. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1783*   * 

Alexander,  William,  general,  A57. 

Barber,  Francis,  officer  inthe  war,  A32. 

Barboiir.  Philip  P..  justice,  born  in  Va. 

BidiUe,  .lames,  commodore  U.  S.  N.,  born. 

Churchill,  Sylvester,  general,  born. 

Cooper,  Samuel,  patriot,  A58. 

Dorsey.  .John  Syng,  surgeon,  born. 

Green'lcaf,  Simon,  author,  born. 

Irving,  'Washinerton,  author,  born. 

Macdonougrh,  Thomas,  commodore,  born. 

Osborn,  SeUick,  journalist,  born. 

OtiB,  James,  orator,  A58. 

Heid,  Samuel  Chester,  naval  officer,  born. 

Rodney,  Csesar,  signer  of  Declaration,  A53. 

Sully,  Thomas,  painter,  born. 
1784 »  * 

Allen,  William  Henry,  naval  officer,  born. 

Allen,  William,  writer,  born. 

Buckniinster,  Joseph  H.,  clergyman,  born. 

Cobb,  Thomas  W.,  senator  for  Ga.,  born. 

Dewey,  Chester,  naturalist,  born. 


Oummere,  John,  mathematician,  born. 

Hale,  Nathan,  journalist,  born. 

HofTiiian,  David,  author,  born. 

Le  Conte,  John,  naturalist,  born. 

Loe,  Ann,  founder  of  Shakers,  A48. 

Long,  St^plien  II.,  engineer,  born. 

Slorris,  diaries,  eoniiiiodore,  l>orn. 

ilortim,  Marcus,  Cov.  of  Mass.,  born. 

Hallnesiiue,   Constantine  S.,  botanist,  born. 

Stevenson,  Andrew,  statesman,  born. 

Taylor.  2Sachary,  I2th  President,  born. 

Walsh,  Kol)ert,  journalist,  born. 

"Warner,  Beth,  general  (■.  S.  A.,  A41. 

Wool,  John  E.,  general,  born. 

'Worcester,  Joseph  Emerson,  lexicogra- 
pher, born. 
1785*  • 

Appleton,  Daniel,  publisher,  born. 

ISenian,  Nathaniel  S.,  clergyman,  bom. 

Cartwrierht.  Peter,  pioneer  preacher,  born. 

Daniel.  Peter.  V.,  justice,  born  in  Va. 

Drake,  Daniel,  pliysician,  Itorn. 

Dudley,  ISenjaniin  Winslow,  surgeon,  born. 

Kspy,  James  l\,  meteorologist,  born. 

±  Finn,  Henry  J.,  actor.  ? 

(ladsden,  Cliristopher  E.,  bishop,  born. 

Havens,  Nathaniel  Appleton,  philanthropist, 
born. 

Hopkins,  Stephen,  signer  of  Declaration,  A78. 

McLean,  John,  justice,  born  in  Ohio. 

Merrill,  Joseph  A.,  clergyman,  born. 

Morgan,  .\bel,  clergyman,  A72. 

Mott,  Valentine,  surgeon,  l>orn. 

Noah,  Mordecai  M.,  journalist,  born. 

Perry.  Oliver  Hazzard,  commodore,  born. 

Pierpont,  John,  poet,  l)orn. 

Iteed,  Joseph,  statesman,  A44. 

Seatou,  William  W.,  journalist,  born. 

Spring:.  Gardiner,  clergyman,  born. 

Tully,  William,  physician,  born. 

Wheaton,  Henry,  puljUcist,  born. 

Woodworth,  Samuel,  poet,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1783  Mar.  25.  Conn.  The  Episcopal 
ministers  of  Connecticut  meet  at  Wood- 
bury, and  elect  Samuel  Seabury 
bishop. 

May  7.  Va.  A  Methodist  Conference 
opens  at  Ellis's  Chapel,  in  Sussex  county. 

May  27.  Afd.  A  second  Methodist  Con- 
ference opens  in  Baltimore. 

May  ♦  Md.  The  Metliodist  Conference 
at  Baltimore  forbids  members  to  **  man- 
ufacture, sell,  or  drink  intoxicating 
liquors." 

Nov.  26.  Neiv  York.  Dr.  Rodgers  re- 
turns, and  begins  to  restore  the  Pres- 
byterian churches ;  they  having  been 
badly  used  and  some  of  them  partly 
destroyed  during  the  war. 

*  *  Boston.  James  Freeman  of  King's 
Chapel  changes  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer  to  harmonize  with  Unitarianisra. 

*  *  Conn.  A  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese id  organized. 

*  *  Ay.  David  Rice  establishes  Presby- 
terian worslup  in  Kentucky. 

*  *  Md.  A  Protestant  Episcopal  Diocese 
is  organized. 

*  *  Methodism,  which  has  hitherto  been 
almost  entirely  confined  to  the  country 
south  of  New  Jersey,  begins  to  advance 
northward. 

1784  Apr.  17.  N.  Y.  A  law  is  passed 
enacting  religious  equality. 

Apr.  30,  Va.  A  Methodist  Conference 
opens  at  Ellis's  Chapel,  in  Sussex  County. 

May  24+.  Pa.  The  appointment  of  a 
Standing  Conunittee  of  the  Episco- 
pal church  is  the  first  step  in  the  forma- 
tion of  a  union  of  the  Episcopal  churches 
of  America. 

May  25.  Aid.  A  second  Methodist  Con- 
ference opens  in  Baltimore. 


Sept.  2.  Eng.  Thomas  Coke  is  conse- 
crated a  bishop  for  the  Methodists  of 
America. 

Sept.  7.   X.Y.   Ann  Lee,  "Elect  Lady" 

of  the  Shakers,  dies  near  Albany. 

Oct.  6.  Xew  Y^ork.  First  Protestant 
Episcopal  Convention;  15  clergymen 
are  present. 

Nov.  3.  New  York.  Thomas  Coke  ar- 
rives, the  first  Protestant  bishop  in 
the  New  World. 

Nov.  14.  Scot.  Preparatory  steps  are 
taken  for  the  organization  of  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  Church  of  America. 
Dr.  Samuel  Seabury  is  consecrated 
first  American  bishop  at  Aberdeen,  by 
three  non-juring  bishops  —  Kilgour, 
Petre,  and  Skinner. 

Dec.  24  f .  Md.  Organization  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  at  the 

"  Christmas  Conference  "  held  in  Lovely 
Lane  Chapel,  Baltimore. 

Sixty  preachers  are  present ;  Bishop 
Thomas  Coke  presides  ;  Francis  Asbury 
is  elected  "superintendent"  (bishop), 
after  having  been  onlained  deacon  and 
elder ;  John  Wesley's  authority  over  the 
American  cliurches  ends.  Total  preach- 
ers, 83 ;  total  members,  14,000. 

Methodist  preachers  are  first  author- 
ized to  administer  the  sacraments  by 
the  Conference  at  Baltimore. 

Origination  of  the  Chartered  Fund  for 
Needy  (Methodist)  Ministers. 
Dec.  27.    Md.    Francis   Asbury  is  or- 
dained bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church. 

*  *  Cat.  Nine  missions  have  already  been 
founded  along  the  Pacific  coast. 

*  *  Mass.  A  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese is  organized. 

*  *  Md.  Dr.  John  Carroll  of  Baltimore 
appointed  (Roman  Catholic)  Prefect 
Apostolic   of   the  United  States. 

*  *  Me.  A  Jesuit  missionary  arrives  at 
Oldtowu,  to  work  among  the  Abnakis. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Pennsylvania  is  organized. 

*  *  About  35,000  Baptists  are  reported  in 
the  13  colonies. 

*  *  Eng.  Two  young  men  from  America 
are  reftised  ordination,  unless  they  take 
the  oath  of  uniformity  ;  Franklin  ad- 
vises them  to  act  aa  though  England 
and  Ireland  were  sunk  in  the  sea. 

1785  Jan.  2.  Md.  Close  of  the  first 
Methodist  General  Conference  at  Balti- 
more. 

June  22.  X.  Y.  First  Convention  of  the 
Episcopal  Diocese  of  New  York. 

June  *  Arrival  in  America  of  Bishop 
Seabury  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church. 

Aug.  3.  Bishop  Seabury  (Protestant 
Episcopal)  ordains  (four  deacons)  for  the 
first  time  in  America. 

LETTERS. 

1783  **  Conn.  The  American  Spelling 
Book,  by  Noah  "Webster,  is  published. 

*  *  /»a.  Dickinson  College  (Meth.-Epis.) 
is  founded  at  Carlisle. 

1784  Mar.  24.  Boston.  The  Massa- 
chusetts Sentinel  and  Vie  liepullican 
Journal  first  issued. 


UNITED   STATES.     1783,  Mar.  24-1785,  Sept.  14.     97 


*  *  The  Afassackusefts  Afagnzine  is  first 
published  [and  continues  to  be  issued 
till  1795]. 

*  ♦  Xew  York:  The  regents  of  a  state 
university  are  appointed,  who  demand 
what  property  belongs  to  King's  Col- 
lege and  change  its  name  to  Colum- 
bia. 

*  *  Phila.  The  first  American  daily- 
newspaper  is  issued,  The  Pennsyl- 
vania Packet  or  the  General  Advertiser^ 
formerly  a  weekly. 

*  •  Notes  on  Virginia,  by  Thomas  Jef- 
ferson, appears  In  Paris. 

SOCIETY. 

1783  Apr.  *  The  Society  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati is  established,  chiefly  by  Gen- 
eral Knox  ;  it  is  restricted  to  officers  of 
the  regular  army,  who  have  served  in 
the  Revolutionary  War. 

1784  Dec.  *  Md.  The  extraordinary 
session  of  the  Methodist  Conference  at 
Baltimore  declares,  that  members  who 
•*  buy  and  sell  slaves,"  if  "  they  buy 
with  no  other  design  than  to  hold  them 
as  slaves,  and  have  been  previously 
warned,  shall  be  expelled,  and  be  per- 
initted  to  sell  on  no  consideration." 

*  *  Conn.  ITie  Legislature  enacts  a  law 
for  the  gradual  abolition  of  slavery. 

*  *  There  is  a  strong  feeling  against  the 
Society  of  the  Cincinnati. 

*  *  Lafayette  travels  through  the  States. 

STATE. 

1783  Mar.  24.  Spain  acknowledges  the 
Independence  of  the  United  States. 

Apr.  3.  Treaty  of  amity  and  peace 
for  15  years  is  concluded  by  Franklin 
between  Sweden  and  the  United  States. 

Apr.  11.  Phila.  Congress  proclaima 
the  cessation  of  arms  on  land  and  sea. 

Apr.  18.  Phila.  Congress  appeals  to 
the  States  for  power  to  levy  duties,  and 
for  other  taxation  by  which  to  raise 
annually  for  the  expenses  of  the  Gov- 
ernment 32,500,000.  [The  States  with- 
hold consent.] 

June  18.  Washington  issues  his  last 
circular  to  the  States. 

June  21.  Phila.  Congress,  insulted 
by  an  uncontrollable  mutiny  of  unpaid 
soldiers,  adjourns  to  Princeton, 

June  30.  Princeton,  N.  J.  The  8th 
session  of  the  Continental  Congress 
opens  under  the  Confederation. 

July  *  Hussia  recognizes  the  Indepen- 
dence of  the  United  States. 

Sept.  3.  Paris.  A  definitive  treaty  with 
Great  Britain  is  signed. 

The  treaty  (1)  recognizes  the  Indepen- 
dence and  establishes  the  boundaries 
of  the  United  States;  (2)  secures  the 
right  of  fishery  on  the  Grand  Banks,  etc. ; 
(3)  binds  tlie  payment  of  good  outstand- 
ing debts;  (4)  provides  that  Congress  shall 
recommend  the  restoration  of  confis- 
cated estates ;  (5)  provides  open  naviga* 
tion  of  the  Mississippi  Kiver  to  both 
parties. 

Florida  is  ceded  to  Spain  by  Great 

Britain,  by  the  Treaty  of  Paris. 
Oct.  18.    Phila.    Congress  directs  that 


the  army  shall  be  disbanded  on  Nov.  3. 
(Winsor,  Nov.  2.) 
Oct.  ^0.    Virginia  agrees  to  the  terms  of 
Congress,  and  cedes  its  claim  to  terri- 
tory north  of  the  Ohio. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Supreme  Court  de- 
clares that  the  statement,  "  All  men  are 
born  free  and  equal,"  in  the  Massachu- 
setts Bill  of  Rights,  is  a  bar  to  slave- 
holding  in  that  State. 

Nov.  4.    Princeton.  Congress  adjoiuois. 

Nov.  26.  Annapolis,  Md.  The  9th  ses- 
sion of  the  Continental  Congress 
opens ;  it  is  under  the  Confederation. 

Nov.  *  Md.  Con^^ess  makes  repeated 
and  urgent  attempts  to  get  a  quorum 
to  ratify  the  treaty  of  peace  with  Great 
Britain. 

Dec.  23.  AnnapoliSt  Md.  'Washington 
is  introduced  to  Congress ;  he  deliv- 
ers a  fitting  address,  and  resigns  his 
commission. 

*  *  Many  American  Tories  accompany 
the  retiring  British  armies  to  England. 

*  *  The  public  debt  of  the  United  States 
is  about  $42,000,000;  $8,000,000  of  this 
amount  is  owed  abroad. 

1784  Jan.  14,  Aniiapolis,  Md.  Con- 
gress ratifies  the  treaty  with  Great 
Britain.    Vote,  20-10. 

Feb.  20,  Annapolis,  Md.  Congress  ap- 
points Kobert  Morris  Superintendent 
of  Finance. 

Mar.  1.  Annapolis,  Md.  A  part  of  Vir- 
ginia's western  lands  is  transferred 
to  the  Federal  Union.  They  lie  north- 
west of  the  Ohio.  Congress  accepts  the 
transfer. 

Mar,  24.  Massachusetts  resolves  to  ex- 
pel dangerous  aliens. 

Apr.  9.  Eng.  George  m.  ratifies  the 
definitive  treaty.    (See  Sept.  3, 1783.) 

Apr,  23.  Annapolis,  Md.  Congress  con- 
siders a  plan  for  Federal  division  of  the 
vast,  unoccupied  northwest  territory. 
A  preliminary  plan  of  adjusting  the 
question  of  unoccupied  territory  is  pre- 
sented by  a  committee,  of  which  Thomas 
Jefferson  is  chairman ;  it  provides  for 
the  erection  of  seventeen  oddly  named 
States  north  and  south  of  the  Ohio,  and 
for  the  exclusion  of  slavery  after  the  year 
1800.  [Seven  States  disapprove  anil  the 
plan  is  dropped.] 

May  12.  Annapolis,  Md.  Congress 
authorizes  Franklin,  Adams,  and  Jef- 
ferson to  make  treaties  of  commerce, 

June  3.  Annapolis,  Md.  Congress  ad- 
journs. 

June  *  North  Carolina  cedes  her  west- 
ern lands  to  the  Federal  Government. 
[In  November  it  annuls  the  cession.] 

Oct.  22.  N.  r.  At  Fort  Stanwix  the 
Indians  surrender  their  lauds  west  of 
Pennsylvania. 

Nov.  1,  Trenton,  N.  J.  The  10th  ses- 
sion of  the  Continental  Congn'ess 
opens, 

Dec.  *  Tenn.  Revolt  in  western  North 
Carolina  against  the  Government ;  the 
settlers  secede  and  form  u  State  which 
they  call  Frankland  or  Franklin  [till 
the  State  Government  interposes]. 


*  *  -89  *  *  Xew  York.  James  Duaue  is 
the  43d  mayor. 

*  *  Tlie  territory  north  and  west  of  the 
Ohio  is  provided  with  a  temporary  gov- 
ernment by  Act  of  Congress. 

Dec.  24.  Trenton,  N.  J.  Congress 
adjourns. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-87  *  *2i.C.    Richard  Caswell. 
-86  *  *  Va.    Patrick  Henry. 

■1785  Jan.  11.  New  York, .  The  11th 
session  of  the  Continental  Congress 
opens. 

Jan.  21.  A  treaty  is  made  with  the  "Wyan- 
dots  at  Fort  Mcintosh. 

Feb.  25-  New  York.  John  Adams  is  ap- 
pointed the  first  minister  to  iEMgland. 

Mar.  10.  New  York.  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son is  commissioned  minister  to  France. 

Mar.  17.  Meeting  of  the  boundary  com- 
missioners of  Maryland  and  Virginia. 
[The  Annapolis  Convention  of  1786  is  its 
successor.] 

Apr.  18.  Phila.  Congress  votes  to  ac- 
cept the  offer  of  western  land  by 
Massachusetts. 

The  territory  lies  west  of  New  York, 
and  extends  to  the  Mississippi  River. 

Apr.  19.  N.  Y.  The  State  executes  a 
deed  renewing  the  grant  of  its  western 
lands  to  the  Federal  Government. 

Massachusetts  cedes  her  western  ter- 
ritory to  the  Federal  Government. 

May  20.  New  York,  Congress  passes  its 
first  act  relative  to  western  lands. 

May  31,  Mass.  Gov,  James  Bowdoin 
attempts  to  start  a  movement  to  revise 
the  articles  of  Confederation. 

June  1,  Eng.  John  Adams,  first  Ameri- 
can ambassador  to  England,  is  presented 
to  King  George  III. 

July  6.  New  York.  Congress  establishes 
the  standard  of  the  American  dollar. 

Sept,  10,  A  treaty  of  amity  and  com- 
merce is  entered  with  Prussia. 

Sept.  14.  Phila.  Franklin  again 
returns. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1783  June  27.  Eng.  Parliament  votes 
half-pay  to  loyalist  officers  of 
America. 

July  2.  Eng.  An  order  in  council  ut- 
terly forbids  American  ships  to  engage 
in  the  British  West-Indian  trade. 

1784  *  *  Boston.  The  Empress  of  China 
sails  as  the  first  American  ship  bound 
for  China. 

The  second  bank  in  the  United  States 
is  established. 

*  *  Pa.  Pittsburg  is  laid  out  in  town 
lots. 

*  *  Conn.  Incorporation  of  Hartford,  New 
Haven,  New  London,  Norwich,  and  Mid- 
dletown  as  cities. 

*  *  Eng.  Eight  bags  of  cotton  from  an 
American  ship  are  tseizeti  at  Liverpool, 
on  the  ground  that  America  could  not 
produce  so  much  cotton. 

*  *  O.  Washington  inspects  the  Ohio 
Valley,  preliminary  to  the  forming  of 
the  Potomac  Company. 


08    1785,  Sept.  14-1787,  Nov. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1785  *  *  O.  Fort  Harmar  is  built. 

*  •  The  Algerine  piratesseize  American 
vessels. 

1786  Dec.  25.  Mass.  Shays's  Rebel- 
lion. 

A  thousand  men,  under  the  leadership 
of  Daniel  Shays,  force  the  Supreme 
Court  to  adjourn,  to  prevent  its  issuing 
writs  for  the  collection  of  debts. 

1787  Jan.  25  +.  Mass.  Shays's  rebel- 
lion Is  suppressed  by  the  State  militia 
imder  Gen.  Lincoln  at  Springfield ;  3 
killed. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1785  Nov.  19.  Xew  York.  The  John- 
street  Theater  is  opened  by  the  "  Old 
American  Company'*  with  The  Gamester. 

*  *  Jean  Antoine  Houdon  comes  from 
Paris  to  America  to  execute  the  statue 
of  Washington. 

1786  Apr.  16.  J^ew  York.  Contrast,  by 
Royal  Taylor,  is  performed  by  the  "  Old 
American  Company  "  at  the  John-street 
Theater.  "The  first  play  written  in 
America  by  an  American  and  performed 
by  a  professional  company."  (Ency. 
Brit.) 

Aug.  *  The  first  playhouse  in  Baltimore 

is  opened.    (Or  1773.) 
»  •  Conn.     John  Trumbull  paints  The 

Battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 

*  *  Joseph  'Wright  paints  the  portrait 
of  John  Jay. 

*  *  S.  C.    A  theater  is  built  in  Charleston. 

1787  *  *  Mass.  The  first  ootton-mill  is 
put  in  operation  at  Beverly.  [Very  im- 
perfect and  soon  closed.] 

*  *  N.Y.  The  manufacture  of  salt  at 
Syracuse  begins. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1786*  • 

Barton,  William  P.  C,  botanist,  bom. 
Biddle,  Nicholas,  financier,  born. 
Breckenridge,  Henry  M.,  jurist,  born. 
Cadwallader,  .John,  officer  in  the  war,  A 44. 
Cambreleng,  Churchill  C,  poUticlan,  born. 
Catron,  John,  justice,  born  in  Tenn, 
Cogswell,  ,loseph  tlreen,  scholar,  born. 
Crockett.  David,  pioneer,  born. 
Dwig:ht,  Sereno  E..  clergyman,  born. 
England.  John,  R.  C.  Bishop  of  Charleston, 

born  in  Corfe. 
Gales,  Joseph,  journalist,  born, 
(iardiner,  Sylvester,  physician,  A79. 
(irayson,  William,  politician,  born. 
Greene.  Nathaniel,  general,  A44. 
f;reenleaf,  Benjamin,  author,  born. 
Grimkie,  Thomas  Smith,  philanthropist,  b. 
Kins.  William  Rufus.  statesman,  born. 
Lawrence,  Amos,  ptiilantliropist,  born. 
MacLane,  Lewis,  statesman,  born. 
Marcy,  William  L..  statesman,  born. 
SIcDougall,  Alexander,  general,  A55. 
Norton,  Andrews,  tlieologian,  born. 
Nuttall,  Tliomas,  naturalist,  born. 
Porter,  Alexander,  statesman,  born. 
Hush.  James,  pliysician,  born. 
Sargent,  Lucius  .Manlius,  writer,  born. 
Scott,  "Winfleld.  general,  bom. 
Tappan.  Arthur,  philanthropist,  bom. 
Vaux,  Rol)ert,  philanthropist,  born. 
Verplanck,  Gulian  Crommelin,  author,  bom. 

1787*  * 

Andrews,  Ethan  Allen,  phUologist,  born. 
Bedel,  Timothy,  patriot,  dies. 
Bonvier,  John,  jurist,  writer,  bom. 
Chauncy,  Charles,  clergyman,  dies. 
Crittenden.  John  Jordan,  statesman,  b. 
Dana,  Richard  Henry,  poet,  born. 
Davis,  John,  statesman,  born. 
Durand,  Cyrus,  engraver,  born. 
Frelin^huysen.  Theodore,  statesman,  b. 
Gallaudet,  Thomas  H.,  teacher  of  deaf  mutes, 

bom. 
Gould,  Benjamin  Apthorp,  educator,  born. 


Hensen,  Josiab,  Uncle  Tom,  born. 
ilacVicar,  John,  i)rofe88or,  born. 
Miildleton,  .\rtlmr,  patriot,  A44. 
Muhlenberg.  Henry  M..  founder  of  Am. 

Lutheran  ch,  A76. 
Say,  Tliomas,  naturalist,  born. 
Southard,  Samuel  L.,  senator  for  N.Y.,  b. 
WilUanis,  Kleazer,  clergyman,  born. 
Williard,  Kmma  H.,  educator,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1785  Sept.  14.  Mass.  The  first  Con- 
vention of  TJniverealist  ministers  and 
parishes  in  America  is  held  at  Oxford. 

Sept.  27.  PMla.  The  first  General 
Convention  of  the  Protestant-Epis- 
copal Church  is  held ;  Bishop  Seabury 
and  his  clergy  decline  to  attend ;  16  cler- 
gymen and  26  laymen  are  present. 

Oct.  7.  Phila.  The  Protestant  Episco- 
pal Convention  adjourns. 

»  •  Boston.  An  organ  is  set  up  In  the 
First  Church,  introducing  instrumental 
music  in  the  Congregational  Church. 

Organic  TJnitarianism  begins  in 
this  city. 

Jiunes  Freeman,  "  lay  reader "  of 
King's  (Epis.)  Chapel  (Stone  Chapel), 
secures  an  alteration  in  the  liturgy 
eliminating  Trinitarianism,  and  the  con- 
gregation secedes  from  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church. 

*  *  Mass.  Free-Communion  Baptists  or- 
ganize the  Groton  Conference. 

±  *  ♦  Me.  John  Chevertis  of  Boston 
makes  an  annual  missionary  visit  to 
the  Abnakis  and  other  Indians.  A 
church  is  erected  among  them. 

±  *  *  Me.  Mr.  Ciquard  of  St.  Sulpice,  Bal- 
timore, is  sent  as  a  Jesuit  missionary  to 
the  Abnakis  and  other  Indians. 

•  *  Md.  The  first  Baptist  church  in  Bal- 
timore is  formed. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Lutheran  Synod  (min- 
isterium)  is  formed. 

The  first  Shaker  house  of  worship 
erected  at  New  Lebanon. 

*  *  S.C.  A  Protestant  Episcopal  Con- 
vention is  held  at  Charleston. 

•  *  Va.  The  first  Protestant  Episco- 
pal Convention  in  Virginia  is  held 
after  the  war ;  meets  at  Richmond. 

The  Abingdon  Presbytery  is  formed. 

•  *  The  Synod  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  draws  up  a  plan  of  govern- 
ment and  discipline,  and  also  takes 
steps  to  revise  the  standards. 

•  *  Org.anization  of  Protestant  Episcopal 
dioceses  in  New  York,  Virginia,  South 
Carolina,  and  New  Jersey. 

1786  •  *  Del.  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Delaware  is  organized. 

An  adjourned  meeting  of  the  (Protes- 
tant Episcopal)  General  Convention 
is  held  at  Wilmington. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Presbytery  of  Transylvania 
is  formed. 

»  » New  York.  Erection  of  the  first 
Boman  Catholic  church  (St.  Peter's). 
Rev.  John  Stanford  arrives  in  Amer- 
ica, and  soon  publishes  and  circulates 
tracts  as  formerly  in  England. 

Sept.  14.  Phila.  Meeting  of  the  Sec- 
ond General  Convention  (Protestant 


Episcopal) ;  10  clergymen  and  11  laymen 
present. 

•  *  S.  C.  Organization  of  the  "  Associ- 
ated Churches "  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) of  South  Carolina. 

*  *  Va.  David  Griffith  is  elected  bishop 
by  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Convention. 

A  Simday-school  is  taught  in  Hano- 
ver County. 

1787  Feb.  4.  Eng.  Bishop  White 
of  Pennsylvania  and  Bishop  Provoost 
of  New  York  are  consecrated  in  Lam- 
beth Chapel ;  bishops  of  Bath  and  Wells 
and  of  Peterborough  giving  the  apos- 
tolic succession  to  the  American  Church. 

K-pr.*  New  York.  The  American  Epis- 
copal Chvu:ch  separates  from  the 
Church  of  England. 

The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  of 
the  United  States  has  its  organization 
as  a  national  Church  made  complete  by 
the  arrival  of  Bishops  White  and  Pro- 
vost ;  it  is  no  longer  attached  to  the 
diocese  of  London. 

May  1  +.  Md.  A  General  Conference 
of  Methodist  preachers  is  held  at 
Baltimore,  called  by  Bishop  Coke ;  few 
of  the  Southern  preachers  attend,  as 
they  had  not  authorized  the  call.  The 
Book  of  Discipline  is  revised. 

Sept.  17.  U.  S.  Separation  of  Church 
and  State  is  established  by  the  Federal 
Constitution. 

"  No  religious  tests  shall  ever  be  re- 
quired as  a  qualification  to  any  office  or 
public  trust  under  the  United  States." 
(Art.  vi.  §  3.) 

Oct.  7.  Pa.  The  Lutherans  deplore  the 
death  of  their  founder,  Henry  M. 
Miihlenberg. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Shakers  first  gather  into 
a  community  at  New  Lebanon. 

The  Reformed  Dutch  Church 
adopts  domestic  mission  work. 

•  •  [7.  S.  The  Presbyterian  General 
Synod  sends  down  the  Jteport  on  Gor- 
emment  and  Discipline  to  the  presbyte- 
ries and  churches  for  consideration. 

»  »  Va.  The  Separate  and  Regular  Bap- 
tists unite  to  form  "  the  United  Bap- 
tist Churches  of  Christ." 

LETTERS. 

1785  •  »  Ga.  The  University  of  Geor- 
gia (non-sect.)  organized. 

•  *  Me.  The  Falmouth  Gazette,  the  first 
newspaper  in  Maine,  is  issued. 

•  *  New  York.  Tlie  Manumission  Society 
establishes  free  schools  for  the  poor 
colored  children  of  the  city. 

The  Daily  Advertiser  is  first  issued  by 
Francis  Childs  and  Company  ;  the  first 
daily  in  tne  city. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Schenectady  Academy,  the  pio- 
neer of  Union  College,  is  fomided. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Philadelphia  Directory  is 
published  ;  the  first  city  directory  in  the 
Union. 

*  »  Tenn.  The  University  of  Nashville 
(non-sect.)  organized  at  Nashville  as  the 
Davidson  Academy.  [It  becomes  Cum- 
berland College  in  1806.] 

•  •  Sketches  of  American  Policy,  by  Noah 
Webster,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.    1785,  Sept.  27-1787,  Nov.      99 


•  •  Conquest  of  Canaan,  by  Timotliy 
Dwlght,  appears. 

1786  •  •  Pa.  The  Pittsburg  Oazette,  the 
first  newspaper  west  of  the  Alleghaiiies, 
is  issued. 

»  •  .80  *  »  Phila.  The  Columbian  Maga- 
zine appears. 

»  •  The  Ananhiad  papers,  by  Trumbull, 
Hopkins,  Barlow,  and  Humphreys,  ap- 
pear in  the  Xew  Haven  Gazette. 

1787  Apr.  13.  N.  Y.  The  Board  of 
Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State 
is  established. 

May  21.  New  York.  Samuel  Johnson 
is  elected  President  of  Columbia  Col- 
lege. 

Sept.  17.  Del.  Cokesbury  College, 
the  first  literary  institution  of  the  Meth- 
odists in  America,  is  opened  at  Abing- 
don. 

*  •  Ky.  First  issue  of  the  Lexington  Ga- 
zette—  the  first  paper  in  Kentucky. 

SOCIETY. 

1785  *  •  JVeio  York.  The  Manumission 
Society,  John  Jay  president,  is  formed 
to  secure  the  freedom  of  slaves. 

The  gradual  abolition  of  slavery  is 
determined  by  the  State. 

*  •  Pa.  Benjamin  Rush  puts  fortli  his 
famous  tract.  An  Inquiry  into  the  Effects 
of  Ardent  .Spirits  upon  the  Human  Mind 
and  Body,  which  creates  a  profound  sen- 
sation. 

1786  *  *  Massachusetts.  The  (undenomi- 
national) Charity  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  AVic  York.  The  Tammany  Society 
is  organized.    (See  1788.) 

1787  July  13.  New  York.  The  Federal 
Government  perpetually  prohibits  sla- 
very in  the  territory  north  of  the  Ohio, 
—  the  first  territory  coming  under  its 
control. 

STATE. 

1785  Nov.  4.  New  York.  Congress  ad- 
journs. 

Nov.  7.  New  York.  The  12th  session 
of  the  Continental  Congress  opens. 

Nov.  30.  Eng.  John  Adams,  the  Amer- 
ican Minister  to  St.  James,  demands 
the  surrender  of  the  frontier  posts  to 
the  United  States. 

*  *  Ga.  Treaty  with  the  Creeks  at  Gal- 
phinton. 

*  *  Noah  Webster  publishes  a  project  for 
an  American  policy. 

*  *  V.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-86  *  *  Conn.     Samuel  Huntington. 
-88*  •"State  of   Franklin,"  (Tennes- 
see) John  Sevier. 

-87  *  *  Mass.    .Tames  Bowdoin. 
-86  •  *  Mich.    Henry  Hamilton. 
Pa.    Benjamin  Franklin  is  president 
of  the  Supreme  Executive  Council. 

1786  Jan.  16.  A  treaty  is  made  with 
the  Chickasaws  at  Hopewell. 

Jan.  21.  Virginia  invites  the  States  to 
a  general  conference  for  forming  a  less 
restricted  Constitution. 

Jan.  31.  A  treaty  is  made  with  the 
Shawnees. 


May  11.    Connecticut  again  oflfers    to 

cede  a  part  of  its  western  lands. 
May  26.    Phila.    Congress   declares   its 
willingness  to  receive  the  Connecticut 
lands  in  the  West. 

July  16.  A  treaty  of  peace  is  entered 
with  the  Emperor  of  Morocco. 

Sept.  11.  .Md.  A  convention  of  some 
of  the  States  is  held  at  Annapolis  to 
regulate  commerce  on  the  Chesapeake 
Bay ;  five  States  send  delegates  to  it.  [It 
is  the  germ  of  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention.] 

Sept.  14.  Conn.  The  deed  for  western 
lands  is  given  to  Congress.  The  L-inds 
lie  east  of  the  Mississippi,  between  lati- 
tude iV  and  41°  2',  and  west  of  a  meridian 
120  miles  west  of  the  [present]  western 
limit  of  Pennsylvania. 

Nov.  3.  New  York.  The  Congress  of  the 
Confederation  adjourns. 

Nov.  6.  New  York  The  13th  session 
of  the  Continental  Congress  opens. 

Dec.  16.  Massachusetts  yields  the  juris- 
diction over  her  lands  in  New  York  to 
that  State. 

Dec.  25 1.  .Mass.  Shays's  rebellion 
arises  in  the  western  part  of  tlie  State; 
caused  by  financial  complications.  The 
insurrection  infects  New  Hampshire. 
(.See  Army.) 

*  *  Ga.  A  treaty  is  made  with  the  Creeks 
at  Shoulderbone. 

*  ♦  Massachusetts  sells  the  "  Phelps  and 
Gorham  Purchase,"  in  New  York,  — 
0,000,000  acres  for  .«il, 000,000. 

*  *  Portugal  orders  her  fleet  in  the 
Mediterranean  to  protect  American 
vessels  from  pirates. 

*  •  Requisitions  of  Congress  on  the 
States  for  the  Ijist  four  years  amount 
to  $10,000,000;  receipts  one-fourth  of 
that  amomit. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-96*  *  Mich.    Ijord  Dorchester. 
-90  *  *P.  I.    John  Collins. 
-88*  *  Va.    Edmund  Randolph. 

1787  AjJT.lS.  New  York.  General  St. 
Clair  makes  bis  report  to  Congress  on 
the  British  infraction  of  the  treaty  on 
the  northwestern  frontier. 

May  14.  Phila.  A  National  Consti- 
tutional Convention  for  framing  (in 
part)  a  less  restricted  Constitution  as- 
sembles, [and  Washington  is  unani- 
mously elected  its  President.  It  does 
not  begin  its  work  till  May  25.  All  of 
the  States  (9)  except  Rhode  Island  are 
represented  before  its  close.] 

May  29.  Phila.  Edmund  Randolph 
moves  the  Convention  to  set  aside  tlie 
Articles  of  Confederation  and  adopt  a 
new  Constitution ;  a  committee  is  ap- 
pointed. 

July  5.  Phila.  New  York  retires 
from  the  Convention. 

Jtily  13.  New  York.  Passage  of  the 
Ordinance  of  1787  by  the  Congress  of 
the  Confederation. 

It  is  unanimously  passed  "  for  the 
government  of  the  territory  to  the 
northwest  of  the  Ohio ;  "  it  contains  an 


"  unalterable  "  article,  lorDldding 
very  or  involuntary  servitude.  The  or- 
dinance was  drawn  up  by  Nathan  Dane, 
a  member  of  Congress  from  Massachu- 
setts. 

Congress  adopts  St.  Clair's  report  of 
Apr.  13th. 

July  18.  New  York.  Congress  ratifies 
the  treaty  with  Morocco. 

July*  Phila.  It  is  rumored  that  the 
Federal  Convention  in  secret  session 
considers  the  advisability  of  offering  to  a 
foreign  prince  the  Crown  of  America. 

July  24.  Phila.  The  Committee  on  the 
details  of  the  t'ederal  Constitution  be- 
gins work. 

Aug.  6.  Phila.  A  draft  of  a  Federal 
Constitution,  in  twenty-three  articles, 
is  reported  to  the  Convention. 

It  permits  the  slave  trade  for  twenty 
years,  and  concedes  that  three-fifths  of 
the  slaves  shall  be  counted  in  the  appor- 
tionment of  Congressional  representji- 
tives,  and  tliat  fugitive  slaves  shall  be 
returned  to  their  masters.  These  con- 
cessions are  made  to  secure  union. 

Aug.  9.  South  Carolina  cedes  her  west- 
ern lands  to  the  Federal  Government.     . 

Aug.  19.  S.  C.  The  delegates  in  Con- 
gress execute  a  deed  to  Congress  for  the 
western  lands  of  the  State.  [They 
partly  comprise  the  area  of  Tennessee.} 

A  Federal  Democratic  Govern- 
ment is  established. 
Sept.  17.  Phila.  The  Federal  Consti- 
tution is  signed  by  the  Convention  ;  the 
Articles  of  Confederation  are  set  aside, 
and  the  Constitution  is  to  be  submitted 
to  Congress.    The  Convention  adjourns. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  first  political  agitation 
occurs.  Federalists  favor  and  Republi- 
cans or  Anti-Federalists  oppose  the  ap- 
proval of  the  Constitution  by  the  States. 

Sept.  28.    New  York.     The  Congress  of  ' 
tlie  Confederation  sends  the  new  Con-' 
stitution  to  the  several  States  for  their 
action. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  attempt  to  form  the  State 
of  Franklin,  In  the  western  lands, 
collapses. 

Oct.  5.  New  York.  Congress  recalls 
Minister  Adams  from  London. 

Oct.  30.  New  York.  The  Continental 
Congress  adjourns. 

Nov.  5.  New  York.  The  14th  and  last 
session  of  the  old  Continental  Con- 
gress opens. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1785  *  *  Pa.  Harrisburg  is  laid  out 
in  town  lots. 

*  *  The  regular  exportation  of  cotton 
begins ;  one  bag  is  sent  from  Charleston 
to  Liverpool,  12  from  Philadelphia,  and 
one  from  New  York. 

*  *  The  Ijombardy  poplar  is  introduced. 

1786  Mar.  6.  Bostmi.  The  Ohio  Com- 
pany is  formed  by  Putnam,  Cutler,  and 
"thers. 

Apr.  24.  linston.  About  100  houses  are 
l>urned. 

1787  Sept.  30.  Departure  of  the  first 
American  vessel  making  a  voyage 
around  the  world. 


100       1787,  Dec.-1789, 


AMERICA: 


ARMY- NAVY. 

1787  Dec*  Ga.  Tlie  Creeks  are  de- 
feated at  Jack's  Creek. 

1788  Sept.  *  U.  S.  Lieut.-Col.  Josiah 
Harznar  is  general-in-chief  by  brevet. 

1789  *  *  The  maximum  strength  of  the 
army  is  one  regiment  of  infantry,  one 
battery  of  artillery, — 840  men. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1788  Apr.  12.  Phila.  The  first  pow- 
er-loom is  set  up. 

*  *  New  York.  The  first  dentist's  office 
is  established  by  John  Greenwood. 

*  *  R,  I.  A  company  is  formed  in  Provi- 
dence for  the  manufacture  of  "home- 
spun cloth." 

1789  *  *  Conn.  The  Sortie  of  the  Garri- 
son from  Gibraltar  is  exhibited  by  John 
Trumbull  at  the  Royal  Academy. 

±  *  *  William  liush  executes  ideal  figures 
and  portrait  busts  in  wood  and  clay. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1788*  * 

Blake,  John  L.,  clergyman,  born. 
Blanchard,  Thomas,  inventor,  bom. 
Boyden,  Seth,  inventor,  born. 
Byles,  Mather,  wit  and  divine,  A82. 
Campbell.  Alexander,  founder,  bom. 
Cushing,  Thomas,  statesman,  A60. 
Elbert,  Samuel,  Gov.  of  tia.,  A55. 
Gadsden,  James,  statesman,  born. 
Grayson,  William  J.,  senator  for  S.  C,  bora. 
Hill,  Isaac,  senator,  editor,  born. 
Judson,  Adoniram,  missionary,  bom. 
Lovell,  John,  schoolmaster,  A78. 
Robbins,  Royal,  historian,  born. 
Stevens,  Robert  Livingston,  bom. 
Totten,  Joseph  G.,  military  engineer,  born. 
1789*   • 
Allen,  Ethan,  colonel  in  Revolution,  A52. 
Bond,  William  Cranch,  astronomer,  born. 
Clay,  Clement  C,  ex-senator,  born. 
Comstock,  John  Lee,  author,  born. 
Cooper,  James  Fenimore.  novelist,  born. 
Deane,  SUaa,  diplomatist,  A52. 
Emory,  John,  bishop,  born  in  Md. 
Farmer,  John,  genealogist,  born. 
Felt,  Josepli  Barlow,  historian,  born. 
Francis,  John  Wakefleld,  physician,  bora. 
Gould,  Hannah  Flagg,  poet,  born. 
Hillhouse,  James  Abraham,  poet,  bom. 
Kearny,  Ijawrence,  commodore,  born. 
Kendall,  Amos,  statesman,  bom. 
Ledyard,  John,  traveler,  A38. 
Lundy,  Benjamin,  abolitionist,  bom. 
Meade^  William,  bishop  of  Va.,  born. 
Nelson,  Thomas,  patriot,  A5I. 
Petigru,  James  Lewis,  lawyer,  bom. 
Sedgrvrlck,  Catherine  Maria,  novelist,  b. 
Sparks,  Jared,  hisorian,  born. 
St.  Leger,  Barry,  Brit,  colonel,  A52. 
Winslow,  Miron,  missionary,  born. 
Woodbury,  Levi,  Justice,  bom  in  N.  H. 


CHURCH. 

1788  May  28.  Phila,  The  Presby- 
terian Synod  meets. 

It  adopts  the  amended  Report  on  Gov- 
ernment and  IHscipline  and  the  amended 
Confession  of  Faith  as  the  constitution 
of  the  Church. 

May  29.  Phila.  The  "Westminster 
Xiarger  and  Shorter  Catechisms  and 
the  Directory  for  Worship  are  ap- 
proved as  a  part  of  the  constitution  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church. 

Four  Synods  comprise  the  Presbyte- 
rian Church  :  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
Virginia,  and  the  CaroUnas. 

*  *  Boston.  Mass  is  first  celebrated 
in  New  England,  and  the  first  liomau 
Catholic  Church  is  erected. 


1789  May  21.  Phila.  The  General 
Synod  meets  and  resolves  itself  into  the 
first  General  Assembly  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church. 

The  Synod  resolves  to  send  mission- 
aries to  the  frontiers. 

*  *  The  Confession  of  Faith  and  the  Cate- 
chisms issued  by  the  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  New  York  and  New  Jersey. 

*  *  Phila.  The  "  Book  Concern "  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  is  estab- 
lished.   Capital,  $600. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  several  Annual  Confer- 
ences concur  in  the  formation  of  a 
Methodist  Council,  of  bishop  and  pre- 
siding elders. 

July  28.  Phila.  Meeting  of  the  Gen- 
eral Convention  of  the  Protestant 
£!piscopal  Church,  Bishop  White  pre- 
siding. 

Bishops  White  and  Seabury  constitute 
the  House  of  Bishops. 

Aug.  8.  Phila.  The  General  Convention 
decides  on  a  constitution  for  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  Church  in  America. 

Sept.  25.  U.  S.  The  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  is  amended  by  Congress 
to  prohibit  an  estabhshed  religion  or 
interference  with  freedom  in  the 
exercise  of  religion.  (See  Dec.  15, 1791.) 

Oct.  2.  Phila.  Union  of  the  several 
dioceses  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  in  one  Convention. 

Oct.  16.  Phila.  The  Book  of  Prayer  is 
Americanized  and  formally  ratified  by 
the  (Protestant  Episcopal)  Convention. 

*  *  Md.  The  See  of  Baltimore  is  erected, 
[and  John  Carroll  created  its  first 
bishop] ;  the  diocese  includes  the  entire 
Republic. 

*  *  Fa.  David  Griffith  relinquishes  the 
bishopric  of  Virginia,  as  the  Church 
fails  to  pay  the  expenses  of  consecration 
in  England. 

*  *  Va.  The  General  Committee  of  the 
Baptist  churches  resolves  against 
slavery. 

•'  Kesolved,  That  slavery  is  a  violent 
deprivation  of  the  rights  of  nature,  and 
inconsistent  with  republican  govern- 
ment, and  therefore  (we)  recommend  it 
to  our  brethren  to  make  use  of  every 
measure  to  extirpate  this  ht>rrid  evil 
from  the  land,  and  pray  Almifjhty  (iod 
that  our  honorable  l,egislature  may  have 
it  in  their  power  to  proclaim  the  great 
jubilee." 

LETTERS. 

1787  *  ♦  NetD  York.  The  Independent 
Journal  is  issued. 

Tlie  New  York  Journal  is  sold  to 
Thomas  Greenleaf,  and  the  name 
changed  to  the  Argus  or  Qreenleaf^s 
New   Daily   Advtrtizer. 

Columbia  College  is  incorpiirated. 

The  New  York  Magazine  and  Literary 
Repository  issued.    [Stopped  1792.] 

*  *-88*  *  New  York.  A  series  of  eighty- 
five  papers,  entitled  the  Federalist,  by 
Alexander  Hamilton,  John  Jay,  and 
James  Madison,  appear. 


*  *  Phila.  The  American  Museum  is  pub- 
lished by  Matthew  Carey,  [Stopped  1792.] 

College  of  Physicians  is  established. 

*  *  Pa.  Franklin  College  (Lutheran)  is 
established  by  the  legislature  in  recog- 
nition of  services  and  virtues  of  Ger- 
mans. 

*  *  Power  of  Religion  on  the  Mind,  by  Lind- 
ley  Murray,  appears. 

*  *  The  Vision  of  Columbus,  by  Joel  Bar- 
low, appears. 

1788  *  *  A  Dissertation  concerning  the 
True  Nature  of  Christian  Virtue,  by 
Jonathan  Sdwards,  appears. 

1789  July  28.  Pa.  The  Pittsbury  Ga- 
zette is  published. 

*  *  -96  *  *  Boston.  The  Massachusetts 
Magazine  appears, 

*  *  D.  C.  The  Georgetown  Academy 
(College)  (Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized. 

*  *  Md.  St.  John's  College  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Annapolis. 

*  *  New  York.  United  States  Gazette  is 
issued  by  John  Fenno. 

*  *  A  Dissertation  Concerning  the  End  for 
which  God  created  the  Worldj  by  Jona- 
than Edwards,  appears. 

*  *  Dissertations  on  the  English  Language, 
by  Noah  Webster,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1788  Jan.  1.  Phila.  The  Quakers 
emfincipate  their  slaves. 

May  13.  New  York.  First  meeting  of 
the  Tammany  Society,  having  a  Grand 
Sachem  (chosen  from  thirteen  sachems), 
a  Sagamore,  and  a  Wiskinskie ;  "  found- 
ed on  principles  of  patriotism,  and  hav- 
ing for  its  motives  charity  and  brotherly 
love." 

Jime  8.  Eng.  On  motion  of  William 
Pitt,  Parliament  votes  $6,700,000  for  the 
benefit  of  loyalists  in  America. 

July  26.  New  York.  A  mob  favorable 
to  the  Federal  Constitution  destroys  the 
Anti-Federal  printing-office  of  Thomas 
Greenleaf. 

1789  *  *  The  slave  trade,  no  longer  a 
Spanish  monopoly,  becomes  free,  and 
rapidly  increases. 

*  *  Conn.  A  number  of  farmers  of  Litch- 
field Coimty  combine,  to  do  their  agri- 
cultural work  without  recotirse  to 
spirituous  liquors. 

STATE. 

1787  Dec.  7.  Delaware  is  the  first 
State  to  ratify  the  Federation  Con- 
stitution, with  a  unanimous  vote  in  a 
State  Convention.    (Fiske,  Dec.  6.) 

Dec.  12.  Pennsylvania  is  the  second 
to  ratify  the  Constitution.  Vote,  46  to 
23. 

Dec.  18.  New  Jersey  ratifies  the  Con- 
stitution with  a  unanimous  vote. 

*  •  New  York.  The  Congress  of  the 
Confederation  decides  to  make  Philadel- 
phia the  Capital  for  ten  years,  ::im1 
then  to  select  a  site  on  the  Potomac. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1787,  Dec. -1789.     101 


*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-93  *  *  Mass.    John  Hancock. 
-89  *  *  A'.  C.    Samuel  Johnston. 

1788  Jan.  2.  Georgia,  the  4th  State, 
r.itifles  the  Constitution  by  a  unaniniouH 
vote. 

Jan.  9.  Connecticut,  the  5th  State, 
ratifles  the  Constitution.  Vote,  128  to 
40. 

Feb.  6.  Maaaachusetts,  the  6th  State, 
ratifies  the  Constitution.  Vote,  187  to 
168. 

Apr.  28.  Maryland,  the  7th  State,  rati- 
fies the  Constitution.    Vote,  63  to  12. 

May  23.  South  Carolina,  the  8th  State, 
ratifies  the  Constitution.  Vote,  149  to 
73. 

June  17.  N.  Y.  A  Convention  meets 
at  Poughkeepsie  to  consider  the  Federal 
Constitution. 

June  21.  New  Hampshire,  the  9th 
State,  ratifies  the  Constitution.  Vote, 
57  to  46 ;  two-thirds  of  the  States  favoring 
the  Federal  Constitution,  it  becomes 
valid. 

June  25.  Virginia,  the  10th  State,  rati- 
fies the  Constitution.    Vote,  89  to  79. 

June  26.  New  York,  the  11th  State, 
ratifies  the  Constitution  and  adds  pro- 
posed amendments.  Vote,  30  to  27. 
(Bryant,  June  25.) 

July  14.  New  York.  The  old  Congress 
ratifles  the  Constitution  framed  by 
the  Convention  of  the  States. 

July  15.  Georgia  cedes  her  western 
lands  to  the  Federal  Government. 

Sept.  13.  New  York.  Congress  makes 
New  York  the  Capital  City. 

The  old  Continental  Congress  appoints 
the  first  Wednesday  in  January  for  Fed- 
eral elections  in  the  several  States. 

Nov.  1.  New  York.  The  last  Conti- 
nental Congress  dies  of  inanition, 
its  records  cejise  [and  for  six  months 
there  is  no  National  Government). 

*  *  New  York  makes  a  treaty  with  the 
Onondagas. 

•  *  A  Consular  Convention  is  held  be- 
tween France  and  the  United  States. 

*  *  If.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 

♦  *-1802  *  *  O.  Ter.    Arthur  St.  Clair. 
Pa.    Thomas  Mifflin  is  president  of  the 

Supreme  Executive  Council. 
-91  *  *  Va.    Beverly  Randolph 

•  *  Iowa  is  first  settled. 

1789  Jan.  *  St.  Clair  makes  treaties 
with  the  Indians  at  Fort  Harmar. 

Jan.  7.  U.S.  Wednesday,  the  first  Na- 
tional election  is  held. 

Feb.  4.  U.  S.  The  electoral  votes  are 
cast  by  the  electors. 

Feb.  26.  N.  Y.  The  Cayuga  Indians 
sell  their  lands  to  the  State. 

Mar.  4.  V.  S.  The  Constitution  goes 
into  force  a*i  the  law  of  the  land. 

New  York.  The  First  Federal  Con- 
gress assembles  in  the  hall  at  the  corner 
of  Wall  and  Broad  Streets. 

Mar.  30.  New  York.  After  a  delay  of 
many  days  Congress  seciu'es  a  quorum 


(30  members  present),  and  proceeds  to 
organize  the  House.  F.  A.  MUhlenburg 
of  Pa.  is  elected  the  first  Speaker. 
(Moore,  House,  Apr.  1 ;  Senate,  Apr.  6.) 
Apr.  6.  New  York.  George  "Washing- 
ton of  Va.  is  chosen  President  by  the 
electors. 

The  electoral  vote  is  counted  :  George 
W.ashington,  69 ;  .John  Adams,  34  ;  John 
Jay,  9;  R.H.Harrison,  6;  John  Rut- 
ledge,  6;  John  Hancock,  4  ;  George  Clin- 
ton, 3  ;  Samuel  Huntington,  2 ;  John 
Milton,  2;  James  Armstrong,  Benjamin 
Lincoln,  and  Edward  Telfair,  each  one 
vote.  Each  elector  votes  for  two  candi- 
dates. The  person  receiving  the  next 
largest  vote  is  declared  Vice-President. 

A'ew  York.      The    Senate   organizes. 

John  Langdon  of  N.  H.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent pro  tempore. 

Apr.  21.  New  York.  John  Adams  of 
Aiaas.  is  seated  in  the  Senate  as  Vice- 
President. 

First  Administration ;  Federalist. 

Apr.  30.  New  York.  George  Wash- 
ington of  Va.  is  inaugurated,  the  first 
President.  John  Adams  of  Mass.  is 
Vice-President,  he  being  the  next  in  the 
number  of  votes. 

July  4.  New  York.  President  Washing- 
ton approves  the  first  Tariff  Act  — 
a  declaration  of  financial  independence  ; 
the  duties  average  about  8i  per  cent. 

Aug.  7.  A'ew  York.  Congress  organizes 
the  'War  Department. 

Sept.  10.  New  York.  Congress  orders 
the  organization  of  three  executive 
Departments. 

*  *  New  York.  A  President's  Cabinet 
is  forined. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  Secretary  of  State  ; 
Alexander  Hamilton,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  ;  Henry  Knox,  Secretary  of 
War ;  Edmund  Randolph,  Attorney- 
General. 

Sept.  15.  New  York.  The  Depart- 
ment of  State  is  made  the  depository 
of  the  archives  of  the  United  States. 

Sept.  *  New  York.  A  National  judi- 
ciary is  established. 

Justices  appointed  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States  :    John  lay 

r.r  XT    V     /~t\.i..e     T — .: — .     i-i r»._..     "^c 


of  N.  Y.  Chief  jjustiee  ;    John  Blair  of 

lushinff  of 
ert  H.  Harrison  of  M(r ;  John  Rutledge 


Va. ;  William  Cushii 


Masj;. ;  Rob 
.  >hn 
of  S.  C. ;  James  Wilson  of  Pa. 

Sept.  25.  A'ew  York.  Congress  passes 
12  Constitutional  Amendment  Bills. 
[Ten  are  soon  approved  by  three-fourths 
of  the  States.] 

1st  Amendment  of  the  Constitution  : 
'*  Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting 
an  establishment  of  religion,  or  pro- 
hibiting the  free  exercise  thereof,  or 
abridging  the  freedom  of  speech,  or  of 
the  press,  or  the  rights  of  the  people 
peaceably  to  assemble  and  to  petition 
the  Government  for  the  redress  of 
grievances." 

2d  Amendment,  respecting  the  right 
to  bear  arms. 

3d  Amendment,  forbidding  the  quar- 
tering of  soldiers  on  the  people. 

4th  Amendment,  respecting  searches 
and  seizures  of  persons,  property,  etc. 


5th  Amendment,  respecting  indict- 
ment, martial  law,  legal  process,  and 
eminent  domain. 

6th  Amendment,  providing  for  privi- 
leges of  accused  pproO.it  a:id  speedy 
trials. 

7th  Amcn<<ment,  guaranteeing  jury 
trial  for  anythLi^  over  $'3U  in  eoi.inioji 
law  suits.  '  ^  • 

8th  Amendment,  respecting  ball,  fines, 
cruelty,  and  unusual  punishment. 

9th  Amendment,  declaring  that  the 
enumeration  of  rights  in  the  Constitu- 
tion does  not  impair  other  rights. 

10th    Amendment,    respecting    State, 
rights. 
Sept.  20.    Neia  York.     Congress  estab- 
lishes a  regular  army. 

1st  Congress :  the  first  session  closes. 
Nov.  21.  North  Carolina,  the  12th 
State,  accepts  the  Constitution.  Vote, 
193  to  75. 
Dec.  22.  North  Carolina  cedes  its 
western  lands  to  Congress.  [They 
partly  comprise  the  area  of  Tennessee.] 

It  makes  the  condition  that  no  regula- 
tion of  Congress  shall  tend  to  the 
emancipation  of  slaves  in  this  terri- 
tory. 

*  *  U.  S.   Governors  inaugurated : 
-96  *  *  Del.    Joshua  Clayton. 
-90  *  *  Oa.    George  Walton. 

-92  *  *  a:  C.    Alex.  Martin. 

-94  *  *  N.J.    Wm.  Livingston. 

-02  *  *  S.C.    Thos.  Pinckney. 

-90  *  *  rt.    Moses  Robinson. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1788  Mar.  21.  La.  Seven-eighths  of 
New  Orleans  is  burned  to  ashes. 

Apr.  7.  O.  Commencement  of  Mari- 
etta, the  first  permanent  settlement,  by 
the  Ohio  Company. 

*  *  New  York.  Questions  of  official  cere- 
mony and  etiquette  vex  the  Govern- 
ment. 

Adams  desires  much  ceremony ;  Jef- 
ferson will  have  none  ;  Hamilton  advises 
simple  formality ;  Washington  coincides. 

*  *  U.  ,S.  The  National  debt  exceeds 
$80,000,000. 

July  4.  Phlla.  Magnificent  and  varied 
celebration  of  National  Indepen- 
dence. 

In  recognition  of  the  Federal  Union, 
the  new  Constitution  is  personified  by  a 
lofty  ornamental  car,  in  the  form  of  an 
eagle,  drawn  by  six  horses ;  the  Chief- 
•Justice  and  two  of  his  associates  are 
seated  within  it,  bearing  the  Constitu- 
tion upon  a  staff. 

Oct.  15.  New  York.  'Washington  sets 
out  in  his  carriage  to  make  a  tour  of  the 
Northern  States. 

Oct.  24.    Boston.    Washington  arrives. 

*  *  Indiana  is  first  settled. 

1780    Jan.  *   O.    Cincinnati  is  laid  out. 

Mar.  4.  New  York.  Citizens  celebrate 
the  assembling  of  Congress  by  the 
ringing  of  bells  and  firing  of  cannon,  at 
early  morn,  at  noon,  and  at  sunset. 

*  *  Tenn.  Knorville  is  settled.  [Named 
in  honor  of  Gen.  Knox.] 


102     1789-1792,  Nov. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1790  Sept.  19.— 1795  Aug.  3.  North- 
western Indian  wars ;  8,983  men  en- 
gaged ;    cause,  the  IJidians   claim    tlie 

■    'territory..  * 

Oct.  *  V.  War  with  the  Miami  In- 
dians in  ihQ  Ohio  Valley  ;  Gen.  Hannar 
is  <Jeiealed. 

*  *  Xew  York.  Castle  William  (Castle 
Garden)  is  erected. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  army  consists  of  1.316 
men  for  service  on  the  Indian  frontier. 

1791  U.  S.  Maj.-Gen.  Arthur  St. 
Clair  is  appointed  (fourth)  commander 
of  the  army. 

June  1.  O.  Kickapoo  Indians  are  sur- 
prised on  the  Wabash  ;  many  are  killed 
and  taken  prisoners. 

Sept.  9.  O.  Gen.  St.  Clair,  with  2,000 
men,  sets  out  to  subdue  the  Miami  con- 
federacy. 

Nov,  4.  0.  G-en.  St.  Clair  is  surprised 
and  routed  by  the  Indians  on  the  Wa- 
bash, losing  half  his  men. 

*  *  (ieneral  Knox  formulates  a  plan  for 
organizing  the  militia. 

1792  Apr.  11.  U.S.  Maj.-Gen. An- 
thony ^Wayne  is  appointed  (fifth)  com- 
mander of  the  army. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1790  June  5.  Pa.  The  steamboat  con- 
structed by  John  Fitch  makes  a  trip  from 
Philadelphia  to  Trenton  and  return.  It 
is  propelled  by  12  oars. 

Dec.  *  B.  I.  Samuel  Slater,  an  English- 
man, starts  the  first  successful  Amer- 
ican cotton-factory  at  Pawtucket,  near 
Providence. 

±  *  *  Ph'Ua.  A  statue  of  Washington  {wovt 
in  Independence  Hall]  is  executed  by 
William  Rush. 

1791  *  *  Ky.  The  first  American  fur- 
nace is  erected  by  Government  troops 
on  Slate  Creek. 

*  *  La.  The  first  dramatic  representation 
in  New  Orleans  is  presented. 

*  *  Pa.  Accidental  discovery  of  An- 
thracite coal  in  Carbon  and  other 
counties. 

Broom-corn  brooms  are  first  made  in 
America. 

Giuseppe  Ceracchi  executes  busts  of 
Washington,  Alexander  Hamilton,  and 
others. 

David  Rittenhouse  succeeds  Benja- 
min Franklin  as  president  of  the  Amer- 
ican Philosophical  Society. 

1792  May  7.  Ore.  Capt.  Robert  Gray, 
of  the  merchant  ship  Columbia,  discovers 
and  enters  the  Columbia  River. 

Aug.  16.  Boston.  The  first  theater  is 
opened  in  the  new  Exhibition  Room ; 
to  evade  the  law,  the  first  play  is  called 
the  Moral  liCcture  of  Douglas  fp.  104). 

*  *  -94  *  *  Ore.  George  Vancouver,  of 
England,  explores  the  Pacific  coast. 

*  *  John  Trumbull  paints  a  Portrait  of 
Washington. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1790*  * 

Armstrong,  Kobert,  general  in  Fla.  war,  b. 
Hachinan,  John,  naturalist,  born, 
liartlett,  .John  .Sherren,  editor,  bom. 
liellaniy,  Joseph,  clergyman,  writer,  A71. 
Bowdoin,   James,    philosopher,    statesnmn, 

A  63. 
Capers,William,  Meth.  Epis.  bishop,  South,  b. 
Durfee,  Job,  jurist,  M.  O.  for  K.  1,,  born. 
Force,  Peter,  liistorian,  born  in  N.  J. 
Franklin,  Benjamin,  printer,  philosopher, 

patriot,  and  statesman,  AK4. 
(liljbs,  Josiah  Willanl,  philologist,  born. 
Cioodrich,  (,'hauneey  Allen,  clergyman,  au- 
thor, born. 
Gray,  Francis  C'ulley,  lawyer,  scholar,  born. 
Crayson.  William,  soldier  of  Kevolution,  d. 
Harper,  AVilliam,  senator  for  S.  C,  born. 
II ooper, William,  lawyer  and  patriot  of  N.  C, 

A48. 
Livingston,  William,  Gov.  of  N.  J.,  M.  C, 

A  67. 
Longstreet,  Augustus  B.,  Meth.  Epls.  clergy- 
man of  S.  ('.,  born. 
Putnam,  Israel,  general  in  Revolution.  A72. 
Shubrick,  William  Branford,  admiral,  born. 
Turner,  Samuel  Hulbeart,  I'rot.  Epis.  clergy- 
man, professor,  born. 
Twiggs,  David  Emanuel,  Secessionist  gen.,  b. 
Tyler,  John,  10th  president,  born  in  Va. 
1791  *   • 
Beck,  Theodric  Romeyn,  physician,  born. 
Blair,  Francis  Preston,  journalist,  born. 
Buchanan.  James.  15th  president,  born  In 

Pa.,  Apr.  32. 
Bullions,  Peter,  author,  born. 
Burden,  Henry,   manufacturer,  born. 
Butler,  Richard,  major-general,  killed  by  In- 
dians. 
Cooper,  Peter,  philanthropist,  born  in  New 

York. 
Hall,  Lyman,  statesman,  A90. 
Harrison.  Benjamin,    general,  signer   of 

Decl.,  ex-governor,  A5I.  ? 
Hayne,  Robert  Young,  orator,  bom. 

Hopkinson,  Francis,  author,  signer  of  Dec- 
laration, A  54. 

Morse.  Samuel  Finley  Breeee.  artist,  in- 
ventor, born. 

01m8te<i,  Denison,  natural  philosopher,  b. 

Pond,  Eno(!li,  theologian,  born. 

Slg^ourney.  Lydia  Huntley,  poet,  born. 

Sprague,  Charles,  poet,  born. 

Tioknor,  George,  scholar,  writer,  born. 

Treadwell,  Daniel,  mechanician,  born. 
1793*  * 

Ainslie,  Hew,  poet,  born. 

Astor,  William  B.,  capitalist,  born. 

Bimey.  James  Qillespie,  statesman,  aboli- 
tionist, born. 

Collamer,  Jacob,  senator  for  Vt.,  born. 

f'ruger,  John,  mayor  of  New  York,  A82. 

Dallas,  Qeoige  Mifllin.  statesman,  born. 

De  Kay,  James  Ellsworth,  naturalist,  born. 

Everett.  Alexander  Hill,  diplomatist,  b. 

Fairbanks,  Erastus,  <;ov.  of  Vt.,  born. 

Finney.  Charles  Orandison,  college  presi- 
dent, born. 

Fisk,  Pliny,  missionary,  bom. 

Fisk,  Wilbur,  pres.  of  Wesleyan  Univ.,  born. 

Harfiing,  Chester,  painter,  born. 

Jones,  John  Paul,  naval  officer,  A45. 

Laurens,  Henry,  statesman,  A68. 

Lawrence,  Abbott,  benefactor,  born. 

Lea,  Isaac,  naturalist,  born. 

Mason,  (ieorge,  statesman,  A67. 

Mason,  Lowell,  musical  composer,  born. 

Nelson.  Samuel,  justice,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Payne,  John  Howard,  actor,  horn. 

Renwick,  James,  physicist,  born. 

Ri(;hard8,  William,  missionary,  born. 

Kumsey.  James,  inventor,  A49. 

Sartwell,  Henry  Parker,  botanist,  born. 

Smith,  Seba,  author,  born. 

Spangenl)urg,  August,  founder,  A8S. 

Stevens.  Thaddeua.  senator  for  Pa.,  born. 

Stone,  William  Leete,  journalist,  born. 

Vassar,  Matthew,  philanthropist,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1790  Sept.  19.  Va.  James  Madison 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  at  Lambeth,  England. 

Oct.  1.  U.S.  The  modified  Prayer-Book 
comes  into  use  in  all  Protestant  Episco- 
pal churches. 

Nov.  18.  P.I.  Organization  of  the  (Prot- 
estant Episcopal)  Diocese  of  Rhode  Is- 
land. 


I 


*  *  Kew  York.  The  second  Methodist 
church  in  this  city  is  formed. 

*  *  Pa.  Jacob  Albright  begins  hia  work 
of  reform  among  the  German  Christians 
of  Eastern  Pennsylvania.  [The  Evan- 
gelical Association  is  developed  later,] 

*  •  Pbila.  The  General  Assembly  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  meets ;  Boberfc 
Smith,  moderator. 

*  •  yt.  The  (Protestant  Episcopal)  Dio- '{ 
cese  of  Vermont  is  organized,  and  the 
first  Episcopal  Convention  in  Ver- 
mont is  held. 

»  *  The  Methodist  Council  becomes  un- 
popular and  holds  its  last  session. 

*  *  The  Methodist  Conference  omits  the 
words  "  buying  and  selling  "  from  John 
Wesley's  rules  on  intemperance. 

*  *  The  Methodist  Conferences  order  the 
organization  of  Sunday-schools  for 
the  instruction  of  "  poor  children,  white 
and  black."  Sessions  to  be  from  6  to  10 
A.  M.,  and  2  to  6  P.  M. 

1791  Sept.  14.  Afass.  The  presbytery 
of  Salem  is  dissolved. 

»  *  Md.  First  legislation  in  the  Catholic 
Church  by  the  Synod  of  Baltimore. 

*  *  2f.  r.  The  New  York  Baptist  Associ- 
ation is  formed. 

*  •  Pkila.  The  General  Assembly  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  meets ;  John 
WoodhuU,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  Lutherans  receive  a  grant  of 
5,000  acres  of  land  from  the  Legislature. 

1792  Sept.  11.  New  York.  The  (Prot- 
estant Episcopal)  Convention  meets. 

Sept.  17.    Md.    Consecration  of  Thos.  J. 

Claggett  (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 

for  Maryland. 
Nov.  1-15.    Md.    The    First  Kegrular 

General  Conference  of  the  Methodist 

Episcopal  Church  is  held  at  Baltimore. 

LETTERS. 

1790  May  31.  First  Copyright  Act 
in  the  United  States  passed,  chiefly 
through  the  influence  of  Noah  Webster 

[the  lexicographer]. 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  proposition  in  the  Assembly 
to  establish  public  schools  is  hardly 
noticed. 

*  *  -97  *  *  New  York  Magazine  appears. 

*  *  Va.  William  Henry  Harrison 
graduates  at  Hampden-Sidney  College. 

1791  Oct.  24.  Md.  First  issue  of  the 
Baltimore  Daily  Reposilory. 

*  *  Conn.  The  First  Geography  is  pub- 
lished by  Jedediah  Morse. 

*  •  Md.  St.  Mary's  Seminary  (Bom. 
Oath.)  founded  at  Baltimore. 

*  *  Vt.  University  of  Vermont  (noiK 
sect.)  founded  at  Burlington. 

SOCDETY. 

1789  *  »  'Washington  makes  a  tour  of 
the  Northern  States,  and  is  greeted  with 
great  enthusiasm. 

1790  Apr.  30.  AVie  York.  Congress  en- 
acts that  every  soldier  shall  have  haU_ 
a  gill  of  rum,  brandy,  or  whisky  daily. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1789-1792,  Nov.     103 


Dec.  29.  New  York.  Presentation  of  the 
"  Memorial  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
to  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  Con- 
gress," deprecating  the  use  of  ardent 
spirits,  and  recommending  the  imposi- 
tion of  high  duties  upon  their  impor- 
tation. 

*  *  Pliita.  The  Pennsylvania  Anti- 
Slavery  Society  (Benjamin  Franklin 
Pres.)  petitions  Congress  "  to  devise 
means  for  removing  the  inconsistency  of 
slavery  from  the  American  people." 

*  *  JVew  Ym-k.  A  bill  is  introduced  in 
Congress  for  taxing  distUled  liquors. 

*  *  Slavery  is  already  prohibited  in 
six  of  the  States. 

*  *  U.  S.  Total  number  of  slaves, 
697,897. 

1791  July  4.  George  Buchanan  makes 
his  address  on  slavery. 

STATK. 

1789  *  ♦  New  York.  JeSFerson  and  Ham- 
ilton representing  opposite  parties  in 
the  Cabinet,  Washington  is  vexed  by 
many  disagreements. 

1790  Jan.  4.  A^ew  York.  The  Ist 
Congress:  2d  session  opens.  Presi- 
dent \Vashingt(m  orally  addresses  the 
two  Houses  assembled  to  hear  him. 

Mar.  25.  Eiir/.  Tlie  plan  of  the  British 
Government  for  compensating  Ameri- 
can loyalists  for  losses  is  suspended. 

Apr.  2.  North  Carolina  finally  cedes 
its  western  lands.    (See  1789.) 

New    York.      Congress    accepts    the 

lands  ceded  by  North  Carolina. 

*  *  Kentucky  is  organized  as  a  Territory. 
May  29.     Khode  Island,  the  13th  State, 

and  the  last  of  all,  approves  the  Federal 
Constitution.     Vote,  34  to  32. 
June  *  S.  ('.     Meeting  of  State  Conven- 
tion to  frame  a  new  Constitution. 

*  •  New  York.  Congress  is  urged  to  as- 
sume the  debts  of  the  several  States 
incurred  in  the  prosecution  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary War.    ($18,271,786.) 

Southern  members  oppose  and  North- 
ern members  favor  the  plan.  [The  mat- 
ter is  finally  settled  by  a  compromise ; 
the  Northern  members  consenting  to  the 
location  of  the  Capital  on  the  Potomac 
lliver.] 

July  10.  New  York.  Congress  resolves 
to  hold  its  sessions  in  Philadelphia 
for  ten  years,  and  thereafter  on  the 
Potomac.    Vote,  32-29. 

July  16.  New  York.  Congress  passes  an 
act  locating  the  future  seat  of  Govern- 
ment in  the  District  of  Columbia/ 
Sixty  square  miles  of  territory  are  ceded 
to  the  United  States  by  Maryland  and 
Virginia. 

Aug.  4.  New  York.  Congress  finally 
passes  the  bill  for  fvmding  the  debts 
of  the  States,  which  it  has  assumed, 
thus  putting  the  finances  of  the  country 
on  a  firm  basis. 

Kentticky  applies  for  admission  into 
the  Union. 

Aug.  7.  N.  Y.  The  Creek  Indian 
chiefs  sign   a   treaty  in   the   Hall   of 


Representatives,  in  which  the  territory 
south  and  west  of  the  Oconee  is  solemn- 
ly guaranteed  to  them,  they  resigning 
lands  north  and  east  of  that  river. 

Aug.  12.  Nettr  York.  The  1st  Con- 
gress :  the  second  session  closes.  • 

Sept.  2.  I'a.  A  new  State  Constitution 
is  adopted. 

*  *l'.S.  Philadelphia  the  Capital  City. 

The  seat  of  the  Federal  Government 

is  removed  from  New  York. 
Deo.  6.    Pliila.    The  1st  Congress :  the 

third  session  opeijs. 
»  *  U.    S.     James    Iredell    of   N.    C.    is 

ni.ade  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 
The  Federal  Kevenue  is  $4,000,000 ; 

the    expenditure   of   the    Government, 

including  interest  on  the  public  debt, 

is  .?1,000,000. 

*  •  t't.  Tlie  jurisdiction  of  New  York 
in  the  Province  of  Vermont  is  purchased 
by  the  latter  for  §30,000. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-02  *  *  Cal.    Jos(5  A.  Roman  (Spanish). 
-03  *  *  Ga.    Kdward  Telfair. 

Pa.    Thomas  Mifflin. 
-05  *  *  K.  r.    Arthur  Fenner. 

Tenn.  Ter.    Wm.  Blount. 
-97  *  *  Vt.    Thomas  Chittenden. 

1791  Jan.  1.  The  National  debt  is 
$75,403,470. 

Jan.  10.  Vermont  adopts  the  Federal 
Constitution. 

Feb.  25.  Phila.  The  Bill  to  establish  a 
National  Bank  becomes  a  law ;  it  is 
generally  favored  by  Northern  members, 
and  generally  opposed  by  those  from  the 
South. 

Mar.  3.  The  District  of  Columbia  is 
fully  organized. 

Mar.  4.  Vermont  is  admitted  into  the 
Union  as  the  14th  State. 

Phila.   The  1st  Congress  ends. 

June  7.  Phila.  The  Bank  of  the  United 
States  is  instituted  ;  capital  $10,000,000 ; 
it  is  opposed  by  Jefferson  and  the  Anti- 
Federal  party. 

Atig.  ♦  Phila.  George  Hammond,  the 
first  minister  from  (ireat  Britain,  is  re- 
ceived. 

Oct.  24.  Phila.  The  2d  Congress 
opens. 

Oct.  *  Phila.  Congress ;  Senate :  John 
Iiangdon  of  N.  H.  is  reelected  President 
pro  tempore.  House :  Jonathan  Trum- 
bull of  Conn,  is  elected  Speaker. 

*  »  Phila.  Thomas  Johnson  of  Md.  is 
appointed  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Dec.  15.  I'.  S.  The  first  ten  Amend- 
ments of  the  Constitution  come  in  force. 

Dec.  *  £'.  .*>.  Thomas  Pinckney  of 
S.  C.  is  appointed  minister  to  England. 

*  *  O.  Gen.  St.  Clair  appointed  governor 
of  the  Northwestern  Territory,  with  in- 
structions to  drive  out  the  Indians. 

*  *  -04  *  *  Va.    Henry  Lee  governor. 
1792    Jan.  1.      U.  .S.     National     debt 

877,227,9;M.66. 

Mar.  1.     Phila.     Congress    provides  by 
enactment    for  the  Presidential  suc- 
cession in  certain  contingencies. 
In  case  of  inability  of  the  \'ice-Presi- 


dent,  the  office  devolves  on  the  presiilent 
pro  tempore  of  the  Senate ;  and  if  he 
cannot  assume  the  office  it  goes  to  the 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Apr.  2.    Phila.     The   National   Mint    is 

established. 
Apr.  17.     Phila.     Congress;   Senate: 

R.  H.  Lee  of  Va.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 
May  8.    Phila.    The  2d  Congress :  the 

first  session  closes. 
June  1.    Kentucky  is  admitted  into  the 

Union  as  the  15th  State. 
June  4.     Ky.     The    first    legislature 

meets  ;  Isaac  Shelby  governor. 
June*  Rumors  circulate  of  a  conspiracy 

to  change  the  Government  into  a  mon- 
archy. 
June  *  N.  Y.    Chief  Justice  John  Jay 

(Federalist)  is  elected  Governor  of  New 

York  over  George  Clinton  by  about  400 

votes. 
Clinton's   friends   in    the  canvassing 

committee  throw  out  three  counties  on 

technicalities,  and  award  the  office  to 

him. 
.Nov.  5.    Phila.     The     2d     Congress: 

second  session  opens.     Senate ;    John 

Iiangdon  of  N.  H.  is  elected  President 

pro  tempore. 

*  *  U.  S.  Second  Presidential  elec- 
tion; 'Washington  is  unanimously  re- 
elected President,  and  John  Adams 
is  reelected  Vice-President.  The  Anti- 
Federalists,  now  called  Republicans,  are 
led  by  Jefferson,  the  Federalists  by 
Hamilton  and  Adams. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1780  •  *  Netc  York.  It  is  proposed  to  lay 
out  a  park  bordering  the  drainage  canal 
(Canal  Street),  but  the  project  is  aban- 
doned because  of  the  remoteness  of  the 
locality. 

1790  *  *  U.  S.  The  first  census  is  ta- 
ken. Philadelphia  has  a  pojiulation  of 
43,000;  New  York,  33,000;  Boston,  18,000 ; 
Baltimore,  13,000;  the  whole  country, 
3,929,214,  including  697,681  slaves. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  center  of  population  is  23 
miles  east  of  Baltimore. 

July  17.  N.  Y.  llie  first  bank  of  Al- 
bany begins  to  discount. 

Aug.  1.  New  York.  The  yellow  fever 
rages. 

Dec.  20.  Phila.  The  Bank  of  the 
United  States  commences  to  discount. 
Its  notes  are  payable  in  specie,  and  re- 
ceivable in  all  payments  to  the  United 
States. 

*  *  n.  C.  The  city  of  'Washington  is 
founded. 

*  *  Mass.  First  American  whaling  ship 
ior  the  Pacific  sails  from  Nantucket. 

*  *  N.  C.  An  Act  of  Legislature  is  passed 
for  laying  out  the  town  of  Kaleigh. 

*  *  New  York.  The  first  bank  in  this  cHy 
is  established  —  The  Bank  of  New  York. 

1702  June  4.  N.  Y.  The  survey  of  a 
route  from  Pennsylvania  through  the 
Genesee  comitry  is  completed. 

June  11.  N.H.  The  first  bank  in  this 
State  begins  discoiuiting  at  Portsmouth. 


104 


1792-1794. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — WAVY. 
1792*  *  The  army  consists  of  5,120  men. 

1793  *  *  O.  Gen.  Wayne  ("  Mad  An- 
thony**) leads  3,000  men  against  the 
Indians. 

Dec.  *  O.  Fort  Greenville  is  built  by 
Gen.  Wayne. 

*  *  The  war  between  Portugal  and  Algiers 
closes,  and  American  vessels  are  again 
seized  by  the  pirates. 

1794  Mar.  27.  Phiia.  Congress 
authorizes  the  construction  of  6  frigates, 
3  of  them  to  be  of  the  very  heavy  class, 
thus  beginning  the  navy. 

*  *  O.  Fort  Recovery  is  built  by  Gen. 
Wayne. 

Aug.  20.  O.  Gen.  "Wayne  defeats  the 
Miami  Indians  at  the  Maumee  Rapids, 
and  then  desolates  their  country. 

*  *  O.    Fort  Defiance  is  built. 

May  7.  I),  C.  Congress  establishes  a 
combined  corps  of  engineers  and  artil- 
lery, with  a  military  school  for  cadets. 

Sept.*-Nov.  +  *  Pa.  The  Whisky 
Rebellion. 

Washington  sends  a  force  of  militia 
into  western  rennsylvania  to  put  down 
the  Whisky  Rebellion,  the  distillers  hav- 
ing refused  to  i)ay  the  Government  tax 
and  tired  on  its  otiioers. 

*  *Gen.  Wayne  is  victorious  iu  breaking 
the  Miami  confederacy. 

*  *  U.  S.  Tlie  maximum  strength  of  the 
army  is  3,629. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1792  •  *  D.  C.  The  Federal  Commis- 
sioners advertise  in  the  newspapers  of 
all  the  principal  cities  for  designs  for 
a  Federal  Capitol  building  and  a 
President's  House. 

*  *  Ga.  The  cotton-gin  is  invented  by 
Eli  "Whitney,  a  Connecticut  school- 
teacher residing  in  Georgia. 

[It  gives  an  immense  impetus  to  the 
cultivation  of  cotton,  and  adds  many 
millions  of  wealth  to  the  South  :  it  has 
given  <iirection  to  the  politics  and  history 
of  the  country.] 

*  *  Dr.  S.  U.  Johnstmi  is  painted  by  Gil- 
bert Stuart. 

1793  Jan.  9.  Pkila.  The  first  balloon 
ascension  in  America  is  made  by  Fran- 
9ois  Blanchard,  in  the  presence  of 
Washington. 

Sept.  18.  D.  C.  The  corner-stone,  at 
the  southeast  corner  of  the  Capitol  at 
Washington,  is  laid  by  Washington  in 
connection  with  Masonic  ceremonies. 

*  *  C.  "W.  Peale  paints  a  portrait  of 
IVashinyton. 

*  *  Conn.  Eli  Terry  of  Plymouth  is  the 
first  to  manufacture  clocks  as  a  busi- 
ness. 

*  *  II.  I.  Samuel  Slater  of  North  Provi- 
dence erects  the  first  mill  for  the  manu- 
facture of  cotton-yams. 

*  ♦  Wash.  Alexander  Mackenzie,  trav- 
eling overland,  touches  the  coast  above 
the  Columbia  River. 

1794  Feb.  4.  Boston's  first  theater 
building  is  opened,  and  called  the  Fed- 
eral-street Theater.    (See  1775, 1792.) 


Feb.  17.  Pkila.  A  new  theater  is  opened 
in  Chestnut  Street  by  Wignel. 

*  *  Mass.  Newburyport  has  the  first  fac- 
tory for  the  manufacture  of  woolen 
goods. 

*  *  N.  T.  Samuel  Morey  builds  a  stem- 
wheel  steamboat,  which  runs  from 
Hartford  to  New  York. 

*  *  li.  I.  Cotton  sewing  -  thread  is 
manufactured  at  Pawtucket. 

*  *"From  this  time  forward  the  United 
States  had  two  stock  [theatrical]  com- 
panies of  extraordinary  merit,  surpassed 
only  by  the  companies  at  the  three  patent 
houses  in  London."     (Ency.  Brit.) 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1793*  • 

liates,  Edward,  statesman,  born. 
IJedell,  (iregory  Townsencl,  clergyman,  bcrn, 
IJutler,  William  O.,  statesman,  born. 
Carey,  Henry  Cliarles,  political  economist,  b. 
Chase,  Irali,  clergyman,  born. 
Colburn.  Warren,  mathematician,  born. 
Cox,  Samm-l  Hanson,  clergyman,  born. 
Doughty,  'rhomas,  jiainter,  born. 
Foreati,  Felice,  ediu-ator,  born. 
Frolhingham,  Katlianiel  L.,  clergyman,  b. 
Goodrich.  Samuel  Oriswotd.  author,  born. 
Guthrie,  .lames,  statesman,  boru. 
Hall,  James,  autlior,  born. 
Hancock,  John,  statesman,  A56. 
Hitchcock,  Kdwarii,  pres.  of  Amherst  Coll.,  h. 
Houston.  Sam,  general,  born. 
Wanly,  John,  naval  otflcer,  A59. 
McKeever,  Isaac,  conimoilore,  born. 
Mitchell,  Elisha,  chemist,  born. 
Mott,  Lucretia,  philanthropist,  born. 
Heal,  John,  poet,  born. 
Phelps,  Almira  Hart  L.,  teacher,  born. 
Kives,  William  Calwll,  statesman,  born. 
Schoolcraft,  Henry  Kowe,  ethnologist,  born. 
Sherman,  Roger,  statesman,  A72. 
Slidell,  John,  lawyer,  born. 
1794*   • 
Andrew,  James  Osgood,  bishop,  born. 
Angell,  Joseph  Kinnicut,  lawyer,  born. 
Armstrong,  James,  general,  dies. 
Ashmun,  Jehmli,  philanthropist,  born. 
Beck,  John  Itrodhead,  physician,  born. 
Belknap,  William  (1.,  general,  born. 
Bryant,  'William  Cullen.  poet,  born. 
Butler,  John,  Tory  leader,  (fies. 
Chase,  Carlton,  bishop,  born. 
Corwin,  Thomas,  statesman,  born. 
Dempster,  John,  educator,  born. 
Dewey,  Orville,  clergyman,  born. 
Everett.  Edward,  orator,  born. 
Graham,  Sylvester,  reformer,  born. 
Grier.  Robert  C.  justice,  born  in  Pa. 
Holbrook,  John  Kdwanis,  naturalist,  born. 
Kearney,  Stephen  Watts,  general,  born. 
Leavitt,  Joshua,  journalist,  born. 
Lee,  Kirhard  11.,  senator  for  Va.,  A62. 
Marsh,  James,  theologian,  born. 
Meriani,  Kben,  meteorologist,  born. 
Morris,  Thomas  A.,  bishop,  born. 
Paine,  Martyn,  physician,  born. 
Perry,  Mattliew  CaU)raitIi,  connnodore,  b. 
Preston.  William  C.  senator,  born. 
Robinson,  Edward,  scholar,  born. 
Stueben.  Baron  Frederick  William  A., 

general,  At>4. 
Tappan,  Wdliam  Bingham,  poet,  born. 
"Vanderbilt,  Cornelius,  capitalist,  born. 
Walker,  James,  pres.  of  Harvard  Coll.,  born. 
Ware,  Henry,  Jr.,  clergyman,  born. 
Witberspoon,  John,  clergyman,  AT-'. 
Worth,  William  J.,  general,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1792  Nov,*M(f.  The  Baltimore  Confer- 
ence of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
is  organized, 

*  *  A\  H.  First  Annua)  Meeting  of  the 
Free-will  Baptists. 

*  *  X.  Y.  The  Reformed  Dutch  Church 
publish  their  Standards  of  Doctrine, 
etc.,  in  English. 

The  Associated  Presbytery  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church  is  formed  for  West- 
chester. 


*  *  Pa.  Tbe  General  Assembly  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  meets  at  Carlisle ; 
John  King,  moderator. 

It  enters  into  correspondence  with  the 
General  Association  of  Churches  of  Con- 
necticut by  the  appointment  of  a  Stand- 
ing Committee,  and  both  agree  to  be 
represented  in  each  other's  annual  meet- 
ing, by  three  commissioners. 

*  *  Va.    James  0*Kelley  secedes  from 

the    Methodist    Episcopal  Church,  and 
forms  the  Republican  Methodist  Church. 

1793  Oct.  *  .V.  r.  The  Synod  of  the 
Keformed  Dutch  Church  adopts  the 
volume  containing  (in  English)  the  Stand- 
ards, Liturgy,  Rules,  etc.,  and  it  becomes 
the  Constitution  of  the  Church. 

*  *  La.  The  Eoman  Catholic  Arch- 
diocese of  Wew  Orleans  is  established. 

*  *  Ijouisiana  and  the  Floridas  are 
placed  under  separate  Roman  Catholic 
bishops. 

*  *  PhUa.  The  General  Assembly  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  meets ;  James 
Latta,  moderator. 

Delegates  from  the  General  Association 
of  Connecticut  take  seats  in  the  (Presby- 
terian) General  Assembly. 

*  *  7?.  /.  Samuel  Slater  establishes  the 
first  Sunday-school  in  New  England. 

*  •  Vt.  Edward  Bass  is  elected  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Bishop  of  Vermont  at  the 
annual  Convention. 

*  *  The  Associated  Northern  Presbytery 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  is  formed. 

1794  *  *  New  York.  The  Reformed 
Dutch  General  Synod  is  organized. 

LETTERS, 

1792  *  *  D.C.  Georgetown  College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  founded ;  controlled  by 
the  Society  of  Jesus. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Dr.  Samuel  Latham  MitchiU 
gives  the  first  course  of  chemical  lec- 
tures ever  listened  to  iu  the  United 
States, 

1793  Nov.  9.  O.  First  issue  of  the 
Sentinel  of  the  Northwestern  Territory, 
at  Cincinnati,  the  earliest  Western  news- 
paper. 

*  *  Mass.  Williams  College  (non-sect.) 
incorporated  at  Williamstown.  [It  was 
founded  by  bequest  of  Col.  Ephraim 
Williams,  who  died  in  1755.] 

*  *  Tenn.  First  printing-press  set  up 
in  Tennessee,  at  Knoxville,  and  the 
KnoxviUe  Gazette  issued. 

*  *  N.  H.  Farmer's  Museum  appears  at 
Walpole. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Minerva  [which  is 
soon  changed  to  the  Commercial  Adver- 
tiser] is  issued  by  Noah  Webster. 

*  ♦  Mass.  The  essays  under  the  signature 
of  J/arcc//us,  by  John  Quincy  Adams, 
appear. 

*  *  System  of  Doctrines  contained  in  Divine 
Revelation  Explained  and  Defended ^  by 
Samuel  Hopkins,  appears. 

1794  Sept.  5.  Boston  Prices-Current 
and  Marine  Intelligencer,  Commercial 
and  Mercantile^  appears. 


UNITED    STATP:S. 


1792-1794. 


105 


SOCIETY. 
1792  *  *  Washington  makes  a  tour  of 
the  Southern  States,  aud  is  enthusias- 
ticatfy  welcomed. 

*  *  Viscount  Chateaubriand  visits  the 
United  States, 

,  1793  *  *  Phila.  Congress  gives  sum- 
mary power  to  slave-masters,  or  their 
agents,  to  seize  and  return  fugitive 
slaves  which  have  fled  to  other  States. 

*  •  Phila.  William  Cobbett,  the  En- 
glish political  writer,  edits  a  paper  in  this 
city. 

.1794  Feb.  4.  Masa.  The  Legislature, 
having  repealed  the  law  against  the- 
atrical amusements,  the  Federal-street 
Theater  opens. 

STATE. 

1792  Dec.  31.    U.S.   Internal  revenue 

$'208,942. 

*  *  IjuI,  a  treaty  is  made  with  the  In- 
dians at  Vinceimes. 

*  •  Phila.  Congress  fixes  the  postage 
rate  on  letters  at  6i  cents  for  30  miles, 
and  the  rate  to  increase  with  the  dis- 
tance beyond  that  limit. 

*  *  IT.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-94*  *  Cal.  Jos^  J.de  ArriIlaga(Span.). 
-96  *  *  Ky.    Isaac  Shelby. 

-95  *  ♦  JV.  C.    Kichard  D.  Spaight. 

-94  •  *N.ff.    Josiah  Bartlett. 

-94  *  *  S.  C     Arnoldus  Vanderhorst. 

*  *  Connecticut  conveys  500,000  acres  of 
"Western  Reserve  lands  "  [in  Ohio]  to 
certain  citizens,  as  compensation  for 
property  destroyed  by  tire  and  pillage 
during  the  Revolution. 

1793  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
»80,352,(»4. 

Feb.  13.  Phila^  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

For  President :  George  Washington, 
Federalist,  132  votes;  John  Adams,  Fed- 
eralist, 77  ;  George  Clinton  of  X.  Y.,  Re- 
publican, 50 ;  Thomas  Jetferson  of  Ya., 
Republican,  4;  Aaron  Burr  of  N.  Y., 
Republican,  one  vote.    Vacancies,  3. 

Feb.  *  Phila.  Congress  passes  the  Fu- 
gitive Slave  Act,  for  the  rendition  of 
slaves  to  owners  when  found  in  other 
States  or  Territories.  Vote,  House,  48-7 ; 
Senate,  no  opposition.  [It  becomes  a 
dead  letter  till  1850.] 

Mar.  2.  Phila.  The  2d  Congress:  the 
second  session  closes. 

Mar.  4.  Phila.  George  Washington 
of  Va.,  the  first  President,  enters  his 
second  term;  John  Adams  of  JNIass. 
is  Vice-President. 

Mar.  9.  Phila.  Congress  passes  the  act 
organizing  the  militia;  all  male  white 
citizens  between  the  ages  of  IS  and  45  to 
be  enrolled. 

Apr.  8.  S.  C.  Edmond  C,  Genet,  min- 
ister of  France,  arrives  at  Charleston. 

F'rance  having  declared  war  against 
Great  Britain,  Genet  proceeds  to  tit  out 
privateers,  etc. 

Apr.  22.  Phila.  Washington  issues  a 
proclamation  of  neutrality  in  the  war 


between  France  and  England  [Genet  ap- 
peals from  the  President  to  the  people]. 

May  9.  France  orders  the  seizure  of 
neutral  vessels  carrying  supplies  to  an 
enemy's  port. 

May  16.  Phila.  Genet  is  received  with 
great  enthusiasm. 

May  17.  Phila.  Genet,  as  minister 
from  France,  presents  his  papers  to  the 
President.    (McMaster,  May  18.) 

July*  Phila.  The  President  asks  France 
to  recall  Genet  because  of  his  audacity 
in  attempting  tocontrol  theGovernment. 

Nov.  6.  Eng.  George  III.  Issues  secret 
instructions  to  British  privateers  to 
seize  all  neutral  vessels  found  trading 
in  the  French  West  Indies.  [Americans 
lose  many  millions  of  dollars,  and  the 
war  spirit  prevails  among  the  people.] 

Dec.  2.  Phila.  The  3d  Congress 
opens. 

Dec.  *  Phila.  Congress;  Senate :  Ralph 
Izard  of  S.  C.  is  elected  President  pro 
tempore.  House :  F.  A.  Muhlenburg 
of  Pa.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Dec.  31.  Phila.  Jefferson  resigns  as 
Secretary  of  State  because,  the  Govern- 
ment adopts  the  policy  of  neutrality  in- 
stead of  aiding  France  against  England. 

U.  S.     Internal  revenue  $337,705. 

*  *  U.  S.  Jefferson's  followers  become 
known  as  Republicans,  and  Hamil- 
ton's followers  as  Federalists. 

•  *  U.S.  The  first  Republican  party 
appears. 

•  *  U.S.  "William  Faterson  of  N.  J. 
is  appointed  Justice  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-06  *  *  Ga.    George  Matthews. 
-07  *  *  Mass.    Samuel  Adams. 

1794  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  Total  National  debt 
$78,427,404,  with  $26,000,000  applicable  to 
the  sinking  fund. 

Jan.  2.  Phila.  Congress  resolves  to 
buy  peace  with  Algiers. 

Jan.  13.  Phila.  Congress  adds  two 
more  stars  to  the  Federal  flag. 

Jan.  *  Phila.  Edmund  Randolph  suc- 
ceeds Jetferson  as  Secretary  of  State. 

Feb.  3.  Phila.  Congress:  the  House 
favors  Madison's  bill,  asserting  the 
policy  of  discriminating  duties  on  the 
products  of  nations  not  in  treaty  with 
the  United  States.     Vote,  51-46. 

Feb.  20.  Phila.  Congress:  The  Sen- 
ate ceases  to  sit  with  closed  doors. 

Mar.  5.  U.  S.  Ratification  of  the  11th 
Amendment  to  the  Constitution  re- 
specting the  judicial  power  of  the 
United  States  as  against  the  States,  as- 
serting the  non-suability  of  the  States. 

Mar.  6.  Phila.  Congress  passes  an 
embargo  law  for  a  period  of  sixty 
days. 

Mar.  27.  Phila.  Congress  provides  for 
a  navy.     (See  Army  —  Navy.) 

Apr.  19.  Phila.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Jay  is  contlrmed  as  special  envoy 
to  England. 


May  *  The  Treaty  of  Paris  being  unexe- 
cuted, and  certain  military  posts  still 
held  by  the  British,  American  seamen 
impressed,  trading  vessels  captured,  and 
other  irritating  grievances  existing, 
Chief  Justice  Jay  goes  to  England  to 
secure  redress  and  negotiate  a  treaty 
of  amity,  commerce,  and  navigation. 

May  27.  Phila.  Washington  recalls 
Gouverneur  Morris  from  France  and 
appoints  James  Monroe  as  minister. 

June  9.  Phila.  The  3d  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

Sept.  *  Pa.  A  whisky  insurrection 
breaks  out  in  western  Pennsylvania, 
because  of  the  tax  laid  on  whisky  for 
revenue.    (See  Army,  and  Society.) 

Nov.  3.  Phila.  The  3d  Congress: 
second  session  opens.  [The  Senate  lacks 
a  quorum,  and  delays  opening  for  two 
weeks.] 

Nov.  19.  Jay's  Treaty  concluded. 
It  provides  for  the  delivery  of  the 
posts  on  the  northern  frontier  (Treaty 
of  Paris)  before  June,  1796;  for  a  com- 
mission to  define  the  "  St.  Croix  "  River ; 
for  commissioners  to  determine  com- 
pensation due  to  British  subjects  and 
American  citizens,  in  certain  cases;  for 
the  regulation  of  trade,  the  extradition 
of  criminals,  etc,  [It  is  received  by  the 
country  with  great  displeasure.] 

*  *  Phila.  Congress  passes  the  Neu- 
trality Act. 

It  makes  it  a  misdemeanor  for  Ameri- 
cans to  augment  any  hostile  force  that 
may  be  directed  against  any  nation  with 
which  the  United  States  is  at  peace. 

*  *  Irritation  is  caused  by  the  continued 
occupation  of  western  forts  on  Lake 
Erie  by  the  British,  contrary  to  treaty 
agreement. 

*  *  A  despatch  is  received  from  Fauchet, 
the  French  envoy,  which  is  supposed  to 
compromise  Edmund  Randolph,  Secre- 
tary of  State,  in  an  intrigue  attended 
with  bribery.     [Later  disproved.] 

Dec.  31.    U.  S.  Internal  revenue  $274,089. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-00  *  *  Cal.     Diego  de  Borica  (Span.). 
-01  *  *  N.J.    Richard  Howell. 

-05  *  *  N.  II.    John  T.  Gilmau. 

X.  J.  Wm.  Paterson. 
-96  *  *  S.  C.  Wm.  Moultrie. 
-96  *  *  Va.    Robert  Brooke. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1793  July*  Phila.  The  yellow  fever 
again  spreads  devastation,  carrying  off 
several  thousand  persons. 

1794  Dec.  24.  Mass.  South  Hadley 
canal  is  opened. 

*  *  O.  Dayton  is  laid  out  in  lots,  which 
are  disposed  of  by  lottery. 

*  *  Phila.  Incori>oration  of  the  Insur- 
ance Company  of  North  America, 
also  the  Insurance  Company  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

*  *  Pa.  The  first  turnpike  road  is  con- 
structed by  a  company,  extending  62 
miles,  and  connecting  Lancaster  with 
Philadelphia. 


I 


106     1794-1797,  June. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1796  July  14.  N.  Y.  British  troops 
evacuate  Oswego,  and  Americans 
occupy  the  post. 

Dec.  15.  U.S.  Maj.-Gen.  James 'Wil- 
kinson appointed  (sixth)  commander  of 
the  army. 

1797  Mar.  10.  Fr.  The  Directory 
order  the  French  men-of-war  to  prey 
upon  American  commerce,  aiming  to 
fore©  Americans  to  join  France 
aeainst  Cngland. 

*  *  (/.  S.  A  provisional  army  is  raised  ; 
'Washington  is  lieutenant-general. 

*  *  The  frigate  Coijstituf jonislaunelied 
at  Boston,  and  the  Constellation  at  Bal- 
timore. 

May  *  The  United  States  begins  to  send 
a  fleet  to  sea  against  France. 

ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1795  Aug.*  Conn.  A  theater  is  opened 
in  Hartford  by  Hodgkinson  and  a  part 
of  the  "  Old  American  Company." 

*  *  The  portrait  of  JVaskington  is  painted 
by  Gilbert  C.  Stuart. 

1796  Dec.  9.  Pkila.  T.  C.  Cooper  first 
appears  in  America  as  Macbeth. 

*  *  Mass.  Newburyport  has  a  factory  for 
printing  calico. 

*  ♦  Martha  Washington  is  painted  by  Gil- 
bert C.  Stuart. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1795*  • 

Ilalilwin,  Matthias  William,  manufacturer,  b. 

Uartlett,  Josiah,  patriot,  A66. 

Bennett,  James  Gordon,  founder,  born. 

Jlonneville,  lU-njaiuin  L.  E.,  traveler,  born. 

Bradford,  William.  U.  S.  attorney,  A40. 

lirooka,  Maria,  poetess,  born. 

Dana,  Samuel  L.,  agricultural  chemist,  boru. 

Drake,  Josejih  Uodman,  poet,  born. 

Oiddlng^a,  Joshua  Reed,  statesman,  boru. 

Hall,  Hiland,  jurist,  born. 

Harper.  James,  publisher,  born. 

Harris,  Tliaddeus  William,  entomologist,  b. 

Hopkins.  Johns,  philanthropist,  born. 

Ketmedv,  .fohn  I'endleton,  novelist,  boru. 

Mamtt,  .lohn  Newland,  Meth.  preacher,  b. 

Marion,  Franois,  general,  AHS. 

I'arker,  Joel,  jurist,  born. 

Peabody,  Oeoree,  philanthropist,  born. 

Percival,  James  dates,  poet,  born. 

Phillips,  John,  founder,  A7(>. 

Polk,  James  K.,  lltb  president,  born. 

Prescott,  William,  col.  at  Hunker  Hill,  A69. 

Kobertson,  Jacob,  clergyman,  born. 

Stevens,  Kdwin  Augustus,  inventor,  born. 

Stiles,  Ezra,  college  president,  A68. 

Bullivan.  John,  general,  A55. 

Thompson,  Daniel  Peirce,  novelist,  born. 

1796*   • 

Abbott,  Benjamin,  clergyman,  A64. 
Anderson,  Rufus,  clergyman,  born. 
Ballou.  Hosea.  college  president,  born. 
Bascom,  Henry  B.,  hisliop,  born. 
Beaumont,  Wdliam,  physiologist,  born. 
Brainard,  John  (i.  C,  poet,  l>orn. 
Brifpi?5.  George  N.,  gov.  of  Mass.,  born. 
Bush,  (leorge,  author,  born. 
CatUn,  Ceorge,  artist,  born. 
Clayton,  John  Middleton,  statesman,  born. 
Durand,  .\8her  Urown,  painter,  born. 
Harlan,  Richard,  naturalist,  born. 
Huntington,  Samuel,  signer  of  Decl'n,  A65. 
Ingham,  Charles  C,  painter,  born. 
Johneon,  Reverdy,  statesman,  born  in  Md. 
Lick,  .lames,  philanthropist,  horn. 
Mann,  Horace,  educationist,  born. 
Miihlenberg,  William  A.,  poet,  born. 
Palfrey,  John  (iorham,  historian,  born. 
Prescott.  William  Rickling.  historian,  b. 
Rives,  John  C,  Journalist,  born. 
Seabury,  Samuel,  first  Prot.  Epis.  bp.,  AG7. 
.Sumner,  Edwin  Vose,  general,  born. 
Wayland,  Francis,  philosopher,  born. 
Wayne,  Anthony,  gen.  of  Revolution,  A5I. 


1797*  • 

Anthon,  Charles,  scholar,  born, 
Baraga,  Frederick,  bishop,  born. 
Barnard,  Daniel  I)e\vy,  diplomatist,  born. 
Bell,  John,  senator  for  Tenn.,  born. 
Chlckeriner.  Jonas,  piano -maker,  born. 
Colton,  Walter,  writer,  born. 
De  Lancey, William  Ileathcote,  bishop,  bom. 
Dowler,  Bennet,  pliysician,  born. 
Emerson,  (ieorge  B.,  educationist,  born. 
Hale,  Benjamin,  educator,  born. 
Hamline,  Leonidas  Lent,  bishop,  born. 
Henry,  Joseph,  physicist,  born. 
Hodg-e,  Charles,  tlwologian,  born, 
Huger,  Isaac,  general,  A55. 
Hughes,  John,  archl>i8hop,  born. 
Kenrick,  Francis  Patrick,  prelate,  born, 
Langdon,  Samuel,  college  president,  A74. 
Lee,  Francis  Lightfoot,  army  officer,  A63. 
Lyon,  Mary,  founder,  born. 
JHay,  -Samuel  ,loseph,  clergyman,  born. 
Olin,  Stephen,  Meth,  Kpts.  clergyman,  b. 
Paulding.  Hiram,  naval  officer,  born. 
Smith.  Gerrlt,  ptiilanthropist,  born. 
M'are,  Wdliam,  author,  born. 
Weed,  Thurlow,  journalist,  born. 
Wmeitrenner,  John,  clergyman,  horn. 
Wood,  George,  B.,  physician  and  author,  b. 


CHURCH. 

1794  *  *  N.  Y.  Tlie  minutes  of  the  Gen- 
eral Synod  of  the  Reformed  Dutch 
Church  are  first  written  in  English. 

The  Sands-street  Methodist  Episcopal 
church  is  organized  in  Brooklyn,  the 
first  in  this  city. 

*  *  Phil  a.  The  General  Assembly  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  meets; 
Alex.  McWhorter,  moderator. 

It  is  agreed  that  commissioners  visit- 
ing either  the  General  Assembly  (Presby- 
terian) or  the  Association  of  Connecticut, 
(Congregational)  be  allowed  to  vote. 

*  •  Vt.  The  lands  belonging  to  the 
Church  of  England  and  the  Society  for 
the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  are  se- 
questered and  applied  to  the  school 
fund. 

1795  Sept.  13.  S.  C.  Consecration  of 
Robert  Smith  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
Bishop  for  South  Carolina. 

*  *  Mass.  Hosea  Ballou  avows  Unita- 
rian views  of  God  and  Christ, 

*  *  K.  Y,  Shakers  sign  a  written  cove- 
nant, making  a  full  consecration  to  God 
of  life,  services,  and  treasure. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  meets  at  Car- 
lisle; John  McKnight,  moderator. 

*  *  Phila.  A  special  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
meets. 

*  *The  Society  of  (Orthodox)  Friends 
begins  mission-work  among  the  Indians. 

1796  May  15.  Boston.  The  first  Metho- 
dist church  is  opened. 

June  21.  The  Vermont  (Congrega- 
tional) Convention  is  organized, 

Oct.  20.  Md.  The  Second  General 
Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
church  meets  at  Baltimore ;  Bishop  Coke 
and  120  preachers  present. 

Oct.  ♦  The  New  England  and  Philadel- 
phia (Methodist  Episcopal)  Conferences 
formed. 

Dec.  6.  O.  The  first  Congregational 
church  in  Ohio  formed. 

*  *  ///.  The  first  Baptist  church  in  Illi- 
nois formed  at  New  Design. 


*  *  Mass.  Unitarian  doctrines  spread 
among  the  Congregatioualists. 

The  •*  New  York  Missionary  Soci- 
ety** is  organized,  principally  by  Pres- 
byterians. 

*  *  New  York.  The  first  colored  Metho- 
dist church  in  this  city  is  formed. 

*  •  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  meets  ;  Bobert 
Davidson,  moderator. 

1797    May  7.    Mass.    Consecration    of 

Edward   Bass  (Protestant   Episcopal) 

Bishop  for  Massachusetts. 
June  *  New  York.    The  General  Sjrnod 

of  the  Reformed  Church  meets ;  Dirck 

Romeyn,  president. 

LETTERS. 

1794  *  •  Greenfield  Hill,  by  Timothy 
Dwight,  appears. 

*  *  La.  First  issue  of  the  Moniteur,  the 
first  paper  published  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

*  •  Me.  Bowdoin  College  (Cong.), 
founded  at  Brunswick. 

*  *  Tenn.  Greenville  and  Tusculum 
CoUege  (non-sect.)  organized. 

1795  Apr.  9.  N.  Y.  The  legislature 
passes  an  enactment  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  common  schools. 

*  *  Conn.  The  reserve  lands  of  the  State 
are  sold  for  §1,200,000;  this  sum  is 
appropriated  for  the  support  of  schools 
in  the  State, 

*  *  N.  C.  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Chapel 
Hill. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Union  College  (non-sect.)  is 
organized  at  Schenectady. 

*  *-1817*  *  Conn.  Rev.  Timothy 
Dwight  is  President  of  Yale  CoUege. 

*  ♦  N.  Y.  The  assembly  appropriates 
$50,(X>0  annually  for  five  years  for  the 
establishment  of  public  schools. 

*  *  Crammar  of  the  English  Language,  by 
Lindley  Murray,  appears. 

*  *  Essays  of  Camillus,  by  Alexander 
Hamilton,  appears. 

1796  June  11.  D.  C.  The  JTashin^/ton 
Gazette  first  issued. 

Oct.  6.  Mass.  The  Polar  Star  and 
Boston  Daily  Advertiser  first  issued. 

*  ♦  Phila.  The  Literary  Magazine  and 
American  Register,  by  C.  Brockden 
Brown,  Is  published.  [Continues  till 
1810.] 

1797  May  3.  A^  Y.  Union  College 
holds  its  first  commencement  for  .con- 
ferring degrees  in  the  arts  and  sciences. 

SOCIETY. 
1794  Sept.*- Nov.*  Pa.  The  Whis- 
ky Rebellion  in  western  Pennsylvania. 
Occasioned  by  an  excise  tax  of  11  cents 
per  gallon  on  spirits  distilled  from  for- 
eign materials,  and  9  cents  when  distilled 
from  domestic  materials.  It  cost  the 
Federal  Government  $1,500,000  to  quell 
it,  or  32  per  cent  of  the  average  annual 
cost  of  the  Government, 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  adds  the  following 
note  to  the  Catechism. 


UNITED    STATES. 


"  '  Stealers  of  men  are  those  who  bring  off 
slaves  or  freemen,  and  keep,  sell,  or  buy 
them.'  To  steal  a  freeman,  says  Orotius.  is 
the  highest  kind  of  theft.  In  other  instances 
we  steal  only  human  property,  but  when  we 
steal  or  retain  men  in  slavery,  we  seize  those 
who,  in  common  with  ourselves,  are  consti- 
tuted by  the  original  grant  lords  of  the 
earth." 

U.  S.  The  President  is  authorized  by 
Congress  to  increase  the  quantity  of 
liquor  to  a  gill,  for  troops  on  the  iron- 
tiers. 

The  Quakers  present  to  Congress  the 
first  anti-slavery  petitioxi. 

•  *  Tenn.  Andrew  Jackson  marries 
Rachel  Kobards. 

•  •  In  the  navy,  a  half-pint  of  spirits,  or 
a  quart  of  beor,  constitutes  part  of  a 
daily  ration,  by  order  of  Congress. 

*  *  Va.  James  Madison  marries  Dolly 
Todd. 

1795  *  *  Phila.  A  uniform  ration  of 
half  a  gill  of  liquor  is  ordered  by  Con- 
gress for  each  soldier. 

*  *  O.  William  Henry  Harrison  mar- 
ries Anna  Syrames. 

1796  *  *  U.  S.  Washing:ton  continues 
his  ascendency  over  the  minds  of  the 
people,  securing  in  favor  of  his  measures 
the  votes  of  those  elected  to  oppose  them, 

Jefferson  writes,  "Congress  has  ad- 
journed. .  .  .  One  man  outweighs  them 
all  in  influence  over  the  people,  who 
support  his  judgment  against  their  own 
and  that  of  their  representatives.  Ke- 
publicauism  resigns  the  vessel  to  its 
pilot.** 

STATE. 

1795  Jan.  1.  If.  S.  Principal  of  Na- 
tional debt  $80,747,587. 

Feb.  20.  Phila.  Congress;  Senate: 
Henry  Tazewell  of  Va.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

Mar.  4.  Phila.  The  3d  Confess: 
the  second  session  closes. 

June  8.  Phila.  Congress:  the  Senate 
convenes  in  special  session  to  consider 
the  Jay  Treaty. 

June  24.  Phila.  Congress;  Senate: 
The  Jay  treaty  is  ratified.  (Article 
XII.  excepted.) 

June  *  +.  U.  S.  Very  great  excite- 
ment arises  over  the  treaty  with  Eng- 
land. 

Aug.  3,  O.  Gen.  Wayne  makes  a  treaty 
with  11,000  Indian  warriors,  at  Fort 
Greenville  on  the  Miami. 

Sept.  5,  Phila.  David  Humphries  makes 
a  shameftil  treaty  of  peace  (like  that 
of  other  nations)  with  the  dey  of  Algiers, 
by  which  the  pirate  ships  are  bought 
off  by  the  payment  of  an  annual  tribute 
of  $24,000  in  stores. 

Sept.  0.  Connecticut  alienates  the  re- 
mainder of  the  *•  "Western  Keserve" 
for  the  sum  of  $1,200,000. 

Oct.  *  Jay's  Treaty  is  finally  ratified  by 
both  countries. 

Oct.  27.    Treaty  of  San  Lorenzo. 

Between  the  United  States  and  Spain 
by  Charles  C.  Piuckne^,  settling  the 
boundary  between  Louisiana  and  the 
United  States,  and  setMiring  the  free 
navigation  of  the  Missitisippi, 


Dec.  7.     PfUla.    The    4th    Congress 

opens. 

Dec.  *  Phila.  Congress ;  House:  Jona- 
than Dayton  of  N'.  J.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Dec.  10.  Phila.  Timothy  Pickering 
of  Muss,  becomes  Secretary  of  State. 

Doc.  31.   U,S.   Internal  revenue  $337,755. 

*  *  'Vhe  Yazoo  land  grants  occasjon  a  con- 
troversy [continuing  till  1814], 

*  *  The  Indians  begin  to  cede  land  to  the 
United  States. 

*  *  ^fich.  The  British  plot  to  buy  up  the 
lower  peninsula  of  Michigan  is  disclosed. 

*  *  John  Rutledge  of  S.  C.  is  appointed 
Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court. 

*  * -98  *  *  N,C.    Samuel  Ashe,  governor. 
1796    Jan.  1,     U.  S.    Principal  of  the 

National  debt  $83,762,172. 
Jan.  4.    Phila.    Congress  receives  the 

message  of  Washington. 
Jan.  14.    Tennessee  adopts  a  Constitu- 
tion. 
Feb.  6.    Vermont  adopts  a  Constitution. 
Mar.   1.     Phila.     Proclamation    of    the 

ratification  of  the  Jay  Treaty. 
Apr.  20.    Phila.    Congress:  The  House 

agrees  to  sustain  Jay's  Treaty.    Vote, 

51-48. 
Apr.   28.     Phila.      Congress ;    House: 

Speech    by    Fisher    Ames,    Federal 

leader,    in    support    of    Jay's    Treaty. 

Money  is  at  last  voted  to  execute  it. 
May    6.    D.     C.     Congress ;     Senate : 

Samuel  Livermore  of  N.  H.  is  elected 

President  pro  tempore. 
June  1.     Tennessee  is  admitted  into 

the  Union  as  the  sixteenth  State. 
Phila.    The  4th  Congress:  first  ses- 
sion closes. 
June  *  A  treaty  with  the  Creek  Indians 

is  made  by  the  Government  at  Colralne. 
July  12.    Redemption   of  94  American 

prisoners    from   the  Algerines,  by  the 

United  States  consul. 
July  14.    O.    The  Connecticut  "Western 

Reserve  is  first  occupied. 

*  *  The  Government  makes  a  treaty  with 
the  Cherokees  at  Holston. 

Sept.  17.  Phila.  Washington,  having 
declined  a  third  term  in  the  presidency, 
issues  his  farewell  address  to  the 
country,  and  proposes  to  retire  to  pri- 
vate life. 

Sept.  •  Phila.  C.  C.  Pinckney  of  S.  C. 
succeeds  Monroe  as  minister  to  France. 

*  *  Third  Presidential  Election.  John 
Adams  of  Mass.  is  the  candidate  for 
the  Federal  party  and  those  opposed  to 
close  relations  with  France,  and  Thomas 
Jefferson  of  Va.  for  the  Anti-Federalists 
or  Republicans. 

Nov.  *  Tenn.  Andrew  Jackson  is 
elected  to  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Dec.  5.  Phila.  The  4th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 

*  *  ^fass,  Disunion  sentiments  are  as- 
serted. 

*  *  Phila.  The  custom  arises  of  holding 
Congressional  Caucuses  to  nominate 
candidates  for  the  Presidency. 


1794-1797,  June.     107 

Deo.  7.  Phila.  Congress :  "Washing- 
ton meets  both  Houses  for  tbe  last  time 
as  President. 

Dec.  31.  .U.S.  Internal  revenue  8475,289. 

*  *  D.  S.  Oliver  Ellsworth  of  Conn,  is 
appointed  Chief  Justice,  and  Samuel 
Chase  of  Md.  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court. 

*  *  V.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-08  *  *  Conn.    Oliver  Wolcott. 
-97  *  *  Del.    Gunning  Bedford. 
-98  ♦  *  Ga.    Jared  Irwin. 

-1804  *  »  Ky.    James  Garrard. 
-1800  •  *  Mich.    Arthur  St.  Clair  (of 

N.  W.  Ter.). 
-01  *  •  A',  r.    John  Jay. 
-98  *  *  S.  C.    Chas.  Pinckney. 
-01  *  *  Tenn.    John  Sevier. 
-89  *  ♦  Va.    James  Wood. 

1797  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  Principal  of  the 
National  debt  $82,064,479. 

Feb.  8.  Phila.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

For  President :  .John  Adams,  Federal- 
ist, 71 ;  Thomas  Jefferson,  Republican, 
68;  Thomas  Pinckney,  Federalist,  59: 
Aaron  Burr,  Republican,  30;  Samuel 
Adams,  Republican,  15 ;  Oliver  Ells- 
worth, Independent,  II;  George  Clinton, 
Republican,  7  ;  John  Jay,  Federalist,  5  ; 
James  Iredell,  Federalist,  3 ;  George 
Washington,  John  Henry,  and  S.  John- 
son, all  Federalists,  two  votes  each ; 
Charles  Cotcsworth  Pinckney,  Federal- 
ist, one  vote. 

Feb.  16.  Phila.  Congress;  Senate: 
William  Bingham  of  Pa.  is  re- 
elected President  pro  tempore. 

Mar.  8.  Phila.  The  4th  Congress 
ends. 

Second  Administration ;  Federalist. 

Mar.  4.  Phila.  John  Adams  of  Mass. 
is  inaugurated  the  second  President, 
in  the  third  term  of  the  presidency. 
Thomas  Jefferson  of  Va.  is  Vice-Presi- 
dent.   The  cabinet  is  continued. 

Mar.  10.  N.  Y.  The  capital  is  changed 
from  New  York  to  Albany. 

May  6.  Phila.  Congress ;  House :  Jon- 
athan Dayton  of  N.  J.  is  reelecteil 
Speaker. 

May  15.  Phila.  The  5th  Congress 
opens  in  special  session  to  consider 
relations  with  France. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1795  Feb.  28.  A^  }'.  About  500  emi- 
grants' sleighs  pass  through  Albany 
on  their  way  to  the  Genesee  country, 
the  Genesee  Valley  being  the  Far  West. 

*  •  Neio  York.  Yellow  fever  rages,  and 
yOO  deaths  occur. 

*  *  U.S.    Exports  for  1795,  $47,000,000. 

1796  Feb.  4.  American  ship  Sedgley 
rescues  160  men  from  the  sinking  British 
ship  Aurora. 

June  20.    S.  C.    Three  hundred  houses 

are  burned  at  Charleston, 
Nov.    25.     Oa.     Fire ;    350    houses    are 

burned  at  Savannah;  loss,  $1,000,000. 

*  *  O.    ChilUoothe  is  founded. 

*  *  O.  Many  settlers  emigrate  to  Ohio ; 
Cleveland  is  founded. 


108     1797,  July~1800,  June  15.  AMERICA  : 


ARMY  -  NAVY. 

1798  Apr.  30.  Phila.  The  Navy  De- 
partment is  formally  created,  and  Ben- 
jamin Stoddert  of  Md.  is  appointed  its 
first  secretary.    [Cabot  declined.] 

May  ♦  Va.  Harper's  Ferry  is  selected 
for  a  Government  armory  and  manu- 
factory. 

July?.  U.S.  "Washington  is  appointed 
lieutenant-general  of  the  armies  of  the 
United  States.  [Enthusiastic  prepara- 
tions are  made  for  war  with  France.] 

July  9  -1800  Sept.  30.  The  third 
war.  A  quasi-war  with  France ;  4,593 
men  including  naval  forces  are  enrolled. 
It  commences  without  a  declaration  by 
either  Government. 

Dec.  29.  Commanders  of  American  ves- 
sels are  ordered  to  resist  by  force  the 
mustering  and  searching  of  their  vessels, 
and  then  to  strike  colors  and  surrender 
to  superior  forces  only. 

*  *  U.  S.  George  Washington  is  ap- 
pointed the  first  general  (seventh)  in  com- 
mand of  the  army. 

•  *  U.  S.  The  navy  consists  of  42  vessels 
carrying  950  guns.  The  marine  corps  is 
created  by  Congress. 

1799  Feb.  9.  W.  I.  The  frigate  Con- 
stellation, Commodore  Truxtun,  of  38 
guns,  captures  the  French  frigate  L'ln- 
surgente  of  48  guns  and  more  than  400 
seamen,  after  a  battle  of  one  hour  ;  loss, 
1  killed  and  2  wounded ;  French  loss  29 
killed  and  44  wounded. 

1800  Feb.  1.  Commodore  Truxtun 
has  a  severe  battle  with  the  French 
man-of-war  Vengeance,  which  escapes 
defeat  by  sailing  away  in  the  darkness; 
the  fiag  of  the  Union  wins  renown. 
[The  war  proceeds  no  farther.] 

ART—  SCIENCE  —NATURE. 

1797  *  *  JVew  York.  Chancellor  Living- 
ston builds  a  steamer  on  the  Hudson. 

•  *  Cast-iron  plows  are  introduced,  su- 
perseding those  with  mold-boards  of 
wood.  ^ 

1798  Jan.  *  Hew  York.  The  Park  Thek- 
ter  is  built.  / 

*  *  Mass.  Hats  and  bonnets  are  fij/st 
manufactured  from  straw  braid  at  Ded- 
ham.  / 

1799*  ♦  Conn.  The  Connecticut  Acad- 
emy of  Arts  and  Sciences  is  founded. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1798*  * 

Alcott,  William  Andrews,  educationist,  b. 
llarber,  John  Warner,  historian,  born. 
Barnes,  Albert,  cominentator.  born, 
lieck,  Lewis  C,  naturalist,  born. 
Belknap,  Jeremy,  historian,  A.^4. 
Borden,  Simeon,  engineer,  born. 
Butler,  Pierce  AI.,  (iov.  of  S.  C,  born. 
Champe,  John,  soldier,  A46.  ? 
Crawford,  George,  (iov.  of  r.a.,  born. 
Davies,  Charles,  mathematician,  born. 
Dlx,  John  Adams,  general,  Gov.  of  N. Y.,  b. 
Drake,  Samuel  Gardner,  historian,  born. 
Duch^,  Jacob,  chaplain,  A69. 
Dungli8on,IIobley,  medical  writer,  b.  in  Eng. 
Evans,  Thomas,  Friend,  born. 
Fitch,  John,  Inventor,  A55. 
Hickok,  Laurens  I'erseus,  metaphysician,  b. 
Mason,  James  Murray,  statesman,  born. 
Morris,  Lewis,  signer  of  declaration,  A72. 
Noyes,  George  Uapall.  biblical  scholar,  born. 
Olney,  Jesse,  geographer,  bora. 


Read,  George,  signer  of  Declaration,  A65. 
Roe,  Azel  Stevens,  novelist,  born. 
Russell,  William,  elocutionist,  born. 
Stewart,  Charles  S.,  author,  born. 
Stringham,  Silas  Horton,  rear-admiral,  born. 
Summerfield,  John,  JSIeUi.  Epis.  clergyman 

and  orator,  born. 
Wilson,  James,  signer  of  Declaration,  A56. 
1799*  • 
Alcott,  Amos  Bronson,  philosopher,  bom. 
Btickland,  Cyrus,  inventor,  born. 
Cameron.  Simon,  senator  for  Pa.,  born. 
Caswell,  Alexis,  pres.  of  lirown  Univ.,  born. 
Choate,  Rutus.  senator  for  Mass., advocate, 

born. 
Colquitt,  Walter  T.,  senator  for  Ga.,  born. 
Doane,  (Jeorge  Washingtoti,  bishop,  born. 
Edmonds,  John  W.,  jurist,  born. 
Henry.  Patrick:,  orator  and  patriot  of  Va., 

June  6,  A63. 
Hollins,  George  N.,  naval  officer,  twrn. 
Iredell,  James,  jurist,  A4h. 
Knapp,  Jacob,  revivalist,  born. 
Lathrop,  John  H.,  college  president,  born. 
Lewis,  Samuel,  plnlanthropist,  born. 
Lowell.  John,  founder,  born. 
Mason,  Francis,  missionary,  born. 
Mellen,  Grenville,  poet,  born. 
Bleredith,  William  ^lorris,  statesman,  born. 
Morton,  Samuel  G.,  naturalist,  born. 
Poey,  Felei>e,  scholar,  scientist,  b.  in  Cuba. 
Quitman,  John  Anthony,  general,  born. 
Rutledge,  F'rancis  H.,  bishop,  born. 
Sands,  Robert  Charles,  author,  born. 
Saxton,  Joseph,  mechanician,  born. 
Upham,  Thomas  Cogswell,  metaphysician,  b. 
Walker,  Amasa,  economist,  born. 
Washington,  Oeorge,    let  President,  Fa- 
ther of  his  Country,  Dec.  14,  A67. 
1800*    • 
Acrelius,  Israel,  Swedish  missionary,  A86. 
Allen,  David  O.,  Cong,  missionary,  born. 
Bancroft.  Oeorg-e,  historian,  b.  Mass., Oct.  3. 
Beeclier,  Catherine,  writer,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Billings,  William,  musical  composer,  A54. 
liogardus,  James,  inventor,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Bowman,   Samuel,  Asst.   P.  E.  bp.  of  Pa., 

born  in  Pa. 
Breckinridge,  Robert   J.,  Pres.   clergyman, 

born  in  Ky. 
Brown.  John,  abolitionist,  bom  in  Conn. 
DurbiUj  John  P.,  M.  E.  clergyman,  orator, 

born  m  Kv. 
Fillmore.  Millard.  13th  President,  born  in 

N.  Y.  Jan.  7. 
Foote,  Henry  Stuart,  sen.  for  Miss.,  b.  Va. 
Goodyear,  Charles,  inventor  (rubber),  born 

in  Conn. 
Hackett,  James  Henry,  actor,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Hallock,  Gerard,  journalist,  born  in  Mass. 
Harney,  William  Selby,  general,  b.  in  Tenn. 
Hentz,  Caroline  Lee,  novelist,  born  in  Mass. 
Hering,  Constantine,  physician,  author,  born 

in  Ger. 
Lawrence,  Wm.  Beach,  jurist,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Lee,  Eliza  H,,  miscellaneous  writer,  b.  in  N.H. 
Lee,  Luther,  theologian,  anti-slavery  advo- 
cate, born  in  N.  Y. 
Ijenox.  James,  founder  of  library,  b.  inN.Y. 
Lieber,  Francis,  political  philos.,  b.  in  Ger. 
Lowndes,  Rawlins,  lawyer,  statesman,  A78. 
Mifflin,  Thomas,  major-generalin  Revolution, 

A  56.     Pa. 
Neckere,  Leo  R,  de,  R.  C.  bishop  of  N.  O.,  b. 

in  Belg. 
Owen,  Robert  Dale,  spiritualist,  b.  in  Scot. 
Parker.  Willard.  surgeon,  born  in  N.  H. 
Potter.  Alonzo.  Prot.  Epis.  bishop  of  I*a., 

born  in  N.  Y. 
Rutledge,  Edward,  statesman  of  S.  C,  A5L 
Rutledge,  John,  Gov.  of  S.  C,  M.  C,  A61. 
Todd,  John,  Cong,  clergyman,  author,  born 

in  Vt. 
Tyne:,  Stephen  H..  Epis.  clergyman,  au< 

thor,  born  in  Mass. 
Wade,  Benj.  F.,  senator  for  O.,  b.  in  Mass. 
Ward,  Artemas,  general,  in  Mass.,  A73. 
Whitmore,  Thomas,  clergyman,  author,  b. 
WUliaoiB,  Otbo  H.,  general,  dies. 


CHURCH. 

1797  Sept.  18,  Conn.  Consecration  of 
Abraham  Jarvis  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
Bishop  of  Connecticut. 

*  *  Xeio  York.  The  third  Methodist 
church  in  this  city  is  formed  in  Duane 
Street. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  meets;  Wm. 
M.  Xeunaut,  moderator. 


*  *  Organization  of  the  "Northern 
Missionary  Society "  by  various 
Christians. 

1798  *  *  Cat.  Eighteen  missions  are  es- 
tablished in  Upper  California. 

*  *  Ind.  Baptists  form  the  Charlestown 
church  in  Indiana. 

Autumn.  Afass.  Hosea  Ballou  an- 
nounces his  new  views  respecting  Christ 
and  the  atonement,  and  this  event  marks 
a  new  departure  in  Universalist 
theology. 

*  *  *V.  Y.  Ljonan  Beecher  is  ordained 
pastor  of  the  Congregational  church  of 
East  Hampton,  Long  Island,  with  a  sal- 
ary of  $300  a  year. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  meets ;  John 
B.  Smith,  moderator. 

+  *  *  Period  of  spiritual  depression  in 
Presbyterian  and  other  churches ;  in- 
fidelity, irreligion,  and  immorality 
abound. 

*  *  Hew  Eng.  Founding  of  the  Mission- 
ary Society  of  Connecticut,  and  the 
Berkshire  and  Columbia  Missionary 
Society. 

*  *  Pa.  No  Episcopal  Convention  is  held 
in  Philadelphia  because  of  the  prevalent 
yellow  fever. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Reformed  Presbytery 
of  North  America  is  constituted. 

1799  June  11.  Richard  Allen,  the  first 
clergj'man  among  the  colored  people,  is 
ordained  by  the  Methodists. 

Phila.  A  special  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) Convention  held. 

*  *  Mass.  Organization  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Missionary  Society. 

*  *  Middle  States.  Great  revivals  pre- 
vail among  the  Presbyterians,  who  hold 
the  first  camp-meeting  in  America,  on 
the  Red  River,  in  Kentucky. 

*  *  Va.  The  General  Assembly  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  meets  at  Winches- 
ter ;  S.  S.  Smith,  moderator. 

1800  Mar.  13.  It.  Pius  VII.  is  elected 
pope. 

May  6-20.  Md.  The  Third  General 
Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal) 
meets  in  Baltimore. 

May  18.  Md.  Richard  Whatcoat  ia 
elected  bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church. 

May  *  N.  Y.  The  New  York  (Methodist 
Episcopal)  Conference  is  formed. 

LETTERS. 

1797  *  *  Conn.  Lyman  Beecher  gradu- 
ates from  the  theological  school  of  Yale 
College. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Medical  Repository  is 
first  issued ;  conducted  by  Dr.  S.  L. 
Mitchill. 

The  Commercial  Advertiser  (formerly 
the  Minerva)  is  published ;  Noah  Web- 
ster, first  editor. 

*  *  Phila.  American  Universal  Magazine 
appears. 

The  United  States  Magazine  appears. 
The  Methodist  Magazine  appears. 
+  *  *  Wieland's     Ohcron,    translated    by 
John  Quincy  Adams,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.     1797,  July-1800,  June  15.    109 


1798*  "  Fhila.  "Hall  Columbia"  is 
written  by  Judge  Josepli  Hopkinsou. 

*  *  Ky.  Transylvania  College  is  founded 
at  Lexington. 

•  •  Wwland,  by  C.  B.  Brown,  appears. 

*  *  Laocoon,  by  Fisher  Ames,  appears. 
1709    June  26.    N.  Y.    The  first  news- 
paper in  Brooklyn  is  issued. 

*  *  -1800  *  *  New  York.  The  Monthly 
Magazine  and  American  Review  appears, 

*  *  J7.  S.  The  licentiousness  of  the 
press,  chiefly  directed  by  adventurers 
from  Great  Britain,  provokes  Congress 
to  issue  the  unpopular  sedition  laws 
restraining  its  liberty. 

*  *  Ormond,  by  C.  B.  Brown,  appears, 

♦  *  The  Ladies'  Magazine  appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1797    Oet.i*  K.H.    Daniel 'Webster 
enters  Dartmouth  College. 

♦  *  Mass.  John  Quincy  Adams  mar- 
ries Louisa  Catherine  Johnson. 

1700  Mar.  28.  N.  Y.  The  legislature 
passes  a  law  for  the  gradual  abolition 
of  slavery.  Every  child  born  of  a  slave 
after  July  4  shall  be  free. 

Dec.  14.  'Washington  dies  at  Mount 
Vernon  after  a  sickness  of  only  one  day  ; 
miiversal  sorrow  prevails. 

[The  civilized  world  honors  the  great 
dead  with  appropriate  ceremonies.  Bo- 
naparte announces  to  his  legions,  the 
death  and  virtues  of  "  the  warrior,  the 
legislator,  and  the  citizen  without  re- 
proach."] 

STATE. 

1707  July 6.  Phila.  Congress;  Sen- 
ate :  'William  Bradford  of  R.  I.  is 
elected  President  pro  tempore. 

July  10.  Phila.  The  5th  Congress: 
first  session  closes. 

Oct.  *  Connecticut  authorizes  the  re- 
lease to  the  United  States  of  her  juris- 
diction over  lands  immediately  westward 
of  Pennsylvania. 

Oct.  •  Fr.  John  Adams's  new  Commis- 
sion meets  in  Paris,  and  the  Directory 
makes  an  indirect  demand  for  a 
bribe. 

The  Commission  consists  of  Minister 
Pinckney,  and  two  others  as  special 
ambassadors  of  peace  to  France.  The 
Directory  refuses  to  receive  them  unless 
they  will  enter  an  alliance  against  Great 
Britain  and  pledge  the  payment  of  a 
quarter  of  a  million  of  dollars  ;  Pinck- 
ney replies,  "  Millions  for  defense,  but  not 
a  cent  for  tribute  '.  "  They  are  ordered 
out  of  the  country.  [X,  Y,  and  Z  des- 
patches to  the  American  envoys.] 

•  *  John  Q.  Adams  is  sent  to  Prussia  as 
minister. 

Nov.  13.    The  5th  Congress:  second 

session  opens. 
Nov.  22.     Phila.      Congress ;    Senate : 

Jacob  Read  of  S.  C.  is  elected  President 

pro  tempore. 
Dec. 31.    U.S.    Internal  revenue  $576,491. 

•  •  Tenn.  Andrew  Jackson  is  elected  a 
Senator. 

[He  attends  the  Senate  a  year  without 
making  a  speech  or  casting  a  vote;  he 
then  resigns  and  goes  home.] 

•  •  U.  S.  Governors  inaugurated : 
-08  •  •  Del.    Daniel  Rogers. 

-99  •  *  Mass.    Increase  Sumner. 
-07  *  *  yt.    Isaac  Tichenor. 


1798    Jan.  1.     U.  S.    Principal  of   the 

National  debt  $79,228,529. 
Jan.  5.    Phila.     Congress :    the    House 

appropriates  $12,000  to  pay  Kosciusko. 
Mar.  *  Phila.     Congress  organizes    the 

Mississippi  Territory. 
Apr.  20.      Phila.      Congress;    House: 

George  Dent  of  Pa.  is  elected  Speaker. 

(Also,  on  May  28.) 
Apr.  27.    Phila.     Congress  orders    the 

fitting  out  of  cruisers  for  war. 
Apr.  30.     U.  S.    The  navy  department 

of  the  Government  is  separated  from  the 

war  department  and  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  George  Cabot  appointed 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  but  declines. 

June  18.  Phila.  Congress  amends  the 
naturalization  laws  so  as  to  require 
a  residence  of  14  years  to  become  a 
citizen. 

June  25.  Phila.  Congn^esa  passes  the 
Act  concerning  aliens. 

June  27.  Phila.  Congress;  Senate: 
Theodore  Sedgwick  of  Mass.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

July  6.  Phila.  Congress  .passes  the 
Act  concerning  alien  enemies. 

July  7.  Phila.  Congress  declares  the 
French  treaties  annulled. 

July  14.  Phila.  Provoked  by  the  vio- 
lence of  the  French  sympathizers,  Con- 
gress passes  the  last  of  the  Alien  and 
Sedition  Iiawa.  The  latter  is  called  the 
gag  law. 

July  16.  Phila.  The  5th  Congress : 
the  second  session  closes. 

*  *  Phila.  Congress  suspends  inter- 
course with  France. 

Oct.  17.  Me.  The  St.  Croix  River  is  iden- 
tified by  commissioners  as  the  northeast 
boundary  of  theUnited  States. 

U.  S.  The  Federalists  lose  their  pop- 
ularity in  passing  the  Alien  law  for  the 
expulsion  of  odious  foreigners  by  the 
President,  and  a  Sedition  law  restrict- 
ing freedom  of  speech  and  the  press. 

Nov.  10.  Ky.  Passage  of  the  Ken- 
tuclty  resolutions  asserting  the  right 
of  each  State  to  determine  the  extent  of 
National  authority. 

Dec.  3.  Phila.  The 5th Congress:  the 
third  session  opens. 

Dec.  6.  Phila.  Congress ;  Senate :  John 
Laurence  of  N.  Y.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Dec.  21.  Va.  Passage  of  the  'Virginia 
resolutions  denouncing  the  actit)n  of 
Congress  for  the  "  infraction  of  the 
Constitution  "  by  passing  the  Alien  and 
Sedition  laws. 

Dec.  31.    U.S.  Internal  revenue  $ftt4,357. 

*  *  A  British  committee  discovers  that 
the  source  of  the  Mississippi  is  at  least 
one  degree  south  of  the  49th  parallel  ;  the 
boundary  line  claimed  by  Great  Britain. 

*  *  Miss.  Spain  finally  evacuates  the 
Yazoo  country. 

*  *  U.  S.  Bushrod  'Washington  of  Va. 
is  appointed  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court. 

*  •  U.  S.  Qovemorg  inaugurated  : 
-06  *  *  Cmm.    Jonathan  Trumbull. 


-01  *  *  Del.    Richard  Bassett. 

-01  *  *  Ga.    James  Jackson. 

-02  •  *  Miss.  Ter.    Winthrop  Sargent.  • 

-99  *  *  N.  C.    Wm.  R.  Davie. 

-00  *  *  S.  C.     Edward  Rutledge. 

1700  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  Principal  of  the 
National  debt  $78,408,669. 

Mar.  1.  Phila.  Senate  ;  James  Ross  of 
Pa.  is  elected  President  pro  tempore. 

Mar.  4.   Phila.  The  5th  Congress  ends. 

Mar.  30.  Pr.  John  Q.  Adams  serves  on 
a  second  embassy  to  France;  he  is 
received  by  Napoleon  I. 

Spring.  Pa.  John  Fries  leads  an  insur- 
rection against  the  window  tax. 

Sept.  30.  Fr.  A  convention  is  con- 
cluded with  France  by  which  the  treaty 
of  1788  is  annulled,  and  the  United  States 
assumes  the  claims  of  its  citizens  for 
French  spoliations. 

*  » Ind.  The  Territory  of  Indiana  is 
erected. 

*  *  U.  S.  Movements  are  organized  both 
for  and  against  legislation  to  secure  in- 
ternal improvements. 

Dec.  2.  Phila.  The  6th  Congress 
opens. 

Phila.  Congress ;  Senate :  Samuel 
Livermore  of  N.  II.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore.  House  :  Theodore  Sedg- 
wick of  Mass.  is  elected  Speaker. 

John  Randolph  of  Va.  enters  Con- 
gress. 
Dec.  31.    U.S.  Internal  revenue  $779,136. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Legislature  locates  the  capi- 
tal at  Lancaster. 

*  *  U.S.  Alfred  Moore  of  N.  0.  is  ap- 
pointed Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  France  welcomes  minister  Van  Mur- 
ray. 

*  •  U.  S.  Governors  inaugurated : 
-00  *  *  Mass.    Moses  Gill. 

-02  •  *N.C.    Benj.  Williams. 
Pa.    Thomas  M'Kean. 
-02  *  *  Va.    James  Monroe. 

1800  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$82,976,294. 

May  14.  Phila.  Congress ;  Senate : 
Uriah  Tracy  of  Conn,  is  elected  Presi- 
dent ^ro  tempore. 

The  6th  Congress ;  the  first  session 
closes. 

May  30.  The  transfer  of  the  last  cession 
of  Connecticut  lands  to  the  United 
States  is  completed.  The  State  retains 
her  claim  to  the  soil  of  "  The  Western 
Reserve  "  in  Ohio. 

June  15.  D.  C.  The  National  Capi- 
tal is  transferred  to  'Washington. 
The  north  wing  of  the  Capitol  is  ready" 
for  use,  an<i  the  public  offices  are 
moved  thence  from  Philadelphia. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1707  Oct  *  U.  S.  The  yellow  fever 
again  appears. 

1708  Sept.  *  The  yellow  fever  rages ; 
3,G15  persons  die  in  Philadelphia,  and 
2,086  in  New  York. 

1700  Dec.  18.  Va.  Burial  of  ■Wash- 
ington. 


110     1800-1803,  June  29. 

ARMY  — NAVY. 

1800  *  *  Brig.-Gen.  James  "Wilkinson 
is  api>ointed  (8th)  commander  of  the 
army. 

THE  FOURTH  WAR. 

1801  June  10  -05  June  4.  "War  with 
Tripoli. 

It  is  occasioned  by  the  Bey  of  Tripoli, 
who  demanded  of  Capt.  Bainbridge  the 
use  of  the  U.  S.  frigate  George  IVashinf/- 
ton  to  convey  an  ambassador  to  (Con- 
stantinople. He  was  obliged  to  comply 
or  submit  to  destruction  by  the  guns  of 
the  Castle  of  Tripoli ;  3,330  men  are  en- 
rolled. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Congress  establishes  a  U.  S. 
navy  yard  at  Brooklyn. 

*  *  On  the  accession  of  Pres.  Jeiferson 
the  navy  is  reduced. 

1802  Mar.  16.  N.  Y.  The  Govern- 
ment establishes  a  military  academy 
at  West  Point.     (Lossiug,  1801.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1800  *  *  Mary  Kies  takes  out  a  patent 
for  straw-weaving,  with  silk  or  thread, 
the  first  patent  issued  to  a  woman  in 
this  country. 

1801  *  *  Pa.  The  compound  blowpipe 
is  invented  by  Professor  Robert  Hare 
of  Philadelphia. 

1802*  *  Mass.  Sheet  copper  first  man- 
ufactured at  Boston. 

*  *  Phila.  A  Museum  of  Natural  History 
is  opened  by  E.  W.  Peale. 

*  *  French  Soldier  Telling  a  Story  is 
painted  by  AVashington  Allston. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1801*  • 
Allston,  Robert  F.  W.,  Gov.  of  S.  C,  born 

In  S.  C. 
Arnold,  Benedict,  traitor,  dies  In  F.ng.  A60. 
Bacon,  Joel  S.,  clergyman,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Boardman,  George  Dana,  missionary,  born 

in  Me. 
Cbnrch,  Pharcellus,  Bapt.  clergyman,  born 

in  N.  Y. 
Coan,  Titus,  missionary,  born  in  Hawaii. 
Cole,  Thomas,  painter,  born  in  Kng. 
Deane,  James,  physician,  born  in  Mass. 
Eastburn,   Manton,   Prot.    Epis.    bishop    of 

Mass.,  born  in  Eng. 
Edwards,    Jonathan,    Cong,    theologian, 

nietapliysician,  A56. 
Farra^t.  David  Qlascoe,  admiral  U.  S.  N., 

born  in  Tenn. 
Francis,  Joseph,  inventor  of  life-boat,  born. 
Harper,  Joseph  Wesley,  publisher,  born. 
Howe,  Samuel  G.,  philanthropist,  b.  in  Mass. 
Inman,  Henry,  painter,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Janney,  Samuel  M.,  author,  born  in  Va. 
Kirkland,  Carolina  Matilda,  author,  born  in 

N.Y. 
Lane,  Joseph,  senator  for  Ore.,  born  in  Ind. 
Marsh,  George  P..  philologist,  diplomatist, 

born  in  Vt. 
Marshall  Humphrey,  botanist,  A79. 
Means,    Alexander,    prof.     Emery    College, 

born  in  N.  C. 
Russ,  John  1).,  inventor  of  phonetic  alpha- 
bet, born  In  .Mass. 
Seward,   William  H..  Secretary  of  State, 

born  in  N.Y.,  May  16. 
Woolsey,  Theodore  Dwight,  scholar,  born  in 

N.  Y. 
Tounff.  Brleham.  Mormon  leader,  b.  in  Vt. 
leoa*  • 
Bacon,  Leonard,  lecturer   in  Yale,   editor, 

born  in  Mich. 
Bela,  B.  Kdward,  author,  born. 
Botts,  John  Minor,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  b.  in  Va. 
Bushnell.  Horace.  Cong.  theol.,b.  in  Conn. 
Child,  Zjydla  Maria,  philanthropist,  born 

in  Mass. 
Cleveland,  Charles  Pester,  autbor,b.  in  Mass. 
Conant,  Thomas  Jefferson,  biblical  scholar, 

liorn  in  Vt. 
Dix,  Dorothea  Lynde,  philanthropist,  born 

in  Mass. 
Jt  itzpatrick,  Benj.,  senator  for  Ala.,  b.  in  Ala. 


AMERICA : 


Farness.  William   Henry,  religions  writer, 

born  in  Mass. 
Hopkins.  £sek,  first    commander  of   the 

navy,  A84. 
Hopkins.  Mark.  I'res.  of  Williams  College, 

born  In  Mass. 
Hunter.  Davui,  general  l'.  S.  A.,  b.  In  D.  C. 
Kavanaugh,  Hubbard  H.,Meth.  Epis.,  South, 

bp.,  horn,  in  Ire. 
Kirk,   Kdward   Korris,  clergyman,  author, 

iKirn  in  (>. 
Leggett,  William,  author,  born  in  N.Y. 
Logan,  Ilenj.,  western  pioneer,  A60. 
Lovejoy,  Elijati,  aJiolilionist,  born  in  Me. 
Jlorgan,  Daniel,  general  of  the  Kevoi'n,  A66. 
Slorris,  George  P.,  poet,  born  in  I'a. 
I'liillips,  Samuel,  bpnefa(!tor,  \h\. 
I'lumer,  William,  I'res.  clergyman,  autlior, 

born  in  Pa. 
Prentice,    George    Dennison,   Journalist, 

humorist,  b.  in  Conn. 
Ripley,  George,  journalist,  writer,  b.  in  Mass. 
Rogers,  James  Blythe,  cliemist,  born  in  I'a. 
Sears,   Hamas,    Bapt.    clergyman,    scholar, 

born  in  Mass. 
Soule,  Pierre,  senator  for  La.,  diplomatist, 

l)orn  in  Fr. 
Stowe,  Calvin  Elli8,Cong.  clergyman,  author, 

born  in  Mass. 
rpham,  Charles  Wentwortli,  Unit,  clergy- 
man, born  in  N.  B. 
■Washingrton,  Martha,  widow  of  George 

Washington,  A70. 
Webb,  James  Watson,  journalist,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Wells,  Gideon,  Sec.  of  Navy,  born  In  Conn. 
1803*   * 
Abbott,  .Jacob,  author,  born  in  Me. 
Adams.  Samuel,  senator  for  Mass.,  patriot, 

Hackus,  Charles,  Cong,  clergyman,  A54. 

Harry,  John,  commodore,  born  in  Ire.,  A58, 

Bass,  Kdward,  I'rot.  Epis.  l>p.  of  Slass.,  A77. 

Beecher,  Edward,  Cong,  clergyman,  b.  N.  Y. 

Binnev,  Amos,  naturalist.  l)orn  in  Mass. 

Bird,  Robert  M.,  autlior,  born  in  Del. 

Bonaparte,  Chas.  L.  J.  L.,oruitlioIogist,born 
in  Fr. 

Brownson.  Orestes  Augrustus,  R.  C.  theo- 
logian, editor,  born  in  Vt. 

Calvert,  tJeorge  lieiirv,  author,  bom  in  Md. 

Clifford,  Nathan,  U.  S.  S.  Court,  b.  in  Me. 

Coit,  Thomas  Winthrop,  Prot.  Epis.  theolo- 
gian, born  in  Conn. 

Dupont,  Samuel  Francis,  admiral,  b.  in  N.  J. 

Edes,  Henjauiin,  journalist,  patriot,  A71. 

Emerson.  Ralph  Waldo,  phUoeopher,  au- 
thor, born  in  ilass. 

Kricsson.  John,  designer  of  Monitor^  born 
in  Sweden. 

Field,  Richard  S.,  senator,  born. 

Galloway,  Joseph,  lawyer,  loyalist  of  Phila., 
A  74. 

Grinell,  Moses  H.,  collector  for  N.Y.,  A74. 

Hopkins.  Samuel.  (Congregational  clergy- 
man, founder  of  school  of  theology,  A  H2. 

Johnston,  Albert  Sidney.  Confederate 
major-general,  born  in  Ky. 

Leveret,  Frederick  P.,  scholar,  b.  in  Mass. 

Mackenzie,  Alex.  S.,  naval  officer,  author, 
born  in  N.Y. 

Memminger,  Charles  G.,  politician,  b.  in  Ger. 

Morrill,  Anson  P.,  Gov.,  M.  C.  for  Me.,  born 
in  Me. 

Nevin,  .lohn  Williamson,  theologian,  b.  in  Pa. 

Norris,  John  G.,  scholar,  Itorn  in  Eng. 

Pendleton,  Edmund,  i>atriot,  judge,  A82. 

Rusk,  Tlionias  J.  senator  for  Tex.,  b.  in  S.  C. 

Stewart,  Alex.  T.,  merchant  of  N.Y.,  born 
in  Ireland. 

Weir,  Robert  Walter,  painter,  born  in  N.Y. 

CHURCH. 
1800   June*  AM'.  The  General  Synod 
of  the  lieformed  Church  meets  at  Al- 
bany ;  S.  Ira  Condict,  president. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Boston  Female  Society,  for 
Missionary  Purposes,  is  organized.  (Bap- 
tist and  Congregational.) 

The  highest  court  of  the  State  decides 
that  a  Catholic  must  pay  taxes  for  the 
support  of  a  Protestant  miuister. 

*  *  Great  revivals  continue  among  the 
Presbyterians  in  the  West. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  Joseph  Clark, 
moderator. 

The  first  Boznan  Catholic  Church 
is  erected. 


*  •  Md.  The  United  Brethren  in 
Christ  organize. 

*  *  The  Paciiic  Coast  (Roman  Catholic) 
Missions  become  wealthy  to  an  almost 
incredible  degree, 

*  *  Pa.  The  Evangelical  (Methodist)  As- 
sociation organizes  under  Jacob  Al- 
bright. 

*  *  U.  S.  Communicants  in  churches 
364,872,  about  one  in  14  of  the  popu- 
lation. 

1801  Sept.  8.  K.  J.  The  General 
Convention  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
meets  at  Trenton. 

Sept.  11.  New  York.  Consecration  of 
Benj.  Jloore  (Protestant  Episcopal),  as- 
sistant bishop. 

*  *  X.  Y.  ITie  New  York  Missionary 
Society  starts  a  mission  among  the  Sen- 
eca Indians, 

*  ♦  The  Mennonites  open  a  mission  among 
the  Cherokees. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Boston  Female  Society 
(Congregational)  for  Promoting  the  Dif- 
fusion of  Christian  Knowledge  is  or- 
ganized. 

The  Plymouth  Congregational 
Church  declares  itself  Unitarian  in 
faith.    (Mayflower  Church  of  16*20.) 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Nathaniel  Irwin, 
moderator. 

The  Assembly  and  the  Connecticut 
General  Association  of  Congregational- 
ists  adopt  a  formal  Plan  of  Union. 
[Abrogated  in  1852  by  Congregation- 
alists.] 

1802  Aug,  25.  N.  H.  First  meeting 
of  the  Episcopal  Diocesan  Convention, 
at  Concord. 

*  *  Kij.  Tlie  (Presbyterian)  Synod  of  Ken- 
tucky is  formed. 

*  *  Mass.  Dr.  Jedediah  Mors©  pnblishes 
tracts  and  circulates  them  in  Maine, 
Kentucky,  and  Tennessee. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Azel  Koe,  moder- 
ator. It  organizes  the  Standing  Com- 
mittee on  Missions. 

1803  Jime  29.  Mass.  The  General 
Association  (Congregational)  is  organ- 
ized. 

June  *  .V.  }'.  Tlie  General  Synod  of 
the  Reformed  Church  meets  at  Pough- 
keepsie ;  John  H.  Livingstone,  presi- 
dent. 

LETTERS. 
1800*  *  r>.  C.     The   Library  of    Con- 
gress is  founded  [1,000,000  i  vols.]. 

*  *  Arthur  Mervyn,  by  C.  B.  Brown,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Hasty  Puddingy  by  Joel  Barlow,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  New  York.  James  Cheetham  buys 
Greenleaf'8  New  York  Joumnl  and 
Patriotic  Register,  and  changes  its  name 
to  the  American  Watchman. 

*  *  New  York.  James  Cheetham  buys 
The  Argils  or  Greenleafs  New  Daily 
Advertiser,  and  changes  its  name  to  The 
American  Citizen. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1800-1803,  June  29.     Ill 


>  *  A'ew  Tort.  Dr.  Wharton  is  elected 
President  of  Columbia  College. 

*  •(7.  Middlebury  College  (uoii-sect.) 
is  founded  at  Middlebury. 

1801  Nov.  16.  New  York.  The  Even- 
ing Post^  Federal  in  politics,  is  fin*t 
issued. 

*  *  D.  C.     The  Intelligencer  is  first  issued. 

*  *  jVcw  York.  Bishop  Benjamin  Moore 
becomes  President  of  Columbia 
College. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  South  Carolina  College 
(non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Columbia. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Portfolio  is  published 
monthly  by  Jos.  Dennie. 

*  *  Clara  Howard,  by  C.  B.  Brown,  ap- 
pears. 

'  *  U.S.  The  total  number  of  news- 
papers published  is  200 ;  this  includes 
17  dailies 

*  *  -02  *  *  The  Monthly  Magazine  ia  car- 
ried on  as  the  American  Review  and 
Literary  Journal. 

1802  •  ♦  JV.  r.  The  "West  Point  Mili- 
tary Academy  is  organized. 

*  •  Me.  The  Bowdoin  College  Library 
is  founded  [40,000  vols.]. 

*  *  Pa.  The  'Washington  and  Jeffer- 
son College  <non-sect.)  is  organized. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  first  newspaper  published 
in  the  Mississippi  Valley  is  called  the 
Natchez  Gazette. 

*  *  The  Practical  Navigator,  by  Nathaniel 
Itovditcli,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1800  *  *  Conn.  —  R.  I.  Only  400  Indians 
remain  in  Connecticut  and  500  Narra- 
gansetts  in  Rhode  Island. 

1801  Nov.  22.  Boston.  The  pillory  la 
used  for  the  la«t  time. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  withdraws  the  option 
nf  a  quart  of  beer,  in  the  navy  ration, 
instead  of  half  a  pint  of  spirits. 

1802  *  *  D.C.  Congress  enacts  that  the 
President  take  steps  to  prevent  the 
traffic  in  liquor  with  the  Indiana. 

*  •  N.  Y.  De  Witt  Clinton  exchanges 
five  shots  with  John  Swartwout  in  a 
duel. 

STATE. 
1800   Oct.  18.  La.  The  treaty  of  Dde- 
fonso  is  signed  ;  Spain  again  cedes  the 
Territory  of  Louisiana  to  France. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  4th  presidential  elec- 
tion.   Anti-Federalists  are  elected. 

Nov.  17.    D.C.     The    6th   Congress: 

the  second  session  opens. 
Nov.    21.    J).  C.     Congress ;     Senate : 

John  E.   Howard  of  Md.  is  elected 

Tresident  pro  tempore. 
Deo.  10.     D.  C.     John  Jay  of  N.Y.  ia 

appointed  Chief  Justice,  but  declines. 
Dec.  31.    U.  S.    Internal     revenue 

$809,396. 

*  *  U.S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-14  *  *  Cat.     Jos6     J.     de     Arrillaga 

(Span.). 
-11  ♦  ♦  [Indiana  Ter.].    Wm.  H.  Harri- 
son. 


-07*  *  Ma»i.    Caleb  Strong. 

{Mich.  Ter.].  Wm.  H.  Harrison. 
-05  *  ♦  IMich.  Ter.].  Wm.  H.  Harrison. 
-02  *  *  S.  C.    John  Drayton. 

1801  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  The  National 
debt  $83,038,050. 

Feb.  11.  IJ.  C.  The  electoral  vote  is 
counted.  Vote  for  President :  Thomas 
Jefferson  of  \a,.  (Republican),  73; 
Aaron  Burr  of  N.  Y.  (Republican),  73  ; 
John  Adams  of  Mass.  (Federalist),  G5 ; 
Charles  C.  Pinckney  of  S.  C.  (Feder- 
alist), 64;  John  Jay  of  N.  Y.  (Feder- 
alist), one. 

Feb.  17.  D.C.  The  House  of  Represen- 
tatives breaks  the  tie  between  Jeffer- 
son and  Burr  on  the  thirty-sixth  ballot, 
which  elects  Jefferson,  he  having  ten 
States  and  Burronlyfour.  Burr, having 
the  next  largest  number,  is  elected  Vice- 
President. 

Feb.  22.  Congress ;  Senate :  James 
Hillhouse  of  Conn,  ia  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Mar.  4.    D.  C.  The  6th  Congress  ends. 

Fourth  Administration:  Democrat- 
ic-Republican. 

Thomas  Jefferson  of  Va.  is  inaugu- 
rated the  third  President,  in  the  fourth 
term  of  the  presidency.  Aaron  Burr 
of  N.  Y.  is  Vice-President. 

Jefferson  introduces  the  system  of 
excluding  from  the  President's  cabinet 
persons  who  are  in  opposition  to  hia 
party. 

Cabinet  :  James  Madison  of  Va. 
(State),  Albert  GaUatin  of  Pa.  (Tre.as.), 
Henry  Dearborn  of  Mass.  (War), 
Robert  Smith  of  Md.  (Navy),  Levi  Lin- 
coln of  Mass.  (Attorney-General),  and 
Gideon  Granger  of  Conn.  (Postmaster- 
General). 

Mar.  30.  N.  Y.  Jail  liberties  are  es- 
tablished for  the  first  time. 

June  10.  Tripoli  declares  war  against 
the  United  States.    (Winsor,  May  14.) 

Dec.  7.  D.C.   The  7th  Congress  opens. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  Na- 
thaniel Macon  of  N.  C.  is  elected 
Speaker. 

Dec.  7.  n.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  Abra^ 
ham  Baldwin  of  Ga.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent _pro  tempore, 

Deo.  31.  U.S.  Internal  revenue 
$1,048,033. 

*  *  D.  C.  John  Marshall  of  Va.  is  ap- 
pointed Chief  Justice  of  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court. 

*  *  iVewJ  York.  Edward  Livingston  is 
elected  the  45th  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-02  •  »  Del.    James  Sykes. 

Ga.  David  Emanuel. 
-02  •  *  Ga.  Josiah  Tattnall. 
-04  *  *  N.  Y.    George  Clinton. 

1802  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$86,712,632. 

Mar.  16.  D.  C.  Congress  establishes  a 
military  academy  at  West  Point, 
New  York. 

Apr.  6.    D.  C.    Congress  abolishes  the 


internal  revenue  system  on  the  rec- 
ommendation of  Jefferson. 

Apr.  24.  Georgia  cedes  its  western 
territory  (Alabama  and  Mississippi)  to 
the  United  States  on  condition  that  slav- 
ery shall  never  be  prohibited. 

May  3.  D.  C.  The  7th  Congress :  the 
first  session  closes. 

Nov.  29.  Ohio,  the  17th  State,  comes 
into  the  Union  by  authority  of  Congress. 
Population  75,000.    (See  Feb.  19,  '03.) 

Dec.  6.  D.  C.  The  7th  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

Dec.  14.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate : 
Stephen  R.  Bradley  of  Vt.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

Dec.  31.  U.S.  Internal  revenue 
$621,898. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-05  *  *  Del.    David  Hall. 

-06  *  *  Ga.    John  Milledge. 

-05  *  •  Miss.    Wm.  C.  C.  Claybourne. 

-05  *  *  jV.  C.    James  Turner. 

-03  *  •  O.  Charles  W.  Bird  (Territory). 

-04  *  ♦  S.  C.    James  B.  Richardson. 

-05  *  *  Va.    John  Page. 

1803  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$77,054,686. 

Feb.  19.  Ohio  is  admitted  by  the  act 
of  Congress  conceding  the  stipulations 
of  the  Ohio  convention,  relative  to 
school  lands.    (See  1802.) 

Feb.  25.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Stephen  E.  Bradley  of  Vt.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore.     [Also  on  Mar.  2.] 

Mar.  4.    V.  C.  The  7th  Congress  ends. 

Apr.  30.  The  Louisiana  purchase  is 
made, doubling  theoriginalnational.'irea. 
Tlie  vast  Territory  of  Louisiana,  ex- 
tending from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Can- 
ada, and  from  the  Mississippi  to  tire 
Rocky  Mountains,  is  purchased  of  Fnance 
without  authority,  l>y  Pres.  Jefferson, 
for  $x5,ooo,ooo,  less  than  $12  a  square 
mile.  Napoleon's  fear  of  English  con- 
quest and  occupation  facilitateil  the 
sale  at  a  low  price.  Some  people  declare 
this  purchase  to  be  fatal  to  the  Consti- 
tution. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1800  *  •  Boston.  Aqueduct  water  is 
first  introduced  from  J<imaica  pond. 

»  *  Md.  More  than  1 ,000  deaths  from 
yellO'W  fever  occur  in  Baltimore. 

*  *  U.  S.    There  are  903  post-offloes. 

*  *People  begin  to  talk  of  "  the  West," 
meaning  western  New  York,  Ohio,  or 
Kentucky  ;  emigration  becomes  active. 

*  *  U.S.  Second  census:  16  States,  4,306,- 
464  white  and  1 ,002,037  colored  population 
(108,435  free  colored,  893,602  slaves);  total 
population,  5,308,483.  Increase,  35.11  per 
cent.  Center  of  population  18  miles  west 
of  Baltimore  ;  westward  movement  in  10 
years,  41  miles. 

*  *  Population  of  large  cities :  New 
York,  60,000 ;  Philadelphia,  about  40,- 
000 ;  Boston,  ai,937 ;  Baltimore,  23,971 ; 
Charleston,  18,712 ;  Providence,  7,014 ; 
Washington,  3,210. 

1801  June  27.  Philadelphia  is  first 
supplied  with  aqueduct  water. 

*  *  JV.  r.    Buffalo  ia  laid  out. 

1802  *  *  Phila.  The  yellow  fever  re- 
appears. 


112    1803,  Sept.-1806,  June  16.  AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1803  Oct.  31.  Commodore  Preble 
is  sent  against  the  Moors. 

He  loses  the  frigate  Philadelphia  by 
running  on  a  reef ;  the  officers  are  made 
prisoners  and  the  crew  <300  men)  en- 
slaved. 

•  *  The  gunboat  system  is  inaugurated 
in  the  navy. 

1804  Feb.  16.  Tripoli.  Ineut.  Stephen 
Decatur  burns  the  captured  Tnited 
States  frigate  Philadelphia,  in  the  har- 
bor of  Tripoli,  with  the  loss  of  one  man, 
in  an  action  lasting  fifteen  minutes. 

July  *  Tripoli.  Preble  blockades  the 
port,  and  begins  the  siege  of  Tripoli 
[which  lasts  till  the  following  spring]. 

Aug.  3.  Africa.  Preble  captures  sev- 
eral gunboats. 

1805  Mar.  5  +.  Africa.  Gren.  William 
Caton  forms  an  alliance  with  Hamet, 
in  Egypt,  and  hastens  to  Derna. 

Apr.  27.  Tripoli.  Aided  by  the  navy, 
Eaton  carries  the  town  of  Tripoli. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1803  ♦  *  A^.  //.  The  first  cotton-mill  in 
this  State  is  opened  at  Kew  Ipswich. 

•  *  New  York.    The  City  Hall  is  begun. 

1804  Sept.  8,  Ga.  Savannah  is  greatly 
damaged  by  a  storm. 

•  *  New  York.  The  Academy  of  the 
Fine  Arts  and  a  Botanical  Garden  are 
established. 

+  *  *  The  Murder  of  Jane  McCrea  by  the 
Indians  is  painted  by  John  Vauderlyn. 

•  *  Capt.  Meriwether  Lewis  and  Capt.AVil- 
liam  Clarke,  with  35  men,  are  sent  by  the 
Government  to  explore  a  path  to  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean  ;  they  leave  the  falls  of  the 
Missouri,  and  cross  overland  to  the  Ore- 
gon country  on  the  Pacific  coast^  losing 
only  one  man. 

•  *  Robert  Fulton  invents  a  submarine 
torpedo. 

1805  *  *  Mass.  A  Botanical  Garden 
and  Chair  of  Natural  History  are  es- 
tablished at  Harvard. 

±  *  *  Ariadne  is  painted  by  John  Vau- 
derlyn. 

1806  *  *  Captains  Lewis  and  Clarke  re- 
turn from  their  exploring  expedition 
across  the  continent  to  the  Pacific. 

June  16.  A  total  eclipse  of  the  sun  is 
observed. 

BIRTHS  -  DEATHS. 

1804*   » 

Abeel,  David,  author,  misaionary,  b.  in  N.  J. 

Alexander,  .lames  W.,  Pres.  cL,  b.  In  Va. 

Clark,  Alvan.  telescope-maker,  b.  in  Mass. 

Colburn,  Zerah,  matheniatical  prodigy,  born 
in  Vt. 

Dow.  Neal.  proliibitionist,  born  in  Me. 

Katon,  (ieorge  W.,  Bap.  clergyman,  profes- 
sor, born  in  Pa. 

Farnham,  Thomas  Jeff.,  traveler,  b.  in  Vt. 

Garrison,  Wm.  Lloyd,  abolitionist,  born  in 
St  ass. 

(irahani,  William  A.,  gov.,  sen.  forN.  C.  sec. 
of  navy,  b.  in  N.  C 

Hamilton.  Alex.,  general,  lawyer,  leader  of 
Federalists,  sec.  of  treas.,  July  12,  A47. 

Havemeyer,  Svilliam  F..  iiiayor,  b.  in  K.Y. 

Hawthorne.  Nathaniel,  author,  b.  in  Mass. 

tieck,  Barljara,  foua.  of  -Vin.  Methodism,  A70. 

Henry.  Caleb  S.,  Prot.  Kpis.  clergyman,  pro- 
fessur,  born  in  Mass. 


Iloldioh.  Joseph,  M.  K.  cl.,  b.  in  Kng. 
Izard,  Ralph,  sfiiator  for  S.  C,  A62. 
Lennox.  Charlotte,  novelist,  A84. 
Miles.  l»ixon  II.,  general  V.  S.  A.,  b.  in  Ind. 
Ni<^hcilson,  .lames,  commodore  V.  S.  N.,  A67. 
O'Conor.  Charles,  lawyer,  born  inN.V. 
Osceola,  Seminole  chief,  born  in  Fla. 
Parker,  .Samuel,  Prot.  Kpis.  bp.  of  Mass.,  A60. 
Parrott,  Kol)ert  Parker,  inventor,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Peabody,  Eliza  I'.,  educator,  h.  in  Mass. 
Pierce.  Franklin.  14th  President,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Priestley,  .Joseph,  cheiiiist.  ATI. 
Kedtlehi,  Isaar  Fletr-litT,  jurist,  bom  in  Vt, 
Kicbmorid,  Dt-an,  linancier,  born  in  Vt. 
Rogers,  Wm.  P.arton,  pliysioisi,  born  in  I'a. 
Romeyn,  Ttieo.  1).,  theoloEian  of  N.V.,  A60. 
Schuyler,  Philip,  general  of  Kevol'ri.  ATI. 
.Sbepard,  Charles  I'.,  mineralogist,  b.  in  K.  I. 
Swayne,  N'oah  II.,  V.  S.  justice,  born  in  O. 
Walter,  Thomas  Ustick,  an-liiteci,  l>.  in  Pa. 
Walton,  tleorge,  signer  of  Declaration.  A64. 
Wright.  Elizur,  publicist,  born  in  Conn. 
1805*    • 
Abbott,  John  Stevens,  historian,  born  in  Me. 
Allan,  John,  patriot  of  Kevolution,  A.W. 
Anderson,  Robert,  general  V.  S.  A.,  born. 
Bailey,  Theodorus,  admiral,  born  in  N.Y. 
Bartlett,  John  Kussell,  author,  born  in  R.  I. 
Bethime,  (ieo.  W.,  Uef'd  Dutch  clergyman, 

poet,  Ijorn  in  X.Y. 
Blake,  Witliain  Itufus,  actor,  born  in  N.  S. 
Dodge,  William  E..  philanthropist  of  H.Y., 

born  in  Conn. 
Dorr,  Thomas  Wilson,  rebel  leader,  b.  in  R.  I. 
Field.  David  Dudley,  jurist,  born  in  Conn. 
Flagg,  Wilson,  naturalist,  born  in  -Mass. 
Gadsden,  Christoplier,  <iov.  of  S.  C,  A7!>. 
Gayarre,  Chas.  E.  A.,  historian,  born  in  l.a. 
Goldsborough,  Lewis  ^L,  admiral,  b.  in  D.  (.*. 
Gould,  Augustus  A.,  naturalist,  b.  in  K.  11. 
Greenough,  Horatio,  sculptor,  born  in  JIass. 
Gross,  Samuel  D.,  surgeon,  born  in  Pa. 
Hedge,  Fred.  Henry, Unit,  clergyman,  author, 

born  in  Mass. 
Heintzelman,  Samuel  P.,  general  U.  S.  A., 

born  in  Pa. 
Jackson,  Chas.  Thomas,  physicist,  b.  in  Mass. 
Moultrie,  William,  general  of  Kevol'n,  ATI. 
Palmer,  WUliam  Pitt,  author,  born  in  Mass. 
Powers,  Hiram,  sculptor,  born  in  Vt. 
Pownall,  Thomas,  statesman,  A62. 
Rantoul,  Robert  J.,  senator  for  Alass.,  born 

in  Mass. 
Smith,   Joseph,   foimder   of   Mormonism, 

born  in  Vt. 
Stephens,  John  L.,  traveler,  author,  b.  inN.  J. 
Tappan,  Henry  Philip,  clerg>'man,  professor, 

author,  born  in  N.Y. 
Walker,  Sears  C.,  mathematician,b.  in  jVIass. 
Wittingham,  Wm.  R.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Md.,  born. 
1806*   • 
Adams.   Ifehemiah.   Cong,    clergyman  of 

Boston,  born  in  Mass. 
Aiken,  William,  Gov.  of  .S.  C,  born  in  S.  C. 
Alexander,  Stephen,  astronomer,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Ames,  Edward  R.,  Metb.  Epis.  bp.  b.  in  O. 
Baebe,  Alexander  D.,  philosopher,  b.  in  Pa. 
Backus,  Isaac,  historian,  Bapt.  cl.,  A82. 
Banneker,  Benj,,  negro  mathematician,  A75. 
lirace,  Julia,  deaf,  blind  mnt#,  b.  in  Conn. 
Fessenden,  Wm.  Pitt,  senator  for  Me.,  b. 

in  N.  H. 
Foote,  Andrew  Hull,  rear-admiral  U.  S.  N., 

born  in  Conn. 
Forrest,  Edwin,  actor,  born  in  Pa. 
tiates,  Horatio,  major-gen.  of  Revol'n,  A78. 
(iray,  Robert,  discoverer  Columbia  Uiv.,  A51. 
tJrigsby,  Hugh  Blair,  scholar,  horn. 
Hale,  Jolm  Parker,  sen.  for  N.  IL,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Harper,  Fletcher,  jmldisher,  born  in  N.Y. 
Hart,  Solomon  Alexander,  artist,  born. 
Haven,  Samuel  F.,  andieologist,  b.  in  Mass. 
Haves,  Augustus  ,\lU'n,  chemist,  b.  in  Vt. 
Hoffman,  Charles  Fenno,  author,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Hooker,  Worthington,  physician,  author,  b. 

in  Mass. 
Hudson,  Erasmus  I).,  surgeon,  lecturer,  born 

in  Conn. 
Hughes,  Roljert  Ball,  sculptor,  born. 
King.  Preston,  senator  for  N.Y..  b.  in  N.Y. 
Knox,  Henry,  general  of  Revolution,  states- 
man, A. ^6. 
Maury,    Matthew    Fontaine,    bydrograpber 

U.  S.  N.,  born  in  Va. 
Mclntosli,  Lachlan,  general  of  Revol'n,  A79. 
Morris.  Robert,  financier  of  Kevol'n,  A72. 
Packer,  Asa,  philanthropist,  born  in  Conn. 
Patterson,  Robert  M.,  senator,  A61. 
Polk,  Leonidas,  Prot.  Epis.  bp..  Confederate 

general,  born  in  N.  C. 
Rauch,  Frederick  Aug.,  theologian,  b.  Ger. 
Robinson,  Horatio  N.,  mathematician,  born 

in  N.Y. 
Roebling,  John  Angus.,  engineer  Brooklyn 

bridge,  born  in  (Jer. 
Simms,    Wm.    Gihnore,    novelist,  born    in 

S.  C. 


Willis,  Nath,  Parker,  poet,  journalist,  born 

in  Me. 
W^ise,  Henry  A.,  gov.  of  Va.,  Confederate 

general,  born  in  Va. 
Wythe,  Ueorge,  signer  of  Declaration,  A80. 


CHURCH. 

1803  Mass.  Sept.  *  The  Massachusetts 
Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowl- 
edge is  founded  by  Dr.  Morse  and  others. 

*  *  Ky.  A  bitter  controversy  rages 
among  Presbyterians  respecting  re- 
vivals. 

*  *  N.  C.    Lutherans  form  a  Synod. 

*  ♦  N.  H.  The  General  Convention 
(Universalist)  at  Winchester  adopts  a 
Profession  of  Belief  called  the  Win- 
chester Confession. 

*  *  K.  Y.  The  Presbyterian  Synod  of  Al- 
bany is  formed. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  James  Hall,  mod- 
erator. 

*  *  Great  revivals  prevail  among  the 
Presbyterians. 

1804  May  6-23.  Md.  The  Fourth 
General  Conference  (Methodist  Epis- 
copal) meets  at  Baltimore ;  the  non- 
limit  plan  is  changed  to  one  for  a  lim- 
ited pastorate  of  two  years. 

May  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Keformed)  meets ;  J.  H.  Livingstone, 
president. 

Sept.  14.  Mass.  Samuel  Parker  (Protes- 
tant Episcopal)  is  consecrated  a  bishop. 

*  *  Cal.  Nineteen  Dominican  Mlssionfl 
have  been  established. 

They  occupy  the  entire  coast-line  from 
San  Francisco  to  San  Diego,  and  are 
separated  from  one  another  only  by  an 
easy  day's  journey ;  20,000  Indians  are 
eonnected  with  these  stations,  and  lead 
industrious  lives. 

*  *  Xeic  York.  The  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  James  F.  Arm- 
strong, moderator. 

*  *  Sunday-schools  begin  to  be  estab- 
lished in  various  parts  of  the  country  ; 
they  increase  rapidly. 

1805  *  *  Ky.  A  Committee  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Synod  witholds  its  authority 
from  the  licentiates  of  the  Cumberland 
Presbytery,  because  of  their  unsound- 
ness in  doctrine,  and  illiteracy.  [A  great 
controversy  follows.] 

*  *  Mass.  Henry  Ware,  a  Unitarian,  is 
made  [professor  in  Harvard  against  much 
opposition. 

*  *  Miss.  Tlie  first  Baptist  church  in  this 
State,  the  Tywappity,  is  formed. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) meets;  J.  Richards,  moderator. 

1806  June*  .V.  Y.  The  General 
Synod  (Reformed)  meets  at  Albany ; 
J.  V.  C.  Romeyn,  president. 

LETTERS. 

1803  *  *  Letters  of  a  British  Spy,  by 
William  Wfrt,  appears. 

*  *  _ii  *  *  Bostm.  The  Monthly  Anthol- 
oyy  appears. 


UNITED   STATES.    1803,  Sept. -1806,  June  16.    113 


*  *  or  05  *  *  Pkila.  The  Literary  Maga- 
zine and  American  Register  is  issued  by 
Charles  Brockden  Brown. 

1804  May  9.  Va.  The  Richmond  In- 
quirer is  first  issued. 

Dec.  10.  New  York.  The  New  York 
Historical  Society  is  instituted. 

*  *  O.  The  Ohio  University  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Athens. 

*  *  -05  *  *  Mass.  The  Literary  Miscel- 
lany appears  at  Cambridge. 

*  *  Jane  Talbot^  by  C.  B.  BronvTi,  appears. 

*  *  Md.  St.  Charles  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  founded  at  Elliott's  Mills. 

'  *  The  New  York  Historical  Society  Li- 
brary is  founded  [75,000  vols.]. 

1805  *  *  S.  C.  The  Monthly  Register  ap- 
I>ears  at  Charleston. 

*  *  History  of  the  American  Revolution,  by 
Mercy  Warren,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1803  Dec.  *  New  York  has  its  first 
labor  strike. 

A  number  of  sailors  demand  a  rise 
from  $10  to  $14  a  month,  and  march 
about  the  city  compelling  other  sailors 
to  join  them,  till  the  leaders  are  jailed 
by  constables. 

1804  Feb.  15.  N.  J.  Tlie  Legislature 
passes  an  act  for  the  gradual  abolition 
of  slavery. 

All  born  after  the  next  4th  of  July  to 
be  free ;  male  children  to  be  free  at  25, 
and  females  at  21  years  of  age. 

July  11.  N.  ./.  Vice-President  Aaron 
Burr  challenges  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton to  fight  a  duel. 

Hamilton  appears,  but  refuses  to  fire  ; 
B urr  del i beratel y  ti res  and  mortally 
wounds  him ;  cause,  Hamilton's  sup- 
posed interference  with  Burr's  election 
to  the  governorship  of  New  York. 

July  17.  Boston.  Daniel  Webster  of 
New  Hampshire,  22  years  of  age,  arrives 
and  pursues  his  legal  studies. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  provides  that  an 
equivalent  of  malt  liquors  or  wine 
may  be  substituted  for  spirits  at  such 
seasons  of  the  year  as,  in  the  opinion  of 
the  President,  it  may  be  advisable  to 
make  the  change,  in  order  to  promote 
the  health  of  the  soldiers. 

*  *  Abolition  Societies  begin  to  dwindle 
as  tlio  value  of  the  cotton-gin  becomes 
known ;  slavery  is  advocated  as  a  posi- 
tive good. 

1805*  *A^.^.  At  Allentown,  The 
"Sober  Society"  is  founded. 

*  *  New  York.  The  tailors  form  the  first 
organization  having  the  character  of  a 
trade-union. 

STATE. 

1803  Oct.  17.  D.  C.  The  8th  Con- 
gress: the  first  session  opens.  It  as- 
sembles to  act  on  the  treaty  with 
France,  by  which  Louisiana  is  ceded. 

Congress ;  Senate  :  John  Brown  of 
Ky.  is  elected  President  pro  tempore. 
House :  Nathaniel  Macon  of  N.  C.  is 
re-elected  Speaker. 

Dec.  12.  D.  C.  Congress  submits  the 
12tJti  amendment  to  the  Couytitution 


to  be  ratified  by  tlie  States  ;    it  relates 
to  the  election  of  President,  and  reme- 
dies a  defect  in  the  electoral  system. 
Dec.  20.     La.    The  United  States  takes 
possession  of  Louisiana. 

*  *New  York.  Be  Witt  Clinton,  the 
46th  mayor,  is  elected. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-07  *  *  O.    Edward  Tiffin. 

-09  *  *  Tenn.    John  Sevier. 

1804  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$86,427,120. 

Jan.  23.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Brown  of  Ky.  is  reelected  Presi- 
dent ^jro  tempore. 

Mar.  10.  /).  C.  Congress ;  Senate : 
Jesse  Franklin  of  N.  C.  is  elected 
President  j)ro  tempore. 

Mar.  27.  D.  C.  The  8th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

Sept.  25.  D.  a  The  12th  amendment 
to  the  Constitution  being  ratified,  is  de- 
clared in  force  ;  it  relieves  each  of  the 
State  electors  from  voting  for  two  candi- 
dates for  President,  as  required  previous 
to  this  date. 

Nov.  5.  D.  C.  The  8th  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  fifth  Presidential  elec- 
tion ;  Jefferson  reelected. 

Dec.  31.  U.S.  Internal  revenue 
$50,&41. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-08  *  ♦  Ky.    Christopher  Greenup. 
-12*  *La.iTer.).  Wm.C.  C.Claiborne. 
-07  *  *  N.  r.    Morgan  Lewis. 

-06  *  *  S.C.    Paul  Hamilton. 

*  *  William  Johnson  of  S.  C.  is  ap- 
pointed Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court. 

1805  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$82,312,150. 

Jan.  11.  Congress:  Michigan  Terri- 
tory is  formed  from  a  portion  of  Indiana. 

Jan.  15.  IJ.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Jo- 
seph Anderson  of  Tenn.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore.  [Also,  on  Feb. 
28th  and  Mar.  2d.] 

Feb.  13.  I).  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President:  Thomas  Jefferson 
of  Va.  (Uepublican),  1(>2 ;  Charles  C. 
Pinckney  of  S.  C.  (Federalist),  14.  For 
Vice-President:  George  Clinton  of  N.Y. 
(Republican),  162;  Rufus  King  of  N.Y. 
(Federalist),  14. 

Mar.  4.    D.  C.    The  8th  Congress  ends. 
Thomas   Jefferson   of  Va.,  the  3d 
President,  enters  his  2d  term  in  the  5th 
term  of  the  Presidency.    George  Clin- 
ton of  N.  Y.  is  Vice-President. 

Cabinet  changes :  Jacob  Crownin- 
shield  of  Mass.  becomes  Secretary  of 
the  Navy,  and  Kobert  Smith  of  Md., 
[followed  by  John  Breckinridge  of 
Ky.],  becomes  Attorney-General. 

Mar.  5.  D.  (\  Congress:  The  Senate, 
sitting  as  a  H  igh  Court,  fails  to  impeach 
Samuel  Chase,  a  Justice  of  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court.    (Moore,  Mar.  1.) 

June  4.  A  treaty  of  peace  is  concluded 
with  Tripoli,  and  no  more  tribute  is 
paid  to  pirates. 


Dec.  2.     D.  C.     The     0th     Congress 

opens. 

Congress ;   Senate :   Samuel  Smith 

of   Md.   is  again  elected   President  pro 

tempore.    House  :  Nathaniel  Macon  of 

N.  C.  is  reelected  Speaker. 

Dec.  31.     U.  S.  Internal  revenue  $21,747. 

*  *  The  An  ti- Federalists  change  their 
name  from  Republicans  to  Democrats. 

*  *  England  revives  an  old  edict  for- 
bidding neutrals  from  trading  with 
France  and  her  dependencies,  or  other 
nations  with  which  England  may  be  at 
war,  aiming  to  crush  the  prosperous 
American  commerce. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated  : 
-08  *  *  Del.     Nathaniel  Mitchell. 
-13*  *  Mich.  (Ter.).     William  HuU. 
-09  *  *  Miss.    Robert  Williams. 
-07  *  *N.  a    Nathaniel  Alexander. 
-09  *  *  N.  H.    John  Langdon. 

R.  I.    Paul  Mumford. 
-06  *  *  R.  I.    Henry  Smith. 
-08  *  *  Va.    Wm.  H.  Cabell. 

1806  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$75,723,270. 

Mar.  18.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  : 
Samuel  Smith  of  Md.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore^ 

Apr.  15.  D.C.  Congress  prohibits  the 
importation  of  specific  articles  of  Brit- 
ish growth  or  manufacture,  the  act  to 
take  eflFect  the  11th  of  November. 

Apr.  21.  D.C.  The  9th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

Apr.  *  The  British  ship  Leander  is  or- 
dered out  of  American  waters  after 
firing  on  an  American  sloop  and  killing 
John  Pierce,  the  owner. 

Apr.  •  Tenn.  Colonel  Aaron  Burr  is 
detected  in  a  treasonable  conspiracy. 

May  16.  Eng.  Orders  in  Coimoil  are 
issued. 

The  British  Ministry  declares  the 
whole  coast  of  Europe,  from  the  Elbe  to 
Brest,  to  be  under  blockade— thus,  ac- 
cording to  its  theory,  excluding  Amer- 
ican commerce,  while  not  invested  by 
British  fleets.    ("Paper  blockade.") 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1803  *  *  O.  The  Miami  Exporting  Com- 
pany opens  the  first  bank  in  Cincinnati. 

1804  July  4.  Pa.  A  weekly  mail- 
stage  commences  to  run  between  Pitts- 
burg and  Philadelphia. 

*  *  Chicago.  Fort  Dearborn  is  erected. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Middlesex  Canal,  the 
first  in  the  Union,  is  completed.  It  con- 
nects Boston  harbor  with  the  Concord 
River. 

1805  Jime  1.  Mich.  Detroit  is  de- 
stroyed by  fire. 

June  4.  Tripoli.  The  American  pris- 
oners at  Tripoli  are  liberated. 

*  *  Boston.  Frederick  Tudor  begins  the 
ice-trade  of  America,  by  shipping  a 
cargo  of  130  tons  to  Martinique. 

*  *  New  York.    Yellow  fever  prevails. 

*  *  Phila.  The  first  dry-goods  com- 
mission-house in  this  country  opens  for 
the  sale  of  the  cotton  yarns  and  threads 
manufactured  in  Hhode  Island. 


114    1806,Nov.  21-1809,  Mar.  4. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1807  June  22.  The  British  man-of-war 
Leopard  demands  the  right  to  search 
the  United  States  frigate  Chesapeake  for 
deserters,  and,  being  refused,  attacks 
and  captures  the  ship  and  carries  away 
four  men  as  deserters,  three  of  whom 
are  American  citizens. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATXTRE. 

1807  *  *  The  Pennsylvania  Academy 
of  Fine  Arts  is  established. 

Aug.  11  (?)  +.  N.  y.  Robert  Fulton*s 
steamboat,  the  Clermont, ^aAls  from  New 
York  to  Albany  on  her  first  trip ;  150 
miles  in  33  hours.  (Engine  made  by 
Boulton  and  Watt,  of  England.) 

Dec.  14.  Conn.  An  extraordinary  and 
brilliant  meteor  is  seen ;  it  explodes 
three  times. 

1808  *  *  Marius  Sitting  Among  the  Ruins 
of  Carthage,  painted  by  Vanderlyn,  re- 
ceives the  gold  medal  at  the  Paris  Ex- 
hibition. • 

*  *  N.  J,  The  steamboat  Phcsnix,  built 
by  John  Stevens,  makes  the  first  ocean 
trip  from  Hoboken  to  Philadelphia, 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1807*   * 
Abbot,  Gorham  D.,  educator,  born  in  Me. 
Adams,  Charles  Francis,  minister  to  Eng.; 
arbitrator  of  Alabama  claims,  b.  in  Mass. 
Adam8,Winiam,  Fres.  clergyman,  b.  in  Conn. 
Ag-assiz.  Louis  John  R.,  teacher,  uatural- 

l8t,  born  May  28,  in  Rwitz. 
Alden,  .Joseph,  educationist,  bom  in  N.Y. 
Bailey,  Gamaliel,  journalist,  born  in  K.  J. 
Brant,  Joseph,  Mohawk  chief,  A65. 
Buford,  Nap.  B.,  brig.-gen.,  engineer,  b.  Ky. 
Casey,  Silas,  brevet  maj.-gen.,  born  in  K.  I. 
Cheever,  (ieorge  H.,  Cong,  cl.,  b.  in  Me. 
Dayton, Will.  Lewis,  senator  for  N.Y. ,b.  N.  J. 
Ellswortli,  Oliver,  chief  justice,  A62. 
Fay,  Tbeodore  Sedgwick,  author,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Feiton,  Cornelius  Conway,  author,  Pres.  of 

Harvard  University,  b.  in  Mass. 
Floyd,  .John  li..  Sec.  of  War,  b.  in  Va. 
Forbes,  John  M.,  Prot.  Epis.  clergyman,  b. 
Guyot,  Arnold  H.,  geographical  writer,  born 

in  Switz. 
Hammond,  James  H.,  senator  for  S.  C,  born 

in  S.  C. 
Herbert,  Henry  William,  author,  b.  in  Eng. 
HUdreth,  Ricliard,  historian,  born  in  Mass. 
Holt,  Joseph,  secretary  of  war,  born  in  Ky. 
Janes,  Edmund  Storer,  M.  E.  bp.,  b.  m  Mass. 
Lee,  Alfred,  1'.  E.  bp.  of  Col.,  (J.S.A.,  UeL, 

b.  In  Mass. 
Lee,  Robert  Edward,  col.  U.S.A.,  Confed- 
erate general,  l)orn  in  Va.,  Jan.  19. 
Longrfeltow,  Henry  "Wadsworth,  poet,  b. 

in  Me.,  Feb.  27. 
Mai  bone,  Edward  G.,  miniature  painter,  A30. 
McMichael,  Morton,  editor,  orator,  b.  in  N.  J. 
Mount,  William  Sidney,  painter,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Muhlenberg,  John  Peter  Gabriel,  gen.,  A6L 
Neal,  Joseph  Clay,  humorist,  born  in  N.  H. 
Owen,  David  Dale,  geologist,  born  in  Scot. 
Packer,  Wm.  F.,   journalist.  Gov.  of   Pa., 

born  in  Pa, 
Palmer,  Phoebe,  evangelist,  born  In  N.Y. 
Parker,  Amasa  J.,  lawyer,  born  in  Conn. 
Pickens,  Francis  W.,  Gov.,  senator  for  S.  C, 

born  in  S.  C. 
Preble,  Edward,  commodore  U.  S.  N.,  A46. 
Ridgely,  James  L.,  lawyer,  O.  F.,  b.  in  Md. 
Ruschenberger,  Wm.  S.  W.,author,b.  in  N.  J. 
Schaeflfer,  Charles  Fred.,  Luth.  clergyman, 

born  in  Pa. 
Stilhnan,  Samuel,  Rapt,  clergyman,  A70. 
■Whittier,  John  Greenleaf.  poet,  born  in 

Mass.,  Dec.  17- 
Woods,  Leonard,  Jr.,  president  of  Bowdoin 

College,  born  in  Mass. 
1808*  * 
Alexander,  Nath.,  Gov.  of  N.  C,  officer  in 

Revolution,  A52. 
Ames,   Fisher,   M.  C.   for   Mass.,   orator, 

July  4,  A58. 
Bache,  Sarali,  nurse  in  Am.  Revol'n,  A64. 
Bartine,  David  W.,  M.  E.  clergyman, orator,b. 
Beardsley,  E.  Edwards,  P.  E.  clergyman,  b. 

in  Conn. 


Chase,  Salmon  P..  chief  justice,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Craven,  Thomas  T.,  rear-admiral,  b.  in  I>.  C. 
Davidson,  Lucretia  JIaria,  poet,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Davis,  Jefterson,  sec.  of  war.,  sen.  for  Miss., 

Pres.  of  Confed.  States,  b.  June  3,  in  Ky. 
Decatur,  Stephen,  Sr.,  naval  officer,  A  57. 
I>ickinson,  John,  M.  C.  for  Del.,  A76. 
Evans,  Fred  Wm.,  Shaker  elder,  b.  in  Eng. 
Fasquelle,  Jean  Louis,  author,  born. 
Fish.  Hamilton.  <lov.  of  N.Y.,  secretary  of 

state,  born  in  N.Y. 
Gage,  Francis  D.,  orator,  bom  in  O. 
(iallagher,  William  I).,  i)oet,  born  in  Pa. 
Hackett,   Horatio  Balcli,  biblical  scholar, 

born  in  Mass. 
Henderson,  James  P.,  sen.  for  Tex.,  b.  N.  C. 
Ilillard,  George  S.,  author,  journalist,  b.  Me. 
Hilliard,  Henry  W.,  lawyer,  born  in  N.  C. 
Johnson.  Andrew,  17th  President,  senator 

for  Tenn.,  born  Dec.  29,  In  N.  C. 
Kirkland,  Samuel,  founder  of  Hamilton  Col- 
lege, A  64. 
Lee,  Leroy  M.,  M.  E.  clergyman,  theologian, 

born  in  Va. 
Linn,William,  chaplain  in  RevoPn army,  A. %. 
Palmer,  Ray,  Cong,  clergyman,  hymnulo- 

gist,  born  in  R.  I. 
Park,  Edwards  A.,  clergyman,  author,  critic, 

born  in  R.  I.        / 
Patterson,  John,  general,  A64. 
Prentiss,  Seargent  Smith,  M.  C.  for  Miss., 

born  in  Me. 
Reed,  Henry,  scholar,  author,  born  in  Pa. 
Rockwell,  James  O.,  poet,  born  in  Conn. 
Rogers,  Iienry  Darwin,  geologist,  b.  in  Pa. 
Sartin,  John,  engraver,  born  in  London. 
Strong,William,  justice  S.  Court,  b.  in  Pa. 
Sullivan,  James,  Gov.  of  Mass,  writer,  A64. 
Van  Rensselaer,  Cortland,  Pres.  clergyman, 

born  in  N.Y. 
Washington,  Samuel  Atler,  writer,  born. 
Zeisberger,  David, Moravian  missionary,  A87. 

CHURCH. 
1806*  *Ky.    The   Presbytery   of    Ken- 
tucky is  dissolved  by  the  Synod,  because 
of  the  lack  of  ministerial  learning  and 
sound  doctrine. 

*  ♦  Afass.  The  American  Board  of 
Commissioners  for  Foreign  Mis- 
sions germinates. 

At  a  gathering  of  four  students  of 
Williams  College,  under  the  lee  of  a 
haystack,  where  they  take  refuge  from 
a  thimder-storm,  Samuel  J.  Mills  pro- 
poses tliat  they  attempt  to  send  the  gos- 
pel to  the  heathen,  and  says,  "  We  can 
do  it  if  we  will." 

The  Massachusetts  Evangelic  Mis- 
sionary Society  is  instituted. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets;  Samuel  Miller, 
moderator. 

1807  Sept.*  N.  Y.  The  General 
Synod  (Keformed)  meets  at  Harlem ; 
J.  V.  C.  Romeyn,  president. 

*  *  OmJi.  The  Connecticut  Religious 
Tract  Society  is  organized  at  Kew 
Haven  by  Timothy  Dwight  and  others. 

*  *  The  Lake  Baptist  Missionary  Society 
is  formed. 

*  *  The  Society  of  Friends  opens  a  mission 
among  the  Brotherton  Indians. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Baptist  Missionary  So- 
ciety is  formed. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Associated  Saratoga  Pres- 
bytery is  formed. 

The  first  Baptist  mission  to  the  In- 
dians is  opened  among  tlie  Tuscaroras. 

*  ♦  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  A.  Alexa»>*ler, 
moderator. 

1808  May  6-26.  Md.  The  General 
Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal)  is 
held  in  Baltimore. 

A  delegated  General  Conference  is 
provided  for ;  restrictive  rules  adopted ; 
Wm.  McKendree  ordained  bishop. 


Sept.  28.  Mass.  Andover  Theological 
Seminary  (Congregational)  is  opened. 

Oct.  2.  Ala.  The  first  Baptist  church  is 
organized  (Flint  River). 

*  *  Ky.  The  Roman  Catholic  diocese  of 
Louisville  is  established.  ' 

*  *  Mass.  Organization  of  the  Baptist 
Female  Mite  Society  at  Beverly. 

*  *  Md.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets  in  Balti- 
more ;  it  consents  to  the  organization 
of  the  Western  country  into  a  separate 
diocese. 

*  *  Xew  Yorl:  The  Methodist  Publishing 
House  is  removed  from  Philadelphia  to 
New  York. 

*  *  X.  Y.  The  first  church  edifice  In 
Williamsburg  is  built  by  the  Methodists. 

**  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  Philip  Miledoler, 
moderator. 

Thomas  CampbeU  of  Ireland  be- 
comes pa.stor  of  the  Secedera  (Disciples 
of  Christ). 

*  *  J'a.  The  Accomack  Baptist  Associa- 
tion is  formed. 

*  ♦  Roman  Catholic  Sees  are  erected  at 
New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and 
Bards  town. 

LETTERS. 
1806*  *Mass.    John   Quincy  Adams 

becomes    professor  of  belles-lettres    in 
Harvard  University. 

*  *  A'.  Y.  The  Young  Misses*  Magazine 
appears  in  Brooklyn. 

*  *  Phila.  The  American  Register  ap- 
pears. 

±*  *  TAeJ^oresfers,  by  Alexander  Wilson, 
appears. 

1807*  *  Mass.  The  Andover  Theologi- 
cal Seminary  (Cong.)  is  organized. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  University  of  Tennes- 
see (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Knoxville. 
It  has  previously  been  known  as  Blount 
College, 

*  •  The  Salmagundi  papers,  by  "Waahing- 
ton  Irving  and  J.  K.  Paulding,  appear. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Ladies*  Weekly 
Miscellany  appears. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Theological  Seminary 
XiibraiT  is  founded  at  Andover  [43,000 
vols.]. 

The  Boston  Athenaeum  library  is 
founded  [149,910  vols.].  (W^hitcombe, 
I80G.) 

*  *  Md.  Mount  St.  Mary's  CoUege 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  founded  at  Emmittsburg. 

1808  July*  Mo.  First  issue  of  the 
Missouri  Gazette  at  St.  Louis  ;  the  first 
newspaper  in  this  city. 

*  *  The  Columbiadf  by  Joel  Barlow,  ai>- 
pears. 

*  *  The  first  rolume  of  Ornithology,  by 
Alexander  Wilson,  appears. 

SOCIETy. 

1807  *  *  .V.  Y.  Martin  Van  Buren  mar- 
ries Hannah  Hoes. 

1808  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  The  importation 
of  slaves  is  prohibited  by  Act  of 
Congress  after  this  date. 


UNITED   STATES.   1806,  Nov.  21-1809,  Mar.  4.  115 


Apr.  30.  N.  y.  Organization  of  the 
First  Temperance  Society,  "The 
Union  Temperance  Society  of  Moreau 
and  Northumberland,"  by  Billy  J.  Clark, 
in  Saratoga  county. 

It  declares  that  '*no  member  shall 
drink  run),  gin,  whisky,  wine,  or  any 
distilled  spirits,  or  compositions  of  the 
same  or  any  of  them,  except  by  advice 
of  a  physician,  or  iu  case  of  actual  dis- 
ease, also  excepting  at  public  dinners, 
under  the  penalty  of  25  cents,  provided 
that  this  article  shall  not  infringe  on 
any  religious  rite  ;  no  menjber  shall  be 
intoxicated  under  penalty  of  50  cents," 
and  that  *'  no  member  shall  offer  any  of 
the  above  liquors  to  any  person  to  drink 
thereof  xuider  the  penalty  of  25  cents  for 
each  offense." 

STATE. 

1806  Nov.  21.  Fr.  Napoleon  retali- 
ates by  issuing  the  Berlin  Decree, 
and  declares  all  the  British  Islands 
blockaded.  [Both  the  French  and  En- 
glish capture  American  vessels.] 

Dec.  1.  D.C.  The  0th  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  grants  pensions  to 
disabled  soldiers  and  sailors. 

Dec.  31.  Monroe  and  Pinckney  procure 
a  treaty  with  Great  Britain  regarding 
the  protection  of  the  rights  of  neutrals. 
[It  is  suppressed  by  the  President.] 

*  *  D.C.  Brockholst  Livingston  of  New 
York  is  appointed  Justice  of  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court. 

*  •England  persists  in  searching 
American  vessels  for  deserters,  and 
impressing  American  seamen. 

*  *  IT.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-09  *  *  Ga.    Jared  Irwin. 

-08  *  *  Mass.    James  Sullivan. 
.07  *  *  Ji.  I.    Isaac  Wilbur. 
-08  *  *  S.  C.    Chas.  Pinckney. 

1807  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$69,218,398. 

Jan.  7.  Etig.  Orders  in  Council  are 
issued. 

England  forbids  all  coast  trade  with 
France.  [Many  American  vessels  are 
seized.] 

Jan.  22.  />.  C.  Congress  is  oflBcially 
informed  of  Aaron  Burr's  conspiracy. 

Feb.  *  Teim.  Aaron  Burr  is  arrested 
on  the  charge  of  treason,  having  ar- 
ranged for  the  invasion  of  Mexico,  to 
detach  the  Western  and  Southern  States 
from  the  Union,  and  to  set  up  a  western 
empire.  [No  overt  act  is  proven.] 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  Sam- 
uel Smith  of  Md.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Mar.  4.    D.  C.    The  9th  Congress  ends. 

June  22.  The  British  man-of-war  Leop- 
ard fires  upon  the  frigate  Chesapeake,  be- 
cause of  the  refusal  to  deliver  up  four 
men  claimed  as  deserters ;  after  three 
men  are  killed,  the  frigate's  colors  are 
struck. 

July  2.  />.  C.  Jefferson,  by  proclama- 
tion, forbids  all  intercourse  \\ith  Brit- 
ish shipH-of-war,  and  orders  all  that  are 
in  American  waters  to  withdraw. 

Oct.  26.  IJ.  C.  The  10th  Congress 
opens. 

Congress;  House:  Joseph  B.  Var- 
num  of  Mass.  is  elected  Speaker. 


*  *  Controversy  between  England  and 
the  United  States  respecting  the  rights 
of  neutrals;  England  claims  the  right 
to  search  American  ships,  and  to  take 
naturalized  American  citizens. 

Nov.  11.  £ng.  Orders  in  Council  is- 
sued, which  vex  American  commerce,  by 
prohibiting  all  trade  with  France  or  her 
allies. 

Dec.  17.  Fr.  The  Milan  Decree  is- 
sued by  Nai)oleon  supplements  the  Ber- 
lin Decree,  and  extinguishes  the  most 
profitable  portion  of  the  commerce  of 
the  United  States. 

Dec.  22.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Second  Embargo  Act. 

This  [celebrated  and  much  ridiculed] 
Act  detains  all  American  vessels  in 
American  ports,  and  cuts  off  commercial 
intercourse  with  England  and  France,  to 
compel  their  recognition  of  the  rights  of 
neutrals.  [The  Americans  fail  to  starve 
their  enemies.] 

*  *  yew  York.  Marinus  Willett  is  elected 
the  47th  mayor. 

*  *  Thomas  Todd  of  Ky.  is  appointed 
Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 

La.  (Ter.).     Meriwether  Lewis. 
-08  *  *  y.  C.    Benjamin  Williams. 
-17  *  *  y.  r.    Daniel  D.  Tompkins. 
-08  *  *  O.    Thomas  Kirker. 
-11  *  *  R.  I.    James  Fenner, 
-08  *  *  Vt.    Israel  Smith. 

1808  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$65,196,317. 

1),  C.  Congress  prohibits  the  impor- 
tation of  slaves  after  this  date. 

Jan.  8.  X>.  C.  Congress  requires  coast- 
ing and  fishing  vessels  to  give  bonds  to 
reland  their  cargoes  in  the  United 
States  (Embargo  Act). 

Feb.  4.  y.  Y.  The  first  legislative  pro- 
ceedings relative  to  the  canals  appear. 

Mar.  12.  D.  C.  Congress  subjects  ves- 
sels and  boats  of  all  kinds,  and  land  car- 
riages, to  the  Embargo. 

Mar.  17.  />.  C.  Rupture  of  the  nego- 
tiations between  the  British  minister 
and  the  GJovernment. 

Apr.  16.  V.  C.  Congress :  Senate ;  Sam- 
uel Smith  of  Md.  is  reelected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Apr.  17.  France,  by  the  Bayonne 
Decree,  directs  the  seizure  of  all  Ameri- 
can vessels  in  French  ports. 

Apr.  25.  I).  C.  Congress  forbids  for- 
eign vessels  to  engage  in  the  coasting 
trade,  and  requires  all  others  to  come 
imder  stringent  rules. 

The  10th  Congress:  the  first  session 
closes. 

May  30.  />.  C.  The  new  House  of 
Representatives  is  first  occupied. 

Aug.  9.  I).  C.  Jefferson  suspends  in- 
tercourse with  Great  Britain  because  of 
the  non-ratification  of  the  British  treaty. 

*  *  « •  Free  Trade  and  Sailors*  Rights  " 
is  a  political  war-cry  of  the  times. 

*  *  Va.  Jefferson  declines  the  nomi- 
nation for  a  third  term  in  the  presidency. 

Nov.  7.  D.C.  The  10th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 


*  *  New  Unglanders  talk  of  rebellion, 
as  their  ships  are  rotting  at  their  docks 
because  of  the  Embargo. 

Dec. 28.  n.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Ste- 
phen R.  Bradley  of  Vt.  la  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

*  *  U.  S.  Sixth  Presidential  election ; 
Democratic-Republicans  are  elected. 

The  national  election  sweeps  away  the 
Administration  majority  in  Congress 
(84  to  30),  and  prepares  the  way  for  the 
repeal  of  the  Embargo  Act. 

*  *  -10  *  *  New  York.  DelWitt  Clinton 
is  elected  the  48th  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-11  *  *  L>el.    George  Truett. 

-12  *  *  Ky.    Charles  Scott. 
-09  *  *  Mass.    Levi  Lincoln. 
-10  *  *  X.  C.    David  Stone. 
-10  *  *  O.    Samuel  Huntington. 

Pa.    Simon  Snyder. 
-10  *  *  S.  C.    John  Drayton. 
-11*  *  Va.    John  Tyler. 
-09*  *  Vt.    Isaac  Tichenor. 

1809  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$57,023,192. 

Jan.  9.  Congress  proceeds  to  drastic 
measures  ;  attempting  to  avoid  the  Em- 
bargo Act  forfeits  the  vessel  or  carriage, 
and  involves  a  fine  of  four  times  the 
value  of  the  merchandise,  one-half  of  it 
to  go  to  the  informer. 

Jan.  30.  /).  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  John 
Milledge  of  Ga.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Feb.  3.  Illinois  Territory  (Illinois  and 
Wisconsin)  is  formed. 

Feb.  8.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  James  Madison 
of  Va.  (Republican),  122;  Charles  C. 
Pinckney  of  S.  C.  (Federalist),  47; 
George  Clinton  of  N.  Y.  (Republican), 
6.  Vote  for  Vice-President:  George 
Clinton  (Republican),  113 ;  Rufus  King 
of  N.Y.  (Federalist), 47;  JohnLangdon 
of  N.  H.,  9 ;  James  Madison  of  Va.,  3 ; 
James  Monroe  of  Va.,  3;  vacancy,  1. 

Feb.  27.  n.  C.  Congress;  The  Em- 
bargo Act  of  1807  is  repealed,  to  take 
effect  Mar.  15th. 

Mar.  4.    Z>.C.  The  10th  Congress  ends. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1806*  *  Pa.  Coal  is  first  mined  in  the 
United  States,  at  Mauch  Chunk. 

*  *  y.  Y.  A  log  cabin  is  erected  on  the 
present  site  of  Rochester. 

*  *  Commerce,  which  had  become  very 
prosperous  during  the  French  and  En- 
glish wars,  suffers  greatly  by  the  \inan- 
nouBced  blockades  which  override  the 
rights  of  neutrals. 

*  *  The  principal  maritime  towns  suf- 
fer because  of  the  restrictions  of  com- 
merce, and  their  citizens  send  niunerous 
petitions  to  the  President  and  to  Con- 
gress, praying  for  the  removal  of  the 
Embargo. 

1808  May  28.  Jf.  Y.  Solemn  re- 
burial  of  the  bones  of  Revolutionary 
prisoner  in  a  vault  at  Wallabout. 


116     1809,  Mar.  4-1811,  Nov.  18.         AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1811  Jan.  9.  La.  The  entire  militia 
of  New  Orleans  is  called  out  to  suppress 
a  negro  insurrection. 

Apr.  6.  Va.  French  privateer  Revanche 
du  Cerf  is  burnt  at  Norfolk,  by  15  men 
in  2  boats,  about  2  a.m. 

May  16.  Va,  The  British  sloop-of-war 
Little  Belt  fires  a  shot  at  the  United 
States  frigate  President;  the  latter 
retaliates  with  a  broadside  that  kills 
10  and  wounds  30  men.  [This  action 
creates  great  excitement  throughout 
the  country.] 

Sept.  +  *  Ind.  The  Shawanese  In- 
dians make  incursions  among  the  set- 
tlers, whom  they  outrage  and  murder. 

Nov.  7.  Ind.  Battle  of  Tippecanoe; 
the  Indians  conspire  to  surprise  Gov. 
William  H.  Harrison  at  Burnet  Creek, 
and  are  effectively  subdued  after  a  ter- 
rific battle. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  ~  NATURE. 

1809  Nov.  21.  New  York.  George  F. 
Cook  first  appears  in  America  in  Richard 
III.^  at  the  Park  Theater. 

±*  *=  Boston.  Sails  are  made  from  cotton 
duck. 

1810  Dec.  31.  Boston.  Mrs.  Duff  first 
appears  in  America  as  Juliet. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Park  Street  Chiirch 
is  erected. 

1811  **  New  York.  Steamhoat  Paragon 
is  built. 

Sept.  17.  Va.  A  beautiful  annular 
eclipse  of  the  sun  is  observed  at 
Richmond. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1809*   * 

Albrlerht,  Jacob,  foun.  Evang.  Ass'n,  A49. 

Alexander,  Joseph  Addison,  theologian,  ori- 
entalist, born  in  Pa. 

Arthur,  Timothy  S.,  author,  born  in  N.Y. 

Bailey,  Silas,  pres.  CJranville  coll.,  O.,  born 
in  Mass. 

Baldwin,  John  Denison,  author,  b.  in  Conn. 

Barnard,  Fred.  A.  P.,  instructor,  b.  in  Mass. 

Bartlett,  Wm.  H.  C,  scientific  writer,  b.  Pa, 

Benjamin,  Park,  poet,  born  in  Guiana. 

Bledsoe,  Albert  T.,  Confed.  officer,  b.  in  Ky. 

Buckley,  Samuel  Botsford,  botanist,  b.  N.Y. 

Burgess,  (ieorge,  P.  K.  bp.  of  Me.,  b.  in  R.  I. 

Burns,  Francis,  SI.  E.  missionary  bp.,  b.  N.  Y. 

Carson,  Christopher,  (Kit  Carson),  b.  in  Ky. 

Chapman,  Alvan  W.,  botanist,  b.  in  Mass. 

Curry,  Daniel,  M.  E.  cl.,  editor,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Curtis,  Benj.  Kobbins,  justices.  Ct.,b.  Mass. 

l>ablgren,  John  Adoli,  rear-admiral,  b.  in  Pa. 

Edwards,  Tryon,  Cong,  clergyman,  writer, 
born  in  Conn. 

Fowler,  Orson  Squire,  phrenologist,  b.  N.Y. 

Gibbes,  Robert  W.,  phy.,  author,  b.  in  S.  C. 

Giles,  Henry,  essayist,  born  in  Ireland. 

Gliddon,  George  R.,  Egyptologist,  b.  in  Eng. 

Glisson,  Oliver  S.,  rear-admiral,  born  in  O. 

Greene,  William,  Gov.  of  R.  1.,  dies. 

Griffiths,  John  Willis,  architect,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Hamlin,  Hannibal.  Vice-President,  sen- 
ator for  Me.,  born  in  Me. 

Haswell,  Cliarles  Haynes,  engineer,  b.  N.Y. 

Heyward,  Thomas,  patriot  of  S.  C,  A63. 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell,  poet,  b.  in  Mass. 

Houghton,  Douglas,  naturalist,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Hunter,  Robert  Jl.  T.,  senator  for  Va.,  b.  Va. 

Ingraham,  Joseph  H.,  autiior,  born  in  Me. 

Johnston,  Josejjh  E.,  Confed.  gen.,  b.  in  Va. 

Johnson,  Oliver,  editor,  abolitionist,  born. 

Jones,  James  C,  Gov.  Tenn.,  sen.,  b.  in  Tenn. 

Kendrick,  Asahel  C,  scholar,  author,  b.  in  Vt. 

Kirkbride,  Tlios.  S.,  phy.  to  insane,  b.  in  I'a. 

Lewis,  Meriwether,  explorer,  A55. 

liincoln.  Abraham,  16th  President,  b.  Feb. 
12,  near  Hodgensviile,  Hardin  Co.,  Ky. 

Little,  George,  Capt.  in  Kevol'n  army,  ASS. 

Little,  R.  M.,  pres.  Ins.  Co.,  b.  Mass. 

Mackenzie,  Robt.  S.,  Brit.  Am.  journalist,  b. 

Mayer,  Branz,  lawyer,  hist'l  writer,  b.  inMd. 


McCormick,  Cryus  H.,  Inventor  of  reapers, 

born  in  Va. 
McGill,  Jolm  D.,  R.  C.  bp.  of  Va.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Mitcliel,  Ormsby  W.,  astronomer,  gen.,  b.  Ky. 
Paine,  Thomas,  patriot,  writer,  A72. 
Pike,  Albert,  poet,  born  in  Mass. 
Price,  Sterling,  Gov.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,b.  in  Va. 
Semmes,  Raphael,  Confederate  naval  officer, 

born  in  Md. 
Schenck,  Robert  C.,M.  C.  forO.,gen.,b.  in  O. 
Thompson,  ("ephas  Giovanni,  artist,  b.  Slass. 
Trumbull,  Jonathan,  Gov.,  sen.  for  Conn., 

A  69. 
Winthrop,  Robt.  C,  M.  C,  senator  for  Mass., 

born  in  Mass. 

1810*  * 

Aldridge,  Ira,  colored  actor,  born  in  Md. 

Allen,  Thomas,  cliaplain,  A77. 

Backus,  Jay  S.,  sec.  Bapt.  Home  Miss.  So.,  b. 

Barnum.  Phineas  T. ,  showman,  b.  in  Conn. 

Black,  Jeremiah  S.,  jurist,  secretary  of 
state,  born  in  Pa. 

Brooks,  Jamea,  journalist,  politician,  b.  Me. 

Brougham,  John,  actor,  born  in  Ireland. 

Brown.  Charles  Brockden,  novelist,  A39. 

Burritt,  Elihu,  linguist,  writer,  b.  in  Conn. 

Clark,  Willis  Gaylord,  poet,  author,  b.  N.Y. 

Clarke,  James   Freeman,   Unit,   clergyman, 
author,  born  in  N.  II. 

Clay,  Cassius  M.,  minister  to  Rus.,  b.  in  Ky. 

Cooper,  James,  lawyer,  born  in  Md. 

Crosby,  Alpheus,  educationist,  born  In  N.  II. 

Doggett,  David  S.,  bp.  M.  E.  Ch.  South,  b. 

Du  Bois,  Wm.  Ewing,  numismatist,  b.  in  Pa. 

Eliet,  Charles,  Jr.,  engineer,  born  in  Pa. 

Fuller,  Sarah  Margaret,  author,  b.  in  Mass. 

Garlandj  Landon  C,  educator,  mathemati- 
cal writer,  born  in  Va. 

Gray,  Asa.  botanist,  born  in  N.Y. 

Green,  Samuel  S.,  educator,  born. 

Griffin,  Cyrus,  statesman,  judge,  A61. 

Hart,  Joel  T.,  sculptor,  born  in  Ky. 

Hart,  John  S.,  educationist,  author,  b.  in 
Mass. 

Humphreys,  Andrew  A.,  general,  b.  in  Pa. 

Jackson,  Jonathan,  of  Mass,  A67. 

Langstroth,  L.,  inventor  of  beehive,  dies. 

I^wrance,  John,  jurist,  statesman,  A60. 

Lincoln,  Benj.,  maj.-gen.  in  Revolution,  A77. 

Loomis,  Justin  R.,  educator,  author,  b.  N.Y. 

Lord,  John,  historical  lecturer,  b.  in  N.  H. 

Macanally,  David  Rice.  M.  E.  clergyman,  ed- 
itor, born  in  Tenn. 

Magoon,  Elias  L.,  Bapt.  clergyman,  author, 
born  in  N.  H. 

McCloBkey.  John,  first  American  cardinal, 
born  .Mar.  20,  in  N.Y. 

McKay,  Donald,  shipbuilder,  born. 

Morrill,  Justin  S.,  senator  for  Vt.,  b.  in  Vt. 

Notman,  John,  architect,  born  in  Scot. 

I'almer,  James  S.,  rear-admiral,  b.  in  N.  J. 

Parker,  Theodore,  Unit,  cl.,  b.  in  Mass. 

Potter,  Hazard  Arnold,  physician,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Putnam,  Mary  Lowell,  author,  b.  in  Mass. 

Riggs,  Elias,  missionary,  linguist,  b.  in  N.  J. 

Sears,  Edmund  H.,  Unit,  clergyman,  author, 
born  in  Mass. 

Seymour.  Horatio.  Gov.  of  N.  Y.,b.inN.  Y. 

Stiarswood,  George,  jurist,  born  in  Pa. 

Skene,  Philip,  Brit,  officer  in  Am.,  A85. 

Spalding-.  Martin  John,  K.  C.  archbishop, 
born  in  Ky. 

Toombs,  Rob.,  sen.  for  Ga.,  Confed.  sec.  state, 
b.  Ga. 

Trautwine,  John  Cresson,  engineer,  b.  in  Pa. 

Turner,  Wm.  Wadden,  philologist,  b.  in  Eng. 

Tyler,  WilUam  Seymour,  scholar,  b.  in  Va. 

Van  Buren,  John,  politician,  born  in  N.Y. 

Washington,  Wm.  A.,  officer  in  Revol'n,  A58. 

Wood,  Alphonso,  botanist,  born  in  N.  H. 
1811*  * 

Asboth,  Alex.  S.,  brig.-gen.,  b.  Ln  Hungary. 

Bailey,  Jacob  Witman,  scientist,  b.  in  Mass. 

Baker,  Edward  Dickinson,  senator  for  Cal., 
born  in  Eng. 

Barnard,  Henry,  educator,  b.  in  Conn. 

Boggs,  Charles  R.,  rear-admiral,  b.  in  N.J. 

Bouvier,  Hannah  M.,  writer  on  astronomy,  b. 

Bowen,  Francis,  prof.,  author,  b.  in  Mass. 

Campbell,  John  A.,  justice,  born  in  Ga. 

Chase,  Samuel,  jurist  of  Md.,  A70. 

Crawford,  Natlianiel  M.,  Bapt.  cl.,  b.  Ga. 

Dana,  Francis,  jurist  of  Mass.,  A68. 

Daviess,  Joseph  H.,  att'y-gen.  of  Ky.,  A37. 

Draper,  John  William,  chemist,  b.  in  Eng. 

Eaton,  William,  soldier,  consul,  A47. 

Emory,  William  H.,  major-general,  b.  in  Md. 

Foster,  Abbie  K.,  reformer,  born  in  Mass. 

Gilliss,  James  M.,  astronomer,  born  in  I).  C. 

Greeley.  Horace,  editor,  b.  Feb.  3,  in  N.  H. 

Greene,  George  Washington,  author,  b.  R.  I. 

Hall,  James,  geologist,  born  in  Mass. 

Hunt,  Ward,  justice,  S.  Ct.,  b.  in  N.Y. 

James.  Henry,  philosophical  writer,  b.  N.Y. 

Jenkins,  Thornton  A.,  U.  S.  navy,  b.  in  Va. 

Johnson,  James,  Gov.  of  (ia.,  born  in  N.C. 

Kennedy,  Antliony, senator  for  Va.,b. InMd. 


Kip,  William  I.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Cal.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Lapham,  Increase  A.,  scientist,  bom  in  N.Y. 
Loomis,  Elias,  physicist,  niath*n,  b.  in  Conn. 
Low,  Abiel  A.,  jihilanthropiat,  b.  in  Mass. 
Murdoch,  James  Edward,  actor,  bom  in  Pa 
Noyes,  John  H.,  communist  of  Oneida,  b.  Vt. 
Page,  Wm.,  painter,  born  in  N.Y. 
Paine,  Robert  Treat,  Jr.,  author,  A38. 
Parton,  Sara  P.   WUlis,   (Fanny  Fern),  b. 

in  Me. 
Peabody,  Andrew  P.,  prof.,  cl.,  b.  Mass. 
I'eck,  Jesse  Truesdell,  M.  E.  bp.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
PhilllpB,  VSTendell,  orator,  reformer,  born 

Nov.  29,  in  Mass. 
Pierce,  George  Foster,  M.  E.  bp.,  b.  in  Ga. 
Porter.  Noah,  psychologist,  b.  in  Conn. 
Pratt,  Orson,  Jlormon  leader,  born  in  N.Y. 
Simpson.  Matthew,  M.  K.  bp.,  orator,  bom 

June  20,  in  O. 
Stowe,   Harriet  Eliza  [Beecher],  author, 

born  in  Conn. 
Street,  Alfred  Bdlings,  poet,  born  in  N.Y. 
Sumner,  Charles,  senator  for  Mass.,  orator, 

born  in  jSlass. 
Thomas,  Jos.,  physician,  biographer,  b.  N.Y. 
Williams,  Wm.,  signer  of  Declaration,  A80. 
Winslow,  John  A.,  rear-admiral,  b.  in  N.  C. 

CHURCH. 

1809  May  3.    R.  /.    The  Kbode  Island 

Congregational  Conference  is  organized. 

June  8.  N.  H.  Tlie  General  Association 
(Congregational)  of  New  Hampshire  is 
organganized. 

June  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets ;  Nicolas  Lansing, 
president. 

Autumn.  Mass,  Samuel  J.  Mills  be- 
comes interested  in  the  natives  of  the 
Pacitic  Islands  by  the  simple  story  of 
Henry  Obookiah,  a  native  boy.  (He 
becomes  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
American  Missionary  Society.) 

*  *  New  York.  £]nglish  is  first  excliv 
sively  used  in  the  Lutheran  Church. 

*  *^V.  Y,  Organization  of  the  New  STork 
Bible  and  Common  Prayer-Book  So- 
ciety of  the  Episcopal  Church. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Drury  Lacy,  mod- 
erator. 

The  first  Synod  of  the  Reformed  Pres- 
byterians is  formed. 

*  *  Pa.  The  first  (?)  church  Sunday-school 
is  formed  at  Pittsburg ;  the  transfer  of 
Sunday-schools  to  church  control  be- 
gins, and  schools  rapidly  increase. 

*  *  Vt.  The  General  Association  of  Ver- 
mont Congregationalists  is  allowed  del- 
egates in  the  (Presbyterian)  General 
Assembly. 

1810  Feb.  *  Kt/.  The  Ctimberland 
Presby^rian  Church  is  finally  organ- 
ized, as  a  separate  church,  because  of 
the  high  educational  standard  de- 
manded for  the  Presbyterian  ministry. 

June  29.  Mass.  The  plan  for  the  or- 
ganization of  the  American  Board  of 
Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions  is 
devised  by  Samuel  Spring  and  Samuel 
Worcester,  and  is  adopted  by  the  Gen- 
eral Association  of  Congregational 
Churches,  at  Bradford. 

Sept.  5.  Conn.  The  American  Board 
of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions 
is  formally  constituted  at  Farmington. 

Sept.  10.  Pa.  The  Brush  Run  (Disciples) 
church  is  organized. 

*  *  Cojin.  Lyman  Beecher  is  installed 
pastor  of  the  Congregational  church  at 
Litchfield.    [Jle  remains  16  years.] 


UNITED    STATES.    1809,  Mar.  4-1811,  Nov.  18.  IIT 


*  *  Mass.  A  remarkable  missionary  move- 
ment begins. 

Four  students  of  An<lover  Theological 
Seminary  —  Messrs.  Milln,  Judson,  New- 
ell, and  Nott  —  meet  a  number  of  minis- 
ters in  the  parlors  of  Professor  Stuart,  to 
receive  a  reply  to  their  request  to  be  sent 
with  the  Gospel  to  the  heathen.  The  an- 
swer is,  "  Go  in  the  name  of  the  Lord, 
and  we  will  help  you." 

*  *  New  Eng.  Congregational  churches 
are  disrupted  by  the  withdrawal  of 
Unitarians. 

*  *  N.  IT,  The  General  Association  of 
Congregationalists  is  allowed  delegates 
in  the  (Presbyterian)  General  Assembly. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Protestant  episco- 
pal Tract  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Genesee  Conference  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  is  formed. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  John  B.  llomeyn, 
moderator. 

*  *  Regulations  and  rules  are  adopted 
by  the  Roman  Catholic  bishops. 

2811  May  29.  N.  Y.  John  Henry  Ho- 
bart  (Protestant  Episcopal)  assistant 
bishop  of  New  York,  and  A.  V.  Gris- 
wold,  presiding  bishop  of  the  Easton 
diocese,  are  consecrated. 

LETTERS. 

1809  Apr.  4.  Pa.  The  Legislature  di- 
rects that  the  poor  be  sent  to  the  most 
convenient  school,  and  their  tuition 
be  paid. 

*  *  A  History  of  New  York  by  IHedrich 
Knickerbocker^  by  Washington  Irving, 
appears. 

*  *  Solomon  Spaulding  writes  a  religious 
romance.  The  Manuscript  Found  (The 
Book  of  Mormon). 

1810  *  *  N.J.  Queen's  College  (Rut- 
gers) and  the  (Reformed)  Theological 
professorate  are  united  ;  Dr.  Livingston 
is  professor  and  president. 

*  *_11*  *  Phila.  The  Mirror  of  Taste 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1810   Jan.  15.   New  York.   Masquerades 

and  masked  balls  are  prohibited. 
Jan.  17.     Phila.     Masquerades    and 

masked  balls'  are  prohibited. 

*  *  U,  S.  A  total  of  1,191,363  slaves  is 
reported. 

*  *  La.  Zachary  Taylor  marries  Mar- 
garet Smith. 

STATE. 

Fourth  Administration,  Democratic- 
Republican. 

1809  Mar.  4.  D.  C.  James  Madison 
of  Va.  is  inaugurated  the  fourth  Presi- 
dent in  the  sixth  term  of  the  Presidency, 
and  George  Clinton  of  N.  Y.  continues 
Vice-President. 

Cabinet:  Robert  Smith  of  Md. 
(State),  Albert  Gallatin  of  Pa.  (Treas.), 
William  Eustis  of  Mass.  (War),  Paul 
Hamilton  of  S.  C.  (Navy),  Gideon 
Granger  of  Conn.  (Postmaster-General), 
Caesar  A.  Rodney  of  Del.  (Attorney- 
general). 


Mar.  15.  U.  S.  The  Embargo  is  re- 
moved, but  commercial  intercourse 
with  England  and  France  interdicted. 

Mar.  *  Fr.  Napoleon  ignores  his  prom- 
ise to  the  Americans  by  again  en- 
forcing the  obnoxious  decrees,  and 
declares  that  "  the  decrees  of  Berlin  and 
Milan  were  fundamental  laws  of  the 
Empire."  By  a  diplomatic  fiction  he 
has  succeeded  in  his  purpose  to  array 
the  United  States  and  Great  Britain 
against  each  other  in  mutual  hostility. 

Apr.  23.  D.  C.  David  M.  Erskine,  Brit- 
ish minister,  pledges  the  Court  to  re- 
peal the  anti-neutral  decrees  by  June  10. 
Trade  will  then  be  resumed  between 
the  United  States  and  Great  Britain. 
[The  announcement  of  the  agreement 
is  received  with  great  joy  by  the  country, 
as  an  assurance  of  peace.] 

May  22.  I),  a  The  11th  Congress 
meets  in  extra  session  [and  continues 
the  controversy  with  Great  Britain], 

May  *  Z>.  C.  Congress ;  House :  Joseph 
B.  Varnum  of  Mass.  is  elected  Speaker. 

June  26.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  An- 
drew Gregg  of  X*a.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Jime28.  D.C.  11th  Congress:  the  first 
session  closes. 

Sept.  *  Gov.  "William  Henry  Harrison 
meets  the  Indians  of  the  Northwest,  and 
buys  the  title  to  3,000,000  acres  of  land. 

Nov.  8.  7).  C.  The  President  denies 
the  British  minister  farther  inter- 
course with  the  Cabinet,  because  his 
pledges  have  been  disavowed  by  the 
British  Government.  Erskine's  func- 
tions cease. 

Nov.  27.    B.C.    The  11th  Congress: 

the  second  session  opens. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-11  *  *  Conn.    John  Treadwell. 
-13  *  *  Ga     David  B.  Mitchell. 
-18*  *IlL(Ter.)  Ninian  Edwards. 
-10  *  *  Mass.    Christopher  Gore. 
-17  *  *  Miss.    David  Holmes. 

-10  *  *N.  II.    Jeremiah  Smith. 

15  *  *  Tenn.    Wm.  Blomit. 
-13  *  *  Vt.    Jonas  Galusha. 

*  *  Indiana  is  constituted  a  Territory. 
1810    Jan.  1.     U.  S.     National     debt 

«53,173,217.52. 
Feb,  28.     D.  C.     Congress  ;     Senate  : 

John  Gaillard  of  S.  C.  is  elected  Presi- 

dentp7'o  tempore.    [Reelected  Apr,  17.] 
Mar.  23.  Fr,  The  Kambouillet  Decree 

is  issued. 

Napoleon  decrees  that  all  American 
vessels  entering  French  ports  shall  be 
seized  and  condemned. 

May  1.  /).  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Macon's  No.  2  Act,  pledging  to  pro- 
hibit American  trade  with  the  other 
country  if  either  France  or  England 
shall  revoke  its  offensive  edicts. 

The  11th  Congress:  the  second  ses- 
sion closes. 

July  13.  N.  Y.  The  British  minister, 
Augustus  J.  Foster,  is  burned  in  effigy 
before  the  door  of  his  lodgings  in 
Albany. 


July  19.  Ger.  The  king  of  Prussia,  by 
decree,  forbids  American  vessels  enter- 
ing his  ports. 

Aug.  5.  France  revokes  some  of  its 
edicts — revocation  to  take  effect  Nov. 
1  —  as  to  American  vessels. 

Nov.  2,  D.  C.  President  Madison  pro- 
claims all  restrictions  removed  from 
the  commerce  of  France. 

Dec.  3.  I).  C.  The  11th  Congress: 
the  third  session  opens. 

*  *-ll*  *  New  York.  Jacob  Radcliff  is 
elected  the  49th  mayor. 

*  *   U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-12  *  *  Mass.    Elhridge  Gerry. 

-11  *  *  N.C.    Benj.  Smith. 
-12  *  *N.H.    John  Langdon. 
-12  *  *  O.    Jonathan  Meigs. 
-12  *  *  S.  C.    Henry  Middleton. 

1811  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
848,005,587. 

Feb.  2.  B.  C.  The  President  announces 
the  revival  of  the  Non-importation 
Act  against  Great  Britain. 

Feb.  23.  I),  a  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Pope  of  Ky.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Mar.  4.   I>,C.   The  11th  Congress  ends. 

Apr.  8.  N.  Y.  The  first  law  is  passed 
respecting  the  Erie  Canal. 

July  3.  Fla.  Tlie  Government  resolves 
to  occupy  West  Florida,  against  the  re- 
monstrance of  the  British  Government. 

Nov. 4.  B.C.  The  12th  Congress  opens. 

Nov.  *  B.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  Henry 
Clay  of  Ky.  is  chosen  Speaker  ;  he  with 
John  C.  Calhoun  of  S.  C.  and  "Wil- 
liam H.  Crawford  of  Ga.  leads  the 
two  Houses. 

The  majority  force  Madison  to  declare 
war  against  Great  Britain  as  a  condition 
of  his  reelection.  New  England  is  re- 
luctant to  engage  in  war. 

Nov.  18,  Differences  are  settled  respect- 
ing the  attack  on  the  frigate  Chesa- 
peake; Great  Britain  makes  reparation. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1809  June  28.  ft.  The  first  steam- 
boat appears  on  Lake  Champlaln. 

1810  June  *  U.  S.  Third  Census  ;  17 
States:  5,863,073  white  ;  1,377,808  colored 
population  (186,446  free  colored,  1,191,363 
slaves);  total  population,  7,239,822.  In- 
crease, 36.38  per  cent.  Center  of  popula- 
tion, 40  miles  northwest  of  Washington  ; 
westward  movement  in  10  years,  36  miles. 

Oct.  6.  Pa.  A  mill  near  Philadelphia 
makes  the  first  cotton  print  goods 
printed  from  cylinders  (superseding 
block-printing). 

*  *  B.C.  The  first  agrictxltural  exhi- 
bition is  held  at  Georgetown. 

*  *  Ore.  Astoria  is  founded  by  the  Pa- 
cific Fur  Company,  John  Jacob  Astor 
president. 

*  *  Rags  are  first  imported  to  supply  180 
paper-mills. 

1811    May  19.     New  York.     A    great 

fire  consumes  100  buildings. 
Oct.  29.    Pa.    The  first  steamboat  on 

Western  waters  leaves  Pittsburg  for  New 

Orleans. 


118    1811,  Dec.  16-1812. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — MA  VY. 

1812  Jan.  27.  Maj.-Gen.  Henry 
Dearborn  is  appointed  (9th)  com- 
mander of  the  army. 

Apr.  11.  Va.  Four  British  barges 
are  taken  in  Hampton  Roads  by  the 
U.  S.  frigate  Constellation  and  revenue 
cutter  Jefferson ;  80  prisoners. 

Apr.  25.  Capt.  Cothell  of  the  privateer 
schooner  Surprise,  10  guns,  captures 
the  British  brig  Kntoiis,  12  guns,  laden 
with  coffee,  and  brings  her  into  port. 

THE  FIFTH  WAB. 
June  18-1815  Feb.  17.     The  War  of 
1812,  with  Great  Britain. 

[Two  generals  win  renown  :  Gen.  Wil- 
liam Henry  Harrison,  as  commander  of 
the  army  in  Canada,  and  Gen.  Andrew 
Jackson  as   a  fighter  of  Indians  in  the 
South  and  later  as  tlie  hero    at   New 
Orleans.    Men  enrolled,  85,000  regulars, 
471,622  militia  and  volunteers.] 
July  2.    The  American  embargo  expires 
by  its  own  limitation  ;  Capt.  David  Porter 
of  the  U.  S.  ship  Essex  sails  on  a  cruise 
against  the  British  ;  motto  on  his  flag, 
"Free  Trade  and  Sailors'  Eights." 
July  12.    'William  Hull,  governor   of 
Michigan,  crosses  the  Detroit  River  with 
1,500  men  to  capture  Fort  Maiden, 
but  fails  through  incompetence. 
Jtlly  17.    ^fich.    The  important  Ameri- 
can post  at   Mackinaw  is  surprised 
and  surrendered  to  the  British. 
Aug.  5.    Mich.    Maj.  Thomas  B.  Van 
Home,  with  200  Americans,  is  de- 
feated in  a  skirmish  with  GOO  Indians 
and  British  at  Brownstown. 
Aug.  7.    Mich.    Gen.  Hull  returns  from 

Canada  without  attempting  anything. 
Aug.  9.  Mich.  The  British,  with  In- 
dians (900)  under  Tecumseh,  are  defeated 
by  Col.  Miller  (600)  at  Maguaga,  near 
Brownstown. 
Aug.  13.  The  Essex,  Capt.  David  Porter, 
in  a  fight  of  eight  minutes,  forces  the 
British  sloop  Alert  to  strike  her  flag. 
Aug.  15.  III.  The  Indians  treacher- 
ously turn  on  the  retreating  garrison 
and  refugees,  near  Fort  Dearborn 
(Chicago),  and  murder  52  persons,  in- 
cluding 12  children ;  the  women  and 
other  prisoners  are  distributed  among 
the  savages. 
Aug.  16.  Mich.  Gen.  Hull,  with  2,500 
Americans,  surrenders  Detroit  to  Gen. 
Brock  with  1 ,300  British.  [The  surrender 
is  made  without  firing  a  gun,  and  is 
characterized  as  the  most  shameful  of 
any  in  the  history  of  the  country ;  and 
a  court-martial  decides  that  Hull  is  a 
patriot  and  yet  a  coward.] 
Aug.  19.  A  naval  battle  and  great 
American  victory  occurs  off  the  coast  of 
Massachusetts. 

Captain  Dacres  surrenders  the  British 
Bhip-of-war  Ouerriire  to  Capt.  Isaac  Hull 
of  the  frigate  Constitution,  after  receiv- 
ing a  terrific  liroadside.  Losses:  British, 
15  killed  and  63  wounded ;  American,  7 
killed  and  7  wounded. 
Oct.  i.  N.  Y.  A  British  force  under 
Lieat.-Ck>L  Lethbridge  embarks  in  25 
boats  and   two  gunboats,  to   capture 


Ogdensburg ;  they  are  driven  back  by 
(Jen.  Brown  without  effecting  a  landing. 

Oct.  8.  Capt.  Elliott  captures  two  British 
frigates  on  Lake  Erie. 

Oct.  13.  Can.  British  batteries  at 
Queenstown  are  captured  by  the 
Americans  ;  retaken  througli  disgraceful 
conduct  of  the  New  York  militia,  who 
refuse  to  leave  the  State  ;  2,200  Ameri- 
cans under  Van  Rensselaer  surrender  to 
2,500  British  under  Brock  ;  American 
loss,  99  killed,  900  wounded. 

Oct.  18.  Naval  battle  off  the  coast  of 
Virginia. 

Capt.  Jacob  Jones,  in  the  sloop-of-war 
Wasp,  18  guns,  after  an  engagement 
lasting  three-quarters  of  an  hour,  takes 
Capt.  Whinyates  with  the  British  brig 
Frolic  of  22  guns  ;  immediately  after  the 
capture,  the  British  seventy-four  gun 
ship  I'oictiers  arrives  and  captures  the 
Wasp  and  the  wreck  of  the  Frolic. 

Oct.  25.  Naval  battle  west  of  the  Ca- 
nary Isles ;  Commodore  Decatur,  with  the 
frigate  United  .'States,  of  44  guns,  attacks 
the  British  frigate  Macedonia,  of  49 
guns,  and  after  fighting  two  hours  the 
latter  surrenders,  with  a  loss  of  100 
killed  and  wounded. 

Nov.  23.  A',  r.  The  Northern  army, 
under  Gen.  Dearborn,  goes  into  winter 
quarters  at  Plattsburg,  Burlington,  and 
Greenbush. 

Dec.  12.  Capt.  Porter,  with  the  ship 
Essex,  captures  the  British  packet 
Kocton,  having  on  board  S55,000  in  specie. 

Dec.  29.  Naval  Battle  off  the  coast  of 
Brazil. 

Commodore  Bainbridge,  with  the  Con- 
stitution, captures  the  British  frigate 
Java  after  a  battle  of  2  hours,  in  which 
200  men  are  killed  or  wounded,  and 
every  mast  is  torn  out. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1811  Deo.  16.  An  earthquake  is  felt 
from  Pittsburg  and  Ohio  to  Sav.annah. 

♦  *  Mass.  Manufacture  of  chemicals 
is  begun  in  New  England  at  Salem. 

1812  Feb.  7.  Phila.  Anearthquake 
at  Philadelphia  and  elsewhere  for  30 
seconds. 

•  *  New  York.  The  City  Hall  is  com- 
pleted. 

English  workmen  commence  the 
manutacttire  of  pins  with  imported 
machines ;  price  one  dollar  a  paper. 

The  steamboat  Richmond  is  built. 

*  *  Fa.  The  first  rolling-mill  at  Pitts- 
burg is  erected. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Dead  Man  Revived  by  Totu-h  of 
Elisha's  Bones  is  painted  by  'Washing- 
ton Allston. 

•  *  Mass.  The  first  cotton-mill  at  Fall 
River  is  in  operation. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1819  •  * 

Abbot,  Samuel,  founder  of  Andover  Semi- 
nary, ASO. 

Alexander,  .John  Henry,  scientist,  b.  In  Ma. 

Appleton,  Thomas  (iold,  author,  1>.  in  Mass. 

Andrews,  Stephen  I'.,  lawyer,i»Titer,  b.  Mass. 

Ball,  Epli'm,  Inventor  of  "  Buckeye  "  mower, 
born  in  O. 


Bannister,  Henry,  theological  professor,  b. 
Barlow,  Joel,  statesman,  poet,  A56. 
Huckmlnster,  .J  oseph,  Cong,  clergyman,  A61. 
Clark,  Davis  Wasgatt,  M.  E.  bp.,  b.  In  Me. 
Clark,  Thomas  JIarch,  P.  E.  bp.  of  K.  I.,  b. 

In  Mass. 
Clinton,  Oeorge,  4th  Vice-Pres.  of  U.  S.,  A73. 
Clinton,  James,  gen.  In  Kevol'n  War,  A76. 
Elliott,  Charles  L.,  portrait  painter,  b.  N.Y. 
Flint.  Austin,   physician,  medical  writer, 

born  In  Mass. 
Florena,  Thomas  B.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Ganiinel,  WUliam,  author,  born  in  Mass. 
C.ansevoort,  Peter,  officer  in  Kevolntlon,  A63. 
Caniner,  August  K.,  physician,  b.  in  Mass. 
(lilder,  William  H.,  cl.,  editor,  b.  in  Pliila. 
lialdernan,   Samuel  S.,  naturalist,   philolo- 
gist, born  in  Pa. 
Hawks,  Cicero  S.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Mo.,  b.  N.  C. 
HIU,  Joshua,  senator  for  Ga.,  born  in  S.  C. 
Hoe.  Richard   M..  inventor  of   prlntmg- 

press,  born  in  K.Y. 
KIngslev,  Calvin,  M.  E.  bp.,  born  In  N.Y. 
Marsliail,  Humphrey,  Confed.  gen.,  M.  C.  for 

Ky.,  born  In  Ky. 
Mayo,  Wm.   Starbnck,  novelist,  physician, 

born  in  N.Y. 
Osgood,  Frances  Sargent,  poet,  b.  in  JIass. 
Perkins,  Geo.  Rot>erts,  mathematician,  born 

In  N.Y. 
Prime.  Sam.  Irenaeus,  N.  1.  Observer,  born 

in  N.Y. 
Reynolds,  Wm.  M.,  P.  E.  clergyman,  author, 

born  in  Pa. 
Rogers,  John,  rear-admiral  tJ.  S.  N.,  born. 
Sargent,  Epes,  author,  born  in  aiass. 
Stephens.  Alex.  H..  Confed.  Vice-Pres.; 

sen.  for  Ga.,  b.  in  Ga. 
Trail,  Russell  Thaoher,  hydropathist,  born  in 

Conn. 
Warren,  Wm.,  Jr.,  comedian,  bom  in  Pa. 
Waters,  Horace,  philanthropist,  born. 
Williams,  Sam.  Weils,  Chmese  scholar,  born 

in  N.Y. 
Wilson.  Henry,    Vice-Pres.;    senator   for 

Mass.,  horn  in  N.  H.,  Feb.  26. 


CHURCH. 

1811  *  *  Boston.  The  Evangelical 
Tract  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  Conn.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets  in  New 
Haven ;  only  two  bishops  present. 

*  *  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
in  America  is  declared  to  be  the  church 
formerly  known  as  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land in  America. 

*  •  Mass.  Organization  of  the  "  Salem 
Female  Cent  Society  "  (Baptist). 

*  » Mass.  The  General  Association  of 
Congregationalists  is  allowed  delegates 
to  the  Presbyterian  General  Assembly. 

*  *  N.Y.  The  Keligious  Tract  Society 
is  organized  at  Albany. 

*  *  Fhila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  Ellphalet  Nott, 
moderator. 

1812  Feb.  6.  Mass.  Messrs.  Judson, 
Hall,  Newell,  Nott,  and  Rice  are  or- 
dained at  Salem  for  service  in  foreign 
missions  (Congregationalist). 

Feb.  19.  Mass.  Messrs.  Judson  and 
Newell,  with  their  wives,  sail  from  Sa- 
lem for  Calcutta ;  Bombay  being  selected 
as  the  first  mission  of  the  American 
Board. 

Feb.  22.  Phila.  Messrs.  HaU,  Kice, 
and  Nott,  with  Mrs.  Nott,  sail  for  Cal- 
cutta as  missionaries. 

May  1-22.  New  York.  The  sixth  (first 
delegated)  General  Conference  (Meth- 
odist Episcopal)  meets. 

Jvme  2.  Pa.  Thomas  and  Alexander 
Campbell  (Disciples  of  Christ)  are  im- 
mersed by  a  Baptist  minister. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1811,  Deo.  16-1812.     119 


t 


June  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Andrew  Flinn, 
moderator. 

June  12.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) approves  the  suggestion  of  the 
American  Board  of  Commissioners  for 
Foreign  Missions  respecting  the  organi- 
zation for  cooperation  of  a  similar  board 
by  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

June  17.  India.  Missionaries  Judson 
and  Newell  and  their  wives  arrive  at 
Calcutta. 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Albany ;  Jacob  Sickles, 
president. 

Oct.  15.  5.  C.  Consecration  of  Theo. 
Behon  (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  for 
South  Carolina. 

*  *  Conn.  Organization  of  the  Female 
Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  New 
Haven.  (Contributes  $177.09  to  the 
American  Board.) 

*  *  La,  The  first  Baptist  church  is  organ- 
ized in  Louisiana  on  Bayou  Chico. 

*  *  N.  J.  Princeton  is  selected  by  the 
Presbyterians  as  the  location  for  a  theo- 
logical school ;  a  board  of  directors  is 
chosen,  and  Dr.  Archibald  Alexander 
is  elected  professor. 

LETTERS. 

1811*  *  Mass.  The  Amherst  College 
Iiibrary  is  founded  [47,000  vols.]. 

*  *  Neio  York.  Rev.  William  Harris  is 
elected  president  of  Columbia  College. 

*  *  New  Yffrk.  The  Literary  Miscellany 
appears. 

*  *  Phila,  Select  Views  of  Literature  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  -13  *  *  The  American  Review  of  His- 
tory and  Politics  appears. 

1812  *  *  Mass.  The  General  Repertory 
and  Review^  the  first  American  quar- 
terly, is  issued  at  Cambridge,  by  An- 
drews Norton. 

The  American  Antiquarian  Society 
Library  is  founded  at*  "Worcester 
[85,000  vols.]. 

*  *  N,  J.  The  Presbyterian  Theological 
Seminary  Iiibrary  is  founded  at  Prince- 
ton [50,000  vols.]. 

*  *  A^  y.  Hamilton  College  (Pres.)  is 
organized  at  Clinton. 

The  U.  S.  Military  Academy  Library 
is  founded  at  West  Point  [30,000  vols.]. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Library  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Science  is  founded  [35,000 
vols.]. 

*  *  Judgment :  A  Vision,  by  Hillhouse,  ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1812  May*  Neto  York.  The  (Meth. 
Epis.)  General  Conference  votes  down 
the  resolution,  "That  no  stationed  or 
local  jireacher  shaU  retail  spirituous 
or  malt  liquors,  without  forfeiting  his 
ministerial  character  among  us." 

July  27.  Md,  A  roob  in  Baltimore  at- 
tacks some  of  the  anti-war  party  and 
is  repulsed ;    2    are   killed   and   others 


wounded.  [Later  it  attacks  the  jail  and 
kills  General  Lingan  and  eleven  others.] 
Nov.  *  N.  If,  Daniel  "Webster  enters 
political  life  as  representative  in  Con- 
gress from  his  native  State. 

*  *  U.  S.  A.  A  giU  of  rum,  whisky,  or 
brandy  is  made  a  part  of  the  regular 
daily  ration  of  each  soldier. 

STATE. 

1811  *  *  D.  C.  Congress  authorizes  an 
additional  army  of  25,000  men. 

*  *  New  York.  De  "Witt  Clinton,  is 
elected  the  50th  mayor. 

*  *  D.  C.  Joseph  Story  of  Mass.  and 
Gabriel  Duval  of  Md.  are  appointed 
Justices  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  has  its  first  abla- 
tion over  the  admission  of  a  slave  State 
on  the  application  of  Louisiana. 

It  results  in  the  plan  of  a  twin-birth 
of  States,  one  free  and  the  other  slave, 
after  the  admission  of  Louisiana  [which 
enters  the  Union  alone]. 

*  *  Phila.  The  charter  of  the  First 
National  Bank  expires.  It  fails  of 
renewal  by  the  casting  vote  of  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Senate. 

*  *  U,  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-13  *  *  Conn.    Roger  Griswold, 
-14*  *  Del.    Joseph  Haslett. 

-13  *  *  Ind.  Ter.    John  Gibson. 
-14  *  *N,C.    ^Vm.  Hawkins. 
-17  *  *R.  I,    William  Jones. 

Va.    James  Monroe. 
-12  *  *  Va.    George  W.  Smith. 

*  *  Ore.  Astoria  is  settled  as  a  trading- 
post. 

1812  Jan.l.  U.S.  The  National  debt 
$45,209,737. 

Feb.  2.  John  Henry,  an  Irish-American, 
exposes  a  conspiracy  of  the  British 
Ministry  and  the  Governor  of  Canada  to 
sow  discontent  in  New  England,  with  a 
view  to  its  secession  and  union  with 
Canada,  for  which  Henry  was  promised 
$5,000  per  annum. 

Mar.  9.  D,  C.  Congress :  The  British 
plot  to  dismember  the  Union  is  dis- 
closed. Its  exposure  solidifies  public 
sentiment  against  the  English  ;  Henry 
receives  $50,000  public  money  for  disclos- 
ing it,  and  immediately  sails  for  France. 

Mar.  24.  I).  C.  Congress ;  Senate : 
"William  H.  Crawford  of  Ga.  is  elected 
President /?ro  tempore. 

Apr.  4.  n.  C.  A  third  Embargo  Act 
is  passed  by  Congress. 

It  is  a  retaliatory  measiire,  caused  by 
the  impressment  of  6,000  American  sea- 
men, and  it  lays  an  embargo  for  90  da^s 
on  all  British  vessels  within  the  juris- 
diction of  the  United  States. 

Apr.  30.  I).  C.  Congress  admits  IjOUI- 
siana  into  the  Union  as  the  18th  State. 

June  1.  D.  C.  Congress  receives  a  war 
message  from  the  President. 

June  18.  I).  C.  Congress  declares 
war  against  England  and  votes  to  raise 
an  army  of  35,000  men.  Vote  —  Senate, 
19-13;  House,  79-49. 

June  19.  7).  C,  The  President  pro- 
claims   war    against    Great    Britain ; 


25,000  enlistments  for  the  regular  army, 
50,000  volunteers,  and  100,000  miliUa  are 
called  for. 

Causes  of  the  war :  impressment  of 
American  seamen,  seizure  of  Americans 
on  the  high  seas  while  sailing  under 
their  country's  flag  ;  offensive  action  of 
British  cruisers ;  Orders  in  Council 
affecting  the  rights  of  neutrals,  etc. 

*  *  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and 
Rhode  Island  oppose  the  war,  refuse 
to  furnish  the  levies  of  troops,  and 
threaten  to  secede. 

June  23.  Eng.  The  British  Government 
repeals  its  Orders  in  Council,  but  it  is 
too  late  to  stop  the  war. 

June  30.  Algeria.  The  Dey  of  Algiers 
is  forced  to  sign  a  treaty  of  peace,  re- 
leasing all  American  prisoners  and  relin- 
quishing all  claim  to  tribute. 

July  6.  n.r.  The  12th  Congress :  the 
first  session  closes. 

July  *  The  Dey  of  Algiers  believes  the 
Americans  unable  to  defend  themselves 
against  Great  Britain,  so  commences  a 
piratical  warfare  on  their  shipping, 
and  also  extorts  a  large  sum  of  money 
from  Mr.  Lear,  the  American  consul,  as 
the  price  of  his  freedom. 

Nov.  2.  D.C.  The  12th  Congress ;  the 
second  session  opens. 

*  *  Seventh  Presidential  election.  The 
Democrat-Republicans  defeat  the  Feder- 
alists and  reelect  Madison. 

Dec.  26.  Great  Britain  proclaims  the 
blockade  of  the  Chesapeake  and  the 
Delaware. 

*  *  Pa.  The  State  capital  is  removed 
from  Lancaster  to  Harrisburg. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-16  *  *  Ky.    Isaac  Shelby. 

-16  *  *  la.    Wm.  C.  C.  Clayborne. 
-16  *  *  Mass.    Caleb  Strong. 
-13  *  *  N.H.    William  Plumer. 

N.  J.    Joseph  Bloomlield. 
-13  *  *  N.J.    Aaron  Ogden. 
-14  *  *  S.  C     Joseph  Alston. 
-14  *  *  Va.    James  Barbour. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1811  Dec.  26.  Va.  A  theater  at 
Richmond,  containing  about  600  people, 
btims,  and  75  lives  are  lost. 

Dec.  31.  Mass.  At  Newburyport  200 
buildings  bum ;  loss,  $600,000. 

*  *  NeiD  York.  Five  steamboats  are  now 
running  between  New  York  and  Albany, 
and  one  between  New  York  and  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J,  (Philadelphia  route), 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  ferry-boat  propelled  by 
steam  runs  between  New  York  and  Ho- 
boken  ;  the  first  in  tlie  country. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  mails  pass  through  Long 
Island  weekly. 

1812  *  *  U,  S.  The  naval  victories  of 
Americans  over  the  greatest  of  naval 
powers   raise  intense  excitement. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  first  house  In  Rochester  is 
erected. 

*  *  O.  Columbus  is  laid  out  and  made 
the  capital  of  the  State. 


120 


1812-1813. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1812  *  *  Five  naval  duels  occur  during 
this  year,  in  which  the  American  frig- 
ates either  capture  or  sink  their  British 
adversaries. 

*  *  During  the  year  American  privateers 
capture  over  300  British  vessels. 

1813  Jan.  18.  Mich.  Frenchtown  is 
taken  from  an  invading  force  of  British 
and  Indians  by  Americans  under  Gen. 
Winchester,  who  encamp  in  the  town. 

Jan.  22.  Mich.  The  British  (1,500)  under 
Gen.  Proctor  retake  Frenchtown,  and 
Gen.  Winchester  and  his  800  troops  are 
made  prisoners  of  war ;  2G0  wounded 
Americans  are  massacred  by  the  Indians. 

Jan.  *  The  army  of  the  West  is  com- 
manded by  Gen.  "W.  H.  Harrison ;  the 
army  of  the  Center,  near  Niagara  River, 
by  Gen.  Dearborn,  and  the  army  of 
the  North,  near  Lake  Champlaiu,  by 
Gen.  Hampton. 

Feb.  1.  The  American  privateer  schooner 
Uazzard,  of  3  guns  and  38  men,  captures 
the  British  merchant  ship  Albion^  of  12 
guns  and  15  men. 

Feb.  4.  Va.  The  frigate  Constellation  is 
chased  into  Norfolk  by  a  British  squad- 
ron. 

Feb.  5.  Tlie  British  Admiral  Warren 
declares  Chesapeake  Bay  to  be  in  a 
state  of  blockade. 

Feb.  7.  Can.  Capt.  Forsyth,  with  200 
volunteers,  crosses  from  Morristown  to 
Elizabeth,  and  surprises  the  British ; 
he  takes  52  prisoners,  140  muskets,  with 
ammunition,  and  liberates  from  jail  16 
British  deserters. 

Feb,  22.  N.  Y.  Ogdensburg  is  taken 
by  the  British  under  Col.  McDonell. 

Feb.  23.  The  Albion  is  recaptured  by 
the  Britisli  cutter  Caledonia^  of  8  guns 
and  38  men. 

Feb.  24.  The  sloop-of-war  Hornet,  com- 
manded by  Capt.  Lawrence,  attacks  and 
in  15  minutes  defeats  the  British  man- 
of-war  Peacock;  the  latter  soon  sinks. 

Feb.  26.  The  Hazard  captures  the 
British  frigate  Albion  and  the  cutter 
Caledonia. 

Mar.  10.  The  schooner  Adeline  sinks  the 
British  schooner  Lottery  in  Chesapeake 
Bay. 

Mar.  11.  Tlie  privateer  schooner  Ge?jfr(7/ 
Armstrong,  18  guns,  escapes  from  a  Brit- 
ish frigate,  24  guns,  otf  Surinam  River, 
with  the  loss  of  6  killed  and  16  wounded. 

Mar.  14.  British  vessels  blockade  the 
Delaware  River. 

Mar.  16.  Del.  Capt.  Beresford,  of  the 
British  ship  Poictiers,  74  guns,  at  liCwia- 
ton,  demands  25  oxen,  vegetables,  etc. ; 
he  threatens  to  destroy  the  town ;  the 
people  refuse  his  demand. 

Mar.  26.  iV^.  Y.  American  batteries  at 
Black  Rock  silence  the  lower  battery  of 
the  British. 

Mar.  30  ±.  Afisg.  Gen.  Andrew  Jack- 
son's army  of  2,070  men  disbands,  by 
order  of  the  Government. 

Apr.  3.  ^fd,  Action  near  Urbana,  on  the 
Chesapeake,  between  17  British  barges 


and  4  American  vessels  ;  one  of  the  latter 
is  taken  by  the  British. 

Apr.  6.  Del.  Lewiston  is  bombarded 
for  about  20  hours,  with  little  damage, 
by  the  British  frigate  Btlvidere. 

Apr.  9.  Mass.  The  frigate  Chesapeake 
returns  from  her  cruise  to  Boston,  hav- 
ing captured  two  British  brigs,  one  ship, 
one  American  brig  with  a  British  license, 
and  a  schooner. 

Apr.  16.  Md.  Partof  the  British  squad- 
ron anchors  off  Patapsco  River,  in  sight 
of  Baltimore. 

Apr.  20.  O.  The  advance  of  the  British 
and  Indians  appears  at  Fort  Meigs. 

Apr.  27.  Can.  Americans  (1,700),  mider 
Gen.  Pike,  assault  and  capture  York 
(Toronto),  the  capital  of  Upper  Canada, 
with  property  valued  at  $500,000.  Brit- 
ish force  under  Sheatfe,  1,500;  American 
loss,  300. 

Apr.  28.  The  American  privateer  York- 
toien  captures  the  British  brig  Avert/, 
with  a  valuable  cargo,  and  brings  her 
into  port. 

Apr.  29.  British  ships  Montezuma  and 
Policy,  each  10  g\ms,  and  Georgiana,  6 
guns  and  4  swivels,  capture  the  frigate 
Essex  near  Albemarle  Island. 

British  Admiral  Cockbum  bums  the 

storehouses  of  Frenchtown  on  the  Ches- 
apeake Bay ;  he  also  burns  two  ships 
and  plunders  private  houses. 

May  1-5.  O.  Gen.  W.  H.  Harrison  is 
besieged  at  Fort  Meigs  by  2,000  British 
and  savages  under  Gen.  Proctor  and 
Chief  Tecumseh ;  Gen.  Henry  Clay, 
with  1,200  Kentuckians,  reenforces  Har- 
rison.   American  loss,  800. 

May  3.  Md.  Havre  de  Grace  is  burned 
by  the  British  under  Admiral  Cockburn. 

May  9.  O.  Proctor  abandons  the  siege 
of  Fort  Meigs  after  the  desertion  of  his 
Indian  allies. 

May  27.  Can.  Fort  George,  near  the 
Niagara  River,  is  taken  from  Gen.  Vin- 
cent by  the  Americans  uiulerGen.  Dear- 
born ;  loss,  72  killed  and  woimded. 

A    British    squadron  appears  before 

Sackett's  Harbor. 

May  29.  N.  Y.  The  British  (1,000)  under 
Sir  George  Prevost  are  repulsed  in  an 
attack  on  Sackett*s  Harbor  by  (1,000) 
Americans  under  Gen.  »Tacob  Brown, 
who  lose  100  killed  and  wounded;  Brit- 
ish loss,  260  killed  and  wounded. 

May  30.  Tlie  privateer  Yankee  captures 
the  British  brig  Thames,  (Cargo  sold 
for  $180,000.) 

June  1.  Naval  battle  eastward  of  Cape 
Ann. 

Tlie  British  frigate  Shannon,  Capt. 
Broke,  defeats  and  raptures  the  frigate 
Chesapeake,  Capt.  Lawrence,  who  dies 
crying,  **  Don't  give  up  the  ship  I  "  Tlie 
action  lasts  only  fifteen  minutes. 

June  6.  Caji.  At  Burlington  Heights  the 
Americans  under  Gen.  Winder  repulse  an 
attack  of  the  British  under  Gen.  Vincent. 

July  8.  Can.  Outposts  of  Americans  at 
Fort  George  are  attacked  by  British 
and  Indians  ;  cruelties  of  the  Indians 
lead  to  the  employment  of  Indians  by 
Americans  in  retaliation. 


July  17.     Can.    British  and  Indians  at 

tack  an  outwork  at  Fort  George  and  are 

repulsed. 
July  21.    O.    Gen.  Proctor,  with  about 

4,000  troops,  again  besieges  Fort  Meigs 

[for  a  few  days  and  retires]. 

THE  SIXTH  WAR. 

July  27  -1814  Aug.  9.  "War  with 
Creek  Indians  concurrent  with  the 
fifth  war.    13,781  men  enrolled. 

July  31.  N.  Y.  Plattsburg  is  taken 
by  the  British  without  opposition. 

Aug.  2.  O.  Gen.  Proctor  (1,300)  assaults 
Fort  Stephenson  on  the  Lower  San- 
dusky River;  he  is  repulsed  by  Col, 
George  Croghan  (100)  and  retires. 

Aug.  14,  The  American  brig  ^r^rwg,  after 
a  successful  cruise,  is  captured  by  the 
British  brig  Pelican  of  about  equal  force. 

Aug.  30.  yila.  The  Creek  Indians  sur- 
prise Fort  Mims,  north  of  Mobile ;  a 
massacre  follows. 

Sept.  5.  Tlie  British  brig  Boxer  surren- 
ders to  the  American  brig  Enterprise, 
after  an  engagement  of  forty  minutes, 
off  the  coast  of  Maine  ;  the  commanders 
of  both  vessels  fall,  and  are  buried  side 
by  side. 

Sept.  10.  l!4'aval  Battle  and  American 
victory  on  Lake  Erie,  near  Put-in-Bay, 

Commodore  O.  H.  Perry,  who  had 
never  seen  a  naval  battle,  with  an  Amer- 
ican fleet  of  nine  vessels,  carrying  5t 
gims,  captures  the  British  fleet  of  6 
vessels,  carrying  63  guns,  under  Com- 
modore Barclay.  This  battle  gives  the 
Americans  control  of  the  lake. 

Sept.  27.  Gen.  "W.  H.  Harrison  in- 
vades Canada  from  Detroit. 

Oct.  5.  Can.  Gen.  Harrison,  with  2,500 
Americans,  defeats  Gen.  Proctor  with 
2,000  British,  on  the  River  Thames , 
Tecumseh,  the  Shawnee  chief,  is  slain. 
American  loss  50  killed  and  wounded. 

Nov.  3.  Ala.  Gep.  Coffee,  with  900 
men,  surrounds  a  body  of  Indians  at 
Tallushatches  and  kills  about  200  of 
them. 

Wov,  5.  Can.  A  force  of  7,000  Americans 
embarks  at  French  Creek  and  de- 
scends the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  take 
Montreal. 

Nov.  8.  Ala.  Battle  of  Talladega; 
Creek  Indians  are  defeated  by  Gen. 
Jackson. 

Nov.  11.  Can.  Severe  skirmish  at  "Wil- 
liamsburg; the  Americans,  led  by  Gen- 
eral Brown,  lose  300,  and  the  British  200 
men. 

An  indecisive  action  at  Chrystler's 
Field ;  1,500  Americans  under  John  P. 
Boyd,  engage  2,000  British  under  Morri- 
son ;  reenforcements  not  arriving,  the 
expedition  against  Montreal  is  aban- 
doned^ 200  Americans  are  killed  or 
wounded. 

Nov.  29.  Ala.  Battle  of  Autosse;  the 
Creeks  defeated  by  Gen.  A.  Jackson,  the 
hero  of  this  war. 

Dec.  12.  Can.  On  the  api)roach  of  the 
British,  Gen.  McChire  abandons  Fort 
George  after  burning  Newark. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1812-1813. 


121 


J)ec.  19.  X.  y.  The  British  take  pos- 
session of  Fort  Niagara,  and  in-oeeed 
to  retaliate  for  the  burning  of  Newark, 
by  burning  Youngstown,  Lewiston, 
Manchester,  and  the  Indian  Tuscarora 
village. 

Dec.  30.  .V.  }'.  The  British  bum  Black 
Rock  and  Buffalo. 

*  *  Depredations  of  British  marines  and 
soldiers  in  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
Bays  ;  Lewiston  is  bombar<le<l. 

ART  —  SCIEWCE  —  NATURE. 

1813  *  *  New  York,  The  first  stereo- 
typing is  done.    (See  p.  91.) 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1813*    • 

Allen,  William  Henry,  naval  offlcer,  A29. 
liartol,   Cyrus  Augustus,   Unit,   clergyman, 

born  in  Ale. 
Beecher.  Henry  "Ward,  Cong,  clergyman, 

orator,  born  in  Conn.  June  24. 
lUair,  .Montgomery,  P.M.G.,  l>.  in  Ky. 
Hratlley,  Josepli  P.,  U.  S.  Ct.,  born  in  N.  .1. 
Cassin,  John,  ornithologist,  born  in  I'a. 
<'lyiner,  Oorge,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  A74. 
<'raii(:li,  Christopher  P.,  artist,  poet,  b.  in  Va. 
Crawford,  Thomas,  sculptor,  horn  in  N.Y. 
Dana.  Janies  Dwl^ht,  geologist,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Doug-las,  Stephen  Arnold.  Sen.  for  HI., 

born  in  Vt. 
I>wight,  John  S.,  nuisical  critic,  b.  in  Alass. 
Franklin,  William,  (iov.  of  N.  J.,  A84. 
Fremont,  John  Charles,  explorer,  general 

V.  s.  A.,  born  in  (Ja. 
<;iles,  CIiann<;(_'y,  Swedenborgian  clergyman, 

born  in  Mass. 
Hamilton.  Frank,  surgeon,  born  in  Vt. 
Harmar,  Josiah,  general  V.  K.  A.,  A60. 
Healy,  (ieorge  Peter  A]ex.,painter.b.  Mass. 
Jarvis,  Abraliain,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Conn.,  vV74. 
Lawrence,  James,  naval  captain,  A32. 
Livingston,  Kobt.  K.,  minister  to  Fr.,  jurist, 

A66. 
liOsslng',  Benson  J.,  historian,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Otterbeln.  Philip  Wm..  (;er.  Atii.  f'der  of 

Church  of  United  Jiretliren  in  Clirist,  A87. 
Parsons,  Tlieopliilus,  jurist  of  Mass.,  A63. 
Peters,  Christian  Henry  F.,  astronomer,  born 

in  Ger. 
Pike,  Zebnlon  M.,  brig.-gen.,  explorer,  A34. 
Porter,  Andrew,  general  l".  S.  ,\.,  A70. 
Porter.  David  Dixon,  admiral,  b.  in  Pa. 
Randolpli,  K(innunl.  (iov.  of  Va.,  Am. 
Sedgwick,  John,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  b.  Conn. 
Sedgwick,   Theo.,   Gov.    of   Conn.,    M.  C, 

speaker,  A67. 
Stephens,  Anna  Sophia,  author,  b.  in  Conn. 
Stills,  Alfred,  pliys.,  medical  writer,  b.  in  Pa. 
Tecnmseh,  (Miief  of  the  .Sliawnees,  A43.  (?) 
Thurman.  Allen  G..  sen.  for  O.,  b.  W.  Va. 
Trumbull,  Lyman,  sen.  for  111.,  b.  in  Conn. 
Tuckerman,  Henry  Theo.,  art-critic,  born 

in  Mass. 
Whiting,  William,  lawyer,  Iiorn  in  Mass. 
Wilson,  Alex.,  .Scottish  urnithologist  in  Am., 

A47. 

CHURCH. 
1812  *  *  A^  r.     The  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Geneva  is  ftjrnied. 

*  *  New  I'orA.  The  New  York  Tract 
Society  is  organized. 

*  *  Pa.  A  religious  romance,  written  in 
imitation  of  Scripture  style,  by  Kev. 
Solomon  Spauldlng  appears  in  a  print- 
ing-office at  Pittsburg.  Book  of  Mor- 
mon (?) 

*  *The  Ohio  (Methodist  Kpiacopal)  Cnn- 
ference  is  formed. 

*  *  The  Baptists  commence  their  mis- 
sionary work  by  forwarding  to  the 
Engli.sh  Ilaptist  Society  ?4,G50  in  aid  of 
the  translation  of  the  Scriptures  into 
the  languages  of  India. 

*  *  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
begins  home  mission  work ;  I*>ish()i) 
Asbnry  solicits  funds  for  it. 


1813  June*  The  Union  American 
Methodist  Kpiscopal  Church  is  organ- 
ized. 

Oct.  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets;  James  S.  Cannon, 
president. 

*  *  The  first  legacy  for  missions  is  granted 
to  the  American  Board. 

The  sum  of  .'534.5.83  out  of  an  estate  of 
$500,  left  by  Sally  Thomas  of  (Jornisb, 
a  domestic,  \vli<)se  liighest  wages  were  50 
cents  a  week, 

*  *  Pkila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets;  Samuel  Batchford, 
moderator. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  synods  of  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia 
are  formed. 

LETTERS. 

1812  *  *  The  Diverting  History  of  John 
Bull  and  Brother  Jonathan,  by  J.  K. 
Paulding,  appears. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Christian  Disciple  ap- 
pears. 

1813  Jan.  13.  N.  Y.  First  issue  of 
the  Albany  Argus. 

Mar.  3.  Boston.  First  issue  of  the  Bos- 
ton Daily  Advertiser,  the  first  success- 
ful daily  paper  in  this  city. 

*  *  Me.  A  charter  is  obtained  for  the 
Maine  I.,iterary  and  Theological  Institu- 
tion by  Baptists. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Analytical  Magazine  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Demetria  in  written  by  Hillhouse. 

*  *  Six  adilitional  volumes  of  Ornithology , 
by  Wilson,  appear. 

*  *  Grammar  of  the  Hebrew  Language, 
without  Points,  by  Moses  Stuart,  appears. 

*  *  Sylphs  of  the  Seasons,  by  Washington 
Allaton,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1812  Jan.  0.  N.  J.  A  society  is  formed 
at  Trenton  for  f>rganizing  a  colony  of 
colored  people. 

Aug.  *  Ala.  The  Creek  Indians  mas- 
sacre 400  persons  at  Fort  Minis  ;  not 
a  woman  or  child  i.s  spared. 

*  *  Mich.  The  British  Gen.  Proctor  leaves 
the  wounded  Americans  at  Frenchtown 
to  the  merciless  brutalities  of  the  In- 
dians, who  use  the  scalp-knife,  toma- 
hawk, and  the  ttnch  to  destroy  many ; 
others  are  taken  into  captivity. 

*  *  J'a.  John  Tyler  marries  Letitia 
Christian. 

STATE. 

1813  Jan.  1.  r.  S.  National  debt 
$55,962,827. 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  The  Government  orders 
all  alien  enemies  to  report  themselves 
to  the  marshals  of  the  districts  in  which 
they  reside. 

Feb,  12,  D,  C.  Congress  counts  the 
Electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President:  James  Madison, 
of  Va.  (Republican),  128;  De  Witt  Clin- 
ton, of  X.  V.  (Federalist),  8!).  For  Vice- 
President  :  Elbridge  Gerry  of  Mass. 
(Republican),  231 ;  Tared  Ingersoll  of  Pa. 
(Federalist),  86.     Vacancy,  1. 


Mar.  4.  U.C.  The  12th Congresseuds. 

Second  term  of  the  4ith  Adminis- 
tration; Democratic- Republican. 

James  Madison  of  Va.,  the  4th 
President,  enters  his  second  term  — 
the  seventh  term  of  the  Presidency ;  El- 
bridge Gerry  of  Mass.  is  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

Cabinet :  James  Monroe  of  Va. 
(State),  Albert  Gallatin  of  Pa.  (Treas- 
ury), John  Armstrong  of  Pa.  (War), 
Vt^illiam  Jones  of  Pa.  (Navy),  also 
"William  Pinkney  of  Md.  Attorney- 
General  for  a  time  [and  later  Kichard 
Rush  of  Pa.]. 
Mar.  20.  Great  Britain  proclaims  the 
whole  Atlantic  Coast  under  a  block- 
ade, with  the  exception  of  the  New 
England  (anti-war,  Federal)  States. 

May  24.    D.  C.    The   13th   Congress 

opens. 

Va.  lliomas  Jefferson  writes  indig- 
nantly of  Englisli  outrages. 

"ITiey  have  impressed  two  nephews 
of  General  Washington  returning  from 
Europe,  and  put  them  as  common  sea- 
men under  the  ordinary  discipline  of 
their  ships-of-war.*' 

Aug.  2,     />.  <\    The  13th  Congress: 

the  first  session  closes. 

Dec.  e.  D.  C.  The  13th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 

*  *  -D.T.  Congress;  Senate :  Joseph  B. 
Vamum    of    Mass.    is    again    elected 

President  pro  tempore. 

Dec.  19.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an 
Embargo  Act  (the  fourth)  against  all 
exports  whatever. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  establishes  a  system 
of  internal  revenue  from  direct  tax 
and  excise. 

*  *  U.  S,  Governors  inaugurated : 
-18  *  *  Con7i.  John  Cotton  Smith. 
-15*  *  Ga.    Peter  Early. 

-16*  */nrf.  (Ter.).    Thomas  Posey. 
-31  *  *  Mich.  (Ter.).    Lewis  Cass. 
-16  *  *  N.  If.    John  T.  Gilman. 
-15  *  *  N.  J.    Wm.  S.  Pennington. 
-15  *  *  yt.    Martin  Chittenden. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1812  *  *  Pa.  Nine  wagons  loaded  with 
anthracite  coal  are  hauled  106  miles  to 
Philadelphia ;  two  loads  are  sold  at  cost 
of  transportation,  and  seven  given  away, 
and  the  sale  is  denounced  as  a  fraud. 

*  *  The  first  steamboat  navigates  the 
Ohio. 

*  *  Phila.  A  steam-ferry  first  connects 
Philadelphia  aud  Camden. 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  large  foreign  com- 
merce of  the  Eastern  States  is  wholly 
destroyed, 

1813  May  10.  A^  )'.  A  steam-ferry 
first  connects  Brooklyn  and  New  York. 

Nov.  22.  N.  H.  A  great  fire  occurs  at 
Portsmouth  ;  over  300  buildings  are  con- 
sumed. 

*  ♦  Ore.  Astoria  is  sold  to  the  North 
West  Company. 


122     1814,  Jan.  1-1815,  Apr.  6. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1814    Jan.  22.    Ala.    Battle  of  Emuc- 
fau;   the  Creeks  are  defeated  by  Gen. 
Jackson. 

Feb.  5.  O.  Seventeen  British  oflBcers  are 
put  in  close  confinement  at  CliiUicotlie 
by  way  of  retaliation. 

Feb.  13  T-.  Gen.  Wilkinson  burns  his 
boats  in  Salmon  River,  and  breaks  up 
cantouraeut  at  French  Mills ;  Gen. 
Brown  goes  to  Sackett's  Harbor,  and 
Gen.  Macomb,  with  the  Army  of  the 
North,  marches  for  Plattsburg  through 
snow  three  feet  deep. 

Feb.21.  N.  y.  Col.Scottand2,000Brit- 
ish  arrive  at  French  Mills,  burn  the 
arsenal  at  Malone,  and  pillage  the  town. 

Mar.  4,  The  British  are  defeated  at 
liOngwood,  about  100  miles  from  De- 
troit, losing  80  men;  American  loss,  8 
men. 

Mar.  27.  Ala.  Gen.  Jackson  defeats 
the  Creek  Indians  atHorse-shoe ;  Jack- 
son's loss  91  killed,  Indian  loss  800. 

Mar.  28.  British  ship  Pkcebe  and  sloop-of- 
war  Cherub,  in  all  81  guns  and  500  men, 
capture  in  the  neutral  port  of  Valparaiso 
the  United  States  frigate  EaaeXf  62  guns, 
255  men,  Capt.  Porter. 

Mar.*  N.  Y.  The  Army  of  the  North 
leaves  Plattsburg  and  invades  Canada. 

Mar.  30.  Can.  Gen.  Wilkinson,  with 
4,000  Americans,  is  repulsed  at  lia  CoUe 
Mills  by  Gen.  Hancock  with  2,000  British 
and  falls  back  on  Plattsburg ;  American 
loss,  13  killed  and  123  wounded  ;  British, 
13  killed,  45  womided. 

Apr.  7.  Conn.  Saybrooke  is  surprised 
by  a  force  of  200  British  marines,  who 
burn  the  shipping,  spike  the  cannon, 
and  safely  retreat  to  their  ships. 

Apr.  14.  Europe.  Napoleon  having  ab- 
dicated, the  British  are  free  to  rein- 
force their  armies  in  America;  they 
aim  at  the  conquest  of  Louisiana. 

Apr.  21.  Com.  Bainbridge,  sloop  Frolic, 
is  taken  by  the  British  frigate  Orpheus. 

Apr.  29.  The  sloop-of-war  Peacock,  20 
guns,  160  men,  captures  the  British  brig 
Jtpervier,  18  guns  and  128  men,  with 
$118,000  on  board. 

May  *  Wis.  Prairie  du  Chien  is  taken 
by  an  American  force  of  200  men. 

June  28.  Near  the  British  Channel  the 
sloop  Wasp,  Capt.  Blakely,  captures  the 
British  brig  Reindeer,  Capt.  Manners. 

July  3.  Can.  Gens,  Brown,  Winfield 
Scott  and  Ripley  cross  the  Niagara 
River,  and  200  British  at  Fort  Erie  sur- 
render without  a  battle. 

July 5.  Can.  Battle  of  Chippewa. 
The  Americans  under  Gen,  Brown  de- 
feat the  British  under  Gen.  Riall,  in  a 
battle  south  of  the  Chippewa  River. 
Losses:  American,  338;  British,  500. 

July  11.  Me.  A  British  fleet  takes  East- 
port. 

July  20.  Tlie  privateer  General  Arm- 
strong arrives  at  New  York,  having 
captured  11  British  vessels. 


*  •  Can.    Large  reinforcements  arrive  for 

the  British.    Many  of  these  are  veterans 

who  served  under  Wellington  in  Spain. 
July  25.    Can.     Battle     of    Lundy's 

Xjane,  fought  at  night,  near  Niagara. 

[Both  sides  claim  the  victory.] 
Gen.  Brown  (2,600)  defeats  the  British 

(4,500)   under  Gen.   Drummond.     Gens. 

Brown  and  Scott  are  wounded.    Losses  ; 

British,  878,  Americans,  858. 

Aug.  4.  Can.  Gen.  Drummond,  with  a 
British  force,  besieges  Gen.  Gaines  at 
Fort  Erie. 

Mich.  Col.  Crogan  assaults  the  for- 
tifications of  Mackinaw,  in  the  North- 
west, and  is  repulsed. 

Aug.  9^.  Conn.  The  British,  under  Com- 
modore Hardy,  bombard  Stonington, 
and  make  several  ineffectual  attempts 
to  land. 

Ai2g.  15.  Can.  The  British  unsuccess- 
fully assault  Fort  £!rie,  and  lose  nearly 
1,000  men ;  American  loss,  84. 

Aug.  19.  Md.  A  British  fleet  in  the 
Chesapeake  ascends  the  Pawtuxet,  for  an 
advance  on  "Washington.  Gen.  Ross 
lands  5,000  British  soldiers  at  Benedict. 

Aug.  24.  Md.  Battle  of  Bladensburg, 
six  miles  from  Washington. 

Gen,  Winder  is  defeated ;  the  British 
march  on  Washington  and  burn  the 
Capitol,  and  ail  the  public  buildings, 
except  the  Patent  Ottice  and  the  jail. 

Aug.  29.    Va.  Alexandria  is  ransomed 

from  burning  by  the  payment  of  21  ships, 
1G,000  barrels  flour,  and  1,000  hogsheads 
of  tobacco. 

Aug.  *  Fla.  The  Spaniards  permit  a 
British  fleet  to  use  Pensacola,  to  fit 
out  an  expedition  against  Fort  Boyer,  at 
the  entrance  of  Mobile  Bay. 

Sept.  6.  N.  T.  Gen.  Macomb  retires 
with  the  Army  of  the  North  from  Platts- 
burg to  the  south  bank  of  the  Saranac 
River. 

Sept.  9.  K.  T.  Bold  attack  on  the  Brit- 
ish near  Plattsburg,  by  Capt.  McGlassin 
and  50  Americans. 

Sept.  11.  N.  V.  An  important  land  and 
naval  battle  at  Plattsburg. 

The  British,  under  Gen.  Prevost  and 
Admiral  Downie,  are  defeated  by  Gen. 
Macomb  and  Admiral  McDonough;  the 
British  retreat  with  a  loss  of  1,500. 

Sept.  12.  Md.  The  British  attack  Bal- 
timore ;  the  British  Gen.  Ross  is  killed, 
and  the  Americans  under  Gen.  Smith 
fall  back. 

Sept,  13.  Md.  The  British  squadron 
bombards  FortMcHenry,  near  Balti- 
more, from  sunrise  till  near  midnight. 

Sept.  14.  Md.  The  British  abandon  the 
expedition  against  Baltimore,  after  mak- 
ing demonstrations  of  attack. 

Sept.  15.  Ala.  Tlie  British  attack  Fort 
Boyer,  commanding  the  entrance  to 
Mobile  Bay,  and  are  repulsed. 

Sept.  17.  Can.  The  British  retire  from 
the  siege  of  Fort  Erie,  after  a  success- 
ful sortie  by  the  Americans,  and  the  ap- 
proach of  reinforcements. 

Oct.  29.  Ketv  York.  The  first  steam 
frigate,  the  Fulton,  is  launched. 


Nov.  5.  Can.  The  Americans  evacuate 
and  destroy  Fort  Erie,  and  retire  to  the 
American  sitleof  the  Niagara  liiver;  this 
ends  the  war  in  that  region. 

Nov.  6.  F/a.  Gen.  Jackson,  without 
authority,  at  the  head  of  3,000  men, 
appears  before  the  Spanish  town  of 
Pensacola  to  drive  out  the  British,  who 
blow  up  the  fort,  and  in  their  seven 
vessels  retire  from  the  Bay.  This  neu- 
tral (?)  port  is  no  longer  a  British  port 
of  outfit. 

Dec.  2.  La.  Gen.  Jackson  arrives  at 
New  Orleans  and  takes  command. 

Dec.  10.  La.  The  British  fleet  enters 
Lake  Borgne,  and  defeats  a  small  squad- 
ron under  Lieut.  Jones,  but  suffers 
severely  in  killed  and  wounded. 

Dec.  14.  La.  The  British  capture  a 
small  American  fleet ;  this  gives  them 
the  command  of  the  route  to  New 
Orleans,  but  they  fail  to  use  their 
opportunity. 

Dec.  15.    La.    Gen.   Jackson  declares 

martial  law  in  New  Orleans. 

Dec.  23.  La  Gen.  Jackson  attacks 
with  success  the  British  camp  of  2,400 
men,  nine  miles  below  New  Orleans, 
but  falls  back  to  his  intrenchments, 
within  4  miles  of  the  city.  Loss  on  each 
side,  about  200. 

Dec.  24.  Bel ff  turn.  The  war  ends— on 
paper  — by  the  signing  of  the  treaty  of 
Peace  at  Ghent.    (See  State.) 

Dec.  28.  La.  The  British,  under  Sir  E. 
Pakeuham,  attack  Gen.  Jackson,  and 
are  repulsed. 

1815  Jan.  1.  La.  The  British  again 
attack  Gen.  Jackson,  and  are  signally 
beaten. 

Jan.  4.  La.  Gen.  Jackson  is  reinforced 
by  2,250  Kentuckians,  mostly  unarmed. 

Jan.  6.  La.  The  English  are  reinforced 
at  New  Orleans,  and  have  an  army  vari- 
ously estimated  from  8,000  to  14,000. 

Jan.  8»  La.  Battle  of  New  Orleans. 
The  British  make  a  desperate  attack  on 
Gen.  Jackson,  who  is  protected  by 
breastworks  of  cotton  bales. 

They  are  repulsed,  with  small  loss 
to  the  Americans  —  8  killed  and  13 
wounded  ;  British  loss  about  700  killed 
and  1,400  wounded.  Sir  E.  Pakenham, 
their  commanding  general,  and  Gen. 
Gibbs,  second  in  commajid,  both  lose 
their  lives,  and  Gen.  Keane  is  disabled. 

Jan.  15.  Tlie  British  ship  Endymion 
captures  the  American  frigate  President, 

Jan.  18.  La.  The  British  retire  from 
New  Orleans. 

*  *  Commodore  Decatur  captures  an 
Algerian  frigate  and  brig,  and  sailing 
into  the  Bay  of  Tunis,  forces  the  Dey 
to  surrender  American  prisoners  and  re- 
linquish ail  claims  to  American  tribute. 

Feb.  5.  Tlie  privateer  brig  George  LittUf 
8  guns,  5S  men,  is  captured  by  the  British 
ship  Granicus. 

Feb.  11.  Ala.  Col.  Lawrence,  with  375 
men,  surrenders  Fort  Boyer,  Mobile, 
to  5,000  British,  with  a  large  fleet,  under 
Gen.  Lambert. 


UNITED  STATES.  1814,  Jan.  1-1815,  Apr.  6.     123 


Feb.  20.    Naval    Battle  off    Cape   St. 

Vincent. 

The  frigate  Constitution^  after  a  severe 
fight,  captures  the  British  brigs  Ci/ajie, 
3G  guns,  and  tlie  Levant,  18  guns. 

Mar.  4.  The  privateer  brig  'Aspasia,  3 
guns,  25  men,  is  captured  by  the  British 
brig  Volontaire. 

Mar.  8.  The  British  ship  Tiber,  Capt. 
Dacres,  captures  the  privateer  Leo,  Capt. 
Hemes,  with  seven  guns  and  93  men. 

Mar.  19.  U.  S.  Military  operations  on 
hind  entirely  cease. 

Mar.  24.  Naval  battle  oif  the  coast  of 
Brazil. 

In  22  minutes  the  brig  Hornet,  IG  guns, 
Capt.  Biddle,  captures  the  British  brig 
f'enr/nin,  18  guns  and  a  12-pound  car- 
nmaile,  having  132  men  under  Capt. 
Dickinson;  British  loss,  14  killed,  28 
wounded  ;  American  loss,  one  killed,  11 
woiuided. 

Apr.  6.  Eng.  American  prisoners  in 
Dartmoor  prison  are  fired  upon  by 
their  guard,  and  many  of  them  killed 
and  wounded ;  [the  Prince-regent  cen- 
sures the  officers.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1814  *  *  Boston.  The  Linnsean  Society 
is  organized.     [Disbanded.] 

*  *Ma8S.  The  first  power  cotton-mill  in 
the  United  States  is  erected  at  Waltham. 

*  *  N.  v.— Conn.  Carriages  are  first 
manufactured  at  Albany  and  New 
Haven. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1814*   * 

Adams,  Chaa.  Baker,  naturalist,  b.  in  Mass. 

Allen,  Ira,  one  of  the  founders  of  Vt.,  A63. 

Bailey,  James  Roosevelt,  K.C.  archbishop, 
born  Ana.  23  in  N.Y. 

Itaynan,Wni.,  surgeon,  anatomist  of  Va.,A65. 

Bellows,  Henry  Whitney,  Unit,  clergy- 
man, born  in  Mass. 

Bigelow,  Krastus  B.,  inventor,  b.  in  Mass. 

Brown,  Henry  Kirk,  sculptor,  born  in  Mass. 

Cliapin,  Edwin  H.,  Univ.  cL,  orator,  b,  N.Y. 

Clemens,  Jeremiah,  sen.  for  Ala.,  b.  in  Ala. 

Coke,  Thomas,  first  M.  E.  bp.,  A67. 

Colt,  8anmel.  inventor  of  revolver,  b.  Conn. 

Colton,  (Janiner  Q.,  physician,  tlentist,  b.Vt. 

Craik,  James,  physician,  surgeon,  A  83. 

Davenport,  Edward  L.,  actor,  born  in  Mass. 

Deane,  Samuel,  (.'ong.  clergyman,  poet,  A71. 

Donaldson,  James  L.,  maj.-gen.,  b.  in  Md. 

Ellis,  (leo.  Edw.,  Unit,  clergyman,  writer, 
b.  in  Mass. 

Everts,  \Vm.  W.,  Bapt.  cl.,  author,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Gay,  Syilney  Howard,  author,  bom  In  Mass. 

Gerry,  Elbridg-e.  patriot, Vice-Pr.  U.  8.,  A70. 

Gilman,  Nicholas,  senator  for  N.  H.,  AS2. 

Gregc,  Maxey,  Confed.  Brtg.-Uen.,b.  in  S.  C. 

Harris,  Samuel,  Cong,  clergyman,  b.  in  Me. 

Headley,  Joel  T.,  historical  writer,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Heatli,  William,  maj.-gen.  in  Kevol'n,  A77. 

Hooker,  Joseph,  gen.  U.  S.  A.,b.  in  Mass. 

Howe,  Sir  William,  gen.  at  Bunker  Hill,  A86. 

Hudson,  Henry  Norman,  essayist,  b.  in  Vt. 

Kirkwood,  Daniel,  mathematician,  b.  in  Md. 

Lang,  Louis,  painter,  born  in  Ger. 

Laphain,  Eldridge  G.,  M.  C.  for  N. Y.,  b.  N.Y. 

Maynard,  Horace,  P.  M.  general,  b.  in  Mass. 

McClintock,  Jolm,  M.  E.  clergyman,  author, 
born  in  Ire. 

Meek,  Alexander  B.,  editor,  bom  in  S.  C. 

Mell,  Patricrk  Hues,  Bapt.  clergyman,  b.  Ga. 

Miller,  Morris  S.,  brig. -gen.  U.S.  Vol.,b. 

Miner,  Alonzo  A.,  d.,  educator,  b.  in  N.  H. 

Motley,  John  Lothrop.  historian,  b.  Mass. 

Otis,  Samuel  A.,  senator  for  Mass.,  A74. 

I'aine,  ltoi)ert  T.,  lawyer,  signer  of  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  A83. 

Prime,  Edward  D.  G.,  N.V.  Observer, b.'S.Y. 

Kobertson,  .lames,  pioneer  in  Tenn.,  A72. 

Robinson,  Win.  E.,  journalist,  editor,  b.  Ire. 

Rumford,  Benjamin  Thompson,  count, 
Brit,  officer,  pliilosopber,  A61. 

Stanton.  Edwin  McMasters.  sec.  of  war, 
born  in  O. 


Thompson,  Jerome,  j)aint«r,  born  in  Mass. 
Tilden,  Samuel  J.,  Gov.  of  N.  Y.,  lawyer, 

born  in  N.Y. 
Wilmot,  David,  sen.  for  Pa.,  born  in  Pa. 
Wyman,  Jeffries,  anatomist,  prof.,  b.  Mass. 
Yancey,WiUiam  L.,  M.  C.  for  Ala.,b.  in  S.  C. 

CHURCH. 

1814  Apr.  11,  New  York.  A  woman's 
missionary  society  is  organized  in  the 
Fayette  Street  Baptist  Church. 

May  18.  Va.  R.  C.  Moore  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Kpiscopal)  bishop. 

Phila.    An  assembly  of  26  ministers 

and  7  laymen,  representing  11  different 
States  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  or- 
ganizes the  Triennial  Convention  of 
the  Baptist  Church,  in  the  interest  of 
foreign  mission  work. 

June  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
of  the  Reformed  Church  meets ;  John 
N.  Bradford,  president. 

Sept.  1.  Md.  James  Kemp  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  suffragan 
bishop. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  Samuel  Inglis, 
moderator. 

*  *  O.—  Tenn.  The  Presbyterian  synods 
of  Ohio  and  Tennessee  are  formed. 

*  *  The  National  Foreig;n  Missionary 
Society  (Baptist)  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1814  Aug.  24.  D.  C.  The  British  bum 
the  National  Iiibrary  at  Washington. 

*  *  New  Y(yrk.  The  New  Y(yrk  Weekly 
Museum  appears. 

Sept.  13.  Md.  Francis  S.  Key  composes 
the  Star-spangled  Banner,  during  the 
bombardment  of  Fort  McHenry,  near 
Baltimore,  while  detained  on  board  a 
British  ship. 

*  *  The  first  religious  newspaper,  The 
Recorder,  is  issued  at  Chillicothe,  Ohio. 

SOCIETY. 

1815  Jan.  23.      La.      Thanksgiving 

Day  is  observed    in    New  Orleans  for 
General  Jacltsou's  victory. 
Apr.  6.    Eng.    Massacre  of  64  Ameri- 
cans at  Dartmoor  Prison. 

STATE. 
1814    Jan.  1.     U.S.    National  debt 

$81,487,846. 

Jan,  19.  />.  C.  Congress;  House: 
Xiangdon  Cheves  of  S.  C.  is  elected 
Speaker.     [Re-elected  Nov.  25.] 

Apr.  14.  Congress  repeals  the  Em- 
bargo Act  of  December,  1813. 

Apr.  18.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Gaillard  of  S.  C.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

The  13th  Congress:  the  second  ses- 
sion closes. 

Aug.  22.  Mass.  The  people  of  Nan- 
tucltet  declare  themselves  neutral  and 
imder  the  protection  of  England. 


Aug.  24.  B.  C.  The  President  and 
Cabinet  flee  from   "Washington  at 

the  approach  of  the  Britisli. 
Sept.  19.    D.  C.    The  13th  Congress: 
the  third  session  opens. 

Dec.  15.  Co7in.  Delegates  assemble 
from  the  New  England  States  and  orga- 
nize the  Hartford  Convention  as  an 
anti-war  movement,  and  also  to  oppose 
the  administration  of  President  Madison. 
It  urges  certain  amendments  to  the 
Constitution  and  a  defining  of  the  power 
of  the  General  Government  over  State 
troops,  but  accomplishes  nothing.  [The 
Democrats  allege  that  it  is  a  disloyal 
assembly.  Its  chief  effect  is  the  ruin 
of  the  Federal  party,  which  called  it ; 
no  political  preferments  await  its  mem- 
bers in  after  years.] 

Dec.  24.  Belgium.  Peace  comes  by  the 
Treaty  of  Ghent,  which  is  negotiated 
by  John  Q.  Adams,  Albert  Gallatin, 
Henry  Clay,  James  A.  Bayard,  and' 
Jonathan  Russell. 

The  treaty  provides  for  commissions  to 
run  boundaries,  which  previous  treaties 
had  provided  for,  but  it  settles  none  of 
the  questions  which  brought  on  the 
war ;  [yet  its  effect  was  essentially  that 
desired  by  the  Americans.] 

*  *  B.C.  Congress  orders  the  first  war- 
tax,  on  hats,  caps,  umbrellas,  leather' 
boots,  plate,  beer,  ale,  playing-cards, 
harness,  household  furniture,  and  gold 
and  silver  watches. 

*  *  B,C.  Henry  Clay  is  the  leader  of 
the  new  Democracy ;  the  Federalist 
party  has  been  nearly  annihilated  by  its 
unpopular  conduct  during  the  war. 

Dec.31.   U.S.  Internal revenue$I,662,084. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 

Cat.    Jos^  Arguello  (Spanish). 
-17  *  *  Bel.    Daniel  Rodney. 
-17  *  *  N.a    William  Miller. 

O.    Othniel  Looker. 
-18  *  *  O.    Thomas  Worthington. 
-16  *  *  S.  a    David  R.  Williams. 
-16  *  *  Va.    Wilson  C.  Nicolas. 

1815    Jan.  1.     U.  S,    National   debt 

$99,833,660. 

Jan.  12.  U.  S.  A  National  fast-day  is 
observed. 

Jan.  15.  B.  C.  President  Madison  ve- 
toes the  bills  to  recharter  the  National 
Bank. 

Feb.  18.  B.C.  Congress:  the  Senate 
ratifies  the  Treaty  of  Ghent. 

Mar.  4.  B.C.  The  13th  Congress  ends. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1814  Feb.  1.  New  rates  of  postage. 
Letters,  for40  miles,  12  cents;  between  40 
and  90  miles,  15  cents ;  between  90  and 
150  miles,  18J  cents  ;  between  150  and  300 
miles,  25  cents ;  between  300  and  500 
miles,  30  cents  ;  over  500  miles,  37i  cents ; 
double  letters  at  double  price. 

Apr.*  La.    New  Orleans  banks  suspend 

specie  payments. 
Aug.  *  Philadelphia    banks    suspend 

specie  payments.    (Also  banks  in  D.  C.) 
Sept.  *   U.S.    Nearly  all  other  banks  in 

the  country  suspend. 
Dec.  *  The  National  debt  is  increased  ^ 

by  the  war  of  1812  to 


124     1815,  Apr.  13-1817 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

THE  SEVENTH   WAR. 

1815  May  19.  Xew  Vorfc.  An  expe- 
dition, consisting  of  nine  vessels,  under 
Commodore  Decatur,  sails  for  AJg^iers 
to  pimish  piracies,  war  having  been  de- 
clared by  the  United  States. 

June  17.  Decatiir,  after  a  fight  of  20 
minutes,  captures  the  principal  AJ- 
gerine  frigate  olf  Gibraltar. 

June  18.  Hostilities  cease  between  the 
United  States  and  England. 

June  19.  Decatur  captures  another 
Algerine  vessel. 

June  28.  Algeria.  The  American  squad- 
ron arrives  in  the  Bay  of  Algiers. 

June  30.  Algiers.  The  Americans  dic- 
tate terms  of  peace. 

June  *  D.  C.  Maj.-Gen.  Jacob  Brown 
is  appointed  (10th)  commander  of  the 
army. 

1816  May  8.  The  Washington  is  the 
first  ship-of-the-line ;  she  puts  to  sea  and 
carries  74  guns.  ^ 

THE  EIGHTH  WAR. 

1817  Nov.  20-18  Oct.  21.  The 
Seminole  Indian  War. 

[Troops  engaged:  1,000  regulars,  6,911 
militia  and  volunteers  ;  total,  7,911  men. 
Georgia  and  Alabama  are  the  seat  of  the 
var.] 
Dec.  26.  Gen.  Andrew  Jackson  is  or- 
dered to  take  the  field  against  the 
Seminole  and  Creek  Indians. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1815*  *  Boston.  The  Handel  and 
Haydn  Society  is  founded. 

*  *  ]Mary  Brush  takes  out  a  patent  for  a 
corset,  the  second  patent  issued  to  a 
woman, 

*  *  Pa.  Iron-workers  have  begun  to  use 
anthracite  coal,  but  their  cold  blast 
causes  a  failure. 

1S16  *  *  -17  *  *  Pa.  The  first  rolling- 
mill  to  puddle  iron  and  roll  iron  bars  is 
built  on  Redstone  Creek. 

Apr.  30.*  Phila.  A  spot  on  the  sun 
is  visible  to  the  naked  eye  for  several 
days. 

1817  Jan.  7.  S.  C.  Two  shocks  of 
earthquake  occur  at  Charleston. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Kentucky  River  overfiows, 
causing  damage  to  the  extent  of  a  million 
dollars. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1816*  • 

Anthony,  Henry  B.,  Gov.,  sen.  for  R.  I.,  born 

in  R.  1. 
Alsop,  Richard,  poet,  linguist,  A74. 
Appleton,  .John,  lawyer,  born  in  Jlass. 
Barnard,  .John  G.,  mil.  eng.  U.  S.  A.,  b.  Mass. 
Barton,  Benjamin    Smith,  phys.,  botanist, 

A49. 
Bayard,  .lames  Assheton,  sen.  for  Del.,  A4ft. 
Beecher,  Charles,  Cong,  clergyman,  writer, 

born  in  Conn. 
Bonhain,  Milledge  L.,  Confed.  Gen.,  b.  8.  C. 
Bradford,  Alex.  WarfieUl,  jurist,  b.  In  N.Y. 
Brady,  .lames  T.,  lawyer  of  N.Y.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Brooks,  Krastus,  journalist,  politician,  b.  Me. 
Budington,  Win.  Ives,  Cong,  cl.,  b.  in  Conn. 
Campbell,  Jat>ez  P.,  Afr.  M.E.  bp.,b.  InDel. 
<JarroU,  John  D,.  first  K.  C.  bp.,  A80. 


Cobb.  Howell. M.  C.  for  Ga.,  sec.  treas.,  b.  Ga. 
Copley.  John  S..  painter,  A78. 
Dana,  Kichanl  Henry,  Jr.,  lawyer,  b.  In  Mass. 
Davis,  David.  V.  S.  S,  Ct.,  born  in  III. 
Doolittle,  Jas.  K.,  senator  for  Wis.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Downing,    Andrew   J.,  ruralist  economist, 

born  in  X.Y. 
Dumont,  Ebeuezer,  brig.-gen.,M.  C.  forlnd., 

born  in  Ind. 
Farnham,  Kliza  W.,  philanthropist,  b,  N.Y. 
Flagg,  Kdinund,  journalist,  author,  b.  in  Me. 
Foster,  John  Wells,  geologist,  born  m  Mass. 
Fry,  William  H.,  editor,  born  m  I'a. 
Fulton.  Robert  steamboat-budder,  A50. 
Griswold,  Stanley,  senator,  A52. 
Halleck,   Henry  W..  niaj.-gen.,  military 

writer,  born  in  N.Y. 
Ilurlbut,  Stephen  A.,  maj.-gen.,  b.  in  H.  C. 
Kearny,  Philip,  maj.-gen.,  born  in  N.Y. 
I,ester,  Chas.  K.,  author,  born  in  Conn. 
Lyman,  Theodore  B.,  I*.  K.  bp.  of  N.  C.,  born 

in  Mass. 
Meade,  George  G..  maj.-gen.,  commander 

of  the  A  rmy  of  the  Potomac  at  Gettysburg, 

born  in  Spain. 
Mills,  Clarke,  srulptor,  born  in  N.Y. 
Murray,    John,    founder    of     Universalist 

Church  in  America,  A 74. 
Nadal,  B.  H.,  M.  K.  clergyman,  b.  in  Md. 
Nixon,  John,  general  in  Revolution,  A90. 
Pakenbam,  Sir  Krlward,  Brit,  gen.,  A37. 
Phelps,  Elizabeth  Stuart,  writer,  b.  in  Mass. 
Poland,  Luke  P.,  senator  for  Vt.,  b.  in  Vt. 
Provoost,  Samuel  P.  K.  bp.  of  N.  Y.,  A73. 
Ramsay,  Alex.,  sec.  of  war,  Gov.  of  Minn.,  b. 
Ramsay,  David,  physician,  historian,  A6*i, 
Robinson,  Kzekiel  (i.,  Bapt.  cl.,b.  in  Alass. 
Rodman,  Thomas  J.,    brig.-gen.,   inventor, 

born  in  Ind. 
Sevier,  John,  gov.  of  Tenn.,  A71. 
Shubrick,  John  T.,  naval  olflcer,  A37. 
±  Van  Amburg,  Isaac,  showman,  b.  m  N.Y. 
Warren,  John  C.,  physician,  A62. 
Wells,  Horace,  anesthetics,  born  in  Vt. 

1816*   » 

Allibone,  .'iamiiel  Austin,  author,  b.  in  Pa. 
Alston,  Joseph,  (;ov.  of  S.  C.,  A38. 
Asbury.  Francis,  first  Metli.  bp.,  A7I. 
Backus,  Azel,  Pres.  of  Hamilton  Coll..  A51. 
Banks,    Nathaniel    P.,  general,   M.    C.    for 

Mass.,  sjx'aker,  b.  In  Mass. 
Belmont.  August,  financier,  born  in  Ger. 
Brantly,  Wm.  T.,  Bapt.  clergyman,  b.  S.  C. 
Crane,  Wm.  C.,  Bapt.  cl.,  writer,  b.  in  Va. 
Cushman,  Charlotte  8.,  actress,  b.  in  Mass. 
Dexter,  Samuel,  jurist,  AS5. 
Donaldson,  Edward,  commodore  U.  S.  N.,  b. 
I>uyckinck,  Evert  Augustus,  writer,  b.  N.Y. 
Early,  Jubal  A.,  Confederate  gen.,  b.  in  Va. 
Field,  Stephen  J.,  associate  justice  U.  S., 

born  in  Conn. 
Gerstacker,  Fried.,  novelist,  traveler,  b.  Ger. 
Godwin,  Parke,  author,  born  in  N.Y. 
Haven,  Joseph,  Cong,  cl.,  philo.,  b.  in  Mass. 
Hoar,  Ebenezer  Rockwood,  jurist,  statesman, 

born  in  Mass. 
Hooper,  Lucy,  poetess,  born  in  Mass. 
Howe,  Tmiothy  O.,  U.  S.  senator,  b.  in  Me. 
Huntington,  Daniel,  painter,  born  in  N.Y. 
Jacobus,  Melanctbon  W.,  Pres.  theologian, 

author,  born  m  N.  J. 
Johnston,  Samuel,  Gov.  of  N.  C,  A89. 
Kernan,  Francis,  senator  for  N.Y.,b.  in  N.Y. 
Kimball,  Richard  Burleigh, author,  b.  inN.  II. 
Lear,  Tobias,  sec.  to  Wasliington,  A66. 
Leutze,  Emanuel,  painter,  born  in  iier. 
Lowell,  Robert  T.  S.,  P.  E.  el.,  b.  In  Mass. 
Meigs,  Montgomery  C,  Q.  M.  gen.,  b.  in  Ga. 
Miller,  Samuel  F.,  justice  S.  Ct.,born  m  Ky. 
Moore,  lienjauiin,  P.  E.  bp.  of  N.Y.,  A68. 
Morris.  Gouverneur,  statesman,  A64. 
Proctor,  Joseph,  actor,  born  in  Mass. 
Robinson,  Stuart,  Pres.  clergyman,  b.  in  Ire. 
Sawyer,  Philetus,  senator  for  Wis.,  b.  in  Vt. 
Saxe,  John  Godfrey,  poet,  born  in  Vt. 
SUliman,  Benj.,  Jr.,  physicist,  liorn  in  Conn. 
Spalding,  Solomon,  clergyman,  reputed  au- 
thor of  Book  of  Mormon,  A55. 
Stanton,  Elizabeth  Cady,  reformer,  born 

in  N.Y. 
Strother,  David  Hunter,  artist,  writer,  b.  Va. 
Thomas.  George  Henry,  major-gen.,  born 

in  Va.,  July  31. 
Waite,  Morrison  K.,  chief  justice  S.  Ct.,  born 

in  Conn. 
Wilson,  William  Dexter,  scholar,  b.  In  N.  H. 


CHURCH. 

1815  June.  *  N.  Y.  The  General 
Synod  of  the  Reformed  Church  meets 
at  Albany,  John  Schuremau,  president. 
[At  New  York  in  Sept.,  Jacob  Brodhead, 
president.] 


Nov.  19.  X.  J.  John  Croes  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Harmonists,  having  emi- 
grated from  Wurtemberg,  found  New 
Harmony.  They  hold  their  property  in 
common,  and  consider  marriage  a  civil 
contract. 

*  *  Ga.  The  American  Board  sends  Cyrus 
Kingsbury  as  missionary  to  the  Chero- 
kee Indians. 

*  *  Mass.  Open  rupture  and  hot  con- 
troversy separate  Trinitarian  and  Uni- 
tarian Congregational  is ts. 

*  *  Mass.  A  legacy  from  Mrs.  Norris  of 
Salem  is  realized  to  the  American  Board 
—  $30,000,  the  largest  yet  received. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Episcopalians  begin  mis- 
sion work  among  the  Oneida  Indians. 

*  *  Phita. »  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  William  Neill, 
moderator. 

1816  Mar.  24.  Va.  Bishop  Francis 
Asbury,  the  organizer  of  American 
Methodism,  preaches  his  last  sermon,  at 
Richmond. 

Apr.  14.  La.  The  first  Protestant  Epis- 
copal church  is  opened  at  New  Orleans. 

May  1-24.  Md.  The  General  Confer- 
ence (Methodist  Episcopal)  is  held  at 
Baltimore. 

Enoch  George  and  Robert  R.  Morris 
are  ordained  Ijishops ;  the  Mississippi 
Conference  is  formed. 

May  8.  Xew  York.  The  American 
Bible  Society  is  organized  in  the  Re- 
formed Dutch  church,  in  Garden  Street. 

June.*  Xew  York.  The  General 
Synod  of  the  Reformed  Church  meets  ; 
Jacob  Brodhead,  president. 

Oct.  *  The  Bangor  Theological  Sem- 
inary (Congregational)  is  opened. 

*  *  Episcopalians  form  a  Common 
Prayer- Book  and  a  Tract  Society. 

*  *  The  Reformed  Dutch  Church  practi- 
cally co-operates  with  the  American 
Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign 
Missions. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Unitarian  Society  for 
the  Promotion  of  Theological  Edu- 
cation is  organized. 

The  Divinity  School  of  Harvard  is 
established  by  Unitarians. 

The  Boston  Society  for  the  Moral 
and  Religious  Instruction  of  the 
Poor  is  organized. 

*  *  Xeio  York.  The  first  religious  meet- 
ing in  behalf  of  sailors  is  held  at  the 
corner  of  Front  Street  and  Old  Slip. 

*  *  X.  Y.  Lutherans  establish  a  theo- 
logical seminary  at  Hartwick. 

*-*  Cyrus  Kingsbury,  the  first  missionary 
of  the  American  Board  to  the  Indians, 
is  sent  to  the  Cherokees. 

*  *  O.  Tlie  Female  Charitable  Society 
of  Tallmadge  contributes  S20  to  the 
American  Board,  the  first  received  from 
west  of  the  Alleghanies,  save  one  dollar 
from  a  pastor's  pocket. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  James  Blythe, 
moderator.  It  organizes  the  Board  of 
Missions. 


UNITED    STATES.      1815,  Apr.  13-1817  *  *.     125 


*  *  Tract  societies  are  organized  in  Phila- 
delpMa,  Baltimore,  aiid  Hartford. 

*  *  Ricliard  Allen  is  elected  bishop  of  the 
African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

1817  Mar.  14.  New  York.  The  Ma- 
rine Bible  Society  for  supplying 
sailors  with  Bibles  is  organized. 

Apr.  2.  N.  C,  The  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) Diocese  of  North  Carolina  is  orga- 
nized. 

LETTERS. 

1815*  *  Pa.  Allegheny  CoUege(Meth. 
iCpis.)  is  organized  at  Meadville. 

*  *  The  North  American  Review  is  issued. 

*  *  Moral  Pieces  in  Prose  and  Verse,  hy 
Mrs.  Sigourney,  appears. 

*  *  Md.  The  Portico  appears  at  Balti- 
more. 

1816  *  •  N.  J.  Queen's  College  (Kutgers 
Reformed)  suspends  work  [till  1825]. 

»  *  Pa.  The  Pennsylvania  State  Library 
is  founded  at  Harrisburg.    [53,000  vols.] 

*  *  O.    The  Appeal  is  issued.  (See  Society.) 

1817  •  *  Boston.  The  Methodist  Maga- 
zine appears  ;  it  is  the  first  Methodist 
periodical. 

*  *Ohio  State  Ijibrary  is  founded  at 
Columbus.     [51,439  vols.] 

Apr.  7.  Conn.  An  institution  for  deaf 
mutes  is  opened  at  Hartford  by  T.  H. 
Gallaudet,  with  seven  pupils. 

Apr.  21.  New  York.  The  New  York 
State  Library  is  established. 

Sept.  24.  A^.  Y.  Thirteen  Baptists  meet 
in  Hamilton  and  lay  the  foimdation  of 
[the  present]  Madison  University. 

SOCIETY. 

1815  Aug.  •  New  York.  The  first 
Peace  Society  in  the  world  is  founded. 

*  *  B.  C.  Congress  enacts  that  any  one 
establishing  a  still  in  the  Indian  country 
shall  be  fined  8500  and  forfeit  the  still. 

1816  *  *  New  York.  Authorities  forbid 
chimney-sweeps  to  cry  their  trade  in 
tile  streets. 

*  *  O.  The  Appeal  is  started  at  St.  Clairs- 
ville,  to  champion  the  anti -slavery 
cause. 

1817  Jan.  19.  N.  J.  Kiot  and  rebel- 
lion is  engaged  in  by  Princeton  students. 

Feb.  25.  Isaac  Koget,  a  merchant  in  high 
standing,  with  others,  is  convicted  of 
loading  the  lost  schooner  Ocean  with  97 
boxes  of  stone,  in  an  effort  to  defraud  the 
insurance  companies  of  $58,000. 

*  *  Ky.  Abraham  Iiincoln,  nine  years 
of  age,  removes  with  his  parents  to  In- 
diana, crossing  the  Ohio  on  a  raft. 

Dec.  28.  /).  C.  An  American  Colo- 
nization Society  is  formed  at  Washing- 
ton ;  object,  to  return  negroes  to  Africa  ; 
Henry  Clay  is  its  prime  mover. 

STATE. 

1815  Apr.  13.  N.  Y.  Bill  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  Erie  Canal,  from 
Albany  on  the  Hudson  to  Lake  Erie, 
passes  the  Assembly.    Vote,  84-15. 

June  30.  Altiiers.  Commodore  Deca- 
tur negotiates  a  treaty. 


The  Dey  renounces  all  claims  to  tribute 
for  the  protection  of  American  com- 
merce from  pirates,  and  yields  the  right 
to  enslave  prisoners  of  war. 

Julys.  Eng.  A  commercial  treaty 
between  the  United  States  and  England 
is  signed  at  London. 

Dec.  4.    The  14th  Congress  opens. 
Congress ;  House  :  Henry  Clay  of 
Ky.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Dec.31.  U.S.  Internal  revenue  $4,678,059. 

*  *  New  York.  John  Ferguson  is  elected 
the  51st  mayor. 

*  *  -18  •  ♦  New  York.  Jacob  Badcliff 
is  elected  the  52d  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 

Cal.     Pablo  V.  de  Sola  (Span.). 
-17  *  ♦  Ga.    David  B.  Mitchell. 
-17  *  *  N.  J.    Mahlon  Dickerson. 
-21  *  *  Tenn.    Joseph  M'Mlnn. 
-20  *  *  Vt.    Jonas  Galusha. 

1816  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$127,334,933. 

Apr.  10.  D.  C.  Congress  charters  a 
second  national  bank  for  twenty 
years,  with  a  capital  of  $36,000,000. 

Apr.  27.  J).  C.  Congress  imposes  a 
protective  tariff  of  about  25  per  cent 
on  imported  cotton  and  woolen  goods, 
and  specific  duties  on  iron.  The  South 
opposes,  and  the  North  favors  it.  Vote  : 
Senate,  2.')-7  ;  House,  88-.'>t. 

Apr.  30.  n.  C.  The  14th  Congress : 
the  first  session  closes. 

Sept.  *  The  Government  makes  a  treaty 
with  the  Choctaw  and  Cherokee  Indians. 

Nov.  (?)  •  U.  S.  Eighth  Presidential 
election.  Democrat-Republicans  defeat 
the  Federalists  and  elect  James  Monroe. 

Deo.  2.  I).  C.  The  14th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 

Dec.  11.  D.  C.  Congress  admits  Indi- 
ana into  the  Union  as  the  19th  State. 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  necessity  of  protec- 
tion for  manufacturing  industries 
draws  New  England  toward  the  Repub- 
lican party. 

Dec.31.  (I.S.  Internal  Revenue  (5,121,- 
708. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-22  *  *  Ind.    Jonathan  .Jennings. 

Ky.    George  Madison. 
-20  *  *  Ky.    Gabriel  Slaughter. 
^20  •  •  La.    Jacques  Vlllfere. 
-23  *  *  Mass.    John  Brooks. 
-19  *  *  N.H.    William  Plumer. 
-18  *  *  S.  C.    Andrew  Pickens. 
-19  *  *  Va.    James  P.  Preston. 

1817  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$123,491,905. 

Phila.    The  New  Bank  of  the  United 

States  opens  at  Carpenter's  Hall. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  policy  of  internal  im- 
provements is  approved  by  the  Repub- 
licans and  opposed  by  the  Democrats. 

Feb.  12.  n.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  James  Monroe 
of  Va.  (Dem.-Rei>.),  IS? ;  Rufus  King  of 
N.  Y.  (Federalist),  34.  Vote  for  Vice- 
President:  Daniel  D.  Tompkins  of 
N.  Y.  (Republican),  183  ;  JohnE.  How- 
ard of  Md.  (Federalist),  22 ;  James  Boss 
of  Pa.,  6;  John  Marshall  of  Va.,  4; 


Bobert  G.  Harper  of  Md.,  3.    Vacan- 
cies, 4. 
Mar.  4.  B.C.   The  14th  Congress  ends. 
Fifth  Administration;  Democratic- 
Republican. 
Mar.  4.    D.  C.    James  Monroe  of  Va. 
is  inaugurated  the  fifth  President,  in  the 
eighth  term  of  the  presidency.    Daniel 
D.  Tompkinsof  X.  Y.  is  Vice-President. 
The  Capitol  having  been  burned  by 
-    the  British,  the  inauguration  ceremonies 
take  place  in  Congress  Hall. 

Cabinet :  John  Q,.  Adams  of  Mass. 
(State),  Wm.  H.  Crawford  of  Ga. 
(Treas.),  John  C.  Calhotm  of  S.  C. 
(War),  Benj.  "W.  Crowninshield  of 
Mass.  (Navy),  and  Wm.  Wirt  of  Va. 
(Atty.-Gen.). 

*  *  U.  S.  The  Democratic-Republican 
party  is  dominant.  "  Era  of  good  feel- 
ing" in  polities;  party  distinctions  are 
nearly  obliterated. 

May  31+.  B.  C.  President  Monroe  per- 
sonally inspects  the  military  posts. 

Dec.  1.  B.  ('.  The  15th  Congress 
opens. 

Dec.  10.  D.<\  Congress  admits  Missis- 
sippi into  the  Union  as  the  20th  State, 
after  dividing  the  Territory  ;  the  eastern 
portion  is  called  the  Territory  of  Ala- 
bama. 

Dec.  23.  B.  C.  Congress  abolishes  the 
internal  taxes.  [They  are  next  levied  in 
1861,  to  meet  the  expenses  of  another 
war.] 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Internal  revenue 
$2,678,100. 

*  *  [f.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-20*  *Bel.    John  Clarke. 

-19  *  *  Ga:    William  Rabun. 
-20  *  *  N.  C.    John  Branch. 
-29  *  *N.J.    Isaac  H.  Williamson. 
-22  *  *  N.  Y.    De  Witt  Clinton. 

Pa.    Wm.  Findlay. 
-21  *  *  li.  I.    Nehemiah  R.  Knight. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1815  *  *  O.  Cincinnati  has  a  popula- 
tion of  11,600. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Fairmount  Water- works 
for  supplying  Philadelphia  are  com- 
pleted. [The  present  system  was  com- 
pleted in  1827.] 

1816  *  *  Md.  Baltimore  is  the  first 
city  lighted  by  gas. 

Nov.  25.    Phila.    A  theater  is  lighted 

by  gas. 
Dec.  2.     U.  S.    The  first  savings-bank 

is  opened  at  Philadelphia. 

*  *  New  York.  More  than  7,000  immi- 
grants arrive  this  year. 

*  *  N.  Y.—Pa.  Travelers  pass  from  New 
York  to  Philadelphia  between  sunrise 
and  sunset. 

1817  Mar.  4.  Pkila.  The  rechartered 
National  Bank  goes  into  operation, 
and  business,  long  languishing,  now  re- 
vives. 

July  4.  -V.  Y.  The  construction  of  the 
Erie  Canal  is  commenced  by  breaking 
ground  near  Rome. 

Aug.  2.  Mo.  A  steamboat  first  arrives 
at  St.  Louis. 


126     1817**-1819 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
1818    Apr.  *  Florida  the  refuge  of  the 

Creeks,  is  invaded  by  Gen.  Jackson, 

without  express  authority. 
[Congress  refused  to  censure  him,  and 

Spain  accepted  money  for  Florida,  rather 

than  spend  it  in  a  doubtful  defense.] 
Apr.  7.    Fla.    Gen.  Jackson  captures  St. 

Marks,  a  Spanish  post. 
Apr.  30.    Fla.    He   hangs  Alexander 

Arbuthnot  and  an  Englishman  named 

Kobert  C.  Ambrister,  for  inciting  the 

Creeks  to  war. 
May  24.    i?;a.  He  takes  Pensacola  from 

the  Spaniards. 
May  27.    Fla.    He  reduces  the  Spanish 

fortress  of  the  Barancas  [and  sends  the 

authorities  and  troops  to  Havana]. 
May*  Ga.  —  Ala.   Gen.  Jackson  subdues 

the  Seminole  Indians.    [Cost  of  the  war, 

$40,000,000.] 

ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1817  *  •  John  Trumbull  receives  a  com- 
mission from  Congress  for  four  historical 
pictures  :  Declaration  of  Independence  ; 
Surrender  of  Burgoyne;  Surrender  of 
Comtcallis;  Resignation  of  Washington. 

1818  Aug.  13.  Mass.  Gelatinous  mat- 
ter falls  near  Amherst  soon  after  the 
passage  of  a  brilliant  meteor. 

*  *  Boston.    Handel's  iWcssiaA  is  produced. 

*  *  Adams  and  Dodge  are  said  to  have  in- 
vented a  sewing-machine. 

»  *  Boston.     The  Creation,  by  Haydn,  is 

produced. 
»  *  Mo.    N.   M.    Ludlow   gives    the   first 

dramatic  performance  in  St.  Louis. 

*  *  N.J.  Seth  Boyden,  by  an  experiment 
at  Newark,  produces  the  first  patent 
leather  made  in  this  country. 

*  *  N.Y.  A  large  part  of  Table  Rock,  at 
Niagara  Falls,  gives  way  and  drops. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Lyceum  of  Natural 
History  is  inaugurated. 

*  *  Pa.  An  unsuccessful  attempt  is  made 
at  Mauch  Chunk  to  use  anthracite  coal 
in  making  iron. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Academy  of  Natural 
Science  is  founded. 

Jacob  Perkins  invents  engraving  on 
soft  steel,  which,  when  hardened,  will 
multiply  copper  plates  indeiinitely. 
1819  May  26.  Ga.  The  steamship 
Sai)a)»>»aA,  of  350  tons,  sails  from  Savan- 
nah for  Liverpool,  arriving  June  20  :  the 
first  steamship  to  cross  the  Atlantic. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1817*  • 

Barnes,  Joseph,  brig.-gen.,  surgeon,  b.  In  Pa. 
Bedell,  Gregory  T.,  V.  E.  bp.  of  O.,  b.  N.Y. 
Bigelow,  John,  author,  editor,  born  in  N.Y. 
Bowman,  Thomas,  M.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  Pa. 
Brae:^.  Braxton,  Confed.  gen.,  b.  in  N.  C. 
Byford,  Win.  Heath,  physician,  born  in  O. 
Camocnan,  John  M.,  surgeon,  born  in  Ga. 
Champney,  Benjamin,  painter,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Dallas,  Alex.  James,  sec.  of  treas.,  A,^8. 
Davis,  Henry  Winter,  M.  C.  for  Md.,  b.  Md. 
Douglass,  Fred'k.  orator,  b.  a  slave  in  Md. 
Dupont,  Pierre  Sam.,  of  Del.,  economist,  .\78. 
Dwight,  Timothy,  Pres.  of  Yale  Col.,  A55. 
Ewell,  Richard  S.,  Confed.  lieut.-gen.,  b.  D.C. 
Fairchlld,  James  H.,  Presb.  cl.,  b.  in  Mass. 
Fields,  James  Thomas,  editor,  b.  N.  H. 
Finley,Tlol)ert,  Presb. clergyman  of  N.  J.,  .\45. 
Forney.  John  "Weiss,  journalist,  b.  in  Pa. 
Frelinebuysen,  Frederick  T.,  senator  for 
N.  J.,  sec  of  state,  born  in  N.  J. 


Ooueh.  John  B..  temperance  orator, b.  Eng. 
Green,  Seth,  flsh  culturist,  born  in  N.Y. 
Hager.  David  Alljert,  geologist,  born  in  Vt. 
Hale,  Horatio,  ethnologist,  horn  in  N.  H. 
Harhaugb,  Henry,  author,  born  in  Pa. 
Harris,  Wm.  L., .  E.  blsliop,  born  in  O. 
Ilitclmock,  Roawell  Dwtght,  prof.,  b.  in  Me. 
Hollister,  Gideon  Hiram,  author,  born. 
Huntineton,  Samuel,  judge,  A42. 
Jones,  Wm.  .\.,  liltrarian,  i>orn  in  N.Y. 
Judson,  Emily  (Fanny  Forester), b.  in  N.Y. 
Lincoln,  John  L.,  edut^ator,  born  in  Mass. 
McKean,  Thomas,  patriot,  jurist,  A83. 
Meek,  Fielding  B.,  paleontologist,  b.  in  Ind. 
Neale,  Leonard,  R.  C.  hp.  o(  Baltimore,  A71. 
Odenheimer,  Wm.  H.,P.  E.bp.of  N.  J.,b.  Pa. 
Palmer,  Erastus  Dow,  sculptor,  b.  in  N.Y. 
I'aliuer,  John  McCauley,  sen.  for  111.,  h.  Ky. 
Pickens,  .\ndrew,  Revolutionary  gen.,  .\78. 
Pierrepont,  Edwards,  att'y-gen.,b.  in  Conn. 
Ricketts,  James  B.,  gen.  1'.  S.  A.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Riddle,  George  R.,  senator  for  Md.,  b.  in  Del. 
Robinson,  John  C,  major-general,  b.  in  N.  Y. 
Rothermel,  Peter  F.,  painter,  born  in  Pa. 
Saulsbury,  Eli,  senator  for  Del.,  b.  in  Del. 
Thoreau,  Henry  D.,  naturalist,  b.  in  Mass. 
Wallace,  Horace  Binney,  lawyer,  b.  in  Pa. 

1818*  * 

Adams,  Abigail,  writer,  wife  of  Pres.,  A74. 
Aenew,  D.  Hayes,  phys.,  surgeon,  b.  Pa. 
Andrew,  John  Alliion,  gov.  of  Mass.,  h.  Me. 
Baker,  llarrielte  N.  Woods,  author,  b.  Mass. 
Barney,  Joshua,  commodore  l'.  S.  N.,  A59. 
Barry,  William  F.,  brevet  maj.-gen.,  b.  N.Y. 
Beauregard.  Pierre  Oustave  T..  Confed- 

enate  general,  born  in  La. 
Blackwell.  Lucy  Stone,  woman  suffragist, 

born  in  .Mass. 
Boutwell,  <;eo.  Sewall,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  sec. 

of  treas.,  born  in  Mass. 
Browne,  J.  Ross,  writer,  bom  in  Ire. 
Buell,  Don  Carlos,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  h.  O. 
Burr,  Enoch  Fitch,  Cong,  cl.,  b.  in  Conn. 
Butler.  Benjamin  Franklin. lawyer,M.C., 

general,  born  in  N.  H. 
Clarke,  Geo.  Rogers,  gen.,  frontiersman,  A66. 
Corblt,  Wm.  P.,  M.  E.  clergyman,  b.  in  Pa. 
Coxe,  Arthur  C,  P.  E.  bp.  of  N.  Y.,poet,b.  N.  J. 
Cozzens,  Fred.  S.,  writer,  born  in  N.Y. 
Cuffee,  Paul,  phllantliropist,  A59. 
DaboU,  Nathan.teacher,  matliematician,  A68. 
Davis,  Noah,  jurist  of  N.Y.,  l)orn  in  N.  H. 
Denver,  James  W.,  Gov.  of  Kan.,  b.  in  Va. 
Dorsey,  John  Svng,  surgeon,  A3S. 
±  Eastman,  Mary  H.,  auttior,  born  in  Va. 
Ellet,  EUzabeth  F.,  autlior,  l)orn  in  N.Y. 
Evarts.  Wm.  Maxwell,  lawyer,  sec.   of 

state,  born  in  Masa 
Fay,  Jonas,  surgeon,  .\81. 
Fullerton,  Wm.,  lawyer,  jurist,  born. 
Catling,  Hicliard  J.,  inventor  of  gun,  b.  N.  C. 
Gorgas,  Josiah,  vice-chancellor,  born  in  Pa. 
Green,  Norvin,  pres.  of  tel.  CO.,  born  in  Ind. 
Hampton,  Wade,  Confed.  lieut.-gen.,  senator 

for  .s.  ('.,  gov.,  born  in  S.  C. 
Hanlee,  Wm.  J.,  Confed.  gen.,  born  in  Ga. 

Harris,  Caleb  F.,  book  collector,  b.  in  R.  I. 

Harris,  Isliam  G.,  sen.  for  Tenn.,  b.  in  Tenn. 

Hartsliorne,  Edward,  phys.  of  Phila.,  b.  Pa. 
Hill,  Thomas,  Unit,  cl.,  pres.  of  Harvard 
ITniversitv,  born  in  N.  J. 

Horsford,  Eben  Norton,  chemist,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Humphreys,  David,  soldier,  poet,  A65. 

Irwin,  Jared,  Gov.  of  Ga.,  A68. 

James,  Horace,  Cong,  clergyman,  born. 

Jarves,  James  J.,  traveler,  author,  b.  Mass. 

Kensctt,  John  P.,  painter,  born  in  Conn. 

LeClear,  Thomas,  portrait  painter,  b.  in  N.Y. 

LeConte,  John,  physicist,  born  in  Ga. 

Lee,  Henry,  general,  M.  C,  A62. 

Lee,  Henry,  Confed.  gen.  b. 

Loring,  William  W.,  Confed.,  Egyptian  gen- 
eral, born  in  N.C. 

MacDowell,  Irvin,  maj.-gen.  V.  S.  A.,  b.  in  O. 

Mivthews,  William,  author,  born  in  Me. 

MiUeilge,  Jolm,  gov.,  founder  of    Georgia 
University,  AGl. 

Mitchell.  Maria,  astronomer,  b.  in  Mass. 

Morgan,  Lewis  H.,  etlinologist,  b.  in  N.  J. 

O'Brien,  Jeremiah,  privateer  in  Revol  n,  A78. 

Ord,  Edward  O.  C,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  b.  Md. 

Paulding,  John,  a  captor  of  .\ndr«,  -\60. 

Pope,  Chas.  A.,  surgeon  of  Mo.,  b.  in  Ala. 

Prentiss,  Elizabeth,  religious  writer,  b.  In  Me. 

Reld,  Mayne,  Capt.,  novelist,  born  in  Ire. 

Renwick,  James,  architect,  born  in  N.Y. 

Revere,  Paul,  engraver,  patriot  of  Mass.,  A83. 

Rice,  Alex.  H.,  statesman,  scholar,  b.  Mass. 

Richardson,  Israel  B.,  major-gen.,  b.  in  Vt. 

Robinson,  Wm.  .S.,  editor,  writer,  b.  in  Ind. 

Saint  Clair,  Arthur,  general  U.  S.  A.,  A84. 

Shaw.  Henry  "W.  (/osAiliWini/Ji), humorist, 
writer,  born  in  Mass. 

Smith,  John  L.,  mineral., chemist,  b.  in  S.  C. 

Stevens,  Isaac  Ingalls.  maj.-gen.,  b.  in  Mass. 

Wistar,  Caspar,  physician,  anatomist,  .\57. 

Worden,  John  L.,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  b.  N.  Y. 


CHURCH. 

1817  June'-iV.  r.  The  General  Sjmod 
(Reformed)  meets  at  Albany ;  C.  D. 
Westhrook,  president.  [At  Kingston  In 
Oct.] 

*  *  Conn.  The  American  Board  organizes 
a  foreign  mission  school  at  New 
Haven,  with  five  Hawaiian  lads,  among 
others,  as  its  first  pupils. 

*  •  Missions  are  established  among  the 
Choctaw  Indians  by  the  American 
Board. 

*  *  A".  J.  The  Theological  School  Build- 
ing at  Princeton  is  opened. 

*  *  New  York.  The  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Philadelphia  Sunday 
and  Adult  School  Union  is  orga- 
nized. 

The  Baptist  Triennial  Meeting  as- 
sembles. 

The  American  Baptist  Mission  Union 
modifies  its  constitution  so  as  to  include 
domestic  mission  work. 

The  General  Assembly  (Presby- 
terian) meets  ;  James  Coe,  moderator. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Tennessee  is  organized. 

1818  Jan.  *  O.  I'he  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) Diocese  of  Ohio  is  organized. 

June  5.  New  York.  The  Society  for 
Promoting  the  Gospel  among  Sea- 
men in  the  port  of  New  York  is  orga- 
nized. 

Jtme  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets ;  Wm.  Mc.Murray, 
president.  [In  August  it  meets  again  at 
Albany  ;  J.  M.  Bradford,  president.] 

Sept.  23.  Boston.  The  American  Board 
appoints  Pliny  Fisk  and  Levi  Parsons  the 
first  American  missionaries  to  the  Orient. 

Oct.  8.  S.  C.  Nathaniel  Bowen  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  South  Carolina. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  Baptists  begin  work  among 
the  Cherokees.  The  General  Conference 
sends  a  missionary  to  the  Miamis,  Kicka- 
poos,  Pottawattamies,  and  Shawanoes. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Woman's  Missionary  So- 
ciety (Presbyterian)  is  formed  in  Derry. 

*  *  The  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church 
sends  evangelists  among  the  Chickasaws. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  J.  J.  Janeway, 
moderator.  It  forms  the  Board  of 
Missions.  Dr.  Ashbel  Green's  paper 
against  slavery  is  passed. 

1810  Feb.  11.  O.  Pliilander  Chase, 
the  first  western  bishop  (Protestant 
Episcopal),  is  consecrated. 

Apr.  5.  New  York.  The  Missionary 
Society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  is  organized  at  the  preachers' 
meeting. 

Julys.  New  York.  A  woman's  Mis- 
sionary Society  is  formed  in  the  Wes- 
leyan  Seminary,  on  Forsyth  Street. 

*  *  O.  The  Joint  Synod  (Evangelical  Lu- 
theran) of  Ohio  is  organized. 

Oct.  23.  Hiram  Bingham,  Asa  Thurston, 
and  others  of  the  American  Board  sail 


UNITED   STATES. 


1817*  *-1819*  *.    127 


for  the  Sandwich  Islands  to  open  a 
missiou. 
Oct.  27.    Conn.    T.  C.  Brownell  is  conse- 
crated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  presiding 
bishop  for  Connecticut. 

LETTERS. 

1817  *  *  Conn.  The  Hartford  Times  is 
first  issued. 

Rev.  Jeremiah  Day  is  President  of 
Tale  College  [till  1846]. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Divinity  School  (Unit.) 
of  Harvard   University   is    established. 

*  »  Kew  York.  The  General  Theological 
Seminary  (Prot.  Epis.)  is  organized. 

*  *  The  American  Monthly  Magazine  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Phila.  The  American  Register  ap- 
pears. 

*  •  Thanatopsis,  by  AAT.  C.  Bryant, 
appears. 

*  •  Keep  Cool,  by  John  Neal,  appears. 

*  •  Life  ami  Character  of  Patrick  Henry, 
by  William  Wirt,  appears. 

1818  *  *  Boston.  Christian  Examiner 
is  issued  quarterly  byChanning,  Dewey, 
Ware,  and  others. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  New  York  State  Library 
is  founded  at  Albany.    [128,529  vols.] 

*  *  The  American  Journal  of  Science  and 
Arts,  a  quarterly,  by  Benjamin  Silliman, 
is  issued. 

*  *  Early  European  Friends  of  Amemca, 
by  Julian  C.  Verplanck,  appears. 

*  *  The  Battle  of  Niagara,  by  John  Neal, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Methodist  Magazine  [later  the 
Methodist  Quarterly  Review]  appears. 

*  *  TAe  £acA«;oorf«man,  by  J.  K.Paulding, 
appears. 

*  *  Theology  Exptained  and  Defended  in 
One  Hundred  and  Seventy-three  Sermons, 
by  Timothy  Dwight,  appears. 

1819  Apr.  2.  il/rf.  The  American 
Farmer  is  first  issued  at  Baltimore  ;  it  is 
the  first  agricultviral  paper  in  the 
country. 

May  *  Baptists  begin  the  publication  of 
the  weekly  Christian  Watchman. 

*  *  Ky.  Center  College  (Pres.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Danville. 

SOCIETY. 

1818  *  *  U.  S.  Great  ag;itation  of  the 
slavery  question  is  occasioned  by  the 
petition  of  Missouri  for  admission  to 
the  Union  as  a  slave  State. 

*  *  In  order  to  counteract  the  habitual 
use  of  ardent  spirits  among  the  people. 
Secretary  Calhoun  prohibits  the  use  of 
liquor  altogether  in  the  U.  S.  Army. 

1819  Apr.  26.  Md.  The  first  society 
of  Odd  Fellows  in  the  United  States  is 
instituted  as  Washington  Lodge  Xo.  1. 

*  *  Ga.    Expulsion  of  the  Cherokees. 

Greedy  white  men  want  their  land, 
and  a  great  body  of  Indians  are  "  per- 
suaded"  to  go  over  the  Mississippi.  The 
Cherokees,  the  Creeks,  the  Choctaws, 
and  the  Cliickasaws  are  "  greatly  agi- 
tated and  distressed  "  at  the  prospect  of 
a  removal  from  lands  guaranteed  to  them 
by  treaty  with  the  United  States. 


*  •  Ind.  Abraham  Ijincoln  (nearly  H 
years  old)  mourns  the  death  of  his 
mother. 

*  •  New  York.    Hatters  form  a  union. 

STATE. 

1818  Jan.  1.    U.  S.    National  debt 

8103,466,033. 

Mar.  18.  U.  S.  Congress  grants  pen- 
sions to  veterans  of  the  war  of  the 
Kevolution  who  are  in  needy  circum- 
stances. 

Mar.  31.  Z).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Gaillard  of  S.  C.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

Apr.  4.  D.  C.  Congress  adopts  the 
United  States  flag ;  it  has  13  stars  on  a 
blue  canton,  and  13  stripes  alternate  red 
and  white  —  one  for  each  original  State. 

Apr.  20.  D.  C.  The  15th  Congress:  the 
first  session  closes. 

Sept.  1.    N.  Y.    Auburn  prison  is  opened. 

Oct.  20.  A  Convention  is  signed  with 
Great  Britain  respecting  boundaries 
and  the  fisheries. 

The  49th  parallel  of  north  latitude 
shall  be  established  as  the  boundary 
line  between  United  .States  and  British 
America  in  the  west,  and  the  joint  occu- 
pation of  Oregon  shall  take  place  for 
ten  years.  The  convention  of  1815  is 
renewed. 

Nov.  16.    D.  C.    The  16th  Congress : 

the  second  session  opens. 
Deo.  3.    D.  C.    Congress  admits  Illinois 

as  the  21st  State. 
Dec.  31.     U.  S.    Internal  revenue 

8955,270. 

*  *  17.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-27  *  *  Conn.    Oliver  Wolcott. 
-22  •  •  lit.    Shailrach  Bond. 

-25  *  *  Ind.    William  Hendricks. 
-22  *  *  O.    Ethan  A.  Brown. 
-20  *  *  S.  C.    Jbhn  Geddes. 

*  *  -21  *  *  New  York.  Cadwallader  D. 
Colden  is  elected  the  53d  mayor. 

1819  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
895,529,648. 

Feb.  13.  D.  C.  Congress;  House :  vig- 
orous resistance  is  made  to  a  bill  in- 
troduced to  organize  the  Territory  of 
Missouri  into  a  State.  Of  the  22  States, 
11  are  free  and  11  are  slave  States. 

James  Tallmadge  of  N.  Y.  moves  the 
bill  be  so  amended  as  to  forbid  the 
further  introduction  of  slaves,  an<l 
grant  freedom  to  the  offspring  of 
slaves  at  25  years  of  age.  [Passed,  Feb. 
16.  Vote,  87-76.  It  is  defeated  in  the 
Senate.    Vote,  31-7.] 

Feb.  15.  n.  C.  Congress ;  Senate: 
James  Barbour  of  Va.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent pro  tempore. 

Feb.  22.  n.  C.  Treaty  with  Spain. 
Spain  surrenders  all  claim  to  West  Flor- 
ida, and  cedes  F.ast  Florida.  The  United 
States  surrenders  all  claim  to  Texas,  and 
agrees  to  pay  an  indemnity  of  85.000.000 
to  satisfv  the  claims  of  American  citi- 
zens against  Spain. 

Mar.  4.  /;.  ('.  The  15th  Congress 
ends. 

Mar.  *  D.  C.  President  Monroe  approves 
the  act  of  Congress,  by  which  all  Afri- 
cans recaptured  from  slavers  shall  be 
returned  to  Africa,  and  cared  for. 

June  19.    Maine  is  separated  from  Mass. 


Dec.  6.  D.  C.  The  16th  Congress 
opens.  House :  Henry  Clay  of  Ky.  is 
reelected  Speaker.    Vote,  147-8. 

Dec.  14.  J).  C.  Alabama  is  admitted  into 
the  Union  as  the  22d  State. 

Dec.  31.  U.S.  Internal  revenue 
8220,593. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-20  ♦  *  Ala.    Wm.  W.  Bibb. 

-25  **  Ark.  (Ter.)    James  Miller. 

<ia.    Matthew  Talbot. 
-23  *  *  Ga.    John  Clarke. 
-21  *  *  Miss.    George  Poindexter. 
-23  *  *  N.  H.    Samuel  Bell. 
-22  »  *  la.    Thomas  M.  Randolph. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1817  *  *  Ala.   Montgomery  Is  founded. 

*  *A'.  Y.  The  Black  Ball  Line  (the 
first  line  of  packets)  of  4  ships  is  estab- 
lished, to  run  to  Liverpool. 

*  *  "Vermont  has  its  first  bank  at  Wind- 
sor, and  receives  a  bonus  from  the  insti- 
tution. 

»  *  U.  S.  Flour  sells  at  810  to  $15  a 
barrel. 

The  country  is  flooded  with  foreign 
goods  at  low  prices,  whicli  ruin  many 
manufacturing  establisliments  fostered 
by  high  prices  during  the  war. 

1818  Mar.  19.  Del.  A  powder-mill 
explodes  near  Wilmington  ;  35  persons 
are  killed. 

May 28.  N.  Y.  "Hie  Walk-in-the-Water, 
the  first  steamboat  on  Lake  Erie,  Is 
launched  at  Black  Rock. 

July  8.  New  York.  Gen.  Montgom- 
ery's remains  are  removed  from 
Canada,  and  deposited  with  military 
honors  in  the  mural  tomb  in  St.  Paul's 
churchyard. 

Aug.  23.  N.  Y.  The  first  steamboat 
trip  on  Lake  Erie  begins  at  Buffalo. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  center  foundation  of  the 
Capitol  at  Washington  is  laid. 

*  *  Md.  The  first  savings-bank  at  Bal- 
timore is  established. 

±  *  *  Shoe-pegs  are  Introduced. 

1819  Oct.  24.  N.Y.  The  Erie  Canal 
is  opened  from  Utica  to  Rome. 

Nov.  24.  N.  Y.  The  Champlain  Ca- 
nal is  declared  to  be  n.avigable. 

Dec.  *  Ind.  Fifteen  families  are  settled 
at  Indianapolis. 

*  *  Ky.  John  J.  Crittenden  resigns  his 
seat  in  the  Federal  Senate,  at  $900  a 
year,  "  to  get  bread  for  his  family." 

*  *  N.  C.  A  great  fire  occurs  at  Wil- 
mington; loss  over  81,000,000. 

*  *  N.  J.  Forest  fires  near  Springfield 
burn  3,000  acres  of  timber. 

*  *  Yellow  fever  prevails  in  Southern 
cities;  in  New  Orleans  there  are  1,200 
deaths ;  many  more  occur  in  Mobile, 
Savannah,  Charleston,  and  Baltimore. 

*  *  The  first  national  financial  crisis 
occurs. 

It  is  occasioned  by  extravagant  spec- 
ulations following  the  reorganization 
of  the  National  Bank;  82,000,000  are 
withdrawn  from  the  bank,  beyond  its 
securities ;  the  bank  barely  escapes 
insolvency. 


128 


1819 


1821  *  *. 


AMERICA : 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1820  Nov.  29.  j\Vht  Ym-L:  Edmund 
Kean  first  appears  in  America  in  liichard 
III.  at  the  Anthony  Street  Theater. 

*  *  Vt.  Carpenters' steel  squares  are  first 
manufactured,  at  Bennington. 

*  *  Jeremiah  is  painted  by  Washington 
Allston. 

±*  *  John     Frazee     executes     busts     In 

marble. 
±*  *  Hezekiah  Augur  practises  the  art  of 

sculpture. 

*  *  India-rubber  shoes  are  first  seen  in 
America. 

1821  Jan.*  N.  Y,  The  Hudson 
River  is  frozen  over,  and  loaded  sleighs 
cross  on  the  ice  from  Cortlandt  Street  to 
Jersey  City. 

July  13.  Va.  Junius  Brutus  Booth 
first  appears  in  America  in  Itichard  III. 
at  Kichmond. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1818*  * 

Abbott,  Ezra,  scholar,  born  In  Me. 

Alexander,  Barton  L.,  brig.-gen.,  bom. 

Appleton,  .Jesse,  Cong,  clergyman,  President 
of  Bowdoin,  A47. 

Armitage,  Thomas,  Bapt.  cl.,  born  in  Eng. 

Ball,  Thomas,  sculptor,  born  in  Mass. 

Barker,  Fordyce,  physician,  born  in  Me. 

Blackman,  (Jeorge  Curtis,  surgeon,  b.  Conn. 

Brannan.John  M.,  major-general,  b.  in  I>.  C. 

Canby,  Edward  U.  S.^  brig.-gen.,  b.  in  Ky. 

Crane,  Jonathan   T.,  W.  E.  cl.,  b.  in  N.  J. 

Dana,  Chas.  Anderson.  N.  Y.  Sun,\i.  N.  H. 

English,  Thomas  Dunn,  Ben  Boll,  b.  in  Pa. 

Evans,  Oliver,  inventor  of  engines,  A64.,Md. 

Fenton,  Keuben  E.,  senator,  Gov.  of  N.  Y., 
born  in  N.Y. 

Field,  Cyrus  West,  merchant  of  N.  Y., 
promoter  of  Atlantic  cable,  b.  Mass. 

ri8hburn,WiIliain,maj.-gen.of  Revorn,A59, 

Geary,  .John  W.,  brig.-gen.,  Gov.  of  l'a.,b.  Pa. 

Getty,  Ceo.  W.,  maj.-gen.  U.  .S.  A.,  b.  D.  C. 

Greenough,  liichard  S.,  sculptor,  b.  in  Mass. 

Hecker,  Isaac  Thomas,  Paulist,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Hendricks.  Thomas  A.,  Vice-Pres.,  sen. 
for  Ind.,  b.  in  (». 

Hinuian,  Clark  T.,  founder  of  K.  W.  Univer- 
sity, born  in  N.Y. 

Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert,  poet,  b.  in  Mass. 

Howe.  Elias,  inv.  sewing-machine,  b.  Mass. 

Howe,  Julia  Wani,  i)oet,  born  in  N.Y. 

Hudson,  Freiieritrk,  journalist,  b.  hi  Mass. 

Huntington,  Frederi<*k  !>.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Cen- 
tral N.  Y.,  born  in  Mass. 

Jeffries,  John,  physician,  aeronaut,  A74.  ? 

Johnson,  Wm.  Sam.,  M.  C.  for  Conn.,  F.  R. 
S.,  A92. 

Kedney,  John  Steinfort,  p.  E.  cl.,b.  in  N.  J. 

Keener,  John  Christian,  M,  E.  S.  bp.,  b.  Md. 

Langdon,  John,  senator  for  K.  H.,  gov.,  A80. 

Lanman,  Charles,  author,  painter,  b.  Mich. 

Lesley,  John  Peter,  geologist,  born  in  Pa. 

Lowell.  James  Russell,  poet,  professor  in 
Harvard,mini8ter  to  England, born  in  Mass. 

Lyon,  Nathaniel,  general,  born  in  Conn. 

Melville,  Herman,  novelist,  born  in  N.Y. 

Morton.  Wm.  Thomas  Green,  dentist,  phy- 
sician, discoverer  of  the  use  of  ether  as  an 
anesthetic,  born  in  Mass. 

Mowatt,  Anna  Cora  (Ritchie),  actor,  b.  Fr. 

Painter,  Gamaliel,  Jurist,  founder  of  Middle- 
bury  College,  Vt.,  A6t). 

Parsons,  Thomas  Wm.,  poet,  b.  in  Boston. 

Perry.  Oliver  Hazard,  com.U.  S.  navy,  A34. 

Rodgers,  Christopher  It.  P.,  rear-admiral, 
born  in  N.Y. 

Rosecrans,  William  S.,  brig.-gen.  U.  S.  A., 
born  in  O. 

Schaff,  Pliilip,  Swiss-Am.  Pres.  cl.,  b.  Switz. 

Southworth,  Emma  1).  E.,  novelist,  b.  D.  C. 

Story,  Wm.  "Wetmore.  sculptor,  poet,  born 
in  Mass. 

Thompson,  Joseph  P.,  Cong.  cl.,au.,b.  in  Pa. 

Van  Santvoord,  t;eorge,  lawyer,  au.,b.  N.  J. 

"Warner.  Susan  (Elizabeth  Wetherel),  au- 
thor, horn  in  N.Y. 

Wbeeler.Wm.  A.. I9th  Vice-Pres.,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Whipple,  Edwin  Percy,  essayist,  critic,  born 

in  Mass. 
'Whitman,  Walt,  poet,  born  in  N.Y. 

Whitney,  Josiah  Dwight,  geologist,!).  Mass. 

Wilkinson.  Jemima,  religious  imi»ostor,  A6(j. 

Williamson,  Hugli,  physician,  scholar,  A84. 


1820*  * 

Anthony,  Susan  B.,  woman's  rights*  a^lvo- 
cate,  born  in  Mass. 

Blatchford,  Samuel,  U.  S.  S.  Ct.,  b.  in  Ga. 

Boone.  Dan.,  explorer,  colonizer  of  Ky.,  A  ft."). 

Brigham,  Charles  H.,  Cong,  clergyman,  edu- 
cator, born  in  Mass. 

Brislerl,  Charles  A.,  author,  born  in  N.Y. 

Broderick,  David  C,  sen.  for  *;a.,  b.  1).  C 

Brooks,  William  T.  IL,  brig.-gen.  vol.,  b.  O. 

Brownell,  Henry  Howard,  author,  b.  in  R.  I. 

Burrill,  James,  atty.-gen.  of  K.  L,  A48. 

Cary,  Alice,  poet,  born  in  O. 

Chauvenet,  Wm.,  mathematician,  b.  in  Pa. 

Crawford,  Martin  J.,  diplomat,  b.  in  Ga. 

Davie,  Wm.  Richardson,  Gov.  of  N.  C,  A64. 

I>e  Bow,  James  I>.  B.,  statistician,  b.  .S.  C. 

Deems,  Charles  F.,  Meth.  Epis.  South  clergy- 
man, author,  born  in  JId.         * 

Decatur,    Stephen.    Jr..    Com.    V.  S.  N., 
killed  in  a  duel,  A4I. 

De  Vere,  Maximilian  Scheie,  philologist,  es- 
sayist, l>orn  in  Sweden. 

Devens,  Charles,  jurist,  born  in  Mass. 

Doubleday,  Abner,  gen.  of  vol.,  col.  U.  8.  A., 
born  in  N.Y. 

Drake,  Joseph  Rodman,  poet,  A25. 

Eads,  James  B.,  engineer,^born  in  In<l. 

Ellicott,  Andrew,  astronomer,  A66. 

Foster,  Randolph  S..  M.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  O. 
<Jaston,  William,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  b.  in  Conn. 
Gayler,  Chas.,  journalist,  dramatist,  b.  N.Y. 
Greatorex,  Eliza,  artist,  born  in  Ire. 
Tiall,  Chas.  H.,  clergyman,  born  in  Ga. 
Harlan,  James,  senator  for  la.,  liorn  in  HI. 
Haven,  Erastus,  M.  E.  l)ishoi>,  b.  in  Boston. 
He  wit,  .\ugU8tine  Francis,  clergyman,  Paul- 
ist, born  in  Conn. 
Holmes,  George  F.,  educator,  b.  in  Guiana. 
Hopkins,  John  H.,  P.  E.  clergyman,  b.  Ire. 
Houghton,  George  F.,  jurist,  born  in  Vt. 
Hoyt,  Benjamin  T.,  educator,  born  in  Mass. 
Kane,  Elisha  Kent,  explorer,  born  in  Phila. 
Keene,  Laura,  actress,  born  in  Eng. 
Ketchum,  Winthrop  W.,  judge,  born  in  Pa. 
Le  Vert,  Ot^tavia  W.,  author,  born  in  Ga. 
Lincoln,  Levi,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  ATI. 
Lorflt,  Campbell,  chemist,  autlior,  b.  in  Mo. 
Nesmith,  Jas.  W.,  senator  for  Ore.,  b.  Can. 
Poore,  Benjamin  Perley,  journalist,  b.  Mass. 
Pursh,  Frederick,  botanist,  A  46. 
Raymond,  Henry  Jarvis,  journalist,  h.  N.Y. 
Reynolds,  John  Fulton,  gen.  V.  S.  A.,  b.  Pa, 
Root,  George  F.,  musical  composer,  b.  Mass. 
Rousseau,  Lovell  II.,  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Ky. 
Shedd,  Wm.  G.  T.,  Pres.  cl.,  au.,  b.  in  Mags. 
Sherman.  William  Tecumseh,  iSth  Gen- 
eral of  IT.  S.  A.,  born  in  O. 
Trumbull,  Benj.,  Cong,  cl.,  historian,  ASS. 
Vallandigham,  Clement  L.,M.  C.  forO.,b.  O. 
Wells,  Samuel  Roberts,  phrenologist,  b.  Ct. 
Wentworth,  Sir  John,  G«v.  of  N.  IL,  A83. 
West.  Benjamin,  painter  in  P^ng.,  A82. 
Wharton,  Francis,  jurist,  P.  E.  clergyman, 

born  in  Phila. 


CHURCH. 

1819  •  *  Md.  Dr.William  EUery  Chan- 
ning  preaches  at  Baltimore,  and  gives 
what  Is  called  the  Unitarian  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  and  becomes 
the  leader  of  his  church. 

*  *  The  Hamilton  Baptist  Missionary- 
Society  sends  a  missionary  to  the 
Oneidas. 

The  Ohio  Conference  (Methodist  Epis- 
copal) appoints  James  B.  Finley  superin- 
tendent of  its  Indian  mission  among  the 
Wyandots. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  James  Holt  Rice, 
moderator. 

1820  May  1-27,  Md.  The  General 
Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal) 
meets  in  IJaltimore. 

May  3.  Me.  Tlie  Protestant  Episcopal 
diocese  of  Maine  is  organized. 

June  4.  New  York.  The  first  mariners' 
church  in  the  United  States  is  dedi- 
cated, in  Roosevelt  Street. 

June*  New  York,  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets ;  James  S,  Cameron, 


president.       [In    Oct.    it    meets   at  Al- 
bany.] 
Oct.  22.    Lutherans  form  a  General 
Synod,  with  150  ministers  and  35,000 
communicants. 

*  *  Md.  —  Va.  Each  of  these  States  orga- 
nizes a  Lutheran  Synod. 

*  *  Neio  York.  The  African  Methodist 
Spiscopal  Zion  Church  is  organized. 

Methodists  are  divided  respecting  the 
Episcopacy,  and  Methodist  Protestant 
Churches  are  formed. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Ei)iscopal)  meets.  It  orga- 
nizes the  Domestic  and  Foreign  Mis- 
sionary Society. 

The  General  Assembly  (Presby- 
terian) meets ;  John  McDowell,  mod- 
erator. 

Presbyterians  enter  a  Plan  of  Corre- 
spondence with  the  Reformed  Church. 

The  Baptist  Triennial  Meeting:  is 
held.  The  Meeting  decides  to  again 
restrict  its  Baptist  mission  work  to 
foreign  fields. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese 
of  Charleston  is  established. 

*  *The  United  Synod,  South  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  of  Tennessee,  is  orga- 
nized. 

*  *  A  mission  is  established  among  the 
Choctaws  by  the  American  Board. 

*  **rhe  United  Foreign  Missionary  Soci- 
ety commences  work  among  the  Osage 
Indians. 

*  *The  Southern  General  Synod  of 
Lutherans  organizes. 

*  *  U.  S.  Methodists  are  agitated  con- 
cerning the  election  of  presidinflf 
elders. 

1821  June  3.  Nev?  York.  The  Bethel 
Union  is  organized.     [It  soon  expires.] 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (lie- 
formed)  meets  at  Albany;  S.  S.  Wood- 
hull,  president. 

LETTERS. 
1819  *  *  N.  Y.    Auburn  Theological  Sem- 
inary (Pres.)  is  established. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Western  University  of 
Pennsylvania  (non-sect.),  at  Pittsburg, 
is  organized. 

*  *  Tenn.  Maryville  College  (Pres.)  is 
founded. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Board  of  Education 
begins  its  work. 

*  *  Fanny y  by  Fitz-Greene  Halleck,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Voyage  to  South  America,  by  Henry 
M.  Brackenridge,  appears. 

*  *  The  Sketch  Hook,  by  Washington. 
Irving,  appears. 

*  *  Tlie  American  Flag,  by  J.  li.  Drake, 
appears. 

*  *  View  of  tfie  Lead  Mines  of  Missouri,  hj 
Henry  R.  Schoolcraft,  appears. 

*  *  The  State  Triumvirate :  A  Political 
Tale,  by  Verplanck,  appears. 

*  *  Percys s  Masque,  by  James  A.  Hill- 
house,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1819 


-1821 


129 


1820  Mayl.  N.  Y.  The  Hamilton  Lil> 
erary  and  Theological  luBtitution  (Bapt.) 
is  opened. 

*  *  Ark.  The  Arkansas  Gazette,  at  Ar- 
kansas Village,  is  first  issued. 

*  » Me.  Colby  University  (Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Watorville. 

*  *N.Y.  The  Colgate  University 
(Bapt.)  is  organized  at  Hamilton  as  the 
Madison  University. 

*  *  Mass.  Jacob  Bigelow  and  others  start 
the  American  Pharmacopeia. 

The  Literary  and  Scientijic  Repository 
appears.    [Expires  in  1821.] 

The  Apprentice  library  is  founded. 
[(»,000  vols.] 

The  Mercantile  Ijibrary  Association's 
Library  is  fomided.    [207,128  vols.] 
»  •  Precaution,    by     James    Fenimore 
Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  Juflith,  Esther  and  Other  Poems,  by 
Maria  Brooks,  appears. 

*  *  -44  *  *  The  Ladies^  Companion  ap- 
pears. 

1821  Apr.  20.  Boston.  The  Christian 
Register  (Unit.)  is  issued. 

SOCIETy. 

1820  Mar.  22.  Commodore  Barron 
kills  Commodore  Decatur  in  a  duel. 

May  5.  D.  C.  Congress  recognizes  the 
slave-trade  to  he  piracy,  and  prohibits 
citizens  from  engaging  in  it  under  pen- 
alty of  death. 

+  *  *  Miss.  A  lottery  is  established  at 
Natchez,  to  build  a  church. 

*  *  U.  S.    Total  slaves,  2,009,031. 

4-  *  *  Webster,  Calhoun,  and  Clay  with 
masterly  eloquence  denounce  agitators 
who  constantly  declare  the  iniquity  of 
the  slave  system. 

1821  •  *  Africa.  liiberia  is  secured  for 
the  colonization  scheme  of  the  American 
Colonization  Society,  and  a  new  town  is 
commenced,  called  Monrovia. 

*  *  Me.  The  selectmen  are  required  to 
post  lip,  in  all  places  where  liquor  is 
sold,  the  names  of  all  persons  reported 
to  be  drunkards  or  tipplers. 

STATE. 
1820   Jan.  1.     U.  S.     National  debt 

$91 ,015,50(1. 

Jan.  25.  />.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  John 
Gaillard  of  S.  C.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Feb.  18.  D.  C.  Congress  ;  .Senate  :  The 
Missouri  Compromise  Bill  passes. 
Vote,  24-20. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  The 
Missouri  Compromise  Bill  passes. 

It  ;tdmits  Missouri  as  a  slave  State,  but 
forever  prohibits  slavery  from  the  bal- 
ance of  the  territory  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, north  of  36° 30' north  latitude  — the 
latitiule  of  the  southern  border  of  Mis- 
souri.   Vote  :  House,  134-42. 

Mar.  3.  Z).  C.  Congress  admits  Maine 
into  the  Union  as  the  23d  State,  to  take 
effect  Mar.  15. 

Congress  limits  the  tenure  of  office 
of  Governmental  appointees  to  four 
years,  or  the  pleasure  of  the  Govern- 
ment. 


May  15.    D.  C.    The   16th   Congress: 

the  first  session  closes. 
Oct.  20.    Spain  ratifies  the  treaty  ceding 

Florida. 
Nov.  13.    B.C.    The  16th  Congress: 

the  second  session  opens. 
Nov.  14.  JJ.  C.  Congress ;  House :  John 

W.  Taylor  of  N.  Y.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Nov.  ?*  U.S.  Ninth  Presidential  Elec- 
tion ;  Democratic-Kepublicans  elected. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Internal  revenue 
$106,2G0. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  Missouri  Compromise 
quells  the  slavery  agitation  for  a 
time,  and  it  is  deemed  settled  forever. 

*  *  U.  S.  Old  issues  in  politics  are 
abandoned  ;  the  new  issues  are  protec- 
tion for  manufactures,  internal  improve- 
ments by  the  General  Government,  and 
the  recognition  of  the  South  American 
republics. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-21  *  »  Ala.    Thomas  Bibb. 

-21  ♦  *  JJel.    Jacob  Stout. 
-24  *  *  Ky.    John  Adair. 
-22  *  *  La.    Thos.  B.  Robertson. 
-21  *  •  Me.    William  King. 
-24  *  *  Mo.    Alexander  M'Nair. 
-21  *  *  .N^.  C.    Jesse  Franklin. 

*  *  Pa.    Joseph  Heister. 
-22  *  *  S.  C.    Thomas  Bennett. 
-23  *  *  rt.    Richard  Skinner. 

1821  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$89,987,427. 

Feb.  14.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President,  eT.ames  Monroe  of 
Va.,  Republican,  231  ;  John  Q.  Adams  of 
Mass.,  Opposition,  1.  For  Vice-Presi- 
dent;  Daniel  D.  Tompkins  of  N.  Y.,  Re- 
publican, 218  ;  Richard  Stockton  of  N.,J., 
8;  Daniel  Rodney  of  Del.,  4;  Robert  (i. 
Harper  of  Md.,  1 ;  Richard  Rush  of  Pa.,  1 . 
Vacancies,  3. 

Feb.  26.    n.  C.    Congress :  The  House 

votes  to  admit  Missouri  conditionally. 

Vote,  87-81. 
Feb.  27.    D.C.    Congress:  The  Senate 

votes  to  admit  Missouri  conditionally. 

Vote,  26-15. 
Mar.  4.  D.C.   The  16th  Congress  ends. 

The  2d  term  of  the  fifth  adminis- 
tration; Democratic-Republican. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  James  Monroe  of  Va., 
the  fifth  President,  enters  his  second 
term,  in  the  ninth  term  of  the  presi- 
dency. Daniel  D.  Tompkins  of  N.  Y. 
is  Vice-President. 

Cabinet:  John  Q,.  Adams  of  Mass. 
(State),  'Wra.  H.  Crawford  of  Ga. 
(Treas.),  John  C.  Calhoun  of  S.  C. 
(War),  Smith  Thompson  of  N.  Y. 
(Navy),  Wm.  Wirt  of  Va.  (Atty.-Gen.). 

July  1.  Spain  is  constrained  to  sur- 
render Florida  to  the  United  States. 

Aug.  10.  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
Missotiri  admitted  into  the  Union  as 
the  24th  State,  amid  a  tempest  of  po- 
litical excitement,  occasioned  by  the 
existence  of  slavery  therein. 

Deo.  3.  I).  C.  The  17th  Congress 
opens. 


Congress;   House:   Philip  P.  Bar- 
bour of  Va.  is  elected  Speaker. 

*  *  _24  *  *  New  York.  Stephen  Allen  is 
elected  the  Mth  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-25  *  *  Ala.    Israel  Pickens. 

-22  *  *  Del.    John  Collins. 

-22  **  Fla.  (Ter.).    Andrew  Jackson. 

-22  *  *  Me.    W.  D.  Williamson. 

-25  *  *  Miss.    Walter  Leake. 

-24  *  *  N.  C.    Gabriel  Holmes. 

-24  •  *R.I.    WMlliam  C.  Gibbs. 

-27  *  *  Tenn.    William  Carroll. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1820  Jan.  11.  Ga.  One-half  of  Sa- 
vannah is  burned ;  loss,  $4,000,000. 

June*  {/.,S\  Fourth  census:  States,  23; 
whites,  7,862,106;  colored,  1,771,656  (free 
colored  233,634,  slaves  1,638,022) ;  total 
population,  9,633,822.  Increase,  33.06 
per  cent.  Center  of  population  16  miles 
north  of  Woodstock,  Md. ;  westward 
movement  in  10  years,  50  miles. 

June  20.  N.  Y.  A  Great  fire  occurs 
in  Troy;  120  of  the  best  buildings  are 
burned  ;  loss  nearly  $1,000,000. 

June  *  The  first  steamship  line  be- 
tween New  York  and  New  Orleans  com- 
mences its  trips. 

July  1.  A'.  Y.  Toll  is  first  collected  on 
the  Erie  Canal. 

July*  The  first  steamboat  on  Lake 
Michigan  arrives  at  Green  Bay,  with  200 
passengers  and  a  large  cargo. 

*  *  Summer.  Ga.  About  700  people  die 
of  yellowr  fever  in  Savannah ;  343 
houses  are  left  vacant  by  fugitive 
owners. 

Dec.  *  Phila.  Anthracite  coal  begins 
to  find  a  market ;  365  tons  are  sold  dur- 
ing the  year. 

±  *  *  Conn.  The  whale  fishery  business 
commences  at  New  Ixuidon. 

*  *  Tenn.  —  Ark.  Memphis  is  laid  out; 
also  Little  Rock. 

*  »  Flour  has  fallen  from  $10  and  $17  a 
barrel  in  1817,  to  $5  or  $6  a  barrel ;  many 
manufactories  are  closed,  and  workmen 
are  idle. 

*  *  Md.—  W.  I'a.  Completion  of  tlie  great 
National  road  from  Cumberland  to 
Wheeling,  costing  $1,700,000  and  14  years 
of  labor  (connecting  tlie  Ohio  River  with 
the  seaports  ;  it  was  originally  intended 
to  continue  to  the  Mississippi). 

*  *  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other  aliens  in 
1820,  8,385. 

1821  Aug.  10.  A'.  Y.  The  remains  of 
Major  Andr6  are  exhumed,  and  placed 
on  board  of  a  British  frigate  for  inter- 
ment in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Dec.  *  Phila.  Soles  are  made  of  1,073 
tons  of  anthracite  coal  during  the 
year. 

*  *  Mass.  Lowell  is  founded  by  the 
Merriraac  Manufacturing  Company. 

*  *  Tex.  Colonization  from  the  United 
States  begins. 

Deo.  31.  [I.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1821,  9,127. 


130     1821  *  *-1824,  May  22. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1822  *  *  A  small  naval  force  subdues  the 

pirates  of  the  Cuban  coast,  capturing 

more  than  20  vessels. 
1824  *  *  W.  I.     Commodore    David 

Porter  subdues  the  pirates. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1821  *  *  Christ  Ejected  is  painted  by 
William  Dunlap. 

*  *  Portrait  of  Thomas  Jefferson  is  paintt^d 
by  Thomas  Sully. 

1822  *  *  Charles  Mathews,  the  actor, 
first  appears  in  America. 

*  *  Mass.  The  first  cotton  mill  is 
erected. 

X823  June*  New  York.  The  first 
steam-power  printing-press  is  set  up ; 
its  first  work  is  an  abridgment  of  Mur- 
ray's Grammar. 

*  •  O.  The  manufacture  of  wine  is 
commenced  in  Cincinnati. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1831  *  * 

Adler,  Georg  J,,  prof.,  author,  born  in  Ger. 

Allen,  Solomon,  Cong,  cl.,  major  in  Kev.,  A70. 

Arnold,  Samuel  Green,  historian,  b.  in  R.  I. 

Augur,  Christopher  C,  maj.-gen.,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Avery,  WaitstUl,  atty.-gen.  of  Conn.,  A76. 

Balch,  (;eo.  B.,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  b.  in  Tenn. 

Bankhead,  John  P.,  officer  U.  S.  N.,  b.  S.  C. 

Bard,  Samuel,  physician,  A79. 

Beaumont,  John  (i.,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Pa. 

Blacliweli.  Elizabeth,  first  woman  in  U.  S. 
made  M.  I).,  born  in  Eng. 

Blair,  Francis  P.,  Jr.,  sen.  for  Mo.,  b.  in  Ky. 

Boudinot,  Elias,  patriot,  philanthropist,  A81. 

Breckinridge,  John  C,  Confed.  general,  14th 
Vice-President,  born  in  Ky. 

Calhoun,  Edmund  R.,  officer  U.  S.  N.,  born. 

Chester,  Joseph  L.,  antiquary,  born  in  Conn. 

Coffin,  Charles  Carleton,  author,  b.  in  N.  H. 

Cooke,  Jay,  flnancier,  born  in  O. 

Copp^e,  Henry,  officer  U.  S.  N.,  editor,  au- 
thor, Pres.  Lehigh  Univ.,  born  in  Ga. 

De  Peyster,  John  W.,  military  critic,  b.  N.Y. 

Dexter,  Henry  Martyn,  Cong,  cl.,  b.  in  Mass. 

Diaz,  Abby  Morton,  author,  l)ora  in  Mass. 

Dawson,  Ilenry  Barton,  historian,  b.  in  Eng. 

Eliot,  .Samuel,  educator,  b.  Boston. 

Febiger,  John,  capt.  U.  S.  N.,  born  in  Pa. 

Floyd, \Vm., gen., sec  of  \var,Cont.Cong.,A87. 

Forrest,  Nathan  B.,  Confed,  gen.,  b.  Tenn. 

Garnett,  Itohert  Selilen,  Confed.  gen.,  b.Va. 

Hadley,  James,  pliilologist,  prof,  of  Greek, 
born  in  N.Y. 

Hall,  Charles  F.,  .\rctic  explorer,  b.  in  N.  H. 

Harris,  Tucker,  pliysician,  A74. 

Haven,  tiilbert,  M.  E.  bishop,  born  in  Mass. 

Hill,  Daniel  II.,  Confed.  Heut.-gen.,  b.  inS.  C. 

Irving,  William,  autlior,  A  55. 

Jordan,  Thomas,  Confed.  brig.-gen.,b.  inVa. 

Kneeland,  Samuel,  phys.,  naturalist,  b.  Mass. 

Leslie,  Frank  (Henry  Carter),  publisher, 
born  in  England. 

Lilly,  WiUiam,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  born  in  N.  Y. 

IjonsBtreet,  James.  U.  S.  A.,  Confed.  maj.- 
gen.,  b.  in  S.  C. 

Macleod,  Xavier  Donald,  inis.  writer,  b.  N.Y. 

O'Neill,  Cliarles,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 

Parker,  Foxhall,  com.  U.  S.  N.,born  in  N.Y. 

Ptielps,  Austin,  Cong,  clergyman,  b.  Mass. 

Richardson,  Win.  A.,  jurist,  author,  b.  Mass. 

Short,  Charles,  scholar,  born  in  Mass. 

Spalding,  Lyman,  pliysician,  autlior,  A46. 

Squier,  Ephraim  G.,  archseologist,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Storrs,  Richard  Salter,  Cong,  clergyman 
of  Brooklyn,  born  in  Mass. 

Taliaferro,  Benj.,  Revolutionary  officer,  .\71. 

Trumbull,  James  Hammond,  phUol.,b.Conn. 

Wayman,  Alex.W.,  bp.  Af.  .M.  E.  Ch.,  b.  Md. 

Welby,  Amelia  B.,  poet,  born  in  Md. 

White,  Iticliard  Grant,  autlior,  bom  in  N.Y. 

Youmans,  Edward  L.,  chemist,  ed.,  b.  N.Y. 

183a*  • 

Adams,  Wm.  Taylor  {Oliver  Optic)^  writer, 

born  in  Mass. 
Bancroft,  John  Chandler,  diplomatist,  born. 
Bartholomew,  Edward  S.,  sculptor,  b.  Conn. 
Burlingame,  Anson,  diplomatist,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Cummins,   (>eorge    David,   Reformed    Epis. 

bishop,  born  in  Del. 
Dana,  Napoleon  J.  T.,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Me. 
Darley,  Felix  O.  C,  artist,  born  in  Phila. 


Durant,  Henry  Fowle,  philan.,  bom  In  N.  H. 
Dwight,  Theo.  W.,  prof,  of  law,  ed.,  b.  N.Y. 
Field,  Henry  Martyn,  Cong,  cl.,  au.,  b.  Mass. 
Fowler,  Jos,  Smith,  sen,  for  111.,  born  in  O. 
Fuller,  George,  artist,  born  in  Mass. 
Frothingham,  Octavitis  B.,  I'nit.  cl.,b.  Mass. 
Galaudet,  T.,  P.  E.  cl.  (deaf  nmtes),  born. 
Garrard,  J.,  soldier  in  Rev., Gov.  of  Ky.,  A73. 
Garrettson,  Freeborn,  M.  E.  clergyman,  A70. 
Giljbs,  (Oliver  Wolcott,  chemist,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Girarti,  Cliarles,  naturalist,  born  in  Fr. 
<iranger,  Gideon,  P.  M.  (;en.  I'.  S.,  A55. 
Grant,  Ulysnes  Simpson,  14th  (ien.  of  V.  S. 

A.,  18th  President  of  C.  S.,  b.  InO.,  Apr.  27. 
Hale,  Edward  Everett,  Unit,  clergyman, 

author,  born  in  Mass. 
Hayes,    Rutherford    Birchard.    brig.-gen. 

vols.,  Gov.O..  19th  President  of  U.  S.,  b.  u. 
Hewitt,  Abram  .S.,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  b.  N.Y. 
Holnian,  William  S.,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  b.  Ind. 
Hough,  Franklin  Benj.,  wTiter,  b.  m  N.Y. 
Ingersoll,  Jared,  jurist,  of  Pa.,  A73. 
Johnson,  .Samuel,  I'nil.  rlergyman,  b.  Mass. 
Johnston,  Rich'dM.,  author,  educator,  b.  <;a. 
Judd,  Orange,  agricultural  editor,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Kane,  Thomas  L.,  lawyer,  born  in  Pa. 
Kasson,  John  .\dams,  M.  C.  tor  la.,  1>.  in  Vt. 
Lyon,  Caleb,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  born  in  N.Y'. 
Mitchell,  Donald  Grant,  autlior,  b.  in  Conn. 
Olmsted,  Fred.  L.,  landscape  gardener,  b.  Ct. 
Orr,  James  L.,  M.  C.  for  S.  C.,  gov.,  b.  S.  C. 
Osgood,  David,  t'ong.  cl..  Federalist,  A75. 
I'arton,  James,  biographer,  born  in  Eng. 
I'helps,  William  Franklin,  educator,  b.  N.Y. 
Flnkney,  William,  sen.  lor  Md.,  atty.-gen., 

minister  to  Eng.,  A58. 
Pope,  John,  brig.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  b.  in  Ky. 
Porter,  Fitz  John,  general,  born  m  N.  II. 
Porter,  Moses,  U.  S.  officer,  A  47. 
Pugli,  (Jeorge  E.,  sen.  for  O.,  born  in  O. 
Rand,  Isaac,  physician,  Ali). 
Read.  Thomas  Buchanan,  poet,  b.  In  Pa. 
Runkle,  John  I).,  astronomer,  born. 
Stark,  John,  general  in  Revolution,  A94. 
Stewart,  John,  Apostle  to  the  Wyandots,  d. 
Strong,  James,  scholar,  author,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Taylor,  Benjamin  Franklin,  p<«t,  b.  in  N.  Y. 
Truxtun,  Thomas,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  A67. 
Van  Dyke,  H.  J.,  Pres.  clergyman,  b.  in  Pa. 
Vasey,  George,  botanist,  born  in  Eng. 

1833*  • 

Alger,  William  Roun8eville,Vnit.  cl.,  b.  Mass. 

Badger,  Oscar  C,  officer  U.  S.  N.,  b.  Conn. 

Baird,  Spencer  FuUerton,  naturalist,  b.  Pa. 

Bartram,  William,  botanist,  A84. 

Beers,  W.  H.,  pres.  of  Insurance  Co.,  bom. 

Bereb,  Henry,  i)hilan.,  f'der  of  Society  for 
Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals,  b.  N.Y. 

Bloomtleld,  Jos.,  Revolutionary  officer,  A67. 

Boker,  George  Henry,  poet,  born  in  Pa. 

Bozman,  John  Leeds,  historian,  jurist,  A66. 

±  Buckner,  Simon  B.,  U.  S.  A.,  Confed.  gen., 
born  in  Ky. 

Chadbourne,  Paul  Ansel,  educator,  b.  Me. 

Clinton,  Jos.  J.,  Af.  M.  K.  bishop,  b.  Phila. 

Collyer,  Itobert,  Unit,  clergyman,  b.  in  Eng. 

Craven,  Braxton,  Pres.  Trinity  College,  N. 
C,  born  in  N.  C. 

Coliax.  Schuyler,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  Speaker, 
17th  Vice-Pres.,  b.  N.  Y. 

Cropsey,  Jasper  Frank,  artist,  born  in  N.Y. 

Davidson,  Margaret  Miller,  poetess,  b.  N.Y. 

Deane,  James,  missionary  to  Indians,  A75. 

Delano,  Cajjt.  Amasa,  traveler,  A(jO. 

Dent,  John  Herltert,  capt.  U.  S.  N.,  A41. 

Derby,  George  H.,  U.  S.  N.,  born. 

Dod,  Daniel,  meclianical  engineer,  A35. 

Duyckinck,  George  Long,  writer,  b.  In  N.Y. 

Eddy,  Thomas  AL,  M.  E.  cl.,  editor,  b.  in  O. 

Elliott,  Ezekiel  li.,  scientist,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Ferry,  Orris  Sanford,  sen.  for  Conn.,  brig.- 
gen.  volunteers,  born  in  Conn. 

Francis,  John  B.,  sen.  for  R.  I.,  gov.,  A39. 

Franklin, Wdliam  B.,  U.  S.  A.,  maj.-gen.  U.  S. 
vol.,  born  in  J'a. 

Gifford,  Sanford  Robinson,  painter,  b.  N.Y. 

Gilmore,  James  Roberts,  author,  b.  in  Mass. 

Hardin,  Martin  D.,  U.  S.  senator,  A43. 

Harris,  Thomas  Lake,  Spiritualist,  b.  Eng. 

Hart,  William,  landscape  painter,  b.  in  Scot. 

Hartshorne,  Henry,  physician,  born  in  Pa. 

Hawkins,  W.  G.,  P.  E.  clergyman,  b.  in  Md. 

Heckewelder,  John,  Moravian  mis'ry,  ,\80. 

Heilprin,  Michael,  scholar,  born  in  Poland. 

Higginson,  Thomas  Weutwortli,  au.,  b.  Mass. 

Hill,  Benjamin  H.,  sen.  for  Ga.,  born  in  Ga. 

Houghton,  Heiirv  Oscar,  publisher,  b.  in  Vt. 

Hubbard,  Joseph  S.,  astronomer,  b.  in  Conn, 

Hunton,  Eppa,  sen.  for  Va.,  born  in  Va. 

Joy,  Chas.  A.,  chemist,  born  in  N.Y. 

Krauth,  Chas.  P.,  Luth.  cl.,  author,  b.  Va. 

Lay,  Henry  C,  miss,  of  Southwest,  b.  Va. 

Le  Conte,  Joseph,  naturalist,  born  m  Ga. 

Leidy,  Joseph,  naturalist,  born  in  Phila. 

Lewis,  Dio,  physician,  lecturer,  b.  In  N.Y. 

Lippincott,  Sarah  J.,  autlior,  born  in  N.Y*. 

Mayo,  Amory  Dwight,  Unit,  cl.,  au.,  b.  Mass. 


MedUl,  Joseph,  editor,  born  in  Can. 

Meiggs,  R.  J.,  sen.  for  C,  governor,  A59. 

Milburn,  WiUiam  Henry,  Meth.  Epis.  clergy- 
man, chaplain,  born  in  Pa. 

Morton,  Oliver  Perry,  sen.  for  Ind., governor, 
born  in  Ind. 

Moore,  Zephaniah  Swift,  scholar,  A53. 

Newton,  John,  military  engineer,  b.  in  Va. 

Patterson,  James  W.,  sen.  for  N.  H.,b.  N.  H. 

Parkznan.  Francis,  historian,  b.  at  Boston. 

l'ealx>dy,  Nathaniel,  gen.,  .\H2. 

Perkins.  Charles  Callahan,  art  critic,  b.  Mass. 

Roger,  W.  C,  jurist,  born. 

Seiss,  Joseph  A.,  Luth.  clergyman,  b.  In  Md. 

Sherman,  John,  sen.  for  o.,  sec.  of  treas., 
born  in  O. 

Sickles,  Daniel  E.,  gen.  of  vols.,  M.  C.  for 
N.  Y.,  born  in  N,  Y. 

Tweed,  "Wm.  M.,  "Tammany  Boss,"  em- 
bezzler, bom  in  N.  Y. 

Van  Dorn,  Earl,  Confed.  gen.,  born  in  Miss. 

Wood,  Thomas  Waterman,  painter,  b.  in  Vt. 

Wright,  Horatio  G.,  maj.-gen.  of  vols.,  b.  Ct. 


CHURCH. 

1821  *  *  Md.  The  first  General  Synod 
(Evangelical  Lutlieran)  meets  at  Fred- 
erick. 

*  *  The  Methodists  begin  work  among  the 
Creeks. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  (N.S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Genesee  is  formed. 

*  *  O.  The  Protestant  EpiscoiJal  Diocese 
of  Cincinnati  is  established. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets;  \Vm.  Hill, 
moderator. 

A  special  meeting  is  held  of  the 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  General  Con- 
vention. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Synod  of  this  State  com- 
mences mission  work  among  the  Chick- 
asaws. 

*  *  The  American  Board  has  250  contrib- 
uting societies  ;  many  of  them  composed 
exclusively  of  women. 

*  *  The  mission  for  the  Seneca  and  Tusca- 
rora  Indians  is  transferred  to  the  United 
Foreign  Missionary  Society. 

*  *  Va.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Richmond  is  established. 

1822  June  *  New  York:  The  General 
Synod  (Reformed)  meets  ;  Philip  Mille- 
doler,  president. 

*  *  Mick.  Baptists  begin  work  among 
the  Ottawas. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  O.  Jennings, 
moderator. 

*  *  The  union  of  the  Presbyterians  and 
Reformed  Church  is  effected. 

*  *  The  Society  of  Friends  engages  in 
mission  work  among  the  Onondagas. 

*  *  The  Methodists  begin  work  among  the 
Cherokees, 

*  *  The  "Western  Missionary  Society 
commences  work  among  the  Maumees, 
or  Ottawas. 

*  *  O.  The  Wyandot  mission-house  is 
completed,  schools  prosper,  and  over 
2(X)  Indians  are  converts. 

*  *  Tlie  United  Domestic  Missionary 
Society  (undenominational)  is  founded. 

*  *  J).  C.  The  Triennial  Meeting  of 
Baptists  is  held  in  "Washington. 

1823  Feb.  24.  Ga.  The  Protestant 
Episcopal  Diocese  of  Georgia  is  orga- 
nized. 


UNITED    STATES.         1821  *  *-1824,  May  22.    131 


Peb.  •  li^.  r.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Albany ;  P.  Milledoler, 
president.  [And  again  in  June,  Jesse 
Fonda,  president.] 

May  22.  N.  C.  John  S.  Ravenscroft 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop. 

Sept.  28.    It.    Iieo  XTT.  is  elected  pope. 

*  •  Md,    The  Jews  form  a  congregation. 

The  second  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  meets  at  Frederick. 

*  *  Jf.  r.  Joseph  Smith  [The  Mormon] 
announces  a  vision  at  Palmyra  of  the 
Angel  Moroni. 

*  *  The  New  England  Tract  Society 
changes  its  name  to  the  American 
Tract  Society. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
is  organized. 

*  *The  United  Domestic  Missionary 
Society  commences  worlc  among  the 
Mackinaws. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  John  Chester, 
moderator, 

A  Presbyterian  Society  for  the  Sup- 
port of  Heathen  Youth  is  organized. 
[Existed  until  1874.] 

*  *  The  General  Convention  (Protes- 
tant Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  Baptist  missionaries  commence  work 
among  the  Creeks. 

*  *  Mrs.  Judson  having  returned  to 
America,  stirs  the  churches  to  mission- 
ary zeal.  [Her  influence  is  felt  for  40 
years.] 

1824  Feb.  20.  The  American  Bap- 
tist Publication  Society  is  formed. 
[Receipts  the  first  year,  S373.] 

LETTERS. 

1821  *  *  D.C.    Columbian  University 

(non-sect.),  of  Washington,  is  organized. 

*  *  Ky.  Gonzago  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
ia  organized. 

The  Kentucky  State  Library  ia 
founded  at  Frankfort.     [33,900  vols.] 

*  •  Mass.  Amherst  College  (Cong.)  is 
founded. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Auburn  Theological  Seminary 
(Presb.)  is  opened. 

*  *  Phi/a.    Atkinson's  Casket  appears. 

The  .Saturday  Magazine  appears. 
The  Mercantile  library  Company  Li- 
brary is  founded.    [152,741  vols.] 

*  •  The  .Spy,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  The  Dijinff  Raven,  by  Richard  H. 
Dana,  appears. 

*  *  Travels  in  New  England  and  New 
York,  by  Timothy  Dwight,  appears. 

*  •  The  Ages,  by  W.  C.  Brjrant,  appears. 

*  •  The  Idle  Man,  by  R.  H.  Bana,  appears. 

1822  *  *  New  York.  The  Albion  is  issued. 
The  Literary  Review  is  established. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Museum  of  Foreign  ZiterO' 
ture  appears.    [Expires  in  1839.] 

*  *  Va.  The  Virginia  State  Library  ia 
founded  at  Richmond.    [44.000  vols.] 

*  *  Ree's  Cyclopedia  is  republished  in  the 
United  States. 

*  *  A  New  England  Tale,  by  Catherine 
M.  Sedgwick,  appears. 


*  •  The  Aborigines  of  Amtrica,  by  Lydia 
H.  Sigourney,  appears. 

*  *  Prometheus,byJ,  G.Percival, appears. 

*  *  Seventy-six,  by  John  Neal,  appears. 

*  •  Logan,  by  John  Neal,  appears. 

*  *  Bracebrldge  Hall,  by  "Washington 
I^'ving,  appears. 

*  *  Conn.  Trinity  College  (Prot.  Epis.) 
is  organized  at  Hartford. 

1823  *  «  New  York.  The  New  York  Mir- 
ror appears. 

May  17.  The  New  York  Observer  is 
founded  by  Sidney  E.  and  Richard  C. 
Morse,  and  the  lirst  number  issued. 

*  *  Alexander  Campbell  establishes  the 
Christian  Baptist. 

*  *  The  Pioneers  and  The  Pilot,  by 
Cooper,  appear. 

±  *  *  Marco  Rozzaris,hy  Halleck,  appears. 

1824  Mar.  2.  Boston.  The  Boston 
Courier  is  first  issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1821  *  »  S.  C.  The  city  council  of 
Charleston  prohibits  the  opening  of 
night  or  Sunday-schools  for  the  in- 
struction of  negro  slaves. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  anti-slavery  agitation 
becomes  violent.  [It  continues,  with 
more  or  leas  vehemence,  to  vex  the 
nation  for  forty  years,  till  "  every  yoke 
is  broken  "  by  the  bloody  hand  of  war.] 

1822+  *  *  W.  I.  Piracy  in  the  West 
Indies  having  become  common,  a  fleet 
sent  to  break  it  up  captures  more  than 
twenty  vessels. 

STATE. 

1822  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$93,&46,676. 

Feb.  1.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  John 
Gaillard  of  S.  C.  is  reelected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Mar.  28.  D.  C.  Congress ;  the  House 
passes  a  bill  to  recognize  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  Spanish  provinces  in 
South  America.     Vote  ;  167-1. 

Mar.  30.  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for 
a  territorial  government  in  Florida. 

Mar,  *  D.  C.  President  Monroe  gives  ut- 
terance to  the  famous  Monroe  Doc- 
trine.   (See  Dec.  2, 1823.) 

May  4.  D.  C.  The  President  communi- 
catea  to  Congress  his  objections  to  na- 
tional appropriations  for  internal  im- 
provements. [  1 1  arresta  public  attention 
and  legislative  action.] 

Mays.  B.C.  The  17th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

Deo.  2.  T>.  C.  Congress :  the  second 
session  opens. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  recognizes  the  South 
American  Kepublics. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-23  *  *  Cal.    Pablo  V.  de  Sola  (Mei.). 
-23  *  *  Del.    Caleb  Rodney. 

-34*  *Ela.(Ter.)    William  P.  Duval. 
-26*  *  III.    Edward  Coles. 
-25  •  *  Ind.    William  Hendricka. 
-24  •  *  La.    H.  S.  Thibodeaux. 
-24  *  *N.  Y.    Joseph  Yatea. 
O.    Allen  Trimble. 


-26  *  *  0.  Jeremiah  Morrow. 
-24  *  *S.C.  John  L.  Wilson. 
-25  *  *  Va.    James  Pleasants. 

1823  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$90,875,877. 

Feb.  19.  Z>.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Gaillard  of  S.  C.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

Feb.  *  Tex.  Mexico  grants  Stephen  P. 
Austin  of  Va.,  founder  of  Texas,  a  grant 
of  territory  for  a  colony. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  The  17th  Congress 
ends. 

Dec.  1.  D.  C.  The  18th  Congress 
opens. 

Congress ;  House :  Henry  Clay  of 
Ky.  ia  again  elected  Speaker. 

Deo.2.  D.  C.  Declaration  of  the 
Monroe  doctrine. 

It  is  enunciated  by  the  President  in  his 
message  to  Congress,  "That  the  Ameri- 
can Continents,  by  the  free  and  inde- 
pendent position  which  they  have  as- 
sumed and  maintained,  are  henceforth 
not  to  be  considered  as  subjects  for  future 
colonization  by  any  European  power;" 
he  also  declares  that  the  extension  of  the 
system  of  the  Holy  Alliance  to  these  con- 
tinents would  not  be  regarded  *'  in  any 
other  light  than  as  the  manifestation 
of  an  unfriendly  disposition  toward  the 
United  States." 

*  *  D.  C.  Smith  Thompson  of  N.  T. 
is  appointed  Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Su- 
preme Court. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-25  •  •  Cal.    Luis  Arguello  (Mexican). 
-24  *  •  Del.    Joseph  Haslett. 

-27  •  »  Ga.    George  M.  Troup. 
-25  •  *  Mass.    Wm.  Eustis. 
-24  *  *  N.  H.    Levi  'Woodbury. 

Pa.    John  Andrew  Shulze. 
-26  *  *  rt.    C.  P.  Van  Ness. 

1824  Jan.  1.    U.  S.    National  debt 

890,269,777. 

Jan.  9.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  a 
protective  tariff  bill  la  Introduced.  It 
is  opposed  by  the  South  and  New  Eng- 
land. 

May  22.  D.  C.  Congress  enacts  a 
new  tariff  which  ia  more  highly  pro- 
tective than  the  old  law.  Average  rate 
37  per  cent.  It  has  a  slender  majority 
in  its  favor ;  only  five  in  the  House  and 
four  in  the  Senate. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1822  •  *  Auttmin.  The  first  regular 
steamer  sails  between  New  York  and 
Norfolk,  Va. 

*  *  Boston  becomes  an  incorporated  city. 
Dec.  31.    U.  S.    Immigrants  and  other 

aliens  in  1822,  6,911. 

1823  Oct.  8.  N.  Y.  Tlie  first  boat 
passes  from  Rocheater  to  Albany  through 
the  Brie  Canal. 

+  *  *  Boston.  Gas  is  used.  The  first 
mayor  under  the  city  charter  ia  elected. 

*  *  Misis.  Natchez  is  scourged  with  yel- 
low fever;  most  of  the  citizens  flee. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  first  three-story  brick 
house  in  Brooklyn  is  erected  ;  the 
houses  are  first  numbered,  and  some  of 
the  streets  paved ;  population  about  7,000. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aUena  in  1823,  6,354. 


132    1824,  Apr.  19-1826,  Jan.  3. 


AMERICA; 


1 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1824  *  •  JVis.  The  Colorado  Beetle 
(potato-bug)  is  first  found  in  "Wisconsin  ; 
it  is  described  by  Tlioinas  Say,  and  named 
Doryphora  decemlineata. 

*  ♦  Mass.  The  manufacture  of  flannel 
by  water-power  is  commenced  at  Ames- 
bury. 

1825  June  17.  ^f(^ss.  The  venerable 
Marquis  de  Lafayette  lays  the  corner- 
stone of  Bunker  TTill  Monument ; 
Daniel  Webster  delivers  the  oration. 

Nov.  29.  Kew  York.  Rossini's  II  Bar- 
bier  is  produced  by  the  Manuel  Garcia 
Company,  including  Maria  Felicita  Ma- 
libran.  The  first  genuine  Italian  opera 
in  America. 

*  *  New  Yorh.  T>r.  Gram,  educated  in 
Denmark,  introduces  the  homeo- 
pathic practice  of  medicine. 

*  *  Phiia,  Queen's-ware  is  first  manu- 
factured, 

*  *  U.S.  Anthracite  coal  is  used  in 
dwellings  and  factories. 

*  •  Va.  A  small  observatory  is  erected 
by  Thomas  Jefferson  for  the  University 
of  Virginia. 

*  *  U.  S.  A  bottle  containing  acid  and 
cotton  surmounted  with  phosphorized 
pine  sticks  substitutes  the  tinder-box, 
flint,  and  steel,  in  starting  a  tire. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1834*  * 

Ashby,  Turner,  Confed.  gen.,  born  in  Va. 
Baird,  Absalom,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  born  in  Pa. 
Baker,  William  Mumford,  author,  b.  in  D.  C. 
Beard,  William  H.,  animal  painter,  b.  in  O. 
Bee,  Bernard  E.,  Confed.  gen.,  b.  in  8.  C. 
Beecher,  Thomas  K.,  Cong,  cl.,  born  in  Conn. 
Bonner.  Robert,  journalist  of  N.  Y.,  b.  Ire. 
Bradford,  .loseph  M.,  naval  officer,  b.  Tenn. 
Broome,  John  L.,  officer  U.  S.  JJ.,  b.  In  N.  Y. 
Burnside.  Ambrose  &..  maj.-gen.  of  vols., 

sen.  for  IM.,  gov.,  born  In  Iiid. 
Gary,  I'htebe,  poet^orn  in  O.  ? 
Colquitt,  Alfred  H..  sen.  for  Ga.,  b.  in  Ga. 
Cooley,  Thomas  M.,  jurist,  b.  in  N.  Y. 
Cox.  Samuel  Sullivan,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  O. 
Curtis,    George  WilUam,   author,   editor 

/larper'x  WVcX7y,  born  in  K.  1. 
Dayton,  Jonathan,  Revl'n,  patriot,  A64. 
Doremua,  Robert  Ogden,  chemist,  b.  H.Y. 
Dnncan, William  C,  Bap.  cl.,  editor,  b,  N.Y. 
Flenuning,  William,  M.  C,  A70. 
Fry,  Benj.  .'^t.  James,  M.  E.  cl.,  b.  In  Tenn. 
Gould,  Benjamin  A.,  Jr.^  astronomer,  born 

in  Alass. 
Graham,  Chas.  K..  officer  U.  S.  N.,  b.  N.Y. 
GroWjGalusha  Aaron,  M.C.  for  Pa.,  Speaker, 

born  in  Conn. 
Hancock,  Wlnfleld  Scott,  maj.-gen.  0.  S. 

A.,  born  in  I*a. 
Haven,  Harriet  M.,  reformer,  born. 
Howell,  I)avid,  judge,  A77. 
Hunt,  William  Morria,  painter,  born  in  Vt. 
Jackson,  Thomas  Jonathan.  '*  Stonewall," 

U.  S.  A.,  Confed.  lieut.-gen.,  b.  Va.,  Jan.  21. 
Jeffers,  William,  U.  S.  N.,  born. 
Johnson.  £astinan,  painter,  born  In  Me. 
King,  Thomas  Starr,  Unit,  cl.,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Leland,  Charles  G.,  essayist,  humorist,  b.  Pa. 
Lewis,  Estelle  Anna  B.,  author,  born  in  Wd. 
Littlejohn,  Abram  N.,  P.  E.  bp.  b.  N.Y. 
Matthews,  SUnley,  U.  S.  S.  Ct.,  born  in  O. 
Morgan,  Jo!m  T.,  sen.  for  Ala.,  born  in  Tenn. 
Ogden,  John,  foumler  Fiak  Univ.,  born. 
Oglesby,  Richard  J.,  gov.,  sen.  for  111.,  gen., 

born  in  K  y. 
Palmer,  Tunis,  army  officer,  born. 
Pleaaonton,  .\lfred,  brig.-gen.  vol.,  b.  I).  C. 
Putnam,  Bufua,  gen.,  pioneer  of  O.,  A 86. 
Quintard,  Chas.  T.,  P.  E.  bishop,  b.  Conn. 
Rodney,  Cwsar  A.,  atty.-gen.,  of  Pa.,  A42. 
Randall,  Charles  S.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  born  in 

Mass. 
Seelye,  Julius  Hawley,  educator,  b.  Conn. 
Shea,  John  J),  (iilmafy,  srholar,  b.  N.Y. City. 
Sigel,  Franz,  brig.-gen.  of  vols.,  b.  in  Ger. 
Stanford,  Leland,  sen.  for  Cal.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Thompson,  Chas.,  pres.  of  Congress,  A99. 


Walker.  'William,  filibuster,  b.  in  Tenn. 
Whitney,  Adeline  J).  Train,  au.,  b.  in  Mass. 
Wight,Orlando  Williams,  author,  b.  N.Y. 
Winchell,  Alexander,  geologist,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Woods,  William  B.,  U.  S.  8.  Ct.,  b.  m  Ga. 
1826*  * 
Akers,  Benj.  Paul,  sculptor,  born  in  Me. 
.Andrews,  Edward  Gayer,  M.  E.  bp.,  b.  N.Y. 
Baldwin,  Thomas,  Bapt.  cl.  in  Boston,  A72. 
Behlen,  James  J.,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  b.  In  N.Y, 
Berg,  Albert  W.,  composer,  organist,  born. 
liirney,  David  liell,  maj.-gen.  of  vol8.,b.  Ala. 
Black  well,    Antoinette    Brown,    Congrega- 
tional preacher,  phdanlhropist,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Bliss,  Willard,  physician,  born. 
Boyd,  Andrew  K.  11.,  P.  E.  cl.,  born  in  Scot. 
Bristow,  Geo.  F.,  composer,  musician, b.  N.Y. 
Brooks,  John,  <;ov.  of  Mass.,  A73. 
Butler,  Wm.  Allen,  poet,  born  in  N.Y. 
Child,  Francis  James,  scholar,  b.  in  Boston. 
Cook,  John,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  born  in  HI. 
Curry,  Jabez  L.  M.,  Bapt.  clergyman,  b.  <^;a. 
Dalton,  John  Call,  physiologist,  b.  in  Mass. 
Davidson,  Lucretia  Maria,  poetess,  A17. 
£ustls,  William,  pliyait-ian,  M.  C,  Gov.  of 

Mass.,  sec.  of  war,  minister,  .\72. 
I>orr,  J  ulia  C.  R.,  author,  liorn  in  S.  C. 
Fanning,  David,  Tory  leader  in  Rev.,  A69. 
Fiske,  Pliny,  missionary  in  Palestine,  A33. 
Fischer,  Geo.  Jackson,  physician,  surgeon,  b. 
(Jear,  John  H.,  M.  C,  born  in  N.Y. 
George,  Wm.  S.,  journaliat,  editor,  born, 
(iillmore,  Quincy  A.,  gen.,  engineer,  b.  in  O. 
Gordon,  Geo.  Henry,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Mass. 
(lordon,  (iranger,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Green,  William  Henry,  I'res.  cl.,  b.  in  N.  J. 
(Juernsey,  Alfred  Hudson,  editor,  b.  in  Vt. 
Haigbt,  ilenry  Huntley,  Jurist,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Harper,  Robert  F.,  lawyer,  statesman,  A60. 
Hill,  Ambrose  P.,  U.  S.  A.,    Confed.  maj.- 
gen,,  born  in  Va. 
Houk,  George  W.,  M.  C.  for  0.,  born  in  Pa. 
Hull,  William,  gen.  in  war  of  1812,  A62. 
Hunt,  Thomas  Sterry,  chenust,  b.  in  Conn. 
Inness.  George,  landscape  painter,  b.  N.Y. 
Jewell,  Marshall,  Gov,  of  Conn.,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Lamar,  Lucius  Q.  C,  V.  S.  S.  Ct.,  b.  in  Miss. 
Lea,  Henry  C,  author,  born  in  Pa. 
Le  Conte,  John  L.,  entomologist,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Livingston,  John    H.,  father  of    Reformed 

Dutch  Church  in  Am.,  A79. 
Matidonough,  Thoa.,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  A42. 
March,  Francis  Andrew,  philologist, b.  Mass, 
Merrill,  Stephen  M.,  M.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  O. 
Palmer,  John  Williamson,  editor,  b.  in  Md. 
Parker,  Edward  (J.,  journalist,  au.,  b.  Mass. 
Pickett,  Geo.  E., U.S.A., Confed.  gen.,b.  Va. 
Pinckney,  Charles  Cotesworth,  maj.-gen., 

minister  to  Fr.,  A79. 
Porcher,  Francis  Peyre,  physician,  h.  S.  C. 
Preston,  TIios.  Scott,  It.  C.  primate,  b.  Conn. 
Prime,  William  C,  editor,  born  in  N.Y. 
Rarey,  John  S.,  horse-tamer,  born  in  O. 
Reno,  Jesse  L.,  general,  born  in  W.  Va. 
Requier,  Augustus  J.,  jurist,  poet,  b.  S.  C. 
Rinebart,  William  H.,  sculptor,  born  in  .Md. 
Rogers,  Randolph,  sculptor,  born  in  N.Y. 
Schweinitz,    Ednmnd    Alex,    de,   Moravian 

bishop,  born  in  Pa. 
Bhays,  Daniel,  rebel  of  Mass.,  A85. 
Stevens,  Moses  T.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  b.  Mass. 
Stoddard,  Richard  Henry,  poet,  b.  in  Mass. 
Summerlield,  John,  M.  E.  cl.,  orator,  A27. 
Taylor.  Bayard,  traveler,  poet,  born  in  I'a. 
Thomas,  Cyrus,  entomologist,  born  m  Tenn. 
Tompkins,  Daniel  D..  statesman,  M.  C.  for 

N.Y.,  6th  Vice-Pres.,  governor,  A51. 
Underwood,  Francis  Henry,  author,  b.  Mass. 
Weenis,  Mason  L.,  author,  born  in  Ya. 
Whitney,  Ell,  inventor  of  cotton  gin,  .\60. 
Wilkinson,  James,  general  U.  S.  A.,  A68. 

CHURCH. 

1824  May  1-28.  Md.  The  General 
Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal)  is 
held  in  Baltimore  ;  reports  from  the  An- 
nual Conferences  condenm  the  plan  for 
electing  presiding  elders. 

It  establishes  the  Upper,  Middle,  and 
Cherokee  Missions. 

It  organizes  the  Maine,  Illinois,  Pitts- 
burg, and  Holston  Conferences,  and  or- 
dains as  bishops  Joshua  Soule  and 
Elijah  Hedding. 

May  21.  Md.  A  Convention  of  Metho- 
dist Reformers  is  held  at  Baltimore. 

June  ♦  A7'«f  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets ;  Thomas  DeWitt, 
president. 


*  *  X.  Y.  The  Baptists  work  among  the 
Tuscaroras  and  Tonawandas  of  western 
New  York. 

*  *  Phila.  The  American  Sunday- 
school  Union  is  organized. 

*  *  The  General  Assembly  (Presby- 
terian) meets ;  Ashbel Green,  moderator. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  United  Synod,  South. 
(Evangelical  Lutheran),  of  South  Caro- 
lina, is  organized. 

1825  Feb.  *iV.  r.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets  at  Albany  ;  T.  DeWitt, 
president.  [Also,  at  New  Brunswick,  in 
June,  Jacob  Broadhead,  president,  and 
again  in  Sept.] 

May  24.  Boston.  The  American  Uni- 
tarian Association  is  formed. 

*  *  There  are  95  Unitarians  and  310  Con- 
gregational churches. 

May  25.  Boston.  The  Unitarian  Mis- 
sionary Association  is  founded. 

*  *  Md.  The  General  Synod  (P>angeli- 
cal  Lutheran)  meets  at  Frederick. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Universalist  State  Con- 
vention is  organized. 

*  *  Kew  York.  The  [present]  American 
Tract  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod  of 
the  Western  Reserve  is  formed. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  S.  N.  Rowan,  mod- 
erator. 

*  *  Pa.  A  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop  is 
first  seen  west  of  the  AUeghauies. 

The  Reformed  (German)  Church  estab- 
lishes a  theological  school  at  Carlisle. 

*  *  }Vis.  The  Episcopalians  open  an  In- 
dian mission  at  Green  Bay. 

LETTERS. 

1824  *  *  Boston.  The  Christian  Exam- 
iner is  issued. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Atlantic  Magazine  is 
issued  [and  afterwards  changed  to  the 
New  York  Monthly  Review'\. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  In- 
stitute (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Troy. 

*  *  O.  The  Miami  University  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Oxford. 

*  *  Va.  The  Union  Theological  Seminary 
(Presb.)  is  established. 

*  *  The  Mutual  Rights  (Meth.  Protestant) 
is  issued. 

*  *  John  Bull  in  America,  by  Paulding, 
appears. 

*  *  Tales  of  a  Traveller ^  by  Irving, 
appears. 

*  *  Reflections  on  the  Politics  of  Ancient 
Greece,  by  George  Bancroft,  appears. 

*  *  Uses  and  Various  Evidences  of  Re- 
vealed Religion^  by  Verplanck,  appears. 

1825  *  *  Conn.  The  Connecticut  Histori 
cal  Society  Ijbrary  is  founded  at  Hart- 
ford.    [20,000  vols.] 

*  *  La.  The  Centenary  College 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  established. 

*  *  Mass.  Newton  Theological  Institute 
(Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Newton  Centre. 

*  *  .V.  J.  Q,ueen's  CoUege  (Reformed) 
is  revived,  and  called  Hutgers  College. 


UNITED    STATES.    1824,  Apr.  19-1826,  Jan.  3.   133 


*  •  New  York.  The  Sunday  Courier  Is  is- 
sued.   It  is  the  first  Sunday  newspaper. 

*  *  N.  Y,  Hobart  Free  College  (Prot. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Geneva. 

*  *  O.  Franklin  College  (non-sect.),  at 
New  Athens,  is  organized. 

Kenyon  College  (Prot.  Epis.)  is  orga- 
nized at  Gambler. 

*  *  Va.  The  University  of  Virginia 
(non-sect.)  is  organized.  Its  Library 
[48,000  vols.]  is  founded. 

*  ♦  The  Biblicat  Repertory  and  Princeton 
Jlevieio,  founded  by  Hpdge,  appears. 

*  *  The  Religious  Messenger  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  issued.  [Later  merged  into  the  Chris- 
tian Advocate.] 

*  *  George  Guess  (or  Sequoyah),  a  half- 
breed  Cherokee  about  50  years  old,  in- 
vents the  Cherokee  alphabet. 

*  *  Zophiel'e ;  or  the  Bride  of  Seven,  by 
Maria  Brooks,  appears. 

*  *  The  Southern  Literary  Gazette  appears. 

*  ♦  Hadady  by  Hillhouse,  appears. 

*  *  -26  *  ♦  Observations  on  Cornine,  a 
Neto  Alkaloid,  by  Samuel  G.  Morton, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1824  Aug.  15.  New  York.  Lafay- 
ette, aged  and  gray,  revisits  America 
by  invitation  of  Congress ;  and  as  the 
nation's  guest,  he  is  received  with  tre- 
mendous enthusiasm  [in  all  his  tour  of 
6,000  miles  through  the  States]. 

*  *  Ind.  Robert  Dale  Owen  of  Scotland 
establishes  a  philanthropic  settlement, 
called  New  Harmony,  at  his  own  ex- 
pense. 

*  *  Tenn.  James  K.  Polk  marries  Sarah 
Childress. 

1825  Sept.  8.  D.  C.  Gen.  Lafayette, 
"  the  Nation's  guest,*'  bids  farewell  to 
America,  and  sails  from  Washington  for 
France  in  an  American  frigate. 

Nov.  29.  N.  Y.  The  completion  of  the 
£rie  and  Champlain  canals  Is  cele- 
brated. 

Dec.  22.  D.  C,  Congress  votes  Lafay- 
ette $200,000  and  24,000  acres  of  fertile 
land  in  Florida,  as  a  reward  for  services 
and  remuneration  of  expenses,  incurred 
during  the  Revolution. 

*  *  Ind.  Abraham  Lincoln,  sixteen 
years  old,  is  working  a  ferry  on  the 
Ohio  for  six  dollars  a  month. 

*  *  Neto  York.  The  Sunday  Courier  is 
issued,  but  soon  suspends  for  lack  of 
patronage. 

*  *  U.  S.  Working  people  begin  to  dis- 
cuss the  questions  of  shorter  hours, 
higher  wages,  and  greater  safety. 

*  *-30*  *The  Columbia  Charitable  As- 
sociation of  Shipwrights  and  Calkers 
organizes. 

1826  Jan.  3.  New  York.  Veterans  or- 
ganize the  Society  of  the  War  of 
1812. 

STATE. 

1824      Apr.    19.     D.    C.      Congress: 

House  :  The  "A.B.  Plot"  culminates. 

Charges  are  presented  against  William 

H.  Crawford,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 


I 


and  candidate  for  the  presidency,  which 
reflect  on  his  integrity;  they  are  made 
by  Ninian  Edwards,  ex-senator  for  Illi- 
nois, but  not  sustained. 

May  21.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Gaillard  of  S.  O.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

May  27.  Z).  C.  The  18th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

*  *  D.  C.  President  Monroe  declines  to 
be  a  candidate  for  reelection. 

Deo.  10.  Congress ;  House :  Henry 
Clay  welcomes  Lafayette  in  an  address. 

*  *  U.  S.  Great  public  excitement  pre- 
vails in  the  election,  owing  to  the  number 
(4)  of  candidates ;  Adams  in  the  East, 
Crawford  in  the  South,  Jackson  and 
Clay  in  the  West. 

*  *  If.  S.  The  custom  of  making  nomi- 
nations for  President  and  Vice-Presi- 
dent by  caucuses  of  members  of 
Congress  becomes  unpopular,  and  is 
abandoned. 

Nov.  (?)  »  U.  S.  The  10th  Presidential 
election;  coalition  candidates  are 
elected.  Popular  vote  for  President ; 
Andrew  Jackson  (Dem.-Eep.)of  Tenn., 
155,872;  John  Q.  Adams  (Opposition) 
of  Mass.,  105,321 ;  Henry  Clay  (Kep.)  of 
Ky.,  46,587;  'Wmiam  H.  Crawford 
(Rep.)  of  Ga.,  44,282. 

Tenn.    James  K.  Polk  of  Tenn.  is 

first  elected  to  Congress,  aged  29.  [He 
is  reelected  continuously  for  14  years.] 

Dec.  6.  D.C.  The  18th  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

Deo.  22.  D.  C.  Congress  votes  Lafay- 
ette remuneration.    (See  Society.) 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-27  *  ♦  Del.    Samuel  Paynter. 
-28  *  •  JCy.    Joseph  Desha. 

-28  *  *  La.    Henry  Johnson. 
-26  *  *  Mo.    Frederick  Bates. 
-27  *  *  N:  C.    Hutchins  G.  Burton. 
-27  *  *N.  If.    David  L.  Morrill. 
-28  *  •  X'.  r.    De  Witt  Clinton. 
-31  •  *  It.  T.    James  C.  Fenner. 
-26  •  *  S.  C.    Eichard  J.  Manning. 

1825    Jan.  1.    U.  S.    National  debt 

$83,788,432. 
Jan.  11.    /).  C.     Congress:  the  senate 

ratifies  a  boundary  treaty  with  Bussia. 

It  establishes  the  boundary  line  at  54°  40'. 
Feb.  12.     Ga.-Ala.     A  treaty  is  made 

\^  ith  the  Indians. 

*  *  D.  C.  President  Adams  recommends 
internal  improvements,  but  Congress 
does  not  approve. 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Congress  coiuits  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Andrew  Jackson 
of  Tenn.,  99  ;  John  Q.  Adams  of  ifass.,  84 ; 
Henry  Clay  of  Ky.,  37  ;  Wm.  H.  Craw- 
ford of  Ga.,  41.  Vote  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent: John  C.  Calhoun  (f>em.-Rep.)  of 
S.  C,  182  ;  Nathan  Sanford  of  N.  Y.,30; 
Nathaniel  Macon  of  N.  C.  24  :  Andrew 
Jackson  of  Tenn.  (Rep.),  13 ;  Martin  Van 
Buren  of  N.  Y.  (Rep.),  9;  Henry  Clay 
of  Ky.  (Rep.),  2. 

No  candidate  having  a  majority  of  the 
total  electoral  vote  (261),  the  House  of 
Representatives  elects  Adams  on  the 
first  ballot,  by  the  votes  of  13  States. 

Vote  of  the  House  of  Representatives  : 
Jackson,  99;  Adams,  84;  Crawford,  41 ; 


Clay,  37;    Calhoun  82,  and  78   for  all 
others. 

Mar.  4.     D.  C.     The    18th    Congress 

ends. 

Sixth  Administration ;  Coalition. 
Mar.  4.    V.  C.  John  Quincy  Adams  of 

Mass.  is  inaugurated  the  6th  President, 

in  the  10th  term  of  the  presidency.  John 

C.  Calhoun  of  S.  C.  Is  Vice-President. 
Cabinet :  Henry  Clay  of  Ky.  (State), 

Richard  Bush  of  Pa.  (Treas.),  James 

Barbour   of    Va.   (War),   Samuel   Ii. 

Southard  of  N.  J.  (Navy),  William 

Wirt  of  Va.  (Atty.-Gen.),  John  Mc- 

Ijean  of  O.  (P.  M.-Gen.). 
Mar.  9.   £).  C.    Congress ;  Senate :  John 

Gaillard  of  S.  C.  is  elected  President 

pro  tempore. 
Dec.  5.    D.  C.    The  19th  Congress 

opens. 
Deo.  *  House  :  John  W.  Taylor  of  N.  Y. 

is  elected  Speaker. 

*  *  Ga.  A  Controversy  conceminit 
Creek  (Indian)  lands  in  Georgia  oc- 
curs ;  the  State  ignores  the  Federal  au- 
thority ;  the  Indians  sell  their  lands,  and 
remove  to  the  West. 

*  *  A  treaty  of  commerce  is  made  with  the 
Republic  of  Colombia. 

*  •  The  opponents  of  President  Jackson's 
administration  become  known  as 
Whigs,  and  their  number  Increases 
rapidly. 

*  •-26*  *  New  York.  William  Paulding, 
the  55th  mayor,  is  elected. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-29  *  *  Ala.    John  Murphy. 

-29  *  *  Ark.(  Ter.)    George  Izzard. 
-31  *  •  Cal.    J.  M.  de  Echeandia  (Mex.). 
-31  *  *  Ind.    James  B.  Bay. 

Mass.    Marcus  Morton. 
-34  *  *  Mass.    Levi  Lincoln. 
-27  »  •  Miss.    David  Holmes. 
-27  •  •  ra.    John  Tyler. 
1826   Jan.  1.    U.  S.    National  debt 
(81,064,059. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1824  •  *  N.  r.  Steam  ferries  are  flrst 
run  between  New  York  and  Brooklyn. 

*  •  New  York.  Anthracite  coal  is  first 
used. 

*  •  Summer.  La.  The  yellow  fever 
rages  in  New  Orleans. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1824,  7,912. 

1825  Oct.  26.  A'.  Y.  The  great  Erie 
Canal,  3G3  miles  long,  is  completed, 
chiefly  through  the  influence  of  De  Witt 
Clinton.  It  costs  $7,500,000,  and  connects 
the  Great  Lakes  with  the  seaboard  at 
New  Y'ork.  The  Champlain  Canal  is 
also  completed. 

Nov.  2.  N.  Y.  The  opening  of  the 
Erie  Canal  is  celebrated  with  great 
ceremony  by  the  city  of  Albany. 

Nov.  4.  iVew  York.  The  flrst  boat  via 
the  Erie  Canal  arrives. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  Morris  Canal,  to  connect 
Newark  and  Phillipsburg,  is  commenced. 

*  •  N.  Y.  The  State  treasurer  has  paid 
nearly  $90,000  in  the  last  ten  years  for 
the  extermination  of  wolves. 


134     1826,  Jan.  10.-1828,  July  4.         AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1828    May  24.    Maj.-Gen.  Alexander 

Macoznb  is  appointed  (11th)  commander 

of  the  army. 
July  1.   N.Y.   Jefferson  Davis,  20  years 

of  age,  graduates  at  West  Point  Military 

Academy. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1826  June  23.  New  York.  Edwin 
Forrest  appears  as  Othello  at  the  Park 
Theater. 

Oct.  2.  New  York.  "W.  C.  Macready 
first  appears  in  America  as  Vxrginiua  at 
the  Park  Theater. 

*  *  Conn.  The  manufacture  of  axes 
and  other  edge-tools  is  commenced  at 
Hartford. 

*  •  Mass.  The  manufacture  of  palm-leaf 
hats  commences. 

*  *  NeAo  Y(yrk,  The  Academy  of  Design 
is  founded. 

*  *  N.  J.  Thomas  Seir  Cummings  of 
Hackensack  is  elected  member  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Pa.  The  manufacture  of  school- 
slates  is  commenced  in  this  country. 

*  *  Patrick  Lyon,  the  Blacksmiths  is 
painted  by  John  Neagle. 

*  *  JamesH.  Hackett,  amercliant,  turns 
to  the  stage,  and  becomes  the  foremost  of 
American  comedians. 

1827  *  *  Md.  The  manufacture  of  fire- 
brick is  commenced  at  Baltimore. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  Capitol  at  Washington  is 
completed. 

*  *  Portrait  of  Jared  Sparks  is  painted  by 
Gilbert  Stuart. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1826*   • 
Adams.  John,  of  Mass.,   diplomatist^   2d 

Pres.  of  U.  S.,  dies  July  4,  A9I. 
Abbot,  .loel,  M.  ('.  for  Ca.,  A60. 
Blake,  William  1*.,  mineralogist,  b.  In  N.Y. 
lionil,  (ieorge  Phillips,  astronOTner,  b.  Mass. 
Bowles,  Samuel,  journalist,  born  in  Mass. 
Brat'e,  Charles  L.,  author,  philan.,  b.  Conn. 
Brarlen,  .lohn,  coll.  pres.  Nashville,  b.  N.Y. 
Brown,  Benj.  Gratz,  editor,  teacher,  born. 
Bufonl,  John,  U.  S.  N.,  born  in  Ky. 
Church,     Frederick.     Edwin,    landscape 

painter,  born  in  Conn. 
Crosby.  Howard.  Pres.  clergyman,  Greek 

scholar,  born  in  N.Y. 
Dale,  Kicbard,  (commodore,  A70. 
Daniels,  Charles,  M.  C,  born  in  N.Y. 
Dashiel,  Koliert  L.,  M.  K.  cL,  born  in  Md. 
Davis,   Andrew  J.,  clairvoyant,   writer    on 

spiritualism,  born  in  N.Y. 
Davis,  John,  M.  C,  born  in  111. 
De  Forest,  John  William,  author,  b.  Conn. 
Ewer,  Ferdinand  Cartwriglit,  P.  E.  clergy- 
man, author,  born  in  Mass. 
Foster,  Stephen  C,  ballad  composer,  b.  Pa. 
George,  James  Z.,  sen.  for  JVIiss.,  born  in  Ga. 
±  Gibbon,  John,  maj.-gen.  of  vols.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Gregg,  John  I.,  brev.  brig.-gen.,  born  in  Pa. 
Hall,  Gordon,  first  Am.  miss,  in  Bombay,  .\44. 
Hawley,  Joseph  K.,  sen.  for  Conn,  born  N.  C. 
Hoar,  George  F.,  U.  S.  sen.  for  JIass.,  b.  Mass. 
Jefterson,  Thomas,  of  Va.,  minister  to  Fr., 

sec.  of  state.  3d  Pres.,  dies  July  4,  A83. 
Larconi,  Lucy,  author,  poet,  born  in  Mass. 
liOgan.  John  A.,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  sen.  for 

111.,  candidate  for  Vice-Pres.,  b.  111.,  Feb.  9. 
IX)ng,  Aruiistead  L.,  C'onfed.  gen.,  b.  in  Va. 
MacClellan.  (3-eorg^e  Brinton.  Gen.  of  U.  S. 

A.,  Dem.  candidate  for  Pres.,  Gov.  of  N.  J., 

born  hi  Pa.,  Dec.  3. 
Mahone,  Win.,  Confed.  gen.,  sen.  for  Va.,  b. 

in  Va. 
Macconnel,  John  L.,  novelist,  born  in  111. 
Martin,  Luther,  lawyer,  A78. 
Mehan,  Thomas,  botanist,  born  !n  Eng. 
Morgan.  John  H.,  Confed.  guerrilla,  b.  Ky. 
Morgan,  William,  mechanic,  abducted,  A51. 


Morse,  Jedidiah,  geographer,  A(yi. 

Murray.  Lindley.  granmiarian,  AHI. 

Negley.  James  S.,  maj.^en.  vols.,  b.  in  Pa. 

Newii'ian,  John  P.,  M.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Oakes,  James,  brev.  brig.-gen.,  born  in  Pa. 

orton,  William,  pres.  W.  C.Tel.  Co.,b.  N.  Y. 

Gsborn,  Selleck,  editor,  litterateur,  A43. 

Paine,  Halbert  E.,  soldier,  born  in  O. 

Penny,  Virginia,  writer,  born  in  Ky. 

Quackeubos,  (ieorge  Payn,  educator,  b.  N.Y. 

Itansom,  Matt.  W.,  Confed. -gen.,  sen.   for 
N.  C,  b.  in  N.  C. 

Robinson,  Lucius  B.,  Gov.  of  N.Y.,  b.  N.Y. 

Seney.CJeorg'e  I.,  philanthropist,  b.  N.Y. 

Stockbrldge,  Francis  B.,  sen.  for  Mich.,  born 
in  Me. 
1887*  • 

Addison,  David,  author,  born. 

Atkinson,  Edward,  writer,  born  In  Mass. 

Hascom,  John,  author,  M.  E.  ol.,  b.  in  N.Y. 

iiates,  .Samuel  Penntman,  historian,  b.  Mass. 

Betts,  Beverly  K.,  P.  E.  (-lergyman,  b.  N.Y. 

Boyce,  Jas.  P.,  Bap.  ol.,  theologian,  b.  S.  C. 

Bradford,  William,  painter,  born  in  Mass. 

Broadus,  J.  A.,  Bap.  theol.  prof.,  born  in  Va. 

Cattell,  Wm.  *'.,  Pres.  Lafayette,  b.  N.  J. 

Cooke,  Josiah  Parsons,  chemist,  b.  in  Mags. 

Cooke,  Rose  Terry,  writer,  poet,  b.  in  Conn. 

Corcoran,  Michael,  brig.-gen.,  born  in  Ire. 

Cummins,  Maria  S.,  novelist,  liorn  In  Mass. 

Dlx.  Morgan.  P.  E.  clergyman,  b.  N.  Y.  City. 

Dooly,  John  Mitchell,  wit.  Jurist,  A55.  ? 

Emmit,  Thomas  A.,  lawyer  of  N.Y.,  A63. 

Ferry,  Thomas  W.,  U.  S.  sen.,  born  in  Mich. 

Fink,  Albert,  engineer,  born  in  Ger. 

Fisher,  (ieorge  I'ark,  prof,  in  Yale,  b.  Mass. 

Fry,  James  B.,  general,  born  in  III. 

Gaillard,  Edwin  S.,  pliys.,  educator,  b.  S.  C. 

Hendri<:ken,  Thos.  F..  K.  C.  bishop,  b.  Ire. 

Holcombe,  Wm.  F.,  surgeon,  prof.,  b.  Mass. 

Holley,  Horace,  Unit,  clergyman,  A4(i. 

Howard,  John  E.,  gen.,  sen.  for  Md.,gov.,A75. 

Hurlbut,  Wm.  Henry,  journalist,  b.  in  S.  C. 

Kinsr.  RufuB.   M.  Cont'l   Cong,  from  Me., 
sen.  for  N.Y.,  minister  to  Eng.,  A72. 

Latham,  Milton  .S.,  statesman,  born  in  O. 

Murphy,  John  McLeod,  naval  engineer,  born. 

Newhall,  Fales  H.,  prof.  Wesleyan  I'niv.,  b. 

Palmer,  Frank  W.,  editor,  born  in  Ind. 

Parke,  John  (1.,  mag. -gen.  of  vols.,  b.  in  Pa. 

Payson,  Edward,  Cong,  clergyman,  A44. 

Peale,  Chas.  Wilson,  painter,  naturalist,  A86. 

Pickens,  Israel,  senator,  dies. 

Pike,  Mary  H.  (ireene,  author,  born  in  Me. 

Piatt,  Orville  IL,  senator  for  Conn.,  born. 

Pratt,  Daniel  J.,  scholar,  writer,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Rains,  J.,  Confed.  gen.,  born. 

Robeson,  George  M.,  sec.  of  navy,  b.  in  N.  J. 

Rosecrans,  Sylvester  H.,  R.  C.  bishop,  b.  O. 

Schermerhorn,  Simon  J.,  M.  C,  born  in  N.Y. 

.Slocum,  Henry  Warner,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  law- 
yer, born  in  N.  Y. 

Stewart,  WUliam  M.,  sen.  for.  Nev.,  b.  N.Y. 

Terry,  Alfre<l  Howe, brig.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Conn. 

Tilghman,  Wm.,  jurist,  A71. 

Trowbridge,  John  Townsend,  novelist,  born. 

Venable,  Charles  S.,  mathematician,  b.  Va. 

Voorhees,  Daniel  W.,  sen.  for  Ind.,  born  in  O. 

■Whitney,  "William  Dwight,  comparative 
philologist,  born  in  Mass. 

"Windom,  William,  sen.  for  Minn.,  sec.  of 
treas.,  born  In  O. 


CHURCH. 

1826  Jan.  10.  Me.  The  General  Con- 
ference (Congregational)  of  Maine  is  or- 
ganized. 

Mar.  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets  ;  Thomas  DeWitt, 
president.  [And  again  in  June,  John 
Ludlow,  president.] 

May  10.  Neio  York.  The  United  Do- 
mestic Missionary  Society  is  changed  to 
the  American  Home  Missionary  So- 
ciety at  New  York. 

Its  object  is  to  assist  congregations 
that  are  unable  to  support  the  Gospel 
ministry,  and  to  send  the  (Jospel  to  tha 
destitute  within  the  United  States. 

May  17.  Miss.  The  Protestant  Episco- 
pal Diocese  of  Mississippi  is  organized. 

•  *  Boston.  Lyman  Beecher  becomes 
pastor  of  the  Hanover  Street  church. 

*  *  Ind.  Both  the  (N.  S.  and  the  O.  S.) 
Presbyterian  Synods  of  Indiana  are 
organized. 


*  ♦  Mo.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
St.  Louis  is  erected. 

*  *  The  American  Board  receives  from  the 
United  Foreign  Missionary  Board  cer^ 
tain  Indian  missions. 

The  Osages  ;  the  Osages  of  Missouri  ; 
the  mixed  tribes  at  Mackinaw;  the  Ot- 
tawas  at  Maumee;  the  Senecas  at  Alle- 
gheny ;  Cattaraugas  and  Senecas,  and 
also  the  Tuscaroras,  in  New  York.  — Cy- 
clopedia of  Missions. 

*  *  New  York.  A  congregation  of  the 
African  Union  Methodist  Church  is 
formed. 

The  Baptist  Triennial  Meeting  is 
held. 

*  *  O.  The  Universaliat  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

The  General  Assembly  (Presbyte- 
rian) meets  ;  Francis  McCauley,  mod- 
erator. 

*  *  Tenn.  Tlie  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Syn- 
ods of  West  Tennessee  and  the  (O.  S.) 
Synod  of  Nashville  are  formed. 

*  *  The  American  Board  has  7  mission 
stations  among  the  Cherokee  Indians  of 
Georgia,  10  among  the  Choctaws  of  Mis- 
sissippi, and  one  among  the  Cherokees 
of  Arkansas. 

*  *  The  Baptists  commence  missions 
among  the  Ottawas;  also  among  the 
Choctaws. 

1827  Jime*  Phila.  The  General 
Synod  (Reformed)  meets ;  Cornelius  C. 
Cuyler,  president. 

Sept.  22.  N.Y.  Joseph  Smith  an- 
nounces the  discovery  of  the  Book  of 
Mormon,  written  on  plates  of  gold,  in 
Egyptian  (?)  characters.    (See  1812.) 

Oct.  25.  Pa.  H.  U.  Onderdonk  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  assistant 
bishop  for  Pennsylvania. 

Nov.  *  Md.  A  General  Convention  of 
Methodist  Reformers  is  held  at  Balti- 
more. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Unitarian  Sunday- 
school  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  Mich.  The  first  Congregational  Church 
in  Michigan  is  formed. 

*  *  N.  JT.  A  General  Conference  of 
Free-will  Baptists  is  formed. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Gettysburg. 

The  Church  of  Christ  (Disciples  of 
Christ)  is  organized, 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Francis  Ilcrron, 
moderator.  Congregational  delegates 
have  their  right  to  vote  taken  away. 

An  extensive  secession  divides  the 
Society  of  Friends  ;  the  names  Ortho- 
dox and  Hicksite  are  given  to  the 
two  branches. 

*  *  Tex.  The  Franciscan  missionariea. 
on  the  Rio  Grande  teach  a  great  number 
of  Indians  to  read  and  write. 

*  *  Va.  The  Dover  Association  (Baptist) 
decrees  exconjnumication  from  fellow- 
ship of  those  holding  the  views  of  Alex- 
ander Campbell. 


UNITED   STATES.     1826,  Jan.  10-1828,  July  4.  135 


»  *  The  Sunday-school  Union  (Metho- 
dist Episcopal)  is  formed. 
*  *  The  Metliodists  begin  worlt  among  the 
Choctaws  and  Chickasaws. 

Tlie  Synods  of  Georgia  and  South  Car- 
olina transfer  their  mission  among  the 
Chickasaws  to  the  American  Board. 
"  *  The  Baptists  begin  work  among  the 

Cbippewas. 
1828    Jan.  *  Md.   The  Associate  Metho- 
dist Reformers  meet  at  Baltimore. 
Apr.*  N.  Y.    The  General  Synod  (Ke- 
formed)  meets  at  Albany  ;  Cornelius  C. 
Cuyler,  president.     [And  again  in  June, 
Jacob  Schoonmaker,  president.] 
May  1-24.    Pa.    The  General  Confer- 
ence  (Metbo(iist    Episcopal)   meets    in 
Pittsburg ;   connection  with  the  Cana- 
dian Conference  is  practically  dissolved. 
May*  Pa.     A   memorial  of   grievances 
from  Methodist  Reformers  is  presented 
to    the   General    Conference   at   Pitts- 
burg ;  unsatisfactory  proposals  are  made. 
May  5.     Xew   York.     The  New  York 
American  Seaman's  Friend  Society 
is  organized. 

LETTERS. 
1826    Sept.  8.    New   York.    First  issue 

of  the  Christian  Advocate  (Meth.  Epis.). 
Oct.  25.     A'.   Y.      The    Rochester   Daily 

Advertiser  appears. 

*  *  Boston.    The  State  Library  of  Massa- 
chusetts is  founded.    [60,000  vols.] 

*  *  La.    The  Xew  Orleans  Dee  appears. 


SOCIETY. 

1826  Feb.  13.  Boston.  The  "American 
Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Temper- 
ance," on  the  basis  of  abstinence  from 
strong  drink,  organizes. 

Apr.  4.  Henry  Clay  and  John  Ran- 
dolph fight  a  duel.  The  latter  had  stig- 
matized the  coalition  of  Adams  and 
Clay  as  a  union  of  "the  Puritan  and 
the  black-leg." 

Sept.  11.  N.Y.  The  alleged  abduction 
of  William  Morgan,  by  Freemasons 
for  revealing  secrets,  causes  intense 
and  widespread  excitement. 

*  *  N.  T.  MlUard  Fillmore  marries 
Abigail  Powers. 

1827*  *  Tenn.  Andrew  Johnson  mar- 
ries Eliza  McCardle. 

STATE. 
1826  Mar.  14.  D.  C.  Congress ;  ap- 
points Richard  C.  Anderson  and  John 
Sargeant  as  delegates  to  the  General 
Congress  of  South  American  States, 
to  meet  in  Panama,  in  June. 

*  *  Phita.    The  [present]   system  of  the 
Fairmount  Water-works  is  completed. 
May  14.    N.  Y.  Sing  Sing  prison  is  com- 
menced. 

May  20.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Nathaniel  Macon  of  N.  C.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

May  22.  D.  C.  The  19th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 


Mar.  4.  B.  C.  The  19th  Congress 
ends. 

Aug.  6.  Ore.  The  joint  occupation  of 
Oregon  by  American  and  British  sub- 
jects is  extended  indefinitely  by  a  treaty 
agreement. 

Sept.  29.  U.  S.  The  difference  exist- 
ing between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain  respecting  boimdaries  is  re- 
ferred to  an  arbiter  for  settlement. 

Dec.  3.  J).  V.  The  20th  Congress 
opens. 

House:  Andrew  Stevenson  of  Va.  is 
elected  Speaker. 

»  *-29*  *  Aew  York.  William  Paulding 
is  elected  the  57th  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-31  *  *  Conn.     Gideon  Tomlinson. 
-30  *  *  Del.    George  Poindexter. 
-29  *  •  Ga.    John  Forsyth. 
-29  ♦  *  Me.    Enoch  Lincoln. 
-31  *  *  Miss.    Gerard  C.  Brandon. 
-28  *  *  ^V.  C.    James  Iredell. 

*  N.  H.    Benjamin  Pierce. 

*  Tenn.    Sam  Houston. 

*  Va.    Wm.  B.  Giles. 
U.  s.    National  debt 


'  •  Md.    The  Maryland  State  Library  is    June  »  The  Panama  Congress    of  South 

founded  at  Annapolis.    [70,000  vols.] 
'  *  O.    Western  Reserve  College 


(Pres).  is  fovmded  at  Hudson 

The   Cincinnati    Commercial    Register 
appears. 

*  *  Va.    The  Richmond  Whig  appears. 

*  *  -30  *  *  Commentaries  on  American 
Law,  by  James  Kent,  appears. 

*  *  Lionel  Lincoln,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  Merry  Tales  of  the  Three  Wise  Men  of 
Gotham,  by  Paulding,  appears. 

*  *  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  by  Cooper,  ap- 
pears. 

1827    May*  Kew  York.     The   Morning 

Enquirer  is  started. 
Sept.  1.     New  York.     The    Journal    of 

Commerce  issues  its  first  number ;  it  is 

hostile  to  slavery. 

*  *  III.  Shurtleff  College  is  founded  by 
Baptists  at  Upper  Alton. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Western  Tlieological  Semi- 
nary (Pres.)  is  established  in  Allegheny. 

*  •  Phila.  The  American  Quarterly  Re- 
view, by  Robert  Walsh,  is  published 
[till  1837]. 

*  *  The  Prairie,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  Biography  of  the  Signers  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Imtependence,  by  John  San- 
derson, appears. 

*  *  The  Red  Rover,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  •  The  Buccaneer,  by  Richard  H.  Dana, 
appears. 

*  *  Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to  the 
Hebrews,  by  Moses  Stuart,  appears. 

1828  Feb.  28.  III.  McKendree  Col- 
lege (Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Lebanon. 


American  States  fails  to  meet  and  put 
the  Monroe  doctrine  into  practice. 
(See  Mar.  14, 1826.) 

July  4.  The  death  of  two  ex-Presidents, 
John  Adams  and  Thomas  Jefferson,  on 
the  50th  anniversary  of  American  In- 
dependence, arrests  attention. 

Oct.  *  N.  Y.  The  Morgan  anti-Mason 
excitement  is  taken  into  politics,  and 
many  members  suffer  in  their  reputa- 
tion; among  them  is  De  Witt  Clinton. 
(See  Society.) 

Nov.  13.  A  convention  is  entered  by 
the  United  States  and  Great  Britain, 
whereby  American  citizens  receive  in- 
demnification for  British  spoliations 
during  the  war  with  Napoleon. 

Dec. 4.  D.C.  The  19th Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

*  *  Tenn.  Seat  of  the  State  government 
is  changed  from  Murfreesboro  to  Nash- 
ville. 

*  *  -27  *  *  New  York.  Philip  Hone  is 
elected  the  56th  mayor. 

*  *  D.  C.  Robert  Trimble  of  Ky.  is  ap- 
pointed Justice  of  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-30  •  *  /;/.    Ninian  Edwards. 

-32  *  *  Mo.    .John  Miller. 

-30  *  *  O.    Allen  Trimble. 

-28  *  *  S.  C.    John  Taylor. 

-28  *  •  Vt.    Ezra  Butler. 
1827    Jan.  1.     U.  S.    National  debt 

$73,987,357. 
Jan.  2.    Congress ;  Senate :  Nathaniel 

Macon  of  N.  C.  is  re-elected  President 

pro  tempore.     [Reelected  Mar.  2.] 


-29* 
-29* 
-30* 

1828    Jan.  1 
$67,475,043. 

Apr.  *  N.  Y.  Martin  Van  Buren  be- 
comes governor. 

May  15.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Samuel  Smith  of  Md.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent pro  tempore. 

May  19.  D.  C.  Congress:  A  heavy 
protective  tariff  bill  passes,  by  which 
the  sliding  scale  is  advanced  from  33}  to 
an  average  of  40  to  45  per  cent.  It  com- 
mences a  serious  division  between  the 
North  and  the  South.  Called  "  the  tariif 
of  abominations."  (House:  Vote,  105-74.) 

May  26.  D.C.  The  20th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

*  *  U.  S.  Intense  excitement,  surpass- 
ing that  of  previous  years,  attends  the 
Presidential  canvass. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1826  Oct.  7.  Mass.  A  railway  for 
horse-power,  3  miles  long,  is  completed 
at  Quincy,  for  conveying  granite  rock  to 
tide-water.  It  is  the  first  railroad  in 
the  United  States. 

*  *  Kerosene  is  first  used  for  illuminat- 
ing purposes. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1826, 10,837. 

1827  May*  Pa.  A  gravity  railroad 
for  transporting  coal  is  completed  at 
Mauch  Chunk  ;  the  empty  cars  are  to  be 
drawn  back  by  mules. 

*  *  Boston.  The  first  lithograph  estab- 
lishment is  completed ;  it  uses  imported 
materials. 

*  *  American  cotton  manufactures  are 
first  exported  to  any  considerable  extent. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1827, 18,875. 

1828  July  4.  Md.  The  comer-stone  of 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  is 
laid  with  great  ceremony  at  Baltimore  ; 
the  rails  of  wood  are  covered  with  iron 
bars. 


136    1828,  Sept.  26-1830,  July. . 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1829  •  *  }f.y.    Bobert  E.  Lee,  22  years 
of  age,  graduates  at  West  Point. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1828  Sept.  26.  Mass.  A  monument  is 
erected  at  Charlestown  to  the  memory 
of  John  Howard. 

Oct.  *  N.  J.  The  Franklin  Institute  in 
Philadelphia  awards  Seth  Boyden  of 
Newark  a  premium  for  malleable  cast- 
ings. 

•  *  A'eMJ  York.  The  manufacture  of  var- 
nish for  commercial  use  is  commenced. 

•  *  jf.  Y.  The  Albany  Institute  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  •  Pa,  Damask  table-linen  is  first 
made  at  Pittsburg. 

Paper  is  first  made  of  straw  and 

hay  at  Meadville. 
»  *  William  Woodworth's  planing-ma- 

chine  is  Introduced. 
»  •  The  Garden  of  Eden  is   painted   by 

Thomas  Cole. 

*  •  The  Portrait  of  Fitz-Greene  Halleck  is 
painted  by  Henry  Inman. 

±  *  •  The  Chanting  Cherubs  is  executed 
by  Horatio  Greenough.  "  The  first  group 
executed  in  marble  by  an  American." 

*  »  Calvary  is  painted  by  William  Dunlap. 

1829  Mar.  27.  iVeio  York.  John  W. 
Kevere  explains  his  invention  of  gal- 
vanized iron  at  the  Lyceum  of  Natural 
History. 

•  *  Conn.  The  manufacture  of  sewing- 
silk  by  machinery  is  commenced  at 
Mansfield. 

•  *  Mass.  The  manufacture  of  pen- 
knives and  pocket-knives  is  com- 
menced in  this  country  at  Worcester. 

.The  Massachusetts  Horticultural  So- 
ciety is  organized. 

*  *  Kew  York.  Bricks  are  first  made  by 
machinery. 

*  *  R.  I.  Figured  muslin  Is  first  woven 
in  this  country  on  a  power-loom  at  Cen- 
tral Falls. 

•  *  U.S.  Friotionmatchesivreflrstused. 
1830    May  31.     Tenn.    A    destructive 

storm  prevails  ;  Carthage  is  laid  in  ruins. 

July  24.  Boston.  Tbe  mercury  at  noon 
stands  at  95° ;  at  sundown,  at  50*. 

July  *  N.  Y.  Terrific  rains  and  floods 
in  the  Champlaln  region;  mill-dams, 
iron-works,  bridges,  and  crops  are  de- 
stroyed. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS, 
isas*  • 

Ashmun,  .Tehndi,  philanthropist,  A34. 
Haird,  Chas.  W.,  ITesb.  cl.,  author,  b.  N.J. 
Bayard.  ThomaB  Francis,  sen.  forI>el.,8ec 

of  state,  minister  to  Eng.,  b.  Del.,  Oct.  2S. 
Beatty,  John,  l)riK.-gen.  V.  S.  vols.,  b.  in  O. 
Bennett,  Chas.  W.,  educator,  born  in  N.V. 
Krainard.  John  (1.  C.  poet,  editor,  A32. 
Brown,  Jacob,  ma]. -gen.  9th  com.  of  U.  S. 

Army,  A53. 
Camden,  Johnson  N.,  sen.  W.  Va.,  b.  W.  Va. 
Chamberlain,  Josluia,  maj. -gen.  vols.,  b.  Sle. 
±  Chesebro',  Caroline,  author,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Clinton.  De  "Witt,  gov.,  sen.  for  N.Y.,  A59. 
Coolt,  Clarence,  critic,  born  in  Mass. 
Cookman,  Alfred,  W.  E.  clergyman,  b.  N.  J. 
Crook.  Geo.,  niaj.-gen.  U.  .s.  A.,  born  in  O. 
Drake,  Francis  Samuel,  author,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Dwlght,  Timothy,  pres.  of  Yale,  b.  Conn. 
Kdmunds,  Geo.  F.,  sen.  for  Vt.,  b.  In  Vt. 


Few,  William,  senator  for  Ga.,  A80. 

Fisk,  Clinton  B.,  Prohibition  candidate  for 
Pres.,  philanthropist,  born  In  N.Y'. 

Fisk,  Sanmel,  clergyman,  capt.,  b.  in  Mass. 

Foster,  Charles,  Ciov.  of  O.,  born  in  O. 

Fulton,  Justin  D.,  Bapt.  cl.,  lecturer,  b.  U.  Y. 

George,  Enoch,  Jl.  E.  bishop,  A61. 

Oilman,  John  T.,  Gov.  of  N.  H.,  A69. 

Grafe,  Albrecht,  naturalist,  born  In  Berlin. 

Gray,  Horace,  I'.  S.  S.  Ct.,  born  in  Mass. 

Hammond.  WUllam  Alex.,  physician,  sur- 
geon, autlior,  born  in  Aid. 

Hart,  James  JlcUougal,  painter,  b.  In  Soot. 

Hoppin,  Augustus,  artist,  born  in  R.  I. 

.Macl'lierson,  Jas.  B.,  brig.-gen.  U.  8.  A.,  b.  O. 

McEntee,  .lervis,  painter,  born  in  N.Y. 

Marvin,  Francis,  M.  C,  born  In  N.Y. 

Myer,  AUiert  Joseph,  scientist,  born  In  N.Y'. 

Paddock,  Benjamin  H.,  1'.  E.  bp.,  b.  Conn. 

Finckney.  Thomas,  gen.  of  Itevolution, 
gov.  of  S.  C,  minister  to  Eng.,  ATS. 

Porter,  James  Lewis,  statesman,  born. 

Randall,  Samuel  J..  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  speaker, 
born  in  Pa. 

Savage,  John,  author,  born  in  Ire. 

Stuart.  Gilbert  Charles,  painter,  A73. 

Trowbridge, William  Petit,  engineer,  b.  Mich. 

VanWart,  Isaac,  a  captor  of  Andr^,  A68. 

Wells,  David  .Vmes,  economist,  born  in  O. 

Wilson,  James  K.,  sen.  for  la.,  born  In  O. 

Winthrop,  Theodore,  author,  born  in  Ct. 

Wurtz,  Henry,  chemist,  born  In  Pa. 

1889 ♦  •  ,    „ 

Allison,  William  B.,  sen.  for  la.,  born  in  O. 
Belknap,  W.  W.,  maj.-gen.  of  vols.,  sec.  of 

war,  born  in  lo. 
Brackett,  Albert  G.,  col.  V.  S.  A.,  b.  In  N.Y. 
Bridgman,  Laura,  blind  deaf-mute,  b.  N.  H. 
Childs.  George  Wm..  journalist,  b.  Md. 
Clark,  William  Travis,  editor,  born. 
Coke,  Richard,  sen.  for  Tex.,  born  in  Va. 
Conkllng.  Roscoe.  sen.  for  N.Y.,  b.  N.Y. 
Crawford,  Samuel  W.,  brig.-gen.  vols.,b.  Pa. 
CuUom,  Shelby  .M.,  senator  for  III.,  b.  m  Ky. 
Dearborn,  Henry,  maj.-gen.,  sec.  of  war, 

8th  com.  U.S.A.,  minister  to  Portugal,  A78. 
Failey,  Noah  L.,  U.  S.  A.,  born. 
Goodell,  Wm.,  physician,  author,  b.  Malta. 
Gottschalk.  liOuls  Moreau.  pianist,  b.  La. 
Halplne,  Charles  O.,  journalist  (ifito  O'lii- 

ley),  born  in  Ire. 
HalBtead.  Murat.  jonrnalist  of  O.,  b.  In  O. 
Hanaford,  Phoebe  C,  author,  preacher,  born 

in  Mass. 
Hayden,  Ferdinand  V.,  geologist,  b.  Mass. 
Helper,  HInton  Rowan,  author,  b.  in  N.  C. 
Holyoke,  Edwd.  .\ug.,  phys.,  naturalist,  A 101. 
Jay.  John,  of  N.Y.,  Pres.  of  Continental 

Congress,  first  chief  jusUce,  sec.  of  foreign 

Jefterson,  Joseph,  actor,  born  In  Phlla. 

Jones,  John,  surgeon,  born. 

Kynett,  Alpha,  M.  E.  clergyman,  b.  In  Pa. 

Lansing,  John,  statesman.  Rev.  soldier,  A65. 

Lincoln,  Enoch,  Gov.  of  Me.,  poet,  historian, 
A41. 

Mason,  John  Mitchel,  Pres.  clergyman,  A69. 

Mitchell,  S.  Weir,  physiologist,  born  In  Pa. 

Piatt,  Donn,  journalist,  horn. 

Pickering.  Timothy,  colonel,  sec.  of  state, 
senator  for  Mass.,  A84. 

Bawson,  Albert  L., explorer,  journalist, b.V  t. 

Rogers.  John,  sculptor,  statuette  groups, 
born  in  Mass. 

Schurz,  Carl,  brig.-gen.,  sen.  for  Mo.,  sec.  Of 
Interior,  born  in  Ger.  ».  ,..  v 

Seymour,  (ieorge  Franklin,  P.  E.  bp.,b.  N.Y. 

Shreve,  Samuel  Henry,  engineer,  b.  in  N.  J. 

Smith,  Roswell,  founder  of  Century  Maga- 
zine, born. 

Snithson.  James  Lewis  Made,  founder 
of  Smithsonian  Institution,  A75. 

Taylor,  William  M.,  Pres.  cl.,  b.  in  Scot. 

Tnrpie,  David,  sen.  for  Ind.,  born  in  O. 

Van  Elton,  Ilendrik  D.  K.,  pamter,  b.  Hoi. 

Vezin,  Hermann,  actor,  horn  in  Pa. 

Walker,  Josejih  H.,  M.  C,  editor,  b.  Mass. 

Warner,  Charles  Dudley,  author,  b.  Mass. 

Washington,  Bushrod,  V.  S.  S.  Ct.,  A70. 

CHURCH. 

1828  Aug.  14.  Boston  Meeting  of  Gen- 
eral Convention  of  the  New  Jerusalem. 

Nov.  12.  Md.  A  General  Convention  of 
Methoilist  Reformers  meets  in  Balti- 
more, and  organizes  "The  Associated 
Methodist  Chtu^hes." 

*  •  Boston.  The  Boston  Seaman's 
Friend  Society  is  organized. 

•  »  Me.  The  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  held. 


*  » Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets;  Ezra  Stiles  Ely, 
moderator. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Tennessee  is  organized. 

*  *  Morris  Brown  is  elected  bishop  of  the 
African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

»  *  The  American  Board  starts  a  mission 
among  the  Stockbrldge  Indians. 

*  *  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  trans- 
fers its  mission  to  the  Ojlbwas  to  the 
Canadian  Conference. 

'  *  *  Missionary  Adoniram  Judson  gives 
$6,000  to  the  Baptist  Mission  Board. 

1829  Mar.  31.  It.  Pius  VHI.  is  elected 
pope. 

Jime  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets  ;  John  Knox,  presi- 
dent. 

Julys.  Ky.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
diocese  of  Kentucky  is  organized. 

July  22.  The  Brooklyn  Mission  and 
Tract  Society  Is  organized. 

Aug.  19.  Va.  William  Meade  (Protes- 
tant Episcopal)  is  consecrated  bishop  of 
Virginia. 

Oct.*  Elijah  C.  Bridgman  and  David 
Abeel  are  sent  out  by  the  American 
Seaman's  Friend  Society  to  labor  among 
seamen. 

*  *  Md.  The  first  Provincial  Council 
(Roman  Catholic)  of  Baltimore  is  con- 
vened by  Archbishop  James  Whitfield. 

The  Fifth  General  Synod   (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  meets  at  Hagerstown. 

*  *  Phila.  The  first  Methodist  Protestant 
church  in  this  city  is  formed  byseceders 
from  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

The    General    Assembly    (Presby- 
terian) meets ;  B.  H.  Elce,  moderator. 

The  General   Convention  (Protes- 
tant Episcopal)  meets. 

The  Baptist  Triennial  Meeting  is 
held. 
»  » Presbyterians  form  the  Synods  of 
Utlca  (N.  S.),  Mississippi  (O-  S.),  South 
Alabama  (O.  S.),  and  Cincinnati  (N.  S. 
and  O.  S.). 

*  *  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  sends 
out  its  first  foreign  missionaries  to 
Greece. 

1830  Jan.  25.  Ala.  Friends  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  Mobile 
meet  preliminary  to  the  organization  of 
the  Diocese  of  Alabama. 

Apr.  6.  N.  Y.  The  first  Mormon 
church  Is  organized  by  Joseph  Smith  at 
Manchester,  Ontario  County. 

Jime  •  N.  J.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  New  Brunswick ;  W. 
Ellinge,  president. 

LETTERS. 

1828  *  •  Boston.    The  Ladies'  Magazine, 

the  first  periodical  for  women,  appears. 

*  *  Conn.  A  Dictionary  of  the  English 
IJanguage ,  by  Noah  Webster,  appears 
at  New  Haven. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Indiana  University  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Bloomlngton. 

*  •  Me.  Baptists  start  the  Zion's  Advo- 
cate at  Portland. 


UNITED    STATES.  1828,  Sept.  26-1830,  July  *   137 


*  •  Mich.  The  Michigan  State  Library 
is  founded  at  Lansing.     [54,000  vols.] 

*  *  A'cw  York:  The  Quarterly  Review 
(Meth.  Epis.),  formerly  the  Methodist 
(Monthly)  Magazine^  is  flrst  issued. 

*  -New  York.  Courrier  des  t:tats-Unis  is 
founded  by  Charles  Laselle  and  others. 

*  *  O.  The  Western  Jleview  appears  at 
Cincinnati. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Southern  Agriculturist  ap- 
pears at  Charleston. 

The     Southern    Review     appears     at 
Charleston.    [Expires  183'J.] 

*  *  Remarks  on  the  Life  and  Character  of 
Napoleon  Bonaparte^  by  W.  E.  Chan- 
ning,  appears. 

*  *  Rachel  Jyyer,  by  John  Neal,  appears. 

*  ♦  History  of  the  Life  and  Voyages  of 
Christopher  Columbus,  by  'Washington 
Irving*  appears. 

1829  Sept.  21.  Md.  The  flrst  public 
school  in  Baltimore  is  established. 

Oct  13.  Me.  The  first  daily  newspaper 
in  this  State  —  the  Daily  Courier  ^nit- 
pears. 

*  *  Ky.  The  flrst  public  school  in  this 
State  is  opened. 

*  *  Mo.  St.  IjOUis  University  is  orga- 
nized. 

*  ♦  New  York.  Noah's  New  York  Nation- 
al Advocate  appears. 

*  *  O.  Lane  Theological  Seminary  (Prep.) 
is  established  in  Cincinnati. 

*  *  -43  *  ♦  The  American  Quarterly  Re- 
gister appears. 

*  •  The  Offering  of  Sympathy,  by  Francis 
Parkman,  appears. 

*  *  Al  Aaraaff,  Tamerlane,  and  Minor 
Poems,  by  E.  A.  Poe,  appears. 

*  •  The  Conquest  of  Granada,  by  'Wash- 
ington Irving,  appears. 

*  *  M^.canique  Cileste,  is  translated  by 
Nathaniel  Bowditch,  with  copious 
commentaries. 

*  •  The  Wept  of  With4om-Wish,  by 
Cooper,  appears. 

*  •  The  Life  of  John  Ledyard,  by  Jared 
Sparks,  appears. 

1830  July  *  Boston.     The  Globe  appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1829  Dec.  20.  Ga.  The  Legislature 
enacts  that  "  no  Indian  or  descendant 
of  an  Indian,  residing  within  the  Creek 
or  Cherokee  nations,  should  be  deemed 
a  competent  witness  to  any  suit  where 
a  white  man  is  a  defendant." 

*  *  Boston.  The  first  asylum  In  the 
United  States  for  the  blind  is  incor- 
porated. 

STATE. 

1828  Nov.  (?)  *  U.  S.  The  11th  Presi- 
dential election;  Democrats  elected. 
Popular  vote  for  President :  Andrew 
Jackson  of  Tenn.  (Democrat),  647,231 ; 
John  Q.  Adams  of  Mass.  (National  Re- 
publican), 509,007. 

Dec.  1.  n.  C.  The  20th  Congress^  the 
second  session  opens. 

*  *  N.  Y.  'Van  Buren  becomes  the  leader 
of  New  York  Democracy  [for  20  years]. 


*  *  I'.  S,  ITie  political  party  known  as 
the  Workingmen's  Organization  ap- 
pears in  the  principal  cities. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-32  *  *  Ky.    Thomas  Metcalfe. 
-29  *  *  La.     Peter  Derbigny. 

-30  *  •  N.  C.    John  Owen. 
-20  *  •  N.  Y.    Nathaniel  Pitcher. 
Martin  Van  Buren. 
-30  •  *  S.C.    Stephen  D.  Miller. 
-31  *  *  Vt.    Samuel  C.  Crafts. 

1829  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$58,421,413. 

Feb.  11.  n.  C.  Congress:  the  House 
counts  the  electoral  vote. 

■Vote  for  President :  Jackson,  178 ; 
Adams,  83.  Vote  for  Vice-President : 
John  C.  Calhoun  (I>emocrat)  of  S.  C, 
171 ;  Richard  Rush  ^National  Republi- 
can) of  Pa.,  83;  William  Smith  (Demo- 
crat) of  S.  C.,  7. 

Mar.  4.  D.C.   The  20th  Congress  ends. 
Seventh    Administration ;    Demo- 
cratic. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  Andrew  Jackson  of 
Tenn.  is  inaugurated  the  seventh  Presi- 
dent, in  the  11th  term  of  the  Presidency. 
John  C.  Calhoun  of  S.  C.  is  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

Cabinet:  Martin  'Van  Buren  of 
N.  Y.  (State),  Samuel  D.  Ingham  of 
Pa.  (Treas.),  John  H.  Eaton  of  Tenn. 
(War),  John  Branch  of  N.  C.  (Navy), 
John  M'P.  Berrien  of  Ga.  (Atty.-Gen.), 
and  'William  T.  Barry  of  Ky.  (P.  M.- 
Gen.). 

"The  reign  of  Andrew  Jackson" 
begins.    [It  lasts  eight  years.] 

Mar.  0.  I).  C.  The  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral bec<ime8  a  recognized  member  of 
the  President's  cabinet. 

Mar.  28.  A  treaty  is  signed  with  Den- 
mark for  the  adjustment  of  indenmity 
claims. 

Apr.  14.  D.  c.  Congress:  the  House 
rejects  a  bill  for  building  a  national 
road,  exteniling  from  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  to 
New  Orleans,  La.    Vote,  88-105. 

Dec.  7.  I).  C.  The  21st  Congress 
opens. 

*  •  1).  C.  John  Mcljean  of  Ohio  is  ap- 
pointed Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court. 

*  *  D.  C.  Inaugtiration  of  the  Spoils 
System. 

The  President  makes  176  appointments 
of  political  adherents  to  oflice.  [X  total 
of  only  74  renmvals  of  office-holders 
mider  all  preceding  Presidents  ;  about 
lyo  by  Jackson  durmg  his  first  year]. 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  workingmen's  ticket  ap- 
pears, and  an  assemblyman  is  elected 
by  it. 

*  *  The  high  tariff  acts  bring  protests 
from  the  merchants  of  Boston,  and  later 
from  the  Legislatures  of  South  Carolina, 
Virginia,  Alabama,  and  North  Carolina. 

From  this  period  begins  the  office-seek- 
ers* struggle  with  each  new  administra- 
tion. 

Dec.  *  President  Jackson  takes  strong 
ground  against  the  National  bank  in 
his  message  to  Congress. 

*  *  -33  *  *  New  York.  "Walter  Bowne  is 
elected  the  58th  mayor. 


*  *  If.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-31*  *  Ala.    Gabriel  Moore. 

-35  »  •  Ark.  (Ter.).    John  Pope. 
-31  *  *  Ga.    George  R.  Gilmer. 
-30  •  *  La.    A.  Bauvals. 
-30  ♦  *  Me.    Nathan  Cutler. 
-30  •  *  N.  H.    John  Bell. 
-32  *  *  N.J.    Peter  D.  Vroom. 

N.  Y.    Martin  Van  Buren. 
-33  *  •  N.  Y.    Enos  T.  Throop. 

Pa.    George  Wolf. 
-35  *  *  Tenn.    Wm.  Carroll. 

1830  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$48,S«5,406. 

Jan.  25.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Hobert  "Y.  Hayne  makes  a  great 
speech  in  defense  of  State  rights. 

Jan.  27.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Daniel  'Webster  makes  his  great 
speech  for  the  IJnion  in  reply  to  Rob- 
ert Y.  Hayne  of  .South  Carolina,  who 
is  a  radical  upholder  of  State  rights. 

May  7.    D.  C.    A  treaty  with  Turkey  is 
made. 

May  ♦  D.  C.  President  Jackson  and 
John  C.  Calhoun  become  political  ene- 
mies. 

May  31.  />.  C.  The  2l8t  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1828  Nov.  15.  N.  Y.  The  Cayuga 
and  Seneca  Canal  is  completed. 

*  *  Mass.  The  first  steamboat  in  Boston 
harbor  —  the  Benjamin  Franklin  —  is 
used  as  an  excursion  boat. 

*  •  New  Eng.  The  flrst  boat  passes 
through  the  entire  length  of  the  Black- 
stone  Canal,  45  miles  long,  connect- 
ing Providence  and  Worcester. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1828,  27,382. 

1829  Apr.  3.  Ga.  A  great  fire  occurs 
in  Augusta  ;  300  buildings  are  burned. 

June  4.  The  steam  frigate  Fulton  blows 
up  ;  2C  persons  are  killed. 

July  4. 1'hila.  U.S.  Mintcornerstone  laid. 

Aug.  8.  Pa.  The  first  trip  of  a  loco- 
motive is  made  on  the  Carbondale  and 
Honesdale  Railroad. 

Oct.  17.  Del.  The  Delaware  and  Ches- 
apeake Canal  is  opened. 

Nov.  13.  N.  Y.  Sam  Patch  kills  him- 
self by  jumping  the  Genesee  Falls 
at  Rochester,  in  the  presence  of  a  great 
assembly. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1829,  22,620. 

*  *  Many  canals  are  completed,  including 
the  Cumberland  and  Oxford  (Me.),  the 
Farmington  (Conn.),  the  Oswego  (N. 
Y.),  and  the  Delaware  and  Hudson. 

1830  May  24.  Md.  The  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad  has  24  miles  of 
track  opened  for  use. 

June*  U.S.  Fifth  Census:  States,  24; 
whites,  10,537,378;  colored,  2,328,642  (free 
colored  319,599,  slaves  2,009,043) ;  total 
population,  12,866,020.  Increase,  33.65 
percent.  Center  of  population  19  miles 
west  southwest  of  Moorefield,  W.  Va. ; 
westward  movement  in  10  years,  39 
miles. 


138     1830,  Aug.  3-1831. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

THE  NINTH  WAR, 
1831    Apr.  21—1832.    Sept.  31.    Wis. 
The  Black  Hawk  Indian  War,  with 
the    Sac    and    Fox    Indians.      Men   en- 
rolled, 6,4G5. 

*  *  III.  Abraham  TiiTicoln  volunteers 
In  the  Black  Hawk  War,  and  is  chosen 
captain  of  his  company. 

•  *-32*  *  Wis.  Jeff  erson  Davis  serves 
In  the  Black  Hawk  War  as  brevet  2d 
lieutenant. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1830  Sept.  1.  Xew  York.  Charles 
John  Kean  commences  an  engagement 
at  the  Park  Theater. 

•  *  Boston.  The  Boston  Society  of  Natu- 
ral History  is  organized. 

Tlie  Ponrdrinier  machine,  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  paper,  is  first  made 
in  this  country  at  Windham ;  importa- 
tions of  it  nearly  cease. 

•  * Md.  The  first  locomotive  {Tom 
Thumb)  built  in  the  United  States  is 
constructed  by  Peter  Cooper,  at  the 
Canton  Iron  Works,  near  Baltimore  ;  a 
small  tractor  engine,  of  little  use. 

*  *  Conn.  The  Observatory  of  Yale  Uni- 
versity is  erected  at  New  Haven.  The 
first  telescope  in  this  country  is  set  up. 

*  *  Tomb  of  General  Brock  is  painted  by 
Thomas  Cole. 

1831  Feb.  12.  U.  S.  A  great  solar 
eclipse  (annular)  is  generally  visible. 

Dec.  *  Pa,  Dr.  F,  W.  Geisenhainer  ob- 
tains a  patent  for  the  application  of  a 
hot-air  blast  to  anthracite  coal  in  mak- 
ing iron ;  this  invention  begins  a  new 
era  in  producing  iron. 

»  *  Conn.  The  Groton  monument,  oppo- 
site New  London,  is  completed. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1830*  • 

Agnew,  Cornelius  Rea,  surgeon,  b.  In  N.Y, 
Arthur.  Chester  Alan.  20th  Vice-President, 

2l8t  rresident,  liorn  in  Vt. 
Bacon,  Leonarti  Woolsey,  Cong,  clergyman, 

autlior,  born  in  Conn. 
Bierstadt.  Albert,  painter,  born  in  der. 
Blaine.  James  Gillespie.  M.  C.  from  Me., 

speaker,  senator,  candidate  for  Pres.,  sec. 

of  state,  born  in  Pa.,  Jan.  31. 
Bowers,  Mrs.  I>.  P.,  actor,  born  in  Conn, 
Cobb.  Thomas  W..  senator  for  Ga.,  A  46. 
Coinpton,  Barnes,  M.  C.  for  Md.,  b.  in  Md. 
Cooke,  Jolm  Ksten,  author,  poet,  b.  in  Va. 
Culberson,  David  B.,  M.  C.  for  Oa.,  b.  Cia. 
Dodge,  Mary  Abigail  (Oail  Hamilton),  b. 

in  Mass. 
Buncombe,  Parmelee  Dubois,  chemist,  born. 
(Jarraril,  Kenner,  In-ev.  brig.-gen.,  b.  in  O. 
Giles,  William  B.,  statesman,  A68. 
Godman,  .John  D.,  i)hysician,  naturalist,  A36. 
Hayne,  Hamilton,  poet,  born  in  S.  C. 
Hazen,  William  IJabcock,  soldier,  b.  in  Vt. 
Hobart,  .lolm  Henry,  P.  K.  bp.  of  N.  Y.,  A55. 
Hicks,  Ellas,  Quaker  preacher,  A82. 
Hosmer.  Harriet  Ooodhue,  sculptor  in  It., 

born  in  Mass. 
Howard. Oliver 0.,maj. -Ren. U.  S.  A.,b.  Me. 
Hoyt,  A.  M.,  Cov.  of  Pa.,  born. 
Johnson,  Samuel  Wni.,  chemist,  an.,  b.  N.Y. 
Jones,  John  1'.,  sen.  for  Isev.,  horn  in  Eng. 
Murray,  David,  educator,  born  in  N.Y. 
Keely,  Henry  A.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Me.,  h.  N.Y. 
Nordhoff,  Charles,  an.,  journalist,  b.  Ger. 
Orion,  James,  naturalist,  born  in  N.Y. 
Otis,  (Jeorge  A.,  surgeon,  born  in  Mass. 
Paddock,  Algernon  S.,  sen.  for  Neb.,  b.  N.Y. 
Perry,  Arthur  Latliam,  economist,  b.  N.  H. 
Pratt,  Charles,  pliilantliropist,  born  in  Mass. 
Pugh,  James  L.,  sen.  for  Ala.,  born  in  Ga. 


Red  Jacket,  chief  of  the  Senecaa,  A79. 
Rutgers,  Henry,  patriot,  philanthropist,  A85. 
Sothem.  Edward  Askew,  actor,  1).  Kng. 
Teller,  Henry  M.,  sen.  for  Col.,  born  in  N.Y. 
Terhune,  Mary  Virginia  {Marion  Jlarlajid)^ 

author,  born  in  Va. 
Trumbull,  Menry  Clay,  Cong.  cL,  b.  in  Conn. 
Tudor,  William,  author,  A5i. 
Vance,  Zebulon  B.,  sen.  for  N.  C,  b.  in  N.C. 
Vest,  George  (i.,  sen.  for  Mo.,  born  in  Ky. 
"Ward.  John  Quincy  A.,  sculptor,  b.  in  O. 
Warren,  Gouverneur  Kemble,  gen.,  b.  N.Y. 
Yenell,  George  Henry,  artist,  born  in  Md. 

1831 •  • 

Alibott,  Henry  L.,  engineer  U.  S.  A.,  b.  Mass. 

Allen,  Richard,  first  bp.  of  Afr.  M.  E.  Ch., 
A  71. 

Baker,  William,  M.  C.  for  Kan.,  born  In  Pa. 

Bartholow,  Uoberts,  physician,  born  in  Md. 

Barton,  William,  gen.  in  Kev'n  of  K.  1.,  A84. 

Boardman,  George  Dana,  mis.  to  India,  A30. 

Booth,  Mary  L.,  author,  editor  Harper's  Ba~ 
zary  born  in  N.Y. 

Breese,  Kidder  Iiandolph,capt.U.  S.  N.,b.  Pa. 

Burbridge,  Stephen  t;.,  gen.  of  vols.,  b.  Ky. 

Case,  .\ugu8tus  L.,  rear-adm.  C  S.  N.,b.  N.Y. 

I)e  Koven,  James,  P.  E.  cl.  of  N.Y.,  h.  Conn. 

Dinnan,  Jeremiah  Lewis,  Cong,  cl.,  b.  II.  I. 

Donnelly,  Ignatius,  M.  C,  author,  b.  Phila. 

Evarts,  Jeremiah,  editor,  A50. 

Fairchild,  Lucius,  hrig.-gen.  of  vols.,  born. 

Frye,  William  P.,  sen.  for  Me.,  born  in  Me. 

Garfield,  James  A.,  niaj.~gen.  of  vols.,  M. 
C.  forO.,  sen.,  20th  Pres.,  of  the  U.  S.,  b.  O. 

Gildersleeve,  Basil  l-anneau,  scliolar,  b.  S.  C. 

Gilman,  Daniel  Coit,  educator,  b.  In  Conn. 

Girard,  Stephen,  Franco- Am.  niercliant, 
founder  of  college,  Ayl. 

Godkin,  Edwin  Laurence,  journalist,  h.  Ire. 

Goodwin,  Wm.  Watson,  scholar,  b.  in  Mass. 

Grady,  Benjamin  F.,  M.  C.  for  N.  C.,  b,  N.  C. 

Hodge,  Casper  W.,  prof,  at  Princeton,  born. 

Hunter,  A.  J.,  M.  C.,  born  in  Ind. 

Jackson,  Helen  Hunt,  poet,  born  in  Mass. 

Livingston,  Henry  B.,  gen   in  Hev'n,  A81. 

Marsh.  Othniel  C,  paleontologist,  b.  N.Y. 

McCook,  Alex.  McI).,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  born. 

McLaren,  Edw.  W.,  P.  E.  bishop,  horn  in  O. 

Mitchill,  Sam.  Latham,  physician,  natural- 
ist, A  67. 

Monroe,  James,  sen.  for  Va.,  minister  to 
Fr.,  gov.  of  Va.,  sec.  of  state,  sec.  of  war, 
''Monroe  doctrine,"  5th  i'res.  U.  8.,  A73. 

Peffer.  William  A.,  sen.  for  Kan.,  born. 

Proctor,  Redfleld,  sec.  of  war,  born  in  Vt. 

Rawlins,  John  A.,  sec.  of  war,  born  in  111. 

Rockwell,  James  O.,  poet,  A24. 

Scbofield,  John  M.,  maj.-gen.,  17th  com- 
mander U.  S.  A.,  b.  In  N.Y. 

.Shell,  George  W.,  M.  C.  for  S.  C,  b.  in  S.  C. 

Sheridan,  Philip  Henry,  General,  I6th 
commander  of  U.  S.  Army,  born  in  N.Y. 

Stephenson,  Samuel  M.,  M.  C.  for  111.,  born 
in  Can. 

Thomas,  Theodore  G.,  physician,  b.  In  S.  C. 

Thomas,  Isaiah,  printer,  journalist,  A82. 

TrumbuU,  John,  poet,  satirist,  A81. 

Walthall,  Edward  C,  sen.  for  Miss.,  b.  Va. 

Washburn,  Wm.  D.,  sen.  for  Minn.,  b.  Me. 


CHURCH. 

1830  Oct.  21.  N.  Y.  W.  M.  Stone 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  is  consecrated 
bishop  for  New  York. 

Oct.  *  Pa.  German  Reformed  Baptists 
meet  at  Harrisburg  and  form  The 
Church  of  God.  John  Winebrenner  is 
their  leader. 

Wov.  2.  Md,  A  General  Convention 
of  Anti-episcopal  Methodist  reform- 
ers meets  in  Baltimore,  and  a.s8uiues  the 
title  Methodist  Protestant  Church. 

*  *  Ala.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Alabama  is  organized. 

*  *  Ga.    Indian  Missions  are  successful. 

Two  hundred  and  fifty  Chickasaws 
unite  with  the  church  connected  with 
the  mission.  One-fifth  of  the  Stock- 
bridges  are  church  members.  Three- 
fourths  of  all  the  church  members  of 
the  missions  of  the  American  Board  are 
Indians.  Half  the  Cherokees  can  read  ; 
and  they  have  eleven  churches,  also 
schools,  courts,  a  legislature,  and  strin- 
gent laws  against  intemperance. 


*  *  ///.  The  First  Congregational  church 
is  formed, 

*  *  Pa.  The  East  Pennsylvania  eldership- 
of  the  Church  of  God  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Ezra  Fisk,  mode- 
rator. 

*  *  The  Bible  Association  of  Friends  in 
America  is  organized. 

*  •  New  York.  A  Primitive  Methodist 
church  is  formed. 

*  *  O.  The  Mormons  organize  a  church 
at  Kirtland. 

*  *  Va.  The  United  Synod,  South 
(Evangelical  Lutheran),  of  Virginia,  is 
organized. 

*  *  Tlie  Methodists  begin  work  among  the 
emigrant  Creek  and  Cherokee  Indians. 

1831  Jan.  3.  Ala.  Tlie  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Convention  invites  Bishop  Brown- 
ell  to  take  charge  of  the  parishes  in  Ala- 
bama. 

Feb.  2.  It.  Gregory  XVI.  is  elected 
pope. 

*  *  Ga.  Opposition  is  made  to  mission- 
aries. 

Two  missionaries,  Revs.  Butler  and 
Worcester,  receive  notification  of  a  law 
of  Georgia,  requiring  all  white  men  on 
Cherokee  land  to  take  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance to  the  State  of  Georgia.  Remain- 
ing at  their  posts,  they  refuse  to  do  so, 
claiming  their  rights  under  the  Consti- 
tution, laws,  and  treaties  of  the  general 
Government.  —  Cyclopedia  of  Missions. 

Mar.  12.  Missionaries  to  the  Indians 
are  persecuted. 

The  Georgia  guard  arrest  three  of  the 
missionaries  to  the  Cherokee  Indians, 
and  take  them  before  the  County  Court, 
where  they  are  released  on  the  ground 
that  they  are  agents  of  the  general 
Government.  [The  President  of  the 
United  States  then  declared  them  not 
to  be  agents  of  the  general  Govenmient. 
Again  they  were  warned  to  leave,  and, 
refusing  to  do  so,  were,  with  a  Methodist 
minister,  Mr.  Trott,  and  a  Cherokee 
named  Proctor,  arrested.  Mr.  Trott  and 
Proctor  were  chained  by  the  neck  to  a 
wagon  and  made  to  march  in  this  way 
for  two  days.  After  eleven  days'  im- 
prisonment in  a  filthy  log  prison,  Mr. 
Worcester  and  Mr.  Butler  were  sen- 
tenced to  four  years'  imprisonment  at 
hard  labor.  The  court  of  Georgia  re- 
fused to  discharge  the  prisoners  when 
so  ordered  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States.]  —  Cyclopedia  of  Mis- 
sions. 

June  •  New  York.  The  General  Sjmod 
(Reformed)  meets  ;  John  Gasman,  presi- 
dent. [And  again  in  June  at  Albany ; 
John  Gasman,  president.] 

Sept.  22.  N.  C.  Levi  S.  Ives  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop. 

Oct.  *  Me.  Freewill  Baptists  hold  their 
Fifth  General  Conference  at  Wilton. 

*  *  III.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Illinois  is  formed. 

*  *  Md.  The  Sixth  General  Synod 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  meets  at  Fred- 
erick. 

LETTERS. 
1830  •  *  Ala.     Spring    Hill    College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  founded. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  McCormick  Theological 
Seminary  (Pres.)  is  established. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1830,  Aug.  3-1831.     139 


*  *  III.  The  Illinois  Monthly  Magazine 
appears. 

»  *  III.  The  niinois  College  (Pres.  and 
Cong.)  is  organized  at  Jacksonville. 

*  •  Ky.  Georgetown  College  (Bapt.)  is 
organized  at  Georgetown. 

*  •  Mississippi  College  (Bapt.)  is  orga- 
nized at  Clinton. 

*  *  Tlie  Christian  Infelligencer(Retonaed) 
appears. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Albany  Evening  Journal 
appears. 

*  *  Philadelphia  hag  a  penny  paper.  The 
Cent,  which  h.is  a  brief  existence. 

*  *  U.  ,S.  There  axe  852  newspapers 
in  the  United  States. 

*  •  The  Book  of  Mormon  is  translated  and 
published. 

*  *  An  edition  of  Horace,  translated  by 
Anthon,  appears. 

*  *  -39  *  *  The  Birds  of  America,  by 
Audubon,  appears.  [He  obtained  nu- 
merous subscribers  at  $1,000  per  copy.] 

1831  Jan.  1.  Boston.  The  Liberator 
(Abolition)  is  first  Issued  by  William 
Lloyd  Garrison. 

Jan.  7.  The  Methodist  Protestant  is  is- 
sued. 

Nov.  9.  Boston.  The  Daily  Morning 
Post  is  first  issued. 

*  •  Ala.  The  University  of  Alabama 
(non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Tuscaloosa. 

»  *  Cmm.  The  'Wesleyan  University 
(Meth.  Epls.)  is  founded. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Louisville  Journal  is  first 
issued. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  North  Carolina  State  Li- 
brary is  founded  at  Ealeigh.  [42,000 
vols.] 

»  *  New  York.  The  Spirit  of  the  Times, 
the  first  sporting  paper,  is  issued. 

The  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York  (non-sect.)  is  organized. 

SOCIETY. 

1830*  *  III.  Abraham  Lincoln,  21 
years  old,  becomes  a  resident  of  Illinois. 

*  *  Oa.  Half  the  Cherokee  Indians 
read ;  they  have  eleven  churches,  also 
schools,  courts,  a  legislature,  and  strin- 
gent laws  against  intemperance. 

1831  Jan.  1.  Boston.  William  Lloyd 
Garrison's  Liberator  puts  new  life  into 
the  anti-slavery  cause. 

It  advocates  the  immediate  and  uncon- 
ditional emancipation  of  tlie  negroes, 
and  hastens  the  organization  of  the 
abolition  party. 

Apr.  26.  N.  Y.  Imprisonment  for 
debt  is  abolished. 

Aug.  21.  Va.  A  negro  insurrection 
is  led  by  Nat  Turner. 

It  is  started  by  three  white  men  and 
four  slaves ;  they  secure  about  200  fol- 
lowers, who  desolate  the  country  ;  troops 
are  called  out  in  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina,  and  55  white  persons  are  killed 
before  the  insurrection  is  quelled. 

Sept.  24.  R.  I.  Four  persons  are  killed 
by  the  military  in  a  riot  at  Providence. 


STATE. 

1830  Deo.  6.  D.  C.  The  21st  Con- 
gress :  the  second  session  opens. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-33  *  »  Del.    David  Hazzard. 
-34*  *  111.    John  Eejmolds. 
La,    Jacques  Dupr^. 
-34  *  •  La.    Ajidr^  B.  Roman. 
-31*  *  Me.    Jonathan  D.  Hunton. 
-32  •  *  N.  C.    Montford  Stokes. 
-31**N.II.    Matthew  Harvey. 
-32  *  *  a    Duncan  M' Arthur. 
-32  *  *  S.  C.    James  Hamilton. 
-34  •  *  Va.    John  Floyd. 

1831  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$39,123,191. 

Mar.  1.  /).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Samuel  Smith  of  Md.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore.  [Later  L.  W. 
TazeweU  of  Va.] 

Mar.  4.  X>.  C.  The  21st  Congress 
ends. 

Apr.  5.  D.  C.  A  boundary  and  commer- 
cial treaty  is  made  with  Mexico. 

Apr.  *  D.  C.  A  quarrel  occurs  in  the 
President's  cabinet,  and  many  changes 
are  made. 

Cabinet :  Edward  Livingston  of 
La.  (State),  Louis  McLane  of  Del. 
(Treas.),  Lewis  Cass  of  O.  (War),  Levi 
Woodbury  of  N.  H.  (Navy),  and  Boger 
B.  Taney  of  Md.  (Atty-Gen.). 

July  4.  A  convention  is  made  with 
Prance. 

In  a  mutual  settlement  of  claims, 
France  agrees  to  pay  the  United  States 
25,000,000  francs,  and  to  accept  1,300,000 
francs ;  these  sums  are  for  distribution 
to  claimants  in  either  country. 

Aug.  21  +.  Va.  The  Southampton 
negro  insurrection,  led  by  Nat  Turner, 
is  suppressed  in  48  hours. 

Sept.  26.  Md.  The  Anti-Masons  nomi- 
nate a  National  ticket  at  Baltimore ;  it  is 
supported  by  National  Ilepublicans. 

Oct.  5.  Phila.  A  free-trade  conven- 
tion opens. 

Oct.  26.  New  York.  A  high-tariff  con- 
vention opens. 

Dec.  5.   D.C.  The  22d  Congress  opens. 

Dec*  D.  C.  Ex-President  John  Q. 
Adams  enters  Congress  after  two  years 
of  retirement  from  office.  [He  here 
continues  for  the  remainder  of  his  life, 
a  period  of  17  years.] 

Dec.  12.  Md.  The  National  Eepubli- 
can  Party,  in  convention  at  Baltimore, 
nominates  Henry  Clay  of  Ky.  for  the 
presidency.  Leading  issue  —  high  tariff 
and  internal  improvements. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Common  Council  is 
divided  into  two  boards. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  Benjamin  P.  Butler  of 
N.  T.  becomes  Attorney-General. 

*  *  tJ.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-35  •  *  Ala.    John  Gayle. 

-31  *  *  Cal.  Manuel  Victoria(Mexican). 

-33  *  »  Conn.    ,Iohn  S.  Peters. 

-35  *  •  Ga.    Wilson  Lumpkin. 

-37  *  *  Ind.    Noah  Noble. 

-34  *  •  Me.    Samuel  E.  Smith. 

-34*  *  Mich.  (Ter.).  George  B.  Porter. 


-33  *  *  Miss.    Abraham  M.  Scott. 
N.  H.    Joseph  M.  Harper. 
-34  *  *  N.  H.    Samuel  Dinsmoore, 
-33  »  *  R.I.    Lemuel  H.  Arnold. 
-35  *  *  rt.    Wm.  A.  Palmer. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1830  Aug.  3.  N.  Y.  The  first  vessel  via 
the  W^elland  Canal  arrives  at  Oswego. 

Aug.  12.  A',  r.  The  first  American 
railroad  is  completed;  it  connects  Al- 
bany and  Schenectady. 

*  *  Summer.  S.  C.  The  first  steam  rail- 
road for  the  transportation  of  both 
passengers  and  merchandise,  com- 
mences operations  over  six  miles  of  its 
tracks. 

It  connects  Charleston  with  Ham- 
burg, opposite  Savannah  ;  the  track  is 
built  upon  piles.  The  locomotive  was 
made  in  New  York. 

Oct.  5.  U.  S.  American  ports  are  re- 
opened to  British  commerce. 

*  *  New  York.  A  vehicle  with  the  word 
Onmibua  painted  on  both  sides  com- 
mences to  run  ;  many  suppose  the  name 
to  be  that  of  the  owner. 

*  *  II.  S.     The  nation  flourishes. 

A  most  remarkable  period  of  develop- 
ment in  wealth  and  natural  resources, 
with  intellectual  quickening,  begins 
throughout  the  Northern  and  Western 
States ;  the  labor  system  of  the  South 
retards  its  progress. 

1831  Apr.  23.  La.  The  first  rail- 
road in  this  State  is  opened  between 
New  Orleans  and  Lake  Pontchartrain  — 
^  miles  across  a  swamp. 

May  29.  N.  C.  Fayetteville  is  destroyed 
by  fire. 

July  4.  Md.  The  Baltimore  and  Sus- 
quehanna Bailroad  is  opened  for  six 
miles ;  it  uses  horse-power. 

N.Y.  Ex-President  James  Monroe,  fifth 
President  of  the  United  States,  dies  in 
New  York  City. 

Aug.  4.  Chicago  is  surveyed,  laid  out, 
and  the  map  recorded  on  this  date. 

Autumn.  Chicago.  Thefirst  sale  of  lots 
in  this  new  town  takes  place. 

Sept.  1.  N.Y.  The  Hudson  and  Mo- 
hawk Kailroad  is  opened  from  Albany 
to  Schenectady,  and  a  trip  of  16  miles  is 
made  in  40  minutes. 

Sept.  24.  Mass.  Mount  Aubtim  Cem- 
etery, near  Boston,  is  dedicated. 

Nov.  *  N.  J.  Canal  boats  first  pass  from 
the  Hudson  to  the  Delaware  via  the 
Morris  Canal. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  for  1831,  22,633. 

*  *  The  Lexington  and  Ohio  Railroad 
is  commenced. 

*  *  N,  Y.  Commencement  of  the  Har- 
lem Kailroad,  also  the  Ithaca  and 
Oswego  road. 

*  •  Pa.  The  great  line  of  improvements 
connecting  Philadelphia  with  Pitts- 
burg, and  costing  the  State  more  than 
$12,000,000,  is  completed. 

There  are  82  miles  of  railroad,  includ- 
ing 36  miles  over  the  AUeghanles,  with 
inclined  planes  worked  by  stationary 
engines,  and  177  miles  of  canals. 


140     1831  *  *-1833,  Feb.  20. 

ARMY  — NAVY. 

1832  Feb.  6.  The  crew  of  the  United 
States  frigate  Potomac  attacks  Qualla 
Batto,  In  Sumatra,  killing  150  Malays, 
and  destroying  the  town ;  losing  two 
men  killed  and  14  wounded. 

Apr.  1.  War  arises  between  the  Winne- 
bago Indians  and  other  tribes. 

Aug.  2.  iris.  The  Indians,  led  by  Black 
Hawk,  are  subdued  by  an  expedition  un- 
der Gen.  Atkinson  at  Bad-axe  Kiver. 

*  •  S.  C.  The  Nullifiers  make  military 
preparations  to  resist  the  Government. 

*  *  D.  C.  President  Jackson  orders  the 
available  army  and  a  ship-of-war  to 
Charleston,  S.  C. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —NATURE. 

1831  •  »  JV.  C.  The  University  of  North 
Carolina  has  its  first  observatory.  [It 
is  used  only  a  few  years.] 

*  *  N.  y.  Br.  Samuel  Guthrie  of  Sack- 
ett's  Harbor  discovers  chloroform; 
it  is  used  only  as  a  medicine. 

1832  Jan.*  ronn.  Chloroform  Is  first 
used  by  inhalation  at  New  Haven. 

Feb.  19.  O.  Tlie  Ohio  River,  at  Cin- 
cinnati, rises  63  feet  above  low-water 
mark ;  a  great  loss  of  property  occurs. 

July  13.  Minn.  Henry  B.  Schoolcraft 
discovers  the  source  of  the  Mississippi 
Kiver. 

July  16.  Xetc  York.  The  Eavel  family 
of  gymnasts  appear  at  the  Park  Theater. 

Sept.  17.  A'cto  York.  Charles  Kemble 
and  his  daugliter,  Famiy  Kemble, 
make  their  first  appearance. 

Oct.  •  N.  Y.  Hosiery  is  first  manufac- 
tured by  power  at  Cohoes. 

»  *  Portrait  of  Washington  is  painted  by 
Kembrandt  Peale. 

±  *  *  The  Course  of  Empire  is  painted  by 
Thomas  Cole. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS, 
lesa*  • 

Adams,  Hannah,  writer,  .\77. 

Baird,  Henry  Martin,  author,  born  In  Pa. 

Bancroft.  Hubert  Howe,  historian,  b.  O. 

Belknapp,  Geo.  E.,  eoniMer  navy,  b.  N.  H. 

Boniface,  George  C,  actor,  born  in  N.Y. 

Bowers,  Theo.  S.,  brig.-gen.  V.  S.  A.,  b.  Pa. 

Bristow,  Ben].  H.,  sec.  of  treas.,  born  In  Ky. 

Carroll,  Charles,  last  signer  of  Declaration 
of  Independence,  A95. 

Cesnola,  di,  Lugli  P.,  brig.-gen.,  antiquary, 
b.  in  It. 

Conway,  Moncure  Daniel,  Unit,  clergyman, 
author,  born  in  Va. 

Cornell,  Alonzo  B.,  Gov.  of  N.Y.,  b.  In  N.Y. 

De  Haas,  Maurice  F.,  painter,  b.  Rotterdam. 

Dlngley,  Nelson,  Jr.,  M.  C.  for  Me.,  b.  Me. 

Earle,  I'liny,  Inventor,  of  It.  1.,  .\70. 

Eckford,  Henry,  shipbuilder,  AST. 

Egleston,  Thomas,  mining  engineer,  b.  N.Y. 

Fellows,  John  R.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Freneau,  Philip,  poet  of  Revolution,  Journal- 
ist, A80. 

Qarland,  Augustus  Hill,  atty.-gen.,  bom 
in  Tenn. 

Gatsehet,  Albert  .Sam.,  philologist,  b.  Switz. 

Gibson,  Randall  L.,  sen.  for  La.,  b.  in  Ky. 

Gordon,  John  B.,  sen.  for  Ga.,  born  in  Oa. 

Hayes.  Isaac  I.,  arctic  explorer,  b.  in  Pa. 

Holley,  Alexander  L.,  metallurgist,  b.  Conn. 

Jackson,  Howell  F,.,  V.  S.  .S.  Ct.,  b.  in  Tenn. 

Knapp,  Hermann,  surgeon  of  N.Y.,  b.  Ger. 

Lewis,  Morgan,  ma]. -gen.,  Jurist,  A90. 

Livingston,  Leonldas  K.,  M.  C.  forGa.,b.  Ga. 

McCormick,  Richard  C,  Jr.,  Gov.  of  Aril. 
Ter.,  born  in  N.Y. 

Mills.  Roger  Q.,  sen.  for  Tex.,  born  Ui  Ky. 

Mitchell,  Maggie,  actor,  born  in  N.  Y. 


AMERICA 


Ninde,  Wm.  X.,  M.  E.  bishop,  bom  In  N.Y. 

Osborne,  Thomas  O.,  general,  bom  in  O. 

Perry,  Wm.  .S.,  P.  E.  bishop  of  la.,  b.  R.  1. 

Phelps,  Benjamin  K.,  lawyer,  born. 

Poe,  Orlando  M.,  military  engineer,  b.  in  O. 

Hands,  Robert  C,  author.  Journalist,  A33. 

Shiras,  (;eorge,  Jr.,  U.  S.  S.  Ct.,  born  in  Pa. 

Slimpson,  William,  naturalist,  bom  in  Mass. 

Studley,  John  B.,  actor,  born  In  Mass. 

Sumter,  Thomas,  Revolutionary  gen.,  A98. 

Talmaee,  Thomas  De  Witt.  Pres.  clergy- 
man, born  in  N.  J. 

Vincent,  John  H..  M.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  Ala. 

White,  Andrew  Dickson,  I'res.  Cornell  Univ., 
born  in  N.Y. 

Wood,  De  Volson,  engineer,  bom  in  N.Y. 


CHURCH. 

1831  •  *  III.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian 
Synod  of  Illinois  is  organized. 

*  *  Me.  Father  Demilier  becomes  resi- 
dent missionary  to  the  Penobscot  In- 
dians, who  soon  exchange  log  cabins  for 
painted  cottages. 

*  *  O.  The  Mormons,  under  Joseph 
Smith,  remove  from  western  New  York 
to  Kirtland. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Mormons  found  Zion,  in 
Jackson  County. 

*  » J'hila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Nathan  S.  S.  Be- 
inan,  moderator. 

*  *  33  *  *  Baptist  missions  are  sustained 
among  the  Delaware  Indians,  also  begun 
among  the  Sliawanoes. 

»  *  The  American  Board  starts  a  mission 
for  the  Ojibwa  Indians. 

1832  Apr.  27,  28.  New  York.  The 
American  Baptist  Home  Missionary 
Society  is  organized. 

May  1-28.  rhita.  The  General  Con- 
ference (Methodist  Episcopal)  is  held. 

James  O.  Andrew  and  John  Emory  are 
ordained  bishops. 

The  Alabama,  Indiana,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  Troy  Conferences  are  orga- 
nized. 
Jime  *  ffew  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets  ;  Isaac  Ferris,  presi- 
dent.   [And  at  Albany  in  Oct.] 

The  Mission  Board  of  the  Re- 
formed (Dutch)  Church  in  America 
is  organized  by  the  election  of  the  Gen- 
eral Synod. 

The  Board  of  Education  of  the  Re- 
formed [Dutch]  Churcli  is  established. 
Sept.  10.  Mich.  The  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Diocese  of  Michigan  is  organized. 
Oct.  31.  Protestant  Episcopal  bishops 
are  consecrated.  John  H.  Hopkins  for 
Vermont,  Benjamin  B.  Smith  for  Ken- 
tucky (presiding  bishops),  Charles  P.  Mc- 
Ilvaine  for  Ohio,  and  George  W.  Doane 
for  New  Jersey. 

*  *  Conn.  A'.  H.  Pa.  The  Universalist 
State  Convention  is  organized. 

*  *  Ga.  The  American  Board  starts  a 
mission  among  the  Creeks. 

*  •  Me.  The  Freewill  Baptist  Foreig;n 
lAissionary  Society  is  organized  at 
North  Parsonsfield. 

»  *  Mo.  The  (N.  S.  and  the  O.  S.)  Presby- 
terian Synods  of  Missouri  are  organized. 

*  'New  York.  The  Baptist  Triennial 
Meeting  is  lield. 

The  General  Convention  (Protest- 
ant Episcopal)  meets. 


*  *  Phila.     The    General     Assembly 

(Presbyterian)     meets ;      James    Hoge, 
moderator. 

*  *  yt.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Vermont  is  organized.    (1790?) 

*  *  Richard  Waters  is  elected  bishop  of 
the  African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

LETTERS. 

1831  *  ♦  Me.  The  Maine  State  Library 
is  founded  at  Augusta.     [40,000  vols.] 

»  *  O.  St.  Xavier  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
of  Cincinnati  is  chartered. 

Denison  tJniversity  (Bapt.)  is  orga- 
nized at  Granville. 

»  *  S.  C.  Columbia  Theological  Seminary 
(Pres.)  is  established.    (1828  ?) 

*  *  Baptists  start  the  Baptist  Weekly 
Journal  [it  becomes  the  Journal  and 
Messenger], 

*  »  -35  *  *  Buckingham's  Xew  England 
Magazine  appears. 

»  *  The  Bravo,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  The  Dutchman's  Fireside,  hyVsivMing, 
appears. 

*  *  Legends  of  New  England,  by  Whittier, 
appears. 

*  *  -39  •  ♦  Ornithological  Biography,  by 
Audubon,  appears. 

*  *  The  Causes  and  Evils  of  Contentions 
Among  Christians,  by  Noah  Worcester, 
appears. 

1832  *  *  Cmn.  The  alumni  add  $100,000 
to  the  endowment  of  Yale  College. 

*  *  Ind.  Wabash  College  (Pres.  and 
Cong.)  is  founded  at  Crawfordsville. 

*  *  Mo.  St.  Xiouis  University  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  founded. 

*  •  O.  Baptists  found  the  Ladies'  Insti- 
tute at  Granville. 

Xiyman  Beecher  is  chosen  President 
of  Lane  Seminary,  near  Cincinnati. 

[He  holds  this  position  for  twenty 
years,  and  during  one-half  that  time 
adds  to  his  other  duties  the  pastorate  of 
the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Cin- 
cinnati.] 

*  •  Pa.  Lafayette  College  (Pres.)  at 
Easton  is  organized. 

Pennsylvania  College  (Evang.  Luth.) 
of  Gettysburg  is  organized. 

St.  Charles  Borromeo  Seminary 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized  at  Overbrook. 
»  *  Va.  Randolph-Macon  College 
(Meth.  Epis.)  at  Ashland,  is  organized. 

*  *  Mass.  "My  Country,  'tis  of 
Thee,**  is  written  by  Samuel  Francis 
Smith,  a  Baptist  minister  of  Newton 
Centre. 

*  •  New  York.  The  Knickerbocker  Maga- 
zine is  established  by  C.  F.  Hoffman, 
later  by  L.  G.  Clark. 

*  »  Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to  the  Bo- 
mans,  by  Moses  Stuart,  appears. 

The  New  York  Globe  is  issued  by  James 
Gordon  Bennett. 
»  *  The  Heidenmauer,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  •  Westward,  Ho!  by  Paulding,  appears. 

*  »  Moll  Pitcher,  by  Whittier,  appears. 

*  *  The  Western  Christian  Advocate  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  authorized  by  the  General 
Conference. 


UNITED    STATES.        1831*  * -1833,  Feb.  20.    141 


*  *  The  Alhambra,  by  Irvins,  appears. 

*  *  The  Life  of  Gouvemeur  Morris,  by 
Jared  Sparks,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1831*  *  New  York.   Tbe  first  local  unions 
of  printers  are  formed. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Vigilance  Association  of 
Columbia  offers  a  reward  of  $1,000  for 
the  apprehension  of  any  persons  distrib- 
uting Garrison's  Liberator,  or  any  other 
publication  of  seditious  tendency. 

*  *  The  New  England  Association  of  Far- 
mers, Mechanics,  and  Worltingmen  is 
organized. 

1832  Jan.  1.  Afass.  The  first  Aboli- 
tion Society  on  the  basis  of  immediate 
and  unconditional  emancipation  is  or- 
ganized, with  12  meml>ers  ;  Arnold  Biif- 
fum  (a  Quiiker),  president. 

*  *  U.  S.  Soldiers  are  given  the  right  to 
draw  coiTee  and  sugar  instead  of  the 
spirit  ration. 

*  *  The  ten-hour  movement  among  the 
shipwrights  and  calkers  of  New  England 
cities  is  sustained  by  strikes, 

»  *  -33  *  *  Anti-slavery  Societies  are 
formed  by  Arthur  Tappan  and  others. 
They  are  moral  and  religious,  not 
political,  organizations :  persecution 
spreads,  instead  of  extinguishing,  the 
flre. 

STATE. 
1832    Jan.  1.     U.  S.     National    debt 

$24,322,235. 

Jan.  9.  B.C.  Congress  is  memorialized 
in  each  House  to  renew  the  charter 
of  the  National  Bank. 

Jan.  25.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate:  W. 
L.  Marey  of  N.  Y.,  declares,  "  To  the 
victors  belong  the  spoils."  [This 
saying  becomes  a  political  proverb.] 

May  31.  Md.  The  First  Democratic 
National  Convention,  assembled  at 
Baltimore,  nominates  (Jen.  Jackson  and 
Martin  Van  Buren.  It  adopts  the  *'  two- 
thirds  rule."  [It  succeeds  the  Republi- 
can or  Anti-Federalist  party.] 

June  11.  />.  ('■  Congress:  the  Senate 
passes  the  bill  to  recharter  the  Na- 
tional Bank.    Vote,  28-20. 

July  3.  D.  C.  Congress :  the  House 
passes  the  bill  to  recharter  the  Na- 
tional Bank.    Vote,  107-85. 

July  9.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
L.  "W.  Tazewell  of  Va.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

July  10.  T>.  C.  President  Jackson 
vetoes  the  bill  to  recharter  the  Bank. 

July  14.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  new 
tariff  laws,  which  reduce  the  duties  on 
iron,  but  increase  tliem  on  woolens,  yet 
they  retain  the  protective  principle; 
South  Carolina,  inopposition,ai)proache8 
a  condition  of  rebellion. 

July  16.  D.  C.  The  22d  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

Aug.  •  III.  Abraham  Lincoln  (23  years 
of  age)  zealously  siipports  the  cause  of 
Henry  Clay,  and  is  a  candidate  for  the 
Legislature. 

Oct.  14.  D.  C.  An  indemnity  treaty  is 
made  with  Naples. 


Nov.  (?)  *  U.  S.  12th  presidential  elec- 
tion ;  Bemocrats  elected.  Popular  vote  : 
Andrew  Jackson  (Dem.)  of  Tenn., 
687,502  ;  Henry  Clay  (Nat.  Kep.)  of  Ky., 
630,189 ;  John  Floyd  (Ind.)  of  Va.  and 
WUIiam  'Wirt  of  Md.  (Anti-Mason), 
together  33,108. 
Nov.  19.  .V.  C.  A  State  Convention 
meets  at  Columbia  by  the  call  of  the 
Legislature  ;  Gov.  Hamilton,  president. 

Nov.  24.  S.  r.  The  State  Convention 
reports  a  nullification  ordinance,  de- 
claring the  tariff  laws  of  1828  and  1832  to 
be  unconstitutional,  "  and  are  null  and 
void,  and  no  law,  nor  binding  upon  this 
State."  It  threatens  to  secede  from  the 
Union  if  force  is  used. 

Deo.  3.    D.  r.    The  22d  Congress :  the 
second  session  opens. 
Congress ;   Senate  :  Hugh  L.  'White 
of  Tenn.  is  elected  President  pro  tem- 
pore. 

Dec.  10.  J).  C.  President  Jackson  Issues 
a  proclamation  against  nulliflers,  warn- 
ing and  threatening  them  with  trial  for 
treason,  setting  forth  tlie  National 
theory,  and  combating  the  States  rights 
doctrine. 

Dec.  18.  D.  C.  A  commercial  treaty 
is  made  with  Kussia. 

Dec.  20.  .S.  C.  The  Legislature  provides 
judicial  remedies  for  the  recovery  of 
goods  seized  or  held  for  the  payment  of 
duties  imposed  by  the  Act  of  Congress. 

Dec.  21.  S.  C.  Governor  Hamilton  is- 
sues a  proclamation,  warning  the  citi- 
zens of  the  State  not  to  be  diverted 
from  their  allegiance  by  the  anti- 
nullification  proclamation  of  President 
Jackson, 

Deo.  28.  D.  C.  John  C.  Calhoun  resigns 
the  office  of  Vice-President  because  of 
President  Jackson's  proclamation 
against  nulliflers. 

Deo.  *  S.  C.  Colonel  Hayne  (Senator)  is 
elected  governor,  and  J.  C.  Calhoun  is 
elected  Senator. 

Dec.  *  />.  C.  The  President's  message 
recommends  Congress  to  remove  the 
public  funds  from  the  National 
Bank  [it  refuses  by  a  decisive  vote ; 
the  President  removes  them  without 
the  sanction  of  Congress ;  Clay,  Web- 
ster, and  Calhoun  lead  the  opposition 
in  the  Senate  ;  the  House  sustains  the 
President]. 

*  *  S.  C.  President  Jackson  sends  a  part 
of  the  army  to  Charleston,  and  a  ship- 
of-war  to  collect  the  revenue. 

*  *  D.  C.  Franklin  Pierce,  28  years  old, 
is  elected  to  Congress  from  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-33  *  *  Cal.    Pio  Pico  (Mex.). 

-34  *  *  Ky.    .John  Breathitt. 
-36  *  *  Mo.    Daniel  Dunklin. 
-35  *  »  N.  r.    D.-ivid  L.  Swain. 
-33  *  *  K.  J.    Samuel  L.  Southard. 
-36  *  *  n.    Robert  Lucas. 
-34  *  *  .S'.  r.    Robert  Y.  Hayne. 
1833    Jan.  1.    U.  S.     National     debt 
$7,001,008. 


Jan.  16.  U.  C.  President  Jackson  issues 
his  anti-nullification  message,  which 
electrifies  the  country. 

Feb.  12.  D.  C.  Congress:  Introduc- 
tion of  Henry  Clay's  Compromise 
Tariff  Act,  which  aims  to  harmonize 
Congress.  It  provides  for  a  gradual  re- 
duction of  duties  until  1543,  when  they 
are  to  drop  to  20  per  cent. 

Feb.  13.  I).  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Jackson,  219  ;  Clay, 
49;  Floyd,  11 ;  'Wirt.  7.  Vote  for  Vice- 
President  :  M.  Van  Buren  (Dem.)  of  N. 
Y.,  189  ;  John  Sergeant  (Nat.  Rep.)  of 
Pa.,  49;  Henry  Lee  (Ind.)  of  Mass.,  11; 
Amos  Ellmaker  (Anti-Mason)  of  Pa.,  7  ; 
William  'Wilkins  (Dem.)  of  Pa.,  30. 

Feb.  16.  J},  a  Congress ;  Senate  :  In 
a  debate  with  John  C.  Calhoun,  Dan- 
iel "Webster  makes  a  speech  against 
the  right  of  nullification. 

Feb.  20.  D.  V.  Congress :  the  Senate 
passes  the  "  Force  Bill."    Vote,  32-1. 

It  authorizes  the  President  to  remove 
to  another  place  any  custom-house 
where  the  collection  of  the  revenue  is 
obstructed,  and  to  use  military  force, 
when  necessary,  to  secure  the  collection 
of  the  duties. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1831*  *  S.C.   Four-wheeled  trucks  are 
first  used  on  the  South  Carolina  railroad. 

*  *  Va.  The  first  railroad  in  Virginia  is 
opened  13  miles,  for  carrying  coal  to 
Manchester. 

*  *  Estimated  miles  of  completed  canals, 
1,343 ;  partly  completed,  1,800 ;  projected, 
408  more. 

1832  Apr.  9.  Tenn.  The  steamboat 
Jlrandywine  burns  near  Memphis;  125 
lives  Jire  lost. 

Jime  21.  Neto  Yorl:.  The  Asiatic  chol- 
era first  appears ;  it  spreads  rapidly 
and  with  appalling  resiilts. 

July  ♦  Cholera  appears  in  Philadelphia, 
Albany,  and  Rochester. 

July  10.  //(.  The  first  steamboat  ar- 
riving at  Chicago  brings  Gen.  Scott  and 
his  troops. 

Aug.  *  Mass.  The  Boston  and  "Worces- 
ter Railroad  is  commenced. 

Oct.  *  La.  Cholera  rages  in  New  Or- 
leans. 

Nov.  15.  /'a.  Philadelphia  and  Har- 
risburg  are  connected  by  rail. 

Nov.  *  New  York.  The  first  street  rail- 
road in  the  U.  S.  is  opened  between  the 
City  Hall  and  Fourteenth  Street. 

*  *  Chicago  is  yet  a  frontier  town. 

*  *  la.  The  first  house  in  Iowa  is  erected 
[near  Davenport]. 

*  *  .y.  J.  The  Paterson  and  Jersey 
City  Railroad  is  opened. 

*  *  iV.  I'.  The  Schenectady  and  Sara- 
toga Railroad  is  opened. 

*  •  Pa.  The  'West  Chester  Bailroad 
is  opened ;  also,  the  Philadelphia,  Ger- 
mantown,  and  Norristown  roads. 

**U..S.  "'Wild  Cat"  banks  issue 
currency  which  soon  becomes  worthless. 
A  commercial  panic  ensues. 

Dec.  31.  (J.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  received  in  15  months,  60,482. 


142     1833.  Feb.  26-1834,  Oct  20. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1833  *  *  Tex.      Teiaus    begin     a    war 

against  Mexico  for  independence. 

*  *  -35  *  *  Jefferson  Davis  serves  in  the 
war  against  tbe  Fawuee  ludians. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1833  July  2.  .V.  >'.  The  first  public 
trial  of  reaping-machines  is  made  be- 
fore the  Hamilton  County  Agricultural 
Society;  Obed  liussey,  patentee. 

Nov.  13.  A  remarkable  display  of  znete- 
oric  stars  is  seen  over  a  large  part  of 
North  America. 

Nov.  18.  New  York.  The  first  theater 
for  operatic  purposes  in  the  United 
States  is  erected.     [A  failure.] 

*  *  Mass,  The  Essex  County  Natural 
History  Society  [Kssex  Institute]  ia 
organized. 

*  *  The  Court  of  Death,  by  Rembrandt 
Peale,  is  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy. 

*  *  Titian*s  Goblet  is  painted  by  Thomas 
Cole. 

*  •  Xew  York.  The  Mechanics*  Insti- 
tute is  formed, 

1834  Jan.  *  Mass.  The  first  American 
table  cutlery  is  made  at  Greenfield. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1833*  * 

Alcott,  Louisa  May,  author,  born  In  Pa. 
Ashmun,  John  Hooker,  jurist,  A  33. 
Balnbridge,  WilUam,  com.  U.  S.  N,,  A59. 
Benson,  Egbert,  jurist,  A87. 
Booth,  Edwin,  actor,  born  in  Md. 
Breckenridge,  James,  M.  C,  for  Va.,  A70. 
Bromley,  Isaac  H.,  editor,  born  in  Conn. 
Cameron,  J.  Donald,  sen.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 
.    Cockrell,  Jer.  V.,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  b.  in  Mo. 
Coffee,  John,  general,  A51. 
Colburn,  Warren,  mathematician,  A40. 
Comfort,  Ceo.  b'isk,  educator,  born  in  N.T. 
Coombs,  WilUam  J.»  W.  C.  for  N.Y.,  b.  N.Y. 
Edwards,  Ninian,  senator  for  111.,  gov.,  A68. 
Evans,  Edward  P.,  scholar,  born  in  N.Y. 
Fish,  Nicholas,  Ueut.-col.  of  Rev.  war,  A75. 
Fletcher,  Loren,  M.  C.  for  Minn.,  b.  In  Me. 
Fuller.    HelTlUe    Weston,    chief   justice 

U.  S.  S,  Ct.,  born  in  Me. 
Goldbeck,  Anna  M.,  painter,  born. 
Gregg,  David  M.,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  b.  Pa. 
Orosvenor,  Charles  H.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  Conn. 
Sarrlson.  Benjamia,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  sen. 

for  Ind.,  23d  President,  born  in  O. 
Harlan,  John  M.,  IT.  S.  S.  Ct.,  born  in  Ky. 
Hatch,  William  H.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  b.  in  Ky. 
Hepburn,  William  P.,  M.  C.  for  la.,  b.  in  O. 
Herrick,  Stephen  S.,  J  un.,  physician,  b.  in  Vt. 
Hulick,  George  W.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  born  In  O. 
InffersoU,  Robert  Oreen,  lawyer,  orator, 

born  in  N.Y. 
Lacroii,  John  C,  clergyman,  born. 
Locke,  David  It.  (Petroleum  V.  Nasby), 

humorous  and  satirical  writer,  b,  in  N.Y. 
Martin,  John,  sen.  for  Kan.,  born  in  Ky. 
McLean,  Alex.,  sec.  Bible  Society,  born. 
Mcpherson,  John  K.,  sen.  for  N.  J.,  b.  N.Y. 
Neckere,  de,  Leo  K.,  R.  C.  bp.  of  N,  0.,  A33. 
Horthway,  Steplien  A.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  N.Y. 
Phillips,  Adelaide,  singer,  born  In  Eng. 
Piatt,  Thomas,  O.  sen.  for  N.Y.,  poUtician, 

born  in  N.Y. 
Porter,  Thomas,  officer  U.  S.  A.,  A99. 
Post,  Philip  S.,  M.  C.  for  111.,  born  in  N.Y. 
Quay,  Matthew  S.,  sen.  for  Pa.,  born  in  Pa. 
Randolph,  John,  orator,  sen.  for  Va.,  AtW. 
Redpath,  James,  journalist,  born  in  Eng. 
Rogers,  Fairman,  physicist,  born  in  Pa. 
Ruger,  Thomas  H.,  brig.-gen.,  born  in  N,  Y'. 
Stedman,  Edmund  Clarence,  poet,  b.  in  Conn. 
St.  John,  John  P.,  gov.  of  Kan.,  prohibition- 
ist, born  in  Ind. 
-Thompson,  Denraan,  actor,  born  in  Pa, 
Thompson,  Lautil,  sculptor,  b.  in  Ireland. 
Wheeler,  WiUiani  A.,  lexicograplier,  b.  Mass. 
Wolcott,    Oliver,  sec.   of    treas.,    gov.    of 

Conn.,  A73. 
Woodward,  Joseph  J.,  hlstologist,  b.  In  Pa. 


1834*    • 

Barlow,  Francis  Channing,  brig-gen.,  b.  N.Y. 
Bedell,  (iregory  Townsend,  P.  E.  cl.,  A41. 
Blackie,  George  S.,  physician,  born. 
Brinton,  tiarrison,  archeologist,  b.  in  Pa. 
Blair,  Henry  W.,  M.  C,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Blodgelt,  Kufus,  sen.  for  N.  J. 
Bowers,  William  W.,  M.  C.  for  Cal.,  b.  N.  Y. 
Browne,  Charles  Farrar  (Artemua  Ward), 

writer,  humorist,  born  in  Me. 
Brickner,  George  H.,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  b.  Ga. 
Call,  Wilkinson,  sen.  for  Fla.,  b.  in  Ky. 
Cockrell,  Francis  M.,  sen.  for  Mo.,  b.  in  Mo. 
Condlct,  John,  surgeon,  A79. 
Cannon,  Marion,  M.  C.  for  Cal.,  b.  in  W.  Va. 
Crawford,  William  Harris,  sec.  of  treas., 

sen.  for  Va.,  A52. 
Depew,  Chauncey  M.,  orator,  M.  C.  for 

N.  Y.,  K.  R.  officer,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Dick,  James  T.,  artist,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Dow,  Lorenzo,  eccentric  Meth.  preacher,  A57. 
Eaton,  Daniel  Cady,  prof,  in  Yale,  b.  In  Mich. 
Emmerlon,  James  A.,  genealogist,  b.  in  Mass. 
Eliot.  Charles  WilUam.  pres.  of  Harvard, 

born  in  Mass. 
Foss,  Cyrus  D.,  M.  E.  bp.,  b.  in  N.  Y. 
Gibbons.  James.  <!ardinal,  born  in  Md. 
Gorgas,  Ferd.,  editor,  born. 
Grimke,  Thomas  Smith,  scholar,  philan.,A48. 
Henderson.  Thos.  J.,  M.  C,  born  in  Tenn. 
Hilborn,  Samuel  G.,  M.  C,  born  in  Me. 
Hiscock,  David,  sen.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  N.  Y. 
Httt,  Robert  R^  M.  C.  for  Cal.,  born  in  O. 
Hurst,  John  F.,  M.   E.  bp.,  chancellor  of 

Wash.  Univer.,  born  in  Md. 
Jones,  Galusha,  soldier  iu  Revolution,  A83. 
Langley,  Samuel  P.,  astronomer,  b.  in  Mass. 
McCook,  Edward  M.,  gov.  of  Col.,  b.  in  O. 
Owen,  Ellas  K.,  naval  commander,  born. 
Porter,  Ebenezer  D.,  pres.  Andover  Semi- 
nary, A  62. 
Porter,  George  B.,  statesman,  A44. 
Phillips,  Philip,  composer,  singer,  b.  N.Y. 
Powell,    John    W.,    ethnologist,    geologist, 

born  in  N.  Y. 
Ransom,    Thomas    Edward   G.,   brig.-gen., 

born  in  Vt. 
Sanders,  Wilbur  F.,  sen.  for  Mont.,  born 

in  N.  Y. 
Say,  Thomas,  zoologist,  v\47. 
Schwelnitz,  von,  Lewis  David,  botanist,  A54. 
Updegraff,  Thomas,  M.  C.  for  la.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Wirt,  WilUam,  lawyer,  author,  A62. 
Touns,  Charles   Auffustus,  astronomer, 

born  in  N.  II. 

CHURCH. 

1833  June  6.  Boston.  The  General 
Convention  of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

J\ine  26.  Chicago.  The  first  Presby- 
terian Church  is  organized. 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Schenectady;  Jacob 
J.  Janeway,  president. 

Aug.  16.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

Oct.  19.  Chicago.  The  Baptists  orga- 
nize a  church. 

*  *  Massachusetts  amends  her  constitu- 
tion, making  contributions  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  ministry  voluntary  in- 
stead of  obligatory. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Diocese  of  Detroit  (Roman 
Catholic)  is  established. 

*  *  Md.  The  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutlieran)  meets  at  Baltimore. 

*  *  N.  Y.  William  Miller  of  East  White- 
hall lectures  on  the  End  of  the  World, 
which  he  predicts  will  occur  in  1843;  bis 
disciples  are  called  Millerites. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Methodists  begin  work 
among  the  Indians  in  Oregon. 

*  *  O.  The  Archbishopric  of  Cincinnati 
(Roman  Catholic)  is  created. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  William  A.  Mc- 
Dowell, moderator. 

*  *  A  secession  from  the  General  Synod 
of  the  Reformed  Pfesbyterian  Church 
occurs. 


The  division  is  caused  by  diverse  opin- 
ions respecting  the  civil  institutions  of 

the  country  ;  »onie  declaring  that  the 
Constitution  and  the  Government  are 
essentially  infidel  and  immoral. 

*  *  The  Mormons  are  opposed  and 
driven  from  the  settled  parts  of  the 
country,  because  of  their  teachings  and 
alleged  deceptions. 

*  *  The  Presbyterians  begin  mission-work 
among  the  Chippewas  at  Lac  Court 
d'Oreilles. 

*  *  The  Baptists  begin  work  among  the 
Otoe,  Omaha,  Delaware,  and  Stockbridge 
Indians. 

1834  Jan.  14.  Tevn.  James  H.  Otey 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  is  consecrated 
bishop  of  Tennessee. 

Feb.  6.  The  Bishop  White  Prayer- 
book  Society  is  organized. 

May  21.  .V.  Y.  The  General  Associa^ 
tion  (Congregational)  is  organized. 

Jime  *  ATew  York.  The  General  S3rnod 
(Reformed)  meets ;  Sam.  A.  Van  Vran- 
ken,  president. 

LETTERS. 

1833  July  16.  New  York.  The  corner- 
stone of  New  York  University  is  laid. 

Sept.  8.  New  York.  The  Sun  is  first 
published;  a  penny  paper. 

Nov.  26.  III.  The  first  newspaper  of 
Chicago,  The  Democrat,  is  issued. 

Dec.  11.  JVis.  The  first  newspaper  in 
the  State,  The  Green  Bay  Intelligencer, 
is  issued. 

*  *  Boston.  The  New  England  Magazine 
Is  established  by  Buckingham. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Boston  Daily  Journal  is 
first  issued. 

*  *-34*  *  Boston.  T\xQ  Select  Journal  of 
Foreign  Periodical  Literature  appears. 

*  *  Conn.  The  Wesleyan  University 
Iiibrary  ia  founded  at  Middletown. 
[35,000  vols.] 

*  *  Ga.  Mercer  University  (Bapt.)  is 
organized  at  Macon. 

*  *  Ind.  Hanover  College  (Pres.)  Is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  Mich.  Kalamazoo  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded. 

*  * N.  C.  Wake  Forest  College  is 
chartered  by  Baptists  at  Wake  Forest. 

*  *  New  York.  Tbe  Journal  of  Commerce 
establishes  relays  of  horses  between  New 
York  and  Philadelphia,  and  secures  news 
from  Washington  one  day  earlier  than 
other  papers.  [Later,  its  relays  are 
extended  to  Washington.] 

*  •-SS*  *  New  York.  The  American 
Mo7ithly  Magazine  appears. 

*  *  O.  St.  Xavier's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.),  Cincinnati,  is  founded. 

*  *  Pa.  Haverford  College  (Orthodox 
Friends)  is  organized  at  Haverford. 

*  *-36*  *The  JVestcrji  Monthly  Maga- 
zine supersedes  the  Illinois  Monthly 
Magazine. 

*  *  Atalantis :  A  Story  of  the  Sea,  by  W.  G. 
Simms,  appears. 

*  *  The  Doion-Easters,  by  John  Neal, 
appears. 


UNITED   STATES.  1833,  Feb.  26 -1834, -Aug.  12.  143 


*  *  Discourses  and  Addresses  on  Subjects 
of  American  History,  Art  and  Literature, 
by  Verplanck,  appears. 

*  *  -40  *  ♦  The  Life  and  Writings  of 
George  Washington,  by  Jared  Sparks, 
appears. 

*  *  Commentaries  on  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States,  by  Joseph  Story, 
appears. 

*  *  An  Edition  of  the  Ilictd^  by  Cornelius 
C.  Felton,  appears. 

*  *  An  edition  of  the  Alcestis  of  Euripi- 
des, by  Theodore  D.  Woolsey,  appears. 

*  *  A  translation  of  Malte-Brun's  Geog- 
raphy, by  J.  G.  Fercival,  appears. 

1834*  *  Conn.  Hartford  Theological 
Seminary  (Cong.)  is  founded. 

*  *  Ind.  Franklin  College  (Bapt.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Franklin. 

*  *  La.  Tulane  University  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  New  York.  The  New  -  Yorker  Staats- 
Zeitung  is  founded. 

*  *  O.  Oberlin  College  (Cong.)  is 
founded  at  Oberlin. 

-*  *  Life  of  George   Washington,  by  J.  K. 

Paulding,  appears. 
^  *  Va.    The   Southern  Literary  Messen- 
ger, by  T.  W.  White,  is   published  at 
Bichmond. 

SOCIETY. 

1833  Feb.  26.  D.  C.  The  Congres- 
sional Temperance  Society,  under  a 
call  of  26  members  of  Congress,  is  or- 
ganized. 

Its  object :  "  By  example  and  kind 
moral  influence  to  discountenance  the 
use  of  ardent  spirit  and  tlie  traffic  in  it 
throughout  the  community." 

:May*  Phila.  The  first  National  Tem- 
perance Society  meets. 

"  The  traflic  in  ardent  spirits  as  a  drink 
is  morally  wrong,  and  ought  to  be  aban- 
doned throughout  the  world.'* 

•Oct.  2.  New  York.  An  anti-slavery 
society  is  organized ;  Arthur  Tappan, 
president. 

Dec.  6.  Phila.  The  American  Anti-Sla- 
very Society  is  formed;  Beriah  Gi-een, 
president. 
'  *  Ga.  The  first  local  option  law 
for  the  suppression  of  intemperance  is 
granted  by  the  Legislature  to  the  in- 
ferior courts  of  Liberty  and  Camden 
coimties. 

*  *  N.  Y.-Pa.  Laws  for  the  suppression 
of  lotteries  are  passed. 

*  *  -36  *  *  III.  Abraham  Xiincoln  is  a 
merchant,  drifting  into  bankruptcy. 

*  *  O.  James  A.  Garfield,  two  years  of 
age,  is  bereaved  of  his  father;  his  wid- 
owed mother  has  a  log  cabin  and  20 
acres  of  cleared  land. 

*  *  Philadelphia  has  a  Whig  barbecue, 
celebrating  its  victory  at  the  polls ; 
50,000  people  are  present. 

1834  Jan.  30.  Richard  Lawrence  at- 
tempts to  assassinate  President 
Jackson. 

Apr.  8-10.  New  York  City  has  an 
election  riot. 

It  is  between  Jackson  Democrats  and 
a   new    party  called   Whigs ;    political 


meetings  are  broken  up,  business  in 
Wall  Street  is  suspended,  and  citizens 
are  under  arms  all  night,  fearing  the 
banks  would  be  sacked. 

July  4.  New  York.  A  meeting  of  the 
American  Anti-Slavery  Society  is 
broken  up  by  a  mob. 

July  10-12.  N.  Y.  Abolition  riots  agi- 
tate New  York  ;  abolitionists  are  perse- 
cuted. 

The  house  of  Lewis  Tappan  is  sacked 
by  a  mob;  other  houses,  churches,  school- 
houses,  and  homes  of  colored  families 
are  also  assaulted. 

July  11.  N.  J.  Pro-slavery  violence 
and  persecution  are  rampant. 

A  mob  takes  a  colored  man  from  the 
pulpit,  to  which  he  has  been  invited  by 
the  minister,  and  conveys  him  to  jail, 
threatening  to  tear  down  the  jail  imless 
the  jailer  receives  him  ;  they  then  re- 
turn and  demolish  the  interior  of  the 
church. 

Aug.  11.  Mass.  Catholics  are  perse- 
cuted. 

A  Charlestown  mob  burns  the  Ursuline 
Convent,  driving  70  females  into  the 
night,  and  plundering  the  propertv,  it 
being  alleged  that  a  girl  is  confined 
there  against  her  will. 

Aug.  12.  Boston.  An  indignation 
meeting  is  held  in  Faneiiil  Hall,  be- 
cause of  the  Charlestown  outrage. 

STATE. 
1833    Feb.  26.    D.  C.    Congress :  The 
House  passes  the  Compromise  Tariff 
Bill.    Vote,  119-85. 

It  scales  down  all  duties  over  20  per 
cent  by  one-tenth  of  the  surplus  of  each 
year,  so  as  to  make  the  uniform  rate  of 
20  per  cent  in  the  year  1842. 

Mar.  1,  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Compromise  Tariff  Bill. 
Vote,  29-16.  Tlie  House  passes  the 
Force  Bill,  empowering  the  President 
to  execute  the  revenue  laws  in  South 
Carolina.    Vote,  149-48. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  President  Jackson  signs 
the  Tariff  and  Force  bills,  and  they 
become  laws. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  The  22d  Congress  ends. 
7th  Administration;  Democratic. 

Andrew  Jackson  of  Tenn.,  the  sev- 
enth President,  enters  his  second  term, 
the  12th  term  of  tlie  presidency.  Mar- 
tin Van  Buren  is  Vice-President. 

Mar.  15.  S.  C.  The  State  Convention, 
being  reconvened,  repeals  the  ordi- 
nance of  nullification  and  secession. 

Mar.  18.  S.  C.  The  State  Convention 
adopts  an  ordinance  declaring  null  the 
Force  Act  passed  by  Congress. 

Sept.  16.  N.Y.-N.J.  The  boundary 
between  New  York  and  New  Jersey  is 
settled. 

Sept.  23.  I).  C.  President  Jackson  or- 
ders the  •*  removal  of  deposits"  of 
the  United  States  Government  from  the 
United  States  Bank  to  certain  State 
banks  ("  Pet  Banks  "),  causing  great  agi- 
tation. [The  Senate  declared  tlie  act 
unconstitutional ;  the  funds  were  not 
removed  to  the  State  banks.] 

W.  J.  X>uane,  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury, refuses  to  remove  the  public  funds, 


is  dismissed  from  office  by  the  President, 
and  Koger  B.  Taney  of  Md.  succeeds 
him. 

Dec.  2.  B.C.  The  23d  Congress  opens. 

Dec.  26.  n.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
resolution  censiiring  President  Jack- 
son is  introduced  by  Henry  Clay. 

*  *  U.  S.  Political  nominating  con- 
ventions take  the  place  of  caucuses  of 
the  State  Legislature. 

*  *  U.S.  The  political  machine,  under 
Jacksonian  favor,  rapidly  develops. 

Political  *'  workers  "  are  to  be  re- 
warded with  political  oilices,  and  politi- 
cal parties  are  to  be  held  together  by 
the  "  cohesive  power  of  public  plunder." 

*  *  New  York.  Gideon  Lee  is  elected  the 
59th  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-35  *  *  Cal.    Jos^  Figueroa  (Mex.). 
-34  *  *  Conn.    Henry  W.  Edwards. 
-37  *  *  Del.    Caleb  P.  Bennett. 
-35  *  *  Miss.     Hiram  G.  Runnels. 

N.  J.  Elias  P.  Seeley. 
-36  *  *  A^  J.  Peter  D.  Vroom. 
-38  *  *  N.  Y.  Wm.  L.  Marey. 
-38  *  *  P.  I.    John  B.  Francis. 

1834  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$4,760,082.  [It  is  paid  off  during  the 
year.] 

Jan.  28.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Hugh  L.  White  of  Tenn.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore.  [Later  George 
Poindexter  of  iMiss.  is  elected.] 

Feb.  17.  D.  C.  An  indemnity  treaty  is 
made  with  Spain. 

Mar.  28.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
adopts  Henry  Clay's  resolution  censur- 
ing the  President  for  the  removal  of 
Government  deposits.     Vote,  2&-20. 

Apr.  4.  D.C.  Congress:  The  House  re- 
solves that  the  National  Bank  shall 
not  be  rechartered,  and  forbids  the  re- 
moval of  deposits. 

June  3.  D.C.  Congress:  Joint  resolu- 
tions censuring  the  President  pass 
the  Senate.    Vote,  29-10. 

June  20.  D.C.  Congress;  House: 
John  Bell  of  Tenn.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Jime  30.  D.  C.  The  Indian  Territory 
is  set  apart  exclusively  for  Indians. 

The  23d  Congress :  the  flrst  session 

closes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1833  Mar,  31.  D.  C.  The  Treasury 
Building  at  Washington  is  destroyed  by 
fire. 

June  1.  Ky.  Cholera  breaks  out  at 
Lexington. 

Sept.  *  N.  J.  The  Camden  and  Amboy 
Bailroad  is  opened  to  Bordentown. 

Oct.  8.  N.  J,  The  first  severe  rail- 
road accident  occurs  on  the  Amboy 
and  Bordentown  road ;  several  persons 
are  killed. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1833,  C8,GiO. 

1834  May  *  N.  J.  The  railroad  from 
Jersey  City  to  New  Brunswick  is 
opened. 

Boston.  Ice  is  first  exported  to  the 
East  Indies  [arriving  there  in  the  au- 
tumn]. 


144     1834,  Aug.  13  -1835 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

THE  TENTH  WAK. 
1835     Dec.  23-43     Aug.  14.    The 
Florida  Indian  War. 

[Men   enrolletl,   11,169  regulars,  29,953 
militia  and  volunteers.    Total,  41,122.] 

Dec.  *  Ma.  The  Seminole  Indians  be- 
gin hostilities,  and  continue  the  struggle 
for  4  years.  [The  war  was  caused  by  the 
attempt  of  the  Government  to  remove 
the  Indians  beyond  the  Mississippi.] 

Dec.  28.  Fla.  The  Seminole  TndianB 
Burprise  a  detachment  of  117  men  un- 
der Major  Francis  L.  Dade,  and  kill  all 
but  one  man,  who  is  covered  by  the  dead. 
The  Seminoles,  led  by  Osceola,  —  a 
half-breed,  who  displays  great  talents 
and  audacity,— surprise  Gen.Thomp- 
son»  commanding  the  forces  near  Fort 
King,  riddle  his  body  with  15  bullets, 
and  escape. 

Dec.  31.  Fla.  Gen.  Duncan  L.  Clinch 
defeats  the  Seminoles  on  the  banks  of 
the  Withlacoochee. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1834  +  *  ♦  Conn.  Kettles  of  hammered 
brass  are  first  made  at  Wolcottville. 

*  *  D.  C.  Hiram  Powers  executes  the 
busts  of  the  President  and  others,  at 
Washington. 

*  •  Mass.  A  gun  is  rifled  at  South  Bos- 
ton—  the  first  in  the  United  States. 

*  *  Cyrus  Hall  McCormick  patents  his 
reaper  for  harvesting  grain  —  an  inven- 
tion which  nearly  equals  the  locomotive 
in  its  value  to  America. 

1835  Apr.  8.  Boston.  Charlotte 
Guahman  first  appears,  at  the  Tremont 
Theater. 

Nov.  17.    An  aurora  borealia  of  surpass- 

iug  grandeur  is  observed. 
Dec.  *  Xew  York.    The  Howe  Company 

manufacture  pins. 

*  •  Conn.  Samuel  Colt  patents  his 
revolving  pistol. 

*  *  A^.  Y.  Horseshoes  are  made  by 
machinery  at  Troy. 

*  *  Pa.  A  small  stack  is  erected  near 
Pottsville  for  making  iron  by  the  use 
of  anthracite  coal  and  the  hot  blast. 
Frederic  W.  Geisenhainer  ia  the  inventor 
and  pioneer. 

±  *  *  Phila.  The  manufacture  of  false 
teeth  from  minerals  is  commenced  by 
I).  W.  Stockton. 

*  *  Hosiery  goods  are  first  made  by  knit- 
ting a  circular  web. 

*  *  Audubon  publishes  bis  remarkable 
work  on  the  Birds  of  America,  which 
is  engraved  and  printed  in  four  huge 
folios  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  and  sold 
by  subscription  for  $800. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1835*  * 
Abbott.  layman.  Conn,  cl.,  editor,  b.  Mass. 
Adams,  Charles  Kendall,  author,  b.  in  Vt. 
Ames,  Adelhert,  niaj.-gen.,  sen.  for  Miss.,  b. 
Ilarker,  George  Frederic,  chemist,  b.  Mass. 
Barnardf  Charles,  author,  born  in  Mass. 
Bayard,  George  I).,  brig.-gen.,  b.  In  N.  Y. 
Bayard,  Truman  H.,  sculjitor,  born  in  Vt. 
Bland,  Richard  P.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  b.  tn  Ky. 
Brooks,  PhlUlpB,  F.  E.  bishop,  b.  Dec.  13, 
In  Maes. 


Oaffery,  Donelson.  sen.  for  La.,  born  in  La. 

Challlu,  Paul  du,  traveler,  born  in  France. 

Caldwell,  .loseph,  Pres.  clergyman.  A52. 

Carlisle.  John  Q.,8ec.  of  trea8.,sen.  for  Ky., 
born  in  Ky. 

Chandler,  Wm.  K.,  sen.  for  N.  H.,  b.  N.  IL 

Clarke,  John  S.,  actor,  born  in  Md. 

Clemens,  .Samuel  L.  (Mark  Twain),  hu- 
morist, author,  born  in  Mo. 

Cobb,  James  E.,  M.  C.  for  Ala.,  borntn  Ala. 

Curtis,  Newton  M.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  N.  Y. 

Dana,  Nathan,  lawyer,  AH3. 

Dolph,  Joseph  N.,  sen.  for  Ore.,  b.  in  N.  Y. 

Draper,  John  Christopher,  scientist,  b.  in  Va. 

Duane,  William,  author  and  novelist,  AT-*). 

Dinsmoor,  Samuel,  gov.  of  N.  H.,  At>9. 

Kvans,  Augusta,  novelist,  born  in  Ga. 

Fallows,  Samuel,  Kef.  K.  bp.,  born  in  Eng. 

Findley,  James,  statesman,  AtiO. 

Fitch,  LeKoy,  U.  S.  N..  born  in  Ind. 

Foster,  Stephen,  v.l.  and  educator,  .\37. 

Frothingbam,  Ellen,  scholar,  b.  in  (ier. 

Fuller,  Timothy,  lawyer,  orator,  AS?. 

GarsHie,  William  P.,  honieoiiatbist.  born. 

Graham,  John  H.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  Ire. 

Gregg,  Andrew,  I'.  S.  senator,  A80. 

Ilallowell,  Richard  I'rice,  merchant,  b.  in  Pa. 

Hampton.  Wade,  of  S.  C,  brig.-gen.,  A8l. 

Harris,  Wm.  Torrey,  educationist,  b.  in  Conn. 

Iloaack,  Uavid,  physician,  author,  A66. 

Kilgore,  Buckley,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  born  in  Ga. 

lender,  Louisa,  sculptor,  born  in  Mass. 

Lawson,  Thos.  G.,  M.  C.  for  Ga.,  honi  in  Ga. 

Lindsay,  William,  sen.  for  Ky.,  born  in  Ky. 

Lucas,  William  V.,  M.  C.  for  S.  1).,  b.  in  Ind. 

Marshall,  John,  chief  justice,  ASO. 

McCrary,  George  W.,  sec.  of  war,  b.  Ind. 

McKendree,  William,  M.  E.  bp.,  .\7fi. 

Mead,  Larkin  G.,  sculi)tor,  1).  in  N.  H. 

Mitchell,  .John  H.,  sen.  for  Ore.,  born  m  Pa. 

Mitchell,  Samuel  Mix,  statesman,  A92. 

Newcomb,  Simon,  astronomer,  b.  in  N.  S. 

Norton,  Andrews,  Unit,  cl.,  author,  A4.'). 

Gates,  William  ('.,  M.  C.  for  Ala.,  b.  in  .Via. 

O'Rourke,  Patrick  IL,  colonel,  born  in  Ire. 

Osgood,  Helen  L.  G.,  army  nurse,  h.  in  Mass. 

Phillips,  Thomas  W.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  Pa. 

Pratt,  John  James,  poet,  born  In  Ind. 

Polk.  William,  patriot,  A76. 

Potter,  Henry  C,  P.  E.  bp.  of  N.  Y.,  b.  N.  Y. 

Powers,  H.  Henry,  M.  C.  for  Vt.,  born  In  Vt. 

Roliertson,  Chas.  F.,  P.  E.  bp.,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Shepard,  Elliot  F.,  lawyer,  journalist,  born 
in  N.  Y. 

Spoflford,  Harriet  Prescott,  born  in  Me. 

Stone,  William  Leete,  Jr..  anthor,  b.  in  N.  Y'. 

Thomas,  Theodore,  musician,  b.  in  Ger. 

Wise,  George  I)..  M.  C.  for  Va.,  b.  in  Va. 

CHURCH. 

1834  Oct.  20.  Ja.  The  first  Baptist 
church  is  organized  at  Danville. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Benevolent  Frater- 
nity of  (Unitarian)  churches  in  Boston 
is  organized. 

*  *  The  American  Board  begins  mission- 
work  among  the  Dakota  and  Pawnee 
Indians. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Diocese  of  Vincennes  (Ro- 
man Catholic)  is  established. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Universalist  State  Con- 
vention is  organized. 

*  *  Mich.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Michigan  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Phitfp  Lindsley, 
moderator,  ' 

*  *  The  Mormon  Twelve  Apostles  are 
organized. 

1835  Mar.  8.  III.  The  Diocese  of  Illi- 
nois (Protestant  Episcopal)  is  organized. 

June*  Phila.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets ;  Robert  Bronk,  presi- 
dent. 

June  11.  X.  y.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

Sept.  25.  Jackson  Kemper  is  conse- 
crated first  (Protestant  Episcopal)  mis- 
sionary bishop  of  the  Northwest. 

*  *Ala.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Alabama  is  organized. 


*  *  III.  Three  clergymen  organize 
a  (Protestant  Episcopal)  convention  in 
Illinois,  and  appoint  Philander  Chase 
to  the  episcopate  of  Illinois. 

The  Protestant  Episcopal  Diocese  of 
(.'hicago  is  organized. 

*  *  A"".  J.  A  Society  for  the  Evangeli- 
zation of  the  World  is  organized  in 
the  First  Presbyterian  church  of  New- 
ark. 

*  *  Xew  York.  Twelve  city  missionaries 
are  employed  by  the  City  Tract  Society. 

*  *  Ore.  Tlie  American  Board  starts  a 
mission  among  the  Oregon  Indians*  also 
among  the  Abnakis  and  the  Sioux  or 
Dakota  Indians. 

*  •  Phila.    The   General    Convention 

(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

It  changes  the  organization  of  its  Mis- 
sionary Society  so  as  to  comprehend  all 
members  of  the  Church. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Ssmod  (Evan- 
gelical lAitheran)  meets  at  York. 

LETTERS. 
1834*  ♦  Vt.  Norwich  University  (Prot. 
Epis.)  is  founded. 

*  *-44*  *  History  of  the  United  States, 
by  George  Bancroft,  appears. 

*  *  Narrative  of  an  Expedition  to  Itasra 
Lake,  by  H.  R.  Schoolcraft,  appears. 

*  *  JVritings  of  George  iFas  king  ton,  etc., 
by  Jared  Sparks,  appears. 

*  *  Calavar:  A  Pomance  of  Mexico,  by  U. 
M.  Bird,  appears. 

*  *  The  Yemaasee,  by  W.  G.  Simms,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Guy  liivers,  by  W.  G.  Simms,  appears, 

*  *  Anatomical  Character,  Causes,  Symp- 
toms, and  Treatment  of  Pulmonary  Con- 
sumption, by  Morton,  appears. 

*  *  Commentaries  on  the  Conflict  of  Latex, 
by  Joseph  Story,  appears, 

1835  May  6.  New  Y<yrk.  The  New  York 
Herald  is  first  issued. 

Aug.  *-Sept,  *  "The  Moon  Hoax," 
by  Richard  Adams  Locke,  is  published 
in  the  Sun. 

"Great  Astronomical  Discoveries 
Lately  Made  by  Sir  John  Herschel  at 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope."  [The  article 
is  copied  by  the  most  sober  journals.] 

*  *  Boston.  The  Christian  Review^  a  Bap- 
tist quarterly,  is  issued. 

The  Culprit  Fay,  by  J.  R.  Drake*  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  New  York.  The  American  Monthly 
Magazine  is  published  [till  1S38]  — 
by  Herbert,  Hoffman,  and  Benjamin. 

*  *  O.  The  Young  Men's  Mercantile 
Library  is  founded  at  Cincinnati. 
[47,939  vols.] 

The    Oberlin    Theological    Seminary 
(Cong.)  is  opened. 
Tlie   Marietta    CoUege    (Pres.    and 
■  Cong.)  is  founded. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Baptist  ifl  first  issued 
[later  called  The  Tennessee  Baptist,  and 
afterwards  Thr.  Baptist]. 

*  *  Va.  Southern  Literary  Messenger  ap- 
pears at  Richmond. 


UNITED    STATES.        1834,  Aug.  13-1835 


145 


*  ♦  Baptists  start  the  Baptist  Banner  [The 
Westet^i  Jiecorder]. 

*  *  The  hififlel,  by  R.  M.  Bird,  appears. 

*  *  Italian  Sketch  Book,  by  Tuckerman, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Monikins,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  •  Outre-Mer,  by  Longfellow,  appears. 

1  ♦  *  The  Partisan,  by  W.  G.  Simms,  ap- 
pears. 

►  •  Pencillings  by  the  Way,  by  "Willis,  ap- 
pears. 

*  •  Tonr  of  the  Prairies,  by  Washington 
Irving,  appears. 

•  *  Winter  in  the  West,  by  C.  F.  Hofifman, 
appears. 

►  *  An  edition  of  The  Antigone  of  Sopho- 
cles, by  Woolsey,  appears. 

•  *  Elements  of  Moral  Science,  by  Francis 
Waylaud,  appears. 

•  *  -39  *  *  The  first  series  of  The  Library 
of  American  Bioyraphy,  edited  by  Jared 
Sparks,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1834  Aug.  13+.   Phila.   An  anti-abo- 
lition riot  continues  three  nights;    54 
houses  occupied  by  colored  people  are 
assaulted,  and  some  of  them  wrecked. 

•  *  Conn.  A  mob  with  a  brass  band  inter- 
rupts a  lecturer  on  the  abolition  of  sla- 
very, and  marches  him  out  of  Norwich, 
to  the  tune  of  the  "  Kogue's  March." 

►  *  I).  C.  Congress  enacts  a  penalty  of 
$500  for  the  offense  of  selling  liquor  or 
wine  to  Indians  in  the  Indian  country ; 
setting  up  a  still,  $1,000  fine. 

^  *  />.  C.  President  Jackson  recommends 
Congress  to  pass  an  act  for  thesuppres- 
8ion  of  anti-slavery  literature. 

•  •  y,  H.  Franklin  Pierce  marries 
Jane  Means  Appleton. 

•  *  N.  Y.  A  convention  of  mechanics 
meets  at  Utica ;  it  protests  against  con- 
vict labor. 

•  *  Great  opposition  is  made  to  the 
anti-slavery  movement;  it  is  ridi- 
culed, scorned,  stormed  with  abuse  and 
violence,  but  augmented. 

The  Legislatures  of  several  Southern 
States  call  upon  the  Northern  States  to 
prohibit  the  printing  of  anti-slavery 
publications. 

•  *  N.  Y.  Delavan's  declaration  ar- 
rests attention. 

Edward  C  Delavan,  ex-wine  merchant 
of  Albany,  draws  up  the  following  decla- 
ration, and  secures  the  signatures  of 
Presidents  Jackson,  Madison,  John  Q, 
Adams,  Van  Buren,  Tyler,  Polk,  Taylor, 
Fillmore,  Pierce,  Buchanan,  Lincoln, 
and  Johnson. 

"  lieing  satisfied  from  observation  and  ex- 
perience, as  well  as  from  medical  testimonv, 
that  ardent  spirit,  as  a  drink,  is  not  only 
nee«ile88,  but  hurtful,  and  that  the  entire  dis- 
uae  of  it  would  tend  to  promote  the  health, 
the  virtue,  and  the  happiness  of  the  commu- 
nity, we  liereby  express  our  conviction  that 
should  the  citizens  of  the  I'nlted  States,  and 
especially  the  youn^  men,  discontinue  en- 
tirely the  use  of  it,  they  would  not  only  pro- 
mote their  own  personal  benefit,  but  the 
good  of  our  country  and  of  the  world." 

•  *  Pliila.  The  Presbyterian  General 
Assembly  declares  that  "The  traflac 
in  ardent  spirits,  to  be  used  as  a  drink 


by  any  people,  is,  in  our  judgment,  mor- 
ally wrong,  and  ought  to  be  viewed  as 
such  by  the  churches  of  Jesus  Christ 
universally." 

1835  June  30.  Ky.  Lieut.  Jefferson 
Davis  resigns  his  commission  in  the 
army,  and  soon  after  elopes  with  Sally 
Knox  Taylor,  daughter  of  Gen.  Zach- 
ary  Taylor. 

July  29.  S.  C.  A  mob  forces  the  post- 
office  at  Charleston,  and  rifles  the  mails 
to  destroy  anti-slavery  publications. 

Aug.  8.  Md.  A  riot  occurs  at  Balti- 
more, about  the  Bank  of  Maryland  ;  sev- 
eral persons  are  killed  or  wounded. 

Aug.  *  5.  C.  The  U.  S.  mail  is  opened 
and  anti-slavery  documents  are  removed 
and  burned  by  citizens  of  Charleston. 

*  *  New  York.  The  publication  of  the 
"Moon  Hoax"  in  the  New  York  Sun 
deceives  many  credulous  people.  (See 
Letters.) 

*  *  Opposition  to  friends  of  freedom. 

Churches  and  puldic  halls  are  as- 
saulted when  opened  for  anti-slavery 
speakers,  in  many  Northern  sections. 
Great  indignation  is  felt  in  the  South 
because  of  the  circulation  of  anti-slavery 
pamphlets  by  various  societies. 

STATE. 

1834  Nov.  *  ///.  Abraham  Lincoln  is 
elected  to  the  Legislature  as  a  member 
of  the  Assembly. 

Dec.  1.  B.C.  The  23d  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

*  *  Xew  York.  The  mayor  is  no  longer 
appointed  by  the  Common  Council,  but 
elected  by  the  voters  of  the  city. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  President  Jackson  recom- 
mends reprisals  on  French  com- 
merce, in  satisfaction  of  a  claim  of 
?5,000,000  against  France  long  overdue. 
[France  settles  the  claim ;  Portugal  is 
brought  to  terms  in  the  same  way.] 

*  * -37  *  *  Xt'tv  York.  Cornelius  \V. 
Lawrence  is  elected  the  60th  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugiurated : 
-35  *  *  Conn.    Samuel  A.  Foote. 
-36*  *  Fla.    (Ter.).    John  H.  Eaton. 
-38  *  *  ///.    Joseph  Duncan. 

-36  •  *  Ky.    James  T.  Morehead. 

-38  *  *  La.    Edward  B.  White. 

-35  *  *  Mass.     John  Davis. 

-38  *  *  Me.    Robert  P.  Dunlap. 

-35*  *  Mich.  (Ter.).    Stevens  T.Mason. 

-36  •  *  N.  H.    William  Badger. 

-36  *  *  S.C.     George  McDuffie. 

-36  *  *  Va.     Littleton  W.  Tazewell. 

1835  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$37,513. 

Mar. 4.    D.  C.    Congress;  Senate:  John 

Tyler  of  Va.  is  elected  President  pro 

tempore. 
Congress  establishes  three  branch 

mints— New  Orleans,  Charlotte,  N.  C, 

and  Dahlonega,  Ga. 
Mar.  4.     D.  C.     The     23d     Congress 

ends. 
Oct.*  N.  Y.    Tlie  anti-monopolist  branch 

of  the  Democratic  party  is  called  Loco- 

focos  by  the  other  branch. 
Dec.  7.    />.  C.     The     24th     Congress 

opens. 


Congress;  House:  James  K.  Polk 

of  Teun.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  President  Jackson  recom- 
mends Congress  to  prohibit  the  circula- 
tion of  anti-slavery  papera  through 
the  mails. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  James  M.  "Wayne  of 
Ga.  is  appointed  Justice  of  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court. 

Dec.  20.  Tex.  Texans  declare  their 
independence  of  Mexico,  and  Ameri- 
cans rally  to  help  them. 

Dec.  29.  Ga.  The  Seminoles  cede  all 
their  territory  east  of  the  Mississipi>i 
for  §5,000,000. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Revenue  in  1835,  from 
the  sales  of  public  lands,  $24,877,179. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-37  *  *  Ala.    Clement  C.  Clay. 

-36  *  *  Ark.  {Ter.).    Wm.  S.  Fulton. 
-38  *  *  Conn.    Henry  W.  Edwards. 
-37  *  *  Ga.    William  Schley. 
-36  *  *  Mass.    Samuel  Armstrong'. 
-40  *  *  Mich.     Stevens  T.  Mason. 
-37  *  *  Miss.    Charles  Lynch. 
-37  *  *  N.  O.    Richard  D.  Spaight. 

Pa.    Joseph  Ritner. 
-39  *  *  Tenn.    Newton  Cannon. 
-36*  *  Tex.    Henry  Smith  (Provisional 

President). 
-41  *  *  Vt.    Silas  A.  Jenison. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1834  Nov.  1.  N.J.  The  railroad  from 
New  Brunswick  to  Trenton  is  opened. 

*  *  Chicago  receives  one  mail  a  week ; 
it  is  carried  on  horseback  from  Niles, 
Mich. 

*  *  New  York.    Cholera  again  prevails. 

*  *  O.  T*he  Ohio  Canal  is  opened  for 
307  miles,  connecting  the  Ohio  River  with 
Lake  Erie. 

*  *  Va.  The  Petersburg  and  Roanoke 
Railroad  isoi)ened  — GOmiles  in  length. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  South  Carolina  Railroad 
is  opened   136  miles. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1834,  ^'5,305. 

*  *  Ore.    The  first  emigrants  arrive. 

1835  June  2.  Mass.  The  Boston  and 
Providence  Railroad  is  opened. 

June  27.  Mass.  The  Boston  and  liOw- 
ell  Railroad  is  opened. 

July  6.  Mass.  The  Boston  and  Wor- 
cester Railroad  is  opened. 

Aug.  25.  Md.  The  Baltimore  and 
"Washington  Railroad  is  opened. 

Nov.  7 .  The  New  York  and  Erie  Rail- 
road is  commenced. 

Dec.  9.  Boston.  The  President's  mes- 
sage arrives  from  Washington  in  'Jti 
hours  and  50  minutes. 

Dec.  16.  New  York  suffers  from  a 
great  fire. 

It  sweeps  over  30  acres,  destroying  520 
buildings  and  property  worth  ^18,000,000. 

Dec.  *  Chicago's  first  bank  is  opened. 
Dec.  31.     U.  S.     Immigrants   and  other 
aliens  in  1835,  45,374. 

*  *  Neto  Eng.  In  a  rage  for  silk  culture 
many  mulberry  trees  are  planted,  and 
fortunes  are  made  and  lost. 


146     1835  *  *-1837,  May  30. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY -NAVY. 
1836    Feb.  29.    FUi.     Gen.  Gaines, 

with  1,000  men,  is  attacked  by  the  Semi- 
nole Indians  on  the  Witlilacoochee.  [Gen. 
Clinch  comes  to  his  relief.] 

Feb.  *  Fla.  Gen.  "Winfield  Scott  as- 
sumes command  of  the  army  in  the 
Indian  War. 

Mar,  6.  Fta.  Some  of  the  Seminole 
chiefs  come  to  Gen.  Jessup,  and  sign  a 
treaty  of  peace  [which  is  soon  brokenl. 

Apr.  21.  Tex.  Sam  Houston,  an  Ameri- 
can, at  the  head  of  800  Texans,  defeats 
Santa  Anna  at  San  Jacinto,  and  drives 
the  Mexicans  across  the  Rio  Grande ; 
Santa  Anna  is  taken  prisoner,  and  inde- 
pendence secured. 

THE  ELEVENTH  WAR. 

*  •  -37  *  *  The  Cherokee  Indian  dis- 
turbance. Men  enrolled,  9,4W  militia 
and  volunteers.  Caused  by  the  enforced 
removal  of  the  Indians  to  the  West. 

THE  TWELFTH  WAR. 
May  5-1837  Sept.  30.  The  Creek  In- 
dian "War.  Caused  by  the  unwilling- 
ness of  the  Indiana  to  surrender  their 
lauds  to  the  whites.  Men  enrolled,  935 
regulars,  and  12,483  volunteers  and  mi- 
litia.   Total,  13,418. 

THE  THIRTEENTH  WAR. 

*  •  -1839  *  *  Me.  The  Aroostook  dis- 
turbance, respecting  the  northeast  boun- 
dary of  the  U.  S.,  arises  among  the  people 
contiguous  to  the  territory  in  dispute. 
Men  enrolled,  1,500  militia  and  volun- 
teers. 

Oct.  *  Fla.  Gov.  Call  leads  2,000  men 
into  the  interior  of  the  State,  and  has  a 
fight  at  "Wahoo  Swamp  with  the  In- 
dians, and  a  second  engagement  a  few 
days  later,  without  decisive  results. 

Dec.  25.  Fla.  Col.  Zachary  Taylor's 
force  defeats  the  Indians  near  Big  Water 
Lake. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1836  Dec.  12.  New  Yfyrk.  MissEUen 
Tree  makes  her  first  appearance  at  the 
Park  Theater. 

*  *  Conn.  Felt  cloth  is  first  successfully 
manufactured  at  Norwalk. 

*  *  Eng.  Edwin  Forrest  appears  in 
Sparta^cus  at  the  Drury  Lane  Theater, 
London. 

*  *  Mass.  Williamstown  has  the  first  (con- 
tinuous) astronomical  observatory. 

*  ♦  Mich.  Fine-cut  chewing  tobacco 
is  first  manufactured  at  Centerville. 

*  *  Phila.  Wrought-iron  tubing  and  fit- 
tings are  first  made. 

*  *  U.  S.  Anthracite  coal  is  first  used 
on  steamboats  and  locomotives.    (1837  ?) 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
X836*  * 

Aldrich,  Thos.  Bailey,  poet,  writer,  b.  N.  H. 
Austin,  Stephen  K.,  founder  of  Tex.,  dies. 
Avery,  John,  M.  C.  for  Mich.,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Banf^,  Frank  C,  actor,  horn  in  Va. 
Beardsley,  Lester  A.,  lieut.  U.  S.  N.,  born, 
liunce,  Francis  M.,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  born. 
Burr,  Aaron,  Vice-Vres.  U.  S.,  AGO. 
Brown,  Henry  II.,  U.  S.  Justice,  b.  in  Mich. 


Burton,  Asa.  Cong,  cl.,  coDtroversionalist, 
A  74. 

Butler,  Matthew  C,  sen.  for  S.  C,  b.  in  S.  C. 

Cannon,  Joseph  G.,  M.  C.  for  111.,  b.  N.  C. 

<'liamiler,  Cbas.  F.,  chemist,  born  In  Mass. 

t'heney,  Charles  E..  Kef.  K.  bp..  h.  in  N.  Y. 

Crockett,  David,  backwoodsman,  M.  C.  for 
Tenn.,  A. 50. 

Pavies,  Henry  E.,  lawyer,  born  In  N.  Y. 

Eihnunds,  I'anl  C,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  b.  In  Va. 

Fayne,  Frank  L.,  actor,  born  in  Ky. 

Flint,  Austin,  Jr..  physician,  medical  wri- 
ter, born  In  Mass. 

Funston,  Edward  H.,  Member  of  Congress, 
born  ui  Obio. 

Cladtlen,  Waabington,  cl.,  writer,  b.  in  Pa, 

Oould,  Jay,  financier,  born  in  N.  Y. 

C.rout,  William  W.,  M.  C.  for  Vt.,  b.  in  Can. 

Crubbs,  John  C,  editor,  born  In  Ore. 

Hackley,  Cbas.  E.,  sur^'eon,  b.  in  N.  Y. 

Hale,  Eugene,  sen.  for  Me.,  horn  in  Me. 

Hansard,  .iobn  R.  O.,  author,  editor,  born. 

Henry,  William,  chemist,  A74. 

Hitchcock,  Cbas.  H.,  geologist,  b.  in  Mass. 

Hodge,  H.  Lenox,  surgeon,  b.  in  Pa. 

Homer,  Winalow,  artist,  born  in  Mass. 

House,  Edward  Howard,  author,  b.  Mass. 

Kenton,  Simon,  pioneer,  A  81. 

Kilpatrick,  Judson,  cavalry  general,  b.  N.  J. 

Livingston,  Edward,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.and  La., 
A  72. 

Leverett,  Frederick  Pen-ival,  scholar,  A33. 

Lowell,  John  F.,  of  Lowell  Inst.,  A37. 

Madison,  James.  M.  C.  for  Va.,  sec.  of 
state,  4tb  Pres.  of  U.  S.,  A85. 

Mayer,  Alfred  Marshall,  physicist,  b.  in  Mil. 

McCabe,  Charles  C,  chaplain,  M.  E.  cl.,h.  o. 

Messer,  Asa,  I'res.  of  Brown  I'niv.,  A67. 

Moon,  John  W.,  M.  C.  for  Mich.,  b.  in  Mich. 

Morton,  Henry,  scholar,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Murphy,  Edward,  Jr.,  sen.  for  N.  Y.,b.  N.Y. 

Packartl,  Louis  K.,  phUologist,  born  in  Pa. 

Pleasants,  James,  sen.  for  Va.,  Gov.,  A67. 

Robson,  Stuart,  actor,  born  in  Md. 

SaCforii,  Henry  Truman,  astronomer,  b.  Vt. 

Shoup,  George  L.,  sen.  for  Ida.,  born  In  Pa. 

Springer,  William  M.,  M.  C.  for  HL,  b.  Ind. 

Townsend,  Luther  Tracy,  M.  E.  cl.,  b.  in  Me. 

Toy,  Crawford  Howell,  Hebraist,  b.  in  Va. 

Vedder,  Elihu,  painter,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Vaux,  Bobert,  philanthropist,  A50. 

Wheeler,  Joseph,  M,  C.  for  Ala.,  bom  in  Ga. 

Winter,  William,  poet,  critic,  b.  in  Mass. 

Wright,  Arthur  Williams,  physicist,  b.  Conn. 


CHURCH. 

1835  *  •  Pa.  The  General  Aasembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  in  Pittsburg;  AV.  AV. 
Phillips,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Church,  establishes 
its  first  mission  among  the  Indians. 

*  *  Va.  The  Eighth  Baptist  Triennial 
Meeting  is  held  at  Kichmond. 

1836  May  2.  O.  The  General  Con- 
ference CMethodist  Episcopal)  meets  in 
Cincinnati. 

Beverly  Waugh  and  Thomas  A.Morris 
are  consecrate<f  bishops. 

The  Arkansas,  Erie,  Liberia,  Michigan, 
New  Jersey,  and  North  Carolina  Con- 
ferences are  formed. 

May  13.  New  York.  The  Baptists  with- 
draw from  the  American  Bible  Society. 

June  16.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  *  N  v.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Albany  ;  Thomas  M. 
Strong,  president. 

July  7.  Mick.  Samuel  A.  McCoskry 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  is  consecrated 
bishop  of  Michigan. 

*  *  O.  The  Ohio  Eldership  of  the  Church 
of  God  is  organized. 

*  *  0.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  of  East  Ohio  is  organized. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) meets  in  Pittsburg ;  John 
Witherspoon,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Reformed  Dutch  Church  sends  a 
missionary  to  the  Nez  Perces  Indians. 


•  *  Mission-work  is  undertaken  by  the 
Reformed  Presbyterian  Churcb. 

1837  May  *  Pkila.  The  General  As- 
sembly (Presbyterian)  meets ;  David 
Elliott,  moderator. 

May  23.  Phila.  The  Plan  of  Union 
with  Congregational  Churches  is  abro- 
gated on  constitutional  grounds  by  the 
Presbyterian  General  Assembly.  Vote, 
143-110. 

May  30.  Md.  The  German  Foreign 
Missionary  Society  is  organized  by 
tlie  Lutheran  Church  in  Hagerstown. 

May  *  Phila.  The  Old  School  party  ex- 
scind four  presbyteries  and  offend  the 
New  School  party;  Presbyterians  are 
greatly  agitated. 

May  *  Phila.  The  American  and  For- 
eign Bible  Society  is  organized  by 
Baptists. 

LETTERS. 

1836  Mar.  10.  Md.  The  Baltimore 
Transcript  is  issued  as  a  penny  pai>er. 

Mar.  25.  Phila.  The  Public  Ledger  is 
issued. 

June  20.  Neio  York.  The  New  York 
Express  is  issued. 

July  29.  O.  The  Philanthropist,  an  abo- 
lition newspaper  of  Cincinnati,  is  de- 
stroyed by  a  mob,  the  office  pillaged,  the 
types  scattered,  and  the  press  thrown 
into  the  river. 

*  *  Conn.  The  Yale  Lit&rary  Magazine 
appears. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Kentucky  University 
(Disciples)  is  organized  at  Lexing- 
ton. 

Students  of  both  sexes  are  received. 

*  *  New  York.  Union  Theological  Semi- 
nary (Pres.)  is  organized  and  a  Library 
is  founded.  [50,000  vols.]  Tlie  Legisla- 
ture grants  a  charter,  two  years  later. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Alfred  University  (Seventh- 
day  Baptist)  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Buffalo  liibrary  is  founded. 
[53,638  vols.] 

*•  *  Pa.  Franklin  and  Marshall  College 
(Reformed)  is  organized  at  Lancaster. 

The  Reformed  (German)  Church  estab- 
lishes a  college  at  Mercersburg. 

*  *  li.  I.  The  Providence  AthensBum 
Ijbrary  is  founded.    [44,502  vols.] 

*  *  Mogg  Megone,  by  J,  G.  "Whittier,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Astoria,  by  "Washington  Irving, 
appears. 

*  •  Inklings  of  Adventure,  by  N.  P.  Willis, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Poor  Rich  Man,  by  Catherine 
Maria  Sedgwick,  appears, 

*  *  Mellichampe,  by  W.  G.  Simms,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Nature,  by  K.  "W.  Emerson,  appears. 

*  *  Twenty-seven  Orations,  by  Sdward 
Everett,  appears. 

*  *  Commentaries  on  Equity  of  Jurispru^ 
dence,  by  Joseph  Story,  appears. 

*  *  Elements  of  International  Law,  by 
Henry  Wheaton,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.      1835  *  *-1837,  May  30.     147 


1837    Jan.  25.    La.    The  New  Orleans 

Picayune  is  first  issued. 
Feb.  1.     Tlie    memorial    of    66    British 

authors,  praying  for  the  exclusive  right 

to  their  respective  writings,  is  presented 

to  Congress. 
Feb.  6.    Ga.     Emory   College   (Meth. 

Epis.)  is  chartered  [and  soon  organized]. 
May  17.     Md.     The    Baltimore   Sun 

appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1836  Jan.  11.  B.  C.  A  petition  is  pre- 
sented to  Congress  praying  that  the  in- 
stitution of  slavery  may  be  abolished 
in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

July  29.  O.  A  riot  breaks  out  in  Cin- 
cinnati ;  the  printing-press  of  James  G. 
Birney's  *'  Abolition  "  paper  is  destroyed. 

Aug. »  N.  r.  The  Second  National 
Temperance  Convention  is  held  at 
Saratoga. 

'  *  Boston.  The  Transcendental  Club 
is  formed. 

*  *  D.C.  The  right  of  petition  de- 
nied. 

The  House  of  Representatives  adopts 
as  a  rule,  "  that  all  petitions,  memorials, 
and  resolutions,"  relating  to  slavery 
*'  shall  be  laid  on  the  table,  and  no 
further  action  whatever  shall  be  had 
thereon."    (See  State.) 

*  *  Ga.~Ata.  Thousands  of  settlers  leave 
their  homes  through  fear  of  the  Indians. 

'  •  m.  Abraham  Lincoln,  27  years 
old,  begins  the  study  of  law. 

*  •  The  Ancient  Order  of  Hibemiana 
of  America  is  foxmded. 

1837  Feb.  13.  New  York.  A  riot  is 
occasioned  by  the  high  price  of  flour, 
and  hundreds  of  barrels  are  destroyed. 

Apr.  *  III.  Abraham  Lincoln  com- 
mences the  practice  of  law  in  Spring- 
field. > 

STATE.  ^ 

1836  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
S336,957. 

Feb.  5.  D.C.  Congress  ;HoaBe:  Henry 
L.  Pinokney  introduces  a  bill  providing 
that  all  memorials  praying  for  the 
aboUtion  of  slavery  in  the  District  of 
Columbia  be  referred  to  a  select  com- 
mittee, with  instructions  to  report  that 
Congress  has  no  power  to  interfere  with 
slavery  in  the  States,  and  that,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  House,  it  would  be  a  viola- 
tion of  public  faith  to  interfere  with  the 
institution  in  the  District.  [Adopted. 
Vote,  117-68.  Called  a  Gag-Law.] 
(Die.  of  Am.  Politics.) 

Mar.  2.  Texas  again  proclaims  her 
independence  of  Mexico,  and  adopts 
a  republican  form  of  government. 

May  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  select 
committee  reports  that  Congress  cannot 
constitutionally  interfere  with  slavery 
in  any  State,  and  it  ought  not  to  do  so ; 
it  recommends  that  all  petitions  and 
papers  relating  to  slavery  or  its  aboli- 
tion "  shall,  without  being  printed  or 
referred,  be  laid  upon  the  table."  Ap- 
proved.   Vote,  117-68. 

May  29.  Wisconsin  Territory,  is  orga- 
nized out  of  the  Northwest  Territory. 


June  16.  J).  C.  Congress  admits  Ar- 
kansas into  the  Union  as  the  25th  State. 

July  1.  IJ.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
■William  E.  King  of  Ala.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

July 4.  J).  C.  The  24th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

July  11.  D.C.  The  President's  Specie 
Circular  is  issued,  ordering  payments 
to  be  made  to  the  Government  in  gold  or 
silver  [causing  the  contraction  of  the 
currency ;  a  scarcity  of  money  follows]. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  13th  presidential  elec- 
tion ;  Democrats  elected.  Popular 
vote  ;  Martin  Van  Buren  (Dem.)  of 
N.  Y.,  761,549  ;  Wm.  Henry  HarrUon 
(Whig)  of  Ohio,  Hugh  L.  White  (Whig) 
of  Tenn.,  Daniel  W^ebster  (Whig)  of 
Mass.,  and  Willie  P.  Mangunx  (Whig) 
of  N.  C,  all  combined,  736,656. 

Nov.  *  ni.  Abraham  Lincoln  is  re- 
elected to  the  Legislature. 

Dec.  5.  D.  C.  The  24th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 

*  *  Cal.  After  a  bloodless  revolution 
California  disclaims  all  dependence  on 
Mexico. 

*  *  D.C.  Roger  B.  Taney  of  Md.  is  ai)- 
pointed  Chief  Justice,  and  Philip  P. 
Barbour  of  Va.  Justice,  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  Democratic  party  begins 
to  favor  the  annexation  of  Texas. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-40  *  *  Ark.    James  S.  Conway. 

Cal,    Nicolas  Gutierrez;   later, 
Mariana  Chico  ;  yet  later,  Nico- 
las Gutierrez  (Mexicans). 
-42  *  *  Cal.    Juan  B.  Alvarado  (Mex.). 
-39  *  •  Fla.    Richard  K.  Call. 
-37  •  *  Ky.    James  Clark. 
-40*  *  Mo.    Liburn  N,  Boggs. 
-40  *  *  Mass.    Edward  Everett. 
-39  •  *N.  H.    Isaac  Hill. 
-37  ♦  *  N.J.    Philemon  Dickerson. 
-38  *  *  O.    Joseph  Vance. 
-38  *  *  S.C.    Pierce  M.  Butler. 

Tex.    David  G.  Burnet  (Pres.). 
-38  ♦  •  Tex.    Sam  Houston  (President). 
-37  *  *  Va.    Windham  Robertson. 
-41  *  *  Wis.  (Ter.).    Henry  Dodge. 

1837  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$3,308,124. 

Jan.  16.  X>.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  It 
is  ordered  that  the  vote  of  censure 
condemning  President  Jackson's  policy 
respecting  the  National  Bank  be  ex- 
punged.   Vote,  M-ID. 

Jan.  26.  D.  C.  Congress  admits  Mich- 
igan into  the  Union  as  the  26th  State. 

Jan.  28.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Wm.  K.  King  of  Ala.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore.  [He  is  reelected 
March  7,  and  again  on  Oct.  13.] 

Feb.  8.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
Electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Van  Buren,  172 ; 
Harrison,  73:  White,  26;  Webster, 
14;  Mangum,  11.  Vote  for  Vice-Pres- 
ident :  R.  M.  Johnson  (Dem.)  of  Ky., 
147  ;  Francis  Granger  (Whig)  of  N.  Y., 
77;  JohnTyler(Whig)of  Va.  47;  WQ- 
liam  Smith  (Dem.)  of  Ala.,  23. 


[There  being  no  majority  for  Vice- 
President,  Richard  M.  Johnson  is 
elected  by  the  Senate,  against  F. 
Granger.    Vote,  33-16.] 

Mar.  3.  /).  C.  The  24th  Congress: 
the  second  session  closes. 

Eighth  Administration ;  Democratlo, 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  Martin  Van  Buren  of 
N.  Y.  is  inaugurated  the  eighth  Presi- 
dent, in  the  13th  term  of  the  presidency. 
Richard  M.  Johnson  of  Ky.  is  Vice- 
President. 

Cabinet :  John  Forsyth  of  Ga.  (State), 
Levi  W^oodbury  of  N.  H.  (Treas.), 
Joel  R.  Poinsett  of  S.  C.  (War),  Mahlon 
Dickerson  of  N.  J.  (Navy),  Benj.  F. 
Butler  of  N.  Y.  (Atty.-Gen.),  Amos 
Kendall  of  Ky.  (P.  M.-Gen.). 

Mar.  *  III.  Abraham  Lincoln  has  his 
protest  against  the  pro-slavery  action 
of  the  majority  in  the  Legislature  en- 
tered on  the  journal  of  the  Assembly. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1835  •  *  The  national  debt  is  extin- 
guished by  duties  on  Imports  and  the 
sale  of  public  lands. 

Feb.  10.  Philadelphia  is  first  lighted 
with  gas. 

Mar.  29.  Phila.  The  United  States 
Bank  is  newly  incorporated  by  the  State 
of  Pennsylvania.  [Suspended  Feb.  6, 
1841.] 

Apr.  18.  N.  r.  The  Brooklyn  and 
Jamaica  Railroad  is  completed. 

May  15.  Ga.  Roanoke  is  burned  by 
Indians. 

July  10.  Pa.  It  is  discovered  that  lo- 
comotives can  make  ascents  without 
the  aid  of  stationary  engines  and  ropes. 

Aug.  1.  N.  r.  The  Utica  and  Sche- 
nectady Railroad  (78  miles)  is  opened. 

Dec.  15.  D.  C.  The  patent  office  and 
the  post-office  at  Washington  are 
burned. 

*  *  U.  S.  It  is  discovered  that  anthra- 
cite coal  is  superior  to  wood  for  loco- 
motive fuel.  Its  use  on  railroads, 
begins. 

Dec.  31.  U.  8.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1836,  76,a42. 

*  *  U.  S.  Great  financial  prosperity 
prevails  throughout  the  country. 

*  *  Pa.  Laurel  Hill  Cemetery,  near  Phil- 
adelphia, is  laid  out. 

1837  Mar.  4.  Chicago  is  incorpo- 
rated as  a  city  ;  population,  4,170. 

May  8.  The  steam-packet  Ben  Slierrod, 
while  racing  above  Fort  Adams  o:i  the 
Mississippi,  bums  at  night ;  203  lives 
are  lost. 

May  *  n.  S.  A  financial  panic  follows 
over  speculation  and  the  sudden  con- 
traction of  the  currency. 

Vast  issues  of  irredeemable  ("-wild 
cat ")  paper  money  are  accepted  in  busi- 
ness transactions. 

May  10±.  U.  S.  The  banks  of  aU  the 
large  cities  in  the  North  suspend 
specie  payments.  [Other  banks  soon 
follow.]  . 


148     1837,  June  1-1838  *  *. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1837  Oct,  23.  Fla.  Gen.  Jessup  se- 
cures as  prisoners  Osceola  and  other 
Indians  by  violating  a  flag  of  truce. 

Oct.  *  -Dec.  *  Many  Americans  assist  the 
Canadians  in  their  revolt  for  independ- 
ence. 

Dec.  19.  Fla.  Col.  Taylor  leads  a  body 
of  troops  against  the  Seminoles. 

Dec.  25.  Fla.  Col.  Taylor  defeats  the 
Seminoles  at  Lake  Macaco. 

Dec.  29.  Canadians  attack  and  set  on 
tire  the  American  steamboat  Caroline^ 
and  send  her  over  the  Niagara  Falls  ; 
22  Americans  are  lost  with  her. 

•  *  Fla.  The  Seminole  Indian  war  contin- 
ues at  great  cost  and  with  small  results. 

1838  Apr.  *  Col.  Taylor  is  brevetted 
brigadier-general  for  his  services  against 
the  Seminoles. 

May  *  Ga,  The  State  troops  begin  to  take 
the  Cherokee  Indians  from  their 
houses  and  gather  them  into  camps 
preparatory  to  their  removal  beyond 
the  Mississippi. 

July*  Lieut.  Robert  E.  Lee  is  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  captain  U.  S.  A. 

Oct.  28.  Mo.  Mormons  at  Far  West  sur- 
render to  militia  under  Gen.  Atchison. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1837  *  *  Conn.  One-day  clocks  with 
brass  movements  are  invented,  and 
clock-making  is  revolutionized. 

•  *  Eng,  The  screw  is  introduced  in 
steam  navigation  by  John  Ericsson  and 
F.  P.  Smith  on  the  steamer  Thames. 

♦  *  Mass.  An  induction  coil  is  made 
by  G.  C.  Page  of  Salem. 

**  New  York.  SamuelF.  B.Morse  first 
publicly  exhibits  his  telegraph. 

♦  *  New  York.  Charlotte  Cushman  is 
engaged  at  the  Park  Theater. 

*  *  The  dynamometer  is  tiret  used  to 
determine  the  power  employed  in  driv- 
ing machinery. 

♦  •  A  remarkable  aurora  borealis  is  ob- 
served. 

•  *  The  Long  Story  is  painted  by  W.  S. 
Moiuit. 

1838  Apr.  20.  Tenn.  A  shower  of  me- 
teors is  observed. 

Aug.  19.  The  United  States  exploring 
expedition  of  six  vessels  ( Vincennes, 
Peacock,  Porpoise,  Relief,  Flying  Fish, 
and  Sea  Gull)  under  Lieutenant  Wilkes, 
U.  S.  N.,  sails  for  the  Antarctic  region. 

Sept.  18.  U.  S.  A  remarkable  eclipse  of 
the  sun  is  observed. 

*  *  Boston.  Regularly  set  elementary 
singing  lessons  are  given  in  a  number 
of  the  public  schools. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1887*   * 

Albaugh,  John  W.,  actor,  born  in  Md. 
Alden,  Timothy,  Cong,  cl.,  educator,  A66. 
Barwig,  Charles,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  b.  In  Ger. 
Breckinridge,  W.  C.  1'.,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  b.  Ky. 


Brewer,  David  J.,  Justice  Supreme  Court, 

born  in  Kan. 
Buchanan,  Thos.  McKean,  LieuU-Com.,  U.  S. 

N.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Jiurroughs,  John,  author,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Burrows,  JuHus  C,  M.  C.  for  Mich.,  b.  Mtch. 
Casey,   Lyman  L.,  sen.  for  N.  Dak.,  born 

in  N.  Y. 
Chanf  ran,  F.  S.,  actor,  born  in  I'a. 
Clancy,  John  M.,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  b.  in  Ire. 
Cleveland,  Grover.,   Gov.  of  N.  Y.,  22d 

and  24th  Pres.  of  U.  S.,  b.  in  N.  J. 
Cox,  Nicholas   N.,  M.  C.  for  Teun.,  born 

in  Tenn. 
Dolhear,  .\mo8  Emerson,  physicist,  b.  Conn. 
Draper,  Henry,  scientist^  born  in  Va. 
Eytinge,  Rose,  actor,  born  in  Pa. 
Fanning,  John  Thomas,  engineer,  b.  in  Conn. 
Fessenden,  Thos.  Green,  author,  journalist, 

A  66. 
Floyd,  John,  M.  C.  and  Gov.  for  Va.,  dies. 
Fowler,  Charles  Henry,  M.  E.  bp.,  b.  Can. 
Gallaudet,  Kdw.  M.,  Pres.  Deaf  Mute  Col- 
lege, born  in  Conn. 
Oilman,  Arthur,  philanthropist,  born. 
Gill,  Theodore  N.,  scientist,  naturalist,  born 

in  N.  Y. 
Hall,  Louisa  Jane,  poet,  A35. 
Harkness,  William,  prof.,  U.  S.  Navy,  born 

in  Scot. 
Hinsdale,  Burke  A.,  educator,  born  in  O. 
Holmes,  Abiel,  author,  A  74. 
Hopkins,  Albert  C,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  N.  Y. 
Howells,  'William  Dean,  author,  b.  in  O. 
Kent,  Joseph,  Gov.  of  Md.,  A58. 
Laphani,  Oscar,  M.  C.  for  It.  I.,  b.  in  K.  I. 
Lester,  Kufus  K.,  M.  C,  born  in  Ga. 
Long,  Eli,  general,  born. 
Loveloy.  Elijah  Parish,  abolitionist  of  III., 

A36. 
Macon,  Nathaniel,  speaker,  sen.  for  N.  C, 

A80. 
Manderson,  Charles  F.,  sen.  for  Neb.,  born 

in  Pa. 
McCook,  Robert  L.,  brig.-gen.,  horn  In  O. 
Mitchell,  David  B.,  (iov.  of  Ga.,  A5l. 
Moody,  Dwlgbt  Lyman,  Cong,  evangelist, 

born  in  iStass. 
Montgomery,  Alexander  B.,  M.  A.  for  Ky., 

born  in  Ky. 
Moran.  Thomas,  painter,  bom  in  Kng. 
Morphy,  Paul  C.,  champion  chess-player, 

born  in  La. 
New,  John  C,  sec.  of  treas.,  born  in  Ind. 
Newton,   Isaar,  naval  engineer  for  Tenn., 

born  in  N.  Y. 
Patterson,  Josiah,  M.  C.  for  Tenn.,  b.  Ala. 
Parker,  Francis  W.,  educator,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Physick,  Philip  Syng,  surgeon,  A69. 
Porter,    Horace,   mil.   sec.  to  Gen.   Grant, 

born. 
Reid,  "Whitelaw.  journalist,  b.  O. 
Wolverton,   Simon  P.,  M.  C.  for   Pa.,  born 

in  Pa. 
Scudder,  Samuel  Hubbard,  naturalist,  born 

in  Boston. 
Shirlaw,  Walter,  painter,  born  in  Scot. 
Worcester,  Noah,  Cong,  cl.,  A79. 

1838*   * 

Abbe,  Cleveland,  meteorologist,  b.  in  N.  Y. 

Baldwin,  Melviii  R.,  M.  C.  for  Minn.,  b.  Vt. 

Barrett,  Lawrence,  actor,  born  in  N.  J. 

Bird,  Frederick  M.,  P.  E.  cl.,  hymn  col- 
lector, born. 

Blackburn,  Joseph  C.  S.,  sen.  for  Ky.,  born 
in  Ky, 

Black  Hawk,  Indian  chief,  A7l. 

Bowditch,  Nathaniel,  mathematician,  A65. 

Clark,  William,  general  explorer  of  Rocky 
Mountains,  A  68. 

Cobb,  Seth  W.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  born  in  Va. 

Cogswell,  William,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  born 
in  Mass. 

Cohen,  Jacob  Soils,  physician,  b.  in  N.  Y. 

Cook.  Joseph.  Cong,  cl.,  lecturer,  b.  N.  Y. 

Daly.  Augustin,  dramatist,  born. 

Davidson,  Margaret  Miller,  poet,  A15. 

Davis,  Cushman  K.,  sen.  for  Minn.,  b.  N.  Y. 

Dodge,  Marv  Mapea,  author,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Eccleston,  James  C,  P.  E.  bp.  of  la.,  born. 

Farmer,  John,  genealojriat,  A49. 

Farrer,  Thomas  Charles,  painter,  b.  in  Eng. 

Flemming,  Walter  M.,  physician,  surgeon, 
born. 

Funk,  Benjamin  F.,  M.  C.  for  III.,  b.  III. 

Gilder,  William  Henry,  explorer,  b.  in  Pa. 

Gilmor,  Harry,  soldier,  author,  born  In  Mil. 


CHURCH. 

1837  June  1.  Phila.  The  General  As- 
sembly declares  the  Synod  of  the 
"Western  Reserve  to  be  no  part  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church. 


June  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
appoints  a  Presbyterian  Board  of 
Foreign  Missions. 

June  ♦  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets ;  Isaac  N.  Wycoff, 
president. 

July  28.  Miss.  The  Roman  Catholic 
See  of  Natchez  is  erected. 

Aug.  *  N.  Y.  A  convention  of  aggrieved 
I*resbyterians  meets  at  Auburn. 

Dec.  10.  la.  Mathias  Loras  (Roman 
Catholic)  is  conserated  bishop  of  Du- 
buque. 

*  *  la.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Dubuque  is  established. 

*  *  la.  The  Presbyterians  open  a  mission- 
station  among  the  Iowa  Indians. 

*  *  la.  The  first  Congregational  church 
in  Iowa  is  organized  at  Green  Mountain. 

*  *  III.  The  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

*  *  Md.  The  Seventh  General  Synod 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  meets  at  Hagers- 
town. 

*  *  .V.  I'.  The  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  of  Franckean  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese 
of  Nashville  is  established. 

*  *  Wis.  The  first  Baptist  Church  in  the 
state  is  organized  in  Milwaukee. 

1838  Apr.  28.  La.  The  Protestant 
Episcopal  Diocese  of  Louisiana  is  or- 
ganized at  New  Orleans. 

June  14.  New  York.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June.  *  K.  Y.  The  General  Synod  of  tlie 
Reformed  Church  meets  at  Albany  ; 
Benj.  C.  Taylor,  president. 

Sept.  29.  The  Missionary  Board  of  the 
Reformed  (German)  Lutheran  Church 
is  Organized. 

*  *  Roman  Catholic  missionaries  begin 
work  among  the  Nez  Perc^  ludiaus. 

Dec.  9.  Ark.  XjOonidas  Polk  is  conse- 
crated Protestant  Episcopal  missionary 
bishop. 

*  *Fla.,N.  Y.,La.  The  Protestant  Epis- 
copal dioceses  of  Florida,  Western  New 
York,  and  Louisiana  are  organized. 

*  *New  York.  The  Baptist  Triennial 
Meeting  is  held. 

*  *  Ga.  The  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

*  *  Ore.  Methodists  open  an  Indian  mis- 
sion at  Dalles. 

LETTERS. 

1837  June  5.  Ind.  Asbury  UniverBity 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Greencastlo 
[later  called  De  Pauw  University]. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Boston  Quarterly  Review 
is  established  by  O.  A.  Brownson. 

*  *  D.  C.  Tlie  Democratic  Review  is 
established. 

*  *Zll.  Knox  College  (Pres.  and  Cong.) 
is  founded  at  Galesburg. 

*  *  La.  St.  Charles  College  (Kom. 
Cath.)  is    organized  at   Grand  Coteau. 

*  *  Mich.  University  of  Michigan  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Ann  Arbor. 


UNITED    STATES.         1837,  June  1-1838*  *     149 


*  *  N.  C.  Davidson  College  (Presbyt*. 
rian  —  colored)  is  organized  at  Davidson. 

*  *  New  Tor!:.  The  New  York  Review,  a 
quarterly,  is  published  by  J.  G.  Cogswell. 

*  *  O.  Muskingum  College  (United 
Pres.)  is  organized  in  New  Concord. 

*  *  -40  *  *  Phila.  The  Gentleman's  Mag- 
azine appears. 

*  *  Va.  Emory  and  Henry  College 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  organized  at  Emory. 

*  *  Adventures  of  Captain  Bonneville,  by 
"Washington  Irving,  appears. 

*  •  liianca  Visconti,  by  N.  P.  Willis, 
appears. 

*  *  Briercliff,  by  G.  P.  Morris,  appears. 

*  *  Charcoal  Sketches^  by  Joseph  Neal, 
appears. 

*  *  An  edition  of  The  Electra  of  Sophocles^ 
and  another  of  The  Prometheus  of  Ms- 
chylus,  by  Woolsey,  appear. 

*  *  lieign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  by 
Prescott,  appears. 

*  *  Tivice-told  Tales,  by  Nathaniel  Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

*  *  Evidences  of  the  Genuineness  of  the 
Four  Gospels,  by  Andrews  Norton,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  4  Elements  of  Political  Economy,  by 
Francis  Wayland,  appears. 

1838  *  *  Boston.  The  Boston  Quarterly 
Heriew  appears. 

*  *  /fometoard  Bounds '  by  Cooper,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Little  Frenchman  and  Ifis  Water- 
Lots,  by  G.  P.  Morris,  appears. 

*  *  The  Narrative  of  Arthur  "Gordon  Pym^ 
by  E.  A.  Poe,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1837  July  14.  li.  1.  A  horse-thief  is 
publicly  whipped  on  the  court-house 
parade  in  Providence.  [The  law  autho- 
rizing whipping  is  soon  after  repealed.] 

Nov.  7.  Ill-  A  pro-slavery  mob  at 
Alton  murders  Rev.  E.  P.  Lovejoy, 
the  editor  of  an  abolition  paper,  breaks 
his  press,  throws  it  into  the  river,  and 
fires  the  building. 

*  *  Boston.  Wendell  Phillips  makes 
his  ddbut  as  an  anti-slavery  advocate 
in  Faneuil  Hall;  he  champions  a  most 
unpopular  cause. 

1838  Feb.  24.  />.  C.  Congressman 
Wm.  J.  Graves  of  Kentucky  kills  Con- 
gressman Jonathan  Cilley  of  Maine  in 
a  duel. 

May  17.  Phila.  A  mob  opposed  to  anti- 
slavery  discussions  destroys  Pennsylva- 
nia Hall. 

Aug.  *  The  cruel  and  iniquitous  re- 
moval of  16,000  Cherokees  begins. 

**  Sick  and  well,  old  men  and  infants, 
mothers  and  mothers  to  be,"  were  forced 
to  march  on  through  the  colil  winter 
months.  The  auifering  was  terrible,  the 
death-rate  fearful.  Fifteen  deaths  a 
day  was  the  average,  and  4,r>00 — more 
than  on&-fourth  of  the  whole  nation  — 
perished  before  they  readied  their  West- 
ern home.  Yet  through  all  this  terrible 
ordeal  witnesses  testify  that  *'  the  de- 
portment of  the  Cherokees  was  worthy 
of  a  Christian  people." — Cyclopedia  of 
Missions. 


*  *  R,  I.~N.  H.  Rhode  Island  and  New- 
Hampshire  leave  the  license  of  the 
liquor  traffic  optional  with  the  towns. 

STATE. 

1837  Sept.  4.  D.  C.  The  25th  Con- 
gress opens  its  special  session  ;  it  assem- 
bles to  relieve  the  financial  distress  of 
the  country. 

House :  James  K.  Polk  of  Tenn.  is 
reelected  Speaker. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  attempts  to  relieve 
the  financial  distress  by  authorizing  the 
issue  of  Treasury  notes,  not  exceed- 
ing  $10,000,000. 

Oct.  4.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  first  Sub- 
treasury  Bill  passes  the  Senate.  [It  is 
defeated  in  the  House.] 

Oct.  16.  I).  C.  The  25th  Congress : 
the  first  session  closes. 

Dec.  4.  />.  C.  The  25th  Congress : 
the  second  session  opens. 

Dec.  21.  I).  C.  Congress;  House  :  An- 
other "gag-law**  is  passed,  on  mo- 
tion of  John  M.  Patton  of  Va.  Vote, 
122-74.  It  aims  to  suppress  debate  on 
the  slavery  question.    (See  1836,  Feb.  5.) 

*  *-38*  *  Ga.  The  Government  forcibly 
removes  the  Cherokee  Indians  be- 
yond the  Mississippi. 

«  *  -39  *  *  New  York.  Aaron  Clark  is 
elected  the  Gist  mayor. 

*  *  D.  C.  John  Catron  of  Tenn.  and 
John  McKinley  of  Ala.  are  apiK)inted 
Justices  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-41  *  *  Ala.    Arthur  P.  Bagby. 
-40  *  *  Del.    Cornelius  P.  Comegys. 
-39  *  ♦  Ga.    George  R.  Gilmer. 
-40  *  *  Ind.    David  Wallace. 

-41  *  *  Miss.    Alex.  G.  M'Nutt. 
-41  *  *  N.  C.    Edward  B.  Dudley. 
-43  *  *  ^V.  J.    Wm.  Pennington. 
-40  *  *  Va.    David  Campbell. 

1838  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  N&tioimL  debt 
$10,434,221. 

Jan.  5.  I).  C.  President  Van  Buren 
issues  a  proclamation  warning  Ameri- 
can citizens  not  to  aid  the  Canadian 
revolt.  [It  was  devised  by  disloyal  Eng- 
lishmen and  sympathizing  Americans.] 

Mar.  26.  £>.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Sub-treasury  Bill.  Vote, 
27-25.    [The  House  rejects  it.J 

Apr.  18,  N.  Y.  The  Legislature  enacts 
a  general  banking  law. 

June  *  />.  C.  Mr.  Dickerson,  Secretary 
of  the  Navy,  resigns,  and  James  K. 
Paulding  of  N.  Y.  is  appointed  in  his 
place. 

June  12.  />.  C.  Congress  organizes 
Iowa  as  a  Territory. 

July  2.  D.  C.  Congress  ;  Senate  :  Wm. 
R.  King  is  reelected  President  pro 
tempore. 

July  9.  £>.  C.  The  25th  Congress : 
the  second  session  closes. 

Wov.  *  TIL  Abraham  loncoln  is  re- 
elected to  the  Assembly,  and  becomes 
leader  of  the  Whigs. 

Dec.  3.  I>.C.  The  25th  Congress: 
the  third  session  opens. 


Dec.  8,  Pa.  After  a  four  days'  struggle 
the  militia  are  caUed  out  to  settle  the 
fight  in  the  Legislature,  which  is 
organized  by  two  opposing  bodies,  and 
the  Senate  is  expelled  by  a  mob. 

Dec.  11.  D.C.  Congress;  House:  A 
third  gag-law  is  passed.  Vote,  127-78. 
Charles  G.  Atherton  of  New  Hamp- 
shire introduces  resolutions  denying  the 
power  of  Congress  to  interfere  with 
slavery  in  the  States  or  District,  and 
providing  that  all  papers  or  memorials 
affecting  the  subject  of  slavery  *'  be 
laid  on  the  table  without  being  debated, 
printed,  or  referred."  [It  is  adopted 
against  the  opposition  of  Northern 
Whigs.] 

MISCELLAKEOUS. 

1837  June  1.  New  York.  The  mercantile 
failtires  for  two  months,  in  this  city, 
exceed  $100,000,000. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Bank  of  the  United 
States  suspends  specie  payments. 

July  19.    Md.    The  Baltimore  and 

Wilmington  road  is  opened. 
Oct.  9.    The  steamer  Home,  from    New 

York  to  Charleston,  is  wrecked  ;  100 lives 

are  lost. 
Oct.  26.    N.  Y.    The  Harlem   road   ia 

completed. 
New    York.     The    Harlem    Railroad 

Company  completes  the  city  tunnel. 
Nov.  10.    The  Providence  and  Ston- 

ington  road  is  opened. 
Dec.  27.    The  steamer  Black  Hawk,  on  the 

Red  River,  explodes  ;  50  lives  are  lost. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Michigan  Central  road, 
connecting  Detroit  and  Ypsilanti  (30 
miles),  is  opened. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Chenango  Canal  is  cora- 
pleted,connecting  the  Susquehanna  with 
the  Erie  Canal  at  Utica. 

*  *-42*  * Neio  York.  The  Croton 
aqueduct  is  completed. 

*  *  Fa.  The  road  from  Richmond  to 
Fredericksburg  is  completed. 

Dec.  31.  U.S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1837,  79,340. 

1838  Apr.  8-23.  Steam  navigation 
across  the  Atlantic  is  established.  The 
Great  Western  steamship  first  sails  from 
Bristol  to  New  York  [arriving  in  15  days]. 
(Lossiug,  June.) 

Apr.  25.  O.  The  steamer  3foae//e  bursts 
her  boiler  near  Cincinnati ;  101  lives  are 
lost. 

Conn.     Wew  Haven   celebrates  its 

second  centennial. 

Apr.  27.  S.  C.  A  fire  at  Charleston  lays 
waste  145  acres,  and  destroys  1,158  build- 
ings ;  loss,  $3,000,000. 

May  16.  New  York  State  banks  re- 
sume specie  payments. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1838,  38,914. 

*  *  N.  H.  The  Nashua  and  Iiowell 
road  is  opened. 

*  *  O.    The  Mad  River  road  is  opened. 

*  *  U.  S.  Business  languishes,  and  the 
Administration  becomes  unpopular. 

*  *  Va.  The  Richmond  and  Peters- 
burg road  is  opened. 


160 


1838**1840,  July  2. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1839  June  *  Fla.  The  governor  of  the 
Territory  offers  a  reward  of  $200  for 
every  ludian  killed  or  taken. 

■  *  J^la,  The  Seminole  chiefs  send  in 
their  submission  and  sign  a  treaty. 

•  •  JV:  r.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  of  Ohio  en- 
ters the  Military  Academy  at  West  Point. 

ART  — SCIENCE  —NATURE. 

1838  *  *  Conn.  Solid-headed  pins  are 
first  made  by  the  Howe  Pin  Company 
at  Birmingham :  they  supersede  the 
spun-headed  pins. 

*  *  D.  C.  James  Smithson's  legacy  of 
$500,000  is  received  from  London  [it  es- 
tablishes the  Smithsonian  Institution  in 
1»46.] 

*  *  It.  The  statue  of  Sve  is  executed  by 
Hiram  Powers. 

♦  *  Afass.  Gold  thimbles  and  specta- 
cles are  first  manufactured  at  Long- 
meadow. 

*  *  O.  An  observatory  is  erected  for  the 
Western  College  at  Hudson. 

*  *  Phila.  The  High  School  Observatory 
is  erected. 

*  •  A  full-length  portrait  of  Queen  Vic- 
toria is  painted  by  Thomas  Sully. 

*  *  Zinc  is  first  manufactured  at  Wash- 
ington from  the  red  oxide  of  New  Jersey. 

1839  Feb.  *  Conn.  Charles  Goodyear 
obtains  his  first  patent-for  making  vul- 
canized india-rubber. 

•  *  It.  The  statue  of  The  Greek  Slave  is 
executed  by  Hiram  Powers. 

•  *  Mass.  The  first  power-looms  in  the 
world,  for  making  carpets,  are  set  up 
at  Lowell. 

♦  ♦  New  York.  Capt.  John  Ericsson 
arrives  from  England  with  the  first  suc- 
cessful screw  propeller. 

*  *  N.  ¥.  The  Observatory  of  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  is  erected  at 
West  Point. 

♦  *  The  Penny  Paper  is  painted  by  F.  W. 
Edmonds. 

•  *  Pa.  Anthracite  coal  is  first  snccess- 
fuUy  used  in  making  iron  at  Pottsville ; 
$5,000  are  presented  to  the  proprietor  of 
the  works  by  citizens. 

1840  Jan.  19.  The  Antarctic  Conti- 
nent is  discovered,  on  the  same  day,  by 
both  French  and  American  expeditions. 

May  7.  Miss.  A  destructive  tornado 
visits  Natchez,  killing  317  persons  and 
destroying  $1,500,000  of  property. 

May  25.  Xjake  Erie  rises  four  feet  in  a 
few  hours,  and  then  subsides,  without 
apparent  cause. 

May  27.  A  great  freshet  swells  the  Sa- 
vannah River  ;  35  feet  above  low  water. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1838  •  • 
House,  James  Alvord,  inventor,  b.  In  N.  T. 
Howe,  Lyman  11.,  medical  prof.,  born. 
Hyatt,  Alplieus,  naturalist,  born  in  D.  C. 
Irving,  Peter,  author,  A67. 
McAleer,  William,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  Ire. 
McCreary,  James   B.,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  bora 

inKy. 
McMillan,  James,  sen.  for  Midi.,  b.  Can. 
Miller,  Warner,  sen.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  N.  Y. 
Morse,  Edward  S.,  naturalist,  born  in  Me. 


Neil],  Robert,  M.  C.  for  Ark.,  born  in  Ark. 

Osceola,  chief  of  the  Seminoles,  A34. 

Palfrey,  Warwick,  editor,  A51. 

Pollard,  Edward  A.,  journalist,  b.  Va.[l828]. 

Rodgers,  John,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  A67. 

Roe,  Edward  Payson,  novelist,  b.  in  N.Y. 

ticranton,  Joseph  A.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  born  in 

Conn. 
Scudder,  Horace  Elisha,  author,  b.  in  Mass. 
Squire,  Watson  C.,8en.  for  Wash.,b.  H.  Y. 
Stevens,  John,  inventor  (steamboat),  A89. 
Strong,  Luther  M.,  M.  C  for  O.,  born  in  O. 
Watson,  James  Craig,  astronomer,  b.  Can. 
Wright,  George   Frederick,  geologist,  Cong. 

clergyman,  author,  born  in  H.  Y. 
1839*  • 
Adams,  Silas,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  bom  in  Ky. 
Ames,  Mary  Clemmer,  author,  born  In  N.Y. 
Armstrong.  Samuel  C,  gen.,  b.  in  Hawaii. 
Bancroft,  Aaron,  Unit,  cl.,  writer,  A84. 
Beard,  (ieorge  Miller,  phys.,  author,  b. 
Black,  John  C,  M.  C.  for  iU.,  b.  in  Miss. 
Booth,  John  Wilkes,  assassin,  born  in  Md. 
Boutelte,  Chas.  A.,  M.  C.  for  Me.,  b.  In  Me. 
Bowen,  Nathaniel,  P.  E.  bp.  of  S.  C.,  Am. 
Broderick,  Case,  M.  C.  for  Kan.,  b.  In  Ind. 
lirown,  Jason  B.,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,b.  in  Ind. 
Buel,  Jesse,  agricultural  writer,  A61. 
Brute,  Simon  G.,  R.  C.  bp,  of  Vincennes,  A60. 
Carey,  Matthew,  philan.,  publisher,  A79. 
Coleman,  Leighton,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Wis.,  born 

in  Pa. 
Custer,  Oeoree  A.,  gen.   cavalry  corps, 

born  in  O. 
Dunlap,  William,  painter,  historian,  A73. 
Everett,  William,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  born  in 

Mass. 
Everett,  Charles  Carroll,  Unit,  clergyman, 

autlior,  born  in  Me. 
Fisk,  Wilbur,  Pres.  of  Wesleyan  University, 

A  47. 
Funk,  Isaac  K.,  Lnth.  cl.,  reformer,  editor 

of  Standard  Dictionary^  b.  in  O. 
Georg-e,  Henry,  econoniiat,  an.,  born  in  Pa. 
Gorman,  Arthur  I'.,  sen.  for  Md..  b.  in  Jld. 
Harte,  Francis  Bret,  author,  b.  in  i*.  Y. 
Hay,  John,  author,  born  in  111. 
Hayne,  Robert  Touner.  orator,  sen.   for 

S.  C,  A  48. 
Jones,  James  K.,  sen.  for  Ark.,b.  in  Miss. 
Leggett,  William,  author,  A37. 
Lundy,  Benjamin,  abolitionist  of  Md.,  A50. 
Mayo,  Frank,  actor,  born  in  Mass. 
McArthur,  Duncan,  soldier,  Gov.  of  O.,  A67. 
Money,  Hernando  D.,  M.  C.  for  Miss.,  born 

in  Miss. 
Mnrphy,  Joseph,  actor,  born  In  N.  Y. 
Niles,    Hezekiah,   journalist  at  Baltimore, 

A  62. 
Ofiden,  Aaron,  Gov.  of  N.  J.,  A83. 
O'Kane,  James,  naval  commander,  born. 
Parker,  Isaac,  U.  S.  A.,  born. 
Packard,  Alpheus  S.,entomologi8t,b.  in  Me. 
Patterson,  Daniel  Todd,  U.  S.  Navy,  A63. 
Perkins,  George  C,  sen.  for  Cal.,  b.  in  Me. 
Power,  Thomas  C,  sen.  for  Mont.,  b.  In  la. 
Reed,  Thomaa  B.,  M.  C.  for  Me.,  speaker, 

born  in  Me. 
Ripley,  Eleazer  Wheelock,  maj.-gen.,  AJiT. 
Schouler,  James,  lawyer,  historian,  boru  In 

Mass. 
Turner,  Henry  G.,  M.  C,  born  in  N.  C. 
Van  Rensselaer,  Stephen,  statesman,  "the 

Patroon"of  N.Y.,  A75. 


CHURCH. 

1838  •  *  III.  The  Mormons  are  driven 
out  of  Missouri ;  they  fotind  Nauvoo, 
and  number  about  12,000. 

*  *  Pa.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Pennsylvania  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  Old  School  Presbyterians 
refuse  the  demands  of  the  New  School, 
and  the  General  Assembly  is  divided 
into  two  bodies.  New  School  and 
Old  School. 

The  New  School  Presbyterians  or- 
ganize a  General  Assembly,  and  elect 
Samuel  Fisher  moderator.  The  Old 
School  also  organize,  with  "William  S, 
Plumer  moderator. 

The  Old  School  Presbyterians  estab- 
lish a  Board  of  Publication. 

*  *  R.  I.  The  Universalist  State  Conyen- 
tion  is  organized. 


1839  May  9.    N.  Y.    Wm.  H.  de  Lancey 

is  consecrated  (Protestant  Kpiscopal) 
bishop  of  Western  New  York. 

Jxme  12.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  *  Phila.  The  General  Synod  of 
the  Heformed  Church  meets ;  George 
W.  Bethune,  president. 

July  *  N.  J.  Tlie  General  Synod  of  the 
Reformed  Church  meets  at  New 
Brunswick  ;  George  W.  Bethune,  presi- 
dent. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Missouri  is  organized. 

*  *  Pa.  The  9th  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  meets  at  Chambers- 
burg. 

*  *  Phila.  A  Woman's  Missionary  So- 
ciety of  the  Evangelical  German  Church 
is  organized. 

*  ♦  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets ;  Baxter  Dickin- 
son, moderator. 

The  General  Assembly  (O.  S,  Presby- 
terian) meets  ;  J.  L.  Wilson,  moderator, 

*  *  The  Reformed  Dutch  Sabbath-School 
Union  is  formed. 

*  *  More  than  680  Xiadies*  Associations. 
having  nearly  3,000  local  agents  of  their 
own  membership,  collect  funds  for  the 
American  Board. 

1840  Mayl— Jtme3.  Md.  The  13th 
General  Conference  (Methodist  Epis- 
copal) meets  in  Baltimore, 

The  East  Texa.s,  North  Ohio,  Provi- 
dence, and  Uock  River  conferences  are 
formed. 

June  3,  Phila.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

Jime  *  Neto  York.  The  General  Synod  of 
the  Reformed  Church  meets ;  James 
Murphy,  president. 

June  21.  S.  C.  Christopher  Edwards 
Gladsden  is  consecrated  (Protestant 
Episcopal)  bishop. 

LETTERS. 

1839    Jan.  *   Christliche  Apologete,  Wm. 

Nast,  editor,  is  first  published. 
July  3.    Mass.    The  first  normal  school 

in  America  is  opened  at  Lexington. 

*  *  Conn.  The  Hartford  Library  Associ- 
ation is  founded.     [34,500  vols.] 

*  *  D.  C.  The  Patent  Office  Iiibrary  ia 
founded.    [47,040  vols.] 

*  *  Ind.  Concordia  College  (Lutheran) 
is  organized  at  Fort  "Wayne. 

*  *  Md.  Baltimore  City  College  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  in  Baltimore. 

*  *  Md.  The  Mercantile  Iiibrary  Associ- 
ation is  founded  at  Baltimore.  [30,000 
vols.] 

*  *  Mich.  St.  Philip's  College  (Rom, 
Cath.)  is  founded  near  Detroit. 

*  *  New  York.  Tlie  Evening  Express  is 
founded. 

The  Baptist  Advocate  is  started  [and 
is  later  called  the  Neio  York  Jiecorder 
and  afterward  the  Examiner], 


UNITED    STATES.         1838  ** -1840,  July  4.    151 


*  •  Wash.  The  first  prlntiiig-pre»8  west 
of  the  Rockies  is  set  up  at  Walla  Walla 
by  Presbyterian  missionaries, 

*  *  S.  C.  Erskine  College  (Asso.  Refd 
Pres.)  is  organized  at  Due  West. 

*  •  Va.    Keotor  College  (Bapt.)  is  f  ded. 

*  *  The  Adventures  of  Robin  /Jay,  by  U. 
M.  Uois,  appears. 

*  •  Dramas,  Discourses,  and  Other  Pieces, 
by  llillhouse,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  Nary  of  the  United 
States,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  Hyperion,  by  Longfellow,  appears. 

*  *  Voices  of  the  Night,  by  Longfellow, 
appears. 

*  » Crania  Americana,  by  Samuel  G. 
Morton,  appears. 

*  •  Spiritual  Improvejnent,  by  Ray  Palmer, 
appears. 

*  *  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Agency,  by 
Joseph  Story,  appears. 

*  •  Letters  from  Under  a  Bridge,  by  N.  P. 
Willis,  appears. 

1840    June  24.    Boston.    The  four  hun- 


a  silversmith.  They  were  induced  to 
change  their  habits  by  the  address  of  a 
temperance  lecturer.'  —  Cyclopedia  of 
Temperance. 

Apr.  30.  New  York.  John  Q.  Adams 
pronounces  an  oration  before  the  His- 
torical Society  in  celebration  of  the 
fiftieth  anniversary  of  Washington's  in- 
auguration. 

STATE. 
1838*  *  D.C.  Benj.F.ButlerofX.Y.re- 
signs  the  office  of  Attorney-Cieneral,  and 
Felix  Grundy  of  Tenn.  succeeds  him. 
*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-42  *  *  Conn.    Wm.  W.  Ellsworth. 
-41  •  ■»  la.  (Ter.).    Robert  Lucas. 
-42  »  *  III.    Tliomas  Carlin. 
-41  •  *  La.    Andr(5  B.  Roman. 
-30  *  *  Me.    Edward  Kent. 
-42  »  *  A".  }•.    William  H.  Seward. 
-40  *  *  O.    Wilson  Shannon. 
-39  *  *  n.  I.     William  Sprague, 
Patrick  Noble. 
Mirabeau  B.  Lamar  (Pres.). 
U.  S.    National    debt 


-40  *  *  .S'.  C. 
-40  *  *  Tex. 
1839    Jan.  1 
S3,573,»43. 


dredth  anniversary  of  the  discovery  of    Feb.  25.    D.C.    Congress;   Senate: 


the  art  of  printing  is  celebrated, 

SOCIETY. 

1838  *  *  U.  S.  In  the  army,  coffee  and 
sugar,  or  the  money  equivalent,  may  be 
d  rawn  by  each  soldier  instead  of  a  gill  of 
spirits. 

•  *  The  violence  of  fanatical  Mormons 
arrests  attention. 

1839  Jime  *  Fla.  The  governor  offers 
a  reward  of  $200  for  every  Indian  killed 
or  taken. 

July!.  Minn.  Sioux  Indians  m.issacre 
Chippewas  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 

Nov.  *  N.  Y.  Abolitionists  organize  a 
political  party. 

A  number  of  abolitionists  meet  at 
Warsaw  and  organize  a  political  anti- 
slavery  party,  with  a  platform  consist- 
ing of  a  single  plank,  as  follows  : 

"  Resolved,  That  in  our  judgment 
every  consideration  of  duty  and  expedi- 
ency which  ought  to  control  the  action  of 
Christian  freemen  requires  of  the  abo- 
litionists of  the  United  States  to  orga- 
nize a  distinct  and  in<lepen(lent  political 
party,  embracing  all  the  necessarv  means 
lor  nominating  candidates  for  office  and 
sustaining  them  by  public  suffrage." 

•  •  Connecticut  leaves  the  license  of 
liquor  dealers  optional  with  the  towns. 

•  *  -39  •  *  The  Spanish  vessel  L'Ami- 
stad,  with  many  African  slaves  on 
board,  lands  them  on  the  American 
coast,  after  the  slaves  have  revolted  and 
killed  or  confined  the  Spaniards  to  ob- 
tain their  liberty. 

The  slaves  are  imprisoned  as  pirates 
and  the  case  is  taken  througli  the  State 
courts  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  ,  ,  -, 
United  States,  and  a  decision  given  jus-  Toyi  9"? 
tifying  the  uprising  and  discharging  the 
prisoners.  It  occasions  much  excite- 
ment. 

1840  Apr.  6.  Md.  The  'Washlng- 
tonian  movement  is  organized  as  a 
moral  suasion  movement. 

"  A  Baltimore  drinking-club  of  six  men 
—  W.  K.  Mitchell,  a  tailor,  J.  F.  Hoss,  a 
carpenter,  David  Anderson  and  George 
Steers,  bl.icksmiths.  James  McCurley,  a 
coachiitaker,  and  Archibald  Campbell, 


"Wm.   R.   King   of    Ala.   is  reelected 

President  pro  tempore. 
Mar.  3.     D.  C.     The   25th   Congress 

ends. 
Nov.  13.     Jf.  r.     A  convention  of  the 

Liberty  Party  is  held  at  Warsaw.    (See 

Society.) 
Dec.  2.     D.  C.     The    26th    Congress 

opens. 
Deo.  5.     D.  C.     Congress:    John   Q. 

Adams  restores  decorum  and  effects  an 

organization  of  the  House,  by  putting 

the  question  to  vote,  which  the  Speaker 

refuses  to  present. 
Dec.  6.     Pa.     The    'Whig    National 

Convention   (meeting  at    Harrisburg) 

nominates  Gen.  W.  H.  Harrison  of  O. 

for  President,  and  John  Tyler  of  Va. 

for   Vice-President.      Vote  :    Harrison, 

148;  Clay,  90;  Scott,  IG. 
Dec.  10.    D.  C.    Congress ;  House  :  R. 

M.  T.  Hunter  of  Va.  is  elected  Speaker. 

*  *  111.    The  capital  is  changed  from  Van- 
dalia  to  Springfield. 

*  *  -41  *  *  New  York.      Ts.aac  L.   Varian 
is  elected  the  62d  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-41  •  *  Pla.  (Ter.).     Robert  R.  Reid. 
-43  *  *  6a.    Charles  J.  M'Donald. 
-40*  *  Ky.    Charles  A.  Wickliffe. 
-40  *  *  Me.    John  Fairfield. 
-42  •  *N.H.    John  Page. 

Pa.    David  R.  Porter. 
-43  *  *  R.  L    Samuel  W.  King. 
-41  *  *  Tenn.    James  K.  Polk. 

1840    Jan.  1.     U.  S.    National     debt 
$5,'250,S75. 

D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Independent  or  Sub- 
treasury  Bill,  requiring  the  National 
funds  to  be  kept  at  Washington,  and  in 
sub-treasuries  in  certain  cities,  where 
they  will  be  subject  to  the  order  of  the 
Treasurer,  instead  of  keeping  them  in 
banks.    Vote,  24-18. 

Apr.  1.    N.  r.    The  moderate  Abolition- 
ists found  the  Liberty  Party,  hold  a 


National  Convention  at  Albany,  and 
nominate  James  G.  Birney  of  N.  Y. 
for  President,  and  Thomas  Earle  of  Pa. 
for  Vice-President.  [It  is  the  first  na- 
tional anti-slavery  convention.  Birney 
declines  the  nomination.] 

May  5.  Md.  The  Democratic  Na- 
tional Convention  meets  at  Baltimore 
and  unanimously  nominates  Martin 
Van  Buren  of  N.  Y.  for  President. 
The  Vice-President  is  left  for  the  States 
to  nominate. 

May  *  D.  C.  John  M.  Niles  of  Conn, 
succeeds  Amos  Kendall  of  Ky.  as  Post- 
master-General. 

June  30.  />.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  Sub-treasury  or  Inde- 
pendent Treasury  Bill.    Vote,  124-107. 

July  4.  D.C.  The  Independent  Treas- 
ury Bill,  having  passed  both  houses, 
becomes  a  law. 

UISCELLANEOUS. 

1839  Mar.  4.  U.S.  The  express  busi- 
ness is  first  organized  by  W.  F.  Ham- 
den  ;  he  makes  a  trip  from  Boston  to 
New  York  as  a  public  messenger. 

Apr.  11.  N.  Y.  Greenwood  Cemetery 
in  Brooklyn  is  incorporated  [lots  are  first 
sold  in  October]. 

May  31.  Neio  York.  Tlie  steamship 
Great  JVestem,  from  Bristol,  arrives  in 
13  days  and  8  hours,  the  quickest  voy- 
age ever  made. 

July  6.  Me.  A  large  portion  of  Eastport 
is  btmied. 

Sept.  6.  Neio  York.  A  great  fire  burns 
46  buildings  ;  loss,  $10,000,000. 

Sept.  0.  Ala.  Mobile  is  wasted  by  a  sec- 
ond great  fire. 

Oct.  1.  Mass.  The  Western  road  is 
opened  from  Worcester  to  Springfield. 

Oct.  10.    Pliila.     The   United    States 

Bank  fails,  after  speculating  in  cotton. 

[Many  banks,  chiefly  in  the  South  and 

^  est,  also  fail  ;  loss  of  the  Government 

on  deposits,  $2,000,000.] 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1839,  08,009. 

*  •  Md.  Green  Mount  Cemetery,  near 
Baltimore,  is  dedicated. 

*  •Mississippi  repudiates  $5,000,000 
of  its  State  bonds. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Syracuse  and  Utica, 
and  the  Sjrracuse  and  Auburn  roads 
are  opened. 

1840  Jan.  13.  The  steamboat  Lexing- 
ton is  burned  in  Long  Island  Sound  ; 
only  four  out  of  145  persons  escape. 

Feb.  12.  Conn.  The  Housatonic  road 
is  completed  from  Bridgeport  to  New 
Milford. 

*  •  Cat.  J.  A.  Sutter  starts  a  settle- 
ment (Sacramento). 

June  *  U.  S.  Sixth  Census  :  States,  26 ; 
whites,  14,195,805  ;  colored,  2,873,M8  (f ree 
colored  386,293,  slaves  2,487,366);  total 
population,  17,069,453.  Increase,  32.67 
per  cent.  Center  of  population,  16  miles 
south  of  Clarksburg,  W.  Va. ;  westward 
movement  in  10  years,  55  miles. 

July  1.  Mass.  The  New  Bedford  and 
Taunton  road  is  completed. 


152     1840,  Sept  17-1841,  Oct. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1840  Dec.  3-24.  Fla.  Gen.  W.  B. 
Armistead,  the  successor  of  Gen. 
Scott,  presses  the  war  with  the  Indiaus. 

Dec.  *  Fla.  Col.  Harney  penetrates  the 
Everglades  and  captures  40  Indians. 

1841  *  *  Maj.-Gen.  "Winfield  Scott  is 
appointed  (llth)  commander  of  the 
army. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1840  July*  New  York.  John  Baldwin 
Buckstone  makes  his  first  appearance 
in  America,  at  the  Park  Theater. 

*  •  Jioston.  First  iron-front  building 
in  America  is  erected  on  Washington 
Street,  the  builder  guaranteeing  it. 

*  *  D,  C.  The  Society  for  the  Promotion 
of  Science  and  the  Useful  Arts  [National 
Society  of  Arts  and  Sciences]  is  estab- 
lished at  Washington. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Trinity  Church  is 
erected. 

A  movement  begins,  out  of  which 
develops  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 

Gold  pens  are  first  manufactured  in 
this  country. 

John  William  Draper  at  the  New 
York  University  is  the  first  to  succeed 
in  making  daguerreotype  portraits  in 
America;  London  experts  ascribe  his 
success  to  brilliancy  of  the  climate. 

Samuel  F.  B.  Morse  obtains  his  first 
patent  on  the  telegraph. 

Fanny  Elssler,  the  dancer,  first  ajv 
pears  in  America,  at  the  Park  Theater  ; 
enthusiastic  reception. 

Daniel  Huntington  is  elected  a  member 
of  the  National  Academy  of  Design. 
*  *  Pkila.   "William  J.  Florence  (Ber- 
nard Conliu)  makes  his  first  appearance, 
at  the  National  Theater. 

*  *  The  statues  Jiuth,  Daniel,  and  others 
are  executed  by  Henry  K.  Brown. 

*  *  The  statue  Orpheus  is  executed  by 
Thomas  Crawford. 

1841  Jan.  25.  New  York.  A  slight 
earthquake  shock  is  felt. 

Mar.  *  The    grain  -  driU,    for    sowing 

grain,  is  patented. 
UTov.  *  A  meteoric  display  appears. 

*  *  Oil.  The  coast  is  explored  by  the 
United  States  expedition  under  Lieut. 
Charles  Wilkes. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1840*  • 

Abbott,  Jo.,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  horn  in  Ala. 
Adair,  John,  gen.,  sen.  for  Kv.,  A83. 
Alexander,  Sydenham  li.,  M.  C.  for  N.  C, 

born  in  N.  C. 
Angus,  Samuel,  capt.  U.  S.  N.,  dies. 
Bache,  Geo.  M.,  officer  IT.  S.  N.,  born. 
IJartlett,  W.  Francis,  brev.  maj.-geii.,  born 

In  ISIass. 
Bynum,  William  I).,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  b.  Ind. 
Chauncey,  Isaac,  coin.  U.  S.  N.,  A68. 
Colburn,  Zerah,  niatbematical  prodigy,  A  36. 
Cooper,  Ttiomas,  natural  philos.,  A81. 
Cope,  Edward  Drinker,  naturalist,  b.  Pa. 
Drayton,  Henry,  Journalist,  born. 
Finn,  Henry  J.,  comic  actor,  A55. 
Flint,  Timothy,  cl.,  novelist,  historian,  A60. 
FoUen,  Charles  Theodore  Christian,  Unit. 

cl.,  scholar,  A4d. 
Foote,  Joaiali  I.,  Pres.  cl.,  educator,  A44. 
Gillet,  Charles  W.,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  b.  N. Y. 
Greene,  S.  Dana,  officer  U.  8.  N.,  b.  in  Md. 


Oifford,  Robert  Swain,  artist,  bom  in  Mass. 

(iray,  George,  sen.  for  Del.,  liorn  in  Del. 

Criffln,  Clkleroy  W.,  journaliat,  l)orn  in  Ky. 

Crifltli,  Walter  S.,  statesman,  born. 

Grundy,  Felix,  sen.  for  Tenn.,  atty.-gen., 
A63. 

Hague,  Arnold,  geologist,  born  in  Alass. 

Harter,  Michael  D.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  in  o. 

Heard,  John  T.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  b.  in  Mo. 

Henderson,  David  B.,  M.  C.  for  la.,  born  in 
Scot. 

Higgins,  .\nthony,  sen.  for  Del.,  b.  in  Del. 

Keene,  Thomas  W.,  actor,  born  in  N.Y. 

Kirkland,  John  Thornton,  Pres.  of  Harvard, 
A70. 

Maclure,  William,  Scottish  geol.  in  Am.,  A 77. 

Mahon,  Thaddeu8M.,M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 

Mellin,  Prentiss,  U.  S.  sen.,  A76. 

Morris,  (Jeorge  S.,  scholar,  philos.,  b.  In  Vt. 

Murray,  William  H.  H.,  Cong,  cl.,  b.  in  Conn. 

Nast,  TtaomEis,  artist,  born  in  Bavaria. 

O'Ferrall,  Charles T.,  M.  C.  for  Va.,b.  in  Va. 

Parrish,  Joseph,  phys.,  medical  writer,  A61. 

Perkins,  George  1>.,  M.  C.  for  la.,  b.  in  K.Y. 

Raymond,  KossiterW.,  mining  engineer,  b.  (). 

Kedden,    Laura    C.     (Howard    Glyndon ), 
author,  horn. 

Ridpath,  Jolm  Clark,  historian,  b.  in  Ind. 

Roach,  William  N.,  sen.  born  in  D.  C. 

Ryan,  William,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  Ire. 

Sankey .  Ira  David,  evangelist  singer,  b.  Pa. 

Schuyler,  Kupene,  author,  born  in  N.Y. 

Shaler,  Nathaniel  S.,  geologist,  born  in  Ky. 

Stanley,  Henry  M.    (John   Rowlands),  ex- 
plorer of  Africa,  born  in  Wales. 

Thompson,  Alfred  Wordsworth, artist,  b.Mil. 

Vilas,  William  F.,  sen.  for  Wis.,  b.  in  Vt. 

Wilson,  George  W.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  in  O. 
1841*  * 

Aldrich,  Nelson  W.,sen.  for  R.  I.,b.  in  R.  I. 

Baker,  Henry  M.,  M.  C,  born  in  N.  H. 

Barbour,  Philip  P.,  lawyer,  judge,  A58. 

Barron,  Charles,  actor,  "born  in  Mass. 

Beltzhover,  Frank  K.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  Pa. 

Berry,  James  J.,  sen.  for  Ark.,  born  in  Ala. 

Bingham,  Henry  H.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 

Brawley,  WiUiam  H.,  M.  C.  forS.  C.,b.S.  C. 

Breckinridge,  John,  of  Ky,,  theologian,  A44. 

Brown,  Nicholas,  endowed  Brown  Univer- 
sity, AT3. 

Campbell,  Timothy  J.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  born 
in  Ire. 

Causey,  John  W.,  M.  C.  for  Del.,  b.  in  Del. 

Clark,  Willis  Gaylord,  journalist,  A31. 

Coffeen,  Henry  A.,  M.  C.  for  Wyo.,  b.  in  O. 

Cookman,  (ieorge  G.,  M.  E.  clergyman,  A4I. 

Cummings,  Amos  J.,  II.  C  for  N.  Y.,  b.  N.  Y. 

Kminons,  Samuel  F.,  geologist,  b.  in  Mass. 

KnnekinK,  John  J.,  artist,  born  in  O. 

Ewing,  Finis,  Cumber.  Cong,  cl.,  A68. 

Forsyth.  John,  sen.  for  Ga.,  sec.  of  state, 
A61. 

Feissenhainer,  Jacob  A.,  M.  C.  for  N.  J., 
born  in  N.  Y. 

Gresham,  Walter,  M.  0.  for  N.  Mex.,  b.  in  Va. 

Harris,  William  A.,  M.  C.  for  Kan.,  h.  in  Va. 

Harris,  Samuel  S.,  P.  K.  bp.of  Mich.,  b.  Ala. 

Harrison,  'William  H..  maj.-gen.  U.  8.  A., 
sen.  for  O.,  9th  Pres.  of  I'.  S.,  A68. 

Hayes,  Walter  I.,  M.  C.  for  la.,  b.  in  Mich. 

HiUhonse,  James  A.,  poet,  AS2. 

Honeychurch,  Henry  CJ.,  U.  S.  N.,  b.  inW.  I. 

Hooper,  Lucy,  poet,  A25. 

Hull,  John  A.  T.,  M.  C.  for  la.,  born  in  O. 

Lacey,  John  F.,  M.  C.  for  la.,  b.  in  W.  Va. 

Ladd,  William,  peace  advocate,  A63. 

Leland,  John,  Bapt.  clergyman,  A87. 

Macomb,  Alexander,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  A57. 

MaUory,  Stephen  A.,  M.  C.  for  Fla..  b.  S.  C. 

Marshall,  Humphrey,  historian,  dies. 

Mellen,  Grenville,  poet,  A43. 

Miller,  Joaquin,  poet,  born  in  O. 

ililner,  Thomas  A.,  founder  of  Yale  Med. 
Inst.,  A64. 

Moore,  Richard  Cham,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Va.,  A79. 

Mordaunt,  Frank,  actor,  born  in  Vt. 

Morse,  Elijah  J.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  born  Ind. 

Outhwaite,  Joseph  H.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  in  <). 

Rauch,  Fred  A.,  theologian,  A3.^ 

Sargent,  Charles  S]>rague,  botanist,  b.  Mass. 

Savage,  Minot  Judson,  Cnit.  cl.,  born  in  Me. 

Sayers,  Joseph  I).,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  b.  in  Miss. 

Stone,  William  J.,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  b.  in  Ky. 

Waugh,  Daniel,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  born  in  Ind. 

Wood,  Horatio  C,  physi»Man,  author,  b.  Pa. 

Wright,  Ashley  B.,  M.  C.  lor  Mass.,  b.  Mass. 


CHURCH. 

1840  Sept.  17.  3/rf.  WiUiam  RoUingson 
Whlttingham  is  consecrated  (Protestant 
Episcopal)  bishop. 

Oct.  *  Wis.  The  Congregational  Con- 
vention is  organized. 


IfoT.  6,  la.  The  General  Congregational 
Association  is  organized. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Consolidated 
American  Baptist  Missionary  Con- 
vention is  formed. 

*  •  -44  *  *  Extensive  revivals  prevail. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  of  the 
Presbyterians  meets  ;  Wm,  M.  Englis  is 
moderator  of  the  Old  School  branch, 
and  Wm.  Wisner  of  the  New  School 
branch. 

*  *  Tex.  The  Texas  Union  Baptist  Asso- 
ciation is  formed. 

Kov.  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  of  the 
Reformed  Church  meets  at  Albany; 
James  Murphy,  president. 

*  *  The  Dominican  Missions  on  the  Pa- 
cific Coast  become  reduced  from  20,000 
to  G,000  Indians. 

1841  Feb.  28.  Ga.  Stephen  Elliot  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Georgia. 

May  13.  New  York.  The  American 
Bible  Society  celebrates  its  25th  anni- 
versary. 

June  2.  New  York.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

Jime  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Albany ;  James 
Komeyn,  president.  [Meets  again  in 
New  York,  in  Sept.] 

LETTERS. 

1840  •  *  Boston.  The  I>ial  appears ; 
Kalph  Waldo  Emerson,  editor. 

*  *  New  York.    The  Arcturus  appears. 

*  *  New  York.  Hunt's  Merchants'  Mag<t- 
zine  appears. 

*  *  O.  St.  Xavier's  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  organized  at  Cincinnati. 

*  *  Va.  Richmond  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded. 

The  (Protestant)    Methodist   Recorder 
is  first  issued. 

*  *  The  Baptist  Weekly  is  issued. 

*  *  Ttco  Years  Before  the  Mast,  by  Richard 
H.  Dana,  Jr.,  appears. 

*  *  Loiterings  of  Travel,  by  Willis,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *A  Greek  Readier,  hyCorneUusC.Felton, 
appears. 

*  *  Greyslaer,  by  C.  F.  Hoffman,  appears. 

*  *  The  Pathfinder,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  The  poems  of  G.  P.  Morris  appear. 

*  ♦  Tales  of  the  Grotesque  and  Arabesque, 
by  E.  A.  Poe,  appears. 

*  *  Audubon's  Birds  of  America  is  repro- 
duced in  seven  volumes  of  smaller  size 
than  the  original  work. 

*  *  History  of  Soutli  Carolina,  by  W.  G. 
Simms,  appears. 

*  *  Conn.  An  enlarged  edition  of  Web- 
ster's Dictionary  is  issued. 

1841  Mar.  2.  N.Y.  The  ^a^f/e,  the  first 
daily  paper  in  Brooklyn,  is  issued. 

Apr.  10.  New  York.  The  Tribune  is  Urst 
l)ubMshed,  Horace  Greeley,  editor.  [Sub- 
scribers, 600 ;  first  week  —  expenses, 
$525 ;  receipts.  $92.] 


UNITED    STATES.      1840,  Sept.  17-1841,  Oct. 


153 


SOCIETY. 

1840  *  *  President  Van  Buren  establishes 
the  ten-hour  system  at  the  United 
States  Navy  Yards. 

1841  July*  A',  r.  The  National 
Temperance  Convention  meets  at 
Saratoga. 

Sept.  4,  5.  O.  A  riot  against  abolition- 
ists and  negroes  occurs  at  Cincinnati. 

Bands  of  armed  men,  chiefly  Irishmen, 
patrol  the  streets  in  search  of  negroes  ; 
houses  and  churches  belonging  to  col- 
ored people  are  demolished. 

Oct.  *  Va.    Uprising  of  slaves. 

The  brig  Creole  sails  from  Richmond 
for  New  Orleans  with  195  slaves  on 
board ;  [near  the  Bahamas,  led  by  Madi- 
son Washington,  one  of  their  number, 
19  slaves  take  possession  of  the  ship ;  a 
slave-seller  is  killed,  and  the  captain, 
first  mate,  and  10  of  the  crew  wounded ; 
sailing  into  Nassau,  all  the  slaves  are 
free,  being  on  English  soil].   (See  State.) 

STATE. 

1840*  *  U.S.  Harrison's " Log-Cabin" 
and  *•  Hard-Cider  '*  campaign  begins. 

*  *  D.  C.  Van  Buren*s  Administration  is 
characterized  as  "successful  but  in- 
glorious." 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  ;  House  :  Another 
pro-slavery  "gag-law"  is  passed  as 
the  twenty-tirst  rule  of  the  House.  (See 
Dec.  11,  1838.) 

*  *  U.  S.  The  Whigs  are  greatly  in- 
censed at  the  nomination  of  the  aboli- 
tionist, Birney. 

July  20.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
William  R.  King  of  Ala.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

July  21.  D.  a  The  26th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

*  *  If.  S.  The  election  contest  is  noted 
for  its  intense  excitement  and  fierce 
controversies. 

Flour  is  advertised  at  $6  a  barrel  if 
Harrison  is  elected,  and  $3  if  Yan  Buren 
is  elected ;  the  whole  country  is  an 
arena  of  political  debate. 

Nov.  ? *  U.S.  Fourteenth  presiden- 
tial election:  a  political  revolution; 
the  Democratic  rule  of  40  years  is  broken 
by  the  election  of  Whigs. 

Popular  vote  :  William  Henry  Har- 
rison (Whig)  of  O.,  1,275,017 ;  Martin 
Van  Buren  (Dem.)  of  N.  Y.,  1,128,702 ; 
James  G.  Bimey  (Liberty)  of  N.  Y., 
7,059. 

Dec. 7.  D.  a  The  26th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 

*  *  D.  C.  Henry  D.  Gilpin  of  Pa.  suc- 
ceeds Felix  Grundy  as  Attorney-General. 

*  *  U.S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-44  »  *  Ark.    Archibald  Yell. 

-44  *  *  Del.    \Vm.  B.  Cooper. 
-43  *  *  I-nd.    Samuel  Bigger. 
-44  *  *  Ky.    Eobert  P.  Letcher. 
-41  *  *  Mass.    Marcus  Morton. 
-41  *  *  Me.    Edward  Kent. 
-41  *  •  Mich.    Wm.  Woodbridge. 
-44  *  *  Mo.    Tliomas  Eeynolds. 
-42  •  *  O.    Thomas  Corwin. 
^42  *  *  S.C.    John  P.  Eichardson. 

S.  C.    B.  K.  Hennegan. 
-41  *  *  Tex.    David  G.  Burnet  (Pres.). 
-41  *  »  Va.    Thomas  W.  Gilmer. 


1841  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
§13,594,480. 

Feb.  6.  N.  Y.  Indictment  of  Alexander 
McLeod  of  Canada,  charged  with 
murder  and  arson  in  the  destruction  of 
the  Carolina. 

Feb.  19.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Harrison,  234 ; 
Van  Buren,  00.  Vote  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent :  John  Tyler  (Whig)  of  Va.,  234 ; 
R.M.Johnson  (Dem.)  of  Ky., 48;  L.  W. 
Tazewell  (Dem.)  of  Va.,  li  ;  James  K. 
Polk  (Dem.)  of  Tenu.,  1. 

Mar.  3.     D.  C.     Congress;   Senate: 
William  R.  King  ot  Ala.  is  reelected 
President  j9ro  tempore. 
The  26th  Congress  ends. 

Ninth  Administration ;  Whig. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  William  Henry  Har- 
rison of  O.  is  inaugurated  the  ninth 
President,  in  the  14th  term  of  the  presi- 
dency. John  Tyler  of  Va.  is  Vice- 
President. 

Cabinet:  Daniel  Webster  of  Mass. 
(State),  Thomas  Ewing  of  O.  (Treas.), 
John  Bell  of  Tenn.  (War),  George  E. 
Badger  of  N.  C.  (Navy),  Francis 
Granger  of  N.  Y.  (P.  M.-Gen.),  J.  J. 
Crittenden  of  Ky.  (Atty.-Gen.). 

Apr.  4.  I).  C.  President  W.  H.  Har- 
rison dies,  after  being  in  office  one 
month. 

Tenth  Administration ;  Whig. 

Apr.  4.  D.  C.  The  Vice-Prdsident, 
John  Tyler,  becomes  the  tenth  Pres- 
ident by  the  decease  of  Mr.  Harrison. 

Apr.  6.  J).  C.  President  Tyler  takes 
the  oath  of  office. 

May  31.  D.  C.  The  27th  Congress 
assembles  in  special  session.  [The  .Sub- 
treasury  Bill  is  repealed,  and  the  general 
bankrupt  law  is  passed.] 

Congress;  Senate:  Samuel  li. 
Southard  of  N.  J.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Congress;  House:  John  White  of 
Ky.  is  elected  Speaker. 

June  *  D.  C.  President  Tyler  has  seri- 
ous disagreements  with  the  W^hig 
leaders,  both  in  his  Cabinet  and  in 
Congress,  respecting  the  establishment 
of  a  national  bank. 

July  27.  B.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  bill  for  the  establishment  of  a 
Fiscal  Bank  of  the  United  States. 

July  28.  n.  C.  Congress;  The  Banli 
BUI  passes  the  House.    Vote,  128-97. 

Aug.  16.  I).  C.  President  Tyler  vetoes 
the  Bank  BiU. 

President  Tyler  vetoes  the  Senate 
Bill  providing  for  the  establishment  of 
a  Fiscal  Bank,  distributed  over  the 
country  with  power  to  discount. 

Aug.  19.    Z).  C.    Congress :  The  Senate 
refuses  to  pass  the  Bank  Bill  over  the 
President's  veto.    Vote,  25-25. 
Congress  passes  a  Bankruptcy  Bill. 

Aug.  23.  D.  C.  Congress;  House:  A 
new  Fiscal  Bank  Bill  is  passed. 

Congress :  The  House  passes  another 
Bank  Bill.    Vote,  126-94. 


Sept.  3.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  second  Bank  Bill.  Vote, 
27-22. 

Sept.  6  ±.  Congress;  Senate  :  The  House 
Bill  for  a  Fiscal  Bank  is  passed. 

Sept.  9.  D.  C.  President  Tyler  vetoes 
the  bill  for  a  Fiscal  Corporation ;  the 
Whigs  are  indignant  [and  repudiate  the 
President  in  a  manifesto]. 

Sept.  11.  All  of  the  Cabinet  resign  ex- 
cept Daniel  Webster  (who  remains  for 
special  reasons),  because  of  President 
Tyler's  Democratic  policy  respecting  a 
national  bank ;  he  is  charged  with  be- 
traying the  trust  of  his  supporters  at  the 
polls. 

A  new  Cabinet  is  appointed  :  W"alter 
Forward  of  Pa.  (Treas.),  John  C. 
Spencer  of  N.  Y.  (War),  Abel  P.  Up- 
shur of  Va.  (Navy),  Charles  A.  W^iok- 
Uffe  of  Ky.  (P.  M.-Gen.),  and  Hugh  S. 
liCgarS  of  S.  C.  (Atty.-Gen.). 

Sept.  13.  S.  C.  The  27th  Congress : 
the  first  session  closes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1840  Oct.  12.  JV.  r.  The  Acadia  ar- 
rives from  Liverpool,  making  the  pas- 
sage in  12  days  and  12  hours. 

*  *  Chicago  is  supplied  with  water 
by  a  private  corporation,  through  pipes 
made  of  logs. 

*  *  D.  C.-Pa.  The  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  Canal  is  completed  from  George- 
tovra,  D.  C,  to  Cumberland,  Pa.,  191 
miles,  at  a  cost  of  $16,000,000. 

*  *  -41  *  *  //;.  The  Mormons  lay  out  the 
city  of  Nauvoo  on  the  Mississippi,  and 
build  a  temple. 

*  *  jiV.  C.  Completion  of  the  Raleigh 
and  Gaston,  the  Wilmington  and  the 
Roanoke  roads. 

The  Cunard  line  of  steamers  is  es- 
tablished between  New  York  and  Liv- 
erpool. 

*  *  J'a.    Scranton  is  founded. 

*  *  The  National  revenue  is  nearly 
$20,(X)0,000 ;  population,  17,000,000; 
eleven-twelfths  of  the  people  live 
outside  of  the  larger  cities  and 
towns ;  2,818  miles  of  railway  have  pen- 
etrated the  country. 

*  *  Adams  Express  Company,  operat- 
ing between  Boston  and  New  York,  via 
Springfield,  is  founded. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1840,  84,006. 

1841  Mar.  11.  The  steamer  President, 
running  between  New  York  and  Liver- 
pool, sails  with  many  passengers  on 
hoard  [two  days  later  she  encountered 
a  terrific  storm,  and  her  fate  is  un- 
known]. 

Jxjlj  18.  Ore.  The  Peacock,  a  vessel  of 
the  ITnited  .States  exi)loring  expedition, 
is  wrecked  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia 
River. 

Aug.  9.  The  steamboat  Erie,  bound 
from  Buffalo  to  Chicago,  takes  fire, 
and  only  28  out  of  200  persons  are  saved. 

Aug.  20.  N.  Y.  A  destructive  explo- 
sion occurs  at  Syracuse,  and  26  lives  are 
lost. 


154     1841,  Oct.  11-1843,  June  30.         AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1843  June  30.  UlysseB  S.  Grant 
graduates  at  West  Point;  he  ranks 
number  21  in  a  class  of  39. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1841  *  *  Mass.  Slias  Howe,  a  mechanic 
of  Cambridge,  invents  the  first  practical 
se  wing-machine . 

•  *  The  Voyage,  of  Life  is  painted  by 
Thomas  Cole. 

*  *  Columbus  before  the  Council  of  Salcu- 
manca  is  painted  by  Smanuel  Xjeutze. 

1842  Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  appro- 
priates §30,000  to  aid  Prof.  Morse  in  es- 
tablishing the  first  telegraph  line  — 
between  Washington  and  Baltimore. 

July  14.  Wyo.  John  Charles  Fre- 
mont, with  Kit  Carson  and  28  Cana- 
dians and  Creoles  accustomed  to  prairie 
life,  arrives  at  Fort  Laramie,  on  an  ex- 
pedition to  explore  the  country  between 
Missouri  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

July  23.  Mass,  The  Bunker  Hill 
Monument  is  entirely  completed  (221 
feet  high). 

Aug.*  IVyo.  Fremont's  expedition  lo- 
cates the  South  Pass  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains [and  returns]. 

Sept.  21.  New  York.  George  Vander- 
hoff,  dramatic  reader,  makes  his  first 
appearance. 

Oct.  18.  New  York:  A  submarine  tele- 
graph  is  laid  between  Governor's  Island 
and  New  York  City — the  first  in  America. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  United  States  Naval  Ob- 
servatory is  founded  at  Washington,  by 
an  Act  of  Congress,  as  a  depot  for  charts 
and  instruments  for  the  Navy. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Philharmonic  Soci- 
ety gives  its  first  concert. 

*  *  O.  The  Cincinnati  Observatory  is 
erected. 

*  *  Pa.  John  A.  Roebling  manufactures 
wire  ropes  for  the  Allegheny  Portage 
Railroad. 

*  ♦  Sir  Walter  lialeigh's  Fareirell  to  His 
Wife  is  painted  by  Smanuel  Leutze. 

1843  Feb.  16.  JV.  r.  A  great  landslide 
occurs  at  Troy,  by  which  18  persons  are 
killed. 

May  25.  The  100th  anniversary  of 
the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
founded  by  Franklin,  is  observed. 

May  29.  Mo.  John  C.  Fremont  starts 
for  Oregon  and  California  on  his  second 
exploring  expedition. 

June  17.  Mass.  Bunker  TTill  Monu- 
ment is  dedicated ;  Daniel  Webster, 
surrounded  by  veterans  of  the  War  of 
the  Revolution  and  an  immense  multi- 
tude, delivers  the  oration. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1842*  * 
Bankhead,  John  H.,  M.  C.  for  Ala.,  b.  Ala. 
Barbour,  Jamea,  sec.  of  war,  sen.  for  Va., 

A67. 
Black,  James  C.  C,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  born  in  Ky. 
Bussey,  Benjamin,  merchant,  philanthropist, 

dies. 
Channins.  ■WilUam  EUery,  Unit,  cl.,  A62. 
Coues,  Elliot,  naturalist,  born. 
Covert,  James  W.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  N.  Y. 
Daniel,  John  W.,  sen.  for  Va.,  born  In  Va. 


Dickinson,    Anna    Elizabeth,    lecturer,    * 

born  in  Pa. 
Donne,  Maria  Dalle,  physician,  A66. 
Draper,  William  F.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  born 

in  Mass. 
Eaton,  Amos,  naturalist,  A66. 
England,  John,  K.  C.  bp.  of  S.  C,  A56. 
Epes,  James  P.,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  born  in  Va. 
Ernst,  (Jswaki  H..  military  engineer,  b.  in  O. 
Fielder,  (.eorge  B.,  M.  C.  for  N.  J.,  b.  >'.  J. 
Flske,  John,  phil.,  historian,  born  m  Conn. 
Foord,  John,  editor,  born  m  Scot. 
Gibson,  Charles  H.,  sen.  for  Md.,  b.  in  Mil. 
Harris,  Thaddeus  Mason,  Cone.  cl.  of  Mass., 

A  74. 
Hammond,  Samuel,  statesman  of  S.  C,  A  85. 
Hopkinson,  Joseph,  jurist  [Jiaii  Columbia). 

A  72. 
Hutcbeson,  Jos.  C,  M.C.  for  Tex.,  born  in  Va. 
James.  Loins,  actor,  born  in  111. 
Kelloffs.  Clara  Louise,  singer,  b.  in  S.  C. 
Lanier,  Sidney,  poet,  born  in  Ua. 
Lincoln,  Robert  T.,  minister  to  Eng.,  b.  in  111. 
Kane,  Edward,  M.  C  for  O.,  born  m  O. 
Marsh,  James,  theologian,  scholar,  A48. 
McKeighan,   WiUiara  A.,   M.   C.  for  Neb., 

born  in  N.  J. 
Meyer,  Adolph,  M.  C.  for  Ia.,  born  in  Miss. 
Mitchell,  John  L.,  sen.  for  Wis.,  born  in  Wis. 
Miller,  rharles  Henry,  artist,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Paine,  Elijah,  sen.  for  Vt.,  scientist,  AM. 
Kartnesqiie,  Constantine  S.,  botanist,  A58. 
Raguet,  Conily,  political  economist,  A85. 
Simpson.  Jeremiah,  M.  C.  for  Kan.,b.  in  Ta. 
Southard,  Samuel  L.,  sec.  navy,  A56. 
Woodworth,  Samuel,  poet  (Oa&en  Bucket). 
A. 17. 


CHURCH. 

1841  Oct.  12.  Del.  Alfred  Lee  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  Delaware. 

Oct.  16.  La.  Leonidas  Polk,  Protestant 
Episcopal  missionary  bishop,  is  trans- 
lated to  Louisiana. 

Oct.  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets ;  James  Romeyn, 
president. 

Nov.  30.  [Archbishop]  Peter  R.  Ken- 
rick  is  consecrated  (Roman  Catholic) 
bishop  of  Brasa. 

*  *  Ark,  Presbyterians  send  a  missionary 
to  the  Creeks  of  Arkansas. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Boston  Society  for  the 
Moral  and  Religious  Instruction  of  the 
Poor  changes  its  name  to  the  City  Mis- 
sion Society, 

*  *  Boston.  The  Boston  Sunday-School 
Union  is  dissolved,  and  its  work  trans- 
ferred to  the  City  Mission  Society. 

*  *  Ind.  The  (O.S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Northern  Indiana  is  organized. 

*  *  Md.  The  Baptist  Triennial  Meet- 
ing is  held  in  Baltimore. 

*  *  Md.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Baltimore. 

*  *  New  York  The  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Bible  and  Common 
Prayer  Book  (Protestant  Episcopal)  So- 
ciety is  incorporated. 

►  *  New  York.    The  Baptist  Tract  and 

Book  Society  is  organized. 
^  *  N.  Y.    The  American  Tract   Society 

introduces  the  system  of  colportage. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Itobt.  J.  Breck- 
inridge is  moderator  of  the  Old  School 
branch,  and  Ansel  Doan  Eddy  of  the 
New  School  branch. 

'  *  W.  Va.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian 
Synod  of  Wheeling  is  organized. 

'  *  Six  hundred  Baptist  churches  are 
reported  among  the  Indians. 


*  The  Free-Communion  Baptist 
churches  unite  with  the  Freewill 
Baptists. 

*  *  Two  thousand  Nez  Perc6  Indians  have 
professed  conversion. 

1842  June  8.  Boston.  Meeting  of  the 
General  Convention  of  the  New  Jeru- 
salem. 

June  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed  Church)  meets;  James  B. 
Hardenburg,  president. 

Oct.  11.  Mich.  The  General  Congrega^ 
tional  Association  is  organized. 

Oct.  13.  Va.  John  Johns  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  Virginia. 

Dec.  29,  Mass.  Manton  Eastburn  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  as- 
sistant bishop  of  Massachusetts. 

*  *  New  York.  The  First  German  Meth- 
odist Church  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  (O. 
S.  Presbyterian)  meets ;  John  Todd 
Edgar,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  of  Allegheny  and 
East  Pennsylvania  is  organized. 

*  *  li  I.  The  Seventh  -  day  Baptist 
Missionary  Society  is  founded. 

*  *  The  United  Synod,  South  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran),  of  Southwest  Virgin- 
ia, is  organized. 

1843  Mar.  *  Dr.  'William  Patton  writes 
an  important  letter  advocating  a  closer 
union  of  the  denominations  of  Chris- 
tendom, and  outlining  an  organization. 

May  *  ir.  s.  "Wesleyan  Methodist 
Convention  secedes  from  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church. 

June  14.  Phila.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

LETTERS. 

1841  *  *  Ala.  Howard  College  (Bapt.) 
is  organized  at  Marion  (Birmingham). 

*  *  Mich.  The  University  of  Michigan 
Library  is  foimded  at  Ann  Arbor. 
[78,000  vols.] 

*  *  Mo.  University  of  Missouri  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Columbia. 

*  *  N.  Y.  St.  John's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  founded  at  Fordham. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Northern  Christian  Advo- 
cate (Meth.  Epis.)  is  issued  at  Syracuse. 

*  *  W.Va.  Bethany  College  (Christian) 
is  organized. 

*  *  The  Lowell  Offering  appears. 

*  *  Graham's  Magazine  replaces  Atkin- 
so7i's  Casket,  and  is  the  foremost  Ameri- 
can magazine. 

*  *  Ballads  and  Other  Poems,  by  Ijong- 
fellow,  appears. 

*  *  The  Deerslayer,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  Essays,  by  flmerson,  appears. 

*  *  Pocahontas,  by  Mrs.  Sigourney,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  A  Classical  Dictionary,  by  Charles 
Anthon,  appears. 

*  *  Biblical  Researches  in  Palestine,  Mount 
Sinai,  and  Arabia  Petrasa,  by  Edward 
Robinson,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.  1841,  Oct.  11-1843,  June  30.  155 


1842  Sept.*  O.  Cincinnati 'Wes- 
leyan  College  (Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded 
in  Cincinnati. 

*  »  Ind.  University  of  Notre  Dame 
(liom.  Cath.)  is  organized. 

*  *  La.  College  of  the  Immaculate 
Conception  (Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized 
at  New  Orlean.s. 

*  *  Mich.  Baptists  start  The  Michigan 
Christian  Herald. 

*  *  O.  Itutherford  B.  Hayes  graduates  at 
Kenyon  College. 

*  *  O.  AWesleyan  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  organized  at  Delaware. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Southern  Quarterly  Review 
appears  at  Charleston. 

*  *  Tenn.  Cumberland  University 
(Cumberland  Pres.)  is  organized  at  Leb- 
anon. 

*  •  The  Masque  of  the  Gods,  by  Bayard 
Taylor,  appears. 

*  *  Pleasant  Memories  of  Pleasant  Lands, 
by  Mrs.  Sigourney,  appears. 

*  *  yVing  ami  Wing,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  An  edition  of  The  Oorgias  of  Plato,  by 
Theodore  D.  Woolsey,  appears. 

*  *  Conjectures  and  Researches  concern- 
ing the  Love,  Madness,  and  Imprisonment 
of  Torquato  Tasso,  by  Richard  Henry 
Wilde,  appears. 

*  *  Hints  on  the  Prophecies,  by  Moses 
Stuart,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1841*  »  D.  C.  The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court 
renders  a  decision  in  the  Prigg  case,  re- 
lating to  kidnaping  negroes  in  free 
States,  declaring  that  the  law  of  sla- 
very is  supreme  in  the  free  as  well  as 
in  the  slave  States. 

*  *  U.  S.  John  H.  W.  Hawkins  (Wash- 
ingtoniau)  reports  100,000  signers  of 
the  temperance  pledge. 

1842  Feb.  22.  III.  Abraham  Lincoln 
addresses  the  Washingtonian  Temper- 
ance Society  at  Springfield,  favoring 
total  abstinence  and  a  temperance  rev- 
olution. 

Aug.  1.  I'hila.  Colored  people  are 
aasaulted  by  a  proslavery  mob. 

While  celebrating  the  emancipation  of 
slaves  in  the  West  Indies,  the  colored 
people  are  attacked  by  a  mob ;  a  church 
is  burned,  houses  demolished,  and  blood 
shed. 

Aug.  2.  The  "Independent  Order  of 
Rechabites  '*  organize  for  the  promo- 
tion of  temperance. 

Sept.  29.  A',  v.  The  Sons  of  Temper- 
ance organize. 

Oct.  *  Mass.  John  B.  Gough,  25  years 
of  age,  signs  the  pledge  and  reforms  his 
habits. 

Uav,  *  111.  Abraham  Iiincoln  marries 
Mary  Todd  of  Lexington,  Ky. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  Congressional  Temper- 
ance Society  is  reorganized  on  the 
basis  of  abstinence  from  all  intoxicat- 
ing drinks. 

*  *  U.  S.  By  treaty  with  Great  Britain 
the  United  States  agrees  to  assist  in  Bup- 
preasing  the  African  slave-trade,  by 


keeping  a  force  of  1 ,080  guns  patrolling 
the  coast. 

*  *  V.  S.  Charles  Dickens  makes  his 
first  visit. 

*  ♦  The  navy  ration  is  a  gill  of  spirits,  but 
persons  under  21  are  not  permitted  to 
draw  it ;  half  a  pint  of  wine  may  be 
given  instead.  Butter,  cheese,  raisins, 
dried  fruit,  pickles,  or  molasses  may  be 
substituted  ;  sailors  may  take  the  value 
of  the  ration  in  money. 

*  *  In  many  States  antislavery  meet- 
ings are  broken  up,  buildings  dam- 
aged, and  its  advocates  assaulted. 

1843  Mar.  20.  New  York.  Charles  G. 
Corliss  is  shot  dead  on  the  street  by  a 
woman,  who  escapes. 

STATE. 

1841  Dec. 6.  D.C.  The 27th  Congress : 

the  second  session  opens. 
Deo.  *  Dispute  with  England  respecting 
the  slaver  Creole. 

[The  American  vessel  Creole  was  con- 
veying a  cargo  of  slaves  to  New  Orleans. 
Tlie  slaves  killed  the  owner,  and  com- 
pelled the  seamen  to  sail  to  Nassau. 
where  the  governor  recognized  their 
freedom  against  the  protests  of  the 
American  consul.] 

*  *  -44  *  *  New  York.  Eobert  H.  Morris 
is  elected  the  63d  mayor. 

*  *  D.C.  Peter  V.  Daniel  of  Va.  is  ap- 
pointed a  Justice  of  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugiu-ated : 
-45  *  *  Ala.    Benj.  Fitzpatrick. 
-44*  *Fla.(Ter.).    Richard  K.  Call. 
-46  *  *  la.  { Ter.).    John  Chambers. 
-45  *  *  La.    Alex.  Mouton. 

-43  *  *  Mass.    John  Davis. 
-43  *  •  Me.    John  Fairfield. 
-42*  *  Mich.    J.  Wright  Gordon. 
-43  *  *  Miss.    Tilghnian  .M.  Tucker. 
-45  *  *  A'.  C.    John  M.  Morehead. 
-44  *  *  Tex.    Sam  Houston  (Pres.). 
-45  *  *  Tenn.    James  C.  Jones. 
-42  *  *  ya.    John  Rutherford. 
-43  •  •  Vt.    Charles  Paine. 
-44  »  •  fVis.  (Ter.).    James  D.  Doty. 

1842  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
.t2C,C01,2-26. 

Mar.  21.  I).  C.  Congress;  House: 
Joshua  R.  Giddings  of  O.  presents  reso- 
lutions adverse  to  slavery.  [He  is  cen- 
sured.   Vote,  125-60.] 

Mar.  31.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Henry  Clay  of  Ky.  resigns. 

May  3,4.  H.  I.  Two  rival  govern- 
ments are  organized:  The  Suffrage 
party,  led  by  Thomas  W.  Dorr,  and  the 
Jjaw  and  Order  party,  led  by  Samuel 
W.  King. 

May31.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
■W.  P.  Mang\un  of  N.  C.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

June  25.  II.  I.  Dorr's  Rebellion: 
Dorr  joins  others  of  his  party  under 
arms,  but  they  disperse  without  resist- 
ance when  troops  are  sent  against  them. 

July  16.  D.C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  bill  restoring  a  modified  pro- 
tective tariff  to  increase  the  revenue  ; 
duties  average  33  per  cent. 

Aug.  6.  D.  C.  Congress:  the  Senate 
passes  the  Tariff  Bill. 


Aug.  9.  D.  C.  Lord  Ashburton  and 
Daniel  Webster  sign  the  'Washington 
Treaty. 

It  establishes  the  northeastern  boun- 
daries, and  those  extending  westward 
beyond  the  great  lakes;  i)rovide8  for  the 
suppression  of  the  African  slave-trade, 
and  makes  provision  for  the  extradition 
of  criminals. 
The  President  vetoes  the  Tariff  BUI. 

Aug.  18.  /).  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  a  Tariff  BiU  which  omits  the 
offending  distribution  clause. 

Aug.  20.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
ratifies  the  Webster-Ashburton  Treaty. 
Vote,  39  to  9. 

Aug.  28.  D.  C.  Congress  changes  the 
beginning  of  the  fiscal  year  from  Jan. 
1  to  July  1,  to  take  effect  in  1843. 

Aug.  30.    D.  C.    Congress :    The  Senate 
adopts  the  Tariff  Bill. 
The  President  signs  the  Tariff  Bill. 

Aug.  31.  D.C.  The  27th  Congress: 
the  second  session  closes. 

Deo.  5.  D.  C.  The  27th  Congress :  the 
third  session  opens. 

*  *  U.  S.  Congress  passes  the  Copy- 
right BiU. 

*  *  (/.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-45  *  *  Cal.    Manual  Micliellorena. 
-44  *  *  Conn.    C.  F.  Cleveland. 
-46  *  *  III.    Thomas  Ford. 

-44  *  *  N.  H.    Henry  Hubbard. 

-44  •  *  A'.  Y.    Wni.  C.  Bouck. 

-44*  *  O.     Wilson  Shannon. 

-44  •  *  S.  C.    James  H.  Hammond. 

-43  *  •  Va.    John  M.  Gregory. 
1843    Jan.  1.     U.  S.     National  debt 

$20,001,226. 
Mar.  3.     D.  C.     Congress  repeals  the 

Bankruptcy  Act  of  1841. 
The  27th  Congress  ends. 
May  *  D.  C.    Daniel  Webster  resigns, 

and  Hugh  S.  LiegarS  of  S.  C.  succeeds 

him  as  (acting)  Secretary  of  State. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1841  Oct.  11.  Phila.  The  United 
States  Bank  fails. 

Deo.  31.     U.  S.     Immigrants  and  other 

aliens  in  1841,  80,289. 
»  *A^.  Y.     The  W^estem  Railroad  is 

completed  to  Greenbush. 

1842  Apr.  15.  Md.  The  steamer  Me- 
dora  explodes  her  boiler  at  Baltimore, 
killing  27  persons  and  injuring  40  others. 

Sept.  1.  N.  H.  The  Concord  and 
Nashua  road  is  opened. 

Oct.  14.  New  York.  The  Croton  ague- 
duct  (40  miles  long),  supplying  this  city 
with  water,  being  completed,  the  event 
is  celebrated.    (Cost  about  .?12,600,000.) 

*  *A^  Y.  The  railroad  from  Rochester 
to  Buffalo  is  opened,  thus  completing  a 
line  from  Boston  to  Lake  Erie. 

**  New  York.  The  Gulon  line  of  steam- 
ers is  established  between  New  York  and 
Liverpool. 

*  •  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  de- 
fault in  the  payment  of  interest  due  on 
their  State  debts. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1842, 104,665. 


156     1843,  June  *-1844,  Dec.  2. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1844  Feb.  28.  The  great  gun 
**  Peacemaker  "  explodes  ou  board 
the  war-steamer  Princeton.  Abel  P. 
Upshur,  Secretary  of  State,  and  Thomas 
W,  Gilmer,  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  are 
both  among  the  killed. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 

1843  July  11.  Frfimont's  exjwdition 
sights  Pike's  Peak. 

Aug.  13.  Fremont's  expedition  cross- 
es the  Rockies  at  South  Pass. 

Sept.*  l/tah.  Fr6niont*a  expedition 
visits  Great  Salt  Lake. 

Oct.  25.  Ore.  Fremont's  expedition 
reaches  the  Columbia  River. 

Nov.  25.  New  York.  Ole  Bull  makes 
his  first  appearance  in  America. 

*  *  Albert  Gallatin  is  painted  by  W.  H. 
Powell. 

*  *  The  Boy  Stealing  Milk  is  painted  by 
F.  W.  Edmonds. 

*  *  The  colossal  statue  of  Washington^ 
executed  by  Horatio  Greenough,  is  com- 
pleted. 

1844  Feb.  3.+  Continued  cold  weather. 

Long  Island  Sound  is  frozen  over  a  few 
miles  from  New  York,  and  a  canal  is  cut 
through  the  ice  iu  Boston  harbor  for  a 
British  steamer  to  reach  the  sea. 

May  27.  Morse's  telegraph  line  between 
Baltimore  and  Washington  is  brought 
into  practical  use. 

May  29.  Md.  Morse  telegraphs  the 
Democratic  nomination  from  Baltimore 
to  Washington. 

June  *  A  surpassing  rise  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River  causes  an  immense  loss  of 
property. 

July  31.  Kan.  The  Fremont  expedi- 
tion returns  by  a  southerly  route. 

Oct.  18.  ^V.  Y.  Destructive  gale  at  Buf- 
falo ;  shipping  suffers,  and  more  than  50 
lives  are  lost. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1843*  * 

AMrich,  Lotiis,  actor,  born  in  mid-ocean. 

Allston.  Waehlnerton,  painter,  poet,  A64. 

Armstrone,  John.  sec.  of  war  ;  gen.,  A85. 

lirosius,  Marrjot,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  l>orn  m  Pa. 

Campbell,  Hartley,  dramatist,  born  In  Pa. 

Chainpney,  James  Wells,  genre  painter,  born 
in  Mass. 

Chickering,  Charles  A.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b. 
In  N.  Y. 

Chipman,  Nathaniel,  sen.  for  Vt.,  A91. 

Church,  Jolin  Adams,  mining  engineer,  born 
in  N.Y. 

Clarke,  Richard  H.,  M.  C.  for  Ala.,  b.  in  Ala. 

CrowninshieUl,  com.  r.  S.  N.,  born  in  K.Y. 

('rowder,  Thomas,  geologist,  born. 

Farrer,  Henry,  jiainter,  born  in  Eng. 

(iriffis,  William  Elliot,  Kef.  cl.,  born  In  Pa. 

4Jri8\vold,  Alex.  V.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  N.  E.,  A77. 

(Juess,  (ieorge,  inventor  of  Cherokee  alpha- 
bet, A73. 

Hall,  Frederick,  prof,  of  chemistry,  A63. 

Hammond,  Thomas,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  born  in 
Mass. 

Hare,  Darhis  D.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  born  in  O. 

Harlan,  Kichard,  naturalist,  autlior,  A47. 

Hermann,  Binger,  M.  C.  for  Ore.,  b.  In  Md. 

HiU.  David  B..  sen.  for  K.Y.,  b.  in  N.Y. 

James,  Henry,  Jr.,  novelist,  t>orn  in  N.Y. 

Key,  Francis  Scott,  poet  {Star  Spangled 
Banner)^  A63. 

Leigh,  lienjamin,  sen.  for  Va.,  A62. 

Mackaye,  Steele,  artor,  born  in  N.Y. 

Morgan,  Charles  H.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  h.  in  N.Y. 

Page,  Charles  H.,  M.  C.  for  R.  I.,  b.  in  R.  I. 

Payne,  Sereno  E.,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  b.  In  N.Y. 

Porter^  David,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  of  Mass.,  A63. 

Preston,  James  P.,  statesman,  A^'a. 


Richardson,  James  D.,  M.  C.  for  Tenn.,  bom 

in  Tenn. 
Riley,  Charles  V.,  entomologist,  b.  in  Eng, 
Roberts,   Robert  R.,  M.   E.  bp.  for  Liberia, 

A67. 
Stone,  Charles  W.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  born   in 

Mass. 
Talbott,  J.  F.  C,  M.  C.  for  Md.,  b.  in  Md. 
Thomas,  Henry  F.,  M.  C.  for  Mich,,  born  in 

Mich. 
Trowbridge,    John,   physicist  at    Harvard, 

born  in  Mass. 
Trumbull.  John,  painter,  of  Conn.,  A87. 
Ware,  Henry,  Jr.,  Unit,  theologian,  author, 

A  49. 
■Webster.  Noah,  author,  lexicographer,  of 

Conn.,  A85. 
"Wilson.   WilUam   L..  M.  C.   for  W.  Va., 

born  in  Va. 
1844  •   * 
Itiddle,  Nicholas,  financier,  pres.  U.  .S.  Bank, 

A5S. 
Biglow,  William,  teacher,  poet,  A71. 
lluiin,   lienjamin  H.,  M.  C.  for  S.  C,  born 

in  S.  C. 
Holies,  Lucius,  Bapt.  clergyman,  A65. 
Burdett,    Kobert   Jones,    humorist,  born 

in  Pa. 
Burgess,  John  W.,  Prof.  Col.  coll.,  b.  in  Tenn. 
Cable,  Oeoree  "W..  novelist,  born  in  La. 
Cadmus,  (.'ornelius  A.,  M.  C.  for  N.  J.,  b.  in 

N.J. 
Caruth,  Asher  G.,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  b.  in  Ky. 
Comatock,  Anthony,  reformer,  born. 
Conn,  Charles  (:.,M.  C.  for  Ind.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
l)e  .Vrmon<i,  David  A.,  M.C  for  Mo.,  born 

in  Pa. 
De  Long,  CJeorge  Wash.,  explorer,  horn  in 

N.Y. 
I)ui»onceau,  Peter  S.,  lawyer,  A84. 
Ezekiel,  Moses  Jacob,  sculptor,  b.  in  Va. 
Farlow,  WQliam  d.,  botanist,  born  in  Mass. 
Fulton,  Wm.  S.,  sen.  for  Ark.,  A49. 
Oaston,  William,  M.  C.  for  N.  C,  jurist,  A66. 
Gilder,    Richard    Watson,   ed.    of  Century^ 

born  in  N.  J. 
Greely,    Adolpiiug   Wash.,   Lieut.  U.  S.  N., 

explorer,  born  in  Mass. 
Hicks,  Josiah  D.,  y\.  ('.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Hudson,  Thomas  J.,  M.  C.  for  Kau.,  born  in 

Ind. 
Kerr,  John  L.,  senator,  A64. 
Lookwood,  Daniel  N.,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  born 

in  N.  C. 
Lynch,  Tliomas,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  b.  in  Wis. 
Marsliall,  James   W.,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  born 

in  Va. 
McDearmon,  James   C,  M,  C.   for  Tenn., 

born  in  Va. 
Moore,  (iabriel.  Gov.  of  Ala.,  dies. 
Morris,  Thos.,  sen.  for  Va.,  A6S. 
Parker,  Arthur  A.,  statesman,  A54. 
Pickler,  John  A.,  M.  C.  for  S.  1).,  b.  in  Ind. 
Pintard,  Jolm,  journalist,  AK.^. 
Porter,  .Mexander,  sen.  for  La.,  A58. 
Porter,  Peter  Buel,  gen.,  sec.  of  war,  A7I. 
Poulson,  Zacliariah,  editor,  A83. 
Ray,  George  \V.,  M.  C.  for  N.C.,  b.  in  N.C. 
Sanderson,  John,  litterateur,  A69. 
Sipe,  Wdliam  A.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  born  in  Pa. 
Smith,  Joseph,  founder  of  Mormon  ism,  A  39. 
Stone,  William  L.,  liistorian,  A.'j2. 
Thaclier,  James,  physician,  author,  A90. 
Thompson,  Maurice,  poet,  born  in  Ind. 
Wadsworth,  James,  phdantliropist,  A76. 
Warren,  Francis  E.,  sen.  for  Wyo.,  b.  in  Mass. 
Wells,  Owen  A.,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  b.  in  N.C. 
Woomer,  Ephraim,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 


CHURCH. 

1843  June*  N.Y.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed  Church)  meets  at  Albany  ; 
Wm.  C.  Brownlee,  president. 

Aug.  11.  U.  1.  John  Prentiss  K.  Hen- 
shaw  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) bishop  of  Rhode  Island. 

Oct.  *  The  second  coming  of  Christ, 
and  the  end  of  the  world,  are  pre- 
dicted by  the  ^Slillerites  for  this  date. 

*  *  Ark.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Little  Rock  is  established. 

*  •  Ind.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Northern  India  la  organized. 

*  *  III.  The(N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod  of 
Peoria  is  organized. 

*  *  III.  The  Congregational  Conference 
of  Illinois  is  organized. 


*  *  Md.  The  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  meets  at  Baltimore. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Universalist  State  Con- 
vention is  organized. 

*  *  Mo.  Peter  R.  Kenrick  is  appointed 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  St.  Louis. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Pittsburg  is  established. 

*  *  Pa.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Western  Pennsylvania  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  A.«sembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Gardiner  Spring, 
moderator. 

The  General  Assembly  (N.  S.  Presby- 
terian) meets ;  Ansel  Doan  Eddy,  mod- 
erator. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Buffalo  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Seventh-day  Baptist  Tract  Soci- 
ety is  formed. 

*  *  The  Foreign  Mission  Committee  of 
the  Reformed  Presbyterian  (Cove- 
nanter) Church  is  organized. 

1844  May  1-June  10.  New  York.  The 
14th  General  Conference  (Methodist 
Episcopal)  is  held.  The  slavery  discus- 
sion is  prolonged,  and  intense  feeling 
prevails. 

The  Florida,  Iowa,  North  Indiana,  and 
Vermont  Conferences  are  formed. 

A  declaration  is  passed  favoring  the 
suspension  of  Bishop  J.  O.  Andrew, 
until  he  shall  manumit  the  slaves  that 
he  received  by  nmrriage.    Vote,  110-68. 

June*  TheMethodistEpiscopal Church 
is  divided  on  the  slavery  question,  and 
the  Southern  Methodists  secede.  [They 
organize  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  South.]  (See  Church,  1845, 
May  1.) 

June  7.  New  York.  Leonldas  L.  Ham- 
line  and  Edmond  S.  Janes  are  ordained 
bishops  (Methodist  Episcopal). 

June  12.  New  York.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  21.  III.  The  General  Congrega^ 
tional  Association  of  Illinois  is  orga- 
nized. 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Poughkeepsie ;  Jacob 
Van  Vechten,  president. 

June  *  ///.  Joseph  Smith,  the  heiid  of 
the  Mormon  Church,  and  llyrum.  Lis 
brother,  when  in  prison,  charged  with 
treason,  are  shot  by  an  anti-Mormon 
mob. 

Oct.  20.  Carleton  Chase  is  consecrated 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of  N.  H.; 
Nicholas  H,  Cobbs,  of  Ala.;  Cicero  S. 
Hawkes,  of  Mo. 

Oct.  21.  Pa.  H.  U.  Onderdonk,  Bishop 
of  the  Diocese  of  Pennsylvania,  is  SUB- 
pended  from  the  ministry  for  intem- 
perance. 

Oct.  26.  William  Jones  Boone  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  missionary 
bishop  for  China ;  Geo.  Washington 
Freeman,  for  Arkansas;  Horatio  South- 
gate,  for  Turkey. 

LETTERS. 

1843  *  *  Conn,  The  New  EiKjhmder,  a 
quarterly,  appears  at  New  Haveu. 


UNITED   STATES.     1843,  June  »-1844,  Dec.  2.  157 


*  •  C,a.    Southern  (Female)  College  is 

founded  at  La  Grange. 
>  ♦  Iowa  AVesleyan  University  (Jleth. 

Epis.)  is  organized  at  Mount  Pleasant. 
«  *  Mass.    College  of  the  Holy  Cross 

(Rom.  Oath.),  at  Worcester,  is  organized. 
'  *  Md.    New  Windsor  College  (Pres.) 

is  organized. 

'  *  Conquest  of  Mexico,  by  Prescott,  ap- 
pears. 


Dec.  4.     D.  C.     The    28th    Congress 

opens. 
*  *  D.  C.      Congress;   Senate:    W.  P. 

Mangmn  of  N.  C.  is  reelected  President 

pro  tempore.     House  :  John  "W.  Jones 

of  Va.  is  elected  Speaker. 
Deo.  •  D.  C.     President    Tyler    presses 

Great  Britain  to  a  settlement  of  the 


support;  it  is  characterized  as  Clay's 
death-warrant.  "  Far  from  having  any 
personal  objection  to  the  annexation  of 
Texas,  I  should  be  glad  to  see  it  without 
dishonor,  without  war,  and  with  the 
common  consent  of  the  Union." 
Aug. »/;.  c.  President  Tyler  an- 
nounces his  withdrawal  as  a  presi- 
dential candidate. 


*  *  The  Congregational  College  Society  is 
formed. 

*  *  The  Lh-eama  of  a  Day,  and  Other  Poems, 
by  J.  G.  Perciyal,  appears. 

*  •  The  Spanish  Student,  by  Longfellow, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Universalist  Quarterly  appears. 

*  •  Wyandotte,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1843  •  •  Oregon  passes  a  prohibitory 
law. 

*  "•  John  B.  Oough  decides  to  devote  his 
life  to  saving  drunkards ;  he  lectures 
for  75  cents  a  night. 

*  »  The  Independent  Order  of  B'nai 
B'rith  is  founded. 

1844  Jan.  25.  D.  C.  A  disgraceful 
encounter  occurs  on  the  floor  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  between  mem- 
bers Weller  and  Shriver. 

May  6-8,  Phila.  Fourteen  persons  are 
killed  and  40  wounded,  and  30  houses 
and  churches  burned,  in  a  race  riot 
between  "native  Americans"  and 
natives  of  Ireland. 

*  *  m.  Mormons  destroy  an  anti- 
Mormon  press  at  Nauvoo,  and  the  edi- 
tors ilee  for  their  lives. 

The  Mormons  resist  arrest,  and  the 
militia  is  ordered  out.  Joseph  Smith 
and  other  leaders  surrender  to  the  Gov- 
ernor on  his  promise  of  protection. 

June27.  III.  A  mob  kills  Joseph  Smith 
and  hia  brother  Hyrum,  in  the  jail  at 
Carthage,  where  they  were  held  for 
treason. 

June  •  III.  Brigham  Young  becomes 
president  of  the  Mormons. 

July  7.  Phila.  The  race-riot  is  re- 
newed ;  5,000  troops  are  called  out,  and 
40  or  50  persons  are  killed. 

Aug.  21.  N.  Y.  Outrages  by  •'  Anti- 
Renters"  of  Rensselaer  county  com- 
mence, in  resisting  land-rent  to  the  heirs 
and  assignees  of  the  Dutch  patroons. 

Dec*  N.  Y.  More  "Anti-Renters'" 
outrages  occur  in  Rensselaer  county. 

*  •  Boston.  The  first  effort  is  made  for 
cooperation  in  the  labor  movement, 

*  *  New  York.  The  Polka  dance  is  in- 
troduced, and  attracts  great  crowds  by 
its  novelty. 

STATE. 

1843  July  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$32,742,022. 

Atig.  30.  N.  Y.  The  National  Liberty 
Convention  at  Buffalo  nominates,  as 
presidential  candidates,  James  Q.  Birney 
of  Mich,  and  Thomas  Morris  of  Ohio. 

Nov.*  Tenn.  Andrew  Johnson  is 
elected  to  Congress. 


boundary  line  in  the  Northwest,  and    Aug.  30.    Convention  of  the  Liberty 

party,  which  renominates  James  G. 
Birney  of  Mich,  for  the  presidency,  and 
is  encouraged  by  the  alienated  friends 
of  Clay. 

Summer— Autvmm.  "  No  contest  for  the 
presidency,  either  before  or  since,  has 
been  conducted  with  such  intense  energy 
and  deep  feeling."  (J.  G.  Blaine.) 
Sept — Oct.  Candidate  Clay  writes  three 
explanatory  letters,  to  correct  the 
effect  of  the  July  letter. 
*  *  U.S.  "Fifty-four,  forty,  or  fight," 
becomes  a  Democratic  watchword  (54* 
40'  northwest  boundary  line). 

Both  parties  in  the  North  have  each 
an  anti-slavery  wing  and  a  pro-slavery 
wing, 
Nov.  *  U.  S.     Fifteenth    Presidential 
election;  Democrats  elected. 

Popular  Vote :  James  K.  Polk  (Dem.) 
of  Tenn.,  1,337,243  ;  Henry  Clay  (Whig) 
of  Ky.,  1,299,068;  James  G.  Birney 
(Liberty)  of  Mich.,  62,300. 

The  Abolition  vote  in  New  York, 
being  chiefly  a  defection  from  Henry 
Clay,  causes  his  defeat  for  the  presi- 
dency. 
Nov.  *  Miss.  The  name  of  Jefferson 
Davis  .appears  on  the  Polk  and  Dallas 
electoral  ticket. 
Deo.  2.  D.  C.  The  28th  Congress :  the 
second  session  opens. 


announces  American  claims. 
*  Miss.     Jefferson   Davis   begins  his 
political  career  as  delegate  to  the  Demo- 
cratic State  Convention  held  at  Jackson. 
*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugvirated : 
-48  •  *  Ind.    James  Whitcomb. 
-44  *  *  Mass.     Marcus  Morton. 
-44  *  *  Me.    Edward  Kavanagh. 
-45  *  *  Mich.    John  S.  Barry. 
-48  •  *  Miss.    Albert  G.  Brown. 
-44  *  *X.J.    Daniel  Haines. 
-45  *  *  H.  /.    James  Fenner. 
-46  •  *  ra.    James  M'Dowell. 
.  -44  *  *  rt.    John  Mattocks. 
1844    Jan.  8.    />.  C.    Congress  refunds 
the  fine  imposed  on  Gen.  Jackson  at 
New  Orleans  in  1814. 
Mar.  *  D.  C.    John  C.  Calhoun  is  ap- 
p^jinted  Secretary  of  State,  and  John 
Y.  Mason  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 
Apr.  12.    D.  C.    Congress:  The  Govern- 
ment enters  a  treaty  to  annex  Texas  [but 
the  Senate  rejects  it]. 

The  Democrats  favor,  the  Whigs  op- 
pose, in  view  of  the  war  involved.  [The 
issue  enters  the  following  National  elec- 
tion, the  pro-slavery  party  favoring  and 
the  anti-slavery  party  opposing.] 

Mayl.  Md.  The  Whig  National  Con- 
vention, in  session  at  Baltimore,  nomi- 
nates Henry  Clay  of  Ky.  and  Theo- 
dore Frelinghuysen  of  N.  J. 

May  27-29.  Md.  The  Democratic  Na- 
tional Convention,  in  session  at  Balti- 
more, nominates  James  K.  Polk  of 
Tenn.  and  Geo.  M.  Dallas  of  Pa. 

May  *  Md.  The  first  division  in  the 
Democratic  party  occurs  at  the  Na- 
tional Convention ;  the  South,  in  the 
interest  of  slavery,  enforces  the  two- 
thirds  (majority)  rule. 

The  Democratic  National  Convention 
adopts  an  aggressive  program  for  the 
annexation  of  Texas  and  reoocu- 
pation  of  Oregon,  which  has  popular 
favor. 

May  27,  28.  Md.  The  partisans  of 
Tyler  hold  a  convention  in  Baltimore, 
and  nominate  him  for  the  presidency. 

June  8.  D.  C.  Congress.  The  Senate 
rejects  the  treaty  made  with  the  commis- 
sioners of  Texas. 

June  17.  n.  C.  The  28th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

June  *  H.  I.  Thomas  W.  Dorr  is  tried 
for  treason,  and  sentenced  to  imprison- 
ment for  life. 

JiUyl.    U.S.  National  debt $23,461,652. 

July  3.  n.  C.  A  treaty  is  made  with 
China,  permitting  trade  and  residence 
in  certain  ports. 

Aug  16+.  Henry  Clay  writes  Ms  Ala- 
bama letter. 

He  fatally  modifies  his  position  on  the 
annexation  of  Texas,  and  loses  Northern 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1843  June*  Mo.  About  1,000  emi- 
grants leave  Westport  on  the  Missouri 
frontier  on  a  journey  of  2,000  miles 
to  Oregon. 

Aug.  27.  The  United  States  steam  fri- 
gate Missouri  is  destroyed  by  fire  at 
Gibraltar. 

Oct.  *  Ore.  The  great  emigrant  train 
from  Missouri  arrives  [many  others  fol- 
low.]   (See  1M3,  June  ».) 

*  •  Ga.  The  Georgia  road,  connecting 
Augusta  and  Atlanta,  191  miles  long,  is 
completed. 

*  •  Mass.  The  Boston  and  Maine  road 
is  opened. 

*  *  O.  The  Miami  Canal,  215  miles  long, 
connecting  the  Ohio  with  Lake  Erie,  is 
completed. 

Deo.  31.  17.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  received  in  nine  months,  52,496. 

1844  Jan.  2.  The  steamboat  Shepherd- 
ess strikes  a  snag,  about  midnight,  in 
the  Mississippi  near  St.  Louis ;  more 
than  40  persons  perish. 

Mar.  1.    Two  steamboats  collide  on  the 

Mississippi ;  80  lives  lost. 
Oct.  25.     The  tteamboat  lAicy   Walker, 

on  the  Ohio,  bursts  her  hollers,  killing 

about  60  persons. 


158     1844,  Dec.  3-1845 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1844  *  *  La.  Lieut.  U.  S.  Grant,  22  years 
old,  is  stationed  iu  Louisiana. 

1845  Nov.  *  Ttx.  Gen.  Taylor,  with 
an  army  of  4,000  men,  encamps  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Neuces  Kiver  to  watch, 
the  Mexicans. 

*  *  Md.  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  George 
Bancroft,  establishes  a  naval  school  at 
Annapolis  under  an  Act  of  Congress. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1844  *  *  New  York.  The  first  hydro- 
pathic establishment  in  the  United 
States  is  opened  at  63  Barclay  Street. 

*  *  The  Rattler  is  launched  —  the  first 
propeller  built  in  the  United  States. 

*  *  Columbus  at  the  Gate  of  La  Rabida  Mon- 
astery is  painted  by  Emanuel  Leutze. 

±  *  *  New  York.  The  equestrian  statue  of 
Washington  [now]  in  Union  Square  is 
executed  by  Henry  K.  Brown. 

1845  June  13.  New  York.  Mrs.  Anna 
Cora  Mowatt  first  appears. 

*  *  Pa.  Petroleum  is  obtained  while 
boring  for  salt  near  Tarentum,  above 
Pittsburg. 

*  *  The  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  is  formed. 

*  *  Machinery  is  invented  for  making  20 
yards  of  Brussels  carpet  per  day,  and 
matching  figures. 

*  *  Mr.  King  patents  an  incandescent 
electric  light. 

*  *  Jnkii  Knox  and  Mary  Stuart  is  painted 
by  Emanuel  Leutze. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1846*    * 

Arnold,  Marshall,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  b.  In  Mo. 

Allen,  John  11.,  sen.  for  Wash.,  born. 

IJeasley,  Frederick,  P.  E.  cl.  of  Conn..  A68. 

Itrattoii,  Uobert  F.,  M.  C.  for  Md.,  b.  in  Md. 

Brief.  Calvin  S.,  sen.  for  O.,  born  in  O. 

Brooks,  Maria  Cowen,  poet,  A50. 

Carey, -Joseph  M.,  sen.  for  Wye, born  in  Del. 

Carleton,  Will,  poet,  born  in  Mich. 

Childs,  Uobert  A.,  M.  C.  for  111.,  b.inN.  C. 

Codv,William  F.  (Buffalo  Bill),  actor,  b.  la. 

Coffin,  Cieorge  W.,  officer  U.  S.  N.,  born. 

Crisp.  Charles  F..  M.  C.  for  Ga.,  speaker, 
born  in  I'.ng. 

Crane,  William  H.,  actor,  born  in  Mass. 
•Crawford.  F.  Marion,  novelist,  born  in  Italy. 

Dalzell,  John,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  born  in  N.  Y. 

iJeForest,  K.  E.,  M.  C.  for  Conn.,  b.  in  Conn. 

Dockery,  Alexander  M.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  b.  Mo. 

Elliott,  Jesse  Duncan,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  A(j3. 

Ellis,  William  T.,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  b.  in  Ky. 

Gardner,  John  J.,  M.  C.  for  N.  J.,  b.  N.  J. 

Germon,  Effie,  actor,  born  in  Ga. 

Gummere,  .lolin,  mathematician,  A6I. 

Jackson,  Andrew,  gen.,  sen.  for  Tenn.,7th 
President  of  U.  S.,  A78. 

McDowell,  Alex.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 

McKaig,  William  M.,  M.  0.  for  Md.,  b.  Md. 

McMiUin,  Benton,  M.  C.  for  Tenn.,  b.  Ky. 

Paschal,  Thomas  M.,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  b.  La. 

Pendleton,  Geo.  C,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  b.  Tenn. 

Perry,  Thomas  Sergeant,  author,  b.  in  K.  1. 

Reilly,  James  B.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 

Reyburn,  John  E.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  O. 

Rlchanis,  James  A.  D.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  Mass. 

Robbins,  Ashur,  sen.  for  Conn.,  A88. 

Russell,  Renjamin  E.,  M.  C.  for  Ga.,  b.  Fla. 

Sewall,  Thomas,  writer  and  lecturer,  A  59. 

Story,  Joseph.  Jurist 34  yrs.  Supreme  Court, 
A  66. 

Talbert,  W.  J.,  M.  C.  for  S.  C,  b.  in  S.  C. 

Tarsney,  John  C,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  b.  Mich. 

Thome,  Edwin  F.,  actor,  born  In  N.  Y. 

White,  Edward  D.,  sen.  for  La.,  justice  Su- 
preme Court,  born  in  La. 

CHURCH.' 
J.844   ♦  *  Chicago.    The  Roman  Catholic 
See  of  Chicago  is  erected. 


*  *  Conn.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese 
of  Hartford  is  erected. 

*  *  ///.  The  Mormon  Temple  at  Nau- 
Too  is  finished  ;  Brigham  Young  becomes 
leader  of  the  Mormons  on  the  death  of 
Joseph  Smith. 

*  *  Ky.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Louisville  ; 
George  Junkin,  moderator.  It  organizes 
a  Church  Erection  Fund. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Five  Points  Mission 
is  organized  by  Methodist  women. 

*  *  Neto  York.  A  Wesleyan  Methodist 
Church  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Miami  is  orgauizetl. 

*  *  Ore.  The  First  Baptist  church  in 
Oregon  is  organized  at  Union. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Convention  (Pro- 
testant Episcopal)  meets. 

After  an  excited  discussion,  the  Con- 
vention votes  an  expression  of  confi- 
dence in  the  Liturgy,  officers,  and 
Articles  and  Canons  of  the  Church  as 
sutht'ient  exponents  of  the  sense  of  Holy 
Scripture,  and  affording  ample  means 
of  discipline  and  correction. 

*  *  Pa.  The  West  Pennsylvania  Elder- 
ship (Church  of  God)  is  organized. 

**  Phila.  The  Baptist  Triennial 
Meeting  is  held. 

*  *  JVis.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Milwaukee  is  established. 

*  *  Wm.  Paul  Quinn  Is  elected  bishop 
of  the  African  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church, 

*  *  The  Methodist  Indian  Mission  Confer- 
ence is  organized. 

The  Church  being  divided  on  the  sla- 
very question,  the  Indian  Conference 
remains  with  the  Church  South. 

1845  Jan.  3.  N.  Y.  B.  T.  Onderdonk, 
bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  New  York,  is  suspended  from 
the  ministry  on  the  charge  of  Immorality 
and  impurity. 

Feb.  23.  Pa.  Alonzo  Potter  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
Pennsylvania. 

May  1.  Ky.  The  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church  South  is  organized  as  a 
distinct  body  by  a  convention  at  Louis- 
ville. 

May  25.  New  York.  The  Swedish  Mis- 
sion, by  O.  G.  Hedtrom  of  the  Method- 
ist Episcopal  Church,  is  begun  in  the 
Bethel  ship  John  Wesley. 

May  *  Ga.  A  convention  of  Southern 
Baptists  is  held  at  Augusta,  on  the  invi- 
tation of  the  foreign  missionary  society 
of  Virginia. 

The  secession  from  the  Northern  Bap- 
tists is  caused  by  the  slavery  agitation  ; 
377  delegates  are  present. 

May  *  R.  I.  The  Triennial  Conven- 
tion (Baptist)  is  held  at  Providence  ;  an 
amicable  division  of  Baptist  interest  is 
provided  for  with  the  Southern  Baptists. 

Jtme  11.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  *  N.  J.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed Church)  meets  at  New  Bruns- 
wick ;  M.  D.  Dwight,  president. 


Sept.  7.  Mo.  St.  Louis  has  the  first  He- 
brew 8ynaeog;ue  built  in  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley. 

*  *  Ga,  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Georgia  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  J.  Tlie  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

*  *  Mo.  St.  liouifi  Conference,  Method- 
ist Episcopal  Church  South,  is  formed 
by  division. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Joint  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  of  Buffalo  is  organized, 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Cincinnati ;  John 
M.  Krebs,  moderator. 

LETTERS. 

1844  *  *  Boston.      LittelVs    Living     Age  . 

appears. 

*  *  ±  The  revised  edition  of  Webster's 
Dictionary  becomes  a  standard. 

*  *  Mo.  St,  Vincent's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.),  at  Cape  Girardeau,  is  organized. 

*  *  Mass.  The  City  Library  is  founded 
at  Lowell.     [30,100  vols.] 

*  *Md,  The  Maryland  Historical  liibrary 
is  founded  at  Baltimore.     [20,000  vols.] 

*  *  New  York.  The  American  Review  is 
published  by  G.  H.  Colton. 

The  Churchman  is  founded. 
The  Eclectic  Magazine  appears. 
The    Ledger   is    founded    by   Robert 
Bonner. 

*  *  Ore.  Willamette  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Salem. 

*  *  The  Columbian  Magazine  appears. 

*  *  Afloat  and  Ashore,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  Essays,  by  Smerson,  appears. 

*  *  Lectures  to  Young  Men,  by  Henry 
W^ard  Beecher,  appears. 

*  *  Legend  of  Brittany,  Prometheus,  and 
other  poems,  by  lK)weU,  appear. 

*  *  Peter  Ploddy,  by  Joseph  Neal,  appears, 

*  *  Woman  in  the  19th  Century,  by  Mar- 
garet Fuller  Ossoli,  appears. 

*  *  Crania  Egyptiaca,  by  Samuel  G.  Mor- 
ton, appears. 

*  *  Second  series  of  The  Library  of  Ameri- 
can Biography,  edited  by  Jared  Sparks, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Universalist  Quarterly  Review  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Theory  of  Morals,  by  Hildreth,  ap- 
pears. 

1845  *  *  Boston.  The  New  England  His- 
torical Genealogical  Society  liibrary  is 
founded.     [29,000  vols.] 

*  *  Md.  v.  S.  Naval  Academy  is  orga- 
nized at  Annapolis. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Neic-  Yorker  Zeitung 
is  founded. 

*  *  O.  Wittenberg  College  (Evan. 
Luth.)  is  organized  in  Springfield. 

*  *  The  American  Review  [American 
Whig  Review]  is  issued. 

*  •  The  ChaivrBearer,  by  Cooper,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Dashes  at  Life  with  a  Free  Pencil,  by 
Willis,  appears. 

*  *  FashUm,  by  Mrs.  Mowatt,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.         1844,  Dec.  3-1845  *  *. 


•  *  Margaret :  A  Tale  of  the  Real  and  the 
Ideal,  by  Sylvester  Judd,  appears. 

•  *  Poets  and  Poetry  of  Europe,  by  Iiong- 
fellow,  appears. 

•  *  The  Raven,  by  E.  A.  Poe,  appears. 

•  *  A  translation  of  Berzelius  on  the  Blow- 
pipe, by  Josiah  D.  Whitney,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1844  *  *  John  Tyler  marries  his  second 
wife,  Julia  Gardiner. 

•  *  Abolitionists  are  divided ;  the  Gar- 
risoiiians  oppose  the  compromises  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  as 
**  an  agreement  with  hell  and  a  covenant 
with  death." 

1845  Aug.  '27.  ^V.  r.  "  Anti-Kent- 
ers"  of  Delaware  County,  disguised 
as  Indians,  resist  the  collection  of  rents, 
and  kill  the  sheriff;  Gov.  Wright  pro- 
claims an  insurrection. 

Oct.  12.  New  York.  The  first  Indus- 
trial Congress  in  the  United  States 
opens  its  session. 

Boston.    The  New  England  "Work- 

ingmen'a  Association  is  organized. 

»  *  D.  C.  The  right  of  petition  ia  re- 
newed by  Congress. 

John  Quincy  Adams  secures  the  re- 
scinding of  the  rule  of  Congress  refus- 
ing tlie  right  of  petition  on  the  slavery 
question. 

»  *  Miss.  Jefferson  Davis  marries  his 
second  wife,  Miss  Howell. 

•  *  The  Whigs  oppose  slavery. 

"  Southern  Whigs,  under  the  lead  of 
Henry  Clay,  had  been  tauglit  that  sla- 
very was  an  evil,  to  be  removed  in 
some  practical  way,  at  some  distant  pe- 
riod, but  not  to  be  interfered  with  in  the 
States  where  it  existed."    (Blaine.) 

•  '  The  Order  of  United  American  Me- 
chanics is  founded. 

•  *  John  B.  Gough  is  ensnared  by  a 
trick  of  his  enemies,  and  becomes  In- 
toxicated. 

STATE. 

1844  Dec.  3.  B.C.  Congress ;  House : 
John  Q.  Adams,  "The  old  man  elo- 
quent," the  cliampion  for  the  right  of 
petition,  at  length  carries  his  annual 
motion,  to  rescind  the  rule  forbid- 
ding the  reading  of  petitions  for  the 
restriction  of  slavery.    Vote,  108-88. 

•  *  D.  C.  Secretary  of  State  Calhoun 
practically  avows  that  Texas  must  be 
incorporated  in  the  Union. 

•  *  \.  Y.  Martin  Van  Buren  opposes 
the  annexation  of  Texas  in  the  press  — 
an  act  which  proves  fatal  to  his  politi- 
cal prospects  by  arousing  Southern  an- 
tagonism, 

Dec.  9-12.  n.  C.  Congress:  The  an- 
nexation of  Texas  is  introduced  in 
both  Houses. 

•  *  New  York.  James  Harper  is  elected 
the  64th  mayor. 

■*  *  [T.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
Ark.    Samuel  Adams. 
-48  •  ♦  Ark.    Thomas  S.  Drew. 
-46  *  *  Conn.    Koger  S.  Baldwin. 
-46  *  *  Del.    Thomas  Stockton. 
-46  *  *  Fia.  (.Ter.).    John  Branch. 


-48*  *  Ky.    William  Owsley. 
-47  *  *  Me.    Hugh  J.  Anderson. 
-48  *  *  Mo.    John  C.  Edwards. 
-46  *  *N.B.    John  H.  Steele. 
-48  *  *  N.J.    Charles  C.  Stratton. 
-46  *  *  N.  T.    Silas  Wright,  Jr. 
O.    Thomas  W.  Bartley. 
-46  *  *  O.    Mordecai  Bartley. 
-46  *  *  S.  C.    William  Aiken. 
-46  *  *  Tex.    Anson  Jones  (Pres.). 
-45  *  *  Wis.    Nathaniel  P.  Tallmadge. 
-46  •  *  Vt.    William  Slade. 

1845  Jan.  16.  D.  C.  Congress :  The 
Senate  ratifies  the  treaty  with  China, 
negotiated  by  Caleb  Cushing. 

Jan.  23.  B.C.  Congress  fixes  the  pres- 
idential elections  on  one  tiniform 
day  —  the  first  Tuesday  after  the  first 
Monday  in  November.  Since  1792  elec- 
tions have  been  ordered  "  within  34  days 
preceding  the  first  Wednesday  in  De- 
cember." 

Jan.  25.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  A 
joint  resolution  for  the  annexation  of 
Texas  as  a  State  of  the  Union  is  ap- 
proved.   Vote,  120-98. 

Feb.  12.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Polk,  170 ;  Clay, 
105.  Vote  for  Vice-President;  George 
M.  Dallas  (Deni.)  of  Pa.,  170;  Theo. 
Frelinghuysen  (Whig)  of  N.  J.,  105; 
Thomas  Morris  (Liberty)  of  O.,  none. 

Feb.  27.  B.C.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
amended  joint  resolution  for  the  annex- 
ation of  Texas  is  approved.    Vote,  27-25. 

Feb.  *  Ore.  Great  Britain  accepts  the 
forty-ninth  parallel  boundary  line ; 
it  Is  characterized  as  a  settlement  hon- 
orable to  both  countries. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress :  Both  Houses  unite 
for  the  first  time  in  passing  a  bill  over 
the  President's  veto ;  the  bill  relates 
to  steam-vessels  in  the  navy. 

Mar.  1.  B.  C.  The  President  signs  the 
bill  for  the  annexation  of  Texas. 

Mar.  3.  B.  C.  Congress  admits  Florida 
into  the  Union  as  the  27th  State. 

Congress  reduces  the  rate  of  postage 
to  five  cents  for  300  miles,  and  ten  cents 
for  greater  distances. 
The  28th  Congress  ends. 

Mar.  6.  B.  C.  The  Mexican  minister 
ai?ks  for  his  passport. 

Eleventh  Administration ;. Democratic. 
James  K.  Polk  of  Tenn.  is  inaugu- 
rated the  11th  President,  in  the  15th  term 
of  the  presidency.    George  M.  Dallas 
of  Pa.  is  Vice-President. 

Cabinet  :  James  Buchanan  of  Pa. 
(State),  Kobert  J.  Walker  of  Miss. 
(Treas.),  W^illiam  L.  Marcy  of  N.  T. 
(War),  George  Bancroft  of  Mass. 
(Navy),  Cave  Johnson  of  Tenn.  (P.  M.- 
Gen.),  and  John  Y.  Mason  of  Va. 
(Atty.-Gen.). 

Jime  12.  The  Oregon  boundary  dis- 
pute is  settled  by  treaty. 

June  16.  Tex.  The  Texas  Congress 
approves  of  the  terms  of  annexation. 

June  27.  R.  I-  Thos.  W.  Dorr  is  re- 
leased from  imprisonment. 

Julyl.    U.S.  National debt$15,925,303. 


July  4.  Tex.  A  ratifying  convention  of 
citizens  votes  to  annex  Texas  to  the 
United  States. 

July  6.  Tex.  The  President  Is  requested 
to  occupy  the  ports  of  Texas,  and  to  send 
an  army  for  its  protection. 

Aug.  8.  B.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  David 
W^ilmot  of  Pa.  introduces  his  pro- 
viso. 

Oct.  13.  Tex.  The  people  ratify  the 
Constitution. 

Dee.  1.  B.C.  The  29th  Congress  opens. 

*  *  B.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  W.  P. 
Mangum  of  N.  C.  is  reelected  President 
pro  tempore.  House :  John  W.  Davis 
of  Ind.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Dec, 8.  B.C.  Congress ;  House :  Jef- 
ferson Davis  enters  as  a  Representative 
from  Mississippi. 

Deo.  16.  B.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
votes  to  receive  Texas  into  the  Union. 
Vote  141-56. 

Dec.  22.  B.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Bill  for  the  annexation  of  Texas  carries. 
Vote,  31-13. 

Deo.  29.  B.C.  Congress  admits  Texas 
as  the  28th  State  of  the  Union.  (Slavery 
is  permitted.) 

Deo.  *  B.  C.  The  Federal  Government 
becomes  curiously  involved. 

One-half  the  States  are  always  to  be 
slave  States,  thereby  holding  tlie  dis- 
tinctive power  of  a  tie-vote  in  the  Sen- 
ate, and  thus  a  minority  may  dominate 
on  all  questions  tlie  greatly  preponderat- 
ing and  increasing  population  of  the 
North. 

*  *  B.C.  Samuel  Nelson  of  N.  Y.  and 
Levi  W^oodbury  of  N.  H.  are  appointed 
Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1844  Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and 
other  aliens  in  1844,  78,615. 

*  *  Mich.  Copper-mining  on  the  shores 
of  Lake  Michigan  begins. 

*  »  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse  offers  his  inven- 
tion of  the  electric  telegraph  to  the 
Government  for  a  moderate  price  ;  it  is 
deemed  of  little  practical  value. 

1845  Jan.  8.  The  steamboat  Belle 
Zane  strikes  a  snag  in  the  Mississippi 
and  capsizes;  40  out  of  90  passengers 
are  drowned. 

Apr.  10.  Pa.  A  great  fire  at  Pittsburg 
burns  100  buildings  ;  loss,  $6,000,000. 

July  1.  La.  Tlie  steamboat  Marquette, 
at  New  Orleans,  explodes  all  her  boil- 
ers simultaneously,  killing  about  50 
people. 

July  19.  New  York.  A  fire  hums  302 
stores  and  dwelling-houses,  and  property 
worth  $6,000,000 ;  4  lives  are  lost. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens,  1845,  114,371. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Cave  Hill  Cemetery,  near 
Louisville,  is  incorporated. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Tlie  Mount  Hope  Cemetery, 
near  Hochester,  is  established. 

*  *  O.  Spring  Grove  Cemetery,  near  Cin- 
cinnati, is  incorporated. 

*  •  Pa.  The  Allegheny  Cemetery  is  es- 
tablished. 


160     1845**-1846 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
1846  Mar.  28.  Tex.  The  American 
army  of  occupation  (3,500  men),  under 
<ien.  Taylor,  takes  post  on  the  Rio 
(Jrande,  opposite  Hatanioras.  (Lossing, 
Mar.  29.) 

Mar.  *  Cal.  Capt.  John  C.  Frgmont 
raises  tlie  American  standard  against 
the  Mexicans,  who  seek  to  drive  him 
from  the  country. 

THE  FOURTEENTH  WAR. 

Apr.  24.  — 1848  July  4.  "War  with 
Mexico.  Men  enrolled,  30,9M  regulars, 
and  73,776  militia  and  volunteers.  Total, 
112,230.    For  cause,  see  State. 

Apr.  26.  Tex.  First  hostilities  in  the 
war :  Capt.  Thornton  with  63  men  is 
attacked  on  the  east  side  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  above  Matamoras  ;  16  men  are 
killed  and  wounded  and  the  others  are 
captured. 

*  *  Gen.  Scott  plans  the  invasion  of  Mex- 
ico by  three  columns:  the  first,  through 
the  northern  provinces,  under  Gen.  S.  W. 
Kearny  ;  the  second,  from  the  seacoast 
to  the  City  of  Mexico,  under  his  own 
command  ;  and  the  third,  as  an  army 
of  occupation,  under  Gen.  Taylor. 

May  5,  6.  Tex.  The  Mexicans  bombard 
Fort  Brown  till  it  is  relieved  by  Gen. 
Taylor. 

May  8.     Tex.    Battle  of  Palo  Aito. 

Gen.  Taylor  with  2,300  men  defeats 
Gen.  Arista  with  6,000  men  in  a  battle 
of  five  hours'  duration.  Mexican  lo.ss 
about  100  men  ;  American  loss,  4  killed 
and  40  wounded. 

May  9.  Tex.  Battle  of  Resaca  de  la 
Falma. 

Gen.  Taylor  with  2,000  Americans 
routs  5,000  Mexicans,  who  flee  across  the 
liio  Grande.  American  loss,  120  killed 
and  wounded;  Mexican  loss,  500  killed 
and  wounded. 

May  *  -June  *  The  call  of  the  President 
for  50,000  volunteers  is  responded  to  by 
300,000,  who  tender  their  services. 

June  15.  Cat.  Gen.  FrSmont  captures 
Sonoma. 

JlUy  *  Cnl.  Commodore  Stockton  takes 
Ijos  Angeles. 

Aug.  18.  Gen.  Kearny  captures 
Santa  F6  ;  with  400  dragoons  [he  con- 
tinues his  march  to  the  Pacific  Coast]. 

Aug.  19 1.  Mex.  Commodore  Stock- 
ton blockades  the  Mexican  ports  on  the 
Pacific  Coast. 

Sept.  12.  Mex.  Col.  Jefferson  Davis 
charges  Fort  Teneria,  at  the  head  of  the 
1st  Regiment,  Mississippi  riflemen. 

Sept.  21-23.  Mex.  Battle  of  Mon- 
terey. 

This  fortified  town  is  stormed,  and  the 
10,000  Mexicans  under  Gen.  Ampudia 
are  driven  out  by  4,700  Americans. 
.American  loss,  120  killed,  368  wounded  ; 
.Mexicans  much  more.  An  armistice  of 
eight  weeks  follows,  to  permit  Mexico 
to  make  overtures  of  peace. 

Sept.  26.    New  York.     Stevenson's  Cali- 
fornia regiment  sails. 
Oct.  25.  Mex.  Commodore  M.  C.  Perry 

bombards  Tobasco. 


Not.  14.  Mex.  Commodore  David 
Conner  occupies  Tampico. 

Nov.  15.  Mex.  Gen.  Worth  captures 
the  town  of  Saltillo. 

Dec*  Mex.  Col.  A.  W.  Doniphan 
with  900  men  sets  out  on  a  march  of 
more  than  1,000  miles  through  the 
enemy's  country,  from  Santa  F6  to  Sal- 
tillo; one  of  the  most  brilliant  .achieve- 
ments of  the  war. 

Dec.  *  Cal.  The  Mexicans  make  a  fee- 
ble attempt  to  regain  California. 

Dec.  25.  Mex.  Col.  Doniphan  with 
450  volunteers  defeats  1,100  Mexicans 
under  Gen.  Ponce  de  Leon  at  Brazito. 
American  loss,  six  wounded  ;  Mexican 
loss,  63  killed  and  150  wounded. 

*  *  Mex.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  serves  under 
Gen.  Taylor  as  2d  lieutenant. 

*  *  Mex.  Col.  Jefferson  Davis  becomes 
one  of  the  idols  of  the  army. 

*  »  -48  *  *  Mex.  Capt.  Robert  E.  Lee 
serves  in  the  army  of  Gen.  Soott  as  cliief 
engineer. 

*  ■*  California  is  occupied  by  the  army  of 
the  United  States. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1846  Sept.  10.  Mass.  Elias  Howe, 
Jr.,  receives  a  patent  for  the  first  com- 
plete sewing-machine. 

Nov.  *  A  grand  display  of  meteors  is  ol)- 
served. 

*  *  D.C.  John  F.  E.  Prud'homme  of 
Georgetown  is  elected  a  member  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. 

'*D.C.  The  Smithsonian  Institution, 
"  designed  for  the  increase  and  diffusion 
of  knowledge  among  men,"  is  estab- 
lished in  a  handsome  building  at  Wash- 
ington, by  means  of  ,a  legacy  of  $515,000, 
bequeathed  for  the  purpose  to  the  United 
States  Government  by  James  Smithson, 
an  Englishman. 

*  •  McCormiek's  reaping-machine  is 
perfected.    (See  1834.) 

*  *  Discovery  thatinhalationof  etherpre- 
ventspain  byChiis.  T.  Jackson  of  ISoston. 

*  •  Sleepy  Student  is  painted  by  F.  W. 
Edmonds. 

*  *  -49  *  *  Tlie  statue  of  Henry  Clay  is 
executed  by  Joel  T.  Hart. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1846*  • 

Armstrong,  Wm.  J.,  .S.  Pres.  cl.,  AJiO. 
Badger,  .Joseph,  missionary  in  O.,  AH9. 
Bean,  Tarleton  Hoffman,  ichtlivologist,  b.  Pa. 
Breckinridge. Clifton  II..  M.C.  for  Ark.,  b.  Ky. 
Buchanan.  Virginia,  actor,  born  in  O. 
l>en8on,  Williani  H.,  M.  C.  for  .\la.,  b.  .\la. 
Erdman,t*oiistantine  J.,  M.C.  for  F'a.,b.  I'a. 
Florent-p,  Mrs.  W.  J.,  actor,  Ijorn  in  N.  Y. 
Foote,  .Sam'l  A.,  sen.  and  (iov.  of  Conn.,  A66. 
Hawthorne,  Julian,  novelist,  born  in  Mass. 
Henderson,  John  S.,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  b.  N.Y. 
Holden,  Edward  S.,  astronomer,  born  in  Mo. 
Hopkins,  Albert  J.,  M.  C.  for  111.,  b.  in  lU. 
Kribbs,  (leorge  K.,  M.  C,  born  in  Pa. 
Lorlng,  Frederick  W.,  author,  born  in  Mass. 
McKttrick.  M.  J.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  b.  In  Mass. 
Millet,  Francis  Davis,  painter,  born  in  Mass. 
Morris.  Clara,  actor,  born  in  O. 
Pearson,  .Vlljcrt  J.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  born  in  O. 
Pickering,  John,  philologist,  jurist,  A69.  ' 

Robinson,  John  B.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Smith,  (ieorge  W.,  M.  C.  for  III.,  born  in  O. 
Stone,  William  A.,  M.  C.  for  Pa., born  in  Pa.      ' 
Strait,  Thomas  J.,  M.  C.  for  S.  C,  b.  in  8.  C.     , 
Tyler,  I),  (iardiner.  JI.  0.  for  Va,,  b.  in  N.  Y. 
Wadsworth,  Jas.  W.,  M.  C.  tor  N.  Y.,  b.  Pa. 


CHURCH. 

1845  *  *  O.  The  Missionary  Society  of 

the  Church  of  God  of  North  America 

is  formed  especially  for  home  mission 

work. 

*  *  The  Baptist  foreign  mission  work 
suffers  by  the  agitation  of  the  slavery 
question,  and  by  the  withdrawal  of 
the  Southern  churches  from  its  support. 

*  *  I'a.  The  Pittsburg  (Evangelical  Lu- 
theran) Synod  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Synod  of  the 
Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  meets. 

*  *The  Seventh-day  Baptists  divide 
into  five  associations. 

*  *  U.  S.  Tlie  discussion  of  the  slavery 
question  leads  to  a  division  of  the 
Baptist  Church,  into  Northern  and 
Southern  Baptists. 

1846  Mayl.  Va.  The  General  Con- 
ference (Methodist  Eliiscopal  South) 
meets  in  its  first  session  at  Petersburg. 

The  Book  of  Discipline  is  revised,  and 
the  portions  relating  to  slavery  stricken 
out ;  commissioners  are  appointed  to 
settle  questions  of  property  with  tl'.r 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

Wm.  Capei-s  and  Robert  Paine  lue 
ordained  bishops  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  South. 

The  Missouri,  Louisiana,  and  Louis- 
ville Conferences  are  organized. 
May  *  +  Dr.  Judson  visits  his  native  land 
for  the  first  time  since  his  departure  in 
1813. 

He  awakens  much  enthusiasm,  and 
sets  in  motion  the  tide  of  modern  prog- 
ress in  Baptist  missions. 

May*  The  Triennial  Convention  of 
the  Baptist  Cliurches  by  reorganiza- 
tion becomes  the  American  Baptist 
Missionary  Union. 

June  10.  Phila.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  16.    II.    Pius  IX.  is  elected  pope. 

June  *  JV.  r.  The  General  Synod  (He- 
formed)  meets  at  Albany;  Wm.  II. 
Campbell,  president. 

*  *  III.  The  Mormons,  being  much  har- 
assed by  their  neighbors,  abandon  Nau- 
voo,  and  enter  the  Territory  of  Iowa  near 
Council  Bluffs.  [Later  they  remove  to 
Salt  Lake.] 

*  *  Ind.  The  Indiana  Eldership  (Church 
of  God)  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  T.  The  American  Missionary 
Association  is  formed  at  Albany  as  a 
general  missionary  society  with  anti- 
slavery  principles. 

The  Baptist  Triennial  Meeting  is 
held  at  Brooklyn. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Oregon  City  is  established. 

LETTERS. 

*  *  Harmony  of  the  Four  GospelSfin  Greek, 
by  Edward  Robinson,  appears. 

*  *  The  American  Whig  Review  appears. 

»  »-50*  *  The  Quadrupeds  of  North 
America^  by  Audubon,  appears. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1845**-1846**.   161 


1846  Oct.  20.  0.  Mount  Union  Col- 
lege (Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  as  a  sem- 
inary. 

*  *  Conn.  Theodore  D.  "Woolsey  be- 
comes President  of  Yale  College. 

*  « Ind.  Fort  Wayne  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  organized. 

*  *  La.  De  Bow's  Commercial  Review 
appears  at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  -49  *  *  Mass.  Edward  Everett  is 
President  of  Harvard  University. 

*  *  .1/n.  The  St.  Louis  Mercantile  Library 
is  founded.    [62,261  vols.] 

SOCIETY. 

1846  Feb.*  III.  Partof  the  Mormons 
(1,600)  leave  Nauvoo,  cross  the  Missis- 
sippi on  the  ice,  and  with  ox-teams  move 
westward  till  they  settle  on  the  Great 
Prairie,  and  establish  a  town. 

Aug.  7.  Me.  The  Democrats  enact  a 
prohibitory  law  against  the  drink 
traffic. 

STATE. 

1845  *  *  Ore.  A  provisional  government 
is  formed. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-47  *  *  Ala.    Joshua  L.  Martin. 
-46  *  *  Cal.    Pio.  Pico  (Mexican). 
-49  *  *  Fla.    Wm.  D.  Moseley. 
-47  *  *  Ga.    Geo.  W.  Crawford. 
-50*  *  La.    Isaac  Johnson. 

-51  *  *  Mass.    George  N.  Briggs. 

-49  *  *  N.  C.    Wm.  A.  Graham. 

-49*  *  Ore.  G.  Abernethy  (Provisional). 

Pa.    Francis  R.  Shunk. 
-46  *  *  R.  I.    Charles  Jackson. 
-47  *  *  Tenn.    Aaron  V.  Brown. 
-48  *  *  Wis.  ( Ter.).    Henry  Dodge. 

1846  *  *  D.C.  Congress :  The  House 
votes  to  give  treaty  notice  to  Great 
Britain  that  the  joint  occupation  ol 
Oregon  must  cease.  Vote,  163-54. 
Public  apprehension  of  war  follows. 

Feb.  20.  Tex.  The  first  legislature 
meets  at  Austin. 

Apr.  2.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
Bill  substitutes  that  of  the  House  on  the 
Oregouquestion,  and  is  adopted.  The 
line,  54°  40'  is  abandoned  by  the  Demo- 
crats for  the  49th  parallel.  [The  southern 
portion,  which  falls  to  the  United  States, 
retains  the  name  Oregon.] 

Apr.  *  U.  S.  The  war  spirit  against 
Mexico  rises  high  with  the  news  of  the 
small  conflict  in  Texas.  **  American 
blood  has  been  spilled  on  American 
soil  I" 

Apr.  26.  n.  C.  Congress  declares  War 
against  Mexico. 

May  11.  D.C.  PresidentPolk  sends  an 
aggressive  war  message  to  Congress, 
announcing  that  war  exists  by  the  act  of 
Mexico. 

May  12.  D.  C.  Congress:  A  bill  passes 
both  Houses  which  appropriates 
$10,000,000  for  the  war,  and  gives 
authority  to  call  out  .'iO.OOO  volunteers. 
(Vote  :  House,  142-14  ;  Senate,  40-2.) 


May  *  -Aug.  *  Cal.  Commodore  Stock- 
ton establishes  a  military  government 
in  Upper  California. 

June  1.  -A^  v.  A  convention  of  delegates 
meets  at  Albany  to  revise  the  Con- 
stitution. 

June  15.  Signing  of  the  Oregon 
Treaty. 

Both  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States  having  claimed  the  territory  west 
of  the  Rockies  and  north  of  Mexico  to 
Alaska,  it  is  now  divided  between  them 
at  the  49th  parallel.  The  British  also 
secure  Vancouver's  Island  and  the  free 
navigation  of  the  Columbia  River. 

Julyl.    U.S.  National  debt  815,550,202. 

Julys.  2).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  bill  for  a  lower  tariff.  Vote, 
114-95.    (See  July  28.) 

July  4.  Cal.  Captain  John  C.  Fre- 
mont and  his  companions  declare  the 
independence  of  California  after  de- 
feating superior  forces  of  Mexicans. 

July  9.  Cal.  Commodore  Sloat  hoists 
the  American  flag  at  Monterey. 

July  28.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
votes  to  modify  the  tariff,  cutting  out  its 
protection  features ;  average  rate  of 
duties,  25  per  cent.  Vote,  a  tie  till  the 
Vice-President  casts  a  vote. 

Aug.  3.  D.  C.  President  Polk  vetoes 
the  River  and  Harbor  Bill. 

Aug.  6.  T>.  C.  Congress  establishes  the 
■Warehouse  System,  reenaots  the  In- 
dependent Treasury  system,  and  au- 
thorizes "Wisconsin  to  form  a  constitu- 
tion and  organize  a  State  government. 

Aug.  7.  Me.  The  Democratic  Legisla- 
ture enacts  the  first  Maine  Prohib- 
itory Iiaw. 

Aug.  8.  D.  C.  President  Polk  vetoes 
the  French  Spoliation  Indemnity  Bill 
for  the  benefit  of  claimants  who  had 
lost  property  by  French  seizures  in 
1807+. 

Congress ;  Senate :  D.  R.  Atchison  of 
Mo.  Is  elected  President  pro  tempore. 

Congress;  House:  The  Wilmot  Pro- 
viso is  approved.    Vote,  94-78. 

David  Wilmot,  .'J.3  years  of  age,  moves 
a  proviso  to  the  Two-million-dollar  Bill 
asked  by  the  President  to  arrange  peace 
with  Mexico,  declaririe  it  to  be  *'  an  ex- 
press and  fundamental  condition  to  the 
acquisition  of  any  territory  from  Mex- 
ico, that  neither  slavery  nor  involunt.lry 
servitude  shall  ever  exist  therein.'*  The 
consecration  of  American  territory  to 
freedom  becomes  a  rallying-cry ;  the 
battle  of  the  giants  follows,  long  and 
fierce. 

Aug.  10.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
Wilmot  Proviso  is  brought  up,  and 
John  Davis  of  Mass.  holds  the  floor  till 
the  session  expires,  to  defeat  action  on 
the  bill. 

The  29th  Congress :  the  first  session 
closes. 

*  *  U.  S.  Great  agitation  prevails  over 
the  Wilmot  Proviso. 

Aug.  ♦  California  is  in  the  undisputed 
military  possession  of  the  United 
States. 


Nov.  *  D.  ('.  Abraham  Xiincoln  is 
elected  to  Congress  from  Illinois,  the 
solitary  Whig  among  seven  Democrats. 

Dec.  1.  U.  S.  The  lower  tariff  law 
goes  into  effect. 

Dec.  7.  D.  C.  The  29th  Congress : 
the  second  session  opens. 

*  *  Congress ;  Senate  :  D.  K.  Atchison 
of  Mo.  is  elected  President  pro  tempore. 

Dec.  28.    D.  C.  Congress  admits  Iowa 
into  the  Union  as  the  29th  State. 

*  *  Ala.  The  capital  is  removed  from 
Tuscaloosa  to  Montgomery. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  ;  Jefferson 
Davis  resigns  his  seat  to  engage  in  the 
Mexican  war  as  colonel  of  volunteers. 

*  *  New  York.  Manhood  suffrage  is 
introduced. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  Demo- 
crats lose  their  majority  while  con- 
ducting a  spirited  and  successful  war, 
owing  to  the  new  tariff  and  Northern 
suspicion  of  pro-slavery  issues  in  the 
war.    Polk's  party  stands  110  to  118. 

*  *  U.  S.  Eobert  C.  Grier  of  Pa.  is 
appointed  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 

Cal.  (Ter.).    Com.  J.  D.  Sloat. 
-47  *  *  Cal.  (Ter.).    Com.  B.  F.  Stock- 
ton. 
-47  *  *  Conn.    Isaac  Toucey. 

Del.    Joseph  Maul. 

Del.    Wm.  Temple. 
-51  *  *  Del.    Wm.  Thorp. 

la.  (Ter.).    James  Clark, 
-50  *  *  la.    Ansel  Briggs. 
-53  *  *  III.    Augustus  C.  French. 
-47  *  *  Mich.    Alpheus  Felch. 
-47  *  *N.H.    Anthony  Colby. 
-49  *  *If.  r.    John  Young. 
-49  *  *  O.    William  Bebb. 
-47  *  *  B.  I.    Byron  Dyman. 
-48  •  *  S.  C.    David  Johnson. 
-47  •  •  Tex.    J.  P.  Henderson. 
-49  *  •  Va.    Wm.  Smith. 
-49  *  *  Vt.    Horace  Eaton. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1846  Apr.  +  *  N.J.  The  telegraph 
line  from  Philadelphia  to  Fort  Lee,  near 
New  York,  is  completed. 

June  5.  Pa.-Md.  The  telegraph  line 
from  Philadelphia  to  Baltimore  is  com- 
pleted. 

June  27.  Boston  and  New  York  are  con- 
nected by  telegraph. 

July  3.  Boston  and  Buffalo  are  con- 
nected by  telegraph. 

July  13.  Mass.  A  fire  at  Nantucket 
burns  300  buildings,  valued  at  $800,000. 

Sept.  9.  New  York  and  Albany  are 
connected  by  telegraph. 

Sept.  *  Pa.  Harrisburg  and  Philadel- 
phia are  connected  by  telegraph. 

Dec.  8.  The  U.  S.  brig  Somers  is  capsized 
in  a  squall  olf  Vera  Cruz,  and  39  persons 
are  drowned. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1846, 154,416. 

•  *N.B.  The  lower  section  of  the  North- 
em  Bailroad  is  opened. 


I 


162     1846  *  *-1848,  Feb.  * 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1847  Jan.  8, 9.  Cal.  At  Son  Gabriel 
Gen.  Kearny  defeats  the  revolted  Cali- 
fornians. 

Jan.  24.  Mex.  Col.  Sterling  Price  de- 
feats 1,500  Indians  and  Mexicans  in  the 
Valley  of  Taos. 

Feb.  23.  Afex.  Battle  of  Buena  Vista. 
Santa  Anna  with  22,000  Mexicans  is 
defeated  by  Gen.  Taylor  with  4,750  Amer- 
icans ;  Mexican  loss,  nearly  2,000  men; 
American  loss,  746  killed,  wounded  and 
missing. 

Feb.  28.  CaL  Battle  of  Sacramento. 
Col.  Doniphan  with  924  men  defeats 
4,000  Mexicans  under  Gen.  Heredia,  los- 
ing but  1  killed  and  17  wounded.  Mexi- 
can loss,  600  killed  and  wounded  and  40 
prisoners. 

Mar.  9.  Mex.  Gen.  Scott  lands  at  Vera 
Cruz  with  about  12,000  men. 

Mar.  22.  Mex.  Commodore  Conner  bom- 
bards Vera  Cruz,  while  Gen.  Scott's  army 
joins  in  the  cannonade  [which  continues 
four  days]. 

Mar.  27.    Mex*    Gen.  Morales  agrees  to 

'  surrender  Vera  Cruz  to  the  Ameri- 
cans. American  loss,  SO  killed  and 
wounded ;  Mexican  loss,  2,000  killed  and 
wounded,  besides  5,000  prisoners  and 
600  cannon. 

Mar.  29.  Mex.  Mexicans  evacuate  Vera 
Cruz. 

Mar.  *  Col.  Jefferson  Bavis  is  coznpli- 
mented,  in  Gen.  Taylor's  despatch,  for 
brilliant  service  in  Mexico. 

Apr.  2,  Mex.  Alvarado  Is  surrendered 
to  Lieut.  Hunter. 

Apr.  18.  Mex.  Commodore  Perry  takes 
Tuspan. 
Battle  of  Cerro  Gordo. 
Gen.  Scott  with  8,.500  Americans  de- 
feats Santa  Anna  with  12,000  Mexicans, 
and  captures  his  papers  and  wooden 
leg.  Losses:  Mexican,  1,000  killed  and 
wounded  and  3,000  prisoners ;  American, 
431  men. 

Apr.  19.  Mex.  The  Americans  enter 
Jalapa. 

Apr,  22,  Mex.  Gen.  Worth  takes  the 
strong  castle  of  Perote  without  resist- 
ance. 

May  15.  Mex.  The  American  army  en- 
ters the  sacred  city  of  Puebla,  unop- 
posed by  its  80,000  inhabitants. 

July  6.  CaL  Commodore  Sloat  takes 
Monterey,  in  Southern  California. 

Aug.  20.  Mex.  Battles  of  Contreraa 
and  Churubusoo,  near  Mexico  City. 

At  Contreras  Gen.  Scott  with  4,000 
men  defeats  Gen.  Valencia  with  7,000 
Mexicans,  losing  but  60  killed  and 
wounded  ;  Mexican  loss,  2,000  killed  and 
wounded  and  1,000  prisoners. 

At  ChurubuBCO  Gen.  Scott  with  8,000 
men  defeats  Gen.  Santa  Anna  with  25,000 
Mexicans.  American  loss  in  both  en- 
gagements, 1,053  killed  and  wounded; 
Mexican  loss,  4,000  killed  and  wounded, 
and  3,000  prisoners,  including  8  generals. 

Aug.  21.  Mex.  The  Mexicans  pro- 
pose an  armistice. 

Sept.  7.  Mex.  Gen.  Scott  learns  that  the 
armistice  is  broken  by  the  Mexicans. 

Sept.  8.  Me.r.  Hostilities  are  renewed 
in  the  Battle  of  Molino  del  Rey, 


Gen.  Worth  with  3,500  Americans 
storms  the  fortifications,  and  drives  out 
14,000  Mexicans  under  Gen.  Alvarez, 
with  the  loss  of  787  killed  and  wounded  : 
Mexican  loss,  3,000  killed,  wounded,  and 
prisoners. 

Sept.  12,  13.  Mex.  Battle  of  Chapul- 
tepec,  near  Mexico  City. 

Gen.  Scott  with  7,200  men,  imder  Gens. 
Worth,  Quitman,  and  Pillow,  carries  the 
fortified  heights,  defeating  Gen.  Bravo 
and  25,000  Mexicans.  American  loss, 
832  men. 

Sept.  14.  Mexico  is  siurendered ;  Gen. 
Scott  marches  his  victorious  army  into 
the  city,  and  the  war  practically  ends. 

Sept.  *  U.  S.  Grant  is  promoted  to  be 
let  lieutenant,  for  meritorious  conduct 
at  Molino  del  K-ey  and  Chapultepec. 

Oct.  9.  Mex.  Gen.  Lane  with  500  men 
takes  the  city  of  Huamantla,  defeating 
Gen.  Santa  Anna  and  1,000  Mexicans, 
with  the  loss  of  34  killed  and  wounded. 

Oct.  12.  Mex.  Mexicans  have  besieged 
Col.  Childs  and  400  men,  besides  1,800 
sick  and  in  hospitals  at  Puebla,  for  28 
days,  when  reinforcements  appear,  and 
the  siege  is  raised. 

Oct.  20.  Mex.  The  frigate  Congress  and 
sloop  Portsmouth  bombard  tbe  port  of 
Guayamas. 

Dec.  8.  The  United  States  brig-of-war 
Somers  is  wrecked  and  part  of  her  crew 
drowned. 

1848  Feb.  18.  Mex.  Gen.Wm.  O.  But- 
ler succeeds  Gen.  Scott  in  command 
of  the  army. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1847  June  28.  III.  The  first  theater 
in  Chicago  is  opened. 

Oct.  1.    N.  H.    A  violent  tornado  visits 

Portsmouth. 
Oct.  19.    New  York.    The  comer-stone  of 

the  "Washington  Monument  is  laid. 

*  *  Asia.  The  Government  sends  an  expe- 
dition under  W.  F.  Lynch  to  the  River 
Jordan  for  the  advancement  of  geo- 
graphical science. 

*  *  Boston.  The  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  Pa.  Zinc  mines  are  discovered  hi 
Lehigh  County. 

*  *  Utah.  Salt  Iiake  City  is  founded  by 
Mormons. 

*  *  The  power-loom  is  introduced. 

*  *  The  rotary  press  is  made  by  K.  Hoe 
and  Company. 

*  *  The  successful  use  of  anesthetics  is 
introduced. 

*  *  Pontine  Marshes  is  painted  by  J.  F. 
Cropsey. 

1848  Jan.  24.  CaL  Gold  is  first  dis- 
covered in  the  mill-race  of  Capt.  Sutter 
by  a  laborer  named.  Marshall. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1847*    * 

Allen,  William  V.,  sen.  for  Neb.,  born  in  O. 
Allen,  John  M.»  M.  C.  for  Miss.,  h.  in  Miss. 
Uartlett,  Franklin,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  Mass. 
Binnev,  Amos,  naturalist,  A  44. 
Branch,  Win.  A.  B.,  M.  C,  for  N.  C,  b.  Ha. 
Bridgman,  Frederick  A.,  painter,  b.  in  Ala. 
Butler,  Pierce  M.,  <lov,  of  S.  C,  col.,  A4n. 
Capelmrt,  James,  M.  C.  for  W.  Va.,  born  in 
W.  Va. 


Catchings,  Thos-C,  M.  C.  for  Miss.,  b.  Miss. 

Clay,  Henry,  Jr.,  offlcer,  lawyer,  A36. 

Crabtree,  Lotta,  actor,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Dixon,  Nathan  K.,  sen.  for  R.  I.,  b.  in  R.  I. 

Dielman,  Frederick,  artist,  born  in  Ger. 

Edison.  Thomas  Alva,  electrician,  inven- 
tor, born  in  O. 

Edwards,  Henry  W.,  scholar,  senator,  A61. 

Everett,  Alex.  11.,  essayist,  diplomatist,  ed- 
itor, A55. 

Failey,  Harriet,  pliilanthropic  writer,  born. 

Faulkner,  Charles  J.,  sen.  for  W.  Va.,  bora 
in  W.  Va. 

Fawcett,  Edgar,  novelist,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Forman,  Wm.  s.,  M.  C.  for  lU.,  b.  in  Miss. 

Hardy,  Arthur  S.,  novelist,  born  in  Mass. 

Hart,  Charles  H.,  author,  born  in  Pa. 

Kent,  James,  au.,  chancellor  of  N.Y,,  A83. 

Layton,  Fernando  C,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  in  O. 

Loud,  Eugene  F.,  M.  C.  for  Cal.,  b.  in  Mass. 

Martin.  Augustus  N.,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  b.  Pa. 

Neal,  Joseph  Olay,  humorist.  A40. 

Pennyliacker,  Isaac,  I'.  S.  sen.  for  Va.,  A41. 

Storer,  Bellamy,  M.  C.  for  O.,  born  in  O. 

Tracey,  (Charles,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  N.  Y. 

Williams,  Cus,  actor,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Wright,  Myron  B.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 

Wright,  Silas,  (;ov.,  sen.  for  N.  Y.,  AS2. 

Wever,  John  M.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  Mich. 

Whiting,  Justin  R.,  M.  C.  for  Mich.,  b.  N.  Y. 

CHURCH. 

1846  *  *  Phila.  The  General  Assem- 
bly (N.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Samuel 
Hanson  Cox,  moderator. 

The  General  Assembly  (O.  S.  Pres- 
byterian) meets  ;  Charles  Hodge,  mod- 
erator. 

*  *  The  Mormons  send  missionaries  to 
Oregon,  California,  and  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  and  also  to  Australia. 

*  *  The  Hanges  Norwegian  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  Synod  is  organized. 

1847  June  9.  New  York.  The  General 
Convention  of  the  New  Jerusalem 
meets. 

June  *  Neio  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets  ;  Abraham  Messier, 
president. 

July  24.  The  Mormon  pioneers,  hav- 
ing established  themselves  at  Great  Salt 
Lake,  are  now  joined  by  Brigham 
Young,  the  leader  of  the  church. 

Oct.  13.  New  York.  Two  hundred  Ger- 
man Catholics  secede  from  the  Homan 
Catholic  Church. 

Oct.  31.  Me.  George  Burgess  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
Maine. 

Nov.  29.  Jfash.  Indians  massacre  the 
missionaries.  Dr.  Whitman,  his  wife, 
and  others,  at  Walla  Walla. 

*  *  Mo.  At  St.  Louis  a  Roman  Catholic 
diocese  is  established,  and  an  archbish- 
opric erected ;  the  latter  includes  the 
dioceses  of  Dubuque,  Nashville,  St. 
Paul,  Chicago,  and  Milwaukee. 

*  *  Mo.  Peter  R.  Kenrick  is  promoted 
to  be  archbishop  of  St.  Louis. 

*  *  New  York.  The  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  The  American  Unitarian  Associa- 
tion is  incorporated. 

The  Society  for  the  Promotion  of 
lESvangelical  Knowledg:e  (Protestant 
Episcopal)  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Roman  Catholic  dioceses  of  Al- 
bany, Bufifalo,  Galveston,  and  Cleveland 
are  established. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  of  Wittenberg  is  orga- 
nized. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1846*  *-1848,  Feb. 


163 


*  *  O.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting  is 
held  ;it  Cincinnati. 

*  ♦  Ore.  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Indian 
Mission  at  the  Dalles  is  transferred  to 
the  Reformed  Church. 

*  *  The  Synodical  Conference  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  of  Missouri,  Ohio,  and 
other  States  is  organized. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  (O.  S.  Presbyterian)  Synod 
of  Memphis  is  organizetl. 

*  *  ]'a.  The  General  Assembly  (c»,  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Richmond  ;  Jas. 
H.  Thornwell,  moderator. 

*  *  Vt.  The  Free  Baptist  Female  Mission 
Society  is  formed  in  Sutton.  [It  contin- 
ued in  operation  for  over  twenty  years.] 

*  *  Wis.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Milwaukee  is  organized. 


tETTERS. 


College 


1846  *  *  K.  J.       Burlington 

(Prot.  Epis.)  is  founded. 

*  *  0.  Farmer's  College  (non-sect.),  at 
College  Hill,  is  organized. 

*  •  Pa.  Bucknell  University  (Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Lewisburg. 

*  *  Phila.  ■Worcester's  Dictionary  is 
published. 

*  *  Tex.  Baylor  University  (Bapt.),  at 
Independence,  is  organized. 

*  *  Wis.  Beloit  College  (Cong.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Beloit. 

*  *  The  Home  Journal  is  founded. 

*  *  Art^  Literature,  and  the  Dramas  by 
Margaret  Fuller  Ossoli,  appears. 

*  *  The  Belfry  of  Bruges,  and  Other  Poems  t 
by  liOngf  eUow,  appears. 

*  *  Mosses  from  an  Old  Manse,  by  Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

*  •  The  Old  Continental^  by  Paulding, 
appears. 

*  *  An  edition  of  Shakespeare,  by  G.  C. 
Verplanck,  appears. 

*  *  Thoughts  on  the  Poets,  by  H.  T.  Tuck- 
erman,  appears. 

*  *  Views  Afoot,  by  Bayard  Taylor,  ap- 
pears. 

1847  *  *  Boston.  The  American  Messenger 
is  first  issued  by  the  American  Tract 
Society. 

*  *  Del.  St.  Mary's  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  founded  at  Wilmington. 

*  *  Iowa  State  University  (non-sect.)  is 
organized  at  Iowa  City. 

*  *  Iowa  College  (Cong.)  is  organized  at 
Grinuell. 

*  *  ///.  The  Chicago  Tribune  is  first 
issued. 

*  *  UlinoisFemaleiCollege(^Ieth,Epi8.) 
is  founded  in  Jacksonville. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Massachusetts  Qttarterly 
Review  appears. 

*  *  The  Springfield  liepublican  appears. 

*  *  Minn.  The  first  school  in  Minnesota 
is  established  at  St.  Paul. 

*  *N.H.  The  Boston  University,  School 
of  Theology  (Metli.  Epis.),  is  founded  at 
Concord. 

*  *  New  York.  The  St,  Francis  Xavier 
College  (Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized. 


*  *  Tlie  Union  Magazine  appears. 

*  *  O.  Otterbein  University  (United 
Brethren),  at  Westerville,  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  Stryker's  American  Register,  a 
quarterly,  appears. 

*  *  fVis.  Lawrence  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Appleton. 

*  *  Evangeline,  by  Iiongfellow,  appears. 

*  *  Fresh  Gleanings,  by  Donald  Grant 
Mitchell,  appears. 

*  *  Conquest  of  Peru,  by  Prescott,  appears. 

*  *  An  edition  of  The  Agamemnon  of  jEs- 
chylus,  by  C.  C.  Felton,  appears. 

*  *  An  edition  of  Panegyricus  of  IsocrateSt 
by  Felton,  appears. 

1848  Jan.  1.  Phila.  Girard  College 
is  opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1847  Mar.  25.  N.  Y.  An  anti-rent 
riot  occurs  in  Columbia  county. 

Dec.  *  K.  Y.    Rise  of  Spiritualism. 
Mysterious     rappings    begin    in     the 
home   of   John  D.  Fox   of   Hydeville; 
much  interest  is  awakened  in  *'  mani- 
festations." 

*  *  Mex.  The  Aztec  Club,  a  military 
organization  of  United  States  officers,  is 
formed  in  the  City  of  Mexico. 

*  *  N.  H.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
making  ten  hours  a  legal  day's  work. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Patriotic  Order  of  Sons 
of  America  is  organized. 

*  *  U.  S.  Starving  Ireland  is  remem- 
bered by  Americans,  and  a  great  out- 
pouring of  gifts  occurs. 

STATE* 

1847  Jan.  14.  New  Mex.  Gov.  Bent 
and  five  other  Americans  are  killed 
In  an  uprising  of  Mexicans  against  the 
authority  of  the  United  States. 

Feb.  8.  Cal.  Col.  Fremont  proclaims 
the  annexation  of  California,  and 
assumes  the  office  of  governor. 

Feb.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Honse 
honors  the  first  appearance  during  the 
session  of  the  venerable  John  Quincy 
Adams,  by  rising  and  suspending  busi- 
ness to  welcome  him. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  The  29th  Congress 
ends. 

July  1.  U.  S.  National  debt  $38,826,- 
534. 

Oct.  •  The  Liberty  Party  Convention 
nominates  John  P.  Hale  of  N.  H.  for 
President,  and  George  "W.  Julian  of 
Ind.  for  Vice-President. 

Dec.6.  D.  C.  The  30th  Congress 
opens. 

Congress;  Senate:  D.  R.  Atchison 
of  Mo.  is  reelected  President  pro  tem- 
pore. House :  Robert  C.  Winthrop 
(\^Tiig)  of  Mass.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Dec.  •  D.  C.  Congress :  Abraham  lan- 
coln  and  Andrew  Johnson  enter  the 
House,  and  Stephen  A.  Douglas  and 
Jefferson  Davis  enter  the  Senate. 

*  *  -48  *  *  Kew  York  William  V.  Brady 
is  elected  the  65th  mayor. 


*  *  U.  S.    Politics  in  the  army. 

The  Government  is  anxious  to  make  a 
Democratic  hero  of  the  war,  and  recalls 
Gen.  Winfield  Scott  (Whig),  after  crip- 
pling Gen.  Zachary  Taylor  (Whig).  Three 
major-generals  and  seven  brigadier-gen- 
erals are  appointed,  —  not  one  of  them  a 
Whig,  or  acquainted  with  service  in  the 
field  or  at  West  Point.  [The  popular 
heroes  are  Whigs,  notwithstanding.] 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaug^urated : 
-49  *  *  Ala.    Reuben  Chapman. 

Cal.(Ttr.).    John  C.  Fremont. 
Gen.  S.  W.  Kearny. 
-49  •  *  Cal.    Col.  R.  B.  Maaon. 
-49  *  *  Conn.    Clark  Bissell. 
-51  ♦  *  Ga.    Geo.  W.  B.  Towns. 
-50  *  *  Me.     John  W.  Dana. 

Mich.    Wm.  L.  Greenly, 
-49  *  *  N.  H.    Jared  W.  Williams. 
-49  *  *  R.  I.    Elisha  Harris. 
-49  ♦  *  Tenn.    Neil  S.  Brown. 
-49  *  *  Tex.    George  T.  Wood. 
1848    Feb.  2.    The  Treaty  of  Guada- 
lupe Hidalgo  is  signed. 

Mexico  ce<le8  New  Mexico  and  Upper 
California  (5'22,J>55  square  miles),  and 
accepts  the  Rio  Granule  as  the  boundary  ; 
she  is  to  receive  $15,000,000  and  to  be 
released  from  tlie  payment  of  $3,500,000 
in  debts  due  American  citizens,  which 
the  Government  assumes. 

Feb.  *  Mexican  commissi  loners  ask  that 
the  ceded  territory  be  guaranteed  to 
freedom. 

Mr.  Trist,  the  American  commissioner, 
replies,  "  If  it  were  covered  a  foot  thick 
with  p\ire  gold,  on  the  single  condi- 
tion that  slavery  should  be  ^rever  ex- 
cluded," he  would  not  entertain  the 
offer  for  a  moment. 

California  becomes   a  part  of  the 

United  States  by  the  treaty  with  Mexico. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1847  June  1.  Xew  York.  The  steamer 
Washington  sails,  the  tirstof  the  Collins 
(American)  line. 

July  5.  Chicago.  The  River  and  Har- 
bor Convention  assembles  for  pro- 
moting improvements. 

Nov.  19.  Mo.  A  collision  occurs  on  the 
Mississippi,  near  Cape  Girardeau ;  one 
boat  is  sunk,  and  50  persons  are  drowned. 

Nov.  21.  Wis.  The  steamer  Phcentx 
takes  fire  before  daylight  on  Lake 
Michigan,  near  Sheboygan  ;  160  lives  are 
lost. 

Dec.  29.  Kg.  The  steamboat  A.  N.  John- 
son explodes  her  boiler  on  the  Ohio 
above  Maysville,  and  kills  GO  persons. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens,  in  1S47,  234,968. 

*  *  Ind.  The  city  of  Indianapolis  is  char 
tered  (population  about  6,000). 

*  •  .V.  U.  The  entire  Northern  Rail- 
road  is  opened. 

*  *  1/  S.  Postage  stamps  are  first  used 
(7  years  later  than  in  England). 

*  *  Va.  Hollywood  Cemetery,  at  Rich 
mond,  is  opened, 

*  •  The  Hamburg- American  hne  of 
steamers  is  established  between  New 
York,  Southampton,  and  Hamburg 

1848  Jan.  8.  The  boilers  of  the  steamer 
Blue  Ridge  burst  on  the  Ohio,  and  kiU 
30  persons. 


164     1848^  Mar.  10-  1849,  June  30.      AMERICA : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1848     June  12.     Hex.     The  American 
army  evaouateg  the  city  of  Mexico. 

ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1848  July  4.  J)X'.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  'Washington  Monument,  at  Wash- 
ington, is  laid  by  President  Pollt. 

Nov.  25.  Col.  John  C.  Fremont  starts 
from  Fort  Pueblo  on  his  fourth  explor- 
ing expedition,  seeking  a  route  for  a 
highway  to  the  Pacific. 

•  *  Mass.  G.  P.  Bond  of  the  Harvard 
Observatory  discovers  Hyperion,  the 
seventh  satellite  of  Saturn. 

•  *  N.  Y.  S.  T.  Armstrong  of  Broolclyn 
first  applies  gutta-percha  for  coating 
telegraph  wires. 

•  •  A'ew  York.  W.  C.  Macready  appears 
at  the  Astor  Place  Opera  House. 

•  *  Gutta-percha  is  first  manufactured 
in  this  country. 

»  *  Storming  of  the  TeocaUi  is  painted  by 
Emanuel  Iieutze. 

±  ♦  *  Chromolithography,  a  method  of 
printing  from  stone  in  colors,  is  intro- 
duced. 

•  *  F.  S.  Chanf  rau  produces  his  play,  Mose, 
the  New  York  Fireman,  and  the  Bowery 
Boy. 

1849  Jon.  5.  O.  An  announcement  of 
the  invention  of  the  magnetic  clock 
by  Dr.  Loclce  is  made  by  Lieut.  Matthew 
F.  Maury. 

Mar.  *  +  La.  A  flood  prevails  at  New 
Orleans  ;  the  streets  are  ten  feet  under 
water ;  plantations  are  swept  by  irresist- 
ible currents  ;  damage,  $60,000,000. 

May  12.  La.  A  crevasse  made  in  the 
levee  causes  floods  in  New  Orleans. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1848*  » 

Adams.  John  Quincy.  minister  to  Berlin, 
sen.  for  Mass.,  prof,  in  Harvard,  minister 
to  Eng.,  sec.  of  state,  6lli  I'res.  of  U.  S., 
M.  C.  for  Mass.,  dies  Keb.  23,  A81. 

Astor.  John  Jacob,  financier,  founder  of 
Astor  Library,  .-\8.'>. 

Riddle,  James,  Commodore  II.  S.  N.,  A65. 

ISllss,  Porter  Cornelius,  editor,  b.  in  N.  Y. 

IJrooks,  William  Keith,  naturalist,  b.  inO. 

Iturljeelt,  Henry,  officer  of  tiie  Itev.,  A94. 

Claxton,  Kate,  actor,  bom  in  N.  Y. 

Cole,  Thomas,  painter,  A47. 

Crain,  William  II.,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  b.  Tex. 

Horsey,  James  Owen,  phyaioist,  born. 

Euloe,  Henj.  .\.,  M.  C.  for  Tenn.,  b.  in  Tenn. 

Farnbain,  'hioiuas  .Jefferson,  traveler,  A44. 

Kitch,  Ashbel  I'..  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  N.  Y. 

<.;uthrie,  .Samuel,  chemist,  inventor,  dies. 

Hansbrough,  Henry  C,  sen.  for  N.  D.,  b.  111. 

Harris,  Joel  Chandler,  author,  born  in  <;a. 

Harrison,  James  .\ll>ert,  phi]anth.,b.  inMiss. 

Kearny,  Stephen  Watts,  maj.-gen.,  A64. 

MacKenzie,  Alex.  Slidell,  naval  ofllcer,  A45. 

Martin,  Henry  Newell,  biologist,  itorn  in  Tre. 

Mason,  Jeremiah,  lawyer,  sen.  for  N.  11.,  A80. 

Mereditli,  Elisha  E.,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  b.  in  Ala. 

Newlands,  V.  (1.,  M.  C.  for  Nev.,  b.  in  Miss. 

Olds,  (iaiualitl  .S.,  prof,  of  math.,  .\7I. 

Pettigrew,  Richard  I".,  sen.  for  S.  I>.,  b.  Vt. 

Russell,  Sol  Smith,  actor,  born  in  Mo. 

Snodgrass,  Henry  C,  M.  C.  for  Tenn.,  bom 
in  Tenn. 

Sperry,  Lewis,  M.  C.  for  Conn.,  b.  in  Conn. 

Wells,  Horace,  dentist,  introduces  anesthe- 
sia, A  3.3. 

Wheaton,  Henry,  jurist,  diplomatist,  .\63. 

Wheeler,  Hamilton  K.,  M.  C.  for  111.,  born 
in  N.  Y. 

Wolcott,  Edward  O.,  sen.  for  Col.,  b.  Mass. 


CHURCH. 

1848  May  1-June  1.  Pa.  The  15th 
General  Conference  (Methodist  Epis- 
copal) is  held  at  Pittsburg. 

The  plan  of  separation  on  the  slavery 
question  is  declared  null  and  void. 

The  East  Maine,  New  York  East, 
and  Wisconsin  conferences,  and  the 
California  and  Oregon  Mission  confer- 
ences are  formed. 

June  10.  Va.  The  Second  Baptist 
Convention  (Southern)  is  held  at  Rich- 
mond. 

June  14.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Kingston;  Thos.  E. 
Vermilye,  president. 

July  13.  Ore.  The  Congregational  Asso- 
ciation of  Oregon  is  organized. 

Sept.  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Ee- 
formed)  meets  at  Brooklyn;  Thos.  E. 
Vermilye,  president. 

Oct.  10.  111.  An  incendiary  destroys 
the  Mormon  Temple  at  Nauvoo. 

*  *  The  Iowa  Eldership  (Church  of  God) 
is  organized. 

*  »  Ind.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  of  Olive  Branch  is  orga- 
nized. 

•  •  Ind.  The  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

♦  *  Md.  The  Ladies'  China  Mission- 
ary Society  of  Baltimore  is  formed  by 
Methodists. 

♦  *  Md.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Baltimore  ;  Alex. 
T.  McGill,  moderator. 

*  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  meets. 

*  »  N.  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held  at  Troy. 

•  »  Tex.  The  Texas  State  Association  of 
Baptists  is  formed. 

•  •  Wis.  The  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

The  Protestant  Episcopal  Society  for 
the  Promotion  of  Evangelical  Liter- 
ature is  incorporated. 
»  *  Father  John  Bapst,  Jesuit,  becomes  a 
missionary  to  the  Indians  at  Oldtown. 

•  ♦  The  American  Missionary  Asso- 
ciation begins  work,  with  much  peril, 
in  the  South  among  both  whites  and 
blacks. 

1849  June  13.  Phila.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

LETTERS. 
1848  •  ♦  Conn.     The  American    Church 
Review  appears  at  New  Haven. 

•  *  Mass.  The  scientific  department  of 
Harvard  University  is  established,  chief- 
ly by  Abbott  Lawrence. 

The  Essex  Institute  Library  is 
founded  at  Salem.    [34,800  vols.] 

*  *  Miss.  The  University  of  Missis- 
sippi (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Oxford. 

*  »  New  Yorl;.  College  of  the  City  of 
New  York  (non-sect.)  is  organized. 


The  Journal  of  Commerce,  the  Courier 
and  Examiner,  the  Tribune,  the  Herald, 
the  Sun,  and  the  Express  unite  in  form- 
ing the  Associated  Press. 

*  •  N.  Y.  Chester  A.  Arthur  [Presi- 
dent] graduates  at  Union  College. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Geneva  College  (Eef. 
Pres.)  is  organized  at  Beaver  Falls. 

Augustinian  College  (Rom.  Cath.)  of 
St.  Thomas,  Villanova,  is  incorporated. 

*  ♦  0.  The  Ohio  Practical  Farmer  ap- 
pears at  Cleveland. 

»  *  Tenn.  Burritt  College  (Disciples)  is 
founded  at  Spencer. 

*  *  Tenn.  Union  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Murfreesboro. 

*  »  Wis.  The  University  of  'Wisconsin 
(non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Madison. 

*  *  The  Biglow  Papers,  by  James  Bus- 
sell  LoweU,  appear. 

*  *  A  Fable  far  Critics,  by  LoweU,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Indian  Summer  Reverie,  by  Lowell, 
appears. 

*  •  Notes  on  the  Iroguoii,  by  H.  E.  School- 
craft, appears. 

*  •  Oak  Openings,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  New  Rnpe  of  the  Lock,  by  J.  G.  Saie, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Rosary,  by  E.  E.  Hale,  appears. 

*  *  The  Vision  of  Sir  Launfal,  by  Low- 
ell, appears. 

1849  Apr.  25.  Minn.  St.  Paul  has  its 
first  newspaper.  The  Pioneer. 

SOCIETY. 

1848  May*  Pa.  The  Methodist  Gen- 
eral Conference  at  Pittsburg  forbids 
members  buying,  selling,  or  drinking 
intoxicating  beverages. 

Aug.  3.  N.  Y.  A  'Woman's  Bights 
Convention  at  Rochester  claims  suf- 
frage, preaching,  teaching,  and  property 
rights. 

Aug.  22.  Mo.  Lient.  U.  S.  Grant,  26 
years  of  age,  marries  Julia  T.  Dent  of 
St.  Louis. 

*  *  Miss.  Jefferson  Davis  declines,  on 
proslavery  grounds,  to  vote  for  his 
father-in-law.  General  Zachary  Taylor, 
the  Whig  candidate  for  the  presidency. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Century  Club  is 
formed.    (1847?). 

*  *  O.  James  A.  Garfield,  15  years  old, 
enters  the  employ  of  his  cousin ;  he 
drives  mules  along  the  Pennsylvania 
and  Ohio  Canal. 

*  *  Ore.  The  prohibitory  liquor  law  is 
repealed. 

*  *  Utah.  Another  migration  of  Mor- 
mons brings  them  to  Salt  Lake. 

*  *  The  Unitarian  Society  for  the  Belief 
of  Aged  and  Destitute  Clergymen  is 
formed. 

*  *  Nearly  300,000  volunteers  offer 
to  enter  the  ranks  against  Mexico. 

1849  May  10.  New  York.  Astor 
Place  riot. 

Friends  of  Edwin  Forrest  decide  tli;it 
William  C.  Macready  shall  not  act  in  the 


J 


UNITED  STATES.  1848,  Mar.  10-1849,  June  30.  165 


fity.  Tlie  theater  is  assaulted,  militia 
.■ailed  out ;  '22  persons  are  kil!e<l,  and  30 
wounded.   Macready  escapes  in  disguise. 

June  30.  New  York.  Father  Mathew 
arrives  from  Ireland  :  is  welcomed  by 
the  City  Council,  and  addresses  are  pre- 
sented by  the  board  of  aldermen  and  the 
American  Temperance  Union. 


STATE. 

1848  Mar.  10.  D.  C.  Congress :  The 
Senate  adopts  the  treaty  made  with 
Mexico  by  the  commissioner,  with 
some  modifications. 

Apr.  12.  N.  r.  The  new  code  of  laws 
is  adopted. 

Apr.  13.  X>.  C.  Congress  by  resolution 
congrattilates  the  French  people  on 
the  formation  of  a  republic. 

*  *  iV.  y.  The  Democracy  sends  rival 
delegations  to  the  National  Convention 
at  Baltimore ;  the  Barnburners,  follow- 
ers of  Silas  Wright,  the  Hvinkers,  fol- 
lowers of  Wm.  L.  Marcy.  These  are  re- 
spectively the  antislavery  and  the  pro- 
slavery  wings  of  the  party. 

May  20.  il/ex.  The  United  States  com- 
missioners, A.  H.  Sevier  and  N.  Clifford, 
sign  articles  of  peace  at  Queretaro 
with  Signor  I)e  la  Kosa,  the  Mexican 
minister. 

May  22-26.  ^f(!.  The  Democratic  Na- 
tional Convention  meets  at  Baltimore, 
and  nominates  Lewis  Cass  of  Midi,  for 
President,  and  "William  O.  Butler  of 
Ky.  for  Vice-President. 

The  Barnburners,  or  Free-Soil  Demo- 
crats, withdraw  from  the  Convention, 
because  of  its  proslavery  attitude. 

May  29.  D.  C.  Congress  admits  Wis- 
consin into  the  Union  as  the  30th  State. 

June  7-9.  Pliila.  The  Whig  National 
Convention  meets,  and  nominates 
Zachary  Taylor  of  La.  for  President, 
and  Millard  Fillmore  of  N.  Y.  for 
Vice-President. 

The  Convention  rejects  a  resolution 
favorable  to  the  prohibition  of  slavery 
in  the  Territories,  and  several  Free-Soil 
Whigs  withdraw. 

June  22.  N.  T.  The  Barnburners 
assemble  a  Democratic  Convention 
at  Utica,  and  nominate  Martin  Van 
Buren  of  N.  Y.  for  the  presidency. 

July  1.    National  debt  $47,044,862. 

July  4.    n.  C.    Peace  with  Mexico  is 

proclaimed. 

Aug.  9, 10.  A'.  Y.  A  convention  of  the 
new  Free-Soil  Party  is  held. 

It  meets  at  Buffalo,  and  is  composed 
of  Barnburners,  antislavery  Whigs, 
and  Abolitionists.  Salmon  P.  Chase  is 
president.  Delegates  are  present  from 
all  the  Free  States;  also  from  Delaware, 
Maryland,  Virginia,  and  the  District  of 
Columbia.  Martin  Van  Buren  is  nom- 
inated for  tlie  presidency,  and  Charles 
Francis  Adams  for  Vice-President.  (It 
is  tlie  germ  of  the  Republican  party.) 

Summer.  Ky.  Henry  Clay  is  enraged 
at  the  nomination  of  '*  Kough  and 
Ready  "  (Gen.  Taylor)  by  the  Whig  con- 
vention, and  withdraws  from  activity 
in  the  campaign. 


Aug.  14.  T>.  <:  The  30th  Congress  : 
the  lirst  session  closes. 

Congress  organizes  Oregon  as  a  Ter- 
ritory. 

Bummer.  N.  Y.  "William  H.  Seward, 
Thiu:low  "Weed,  and  Horace  Greeley 
dominate  the  politics  of  the  State. 

Sept.+  *  U.  S.  Gen.  Taylor's  canvass  is 
called  a  Star-and-Stripes  canvass. 

Nov.  7.  U.  S.  16th  presidential  elec- 
tion; Whigs  are  elected. 

Popular  vote:  Zachary  Taylor  (Whig) 
of  La.,  1,360,101 ;  Lewis  Cass  (Dem.)  of 
Mich.,  1,220,544 ;  Martin  Van  Buren 
(Free-Soil)  of  N.  Y.,  291,263. 

Nov.  *  Afass.  Conscience  "Whigs  re- 
fuse to  vote  for  Gen.  Taylor  (a  slave- 
holder), on  antislavery  grounds. 

Dec.  4.  D.  C.  The  30th  Congress :  the 
second  session  opens. 

Dec.  15.  A  postal  convention  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States 
is  signed. 

*  *  o.C.  Congress :  The  House  declares 
it  expedient  and  constitutional  for 
the  General  Government  to  promote 
river  and  harbor  improvements. 
Vote,  112-53. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress :  Jefferson  Davis 
is  elected  senator  from  Mississippi. 

Dec.  27.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  bill  for  the  abolition  of  sla- 
very in  the  District  of  Colimabia. 
Vote,  98-87.  [It  afterward  reconsiders 
the  motion  and  then  postpones  action.] 

*  *  Cal.  The  discovery  of  gold  hastens 
emigration  [and  soon  disturbs  the 
political  equation  by  a  preponderating 
North  and  West  devoted  to  free  soil]. 

*  *  D.  C.  President  Polk  authorizes  the 
United  States  minister  at  Madrid  to 
offer  Spain  $100,000,000  for  Cuba ; 
he  obtains  a  curt  refusal. 

*  *  New  York.  William  F.  Havemeyer 
is  elected  the  66th  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-52  •  *  Ark.    John  S.  Roane. 

-49  *  *  Ind.    Paris  0.  Dunning. 
-50  *  *  Ky.    Jolm  J.  Crittenden. 
-53  *  *  Mo.    Austin  A.  King. 
-49  *  *  Mich.    Epaphroditus  Ransom. 
-50  *  *  Ml»s.    Joseph  W.  Matthews. 
-51*  ♦A'.  J.    Daniel  Haines. 

Pa.  Wm.  F.  Johnson. 
-50  *  *  S.C.  W.  B.  Seabrook. 
-51  *  *  Wis.    Nelson  Dewey. 

1849  Feb.  11.  The  electoral  vote  is 
counted. 

Vote  for  President:  Taylor,  163;  Cass, 
127  ;  Van  Buren,  0.  Vote  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent :  Millard  Fillmore  (Whig)  of  N.  Y., 
163  ;  William  O.  Butler  (Dem.)  of  Ky., 
127  :  Charles  F.  Adams  (Free-Soil)  of 
Mass.,  0. 

Mar.  3.    J),  r.    Congress  creates  the 
Department  of   the  Interior;  it  or- 
ganizes Minnesota  as  a  Territory. 
The  30th  Congress  ends. 

The  Twelfth  Administration;  Whig. 

Mar.  5.  D.  C.  Zachary  Taylor  of  La. 
is  inaugurated  the  12th  President,  in 
the  16th  term  of  the  presidency.    Mil- 


lard Fillmore  of  New  York  is  Vice- 
President. 

Cabinet :  John  M.  Clayton  of  Del. 
(State),  "Wm.  M.  Meredith  of  Pa. 
(Treas.),  Geo.  "W.  Crawford  of  Ga. 
(War),  Wm.  B.  Preston  of  Va.  (Navy), 
Thomas  Ewing  of  O.  (Interior),  Jacob 
CoUamer  of  Vt.  (P.  M.-Gen.),  and 
Reverdy  Johnson  of  Md.  (Atty.-Gen.). 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1848  May  10.  Mich.  A  great  fire 
occurs  in  Detroit. 

May  27.  The  steamer  Clarksville  bums 
on  the  Mississippi,  near  Ozark  Island ; 
more  than  30  lives  are  lost. 

June  29.  N.  Y.  The  Croton  aqueduct 
bridge  over  the  Harlem  River,  1,400  ft. 
long,  is  completed. 

Aug.  9.  III.  A  flue  of  the  steamer  Ed- 
ward Bates  collapses  on  the  Mississippi, 
near  Hamburg ;  53  persons  are  killed, 
and  404njured. 

Aug.  17.  N.  Y.  A  fire  bums  several 
hundred  buildings  at  Albany;  loss, 
$1,000,000. 

Aug.  22.  New  Eng.  A  train  of  cars 
runs  from  Springfield  to  Hartford,  26 
miles,  in  33  minutes. 

Aug,  24.  The  ship  Ocean  Monarch,  of 
Boston,  is  burned  near  Liverpool ;  170 
lives  are  lost. 

Sept.  9.  N.  Y.  A  fire  in  Brooklyn  burns 
300  buildings  ;  loss,  $1,500,000. 

Oct.  25.  Boston.  Cochituate  water  is 
introduced. 

Nov.  14.  JV.  Y.  The  first  public  lec- 
ture is  given  on  spirit-rappings  at 
Rochester. 

Nov.*  Cal.  A  great  emigration  to  Cali- 
fornia begins. 

Dec.  8.  Cal.  The  first  deposit  of  gold  is 
made  in  the  U.  S.  Mint. 

Dec.  16.  New  York.  The  Park  Theater 
is  burned. 

Deo.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
.  aliens,  in  1848,  226,527. 

»  *  III.  Tlie  canal  connecting  Lake  Michi- 
gan with  the  Illinois  River  is  completed. 

*  •Jlfos*.  Forest  Hills  Cemetery  is  es- 
tablished, near  Boston. 

*  •  Mo.    St.  Louis  is  lighted  with  gas. 

*  *  N.  T.  Calvary  Cemetery  (Roman 
Catholic),  near  New  York,  is  opened. 

Cypress  Hill  Cemetery,  near  New  York, 
is  dedicated. 
Brooklyn  is  lighted  with  gas. 

*  *ir.  To.  The  suspension  bridge  (1,010 
feet)  across  the  Ohio  at  Wheeling  is 
opened. 

*  *  Guano  is  first  introduced. 

1849  Jan.  9.  Cal.  The  first  regular 
banking-house  is  opened  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

May  17.    Mo.    A  fire  at  St.  Louis  burns 

23  steamboats  and  15  blocks  of  houses  ; 

loss  about  $3,000,000. 
June  26.    La.     The  great   crevaase  In 

the   levee  of   the  Mississippi   River  is 

stopped. 


166     1849,  June* -1850,  Sept.  30.        AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

THE  FIFTEENTH  WAK. 
1849  *  *  The    Apache,   Navajo,   and 
Utah  War.    Men  enrolled,  1,500  regu- 
lars, and  1,061  militia  and  volunteers; 
total,  2561. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —NATURE. 
1849  July  16.    Mass.   Frost  appears  at 

Pittsfield;  — the   mercury  stood   at   90* 

during  the  previous  day. 
Aug.  21.    Md.    A  National   Convention 

of  inventors  meets  at  Baltimore. 
Sept.  10.     Mass.     Edwin    Booth,    yet 

under  16  years  of  age,  makes  his  first 

appearance  on  the  stage,  in  Boston. 

*  *  III.  Abraham  Lincoln  [the  future 
President]  secures  letters  patent  on  the 
model  of  a  boat  for  lifting  vessels  over 
shoals. 

*  *  N.J.  A  process  for  the  condensation 
of  milk  is  invented  by  Gail  Borden  of 
Newark. 

*  *  New  York.  Jared  B.  Flagg  and  Fred- 
erick E.  Church  become  members  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  ♦  Utah.  The  Great  Salt  Lake  Valley- 
is  surveyed  by  order  of  the  United  States 
Government. 

*  *  Mount  }Vashi7igton  from  North  Con- 
way is  painted  by  J.  F.  Kensett. 

*  *  Thomas  Crawford  receives  a  com- 
mission from  the  State  of  Virginia  to 
execute  a  colossal  equestrian  statue  of 
Washington. 

1850  May  24.  New  York.  Henry 
Grinnell's  Expedition  departs  in 
search  of  Sir  John  Franklin  in  the  Arc- 
tic Sea. 

It  sails  in  the  Advance  and  Rescue 
under  Lieut.  Edwin  T.  De  Haven  and 
Dr.  Elisha  Iv.  Kane.  [They  succeed  in 
entering  Baffin  Bay,  and  return  with 
their  vessels  in  October,  1851,  but  search 
in  vain  for  Sir  John  Franklin's  expe- 
dition.] 

Jtme  29.  N.  Y.  Part  of  Table  Rock  at 
Niagara  Falls  gives  way. 

Aug.  19.  New  York.  F.  B.  Conway 
makes  his  first  appearance  in  America,  at 
the  Broadway  Theater. 

Sept.  1.  New  York.  Arrival  of  Jenny 
liind,  the  "  Swedish  Nightingale."  She 
is  greeted  with  immense  enthusiasm. 

Sept.  11.  Nev)  York.  Jenny  Lind  first 
appears  on  the  American  stage,  at  Castle 
Garden,  before  7,000  persons  ;  first-night 
receipts,  $30,000 ;  $225  is  paid  for  the  first 
ticket  sold. 


Haugen,  Nils  P.,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  born  in 

Norway. 
Jewett,  Sarah  Orne,  author,  born  In  Me. 
Johnston,  Alexander,  publicist,  author,  b. 

in  N.V. 
Jones,  William  A.,  M.  C.  for  Va.,b.  in  Va. 
Joy,  Charles  K.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  born  in  111. 
Lazarus,  Kinma,  poet,  A  38. 
Lyon,   Mary,    founder  of    Mount   Ilolyoke 

Seminary,  AM. 
Merrill,  Joseph,  M.  E.  cl.,  A64, 
Miller,  "William,  Advent  preacher,  A68. 
Poe,  Edg^ar  Allan,  poet, editor,  A40. 
PoDc,  James  K.,  M.  C.  for  Tenn.,  speaker, 

<.;ov.  of  Tenn.,  11th  Pres.  U.  S.,  A54. 
Read,  Nathan,  inventor  of  nail-machine,  A90. 
Scbwatka,  Frederick,  Arctic  explorer,  born 

in  III. 
Tappan,  William  Binf;hani,  poet,  A55. 
Taylor,  Alfred  A.,  M.  C.  for  Tenn. 
Turpin,  Louis  W.,  M.  C.  for  Ala.,  b.  Va. 
Worth.  Wm  J.,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A,,  A45. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1849 •  * 

Abbott,  Benjamin,  educator,  A 87. 
Hlanchard,  Newton  C,  M.  C.  for  La.,  b.  La. 
Itoatner,  Charles  J.,  M.  C.  for  La.,  b.  in  La. 
Iturgess,  Neil,  actor,  born  in  Mass. 
Hurnett,  Frances  Eliza  Hodgson,  novelist, 

born  in  Eng. 
Chase,  Wdliam  M.,  painter,  born  in  Ind. 
Chauncey,  Charles,  lawyer,  A72. 
Danenhower,  John  Wilson,  explorer,  born. 
Davenport.  Fanny,  actor,  born  in  Eng. 
Farrar,  Timothy,  scholar.  Judge,  A 102. 
Gaines,  Edmund  Pendleton,  of  Va.,  brig.- 

gen.  U.  S.  A.,  A72 
Gallatin.  Albert.  Swisg-Ameriran,  leader 

of  Kepublicans,  sen.  for  I'a.,  sec.  of  treas. 

A  88, 
Goodnight,  Isaac  11.,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  b,  Ky. 


CHURCH. 

1849  June  *  New  York.  The  General 
Synod  (Reformed)  meets  ;  George  H. 
Fisher,  president.  [Again,  at  Schenec- 
tady in  August ;  J.  Van  Veckten,  presi- 
dent.] 

Aug,  1,  Tex.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
Diocese  of  Texas  is  established. 

Sept.  21.  Cat.  Wm.  Taylor,  a  Metho- 
dist minister,  arrives  in  California,  and 
soon  begins  mission-work  by  street- 
preaching. 

Dec.  3.  The  trial  of  Bishop  G.  "W.  Doane 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  begins,  [He  sur- 
renders his  property  to  his  creditors, 
and  the  case  is  dismissed.] 

Dec.  16.  Ind.  George  Upfold  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
Indiana. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Pittsburg ;  Nich- 
olas Murray,  moderator. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  (N. 
S.  Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Philip  C.  Hay, 
moderator. 

The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting  is 
held. 

1850  Feb.  24.  Miss.  William  Mercer 
Green  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) bishop  of  Mississippi. 

May*  N.  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual 
Meeting  is  held  at  Buffalo. 

May  23.  The  party  favoring  a  revision 
of  the  Bible  is  defeated  in  the  Baptist 
Annual  Meeting. 

May  *  Mo.  The  2d  General  Confer- 
ence (Metli.  Epis.  South)  meets  at  St. 
Louis. 

Jime  10.  New  York.  The  American 
Bible  Union  is  organized  by  Baptists, 
■who  have  seceded  from  the  American 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society. 

June  12.  N.  Y.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  !N'ew  Jesusalem  meets. 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Poughkeepsie ;  Jer. 
Searle,  president. 

LETTERS. 

1849  *  *  Oa.  Monroe  Female  College 
(Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Forsyth. 

*  *  Mo.  "William  JeweUCoUege(Bapt.) 
is  founded  at  Liberty. 

♦  *  New  York.  V  Eco  d' Italia  is  founded 
by  political  refugees. 


*  *  New  York.  The  Astor  Library  is 
founded  [260,611  vols.]  by  John  Jacob 
Astor,  by  the  gift  of  $400,000. 

*  *  Ohio  Central  College  (non-sect.)  is 
organized  at  Iberia. 

*  *  O.  Oxford  CoUege  (Pres.)  is  organ- 
ized at  Oxford. 

*  *  Pa.  University  of  liCwisburg 
(Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Lewisburg. 

*  *  Tenn.  Hiwassee  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  organized  at  Hiwassee. 

Carson-Newman  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Mossy  Creek. 

*  *  Wis.  Ijawrence  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  opened. 

*  *  Wis.  The  Wisconsin  State  Historical 
Society  liibrary  is  founded  at  Madison. 
[55,361  vols.] 

*  *  The  California  and  Oregon  Trail,  by 
Francis  Parkman,  appears. 

*  *  Characteristics  of  Literature,  by  Tuck- 
er man,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Goldsmith,  by  Irving,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  Spanish  Literatitre,  by 
George  Ticknor,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  United  States,  by  Rich- 
ard Hildreth,  appears. 

*  *  Kavanaugh,  by*IiongfeUow,  appears. 

*  *  Lectures  on  Subjects  Connected  with 
Literature  and  Life,  by  Edwin  P.  Whip- 
ple, appears. 

*  *  Poems,  by  J.  T.  Fields,  appears. 

*  ♦  God  in  Christ,  by  Horace  Bushnell, 
appears. 

*  *  Lowell  Lectures  on  the  Application  of 
Metaphysical  and  Ethical  Science  to  the 
Evidences  of  Religion,'by  Boweu,  appears. 


SOCIETY. 

1849  Dec.  20.  D.  C.  President  Tyler 
gives  a  banquet  at  the  "White  House 
to  Father  Mathew ;  the  Senate  votes 
the  extraordinary  distinction  to  admit 
him  to  the  bar  of  the  Senate. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Elizabeth  Blackwell  receives 
the  first  degree  of  M.  D.  given  in  the 
United  States  to  a  woman. 

It  is  bestowed  by  the  Medical  School 
at  Geneva,  after  being  refused  in  New 
York,  Philadelphia,  and  Boston. 

*  *  The  Bloomer  costume,  resembling  a 
Turkish  jacket  and  trousers,  is  intro- 
duced by  Mrs.  Ann  Bloomer. 

*  *  The  Fugitive-Slave  Law  is  vio- 
lated. 

People  of  the  North  give  great  offense 
to  the  people  of  the  South  by  helping 
men,  women  and  children  of  color  to 
secure  their  freedom,  Instead  of  assist- 
ing those  who  would  enslave  them,  un- 
der laws  forbidding  their  education,  and 
providing  no  defense  for  marriage,  etc. 

1850  Apr,  22.  Mass.  The  banns  of 
marriage  are  legally  published  for  the 
last  time  in  this  State. 

Apr.  25.  La.  General  Nareisso  Lopez 
sails  from  New  Orleans  with  300  fili- 
busters to  invade  Cuba. 

May  19.  Cuba.  Gen.  Lopez  lands  at 
Cardeuas  and  defeats  a  Spanish  force, 
but  soon  abandons  the  enterprise   for 


UNITED    STATES.  1849,  June  *-1850,  Sept.  30.    1G7 


lack  of  support  by  deserters  from  the 
Si>;iiii8h  army  and  by  the  Cubans. 

Sept.  20  ±.  New  York.  Jenny  Lind  be- 
stows $10,000  upon  several  worthy  c-liari- 
ties  of  the  city. 

STATE. 

1849   Julyl.  National  debt  $63,061 ,858. 

Sept.  1.  Cal.  A  convention  at  Monterey 
Yorms  a  State  constitution  for  Cali- 
fornia. 

Dee.  3.  D.  C.  The  Slst  Congress 
opens. 

The  Democrats  have  a  strong  majority 
in  the  Senate  ;  the  Free-Soilers  hold  the 
balance  of  power  between  the  Demo- 
crats and  Whigs. 

Deo.  »  D.C.  Congress  j  House  :  After  a 
struggle  of  three  weeks  Howell  Cobb 
(Dem.)  of  Ga.  is  elected  Speaker  on  the 
sixty-third  ballot. 

Dec.  *  T>.  C.  The  President  recommends 
that  California  be  received  into  the 
Union  (Free  State). 

Dec.  +  *  D.  C.  Congress :  Exciting 
debates  occur  on  the  slavery  ques- 
tion; several  Southern  members 
threaten  secession  and  civil  war  if 
slavery  is  excluded  from  the  Territories. 

Dec.  *  Cal.  The  people  adopt  a  consti- 
tution by  a  popular  vote,  and  choose 
P.  H.  Burnett  as  the  first  governor. 

•  *  D.C.  Congress :  The  Senate  is  emi- 
nent for  its  ability.  ["  At  no  time  in 
its.  history,  before  or  since,  has  its  mem- 
bership been  so  illustrious,  its  weight 
of  character  and  ability  so  great."  — 
Blaine.] 

•  '-SI*  *  New  York.  Caleb  S.  Wood- 
hull  is  elected  the  67th  mayor. 

•  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-53  *  ♦  Ala.    Henry  W.  CoUier. 

Cal.  (Ter.).    Gen.  B.  Eiley. 
-51  *  *  Cal.    P.  H.  Burnett. 
-60  *  *  Conn.    Joseph  Trumbull. 
-53  *  *  Fla.    Thomas  Brown. 
-67  *  ♦  Tnd.    Joseph  A.  Wright. 
-63  *  *  .Ifirm.  (Ter.).    Alex.  Kamsey 
-61  *  *  N.  C.    Charles  Manley. 
-62  *  *  A'.  H.    Samuel  Dinsmore. 
-51  •  *  N.Y.    Hamilton  Fish. 
-60  *  *  O.    Seabury  Ford. 

Ore.  (Ter.).    Joseph  Lane. 
-63  *  *  Ore.  [Ter.).    John  P.  Gaines. 
-61  *  *  H.  I.    Henry  B.  Anthony. 
-61  •  •  Term.    Wm.  Trousdale. 
-63  *  *  Tex.    P.  Hansborough  Bell. 

•  -62  •  *  ra.    John  B.  Floyd. 
-60  *  ♦  rt.    Carlos  Cooli<ige. 

1850     Feb.  5,  6.     D.   C.     Congress; 

Senate:  Henry  Clay  introduces  a  bill 
for  compromising  the  slavery  contro- 
versy.   (See  Sept.  9.) 

Mar.  7.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Daniel  "Webster  delivers  his  memo- 
rable speech  against  his  antislavery 
friends,  who  regard  it  as  a  betrayal. 
Webster  asserts  that  the  South  has 
monopolized  three-fourths  of  the  places 
of  honor  and  emolument,  under  the 
Federal  Government,  ever  since  the 
Union  was  formed. 


Apr.  10.  The  Bui wer- Clayton  Treaty 
is  concluded. 

It  provides  that  neither  England  nor 
the  United  States  shall  obtain  exclusive 
control  over  the  Central  American  Inter- 
Ocean  Canal,  or  erect  any  fortification 
in  that  country. 

Congress;  Senate:  After  prolonged 
debate,  the  Compromise  Bill  is  referred 
to  a  Committee  of  13. 

May  6.  D.C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  'Wil- 
liam R.  King  of  Ala.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent pro  tempore. 

June  3.  Tenn.  South  Carolina  and  Mis- 
sissippi legislatures  issue  a  call  for  a 
Southern  Congress,  to  frame  a  govern- 
ment for  a  *'  United  States  South." 
[A  disunion  assembly  meets  at  Nash- 
ville ;  it  is  thinly  attended,  and  treated 
with  ridicule]. 

July  1.   U.  S.  National  debt  $63,462,773. 

July  9.    B.  C.    President  Taylor  dies. 

July  10.  D.  C.  The  Vice-President, 
Millard  Fillmore  of  N.  Y.,  is  inaugu- 
rated the  13th  President. 

Thirteenth  Administration;  Whig. 

Cabinet :  Daniel  W^ebster  of  Mass. 
(State),  Thomas  Corwin  of  O.  (Treas.), 
Charles  M.  Comrad  of  La.  (War), 
Jas.  A.  Pearoe  of  Md.  (Interior),  Wm. 
A.  Graham  of  N.  C.  (Navy),  Nathan 
K.  Hall  of  N.  T.  (P.  M.-Gen.),  and 
John  J.  Crittenden  of  Ky.  (Atty-Gen.), 
[Alex.  H.  H.  Stuart  of  Va.  Interior]. 

July  *  D.  C.  President  Fillmore  favors 
compromise  measures  with  slavery. 

•  *  The  Democrats  of  the  South  are  di- 
vided into  Union  men  and  Southern 
Bights  men. 

Aug.  6  +.  D.  C.  Congress :  A  long 
and  exceedingly  violent  struggle 
occurs  in  connection  with  the  bill  to 
receive  the  Free  State  of  California 
without  its  being  paired  with  a  new 
Slave  State. 

Aug.  14.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Jefferson  Davis  and  others  vainly  at- 
tempt to  have  entered  on  the  journal 
their  protest  against  the  wrong  done 
to  the  slave-holding  States,  in  giving 
the  entire  Paciiic  Coast  to  freedom. 

Sept.  9.  New  Mexico  and  Utah  Terri- 
tories are  organized. 

— —  n.  C.  Henry  Clay's  compromise 
sectu'es  the  admission  of  California 
as  a  free  State. 

It  provides  for  the  payment  of  $10,000,- 
000  to  Texas  for  her  claim  to  New  Mexico, 
and  the  organization  of  Utah  and  New 
Mexico  Territories  without  any  commit- 
tal respecting  slavery,  for  the  prohibi- 
tion of  the  slave-trade  with  the  insti- 
tution undisturbed  in  the  District  of 
Columbia,  and  the  execution  of  the 
Fugitive-Slave  Law.  It  is  opposed  by 
Senators  .Seward,  Wade,  Stevens  (of 
Pa.),  Fessenden,  and  others. 

Congress  admits  Cahf  omia  into  the 

Union  as  the  31st  State. 

Sept.  10.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  Fugitive-Slave  Bill.  Vote, 
109-9r>. 

It  imposes  a  fine  of  $1,000  and  6  months 
imprisonment  on  any  person  harboring 


a  fugitive  slave,  or  aiding  him  to  escape. 

It  terrorizes  about  20,000  fugitives  in  the 
North,  and  creates  great  indignation. 

Sept.  18.    D.C.    President  Fillmore  signs 

the  Fugitive-Slave  Law. 
Sept.  30.    D.  C.    The  31st   Congress.: 

the  first  session  closes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1849  Aug.  17.  jV.  r.  A  fire  at  Albany 
burns  600  buildings,  besides  steamboats, 
etc.;  24  acres  are  wasted  ;  loss,  $3,000;000. 

Sept.  27.  N.  Y.  Owego  is  almost  de- 
stroyed by  fire. 

Oct.  1.  N.Y.  The  Hudson  River  Eail- 
road  is  opened  to  Peekskill. 

Nov.  12.  The  ship  Caleb  Grimshaw 
bums  at  sea ;  339  passengers  are  res- 
cued, 60  perish  on  a  raft. 

Nov.  15.  La.  The  steamboat  Lo^d8iana 
explodes  at  New  Orleans,  killing  60 
persons. 

Dec.  29.  La.  A  great  crevasse  is  made 
in  the  levee,  40  miles  above  New  Orleans. 

Dec.  31.  K.  Y.  The  Hudson  River 
Railroad  is  opened  as  far  as  Pough- 
keepsie. 

IT.  S.      Immigrants    and    other 

aliens  in  1849,  297,024. 

Production  of  gold  for  1849,  $40,000,- 
000  ;  of  silver,  $50,000. 

*  *  Conn.  Evergreen  Cemetery,  at  New 
Haven,  is  dedicated. 

*  *  n.C.  Oak  Hill  Cemetery,  at  George- 
town, is  incorporated. 

*  *  Mo.  Belle  Fontaine  Cemetery  is  es- 
tablished. 

*  *  U.  S.  Cholera  prevails,  and  many 
deaths  occur.  In  New  York,  5,071  ;  St. 
Louis,  4,557;  Philadelphia,  1,022:  Buf- 
falo, 858 ;  Nashville,  805  ;  Chicago,  678  ; 
Boston,  611. 

*  *  Gold  dollars  are  first  coined. 

1850  Jan.  8.  N.  Y.  The  first  ship  en- 
ters the  dry-dock  at  Brooklyn. 

Feb.  4.  Kew  York.  Seventy-five  persons 
are  killed  by  a  street  explosion. 

Feb.  12.  Phila.  The  original  mann- 
scrlpt  of  Washington's  Farewell  Ad- 
dress is  sold  at  auction  for  $2,300. 

June  14.  Cal.  A  fire  in  San  Francisco 
consumes  300  buildings. 

June  17.  The  steamer  Griffith  on  Lake 
Erie  is  burned,  and  300  lives  are  lost. 

June  *  ['.  f>.  Seventh  Census :  States, 
31  ;  whites,  19,553,068 ;  colored,  3,638,808 
(free  colored  434,495,  slaves  3,204,313); 
total  population,  23,191,876.  Increase, 
35.86  per  cent.  Center  of  population,  23 
miles  southeast  of  Parkersburg,  W.  Va. ; 
westward  movement  in  10 years,  55  miles. 

July  9.  Phila.  A  fire  destroys  35  lives 
and  $1,000,000  in  property ;  100  persons 
are  also  injured. 

Aug.  24.  \.  H.  The  greater  part  of  the 
business  portion  of  Concord  is  destroyed 
by  fire. 


I 


168    1850,  Oct.  1-1851** 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1851    Aug.  *  -Sept.  *  Defeat  of  the  sec- 
ond tiUbtistering   expedition   against 
Cuba;  Gen.  Xjopez  and  480  men  made 
prisoners  by  the  Spaniards. 

Fifty-one  are  shot  by  the  Cuban  au- 
thorities ;  Ijopez  is  garroted,  and  the  rest 
are  sent  to  Spain  [where,  after  some 
negotiations,  they  are  liberated]. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1850  Nov.  4.  New  York,  Signorina 
Teresa  Parodi  first  appears  in  America, 
at  the  Astor  Place  Opera  House. 

Nov.  11.  Aew  York.  Madame  Fonisi 
first  appears  in  America,  at  the  Broad- 
way Theater. 

*  *  Cal.  Wellingtonia  Gigantea,  the 
largest  tree  in  the  world,  is  discovered 
by  W.  Whitehead. 

*  *^fe.  The  Society  of  Natural  Hiatory 
is  organized  in  Portland. 

*  *  N.J.  Gail  Borden  invents  a  meat 
biscuit. 

*  *  Wis.  TlieMusik-Verein  is  established 
at  Milwaukee. 

*  *■  Washington  Crossing  the  Delaware  is 
painted  by  Smanuel  Leutze. 

*  *  A  colossal  statue,  The  Oenius  of  Amer- 
ica, is  executed  by  Thomas  Crawford. 

*  *  A  bronze  statue  of  Beethoven  is  exe- 
cuted by  Thomas  Crawford. 

1851  June  *  Floods  of  vast  extent  pre- 
vail in  the  upper  Missouri  and  in  the 
Mississippi ;  crops  cannot  be  planted. 

July  4.  D.  (\  The  corner-stone  of  the 
gi-eat  white  marble  wings  of  the  Federal 
Capitol  is  laid. 

Aug.  15.  Mo.  A  cyclone  destroys  prop- 
erty at  St.  Louis. 

Dec.  29.  AVm*  York.  Lola  Montez,  the 
dancer,  first  appears  in  the  United 
States,  at  the  Broadway  Theater. 


Sibley,  .Joseph  C,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  N.  Y. 

NoinerR,  I'eter  J.,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  b.  Wis. 

Taylor,  Zachary,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  12th 
I'res.  of  the  U.  S.,  Abe. 

Terry,  William  L.,  W.  C,  for  Ark.,  b.  N.  C. 

Troost,  lierard,  cliemist,  A74. 

Weadock,  Th.  A.  E.,  M.  C.  for  Mich.,  b.  Ire. 

White,  William  J.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  Can. 

Williams,  James  K.,  M.  C,  for  lU.,  b.  111. 

Wilson,  John  L.,  M.  C.  for  Wash.,  b.  Ind. 
1851  *  * 

Alexander,  Archibald,  Tres.  cl.,  author,  A79. 

Audubon,  John  J.,  ornithologist,  A71. 

Itarron,  .lames,  of  Va.,  commodore,  A82. 

lieck,  Jolm  lirodhead,  physician,  A57. 

lielknap,  William  (J.,  brig-gen.,  A57. 

Boen,  lialdor  E.,  M.  C.  for  Minn.,  b.  Nor. 

Houvier,  John,  jurist,  author,  A64. 

liurnes,  Daniel  D.,  M.  C  for  Mo.,  b.  in  Mo. 

Chandler,  Abiel,  of   Mass.,   philanthropist, 
mercliant,  A74. 

Colton,  Walter,  elergynian,  WTiter,  A54. 

Cooper,  tJeorge  W.,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  b.  in  Ind. 

Cooper,  James  Fenlmore,  of  N.  Y.,  novel- 
ist, A  62. 

Daggett,  David,  sen.  for  Mass..  A87. 

DeKay,  James  E.,  naturalist,  A59. 

Dixey,  Henry  E.,  actor,  born  in  Mass. 

Dubois,  Frederick  T.,  sen.  for  Ida.,  b.  in  111. 

tJallaudet,  Thomas  H.,  founder  of  deaf  and 
dumb  asyhim,  A64. 

Gillett,  Fred.  H.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  b.  Mass. 

Goode,  Ceorge  Hrown,  Ichthyologist,  b.  Ind, 

(Jraham,  Sylvester,  vegetarian  adv.,  A57. 

Ilainer,  Eugene  J.,  M.  C.  for  Neb.,  b.  Hun. 

Hill,  Isaac,  editor,  <iov.,  sen.  for  N.  H.,  A63  ? 

IloUlen,  Oliver,  rouiposer.  dies. 

Homblower,  William  i*.,  jurist,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Jordan,  David  Starr,  zoologist,  b.  in  N.  Y. 

Kyle,  John  C,  M.  C.  for  Miss.,  b.  in  Mich. 

Latimer,  Asburv  C,  M.  C.  for  S.  C,  b.  S.  C. 

McCall,  Sam'l  W.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  b.  Pa. 

McCuUorh,  Philip  I).,  Jr.,  M.  C.  for  Ark., 
Iforii  in  Tenn. 

MrDannold,  John  J.,  M.  C,  for  111.,  b.  III. 

MoDuffle,  (;eorge.  Gov.,  sen.  for  S.  C,  A63? 

McDowell,  Ephraim,  surgeon,  A80. 

McHae.  Tiiomas  ('.,  M.  C.  for  Ark.,b.  Ark. 

Morton,  Sam'l  (J.,  naturalist, ethnologist, A. W. 

Olln.  Stephen,  M.  K.  clergyman,  A54. 

Paynter.  Thos.  H.,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  b.  in  Ky. 

Ricliarrlson,  Charles  Francis,  author,  b.  Me. 

Smitli,  James,  Jr.,  sen.  for  N.  J.,  b.  in  N.  J. 

Van  Ness,  Cornelius  P.,  Gov.  of  Vt.,  minis- 
ter to  Spain,  A70. 

Warrington,  Lewis,  capt.  U.  S.  N.,  A69. 

Warner,  John  D.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  N.  Y. 

Washington,  Joseph  E.,  M.  C.  for  Tenn. 
born  in  Tenn. 

Woodbury,  liOTi,  Gov.  of  N.  H.,  sec.  of 
treas.,  justice  U.  3.  S.  Ct,  A69. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1850*   ♦ 

Adams,  Herbert  B.,  prof.,  author,  b.  Mass. 
Pabcock,  Jos.  W.,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  b.  in  Vt. 
liellamy,  Kd.,  au.  of  "  Looking  Backward,"  b. 
Bascom,    Henry   B.,  bp.    M.    E.   Church 

south.  A54. 
Bower,  Wm.  H.,  Member  of  Congress  for 

N.  C,  born  in  N.  C. 
Oalboun.  John  C.  sen.  for  8.  C,  leader  for 

free  tratle,  sec.  of  state,  nulUfier,  A68. 
Clark,  Champ,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  born  in  Ky. 
Cooper,  S.  B.,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  born  in  Ky. 
Dinsmore,   Hugh  A.,  M.  C.  for  Ark.,  b.  Ark. 
Doolittle,  W.  H.,  M.  C.  for  Wash.,  b.  in  Pa. 
p:ili3,  William  U.,  M.  C.  for  Ore.,  b.  Ind. 
Elmore,  Franklin  IL,  sen.  for  S.  ('.,  A.'>4. 
Fuller,  Sarah   M.    (Countess  d'ossoli).  au- 
thor, A  40. 
Gibson,  William  Hamilton,  artist,  b.  Conn. 
(iorraan,  J.  S.,  M.  C.  for  Mich.,  b.  in  Mich. 
Ha^er,  A.  L.,  M.  C.  for  la.,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Hartsliorne,  Joseph,  physician,  surgeon,  ATI. 
Jones,  Jacob,  commodore,  V.  S.  \.,  ARC. 
Johnson,  Henrv  l'.,M.  C.  for  Ind.,  b.  Ind. 
Johnson,  Martin  N.,  M.  C.  for  N.  1).,  b.  Wis. 
Judson,  Adonlram,   Bapt.  missionary   in 

India,  A 62. 
Lotlge,  Henry  C.  sen.  for  Mass.,  b.  in  Mass. 
Maffit,  John  Newland,  M.  E.  cL,  ASS. 
McNagny,  William  F.,  M.  C.  for  Ind..  b.  O. 
Miller,  Samuel,  I'res.  cl.  of  N.  Y.,  A81. 
Noah,  Mordecai  M.,  Jewish   journalist   in 

N.  Y.,  AW. 
Osgood,  Frances  Sargent  Locke,  poet,  A39. 
Plumer,  William,  sen.  for  N.  H.,  A91. 
Prentiss,  Sergeant  Smitli,  M.  C.  for  Miss., 

orator,  A  42. 
Ilayner,  Isidor,  M.  C.  for  Md.,  b.  in  Md. 
Richardson,  George    F.,  M.   C.   for  Mich., 

born  in  Mich. 


CHURCH. 

1850  *  *  Cal.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
Diocese  of  California  is  organized. 

*  *  Mich.  The  General  Assembly  (N. 
S. Presbyterian) meets  at  Detroit;  D.H. 
Biddle,  moderator. 

*  *  New  York  is  created  an  archi- 
episcopal  see  (Koman  Catholic) ;  the 
bishops  of  Albany,  Buffalo,  Boston,  and 
Hartford  are  suffragans  to  it. 

*  *  The  Koman  Catholic  dioceses  of 
Wheeling,  Nesqually,  Savannah,  Mon- 
terey and  Los  Angeles,  and  St.  Paul  are 
established.  Santa  F6  is  created  an 
archdiocese. 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  Unitarian  Associa- 
tion of  Ministers  at  Iiarge,  in  Xew 
England,  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Cincinnati ; 
Aaron  W.  Leland,  moderator. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Convention  (Prot- 
estant Episcopal)  meets  in  Cincinnati. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati'; A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  meets  in  Charleston. 

*  *  U.  S.    The  church  communicants 


number  3,529,988,  about  one  in  seven  of 
the  population. 

*  *  Henry  B.  Bascom  is  ordained  bishop 
of  the  M.  E.  Church  South. 

*  *  The  Evangelical  Lutheran  Synodical 
Conference  is  organized. 

1851  June  11.  Boston.  The  General 
Convention  of  the  New  Jerusalem 
meets. 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Albany ;  Alex  ll. 
Mann,  president. 

July  11.  John  Payne  is  consecrated 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of  Africa. 

Oct.  15.  Francis  Hughes  Hutledge  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Florida. 

Oct.  29.  Conn.  John  Williams  Is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  assistant 
bishop  of  Connecticut. 

Dec.  29.  The  Boston  (undenominational) 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  the 
first  in  the  United  States,  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1850  *  *  Cal.  California  State  Library 
is  founded  at  Sacramento.     [53,000  vols.] 

*  *  Mo.  Christian  College  (Disciples)  is 
founded  at  Columbia. 

Grand    Biver    College   (Bapt.)   is 
founded  at  Edinburg. 

*  *  New  York.  Harper's  New  Monthly 
Magazine  Is  founded. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  University  of  Rochester 
(Bapt.)  is  founded. 

*  *  O.  Capital  University  (Evang. 
Luth.),  of  Columbus,  is  organized. 

Heidelberg  CoUege  (Reformed),  at 
Tifl&n,  is  organized. 

*  Tex.  Austin  College  (Pres.),  at  Sher- 
man, is  organized. 

*  •  Utah.  University  of  Utah  (non- 
sect.),  of  Salt  Lake  City,  is  organized. 

*  *  The  International  Magazine  appears. 

*  *  A  Few  Thoughts  for  a  Young  Man,  by 
Horace  Mann,  appears. 

*  *  El  Dorado,  by  Bayard  Taylor,  appears. 

*  *  Lectures  on  Art,  and  Poems,  by  Wash- 
ington AUston,  appears. 

*  *  Mahomet  and  His  Successors^  by 
Washington  Irving,  appears. 

*  *  People  I  Have  Met,  by  Willis,  appears. 

*  *  Representative  Men,  by  Smerson, 
appears. 

*  *  Beveries  of  a  Bachelor,  by  Donald 
Grant  Mitchell  (Ik  Marvel),  appears. 

*  *  The  Scarlet  Letter,  by  Hawthorne, 
appears. 

*  *  Wai/s  of  the  Hour,  by  Cooper,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Wide,  Wide  U'orW,  by  Elizabeth  Weth- 
erell,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  Indians  of  Connecticut^ 
by  J.  W.  d©  Forrest,  appears. 

*  *  Songs  of  Labor,  and  Other  Poems,  by 
Whittier,  appears. 

1851  Sept.  18.  New  Ycn-k.  The  Times 
is  founded  by  George  Jones  and  Henry 
J.  Raymond. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1850,  Oct.  1-1851 


169 


Oct.  10.  Cat.  The  California  Christian 
Advocate  (Meth.  Epia.)  ia  first  issued. 

SOCIETY. 
1850*  *  New  York.  The  Methodist  Home 
for  the  Aged  is  opened. 

•  *  Va.  In  this  State  there  are  83,000 
white  persons,  more  than  21  years  of 
age,  who  are  unable  to  read  or  write. 

•  *  U.  S.    Total  slaves,  3,2<M,313. 

•  *  -60  *  *  U.  S.  Nation!^  and  interna- 
tional trades-unions,  and  local  bodies 
generally  organized. 

+  *  *  IT.  S.  The  labor  agitation  chiefly 
relates  to  a  reduction  of  hours  by  legis- 
lative enactment,  hence  it  goes  into 
politics. 

1851  June  2.  Me.  Neal  Dow's  bill  be- 
comes the  Maine  Law  by  the  signature 
of  the  governor  ;  it  prohibits  the  manu- 
facture, sale,  and  use  of  intoxicating 
drinks,  with  certain  exceptions. 

Aug.  11.  Cuba.  Lopez  lands  another 
band  of  filibusters,  480  strong  [which  is 
soon  defeated,  and  he,  with  many  others, 
is  captured]. 

Aug.  21.  Cat.  A  reprieved  prisoner  is 
hanged  by  citizens. 

Aug.*  X.  Y.  The  National  Temper- 
ance Convention  meets  at  Saratoga. 

Sept.  1.  Cuba.  Gen.  Naroisoo  Lopez 
is  executed. 

Sept.  11.  Pa.  A  riot  occurs  at  Christi- 
ana in  the  rescue  of  a  fugitive  slave; 
the  owner  is  killed,  his  son  mortally 
wounded,  and  the  sheriff  and  posse  are 
driven  away, 

Dec.  5.  If.  Y.  Gen.  Louis  Kossuth, 
the  Hungarian  patriot,  arrives  ;  a  mili- 
tary and  civic  procession  and  a  vast 
assembly  welcome  him  and  listen  to  his 
eloquent  address. 

Dec.  11.  iV.  Y.  The  City  Council  gives 
a  banquet  in  honor  of  Kossuth. 

Dec.  30.  D.  C.  Kossuth  arrives  at 
Washington,  and  with  masterly  elo- 
quence pleads  for  his  oppressed  coun- 
trymen. 

•  »  Michigan  adopts  a  Constitution  which 
forbids  the  Legislature  to  enact  license 
laws. 

STATE. 

1850  Oct.  7.  jViss.  Disunion  meetingis 
are  held  in  Natchez  and  Yazoo  City ; 
disunion  resolutions  are  voted  down. 

Oct.  14.  Va.  A  convention  assembles  at 
Richmond  to  amend  the  Constitution. 

Oct.  22.  The  Chicago  City  Council  nul- 
Uflesthe  Fugitive-Slave  Law,  and  re- 
leases the  police  from  obedience  to  it. 
[It  afterward  reconsiders  its  action.] 

Dec.  2.  D.  C.  The  3 1st  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

•  *  Congress  grant«  a  right  of  way  and 
donates  land  to  the  States  of  Illinois, 
Mississippi,  and  Alabama,  in  aid  of  a 
railroad  from  Chicago  to  Mobile. 

•  *  Dakota  is  first  settled. 

•  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-53  *   *  Cmm.    Thos.  H.  Seymour. 
-54  *  *  la.    Stephen  Hempstead. 


-51  *  *  Ky.    John  L.  Helm. 

-54  *  •  la.    Joseph  Walker. 

-53  *  *  Me.    John  Hubbard. 

-51  •  *  Mich.    John  S.  Barry. 

-51  *  *  Miss.    John  A  Quitman. 

-53  *  *  O.    Reuben  Wood. 

-52  *  *  S.  C.    John  H.  Means. 

-54*  *  OToA.  (jTer.).    Brigham  Young. 

-52  »  *  F(.    Chas.  K.  Williams. 

1851  Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  author- 
izes the  President  to  send  a  Government 
vessel  to  the  Mediterranean  to  convey 
Gen.  Kossuth,  the  Hungarian  patriot, 
and  his  fellow  exiles  to  America. 

It  decides  that  Congress  expires  at 
noon  on  the  4th  day  of  March. 

Mar.  4.  D.C.   The  3lBt  Congress  ends. 

Apr.  25.  D.  C.  The  President  issues  a 
second  proclamation  against  flUbus- 
tering.  He  causes  the  Cleopatra,  about 
to  sail  for  Cuba,  laden  with  military 
stores,  to  be  seized. 

Julyl.   U.S.  National  debt  $68,304,796. 

Aug.  11.  Cuba.  Gen.  Lopez  lands  about 
500  filibusters.    (See  Army  and  Navy.) 

Nov.  *  D.  C.  Jefferson  Davis  resigns 
his  seat  in  the  Senate  to  become  a  Re- 
sistance or  State  Bights  candidate  for 
governor  of  Mississippi,  and  is  defeated 
by  H.  S.  Foote,  Unionist,  by  a  plurality 
of  1,009  votes. 

Dec.  1.   D.C.  The  32d  Congress  opens. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  Linn 
Boyd  of  Ky.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Benjamin  F.  'Wade  of  Ohio  and 
Charles  Sumner  of  Massachusetts  en- 
ter the  Senate  ;  Thomas  A.  Hendricks 
first  enters  the  House  from  Indiana. 

Dec.  24.  /).  C.  Fire  consumes  part  of 
the  Capitol  and  the  whole  of  the  Con- 
gressional Library. 

Dec.  30.  D.  C.  Louis  Kossuth,  the 
Hungarian  patriot,  addresses  Congress 
with  great  eloquence. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims  neu- 
trality in  the  Mexican  revolutionary 
movement. 

*  *  D.  C.  Benj.  E.  Curtis  of  Mass.  is 
appointed  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inavigurated : 
-52  •  *  Cal.    John  M'Dougall. 
-55  •  *  Del.    Wm.  H.  Ross. 

-53  •  •  Ga.    Howell  Cobb. 

.55  •  •  Ky.    Lazarus  W.  Powell. 

-53  *  •  Mass.    George  S.  Boutwell. 

Miss.    John  G.  Guion. 
-52  *  *  Miss.    James  Whitfield. 
-55  *  *  y.  C.    David  S.  Keid. 
-54  *  *  N.  J.    George  F.  Fort. 
-52*  *  N.Mex.(,Ter.).  John  S.  Calhoun. 
-53*  *  }{.  Y.    Washington  Hunt. 
-52  *  •  R.  I.    Philip  Allen. 
-53  •  *  Tenn.    Wm.  B.  Campbell. 
-53  *  *  Wis.    Leonard  J.  Farwell. 

*  *  New  York.  Ambrose  C.  Kingsland 
is  elected  the  68th  mayor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1850  Oct.  1.  N.Y.  —  Vt.  The  Whitehall 
and  Rutland  Railroad  is  opened. 

Deo.  13.  La.  The  steamboat  Anglo- 
Norman  bursts  her  boilers  at  New  Or- 
leans ;  nearly  100  persons  are  killed  or 
wounded. 


Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Railroads  in  use,  9,021 
miles. 

Immigrants  and  other  aliens,  in  15 
months,  369,980. 

*  *  Nashville  and  Lowell  are  both  lighted 
with  gas. 

*  *  Chicago  has  a  Board  of  Trade  ;  the 
city  is  lighted  with  gas. 

*  *  III.  The  Galena  and  Chicago 
Union  Railroad  is  completed  to  Elgin, 
42  miles ;  the  first  railroad  out  of 
Chicago. 

*  *  La.  Eight  steamboats  and  37  persons 
are  burned  at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Forest  Lawn  Cemetery,  near 
Buffalo,  is  dedicated. 

U.  S.  Production  for  the  year:  Gold, 
860,000,000 ;  silver,  $.50,000,000.  Bushels 
of  grain :  corn,  592,071,104 ;  wheat, 
100,485,179;  oats,  146,584,179;  barley, 
6,167,015 ;  rye,  14,188,813 ;  buckwheat, 
8,956,912. 

1851  Jan.  1.  rhila.  The  City  of  Glat- 
gow  arrives,  the  first  of  a  line  of  steam- 
ers running  between  Philadelphia  and 
Liverpool. 

Jan.  27 .  The  steamer  John  Adams  strikes 
a  snag  in  the  Ohio  ;  123  lives  are  lost. 

Mar.  2.  An  explosion  on  the  steamer 
Oregon,  near  Island  No.  82,  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi, kills  60  persons. 

Mar.  12.  Cal.  A  fire  in  Nevada  City 
burns  about  200 buildings;  loss,  $1 ,300,000. 

Apr.  *  The  New  York  and  Lake  Erie 
Railroad  is  opened,  from  Dunkirk  to 
Piermont  on  the  Hudson. 

May  3.  Cal.  A  fire  at  San  Francisco 
burns  2,500  buildings  ;  loss,  $3,600,000. 

May  11.  Cal.  A  fire  rages  at  Stockton ; 
loss,  $1,500,000. 

May  14.  N.  Y.  President  Fillmore  is 
present  at  the  celebration  of  the  for- 
mal opening  of  the  New  York  and  Lake 
Erie  Railroad. 

May  •  The  Pacific,  of  the  Collins  line  of 
steamers,  breaks  the  record  by  crossing 
the  Atlantic  in  nine  days  and  nine- 
teen hours. 

June  22.  Cal.  Another  fire  at  San 
Francisco  burns  500  buildings  and 
$3,000,000  in  property. 

Aug.  22.  Eng.  The  yacht  America 
wins  the  "  Cup  of  All  Nations  "  at  the 
international  regatta  race  at  Cowes. 

Aug.  28.  Eng.  The  yacht  America 
beats  the  iron  yacht  Titania  in  a  race 
of  80  miles,  and  leaves  her  8  miles  astern. 

Oct.  8.  N.  Y.  The  Hudson  River 
Railroad  is  opened  between  New  York 
and  Albany. 

Nov.  27.  .^ei"  York.  A  catastrophe  in 
a  schoolhouse  occurs  because  of  a  panic 
on  an  alarm  of  fire  ;  the  banisters  give 
way,  and  43  scholars  are  killed. 

Dec.  24.  D.C.  A  part  of  the  Capitol  and 
the  whole  of  the  Library  of  Congress  are 
burned. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aUens  in  1861,  379,466. 


170     1851**-1852**. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1852  Sept.  3  —  55  Mar.  3.  Brev.- 
Col.  Eobert  E.  Lee  is  superintendent 
of  the  West  Point  Military  Academy. 

»  *  Ore.  First  Lieut.  Ulysses  S.  Grant 
serves  in  Oregon. 

ART — SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1851  *  *  McCormiclc,  the  inventor  of  reap- 
ing-machines, receives  a  gold  medal  from 
the  jurors  of  the  Exhibition  at  London. 

*  •  George  W.  Flagg  of  Nantucket,  Mass., 
Alfred  Jones  and  John  W.  Casifear  of 
New  York  City,  Jasper  F.  Cropsey  of 
Hastings-on-Hudson  and  T.  Addison 
Richards  are  elected  members  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. 

»  *  New  York.  The  Central  Park  is 
suggested  by  A.  J.  Downing,  a  practical 
artist  in  landscaping. 

•  *  N.C.  Birth  of  Millie-Christine,  the 
negro  twins. 

They  are  wholly  distinct  in  the  upper 
and  lower  parts  of  the  body,  but  one  in 
the  lower  part  of  the  spinal  column  and 
pelvis ;  they  have  four  legs  and  four 
arms. 

♦  *  Sketch  of  Mount  Washington  is  painted 
by  J.  F.  Rensett. 

*  ♦  Minn.  Frank  B.  Mayer  makes  valu- 
able studies  among  the  Dakota  Indians. 

♦  *  The  Rescue  is  executed  by  Horatio 
Greenough, 

1852  Jan.  20.  N.  Y.  The  East  Eiver 
is  frozen  over,  and  for  a  few  hours  many 
persons  cross  on  the  ice  from  Brooklyn 
to  New  York. 

Feb.  14.  Minn.  John  Kae,  the  Arctic 
explorer,  arrives  at  St.  Paul  after  a 
vain  search  for  relics  of  Sir  John 
Franklin. 

June  •  U.  S.  Sigmora  Marietta  Alboni, 
contralto  singer,  arrives. 

Aug.  10.  Me.  A  desolating  tornado,  40 
miles  long  and  one-fourth  of  a  mile 
wide,  visits  Hancock  county. 

•  *  Nov.  22.  An  earthquake  is  felt  in 
New  England. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
X853»  • 

.\psley,  Lewis  1).,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  b.  in  Pa. 

Abbey,  Edwin  Austin,  artist,  born  in  I'a. 

Jtallou,  Hosea,  clergyman,  rounder  of  mod- 
ern Universalism,  .\81. 

Bretz,  Jonn  L.,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  bom  in  Ind. 

Chase,  Philander,  P.  E.  bp.  of  O.,  A77. 

Clay.  Henry.  "  Kentucky's  favorite  son," 
orator,  M.  C,  sjieaker,  sen.,  sec.  of  state, 
leader  of  Wings,  A75. 

Downing,  Andrew  J.,  horticulturist,  land- 
scapist,  A37. 

Drake,  Daniel,  plivsician,  author,  A67. 

Gadsden,  Christ.  E.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  .S.  C,  A67. 

Grimstiaw,  Wm.,  author  of  school-books, 
A  72. 

Griscom,  John,  educator,  philan.,  A78. 

Hall,  Uriel  S.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  born  In  Mo. 

Hedding,  Elijah,  M.  E.  bp.,  .\72. 

Hopi)er,  Isaac  Tatem,  emancipationist,  A81. 

Ikirt,  George  P.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  born  in  O. 

Kingsiey,  .lames  Luce,  prof,  in  Yale,  A74. 

Lawrence,  Amos,  merchant,  patron  of  col- 
leges, A77. 

Londenslager,  H.  C,  M.  C.  for  N.  J.,  b.  N.  J. 

Mattliews,  Brander,  author,  dram.,  b.  in  I.a. 

McGann,  Lawrence  E.,  M.  C.  for  III.,  b.  Ire. 

Morrow,  Jeremiah,  (;ov.,  sen.  for  O.,  .\87. 

Norton,  Andrews,  tbeolog.  in  Harvard,  A76. 

Payne,  John  Howard,  actor,  poet  {Home^ 
Sweet  Home)y  AfiO. 

Robertson,  .Saiii'l  M.,  Member  of  Congress 
for  Louisiana,  I),  in  La. 

Rusk,  Henry  Welles,  M.  C.  for  Md.,  b.  In  Md. 

Kussell,  Clias.  .\.,  .M.  C,  forConn.,b.  in  .Mass. 


Rantoul,  Robert,  Jr.,  sen.  for  Mass.,  A47. 
Rogers,  .lames  Blythe,  chemist,  A50. 
Reed,  Roland,  actor,  born  in  Pa. 
Sergeant,  John,  jun.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  A73. 
Stuart.  Moaes.   philologist,  prof,   at  An- 

dover,  A  72. 
Taylor,  Arthur  H.,  M.  C.  for  Ind..  b.  in  Can. 
Vanderiyn,  John,  historical  i>ainter.  A76. 
Van  Rensselaer,  Solomon,  gen.,  M.  C.  for 

N.  Y.,  A  75. 
Van  Voorhis,  Henry  C,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  in  O. 
Wagner,  Irving  P.,  M.  ('.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Ware,  WiUiam,  novelist,  A55. 
Webster.  Daniel,  born  in  N.  H.,  lawyer, 

first  of  Am.  orators  and  statesmen,  M,  C. 

for  Mass.,  sen.,  sec.  of  state,  A70. 


CHURCH. 

1851  *  *  Ind.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian 
Synod  of  Wabash  is  organized. 

*  *  III.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Northern  Illinois  is  orga- 
nized. 

*  *  Mo.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  St.  Louis ;  Edw. 
P.  Humphrey,  moderator. 

*  *  Minn.  The  first  Congregational 
Church  is  formed  at  Minneapolis. 

*  *  N.Y.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Utica;   Albert 

•  Bains,  moderator. 

*  •  0.  The  annual  convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  •  Tex.  The  Texas  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  is  organized. 

»  *  Tex.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Texas  is  organized. 

*  »  Wis.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Wisconsin  is  organized. 

1852  May*-Jtmel.  Boston.  The  Gen- 
eral Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal) 
Is  held. 

Levi  Scott, Matthew  Simpson, Osmon 
C.  Baker,  and  Edward  R.  Ames  are  or- 
dained bishops. 

The  Cincinnati,  Kentucky,  Northwest 
Indiana,  Oregon,  Southeastern  Indiana, 
Southern  Illinois,  and  Wyoming  confer- 
ences are  formed. 

May  7.  O.  The  Western  Unitarian  Con- 
ference is  organized  at  Cincinnati. 

June  9.  Phila.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

Jvme  24.  O.  The  Congregational  Asso- 
ciation of  Ohio  is  organized. 

June  30.  NewY(yrk.  The  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  is  established. 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Williamsburg ;  Gus- 
tavus  Abeel,  president. 

Nov.  10.  New  York.  Jonathan  Mayhew 
Wainwright  is  consecrated  (Protestant 
Episcopal)  provisional  bishop  of  New 
York. 

»  *  Ark.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Arkansas  is  organized. 

*  *  la.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod  of 
Iowa  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 
1851  *  *  Cat.      Santa    Clara    College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized. 

tTnlversity  of  the  Paoiflo  (Meth. 
Epls.)  is  founded  at  College  Park. 


*  *  III.  Northwestern  University 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  chartered  at  Evanston. 

Lombard  University  (non-sect.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Galesburg. 

*  » Ind.  HartsvUle  University  (United 
Bretb.)  is  organized. 

*  •  Mississippi  College  (Bapt.)  is  orga- 
nized at  Clinton. 

*  *  N.J.  The  Bordento_wn  Female  Col- 
lege is  opened. 

*  *  O.  UrbanaJIniversity  (New  Church) 
is  organized. 

*  •  Tenn.  The  Mary  Sharp  Female 
College  (Bapt.),  at  Winchester,  is  or- 
ganized. 

Bethel  College  (Cumb.  Pres.),  at  Mc- 
Kenzie,  is  organized. 

Brownsville  Female  College  (Bapt.) 
is  founded  at  Brownsville. 

*  *  The  Biblical  Repository  and  Biblio- 
thcca  Sacra  appears. 

*  *  Book  of  Romances,  Lyrics,  and  Songs, 
by  Bayard  Taylor,  appears. 

*  *  The  Golden  Legend,  by  Longfellow, 
appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  Conspiracy  of  Pontiae, 
by  Francis  Parkman,  appears. 

*  *  The  House  of  Seven  Gables,  by  Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

*  *  Nile  Notes  of  a  Howadji,  by  G.  W. 
Curtis,  appears. 

*  *  Katherine  Walton,  by  W.  G.  Simms, 
appears. 

*  *  Constructive  Democracy,  by  Parke 
Godwin,  appears. 

1852  Mar.  20.  Uncle  Tom's  Catnn,  by 
H.  B.  Stowe,  appears  in  book  form. 

*  *Jrk.  Cane  Hill  College  (Cumber- 
land Pres.)  at  Boonsborough  is  organ- 
ized. 

*  *  Boston.  The  New  England  Historical 
and  Genealogical  Register  appears. 

The  Public  Library  Is  founded,  hav- 
ing 10  branches.    [453,967  vols.] 

*  *  D.C.  The  United  States  Senate  Li- 
brary is  founded.    [30,000  vols.] 

*  *  la.  Burlington  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded. 

*  *  The  IIowa4}i  in  Syria,  by  G.W.  Curtis, 
appears. 

*  *  Mass.  Tufts  College  (Univ.)  is  or- 
ganized at  College  Hill. 

*  *  New  York.  The  New  York  Quarterly 
Review  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1851  *  *  Cat.  A  Vigilance  Committee 
is  organized  to  suppress  crime  in  a  sum- 
mary manner  ;  in  so  doing  it  supersedes 
the  courts. 

La.    A  riot  in  New  Orleans  rises 

out  of  the  Cuban  expedition. 

*  •  Me.  The  Democrats  of  the  Legisla- 
ture strengthen  the  Maine  law  by  an 
enactment. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Independent  Order  of 
Good  Templars  is  organized  in  Central 
New  York. 

*  *  Ohio  votes  an  "  additional  section  " 
to  the  Constitution,  forbidding  the 
Legislature  to  enact  license  laws. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1851 


1852 


171 


•  •  Several  attempts  are  made  in  northern 
States  to  capture  fugitive  slaves  for 
their  owners,  which  create  intense  ex- 
citement. Some  of  the  fugitives  are  res- 
cued by  force  and  some  with  money. 

1852  Feb.  13.  New  York.  Horace 
Greeley  writes  in  the  Tribune :  "  What 
the  temperance  men  demand  is,  not  the 
regulation  of  the  liquor  traffic,  but 
its  destruction." 

Feb.  16.  O.  The  Homeopathic  Col- 
lege at  Cleveland  is  attacked  by  a  mob, 
in  consequence  of  the  robbing  of  graves 
for  anatomical  subjects. 

June  24.  J).  C.  The  first  National  Ag- 
ricultural Convention  convenes  at 
Washington  ;  Marshal  P.  Wilder,  presi- 
dent. 

July  16.  Xew  York.  Ijouis  Kossuth, 
the  Hungarian,  leaves  for  Liverpool 
under  the  assumed  name  of  Alexander 
Smith. 

July  20.  Xew  York.  The  obsequies  of 
Henry  Clay  are  celebrated  with  much 
pomp ;  business  is  suspended,  the  city 
shrouded,  and  flags  placed  at  half-mast. 

July  26.  Xeio  York.  Irishmen  attempt 
the  rescue  of  Thomas  Kaine  from  the 
United  .States  marshal ;  he  is  claimed 
by  England  as  a  fugitive  from  jus- 
tice. 

Aug.  •  The  Iione  Star  Society  is  or- 
ganized. 

It  iR  for  the  extension  of  national  in- 
fluence in  the  Western  Hemisphere,  and 
for  the  acquisition  of  Cuba  and  the 
Sandwich  Islands. 

Nov.  26.  Eng.  An  appeal  to  the  women 
of  America  against  slavery,  adopted  by 
the  Duchess  of  Sutherland  and  other 
ladles,  bears  the  signatures  of  676,000 
Englishwomen. 

*  •  /((.  Abraham  Iiincoln  joins  the 
Sons  of  Temperance  in  Springfield. 

*  *  0.  Kutherford  B.  Hayes  marries 
Lucy  Ware  Webb. 

*  *  S.  I.  A  prohibitory  law  is  passed 
by  a  Democratic  legislature. 

*  *  The  American  Society  of  Civil  En- 
gineers is  organized. 

STATE. 

1852  June  1-5.  JIM.  The  Demooratio 
National  Convention  meets  in  Balti- 
more, and  on  the  forty-ninth  ballot  nomi- 
nates Franklin  Pierce  of  N.  H. — 
Lewis  Cass  of  Mich,  and  James  Bu- 
chanan of  Pa.  being  his  chief  competi- 
tors ;  'William  L.  Marcy  of  N.  Y.  and 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  of  111.  are  promi- 
nent ;  William  E.  King  of  Ala.  is 
nominated  for  Vice-  President. 

June  16-21.  Md.  The  Whig  National 
Convention  meets  at  Baltimore,  and 
on  the  fifty-third  ballot  nominates  Gen. 
Winfield  Scott  of  N.  J. ;  MiUardFiU- 
more  of  N.  Y.  and  Daniel  W^ebster  of 
Mass.  are  prominent  candidates  ;  Wm. 
A.  Graham  of  N.  C.  is  chosen  for  Vice- 
President. 

Jtme  29.    D.  C.    Henry  Clay  dies. 

Julyl.  V.  S.  National  debt  $66,199,- 
Ml. 


Aug.  11.    Pa.    The  Free-Soil  Party 

meets  at  Pittsburg,  and  nominates 
John  P.  Hale  of  N.  H.  for  President,  and 
George  W.  Julian  of  Ind.  for  Vice-Pres- 
ident. 

Aug.  31.  J).  C.  The  32d  Congress : 
the  first  session  closes. 

Oct.  24.  Mass.  Daniel  Webster  dies, 
and  the  plans  of  his  friends  who  de- 
sired him  to  be  an  independent  candi- 
date for  the  presidency  fail. 

Nov.  2.  U.  S.  17th  presidential  elec- 
tion; Democrats  elected. 

Popularvote:  Franklin  Pierce 
(Dem.)  of  N.  H.,  1,601,474;  Winfield 
Scott  (Whig)  of  N.  J.,  1,380,576 ;  John  P. 
Hale  (Free  Dem.)  of  N.  H.,  156,149. 

Deo.  e.  75.  C.  The  32d  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

Deo.  20.  Congress ;  Senate  :  D.  E.  At- 
chisonof  Mo.  is  again  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

*  *^D.  C.  The  Government  has  a  dispute 
with  England  regarding  the  fisheries. 

*  *  The  Government  sends  an  expedition 
to  Japan  under  Commodore  Perry 
[who  negotiates  a  treaty]. 

*  •  f '.  S.  The  slavery  agitation  is  qui- 
eted by  the  compromise  pledges  of 
both  political  parties,  which  are  re- 
gai-ded  as  a  finality. 

*  *  U.  ,S.    Governors  inaug\u:ated : 
-60  •  *  Ark.    Elias  S.  Conway. 
-56  *  »  Cal.    John  Bigler. 

-53  •  »  .V.  Mex.  (Ter.).    Wm.  C.  Lane. 
-53  •  »  jl/icA.    Robert  McClelland. 
-54  •  •  Miss.    Henry  S.  Foote. 
-54  •  •  N.  H.    Noah  Martin. 

Pa.    Wm.  Bigler. 
-54  *  *  S.C.    John  L.  Manning. 
-56  *  *  Va.    Joseph  Johnson. 
-53  *  •  Vt.    Erastus  Fairbanks. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1851  *  *  la.  The  city  of  Davenport  is 
incorporated. 

*  *  La,  The  steamer  Brilliant  explodes 
on  the  Mississippi,  near  Bayou  Goula, 
killing  90  persons. 

*  *  Mass.  Woodland  Cemetery,  near 
Boston,  is  established. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Evergreen  Cemetery,  on 
Long  Island,  is  opened, 

*  •  O.  The  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal, 
connecting  the  Ohio  River  at  Evansville 
with  Lake  Erie  at  Toledo  (467  miles),  is 
completed.  , 

*  •  Pa.  Woodlands  Cemetery,  near 
Philadelphia,  is  laid  out. 

*  *  The  rate  of  postage  is  reduced  : 
prepaid  letters,  three  cents  ;  unpaid,  five 
cents ;  and  double  rates  for  distances 
over  3,000  miles. 

1852  Feb.  1.  O.  The  State  House  at 
Columbus,  containing  valuable  papers, 
is  burned. 

Feb.  10.  D.  C.  New  York  friends  of 
Henry  Clay  present  him  with  a  gold 
medal  at  Washington. 

Mar.  31.  Boston.  Tremont  Temple  is 
burned. 


Apr.  2.  O.  An  explosion  on  the  steamer 
Redstone,  on  the  Ohio  near  Carrolton, 
kills  20  persons. 

Apr.  3.  Mo.  The  steamer  Glencoe  ex» 
plodes  her  boilers  at  St.  Louis,  killing 
83  persons. 

Apr.  9.  Mo.  The  steamer  Saliula  ex- 
plodes near  Lexington,  killing  100  per- 
sons. 

Apr.  *  Mich.  The  Michigan  Southern 
Railroad  is  completed  from  Monroe  to 
Chicago,  the  first  eastern  railroad 
entering  Chicago. 

May  21.  Mich.  The  Michigan  Cen- 
tral Eaih-oad  is  opened  from  Detroit  to 
Chicago. 

July  3.  Cal.  A  branch  mint  is  estab- 
lished by  Congress  at  San  Francisco. 

July  5.  La.  The  steamer  St.  James  ex- 
plodes on  Lake  Pontchartrain,near  New 
Orleans,  killing  40  persons. 

Jvay27.  W.  Y.  Great  public  excite- 
ment is  caused  by  the  burning  of  the 
steamboat  Henry  Clay,  while  racing  on 
the  Hudson,  near  Yonkers  ;  70  Uves  are 
lost. 

Aug.  20.  A  night  collision  occurs  on 
Lake  Erie  between  the  propeller  Ogdens- 
burg  and  the  steamer  Atlantic ;  100  per- 
sons, chiefly  Norwegians,  who  could  not 
understand  directions  for  safety,  are 
killed. 

Aug.  22.  A  flue  collapses  on  the 
steamer  Franklin,  on  the  Mississippi 
near  St.  Genevieve,  and  kills  32  persons. 

Sept.  4.  The  Hudson  River  steamboat 
Meindeer  explodes;  28  persons  are 
killed  and  20  injured. 

Oct.  3.  The  ship  Crescent  City  is  boarded 
by  the  Spanish  Government  at  Havana, 
and  not  allowed  to  land  her  mails  or 
passengers. 

Oct.  18.  III.  The  Chicago  and  Eock 
Island  Bailroad  is  opened  from  Chi- 
cago to  Joliet. 

Nov.  2.  Cal.  Three-fourths  of  Sacra- 
mento is  burned ;  loss,  2,500  buildings, 
several  lives,  and  $5,000,000.  Half  the 
inhabitants  are  without  shelter. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1852,  371,603. 

*  *  Boston.  A  system  of  telegraphic  fire- 
alarms  is  adopted. 

*  •  Chicago.  The  first  through  train 
from  the  East  arrives  via  the  Michigan 
Central  Railroad. 

*  *  A'ew  York.  The  Anchor  T.inn  of 
steamers  for  Glasgow  is  established. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Bible  House  is 
erected  by  the  American  Bible  Society  ; 
cost  $300,000. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Lutheran  Cemetery,  near 
New  York,  is  established. 

*  *  O.  The  Cleveland,  Painesville, 
and  Ashtabula  Eailroad  is  opened. 

*  *  Ore.    About  10,000  emigrants  arrive. 

*  *  Ore.  Some  half-breed  Indians  dis- 
cover gold  in  a  sand-beach,  near  the 
Coquille  River. 

*  *  Tenn.  Elmwood  Cemetery,  near  Mem- 
phis, is  Incorporated. 


172    1852**-1853**. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1853    June  21.   Martin  Koszta,  a  Ilun- 

g.iricin-.\merican  at  Smyrna,  is  rescued 
in  a  Bumniary  manner  from  tlie  Austri- 
an autliorities  by  Capt.  Ingraham  of  tlie 
St,  Louis ;  excitement  follows  in  Europe 
and  America. 
July  5  i.  Ijeut.  U.  S.  Grant  is  raised  to 
the  rank  of  captain  U.  S.  A. 

July  14.  Japan.  Com.  M.  C.  Perry 
secures  an  interview  witli  the  Milcado, 
which  clianges  the  non-intercourse  pol- 
icy of  the  Japanese  Government. 

ART  —  SCIENCE —NATURE. 

1852*  *  Xewl'ork.  Louis  Lang  is  elected 
a  member  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design. 

James  "W.  Wallack  takes  Brough- 
am's Lyceum,  and  calls  it  "Wallack's 
Theater. 

•  »  Pliila.  The  manufacture  of  galva- 
nized iron  is  introduced. 

•  *  Wellman'sself  top-card  ootton-strip- 
per  is  exhibited. 

•  *  The  lens  system  of  illuminating 
lighthouses  supersedes  retlectors. 

•  *  -54  •  *  Battle  of  Monmouth  is  painted 
by  Emanuel  Iieutze. 

•  *  Speculator  is  painted  by  F.  W. 
Edmonds. 

1853  Jan.  4.  Jfew  York.  Capt.  John 
Ericsson  exhibits  a  vessel  in  which 
caloric,  or  heat,  is  the  motive  power. 

It  sails  down  the  bay  at  the  rate  of  14 
miles  an  hour,  at  a  cost  of  80  per  cent 
less  than  steam. 

Jan.  10.  Xew  York.  Madam  Henrietta 
Sontag,  singer,  first  appears. 

Jan.  11.  The  caloric  ship  Ericsson 
makes  a  trial-trip  on  the  Potomac. 

Feb.  *  O.  The  first  successful  steam 
fire-engine  made  in  this  country  is 
completed  at  Cincinnati. 

May  31.  New  York.  The  Arctic  expe- 
dition in  the  Advance,  under  Dr.  Kane, 
sails  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin 
and  for  scientific  purposes ;  expenses 
borne  jointly  by  the  United  States  and 
Moses  H,  Grinnell. 

June  *  An  expedition  under  command  of 
Capt.  Ringgold  is  sent  out  to  explore 
routes  for  vessels  between  San  Francisco 
and  China ;  also  the  whaling-grounds  of 
the  Sea  of  Okhotsk  and  Bering  Strait. 

Sept.  9.  M.  y.  The  remnant  of  Table 
Bock  at  Niagara  Falls  drops  into  the 
abyss. 

Sept.  12.  fireenland.  Dr.  Kane's  ex- 
ploring expedition  is  frozen  in  near 
the  coast,  at  the  most  northerly  point 
ever  reached. 

Dec.  28.  A  great  snowstorm  begins  and 
continues  36  hours  ;  it  blockades  the  New 
England  roads. 

*  »  La.  The  New  Orleans  Association  of 
Science  is  org.anized. 

*  •  S.  r.  The  Elliot  Natural  History  So- 
ciety of  Charleston  is  organized. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1853*  » 

.\danis,  Clias.  liaker,  naturalist,  A  39. 
Alilrich,  J.  Kraiik,  M.  C.  for  111.,  b.  in  Wis. 
Appleton,  Samuel,  merchant,  philan.,  A87. 
liartholdt,  K.,  M.  ('.  for  Mo.,  b.  In  Cier. 
Heauiiiont,  William,  physiologist,  AHl. 
Beck,  Lewis  C,  clieiuist,  mineralogist,  A45. 
Hell,  Clias.  K.,  M.  ('.  for  Tex.,  b.  In  Tenn. 
Kurgess,  Tristain,  SI.  C.  for  K.  L,  A81. 
Chapman,  Natlianiel,  physician,  A73. 
ChickeriuK.  Jonas,  piano  manuf.,  A55. 
Chilton,  Horacp,  sf  n.  for  Tex.,  b.  in  Tex. 
Caldwell,  CharU-s.  jthysician,  author,  A81. 
Davey,  Itobert  C,  M.  C.  for  l.a.,  b.  In  La. 
Drew.  John,  actor,  born  in  I'a. 
Karrar,  John,  an.,  prof,  ntatheinatics,  A74. 
Greenleaf,  Simon,  jurist,  Harvard  prof.,  A70. 
Hauk,  Mijinie,  actor,  born  in  I^. 
Hendrix,  Jos.  ('.,  M.  C.  for  N.C.,  b.  in  Mo. 
Hitchcock,  Peter,  sen.  for  O.,  A73. 
Judd,  Sylvester,  I'nit.  cl.,  anthorj  A40. 
Kins,  vrmiam  Rufus,  13th  Vice-Pres.  of 

I'.  S.,  .M.  C,  sen.  for  Ala.,  minister  to  Fr., 

A  67. 
Maguire,  James  O.,  M.  C,  for  Cal.,  b.  Mass. 
McClearv,  .1.  T.,  M.  C.  for  Minn.,  b.  in  Can. 
Murray,"c.  W.,  M.  C.  for  S.  C,  b.  In  S.  C. 
O'Neil,  Jos.  H.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Paine,  Charles,  statesman,  A.54. 
Kitchie,  Byron  F.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  born  In  O. 
Tallmadge,  James,  jurist,  anti-slavery,  M. 

C.  for  N.C.,  A75. 
Tucker,  Henry  St.  C,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  b.  In  Va. 
I'nderwood,  L.  M.,  hot.,  author,  b.  in  N.C. 
Walker,  Sears  Cook,  astronomer,  A4.^. 
White,  Stephen  M.,  sen.  for  Cal.,  b.  in  Cal. 


CHURCH. 

1852  *  *  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  the  Pacific  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Congregationalists  of  Connecti- 
cut abrogate  the  "  Plan  of  Union  "  with 
Presbyterians. 

*  *  D.C.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Washington ; 
Wm.  Adams,  moderator.  It  appoints  a 
Committee  on  Publications. 

»  *  A^.  r.  The  third  American  General 
Congregational  Convention  is  held 
at  Albany,  consisting  of  a  pastor  and 
delegates  from  each  church.  It  ends 
the  "Plan  of  Union"  between  Congre- 
gationalists and  Presbyterians.  (First 
Convention  1G37,  second,  164C.) 

»  *  O.  The  Progressive  Friends  organize 
at  Salem. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  •  Pa.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  in  Pittsburg. 

*  *  The  Baptists  sustain  work  among  the 
Pueblos  and  Navajos. 

*  *  S.C.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  Is  held  at  Charleston ; 
John  C.  Lord,  moderator. .  • 

*  *  Mission  work  among  the  Chinese 
on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  begun  by  Pres- 
byterians in  San  Francisco. 

*  *  The  American  Missionary  Association 
begins  its  Chinese  work  in  the  United 
States.  It  reports  21  missionaries  sta- 
tioned among  the  Indians  of  the  North- 
west. 

1853  Feb.  3.  Cal.  Tlie  California 
Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  holds  its  first  session. 

June  8.  Cliicnrjo.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 


June  *  Pliila.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets ;  Duncan  Kennedy, 
president. 

Aug.  17.  la.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
Diocese  of  Iowa  is  organized. 

*  •  Bishop  Ijevi  S.  Ives  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal), a  High  -  Churchman,  is  conse- 
crated by  the  Pope  at  Rome. 

Oct,  14.  Bishop  Levi  S.  Ives  (repudi- 
ating Protestantism)  is  deposed. 

Oct.  17.  Thomas  Frederick  Davis  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  South  Carolina,  and  Thomas  Atkin- 
son, bishop  of  North  Carolina. 

Oct.  28.  Cal.  William  Ingraham  Kip  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  mis- 
sionary bishop  of  California. 

Nov.  6.  Cal.  The  first  Presbyterian 
Chinese  Church  is  organized  in  San 
Francisco. 

*  ♦  The  Norwegian  (Evangelical  Luther- 
an) Synod  is  organized. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Roman  Catholic  Arch- 
diocese of  San  Francisco  is  erected. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly  (N.S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Buifalo  j  D.  H. 
Allen,  moderator. 

*  *  X.  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  at  Albany. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Congregational  Conference 
of  Oregon  is  organized. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Progressive  Friends  or- 
ganize at  Chester. 

*  *  Pa.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Susquehanna  is  organized.  ,y 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  ;  John  C.  Yoiuig, 
moderator. 

*  *  Va.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Winchester. 

*  *  Vt.  Louis  De  Goesbriand  is  conse- 
crated first  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Burlington. 

*  *  The  Missionary  Society  of  the 
United  Brethren  in  Christ  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  Roman  Catholics  establish  the  dio- 
ceses of  Burlington,  Vt.,  Biooklyn,  N. 
Y.,  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  Covington,  Ky. 

*  *The  American  Baptist  Historical 
Society  is  formed. 

LETTERS 

1852  *  *  O.  Antioch  College  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Yellow  Springs. 

Benjamin  Harrison  graduates  at  Miami 
University. 

*  » Pa.  The  'Westminster  College 
(United  Pres.)  is  organized  at  New 
Wilmington. 

*  •  Phila.  The  Presbyterian  Quarterly 
Review  appears. 

St.  Joseph's  College  (Rom.  Cath.)  is 
organized. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Furman  University  (Bapt.) 
is  organized  at  Greenville. 

»  •  Tenn.  The  Soule  College  (Female) 
is  fovmded  by  Baptists  at  Murfreesboro. 

*  *  The  Child's  Paper  is  issued  by  the 
American  Tract  Society. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1852 


1853 


173 


*  *  Sermons  on  Theism,  Atheism,  and 
Popular  Theology,  by  Theodore  Parker, 
appears. 

»  •  The  Blithedale  Romance,  by  Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

»  •  Aylmere ;  or.  The  Bond  Man  of  Kent, 
by  K.  T.  Conrad,  appears. 

»  *Lotu»  Sating,  by  G.  W.  Curtis,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Potiphar  Papers,  by  G.  W.  Curtis, 
appears. 

*  *  The  White  Slave,  by  Richard  Hil- 
dreth,  appears. 

*  *  Outlines  of  Moral  Science,  by  Archi- 
bald Alexander,  appears. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Congregational  Library 
is  founded. 

*  »  Cal.  The  Mercantile  Library  Asso- 
ciation library  is  founded  at  San 
Francisco.    [53,858  vols.] 

1853  *  •  Conn.  A  large  sum  is  added  to 
the  endowment  fund  of  Yale  College 
by  its  alumni, 

*  •  la.  Central  University  Is  fomided 
by  Baptists,  at  Pella. 

*  *Illinoi8  Wesleyan  tTnlversity 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Bloomington. 

*  *  Ky.  Danville  Theological  Seminary 
(Pres.)  is  established. 

*  *  La.  Mt.  Lebanon  University 
(Bapt.)  is  founded. 

*  *Mass.  Rev.  James 'Walker  is  elected 
president  of  Harvard  University. 

The  Free  Public  Library  is  founded 
at  New  Bedford.    [48,600  vols.] 

*  *  Mo.  The  Christian  University  (Disci- 
ples of  Christ)  is  founded  at  Canton. 

"Washington  University  (non  sect.) 
is  organized  at  St.  Louis. 

*  *N.C.  The  Rutherford  CoUege  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Kutherford. 

»  •  New  York.    The  Clipper  is  founded. 

Frank  Leslie's  Illustrated  Newspaper 
is  founded. 

Putnam's  Magazine  appears. 

The  first  committee  on  the  removal 
of  Columbia  College  is  appointed. 

Manhattan  College  (Rom.  Cath.)  is 
organized. 

*  *  Pa.  Beaver  College  and  Musical 
Institute  (Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at 
Beaver. 

Franklin  and  Marshall  College 
(Reformed)  is  organized  at  Lancaster. 

*  »  Va.  Roanoke  College  (LutU.)  is 
organized  at  Salem. 

*  »  Wis.  Racine  College  (Prot.  Epis.)  is 
organized  at  Racine. 

*  *  Wis.  Bipon  CoHege  (non-«ect.)  is 
organized  at  Ripon. 

*  *  The  United  States  Review  appears. 

*  •  Alone,  by  Marion  Harland,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1853  May  31.  New  York.  Dr.  Kane's 
second  Arctic  exiwdition  sails  in  tlie 
Advatice  to  seeli  for  some  trace  of  Dr. 
Franklin. 


*  *  Siunmer.  Great  sums  of  money  are 
raised  in  the  Northern  States  lor  suf- 
ferers from  yellow  fever  in  the 
South. 

Oct.  12.  N.  v.  John  Morrisey  and 
"Yankee  Sullivan"  have  a  brutal 
encounter  in  the  prize  ring;  Morrisey 
wins. 

Oct.  17.  Cal.  Seventy-five  adventurers 
under  Col.  Wm.'Walker  sail  from  San 
Francisco  to  establish  a  proslavery  re- 
public in  Lower  California. 

Nov.  20.  Ca;.  John  Mitchel,  the  Irish 
exile,  having  escaped  from  Van  Die- 
men's  Land,  arrives  at  San  Francisco. 

Deo.  19.  New  York.  A  banquet  is  given 
to  John  Mitchel  by  citizens. 

»  •  -60  *  *  Cal.  Numerous  murders  oc- 
cur in  San  Francisco,  and  lynch  law  is 
applied  to  suppress  crime. 

*  *  O.  Benjamin  Harrison  marries  Caro- 
line Lavinia  Scott. 

±  *  *  Pa.  A  murderous  society  called 
the  Molly  Maguires  (originally  Buclt- 
shot),  is  formed  among  the  alien  miners. 

*  *  B.I.  The  prohibitory  law  is  de- 
clared unconstitutional. 

STATE. 

1853  Feb.  9.  Z).  C.  Congress  counts 
the  electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Pierce,  254  ;  Scott, 
42  ;  Hale,  0.  Vote  for  Vice-President : 
Wm.  R.  King  of  Ala.  (Dem.),  254 ;  Wm. 
A.  Graham  of  Ala.  (Whig),  42 ;  George 
■W.  Julian  of  Ind.  (Free  Dem.),  0. 

Mar.  4.   D.  C.  The  32d  Congress  ends. 

The  14th  Administration ;  Democratic. 

Mar.  4.  73.  C.  Franklin  Pierce  of  N.  H. 
is  inaugurated  the  14th  President,  in  the 
17th  term  of  the  presidency ;  Wm.  B. 
King  of  Ala.  is  Vice-President. 

Cabinet:  "William  L.  Marcy  of 
N.  Y.  (State),  James  Guthrie  of  Ky. 
(Treas.),  Jefferson  Davis  of  Miss. 
(War),  James  C.  Dobbin  of  N.  C. 
(Navy),  Robert  McClelland  of  Mich. 
(Interior),  James  Campbell  of  Pa. 
(P.  M.-Gen.),  Caleb  Cushing  of  Mass. 
(Atty.-Gen.). 

June  7.  New  York.  Important  changes 
are  made  in  the  charter  of  New  York 
City,  restraining  the  municipal  ofllcers 
in  financial  matters. 

July  1.     U.S.    National  debt  $59,803,117. 

July  14.  Commodore  Perry  lands  in 
Japan,  and  delivers  a  letter  from 
President  Pierce  to  the  Imperial  com- 
missioners. 

Dec.  5.  D.  C.  The  33d  Congress 
opens. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  D.  R. 
Atchison  of  Mo.  is  re-elected  President 
pro  tempore.  House :  Linn  Boyd  of 
Ky.  is  re-elected  Speaker. 

Deo.  30.  Mex.  The  Gadsden  Purchase 
is  made  by  treaty;  it  averts  war  and 
settles  the  Mexican  boundary  dispute. 

The  line  follows  the  Rio  Grande  from 
its  mouth  to  31°  20'  north  latitude,  thence 
due  west  to  the  lUth  meridian,  thence 


directly  to  a  point  on  the  Colorado 
River, '20  miles  below  the  Gila,  thence 
up  the  middle  of  the  Colorado  River  to 
the  California  line.  Area  acquired, 
45,000  square  miles ;  the  United  States 
is  to  pay  $10,000,000  for  the  territory 
ceded. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1853    Feb.  16.     Cal.    The  steamer  In- 
dependence is  wrecked  oft  Lower  Cali- 
fornia ;     fire    follows ;     there    are    129 
deaths,  and  the  survivors  suffer  terribly 
on  the  barren  shore. 
Mar.  *  Four  surveying  parties,  seeking  a 
railroad  route  to  the  Pacific,  are  au- 
thorized  by   Congress,  and    $150,000  is 
appropriated  for  expenses. 
Apr.  11.    A  steam-pipe  bursts  on  the 
steamer  Jenny  lAnd,  when  on  her  way 
to  San  Francisco  ;  31  persons  are  killed. 
Apr.  20.    Tlie  steamer  Ocean  Wave  burns 
on  Lake  Ontario  ;  38  persons  are  killed. 
Apr.  23.    III.    A  collision  occurs  on  the 
Michigan  Central  and  Northern  Indiana 
railroads  near  Chicago ;  20  persons  are 
killed. 
May  6.    Conn.    A  train  on  the  New  York 
and  New  Haven  Road  enters  an  open 
drawbridge  into  the  Norwalk  River ; 
50  persons  are  killed. 
May  26.    La.    Yellow  fever  appears  in 

New  Orleans. 
July  14.    New  York.    The  Crystal  Pal- 
ace, containing  an  exhibition  of  goods 
from  all  nations,  is  opened  by  private 
enterprise  iu  the  presence  of  President 
Pierce  and  many  other  dignitaries. 
July  18.    Me.— Can.    The  railroad  from 
Portland  to  Montreal,  290  miles  long, 
is  opened. 
Sept.  4.     The   Galena    and    Chicago 
Union  Railroad,    121   miles   long,   is 
opened. 
Sept.  22.    California  has  its  first  tele- 
graph line,  from  San  Francisco  to  a 
point  8  miles  nearer  the  sea. 
Oct.  4.     Mass.     The   Great   Republic  is 
launched  at  East  Boston;  it  is  4,000 
tons  burden,  the  largest  merchant  ves- 
sel in  the  world. 
Oct.  11.    New  York.        The    Clearing 
House,  comprising  62  banks,  goes  into 
operation. 
Nov.  9.     The  "Washington  aqueduct 
enterprise    is    inaugurated ;    President 
Pierce  turns  the  first  turf. 
Nov.  •   A'.  J.    Tlie  New  York  and  Erie 
Railroad  moves  its  eastern   terminus 
from  Piermont  to  Jersey  City. 
Deo.  10.    New  York.    Harper    Brothers' 
publishing  house  is  burned  out ;  loss, 
$1,000,000. 
Dec.  17.    iV.  r.    Tlie  Brooklyn  City  Kail- 
road  is  incorporated. 
Dec.  22.    New  York.    The  new  steamship 
San  Francisco  sails  from  port.    [She  is 
wrecked  in  a  gale,  and  200  lives  are 
lost.] 
Dec.  27.      New   York.      The     mammoth 

clipper  Great  Republic  is  burned. 
Dec.  31.     C.  S-    Immigrants   and   other 
aliens  in  1853,  368,615. 


174    1853*^-1854,  Aug.  10. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1854  July  13.  Capt.  Hollins  of  the  U. 
S.  sloop-of-war  Cyane  bombards  San 
Juan  de  Nicaragua,  in  revenge  for  an 

alleged  theft,  and  insults. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1854  Jan.  20.  O.  A  tornado  half  a 
mile  wide  nearly  destroys  the  town  of 
Brandon. 

Feb.  20.  The  most  violent  snow-storm 
for  23  years,  prevails  from  Washington 
northward. 

Mar.  18.  W.  1',  A  terrible  gale  at 
Albany  unroofs  50  houses  ;  many  chim- 
neys and  walls  are  blown  down. 

Mar.  20.  Ga.  Two  shocks  of  an  earth- 
quake are  felt  at  Macon. 

May  1.  Cmm.  A  great  flood  sweeps  the 
Connecticut  valley  ;  the  river  is  29^  ft. 
above  low-water  mark. 

June  23.  III.  A  prostrating  destructive 
cyclone  visits  Manteno. 

July  18.  III.  A  cyclone  visits  Daven- 
port ;  life  and  property  are  destroyed. 

Aug.  10.  A  tornado  obstructs  the  Pitts- 
burg and  Cleveland  Railroad. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1854*   * 
Aitken,  David  D.,  M.  C.  for  Mich.,  h.  Mich. 
Alderson,  J.  I).,  M.  C.  for  W.  Va.,  b.  in  W.  Va. 
Ashhurner,  Chas.  Albert,  geologist,  born. 
Atherton,  Alice,  actor,  tmrn  in  O. 
Bateniaii,  Isabel,  actor,  born  in  O. 
Bates,  .Joshua,  chaplain  of  senate,  A78. 
Bird,  Kol)ert  M.,  author,  editor,  A  51. 
Camineiti,  Anthony,  .M.  C.  forCal.,b.  in  Cal. 
Cockran,  W.  liourke,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  Ire. 
Cope,  Thos.  P.,  merchant,  dies  in  I'a. 
Davis,  John,  "  Honest  John  Davis,"  Gov., 

sen.  for  Mass.,  .\67. 
Ely,  Richard  Theo.,  politic,  economist,  born. 
Fitbian,  G.  W.,  M.  C.  for  111.,  I),  in  III. 
Gartland,  R.  C,  bp.  of  Savannah,  A49. 
Geary,  Thos.  J.,  M.  C.  for  Cal.,  b.  in  Mass. 
Goldzier,  Julius,  M.  C.  for  111.,  b.  in  Ans. 
Greenhow,  Robert,  historical  writer,  A54. 
Heiner,  Daniel  B.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Hinman,  Clark  T.,  fd.  N'western  Uni.,  A35. 
Hoffman.  David,  lawyer,  author, of  Pa.,  A70. 
Irby,  John  L.  M.,  sen.  for  S.  C,  1>.  in  S.  C. 
Johnson,  Tom  L.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  born  in  Ky. 
Kyle,  James  H.,sen.  for  S.  Dak.,  born  in  O. 
Lewis,  Samuel,  educationist,  A  55. 
Perkins,  T.  H.,  philan.,  merchant,  A90. 
Price,  Andrew,  M.  C.  of  La.,  born  in  I,a. 
Reed,  Henry,  metaphysician,  author,  A  46. 
Ritchie,  Tbos.,  ed.  Richmond  Enquirer^  A76. 
Shaw,  Geo.  B.,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
AVainwright,  Jon.  M.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  N.Y.,  A62. 
Williams,  John  S.,  M.  C.  for  Miss.,  b.  Tenn. 
Woodard,  Fred.  A.,  M.  C.  for  N.  C,  b.  in  N.C, 
Woods,  Leonard,  prof,  of  theology,  ABO. 

CHURCH. 

1853  *  •  III.  The  Illinois  eldership 
(Church  of  Grod)  is  organized. 

*  *  la.  Tlie  (X.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Iowa  is  organized. 

*  *  NeiD  York:  Tlie  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  Xew  Yorl:  The  Five  Points  Mis- 
sion House  is  erected  on  the  site  of  an 
old  brewery. 

*  *  O.  The  annual  convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

1854  Jan.  8.  Thomas  F.  Scott  (Protes- 
tant Episcopal)  is  consecrated  mission- 
ary bishop  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

May  31.  la.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
Diocese  of  Iowa  first  assembles. 


May*  Ga.  The  3d  General  Confer- 
ence (Meth.  Epis.  South)  meets  at  Col- 
umbus. 

Jime  1.  N.  Y.  Emily  C.  Judson,  Bap- 
tist missionary,  dies  at  Hamilton. 

Jime  21.  Me.  The  tieneral  Convention 
of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets  at  Port- 
land. 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Hudson  ;  Mancius  S. 
Hutton,  president. 

LETTERS. 

1853  *  *  The  Chapel  of  the  Hermits,  by 
Wliittier,  appears. 

*  *  Passion  Flowers,  by  J.  W.  Howe,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  .^  Health  Trip  to  the  Tropics,  by 
Willis,  appears. 

*  ♦  History  of  England,  by  E.  E.  Hale, 
appears. 

*  *  Mental  Portraits,  or  Studies  of  Char- 
acter, by  Tuckenuan,  appears. 

*  *  Powers  and  Ihities  of  Woman,  by 
Horace  Mann,  appears. 

*  *  Six  Months  in  Italy,  by  George  S. 
Hillard,  appears. 

*  *  Geology  of  the  Globe,  by  Edward 
Hitchcock,  appears. 

*  *  Theory  of  Politics,  by  Hildreth,  ap- 
pears. 

1854  Jan.  9.  Xew  York.  The  Astor 
library  ia  opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1854  Jan.  17.  Pa.  Two  railroad  bridges 
and  crossings  at  Erie  are  destroyed  by  a 
mob  of  ■women,»who  are  afterward  es- 
corted with  banners  and  music. 

Jan.  18.  La.  JudahTourodiesatKew 
Orleans,  leaving  nearly  $2,000,000  to  pub- 
lic institutions. 

*  *  Co7in.  A  prohibitory  law  is  passed, 
yet  providing  for  town  agents  to  sell 
spirituous  liquors  for  sacramental, chem- 
ical, mechanical,  and  medicinal  uses. 

Mar.  6.  7>.  C.  A  block  of  marble,  sent 
by  the  Pope,  Pius  IX.,  for  the  "Wash- 
ington Monument,  is  destroyed  in  the 
night  by  unknown  persons. 

Apr.  *  Mass.  The  Legislature  incorpo- 
rates a  company  to  aid  emigrants  to 
settle  in  the  new  Territories  ;  especially 
in  Kansas. 

May  26.  Boston.  A  great  crowd  of  men 
make  ineffectual  attempts  to  rescue  An- 
thony Burns,  an  arrested  fugitive 
slave;  the  assistant  sheriff  is  killed. 

May*  Mass.  Indignation  meetings  are 
held,  and  buildings  draped  in  mourn- 
ing, on  the  return  of  Anthony  Rums  to 
slavery,  under  the  Fugitive-Slave  Law. 

June  3.  N.  Y.  A  riot  in  Brooklyn  is 
caused  by  opposition  to  street-preach- 
ing; quiet  is  restored  by  the  military 
after  many  are  killed  or  wounded. 

July  13.  N.  Y.  Opposers  of  street- 
preaching  create  a  riot  at  Buffalo. 

July  *  Conn.  The  Connecticut  Legisla- 
ture incorporates  an  •*  Emigrant  Aid 
Association." 


July 29.  Mo.  The  "Platte  County 
Defense  Association"  meets  at  Wes- 
ton, and  declares  its  readiness,  when 
called  upon  by  any  of  the  citizens  of 
Kansas,  to  remove  "  any  and  all  emi- 
grants who  go  there  under  the  auspices 
of  Northern  Emigrant  Aid  Societies." 

Aug.  3.  New  York.  Col.  Loring  of  Cali- 
fornia is  murdered  at  the  St.  Nicholas 
Hotel  by  Dr.  Graham  of  New  Orleans. 

STATE. 

1853  *  *  U.  S.  The  "  Know-Nothing  " 
Society  (American  party)  springs  up 
suddenly,  proclaims  its  principles,  [and 
soon  disappears] : 

The  Americans  shall  rule  America. 
Tlie  Union  of  the  States.  No  North,  no 
South,  no  East,  no  West.  No  sectarian 
interference  in  legislation  or  in  the 
administration  of  American  law.  Hos- 
tility to  the  assumptions  of  the  Pope, 
through  the  hierarchy  and  priesthood, 
in  a  I'epublic.  Thorough  retorm  in  the 
naturalization  laws.  Free  and  litieral 
educational  institutions  for  all  sects 
and  classes,  with  the  Bible  as  a  text- 
book. 

*  *  I).  C.  John  A.  Campbell  of  Ala.  is 
appointed  Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court. 

*  *  D.  C.  Jefferson  Davis,  Sec.  of  War, 
sends  out  various  expeditions  to  explore 
a  railway  route  from  the  Missouri  to 
the  Pacific. 

*  *  Mex.  Gen.  "Walker  lands  a  filibus- 
tering expedition  in  Lower  California  ; 
tHe  North  believes  it  is  done  in  the  in- 
terest of  slavery. 

*  *  U.S.   Great  political  quiet  prevails. 

Yet  the  South  is  deeply  disappointed 
with  the  political  results  of  the  Mexican 
war.  as  it  gives  the  Free  State  Cali- 
fornia and  a  majority  of  two  votes  in  the 
Senate  to  the  North. 

*  *  "Washington  Territory  is  created. 

*  *  U.S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-57  *  *  Ala.    John  A.  Winston. 
-57  *  *  fla.    James  E.  Broome. 
-57  *  *  Ga.    Herschell  V.  Johnson. 
-57  *  *  ///.    Joel  A.  Matteson. 
-54  *  *  Mass.    John  H.  Clifford. 
-55  *  *  Me.    W.  G.  Crosby. 

-54  *  *  Mich.    Andrew  Parsons. 
-67  *  *  Minn.    Willis  A.  Gorman. 
-57  *  *  Mo.     Sterling  Price. 

N.  Mex.  (Ter.).    Solon  Borland, 
-55  *  *  A^  Mex.  (Ter.).    David    Merri- 

wether. 
-55  *  *  JV.  Y.    Horatio  Seymour, 
-56  *  *  O.    William  Medill. 

Ore.  (Ter.).    Joseph  Lane. 
-54  *  *  Ore.  (Ter.).    George  L.  Curry, 
-54  *  *  R.  I.     Francis  M.  Dimond. 
-57  *  *  Tenn.    Andrew  Johnson. 
-57  *  *  TVr.    Edward  M.  Pease. 
-54  *  *  Vt.     John  S.  Robinson. 
-57  *  *  Wash.  (Ter.).    Isaac  I.  Stevens. 
-55  *  *  Wis.    Wm.  A.  Barstow. 

*  *  New  Y(yrk.  Jacob  A.  Westervelt  is 
elected  the  60th  mayor. 

1854  Jan.  18.  Mex.  "William  "Walker, 
the  filibuster,  in  the  interests  of  sla- 
very, proclaims  the  new  Republic  of 
Sonora,  formed  of  two  States,  Sonora 
and  Lower  California. 


UNITED   STATES.        1853  *  *-1854,  Aug.  10.    175 


Jan:b.  />.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
slavery  agitation  is  reopened  by- 
Archibald  Dixon  of  Ky.  (Dern.),  wlio 
gives  notice  that  the  Missouri  Com- 
promise —  the  basis  of  harmony  —  is  to 
be  repealed,  and  new  States  will  be 
given  to  slavery. 

The  supreme  want  of  the  South  is  to 
gain  two  Senators  who  will  equalize  the 
vote  of  the  Senate. 

Jan.  23.  D.  C.  Congress  ;  Senate  : 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  of  111.  introduces 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  for  the  or- 
ganization of  two  new  territories,  and 
the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compro- 
mise. 

The  bill  permits  the  settlers  to  de- 
cide whether  the  State  to  be  organized 
shall  be  a  free  or  slave  State  ("  Squat- 
ter Sovereignty  "). 

Jan.  +  i).  C.  Congress:  Acrimonious 
debates  on  the  extension  of  slavery  en- 
gage the  Senate  for  four  months ;  great 
excitement  follows. 

Feb. 7.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate:  Doug- 
las of  111.  moves  an  argumentative 
amendment  to  the  Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill. 

It  declares  the  restriction  of  the  Mis- 
souri Compromise  inoperative  and  void, 
because  "  inconsistent  with  the  principle 
of  non-intervention  by  Congress  with 
slavery," 

Feb.  15.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
agrees  to  the  Douglas  Amendment. 

Mar.  3.  D.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
prolongs  its  session  and  passes  the  Kan- 
sas-Nebraska Bill,  at  fire  o'clock  in 
the  morning.    Vote,  37-14. 

Mar.  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
refers  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  to  the 
Committee  of  the  Whole.    Vote,  110-95. 

Mar.  31.  Japan.  A  commercial  treaty 
with  the  United  States  is  negotiated 
and  signed  by  Commodore  Perry. 

Apr.  20.  />.  C.  President  Pierce  vetoes 
the  bill  of  Miss  Dix,  the  philanthro- 
pist, granting  ten  million  acres  of  public 
lands  to  be  distributed  among  the  States 
for  the  amelioration  of  the  indigent 
insane. 

Apr.  *  Mass.  The  Massachusetts  Emi- 
grant-Aid Company  is  organized,  with 
a  fixed  capital  limited  at  $5,000,000. 

It  proposes  to  make  Kansas  a  free 
State  by  colonizing  settlers  there  who 
oppose  slavery. 

May 22.  D.C.  Congress:  The  House 
has  its  last  great  battle  on  the  Kansas- 
Nebraska  Bill,  which  finally  passes. 
Vote,  3&-13. 

May  24.  Ijid.  Tlie  Democratic  State 
Convention  pledges  the  Democracy  to 
support  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill. 

May  25.  /nrf.  Revolting  Democrats 
hold  a  Convention  at  Indianapolis,  and 
denounce  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill 
as  a  conspiracy  against  humanity,  and  a 
crime  against  God. 

May  26.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  as 
changed  by  the  House.    Vote,  35-13. 

May  30.  I).  C.  President  Pierce  signs 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  which  pro- 
vides for  the  orgiinization  of  Kansas  and 
Nebraska  Territories. 


1.  Ti\e  slavery  question  is  to  be  settled 
by  the  residents  (Squatter  Sovereignty). 
2.  The  Supreme  Court  is  to  determine 
the  title  to  slaves,  if  appeal  is  taken 
from  the  local  courts.  3.  The  Fugitive 
Slave  Laws  are  to  apply  to  the  Terri- 
tories. [The  utter  destruction  of  the 
"Whig  party  follows,  and  the  Republi- 
can party  rises.] 

June  5.  U.  S.  A  commercial  reci- 
procity treaty  with  Great  Britain  is 
signed. 

1.  It  provides  for  the  use  of  the  sea- 
fisheries  of  the  British  Provinces  by 
Americans,  by  enlarging  the  rights  ac- 
corded them  under  the  convention  of 
1818,  and  grants  to  British  subjects  fish- 
ery rights  along  the  coast  southward  to 
the  3&  north  latitude. 

2.  It  establishes  a  free  interchange 
between  the  Briti.sh  Provinces  and  the 
United  States  of  flour,  breadstuffs,  fruit, 
fish,  animals,  lumber,  and  manufactured 
articles. 

June  14.  D.  C.  Sec.  Marcy  notifies  the 
Danish  minister  that  forcible  resis- 
tance to  the  collection  of  Sound  dues 
will  not  be  made  for  one  year. 

July  1.     U.  S.    National  debt  $42,242,- 

222. 
July  6.    Mich.    A  State  Convention    is 
held  in  Detroit  of  all  anti-Nebraska 
citizens,  irrespective  of  former  afiilia- 
tions. 

The  convention  is  the  first  to  give 
the  name  Republican  to  the  fusion  of 
Whigs,  Free  Soilors,  many  Know-Noth- 
ings,  and  some  Democrats,  who  oppose 
the  extension  of  slavery. 

July  17.  Kan.  Tlie  first  party  of  emi- 
grants is  sent  out  by  the  Massachu- 
setts Emigrant  Aid  Society. 

Aug.  7.  D.  C.  The  33d  Congress :  the 
first  session  closes. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1853  *  *Mass.  Railroads  having  made  the 
Middlesex  Canal  useless,  it  is  filled  up. 

*  *  Me.— Can. — A'.  H.  Opening  of  the  en- 
tire lines  of  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Xiaw- 
rence,  from  Portland  to  Montreal,  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio,  and  of  the  Boston, 
Concord,  and  Montre^il  railroads. 

*  •  W.  y.  Consolidation  of  the  Albany 
and  Schenectady,  the  Utica  and  Sche- 
nectady, the  Syracuse  and  Utica,  the 
Auburn  and  Syracuse,  the  Auburn  and 
Rochester,  the  Tonawanda,  and  the  At- 
tica an<l  Buffalo  railroads,  all  together 
forming  the  New  York  Central, 

*  *  Yellow  fever  scourges  many  South- 
ern cities  ;  7,200  deaths  in  New  Orleans  ; 
Vicksburg  loses  one-sixth  of  its  inhab- 
itants. 

*  *  The  Government  sends  out  expeditions 
to  explore  a  route  from  the  Missouri  to 
the  Pacific,  for  the  Pacific  Railroad. 

1854  Jan.  17.  Can.  Detroit  and  Ni- 
agara Falls  are  connected  by  the  com- 
pletion of  the  Oreat  'Western  Bail- 
road  of  Canada. 

Feb.  1.  Passengers  first  ride  from  Buf- 
falo to  Erie  and  Chicago,  over  a  track 
of  uniform  gauge. 

Feb.  23.  A'ew  York.  The  Stonington 
steamer,  delayed  three  days  in  the 
ice,  finally  arrives  at  her  dock. 


Feb.  24.  N,  y.  Two  men  fall  from  the 
Suspension  Bridge  at  Niagara  Falls,  and 
are  dashed  to  pieces. 

Feb.  28.  C«6a.  The  steamer  Jilack  }rar~ 
rior  is  seized  because  of  a  technical  error 
in  her  manifest,  which  certified  that  she 
had  no  cargo,  while  cotton  was  found. 

Feb.  *  Chicago.  The  water-works  are 
completed,  supplying  the  city  from  a 
crib,  built  in  the  lake  GOO  feet  from  the 
shore. 

Feb.  *  III.  The  Chicago  and  Rock 
Island  Railroad  is  completed  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi, 182  miles. 

Apr.i  *  N.  y.  Cyrus  W.  Field  secures 
from  the  I^egislature  of  Newfoundland 
the  exclusive  right  for  50  years  to  land 
a  marine  telegraph  cable. 

Apr.  11.  Ind.  One  of  the  college  build- 
ings of  the  Indiana  University,  at 
Bloomington,  with  2,700  volumes,  is  de- 
stroyed by  fire. 

Apr.  15.  Cal.  The  steamboat  Secretary 
bursts  her  boiler  near  San  Francisco; 
50  persons  perish. 

Apr.  16.  J^.  r.  Tlie  ship  Powhatan, 
from  Havre  for  New  York,  is  wrecked 
in  a  gale  on  Long  Beach,  near  Egg  Har- 
bor ;  311  emigrants  and  the  crew  perish. 

Apr.  23.  New  York.  Fifteen  firemen 
perish  by  the  fall  of  a  burning  store  on 
Broadway. 

Apr.*  Cuba.  The  Spanish  Government 
remits  the  fine,  but  considers  the  seizure 
of  the  Black  Warrior  legal. 

May  8.  n:  Y.  The  Cable  Company 
is  organized. 

Cyrus  W.  Field,  Peter  Cooper,  Moses 
Taylor,  Marshall  O.  Roberts,  and  Chan- 
dler White  organize  the  New  York, 
Newfoundland,  and  London  Telegraph 
Company  to  lay  a  cable  from  America 
to  Europe. 

May  18.  Chicago.  Tlie  corner-stone  of 
the  Masonic  Temple,  on  Dearborn 
Street,  is  laid  with  impressive  cere- 
monies. 

May  31.  Del.  Three  wagon-loads  (11 ,250 
lbs.)  of  powder  explode  in  the  street 
at  Wilmington,  killing  several  persons. 

May  *  III.  U.  S.  Grant  engages  in  the 
leather  business  with  his  father  at 
Galena. 

June  5.  If.  /.  A  mad  elephant  does 
much  damage  near  Providence. 

June  14.    Mass.     A  fire   at  Worcester 

consumes    property    valued    at    about 

$500,000. 
July  3.    X.  y.    Street   cars  commence 

running  in  Brooklyn. 
July  4.    Md.    A    collision   occurs   near 

Baltimore,  on  the  Susquehanna  Koad ; 

30  persons  perish. 

July  5.  Phila.  The  National  Theater 
and  other  edifices  are  burned. 

July  30.  K.  J.  A  fire  in  Jersey  City 
burns  30  factories  and  other  buildings. 

Aug.  1.  La.  Yellow  fever  becomes 
epidemic  in  New  Orleans. 

Summer.  Over  900  deaths  occur  in  July, 
from  cholera,  in  Chicago,  and  650  deaths 
during  the  summer  in  Brooklyn. 


176     1854,  Aug.  4-1855,  Sept.  13.         AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1854  Sept.  28.  The  U.  S.  sloop-of-war 
Albany  sails  from  Aspinwall  [and  is 
never  heard  from  agaiu]. 

July  31.  Capt.  IT.  S.  Grant  resigns  his 
commission  in  the  United  States  army. 

1855  June  29.  Xicaragtia.  Gen.  'Wm. 
Walker,  with  his  "  filibusters,"  fights 
a  battle  at  Bivas,  and  defeats  the 
Nicaraguans. 

Sept.  3.  Aeb,  Gen.  Kearny  gains  a  vic- 
tory over  the  Sioux  Indians. 

ART  —  SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1854  Aug.  27.  Ky.  A  cyclone  at  Louis- 
ville demolishes  a  church  daring  ser- 
vice ;  25  persons  are  killed,  67  injured. 

Sept.  1.  The  asteroid  Suphrosyne  is 
discovered  by  James  Ferguson. 

Sept.  4.  New  York.  Operatic  perform- 
ances are  produced  at  Castle  Garden,  by 
Giulia  Grisi  and  Signor  Mario. 

Oct.  2.  Xew  York.  The  Academy  of 
Music  is  opened  with  the  opera  of 
Xorina. 

1855  Jan.  31.  Western  trains  are 
blockaded  with  snow  [there  is  no 
communication  between  St.  Louis  and 
Chicago  for  11  days]. 

Jan.  »  Minn.  The  first  bridge  across  the 
Mississippi  is  completed  at  Minneapolis. 

Mar.  8,  X.  Y.  Opening  of  the  railway 
Suspension  Bridge  at  Niagara  Falls. 
Engineer,  John  A.  Koebling ;  height 
of  towers,  88  feet  and  78  feet ;  length,  800 
feet;  width,  24  feet;  height  above  the 
river,  250  feet ;  the  4  cables,  10  inches  In 
diameter,  contain  about  4,000  miles  of 
wire ;  ultimate  capacity  of  the  4  cables, 
12,400  tons  ;  total  weight  of  bridge,  800 
tons  ;  cost  of  construction,  $500,000. 

May  *  Arctic  Sea.  Dr.  Kane's  party 
abandons  the  Advance,  and  starts  home- 
ward in  open  boats. 

May  31.  X.  Y.  Lieut.  Hartstein,  with 
the  Arctic  and  Belease,  leaves  Brooklyn 
to  find  Dr.  Kane  in  the  Arctic  regions. 

Aug.  6.  Greenland.  The  boats  of  Dr. 
Kane's  expedition  arrive  at  the  Danish 
settlements,  having  sailed  1,300  miles  in 
81  days. 

Sept.  3.  New  York.  Mile.  Eachel  first 
appears  at  the  Metropolitan  Theater. 

Sept.  13.  Greenland.  Lieut.  Hartstein 
finds  Dr.  Kane  at  Lieveley. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1866  •  • 

Barnes,  Lyman  E.,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  li.  In  Wis. 
Beck,  Theodore  Komeyn,  phys.,  author,  A64. 
Brown,  Tliompaon  S.,  military  engineer,  A48. 
Capers,  William,  bp.  M.  K.  C'h.  Sontli,  A65. 
Coliiultt,  Walter  T.,  sen.  for  (la.,  A56. 
Cone,  Spencer  H.,  Bapt.  cl.,  of  N.Y.,  A70. 
Downes,  .lolrn,  commodore  V.  S.  navy,  A69. 
Folsora,  J.  L.,  U.  S.  A.,  discoverer  of  gold  in 

Cal.,  A39. 
Hammond,  ,1.  T).,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  judge,  A77. 
Haworth,  .loseph  S.,  actor,  born  in  B.  I. 
Keni,  Omer  M.,  M.  C.  for  Neb.,  born  in  Ind. 
Kettell,  8amuei,  editor,  A55. 
Lawrence.  Abbott,  benefactor,  diplomatist, 

ASS. 
Sherman,  Jas.  S.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
.Spencer,  Jolm  Canneld,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  sec. 

of  war,  A  67. 
Sully,  Daniel,  actor,  born  in  Mich. 
Tawney,  James  A.,  51.  <".  for  .\Iiiiti.,b.  Pa. 
Woodlierry,  (Jeorge  Kdward,  author,  born 

in  .Mass. 


CHURCH. 

1854  Oct.  18.  la.  Henry  Washington 
Lee  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) bishop  of  Iowa. 

Nov.  22.  N.  Y.  Horatio  Potter  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  provis- 
ional bistiop  of  New  York. 

Dec.  6.  Ji.  I.  Thomas  March  Clark  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Rhode  Island. 

*  *  la.  The  German  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  is  organized. 

*  *  Kan.  A  Congregational  church  is  first 
established  in  Kansas  at  Lawrence. 

»  *  The  German  Eldership  (Churcli  of 
God)  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  Md.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Baltimore  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Buffalo ;  II.  A. 
Boardman,  moderator. 

*  *  J'a.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Allegheny  is  organized. 

*  *  Pliila.  The  General  Assembly 
(N.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets  ;  T.  H. 
Skinner,  moderator. 

It  organizes  a  church  erection  fund, 
and  expresses  the  hope  that  the  day  is 
not  distant  when  a  prohibitory  law  shall 
be  univers.ally  adopted  and  enforced. 

*  *  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
assembles. 

*  *  JFis.  Missionary  Bishop  Jackson 
Kemper  (Protestant  Episcopal)  accepts 
the  bishopric  of  Wisconsin. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Reformed  Dutch 
Board  of  Publication  is  formed. 

*  *  Alexander  Duff,  the  Scotch  mis- 
sionary, visits  the  United  States  and 
arouses  missionary  zeal. 

*  *  John  Early,  Hubbard  H.  Kavanaugh, 
and  Geo.  F.  Pierce  are  ordained  bishops 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
South. 

*  *  Pacific  Conference  (Methodist  Epis- 
copal South)  is  organized. 

1855  June  27.  Boston.  The  General 
Convention  of  the  New  Jerusalem 
meets. 

Aug.  *  Kan.  The  General  Association 
(Congregational)  of  Kansas  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 
1854*  *///.  Eureka  College  (Disciples) 
is  founded  at  Eureka. 

*  *  Ind.  Moore's  Hill  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Moore's  Hill. 

*  *  Ky.  Bethel  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Eussellville. 

»  *  Minn.    Hamilton  University  (Meth. 

Epis.)  is  incorporated  at  Red  Wing. 
»  •  Pa.    Iiincoln  University  (non-sect.) 

is  organized  at  Oxford. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Gazette  of  Fashion  is 
founded  by  Frank  Leslie. 

*  *  A',  r.  Polytechnic  Institute  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Brooklyn. 


*  *  Mass.  James  A.  Garfield  enters  the 
junior  class  of  Williams  College. 

»  •  J'a.  Pittsburg  Female  College 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Pittsburg. 

*  *  S.  C.  Greenville  Female  College 
(Bapt.)  is  founded. 

Wofford  College  (Meth.  Epis.  S.)  is 
organized  at  Spartanburg. 

*  •  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Quarterly 
lievieto  appears. 

*  »  ^  Journey  to  Central  Africa,  by  Bay- 
ard Taylor,  appears. 

*  *  Despotism  in  America,  by  Hildreth 
(enlarged  edition),  appears. 

*  •  Famous  Persons  and  Places,  by  N.  P. 
Willis,  appears. 

»  *  Poems,  by  William  Winter,  appears. 

*  *  Poems  and  Parodies,  by  Phoebe  Cary, 
appears. 

*  *  Poems  of  the  Orient,  by  Bayard  Taylor, 
appears. 

*  •  The  Virginia  Comedians,  by  J.  E. 
Cooke,  appears. 

*  ♦  Walden,  by  Henry  D.  Thoreau,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Intellectual  Philosophy,  by  Francis 
Wayland,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1854  Aug.  4.  A  savage  battle  is  fought 
between  the  Sioux  and  the  Chippewa 
Indians. 

Nov.  7.  N.Y.  Myron  H.  Clark  (Whig) 
is  elected  governor  on  a  prohibition 
platform. 

*  *  A  large  majority  of  the  people  of  the 
North  and  a  large  majority  of  the 
people  of  the  South  are  arrayed  against 
each  other  on  the  slavery  issue,  —  both 
men  and  women,  —  by  considerations  of 
interest,  pride,  and  conscience. 

*  *  Kan.  A  remarkable  emigration 
pours  into  Kansas  from  both  Northern 
and  Southern  States. 

It  aims  to  secure  the  political  organ- 
ization of  the  State  —  the  former  for 
freedom  and  the  latter  for  slavery.  Con- 
fusion and  violence,  approaching  an- 
archy, soon  prevail. 

*  *  N.  Y.  After  a  longand  bitter  struggle 
the  Legislature  charters  the  first  com- 
pany organized  to  establish  an  asyltun 
for  inebriates. 

*  «  Cal.  Forgeries  by  Henry  Meigs, 
amounting  to  $1,000,000,  are  discovered 
in  the  comptroller's  office  at  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

*  *  Capt.  U.  S.  Grant  resigns  his  commis- 
sion and  becomes  a  farmer  on  a  small 
place  in  Missouri. 

1855  Mar.*andApr.  •  A'an.  A  bloody- 
election  is  held. 

Apr.  21.  Chicago.  Tlie military  fs  called 
out  to  suppress  a  riot  occasioned  by  the 
agitation  of  the  license  question. 

May  10.  Ind.  A  mob  destroys  the  Biroli 
Creek  (Canal)  reservoir. 

June  2.    Me.    Riot  at  Portland. 

A  crowd  attempts  to  take  possession  of 
certain  liquors  held  by  the  city  ;  the 
military  is  called  out  by  Mayor  Neal 
Dow  ;  one  man  is  killed  and  many  others 
are  wounded. 


UNITED    STATES.    1854,  Aug.  4-1855,  Sept.  13.  1" 


July  12.  III.  A  mob  at  JonesviUe 
takes  a  prisoner  out  of  the  hands  of  the 
sheriff  and  hangs  him  to  a  tree. 

July  *  Kan.  The  proslavery  Legislature 
makes  it  a  felony  to  circulate  anti- 
Blavery  publications,  or  to  deny  the 
right  to  hold  shives  in  the  Territory. 

Aug.  6.  Ky.  A  riot  breaks  out  at 
XiOuisviUe  between  the  Americans 
(ICnow-Nothings)  and  foreigners;  several 
are  killed  on  both  sides. 

Aug.  7.  Mo.  A  bloody  riot  occurs  at  St. 
Louis  between  the  Irish  and  the  Ameri- 
can party. 

Wis.    A  Milwatikee  mob  seizes  a 

prisoner  named  Debar,  arrested  for 
murder,  and  kills  him,  without  interfer- 
ence from  two  companies  of  militia  that 
are  escorting  him  to  prison. 

STATE. 

1854  Aug.  *  Utah.  Col.  Steptoe,  U.S.A., 
is  appointed  governor  in  place  of  Brig- 
bam  Young,  who  refuses  to  recognize 
the  authority  of  the  Chief  Justice. 

Oct.  6.  Kan.  A.  H.  Reeder  (Dem.),  the 
first  governor,  arrives. 

Oct.  18.  Fr.  The  United  States  Minis- 
ters in  Council,  having  adjourned  from 
Ostend  to  Aix-la-Chapelle,  issue  the 
Ostend  Manifesto. 

Tliey  recommend  an  immediate  effort 
to  purchase  Cuba,  at  $120,000,000  as  a 
maximum  price.  If  Spain  refuses  to  ac- 
cept the  price,  it  is  suggested  that  it  may 
be  necessary  to  seize  tlie  island,  to  pre- 
serve the  internal  peace  and  tlie  Union 
of  the  American  Republic.  [The  move- 
ment is  fruitless  of  results.] 

Oct.  *  U.  S.  Efforts  are  made  to  secure 
the  annexation  of  the  Sandwich  Is- 
lands to  the  United  States,  by  negotiit- 
tion.  [The  death  of  the  king  of  the 
Islands  defeats  the  effort.] 

Oct.  *-Nov.  *  Antislavery  "Whigs  and 
antislavery  Democrats  coalesce  in 
the  North  by  attraction,  and  without  a 
common  name ;  the  Democratic  party  is 
defeated  in  most  of  the  Free-State  elec- 
tions. 

Oct.  *  III.  Abraham  Lincoln  chal- 
lenges Stephen  A.  Douglaa  to  a  joint 
debate  in  the  canvass  for  Congress. 

Nov.  29.  Kan.  Armed  political  in- 
truders from  Missouri  take  possession 
of  the  polls  and  elect  J.  W.  Whitfield 
as  a  pro-slavery  delegate  to  Congress. 
(1 ,729  illegal  votes  are  cast,  out  of  a  total 
of  2,781.) 

^Dec.4.    n.C.  The  33d  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 
Congress;    Senate:   Ijewis   Cass  of 
Mich,  is  elected  President  pro  tempore. 
Dec.  5,    /».  C.   Congress ;  Senate :  Jesse 
D.  Bright  of  Lid.  is  electe<l  President 
pro  tempore, 
*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-55  *  *  Conn.    Henry  Dutton. 
-58  *  •  la.    James  W.  Grimes. 
•55  *  *  Kan.  (Ter.).    A.  H.  Reeder. 
-56  *  *  La.    Paul  O.  Hubert. 

1-65*  *  Mass.    Emory  Washburn. 
'     -68*  *  Miss.    JohnJ.  M'Rae. 


-55  *  *  Xeb.  ( Ter.).  T.  B.  Cuming. 
-65  *  *  iV.  11.  Nathaniel  B.  Baker. 
-57  *  *  A'.  J.    Rodman  M.  Price. 

Ore.  (Ter.).    John  W.  Davis. 
-57  *  *Ii.  I.    William  W.  Hoppiu. 
-56  *  *  S.  C.    James  H.  Adams. 
-57  *  *  Utah  (Ter.).  E.  J.Steptoe,U.S.A. 
-56  *  *  VL    Stephen  Royce. 

1855  Feb.  1.  Paraguay.  Tlie  United 
States  surveying  steamer  Wafer  Witch 
is  fired  upon  while  unlawfully  ascend- 
ing the  Paraguay  River. 

Feb.  10.  B.  C.  Congress  approves  an 
act  to  secure  the  rights  of  citizenship 
to  children  of  American  citizens  who 
are  born  in  foreign  countries. 

Feb.  15,  I).  C.  Congress  revives  the 
grade  of  lieutenant-general  by  brevet, 
in  the  army. 

Mar.  4.    D.C.   The  33d  Congress  ends. 

Mar.  10.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  inves- 
tigating committee  reports  that  the 
Kansas  elections  were  carried  by 
fraud. 

Mar.  30.  Kan.  An  election  is  held  at 
Lawrence,  to  choose  members  for  the 
Territorial  Legislature. 

Arme<l  political  bodies  of  Missouri- 
ans  take  jmssession  of  the  polls,  and 
elect  a  pro-slavery  Legislature.  Of  6,218 
votes  cast,  only  1,310  of  them  are  legal. 
((Jov.  Reeder  sets  tlie  election  aside  and 
orders  another.) 

May  22.  Kan.  Supplementary  elec- 
tions are  held,  by  order  of  the  Governor, 
and  the  Free-State  men  defeat  their  op- 
ponents. 

Jime  5.  I'hila.  The  American  (Kn<tw- 
Nothing)  National  Convention  con- 
venes ;  its  managers  decide  to  ignore 
the  slavery  question. 

June  11.  Kan.  Gov.  Reeder  is 
charged  with  irregularities  in  the 
purchase  of  Indian  lands. 

[He  is  removed  by  the  President,  July 
26;  John  L.Dawson  refuses  the  appoint- 
ment of  governor,  and  Daniel  Woodson 
becomes  acting  governor.] 

June  13.  O.  The  antislavery  branch 
of  the  American  party  (Know-Nothings) 
meet  at  Cincinnati  in  National  Con- 
vention. 

July  1.     U.  S.    National  debt  .9135,586,858. 

July  2.  Kan.  The  proslavery  liegis- 
lature  meets  at  Pawnee,  organizes,  ex- 
pels nine  Free-State  members  [and  ad- 
JDurns  to  Shawnee  Mission,  near  the 
^Missouri  State  line]. 

July  12.  Mo.  A  convention  of  the 
friends  of  slavery  is  held  at  Lexington. 

Aug.  14.  Kan.  The  Free-State  men 
hold  a  convention  at  Lawrence,  repu- 
diate the  Shawnee  Mission  Legislature 
as  spurious,  and  summon  a  second  con- 
vention for  Sept.  5,  at  Big  Springs. 

Sept.  7.  Kan.  Wilson  Shannon  (Dem.), 
appointed  governor  by  President  Pierce, 
assumes  office. 

Sept.  5.  Kan.  The  convention  at  Big 
Springs  nominates  ex-Gov.  Reeder 
as  the  Free-State  candidate  for  Con- 
gress. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1854  Aug.  13.  Ky.  A  powder  maga- 
zine containing  800  kegs  explodes  at 
Maysville,  destroying  13  houses. 

Aug.  25.  X.  Y.  A  fire  at  Troy  burns 
mure  than  100  buildings. 

Aug.  29.  X.  J.  A  railway  accident  oc- 
curs at  Burlington,  between  New  York 
and  Philadelphia  ;  21  persons  are  killed. 

Sept.  27.  Tlie  steamer  Arctic  collides 
with  the  steamer  Vesta, oft  Cape  Race, 
and  323  lives  are  lost. 

Oct.  28.  O.  A  fire  rages  at  Cleveland ; 
loss,  $2,000,000. 

Nov.  1.  ///.  Forty  persons  are  killed 
or  wounded  iu  a  disaster  on  the  Chi- 
cago and  Rock  Island  Railroad. 

Dec*  Xew  York.  Great  distress  prevails 
among  the  poor. 

Dec.  31.  Report  of  accidents  for  the 
year  :  193  railroad  accidents,  186  per- 
sons killed,  589  wounded  ;  also,  48  steam- 
boat accidents,  killing  587  persons,  and 
injuring  225  more. 

Immigrants  and  other  aliens  received 
in  1854,  427,833. 

*  *  D.C.  Congress  grants  a  right  of  way 
and  a  tract  of  land  200  feet  wide,  from 
the  Mississippi  River  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  to  a  telegraph  company. 

*  *  ^".'7.  The  British  press  denounces 
the  bombardment  of  Greytown  by  the 
frigate  Cayne,  claiming  the  place  to  be 
under  British  protection.  (See  Army  — 
Navy,  p.  174.) 

*  *  111.  The  Illinois  Central  Railroad, 
704  miles  long,  is  completed. 

*  *  A''.  J.  The  Jersey  City  water-works 
are  completed,  taking  water  from  the 
Passaic  River. 

*  *  The  crinoline  skirt,  ascribed  to  the 
Empress  Eugenie,  and  worn  by  her  a  few 
months  before  the  birth  of  Prince  Napo- 
leon, becomes  fashionable  with  ladies. 

1855  Jan.  1.  X.  Y.  Brooklyn,  Wil- 
liamsburg, and  the  town  of  Bushwick 
are  consolidated. 

Feb.  22.  The  California  banks  s\is- 
pend  payment ;  a  panic  follows. 

Feb.  26.  Gen.  Jackson's  sword  is  pre- 
sented to  Congress  by  the  heirs  of  Gen. 
A  rmstrong. 

Mar.  *  X.  Y.  The  Niagara  Suspension 
Bridge,  two  miles  below  the  Falls,  is 
<;ompleted. 

Mar.  14.  X.  Y.  A  tr:iin  ('f  cars  first 
crosses  the  Suspension  Bridge  at  Ni- 
agara Falls. 

Mar.  19,  Va.  An  explosion  occurs  in 
the  Midlothian  coal-mines;  45  miners 
perish. 

Aug.  29.  X.  J.  A  train  on  the  Camden 
and  vVmboy  Railroad  is  derailed;  21 
persons  are  killed. 

Summer.  Ta.  Yellow  fever  ravages 
Norfolk  and  Portsmouth  with  great 
mortality  ;  citizens  become  refugees. 

Sept.  5.  The  steamer  Sierra  Xevada 
leaves  New  York  for  Nicaragua ;  chol* 
era  carries  oflF  95  passengers. 


178     1855,  Sept.  17-1856,  June  2.        AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1855*  *The  army  consists  of  ^,885,216 
men:  regulars,  11,G58;  militia,  1,873,558; 
navy,  72  vessels,  carrying  2,200  guns. 

1856  May  5-21.  Kati.  Lawrence  is  be- 
sieged by  invaders  from  Missouri  ;  it 
surrenders,  and  many  buildings  are 
burned. 

May  26.  Kan,  At  Pottawatomie  eigbt 
men  are  killed  in  a  figbt  with  invaders 
from  Missouri. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1865  Oct.  11.  NeioYork.  The  propeller 
Arctic  and  the  bark  Release  of  the  Arctic 
expedition  bring  back  Dr.  Kane  and  his 
entire  party,  except  three  who  had  died. 

*  *  Physical  Geography  of  the  Sea,  by 
Lieut.  Matthew  F,  Maury,  appears. 

*  *  The  Recording  Angela  a  statue,  is  exe- 

cuted by  Larkin  G.  Mead. 

*  •  The  Pearl  Diver,  a  statue,  is  executed 
by  Benjamin  Paul  Akers. 

1856  Feb.  3.  Kan.  The  mercury  falls 
30*  below  zero. 

Feb.  10.  N.  T,  Very  cold  weather  pre- 
vails ;  people  cross  between  New  York 
and  Brooklyn  on  the  ice. 

Feb.  23.  O.  A  freshet  commences  in 
Ohio  ;  several  steamboats  are  destroyed. 

Mar.  17.  Neio  Tork.  Miss  Adelaide 
Phillips  first  appears  in  opera. 

Apr.  13.  Phila.  A  tornado  unroofs  150 
houses. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1866*  • 

Barton,  William  V.  C,  botanist,  author,  A70. 
Berrien,  John   Mcpherson,  senator  for  Ga., 

atty.-Ren.,  A75. 
Bond,  Thos.  K.,  editor,  M.  E.  cl.,  A64. 
Borden,  .Simeon,  civil  engineer,  -\58. 
Brookshlre,  Elijah  V.,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  bora 

in  Ind. 
Channing,  Edward  T.,  prof,  of  rhetoric  and 

oratory,  A 66. 
Olayton.  John  Middleton,  sen.  for  Del., 

•ec.  of  state,  A  60. 
Cooper,  Charles  M.,  M.  C.  for  Fla.,  b.  Ga. 
Crawford,  WUliam  T.,  M.  C.  for  'S.  C,  b.  In 

N.  C. 
l>awson,  William  C,  statesman,  judge,  ASS. 
Doughty,  Thotnas,  landscape  painter,  A63. 
Dowse,  Tlionias,  book  collector,  A84. 
Dunphy,  Edward  J.,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  bomin 

N.Y. 
Finney,  James  B.,  M.  E.  cl.,  writer,  A75. 
Gaul,  Gilbert  Si>encer,  painter,  born  in  K.Y. 
Gray,  Francis  Galley,  writer,  A66. 
Gray,  Henry  Peters,  painter,  A66. 
Haines,  Charles  D.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  bom  in 

N.Y. 
Harper,  William  Rainey,  educator,  born. 
Harris,  Thaddeus  Wni.,  entomologist,  A61. 
Hentz,  Caroline  Lee  Whiting,  author,  A56. 
Hines,  William  II.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  N.Y. 
Hooker,  Warren  B.,  M.  C.  for  N.T,,  born  in 

NY. 
Linton,  William  S.,  M.  C.  for  Mich.,  born  in 

Midi. 
Lee,  Henry,  actor,  born  in  New  York  City. 
McKeever,  Isaac,  commodore  U.  S.  N.,  A63. 
Morris,  Charles,  commodore  U.  S.  N.,  A  72. 
Moses,  Charles  L.,  M.  C.  for  Ga.,  b.  in  Ga. 
Murdock,  James,  prof,  of  theologj',  A80. 
Percival,  .Fames  Gates,  poet,  A61. 
Plxlev,  Annie,  actor,  born  in  N.  Y.  City. 
Robbins,  Tliomas,  clergyman,  A79. 
Busk,  Thomas  J.,  senator  for  Tex.,  A54. 
Scanlan,  William  J.,  actor,  born  in  Mass. 
Htallings,  Jesae  F.,  M.  C.  for  Ala.,  b.  Ala. 
Stevens.  Robert  Llvirig-ston.  inventor  of 

improvements  in  steamers,  AGO. 
Sweet,  Willis.  M.  C.  for  Ida.,  born  in  Vt. 
Tate,  Farish  C.,  M.  C.  for  Ga.,  b.  in  Ga. 
Wallace,  Horace  B.,  lawyer,  essayist,  A39. 
Warren,  John  C.  anatomist,  editor,  A78. 
Webber,  Clias.  W.,  naturalist,  autlior,  A37. 


CHURCH. 

1855  *  *  ///.  The  Baptist  Anntial 
Meeting  is  held  in  Chicago. 

*  *  Kan.  The  Congregational  Confer- 
ences of  Kansas  and  Minnesota  are 
organized. 

*  *  Mo.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  St,  Louis ;  Wm. 
C.  Wisner,  moderator.  It  provides  for 
ministerial  relief. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Onondaga  is  organized. 

*  *Tenn.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Nashville;  ls:i- 
than  L.  Rice,  moderator.  It  provides 
for  ministerial  relief. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  Me.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Portland  is  established. 

*  *  0.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  meets  at  Dayton. 

*  *  The  Methodists  (South)  report  30  In- 
dian missions,  28  missionaries,  4,264 
members,  18  churches ;  expenditures, 
$12,176. 

*  *  The  Seventh-day  Baptist  Educa- 
tional Society  is  formed. 

*  *  The  General  Synods  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Central  Pennsylvania, 
Iowa,  and  North  Indiana  are  organized. 

*  *  The  United  Synod  South  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  of  Mississippi  is  orga- 
nized. 

1856  May  l.-June  4.  Imh  The  Gen- 
eral Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal) 
is  held  at  Indianapolis. 

The  Central  Ohio,  Germany,  and 
Switzerland  (Mission),  Detroit,  Kansas, 
Minnesota,  Newark,  Upper  Iowa,  and 
West  Wisconsin  Conferences  areformed. 

June  *.  Phifa.  Tlie  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  "New  Jerusalem  meets. 

LETTERS. 

1855  Sept.  17-  Boston.  The  corner- 
stone of  the  Public  Library  is  laid  with 
impressive  ceremonies. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Pacific  Advocate  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  established. 

*  *  Ga.  New  Ebeuezer  CoUege  (Bapt.) 
is  founded  at  Cochran. 

*  *  III.  Abingdon  College  (Christian)  is 
organized  at  Abingdon. 

*  *  ni.  Eureka  College  pisciples)  is 
organized  at  Eureka. 

*  * ///.     Worthwestem  University 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Evanston. 

*  *///.  Almira  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Greenville. 

*  *  ///.  Hedding  CoUege  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  founded  at  Abingdon. 

*  *  Ind.  Butler  University  (Disciples) 
is  organized  at  Irvington. 

*  *  Iowa  Wesleyan  University  (Moth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Mt.  Pleasant. 

-^  *  La.  Homer  College  (:\Teth.  Epis.) 
is  chartered. 


*  *  Mich.  Kalamazoo  College  (Bapt.)  is 
organized  at  Kalamazoo. 

Hillsdale  College  (Free  Bapt.)  is  orga- 
nized at  Hillsdale. 

*  *  Mo.  The  CoUege  of  Christian 
Brothers  (Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized  at 
St.  Louis. 

Westminster  College  (Pres.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Fulton. 

*  *  .V.  C.  ThomaaviUe  Female  Col- 
lege (Bapt.)  is  organized  at  ThomaaviUe. 

*  *  .V.  r.  Elmira  CoUege  (Pres.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Elmira. 

*  *  New  York.  Frank  Leslie's  Illustrirte 
Zeitung  is  founded. 

*  •  O.  The  Western  Methodist  Prottstant 
is  first  issued. 

*  *  Tex.  Baptist  Female  CoUege  is 
founded  at  Belton. 

*  *  Tex.  St.  Mary's  University  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  Galveston, 

*  *  Fairy  Tales,  by  L.  M.  Alcott,  appears; 
also  FloiPer  Fables. 

*  *  Hiawatha,  by  Longfellow,  appears. 

*  *  The  Hidden  Path,  by  M.  Harland,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Japan  as  it  Was  and  Is,  by  Hildreth, 
appears. 

*  *  Leaves  of  Grass,  by  Walt  Whitman, 
appears. 

*  •  The  New  Pastoral,  by  T.  B.  Read,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Reign  of  Philip  the  Second,  by 
WiUiam  H.  Prescott,  appears. 

*  *  Poems,  by  P.  H.  Hayne,  appears. 

*  *  Poems  of  Nome  and  Travel,  by  Bayard 
Taylor,  appears. 

*  *  Remember  Me,  by  Ray  Palmer,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Out  Doors  at  Idlewild,  by  Willis,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Star  Papers,  by  Beecher,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Washington,  by  Irving,  ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1855  Sept.  26.  Phila.  The  corner-stone 
of  the  Masonic  Hall  is  laid;  4,000 
Masons  march  in  a  procession. 

*  *  Me.  The  prohibitory  law  is  re- 
enacted  by  a  Democratic  Legislature, 
and  its  penalties  increased. 

Oct.  8.  Nero  York.  Grand  jury  indict- 
ments are  found  against  several  city 
officials  for  corruption  and  malver- 
sation in  ofQce. 

"Winter.  New  York.  Many  associa- 
tions, soup-kitchens,  and  plans  for  visi- 
tation are  formed  to  reUeve  the  suffer 
ingpoor. 

*  *  B.I.  A  prohibitory  law  is  passed 
by  the  American  ( Kno w-Nothing ) 
party. 

*  •  Filibustering  is  maintained  by  G«xi. 
Walker  in  Nicaragua,  and  encouraged 
by  Southerners. 

1856  Apr.  10.  New  York.  A  company 
of  208  men  leaves  to  join  Gen.  Walker's 
filibusters  in  Nicaragua. 

Apr.  24.  Kan.  A  sheriff  is  shot  while 
twitting  in  his  tent. 


I 


UNITED   STATES.  1855,  Sept.  17-1856,  June  2.  179 


May  14.  Cat.  Serious  disturbauces  by 
criminals  are  checlEed  by  a  Vigilance 
Committee,  in  San  Francisco. 

James  P.  Casey,  editor  ()f  the  Sunday 
Times,  stioots  and  kills  James  King, 
editor  of  tlie  Sau  Fraitctsco  Jiulletln. 
[Thousands  of  luailing  citizens  arm  and 
organize  a  Vigilance  Committee,  whichi 
tries  and  executes  Casey ;  they  then 
suppress  the  bullies  and  desperadoes  in- 
festing the  city.] 

May  21.  Kan.  Ijawrencc  is  sacked 
by  border  ruffians.    (See  State.) 

May  22.  /).  C.  Preston  S.  Brooks,  M.  C. 
from  South  Carolina,  assaults  Senator 
Charles  Sumner,  of  Massachusetts, 
while  sitting  at  his  desk  in  the  Senate 
chamber.  He  fells  him  to  the  floor  with 
a  cane,  because  of  an  offensive  anti- 
slavery  speech  in  the  Senate.  [Mr.  Sum- 
ner ia  made  an  invalid  for  four  years.] 

STATE. 

1855  Sept.  19.  Kan.  The  defrauded 
Free-State  settlers  hold  a  third  conven- 
tion at  Topeka,  adopt  a  Free-State 
Constitution,  and  nominate  ex-Gov. 
Reader  (Kep.)  for  Congress. 

Oct.  1.  Kan.  The  proslavery  party, 
in  an  election  called  by  their  Legisla- 
ture, elect  John  W.  Whitfield  for  Con- 
gress ;  he  receives  more  votes  thnn  the 
census-tables  warrant. 

Oct.  3,  Kan.  The  proslavery  party  meet 
at  Leavenworth. 

Oct.  9.  Kan.  Ex-Gov.  Keeder  is  elected 
as  a  Free-State  Representative  in  Con- 
gress by  2,400  majority. 

Oct.  23.-NOV.  11.  Kan.  The  Free- 
Soil  party  declares  the  proslavery 
Legislature  to  have  been  elected  by 
fraud ;  assembling  at  Topeka,  it 
adopts  a  constitution  which  excludes 
all  negroes,  and  organizes  a  rival  gov- 
ernment, [Discord,  violence,  and  crime 
abound  for  one  year.  The  Kansas  ques- 
tion is  made  an  issue  in  national  poli- 
tics —  '*  Bleeding  Kansas  ! "] 

Sec.  3.  B.C.  The  34th  Congress  opens. 
Congress  ;  House  :  A  prolonged  and 
exciting  struggle  over  the  speakership 
ensues.  [Finally  (Feb.  2,  133  ballot)  N. 
P.  Banks  (Rep.)  of  Mass.  is  elected 
over  Wm.  Aiken  (Dem.)  of  S.  C.  by  a 
plurality  of  three  votes  —  every  vote  for 
Banks  coming  from  the  free  States.] 

Dec.  15.  Kan.  The  Topeka  (anti- 
slavery)  Constitution  is  accepted  by  a 
popular  vote.    Vote,  1,731-46. 

*  *  U.S.  Revenue  from  the  sale  of  pub- 
lic lands  in  1855,  $11,497,W9. 

*  *  U.  S.  Tlie  antislavery  party  becomes 
generally  knoAvn  as  the  Hepublican 
party  — the  'Whig  party  rapidly  dis- 
appears from  view. 

•  ♦The  United  States  decline  to  pay 
Sound  dues  to  the  Danish  Government, 
and  the  claim  is  settled  by  paying  a 
compensation. 

•  '-SS  ♦  *  Xem  York.  Fernando  Wood  is 
elected  the  70th  mayor. 

•  •  IK  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-57  *  »  Conn.    William  T.  Minor. 
-59  *  *  J)el.    Peter  F.  Cansey. 

Se*  *Kan.  {Tcr.).    Wilson  Shannon. 


-59  *  •  Ky.    Charles  S.  Moreliead. 
-58  *  *  Mass.    Henry  J.  Gardner. 
-58  ♦  *  Mich.    Kinsley  S.  Bingham. 
-59  *  »  A^  C.    Thomas  Bragg. 
-57  *  *  A',  if.    Ralph  MetcaU. 
-58  ♦  *  AeJ.  (Ter.).    Mark  W.  Izard. 
-57*  'A^.  r.    Myron  H.  Clark. 

Pa.    James  Pollock. 
-57.  •  *  JTis.    Coles  B.ashford. 

1856  Jan.  11.  1).  C.  Congress;  Sen- 
ate ;  Jesse  D.  Bright  of  Ind.  is  re- 
elected President  pro  tempore. 

Jan.  15.  Kan.  A  Territorial  election  is 
held,  a  Legislaturechosen,  and  Charles 
Robinson  (Rep.)  elected  governor  un- 
der the  Free-State  Constitution. 

Jan.  »  U.  S.  Deep  political  excite- 
ment and  solicitude  prevail,  both  in 
the  North  and  the  South. 

Jan.  26.  D.  C.  President  Pierce,  in  a 
special  message  to  Congress,  recognizes 
the  proslavery  XiCgislature  in  Kansas. 

Feb.  11.  I).  C.  The  President  by  proc- 
lamation orders  the  dispersion  of 
armed  invaders  of  Kansas. 

Feb.  22.  J'hila.  The  National  Con- 
vention of  the  American  party 
(Know -Nothings)  nominates  Millard 
Fillmore  of  N.  Y.  for  President,  and 
A.  J.  Donelson  of  Tenn.  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

It  virtually  approves  of  the  Fugitive- 
Slave  law  and  the  Kansas-Nebraska 
Act ;  it  professes  opposition  to  foreign 
influence  iu  national  legislation. 

Mar.  4.  Kaji.  The  Legislature  meets 
at  Topeka,  and  inaugurates  Gov.  Rob- 
inson ;  then  adjourns  till  July  4. 

Mar.  19.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
appoints  a  committee  to  investigate 
the  Kansas  troubles. 

Apr.  6.  rtah.  The  Constitution  of  the 
proposed  Mormon  State  of  Deseret  is 
adopted  by  a  convention  held  at  Salt 
Lake  City. 

Apr.  14.  Kan.  The  Congressional 
Committee  begins  to  take  testimony 
respecting  the  political  situation. 

Apr.  *  Knn.  Colonel  Buford  arrives  with 
armed  men  from  Georgia,  Alabama, 
and  other  Southern  .States. 

May  5.  Kan.  The  grantl  jury  of  Doug- 
las County  finds  indictments  for 
treason  against  Reeder,  Robinson, 
and  Lane,  the  Free-State  leaders. 

May  14.  I).  C.  President  Pierce  re- 
ceives Father  Vijil,  Filibuster 
Walker's  "  minister  "  from  Nicaragua. 

May  20.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Charles  Sumner  of  Mass.  delivers  an 
elaborate  antislavery  philippic,  en- 
titled, !'  The  Crime  against  Kan- 
sas," in  which  lie  comments  severely 
on  Senator  Butler  of  .S.  C. 

May  21.  Kan.  Lawrence  is  sacked 
by  the  posse  of  the  U.  S.  marshal  after 
the  cannon  and  arms  of  the  residents 
have  been  surrendered,  under  pledges  of 
safety. 

May 22.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Charles  Sumner  is  brutally  assaulted 
with  a  cane  in  the  Senate  chamber. 
(See  Society.) 


May  26.  Kan.  A  political  fight  causes 
eight  deaths  at  Pottawatomie. 

May  28.  D.  C.  Diplomatic  relations 
with  Great  Britain  are  strained  be- 
cause of  diverse  interpretations  of  the 
Clayton-Bulwer  Treaty. 

May  29.  D.  C.  President  Pierce  informs 
Congress  tliat  he  has  ceased  to  hold 
diplomatic  correspondence  with  Mr. 
Crampton,  British  minister,  because 
of  his  attempting  to  enlist  citizens  of 
the  United  States  in  the  British 
service. 

May  *  Ken.  The  U.  S.  marshal  takes 
Col.  Buford's  volunteers  from  Ala- 
bama into  Government  pay,  and  arms 
them  to  drive  out  Northern  men. 

June  2.  Kan.  A  political  fight  occurs 
at  Palmyra  ;  Capt.  Pate  of  S.  C.  and  30 
men  are  captured  by  a  Free-State 
force.  [Civil  war  prevails  for  several 
months.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1855  Sept.  *  Cholera  breaks  out  on  the 
Pacific  steamer  Uyicle  Sam;  111  deaths 
follow. 

Nov.  1.    Mo.    An  excursion  train  breaks 

through    a   bridge  100  miles    from  St. 

Louis ;  20  persons  are  killed  and  many 

are  wounded. 
Dec.  31.    U.  S.    Immigrants  and  other 

aliens  in  1855,  200,877. 

*  *  Kew  York.  Castle  Garden  ceases  to 
be  a  theater,  and  becomes  a  depot  for 
receiving  immigrants. 

*  *  Boston.  The  banks  establish  a  Clear- 
ing-house. 

*  *  AT.  J.  Fairmount  Cemetery,  near 
Newark,  is  incorporated. 

*  *  An  explosion  occurs  on  the  steamer 
Lexingtmi,  on  the  Ohio,  90  miles  below 
Louisville  ;  35  persons  perish. 

1856  Jan.  23.  The  steamer  Pacific 
leaves  Liverpool  for  New  York  with  186 
persons  on  board.  [Her  fate  is  un- 
known.] 

Feb.  17.  S.  C.  Charleston  is  almost  de- 
stroyed by  fire. 

Feb.  20.  The  packet-ship  John  Itutledge 
strikes  an  iceberg  and  foimders ;  only 
one  survives  out  of  15G  persons. 

Feb.  22.  Cal.  The  first  railroad  in 
the  State  is  opened,  from  Sacramento  to 
Folsom,  22J  miles  long. 

Feb.  26.  Ice  breaks  up  on  the  Missis- 
sippi and  wrecks  23  steamboats. 

Feb.  ♦  Spanish  coins  are  driven  out  of 
circulation  by  Congress,  and  the  coinage 
of  a  much  smaller  cent  is  provided  for. 

Mar.  15.  N.J.  The  ferry-boat  A'eio  Jer- 
sey takes  fire  near  Camden  and  becomes 
unmanageable  ;  50  persons  perish. 

Mar.  26.  Boston.  The  Boston  and  Cam- 
bridge Street  Railroad  is  opened. 

Apr.  7.  AVw  York.  The  steamship  Adri- 
atic is  launched ;  the  largest  vessel  of 
the  kind  yet  built. 

Apr.  11.  ///.  Locomotives  cross  the 
great  bridge  over  the  Mississippi  at 
Bock  Island. 


180    1856,  June  2-1857,  Feb.  11.         AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — NAVY, 
1856    Aug.  29.    Kan.    A  band  of  pro- 
slavery  men,  under  Capt.  Raid,  defeats 
John   Brown  and    the  abolitionists   at 
Osawatomie. 

THE  SIXTEENTH  AVAR. 

*  •  1868  *  *  Fla.  The  Seminole  In- 
dian War.  Men  enrolled,  2,687.  Cause: 
the  removal  of  a  remnant  of  Indians  to 
the  West, 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1856  July  4.  New  York.  A  statue  of 
Washington,  in  Union  Square,  is  un- 
veiled. 

Aug,  28.  N.  Y.  The  Dudley  Observa- 
tory, at  Albany,  is  inaugurated. 

Aug.  *  Last  Island,  a  summer  resort  in 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  is  submerged  in  a 
'fitorm,  the  houses  are  wrecked,  and  300 
persons  drowned. 

Autumn.  Destructive  gales  prevail  on 
the  Great  Lakes ;  49  wrecks  and  more 
than  200  deaths.  The  steamer  Supe- 
rior is  wrecked  near  Pictured  Rocks. 

*  *  Conn.  Condensed  milk  is  first  manu- 
factured  at  Litchtield. 

*  *  ///.  The  bridge  1,582  feet  long,  across 
the  Mississippi  at  Rock  Island,  is  com- 
pleted. 

*  *  K.  J.  The  first  experiments  in  pro- 
ducing steel  by  the  Bessemer  process 
are  tried  at  the  Phillipsburg  furnace. 

*  *  Capt.  Ericsson  patents  an  improved 
caloric  engine. 

*  *  Sorghum,  or  Chinese  sugar-cane,  is  in- 
troduced. 

*  *  Thirsty  Drover  is  painted  by  F.  W. 
Edmonds. 

1857  Jan.  23-25.  Severe  cold  prevails 
throughout  New  England, 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1857*   * 

Anderson,  Isaar,  West.  Pres.  pioneer  cl.,  A77. 

Bailey,  Jacob  Whitman,  microscopist,  A  46. 

Birney.  James  Q.,  philan.,  antialavery  edi- 
tor, of  O.,  A65. 

Blake,  John  L.,  P.  K.  cl.,  anther,  A69. 

Brenton,  Sam'l,  M.  E.  cl.,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  A47. 

Itrown,  (ioold,  grammarian,  author,  A66. 

Butler,  Andrew  1'.,  senator  for  S.  C,  A61. 

Chevea,  Langdon,  senator  for  S.  C,  A81. 

Colton,  Calvin,  1*.  K.  cl.,  author,  A68. 

('rawforrt,  Thomas,  sculptor,  A44. 

Dillon,  Louise,  actor,  born  in  Ga. 

DurBorow,  Allan  C,  Jr.,  M.  C.  for  111.,  bom 
in  I'a. 

Gallinger,  Jacob  H.,  sen.  for  N.  H.,  1>.  Can. 

Oliddon,  George  Rohbins,  Egyptologist,  A48. 

Goodwin,  Nat  C,  actor,  born  in  Mass. 

Griswold,  Kufua  Wiluiot,  historical  writer, 
A  42. 

CHURCH. 

1856  *  *  The  Presbyterians  establish  a 
mission  among  the  Kickapoo  Indians. 

Oct.  23.  Minn.  The  General  Associa- 
tion (Congregational)  of  Slinnesota  is 
organized. 

*  •  III.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Chicago  is  organized. 

*  *  New  York.  The  General  Assem- 
bly (N.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets ;  L.  P. 
Hickok,  moderator.  It  condemns  sla- 
very. 

»  *  New  York.  The  General  Assembly 
(O.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets ;  Francis 
McFarland,  moderator. 


*  *  New  York.  The  Baptist  Annual 
Meeting  assembles. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  The  Foreign  Indian-School  Mission 
begins  practical  work. 

*  •  The  American  Missionary  Society 
reports  79  missionaries  in  the  foreign 
field. 

1857    Jan.  9.    lU.    The  Roman  Catholic 

Diocese    of   Quincy   is    transferred   to 

Alton. 

LETTERS. 
1856    Sept.  23.    N.  J.    The  Peter  Hert- 

zog  Theological  Hall  at  Rutgers  College 

is  dedicated. 

*  *  Ala.  Southern  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  chartered. 

*  *  Ja.  "Western  College  (U.  Brethren) 
is  organized  at  Toledo, 

*  *  ///.  Garrett  Biblical  Institute  (Meth, 
Epis.)  is  opened  at  Evanston. 

*  *  ///.  Monmouth  College  (United 
Pres.)  is  organized  at  Monmouth. 

*  *  Ky.  Daughters'  CoUege  (Disciples) 
is  founded  at  Harrodsburg. 

*  *  Mass.  James  A.  Garfield  graduates  at 
Williams  College.   ■ 

*  *  Mo.  Stephens  CoUege,  Female 
(Bapt.),  is  founded  at  Columbia. 

*  *  N.  C.  Raleigh  Christian  Advocate 
(Meth.  Epis.  South)  is  issued. 

*  *  S.  C.  Newberry  CoUege  (Lutheran) 
is  organized  at  Newberry. 

*  *N.  J.  Seton  HaU  CoUege  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  founded  at  South  Orange. 

*  *  New  York,  ffarper's  Weekly  is 
founded. 

*  *N.  r.  CoUege  of  Our  Lady  of 
Angels  (Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized  at 
Suspension  Bridge. 

St.    Lawrence    University    (Univ.) 
is  organized  at  Canton. 

*  *  O.  Baldwin  University  (Met h. 
Epis.)  is  organized  at  Berea. 

*  *  Wis.  St.  Francis  de  Sales  College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized  at  St.  Francis. 

*  *  Dred :  A  Tale  of  the  Dismal  Swamp,  by 
H,  B.  Stowe,  appears. 

*  ♦  -67  *  *  O.  Tlie  Public  Library  is 
founded  at  Cincinnati.    [158,136  vols.] 

*  *  The  Dutch  Republic jhy  J dhnJjothTOp 
Motley,  appears. 

*  *  English  Traits,  by  Emerson,  appears. 

*  *  Ifistory  of  the  United  States,  by  George 
Tucker,  appears. 

*  *  The  Last  of  the  Foresters,  by  J.  E. 
Cooke,  appears. 

*  *  Married,  not  Mated,  by  Alice  Gary, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Poetry  of  the  Orient,  by  W.  R. 
Alger,  appears. 

*  *  Prue  and  1,  by  G.  W.  Curtis,  appears. 

*  *  Travels  in  Central  Africa,  by  Du 
Chaillu,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Fremont,  by  JoAin  Bigelow, 
api>ear8. 


SOCIETY. 

1856  June  5.  Cal.  San  Francisco  is 
declared  in  a  state  of  insurrection 
by  Gov.  Johnson.    (See  May.) 

July  8.  />.  C.  Preston  S.  Brooks  is 
indicted  for  assaulting  Charles  Sumner. 
[He  pays  the  fine  of  $300.] 

Aug.  18.  Cal.  The  VigUance  Com- 
mittee in  San  Francisco,  having  accom- 
plished its  ends,  disbands  after  a  pa- 
rade. 

Sept,  12.  Md.  A  riot  at  Baltimore  arises 
betvreen  two  bands  of  lawless  clubs,  the 
••  Rip  Raps  '*  and  the  **  Wampa- 
nags";  one  man  is  killed  and  20 
wounded. 

Oct.  8.  Md.  A  riot  at  Baltimore  arises 
between  the  *' Rip  Raps"  and  the 
New  Market  Fire  Company. 

Nov.  4.  Md.  A  riot  in  Baltimore  arises 
between  Democrats  and  Know-Noth- 
ings; 8  persons  are  killed  and  150 
wounded. 

Nov.  27,  Nicaragua.  Gen.  "Walker, 
with  his  third  company  of  adventurers, 
invades  Central  America  by  landing  at 
Punta  Arenas. 

Dec.  14.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  revival 
of  the  slave-trade  is  proposed  and  de- 
feated.   Vote,  183-58. 

*  ♦  Mass.  James  A.  Garfield  graduates 
at  Williams,  and  returns  to  Ohio. 

*  *Me.  Theprohibitory**  Maineljaw** 
is  repealed,  and  license  laws  enacted. 

*  *  .v.  r.  Charles  B.  Huntington  is  dis- 
covered to  be  a  forger  to  the  extent  of 
fifteen  or  twenty  miUions  of  dollars, 
mainly  used  as  collateral  security. 

1857  Jan.  30.  New  Ym-k.  Dr.  Harvey 
BurdeU  is  brutally  murdered  in  his 
own  house  in  Bond  Street,  a  fashionable 
quarter  of  the  city. 

[The  sensational  trial  of  Mrs.  Cunning- 
ham, his  landlady  (mistress)  follows ; 
she  escapes  the  penalty  of  her  crime  by 
an  irregularity  in  the  proceedings.] 

STATE. 

1856  June  2.  O.  The  Democratic  Na- 
tional Convention  assembles  at  Cincin- 
nati; James  Buchanan  of  Pa.  is  unani- 
mously nominated  on  the  17th  ballot,  and 
John  C.  Breckinridge  of  Ky.  is  nomi- 
nated for  the  vice-presidency.  Frank- 
lin Fierce,  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  and 
Xiewis  Cass  are  prominent  candidates. 

June  9.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate  : 
Charles  E.  Stewart  of  Mich,  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

June  17.  Phila.  The  Republican 
National  Convention  assembles ;  it 
denounces  "  those  twin  relics  of  bar- 
barism, polygamy  and  slavery";  John 
C.  Fremont  of  Cal.  and  WiUiam  L. 
Dayton  of  X.  J.  receive  the  presidential 
nominations  ;  John  McXjean  is  a  rival 
candidate  for  the  presidency,  while 
Abraham  Lincoln,  Charles  Sumner, 
N.  P.  Banks,  and  David  "WUmot  are 
urged  for  the  vice-presidency, 

June  24.  D.C.  President  Pierce  recog- 
nizes "Walker,  the  filibuster,  as  Presi- 
dent of  Nicaragua. 


I 


1 


UNITED    STATES.  1856,  June  2-1857,  Feb.  11.   181 


JuneSO.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  proposes  tlie  ai>- 
pointment  of  a  committee  of  five,  to 
set  things  in  order  in  Kansas. 

Julyl.    U.S.    National  debt  $31,972,537. 

July  3.  Z>.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Douglas  Bill  for  a  com- 
mittee of  five  on  Kansas.  Vote,  33-12. 
The  House  votes  to  receive  Kansas 
into  the  Union  with  the  Free-Stato 
Constitution, 

July  4.  Kan,  The  State  Legislature 
assembles  at  Topeka,  and  is  dispersed 
by  U.  S.  troops. 

Julys.  D.  r.  Congress:  The  Senate 
rejects  the  bill  to  admit  Kansas. 

July  *  D.  C.  Congress  :  The  Investi- 
gating Committee  niaice  a  report  con- 
cerning Kansas  troubles  which  favors 
the  Free-State  men. 

Aug.  14.  Kan.  Free-State  men  capture 
a  fortified  post  near  Lecompton ;  Col. 
Titus  and  20  men  are  captured. 

Aug.  17.  Kan.  Gov.  Shannon  ex- 
changes the  cannon  talcen  at  Law- 
rence for  Col.  Titus  and  other  prisoners. 

Aug.  18.  J).  C.  The  34th  Congress : 
the  first  session  closes, 

Aug.  21.  J).  C.  The  34th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 

It  is  called  by  the  President  to  pass 
the  Army  Bill,  which  caused  a  great 
struggle  in  the  first  session. 

Aug.  25.  Kan.  Acting-Governor  Wood- 
son proclaims  the  Territory  to  be 
in  a  state  of  rebellion. 

Aug.  29.  Kan.  A  large  proslavery 
force  is  collected  at  hecomptou  and 
another  at  Santa  Fe  ;  Osawatomie  is  cap- 
tured ;  seven  men  Itilled,  many  wounded, 
seven  prisoners  talcen,  and  30  buildings 
burned.  Frederick  Brown,  a  son  of 
John  Brown,  is  among  the  killed. 

Aug.  30.  Kan.  David  R.  Atchison's 
(proslavery)  force,  being  threatened, 
withdraws  into  Missouri. 

D.   C.     Congress  passes  the  Army 

Bill    without    the    proviso    respecting 
Kansas. 

The  34th  Congress:  the  second  ses- 
sion closes.    (Ten  days.) 

Aug.*  D.C.  Congress:  The  House  adds 
a  provision  to  the  Army  Appropriation 
Bill,  that  Government  troops  shall  not 
be  employed  to  enforce  the  laws  passe<l 
by  the  Kansas  Territorial  Legislature. 
[The  Senate  disapproves,  and  the  bill 
fails  to  pass  during  the  session.] 

Sept.  1.  Kan.  In  a  municipal  election 
at  Leavenworth,  Missourians  (chiefly) 
kill  and  wound  several  Free-State 
men,  burn  their  houses,  and  force  about 
150  to  embark  for  St.  Louis. 

Sept.  3.  D.  C.  President  Pierce  appoints 
John  W.  Geary  to  be  military  g<»v- 
ernor  of  Kansas  Territory. 

Sept.  11.  Kan.  Gov.  Geary  arrives  at 
Lecompton  ;  he  releases  Robinson  and 
other  (Free-State)  prisoners  on  bail,  and 
proclaims  the  disbanding  of  all  hostile 
forces. 


Sept.  15:t.  Kan.  Three  regiments  of 
Missourians  with  cannon  proceed  to 
attack  Lawrence;  Gov.  Geary  with 
United  States  troops  interposes,  axid 
they  retire. 

Sept.  17.  Md,  The  last  Whig  Na- 
tional Convention  meets  at  Baltimore, 
and  adopts  the  nominees  of  the  Ameri- 
can jiarty. 

Nov.  4.  The  18th  presidential  elec- 
tion ;  Democrats  elected. 

Popular  Vote :  James  Buchanan 
(Dem.)  of  Pa.,  1,838,169;  John  C.  Fre- 
mont (Rep.)  of  Cal..  1,341,204;  Millard 
Fillmore  (American)  of  N,  Y.,  874,538. 

Illinois  refuses  to  support  its  *  *  Xiittle 

Giant,"  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  an<l 
elects  Lyman  Trumbtill,  a  Free-Soil 
senator. 

Dec.  1.  D.C.  The34th  Congress:  the 
third  session  opens. 

Dec.  15+.  Kan.  Lecompton,  a  parti- 
san Judge,  is  removed  on  demand  of  the 
governor,  and  James  C.  Harrison  of  Ky. 
is  appointed  in  lus  place. 

Dec.  30i.  Kan.  Gov.  Geary  reports  to 
the  President  that  peace  and  order 
prevail  in  the  Territory. 

*  *  ^fe.  Democrats  repeal  the  Prohibitory 
law. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-58  *  *  Cal.    J.  Neely  Johnson. 

-67  *  *  Kan:  {Ter.).    John  W.  Geary. 

-60  •  *  La.    R.  C.  Wicklitfe. 

-57  ♦  *  Me.    Samuel  Wells. 

-60  *  *  O.    Salmon  P.  Chase. 

-58  *  *  S.  C.     Robert  F.  \V.  Alston. 

-60  ♦  *  J'rt,    Henry  A.  Wi.se. 

-58  *  *  Vt.    Ryland  Fletcher. 

1857  Jan.  6.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
James  M.  Mason  of  Va.  is  elected 
President  _pro  tempore. 

Kan .  The  Topeka  Free-State  Legis- 
lature organizes  ;  the  Federal  marslial 
arrests  its  leading  members  as  revolu- 
tionists. 

Jan.  7.  Kan.  Both  houses  being  without 
a  majority,  the  Legislature  adjourns  till 
June. 

Jan.  *  Utah.  The  Mormon  digni- 
taries revolt,  and  drive  officers  of 
the  Federal  Government  out  of  the 
Territory. 

Jan.  12.  Kan.  The  proslavery  Territo- 
rial Legislature  (declared  illegal)  meets 
at  Lecompton,  and  provides  for  a  con- 
vention to  frame  a  State  Constitution. 

Jan.  24.  D.  C.  Congress  modifies  the 
Polk  Tariff  of  1846,  to  diminish  the 
revenue ;  the  average  rate  on  duties 
is  reduced  20  per  cent. 

Jan.  *  Kan.  Gov.  Geary  resigns  be- 
cause the  Federal  Senate  refuses  to 
confirm  the  appointment  of  Judge  Har- 
rison, and  thereby  restores  Judge  Le- 
compton to  office. 

Feb.  11.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Buchanan,  174; 
Fremont,  114 ;  Fillmore,  8.  Vote  for 
Vice-President:  J.  C.  Breckinridge  of 
Ky.  (Dem.),  174;  Wm.  L.  Dayton  of 
N.  J.  (Rep.),  114;  A.  J.  Donelson  of 
Teuu.  (American),  8. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1856  July  7.  PHJa.  Between  20  and 
30  persons  are  drowned  by  the  giving 
way  of  a  wharf  on  Reed  Street. 

July  16.  Pa.  Two  trains  come  together 
at  full  speed  at  Campbell ;  five  cars  are 
shivered  and  set  on  fire ;  60  persons 
are  crushed  or  burned,  78  wounded. 

July  17.  The  steamer  Northern  Indiana 
takes  fire  on  Lake  Erie;  40  persons 
perish, 

July  26.  The  steamboat  Empire  State 
explodes  her  boilers  on  Long  Island 
Sound,  killing  and  wounding  several 
persons. 

July  27.  N.  Y.  Tlie  steamer  John  Jay 
is  b\n:ned  on  Lake  George ;  several 
persons  perish. 

July  29.  Boston .  A  fire  renders  80  fami- 
lies homeless  ;  9  lives  are  lost. 

Aug.  21.  Conn.  The  Charter  Oak  at 
Hartford  is  blown  down ;  a  dirge  is 
played  at  noon,  and  the  bells  are  tolled 
at  sundown. 

Mass.    The  submarine  cable  is  laid 

to  the  main  land. 

Oct.  *  Boston.  An  industrial  exhibi- 
tion is  opened. 

Nov.  2.  The  French  steamer  Le  Lj/onais 
collides  with  a  sailing  vessel  on  the 
Atlantic ;  both  founder,  and  only  16 
persons  out  of  132  from  the  steamer 
are  saved. 

Nov.  8.  X.  Y.  A  fire  at  Syracuse  burns 
100  buildings. 

Dec.  12.  The  Besolute,  of  the  Franklin 
expedition,  is  presented  to  Queen  Vic- 
toria. 

Dec.  31.  U.S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1856,  195,857. 

•  *  Chicago.  The  first  wooden  pavement 
is  laid  on  Wells  Street. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Hoosac  Tunnel,  imder 
Hoosac  Mountain,  is  begun.  [Completed 
in  1873,  four  and  three-fourths  miles 
long.] 

•  •  New  York.  The  Inman  line  of 
steamers,  rimning  to  Liverpool,  is  estab- 
lished. 

♦  *  The  Ocean  Wave,  carrying  emigrants 
from  Rotterdam  to  New  York,  collides 
with  a  British  vessel ;  77  persons  perish, 

*  *  First  passage  of  a  vessel  through  the 
Great  Lakes  and  WeUand  Canal  to 
Europe. 

♦  *  Grants  of  land  are  made  in  Florida, 
Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Michi- 
gan, and  Wisconsin,  to  aid  in  construct- 
ing railroads  in  those  States. 

*  *  The  Chicago,  Burlington,  and 
Quincy  Railroad,  connecting  Chicago 
with  the  Mississippi,  is  completed  ;  also 
the  Chicago  and  Fort  Wayne,  the 
Iowa  extension  of  the  Chicago  and 
Kock  Island,  and  the  Penobscot  and 
Kennebec. 

1857  Jan.  5,  6.  A  large  American  ves- 
sel —  Northern  Belle  —  is  wrecked  near 
Broadstairs,  England. 

[The  Government  sent  21  silver  medals 
and  $1,350  to  be  distributed  among  the 
boatmen  of  the  place  who  saved  the 
crew.] 


182    1857,  Mar.  4-1858,  Max.  4.         AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1857  May  *  -June  *  Rebellion  breaks 

out  in  Utah;  G,000  troops  are  sent  to 

support  the  new  governor. 
July  *  Kan.    Disturbances  are  quelled  by 

the  United  States  Government  actively 

aiding  the  proslavery  party  (Bleeding 

Kansas). 
Nov.*  Utah.    Col. A. S.  Johnston's  army 

goes   into  winter-quarters  about  100 

miles  from  Salt  Lake  City. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1857  Aug.  21.  Wis.  A  cyclone  destroys 
property  in  Woodland. 

Oct.  4.  The  asteroid  Virginia  is  dis- 
covered by  Janu'S  Ferguson. 

*  *  Xeio  York-.  A  j^ranite  shaft,  in  honor 
of  Maj.-Gen.  'Worth,  U.  S.  A.,  is  un- 
veiled. 

*  •  New  York.  Work  is  l)egun  on  Central 
Park. 

±  *  *  Mass.  'Watohes  are  successfully 
made  by  machinery. 

*  *  Backwoods  of  America  is  painted  by 
J.  F.  Cropsey. 

*  *  High  Banks  on  the  (lenesee  River  is 
painted  by  J.  F.  Kensett. 

*  *  The  statue  Vermont  is  executed  by 
L.  G.  Mead. 

*  *  The  statue  Indian  Hunter  is  first 
sketched  out  by  J.  Q.  A.  Ward. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1867  *  « 

Hamilton,  James,  senator  for  S.  C,  A7I. 

Hubbard,  Henry,  senator,  A73. 

Herndon,  Wm.  L.,  of  Va.,  naval  olflcer.  A44. 

Kane.  Ellsha  Kent,  Arctic  explorer,  au- 
thor, A37. 

MacLane.  Louis,  sen.  for  Del.,  min.  to 
£ng.,  sec.  of  trcas,  A71. 

Marcy.  William  Learned,  sen.  for  N.  Y., 
Gov.,  sec.  of  state,  A7I. 

Martinet,  Sadie,  actor,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Meiklejolm,  (Jeo.  I).,  M.  C.  for  Nel>.,  b.Wis. 

Mercer,  David  H.,  M.  O.  for  Nel>.,  h.  in  la. 

Mitchell,  Elislia,  prof.  N.  C.  Univ.,  A6-I. 

Pence,  Lafe,  M.  V.  for  Col.,  born  in  Ind. 

Redfleld,  William  C,  mcteorolojilsl,  A68. 

Stevenson,  Andrew,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  minister 
to  Eng.,  A73. 

Thursby,  Kminaj  actor,  born  in  N.Y. 

Toomey,  Michael,  geologist,  A52. 

CHURCH. 

1857  May  3.  Miss.  Wm.  H.  Elder  is 
consecrated  (Uomaji  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Natchez. 

June  10.  O.  Tlie  General  Convention 
of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets  at  Cin- 
cinnati. 

*  *  Cat.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  California  is  organized. 

*  *  HI.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  of  Southern  Illinois  is 
organized. 

*  » Ind.  The  South  Indiana  Eldership 
(Church  of  God)  is  organized. 

»  *  Ind.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Fort  Wayne  is  established. 

*  *  Ky.  The  General  Assembly  (0.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Lexington  ;  C. 
Van  Kensselaer,  moderator. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing assembles. 


*  *  Mont.  The  Presbyterians  (South) 
start  a  mission  among  the  Blackfeet 
Indians. 

*  *  Minn.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Di- 
ocese of  Minnesota  is  organized. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Koman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Marquette  is  established.   (Also  in  18(!5.) 

*  *  0.  Tlie  -Vnnual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  O.  The  District  of  Ohio  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  Is  org.anlzed. 

*  *  Neb.-Cal.  The  Congregational  Con- 
ferences of  Nebraska  and  California 
are  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Cleveland ;  S. 
W.  Fisher,  moderator.  Resolutions  are 
adopted  opposing  slavery. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Reading. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Christiau  Indians  build  the 
town  of  Nain,  near  Bethlehem.  (School- 
houses,  chapels,  and  mills  are  soon 
erected.) 

*  ♦  The  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church  is  now  called  The 
Trustees  of  the  Board  of  Domestic 
Missions. 

*  *  U.S.  A  great  religious  awakening 
prevails. 

*  *  The  Reformed  (Dutch)  Church  with- 
draws from  the  American  Board  of 
Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions,  to 
form  a  Missionary  Society  in  the  Re- 
formed Church. 

*  *  The  South  Indiana  and  Texas,  Ar- 
kansas and  Indian  Territory  EldershlpB 
(Church  of  God)  are  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1857  May  •  Xew  York.  Columbia  Col- 
lege is  removed  to  a  new  site  on  49th 
Street. 

*  •  Ala.  Alabama  Female  College  is 
founded  by  Baptists  at  Tuscaloosa. 

*  *  Boston.   The  Atlantic. Monthly  appears. 

*  *  Ga.  Bowdon  College  (non-sect.)  is 
organized  at  Bowdon. 

*  *  la.  Amity  College  (non-sect.)  is  or- 
ganized at  College  Springs. 

Oct.  *  III.  Chicago  Theological  Semi- 
nary (Cong.)  is  opened. 

*  *  la.  Cornell  College  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  founded  at  Jit.  Vernon. 

*  *  la.  Upper  Iowa  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Fayette. 

*  *  Kan.  Highland  University  (Pres.) 
is  organized  at  Highland. 

*  * Kau.  Baker  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Baldwin. 

St.  Benedict's  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  organized  at  Atchison. 
»  *  Ky.    Uminence  College  (Christian) 
is  organized  at  Eminence. 

*  »  Ind.  Eock  Hill  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  organized  at  Eiiicott  City. 

*  *  ///.  The  Northwestern  University 
Library  is  founded  at  Evanston,  [25,000 
vols.] 


*  •  A'.   Y.      The    Brooklyn    library    is 

founded.    [83,888  vols.] 

*  *  Mo.  Central  College  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  organized  at  Fayette. 

*  *  JV.  C.  Davenport  Female  College 
nieth.  Epis.)  is  founded. 

*  *  O.  Hillsborough  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Hillsborough. 

*  •  Pennsylvania  State  College  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  .State  College, 

*  *  -58  *  *  .S.  C.  liussetl '«  Magazine  ap- 
pears at  Charleston. 

*  *  Banner  of  Light  (Spiritualist)  is  first 
Issued. 

*  ♦  The  Historical  Magazine  appears. 

*  *  The  Bay  Path,  by  J.  G.  Holland,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  .Moss  Side,  by  Marion  Harland,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Oriental  Acquaintance,  by  J.  W.  De 
Forrest,  appears. 

*  *  Sylvia,  or  the  Lost  Shepherd,  by  T.  B. 
Read,  appears. 

*  ♦  Travels  in  Greece  and  Bussia,  by  B. 
Taylor,  appears. 

*  *  Words  for  the  Hour,  by  Julia  W. 
Howe,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1857  Apr.  29.+  Md.  A  strike  begins 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  ; 
later  the  troops  are  called  out  to  sup- 
press interference  of  strikers  with  the 
trains  ;  many  are  killed  and  wounded. 

Jtme  16.  New  York.  A  riot  breaks  out 
in  connection  with  the  police  department 
and  offices,  which  are  claimed  by  two  sets 
of  officials ;  Mayor  Fernando  Wood 
is  arrested  for  assault  and  battery. 

June  *  D.C.  A  riot  in  'Washington 
occurs  between  Irish  and  Americans. 

July  4.  New  York.  Another  riot  occurs. 

It  grows  out  of  the  struggle  between 

the  mayor  and  the  new  board  of  police 

commissioners ;  six  men  are  killed,  100 

woiuided. 

Sept.  18,  UtoA.  At  Mountain  Meadow 
120  men,  women,  and  children  are  mas- 
sacred by  Mormons  and  Indians,  while 
emigrating  westward ;  only  a  few  chil- 
dren are  spared. 

Nov.  24.  Gen.  Walke.'  lands  another 
filibustering  expedition  in  Nicaragua. 

*  *  N.  Y.  William  H.  Armstrong,  G.  W. 
P.  of  the  Grand  Division  of  the  Sons  of 
Temperance,  secures  the  unanimous 
indorsement  of  the  Grand  Division  to  a 
solieme  for  a  constitutional  amend- 
ment, prohibiting  the  liquor  trafiJc. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Society  of  the  War  of  1812 
is  formed. 

STATE. 

1857  Mar.  4.  D.  C.  The  34th  Con- 
gress ends. 

The  15th  Administration ;  Democratic. 
James  Buchanan  of  Pa.  is  inaugu- 
rated the   15th  President,  in  the  18th 
term  of  the  presidency.    J.  C.  Breck- 
inridge of  Ky.  is  Vice-President. 

Cabinet :  Ijewis  Cassof  Mich.  (State), 
Howell  Cobb  of  Ga.(Treas.),  JohnB. 


UNITED    STATES.    1857,  Mar.  4-1858,  Mar.  4.  183 


Floyd  of  Va.  (War),  Isaac  Toucey  of 
Conn.  (Navy),  Jacob  Thompson  of 
Miss.  (Interior),  Aaron  V.  Brown  of 
Tenu.  (P.  M.-Gen.),  and  Jeremiah  S. 
Black  of  Pa.  (Atty.-Gen.)- 

Gongrress ;  Senate  :  James  M.  Mason 
of  Va.  is  elected  President  pro  tempore. 

Jefferson  Davis  of  Miss,  begins  his 
second  term  in  the  Senate. 
Mar.  6.  D.  C.  The  Dred  Scott  decis- 
ion is  rendered  by  Chief  Justice  Taney, 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States.  Vote,  7-2.  (Case  of  Bred  Scott, 
who  is  claimed  as  a  slave,  in  a  free 
State.) 

It  decides  that  neither  negro  slaves 
nor  their  descendants,  whether  slave  or 
free,  could  become  citizens  under  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States;  that 
it  is  unconstitutional  for  Congres.s  to 
decree  freedom  to  any  Territory.  The 
dictum  of  the  Court  declares  the  Mis- 
souri Compromise  to  be  unconstitu- 
tional. [It  is  received  at  the  South  with 
delight  and  at  the  North  with  indig- 
nation.] 

Mar.  14.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  T. 
J.  Husk  of  Texas  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Mar.  18.  H.  C.  Lord  Napier,  the 
British  envoy,  arrives. 

May  *  Ka7i.  Robert  J.  "Walker,  the 
new  governor,  arrives. 

June  15.  Kan.  Delegates  to  the  State 
Convention  are  chosen ;  Free-State 
men  ignore  the  call  as  illegal ;  only  2,000 
out  of  10,000  votes  are  cast. 

June  16.  New  York.  The  new  Metro- 
politan Police  liaw  is  resisted  by 
Mayor  Fernando  Wood,  and  a  serious 
collision  occurs  between  the  old  and 
the  new  police  forces.    (See  Society.) 

June  17.  An  additional  treaty  with 
Japan,  negotiated  by  Townsend  Harris, 
is  signed. 

Jtily  1.    U.  S.  National  debt  $28,699,831. 

July  2.  X.  Y.  The  Court  of  Appeals 
decides  that  the  Metropolitan  Police 
Xiaw  is  constitutional,  and  that  the 
old  police  force  must  accept  its  decision 
and  disband. 

Sept.  7.  Kan.  The  Constitutional  Con- 
vention meets  at  Lecompton.  [Adjourns 
till  Oct.] 

Sept.  15.  Utah.  Brigham  Young  for- 
bids a  U.  S.  force  to  enter  Utah,  and 
calls  out  his  troops.  [The  President  re- 
moves Governor  Young.] 

Oct.  5.  Kan.  The  Territorial  election 
is  won  by  Free-State  men  (7,600-3,700). 

A  fraudulent  attempt  is  made  to 
change  the  result  by  using  1,624  names 
from  a  Cincinnati  directory  as  the  roll 
of  voters  at  Oxford,  a  place  having 
eleven  houses. 

Nov.  7.  Kan.  The  illegal  Constitu- 
tional Convention  meets,  and  pro- 
vides a  constitution  which  prohibits  the 
Legislature  from  making  autislavery 
laws. 

Dec.  7.  D.  C.  The  35th  Congress 
opens.       • 

D.  C.  Cong:ress;  Senate:  Benj. 
Fitzpatrick  of  Ala.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore.    House :  James  Xj.  Orr  of 


S.  C.  is  elected  Speaker;  he  receiving 
128  votes  to  84  for  Galusha  A.  Grow 
of  Pa. 
Dec.  9.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  of  111.  opposes 
the  Lecompton  Constitution. 

Dec.  15,  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Repre- 
sentatives first  occupy  their  commo- 
dious new  chamber. 

Dec.  21.  Kan.  An  election  is  held  on 
the  Constitution. 

All  ballots  are  marked  "  Constitution 
with  slavery,"  or  **  Constitution  with 
no  slavery  ;  "  but  no  provision  made  Ut 
vote  a^aiustthe Constitution  as  a  whole. 
The  Missouri  border  counties  (1,000  votes 
by  the  census),  cast  6,143  votes  for  the 
Constitution  and  569  votes  against  it, 
Free-State  men  not  voting.  It  is  nomi- 
nally adopted,  with  slavery. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  government  of  many 
cities  is  dominated  by  the  disorderly 
and  lawless  element  of  the  population. 

The  '*  Plug  Uglies"  rule  in  Baltimore, 
and  visit  Washington  to  decide  the 
charter  election ;  the  roughs  of  New 
York,  who  are  called  "  Dead  Rabbits," 
control  Fernando  Wood,  the  mayor ; 
New  Orleans  is  ruled  by  the  same  class 
till  a  vigilance  committee  forces  a  noto- 
rious mayor  to  resign. 

*  *  U.S.  The  Republican  party  is 
pledged  to  resist  the  extension  of  sla- 
very into  free  territory ;    it  controls  11 

States,  and  contests  others. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Whig  Legislature,  in  de- 
spair of  local  self-government,  begins  to 
interfere  -vriih.  the  government  of 
New  York  City. 

The  governnr  is  directed  to  appoint 
a  commission  to  construct  Central 
Park,  and  another  commission  to  con- 
trol the  police  force. 

The  commissioners  transfer  the  police 
department  of  New  York  from  the  mu- 
nicipal authorities  to  those  of  the  State, 
and  four  counties  are  united  in  a  police 
district. 

*  *  The  Dred  Scott  decision  reacts  in 
favor  of  the  Republicans  in  the  North. 

*  *  Tenn.  Andrew  Johnson  is  elected 
a  United  States  Senator. 

*  *  Utah.  Rebellion  of  the  Mormons ; 
Brigham  Young  and  many  other  Mor- 
mon dignitaries  are  indicted  for  treason. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-61  *  *  Ala.    Andrew  B.  Moore. 
-58  •  •  Cmin.    Alex.  H.  HoUey. 
-61*  *  Fla.    Madison  S.  Perry. 
-65  *  *  Ga.    Joseph  E.  Brown. 
-61  *  *  ///.    Wm.  H.  Bissell. 

-61  *  *  Ind.    Ashbel  P.  Willard. 
-58*  *Kan.{Ter.).    Robert  J.  Walker. 

Afe.     Hannibal  Hamlin. 
-58  *  *  Me.    Joseph  H.  Williams. 
-58*  *  Minn.    Samuel  Medary. 

Mo.    Truston  Polk. 

Mo.    Hancock  Jackson. 
-61  *  •  Mo.    R.  M.  Stewart. 
-59  *  ♦  X.  H.    William  Hale. 
-60  *  *  K.  J.    Wm.  A.  Newell. 
-61  *  *  K.  Mex.  (Ter.).    Abraham  Ben- 
cher. 
-59  *  *  X.  Y.    John  A.  King. 
-59  *  *  n.  I.    Elisha  Dyer. 
-59  *  *  Tex.    H.  G.  Runnels. 
-61  *  *  U.  (Ter.).    Alford  Cummings. 

ifaafi.  (Ter.).    J.  P.  Anderson. 


-61*  *  fFasA. (Ter.).  Fayette  M'Mulleu. 
-61  *  *  IVis.    Alex.  W.  Randall. 

1858  Jan.  4.  Ka7i.  An  election  of 
State  officers  is  held  under  the  Con- 
stitution ;  also,  by  act  of  Legislature, 
the  Lecompton  Constitution  itself 
is  submitted  to  the  popular  vote  ;  it  is 
rejected  by  10,266  votes. 

Feb.  2.  D.  a  President  Buchanan's 
message  to  Congress  declares,  "Kan- 
sas is  at  this  moment  as  much  a  slave 
State  as  South  Carolina." 

liar.  4.  £>.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  Sen- 
ators from  the  South  indulge  in  extrava- 
gant predictions. 

J.  H.  Hammond  of  S.  C.  declares 
in  the  Senate:  *' Without  firing  a  gun, 
without  drawing  a  sword,  should  the 
North  make  war  on  us  ...  no  cotton 
.  .  .  [would  be]  furnished  for  three 
years.  .  .  .  England  would  topple 
headlong,  and  carry  the  whole  civilized 
world  with  her.  .  .  .  No  power  on 
earth  dares  to  make  war  on  cotton. 
Cotton  is  king." 

MISCELLANEOUS, 

1857  Apr.  15.  The  Milwaukee  and 
Prairie  du  Chien  Kailroad  is  opened. 

May  1.  jr.  Va.  The  Parkersbtu'g 
branch  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road is  completed. 

May  *  The  Memphis  and  Charleston 
Kailroad  is  opened. 

June  25.  Pa.  The  Pennsylvania  Kail- 
road  purchases  of  the  State  its  line  of 
canals  and  railroads,  353  miles  long,  for 
$7,500,000. 

June  *  Baltimore  and  St.  Iiouis  are 
directly  connected  by  rail. 

Aug.  5.  The  laying  of  the  Atlantic 
cable  commences  at  Valentiain  Ireland. 
The  vessels  employed  are  the  Niagara 
and  Susquehanna,  and  the  British  ves- 
sels Leopard  and  Agamemno7i.  After 
sailing  a  few  miles  the  Atlantic  cable 
breaks,  but  is  soon  repaired. 

Aug.  11.  Eng.  The  cable  breaks  after 
300  miles  have  been  paid  out  [the  vessels 
soon  return  to  Plymouth]. 

Aug.  24.  O.  The  failure  of  the  Ohio 
Life  and  Trust  Company  is  reported ; 
liabilities  about  $7,000,000..  [This  fail- 
ure is  the  precursor  of  the  panic] 

Sept.  12.  The  large  steamer  Central 
America  is  wrecked  by  agale  in  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico ;  152  out  of  526  persons  are 
saved  by  drifting  GOO  miles  on  rafts ; 
$2,500,000  are  sunk. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1857,  246,945. 

*  *XewYork.  The  winners  of  the  Ajner- 
ica  cup  present  it  to  the  New  York 
Yacht  Club  for  a  perpetual  Interna- 
tional Challenge  Cup. 

The  North  German  Lloyd  line  of 
steamers,  running  to  Southampton  and 
Bremen,  is  established. 

*  *  The  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  Kailroad 
is  completed. 

*  *  The  road  between  Detroit  and  Tole- 
do is  completed. 

*  *  Va.  The  Virginia  Central  Rail- 
road, connecting  Richmond  and  Jack- 
son's River,  195  miles,  is  completed. 


184     1858,  Mar.  13-1859,  Sept,  16.        AMERICA  ; 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1858  May.  *  The  war  with  the  Seminoles 
has  lasted  seven  years,  cost  the  Govern- 
ment about  $10,000,000,  and  the  loss  of 
1,466  lives. 

June  *  Utah,  The  Government  sends  an 
army  against  the  Jlormons  ;  a  compro- 
mise is  entered  into,  and  peace  estab- 
lished by  Governor  Cummings. 

*  *  An  American  vessel  in  the  Paraguay 
Kiver  is  fired  upon  by  a  garrison ;  the 
U.  S.  Government  demands  an  apology. 

1859  June  25.  China.  Commodore  Tatt- 
nall assists  tlie  English  in  an  engage- 
ment with  the  Chinese  on  tlie  river 
Peiho. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1858  June  12.  III.  The  levee  above 
Cairo  yields  to  the  flood,  and  the  town 
is  submerged. 

Sept.  11.  The  asteroid  Pandora  is  dis- 
covered by  George  Mary  Searle. 

*  *  Col.  Gold  is  found  at  Pike's  Peak  ; 
silver  is  also  discovered  in  Nevada.  It 
is  the  first  discovery  of  pure  silver 
metal  in  the  United  States. 

*  *  yew  York.  William  Hart  and  Arthur 
F.  Tait  are  elected  members  of  tbe  Na- 
tional Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Sew  York.  MUe.  Ficcolomini  makes 
her  first  appearance. 

*  *  New  York.  The  corner-stone  of  St. 
Patrick's  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  is 
laid,  with  impressive  ceremojiies. 

*  *  Great  floods  prevail  in  the  Southwest 
[and  later  in  the  Upper  Mississippi ;  loss, 
$30,000,000]. 

*  *  St.  Agnes  is  painted  by  Rothermel. 

*  *  Bargaining  is  painted  by  F.  W. 
Edmonds. 

1859  July  1.  +  Mo.  Prof.  Wise  and 
three  others  ascend  in  a  balloon  at  St. 
Louis,  and  travel  1150  miles  in  19  hours 
and  15  minutes  ;  they  descend,  in  an  ex- 
hausted condition,  in  Jefferson  County, 
New  York. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1868*  * 

Andrews,  Ethan  A,,  author  Lat.-Eng.  lexi- 
con, A71. 

Augur,  Hezekiah.  sculptor,  inventor  of  carv- 
Ing-niacliine,  A67. 

Bartlioloinew,  Edward  S.,  of  Conn.,  sculp- 
tor, A3«. 

Benton,  ThomaB  Hart.  sen.  for  Mo,,  his- 
torian, A76. 

Berry,  L.  W.,  college  pres.,  A43. 

Cayvan,  Georgia,  actor,  born  in  Me. 

Cleaveland,  Parker,  mineralogist,  chemist, 
A78. 

Comstock,  John  L.,  au.  of  school-books,  A69. 

Cooic,  Clarence,  art-rritic,  journalist,  A71. 

Conrad,  Uol)ert  T.,  judge,  poet,  A48. 

Dauvrey,  Helen,  a(_-tor,  burn  in  O. 

I>eaiie,  .lames,  physician,  geologist,  A57. 

DolUver,  .lonathan  P.,M.('.for  hi.,b.\V.Va. 

Dreher,  Virginia,  actor,  born  in  Ky. 

Duer,  William  Alex.,  pres.  of  Columbia  eol- 
lege,  jurist,  A78. 

Ellsler,  Effle,  actor,  born  in  Pa. 

Ellsworth,  Henry  L.,  com.  of  patents,  ACT. 

Forest!,  E.  Felice,  prof.  Columbia  coll.,  Ati5. 

Gadsden,  James,  of  S.  C,  minister  to  Mex. 
A77. 

Oilman,  Samuel,  Pnit.  cl,,  author,  A67. 

Hanpt,  raul,  prof,  in  Harvard,  A75. 

Hare,  Robert,  physicist.  A77. 

Hawkins,  .lohn  lienry  \V.,  temperance  advo- 
cate ("  Washingtonian  "),  A59. 

Herbert,  Henry  William  (Frank  Forester), 
author,  A81, 

Hunt,  Freeman,  author,  editor,  A54. 


Jay,  Wm.,  judge,  anti-slavery  philan.,  A69. 
Jones,  Anson,  last  president  of  Tex.,  A60. 
Leslie,  Eliza,  author,  A71. 
Peck,  John  Mason,  IJapt.  cl.,  author,  A69. 
Perry,     Matthew     Calbraith,     commodore 

U.  S.  N..  A64. 
Porter,  William  T.,  editor,  A52. 
Quitman,  John  A.,  gen.,  Gov.  of  Miss.,  M.C., 

A59. 
Ulricli,  Charles  Frederick,  painter,  b.  N.Y. 
Williams,  Eleazer,  clergyman,  reputed  son  of 

Louis  XVl.  and  Marie  Antoinette,  V  A71. 
1859*   * 
Aleott,  Wm.  A.,  physician,  educator,  A61. 
Alexander,  James  W.,  Pres.  cl.,  prof.,  A55. 
Anderson,  Mary,  actor,  born  in  Cal. 
Bailey,  Gamaliel,  editor  Natioiutl  Era,  A52. 
Belcher,  Joseph,  Bapt.  clergyman,  A65. 
Bond,  William  C,  astronomer,  A7U. 
Brown.    John,    abohtionist,     a ntl -slavery 

martjT. 
Bush,  George,  Sweden borgian  editor,  A^Z. 
Burnap,  George  W.,  l^nit.  cl.,  author,  A57. 
Carnahan,  Janies  1).,  Pres.  clergyman,  prof. 

at  Princeton,  A84. 
Choato.  Rufus,  lawyer,  orator,  senator  for 

Mass.,  A60. 
Cornish,  Johnston,  M.  C.  for  N.  J.,  b.  N.  J. 
Cousins,  Kobert  G.,  M.  ('.  for  Ia.,b.  la. 
Doane,  Geo.  W.,  P.  E.  bishop  of  J^.  J.,  A60. 
Davis,  John  W.,  statesman,  ABO. 
Frost,  John,  teacher,  writer,  A59. 
Gayle,  John,  lawyer,  jurist,  A67. 
Gould,  Benj.  Apthorp,  teacher,  classical  edi- 
tor, A72. 
Irving'.  Washington,  of  N.Y.,  author,  A76. 
James,  John  Angell,  Cong,  cl.,  author,  A74. 
Jones,  James  C,  Gov.  sen.  for  Term.,  A50. 
Leslie,  Chas.  K.,  painter  in  Kng.,  AfiS. 
Mann.  Horace,  educationist, of  Mas8.,A63. 
Mason,  John  Y..  of  Va.,8ec.  of  navy,atty.- 

gen.,  minister  to  France,  A60. 
Mutcher,  Howard,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,b.  Pa. 
Nott,  Abner  Kingman,  Bapt.  cl.,  A25. 
Nuttall,Thomas,  botanist,  A73. 
Olmsted,  Dentsou,  astronomer,  geologist,  A6S. 
Prescott,  ■William  Hickling,  historian,  A63. 
Richards,  John,  clergyman,  editor,  A62. 
Robbins,  Gaston  A.,  M.  C.  for  Ala.,  born  in 

Ala. 
Sedgwick,  Theodore,  lawyer,  author  of  legal 

works,  .\48. 
Tnlly,  William,  physician,  author,  A74. 
Turner,  Wm.  Wadden,  oriental  scholar,  A49. 
Walsh,  Robert,  author,  ed.  National  Gazette^ 

A76. 

CHURCH. 

1858  Mar.  13.  Ind.  The  General 
Association  (Congregational)  is  organ- 
ized. 

May  1.  Tenn.  The  4th.  General  Con- 
ference (Meth.  Epis.  South)  meets  at 
Nashville. 

May  26.  Pa.  The  Associate  and  As- 
sociate Reformed  Churches  (Presby- 
terian) are  united  at  Pittsburg  in  one 
church,  styled  The  United  Presbyte- 
rian Church  of  North  America. 

June  9.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

Aug.  25.  Pa.  Samuel  Bowman  is- con- 
secrated (Protestarft  Episcopal)  assist- 
ant bishop  of  Pennsylvania. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  General  Assembly 
(N.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets;  M.  L.  P. 
Thompson,  moderator. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Congregational  Conference 
of  Indiana  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Triennial  Convention  (Congre- 
gational) of  the  Northwest  is  formed. 

*  *  la.  The  (0.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Southern  Iowa  is  organized. 

*  *  La.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  New  Orleans ; 
Wm.  A.  Scott,  moderator. 

*  *  Mo.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Upper  Missouri  is  organized. 

*  *  0.  llie  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 


*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly 
(United  Presbyterian)  meets  at  Pitts- 
burg ;  J.  T.  Pressy,  moderator. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet* 
ing  assembles. 

*  *  The  Presbyterians  celebrate  the  re- 
union of  the  "Old  Sides**  and  the 
"New  Sides.** 

*  ♦  The  Baptist  churches  among  the  In- 
dians are  reported  to  number  about  1500. 

*  *  Francis  Burns,  colored,  is  ordained 
(Methodist  Episcopal)  missionary  bishop 
for  Liberia. 

*  *  A  body  of  antislavery  Methodists  se- 
cede from  the  Methodist  Protestant 
Church  because  of  slavery,  and  they 
organize  tlie  Methodist  Protestant 
Church  of  the  Northwestern  States 
[later,  the  Methodist  Church]. 

*  *  The  Local  Preachers'  National  Asso- 
ciation (Methodist  Episcopal)  is  organ- 
ized. 

1859  Jime  8.  Phila.  The  General 
Convention  of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

LETTERS. 

1858*  *  Conn.  The  Watklnson  Library 
of  Reference  is  founded  at  Hartford. 
[34,899  vols.] 

*  *  Ky.  The  Southern  Baptist  Theologi- 
cal Seminary  is  founded  at  Louisville. 

*  *  K.  C.  Judson  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Henderson. 

*  *  O.  Mount  Union  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Alliance. 

*  *  Xature  and  the  Supernatural,  by  Hor- 
ace Bushnell,  appears. 

*  *  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast  Table,  by  O. 
W.  Holmes,  appears. 

*  *  Bitter-Sweet,  by  J.  G.  Holland,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish,  by 
Xiongfellow,  appears. 

*  *  European  Acquaintance,  by  J.  'W.  Do 
Forrest,  appears. 

*  *  System  of  Mineralogy ,  by  James  D. 
Dana,  appears. 

*  *  Timothy  Titcomb's  Letters  to  Young 
People,  by  J.  G.  Holland,  appears. 

1859*  *  Cal.  St.  Ignatius  College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized  at  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

*  *  la.  Griswold  College  (Prot.  Epis.) 
is  organized  at  Davenport. 

*  *  Itid.  Earlham  College  (Friends)  is 
organized  at  Richmond. 

*  *  Mich.  Adrian  College  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  organized. 

*  *  Mich.  OUvet  College  (non-sect.)  is 
organized  at  Olivet. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Free  Public  Iiibrary  is 
founded  at  Worcester.     [61,20i  vols.] 

*  ♦  Mo.  Iia  Grange  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded. 

SOCIETY. 
1858  J\me26.  Utah.  Col.  A.  S.  John- 
ston's army  finds  Salt  Xiake  City  de- 
serted by  30,000  Mormon  citizens,  who 
have  departed  southward  on  its  approach 
iis  a  posse  comitatus. 


UNITED   STATES.     1858,  Mar.  13-1859,  Sept  16.  185 


Aug.  5.±  O.  The  succesefvl  laying  of 
the  Atlantic  cable  is  celebrated  with 
cannon-firing,  bell-ringing,  and  general 
jubilation, 

Aug.  26.  S.C.  Lieut.Moflatof  theU.S. 
Navy  seizes  the  American  slave-ship 
Ecfto  [and  brings  her  to  Charleston]. 

Sept.  1.  N.  y.  A  mob  on  Staten  Island 
destroys  the  quarantine  hospitals. 
[Troops  are  sent  and  the  people  declared 
in  rebellion.] 

Oct.  29.  X.  Y.  John  Morrissey  de- 
feats John  Heenan  in  a  revolting 
prize-fight ;  they  fight  11  rounds  in  22 
minutes. 

Dec.  6.  *  Ala.  Gen.  'Walker  sails  with 
another  filibustering  expedition.  [It  is 
wrecked  soon  afterward.] 

•  »  O.  James  A.  Qarfleld  marries  Lu- 
cretia  Rudolph. 

•  *  To.  Mount  Vernon  is  purchased  by 
the  **  Ladies*  Mount  Vernon  Associa- 
tion "  for  8200,000. 

1859  Feb.  26.  D.C.  Daniel  E.  Sickles, 
M.  C.  for  New  York,  is  acquitted  for  kill- 
ing Philip  Barton  Key,  the  seducer  of 
hiSTife. 

STATE. 

1858  Mar.  23.  D.  C.  Congress:  Tlie 
Senate  passes  the  Ijecompton  Bill,  to 
admit  Kansas  as  a  State,  under  the  Le- 
compton  Constitution.    Vote,  33-25. 

Mar.  29.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Benj.  Fitzpatriek  of  Ala.  is  electeil 
President  pro  tempore. 

Apr.  1.  D.  V.  Congress:  The  House  re- 
jects the  Lecompton  Bill  in  favor  of 
the  Crittenden-Montgomery  substitute. 

May  4.  Fla.  The  last  of  the  Seminole 
Indians  are  removed  from  Florida. 

May  11.  D.  C.  Congress  admits  Min- 
nesota into  the  Union  as  the  32d  State. 

May  +  *  *  The  relations  of  the  Republic 
with  England  are  somewhat  strained  by 
her  persistence  in  the  right  to  search 
American  vessels  in  the  West  Indies, 
in  suppressing  the  slave-trade. 

June  13.  U.  S.  A  treaty  with  China 
is  signed  at  Tien-Tsin. 

Jime  14.  J).  C.  Congress ;  Senate  : 
Benj.  Fitzpatrick  of  Ala.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

The  35th  Congress:  the  first  session 
closes. 

Julyl.    U.S.  National  debt  $44,911,881. 

Aug.  3.  Kan.  An  election  ordered  by 
Congress  again  decides  the  fate  of  the 
constitution;  it  is  rejected  by  a  ma- 
jority of  9,500. 

Aug.  21.-Oct.  15.  III.  Abraham 
Tiincoln  and  Stephen  A.  Douglas, 
rival  candidates  for  Congress,  hold  joint 
disctissions  in  their  electioneering  can- 
vass. 

Nov.  25.  Vt.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
"  Personal  Liberty  Bill,"  to  secure 
freedom  to  all  persons  within  the  State, 
especially  to  prevent  the  operation  of 
the  Fugitive  Slave  Act. 


Dec.  6.    D.  C.     The   35th    Congress: 

the  second  session  opens. 
»  •  Colorado  is  first  settled. 

*  *  B.  C.  Nathan  Clifford  of  Me.  is 
appointed  Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court. 

*  *  Xew  Fork.  Daniel  N.  Tiemann  is 
elected  the  71st  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugtu-ated : 
-60  •  *  Cal.    John  B.  Weller. 
-66  *  *  Conn.    W.  A.  Buckingham. 
-60  *  *  la.    Kalph  P.  Lowe. 

Kan.  ( Ter.).    James  W.  Denver. 
-59  •  *  Kan.  ( Ter.).    Samuel  Medary 
-61  *  *  Mass.    Nathaniel  P.  Banks. 
-61  *  *  Me.    Lot  M.  Morrill. 
-60*  •^Vi«H.    Henry  H.  Sibley. 
-60**  Miss.    William  M' Willie. 

iVc6.  (Ter.).  Wm.  A.Richardson. 
-59*  *  ^eb.  (Ter.).    Sterling  Morton. 

Pa.    Wm.  F.  Packer. 
-60  •  •  S.  C.    Wm.  H.  Gist. 
-60  •  *  n.    Hiland  Hall. 

1859  Jan.  4.  I).  C.  The  Senate  first 
occupies  its  new  chamber  in  the  north 
wing  of  the  Capitol.  The  Supreme 
Court  occupies  the  old  chamber. 

Jan.  *  Kan.  The  Territorial  Legislature 
orders  that  the  question  of  calling  an- 
other convention  to  prepare  a  con- 
stitution shall  be  decided  by  a  popular 
vote. 

Jan.  24.  D.  C.  Congress:  Senator Slidell 
of  La,  presents  a  bill  which  proposes  to 
place  $30,000,000  in  the  hands  of  the 
President  for  the  purchase  of  Cuba. 

Feb.  14.  D.  C.  Congress  admits  Ore- 
gon into  the  Union  as  the  33d  State ;  the 
domain  not  included  in  the  State  is 
added  to  the  Territory  of  Washington  ; 
President  Buchanan  signs  the  bill. 

Feb.  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  Senator  Sli- 
dell withdraws  the  Cuba  bill. 

Mar.  3.  B.C.  Congress :  The  President, 
by  special  message,  saves  the  public 
credit  from  the  dishonor  of  an  empty 
treasury.  Congress  authorizes  the  issue 
of  $20,000,000  in  treasury  notes. 

Mar.  4.  D.C.   The  35th  Congressends. 

Mar.  14.  D.  C.  Joseph  Holt  of  Ky.  is 
appointed  Postmaster-General,  succeed- 
ing Aaron  V.  Brown  of  Tenn. 

Mar.  *  Kan.  A  new  convention,  to 
frame  a  constitution,  is  ordered  by  a 
popular  vote  ;  majority,  3,881. 

May  16.  Ore.  The  Legislature  meets  in 
special  session  for  the  purpose  of  com- 
pleting the  organization  of  the  State 
government. 

June  25.  n.  C.  Congress  ;  Senate  : 
Benj.  Fitzpatrick  of  Ala.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

Julyl.    U.S.  National  debt  $58,496,837. 

July  5.  Kan.  A  State  Convention  meets 
at  Wyandotte.  [It  prepares  an  anti- 
slavery  constitution,  and  restricts  the 
suffrage  to  "  white  male  persons."] 

July  27.  Pacific  Coast.  Gen.  •  Harney 
sends  a  military  force  to  San  Juan 
Island,  near  Vancouver's  Island,  in  the 
interests  of  American  pioneer  settlers. 


July  *  China.  Gen.  "Ward,  the  United 
States  envoy,  is  not  permitted  to  see 
the  emperor,  after  going  to  Pekin. 

Aug.*  W.  Ta.  The  Knights  of  the 
Golden  Circle  meet  at  White  Sulphur 
Springs ;  they  are  organized  for  the 
chief  purpose  of  extending  the  area  of 
slavery  by  conquering  Central  America. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1858  May  11.  M.Y.  A  disaster  occurs 
on  the  New  York  Central  Railroad  St 
Utica  ;  8  persons  are  killed,  30  wounded. 

Junes.  The  steamer  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Mississippi,  bursts  its  boilers  ;  10 
lives  are  lost. 

June  26.  Two  steamers  commence  to  lay 
the  Atlantic  cable  in  mid-ocean ;  the 
cable  parts  when  five  miles  are  laid. 

JiHy  29.  The  third  attempt  to  lay  the 
Atlantic  cable  commences  in  mid-ocean. 

Aug.  5.  The  Atlantic  cable  is  success- 
fully laid  between  :N'ewfoundland  and 
Ireland. 

Aug.  16.  Queen  Victoria  and  President 
Buchanau  send  the  first  messages  by 
the  Atlantic  cable. 

Sept.  13.  Tlie  steamer  .4«5^ria  is  btirned 
at  sea  ;  539  lives  are  lost. 

Oct.  5.  Xew  York.  The  Crystal  Palace, 
with  its  contents,  is  burned ;  loss  more 
than  $1,000,000. 

Oct.  9.  Mo.  The  first  overland  mall 
arrives  at  St.  Louis,  23  days  and  4  hours 
from  San  Francisco.    (Pony  express.) 

Nov.  *  N.  Y.  Aqueduct  water  is  intro- 
duced Into  Brooklyn. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1858,  119,501. 

*  *  Col.  The  first  colony  of  miners  in 
Colorado  is  established  on  Clear  Creek, 
in  Gilpin  County. 

*  *  D.C.  The  New  Patent  Oflice  Building 
at  Washington  is  completed. 

*  *  Ji.  I.  Swan  Point  Cemetery  near 
Providence  is  incorporated. 

1859  Feb.  27.  The  steamer  Princess, 
for  New  Orleans,  bursts  her  boilers,  and 
25  persons  are  killed  and  35  wounded. 

Apr.  27,  28.  The  ship  Pomona  is  wrecked 
on  Blackwater  Bank  ;  of  419  persons  on 
board,  only  24  are  saved. 

June,  5.  O.  The  wheat  crop  throughout 
most  of  the  State  is  destroyed  by  frost. 

June  27.  Ind.  A  disaster  occurs  on 
the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad  near 
South  Bend  ;  38  persons  are  killed  and 
50  wounded. 

June  30.  N.  Y.  Emile  G.  Blondln 
crosses  the  chasm  at  Niagara  Falls  on 
a  tight  rope. 

Aug.  26.  Pa.  E.  L.  Drake  bores  through 
the  rock  at  Titusville,  and  at  the  depth 
of  71  feet  strikes  oil  (petroleum),  which 
rises  near  the  surface  ;  it  is  the  first  oil 
well. 

Sept.  16.  Mo.  The  first  overland  maU 
(Pony  express)  for  the  Pacific  coast 
leaves  St.  Louis.  [It  arrives  at  San 
Francisco  Oct.  10.] 


186     1859,  Oct.  4-1860,  June  16.  AMERICA : 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1859  Oct.  16  f,  JF,  Va.  John  Brown 
makes  a  raid  into  Virginia  to  free  the 
slaves. 

With  17  white  men  and  5  negroes  lie 
surprises  and  captures  the  United  States 
arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry. 

Oct,  17.  W.Va.  The  militia  and  Federal 
trooi)a  besiege  John  Brown. 

Oct.  18.  jr.  Va.  The  armory  is  captured 
by  Col.  R.  K.  Lee  with  1,500  troops  ;  12  of 
Brown's  men  are  killed  ;  Brown  and  4 
men  are  taken  prisoners. 

1860  Jan.  *  U.  S.  The  militia  of  the 
various  States  nmnbers  3,070,987. 

The  United  States  Navy  numbers  93 
vessels  of  all  kinds. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1859     Nov.  24.    Xew    York.    Adelina 
Patti    makes    her  flrst    appearance   in 
America. 

*  *  The  French  Government  voluntarily 
presents  Samuel  P.  B.  Morse  wiiU 
$80,000  for  his  invaluable  services  iu 
introducing  the  telegraph. 

*  *  Photo- lithography  is  introduced  in 
preparing  maps. 

*  *  Xew  York.  Charles  F.  Blauvelt  of 
Maryland,  and  James  M.  Hart  of  Xew 
York,  are  elected  members  of  the  Na- 
tional Academy  of  Design. 

*  * -YeiP  York.  A  bronze  bust  of  Schiller 
is  unveiled  in  Central  Park. 

*  *  Adirondacks  is  painted  by  J.  M.  Hart. 

*  *  KaaterskUl  Clove  is  painted  by  S.  U. 
Gifford. 

*  *  The  group  The  Checker  Players  is 
executed  by  John  Rogers. 

*  *  Star  of  Empire  is  painted  by  Eman- 
uel XiCutze. 

*  *  Venus  is  painted  by  Thomas  Page. 
1860    Mar.  29.     Conn.  Charles  F.  Hall 

sails  from  New  London  in  the  ship  George 
Henry  for  the  Arctic  regions  to  search 
for  tidings  of  Sir  John  Franklin. 
June  3.  /{f.-fa.  A  terrible  tornado, 
moving  at  the  rate  of  from  70  to  90  miles 
an  hour,  devastates  the  country  along 
its  path,  and  causes  150  deaths. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1860*  * 

Alexander,  .Joseph  A.,  tlieologian,  orientalist 
at  Princeton,  A5I. 

Archer,  Hell,  actor,  born  in  Pa, 

Brett,  Philip  M.,  Ref'd.  clefRvman,  A43. 

Bryan,  Win.  J.,  M.  C.  for  Neb.,  born  in  111. 

Cnrtls,  Charles,  M.  C.  of  Kan.,  born  in  Kan. 

Dent,  Dennis,  maj.-gen.  r.  S.  A.,  dies. 

Drake,  Benjamin,  M.  E.  clergyman,  A(iO. 

Erwin,  Alex.  U.,  clergyman  M.  E.  (^Ii.  South, 
A40. 

Espy,  .lames  P.,  meteorologist,  author,  AT-^). 

Fraser,  (Charles,  painter,  writer,  A7H. 

Goodrich,  Chauncey,  clergyman,  editor  Web- 
ster's Dictionary,  A70. 

Goodrich,  Sam.  G.  (Peter  Parley).  au..A67. 

Houk,  John  C,  M.  C.  for  Tenn.,  h.  in  Tenn. 

Gray,  Alonzo,  author,  educator,  A52. 
'  Jesnp,  Thomas  .Sidney,  maj.-gen.,  A72. 

Magner,  Thomas  F.,  M.  C,  for  N.Y.,  b.  N.Y. 

McLaurln,  John  L.,  M.  C.  for  S.  C,  b.  S.  C. 

Miles,  Kichard  P.,  R.  C.  l)p,  of  Nashville,  A69. 

Neumann,  John  N.,  B.C.  bp.  In  PhIla.,A49. 

Owen,  David  Dale,  geologist,  A53. 

Paulding,   James    Kirke,    novelist,   sec.   of 
navy,  A81. 

Parker.  Theodore.  Unit,  cl.,  author,  A50. 

Peale,  Uembrandt,  portrait  painter,  A82. 

Preston.  Win.  C,  sen.  for  S.  C,  A66. 

BuaseU,  Lilian,  actor,  born  in  Iowa, 


Van  Bensselaer,  Cortland,  Pres.  cl.,  A52. 
"Wallter.  William.  Illibuster,  A36. 
Watson,  John  F.,  antiquary, historical  writer, 

A3t). 
Wluebrenner,  John,  Ger.  Kef'd.  cl.,  A63. 

CHURCH. 

1859  Oct.  13.  Alexander  Gregg  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
Texas,  Win.  Henry  Odeuheiraer  of  New 
Jersey,  Gregory  Thurston  Bedell  (assist- 
ant) of  Ohio,  and  Henry  Benjamin  Whip- 
ple of  Minnesota. 

Oct.  23.  Ark.  Henry  Champlin  Lay  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  mis- 
sionary bishop  of  Arkansas. 

*  *  Del.  The  General  Assembly  (N,  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Wilmington  ;  11. 
W.  Patterson,  moderator, 

*  *  ///.  The  Illinois  Conference  (Free 
JSIethodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  Ind.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Indianapolis ; 
Wm.  L.  Breckinridge,  moderator. 

*  *  Kan.-O.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
dioceses  of  Kansas  and  Southern  Ohio 
are  organized. 

*  *  Xeio  York.  The  Baptist  Annual 
Meeting  assembles. 

'  *XtwY<>rk.  St.  Patrick's  magnificent 
cathedral  (Koman  Catholic)  is  erected. 

*  *  A'.  Y.  The  Genesee  Conference  (Free 
Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  O,  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Xenia;  Peter 
Bullions,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Pittsburg. 

*  *  The  Society  for  the  Increase  of  the 
Ministry  (Protestant  Episcopal)  is  in- 
corporated. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  American  Board  -with- 
draws from  the  Choctaw  Indians, 
becau.se  of  complications  respecting 
slavery. 

*  *  Va.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets  iu  Rich- 
mond. 

*  *  The  American  Missionary  Association 
abandons  its  work  among  the  Indiana 
of  the  Northwest. 

*  *  The  Choctaw  Indians  are  declared 
a  Christian  people. 

*  *  A  Church  Antislavery  Society  is 
instituted  for  the  purpose  of  convincing 
American  churches  and  ministers  that 
slavery  is  a  sin,  and  inducing  them  to 
take  the  lead  in  the  work  of  its  abolition, 

1860  Feb.  15.  Joseph  Cruikshank 
Talbot  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) missionary  bishop  of  the  North- 
west. 

May  1-Jtme  4.  X.  Y.  The  General 
Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal)  is 
hehl  at  Buffalo. 

May  *  The  Nebraska  Conference  is  organ- 
ized. 

LETTERS. 

1859*  *  N.C.  North  Carolina  College 
(Evan.  Lutheran)  is  organized  at  Mt. 
Pleasant. 


Trinity  College  (Meth,  Epis.  S.)  Is  or- 
ganized a  i- Durham. 

*  ♦  New  York.  Audubon's  Birds  of  Amer- 
ica is  republished  in  the  form  of  the 
original  edition. 

*  *  N.  Y.  St.  Bonaventura  College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized  at  Allegany. 

*  *  O.  Willoughby  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  organized. 

*  *  Avolio,  by  P.  H.  Hayne,  appears. 

*  *  Beulah,  by  A.  J.  E.  Wilson,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  New  England  during  the 
Stu<irt  JJynasty,  by  J.  G.  Palfrey,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Home  Ballads  and  Poems,  by  Whittler, 
appears. 

*  *  Life  Thoughts,  by  Henry  Ward 
Beecher,  appears,  and  Notes  from  Plym- 
outh Pulpit. 

*  *  The  Minister's  Wooing,  by  H.  B. 
.Stowe,  appears. 

*  *  Money  King,  by  J.  G.  Saxe,  appears. 

*  *  Seacliff,  by  J.  W.  De  Forrest,  appears. 

*  *  Sicily,  a  Pilgrimage,  by  Tuckerman, 
appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  United  States,  by  J.  H. 
Patton,  appears. 

*  *  A  quarto  edition  of  Webster*8  Diction' 
ary,  revised  by  C.  A.  Goodrich,  appears. 

*  *  The  Diamond  Wedding,  by  Edmimd 
Clarence  Stedman,  appears. 

1860  Jime*  Neic  York,  The  World 
is  founded. 

*  *  ni.  Wheaton  College  (Cong.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Wheaton. 

Augustana  College  (Lutheran)  is  or- 
ganized at  Rock  Island. 

*  *  Ky.  Cecilian  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  organized. 

*  *  Louisiana  State  University  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Baton  Rouge. 

*  *  .V.  r.  St.  Stephen's  College  (Prot. 
Epis.)  is  organized  at  Aunadale. 

*  *  Ore.  McMinnville  College  (Bapt.) 
is  organized  at  McMinnville. 

*  *  The  National  Quarterly  Review  ap- 
pears in  New  York. 

*  *  Conduct  in  Life,  by  Emerson,  appears. 

*  *  Intuitions  of  the  Mind,  by  James 
McCosh,  appears. 

*  *  The  Marble  Faun,  by  Hawthorne,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Mother  Goose  for  Grown  Folks,  by  A. 
D.  T.  Whitney,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1859  Oct.  16.  Va.  John  Brown  at- 
tempts a  raid  to  free  the  slaves  by 
inciting  a  general  uprising. 

Brown  and  22  armed  men  seize  the 
arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry,  and  hold  it  as 
a  place  of  refuge  for  uprising  slaves. 
Twelve  insurgents  and  seven  citizens 
and  soldiers,  mcluding  the  mayor,  are 
killed.    (See  Army,  State.) 

Dec.  2.  Va.  John  Brown,  who  aimed 
to  be  the  emancipator  of  the  slaves  of 
America,  is  hanged  by  the  authorities 
of  the  State  as  an  insurrectionist. 


UNITED    STATES.      1859,0ct.4-1860,  June  16.  187 


Dee.  16,  Va.  John  Brown's  compan- 
ions, Cook,  Coppoc,  Copeland,  and  Green 

are  executed. 

*  *  Cul.  Senator  Broderick  and  Judge 
Terry  fight  a  duel ;  Broderick  is  killed 
on  the  first  fire ;  cause,  political  antag- 
onism. [Great  excitement  throughout 
the  country.  This  tragedy  reacts  in 
favor  of  the  Republicans.] 

*  *  ///.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  raoTes  to 
Galena,  and  engages  in  the  leather  trade. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Athenaeum  Club  la 
founded. 

1860  Mar.  16.  Va.  Stevens  and  Haz- 
lett,  the  last  of  the  John  Brown  insur- 
gents, are  executed. 

May  17.  D.  C.  The  Japanese  embassy 
is  received  by  President  Buchanan. 

June  1.  U.  S.  Total  pensioners,  11,585 
(165  Kevolutionary  veterans);  total  an- 
nual payment,  $1,183,141. 

*  *U'.S.  Total  number  of  slaves,  4,002,996. 
June  16.    Phila.    The  Japanese  embassy 

is  received  as  the  guests  of  the  city. 

STATE. 

1859  Oct.  4.  Kan.  The  antislavery 
constitution  is  approved  by  about 
4,900  majority  at  a  general  election. 

Oct.  16.  Va.  John  Brown,  of  Kansas, 
seizes  Harper's  Ferry.    (See  Society.) 

Nov.  2.  John  Brown  is  tried  at  Charles- 
town  and  convicted  of  "  treason,  conspir- 
acy, and  murder  in  the  first  degree;" 
he  is  sentenced  to  be  hanged. 

Dec.  2.  U.  S.  A  profound  sensation 
is  caused  by  the  hanging  of  John  Brown 
in  Virginia. 

Dec.  5.  D.  C.  The  36th  Congress 
opens. 

Political  classification :  Senate,  38 
Democrats  out  of  66  members ;  House, 
1 13  Republicans,  93  Administration  Dem- 
ocrats, 8  Anti-Lecompton  Democrats, 
and  23  (Southern)  Americans.  (Tribune 
Almanac.) 

Congress :  the  Senate  appoints  a  com- 
mittee of  five  (Mason,  Davis,  Fitch, 
CoUamer,  and  Doolittle),  to  investigate 
the  raid  of  John  Brown.  [It  is  alleged 
that  they  aim  to  fasten  the  responsibil- 
ity of  Brown's  raid  on  the  Republican 
party.] 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  Congress;  House  :  A  long 
contest  ensues  between  the  Republicans 
and  Democrats  over  the  speakersbip. 
(See  Feb.  1,  1860.) 

Dec.  * -61  Mar.  */).  a  Jefferson 
Davis  is  the  Democratic  leader  in  the 
Senate. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-63  *  *  Del,    Wm.  Burton. 

-61  *  *  Kan,  (Ter.).    Fred.  P.  Stanton. 
-61  *  *  Ky,    Beriah  H.  Magoffin. 
-60  *  *  Mich.     Moses  Wisner. 
-61  *  *  Neb.  (Ter.).     Samuel  W.  Black. 
-61  *  *  N.  a    John  W.  Ellis. 
-61  *  *  N.H.    Ichabod  Goodwin. 
-63  *  *  N.  Y.     Edwin  D.  Morgan. 
-62  *  *  Ore.    John  Whittaker. 


-60  *  *  R.  I.    Thomas  G.  Turner. 
-61  *  *  Tex.    Sam  Houston. 

1860  Jan.  30.  I).  C.  Congress; 
House :  John  Sherman  of  O.  with- 
draws on  the  40tb  ballot  as  a  (Rep.) 
candidate  for  Speaker. 

Feb,  1.  D.  C.  Congress;  House  :  After 
a  struggle  of  eight  weeks,  "Wm.  Pen- 
nington of  N.  J.  is  elected  the  first 
Republican  Speaker. 

Feb.  2.  />.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Jef- 
ferson Davis  of  Miss,  introduces  seven 
proslavery  resolutions  [which  the  Sen- 
ate adopts  after  three  months  of  debate]. 
Some  of  them  are  propositions  tbat  have 
been  voted  down  by  the  Southern  De- 
mocracy in  National  Convention. 

Mar.  5.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
adopts  the  Covode  resolution  for  a 
committee  to  investigate  the  conduct  of 
the  President. 

Mar.  12.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  Preemption  BiU  for  the  third 
time ;  it  provides  for  giving  laud  to 
actual  settlers  at  a  nominal  price,  or 
free  of  cost.  Vote,  115-65.  All  the  nays 
but  one  come  from  the  slave  States. 

Mar.  13.  N.  Y.  The  Senate  approves 
a  joint  temperance  resolution  provid- 
ing for  a  Constitutional  Prohibitory 
Amendment.    Vote,  30-6. 

Mar,  27.  Cal.  The  Japanese  embassy 
arrives  at  San  Francisco. 

It  includes  two  ambassadors,  two  asso- 
ciates, ten  oflScials,  two  interpreters,  two 
physicians,  and  53  servants. 

Mar.  28.  J).  C.  President  Buchanan 
resents  a  proposed  inquiry  relative 
to  his  acts. 

Apr,  23.  S.  C.  The  Democratic  Na- 
tional  Convention  assembles  at 
Charleston,  and  divides  on  the  sla- 
very issue. 

The  South  demands  explicit  assertion 
of  the  right  of  citizens  to  establish 
slavery  in  the  Territories,  and  to  be 
protected  in  that  right  by  Federal 
authority ;  the  Douglas  men  refuse  to 
indorse  these  demands.    Vote,  165-138. 

Apr.  30.  S.  C.  The  Democratic  Conven- 
tion substitutes  the  Minority  (Con- 
servative) Report  on  the  platform  for 
tbat  of  the  majority. 

May  3.  S.  C.  The  Democracy  is  dis- 
rupted. 

Southern  Democrats  secede  from  the 
Convention  because  a  radical  prosla- 
very platform  is  refused.  [The  remain- 
ing members,  hampered  by  the  two-thirds 
rulej  ballots?  times,  but  fail  to  make  a 
nomination,  and  adjourn  to  meet  in 
Baltimore,  on  June  18.] 

May  9.  M<1.  The  Constitutional 
Union  Party  (chiefly  members  of  the 
late  American  party)  meets  at  Balti- 
more, and  nominates  John  Bell  of 
Tenn.  and  Edward  Everett  of  Mass.  for 
presidential  offices.  Vote;  Bell,  138; 
Houston  of  Tex.,  69. 

May  10.  Z>.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  a  substitute  for  the  Preemption 
Bill.  Vote,  44-8.  [The  House  refuses 
to  concur.]  The  House  passes  the 
Morrill  Tariff  BiU,  to  Increase  the 


revenue  by  increasing  the  scale  of  du- 
ties.   (See  Mar.  2,  1861.) 

May  14.     D.  C.     The  Japanese  em- 


May  16.  Chicago.  The  Republican 
National  Convention  meets. 

May  18.  Chicago.  The  Convention  votes  : 
1st  ballot:  Wm.  H.  Seward,  173i;  Abra- 
ham Lincoln,  102  ;  Simon  Cameron,  50^  ; 

scattering, .  2d  ballot :  Seward,  184^  ; 

Lincoln,  181.  3d  ballot:  Lincoln,  STA; 
Seward,  110^ ;  Wm,  L.  Dayton,  1 ;  John 
McLean,  J. 

Abraham  T  tin  coin  of  111.  and  Han- 
nibal Hamlin  of  Me.  are  luianimously 
nominated  for  presidential  offices. 

May*  Wash.  Boundary  disputes  are 
renewed  at  San  Juan;  Gen.  Harney 
is  recalled. 

June  7.  Z>.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  bill  to  admit  Kansas  as  a  State 
of  the  Union.     [It  fails  in  the  Senate.] 

June  11.  Va.  The  Southern  seceding 
Democra;t8  meet  at  Richmond,  and 
adjourn  till  the  close  of  the  Baltimore 
Convention.    (See  May  3.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1859  Dec.  21.     U.  S.    Immigrants  and 

other  aliens  in  1859,  118.616. 

*  *  III.  Rose  Hill  Cemetery,  near  Chi- 
cago, is  established. 

*  *  Ill.-Md.  Tbe  first  street  cars  are  riui 
in  Chicago  and  in  Baltimore. 

*  *  Neb.  The  Colorado  potato-beetle 
appears. 

It  feeds  on  potato  plants,  and  gradually 
proceeds  eastward  through  Nebraska, 
Iowa,  Illinois,  Ohio,  to  the  New  England 
States. 

*  *  The  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania,  Ohio  and 
Indiana,  and  the  Fort  Wayne  and  Chi- 
cago Roads,  consolidate,  and  form  the 
Pittsburg,  Fort  "Wayne  and  Chicago 
Railroad  Company,  connecting  Pitts- 
burg and  Chicago  by  a  continuous  line 
471  miles  long. 

1860  Jan.  10.  Mass.  The  Pemberton 
Cotton  Mill  at  Lawrence  collapses  while 
in  operation  ;  the  wreck  takes  fire  ;  117 
persons  are  known  to  be  dead,  and  80 
missing. 

Jan.  *  A  railway  line  is  completed  from 
Maine  to  Louisiana  by  the  opening  of 
the  Mississippi  Central,  and  61  miles 
between  Lynchburg  and  Alexandria, 
on  the  Orange  and  Alexandria  Koad. 

Feb.  2.  New  York.  A  fire  destroys  much 
property  and  50  lives. 

Feb.  19.  The  emigrant  vessel  Luna  is 
wrecked  on  rocks  off  Barfleur  ;  100  lives 
are  lost. 


188        1860,  June  18-Dec.  31. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1860  Nov.  15.  New  York.  Maj.  Rob- 
ert Anderson  of  Ky,  is  ordered  to 
take  command  of  Federal  forts  aiid 
forces  in  Charleston  Harbor. 

Nov-  21.  S.  C.  JSffaj.  Anderson  as- 
sumes command  at  Fort  Moultrie. 

Nov.  28.  Va.  The  steam  sloop-of-war 
Brooklyn,  carrying  28  guns,  unexpect- 
edly returns  from  Panama,  and  arrives 
at  Norfolk, 

Dec.  26.  S.C.  Maj.  Anderson,  U.  S.  A., 
evacuates  Fort  Moultrie  and  occupies 
Fort  Sumter  in  Charleston  Harbor. 

Dec.  27.  S.  C.  The  State  authorities 
seize  Castle  Pinckney  and  Fort  Moul- 
trie. 

Dec.  30.  D.  C.  Gen.  Scott  communi- 
cates directly  with  the  President,  and 
asks  permission  to  send  250  recruits  to 
Fort  Sumter  without  the  knowledge  of 
the  "War  Department. 

Dec.  31.  S.  C.  State  troops  take  pos- 
session of  the  IT.  S.  arsenal  at  Charles- 
ton, and  sapplant  the  U.  S.  flag  with  the 
Palmetto  flag. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE, 

1860  July  6.  Boston.  Dr.  Isaac  I. 
Hayes  sails  in  the  schooner  United 
States  to  make  researches  in  the  polar 
regions. 

July  20.  A  remarkable  meteor  passes 
over  New  York,  Connecticut,  and  Rhode 
Island. 

Sept.  10.  O.  The  statue  of  Com. 
Perry  is  unveiled  at  Cleveland,  on  the 
47th  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Lake 
Erie. 

Sept.  15.  The  asteroid  Echo  is  discov- 
ered by  J.  Ferguson. 

Sept.  16.  The  asteroid  Axtemis  is  dis- 
covered by  J.  C.  Watson. 

CHURCH. 

1860  June  20.  Chicago,  The  General 
Convention  of  the  New  Jerusalem 
meets. 

Sept.  12.  Mass.  The  Congregational 
Conference  of  Massachusetts  is  organ- 
ized. 

LETTERS. 

I860  *  *  History  of  the  United  Nether- 
lands, by  John  Lotbrop  Motley,  appears 
in  part. 

*  *  The  Poems  of  Henry  Timrod  appears. 

*  *  The  Poems  of  Rose  Terry,  by  R.  T. 
Cooke,  appears. 

»  *  Poems  Lyric  and  Idyllic,  by  E.  C. 
Stedman,  appears. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Fireside  Companion 
is  issued. 

SOCIETY. 
1860  Jxine  19.  III.  Abraham  Tiin- 
coln,  the  President-elect,  declines  a 
request  to  furnish  liquors  to  tlie  Na- 
tional Committee  sent  to  inform  him  of 
his  nomination  to  the  presidency  ;  he 
returns  unopened  the  hampers  of  wines 
and  liquors  given  to  him. 


June  *  La.  William  "Walker  sails  for 
Honduras,  on  another  filibustering  ex- 
pedition.   [He  is  captured  and  shot.] 

June  *  New  York.  The  Japanese  em- 
bassy is  received  with  great  honor. 

July  6.  N.  J.  Jacob  S.  Harden  is 
hanged  at  Belvidere  for  the  murder 
of  his  wife. 

July  13.  N.  Y.  Albert  W.  Hicks  is 
lianged  on  Bedloe's  Island  for  a  triple 
murder  on  the  oyster-sloop  Edvnn  A. 
Johnson. 

Sept.  20.  Mich.  The  tour  of  the 
Prince  of  "Wales  begins  at  Detroit. 

Oct.  3-7.    /).  C.    The  Prince  of  "Wales 

is  the  guest  of  the  President. 
Oct.  11.     Netp    York.     The  Prince  of 
"Wales  is  received  with  a  grand  xoili- 
tary  and  civic  display. 

STATE. 

1860  June  18.  Md.  The  Democratic 
National  Convention  reassembles  at 
Baltimore ;  Southern  members  fail  in 
their  proslavery  demands  and  another 
secession  occurs. 

The  seceders  from  the  Baltimore  Con- 
vention hold  a  convention,  and  (June 
23)  nominate  John  C.  Breckinridge 
of  Ky.  and  Joseph  Xiane  of  Ore. 

June  19.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Pre- 
emption BiU,  as  amended  by  the  Sen- 
ate, passes  both  Houses  with  large 
majorities. 

June  22.  Md.  Stephen  A.  Douglas  of 
111.  and  Herschel  V.  Johnson  of  Ga. 
are  nominated  for  presidential  offices  by 
the  Democratic  National  Convention. 

June  23.  D.  C.  President  Buchanan 
vetoes  the  Preemption  Bill. 

Jtme25.  D.  ('.  The  36th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

June  26,  Va.  The  Richmond  Con- 
vention of  seceding  Democrats  reas- 
sembles, and  ratifies  the  nomination  of 
Breckinridge  and  ILane. 

July  1.    U.  S.    National  debt  $64,&42,287. 

Aug.  30.  Miss.  The  governor  declares 
himself  ready  to  '*  dare  all  and  hazard 
all,  rather  than  to  see  Mississippi  a 
dependent  province  of  a  Black  Repub- 
lican government." 

Sept.  8.  J).  C.  Secretary  Cobb  nego- 
tiates $10,000,000,  5  per  cent  ten 
year  bonds  at  from  par  to  1.45  per  cent 
premium.  [Only  $7,022,000  of  the  money 
was  paid  in.] 

Sept.  *  S.  C.  Several  influential  gentle- 
men meet  at  Charleston,  and  organize 
the  secret  society  called  "The  1860 
Association." 

It  is  organized  *'  to  influence  public 
sentiment,  and  to  resist  Northern  and 
Federal  aggression,**  and  improve  the 
military  defenses  of  the  slave  States. 
[A  secret  league  of  Southern  governors 
follows,  with  a  firm  union  of  public  men 
at  Washington,  D.C.] 

Oct.  ♦  U.  S.  Republicans  organize  Wide 
Awake  clubs  ;  they  parade  with  torches 
and  cannon. 


Tlie  {)olitical  canvass,  with  four  candi- 
dates in  the  field  for  the  presidency,  is 
highly  exciting. 

South  Carolina  communicates  to 
other  States  proposals  for  secession. 

Oct.  12.  S.  C.  Gov.  Gist  proclaims  the 
convening  of  the  IjCgislature  in  extra 
session,  "to  appoint  electors  of  Presi- 
dent and  Vice-President ;  and,  if  advisa- 
ble, to  take  action  for  the  safety  and 
protection  of  the  State.** 

Oct.  23.  Cat.  Edward  D.  Baker  makes 
a  speech  concerning  the  rights  of  free- 
dom, in  the  American  Theater  at  San 
Francisco. 

Oct.  29.  New  York.  The  veteran  Lieut.- 
Gen.  Winfield  Scott,  general-in-chlef  of 
the  army,  counsels  the  President  to 
make  preparation  for  secession  and 
hostilities  by  increasing  garrisons  at 
national  forts. 

Oct.  *  The  pivotal  States  give  decisive 
Republican  majorities,  which  fore- 
shadow the  election  of  Mr.  Lincoln. 

Majority  for  governor  in  Pennsylvania 
is  32,000;  in  Indiana  nearly  10,000;  and 
for  Congressmen  in  Ohio  27,000. 

Nov.  5.  S.C.  The  Legislature  meets  in 
extra  session ;  the  governor's  message 
advocates  secession  and  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  militia. 

Nov.  6,  U.  S.  10th  Presidential  elec- 
tion; the  first  Republican  victory. 

Popular  vote :  Abraham  Lincoln  of 
111.  (RepJ,  1,866,352 ;  Stephen  A.  Douglas 
of  111.  (Dem.),  1,375,157;  J.  C.  Breckin- 
ridge of  Ky.  (Dem.),  &45,763;  John  Bell 
of  Tenn.  (Union),  589,581. 

All  the  Republican  electors  are  chosen 
in'17  free  States,  besides  four  of  the  seven 
elected  in  New  Jersey ;  15  slave  States 
are  divided  between  three  candidates. 

Nov.  7.  5.  C.  Intense  excitement  fol- 
lows the  election  at  Charleston,  and 
through  all  the  slave  States ;  exultation 
abounds  in  the  antislavery  States. 

Nov.  9.-11.  D.  C.  Congress:  The^Sen- 
ators  from  South  Carolina  resign  their 
seats. 

Nov.  13.  S.  C.  The  Legislature  calls  a 
convention  to  consider  the  question  of 
secession  from  the  Union.  [It  resolves 
to  raise  10,000  volunteers.] 

Nov.  14.  Ga.  Alexander  H.  Stephens 
delivers  a  union  speech  before  the 
Legislature,  which  creates  a  marked 
sensation. 

Nov.  17.  S.  C.  A  grand  mass  meeting 
is  held  at  Charleston,  and  enthusiastic 
addresses  are  made  to  "  citizens  of  the 
Southern  Republic." 

Nov.  18.  Ga.  The  Legislature  votes 
$1,000,000  to  arm  the  State. 

Nov.  20.  D.  C.  The  Administration 
adopts  a  non-coercive  policy  towards 
the  seceding  States  ;  it  is  expressed  in 
the  opinion  rendered  by  the  Attorney- 
General. 

Nov.  26.  Miss,  The  Legislature  is 
convened. 

It  meets  to  consider"  the  propriety  and 
necessity  of  providing  surer  and  better 
safeguards  for  the  lives,  liberties,  and 
property  of  her  citizens  than  have  been 
found  in  Black  Eepublican  oaths." 


UNITED    STATES.        1860,  June  18 -Dec.  31. 


189 


S.  C.  The  Iiegislatnire  meets  in  reg- 
ular annual  session. 

K"ov.  *  Miss.  The  Legislature  adopts  a 
joint  resolution  directing  the  appoint- 
ment of  commissioners  to  the  several 
slareholding  States,  to  secure  united 
action  in  a  secession  movement. 

Bee.  3.   I).  C.    The  36th  Congress :  the 

second  session  opens. 

President  Buchanan  recommends  Con- 
gress to  conciliate  the  South  by  making 
certain  concessions ;  and  he  reminds 
the  South  *'that  no  single  act  has  ever 
passed  Congress  impairing  in  the  slight- 
est degree  its  rights  to  property  in 
slaves,"  and  admits  that  "the  sword 
is  not  placed  in  the  hands  of  Congress 
to  preserve  it  [the  Union]  by  force." 

Dec.  4.  7).  C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
Alexander  K.  Bouteler  of  Va.  intro- 
duces a  resolution  for  the  appointment 
of  a  Special  Committee  fof  Thirty- 
three]  to  consider  the  condition  of  the 
country. 

Dec.  6.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Senate 
L.  W.  Powell  of  Ky.  introduces  a  resolu- 
tion for  the  appointment  of  a  Special 
Committee  [of  Thirteen]  to  concert 
measures  of  compromise  or  pacification. 
House :  the  Speaker  announces  the 
Committee  of  Thirty-three ;  Thomas 
Corwin  of  O.,  chairman. 

Iklembers :  T.  Corwin  of  O.,  J.  S.  IVIill- 
Bon  of  Va.,  C.  F.  Adams  of  Mass.,  W. 
Winslow  of  N.  C,  J.  Humphrey  of  N.  Y., 
W.  W.  Boyce  of  S.  C,  J.  H.  Campbell  of 
Pa.,  P.  E.  Love  of  Ga.,  O.  S.  Ferry  of 
Conn.,  H.  W.  Davis  of  Md.,  C.  Robinson 
of  R.  I.,  W.  G.  Whiteley  of  Del.,  M.  W. 
Tappan  of  N,  H.,  J.  L.  N.  Stratton  of 
N.  J.,  F.  M.  Bristow  of  Ky.,  J.  S.  Morrill 
of  Vt.,  T.  A.  R.  Nelson  of  Tenn.,  W. 
McK.  Dunn  of  Ind.,  M.  Taylor  of  La., 
R.  Davis  of  Miss.,  W.  Kellogg  of  III., 
G.  S.  Houston  of  Ala.,  F.  H.  Morse  of 
Me.,  J.  S.  Phelps  of  Mo.,  A.  Rast  of  Ark., 
W.  A.  Howard  of  Mich.,  G.  S.  Hawkins 
of  Fla.,  A.  J.  Hamilton  of  Tex.,  C.  C. 
Washburne  of  Wis.,  S.  R.  Curtis  of  la., 
J.  C.  Birch  of  Colo.,  W.  Windom  of  Minn., 
and  L.  Stout  of  Ore. 

Dec.  8.  D.  C.  Secretary  Cobb  resigns 
the  office  of  Treasurer,  and  joins  the  Se- 
cession movement. 

Dec.  10.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Jefferson  Davis  of  Miss,  makes  a 
speech,  and  declares  that  the  Union  had 
cost  "little  time,  little  money,  and  no 
blood." 

Dec.  12.  B.C.  PhiHpF.  Thomas  of  Md. 
is  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

Dec.  13.  D.  C.  The  House  Committee 
of  Thirty-three  passes  a  resolution 
declaring  "  any  reasonable,  proper,  and 
constitutional  remedies  and  effectual 
guarantees  of  their  [Southern]  peculiar 
rights  and  interests  should  be  promptly 
and  cheerfully  given."    Vote,  22-8. 

Dec.  14.    J),  a    Gen.  Cass,  Secretary 

of  State,  resigns  his  office,  because  the 
President  declines  to  reenforce  Maj. 
Anderson. 

The  President  by  proclamation  ap- 
points the  fourth  of  January  prox.  to  be 
observed  as  a  day  of  humiliation,  fast- 
ing, and  prayer,  because  of  the  *'  dan- 


gerous and  distracted  condition  of  the 
country." 

About  one-half  of  the  Senators  and 
Representatives  from  eight  Southern 
States  unite  in  issuing  an  address  to 
their  constituents,  urging  the  seces- 
sion of  separate  States  for  the  purpose 
of  organizing  a  Southern  Confederacy ; 
it  is  the  official  beginning  of  the 
Confederacy. 

Dec.  17.  />.  C.  Jeremiah  S.  Black  of 
Pa.  is  appointed  Secretary  of  State. 

Congress  authorizes  a  loan  of 
$10,000,000, 

S.  C,    A  State  Convention  assembles 

at  Columbia,  by  the  call  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, and  adjourns  to  Charleston  to 
escape  an  epidemic  of  smallpox. 

Dec.  17.  S.  a  F.  W.  Pickens  is  in- 
augurated governor. 

The  President  writes  Gov.  Pickens  that 
he  has  sent  Caleb  Cushing  to  South 
Carolina  to  avert  if  possible  the  seced- 
ing of  the  State. 

Dec.  18,  Z>.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
orders  the  appointment  of  the  Special 
Committee  of  Thirteen.  John  J. 
Crittenden  of  Ky.  introduces  a  plan  of 
concession.    (Schouler,  Dee.  22.) 

It  proposes  to  restore  the  Missouri 
Compromise  line  by  constitutional 
amendment,  and  to  run  the  line  to  the 
Pacific ;  to  admit  Territories  as  States, 
with  or  without  slavery,  as  their  consti- 
tutions shall  determine;  to  guarantee 
slavery  in  the  slave  States  against  aboli- 
tion by  Congress ;  to  restrain  interfer- 
ence by  the  Federal  Government  with 
the  interstate  transportation  of  slaves ; 
to  recompense  the  value  of  fugitive 
slaves  lost  to  their  owners  by  mob  vio- 
lence ;  and  urges  the  Northern  States 
to  repeal  personal  liberty  bills  wher- 
ever enacted.  [It  is  not  accepted  by 
Congress.] 

The  secession  of  States  begins. 

Dec.  20.  South  Carolina  secedes  by 
the  ordinance  of  a  special  convention. 

±  S.  C.  The  State  Convention  des- 
patches three  special  conunissioners, 
Robert  W.  Barnwell,  James  H.  Adams, 
and  James  L.  Orr,  to  Washington,  to 
negotiate  for  the  division  of  Federal 
property,  and  a  surrender  to  South  Car- 
olina of  the  forts  in  Charleston  Harbor. 

D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate  Com- 
mittee of  Thirteen  is  appointed  to 
devise  compromise  measures  for  the 
restoration  of  peace. 

Members :  Lazarus  W.  Powell  and 
John  J.  Crittenden  of  Ky.,  R.  M.  T. 
Hunter  of  Va.,  William  H.  Seward  of 
N.  Y.,  Robert  Toombs  of  Ga.,  Stephen 
A.  Douglas  of  111.,  Jacob  Collamer  of 
Vt.,  Jefferson  Davis  of  Miss.,  Benjamin 
F.  Wade  of  O.,  William  Bigler  of  Pa., 
Henry  M.  Rice  of  Minn.,  James  R.  Doo- 
littleof  Wis.,  and  James  W.  Grimes  of 
la. 

The  request  of  Gov.  Pickens  that 
Fort  Sumter  be  surrendered  to  the 
State  is  delivered  to  President  Bu- 
chanan by  a  special  messeuger.  He 
replies  that  he  has  no  authority  to 
surrender  any  of  the  forts  or  public 
property  in  South  Carolina  to  the  State. 


Dec.  21.  S.  a  Gov.  Pickens  with- 
draws his  request  of  the  20th  inst.  by 
advice  of  his  friends. 

Dec.  24.  S.  C.  The  State  Convention 
makes  a  "declaration  of  independ- 
ence." 

Z>.  C.    Congress ;  House  :  Members 

from  South  Carolina  withdraw. 

Secretary  Floyd  orders  78  guns  to 
be  shipped  from  Pennsylvania  to  New- 
port, near  Galveston,  Tex.,  and  46  guns 
to  Balize,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi. 

Dec.  26.  IJ.  C.  The  commisraoners 
from  South  Carolina  arrive. 

Dec.  28.  D.  C.  President  Buchanan  re- 
ceives the  three  commissioners  as  pri- 
vate gentlemen. 

Secretary  Thomas  obtains  bids  for  less 
than  half  of  the  $5,000,000  in  Treasury 
notes  he  had  advertised,  and  the  Gov- 
ernment is  reduced  to  desperate  straits. 
[Bankers  in  New  York  save  the  na- 
tional credit  by  making  a  combination 
purchase  of  $1,500,000.] 

Dec.  29.  D.  C.  J.  B.  Floyd  of  Va.  re- 
signs his  office  as  Secretary  of  War.  [Ho 
is  succeeded  by  Joseph  Holt,  Dec.  31.] 

The  three  commissioners  write  Pres- 
ident Buchanan  that  he  must  disapprove 
of  Maj.  Anderson's  occupancy  of  Sum- 
ter before  they  can  negotiate  with  him. 

Dec.  30.  D.  C.  Secretary  Black  succeeds 
in  changing  the  President's  vaciUat- 
ing  policy;  he  refuses  to  see  the 
conmiissioners  from  South  Carolina. 

Dec.  31.  7J.  C.  The  President  informs 
the  three  commissioners  that  Fort 
Sumter  will  be  defended  to  the  last 
extremity. 

Congress;  Senate:  The  Committee 
of  Thirteen  on  compromises  reports 
that  it  is  *'  not  able  to  agree  upon  any 
general  plan  of  adjustment." 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1860    June*   U.S.    Eighth    census: 

States,  33;  whites,  26,022,537,  colored, 
4,441,830;  (free  colored,  488,070,  slaves, 
3,953,760;  Indians  omitted ;  total  popula- 
tion, 31,443,321.  Increase  35.58  per  cent. 
The  center  of  population  is  20  miles 
south  of  Chillicothe ;  the  westward 
movement  in  10  years  is  81  miles, 

Jtme  28.  New  Y(yrJ:.  The  Great  Eastern 
arrives ;  the  largest  vessel  ever  btiilt, 

Sept.  8.  The  steamer  Lady  Elgin  collides 
with  the  schooner  Augusta  on  Lake 
Michigan,  and  goes  down ;  of  835  persons 
on  board,  287  are  lost. 

*  * ///.  Oakridge  Cemetery,  near 
Springfield,  is  consecrated. 

*  *  Mass.  Newton  Cemetery,  near 
Boston,  Is  established. 

*  *  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1860.  Produc- 
tion :  Gold,  $4G,000,000 ;  Silver,  $150,000 ; 
Bushels  of  Grain  — Indian  Corn,  838,- 
795,742  ;  Wheat,  173,104,924 ;  Oats,  172,043,- 
185;  Barley,  15.825,898;  Rye,  21,101,380; 
Buckwheat,  17,571,818  ;  bales  of  Cotton, 
4,669,770. 

Currency  in  circulation,  $435,407,252 ; 
per  capita,  $13.85.  Immigrants,  150,273. 
Miles  of  railroad,  30,635. 


190    I860  *  *-1861,  Feb.  13. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1860  »  *  The  United  States  Army  is 
scattered  in  remote  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, vast  military  stores  are  lodged  in 
Southern  arsenals  by  direction  of  Secre- 
tary Floyd,  a  sympathizer  with  seces- 
sion ;  the  navy  is  chiefly  absent  on 
foreign  stations. 

1861  Jan.  1-4.  Ala.  The  governor  seizes 
Mount  Vernon  Arsenal  and  Forts 
Morgan  and  Gaines  at  Mobile. 

Jan.  2.  .S.  C.  State  troops  seize  Fort 
Johnson,  guarding  the  harlx>r  of 
Charleston. 

Jan.  3.  Ga.  Gov.  Browu  seizes  Forts 
Pulaski  and  Jackson  near  Savannah. 

Jan.  5.  Xew  York.  The  Stnrofthe  West 
Bails  with  reenforcemeuts  and  supplies 
for  Maj.  Anderson. 

Jan.  7.  Fta.  The  .State  troops  seize 
Fort  Marion  and  Fort  Augustine. 

Jan.  9.  S.  C.  The  first  shot  is  fired  in 
the  Civil  "War ;  when  the  Star  of  the 
West  is  approaching  Fort  Sumter,  she  is 
attacked  by  the  batteries  of  Fort  Moul- 
trie, and  compelled  to  retire. 

Maj.  Anderson  demands  of  Gov. 
Pickens  an  explanation  of  the  hostile 
act  against  the  U.  S.  flag. 

n.    C.     Plans   for   the   defense  of 

"Washington    are    presented   by    Col. 
Charles  P.  Stone,  and  adopted. 

Jan.  9,  10.  X.  C.  State  troops  and  citi- 
zens occupy  Forts  Caswell  and  John- 
ston, without  authority. 

Jan.  9-11.  Fla.  Lieut.  Slemmer  trans- 
fers his  command  from  Forts  Barran- 
cas and  McHae  to  the  strong  defenses 
of  Fort  Pickens,  Santa  Kosa  Island. 

Jan.  10.  /vO.  State  troops  seize  the  Baton 
Kouge  barracks  and  U.  S.  arsenal. 

Miss.  The  State  seizes  U.  S.  forts  and 

properties. 

Jan.  11.  S.r.  Gov.  Pickens  demands 
the  surrender  of  Port  Sumter.  Maj. 
Anderson  refuses. 

Jan.  12.  Fta.  A  force  of  volunteers, 
under  authority  of  the  governor,  de- 
mands of  Commodore  Armstrong  the 
surrender  of  the  Pensacola  navy 
yards;  they  are  given  up,  with  two 
deserted  forts. 

Miss.       The     Confederates      fortify 

Vicksburg. 

A',  c.    Forts  Caswell  and   Johnston 

are  restored,  by  order  of  Gov.  Kills. 

Jan.  14.  Fla.  Fort  Taylor  at  Key  West 
is  garrisoned  by  Federal  troops. 

Jan  151  La.  Fort  Jackson  and  Fort 
St.  Philip  are  seized. 

Jan.  20.  Miss.  Confederates  take  pos- 
session of  the  unfinished  fort  on  Ship 
Island. 

Jan.  22.  D.  C.  President  Buchanan 
refuses  to  pledge  the  government  to 
extend  the  truce  at  Charleston  till  Feb- 
ruary 15th. 

Jan.  24.  Ga.  State  troops  demand  and 
occupy  the  V.  R.  arsenal  at  Augusta. 


Jan.  29.  D.  C.  The  President  orders 
the  expedition  sent  to  Pensacola,  not 
to  land  the  troops,  t»n  the  assurance 
that  Fort  Pickens  will  not  be  attacked 
by  seceders.    (Fort  Pickens  truce.) 

Jan.  i  *  Mo.  The  secessionists  organize 
"Minute  Men"  for  the  purpose  of 
capturing  the  V .  S.  arsenal  at  St,  Louis  ; 
the  Union  men  organize  the  Home 
Guards  for  its  defence. 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  War  re- 
fuses to  surrender  Fort  Sumter  on  the 
demand  of  the  Confederates. 

Feb.  8.  Ark.  The  State  seizes  the 
U.  S.  arsenal  at  Little  Rock. 

Feb.  12.  Ark.  The  State  seizes  the 
U.  S.  ordnance  stores  at  Napoleon. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1860  *  *  Boston.  A  15-in.  Rodman  gun, 
weighing  40,000  pounds,  is  cast  by  the 
South  Boston  Iron  Company. 

*  »  jl/rf.  Baltimore  acquires  693  acres  for 
Druid  HiU  Park. 

*  *  Nevj  York.  Clara  Louise  Kellogg 
makes  her  debut  in  Jiicjoletto  at  the 
Academy  of  Music. 

*  *  A'ew  York.  A  time  ball  connected 
by  telegraph  with  the  Dudley  Observa- 
tory, at  Albany,  is  placed  on  the  Custom 
Hotise. 

•  *  Xew  York.  Eastman  Johnson  and -Al- 
bert Bierstadt  are  elected  members  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Design. 

♦  *  X.  Y.  Prof.  Henry  Draper's  observa- 
tory is  erected  at  Hiistings. 

•  *  The  Spencer  repeating  rifle  is  pat- 
ented. 

•  *  Flight  into  Egypt  is  painted  by 
Thomas  Moran. 

•  *  Bay  of  NetB  York  is  painted  by  G.  L. 
Brown. 

1861  Jan.  5.  A'.  Y.  The  Brooklyn  Art 
Association  is  established. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS, 
isao. 

July  1.    Goodyear.  Charles,  inventor  or 

hard  rubber,  A63. 
1861. 

Jan.  4.     Kent,  William,  jurlstof  N.T.,  A59. 

Jan.  10.    Hackley,  diaries  W.,  P.  E.  cl., 
lirof.,  A52. 

Jan.  24.     Letcher,  Hobert  P.,  (iov.  Ky.  A73. 

Jan.  11.    Cobbs,  Nicholas  H.,  P.  E.  bp.  of 
Ala.,  A65. 

Jan.  20.    Lowell,   Charles,  Unit.  cL,  au- 
thor, A  79. 

Jan.  28.     Reid,  Sam.  C,  U.  8.  N.,  designer 
r.  S.  flag,  A7». 

Feb.  8.     Francis,  .lotin  W.,  physician,  wri- 
ter, A72. 

CHURCH. 
I860  *  •  J/icA.,  .tfinn.      The    Synodical 
Conference  (Evangelical  Lutheran)  of 
Minnesota  and  Michigan  is  organized. 

•  •A'.  }'.  The  General  Assembly  (O.S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Rochester ;  John 
W.  Yeomans,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Pittsburg;  T.  A 
Mills,  moderator. 

»  •  O.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting  is 
held  at  Cincinnati. 

»  *  O.  ITie  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 


*  *  Phila,  The  General  Assembly 
(United  Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Joseph 
Clokey,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Susquehanna  Conference  (Free 
Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Episcopalians  open  a  mission 
among  the  Sioux  Indians. 

*  •  The  American  Board  withdraws  its 
mission  from  the  Cherokee  IiKliaus, 
its  proper  work  being  done,  and  the 
Indians  Christianized. 

*  •  Ga.  The  Augustana  Synod  (Evangel- 
ical Lutheran)  is  organized. 

1861  Jan.  15.  New  York.  The  Wo- 
men's Union  Missionary  Society  is  or- 
ganized. 

SOCIETY. 

1860  *  *  Cal.  The  Institution  for  the 
Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind  is  opened  at 
Berkeley. 

STATE. 

1 860  •  *  The  commissioners  send  a  let- 
ter to  the  President,  which  he  declines 
to  receive ;  he  considers  them  disrespect- 
ful and  violent,  and  their  assertions  un- 
founded. 

*  *  U.  S.  There  are  thirty-three  States 
in  the  Union,  18  free  and  15  slave  ;  this 
gives  the  control  of  the  government  to 
free  States. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress :  A  treaty  with 
Mexico,  negotiated  by  Louis  McLane, 
is  rejected  by  the  Senate. 

*  »  Xew  York.  Fernando  Wood  is  re- 
elected the  72d  mayor. 

*  *  f '.•  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-64  *  ♦  Ark.    Henry  M.  Rector. 

Cal.    M.  S.  Latham. 
-62  •  •  Cal.    John  G.  Downey. 
-62  »  *  La.    Thomas  O.  Moore. 
-64  *  *  la.    Samuel  J.  Kirkwood. 
-64  *  *  Minn.    Alex.  Ramsey. 
-62  •  •  Miss.    John  J.  Pettus. 
-63  »  *  N.J.    Charles  S.  Olden. 
-62  *  *  O.    Wm.  Dennison. 
-61  •  *  R.  f.    Wm.  Sprague 
-62  *  *  S.  C.    Francis  W.  Pickens. 
-64  *  *  Va.    John  Letcher. 
-61  *  *  Vt.    Erastus  Fairbanks. 

1861  Jan.  1.  Ala.  A  State  Conven- 
tion meets,  and  on  the  same  day  resolves 
that  *'  Alabama  cannot  and  will  not  sub- 
mit to  the  administration  of  Lincoln 
and  Hamlin." 

U.  s.     Nominal    balance    in    the 

Treasury,  $2,233,220. 

Jan.  2.  /J.  C.  President  Bnchanan  de- 
cides to  reenf  orce  Fort  Sumter. 

Jan.  3.  D.C.  Congress:  In  the  Senate 
John  J.  Crittenden  of  Ky.  introduces 
resolutions  for  taking  a  vote  of  the 
people  for  the  settlement  of  dissen- 
sions. 

Commissioners  from  South  Carolina 
demand  the  surrender  of  Fort  Sum- 
ter; President  Buchanan  refuses. 

Del.     The  proposal  of  the  Omiinis- 

sioner  to  join  the  Southern  Confed- 
eracy is  rejected  by  the  Legislature  — 


I 


UNITED    STATES.       1860  *  *-1861,  Feb.  13.    191 


unanimously  by  the  Assembly,  and  by 
a  majority  of  the  Senate. 

Fla.   A  State  Convention  assembles. 

Ga.     Gov.  Brown  orders  the  seizure 

of  Fort  Pulaski. 

Jan.  5.  Fla.  The  governor  seizes  the 
U.  S.  arsenal  at  Apalachicola. 

New  York.    Mayor  Wood  recommends 

the  secession  of  the  city  to  the  Common 
Council. 

— —  D.  C.  Senators  from  seven  Southern 
States  hold  a  caucus. 

They  resolve  to  assume  temporarily 
the  political  and  military  control  of  the 
South,  to  advise  the  callmg  of  a  conven- 
tion of  seceders  at  Montgomery,  aiming 
to  force  the  Border  States  from  a  posi- 
tion of  neutrality  ;  they  also  decide  to 
retain  their  seats  in  the  Senate,  to  pre- 
vent inimical  measures  by  the  Govern- 
ment. 

Jan.  7.  D.  a  Congress ;  Senate  :  Rob- 
ert Toombs  of  Ga.  denounces  Abra- 
ham Xiincoln  as  "  an  enemy  of  the 
human  race,  deserving  the  execration  of 
mankind." 

Ala,    A  State  Convention  assembles. 

—^Miss.    A  State  Convention  assembles. 

Va.  The  Iieg:islature  meets  in  spe- 
cial session  to  consider  "the  condition 
of  public  affairs.'*  [South  Carolina  and 
Mississippi  have  already  threatened  to 
close  their  markets  against  the  sale 
of  slaves  from  the  border  States  as  a 
means  of  coercion.] 

Congress  receives  a  patriotic  message 
from  President  Buchanan. 

Jan.  8.  I).  C.  Jacob  Thompson  of  Miss., 
Secretary  of  the  Interior,  retires  from 
the  Cabinet,  and  becomes  an  active  Se- 
cessionist. 

Philip  F.  Thomas  of  Md.,  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  resigns  after  serving 
only  one  month. 

Fla.  The  governor  orders  the  sei- 
zure of  the  Navy  Yard  and  the  unoccu- 
pied forts  at  Pensacola. 

Jan,  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
a  committee  of  five  is  appointed,  \Vm. 
A.  Howard  of  Mich,  chairman ;  it  is 
to  inquire  "whether  any  officer  of  the 
United  States  has  been  or  is  now  treat- 
ing with  any  person  or  persons  concern- 
ing the  surrender  of  forts,"  or  pledging 
not  to  send  reenforcements  to  forts  in 
Charleston  harbor. 

Mississippi,  the  second  State,  se- 
cedes by  ordinance  of  a  State  Conven- 
tion.   Vote,  &lr-15. 

S.  C.  The  relief  expedition  from  New 

York  approaches  Charleston  bar  in  the 
night,  and  waits  for  the  coming  day. 

Jan.  10.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  : 
Jefferson  Davis  of  Miss,  speaks  in 
justification  of  secession. 

Florida,  the  third  State,  secedes  by 

ordinance  of  a  State  convention.    Vote, 

Jan.  11.  Alabama,  the  fourth  State, 
secedes  by  ordinance  of  a  State  conven- 
tion.   Vote,  61-39. 

n.  a  John  A.  Dix  of  N.  Y.  is  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  [In 
his  orders  to  revenue  officers,  ho  says : 


*'  If  any  man  attempts  to  haul  down  the 
American  flag,  shoot  him  on  the  spot ! "] 

Jan.  14.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
Committee  of  Thirty-three  on  com- 
promise make  a  majority  report  and 
seven  minority  reports. 

The  majority  report  humiliates  the 
Xorth  without  appeasing  the  South;  by 
it  the  Northern  representatives  abandon, 
without  a  protest,  nearly  all  they  have 
struggled  for  in  seven  years. 

Jan.  16.  I).  C.  Congress:  Tlie  Senate 
kills  the  Crittenden  Bill  by  adopting 
the  Clark  substitute,  stating  that  **  the 
Constitution  needs  to  be  obeyed  rather 
than  amended,"  and  declaring  a  disso- 
lution of  the  Union  illusory  and  de- 
structive. Vote,  25-23.  Six  Southern 
Senators  refuse  to  vote,  and  so  defeat 
the  original  bill. 

Ga.    A  State  Convention  assembles. 

Jan.  18.  J/o.  The  Legislature  calls  a 
State  Convention  to  act  upon  secession ; 
it  provides  that  no  ordinance  of  seces- 
sion shall  be  valid  unless  ratified  by  the 
people.  [Meets  Feb.  28 ;  Sterling  Price, 
President.] 

Jan.  19.  Georgia,  the  fifth  State,  se- 
cedes by  ordinance  of  a  State  Conven- 
tion.   Vote,  208-89. 

Miss.  The  Legislature  adopts  the  re- 
port of  a  committee,  making  provisions 
for  the  organization  of  a  Southern 
Confederacy,  and  the  establishment 
of  a  provisional  government. 

Va.    The  Legislature  resolves   to 

unite  with  the  other  States  of  the  Union 
in  sending  commissioners  to  Washing- 
ton on  February  4th  to  "adjust  the 
present  unhappy  controversies." 

Jan.  21.  B.  C.  Congress:  Senators 
from  Florida,  Alabama,  and  Mississippi 
withdraw,  after  each  has  made  a  final 
speech  of  defiance ;  the  bill  passes  ad- 
mitting Kansaa  under  the  Wyandotte 
constitution. 

Tex.    A  State  Convention  meets  at 

Austin. 

Jan.  23.  La.  A  State  Convention  as- 
sembles. 

Jan.  24,  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate: 
Jefferson  Davis  of  Miss,  defends  State 
Sovereignty  in  a  speech,  and  withdraws. 
Ex-President  Tyler  of  Va.  asks  the 
President  to  give  his  pledge  that  there 
will  be  no  hostilities  during  the  session 
of  a  peace  convention;  but  he  refuses 
to  do  so. 

Jan.  26.  Xiouisiana,  the  sixth  State,  se- 
cedes by  ordinance  of  a  State  Conven- 
tion ;  vote,  113-17.  The  motion  to  submit 
the  question  to  a  popular  vote  is  over- 
whelmingly defeated. 

W.  C.    The  House  unanimously  passes 

resolutions  declaring  that  the  State  will 
go  with  the  slave  States  if  reconcilia- 
tion between  the  North  and  South  fails, 

Jan,  28.  JD.  C.  Senator  Iverson  of  Ga. 
withdraws  and  joins  the  Secessionists. 

Jan.  29,  Kansas  is  admitted  into  the 
Union  as  the  34th  State.  (Moore,  Jan. 
30.) 


Jan,  31.  D.  C.  Col.  Hayne,  commis- 
sioner from  South  Carolina,  demands 
the  surrender  of  Fort  Sumter  by 
President  Buchanan. 

Feb.  1.  Texas,  the  seventh  State,  se- 
cedes by  act  of  a  convention,  subject  to 
an  approving  vote  of  the  people.  Vote, 
166-7. 

Feb.  4.  Ala.  The  Confederate  Con- 
gress is  organized,  at  Montgomery,  by 
delegates  from  six  States ;  HoweU 
Cobb  is  chairman. 

D.  C.  A  peace  convention  assem- 
bles at  Washington,  by  request  of  the 
Legislature  of  Virginia;  delegates  ap- 
pear from  14  free  States  and  seven 
slave  States;  ex-President  John  Ty- 
ler of  Va.  is  elected  president. 

Congress :  Senators  John  Slidell 
and  Judah  P.  Benjamin,  both  of  La., 
make  speeches  and  retire. 

Va.    The  people  elect  members  of  a 

State  Convention. 

Feb.  6.  />.  C.  Secretary  Holt  replies  to 
Commissioner  Hayne,  and  denies  the 
right  of  eminent  domain  respecting 
Fort  Sumter. 

Feb.  8.  Z>.  C.  Congress:  The  issue 
of  $25,000,000  of  10-20  year  bonds  at 
6  per  cent  is  authorized. 

Ala.    The  Confederate  Congress 

adopts  a  provisional  Constitution,  re- 
sembling that  of  the  United  States,  under 
the  style  of  the  Confederate  States  of 
America. 

Feb.  9.  Ala.  The  Provisional  Con- 
gress of  six  States  elects  Jefferson 
Davis  of  Miss.  President  of  the  Con- 
federate States,  and  Alex.  H,  Ste- 
phens of  Ga.  Vice-President  for  the 
term  of  six  years. 

Cabinet  of  Jefferson  Davis :  Robert 
Toombs  of  (ia.  (Sec.  State),  C.  G.  Mem- 
minger  of  S.  C.  <Sec.  Treas.),  L.  P. 
Walker  of  Ala.  (Sec.  War),  S.  R.  Mal- 
lory  of  Fla.  (Sec.  Navy),  J.  H.  Reagan 
of  Tex.  (P.  M.-Gen.),  J.  P.  Benjamin 
of  La.  (Atty.-Gen.). 

Tenn.    A  general  election  gives  a 

majority  of  12,000  votes  against  holding 
a  convention  desired  by  Secessionists. 

Feb.  11.  III.  Abraham  Iiincoln  makes 
a  tender  address  to  his  neighbors,  who 
throng  the  depot  at  Springfield,  on  his 
departure  for  Washington. 

[He  travels  slowly,  and  is  welcomed  at 
all  towns  and  cities.] 

Feb.  12.  Ala.  The  Confederate  Con- 
gress assumes  charge  of  all  ques- 
tions arising  between  the  seceded  States 
and  the  Federal  Government. 

Feb.  13,  B.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President  :  Lincoln,  180  ; 
Douglas,  12;  Breckinridge,  72;  Bell,  39. 
Vote  for  Vice-President:  Hannibal 
Hamlin  of  Me.  (Rep.).  180;  Joseph  Lane 
of  Ore.  (Dem.),  72 ;  Edward  Everett  of 
Mass.  (Union),  39 ;  H.  V.  Johnson  of  Ga. 
(Dem.),  12. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1861    Jan.  1.    New  Tork.    Price  of  cot- 
ton is  llj  cents  a  pound.  [It  rapidly  ad- 
vances.] 


192    1861,  Feb.  13-Apr.  17. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1861  Feb.  16.  Ttx.  Gen.  Twiggs  sur- 
renders the  military  posts,  containiug 
$1,300,000  worth  of  stores  and  $65,000  in 
specie,  to  the  State  authorities. 

Feb.  19.  Mo.  By  Gen.  Scott's  orders, 
Gen.  Harney  concentrates  a  force  of 
nearly  500  regulars  and  recruits  for  the 
defense  of  the  military  depot  at  St. 
Louis,  containing  60,000  stand  of  im- 
proved arms,  1,500,000  ball  cartridges, 
90,000  pounds  of  powder,  besides  field- 
pieces,  siege-guns,  and  other  military 
supplies. 

Tex.    Col.  A.    C.    Waite,    appointed 

Jan.  28,  arrives  to  supersede  Gen. 
Twiggs  at  San  Antonio,  and  finds  an 
agreement  made  to  withdraw  the  Fed- 
eral troops  and  surrender  the  valuable 
United  States  property. 

Mar.  1.  Gen.  David  E.  Twiggs  Is  dis- 
missed from  the  U.  S.  Army  as  a  traitor, 
having  surrendered  U.  S.  forces  and 
property  in  Texas  to  Secessionists. 

Mar.  3.  S.  C.  Gen.  Beauregard  assumes 
command  of  the  Confederates  at 
Charleston. 

Mar.  5.  Tex.  At  Brownsville  Texan 
troops  occupy  Fort  Brown, 

Mar.  9.  Ala.  The  Confederate  Secre- 
tary of  War  makes  a  requisition  on  the 
States  for  11,000  volunteers. 

Mar.  11.  Ala.  Brig.-Gen.  Bragg  iis- 
sumes  command  of  the  Confederate 
forces. 

Mar.  12.  />.  C.  Gen.  Scott  sends  orders 
to  Capt.  Vogdes  to  reenforoe  Fort 
Pickens. 

Mar.  *  Jefferson  Davis  prepares  for  war 
and  asks  for  100,000  Confederate  soldiers. 

Mar.  ♦  The  Regular  Array  of  the  United 
States  consists  of  one  major-general, 
four  brigadier-generals,  and  16,000  offi- 
cers and  men. 

Mar.  *  D.  C.  Lieut.-Col.  Kobert  E.  Lee 
is  appointed  colonel  of  the  1st  Cavalry, 
U.  S.  A. 

THE  SEVENTEENTH  W.\R. 

1861  ♦  *  The  Great  Civil  Wax.  [Men 
enrolled  in  the  Federal  Army,  2,772,408  ; 
in  the  Confederate  Army,  600,000(?).] 

Apr.  6.  New  York.  An  expedition  pre- 
pared by  Capt.  Meigs  sails  for  Fort 
Pickens. 

Apr.  7.  S.  C.  Gen.  Beauregard  denies 
Maj.  Anderson  any  further  communi- 
cations with  Charleston  for  purposes  of 
supply. 

Apr.  8.  D.  C.  The  Government  notifies 
Gov.  Pickens  of  its  purpose  to  reenforca 
Fort  Sumter. 

Apr.  10.  New  York.  An  expedition, 
prepared  by  Capt.  Fox,  led  by  the  Pow- 
hatan, Lieut.  D.  D.  Porter,  sails  for 
Fort  Sumter. 

Apr.  11.  ,S.  C.  Maj.  Anderson  is  sum- 
moned to  surrender  Fort  Sumter.  He 
refuses,  yet  informs  Gen.  Beauregard 
that  his  ^irovisious  will  be  exhausted  by 
the  15th  inst. 


Apr.  12.  S.  C.  The  Confederates 
open  fire  on  Fort  Sumter  at  4.40  a.m.  ; 
Maj.  Anderson  makes  a  vigorous  reply. 

Apr.  14.  .S.  r.  Maj.  Anderson  evacu- 
ates Fort  Sumter  after  a  furious  cannon- 
ade of  ;t4  hours,  liis  supply  of  provisions 
being  exhausted  [and  the  fleet  arriving 
too  late  to  relieve  him]. 

Strength  of  the  Federal  garrison  :  9 
commissioned  officers,  68  non-commis- 
sioned officers  and  privates,  8  musicians, 
and  43  non-combatant  laborers ;  total 
128  men. 

Apr.  15.  President  Lincoln  calls  for 
75,000  volunteers  to  serve  for  three 
months. 

Apr.  16.  Mass.  The  militia  compa- 
nies, responding  to  the  President's 
call,  march  into  the  city  of  Boston. 

N.  C.    The  Confederates  again  seize 

Forts  Caswell  and  Johnston. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1861    Apr.  9.    Theasteroid  Mala  is  dis- 
covered by  H.  P.  Tuttle. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1861. 

Mar.  S5.    Gibbs,  Josiah  Willard,  prof,  in 
Yale,  philologist,  ATI. 

Mar.  36.    Kobbins,  Koyal,  Cong,  cl.,  histo- 
rian, A73. 

Mar.  30.    Shaw,  Lemuel,  of  Mass.,  jurist, 
A80. 

Apr.  3.    HnmjiJirey,  Heman,  Cong,  cl.,  Pres. 
of  Amherst,  AS2. 

Apr.  4.    Mac  Lean,  John,  M.  C.  forO.,  U.  S. 
S.  Ct.,  A76. 

Apr.  lO.    Tucker,  George,  M.  C.  for  Va., 
liistortan,  AS6. 

Apr.  11.    Huckinghani,  Joseph  T.,  ed.  Bos- 
ton Courier,  A82. 

Apr.  12.    Frelinehuysen,  Theodore,  sen. 
for  >'.  J.,  A74. 

CHURCH. 

1861  Apr.  4.  Neb.  Tlie  Nebraska  Con- 
ference (Methodist  Episcopal)  first  as- 
sembles. 

SOCIETY. 

1861  Mar.  •  D.  C.  Three  Territories 
have  recently  been  organized  on  the 
basis  of  non-intervention  respecting 
slavery. 

"It  is  a  singular  fact  that  on  the  eve 
of  the  utter  destruction  of  the  institu- 
tion of  slavery,  its  legal  status  was 
stronger  than  ever  before  in  the  history 
of  the  Government,  and  the  area  over 
which  it  might  lawfully  spread  was 
far  larger  than  at  any  previous  period." 
(Blaine.) 

Apr.  *  U.  S.  At  the  call  of  the  Presi- 
dent for  volunteers,  meetings  are  held, 
work  is  suspended,  and  the  whole  peo- 
ple surrender  to  a  patriotic  ardor 
never  before  witnessed,  while  they  has- 
ten the  forwarding  of  troops  to  Wash- 
ington. 

Apr.  1.  General  discontent  with  the 
Government  prevails  :  it  is  too  radical 
for  the  Conservatives  and  too  conserva- 
tive for  the  Radicals. 

Apr.  5.  iV^.  Y.  The  Assembly  approves 
the  joint  resolution  providing  for  a  con- 
stitutional Prohibitory  Amendment. 
Vote,  69-33. 

Apr.  8.  Mr.  Seward's  reply  to  the  Com- 
missioners from  the  South  is  published  ; 
as  it  signifies  resistance,  it  enrages 
the  Southern  people. 


Apr.  15.  Conn.  A  woman  of  Bridgeport 
organizes  a  society  for  the  relief  and 
comfort  of  soldiers. 

Mass.  Miss  Almena  Bates  of  Charles- 
town  organizes  a  movement  for  the  re- 
lief and  comfort  of  soldiers.  [The 
.Sanitary  Commission  is  evolved  from 
this  beginning.] 

STATE. 

1861  Feb.  13  Fa.  The  State  Con- 
vention meets. 

[The  Administration  at  Washington 
makes  a  great  effort  to  save  the  State 
from  seceding.] 
Feb.  14.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  Rep- 
resentative Branch  of  N.  C.  objects  to 
bringing  seven  companies  of  artillery 
and  one  of  sappers  and  miners  for  the 
protection  of  Washington  as  "  im- 
politic, offensive,  and  destructive  of 
civil  liberty."  [Southerners  are  seizing 
forts  and  stores.] 
Feb.  18.  Ala.  Inauguration  of  Jeff er- 
son  Davis  at  Montgomery,  as  President 
of  the  Confederate  States  of  America. 
Feb.  20.  B.C.  Congress:  The  Mor- 
rill Tariff  Bill  passes  the  Senate. 
Vote,  25-14. 

West  Virginia  maintains  a  loyal 
sentiment. 
Feb.  22.  Pa.  President-elect  Lincoln 
abandons  his  public  journey,  and  makes 
a  secret  and  hasty  departure  in  the 
night  from  Harrisburg  for  Washington. 
Feb.  23.  I).  C.  Abraham  Lincoln, 
President-elect,  reaches  Washington 
In  safety,  amid  many  rumors  of  peril. 

Tf.r.    The  people  ratify  the  ordinance 

of  secession.  Vote,  34,794-11,235. 
Feb.  26.  D.C.  The  Peace  Convention 
agrees  upon  a  "  plan  of  aiijustment," 
which,  by  a  bare  majority,  makes  sla- 
very national  rather  than  sectional,  and 
adjourns.  Vote,  9  States  for  the  plan,  8 
against  it. 

It  makes  proposals  to  Congress  for 
the  amendment  of  the  Constitution : 
1.  Prohibiting  slavery  in  the  Territories 
north  of  lat.  36°  30',  while  tolerating  it 
in  the  States,  and  forbidding  antisla- 
very  legislation.  2.  Prohibiting  future 
acquisitions  of  territory,  without  the 
approval  of  a  majority  of  the  Senators 
of  both  slave  and  free  States.  3.  Pro- 
hibiting Congress  from  interfering  with 
slavery  in  the  States  or  national  terri- 
tory, and  from  taxing  slaves  at  a  higher 
rate  than  land.  4.  Prohibiting  the  for- 
eign slave-trade.  6.  Providing  for  the 
payment  by  Congress  for  slaves  who  are 
lost  by  the  interference  of  mobs.  [All 
are  imacceptable.] 

Congress  passes  a  bill  admitting  mer- 
chandise to  the  mail,  and  authorizing  the 
Postmaster-General  to  furnish  stamped 
letter-sheets.  Also  an  act  providing 
for  a  dally  mail  delivery  In  New  York 
City  and  vicinity. 
Feb.  28.  r>.  C.  Congress  authorizes  a 
loan  of  $28,000,000.  It  organizes  the 
Territory  of  Colorado. 

The  House  approves  a  13th  Consti- 
tutional Amendment,  providing  that 
the  Constitution  shall  never  be  so 
amended  as  to  give  Congress  the  power 


UNITED    STATES. 


1861,  Feb.  13-Apr.  17.    193 


r 


to  abolisli  slavery  or  interfere  with  the 
institution.  Vote,  133-65.  [Adopted  by 
the  Senate,  March  2.    Vote,  24-12.] 

Mo.    A  State  Convention,  having 

a  majority  for  Union,  meets  at  Jefferson 
City. 

Feb.  *  Ala.  The  Confederate  Government 
sends  Martin  J.  Crawford  of  Georgia, 
and  John  Forsyth  of  Alabama  [later 
A.  B.  Roman],  as  Commissioners  to 
'Washington,  to  insist  on  the  acknowl- 
edgment of  the  independence  of  the 
Confederate  States. 

Feb.  *  Chicago.  The  city  charter  is 
amended. 

Mar.  1.  Ala.  The  Confederate  Gov- 
ernment assumes  control  of  military 
affairs  at  Charleston. 

Mar.  2.  I).  C.  Congress  organizes 
Dakota  and  Nevada  as  Territories. 

Congress  enacts  the  Morrill  Tariff, 
which  is  largely  protective  ;  the  change 
from  low  duties  to  high  duties  marks 
an  era  in  the  history  of  the  nation.  [It 
goes  into  operation  April  1.] 

The  Senate  defeats  the  Crittenden 
Compromise  Bill.  Vote,  25-'23 ;  it  re- 
jects the  amendments  to  the  Constitu- 
tion proposed  by  the  Peace  Conference  ; 
vote,  7-28 ;  it  passes  a  bill  for  a  13th 
Constitutional  Amendment,  to  make 
slavery  perpetual.    Vote,  24-11. 

"  No  amendment  shall  be  made  to  the 
Constitution  which  will  authorize  or 
give  Congress  the  power  to  abolish,  or 
interfere,  within  any  State,  with  the 
domestic  institutions  thereof,  including 
that  of  persons  held  to  labor  or  service 
by  said  State." 

— ■  1).  C.    The  36th  Congress  ends. 

The  16th  Administration:  First 
Republican. 

Mar.  4.  I).  C.  Abraham  Lincoln  of 
111.  is  inaugurated  the  16th  President, 
in  the  19th  term  of  the  presidency. 
Hannibal  Hamlin  of  Me.  is  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

Cabinet :  Wm.  H.  Seward  of  N.  Y. 
(State),  S.  P.  Chase  of  O.  (Treas.),  S. 
Cameron  of  Pa.  (War);  G.  Welles  of 
Conn.  (Navy),  C.  B.  Smith  of  Ind.  (In- 
terior), E.  Bates  of  Mo.  (Atty.-Gen.), 
and  Montgomery  Blair  of  Md.  (P.  M  - 
Gen.). 

—  Tex.  The  State  is  declared  by  procla- 
mation to  be  out  of  the  Union. 

Mar.  *  Texas  is  represented  in  both  the 
United  States  and  the  Confederate  Con- 
gresses for  a  short  time. 

Mar.  6.  Ala.  The  Confederate  Con- 
gress authorizes  an  army  of  100,000  to 
be  raised. 

Tex.  Gov.  Houston  refuses  to  ap- 
prove the  secession  of  the  State,  as  the 
convention  was  elected  to  submit  the 
question  to  the  vote  of  the  people. 

Mar.  11.  Ala.  The  Confederate  Gov- 
ernment prohibits  the  importation  of 
slaves  from  the  United  States  as  a 
coercive  measure,  affecting  the  border 
States,  especially  Virginia. 

The  Confederate  Congress  adopts  a 
permanent  Constitution. 


1).  C.     John    Forsyth  of   Ala.,  and 

Martin  J.  Crawford  of  Ga.,  Commis- 
sioners from  the  Confederate  States, 
begin  to  negotiate  for  a  peaceable 
separation.  ' 

Mar.  *  Ala.  Commissioners  are  ap- 
pointed to  go  to  England,  France,  Rus- 
sia, and  Belgium  in  the  interests  of  the 
Confederacy  ;  and  others  to  go  to  Wash- 
ington, D.C. 

Mar.  15.  D.  C.  Secretary  Seward  in- 
forms the  Confederate  Commissioners 
that  he  is  not  authorized  to  recognize 
them  as  diplomatic  agents  ;  that  he  only 
communicates  with  foreign  govern- 
ments. 

The  Cabinet  disfavors  the  resupplying 
of  Fort  Sumter.  Vote,  five  to  evacu- 
ate, two  to  resupply.  [The  vote  is  after- 
ward reversed.] 

Ala.    The    Confederate    Congress 

recommends  the  States  to  cede  the 
forts,  arsenals,  dockyards,  etc.,  within 
their  limits,  to  the  Confederation. 

Mar.  *  Ala.  The  Confederacy  provides 
for  revenue,  to  be  collected  from 
trains  and  vessels  bringing  goods  into 
the  Confederacy. 

Mar.  16.  Ala.  The  first  Confederate 
Provisional  Congress  at  Montgomery 
closes. 

Tex.  The  State  Convention  de- 
clares the  office  of  governor  to  be  va- 
cant, because  Gov.  Houston  refuses  to 
take  the  oflficial  oath  of  allegiance  to 
the  Confederate  States. 

Mar.  22.  La.  The  Legislature  ratifies 
the  Confederate  Constitution. 

Mar.  23.  Tex.  The  Legislature  ratifies 
the  Confederate  Constitution.  Vote, 
68-2. 

Mar.  26.  Xan.  The  first  State  Ijegis- 
lature  meets  at  Lawrence. 

Miss.     A  State    Convention   ratifies 

the  Constitution  of  the  Southern  Con- 
federacy. 

Mar,  *  Mo.  At  an  adjourned  meeting  of 
the  State  Convention  held  at  St.  Louis, 
the  committee  report  against  secession. 

Mar.  29.  D.  C.  The  Cabinet  again  vote 
on  the  question  of  resupplying  Fort 
Sumter,  and  the  majority  favors  the 
attempt. 

Mar.  *  President  Lincoln's  inaugural 
message  announces  a  change  of  ad- 
ministrative policy;  instead  of  con- 
cession to  the  secessionists,  he  proposes 
conciliation,  conservation,  and  res- 
toration. 

Apr.  1.  U.  S.  The  Morrill  tariff  be- 
comes operative. 

Secretary  Seward  indirectly  informs 
the  Confederates  through  Judge  Camp- 
bell that,  "  The  President  may  desire 
to  supply  Fort  Sumter,  but  will  not 
do  so  without  giving  notice  to  Gov. 
Pickens." 

Apr.  4.  Va.  The  State  Convention  re- 
jects an  ordinance  of  secession  (vote, 
89-4.';) ;  but  appoints  three  commis- 
sioners to  inquire  the  President's  policy 
toward  the  Confederacy. 


Apr.  5.  IJ.  C.  The  Government  is  in- 
formed by  Maj.  Anderson  that  he  has 
bread  for  only  28  days,  and  he  must  be 
provisioned  and  reenforced,  or  Fort 
Sumter  be  summarily  abandoned. 

Apr.  7.  II.  C.  The  Confederate  Com- 
missioners demand  a  reply  to  their  offi- 
<Mal  note  of  March  12,  under  a  threat  to 
close  their  mission.  / 

Apr.  8.  D.  C.  The  Federal  Govern- 
ment makes  its  reply  to  the  Confed- 
erate commissioners  —  dated  March  15. 

S.  C.  The  Federal  Government  noti- 
fies Gov.  Pickens  that  it  intends  to  sup- 
ply Fort  Sumter. 

A  State  Convention  called  by  the 
Legislature  revises  the  Constitution, 
which  becomes  operative  without  the 
ratification  of  the  people. 

Apr.  11.  Z).  C.  The  Treasury,  with 
the  cooperation  of  the  New  York  Ch.im- 
ber  of  Commerce,  sells  $5,000,000 
notes  at  par. 

The  Virginia  Commissioners  present 
their  credentials  at  Washington. 

Del.    The   Legislature  declares    the 

State  to  be  loyal  to  the  Union. 

Pa.    The  Legislature  takes  the  first 

official  step  in  the  loyal  States  for 
the  defense  of  the  Union,  by  appro- 
priatmg  $500,000  for  a  reorganization  of 
the  State  militia,  in  advance  of  the  first 
overt  act. 

Apr.  14.  S.  C.  The  Stars  and  Stripes 
are  struck  at  Fort  Sumter ;  patriotism 
is  fired  in  the  North. 

Apr.  ♦  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  issues  a 
communication  for  use  in  Virginia, 
aiming  to  save  that  State  to  the  Union ; 
he  informs  its  Commissioners  that  he 
will  not  acknowledge  the  Confederate 
States. 

Apr.  15.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  sum- 
mons Congress  to  meet  on  July  4,  in 
e.xtra  session,  and  by  proclamation  calls 
on  the  States  to  furnish  75,000  volim- 
teers,  to  serve  three  months. 

Ky.    Gov.  Beriah   Magoffin   refuses 

to  honor  the  call  of  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment for  troops. 

"  Kentucky  will  furnish  no  troops  for 
the  wicked  purpose  of  subduing  her 
sister  Southern  States." 

JV.  C.  Tlie  governor  refuses  to  fur- 
nish the  quota  of  troops  demanded. 

Apr.  16.  Ala.  The  Confederacy  calls 
on  the  governors  of  the  seven  States  to 
send  32,000  troops  into  the  field. 

Va.    The  Governor  refuses  to  honor 

the  President's  call  for  troops. 

Apr.  17.  Virginia,  the  eighth  State, 
passes  an  ordinance  of  secession.  Vote, 
88-55.  The  western  counties  remain 
loyal. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1861    Apr.  1.    New  York.    Tlie  price  of 

cotton  is  12§  cents. 
Apr.  4.    Cal.     The   first  pony  express 

leaves  Sacramento  for  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 
•  *  The  price  of  petroleum  goes  up  to 

$19.25  per  barrel  —  the  highest  price  ever 

reached. 


I 


194     1861,  Apr.  17 -May  25. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1861  Apr.  17.  Ala.  Jefferson  Davis,  by 
proelainatiou,  invites  applications  for 
letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  under 
which  privateers  may  be  sent  out. 

Fla.  Fort  Fickens  is  further  re- 
enforced  by  200  men  from  the  transport 
Atlantic,  under  Capt.  Meigs.  [200  men 
land  from  the  Illinois  on  the  19th.  The 
fort  is  effectively  protected.] 

Mass.     The     6th     Massachusetts 

Regiment  starts  for  Washington. 

Phila.    A  detachment  of  500  men 

leave  for  "Washington. 

Va.    Vessels  are   sunk    in   Norfolk 

harhor,  by  order  of  the  governor. 

Apr.  18.  D.  C.  A  few  companies  of 
Pennsylvania  miiitig.  arrive  in 
'Washington. 

Robert  E.  liee  is  unofficially  offered 
the  command  of  the  Union  Army  by 
Frank  B.  Blair,  Sr.  [Sec.  Cameron  says 
he  accepted  the  offer  ;  Sec.  Montgomery 
Blair  says  he  was  undecided  what  to  do  ; 
Gen.  Lee  says  he  declined  it.] 

. —  Ind.  The  1st  Regiment  from  In- 
diana leaves  for  Washington. 

Va.    The  U.  S.  arsenal  at  Harper's 

Ferry  is  fired  to  prevent  its  falling 
into  the  bands  of  the  Confederates,  and 
15,000  stand  of  arms  are  destroyed. 

Gen.  W.  B.  Taliaferro  is  given  com- 
mand of  the  State  troops  at  Norfolk. 

O.    Two  regiments  are  organized  at 

Columbus,  and  sent  to  Washington  with- 
out uniforms  or  arms. 

Apr.  19.  Md.  A  secession  mob  in  Bal- 
timore fire  on  the  Massachusetts  6th 
Regiment  while  hastening  to  the  de- 
fense of  Washington ;  this  is  the  first 
blood  shed  in  the  war. 

D.  C.    The  Confederate  iwrts  are 

proclaimed  under  blockade. 

NeiD  York.    The  7th  Regiment,  Col. 

Lefferts,  starts  for  Washington. 

Apr.  20.  D.  C.  The  President  relieves 
Gren.  W.  S.  Harney  at  St.  Louis,  and 
Capt.  Nathaniel  Xiyon  is  directed  to 
raise  four  regiments  of  Missouri  Volun- 
teers. 

Mo.  State  troops  seize  and  gar- 
rison the  U.  S.  arsenal  at  Xdberty,  by 
order  of  Gov.  Jackson. 

Va.    Nine  ships   of   war  and   naval 

stores  in  the  navy  yard  near  Nor- 
folk are  burned  by  Com.  Paulding, 
to  prevent  their  falling  into  the  bands 
of  the  Confederates. 

CoL    Robert  E.  Lee  resigns   his 

commission  in  the  U.  S.  Army. 

Apr.  22.  N.  a  The  U.  S.  arsenal  at 
Fayetteville  is  surrendered  to  the  State 
authorities. 

Va.  The  governor  and  State  Con- 
vention appoint  Robert  E.  Lee  to  the 
chief  command  of  the  State  troops. 

Apr.  23.  111.  Gov.  Yates  sends  a  force 
of  volunteers,  who  occupy  the  important 
position  at  Cairo. 


—  Va.    Gen.  Lee  assumes  command. 

His  resignation  not  having  been  ac- 
cepted in  Washington,  he  is  legally  an 
officer  in  both  armies. 

Apr.  24  ±.  La.  The  State  raises  6,000 
Confederate  troops. 

Apr.  25.  Tex.  At  Saltiria,  Col.  Van- 
Dorn  captures  450  Federal  troops. 

Mo.    By    a    secret    movement    21,000 

stand  of  arms  and  110,000  cartridges  are 
removed  from  the  arsenal  at  St.  Louis 
and  shipped  en  route  for  Springfield,  111. 

Apr.  27.  n.C.  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler  is 
assigned  to  command  the  department  of 
Annapolis. 

li'.  C,  Va.   The  ports  are  proclaimed 

to  be  in  a  state  of  blockade. 

Apr.  29.  Ala.  Jefferson  Davis  proposes 
in  his  message  to  add  100,000  men  to 
the  82,000  already  in  the  Confederate 
service. 

Apr.  *  n.  C.  Washington  is  fortified 
against  an  attack  by  Confederates. 

Apr.  *  ///.  U.  S.  Grant  returns  to  army 
life  by  tendering  Ms  services  to  Gov. 
Yates,  and  is  appointed  to  command 
camps  Yates,  Grant,  and  Douglas. 

Apr.  *  li.  I.  The  young  Gov.  "William 
Sprague  puts  on  a  soldier's  uniform, 
and  leads  the  State  troops  to  the  defense 
of  the  Federal  Capital. 

May  3.  D.C.  President  Lincoln  calls  for 
42,034  volunteers  for  three  years ; 
also  for  23,714  regulars  and  18,000  sea- 
men. 

The  military  Department  of  the  Ohio 
is  created;  Gen.  George  B.  McClel- 
lan,  commander,  with  headquarters  at 
Cincinnati. 

N.  J.    Four  regiments  of  volunteers 

under  Gen.  Theodore  Runyon  leave  for 
the  seat  of  war. 

May  4.  Md.  The  Relay  House  on  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  is  seized 
by  a  force  under  Gen.  Butler. 

May  6.  Va.  Gen.  Robert  E.  Iice  is 
given  supreme  command  of  Confederate 
forces  in  Virginia. 

May  7.  Tenn.  A  military  league  is 
entered  into  with  the  Confederacy, 

May  8.  Mo.  Cannon  and  several  him- 
dred  muskets,  furnished  by  the  Con- 
federacy, are  landed  at  St.  Louis  from 
a  New  Orleans  steamer. 

May  9.  Md.  Federal  troops  again  pass 
through  Baltimore  to  Washington. 

May  10,  Mo.  Capt.  Lyon  with  a  Federal 
force  makes  a  sudden  move  on  Camp 
Jackson,  in  the  suburbs  of  St.  Louis, 
and  compels  its  unconditional  surrender. 

May  11.  Mo.  Gen.  Harney  returns 
from  Washington  and  resiunes  com- 
mand at  St.  Louis. 

S.  C.  Charleston  Harbor  is  block- 
aded by  the  U.  S.  frigate  Niagara. 

May  13.  Md.  Baltimore  is  occupied 
by  Gen.  Butler  with  900  Federals. 

S.  C.  The  IT.  S.  frigate  Niagara  cap- 
tures the  English  ship  General  Park- 
hill  off  Charleston  Harbor. 


May  14.  I).  C.  Capt.  George  B.  Mc- 
Clellan  <Major-General  of  the  Ohio 
Militia)  is  appointed  a  major-general  in 
the  U.  S.  A. 

May  17.  D.  C.  William  T.  Sherman 
and  Ulysses  S.  Grant  are  appointed 

brigadier-generals  of  volunteers.  [Com- 
missions are  dated  back  to  this  date, 
Sherman's  from  Aug.  3,  Grant's  from 
Aug.  7.] 

May  18.  The  Government  initiates  the 
movement  for  creating  an  armament 
on  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers. 

May  19.  Va.  The  armed  schooner  Star 
attacks  a  Confederate  battery  at  Sew- 
eU's  Point,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Eliz- 
abeth River,  and  is  driven  back  by 
its  fire;  this  is  the  first  offensive  opera- 
tion by  the  Federal  Navy. 

May  22.      Va.     Gen.    Butler    assumes 

command  at  Fortress  Monroe. 

May  24,  I).  C.  Federals  advance  from 
Washington,  and  occupy  Arlington 
Heights  and  Alexandria.  Col.  Elmer 
Ellsworth  of  the  New  York  Zouaves  is 
killed. 

May  25.  N.  H.  The  first  regiment  of 
New  Hampshire  volunteers  leaves  Con- 
cord for  the  war. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1861. 

Apr.  34.  Barnard,  Daniel  D.,  M.  C.  for 
N.  Y.,  A64. 

May  15.  Derby,  George  H.,  soldier,  au- 
thor, ASS. 

May  31.    Akers,  Benj.  P,,  sculptor,  A36. 

May  34.  Ellsworth,  Elmer  E.,  col.  of  Zou- 
aves, A24, 

SOCIETY. 

1861  Apr.  18.  Md.  Secessionists  raise 
a  flag  and  salute  it  with  artillery  on 
Federal  Hill,  Baltimore ;  loyal  citizens 
quickly  seize  the  cannon  and  haul  down 

the  flag. 

Apr.  20.  O.  The  Soldiers'  Aid  Soci- 
ety of  Northern  Ohio  is  formed, 

Apr.  29.  New  York.  The  Woman's  Cen- 
tral Association  of  Belief  is  organized 
for  the  benefit  of  the  soldiers. 

Apr.  *  The  Confederates,  supposing  half 
of  the  North  would  oppose  subjugation, 
are  greatly  surprised  at  the  effect  of 
the  tiring  on  Fort  Sumter. 

It  unites  the  people,  and  arouses  their 
patriotism.  President  Lincoln's  Ad- 
ministration suddenly  becomes  popular. 
All  divisions  are  healed. 


STATE. 

1861  Apr.  17.  Va.  Governor  Letcher 
issues  a  proclamation,  recognizing  the 
Confederacy,  and  calling  for  military 
preparations  to  be  made. 

Ala.  Jefferson  Davis  issues  a  proc- 
lamation counteracting  that  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln. 

Mo.    The  governor  refuses  to  furnish 

the  quota  of  troops  called  for  by  the 
President. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1861,  Apr,  17 -May  25.    195 


Apr.  18,  Ky.  A  union  meeting  is  held  at 
Louisville,  which  decides  that  Kentucky 
shall  be  maintained  a  neutral  State, 
and  adhere  to  the  Federal  Government 
until  the  latter  becomes  the  aggressor. 

Apr.  19.  J).  C.  The  ports  of  the  seced- 
ing States  are  proclaimed  to  be  under 
blockade. 

The  Government  orders  the  marshals 
of  the  large  cities  to  seize  all  tele- 
grams that  have  accumulated  for  six 
months  ;  the  seizure  to  be  made  simul- 
taneously, on  the  20th,  at  three  r.  m.  ; 
the  object  in  view  is  to  obtain  evidence 
of  a  conspiracy  implicating  Northern 
politicians. 

Apr.  20.  n.  C.  A  committee  from  Bal- 
timore informs  the  President  that 
troops  cannot  march  through  that 
city  without  fighting  their  way ;  ap- 
proaching troops  are  ordered  to  march 
around  the  city.  [Later  it  is  demanded 
that  Federal  troops  be  ordered  not  to 
cross  the  territory  of  Maryland.] 

Mo.  Missourians  seize  the  U.  S.  ar- 
senal at  Liberty. 

N.  a     The  State   seizes    the   U.  S. 

branch  mint  at  Charlotte. 

New  York.    A  war-meeting  held  in 

Union  Square  is  attended  by  more  than 
100,000  people. 

Apr.  22.  Md,  Gov.  Hicks  writes  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  urging  a  truce,  and  sug- 
gesting that  liord  Lyons  be  requested 
to  act  as  mediator  between  the  North 
and  the  South. 

Apr.  23.  Ark.  The  governor  refuses  to 
furnish  the  quota  of  troops  required. 

Va.     The  State   Convention  sends 

commissioners  to  treat  with  the  Confed- 
eracy. 

Alexander  H.  Stephens,  the  pleni- 
potentiary of  the  Confederacy,  enters  a 
formal  military  league  with  certain 
members  of  the  State  Convention,  mak- 
ing Virginia  an  immediate  member  of 
the  Southern  Confederacy, 

Apr.  25,  Va.  The  commissioners  sign  a 
compact  with  the  Confederacy.  Gover- 
nor Letcher  proclaims  Virginia  a  Con- 
federate State,  subject  to  the  ratification 
of  the  people. 

Apr.  27.  />.  C.  President  Lincoln  di- 
rects Gen.  Scott  to  suspend  the  privi- 
lege of  habeas  corpus  if  necessary. 

The  blockade  is  extended  by  procla- 
mation to  North  Carolina  and  Virginia. 

Apr.  29.  Ala.  The  Confederate  Pro- 
visional Congress  assembles  in  spe- 
cial session,  to  meet  the  emergency  at 
Charleston,  occasioned  by  the  attempt 
to  reenforce  Major  Anderson. 

Md.    The   secession   ordinance  is 

rejected  by  the  House  of  Delegates. 
Vote,  5a-13. 

Tenn.      Gov.    Harris    seizes    $75,000 

worth  of  bonds  and  $5,000  in  cash  that 
are  in  the  keeping  of  the  U.  S.  collector 
at  Nashville. 

j       Apr.  30.    jV.  J.    The  Legislature  makes 
j  an  appropriation  of  $2,000,000  for  mili- 

tary piirposes,  and  provides  for  an  an- 
nual tax  of  $100,000  in  addition. 


Pa.  Gov.  Curtin  convenes  .the  Legis- 
lature in  extra  session  to  make  military 
preparations  for  the  coming  war. 

Apr.*  Tenn.  Gov.  Harris  refuses  to  honor 
President  Lincoln's  call  for  troops. 

Apr.  *  Va.  By  a  proviso  the  secession 
ordinance  is  not  to  take  effect  until 
ratified  by  a  vote  of  the  people,  on  the 
30th  of  May. 

May  1.  Te7in.  The  Legislature  author- 
izes the  governor  to  enter  a  military 
league  with  the  Confederacy,  by 
which  the  entire  military  power  of  the 
State  will  be  subject  to  Confederate 
authority. 

May  1±.  John  A,  Campbell  of  Ga.,  an 
associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
resigns  [and  joins  the  Confederacy]. 

May  3,  V.  C.  President  Lincoln,  on 
official  authority  alone,  calls  for  addi- 
tional volunteers.    (See  Army.) 

The  President  directs  military  com- 
manders to  suspend  the  writ  of  habeas 
corpus  in  certain  cases. 

May  4.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  in- 
forms foreign  governments  that  he 
intends  to  maintain  the  Union  by  force 
if  necessary. 

Ky.    A  large  majority  of  the  delegates 

chosen  to  attend  the  Border  State  Con- 
vention are  opposed  to  secession. 

May  6.  Arkansas,  the  ninth  State,  se- 
cedes from  the  Union  by  ordinance  of 
a  convention.    Vote  69-1. 

Ala.    The  Confederate  Congress 

meets  in  special  session. 

Va.    The  State  becomes  a  member  of 

the  Confederacy. 

May  7.  Ala.  Virginia  is  admitted  to 
representation  in  the  Confederate  Con- 
gress. 

Tenn.  Gov.  Harris  announces  a  mili- 
tary league  between  Tennessee  and  the 
Southern  Confederacy. 

May  8.  D.  C.  The  direct  donations 
made  by  men  of  wealth,  within  the 
last  three  weeks,  for  the  support  of  the 
Government,  are  estimated  at  $23,000,000. 

May  9.  Ala.  The  Confederate  Con- 
gress passes  an  act  recognizing  the 
existence  of  war  between  the  United 
States  ajid  the  Confederate  States. 

It  autliorizes  Jefferson  Davis  to  use 
the  whole  land  and  naval  force  of  the 
Confederacy,  and  to  commission  priva- 
teers. 

May  10.  />.  C.  Thev/ritof  habeas  corpus 
is  suspended  in  Key  West,  Tortugas,  and 
Santa  Rosa. 

May  11.  Ky.  It  is  agreed  by  arbitration 
of  the  Union  men  and  the  Breckinridge 
men  that  the  State  shall  aid  neither 
North  nor  South,  but  maintain  an  armed 
neutrality. 

May  13.  W.  Va.  At  Wheeling,  6,000 
loyal  citizens  from  25  counties  pledge 
their  support  to  the  Union. 

Eng.    The  Confederate  States  are 

recognized  as  belligerents  by  Great 
Britain  in  a  proclamation  of  neutrality. 

May  14.  D.  C.  The  mails  are  ordered 
to  be  withdrawn  from  many  Southern 
routes. 


Mass.  An  extra  session  of  the  Legis- 
lature is  held,  and  an  act  is  passed  for 
the  maintenance  of  the  Union  and  the 
Constitution  ;  the  Union  Fund  is  created, 
and  the  issue  of  $3,000,000  in  scrip 
authorized. 

May  16.  Va.  Virginians  are  notified  by 
Senator  Mason,  ten  days  in  advance  of 
the  submission  election,  that  they  must 
vote  for  secession,  or  retaining  their 
Union  sentiments,  "they  must  leave 
the  State." 

Ky.    The  House  of  Representatives 

resolves  to  maintain  the  neutrality  of 
the  State. 

•  *  The  great  leader  of  the  Democracy, 
Stephen  A.  Douglas,  pursues  a  pa- 
triotic course  in  aid  of  President  Lin- 
coln ;  no  partisan  word  is  spoken  :  only 
the  safety  and  honor  of  the  Government 
are  considered  by  him. 

May  20.  Ky.  Gov.  Magoffin  proclaims 
Kentucky  a  neutral  State, 

jV.  C.    An  ordinance  of  secession  is 

passed  by  the  State  Convention  ;  it  both 
revises  the  State  Constitution  and  adopts 
the  Confederate  Constitution. 

North    Carolina,    the    10th    State, 

secedes  by  ordinance  of  a  State  Con- 
vention ;  it  is  passed  by  a  unanimous 
vote. 

May  21.  The  Confederacy  confiscates 
the  property  and  estates  of  aliens. 

it  affixes  a  fine  of  $5,000  and  imprison- 
ment to  those  who  withhold  informs^ 
tion  of  such  property.  [The  total  amount 
confiscated  is  estimated  at  $200,000,000.] 

Ala.    The  Confederate  Provisional 

Congress  adjourns,  to  meet  in  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  on  the  20th  of  July. 

May  23.  Va.  The  people  confirm  the 
ordinance  of  secession  by  a  popular 
vote  of  125,950-20,373. 

May  25.  Md.  John  Merryman  is  ar- 
rested in  Baltimore,  and  confined  in 
Fort  McHenry,  for  raising  companies  to 
join  the  secessionists. 

[Chief  Justice  Taney  issues  a  writ  of 
habeas  corpus  (which  is  ignored),  and 
declares  that  the  President  cannot  sus- 
pend the  privilege  of  a  writ  of  habeas 
corpus,  or  allow  a  military  officer  to  do 
so.] 

Mass.  Gov.  Andrew  issues  a  call  ask- 
ing for  additional  troops,  [The  next 
day  3,100  report  at  his  headquarters  on 
the  Boston  Common.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1861  Apr.  18.  Kan.  The  steamboat  A'ew 
Sam  Gaty,  flying  the  Confederate  flag, 
arrives  at  Leavenworth  ;  the  captain  is 
forced  to  substitute  the  Union  flag. 

Apr.  20.  n.  C.  The  railroad  authori- 
ties propose  to  Gen.  Scott  a  new  route 
for  troops  to  reach  the  Capital  and  avoid 
Baltimore. 

They  propose  passage  by  rail  to  Perry- 
ville,  Md.,  thence  by  water  to  Annapolis, 
thence  by  rail  to  Washington,  and  if  the 
railroad  be  destroyed,  by  wagon-roads. 

May  9.  III.  Boats  loaded  with  provis- 
ions for  the  Confederates  are  stopped 
at  Cairo. 


190     1861,  May  27-July  25. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1861  May  30.  W.  Va.  The  Federals 
euter  Grafton. 

I£ay31.  Va.  Gen.  Beauregard  as- 
sumes command  of  the  Confederate 
forces  in  Virginia. 

May  *  Va.  Gen.  Butler  refuses  to  return 
to  their  owners  three  refugee  slaves  at 
Fortress  Monroe ;  he  holds  them  as  con- 
traband of  war. 

June  2.  B.C.  The  privateer  SaT^annaiz 
escapes  from  Charleston  Harbor.  [It  is 
captured  on  June  3  by  the  Federal  brig- 
of-war  Perry.'] 

June  3.  W.  Va.  At  Phllippi,  Federals 
under  Cols.  Kelley  and  Lander  lose 
two  killed,  two  wounded,  and  two  miss- 
ing ;  Confederates,  under  Col.  Porter- 
field,  lose  16  killed  and  26  missing,  and 
retreat. 

June  5.  Va.  Gen.  Beauregard  calls  on 
the  Virginians  by  proclamation  to  rise 
and  expel  the  Federals  from  their  State. 

June  8.  Va.  The  Virginia  State  troops 
are  transferred  to  the  Confederacy. 

June  10.  Va.  At  Big  Bethel,  Federals 
under  Brig.-Gen.  Peirce  are  repulsed, 
losing  14  killed,  49  wounded,  and  five 
missing ;  Confederates,  under  Col.  J. 
Magruder,  lose  one  killed  and  four 
wounded. 

June  12.  Mo.  Gov.  Jackson  calls  for 
50,000  militia  to  defend  the  State 
against  the  Federal  forces,  and  also  an- 
nounces his  loyalty  to  the  United  States. 

June  14.  Va.  Confederates  evacuate 
Harper's  Perry. 

June  15.  Boston.  The  Massachusetts 
1st  —  the  first  regiment  to  respond  to  the 
call  for  three  years'  troops — leaves  for 
Washington. 

Mo.    Gen.  Xiyon  with  an  expedition 

from  St.  Louis  occupies  Jefferson 
City,  without  resistance. 

June  16.  Va.  Federals  occupy  Harper's 
Perry. 

Md.     At  Seneca  Mills,   Federals, 

under  Maj.  Everett,  attack  the  Confed- 
erates, who  lose  three  killed, 

June  17.  III.  V.  S.  Grant  returns  to 
army  life,  and  is  commissioned  colonel 
of  the  2l8t  Kegiment  of  Illinois  Volun- 
teers. 

Mo.    Gen.  Nathaniel  Lyon,  having 

raised  a  Union  army,  defeats  the  State 
troops  under  Gen.  Price  at  Boonville. 
Federal  loss,  14  killed,  49  wounded,  and 
6  prisoners ;  Confederate  loss  about  40 
killed  and  wounded,  and  many  prisoners. 

W.  Va.    Federals  under  Gen.  Eobert 

C.  Schenck  are  surprised  by  the  Confed- 
erates under  Col.  Gregg  at  Vienna, 
and  lose  five  killed,  six  wounded,  and  13 
prisoners. 

June  18.  Uo.  Battle  near  'Warsaw ; 
Federals,  under  Capt.  Cook,  lose  25 
killed,  52  wounded,  and  28  prisoners; 
Confederates,  luider  Gov.  Jackson,  lose 
46  killed  and  wounded. 

Va.  Gen.  Patterson,  with  about  23,000 

men,  rccrosses  the  Potomac,  and  falls 
back  on  Hagerstown,  Md. 


June  24.  Ky.  Gen.  S.  B.  Buckner,  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  State  Guards, 
orders  six  companies  to  Columbus  to 
maintain  the  neutrality  of  Kentucky. 

July  1.  La.  The  privateer  Sumter,  un- 
der Capt.  Semmes,  runs  the  blockade  at 
New  Orleans  [and  preys  on  Union  mer- 
chantmen for  seven  months]. 

D.  C.    John  Charles  Frfimont  is 

commissioned  major-general. 

U.  S.    The  official  army  list  includes 

14,108  regulars,  109,480  volunteers  ;  pres- 
ent for  duty,  183,588. 

July  2.  JV.  Va.  At  Martinsburg,  Feder- 
als, under  Col.  Abercrombie,  lose  three 
killed,  10  wounded  ;  Confederates,  un- 
der Gen.  Jackson,  lose  30  killed  and 
wounded,  ^  missing. 

Gen.  Patterson  with  a  Federal  force 
crosses  the  Potomac  at  Williamsport. 

Summer.  James  B.  Bads  creates  a 
gunboat  fleet  of  13  guns  each,  heavily 
plated  with  iron  at  the  bows. 

July  3.  D.  C.  Gen.  J.  C.  Fremont  is 
appointed  to  command  the  Western 
Department. 

July  4.  D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  War  re- 
ports as  in  commission  82  war  vessels, 
carrying  1,100  guns. 

*  *  W.  Va.  AtHarper's  Ferry,  the  9th 
N.  Y.  Regiment  loses  two  killed  and 
three  wounded ;  Confederates  lose  two 
killed. 

July  4  ±.  Jefferson  Davis  appoints  Gen. 
Leonidas  Polk  to  command  the  mili- 
tary Department  of  the  Lower  Missis- 
sippi ;  headquarters  at  Memphis. 

July  5.  Mo.  Battle  of  Carthage:  1,100 
Federals  under  Col.  Franz  Sigel,  attack 
a  superior  force  under  Gov.  Jackson, 
Gens.  Price,  Rains,  and  Parsons ;  Fed- 
erals are  successful  at  first,  but  finally 
forced  to  retreat.  Federal  loss,  13 
killed,  31  wounded ;  Confederate  loss, 
200  killed  and  wounded,  and  250  pris- 
eners. 

July  6.  W.  Va.  At  Middle  Fork 
Bridge,  the  3d  Ohio  loses  one  killed, 
three  wounded  ;  Confederates  lose  seven 
killed  and  wounded. 

July  0.  W.  Va.  At  Laurel  Hill,  Cols. 
McCook  and  Andrews  defeat  the  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Garnett.  Federal 
loss,  one  killed  and  three  wounded. 

July  11.  W.Va.  Battle  of  Rich  Moun- 
tain: Rosecrans,  of  Gen.  McClelliui's 
command,  defeats  the  Confederates  un- 
der Col.  Pegram.  Federal  loss,  11  killed 
and  35  wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  150 
killed  and  wounded. 

July  12.  fT.  Va.  At  Beverly,  Col. 
Pegram  surrenders  600  Confederates  to 
Gen.  McClellan. 

At  Barbourville,  Col.  Woodruff  de- 
feats the  Confederates,  who  lose  12 
killed  ;  Federal  loss,  one  killed. 

July  13.  W.  Va.  Battle  of  Carrick's 
Fotd:  Gen.  McClellan  and  Gen.  Morris 
defeat  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Garnett.  Federal  loss,  13  killed  and  40 
wounded;  Confederate  loss,  150  killed 
and  wounded,  and  800  prisoners ;  Gen. 
Garnett  is  among  the  killed. 


July  14.  TV.  Va.  Gen.  Patterson  cau- 
tiously advances,  and  occupies  Bunker 
TTill  with  a  force  of  18,000  to  22,000  men ; 
Gen.  Johnston  is  nine  miles  away  with 
12,000  men. 

July  16.  Va.  Gen,  McDowell  begins  his 
advance  upon  Manassas;  total  com- 
mand, 34,320  men  ;  his  marching  colunm 
less  than  28,000  men  with  49  guns. 

July  17.  }V.  Va.  Gen.  Patterson  prac- 
tically retreats  from  Bimker  HiU  to 
Charleston. 

At  Scarytown  three  Federal  colo- 
nels, two  captains,  and  seven  men  are 
captured  by  the  Confederates. 

July  18.  W.  Va.  Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston 
eludes  Gen.  Patterson  in  the  Shenan- 
doah Valley,  hastens  with  9,000  men  to 
reenforce  Gen.  Beauregard,  in  time  to 
defeat  Gen.  McDowell  at  Bull  Run  on 
the  2Ist. 

Mo.    At  Kansas  City  Ma].  Vanhorn 

defeats  the  Confederates.  Federal  loss, 
one  killed ;  Confederate  loss,  20  killed 
and  wounded. 

D.  C.    Mr.  Lowe   makes    a   balloon 

ascension,  at  Washington,  for  military 
information. 

J'o.    Battle  at  Blackburn's  Ford, 

near  Centerville.  Gen.  Tyler  loses  83 
killed  and  wounded  ;  the  repulsed  Con- 
federates lose  68  killed  and  wounded. 

Gen.  McDowell's  advance  reaches 
Centerville,  to  find  the  Confederates 
retired  to  Manassas  Junction,  an  im- 
portant railroad  center. 

July  21.  Va.  First  Battle  of  Btill 
Run:  Confederates  under  Gens.  Beau- 
regard and  Johnston  defeat  the 
Federals  under  G«n.  McDowell. 

The  Federal  army  becomes  panic- 
stricken,  and  retreats  toward  Washing- 
ton in  a  disorderly  rout.  Federals  lose 
481  killed,  1,011  wounded,  1,421  missing, 
besides  28  guns  and  5,000  small  arms. 
Confederate  loss,  387  killed,  and  1,682 
wounded. 

July  22.  W.  Va.  Gen.  McClellan  is 
relieved  of  his  command  and  ordered  to 
Washington  ;  Gen.  W.  S.  Rosecrans  is 
his  successor. 

Mo.  Gen.  Sweeney  encounters  Con- 
federates at  Forsyth,  losing  two 
wounded ;  Confederates  lose  five  killed 
and  10  wounded. 

July  25.  Mo.  Gen.  John  C.  Fremont 
takes  command  of  the  Western  Depart- 
ment of  the  Federal  army. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1861  May  29.  The  asteroid  Feronia 
is  discovered  by  Peters  and  Safiford. 

July  1.  Jf.J.  Steel  guns  are  first  man- 
ufactured at  Trenton. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1861. 

Junes.  Douglas.  Stephen  Arnold,  M.C., 
sen.  for  111.,  dem.  candidate  for  Pres.  (Pop- 
ular Sovereignty),  A48. 

June  5.    Garland,  John,  Col.,  I .  S.  A.,  A69. 

June  10.  Winthrop,  Theodore,  author, 
inaj.  of  vols.,  k.  at  Big  Bethel,  A33. 

July  13.  Garnett,  Roliert  S.,  V.  S.  A.,  Con- 
fed,  brig.-gen.,  A42. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1861,  May  27- July  25.  19't 


CHURCH. 

1861  May  *  PhUa.  The  General  As- 
sembly (O.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets ;  J, 
Chester  Backus,  moderator. 

Only  13  Commissioners  are  present 
from  the  seceding  States  ;  it  approves 
patriotic  resolutions.  (Vote,  15G-Gti.)  The 
Southern  Commissioners  are  offended 
and  withdraw.  [The  resolutions  become 
the  alleged  reasons  for  the  organization 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  the  Con- 
federate States.] 


SOCIETY. 

1861  May  »  Phila.  The  volunteers 
refreshment  saloon  Is  opened  in  a 
cooper-shop,  on  Otsego  Street.  [It  feeds 
600,000  soldiers  who  pass  through  the 
city  during  the  war.] 

June  9.  D.  C.  A  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion is  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of 
War. 

Members :  Rev.  Henry  W.  Bellows, 
D.D.,  Prof.  A.  D.  Bache,  Jeffries  Wy- 
man,  M.D.,  W.  H.  Van  Buren,  M.I)., 
R.  C.  Wood,  Surgeon-General ;  and  two 
army  officers,  G.  W.  CuUum  and  Alex- 
ander Shiras. 

June  13.  D.  C.  The  United  States  Sani- 
tary Commission  organizes  and  takes 
its  name. 

Fast-day  is  observed  In  the  Confeder- 
ate States. 

July  4.  President  Ijinooln's  message 
inspires  public  patriotism. 

•  *  Va.  The  holiday  illusion  respect- 
ing the  war  is  dispelled  at  Bull  Kun. 
A  great  lesson  is  taught  the  North. 

July  21.  General  gloom  prevails  in  the 
Northern  States  over  the  disastrous  de- 
feat at  Bull  Run  [followed  by  increased 
determination  to  preserve  the  Union]. 


STATE. 

1861  May  27.  Va.  Gen.  Benj.  F.  Butler 
of  Mass.  is  the  first  to  declare  fugitive 
slaves  contraband  of  war. 

May  30.  D.  C.  The  Treastiry  acquires 
$7,310,000  by  sale  of  bonds  at  rates  from 
85  to  93  per  cent,  and  $1,684,000  by  Treas- 
ury notes  at  par. 

May  *  Mass.  The  Legislature  passes  an 
amendment  to  the  Union  Fund  by 
which  the  governor  is  authorized  to 
issue  scrip  to  the  amount  of  $7,000,000, 
to  be  loaned  to  the  U.  S.  Government. 

May  *   Utah.    Gov.  Cununings  resigns. 

June  1.  Postal  communications  with 
seceding  States  are  prohibited. 

Ala.    The  Confederacy  removes  its 

capital  to  Richmond,  Va. 

June  3.  Chicoffo.  The  loyal  Democrats 
mourn  the  death  of  their  leader, 
Stephen  A.  Douglas. 

Ky.    A  Border  State  Convention 

is  held  at  Frankfort. 

It  commends  neutrality  to  Kentucky, 
and  urges  the  Federal  Government  to 
satisfy  the  slave  States  that  slave  prop- 
erty shall  not  be  interfered  with. 

June  6.  S.  C.  Gov.  Pickens  proclaims 
that  citizens  will  be  guilty  of  treason  if 
they  remit  money  to  pay  creditors  in 
the  North. 


June  8.  Tenn.  Tennessee,  the  11th 
State,  secedes  by  the  vote  of  the  people. 

U.  S.    The  aggregate  of  subscriptions 

for  carrying  on  the  war  amounts  to 
$32,000,000. 

June  10.  Fr.  Napoleon  TH.  proclaims 
neutrality  in  the  American  conflict. 

June  11.  ir.  Va.  A  loyal  State  Con- 
vention at  'Wheeling  declares  the 
offices  of  the  State  of  Virginia  are  made 
vacant  by  disloyalty,  and  proceeds  to 
fill  them  and  to  form  a  regular  State 
government. 

June  12,  Mo.  The  governor  by  procla- 
mation calls  for  50,000  militia  to  re- 
pel invasion,  and  then  flees  South. 

June  IS.  Tex.  Gov.  Clark  proclaims  the 
payment  of  debts  to  people  at  war  with 
the  Confederates  to  be  an  act  of  treason. 

June  19.  IT.  Va.  The  convention  at 
Wheeling  passes  an  ordinance  to  reor- 
ganize the  State  of  Virginia  on  a  loyal 
basis. 

June  20.  Ky.  In  a  special  election  for 
ten  members  of  Congress,  nine  Union 
men  are  chosen. 

U.    S.   Passports  from  the  Secretary 

of  State  are  required  of  persons  enter- 
ing the  South. 

Tenn.     A    Union    Convention    is 

held  at  Greenville,  and  grievances  are 
declared. 

IT.    Va.     The    convention    elects 

Francis  H.  Pierpont  governor. 

June  21.  Tenn.  A  Union  Convention 
at  Greenville,  in  East  Tennessee,  opposes 
the  secession  movement. 

June  24.  Tenn.  Gov.  Harris  by  procla- 
mation declares  the  State  out  of  the 
Union.  (Vote  of  the  people,  1M,913  for 
47,238  against.) 

June  27.  Del.  A  Peace  Convention 
is  held  at  Dover ;  it  condemns  the  war 
and  favors  a  peaceful  separation. 

June  30.  Statistics  for  1861.  Bevenue: 
customs,  $39,582,126 ;  sales  of  public 
lands,  $870,659 ;  premiums  on  loans  and 
sales  of  gold,  $33,631;  miscellaneous 
items,  $1,023,515.  Total  revenue,  $41,,W!),- 
930.  Expenditures:  War  Department. 
$22,981,150;  Navy  Department,  $12,420,- 
888;  Indians,  $2,841,358;  8,636  pensions. 
$1,036,064;  interest,  $4,000,174;  other 
civil  and  miscellaneous  items,  $23,267.- 
010.  Total  ordinary  expenditures,  $66,- 
546,615.  Excess  of  expenditure  over 
revenue,  $25,036,714.  Public  debt,  $90,- 
580,873.  Exports,  $219,653,833  ;  imports, 
$289,310,542. 

July  2.     Z).  C.     The    habeas   corpus   is 

further  extended  by  the  President. 
W.  Va.    The  first  Legislature  or- 
ganizes at  Wheeling. 
July  4.      D.  C.     The   37th   Congress 
opens  in  special  session.    Galusha  A. 
Grow  of  Pa.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Andrew  Johnson  is  the  only  Senator 
present  from  any  of  the  11  seceding 
States,  and  there  are  only  two  members 
in  the  House  from  those  States. 

John  J.  Crittenden  of  Ky.  is  an  emi- 
nent accession  to  the  House. 

President  Iiincoln's  message  states 
his  policy. 

"To  hold  the  public  places  and  prop- 
erty not  already  wrested  from  the  Gov- 


ernment, to  collect  the  revenue —relying 
for  the  rest  on  time,  discussion,  and  the 
ballot-box." 

President  Lincoln  asks  for  $400,- 
000,000  and  400,000  men. 

The  Treasurer  asks  Congress  to  pro- 
vide resources  for  the  fiscal  year, 
amounting  to  $318,519,581,  and  suggests 
that  $80,000,000  be  raised  by  taxation 
and  $240,000,000  by  loans. 

Julys.  D.  C.  The  President's  authority 
to  declare  martial  law  and  issue  writs  of 
habeas  corpus  is  sustained  by  Atty.-Gen. 
Bates. 

July  6.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis  sends  a 
threat  of  retaliation  on  Union  pris- 
oners, if  13  persons  captured  on  the 
privateer  Savannah  are  executed. 

July  8.  J).  C.  The  Government  pro- 
hibits telegraph  communication  with 
respect  to  the  army,  unless  the  consent 
of  the  commanding  general  has  been 
obtained. 

July  10.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  first  great  'War-Iioan  Bill 
after  a  debate  in  committee  of  the  whole 
for  one  hour,  and  on  the  next  day  after 
its  introduction.    Vote,  105-5. 

July  11.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
expels  Mason  and  Hunter  of  Va.,  Cling- 
man  and  Bragg  of  N.  C,  Chestnut  of 
S.  C,  Nicholson  of  Tenn.,  Sebastian  and 
Mitchell  of  Ark.,  Hemphill  and  Wigfall 
of  Tex.  All  had  vacated  their  seats. 
Vote,  32-10. 

July  13.  D.  C.  Congress  J  Senate :  Two 
Senators,  who  have  been  elected  by  the 
loyal  people  of  the  western  counties 
of  Virginia,  are  sworn  into  ofiice. 

July  17.  D.  C.  The  Loan  Act  becomes 
a  law. 

The  Treasury  may  offer  $250,000,000 
bonds  at  7  per  cent,  running  20  years,  or 
notes  at  7^  per  cent  interest,  payable 
after  three  years.  By  a  separate  sec- 
tion $100,000,000  may  be  offered  abroad. 

July  18.  Z).  C.  Congress ;  Senate: 
Solomon  Foot  of  Vt.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent pro  tempore. 

July  20.  Va.  The  Confederate  Pro- 
visional Congress  opens  its  third  ses- 
sion at  Richmond. 

Jefferson  Davis  delivers  his  second 
inaugural  address  to  the  Confederate 
Congress  at  Richmond, 

July  22.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  Crittenden  Besolution,  de- 
fining the  object  of  the  war.  [July  25, 
it  is  adopted  by  the  Senate.] 

July  22-25.  Va.  Congress  passes  acts 
authorizing  the  raising  of  an  army  of 
a  million  men. 

UISCELLANEOnS. 

1861  June  1.  The  Confederate  dol- 
lar is  valued  at  90  cents. 

July  1.  Cal.  The  first  daily  overland 
mail  route  from  Missouri  to  San  Fran- 
cisco is  established. 

New  York.    Price  of  cotton,  14f  cents. 

July  18.  Kan.  The  first  overland  coach 
arrives  from  San  Francisco,  having  mad* 
the  trip  in  17  days. 


198     1861,  July25-0ct.4. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1861  July  25.  Va.  Gen.  N.  P.  Banks 
supersedes  Geu.  Kobert  Patterson  as 
commander  of  the  Army  of  the  Shen- 
andoah. 

July  27.  D.  C.  Gen.  Geo.  B.  McClellan 
assumes  command  of  the  Department 
of  'Washington  and  Northeastern 
Virginia. 

His  force  consists  of  50,000  infantry, 
about  1,000  cavalry,  650  artillerymen, 
with  nine  imperfect  field  batteries  of 
thirty  pieces. 

July  *  The  Confederate  army  is  offi- 
cinlly  declared  to  number  210,000  men; 
400,000  more  are  authorized  by  the  Con- 
federate Congress. 

Aug.  2.  Mo.  Battle  of  Ihig  Spring : 
Gen,  Lyon  loses  nine  killed,  30  wounded; 
Confederates,  under  Gen.  Bains,  lose  40 
killed  and  40  wounded. 

If,  Mex.   Maj.  Isaac  Lynde  surrenders 

Fort  Fillmore  and  a  force  of  700  Fed- 
erals to  Col.  John  K.  Baylor. 

Aug.  5.  Aid.  At  Point  of  Hocks,  Con- 
federates lose  three  killed,  two  wounded, 
and  seven  prisoners. 

Mo,    At  Athens,  Col.  Moore  loses  10 

killed  and  wuiindetl ;  Confederates  lose 
23  killed,  60  wounded. 

Aug.  7.  Col.  U,  S.  Grant  is  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers.  (His  commission  is  dated 
back  to  May  17.) 

Aug.  10.  Mo.  Battle  of  Wilson's 
Creek :  The  Federals  luider  Gens.  Lyon 
and  Sigel  have  a  desperate  fight  with 
the  Confederates  under  Gens.  Price  and 
McCuUoch  [and  fall  back  to  Springfield]. 
Federal  loss,  223  killed,  721  wounded, 
and  292  missing.  Confederate  loss,  265 
killed,  SOO  wounded,  and  30  missing. 
Gen.  Lyon  is  killed. 

Aug.  13.    W.  Va.   Near  Grafton,  Capt. 

Dayton  routs  the  Confederates,  who  lose 
21  killed  and  wounded. 

Aug.  16.     Va.     Gen.   John  E.  Wool 

takes  command  at  Fortress  Monroe. 
Aug.  19.    I),  a    Henry  W^.  Halleck  is 

cummissioned  major-general. 

Mo.    At  Charleston,  Col.  Dougherty 

and  Lieut. -Col.  Kansom  defeat  the 
Confederates  under  Col,  Hunter ;  Fed- 
eral loss,  one  killed  and  six  wounded ; 
Confederate  loss,  20  killed  and  wounded, 
and  17  prisoners. 

Aug.  20.  Va.  Gen.  George  B,  Mc- 
Clellan assumes  command  of  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac,  and  proceeds  to  reor- 
griniz©  it.  (He  fortifies  Washington 
until  32  forts  protect  it.) 

Aug.  26.  TV.  Va.  At  Cross  Lanes, 
Federals,  under  Col.  Tyler,  are  defeated, 
and  lose  15  killed,  40  wounded,  and  30 
prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss  unknown. 

Va.     The    Hatteras    expedition, 

commanded  by  Flag-of&cer  Silas  H. 
Stringham  and  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler,  leaves 
Fortress  Monroe ;  it  comprises  five  war 
vessels,  two  transports,  and  a  tug,  with 
a  force  of  800  men. 

Aug.  28,  29.  K.  a  The  Hatteras  ex- 
pedition bombards  Forts  Hatteras  and 
Clark  at  the  Inlet  till  they  surrender. 
Federals  lose  one  killed,  two  wounded  ; 
Confederates  lose  12  or  15  killed,  35 
wounded,  and  750  prisoners. 


Aug.  29.  Mo.  At  Iiexington  Federals 
lose  five  or  six  wounded  ;  Confederates, 
under  Col.  Reed,  lose  eight  killed,  sev- 
eral wounded. 

Aug.  31.  Mo.  Gen.  J.  C.  Fremont 
proclaims  martial  law  in  Missouri,  and 
military  emancipation  to  slaves  of 
secessionists. 

Aug.  *  Ky.  Gen.  "Wm.  Nelson  organizes 
Camp  Dick  Robinson  in  Garrard  County, 
for  mustering  Union  soldiers, 

Sept.  1.  Mo.  At  Bennett's  Mills,  Fed- 
erals lose  three  killed,  six  wounded. 

Gen.  U.  S.  Grant  assumes  command 
of  Southeastern  Missouri. 

Va.    At  Boone  Court  House,  the 

Federal  loss,  six  wounded  ;  Confederate 
loss,  30. 

Sept.  4.  Ky.  The  Confederates  are  the 
first  to  violate  the  neutrality  of  the 
Border  States;  they  send  Gen.  Polk 
to  occupy  a  section  of  Kentucky  border- 
ing the  Mississippi. 

Columbus,  "  the  Gibraltar  of  the 
West,"  is  occupied  by  Gen.  Pillow  with 
6,000  men,  who  cross  the  river  from 
Madrid. 

Mo.    A  gunboat  reconnaissance  is 

sent  out  under  Gen.  Grant,  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  [which  discovers  the  Con- 
federate occupation  of  Kentucky], 

Sept,  5.  III.  The  Grant  expedition, 
consisting  of  two  gunboats,  1,800  men, 
with  16  cannon  for  batteries,  leaves  Cairo 
for  Paducah,  Kentucky. 

Sept,  6.  Ky.  A  Union  force  under  Gen. 
Ulysses  S.  Grant  enters  Kentucky  and 
occupies  Paducah. 

Sept.  10.  W.  Va.  Battle  of  Camifex 
Ferry  :  Gen.  Rosecrans  defeats  Con- 
federate Gen.  John  B.  Floyd  with  a  loss 
of  16  killed,  102  wounded;  Confederate 
loss  small. 

Ky.  Gen.  George  H.  Thomas  is  as- 
signed to  a  command  in  East  Kentucky. 

The  Confederacy  appoints  Gen.  A.  S. 

Johnston  to  command  the  Department 
of  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  and  parts  of 
Mississippi,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  Kan- 
sas, and  the  Indian  Territory. 

Sept.  10  +  .  Ky.  Cumberland  Pord  is 
occupied  by  six  regiments  of  Confeder- 
ates under  Brig.-Gen.  Zollicoffer,  which 
enter  the  State  through  Cumberland 
Gap  from  Tennessee. 

Sept.  12.  Mo.  At  Black  Eiver,  Maj. 
Gavitt  encounters  Confederates  under 
Col.  Talbot,  who  lose  five  killed  and  four 
prisoners. 

Sept.  12-14.  W.  Va.  Battle  of  Cheat 
Mountain  :  Gen.  Reynolds  defeats  the 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Lee.  Federal 
loss,  13  killed,  20  wounded,  and  60  prison- 
ers ;  Confederate  loss,  100  killed  and 
wounded,  besides  20  prisoners. 

Sept.  13,  Mo.  At  Boonville,  Federals 
under  Capt.  Eppstein  lose  one  killed 
and  four  wounded ;  Confederates  lose 
12  killed  and  30  wounded. 

Sept.*  W.  Va.  The  Confederates  send 
Gens.  John  B.  Floyd  and  Henry  A  Wise 
to  regain  West  Virginia. 

Sept.  14.  Mo.  At  Kansas  City,  Con- 
federates lose  seven  killed  and  six 
prisoners. 

Sept.  17.  Mo.  At  Morristown  Con- 
federates lose  seven  killed,  and  100 
horses  captured  with  tents  andsupplies. 


Battle  at  Blue  Mills  Landing : 
Lieut.-Col.  Scott  encounters  the  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Atchison  ;  Fed- 
eral loss,  100  killed  and  wounded. 

Sept.  18.  Ky.  Bowling  Green  is  occu- 
pied by  Confederates  under  Geu.  Buck- 
ner  ;  a  part  of  his  command  advances 
to  Mumfordville.  This  Invasion  of 
Kentucky  is  proclaimed  to  be  a  meas- 
ure of  defense  against  an  alleged  inva- 
sion proposed  by  the  Federals. 

Sept.  18-20.  Mo.  Battle  of  Lexing- 
ton: Gen.  Price  besieges  the  Federals 
under  Col.  Mulligan,  who  surrenders 
after  the  exhaustion  of  his  supplies. 
Federal  loss,  42  killed,  108  wounded, 
and  1,624  prisoners;  Confederate  loss, 
25  killed,  75  wounded.  *'  Mulligan*s 
Surrender." 

Sept.  19.  Ky.  Lexington  is  occupied 
by  the  Union  Home  Guard  under  Col.  T. 
E.  Bramlette. 

Sept.  21.  Mo.  Battle  of  Papinsville : 
Gen.  Lane  loses  17  killed  and  40  wounded; 
Confederates  lose  40  killed,  22  wounded, 
and  100  prisoners,  also  all  their  tents 
and  supplies. 

Ky.  Gen.  O.  M.  Mitchel,  of  the  De- 
partment of  the  Ohio,  assumes  command. 

Sept.  23.  W.  Va.  At  Mechanic's  Gap 
the  Federals  lose  three  killed  and  10 
wounded ;  the  defeated  Confederates 
lose  15  killed  and  30  wounded. 

Sept.  24.  Count  de  Paris  and  Ihic  de 
Chartres  enter  the  Federal  service  as 
aids  to  Gen.  McClellan. 

Sept.  25.  W.  Va.  At  Chapmansville, 
Col.  Pratt  encounters  the  Confederates 
under  Col.  Davis ;  Federal  loss,  four 
killed  and  eight  wounded ;  Confederate 
loss,  20  killed,  50  wounded,  and  47  prison- 
ers ;  Col.  Davis  is  among  the  killed. 

Mo.    At  Osceola,  Col.  Montgomery 

loses  one  killed  and  four  wounded ;  the 
Confederates  lose  10  killed. 

Sept.  26.    Ky.    At  Lucas  Bend,   the 

routed  Confederates  lose  four  killed 
and  five  prisoners. 

Mo.    Gen.  John  C.  Fremont  takes 

the  field. 

Oct.  1±,  Va.  The  Confederates  be- 
fore Washington  begin  to  fall  back, 

Oct.  3.     W.  Va.    Battle  of  Greenbrier: 

Gen.  Reynolds  encounters  the  Confeder- 
ates under  Gen.  H.  R.  Jackson  in  an 
indecisive  battle.  Federal  loss,  eight 
killed  and  32  wounded ;  Confederate  loss, 
100  killed,  95  wounded,  and  13  prisoners. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1661. 

Aug:.  3.  Bowman,  Samuel,  asst,  P.  £.  bp. 
of  Pa.,A61. 

Aug.  10.  Lyon,  Nathaniel,  gen.  U.  S.Vols,, 
k.  at  Wilson's  Creek,  A43. 

Aug-.  13.  Reese,  David  M.,  physician,  au- 
thor, A61. 

Sept.  12.  Briggs.  Oeo.  H..  Gov.  of  Mass., 
M.  C,  A65. 

CHURCH. 

1861  Sept.  26.  U.  S.  Past-day  is  ob- 
served in  the  Northern  States,  by  procla- 
mation of  the  President. 


LETTERS. 
1861  •  *  Cal.    Pacific  College,  South- 
ern (Meth.  Epis.)  is  organized  at  Santa 
Rosa. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1861,  July  25 -Oct.  4.  199 


*  *  Boston.    The  Boston  Review  appears. 

*  *  la.  Norwegian  Lutheran  Univer- 
sity is  organized  at  Decorah. 

*  *  III.  Northwestern  College  (Evan- 
gelical Ass'n)  is  organized  at  Napierville. 

*  •  III.  St.  Joseph's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  Teutopolis. 

*  *  La.  Jefferson  College  (Rom.  Catli.) 
is  organized  in  St.  James  parish. 

*  ♦  Mich.  Albion  College  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  organized  at  Albion. 

*  *  Xew  York.  The  World  absorbs  the 
Courier  and  Enquirer. 

*  *  New  York.  Bellevue  Hospital  Medi- 
cal College  is  opened. 

*  ♦  New  York.  Homeopathic  Medical 
College  is  opened. 

*  •  .V,  Y.  St.  Joseph's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  Buffalo. 

Vasaar  College  is  founded  at  Pough- 
keepsie  by  Matthew  Vassar,  by  the  gift 
of  $408,000,  for  the  higher  education  of 
women. 

*  *  Wash.  Washington  Univor sit y 
(non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Seattle, 

*  *  The  Battle  of  Bull  Run,  by  E.  C.  Sted- 
man,  appears. 

*  *  Cecil  Dreeme,  by  Theodore  'Winthrop, 
appears. 

*  *  Elsie  Venner,  by  Holmes,  appears. 

*  *  Exploration  and  Adventures  in  Equa- 
torial Africa,  by  Paul  B,  du  Chaillu, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Genius  of  SolitudCj  by  Alger,  ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1861  Aug.  5.  President  Lincoln  signs 
an  act  of  Congress  forbidding  the  selling 
or  giving  intoxicating  drinks  to  sol- 
diers. 

Aug.  12.  Me.  A  mob  entirely  destroys 
the  office  of  the  Democrat,  a  secession 
newspaper  at  Bangor. 

Sept.  12.  Mo.  Two  slaves  of  Thomas 
L.  Snead,  a  secessionist  of  St.  Louis,  are 
manumitted  by  Gen.  Fremont. 

STATE, 

1861  JulySli.  Mo.  A  loyal  conven- 
tion deposes  the  governor  and  otlier 
fugitive  State  officers ;  Hamilton  R. 
(Jamble  is  appointed  provisional  gover- 
nor. 

Aug.  1.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  Gen. 
Baker  of  Ore.  makes  a  speech,  in  whioli 
he  characterizes  the  utterances  of 
Senator  Breckinridge  of  Ky.  as 
"  words  of  brilliant,  polished  treason." 

J'a.    Citizens  who  hold  office  under 

the  Federal  Government  are  declared 
chargeable  with  treason  against  the 
State. 

Aug.  2.  i>.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
confiscating  all  the  slaves  employed 
by  the  Confederates  for  military  pur- 
poses. 

Aug.  3.  Mo.  Joint  protection  is  offered 
by  Gov.  Gamble  and  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment to  those  in  arms  who  peaceably 
return  to  their  homes. 


Aug.  5.  D.  C.  The  Morrill  Tariff  is 
increased  with  an  extended  schedule, 
and  radically  changes  the  policy  of 
revenue. 

The  average  imports  on  dutiable  ar- 
ticles are  raised  from  19  to  36  per  cent, 
and  on  total  importations  from  15  to  28 
per  cent. 

Congress  passes  a  supplemental  Loan 
Act,  permitting  the  Treasurer  to  issue 
6  per  cent  treasury  notes,  running  20 
years,  and  allowing  holders  of  seven- 
thirties  to  exchange  their  notes  for  such 
bonds ;  limit,  $50,000,000. 

It  enacts  a  direct  tax  of  $20,000,000  to 
be  levied  annually  upon  the  States. 

The     Cabinet     disagree ;     Secretary 

Welles  contends  for  the  closing  of 
Southern  ports  in  preference  to  a 
blockade. 

Mo.  A  declaration  of  State  inde- 
pendence is  issued  by  Gov.  Jackson  at 
New  Madrid,  on  his  return  from  Rich- 
mond, Va. 

Aug.  6.  I).  C.  Congress  confiscates 
the  property,  including  slaves,  of  ene- 
mies of  the  United  States. 

The  37th  Congress:  the  first  session 
closes. 

It  has  appropriated  $207,000,000  for  the 
Army,  $56,000,000  for  the  Navy,  and 
passed  in  all  76  public  acts,  72  of  which 
relate  to  the  war. 

Aug.  13.  IJ.  C.  The  British  Govern- 
ment opens  official  communication 
with  the  Confederate  Government, 
through  Consul  Bunch,  relative  to  pri- 
vateering. [Secretary  Seward  demands 
his  removal ;  England  refuses.] 

Aug.  14.  Va.  The  Confederate  Con- 
gress warns  all  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  14  years  old  and  upwards,  to  re- 
move from  the  Confederate  States 
within  40  days. 

Aug.  16,  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
the  seceding  States  in  a  condition  of 
insurrection,  and  forbids  all  commer- 
cial intercourse  with  them. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  banks  promptly  sub- 
scribe for  $50,000,000  loan,  and  receive 
seven-thirties.  [Afterwards  they  fur- 
nish $50,000,000  more.] 

Aug.  20.  W.  Va.  The  convention  at 
Wheeling  adopts  an  ordinance  for  a 
new  State. 

Aug.  22.  Va.  The  Confederate  Pro- 
visional Congress  at  Richmond  closes 
its  third  session, 

Aug.  30.  Mo.  Gen.  Fremont  declares 
the  State  under  martial  law. 

Aug.  *  Missouri  decides  to  be  neutral 
during  t*lie  war  [but  the  State  becomes 
the  center  of  a  great  conflict  between  the 
two  armies]. 

Sept.  2.  Ky.  The  Legislature  meets,  and 
proceeds  to  arm  the  State  against  in- 
vasion by  either  the  Federals  or  the 
Confederates. 

Sept.  4.  Ky.  Confederates  are  the  first 
to  violate  the  neutrality  of  Kentucky  by 
an  armed  invasion. 

Sept.  11.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  re- 
vokes Oen.  Fremont's  emancipation 
order. 


Ky.  A  resolution  passes  the  Legisla- 
ture ordering  the  Confederate  troops 
to  leave  the  State  ;  the  Federals  are  not 
included  in  the  order. 

Sept.  12.  Ky.  A  resolution  of  the  Legis- 
lature requires  the  governor  to  call  out 
the  State  troops  to  expel  the  Confeder- 
ate invaders. 

Gen.  Buckner  issues  an  address  from 
Russellville  calling  upon  the  people  of 
Kentucky  to  rise  in  armed  resistance 
against  the  usurpations  of  Abraham 
Lincoln. 

Sept.  13.  Ky.  Gov.  Magoffin,  by  direc- 
tion of  the  Union  Legislature,  issues  a 
proclamation. 

It  announces  that  "  Kentucky  expects 
Confederate  orTennessee  troops  to  with- 
draw from  the  State  unconditionally." 
[Jefferson  Davis  replies  that  they  will  be 
withdrawn  if  the  Federal  army  will  also 
be  excluded.  The  Legislature  rejects 
the  condition  proposed.] 

Sept.  16.  Ky.  Gov.  Magoffin  protests 
against  the  entrance  of  either  Federal 
or  Confederate  armies  into  Kentucky, 
as  it  is  a  neutral  State. 

D.  C.    Congress;   House:    A  bill  is 

read  for  the  abolition  of  slavery  in 
the  District  of  Columbia. 

Sept.  17.  Md.  Many  members  of  the 
l^egislature  being  under  arrest  on  a 
charge  of  treason,  no  meeting  is  held. 

Sept.  21.  D.  C.  John  C.  Breckinridge 
leaves  the  Senate  [and  joins  the  Con- 
federacy]. 

Sept.  24.  Ky.  The  House  passes  a  bill 
for  raising  a  force  of  40,000  men  to  repel 
the  Confederates.  It  provides  that 
they  shall  be  mustered  into  the  Federal 
army. 

Sept.  *  Ky.  The  Legislature  requests 
Gen.  Robert  Anderson  of  Fort  Sum- 
ter fame  to  take  command  of  the  State 
troops  ;  the  resolution  is  passed  over  the 
governor's  veto. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1861  July*  Mass.  The  contractors  aban- 
don work  in  the  Hoosac  Tunnel. 

July  *  The  Emperor  of  Russia  sends 
to  the  United  States  Government  ex- 
pressions of  good-will — saying  he  hopes 
the  Union  will  not  be  dissolved. 

Aug.  16.  Intercourse  between  the 
North  and  the  South  is  restricted  to 
persons  bearing  passes. 

Aug.  *  Pa.  Great  excitement  prevails 
in  the  valley  of  Oil  Creek,  where  a  single 
flowing  well  yields  3,000  barrels  of  pe- 
troleum oil  in  a  day. 

Sept.  18.  La.  The  banks  of  New  Or- 
leans suspend  specie  payments. 

Sept.  *  The  telegraph  line  between 
Denver,  Colo.,  and  Sacramento,  Cal., 
is  completed. 

Oct.  1.  New  York.  Price  of  cotton,  21  ^ 
cents. 

Oct.  4.  Va.  Aeronaut  La  Montaine 
makes  an  ascension  in  the  service  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  passes  over  the 
Confederate  lines,  and  later  descends  in 
Maryland. 


200    1861,  Oct.  8-Dec.  19. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1861  Oct.  8.  Ky,  At  Hillsborough : 
Lieut.  Sadler  encounters  the  Confeder- 
ates under  Capt.  HoUiday.  Federal 
loss,  three  killed  and  three  wounded  , 
Confederate  loss,  11  killed,  29  wounded, 
and  22  prisoners. 

Gen.  "W".  T,  Sherman  supersedes 
Gen.  Robert  Anderson. 

Fla,    Fort  Pickens  is  attacked  by 

Confederates. 

Oct.  9.  Fla.  At  Santa  Rosa  Island, 
Col.  Wilson  encounters  the  Confederates 
under  Gen.  Anderson ;  Federal  loss.  13 
killed,  29  wounded,  and  24  prisoners  ; 
Confederate  loss,  11  killed,  29  wounded, 
and  22  prisoners. 

Oct.  11.  La.  New  Orleans  is  placed  un- 
der Confederate  martial  law. 

Oct.  12.  La.  The  Confederate  ram 
Manassas  strikes  the  Federal  steamship 
Jiichmond,  under  Capt.  John  Pope,  while 
coaling  at  New  Orleans. 

Mo.    At  Cameron  in  Kay  County, 

Maj.  James  loses  one  killed  and  four 
wounded;  routed  Confederates  lose 
eight  killed  and  live  prisoners. 

S  C.     The  Confederate  envoys  run 

the  blockade  in  the  night  at  Charleston. 
(See  Trent  affair,  Nov.  8.) 

Oct.  13.  Mo.  Near  r>ebanon,  Maj. 
Wright  defeats  the  Confederates  imder 
Capts  Lowell  antl  Wright.  Feiieral  loss, 
one  killed ;  Confederate  loss,  62  killed 
and  wounded  and  30  prisoners. 

At  Beckwith's  Farm,  Lieut.  Tufts 
loses  two  killed,  five  wounded,  and  three 
missing ;  Confederates  lose  12  killed  and 
wounded. 

Oct.  15.  D.  C.  Gen,  McClellan  has 
an  army  of  150,000  under  his  imme- 
diate cominand- 

Mo.    At  Big  River  Bridge,  Federals 

defeat  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Thompson  and  burn  the  bridge.  Fed- 
eral loss,  one  killed  and  six  wounded  ; 
Confederate  loss,  five  killed  and  four 
wounded. 

Oct.  16.    Mo.    At  Ironton,  Mai.  Gavitt 

defeats    the   Confederates  under   Gen. 

Thompson.      Federal    loss,    11    killed ; 

Confederate  loss,  36  killed  and  wounded. 

The  Federals  occupy  Xjexington. 

Oct.  19.  Mo.  At  Big  Hurricane  Creek, 

Col.  Morgan  defeats  the  Confederates. 
Federal  loss,  14  wounded  ;  Confederate 
loss,  14  killed  and  eight  prisoners. 

At  Fredericktown,  the  Confeder- 
ates, under  Gen.  Thompson  and  Col. 
Lowe,  are  defeated,  and  lose  80  prison- 
ers and  four  heavy  guns.  Ccd  Lowe  is 
killed  ;  Federal  loss,  seven  killed  and  60 
wouudea . 

Oct.  21.     Va.   Battle  of  Ball's  Bluff  on 

the  Potomac  :  Col.  Baker  crosses  the 
river  in  force  to  reconnoiter ;  is  at- 
tacked by  the  Confederates  under  Col. 
Evans,  defeated,  and  among  the  killed. 

Federals  lose  49  killed,  158  wounded, 
714  missing ;  Confederates,  under  Col. 
Evans,  lose  33  killed,  115  wounded  and 
prisoners. 

Oct.  22.  Mo.  At  Buffalo  Mills.  Con- 
federates lose  20  killed  and  60  prisoners. 

Oct.  23.  Mo.  At  "West  Liberty,  Con- 
federates lose  10  killed,  five  wounded, 
and  six  prisoners. 

Ky.   At  Hodgesville,  Lieut.  Grayson 

loses  three  wounded  ;  Confederates  lose 
three  killed  and  five  wounded. 

Oct.  24.  D.  C.  The  President  orders 
that  Gen.  Fremont  surrender  his  com- 
mand to  Gen.  Hunter. 


Oct.  25.  Mo.  Battle  of  Springfield: 
Maj.  Zagonyi  is  routed  by  the  Confeder- 
ates and  loses  15  killed,  27  wounded,  and 
10  missing ;  Confederate  loss,  106  killed 
and  27  missing. 

Oct.  26.  W.  Va.  At  Romney,  Gen. 
Kelley  defeats  the  Confederates  under 
Col.  McDonald.  Federal  loss,  two  killed 
and  14  wounded;  Confederate  loss,  20 
killed,  15  wounded ;  McDonald  and  500 
men  are  made  prisoners. 

Oct.  27.  />■  C.  Gen.  McClellan  reports 
the  strength  of  the  Army  of  the  Po- 
tomac at  168,318,  with  147,695  present 
for  duty,  and  more  en  route. 

Mo.     At   Plattsburg,   Confederates 

lose  eight  killed  and  12  wounded. 

Oct.  29,  Va.  The  Port  Boyal  expedi- 
tion sails  from  Fortress  Monroe  under 
Capt.  Samuel  F.  Dupont,  and  Gen. 
Thomas  W.  Sherman. 

It  comprises  one  frigate,  14  gunboats, 
34  steam  transports,  and  26  sailing  ves- 
sels, and  10,000  troops,  or  about  22,000, 
including  the  crews  of  the  vessels. 

Oct.  30,  Gen.  McClellan  reports  Gen. 
Johnston's  army  as  numbering  150,000 
men  ;  Gen.  Johnston  reports  an  effective 
total  of  41,000  men. 

Oct.  31.  D.  C.  liieut.-Gen.  Winfield 
Scott  resigns  the  command  of  the 
Army. 

Oct.  *  S.  C.  The  Confederate  steamer 
Nashville  runs  the  blockade  at 
Charleston.  [She  returns  with  a  cargo 
worth  $3,000,000.] 

Oct.  *  Tenn.  The  Union  men  in  East 
Tennessee  burn  many  railroad  bridges 
to  delay  the  movement  of  Confederate 
troops.  By  order  of  Jefferson  Davis, 
Union  men  charged  with  bridge  burn- 
ing are  hanged,  prisons  are  filled  with 
suspects,  and  a  reign  of  terror  prevails. 

Nov,  1,  D.  C.  Gen,  George  B.  Mc- 
Clellan is  appointed  (13th)  Commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Army  of  the  United 
States. 

Nov.  2.  Gen.  Fremont  surrenders  his 
command  to  Gen.  Hunter,  who  is  sent 
to  supersede  him, 

Mo.  At  Platte  City,  Maj.  Joseph  en- 
counters Confederates  under  Silas  Gor- 
don ;  they  lose  13  killed  and  woimdod, 
and  30  prisoners. 

Nov.  6,  ///.  Gen.  Grant  sends  an  ex- 
pedition—  3,000  men  and  two  gunboats 
—  from  Cairo  down  the  river, 

Nov,  7.  Mo.  Battleof  Belmont:  Gens. 
Grant  and  JlcClernand  defeat  the  Con 
federates  under  Gen.  Polk,  but  are 
finally  driven  back  to  their  boats.  Fed- 
eral loss,  79  killed,  289  wounded ;  Con- 
federate loss,  105  killed,  419  Vounded, 
and  235  prisoners. 

Nov.  8.  Ky.  At  Piketon,  Gen.  Nelson 
defeats  the  Confederates ;  Federal  loss, 
Fix  killed  and  24  wounded  ;  Confederate 
loss,  400  killed  and  wounded. 

S.  C.    Battle  of  Port  Koyal:  The 

Port  Boyal  expedition  (at  Hilton 
Head)  bombards  Forts  "Walker  and 
Beauregard  till  the  Confederates  are 
driven  out,  and  the  Federals  gain  pos- 
session. Federal  loss,  eight  killed  and 
23  wounded;  Confederate  loss,  11  killed 
and  48  wounded,  and  42  guns. 


Capt.    Charles   Wilkes,   of    the    San 

Jacinto,  overhauls  the  British  mail 
steamer  Treitt  from  Havana,  and 
forcibly  removes  James  M.  Mason  and 
John  Slidell,  the  Confederate  envoys  to 
Great  Britain  and  France.  [He  conveys 
them  to  Boston.]    (See  State.) 

Nov.  9.  I).  C.  The  Department  of  Mis- 
souri is  organized,  and  the  Department 
of  the  Ohio  is  extended  to  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee. 

J'a.  Gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston  re- 
organizes the  Confederate  Army  of 
Virginia. 

Nov.  10.  W.  Va.  At  New  River,  Fed- 
erals lose  eight  killed,  and  10  wotmded. 

At  Guyandotte.  Col.  K.  V.  Whaley 
loses  eight  killed,  12  wounded,  and  45 

prisoners. 

Nov.  11.  Mo.  AtKansas,  Col.  Anthony 
encounters  Confederates,  loses  ei^ht 
killed  and  eight  woimded,  and  with- 
draws. 

Nov.  12.  IV.  Va.  At  Bomney,  Feder- 
als lose  two  killed;  Confederates  lose  12 
prisoners. 

Nov.  14.  W.  Va.  At  McCoy's  Mill. 
Gen.  Benham  encounters  Confederate 
Gen.  Floyd,  who  loses  15  killed. 

Nov.  18.  Mo.  Gen.  HaUeck  takes  com- 
mand of  the  "Westem  Department. 

Nov.  20.  Mo.  Gen.  HaUeck  issues 
Order  No.  3,  forbidding  the  admission  of 
fugitive  slaves  into  Federal  camps. 

J'a.     Gen.     McClellan    reviews    the 

Army  of  the  Potomac,  70,000  strong. 

Nov.  22.  Fla.  At  Fort  Pickens,  Fed- 
erals lose  two  killed  and  14  wounded. 

Nov.  19.  Boston.  The  San  Jacinto  ar- 
rives with  the  Confederate  Commission- 
ers, Mason  and  Slldell,  on  board,  for 
incarceration  in  Fort  Warren. 

Va.  At  liancaster.  Col.  Moore  de- 
feats the  Confederates  under  Lieut.-Col. 
Blanton.  Federal  loss,  one  killed  and 
two  wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  13 
killed,  many  wounded  and  some  pris- 
oners. 

Nov.  26.  Va.  At  Drane8ville,Col.  Bay- 
ard loses  two  wounded ;  Confederates 
lose  two  killed  and  four  prisoners. 

Nov.  29.  Mo.  At  Black  "Walnut 
Creek,  Maj.  Hough  loses  six  wounded  : 
Confederates  lose  17  killed  and  live 
prisoners.    Maj.  Hough  is  wounded. 

Nov,  *  The  blockade  of  the  Southern 
ports  hecojues  effective. 

Dec.  3.  Mo.  At  Salem,  Maj.  Bo  wen  de- 
feats the  Confederates  under  Cols.  Free- 
man and  Turner.  Federal  loss,  15  killed 
and  wounded ;  Confederate  loss  un- 
known. 

D.  C.    The  Secretary  of  War  reports 

the  army  strength  to  be  660,971 ,  including 
610,637  volunteers ;  it  comprises  550,000 
infantry,  6,000  cavalry,  and  25,000  artil- 
lery. 

ITie  Secretary  of  the  Navy  reports  264 
war-vessels,  carrying  2,557  guns  and 
22,000  men. 

Dec.  4.  Mo.  At  Dunksburg,  the  Con- 
federates, under  Capts.  Young  and 
Wheatly,  lose  seven  killed  and  10 
wounded. 

Va.    At  Vienna,  Federals  lose  46 ; 

Confederate  loss  not  reported. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1861,  Oct.  8 -Dec.  19.    201 


Dec.  4.    Ky.   At  "Whippoorwill  Bridge 

Fe^rals  lose  Icmr  wounded ;  Coufeder- 
ateT lose  six  killed  and  wounded  aud  11 
prisouers. 

Dec.  5.  Ky.  At  Brownsville  the  Fed- 
eral Home  Guards  lose  three  killed  aud 
five  wounded. 

Dec.  7.  jr.  Va.  At  Dam  Number  6 
Confederates  are  defeated,  losing  two 
killed. 

Mo.     At  Olatbe  Federals  lose  two 

killed  ;    Confederates  lose  three  killed 

and  fire  wounded. 
Dec.  11.    Mo.    At  Bertrand  Lieut.-Col. 

Rhodes  loses  one  killed ;  Confederates 

lose  16  prisouers. 

Dec.  13.  W.  Va.  At  Camp  Alleghany 
Brig.-Gen.  Milroy  loses  21  killed,  107 
wounded,  and  10  missing  ;  Confederates 
under  Col.  E.  Johnson  lose  20  killed  and 
96  wounded. 

Dec.  19.  Mo.  At  Milford  Col.  Davis 
defeats  the  Confederates,  who  lose  1,300 
prisoners,  besides  wagons  and  stores. 
Federal  loss,  two  killed  and  eight 
wounded. 

At   Shawnee   Motind  the  Federals 
under  Gen.  Pope  take  150  prisouers. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1861  Nov.  *  -Dec.  *  Cal,  Disastrous 
floods  prevail  during  four  weeks  of 
rain ;  mills,  dams,  and  houses  are  swept 
away.    Loss,  $10,000. 

Dec.  5.  N.  Y.  The  Society  of  Natural 
Sciences  is  organized  in  Buffalo. 

*  ♦  The  Gatling  gun  is  first  patented. 
±*  *  John  S.  Rarey  attracts  attention 

by  his  skill  in  horse-training. 

CHURCH. 

1861  Nov.  14.  A  special  convention  of 
the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association 
results  in  the  organization  of  the  XT.  S. 
Christian  Commission  for  service  with 
the  armies, 

Dec.  4.  Ga.  The  Southern  Presbyteri- 
ans meet  at  Augusta.  They  proceed  to 
form  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
Confederate  States  of  America,  and 
appoint  a  committee  on  Foreign  Missions . 

LETTERS. 

1861  *  *  History  of  France,  by  Parke 
Godwin,  appears. 

*  *  Lectures  oti  the  English  Language,  by 
G.  P.  Marsh,  appears. 

*  *  Life  in  the  Iron  Mills,  by  Rebecca  H. 
Davis,  appears. 

*  •  The  Magic  Marriage,  by  Charles  Gay- 
ler,  appears. 

*  *  The  Man  Withcmt  a  C&wntry^  by  E.  E. 
Hale,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1861  Nov.  *  Partisan  elections  are 
practically  obliterated. 

Nov.  *  There  is  great  rejoicing  in  the 
North  over  the  seizure  of  Mason  and 
Slidell,  the  Confederate  Commission- 
ers.   (See  Army—  Navy.) 

Dec.  14.  Phila.  Christ  Church  Hos- 
pital Is  completed.    (Begtm  in  1856.) 


STATE. 

1861  Oct.  12.  S.C.  James  M.Mason  and 
John  Slidell,  Confederate  Commis- 
sioners to  European  courts,  sail  from 
Charleston  Harbor  in  the  Confederate 
steamer  Theodore  [and  go  to  Havana]. 

N.  C.    A  convention  is  held  in  Hyde 

County ;  it  aids  the  Union  movement  by 
declaring  the  independence  of  the  State 
government.    [It  is  soon  suppressed.] 

Oct.  16.  Mo.  Each  civil  officer  is  re- 
quired by  the  State  Convention  at  Jef- 
ferson City  to  subscribe  to  an  oath 
within  60  days  to  support  the  Constitu- 
tion. 

Oct.  17.  Eng.  Lord  John  Kussell  pro- 
poses a  somewhat  peremptory  summons 
to  the  conflicting  governments  in  the 
United  States  that  they  abandon  their 
strife.  [Lord  Palmerston  does  not  ap- 
prove.] 

Oct.  21.  Mo.  A  special  session  of  the 
Legislature,  called  by  Gov.  Jackson, 
meets  at  Neosho. 

Oct.  24.  W,  Va.  The  ordinance  for  form- 
ing a  new  State  is  approved  by  a  vote 
of  the  people. 

Oct.  28.  Mo.  An  act  of  secession  is 
passed  by  the  Legislature  in  session  at 
Neosho. 

Oct.  *  N.  Y.  The  Government  has  in- 
carcerated 174  persons  in  Fort  Lafay- 
ette during  the  past  four  months, 

Nov.  5.  California  ceases  to  be  a  Demo- 
cratic State,  and  elects  Leland  Stanford 
(Rep.)  for  governor. 

Kan.    A  vote  is  cast  for  locating  the 

State  capital:  Vote,  —  Topeka,  7,990; 
Lawrence,  5,291 ;  other  cities,  1,184. 

Nov.  6.  A  general  election  is  held  in 
the  Confederate  States  imder  the  per- 
manent Constitution ;  Jefferson  Davis 
of  Miss,  and  Alexander  H.  Stephens 
of  Ga.  are  elected  to  the  highest  offices 
for  six  years. 

Nov.  8.  Mason  and  SHdeU  are  seized. 
(See  Army  and  Navy.) 

[The  Confederate  Commissioners  are 
given  up,  thus  establishing  a  principle 
in  international  law  for  which  the 
United  States  had  invariably  con- 
tended.] 

Nov.  9.  Ala,  The  Confederate  Congress 
admits  Kentucky  into  the  Confederacy. 

Nov.  18.  N.  C.  A  Union  Convention 
meets  and  declares  the  State  offices 
vacant;  it  elects  M.  N.  Taylor  pro- 
visional governor. 

Ky.     A   Sovereignty    Convention 

(Confederate)  is  held  at  Russellville, 
Logan  County ;  65  counties  are  repre- 
sented. 

It  passes  an  ordinance  of  secession, 
and  elects  George  W.  Johnson  provis- 
ional governor,  and  Bowling  Green  for 
the  capital. 

Va.    The  Confederate  Provisional 

CongresSf  at  Richmond, opens  its  fourth 

session, 
Nov.  19.    Boston.    Mason   and  SUdell 

arrive  here  on  board  the  San  Jacinto. 
Nov.  24.    Mass.    Mason  and  Slidell  are 

imprisoned  at  Fort  Warren. 


Nov,  25.  Nev.  Carson  City  is  chosen 
by  the  Legislature  as  the  capital. 

Nov.  26.  jr.  Va.  A  convention  meets 
at  "Wheeling  to  form  a  State  constitu- 
tion. 

Nov.  *  If.  S.  The  strife  between  Re- 
publicans and  Democrats  intensifies. 

Nov.  30.  7).  C.  England  orders  Ijord 
Lyons,  the  British  minister,  to  leave 
the  country  if  Mason  and  Slidell  are 
not  released  within  seven  days. 

Ky.    An  ordinance  of  secession  is 

passed    by    an     unauthorized    "  Sover- 
eignty Convention."    (Lossing,  Oct.  29.) 

Pec.  2.  D.  C.  The  37th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 

Dec.  *  L>.  C.  Congress ;  House  ;  Ga- 
lusha  A.  Growof  l*a.  is  elected  Speaker. 
Vote,  99-CO. 

Congress ;  Senate  :  Lyman  Trum- 
bull of  111.  introduces  a  bill  for  the 
confiscation  of  the  property  of  reb- 
els, and  giving  freedom  to  the  persons 
they  hold  in  slavery. 

Congress  gives  a  vote  of  thanks  to 
Capt.  Wilkes  of  the  Sa7i  Jacinto.  (See 
Army,  Nov.  8.) 

Congress:  The  House  requests  an  in- 
vestigation of  the  Ball's  Bluff  disas- 
ter. **  A  blunder  so  gross  that  all  men 
can  see  it."    (Roscoe  Conkling.) 

Dec.  3.  Congress;  House:  An  open 
division  begins  on  the  slavery  ques- 
tion, by  the  rejection  of  W.  S.  Holman's 
resolution  to  reaffirm  the  Crittenden 
resolution  of  July  22.    Vote,  71-65. 

Dec.  4i.  D.  C.  Secretary  Chase  recom- 
mends a  National  banking  system, 
which  shall  give  the  nation  entire  con- 
trol of  the  currency,  and  abolish  State 
banks. 

Congress:  The  Senate  expels  John 
C.  Breckinridge  of  Ky.  for  treason. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  authorizes  the  is- 
sue of  $10,000,000  in  bonds,  and 
$2,000,000  in  Treasury  notes. 

Dee.  9.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
resolves  that  a  joint  committee  of  the 
two  Houses  (Senate  3,  House  4),  be  ap- 
pointed that  shall  inquire  into  the  con- 
duct of  the  war,  with  necessary  power. 
Vote,  33-3.  (The  House  concurs  on  Dec. 
10.) 

Dec.  14.  Ky.  The  Confederate  Legis- 
lature meets  within  the  Confederate 
lines  and  elects  10  delegates  to  represent 
the  State  in  the  Confederate  Congress. 

Dec.  16.  D.  C.  Congress;  House  :  A 
bill  is  introduced  for  the  abolition  of 
slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1861  Oct.  25.  West.  The  Pacific  Tele- 
graph line  between  St.  Louis  and  San 
Francisco  is  completed. 

Nov.  14.  N.  H.  Much  of  the  business 
part  of  Concord  is  burned. 

Dec.  1.  Southern  States.  The  Confed- 
erate dollar  is  worth  80  cents.  [Dec.  15 
it  drops  to  75  cents.] 

Dec.  11.  S.  C.  A  great  Are  in  Charles- 
ton causes  a  loss  of  S5,000,000. 


202    1861,  Dec.  20-1862,  Feb.  6. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1861  Deo.  20.     Jo.    At  DranesviUe 

Uen.  Ord  defeats  the  Confederates  under 
Uen.  Stuart.  Federal  loss,  seven  killed, 
61  wounded,  and  three  prisoners ;  Con- 
federate loss,  70  killed,  143  wounded, 
and  44  prisoners. 

Mo.  At  Hudson  Maj.  McKee  de- 
feats the  Confederates,  who  lose  10 
killed  aud  17  prisoners. 

Deo.  21.  S.  C.  The  Federals  sink  17 
old  hulks  to  blockade  the  channel  of 
Charleston  Harbor. 

Dec.  22.  Vn.  At  Newport  News  and 
New  Market  Bridge  Maj.  Schoepf  loses 
six  wounded  j  Confederates  lose  10 
killed. 

Dec.  23.  Mo.  Maj  .-Gen.  Halleck  pro- 
claims St.  Louis  under  martial  law. 

Dec.  25.  X>.  C.  Brig.-Gen.  Samuel  K. 
Curtis  is  appointed  to  the  command  of 
the  Federal  forces  in  Southwest  Mis- 
souri. 

Dec.  27.  S.  C.  The  Confederate  priva- 
teer Isabel  escapes  from  Charleston 
Harbor, 

Dec.  28.  Mo.  At  Mount  Zion  Col. 
John  Glover  loses  three  killed  and  46 
wounde<i ;  Confederates  lose  25  killed, 
150  wounded,  and  40  prisoners. 

Dec.  31.  Miss.  A  Federal  naval  force 
under  Capt.  Melancthon  Smith  captures 
the  town  of  Biloxi. 

Dec.  *  Gen.  Eobert  E.  Lee  Is  put  in 
command  of  the  Confederate  coast 
defenses  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

*  *  La.  The  Federal  sloop-of-war  Brook- 
lyn blockades  the  port  of  New  Orleans. 

•  ♦  Henry  M.  Stanley  enlists  in  the 
Confederate  Army. 

1862  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  The  Federal 
Army  consists  of  19,871  regulars,  507,333 
volunteers.    Present  for  duty,  527,204. 

•  *  The  war  greatly  increases  in  mag- 
nitude and  intensity. 

Jan.  3.    Va.    Big  Bethel  is  occupied  by 
a  Federal  force. 
Confederates  evacuate  Nashville. 

*  *  S.  C.  At  Port  Koyal  Ferry  Gen. 
Stevens  loses  three  killed  and  11 
wounded  ;  Confederates  retreat  with  the 
loss  of  six  killed  and  12  wounded. 

Jan.  4.  W.  Va.  At  Bath  Federals  re- 
tire,losing  threekilled  and  30  prisoners ; 
Confederates,  under  Gen.  Jackson,  lose 
seven  killed. 

At  Huntersville  Maj.  "Webster  cap- 
tures $50,000  worth  of  Confederate  army 
stores  ;  two  Confederates  are  killed  and 
seven  wounded. 

Jan.  5 .  D.C.  Gen.  Stone  is  apparently 
exonerated,  before  a  Congressional 
Committee,  from  all  responsibility  in 
the  Ball's  Bluff  disaster. 

Jan.  7.  W.  Va.  At  Blue  Gap  Federal 
Col.  Dunning  captures  three  cannon  ; 
Confederate  loss,  16  killed  and  20 
prisoners. 

Thirty  miles  east  of  Sutton  Col.  H. 
Anisansel  defeats  the  Confederates,  who 
lose  22  killed  and  wounded. 

—  N.  C.  Gen.  A.  E.  Bumside  is  as- 
signed to  the  command  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  North  Carolina. 

Jan.  8.  Mo.  At  Silver  Creek  Maj.  Tor- 
rence  loses  three  men  killed  and  10 
wounded  ;  the  Confederates,  under  Col. 
Poindexter,  lose  12  killed,  22  wounded, 
15  prisoners,  and  retreat. 


W.  J'a.     At  Komney  Confederates 

lose  15  killed,  several  wounded,  and  20 
prisoners. 

Jan.  9.  Ky.  Gen.  Grant,  with  the  co- 
operation of  Flag-officer  Andrew  H. 
Foote,  leaves  Cairo,  and  begins  a 
movement  up  the  Tennessee  River,  on 
Fort  Henry  [and  returns]. 

Jan.  10.  Ky.  After  a  struggle.  Col. 
James  A.  Garfield  defeats  Confederate 
Col.  Humphrey  Marshall  at  the  battle 
of  Middle  Creek  on  the  Big  Sandy 
River.  Federal  loss,  two  killed  and  25 
wounded;  Confederate  loss,  40  killed, 
many  wounded.  [Marshall  leaves  Ken- 
tucky.] 

Jan.  11.  Va.  The  Hatteras  Expedi- 
tion of  20  war  vessels,  and  an  army  of 
12,829  men,  under  Gen.  Bumside  and 
Flag-officer  Goldsborough,  sails  from 
Fort  Monroe. 

Jan.  13.  A\  C.  Burnside's  expedition 
to  Roanoke  Island  arrives  at  Hatteras 
Inlet. 

Jan.  17.  Fla.  Cedar  Keys  is  captured 
by  the  Federals. 

Jan.  19.  Xy.  Battle  of  MiU  Springs : 
Gen.  Thomas  defeats  the  Confeder.ites 
under  Gen.  ZoUicoffer,  who  is  killed. 

Federal  loss,  38killed  and  194  wounded  ; 
Confederate  loss,  ]90killed,  lOOwounded, 

89  prisoners,  1,200  horses  and  mules,  100 
wagons,  aud  10  guns. 

Jan.  23.  S.  C.  A  stone  fleet  is  simk 
by  the  Federals,  to  obstruct  the  channels 
of  Charleston  Harbor. 

Jan.  27.  D.  C.  The  President  issues 
an  order,  in  which  he  commands  a  gen- 
eral advance  against  the  Confederates 
on  the  22d  of  February. 

Jan.  28.  D.  C.  The  War  Department 
directs  Gen.  McClellan  to  arrest  Gen. 
Stone,  who  commanded  at  Ball's  Bluff, 
on  charges  too  indefinite  to  be  frameiJ. 
[He  is  confined  in  Fort  Lafayette  six 
months,  and  then  restored  to  duty  with- 
out reparation  or  trial.] 

Jan.  30.  N.  Y.  The  Monitor,  the  first 
turreted  war-vessel,  is  launched. 

Jan.  *  Mo.  Gen.  Price  begins  a  guerrilla 
uprising  against  the  Federals ;  roads 
are  destroyed,  bridges  are  burned,  and 
outrages  committed. 

Feb.  2.  III.  A  formidable  land  and 
naval  exiredition  under  Gen.  Grant  and 
Capt.  A.  II.  Foote  leaves  Cairo. 

Feb.  2-4.  III.  Gen.  Grant  and  Flag- 
officer  Foote  begin  a  movement  against 
Fort  Henry  with  seven  gunboats  and 
15,000  men  on  transports. 

Feb.  3.  Ena.  The  Confederate  steamer 
Nashville  is  ordered  to  leave  South- 
ampton. 

Feb.  6.  Tenn.  Capt.  Foote  takes  Fort 
Henry  on  the  Cumberland  River  ;  Gen. 
Tilghman  and  his  staff  are  among  the 

90  prisoners  ;  the  land  forces  are  com- 
manded by  Gen.  Grant.  Federal  loss, 
40  killed  and  wounded ;  Confederate 
loss,  five  killed,  10  wounded,  83  prison- 
ers, 20  guns,  and  a  large  amount  of 
stores. 

N.  C.    The  Burnside  Expedition, 

having  crossed  a  difflcvilt  bar,  now  ad- 
vances to  Roanoke  Island. 


ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

*  *  The  Henry  rifle,  firing  15  shotff  bo- 
fore  reloading,  is  patented. 

*  *  JVcw  York.  W.  Stanley  Haseltine  of 
Rome,  Italy,  Aaron  D.  Shattuck  of 
Granby.  Conn.,  William  L.  Sonntag, 
Worthingtou  Whittredge,  Henry  A. 
Loop,  and  David  Johnson  of  New  York, 
are  elected  members  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Useful  metals  are  discovered  in  Michi- 
gan, gold  in  Snake  River,  Oregon,  and 
coal  near  Denver,  Colorado. 

*  *  Laramie  Peak  is  painted  by  Albert 
Biers  tadt. 

*  *  The  group  The  Picket-guard  is  exe- 
cuted by  John  Rogers. 

*  '•'  A  bronze  statuette.  The  Freedman,  is 
executed  by  J.  Q.  A.  Ward. 

1862  Jan.  31.  Mass.  A  star  [now 
known  as  the  Companion  of  Sirius]  is 
discovered  by  A.  Clarke  at  Cambridge. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1861. 
Dec.  SI.    Turner,  Samuel   H.,  P.  E.  cl., 

theologian,  critic,  ATI. 

•  •  Bradford.  Wni.  H.,  Pres.  cl.,  editor,  A61. 

•  *  Farnham,  Ralph,  rev.  soldier,  A95. 

•  *  Hartman,  Charles  S.,  M.  C.  for  Mont., 
born  in  Ind. 

1883. 

Jan.  3.  Blunt,  Edmund  March,  nautical 
writer,  A92. 

Jan.  10.  Colt.  Samuel,  inventor  of  revol- 
ver, A48. 

Jan.  18.  Tyler,  John,  Gov.  of  Va.,  sen., 
Vice-Pres.,  lOtli  Pres.  of  U.  S.,  mem.  Con- 
federate conR.,  A72. 

Jan.  19.  ZoUlooiler.  Felix  K..  M.  C.  for 
Tenn.,  Confederate  brig.-gen.,  k.  at  Mill 
Springs,  A  50. 

CHURCH.  • 

1861  *  ♦  Ca.  The  Southern  General 
Synod  (Evangelical  Lutheran)  secedes 
on  the  slavery  question. 

»  *  III.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Monmouth ;  R. 
D.  Harper,  moderator. 

*  •  A^.  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held  at  Brooklyn. 

»  *  A'.  Y.  The  General  Assembly  (N. 
S.  Presbyterian)  meets  at  Syracuse ;  J.  B. 
Condit,  moderator. 

»  »  0.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  Va.  The  American  Missionary  So- 
ciety opens  its  flrst  day-school  for 
freedmen  at  Hampton  Roads. 

*  'The  New  School  Presbyterians 
withdraw  from  the  American  Home 
Missionary  Society,  and  organize  the 
Presbyterian  Committee  of  Home 
Missions. 

»  ♦The  United  Synod  South  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  of  Holston  is  organized. 

1862  Jan.  2.  Pa.  Wm.  Bacon  Stevens 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Pennsylvania. 

SOCIETY. 
1861    Deo.'*  D.C.    "  I,abor  is  the  su- 
perior of  capital,  and  deserves  much 
the  higher  consideration."    (President's 
Message.) 


UNITED    STATES.    1861,  Dec.  20-1862,  Feb.  6.   203 


•  *  D.  C.  Congress  begins  to  develop 
an  opposition  to  slavery,  by  declaring 
that  all  slaves  employed  in  military  or 
naval  service  shall  be  made  free  bysuch 
act. 

Dec*  Boston.  The  New  England 
■Women's  Auxiliary  Association  is 
organized  for  the  benefit  of  the  soldiers. 

•  *  O.  The  Cincinnati  Branch  of  the 
Sanitary  Commission  is  organized. 

•  *  Tex.  The  State  Iiunatic  Asylum  at 
Austin  is  opened. 

•  *U.  S.  Army:  Gens.  Butler,  McClel- 
lan,  and  Banks  issue  orders  exclud- 
ing all  liquors  from  their  respective 
commands. 

•  •  Suspected  secessionists  in  the  North 
are  forced  to  speak  for  the  loyal  cause, 
and  ultra  Southern  newspapers  are  com- 
pelled to  display  the  National  flag. 

•  *  U.  S.  The  navy  ration  is  made  a 
gill  of  spirits,  with  the  right  to  draw 
half  a  pint  of  wine,  or  provisions,  or 
money  instead. 

•  *  A  gill  of  whisky  daily  is  allowed  by 
Congress  to  each  man  in  the  navy  in 
cases  of  excessive  fatigue  and  exposure. 

•  *  -65  *  •  The  eight-hour  movement 
obtains  great  headway  during  the  pros- 
perous times  of  the  war. 

STATE. 

1861  Dec. 20.  B.C.  Congress:  The 
committee  on  the  conduct  of  the  war 
elect  Benj.  F.  Wade  of  O.  chairman  ; 
members,  Chandler  of  Mich.,  Johnson 
of  Tenn.,  Gooch  of  Mass.,  Covode  of  Pa., 
Julian  of  Ind.,  and  Odell  of  N.Y. 

Dec.  21.  D.  C.  The  Cabinet  decides 
that  troops  shall  not  pass  through 
Baltimore,  if  they  are  not  interrupted 
when  in  transit  remote  from  the  city  of 
Baltimore.  Virginia  is  in  arms  south 
of  Washington,  and  Maryland  to  the 
north. 

Dec.  24.  D.  C.  Congress  increases  the 
duties  on  tea,  coffee,  and  sugar,  a^  a 
war  measure. 

Dec.  25.  Mo.  Martial  law  is  extended 
to  all  railroads  in  the  State. 

Dec.  30.  n.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  E. 
G  Spaulding  of  N.  Y.  introduces  the 
original  Legal-tender  Bill. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  The  term  of  enlistment  is 
changed  from  one  to  three  years,  and  a 
bounty  of  $50  is  offered. 

•  •  Colo.  The  first  Legislature  meets  at 
Denver. 

•  *  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House  meets 
with  much  obstruction,  opposition, 
and  criticism  from  some  of  its  mem 
bers,  chiefly  C,  L.  Vallandigham  of  O. 
and  H.  C.  Burnett  of  Ky. ;  the  Senate  is 
vexed  with  J.  C  Breckinridge  of  Ky. 
until  his  departure  southward. 

•  *  D.  C.  The  President  accedes  to  the 
provisions  of  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  which 
abolish  privateering,  and  define  the 
rights  of  neutrals;  but  England  and 
France  stipulate  that  this  action  shall 
liave  no  bearing  on  "  the  internal  differ 


ences  in  the  United  States."    [The  con- 
dition is  unaccepted.] 

*  *  D.V.  Noah  H.  Swayne  of  O.  is  ap- 
pointed Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court. 

Dec.  *  Mil.  The  Legislature  appropri- 
ates $7,000  to  be  distributed  by  the 
Governor  of  Massachusetts  among  the 
families  of  those  killed  in  the  Baltimore 
riot. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Legislature  establishes  the 
Metropolitan  police  force  of  St.  Louis. 

*  *  New  York.  C.  Godfrey  Gunther  is 
elected  the  74th  mayor. 

*  ♦  Tlie  16  eminent  and  able  governors  of 
the  Northern  States  become  popularly 
known  as  *•  "War  Governors." 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-63  *  *  Ala.    John  G.  Shorter. 
-63  *  *  Dak.  (Ter.).    Wm.  Jayne. 
-65  *  *  Fla.    John  Milton. 

-65  *  •  III.    Kichard  Yates. 
-67  *  •  Ind.    Oliver  P.  Morton. 

Kan.  (Ter.)    George  M.  Bebee. 

Kan.    Charles  Robinson. 
-65  *  *  Kan.    Thomas  Carney. 
-63  *  *  Ky.    James  F.  Robinson. 
-66  *  *  Mass.    John  A.  Andrew. 
-63  •  *  Me.    Israel  Washburn,  Jr. 
-64  *  »  Mich.     Austin  Blair. 

Mo.    Claiborne  F.  Jackson. 
-64  *  *  Mo.    Hamilton  R.  Gamble. 
-ee*  *  Neb.  (Ter.).    Alvan  Saunders. 
-62*  *N.  C.    H.T.Clark. 
-63  *  *  N.  H.    Nathaniel  S.  Berry. 
-64  •  •  Nev.  (Ter.).    James  W.  Nye. 
-65*  *  N.Mex.(Ter.).   Henry  Connolly. 

Pa.    Andrew  G.  Curtin. 
-62  *  *  R.  I.    John  K.  Bartlett. 

Tex.    Edward  Clark. 
-63  *  *  Tex.    Francis  R.  Lubbock. 
-64  *  *  J7.  (Ter.).    Stephen  S.  Harding 
-63  *  *  Vt.     Frederick  Holbrook. 

Wash.  (Ter.).    R.  D.  Gohlson. 

Wash.  (Ter.).    Wm.  H.  Wallace. 
-67  *  *  Wash.  (Ter.).    Wm.  Pickering. 

W.  Fa.    Francis  H.  Pierpont. 
-62  *  *  Wis.    Louis  P.  Harvey. 

*  *  O.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law  de- 
claring the  property  of  volunteers  free 
from  execution  for  debt  during  their 
time  of  service. 

*  *  O.  The  Legislature  provides  for  the 
acceptance  of  ten  regiments  beyond 
the  number  required  from  the  State, 
and  votes  $500,000  to  support  them. 

*  *  17.  The  Legislature  repeals  the  Per- 
sonal Liberty  Bill  of  1858,  as  opposed 
to  the  Federal  Constitution. 

1862    Jan.  1.     D.  C.    The  Government 
surrenders  Mason  and  Slldell  on  the 
demand  of  the  British  ministry.    [They 
sail  for  Europe.] 
It  suspends  specie  payments. 

Jan.  7.  III.  A  convention  meets  to 
form  a  new  constitution  ;  it  ratifies  the 
13th  Amendment,  assumes  legislative 
power,  and  frames  a  Constitution. 

Jan.  11.  D.  C.  Simon  Cameron  of  Pa. 
resigns  the  office  of  Secretary  of  War, 
and  Bdwin  M.  Stanton  of  O.  takes  his 
place. 

Jan.15.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  Sol- 
omon Foot  of  Vt.  is  reelected  President 


pro  tempore.  Jesse  D.  Bright  of  Ind.  is 
expelled  from  the  Senate  for  disloyal 
utterances. 

Jan.  22.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  The 
Legal-tender  Bill  is  reported  by  its 
author,  Mr.  Spaulding,  of  N.Y. 

Utah.  A  second  Territorial  Conven- 
tion meets  at  Salt  Lake  City,  to  frame 
a  constitution  for  the  State  of  Deseret. 

Jan.  25.  Va.  Henry  S.  Foote  of  Miss. 
offers  peace  resolutions  in  the  Confeder- 
ate Congress  at  Richmond. 

Jan.  27.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  issues 
*'  General  War  Order  Number  1,"  com- 
manding a  general  advance  to  be  made 
against  the  Confederates  on  Feb.  22. 

Jan.  *  I).  C.  The  Federal  Government  is 
in  "a  three-fold  contest  —  a  military 
one  with  the  Confederacy  :  a  diplomatic 
and  moral  one  with  the  governments  of 
England  and  France ;  and  a  financial 
one  with  the  money  power  of  Europe." 
(Blaine.) 

Feb.  3.  D.  C.  An  offer  of  mediation  by 
France  is  presented  by  the  French  min- 
ister at  Washington. 

Feb.  4.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  Mr. 
Morrill  of  Vt.  expresses  the  sanguine 
feeling  of  the  public  by  ridiculing  the 
suggestion  that  the  war  is  to  be  pro- 
longed until  July  1 ,  1863 ;  he  pre- 
dicts peace  by  July  30,  next  ensuing. 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  The 
Legal-tender  Bill  passes.  Vote,  93-59 ; 
yeas  are  all  Republican.  •'  It  was  the 
most  momentous  financial  step  ever 
taken  by  Congress."    (Blaine.) 

Sec.    Seward    declines    the   proffered 
mediation  of  France. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1861  Dec.  21.  Eng.  There  is  a  great 
excitement  in  England  over  the  reported 
attempt  of  the  Federals  to  destroy  the 
harbor  of  Charleston  by  sinking  17  old 
hulks,  in  blockading  the  port. 

Dec.  30.  The  banks  of  New  York,  Phila- 
delphia, and  Boston  suspend  specie 
payments,  owing  to  the  depositors 
withdrawing  gold  to  sell  at  a  premium. 
[Resumed  18  years  later.] 

Deo.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  for  1861, 
89,724. 

*  * //(.  Graceland  Cemetery,  near 
Chicago,  is  incorporated. 

*  *  Md.  After  two  failures  a  submarine 
cable  is  successfully  laid  between  Bal- 
timore-and  Fortress  Monroe. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Produce  Exchange 
is  organized. 

*  *  U.  S.  Letters  addressed  to  the 
Confederate  States  are  sent  to  the 
dead-letter  office. 

1862  Jan.  1.  New  York.  Price  of  cot- 
ton, 35i  cents. 

Conn.    New  Haven  is  supplied  with 

water  from  Mill  River. 

Jan.  •  U.  S.  Petroleum  reaches  the  low- 
est price  — 10  cents  per  barrel  for  crude 
oil. 

Feb.  1.  Southern  States.  The  Confed- 
erate dollar  is  worth  60  cents. 


204    1863,  Feb.  7-Apr.  L 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1862    Feb.  7.    ■N'-  C.     The  irar  vessels 
engage  the  shore  batteries  on  Koanoke 
Island ;  the  army  lands. 

Va.    At  Fairfaoc  Court  House  Col. 

Friedman  loses  two  wounded ;  Confed- 
erates lose  one  killed,  12  prisoners. 

Feb.  8.  iV.  C.  Com.  L.  M.  Goldsborough 
and  Gen.  Burnside  take  Koanoke  Is- 
land, losing  37  killed,  214  wounded ; 
Confederates,  under  Gen.  Wise,  lose  23 
killed,  58  wounded,  2,700  prisoners,  also 
six  forts,  40  guns,  and  3,000  small  arms. 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Capt.  David  G.  Far- 
ragut  is  appointed  to  the  West  Gulf 
Blockading  Squadron. 

—  Va.  Gen.  Stone  is  relieved  of  his 
command,  placed  under  arrest,  and  im- 
prisoned.   (See  Jan.  5.) 

Kan.    Martial  law  Is  proclaimed. 

Feb.  10.  N.  C.  Commander  Rowan  takes 
Elizabeth  City,  and  destroys  four  Con- 
federate gunboats  ;  three  escape. 

Va.    At  Linn   Creek   Capt.  Smith 

loses  one  killed  and  one  wounded ; 
Confederate  loss,  eight  killed,  seven 
wounded,  and  17  prisoners. 

The  Confederate  Government  orders 
all  Union  prisoners  to  be  released. 

ir.  Va.    Gen.  Banks'  army  crosses 

the  Potomac  at  Harper's  Ferry,  and 
advances  on  Charlestown. 
Feb.  13,  14.  Tenn.  Gen.  Grant  invests 
Fort  Donelaon,  and  the  Confederates 
repulse  an  assault  on  one  of  their  bat- 
teries by  Gen.  MeClernand's  division ; 
Flag-offlcer  Foote  arrives  in  the  eve- 
ning with  six  gunboats;  Federal  reen- 
forcements  also  arrive, 
(Feb.  14.)  Gen.  Grant,  with 30,000 men, 
attacks  Fort  Donelson ;  fierce  artillery 
duels  follow,  and  desperate  sorties  are 
made  by  the  Confederates. 

Capt.  Foote  bombards  Fort  Donel- 
son with  six  gunboats,  two  of  which  are 
disabled.  Foote  is  wounded. 
(Feb.  15.)  Confederates  attempt  to 
break  through  Grant's  lines  at  Fort 
Donelson  and  are  repulsed  ;  by  a  gen- 
eral assault  Grant  drives  them  to  their 
inner  works. 
(Feb.  16.)  Gens.  Floyd  and  Pillow,  hav- 
ing departed  in  the  night.  Gen.  Buok- 
ner  surrenders  Fort  Donelson  to 
Gen.  Grant. 

Federal  loss,  510  killed.  2,152  wounded, 
224  prisoners ;  Confederate  loss,  2,000 
killed  and  wounded,  13,829  prisoners, 
and  40  guns. 
Feb.  14.  Va.  At  Blooming  Gap  Gen. 
Lander  loses  seven  killed  ;  Confederates, 
under  Gen.  T.  J.  Jackson,  lose  13  killed, 
20  wounded,  and  65  prisoners,  Including 
17  officers. 

Ky.  AtFlatliiokFordCol.  Munday 

encounters  the  Confederates,  who  lose 
four  killed,  four  wounded,  and  three 
captured. 
Feb.  16.  /).  C.  Gen.  TT.  S.  Grant  is  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  major-general  for 
his  brilliant  services  at  Fort  Donelson. 

+  The  North  is  electrified  with  the 

report  of  Gen.  Grant's  victory.  He 
becomes  the  hero  of  the  war  in  a  day, 
and  is  called  "  Unccmditimial  Surren- 
der," "  United  States,"  and  "  Uncle  Sam  " 
Grant,  instead  of  UlyiMt  S.  Grant. 


Feb.  17.  Ark.  At  Sugar  Creek  the 
Federals  repel  a  Conlederate  charge, 
losing  13  killed  and  wounded. 

Feb.  18.  Gen.  Halleck  announces  that 
Gen.  Curtis  has  driven  Gen.  Price  from 
Missouri. 

Mo.     At    Independence    Federals 

lose  one  killed  and  three  wounded  ;  Con- 
federates under  Quantrell  and  Parker 
lose  three  killed. 

Feb.  21.  N.  Mex.  At  Valverde  (Fort 
Craig)  Col.  Canby  loses  68  killed,  100 
wounded,  35  missing  ;  Confederate  loss, 
240  killed  and  wounded. 

Feb.  22.  Ky.  At  Pound  Gap  Col. 
James  A.  Garfield  surprises  a  Confeder- 
ate camp;  several  prisoners  are  cap- 
tured, 

Tenn.     Martial  law  is  proclaimed 

in  West  Tennessee. 

Va.    The  President's  order  of  Jan.  27 

for  a  general  advance  of  the  army  is 
not  obeyed. 

Feb.  24.  Ark.  Fayetteville  is  captured 
by  the  Federals,  after  being  fired  by  the 
Confederates. 

Feb.  25.  Tenn,  Gen.  Nelson's  division 
of  Gen.  (jrant's  array  lands  and  occu- 
pies Nashville ;  Gen.  Buell,  by  forced 
marches,  arrives  opposite  the  city  at 
nearly  the  same  time. 

Feb.  28.  N.  C.  The  Confederate  steamer 
Nashville  runs  the  blockade  at  Beaufort. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Gen.  W.  S.  Eoaeorans 
is  appointed  major-general. 

Ga.    Brunswick  is  captured  by  the 

Federals. 

Ky.    The  Confederates  evacuate  the 

stronghold  at  Columbus,  because  of 
the  surrender  of  Fort  Donelson.  [Their 
forces  concentrate  100  miles  below  Cairo 
at  Island  Number  10.] 

Mar.  3.  Mo.  Gen.  Fope,  with  10,000 
Federals  [soon  increased  to  20,000  men] 
appears  before  New  Madrid,  and  be- 
gins a  siege. 

Va.     Gen.    McClellan    directs    Gen. 

Halleck,  his  accuser,  to  arrest  Gen. 
Grant  if  the  good  of  the  service  re- 
quires it. 

Gen.  Grant,  having  left  his  command 
without  permission,  is  ordered  to  yield 
command  to  Gen.  C.  F.  Smith,  and  re- 
main  at  Fort  Henry. 

Mar.  4.  Tenn.  At  Pittsburg  Landing 
Federals  lose  five  killed  and  five 
wounded ;  Confederates  lose  20  killed, 
200  wounded. 

Mar.  5.  A'ew  York.  John  Ericsson's  tur- 
reted  ironclad  Monitor  is  completed, 
and  delivered  to  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment for  trial. 

. Gen.  Beauregard  assumes  command 

of  the  Confederate  Army  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. 
Mar.  6.    2few  York.     John  Ericsson's 
turreted  ironclad.  Monitor,  sails  for 
Fort  Monroe. 
Mar.  7,  8.    Ark.    Battle  of  Pea  Bidge, 
or  Elkhom:  Gens.  Curtis,  Sigel,  As- 
both,  and  Jeff.  C.  Davis,  with  10,500,  de- 
feat 16,202   Confederates    under    Gens. 
Van  Dorn,  Price,  McCulloch,  and  Pike. 
Federal  loss,  203  killed.  980  wounded, 
and  201  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss  1,100 
to  1,300.     Gens.  McCulloch,  Mcintosh, 
and  Slack  are  among  the  killed. 


Mar.  7.  Va.  At  'Winchester  Capt. 
Cole  has  three  wounded ;  Confederates 
lose  six  killed  and  five  wounded. 

Gen.  Johnston  begins  the  evacuation 
of  Manassas,  in  anticipation  of  a  Fed- 
eral advance. 

Ga.  —  Fla.    Fort  Church  and  St.  Mary 

(Ga.)  and  Fernandina  (Fla.)  are  taken 
by  the  Dupont  expedition. 

Mar.  8.  I).  C.  The  President  issues  Gen- 
eral War  Order  No.  2;  he  orders  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  to  be  divided 
into  four  corps  :  — 

Generals  :  Irvin  McDowell  is  to  com- 
mand the  1st  corps  ;  E.  V.  Sumner,  the 
2d ;  S.  P.  Heintzelman,  the  3d :  E.  D. 
Keyes,  the  4th  ;  Gen.  J.  S.  Wadsworth 
is  to  command  the  defense  of  Washing- 
ton, and  Gen.  N.  P.  Banks  a  6th  corps 
soon  to  be  formed. 

President  Lincoln  issues  General 
■War  Order  No.  3. 

He  commands  that  no  change  shall  be 
made  in  the  base  of  operations  without 
providing  for  the  security  of  Washing- 
ton, and  that  an  immediate  attempt  be 
made  to  capture  Confederate  batteries 
on  the  Potomac. 

Va.  At  Hampton  Boads  the  Fed- 
eral frigate  Vumberland  is  sunk  by  the 
Confederate  ironclad  Merrimac,  and 
the  Congress  is  burned. 

Great  anxiety  pervades  the  North, 
concerning  the  safety  of  its  great  cities, 
because  of  the  apparently  invincible 
Merrimac. 

Mar.  9.  Va.  At  Hampton  Eoads  the 
turret  ironclad  battery  Monitor  ar- 
rives in  the  nick  of  time,  and  in  a 
nearly  harmless  duel  of  five  hours  de- 
feats the  Merrimac,  which  retires  to 
Norfolk. 

Mar.  10.  New  Mexico  is  occupied  by 
Confederate  troops  from  Texas. 

Va.   Gen.  MoClellan's  great  army 

of  nearly  200,000  men  crosses  the  Poto- 
mac in  an  advance  toward  Richmond. 
[They  find  Manassas  evacuated.] 

Tenn.  The  Tennessee  Kiver  ex- 
pedition under  Gen.  Smith  lands  at 
Savannah- 
Mar.  11.  D.  C.  The  departments  of 
Kansas  and  Missouri  are  united  in  one 
under  Gen.  Halleck. 

The  Mountain  Department  is  formed 
in  Western  \irginia  ;  Gen.  Fremont, 
commander. 

The  Department  of  the  Mississippi  is 
formed  ;  Gen.  Halleck,  commander. 

All  commanders  are  to  report  directly 
to  the  Secretary  of  War. 

Fta.    St.  Augtistine  is  surrendered 

to  the  Federals  without  a  struggle. 

Va      McCiellan's   advance  occupies 

Centerville. 

Gen.  McClellan  is  relieved  of  the  com- 
mand of  other  departments,  and  assumes 
personal  command  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac.  Gen.  John  C.  Fremont  com- 
mands the  Mountain  Department,  in 
[West]  Virginia. 

Mar.  12.  Fla.  Jacksonville  is  surren- 
dered to  Capt.  Samuel  F.  Dupont. 

Mar.  13.  Mo.  Gen.  Henry  W.  Hal- 
leck assumes  command  of  the  three 
Western  departments. 

Gen.  Pope  occupies  New  Madrid, 
on  the  Mississippi ;   the  Confederates 


UNITED   STATES. 


1862,  Feb.  7-Apr.l.     205 


retire,  losing  100  killed,  $100,000  worth 
of  stores,  and  25  guns. 
Gen.  Pope  captures  Point  Pleasant. 

j'a.  Gen.  Banks  occupies  "Winches- 
ter witli  a  Federal  army. 

Gen.  McClellan  proposes  a  change  of 
base  near  Fort  Monroe.  [The  President 
approves.] 

All  persons  in  the  Federal  service  are 

forbidden  to  return  fugitive  slaves  to 
Confederate  owners. 

Mar.  14.  N.C.  New  Berne  is  captured 
from  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Branch,  by  Gen.  Burnside,  after  a  battle 
of  four  hours  ;  Gens.  Foster,  Reno,  and 
Parke  support  Burnside.  Federal  loss, 
91  killed,  4G6  wounded :  Confederate  loss, 
W  killed,  101  wounded,  and  413  prisoners, 
with  six  forts  mounting  64  guns. 

Ky.     At  Cumberland  Mountains 

Cols.  Carter  and  Keigwin  defeat  Con- 
federates, who  lose  three  killed,  six 
wounded,  18  prisoners. 

Tenn.  Gen.  Smith  provides  19  steam- 
boats as  transports,  and  orders  Gen. 
Sherman  to  ascend  the  Tennessee 
River  towards  East  Port,  and  destroy 
railroads  and  bridges. 

Mar.  15-18.  Tenn.  Flag-officer  Foote 
bombards  Island  Number  10,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  with  a  gunboat  fleet. 

Mar.  ♦  Va.  Gen.  McClellan  changes 
his  plan,  and  determines  to  approach 
Richmond  by  marching  up  the  penin- 
sula from  YorktowB. 

Mar.  17.  Tetm.  Gen.  Grant  resumes 
general  command  in  person,  with  three 
divisions  at  Savannah  and  two  at  Pitts- 
burg Landing. 

Va.    The   Army  of  the  Potomac 

begins  to  embark  for  Yorktown,  in  chan- 
ging its  base. 

Mar.  21.  N.  C.  Washington  is  occupied 
by  the  Federals. 

The  Departments  of  the  Gulf  and 
the  South  are  created. 

Mar. *  Va.  Federal  Gen.  Banks 
moves  up  the  Shenandoah  Valley  in 
force. 

Mar.  22.  Mo.  At  Independence  the 
Confederates  iinder  Quantrell  are  de- 
feated. Federal  loss,  one  killed ;  Con- 
federate loss  seven  killed,  11  wounded. 

Mar.  22,  23.  Va.  At  "Winchester 
(Kernstown)  Gen.  Shields  defeats  the 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Thomas  J. 
Jackson,  who  retreat  in  disorder  [and 
are  pursued  to  Harrisonburg].  Federal 
loss,  103  killed,  440  wounded,  and  24 
prisoners.  Confederate  loss,  691  killed 
and  wounded. 

Mar.  23 it.  Tenn.  Gens.  Johnston  and 
Beauregard  unite  their  armies  at  or 
near  Corinth. 

Mar.  26.  Mo.  At  Hxmiansville  Confed- 
erates lose  15  killed  and  many  wounded. 

. Col.  Near  Denver  City,  50  Confeder- 
ate cavalrymen  are  captured. 

Mar.  28.  N.  Mex.  At  Vallis  Ranch 
(Apache  Cafion)  Col.  Slough  loses  20 
killed,  54  wounded,  and  35  prisoners  ; 
the  defeated  Confederates  lose  80  killed, 
100  wounded,  and  93  prisoners. 

Mar.  29.  Mo.  At  "Warrensburg  Capt. 
Thompson  defeats  the  Confederates 
under  Col.  Parker.  Federal  loss,  two 
killed  ;  Confederate  los.s,  15  killed  and 
25  prisoners. 


Mar.  *  Mo.  Col.  J.  "W.  Bissell  connects 
the  river  and  a  bayou  below  Island  Num- 
ber 10,  by  cutting  a  path  for  boats  through 
a  forest. 

Mar.  *  Va.  Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee  re- 
turns from  the  inspection  of  the  sea- 
coast  defenses,  and  resumes  command 
of  the  Confederates  in  Virginia. 

*  ♦  The  Army  is  reorganized. 

Gen.  Halleck  is  assigned  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  West,  Gen.  Hunter  to  that 
of  the  South,  Gen.  Butler  to  that  of  the 
Gulf,  Gen.  Fremont  to  the  Mountain 
Department  of  Western  Virginia  and 
Eastern  Tennessee,  Gen,  Banks  to  the 
Shenandoah,  Gen.  McDowell  to  the 
Rappahannock,  and  Gen,  McClellan  to 
the  Department  of  the  Potomac, 

Mar.  31.  Tenn.  At  Union  City  a  Con- 
federate camp  with  extensive  stores  is 
captured. 

Apr.  1.  N.  C.  Gen,  Burnside  takea 
Beaufort. 

Ark.  At  Putnam's  Ferry  Confeder- 
ates are  defeated,  and  stores  captured. 

Va.      At    Woodstock   Gen.     Banks 

drives  back  the  Confederates. 

Apr.  1-7.  Ky.  Island  Number  10,  in 
the  Mississippi  River,  near  the  north- 
west corner  of  Tennessee,  is  besieged 
and  captured  by  Flag-officer  Foote  and 
Gen,  Pope.  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Mackall  lose  17  killed  and  many 
wounded,  together  with  6,300  prisoners, 
and  70  guns.  This  victory  opens  the  Mis- 
sissippi to  the  Federals. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

lees. 

Feb.  20.  Appleton,  Wm.,  Boston  mer- 
chant, phUan.,  A76. 

Feb.  26.  Kelton,  ComellDS  C, prea.  of  Har- 
vard, AM. 

Mar.  1.  Lander,  Fred.  W.,  brig.-gen.  of 
vols.,  A 40. 

Mar.  7.  McCnlloch,  Ben,  Confed.  brig,- 
gen.,  k.  at  Battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  A5I. 

Mar.  14.  Meade,  William,  P.  K.  bp,,  an- 
thor,  A73, 

Mar.  18.  Whpaton,  >'&thaniel  S.,  P.  E. 
clergyman,  A70. 

CHURCH. 

1862  Mar.  6.  Ala.  Richard  Hooker 
Wilmer  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) bishop  of  Alabama. 


SOCIETy. 

1862  Feb.  21.  Nev)  York.  Nathaniel 
P.  Gordon,  convicted  of  engaging  in  the 
slave-trade,  is  hanged  [the  first  execu- 
tion in  the  United  States  for  this  offense 
in  40  years]. 

Feb.  22.  D,  C.  The  Capitol  is  Illumi- 
nated in  celebration  of  recent  victo- 
ries ;  many  believe  the  war  is  near 
its  close. 

Mar.  6.  I>.  C.  Th©  President,  In  his 
message,  requests  Congress,  to  provide 
a  scheme  for  the  gradual  emancipa- 
tion of  slaves  in  the  border  States,  with 
compensation. 

Mar.  9.  5.  C.  About  60  teachers  arrive 
from  the  North  to  Instruct  and  care  for 
the  f  reedmen. 

STATE. 
1862    Feb.  8,    D.  C.    The  Government 
prohibits  the  circulation  of  the  Chicago 
Times. 


Feb.  12.  X).  C,  Congress:  The  limit 
of  demand  notes  is  raised  to  $60,000,000, 
of  which  $10,000,000  are  to  be  of  less 
denomination  than  $5,  and  in  addition 
to  issues  previously  authorized. 

Feb.  13.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Xjegal-tender  Bill  passes,  with  an 
amendment  providing  for  the  payment 
of  the  debt  in  coin.    Vote,  30-7. 

Feb.  17.  Va.  The  Confederate  Pro- 
visional Congress  at  Kichmond  closes 
its  last  session. 

Feb.  18.  Va.  The  First  Confederate 
Congress  meets  at  Kiclimoud. 

Feb.  20.  Tenn.  The  Secessionists  re- 
move the  capital  to  Memphis^ 

Feb.  22.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis  is  in- 
augurated President  of  the  Confeder- 
ate States,  at  Richmond,  under  the  per- 
manent Constitution, 

Feb.  23.  I).  C.  The  President  appoints 
Andrew  Johnson  military  governor  of 
Tennessee. 

Feb.  25.  JJ.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Legal-tender  Act,  as  reported  by  the 
conferees  of  both  Houses,  and  it  be- 
comes a  law. 

Treasury  bonds  to  the  amount  of 
$500,000,000  are  to  be  issued  at  6  per 
cent  interest,  redeemable  at  the  pleas- 
ure of  the  Government  after  five  years, 
and  payable  in  20  years;  also  $150,000,000 
in  notes  witliout  interest,  none  less  than 
$5,  and  one-third  of  these  in  lieu  of  the 
same  amount  under  the  act  of  July  17, 
1861  :  all  to  be  exempt  from  taxation,  a 
legal  tender  for  all  debts,  public  and 
private,  except  duties  on  imports  and 
interest  on  the  public  debt.  The  notes 
are  nicknamed  '*  greenbacks." 

Mar.  3.  Utah.  The  people  ratify  the 
Constitution. 

Mar.  *  I).  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  An- 
drew Johnson  resigns  Iiis  seat  at  the 
request  of  President  Lincoln,  to  become 
military  governor  of  Tennessee. 

Mar.  6,  D.  C.  Congress  receives  a  mes- 
sage from  President  Lincoln. 

He  recommends  the  adoption  of  a  joint 
resolution  declaring  that  *'  the  United 
States  ought  to  cooperate  in  any  State 
which  may  adopt  gradual  abolishment 
of  slavery,  giving  to  such  State  pecu- 
niary aid,  to  be  used  in  its  discretion,  to 
compensate  for  the  inconveniences,  pub- 
lic and  private,  produced  by  such  change 
of  system."  [It  is  opposed  by  members 
from  the  border  States.] 

Mar.  7.  X>.  C.  Congress  authorizes  cer- 
tificates of  indebtedness  to  be  issued 
for  creditors  whose  claims  have  been 
audited,  bearing  G  jier  cent  interest. 

Mar.  13.  />.  C.  Tlie  President  approves 
the  Act  forbidding  military  officers  from 
returning  fugitive  slaves  to  their  owners. 

Mar.  17,  D.  C.  Congress  authorizes 
the  Treasury  to  buy  bon<l8  or  notes  at 
discretion ;  demand  notes  are  made 
legal  tender. 

Mar.  31.  D.C.  Congress ;  Senate :  Sol- 
omon Foot  of  Vt.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore, 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1862  Feb.  21.  D.C.  Bereavement  visits 
the  Wliite  House  :  "Tad"  (Thomas)  Lin- 
coln, the  President's  youngest  son,  dies. 

Apr.  1.  New  York,  Price  of  cotton,  28 
cents. 


206     1862,  Apr.  2 -May  15. 

ARMY  — NAVY, 

1862  Apr.  2.  D.  C.  Gen.  Wadsworth 
reports  that  he  has  but  19,000  meu  to 
defend  "Washington,  and  eight  regi- 
ments are  soon  to  leave,  while  a  force 
of  55,000  is  needed. 

Va.    Gen.   George   B.  McClellan 

arrives  at  Fort  llonroe  and  begins  the 
campaign  against  Kiohmond.  He  re- 
ports [Apr.  3]  58,000  men  ready  to  move, 
and  100  guns,  besides  the  entire  division 
of  artillery. 

Apr.  3.  Va.  A  great  Federal  Army, 
under  Gen.  McClellan,  leaves  Fortress 
Monroe  for  an  advance  on  Yorktown. 

Gen.  Magruder,  with  10,000  Confeder- 
ates, holds  the  place  [and  checks  Gen. 
McClellan's  advance  for  one  week,  when 
Gen.  Joseph  K.  Johnston  arrives  with 
the  main  army,  and  holds  him  back  for 
three  weeks  longer]. 

Apr.  4.  Mo.  A  canal  12  miles  long 
is  completed,  to  send  the  gimboats  below 
Island  Number  10. 


AMERICA: 


surrenders  on  the  11th  ;  48  guns  and  385 

prisoners  are  captured.] 
Apr.  11.    Miss.    Gen.  HaUeck  arrives 

before  Corinth,  and,  as  superior  officer, 

supersedes  Gen.  Grant. 
Ala.     Gen.  O.  M.  Mitchel  surprises 

Huntsville,  takes  200  prisoners,  and  16 

locomotives. 
He  seizes  100  miles  of  railroad,  and 

interrupts  Confederate  communications 

between    the    West    and    the    Atlantic 

Coast. 

Ga.    Gen.  Hunter  captures  Fort 

Pulaski,  commanding  the  Savannah 
Kiver,  with  360  prisoners,  47  guns,  and 
40,000  pounds  of  powder.  This  victory 
cuts  off  Confederate  commerce,  and 
permits  an  effective  blockade.  Federals 
lose  two  men. 

Va.    At  Yorktown  Federals  lose  20 

killed  and  wouoided. 

The  repaired  Merrimac  reapi)ears  in 
Hampton  Koads,  but  no  action  takes 
place. 


Commander  Henry  Walke  with   the    Apr.  13.     Va.     Gen.   McClellan  reports 


gunboat  Carondtlet  safely  riins  past 
the  Confederate  batteries  at  Island 
Number  10  in  the  night  to  New  Miulrid. 
[The  Pittsburg  follows  on  the  night  of 
Apr.  6.] 

Fta.       Apalachicola  is  surrendered 

to  the  Federals. 

Miss.    Pass   Christian,  on   the   Gulf 

Coast,  is  taken  by  the  Federals. 

Va.  A  Federal  force  occupies  Thor- 
oughfare Gap. 

Gen.  McDowell's  corps  is  detached 
from  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  an<l  the 
Department  of  the  Rappahannock  is 
formed,  McDowell  commander. 

Apr.  5.  Va.  The  siege  of  Yorktown 
is  begun  by  Gen.  McCIelliin ;  Confed- 
erates lose  three  killed,  22  wounded. 

Apr.  6,  7.  Term.  Great  Battle  of  Shi- 
loh,  or  Kttsbtirg  Iianding.  Gen. 
Grant,  with  about  33,000  men,  assisted 
by  Gens.  Sherman  and  Thomas,  defeats 
40,955  Confederjites  under  Gens.  A.  S. 
Johnston,  Beauregard,  Polk,  and  Har- 
dee.   Gen.  Johnston  is  killed. 

Federal  lo,>is  in  Grant's  army,  1,513 
killed,  6,001  wounded,  and  2,8;i0  prison- 
ers; in  Buell's  army,  241  killed,  1,807 
wounded,  and  55  prisoners ;  Confederate 
loss,  1,728  killed,  8,012  wounded,  and  959 
prisoners. 

Apr.  7.  Tenn.  Gen.  Buell's  army, 
20,000  strong,  arrives  at  Pittsburg 
Landing,  after  the  battle;  the  united 
armies  drive  the  Confederates  from  the 
field. 

Island   Number  10  is  forced  to 

surrender  to  Flag-officer  Foote  with- 
out a  battle;  Gen.  Pope  pursues  the 
fleeing  garrison,  and  takes  6,000  to  7,000 
Confederate  prisoners. 

Apr.  9±.  Gen.  McClellan  has  a  con- 
troversy with  the  President  and  the 
Secretary  of  War. 

Apr.  10.  D.  C.  Franklin's  division  of 
McDowell's  corps  is  ordered  to  join  Gen. 
McClellan. 

Go.    The  Federals  under  Gen.  Q.  A. 

Gillmore  open  fire  on  Fort  Pulaski  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Savannah  Kiver.    [It 


the  Army  of  the  Potomac  as  number- 
ing 100,970  men. 

Apr.  15.  Ark.  Confederates  cut  the 
levee  near  Fort  Wright,  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  an  immense  amount  of  prop- 
erty is  destroyed. 

Tenn.     Gen.    Halleek    orders   Gen. 

Pope  to  transfer  his  successful  troops 
to  join  the  army  on  the  Tennessee  River. 

Apr.  16.  Va.  At  Iice's  Mills  Gen.  Mc- 
Clellan loses  35  killed,  120  wounded, 
and  nine  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss,  20 
killed,  76  wounded,  and  50  prisoners. 

Apr.  17.  S.  C.  A  skirmish  occurs  on 
Edisto  Island  ;  the  Confederates  are  put 
to  flight. 

Tenn.  At  Woodson's  Gap  the  Con- 
federates capture  475  Fe<!eral  refugees  ; 
killed  and  wounded,  GO. 

7a  Gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston  as- 
sumes command  of  the  Confederate 
troops  at  Yorktown  with  an  army  in- 
creiised  to  about  53,000  men. 

Apr.  18.  Va.  (Jen.  McDowell  begins  a 
movement  upon  Fredericksburg. 

Ark.    Tlie  Federal  fleet  of  gnnboats 

and  mortars  makes  an  ineffective  at- 
tack on  Fort  Wright,  on  the  Mississippi 
Kiver. 

La.    Flag-officer  Farragut,  with  17 

men-of-war,  and  Captain  Porter,  with 
a  mort.ir  flotilla  of  19  schooners  and  six 
armed  steamships  for  guard  and  towing 
service,  appear  below  Forts  Jackson 
and  St.  Philip,  both  having  about  115 
guns.  15  Confederate  gunboats  and  one 
iron-plated  ram  lie  above  the  forts, 
guarding  the  approach  to  New  Orleans. 
The  Federal  navy  bombards  Forts 
Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  75  miles  be- 
low New  Orleans  [and  continues  the  at- 
tack five  days]. 

Apr.  19.  N.  C.  At  Camden,  or  South 
Mills,  Federals  under  Gen.  Reno  lose 
14  killed,  99  wounded,  and  14  prisoners  ; 
the  defeated  Confederates  lose  70  killed 
and  wounded. 

Apr.  21.  X.  Mex.  The  Federals  regain 
Santa  F6. 

Va.     The  Confederate    Congress   at 

Richmond  is  broken  up  and  dispersed 
by  the  nearness  of  the  armies. 


Apr.  22.  Tenn.  The  chief  part  of  Gen. 
Pope's  army  joins  Gen.  HaUeck  at 
Pittsburg  Landing. 

Apr.  24.  La.  Parragut's  fleet  forces 
a  passage  of  the  batteries  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi, below  New  Orleans,  after  a 
long  bombardment. 

His  fleet  in  two  columns  passes  Forts 
Jackson  and  St.  Philip  in  the  darkness ; 
13  out  of  17  vessels  make  the  passage 
in  safety,  losing  only  24  killed  and  86 
wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  12  killed, 
40  wounded. 

K.  C.     Gen.    Burnside    takes    Fort 

Macon.  Federals  lose  one  killed  and 
1 1  wounded ;  Confederates  lose  seven 
killed,  18  wounded,  450  prisoners,  and  20 
guns. 

Va.    The  destruction  of  the  Dismal 

Swamp  Canal  is  completed. 

Apr.  25.  X.  Mex.  Santa  F^  is  evacu- 
ated by  the  invading  Teians. 

La.  Gen.  Mansfield  Lovell  with- 
draws the  Confederate  forces  from 
New  Orleans,  after  firing  an  immense 
amount  of  property.  [Planters  proceed 
to  burn  millions  of  dollars  worth  of  cot- 
ton, by  order  of  the  Confederacy.] 

New  Orleans  is  surrendered  to  Adm. 
Farragut  without  opposition. 

Mo.    At  Neosho  Confederates  lose  30 

killed  and  wounded,  and  62  prisoners. 

Apr.  26.  La.  The  army  under  Gen. 
Butler  invests  Ports  Jackson  and 
St.  Philip,  cutting  olf  retreat,  supply, 
and  reenforcements. 

Apr.  27.  La.  Federals  raise  a  flag  over 
the  U.  S.  mint  at  New  Orleans;  four 
men,  led  by  William  B.  Mumford,  cut 
the  halyards  and  dash  away  with  the 
U.  S.  flag. 

Apr.  28.  La.  Forts  Jackson  and  St. 
Philip  are  surrendered  to  Com.  Porter. 

Tenn.     Gen.  Halleck's  army  of  108,000 

men  is  reorganized  as  the  Army  of  the 
Tennessee. 

Apr.  29.  La.  At  New  Orleans  Far- 
ragut sends  marines  with  howitzers,  to 
lower  Confederate  flags  and  raise  the 
stars  and  Stripes  on  the  public  buildings. 

Apr.  30.  Va.  Gen.  McClellan  reports 
a  force  of  112,392  ready  for  duty. 

May  1.  Tenn.  At  Pulaski  200  Federals 
are  captured. 

Va.    The  Confederates  determine  to 

evacuate  Norfolk. 

May  3.  Miss.  At  Farmington  Confed- 
erates are  defeated,  losing  eight  killed. 

May  4.  Va.  Gen.  McCleUan  begins  an 
advance  on  Richmond. 

The  Confederates  burn  their  gunboats 
on  the  York  Kiver. 

At  West  Point  the  Confederates  are 
defeated. 

The  Confederates  evacuate  York- 
town,  after  a  siege  of  30  days,  by  Gen. 
McClellan  ;  they  leave  71  spiked  guns 
in  the  fortifications. 

Tenn.    At  Lebanon  the  Confederates 

are  defeated  with  the  loss  of  105  men. 

A  naval  fight  occurs  near  Memphis 
lietween  the  Confederate  ram  Mallory 
and  the  Federal  gunboat  Cincinnati; 
both  vessels  are  sunk. 
May  5,  .-irk.  The  Confederates  make  an 
ineffectual  attack  with  eight  giuiboats 


UNITED    STATES. 


1862,  Apr.  2 -May  15.    207 


on  the  Union  fleet  at  Fort  "Wright,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  and  are  driven  off 
with  the  loss  of  three  of  their  vessels. 

Va.   Battle  of  "Williamsburg :  Gen. 

Hooker  attacks  the  rear-guard  of  Gen. 
Johnston's  retreating  army ;  Gens. 
Heintzelman  and  Hancock  also  have  an 
engagement.  McClellan's  advance  under 
Gen.  Sumner  drives  hack  the  Confeder- 
ate rear-guard  under  Gen.  Longstreet. 
Federal  loss,  456  killed,  1,400  wounded, 
and  623  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss,  700 
killed,  1,000  wounded,  and  300  prisoners. 

May  6.  Va.  Gen.  Johnston's  army 
retreats  toward  Richmond,  leaving  its 
wounded  on  the  field  of  battle  at  Wil- 
liamsburg. 

May  7.  Va.  Gen.  Franklin  lands  a  Union 
force  at  "West  Point,  on  the  York 
River,  and  defeats  the  Confederates 
under  Gen.  Whiting,  Federal  loss,  47 
killed,  110  wounded,  and  46  prisoners; 
Confederate  loss,  eight  killed  and  32 
wounded. 

May  8.  Miss.  At  Corinth  the  Federal 
cavalry,  under  Mai.  Arlington,  is  de- 
feated by  the  Confederates.  Maj.  Ar- 
lington is  killed. 

Va.  At  Somerville  Heights  Feder- 
als under  Col.  Foster  are  defeated, 
losing  29  men,  and  then  retreat. 

AtMcDowell  Gens.  Schenck  and  Jlil- 
roy  are  defeated  by  Confederate  Gens. 
Jackson  and  Johnson  ;  Federals  lose  30 
kille<l  and  200  wounded ;  Confederates 
lose  71  killed  and  390  wounded.  Gen. 
Edward  Johnson  is  killed. 

The  Merrimac  again  appears  in  Hamp- 
ton Roads,  and  then  retires  without 
action. 

Gen.  *•  Stonewall"  Jackson  begins 
his  second  [and  famous]  campaign  in 
the  Shenandoah  "Valley. 

May  9.  Ala.  The  Federals,  under  Capt. 
Connet,  lose  five  killed,  the  Confederates 
13  killed,  in  a  skirmish  12  miles  from 
Athens. 

Fla.    Confederates  evacuate  Pensa- 

cola. 

Miss.    At  Farmington   Gen.   Pope 

loses  five  killed ;  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Van  Dorn  lose  many  more. 

S.  C.   Gen.  Hunter  issues  an  order  for 

the  military  emancipation  of  slaves, 
as  the  department  is  under  martial  law. 

Com.  Foote  resigns   his   command 

because  of  a  wound,  and  is  succeeded  by 
Capt.  Charles  H.  Davis. 

Va.     The  Iron-clad  battery  Monitor 

makes  an  attack  on  Sewell's  Point. 

May  10.    Fla.   Pensacola  is  occupied  by 

Federal  troops. 

—  Tenn.  The  Confederate  flotilla  of 
eight  gunboats  attacks  the  Federal  fleet 
before  Fort  Pillow,  but  is  repulsed. 

—  Va.  Norfolk  is  occupied  by  Gen. 
Wool  and  a  Federal  detachment  from 
Fortress  Monroe,  without  resistance. 

Gen.  Huger  destroys  the  Gosport 
Navy  "yard,  valued  at  $10,000,000,  to 
prevent  its  possession  by  the  Federals. 

Gen,  McClellan  appeals  to  the  War 
Department  for  more  men ;  he  reports 
100,000  men  present  for  duty. 


May  11,  Va.  The  Merrimac  is  fired 
t)y  Com.  Tattnall,  near  Norfolk,  to  pre- 
vent her  falling  into  the  bands  of  the 
Federals  ;  she  soon  blows  up. 

May  12.  Miss,  The  Confederates  from 
New  Orleans  begin  to  erect  the  de- 
fenses of  "Vicksburg. 

May  13.      Tenn.     At  ■  Monterey   Gen. 

Smith  loses  two  killed ;  Confederates 
lose  10  killed. 

Miss.  Natchez  is  surrendered  to  Fed- 
eral gunboats. 

S.    C.      The    Confederate    steamer 

Planter  is  run  out  of  Charleston  by 
Robert  Smalls,  a  negro;  he  delivers 
her  up  to  the  Federals.  [Later  the  ex- 
slave  becomes  a  M,  C.  for  South  Caro- 
lina.] 

May  13.  +  Va.  The  Confederate  army 
is  gradually  concentrated  around 
Richmond. 

May  14.  J^.  C.  At  Trenton  Bridge 
Col.  Amory  defeats  the  Confederates, 
who  lose  12  killed. 

Va.     Gen.    McClellan    appeals   for 

more  men,  apprehending  a  battle  with 
double  his  number  of  men. 

May  16.  La.  Gen.  Butler  publishes 
Order  No.  15 ;  it  gives  great  offense. 

"  As  officers  and  soldiers  of  the  United 
States  have  been  subject  to  repeated  in- 
sults from  the  women  (calling  them- 
selves ladies)  of  New  Orleans,  ...  it  is 
ordered  that  hereafter  when  any  female 
shall,  by  word  or  gesture,  or  movement, 
insult  or  show  contempt  for  any  officer 
or  soldier,  .  .  .  she  shall  be  held  and  re- 
garded as  a  woman  of  the  town  plying 
her  trade." 

Va.    Gen.  Johnston  orders  his  army 

to  cross  the  Chickahominy  River ;  it 
encamps  three  miles  from  Richmond. 

Apprehending  an  immediate  attack, 
by  Federals,  many  families  are  sent  out 
of  Richmond  for  safety  ;  the  archives  of 
the  government  are  also  sent  away. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE, 

1862  Apr.  7.  New  York.  The  asteroid 
Clytia  is  discovered  by  H.  P,  Tuttle. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1863. 

Apr,  6.  Johnston,  Albert  Sidney,  col. 
V.  S.  A.,  Confed.  brig.-gen.,  kiUed  at  Shl- 
loh,  A59. 

O'Brien,  Fitz-James,  lleut  of  vols.,  wri- 
ter, poet,  A  34. 

Apr.  10.  Wallace,  William  H.  L.,  brig,- 
gen.  vols.,  killed  at  Shiloh,  A41. 

Apr.  35.  Smith, Charles  F,,maj.-gen.  vols., 
A  55. 

Apr.  S7.  Bethunfe,  George  W.,  theologian, 
I>oet,  A57. 

Apr.  30.  Carabreling,  Churchill  C,  M.  C. 
for  N.y.,  minister  to  Russia,  A76. 

Hay  3.  bangs,  r^athan,  ed.,  author,  M.  £. 
cl.,  A84. 

May  6.  Thorean,  Henry  !>.,  naturalist,  ge- 
ologist, author,  A45. 

May  14.    Iiigersoll,  Charles  J.,  M.  C.  for 

.    Pa.,  author,  A80. 

CHURCH. 

1862  Apr.  *  La.  The  General  Conference 
(Methodist  Episcopal  South)  falls  to  meet 
at  New  Orleans  because  of  the  war. 

SOCIETY, 

1862  Apr.  11.  D.C.  Congress  abolishes 
slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

*  *  Pa.  Tlie  •*  Molly  Maguires,"  a 
secret   and   murderous   society   among 


the  miners,  attracts  attention  [and  for 
14  years  its  members  commit  acts  of 
violence  and  murder  in  Carbon,  Schuyl- 
kill, and  other  mining  counties]. 
Apr.  21.  i>.  C.  Congress  provides  for 
the  appointment  of  a  special  corps  of 
eight  sanitary  inspectors. 

STATE. 

1862     Apr.  3.    Z>.  C.    Congress :    The 

Senate  passes  an  Act  for  the  immediate 
emancipation  of  the  slaves  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  with  remuneration 
for  loyal  owners.     Vote,   29-14. 

IV.  Va.     The  new  Constitution  is 

approved  by  a  vote  of  the  people.  Vote, 
18,862-514. 

Apr.  7.  I).  C.  The  United  States  enters 
into  a  treaty  with  Great  Britain  for  the 
suppression  of  the  slave-trade. 

Apr.  11.  X».  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  bill  to  abolish  slavery  in  the 
District  of  Columbia.    Vote,  92-38. 

Apr.  14,  Tenn.  The  Union  sentiment 
in  Sast  Tennessee  is  remarkably 
strong,  and  becomes  elsewhere  mani- 
fest. 

The  Legislature  and  State  officials  fled 
at  the  approach  of  the  Union  army,  but 
the  city  council  at  Nashville  ordered  the 
Stars  and  Stripes  to  be  displayed  on 
the  public  buildings. 

Apr.  16.  Va.  The  Confederate  Congress 
at  Richmond  passes  a  conscription  act 
on  the  recommendation  of  Jefferson 
Davis. 

n.  C.    The  President  signs  the  bill  to 

abolish  slaveiTr  in  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, and  it  becomes  a  law. 

Apr.  22.  Va.  The  first  Confederate 
Congress  closes  its  first  session. 

Apr.  *  La.  Opelousas  becomes  the  Con- 
federate capital. 

May  2.  Md.  The  writ  of  habeas 
corpus  is  first  suspended  in  the  case 
of  John  Merryman,  a  prisoner  in  Fort 
McHenry. 

D.C.    Congress; Senate :E.B.Wash- 

burne  of  111.  defends  Gen,  Grant 
against  the  criticisms  and  aspersions 
that  follow  the  battle  of  Shiloh. 

May  4,  Tenn.  Leading  citizens  issue  a 
call  for  a  reorganization  of  the  State 
government  on  a  legal  basis. 

May  6.  D.C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Pacific  Kailroad  Bill,  Vote 
79-49. 

May  13.  W.  Va.  The  Legislature  of 
Virginia  at  Wheeling  formally  approves 
the  formation  of  a  new  State  from 
the  western  counties. 

May  15,  D.  C.  Congress  establishes 
the  Department  of  Agriculture. 

MISCELLANEOUS, 

1862  Apr.  12,  New  York.  Gold  is  first 
quoted  at  a  premium. 

May  10.  N.  Y.  A  fire  in  Troy  burns  G71 
buildings,  including  the  Union  Kailroad 
Depot  and  several  churches;  seven  lives 
are  lost,  and  $3,000,000  in  property. 


208    1862,  May  15. -June*. 

ARMY  — NAVY. 

1862  May  15.  Va.  The  Monitor  and 
several  gunboats  under  Capt.  John 
Kodgers  attempt  to  force  their  way  up 
the  James  Kiver,  but  are  repulsed  by 
the  Confederate  batteries  at  Fort  Dar- 
ling on  Drewry's  Bluff,  losing  13  killed 
and  14  wounded. 

£jig.     The  steamer  Alabama,  of  9J0 

tons,  with  engines  of  300  horse-power, 
is  launched  at  Birkenhead  for  the  Con- 
federates as  a  privateer. 

May  16.     A'.  C.     Near  Trenton   Maj 


AMERICA 


Fitzsimmons  loses  five  prisoners ;  Con- 
federates lose  six  killed  and  many 
wounded. 

Va.    Gen.  McClellan  establishes  his 

depot  at  White  House,  on  the  Pa- 
munkey  River. 

May  17.  Va.  A  naval  expedition  as- 
cends the  Pamunkey  River,  and  burns 
Confederate  gunboats. 

Afiss.    At  Corinth   Federals   under 

Oen.  Halleck  lose  10  killed  and  31 
wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  12  killed 
and  many  wounded. 

May  18.  Va.  Suffolk,  near  Norfolk,  is 
occupied  by  Federal  troops. 

Ark.     Near   Searcy   Gen.   Osterhaus 

encounters  the  Confederates,  who  lose 
about  100  men. 

. Miss.     Gen.  Grant  invests  Vioks- 

burg  with  communications  open  via 
the  Yazoo. 

Commander  Samuel  P.  Lee  of  Farra- 
gut's  fleet  demands  the  surrender  of 
Vicksburg,  and  is  refused  by  Gen. 
M.  L.  Smith,  who  commands  10,000  Con- 
federates in  its  defense. 

ir.   Va,     At  Princeton    Gen.   Cox 

encounters  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Humphrey  Marshall,  who  loses  about 
100  men. 

May  19.  X.  C.  At  New  Berne  Feder- 
als lose  five  killed ;  Confederates,  11. 

B.  C.  President  Lincoln  counter- 
mands Gen.  Hunter's  order  for  niili- 
tary  emancipation.  • 

La.     At  New  Orleans  the  Recorder 

and  Chief  of  Police  are  arrested  by  or- 
der of  Gen.  Butler,  and  sent  to  Fort 
Jackson. 

May  20.  Miss.  Flag-officer  Farragut 
arrives  at  Vicksburg ;  his  guns  cannot 
reach  the  batteries  on  the  Bluffs. 

fV.  Va.     At    Moorefleld    Federals 

under  Col.  Downey  lose  five  killed ;  Con- 
federates lose  four  killed  and  12  pris- 
oners. 

May  21.  Va.  Gen.  McClellan's  ad- 
vance reaches  the  Chickahominy  River. 

Miss.    Near  Corinth  Col.  Sedgwick 

loses  25  killed. 

May  22.  If.  Va.  At  Lewisbvirg  Col. 
Crook  defeats  the  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Heth;  Federal  loss,  10  killed  and 
•  40  wounded  ;  Confederate  loss,  50  killed, 
60  wounded,  100  prisoners,  also  four  can- 
non and  many  arms. 

May  23.  Va.  At  Front  Koyal  Confed- 
erates under  Gen.  Ewell  drive  back  Col. 
Keuly,  who  is  captured  with  700  men. 

On  the  Chickahominy  River  Federals 
lose  one  killed  and  six  wounded ;  Con- 
federates lose  15  wounded  and  31  pris- 
oners. 

May  24.  Va.  At  New  Bridge  the  4th 
Michigan  loses  10  killed  ;  theStli  Louisi- 
ana loses  60  killed  and  wounded,  besides 
37  prisoners. 


D.  i '.    The  President  orders  Gen.  Mc- 

DowelTs  corps  to  return  from  the  ad- 
vance on  Richmond  to  the  defense  of 
Washington,  and  to  aid  in  the  cap- 
ture o^  Gen.  Jackson  in  the  Shenan- 
doah \'alley.  [This  proves  unfortunate, 
as  it  paralyzes  the  main  army.] 

May  25.  1'a.  Battle  near  Win- 
chester ;  Gen.  Banks  with  7,000  Federals 
is  defeated  by  Gen.  Jackson,  whose  en- 
tire force  numbers  20,000  men.  [Banks 
makes  a  rapid  and  masterly  retreat  to 
2ilartinsburg,  pursued  by  "  Stonewall  " 
Jackson.]  Federal  loss,  38  killed,  155 
womided,  and  711  missing  ;  Confederate 
loss  not  given. 

D.  C.     Alarm    prevails    for    the 

safety  of  W^ashington ;  governors  of 
loyal  States  are  telegraphed  to  forward 
militia  and  volunteers  at  once. 

May  26.  Va.  Near  Winchester  Col. 
Cluseret  loses  seven  wounded;  Confed- 
erates, under  Gen.  Jackson,  lose  25 
prisoners,  killed  and  wounded  unknown. 

May  27.     Va.    Gen.  MoCleUan  takes 

Hanover  Court-House,  IC  miles  north 

of  Richmond. 
Federal     loss,    five    killed    and    326 

wounded     and     missing;     Confederate 

loss,  about  250  killed  and  wounded,  and 

610  prisoners. 
La.    A  Federal  force  occupies  Baton 

Bouge. 
Miss.    At  Corinth  Col.  Purcell  loses 

25  killed   and   wounded ;   Confederates 

leave  30  killed  on  the  field. 
May  29.    .S.  C.    At  Pocotaligo  Federals 

lose    11    killed  ;    Confederates    lose    20 

killed  and  wounded. 
Tenn.    Gen.  Beauregard  evacuates 

Corinth  without  a  battle,  and  retires  to 

Baldwin  and  Okolona. 
IP'.  Va.    "  Stonewall "  Jackson  begins 

his  [famous]  retreat  from  the  Potomac 

River  up  the  Shenandoah  Valley. 
May  30.    Miss.    Gen.  Halleck's  army  of 

120,000  men  advances  on  Corinth,  after 

waiting  six  weeks,  and  finds  it  deserted 

by  Gen.  Beauregard ;  Gen.  Pope  is  sent 
in  pursuit,  and  takes  a  few  prisoners. 

Va.    At  Front  Koyal  Federals  lose 

eight  killed  and  five  wounded  ;  Confed- 
erate loss,  20  killed  and  wounded,  and 
156  prisoners. 

May  31.  N.  C.  Near  Washington 
Federals  lose  two  wounded ;  defeated 
Confederates  lose  11  killed. 

Va.    The  returns  of  the  Army  of  the 

Potomac  show  an  aggregate  of  127,166 
officers  and  men ;  98,008  are  present  for 
duty  with  280  guns. 

May  31.-June  1.  Co.  Battle  of  Fair 
Oaks,  or  Seven  Pines ;  Gen  George  B. 
McClellan  repulses  the  Confederates 
under  Gen.  Joseph  E.  Jolmston. 

The  Confederates  under  Gen.  Daniel 
H  Hill  attack  the  Federal  advance 
under  Gen.  Casey.  In  the  absence  of 
Gen.  McClellan,  there  is  no  supreme 
authority  on  the  field  ;  Gens.  Heintzel- 
man  and  Kearny  fall  hack  till  reeuforced 
by  Gen.  Sumner,  when  the  Confeder- 
ates, pressed  bv  Gen.  Hooker,  withdraw 
to  Richmond,  "five  miles  distant.  Gen. 
Johnston  is  wounded. 

Forces  present:  Federal,  51,643;  Con- 
federate, 39,000  —  of  which  only  about  20,- 
000  were  engaged  on  each  side. 


Losses 


Federal,  790  killed,  3,594  wounded,  and 
647  missing;  Confederate,  980  killed,  4,749 
wounded,  405  missing. 

(June  1.)  The  battle  is  renewed,  and 
the  Federals  recover  lost  ground  at 
Seven  Pines;  Gen.  G.  W.  Smith  suc- 
ceeds Gen.  Johnston  until  the  battle 
ends,  at  two  o'clock,  when  Gen.  Robert 
E.  Ijce  assumes  command  and  with- 
draws his  army  in  the  night ;  Federal 
loss,  in  two  days,  5031 ;  Confederate  loss, 
6134. 

May  •-June*  La.  Gen.  Butler  excites 
great  indignation  among  the  Secession- 
ists of  New  Orleans  by  his  strict  mili- 
tary discipline. 

June  1.  Va  Gen.  Fremont's  belated  ad- 
vance enters  Strasburg  as  Gen.  Stone- 
wall Jackson's  rear-guard  retires,  his 
army  escaping  the  three  armies  sent  to 
capture  it. 

June  2.  D.  C.  Gen.  Wool  is  transferred 
to  the  Department  of  Maryland,  and 
Gen.  Dix  is  ordered  to  Fortress  Monroe. 

June  3.  .S.  C.  Federal  troops  land  on 
James  Island. 

Va.    Gen.  Kobert  B.  Leo  assumes 

command  of  the  Army  of  Northern  Vir- 
ginia, now  engaged  in  defending  Rich- 
mond, the  capital  of  the  Confederacy. 
June  4.    jV.  C.    A  skirmish  takes  place  at 
Trentor's  Creek. 

S.  C.     A    skirmish    takes   place   on 

James  Island. 

Tenn.  At  Fort  Pillow  Federals  lose 

one  killed  and  three  wounded;  Con- 
federates lose  160  killed,  400  prisoners, 
and  are  forced  to  evacuate  the  fort. 

Near  Jasper  Gen.  Negley  defeats  the 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Adams,  who 
loses  12  killed  and  wounded,  and  25  pris- 
oners. 

Va.    At  New  Bridge,  near  Richmond, 

the  Confederates  are  defeated  in  an 
artillery  battle. 
June  6.  Tenn.  Battle  of  Memphis ; 
the  Federal  fleet  under  Commodore 
Davis  takes  possession  of  Memphis, 
after  a  flght  lasting  20  minutes  with 
eight  Confederate  gunboats,  seven  of 
which  are  destroyed.  Federal  loss,  one 
wounded;  Confederate  loss,  80  killed  and 
wounded. 
June  7.  La.  William  B.  Mumford  is 
hanged  by  order  of  Gen.  Butler  for 
taking  down  the  Federal  flag  on  the 
U.  S.  mint  at  New  Orleans  after  the  sur- 
render of  the  city. 
Jvme  8.  Va.  Battle  of  Cross  Keys, 
in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  ;  Gen. 
Fremont  overtakes  "  Stonewall  "  Jack- 
son's rear-guard,  and  an  indecisive  flght 
occurs. 

Federal  loss,  125  killed  and  BOO  wound- 
ed ;  Confederate  loss,  600  killed  and 
wounded. 
June  9.  Va.  At  Port  Bepublic,  in  the 
Shenandoah  Valley,  "  Stonewall "  Jack- 
son attacks  Gen.  Shields's  division,  and 
drives  it  back  upon  the  main  body. 

Federal  loss,  67  killed,  361  wounded, 
and  574  missing;  Confederate  loss,  1,000 
killed,  wounded,  and  missing. 
June  10.  S.  C.  At  James  Island  Fed- 
erals lose  one  killed  and  13  wounded; 
Confederates  leave  15  killed  and  two 
wounded  on  the  field. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1862,  May  15 -June 


209 


June  12.  Ark.  Gen.  Curtis  moves  against 
the  Confederates  at  Little  Rock. 

Near  Village  Creek  Col.  Brackett 
defeats  the  Confederates ;  Federal  loss, 
13  wounded  ;  Confederate  loss,  28  men. 

*  *  Plundering  guerrilla  banda  overrun 
Kentucky,  Teniiessee,  and  Missouri ; 
tbey  greatly  afflict  the  Union  people. 

June  13.  Va.  Gen.  McCall's  division  of 
JIcDowell's  army,  10,000  strong,  reen- 
forces  Gen.  McClellan,  thus  enlarging 
his  army  to  156,838  men,  with  127,327 
present. 

Gen.  J.  E.  B.  Stuart's  Confederate  cav- 
alry, 1,200  strong,  start  on  a  raid  to  pass 
around  Gen,  McCleUan*s  army. 

June  14.  S.  C.  On  James  Island  the 
Federals  lose  three  killed  and  19  wound- 
ed ;  Confederates  lose  17  killed  and 
eight  wounded. 

June  15.  Va.  Gen.  Stuart's  Confeder- 
ate cavalry  completes  its  passage  around 
the  Federal  army  and  enters  Richmond. 

June  16.  S.  C.  At  Secesaionville,  on 
James  Island,  Gen.  Benham  is  defeated 
by  Confederates  under  Col.  Lamar. 
Federal  loss,  85  killed,  472  wounded, 
128  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss,  40  killed 
and  100  wounded. 

June  17-    Ark.    At  St.  Charles,  on  the 

White  River,  the  Confederate  batteries 
are  captured  by  the  Federal  gunboats. 

June  18.  Ark.  Near  Smithville  Maj. 
Zeley  loses  three  killed  and  four 
wounded;  Confederate  Capt.  Jones  loses 
four  wounded  and  15  prisoners. 

Tenn.  Gen.  Morgan  seizes  the  Con- 
federate works  at  Cumberland  Gap, 
the  gateway  between  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee. 

June  20.    Va.    Gen.  McClellan  reports 
his  force  to  be  105,445  men,  exclusive 
of  Gen.  Dix's  force.    [Gen.  Webb  gives  • 
Gen.  Lee's  force  as  80,762  men.] 

June  25  ±.  Miss.  Flag-officer  Farragut 
again  arrives  at  Vicksburg,  accom- 
panied by  Admiral  Porter  with  16  mor- 
tar boats  and  3,000  Federal  troops  under 
Gen.  Thomas  Williams. 

June  25.-July  1.  Va.  The  Seven 
Days'  Battles  are  fought  on  the  Chicka- 
hominy,  near  Richmond ;  Gen.  Mc- 
Clellan makes  a  "  masterly  retreat " 
and  change  of  base. 

Federal  generals  under  McClellan : 
Sumner,  Hooker,  Heintzelman,  Keyes, 
Porter,  Franklin,  and  McCall ;  Confed- 
erate generals  under  Lee  :  Jackson, 
Longstreet,  A.  P.  Hill,  D.  H.  Hill,  Ma- 
gruder,  linger,  and  Holmes. 

Total  Federal  losses  during  the  Seven 
Days'  battles,  1.582  killed,  7,709  wounded, 
and  5,958  missing ;  total,  15,249.  Con- 
federate loss,  17,583  killed,  wounded,  and 
prisoners. 

(June  25.)  Gen.  Lee  attacks  McCleUan's 
army  at  Oak  Grove ;  Hooker's  division 
bears  the  brunt,  and  Confederates  are 
repulsed.    Federal  loss,  61  men. 

Gen.  McClellan  pushes  forward  his 
pickets  from  the  vicinity  of  Seven  Pines 
to  within  four  miles  of  Richmond,  —  his 
nearest  approach. 

(June  26.)  Battle  of  Mechanicsville 
(Ellison's  Mill);  Gens.  A.  P.  Hill,  D.  H. 
Hill,  and  Longstreet,  in  strong  force, 
attack  the  Federals  under  Gen.  Porter, 
and  are  repulsed. 

At  Beaver  Dam  Creek  the  attack  of 
the    Confederates    under   Gens.   Long- 


street,  D.  H.  Hill,  and  A.  P.  HiU  is 
terribly  repulsed  by  Gen,  McCall's  di- 
vision of  Fitz-John  Porter's  corps.  Fed- 
eral force  5,000,  loss  250;  Confederate 
force  10,000,  loss  nearly  2,000 ;  Gen. 
Porter  urges  an  advance  into  Richmond. 

Gen.    *'  Stonewall  "    Jackson's    force 
joins  the  Confederates  at  Richmond. 
(June  27.)    Battles  of  the  Chickahom- 
iny,  Gaines*  Mill. 

Gen.  Porter  is  attacked  by  Gens.  Hill, 
Longstreet,  and  Jackson,  while  covering 
the  retreat  of  the  army.  The  Confeder- 
ates are  successful  for  a  time,  and  then 
are  driven  back.    Federal  loss,  4,000  men. 

(June  28.)  The  retreat  of  McClellan's 
army  from  the  Cliickahominy  to  the 
James  River  continues;  but  little  fight- 
ing occurs. 

Gen.  McClellan  informs  his  corps 
commanders  of  his  intended  change  of 
base  to  the  James  River,  and  the  move- 
ment at  once  begins. 

(June  29.)  Battle  of  Savage's  Station 
and  White  Oak  Swamp ;  Lee  attacks 
the  Federal  rear-guard  under  Gen. 
Sumner. 

Gens.  Sedgwick,  Richardson,  Heintzel- 
man,  and  Smith  of  Franklin's  corps  repel 
a  Confederate  attack  under  Magrud^r. 
Federals  leave  2,500  wounded  men  at 
Savage's  Station. 

(June  30.)  Battle  of  Frayser's  Farm, 
or  Glendale:  Gen.  Franklin  holds 
Stonewall  Jackson  in  check  at  White 
Oak  Swamp,  while  Gen.  Lee  makes  an 
obstinate  but  unsuccessful  attempt  to 
break  the  line  of  McClellan's  retreat. 

(July  1.)  Battle  of  Malvern  HiU  (Crew's 
Farm).  The  Confederates,  under  Gens. 
D.  H.  Hill,  Magruder,  and  Armistead, 
attempt  to  carry  Malvern  Hill  by  storm, 
and  are  repulsed  by  McClellan's  army, 
led  by  Gens.  Porter,  Morell,  and  Couch. 

June  26.  Miss.  The  Confederates  de- 
stroy their  gunboats  on  the  Yazoo  River. 

June  27.  Ark.  I'he  Federals  begin  to  cut 
a  canal  to  change  the  course  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi opposite  Vicksburg. 

Miss.    Farragut's  mortar-sloops  begin 

tbe  bombardment  of  the  Confederate 
batteries  at  Vicksburg. 

June  28,  Miss.  Vicksburg  batteries  are 
attacked  by  the  Federal  fleet ;  most  of 
the  vessels  pass  up  the  river  with  small 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1862  Jtine  30.  Conn.  A  new  and  bril- 
liant comet  is  discovered  by  observers 
at  New  Haven. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1862. 

May  26.  Babbitt,  Isaac,  inventor  of  anti- 
friction metal,  A63. 

June  6.  Ashby,  Turner,  Confed.  hrig.-gen., 
k.  at  Cross  Keys,  A38.  . 

June  21.  Ellet,  Charles,  Jr.  (first  iron 
bridge),  engineer,  A52. 


CHURCH. 
1862    June  11.    Boston.     The  General 
Convention     of    the    New     Jerusalem 
meets. 


LETTERS. 
1862  *  *  Colo.    The  University  of  Den- 
ver (Meth.  Epis.)  is  organized. 

*  *  /).  C.  Congress  passes  an  Agricul- 
tural College  Act,  granting  to  eacb 
state  30,000  acres  of  land,  by  which  each 
Senator  and  Representative  is  to  endow 
a  college. 

*  *  la.  Oskaloosa  CoUege  (Disciples)  is 
organized'at  Oskaloosa. 

*  *  Kan.  Lane  University  (United 
Breth.)  is  organized  at  Lecompton. 

SOCIETY. 

1862  June  7.  B.  C.  A  treaty  is  en- 
tered with  Great  Britain  for  the  sup- 
pression of  the  slave-trade. 

June  13-16.  Utah.  The  Mormon  apos- 
tates, called  Morrisites,  defy  the 
sheriff  for  three  days,  when  summoned 
to  surrender  under  an  indictment  for 
resisting  the  execution  of  the  laws. 

June  14.  Pa.  F.  W.  S.  Langdon  is 
killed  by  "  Molly  Maguires  "  near 
Audenreid. 

STATE. 

1862  May  16.  N.  C.  Edward  Stanley 
arrives  at  New  Berne,  bearing  a  com- 
mission as  temporary  governor  over  that 
portion  of  the  State  still  under  Federal 
authority. 

May  20.  D.  C.  The  President  approves 
the  Homestead  Act.  He  appoints  Ed- 
ward Stanley  military  governor  of 
North  Carolina. 

May  24.  Tenn.  Unionists  hold  a  meet- 
ing at  Mnrfreesboro. 

June  5.  D.  C.  Congress  recognizes  the 
independence  of  Haiti  and  Inberia, 
and  provides  for  the  establishment  of 
diplomatic  relations. 

June  10.  D.  C.  Tlie  President  appoints 
Col.  G.  H.  Shipley  military  governor 
of  XiOtiisiana. 

June  19.  />.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
excluding  slavery  forever  from  the 
Territories  of  the  United  States. 

Congress ;  Senate  :  Solomon  Foot 
of  Vt.  is  reelected  President  jtro  tempore. 

Jime20.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Pacific  Railroad  Bill, 
Vote,  35-5. 

Jime  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1862.  Rev- 
enue: customs,  $49,056,398;  direct  tax, 
jl,795,331i ;  sales  of  public  lands,  5!870,659 ; 
premiums  on  loans  and  sales  of  gold 
coin,  $68,400  ;  miscellaneous  items,  $915,- 
122;  total  revenue,  $51,987,465. 

Expenditures :  War  Departnjent,  $394,- 
368,407  ;  Navy  Department,  $42,668,277 ; 
Indians,  $2,273,223  :  8,159  pensions,  $853,- 
095 ;  other  civil  and  miscellaneous  items, 
$21,408,491;  interest  on  the  public  debt, 
$13,190,324 ;  total  ordinary  expenses, 
$474,761,819.  Excess  of  expenditure 
over  receipts,  $422,774,363.  Public  debt, 
$524,176,412.  Exports,  $190,670,601;  im- 
ports, $189,356,677. 

June  *  D.  C.  The  Government  pays 
about  $2,000,000  a  day  for  the  prose- 
cution of  the  war. 

June*  HI.  The  new  Constitution  is 
rejected  by  the  votes  of  the  people. 


210     1862,  July  l-Aug.  18. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1862  Jvdyl.  Miss.    The  gunboat  flo- 
tilla, under  Commodore  Davis,  unites 
above  VMcksburg  with  the  Federal  fleet 
from  New  Orleans. 

Mo.     At  Booneville   the   Federals 

lose  41  killed :  the  Confederates  lose  65 
killed. 

D.  C.      The   President   calls   for 

300,000  more  volunteers. 

Jtily2.  Va.  Gen.  McClellan  has 
failed  in  his  advance  on  Richmond ;  he 
retires  down  the  James  River  to  Har- 
rison's Landing,  where  he  is  protected 
by  gunboats. 

Summer.  Eng.  The  privateer  Flor- 
ida sails  out  of  Liverpool  harbor,  where 
she  has  been  fitted  out  for  the  Confed- 
erates. 

July  6.  Ark.  A  skirmish  takes  place  at 
Duvall's  Bluff ;  the  Confederates  lose  all 
their  provisions  and  camp  equipage. 

July  7.  Arh.  At  Bayou  Cache  the  Con- 
federates are  defeated. 

Julys.  JV^  C.  A  Federal  expedition 
leaves  Plymouth  to  ascend  the  Roanoake 
River. 

Ky.    Gten.  John  H.  Morgan  begins 

his  flrst  cavalry  raid  with  900  men,  [He 
captures  17  towns  in  Kentucky.] 

July  9.  N'.  C.  At  Hamilton  the  Federals 
capture  batteries,  steamers,  schooners, 
and  supplies. 

July  11.  D.C.  Oen.  H.  W.  Halleok 
is  appointed  (14th)  commander-in-chief 
of  all  the  Federal  land  forces. 

Ark.     Federal    troops    under    Gen. 

Washburn  occupy  Helena. 

July  13.    Tenn.    At  Murf reesboro 

Confederate  cavalry  captures  the  Fed- 
eral force.  Federal  loss,  33  killed,  62 
wounded,  and  800  missiug ;  Confederate 
loss,  50  killed  and  100  wounded. 

July  14.  Ark.  At  Fayetteville  the  Con- 
federates are  defeated. 

July  15.   Mits.    The  Confederate  ram 

Arkansas  engages  a  part  of  the  flotilla 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo  River,  runs 
through  it,  and  ascends  the  Mississippi 
to  Vicksburg. 

Ind.  Ter.     Gen.  Blunt  enconnters 

Confederates,  and  loses  200  killed  and 
wounded. 

July  16.  U.  S.  Officers  of  the  Kavy  are 
graded  in  nine  ranks. 

July  17.  Ky.  At  Cynthlana  Morgan  and 
his  guerrillas  attack  the  Home  Guards 
under  Lieut. -Col.  Lindrum.  Federal 
loss,  13  killed  and  34  wounded  ;  Confed- 
erate loss,  ^  killed  and  78  wounded. 

Va.     Gen.    John    Pope    assumes 

command  of  the  Army  of  Virginia;  it 
includes  all  the  Federal  forces  in  this 
State,  except  those  under  Gen.  Mc- 
Clellan. 

July  20.  Ky.  Confederate  guerrillas  are 
defeated  between  Mount  Sterling  and 
Owensvllle,  losing  cannon  and  horses. 

Miss.  The  river  falling  fast,  Flag- 
officer  Farragut  hastens  to  run  past 
the  Confederate  batteries  at  Vicks- 
burg, and  proceed  to  New  Orleans. 

July  22.  Miss.  The  Confederates  repel 
an  attack  on  the  ram  Arkansas  near 
Vicksburg. 


D.  C.  President  Lincoln  orders  mili- 
tary commanders  to  seize  and  use 
property,  real  or  personal,  for  military 
uses  and  to  employ  negroes  as  laborers. 

July  23.  Mo.  At  Florida  Maj.  Caldwell 
is  defeated  by  a  Confederate  force  under 
Col.  Porter,  with  a  loss  of  26  men. 

Va.    Gen.  Pope  is  ordered  to  arrest 

all  disloyal  citizens  withiu  his  lines. 

July  24.  Ala.  Near  Decatur  Capt. 
Harman  defeats  the  Confederates,  who 
lose  10  killed  and  30  wounded. 

Va.     Gen.    Halleck,  as    General-in- 

chief  of  all  the  armies,  orders  a  change 
of  base  to  Acquia  Creek.  [Gen.  Mo- 
Clellan  argues  against  it.] 

July  25.  Va.  Near  Orange  Court 
House  Federal  Gen.  Gibson  loses  5  killed, 
and  12  wounded  and  prisoners. 

Gen.  Halleck  arrives  at  Gen.  McClel- 
lan's  camp. 

July  28.  Mo.  At  Moore's  Mills,  near 
Fulton,  Federals  defeat  Cols.  Porter  and 
Cobb.  Federal  loss,  10  killed  and  30 
wounded ;  Confederates  leave  on  the 
field  62  killed  and  100  wounded. 

Miss,     Gen.    Van   Dom  assumes 

command  of  the  Confederates  at 
Vicksburg. 

Eng.  The  Alabama  sails  as  a  Con- 
federate privateer  from  Birkenhead 
one  day  before  the  English  Government 
telegraphs  to  detain  her.  [See  Alabama 
Claims.] 

July  29.  Ky.  The  Home  Guards  drive 
the  Confederates  from  Mount  Sterling. 

Tenn.    At  Brownsville  Capt.  Dollin 

loses  four  killed  and  six  wounded  ;  Con- 
federate loss,  10  killed  and  wounded, 
and  11  prisoners. 

Va.    Gen.  Pope  assumes  command 

in  the  field  of  the  Army  of  Virginia. 

July  30.  Ky.  At  Paris  Morgan's  guer- 
rillas are  driven  out  by  the  Federals. 

La.    Gen.  J.  W.  Phelps,  having  raised 

five  companies  of  negro  recruits  near 
New  Orleans,  makes  requisitions  for 
arms  and  camp  equipage.  [Phelps,  being 
refused,  resigns.] 

July  *  K.  C.  Gen.  Bumside  is  recalled 
to  reenforee  Gen.  McClellan  on  the 
James  River. 

July  *  Ark.  The  canal  to  cut  off  Vicks- 
burg is  abandoned  as  a  failure;  Gen. 
Williams'  force  returns  to  Baton  Rouge. 

Aug.  1.  Miss.  Farragut's  fleet  suspends 
the  bombardment  of  Vicksburg, 
awaiting  the  arrival  of  the  land  forces. 

Va.    The    Confederate    Government 

issues  a  retaliatory  order  declaring 
that  Gen.  Pope  and  his  officers,  if  cap- 
tured, are  not  entitled  to  the  considera- 
tion of  prisoners  of  war. 

Gen.  Pope  had  issued  orders  for  the 
destruction  of  Confederate  property  and 
the  harsh  treatment  of  civilians, 

Afo.  At  Newark  the  Federals  are  de- 
feated, losing  70  prisoners.    [Confeder- 

-  ates  are  defeated  the  next  day.] 

Aug.  *-Oct.  ♦  J/iss.      The    Vicksburg 

defenses  are  greatly  strengthened. 
Aug.  2.     Va.    Orange  Court  House  is 

taken  by  Gen.  Crawford,  of  Pope's  army; 

Federal  loss,  four  killed  and  12  wounded. 
Aug.  3.      Va.     Gen    Hooker  drives  the 

Confederates  from  Malvern  Hill. 


Aug.  4.  D.  C.  The  President  issues  a 
call  for  300,000  more  men ;  they  are 
to  serve  nine  mouths.    (See  State.) 

Aug.  5.  La.  At  Baton  Rouge  the  Con- 
federates under  Maj. -Gen.  John  C. 
Breckinridge  unsuccessfully  attack  the 
Federals  under  Gen.  Williams,  who  is 
killed.  Confederate  loss,  400  killed,  660 
wounded,  and  many  prisoners. 

Va.    Malvern  Hill  is  reoccupied  by 

the  Federals. 

Aug.  6.  La.  The  Confederate  ram 
Arkansas  is  fired  and  blown  up  by  her 
officers,  near  Baton  Rouge. 

Kan.    Gen.  J.  H.  Lane  enlists  negro 

troops  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  without 
authorization  by  the  government. 

Mo.  At  Kirksville  Col.  McNeil  de- 
feats the  Confederates  under  Col.  Por- 
ter. Federal  loss,  28  killed  and  CO 
wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  180  killed 
and  500  wounded. 

■ Va.    Near  Mattapony  River  Gens. 

Gibbons  and  Cutter  lose  72  prisoners, 
who  are  taken  by  Confederate  Gen. 
Stuart. 

Aug.  7.  Tenn.  At  Port  FUlmore 
Col.  Canby  defeats  the  Confederates  un- 
der Col.  Sibley. 

Aug.  8.  N.  Mex.  Near  Fort  Fillmore  the 
Confederates  are  defeated. 

Aug.  9.  Va.  Battle  of  Cedar  Moim- 
tain ;  General  Banks  is  defeated  by 
Stonewall  Jackson  ;  desperate  fighting 
alone  saves  the  Federals  from  a  com- 
plete rout.  Federal  loss,  450  killed,  660 
wounded,  and  290  prisoners  ;  Confeder- 
ate loss,  1,367  men. 

Aug.  10.  Va.  Gen.  McClellan  reports 
an  aggregate  of  113,000  men  present  for 
duty. 

Aug.  11.  Ark.  East  of  Helena  Con- 
federate Gen.  Thompson  loses  700  pris- 
oners. 

At  Clarendon  Gen.  Hovey  takes  600 
Confederates  prisoners. 

Mo.    Independence  is  surrendered  to 

the  Confederates. 

At  Compton's  Perry  Col.  Guitar  de- 
feats Confederate  Gen.  Poindexter,  who 
loses  100  killed  and  wounded,  besides  200 
prisoners. 

Tenn.    At  Kinderhook  Col.  McGowan 

defeats  the  Confederate  Gen.  II.  H.  An- 
derson, who  loses  seven  killed  and  ^ 
woimded. 

Aug.  12.  Tenn.  At  Gallatin  Col.  Miller 
is  defeated  by  the  Confederate  raiders, 
imder  Col.  J.  H.  Morgan,  who  loses  six 
killed  and  many  wounded. 

Mo.  At  Yellow  Creek,  Clinton  County, 

the  Confederates  are  defeated. 

*  *  Va.  Stonewall  Jackson  makes  a  raid 
down  the  valley  of  the  Shenandoah. 

Aug.  *  Va.  The  Federals  ravage  the 
Shenandoah  valley. 

Aug.  14.  Va.  Under  orders  of  Gen. 
Halleck,  the  army  of  Gen.  McClellan 
begins  to  change  its  base  from  Harri- 
son's Landing  to  the  Rappahannock. 

Aug.  15.  Tenn.  At  Merriwether's 
Landing  Col.  T.  W.  Harris  defeats  the 
Confederates  under  Capt.  Barfield. 

Va.    Near  the  Rapidan,  Gen.  Pope 

with  50,000  men  is  confronted  by  Gen. 
Lee's  army,  80,000  strong,  and  falls  back 
across  the  Rappahannock. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1862,  July  1-Aug.  18.    211 


Aug.  16.  Mo.  At  Iione  Jack  Maj. 
Foster  has  60  killed  and  100  wounded ; 
Ooufederate  Col.  Coffee  loses  110  men. 

La,    Federal  troops  evacuate  Baton 

Bouge  by  order  of  Gen.  Butler. 

Va.  Gen.  Lee  orders  Gen.  Long- 
street's  corps  to  the  Rapidan,  together 
with  Gen.  Jackson's  divisions  and  Gen. 
.Stuart's  cavalry  corps. 

Aug.  17.  Minn.  The  Great  Sioux  War. 
It  is  caused  by  a  new  breach  of  promise 
on  the  part  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment, by  the  spirit  of  war  wafted  from 
the  Southern  Kebelliou,  and  by  the  in- 
fluence of  the  native  sorcerers,  who  have 
convinced  their  people  that  the  Indian 
gods  are  superior  to  the  white  man's 
Deity.  The  Sioux  Indians  massacre  COO 
people  and  destroy  millions  of  dollars 
worth  of  property  at  Acton  in  Meeker 
County  ;  Gen.  Sibley  is  sent  with  troops, 
and  defeats  them  in  two  battles. 

Va.    Gen.  McClellan'sarmy leaves 

its  camp  near  Harrison's  Bar  for  Ao- 
quia  Creek. 

Aug.  18.  Mo.  A  cavalry  expedition  is 
sent  against  the  Confederates  at  Spring- 
field. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1862  July  18.  N.  Y.,  —  Mass.  "  Comet 
II.,  1862  "  is  discovered  by  Thomas 
Simons  at  the  Dudley  Observatory  at 
Albany ;  also  on  the  same  evening,  by 
H.  P.  Tuttle  at  Cambridge. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS, 
ises. 
July  24.    Van  Buren,  Martin,    sen.  for 

N.  Y.,  Gov.,  sec.  of  state,  Vice-Pres.,  8th 

Pres.  of  U.  ,S.,  (Dem.)  FreesoU  candidate 

for  Pres.,  A80. 
Aug.  6.    McCook,     Robert    L.,    brig.-Ren. 

vols.,  A35. 
Aug.  9.  Plummer,  .Joseph  B.,  author,  brig.- 

gen.  vols.,  A 42. 

LETTERS. 
1862  •  •  Ky.     Cedar  Valley    Seminary 
(Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Clinton. 

*  *N.Y.     The   Long   Island    Historical 
Society  Library  is  founded.  [75,000  vols.] 

*  *  O.    The  State  University  is  founded. 

*  •  Pa.    An  Agricultural  College  is  estab- 
lished at  Bellefonte. 

*  •  Wash.    Holy  Angel's  College  (Rom. 
Oath.)  is  organized  at  Vancouver  City. 

*  •  .Esthetics,  by  J.  Bascom,  appears. 

*  *  Artemut  Ward;  Hit  Book,  by  Charles 
F.  Browne,  appears. 


Congress  enacts  the  Internal  Rev- 
enue Iiaw  [this  creates  the  Bureau  of 
Internal  Revenue ;  almost  everything 
outside  of  the  grave  is  taxed]. 

An  average  tax  of  three  per  cent  is 
placed  on  manufactured  articles;  dis- 
tilled spirits,  20  cents  a  gallon :  ales,  etc., 
$1  a  barrel ;  occupations  are  licensed  at 
from  $5  to  $200;  stamps,  from  three 
cents  to  $1,  are  required  on  bills  of  ex- 
change, and  $1  to  820  on  conveyances ; 
three  per  cent  on  incomes  over  $600  up 
to  $10,000,  and  five  per  cent  on  greater 
incomes. 

It  enacts  a  bill  for  the  punishment  of 
polygamy  in  the  Territories. 
July  2.     I),  c.     Congress    passes    the 
"  Iron-clad  Oath"  of  Office  Bill. 

A  candidate  for  office  must  swear  that    y   i 
he  has  never  given  aid  or  encouragement    ''  "^^ 


to  the  enemies  of  the  United  States,  or 
accepted  office  under  any  government 
hostile  thereto. 

President  Lincoln  approves  the  Pa- 
oiflo  Bajlroad  Bill. 

It  grants  subsidies  In  bonds,  as  first 
liens  on  the  road.  First  section,  $16,000 
per  mile  ;  second  (Rockies),  $48,000 ;  third, 
$32,000;  fourth  (Sierra  Nevada  Range). 
$48,000;  fifth  (California),  $32,000.  [After- 
ward it  makes  more  liberal  subsidies, 
and  includes  a  land  grant.] 

Attorney-General  Bates  gives  an  opin- 
ion sustaining  the  legality  of  the  acts  of 
the  Government  in  suspending  the 
writ  of  habeas  corpus. 

July  4.  Pa.  The  Democratic  State  Con- 
vention declares,  "  this  is  a  govern- 
ment of  white  men,  and  was  estab- 
lished exclusively  for  the  white  race." 

O.  The  Ohio  Democratic  State  Con- 
vention declares, "  it  would  be  unjust  to 
our  gallant  soldiers  to  compel  them  to 
free  the  negroes  of  the  South,  and 
hereby  fill  Ohio  with  a  degraded  popula- 
tion "  to  compete  in  labor. 

July  11.  D.  C.  The  bill  authorizing  the 
issue  of  $150,000,000  legal-tender 
notes,  of  $1  and  upwards,  becomes  a 
law. 

July  12.  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for 
2000  medals  to  be  distributed  among    July  18, 19.    Ne,o  Torfc  and  Philadelphia 


Congress  makes  j)Ostage  and  other 
stamps  legal  tender  for  fractions  of  a 
dollar.  [Vote;  House,  82-42;  Senate, 
27-12.  Government  currency  soon  ex- 
cludes "  shlnplasters."] 

The  President  approves  the  Act  of 
Congress,  authorizing  the  enrollment 
of  the  militia. 

Persons  between  18  and  45  years  are  to 
be  included.  Negroes  are  to  be  admitted 
into  the  army. 

The  37th  Congress :  the  second  ses- 
sion closes. 
July  25.  D.  C.  The  President  warns 
the  owners  of  slaves  that  the  confisca- 
tion and  emancipation  acts  will  be 
duly  executed. 

Wis.    The  Legislature  repeals  the 
Personal  Liberty  BUI. 

*  *  U.  s.  Democrats  are  alienated 
from  the  Government,  and  oppose 
"  an  Abolition  war." 

No  Democrat  voted  for  the  destruction 
of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
nor  for  the  compensated  emancipation 
of  slaves  in  the  border  States,  nor  for  the 
act  confiscating  the  property  of  rebels. 

Aug.  4.  D.  C.  Orders  are  issued  direct- 
ing a  draft  of  300,000  more  men,  for 
nine  months'  service,  besides  the  300,000 
volunteers  previously  called  for  ;  liberal 
bounties  encourage  enlistments. 

Aug.  8.  U.  S.  The  writ  of  habeas 
corpus  is  suspended;  orders  are  given 
to  arrest  persons  who  discourage  enlist- 
ments. 

Aug.  12.  Va.  The  first  Confederate 
Congress  opens  its  second  session  at 
llichmond. 

Aug.  16.  Ky.  Gov.  Beriah  Magoffin 
is  defeated  in  his  attempt  to  make  Ken- 
tucky a  neutral  state,  and  resigns ;  he 
is  succeeded  by  J.  P.  Robinson,  the 
speaker  of  the  St.ate  senate,  who  is  a 
Union  man. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1862    July  1.    New  York.    Price  of  cot- 
ton, 381  cents. 


SOCIETY. 

1862  July  *  New  York.  Several  prom- 
inent newspapers  violently  denounce 
the  Federal  authorities  in  their  adminis- 
tration of  the  government  and  conduct 
of  the  war ;  the  Journal  of  Commerce, 
the  World,  and  the  Daily  News  are  con- 
spicuous opposers. 

July  16.  D.  a  The  Sanitary  Police 
Company  is  appointed. 

Aug.  18.  Minn.  The  Little-Crow  band 
of  Sioux  Indians  massacre  the  whites 
at  Yellow  Medicine  Agency. 

STATE. 
1862   July  1.    D.  C.    President  Lincoln 
calls  for  300,000  more  troops,  in  re- 
sponse to  the  official  request  of  the  gov- 
ernors of  18  States. 


non-commissioned  officers  and  privates 
of  distinguished  merit. 

President  Lincoln  again  urges  Repre- 
sentatives of  border  States  to  accept 
Ills  plan  of  compensated  emancipation. 
July  14.  D.  C.  A  Tariff  Act  is  passed, 
which  increases  duties  on  imports  ;  it 
also  forbids  the  issue  of  tokens  to  circu- 
late as  money. 

Congress :  The  Senate  votes  to  admit 
■West  Virginia  into  the  Union.  Vote, 
23-17 ;  one  Deui.  votes  yea. 

July  16.  B.C.  Congress  votes  to  greatly 
enlarge  the  scope  of  the  naval  organ- 
ization, and  to  advance  the  rank  of  its 
officers. 

July  17.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Confiscation  Act. 

"  Confiscatine  the  property  of  rebels, 

and  giving  freedom  to  the  persons  whom 
they  hold  in  slavery,"  if  the  owners  do 
not  submit  to  the  (iovernment  within 
60  days.  It  also  provides  for  the  punish- 
ment of  persons  In  rebellion,  whom  it 
divides  into  six  classes. 


begin  to  use  car  tickets  and    postage 
stamps  as  fractional  currency. 

July  22.  Cat.  About  150  convicts  es- 
cape from  the  State  prison. 

July  27.  The  steamer  Golden  Gate  on 
the  Paoiflo  is  burned  off  the  coast  of 
Mexico  ;  about  $1,500,000  in  treasure  are 
lost,  and  nearly  200  lives. 

July*  Mo.  The  court-house  at  St. 
Louis  is  completed  ;  cost,  about  $1,200,- 
000. 

July  *  Northern  States.  A  marked  re- 
vival in  trade  occurs.  "Shlnplas- 
ters" and  "tokens"  are  issued  from 
private  sources,  and  become  superabun- 
dant. 

Aug.  *  Northern  States.  A  keen  expec- 
tation of  the  speedy  capture  of  Rich- 
mond by  Gen.  McClellan  prevails. 

Aug.  13.  Va.  Two  steamers  collide  on 
the  James  River ;  the  West  Point  goes 
down  ;  75  lives  are  lost. 

*  »  Many  States  offer  special  bounties 
to  induce  enlistment  as  volunteers. 


212     1862,  Aug.  19-Sept  21. 


AMERICA ; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1862  Aug.  *Capt.Semme8  becomes  com- 
mander of  the  privateer  Alabama,  re- 
cently built  in  England. 

Aiig.  *  Minn.  The  Sioxix  Indians  be- 
siege Fort  Ridgely  for  ninq  days. 

Aug.  19.  Va.  At  White  Oak  Ridge.near 
Hickman,  Capt.  jVIoore  loses  two 
wounde<i ;  Confederate  lose,  four  killed 
and  19  prisoners. 

/>.  C     The  Department  of  the  Ohio 

is  formed. 

Aug.  20.  Tenn.  At  Sdgefield  Junc- 
tion the  Confederates  under  Col.  J.  H. 
Morgan  lose  seven  killed  and  20 
wounded. 

Clarkesville  is  surrendered  to  the 
Confederates. 

Mo.  Near  Union  Mills  Mai.  Price  en- 
coimters  the  Confederates,  losing  four 
killed  and  three  wounded  ;  Confederate 
loss,  four  prisoners  and  ISnorses. 

— —  Minn.  At  Fort  Ridgely,  an  attack  of 
Sioux  Indians  is  repulsed. 

Va.    Gen.  Pope  falls  back  across 

the  Kappahannock  on  the  approach  of 
Gen.  Lee  with  superior  numbers. 

Aug.  21.  S.  C.  At  Pinckney*8  Island, 
the  Federals  lose  three  killed,  three 
wounded,  and  32  prisoners. 

Aug.  22.  Va.  Catlett's  Station  is  cap- 
tured by  Stuart's  Confederate  cavalry. 

Tenn.    Near   Gallatin  Gen.   J.  H. 

Morgan  defeats  Gen.  Johnson,  who  loses 
100  killed,  many  wounded,  and  350  pris- 
oners ;  Gen.  Morgan  captures  Gallatin, 
also  Gen.  Johnson  and  his  staff. 

Aug.  23.  Minn.  The  Indians  are  re- 
pulsed in  an  attack  on  New  Ulm. 

Va.    Gen.  Reynolds's  division  of 

the  Army  of  the  Potomac  is  the  first  to 
join  the  Army  of  Virginia  at  Acquia 
Creek. 

Atig.  24.  Mo.  Confederates  are  defeated 
in  a  skirmish  between  Bloomfield  and 
Gape  Girardeau. 

—  Tenn.  Gen.  Bragg  advances  for  the 
Invasion  of  Kentucky  with  more  than 
60,000  men.  Gen.  Buell  with  40,000  men 
prepares  to  repel  him. 

Va.   Gen.  McClellan's  army  arrives 

at  Acquia  Creek. 

Aug.  25.     Tenn.     At  Fort  Donelson 

the  Confederates  under  Col.  Woodward 
are  repulsed  with  heavy  loss. 

D.  C.   The  Secretary  of  War  formally 

authorizes  Gen.  Saxton  at  Port  Royal, 
S.  C,  to  enlist  and  drill  5,000  negroes 
to  guard  and  protect  plantations. 

. Va.    At  Waterloo  Bridge  a  skirmish 

takes  place. 

Ark.    A  combined  military  and  naval 

expedition  under  Gen.  Curtis  and  Com- 
mander Davis,  returns  to  Helena,  after 
capturing  a  Confederate  battery  on  the 
Yazoo  River,  the  steamer  Fair  Play, 
and  war  materials. 

Aug.  26.  Minn.  The  militia  under  Col. 
U.K.  Sibley  advance  against  the  Sioux. 

Aug.  27.  Va.  At  Kettle  Run  Gen, 
Hooker  defeats  the  Confederates  under 
Qen.  Ewell  and  drives  them  from  the 
field.  Federal  loss,  300  killed  and 
wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  the  same, 
besides  1,000  prisoners. 


Gen.  Pope  orders  Gen.  Fitz-John 
Porter,  at  "Warrenton  Junction,  to 
march  at  1  a.m.  to  Bristoe  Station.  [Ho 
does  not  start  until  dawn]. 

Gen.  McClellan  arrives  at  Alexan- 
dria, awaiting  orders. 

Aug.  28.  Tenn.  At  Readyville  Col. 
Murphy  defeats  Confederate  Gen.  For- 
rest. 

Va.  West  of  Centerville  Gens.  Mc- 
Dowell and  Sigel  drive  back  the  Confed- 
erates under  Gen.  Jackson,  and  take 
1,000  prisoners. 

Stonewall  Jackson's  army,  by 
marching  via  Thoroughfare  Gap,  strikes 
Gen.  Pope's  base  of  supplies  at  Manas- 
sas Junction. 

Aug.  29.  K.  C.  Ports  Hatteras  and 
Clark  are  captured  by  Federals. 

Va.  BattleofGroveton:  Gen.  Jack- 
son defeats  Gen.  Pope  after  the  arrival 
of  Gen.  Long8treet*s  corps  of  30,000  men, 
and  drives  back  Gen.  McDowell's  cori>s. 
Gen.  Pope  is  enraged  at  Gen.  Porter  for 
disobedience  of  orders ;  Gen.  R.  E.  Lee 
arrives,  and  assumes  command  of  the 
Confederates. 

City  Point,  on  the  James  River,  is 
shelled  by  Federal  gunboats. 

Ky.    At  Richmond  the  advance  of 

Gen.  Bragg'a  army  under  Gen.  E.  Kirby 
Smith  routs  the  Federals  under  Gens. 
MansoD  and  Nelson. 

Federal  loss,  200  killed,  700  wounded, 
and  4,000  prisoners ;  Confederate  luss, 
250  killed  and  500  wounded. 

Aug.  30.  Va.  Battle  of  Manassas,  or 
the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run :  Gen.  Lee 
utterly  defeats  Gen.  Pope,  and  drives  the 
Federals  back  on  Centerville. 

Federal  loss  1 ,747  killed,  8,452  wounded, 
and  4.262  missing:  Confederate  loss, 
1,482  killed,  and  6,145  wounded  and  mis- 
sing. 

Gen.  Pope  attributes  his  failure  in 

this  campaign  to  Gen.  Porter's  inaction 
and  disobedience  to  orders  on  Aug.  27 
and  29,  and  to  Gen.  McClellan's  reluc- 
tance in  forwarding  reenforcements  from 
Alexandria. 

Tenn.    At  Bolivar  Col.  Legget  routs 

the  Confederates  under  Gen,  Armstrong. 
Federal  loss,  five  killed,  18  wounded,  and 
64  missing. 

Sept.  1.  Ky.  Confederate  raids  occasion 
the  removal  of  the  Legislature  from 
Frankfort  to  Louisville. 

Tenn.  At  Britton's  Xiane  Col.  Den- 
nis defeats  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Armstrong.  Federal  loss,  200  killed ; 
Confederate  loss,  180  killed  and  220 
wounded. 

fh.    A  part  of    Gen.    Pope's    army 

has  a  severe  action  at  Chantilly,  and 
repulses  the  Confederate  Gens.  Jackson 
and  Ewell.  Gens.  Philip  Kearny  and 
Isaac  1.  Stevens  are  killed.  Federal  loss, 
1,300  killed  and  wounded;  Confederate 
loss,  800  killed  and  wounded. 

Sept.  1-12.  O.  Gen.  Lew  Wallace,  by 
extraordinary  exertions,  saves  Cincin- 
nati from  capture  by  the  Confederates 
under  Gen.  E.  Kirby  Smith. 

Sept.  2.  N.  C.  Near  Plymouth  Sergt. 
Green  defeats  the  Confederate  Col.  Gar- 
rett, who  loses  30  killed  and  40  prisoners. 


—  D.  C.  Gen.  George  B.  McClellan  is 
appointed  to  command  the  defenses  of 
Washington  and  the  troops  engaged 
therein. 

Gen.  Pope  is  relieved  of  the  command 
of  the  Army  of  Virginia,  and  is  assigned 
to  a  command  in  the  Northwest. 

O.    Martial  law  is  declared  in  Cin- 

•  cinnati,  the  city  being  threatened  by 
approaching  Confederates. 

Sept.  3.  Va.  The  Federals  evacuate 
Centerville  and  fall  back  toward 
"Washington. 

Minn.    The  Indians   attack   Cedar 

City,  McLeod  County. 

Ky.     Near   Slaughterville   Lieut.- 

Col.  Foster  encounters  the  Confederates, 
who  lose  three  killed,  two  wounded,  and 
25  prisoners. 

Va.    Fighting  occurs  between  Fairfax 

Court  House  and  Washington. 

Sept.  4.  Md.  Gen.  Lee  crosses  the  Po- 
tomac, at  Point  of  Rocks,  and  invades 
Maryland. 

Ky.  Gen.  Morgan  reaches  Lexing- 
ton on  his  second  raid. 

Minn.    At  Ridgely  Indians  kill  13 

soldiers  and  wound  47  others. 

Tenn.     At   Cumberland   Gap  tho 

Confederates  are  defeated  with  loss. 

Sept.  5.  Va.  Gen.  McDowell  is  re- 
lieved of  his  command,  at  his  own  re- 
quest. 

±  Ky.   Gen.  Bragg  enters  Kentucky. 

Sept.  6.  i\r.  C.  At  Washington  Fed- 
eral Gen.  Foster  repulses  an  attack  of 
cavalry  supported  by  two  gunboats;  Fed- 
eral loss,  eight  kilted  and  36  wounded; 
Confederate  loss,  33  killed  and  100 
wounded. 

Ky.    Gen.  Henry  Heth,  with  6,000 

Confederates,  arrives  near  Coving- 
ton, opposite  Cincinnati. 

Md.  Gen.  Lee  occupies  Freder- 
ick. 

W.    Va.    Near   Martinsburg  Gen. 

Julius  White  repulses  an  attack  of  Con- 
federate cavalry ;  Federal  loss,  two 
killed  and  10  wounded ;  Confederate 
loss,  50  prisoners,  besides  the  killed 
and  wounded. 

Sept.  6, 7.  O.  Gen.  Kirby  Smith  threat- 
ens Cincinnati. 

Sept.  7.  Ky.  Federals  capture  Shep- 
herdsville  with  85  prisoners. 

Sept.  8.  Md.  Gen.  Lee  issues  a  procla- 
mation to  the  people  of  Maryland,  in- 
viting them  to  cast  their  lot  with  the 

Confederacy. 

Near  Poolesville  Maj,  Chapman  loses 
one  killed  and  eight  wounded ;  the  de- 
feated Confederates  lose  seven  killed. 

Minn.     The  Indians  are  defeated  by 

the  troops,  in  a  flght  at  the  Lower 
Agency. 

Va.    At  Edwards'   Ferry,  on  the 

Potomac,  Gen.  Keyes  repulses  Confeder- 
ate Gen.  Stuart,  who  loses  90  men. 

Sept.  9.  Va.  At  "Williamsburg  Col. 
Campbell  repulses  an  attack  of  Confed- 
erate cavalry  ;  but  be  with  five  captains 
and  four  lieutenants  are  taken  prison- 
ers.    Confederates  lose  eight  killed. 

Sept.  lOi.  Md.  Gen.  Stuart's  cavalry 
cro-^ses  the  Potomac,  makes  a  circuit 
around  Gen.  McClellan's  army,  and 
reeroiGping  tlie  river,  enters  Gen.  Ia^c's 
camp. 


UNITED    STATES.  1862,  Aug.  19 -Sept.  21.    213 


Sept.  10.  Mil.  Gen.  Lee  occupies  Ha- 
gerstown. 

Misa.    Near  Coldwater  Col.  Grier- 

9on  encounters  ('on federates,  who  lose 
four  killed  and  30  wounded. 

Pa.     Gov.  Curtin   calls  out  every 

able-bodied  man  in  the  State  to  assist 
in  repelling  Confederate  invaders. 

Va.      At   Fayetteville    Col.   Siber 

is  defeated  by  Confederates  \xnder  Gen. 
Loring,  with  the  loss  of  100  killed  and 
wounddd. 

W.  Va.    At  Gauley  the  Federals  burn 

the  Government  property,  and  flee  bo- 
fore  the  approaching  Confederates. 

Sept.  11.  Ky.  Maysville  is  taken  by 
the  Confederates.  [It  is  recaptured  by 
the  Federals  on  the  following  day.] 

Sept.  12.  Mo.  Eureka  is  captured  by  the 
Federals. 

Md.  At  Middletown  the  Confeder- 
ates lose  80  killed  and  wounded. 

jr.    J'a.     The    Confederates    invest 

Harper's  Ferry. 

Sept.  14.  Md.  Gen.  Lee  finds  Gen.  Mc- 
Clellan  in  his  rear,  and  falls  back  to 
Antietam  Creek. 

Battles  of  South  Mountain:  Gen. 
McClellan,  with  the  combined  army  of 
Virginia  (Gen.  Pope's),  and  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac,  defeats  Gen.  Lee  at 
Turner's  and  Crampton's  Gaps. 

Federal  loss,  443  killed,  1,806  wounded, 
and  75  missing;  Confederate  loss,  BOO 
killed,  2,343  wounded,  and  1,500  prisoners. 

Ky.    At  Munfordville  Col.  Wilder 

with  2,000  Federals  for  five  hours  repulses 
8,000  Confederates  under  Gen.  Duncan, 
when  reenforcements  arrive,  and  Con- 
federates are  driven  away  with  heavy 
loss. 

Va.  At  Harper's  Ferry  the  Fed- 
eral cavalry  elude  the  investing  Confed- 
erates, and  escape  in  the  night. 

Sept.  14,  15.  }V.  Va.  At  Harper's 
Ferry,  Gen.  Stonewall  Jackson,  with 
14,000  troops,  bombards  the  garrison 
from  the  commanding  heights. 

Sept.  15.     Ktf.     At   Green   Kiver  the 

Confederates  are  defeated. 

Va.  Col.  D.  H.  Miles,  having  dis- 
obeyed orders  to  prepare  for  defense, 
surrenders  Harper's  Ferry  to  Stone- 
wall Jackson. 

Federal  loss,  80  killed,  120  wounded, 
11,583  prisoners,  and  479  guns  ;  Confeder- 
ate loss,  500  killed  and  wounded.  Col. 
Miles  is  killed. 

Sept.  16,  17.  Md.  Battle  of  Antie- 
tam; Gen.  McClellan,  with  87,000  men 
present  and  60,000  engaged,  attacks  Gen. 
Ijee,  with  40,000  (?)  men  [in  one  of  the 
bloodiest  battles  of  the  war.  Both  sides 
claim  the  victory.] 

Gens.  Hooker,  Burnside,  Sumner, 
Mansfield,  Franklin,  and  O.  O.  Howard 
command  on  the  Federal  side;  Gens. 
Jackson,  Lf^ncptreet,  Hood,  Early,  and 
I).  H.  and  A.  P.  Hill  support  Gen.  Lee. 
(ten.  Mansfield  is  killed,  and  Gen.  Hooker 
is  wounded.  Federal  loss,  2,108  killed, 
9,540  wounded,  and  753  missing.  Con- 
federate loss  estimated  at  11,172. 

Sept.  16,  17.  Ky.  At  MunfordvUle 
Gen.  Polk  with  20,500  men  of  Gen. 
Bragg's  army,  defeats  the  Federals  un- 
der Col.  J    T.  Wilder  with  6,000.    Fed- 


eral loss,  37  killed  and  wounded,  besides 
3,566  prisoners;  Confederate  loss,  714 
killed  and  wounded. 

Sept.  16.  Teiin.  Near  DurhamviUe 
Lieut.  R.  Griffin  loses  two  killed  and  10 
wounded  ;  Confederates,  under  Lieut. - 
Col.  Faulkner  lose  eight  killed  and  20 
wounded. 

Cumberland  Gap  is  evacuated  by  the 

Federals. 

Va.     At    Leesburg,    in    a   cavalry 

fight.  Col.  Kilpatrick  defeats  the  Con- 
federates. 

Sept,  IS.  Md.  Both  armies  rest  after 
the  battle  of  Antietam,  but  at  night 
Gen.  liee  slips  away  and  recrosses  the 
Potomac. 

Sept.  19.  Md.  The  Federals  make  a 
tardy  pursuit  of  Gen.  Lee's  army;  a 
force  crosses  the  Potomac  and  takes 
four  giuis. 

D.  C.  The  Department  of  the  Mis- 
souri is  formed;  Maj.  Gen.  Samuel 
R.  Curtis,  commander. 

Ky.    At  Ow^ensburg  a  Confederate 

attack  is  repulsed  with  great  loss.  Fed- 
erals lose  two  killed  and  18  wounded. 

Miss.  At  luka  Gen.  Rosecrans  de- 
feats the  Confederates  under  Gen.  Price, 
and  drives  them  southward  after  a  hot 
battle. 

Federal  loss,  144  killed.  598  wounded, 
and  40  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss,  263 
killed,  692  wounded,  and  5G1  prisoners. 

Va.    Harper's  Ferry  is  evacuated 

by  the  Confederates. 

Sept.  20.   Md.   Gen.  McClellan  reports 

93,149  men  present  for  duty. 
Sept.  20±.     Md.    Gen.  Lee's  army  retires 

southward,  laden  with  stores  taken  from 

the  Federals. 

Sept.  20.  Ky.  Near  Lebanon  Junction  a 
cavalry  skirmish  occurs. 

Mo.     Near    Shirley's    Ford    Col. 

Ritchie  defeats  the  Confederates,  who 
lose  GO  or  70  killed  and  wounded. 

}V.  Va.    Near  Shepherdstown  the 

Federals  cross  the  Potomac  and  are 
driven  back  into  Maryland. 

Sept.  21.  Ky.  At  Shepherds vi lie  Col. 
Granger  encounters  the  Confederates, 
who  lose  five  killed  and  28  prisoners. 

The  Federal  troops  occupy  Mun- 
fordville. 

Va.     Col.    Barnes   encounters    the 

Confe<lerates  near  the  Potomac  ;  they 
lose  150  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1862  Sept.  13.  C.F.Hall  returns  from 
the  Arctic  regions  after  an  absence  of 
about  two  years. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1662. 

Aue.  20.     Hohlen,  Henry,  brlg.-gen.  vols., 

A  52. 
Read,  George  Campbell,  rear-admiral, 

A74. 
Augr.  26.    Means,  John   II.,  gov.  of  S.  C, 

A50. 
Sept.  1.    Kearny.  Philip,  maj. -gen.  r.  8. 

vols.,  killed  at  (^baiitilly,  A47. 
Stevens.    leaac    InertUls,    maj.-gen. 

vols.,  killed  at  Chantilly,  A44. 
Sept.  14.  Reno.  JesBB  L.,  brig.-gen.  vols., 

killed  at  South  Mt.,  A39. 
Sept.  16.    TwltcRS,   David   E.,   brig.-gen. 

V.  a.  A.,  Coufed.  maj.-gen.,  A72. 


Sept.  16.  Miles,  Dixon  S.*  col.  U.  R.  A., 
killed  at  Harper's  Ferry,  A58. 

Sept.  17.  Croasdale,  Samuel,  col.  V.  S.  .\., 
killed  at  Antietam. 

Sept.  18.  Mansfield,  Joseph  K.  F.,  nmj.- 
gen.  of  vols,,  mortally  wounded  at  Antie- 
tam, A  59. 

Sept.  19.  Little,  Louis  H.,  capt.  U.S.A., 
Confed.  brig.-gen.,  killed  at  luka,  A44. 


LETTERS. 

1862  *  *  John  Brent,  by  Theodore  "Win- 
throp,  appears. 

*  *  Country  Living  and  Country  Thinking^ 
by  M.  A.  Dodge,  appears. 

*  *  The  King's  Bell,  by  R.  H.  Stoddard, 
appears. 

*  *  Origin  and  History  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage, by  G.  P.  Marsh,  appears. 

*  *  The  Poet's  Journal,  by  Bayard  Taylor, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Wagoner  of  the  Alleghanies,  by 
T.  B.  Bead,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1862  Aug.  21.  Minn.  The  Sioux  In- 
dians massacre  the  whites  at  New  Ulm, 
in  Brown  County. 

Aug.  29.  Ky.  Brig.-Gen.  Jefferson  C. 
Davis,  U.S.A.,  shoots  and  mortally 
wounds  Maj.-Gen.  "William  Nelson, 
in  an  altercation  at  Louisville. 

Sept.  1.  D.  C.  An  act  is  passed  declar- 
ing that  the  spirit  ration  in  the  navy 
shall  cease  forever,  and  that  no  spirits 
shall  be  admitted  on  board  vessels  of 
war  except  as  medical  stores  ;  and  in 
lieu  of  the  ration,  five  cents  per  day  is 
added  to  the  pay  of  each  sailor. 

Sept.  18.  Thanksgiving-day  is  ob- 
served in  the  Southern  States. 

STATE. 

1862  Aug.  21.  La.  Brig.-Gen.  George  P. 
Shepley  is  appointed  military  governor, 

Va.  The  Confederacy  issues  orders 

for  retaliation  against  Maj.-Gen.  Hunter 
and  Brig.-Gen.  Phelps  for  organizing 
negro  regiments,  and  declares  that  these 
officers  will  be  held  and  treated  as  out- 
laws whenever  captured. 

Sept.  3.  D.  C.  (Joseph  Holt  of  Ky.  is 
appointed  Judge  Advocate-general. 

Sept.  11.  Pa.  Gov.  Curtin  calls  out 
50,000  militia  to  repel  the  invasion  of 
Gen.  Lee. 

Sept.  14.  The  governors  of  Pennsylvania, 
Ohio,  and  West  Virginia  unite  in  send- 
ing a  joint  invitation  to  all  the  loyal 
governors  to  meet  at  Altoona,  Pa., 
to  consult  respecting  the  best  means  of 
common  defense,  and  to  aid  in  the  prose- 
cation  of  the  war. 

Sept.  19.  Md.  Gen.  McClellan  arrests 
16  members  of  the  Maryland  Legisla- 
ture and  its  officers;  they  favor  the 
Confederacy. 

Sept.  24.  Pa.  The  Gtovemors  of  14 
loyal  States  and  the  proxies  of  three 
others  meet  at  Altoona ;  they  approve 
the  proclamation  of  emancipation  ns  a 
war  measure. 


214    1862,  Sept.  22-Nov.  17. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1862  Sept.  22.  Miiin.  The  Indians 
are  defeated  by  a  detachment  of  the 
regular  army  at  Wood  Lake  ;  500  prison- 
ers^ are  taken,  and  300  are  sentenced  to 
be  hanged. 

Sept.  23.  Mo.  At  Sturgeon,  Maj.  Hunt 
defeats  the  Confederates  under  Capt. 
Cunningham. 

Minn.    At  Yellow  Medicine  River 

Gen.  Sibley  has  a  battle  with  the  Sioux, 
killing  30  of  the  savages  and  wounding 
many  others ;  four  whites  are  killed  and 
30  wounded. 

Sept.  25.  Bernuula.  Commodore  Wilkes's 
squadron  arrives,  and  he  is  ordered  by 
British  authorities  to  leave  within  24 
hours. 

Ky.    Xjouisville  escapes  capture  by 

the  forced  march  of  Gen.  Buell  from 
Tenn.,  and  his  arrival  one  day  in  ad- 
vance of  Gen.  Bragg. 

Sept.  27.  Ky.  Augusta  is  attacked  by 
Confederates ;  they  defeat  and  capture 
the  garrison,  and  destroy  the  town ; 
Federal  loss,  nine  killed,  15  wounded, 
and  96  prisoners ;  Confederate  loss,  90 
killed  and  wounded. 

Minn.    The  Sioux  Indians  surrender 

91  captive  white  women  and  children, 

near  the  Chippewa  River. 
Sept.  *  N.  iJak.     Fort  Abercrombie  is 

twice  unsuccessfully  assaulted  by  Sioux 

Indians. 

Sept.  29.  Md.  At  Sharpsburg  the  Con- 
federates are  dispersed,  and  several  of 
them  captured. 

Va.  Warrenton  is  taken  by  the  Fed- 
erals. 

Sept.  30.  Mo.  At  Newtonia  Gen.  Sol- 
omon encounters  Confederates  under 
Col.  Cooper,  and  loses  50  killed,  80  wound- 
ed, and  120  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss, 
90  killed  and  wounded. 

Ky.    At  Russellville  Col.  Harrison 

encounters  Confederates,  who  lose  35 
killed  and  10  prisoners. 

Va.  The  entire  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, including  Gen.  Banks's  command, 
Is  reported  to  be  303,959  men. 

Of  these,  101,756  are  absent,  28,458  on 
special  duty ;  73,601  present  for  duty  in 
(ien.  Banks's  command,  and  100,144 
ready  for  duty  in  Gen.  McClellan's  im- 
mediate command. 

Oct.  1.  The  Western  gunboat  fleet  is 
transferred  from  the  War  to  the  Navy 
Department. 

Gen.  Halleck  is  sent  by  the  Govern- 
ment to  urge  Gen.  McClellan  to  cross 
the  Potomac  and  attack  the  Con- 
federates. 

S.  C.    A  combined  military  and  naval 

expedition  leaves  Hilton  Head  for  the 
St.  John's  River. 

Tenn.  At  Gallatin  Col.  Stokes  de- 
feats the  Confederate  Col.  Bennett,  who 
loses  40  killed,  39  prisoners,  and  many 
woiuided. 

}V.  Va.     At  Shepherdstown   Gen. 

Pleasanton  crosses  the  Potomac,  and 
drives  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Wade  Hampton  to  Martinsburg.  Fed- 
eral loss,  12  wounded  and  three  prison- 
ers ;  Confederate  loss,  60  killed  and 
wounded,  and  nine  prisoners. 

Oct.  2,  3.  Fla.  The  Federal  expedition 
opens  fire  on  the  fortifications  on  St. 
John's  Bluff,  and  reduces  the  works. 

Oct.  3.  Miss.  At  Corinth  a  Confederate 
advance  drives  in  the  Federal  pickets. 


Oct.  3,4.  Mi38.  Battle  of  Corinth. 
The  entrenched  Federals  under  Gen. 
Rosecrans,  20,000  strong,  repulse  the  ter- 
rible attack  of  Gens.  Van  Dorn,  Price, 
and  Lovell  with  38,000  men :  losses ; 
Federals,  355  killed,  1,841  wounded,  324 
missing ;  Confederates,  1,423  killed,  5,692 
wounded,  and  2,268  missing. 

Oct.  4,  Ky.  Gens.  Bragg  and  Kirby 
Smith  unite  their  forces  at  Frankfort. 

[Gen.  Buell,  reenforced  by  20,000  men, 
advances  against  Gen.  Bragg,  who 
slowly  retreats  with  immense  trains 
loaded  with  plunder.] 

Oct.  5.  Fla.  Jacksonville  is  reoecu- 
pied  by  the  Federals. 

Oct.  6.  D.  (\  Gen.  McClellan  is  ordered 
to  cross  the  Potomac  and  engage  the 
enemy ;  he  dislikes  interference  by  the 
government,  and  claims  the  army  needs 
rest  and  recruiting. 

Oct.  8.  Ky.  Battle  of  Perryville ;  Gen. 
Buell  engages  in  an  indecisive  conflict 
with  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Hardee,  commander  of  Gen,  Bragg's 
left  wing. 

Federal  loss,  916  killed,  3,432  wounded 
and  prisoners ;  Confederate  loss,  510 
killed,  2,635  wounded,  and  251  prisoners. 

Tex.     Com.    William    B.    Renshaw, 

commanding  a  Federal  squadron,  takes 
possession  of  Galveston. 

Oct.  9.  Va.  Gen.  Stuart's  Cavalry  starts 
on  its  raid  into  Pennsylvania,  and 
crosses  the  Upper  Potomac  1,800  strong, 

Oct.  10-13.  Pa.  Gen.  Stuart's  Cavalry 
captiu'e  Chaznbersburg  (Oct.  11)  and 
other  towns ;  laden  with  spoils,  it  re- 
turns safely  to  camp,  having  passed 
completely  aroiind  the  Federal 
Army. 

Oct.  11.  Pa.  Gen.  Wool  arrives  at 
Harrisburg,  and  assumes  command  of 
the  troops  stationed  for  the  defense  of 
Pennsylvania. 

Oct.  12.  La.  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler  orders 
the  citizens  of  New  Orleans  to  take 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  United 
States,  to  furnish  their  names,  and  regis- 
ter their  property  in  the  oflSce  of  the 
provost  marshal. 

Va.  Gen.  Stuart*s  Cavalry  re- 
crosses  the  Potomac. 

Oct.  14.  Ky.  At  Stanford  (Lancaster) 
the  Confederates  lose  several  killed  and 
14  prisoners. 

Miss.    liieut.-Gen.  John  C.  Pem- 

berton,  as  commander  of  the  Confeder- 
ate Department  of  Mississippi  and  East 
Louisiana,  supersedes  Gen.  Van  Dorn 
at  Vicksburg. 

Oct.  16.  jr.  Va.  Near  Charlestown 
Gen.  Hancock  loses  one  killed  and  eight 
wounded;  Confederate  loss,  nine 
wounded  and  prisoners. 

Oct.  17.  Va.  At  Thoroiighfare  Gap 
Gen.  Stahl  takes  100  Confederate  pris- 
oners. 

Oct.  18.  Ky.  At  Lexington  Morgan's 
guerrillas  make  a  dash  into  the  town 
and  take  125  prisoners. 

Mo.  Col,  McXeil  orders  the  hang- 
ing of  ten  of  Col.  John  C.  Porter's  men 
in  retaliation  for  the  capture  in  a  raid 
and  the  disappearance  of  Andrew  Alls- 
man  of  Palmyra. 


Kan.     Quantrell,    the   Confederate 

guerrilla  chief,  makes  a  raid  into  John- 
son County  and  burns  Shawneetown. 

Oct.  20.  Ky.  At  Bardstown  Morgan's 
guerrillas  destroy  a  Federal  train  of  80 
wagons  loaded  with  ammunition  and 
stores,  before  daylight,  and  a  few  hours 
later  capture  another  train. 

Oct.  21.  Tenn.  At  Woodville  Maj.  J.  J. 
Mudd  defeats  the  Confederates  and 
takes  40  prisoners. 

Oct.  22.  S.  C.  At  Pocotaligo,  or  Ye- 
massee,  Gen.  Brannan  defeats  the  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Walker,  losing  43 
killed,  258  wounded,  and  five  prisoners  ; 
Confederate  loss  not  reported. 

Ark.     At  Van  Buren  Maj.  Lazear 

defeats  Confederates,  under  Col.  Boon, 
with  considerable  loss. 

Ky.    Louisville   is  threatened   by 

Confederates  under  Gen.  jMorgan,  and 
the  Governor  calls  out  the  citizens  for 
its  defense. 

Oct.  23.  Tenn.  At  "Wa verly,  Mai. 
Blott  loses  one  killed  and  five  wounded ; 
Confederate  loss,  40  killed  and  wounded, 
and  30  prisoners. 

At  Shelby  depot  Gen.  Stuart  defeats 
the  Confederates,  who  lose  eight  or  10 
killed  and  wounded. 

Oct.  24.  Ky.  Gen.  Rosecrans  is  appointed 
to  succeed  Gen.  Buell  as  commander  of 
the  Federal  Army  of  the  Ohio. 
At  Morganstown  a  skirmish  takes  place. 

Mo.    At  Grand  Prairie  Maj.  F.  G. 

White  loses  three  wounded ;  Confeder- 
ate loss,  eight  killed  and  20  wounded. 

Va.      Gen.    McClellan    assumes    the 

offensive ;  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
cross  from  Maryland  into  Virginia. 

Oct.  26.  The  Confedrate  army,  under 
Gen.  Bragg,  traverses  Cumberland  Gap, 
while  retreating  from  Kentucky. 

Oct.  27.  Mo.  At  Pittman*s  Ferry 
Col.  Lewis  attacks  and  defeats  the  Con- 
federates, who  lose  several  killed  and 
40  prisoners. 

La.    At  DonaldsonviUe  Gen.  Weit- 

zel  loses  18  killed  and  74  wounded ;  Con- 
federate loss,  six  killed,  15  wounded,  and 
208  prisoners. 

Oct.  28.  Ark.  Near  FayetteviUe  Gen. 
Herron  defeats  Confederates,  under  Col. 
Craven,  and  chases  them  to  the  Boston 
Mountains  ;  they  lose  eight  killed. 

Oct.  29.  Mo.  Near  Butler  Col,  Seaman 
loses  eight  killed  and  10  wounded  ;  Con- 
federates, under  Gen.  Cockerill,  lose  30 

killed  and  wounded. 

Oct.  30.  Ky.  Gen.  Hosecrans  assumes 
command  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumber- 
land. 

Oct.*'  The  IT.  S.  w^x-vessels  number 
256  of  all  classes. 

Oct.* -Dec*  The  Confederate  priva- 
teer Alabama,  Capt.  Raphael  Semmes, 
captures  many  merchant  vessels. 

Nov.  1.  Va.  At  Philomount,  an  artillery 
fight  continues  for  five  hours  ;  the  Con- 
federates retreat  towards  Bloomfield, 
and  another  action  lasts  for  four  hours. 

Md.    The  last  of  Gen.  McClellan's 

army  crosses  the  Potomac  into  Virginia. 

Nov.  2.  Term.  Gen.  Grant  begins  the 
advance  on  Vicksburg  from  Jackson  by 
moving  along  the  line  of  the  Mississippi 
Central  Bailroad. 


1 


UNITED   STATES. 


1862,  Sept.  22-Kov.  17.    215 


Nov.  3.  K}i.  In  "Webster  County  Col. 
Foster  loses  25  prisoweis,  and  captures 
three  Coulederate  lieuteuauts. 

Ga.  At  Kingsburg  the  Federals  de- 
stroy the  salt-works. 

Nov.  4.  Tenn.  Near  Grand  Junction 
Gen.  Grant  completes  the  gathering  of 
an  army  of  about  30,000  men  for  opera- 
tioua  in  Mississippi. 

Va.    The  Federals  capture  Maj.  Reid 

Sanders  on  the  coast,  while  endeavor- 
ing to  get  to  sea  with  Confederate  de- 
spatches. 

Nov.  6,    Tenn.    Near  Nashville  Gen. 

Negley  repulses  an  attack  of  the  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Morgan.    Federal 
loss,  five  killed  and  19  wounded;   Con- 
■■    federate  loss,  23  prisouers. 

Nov.  6.  Va,  At  Warrenton  Gen.  Rey- 
nolds takes  seven  Confederate  prisoners, 
150  muskets,  and  40  horses  and  wagons. 

Ay.    At  Plketon  Col.  Dills  takes  80 

Confederate  prisouers. 

Nov.  7.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  re- 
lieves Gen.  George  B.  McClellan  of 
the  command  of  the  unsuccessful  Army 
of  the  Potomac,  120,000  strong,  and  or- 
ders him  to  report  at  his  home  in  Tren- 
ton, N.J.  Gen.  Ambrose  E.  Bumside 
Is  appointed  his  successor,  and  assumes 
command,  [Both  orders  are  received 
Nov.  7.] 

S.  C.    The  Ist  Regiment  of  South 

Carolina  Volunteers  (colored)  is  organ- 
ized at  Port  Royal ;  [Col.  T.  W.  Higgin- 
son  of  Mass.  takes  command  Dec.  1st]. 

Nov.  *  Va.  Gen.  Burnside  changes 
the  plan  of  campaign,  and  makes  Ac- 
quia  Creek  the  base  of  supplies  for  an 
advance  on  Richmond. 

Nov.  8,  Miss.  At  Hudsonville  Col. 
Lee  encounters  the  Confederates,  who 
lose  16  killed  and  175  prisoners. 

Ark.    Near  Marianna  (La  Grange), 

Capt.  L.  M.  Perkins  defeats  the  Conted- 
erates,  who  lose  five  killed  and  several 
wounded. 

Nov.  9,     Va.    At  Fredericksburg 

Capt.  Dahlgren  takes  39  Confederate 
prisoners. 

Ga.    The  Federal  gunboat  Mohawk,  of 

Adm.  Dupont's  fleet,  enters  the  river  and 
sheila  St.  Mary's,  driving  out  the  Con- 
federates and  burning  the  town. 

La.    Gen.  N.  P.  Banks  is  ordered  to 

supersede  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler  in  the 
command  of  the  Department  of  the 
Gulf. 

Nov.  11.  Tenn,  At  Huntsville  Capt. 
Duncan  defeats  Confederates,  who  lose 
seven  killed  and  25  prisoners. 

Near  Ijebanon  Capts.  Kennett  and 
Wolford  encounter  Morgan's  Confeder- 
ates, who  lose  seven  killed,  and  126  pris- 
oners. 

Near  Iia  Grange  Col,  Lee  defeats  the 
Confederates,  losing  two  wounded  ;  Con- 
federate loss,  16  killed  and  134  pris- 
oners. 

Nov.  13.  Miss.  In  a  fight  at  Holly 
Springs  with  Col.  Lee,  Confederates 
lose  four  killed  and  several  captured. 

Nov.  15.  Va.  At  FayetteviUe  Gen. 
Sturgis  defeats  the  Confederates. 

The  Army  of  the  Potomac  advances 
from  Warrenton  towards  Fredericks- 
burg. 

Nov.  17.  Va.  Near  Fredericksburg  the 
Federal  artillery  opens  fire. 


At  Richmond  Jefferson  Davis  issues 
orders  to  make  retaliation  upon  the  Fed- 
erals for  the  execution  of  10  Confeder- 
ates in  Missouri.    (See  Oct.  *  1862.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1862     Sept.  22,     N.    T.     The  asteroid 

Eurydice   is    discovered  by  C.  H.  F. 

Peters.    [Also  Frigga,  Nov  12.] 
Nov.  12,    Shells  from  Whitworth    gims 

are  sent  through  solid  iron  plates  of  five 

and  a  half  inches  and  a  wood  backing. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1862. 

Sept.  28.  Nelson,  William,  maj.-gen.  vols., 
A  37. 

Oct.  4.  Hackleman,  Pleasant  A.,  lawyer, 
brig.-gen.  vols.,  killed  at  Corinth,  A48. 

Oct.  8.  Jackson,  James  S.,  M.  C.  for  Ky., 
brig.-gen.  vols.,  killed  at  Perryville,  A39. 

Terrill,    William    R,,   brig.-gen.    vols., 

killed  at  Perryville,  A28. 

Oct.  15.  Hudson,  William  L.,  capt  U.  S, 
N.,  A 68. 

Oct.  17.  James,  Charles  T.,  sen.  for  R.  I., 
inventor  of  rifled  cannon,  A58. 

Oct.  30.  Mitchel,  Onnsby  Macknight,  as- 
tronomer, maj.-gen.  of  vols.,  A53. 

Nov.  3.  Richardson,  leaaelB.,  maj.-gen. 
vols.,  mortally  wouinied  at  Antietani,  A47. 

Nov.  6.  Jameson,  Charles  !>.,  brig.-gen. 
vols.,  A 35. 

Nov.  7.  Mcintosh,  James  McQueen,  Con- 
fed,  brig.-gen.,  killed  at  Pea  Ridge,  A34. 

Pendergrast,  Garrett  J.,  com.  tJ.  S,  N., 

A  60. 

Nov.  11,  Porter,  Jas.  M.,  jurist,  a  fdr,  of 
Lafayette  col.,  Easton,  Pa.,  A69. 

CHURCH. 
1862    Nov.  3.    Phila.    The  Evangel- 
ical Educational  Society  is  organized 
by  Bishop  Potter. 

SOCIETY. 

1862  Sept.  22.  Z>.  C.  President  Lincoln 
issues  a  monitory  proclamation,  de- 
claring that  the  slaves  of  all  in 
rebellion  against  the  United  States 
on  Jan.  1, 1S63,  shall  be  forever  free. 

Sept.  26.  Minn.  Thirty-eight  condemned 
Indians  are  hanged. 

Nov.  12.  New  York,  The  United  States 
Brewers'  Association  is  organized  at 
a  meeting  of  representative  brewers. 

STATE. 

1862  Sept.  22.  D.C.  President  Lincoln 
issues  a  monitory  proclamation  of 
emancipation ;  one  hundred  days  are 
given  for  dissemination  and  decision. 
All  slaves  of  those  in  rebellion  are  to 
be  free  on  Jan.  1,  1863. 

*  *  N,  Y,  The  Republican  State  Conven- 
tion nominates  James  S.  Wadsworth  for 
governor.  [Defeated  by  10,000  majority.] 
The  Democratic  State  Convention 
nominates  Horatio  Seymotu:  of  New 
York  for  the  governorship.     [Elected.] 

Sept.  24.  D.  C.  The  President  issues 
anotheS'  proclamation  suspending  the 
writ  of  habeas  corpus,  in  respect  to  per- 
sons held  by  military  authority,  to  pre- 
vent their  release. 

Sept.  30.  Va.  The  Confederate  Con- 
gress at  Richmond  entertains  retalia- 
tory resolutions,  occasioned  by  the 
proclamation  of  emancipation. 

Sept,*  Eng.  Lord  Palmerston  proposes 
that  England  offer  to  mediate  in  the 


United  States  with  a  view  to  recognize 
the  independence  of  the  Southern  Con- 
federacy.   [Lord  Granville  opposes.] 

Sept.  *  Va,  The  Confederate  Con- 
gress enacts  the  conscription  of  all  men 
between  the  ages  of  18  and  45  years. 

Sept.*  Both  a  McClellan  and  an  anti- 
McClellan  party  appear  —  in  the  press, 
among  the  people,  in  Congress,  and  in 
the  army. 

Oct.  4.  Ky,  The  Confederates  again 
organize  a  State  government  at  Frank- 
fort ;  Richard  Hawes,  governor.  It  de- 
parts the  same  day. 

Oct.  11.  Va,  The  Confederate  Con- 
gress exempts  from  conscription  one 
man  for  every  plantation  of  20  negroes, 

Oct.  12.  New  York.  A  great  Demo- 
cratic meeting  is  held  in  which  Mr. 
Lincoln's  policy  in  conducting  the  war 
is  bitterly  assailed. 

Oct.  13.  Va.  The  Confederate  Congress 
adjourns  to  meet  in  January,  1863. 

Oct.  30.  Fr.  The  mediation  of  Great 
Britain  and  Hussia,  in  favor  of  an 
armistice  between  the  North  and  South 
is  proposed  by  the  French  Government. 

Fr.  The  French  Government  pro- 
poses to  England  and  Russia  that  the 
three  cabinets  exert  their  influence  at 
Washington  and  Richmond  to  obtain  an 
*' armistice  for  six  months." 

Oct.*  D.  C,  The  Internal  Revenue 
brings  the  Government  $1,000,000 
every  secular  day,  and  tho  people 
bear  the  burden  cheerfully  ;  industries 
and  business  flourish. 

Oct.  *  U.  S.  The  elections  are  encour- 
aging for  the  Democracy*  and  dis- 
heartening to  Republicans,  who  elect 
but  three  members  in  11  congressional 
districts. 

Oct.  *  U.  S.  President  Lincoln*s  eman- 
cipation proclamation  for  a  time  seems 
disastrous  to  the  Administration.  The 
nation  is  choosing  between  freedom 
and  slavery. 

Nov.  4.  Mo.  A  Legislature  favorable  to 
emancipation  is  elected. 

//;.    President  Lincoln's  party  is 

overwhelmingly  defeated  by  the 
Democrats  in  his  own  State. 

Nov.  6.  Fr.  Drouyn  de  PHuys,  the 
French  minister  of  Foreign  affairs,  an- 
nounces to  Mr.  Dayton  his  intention  to 
invite  the  governments  of  England  and 
Russia  to  join  with  France  in  proposing 
to  the  United  States  their  friendly 
mediation  between  the  Federal  govern- 
ment and  the  Confederacy. 

Nov.  8.  Russia  declines  to  participate 
in  a  joint  mediation  with  England  and 
France. 

Nov.  13.  Eng.  The  British  Government 
declines  to  join  France  in  an  amicable 
intervention  in  the  United  States,  as 
its  success  would  be  hopeless  at  the 
present  time. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1862  Oct.  1.  Nerv  Y(yrk.  Price  of  mid- 
dling upland  cotton,  B7  cents ;  pre- 
mium on  gold,  123. 


216     1862,  Nov.  18-**. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1862  Nov.  18.  Tenn.  At  Rural  Hill 
Col.  Hawkins  defeats  Confederates,  wbo 
luse  IG  killed. 

jV.  C.     At  Cove  Creek  Lieut.-Col. 

Mix  defeats  the  Cuufederates. 

7r.  /.     At  the  Island  of  Martinique 

the  Alabama  escapes  the  Sail  Jacinto. 

Nov.  22.    fa.    Near  "Winchester  Capt. 

Harkins  captures  30  horses;  four  Cou- 
federates  are  killed. 

Nov.  24.  Miss.  Gen.  Joseph  E.  John- 
ston, only  partially  recovered  from 
■wounds  at  Fair  Oaks,  is  appointed  to 
supreme  command  of  the  Confederate 
armies  in  the  West ;  Gens.  Pemberton 
(Miss.),  E.  Kirby  Smith  (La.),  and  Bragg 
(Tenn.)  are  retained  in  command. 

Nov.  25.  ;r.  }'a.  At  Sinking  Creek 
the  Confederates  lose  two  killed  and  118 
prisoners. 

. B.  C.     The  Government  orders  the 

release  of  political  prisoners. 

Md,  Poolesville  is  raided  by  Confed- 
erates. 

iV.  C.     New  Berne  is  attacked  by 

4,000  Confederates,  who  are  repulsed. 
Nov.  26.     Tenn.    Gen.  Grant  starts  on 

his  expedition  into  Mississippi;  Gen. 

W.  T.  Sherman  is  to  leave  Memphis  and 

soon  unite  with  Gen.  Grant. 

T'a.    At  Cold  Knob  Mountain  Col. 

,1.  C.  Paxton  defeats  Confederates,  and 
captures  100  prisoners. 

Nov.  27.  }V.  Va.  At  Frankfort  the  Con- 
federates sulfer  a  defeat. 

Tenn.    Near  La  Vergne  Cols.  Hurd 

and  Dodge  lose  10  wounded  ;  several 
Confederates  are  killed. 

Nov.  28.  ^rlss.  Gen.  Grant's  army- 
advances  toward  Holly  Springs. 

Ark:  At  Cane  Hill  Gen.  Blunt  de- 
feats Confederate  Gen.  Marmaduke. 

Va.    Near  Kartwood  two  companies 

of  Federal  cavalry  are  captured  by  Con- 
federates, who  have  crossed  the  Potomac 
for  this  purpose. 

Nov.  29.  I'a.  Near  Berryville  Gen. 
Stahl  defeats  a  Confederate  force. 

Nov.  *  D.  C.  Gen.  Fitz  John  Porter 
is  ordered  to  Washington  for  trial  by 
court  martial  on  charges  of  disobe- 
dience to  orders.  Court:  Maj.-Gen. 
David  Hunter,  president ;  Maj.-Gen. 
Hitchcock,  Brig.-Gens.  King,  Prentiss, 
Eicketts.  Casey,  Garfield,  Buford, 
Slough;  Col.  Joseph  Holt,  Judge  Advo- 
cate General. 

Nov.  *  Tex.  Gen.  N.  J.  T.  Dana,  with 
6,000  Federals,  occupies  Brazos  Santi- 
ago, and  Brownsville. 

Dec.  1.  IV.  Va.  Near  Charlestown 
Gen.  Slocum  defeats  the  Confederates, 
who  lose  five  killed  and  18  wounded. 

Dec.  2.  jr.  Va.  At  Franklin  Col.  Spear 
defeats  Confederates. 

Near  Charlestown  Gen.  Geary  de- 
feats Confederates,  who  lose  70  killed 
and  wounded,  and  145  prisoners. 

Va.    Federals  capture  King  George 

Court  House. 

An  expedition  goes  out  from  Suffolk, 
and  recaptures  a  lost  Pennsylvania  bat- 
tery. 

Dec.  3.  Afiss.  At  Oxford  Col.  Hatch 
loses  20  killed  and  wounded  j  Confeder- 
ate loss,  92  prisoners. 


Dec.  4.  2^ew  York,  Gen.  Banks  sails 
with  a  part  of  Ids  expedition  for  New 
Orleans. 

Dec.  5.  Miss.  In  a  skirmish  at  Coffee- 
ville  Federals  lose  five  killed,  50 
wounded,  and  60  prisoners ;  Confeder- 
ates lose  60  killed  and  280  womided. 

Ark.    At  Helena  the  Confederates 

make  an  attack,  and  are  repulsed  with 
the  loss  of  eight  killed  and  30  wounded. 

Dec.  *  Va.  Gen.  Burnside  proposes  to 
advance  on  Bichmond  with  the  great 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  by  way  of  Fred- 
ericksburg. 

Dec.  7.  Ark.  At  Prairie  Grove  Gena. 
Blunt  and  Herron  of  Gen.  Curtis's  army 
defeat  the  Confederates  under  Gens. 
Hindmau,  Marmaduke,  Parsons,  and 
Frost. 

Federal  loss,  167  killed,  708  woimded, 
and  183  missing  ;  Confederates  lose 
1,317  killed  and  wounded. 

The  California  steamer  Ariel  is  cap- 
tured by  the  Confederate  cruiser  Ala- 
bama. 

Miss.     Concordia  is  burned  by  the 

Federals. 

Tenn.      At   Hartsville   Col.    A.    B. 

Moore  loses  55  killed  and  1,800  missing ; 
Confederate  loss,  149  killed  and  wounded. 

Dec.  8.  Miss.  Gen.  Grant  orders  Gen. 
Sherman  to  advance  on  Vicksburg  via 
Mississippi  River  [lie  commands  an 
army  of  20,000  men ;  later,  32,000  men.] 

Dec.  10.  Va.  Port  Boyal  is  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  Federal  gunboats. 

Dec.  11.  Va.  The  Federals  are  defeated 
on  the  Blackwater,  and  driven  back  to 
Suffolk. 

Gen.  Bumside*8  army  crosses  to  the 
western  side  of  the  Bappahannock. 

Dec.  12.  Miss.  At  Yazoo  the  Federal 
gunboat  Cairo  is  blown  up  by  a  torpedo. 
Near  Corinth  Col.  Roddy  defeats  the 
Federals  under  Col.  Sweeney.  Federal 
loss,  one  killed  and  two  wounded  ;  Con- 
federate loss,  11  killed  and  30  wounded. 

Tenn.  At  Franklin  Gen,  Stanley  en- 
counters the  Confederates.  Federal  "loss, 
one  killed  ;  Confederate  loss,  five  killed 
and  10  wounded. 

Va.   Fredericksburg  is  occupied  by 

the  Federals  after  a  terrible  bombard- 
ment from  Gen.  Sumner's  artillery. 

Dec.  13.  Va.  Battle  of  Fredericks- 
burg; Gen.  Burnside  is  repulsed. 

The  Federals  make  heavy  and  simul- 
taneous assaults  along  the  entire  line, 
but  fail  to  drive  Gen.  Lee  from  his 
strong  position.  Burnside's  army  of 
113,000  men  is  commanded  by  Gens. 
Sumner.  Franklin,  Hooker,  Hancock, 
Stoneman,  Reynolds,  Couch,  and  others: 
Gen.  Jackson's  army  of  78,000  men  is 
under  Gens.  Early,  Longstreet,  A.  P. 
Hill,  and  others.  Federal  loss,  1,284 
killed,  9,600  wounded,  and  1,769  missing; 
Confederate  loss,  596  killed,  4,068  wound- 
ed, and  651  missing. 

Ala.    At   Tuscumbia  the  Federals 

surprise  and  defeat  the  Confederates, 
losing  four  killed  and  14  wounded  ;  the 
Confederates  lose  70  prisoners. 

Dec.  14.  La.  Gen.  Butler  is  succeeded 
by  Gen.  N.  P.  Banks. 

y.  C.    At  Kinston  Gen.  Foster  loses 

90  killed  and  478  wounded  ;  Confeder- 
ates, under  Gen.  Evans,  lose  71  killed, 
268  wounded,  400  prisoners,  and  13  guns. 
Plymouth  is  destroyed  by  Confeder- 
ates. 


Dec-  14, 15.  Va.  Fredericksburg :  — 
Under  the  persuasion  of  his  division 
commanders,  Btimside  decides  not  to 
renew  the  attack  on  Lee,  and  withdraws 
across  the  Bappahannock  during  the 
night. 

Dec.  15.  Ark.  At  Yellville  the  Confed- 
erate salt-works  are  destroyed. 

Dec.  15±.  La.  Gen.  Banks  sends  Gen. 
C.  Grover,  with  a  force  of  10,000  men, 
from  New  Orleans,  to  capture  Baton 
Bouge. 

Miss.    Gen.  Forrest's  large  force  of 

cavalry  strikes  Gen.  Grant's  lines  of 
communication  with  the  North. 

Dec.  16.  N.  C.  A  battle  is  fought  at 
White  HaU. 

Dec.  16+.  U.  S.  The  defeat  of  Burnside 
is  followed  by  national  gloom,  and  a 
feeling  akin  to  mutiny  in  the  army. 

Dec.  17.  A>.  At  Munfordville  a  Con- 
federate cavalry  force  of  Gen.  Bragg's 
army  is  defeated.  Federal  loss,  10  killed 
and  17  wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  33 
killed  and  60  wounded. 

N.  C.  A  battle  is  fought  at  Golds- 
borough. 

Va.  At  Occoquan  a  company  of  Fed- 
eral cavalry  is  surprised  and  captured. 

At  Dumfries  Col.  Candy  loses  10  killed 
and  wounded ;  routed  Confederates, 
under  Gens.  Stuart  and  Fitz-Hugh  Lee, 
lose  30  or  40  killed  and  wounded. 

Dec.  18.  D.  C.  The  President  appoints 
Gen.  J.  A.  McClemand  to  supersede 
Gen.  Sherman  in  immediate  command 
of  the  Vicksburg  Expedition  under  Gen. 
Grant. 

Ky.    At   Iicxington  Col.  R.  G.  In- 

gersoU  is  defeated  by  Confederate  Gen. 
S'orrest,  losing  40  killed. 

Dec.  19.  Tenn.  At  Memphis  Gen. 
Sherman  begins  to  embark  his  army  of 
20,000  men  on  67  boats,  for  the  capture  of 

Vicksburg. 

Dec.  20.  Misa.  At  Holly  Springs 
Gen.  Van  Dorn  captiires  a  large  quan- 
tity of  Federal  supplies. 

Gen.  IT.  S.  Grant  is  compelled  to 
desist  from  his  march  on  Vicksburg, 
owing  to  the  capture  of  his  base  of  sup- 
plies by  Gen.  Van  Dorn. 

Gen.  'William  Tecumseh  Sherman, 
with  a  strong  armament,  drops  down  the 
Mississippi  River  from  Memphis,  and 
proceeds  as  far  as  Yazoo. 

Dec.  21.  Tenn.  In  East  Tennessee  Fed- 
eral raiders  destroy  important  railroad 
bridges,  disable  locomotives,  captiu*e  500 
prisoners  and  700  stand  of  arms. 

Miss.      At   Davis   Mills,    on    Wolf 

River,  Col.  K.  H.  Morgan  defeats  Con- 
federate Gen.  A'an  Dorn,  who  loses  three 
killed,  30  wounded,  and  20  prisoners, 
beside  100  stand  of  arms  left  on  the  field. 

Ky.    At   IfOndon  550  prisoners  are 

taken  by  the  Federals  on  Curtis's  raid. 

Dec.  23.  Va.  At  Richmond  Jefferson 
Davis  issues  a  proclamation  announ- 
cing retaliatory  measures  against  Gen. 
Butler,  and  dooming  him  and  his  offi- 
cers to  be  hanged  if  captured. 

Dec.  24.  Ky.  Near  Mtmfordville 
Capt.  Dickeys  is  defeated  by  Confeder- 
ate Gen.  Morgan,  and  loses  23  prisoners. 
The  next  day  Col.  Gray  defeats  Gen. 
Morgan,  who  loses  nine  killed  and  22 
wounded. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1862,  Nov.  18-**.     217 


Dec.  25.  Miss.  The  Vicksburg  Expedi- 
tiou  reaches  Milliken*8  Bend  20  miles 
above  Vicksburg,  aud  lands  Gen.  A.  J. 
Smith's  division  to  cut  off  supplies  from 
entering  the  city. 

Dec.  26±.    Miss.     Com.  Porter's  fleet 

convoys    Gen.    Sherman's   advance    up 

the  Yazoo. 
Dec.  26.    Tenn.    Gen.  Bosecrans  leaves 

Nashville  to  engage  Gen.  Bragg  at  Mur- 

freeaboro. 

Dec.  27,  28.  Ark.  At  Van  Buren  Fed- 
erals lose  seven  killed;  Confederates 
lose  120  prisoners. 

Dec.  28.  Kij.  At  Elk  Fork  Maj.  Foley 
defeats  Confederates,  who  lose  30 killed, 
176  wounded,  51  prisoners,  and  80  horses. 

Dec.  29.    Miss.    At  Chickasaw  Bayou, 

near  Vicksburg,  Gen.  Sherman  nmkes  a 
disastrous  attack  on  the  Confederates. 
[His  army  retires  to  the  fleet.] 

Federal  loss,  191  killed,  982  wounded, 
and  756  missing  ;  Confederate  loss,  207 
killed,  wounded,  and  missing. 

Dec.  30.  Tenn.  At  Packer's  Cross 
Hoads  Gen.  Sullivan  defeats  Confeder- 
ate Gen.  Forrest ;  Federal  loss,  100  killed 
and  wounded  ;  Confederate  loss,  600 
wounded. 

Dec.  31.  The  ironclad  Monitor  founders 
off  Cape  Hatteras. 

Dec.  31.-Jan.  2.  Tenn.  Battle  of  Mur- 
freesboro  or  Stone's  River ;  Gen. 
Rosecrans  repulses  the  attack  of  Gen, 
Bragg,  and  after  a  long  struggle  forces 
him  to  retire ;  43,000  Federals  are  com- 
manded by  Gens.  McCook,  Thomas,  Crit- 
tenden, Kousseau,  Palmer,  Sheridan, 
and  A.  J.  Davis  ;  about  an  equal  number 
of  Confederates  are  commanded  by 
Gens.  Hardee,  Breckinridge,  Polk, 
Kirby  Smith,  Cheatham,  and  Withers. 

Federal  loss,  1,294  killed,  7,945 
wounded,  and  1,027  missing;  Confeder- 
ate loss,  10,000  killed  and  wounded,  500 
prisoners. 

Dec.  *  Ark.  Gen.  Sherman  adds  12,000 
troops  to  the  Vicksburg  Expedition 
at  Helena. 

*  *  Phila,  The  iV'ew  Ironsides  is  com- 
pleted. 

It  has  4-inch  armor,  is  of  4,015  tons  bur- 
den, 700  horse-^ower,  six  knots  speed ; 
it  carries  20  ll-inch  smoothbore  guns. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1862  Dec.  4.  .V.  Y.  The  Buffalo  Acad- 
emy of  Fine  Arts  is  incorporated. 

_63  *  *  Chicago.  The  Dearborn  Observa- 
tory is  foimded. 

*  *  New  York.  Samuel  Coleman  of  New- 
port, R.  1.,  \Vm.  H.  Beard  and  Launt 
Thompson  of  New  York,  are  elected 
members  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design. 

*  *  U.  S.  Ammonia  is  first  used  for  de- 
veloping photographs. 

*  *  The  first  experiments  are  made  in 
"shooting"  petroleum  wells,  by  ex- 
ploding nitro-glycerine,  to  increase 
their  fiow. 

*  •  Richmond  Hill  is  painted  by  J.  F. 
Cropsey. 


BIRTHS— DEATHS. 
1863. 
Dec.  6.    Jackson,   Clairborne   F.,  gov.   of 

Mo.,  Confed.  brig.-gen.,  A55. 
Dec.  7.    Churchill,  Sylvester^  brig.-gen.  U. 

S.  A.,  A79. 
Dec.  13.    Cobb,    Thomas   K.    R.,   lawyer, 

Confed.  brig.-gen.,  k.  at  Fredericksburg, 

A  39. 
Jackson,    Conrad    F.,   brig.-gen.    vols., 

killed  at  Frederickaburg,  A  49. 
Dec.  14.    Bayard,  Geo.  D.,  brig.-gen.  cav- 
alry, A27. 
Dec.  30.    Pearce,  James  A.,  sen.  for  Del., 

AtiO. 
Dec.  31.    Garesohe,  Julius   P.,  lieut.-col., 

scholar,  k.  at  battle  of  Stone  Kiver,  A41. 
Itains,   James    K.,    Confed.    brig.-gen., 

killed  at  M  urf reesboro,  A29. 
Roberts,    George    W.,  brig.-gen.    vols., 

killed  at  M  urf  reesboro,  A29. 
Sill,  Joshua  W.,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  killed 

at  M  urf  reesboro,  A  31. 

♦  *  Anderson,  George  B.,  Confed.  brig.-gen., 
A31. 

*  *  F'asqueUe,  Jean  L.,  author  Fr.  text-books, 
AM. 

*  *  Fisher,  Elwood,  editor  Southern  Press, 
A54. 

•  •  Lisle,  Marcus  C,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  b.  In  Ky. 

•  *  Swanaon,  Claude  A.,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  b.  Va. 

CHURCH. 
1862  Nov.19.  Ga.  The  first  General  Con- 
vention of  •*  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  of  the  Confederate  States  of 
America"  meets  at  Augusta. 

*  *  Neto  York.  The  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Cincinnati ;  Geo. 
Duffield,  moderator. 

The  General  Assembly  (O.  S.  Pres- 
byterian) meets  at  Columbus  ;  Chas.  C. 
Beatty,  moderator. 

*  *  Correspondence  is  established  be- 
tween the  Old  School  aud  New  School 
Presbyterian  assemblies. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati; A,  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Pittsburg  ;  Jo- 
seph J.  Cooper,  moderator. 

SOCIETY. 

1862  Dec*  Pa.  The  "Molly  Ma- 
guires"  stop  the  mining  operations  at 
Goyne's  mine,  in  the  town  of  Cass. 

Dec.  27.  Phila.  The  Union  Ijeague 
Club  is  founded,  the  first  in  the  United 
States.  [It  raises  10  regiments  In  the 
war  for  the  Union.] 

*  *  Ind.  A  political  convention  declares 
"  the  soil  of  Indiana  should  belong;  to 
the  white  man." 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  enacts  that  the  pen- 
alty for  selling  or  giving  liquor  or 
wine  to  Indians  in  the  Indian  country 
shall  be  a  fine  of  not  more  than  $300 
and  imprisonment  for  not  more  than 
two  years. 

**  Chicago.  The  Worthwestern 
Branch  of  the  Sanitary  Commission  is 
organized. 

STATE. 

1862  Nov.  22.  D.C.  A  general  order  is 
issued  for  the  release  of  State  (politi- 
cal) prisoners. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  failure  of  the  Peninsula 
campaign  is  followed  by  much  contro- 
Terey. 


Dec.  1.  D.  C.  The  37th  Congress: 
the  third  session  opens. 

President  Lincoln,  in  his  message,  ap- 
proves a  national  banking  system, 
making  one  imiform  circulation  of  equal 
value  throughout  the  country. 

He  recommends  emancipation  by  the 
loyal  States,  with  Federal  compensation, 
if  the  slaves  shall  be  set  free  by  the  State 
prior  to  Jan.  1,  1900:  and  that  slaves 
made  free  by  the  war  be  declared  eman- 
cipated, and  that  loyal  owners  be  reim- 
bursed. 

Dec.  3.  La.  Benjamin  F.  Flanders  and 
Michael  Hahn  are  elected  members  of 
Congress. 

Dec.  10.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
votes  to  admit  West  Virginia  into  the 
Union,  Vote  96-55.  The  yeas  are  all 
Kepublican. 

Dec.  22.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis  issues 
a  proclamation  of  retaliation  to  offset 
President  Lincoln's  proclamation  of  lib- 
erty to  the  slaves. 

He  directs  that  Federal  officers  serving 
with  armed  slaves  be  held  for  execution 
as  outlaws  when  captured. 

Dec.  23.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis  proclaims 
Gen.  Butler  and  his  commissioned 
officers  to  be  criminals  deserving  death, 
because  of  their  enlisting  freedmen  for 
the  Federal  army. 

Dec.  31.  />.  C.  President  Lincoln  signs 
the  Act  admitting  West  Virginia  into 
the  Union. 

Congress  admits  West  Virginia  into 
the  Union  as  the  35th  State ;  dating  the 
admission  June  20,  1SG3. 

*  *  Bak.    Yankton  is  made  the  capital. 

*  *  D.C.  Samuel  F.  Miller  and  David 
Davis  are  appointed  associate  justices 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States.  (With  one  exception  the  only 
non-Democratic  justices  appointed  since 
1»41.) 

*  *  New  York.  George  Opdyke  ia  elected 
the  73d  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-63  *  *  Ariz.  (Ter.).    John  A.  Gurley. 
-63  *  *  Cat.    Leland  Stanford. 

-65  *  *  Col.  (Ter.).    John  Evans. 
-64  *  *  Miss.    Jacob  Thompson. 
-65  *  *  N.  C.    Zebulon  B.  Vance. 
-64  *  *  O.    David  Tod, 
-66  •  *  Ore.    Addison  C.  Gibbs. 
-64  *  *  S.  C.    M.  L.  Bonham. 
-63  *  *  JVis.    Edward  Salomon, 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1862  Dec.  22.  Boston.  The  cornernstone 
of  the  new  City  Hall  is  laid. 

Dec.  *  A  feeling  of  general  discourage- 
ment pervades  the  country  as  the  un- 
successful armies  go  into  winter  quar- 
ters. 

Dec.  31.  U,  S.  Immigrants  for  1862, 
89,207. 

*  *  N,  Y.  The  extensions  of  the  Eric 
Canal  are  completed. 

*  *  New  York.  The  French  line  of 
steamers,  running  between  New  York 
and  Havre,  is  established. 

*  *  New  Y<yrk.  The  Guion  line  of 
steamers,  between  New  York  and  Liver- 
pool, is  established. 


218     1862  *  *-1863,  Mar.  3. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1863  Jan.  1.  D.  C.  Abraham  Lincoln 
issues  his  ^Emancipation  Proclama- 
tion as  a  war  measure. 

Tex.     At  Galveston  the   Federals 

are  defeated  by  Gen.  J.  B.  Magruder  ; 
Com.  Renshaw  blows  up  the  Hatteras 
after  it  runs  aground,  to  prevent  the 
Tassel's  capture  by  the  privateer  Alcv- 
bama.    He  is  killed  by  the  explosion. 

Galveston  is  recaptured  by  the  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Magruder,  who 
thus  secure  their  trans-Mississippi  De- 
partment. 

Federal  loss,  600  killed,  wounded,  and 
missing  ;  Commander  Renshaw  is  among 
the  killed;  Confederate  loss,  50  killed, 
■wounded,  and  missing. 

Tenn.    At  Red  Mound  the  Federals 

lose  20  killed,  100  wounded,  and  60  pris- 
oners; Confederate  loss,  100  killed,  200 
wounded,  and  400  prisoners. 

Near  Lexington  Federal  Gen.  Sullivan 
has  an  encounter  with  the  Confederates 
under  Gen.  Forrest. 

Jan.  2.  Miss.  Gen.  McClemand  super- 
sedes Gen.  Sherman  in  command  of  the 
advance  on  Vicksburg.  He  orders  the 
transfer  of  the  expedition  to  Milliken's 
Bend,  on  the  Mississippi. 

Jan.  3.  Ark.  Near  Iia  Grange  Gen. 
Washburn  encomiters  the  Confederates, 
who  lose  10  killed  and  wounded,  and 
10  prisoners. 

Jan.  4.  Tex.  Confederate  Gen,  Ma- 
gruder declares  the  port  of  Galveston 
open  to  the  commerce  of  the  world. 

Ark.     Federals  under  Gen.  MeCler- 

nand  advance  on  Arkansas  Post  on  the 
Arkansas  River,  73  miles  southeast  of 
Little  Rock. 

Tenn.    Clarksville  is  surrendered  to 

the  Federals. 

Jan.  7,  8.  Mo.  Springfield  ia  at- 
tacked by  Confederates  under  Gens. 
Marmaduke  and  Price,  who  are  re- 
pulsed by  Gen.  Brown  and  Col.  Crabb. 
Federal  loss,  17  killed  and  50  wounded  ; 
Confederate  loss,  200  men. 

Jan.  8.  Tenn.  At  Ripley  Capt.  Moore 
encounters  the  Confederates  under 
Lieut.-Col.  Dawson.  Federal  loss,  three 
wounded  ;  Confederate  loss,  eight  killed, 
20  wounded,  and  46  prisoners. 

Jan.  9.  Va.  At  Suffolk  Gen.  Corcoran 
defeats  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Pryor.    Federal  loss,  104  men. 

The  exchange  of  20,000  prisoners  is 

effected  by  negotiation. 

Jan.  10.  Tex.  Federals  bombard  Gal- 
veston. 

Jan.  11.  Ark.  Gen.  McClernand  and 
Adm.  Porter  capture  Arkansas  Post 
from  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Churchill.  Federal  loss,  129  killed,  831 
wounded,  and  17  prisoners ;  Confeder- 
ate loss,  550  killed  and  wounded,  and 
4,720  prisoners. 

La.    Federal  Gen.  Weitzel  destroys 

the  gunboat  Cotton  on  the  Bayou  Teche. 

Mo.  At  HartviUe  Col.  Merrill  de- 
feats the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Marmaduke.  Federal  loss,  35  killed 
and  wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  150 
killed  and  wounded,  and  150  prisoners. 

The    Confederate    cruiser    Alabama 

sinks  the  gunboat  HatteraSy  near  the 
coast  of  TezM. 


Jan.  13.  Tenn.  At  Harpeth  Shoals,  on 
the  Cumberland  River,  the  Confederates 
destroy  several  boats  carrying  wounded 
soldiers. 

Jan.  15.  N.  C.  At  Masonhorough  Inlet, 
the  Confederates  burn  the  strandetl 
gunboat  Columbia. 

Ark.    Federals  bum  Mound  City. 

Jan.  16.  Ala.  The  privateer  Florida  es- 
capes from  Mobile  Bay.  [It  destroys  15 
merchantmen  during  the  same  month, 
and  is  finally  captured  at  Bahia,  Brazil.] 

Jan.  17.  Ark.  The  Vicksburg  Expe- 
dition returns  from  Arkansas  Post  to 
Napoleon,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas 
Kiver. 

Jan.  18.  Ark.  Federals  take  DuvalPs 
Bluff  and  Des  Arc,  and  suffer  only  a 
trifling  loss;  Confederate  loss,  150  pris- 
oners. 

Jan.  21.  Ark.  Gen.  McClernand  occu- 
pies 'Y'oung's  Point,  nine  miles  above 
Vicksburg. 

D.  C.     Gen.  Fitz-John  Porter  is 

dismissed  from  the  army  for  disobe- 
dience of  orders  at  the  second  battle  of 
Bull  Rim.  [Later  the  sentence  is  re- 
versed.] 

Jan.  22.  Ark.  The  Federals  reopen  the 
canal  dug  by  Gen.  Williams,  in  order 
to  get  below  Vicksburg. 

Jan.  23.  Va.  Gen.  Bumside  dismisses 
Gens.  Hooker,  Franklin,  Newton,  and 
Brooks  from  their  commands  for  un- 
dermining the  confidence  of  the 
army. 

Jan.  25.  D.  C.  The  President  relieves 
Gen.  Bumside  of  his  command  at  his 
own  request,  and  assigns  him  to  one  in 
the  West. 

Gen.  Joseph  Hooker  is  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac. 

Jan.  26.  Tenn.  Near  "Woodbury  Gen. 
Palmer  loses  two  killed  and  nine 
wounded  ;  the  defeated  Confederates 
lose  35  killed  and  100  prisoners. 

Jan.  27.  Ga.  Fort  McAllister,  on  the 
Ogeechee  River,  is  bombarded  by  the 
Federal  war-vessel  Montauk. 

Jan.  30.  Ark.  Gen.  Grant,  having 
joined  the  army  at  Young's  Point,  as- 
sumes command. 

Tenn.  At  Trenton  Col.  Wood  en- 
counters Confederates  under  Capt.  Daw- 
son ;  they  lose  34  men. 

S.  C.   On  the  Stono  River  the  Federal 

gunboat  Isaac  Smith  is  captured. 

Va.    At  Deserted  House,  nine  miles 

from  Suffolk,  Gen.  Corcoran  and  Con- 
federate Gen.  Pryor  each  lose  about  60 
killed  and  wounded. 

Jan.  31+.  S.  C.  Confederate  gunboats 
attack  the  blockading  squadron  at  the 
entrance  of  Charleston  harbor,  and  Gen. 
Beauregard  and  the  Confederate  Secre- 
tary of  State  proclaim  the  harbor  open 
to  commerce. 

Tenn.    At  Dover,  near  Nashville, 

the  Confederates  are  defeated.  Federal 
loss,  five  wounded  ;  Confederate  loss,  12 
killed  and  300  prisoners. 

Feb.  1.      Tenn.      The    Federals   occupy 

Franklin. 

Feb.  3.  Mo.  At  Mingo  Swamp  Mai. 
Reeder  has  an  encounter  with  Confen- 


erates ;    they 
wounded. 


lose  nine  killed  and  20 


Ark.    The  levee  at  Yazoo  Pass  is  cut, 

and  opens  a  channel  for  the  Vicksburg 
expedition  to  reach  the  Coldwater  River 
[it  returns  in  March  from  an  unsuccess- 
ful adventure]. 

D.  C.     Congress   passes  a  vote  of 

thanks  to  Commander  John  L.  Wor- 
den,  U.S.N.,  of  Monitor  fame. 

Tenn.  At  Fort  Donelson  Col.  Har- 
ding repulses  an  attack  of  the  Confeder- 
ates, under  Gens.  Wheeler  and  Forrest. 
Federal  loss,  12  killed  and  30  wounded  ; 
Confederate  loss,  100  killed,  400  wounded, 
and  300  prisoners. 

Feb.  4.  La.  Near  Iiake  Providence 
the  3d  Louisiana  defeats  the  Federals ; 
Confederate  loss  30  killed  and  wounded. 

Feb.  5.  Tenn.  Confederates  are  re- 
pulsed in  a  second  attack  on  Fort  Don- 
elson. 

Feb.  7.  The  100th  regiment  of  Illinois 
Volunteers  mutinies. 

Tex.    The  removal  of  the  blockade  at 

Galveston  and  Sabine  Pass  is  proclaimed 

by  the  Confederates. 
Va.    At  "Williamsburg    a  Federal 

cavalry  force  is  ambushed,  and  loses  40 

killed  and  wounded. 
Feb.  S.      Tenn.     The    Federals    occupy 

Lebanon,  and  capture  600  Confederates. 

Feb.  10.  La.  At  Old  River  Capt. 
Tucker  defeats  the  Confederates.  Fed- 
eral loss,  eight  killed  and  wounded ; 
Confederate  loss,  11  killed  and  wounded, 
and  25  prisoners. 

Miss.    The   Queen  of  the   West,  Capt. 

Ellet,  of  Com.  Porter's  fleet,  runs  the 
batteries  at  Vicksburg. 

Feb.  11.  La.  Secessionists  attempt  to 
assassinate  Gen.  Banks  on  his  way  to  the 
Opera  House  at  New  Orleans. 

Feb.  12.  Tenn.  Near  Bolivar  the  de- 
feated Federals  lose  four  killed  and 
five  wounded. 

The  Confederate  cruiser  Florida  cap- 
tures the  Jacob  Bell  from  China,  and 
burns  a  cargo  of  tea  worth  $1,000,000. 

Miss.    The  Confederates  capture 

the  Queen  of  the  West.  The  Federal 
ironclad,  Indianola,  runs  the  Vicksburg 
batteries  in  the  night. 

Feb.  14.  Va.  The  Federal  cavalry  Is 
defeated  at  Aimandale. 

Feb.  15.  Tenn.  At  Nolensville  Sergt. 
Holmes  defeats  Confederates,  who  lose 
eight  killed,  20  woimded,  and  four  pris- 
oners. 

At  GainsviUe  Col.  Monroe  defeats 
Morgan's  cavalry  ;  Confederate  loss,  20 
killed,  many  wounded,  six  prisoners,  50 
horses,  and  300  stand  of  arms. 

Ark.    At  Arkadelphia  Capt.  Brown 

defeats  the  Confederates.  Federal  loss, 
two  killed  and  12  wounded  ;  Confederate 
loss,  14  killed  and  12  wounded. 

Feb.  19.  Miss.  At  Coldwater  the  Con- 
federates luider  Lieut.-Col.  Wood  are 
defeated,  losing  six  killed,  three  wound- 
ed, and  15  prisoners. 

Feb.  20.  Miss.  At  Yazoo  Pass  the  5th 
Illinois  disperses  the  Confederates. 
Federal  loss,  five  wounded  ;  Confederate 
loss,  six  killed  and  26  prisoners. 

Feb.  24.  Miss.  Commander  Porter  sends 
a  "dummy"  past  the  Vicksburg  bat- 
teries ;  it  alarms  the  Confederates,  and 
they  destroy  the  captured  Queen  of  the 
Weat  and  Indianola, 


UNITED    STATES. 


1862  *  *-1863,  Mar.  3.    219 


Feb.  26.       }'a.      At    'Woodstock    the 

Confederates  are  defeated.  Federal  loss, 

200  killed  and  wounded. 
Feb.  28.    Ga.   The  Montauk  destroys  the 

Confederate  steamer  Naahville  on  the 

Ogeechee  River. 

Mar.  1.  Tenn.  At  Bradyville  the  Fed- 
erals lose  15  killed  and  wounded  ;  ('on- 
federate  Gen.  Morgan  loses  eight  killed, 
30  wounded,  and  89  prisoners. 

Mar.  2.  Tenn.  Near  Petersburg  the 
defeated  Confederates  lose  12  killed  and 
20  wounded. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for  the 
enrolment  of  all  able-bodied  citizens 
between  20  and  45  years  of  age. 

Ga.  The  Federals  attack  Fort  Mc- 
Allister with  three  ironclads,  without 
important  results. 

Va.  At  Aldie  Capt.  Schultze  de- 
feats Confederates  under  Col.  Mosby, 
and  takes  30  prisoners. 

At  Chapel  Hill  Col.  Johnson  encoun- 
ters the  Confederates  under  Col.  Roger, 
who  loses  12  killed  and  72  prisoners. 

ART  -  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1863  Jan.  26.  Phila.  The  Chestnut 
Street  Theater  is  opened ;  Eldwin  For- 
rest appears  as  Virginius  and  John 
McCullough  as  Icilius. 

Jan.  *  Mass.  Alvan  Clark  of  Cam- 
bridgeport  is  awarded  the  Lalande  prize, 
value  $500,  by  the  French  Academy  of 
Sciences,  for  his  discovery  of  the 
*■  Companion  of  Sirius." 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1663. 

Jan.   1.    Wainwright,  Jonathan   M.,  com. 
U.  S.  N.,  A42. 

Jan.  4.    Branch,  John,  sen.  for  N.  C,  sec. 
navy,  A86. 

Kendall,  B.  F., lawyer, astronomer,  .\33. 

Jan.  10.    Beecher.  liyman.  Cong,  cl.,  of 
Boston,  A88. 

Jan.  13.    Ken^ick,  James.,  prof,  in  Colum- 
bia, physicist,  A73. 

Jan.  23.    Hall,  Bayard  R.,  Fresb.  cl.,  au- 
thor, A66. 

Jan.    27.     Robinson,    £d'ward.    philol.. 
Biblical  critic,  A69. 

Feb.  3.  Pinckney,  Henry  L.,  journalist,  A69. 

Feb.  9.    Hale,  Nathan,  editor  Boston  liaity 
Adrertiser,  A79. 

Feb.  10.    Embury,  Emma  C,  poet,  A57. 

Longworth,  Nicholas,  horticuUuri8t,A81. 

Feb.  *  Elliott,    William,   politician    S.  C, 
writer,  A  76. 

Mar.  3.    Petigru,  James  Louis,  of  S.  C, 
opponent  of  secession,  A74. 

CHURCH. 

1862  »  •  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  meets  at  Lancaster. 

*  •  The  Southern  Presbyteries  secede 
from  the  Northern  churches,  and  form 
a  separate  Presbyterian  church. 

*  *  The  Missionary  Society  of  the  Amer- 
ican Wesleyan  Methodist  Convention  is 
organized. 

*  *  R.  I.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  in  Providence. 

1863  Feb.  25.  N.H.  The  New  Hamp- 
shire Unitarian  Association  is  organized 
at  Manchester. 

LETTERS. 

1863  Jan.  10.  JV.  Y.  The  Historical 
Society  of  Buffalo  is  incorporated. 

Feb.  20.  Kan.  The  State  tTniversity 
is  located  at  Lawrence  by  the  Legisla- 
ture. 


Mar.  3.  Kan.  The  Legislature  estab- 
lishes a  State  Normal  School  at  Em- 
poria. 

SOCIETY. 

1862  *  *  N.  Y.  The  'Woman's  EeUef 
Association  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn  is 
organized  for  the  relief  of  soldiers. 

*  *  la.  The  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home 
and  the  Home  for  Indigent  Children 
are  opened  at  Davenport. 

1863  Jan.  1.  J).  C.  President  Trin- 
coln  issues  a  proclamation  of  eman- 
cipation.   (See  State.) 

Feb.  6.  New  York.  The  Union  League 
is  founded  on  the  basis  of  uncondi- 
tional loyalty  to  the  Union. 

It  proposes  to  aid  the  Government  in 
suppressing  treason,  and  to  raise  troops 
for  the  overthrow  of  rebellion. 

Feb.  9.  Eng.  The  George  Griswold  ar- 
rives, laden  with  stores  contributed  by 
Americans  for  the  relief  of  the  dis- 
tressed cotton-workers  in  Lancashire. 

Feb.  19.  la.  The  Constitution  office  at 
Keokuk  is  sacked  by  Federal  Soldiers 
from  the  local  hospital. 

STATE. 

1863  Jan.  1.  D.  C.  President  Lin- 
coln proclaims  the  emancipation  of 
all  the  slaves  in  the  States  now  in 
rebellion,  with  the  exception  of  Ten- 
nessee and  certain  loyal  portions  of  Loui- 
siana and  Virginia.  Total  made  free, 
about  3,120,000. 

Va.  The  joint  resolution  of  the  Con- 
federate Congress  declaring  that  white 
officers  of  negro  regiments  "shall,  if 
captured,  be  put  to  death  or  otherwise 
punished  at  the  discretion  "  of  a  military 
court,  is  approved  by  Jefferson  Davis. 

Jan.  *  Z>.  C.  President  Lincoln  urges 
Congress  to  provide  compensated 
emancipation  for  the  border  States. 

Jan.  5.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  bill  appropriating  $10,000,- 
000  to  aid  the  State  of  Missouri  to  vol- 
untarily emancipate  its  slaves.  Vote, 
73-46. 

Jan.  9.  Fr.  The  Government  of  France 
offers  to  mediate  between  North  and 
South,  in  the  interest  of  peace. 

Jan.  12.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis,  in  his 
annual  message,  declares  that  persons 
executing  President  Lincoln's  emanci- 
pation proclamation  will  be  treated  as 
criminals,  and  commissioned  officers 
will  be  punished  for  exciting  servile  in- 
surrection. 

Jan.  13.  N.  J.  Peace  resolutions  are  in- 
troduced in  the  Legislature. 

Jan.  23.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  H. 
Wilson  of  Mass.  offers  an  extraordinary 
resolution  of  inquiry,  respecting  the 
conduct  of  subordinate  generals,  in 
undermining  confidence  in  their  mili- 
tary superiors. 

Jan.  26.  IJ.C.  Congress;  Senate:  J. 
Sherman  of  O.  Introduces  the  National 
Bank  BUI. 

It  proposes  **  the  establishment  of  one 
uuiforui    circulation,    of    equal   value 


throughout  the  country,  upon  the  foun- 
dation of  national  credit,  combined  with 
private  capital."    (Sec.  Chase.) 

Jan.  *  Democratic  opponents  engage  in  a 
crusade  against  President  Lincoln. 
Republicans  allege  that  their  object  is 
to  destroy  his  prestige,  susi>end  hostili- 
ties on  the  field,  force  a  compromise 
with  the  South,  and  place  Abolitionists 
under  a  perpetual  ban. 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  The  Government  declines 
the  proffered  mediation  of  France. 

Feb.  8.  n.  C.  The  Government  orders 
the  suppression  of  the  Chicago  Times 
for  inciting  disloyalty. 

Feb.  9.  I).  C.  Congress ;  House :  Rep- 
resentatives from  Louisiana  are  ad- 
mitted. 

Feb.  14.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  joint  resolution,  authorizing 
the  issue  of  Treasiury  notes,  to  the 
amount  of  $100,000,000,  to  meet  the 
Immediate  needs  of  the  Army  and  Navy. 

Feb.  15.  Congress:  The  Senate  passes 
the  joint  resolution  to  issue  $100,000,- 
000. 

Feb.  16.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Con- 
scription Bill  passes  the  Senate. 

Feb.  18.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  Sol- 
omon Foot  of  Vt.  is  reelected  Pres- 
ident pro  tempore. 

Ky.  A  State  Convention  of  Seces- 
sionists at  Frankfort  is  broken  up  by 
Federal  troops. 

Feb.  19.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  The 
National  Bank  Bill  is  introduced. 

Feb.  20.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  The 
National  Bank  Bill  passes  as  it  came 
from  the  Senate.  Vote,  78-G4.  It  re- 
sembles the  bill  of  1791,  only  in  the  use 
of  Government  bonds  as  the  foundation 
of  each ;  the  paper  currency  and  bank- 
ing laws  are  made  uniform  in  all  the 
States. 

Feb.  24.  -AT.  Mex.  Congress  forms  the 
Territory  of  Arizona  by  dividing  New 
Mexico. 

Feb.  25.  B.C.  Congress ;  House :  Rep- 
resentatives Thomas  L.  Price,  Elijah 
L.  Norton,  and  Wm.  A.  Hall  (Dems.)  of 
Missouri,  by  parliamentary  tactics,  de- 
feat the  bill  for  compensated  eman- 
cipation lit  Missouri,  which  appropriates 
$15,000,000  to  their  State  for  the  manu- 
mission of  slaves. 

The  National  Bank  Bill  becomes  a 
law  by  the  President's  approval. 

Feb.  26.  /nd.  Ter.  The  Cherokee  nation 
repeals  the  Act  of  Secession. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  ap- 
proves the  Financial  Bill. 

It  authorizes  a  loan  of  $300,000,000  for 
the  current  flseal  year,  and  S(iOO,000,000 
for  the  next  year,  for  which  bonds  shall 
be  issued  ;  it  also  authorises  $400,000,000 
in  Treasury  notes  at  six  per  cent  interest, 
to  be  legal  tender  ;  $150,000,000  of  same 
without  interest,  and  $50,000,000  in  frac- 
tional currency. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1863    Feb.  1.     Southern  States.     The 

Confederate  dollar  is  worth  20  cents. 
Feb.  22.      Col.     Gov.    Stanford    breaks 

ground  at  Sacramento  for  the  Central 

Pacific  Bailroad. 


220     1863,  Mar.  3 -May  6, 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1863  Mar.  4.  Tenn,  Gens.  Van  Dorn 
and  Wheeler  capture  four  regiments  of 
Gen.  Rosecrans's  army  while  recon- 
noitering  in  force. 

Mar.  5.  Tenn.  Wear  Franldin  Col. 
Coburn  is  defeated  by  the  Confeder- 
ates, who  capture  the  town.  Federal 
loss,  100  killed,  300  wounded,  and  1,306 
prisoners ;  Confederate  loss,  180  killed 
and  450  wounded. 

Mar.  6.  Gen.  Hunter  orders  the  drafting 
of  negroes  in  the  Department  of  the 
South. 

Mar.  7.     Tenn.     At  Unionville    Gen. 

Manly  defeats  the  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Russell,  who  loses  50  killed  and 
180  wounded. 
Mar.  8.  Va.  At  Fairfax  Court  House 
Mosby's  guerrillas  capture  Brig.-Gen. 
Stoughtou  and  30  men. 

Miss.  Federals  capture  23  Confeder- 
ate steamboats  on  the  Yazoo  liiver. 

Mar.  10.  Tenn.  Near  Covington  Fed- 
eral Col.  Grierson  defeats  the  Confeder- 
ates under  Col.  Richardson,  who  loses 
25  killed  and  many  prisoners. 

Fla.    Jacksonville  is  again  taken 

by  a  Federal  force  under  Col.  Higginson. 

Mar.  14.  La.  Adm.  Farragut  attempts 
to  pass  the  Confederate  batteries  of  Port 
Hudson  ;  his  flag-ship,  the  Ilart/ord, 
and  an  iron-clad  succeed.  Federal  loss, 
65  killed  and  missing ;  Confederate  loss 
not  reported. 

Mar.  15.  AHss.  Another  attempt  is 
made  to  reach  Vicksburg  by  Steele's 
Bayou  and  Haines*s  Bluff.  [The  en- 
trapped fleet  barely  escapes  capture,] 

Mar.  16.  Ark.  The  Federals  abandon 
an  attempt  to  get  below  Vicksburg  via 
Lake  Providence. 

Mar.  18.  La.  At  Berwick  Bay  Capt. 
Perkins  defeats  the  Confederates,  who 
lose  10  killed  and  20  wounded. 

Mar.  20.  Tenn.  Near  Milton,  Col.  Hall 
defeats  the  Confederates.  Federal  loss, 
seven  killed  and  three  wounded;  Con- 
federate loss,  40  killed,  140  wounded,  and 
12  missing. 

Afiss.  The  Federals  abandon  an  at- 
tempt to  gain  the  rear  of  Vicksburg  by 
the  Steele  Bayou  route. 

Mar.  21.  Ky.  Mount  Sterling  is  taken 
by  Confederates  under  Col.  Cluke. 

Mar.  22.     Mo.     Near     Blue     Spring 

Quantrell  defeats  the  Federals,  who 
lose  nine  killed,  several  wounded,  and 
five  missing. 

Mar.  23.    Ky.     Federals  retake  Mount 

Sterling. 

Miss.  The  Federals  abandon  an  at- 
tempt to  open  a  route  to  the  rear  of 
Vicksburg  via  the  Yazoo  Pass. 

Mar.  25.  Tenn.  At  Brentwood  Gen.  For- 
rest attacks  the  Federals,  who  lose  one 
killed,  four  wounded,  and  400  prisoners  ; 
Confederates  lose  10  killed  and  wounded. 

Va.     The    impressment    of    private 

property  is  authorized  by  the  Confeder- 
ate Congress. 

Mar.  26.  Ky.—  Tenn.  Gen.  Burnside  suc- 
ceeds Gen.  H.  G.  Wright  as  commander 
of  the  Army  of  the  Ohio. 

Mar.  27.  Ark.  The  Vicksburg  expedi- 
tion returns  again  to  Young's  Point, 
having  suffered  no  loss  of  vessels. 


Mar.  29.  Ky.  Near  Somerset  Gen. 
Gillmore  defeats  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Pegram,  who  lose  360  men. 

Ark.     Gen.  Grant   despatches   Gen. 

McClernand  with  the  13th  Corps  from 
Milliken's  Bend,  to  gain  the  rear  of 
Vicksburg  via  New  Carthage. 

}V.  Va.    At  Point  Pleasant  Federals 

lose  one  killed  and  one  wounded ;  Con- 
federate loss,  12  killed  and  14  wounded. 

Mar.  30.  Ky.  At  Button  Hill,  in  Pu- 
laski County,  the  Confederates  are  de- 
feated after  fighting  five  hours. 

Mar.  31,  Ariz.  Gen.  Herron  is  ap- 
pointed to  command  the  Army  of  the 
Frontier. 

Fla.    Federals  (colored  troops)  burn 

and  evacuate  Jacksouville. 

Mar.  *  Ga.  The  blockade  runner  Nash~ 
ville  is  sunk  by  an  iron-clad  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Savannah  River 

Va.  Near  Dranesville  the  1st  Ver- 
mont Regiment  is  defeated  in  a  cavalry 
tight  with  Col.  Mosby,  losing  (JO  men. 

Apr.  1.  Tenn.  At  Snow  Hill  Federal 
Gen.  Stanley  attacks  Gen.  Morgan,  and 
drives  him  out  of  his  stronghold. 

Apr.  2.  Tenn.  At  Woodbury  Gen. 
Hazen  defeats  the  Confederates,  who 
lose  12  killed,  30  wounded  and  prisoners. 

Apr.  5.  Eng,  The  Government  detains 
Confederate  vessels  at  Liverpool. 

Apr.  6.  Va.  President  Lincoln  and  fam- 
ily visit  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 

Ark.      Gen.    McClernand    arrives    at 

New  Carthage ;  his  further  advance  is 
delayed  by  the  river  bursting  the  levee. 

Apr.  7.  S.  C.  Adm.  Bupont,  with  a 
powerful  fleet  of  iron-clads,  attempts  to 
take  Charleston.  He  makes  an  attack 
on  Fort  Sumter  and  the  other  defenses 
of  Charleston ;  the  Confederates  disable 
five  of  seven  monitors,  and  sink  the  Keo- 
kuk. Federal  loss,  two  killed,  13  wound- 
ed ;  Confederate  loss,  seven  killed. 

Apr.  8.  Va.  The  Federals  make  a  raid 
through  Loudoun  County. 

*  *  Great  havoc  is  made  among  mer- 
chantmen by  the  English-built  Confed- 
erate cruisers,  Georgia,  Olustee,  Shenan- 
doah, and  Chickamauga.  [Losses  are 
reimbursed  later,  in  the  arbitration  of 
the  Alabama  claims.] 

Apr.  10.  Tenn.  At  Franklin  Gen. 
Granger  defeats  the  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Van  Dorn.  Federal  loss,  100  killed 
and  wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  300 
killed  and  wounded. 

Apr.  11.  La.  Gen.  Banks  starts  from 
New  Orleans  with  17,000  men  to  capture 
Fort  de  Russy,  commanding  the  Red 
River. 

Apr.  ll.-May  3.  Col.  StreighVs  raid. 
He  leaves  Nashville  with  about  1,800 
mounted  men  for  the  purpose  of  destroy- 
ing railroads  and  breaking  up  Bragg's 
connections  and  supplies  in  Northern 
Georgia  and  Alabama.  After  meeting 
with  some  success,  he  is  overtaken  by  a 
superior  cavalry  force  under  Confeder- 
ate Gen.  Forrest,  and  compelled  to  sur- 
render with  Ids  entire  command  near 
Rome,  Ga, 

Apr.  13.  O.  Gen.  Burnside  issues  orders 
No.  38,  threatening  death  to  all  per- 
sons convicted  of  aiding  within  his  lines 
"the   enemies  of    our   country."      [U 


arouses  the  antagonism  of  Clement  L. 
Vallandigham  and  others.] 

Apr.  14.  La.  At  Bayou  Teche  Fed- 
erals lose  150;  Confederate  loss  much 
greater. 

Apr.  15.  Va.  Gen.  Hooker  reports  an 
army  of  about  130,000  men  ;  Gen.  Iice's 
army,  deprived  of  Longstreet'e  corps, 
comprises  about  60,000. 

Apr.  16.  Miss.  Adm.  Porter's  fleet 
runs  down  the  Mississippi,  past  14  miles 
of  batteries,  to  Grant's  army  at  Bruine- 
burg,  below  "Vicksburg. 

The  45  vessels  carrying  280  guns  and  21 
mortars  receive  little  harm. 

Apr.  17. -May  2.  Tenn.  Col.  Benjamin 
Grierson  leaves  1j&  Grange  with  about 
1,700  mounted  men,  on  a  raid. 

He  marches  more  than  800  miles  in 
Tennessee  and  Mississippi,  tearing  up 
railroads  and  destroying  property.  He 
finally  enters  Louisiana,  and  arrives  at 
Baton  Rouge.  Federal  loss,  three  killed 
and  nine  missing  ;  Confederate  loss,  100 
killed  and  wounded,  and  500  prisoners. 

Apr.  19.  Tenn.  At  Coldwater  Col. 
Bryant  defeats  the  Confederates ;  he 
loses  10  killed  and  20  wounded ;  they 
lose  20  killed  and  40  wounded. 

Apr.  20.  Mo.  At  Patterson  Federal 
Col.  Smart  is  defeated,  losing  50  killed 
and  wounded. 

La.   Gen.  Banks's  expedition  captures 

Opelousas,  the  gunboats  take  Butte- 
d.-la-Hose  at  the  same  time. 

Apr.  22.  Va.  Near  Strasburg  Majors 
McGee  and  White  defeat  the  Confeder- 
ates, who  lose  five  killed,  nme  wounded, 
and  25  prisoners. 

Apr.  24.  W.  Va.  At  Beverly  the  Fed- 
erals are  defeated  in  a  skirmish. 

Mo.    Near    St.    Louis,    on    the  Iron 

Mountain  Railroad,  the  Confederates 
are  defeated. 

Ala.    At  Tuscumbia  the  Confederates 

are  defeated.  . 

Apr.  25.  W.  Va.  At  Greenland  Gap 
the  Federals  lose  15  killed  and  60  prison- 
ers ;  the  Confederates  lose  100  killed  and 
many  prisoners. 

Apr.  26.  Miss.  Federals  make  a  devas- 
tating raid  on  Beer  Creek. 

Mo.    The  Confederates  under  Gen. 

Marmaduke  attack  the  post  at  Cape 
Girardeau,  on  the  Mississippi,  and  are 
driven  away  by  the  garrison.  Gen.  Mc- 
Neil loses  six  killed  and  six  wounded  j 
Gen.  Marmaduke  loses  40  killed  and 
200  woimded. 

}V.  Va.  At  Rowlesburg  the  Confed- 
erates are  defeated. 

Ky.    Near  Franklin  the  Confederate 

"  Texan  Legion  '*  surrenders. 

Apr.  27.  Va.  Three  corps  of  Gen. 
Hooker's  army,  numbering  70,000  men, 
advance  towards  Chancellorsville  to 
meet  Gen.  Lee.  Gen.  Sedgwick,  with 
30,000  men,  remains  opposite  the  Con- 
federate army  encamped  at  Fredericks- 
burg. 

Apr.  28.  Ga.  At  Sand  Mountain  an 
engagement  of  cavalry  occurs,  in  which 
the  Confederates  are  defeated. 

Va.    Gen.  Hooker's  army  crosses  the 

Bappahannock.  [Apr.  30.  It  crosses 
the  Kapidan.  Four  corps  reach  Chan- 
cellorsville.] 


UNITED    STATES. 


1863,  Mar.  3 -May  6. 


Apr.  29.  Miss.  A  naval  battle  is  fought 
at  Grand  Gulf;  Adm.  Porter  fails  to 
silence  tlie  Confederate  batteries.  Fed- 
eral loss,  26  killed, 54  wounded;  Confed- 
erate loss  unknown, 

Apr.  29.-May  8.  Va.  Great  raid  of 
Gen.  Stoneman,  with  10,000  Federal 
cavalrymen.  He  sweeps  around  the  Con- 
federate army,  cuts  Lee's  communica- 
tion, and  tears  up  thS  Virginia  Central 
Railroad. 

Federal  loss,  150  killed,  wounded,  and 
missing ;  Confederate  loss,  100  killed 
and  wounded,  and  600  prisoners. 

Apr.  30.     Va.    At  Chancelloraville  an 

artillery  duel  occurs. 

At  Williamsburg  the  Confederates  are 
defeated. 

Miss.  Gen.  McClernand's  force  cros- 
ses the  Mississippi   at   Bruinsburg; 

Gen.  McPherson  follows. 

May  1.  Ky.  At  Monticello  Gen.  Car- 
ter defeats  the  Confederates  under  Col. 
Morrison. 

Ark.    Near  Ija  Grange  the  Federals, 

under  Capt.  De  Huff,  are  defeated,  losing 
41  killed,  wounded,  and  missing. 

Miss.    At  Port  Gibson  Gen.  Grant 

defeats  8,000  Confederates  under  Gen. 
J.  S.  Bowen  ;  Federal  force,  19,000. 

Federal  loss,  131  killed,  719  woimded, 
and  25  missing;  Confederate  loss,  1,150 
killed  and  wounded,  and  500  prisoners. 

Tenn.   Near  Franklin  Col.  Campbell 

encounters  Van  Dorn's  pickets ;  the 
Confederates  lose  30  killed  and  wounded, 
and  11  prisoners. 

Va.    Near  Suffolk,  on  the  Nanse- 

niond  River,  Col.  Nixon  defeats  the 
Confederates,  losing  41  killed  and 
wounded  ;  the  Confederate  loss  is  much 
greater. 

May  1-4.  Va.  Battle  of  Chancellors- 
ville:  The  132,000  Federals  under  Gen, 
Hooker  are  led  by  Gens.  Couch,  Howard, 
Sedgwick,  Reynolds,  and  Meade ;  the 
65,000  Confederates  imder  Gen.  Lee  are 
led  by  Gens.  Jackson,  A.  P.  Hill,  and 
D.  H.  Hill. 

(May  1.)  A  part  of  the  5th  corps  engage 
the  Confederate  advance  on  the  Fred- 
ericksburg road. 

(May  2.)  Gen.  "Stonewall"  Jackson, 
with  26,000  men,  by  a  detour  gains  the 
extreme  right  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, and  falls  on  it  with  great  fury. 

Gen.  Jackson  is  fatally  wounded  by 
the  tire  of  his  own  troops  while  return- 
ing from  beyond  his  lines,  in  the  dusk  of 
evening,  he  being  mistaken  for  a  Fed- 
eral. 

(May  3.)  The  struggle  is  resumed  by 
Gen.  Hooker  without  success,  and  a 
council  of  war  favors  a  retreat,  except 
Gens.  Meade,  Reynolds,  and  Howard, 
who  favor  an  advance. 

(May  4.)  The  Federal  army  recrosses 
the  Rappahannock  in  the  night. 

Federal  losses  during  four  days,  1,606 
killed,  9,762  wounded,  and  5,919  pris- 
oners; Gen.  Lee  loses  1,649  killed,  9,106 
wounded,  and  1 ,708  prisoners  and  missing. 

May  2.  La.  Gen.  Grierson's  raid  is  com- 
pleted.   (See  Apr.  17.) 

Miss.    Gen.  Grant  being  in  their  rear, 

the  Confederates  evacuate  Grand  Gulf. 


May  3.     Va.    At  "Warrenton  Junction 

Col.  De  Forrest  defeats  Col.  Mosby's 
guerrillas  with  heavy  loss, 
Miss.  At  Haines's  Bluff  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi, the  Confederates  are  defeated 
in  a  naval  engagement,  with  the  loss  of 
80  killed  and  wounded. 

Va.    Gen.  Longstreet  retires  with 

Confederate  troops  from  the  unsuccess- 
ful siege  of  Suffolk,  on  the  Nansemond ; 
Gen,  Peck  commands  the  Federals. 

May  5.  O.  Gen.  Burnside  arrests  C  L. 
Vallandigham  at  his  residence  for  dis- 
loyal utterances. 

He  is  convicted  by  a  military  commis- 
sion [and  confined  in  a  United  States 
fortress.  The  President  commutes  the 
sentence  by  sending  him  within  the 
Confederate  lines}. 

May  6.  Miss.  At  Tupelo  Col.  Corwyn 
defeats  and  puts  to  flight  the  Confeder- 
ates xmder  Gen.  Ruggles,  who  lose  90 
prisoners. 

Va.    Gen.  Hooker  issues  orders  of 

congratulation  to  the  Union  army,  "  on 
the  achievements  of  the  past  seven 
days." 

They  are  read  with  derisive  comments 
by  the  public,  in  view  of  the  ill  success 
or  the  conflict. 

May  6-8.  Miss.  Gen.  Sherman's  force 
joins  Gen.  Grant  in  the  rear  of  Vicks- 
burg. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATXTRE. 

1863  Mar.  4.  I>.C.  Congress  establishes 
a  National  Academy  of  Sciences  at 
Washington. 

It  proposes  to  make  examinations,  in- 
vestigations, and  experiments  in  the 
various  branches  of  art  and  science,  and 
to  report  its  work  for  the  benefit  of  the 
public  J  the  Government  will  pay  the 
costs. 

Apr.  14,  Pa.  William  Bullock  of  Pitts- 
burgh patents  his  web-perfecting 
press;  it  prints  from  a  self -feeding 
continuous  roll  or  web,  and  on  both 
sides  at  one  process. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1663. 
Mar.  4.    Kins,  Thomas  Btarr.  Unit  cl., 

author,  A  39. 
Mar.  6.    Van  Santvoord,  George,  lawyer, 

author,  A44. 
Mar.  31.    Sumner,  Edwin  Vose,  raaj.-gen. 

U.  S.  A.,  A67. 
Mar.  28.    Carleton,  Henry,  jurist  of  N.  O., 

La.,  A80. 
Mar.  30.    Duyckinck,  Greo,  Long,  scholar, 

writer,  A40. 
Apr.  7,    Francis,  Convers,  Unit,  cl.,   au., 

lecturer,  A67. 
Apr.  18.    Burns,  Francis,  M.  E.  missionary 

bp.,  A54. 
Apr.  22.    Blake,  William  Ruf  us,  comic  ac- 
tor, A  55. 
Apr.  23.    Otey,  James  H.,  P.  E.  bishop  of 

Tenn.,  A63. 
May  2.    Berry.  Hiram  Oeorere.  maj.-gen. 

of  vols.,  killed  at  Chaneellorsville,  A39, 
Cartwright,  Samuel  A,,  physician,  A70. 

LETTERS. 

1863  Apr.  *  N.  Y.  The  Long  Island 
Historical  Society  is  incorporated  at 
Brooklyn. 

*  *  Boston  College  (Rom.  Cath.)  is  or- 
ganized. 


SOCIETY. 

1863  Mar.  3.  The  demand  of  the  United 
States  Brewers'  Association  causes 
the  Government  to  reduce  the  tax  on 
beer  from  $1  to  60  cents  a  barrel. 

Mar.  5.  O.  The  office  of  the  Crisis  at 
Columbus  is  wrecked  by  Federal  sol- 
diers. 

Mar.  *  Utah.  Seven  Morrisites  are  con- 
victedof  murder  in  the  second  degree, 
their  leader  and  others  having  been 
killed  in  resisting  the  sheriff. 

Apr.  2.  Va.  A  bread  riot  hy  women 
occurs  at  Richmond. 

Apr.  3.  Pa,  The  Knights  of  the 
Golden  Circle  are  arrested  at  Reading. 

Apr.  9.  Boston.  The  Union  Club  is 
organized. 

Apr.  *  U.  S.  The  deepest  depression 
pervades  the  minds  of  the  Northern 
people  during  the  war. 

STATE. 

1863  Mar.  3.  B.C.  Congress  author- 
izes the  suspension  of  the  writ  of  Aa- 
beas  corpus  throughout  the  entire  United 
States  on  the  order  of  the  President ;  36 
Democrats  desire  to  enroll  their  names 
on  the  journal  of  the  House  in  protest ; 
their  request  is  laid  on  the  table.  Vote, 
75-41. 

Congress  authorizes  postal  receiving 
boxes  to  he  established ;  it  organizes 
the  Territory  of  Idaho  —  formerly  a  part 
of  Washington,  —  and  passes  a  resolu- 
tion against  mediation  as  tending  to  pro- 
long the  war. 

The  President  approves  the  act  for  the 
enrolling  of  all  able-bodied  citizens  be- 
tween the  ages  of  20  and  45  years,  and 
for  calling  out  the  National  forces  by 
drafting,  without  the  intervention  of 
State  authorities. 

Mar. 4.    I).C.    Congress;  Senate:  Sol- 
omon Foot  of  Vt.  is  reelected  President 
pro  tempore. 
The  37th  Congress  ends. 

May  1.  O.  C.L.  Vallandigham,  a  dis- 
tinguished Democrat,  makes  a  speech  at 
Mount  Vernon,  against  "  King  Lincoln," 
and  urges  the  people  to  hurl  the  tyrant 
from  his  throne. 

May  5.  O.  C.  L.  Vallandigham,  M.C. 
for  O.,  is  arrested  at  Dayton  by  Gen. 
Burnside  for  treasonable  utterances. 

MaySf.  U.  S.  Great  indignation  is 
expressed  by  anti-war  Democrats  against 
**  the  overthrow  of  free  institu- 
tions "  —  by  Abraham  Lincoln. 

May  6,  O.  C.  I^.  Vallandigham  is  sen- 
tenced by  a  military  commission  to 
suffer  close  confinement  during  the  war. 
[He  is  taken  to  Fort  "Warren,  Mass.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1863    Mar.  8.    Ark.    Work  on  the  canal 

for  passing  Vicksburg  is  interrupted  by 

the  breaking  of  the  levee  by  the  river. 
Apr.  1.    -Ve7P  York.     Price  of  middling 

uplands  cotton,  72  to  74  cents;  premium 

on  gold,  156i  to  15(^. 


99-? 


1863,  May  7-Ju2ie30, 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1863  May  7.  Va.  Gen.  Lee  con- 
gratulates his  army  on  the  victory  at 
CliancellorsviUe. 

Miss.  Gen.  Grant  begins  his  ad- 
vance to  strike  a  point  between  Jackson 
and  Vicksburg. 

May  8.  D.C.  President  Lincoln  issues  a 
proclamation  for  a  military  draft  in  July, 

Tenn,      The  Confederate    Gen.    Van 

Dorn  is  assassinated  in  a  private  quarrel. 

May  9.  La.  Gen.  Banks's  Expedition 
arrives  at  Alexandria,  after  restoring 
a  very  large  territory  to  the  Union. 

— —  Va.  The  Confederate  authorities, 
alarmed  at  Gen.  Grant's  movements, 
order  Gen.  Johnston  to  Mississippi 
as  commander-in-chief,  and  give  him 
30,000  troops. 

May  12.  Miss.  At  Kaymond  Gen.  Mc- 
pherson defeats  5,000  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Gregg. 

Federal  loss,*66  killed  and  339  womid- 
ed  ;  Confederate  loss,  loO  killed,  305 
wounded,  and  415  prisoners. 

Ky.  At  Horseshoe  Bend  the  Fed- 
erals lose  25  killed  and  wounded ;  Con- 
federate loss,  100  killed  and  wounded. 

May  *  A  painful  sense  of  the  need  of  a 
great  commander  for  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  pervades  the  country  and  is 
often  expressed. 

May  13.  Miss.  Gen.  Joseph  B.  John- 
ston arrives  at  Jackson,  and  assumes 
command  of  the  Confederate  forces. 

Yazoo  City  is  taken  by  Federal  gun- 
boats. 

May.  14.  Miss,  At  Jackson  Gens. 
Sherman  and  McPherson.of  Gen.  Grant's 
advance,  give  battle  to  more  than  8,000 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Johnston,  and 
take  the  city. 

Federalloss,41killed,  240  wounded  and 
missing  ;  Confederate  loss,  845. 

May  16.  Miss.  Battle  of  Champion 
Hills;  Gen.  Grant,  with  two  corps  of 
32,000  men  under  Gens.  McClernand  and 
McPherson,  defeats  about  25,000  Confed- 
erates under  Gen.  Pemberton,  in  the 
hardest  fought  battle  of  the  campaign. 
Federal  loss,  2,254  killed  and  wounded, 
187  missing ;  Confederate  loss,  3,624,  in- 
cluding 2,195  prisoners. 

May  17.  Miss.  At  Black  River  Gen. 
Grant  defeats  4,000  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Pemberton,  who  retreats  toward  his 
defenses  at  Vicksburg.  Federal  loss,  39 
killed,  237  wounded,  and  three  missing  ; 
Confederate  loss,  1,751  men  and  18  guns. 

May  18.  Miss.  Gens.  McClernand  and 
McPherson  are  delayed  in  building  a 
floating  bridge  across  the  Big  Black 
River ;  Gen.  Pemberton  is  thereby  en- 
abled to  reach  the  defenses  of  Vicks- 
burg. 

The  Confederates  evactiate  Haines's 
Bluff  on  the  Yazoo  above  Vicksburg  on 
the  approach  of  Gens.  McClernand  and 
McPherson's  corps  of  Gen.  Grant's 
army. 

Mo.    At   Sherwood   a   Confederate 

force  defeats  the  Federals  in  a  skirmish; 


Federal  loss,  35  killed  and  wounded,  and 
4  prisoners. 

May  18.-July  4.  Miss.  Gen,  Grant  be- 
sieges Vicksburg  [with  an  army  that 
soon  numbers  71,000  men] ;  his  commu- 
nications are  open  via  the  Yazoo  River. 

May  19.  Miss.  Gen.  Grant  assaults 
the  defenses  of  Vicksburg ;  he  is  re- 
pulsed with  terrible  loss,  but  secures 
some  advanced  positions. 

May  22.  Miss.  At  Vicksburg  Gen. 
Grant  again  orders  an  assault,  and  is 
repulsed  with  the  loss  of  3,000  men  ;  he 
concludes  to  establish  a  regular  siege. 

N.  C.    At  Gum  Swamp  the  Federals 

lose  67  killed  and  wounded  ;  the  Confed- 
erates lose  202  killed,  wounded,  and 
prisoners. 

May  24.  La.  Gen.  Banks's  troops  arrive 
at  Port  Hudson. 

Gen.  John  McA.  Schofield  relieves 

Gen.  Curtis  as  commander  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Missouri. 

May  25.  La.  At  Port  Hudson  Gen. 
Banks  is  repulsed  by  the  Confederates. 

Tenn.    A  cavalry  escort  conveys  C, 

L.  Vallandigham  of  O.  within  the  Con- 
federate lines  near  Murfreesboro. 

May  27.  La.  Gen.  Banks  assaults  Port 
Hudson,  and  is  repulsed  in  a  bloody 
struggle. 

The  siege  begins;  14,000  Federals  in- 
vest the  works.  The  Confederates,  under 
Maj.-Gen.  Franklin  K.  Gardner,  number 
about  7,000. 

Miss.     Adm.    Porter   attacks   Fort 

HUl,  at  Vicksburg,  and  loses  the  gun- 
boat Cincinnati  by  the  plunging  fire  of 
Confederate  guns. 

May  28.  Boston,  The  64th  Regiment 
leaves  for  Port  Royal ;  it  is  the  first 
colored  regiment  formed  in  the  free 
States, 

Mo.    Wear  Doniphan  the  Federals 

under  Maj.  Lippert  are  defeated,  with  a 
loss  of  80  men. 

May  30,  Miss.  Gen.  McClernand  pub- 
lishes a  congratulatory  order  to  his 
troops  [which  is  much  criticised], 

June  1.  III.  Gen.  Burnside  suppresses 
the  Chicago  Times  for  one  day.  [Order 
revoked  June  4.] 

Jime  3.  S.  C.  Gen.  Q.  A.  Gillmore 
relieves  Gen.  Hunter  as  commander  of 
the  Department  of  the  South. 

Adm.  Foote  is  ordered  to  relieye  Adm. 
Dupont  at  Charleston. 

June  4.  Tenn.  At  Triime  the  Confed- 
erates suffer  a  loss  of  200  in  killed  and 
woimded.  The  Federal  loss  is  much 
less. 

June  5±.  Va.  Gen.  Lee  concentrates 
bis  army  at  Culpeper;  he  is  preparing 
to  invade  the  North. 

June  7.  La.  At  Milliken*s  Bend,  17 
miles  north  of  Vicksburg,  Gen.  Thomas 
defeats  3,000  Confederates  under  Gen. 
McCulloch.  Federal  loss,  154  killed,  223 
wounded,  and  115  missing;  Confederate 
loss,200killed,  500  wounded  and  missing. 

June  8.  D.  C.  The  Departments  of  Mo- 
nongahela  and  Susquehanna  are  formed. 


Miss.     At   Vicksburg   Gen.    Grant 

reports  the  complete  investment  of  the 
city,  and  a  force  of  30,000  extra  troops  to 
"  repel  anything  from  the  rear." 

June  9.  Va.  At  Brandy  Station  an 
important  cavalry  fight  occurs. 

Gen.  Hooker  sends  Gen.  Pleasonton's 
cavalry  to  discover  a  Confederate  move- 
ment ;  it  imexpectedly  meets  the  Con- 
federate cavalry  under  Gen.  Stuart. 

At  Beverly  Frf>rd  Gens.  Buford  and 
Gregg  lose  380  men  ;  Confederate  Gens. 
J.  E.  B.  Stuart  and  Fitz-Hugh  Lee  lose 
750  men, 

June  10.  S.  C.  At  Morris  Island  the 
Federals  win  a  victory. 

June  12.  Ga.  The  Federals  destroy 
Darien. 

Pa.   Gov.  Curtin  calls  out  the  militia 

of  the  State,  and  solicits  troops  from 
New  York,  to  repel  an  anticipated  inva- 
sion by  Confederates. 

Va.    Gen.  Hooker  falls  back  from 

the  Rappahannock,  in  order  to  protect 
Washington  against  Gen.  Lee's  army, 
said  to  number  100,000  men. 

June  13,  14.  La.  Gen.  Banks  demands 
the  surrender  of  Port  Hudson;  Gen. 
Gardner's  refusal  is  followed  by  a  grand 
assault,  in  which  the  Federals  are  re- 
pulsed at  all  points,  but  the  siege  con- 
tinues. Federal  loss,  203  killed,  1,401 
wounded,  and  201  missing. 

Va.    The   Confederates  under   Gen, 

Ewell  invest  "Winchester  and  demand 
its  surrender;  Gen.  Milroy  refuses, 
fighting  his  way,  escapes  from  Gen. 
Ewell  with  the  loss  of  3,000  men.  Con- 
federate loss,  850. 

June  14.  Md.—Pa.  The  Confederate 
cavalry  invades  the  loyal  States. 

Pa.    Pittsburg  is  protected  from 

anticipated  Confederate  attacks  by 
earthworks. 

June  15.  D,  C.  President  Lincoln  an- 
nounces by  proclamation  the  Confeder- 
ate invasion  of  the  North,  and  calls  upon 
the  governors  of  the  threatened  States 
for  100,000  militia  for  immediate 
service. 

Pa,    Chambersburg  is  raided  by  the 

Confederate  cavalry. 

Va.     At  Winchester  Gen.  Milroy, 

commanding  7,000  men,  is  defeated  by 
the   Confederates    under    Gen.    Ewell; 
Federal  loss,  3,000 ;    Confederate   loss,  • 
850. 

June  16.  Ind.  Confederates  under  Capt. 
Hines  cross  over  from  Kentucky,  at  Flint 
Kock,  sack  Leavenworth  and  other 
towns,  and  recross  the  Ohio  River. 

Ky.     In  Fleming  county  a  Federal 

force  defeats  a  force  of  Confederates ; 
Federal  loss,  45  killed  and  wounded. 

June  17.  Ga.  Capt.  John  Rodgers  with 
the  Weehawken,  and  Commander  John 
Downes  with  the  Kahant,  capture  the 
Confederate  iron-clad  Atlanta  in  War- 
saw Sound. 

June  18.  Miss.  Gen.  McClernand  is 
relieved  of  the  command  of  the  13th 
corps  by  Gen.  Grant. 

Va.    At  Aldie  the  Federal  cavalry 

under  Gen.  Pleaeonton  attacks  the  Con- 


UNITED  STATES. 


1863,  May  7- June  30.    223 


federate  cavalry  under  Gen.  Stuart ; 
the  Federals  lose  50  killed  and  wounded ; 
tlieConfederates,  100  killed  and  woundedf 
besides  112  prisoners. 

June  21.  Va,  M'ear  Middlebxirg  Gen. 
Pleasonton  defeats  a  body  of  Confed- 
erates in  a  cavalry  battle;  they  lose 
100  killed  and  wounded,  besides  80 
prisoners. 

June  22.  La.  At  Bra^ihear  City  Col. 
J.  P.  Major  of  Gen.  Taylor's  command, 
with  a  force  of  cavalry,  successfully  at- 
tacks the  Federal  force  In  the  rear,  and 
captures  the  place.  [July  22  it  is  retaken 
by  Gen.  Banks.] 

Pa.    Gen.   Lee's   advance   enters 

Chambersbiirg,  only  a  few  miles  from 
Harrisburg ;  business  is  paralyzed  in 
Philadelphia. 

C.  L.  Vallandigham,  having  escaped 

from  the  Confederate  States,  arrives  at 
Bermuda  on  a  blockade-runner. 

June  23.  Va.  At  South  Anna  Col.  Spear 
defeats  the  Confederates,  and  captures 
110  prisoners.  Gen,  W.  F.  Lee,  the  com- 
mander, being  among  the  number. 

June  24.  La.  At  Berwick  Bay  Gen. 
Taylor,  with  a  force  numbering  3,000  to 
6,000  Confederates,  captures  the  post 
with  several  hundred  convalescent  Fed- 
erals and  valuable  stores. 

Tenn.  At  Hoover's  Gap  the  Con- 
federates are  beaten  by  Gen.  Rosecrans's 
army,  losing  many  killed  and  wounded ; 
Federal  loss,  45  killed  and  wounded. 

June24.-Jiily  3.  Tenn.  Gen.  Kosecrans 
begins  his  advance  southward ;  by  a 
series  of  flank  movements  he  crowds 
Gen.  Bragg's  army  out  of  Tennessee 
into  Georgia ;  Federal  loss,  5G0. 

June  25.  Miss.  At  Vicksburg  Gen. 
Grant  fires  a  mine  on  the  Jackson  road. 

Va.     Gen.    Iice,  with  about  80,000 

men,  crosses  the  Potomac  at  Harper*8 
Ferry,  for  the  invasion  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Tenn.    At  liiberty  Gap  Gen.  Willich 

defeats  the  Confederates,  who  suffer  a 
heavy  loss ;  he  loses  90  killed  and  100 
wounded. 

June  26.  Va.  The  Federal  army  under 
Gen.  Hooker  crosses  the  Potomac  in 
pursuit  of  Gen.  Lee. 

Tenn.     At  Shelbyville  Gen.  Rose- 

crans  defeats  Gen.  Bragg;  Federal  loss, 
85  killed,  463  wounded,  and  13  missing ; 
Confederate  loss,  1,634,  including  many 
prisoners. 

June  27.  Ky.  Gen.  John  Morgan,  the 
guerrilla  chief,  starts  on  his  great  raid 
across  the  Ohio  with  3,500  men.  [He 
raids  Kentucky,  Indiana,  and  Ohio,  fight- 
ing and  fleeing  before  his  pursuers.] 

Im.  At  Donaldsonville  a  naval  ac- 
tion occurs ;  the  Confederates  lose  64 
killed,  16  wounded,  and  120  prisoners. 

Pa.     Gen.  Hooker  is  relieved,  by  his 

own  request,  of  the  command  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  Maj.-Gen. 
George  Gordon  Meade  is  appointed 
his  successor. 

Gen.  Lee's  army  encamps  near 
Chambersburg  ~  its  first  encampment 
on  free  soil. 


The  Confederate  advance  occupies 
Kingston,  and  threatens  Harrisburg, 
only  13  miles  distant. 

June  28.  ^fd.  The  bridge  over  the  Sus- 
quehanna is  burned  by  the  Confederates. 

La.    At  Donaldsonville  Gen.  Taylor 

assaults  the  Federal  garrison  under  Maj. 
J.  D.  Bullen  in  their  intrenchments ; 
225  men,  aided  by  the  gunboats,  repulse 
ten  times  their  number. 

Pa.  At  Chambersburg  Gens.  Long- 
street  and  Hill  concentrate  their  corps  ; 
Gen.  Ewell,  with  two  divisions,  is  at 
Carlisle,  and  Gen.  Early's  division  occu- 
pies York;  a  Confederate  cavalry  force 
advances  within  four  miles  of  Har- 
risburg. 

The  main  Confederate  army  begins  to 
move  toward  Gettysburg ;  Ewell  ad- 
vances from  Carlisle,  and  Longstreet  and 
Hill  from  Chambersburg. 

June  29.  Md.  Gen.  Meade  moves  the 
Federal  army  northward,  stretching 
across  30  miles  of  country  with  his  front 
line. 

3/c.  The  Revenue  cutter  Caleb  Gush- 
ing is  captured  at  Portland  by  the  Con- 
federate privateer  Archer;  which  then 
puts  to  sea,  is  pursued,  and  taken,  the 
officers  having,  however,  destroyed  their 
prize  before  being  themselves  seized, 
with  the  crew. 

June  30.  Md.  Gen.  Schenck  puts  the 
"West  Shore  counties,  including  Bal- 
timore, under  martial  law.  He  makes 
many  arrests  of  suspected  sympathizers 
of  secession,  and  suspends  the  IVlaryland 
Club  and  other  organizations. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1863. 

May  8.  Van  Dorn,  Earl,  Confed.  maj.-een., 
A40. 

May  10.  Jackson,  Thomas  Jonathan. 
U.  S.  A.,  Confed.  lieut.-gen.  (  "  Stonewall  " 
Jackson),  puritan-like  In  piety,  courage, 
and  daring;  mortally  wounded  at  Chanoel- 
lorsvUle,  A  39. 

June.  26.  Foote.  Andrew  Hull,  rear- 
adm.,  A57. 

CHURCH. 
1863  June  10.  PkUa.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 


LETTERS. 
1863  •  *  Cat.   The   Mercantile    Library 
Association  liibrary  is  founded  at  San 
Francisco.    [62,000  vols.] 

*  *  Ky.      The    Commercial    is    Issued    at 
Louisville. 

*  *  La.    The  Times-Democrat  is  issued  at 
New  Orleans. 

*  *  Afe.    Bates  College  (Freewill  Bapt.) 
is  organized  at  Lewiston. 

*  •  Mich.      Grand    Traverse    College 
(Cong.)  is  organized  at  Benzonia. 

SOCIETY. 
1863    May  15.    Ind.    The  office  of  the 
Jeffersonian  at  Richmond  is  wrecked 
by  Federal  soldiers. 

STATE. 

1863    May  11.    O.    C.  L.  Vallandig- 

ham's  application  for  a  writ  of  habeas 


corpus  is  brought  before  the  U.  S.  Cir- 
cuit Court  at  Cincinnati.  [The  motion 
is  denied  by  the  Court.] 

May  18.  New  York,  A  great  Democratic 
convention  is  held  to  express  sympa- 
thy with  C.  L.Vailandigham,  who  is  im- 
prisoned for  disloyalty. 

June  1.  Phila.  A  Democratic  conven- 
tion is  held  to  express  sympathy  for  C. 
L.  Yallandigham. 

June  3.  New  York.  A.  peace-party 
meeting  is  held  under  the  leadership  of 
Fernando  Wood. 

It  recommends  a  suspension  of  hostil- 
ities, and  that  two  conventions  of  States, 
Union  and  Confederate,  be  held,  which 
shall  finally  determine  on  what  terms 
the  South  snail  be  reconciled. 

June  11.  O.  The  Democratic  State  Con- 
vention nominates  C.  L,  Yallandig- 
ham, lately  a  prisoner  of  State,  for  gov- 
ernor. 

June  12.  7>.  C.  President  Lincoln  de- 
fends himself  against  anti-war  critics  in 
a  powerful  letter  to  Albany  Demo- 
crats, a  document  which  stirs  the  heart 
of  the  Nation. 

June  14.  The  consuls  of  England  and 
Austria  are  dismissed  from  the  Confed- 
eracy. 

June  15.  D.  C.  President  Iiincoln 
issues  a  proclamation  calling  for  100,- 
000  volunteers  for  six  months,  to  repel 
the  Confederate  invasion  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Jime  20.  }V.  Va.  The  loyal  counties 
of  western  Virginia  having  separated 
and  formed  a  new  State,West  Virginia 
is  proclaimed  to  be  admitted  into  the 
Union  as  the  35th  State. 

June  20.  D.  C.  The  President  replies  to 
the  Ohio  Committee,  who  urge  the 
release  of  C.  L.  Vallandigham,  their  can- 
didate for  governor.    (See  Army,  May  4.) 

He  consents  on  condition  that  they  in- 
dividually subscribe  to  three  proposi- 
tions: *'  1st,  that  there  is  now  a  rebellion 
in  the  United  States,  the  object  and 
tendency  of  which  are  to  destroy  the 
National  Union,  and  that  in  your  opin- 
ion an  Army  and  Navy  are  constitutional 
means  for  suppressing  that  rebellion. 
2d,  that  no  one  of  you  will  do  that  which, 
in  his  own  judgment,  will  tend  to  hinder 
the  increase,  or  favor  the  decrease,  or 
lessen  the  efficiency,  of  the  Army  and 
Navy  while  eiigaged  in  the  effort  to  sup- 
press the  rebellion.  3<1,  that  each  of  you 
will,  in  his  sphere,  do  all  he  can  to  have 
the  officers,  soldiers,  and  seamen  of  the 
Army  and  Navy,  while  engaged  in  the 
effort  to  suppress  the  rebellion,  paid, 
fed,  clad,  and  otherwise  provided  for 
and  supported.*'  [They  do  not  sub- 
scribe.] 

June  30.  Statistics  for  1863.  Revenue : 
Customs,  $60,05!),(J42;  internal  revenue, 
$37,(>10,788 ;  direct  tax,  §1,485,104;  sales 
of  lands,  ©167,617  ;  premium  on  loans 
and  sales  of  gold  coin,  $602,345  ;  miscel- 
laneous items,  $3,741,794:  total,  $112,- 
697,291. 

Expenditures :  Civil  and  miscella- 
neous items,  $23,256,965;  War  Depart- 
ment, Sr>99,298,601 ;  Navy  Department, 
$63,221,904  ;  Indians,  $3,154,357  ;  7,884 
pensions,  $1,078,992;  interest,  $24,729,- 
847;  total,  $714,740,725.  Excess  of  ex- 
penditures, $602,043,434.  Public  debt, 
$1,119,772,138.  Exports,  $203,904,447 ;  im- 
ports, $243,335,815. 


224    1863,  June  30-July  24. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1863    June  30.    Pa.    The  two  opposing 

armies  march  toward  Gettysburg. 
Tenn.    Qen.  Rosecrans  establishes 

his  army  at  Chattahoochee,  on  the  left 

bank  of  the  Tennessee  Kiver. 

June  *  5.  C.  Col,  Montgomery  makes  an 
unimportant  raid  up  the  Cambahee 
River. 

July  1.  Pa.  At  Carlisle  a  cavalry  battle 
is  fought  — the  Federals  under  Gen.  Kil- 
patrick,  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Stuart. 

July  1-3.  Pa.  Battle  of  Gettysburg ; 
the  turning-point  of  the  war.  A  Fed- 
eral victory  compels  the  Confederates  to 
retreat  to  Virginia,  but  without  a  vigor- 
ous pursuit. 

Gen.  Meade  commands  92,000  to  94- 
000  Federals,  having  300  guns ;  Gen. 
Lee  commands  78,000  Confederates, 
having  350  guns. 

Federal  corps  commanders.  Gens. 
Reynolds,  Hancock,  Hays, Sickles,  Sykes, 
Sedgwick,  Howard,  Slocum,  and  Pleas- 
onton.  Confederate  commandets, 
Lieut.-Gens.,  Longstreet,  Ewell,  and  A. 
P.  Hill.  Division  commanders.  Gens. 
McLaws,  Pickett,  Hood,  Early,  Johnson, 
Rodes,  Anderson,  Heth,  Pender,  Wilcox, 
and  Stuart. 

Federal  loss,  3,072  killed,  14,497  wound- 
ed, and6,431  missing  ;  total,  23,033.  Con- 
federate loss,  2,592  killed,  12,706  wounded, 
and  5,150  missing  ;  total,  20,451. 

(July  1.)  The  Confederates  drive  the 
Federals  back  to  the  high  ground  south 
of  Gettysburg ;  Gen.  John  F.  Reynolds 
is  killed.  Gen.  Lee  arrives  in  the  after- 
noon. The  Federal  army  takes  a  new 
position  during  the  night. 

(July  2.)  Gen.  Meade  arrives  on  the  bat- 
tle-field and  wins  a  partial  victory.  Both 
armies  struggle  desperately  for  the  pos- 
session of  Xiittle  Bound  Top  HUl  and 
Cemetery  Ridge ;  the  Federals  retain 
possession  of  both,  when  the  tiring  ceases 
at  10  o'clock  at  night ;  both  armies  are 
in  essentially  the  same  positions  they 
occupied  in  the  morning,  but  with  the 
field  strewn  with  dead  and  wounded. 

(July  3.)  The  entire  forenoon  is  spent  in 
preparing  for  the  final  struggle.  From 
12  M.  until  2  P.M.  occurs  the  fiercest  can- 
nonading ever  known  on  this  continent ; 
then  the  firing  ceases,  and  the  Confed- 
erate line  charges  on  the  Federal  center, 
meeting  with  a  bloody  repulse  —  upon 
which  Gen.  l.ee  desists  from  further  at- 
tack, while  Gen.  Meade  is  not  in  condi- 
tion to  assume  the  offensive  ;  Qen.  Lee 
retreats. 

July  1.  Miss.  AtVioksburg  Gen.  Grant 
fires  a  mine,  destroying  a.  Confederate 
redan,  and  disabling  about  26  men. 

Pa.     Gen.  Alfred  Pleasonton,  in 

command  of  the  cavalry  division  of  Gen. 
Meiide's  army,  takes  post  at  Gettys- 
burg, in  advance  of  the  Confederates. 

Ta.   At  HanoTer  Junction  Federals 

in  a  cavalry  fight  lose  12  killed  and  43 
wounded  ;  the  Confederates  lose  75  killed 
and  wounded,  and  60  prisoners. 


July  2.  Ky.  Gen.  John  H.  Morgan, 
raiding  northward,  crosses  the  Cum- 
berland River  at  Burkesville. 

Pa.    Gen.  Stuart's  cavalry  rejoins 

Gen.  Lee's  army,  after  having  made 
another  circuit  of  the  Federal  army. 

July  4.  Ark.  At  Helena  Lieut.-Gen. 
Holmes,  with  about  9,000  Confederates, 
attacks  about  4,000  Federals  under  Gen. 
B.  M.  Prentiss,  and  is  severely  repulsed. 
Federal  loss,  850  killed  and  wounded, 
with  30  or  40  missing ;  Confederate  loss, 
500  killed  and  wounded,  and  1,000  pris- 
oners. 

Ky.    At  Green  River  Bridge  Col. 

O.  H.  Moore  repulses  an  attack  of  Gen. 
Morgan's  Confederate  cavalry.  Federal 
loss,  six  killed  and  23  wounded  ;  Confed- 
erate loss,  50  killed  and  200  wounded. 

*   Md.—Pa.  Gen.  Lee  retreats  from 

Pennsylvania  without  disorder  to  the 
Potomac. 

Miss.    Gen.  Pemberton  surrenders 

Vioksburg  to  Gen.  Grant,  after  a  siege 
of  six  weeks  and  the  exhaustion  of  his 
supplies. 

Federal  loss,  over  245  killed,  3,688 
wounded,  and  303  prisoners ;  Confederate 
loss,  9,000  killed  and  wounded,  29,491 
prisoners,  172  cannon,  and  about  60,000 
muskets,  besides  a  large  amount  of  am- 
munition. 

Va.  At  Monterey  Gap  the  Confeder- 
ates lose  200  wounded  and  1,700  pris- 
oners ;  number  of  killed  unknown. 

July  5.  Can.  C.  L.  VaUandigham, 
the  exiled  citizen,  arrives  at  Nova  Scotia. 

Ky.     At   Lebanon   Gen.    Morgan's 

command  captures  400  Federals,  and 
burns  the  greater  part  of  the  town. 

Miss.  At  Bolton  Gen.  Sherman  cap- 
tures the  rear  guard  of  Gen.  Johnston's 
army,  taking  400  prisoners. 

July  6.  S.  C.  Adm.  Dahlgren  succeeds 
Adm.  Foote  at  Charleston. 

July  7.  Ala.  Federal  Gen.  Rosecrans 
forces  Gen.  Bragg's  army  across  the 
Tennessee  River  at  Bridgeport. 

— ^  Va.  W.  E.  Jones's  raid  is  arrested 
by  Federal  Gen.  Hunter  at  Staunton; 
the  Confederates  lose  648  prisoners  and 
three  guns  ;  their  commander  is  killed. 

July  9.  Ind.  Gen.  Morgan's  cavalry, 
4,000  strong,  cross  the  Ohio  River  at 
Brandenburg,  40  miles  below  Louisville, 
and  raid  the  comitry. 

La.    Fall  of  Port  Hudson;  having 

learned  of  the  fall  of  Vicksburg,  Gen. 
Gardner,  in  command  of  the  Confeder- 
ates at  Port  Hudson,  unconditionally 
surrenders  to  Gen.  Banks  about  6,000 
men,  besides  500  in  the  hospitals  and  61 
guns.    (See  May  27.) 

The  entire  length  of  the  Mississippi 
River  is  now  opened  to  the  Federals. 

Miss.    Gen.  Sherman,  commanding 

three  corps  of  Gen.  Grant's  army,  arrives 
at  Jackson  in  pursuit  of  Gen.  Johns- 
ton. 

S.  C.     Gen.    Gillmore    surprises  the 

Confederates  on  Morris  Island,  near 
Charleston,  and  takes  three-fourths  of 
the  island. 


July  9-16.  Miss.  At  Jackson  Gen. 
Sherman  besieges  Gen.  Johnston. 

July  10.  Ky.  Martial  law  is  proclaimed 
at  Louisville. 

Va.    On  the  Antietam  battle-field  a 

cavalry  engagement  is  fought. 

July  11.  New  York.  The  conscription 
to  fill  up  the  army  begins. 

Ind.    At  Vernon  the  Home  Guards 

make  a  show  of  resistance,  and  Gen. 
Morgan,  with  3,000  or  4,000  men,  passes 
the  city  toward  Ohio,  tearing  up  rail- 
roads and  burning  bridges  as  he  ad- 
vances. 

S.  C.     Gen.    George    C.  Strong's 

Federal  brigade  fails  in  an  assault  on 
Fort  'Wagner,  suffering  only  a  slight 
loss. 

July  12.  Ind.  At  Verlage  Morgan's 
guerrillas  encounter  Col.  Lowe,  with 
12,000  militia;  Morgan  retreats  before 
an  uprising  of  the  citizens. 

Miss.    At  Rienzl,  near  Jackson,  Col. 

Hatch  loses  13  killed  and  wounded ; 
Confederate  loss,  175  killed  and  wounded, 
and  400  conscripts  released. 

At  Jackson  Gen.  Lauman  attacks  the 
Confederate  works,  and  loses  300  killed 
and  wounded. 

O.    Cincinnati  Is  proclaimed  under 

martial  law. 

July  13.  La.  At  Sonaldsonville  a 
Confederate  force  defeats  the  Federals  ; 
Federal  loss,  450  killed  and  wounded, 

Md.    Gen.  Lee's  army  recrosses  the 

Potomac  at  Williamsport,  during  the 
night. 

.Viss.     The  Federals  take  Yazoo 

City,  capturing 300  prisoners  and  6  guns. 

Tenn.    At  Jackson  a  Federal  cavalry 

force  defeats  the  Confederate  cavalry. 
Federal  loss,  13  killed  and  wounded ; 
Confederate  loss,  175killed  and  wounded. 

July  13+.  O.  Morgan's  raiders  leave 
Indiana,  enter  Ohio  at  Harrison,  and 
threaten  Cincinnati. 

JiUy  14.  Va.  At  Falling  Waters  Gen. 
Kilpatrick's  cavalry  attacks  and  defeats 
the  retreating  Confederates  of  Gen.  Lee's 
army.  Federal  loss,  29  killed  and  36 
wounded  ;  Confederate  loss,  130  killed 
and  wounded,  besides  a  brigade,  1,300 
strong,  taken  prisoners. 

July  16.  La.  The  steamboat  Imperial, 
the  first  to  descend  the  river  without 
being  molested  on  the  trip,  arrives  at 
New  Orleans  with  a  commercial  cargo. 

Miss.      Gen.     Johnston     evacuates 

Jackson,  after  a  siege  of  seven  days. 
[July  17.  Gen.  Sherman's  army  enters 
the  city.]  Federal  loss,  1,000  killed, 
wounded,  and  niissiug;  Confederate 
loss,  300  killed. 

5.  C.  At  James  Island  the  Confed- 
erate assault  on  Gen.  Alfred  H.  Terry's 
division  is  repulsed  with  the  aid  of  the 
gunboats. 

}y,  ya.  At  Sheppardstown  the  Con- 
federates gain  advantage  over  a  Federal 
force  in  a  sharp  engagement ;  Federal 
loss  150;  Confederate  loss,  75. 


UNITED    STATES.  1863,  June  30- July  24.     225 


JvUy  17.  Ind.  Ter.  At  Elk's  Spring 
(Elk  Creek)  Gen.  Blnnt  defeats  the  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Cooper.  Federal 
loss,  10  killed  and  25  wounded  ;  Confed- 
erate loss,  400  killed  and  wounded,  and 
00  prisoners. 

July  18.  Ind.  Ter.  At  Honey  Springs 
Gen.  Blunt  loses  nine  killed  and  50 
wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  50  killed, 
75  wounded,  and  05  prisoners. 

5.  C.    Gen.  Gillraore  begins  the  siege 

of  Fort  Sumter,  and  assaults  Fort 
Wagner. 

After  a  bombardment  by  Adm.  Dahl- 
gren's  fleet  for  several  hours,  the  assault 
is  made  under  the  immediate  command 
of  Gen.  T.  Seymour,  and  is  repulsed  by 
Gen.  li.  M.  Keitt,  but  the  siege  contin- 
ues; Federal  loss,  1,600;  Confederate 
loss,  174. 

Va.    At    Wythevllle  Cols.  Tolland 

and  Powell  destroy  the  Virginia  and 
Tennessee  Kallroad.  Federal  loss,  65 
killed  and  wounded;  Confederate  loss, 
75  killed  and  150  wounded. 

July  19.  O.  Gen.  Morgan  attempts  to 
cross  the  Ohio  near  Parkersburg,  but 
is  prevented  by  Federal  gunboats  and  a 
force  of  cavalry ;  he  abandons  his  guns, 
wagons,  and  prisoners,  to  facilitate  his 
escape  from  his  pursuers. 

July  20.  O.  Near  Bufflngton  Island, 
the  principal  part  of  Gen.  Morgan's 
raiders  are  captured;  only  BOO  escape 
with  the  leader. 

July  23.  J'a.  At  Manassas  Gap  the 
Federals  lose  30  killed  and  80  wounded ; 
the  defeated  Confederates  lose  300  killed 
and  wounded,  besides  60  prisoners. 


I 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1863. 

July   1.    Reynolds,  John    Fulton,  maj.- 

gen.  of  vols.,  killed  at  Gettysburg,  A43. 
July   2.     Weed,    Stephen    H.,    brig.-gen., 

U.  .S.  vols.,  killed  at  tiettysbnrg,  A2S)- 
July  3.     Annistead,  Lewis  A..  (Jonfed.  brig.- 
gen.,  killed  at  Gettysburg,  A46. 
Garnett,  Kichard  li.,  Confed.  brig.-gen., 

killed  at  <  iettysburg,  A  44. 
July  6.    Keurick,  Francis    Patrick,   R.  C. 

arclibishop  of  Baltimore,  A66. 
July  10.    Moore,  Clement  C,  writer,  A84. 
July  13.    Itead,  Abner,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  A42. 
July  15.    Hale,  Beujamin,  Cong,  cl.,  prof. 

at  Dartmouth,  A66. 
July  17.  Allen,  David  O.,  Cong,  missionary, 

A63. 
July  18.    Pender,  William  D.,  Confed.  maj.- 

gen.,  dies. 
Shaw,  Robert  GoiUd,  col.  U.  S.  vols., 

killed  at  Fort  Wagner,  A  26. 
July  21.    McCook,  Daniel,  maj.  U.  S.  A., 

A65. 
July  84.    Hlldreth,  Samuel  P.,  historian, 

physicist,  .^80. 


CHURCH. 

1863  July  •  U.  S.    Thanksgiving  Day 
is  appointed. 

After  the  great  deliverance  from 
Confederate  invasion  at  Gettysburg, 
President  l^incoln,  by  proclamation, 
calls  upon  the  people  to  give  thanks, 
because  "  it  has  pleased  Almighty  God 
to  hearken  to  the  supplications  and 
prayers  of  an  afflicted  people,  and  to 
vouchsafe  signal  and  effective  victo- 
ries ;  "  and  he  asks  the  people  **  to  ren- 
der homage  to  the  Divine  Majesty,  .and 
to  invoke  the  influence  of  His  Holy  Spirit, 
to  subdue  the  anger  which  has  produced 
and  so  long  sustained  a  needless  and 
cruel  rebellion." 


LETTERS. 

1863  *  *  Faith  Gartney's  Girlhood,  by 
A.  D.  T.  Whitney,  appears. 

*  *  Hannah  Thurston,  by  Bayard  Taylor, 
appears. 

*  *  JVfjo  York.  Manhattan  College  is 
incorporated, 

*  *^r.  r.  The  Normal  School  at  Os- 
wego is  established. 

*  *  O.  Wilberforce  University  (Afri- 
can Meth.  Epis.)  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  La  Salle  College  (Eom.Cath.) 
is  organized. 

*  *  R.  I.  The  Evening  Bulletin  is  issued 
at  Providence. 

*  *  Christian  Recorder  is  established  by 
the  African  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

*  *  The  Amber  Gods,  by  H.  E.  Spofford, 
appears. 

*  *  Excursions  in  Field  and  Forest,  by 
Thoreau,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1863  July  11.  New  York.  The  drafting 
of  soldiers  begins  and  proceeds  quietly. 

July  13-17.  New  York  is  in  the  hands 
of  an  anti-draft  mob. 

(July  13.)  A  great  mob  attacks  and 
flres  the  Colored  Orphan  Asylum  at 
Fifth  Avenue  and  Forty-fourth  Street, 
sheltering  several  hundred  orphans. 

The  Tribune  office  is  dismantled,  but 
the  mob  is  driven  away  by  the  police. 

Col.  H.  T.  O'Brien  is  brutally  mur- 
dered by  the  mob,  who  dance  on  his 
corpse. 

(July  13.)  Gov.  Seymour  addresses  the 
mob  in  conciliatory  terms,  and  recites 
his  efforts  to  secure  a  suspension  of  the 
draft. 

(July  14.)  Sunday :  Gov.  Seymour  issues 
two  proclamations,  calling  on  the  people 
to  retire  to  their  homes,  and  declaring 
the  penalties  against  insurrectionists. 
Secret  meetings  are  held  in  opposition 
to  the  draft. 

(July  15.)  The  draft  commissioners 
are  attacked  by  a  mob  at  Forty-third 
Street  and  Third  Avenue,  and  the  build- 
ing is  fired. 

The  mob  is  especially  Infuriated  by 
the  provision  which  permits  drafted 
men  to  avoid  service  by  the  payment 
of  «300. 

(July  16.)  Archbishop  Hughes  issues 
an  address  *'  to  the  men  of  New  York, 
who  are  called  in  many  papers  rioters," 
inviting  them  to  meet  him  for  counsel. 

Arrayed  in  canonical  attire,  he  ad- 
dresses several  thous.and  people  in  front 
of  his  residence,  and  begs  them  to  be 
quiet  in  the  name  of  Ireland. 

(July  17.)  A  few  soldiers  fire  on  the 
mob  in  Third  Avenue  at  Twenty-first 
Street,  killing  13  and  wounding  18,  and 
taking  a  score  or  more  prisoners.  [Sol- 
diers returned  from  the  front  restore 
the  peace  of  the  city,  after  $2,000,000  of 
property  and  1,000  lives  have  been  de- 
stroyed.] 


July  14.  Boston.  A  mob  of  non-Union- 
ists  attempts  to  break  into  the  armory 
of  the  11th  Battery  ;  many  are  shot  and 
killed  in  the  firing  which  ensues. 

July  15.  Draft  riots  occur  in  Boston, 
Brooklyn,  Jersey  City,  Staten  Island, 
and  other  places. 

STATE. 

1863  June*  D.C.  The  President  or- 
ders a  draft  of  300,000  men,  between 
the  ages  of  20  and  45  years.  [Only  about 
50,000  are  so  obtained  after  many  weeks, 
but  volunteering  is  quickened,  and  many 
substitutes  are  provided.] 

Julyl.  Mo.  The  State  Convention  adopts 
an  ordinance  by  which  slavery  shall 
cease  after  July  4,  1870. 

Tenn.    A  Union  Convention  meets 

at  Nashville  under  the  call  of  W.  C. 
Brownlow,  Horace  Maynard,  and  13 
others  ;  40  counties  are  represented. 

July  4.  A'.  H.  Ex-President  Franklin 
Pierce  makes  an  anti-war  speech  at 
Concord  which  attracts  national  atten- 
tion. 

Va.  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  Vice- 
President  of  the  Confederacy,  makes 
known  his  desire,  as  a  representative  of 
Jefferson  Davis,  to  communicate  per- 
sonally with  Abraham  Lincoln.  [Presi- 
dent Lincoln  declines  the  interview, 
preferring  customary  agents  and  chan- 
nels of  communication.] 

Julys.  D.C.  President  Lincoln  publicly 
announces  the  triumph  at  Gettysburg, 
adding:  "The  President  especially  de- 
sires on  this  day,  that  He  whose  will, 
not  ours,  should  ever  be  done,  be  every- 
where remembered  and  reverenced  with 
the  profoundest  gratitude." 

July  13.  New  York.  The  great  Anti- 
Draft  Kiot  begins. 

A  mob,  encouraged  by  a  portion  of  the 
press  and  certain  politicians,  demolishes 
the  headquarters  of  the  provost  mar- 
shals, resists  the  police,  burns  an  orphan 
asylum  for  colored  children,  and  kills 
about  1,000  people,  the  majority  being 
negroes.    (See  Society.) 

July  14.  New  York.  The  mob  defies 
the  city  authorities;  Gov.  Seymour 
promises  the  rioters  that  the  draft  shall 
be  suspended,  and  threatens  the  penal- 
ties for  Insurrection,  but  without  effect. 

July  15.  Fo.  Jefferson  Davis  issues 
his  first  conscription  proclamation, 
which  calls  into  the  Confederate  ser- 
vice all  white  men  between  18  and  45 
years  of  age. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1863  June  *  Southern  States.  The 
Confederate  dollar  is  worth  8  cents. 

June  *  Tenn.  Pauline  Cushman  is  sen- 
tenced to  be  hanged  as  a  Union  spy,  but 
is  left  behind  by  Gen.  Bragg  in  his  re- 
treat from  Shelbyville,  and  rescued  by 
Federal  troops. 

July  1.  New  York.  Price  of  middling 
upland  cotton,  73  to  74  cents;  premium 
on  gold,  144i  to  1443. 

July  4.  Pa.  An  indescribable  feeling 
of  relief  in  the  North  follows  the  battle 
of  Gettysburg. 


226     1863,  July  24-Nov.  3. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1863  July  25.  A>w  York.  Many  regi- 
ments from  the  seat  of  war  encamp  in 
the  public  squares  to  assist  in  eufor- 
cing  the  draft. 

July  26.  O.  Near  New  Lisbon  Col. 
Shackleford  captures  the  Confederate 
guerrilla  Gen.  Morgan,  and  the  rem- 
nant of  his  command,  about  400  cavalry, 
—  while  he  is  trying  to  escape  south  of 
the  Ohio  River. 

July  28.  New  York.  The  supervisors 
appropriate  $2,000,000  for  the  relief  of 
drafted  men. 

July  30.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  issues 
a  proclamation  announcing  retaliation 
for  outrages  perpetrated  upon  negro 
soldiers. 

Ky.  At  "Winchester  the  Confeder- 
ates are  defeated. 

Jiily  ±*  W.  Va.  Col.  JohnTollard  makes 
a  raid  into  Virginia,  and  is  killed ;  sev- 
eral days  afterward  his  command  returns 
to  Kanawha,  having  lost  82  men  and  300 
horses. 

Aug.  1.  Va.  At  Kelley's  Ford  the 
Confederates  are  defeated  in  a  cavalry 
fight. 

Aug.  3.  Ky.  Gen.  Bumside  declares 
the  State  under  martial  law. 

Aug.  7.  Dak.  An  Indian  battle  is 
fought  on  the  Upper  Missouri ;  the 
troops  lose  four  killed  and  six  wounded ; 
Indian  loss,  150  killed  and  wounded. 

Aug.  8.  Va.  Gen.  Robert  S.  liCe  olTers 
his  resignation  to  Jefferson  Davis,  but  he 
refuses  to  accept  it. 

Aug.  15.  Afo.  At  Fainesville  the  Con- 
federates lose  65  killed  and  wounded. 

New    York.      The    Common    Council 

votes  $3,000,000  for  the  purchase  of  sub- 
stitutes for  conscripts. 

Aug.  16.  Ky.  Gen.  Burnside  with  the 
9th  corps  leaves  Camp  Nelson  for  the 
relief  of  £ast  Tennessee  and  to  co- 
operate with  Gen.  Kosecrans. 

Tenn.  The  Ajmy  of  the  Cumber- 
land, 55,000  strong,  under  Gen.  Ros»- 
cr&ns,  begins  its  advance  southward. 

Aug.  17-24.  S.  C.  Gen.  Gillmore  fiercely 
bombards  Fort  Siunter,  in  concert 
with  Adm.  Dahlgren's  fleet,  until  the 
fort  is  practically  demolished. 

Aug.  21,  Ky.  Gen.  Burnside's  concen- 
trated force  leaves'  Crab  Orchard  for 
East  Tennessee. 

S,  C.     Charleston    is    fired  upon 

by  the  Federals  from  Marsh  Battery, 
five  miles  distant,  by  the  gun  •*  Swamp 
Angel,**  after  14  hours  notification. 
[Aug.  22,  Gen.  Beauregard  protests 
against  the  shelling  of  the  city,  charac- 
terizing the  *'  Greek  fire  '*  nsed  as  a  vil- 
lainous compound.] 

Aug.  22.  Ark.  At  Pocahontas  the  Fed- 
erals capture  Gen.  Jeff.  C.  Thompson  and 
his  staff,  with  about  100  men. 

Aug.  24.  S,  C.  The  great  Parrott  gun 
••Swamp  Angel**  bursts  while  bom- 
barding Charleston. 

Aug.  25.  Kan.  Quantrell,  the  Con- 
federate guerrilla,  with  a  company  of 
desperate  followers,  makes  a  raid  upon 
Jjawrence;  they  sack  the  town,  burn 
a  large  number  of  dwellings  and  other 
buildings,  and  massacre  143  of  the  in- 
habitants. 


Aug.  25-30.  }V.  Va.  Gen.  Averell 
makes  a  raid  into  West  Virginia,  de- 
stroys saltpeter  works,  menaces  Staun- 
ton, and  returns  to  Tygart's  Valley,  los- 
ing 207  men ;  Confederates  lose  156  men. 

Aug.  26.  Kp.  Gen.  Burnside's  force 
crosses  the  State  line  into  Tennessee. 

Aug.  28.  Va.  At  'Warm  Springs  the 
Federals  capture  200  prisoners. 

Aug,  29.  Tenn.  Gen,  Kosecrans,  com- 
manding the  Army  of  the  Cumberland, 
begins  to  cross  to  the  south  of  the  Ten- 
nessee Kiver,  at  Bridgeport,  Caperton 
Ferry,  Shell  Mound,  and  the  mouth  of 
Battle  Creek  [he  presses  the  pursuit  of 
the  Confederates  under  Gen.  Bragg]. 

Sept.  1.  Tenn.  Gen.  Burnside  reaches 
Kingston;  the  Confederates  imder 
Gen.  Buckner  evacuate  Knoxville  and 
Kingston. 

Sept.  3-5.  Dak.  Ter.  At  White  Stone 
Hill  the  Federal  force  engages  in  a 
bloody  fight  with  the  Indians;  Federal 
loss,  20  killed  and  38  woimded;  Indian 
loss,  300  killed,  300  prisoners. 

Sept.  4.  Tenn.  Gen,  Bumside  reaches 
Knoxville;  he  is  welcomed  by  the 
people  as  a  deliverer. 

Sept.  5.  S.  C.  The  army  and  navy  unite 
in  a  tremendous  bombardment  of  Fort 
Wagner  in  Charleston  harbor. 

Sept.  7.  S.  C.  Before  daylight  the  Con- 
federates evacuate  Fort  Wagner  and 
Battery  Gregg  after  a  long  siege  by 
Gen.  Gillmore  and  Adm.  Dahlgren ;  70 
prisoners  and  25  guns  are  captured. 

Tex.    A  Federal  exi)edition  under 

Gen.  Banks,  to  restore  the  flag  in 
Texas,  arrives  at  Sabine  Pass;  Gen, 
W.  B.  Franklin  is  in  immediate  com- 
mand of  4,000  troops. 

Sept.  7-S.  Tenn.  Gen.  Bragg  makes 
a  stand  against  the  approach  of  Gen. 
Kosecrans,  fronting  the  east  slope  of 
Lookout  Mountain,  with  35,000  men,  be- 
sides his  cavalry. 

Sept.  8.  S.  a  Com.  T.  H.  Stevens,  of 
Adm.  Dahlgren's  squadron,  makes  an 
attack  upon  Fort  Sumter;  he  meets 
with  a  decisive  repulse,  losing  114  men. 

Tex.    At  Sabine  Pass  Gen.  Franklin 

attacks  the  Confederate  fort  with  tlie 
gunboats  Clifton  and  Sachem,  which  are 
captured  by  the  Confederates,  and  tlie 
expedition  retires. 

Sept.  9.  Tenn.  Gen.  Kosecrans  occupies 
strategic  positions  in  the  mountains  of 
Chattanooga,  after  the  forced  retreat 
of  Confederates  nnder  Gen.  Bragg. 

At  Tilford  the  Federals  are  defeated 
and  lose  300  prisoners. 

The  corps  of  Gen.  Crittenden  enters 
Chattanooga. 

Va.    At    Cumberland    Gap    Gen. 

Burnside  defeats  Gen.  Frazier,  who 
evacuates  the  place,  losing  2,000  prison- 
ers and  large  army  stores. 

Sept.  10.  Ark.  Gen.  Steele  captiu-es 
liittle  Bock,  the  capital  city,  and  re- 
establishes the  national  authority. 

Tenn.  Near  Stevens's  Gap  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  T.  C.  Hindnian 
open  fire  on  Gen.  Thomas's  advance. 


Sept.  11.  S.  C.  The  Federals  take  one- 
half   of  James  Island,    in    Charleston 

harbor. 

Sept.  13.  Va.  At  Culpeper  Court  House 
a  cavalry  engagement  takes  place. 

Sept.  18.  Tenn.  Part  of  Gen.  Long- 
street's  command  arrives  from  Virginia 
and  reenforces  Gen.  Bragg. 

Sept,  19-20,  Ga.  Battle  of  Chicka- 
mauga;  Gen.  Bragg  defeats  the  Fed- 
erals under  Gen.  Kosecrans.  "  A  victory 
which  proves  the  ruination  of  the  Con- 
federacy."   (Lieut.-Gen.  D.  H.  Hill.) 

Federal  Gens.  Crittenden,  Thomas,  and 
McCook  have  5C,965  men  ;  the  Confed- 
erate generals,  Polk  and  Longstreet,  have 
71,551  men.  Losses:  Federals,  1,656 
killed,  9,749  wounded,  4,774  prisoners, 
and  3G  guns,  total  16,179  ;  Confederates, 
2,268  killed,  13,613  wounded,  and  1,090 
missing,  total  16,971. 

(Sept.  19.)  Both  armies  claim  success, 
and  exult  in  the  victory  of  this  day. 

(Sept.  20.)  Gen.  Bragg,  having  been  re- 
euforced  during  the  night,  attempts  to 
overwhelm  the  Federal  army.  The 
right  wing  mider  Kosecrans,  Critten- 
den, and  McCook  is  swept  pell-mell  into 
Chattanooga,  but  the  left  wing  of  20,000 
men,  imder  Gen,  Thomas,  resists  as- 
sault after  assault  by  Gen.  Bragg's  entire 
army  till  evening;  then  Gen.  Thomas 
withdraws  to  Kossville. 

Sept.  21,  Tenn,  Gen.  Bragg  begins  the 
siege  of  Chattanooga. 

Va.    At  Madison  Court  House  the 

Federal  cavalry  defeats  the  Confeder- 
ates. 

Sept.  23.  Va.  Maj.-Gen.  Hooker,  with 
the  nth  and  12th  corps,  is  ordered  South 
to  reenf  orce  Gen,  Eosecrans, 

Sept,  24.  Va.  The  Government  declares 
the  port  of  Alexandria  is  open  to  trade. 

Sept.  28.  Gens.  McDowell,  McCook,  and 
Crittenden  are  relieved  of  their  com- 
mands, and  ordered  to  Indianapolis  for 
inquiry  into  their  conduct  at  Chicka- 
mauga. 

Oct.  2,  Tenn.  Gen.  Sherman's  corps 
reaches  Memphis  on  its  way  to  reen- 
force  Gen.  Grant  at  Chattanooga  [he 
advances  across  the  country  400  miles]. 

Oct.  5.  Tenn.  Gen.  Bragg,  on  Iiookout 
Mountain,  bombards  Chattanooga. 

Oct.  7.  Enff.  The  British  (Tovernment 
seizes  the  Confederate  rams  in  the  ship- 
yards on  the  Mersey,  and  prevents  their 
departure. 

Oct.  8.  Tenn.  At  Farmington  Gen. 
McCook  loses  29  killed  and  150  wounded ; 
Confederate  loss  Is  125  killed  and 
wounded,  and  300  prisoners. 

Oct.  10.  Kan.  At  Baxter's  Springs 
Gen.  Blunt's  escort  is  met  and  attacked 
by  the  guerrilla,  Quantrell ;  85  soldiers 
are  massacred,  the  general  himself  nar- 
rowly escaping ;  the  men  are  first  robbed 
and  then  murdered. 

Oct,  10,  11.  Va.  At  Culpeper  the 
Federal  cavalry  have  a  skirmish  with 
the  Confederate  cavalry  under  Gen. 
Stuart;  Federal  loss,  150;  Confederate 
loss,  400. 

Oct.  11.  Tenn.  At  CoUiersville  Gen. 
Sherman's  corps  has  a  fight  with  Con- 
federate cavalry. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1863,  July  24-Nov.  3.    227 


Oct.  13+.  Va.  Gens.  Meade  and  Lee  en- 
gage in  a  military  race  along  parallel 
lines  for  'Waahing;ton ;  [it  ends  at 
IJristow's  station,  and  is  won  by  the 
Federals] . 

Oct.  15.  Va.  At  Briatow's  Station  the 
Confederates  under  Gen,  A.  P.  Hill 
attack  Gen.  A.  S.  Webb  of  Gen.  War- 
ren's corps,  and  are  completely  repulsed. 
Federal  loss,  50  killed,  335  wounded,  and 
IGl  prisoners ;  Confederate  loss,  136 
killed,  797  wounded,  and  445  prisoners. 

Oct.  16.  D.  C.  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant  is 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
Western  armies. 

Oct.  17.  />.  C.  The  President  calls  for 
a  levy  of  300,000  men  for  three  years  ; 
those  not  furnished  by  January,  1864,  are 
to  be  obtained  by  means  of  a  draft. 

Oct.  18.  Tenn.  Gen.  Grant  assumes 
command  of  the  Western  armies. 

Oct.  19.  Va.  At  Buckland's  Mills  the 
Federals  lose  200 ;  Confederate  loss  un- 
known. 

Oct.  20.  Tenn.  At  Philadelphia  Gen. 
Longstreet  attacks  Gen.  Burnside's  out- 
posts. Federal  loss,  400;  Confederate 
loss  heavy. 

Gen.  Kosecrans  is  relieved,  and  Gen. 
George  H.  Thomas  assumes  command 
of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland. 

Oct.  21.    Tenn.    Gen.  Grant  arrives  at 

Nashville. 

Oct.  23.  Tenn.  G«n.  Grant  arrives  at 
Chattanooga. 

Oct,  25.  Ark.  At  Pine  Bluff  the  Fed- 
erals lose  17  killed,  39  wounded  ;  Con- 
federates lose  53  killed,  164  wounded, 
and  33  prisoners. 

Oct.  26.  Tenn,  Gen.  Hooker's  corjw 
crosses  the  Tennessee  Eiver  at  Bridge- 
port to  the  South  bank. 

Oct.  27.  Tenn.  Gen.  Sherman's  ad- 
vance under  Gen.  Blair  reaches  Tus- 
cumbia. 

Gen.  Hazen,  with  1,800  picked  men, 
drifts  down  the  river  in  16  pontoons,  and 
surprises  the  Confederates  at  Brown's 
Ferry  in  the  early  dawn  ;  the  army 
crosses  on  the  pontoons. 

Oct.  29.  Tenn.  Battle  of  "Wanhatchie, 
in  Ix)okout  Valley. 

The  Confederates  under  Gen.  Long- 
street  attack  Gen.  Hooker's  corps  in 
the  night  and  are  repulsed ;  Federal 
loss,  76  killed,  339  wounded,  and  22  miss- 
ing ;  Confederate  loss  somewhat  more. 

Oct.  *  Tenn.  The  Confederate  army  is 
largely  reenforced  at  Chattanooga. 

Oct.  31.  Tenn.  At  Shell  Moimd  the 
Confederates  are  defeated. 

Nov.  1.  O.  A  plot  to  liberate  Confeder- 
ate prisoners  is  discovered. 

Nov.  2.  Tex.  Gen.  Banks's  army 
lands  at  Brazos  Island. 

The  expedition  of  Gen.  Banks, 
under  immediate  command  of  Gen.  N. 
J.  T.  Dana,  to  restore  the  Federal  flag 
in  Texas,  arrives  at  Brazos  Santiago. 

Va.    Gen.  Meade  begins  an  advance 

across  the  Bapidan  towards  Kichmond . 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1863  Sept.  14.  Mich.  The  asteroid 
Eurynome  is  discovered  by  Jas.  C. 
Watson. 

♦  *  Cat.  A  good  harbor  and  port  avail- 
able for  large  vessels  are  discovered  near 
the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  California. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1863. 

July  26.  Crittenden,  John  Jordan,  atty.- 
gen.,  A76. 

Houston,  Bam,  M.  C,  Gov.  of  Tenn., 

gen.,  Pres.  of  Tex.,  sen.  and  Gov.  of  Tex., 
A70. 

July  28.  "Yancey.  "Wm.  LowndeB,  sena- 
tor for  Ala.,  leader  of  secessionists,  "  Fire- 
Eater,"  A49. 

July  30.  Strong,  George  C,  brig.-gen.  U.  S. 
vols.,  wounded  at  Fort  Wagner,  A31- 

Aug:.  16.  Hubbard,  Joseph  S.,  astronomer, 
A40. 

Aug:.  26.  Floyd,  John  B.,  sec.  of  war.  Con 
fed.  brig.-gen.,  A56. 

Aug.  SO.  Newcomb,  Harvey,  cL,  teacher, 
author,  A60. 

Sept.  37.  Abert,  John  J.,  military  engi- 
neer, A76. 

Oct.  I.  Emmons,  Eben.,  geologist,  author, 
A65. 

Oct.  4.  Grayson,  William  J.,  senator  for 
S.  C,  A75. 

Oct.  14.  Cook,  Henry  F.,  Confed  gen., 
killed  at  liristow  Station. 

Oct.  22.  Darcy,  John  S.,  physician  of  N.  J., 
A  75. 

Oct.  27.  Dlmmock,  Charles,  Conf.  brig.- 
gen.,  A  63. 

CHURCH. 

1863  Aug.  6.  U.  S.  A  National 
Thankag;iring:  is  observed  for  recent 
victories. 

*  •  III.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Peoria;  J.  H. 
Morrison,  moderator. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Kentucky  Conference  of  the 
African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion 
Church  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  at  Cleveland. 


LETTERS. 
1863  •  *  Hospital  Sketches^  by  L.  U.  Al- 
cott,  appears. 

*  *  In  War  Time  and  Other  Poems,  by 
J.  G.  Whittier,  appears. 

*  •  Life  of  William  H.  Prescott,  by  George 
Ticknor,  appears. 

*  *  My  Farm  of  Edgewood,  by  Donald 
Grant  Mitchell,  appears. 

*  *  Out-Door  Papers,  by  T.  W.  Higginson, 
appears. 

*  *  Manual  of  Geology,  by  James  D.  Dana, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1863  Sept.  5.  Ala.  A  bread  riot  by 
women  occurs  at  Mobile. 

Oct.  1 .  New  York.  Tlie  authorities  pub- 
licly welcome  the  officers  of  the  five 
Russian  war  vessels  —  the  first  to  visit 
this  port. 

Oct.  9.  Eng.  Henry  "Ward  Beecher 
makes  the  first  of  five  great  speeches 
in  England  in  behalf  of  the  Union. 

At  Liverpool  he  struggles  for  three 
hours  against  insult,  taunt,  irony,  imper- 
tinent questioning,  and  blackguardism  ; 
yet  the  great  orator's  pluck,  good  humor, 
wit,  and  wisdom  win  the  day. 


Oct.  27.  Chicago.  A  Sanitary  Fair, 
the  tirst  of  many,  is  opened  for  the  bene- 
fit of  soldiers. 


STATE. 

1863  July  30.  D.  C.  The  President 
issues  a  proclamation  of  retaliation, 
to  protect  Federal  soldiers  against  bar- 
barous treatment. 

July  *  U.  S.  The  free  letter-carrier 
system  goes  into  effect. 

July  *  (f.  S.  The  entire  situation  is 
changed  by  the  victories  of  Meade 
and  Grant;  a  political  reaction  in 
favor  of  the  Government  follows. 

Aug.  3.  Xew  York.  Governor  Seymour 
protests  against  certain  inequalities  of 
the  draft,  and  requests  that  it  be  sus- 
pended. 

Aug.  6.  W.  Va.  The  county  of  Berke- 
ley is  transferred  from  Virginia  to  West 
Virginia. 

Aug.  7.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  replies 
to  Governor  Seymour's  anti-draft  pro- 
test, and  intimates  that  the  drafting  of 
troops  will  be  executed. 

Aug.  12.  The  bankruptcy  of  the  Confed- 
eracy is  exposed  by  Gen.  Robert  Toombs. 

Sept.  15.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln, 
authorized  by  a  special  act  of  Con- 
gress, proclaims  a  general  suspen- 
sion of  the  privileges  of  the  writ  of 
habeas  corpus  throughout  the  Union. 

Oct.  17.  />.  C  President  Lincoln  calls 
for  300,000  volimteers,  chiefly  to  re- 
place those  whose  enlistments  have  ex- 
pired, the  diseased,  and  the  dead. 

It  also  provides  that  a  draft  in  th© 
following  January  will  supply  any  defi- 
ciency of  volunteers. 

Nov.  3.  Md.  The  emancipation  question 
divides  the  Unionists  into  two  parties — 
the  Union  and  the  Unconditional  Union 
parties. 

K.  Y.     Chauncey   M.   Depew,  29 

years  of  age,  heads  the  Republican 
ticket,  and  is  elected  to  Congress  by 
30,000  majority. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1863  Sept.  22.  Eng.  Confederate  Com- 
missioner Mason  is  displeased  with  the 
manner  of  his  reception,  and  departs. 

Sept.* -Oct.  *  New  York.  A  Russian 
squadron  of  five  vessels  visits  this  port, 
and  is  warmly  received. 

Oct.  1.  New  York.  Price  of  middling 
upland  cotton,  81  to  83  cents ;  premiiun 
on  gold,  140|  to  142|. 

Oct.  31.  En^.  The  Government  places 
the  two  steam  rams,  built  at  Birken- 
head, under  the  charge  of  oflScers,  as 
the  vessels  are  suspected  of  being  Con- 
federate war-ships. 

Oct.  *  Mass.  The  State  resumes  the  work 
of  boring  the  Hoosac  Tunnel. 

Oct.  *  New  York.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Design  is 
laid. 


228     1863,  Nov.  3-1864,  Jan.  11. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — WAVY. 
1863    Nov.  3.    La.    At  Bayou  Coteau 

Gen.    Burbridge    loses    26    killed,    124 

Tvounded,  and  676  missing ;  Confederate 

loss,  445. 
Tenn.    At  Columbia  and  Collinsvillo 

the  Confederate  cavalry  is  defeated. 
Nov.  *    W.  Va.     Gen.  Avereil  makes  a 

raid  into  Virginia  with  5,000  men. 
Nov.  4,    Teiin.     Gen.    Longstreet,  with 

16,000    men,    is    detached     from    Gen. 

Bragg's    army    to    move    against    Gen. 

Burnside  at  Knoxville. 

Nov,  6.  Tenn.  AtRogersville,  an  out- 
post of  Gen.  Burnside,  Gen.  W.  E.  Jones 
by  a  spirited  dash  defeats  the  Federals 
under  Col.  Garrard ;  Federal  loss,  5 
killed,  12  wounded,  650  prisoners;  Con- 
federate loss,  30  men. 

-^  Tex.  Brownsville,  on  the  Bio 
Grande,  is  cccupied  by  Gen.  Dana's  ad- 
vance ;  it  moves  northward. 

— —  W.  Va.  At  Droop  Mountain  the 
Federals  under  Gen.  W.  W.  Avereil,  de- 
feat Maj.  John  Echols. 

Federals  force  Gen.  W.  S.  Jackson  out 
of  West  Virginia.  Federal  loss,  100  men  ; 
Confederate  loss,  over  300. 

Nov,  7.  Va.  At  Rappahannock  Sta- 
tion Gen.  Sedgwick,  commanding  the 
right  wing  of  Gen.  Meade's  army,  de- 
feats the  entrenched  Confederates. 

Federal  loss,  300  killed  and  woimded  ; 
Confederate  loss,  six  killed,  29  wounded, 
and  1,629  prisoners,  besides  four  guns, 
eight  battle-flags,  and  a  pontoon-bridge. 
Gen,  Meade  begioa  an  active  cam- 
paig:n  by  advancing  southward  from 
Centerville. 

At  Kelley's  Ford  Gen.  French,  com- 
manding Gen.  Meade's  left,  defeats  Gen. 
Rodes;  Confederate  loss,  five  killed,  39 
wounded,  and  295  prisoners. 

Nov.  8.  Va.  Gen.  Lee  concentrates  his 
army  behind  the  Kapidan,  and  is  not 
followed  by  Gen.  Meade. 

Nov.  8  ± .  Tex.  The  Texas  expedition 
arrives  at  Mustang  Island, Corpus  Cbristi 
Bay ;  Gen.  C.  C.  Washburne  in  command. 

Nov.  11.  D.C.  The  Confederate  scheme 
for  a  raid  from  Canada,  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  Buffalo  and  the  liberation  of 
Confederate  prisoners  at  Sandusky,  O., 
is  disclosed  to  the  Government  by  Lord 
Lyons,  the  British  minister. 

Tex,    A  fleet  of  French  steamei^ 

arrives  off  Brazos  for  the  invasion  of 
Mexico.  [France  attempts  to  enthrone 
Maximilian.] 

Nov.  13,  Tenn.  Gen.  Sherman's  ad- 
vance from  the  Southwest  arrives  at 
Bridgeport  to  reenforceGen.  Rosecrans. 

Nov.  15.  Tenn.  Gen,  Burnside  falls 
back  from  Loudon  toward  Knoxville, 
on  the  approach  of  Gen.  Longstreet*s 
strong  force. 

Tex.  Corpus  Christi  Pass  is  cap- 
tured by  Federal  troops. 

Nov.  16.  Tenn.  At  Campbell's  Sta- 
tion, near  Knoxville,  Gen.  Longstreet 
attacks  Gen.  Sanders  of  Gen.  Bumside's 
army.  Gen.  Sanders  is  killed.  Federal 
loss,  300  men  ;  Confederate  loss,  370. 

Knoxville  is  besieged  by  Gen.  Long- 
street  with  15,000  [later  23,000]  men; 
Federals  under  Gen.  Burnside  number 
12,000. 


Nov.  17. -Dec.  4.  Tenn.  At  Knox- 
ville Gen.  Burnside  loses  92  killed,  393 
wounded,  207  missing;  Gen.  Longstreet 
loses  198  killed,  850  wounded,  248missing. 

Nov.  18.  Tex.  At  Arkansas  Pass, 
Mustang  Island,  the  Confederate  works 
are  carried  by  Federals  under  Gen.  T. 
E.  G.  Ransom. 

Nov.  19.  Pa.  Gettysburg  battle-field 
is  consecrated  as  a  National  Cemetery 
for  soldiers. 

Nov.  23.-25.  Tenn.  Battles  before 
Chattanooga. 

Gen.  Grant,  with  60,000  men,  defeats 
and  routs  Gen.  Bragg's  army  of  about 
35,000.  Federal  loss,  753  killed,  4,722 
wounded,  and  349  missing  ;  Confederate 
loss,  361  killed,  2,180  wounded,  and  4,146 
missing. 

(Nov.  23.)  Gen.  Thomas  drives  back 
the  enemy  and  advances  his  line  one 
mile,  each  side  losing  about  1,100  killed 
and  wounded. 

(Nov.  24.)  Gen.  Sherman's  command, 
8,000  strong,  crosses  the  Tennessee  River, 
and  gains  part  of  Missionary  Kidge  by 
assault ;  Gen.  Hooker,  13  miles  from 
Gen.  Sherman,  moves  against  the  Con- 
federates on  Lookout  Mountain, 
••  fighting  above  the  clouds." 

(Nov.  25.)  The  decisive  battle  of  Chat- 
tanooga: Gen.  Grant  orders  an  advance 
of  the  entire  line  ;  Missionary  Hidge, 
on  which  Gen.  Bragg's  army  is  concen- 
trated, is  entirely  captured,  and  the 
retreating  Confederates  are  pursued 
until  night. 

(Nov.  26.)  Ga.  At  Kinggold  Gens. 
Hooker  and  Palmer,  of  Gen.  Thomas's 
pursuing  force,  overtake  and  defeat  the 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Cleburne ;  Fed- 
eral loss,  65  killed,  1,367  wounded  and 
missing ;  Confederate  loss,  133. 

Gen.  Bragg's  army  is  pursued  20  miles 
to  Tunnel  Hill,  when  Gen.  Grant  orders 
a  halt. 

Gen.  Burnside  defeats  Gen.  Longstreet 
in  an  action  south  of  the  Holston  River 
—  the  Confederates  having  seized  a  po- 
sition which  commanded  the  fort  at 
Knoxville. 

Gen.  Longstreet  learns  of  the  defeat 
of  Gen.  Bragg  at  Chattanooga. 

Nov.  27-30.  Va.  At  Locust  Grove 
Gen.  Meade  loses  1,000  men;  Gen.  Lee 
loses  800. 

Nov.  28,  29.  Tenn.  At  Knoxville  Gen. 
Longstreet  makes  an  unsuccessful  night 
assault  on  Fort  Sanders,  and  loses  800 
men. 

Nov.  29.  Tenn.  £attle  of  KnoxviUe ; 
after  a  furious  artillery  tire,  Gen.  Long- 
street  unsuccessfully  assaults  Fort  Sand- 
ers, being  repelled  by  the  Federals  under 
Gen.  Burnside.  Federal  loss,  13  killed 
and  wounded;  Confederate  loss,  1,000. 
[Gen.  Longstreet  withdraws  his  force  up 
the  Holston  River.] 

Nov.  30.  Tex.  Fort  Esperanza,  com- 
manding the  entrance  to  Matagorda  Bay, 
is  evacuated  by  Confederates,  and  occu- 
pied by  the  Texas  expedition. 

Va.   Gen.  Meade  declines  to  attack 

(ren,  Lee  in  his  entrenchments  at  Mine 


Run  [and    returns   to  the  vicinity  of 
"W^asliington]. 

Nov.  *  O.  Gen.  John  H.  Morgan,  the 
Confederate  raider,  escapes  from  the 
penitentiary  at  Columbus. 

Dec.  2.  Tenn.  Gen.  Bragg Issuperseded 
by  Gen.  "W.  J.  Hardee. 

Dec.  2,  3.  ^fis3.  At  Pocahontas  Fed- 
erals lose  125  killed  and  wounded,  be- 
sides 40  prisoners ;  the  Confederates  lose 
15  killed  and  40  wounded. 

Dec.  3.  Tenn.  Gen.  Longstreet  raises 
the  siege  of  Knoxville,  and  retires  on 
the  approach  of  Gen.  Sherman  with  re- 
enforcements  from  Gen.  Grant's  army. 

Dec.  6.  S.  C.  Near  Charleston  bar  the 
ironclad  Weehaicken  sinks  through 
faulty  construction ;  four  officers  and  20 
men  are  drowned. 

• Va.    Gen.  Halleck  offers  Gen.  Lee 

full  equivalents  for  all  Federal  pris- 
oners at  Richmond. 

Dec.  8.  D.  C.  Congress  bestows  its 
thanks  on  Gen.  Grant  and  his  army, 
and  orders  a  gold  medal  to  be  struck  in 
his  honor. 

Dec.  8-21.  Va.  Gen,  Avereil  makes 
a  raid. 

He  aims  to  destroy  railroad  communi- 
cation between  Gen.  Lee's  army  and  the 
Confederate  army  in  Georgia;  Federal 
loss,  live  wounded  and  94  prisoners  ;  Con- 
federate loss,  200. 

Dec.  11.  Tenn.  Gen.  Burnside  having 
resigned,  Gen.  John  G.  Foster  assumes 
command  in  East  Tennessee. 

Dec.  12.  Va.  Gen.  Lee  declines  to  ex- 
change the  prisoners  at  Richmond 
who  are  starving,  and  gives  notice  that 
no  more  supplies  for  their  relief  will  be 
permitted. 

Dec.  14.  Tenn.  At  Bean's  Station  Gen. 
J.  M.  Shackleford  is  repulsed  by  Gen. 
Longstreet ;  Federal  loss,  700 ;  Confed- 
erate loss,  900. 

Dec.  20.  Ten  n.  Gen.  Grant  establishes 
his  headquarters  at  Nashville,  a  central 
point  for  communicating  with  all  the 
divisions  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee, 
and  equally  so  for  communicating  with 
Washington, 

Dec.  25,  Tenn.  At  Pulaski  Gen.  G.  M. 
Dodge  captures  50  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Forrest. 

Dec.  26.  Tenn.  At  Charleston  Col. 
Luberk  defeats  the  Confederate  Gen. 
Wheeler,  and  takes  121  prisoners. 

Dec.  27.  Ga.  Gen,  Joseph  E.  John- 
ston assumes  command  of  the  Confed- 
erate army  in  Georgia. 

«  *  Va.  Gen.  X^ee's  army  is  in  winter 
quarters  on  the  upper  Rappahannock  ; 
Gen.  Meade's  is  encamped  at  Culpeper. 

•  •  A  general  exchange  of  prisoners  is 
made;  the  Federal  authorities  give  up 
121 ,900  in  return  for  1 10,800  from  the  Con- 
federates. 

1864  Jan.  2.  W.  Va.  Near  Moore- 
field  the  Confederates  are  defeated,  and 
lose  13  killed  and  20  wounded. 

Jan.  3.  Va.  At  Jonesville  the  Federals 
lose  60  killed  and  wounded,  besides  300 
prisoners. 


UNITED    STATES.    1863,  Nov.  3-1864,  Jan.  11.   229 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1863   *  *  Mass.     The  Worcester  County 

Musical  Association  is  organized. 
y.  Y.    The  Park  Theater,  the  first 

in  Brooklyn,  is  opened  with  the  comedy 

Married  Life. 

*  *  New  York.  W.  P.  W.  Dana  and  W.  J. 
Heunesy  of  London,  Elngland,  and  J.  Q. 
A.  Ward,  John  Rogers,  J.  R.  Brevoort, 
and  J.  G.  Brown  of  New  York  City,  are 
elected  members'of  the  National  Acad- 
emy of  Design. 

*  ^  U.  S.  The  Miller  car-coupler  and 
buffer  is  patented. 

*  *  Rocky  Mountains  is  painted  by  Albert 
Bierstadt. 

*  *  Several  important  topographical  sur- 
veys are  undertaken  and  completed  for 
development  of  ship  canals  to  connect 
the  Mississippi  and  the  Hudson  with  the 
Great  Lakes. 

*  *  Great  improvements  made  in  geo- 
graphical wall-maps  by  Professor  Arnold 
Guyot. 


BIRTHS  -  DEATHS. 
1663. 

Nov.  28.     Dempster,  John,  M.  £.  cl.,  edu- 
cator, A6i). 

Dec.    10-      Ingham,    Charles   G.,    portrait 
painter,   AtiT. 

Dec.  16.     Buford.  John,  maj.-gen.  toIr., 
A37. 

Dec.   17.     Van   Brunt,   Gershom  J.,  com. 
U.  S.  N.,  A63. 

Dec.  38.    Corcoran,  Michael,  brig.-gen.  C  S. 
vols.,  A 36. 

•  •  Bailey,  Joseph  W.,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  b. 
Miss. 

•  •  Heron,  Bijou,  actor,  bom  In  N.  Y.  City, 
dies. 

*  •  Hooper,  Johnson  J.,  lawyer,  editor,  dies. 

•  *  Rourke,  Patrick  H.,  colonel,  b.  In  Ire., 
A28. 

*  *  Seymour,  Isaac,  banker,  philanthropist, 
dies. 

*  •  Thornburn,  Grant,  writer,  philan.,  AfM). 
1864 

Jan.  3.     HuBrhes.  John,  K.  C.  archbp.  of 

N.Y.,  Ab7. 
Jan.  7.     Smith,   Caleb    B.,  jurist  of    Ind., 

Sec.  of  the  Interior,  A6(). 
Jan.  8.    Storer,  George   W.,  rear-adm.   r. 

S.  N.,  A 74. 


CHURCH. 
1863   •  *  O.    The  Annual  Convention  of 
the  Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cin- 
cinnati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

•  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (XTnited 
Presbjrterian)  meets  at  Xenia;  A. 
Young,  moderator. 

•  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  (N.S. 
Presbyterian)  meets;  H.  B,  Smith, 
moderator. 

•  *  The  General  Synod  of  the  Re- 
formed (German)  Church  is  orga- 
nized. 

LETTERS. 
1863  *  *  Kew  York.    The  New  American 
Cyclopedia  is  begun  by  Appleton. 

•  •  Timothy  Titcomb*s  Letters  to  the 
Joneses,  by  J.  G.  Holland,  appears. 

•  *  Tales  of  a  Wayside  Inn,  by  H.  W. 
Longfellow,  appears. 

•  *  Our  Old  Home,  by  Nathaniel  Haw 
thorne.  appears. 

•  * 68*  *  History  of  Charles  the  Bold, 

by  John  Foster  Kirk,  appears. 


1864  Jan.  4.  Phila.  The  Evening 
Telegraph  is  issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1863  Nov.  25.  Pa.  The"MoUyMa- 
guires"  murder  George  K.  Smith,  near 
Audenreid. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  name  Copperhead  (a  poi- 
sonous snake)  is  contemptuously  given 
to  anti-war  Democrats,  w^o  favor  peace 
on  any  terms. 

Nov.  30.  Paris.  The  European 
Branch  of  the  Sanitary  Commission  is 
organized  for  the  relief  and  comfort  of 
soldiers. 

Dec.  2.  D.  C.  A  village  for  contra- 
bands is  dedicated  at  Arlington 
Heights. 

Dec*  Mont.  Asheriflf,  two  deputies,  and 
21  outlaws  are  hanged  by  a  vigilance 
committee,  and  eight  are  banished  — 
the  evidence  showing  that  the  outlaws 
had  killed  more  than  100  persons. 

*  *  Kan,  The  State  Insane  Asylum  is 
established  at  Osawatomie. 

*  *  Md.  Gen.  Schenck  arrests  many  per- 
sons for  disloyalty;  he  suspends  the 
Maryland  Club  and  other  societies 
suspected  of  disloyalty. 

*  *  Minn.  The  Minnesota  school  for  deaf 
mutes  is  opened  at  Faribault. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Pittsburg  Branch  of  the 
Sanitary  Commission  is  organized. 

*  *  li.  I.  The  Prohibitory  law  is  re- 
X}ealed  by  the  Kepubiican  Legislature. 

STATE. 

1863  Dec.  7.  Va.  Jeflferson  Davis,  in  his 
message  to  the  Confederate  Congress, 
recommends  the  compulsory  funding 
of  the  finances,  and  large  taxation. 

/>.  C.    The  38th  Congress  opens. 

Congress;  House:  Schuyler  Coif  ax 
(Hep.)  of  Ind.  is  elected  Speaker.  Vote, 
101-81, 

Dec.  8.  7).  C.  President  Lincoln  issues 
a  proclamation  of  amnesty.  He  an- 
nounces his  willingness  to  recognize 
any  loyal  government  which  may  be 
set  up  in  the  South  by  as  many  as  one- 
tenth  of  the  voters  of  1860. 

President  Lincoln,  in  his  message  to 
Congress,  proposes  a  definite  plan  of 
reconstruction  on  the  basis  of  amnesty, 
an  oath  of  future  loyalty,  and  the  exclu- 
sion of  ex-Secessionists  from  high  ofBces. 
lie  declares  that  '"ITie  crisis  which 
threatened  to  divide  the  friends  of  the 
Union  is  past." 

Dec.  14.  D.  C.  Congress;  House: 
James  M.  Ashley  of  O.  introduces  the 
first  proposition  to  amend  the  Consti- 
tution so  as  to  prohibit  slavery 
throughout  the  United  States. 

Dec.  18.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Dan- 
iel Clark  (Rep.)  of  N.  H.  Is  elected  Pres- 
ident pro  tempore. 

Dec.  29.  Arizona  is  organized  as  a  ter* 
ritorial  government. 

*  *  Stephen  J.  Field  of  Cal.  is  appointed 
justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 


*  *  B.C.  Congress  authorizes  the  Presi- 
dent to  enlist  soldiers  of  African  de- 
scent ;  Democrats  vainly  resist. 

*  *  Ind.  Thomas  A.  Hendricks  is 
elected  to  the  Senate  by  the  Democratic 
Legi.slature. 

*  *  6'.  S.    (xovemors  inaugurated : 
-65  *  *  Ala.    Thomas  H.  Watts. 
-66*  *  Ariz.  (Ter.).  John  A.  Goodwin. 
-68  *  *  Cal.    Frederick  F.  Low. 

-66  *  *  Dak,  (Ter.).    Newton  Edmonds. 

-67  *  *  Del.    Wm.  Cannon. 

-64  *  *  Ida.  (Ter.),    Wm.  H.  Wallace. 

-67  *  *  Ky.    Thomas  E.  Bramlette. 

-64  *  *  Me.    Abner  Coburn. 

-65  *  *  N.  H.    Joseph  A.  Gilmore. 

-66  ♦  *  N.  J.    Joel  Parker. 

-65  *  *  N.  r.    Horatio  Seymour. 

R.  I.    Wm.  C.  Cozzens. 
-66  *  •  R.  I.    James  Y.  Smith. 
-65  *  ♦  Tex.    Pendleton  Murray, 
-65  *  *  rt.    John  G.  Smith. 
-69*  *  }Y.  Va.    Arthur  J.  Boreman. 
-66  •  •  ms.    James  T.  Lewis. 

1864  Jan.  8.  La.  A  Free-State  Con- 
vention is  held,  which  declares  its  loy- 
alty to  the  Government. 

Jan.  11.  Jrk.  At  Little  Rock  a  pro- 
visional Free-State  government  is  in- 
augurated. 

/>.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  J.  B.  Hen- 
derson of  Mo.  introduces  a  joint  resolu- 
tion for  the  abolition  of  slavery  by 
amendment  of  the  Cons  tit  utiou.  (13th 
Amendment.) 

La,  Gen.  Banks  issues  a  proclama- 
tion for  a  State  election  to  be  held 
on  Feb.  22. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1863  Nov.19.  Pa.  Tlie  National  Soldiers' 
Cemetery  at  Gettysburg  is  dedicated. 

Wov.  28.  Under  the  new  National  Bank 
Act,  134  banks  have  been  organized. 

Nov.  *.  Secretary  Stanton  moves  by 
rail  two  corps  of  23,000  men  from  Wash- 
ington to  Chattanooga,  a  distance  of 
1,200  miles,  in  seven  days. 

Dec.  31.  U.S.  Immigrants  for  1863, 
174,5^4. 

*  *  Colo.  Great  suffering  is  caused  by  the 
cold  during  the  Winter  and  by  drought 
during  the  Summer. 

*  *  Ind.  Crown  Hill  Cemetery,  near 
Indianapolis,  is  dedicated. 

*  *  N.  Y,  Woodlawn  Cemetery,  near 
New  York,  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Northern  States  evince  great 
prosperity,  notwithstanding  the  war. 

Wealth  increases  rapidly ;  the  ''shoddy 
aristocracy '•  — people  enriched  bv  gov- 
ernment contracts,  often  fraudulently 
obtained  and  dishonestly  fulfilled — be- 
comes conspicuous, 

*  *  The  State  bank  currency  is  dis- 
credited. 

"One-sixth  of  the  1,000  State  banks 
have  notes  counterfeited,  I,8G1  kinds  of 
imitations  are  afloat,  and  3.039  altera- 
tions, in  addition  to  1,685  spurious 
notes."     (John  Sherman.) 

1864  Jan.  1.  New  York.  Prices  of 
middling  upland  cotton,  81  to  82  cents  ; 
premium  on  gold,  152. 

Jan.  *  Southern  States.  The  Confeder- 
ate dollar  is  worth  two  cents. 


230     1864,  Jan.  12-Apr.  15. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1864  Jan.  12.  Tenn.  AtMossy Creek 
Gen.  McCook  defeats  the  Confederates, 
who  lose  14  killed  and  49  wouuded. 

Jan.  14.  Tenn.  Gen.  Schofield  is  or- 
dered to  remove  the  23d  corps  to  the 
East. 

Gen.  Grant  completes  the  repairing 
of  railroads  in  his  rear  to  convey  sup- 
plies. 

Jan.  17.  Tenn.  Near  Dandridge  the 
Federals  are  defeated,  losing  150  killed 
and  wounded. 

Jan.  25.  Miss.  The  Federal  army 
evacuates  Corinth. 

Jan.  27.  Tenn.  At  Sevierville,  East 
Tennessee,  the  Confederate  cavalry  are 
defeated. 

At  Fair  Garden,  East  Tennessee,  the 
Confederates  are  defeated,  losing  65 
killed  and  wounded,  besides  100  pris- 
oners, 

Jan.  28.  Ga.  At  Tunnel  Hill  the  Con- 
federates are  defeated,  losing  32  kilted 
and  one  company  prisoners. 

Jan.  29.  Ky.  At  Scottville  Maj.  John- 
son defeats  the  Confederates,  who  lose 
40  killed  and  20  wounded. 

W.  Va.  At  Medley,  Near  Peters- 
burg, Col.  Snyder  loses  80  killed  ami 
wounded:  Confederate  loss,  100;  a  Fed- 
eral supply-train  is  captured. 

Feb.  1.  D.  C.  The  President  orders  a 
draft  for  500,000  men  to  be  made  on 
March  10 ;  all  to  serve  three  years  or  for 
the  war. 

Feb.  3.  Jlfiss.  At  Bolton  Sherman's 
advance  loses  12  killed  and  35  wounded  ; 
the  defeated  Confederates  suffer  a  heavy 
loss. 

Gen.  Sherman,  with  a  picked  force, 
leaves  Vicksburg  for  Meridian,  to 
drive  Confederate  raiding  forces  from 
the  central  part  of  the  State  [loss,  170 
men ;  Confederate  loss,  400]. 

Feb.  3±.  Tenn.  Gen.  W.  S.  Smith 
leaves  Memphis  with  a  large  cavalry 
force,  to  advance  toward  central  Missis- 
sippi, and  join  Gen.  Sherman. 

Feb.  3,  4.  N.  C.  At  New  Berne  Gen. 
Foster  encounters  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Pickett;  Federal  loss,  212;  Con- 
federate loss,  300. 

Feb.  4.  Afiss.  At  Clinton  the  Federals 
repulse  a  Confederate  attack,  losing  15 
killed  and  30  wounded. 

W.  Va.      Col.   Mulligan  drives  Gen. 

Early  out  of  Moorefield. 

Feb.  7-20.  Fla.  Gen.  Truman  Sey- 
mour conducts  an  expedition  6,000 
strong  to  encourage  Union  men,  and  re- 
store under  Maj.  Hay  a  loyal  State 
government. 

Feb.  7.  Fla.  At  Jacksonville  the 
Florida  expedition  drives  out  the  Con- 
federates, and  advances  toward  the  in- 
terior. 

Feb.  9.  Va.  Cols.  Thomas,  Rose,  and 
Streight,  with  about  100  other  prisoners, 
escape  from  Libby  Prison  by  means  of 
a  tunnel  dug  under  the  walls  ;  48  men 
are  recaptured. 

Feb.  14.  Fla.  At  Gainesville  Capt. 
Roberts  routs  100  Confederates. 

La,    Gen,  A.  J.  Smith,  commanding 

the  advance  of  Banks's  Red  River  expe- 


dition, captures'FortdeRussy.  Losses: 
Federal,  34 ;  Confederate,  264. 

Miss.     Gen.    Sherman's  exx>edition 

reaches  Meridian.  [He  destroys  a  vast 
amount  of  Confederate  property,  tear.s 
up  the  railroads  in  all  directions,  and 
returns  to  Vicksburg.] 

Feb.  15.  Oa.  Federal  prisoners  are 
first  confined  at  Andersonville. 

Feb.  17.  N.C.  Fort  Anderson,  a  heavy 
earthwork  on  Cape  Fear  River,  is  at- 
tacked by  Adm.  Porter's  gxmboats. 

At  Town  Creek  Gen.  Cox  routs  the 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Hoke,  and  cap- 
tures nearly  400  prisoners. 

Feb.  18.  S.  C.  The  Federal  steam-sloop 
Uousatonic  is  destroyed  by  a  torpedc*  in 
Charleston  Harbor. 

Feb.  20.  Fla.  At  Olustee  Station  5,500 
Confederates,  under  Gen.  Joseph  Fin- 
cg^-n,  gain  a  complete  victory,  defeat- 
ing the  Florida  expedition  under  Gen. 
Seymour.  Federal  loss:  193 killed,  1,175 
wounded,  and  460  prisoners ;  Confeder- 
ate loss,  940. 

Feb.  22-25.  Ga.  At  Tunnel  Hill  the 
Federals  lose  75  killed  and  woimded  ; 
Confederate  loss  300  prisoners. 

Feb.  22.  Miss.  Near  West  Point  Gen. 
Sherman's  cavalry,  under  Gen.  W.  S. 
Smith,  is  badly  beaten  by  Gen.  Forrest. 
Federal  loss,  47  killed,  152  wounded, 
and  100  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss  not 
given. 

Va.   Near  DranesviUe  the  Federals 

are  defeated  by  Col.  John  S.  Mosby,  and 
lose  eight  killed  and  seven  wounded 
and  75  missing.  Mosby's  guerrillas  are 
an  effective  body  of  cavalry,  and  a  con- 
stant menace  to  small  bodies  of  Fed- 
erals in  Northern  Virginia. 

Feb.  24.  D.  C.  Congress  grants  free- 
dom to  all  male  slaves  between  20  and 
45  years  who  may  enlist  in  the  Union 
army. 

Feb.  26.  Ala.  Fort  Powell,  below 
Mobile,  is  bombarded  by  Adm.  Farragut. 

Feb.  28.  Va.  Gen.  Kilpatrick  makes 
a  raid. 

With  5,000  cavalry,  he  advances  within 
three  miles  of  Richmond,  but  is  unable 
to  reach  and  release  the  Federal  prison- 
ers ;  he  tears  up  railroads,  and  damages 
the  James  River  Canal. 

Feb.  29.  D.  C.  The  grade  of  lieuten- 
ant-general is  revived  in  the  army. 

Feb.  *  Fla.  At  Baldwin  Col.  Guy  V. 
Henry,  of  the  Florida  expedition,  cap- 
tures eight  guns,  and  Confederate  stores, 
wagons,  and  horses. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  is  ap- 
pointed lieutenant-general ;  he  becomes 
commander  of  not  less  than  a  million 
men  in  arms. 

Mar.  4.  Tenn.  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant  starts 
for  "Wasliington,  leaving  Gen.  Sher- 
man in  command  at  the  West. 

Mar.  5.  Miss.  At  Yazoo  City  the  Fed- 
erals lose  130  killed  and  wounded;  the 
defeated  Confederates  lose  300  men. 

Mar.  6.  iV.  C.  At  Kinston  the  Con- 
federates hang  23  Federal  prisoners  of 
war. 

Mar.  8.  T>.  C.  Gen.  Grant  first  arrives 
in  Washington  from  Tennessee. 


Mar.  8,  9.  N.C.  At  Kinston  Gen.  Cox 
repulses  two  attacks  by  Gens.  Br;igg  ai.d 
Hoke ;  the  Confederates  retire. 

Mar.  9,  10.  Va.  Federal  colored  troo])8, 
under  Col.  Coles,  capture  Suffolk,  wiili 
the  loss  of  210  men ;  Confederates  lose 
25  killed. 

Mar.  9.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln,  In  per- 
son, gives  Gen.  Grant  his  commission 
as  lieutenant-general.  Grant  is  the 
15th  commander-in-chief. 

Mar.  10.  A'y.  The.  governor  protests 
against  the  enrolment  of  slaves  in  the 
army. 

Va.    Gen.  Grant  first  visits  the  Army 

of  the  Potomac,  at  Brandy  Station. 

Mar.  11.  J).  C.  Gen.  Grant  departs 
from  Washington  for  the  West. 

Mar.  12.  I).  C.  By  order  of  the  War 
Department  Gen.  Grant  is  placed  in 
command  of  all  the  armies. 

Gen.  Sherman  is  appointed  to  the 
Department  of  the  Mississippi;  Gen. 
McPherson  is  assigned  to  the  Depart- 
ment and  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 

La.     The  powerful    fleet   of   Adm. 

Porter  enters  the  Red  River,  followed 
by  Gen.  A.  J.  Smith's  troops  of  Gen. 
Sherman's  army,  in  transports. 

Mar.  14.  D.  C.  The  President  orders  a 
draft  for  200,000  men  for  the  navy  and 
the  army  reserve. 

*  *  D.C.  Gen. HalleckordersGen. Banks 
to  ascend  the  Red  River  Valley  for  the 
recovery  of  western  Louisiana.  [Un- 
successful.] 

N.  C.    Kinston  is  occupied  by  Gen. 

Schofield. 

Mar.  16.  La.  At  Alexandria  the  two 
forces  of  the  Red  River  expedition 
unite.  [Gen.  McPherson  and  3,000 
troops  are  recalled.] 

Tenn.  Near  Fort  Pillow  the  Con- 
federates are  defeated,  losing  50  men. 

Mar.  17.  U.  S.  Gen.  Grant  assumes 
command  of  all  the  armies  of  the 
Union. 

La.  Fort  d©  Russy  is  blown  up  by  the 

Federals. 

Mar.  18.  Gen.  Sherman  takes  com- 
mand of  the  Military  Division  of  the 
Mississippi. 

Mar.  21.  La.  At  Henderson's  Hill, 
near  Alexandria,  Gen.  J.  A.  Mower,  of 
Gen.  Banks's  Red  River  Expedition, 
cai)tures  306  Confederate  cavalry.  [Mar. 
25  occupies  Alexandria.] 

iV.    C.    Goldsboro   is    occupied    by 

Gen.  Schofield. 

Mar.  23  +.  Tenn.  The  Confederate  Gen. 
N.  B.  Forrest  makes  an  extensive  and 
daring  raid  into  Kentucky. 

Mar.  25.  Ky.  Gen.  Forrest  demands 
the  surrender  of  Paducah,  promising 
that  the  garrison  will  be  treated  as  pris- 
oners of  war  if  it  surrenders  ;  but,  "  if  I 
have  to  storm  your  works,  you  may  ex- 
pect no  quarter!" 

La.  Gen.  Banks's  expedition  is  con- 
centrated at  Alexandria. 

Mar.  25  ±.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  establishes 
his  headquarters  at  Culpeper  Court- 
House. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1864,  Jan.  12-Apr.  15.    231 


Mar.  27.  Ky.  Gen.  Forrest  abandons 
an  attack  on  Col.  Hicks,  at  Fort  An- 
derson, on  the  approach  of  Federal 
reenforcements,  having  lost  300  men  in 
the  fight.  Federal  loss,  14  killed  and  46 
wounded.  The  town  is  nearly  destroyed 
by  the  bombardment. 

Mar.  28.  La.  At  Cane  Biver  Gen.  A.  J. 
Smith  defeats  the  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Richard  Taylor.  Federal  loss,  80 ; 
Confederate  loss,  700. 

Mar.  31.  Term.  Gen.  Longstreet's  army 
retires  from  East  Tennessee  into  Vir- 
ginia. 

Apr.  2.  D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  War  re- 
ports a  total  of  71,976  negro  troops  in 
the  service  of  the  Government. 

Apr.  2,  3.  La.  Gen.  Banks's  Ked  River 
Expedition  advances  to  Natchitoches. 

Apr.  4.  D.  C.  Gen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan 
is  appointed  to  the  command  of  all  the 
oavairy  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 

Gen.  Schofield  is  assigned  to  com- 
mand the  new  department  of  North 
Carolina,  and  directed  to  capture  Wil- 
mington. 

Apr.  6.  La.  Gen.  Banks's  army  leaves 
Natchitoches  on  a  march  of  100  miles  to 
Shreveport,  with  12  miles  of  wagon 
trains. 

Apr.  8.  La.  Battle  of  Sabine  Cross 
Boads. 

The  Red  River  Expedition,  12,000 
strong,  is  defeated  and  routed  by  11,000 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Richard  Tay- 
lor. Federal  loss,  200  killed,  900  wound- 
ed, and  1,800  prisoners,  besides  many 
guns  and  army  trains;  Confederate  loss, 
1,500  men. 

Apr.  9.  La.  Gen.  Banks  falls  back  on 
Pleasant  BUI. 

The  attack  of  Gen.  Taylor  is  repulsed 
by  Gens.  Emory  and  Mower ;  Federal 
loss,  100  killed,  700  wounded,  and  300 
missing ;  total  loss  in  two  days,  about 
5,000  or  6,000. 

Apr.  10.  La.  Gen.  Banks  abandons 
the  forward  movement,  and  falls 
back  on  Grand  Ecore,  on  the  Red 
River. 

2f.  C.  The  Cape  Lookout  light- 
house is  seized  and  blown  up  by  Con- 
federates. 

Apr.  12.  Tenn.  The  Confederate  Gen. 
Forrest  attacks  Fort  Pillow,  on  the 

Mississippi    River,    garrisoned    by   557 
Federal  troops  (262  colored). 

He  gains  an  advantage  over  Majs. 
Booth  and  Bradford  by  treachery,  over- 
powers the  garrison,  and  massacres  .100 
persons,  white  and  black,  including: 
women  and  children.  Federal  loss,  2;'»0 
killed,  60  wounded,  164  missing;  Confed- 
erate loss,  20  killed,  60  wounded. 

Apr.  15.  La.  The  fleet  on  the  Bed 
River,  above  Grand  Ecore,  defeats  a 
Confederate  attack  under  Gen.  Thomas 
Green.    Confederate  loss,  700  men. 

Apr.  15  i.  La.  At  Camden,  on  the 
Wichita  River,  Gen.  Steele  with  8,000 
men  captures  an  important  military 
post. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1864. 
Jan.  13.    Foster,   Stephen    Collins,  ballad 

composer,  A38. 
Jan.  16.    Bowden,  Lemuel  J.,  sen.  for  Va., 
AM. 


Jan.  21.      Tarbell,    John    A.,    physician, 

Mass.,  .\S4. 
Jan.  24.    Champlin,  Stephen  6.,  brig.-gen. 

U.  S.  vols.,  A37. 
Jan.  31.     norland,  Solon,  sen.  for  Ark., 

Confed.  gen.,  d. 
Gamble,  Hamilton  K.,  loyal  gov.  of  Mo., 

A  66. 
Peb.  1.  Stark,  Caleb,  lawyer,  historian,  A59. 
Feb.  6.     Morton,  Marcus,  Gov.  of  Mass., 

jurist,  A80. 
Feb.  1 1 .    McCluney,  William  J.,  com.  U.  S. 

N.,  Ab8. 
Feb.  12.    Cranston,  Henry  Y.,  lawyer,  M. 

V.  for  K.  1.,  A74. 

Cooke.  Parsons,  Cong.  cl.  of  Boston, 

A64. 
Feb.  13.    Bullions,  Peter,  Pres.  clergyman, 

author  of  educational  books,  ATS. 
Feb.  16.      IJuncan,     William,    politician, 

brig.-gen.  U.  S.  vols.,  A92. 
Feb.  27.    Hitchcock,  Edward,  geologist, 

pres.  of  Amlierst,  author,  A7I. 
Mar.  4.    Datilgren,    Ulric,   coL,    killed   n. 

Kichmond,  A22. 
Mar.  8.    Perit,  Pelatlah,  merchant,  phllan., 

of  N.  Y.,  A79. 
Mar.  13.    Cozzens,  William  B.,  hotel  prop., 

N.  Y.  City,  A77. 
Mar.    19.       Bache,    Franklin,    physician, 

chemist,  A72. 
Meriam,  Ebenezer,  statistician,  meteor- 
ologist, A70. 
Mar.  as.    Gardiner,  Robert  H.,  philanthro- 
pist, A  82. 
Mar.  23.    Van  Rensselaer,  Henry,  col.  V. 

S.  A.,  inspector-gen.,  A54. 
Mar.   25.      Ijovejoy,   Owen,   abolitionist, 

M.  C.  for  111.,  A53. 
Mar.  26.    Marmaduke,  Meredith  M.,  loyal 

gov.  of  Mo.,  A 73. 
Mar.  27.    Campbell,   John    N.,  Pres.    cl., 

orator,  scholar,  A66. 
Apr.  6.    Klrkland,  Caroline  M.  S.,  author, 

editor,  A63. 
Apr.  7.    Allston,  Robert  F.  W.,  Gov.  of  S. 

C,  agriculturist,  A63. 
Apr.  8.    Mouton,  Jean  Jaques  A.  A.,  Con- 
fed,  maj.-gen.,  A35. 
Apr.  13.    Gilder,  Wm.  H.,  editor,  educator, 

A92. 

SOCIETY. 

1864  Feb.  *  ^fmt.  A  Vigilance  Com- 
mittee completes  its  work  of  suppres- 
sing desperadoes,  having  hanged  24  and 
banished  eight ;  the  criminals  confessed 
to  the  commission  of  102  murders. 

Mar.  5.  London.  An  Auxiliary  Society 
to  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion is  organized  by  Americans. 

Mar.  22.  III.  A  riot  occurs  at  Charles- 
ton between  citizens  and  soldiers  ;  seven 
persons  are  killed. 

Apr.  4.  New  York.  A  Sanitary  Commis- 
eion  Fair  on  a  large  scale  opens.  [Re- 
ceipts, $1,200,000.] 


STATE. 

1864  Jan.  25.  D.  C.  Congress  thanks 
Cornelius  Vanderbilt  for  his  gift  of  the 
steamer  Vanderbilt  for  the  use  of  the 
Government;  the  vessel  is  worth 
8800,000. 

Feb.  1.  /J.  C.  The  President  calls  for  a 
draft  of  500,000  men  to  be  made  on 
the  10th  of  March.  [Later  the  draft  was 
indefinitely  postponed.] 

Feb.  18.  Ky.  The  I^egislature  protests 
against  the  organization  of  negro  regi- 
ments in  Kentucky,  and  requests  the 
President  to  remove  all  negro  camps 
from  the  State,  because  they  entice 
slaves  to  run  away. 

Feb.  22.  La.  Michael  Kahn  is  elected 
Governor. 


Ky.    A  Border-State  "  Freedom  " 

Convention  is  held. 

Peb.  23.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Solomon  Foot  of  Vt.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore.  [He  is  reelected 
again  on  March  11  ;  also  on  April  U.] 

Peb.  24.  D.  C.  Congress  grants  free- 
dom to  all  male  slaves  between  the 
ages  of  20  and  45  who  shall  enlist  in  the 
Federal  armies ;  it  allows  every  loyal 
master  $300  for  each  of  his  slaves 
who  enlists  in  the  army. 

Peb.  29.  D.  C.  The  President  approves 
the  bill  for  reviving  the  grade  of  lieu- 
tenant-general. 

Peb.  *  Va.  The  Confederate  Congress 
extends  the  conscription  to  include 
all  white  males  between  17  and  50  years. 

Feb.*  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  bill  empowering  the  Presi- 
dent to  appoint  a  lieutenant-general 
of  all  the  Federal  armies.    Vote,  96-41. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  authorizes 
the  issue  of  bonds. 

$200,000,000  in  bonds  payable  in  five  or 
40  years  in  coin,  with  interest  limited  at 
6  per  cent :  [and,  later,  the  issue  of  $400,- 
000,000  of  bonds  of  like  tenor  ;  or  $200,- 
000,000  in  treasury  notes,  in  lieu  of  equal 
amount  in  bonds,  drawing  7A  pcr  cent 
interest,  and  payable  "in  lawful 
money,"  and  to  be  a  legal  tender]. 

Mar.  7.  J).  C.  Congress  raises  the  tax 
on  distilled  spirits  to  60  cents  a  gallon. 

Mar.  10.  Arkansas  votes  to  become  a 
free-labor  State. 

Mar.  14.  Ark.  The  Constitution  is  rati- 
fied.   [Unrecognized  by  Congress.] 

Mar.  15.  Ln.  President  Lincoln  ap- 
points Gov.  Hahn  to  act  as  military 
governor. 

1).  C.     The   President   calls    for    a 

draft  of  200,000  men. 

Mar.  21.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  signs 
the  bill  permitting  the  people  of  Colo- 
rado and  Nevada  to  form  a  State  gov- 
ernment. 

Mar.  28.  La.  The  State  Constitutional 
Convention  meets  at  New  Orleans. 

Mar.  30.  D.  C.  Congress  repeals  the 
direct  tax  imposed  by  the  Act  of  Aug. 
5,  1861. 

Apr.  1.  D.  C.  Congress  restores  the 
tax  of  $1  per  barrel  on  beer. 

Apr.  6.  La.  The  loyal  State  Convention 
meets,  and  incorporates  an  antislavery 
clause  in  the  organic  law. 

Apr.  8.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
approves  the  joint  resolution  for  the 
abolition  of  slavery  by  amending 
the  Constitution.  Vote,  38-6.  Nays 
all  Democratic. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1864   Peb.  8.     Conn.    The  Colt  Armory 

at  Hartford  is  burned;  loss,  $1,000,000. 

and  900  men  are  without  work. 
Mar.  17.    Chicago.     The  water-works 

tunnel  under  the  lake  is  begun. 
Apr.  1.    New  York.     Price  of   middlinf 

upland  cotton,  76  cents ;  premium  ob 

gold,  166}. 


232     1864,  Apr.  16 -May  24. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1864  Apr.  16.  Ky.  At  Half  Mountain 
Col.  Gallup  surprises  and  defeats  the 
Confederates. 

La.  At  Grand  Ecore  Adm.  Porter 

and  Gen.  Andrew  J.  Smith  join  Gen. 
Banks's  army  and  unite  forces.  The 
Federal  fleet  is  imperiled  by  the 
rapid  falling  of  the  river  [the  retreat 
is  hastened]. 

Apr.  17-20.  N,  C.  The  Confederate 
Gen.  Hoke  storms  and  captures  Plym- 
outh; Gen.  Henry  W.  Wessels  and 
1,600  troops  are  made  prisoners.  Con- 
federate loss,  500  men. 

Apr.  19.  N.  C.  The  Confederate  ram 
Albemarle  attacks  the  Federal  gunboats 
at  Plymouth;  she  sinks  one,  and  the 
others  retire. 

Apr.  21,  2i.  C.  Near  Wilmington  the 
Federals  destroy  valuable  Confederate 
salt-works. 

Apr.  24.  La.  At  Cane  River  Ferry  the 
returning  expedition  of  Gen.  Banks  en- 
counters 8,000  Confederates  under  Gen. 
H.  P,  Bee,  having  16  guns,  and  drives 
them  across  the  river.  Federal  loss,  350; 
Confederate  loss,  400. 

Apr.  25.  Gen.  Banks  is  ordered  by  Gen. 
Grant  to  abandon  the  Red  River  Ex- 
];>edition,  and  return  to  New  Orleans. 

Ark.  At  Pine  Bluff  the  Confeder- 
ates capture  a  large  supply-train  and 
2,000  persons  —  Federal  Col.  Drake 
among  the  number. 

Apr.  26.  La,  The  Red  River  Expe- 
dition returns  to  Alexandria. 

Apr.  29.  La.  Gen.  McClernand  reen- 
forces  Gen.  Banks  with  troops  from 
Atatagorda. 

Apr.  30.  Ark.  At  Jenkins's  Ferry 
Gen.  Steele  repulses  a  severe  attack 
of  Confederates,  under  Gen.  E.  Kirby 
Smith,  who  loses  over  1,100  men;  Fed- 
eral loss,  1,155  men. 

Va.     The   Federal  force  on   the 

North  side  of  the  Rapidan  num- 
bers 122,146,  including  Burnside's  corps 
22,708;  Gen.  Hancock  commands  the  2d 
corps.  Gen.  Warren  the  5th,  Gen.  Sedg- 
wick the  6th,  Gen.  Burnside  the  9th; 
Gen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan  commands  the 
cavalry.  These  are  supported  by  Gens. 
Barlow,  Gibbon,  Birney,  Getty,  Gregg, 
J.  H.  Wilson,  Willcox,  Griflan,  and 
Ricketts. 

The  Confederate  army  encamped  on 
the  south  bank  of  the  Rapidan  under 
Gen.  Lee  numbers  61,952  men.  Its  three 
corps  are  commanded  by  Gens.  Long- 
street,  Ewell,  and  Hill.  Gen.  J.  E,  B. 
Stuart  commands  the  cavalrj' ;  other 
generals  are  Gordon,  Edward  Johnson, 
Rodes,  Ramseur,  Hetb,  Hampton,  and 
the  two  Lees. 

Apr.  30.  — May  8.  La.  Lieut.-Col.  Jo- 
seph Bailey,  chief  engineer,  erects  a 
dam  which  raises  the  water  seven  feet 
at  the  Falls  of  Alexandria,  and  there- 
by enables  Adm.  Porter's  fleet  to  pass 
the  shallows. 

Apr.  *  The  enrolment  of  the  National 
forces  shows  2,245,000  men,   from 


ages  20-45,  in  the  various  States,  who 
have  not  been  called  out,  while  a  million 
of  men  are  in  the  field. 
^dsij  1.  D.C.  Gen.  Halleck  countermands 
the  order  for  abandoning  the  Red  River 
Expedition  to  Shreveport.  [Low  water 
prevents  compliance.] 

FT.    Va.    Gen.  Sigel  is  sent  up  the 

Shenandoah  Valley  with  10,000  men ; 
Gen.  Crook  commands  an  army  moving 
for  his  support. 

May  2.  O.  The  Ohio  National  Guard, 
38,000  strong,  offers  its  service  to  the 
President, 

May  3.  D.  C.  Capt.  Charles  Wilkes  is 
reprimanded  and  suspended  from  duty 
for  three  years,  as  punishment  for  diso- 
bedience and  disrespect  to  his  superior 

ofticer. 

Gen.  Grant's  campaig^i  in  Vir- 
ginia. 
May  4.  Va.  The  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, 140,000  strong,  begins  its  final  ad- 
vance on  Richmond,  and  crosses  tJie 
Rapidan  soon  after  midnight. 

Col.  Spear  leaves  Portsmouth  on  a 
raid,  with  the  11th  Pennsylvania  cav- 
alry. [He  captures  a  Confederate  camp 
on  the  Weldou  Railroad,  and  destroys 
property  valued  at  $500,000,  at  Jarratt's 
Station.] 

Tenn.    Gen.   Sherman   begins   the 

Atlanta  campaign  by  advancing  south- 
ward from  Chattanooga. 

May  5-7.  Va.  Battle  of  the  Wilder- 
ness; it  is  the  first  trial  of  strength  be- 
tween Gens.  Lee  and  Grant. 

A  succession  of  flank  movements  by 
Gen.  Grant  near  Chancellorsville  is  at- 
tended with  indecisive  results.  Gen. 
Longstreet  is  wounded,  and  the  Federal 
Gens.  Wadsworth  and  Hays  are  killed. 

Losses:  Federal,  2,246  killed,  12,037 
wounded,  3,583  missing;  Confederate, 
2,000  killed,  6,000  wounded,  3,400  prison- 
ers. 

May  5.  Tenn.  Gen.  Sherman  begins 
his  campaign  to  the  Chattahoochee 
with  an  army  aggregating  98,797  men 
and  254  guns.  Gen.  Thomas  commands 
the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  Gen.  Mc- 
Pherson  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee, 
and  Gen,  Schofield  the  Army  of  the 
Ohio.  Gen.  Johnston  has  68,620  Confed- 
erates at  Dalton,  Ga.  ;  Gens.  Hardee, 
Polk,  and  Hood,  each  commands  a  corps. 

JV^.  C.  The  Confederate  ram  Albe- 
marle is  defeated  in  a  naval  battle  in 
Albemarle  Sound  by  the  Saasacus. 

Va.    The  Army  of  the  James,  under 

Gen.  B.  F.  Butler,  35,000  strong,  sails 
from  Fortress  JVIonroe  for  Bermuda 
Hundred;  it  is  to  cooperate  with  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac. 

May  6.  Va.  Bermuda  Hundred  and 
City  Point,  on  the  James  River,  are 
taken  by  Gen.  Butler;  his  army  en- 
trenches. 

May  7.  Ga.  AtRockyFaceRidgeGen. 
Sherman  makes  a  demonstration  in  front 
of  Gen.  Johnston's  lines,  but  declines  to 
assault  them  in  force. 

Va.    Gen.   Grant  declines  to  attack 

Gen.  Lee  in  his  entrenchments,  and 
moves  by  the  left  flank  toward  Spottsyl- 


vania  Court-House.  Gen.  Sheridan 
defeats  Confederate  Gen.  Stuart's  entire 
cavalry  at  Todd's  Tavern,  driving  him 
a  long  distance.  Federal  loss,  80  men. 
May  8-21.  Va.  Indecisive  Battle  of 
Spottsylvania.  (Forces,  see  May  5-7.) 
Federal  loss,  2,271  killed,  9,360  wounded, 
and  1,970  missing;  Confederate  loss, 
about  10,000,  including  between  3,000 
and  4,000  prisoners ;  many  general  offi- 
cers are  killed  or  wounded.  Federal 
losses  in  two  weeks,  37,335  men. 

(May  9.)  The  Federal  arniy  concentrates 
near  Spottsylvania,  and  finds  Gen.  Lee's 
army  in  the  path  of  its  advance.  Maj.- 
Gen.  Sedgwick,  of  the  6th  corps,  is  killed 
by  a  sharpshooter. 

(May  10.)  Gen.  Grant  renews  the  attack, 
and  makes  a  strong  assault  through 
the  thickets  ;  Gen.  Upton  occupies  the 
**  bloody  angle,"  and  holds  it  for  a  time, 
but  the  Confederates  finally  drive  the 
Federals  back  to  their  entrenchments. 

(May  11.)  No  general  operations  occur. 
Gen.  Grant  telegraphs,  "I  propose  to 
fight  it  out  on  this  line,  if  it  takes  all 
summer." 

(May  12.)  Gen.  Hancock's  men  as- 
sault the  apex  of  the  Confederate  earth- 
works. One  of  Ewell's  entire  divisions 
(4,000)  is  captured ;  Gen.  Warren's  assault 
is  repulsed ;  Gen.  Burnside  carries  the 
Confederate  entrenchments,  but  is  un- 
able to  hold  them ;  Confederates  fall 
back  three-fourths  of  a  mile,  and  defy 
attack. 

(May  13.)  Gen.  Grant  prepares  to  move 
by  the  left  flank. 

(May  14.)  An  assault  on  the  Confeder- 
ates, being  delayed  by  bad  roads,  is  post- 
poned ;  active  operations  are  suspended 
because  of  a  storm  for  more  than  a  week. 

(May  18.)  Gen.  Grant  makes  one  final 
but  unsuccessful  assault  on  Gen.  Lee's 
left  flank. 

(May  19.)  Gen.  EweU  is  severely  re- 
pulsed in  an  attack  with  6,000  men  on 
Gen.  Grant's  right,  and  loses  nearly  1,000 
men.  The  army  resumes  its  movement 
by  the  left  flank. 

(May  20,  21.)  The  movement  by  the  left 
flank  continues  in  the  night,  and  the 
army  reaches  Guiney  Station  by  day- 
break. 

May  9, 10.  Ga.  At  Rocky  Face  Ridge 
and  Buzzard's  Roost  strong  skirmish 
lines  are  engaged. 

May  9.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  cuts  loose 
from  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  on  his 
[famous]  raid. 

He  moves  around  the  left  of  Gen.  Lee's 
army,  to  cut  his  line  of  supplies  and 
communications,  and  to  draw  the  en- 
emy's cavalry  from  Gen.  Grant.  [He 
defeats  the  Confederate  cavalry  in  four 
engagements,  and  passes  entirely  around 
Lee's  army,  before  his  return,  16  days 
later.  Federal  loss,  600  killed  and 
wounded,  and  150  missing ;  200  Confed- 
erates are  captured.] 

At  Swift  Creek  Kautz's  cavalry,  of 
Gen.  Butler's  army,  destroys  the  rail- 
road, and  defeats  the  Confederates.  Fed- 
eral loss,  90  killed  and  400  wounded  ; 
Confederate  loss,  500. 

May  10.  Va.  At  Cloyd's  Moimtain 
and  New  River  Bridge  Gen.  Crook 
defeats  the  Confederates  imder  Gen. 
Jenkins.  Federal  loss.  126  killed,  585 
wounded,  and  34  missing ;  Confederate 
loss,  900  men,  besides  300  prisoners. 

Near  Wytheville  Gen.  Averell  de- 
feats the  Confederate  Gen.  Jones. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1864,  Apr.  16  -  May  24.     233 


May  11.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  advances 

south  towards  Snake  Gap  Creek. 

Va.    Gen.  Butler  advances  to  Drew- 

ry's  Bluff  (Fort  Darling)  on  the  James 
River. 

May  12. ±  Va.  At  Yellow  Tavern,  six 
miles  from  Richmond,  a  fierce  cavalry 
battle  is  fought. 

Gen.  Sheridan  attacks  Gen.  Stuart, 
and  completely  defeats  the  Confeder- 
ates. G  ens.  Stuart  and  Gordon  are 
killed,  and  Gen.  Fitz-Hugh  Lee's  divis- 
ion is  pursued  through  the  outer  de- 
fenses of  Richmond. 

May  13.  Ga.  Dalton  is  evacuated  by 
Gen.  Johnston. 

Va.    Gen.  Sheridan's  cavalry  enter 

Gen.  Butler's  army,  on  the  James  River, 
[May  17  Sheridan  leaves  to  join  Grant.] 

May  13.-June  1.  Ga.  In  several  engage- 
ments between  Eocky  Face  Hidge 
and  Dallas,  Gen.  Sherman  loses  800 
killed,  4,500  wounded,  and  1,000  prison- 
ers; Confederates  lose  600  killed,  2,100 
wounded,  and  4,000  prisoners. 

May  14, 15,  Ga.  Wear  Camp  Creek 
Gen.  Sherman's  advance  engages  in 
heavy  skirmishes. 

May  14,  Va.  At  Drewry's  Bluff  Gen. 
Butler  attacks  Gen.  Beauregard  and 
takes  his  outer  lines,  but  is  unable  to 
drive  him  out  of  his  entrenchments ; 
Federal  loss,  422  killed,  2,380  wounded, 
210  missing ;  Confederate  loss,  2,500. 

May  15.  Ga.  Battle  of  Resaca.  A  part 
of  Gen.  Sherman's  army  attacks  and 
defeats  Gen.  Johnston,  who  retires  in 
the  night  toward  Dallas,  and  burns  the 
bridges  behind  him.  [May  16  Gen. 
Sherman  enters  the  city.]  Federal  loss, 
600  killed  and  2,147  wounded;  Confed- 
erate loss,  2,800  men. 

Va.  At  New  Market  in  the  Shen- 
andoah Valley,  Gen,  Breckinridge  com- 
pletely routs  8,000  Federals  under  Gen. 
Sigel;  Federal  loss,  120  killed,  560 
wounded,  and  240  missing ;  Confederate 
loss,  405  men. 

May  16.  Va.  At  Drewry's  Bluff  (Fort 
Barling)  Gen.  Beauregard  attacks  Gen. 
Butler  in  force,  and  compels  his  army, 
20,000  strong,  to  retire  to  the  entrench- 
ments at  Bermuda  Hundred.  Federal 
loss  (May  11-16),  422  killed,  2,380  wound- 
ed, 1,400  prisoners;  Confederate  loss, 
2,500. 

May  17.  Oa.  The  Federal  troops  under 
Gen.  Jeff.  C.  Davis  occiipy  Rome,  and 
de.stroy  mills,  foundries,  and  other  Con- 
federate property. 

May  18.     Ga.    At  Adairsville  Gen.  O. 

O.  Howard  defeats  the  Confederates. 

La.    At  Yellow  Bayou  Gen.  A.  J. 

Smith  reijulses  an  attack  by  Confeder- 
ates under  Prince  Polignac  and  Gen. 
Wharton. 

May  19.  Cki.  Gen.  Johnston  retreats 
across  the  Stowah,  under  cover  of 
night ;  and  takes  a  strong  position  at 
Allatoona  Pass. 

-^  Va.  Near  "Winchester  Gen.  Milroy 
defeats  the  Confederates,  who  lose  six 
killed  and  seven  prisoners. 


May  20.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  rapidly  pur- 
sues the  Confederates,  and  crosses 
the  Etowah  River. 

La.  At  Simsport  Gen.  Banks  surren- 
ders command  of  the  troops  to  Gen.  E. 
R.  S.  Canby,  commander  of  the  Mili- 
tary Division  of  West  Mississippi. 

Tenn.  At  Middletown  Gen.  Stanley 

defeats  the  Confederates,  who  lose  eight 
killed  and  90  prisoners. 

May  21.  Cat.  Gen.  Irwin  McDowell  as- 
sumes command  of  the  Pacific. 

W.  Va.    Gen.  Franz  Sigel  assumes 

command  of  the  Department  of  West 
Virginia. 

May  23.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman's  army 
crosses  the  Etowah,  and  advances  to- 
ward Dallas. 

May  23,  24.  Va.  Battle  of  Worth 
Anna: 

Gen.  Grant  advances  toward  Rich- 
mond, and  crosses  the  North  Anna. 
Gen.  Lee  attacks  the  advance,  which  is 
withdrawn,  and  the  army  moves  toward 
the  Pamunkey  River.  Federal  loss,  186 
killed,  792  wounded,  and  165  missing, 
total,  1,143;  Confederate  loss,  2,000. 

May  24.  Va.  At  'Wilson's  IJanding 
Gen.  Wild  loses  40  men;  Gen.  Fitz-Hugh 
Lee  loses  275,  hesides  11  prisoners. 

Gen.  Burnside's  corps  is  incorporated 
with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 

Gen,  Sheridan  returns  to  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac  from  his  great  raid. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE, 
1864    Apr.  *  Colo.    A  flood  occurs  at 
Denver. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1864. 

Apr.  16.  Blanchard,  Thos.,  Inventor  of 
lathe  in  Mass.,  A76. 

May  1.  Duncan,  Wm.  C,  Bapt.  el.,  editor, 
A40. 

Porter,  Wm.  P.,  com.  TT.  S.  N.,  A54. 

Kinggold,  Geo.  H.,  scholar,  painter,  sol- 
dier, A50. 

May  5.  Hays,  Alex.,  brig.-gen.  U.  S.  toIs., 
A  45. 

May.  7.  Jenkins,  Albert  G.,  Confed.  brig.- 
gen.,  A  34. 

May.  8.  Wadsworth.  James  S.,  brig.-gen. 
U.  S.  vols.,  wounded  at  Wilderness,  A57. 

May  9.  Doubleday,  Thos.  D.,  Col.  U.  S. 
Tols.,  A48. 

Sedgwick.  John,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  vols., 

killed  at  Spottsylvania,  A51. 

May  10.  .loneH,  John  M.,  Confed.  brig.- 
gen.,  k.  at  Spottsylvania,  A44. 

King,  Thos.  Butler,  M.  C.  for  Ga.,  A60. 

Rives,  John  C,  journalist,  Congres- 
sional O'lobe,  A68. 

Stevenson,  Tliomas  G.,  brig.-gen.  XT.  S. 

vols.,  A28. 

May  12.  Stuart,  James  £.  B.,  Confed. 
maj.-gen.  cavah-y  of  N.  Va.,  A3I. 

May  16.  Spencer,  Piatt  K.,  author  of 
Spencerian  system  of  writing,  A64. 

May  19.  Hawthorne,  Nathaniel,  "the 
greatest  of  American  novelists,'*  A60. 

May  22.  Totten,  Joseph  G.jbrev.  maj.-gen. 
U.  S.  A.,  engineer,  A76. 

CHURCH. 
1864   May  2-27.     Phila.   The  General 
Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal)  is  in 
session ;   the  pastoral  term  is  extended 
from  two  to  three  years. 

It  organizes  the  Church  Extension 
Society,  and  forms  the  Central  German, 
Colorado,  Delaware,  Des  Moines,  Ne- 
vada, Southwest  German,  Northwest 
German,  and  Washington  Conferences. 
Davis  \V.  Clark,  Edward  Thompson,  and 
Calvin  Kingsley  are  ordained  bishops. 


LETTERS. 
1864  May  18.  New  York.  The  Journal 
of  Commerce  and  the  World  are  sup- 
pressed, and  their  editors  ordered  under 
arrest,  by  direction  of  the  President,  for 
inciting  disloyalty. 

SOCIETY. 

1864  Apr.  17.  Ga.  A  women's  bread- 
riot  occurs  at  Savannah. 

Apr.  27.  III.  The  State  secures  $238,000 
at  a  master's  sale  of  the  property  of  ex- 
Gov.  Matteson,  on  the  discovery  of  the 
fraudulent  reissue  of  canal  scrip  for  a 
large  sum,  dated  many  years  back. 

May  1.  D.C.  At  Washington  the 
Xjadies'  National  Covenant  is  formed, 
to  abstain  from  the  use  of  imported 
articles. 

May  24.  Boston.  The  South  End  City 
Hospital  is  dedicated. 

May  *  The  Auxiliary  Relief  Corps  in 
the  United  States  is  organized  in  con- 
nection with  the  Sanitary  Commission, 
T\'hich  distributes  "  relief  "  to  the  sol- 
diers and  sailors  during  the  war. 

STATE. 

1864    Apr.  16.    D.  C.    Congress :  The 

House  defeats  an  amendment  permit- 
ting State  and  municipal  taxation  of 
National  Banks. 

Apr.  18.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  bill  permitting  the  local  taxa- 
tion of  National  Banks,  providing  no 
part  of  the  tax  be  imposed  on  that  part 
of  their  capital  that  is  invested  in  United 
States  bonds.    Vote,  70-60. 

Apr.  19.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  en- 
abling act  for  the  formation  of  a  State 
government  in  Nebraska. 

President  Lincoln  signs  the  bill  per- 
mitting the  people  of  Nebraska  to  form 
a  State  government. 

Apr.  26.  Z>.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Daniel  Clark  of  N.  H.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent pro  tempore. 

Apr.  27.  Mfi.  A  Constitutional  Con- 
vention meets  at  Annapolis. 

May  2.  Va.  The  second  Confederate 
Congress  meets  at  Richmond. 

May  10.  B.C.  Congreee:  the  Senate 
passes  the  Amended  National  Bank 
Bill,  Vote,  30-9;  absent  or  not  voting,  10. 

May  17.  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for 
the  Postal  Money  Order  system.  [Be- 
comes operative  Nov.  1.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1864  May  18.  U.S.  A  forged  presi- 
dential proclamation,  calling  for 
400,000  more  men,  is  published,  by  spec- 
ulators in  gold.  [Howard  and  Mallison, 
the  perpetrators,  are  discovered  and  im- 
prisoned in  Fort  Lafayette.] 


284    1864,  May  25  -  July  4. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — HAVY. 

1864  May  25,  26.  Ga.  At  Pvunpkin- 
Vine  Creek,  iiejir  Dallas,  Gen.  Hooker 
has  a  severe  but  indecisive  engagement 
with  the  Confederates  under  Gen.  Hood ; 
losses,  about  1,IM0  on  each  side. 

May  26.  Maj.-Gen.  Foster  assumes  com- 
mand of  the  Department  of  the  South. 

May  27.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  secures  a  posi- 
tion south  of  the  Pamunkey  Kiver, 
and  finds  Gen.  Lee  awaiting  him. 

Near  the  Totopotomoy  River  heavy 
skirmishing  occurs  between  the  armies 
of  Gen.  Grant  and  Gen.  Lee;  Federal 
loss,  99  killed,  508  wounded,  62  missing. 

May  28.  Ga.  Near  Pumpkin-Vine 
Creek  Gen.  Hardee  furiously  attacks 
Gen.  McPherson,  and  delays  his  union 
with  Gen.  Hooker. 

Gen.  Sherman  having  outflanked  the 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Johnston,  they 
retreat  to  Lost  Motmtain.  Loss:  Fed- 
eral, 300  men ;  Confederate,  2,500,  be- 
sides 300  prisoners. 

Va.  At  Hawes'  Shop  a  detach- 
ment of  Sheridan's  cavalry  defeats  the 
Confederate  cavalry  ;  both  sides  fight  as 
infantry. 

Col.  Clendenin  makes  a  raid,  and 
captures  111  Confederates. 

May  30.  Ga.  Near  Marietta  Gen.  Mc- 
Pherson captures  400  prisoners,  also  a 
railroad  train  of  sick  and  wounded 
Confederates. 

May  31.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  drives 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Fitz-Hugh  Lee 
out  of  their  entrenchments  near  Cold 
Harbor,  and  occupies  their  position. 

June  1.     Va.    Gen.  Grant  is  reenforced 
by  Gen.   Smith's   18th   corps  from   the 
Army  of  the  James. 
June  1-4.     Va.    The  bloody  battle  of 
Cold  Harbor. 

Gen.  Grant  attacks  Gen.  Lee's  army  in 
its  strong  entrenchments,  nine  miles 
from  Richmond,  and  is  terribly  repulsed. 
Federal  loss,  1,7G9  killed,  6,752  wounded, 
and  1,537  missing ;  Confederate  loss, 
about  1,000.  "1  have  always  regretted 
that  last  assault  at  Cold  Harbor."  — 
{Grantee  Memoirs.) 

(June  1.)  Gens.  Wright  and  Smith 
attack  the  Confederates  under  Gen.  R. 
P.  Anderson,  who  succeeds  Gen.  Long- 
street,  after  he  was  wounded  (May  6)  and 
carry  the  Confederates'  first  line  and 
entrench. 

(June  2)  Gen.  Grant's  army  prepares 
for  a  grand  assault,  and  repels  the  Con- 
federate attack  on  its  right  flank. 

(June  3)  A  terrific  and  destructive 
assault  is  mjide  by  the  Federal  army  led 
by  Gens.  Hancock,  Wright,  and  Smith ; 
some  advance  positions  are  gained.  The 
Confederates  make  counter  assaults  at 
several  points;  but  the  Federals  succeed 
in  holding  some  points  gained. 

June  2.  Kij.  Gen.  John  H.  Morgan 
enters  Kentucky  from  Virginia  on  his 
second  raid. 

Oa.  In  Ossabaw  Sound  the  Con- 
federates surprise  and  capture  the  gun- 
boat Water  Witch. 

Va.  At  Bermuda  Hundred  an  artil- 
lery fight  and  skirmishing  occur. 

Jtme  4.  Ga.  Allatoona  is  abandoned 
to  the  Federals  by  Gen.  Johnston. 


June  4-24.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  makes 
his  second  raid. 

He  aims  to  destroy  the  Confederate 
communications  and  threaten  Rich- 
mond from  the  rear;  but  Gen.  Hunter, 
who  was  to  act  in  cooperation  with  him, 
fails  to  meet  him  at  Gordonsville. 

Junes.  Va.  AtPiedmontGen.  Hunter 
defeats  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
W.  E.  Jones,  and  advances  up  the 
Valley.  Federal  loss,  130  killed,  650 
woimded ;  Confederate  loss,  heavy  in 
killed  and  wounded,  besides  1,500  pris- 
oners. Gen.  Jones  is  among  the  killed. 
Gen.  Grant  relieves  Gen  Sigel  of  the 
command  of  West  Virginia,  and  appoints 
Gen.  Himter  as  his  successor. 

June  5-30.  Ga.  At  Lost  Mountain, 
Kenesaw  Mountain,  and  Ijittle 
Kenesaw,  Gen.  Sherman  loses  1,370 
killed,  0,500  wounded,  and  800  prison- 
ers ;  Confederate  losses,  4,600  killed, 
wounded,  and  prisoners. 

June  6.  Va.  Staunton  is  occupied  by 
Federals  under  Gen.  Hunter. 

June  7.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  sends  Gen. 
Sheridan  on  a  cavalry  raid  to  destroy 
the  Virginia  Central  Railroad. 

Gen.  Grant  continues  his  movement 
by  the  left  fiank,  intending  to  cross  the 
Chickahominy  and  James  Rivers,  to 
the  south  of  Richmond. 

June  8,  Ga.  Gen.  Frank  Blair  reen- 
forces  Gen.  Sherman  with  two  divisions 
and  a  brigade  of  cavalry. 

June  9.  Ky.  At  Mount  Stirling  Gen. 
S.  G.  Burbridge  defeats  Confederate 
Gen.  Morgan,  captures  700  of  his  men 
[and  drives  him  back  into  Virginia]. 

N.  C.     Lexington   refuses    to    sur- 
render to  a  part  of  Gen.  Morgan's  force. 
The   supply    steamer    Newtjem   runs 
ashore  the  Pervensey,  a  blockade  run- 
ner, worth,  with  her  cargo,  81,000,000. 

June  10.  Miss.  At  Slice's  Cross  Roads, 
near  Guntown,  Federal  Gen.  Sturgis 
loses  223  killed,  394  wounded,  and  1,C23 
missing  ;  Gen.  Forrest's  loss  is  606  men. 

Va.  Gen.  Butler  makes  an  unsuccess- 
ful attempt  to  take  Petersburg. 

Near  TrevUian  Station  Gen.  Sheri- 
dan is  attacked  by  Gen.  Hampton's  Con- 
federate cavalry,  and  drives  it  several 
miles.  Federal  loss,  85  killed,  490 
wounded,  and  160  missing ;  Confederate 
loss,  370  men. 

June  11.  Ky.  Gen.  Morgan's  command 
invests  Frankfort,  which  Is  success- 
fully defended  by  Federals. 

Jtme  12.  Ky.  At  Cynthiana  Gen.  Mor- 
gan defeats  the  Federals  under  Gen. 
Burbridge.  Federal  loss,  200,  besides 
1,200  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss,  305 
killed,  275  wounded,  and  400  prisoners. 

Va.  Gen.  Grant  begins  the  move- 
ment for  a  change  of  base  to  the  south 
side  of  the  James  River. 

June  13.  Va.  Gen.  Grant's  army  begins 
to  cross  the  Chickahominy. 

June  14.    Ga.    Lieut.-Gen.  Leonidas 

Polk  is  killed  at  Pine  Mountain. 
June  15.    Got.    Gen.  Johnston  evacuates 
Pine  Mountain;  Gen.  Sherman  occu- 
pies it. 


June  15,  16.  Va.  Gen.  Grant's  army, 
numbering  about  115,000,  crosses  the 
James  River,  and  joins  Gen.  Butler. 
About  one-half  its  artillery  has  been  sent 
back  to  Washington  as  superfiuous. 

June  15-22.  Va.  The  Federals  fail  in  an 
attempt  to  take  Petersbtn'g.  Federal 
loss,  1,688  killed,  8,513  wounded,  and 
1,185  missing  ;  Confederate  loss,  3,500. 

(June  15.)  Gen.  W.  F.  Smith's  corps, 
16,000  strong,  suddenly  appears  and 
captures,  near  the  close  of  the  day,  the 
Confederate  entrenchments.  [Gen. 
Beauregard  reenforces  the  garrison  dur- 
ing the  night.] 

(June  17.)  The  Federals  under  Gen. 
Hancock,  by  heavy  fighting  all  day, 
advance  their  lines  at  Petersburg. 

(June  18.)  Gen.  Meade  orders  a  vigorous 
assault  on  Petersburg. 

The  Confederates  under  Gens.  Lee  and 
Beauregard  repulse  the  repeated  as- 
saults, until  the  Federals  seek  the  cover 
of  their  entrenchments.  Federal  loss  in 
four  days  about  10,000  men.  The  siege 
of  Petersburg  begins. 

(June  22.)  Gen.  Meade  sends  Gen.  "Wil- 
son's cavalry  to  break  all  three  of  the 
railroads  connecting  Richmond  with  the 
South. 

[He  severs  the  Weldon  road  at  Reams's 
Station,  destroys  30  miles  of  the  Lynch- 
burg road,  and  as  many  miles  of  the 
Danville  road.] 

Jvme  16.  Va.  Lynchburg  is  invested 
by  Gen.  Hunter,  aided  by  Gens.  Crook 
and  Averell. 

Jtme  17.  Ga.  Near  Atlanta  600  Con- 
federate conscripts  fiee  to  the  Federal 
army. 

At  Lost  Motintain  Gen.  Johnston  is 
driven  from  a  strong  position  after  three 
days'  desultory  fighting. 

June  18.  Va.  Gen.  Hunter's  army,  20,000 
strong,  retires  from  Lynchburg,  be- 
ing short  of  ammunition  suflicient  for 
a  battle.  Loss  :  Federal,  lOO  killed,  500 
wounded,  and  400  missing ;  Confederate, 
200. 

June  18-20.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  has 
a  skirmish  at  King  and  Queen's  Court- 
House. 

June  19.  France.  The  Kearsarge,  Capt. 
Winslow,  destroys  the  privateer  Ala- 
bama in  a  brilliant  engagement,  lasting 
two  hours,  off  Cherbourg.  Adm.  Semmes 
and  the  crew  of  the  Alabama  are  picked 
up  and  rescued  by  a  British  vessel. 

The  Alabama  had  destroyed  58  vessels, 
valued  at  $6,547,609,  yet  had  never 
entered  a  Confederate  port.  Losses: 
Federals,  one  killed,  three  wounded ; 
Confederates,  40  killed  and  10  wounded. 

Jtme  21.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  has  a 
fight  with  the  Confederate  cavalry  un- 
der Gen.  Wade  Hampton  at  'White 
House  and  Tunstall's  Station. 

Jvme  21,  22.  Va.  Gen.  Meade  sends  a 
large  force  under  Gens.  Hancock  and 
Wright  to  seize  the  "Weldon  Railroad. 
They  are  defeated  and  nearly  captured 
by  the  Confederates  under  Gen.  A.  P. 
Hill. 

Losses:  Federal,  604  killed.  2,494 
wounded,  2,217  prisoners  ;  Confederate, 
306  killed  and  wounded,  200  prisoners. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1864,  May  25- July  4.     235 


June  22.  Ga.  At  Kulp  House  Gen. 
Hood  attempts  to  break  Sherman's  line, 
and  is  repulsed  with  great  losses  on  both 
sides,  especially  severe  for  the  Confed- 
erates. 

June  23.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  has  an- 
other flght  at  Jones's  Bridge.  [On  the 
24th  he  again  encounters  the  Confeder- 
ates at  St.  Mary's  Bridge.] 

June  25.  Tenn.  At  Ijafayette  an  at- 
tack of  3,000  Confederates  imder  Gen. 
Pillow  is  repulsed. 

June  27.  Mo.  Near  St.  Charles  the 
Confederates  are  defeated  by  Gen.  Carr. 

Ga.    Near  Kenesaw  Gen.  Sherman 

makes  a  heavy  assault  on  the  Confeder- 
ate position,  and  is  repulsed  with  the 
loss  of  2,500  men ;  Gens.  Charles  G. 
Harker  and  Daniel  McCook  are  killed. 
Confederate  loss,  600. 

June  30.  Va.  The  Federal  loss  in  the 
trenches  before  Petersburg  (June  20-30) 
is  112  killed,  506  wounded,  and  800  mis- 
sing. 

Gen.  Wilson's  raid  on  the  Weldon 
Railroad  ends.  Federal  loss  in  eight 
days,  76  killed,  265  wounded,  and  700 
missing ;  Confederate  loss,  300  men. 

July  1.  Ga.  At  Marietta  Gen.  John- 
ston evacuates  the  city,  and  Gen.  Sher- 
man captures  3,000  prisoners. 

July  l.i  Va.  Gen.  Early  starts  north- 
ward with  17,000  men,  in  his  campaign 
against  AVashington,  via  Shenandoali 
Valley. 

July  2, 3.  IV.  Va.  Gen.  Early  moves 
down  the  Shenandoah  Valley  from  Win- 
chester with  a  strong  force  ;  great  fears 
are  entertained  for  the  safety  of  Balti- 
more. 

July  3.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman's  troops  oc- 
cupy Kenesaw  Mountain  at  daylight, 
after  its  evacuation  by  Gen.  Johnston's 
army,  which  retires  across  the  Chatta- 
hoochee. 


ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1864  June  30.  D.  C.  Congress  grants 
the  Yosemite  Valley  and  the  Mari- 
posa Big-tree  Grove  on  the  Merced 
River  to  California  for  public  use. 

June  *  Hall's  second  expedition  sails  for 
the  Polar  regions.  [It  finds  many 
relics  of  Sir  John  Franklin,  and  tidings 
of  four  men  who  died  from  cold  and 
starvation.] 


BIRTHS  -  DEATHS. 
1864. 
May  87.    Qiddlngs.  Joshua  Keed,  M.  C. 

for  O.  tor  21  years,  A69. 
June  3.     Doles,  (ieorge  P.,  Confed.  brip.- 

gen.,  killed  at  battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  A34. 
June  4.    Keitt,  Lawrence  M.,  Confed.  col., 

A  40. 
June  5.    Jones,  William  E.,  Confed.  maj.- 

gen,  A  40. 
June  8.    Adams,  Daniel,  writer  of  school 

text-books,  physician,  .\90. 
June  11.     Hornblower,   Joseph   C,   chief 

justice,  N.  J.,  AST. 
June  14.    Polk,  Leonldaa,  P.  E.  bp.,  Con- 
fed. lieut.-gen.,  A58. 
June  16.    Ewlng,  Andrew,  lawyer;  Confed. 

oflScer,  dies. 
June  17.     Lamson   Alvan,  Unitarian   cl., 

author,  A72. 
June  84.    Coffln,  Joaboa,  antiquary,  A72. 


June  27.    Marker,  Charles  G.,  brlg.-gen.  I". 

S.  vols.,  killed  at  Kenesaw  Mountain,  A27. 
June  29.    Taylor,  Joseph  P.,  brig.-gen.  U.  S. 

V(jl8.,  A6S. 
July  1.    auincy.  Joslah,  M.  0.  for  Mass., 

pres.  of  Harvard,  A92. 
July  2.     Dutton,  Arthur  H.,  col.  21st  Conn. 

vols.,  A30. 


CHURCH. 

1864  June  8.  Jf.  Y.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  22.  Me.  The  Maine  Conference 
of  Unitarian  Churches  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1864  June  7.  O.  German  'Wallace 
College  (Meth.  Epls.)  Is  organized  at 
Beroa 

SOCIETY. 

1864    June  4.    N.  Y.    A  great  meeting 

is  held  to  express  gratitude  to  Gen. 

Grant  and  his  army  for  late  victories 

won. 
June  7.    Phila.    The  Sanitary  Pair 

opens. 
June  28.    D.  C.     The  National  Deaf 

Mute   College,  the   only  college   for 

deaf  mutes  in  the  world,  is  opened  at 

Washington. 

STATE. 

1864  May  26.  D.  C.  Congress  organ- 
izes the  Territory  of  Montana,  out  of  a 
part  of  Idaho. 

May  31.  O.  The  Republican  party 
is  divided.  The  '*  radical  men  of  the 
nation"  meet  at  Cleveland,  and  nom- 
inate Gen.  J.  C.  Fremont  and  Gen. 
J.  Cochrane  for  presidential  offices. 
The  Convention  charges  the  Administra- 
tion with  incapacity  and  infidelity. 

May  •  All  persons  imprisoned  under  the 
writ  of  habeas  corpus  are  discharged. 

June  3.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  ap- 
proves the  National  Bank  Tax  Bill. 

The  Currency  Bureau  of  the  Treas- 
ury is  opened,  in  charge  of  a  controller. 

June  7.  Md.  The  Bepublican  Na- 
tionfil  Convention  meets  at  Baltimore; 
the  venerable  Robert  J.  Breckinridge 
of  Ky.,  temporary  chairman,  thrills  the 
North  with  his  patriotic  speech. 

June  8.  Md.  The  Convention  nomi- 
nates Abraham  IJncoln  of  111.  for 
President,  and  Andrew  Johnson,  a 
war  Democrat  of  Tenn.,  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent. Lincoln  receives  496  out  of  518 
votes  on  the  first  ballot. 

June  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  bill  for  the  repeal  of  the  Fugi- 
tive Slave  Law.    Vote,  82-58. 

June  15.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
fails  to  approve  the  joint  resolution  (the 
13th  amendment)  for  the  abolition  of 
slavery,  by  amending  the  Constitution. 
Vote,  93-65  ;  this  is  27  short  of  two- 
thirds. 

O.    C.   Ij.   Vallandigham   returns 

from  Canada. 


June  23.  D.  C.  Congress :  I'he  Senate 
passes  the  bill  to  repeal  the  Fugitive 
Slave  Law.    Vote,  27-12. 

June  27.  H.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  : 
Representation  in  Congress  is  refused  to 
Senators  elected  in  Arkansas.  Vote, 
27-6.  [Tliis  occasions  a  conflict  with  the 
President.] 

June  28.  D.  C.  The  President  approves 
the  repeal  of  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law. 

Jime  30.  D.  C.  Congress  authorizes 
the  issue  of  $400,000,000  in  bonds,  or 
TreastUT^  notes,  amounting  to  $200,- 
000,000,  and  bonds  for  the  same  amount. 
Congress  passes  an  Internal  Reve- 
nue Jj3l-w  providing  for  almost  univer- 
sal taxation  on  every  occupation, 
manufacture,  and  document. 

Salmon  F.  Chase,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  resigns  his  office. 

U.  S.  Statistics.  Revenue :  Cus- 
toms, $102,316,153;  sales  of  public  lands, 
$588,333  ;  Internal  Revenue,  $109,741,134  ; 
direct  tax,  $475,049  ;  premium  on  loans 
and  sales  of  gold  coin,  $21,174,101 ;  mis- 
cellaneous items,  $30,331,401 ;  total  rev- 
enue, $264,626,772. 

Expenditures:  Civil  and  miscella- 
neous items,  $27,!)05,.'>99 ;  War  Depart- 
ment, $690,791,843;  Navy  Department, 
$85,725,995;  Indians,  $2,629,859;  pen- 
sions, $4,983,924 ;  interest  on  the  public 
debt,  $53,685,422;  total  ordinary  ex- 
penses, $865,322,642.  Excess  of  expendi- 
tures over  receipts,  $600,995,870.  Pub- 
lic debt,  $1,816,784,370.  Exports,  $158,- 
837,988.    Imports,  $316,447,283. 

July  1.  D.  C.  The  Government  raises 
the  tax  on  distilled  spirits  to  $1.60 
per  proof  gallon. 

July  2.  n.  C.  The  bill  prohibiting  the 
coastwise  slave-trade  is  approved. 

Congress  grants  public  lands  in  Ore- 
gon for  the  purpose  of  constructing  a 
military  road  through  the  State. 

July  4.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the  bill 
providing  for  the  reconstruction  of 
the  Southern  States;  President  Lin- 
coln refuses  to  sign  it.  Republicans  in 
Congress  unanimously  dissent  from  his 
course. 

The  3Sth  Congress :  the  first  session 
closes. 

Nev.    A  State  Convention  meets  at 

Carson  City,  to  frame  a  Constitution. 

The  Democratic  National  Con- 
vention is  appointed  to  meet  on  this 
day  in  Chicago.  [The  recent  Union  vic- 
tories occasion  a  change  of  date  to 
August.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1864  July  1.  New  York.  Price  of  mid- 
dling upland  cotton,  150  to  162  cents  j 
premium  on  gold,  246. 

July  2.  D.  C.  Congress  amends  the 
Pacific  Railroad  Act  of  1862,  so  as  to 
increase  the  value  of  its  securities.  It 
grants  12,800  acres  for  each  mile  of  com- 
pleted road  ;  total,  26,000,000  acres. 

Congress  charters  the  Northern  Pa- 
cific Railroad  to  connect  Lake  Superior 
with  Paget  Sound  (1,800  miles),  and  ex- 
tending to  the  Columbia  River  (200 
miles);  subsidy,  47,000,000  acres  — 73,000 
square  miles. 


236     1864,  July  4-Aug.  22. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1864  July  4.  Ga.  Near  Smyrna 
Camp  Ground  Gen.  Sherman's  army 
celebrates  the  day  liy  a  noisy  but  not 
desperate  battle  in  pursuit  of  Gen. 
Johnston. 

Va.    The  Federals  celebrate  the  day 

by  firing  a  national  salute  from  double- 
shotted  cannons  into  Petersburg. 

n.C.   Congress  grants  to  each  drafted 

man  a  bounty  for  one  year's  service, 
and  doubles  and  trebles  the  amount  for 
two  and  three  years*  service  respectively. 

July  5.  Ga.  Gen.  Johnston  retires 
behind  his  strong  entrenchments  on  the 
Chattahoochee;  he  is  nearly  besieged 
by  Gen.  Sherman. 

Md.  Gen.  Early,  with  20,000  Con- 
federates/ crosses  the  Potomac  into 
Maryland  to  threaten  'Washington  — 
a  movement  to  divert  Gen.  Grant  from 
Richmond. 

Miss.    At  Jackson,  the  capital,  Gen. 

Slocum  flanks  the  Confederates,  and 
drives  them  out  of  the  city. 

V^a.    Gen.  Bradley  T.  Johnson,  with 

3,000  Confederate  troops,  crosses  the 
Potomac  into  Maryland  ;  consterna- 
tion spreads  among  the  farmers  of  two 
States. 

July  8.  Ga.  Gen.  Rousseau,  with  2,000 
Federal  cavalry,  leaves  Decatur  on  a 
destructive  raid  west  of  Opelika. 

Md.  Gen.  Early's  whole  force  en- 
ters the  passage  of  South  Mountain. 

Gen.  Ricketts's  division  of  Gen.  Grant's 
army  arrives  at  Baltimore. 

July  9.  Ga.  Gov.  Brown  calls  out  the 
militia,  including  all  males  between  the 
ages  of  15  and  45  years. 

Gen.  Johnston  is  forced  to  retire  be- 
hind the  Chattahoochee  River. 

Md.    Gen.  Early,  at  the  head  of  an 

invading  army,  defeats  a  small  force 
under  Gen.  Lew  Wallace  on  the 
Monocacy. 

This  action,  however,  checks  the  ad- 
vance of  the  Confederates  till  troops 
arrive  and  save  Washington  and  Balti- 
more from  great  peril.  Federal  loss,  98 
killed,  679  wounded,  and  1,'280  missing  ; 
Confederate  loss,  700. 

July  10.  Ga.  The  entire  Confederate 
army  under  Gen.  Johnston  is  concen- 
trated behind  the  defenses  of  At- 
lanta. 

Md.  Gen.  Early's  cavalry  ap- 
proaches Baltimore  and  alarms  the 
city  ;  it  encamps  at  Rockville. 

July  11.  D.  C.  Gen.  Early  makes  a 
close  reconnoissance  of  Fort  Stevens, 
three  miles  from  the  city  limits  of 
■Washing:ton,  and  within  sight  of  the 
dome  of  the  Capitol. 

Gen.  'Wright  arrives  from  Gen. 
Grant's  army  with  two  divisions  for  the 
defense  of  Washington. 

July  12.  Md.  Gen.  'Wright  sends  Gen. 
Bidwell  to  drive  Gen.  Early's  skir- 
mishers back,  and  a  severe  action 
occurs;  Federal  loss,  280  killed  and 
wounded. 

In  the  night  Gen.  Early  retires  and 
escapes  pursuit. 


July  13-15.  Miss.  Between  Pontotoc 
and  Tupelo  Gens.  A.  J.  Smith  and 
Slocum  defeat  the  Confederates  jinder 
Gens.  Forrest,  Lee,  and  Walker  in  five 
successive  engagements.  Federal  loss, 
153  killed,  794  wounded,  49  missing ; 
Confederate  loss,  82  killed,  wounded, 
and  missing. 

JiJy  14.  Va.  At  'White's  Ford  Gen. 
Early  recrosses  the  Potomac  into  Vir- 
ginia, with  trains  laden  with  plunder. 

July  15.  Ala.  At  Youngstown  Gen. 
Rousseau  burns  four  storehouses  and  a 
great  quantity  of  provisions  gathered  for 
the  Confederates. 

July  17.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  begins 
bis  march  from  the  Chattahoochee  to 
Atlanta. 

Gen.  J.  B.  Hood  supersedes  Gen. 
Johnston  in  command  of  the  Confeder- 
ate army  in  Georgia  —  the  Department 
of  Tennessee. 

Miss.    At  Grand  Gulf  Gen.  Slocum 

defeats  the  Confederates. 

July  18.  D.  C.  The  president  calls  for 
500,000  volunteers  to  be  furnished  within 
50  days,  any  deficiency  to  be  made  up  by 
a  draft. 

Me.    Confederate   raiders   from    St. 

John  attempt  to  rob  a  bank,  but  fail, 
the  authorities  being  forewarned. 

Miss.  A  Federal  raiding  force  destroys 

a  large  part  of  the  Atlanta  and  Mont- 
gomery Railroad,  defeats  1,500  Confed- 
erates in  an  engagement,  and  captures 
400  conscripts. 

July  19.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  asks  President 
Lincoln  to  call  for  300,000  men  to  reen- 
force  the  armies. 

July  20.  Va.  Near  'Winchester,  at 
Stephenson's  Depot,  Gen.  Wm.  W. 
Averell  defeats  Gen.  Ramseur's  division 
of  Gen.  Early's  army.  Federal  loss,  250 
men ;  Confederate  loss,  300  killed  and 
wounded,  besides  200  prisoners. 

Ga.    Battle  for  the  defense  of  Atlanta 

(Peach  Tree  Creek). 

Gen.  Hood  comes  out  from  his  en- 
trenchments and  furiously  assaults  Gen. 
Sherman's  line,  but  is  repulsed  with 
heavy  loss.  Col.  [President]  Benjamin 
Harrison  wins  distinction  ;  Gen.  Walter 
Q.  Gresham  [Sec.  of  State]  is  seriously 
wounded ;  Federal  loss,  300  killed  and 
1,410  wounded;  Confederate  loss,  4,796 
killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners. 

Fla.  Gen.  Asboth  captures  a  Con- 
federate camp  with  many  conscripts. 

July  21.  Ky.  Henderson  is  attacked 
by  700  guerrillas. 

July  22.  Ga.  Gen.  Bousseau  com- 
pletes his  raid  from  Decatur,  Ala.,  of 
450  miles  in  15  days,  and  enters  Gen. 
Sherman's  camp. 

He  reports  2,000  prisoners  captured 
and  paroled,  200  Confederates  killed  and 
wounded,  800  horses  and  mules  and  800 
negroes  taken,  31  miles  of  railroad  de- 
stroyed, 13  depots  burned,  besides  oars, 
cotton,  provisions,  and  stores. 

Second  battle  of  Atlanta,  or  Deca- 
tur ;  Gen.  Sherman  repulses  Gen.  Hood's 
second  sortie.  Maj.-Gen.  James  B.  Mc- 
pherson is  killed  in  a  reconnoitering 
movement. 

Federal  loss,  500  killed,  2,114  wounded, 
and  100  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss, 
8,489  men.  Gen.  Hood  loses  more  men  in 


three  days  than  Gen.  .Johnston  lost  in  ten 
weeks  of  successive  battles. 

Va.    Gen.   Early's   army  arrives    at 

Strasburgh,  in  the  Shenandoah. 

July  24.  Va.  At  Keamstown,  near 
Winchester,  Gen.  Early  turns  upon  Gen. 
Crook,  his  pursuer,  defeats  and  routs 
his  force ;  the  Federals  are  driven  out 
of  the  Shenandoah  "Valley  and  across 
the  Potomac.  Federal  loss,  1,200;  Con- 
federate loss,  GOO. 

La.    An  expedition  on  Grand  IJake 

destroys  boats  and  mills  belonging  to 
the  Confederates. 

July  26+ .  Ga.  Gen.  Hood  sends  Gen. 
■Wheeler  with  8,000  cavalry  to  break 
up  railroads  and  capture  supplies  in 
Sherman's  rear. 

July  26-31.  Ga.  Gen.  Stoneman 
makes  a  raid  to  destroy  the  railroads 
about  Macon ;  he  destroys  much  rail- 
road property,  and  is  finally  defeated  by 
a  Confederate  force ;  Federal  loss,  sev- 
eral hundred  men. 

July  27.  Ga.  At  Atlanta  Gen.  Sherman 
begins  the  movement  by  the  right  flank 
against  Gen.  Hood. 

Gen.  O.  O.  Howard  succeeds  Gen. 
McPherson  to  the  command  of  the  Army 
of  the  Tennessee. 

Gen.  Sherman  sends  out  a  cavalry 
column  to  the  right  under  Gen.  E.  M. 
McCook,  and  another  to  the  left  under 
Gen.  Stoneman,  aiming  to  cut  Gen. 
Hood's  communications.    [Both  fail.] 

July  28.  Ga.  Third  battle  before 
Atlanta.  Gen.  Hood  is  repulsed  in  re- 
peated assaults  on  the  right  flank  by 
Gen.  Logan,  supported  by  Gens.  Dodge 
and  Blair ;  the  Confederates  finally  re- 
tire Into  the  town.  Loss  :  Federal,  100 
killed  and  600  wounded ;  Confederate, 
4,M3. 

Gen.  Stoneman,  with  5,000  men, 
makes  a  raid  toward  Macon  [and  is  cap- 
tured with  many  of  his  men]. 

Gen.  Canby  enrolls  all  citizens  in  the 

Department  of  the  Gulf,  and  sends  the 
families  of  Confederate  soldiers  beyond 
his  lines. 

July  30.  Pa.  At  Chambersburg  Gen. 
McCausland,  of  Gen.  Early's  command, 
demands  a  ransom  of  $500,000  in 
currency  and  $100,000  in  gold,  and  in 
default  of  payment  burns  the  town. 

July  31.  Md.  At  Hancock  Gen.  Mc- 
Causland demands  a  ransom  of  $30,- 
000 ;  while  the  citizens  are  raising  tlie 
money.  Federal  cavalry  under  Gen. 
Averell  arrive,  and  drive  the  Confeder- 
ates out  of  the  town. 

Va.    The  mine  at  Petersburg  is 

exploded. 

It  throws  a  Confederate  fort  into  the 
air,  and  opens  a  crater  200  feet  long,  50 
feet  wide,  and  25  feet  deep ;  the  assault 
by  Gen.  Burnside  is  disastrously  repulsed 
by  the  Confederates.  Federal  loss,  417 
killed,  1,679  wounded,  and  about  2,000 
prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss,  800,  besides 
200  prisoners. 

July*  Ga.  Gen.  Frank  Blair,  with  the 
17th  corps,  reenforces  Gen.  Sherman, 
making    the   Federal    force    about 


UNITED    STATES. 


1864,  July  4-Aug.  22.     237 


100,000,  while  the  Confederates  num- 
ber about  50,000. 

Aug^.  1.  Md.  At  Cumberland  Gen,  Kel- 
ley  has  a  sharp  fight,  and  defeats  the 
Confederates  under  Gen.  McCausland, 
who  withraws  into  West  Virginia. 

Aug.  1-26.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  be- 
sieges Atlanta. 

Aug.  2.  La.  Gen.  Banks  enrolls  all  ne- 
groes in  his  department  between  the 
ages  of  18  and  45  for  the  Federal  ser- 
Tioe. 

Aug.  4.  Ala.  Gen,  Gordon  Granger 
lands  5,000  Federals  in  the  rear  of  Fort 
Gaines,  Dauphin  Island.  The  last  of 
Farragut's  fleet  arrives. 

Aug.  5.  Ala,  Adm.  Farrasut  attacks 
Forts  Morgan  and  Gaines ;  Fort  Powell 
is  blown  up. 

W.   Va.     At   the  Williamsport   and 

Shepherds  town  fords.  Gen.  Sarly  again 
crosses  the  Potomac  into  Maryland. 

Aug.  5-20.  Ala.  Ifaval  Battle  in  Mo- 
bile Bay. 

Adm.  Farragut,  with  14  wooden  war- 
vessels  and  four  ironclads,  attacks  the 
smaller  Confederate  fleet  under  Adm. 
Buchanan,  which  is  supported  by  three 
strongly  garrisoned  forts  commanded  by 
Gen.  Page,  and  guarding  the  entrance 
to  the  harbor.  Farragut  loses  the  Te~ 
cumseh:  he  lashes  himself  to  the  mast 
of  the  Hartford,  and  from  thence  com- 
man<ls  the  iJattle.  The  Confederate  fleet- 
including  the  ram  Tennessee,  is  captured 
or  driven  away,  and  the  forts  are  sur- 
rendered. Total  Federal  loss,  120 killed, 
88  wounded  ;  Confederate  loss,  1,756 men, 
chiefly  prisoners. 

Aug.  7.  Ala.  Fort  Gaines,  with  its 
garrison  of  800  men,  is  surrendered  by 
Col.  C.  D.  Anderson  to  Adm.  Farragut. 

Afd.  Gen.  Early  recrosses  the  Po- 
tomac and  retires  to  Bunker  Hill,  near 
Winchester. 

Va.     Maj.-Gen.   Sheridan    is   ap- 

I>ointed  to  succeed  Gen.  Hunter  in  com- 
mand of  the  Army  of  the  Shenandoah  ; 
it  is  30,000  strong,  and  includes  8,000 
cavalry. 

W.  Va.     Gen.   Sheridan  assxunea 

command  of  the  Middle  Military  Divis- 
ion in  the  Shenandoah  Valley. 

His  army  comprises  the  6th  corps.  Gen. 
Wright ;  the  19th  corps,  Gen.  Emory ; 
Gen.  Crook's  army  of  Western  Virginia, 
besides  a  large  force  of  cavalry.  Total 
present  for  duty,  22,000  infantry  and 
8,000  horse. 

At  Moorefleld  Gen.  Averell  attacks 
and  routs  the  Confederate  cavalry  mider 
Gen.  McCausland,  capturing  400  prison- 
ers, besides  his  guns  and  army  trains. 

Aug.  9.  Va.  At  City  Point  the  explo- 
sion of  an  ordnance-boat,  laden  with 
ammunition,  kills  50  men,  and  wounds 
120  more. 

Aug.  12.  Gen.  William  T.  Sherman 
is  made  major-general  in  the  regular 
Army. 

Aug.  13,  14.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  makes  a 
movement    threatening    Richmond,    in 

I  order  to  prevent  Confederate  reenforce- 
mcnts  being  sent  against  Sheridan. 
Aug.  14.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  makes  a  heavy 
demonstration  in  the  direction  of  Rich- 
mond, on  the  north  side  of  the  James 
River. 


Aug.  14-18.  Va.  At  Strawberry  Plains 
and  Deep  Bottom  Run  Gen.  Grant  loses 
400  killed,  1,755  wounded,  and  3,170  pris- 
oners ;  Gen.  Lee  loses  1,100. 

Aug.  15.  Port.  Com.  Craven  of  the  iVta^- 
ara  captures  the  English-built  Confed- 
erate cruiser  Georgia  near  Lisbon. 

Aug.  16.  Va.  At  Crooked  Run  Gen. 
Merritt's  cavalry  repulses  an  attack  of 
Confederates  under  Gens.  L.  L.  Lomax 
and  W.  C.  Wickham. 

Aug.  18-21.  Va.  Gen.  Warren  seizes 
and  permanently  holds  the  Weldon 
Railroad,  at  the  Globe  Tavern,  where 
(Aug.  18)  he  repels  an  attack  by  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Heth.  Each  side 
loses  about  1,000  men. 

(Aug.  19.)  Gen.  Warren  repulses  an  at- 
tack by  Gen.  A.  P.  Hill,  and  holds  the 
Weldon  road. 

(Aug.  21.)  Gen.  Warren  repulses  a  severe 
assault  by  Gen.  A  P.  Hill,  who  leaves 
his  dead  and  wounded  on  the  fleld  ;  sev- 
eral hundred  Confederates  are  captured. 

Aug.  18-22.  Ga.  At  Atlanta  Gen. 
Sherman  sends  Gen.  Kilpatrick,  with 
5,000  cavalry,  on  a  raid.  [He  destroys 
the  Macon  Railroad  near  Jonesboro,  and 
passes  entirely  around  the  Confederate 
lines  at  Atlanta.  He  retiu-ns  on  the 
22d.] 

Aug.  18.  Gen.  George  G.  Meade  is 
commissioned  major-general  in  the  U.  S. 
Army ;  he  commands  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  under  Gen.  Grant. 

Aug.  20.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  withdraws 
his  troops  from  the  north  side  of  the 
James  River. 

Aug.  21.  Ga.  At  Dalton  Col.  Siebold 
defeats  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Wheeler.  Federal  loss,  30  men ;  Con- 
,  federate  loss,  150. 

}V.  Va.      At    Bunker    Hill,    near 

Charlestown,  Gen.  Early's  advance  at- 
tacks Gen.  Sheridan,  who  falls  back  to 
his  defenses  at  Halltown  ;  Federal  loss, 
90  men ;  Confederate  loss,  400. 

Aug.  22.  Ala.  Fort  Morgan  is  invested 
by  the  Federals  under  Gen.  Granger,  and 
the  bombardment  begins. 

Ga.    Gen.  Kilpatrick  returns  from 

his  raid ;  he  daslies  through  the  Confed- 
erate lines  with  his  70  prisoners. 

Aug.  23.  Ala.  The  Federals  take  pos- 
session of  Fort  Morgan,  on  the  sur- 
render of  Gen.  R.  L.  Page  to  Adm. 
Farragut  and  Gen.  Granger,  thus  clos- 
ing the  port  of  Mobile  against  the  Con- 
federates. 

Ark.  Near  Duvall's  Bluff  Confed- 
erate Gen.  Shelby  captures  nearly  all  of 
the  5th  Illinois  Regiment. 

Aug.  24,  25.  Va.  Gen.  Lee  is  repulsed 
at  Beams's  Station  in  an  attempt  to 
recapture  the  "Weldon  Railroad. 
Gens.  Hancock  and  Gregg  are  defeated 
by  Gen.  A.  P.  Hill.  Federal  loss,  125 
killed,  546  wounded,  and  1,769  missing; 
Confederate  loss,  2,000. 

Aug.  25.  Ga.  At  Atlanta  Gen.  Sher- 
man begins  his  last  flank  movement, 
south  of  the  city  [and  for  several  days 
destroys  the  connecting  railroads]. 


Aug.  27.    n\  Va.  Gen.  Early  faUs  back 
from  the  Potomac  to  Bunker  Hill. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1864. 

July  5.  Reeder,  Andrew  H.,  Gov.  of  Kan- 
sas, A  57. 

July  6.  Morris,  George  Pope,  poet,  jour- 
nalist, A62. 

July  22.  MacPherson,  James  Blrdseye. 
maj.-gen.  V.  S.  vols.,  k.  at  Atlanta,  A36. 

July  23.  P'isk,  Samuel,  Cong,  cl.,  writer, 
capt.  V.  S.  vols.,  A36. 

July  30.  Waldo,  Dantel,  rev'l.  centena- 
rian, A 102. 

Aug'.  1.  Hadley,  Henry  H.,  Hebraist,  theo- 
logical writer,  A  38. 

Aug.  5.  Craven,  Tunis  A.  M.,  capt.  U.  S. 
N.,  A5I. 

Aug.  6.  Stedman,  Griifln  A.,  brig.-gen.,  U. 
S.  vols.,  A24. 

Aug-.  7.  Francis,  John  B.,  Gov.  of  R.  I., 
A  73. 

Aug.  13.  Winslow,  Hubbard,  Cong,  cl., 
author,  A 65. 

Aug.  22.  Appleton,  John,  ed.,  minister  to 
Kussia,  A49. 


STATE. 

1864    July  2.     U.  S.    The  New  Tariff 

Law  goes  into  force. 

It  charges  a  duty  of  25  cents  a  pound 
on  teas ;  three  to  five  cents  on  sugars  ; 
brandies,  $2.50  per  gallon  ;  cigars,  from 
75  cents  to  $3.00  a  pound,  besides  an  ad 
valorem  duty  of  from  20  to  60  cents  ;  to- 
bacco, 35  to  50  cents  ;  iron,  33  per  cent  on 
the  value  ;  coal,  from  40  cents  to  $1.26 
per  ton  ;  wools,  three  to  10  cents,  besides 
10  per  cent  ad  valorem;  woollen  goods, 
none  less  than  50  per  cent  on  the  value, 
and  many  grades  much  more  ;  cotton 
manufactures,  from  5  to  7J  cents  per 
square  yard,  also  an  ad  valorem  duty 
from  10  to  35  per  cent  of  value. 

July  5.  D.  a  'Wm.  Pitt  Feaaenden 
of  Me.  succeeds  Salmon  P.  Chase  as 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

The  President  suspends  the  writ  of 
habeas  corpus  in  Kentucky,  and  declares 
the  State  under  martial  law. 

July  7.  D.  C.  The  President  appoints 
the  4th  day  of  August  as  a  day  of 
humiliation  and  prayer. 

July  8.  D.  C.  The  President  makes 
known  his  objections  to  the  Hecon- 
struction  Act  in  a  public  message. 

He  requests  Horace  Greeley  to  con; 
fer  with  certain  Confederates  in  Canada, 
who  desire  a  conference  respecting 
peace.    [Nothing  is  accomplished.] 

July  18.  /).  r.  President  Lincoln  calla 
for  500,000  more  volunteera,  mak- 
ing 700,000  called  for  since  the  Ist  of 
March,  besides  the  draft  of  500,000  men. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1864    July  11.    PJiila.   The  first  organ- 

ized  National  Bank  opens. 
July  16.     Netp  York.     Gold  Bells  for 

$2.85  — the  highest  premium   paid 

during  the  war. 

July  *  Enrj.    Tl^e  seal  of  the  Confeder- 
ate States  is  completed  ;  cost,  $G00. 

July*  U.S.  Crude  petroleum  is  quoted 
at  $12.12^  per  barrel. 


238     1864,  Aug.  28-Nov.  7. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1864  Aug.  28.  W.  Va.  Gen.  Sheri- 
dan resumes  the  otf ensive  in  the  Sheuau- 
iloah  Valley. 

Aug.  *  Ga.  Gen.  Wheeler  with  a  force  of 
cavalry  destroys  the  railroad  north  of 
Besaca ;  this  is  the  line  by  which  Sher- 
man has  been  communicating  with  Uis 
base  of  supplies.  [He  sweeps  on  into 
Tennessee.] 

Aug.  29.  W.  Va.  Gen.  Crook  super- 
sedes (ien.  Hunter,  as  commander  of  the 
Department  of  West  Virginia. 

Aug.  31.  Va.  In  the  trenches  at  Peters- 
burg Gen.  Grant  loses  during  August, 
87  killed  and  484  wounded. 

Ga.    The  Confederates  under  Lieut.- 

Gen.  Hardee  attack  the  army  of  the 
Tennessee  under  Gen.  Howard,  at 
Jonesboro,  and  are  repulsed.  A  coun- 
ter-attack by  Gen.  Davis  fails  to  dis- 
lodge the  Confederates.  Losses :  Fed- 
eral, 1,149  wounded ;  Confederates, 
2,000. 

Sept.  1.  Ga.  Gen.  Hood  having  divided 
his  army,  Gen.  Sherman  attacks  Gen. 
Hardee  on  the  railroad  20  miles  south 
of  Atlanta;  Hardee  retires  during  the 
night. 

At  Atlanta  Gen.  Hood,  being  unable 
to  maintain  his  position,  blows  up  his 
military  works,  destroys  his  stores,  and 
evacuates  the  city  in  the  night. 

Sept.  2.  Ga.  Gen.  Slocum  enters  At- 
lanta in  the  early  morning ;  thus  the 
siege  of  more  than  four  weeks  ends. 
[Sherman  afterwards  compels  the  citi- 
zens to  leave.] 

Sept.  3.  Va.  At  Berry  ville  Gen. 
Averell's  cavalry  defeats  Confederates. 
[Rodes's  infantry  drives  Gen.  Averell 
out  on  the  4th.]    Federal  loss,  300. 

Sept.  4.  Ttnn.  At  Greenville  Gen.  A. 
C.  Gillem  surprises  and  kills  the  guer- 
rilla Gen.  John  H.  Morgan  when  about 
to  start  on  another  raid ;  the  Confeder- 
ates lose  100  killed  and  75  prisoners, 
including  Morgan's  entire  staif. 

Sept.  7.  Ttnn.  At  Reedyville  the  Con- 
federates are  defeated  by  Col.  Jourdan 
with  250  Pennsylvania  cavalry. 

Sept.  8.  Ark.  At  Dardanelles  the  Con- 
.federate  Gen.  Price  crosses  the  Arkansas 
*Kiver,  and  marches  for  Missouri. 

Ga.     Gen.  Sherman  returns  from 

the   movement  south  of  Atlanta,  and 
enters  the  city. 

Federal  losses  since  leaving  Chat- 
tanooga aggregate,  6,284  killed,  26,129 
wounded,  and  6,786  missing. 

Sept.  9.  Ga.  Gens.  Sherman  and  Hood 
enter  a  truce  for  10  days,  for  the  re- 
moval of  non-combatants  from  Atlanta. 

Sept.  14.  Ga.  Gov.  Brown  withdraws 
the  militia  of  the  State,  15,000  strong, 
from  the  army  of  Gen.  Hood,  near  At- 
lanta—an act  for  which  he  is  bitterly 
censured. 

Va.    Gen.  Early's  army  is  dimin- 
ished by  the  departure  of  Gen.  Ander- 
son's division  to  reenforce  Gen.  Lee. 
Sept.  16.    Va.    At  Sycamore  Church 
Gens.  Gregg  and  Kautz  encounter  the 


Confederates    under    Gen.     Hampton. 

Losses  :  Federal,  110  ;  Confederate,  90. 

Kan.    At  Cabin  Creek  a  train  worth 

$1,000,000  is  captured  by  1,500  Confed- 
erates. 

Sept.  19.  Vo.  Battle  of  Winchester, 
or  Opequan  Creek. 

Gen.  Sheridan  has  his  first  battle  with 
Gen.  Early,  and  drives  him  into  his 
breastworks  erected  outside  of  Win- 
chester, thence  pursue.*  him  up  the 
valley.  Federal  loss,  653  killed,  3,719 
wounded,  and  618  missing.  Confederate 
loss,  2,000  prisoners,  besides  nearly  3,000 
wounded  left  at  Winchester.  The  Con- 
federate Gens.  Kodes  and  Gordon  are 
killed,  also  the  Federal  Gen.  Kussell. 
[Sheridan's  victory  electrifies  the  North.] 

A  plot  to  capture  the  gunboat  Michi- 

l/an  on  Lake  Erie,  by  Secessionist  passen- 
gers on  board  the  steamers  Island  Queen 
and  Parsons,  miscarries ;  the  Queen  is 
sunk,  the  Parsons  abandoned,  and  the 
Secessionists  captured. 

Sept.  21,  Ga.  The  truce  of  10  days  ends; 
446  families  of  2,035  persons  have  been 
removed  from  Atlanta  to  the  South  by 
order  of  Gen.  Sherman. 

Sept.  22.  Va.  Battle  of  Fisher's  Hill. 
Gen.  Sheridan  overtakes  the  Confeder- 
ates under  Gen.  Early,  assaults  them  in 
their  strong  position,  completely  defeats 
them,  and  drives  them  up  the  valley  in 
hot  haste. 

Loss:  Federal,  600;  Confederate,  500 
killed.  4,000  wounded,  1,100  prisoners, 
and  60  guns. 

Sept.  23.  Ala.  At  Athens  the  Federals 
encounter  the  enemy  and  lose  950  men  ; 
Confederate  loss,  30. 

Sept.  24.-Oct.  28.  Mn.  Confederates 
under  Gen.  Price  invade  the  State. 

Sept.  25.  Ga.  Jefferson  Davis  visits  Gen. 
Hood's  army  at  Palmetto. 

Va.    Gen.  Early  abandons  the  valley 

of  the  Shenandoah,  leaving  Sheridan's 
army  at  Harrisonburg. 

Sept.  26.  Mo.  At  Ironton  (Pilot  Knob) 
Gen.  Ewine  defeats  the  Confederates 
under  Gen.  Price. 

Sept.  27.  Mn.  A  guerrilla  band  under 
Bill  Anderson  robs  and  massacres  the 
Federal  soldiers  and  citizens  of  Centra- 
lia.    [Anderson  is  killed  near  Albany.] 

Sept.  29.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  sends  Gen. 
Thomas  back  to  Chattanooga  for  the 
purpose  of  checking  Gen.  Hood's  ad- 
vance northward. 

Va.    Gen.  Paine's  brigade  of  colored 

troops  successfully  assaults  the  strong 
redoubt  on  Spring  HiU,  near  Peters- 
burg. 

Sept.29+.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  again  threat- 
ens Richmond  by  a  demonstration  north 
of  the  James  River,  to  prevent  reenforce- 
ments  going  to  Gen.  Early  against  Gen. 
Sheridan  ;  the  advance  captures  Fort 
Harrison  on  the  James  River,  mounting 
16  guns,  and  takes  many  prisoners.  Fed- 
eral loss,  394  killed,  1,554  wounded,  and 
324  missing. 

Sept.  30.  Tenn.  At  CarrollStation,  in 
E.  Tenn.,  Gen.  Gillem  drives  the  Confed- 
erate Gen.  Vaughan  out  of  his  works. 

Va.  At  Chapin's  Bluff  the  Confed- 
erates under  Gen.  Anderson  attempt  to 
retake  Fort  Harrison  by  assault,  but 
are  repulsed  by  Gen.  Stannard,  who  loses 
an  arm.    Gen.  Barnhain  is  killed.    Fed- 


eral loss  at  Fort  Harrison  in  two  days, 
141  killed,  788  wounded,  and  1,756  miss- 
ing; Confederate  loss,  2,500  killed  and 
woimded,  300  prisoners,  and  22  guns. 

At  Peeble's  Farm,  beyond  Peters- 
burg, Gen.  Warren  drives  back  the  Con- 
federates and  captures  their  works. 
Losses  :  Federal,  788  killed  and  wounded, 
and  1,756  prisoners  ;  Confederate,  900. 

•  *  la.  The  siege  of  Petersburg  by 
Gen.  Grant  continues  through  the  fall 
and  winter. 

Oct.  1.  Va.  Gen.  Warren's  lines  on  the 
Weldon  Railroad  are  advanced  one  mile 
nearer  Richmond. 

Oct.  2.  Va.  At  Abingdon  Gen.  Bur- 
bridge  loses  350  men  ;  Confederate  Gen. 
Echols  loses  18  killed,  71  wounded,  and 
21  missing. 

Oct.  3.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  orders  all 
the  houses  to  be  burned  within  five  miles 
of  the  spot  where  John  B.  Meigs,  his 
chief  engineer,  was  brutally  murdered 
by  guerrillas. 

Oct.  5±.  Ga.  Gen.  Hood  tears  up  the 
railroad  in  the  rear  of  Gen.  Sherman's 
army. 

Oct.  6.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  begins  his 
return  movement,  and  devastates  the 
Shenandoah  Valley  of  its  food  and 
forage,  as  it  is  the  granary  of  Lee's  army 
at  Richmond. 

Ga.    Battle  of  Allatoona  Pass:  the 

attack  of  Gen.  S.  G.  French  is  repulsed 
by  Federal  Gen.  Corse  with  1,944  men, 
till  reenforced  by  Gen.  Sherman,  and 
immense  stores  are  saved.  Federal  loss, 
707  men. 

Gen.  Kautz's  Federal  cavalry  is 
driven  from  its  position  on  the  Darby 
road,  on  the  north  side  of  the  James, 
by  Gens.  C.  W.  Field  and  Hoke,  who  cap- 
ture their  guns ;   the  Confederates  are 
repulsed  in  an  attack  on  the  entrenched 
infantry. 
Oct.  7.    Brazil.    In  the  harbor  of  Bahia 
Commander  Collins  of  the  gunboat  Wa- 
chusett  captures  the  Confederate  cruiser 
Florida.    [It  is  sunk  by  a  collision  after 
its  arrival  in  Hampton  Roads.] 
Va.    Gen.  Early,  having  been  reen- 
forced, follows  Gen.  Sheridan  down 
the  Shenandoah  Valley. 
Oct.  8.     Va.     At  Fisher's   Hill  Gen. 
Sheridan's   cavalry  defeats   and   ronts 
Gens.  Rosser  and  Wickham ;    Federal 
loss,  414  men ;  Confederate  loss,  330  pris- 
oners. 
Oct.  11.     Ga.     Gen.     Hood,    moving 
northward,  crosses  the  Coosa  Kiver, 
and  marches  upon  Resaca  and  Dalton, 
to   break    Gen.    Sherman's    communi- 
cations. 
Oct.  12.   Ga.   Col.  Clark  R.Wever  refuses 
to  surrender  Besaca  to   Confederates 
under  Gen.  S.  D.  Lee,  and  successfully 
defends  it. 
Oct.  13.    Ga.    Dalton  is  surrendered  by 
the  Federal  garrison  to  Gen.  Hood. 
—  Va.    On  the  Darbytown  Road  Gen. 
Terry  retreats  before  the  Confederates, 
having  lost  414  men;  Confederate  loss, 
200. 


UNITED    STATES.  1864,  Aug.  28- Xov.  7.     239 


The  Federals  are  engaged  in  digging 
a  short  canal  called  Dutch  Gap,  to  con- 
nect a  loop  in  the  James  River  below 
llichniond ;  Gen.  Butler  puts  87  Confed- 
erate prisoners  at  work  digging  in  the 
ditch,  under  the  fire  of  Confederate 
shells,  iu  retaliation  for  the  forced  labor 
of  negro  soldiers  captured  by  the  Con- 
federates. 

Oct.  19.    Fa.    Battle  of  Cedar  Creek : 

Gen.  Early  surprises,  and  at  first  com- 
pletely routs,  the  Federals  under  Gen. 
"Wright,  in  the  absence  of  Gen.  Sheridan, 
who  is  20  miles  away;  Gen.  Sheridan 
arrives  on  the  field  ("  Sheridan's  Ride  "), 
rallies  his  troops,  and  inflicts  a  crushing 
defeat  upon  the  Confederates.  Federal 
loss,  588  killed,  3,516  wounded,  1,891  miss- 
ing, and  18  guns ;  Confederate  loss,  4,200, 
including  prisoners  and  42  guns. 

Oct.  19.  +  Vt.  Confederates  in  Canada, 
under  Lieut.  Bennett  H.  Young,  raid 
the  town  of  St.  Albans;  Gen.  Dix  orders 
that  the  U.  S.  troops  pursue  them  across 
the  line  if  they  are  not  surrendered. 
[The  Government  soon  revokes  the 
order.]    (See  Society.) 

Oct.  20.  Ga.  Gen.  Hood's  army  arrives 
at  Gadsden,  preparatory  to  the  invasion 
of  Tennessee. 

Oct.  21.  Mo.  At  Little  Blue  the  Fed- 
erals under  Gen.  Curtis  are  defeated  by 
Gen.  Price. 

Oct.  22.  Va.  Col.  Augur  protects  array 
trains  on  the  Manassas  Gap  Railroad, 
from  the  attacks  of  guerrillas,  by  placing 
eminent  Secessionists  residing  within  the 
Federal  lines  at  the  post  of  danger. 

Oct.  25.  Mo.  At  Mine  Creek,  on  the 
Osage  River,  Gens.  Curtis  and  Pleas- 
anton  defeat  the  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Price;  Confederate  Gens.  Marma^ 
duke  and  Cabell  are  wounded.  Federal 
loss,  1,000  killed  and  wounded,  and  2,000 
prisoners ;  Confederate  loss,  900  killed, 
2,800  wounded,  and  1,000  prisoners,  be- 
sides 1,500  stand  of  arms. 

Oct.  2*7.  ra.  Battle  of  Hatcher's 
Hun;  Gr«n8.  Hancock  and  Warren  with 
35,000  infantry,  and  Gen.  Gregg  with 
3,000  horse,  attempt  to  seize  the  South 
Side  Railroad,  and  are  repulsed.  Fed- 
eral loss,  15*  killed,  1,(M7  wounded,  and 
099  missing;  Confederate  loss,  1,000. 

The  Army  of  the  Potomac  goes  into 

winter  quarters. 

Gen.  Butler  makes  a  demonstration 

on  the  north  side  of  the  James  ;  Gen. 
Weitzel  is  severely  defeated  by  Gen. 
Longstreet,  and  loses  1,000  men. 

X.  C.    At  Plymouth  Iiieut.  "W.  B. 

Cushing  and  a  force  of  daring  volun- 
teers place  a  torpedo  under  the  Con- 
federate ram  Albemarle,  and  blow  her 
up.  This  craft  had  been  a  serious  ob- 
stacle to  the  success  of  Federal  opera- 
tions in  Albemarle  Sound. 

Oct.  28.  Mo.  In  Ms  34  days'  invasion 
of  Missouri,  Gen.  Price  loses  170  killed 
and  336  wounded. 

Tenn.    At  Morristown  Gen.  GiUem  ' 

captures  200  prisoners  and  eight  guns 
from  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Vaughan. 


Oct.  28-30.  Ala.  At  Decatur  Col.  Mor- 
gan loses  100  men ;  Confederates  under 
Rhoddey  lose  400. 

Oct.  29.  Ala.  Gen.  Hood,  having 
marched  north,  goes  into  camp  near 
Decatur. 

Oct.  30.  Va.  Gen.  Grant's  army,  in  the 
trenches  before  Petersburg  during 
the  month  of  October,  loses  170  killed, 
822  wounded,  and  812  prisoners ;  Confed- 
erate loss,  1,000  men. 

Oct.  31.  Ala.  Gen.  Hood,  with  an 
army  of  45,000  men,  crosses  to  the  north 
side  of  the  Tennessee  River,  at  a  point 
between  the  Shoals. 

N.  C.    Federal  Commander  Macomb 

takes  Plymouth. 

Oct.  *  Mo.  Gen.  Price  is  defeated  by  the 
Federals  at  Big  Blue,  Ijittle  Osage, 
and  Newtonia. 

Nov.  4.  New  York.  Maj.-Gen.  Butler 
takes  command  of  the  city. 

Nov.  5.  Va.  At  Fort  Sedgwick  the 
Confederates  are  defeated  and  lose  130 
men  ;  Federal  loss,  70  men. 

Tenn.  At  JohnsonviUe  the  Confed- 
erate Gen.  Forrest  destroys  three  "tin- 
clad"  gunboats  and  seven  transports, 
and  valuable  supplies. 

Nov.  7.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis's  message 
recommends  that  40,000  slaves  be 
drilled,  and  employed  as  pioneers  and 
engineer  laborers. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1864. 

Sept.  4.    Cook,  Russell  S.,  Cong,  cl.,  A53. 

Johnson,  Henry,  Gov.  of  La.,  killed  in 

action  at  Dublin,  Va.,  A89. 

Long,  Stephen  Harriman,  engineer,  an., 

A80. 

Morgan.  John  H..  Confed.  maj.-gen., 

raider,  k.  near  Granville,  Tenn.,  A38. 

Sept.  12.    Ilenjamin,  Park,  poet,  lecturer, 
journalist,  Abf). 

Sept.  19.     Hussell,  David  A.,  maj.-gen.  U. 

S.  A.,  killed  at  Opequan,  Va.,  A44. 
Sept.  24.    Itates,  Joshua,  financier  in  Lon- 
don, founder  of  Boston  Library,  A76. 
Sept.  26.    Conover,  Thos.  A.,  com.  U.  S. 
N.,  A 70. 

Sept.  29.    Williams,  Jared  W.,  Gov.,  sen. 
for  N.  H.,  ACS. 

Oct.  12.    Taney.  Rog-er  B.,  chief  justice 
U.  S.  Ct.,  A87. 

Oct.  16.     WUlard,  John  D.,  jurist  of  N.  Y., 
philanthropist,  A65. 

Oct.  18.    Bimey.  David  Bell,  viaj.-gen. 
U.  S.  vols.,  A39. 

Oct.  19.     Bidwell,  Daniel,  brig.-gen.   U.  S. 
vols.,  killed  at  Cedar  Creek,  A48. 

Oct.  20.    Lowell,  Charles  R.,  brig.-gen.  U.  S. 
vols.,  A 29. 

Ramseur,  Stephen    D.,    Confed.    maj.- 
gen.,  A  27. 

Oct.  32.    Wlnslow,  Mlron,  missionary,  au- 
thor, A75. 

Oct.  29.    Ransom,  Thos.  E.  G.,  brig.-gen. 
U.  S.  vols.,  A30. 

Greenleaf,  Benj.,  au.  of    math,    text^ 

books,  A78. 

Nov.  1.    Chase,  Irab,  Bapt.  cl.,  theologian, 
A71. 

SOCIETY. 

1864  Sept.  4.  Ala.  A  bread-riot  oc- 
curs at  Mobile. 

Oct.  12.  Mich.  The  Harper  Hospital 
is  opened  at  Detroit. 

Oct.  17.  Ind.  William  A.  Bowles,  L. 
P.  Milligan,  and  Stephen  Horsey  are 
sentenced  by  a  military  commission  to 
he  hanged  for  conspiracy  against  the 
United  States  iu  organizing  the  Ameri- 
can Knights  of   the  So2ia  of  Liberty. 


[Released  by  the  decision  of  the  Su- 
preme Court.] 

Oct.  18.  £ng.  A  fair  in  aid  of  the 
Confederate  cause  is  opened  in  Liver- 
pool by  ladies  of  the  English  nobility, 
and  by  Secession  women  from  Americai 

Oct.  19.  Vt.  The  bank  at  St.  Albans 
is  robbed  by  sympathizers  with  the 
Confederacy  who  enter  from  Canada ; 
they  kill  several  persons. 

STATE. 

1864  Aug.  29.  Chicago.  The  Demo- 
cratic National  Convention  meets ; 
Horatio  Seymour  of  N.  Y.  is  Chairman. 
Gen.  George  B.  McClellan  of  N.  J. 
is  nominated  for  President  against  T. 
II.  Seymour  of  Conn.  Vote,  202i-23i. 
George  H.  Pendleton  of  O.  is  nomi- 
nated for  Vice-President.  The  Conven- 
tion declares  the  war  a  failure. 

Aug.  31  ±.  />.  C  President  Lincoln  is- 
sues a  proclamation  of  thanksgiving 
for  Union  victories. 

Sept.  *  U.  S.  The  Democrats  are  di- 
vided into  two  classes  —  one  favoring, 
and  the  other  opposing,  the  prosecution 
of  the  war. 

Sept.  5.  La.  The  loyal  people  approve 
the  new  Constitution.  Vote,  6,836- 
1,566. 

Sept.  8.  X.  J.  Gen.  McClellan  ac- 
cepts the  nomination  for  the  presi- 
dency, but  rejects  the  platform  by 
loyally  favoring  the  continuance  of  hos- 
tilities until  the  Union  is  restored. 

Sept.  17.  Gen.  Fremont  withdraws  as 
a  candidate  for  the  presidency. 

Oct.  12-13.  Md.  The  new  Constitution 
is  ratified  by  the  people.  Citizens'  vote, 
27,541-29,536;  soldiers*  vote,  2,633-263; 
majority,  375. 

Oct.  31.  D.  C.  Tlie  President  proclaims 
Nevada  admitted  into  the  Union,  as 
the  36th  State. 

Nov.  2.  New  York.  The  mayor  receives 
a  telegram  from  Secretary  Seward  dis- 
closing a  plot  to  burn  the  principal 
cities  of  the  North. 

Nov.  7.  Va.  The  second  session  of  the 
second  Confederate  Confess  opens 
at  Richmond. 

R.  M.  T.  Hunter  of  Va.  continues 
President  pro  tempore  in  the  Senate, 
and  Thomas  S.  Bocock  of  Va.  Speaker 
in  the  House.  There  are  18  Senators, 
two  from  each  State,  and  1(M  Repre- 
sentatives from  nine  States.  Kentucky 
and  Missouri  are  represented,  although 
neither  of  these  States  had  seceded  from 
the  Union. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1864  Aug.  28.  ///.  A  trial  trip  of  the 
railroad  post-office  is  made  between 
Chicago  and  Clinton. 

Oct.  1.  New  York.  Price  of  middling 
upland  cotton,  115  to  liM  cents ;  pre- 
mium on  gold,  191i  to  193^. 

Oct.  4.  Pa.  The  Philadelphia  and 
Erie  Road  is  opened. 

Nov.  1.  U.  S.  The  Postal  Money- 
Order  System  comes  into  operation. 


240     1864,  Nov.  8-1865,  Jan.  13. 


AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1864  Nov.  8.   N.J.    Gen.  Geo.B.Mc- 

Clellan  resigns  his  commission  in  the 

U.  S.  Army. 
Philip  H.  Sheridan  is  commissioned 

major-general  in  the  U.  S.  Army. 
Nov.  10,    Ga.    At  Rome  Gen.  Sliernian 

burns  the  foundries,  mills,  and  sliops. 
Nov.  11.      Va.     On  the  road  to  Front 

Royal    Gen.    W.    H.    Powell    severely 

defeats  Confederates  under  Gen.   Mc- 

Causland. 

Nov.  12.  Ga.  Gen,  Sherman  cuts  the 
wires  connecting  Atlanta  with  "Washing- 
ton, and  isolates  his  army. 

Near  Fort  Pulaski  Col.  Mulford  ef- 
fects the  exchange  of  10,000  prisoners ; 
18  steamers  are  employed  in  conveying 
the  men. 

Nov,  13.  Ala.  Gen.  Hood*s  army  crosses 
the  Tennessee  River  to  Florence. 

Tenn.  At  Bull's  Oap,  East  Tennes- 
see, the  Confederate  Gen.  Breckinridge 
defeats  Gen.  Gillem,  capturing  his  ar- 
tillery, trains,  and  baggage.  Federal 
loss,  600 ;  Confederate  loss  only  slight. 

Nov.  14.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  burns 
part  of  the  city  of  Atlanta. 

Nov.  16.  Ga.  At  seven  o'clock  in  the 
morning  Gen.  Sherman's  army  begins 
its  march  from  Atlanta  to  the  sea. 

He  cuts  loose  from  his  base,  depending 
on  the  country  through  which  he  marches 
for  supplies  :  his  army  consists  of  60,000 
infantry  and  5,500  cavalry,  and  marches 
by  four  parallel  roads  ;  Gen.  Howard 
commands  the  right  wing,  and  Gen.  Slo- 
cum  the  left  wing. 

Nov.  17.     Va.    At  Bermuda  Hundred 

tlie  Confederates  surprise  and  capture 
Gen.  Butler's  picket-line. 

Nov.  19.  />.  C.  The  President  declares 
the  blockade  raised  at  Norfolk,  Va., 
and  at  Pensacola  and  Fernandiiia,  Fla. 

Nov.  21.  Ala.  Gen.  Hood  leaves  Flor- 
ence, with  40,000  men,  and  moves  toward 
Middle  Tennessee,  aiming  to  strike 
Nashville. 

Tenn.    Gen.  Schofield,  at  the  head  of 

Gen.  Thomas's  army  of  30,000  men,  falls 
back  before  the  approach  of  Gen.  Hood. 

Nov.  22.  Ga.  At  Griswold  the  Georgia 
troops  under  Gen.  Smith  attack  Geu. 
Sherman's  rear-guard,  and  are  repulsed. 

Nov.  23.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman's  left  wing 
reaches  Milledgeville ;  the  Legislature 
passes  an  act  to  levy  the  population 
en  masse  to  resist  Gen.  Sherman. 

Nov.  24.  Tenn.  Gen.  Schofield  reaches 
Columbia  in  advance  of  the  arrival  of 
the  Confederate  cavalry  of  Gen.  Forrest. 

Nov.  2<l^28.  Tenn.  At  Columbia  con- 
siderable fighting  occurs  between  de- 
tachments of  Gen.  Thomas's  army  and 
Gen.  Hood's  advance.  Federal  loss,  800 ; 
Confederate  loss,  600. 

Nov.  25.  New  York.  Confederate  agents 
are  accused  of  attempting  to  bum  the 
city  by  starting  fires  in  their  own  rooms ; 
15  incendiary  fires  break  out  in  as  many 
hotels  in  the  city ;  Gen.  Dix  announces 
that  he  will  hang  all  such  incendiaries 
whom  he  catches. 

Nov,  27,  Colo.  Col.  Chivington,  com- 
manding 900  men,  attacks  an  Indian 
Camp  at  Sand  Creek;  131  Indians  — 
men,  women,  and  children— are  killed. 


Nov.  29.  Tenn.  At  Spring  Hill,  Maury 
County,  Gen.  J>.  S.  Stanley  of  Gen.  Scho- 
field's  command  defeats  the  Confeder- 
ates under  Gen.  Hood. 

Nov.  30-Dec.  7.  S.  C.  At  Honey  Hill, 
Broad  River  (Qrahamaville),  and  Po- 
cotaligo  Gen.  Foster  encounters  the 
Confederates.  Federals  lose  from  1,200 
to  1,500  men. 

Nov.  30.  5.  C.  At  Honey  Hill  Gen. 
John  P.  Hatch  la  defeated  by  the  Con- 
federates. 

Tenn.      Battle   of   Franklin,   near 

Nashville. 

The  Confederates  under  Gen.  Hood 
are  repulsed  in  fierce  attacks  on  the  en- 
trenched Army  of  the  Cumberland  under 
Gen.  Schofield.  After  the  battle  Geri. 
Schofield  falls  back  during  the  night, 
closer  to  Nashville.  Federal  loss,  189 
killed,  1,033  wounded,  and  1,104  missing ; 
Confederate  loss,  1,750  killed,  3,800 
wounded,  and  702  missing.  Gen.  Hood 
loses  some  of  his  prominent  brigade  and 
division  commanders,  including  Maj.- 
Gen.  Patrick  Cleburne,  and  Brig.-Gen. 
O.  F.  Strahl. 

Dec.  3.  Ga.  Millen  is  occupied  by  Gen. 
Sherman's  army  on  its  march  to  the  sea. 

Dec.  3-14,  Tenn.  Gen.  Hood  with  a 
large  army  partially  invests  NashviUe, 

Dec.  5-8.  7'enn.  Near  Murfreesboro, 
or  Cedars,  Gen.  Milroy  of  Gen.  Rous- 
seau's command  defeats  and  routs  the 
Confederate  Gen.  Forrest's  cavalry  and 
Bates's  infantry ;  the  Federals  capture 
207  prisoners  and  14  guns. 

Dec.  6-9.  S.  C.  At  Deveaux  Neck,  or 
JIason's  Bridge,  the  Federals  lose  39 
killed,  390  wounded,  and  200  missing; 
Confederates  lose  400. 

Dec.  8.  Mirk.  A  Confederate  plot  to 
burn  Detroit  is  discovered. 

Dec.  10.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  arrives 
at  Savannah,  and  invests  the  city. 
IGen.  Hardee  destroys  the  outer  line  of 
Confederate  works,  and  withdraws  to 
the  inner  line.] 

Dec.  12,  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  reaches 
the  sea. 

Dec.  12-21.  Tenn.—  Va.  Gen.  Stone- 
man  is  sent  on  a  raid  from  Bean's 
Station ;  he  destroys  the  salt-works  at 
Saltville,  tears  up  railroads,  and  drives 
Gen.  Breckinridge  into  the  mountains. 

Dec.  13.  Ga.  Gen.  Hazen's  division 
assaults  and  captures  Fort  McAllister, 
guarding  Savannah ;  Federal  loss,  23 
killed,  82  wounded;  Confederate  loss, 
14  killed,  21  wounded,  and  211  prisoners. 

Tenn.  At  KJngsport  Gen.  Bur- 
bridge  (Stoneman's  raid)  defeats  and 
routs  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Duke,  who  lose  150  men, 

Va.     A  part  of  Gen.  Butler's  Fort 

Fisher  expedition  leaves  Hampton 
Roads  ;  Gen.  Butler  proposes  to  destroy 
the  defense  at  "Wilmington  by  exploding 
a  powder-boat.  [Transports  with  6,500 
troops  follow  on  the  14th.] 

Dec.  14,  Tenn.  At  Bristol  Gen.  Bnr- 
bridge  (Stoneman's  raid)  captures  300 
Confederates, 

Dec.  15, 16.  Tenn.  Battle  of  Nash- 
ville; Gen.  Thomas  attacks  and  com- 
pletely routs  the  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Hood  ;  his  army  flees  in  disorder, 


and  is  pursued  into  Alabama.  Federal 
loss,  400  killed,  1,740  wounded;  Confed- 
erate loss,  1,500. 

Dec.  15,  Tenn.  At  Murfreesboro  Gen. 
Rousseau  defeats  the  Confederate  Gen. 
Forrest,  who  loses  1,500  men. 

George  H,  Thomas  is  commissioned 

major-general  in  the  U.  S.  Army. 

Dec.  15±.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  sends  the 
Cth  corps  to  reenforce  Gen.  Meade. 
[Gen.  Crook's  corps  soon  follows.] 

Dec,  17.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  summons 
Gen.  Hardee,  to  surrender  Savannah. 

Ky.    At  Ashbyville  Gen.  McCook's 

cavalry  defeats  the  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Lyon. 

Dec.  20,  21,  Ga.  Gen.  Hardee  de- 
stroys his  ironclads  and  navy  yard,  and 
with  15,000  Confederate  troops  escapes 
from  Savannah  during  the  night,  and 
retreats  to  Charleston. 

Dec.  21.  IJ.C.  Adm.  Farragut  is  made 
vice-admiral  —  a  grade  of  rank  corre- 
sponding to  that  of  general  in  the  army. 

Dec,  22.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  estab- 
lishes headquarters  at  Savannah,  hav- 
ing lost  567  men  in  marching  to  the  sea. 

Dec.  23.  N.  C.  A  powder-boat  (250 
tons)  is  blown  up  by  the  Federals  to  de- 
stroy Fort  Fisher  ;  the  fort  is  uninjured. 

Dec.  24,  25.  N.  C.  Fort  Fisher,  near 
Wilmington,  is  bombarded  by  Adm. 
Porter ;  Gen.  Butler,  at  the  head  of  a 
land  force,  prepares  to  storm  it ;  but 
finally  decides  the  work  to  be  impreg- 
nable, and  retires.  Federal  loss,  195 
men ;  Confederate  loss,  100  killed  and 
wounded,  besides  280  prisoners. 

Dec.  26,  27.  Ala.  Gen.  Hood's  shat- 
tered army  recrosses  the  Tennessee 
River  [and  retreats  to  Tupelo,  Miss.]. 

Dec.  28.  N.  C.  Gen.  Butler  returns  with 
his  force  from  Fort  Fisher  to  Fortress 
Monroe. 

Dec.  29,  Ala.  —  Miss.  Col,  "W.  J. 
Palmer  with  only  600  men  roves  through 
the  northern  counties  from  Corinth  to 
Okalona,  destroying  Confederate  sup- 
plies and  resources. 

•  *-65*  *  The  war  becomes  a  continuous 
campaign,  through  summer  and  winter. 

1865  Jan.  5.  Miss.  Gen.  Grierson  ter- 
minates his  raid  at  Vicksburg,  after 
destroying  100  miles  of  railroad  and  cap- 
turing GOO  prisoners. 

Jan.  6.  T  a.  Gen.  Terry  with  9,000  troops 
leaves  Fortress  Monroe  for  an  assault 
on  Fort  Fisher. 

Jan.  7.  O}lo.  Julesbinrg  is  attacked  by 
l,GO0  Indians ;  19  soldiers  and  others  are 
killed ;  the  Indians  are  defeated. 

Jan.  8.  Va.  Gen,  Butler  is  removed 
from  command  of  Army  of  the  James ; 
Gen.  Ord  temporarily  succeeds  him. 

Jan.  10,  />.  (\  Congress  passes  resolu- 
tions of  thanks  to  Gen.  Sherman  and 
his  army. 

Jan.  11.  W.  Va.  At  Beverly  Federals 
lose  five  killed,  20  wounded,  and  583  pris- 
oners, and  the  Confederate  force  imder 
Gen.  Early  occupies  the  town. 

Jan.  13-15.  X.  C.  The  Federals  cap- 
ture Fort  Fisher. 

(Jan.  13.)  Adm.  Porter  with  more  than 
50  gunboats  reaches  and  attacks  Fort 
Fisher  while  Gen.  Terry's  army  lauds. 


UNITED   STATES.     1864,  Nov.  8-1865,  Jan.  13.    241 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1864      Dec.  *  New    York.      Theodore 

Thomas  begins  his  symphony  concerts. 

*  *  Xew  York.  Christopher  P.  Cranch  of 
Cambricl|;e,  Mass.,  and  Arthur  Parton  of 
New  York  are  elected  members  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  •  New  York.  Edwin  Booth  plays  Ham- 
let at  the  Winter  Garden  Thefater. 

*  *  O.  The  Soldiers'  Monument  in 
Spring  Grove  Cemetery,  Cincinnati,  is 
completed. 

*  *  Nitrous  oxide  gas  is  first  used  as  an 
anesthetic. 

*  •  nipening  of  the  Leaf  is  painted  by 
Tliomas  Moran. 

*  *  October  Afternoon  is  painted  by  J.  F. 
Kensett. 

*  *  Scene  from  JSutwer's  Itichelieu  is 
painted  by  Emanuel  Leutze. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1864. 
Nov.  12.    Gorman,  John  Berry,  physician, 
•  autlior,  ATI. 
Nov.  20.    Fairbanks.  Erastus,  mfr.    of 

scales,  gov.  of  Vt.,  A72. 
Nov.  24.    SilUman,  lienj.,  pliysicist,  prof. 

in  Yale,  A85. 
Nov.  SO.    Cleburne,    Patrick    E.LConfed. 

maj.-gen.,  killed  at  battle  of   Franklin, 

Tciin.,  A36. 
Doc.  1.     Dayton,    William  Iiewls,    sen. 

for  N. .!.,  1st  rep.  candidate  for  Vice-Pres., 

minister  to  France,  A57. 
Deo.  10.    Schoolcraft,  Henry  E.,  traveler, 

ethnologist,  A71. 
Dec.  15.    Farnhara,  Eliza  W.,  phiUmthro- 

pist,  author,  A49. 
Dec.  19.    McClelland,  Alexander,   clergy- 
man, orientalist,  A  68. 
Dec.  21.    Fry,  William  H.,  composer,  edi- 
tor PItiladetpina  Gazette^  A4SI. 
Dec.  25.    Noyes,   William    Curtis,  jurist, 

patriot,  A,M. 

Wallack,  .Tames  William,  actor,  A70. 

Dec.  28.    Orton,    Azariah    G.,    Pres.    cl.. 

poet,  A75. 
Dec.  3 1 .    Dallas.  Oeor;?e  M. .  sen.  for  Pa., 

min.  to  Russia,  llth  Vice-Pres.,  min.  to 

Eng.,  A72. 

*  ♦  Howell,  Joshua  B.,  brig.-gen.  U.  S.  vols., 
A  65. 

*  •  Keen,   Alpheus  A.,  prof.   Latin,  Tufts 
College,  A3^ 

*  *  Newton,  Eph.  II.,  cl.,  naturalist,  .\.77. 


CHURCH. 

1864  Dec.  15.  Kan.  Thomas  Hnbbard 
Vail  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) bishop  of  Kansas. 

•  *  Mich.  The  Michigan  Conference  (Free 
Methodist;  is  organized. 

•  *  N.  J.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Newark ;  James 
Wood,  moderator. 

•  »  O.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Dayton ;  Thos. 
Brainerd,  moderator. 

•  *The  United  Synod  of  the  South  is 
united  with  the  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian). 

•  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

•  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets ;  D.  A.  Wallace, 
moderator. 

•  *  Phila.  The  Baptist  ATimmi  Meet- 
ing is  held. 

•  •  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  York. 


A  rupture  is  caused  in  the  synod 

by  the  admission  of  the  Franckean 
Synod  (N.Y.),  which  is  alleged  to  be 
heretical.  The  Pennsylvania  Synod 
withdraws. 
1865  Jan.  4.  X.Y.  Arthur  Cleveland 
Coxe  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) assistant  bishop  of  Western  New 
York. 

LETTERS. 

1864  *  *  n.C.  National  Deaf  Mute 
College  (non-sect.)  is  organized. 

*  ♦  irasa.  Lasell  Seminary  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  organized. 

*  *  .1/0.  Central  Wesleyan  College 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Warreuton. 

*  *  N.  >'.  The  Standard- Union  is  issued 
at  Brooklyn. 

*  ♦  Pa.  The  Commercial  Gazette  is  issued 
at  Pittsburg. 

*  *  Azarian,  by  II.  P.  SpofFord,  appears. 

*  *  Man  and  Nature^  by  George  P.  Marsh, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Old  Jiigime  in  Canada,  by  Fran- 
cis Parkman,  appears. 

*  *  Webster's  Dictionary^  a  new  and  en- 
larged edition,  appears,  containing 
114,000  words  and  3,000  illustrations. 

*  »  The  American  Conflict,  Vol.  I.,  by 
Horace  Greely,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  by  James 
Parton,  appears. 

*  *  John  Godfrey's  Fortunes,  by  Bayard 
Taylor,  appears. 

*  *  Fireside  Travels,  by  James  Russell 
Lowell,  appears. 

*  •  Wet  Days  at  Edgewood,  by  Ik  Marvel, 
appears. 

*  •  Out  of  Hit  Head,  by  Lyman  Abbott, 
appears. 

*  •  The  Maine  Woods,  by  H.  D.  Thoreau, 
api^ears. 

SOCIETY. 
1864    Nov.  25.    New  York.    An  attempt 
is  made  to  burn  hotels.    [Robert  Ken- 
nedy is  arrested  and  hanged.  See  Army.] 

*  *  Cat.  The  Union  Club  at  San  Fran- 
cisco is  organized. 

*  *  Md.  The  First  National  Labor  Con- 
gress meets  in  Baltimore. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Binghamton  Asylum  for 
Inebriates— the  first  in  history  — is 
opened. 

*  •  W.  Va.  A  hospital  for  the  insane  is 
opened  by  the  State  at  Weston. 

*  *The  Cigarmakers'  International 
Union  is  organized. 

The  labor  movement  takes  new  life, 
and  labor  organizations  multiply. 

STATE. 

1864  Nov. 8.  U.S.  The 20th presiden- 
tial election ;  Republicans  are  elected. 

Popular  vote  :  Abraham  Lincoln  of 
111.  (Rep.),  2,216,067 ;  George  B.  Mc- 
CleUan  of  N.  J.  (Dem.),  1,808,725. 

Lincoln  and  Johnson  carry  22  States, 
McClellan  and  Pendleton,  three  j  11 
(Southern)  States  do  not  vote. 


Nov.  *  Chicago.  A  conspiracy  to  lib- 
erate the  Confederate  prisoners  at 
Camp  Douglas  is  detected ;  the  leaders 
are  arrested.  [The  conspirators  are  tried 
and  convicted  by  court-martial  at  Cin- 
cinnati.] 

Dec.  5.  D.C.  The  38th  CcngreEs:  the 
second  session  opens. 

Dec.  6.  D.  C.  Congress  receives  Presi- 
dent Lincoln's  message.  In  it  he  says  : 
"  Fondly  do  we  hope,  fervently  do  we 
pray,  that  this  mighty  scourge  of  war 
may  speedily  pass  away.  Yet  if  God 
wills  that  it  continue,  until  all  the 
wealth  piled  by  the  Londsman's  200 
years  of  unrequited  toil  shall  be  sunk, 
and  until  every  drop  of  blood  drawn 
with  the  lash  snail  be  repaid  with  an- 
other drawn  by  the  sword,  ...  it  must 
be  said  '  the  judgments  of  the  Lord  are 
true  and  rigliteous  altogether.'  " 

He  recommends  the  adoption  of  the 
13th  Amendment  by  the  House: 

"  If  the  people  should,  by  whatever 
mode  or  means,  make  it  an  executive 
duty  to  reenslave  such  persons,  another, 
not  1,  must  be  their  instrument  to  per- 
form it." 

Dec.  17.    D.  C.    The  Secretary  of  State 

requires  passports  to  be  shown  by  per- 
sons entering  the  United  States,  except 

immigrants  who  arrive  by  sea. 
Dec.  19.     President    Lincoln    calls    for 

300,000  more  volunteers.    Total  number, 

since  March,  18G2,  1,000,000  men. 
•  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 

-68  *  *  Ark.    Isaac  Murphy. 

-68  *  »  la.    Wm.  M.  Stone. 

-66*  */rfa.  (rer.).    Caleb  Lyon. 

-65  »  *  La.    Michael  Hahit. 

-67  *  ■►  Me.    Samuel  Corry. 

-66*  *  Minn.    Stephen  Miller. 

-65  *  *  Miss.    Charles  Clarke. 

-69  *  •  Mo.    Thomas  C.  Fletcher. 

-65  •  *  Mont.  (Ter.).    Sidney  Edgerton. 

-71*  *Nev.(Ter.).   Henry  G.  Blaisdell. 

-65  *  »  O.    John  B  rough. 

-85  *  *  S.C.    A.  G.  Magrath. 

-68*  *  Va.    Francis  H.  Pierpont. 

-65  *  •  £/.  (Ter.).    James  D.  Doty. 
1865    Jan.  1.    D.  C.    Congress  raises 

the  tax  on  distilled  spirits  to  $2.00  per 

proof-gallon. 
Jan.  6.    D.  C.    Congress ;  House :  J.  M. 

Ashley   of    O.    reintroduces    the    13th 

Amendment.    [A  long  debate  ensues.] 
Jan.  9.     Tenn.     A  popular  convention 

meets  at  Nashville  to  reorganize  the 

State  on  a  loyal  basis. 
Jan.  11.    Mo.   An  ordinance  abolishing 

slavery  is  adopted  by  the  Constitutional 

Convention  at  St.  Louis. 


UISCELLANEOUS. 

1864  Nov.  •  Southern  Stales.  The  Con- 
federate dollar  is  worth  4}  cents. 

Dec.  22.  The  steamship  North  America 
from  New  Orleans  is  sunk  at  sea ;  nearly 
200  lives  are  lost  (mostly  sick  soldiers). 

*  *  111.  Oakwood  Cemetery,  near  Chi- 
cago, is  established. 

•  *  Ind.  Street-cars  are  introduced  in  In- 
dianapolis. 

1865  Jan.  1.  New  York.  Price  of  mid- 
dling upland  cotton,  118  to  120  cents; 
price  of  the  gold  dollar,  227j  cents. 


242     1865,  Jan.  13-Max.  4. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — HAVY. 
1865    (Jan.  14.)    The   bombardment   by 

the  navy  continues.  (See  p.  240). 
(Jan.  15.)  Fort  Fisher  is  carried  by 
assault  by  Gen.  N.  M.  Curtis  of  Gen. 
Terry's  army,  aided  by  400  marines  and 
eoo  sailors,  and  the  continued  bombard- 
ment of  Adm.  Porter's  fleet. 

Total  Federal  losses,  184  killed  and 
749  wounded,  22  missing.  Confederate 
loss,  2,483  men  and  72  guns. 

Jan.  14.  S.  C.  At  Poootaligo  the  Con- 
federates are  repulsed,  losing  50  men. 

Jan.  16.  If.  C.  The  Confederates  blow 
up  their  cruisers,  the  Chickamauga  and 
the  Tallahassee,  also  Fort  Caswell  near 
Fort  Fisher,  on  the  Cape  Fear  Eiver. 

At  Fort  Fisher  300  Federal  soldiers  are 
Ijilled  or  wounded  by  the  accidental  ex- 
plosion of  a  magazine. 

Jan.  17.  S.  C.  In  Charleston  Harbor 
the  Confederates  blow  up  the  Federal 
monitor  Patapsco  with  a  torpedo ;  seven 
officers  and  65  men  go  down  with  the 
vessel. 

Jan.  18.  N.  ('.  Three  blocltade-runners 
enter  Cape  Fear  Biver  and  are  captured 
by  the  Federals,  who  now  hold  posses- 
sion. 

Jan.  19.  Va.  "The  Confederate  Congress 
displaces  Jefferson  Davis  as  oom- 
mander-in-ohief  of  the  Confederate 
Army,  by  appointing  Robert  E.  Lee  to 
that  ollice. 

Jan.  23.  Miss.  At  his  own  request  Gen. 
Hood  is  relieved  of  the  command  of 
his  shattered  and  demoralized  army. 

Jan.  *  The  leading  conspirators  for  the 
release  of  Confederate  prisoners  con- 
fined at  Camp  Douglas,  Chicago,  are 
convicted  by  court-martial. 

Feb.  1.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  leaves 
Savannah  on  his  northward  march. 

Feb.  3.  Can.  The  Canadian  authorities 
surrender  Bennett  G.  Bailey,  one  of  the 
St.  Albans  raiders,  to  the  U.  S.  Govern- 
ment. 

S.  C.  At  Salkehatchie  the  Confed- 
erates are  repulsed. 

Feb.  5.  W.  Va.  At  Moorefield  Col. 
Whittaker  surprises  and  breaks  up  the 
Confederate  camp  of  Gen.  Harry  Gil- 
mer ;  the  guerrilla  leader  himself  is  cap- 
tured. Whittaker's  command  consisting 
of  300  momited  men,  marched  140  miles 
in  48  hours,  crossing  rivers  and  moun- 
tains. 

Feb.  5-7.  Va.  At  Hatcher's  Kun  and 
Dabney's  Mills  Gen.  Grant's  troops 
drive  back  the  Confederates. 

The  latter  being  reenforced,  the  Fed- 
erals are  in  turn  repulsed  and  forced  to 
retire,  losing  232  killed,  1,062  wounded, 
and  186  prisoners.  Confederate  loss, 
1,200  men.  Gen.  Pegram  being  among 
the  killed. 

Feb.  8.  S.  C.  At  'Williston  Station  the 
Confederates  are  repulsed. 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Gen.  John  M.  Schofield 
is  appointed  to  command  in  North  Caro- 
lina. 
—  Gen.  Kobert  E.  Lee  assumes  com- 
mand of  all  the  armies  of  the  Confed- 
eracy. 


Feb.  10.  Ky.  Gen.  Burbridge  is  reUeved 
from  command  of  the  district  of  Ken- 
tucky by  Gen.  John  M.  Palmer. 
S.  C.  At  James  Island  Gen.  Sher- 
man's right  column  effects  a  landing, 
losing  80  men  killed. 
Feb.  11.  N.C.  Near  WUmington  Gen. 
Terry  loses  60  men  ;  Confederate  loss, 
100. 

S.  C.    At  Aiken  the  Federal  cavalry 

under  Gen.  Kilpatrick  engages  the  Con- 
federate cavalry  under  Gen.  Wheeler. 
Feb.  15.    S.  C.   At  Congaree  Creek  the 

Confederates  are  repulsed. 
Feb.  16.  Va.  The  Federals  destroy  the 
Confederate  iron-works  in  the  Shenan- 
doah Valley. 
Feb.  17.  S.  C.  Gen.  Sherman's  army 
reaches  Columbia,  the  capital  of  the 
State ;  it  enters  unopposed,  the  Confed- 
erates under  Gens.  Beauregard  and 
Wade  Hampton  having  retreated. 

After  the  Federals  enter,  a  fire  breaks 
out,  which  destroys  much  of  the  city. 
[Gen.  Sherman  and  the  Confederate  gen- 
eral. Wade  Hampton,  recriminate  each 
other  as  to  responsibility  for  the  confla- 
gration,—Hampton  insisting  that  it  is 
an  act  of  deliberate  vandalism  on  the 
part  of  the  Federals  ;  Sherman,  that  it  Is 
owing  to  the  recklessness  of  the  Confed- 
erates in  firing  a  large  amount  of  cotton 
before  they  abandoned  the  place.] 

Owing  to  the  success  of  Gen.  Sherman 
in  the  interior,  the  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Hardee  are  compelled  to  retire 
from  Charleston;  [the  city  is  occupied 
on  the  18th  by  Gen.  Foster,  who  extin- 
guishes a  destructive  conflagration  kin- 
dled by  the  retreating  Confederates.] 
Feb.  19.  N.  C.  Fort  Anderson  is  cap- 
tured by  the  Federals ;  Gens.  Schofield 
and  Terry,  with  Adm.  Porter,  lose  100 
men ;  Confederate  Gen.  Hoke  loses  60 
prisoners.beside  the  killed  and  wounded. 

S.  C.     Charleston   is  placed   under 

martial  law  by  the  Federals. 
Feb.  20.    N.  C.    At  Town  Creek  sev- 
eral slight  engagements  occur.    Federal 
loss,  200  killed ;   Confederate  loss,  363 
prisoners. 
Feb.21.    W.  Va.  At  Cumberland  Gens. 
Crook  and  Kelley  are  captured  in  their 
beds  by  Confederate  guerrillas. 
Feb.  22.    N.  C.     "Wilmington  is  occu- 
pied by  the  Federals,  who  lose  200  killed ; 
Confederate  loss,  1,072  prisoners. 
Feb.  24.    N.  Y.    John  T.   Beall  of  Va., 
a  Confederate  spy,  is  hanged  at  Fort  La- 
fayette. 
Feb.  25.     N.  C.     Gen.  Beauregard,  en- 
feebled by  illness,  is  superseded  in  com- 
mand of  the  Confederate  forces  in  North 
Carolina  by  Gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston. 
Feb.  25.-Mar.  26.      Va.     Gen.  Sher- 
idan, with  10,000  cavalry,  makes  a  raid 
through    Waynesboro,    Staunton,    and 
the  country  southward,  until  he  joins 
Grant's  army  before  Petersburg. 
Mar.  1.    Adm.  Dahlgren's  flag-ship,  the 
Hanest  Moon,  is  blown  up  by  a  Confed- 
erate torpedo. 
Mar.  2.     Va.    Near  'Waynesboro  Gen. 
Custer,  commanding  a  division  of  Gen. 
Sheridan's  cavalry,  surprises  and  defeats 
Gen.  Early,  capturing  1.600  prisoners,  11 
guns,    17   battle-flags,    and   200   loaded 


supply  wagons.  Federal  loss,  less  than 
a  dozen  men.  [The  next  day  Sheridan 
enters  Charlottesville.] 

Gen.  Lee  proposes  to  Gen.  Grant  that 
a  meeting  of  tlie  two  commanding  gen- 
erals be  had,  for  an  interchange  of  views 
looking  toward  a  military  convention  to 
arrange  terms  of  peace. 

Mar.  3.  B.C.  Tlie  President  orders  Gen 
Grant  to  decline  the  conference  with 
Gen.  Lee. 

S.  C.  At  Cheraw  Gen.  Howard  de- 
feats the  Confederates  under  Gens. 
Hardee  and  Hampton,  who  are  forced 
to  retire  by  Gen.  Sherman's  flank  move- 
ment. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1865  Feb.  10.  London.  Tlie  gold  medal 
of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  is 
awarded  to  G.  P.  Bond,  astronomer  of 
Harvard  University. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1866  •  • 

Jan.  13.  Brownell,Tlioma8C.,  P.  E.  bishop 
of  Conn.,  author,  A86. 

Jan.  15.  Everett.  Edward,  orator.  Gov.  of 
Mass.,  sen.,  minister  to  Eng.,  pres.  of  Har- 
vard,  sec.  of  state,  A71. 

Harper,  Joseph  M.,  physician,  M.  C.  for 

U.K.,  A77. 

Jan.  16.    Bell,  Louis,  col.  U.  S.  A.,  A29. 

Jan.  21.  Wheelock,  Charles,  brig. -gen.  U.S. 
vols.,  A53. 

Jan.  23.    Bacon,  David  I*.,  phys.,  an.,  A53. 

Feb.  5.    Gilliss,  James  M., astronomer,  A54. 

Feb.  6.  Pegram,  John,  Confed.  niaj.-gen., 
A  33. 

Feb.  17.  Bond,  George  Phillips,  astron- 
omer, A  39. 

Feb.  18.  Conant,  Hannah  O'Brien  Chap- 
lin, editor,  author,  translator,  A63. 

CHURCH. 

1865  Jan.  25.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis 
proclaims  a  public  fast,  to  be  observed 
throughout  the  Confederacy,  on  March 
16. 

LETTERS. 

1865  Jan.  25.  D.  C.  The  library  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  at  Washing- 
ton is  burned. 

Feb.  2.  Mrnit.  The  Historical  Society 
is  incorporated. 

Feb.  22.  Ky.  An  agricultural  college 
is  established. 

Feb.  *  Ky.  The  Universities  of  Tran- 
sylvania and  Kentucky  are  consolidated 
by  an  act  of  the  Legislature. 

SOCIETY. 

1865  Jan.  10.  Phila.  A  meeting  is  held 
to  raise  funds  to  send  relief  to  the  suf- 
fering Confederates  at  Savannah. 

Jan.  14.  Keio  York.  Two  vessels  sail 
with  supplies  for  the  suffering  Con- 
federates at  Savannah.  Fmids  were 
raised  at  a  public  meeting  held  on 
Jan.  11. 

Jan.  27.  New  York.  The  Ladies'  Loyal 
League  sends  a  petition,  bearing  100,000 
signatures,  to  Congress,  asking  for  gen- 
eral emancipation. 

Jan.  *  Nev.  The  Free  Masons  Grand 
Lodge  of  Nevada  is  organized. 

Feb.  1.  John  S.  Rock,  a  negro  of  pure 
blood,  is  the  first  of  his  race  to  be  ad- 


UNITED  STATES. 


1865,  Jan.  13 -Mar.  4.    243 


mitted  to   practice   in   the   Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States. 

'  J).  C.    Congress  abolishes  slavery 

as  an  institution  in  the  United  States. 

Feb.  *  JVcH)  York.  The  Union  Ijeague 
Club  is  incorporated. 

Mar.  *  -  Apr.  *  I).  C.  A  conspiracy  is 
formed  to  create  anarchy  by  the  as- 
sassination of  the  chief  officers  of  the 
(iovernraent. 

The  conspirators  are  John  Willses 
Booth,  George  A.  Atzerot,  Dr.  S.  A. 
Mudd,  Lewis  Payne  (Powell),  David 
Herrold,  John  H.  Surratt,  Mrs.  Mary  E. 
Surratt,  Michael  O'Laughlin,  Samuel 
Arnold,  and  Edward  Spaugler. 

It  is  planned  that  Booth  shall  assassi- 
nate President  Lincoln  ;  Atzerodt,  Vice- 
President  Johnson  ;  Payne,  Secretary  of 
State  Seward ;  O'Laughlin,  Gen.  Grant. 
[Gen.  Grant's  absence  in  Philadelphia 
caused  his  escape  from  attack.] 
Mar.  3.  />.  C.  Congress  passes  the  Freed- 
men's  Bureau  Act ;  the  object  of  the 
measure  is  to  control  all  matters  relat- 
ing to  negroes  and  freedmen.  It  also 
provides  for  the  establishment  of  a 
Naval  and  Military  Asylum  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  which  is  to  be 
maintained  by  the  Government. 


STATE. 
1865    Jan.  17.     Ga.    The  President  ap- 
points James  Johnson  provisional  gov-    Feb.  *    D.  C.    Congress  adopts  a  joint 


they  can  proceed  no  farther.  [They  re- 
consider their  decision  on  the  i2d.] 

Feb.  2.  D.  C.  Mr.  Lincoln  telegraphs 
the  peace  commission  that  he  will 
start  immediately  to  meet  them. 

The  legislatures  of  Khode  Island  and 

Michigan  ratify  the  13th  Amendment. 

Feb.  2,  3.  Va.  President  Lincoln,  ac- 
companied by  Secretary  Seward,  holds  a 
peace  conference  at  Hampton  Roads 
with  three  Confederate  representatives, 
—  Stephens,  H  unter,  and  Campbell. 

Mr.  Lincoln's  conditions  of  peace  — 
the  restoration  of  Federal  authority 
in  all  the  States  ;  the  maintenance  of 
positions  already  taken  on  the  subject 
of  slavery ;  no  suspension  of  military 
operations  till  every  hostile  force  is  dis- 
banded. The  Confederate  commis- 
sioners insist  upon  linal  and  complete 
separation  as  the  only  basis  of  negotia- 
tion.   The  conference  fails. 

Feb.  3.  The  Legislatures  of  New  York, 
Maryland,  Massachusetts,  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  West  Virginia  ratify  the  13th 
Amendment.  [Feb.  7,  Maine ;  Feb.  8, 
Kansas  and  Minnesota ;  Feb.  9,  Virginia ; 
Feb.  13,  Indiana ;  Feb.  16,  Nevada ;  Feh. 
21,  Wisconsin  ;  Feb.  24,  Missouri ;  Mar.  9, 
Vermont;  April,  Arkansas ;  May  4,  Con- 
necticut ;  June  30,  New  Hampshire.] 

Feb.  7.  ya.  The  Confederate  Senate 
defeats  the  measure  for  raising  an  army 
of  200,000  negroes. 


ernor. 

Jan.  26±.  Tenn.  A  State  Convention 
held  at  Nashville  passes  a  Constitutional 
Amendment  prohibiting  slavery. 

Jan.  28.  Fa.  Jeflferson  Davis  requests 
Alexander  H.  Stephens  of  Ga.  (Vice- 
Pres.),  R.  M.  T.  Hunter  of  Va.  <Ex-Sec. 
of  State),  and  John  A.  Campbell  of  Ala. 
(Asst.  Sec.  of  War) ,  to  proceed  to  Wash- 
ington as  peace  commissioners,  to 
hold  an  informal  conference  with  Presi- 
dent Lincoln. 

The  Confederate  House  of  Representa^ 
tives  at  Richmond  authorizes  the  enlist- 
ment of  negroes. 

Jan.  29.  Fa.  The  three  Confederate 
peace  commissioners  present  them- 
selves at  the  Union  lines,  near  Rich- 
mond, for  passage  to  Washington. 

Jan.  31.  D.  C.  Congress.  The  House 
passes  the  resolution  for  the  13th 
Amendment  to  the  Constitution 
aboUahing  slavery,  amid  tumultuous 
applause.  Vote,  119-56,  the  yeas  include 
10  Democratic  votes.  The  resolution  goes 
to  the  Senate.  [Apr.8.  Passes.  Vote,38-6.] 

Feb.  1.  £>.  a  The  three  Confederate 
commissioners  reach  Portress  Mon- 
roe ;  Secretary  Seward  leaves  Wash- 
ington to  meet  them  at  Gen.  Grant's 
headquarters. 

III.  The  Legislature  ratifies  the  Con- 
stitutional Amendment  for  emanci- 
pation—the first  of  the  States  to  do 
so. 

Va.    The  three  Commissioners  recede 

from  their  terms  (complying  with  the 
President's  conditions)  contained  in  a 
note  to  Gen.  Grant,  and  are  notified  that 


rule  directing  that  "  no  electoral  vote 
objected  to  shall  be  counted,  except  by 
the  concurrent  votes  of  the  two  Houses." 

Feb.  8.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Lincoln  (Rep.), 
213;  McClellan  (Dem.),  21.  Vote  for 
Vice-President :  Andrew  Johnson 
(Rep.)  of  Tenn.,  213;  George  H.  Pen- 
dleton (Dem.)  of  O.,  21.  Necessary  to  a 
choice,  117. 

Congress  receives  a  special  message 
from  President  Lincoln  announcing  that 
he  had  "  signed  the  joint  reconstruc- 
tion resolution  in  deference  to  the  view 
of  Congress,  implied  in  its  passage  and 
presentation." 

Feb.  17.  I).  C.  Congress:  the  Senate 
repudiates  the  Confederate  debt. 

Feb.  18.  S.  C.  The  Federal  flag  is 
again  raised  at  Charleston. 

Feb.  22.  Tenn.  The  new  Constitution 
is  ratified.    Vote,  25,263-48. 

Feb.  23.  Ki/.  The  Legislature  refuses 
to  ratify  the  13th  Amendment. 

Feb.  *  D.  C.  President  Uncoln  an- 
nounces an  addition  to  the  army  of 
150,000  conscripts. 

Feb.*  Fa.  The  Confederate  Congress 
issues  an  address  to  the  Southern  people. 
"  The  Southern  States,  would  be  held 
as  conquered  provinces  by  the  despotic 
Government  at  Washington  .  .  .  kept  in 
subjugation  .  .  .  by  military  power,  .  .  . 
and  socially  degraded  to  the  level  of 
slaves." 

*  *  Fa.  The  Confederate  Congress  pro- 
vides for  the  enlistment  of  slaves  who 
may  volunteer  their  services  in  defense 
of  the  Confederacy. 


Mar.  1.  A^  J.  The  Legislature  rejects 
the  13th  Amendment  to  the  Federal 
Constitution,  making  emancipation  uni- 
versal. 

Mar.  2.  JJ.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Military  Eeconstruction  Act. 

Mar.  3.  B.C.  Congress  authorizes  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  borrow 
$600,000,000  on  bonds,  with  interest 
not  exceeding  6  per  cent.,  payable  In 
coin.    [The  last  war-loan.] 

It  passes  an  act  for  the  establishment 
of  a  Freedmen's  Bureau  —  for  the  re- 
lief and  control  of  refugees,  freedmen, 
and  abandoned  lands. 

It  imposes  a  tax  of  10  per  cent  on  the 
notes  issued  by  State  banks  after  July  1, 
1866 ;  increases  the  rate  of  the  income 
tax  from  6  to  10  per  cent  for  incomes 
over  $5,000,  the  $600  exemption  remain- 
ing as  before. 

The  House  repudiates  all  obligations 
for  the  Confederate  debt. 

In  the  Senate,  Andrew  Johnson,  the 
Vice-President,  takes  the  oath  of  office. 

Mar. 4.  B.C.  The  38th Congress  ends. 

The  16th  Administration  continued. 

Abraham  Lincoln  of  III.,  the  16th 
President,  erters  his  second  term, 
the  20th  of  the  presidency.  Andrew 
Johnson  of  Tenn.  is  Vice-President. 

"  With  malice  towards  none,  with 
charity  for  all,  with  firmness  in  the 
right,  as  God  gives  us  to  see  the  right, 
let  us  strive  on  to  finish  the  work  we 
are  in  ;  to  bind  up  the  nation's  wounds  ; 
to  care  for  him  wno  shall  have  borne  the 
battle,  and  for  his  widow  and  his  or- 
phan ;  to  do  all  which  may  achieve  and 
cherish  a  just  and  a  lasting  peace  among 
ourselves  and  with  all  nations."  (Lin- 
coln's Inaugural  Address.) 

The  President  calls  an  extra  session 
of  the  Senate.    The  Senate  meets. 
U.  S.    The  salaries  of   Congress- 
men become  $5,000  a  year,  besides  20 
cents  a  mile  for  traveling  expenses. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865  Jan.  *  Southern  States.  The  Con- 
federate dollar  is  worth  2i  cents. 

Jan.  *  J^ew  York.  Paper  sells  at  high 
prices  ;  first  class  commercial  note,  55  to 
60  cents  a  pound ;  common,  40  and  46 
cents ;  rag  paper  for  printers,  22  to  25 
cents,  and  straw  paper,  20  and  22  cents ; 
manilla  wrapping  paper,  18  to  20  cents. 

Feb.  4.  Ifev.  A  tunnel  four  miles  long, 
to  afford  drainage  to  the  Comstock  lode 
— 1,600  feet  deep  —  is  undertaken  and  a 
charter  is  issued. 

Feb.  8.  Phila.  A  fire  causes  20  deaths 
and  the  loss  of  $500,000  in  property. 

Feb.  16.  By  permission  of  Confederate 
officials,  cotton  is  allowed  to  be  carried 
to  the  New  York  market  to  buy 
blankets  for  prisoners ;  the  cargoes  of 
the  first  two  vessels  sell  for  $6,000,000. 

Feb.  17.  Fa.  A  Confederate  paper 
dollar  Is  worth  two  cents. 

*  *  Several  States  take  steps  early  in  the 
year  to  extend  the  elective  franchise 
to  negroes ;  they  having  been  excluded 
in  all,  except  Maine,  Vermont,  New 
Hampshire,  and  Massachusetts. 


244     186  5,  Mar.  6.  -  Apr.  8. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1865  Mar.  6.  N.  C.  Gen.  Sherman's 
army  crosses  the  Pedee  River. 

Mar.  8.  N.  C.  At  Kinston  Gens.  Cox 
.111(1  Couch  of  Gen.  Schofieltl's  command 
repulse  the  Confederates  under  Gens. 
Hill  and  Hoke,  with  a  loss  of  2,000.  Fed- 
eral loss,  300. 

Mar.  9.  iV.  C.  At  Kinston  (Wilcox's 
Bridge,  Wise's  Fork),  Gen.  Schofleld  de- 
feats the  Confederate  Gen.  Bragg  ;  Fed- 
erals lose  80  killed,  421  wounded,  and  GOO 
prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss,  1,500  men. 

Mar.  10.  N.  C.  Near  Jackson's  Mills 
Gen.  Wade  Hampton  surprises  and 
routs  the  Federal  cavalry  under  Gen. 
Kilpatrick. 

The  latter  narrowly  escapes  capture, 
and  loses  1,500  prisoners  and  several 
guns  ;  Kilpatrick  rallies  tlie  remnant  of 
his  coMimand,  defeats  the  Confederates, 
and  recaptures  the  lost  guns. 

Near  Goldsboro  Gen.  Cox  repulses  an 
attack  of  Confederates  under  Gen.  Hoke ; 
Federal  loss,  300 ;  Confederate,  1,503. 

Va.  Gen.  Sheridan's  cavalry  ar- 
rives at  Columbia. 

Mar.  11.  JV.  C.  Gen.  Sherman  takes 
possession  of  FayetteviUe  [and  de- 
stroys the  Confederate  arsenal  and  valu- 
able military  stores]. 

Mar.  15.  X.  C.  Gen.  Sherman  leaves 
FayetteviUe,  and  crosses  the  Cape  Fear 
Kiver  for  Goldsboro. 

Mar.  15.-Apr.  13.  Tenn.  Gen.  Stone- 
man  makes  a  briUiant  raid  from  Knox- 
viUe  into  North  Carolina  and  Virginia, 
where  he  operates  for  several  weeks ; 
Confederate  stores  are  captured,  rail- 
roads are  torn  up,  and  bridges  burned. 
The  Federal  loss  is  small,  while  the  Con- 
federates lose  300  killed  and  wounded, 
besides  2,000  prisoners  and  14  guns. 

Mar.  16.  y.  C.  At  Averysboro'  Gen. 
Slocum  defeats  and  pursues  20,000  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Hardee  ;  Federal 
loss,  77  killed  and  477  wounded ;  Confed- 
erate loss,  327  killed,  and  373  wounded 
or  prisoners. 

Mar.  19.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan's  army 
reaches  White  House,  near  Gen.  Meade's 
lines. 

Mar.  19-21.  A^  C.  Battle  of  Benton- 
ville;  Gen.  Slocum's  division  of  Sher- 
man's army  is  suddenly  attacked  by  Gen. 
Johnston,  and  the  safety  of  the  entire 
army  is  imperiled. 

The  Confederates  m.ake  six  desperate 
assaults,  and  then  withdraw ;  Federal 
loss,  191  killed,  1,1G8  wounded,  and  287 
prisoners ;  Confederate  loss,  2,825. 

Mar.  21.  N.  C.  Gen.  Slocum  occupies 
Goldsboro. 

Mar.  22.-Apr.  24.  Tenn.  Gen.  Wil- 
son with  13,000  men,  chiefly  mounted, 
and  six  batteries,  makes  a  raid  to 
assist  in  the  capture  of  Mobile  and  to 
destroy  Confederate  stores ;  he  is  pro- 
Tided  with  a  supply  train  of  250  light 
wagons,  and  a  pontoon  train  of  30  boats, 
conveyed  on  56  wagons. 

Federal  loss,  99  killed,  598  wounded, 
and  28  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss,  1,200 


killed  and  wounded,  6,820  prisoners,  288 
guns  ;  Wilson  paroles  59.878  other  pris- 
oners. 

Mar.  22.  Tenn.  '  Gen.  Thomas  sends 
Gen.  Stoneman's  force  towards  Lynch- 
burg, Va.,  to  head  off  the  expected 
retreat  of  Gen.  Lee. 

Mar.  23.  N.  C.  Gen.  Sherman  arrives  at 
Goldsboro  where  he  joins  the  armies  of 
Gens.  Schofleld  and  Terry.  The  united 
armies  number  900,000  men. 

Mar.  24.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  issues  an 
order  for  a  grand  advance  of  the  army 
to  the  left,  to  prevent  the  escape  of  Gen. 
Lee  ;  total  force,  124,700,  including 
13,000  cavalry ;  Gen.  Lee's  force  is  57,- 
000,  including  6,000  cavalry. 

Mar.  25.  Va.  Fort  Steadman,  near 
Petersburg,  is  assaulted  by  Gen.  Lee, 
and  a  gap  is  made  in  the  Federal  lines. 
Gen.  Gordon  surprises  and  captures 
the  fort  in  the  early  morning  with  little 
resistance.  It  is  soon  recovered  by  the 
Federals,  who  also  advance  their  line. 
Federal  loss,  68  killed,  337  wounded,  608 
missing ;  Confederate  loss,  2,681. 

Gen.  Sheridan's  cavalry,  after  raid- 
ing the  Confederate  communications, 
arrives  from  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  at 
City  Point,  to  join  Gen.  Grant. 

Ala.    At  Pino  Barren  Creek  Gen. 

Steele  defeats  800  Confederate  cavalry 
under  Gen.  Clanton,  who  loses  200  men, 
killed  and  wounded,  besides  275  prison- 
ers. 

N.y.  At  Fort  Lafayette  B.  C.  Ken- 
nedy is  hanged  as  a  Confederate  spy ; 
he  was  concerned  in  the  attempt  to  burn 
New  York  City. 

Mar.  25-Apr.  9.  jila.  Gen.  Canby 
besieges  Mobile.  Federal  loss,  100 
killed,  695  wounded ;  Confederate  loss, 
552  killed  and  wounded,  besides  30  guns. 

(Mar.  27.)  Gen.  Canby  invests  Spanish 
Fort  and  Fort  Blakely,  which  protect 
the  city  of  Mobile.    (See  Apr.  8.) 

Spanish  Fort  is  attacked  by  the  Fed- 
eral land  force,  30,000  strong,  under 
Gen.  A.  J.  Smith,  and  the  navy  under 
Adm.  Thatcher. 

At  Mitchell's  Fork  Gen.  Steele  defeats 
800  Confederates. 

(Mar.  28.)  In  Mobile  Bay,  the  Confeder- 
ates blow  up  and  sink  the  monitor 
Milwaukee,  before  Fort  Blakely. 

(Mar.  29.)  The  monitor  Osage  is  blown 
up  by  a  Confederate  torpedo. 

Mar.  28.  N.  C.  Gen.  Stoneman,  on  a 
cavalry  raid,  captures  Boone. 

Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  drives  Gen.  Bush- 
rod  Johnson  from  the  Quaker  Road, 
each  army  losing  about  500  men. 

Mar.  29.  Ala.  Gen.  Steele,  with  a  divis- 
ion of  Gen.  Canby's  army,  arrives  be- 
fore Fort  Blakely,  near  Mobile,  after 
capturing  Canton,  with  275  Confeder- 
ates.   [Other  forces  soon  arrive.] 

Va.      Gen.     Sheridan's     cavalry 

reaches  Dinwiddie  Cou:t-House.  A 
heavy  storm  of  rain  comes  on  in  the 
night  [and  continues  24  hours]. 

Mar.  30.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan's  cavalry 
advances  to  Five  Forks. 


Mar.  31.  Ala.  At  Monte vallo  Gen. 
Wilson's  cavalry  destroys  furnaces  and 
collieries. 

-.V.  C.     Gen.  Sherman    returns    to 

Goldsboro  after  visiting  Gen.  Grant  at 
City  Point,  Va. 

Va.    Gen.  Sheridan  is  forced  back 

from  Five  Forks  to  Dinwiddie  Court- 
House  by  Pickett's  infantry  (7000),  united 
with  the  Confederate  cavalry ;  Gen. 
Pickett  returns  to  Five  Forks. 

Battle  of  Boydton  and  White  Oak 
Hoads.  Gen.  Lee  attacks  Gen.  Ayres' 
division  of  Gen.  Warren's  advance, 
drives  it  back  on  the  main  line  at  Grav- 
elly Run,  and  then  is  himself  driven 
back  to  his  entrenchments  ;  Federal  loss, 
177  killed,  1,134  wounded,  and  .0.56  pris- 
oners ;  Confederate  loss,  1,235  men. 
About  500  soldiers  perish  in  the  burn- 
ing of  the  transport  General  Lyon,  off 
Cape  Hatteras. 
Apr.  1.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  appears  in 
Gen.  Lee's  front,  at  Dinwiddie  Court- 
House  ;  Sheridan  is  reenforced  by  Gen. 
Warren's  corps. 

Battle  of  Five  Forks.  Gen.  Sheri- 
dan, assisted  by  Gens.  Warren,  Ayres, 
and  Merritt,  turns  the  front  of  the  Con- 
federates, under  Gen.  Pickett,  driving 
them  out  of  their  entrenchments,  and 
pressing  their  disorderly  flight. 

Federal  loss,  124  killed,  706  wounded, 
and  54  prisoners :  Confederate  loss, 
8,500,  including  6,000  prisoners  and  their 
artillery. 

Gen.  Sheridan  relieves  Gen.  Warren 
of  command,  and  appoints  Gen.  Griflin 
his  successor.  [Twelve  years  later  a 
court  of  inquiry  decides  that  Gen.  War- 
ren did  his  whole  duty.] 
Ala.  The  Itodolph  is  sunk  by  the  Con- 
federates before  Fort  Blakely. 
Apr.  2.  Va.  At  Petersburg  Gen. 
Wright  assaults  and  captures  the  Con- 
ferate  main  works  in  his  front,  where  in 
15  minutes  he  loses  1,100  men  ;  he  then 
sweeps  out  the  batteries  at  Hatcher's 
Run,  capturing  3,000  prisoners. 

Gen.  Parke  assaults  and  captures  the 
Confederate  outer  lines,  but  is  driven 
back  from  the  strong  interior  lines  by 
Gen.  Gordon. 

Gen.  Humphreys,  with  Gen.  Hay's  di- 
vision, attacks  and  captures  the  Confed- 
erate redoubt  at  Crow's  Nest. 

Gens.  R.  S.  Foster  and  J.  W.Turner  of 
Gen.  Gibbon's  corps  capture  Forts  Gregg 
and  Witworth  west  of  Petersburg.  The 
Confederate  Iijeut.-Gen.  A.  P.  Hill  is 
killed. 

Eichmond  is  abandoned  by  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  Confederacy  about  two 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 

At  Richmond  the  Confederates  blow 
up  their  forts  and  iron-clads,  prepara- 
tory to  the  evacuation  of  the  city. 

Bichmond  is  evacuated  in  the  night 
by  Gen.  Lee ;  he  retreats  in  a  south- 
westerly direction,  hoping  to  unite  his 
forces  with  those  of  Gen.  Johnston  in 
North  Carolina;  Gen.  Grant  iirepares 
for  the  great  struggle  of  the  next  day. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1865,  Mar.  6-Apr.  8.  245 


—  Ala.  At  Ebenezer  Church,  on  Big 
Mulberry  Creek,  Gen.  Wilson  defeats 
Gen.  Forrest,  who  loses  300  prisoners 
and  three  guns. 

Gen.  Wilson  captures  Selma;  Col. 
Uoddey  and  3,000  men  are  made  prison- 
ers ;  the  surrender  includes  a  large 
amount  of  war  material  stored  in  the 
town. 

Apr.  3.    Va.    Fall  of  Petersburg ;  Gen. 

Grant's  vigorous  assault  causes  the  evac- 
uation of  the  city ;  Gen.  Lee  notifies 
Jeflferson  Davis  that  Petersburg  and 
Kichmond  must  be  abandoned. 

Federal  loss,  296  killed,  2,596  wounded, 
and  500  prisoners ;  Confederate  loss, 
about  3,000. 

The  flight  of  the  Confederate  army 
from  Richmond  and  its  pursuit  both 
begin  about  the  same  time  ;  Gen.  Lee 
pushes  toward  Amelia  Court-House ; 
fighting  occurs  between  cavalry  forces. 

Richmond  is  occupied  by  Federal 
Gen.  Weitzel's  command  (colored  troops) 
at  8.15  A.M.  It  finds  a  formidable  con- 
flagration in  the  city,  started  by  the  re- 
treating Confederates.  Grant's  losses  in 
two  days,  8,000  ;  Lee's  losses,  9,000. 
Apr.  4.  Va.  At  Kichmond  President 
liincoln  receives  army  officers  in  the 
late  residence  of  Jefferson  Davis. 

Gen.  Sheridan  gets  his  cavalry  into 
position  eight  miles  southwest  of  Ame- 
lia Court-House,  where  Gen.  Lee's 
army  is  resting,  and  there  entrenches ; 
The  Confederates  are  obliged  to  forage 
for  food,  and  thereby  lose  the  day. 

Apr.  5.  Va.  Gen.  Lee  turns  his  flee- 
ing army  westvirard  to  reach  Lynch- 
burg ;  he  is  pursued  and  harassed  by 
Gens.  Sheridan  and  Meade. 

Gen.  Grant  orders  Gen.  Sheridan  to 
attack  Gen.  Lee  at  Amelia  Court- 
House. 

Apr.  6.  Va.  A  series  of  obstinate  battles 
take  place.  Gen.  Humphreys  drives  Gen. 
Gordon  down  the  creek,  and  captures 
1,700  men  of  Gen.  Lee's  army,  and  a 
large  part  of  his  main  trains. 

Gen.  Lee's  retreating  army  is  con- 
fronted by  the  Federals,  and  tights  the 
battle  of  Sailor's  Creek  with  persistent 
courage  ;  infantry,  artillery,  and  cavalry 
are  all  engaged  in  a  severe  action  ;  Gen. 
Ewoll's  corps  of  7,000  men  surrenders  to 
Gen.  Sheridan. 

Federal  loss,  160  killed  and  1,014 
wounded  ;  Confederate  loss  is  not  re- 
ported ;  7,700  prisoners  and  14  guns  are 
taken. 

At  High  Bridge,  on  the  Appomattox 
River,  Federals  lose  10  killed,  31 
wounded,  and  1,000  prisoners. 

Gen.  Grant  is  unable  to  bring  on  a  de- 
cisive battle ;  at  night  Gen.  Lee  re- 
sumes his  retreat  westward. 

Apr.  7.  Va.  At  FarmvilletheConfed- 
|^-  erates  gain  a  slight  success,  Gen. 
^^  Miles's  cavalry  division  being  repulsed 
^M  by  Gens.  Rosser  and  T.  T.  Munford ;  all 
^^Bthe  Federal  officers  are  killed,  and  the 


At  Wytheville  Gen.  Stoneman'a 
cavalry  destroys  a  large  quantity  of 
Confederate  stores,  after  rendering  use- 
less 90  miles  of  railroad  west  of  Lynch- 
burg. 

Gen.  Grant  sends  a  aummons  to  Gen. 
Lee  to  prevent  further  effusion  of  blood 
by  surrendering  the  Army  of  Northern 
Virginia. 

Gen.  Lee  wishes  1;o  know  on  what 
conditions  the  surrender  of  his  army 
will  be  received. 

The  remnant  of  Gen.  Lee's  army 
steals  away  in  the  night.  [The  2d  and 
6th  corps  pursue  it  all  the  next  day.] 
Apr.  8.  Ala.  Spanish  Fort,  defending 
Mobile,  is  assaulted  by  the  Federals,  and 
part  of  the  entrenchments  are  carried 
by  Gen.  Canby;  350  prisoners  are  taken. 
[The  Confederates  escape  at  night,  but 
lose  600  prisoners.] 

Fort  Blakely,  near  Mobile,  is  taken 
by  assault,  after  bombardment  by  Gen. 
Canby  and  Adm.  Thatcher ;  Federal  loss, 
113  killed  and  516  wounded  ;  the  Confed- 
erates under  Gen.  Taylor  lose  500  men, 
besides  300  prisoners.    (See  Mar.  25.) 

N',    y.    The  Government  discharges 

the  last  of  the  political  prisoners  con- 
fined at  Fort  Lafayette. 

Va.    At  Appomattox  Station  Gen. 

Sheridan  succeeds  in  thrusting  into 
Gen.  Lee's  front  Gen.  George  A.  Cus- 
ter's cavalry  near  night ;  it  captures  four 
provision  trains,  and  drives  the  Confed- 
erates towards  the  Court-House. 

Gen.  Lee  sends  a  second  letter  to  Gen. 
Grant  proposing  negotiations  for 
peace,  but  denying  a  purpose  to  surren- 
der. 

At  Richmond  a  review  of  Federal 
troops  is  held. 

ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1865  Mar.  *  Pa.  The  first  sheet  zinc 
manufactured  in  America  is  made  at 
Bethlehem. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1865. 
Mar.  18.    Crosby,  William  B.,  merchant, 

philanthropist,  N.  Y.  Citv,  A80. 
Mar.  ao.    Phillips,  Wm.  Wirt,  I'res.  cl.,  A68. 
Mar.  33.    Hamline,  Leonidas  Lent,  M.  E. 

bishop,  editor,  A68. 
Apr.  1.    Winthrop,  F.,  brlg.-gen.  U.S.  vols., 

killed  at  Five  Forks,  A25. 
Apr.  2.     Wilder,  Samson  V.  S.,  merchant, 

philanthroj)i8t,  A  85. 
Apr.  3.     Hyde,  Lavitis,  Cong,  cl.,  an.,  A76. 
Apr.  5.    Rarnum,    Zenas,    first    president 

Am.  Telegraph  Co.,  A55. 
I>el>ancey,  Wm.  Heathcote,  P.  E.  bishop 

of  Western  N.  Y.,  A68. 
Apr.  7.    Miles,  Pliny,  postal  reformer,  A47. 


CHURCH. 

1865  Apr.  5,  6.  New  York.  The  Na- 
tional Conference  of  the  Unitaiian 
and  other  churches  meets. 

•  *  The  Home  Convention  and  Missionary 
Union  turns  over  all  its  mission  work  in 
the  Indian  Territory  to  the  American 
Baptist  Home  Missionary  Society. 

•  *  Jonathan  Weaver  is  first  elected  bishop 
of  the  United  Brethren. 


SOCIETy. 

1865  Mar.  25.  N.  J.  A  home  for  sol- 
diers* children  at  Trenton  is  incorpo- 
rated. 

STATE. 

1865  Mar.  7.  D.  C.  Hugh  McCul- 
loch  of  Ind.  is  appointed  secretary  of 
the  Treasury. 

Mar.  11.  n.  C.  The  special  session  of 
the  Senate  closes. 

Mar.  13.  Fa.  Jefferson  Davis  issues 
his  last  message  to  the  Confederate 
Congress. 

Mar.  17.  Mo.  The  officer  and  judges 
of  the  Suprem^  Court  and  of  all  circuit 
courts  of  the  State  are  required  to  vacate 
on  May  1  by  the  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion. 

Mar.  18.  Va.  The  [last]  Confederate 
Congress  at  Richmond  adjourns  sine 
die. 

Apr.  1.  CT.S.  The  high-tariff  law  be- 
comes operative. 

Apr.  2.  Va.  The  Confederate  Gov- 
ernment leaves  Richmond  in  haste, 
on  the  approach  of  the  Federal  army. 

Apr.  5.  Tenn.  The  Legislature  votes  to 
ratify  the  13th  Amendment,  forbid- 
ding slavery. 

N.  C.    On  reaching  Danville,  in  his 

flight  southward  from  Richmond,  Jef- 
ferson Davis  issues  an  address  to  the 
people  of  the  Confederacy,  urging  fur- 
ther sacrifices  and  a  continuance  of 
hostilities. 

Apr.  7.  />.  C.  Correspondence  begins 
with  the  British  Government  respecting 
American  claims  for  damages  caused 
by  the  Confederate  privateers.  [It 
terminates  in  a  proposal  for  settlement 
by  arbitration.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865  Mar.  15.  Pa.  The  "Credit 
Mobilier  of  America"  is  incorpo- 
rated. [It  assumes  a  contract  to  build 
100  miles  of  the  Union  Pacific  Bail- 
road,  west  of  the  Mississippi  Kiver,  the 
original  contractor  having  failed.] 

Mar.  31.  The  steam-transport  General 
Lyon  burns  off  Cape  Hatteras ;  a  great 
number  of  lives  are  lost. 

Apr.  1.  Southern  States.  The  Confed- 
erate dollar  is  worth  IJ  cents. 

Xeia  York.    Price  of  middling  upland 

cotton  is  45  to  48  cents  ;  the  value  of  a 
gold  dollar  is  154  cents. 

Apr.  *  Va.  The  great  seal  of  the  Con- 
federacy arrives  at  Richmond. 

Apr.  2.  Va.  A  fire  in  Richmond  on  the 
evacuation  of  the  Confederate  army 
burns  the  business  part  of  the  city. 

Jefferson  Davis,  while  at  church,  is 
summoned  by  Gen.  Lee  to  fiee  from  Rich- 
mond. 

A  Richmond  paper  quotes  flour,  $900 
to  $1,000  a  barrel;  corn,  $100  a  bushel, 
butter,  $20  a  pound. 

Apr.  4,  Va.  President  Lincoln  visits 
Richmond.    (See  Army  and  Navy.) 


246    1865,  Apr.  8- June  10. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1865  Apr.  8,  9.  Va.  The  struggle  is  re- 
newed at  Appomattox  Court  House, 
or  Clover  Hill,  by  Gen.  Sheridan.  Fed- 
eral loss,  very  slight ;  Confederate  loss, 
500  killed  and  wounded. 
Apr.  9.  Va.  Gen.  Iiee's  cavalry  ad- 
vances against  that  of  Gen.  Sheridan, 
and  finds  Gens.  Ord  and  Griffin 
massed  in  its  front,  they  having  marched 
30  miles  to  get  there ;  Gen.  Lee  orders 
hostilities  to  cease. 

Gen.  Lee  proposes  the  sxirrender  of 
the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  to  Gen. 
Grant.  Hostilities  are  suspended  for 
two  hours ;  Gen,  Graqt  receives  Gen. 
Lee's  proposal  at  10.50  a.m.,  and  he  sug- 
gests an  interview  as  soon  as  they  can 
meet. 

At  two  o'clock  (Palm  Sunday),  Gen. 
Ulysses  S.  Grant  and  Gen.  Robert 
S.  Lee,  attended  by  staff-officers,  meet 
at  Appomattox  Court  House,  and  a 
formal  surrender  is  made  of  the  Army 
of  Northern  Virginia,  consisting  of  28,231 
men,  who  are  all  paroled. 

Terms :  officers  are  to  give  their  in- 
dividual paroles  not  to  take  up  arms 
against  the  United  States  until  prop- 
erly exchanged ;  they  are  to  retain 
their  side-arms,  private  horses,  and  bag- 
gage. Confederate  soldiers  are  to  keep 
their  horses  ;  **  You  will  need  them  for 
your  spring  plowing." 

Prisoners  taken  before  the  surrender, 
since  March  29th,  aggregate  19,133 ;  guns 
captured,  689,  Including  those  at  Appo- 
mattox. 

V.  C.    The  Secretary  of  War  orders 

that  a  salute  be  fired  at  "West  Point, 
and  at  each  post,  arsenal,  department, 
and  army  headquarters,  as  a  manifesta- 
tion of  joy  for  the  surrender  of  Gen. 
Lee's  army. 

N.  C.    At  Salisbury  Gen.  Stoneman's 

cavalry  defeats  Gens.  Pemberton  and 
Gardiner,  and  captures  Gen.  Lee's  enor- 
mous supply  of  reserve  stores.  [Gen. 
Stoneman  returns  to  Tennessee.] 

Apr.  10.  ^V.  C.  Gen.  Sherman  begins 
his  advance  in  cooperation  with  Gen. 
Grant. 

Apr.  11.  Ala.  Forts  Huger  and  Tracy 
are  taken  by  the  Federal  navy,  opening 
the  way  for  the  possession  of  Mobile. 

Apr.  12.  Ala.  Mobile,  having  been 
evacuated  by  Confederate  troops,  sur- 
renders to  8,000  troops  under  Gen. 
Granger. 

Near  Wetumpka,  on  the  Coosa, 
Gen.  Wilson  destroys  five  heavily  laden 
steamboats. 

Montgomery  is  surrendered  to  Gen, 
Wilson  by  Gen.  Wirt  Adams,  who  fires 
90,000  bales  of  cotton,  and  flees  ;  Confed- 
erate loss,  2,700  prisoners  and  100  guns. 

If.  C.  Jefferson  Davis  holds  a  coun- 
cil of  war  with  Gens.  Johnston  and 
Beauregard  at  Greensboro ;  the  cabi- 
net are  also  present ;  Gen.  Breckinridge 
brings  the  first  official  intelligence  of  the 
sorrender  of  Gen.  Lee. 


At  Glint's  Creek  the  Federal  Gen. 
Stoneman  captures  1,800  prisoners  and 
14  guns,  and  occupies  Salisbury  (Stone- 
man's  raid). 

Kaleigh  is  occupied  by  Federal  troops 
under  Gen.  Sherman  after  a  slight  skir- 
mish. 

U.S.    Hecniiting  is  stopped. 

Apr.  14.  Ala.  Confederate  torpedoes 
blow  up  four  Federal  vessels  in  Mobile 
Bay. 

N.  C.  Jefferson  Davis  and  his  cabi- 
net leave  Greensboro,  going  southward 
by  extemporized  conveyances. 

S.  C.    The  Federal  flag  is  restored  on 

Fort  Sumter. 

Apr.  16.  Ga.  The  Federals  under  Gen. 
Wilson  capture  Columbus,  with  1,200 
prisoners  and  52  guns  ;  they  burn  115,000 
bales  of  cotton,  destroy  15  locomotives 
and  250  cars,  four  cotton-factories,  three 
paper-mills,  an  arsenal,  manufactories, 
and  foundries  ;  the  Confederates  burn 
the  gunboat  Chattahoochee. 

Apr.  17.  2f,  C.  Gen.  Johnston  by  flag 
of  truce  inquires  of  Gen.  Sherman  what 
terms  will  be  granted  if  he  surrenders. 

Apr.  18.  -.V.  C.  At  Durham  Station 
Gen.  Sherman  accepts  the  surrender 
of  Gen.  Johnston's  army,  provided  the 
Government  shall  approve  the  terms 
given. 

Johnston  asks  that  all  persons  engaged 
in  the  rebellion  shall  at  once  be  restored 
to  every  right  and  privilege,  social  and 
political,  which  they  had  previously  en- 
joyed, and  be  exempt  from  liability  to 
punishment ;  the  terms  are  accepted. 

Jefferson  Davis's  party  arrives  at 

Charlotte. 

Apr.  21.  Ga.  Macon  is  surrendered  to 
Gen,  Wilson. 

Z>,  C.    The  Government  disavows  the 

terms  offered  by  Gen.  Sherman  to  Gen. 
Johnston. 

Apr.  24.  K.  C.  Gen.  Grant  meets  Gen. 
Sherman  at  Kaleigh. 

La.     The  Confederate  ram  Webb,  with 

a  valuable  cargo,  is  captured  below  New 
Orleans,  while  attempting  to  escape  to 
sea. 

Apr.  26.  N.  C.  Near  Durham  Station 
Gen.  Johnston  surrenders  his  army 
(29,924  men  and  108  guns)  to  Gen.  Sher- 
man, on  the  same  terms  as  those  ac- 
cepted by  Gen.  Lee. 

Jefferson  Davis  and  his  party  leave 
Charlotte,  moving  southward,  accompa- 
nied by  about  2,000  horsemen.  [The 
number  is  soon  diminished  to  a  hand- 
ful.] 

Gen.  Kirby  Smith  in  the  southwest 

issues  a  proclamation  declaring  that  he 
is  able  to  continue  the  war. 

May  1.  The  aggregate  armies  of  the 
United  States  number  1,034,064  men. 

Ky.     Gen.  Morfcan's  old  command, 

1,200  strong,  surrenders  atMt.  Stirling. 

May  4,  Ala.  At  Citronelle,  near  Mobile, 
Com.  F.  Farrand  surrenders  the  Confed- 
erate fleet  of  12  vessels  to  Com.  Simpson ; 


liieut.-Gen.  Kichard  Taylor,  the  sen- 
ior Confederate  officer  east  of  the  Mis- 
sissippif  capitulates  to  Gen.  Canby. 

Fla.     At    Tallahassee   Gen.  Sam 

Jones  surrenders  his  force  of  8,000  men 
to  Gen.  McCook. 

May  9.  Ga.  At  Irwin ville  Jefferson 
Davis  decides  to  abandon  the  attempt  to 
reach  the  trans-Mississippi  country,  and 
turns  to  escape  by  the  Florida  coast. 

May  10.  X».  C.  President  Johnson 
proclaims  that  armed  insurrection 
is  at  an  end  in  the  Southwestern  States. 

Ga.    A  part  of  Gen.  Wilson's  cavalry, 

under  Lieut. -Cols.  Henry  Harnden  and 
Pritchard,  captures  Jefferson  Davis, 
encamped  at  Irwinville,  while  endeav- 
oring to  escape  from  the  country ;  he 
is  accompanied  by  his  wife,  mother,  and 
others.  [He  is  taken  to  Fortress  Monroe.] 

May  11.  Ark.  At  Chalk  Bluff  Gen, 
Jeff.  Thompson  surrenders  7,454  meo 
to  the  Federals. 

May  13.  Tex.  Near  Palo  Pinto  Con- 
federates under  Col.  Slaughter  defeat 
Col.  Barrett  in  the  last  fight  of  the  war. 
Federal  loss,  70  men. 

May  18.  Z>.  C.  The  Adjutant-General 
issues  orders  for  a  grand  review  of  the 
armies  of  Gens.  Sherman  and  Meade, 
by  the  President  and  his  cabinet. 

May  20.  TV.  I.  The  Confederate  ram 
Stonewall  is  surrendered  by  her  officers 
to  Cuban  authorities. 

May  23.  I>.  C.  The  grand  review  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  takes  place  at 
Washington ;  President  Johnson  and 
his  cabinet  review  199  regiments  in  line. 

May  24.  Z>.  C.  The  President  and  his 
cabinet  review  the  Army  of  Tennes- 
see and  Georgia. 

May  26.  Lieut.-Gen.  E.  Kirby  Smith 
surrenders  the  Confederate  trans-Mis- 
sissippi army ;  it  numbers  20,000  men, 
with  150  guns. 

May  31.  Afiss.  Gen.  Hood  surren- 
ders his  command  to  Gen.  John  W. 
Davidson  at  Natchez,  This  is  the  laat 
army  of  the  Confederacy. 

*  *  Total  number  of  Federal  troops 
engaged  in  the  war,  2,772,408. 

*  *  Caaualties  of  the  War,  as  reported 
at  the  Adjutant-General's  office  : 

Deaths :  on  the  battle-field,  67,058 ; 
from  wounds,  43,012 ;  from  disease,  199,- 
720;  miscellaneous  causes  (accident, 
starvation,  murder,  etc  ),  40,154.  Total, 
349,944. 

*  *  Prisoners  taken  during  the  war  by  Con- 
federates, 212,608;  desertions,  199,106. 
(Complete  statistics  of  Confederate 
losses  are  not  attainable.) 

*  *  Estimated  expenses  of  the  war  to 
the  Federal  States  and  national  Govern- 
ment, $6,165,237,000;  total  North  and 
South,  $8,165,237,000.    (David  A.  Wells.) 

*  *  U.  S.  The  Navy  comprises  671  ves- 
sels of  all  classes :  aggregate  tonnage, 
510,396;  armament,  4,610  guns. 

June  5.  Tex.  Galveston  is  surrendered 
to  the  Federals  ;  it  is  the  last  seaport 
held  by  the  Confederates. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1865,  Apr.  8-June  10.     247 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1866. 

Apr.  9.  Potts,  Stacy  O.,  politician,  N.  J., 
lawyer,  author,  A65. 

Apr.  H.  Aaron,  Samuel,  Baptist  clergy- 
man, teacher,  author,  AW. 

Apr.  15.  Lincoln,  Abraham,  capt.  in 
Black  Hawk  war,  advocate  of  freedom, 
M.  C.  for  III.,  Ist  Kep.  and  Itith  Pres.  of 
U.  S.,  emancipator,  A.'i6.     (See  Society.) 

Apr.  33.  MclCean,  William  W.,  com.  U.  S. 
N.,  A65. 

Apr.  33.     Creighton,  William,  P.  E.  cl.,  A72. 

Gibson,  Charles  B.,  Confed.  surgeon- 
gen.,  writer,  Ai9. 

Apr.  36.  Mott,  Valentine,  surgeon,  of 
N.  Y.,  A80. 

Booth,  John  Wilkes,  actor,  assassin  of 

President  Lincoln,  A26. 

Apr.  28.  Latta,  Alexander  B.,  inventor 
steam  fire-engine,  A44. 

May  8.  Reynolds,  John,  Gov.  of  111.,  jour- 
nalist, author,  A76. 

May  13.  Willard,  Joseph,  antiquarian,  au- 
thor, A  67. 

May  36.  McMnrtrie,  Henry,  educator,  Pa., 
A72. 

May  30.  Krauth,  Chas.  P.,  pres.  Lutheran 
college,  Pa.,  A70. 

June  10.  Sigourney,  Lydia  Huntley,  au- 
thor, poet,  A74. 


CHURCH. 

1865  May  15.  S.  C.  The  South  Caro- 
lina Conference  (African  Methodist 
Episcopal)  is  organized. 

June  1.  A  national  fast  is  observed,  in 
recognition  of  the  great  bereavement  in 
the  death  of  President  Lincoln. 

Tenn.     The   Holston   Conference 

(Methodist  Episcopal)  is  organized  at 
Athens. 

SOCIETY. 

1865  Apr,  0.4-  XTniversal  joy,  mingled 
with  strong  sympathy  for  the  South, 
abounds  in  the  North  because  of  Gen. 
Lee's  surrender ;  the  nation  approves  of 
Gen.  Grant's  clemency. 

Apr.  14.  I).  C.  Booth  enters  the  Presi- 
dent's box  at  Ford's  Theatre,  shoots 
Mr.  Xjincoln  in  the  back  of  the  head, 
wounds  Maj.  Rathbone  with  a  dagger, 
leaps  to  the  stage,  and  escapes  on  a 
horse  held  in  waiting  by  one  of  his  ac- 
complices. 

Payne,  in  the  guise  of  a  physician's 
messenger,  gains  access  to  the  Seward 
mansion,  wounds  Frederick  Seward, 
whom  he  meets  in  the  hall,  stabs  Secre- 
tary Seward  many  times,  is  overpowered 
by  several  men,  yet  escapes  on  his  horse. 

Apr,  15.  Md.  Booth  and  Herrold  arrive 
at  Dr,  Samuel  Mudd's  house,  near 
Bryantown,  30  miles  from  Washington. 

D,  C.    Abraham  Lincoln   remains 

Tinconscious  till  his  death,  at  7.30  a.m. 

The  military  order  of  the  Iioyal  Iie- 

gion  is  organized  as  a  non-political  and 
non-sectarian  association. 

S.  C.    At  Charleston  'Gen.  Saxton 

calls  a  mass  meeting,  and  "William 
Lloyd  Garrison,  the  abolitionist, 
makes  an  address. 

Apr,  *  U.  S.  The  assassination  of  the 
President  enshrouds  the  country  in  a 
gloom  like  thick  darkness. 

Apr.  17.  Va.  Samuel  Arnold  is  ar- 
rested at  Fortress  Monroe ;  Payne  is 
arrested  at  the  Surratt  home  in  "Wash- 
ington. 

Apr.  19.  D,  C.  Most  impressive  fu- 
neral services  of  the  Great  Emanci- 


pator, Abraham  Lincoln,  are  held  at 
Washington  in  the  rotunda  of  the  Capi- 
tol. 

The  War  Department  offers  a  reward 
of  $50,000  for  the  arrest  of  Atzerodt 
and  Herrold. 

Apr.  20.  Md.  Atzerodt  is  arrested  in 
Montgomery  County. 

Apr.  21.  D.  C,  The  body  of  Abraham 
Lincoln  is  taken  away  for  Springfield, 
111.  [The  obsequies  are  continued  at 
Baltimore,  Harrisburg,  Philadelphia, 
New  York,  Albany,  Buffalo,  Cleveland, 
Columbus,  Indianapolis,  and  Chicago.] 

Apr.  22.  The  22,000  Confederate  pris- 
oners at  Point  Lookout  give  expression 
to  their  sorrow  at  the  assassination  of 
Mr.  Lincoln,  and  their  abhorrence  of 
the  act. 

Apr.  25.  New  York.  The  most  impos- 
ing ceremonies  ever  witnessed  in  New 
York  attend  the  remains  of  President 
Lincoln ;  60,000  people  march  in 
procession. 

Apr.  26.  Va.  Booth,  the  assassin,  is 
found  in  a  barn  near  Bowling  Green, 
Va.,  and  refuses  to  surrender;  he  is 
finally  shot  by  Sergt.  Boston  Corbett ; 
Herrold,  his  companion,  surrenders. 

May  4.  III.  The  remains  of  Abraham 
Lincoln  are  interred  in  Oak  Ridge 
Cemetery  at  Springfield,  after  an  oration 
by  Bishop  Matthew  Simpson. 

May  11.  Z).  C.  By  executive  order,  the 
trial  of  the  assassins  begins  before  a 
military  commission. 

Members  :  Maj  .-Gen.  David  Hunter, 
president;  Maj.-Gen.  Lewis  Wallace, 
brev.  Mai.-Gen.  A.  V.  Kautz,  Brig.- 
Gens.  A.  P.  Howe,  R.  S.  Foster,  T.  M. 
Harris,  brev.  Brig.-Gen.  J.  A.  Elkin, 
brev.  Col.  C.  H.  Tompkins,  Lieut.-Col. 
D.  R.  Clendennin.  Brig.-Gen.  Joseph 
Holt  is  Judge  Advocate. 

May  19.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis  and  his 
associates,  guarded  by  an  escort,  arrive 
at  Fortress  Monroe. 

May  *  Chicago.  The  Sanitary  Com- 
mission Fair  raises  $250,000. 

STATE. 

1865  Apr.  10.  Mo.  A  new  Constitu- 
tion is  completed. 

Apr.  11.  D.  C.  The  Southern  ports, 
except  Key  West,  are  closed  by  procla- 
mation of  the  President. 

Apr.  13.  D.  C.  Orders  are  issued  to 
stop  the  drafting  of  men  and  the  pur- 
chase of  war  material. 

Apr.  14.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  is 
assassinated  at  Ford's  Theatre.  (See 
Society.) 

The  17th  Administration. 

Apr.  15.  D.  C.  Andrew  Johnson  of 
Tenn.  takes  the  oath  of  office  in  the 
Kirkwood  Hotel  at  Washington,  three 
hours  after  the  death  of  President  Lin- 
coln ;  he  is  the  17th  President,  in  the 
20th  term  of  the  presidency. 

Apr.  21.  D.  C.  The  Government  disap- 
proves of  Gen.  Sherman's  peace  memo- 


randum with  Gen.  Johnston  in  North 
Carolina. 

Apr.  29.  />.  C.  President  Johnson  pro- 
claims the  opening  of  Southern  ports 
to  trade,  with  some  temporary  restric- 
tions on  munitions  of  war. 

May  1.  7).  C.  The  trial,  by  court-mar- 
tial, of  the  assassins  of  President  Lin- 
coln is  ordered  by  the  Government. 

May  2.  B.  C.  President  Johnson  pro- 
claims a  reward  of  $100,000  for  the  cap- 
ture of  Jefferson  Davis. 

He  also  offers  $25,000  for  Clement  C. 
(May,  Jacob  Thompson,  George  N.  Saun- 
ders, and  Beverly  Tucker,  and  $10,000 
for  William  C.  Cleary ;  the  last  five  as 
"accomplices"  in  the  murder  of  Presi- 
tlent  Lincoln  and  the  attempted  assassi- 
nation of  W.  H.  Seward. 

May  6.  Miss.  Gov.  Clarke,  on  hearing 
of  Gen.  Taylor's  surrender  to  Gen. 
Canby,  orders  the  State  officials  to  Jack- 
son, with  the  archives,  and  convenes  the 
Legislature,  recommending:  the  re- 
peal of  the  secession  ordinance,  and 
framing  of  a  new  Constitution. 

May  9.  B.C.  President  Johnson  issues 
a  proclamation  for  the  restoration  of 
Virg:inia  to  the  Union ;  he  recognizes 
Francis  H.  Pierpont  as  governor. 

May  10.  B.  C.  President  Johnson  is- 
sues a  proclamation  announcing  the 
cessation  of  hostilities. 

The  trial  of  the  assassination  con- 
spirators begins.    (See  Society.) 

May  15.  B.  C.  James  Harlan  of  la.  is 
appointed  secretary  of  the  interior. 

May  22.  B.  C.  President  Johnson's 
proclamation  opens  the  Southern  ports. 
[He  conducts  the  reconstruction  of  the 
South  according  to  his  personal  views 
till  Congress  meets  in  December.] 

May  29,  B.  C.  President  Johnson  pro- 
claims an  exceptional  amnesty  to 
persons  involved  in  the  recent  rebellion, 
provided  they  take  the  oath  of  allegiance 
to  the  United  States ;  14  classes  are  in- 
cluded. 

He  proclaims  a  provisional  govern- 
ment established  in  South  Carolina. 

He  appoints  William  M.  Holden  pro- 
visional governor  of  North  Carolina. 

June  2.  J^ng.  The  Government  rescinds 
the  recoginition  of  the  Confederates  as 
belligerents.  [France  does  the  same  on 
June  6.] 

La.    Henry  F.  Allen,  the  Confederate 

governor,  resigns. 

June  5,  Mo.  The  people  ratify  the 
Constitution,    Vote,  43,670-41,808. 

June  7.  B.  C.  It  is  announced  by  the 
Attorney-General  that  all  applicants  for 
pardon  must  first  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865  May  2.  New  York.  A  paid  fire 
department  and  steam  engines  replace 
the  old  service. 

May  *  U.  S.  The  war  debt  reaches  the 
enormous  sum  of  $2,808,549,437. 


248    1865,  June  13  -  Dec.  29. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1865  June  *  JV.  C.  Gen.  Thomas  H. 
Kuger  succeeds  to  the  command  of 
Nortli  Carolina. 

July  25.  Inil.  Ter.  Platte's  Bridge  Sta- 
tion is  attacked  by  1,000  Indians; 
they  are  driven  off. 

Aug.  1.  D.  C.  The  President  orders  the 
2d,  4th,  5th,  Cth,  7th,  8th,  9th,  10th,  14th, 
15th,  nth,  20th,  23d,  and  24th  army 
corps  to  be  discontinued. 

Aug.  21.  />.  C.  A  commission  begins 
the  trial  of  Capt.  Henry  "Wirz  for 

■  cruelty  to  Federal  prisoners  under  his 
■charge  at  Andersonville,  Ga.  It  is  al- 
leged that  12,000  died  in  1804-65.  [Nov. 
10,  Capt.  Wirz  is  hanged.] 

Oct.*  U.  S.  The  aggregate  of  4,000,000 
men,  constituting  the  armies  of  the 
North  and  South  at  various  times,  is 
peacefully  and  ejisily  reduced  to  one 
army  of  30,000  men. 

Nov.  6.  i'Hj/.  Capt.  J.  I.  'Waddell,  of 
the  privateer  SkeTiandoaht  puts  in  at 
Liverpool  [and  surrenders  Ids  vessel 
to  the  authorities,  claiming  that  he  had 
not  heard  of  the  close  of  the  war  till 
Aug,  2]. 

Nov.  9.  Evff.  The  Shenantlnah  is  sur- 
rendered to'  the  United  States  consul  by 
the  British  government. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1865  June  17.  Mass.  A  monument 
in  memory  of  the  first  victims  of  the 
war  from  Massachusetts  is  erected 
at  Lowell. 

Sept.  19.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid  lo  is  dis- 
covered by  C.  H.  F.  Peters. 

Oct  8,  Cal.  A  severe  earthquake  shock 
occurs  at  San  Francisco. 

Oct.  8-9.  Ore.  An  earthquake  follows 
the  continued  eruption  of  Mount  Hood, 
which  for  years  had  been  in  a  state  of 
inactivity. 

Nov.  25.  Kij.  Lead  ore  mining  is  be- 
gun in  Fayette  County. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1865. 

June  13.  Campbell,  Cleveland  J.,  brig.- 
gen.  U.  S.  vols.,  wounded  at  Petersburg, 
A29. 

June  23.  Dupont.  Samuel  Francis,  rear- 
adm.  U.  S.  N.,  A62. 

July  4.  I)un<i.a8,  James,  banker,  horticul- 
turist, l*a.,  .\77. 

Potter,  Alonzo.  P.  E.  bishop  of  Pa., 

author,  Ab3. 

July  11,    Hildreth,  Richard,  editor,  A58. 

July  18.  Haywood,  Nathaniel,  inventor  of 
rubber  cloth  process,  A57, 

July  23,  Tappan.  Arthur,  merchant, 
antislavery  advocate,  philanthropist,  of 
N.  Y.,  A,  79. 

Aug,  4.  Drayton,  Percival,  capt.  U.  S.  N., 
A53. 

Aug.  16.  Campbell,  Duncan  R,,  Rapt,  cler- 
gyman, prof.,  pres.  Georgetown  coll.,  .\51. 

Sept,  3,  Draper,  AlonzoG.,brig.-gen,  U.S. 
vols.,  A30, 

Sept.  5,  Gould,  Hannah  Flagg,  poet,  of 
Mass.,  A76. 

Cept,  9.  Irvin,  Will'am,  physician,  U.  S. 
consul  at  Anioy,  AtiO. 

Sept.  17.  Neagle,  John,  portrait  painter, 
A66. 

Sept.  27.  Duane,  WilliamJohn,lawyer,of 
Pa.,  sec.  of  treas.,  AS5. 

Sept.  30.    "Wayland.  Francis.  Bapt.  cl., 

pres.  of  Brown,  author,  AH?!. 
Oct.  3.    Talinage,  .Samuel  K.,  Pres.  clergy- 
man, author,  .167. 
Oct.  11.    (iiger,  ceorge  M.,  Pres.  clergy- 
man, professor  Latin,  Princeton,  A43. 


Oct.  22.  Dwlght,  William  T.,  Cong.  cler. 
gyman,  author,  A70. 

Oct.  23.  Missroon,  John  S.,  Com.  U.  S.  a., 
A55. 

Oct.  26.    Miner,  Chas.,  ed.,  author,  AK5. 

Oct.  27.  'Worcester,  Joseph  Emerson, 
lexicographer,  A81. 

Nov.  3.  Arnold,  George,  poet,  iournalist, 
mis.  writer,  A31. 

Nov.  9.  Collamer.  Jacob,  M.  C.  for  Vt., 
senator,  postmaster-general,  A74. 

Eastman,  Robert  L.,  capt.  L".  .S.  A.,  A2h. 

Hill,  Ambrose  Powell,  C  S,  A.,  Con- 
fed.  lieut,-gen,,  k,  at  Petersburg,  A40, 

Nov,  12,  King,  Preston.  M.  C.  and  sen- 
ator of  N.  Y,,  A59, 

Nov,  16.  Adam8,JuliusW,,capt.U.  S.  A., 
A25, 

Nov.  17.  Ives,  Thomas  P.,  commander 
U.  S.  N.,  A32. 

Nov.  28.  Harrington,  Samuel  M.,  judge, 
A62. 

Nov.  30.  Meek,  Alexander  B.,  lawyer,  edi- 
tor of  Ala.,  ASl. 

Dec,  13,  Duchachet,  Henry,  P.  E.  clergy- 
man, I'a.,  A70, 

Dec.  14,  Barstow,  William,  Gov.  of  Wis.; 
brig.-gen.  U.  S.  vols.,  .\54. 

Dec.  16.  Boyd,  Andrew  H.  H.,  Pres.  cler- 
gyman, organized  I'nited  Synod,  ASl. 

Dec.  18.  Corwln,  Tfaomas,  orator.  Gov, 
of  O.,  senator,  sec.  of  treas.,  A71. 

Dec,  20,    Ames,  .Samuel,  jurist,  R.I,,  A,W. 

Dec.  24.  Cutter,  George  W.,  poet,  orator, 
A  64. 

Dec.  27,  Lee,  Hannah  F,  S,, author,  novel- 
ist, A85. 

Dec,  29.  Kurtz,  Benjamin,  Luth.  clergy- 
man, author,  A71, 


CHURCH. 

1865  June  14.  Chicago.  The  General 
Convention  of  the  New  Jerusalem 
meets. 

Aug.  *  Ga.  The  bishops  of  the  Meth- 
odist Bpiscopal  Church  South  hold  a 
meeting  at  Columbus  and  issue  a  pasto- 
ral address. 

Oct.  11.  Tenn.  Charles  Todd  Quintard 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Tennessee. 

Oct.  27.  Mo.  The  Congregational  Associ- 
ation of  Missouri  is  organized. 

Oct.  *  Ind.  Missionary  Bishop  Joseph 
C.  Talbot  (Protestant  Episcopal)  is  trans- 
lated to  Indiana. 

Nov.  15.  Neh.  Robert  Harper  Clarkson 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Nebraska, 

Dec.  28.  Colo.  George  Maxwell  Randall 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Colorado. 


.LETTERS. 

1865  July  21.  Mass.  Commemora- 
tion Day  is  observed  at  Cambridge,  in 
honor  of  the  patriotic  heroes  of  Harvard 
University. 

Oct.  1.  5,  C.  Aveiy  Institute  (colored) 
is  opened  by  the  American  Missionary 
Association. 

Oct.  2.  Va.  Gen.  Eobert  E.  Lee  be- 
comes president  of  Washington  and  Lee 
University, 

SOCIETY. 

1865  June  30.  D.  C.  The  trial  of  the 
assassins  closes.    [Sentenced  July  5.] 

Sentences  :  Herrold,  Atzerodt,  Payne, 
and  .Mrs.  Surratt  are  to  be  hanged; 
O'Laughlin.  Arnold,  and  Mudd  are  to 
be  imprisoned  for  life ;  Spangler  is  to 
be  imprisoned  at  Dry  Tortugas  for  six 
years.    [John  H.  Surratt  is  discovered  in 


the  pope's  army  in  Italy  ;  he  escapes  to 
Egypt,  is  arrested  and  tried  at  AV ashing- 
ton  in  June,  18t>7  ;  the  jury  fail  to  agree, 
and  he  is  discharged.] 

Aug.  1.  N.  Y.   The  5th  National  Tem-  . 
perance  Convention,  at  Saratoga,  re- 
solves to  form  a  National  Society  and 
establish  a  publication  house. 

Aug.  *  Xew  York.  The  forgeries  of 
Edward  B.  Ketchum,  amounting  to 
about  $1,500,000,  and  his  abstraction  of 
83,000,000  in  securities,  wrecks  one  of  the 
wealthiest  banking-houses  in  the  city. 

Oct.  16-24.  PhUa.  A  great  nteetingof 
Fenians  is  held ;  the  Irish  republic  is 
proclaimed. 

Nov.  25.  S.  C.  A  Freedmen's  Con- 
vention is  held  at  Charleston  ;  it  ap- 
peals for  justice  and  generosity. 

STATE. 

1865  June  13.  D.  C.  President  John- 
son issues  a  proclamation  for  the  resto- 
ration of  civil  government  in  Missis- 
sippi ;  he  appoints  Judge  William  L, 
Sharkey,  provisional  governor.  He  also 
removes  the  restrictions  on  trade  south- 
east of  the  Mississippi  after  July  I. 

The  "  insurrection  "  is  declared  sup- 
pressed in  Tennessee,  and  disabilities 
are  removed  by  the  proclamation  of  the 
President, 

June  14.  Mo.  The  new  judges  of  the 
higher  courts  are  established  in  office 
by  force,  the  old  judges  having  refused 
to  yield, 

June  17.  l>.  C.  President  Johnson  is- 
sues a  proclamation  for  the  reconstruc- 
tion of  Georgia  and  Texas,  and 
appoints  provisional  governors,  James 
Johnson  for  Ga,,  and  Gen.  A.  J.  Hamil- 
ton for  Texas. 

Alexander  H.  Stephens  of  Ga.  and 

Robert  E.  Lee  of  Va.  apply  for  pardon. 

June  21.  D.  C.  The  President  appoints 
Lewis  E.  Parsons  provisional  governor 
of  Alabama. 

June  23.  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
the  blockade  removed. 

June  24.  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
all  restrictions  removed  from  trade 
between  the  North  and  the  South. 

June  29.  The  trial  of  the  assassination 
conspirators  ends.    (See  Society.) 

Jtme  30.  />.  C.  The  President  appoints 
Benj.  F.  Perry  provisional  governor  of 
South  Carolina. 

U.  S.     Statistics   for  1865.     Eeve- 

nue:  Customs,  884,928,201;  internal 
revenue,  S209,4M.2I5 ;  direct  tax,  §1,200,- 
673  ;  sales  of  public  lands,  $096,653 ;  pre- 
miums on  loans  and  sales  of  gold  coin, 
$11,683,447;  miscellaneoiLS  items,  S25,- 
441,556.  Total  revenue,  $333,714,605. 
Expenditures :  Premiums  on  loans, 
purcliases  of  bonds,  etc.,  $1,717,900;  mis- 
cellaneous items,  S4:),047,(B8;  War  De- 
partment, $1,031,323,301;  Navy  Depart- 
ment, $122,612,945;  Indians,  $5,116,837; 
pensions,  $16,338.811 ;  interest  on  the 
public  debt,  $77,397,712.  Total  ordinary 
expenses,  81,297,555,224;  excess  of  ex- 
penses over  receipts,  $963,840,619  :  public 
debt,  $2,680,647,869.  Exports,  $166,029,- 
303;  imports,  $238,745,580. 

July  7.  /).  C.  The  conspirators,  Payne, 
Herrold,  Atzerodt,  and  Mrs.  Surratt,  are 
hanged  at  Washington. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1865,  June  13-Dec.  29.     249 


July  13.  />.  C  The  President  appoints 
William  Marvin  provisional  governor  of 
Florida. 

Jiily  18.  />.  C.  The  Government  refuses 
to  recognize  MayiTnilian  as  Emperor  of 
Mexico. 

July  21.  Tex.  Gen.  A.  J.  Hamilton, 
appointed  provisional  governor  of  Texas 
by  President  Johnson,  assumes  office. 

July  25.  U,  S.  The  Confederate  pris- 
oners of  war  are  released,  on  taking  the 
oath  of  allegiance. 

July  31.  U.  S.  The  national  debt  is 
$2,757,253,000,  and  bankruptcy  is 
feared  by  many,  owing  to  the  burden 
of  a  yearly  interest  which  amounts  to 
$133,000,000  in  gold. 

Aug.  22.  Miss.  The  ordinance  of  seces- 
sion is  declared  null  by  a  State  Con- 
vention ;  the  delegates  petition  the  Fed- 
eral Government  to  pardon  Jefferson 
Davis. 

Aug.  29.  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
the  restrictions  on  trade  with  all  South- 
em  ports  removed  after  Sept.  1, 

Aug.  31.  IT.  S.  The  national  debt  is 
at  its  maximum,  being  $2,845,907,020. 50 ; 
besides  $800,000,000  of  revenue  spent  in 
sustaining  the  war.  [The  total  cost  of 
the  war  to  both  the  North  and  the  South, 
including  the  destruction  in  property 
and  loss  of  slaves,  has  been  estimated 
at  $8,000,000,000.] 

Sept.  7.  n.  C.  The  President  issues  a 
second  amnesty  proclamation,  par- 
doning all  who  have  upheld  the  Confed- 
eracy, except  the  leaders. 

Sept.  15.  S.  C.  Tlie  ordinance  of  se- 
cession is  repealed  by  a  State  Conven- 
tion at  Columbia. 

Sept.  25.  Jla.  The  ordinance  of  seces- 
sion and  the  State  war  debt  are  annulled 
by  the  State  Convention,  which  also  de- 
clares slavery  abolished. 

Sept.  27.  S.  C.  The  Convention  enacts 
a  Constitution  which  becomes  effective 
without  the  ratification  of  the  people. 

Sept.  *  D.  C.  President  Johnson  an- 
nounces his  reconstruction  policy, 
which  is  approved  by  many  Democrats, 
but  strongly  opposed  by  the  Republi- 
cans. 

Oct.  7.  K.  C.  A  State  Convention,  held 
at»  Raleigh,  repeals  the  ordinance  of 
secession  [and  on  Oct.  0  passes  another 
prohibiting  slavery]. 

Oct.  11.  D.  C.  The  President  paroles 
several  prominent  officials  of  the  late 
Confederacy. 

Alex,  ir,  Stephens  of  Ga.,  John  H. 
Reagan  of  Tex.,  Geo.  A.  Trenholm  of 
S.  C,  Chas.  Clark  of  Miss.,  and  John  A. 
Campbell  of  Ala. 

Oct.  12.    K>j.    Martial  law  is  abolished. 

Oct.  2S.  Fla.  A  State  Convention, 
meeting  at  Tallahassee,  adopts  a  new 
Constitution  and  repeals  the  ordinance 
of  secession.  [Georgia  annuls  its  seces- 
sion Oct.  30.] 

Oct.  31.  D.  C.  Congress  admits  Ne- 
vada into  the  Union  as  the  36th  State ; 
her  gold  and  silver  mines  are  diminish- 
ing the  losses  by  war. 


U.S.  The  outstanding  paper  currency 

in  circulation  is  reported  at  $704,000,000. 
About  $428,000,000  in  greenbacks,  $185,- 
000,000  in  national  bank-notes,  and  $(J5,- 
000,000  in  State  bank-notes. 

Oct.  *  I).  C.  The  Government  defers  the 
trial  of  Jefferson  Davis. 

Oct.  *-Nov.  7.  U.  S.  The  fall  elec- 
tions are  favorable  to  the  Republican 
policy. 

Nov.  2.  V.  S.  A  national  thatLksgiving 
for  peace  is  observed. 

Nov.  5.    Ala.    The  new  constitution  is 
adopted  by  the  State  Convention.    [Rati- 
fied, November,  1875.] 
I  Nov.  7.      Ga.     A   State  Convention  do- 
'     dares  the  war  debt  void,  and  adopts  a 
revised  constitution. 

A'.  C    The  repeal  of  the  ordinance  of 

secession  and  the  ordinance  prohibiting 
slavery  are  both  ratified  by  the  people. 
Vote,  on  the  former,  20,000-2,002 ;  on  the 
latter,  19,039-3,039. 

Nov.  10.  The  Confederate  Capt.  Henry 
"Wirz  is  executed,  after  trial  for  cru- 
elty to  Federal  prisoners  under  bis 
charge  at  Andersonville.  (See  Army, 
Aug.  21.) 

Nov.  13.  S.  C.  The  Legislature  ratifies 
the  13th  Amendment  to  the  Federal 
Constitution.  [Dec.  1,  North  Carolina; 
Dec,  2,  Alabama  ;  Dec.  6,  Georgia;  Dec. 
11,  Oregon  ;  Dec.  18,  California.] 

Nov.  *  Wis.  The  people  reject  the 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  granting 
negro  suffrage.    Vote,  55,59 l-iG,5S8. 

Dec.  1.  D.  C.  The  President  partially 
restores  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus ;  the 
exceptions  are  limited. 

Dec.  4.  D.C.  The  39th  Congress  opens. 
Congress;  Senate  :  John  P.  Stock- 
ton (Dem.)  of  N.  J.  is  sworn  in  as  Sen- 
ator. [A  protest  from  the  Legislature 
follows,  he  having  received  a  minority 
vote.]  House :  Schuyler  Colfax  of 
Ind.  is  reelected  Sptaker.  Vote,  Col- 
fax (Rep.),  139 ;  James  Brooks  of  N.  Y. 
(Dem.),  36. 

A  Joint  Committee  of  13  is  proposed, 
to  consider  reconstruction ;  no  Repre- 
sentatives are  to  be  received  from  any  of 
the  late  Confederate  States  till  the  com- 
mittee makes  its  report.    Vote,  129-35. 

Dec.  5.  D.C.  Congress;  House  iThad- 
deus  Stevens  of  Pa.  proposes  an  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution,  to  apportion 
Representatives  on  the  basis  of  actual 
citizenship;  the  Ho\ise  passes  a  resolu- 
tion pledging  the  faith  of  the  nation  for 
the  full  payment  of  the  public  debt, 
both  principal  and  interest. 

Dec.  6-16.  I).  C.  The  Government  pro- 
tests in  an  emphatic  manner  against 
the  French  occupation  of  Mexico,  in 
the  interests  of  the  Austrian  prince, 
Maximilian. 

Dec.  12.  J}.C.  Congress:  Kepublican 
Senators  are  divided  on  the  Recon- 
struction Bill ;  four  Conservatives  dis- 
sent from  the  Radicals. 

Dec.  14.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
appoints  nine  members  of  the  Joint 
Committee  on  Heconstruction. 


It  consists  of  Thaddeus  Stevens  of  Pa., 
E.  B.  Washburne  of  111.,  J.  S.  Morrill  of 
Vt.,  John  A.  Bingham  of  O.,  Henry 
Grider  of  Ky.,  Roscoe  Conkiing  of  N.  Y., 
G.  S.  Boutwell  of  Mass.,  Andrew  J. 
Rogers  of  N.  J.,  and  Henry  T.  Blow  of 
Mo. 

Dec.  18.  D.  a  The  13th  Amend- 
ment to  the  Federal  Constitution,  pro- 
hibiting slavery,  is  declared  ratified  by 
the  Legislatures  of  27  States,  and  is  pro- 1 
claimed  by  the  President  to  be  a  part  of  i 
the  fundamental  law. 

Congress:  The  House  passes  J.  B. 
Alley's  resolution  favoring  the  policy 
of  contracting  the  currency.  Vote, 
144-6.  The  [remarkably  long]  debate 
on  reconstruction  begins. 

Dec.  20.  D.C.  Congress;  House: 
Thomas  A.  Jenckesof  R.  I.  introduces  a 
bill  **  to  regulate  the  civil  service  of 
the  United  States  ;  "  it  is  the  first  step 
in  the  civil  service  reform  movement. 

Dec.  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  the  Senate 
appoints  six  members  of  the  .Joint  Com- 
mittee of  Fifteen  on  Reconstruc- 
tion: William  P.  Fessenden  of  Me., 
James  W.  Grimes  of  la.,  Ira  Harris  of 
N.  Y.,  Jacob  M.  Howard  of  Mich.,  Rev- 
erdy  Johnson  of  Md.,  and  George  H. 
Williams  of  Ore. 

Dec.  23.  N.  C.  Tlie  President  relieves 
Gov.  Holden  of  his  office  ;  Gov,  Worth 
succeeds  him. 

Dec.  29.  D.  C.  Congress  excludes  85 
members  from  Southern  States. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865  July  1.  *  New  York.  Price  of  mid- 
dling upland  cotton  is  43  cents  ;  the 
value  of  a  gold  dollar  is  136i  to  138  cents. 

July  13.  Xew  York.  £amum*s  Mu- 
seum, corner  of  Ann  Street  and  Broad- 
way, is  burned. 

July  23.  Ireland.  The  laying  of  the 
second  Atlantic  cable  begins  at  Valen- 
cia ;  the  Great  Eastern  pays  it  out. 

July  *  Ore.  The  First  National  Bank  of 
Portland  is  established;  it  is  the  tirst 
west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Aug.  2.  The  cable  breaks  when  1.312 
miles  are  laid. 

Aug.  3.  The  cable  is  grappled,  but  the 
rope  breaks,  losing  both  cable  and 
grapple. 

Aug.  7.  Tlie  cable  is  grappled,  and  is 
again  lost  by  the  breaking  of  the  rope. 

Aug.  11.  The  cable  is  grappled,  and 
the  rope  again  breaks ;  the  Great  East- 
ern sails  for  England  to  get  more  rope. 

Sept.  16.  Boston.  Horticultural  Hall 
in  Tremont  Street  is  dedicated. 

Oct.  1.  New  York.  Price  of  middling 
upland  cotton  is  45  to  45i  cents ;  the 
value  of  a  gold  dollar  is  143^  to  144 
cents. 

Nov.  13.  The  steamer  Henry  Chauncey 
makes  a  rapid  passage  from  Aspinwall 
to  New  York,  in  six  days,  five  hours, 
and  thirty  minutes. 

Dec.  25.  Chicago.  The  Union  Stock- 
ITards  are  opened. 


260     1865,  Dec.  30-1866,  Mar.  17.        AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1865  *  *  Md.    The  Naval  School  is  re- 
turned to  Aunapolis,  having  been  trans- 
ferred to  Rhode  Island  during  the  war. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1865  *  *  Cal.  It  is  ascertained  by  the 
Geographical  and  Geological  survey  of 
California  that  the  highest  mountain 
];>eaka  in  the  United  States  are  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  several  exceeding  15,000 
feet. 

*  *  Chicago,  The  German  MSnnerchor  is 
organized. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  frescoing  of  the  Capitol 
dome  canopy  at  Washington  is  under- 
taken by  Constantine  Brumidi. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  art  of  polychromy  is 
applied  by  Mr.  Shulter  to  the  ceiling  of 
the  great  central  hall,  Patent  Office, 
Washington. 

*  *  London.  Joseph  Jefferson  appears 
In  Hip  Van  JVinkle  at  the  Adelphi. 

*  *  London.  Three  paintings  by  F.  E. 
Church,  landscape  painter,  are  exhibited 
and  favorably  received  by  English  art 
critics. 

*  *  Nexo  York.  The  Mendelssohn  Glee 
Club  is  organized. 

*  *  New  York.  Seymour  Joseph  Guy, 
Winslow  Homer,  and  Elihu  Vedder  of 
New  York  City  are  elected  members  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  New  York.  Commerce,  a  bronze 
figure,  is  unveiled  in  Central  Park. 

*  •  The  American  Social  Science  Asso- 
ciation is  founded. 

*  *  Capt.  Charles  F.  Hall,  Arctic  explorer, 
reports  that  four  of  the  Franklin  ex- 
pedition party  are  probably  alive.  He 
also  reports  progress  in  discoveries  con- 
cerning the  northwest  passage. 

1866.  Jan.  7.  Philadelphia  records  its 
coldest  day ;  the  thermometer  marks 
18  degrees  below  zero. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

I86S. 
Dec.  30.     Davis,  Henry  Winter,  M.  C.  for 
Md.,  A48. 

*  *  Settle,  Thomas,  M.  C.  for  N.  C,  b.  In  N.  C. 

*  *  Van  Amburgh,  Isaac,  showman,  A50. 
1866. 

Jan.  1.    .StllIman,Thoa.  lt.,mech.eng.,  A60. 

Jan.  10.  Mapes,  James  J.,  agriculturist, 
A  60. 

Jan.  14.  Judah,  Henry  M.,  brig.-gen.  V.  S. 
vols.,  A 42. 

Jan.  16.  Choate,  Rufus,  capt.  U.  S.  vols., 
A  32. 

Jan.  34.  Boorman,Jas.,  merchant  of  N.Y., 
philan.,  A  83. 

Jan.  36.  Roman,  Andrew  B.,  Gov.  of  La., 
A70. 

Jan.  37.  Crele,  Joseph,  oldest  man  in 
America,  A 141. 

Jan.  39.  Nott.  EUphalet.  Pres.  clergy- 
man, pres.  of  rnion  coll.,  A93. 

Feb.  7.  Hinkley,  Holmes,  Inventor,  con- 
structor of  locomotives,  .\73. 

Feb.  27.  Jackson,  John  K.,  Confed.  brig.- 
gen.,  A  38. 

Mar.  4.  Campbell.  Alexander,  fdr.  of 
Disciples  of  Christ,  A80. 

Mar.  13.  Moore,  Martin,  Cong,  clergyman, 
editor,  historian,  A76. 

Xar.  14.  Sparks,  Jared,  pres.  of  Harvard, 
historian,  biographer,  A77. 


CHURCH. 

*  *  Boston.  The  4th  General  Synod 
(National  Council)  of  the  Congrega- 
tional Church  meets. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Young  "Women's 
Christian  Association  is  incorporated. 

*  *  Cal.  The  California  Conference  (Af- 
rican Methodist  Episcopal)  is  formed. 

*  *  la.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Washington ; 
John  B.  Clark,  moderator. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  in  St.  Louis. 

*  *  Neto  York.  The  first  Free  Methodist 
Society  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly  (N.S, 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Brooklyn ;  J.  B. 
Shard,  moderator.  It  organizes  a£*reed- 
xnen's  Board. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Pittsburg ;  John 
C.  Lowrie,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  dio- 
cese of  Pittsburg  is  established. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

The  reunion  of  the  Protestant 
Spiscopal  Church  is  affected  by  the 
attendance  of  two  Southern  bishops  at 
the  Convention. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  Con- 
federate States  takes  the  name  Pres- 
byterian Church  in  the  United 
States. 

1866  Jan.  25.  Pa.  John  Barrett  Ker- 
foot  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) bishop  of  Pittsburg. 

Jan.+  *  The  centenary  of  Methodism 
in  America  is  celebrated. 

Mar.  11.  Boston,  John  Joseph  Williams 
is  consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop 
of  Boston. 

LETTERS. 

1865  *  *  Boston.  The  Massachusetts  In- 
stitute of  Technology  is  opened. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Daily  Examiner  is  issued 
at  San  Francisco  ;  also  the  Chronicle. 

*  *  7>.  C.  The  Surgeon-General's  Office 
Iiibrary  is  founded  at  Washington. 
[72,219  vols.] 

*  *  D.  C.  St.  Louis  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  Washington. 

*  *  la.  Des  Moines  College  (Bapt.)  is 
organized  at  Des  Moines. 

*  *  III.  "Westfield  (United  Brethren) 
College  is  organized. 

*  *  III.  Irvington  College  (Pres.)  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  Kan.  Washburn  College  (Cong.)  Is  or- 
ganized at  Topeka. 

*  *  Md.  An  agricultural  college  is  es- 
tablished in  Prince  George's  County. 

*  *  Mich.  Hope  College  (Reformed)  is  or- 
ganized at  Holland. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Public  Iiibrary  is  founded 
at  Detroit.    [60,000  vols.] 


*  *  Mo.  The  Public  School  Library  it 
founded  at  St.  Louis.  [56,192  vols.] ;  the 
St.  Louis  Bistorical  Society  is  organ- 
ized. 

*  *  N.  C.  Shaw  University  (Colored 
Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Raleigh. 

*  *N.J.  The  Scientific  School  con- 
nected with  Rutger's  College  is  opened. 

*  *  Neio  York.  The  Catholic  World  mag- 
azine appears. 

*  *  O.  "WiUoughby  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  established  at  Willonghby. 

*  •  Phila.    The  Saturday  Night  is  issued. 

*  *  Pa.  Mercersburg  College  (Re- 
formed) is  organized. 

*  *  Wis.  Northwestern  University 
(Evan.  Luth.)  is  organized  at  Water- 
town. 

*  *  The  National  Baptist  is  issued. 

*  *  The  Chimney  Comer  is  founded  by 
Frank  Leslie. 

*  *  The  Commercial  Bulletin  is  founded. 

*  *  Commemoration,  Ode,  by  James  Bus* 
sell  Lowell,  appears.  "  Conceded  to 
be  the  greatest  .  .  .  heroic  ode  America 
has  produced."    (Welsh.) 

*  *  Dmm  Taps,  by  Walt  Whitman,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Gayworthys,  by  Mrs.  A.  D.  T. 
Whitney,  appears. 

*  *  National  Lyrics,  by  John  Greenleaf 
"Whittier,  appears. 

*  *  The  Pioneers  of  France  in  the  New 
World,  by  Francis  Parkman,  appears. 

*  *  Glimpses  of  History,  by  George  Make- 
peace Towle,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  John  Jacob  Astor,  by  James 
Parton,  appears. 

*  *  Life  and  Adventures  of  Jefferson  DaviSf 
by  George  Arnold,  appears. 

*  *  Method  of  Philological  Study  in  the 
English  Language,  by  Francis  A.  Marsh, 
appears. 

*  *  Allworth  Abbey,  by  Mrs.  Emma  D.  E. 
N.  South  worth,  appears. 

*  *  Cape  Cod,  by  Henry  David  Thorean, 
appears;  aX^o  Letters  to  Various  Persons. 

1866  Jan.  15.  Ky.  The  Agricultural 
College  of  Kentucky  purchases  "  Ash- 
land," the  old  home  of  Henry  Clay. 

SOCIETY. 
1865  •  *  Chicago.      Cook   County   Hos- 
pital is  established. 

*  *  Tnd.  The  Legislature  enacts  that  col- 
ored people  shall  be  accepted  as  com- 
petent witnesses  in  the  courts  of  the 
State. 

*  *  Kan.  The  Institution  for  the  De(rf« 
Dumb,  and  Blind  is  established  at 
Olathe. 

*  *  Miss.  The  Federal  Government  ar- 
rests and  imprisons  Grov.  Charles 
Clarke. 

*  *  New  York.  A  band  of  the  Disciples 
of  Lassalle  is  organized. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Manhattan  Club  is 
founded. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  General  Assembly 
declares   liquor  makers  and   sellers 


UNITED    STATES.    1865,  Dec.  30-1866,  Mar.  17.  251 


shall  be  excluded  from  membership,  and 
It  recommends  total  abstinence. 

•  *  U.  S.  The  spirit  ration  is  discontinued 
in  the  navy,  and  it  is  ordered  that  the 
supply  on  hand  shall  be  sold. 

1866  Jan.  1.  Wis.  A.  home  for  sol- 
diers* orphans  is  opened. 

Jan.  *  Kail.  A  convention  of  colored 
men  is  held  at  Topeka  ;  it  petitions  the 
Legislature  to  strike  the  word  *'  white" 
from  the  Constitution. 

•  *  U.  S.  The  charities  of  the  war  are 
beyond  precedent. 

Contributions  for  the  aid  and  relief  of 
soldiers  by  States,  counties,  and  towns 
amount  to  S187.209,6(W ;  olTerings  of  as- 
sociations and  individuals,  $24,044,865; 
offerings  for  suiTerers  abroad,  $3SO,(M0; 
for  sufferers  by  the  riot  in  New  York 
in  1863,  for  ffeednien  and  refugees, 
$639,633.     Total  charities,  $212,274,248. 

Feb.  10.     The  franking  privilege   is 

granted  to  Mrs.  Lincoln. 
Feb.  26.    Xew  York.     The  Board  of 

Health  ic  established. 

STATE. 
1865    Deo.  *  n.C.    A.  deplorable  dis- 
agreement between  the  President  and 
Congress. 

President  Johnson  holds  that  the  se- 
ceding States  were  not  out  of  the  Union 
when  in  rebellion,  and  forms  a  policy 
from  that  standpoint ;  Congress  would 
reconstruct  the  .States  with  special  legis- 
lation and  special  guaranties. 

Sec.  *  Z>.  C.  Congress  becomes  more 
radical ;  complaint  is  made  against  the 
course  pursued  by  the  South  in  electing 
members  who  a  few  months  before  were 
in  the  Confederate  army,  and  still  hold 
to  the  legality  of  their  attempts  to 
break  up  the  Union. 

Dec.  * />.  C.  Secretary  McCulloch  begins 
the  immediate  contraction  of  the 
currency. 

•  *  Miss.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
giving  civil  rights  to  f reedmen. 

•  *  Jtl.  The  Legislature  ratifies  the 
13th  Amendment  to  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution. 

•  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
Ata.    Lewis  E.  Parsons. 

-68  *  *  Ala.    Robert  M.  Patton. 

-67*  *Cblo.  (Ter.).    Alexander   Cum- 
mings. 

-69  *  •  net.    Gove  Saulsbury. 

-66  *  »  Fla.    William  Marvin. 
Ga.    James  Johnson. 

-67  *  •  Ga.    Charles  J.  Jenkins. 

-69  •  *  111.    Kichard  J.  Oglesby. 

-69  •  •  Kan.    Samuel  J.  Crawford. 

-67  •  *  La.    James  M.  Wells. 

-68  •  *  Mich.    Henry  H.  Crapo. 

-66  *  *  Miss.    William  L.  Sharkey. 

-66*  *  Mont.  (Ter.).    Thomas  Francis 
Meagher. 
K.  C.    William  W.  Holden. 

-68  *  *  N.  C.    Jonathan  Worth. 

-67  •  *  N.  H.    Frederick  Smyth. 

-67*  *N.Mex.(Ter.).  Robert B. Mitch- 
ell. 

-69  *  *  J\r.  r.    Reuben  E.  Fen  ton. 

-66  *  *  O.    Charles  Anderson. 

S.  C.    Benjamin  F.  Perry. 

-68  *  •  S.  C.    James  L.  Orr. 

-69  •  *  Term.    William  G.  Brownlow. 

-66  »  •  Tex.    A.  J.  Hamilton. 


-60  *  *  r.  (Ter.).    Charles  Durkee. 
-67  •  *  ri.    Paul  Dillingham. 

1866  Jan.  5.  I).  C.  Congress ;  House  : 
R.  P.Spauldlngof  ©.proposes an  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution,  for  the 
apportionment  of  representatives  on  the 
basis  of  a  franchise  freely  exercised, 
by  blacks  as  well  as  whites. 

Jan.  6.  /;.  C.  Congress :  The  Joint 
Special  Committee  on  Reconstruc- 
tion is  organized. 

Jan.  8.  I).  C.  Congress ;  House :  James 
G.  Slaine  of  Me.  proposes  an  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution,  by  which 
the  enumeration  of  persons  whose  right 
of  suffrage  is  impaired  on  account  of 
race  or  color  shall  be  omitted  in  appor- 
tioning representatives. 

Jan.  9.  D.  C.  Congress :  Tlie  House, 
with  four-fifths  of  its  members  Repub- 
licans, refuses  to  pass  a  resolution  of 
confidence  in  the  Hepublican  Presi- 
dent; this  occasions  a  break  in  its  rela- 
tions with  him. 

Jan.  12.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  : 
Lyman  Trumbull  of  111.  introduces 
the  CivU  Bights  BlU. 

"There  shall  he  no  discrimination  in 
civil  rights  ...  on  account  of  race, 
color,  or  previous  condition  of  servi- 
tude." 

Jan.  14.  N.  C.  A  convention  meets  at 
Raleigh  under  the  Reconstruction  Acts 
of  Congress,  and  proceeds  to  frame  a 
Constitution. 

Jan.  15.  n.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  Eos- 
coe  Conkling  of  N.  Y.  proposes  an 
amendment,  prohibiting  the  enumera- 
tion of  all  blacks  in  any  State  when  the 
political  "  rights  or  privileges  of  any 
man  shall  be  denied  on  account  of  race 
or  color  ;  "  also  for  denying  or  abridging 
the  elective  franchise. 

Jan.  22.  n.C.  Congress:  The  Joint 
Reconstruction  Committee  report 
their  amendment  to  the  Constitution' 
to  both  Houses. 

It  excludes  the  enumeration  of  freed- 
men  as  a  basis  of  representation  when 
the  exercise  of  the  elective  franchise  is 
denied  or  abridged  in  any  State. 

Jan.  25.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Freedmen's  Bureau  Bill. 

Jan.  29.  n.  C.  Congress :  The  amend- 
ment resolutions  are  referred  again 
to  the  Rec(tnstruction  Committee. 

Jan.  31.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Joint 
Committee  makes  another  report  ex- 
cluding freedmen  from  enumeration 
when  the  elective  franchise  is  denied  or 
abridged  in  any  State  on  account  of 
race  or  color.  Adopted  by  the  House. 
Vote,  120-46. 

Jan.  »  la.  The  Legislature  ratiflea  the 
13th  Amendment  to  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution. 

Feb.  2.  /).  a  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Civil  Rights  Bill,  which  is 
intended  to  confer  on  the  freedmen  all 
the  rights  enjoyed  by  the  white  men, 
except  that  of  suffrage.    Vote,  33-12. 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
begins  the  debate  on  the  Coustitutional 
Amendment. 


Congress  confers  additional  power  on 
theFreedmen'sBureau.  Vote: House, 
136-33  ;  Senate  (previously),  37-10. 

Feb.  9.  Neb.  A  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion frames  a  Constitution. 

Feb.  10.  Tex.  A  State  Convention 
meets  at  Austin  to  frame  a  new  Consti- 
tution. 

Feb.  19.  D.  C.  President  Johnson  ve- 
toes the  Freedmen's  Bureau  Bill. 

Feb.  20.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
attempt  to  override  the  President's 
veto  fails.    Vote,  30-18.    (See  July  16.) 

Feb.  21.  n.  C.  Congress  ;  House :  J. 
S.  Morrill  of  Vt.  reports  a  bill  for  fund- 
ing certain  national  obligations. 

Feb.  22.  D.  C.  The  President  makes  a 
speech  in  front  of  the  Presidential  Man- 
sion, in  which  he  denounces  the  Re- 
construction Committee,  and  declares 
Congress  to  he  in  rebellion  against  the 
Government  of  the  United  States. 

Mar.  9.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
fails  to  carry  the  Civil  Rights  Amend- 
ment Bill.  Vote,  25-22.  [Passed  Mar> 
16.] 

Mar.  10.  W.  Va.  Congress,  by  a  joint 
resolution,  recognizes  the  transfer  of 
the  coimties  of  Berkely  and  Jefferson 
from  Virginia  to  West  Virginia. 

Mar.  14.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  The 
CivU  Rights  Bill  passes.    Vote,  111-38. 

Mar.  16.  D.  C.  Congress ;  the  Senate 
passes  the  Civil  Rights  Bill. 

It  accords  to  the  negro  every  legal  right 
enjoyed  bv  the  white  man,  and  empowers 
the  Presiuent  to  use  the  army  to  enforce 
the  Act. 

Congress;  House:  The  debate  on  the 
contraction  of  the  currency  closes  ;  the 
Morrill  Ftmding  Bill  is  defeated. 
Vote,  67-70. 
Mar.  17.  U.  S.  The  United  States  termi- 
nates the  reciprocity  treaty  regulating 
traffic  between  Canada  and  the  United 
States,  it  having  given  one  year's  notice, 
according  to  the  terms  of  the  treaty. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865  Deo.  31.  U.S.  The  fire  record 
for  1865  shows  364  fires  of  $20,000  loss  and 
upwards,  and  a  total  estimated  loss  of 
$43,139,000. 

Immigrants  in  1865,  247,453. 

»  •  Cal.  The  Mountain  View  Cem- 
etery at  San  Francisco  is  established. 

*  ♦  Conn.  Cedar  Hill  Cemetery,  near 
Hartford,  is  laid  out. 

»  *Z).  C.  The  Freedman's  Savings 
and  Trust  Company  is  chartered. 

1866  Jan.  1.  Ifew  York.  Price  of  mid- 
dling upland  cotton  is  62  to  63  cents ; 
the  value  of  a  gold  dollar  is  1441  cents. 

Jan.  11.  Kij.  The  State  Farmers' con- 
vention meets  at  Frankfort ;  delegates 
are  present  from  40  counties. 

Jan.  24.  D.  C.  The  Smithsonian  In- 
stitution at  Washington  is  partially 
burned. 

Jan.  30.  The  steamer  Miami's  boilers 
explode,  and  she  sinks  in  the  Missis- 
sippi ;  150  lives  are  lost. 


252     1866,  Mar.  19-Aug,  28. 

ARMY  — NAVY. 

1866  Apr.  13.  />.  C.  Congress  passes 
a  resolution  providing  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  soldiers'  graves  from  dese- 
cration. 

Apr.  21.  D.  C.  Congress  tenders  its 
thanks  to  Gen.  'W.  S.  Hancock. 

May  3.  I).  C.  Congress  tenders  the 
thanks  of  the  Nation  to  officers,  sol- 
diers, and  seamen. 

June  17.  D.  C.  Congress  limits  admis- 
sion to  West  Point  Academy  to  can- 
didates who  are  between  17  and  22  years 
of  age. 

July  26.  "Winfield  S.  Hancock  is  com- 
missioned major-general. 

July  *  Ulysses  S.  Grant  is  appointed 
general-in-chief  (the  15th  commander) 
of  the  U.  S.  A. ;  W.  T.  Sherman,  Lieu- 
tenant-General ;  D.  G.  Farragut,  Ad- 
miral of  the  U.  S.  N.,  and  D.  D.  Porter, 
Vice- Admiral. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1866  May  1.  Md.  A  destructive  hail- 
storm visits  Baltimore ;  20,000  panes  of 
glass  are  broken. 

May  12.  D.  C.  A  variable  star  in  the 
constellation  Corona  is  seen  from  the 
Washington  observatory;  it  appears  to 
be  nearly  as  large  as  the  sun  ;  [within  30 
days  it  dwindles  from  second  to  ninth 
magnitude.] 

June  15.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid  Thisbe 
is  discovered  by  C.  II.  F.  Peters. 

June  23.  Phila,  The  Chestnut- Street 
bridge  is  complete<l.    (Hegun  in  1861.) 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1866. 
Mar.  21.    Elliot,   Stephen,    Confed.  brig.- 

gen.,  A34. 
Apr.  1.    Harding,  Chester,  portrait  painter, 

A74. 
Apr.  12.    Dickinson,   Daniel  Stevens,  sen. 

for  N.y.,  A66. 
Apr.  22.     Allen,  Henry    F.,  Gov.  of  La.; 

Confed.  brig.-gen.,  A46. 
Warriner,    Francis,    Cong,  cl.,  writer, 

A61. 
Apr.  23.    Ewing,  William  B.,   physician, 

N.J.,  A 90. 
May  7.    Waite,  Carlos  A.,  brig.-gen.  U.  S. 

vols.,  A 66. 
May  29.     Cox,  Henry  G.,  physician,  N.Y., 

A  47. 

Kogers,  Henry  Darwin,  geologist,  A58. 

Scott,      Wlnfleld,     lieutenant-general 

U.  S.  A.,  Whig  candidate  for  the  Presi- 
dency, A80. 

June  8.     Davis,  Emerson,  Cong,  cl.,  A68. 

June  13.  Odell,  Moses  F.,  naval  officer, 
M.  C.  N.V.,  A48. 

June  16.  Seaton,  William  W.,  journalist, 
I>.  C,  A81. 

June  17.  Cafls.  Lewis,  sen.  for  Mich., 
tJov.,  min.  to  France,  sec.  of  state,  A84. 

June  18.  Merrick,  James,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, missionary  to  I'ersia,  A63. 

June  21.  Margiierittes,  Julie  de,  author, 
dramatic  critic,  A  52. 

Mussey,  Keuben  Dimond,  surgeon,  au- 
thor, A  86. 

July  6.  Bruce,  OeorRe,  tj^tefounder,  pres. 
Mech.  Inst.  N.  Y.  Citv.  A  85. 

July  14.  Hloodgood,  Samuel  DeWitt,  mer- 
chant,  N.Y.  City,  A67. 

July  24.  Morgan,  George  N.,  brig.-gen. 
U.  S.  vols.,  A  41. 

Auer-  2.  Lathrop,  John  H.,  pres.  of  coll., 
A  67. 

Aug.  21.  Rrainerd,  Thomas,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, writer,  editor,  A62. 

Aug.  23.  Haven,  Alice  B.,  author  of  ju- 
venile books,  A38. 

Aug.  26.  Porter,  John  Addison,  chemist, 
A44. 


AMERICA; 


Aug.  26.  PieTx>ont,  John,  Unit,  clergyman, 
poet,  A81. 

Aug.  27.  Richmond,  Dean,  merchant,  finan- 
cier, of  N.Y.,  A62. 


CHURCH. 

1866  Apr.  4^.  La.  The  General  Con- 
ference (Methodist  Episcopal  Suutli) 
meets  at  New  Orleans, 

David  S.  Doggett,  William  M.  Wight- 
man,  Enoch  M.  Marvin,  Holland  N.  Mc- 
Tyeire,  and  John  C.  Keniierare  ordained 
bishops.  [JuneliO.  J.W.Kubertsmiss.bp.] 

The  Baltimore,  Columbia,  Northwest 
Texas,  West  Texas,  Little  Kock  North 
Georgia,  and  South  Georgia  Conferences 
are  formed. 

May  31.  III.  The  Eighth  Triennial  Gen- 
eral Eldership  (Church  of  God)  opens 
at  Decatur. 

June  1.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusaleni  meets. 


LETTERS. 

1866  Mar.  27.  Mich,  The  Detroit /)a% 
Post  is  issued. 

Apr,  2.  Phila.  The  Evening  Star  is 
issued. 

June  20.  Phila.  The  Public  Ledger  is 
issued. 

July  *  Tenn.  Central  Tennessee  Col- 
lege is  chartered. 

SOCIETY. 

1866  Apr.  6.  ///.  The  first  post  of 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Kepublic  is 
organized  at  Decatur. 

Apr.  *  Me»  Fenians  gather  at  Eastport 
for  a  raid  on  Campobello,  New  Bruns- 
wick, but  are  deterred  by  the  Govern- 
ment. 

Apr.  *  Md.  A  fair  is  held  at  Baltimore 
for  the  relief  of  destitute  people  in  the 
Southern  States  ;  the  net  receipts  are 
$161,569. 

Apr.  *  New  York.  The  American  Society 
for  the  Prevention  cf  Cruelty  to  An- 
imals is  organized  ;  Henry  Bergh,  pres- 
ident. 

May  1-3.  Tenn.  Twenty-four  negroes 
are  killed  in  a  race  riot  at  IMemjihis. 

May  10.  Nevj  York.  James  Stephens, 
the  fugitive  Fenian  Head-Center,  ar- 
rives. 

May*  N.  Y.  Fenians  assemble  at  Buf- 
falo for  a  raid  into  Cjuiada. 

May  19.  N.  Y.  The  Government  seizes 
1,200  stand  of  arms  from  Fenians  at 
Rouse's  Point.  [May  30,  it  seizes  1,000 
more  at  St.  Albans,  Vt.] 

June  1.  N.  Y.  Canada  is  invaded  by 
about  1,500  Fenians  from  Buffalo. 
[They  retire  after  a  skirmish  with  the 
Canadians ;  many  are  arrested  by  Fed- 
eral officers.] 

June?.  Vt.  About  1.000  armed  Feni- 
ans invade  Canada,  and  return  on  the 
approach  of  Canadian  troops. 

June  8.  Phila.  Antoine  Probst  is  exe- 
cuted for  the  murder  on  April  7  of  the 
Deering  family,  consisting  of  eight 
persons. 


Jime21.  D.C.  The  Howard  Institute 
Bill  becomes  a  law,  establisbing  an  in- 
dustrial home  for  freedmen  at  Wash- 
ington. 

July  11.  D.C.  Senator  J.  H.  ILane  of 
Kansas  commits  suicide. 

July  12.  Ind.  The  first  department  en- 
campment of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  is  held  at  Indianapolis. 

July  27.  U.  S.  The  Government  orders 
all  circulars  and  letters  concerning  lot- 
teries to  be  excluded  from  the  mail. 

July  30.  La.  A  meeting  composed 
mostly  of  colored  people  meets  at  New 
Orleans  to  form  a  new  constitution; 
a  riot  follows,  in  which  many  are  killed. 
A  massacre  of  Republicans  in  a  polit- 
ical convention  occurs  at  New  Orleans. 

About  40  are  killed  and  150  wotmded 
by  the  anti-negro  suffrage  party.  [ThQ 
Radicals  of  the  North  are  intensified  in 
feeling  and  united  in  action  by  this 
occurrence.] 

STATE 

1866  Mar.  19.  D.  C.  Congreas :  The 
House  reconsiders  the  Funding  Bill. 

Mar.  23.  i>.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
declares  John  P.  Stockton  (Rep.)  of  N.  J. 
entitled  to  his  seat,  notwithstanding  an 
alleged  irregularity  in  his  election.  Vote, 
22-21. 

The  decisive  vote  is  cast  by  Stockton 
himself,  owing  to  peculiar  circumstances 
respecting  the  pairing  of  vote*.  The 
House  again  passes  the  Funding  Bill 
with  a  proviso.    Vote,  83-53. 

Mar.  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
reconsiders  the  question  of  admitting 
J.  P.  Stockton,  and  unanimously  con- 
demns his  voting  for  himself ;  it  decides, 
without  his  vote,  that  he  is  not  entitled 
to  a  seat.    Vote,  23-20. 

Mar.  27.  />.  C.  President  Johnson  ve- 
toes the  Civil  Rights  BiU. 

Mar.  28.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
George  F.  £dmunds  of  Vt.  is  sworn 
in  as  Senator. 

Apr.  1±.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
overrides  the  President's  veto  of  the 
Civil  Rights  EiU.  Vote,  33-15.  [Tlie 
House  follows  on  Apr.  9.    Vote,  122-41.] 

Apr.  2.  D.  C.  President  Johnson  re- 
stores the  habeas  corpus  in  all  States 
but  Texas. 

U.  S.    Tlie  President  proclaims  that 

the  insurrection  is  suppressed  east  of 
the  Mississippi  River  ;  it  '*  is  henceforth 
to  be  so  regarded." 

Apr.*  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Funding  Bill.  Vote,  32-7. 
[Approved  Apr.  12  ;  it  becomes  a  law.] 

Apr.  24.  D.C.  Congress;  House:  A 
memorable  legislative  encounter  be- 
tween J.  G.  Blaine  and  Roscoe  Conk- 
ling  takes  place,  by  which  they  become 
enemies  for  life. 

Apr.  30.  D.  C.  Congress :  Tlie  Joint 
Reconstruction  Committee  makes 
their  final  report,  which  is  known  as 
the  14th  Amendment.    (See  below.) 

May  5.  D.  C.  Congress  extends  the 
boundary  of  Nevada  one  degree  east. 


UNITED    STATES.  1866,  Mar.  19 -Aug.  28.     25S 


May  6.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis  is  in- 
dicted for  treason  by  a  grand  jury  in 
the  U.  S.  Circuit  Court  of  Virginia. 

May  *  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the  bill  to 
admit  Colorado,  ^'ote  :  Senate,  lft-13 ; 
House,  81-57.     [Vetoed,  May  IG.] 

May  8.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  The 
debate  on  the  14th  Amendment  is 
opened  by  Thaddeus  Stevens  of  Pa. 

May  10.  r>.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  tlio  14th  Amendment  Bill  to 
aid  in  the  reconstruction  of  the  Southern 
States.    Vote,  128-07.    (See  June  16.) 

May  24.  W.  Va.  The  people  ratify  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution,  dis- 
franchising all  who  had  given  volun- 
tary aid  to  the  Confederacy  after  June, 
1861. 

May  29.  D.  C.  The  President  issues  a 
proclamation  of  general  amnesty,  with 
certain  classes  excepted. 

May  *  Tfnn.  The  Legislature  by  enact- 
ment disfranchises  all  who  have  aided 
the  secession  cause  iu  any  way. 

June  6.  /).  C.  The  Pension  Bill  be- 
comes a  law  ;  it  authorizes  the  payment 
of  S25  per  month  to  soldiers  and  sailors 
rendered  helpless. 

June  7.  />.  C.  The  President  issues  a 
monitory  proclamation  against  the  in- 
vasion of  Canada  by  Fenians. 

Junes.  J).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Constitutional  Ajnend- 
ment  BiU.    Vote,  32-11. 

June  13.  I).  C.  Congress :  The  House 
concurs  with  the  Senate's  amendments 
to  the  Constitutional  Amendment 
BiU.  Vote,  120-32,  It  then  passes  the 
Bill.    Vote,  138-36. 

Its  aim  18  — (1)  to  override  the  Dred 
Scott  decision,  and  to  prevent  the  abridg- 
ment of  the  privileges  and  immunities  of 
native  or  naturalized  citizens  ;  (2)  to  pre- 
vent the  exclusion  of  the  negro  vote, — 
which  it  does,  —  by  reducing  the  repre- 
sentation of  the  States  in  Congress  in  pro- 
portion to  the  reduction  of  votes  ;  (3)  to 
prevent  the  payment  of  the  Confederate 
debt,  and  to  guarantee  the  payment  of 
the  national  debt. 

June  16.  I),  a  The  14th  Amend- 
ment is  submitted  to  the  States. 

June  18.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Com- 
mittee on  Reconstruction  reports  that 
no  Southern  State  has  placed  itself  in 
satisfactory  relations  to  the  Union  ;  it 
proposes  new  legislation  as  a  condition 
by  which  any  State  may  be  qualitied  for 
representation  in  Congress. 

June  21.  D.  a  The  Homestead  Bill 
becomes  a  law;  it  provides  for  the  dis- 
posal of  all  public  lands  in  Mississippi, 
Louisiana,  Arkansas,  and  Florida. 

AV6.  Tlie  people  ratify  the  Constitu- 
tion.    Vote,  3,938-3,838. 

June  22.  />.  C  The  President's  message 
to  Congress  expresses  his  objections  to 
the  submission  to  the  States  of  the  14th 
Amendment. 

June  30.  Connecticut  is  the  first  State 
to  approve  the  14th  Amendment. 

U.S.    Statistics  for  1866.   Revenue: 

Customs.  $179,046,652;  internal  revenue, 
«309,226,813  ;  direct  tax.  $1,974,7.54  ;  sales 
of  public  lands,  8665,031  ;  premiums  on 


loans  and  sales  of  gold  coin,  $38,083,056; 
miscellaneous  items,  $29,036,314.  Total 
revenue,  $558,032,020 ;  excess  of  revenue 
over  ordinary  expenditures,  $37,223,203. 
Expenditures:  Premiums  on  loans,  pur- 
chase of  bonds,  etc.,  $58,477;  miscel- 
laneous items,  $41,056,962;  War  Depart- 
ment, $284,449,702;  navy  department, 
$43,324,119;  Indians,  $3,247,065;  pen- 
sions, $15,605,352;  interest  on  public 
debt,  $133,067,742.  Total  ordinary  ex- 
penditures, $520,809,417 ;  public  debt, 
$2,773,236,173;  exports,  $348,859,522;  im- 
ports, $4^,812,066. 

Jtine  *  Tex.  The  people  ratify  the  new 
Constitution.    Vote,  34,794^11,235. 

July  7.  New  Hampshire  approves  the 
14th  Amendment. 

July  11.  B.  C.  Dissent  in  the  Cabinet 
with  the  President's  views  on  recon- 
struction ;  "William  Dennison,  Post- 
master-General, tenders  his  resignation. 

July  13.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  a  bill 
for  the  reduction  of  the  internal  reve- 
nue taxes.  Estimated  yearly  reduction , 
$265,020,474. 

July  16.  J).  C  Congress  overrides  the 
President's  veto  of  a  new  Freedmen's 
Bureau  Bill.  Vote:  House,  104-3.3; 
Senate,  33-12.    Tlie  bill  becomes  a  law. 

July  18.  D,C.  Attorney-General  James 
Speed  retires  from  the  Cabinet. 

July  10.  Tennessee  ratifies  the  14th 
Amendment.    Vote,  58-17. 

July  22  ± .  7).  C.  Secretary  Harlan  re- 
tires from  the  Interior  Department. 

July23±.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Bill  to  admit  IsTebraska.  Vote  ;  Sen- 
ate, 24-18;  House,  02-52.  [It  remains  un- 
signed by  the  President  when  Congress 
adjourns.    A  "  pocket  veto."] 

Henry  Stanbery  of  Ky.  is  appointed 
attorney-general. 

Congress  limits  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court  to  a  chief  justice  and  six  associate 
justices. 

July  24.  J).  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  a  joint  resolution  to  readmit 
Tennessee.    Vote,  125-12. 

July  25,  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
reviving  the  grade  of  general  in  the 
army,  and  creates  the  rank  of  admiral 
in  the  navy. 

Congn'ess  receives  a  special  message 
from  the  President  respecting  the  ad- 
mission of  Tennessee. 

Alexander  "W.  Randall  of  Wis.  is 
appointed  postmaster-general. 

July  26.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
"  regulating  the  time  and  manner  of 
holding  elections  for  senators  in  Con- 
gress." 

July  27.  B.C.  Congress,  having  legal- 
jzed  the  metric  system,  provides  that 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  fur- 
nish each  State  with  one  set  of  the  stan- 
dard weights  and  measures. 

Orville  H.  Browning  of  111.  is  ai>- 
pointed  secretary  of  the  interior. 

July  28.  B.  C.  Congress  increases  the 
peace  establishment  in  the  army. 

The  39th  Congress:  the  first  session 
closes. 

July  30.  La.  The  Republican  con- 
vention that  framed  the  Constitution 


of  1864  attempts  to  reassemble ;  a  riot 
and  massacre  ensue.    (See  Society.) 

Aug.  14.  Phila.  A  Ifational  Union 
Convention  of  Conservatives  assem- 
bles, seeking  a  union  of  Administration 
Republicans  and  Democrats,  —  it  is  com- 
posed chiefly  of  the  latter ;  James  K. 
Doolittle  of  "Wis.,  president.  [It  in- 
dorses the  course  of  President  Johnson.] 

Aug.  17.  Z>.  C.  The  President  pro- 
claims the  decree  of  Maximilian,  clos- 
ing certain  Mexican  ports,  to  be  null 
and  void  as  against  the  United  States. 

Aug.  20.  B.  C.  The  President  pro- 
claims the  insurrection  suppressed  in 
Texas. 

U.  S.    The  writ  of  habeas  corpus  is 

restored  in  all  the  States. 

Aug.  28.  B.  C.  President  Johnson 
leaves  Washington  for  Chicago  to  lay 
the  corner-stone  of  the  Douglas  Monu- 
ment. 

His  circuitous  journey  is  derisively 
called  "  swinging  around  the  circle." 
He  makes  frequent  speeches  in  an  ag- 
gressive and  disputatious  spirit,  concern- 
ing political  questions. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1866  Mar.  23.  O.  Pike's  Opera  House 
at  Cincinnati  is  burned. 

Mar.  *  JtJng.  The  Atlantic  Telegraph 
Company  reorganizes  as  the  Anglo- 
American  Telegraph  Company,  lim- 
ited. 

Apr.  1.  Jiew  York.  Price  of  middling 
uplands  cotton  is  40  to  42  cents ;  tho 
value  of  a  gold  dollar  is  127}  to  128i 
cents. 

May  21.  New  York.  The  Academy  of 
Music  and  the  University  Medical  Col- 
lege are  burned. 

July  1.  A'ew  York.  The  price  of  mid- 
dling upland  cotton  is  36  to  38  cents ; 
the  value  of  a  gold  dollar  is  15U  to  153| 
cents. 

July  4.  Me.  A  great  fire  burns  a  large 
part  of  Portland ;  an  area  one  and  a 
half  miles  long  by  one-fourth  of  a  mile 
wide  is  devastated,  1,500  buildings  con- 
sumed;  loss  $10,000,000  to  $15,000,000; 
one-fourth  of  the  population  is  homeless. 

July  13.  The  Great  Eastern  again  com- 
mences to  lay  the  deep-sea  cable,  from 
near  Valencia,  Ireland. 

July  27.  B.  C.  Congress  charters  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  Kailroad  to  con- 
nect Springfield,  Mo.,  with  the  Pacific  ; 
length,  2,000  miles  ;  subsidy,  12,800  acres 
of  land  per  mile  in  the  States,  25,000  in 
the  Territories ;  total  42,000,000  acres,  or 
70,000  square  miles. 

K.  F.  The  third  Atlantic  cable  be- 
tween ^England  and  Ifewfoundland 
is  completed. 

After  12  years  of  remarkable  faith  and 
toil  Cyrus  W.  Field  succeeds  in  laying  a 
reliable  working  cable  1,686  miles  long 
between  the  New  World  and  the  Old. 

July  *  Eng.  A  cable  message  is  sent 
by  Queen  Victoria  to  President  Johnson. 

July  30,  B.  C.  The  President  replies  to 
the  Queen's  message. 


254     1866,  Aug.  *-1867,  Jan,  7. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1866  Dec.  21.  Mont.  The  Sioux  In- 
dians massacre  and  scalp  three  officers 
and  90  privates  at  Fort  Philip  Kearny, 
near  Big  Horn, 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1866  Sept.*  A  destructive  flood  sweeps 
the  Ohio  Kiver  and  its  tributaries. 

*  •  Conn.  The  Yale  School  of  Fine 
Arts  is  opened. 

*  *  Dak.  Rich  fields  of  gold,  silver,  and 
copper  are  discovered  in  the  Black 
Hills. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  sets  apart  $10,000  for 
a  life-size  statue  of  Abraham  Tiincoln 
to  be  placed  in  the  Federal  Capitol ;  a 
commission  is  given  to  Viuuie  Ream. 

*  *  London.  Richelieu  is  presented  by 
Bdwin  Booth  at  the  Winter  Garden 
Theater. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Museum  of  Harvard  TTni- 
versity  is  built;  a  chair  of  American 
archaeology  and  ethnology  is  endowed 
by  George  Peabody,  who  gives  $150,000 
for  the  purpose. 

*  *  Nevj  York.  A  bronze  bust  of  Irving 
is  unveiled  at  Bryant  Park. 

*  *  New  York.  The  building  of  the  M"a- 
tional  Academy  of  Desigrn  is  com- 
pleted at  a  cost  of  $237,000.  John  F. 
Weir  of  New  Haven  is  elected  a  member 
of  the  National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Brooklyn  Academy  of 
Design  is  established. 

*  •  Valley  of  the  Yosemite  is  painted  by 
Albert  Bierstadt. 

*  *  The  Statue,  The  Returned  Soldiery  is 
executed  by  L.  G.  Mead. 


Dec.  23.     Forrest,  French  captain  V.  S.  N., 
Confed.  adm.,  A70, 

*  *  Adams,  .John  R.,  Cong,  clergyman,  A45. 

*  *  Ingraham,  J.  H.,  romancist,  A57. 
1867 

Jan.7.    Hayne,  ArthurP.,sen.  of  S.  C,  A77. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1866. 
Aug-.  *  Itntherford,  Jolin   €.,  lawyer,  poli- 
tician, Va.,  A41. 
Sept.  3.    Burnbam,  James  C,  col.  U.  S.  A., 

A  46. 
Sept.  7.    Baldwin,  Matthias  William,  in- 
ventor of  locomotives,  A70. 
Sept.  13.    Orme,    William    W.,    brig.-gen. 

U.  S.  vols.,  A34. 
Sept.  15.    Gould,  Augustas  A.,  naturalist, 

of  Boston,  A61. 
Sept.  36.     Hawks,    Francis    Lister,    P.   E. 

clergyman,  historian,  A68. 
Oct.  1.    Cummins,  Maria  S.,  novelist,  A39. 
Oct.  4.     Rarey.  John  S.,  horse-tamer,  A38. 
Oct.  7.     Stockton,  Robert  F.,  com.  U.  S.  N., 

A71. 
Oct.  13.    Van  Buren,  John,  politician,  of 

N.Y.,  A56. 
Oct.  16.    Barrow,  Wash.,  M.  C.  for  Tenn., 

A  59. 
Dwight,   Theodore,   journalist,   author, 

A70. 
Oct.  38.    Ansorge,  Charles,  prof,  of  music, 

Mass.,  A49. 
Oct.  31.    Lacey,  William,  P.  K.  clergyman, 

writer  of  text-books,  A85. 
Nov.  6.    Uutledge,  Francis  H.,  P.  E.  bp.  of 

Fla.,  A67. 
Nov.  10.     Ewen,  Mary  C,  actor,  A39. 
Nov.  13.    Freeman,  William  G.,  col.  U.  S. 

A.,  A51. 
Nov.  14.    Lewis,WaUamB.,ma]orU.  S.  A., 

politician,  AM2. 
Nov.  33.     Brewster,  James,  philanthropist, 

A8I. 
Nov.  39.    Green,   Horace,   physician,  au- 
thor, A64. 
Dec.  lO.  Mlnot,  Cliarle8,rallroadeng.,A56. 
Dec.  16.    Vethake,   Henry,  writer,  editor. 

Fa.,  A75. 
Dec.  30.    Semple,  James,  lawyer,  senator, 

for  lU.,  A68. 
Dec  31.    Elliott,  Stephen,  first  P.  £.  bishop 

of  Ga.,  A60. 


CHURCH. 

1866  Sept.  30.  la.  John  Hennessy  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Dubuque. 

Oct.  3.  Channing  Moore  Williams  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  mission- 
ary bishop  for  Japan  and  China. 

Oct.  10, 11.  N.  Y.  The  Second  Na- 
tional Unitarian  Conference  is  held 
in  Syracuse. 

Oct.  24.  }Fis.  The  Wisconsin  Confer- 
ence of  Unitarian  and  Independent  So- 
cieties is  organized  at  Sheboygan. 

Nov.  7.  La.  Joseph  Pfere  Bell  Wilmer 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Louisiana. 

Nov.  15.  Ky.  George  David  Cummins 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
assistant  bishop  of  Kentucky. 

Dec.  6.  Mass.  The  Norfolk  Conference 
of  Unitarian  and  other  churches  is 
organized  at  Dedham. 

Dec.  6.  Wis.  William  Edmond  Armi- 
tage  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) bishop  of  Wisconsin. 

Dec.  11.  The  Essex  Conference  of  Liberal 
Christian  churches  is  formed. 

Dec.  12.  Mass.  The  South  Middlesex 
Conference  of  Congregational  (Unita- 
rian) churches  is  organized  at  Cam- 
bridgeport ;  and  the  Worcester  Confer- 
ence is  organized  at  Worcester. 

Dec.  17.  Boston.  The  Suffolk  Confer- 
ence of  Unitarian  and  other  Christian 
churches  is  organized. 

Dec.  18.  Mass.  The  North  Middlesex 
Congregational  Conference  of  Unitarian 
and  otlier  Christian  churches  Is  orga- 
nized at  Littleton. 

Dec.  *  Pa.  The  Pennsylvania  Luther- 
ans, having  called  the  adherents  of 
the  Augsburg  Confession  to  unite,  a  pre- 
liminary convention  is  held  at  Reading  ; 
it  provides  for  a  Greneral  Council. 

*  *  Alas.  The  Moravians  send  mission- 
aries to  Western  Alaska,  near  Fort 
Alexahder. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing assembles. 

*  *  Iml.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Fort  Wayne. 

The  Pennsylvania  Lutheran  Synod  Is 
declared  by  the  General  Synod  to  have 
severed  its  connections. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Greneral  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  St.  Louis  ;  B.  L. 
Stanton,  moderator. 

The  General  Assembly  (N.  S.  Pres- 
byterian) meets  at  St.  Louis ;  S.  M. 
Hopkins,  moderator. 

The  Old  and  New  School  Gen- 
eral Assemblies  fraternize  at  the 
Lord's  Table  at  St,  Louis. 

The  Presbyterian  General  Assembly 
declares  its  regret  because  of  the  sepa- 
ration of  the  Southern  churches. 

A  joint  committee  of  both  New  and 
Old  School  Presbyterians  is  appointed 
to  consider  a  reunion. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  New  York  City  Mission 
and  Tract  Society  is  reorganized. 


*  *  O,  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  O.  The  Freedmen*s  Aid  Society 
(Methodist  Episcopal)  is  organized  at 
Cincinnati. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Allegheny ; 
David  Kerr,  ntoderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Pittsburg  is  organized. 

*  *  The  East  German,  Texas,  South  Caro- 
lina, and  Tennessee  Conferences  (Meth- 
dist  Episcopal)  are  formed. 

LETTERS. 
1866    Oct.  24.    Md.    The  Peabody  Insti- 
tute, at  Baltimore,  is  inaugurated  in  the 
presence  of  the  founder. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Institute  of  Technol- 
ogy is  opened. 

*  ♦  Colo.  The  Republican  is  issued  at 
Denver. 

*  *  la.  Tabor  Collegre  (Cong.)  is  organ- 
ized at  Tabor. 

*  *  Ind.  De  Pauw  College  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  founded  at  New  Albany. 

*  •  Ind.  The  Indianapolis  Normal 
School  is  opened. 

*  *  Kan.  The  University  of  Kansas 
(non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Lawrence. 

*  *  Kan.  Ottawa  University  (Bapt.)  is 
organized  at  Ottawa. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Kentucky  "Wesleyan  Col- 
lege (Meth.  Epis.)  is  organized  at  Mil- 
lersburg. 

*  *  Ky.  Normal  Institute  (colored),  of 
Lexington,  is  opened  by  the  American 
Missionary  Association. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Logan  Female  College  is 
founded  at  Russelville. 

*  *  Md.  Centenary  Biblical  Institute 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  organized  in  Baltimore. 

*  *  Md.  Morgan  College  and  Dela- 
ware Conference  Academy  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  organized  at  Baltimore. 

*  *  Mo.  Ijcwis  College  (Meth.  Epis.)  is 
opened  at  Glasgow. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Lincoln  Institute  Normal 
School  at  Jefferson  City  is  opened. 

*  *  N.  J.  Drew  Theological  Seminary 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Madison. 

*  *  Neto  York.  The  Galaxy  magazine 
appears. 

*  *  0.  One  Study  College  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  established  at  Scio.  Each  student  is 
to  pursue  but  one  study  at  a  time. 
[Name  changed  to  Scio  College.] 

*  *  Ore.  The  Medical  Department  of 
the  Willamette  University  at  Portland 
is  opened. 

*  *  Ore.  Christian  College  (denomina- 
tional) is  organized  at  Monmouth. 

Pa.   Xiehigh  University  (Prot.  Epis.) 
is  organized  at  Soutli  Bethlehem. 

*  *  Tenn.  U.S.  Grant  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  organized  at  Chattanooga. 

*  *  Wis.  The  State  Normal  School  at 
Platteville  is  opened. 

*  ♦  Venetian  Life,  by  William  Dean 
Howells,  appears. 


UNITED   STATES.     1866,  Aug.  *-1867,  Jan.  7.  255 


*  *  Character  and  Characteristic  Men ,  by 
Edwin  Percy  Whipple,  appears. 

*  *  Josh  JiiUings  and  His  Sayin<is,  by 
Henry  Wheeler  Shaw,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Stonewall  Jackson,  by  John 
B^ten  Cooke,  appears. 

*  *  Lyrics  and  Hymns,  by  Alice  Gary, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Masquerade  and  Other  Poems,  by 
John  G.  Saxe,  appears. 

*  *  Saint  Elmo,  by  Augusta  Evans  (Mrs. 
Wilson),  appears. 

*  *  Snow-Bound,  by  John  Greezileaf 
"Whittier,  appears. 

*  *  The  Story  of  Kennett,  by  Bayard  Tay- 
lor, appears. 

*  *  Doctor  Johns,  by  Donald  G.  Mitchell, 
appears. 

*  *  Lyrics,  by  Julia  Ward  Howe,  appears  ; 
it  includes  the  Battle  Hymn  of  the  Re- 
public, written  in  camp,  in  1861. 

*  *  Our  Artist  in  Peru,  by  G.  W.  Carleton, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1866  Oct.  1.  N.  C.  Colored  delegates 
meet  in  convention  at  Raleigh  to  ad- 
vance their  race. 

Nov.  10.  Me.  Soldiers  are  first  ad- 
mitted to  the  National  Home,  for  dis- 
abled volunteers,  at  Togus  Springs. 

Nov,  20.  Ind.  The  first  national  encanijv 
ment  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Repub- 
lic is  held  at  Indianapolis ;  Gen.  S.  A. 
Hurlbut  of  111.,  commander-in-chief. 

Dec.  1.  Paris.  Minister  Bigelow  receives 
a  gold  medal  for  the  widow  of  Abra- 
ham Lincoln,  — the  gift  of  40,000  French 
citizens. 

Dec.  6.  Minn.  A  State  hospital  for  the 
insane  is  opened  at  St.  Peter. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  The  scandalous  sale  of 
pardons  to  ex-Confederates  by  "  middle- 
men" and  by  women  is  exposed  at 
Washington. 

*  *  Cal.  The  State  Institution  for  the 
Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind  is  established 
at  Oakland. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  "Crosby  Opera 
House"  Association  conducts  a  lot- 
tery, in  which  the  Opera  House  is  the 
principal  prize. 

*  *  I).  C.  Miss  Mary  Harris  is  tried  at 
Washington  forthe  murder  of  A.  J.  Bur- 
roughs and  acquitted. 

*  *  Ky.  The  colored  population  of  Marion 
County  -is  terrorized  by  a  band  of 
armed  outlaws  called  the  "Skaag's 
men." 

*  *  Md.  The  Legislature  pjusses  a  bill  to 
enforce  a  strict  observance  of  Sun- 
day. 

*  *  N.  J.  A  Soldiers'  Home  is  estab- 
hlished  at  Newark. 

*  *  O.  John  "W.  Hughes  is  hanged  for 
the  murder  of  Miss  Tamzen  Parsons  at 
Cleveland. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Pittsburg  Homeopathic 
Hospital  is  chartered. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  I^egislature  removes  the 
disability  which  prevents  negroes  and 


Indians  giving  testimony  in  courts  of 
justice. 
*  *  Vt.    A  Home  for  destitute  children 
is  established  at  Burlington. 

STATE. 

1866  Aug.  *  D.  C.  Secretary  Seward 
transmits  a  list  of  individual  claims 
against  Elngland,  based  on  the  losses 
caused  by  the  Alabama. 

Sept.  3-7.  Phila.  Two  National  Conven- 
tions are  held  —  one  composed  of  Loyal- 
ists from  the  South,  the  other  of  their 
sympathizers  in  the  North;  they  unite 
in  condemnation  of  the  President's  re- 
construction policy. 

Sept.  11.  JV.  J.  The  Legislature  ratifies 
the  14th  Amendment  to  the  Federal 
Constitution.  [Sept.  19,  Oregon  ;  Nov.  9, 
Vermont ;  Dec.  *,  South  Carolina ;  *  * 
Virginia.] 

Sept.  17.  O.  A  Convention  of  Sol- 
diers and  Sailors  is  held  at  Cleveland 
to  render  moral  support  to  the  Adminis- 
tration; it  is  weak  in  attendance  and 
barren  of  results. 

Sept.  25,  26.  Pa.  A  National  Con- 
vention of  Citizen  Soldiers  and  Sail- 
ors meets  at  Pittsburg  ;  it  favors  the 
Radicals  in  Congress  who  oppose  the 
President;  Gen.  John  A.  LiOgan  is 
president. 

Sept.f  U.  S.  Great  excitement  attends 
the  political  campaign. 

It  concerns  chiefly  the  choice  of  mem- 
bers of  the  40th  Congress,  and  of  mem- 
bers of  legislatures  who  are  to  act  on 
the  14th  Amendment. 

Nov.  6.  Ind.  A  convention  of  colored 
people  meets  at  Indianapolis  to  ad- 
vance a  movement  for  full  citizenship. 

U,  S.    The  State  elections  favor  the 

Republicans  in  Congress. 

Dec.  3.  B.C.  The 39th  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

Congress  receives  a  moderate  and  con- 
ciliatory message  from  the  President. 

Dec.  4.  N.  C.  The  Legislature  rejects 
the  14th  Amendment  to  the  Federal 
Constitution. 

Dec.  5.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  G.  H. 
Williams  of  Ore.  introduces  a  bill  "  to 
regulate  the  tenure  of  civil  oflBces." 

Congress:  The  House  suspends  the 
rules  and  repeals  the  act  authorizing  the 
President  to  extend  amnesty.  Vote,  112- 
29. 

Dec.  14.  J).  C.  Congress  passes  a  bill 
extending  the  right  of  suffrage  to  the 
neg^roes  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 
[The  President  vetoes  the  bill,  Jan.  5, 
1S67.] 

Dec.  22.  N'.  C.  The  Jjegislature  passes 
an  act  of  amnesty  to  all  soldiers  of  both 
armies  who  have  committed  offenses 
against  the  criminal  laws  of  the  State. 

*  *  IT.  S.  The  income  tax  of  five  per 
cent,  on  all  incomes  over  $800  yields  a 
revenue  of  $61,071,932. 

•  •  The  significant  movement  of  the 
IT,  S.  troops  to  the  Mexican  border  has 
the  desired  effect  on  Napoleon  III, ;  he 


promises  to  withdraw  French  troops 
from  the  continent  within  a  limited 
time. 

*  *U,  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-69  *  *  Ariz.  ( Ter.).    R.  C.  M'Cormick. 
-67  *  *  Conn.    Joseph  R.  Hawley. 
-69  *  *  JJak.  (Ter.).    Andrew  J.  Falk. 
-68  *  *  Fla.    David  S.  Walker. 

-67  *  *  Ida.  (Ter.).    David  W.  Ballard. 
-69  *  *  Mass.     Alexander  H.  Bullock. 
-70  *  *  Minn.     William  R.  Marshall. 
-70*  *  Miss.    Benjamin  G.  Humphreys. 
-69*  *  Mont.  (Ter.).    Green  Clay  Smith. 
-69  *  *  N.J.    Marcus  L.  Ward. 
-67  *  *  Neb.  (Ter.),     David  Butler. 
-68  *  *  O.    Jacob  D.  Cox. 
-70  *  *  Ore.    George  L.  Woods. 
-69  *  *  It.  I.    Ambrose  E.  Burnside. 
-67  *  *  Tex.    J.  W.  Throckmorton. 
-72  *  *  Wis.    Lucius  Fairchild. 

1867  Jan.  *  />.  C.  Congress  again  ad- 
mits Colorado.  [Jan.  25,  tbe  President 
vetoes  the  bill,] 

Jan.  7.  />.  C.  Congress:  A  movement 
to  impeach  President  Johnson  begins 
in  the  House. 

James  M.  Ashley  of  O.  charges  him 
with  "  usurpation  of  power  and  violation 
of  law,  by  corruptly  using  the  appoint- 
ing, and  the  pardoning,  and  the  veto 
power."  Tlie  charge  is  referred  to  the 
Judiciary  Committee.    Vote,  108-39. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1866  Sept.  6.  Chicago.  President  John- 
son lays  the  corner-stone  of  the  Stephen 
A.  Douglas  monument. 

Oct.  1.  New  York.  The  price  of  mid- 
dling upland  cotton  is  40  to  42  cents ; 
the  value  of  a  gold  dollar  is  145  to  146 
cents. 

Oct.  3.  The  steamer  Evening  Star,  New 
York  to  New  Orleans,  founders;  250 
lives  are  lost. 

Dec.  6.  Chicago.  The  water-works 
tunnel  is  completed,  extending  two 
miles  under  Lake  Michigan. 

Dec.  11.  New  York.  The  yachts  Henri- 
etta, Vesta,  and  Eleetwing  sail  on  an 
ocean  race  for  England. 

Dec.  25.  Eng.  The  Henrietta'  arrives 
at  Cowes,  with  her  rivals  only  a  few 
hours  behind  her;  Henrietta's  time,  13 
days,  21  hours,  and  55  minutes ;  distance, 
3,106  miles. 

*  *  Cal.  A  paid  fire  department  with 
steam  engines  is  established  at  San 
Francisco ;  the  volunteer  department  is 
abolished. 

*  *  N.  H.  The  incline  railroad  to  the 
top  of  Mount  Washington  is  com- 
menced. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  Government  taxes  all  in- 
comes over  $1,000. 

One  merchant  in  New  York  pays 
$407,125,  as  his  tax  on  an  income  of 
$4,071,250. 

*  *  The  white  man  has  gone  to  work 
in  the  South,  and  produced  55  per  cent 
of  the  cotton  crop,  against  10  per  cent 
in  1860. 

1867  Jan.  1.  O.,  Ky.  The  Cincinnati 
and  Covington  Susi>ension  Bridge, 
1,057  feet  long,  is  opened. 


256    1867,  Jan.  7-JTme  30. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1867  Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress  provides 
that  the  pay  of  army  officers  below  the 
rank  of  major-general  shall  be  increased 
"  one  third,  for  two  years."  It  declares 
that  the  Admiral  shall  be  the  ranking 
officer  in  the  navy. 

Mar.  11,  12.  D.  C.  The  President  di- 
rects the  issue  of  Order  Number  10. 

It  assigns  to  each  of  the  five  military 
districts  its  commander  in  the  following 
numerical  order  :  Gen.  J.  M.  Sehofield, 
Gen.  D.  E.  Sickles.  Gen.  G.  H.  Thomas, 
Gen.  E.  O.  C.  Ord,  and  Gen.  P.  H. 
Sheridan. 

Mar.  15.  D.  C.  Orders  are  issued  as- 
signing Gen.  John  Pope  to  the  3d 
Military  District,  and  Gen.  G.  H. 
Thomas  to  oommand  the  Cumberland 
Department. 

Apr.  30.  Kan.  Gens.  Hancock  and  Cus- 
ter are  sent  against  the  Indians  in  the 
western  part  of  Kansas. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1867.  June  4.  AVw  YorJc.  An  Ameri- 
can life  raft,  supported  by  cylinders, 
sails  for  Southampton.  [It  arrives  at  its 
destination  on  July  25.] 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1867. 

Jan.  19.  Robinson,  Horatio  N.,  mathemati- 
cian, educator,  Abi. 

Jan.  30.  Willis,  Nathaniel  Parker,  poet, 
author,  journalist,  Atil. 

Jan.  25.  Pennington,  Alexander  C,  law- 
yer. M.  C.  from  N.  J.,  A57. 

Jan.  37.  Davis,  Charles  A.,  merchant  of 
N.  Y.,  writer,  A72. 

Feb.  1.     Merrick,  Pliny,  jurlBt,  A73. 

Feb.  2.    Hunt,  Washington, statesman,  A.%. 

Feb.  13.  Orton,  Jason  It.,  phys.,  poet,  jour- 
nalist, A6I. 

Feb.  17.  Itache,  Alexander  D.,  physicist, 
writer,  A6!. 

Feb.  18.  (Joode,  Wm.,  Cong,  missionary  to 
Syria,  A 75. 

Mar.  3.  Alexander,  John H., chemist, phys- 
icist, editor,  A  54. 

Mar.  6.  Browne,  Charles  Farrar,  *'  Arte- 
mus  Ward,"  liumorist,  author,  A33. 

Mar.  SO.  Clark,  Billy  James,  founder  of 
first  temperance  society,  A  89. 

Mar.  21.  Bailey,  Joseph,  brig.-gen.  U.  S. 
vols..  A 40. 

Mar.  39.     Riddle,  Geo.  R.,  statesman,  A.50. 

Apr.  5.     Evans,  George,  sen.  for  Me.,  A70. 

Apr.  7.  Roane,  John  S.,  Confed.  brig.-gen., 
gov.  Ark.,  A50. 

Wood,  James,  Presbyterian  clergyman, 

educator,  writer,  A68. 

Apr.  9.  Stearns,  George  L.,anti8la very  ad- 
vocate, reformer,  A58. 

Apr,  14.  Abrahams,  Simeon,  phys.,  N.  Y., 
philanthropist,  A58. 

Bullock,    William    A.,   Inventor   of   a 

printing-press,  A53. 

Apr.  15.  Field,  David  Dudley,  Cong,  cler- 
gyman, A  86. 

Apr.  16.  I'ennock,  Caspar  W.,  phys.,  med- 
ical professor,  Phila.,  A68. 

Apr.  17.  Gilmore,Joseph  A.jGov.ofN.H., 
A56. 

Apr.  39.  Paulding,  Leonard,  commander 
U.  S.  N.,  A41. 

May  34.    Hoyt,  Benjamin  T.,  educator,  A47. 

June  3.  Sargent,  Lucius  Manlius,  writer  of 
tales,  A81. 

June  19.    Dodge,  Henry,  sen.  for  Wis.,  A85. 

CHURCH. 

1867  Jan.  16.  Afass,  The  Connecticut 
Valley  Conference  of  Unitarian,  Congre- 
gational, and  other  Christian  Churches 
is  organized  at  Greenfield. 

Jan.  25.  Me.  Henry  Adams  Neely  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Maine. 


Jan.  30.  New  VorJ:.  The  United  States 
branch  of  the  Svangelical  Alliance  is 
fully  organized  at  the  Bible  House ; 
Wiliiam  E.  Dodge,  president. 

Feb.  3.  Ark.  Edward  Fitzgerald  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Little  Rock. 

Feb.  5.  Mass.  The  Plymouth  Bay  Uni- 
tarian Conference  is  organized  at  Hing- 
ham. 

Apr.  17.  n.r.  The  Channing  (Unitarian) 
Conference  is  organized  at  Providence. 

May  7.  A  General  Convention  of  tho 
Protestant  Methodists  is  held  to  con- 
sider the  matter  of  union  with  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  South ;  the  union 
is  not  formed. 

May  30.  Ga.  The  Georgia  Conference 
(African  Methodist  Episcopal)  is  organ- 
ized. 

June  7.  O.  The  General  Convention  of 
the  Ifew  Jeruaalem  meets  at  Cincin- 
nati. 

JuneS.  TheFloridaConference(African 
Methodist  Episcopal)  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1887  Feb.  1.  N.  Y,  The  name,  Vassar 
Female  College,  is  changed  to  Vassar 
College  by  act  of  the  Legislature. 

Feb.*  Etiff.  George  Peabody,  an  Amer- 
ican banker,  gives  $1,000,000  to  pro- 
mote education  in  the  South. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress  creates  an  Edu- 
cational Department.    (See  State.) 

Mar.  16.  D.  C.  Henry  Barnard  is 
appointed  Commissioner  of  Education. 

May  22.  The  Peabody  Fund  of 
§2,100,000  for  Southern  education  is 
placed  in  care  of  a  board  of  trustees. 

June  17.  W.  Va.  The  "West  Virginia 
University  at  Morgantown  is  opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1867  Feb.  *  Tf.nn.  The  Legislature 
abolishes  all  distinction  of  race  and 
color  in  the  qualifications  of  electors. 
[The  popular  vote  in  Ohio,  Minnesota, 
and  Kansas  rejects  the  proposed  aboli- 
tion of  race  distinction  as  to  suffrage.] 

Feb.  *  Pa.  The  temperance  movement 
drifts  into  politics. 

The  State  Temperance  Convention 
declares  that,  '*  it  the  adversaries  of 
temperance  shall  continue  to  receive 
the  aid  and  countenance  of  present  po- 
litical parties,  we  shall  not  hesitate  to 
break  over  political  bands  and  seek  re- 
dress through  the  ballot-box." 

Mar.  2.  />.  C.  Congress  abolishes 
peonage  in  New  Mexico. 

Mar.  7,  D.  C.  Congress  votes  a  gold 
medal  to  Cyrus  "W,  Field  as  a  recog- 
nition of  his  services  in  laying  the  At- 
lantic Cable. 

Mar.  *  D.  C.  Senator  Henry  Wilson  of 
Mass.  is  instrumental  in  reviving  the 
Congressional  Temperance  Society. 

Apr.  30,  Pkila.  The  Americus  Club 
is  organized. 

Spring.  Mo.  Desperadoes,  led  by 
Archie    Clemens,    rob   and   murder   in 


Lafayette ;    Clemens    is    killed    by  the 
State  troops. 
May  13.     Va.    Jefferson  Davis  is  ad- 
mitted to  bail    at  Kichmoud ;    amount 
of  bond,  $100,000. 

Names  of  sureties  :  Horace  Greeley, 
Augustus  Schell,  Aristides  Welsh,  Da- 
vid K.  Jackman,  W.  H.  McFarland, 
Kichard  B.  llakall,  Isaac  Davenport, 
Abraham  Warwick,  G.  A.  Myers,  W.  W. 
Crump,  Janies  Lyons,  J.  A.  Meredith, 
W.  H.  Lyons,  J.  M.  Botts,  T.  W.  Bos- 
well,  James  Thomas,  Jr. 

May  28.  In<i.  The  Good  Templars 
favor  political  action. 

The  Right  Worthy  Grand  Lodge,  in 
session  at  Richmond,  recommends  "to 
the  temperance  people  of  the  country 
the  org  uiization  of  a  national  political 
party  whose  platform  of  principles  shall 
contain  prohibition." 

June  5.  CUicarfo.  The  National 
Brewers*  Congress  favors  political 
action. 

It  resolves  "  That  we  will  use  all 
means  to  stay  the  progress  of  this  fa- 
natical [Temperance]  party,  and  to  se- 
cure our  individual  rights  as  citizens, 
and  that  we  will  sustain  no  candidate 
of  whatever  party,  in  any  election,  who 
is  in  any  way  disposed  toward  the  total 
abstinence  cause." 

June  9.  Phila.  The  Methodist  Home 
for  the  Aged  is  opened. 

June  29.  Enij.  "William  Lloyd  Gar- 
rison, radical  abolitionist  and  champion 
of  emancipation,  is  given  a  reception  at 
St.  James'  Hall,  London. 


STATE. 

1887  Jan.  7.  8.  D.  C.  Congress 
passes  a  law  over  the  President's  veto 
regulating  the  elective  franchise  in  the 
District  of  Columbia. 

Jan.  8.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Negro  Suffrage  Bill  over  the  President's 
veto. 

Jau.  10.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  Dis- 
cussion begins  on  the  Tenure  of  Office 
Bill. 

Jan.*  D.  C.  Congress:  Tlie  House  in- 
cludes members  of  the  Cabinet  in  the 
Tenure  of  Office  BiU.  Vote,  75-^.  [It 
is  not  approved  by  the  Senate.] 

Jan.  *  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  amended  Tenure  of  Office 
BiU  by  a  party  vote.  Vote,  111-38.  [It 
is  soon  after  amended  and  passed  by 
both  Houses.] 

Jan.  20.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  A 
Civil  Service  Reform  measure  is  in- 
troduced by  T.  A.  Jenckes  of  R.  I. 

Jan.  22.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  a  law 
to  regulate  future  meetings  of  Con- 
g^ress;  one  to  be  held  at  noon  on  the 
fourth  of  March,  the  day  on  which  the 
term  begins  for  which  each  Congress  is 
elected. 

Jan.  *  I).  C.  Congress  passes  the  Com- 
promise Bill  for  admitting  Nebraska; 
the  exclusion  of  negroes  from  the  elec- 
tive franchise  is  to  be  removed  before 
admission.     [Jan.  29.    Vetoed.] 

Jan.  *  D.  C.  The  United  States  Supreme 
Court  decides  that  the  appointment  of 


UNITED    STATES. 


1867,  Jan.  7-June  30,    257 


military  trib\inala  by  Congress  is  an 
unconstitutional  act. 

Feb.  G.  D.  C.  Congress;  House : 
Tliaddeus  Stevens  of  Pa.  introduces  a 
Reconstruction  Act,  dividing  the  South 
into  five  military  districts.  [It  be- 
comes the  leading  measure  of  the  39th 
Congress,  and  passes  the  House  by  a 
TOte  of  109-55.] 

Feb.  9.  D.  C,  Congress  passes,  over 
tlie  President's  veto,  the  bill  admitting 
ITebraska. 

Feb.  14.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate ; 
lleverdy  Jolinson  of  Md.  proposes  the 
X:iaine  Amendment  to  the  Military 
Di3trict  Bill,  which  requires  impartial 
suITrage  previous  to  the  restoration  of 
State  governments. 

Feb.*  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Sherman  Substitute,  known 
in  the  House  as  the  Blaine  Amendment, 
for  the  Military  Government  Bill.  Vote, 
2>0. 

Feb.  17.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
rejects  the  Sherman  Substitute.  Vote, 
73-33.  [Compromise  amendments  are 
added,] 

Feb.  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  The 
Elaine  Amendment  to  the  Military 
Bill  is  rejected.    Vote,  69-94. 

Feb.  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
and  the  House  pass  the  amended  Mili- 
tary Bill  by  a  party  vote. 

It  divides  the  Southern  States  into  five 
military  districts,  to  be  under  army  offi- 
cers, —  each  seceded  State  to  be  restored 
to  its  Federal  relations  when  a  conven- 
tion of  delegates  shall  frame  a  Constitu- 
tion ratitied  by  the  people  and  approved 
by  Congress,  and  when  the  Legislature 
elected  under  such  Constitution  shall 
adopt  the  14th  Amendment.  All  male 
citizens,  except  those  disfranchised  for 
acts  of  rebellion,  are  to  participate  in 
electing  delegates  to  the  conventions. 
Vote  :  House,  135-48;  Senate,  38-10. 

Congress :  The  Senate  passes  the 
amended  Tenure  of  Office  Bill. 

Neb.     The   Legislature   accepts    the 

terms  of  admission  into  statehood. 

Feb.  22.  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for 
the  further  establishment  and  protection 
of  national  cemeteries  for  burial  of 
soldiers  and  sailors. 

Feb.  23  Kan.  A  treaty  is  made  with 
the  Indians  for  their  removal  to  the 
Indian  Territory. 

Mar.  1.  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
Nebraska  admitted  into  the  Union  as 
the  37th  State. 

Mar.  2.  D.C.  President  Johnson  vetoes 
the  Tenure  of  OiUce  Bill  and  the  Re- 
constructional  Military  District  Bill. 

Congress  passes  the  Tenure  of  Of- 
fice Bill  over  the  President's  veto. 
Vote:  Senate,  35-11;  House,  133-37.  It 
also  overrides  the  veto  of  the  Military 
District  Bill.  Vote,  House,  135-48; 
Senate,  38-10. 

It  sets  apart  $20,000  to  provide  an 
equestrian  statue  of  Gen.  "Winfield 
Scott  and  passes  the  Katlonal  Bank- 
ruptcy Bill ;  it  establishes  a  Depart- 
ment of  Fducation.  [Later,  it  is  made 
a  Bureau  of  the  Interior.] 


The  Judiciary  Committee  reports 

its  inability  to  conclude  its  labors,  and 
recommends  that  the  investigation  of 
the  charges  against  the  President  be 
continued.  The  testimony  is  committed 
to  the  clerk,  for  use  during  the  ensuing 
session. 

Congress  enacts  that  the  Federal 
Government  shall  assume  the  govern- 
ment of  Virginia. 

The  Morrill  bill,  for  reducing  tho  in- 
ternal revenue  taxes  $36,000,000  yearly, 
becomes  a  law. 

The  amount  exempted  from  the  in- 
come tax  is  raised  from  $600  to  $1,000; 
the  excess  above  $1,000  to  be  taxed  at 
the  rate  of  5  per  cent ;  the  tax  to  expire 
in  1870. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  au- 
thorized to  exchange  three  per  cent 
certificates  of  indebtedness  for  com- 
pound interest  notes,  which  may  be 
counted  as  part  of  the  reserves  of  na- 
tional banks. 

Congress;  Senate  :  Benj.  F.  "Wade 
of  O.  is  elected  President  pro  tempore. 
Mar.  4.    D.  C.     Tho    39th    Congress 
ends. 

The  40th  Congress  opens. 

It  opens  the  moment  that  the  previous 
Congress  closes  ;  80  members  are  absent, 
and  17  States  are  without  represen- 
tation. 

Congress;  House:  Schuyler  Coif  ax 
(Rep.)  is  reelected  speaker  (third  time), 
against  Samuel  S.  Marshall  (Dem.)  of 
111.  Vote,  127-30.  James  Brooks  of 
N.  Y.  presents  the  protest  of  the  Dem- 
ocrats against  organizing  the  House. 

Mar.  7.  D.  C.  Congress;  House:  James 
M.  Ashley  of  O.  asks  the  continuance 
of  the  impeachment  investigation ;  he 
is  opposed  by  the  Democrats,  but  sus- 
tained by  a  party  vote. 

Mar.  19.  D.  C.  Congress  concurs  in 
the  Supplementary  Reconstruction 
Act,  and  sends  it  to  the  President. 
[Mar.  23.    Vetoed.] 

Mar.  20.  Mass.  The  Legislature  rati- 
fies the  14th  Amendment  to  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution. 

Mar.  23.  Z>.  C.  Congress:  the  Supple- 
mentary Reconstruction  Act  is  pjissed 
over  the  President's  veto.  Vote:  House, 
114-25;  Senate,  40-7. 

Gen.  Schofield  takes  charge  of  a  mili- 
tary district  at  Richmond  ;  Gen.  Sickles, 
at  Columbia:  Gen.  Pope,  at  Montgom- 
ery; Gen.  Ord.at  Vicksburg;  Gen.  Sheri- 
dan, at  New  Orleans. 

Mar.  *  Z>.  C.  Congress  refuses  to  ac- 
cept the  new  Constitution  of  Georgia. 

Mar.  30.  D.  C.  A  treaty  is  concluded 
by  which  the  Territory  of  Russian  Amer- 
ica [Alaska]  is  purchased  from  Russia 
for  the  sum  of  $7,200,000;  it  contains 
577,390  square  miles. 

Congress;  the  first  session  adjourns 
to  July  3. 

The  Legislatures  of    IfJ  States  have 

ratified  the  14th  Amendment  to  the 
Federal  Constitution. 

Jan.  4,  O.;  Jan.  8.  Mo.;  Jan.  10,  N.Y., 
Kan.,  and  Ky.  ;  Jan.  9,  Va.  (rejects)  ; 
Jan.  11,  Me.  and  Nev. ;  Jan.  15,  111.  and 


Minn. ;  Jan.  16,  W.  Va. ;  Jan.  29,  Ind. ; 
Jan.  30,  Miss.:  Jan.  *  Mich.;  Feb. 6,  Pa., 
while  Del.  and  La.  (reject) ;  Feb.  7,  K.  I. 
and  Wis.;  Mar.  23,  Md.  (rejects). 

Apr.  1.  D.  C.  The  Senate  meets,  in 
special  session,  at  the  call  of  the  Presi- 
dent. 

Apr.  10.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
approves  the  treaty  for  the  purchase 
of  Russian  America. 

Apr.  19.  D.  C.  The  Senate  adjourns 
sine  die. 

May  8.  Md.  A  constitutional  con- 
vention meets  at  Annapolis. 

May  13.  Va.  Horace  Greeley  and 
others  sign  Jefferson  Davis's  bail- 
bond,  at  liichmond,  and  he  is  released 
from  prison.    (See  Society.) 

May  20.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis  leaves 
the  United  States.  [Resides  in  Canada.] 

May  24.  Z>.  C.  Attorney-General  Stan- 
bery  gives  an  opinion  respecting  the  Re- 
construction Acts,  which  tends  to 
neutralize  their  force.  [Another  opin- 
ion on  June  12.] 

June  3.  La.  Gov.  Wells  prevents  the 
operation  of  the  Reconstruction  Act, 
and  is  removed  by  Gen.  Sheridan  [June 
6,  he  appoints  B.  F.  Flanders  governor]. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1867, 
revenue:  Customs,  ^17ti,417,811  ;  in- 
ternal revenue,  $266,027,537  ;  direct  tax, 
.'g;4,200,234  ;  sales  of  public  lands,  $1463,- 
ri76 ;  premiums  on  loans  and  sales  of  gold 
coin,  $27,787,330;  miscellaneous  items, 
$15,037,522.  Total  revenue,  $490,634,010. 
Excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary  ex- 
penses, $133,091,335.  Ependitures:  pre- 
miums on  loans,  purchase  of  bonds,  etc., 
$10,813,349 ;  miscellaneous  items,  $51,- 
110,234;  War  Department,  $95,224,416; 
Navy  Department,  $31,034,011  ;  Indians, 
$4,642,532;  pensions,  $20,936,552;  inter- 
est on  public  debt,  $143,781,592.  Total 
ordinary  expenses,  $357,542,675;  public 
debt,  $2,678,126,103.,  Exports,  $294,506,- 
141.    Imports,  $395,761,096. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1867  Jan.  22.  New  York.   By  resolution 

of  Congress,  the  lower  part  of  City  Hall 
Park  is  to  be  purchased  for  $500,000,  as 
a  site  for  post-office  and  U.  S.  courts. 

Jan.  23.  N.  Y.  About5,000per8ons  cross 
the  East  River  on  the  ice,  between  New- 
York  and  Brooklyn. 

Jan.  *  The  charter  of  the  Credit  Mo- 
bilier  is  purchased  by  the  builders  of 
the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  and  the  stock 
increased  to  $3,750,000.  [J^arge  dividends, 
as  the  profits  of  building  the  Pacific 
railroad,  advance  the  price  of  the  stock 
to  a  high  figure.] 

Mar.  25.  Chicago.  "Water  ia  first  let 
into  the  tunnel  beneath  the  lake,  for 
supplying  the  city. 

Apr.  14.  Ore.  Grading  is  begun  at  Port- 
land for  the  Oregon  Central  Rail- 
road. 

June  6.  Phila.  An  explosion  occurs 
in  a  sawmill  on  Samson  Street ;  22  per- 
sons are  killed  and  seven  injured. 

June  19.  Pkila.  The  American  Thea- 
ter on  Walnut  Street  is  burned;  10  per- 
sons are  killed  by  falling  walls. 

June  22.  Boston.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  Masonic  Temple  is  laid. 


258     1867,  June  30- 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — HAVy. 

1867  Aug.  16.  Neb.  Gen.  Augur  with 
Federal  troops  attacks  500  Sioux  In- 
dians at  Plum  Creek,  near  Omaha,  in 
punishment  for  train  wrecking  and  the 
murder  of  train  hands. 

Aug.  17.  B.  C.  Gen.  W.  S.  Hancock 
is  appointed  to  command  in  the  5th  Dis- 
trict, as  successor  to  Gen.  P.  H.  Sheri- 
dan. 

Aug.  26.  .V.  C.  Gen.  Edward  E.  S. 
Canby  is  given  command  of  the  '2d 
Military  District,  as  successor  to  Gen. 
Sickles. 

Summer-Autumn.  The  Sioux  In- 
diana are  defeated  in  several  engage- 
ments. 

Nov.  24.  Mont.  The  Sioux  are  de- 
feated by  the  4th  Cavalry  under  Col. 
McKenzie,  at  a  pass  in  the  Big  Horn 
.Mountains. 

Deo.  28.  D.  C.  Maj.-Gen.  George.  C. 
Meade  is  appointed  to  command  in  the 
3d  District,  as  successor  to  Gen.  John 
Pope.  Gen.  Irwin  McDowell  is  ap- 
pointed to  command  in  the  4th  District. 
The  President  directs  Gen.  Ord  to 
turn  over  his  command  in  Mississippi 
to  Gen.  Gillem, 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1867  July  7.  ^V.  Y.  The  asteroid  Un- 
dina  is  discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters. 

Aug.  24.  xMich.  The  asteroid  Minerva 
is  discovered  by  J.  C.  Watson.  [Also 
Aurora,  Sept.  0.] 

Nov.  14.  1).  C.  At  the  naval  observii- 
tory,  the  fall  of  1,000  meteors  in  21 
minutes  is  seen  ;  this  sliower,  which  had 
been  foretold,  was  seen  at  many  points, 
and  appeared  to  all  professional  ob- 
servers as  emanating  from  the  constel- 
lation Leo;  fully  5,000  meteors  were 
observed  from  various  places. 

Nov.  *  />.  C.  The  extensions  of  the 
national  Capitol  are  completed. 

Nov.  •  Boston.  The  statue  of  Edward 
Everett  is  completed. 

Dec.  11-15.  A  widespread  snowstorm 
causes  the  loss  of  many  lives  and  the 
wreck  of  many  vessels. 

»  *  lioston.  The  New  England  Conser- 
vatory of  Music  is  established  ;  it  is 
the  largest  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 

•  »  Fr.  McCormick's  reaping-ma- 
chine receives  the  highest  prize  at  the 
Paris  Exposition. 

•  *  London.  The  Merchant  of  Venice  is 
presented  by  Edwin  Booth  at  the  Win- 
ter Garden  Theater. 

»  •  Mass.    The  Salem  Oratorio  Society 

is  organized  at  Salem. 
+  •  *  New  York.   The  ISlack  Crook  is  acted 

several  hundred  times  at  Niblo's  Garden. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1887 

JtUy  1 .  Meagher,  Thomas  Francis,  Irish  Con- 
federation leader;  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  Vol.;  Gov. 
of  Idaho;  Journalist,  orator,  A44. 

July  7.  King,  John  ."llsop.  Gov.  of  N.  Y., 
A80. 

July  0.    King,  Rufus  H.,  banker,  N.Y.,  A83. 


July  30.     Chandler,    Samuel,    major-gen. 

V.  S.  A.,  vet.  of  1812,  A73. 
July  29.  Anthon,  Charles, classicalscholar, 

a;o. 

July  31 .    Sedgwick,  Catherine  M.,  novelist, 

philanthropist,  A78. 
AuBT.  6.    Cooke,  Edwin  F.,  brig.-gen.  V.  S. 

vols.,  A32. 
Aue.  7.    Aldridge,  Ira,  mulatto  actor,  Abl. 
A.\xg.  16.    Butler,  Pierce,  lawyer  of  I'hila., 

Km. 

Auff.  32.  Day,  Jeremiah,  mathematician, 
pres.  of  Yale,  A  94. 

Aug.  36.  Davenport,  Nicholas  T.,  actor, 
A36. 

Aug.  37.  Jackson,  James,  phys.,  professor 
in  Harvard,  A!)0. 

8ept.  9.  Taylor,  Thomas  H.,  1*.  E.  clergy- 
man, \.  Y.,  scholar,  writer,  A68. 

Sept.  15.  Griffln,  Charles,  major  general 
U.  8.  A.,  A41. 

Sept.  29.  Price,  Sterling,  Gov.  of  Mo., 
Confed.  maj.-gen.,  A58. 

Oct.  3.  Howe,  Klias,  inventor  of  sewing- 
machine,  .\48. 

Oct.  7.  Uiddell,  John  L.,  physician,  in- 
ventor binocular  microscope,  .\60. 

Oct.  33.  Kendall,  George  W.,  founder  of 
New  Orleans  Picayune^  A58. 

Oct.  30.  Andrew,  John  Albion,  "  War 
Gov."  of  Mass.,  A49. 

Oct.  *  Herring,  James,  portrait  painter,  A73. 

Nov.  6.  lira(lford,  Alexander  Warfleld, 
lawyer,  editor,  .\52. 

Nov.  6.  Hooker,  Worthlngton,  phys.,  au- 
thor, A61. 

Nov.  11.  Packard,  Frederick  Adolphus, 
editor,  A73. 

Nov.  12.  Stevens,  Walter  H.,  Confed. 
brig.-gen.,  chief  engineer,  A40. 

Nov.  15.  Sartwell,  Henry  Parker,  bota- 
nist, A75. 

Nov.  19.    Halleck,  Fitz-Greene,  poet,  A77. 

Nov.  27.  Walworth,  Reuben  Hyde,  last 
chancellor  of  N.  Y.,  A79. 

Kngles.  WiUlam  M.,  Pres.  cl.,  A70. 

Dec.  5.  Dewey,  Chester,  educator,  bota- 
nist, A83. 

Dec.  7.  Palmer,  James  S.,  rear-admiral 
r,  S.  N.,  A57. 

Dec.  38.  Harbangh,  Henry,  Ger.  Ref.  cler- 
gyman, A.^0. 

Dec.  31.  Arrington,  Alfred,  W.  lawyer, 
writer,  A57. 

CHURCH. 

1867  July  25.  Fla.  John  Freeman 
Young  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) bisliop  "of  Florida. 

Oct.  16.  III.  The  Illinois  Conference 
(Methodist  Episcopal  Cliurch  South)  is 
organized. 

Nov.  12.  Conn.  The  General  Conference 
(Congregational)  of  Connecticut  is  or- 
ganized. 

Nov.  20.  Ind.  The  first  General  Coun- 
cil of  Lutherans  meets  at  Fort  Wayne. 

**  Chicago.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing assembles. 

•  *  111.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Central  Illinois  is  organ- 
ized. 

*  *  Md.  The  Presbyterian  Synod  of  Pa- 
tapsco  unites  with  the  Southern  As- 
sembly. 

♦  •  Mo.  The  Presbyterian  Synods  of  Mis- 
souri and  Kentucky  separate  from  the 
Northern  Assembly. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Kochester ;  H.  A. 
Nelson,  moderator. 

LETTERS. 

1867  Aug.  24.  Md.  The  Johns  Hop- 
kins University  is  incorporated. 

Sept.  19.  Wyo.  The  Cheyenne  Evening 
Leader  is  issued. 

Oct.  1.  N.  Y.  The  Legislature  passes  an 
act  making  the  public  schools  entirely 
free. 


Oct.  25.  Wyo.  The  Daily  Argus  is 
issued. 

Oct.  •  Mass.  The  Massachusetts  Agri- 
cultural College  at  Amherst  is  opened. 

Dec.  8.  Wyo.  The  Rocky  Mountain  Star 
is  issued. 

»  » Ala.  Emerson  Institute  (colored)  of 
Mobile  is  opened  by  the  American  Mis- 
sionary Association. 

*  *  Ala.  Talladega  CoUege  is  opened 
for  colored  students  by  the  American 
Missionary  Association. 

*  *  Cal.  St.  Augustine  College  (Prot. 
Epis.)  is  organized  at  Benicia. 

*  *  Cal.  St.  Vincent's  College  (Kom. 
Cath.)  at  Los  Angeles  is  organized. 

*  *D.C.  Howard  University  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Washington.  The  Med- 
ical Department  of  the  University  is 
opened. 

It  is  chartered  hy  Congress  without  a 
race  basis,  yet  aiming  to  provide  espe- 
cially for  negroes. 

*  *  Del.  Delaware  College  (non-sect.) 
is  founded  at  Newark. 

*  *  la.  Simpson  College  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  founded  at  Indiauola. 

*  »  //(.  The  Baptist  Union  Theological 
Seminary  is  organized  at  Morgan  Park. 

*  *  III.  The  University  of  Illinois  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Champaign. 

*  *  Ind.  St.  Meinrad's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  St.  Meinrad. 

*  *  Ky.  Cecilian  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  organized  at  Cecilian. 

*  •  Md.  BidgevUle  College  (Free-will 
Bapt.)  is  organized  at  Ridgeville. 

*  *  Minn.  The  Tribune  is  issued  at  Minne- 
apolis. 

*  *  N.  C.  Biddle  University  (Pres.)  Is 
organized  at  Charlotte. 

*  *  New  York,  The  Evening  Telegram  is 
founded. 

*  *  New  York.    The  News  is  founded. 

*  *  O.  The  Western  Reserve  Historical 
Society  of  Cleveland  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  Public  Library  is  founded 
at  Cincinnati.    [158,136  vols.] 

*  *  O.  Hiram  College  (Disciples)  is  or- 
ganized at  Hiram. 

*  *  O.  Soio  College,  formerly  One  Study 
College  (Meth.  Epis.),  is  founded  at  Scio. 

*  •  Phila.  Tlie  Baptist  Quarterly  review 
appears. 

*  *  Phila.  The  American  Naturalist  taag- 
azine  appears. 

*  •  Pa.  Muhlenberg  CoUege  (Evan. 
Luth.)  is  organized  at  Allentown. 

*  *  Pa.  LebanonVaUey  College  (United 
Breth.)  is  organized  at  Annville. 

SOCIETY. 

1867  Aug.  10.  /).  C.  The  jury  disa- 
gree in  the  case  of  John  H.  Surratt, 
on  trial  for  complicity  in  the  murder 
of  President  Lincoln. 

Sept.  18.  La.  A  negro  judge  presides  in 
a  court  of  justice  at  New  Orleans. 

Oct.  *  N.  Y.  Rev.  Thomas  Lake  Harris 
founds  the  Brocton  Community  of 
Socialists,  at  Brocton. 


I 


UNITED   STATES. 


1867,  June  30- 


259 


Nov.  5.  New  York.  John  Morrissey  is 
elected  M.C.  from  the  '*  Bloody  Sixth  " 
ward. 

He  ha<I  twice  fought  bloody  battles  in 
the  prize-ring,  had  oeen  eight  times  in- 
dicted, iov  assault  with  intent  to  kill,  as- 
sault and  battery,  and  burglary  \  he  had 
also  served  nine  months  in  the  peniten- 
tiary for  nine  breaches  of  the  peace. 
[He'is  afterward  reelected.] 

*  *  III,  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
abolishing:  capital  punishment. 

*  *  Mass.  Clarke  Institute,  for  the 
training  of  deaf  mutes,  is  opened  at 
Northampton. 

*  *  Me.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law  pro- 
hibiting the  sale  of  intoxicating:  bev- 
erages, and  provides  for  its  enforcement 
by  the  appointment  of  a  State  constable. 

STATE. 

1867  Julys.  n.C.  The 40th Congress: 
the  special  session  reopens. 

July  8.  7).  C.  The  right  of  suffrage  is 
extended  to  the  colored  citizens  of  the 
district. 

July  11.  D.  C.  A  reciprocity  treaty 
with  Hawaii  is  signed. 

July  13.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Second  Supplementary  Reconstruc- 
tion Act. 

July  19.  />.  C.  President  Johnson  ve- 
toes the  Second  Supplementary  Re- 
construction Act. 

Me  favors  reorganization  by  civil  rather 
than  military  methods  ;  his  message  is 
regarded  as  a  threat  to  use  military 
poweragainstCongress,  and  his  impeach- 
ment is  suggested. 

Congress  overrides  the  last  veto. 
Vote  :  House,  108-1>5  ;  Senate,  30-6. 

July  20.  Z>.  C.  The  40th  Congress; 
the  first  session  again  adjourns,  to 
Nov.  21. 

Jiily  30.  Tex.  Gen.  Sheridan  removes 
Gov. Throckmorton  ;  !E.M.Fease  is  ap- 
pointed governor. 

Aug.  5.  />.  C.  President  Jolmson  re- 
quests Secretary  Stanton  to  resign 
for  *'  public  considerations  ;  *'  Stanton 
replies  that  "public  considerations'* 
forbid  it. 

Aug.  12.  D.  C.  Secretary  Stanton  is 
removed  by  the  President,  and  Gen. 
Grant  is  appointed  his  successor,  ad 
interim. 

Aug.  *  Sept.  *  D.  C.  President  John- 
son, alleging  insubordination,  removes 
Gen.  Sheridan  (Aug.  17)  from  the  mili- 
tary department  of  Louisiana,  and  Gen. 
Sickles  from  that  of    North  Carolina. 

Sept.  3.  n.  C.  The  President,  by  proc- 
lamation, declares  that  the  supremacy 
of  the  Civil  Court  (Federal)  must  he 
upheld. 

Sept.  7.  />.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
a  general  amnesty ;  this  includes  all 
but  a  few  of  the  high  officials  of  the  Con- 
federacy. 

Sept.  18.  Md.  The  new  Constitution 
is  approved  by  the  people.  Vote,  27,152- 
23,036. 

Sept.  25.  Fla.  A  convention  of  conser- 
vatives organizes  the  Constitutional 
Union  party,  at  Tallahassee. 


Sept.  27.  A%  C.  A  conservative  mass- 
meeting  is  held  at  Kaleigh  to  oppose 
the  radical  Republicans. 

Sept.  *  Oct.  ♦  Kan.  A  woman's  suf- 
frage campaign  is  conducted  by  Lucy 
Stone,  Susan  B.  Anthony,  Elizabeth 
Cady  Stanton,  and  others. 

Oct.  9.  Alaska  is  formally  trans- 
ferred by  Russia,  and  Gen.  Rousseau 
takes  possession  of  Sitka  Island. 

Oct.  11.  Ky.  Gov.  Stevenson  provides 
for  the  suppression  of  the  regulators 
and  Ijnachers  in  Marion,  Boyle,  and 
other  countries  by  the  organizing  of  an 
armed  force. 

Oct.  22.  Fa.  The  people  vote  to  call 
a  constitutional  convention.  Vote, 
107,342-61,887. 

Tfov.  5.  Kan.  An  amendment  to  the 
Constitution,  by  striking  out  the  word 
"white,"  is  not  carried.  Vote,  10,483- 
19,421  ;  another,  to  drop  the  word 
**  male,"  is  not  approved.  Vote,  9,070- 
19,857. 

Nov.  9.  Vt.  The  Legislatiu-e  ratifies  the 
14th  Amendment. 

U.  S,    The  Republican  freedmen 

gain  the  ascendancy  in  the  elections 
held  in  Southern  States ;  Democrats 
obtain  large  majorities  in  the  North. 

Nov.  11.  U.  S,  The  public  debt  has 
been  reduced  $10,(K)0,0(X)  monthly,  on 
the  average,  since  Aug.  31,  1865, 

Nov.  14.  A  treaty  is  concluded  with 
Denmark  for  the  sale  of  the  islands  of 
San  Juan  and  Santa  Cruz  in  the  West 
Indies  for  $7,500,000. 

Nov.  21.  D.  C.  The  40th  Congress: 
the  adjourned  first  session  reopens. 

Nov.  22,  La.  A  Constitution  prohibit- 
ing slavery,  declaring  the  ordinance  of 
secession  void,  and  disfranchising  ex- 
Confederates,  is  adopted  by  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  at  New  Or- 
leans. 

Va.     Jefferson  Davis    returns    to 

Richmond. 

Nov.  25.  B.C.  Congress ;  House :  The 
report  of  the  Impeachment  Com- 
mittee directs  that  '*  Andrew  John- 
son, President  of  the  United  States,  be 
impeached  of  high  crimes  and  misde- 
meanors;" a  minority  report  directs 
the  discharge  of  the  Committee,  and  the 
tabling  of  the  subject.  [Dec.  7.  The 
House  rejects  the  majority  report.  Vote, 
57-108.] 

Nov.  26.  Va.  The  trial  of  Jefferson 
Davis  for  treason  is  again  adjourned. 

Dec.  2.  D.  C.  The  40th  Congress : 
the  first  session  closes ;  the  second  ses- 
sion opens. 

Dec.  3.  Va.  The  Constitutional  Con- 
vention meets  at  Richmond. 

Dec.  5.  Ga,  A  convention  of  native 
whites  at  Masson  forms  **  the  Conserv- 
ative Party  of  Georgia.'* 

Dec.  7±.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Schenck  Bill,  forbidding 
"  a  further  reduction  of  the  currency 
by  retiring  and  canceling  United  States 


notes."  Vote,  127-32.  [Act  of  Feb.  4, 
1868-1 

Dec.  9.  Ga.  A  Constitutional  Con- 
vention is  held  by  request  of  the  gen- 
eral commanding  the  district ;  it  as- 
sembles at  Atlanta. 

Dec.  12.  D.  C.  Congress  receives  the 
President's  message  relative  to  the  dis- 
missal of  the  Secretary  of  War. 

*  *  Neb.  The  capital  is  removed  from 
Omaha  to  Lincoln. 

*  *  Nev,  The  act  of  the  Legislature  which 
taxes  every  person  one  dollar  who  leaves 
the  State  in  a  public  conveyance,  is 
declared  unconstitutional  by  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  Covu-t. 

*  *  Me.  Prohibitory  State  Liquor  Law 
passed. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-69  *  *  Colo.  (Ter.).    A.  Cameron  Hunt, 
-69  *  *  Conn.    James  E.  English. 

-68  *  *  Ga.    T.  H.  Ruger. 
-68  *  *  Ida.  (Ter.).    Isaac  L.  Gibbs. 
-73  *  *  Ind.    Conrad  Baker. 
Ky.    John  L.  Helm. 
-72  *  *  Ky.    John  W.  Stevenson. 
-68  *  *  La.    Benjamin  F.  Flanders, 
-71  *  *  Me.     J.  L.  Chamberlain. 
-71  *  *  Neb.    David  Butler. 
-69  *  *N.  H.     Walter  Harriman. 
-69  *  *  A".  Mex.  ( Ter.)    Wm.  F.  N.  Arny. 

*  *  Pa.    John  W.  Geary. 
_70  *  *  Tex.    Edward  M.  Pease. 
-69  *  *  Vt.    John  B.  Page. 
-69*  *  Wash.(Ter,).  Marshall  F.Moore. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1867    June  30.     U.  S.    Immigrants  for 

1867,  298,967. 

July  2.  New  York.  A  single  track  of 
elevated  cable  railroad  is  opened  from 
the  Battery  to  Thirtieth  Street. 

Aug.  16.  N^eiP  York.  The  first  gold 
and  stock  company  in  the  United 
States  is  organized. 

Aug.  *  La.  The  yellow-fever  rages  in 
New  Orleans  and  in  the  Southwest. 

Aug.  *  The  Credit  Mobilier,  through 
Cakes  Ames,  contracts  to  build  637  miles 
of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  at  prices 
which  aggregate  $47,000,000.  [The  value 
of  shares  soon  rises  to  400  per  cent.] 

Summer.  N.  Y.  There  are  390  cases  of 
yellow-fever  at  quarantine,  near  New 
York  City. 

Sept.  17.  Md.  The  National  Ceme- 
tery at  Antietam  is  dedicated  in  the 
presence  of  the  President. 

Oct.  *  Mass.  An  explosion  in  the  Hoo- 
sac  Tunnel  causes  the  loss  of  13  lives, 
and  much  damage  to  the  head-house. 

Dec.  9.  N.  Y.  Work  begins  on  the  new 
Capitol  at  Albany. 

Dec.  18.  N.  Y.  An  accident  occurs  on 
the  Lake  Shore  railroad,  caused  by  the 
caving  in  of  an  embankment  ;  ignition 
of  cars ;  41  persons  burned  to  death. 

Dee.  *  Credit  Mobilier  stock  is  quietly 
distributed  among  members  of  Con- 
gress for  the  purpose  of  influencing 
votes  in  its  favor.  [The  scandal  is  un- 
earthed in  1872.1 


260     1867,**-1868,Apr.l8. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1867  *  *Miss.  W.H.McArdle,  the  editor 
of  the  Vicksburg  Times,  is  charged  with 
obstructing  the  Reconstruction  Acts, 
and  is  confined  in  the  military  prison 
by  order  of  Gen.  Ord. 

1868  Jan,  15.  Mont.  Gen.  Miles  de- 
feats and  routs  the  Indians. 

Spring.  Mont.  The  Indians  under  Sit- 
ting Bull  and  Crazy  Horse  are  subdued 
and  scattered. 

Mar.  18.  D.  C.  Gen.  Robert  C.  Bu- 
chanan is  appointed  to  command  in  the 
5th  District,  as  successor  to  Gen.  \V.  S. 
Hancock. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1867  *  *  JVew  York.  M.  F.  DeHaas  and 
C.  G.  Griswold  are  elected  members  of 
the  Ifational  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Wyo.  Gold  is  f  oiuid  near  the  source 
of  the  Sweetwater  River. 

*  *  The  attempt  to  raise  Alpaca,  An- 
gora, and  Cashmere  goats  as  domestic 
animals,  with  a  view  to  utilization  of 
their  fieece,  is  abandoned. 

*  *  The  silk  worm  industry  develops  in 
California,  but  fails  for  climatic  reasons 
in  the  Atlantic  States. 

*  *  American  Institute  of  Architects  is 
established. 

*  *  Coast  of  Jihode  Island  is  painted  by 
Worthington  Whittredge. 

*  *  The  Splinter  is  painted  by  J.  B.  Irving. 

*  *  Notch  at  Lancaster  is  painted  by  A.  F. 
Bellows. 

*  *  /n  the  Woods  is  painted  by  A.  B. 
Burand. 

*  *  American  Sunset  is  painted  by  George 
Inness. 

*  *  Glimpse  of  White  Mountains  is  ^aXaXe^. 
by  J.  F.  Kensett. 

*  *  The  Village  Post-Office  is  painted  by 
T.  W.  Wood. 

*  *  George  L.  Fox  appears  as  Bottom  in 
Midsummer  NighVs  Dream. 

1868  Mar.  *  New  York.  A  steam-mo- 
tor-man is  exhibited. 

April  15.  D.  C.  A  memorial  and  statue 
of  liincoln  is  unveiled  at  the  Capitol. 

Apr.  18.  y.  Y.  The  asteroid  lanthe  is 
discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1868. 
Jan.  1.    Gillespie,  Wm.  M.,  civil  engineer, 

A52. 
Jan.  11.    Bell,  Henry  Haywood,  rear-athn., 

U.  S,  N.,  tlrowneil  in  Japan,  A68. 
Jan.  12.    Steele,  Frederick,  maj.-gen.,  U.S. 

vols.,  A 49. 
Jan.  15.    Kllsworth,  William  W.,  gov.  of 

Conn.,  A77. 
Jan.  19.    liaraga,  Frederick,  Austrian  R.  C. 

bishop  in  U.  S.,  A7I. 

Dick,  James  T.,  artist,  A34. 

Jan.  21.    Asboth,  Alex.  S.,  Hungarian  offi- 
cer, niaj.-gen.  in  Civil  War,  A.^7. 
Jan.  33.    Force,  Peter,  journalist,  compiler, 

A78. 
Jan.  26.  Dean,  Amos,  chancellor,  professor, 

author,  A65. 
Feb.  1.    Leeser,    Isaac,   Jewish    rabbi    of 

Phila.,  editor,  autlior,  A62. 
Feb.  4.    (iilliams,  Jacob,  physician  of  Phila., 

naturalist,  AH4. 
Feb.  5.    Herrick,  Anson,  journalist,  M.  C. 

forN.  Y.,  A56. 


Feb.  10.    Richardson,  John  Fram,  educator, 

linguist,  AbO. 

Feb.  16.  Kendall,  Philip  K.,  jurist,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  A74. 

Feb.  18.  Sewall,  Samuel,  antiq.,  writer, 
Cong,  clergyman,  AH3. 

Feb.  23.     Gannon,  Mary,  actress,  A39. 

Mar.  4.  Lord,  Daniel,  lawyer  of  N.  Y.  city, 
A73. 

Mar.  6.    Hughes,  Ball,  sculptor,  A62. 

Mar.  11.    Dana,Samiiel  Luther, chem.,A73. 

Mar.  16.  "Wilmot.  David.  "Wilmot  Pro- 
viso," M.  C.  for  Pa.,  A54. 

Mar.  32.    Childs,  Henry  IT., physician,  ASS. 

Carter,  Josiah  Mason,  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician. Conn.,  Abf>. 

Mar.  27.  Goodrich,  Chauncey,  Cong,  cler- 
gyman, scholar,  AM. 

Mar.  30.  Parker,  Edward  G.,  journalist, 
author,  A4U. 

Mar.  31.  Hartstene,  Henry  J.,  commander 
I'.  S.  N.,  explorer  willi  Dr.  Kane,  <iies. 

Paige,  Alonzo  Christ,  jurist  of  N.  Y., 

compiler,  A  7 1. 

Apr.  1.  Ashburn,  George  W.,  southern 
loyalist,  soldier,  A — . 

I'arker,  James,  statesman,  A92. 

Apr.  6.  Howell,  Robert  Boyte  C,  Baptist 
clergyman,  writer,  author,  A  67. 

Apr.  13.  Cooper,  Julia  D.,  actor,  writer, 
A37. 

Apr.  14.  Bangher,  Henry  L.,  Lutheran 
clergyman,  pres.  or  Luth.  college,  A(>3.  t 

Apr.  17.  Homaus,  John,  physician  of  Bos- 
ton, A  75. 

CHURCH. 

1867  *  *  O.  The  General  Assembly 
(United  Presbyterian)  meets  at  Xenia ; 
John  B.  Dales,  moderator. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S, 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Cincinnati ;  Phin- 
eas  D.  Gurley,  moderator. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Susquehanna  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  Tlie  Presbyterian  National 
Union  Convention  is  held  ;  George 
H.  Stuart,  president.  It  fails  to  effect 
the  organic  union  of  all  Presbyterians. 

*  *  Tex.  A  General  Association  of  Bap- 
tists is  formed. 

*  *  Netherlands.  Delegates  of  the  United 
States  branch  of  the  Evangelical  Alli- 
ance first  attend  the  great  conference 
held  at  Amsterdam, 

*  *  The  Reformed  Protestant  Dutch 
Church  of  North  America  changes  its 
name  to  the  Heformed  Church  in 
America. 

*  *  Tlie  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Virginia 
Conferences  (Methodist  Episcopal)  are 
formed. 

1868  Mar.  3.  P.  I.  The  Union  for 
Christian  "Work  (undenominational)  is 
organized  at  Providence. 

Mar.  10.  The  Colorado  Association 
(Congregational)  is  organized. 

Apr.  2.  Ga.  John  "Watrous  Beckwith 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Georgia. 

LETTERS. 

1867  *  *  Tenn.  East  Tennessee  "Wes- 
leyan  University  (non-sect.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Athens. 

*  *  Tenn,  King  College  (Pres.)  is  organ- 
ized at  Bristol, 

*  *  Tenn.  Fiske  University  (Cong.)  is 
organized  at  Kashville. 


*  ♦  Va.  The  Richmond  Theological 
Seminary  (Bapt,)  is  founded. 

'  *  Wis.  Milton  College  (Seventh-day 
Bapt.)  is  organized. 

*  *  State  Normal  Schools  are  opened : 
at  Peru,  Neb. ;  Brockport,  N.  Y. ;  Cas- 
tleton,  Randolph,  and  Johnson,  Vt. ; 
and  at  Fairmount,  W.  Va. 

^  *  W.  Va.  The  Storer  College  at 
Harper's  Ferry  is  opened. 

*  *  Flower  de  Luce,  by  Henry  "W.  IjOng- 
fellow,  appears ;  also  a  translation  of 
the  Divine  Comedy  (18C7-1870). 

*  *  Book  of  the  Artists,  by  Henry  T.  Tuck- 
erman,  appears. 

^  *  Tfie  Jesuits    in  America,  by  Francis 

Parkman,  appears. 
'  *  Condensed    Novels,    by    Bret    Harte, 

appears, 

*  *  Greece,  Ancient  and  Modern,  by  Cor- 
nelius C.  Felton,  appears. 

^  *  TAeGwarrfmn  ^7i(7e;,  by  Oliver  Wen- 
dell Holmes,  appears. 

'  •  Language  and  the  Study  of  LangtUtge^ 
by  William  Dwight  Whitney,  appears. 

^  *  May-Day  and  Other  Pieces,  by  Ralph 
"Waldo  Emerson,  appears. 

^  *  Norttood,  by  Henry  Ward  Beecher, 
appears. 

^  *  Miss  PaveneVs  Conversion,  by  J.  W. 
DeForest,  appears. 

*  *  The  Tent  on  the  Beach,  by  John 
Greenleaf  "Whittier,  appears. 

*  *  Tiger  Lilies,  by  Sidney  Lanier,  ap- 
pears. 

"  *  Waiting  for  the  Verdict,  by  Rebecca 

II.  Davis,  appears. 
^  *  Famous  Americans  of  Pecent  Times,  by 

James  Parton,  appears. 
"  *  History  of  the  American  Civil  War^hj 

John  William  Draper,  appears. 

*  *  The  Wearing  of  the  Gray,  by  John 
Esten  Cooke,  appears. 

^  *  Colorado,  by  Bayard  Taylor,  appears. 
^  *  A  Journey  to  Ashango-Land,  by  Paul 
B.  Du  Chaillu,  appears. 

*  *  New  America,  by  William  Hepworth 
Dixon,  appears. 

'  *New  York  in  the  Nineteenth  Century^ 
and  American  Leaves,  etc.,  by  Samuel 
Osgood,  appear. 

►  *  History  of  the  Christian  Church,  by 
Philip  Schaff,  appears. 

^  *  CyclopsBdia  of  Biblical,  Theological^ 
and  Ecclesiastical  Literature,  by  Mc- 
CHntock  and  Strong,  Vol.  I.  appears. 

*  *  Poems,  by  William  Denn  lIowellB» 
appears ;  also  Italian  Journeys. 

*  *  Swinging  Bound  the  Circle,  by  Petro- 
leum V.  Nasby,  appears. 

*  *  Complete  Manual  of  English  Litera- 
ture, by  Thomas  B.  Shaw,  appears. 

*  *  War  Poetry  of  the  South,  edited  by 
William  Gilmore  Simms,  appears, 

*  *  Peligious  Poems,  by  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe,  appears. 

*  *  The  Celebrated  Jumping  Frog,  etc.,  by 
Mark  Twain,  appears. 

*  *  New  System  of  Infantry  Tactics^  by 
Gen.  Emory  Upton,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.         1867,  *  *-1868,  Apr.  18.     261 


1868  Jan.  1.  Ga.  The  Methodist  Advo- 
cate is  published  at  Atlanta. 

SOCIETY. 

1867  *  *K.  Y.  The  State  Board  of 
Charities  is  organized. 

*  *  U.  S.  Farmers  organize  the  Gran- 
gers to  protect  farming  interests. 

1868  Jan.  1.  Ind.  The  Reform 
School  for  boys  is  opened  at  Plainfield. 

Feb.  8.  Mo.  The  Legislature  passes  an 
act  by  which  prize  fighting  for  money 
is  made  punishable  by  imprisonment  or 
a  fine. 

Mar.  31.  CaL  The  Chinese  Embassy- 
arrives  at  San  Francisco. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  President  receives  Charles 
Dickens. 

Apr.  18.  New  York,  A  dinner  in  honor 
of  Charles  Dickens  is  given  by  some  of 
his  admirers.  [Apr.  22.  He  sails  for 
England.] 

STATE. 

1867  •  *  Congress  attaches  that  por- 
tion of  New  Mexico  which  lies  above 
37'  to  Colorado. 

1868  Jan.  4.  I).  C.  Congress ;  House  : 
Resolutions  are  adopted  approving 
the  course  of  Gen.  Sheridan  as  mili- 
tary governor  of  Louisiana,  and  cen- 
suring President  Johnson. 

Jan.  8.  Ga.  The  State  Convention  re- 
moves the  capital  from  Augusta  to 
Atlanta. 

Jan.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
refuses  to  concur  with  the  President  in 
the  removal  of  Secretary  Stanton; 
Gen.  Grant  promptly  vacates  the 
office  of  Secretary  of  War. 

Jan.  14.  S.  C  A  State  Convention, 
called  under  the  Keconstruction  Acts, 
assembles  at  Cliarleston  to  frame  a  new 
Constitution. 

N.  C.    A  State  Convention,  called 

under  the  Reconstruction  Acts,  assem- 
bles at  Raleigh.  [A  Constitution  is 
framed,  and  it  is  afterward  ratified.] 

Jan.  14, 15.  7>.  C.  Secretary  Stanton 
resumes  his  office. 

Jan.  20.  Fla.  A  Constitutional  Con- 
vention, meeting  at  Tallaliassee,  is  or- 
ganized by  41  of  the  46  delegates  ;  the 
eligibility  of  four  others  is  contested. 

Jan.  21.  D.  C.  Congress;  House  :  The 
Southern  States  are  declared  to  be  with- 
out valid  government  ;  jurisdiction 
over  them  is  taken  from  the  Presi- 
dent, and  assigned  to  Gen.  Grant,  as 
commander  of  the  army. 

Jan.  *  Miss.  The  Legislature  unani- 
mously rejects  the  14th  Amendment 
to  the  Constitution. 

Feb.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  exempts  cot- 
ton from  the  internal  revenue  tax. 

Feb.  4.  D.  C.  Congress:  An  act  pro- 
hibiting any  further  reduction  of  the 
currency  is  passed  ;  the  minimum  limit 
of  legal-tender  notes  is  fixed  at  9356,- 
000,000. 

Feb.  6.  Fla.  The  president  of  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  announces  that  a 


legal  quorum  of  20  or  22  delegates  have 
adopted  a  new  Constitution ;  it  super- 
sedes that  of  1865. 

Feb.  18.  Fla.  A  meeting  of  the  dele- 
gates of  the  Constitutional  Convention 
is  called  by  Gen.  Meade ;  Horatio  Jen- 
kins is  appointed  president. 

Feb.  20.  iV.  J.  The  Legislature  with- 
draws the  ratification  of  the  14th 
Amendment.  [Feb.  25,  the  withdrawal 
is  vetoed  by  Governor  Ward ;  Mar.  5, 
Senate  overrides  the  veto ;  Mar,  25,  the 
House  also.] 

Feb.  21.  B.C.  President  Johnson  dis- 
misses E.  M.  Stanton,  Secretary  of 
AVar,  and  appoints  Gen.  XiOrenzo 
Thomas  as  his  successor  ad  interim; 
the  President  notifies  the  Senate  of  his 
action. 

Feb.  22.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
declares  the  appointment  of  Gen, 
Thomas  illegal,  and  Stanton  causes 
his  arrest ;  he  is  held  on  bail,  but  re- 
leased Feb.  24. 

The  President  nominates  Thomas 
Ewing  of  O.  as  Secretary  of  War. 

Feb.  24.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
resolves  to  impeach  President  John- 
son of  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 
(Second  attempt.)  Vote,  126-47;  17  not 
voting.  Two  members  are  appointed  to 
impeach  him  at  the  bar  of  the  Senate. 

He  is  charged  with  violating  the  Tenure 
of  Office  Act,  and  much  friction  exists 
between  tlie  Executive  and  Congress, 
because  of  his  opposition  to  the  Recon- 
struction Acts. 

Feb.  25.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  action 
of  the  House  for  impeachment  is  re- 
ported at  the  bar  of  the  Senate  by 
Thaddeus  Stevens  of  Pa.  and  John 
A.  Bingham  of  O.,  the  Committee  of 
Impeachment. 

Fla.      The    State    Constitution    is 

adopted  ;  nine  delegates  refuse  to  sign  it. 

Feb.  29.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  the 
Committee  of  Impeachment  reports 
nine  articles. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  The 
articles  of  impeachment  are  adopted 
by  a  party  vote. 

Impeachment  managers :  John  A.  Bing- 
ham, Chairman,  of  O.,  George  S.  Bout- 
well  of  Mass.,  James  F.  Wilson  of  la., 
Benjamin  F.  Butler  of  Mass.,  Thomas 
Williams  of  Pa,,  John  A.  Logan  of  111., 
Thaddeus  Stevens  of  Pa.  President's 
counsel :  B.  U.  CurtiR,WilliamM.  Evarts, 
W.  S.  Grosbeck,  and  Henry  Stanbery. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  The 
Board  of  Managers  presents  two  addi- 
tional articles  of  impeachment,  — sedi- 
tion, and  speech  declaring  that  Congress 
was  not  a  legal  body. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  Congress :  Tlie  Senate 
notifies  the  House  that  it  is  ready  to 
receive  the  managers  of  the  Impeach- 
ment. Tlie  House  bill  of  impeachment 
is  presented. 

Mar.  5.  D.C.  The  Senate  convenes  as  a 
Court  of  Impeachment,  with  the  Chief 
Justice  in  the  chair.  The  President  is 
summoned  to  appear. 

Mar.  11.  Ga.  The  new  Constitution 
is  ratified. 


Mar.  13.  D.C.  The  Court  of  Impeach- 
ment is  reopened ;  it  adjourns  to  the 
23d. 

Jrh.     The    new    Constitutdon    is 

adopted  and  ratified. 

Mar.  23.  I).  C.  Congress  ;  Senate  :  The 
Impeachment  Court  receives  the  Pres- 
ident's response  to  the  charges. 

Mar.  30.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  Gen. 
B.  F.  Butler  of  Mass.,  as  counsel  for  the 
prosecution,  opens  the  case  against  the 
President ;  the  actual  trial  begins. 

Mar.  31.  Cat.  The  Chinese  embassy, 
with  Anson  Burlingame  as  special 
ambassador,  arrives  at  San  Francisco. 

Apr.  3.  la.  The  Legislature  ratifies  the 
14th  Amendment  to  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution. 

Apr.  9.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  Ben- 
jamin R,  Curtis  of  Mass.  opens  the  de- 
fense in  the  impeachment  trial. 

Apr.  14-16.  S.  C.  The  new  Constitu- 
tion is  ratified  by  the  people.  Vote, 
70,558-27,288. 

Apr.  17.  Va.  The  Constitutional  Con- 
vention adopts  a  constitution.  Vote, 
5I-3G.  [It  was  to  have  been  submitted  to 
the  people  for  ratification,  June  2;  but 
the  election  was  not  held.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1867  •  *  ///.  The  pioneer  Pullman 
car  is  built ;  the  Pullman  Car  company 
is  organized. 

*  *  Mo.  Carondelet  is  incorporated  with 
St.  Louis.     [Effective  Apr.  1871.] 

*  *  K.  Y.  The  Hudson  Kiver  railroad 
bridge  at  Albany  is  completed. 

*  *  Minn.  Minneapolis  is  incorporated 
as  a  city. 

*  *  New  York.  The  county  court-house 
is  completed. 

*  *  Ore.  The  bark  Whistler  carries  a 
cargo  of  wheat  direct  to  Australia. 

*  *  Phila.  The  new  court-house  is 
opened. 

*  *  Wagner's  Falace-Car  Company  is 
incorporated. 

1868  Jan.  2.  Cat.  The  Santa  Clara 
and  Pajaro  Valley  Kailroad  Company  is 
chartered. 

Jan.  28.  Chicago  is  devastated  by  a 
great  fire;  loss,  £3,000.000. 

Jan.  *  lioston.  The  town  of  Koxbury  is 
annexed. 

Mar.  2.  Kew  York.  Bamum's  Mu- 
seum is  again  burned. 

Mar.  18,  The  steamer  Magnolia  on  the 
Ohio  Iliver  explodes  ;  80  lives  are  lost. 

Mar.  31.  Miss.  A  convention  of  land- 
owners is  held  at  Jackson  to  encourage 
immigration  to  the  South  ;  delegates  are 
present  from  Mississippi,  Tennessee, 
Alabama,  and  Louisiana. 

Apr.  9.  The  steamer  Sea  Tiird  burns  on 
Lake  Michigan  ;  100  lives  are  lost. 

Apr.  14.  Pa.  An  Erie  train  is  thrown 
down  an  embankment  at  Carr's  Rock, 
on  the  Delaware  River;  2G  persons  are 
killed  and  52  are  injured. 


262     1868,  Apr.  18-Oct.  26 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1868  June  1.  n.  C.  Gen.  G.  Stone- 
man,  is  appointed  to  command  in  the  1st 
District,  as  successor  to  Gen.  J.  M.  Schfi- 
field. 

June  4.  D.  C.  Gen.  Irvin  McDowell 
assumes  command  of  the  4th  Military 
District. 

June  30.  D.  C.  Gen.  Alvan  C.  Gillem 
is  appointed  to  command  in  the  4th  Dis- 
trict, as  successor  to  Gen.  I.  McDowell. 

July  28.  D.  C.  Gen.  J.  J.  Reynolds  is 
appointed  to  command  in  the  5th  Dis- 
trict, as  successor  to  Gen.  P.  H.  Sheridan.  • 

Aug.  4.  Pa.  Philadelphia  presents 
Ijeag:ue  Island  in  the  Delaware  to  the 
Federal  Government  as  the  site  for  a 
navy-yani ;  area,  923  acres. 

Aug.  Kan.  The  Indians  make  a  raid 
into  the  Solomon  Valley  and  along  the 
Republican  and  Saline  Rivers. 

Sept.  9-17.  Kan.  Col.  George  A.  For- 
syth has  a  fight  with  the  Indians  along 
the  Republican  River. 

ART  —  SCIEWCE  —  NATURE. 

1868  May  10.  I).  C.  \V.  W.  Corcoran 
deeds  his  valuable  Art  Gallery  to  trus- 
tees for  public  use. 

May  27.  Mo.  The  monument  to 
Thomas  H.  Benton  at  St.  Louis  is 
unveiled. 

July  11.  Mich.  The  asteroid  Hecate  is 
discovered  by  J.  C.  Watson.  [Also 
Helena,  Aug.  16,  Hera,  Sept.  7,  and 
Dione,  Oct,  10.] 

Aug.  22.  jV.  Y.  The  asteroid  Miriam 
is  discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters. 

Oct.  21.  Cal.  An  earthquake  shakes 
the  Pacific  Coast  ;  walls  are  broken, 
chimneys  fall,  and  five  persons  are  killed 
in  San  Francisco. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1868. 

Apr.  19.  Hawks,  Cicero  Stephen,  P.  E. 
bishop  of  Mo.,  ASe. 

Apr.  30.  Osgood,  Helen  L.  G.,  array  nurse, 
A33. 

Apr.  26.  Rives.  William  Cabell,  senator 
for  Md.,  minister  to  France,  author,  mem- 
ber Confederate  couRress,  A75. 

Hays.  Page,  Charles  Grafton,  writer, 
physicist  of  1>.  ('.,  A56. 

Ridgeley,    Daniel   Boone,    commander 

U.  S.  N.,  A55. 

May  30.  Junkin,  George,  Pres.  clergy- 
man, college  president,  A78. 

May  21.  Dyckman,  Garrett  W.,  capt.  in 
Mexican  war,  col.  U.  S.  V.,  dies. 

May  23.  Carson,  Christopher,  "Kit  Car- 
ion,"  trapper,  Fr6inont' s  guide,  A59. 

May  25 .  Evans,  Thomas,  Quaker  preacher, 
editor,  author,  A70. 

May  29.  Lincoln,  Levi,  M.  C,  Gov.  of 
Mass.,  senator,  A86- 

May  30.  Mcllae,  .lohn  J.,  Gov.  of  Miss.,  A58. 

June  1.  Buchanan,  James,  M.  C.  for  Pa., 
senator,  secretary  of  state,  minister  to 
Eng.,  15th  President  of  U.  S.,  A77. 

June  3.  Noyes,  George  RapaU,  Biblical 
scholar,  A70. 

June  6.  Thompson,  Daniel  Pierce,  novel- 
ist, A73. 

June  12.  Garner,  Peter  M.,  abolitionist  in 
0.,  A.-ifi. 

June  16.  Bradley,  Warren  I.,  "Glance 
Gaylord,"  author,  writer,  A  21. 

June  23.    Kimball,  HeberC,  Mormon,  A67. 

June  33.  Raphallj  Morris  Jacob,  Jewish 
rabbi  of  New  York,  writer,  author,  A70. 

Vassar,  Matthew,  founder  of  Vassar 

college,  A76. 

July  2.  Baker,  I^fayette  C,  brig.-gen. 
r.  S.  A.,  chief  of  secret  service,  A42. 


July  6.    Hall,  James,  anthor,  judge,  A75. 

July  7.  Coles,  Edward,  antislavery  Gov. 
of  lU.,  AH2. 

July  9.     Grayson,  Wm.,  Gov.  of  Md.,  A82. 

July  11.  Miller,  James  Fergurson,  com- 
mander U.  S.  N.,  A63. 

July  15.  Morton,  Wm.  T.  G.,  dentist, 
physician,  A49. 

July  16.  Allen,  William,  president  Bow- 
doin,  biographer,  A84. 

July  18.  Leutze,  £manuel.  historical 
painter,  A52. 

July  29.  Smith,  Seba  (Maj.  Jack  Down- 
ing), author,  A76. 

Autr.  3.  Potter,  Chandler  E.,  editor,  au- 
thor, A6I. 

Halpine,  Charles  G.  (MUob  O'ReiUy), 

journalist,  A  38. 

Aug.  8.  Stevens,  Edwin  Aug.,  railroad 
manager,  inventor,  founder  Stevens*  Insti- 
tute, A73. 

Axxe.  11.  Stevens.  Thaddeus,  M.  C.  for 
Pa.,  abolitionist,  A76. 

Aug:.  16.  Carhart,  Jeremiah,  Inventor  of 
tubular  reed-board,  A53. 

Aug.  34.  Adler,  George  J.,  philologist,  au- 
thor, A  47. 

Aug.  37.  Armstrong,  James,  commodore 
U.  S.  N.,  A  74. 

Aug.  38.  Granger,  Francis,  M.  C.  for 
N.  Y.,  postmaster -general,  A76. 

Sept.  33.  Morse,  Richard  Cary,  journalist, 
Pres.  cl.,  founder  of  N.  Y.  Observer,  A73. 

Sept.  38.  Fessenden,  Thomas  Amory  D., 
M.  C.  for  Me.,  lawyer,  A42. 

Sept.  29.  Andrews,  Lorrin,  founder  of 
Hawaii  University,  missionary,  A73. 

Oct.  9.  Cobb,  Howell,  M.  C,  speaker. 
Gov.  of  Ga.,  sec.  of  treasury,  Confederate 
maj.-gen.,  A53. 

Oct.  26.  Fairchlld,  Casslus,  brig.-gen. 
U.  S.  A.,  A  40. 


CHURCH. 

1868  Apr.  30.  Va.  Francis  McNeece 
Whittle  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) assistant  bishop  of  Virginia. 

Mayl-June2.  Chicago.  General  Con- 
ference (Metbodist  Episcopal)  meets. 

Provision  is  made  for  the  introduction 
of  Lay  Delegation.  The  Arkansas,  Cen- 
tral Pennsylvania,  St.  Louis,  and  Wil- 
mington Conferences  are  formed. 

It  establishes  **  Children's  Day," 
to  be  observed  on  the  second  Sunday  in 
June. 

May  24.  Ky.  William  G.  McCloskey  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Louisville. 

June  3.  Vt.  Wm.  Henry  Augustus  Bis- 
sell  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Vermont. 

June  10.  Me.  The  General  Convention 
of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets  at  Port- 
land. 

July  12.  iV.  r.  Bernard  J.  McQuaid  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Rochester. 

Pa.    Wm.    0*Hara    is      consecrated 

(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Scranton. 

Aug.  2.  Pa.  Tobias  Mullen  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Erie. 

Aug.  16.  Md.  James  Gibbons  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  archbishop 
of  Baltimore. 

xV.  C.  Thomas  A.  Becker  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Wil- 
mington. 

Sept.  13.  Mo.  John  J.  Hogan  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Kan- 
sas City. 

Oct.  7-9.  New  York.  The  third  Na- 
tional Unitarian  Conference  is  held. 

Oct.  25.  Mo.  Charles  Franklin  Robert- 
son is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Missouri. 


LETTERS. 

1868  Sept.  4,  X.  H.  The  College  of 
Agrictilture  and  Mechanics  is  opened 
at  Hanover. 

Oct.  *  .V.  1'.  Cornell  University  (non- 
sect.)  at  Ithaca  is  opened. 

*  *  Ala.  Burrill  School,  colored,  is  opened 
at  Selma  by  the  American  Missionary 
Association. 

*  *  Cal.  University  of  California  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Berkeley. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Overland  Monthly  magazine 
(first  series)  is  issued  at  San  Francisco. 

*  */>.  C.  The  Bureau  of  Education 
Iiibrary  is  founded  at  W^ashington. 
[16,500  vols.] 

*  *  Ga.  The  Haven  Normal  Academy, 
colored  (IVIeth.  Epis.),  is  founded  at 
"Waynesboro. 

*  *  Ga.  The  Constitution  is  issued  at 
Atlanta. 

*  *  III.  German  English  College 
(Meih.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Galena. 

*  *  Ky.  Blandville  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded. 

*  *  Ky.  Concord  College  (Bapt.)  is  or- 
ganized at  New  Liberty. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Courier  Journal  is  issued  at 
Louisville. 

*  *  Me.  The  State  Agricultural  College 
is  organized  at  Orono. 

*  *  Mass.  Worcester  Polytechnic  Insti- 
tute (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Worces- 
ter. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Dental  School  of  Harvard 
University  is  established. 

*  *  Miss.  Rust  University,  colored 
(Meth.  Epis.),  is  founded  at  Holly 
Springs. 

*  *  Minn.  University  of  Minnesota 
(non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Minneapolis. 

*  *  The  Board  of  Education  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  is  organized. 

*  *N.J,  St.  Benedict's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  at  Newark  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  T.  Cornell  University  Inbrary  is 
founded  at  Ithaca.     [60,300  vols.] 

*  *  New  York.  Harper's  Bazaar  is 
founded. 

*  *  N.  Y.  "Wells  College  (non-sect.)  is 
founded  at  Aurora. 

*  *  Ore.  The  State  Agricultural  College 
is  opened  at  Corvallis. 

*  ♦  O.  University  of  "Wooster  (Pres.) 
is  organized  at  Wooster. 

*  *  O.  The  Pubhc  School  Library  is 
founded  at  Cleveland.     [45.905  vols.] 

*  *  Ore.  Philomath  College  (United 
Breth.)  is  organized. 

*  *  Pa.  Monongahela  CoUege  (Bapt.) 
at  Jefferson  is  organized. 

*  *  Pkila.     Lippincott's  Magazine  appeATs. 

SOCIETY. 

1868  May  5.  The  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  institutes  Decoration  Day- 
May  30th  — as  a  memorial  day  of  its  de- 
ceased comrades. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1868,  Apr,  18 -Oct.  26.      263 


May  22.    Ind.    An  express  car  on  the 

Jeffersonville   Ilailroad    is    robbed    by 

armed  nieu. 
May  30.    .V.  Y.    Memorial  Day  is  first 

celebrated ;  it  is  a  legal  holiday. 
June  25.    D.  C.    JEight  hours  constitute 

a  day*s  work.    (See  State.) 
July    1.     Eng.      A    dinner  is    given  in 

honor  of  Cyrus  "W.  Field  in  London, 
Cable  messages  are  exchanged  with 

President  Johnson,  and  also  with  Lord 

Monk,  viceroy  of  Canada. 

July  20.  Ind.  A  train  bearing  the  ex- 
press robbers  of  the  Jeffersonville 
Railroad  is  stopped  by  a  band  of 
lynchers  from  Seymour,  and  the  pris- 
oners hanged. 

July  *  O.  The  National  Temperance 
Convention  is  held  at  Cleveland. 

STATE. 

1868  Apr.  18.  La.  The  new  Consti- 
tution is  ratified  by  the  people  in  a  State 
election. 

Apr.  *  N.  C.  The  people  ratify  the  new 
Constitution,    Vote,  93,118-74,009. 

Apr.  *  N.  J.  The  Democratic  Legislature 
passes  a  resolution  withdrawing  the  pre- 
vious ratification  of  the  14th  Amend- 
ment by  a  Republican  body. 

May  7.  Z>,  C.  Congress ;  Senate ;  Thad- 
deus  Stevens  of  Pa.  introduces  a  bill  to 
readmit  Arkansas  to  representation  in 
Congress. 

May  16.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate ;  The 
11th  article  of  impeachment  is  re- 
jected. Vote,  35-19  —  one  less  than  two- 
thirds,  the  number  required  to  impeach. 
The  court  adjourns  to  May  26. 

May  20.  Chicago.  The  Hepublican 
National  Convention  meets ;  Joseph 
B.  Hawley  of  Conn.,  president. 

May  21.  Chicago.  Gen.  Ulysses  S. 
Grant  is  nominated  for  the  presidency 
on  the  first  ballot,  without  a  competitor. 
Schuyler  Colfax  is  nominated  for  the 
vice-presidency.  Vote  for  the  vice-presi- 
dency :  Schuyler  Colfax  of  Ind.,  541  ;  B. 
F.  Wade  of  O.,  38;  Reuben  E.  Fenton  of 
N.  Y.,  G9. 

May  26.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Court  of  Impeachment  votes  on  the 
second  and  third  articles,  and  lacks 
one  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  Senate. 
Vote,  34-16.  It  abandons  the  case  at  this 
point. 

"  The  trial  of  President  Johnson  is  the 
most  memorable  attempt  made  by  any 
English-speaking  people  to  deposeasov- 
ereign  ruler  in  strict  accordance  with 
the  forms  of  law.  The  order,  dignity,  and 
solemnity  which  marked  the  proceedings 
may  therefore  be  recalled  with  pride  by 
every  American."    (Blaine.) 

Edwin  M.  Stanton  resigns  as  Secre- 
tary of  "War. 

May  30.  D.  C.  President  Johnson  ap- 
points Gen.  J.  M.  Schofleld  of  N.  Y. 
Secretary  of  "War. 

Congress  creates  a  Fishery  Com- 
mission. 

MaySl.  D.  r.  Congress  relieves  from 
taxation  all  manufactures  except  dis- 


tilled and   fermented   liquors  and  to- 
bacco. 

May  *  D.  C.  Congress  passes  resolutions 
congratulating  the  Emperor  of  Russia 
on  his  escape  from  assassination. 

May  *  Fta.  The  new  Constitution  is 
ratified  by  the  people. 

Jime  1  ^ .  Tex.  A  convention  called 
under  the  Reconstruction  Acts  is  held  at 
Austin. 

June  5.  D.  C.  The  Chinese  embassy 
is  received  at  Washington, 

June  12.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Reverdy  Johnson  of  Md.  is  appointed 
minister  to  Great  Britain. 

Jtme  15.  Miss.  Gen.  McDowell  appoints 
Maj.-Gen.  Adelbert  Ames  provisional 
governor;  Gov,  Humphreys  is  forced  to 
vacate  the  executive  mansion. 

June  20.  D.  C.  President  Johnson  ve- 
toes the  bill  restoring  Arkansas  to 
representation  in  Congress.  [Congress 
overrides  the  veto,  June  22.] 

June  25.  Z>.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
bill  for  readmitting  to  representation 
in  Congress  six  Southern  States — 
Alabama,  Florida,  Georgia,  Louisiana, 
North  and  South  Carolina.  The  Presi- 
dent vetoes  it. 

It  extends  amnesty  to  about  1,000 
ex-Confederates. 

It  enacts  that  eight  hours  shall  con- 
stitute a  day's  work  for  laborers,  me- 
chanics, and  other  workmen  in  the  em- 
ployment of  the  Government.  (Passed 
the  House  on  January  6.) 

Congress,  having  overriden  the  Pres- 
ident's vetoes  by  a  vote  of  more  than 
three  to  one  in  both  houses,  the  long 
reconstruction  contest  is  closed. 

*  *  D.  C.  Gen.  Grant,  in  accepting  the 
Republican  nomination  to  the  presi- 
dency, says  **Ijet  us  have  peace." 

June  28.  Miss.  The  people  reject  the 
Constitution  of  May  15.  Vote,  56,231- 
63,860, 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1868, 
Revenue:  Customs,  $164,46*,600 ;  in- 
ternal revenue,  $191,087,589;  direct  tax, 
$1,788,146;  sales  of  public  lands,  $1,348- 
715 ;  premiums  on  loans  and  sales  of  gold 
coin,  $29,203,629;  miscellaneous  items, 
$17,745,404,  Total  revenue,  $405,638,083; 
excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary  expendi- 
tures, $28,297,798.  Expenditures:  Pre- 
miums on  loans  and  purchase  of  bonds, 
etc.,  $7,001,151  ;  miscellaneous  items, 
$53,009,868;  War  Department,  $123,246,- 
649  ;  Navy  Department,  $25,775,5a3  ;  In- 
dians, $4,100,682;  pensions,  $23,782,387; 
interest  on  public  debt,  $140,424,046. 
Total  ordinary  expenses.  $377,340,285 ; 
public  debt,  $2,611,687,851  ;  exports, 
$281,952,899;   imports,  $357,436,440. 

June  *  Fla.    The  14th  Amendment  is 

adopted  by  the  Legislature. 
June  *  Mass.    The  Legislature  adjourns, 

having  been  in  session  165  days,  the 

longest  term  ever  held  in  the  State. 
July  4.    D.  C.    The  President  proclaims 

a  general  amnesty,  making  but  few 

exceptions. 
I^la.    The  government  is  transferred 

to  Harrison  lieed,  who  is  inaugurated 

governor. 


X.   C.    The  14th  .Amendment  of 

the  Federal  Constitution  is  ratified. 

July  4-7.  New  York.  The  Democratic 
!N'ational  Convention  nominates  Ho- 
ratio Seymour  of  N.  Y.  for  the  presi- 
dency on  the  22d  ballot,  and  Francis 
P.  Blair  of  Mo.  for  the  vice-presidency. 
[A  bitter  and  exciting  campaign  fol- 
lows.] 

July  13.  Ala.  The  Legislature  ratifies 
the  14th  Amendment. 

July  14.  Ffa.  Gen.  Meade  turns  the 
State  over  to  the  civil  authorities, 

July  15.  V.  C.  "William  M.  Evarts  of 
N.  Y.  is  appointed  Attorney-General. 

July  20.  D.  C.  Congress  removes  tlie 
legal  and  political  disabilities  from 
several  hundred  ex-Confederates. 

The  Secretary  of  State  announces  that 
three-fourths  of  the  States  (29)  have  rat- 
ified the  14th  Amendment. 

July  21.  Ga.  The  Legislature  ratifies 
the  14th  Amendment. 

Jtily  25.  D.  C.  Congress  organizes 
"Wyoming  Territory  out  of  parts  of 
Dakota,  Utah,  and  Idaho. 

It  passes  a  bill  for  the  payment  of  the 
public  debt  and  reducing  the  rate  of 
interest. 

It  enacts  the  discontinuance  of  the 
Freedmen's  Bureau  after  Jan.  1, 1869. 

July  27.  D.  C.  Congress  enacts  tht^ 
extension  of  Federal  laws  over  Alaska. 
House,  vote,  113-43;  it  organizes  tlie 
territory. 

It  passes  an  act  for  the  protection  of 
naturalized  citizens  in  foreign  coun- 
tries. 

The  President  signs  the  bill  for  the 
purchase  of  Alaska. 

Congress  enacts  the  bill  requiring 
letter  carriers  to  wear  luiif  orms. 

The  40th  Congress :  the  second  ses- 
sion adjourns  to  Sept.  21. 

July  28.  D.  C.  The  Burlingame  treaty 
with  China  is  negotiated  at  Washing- 
ton. 

July  *  La.  The  Legislature  ratifies  the 
14th  Amendment  to  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution. 

Aug.  17, 18.  La.  The  new  Constitu- 
tion is  ratified  in  a  State  election ;  it 
declares  the  ordinance  of  secession  null 
and  void. 

Sept.  21.  D.  C.  The  40th  Congress: 
the  second  session  reopens,  and  ad- 
journs to  Oct.  IG. 

Oct.  16.  D.  C.  The  40th  Congress: 
the  second  session  reopens  and  adjourns 
to  Nov.  10. 

Oct.  26.  O.  The  Democratic  Legisla- 
ture recalls  the  assent  of  the  State  to 
the  14th  Amendment. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1868    Apr.  *   Wyo.    Laramie   City  is 

founded. 
June  30.      U.  S.     Immigrants  in  18G8, 

282,189. 
July  *  Md.     A  flood  on  the  Patapsco 

River  causes  a  loss  of  about  $3,000,000 

and  several  lives. 


264     1868,  Oct.  27-1869,  Feb.  26. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1868  Nov.  27.  Kan.  Gen.  Custer  lie- 
feats  the  rebellious  Indians  on  tlie 
Wichita;  a  village  is  burned,  and  their 
bands  nearly  annihilated. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1868  Oct.  *  John  Ericsson  announces  a 
device  for  obtaining  motive  power  by 
condensing  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

Nov.  13.  U.  S.  A  brilliant  display  of 
meteors  occurs. 

*  *  Chicago.  Der  Nordamerikanisehe 
Sangerbimd  is  reorganized. 

*  •  Mass.  The  Dental  School  of  Har- 
vard University  is  established. 

*  *  Neio  i'ork.  A  bronze  statue  of  Xjln- 
coln  in  Union  Square  is  unveiled. 

»  *  A'ew  York.  A  bronze  statue  of  Gari- 
baldi is  unveiled  in  Washington  Square. 

*  *  New  York.  George  Inness  of  New 
York,  George  Henry  Hall  of  Paris, 
France,  and  George  C.  Lambdin  are 
elected  members  of  the  National  Acad- 
emy of  Design. 

*  *  O.  Bessemer  steel  is  first  made  at 
Cleveland. 

*  *  O.  Cincinnati  determines  to  hold  bi- 
ennial musical  festivals. 

*  *  U.  S.  "Westinghouse  air-brakes  are 
introduced. 

*  •  }Vyo.  Coal  is  discovered  near  Evans- 
ton. 

**  In  the  Narrows  is  painted  by  Edward 
Moran. 

*  *  White  Mountains  in  October  is  painted 
by  A.  D.  Shattuck. 

*  •  Portrait  of  a  Lady  is  painted  by  W.  S. 
Mount. 

*  *  Sioiss  Lake  is  painted  by  J.  W.  Casilear. 

1869  Feb.  3.  New  York.  Booth's 
Theater  is  opened  by  Sdwin  Booth  with 
Borneo  and  Juliet. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1868. 

Oct.  39.  McVickar,  .John,  P.  E.  clergyman. 
New  York,  professor  in  Columbia,  A8t. 

Nov.  19.  Mount,  William  Sidney,  land- 
scape painter,  A6I. 

Nov.  33.  Thompson,  Waddy,  M.  C.  for 
S.  C,  diplomat,  A70. 

Nov.  38.    Clark,  Laban,  M.  E.  cl.,  ABO. 

Nov.  39.  Kearney,  Lawrence,  commodore 
U.  S.  N.,  A79. 

Dec.  12.  Flint,  Henry  M.,  author,  editor, 
correspondent,  A39. 

l>ec.  18.  Robertson,  Anthony  Lispenard, 
jurist  of  New  York,  A60. 

Dec.  20.  Mitchell,  .Sanmel  Augustus,  geog- 
rapher, autlior,  A76. 

Dec.  36.  Gibbs,  Alfred,  maj.-gen.,  U.  S.  A., 
A4.5. 

•  •  Carrell,  Geo.  A.,  R.  C.  bp.,  teacher,  A65. 

1889. 

Jan.  a.  Elliot,  Charles,  Meth.  Epis.  clergy- 
man, editor,  author,  .\77. 

Jan.  7.     Botts,  Jolm  M.,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  A67. 

Rousseau,    l.ovell    H.,  brev.   maj.-gen. 

U.  S.  A.,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  A5I. 

Jon.  10.  Cassin,  John,  ornithologist,  of 
Pa.,  A66. 

Jan.  15.  Key,  Thomas  M.,  lawyer,  politi- 
cian, of  O.,  AM. 

Jan.  35.  PiokenB,  Francis  W..  Gov.  of 
S.  C,  M.  C,  minister  to  Russia,  A  62. 

Fob.  6.    Brady,  .lames  T.,  lawyer,  A54. 

Hubbard,  .lobn,  statesman,  A75. 

Feb.  7.  BnrriU,  Alexander  M.,  lawyer,  au- 
thor of  legal  works,  A()2. 

reb.  24.  Uinsmoor,  Samuel,  Gov.  of  N.  H., 
A70. 


CHURCH. 


1868  Oct.  27, 28.  Phila.  A  hot  but  in- 
decisive discussion  on  ritualism  occurs 
at  a  general  convocation  of  the  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Church. 

Nov.  8.  N.  Y.  Stephen  V.  Ryan  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Buffalo. 

Dec.  2.  N.  Y.  A  Preliminary  Conven- 
tion of  the  Albany  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) diocese  is  held. 

Deo.  3.  N.  Y.  William  Croswell  I)oane 
is  elected  bishop  of  the  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) diocese  of  Albany. 

•  *  Alabama  and  Arkansas  Conferences 
(African  Methodist  Episcopal)  are 
formed, 

•  ♦  Boston.  The  "Women's  Board  of 
Missions  is  formed. 

•  *  Cat.  Chinese  Mission-'Work  is  be- 
gun on  the  Pacitic  coast  by  Otis  Gib- 
son of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

»  •  Kan.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Kansas  is  organized. 

»  *  Mo.  —  Neb.  The  Universalist  State 
Convention  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly  (O. 
S.  Presbyterian)  meets  at  Albany; 
George  W.  Musgrave,  moderator. 

*  *  N.  Y.  TheGeneral  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Argyle  ;  James 
Harper,  moderator. 

*  •  New  York.  The  Baptist  Annual 
Meeting  assembles. 

•  •  New  York.  The  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  Episcopal)  assembles ; 
it  renews  the  vote  of  confidence  taken 
in  1844. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  D.  S.  Burnet,  moderator. 

*  *  Ore.—  Wash.  Benjamin  Wistar  Morris 
Is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

»  ♦  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (X.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Harrisburg  :  J.  F. 
Stearns,  moderator. 

»  »  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Harrisburg. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  Presbyteries  of  the  Old 
School  Presbyterians  give  a  majority 
vote  against  the  committee's  report 
favoring  a  union. 

•  *  Protestant  Episcopal  dioceses  are  es- 
tablished in  Nebraska,  Portland  (Ore.), 
Long  Island,  Central  New  York,  Albany, 
and  Easton,  Pa.  ' 

•  *  Many  Roman  Catholic  dioceses  are 
established. 

Columbus,  O..  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  Wil- 
mington, Del.,  Scranton  and  Harrisburg, 
Pa.,  Green  Bay,  Wis.,  Rochester,  N,  \ ., 
and  La  Crosise,  Wis.  Vicarates  apos- 
tolic are  established  for  Idaho,  North 
Carolina,  and  Denver,  Colo. 

1869  Jan.  27.  N.  Y.  Abram  Newkirk 
Littlejohn  is  consecrated  (Protestant 
Episcopal)  bishop  of  Long  Island. 

Feb.  2.  N.  Y.  William  Croswell  Doane 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Albany. 


LETTERS. 

1868  ♦  *  South  Carolina  for  the  first 
time  elects  a  superintendent  of  public 
instruction. 

*  •  Tenn.  The  tlniversity  of  the  South 
(Prot.  Epis.)  at  Swanee  is  opened. 

*  ♦  Wis.  The  State  Normal  School  at 
Whitewater  is  opened. 

*  *  W.  Va.  The  Marshall  College  Nor- 
mal School  at  Huntingdon  is  opened 
by  the  State. 

»  *  W.  Va.  "West  Virginia  College, 
(Free-will  Bapt.)  at  Flemington,  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  •  Va.  Hampton  Institute  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Hampton. 

*  *  American  Otological  Society  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  »  Among  the  Hills  and  Other  Poems,  by 
John  Greenleaf  Whittier,  appears. 

*  ♦  The  Earthly  Paradise,  by  Edmund 
Clarence  Stedraan,  appears. 

*  •  Dallas  Galbnath,  by  Rebecca  H. 
Davis,  appears. 

*  •  The  Gates  Ajar,hY  Elizabeth  Stuart 
Phelps,  appears. 

»  *  If,  Yes,  and  Perhaps,  by  Edward  Ev- 
erett Hale,  appears. 

*  •  Kathrina,  by  J.  G.  Holl.and,  appears. 

*  *  Little  Women,  \>y  Louisa  M:iy  .•llcott, 
appears  ;  also  Proverb  Stories. 

*  *  Men  of  Our  Times,  by  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe,  appears ;  also  The  Chimney  Cor- 
ner. 

*  *  New  England  Tragedies,  by  Henry 
■W.  Longfellow,  appears. 

*  *  Poems  of  Faith,  Hope,  and  Lore,  by 
Phoebe  Cary,  appears. 

*  *  The  United  Netherlands,  by  John 
Lothrop  Motley,  appears. 

*  *  Woman's  Wrongs :  A  Counter-irritant, 
by  Gail  Hamilton,  appears. 

*  *  What  Answer?  by  Anna  Dickinson, 
appears. 

*  *  Ohio  in  the  War,  by  Whitelaw  Reid, 
appears. 

*  *  Autobiography  of  Benjamin  Franklin, 
with  notes  by  John  Bigelow,  appears. 

*  »  Recollections  of  a  Busy  Life,  by  Horace 
Greeley,  appears. 

»  *  Jesus  of  Nazareth,  His  Life  and  Teach- 
ings, by  Lyman  Abbott,  appears. 

*  *  Sermons,  by  Henry  Ward  Beecher, 
appears. 

*  *  Planchette's  Diary,  by  Kate  M.  Field, 
appears. 

*  •  The  Human  Intellect,  by  Noah  Porter, 
appears. 

»  *  Moral  Uses  of  Dark  Tilings,  by  Horace 
Bushnell,  appears. 

*  *  Will  the  Coming  ^Man  Drink  Wine? 
and  Does  Smoking  Pay  ?  by  James  Par- 
ton,  appears. 

*  *  Tobacco  and  Alcohol  (a  reply  to  Par- 
ton's  book),  by  J.  Fiske,  appears. 

*  •  Plain  Thoughts  on  the  Art  of  Living, 
by  W.  Gladden,  appears. 

*  *  Ekkoes  from  Kentucky,  by  Petrnlci-.m 
Vesuvius  Nasby,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.  1868,  Oct.  27-1869,  Feb.  £G.  2G5 


*  *  The  Negroes  in  Negroland;  in  AmeV' 
tea;  Generally f  by H.  R.  Helper, appears. 

*  *  Christ  in  Song,  by  Philip  Scbaff,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  No  Love  Lost,  A  Poem  of  Travel,  by  W. 
D.  Howelis,  appears. 

*  *  Under  the  Willows,  etc.,  by  James 
Russell  Lowell,  appears. 

*  *  Sense  and  Nonsense,  by  Brick  Pome- 
roy,  appears. 

*  *  On  fee  and  Other  Things,  by  Josh  Bil- 
lings, appeal's. 

*  *  Passages  from  the  Note-Books  of  Na- 
thaniel ILiwthorne,  appears. 

*  *  Smoked  Glass,  by  Orpheus  C.  Kerr, 
appears. 

*  *  liitby's  Husband,  by  Marlon  Harland, 
appears. 

*  *  Stones  of  the  Gorilla  Country,  for 
Young  People,  by  Paul  B.  Du  Chaillu, 
appe:irs. 

*  *  System  of  Naval  Defence,  by  J.  B. 
E:wis,  appears. 

1869  Jan.  18.  New  Y<rrk.  The  Mer- 
cantile liibrary  building  is  opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1868  Nov.  *  La.  Astounding  election 
frauds  are  discovered. 

Nov.  3 ,  Ne  10  York.  "William  M. 
Tweed  ("  Boss  Tweed ")  dominates 
Tammany  Hall. 

He  holds  back  the  election  returns  of 
the  city,  till,  by  manipulation,  they  are 
made  to  eliminate  the  majority  given 
against  his  party  in  the  State  election. 

*  *  Ronton ,  The  New  England  "Women's 
Club  is  organized. 

*  *  D.  C.  President  Johnson  signs  the 
Eight-hour  Labor  Bill  for  the  benefit 
of  Government  employees. 

*  *  La.  Political  and  color  riots  are 
prevalent  during  the  year. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Legislature  prohibits  the 
Kuklux  Klan,  and  makes  membership 
a  penal  offense. 

*  *  The  Benevolent  and  Protectlre  Order 
of  Elks  is  founded. 

1869  Jan.  4.  La.  The  Legislature 
passes  the  Social  Equality  Bill,  by 
which  all  persons,  without  regard  to 
color,  are  given  equal  rights  in  public 
conveyances,  and  places  of  public  resort. 

'Jan.  30.  Phila.  George  S.  Twitchell 
is  sentenced  to  be  hanged  for  the  mur- 
der of  Mrs.  Mary  E.  Hill,  on  Nov.  22, 
1868.    [He  commits  suicide  April  8.] 

-Jan.*  O.  The  Cincinnati  hospital. is 
occupied. 

STATE. 

1868  Nov.  3.  The  2l8t  Presidential 
election ;  Republicans  elected.  Popu- 
lar vote  :  Ulysses  S.  Grant  (Rep.)  of  111., 
3,015,071 ;  Horatio  Seymour  (Dem.)  of 
N.  Y.,  2,709,615. 

/a.     An  amendment  to  the  State 

Constitution  is  adopted  by  a  public  vote  : 
—  the  word  *'  wliite  "  Is  dropped  from  the 
qualifications  of  electors.  Vote,  105,384 
—81,119. 


Virginia,   Mississippi,  and  Texas 

are  the  only  States  of  the  late  Confeder- 
acy that  are  excluded  from  participa- 
tion in  the  national  election. 

Nov.  9.  Ark.  Gov.  Clayton  declares  10 
counties  under  martial  law. 

Nov.  10.  B.  C.  The  40th  Congress : 
the  second  session  reopens  and  closes. 

London.  A  convention  for  the  settle- 
ment of  the  Alabama  claims  by  a 
commission  is  signed  by  Reverdy  John- 
son and  the  Earl  of  Clarendon,  but  is 
fruitless  of  results. 

Minn.     The  people  ratify  the  amended 

Constitution ;  it  eliminates  the  word 
*'  white." 

Nov.  30-Dec.  1.  Miss.  The  People 
ratify  the  Constitution  of  May  15, 1SC8. 
Vote,  105,223-054.  An  almost  unani- 
mous vote  is  given  against  disfranchis- 
ing Confederate  soldiers. 

Dec.  7.  />.  C.  The  40th  Congress: 
the  third  session  opens. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  The  President's  recommen- 
dation to  repudiate  obligations  of  the 
government  arrests  attention. 

Dee.  14.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
announces  the  purpose  to  fully  pay 
the  national  debt.  Vote,  155-6  — GO 
not  voting. 

Dec.  24.  Mass.  The  Governor  and  coun- 
cil contract  for  the  completion  of  the 
Hoosac  Tunnel  for  $4,594,268. 

Dec.  25.  D.  C.  President  Johnson  issues 
a  proclamation  of  general  vmcondi- 
tional  amnesty  to  persons  implicated 
in  the  rebellion ;  it  includes  Jefferson 
Davis. 

*  *  Colo.  The  State  capital  is  removed 
from  Golden  City  to  Denver. 

*  •  Me.  The  constabulary  law  of  1SG7 
is  repealed. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Legislature  enacts  a  mini- 
mum fine  of  $500  and  imprisonment  for 
five  years  for  members  of  the  Kuklux 
Klan  society. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  petition  of  4,000  citizens 
asking  for  the  removal  of  political  dis- 
abilities is  denied  by  the  Legislature. 

*  *  The  •*  Greenback  "  financial  agita- 
tion becomes  widespread. 

"The  same  currency  for  both  plow- 
holder  and  bondholder,"  say  Demo- 
crats;  "The  best  currency  for  both 
plowholder  and  bondholder,"  say  Re- 
publicans. 

*  *  The  ruling  classes  of  the  South, 
aroused  by  the  misgovernment  of  the 
reconstructed  States,  wage  war  on  the 
"  Carpet-Baggers  "  —  unscrupulous 
politicians  from  the  North. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugiu-ated: 
-70  *  •  Ala.    William  H.  Smith. 
-71*  *  Ark.    Powell  Clayton. 

-72  •  *  Cal.    Henry  H.  Haight. 

-72  *  *  Fla.    Harrison  Reed. 

-72  •  *  Ga.    Rufus  B.  Bullock. 

-72*  •/a.    Samuel  Merrill. 

-70  *  •  Ida.  (Ter.).    David  W.  Ballard. 

La.    Joshua  Baker. 
-72  •  •  La,    Henry  C.  Warmoth. 
-72  *  *  O.    Rutherford  B.  Hayes. 


-72  •  *  S.  C.    Robert  K.  Scott. 
-70  *  *  J'a.    Henry  H.  Wells. 

1869  Jan.  4.  La.  The  Social  Equal- 
ity Bill  is  passed.    (See  Society.) 

Jan.  13.  D.  C.  A  National  Convention 
of  Colored  Men  assembles  at  Washing- 
ton; Frederick  Douglass,  president. 

Jan.  14,  London.  Itcverdy  Johnson,  U.  S. 
minister  to  Englan<l,  and  the  Earl  of 
Clarendon  sign  a  treaty,  which  includes 
the  adjustment  of  the  Alabama  claims. 

Jan.  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
approves  the  15th  Amendment  res- 
olution to  secure  impartial  sufTrnge, 
irrespective  of  race  or  color.  [Rejected 
by  the  Senate.    See  Feb.  20.] 

Feb.  4.  Kan.  A  Woman's  Suffrage 
Convention  is  held  at  Topeka. 

Feb.  10.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President  :  Grant,  214  ;  Sey- 
mour, 80.  Vote  for  \  i(  *;-Pre.' icU  1  .  : 
SchuyIerColfax(Kep.)oflnd.,214;  Frank 
P.  Blair  (Dem.)  of  Mo.,  80.  (2G  States 
are  Republican,  8  Democratic.) 

Feb.  11.  D.  C.  A  tiolle  prosequi  is  en- 
tered in  the  treason  case  against  Jeffer- 
son Davis. 

Feb.  18.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
rejects  the  treaty  with  England  respect- 
ing the  Alabama  claims. 

Feb.  19.  n.  C.  Congress  prohibits  the 
national  banks  from  making  loans  of 
money  on  U.  S.  notes. 

Feb.  20.  Tenn.  Gov.  Brownlow  pro- 
claims martial  law  in  nine  counties, 
and  calls  out  the  militia  to  suppress  the 
Kuklux  Klan  societies. 

Feb.  26.  I).C.  Congress:  BHh  Ilonses 
pass  the  15th  Amendment  resolution, 
providing  that  the  right  to  vote  shall 
not  be  denied  or  abridged,  in  any  State, 
on  account  of  "  race,  color,  or  previous 
condition  of  servitude."  Vote  :  Senate, 
39-13;  House,  145-44. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1868  Nov.  7.  Jtl.  The  bridge  across  the 
Mississippi  at  Quincy  is  opened. 

Dec.  1.  N.  Y.  Old  Fort  Lafayette,  in  the 
Narrows,  is  destroyed  by  lire. 

*  *  O.  The  Standard  Oil  Company  is 
founded  at  Cleveland.    (See  p.  281^ 

*  *  Ore.  Joseph  Watt  exports  the  first 
full  cargo  of  wheat  sent  direct  from 
Oregon  to  Liverpool. 

*  *  P/iila.  The  National  Encampment  of 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Eepublic  is 
held  ;  Gen.  John  A.  Logan  of  111.  com- 
mander-in-chief. 

*  *  '*  The  inalienable  right  of  man  to 
change  his  habitation,"  is  officially  rec- 
ognized by  China  and  the  United  States, 
in  the  Burlingame  Treaty. 

*  *The  first  dining  car,  the  Delmon- 
ico,  is  run  by  the  Chicago  and  Alton 
Road. 

1869  Jan.  1.  Chicago.  Tlie  Washing- 
ton Street  tunnel  under  the  Chicago 
River  is  opened. 

Jan.  *  N.  Y.  The  Albany  and  Susque- 
hanna Railroad  is  finally  completed. 


266     1869,  Feb.  27-Sept.  30. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1869  Mar.  4.  Gen.  Philip  H.  Sheri- 
dan is  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant-general, and  John  M.  Schofield  is 
commissioned  major-general,  U.  S.  A. 

Mar.  *  D.  C.  Gen.  Adelbert  Ames  is 
appointed  to  command  in  the  4th  Dis- 
trict, as  successor  to  Gen.  A.  C.  Gillem. 

Apr.  20.  Ta.  Gen.  E.  B.  S.  Canby 
assumes  command  of  the  2(1  District. 

May  21.  Kan.  Indians  make  a  raid  on 
the  Repuhlican  River. 

Jtine25.  D.  C.  The  GoTernment  ac- 
cepts *'  Stevens's  Battery,"  a  war-ship 
bequeathed  by  Edwin  A.  Stevens  of 
N.  J.;  also  $1,000,000  given  to  complete 
it. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1869  May  29.  Phlla.  The  monument 
to  ■Washing:ton  and  Ijaf  ayette,  erected 
in  Monument  Cemetery,  is  dedicated. 

May  '-Aug;.  •  Maj.  J.  W.  Powell,  with  a 
party  of  tO  in  four  boats,  descends  the 
canon  of  the  Colorado  to  Rio  Virgen, 
a  distance  of  500  miles. 

June  15-19.  Hoslon.  A  National 
Peace  Jubilee  and  Musical  Festival 
is  held  in  celebration  of  the  restoration 
of  the  Union. 

Conductor,  P.  S.  Gilmore  ;  Ole  Bull, 
Carl  Rosa,  Parepa-Rosa,  and  Miss  Phil- 
lips are  conspicuous.  The  chorus  con- 
sists of  10,371  selected  voices,  and  tlie 
instruments  number  1,0!H. 

July  5.  rhlla.  The  'Washingiton 
Monument,  erected  in  front  of  the 
State  House,  is  dedicated. 

July  *  Tex.  Kivers  rise  47  feet  after 
three  days  of  rain ;  buildings,  bridges, 
and  crops  are  swept  away ;  loss  several 
millions  of  dollars. 

Aug.  7.    A  solar  eclipse  occurs. 

Sept.  30.  H.  M.  Parkhurst  discovers  a 
new  asteroid  which  he  calls  Galatea; 
this  discovery  is  made  by  means  of  his 
invention  for  mapping  the  stars. 

Sept.  *  Capt.  C.  F.  Hall  returns  from  an 
Arctic  exploration,  and  reports  that  he 
ha.s  found  many  traces  of  the  Franklin 
expedition,  and  has  discovered  that  the 
Esquimaux  plundered  the  members  of 
the  Franklin  party,  and  allowed  their 
dogs  to  feed  on  the  bodies  of  the  victims. 


■  DEATHS. 
McWmie,  WlUiam,  tiov.  of  Miss., 
Samuel,   lawyer,  of 


BIRTHS 
1869. 
Mar.  3. 

A74. 

Mar.  13.    Fessenden, 
N.  H.,  AM. 

Guthrie,  James,  senator  for  Ky.,  secre. 

tarv  of  treasury,  ATT. 

Mar.  25.    Bates.    Edw..  M.  C.   for  Mo., 
atty.-gen.,  AT6. 

Mar.  S7.    Folsoin,  George,  antiquarian,  dip- 
lomat, author,  A67. 

Harper,  James,  f  dr.  Harper  Bros.,  A74. 

Apr.  1.    I>Hn«li8on,  Kobley,  physician,  au- 
thor medical  hooka,  ATI. 

Apr.  2.    Wise,  Henry  A.,  capt  U.S.N., au- 
thor, A50. 

Apr.  1 8.    Dutton,  Henry,  jurist,  Got.,  M.  C. 
for  Conn.,  author,  A73. 

Apr.  30.    Smith,  Sol.  Franklin,  actor,  man- 
ager, author,  AfiH. 

Apr.  23.    Mc.\le8ter,  Miles  David,  l>rig.-gen. 
V.  S.  A.,  engineer,  A36. 

May  2.     Seymour,  diaries  B.,  editor,  musi- 
cal and  dramatic  critie,  A40. 

May  18.      Peters,   .\b8alom,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, professor,  editor  of  Eclectic^  A76. 


May  36.    Rush,  .lames,  phys.,  philan.,  A83. 

June  14.  Cock,  Thomas,  physician,  pro- 
fessor, medical  writer,  A87. 

June  17.  Dixon,  Joseph,  photographer.  In- 
ventor, crucible  maker,  A71. 

June  18.  Raymond,  Henry  J.,  founder 
N.  r.  Times,  A  49. 

June  29.  Henton,  Nathaniel  S.,  jurist,  poli- 
tician, educator,  .\77. 

July  16.     Park,  Roswell,  P.  F,.  cl.,  .\62. 

July  22.  Koeblin?.  John  A.,  designer  of 
Brooklyn  Bridge,  A63. 

Auff.  6.  Allen,  Charles,  jurist,  M.  C.  for 
Mass.,  A72. 

Auff.  18.  Cleveland,  Charles  Dexter,  au- 
thor, scholar,  A67. 

Sept.  8.  Felt,  Joseph  Barlow,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, historian,  A80. 

Fessenden.  'William  Pitt,  senator  for 

Me.,  sec.  of  treas.,  A*j3. 

Sept.  9.  Rawlins,  John  A.,  brig.-gen.,  sec- 
rotary  of  war,  A3ft. 

Sept.  10.  Bell,  John,  lawyer,  M.  C.  for 
Tenn.,  speaker,  sec.  of  war,  candidate  for 
Vice-President,  A72. 

Sept.  17.  Tallmadge,  Frederick  Augustus, 
M.  C.  for  N.  v.,  recorder,  A77. 

CHURCH. 
1869    Mar. »  Boston.     The    'Women's 
Foreign  Missionary  Society  (Metho- 
dist Episcopal)  is  organized. 

Apr.  8.  A^.  Y.  Frederic  Dan  Hunting- 
ton is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) bishop  of  Central  New  York. 

May  *  Xew  Tori:  The  General  As- 
sembly (O.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets  ;  M. 
"W.  Jacobus,  moderator ;  it  adjourns  to 
meet  at  Pittsburg,  on  Nov.  12,  in  further- 
ance of  a  imion  movement. 

The  General  Assembly  (N.  S.  Pres- 
byterian) meets  :  P.  II.  Fowler,  modera- 
tor ;  it  also  adjourns  to  meet  on  Nov.  12, 
at  Pittsburg. 

June  2.  N.  J.  The  Congregational  As- 
sociation of  New  Jersey  is  organized. 

June  16.  New  York.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

LETTERS. 
1869    Mar.  8.     Utah.    The  University 

of  Deseret,  Salt  Lake  City,  is  organized. 
July  14.     Ky.     A  State   Fducational 

Convention  is  held  near  Louisville  by 

the  colored  people. 

*  *  Bosimx.  Boston  University  and 
College  of  Liberal  Arts  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  founded. 

*  *  Cal.  Hesperian  College  (Christian) 
is  organized  at  "Woodland. 

*  •  Chicago.  The  Lake  Side  Monthly 
magazine  appears. 

*  *  Chicago.  St.  Ignatius  College  (Eom. 
Cath.)  is  organized. 

*  *  Ind,  The  New»  is  issued  at  Indian- 
apolis. 

*  *  la.  The  Iowa  Agricultural  College 
is  opened  at  Ames. 

*  *  Kan.  St.  Mary's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  St.  Mary's. 

*  *  Kan.  The  Capital  is  issued  at  To- 
peka. 

*  ■*  Ky.  The  Louisville  Medical  College 
is  opened. 

'  *  La.  Straight  University  (Cong.)  is 
organized  at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Minn.  The  State  University  is 
opened  at  St.  Anthony,  and  .the  State 
Normal  Schools  at  St.  Cloud  and 
]\lankato. 


*  *  Minn.  The  Augsburg  Theological 
Seminary  is  opened  at  Minneapolis. 

*  •  Miss.  Tougaloo  University  is  es- 
tablished at  Tougaloo. 

*  •  Md.  Western  Maryland  CoUege 
(Meth.  Prot.)  is  organized  at  Westmin- 
ster. 

*  *  Mo.  Cane  College  (Bapt.)  is  founded 
at  Louisiana. 

*  •  \eb.  University  of  Nebraska  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Lincoln. 

*  •  -V.  J.  The  German  Theological 
School  (Pres.)  is  opened  at  Bloomfleld. 

*  *  Xew  York.  The  Eclectic  English 
Magazine  appears. 

*  »  New  York.  St.  Iioujs  College  (Eom. 
Cath.)  of  New  York  City  is  organized. 

t  *  *  New  York.  The  Evening  Mail  is 
founded.    [1880.    Mail  and  Express.] 

*  *N.  Y.  The  Normal  Schools  at 
Potsdam  and  Portland  are  established. 

*  *  O.  The  Cleveland  Evening  News  and 
Herald  is  issued. 

»  *  Ore.  St.  Helen's  Hall  (Eom.  Cath.) 
at  Portland  is  opened, 

*  *  Pa.  Swarthmore  College  (Friends) 
is  organized  at  Swarthmore. 

*  *  Tex.  Trinity  University  (Cum. 
Pres.)  at  Tehuacana  is  opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1869  Mar.  7.  N.  C.  Gov.  Holden  pro- 
claims Alamance  County  in  a  state  of 
insurrection  » the  Kuklux  are  the  lead- 
ers.   [Caswell  county  on  July  8.] 

May  12.  Cuba.  Thomas  Jordan's  fili- 
bustering expedition  from  New  York 
lands  on  the  north  coast. 

June  2.  Jla.  A  convention  to  increase 
immigration  meets  at  Montgomery. 

June  26.  New  York.  A  filibustering 
expedition  under  Col.  Ryan  sails  for 
Cuba.  [It  is  detained  by  revenue  officers.] 

Aug.  16.  Phila.  A  National  Labor 
Convention  assembles. 

Sept.  1-3.  Chicago.  A  National  Tem- 
perance Convention  is  attended  by 
,5,000  delegates. 

Sept.  28.  Boston.  The  Horace  Mann 
School  for  the  Deaf  is  opened. 

Sept.  30.  New  York.  George  Peabody 
sails  for  England. 

He  contributes  munificent  sums  for 
the  endowment  of  several  educational 
institutions,  and  adds  $1,400,000  to  his 
former  gift  ($2,000,000)  for  Southern  edu- 
cation. 

STATE. 
l669    Feb.  27.    Ln.    The  State  Senate 

ratifies  the  15th  Amendment  to  the 

Federal  Constitution.  [Mar.  I  the  House 

ratifies  it.] 
Mar.  1.     Nev.     The  Legislature  ratifies 

the  15th  Amendment  to  the  Federal 

Constitution. 
Mar.  *   n.   C.     Congress :    The    House 

passes  the  Schenck  Bill,  pledging  the 

payment  of  all  Government  obligations 

in  coin. 
Mar.  3.      /).   C.     Congress;      House: 

Charles  Pomeroy   of   la.   is   elected 


UNITED    STATES.  1869,  Feb.  27 -Sept.  30.    267 


Speaker,  in  place  of  Schuyler  Colfax, 
resigned. 

Congress  sets  apart  St,  Paul  and  St. 
George  Islands,  Alaska,  as  a  reserva- 
tion for  the  protection  of  fur  seal,  and 
forbids  the  landing  of  vessels. 

ir.  Va.    The  Legislature  ratifies  the 

15th  Amendment  to  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution. 
18th  Administration:  Republican. 
Mar.  4.  /).  C.  General  Ulysses  S. 
Grant  of  111.  is  inaugurated  the  18th 
President,  in  the  21st  term  of  the  pres- 
idency ;  Schuyler  Colfax  of  Ind.  is 
Vice-President. 

Cabinet:  EUhuB."Wa8hbumeof  III. 
(.State),  Alexander  T.  Stewart  of  N.  Y. 
(Treas.),  John  M.  Schofield  of  N.  Y. 
(War),  Jacob  D.  Cox  of  O.  (Interior), 
Adolph  E.  Borle  of  Pa.  (Navy),  John 
A.  J.  Creswell  of  Md.  (P.  M.-Gen.), 
Ebenezer  K.  Hoar  of  Mass.  (Atty.- 
Gen.). 

[George  S.  Boutwell  of  Mass.  takes 
the  place  of  Mr.  Stewart,  Hamilton  Fish 
of  N.  Y.  succeeds  Mr.  Washburue,  and 
John  A.  Rawlins  succeeds  Gen.  Scho- 
field  at  later  dates.] 
The  40th  Congress  ends. 
The  41st  Congress  opens. 
Congress ;  Senate  :  Hiram  R.  Revels, 
colored,   of    Miss.,    occupies   the    seat 
vacated    by  Jelferson    Davis.     House : 
James  G.  Blaine  of  Me.   Is   elected 
Speaker.    Vote  :  Blaine,  135;  Michael 
C.  Kerr  of  Ind.,  57. 
Mar.  *   f/.  S.    The  nation  is  surprised 
by  the  Cabinet  appointments  of  Presi- 
dent Grant. 
Mar.  5.     lU.     The    Legislature  ratifies 
the  15th  Amendment  to  the  Federal 
Constitution.  Vote  :  Senate,  17-7 ;  House, 
52-27.     (Also  in  N.  C.) 
Mar.  6.    D.  C.    Congress ;  Senate  :  John 
Sherman  of  O.  proposes  to  change  the 
law  so  that  A.  T.  Stewart  of  N.  Y.  may 
become  secretary  of  the  treasury  while 
an  importing  merchant. 
Mar.  9.    D.  C.     Congress :   The  House 
repeals  the  Tenure  of  Office  Act  with- 
out debate.    Vote,  13S-16. 

A.  T.  Stewairt;,  secretary  of  the  treas- 
ury, resigns  because  the  law  of  1789  for- 
bids an  importer  holding  the  office. 
Mar.  9-12.    Mass.  —  Wis.     The  Legisla- 
tures ratify  the  15th  Amendment  to 
the  Federal  Constitution.   [Mar.  13,  Ky. ; 
Mar.  16,  Conn,  and  S.  C] 
Mar.  11±.   D.C.   E.  B. 'Waahbume  re- 
tires from  the  Cabinet.      [He  is  soon 
afterward  appointed  minister  to  France.] 
Mar.  15.   JJ.  C.    Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Schenck  Bill,  for  the  payment  of  U.  S. 
bonds  in  coin,  is  passed. 
Mar.  18.    U.  S.    The  Schenck  Bill  he- 
comes  a  law. 
Mar.  23.    D.C.    Congress;  Senate: 
Henry  B.  Anthony  of  R.  I.,  Is  elected 
President  pro  tempore.    [He  is  also  re- 
elected Apr.  9.] 
Mar.  24.    D.  C.    Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  substitute  for  the  Tenure 
of  Office  Act.    Vote,  37-15. 


It  appears  to  maintain  the  act  in  an- 
other form,  while  in  fact  setting  it  aside. 
"  The  Tenure  of  Office  Act  was  enacted 
lest  President  Johnson  should  remove 
Republican  office-holders  too  rapidly; 
and  it  was  practically  repealed  lest  Pres- 
ident Grant  should  not  remove  Demo- 
cratic office-holders  rapidly  enough." 
(Blaine.) 

Apr.  7.  D.  C.  The  President  sends  a 
message  to  the  Senate  on  British 
claims. 

Apr.  10.  Z>.  C.  The  41st  Congress; 
the  first  session  closes. 

Apr.  12.  D.  C.  The  Senate  meets,  in 
special  session,  at  the  call  of  President 
Grant. 

Apr.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
rejects  the  Johnson-Clarendon 
treaty  respecting  the  Alabama  claims. 

Apr.  15.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
ratifies  the  naturalization  treaty  with 
Great  Britain. 

Apr.  *  D.  C.  John  Lothrop  Motley  is 
appointed  U.  S.  minister  at  the  Court 
of  St.  James. 

Apr.  20.  Va.  Gen.  E.  E.  S.  Canby  be- 
comes military  governor. 

Apr.  23.  D.  C.  The  special  session  of 
the  Senate  closes. 

May  26.  Mo.  The  State  seal,  lost  since 
the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  is  handed 
over  to  the  Governor  by  ex.-Lieut.-Gov. 
T.  C.  Reynolds, 

June  8.  Ind.  The  Legislature  ratifies 
the  15th  Amendment  to  the  Federal 
Constitution".  [June  11, 16,Fla. ;  Julyl, 
N.  H.;  Oct.  21,  Vt.] 

June  20.  Kan.  A  State  Convention  of 
colored  people  meets  at  Topeka,  and 
requests  the  Legislature  to  petition  Con- 
gress for  negro  suffrage. 

Jtine  22.  D.  C.  Adolph  E.  Borie,  sec- 
retary of  the  navy,  resigns. 

Ga.    The  Supreme  Court  decides  that 

negroes  are  eligible  for  public  office. 

June  25.  D.  C.  Geo.  M.  Kobeson  of 
N,  J.  is  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

Jtme  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1869,  Re- 
ceipts :  Customs,  $180,048,427;  internal 
revenue,  $158,356,461 ;  direct  tax,  $765,- 
686 ;  sales  of  public  lands,  $4,020,314 ;  pre- 
miums on  loans  and  sales  of  gold  coin, 
$13,755,491 ;  miscellaneous  items,  $370,- 
943,747 ;  excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary 
expenses,  $48,078,469.  Expenditures : 
Premiums  on  loans,  purchase  of  bonds, 
etc.,  $1,674,680:  miscellaneous  items, 
$56,474,062;  War  Department,  $78,501,- 
991;  Navy  Department,  $20,000,758;  In- 
dians, $7,042,923  ;  pensions,  $28,476,022  ; 
interest  on  public  debt,  $130,694,243. 
Total  ordinary  expenses,  $322,865,278. 
Public  debt,  $2,588,452,213.  Exports, 
$286,117,697 ;  imports,  $417,506,379. 

July  4, 5.  Chicago.  The  Irish  National 
Eepublican  Convention  meets,  with 
221  delegates  present. 

July  6.  Va.  The  people  adopt  the  New 
Constitution  by  a  majority  of  39,957. 

Sept.  12.  Chicago.  The  National  Pro- 
hibition party  is  organized  by  a  Con- 
vention of  500  delegates. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1869   Feb.  27.    Chicago.   The  West  Side 
Park  Commission  is  incorporated. 


Mar.  1.  Phila.  The  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce is  dedicated. 

Mar.  23.  Chicago.  The  South  Park 
Commission  Act  is  ratified  at  the  elec- 
tion. 

May  10.  Utah.  The  connecting  of  the 
Union  and  Central  Pacific  Railroads 
is  made  at  Promontory  Point ;  Thomas 
Durant  and  Gov.  Leland  Stanford  drive 
the  last  spikes ;  the  line  extends  from 
Omaha  to  San  Francisco,  — 1,914  miles. 
Tlie  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts  are  now 
connected  by  rail. 

May  12.  Fr.  The  shore  end  of  the 
Franco-American  cable  is  laid  at 
Brest. 

May  18.  Tenn.  A  Southern  commer- 
cial convention  is  held  at  Memphis  ;  22 
States  are  represented  by  1 ,100  delegates. 
[May  25,  another  is  held  at  New  Orleans.] 

Jvme  25.  N.  J.  The  Camden  and 
Amboy  Railroad  Company  and  the 
Raritan  Canal  Company  surrender  their 
reserved  rights,  by  which  they  have  mo- 
nopolized the  trans-State  carrying  trade 
for  40  years. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Immigrants  in  1869, 
352,569. 

July  7 .  N.  Y.  The  first  stone  of  the  new 
Capitol  at  Albany  is  laid. 

July  23.  Mass.  The  French  cable  is 
landed  at  Duxbury,  connecting  with 
France,  via  St.  Pierre,  near  Newfound- 
land.   Length,  3,047  miles. 

July  27.  Mass.  The  landing  of  the 
French  Atlantic  cable  is  celebrated. 

Aug.  *  New  York.  The  work  of  improv- 
ing the  channel  of  the  East  River  at 
Hell  Gate  begins. 

Aug.  ♦  N.  Y.  The  Erie  Railroad  seeks 
to  acquire  control  of  the  Albany  and 
Susquehanna  Road ;  a  war  of  injunctions 
and  armed  resistance  ensue. 

Sept.  6.  Pa.  A  fire  in  the  Avondale 
coal-mine  in  Luzerne  County  causes 
the  loss  of  108  lives. 

Sept.  7.  la.  A  Commercial  Conven- 
tion assembles  at  Keokuk. 

Sept.  13.  New  York.  The  Erie  Bmg 
panic  occurs. 

Having  secured  the  chief  control  of 
the  gold  in  the  market,  and  the  preven- 
tion of  sales  of  gold  by  the  Government, 
Jay  Gould  and  James  Fisk  begin  to  pur- 
chase gold  at  about  130. 

Sept.  22.  New  York.  The  Erie  Ring  rung 
up  the  price  of  gold  to  140. 

Sept.  23.  New  York.  The  price  of  gold 
reaches  lH,  and  the  conspirators  declare 
their  purpose  to  crowd  it  up  to  200. 

Sept.  24.  New  York.  "  Black  Fri- 
day "  —  a  financial  panic  —  causes  great 
financial  disasters. 

The  clique  of  speculators  push  up  the 
price  of  gold  to  164,  and  all  the  small 
and  middle-class  speculators  fail.  [Whi  le 
it  enriches  a  few,  it  brings  great  calamity 
to  the  business  community,  which  is  re- 
quired to  pay  duties  in  gold.  The  Gov- 
ernment bre'aks  the  corner  by  offering 
to  sell  $4,000,000  of  gold.  The  conspira- 
tors plunder  the  market  of  about  $11, 
000,000  in  profits.] 


268     1869,  Oct.  5-1870,  Feb,  9. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1869     Dec.  24.     D.  C.     Gen.   A.  H. 
Terry  is  assigned  to  the  Georgia  Mili- 
tary District. 

*  *  n.  I.  The  Federal  Government  estab- 
lishes a  torpedo  school  at  Newport. 

*  *  The  Indian  "War  ends. 

ART  -  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1869  Oct.  9.  X.  }'.  The  asteroid  Fe- 
licitas  is  discovered  by  C.  II.  F.  Peters. 

*  *  Cnl.  A  new  gold  district  is  discovered 
near  San  Diego. 

*  *  Xtw  Yor!:.  John  A.  Koebling  makes 
tlie  lirst  survey  for  the  Slast  River 
Bridge. 

*  ♦  New  Yorl:  E.  Wood  Perry,  John  La- 
fargo,  A.  II.  Wyant,  and  E.  L.  Henry 
are  elected  members  of  the  iNational 
Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Sew  I'or.'j.  Augustin  Daly  takes 
charge  of  a  theater  in  Twenty-fourth 
Street. 

'*  *  N.  V.  The  Orpheus  Singing  Society 
of  Buffalo  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  Harmonic  Society  of  Cin- 
cinnati id  organized. 

— 70  *  *  V.  S.  A  method  is  introduced  by 
which  wood  is  ground  to  form  the  raw 
material  for  paper. 

*  *  U.  .*?.  The  cotton  crop  of  the  year  is 
the  largest  since  1S60,  amounting  to  at 
least  3,000,000  bales  (of  400  lbs.). 

*  ♦  Tnjstlng  Tree  is  painted  by  A.  B. 
Durand. 

*  *  San  Giorgio  is  painted  by  S.  R.  Gif- 
ford. 

*  *  Wine  Tasters  is  painted  by  J.  B.  Ir- 
ving. 

1870  Jan.  3.  K.  Y.  Work  on  the 
£ast  River  Bridge  is  commenced  by 
sinking  a  caisson  on  the  Brooklyn  side. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1869. 

Oct.  8.  Pierce.  Franklin,  M.  C.^  senator 
for  N.  H.,  brig.-gen.  of  vols.,  14th  Pres.  of 
U.  S.,  A6S. 

Oct.  16.    Kitner,  Joseph,  Gov.  of  Pa.,  A  00. 

Nov.  2.     Hanns,  Heman,  M.  E.  cl.,  e»l.,  A79. 

Nov.  4.  Peabody,  Oeorgre.  of  Massaclm- 
setts.  banker  in  Kng.,  philanthropist,  pa- 
tron of  ethK^ation,  A74. 

Nov.  6.    Stewart.  Charles,  rear-adm.,  A91. 

Nov.  10.  Wool.  John  Ellis,  niaj.-gen. 
U.S.  A.,  A 85. 

Nov.  11.  Kenfiall,  Amos,  of  Mass.,  post- 
master-general, AftO. 

Walker.  Robert  John.  sen.  for  Miss., 

sec.  of  treas.,  fiov.  of  Kansas  'I'er.,  A68. 

Nov.  16.  Itiitterfleld,  .John,  founder  of 
stage  and  express  lines,  AK6. 

Dec.  2.  Potter,  Hazard  Arnold,  physician, 
surgeon,  A.V). 

Dec.  18.  tiottsohalk,  Louis  Moreau,  pian- 
ist, composer,  A  40. 

Dec.  23.  Crapo,  Henry  H.,  Gov.  of  Mich., 
A6.^ 

Cozzens,  Fred.  Swartwout,  writer,  au- 
thor, A51. 

Dec.  24.  Stanton,  Edwin  McMasters. 
atty.-gen.,  secretary  of  war,  A5.^. 

Dec.  31.     Perkins,  .Justin,  Cong,  clergyman, 
missionary  to  ^'estoriaus,  A&l. 
1870. 

Jan.  3.  Lozier,  Charlotte  T.,  physician, 
professor,  writer,  A26. 

Jan.  6.  Joseph  A.  Mower,  brev.  maj.-gen., 
A63, 

Jan.  14.  Purkee,Charle8,8enatorforWia., 
OoT.of  Utah,  Ati3. 


Jan.  17.  Anderson,  Alexander,  first  wood 
engraver  in  .Vmerica,  A95. 

Jan.  18.  Chase,  Carlton,  P.  £,  bishop  of 
N.  H.,  A76. 

Jan.  20.  Dudley,  Benjamin  W.,  surgeon,  of 
Ky.,  professor  of  surgery,  AHh. 

Jan.  22.  Prentice,  George  Denlson,  edi- 
tor, author,  A  68. 

Jan.  23.     Placide,  Henry,  actor,  A71. 

Feb.  5.  Elton,  Konieo,  liapt.  clergyman, 
professor,  author,  A78. 

Timble,  Allen,  Gov.  of  0.,  A87. 


CHURCH. 

1869  Oct.  13.  Ariz.  William  Whitaker 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Nevada  and  Arizona. 

Oct.  *  Pfiifa.  A  reform  convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  is  held,  and  al- 
terations in  the  ritual  and  other  changes 
are  favored. 

Nov.  12.  Pa.  The  (adjourned)  General 
Assembly  (0.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets  at 
Pittsburg  ;  M.  W.  Jacobus,  moderator. 

The  (adjourned)  General  Assembly 
(N.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets  at  Pittsburg  ; 
P,  H.  Fowler,  moderator. 

The  returns  from  the  Presbyteries  are 
overwhelmingly  favorable  to  reunion. 
The  union  of  the  New  and  Old  School 
Presbyterian  Churches  is  consum- 
mated on  the  basis  of  the  **  Stand- 
ards, pure  and  simple," 

Dec.  8.  It.  Pope  Pius  IX.  opens  a 
general  council.  [It  propounds  tlie doc- 
trine of  papal  infallibility  and  a  lint  of 
anathemas,] 

Dec.  22.  .V.  J.  The  Ocean  Grove 
(Methodist  Episcopal)  Association  is 
organized. 

*  *  The  word  •*  German  **  is  erased  from 
the  title,  German  Reformed  Church. 

*  *  Boston.  A  Congregational  Club  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  lioston.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing assembles. 

*  *  D.C.  The  General  Synod  (Evangel- 
ical Lutheran)  meets  at  Washington. 

*  *  III.  The  (leneral  Assembly  (United 
Presbsrterian)  meets  at  Monmouth  ;  II. 
A.  Browne,  moderator. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Louis- 
ville; R.  M.  Bishop,  president. 

*  *  Ky.  A  part  of  the  Synod  of  Kentucky 
joins  the  *'  Presbyterian  Church  in  the 
United  States  "  (Southern  Presbyterian). 

*  *  Kan.  The  Kansas  Conference  (Free 
Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  Kan.  The  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

*  *  Xtw  Afex.  The  Roman  Catholic  Vica- 
rate  Apostolic  of  New  Mexico  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *  The  Presbyterians  begin  mission-work 
among  the  Dakota  Indians. 

*  *  John  Dickinson  is  first  elected  bishop 
of  the  United  Brethren. 

*  *  The  General  Council  of  the  Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran  Church  begins  its  foreign 
mission-work  in  Southernalndia. 

*  *  The  Lexington  and  Louisiana  Confer- 
ences (Methodist  Episcopal)  are  formed. 


1870  Jan.  25.  Henry  Niles  Pierce  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  mis- 
sionary bishop  of  Arkansas  and  Indian 
Territory. 

Jan.  26.  La.  Tlie  Louisiana  Congrega- 
tional Association  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1869  *  *  Tlie  Association  of  American 
Medical  Sditors  is  organized. 

*  *  Ballads  of  New  England^  by  J.  G. 
"Whittier,  appears. 

*  ♦  Compendious  German  Grammar,  by 
W.  D.  Whitney,  appears. 

*  *  The  Discovery  of  the  Great  JVest,  by 
Francis  Parkman,  appears. 

*  *  The  Heathen  Chinee,  by  Bret  Harte, 
appears ;  also  The  Outcasts  of  Poker 
Flat. 

*  *  mtherto,  by  Adeline  B.  T.  Whitney, 
appears. 

*  *  Innocents  Abroad,  by  Mark  Twain, 
appears, 

*  *  Lady  Byron  Vindicated,  by  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe,  appears  ;  also  Old  Town 
KolK-s. 

*  *  Literature  of  the  Age  of  Elizabeth,  by 
E,  W.  Whipple,  appears. 

*  •  An  Old- Fashioned  Girl,  by  Louisa  M. 
Alcott,  appears. 

*  *  A  Pictorial  History  of  the  Civil  War, 
by  Benson  J.  Lossing,  appears. 

*  *  Sttpping  Heavenward,  by  Elizabeth 
Prentiss,  appears. 

*  *  The  St&ry  of  a  Bad  Boy,  by  T.  B. 
Aldrich,  appears. 

*  *  Principles  of  Psychology,  by  John  Bas- 
com,  appears. 

*  *  Memoirs  of  Service  Afloat,  by  Raphael 
Semmes,  appears. 

*  *  Life  and  Letters  of  Fitz-Greene  Hai- 
led;, by  James  Grant  Wilson,  appears. 

*  »  The  Cathedral,  by  James  Russell 
Lowell,  .appears. 

*  *  Woman^s  Suffrage,  the  Reform  against 
Nature,  by  Horace  Bushnell,  appears. 

*  *  The  Switzerland  of  America,  by  Sam- 
uel Bowles,  appears. 

*  *  By- Ways  of  Europe  f  by  BayaTd  Taylor, 
appears. 

*  *  Long  and  Short  Span  Bridges,  by  J.  A. 
Roebling,  appears. 

*  *  Malbone :  ati  Oldport  Jiomance,  by  T. 
"W,  Higginson,  appears. 

*  *  Men,  Women, and  Ghosts,  \>y  EWzSkheiti. 
Stuart  Phelps,  appears. 

*  *  Five  Acres  too  Much,  by  Robert  Barn- 
well Roosevelt,  appears. 

*  *  Hltt  to  Hilt,  by  John  Esten  Cooke, 
appears. 

*  *  Overture  of  Angels,  by  Henry  Ward 
Beecher,  appears. 

*  *  Naval  Architecture  and  Shipbuilding^ 
by  Com.  Meade,  appears. 

*  *  Jesus  of  Nazareth  :  His  Life  and  Teach- 
ings, by  Lyman  Abbott,  appears. 

*  *  The  Blameless  Prince  and  Other 
Poems,  by  Edmimd  Clarence  Stedman, 
appears. 


UNITED    STATES.     1869,  Oct.  5-1870,  Feb.  9.    269 


SOCIETY. 
1869    Oct.  20.    x:  C.    Got.  Holden  is- 
sues a  proclamation    against  the  dis- 
orders and  violence  of  secret  societies 
in  four  counties. 

Oct.  24.    Xew  York.     P6re  Hyacinthe 

of  Paris  is  publicly  introduced  by  Henry 

Ward  Beecher. 
Oct.  *    Wis,    Tlie    northwestern    branch 

of  the  National  Home  for  Disabled 

Soldiers,  established  near  Milwaukee, 

is  dedicated. 
Nov.  20.    Ky.    Eegulators    horsewhip 

a  coojier  at  Somerset ;  a  riot  ensues  in 

whiclx  three  men  are  killed. 

Nov.  24.  O.  A  'Woman's  Suffrage 
Convention  meets.    (See  State.) 

Nov.  •  Del.  A  Woman's  Suffrage 
Convention  is  held  at  Wilmington. 

Deo.  10.  n.  C.  A  National  Colored  La- 
bor Convention  meets. 

Deo.  11.  Utah.  A  Mormon  rebellion 
rises  against  Brigh.am  Young. 

Deo.  12.  Iml.  A  party  of  70  men  enter 
the  jriil  at  New  Albany,  take  out  four 
prisoners,  and  hang  them. 

•  »  The  Chicago  Club  is  founded. 

•  •  Mass.  A  prohibitory  statute  is 
enacted. 

•  •  Keb.  The  State  deaf  and  dumb  in- 
stitute is  opened  at  Omaha. 

•  *  Kev.  The  State  erects  an  orphan's 
home  at  Carson  City. 

•  *  New  Tnrl:  The  Baptist  Home  for 
Aged  People  is  founded. 

•  *  N.  Y.  The  Association  of  the  Bar 
is  instituted  ;  William  M.  Evarts  is  the 
first  president. 

•  *  O.  St.  Mary's  Hospital  at  Cincin- 
nati is  established. 

•  •  0.  Tlie  third  National  Encampment 
of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  is 
held  at  Cincinnati ;  Gen.  John  A.Logan 
of  111.,  commander-in-chief. 

•  *  rhUa.  The  Baptist  Home  of  Phila- 
delphia is  founded. 

•  •  rhila.  Uriah  S.  Stevens,  a  clothing 
cutter,  organizes  a  secret  society  for 
the  protection  of  the  working  people. 
[It  develops  into  the  Knights  of 
Iiabor.] 

•*/;./.  The  Board  of  State  Charities 
and  Correction  is  organized. 

•  •  Tex.  The  Buckner  Orphans'  Home 
(Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Dallas. 

•  •The  General  Assembly  (Presbyte- 
rian) recommends  total  abstinence. 

•  *The  National  Prison  Association 
is  formed.     (1870?) 

1870  Jan.  24.  O.  C.  Prince  Arthur, 
Queen  Victoria's  third  son  (Duke  of 
Connaught),  is  presented  to  President 
Grant. 

Feb.  8.  Me.  Prince  Arthur  and  many 
distinguished  people  attend  the  funeral 
of  George  Peabody  at  Portland. 

Feb.  *  Mass.  The  remains  of  George 
Peabody  are  buried  at  Peabody. 


STATE. 

1869  Oct  5.  Va.  The  Legislature 
meets;  the  first  regular  meeting  in  a 
decade. 

Oct.  8.  Va.  The  Legislature  ratifies  the 
14th  and  15th  Amendments  to  the 
Federal  Constitution. 

Oct.  25.  B.C.  WiUiam'W.  Belknap  of 
Iowa  is  appointed  secretary  of  war. 

Oct.  »  -Nov.  *  Free-trade  doctrines  be- 
come more  popular  than  formerly. 

Nov.  2.  Fla.  A  majority  of  the  people 
west  of  the  Choctawhatchee  River  vote 
for  annexation  with  Alabama. 

Nov.  24.  O.  The  National  Woman's 
Suffrage  Convention  meets  at  Cleve- 
land, with  183  delegates  present;  Rev. 
Henry  Ward  Beecher,  president.    The 


-71  »  *  Mo.    Joseph  W.  M'Clurg. 
-70*  *  Mont.  (Ter.).    James  M.  Ashley. 
-71  *  *  N.H.    Onslow  Stearns. 
-72  *  *  JV. ./.    Theodore  F.  Randolph. 
-71*  *  N.Mex.(Ter.).    William  A.  Pile. 
-73  *  *Jf.  Y.    John  T.  Hoflnian. 
-73  *  *It.I.     Seth  Padelford. 
-71  *  *  Tenn.    DeWitt  C.  Senter. 
-71  *  *  17.  (Ter.)    J.  Wilson  Shaffer. 
-70  •  *  Vt.    Peter  T.  Washburn. 
-70  *  *  Wash.  (Ter.)    Alvin  Flanders. 
-71  •  •  W.  Va.    William  E.  Stephenson. 
1870  Jan.  10.  Mo.  Tlie  Legislature  rati- 
fies the  15th  Amendment  to  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution.     [Jan.  18  by  Rhode 
Island  ;  Feb.  2,  Georgia  ;  Feb.  3,  Iowa  ; 
Feb.  15,  Minnesota;  Feb.  17,  Nebraska; 
Feb.  18,  Texas  ;  Mar.  3,  Kansas  ;  Mar.  26, 
Tennessee.] 


American    Woman's   Suffrage  Associa-    ^^^-  *  ^-   C-     Congress   approves    the 


tion  is  organized. 
Nov.  29.    A  treaty  with  the  Dominican 

Republic  is  negotiated,  for  its  annexe^ 

tion  to  the  United  States,  and  for  the 

leasing  of  the  bay  and  peninsula  of  Sa- 

mana  as  a  naval  rendezvous. 
Nov.  30.-Dec.   1.     Miss.     The    people 

ratify  the   new  Constitution.     Vote, 

105,223-954. 

Nov.  30.-Deo.3.  Tex.  The  people  rat- 
ify the  Constitution.    Vote,  72,395-4,934. 

Dec.  6.  D.C.  The  41st  Congress  opens. 

Dec.  13.  r>.  C.  Congress  renews  the 
Canadian  Eeoiprocity  treaty. 

Deo.  14.  D.  C.  Congress  removes  the 
legal  and  political  disabilities  from  a 
large  class  of  ex-Confederates. 

Dec.  16.  r>.  C.  Congress  declares  the 
exclusion  of  f reedmen  from  the  Legis- 
lature, as  done  in  Georgia,  revolution- 
ary, and  to  be  prohibited. 

Deo.  20.  I).C.  President  Grant  appoints 
Edwin  M.  Stanton  of  Pa.  an  associ- 
ate justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Deo.  22.  Ga.  The  Legislature  refuses 
to  ratify  the  15th  Amendment. 

Ga.     The   reconstruction    of   the 

State  in  compliance  with  an  Act  of  Con- 
gress is  accomplished. 

Deo.  *  D.  C.  The  correspondence  of  Sec- 
retary Fish  and  Lord  Clarendon  on  the 
Alabama  claims  is  made  public. 

*  *  n.  C.  Congress  reduces  the  tax  on 
distilled  spirits  from  $1.97  to  64  cents 
per  proof  gallon. 

*  *  Fa.  The  Legislature  creates  a  State 
Board  of  Immigration. 

*  *  Mln?i.  Both  Houses  vote  to  remove 
the  capital  from  St.  Paul  to  a  site  in 
Kandiyohi  County  ;  the  governor  vetoes 
the  bill. 

*  *  Keto  York.  A.  Oakey  Hall  is  elected 
the  77th  mayor. 

'  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated  : 
-76  **  Ariz.  (Ter.).    A.  P.  K.  Safford. 
-73  •  *  Colo.  (Ter.).    Edwin  M.  M'Cook. 
-70  •  •  Conn.    Marshall  Jewell. 
-73  »  *  Dak.  (Ter.).    John  A.  Burbank. 
-75  *  *  Del.    James  Ponder. 
-73  *  •  in.    John  M.  Palmer. 
-73  ♦  *  Kan.    James  M.  Harvey. 
-72  •  *  Mass.    William  Claflin. 
-72  *  »  Mich.    Henry  P.  Baldwin. 


scheme  for  a  canal  across  the  Isthmus 
of  Darien. 

Jan.  24.    D.  C.     Congress :   The   Sen- 
ators from  Virginia  are  readmitted. . 
[Representatives  are  admitted  Jan.  26.] 

Jan.  26.  D.  C.  A  treaty  is  signed  re- 
specting the  Darien  Canal. 

Jan.  27.  Va.  Gen.  Canhy  turns  the  State 
over  to  the  authorities  elected  by  the 
people. 

Feb.  2.  Ga.  Tlie  Legislature  permits 
colored  members  to  resume  their  seats, 
and  then  ratifies  the  15th  Amendment. 

Feb.  8.  Va.  Gov.  Walker  proclaims  the 
State  fully  reconstructed. 

Feb.  9.  /).  C.  Congress  provides  for 
the  establishment  of  a  weather  bureau- 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1869  Oct.  13.  Kij.  A  Commercial 
Convention  assembles  at  Louisville; 
ex-President  Fillmore,  cbairman. 

Oct.  27.  fit.  About  200  lives  are  lost  by 
the  burning  of  the  steamer  Stmietcall, 
near  Cairo,  on  the  Mississippi. 

Nov.  14.  Cal.  About  15  persons  are 
killed  in  a  collision  on  the  Pacific  Bail- 
road  near  San  Francisco. 

Dec.  11.  Eng.  The  body  of  George  Pea- 
body, the  American  philanthropist,  is 
placed  on  board  the  British  steamship 
Monarchy  to  be  conveyed  to  America. 

*  *  Chicago  has  a  park  system  of  seven 
parks,  comprising  2,530  acres. 

The  two  south  parks,  372  and  593 ; 
Jackson  Park,  600;  Doughis  Park,  171; 
Garttebl  Park,  1,S5;  Humboldt  Park, 
184;  Lincoln  Park,  310;  having  37i 
miles  of  boulevards  ;  cost,  $10,000,000. 

*  *  Mo.  Tower  Grove  Park,  276  acres, 
is  donated  to  St.  Louis. 

*  *  Mich.  Woodmere  Cemetery,  near  De- 
troit, is  established. 

*  *  Arthur  Cummings  introduces  curve 
pitching  in  baseball. 

1870  Jan.  20.  Tlie  Anglo-American  and 
Anglo-French  cable  companies  tmite. 

Jan.  22.  Cat.  The  California  Southern 
Railroad  Company  is  chartered. 

Jan.  23.  The  U.  S.  corvette  Oneida  col- 
lides with  the  steamship  Bombay,  and 
sinks,  near  Yokohama,  Japan  ;  112  lives 
are  lost. 

Jan.  »  Boston.    Dorchester  is  annexed. 


270     1870,  Feb.  10 -Oct.  13. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1870  Sept. »  Utah.  Gen.  Shaffer  for- 
bids the  drilling  of  the  Mormon  militia. 

Oct.  17.  Vice-Admiral  David  D.Porter 
is  made  admiral. 

*  *  D.  C.  Gen.  Fitz-John  Porter  ap- 
peals to  the  President  for  a  reversal  of 
the  sentence  of  the  court  martial. 

*  *  Military  governments  are  with- 
drawn on  the  reconstruction  of  the 
Southern  States. 

ART— SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1870  *  *  yew  York.  James  Gordon  Ben- 
nett, the  proprietor  of  the  Herald,  sends 
Henry  M.  Stanley  to  Africa  in  search 
of  David  Livingstone. 

Apr.  13.  yew  York.  A  charter  is  granted 
to  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art. 

May  24.  D.  C.  The  Corcoran  Gallery 
of  Art  at  Washington  is  chartered. 

Aug.  14.  y.  Y.  The  asteroid  Ate  is  dis- 
covered by  C.  II.  F.  Peters. 

Sept.  28.  Va.  The  James  Kiver  rises 
about  24  feet  in  two  days,  and  the  Shen- 
andoah about  twice  as  much,  destroying 
crops,  buildings,  etc. ;  loss,  $3,000,000. 

Oct.  20.  An  earthquake  is  felt  through 
the  Northern  States  from  Maine  to 
Iowa. 

Oct.  »  Africa.  Henry  M.  Stanley  of 
U.  S.  A.,  arrives  at  Zanzibar. 

*  »  Boston.  The  Museum  of  Fine  Arts 
is  incorporated. 

*  *  Boston.  The  New  England  Conser- 
vatory of  Music  is  incorporated. 

*  *  The  National  Academy  of  Science 
extends  the  limit  of  membership  from 
50  to  1,000. 

*  *  la,  A  cave  is  discovered  on  the  Du- 
buque and  Minnesota  Railroad  line,  con- 
taining a  number  of  relics  apparently 
Oriental,  also  skeletons  of  giants. 

*  »  Mass.  Prof.  Winlock,  of  the  Harvard 
Observatory,  uses  a  horizontal  photo- 
heliograph  in  photographing  the  sun. 

*  *  yew  York.  Victor  Nehlig  is  elected  a 
member  of  the  If  ational  Academy  of 
Design. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1870. 
Feb.  14.    Harper,  Joseph  Wesley,  publisher 

in  N.  v.,  ABO. 
Feb.  22.     Houghton,     George    Frederick, 

lawyer,  writer,  A50. 
Feb.  23.     Burlingame.  Anson,  diploma- 
tist, M.  C.  for  Mass.,  ambassador  from 

China,  A50. 
Mar.  1.     Ashmead,  Isaac,  printer,  inventor 

of  composition  printing  rollers,  A80. 
Mar.4.     McClintock,  John,  M.  E.  cl.,  au- 

tlior,  president  of  Drew  Seminary,  A56. 
Mar.  18.    KIplcy,   James   W.,  brev.  maj.- 

gen.,  chief  of  ordnance,  A76. 
Mar.l7.    Cornell,  WUliain  W.,  iron  founder, 

of  N.  Y.,  philanthropist,  A48. 
Mar.  18.    Verplanck,   Gulian    Crommelin, 

author,  A  84. 
Mar.  26.     Soule,  Pierre,  senator  lor   La., 

minister  to  Spain,  A68. 
Mar.  28.    Thomas,  George  H.,  maj.-gen. 

U.  S.  A.   A.54. 
Mar.  31. '  Hoyden,  Seth,  Inventor  malleable 

cast-iron,  hat-doming  machine,  A82. 
Apr.  3.     Frothingham,  Nathaniel  L.,  Unit. 

clergyman,  author,  A77. 
Apr.  15.    WlUard.  Emma,  pioneer  educa- 
tionist for  women,  N.  Y.,  AR3. 
Apr.  22.     Farrar,  Kliza  Ware,  author,  A78. 


King,  Anstin  A.,  Gov.  of  Mo.,  A69. 

May  17.    bittell,   Kliaklm,  editor   UUell's 

Liritiff  Age.  A73. 
May  23.     Ila/.zard,    Sanmel,    archeologist, 

historian,  publisher,  AH6. 
June  3.     Learned,  J08ei>h  K.  G.,  inventor, 

inspector  of  iron-clads,  A51. 
June.  7.      Keed,    David,    antislavery    re- 
former, editor,  A80, 
June  13.     Kliot,  Thomas  D.,  lawyer,  M.  O. 

for  Mass.,  A62. 
June  38.    Cutting,   Francis  B.,  jurist,  of 

N.  Y.,  A6.5. 
JiUy  6.    Pope,  Charles  A.,  physician,  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy,  A52. 
July  7.    Ashmun,  George,  M.  C.  for  Mass., 

A  66. 
July  13.    Dahlgren.  John  Adolf,  chief  of 

ordnance,  rear-adm.  V.  S.  N.,  A61. 
July  19.    Brooks,  WUllam  T.  H.,  maJ.-gen. 

of  vols.,  A4SI. 
July  21.    Baldwin,  Theoron,  Cong.  clerg>-- 

man,  educationist,  A69. 
July  28.    Ritchie,  Anna  Cora  Ogden  Mow- 

att,  novelist,  actor,  dramatist,  A49. 
Aug.  5.    Ilitchcoik,  Ethan  Allen,  maj.-gen. 

vols.,  author,  A72. 
Aug.  a.    Cobb,   George,  M.  C.  for  N.  J., 

benefactor,  A57. 
Aug.  14.    Farraeut,  David  G.,  first  ad- 
miral U.  .S.  N.,  A69. 
Aug.  18.    Kennedy,  John  Pendleton,  M.  C. 

for  Md.,  author,  secretary  of  navy,  A75. 
Sept.  5.     Bedford,   Gunning  S.,  physician, 

professor  of  obstetrics,  N.  Y.,  A64. 
Sept.  7.    Munroe,  .lames,  col.  I'.  .S.  vols., 

M.  C.  for  N.  v.,  A71. 
Sept.  8.     Kingsley,    Calvin,    Meth.   Kpis. 

bishop,  A58. 
Sept.  9.    Lord,  Nathan,  Cong,  cl.,  prosla- 
very  advocate,  president  Dartmouth,  A77. 
Longstreet,  Augustus  B.,  lawyer,  Meth. 

Epis.  clergyman,  author,  A80. 
Sept.  11.    .Sayre,  David  Austin,  merchant, 

banker,  benefactor,  of  Ky.,  A77. 
Sept.  18.     Dawson,  John  Littleton,  M.  C. 

for  Pa.,  Am. 
Sept.  27.    Packer,  WlUlam  Fisher,  Gov.  of 

Pa.,  A63. 
Oct.  10.    Hartley,  Mordecal,  pioneer.  Gov. 

of  O.,  A84.  „   „ 

Oct.  12.  Lee.  Robert  Edward,  col.  L.  S. 
A.,  commander-in-chief  of  Confederate 
armies,  college  pres.,  A63. 


CHURCH. 

1870  May  4.  Tenn.  The  General 
Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal 
South)  meets  at  Memphis ;  the  North 
Mississippi,  White  River,  Los  Angeles, 
North  Alabama,  and  Western  Confer- 
ences are  organized. 

May  19.  Phila.  The  first  reunited 
General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  is  held  ;  J.  T.  Backus,  moderator. 

June  17.  Phila.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

Sept.  21.  y.ir.  William  Woodruff  Niles 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  New  Hampshire. 

Sept.  25.  Mass.  Patrick  T.  O'Reilly  is 
conseoi»ted  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Springtield. 

Oct.  6.  Md.  William  Pinkney  is  c<in- 
secrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  assistant 
bishop  of  Maryland. 

LETTERS. 

1870  Feb.  17.  Miss.  The  State  Nor- 
mal School  is  opened  at  HoUy  Springs. 

Apr.  *  O.  The  University  of  Cincin- 
nati (non-sect.)  is  incorporated. 

May  14.  Phila.  The  Public  Becord  [Rec- 
ord] is  issued. 

Jtme  16.  S.  C.  A  free-school  system 
is  established  for  the  State. 

June  20.  yew  York.  The  Iienox  U- 
brary  is  incorporated. 


July  2.    III.    The  Evangelical  Seminary 

at  Elmhurst  is  opened. 
Oct.  13.    Ga.  The  Legislature  establishes 

a  system  of  public  instruction. 

*  *  Conn.  The  Silas  Bronson  Library  is 
founded  at  Waterbury.    [36,500  vols.] 

*  *  Boston.  Literary  World  magazine  is 
established. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Old  and  yew  magazine 
is  established. 

*  *  Cal.  Napa  College  (Meth.  Epis.)  is 
founded  at  Napa. 

*  *  Delaware  College  (non-sect.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Newark,  Delaware. 

»  *  la.  The  Medical  Department  of 
the  State  University  of  Iowa  at  Iowa 
City  is  opened. 

*  •  III.  Carthage  College  (Luth.)  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  III.  The  Swedish  Theological  Semin- 
ary (Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Evanston. 

»  *  La.     Leland  University  (Bapt.)  is 

founded  at  New  Orleans. 
»  *  Mich.    The    Michigan    University 

opens  all  its  departments  to  women. 

*  *  Miss.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
organizing  a  State  Board  of  Education, 
and  providing  for  a  superintendent  of 
public  education. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Legislature  establishes  the 
State  Agricultural  College  at  Colum- 
bia. 

*  *  yew  York.  Scrihner's  Monthly  maga- 
zine (first  series)  is  established. 

SOCIETY. 

1870    Mar.  3.    La.   The  trial  of  George 
M.  "Wickliffe,  the  State  auditor,  re- 
sults in   his   conviction  and    impeach- 
ment for  extortion  and  fraud. 
Mar.  7.     Wyo.    A  grand  jury  of  both 

sexes  is  impaneled  at  Fort  Laramie. 
Mar.  ±  *   Pa.  The  "Molly  Maguires" 

subside. 
Apr.  5.   Utah.  Mormons  in  mass-meeting 
at  Salt  Lake  protest  against  the  inter- 
ference of  Congress  with  polygamy. 
Apr.  14.    Del.     The  ratitication  of  the 
15th  Amendment  to  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution is  celebrated  by  great  gather- 
ings of  colored  people. 
May  10.    yew   York.    Daniel  MacFar- 
land  is  tried  and  acquitted  of  the  mur- 
der of  Albert  D.  Richardson  on  Nov.  25, 
1809,  at  New  York. 
May  10.    Md.    The  colored  people  of 
Baltimore  celebrate  the  passage  of  the 
15th  Amendment. 
July  22.    yew  York.    Tlie  Times  exposes 

the  frauds  of  the  Tweed  Bing. 
July  30.  yew  York.  Benjamin  Nathan, 
a  wealthy  Hebrew,  is  found  murdered 
in  his  home.     [Criminal  unknown.] 
July  *     -V.  C.     The  governor  sends  the 

militia  to  suppress  Kuklux  outrages. 
Apr.  9.     The   American    Anti-Slavery 

Society  is  dissolved. 
May  25-27.     Vt.    Armed  Fenians,  500 
strong,  invade  Canada  from  Fairfield, 
and  quickly  return  when  resisted. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1870,  Feb.  10-Oct.  13.    271 


Aug.  15.  O.  The  National  Ijabor  Con- 
gress meets  at  Cinciimati. 

Aug.  23.  O.  The  Irish  National  Con- 
greaa  meets  at  Cincinnati. 

Oct.  4.  O.  A  National  Commercial 
Convention  meet8  at  Cincinnati. 

STATE. 

1870  Feb.  10.  Tenn.  A  Constitu- 
tional Convention  meets  at  Nashville. 

Feb.  12.  Utah.  Brigham  Young  ap- 
proves the  bill  granting  the  right  of 
suffrage  to  womeu. 

Feb.  15.  \.  J.  The  Legislature  refuses 
to  ratify  the  15th  Amendment  to  the 
Federal  Constitution. 

Feb.  18.  Tex.  The  Legislature  ratifies 
the  14th  and  15th  Amendments  to 
the  Federal  Constitution. 

Feb.  21,  La.  The  Legislature  grants 
$3,000,000  in  8  per  cent  State  bonds  to 
the  New  Orleans,  Mobile,  and  Chatta- 
nooga Railroad. 

Feb.  23.  D.  C.  Congress:  Mississippi 
is  again  admitted  to  representation  in 
both  Houses. 

Feb.  25.  />,  a  Congress :  Hiram  R. 
Revels  of  Miss.,  the  first  colored  Sen- 
ator, takes  the  required  oath. 

Mar.  7.  D.  C.  Congress  restores  legal 
and  political  rights  of  a  large  class  of 
ex-Confederates. 

Mar.  16.  V.  C.  Congress;  House: 
H.  R.  Revels  of  Miss,  makes  a  speech 
in  favor  of  universal  amnesty  and  suf- 


Mar.  23.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
rejects  the  treaty  for  the  purchase  of  the 
Islands  of  St.  Thomas  and  St.  John. 

Mar.  26.  Tenn.  The  people  ratify  the 
new  Constitution.    Vote,  98,12a-33,872. 

Mar.  30.  D.  C.  Congress :  Represen- 
tatives from  Texas  are  admitted  to  the 
House,  and  Senators  to  the  Senate.  The 
Southern  States  are  now  all  repre- 
sented in  the  National  Congress. 

The  15th  Amendment  having  been 
ratified  by  29  States,  is  proclaimed  a  part 
of  the  Constitution  ;  it  confers  the  right 
of  sutf rage  to  freedmen. 

Great  apprehension  prevails  at  the 
South ;  the  white  taxpayers  being  a 
minority  of  the  population  in  some  of 
the  States,  are  at  the  mercy  of  the  non- 
taxpaying  negroes,  who  may  be  easily 
corrupted  by  political  adventurers. 

Mar.  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  Mor- 
mons who  practise  polygamy  are  de- 
prived of  civil  rights. 

Apr.  5.  JVew  York.  The  Legislature 
grants  the  Tweed-Frear  charter,  com- 
bining the  city  and  coxuity. 

May  24.  D.  C.  President  Grant  issues 
a  proclamation  against  the  invasion  of 
Canada  by  Fenians. 

May  28.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate : 
Henry  B.  Anthony  of  R.  1.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore.  [Again  on  July 
1,  and  also  on  July  14.] 

May  31.  /;.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
to  enforce  the  right  of  citizens  to 
vote  in  the  several  States. 


May  *  li.  C.  Congress  charters  the 
Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 

May  *  III.  A  convention  meets  at  Spring- 
field, and  forms  a  new  Constitution. 

Jime  12.  D.  t\  The  act  limiting  the 
circulation  of  the  national  banks  to 
$354,000,000,  secured  by  the  deposit  of 
Government  bonds  with  the  Treasurer, 
is  approved. 

Jime  15.  IJ.  C.  E.  R.  Hoar  of  Mass. 
resigns  the  office  of  attorney-general. 

June  22.  />.  ('.  Congress  provides  for 
the  organization  of  the  Department  of 
Justice  with  the  attorney-general  at  its 
head. 

Jvme  30.  U.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
rejects  the  treaty  for  the  annexation 
of  San  Domingo.    Vote,  2S-28. 

June  *  D.  C.  Congress  reduces  the  in- 
come tax  by  abolishing  many  stamp- 
taxes. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1870. 
Revenue  :  Customs,  $194,538,374  ;  in- 
ternal revenue,  $184,899,756;  direct  tax, 
$229,103;  sales  of  public  lands,  $3,350,- 
482 ;  premiums  on  loans  and  sales  of  gold 
coin,  $15,295,644 ;  miscellaneous  items, 
$12,942,118.  Total  revenue,  $411,255,478  ; 
excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary  ex- 
penses,$101,601,917.  Expenditures:  Pre- 
miums on  loans,  purchase  of  bonds, etc., 
$15,996,556  ;  miscellaneous  items,  $53,- 
237,462  ;  War  Department,  $57,655,675  ; 
Navy  Department,  $21,780,230;  Indians, 
$3,407,938 :  pensions,  $28,340,202  ;  interest 
on  the  public  debt,  $l'i9.235.4{»8.  Total 
ordinary  expenditures,  $309,653,561 ;  pub- 
lic debt,  $2,480,672,427.  Exports,  $392,- 
771,768;  imports,  $435,958,408. 

July  2.  III.  The  Constitution  is  rati- 
fied by  the  people.  Vote,  134,227-35, 
443. 

July  4.  D.  C.  Congress:  Tlie  Senate 
refuses  to  extend  citizenship  to  the 
Chinese ;  strong  opposition  to  Chinese 
immigration  prevails  in  many  parts  of 
the  country. 

July  13.  D.  C.  Congress  changes  the 
tariff  and  reduces  the  revenue  by 
diminishing  duties  on  tea,  colfee,  sugar, 
and  certain  articles  of  iron  and  si-eel; 
to  go  into  force  on  Jan.  1st,  1871. 
July  14.  D.  C.  Congress  repeals  the 
tax  on  legacies  and  successions. 

It  grants  a  pension  of  $3,000  per  an- 
num to  the  widow  of  President  Lincoln. 

It  pas-ses  an  act  for  the  refunding  of 
the  national  debt  at  a  lower  rate  of  in- 
terest—5,  4^,  and  4  per  cent. 
July  15.  />.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
providing  for  the  removal  of  the  Osage 
Indians  and  the  sale  of  their  lands. 

Congress  passes  an  act  to  reduce 
the  peace  footing  of  the  army  to  30,000 
men. 

The  41st  Congress :  the  second  ses- 
sion closes. 

President  Grant  approves  the  act  for 
the  readmission  of  Georgia. 

July  *  7J.  C.  The  President  requests  J. 
L.  Motley,  minister  to  Great  Britain,  to 
resign.    [In  November  he  is  recalled.] 

Aug.  22.  n.  C.  President  Grant  pro- 
claims the  neutrality  of  the  United 
States  in  the  Franco-Prussian  War. 


Sept.  8.  Mass.  "Wendell  Phillips  is 
nominated  for  governor  by  the  Labor 
Reform  and  Prohibition  parties. 

Sept.  15.  Utah.  Gov.  Shaffer  issues  a 
proclamation  forbidding  the  review  of 
the  Nauvoo  legion,  comprising  13,000 
men. 

Oct.  13.  D.  C.  The  President  by  pro- 
clamation forbids  military  expeditions 
against  nations  with  whom  the  United 
States  is  at  peace. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1870  Feb.  11.  Eng.  A  board  is  found 
in  Cornwall  with  writing,  which  states 
that  the  missing  steamer  City  of  Boston 
was  sinking. 

Feb.  15.  Minn.  The  Northern  Pacific 
Railroad  is  begun  at  the  Dalles  of  the 
St.  Louis. 

Apr.  27.  Va.  The  galleries  of  the  Capi- 
tol break  down ;  60  persons  are  killed, 
and  120  wounded. 

May  3.  Cat.  Blossom  Bock,  near 
North  Point,  San  Francisco,  is  blown 
up. 

May  10.  Eng.  The  American  yacht 
Sappho  wins  in  a  triangular  race  with 
the  Cambria. 

May  12.  Mo.  At  Eureka  19  persons 
are  killed  in  a  collision. 

May  17.  Eng.  The  Sappho  again  wins 
in  a  triangular  race. 

June  *  The  9th  Census  is  taken.  States, 
.37;  whites,  33,589,377;  colored,  4,880,009. 
Total  population,  38,558,371  ;  increase, 
22.63  per  cent.  Center  of  populatif.n, 
48  miles  east  by  nortli  of  Cincinnati  ; 
westward  movement  in  10  years,  42 
miles. 

July  4.  The  ocean  yacht  race  begins. 
In  the  international  yacht  race  from 
Cork  to  New  York,  the  English  yacht 
Cambria  wins,  arriving  July  27.  at  4 
I'.M. ;  the  American  yacht  Jhiuntltas, 
taking  a  more  northerly  route,  arrives 
two  hours  later. 

July  14.  D.  C.  Congress  taxes  real  es- 
tate in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Jtdy  24,  New  York.  The  first  through 
car  from  the  Pacific  arrives. 

Aug.  8,  New  York.  The  English  schooner 
yacht  Cambria  sails  against  the  New 
York  Yacht  Club ;  the  Magic  wins  the 
race,  retaining  the  America  cup;  the 
Cambria  is  the  8th  of  16  rivals. 

Aug.  15.  The  Union  Pacific  road  is  com- 
pleted for  638  miles  from  Kansas  City  to 
Denver  ;  also,  the  Denver  Pacific  road, 
106  miles,  from  Denver  to  Cheyenne. 

Sept.  30-Oct.  2.  Va.  Freshets  in  the 
valleys  of  the  James  and  the  Shenan- 
doah destroy  property  valued  at  $5,000,- 
000. 

Sept.  *  O.  The  first  Industrial  Exposi- 
tion, in  Cincinnati,  is  held. 

Oct.  4.  O.  A  Southern  Convention 
meets  in  Cincinnati  for  political  an^i 
commercial  purposes. 

Oct.  12.  The  Southern  Pacific  Railroatl 
is  formed  by  consolidation  j  length, 
992.98  miles. 


272    1870,  Oct.  18-1871,  Mar.  27.        AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1871  **  D.  C.  Adm.  Rodgers  is  ordered 
to  command  the  Asiatic  fleet.  [June  U. 
He  attacks  the  forts  of  Korea  in  pun- 
ishment for  an  attack  made  by  masked 
batteries.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1870  *  *  Pa.  A  bone-cave  is  discovered 
near  Phoenixville,  containing  remains 
of  a  mastodon  and  other  animals  of  a 
period  prior  to  the  great  northern  drift. 

*  *  Aft.  Whitney  is  painted  by  Albert 
Bierstadt. 

*  *  Venice  is  painted  by  Jervis  McEntee. 

■  *  Greenwood  Lake  is  painted  by  J.  F. 

Cropsey. 
■■■  *  Twilight  is  painted  by  George  Inness. 

*  *  Continentals  is  painted  by  Frank  B, 
Mayer. 

*  *  S'cetclier  is  painted  by  A.  B.  Durand. 

*  ♦  Head  of  Chriat  is  painted  by  William 
Page. 

1871  Jan,  25.  D.  C.  A  statue  of 
Abraham  Lincoln  is  unveiled. 

Feb.  15.  Phila.  An  exhibition  is  given 
of  the  sand-blast. 

It  is  a  method  of  cutting  hard  sub- 
Btnnces  by  the  erosive  action  of  a  jet  of 
driven  sand  ;  B.  C.  Tilghinan,  inventor. 

Feb.  18.  Africa.  The  Bennett  expe- 
dition, led  by  Stanley,  starts  from 
Zanzibar  for  the  interior,  with  193  men 
divided  into  live  caravans. 

Mar.  21.  Zanzibar.  Stanley  starts  for 
the  interior  with  the  fifth  caravan. 

Mar.  *  li.  I.  The  State  authorities  pre- 
sent to  the  Federal  Government  a  mar- 
ble statue  of  Roger  "Williams,  to  be 
placed  in  the  Capitol. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1870. 

Oct.  18.  Bacon,  Ezekiel,  jurist,  M.  C.  for 
Mass.,  A94. 

Oct.  27.  Harrison,  Napoleon  B.,  capt. 
U.S.  N.,  A47. 

Nov.  36.  llassini.  Carlo,  musician,  com- 
poser, writer,  ASS. 

Dec.  12.  I^aunitz,  Robert  E.,Uu8SO-Ameri- 
can  sculptor,  A64. 

Dec.  13.  Cliauvenet,  William,  mathema- 
tician, author,  ASO. 

Dec.  20.     HoUaml,  George,  comedian,  A7!). 

Dec.  24.  liarnes,  Alliert,  Frea.  clergyman, 
commentator,  author,  A72. 

Dec.  25.  Colver,  NathaQiel,  Bapt.  clergy- 
man, A76. 

1871. 

Jan.  3.  Lovell,  Charles  Swain,  capt.  Mexi- 
can war;  col.  IT.  S.  A.,  AIM). 

Jan.  18.  Kichintis,  Peter,  Knglish- Ameri- 
can actor,  manager,  A74. 

Jan.  19.  Burden,  Henry,  inventor  water- 
wheel,  horse-ahoe  machine,  A80. 

Jan.  26.  Ticknor,  George,  professor,  au- 
thor, A  80. 

Jan.  29.  Taylor,  R,  Harvey,  educator,  au- 
thor, A(i4. 

Feb.  7.  stelnway,  Henry  Englehard,  man- 
ufacturer of  pianos,  A74. 

Feb.  1 1.  Bagtoli,  Antonio,  musician, 
teacher  of  vocal  music,  A76. 

Feb.  12.    Cary,  Alice,  author,  poet,  A5I. 

Feb.  21.  Klzey,  Arnold,  capt.  U.  .S.  A.; 
Confederate  ma}.-gen.,  AS5. 

Fob  23.  Clatlin,  Lee,  manufacturer,  of  Bos- 
ton, benefactor  of  Hostun  University,  AHO. 

Mar.  3.    ralnier,.Ioseph,ed..  in  Boston,  A75. 

Mar.  18.  N'isl)et,  Kugeniua  Aristidea,  jurist, 
of  Ga.,  M.  C.;  Confederate  M.  C,  A68. 

Max.  35.  Tappan,  John,  merchant,  philan- 
thropist, of  Boston,  A90. 


CHURCH. 

1870  Oct.  19-21.  New  York.  4th  Na- 
tional Unitarian  Conference  is  held. 

Nov.  30.  Mass.  The  Cape  Cod  Confer- 
ence of  Unitarian  Congregational  and 
other  Liberal  Christian  churches  is  or- 
ganized at  Barnstable. 

Dec.  16.  Tenn.  Bishop  Paine  organizes 
the  Colored  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  of  America. 

*  *  Cal.  Chinese  mission  work  on  the 
Pacific  coast  is  begun  by  the  Americau 
Baptist  Home  Missionary  Society. 

*  *  Fla.  —  Afass.  The  Roman  Catholic 
dioceses  of  St.  Augustine  and  Springfield 
are  established. 

*  *  Pkila.  The  Baptist  AnTmn.!  Meet- 
ing is  held. 

*  *  Presbyterians  begin  mission  work 
among  the  Cattaraugus  and  Chippewa 
Indians. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Diciples  cf  Christ  is  held  at  Indianap- 
olis ;  R.  M.  Bishop,  president. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Pittsburg ;  T.  S. 
Ivundall,  moderator. 

*  *  Phila.  The  "Woman's  Board  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  is  organized. 

*  *  The  mission  to  the  Ojibway  Indians 
is  transferred  from  the  American  Board 
to  the  Presbyterian  Board. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  work  of  the  American 
Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign 
Missions  becomes  practically  confined 
to  the  Congregational  churches. 

*  *  U.  S.  Church  communicants  num- 
ber C,C73,396  — about  one  in  six  of  the 
population. 

LETTERS. 

1870  *  *  N'ew  York.  New-  Yorker  Tagea 
Nachrichttn  is  founded. 

*  •  N.  Y.  Canisius  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
at  Buffalo  is  organized. 

*  *.V.  Y.  St.  John  Baptist's  College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  of  Brooklyn  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Syracuse  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Syracuse. 

*  *  O.  "Wilmington  College  (Friends) 
is  organized  at  Wilmington. 

*  *  O.  The  Cincinnati  University  (non- 
sect.)  is  opened  at  Cincinnati. 

*  *  Pa.    The  Pittsburg  Leader  is  issued. 

*  *  Pa.  Thiel  College  (Evan.  Luth.)  is 
organized  at  Greenville. 

*  *  Pa.  St.  Vincent's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  Beatty. 

*  •  Minn.  Carleton  College  (Cong.)  is 
organized  at  Northfield. 

*  *  Pa.  Ursinus  College  (RefM.)  at  Free- 
land  is  organized. 

*  *  Utah.  Salt  I^ake  Seminary  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Salt  Lake  City. 

*  •  W.  Va.  The  State  Normal  School 
at  West  Liberty  is  opened. 

*  *  Among  My  Books,  by  James  RusseU 
Lowell,  appears. 

*  *  At  Last,  by  Marion  Harland,  appears. 

*  *  Books  and  Beading,  by  Noah  Porter, 
appears. 


*  *  Farmer's  AlmtnaXy  by  Josh  Billings 
(H.  W.  Shaw),  is  issued, 

*  *  Hammer  and  Papier,  by  John  E.  Cooke, 
appears. 

*  *  Great  Americans,  by  Theodore  Parker, 
appears. 

*  *  Ingham  Papers,  by  Edward  Everett 
Hale,  appears. 

*  *  The  Luck  of  Boaring  Camp,  by  Bret 
Ilarte,  appears  ;  also  Poems. 

*  *  Mechanism  in  Thought  and  Morals,  by 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  appears. 

*  *  Miriam,  and  Other  Poems,  by  John  G. 
Whittier,  appears. 

*  *  Passage  to  India,  by  Walt  W^hitman, 
appears. 

*  •  Society  and  Solitude,  by  Kalph"Waldo 
Bmerson,  appears. 

*  *  We  Girls,  by  Adeline  D.  T.  Whitney, 
appears. 

*  *  Taittiriya-Prdtic^akhya  (Sansk.),  by 
William  D.  Whitney,  who  receives  the 
Bopp  prize  from  the  Berlin  Academy, 
appears. 

*  *  The  War  beticeen  the  States,  by  Alex- 
ander H.  Stephens,  appears. 

*  *  The  Iliad,  a  translation  by  William 
Cullen  Bryant,  appears. 

*  ♦  Sketches  of  Creation,  by  Alexander 
Winchell,  appears. 

*  *  Tent  Life  in  Siberia,  by  George  Ken- 
nan,  appears. 

*  *  A  Comparative  Grammar  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  Language,  by  Francis  A.  March, 
appears. 

*  *  Hedged  In,  by  E.  Stuart  Phelps  [Ward], 
appears  ;  also  The  Silent  Partner. 

*  *  Joseph  and  his  Friend,  by  Bayard  Tay- 
lor, appears. 

*  *  Words  and  their  Uses,  by  Richard 
Grant  White,  appears. 

*  *  A  Battle  of  the  Books,  by  Gail  Hamil- 
ton, appears  ;  also  Stumbling  Blocks. 

*  *  My  Summer  in  a  Garden,  by  Charles 
Dudley  Warner,  appears. 

*  ♦  Ginfffr.S?ia/js,by  Fanny  Fern,  appears. 

*  *  Cr^^mbs  Swept  Up,  by  T.  De  Witt  Tal- 
mage,  appears. 

*  *  The  Nation,  by  Elisha  Mulford,  ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 
1870  •  *  i).  C.  The  4th  National  En- 
campment of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  is  held  at  Washington  ;  Gen. 
John  A.  Logan  of  111.,  commander-in- 
chief. 

*  *  Me.  The  Legislature  passes  a  bill  to 
increase  the  effectiveness  of  the  pro- 
hibitory law,  without  opposition  in 
either  House. 

*  *  Minn.  The  Legislature  changes  the 
liquor  law  by  providing  for  local  option. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Oregon  School  for  Deaf 
Mutes  is  opened  at  Salem. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Volunteer  Fire  Depart- 
ment is  abolished. 

*  *  R.  I.  The  I.»egislature  abolishes  im- 
prisonment for  debt.    Vote,  5G-2. 

*  *  W.  Va.  The  school  for  the  deaf  and 
blind  rit  Ronincy  is  opened  by  tlie  State. 


UNITED    STATES.  1870,  Oct.  18-1871,  Mar.  27.  278 


*  ♦  The  American  Association  for  the 
Cure  of  Inebriates  is  organized. 

*  ♦  Tlie  Association  of  Medical  Super- 
intendents of  American  Institutions 
for  the  Insane  is  organized. 

*  *  -73  *  *  Xew  York.  Robbery  of  New 
York  by  the  Tweed  Ring. 

■William  M.  Tweed,  the  Tammany 
"  Boss,"  and  his  accomplices  proceed  to 
rob  the  city  by  requiring  contractors  to 
increase  their  bills,  and  pay  over  to  them 
the  excess.  Bills  amounting  to  $G,000,- 
000  are  passed  at  one  meeting,  and 
$1,000,000  traced  to  Tweed  ;  the  expenses 
of  the  city  are  nearly  equal  to  the  ex- 
penses of  the  civil  list  of  the  National 
Government. 

*  *^.  T.  The  Society  of  the  Boyal 
Templars  of  Temperance  is  organized 
at  Buffalo. 

1871  Jan.  ♦7'a.  The  "Working  Men's 
Benevolent  Association  order  a  strike 
of  coal-miners  in  the  Schuylkill,  Lehigh, 
and  Lower  Wyoming  districts. 

Feb.  25.  A'y.  A  white  man,  incarce- 
rated for  the  murder  of  a  negro,  is 
taken  from  the  jail  at  Frankfort  and 
set  free,  by  a  band  of  armed  men. 

Mar.  12.  O.  The  reading  rooms  of  the 
public  library  at  Cincinnati  are  first 
opened  on  Sunday. 

STATE. 

1870  Oct.  30.  1).  C.  Jacob  D.  Cox. 
secretary  of  the  interior,  resigns. 

Nov.  8.  Mich.  The  people  ratify  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution,  which 
abolishes  all  distinction  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  civil  and  political  rights  which 
are  based  on  color. 

— -  />.  C.  The  Republican  majority  in 
Congress  is  much  reduced  by  the  elec- 
tions. 

Nov.  25.  Ala.  Gov.  Smith  enjoins  the 
President  of  the  Senate  from  counting 
the  votes  cast  for  governor  on  Nov.  8. 

Dec.  5.  D.  C.  The  4l8t  Congress:  the 
third  session  opens. 

Dec.  7.  Ala.  Gov.  Lindsay  begins  suit 
to  recover  the  books  and  papers  of  the 
governor's  office. 

Dec.  12.  /).  C.  Congress  ;  House  :  J. 
H.  Rainey  of  S.  C,  the  first  colored 
member,  is  sworn  in. 

Dec.  14.  N.  C.  Gov.  Holden  is  im- 
peached for  malfeasance  in  office.  He 
refused  to  surrender  Kuklux  prisoners 
on  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus. 

Dec.  22.  J).  C.  Gen.  Robert  C.  Schenck 
of  O.  is  appointed  minister  to  Great 
Britain. 

*  *  D.  C.  "WiUiam  Strong  of  Pa.  and 
Joseph  P.  Bradley  of  N.  J.  are  ap- 
pointed associate  justices  of  the  Su- 
preme Court. 

•  *  La.  The  Legislature  passes  an  act 
granting  a  charter  uniting  Jefferson 
City  and  Algiers  with  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Md.  The  Legislature  rejects  the  15th 
Amendment  to  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion by  a  unanimous  vote. 

•  *  Ore.  Tlie  Legislature  rejects  the  15th 
Amendment ;  it  protests  against  the 
treaty  with  China. 


*  *  U.S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-72  •  •  Ala.    Robert  B.  Lindsay. 
-71  *  *  Co7in.    James  E.  English. 
-71  *  *  Ida.  (Ter.).     Gilman  Marston. 
-74  ♦  *  ^finn.    Horace  Austin. 
-71  *  *  Miss.    James  L.  Alcorn. 
-82  *  *  Mont.  (Ter.).    Benj.  F.  Potts. 
-77  *  *  Ore.     Lafayette  S.  Grover. 
-74  *  *  Tex.    Edmund  J.  Davis, 
-74  *  *  Va.    Gilbert  C.  Walker. 
-72  *  *  rt.     John  ^y.  Stewart. 
-71  *  *  Wash.  (Ter.).    Ed.  S.  Salomon. 

1871  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  The  new  tariff 
comes  into  operation. 

Jan.  12.  D.  C.  President  Grant  appoints 
B.  F.  Wade  of  O.,  A.  D.  White  of  N.  Y., 
and  Dr.  Samuel  G.  Howe  of  Mass.,  a 
Board  of  Commissioners  to  visit  San 
Domingo,  and  report  on  the  desirability 
of  annexing  that  Republic  to  the  United 
States. 

Jan.  16.  D.  C.  The  Supreme  Court  ren- 
ders its  decision  that  the  Legal  Tender 
Act  of  1862  is  in  harmony  with  the  Con- 
stitution.   Case  of  Knox  vs.  Lee. 

Jan.  20.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an- 
other Refunding  Act  for  the  reduc- 
tion of  interest  on  the  debt. 

Jan.  26.  D.  C.  Sir  Edward  Thornton, 
British  minister  at  Washington,  pro- 
jjoses  a  joint  high  commission  for 
settling  international  claims. 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
providing  for  a  commission  on  fish  and 
fisheries. 

Feb.  21.  D.  C.  Congress  grants  a  ter- 
ritorial government  to  the  District  of 
Columbia,  and  provides  for  a  governor, 
with  a  council  of  U  members,  appointed 
by  the  President,  and  a  house  of  dele- 
gates, elected  by  the  people. 

Feb.  27.  D.C.   The  Joint  Commission 

meets  at  Washington  to  settle  several 
disputes  with  Great  Britain  —  the  dam- 
ages done  by  the  Confederate  privateers, 
the  fishery  question,  and  the  San  Juan 
boundary. 

It  consists  of  ten  members  :  the  Earl 
de  Gray  and  Marquis  of  Ripon,  Sir  Staf- 
ford Northoote,  ami  three  others  for 
Great  Britain  ;  Secretary  Fish,  Gen. 
Schenck,  and  three  others  for  the  United 
States. 

Feb.  28.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an 
additional  act  to  protect  the  right 
of  suffrage;  Republicans  vote  for  the 
measure,  Democrats  against  it. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
for  the  celebration  at  Philadelphia,  in 
1876,  of  the  centennial  of  American 
Independence. 

It  enacts  that  rules  may  he  provided 
by  the  President  for  admission  to  the 
civil  service. 

It  is  the  first  important  step  in  the 
civil  service  reform.  [George  William 
Curtis,  Alexauiler  <J.  Cattell,  Joseph 
Medill,  I).  A.  Walker,  E.  B.  Ellicott, 
Joseph  H.  Blackfan,  and  David  C.  Cox, 
are  apjM)iiited  the  first  Civil  Service 
Commissioners.  Fitness  for  the  place  is 
to  supersede  political  iuHinince.] 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  The  42d  Congress 
opens. 


Mar.  *  D.  C.  Congress;  House  :  Jamea 
G.  Blaine  (Rep.)  erf  Me.  is  reelected 
Speaker;  vote,  126-92;  George  W.  Mor- 
gan (Bern.)  of  O.,  92  votes. 

Mar.  10.  7).  C.  Congress:  Charles 
Sumner  of  Mass.  is  deposed  from  the 
chairmanship  of  the  Senate  Committee 
on  Foreign  Relations  because  of  con- 
tentions respecting  San  Domingo  ; 
James  Donald  Cameron  of  Pa.  is  his 
successor. 

Mar.  5.  D.  C.  President  Grant  issues  a 
proclamation  against  the  Kuklux  ter- 
rorists in  Korth  Carolina. 

Mar.  10.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate  : 
Henry  B.  Anthony  of  K.  I.  is  reelected 
President  ^ro  tempore. 

Mar.  24.  Z>.  C.  President  Grant  issues 
a  proclamation  against  the  armed  Ku- 
klux bands  of  South  Carolina. 

Mar.  27.  D.  C.  Congress :  Senator  Sum- 
ner makes  a  powerful  speech  against  the 
annexation  of  San  Domingo.  [His 
personal  intercourse  with  the  President 
is  suspended,  and  his  relations  to  Repub- 
lican senators  are  changed.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1870  Dec.  1.  Utah.  Mormons  Incor- 
porate Zion's  Cooperative  Mercan- 
tile Institution. 

Dec.  27.  Phila.  The  new  Chamber  of 
Conunerce  is  opened. 

Dec.  *  U.  S.  The  census  lately  completed 
estimates  the  wealth  of  the  United 
States  at  $31,000,000,000. 

Dec.  31.     U.  .9.    Statistics  for  1870. 

Production:  gold,  $50,000,000;  silver, 
$16,000,000.  Bushels  of  grain  :  Indian 
corn,  760,944,549 ;  wheat,  287,745,626; 
oats,  282,107,157  ;  barley,  29,761,305  ■  rye, 
16,918,795;  buckwheat,  9.821,721.  Bales 
of  cotton,  3,1.^>4,946.  Pounds  of  wool, 
162,000,000.  Currency  in  circulation, 
§655,212,794;  per  capita,  $17.50.  Immi- 
grants, 387,203. 

*  *  New  York.  The  "White  Star  Line  of 
steamers  running  to  Liverpool  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Government  commences  the 
improvement  of  Golden  Gate. 

*  *  O.  Lake  View  Cemetery,  near  Cleve- 
land, is  laid  out. 

*  *  La.  A  new  charter  is  adopted  at 
New  Orleans ;  Jefferson  City  is  annexed. 

*  *  Minn.  The  digging  of  a  ship  canal 
across  Minnesota  Point  at  Duluth  is  be- 
gun. 

*  *  O.  Mount  Auburn,  Corryville,  and 
Storrs  township  are  annexed  to  Cin- 
cinnati. 

1871  Jan.  27.  7>nn.  An  explosion 
occurs  on  the  steamer  H.  R,  Arthur^ 
above  Memphis;  fire  follows,  and  87 
persons  perish. 

Jan.  31.  Chicago.  The  Foundling's 
Home  is  opened. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  charters  the 
Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  connecting 
Marshall,  Texas,  with  l^os  Angeles,  Cal. 

Mar.  15.  Phila.  The  paid  fire  depart- 
ment is  inaugurate<l. 


274    1871,  Mar.  =*-Dec.* 


AMERICA: 


ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1871  Apr.  15.  ±  Africa.  Stanley  ob- 
tains tidings  respecting  Liyingstoue. 

Apr.  *  N.  T.  The  State  grants  a  site  and 
$500,000  for  a  building  to  be  used  by  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art. 

June  10.  A>w  York.  A  bronze  statue 
of  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse,  inventor  of 
the  electric  telegraph,  is  unveiled  in 
Central  Park. 

June  *  Stanley  reaches  Unganyembe,  in 
^Vest  Central  Africa. 

Jime  24.  N,  Y.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
Capitol  at  Albany  is  laid. 

Tlie  building  is  300  by  400  feet,  and 
with  its  porticos  will  cover  seven  acres  of 
land ;  estimated  cost,  about  $21,000,000. 

June  29.  New  York.  Capt.  Charles  P. 
Hall  sails  in  the  Polaris  on  his  third 
expedition  to  the  polar  regions. 

July  24.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid  Cassandra 
is  discovered  by  C.  H,  F.  Peters.  [Also 
Iphigenia,  Sept.  19.] 

Aug.  6.  Mich.  The  asteroid  Tliyra  is 
discovered  by  J.  C.  Watson. 

Sept.  *  The  Polaris,  with  Capt.  Hall*s 
expedltioni  is  frozen  in  by  arctic  ice. 

Oct.  6.  O.  The  Tyler-Davidson  foun- 
tain at  Cincinnati  is  unveiled. 

Oct.  *  Great  forest  fires  rage  in  Michi- 
gan, Minnesota,  and  Wisconsin;  15,000 
people  lose  their  homes  in  Michigan. 

Nov.  8.  Capt.  Charles  F.  Hall,  the  arc- 
tic explorer,  dies  in  the  polar  region. 

Nov.  10.  Africa.  Stanley's  band  dis- 
play the  American  flag  and  march  into 
Ujiji,  where  he  finds  Livingstone. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Apollo  Musical  Club 
is  organized. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1871. 
Apr  10,    Chauncey,  John  S.,  com.  U.  S.  N., 

A71-K 

Apr.  16.  Dnmont,  Ebenezer,  bng.-gen. 
vols.,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  A 56. 

Apr.  17.  Marshall,  Thomas  Alexander, 
jurist,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  A77. 

Apr.  *  Mason,  James  Murray,  senator  for 
Va.,  author  of  fugitive-slave  law,  A74. 

May  33.  t^lark,  Davis  Wasgatt,  editor, 
M.  E.  bishop,  A59. 

May.  31.  Montgomery,  William  Reading, 
U.  S.  A.,  brig.  gen.  vols.,  A70. 

June  1.  Murpl-y,  John  McLeod,  naval  engi- 
neer, writer,  A44. 

June  3.  Lord,  Eleazer,  financier,  scholar, 
author,  benefactor,  A83. 

June  4.  Tatnall,  Josiah,  capt.  U.  S.  N. ; 
capt.  Confederate  navy,  A75. 

June  7.  Rodman,  Tliomas  Jeff.,  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  U.  S.  A.;  inventor  of  cann«n,  A53. 

June  8.  Ketclmni,  Win.,  brtg.-gen.  vols.,  A58. 

June  13.    Croawell,  Edwin,  editor,  A74. 

June  17.  Vallandigham,  Clement  Laird, 
M.  C.  for  O.,  exiled  to  the  Confed.,  A51. 

June  26.  Gannett,  Ezra  Stiles,  Unit,  cler- 
gyman, A  70. 

July  1.  May,  Samuel  Joseph,  Unit,  clergy- 
man, abolitionist,  A74. 

July  29.    Slidell,  John,  sen.  for  La.,  A78. 

July  31.    Cary,  Phcebe,  author,  poet,  A47. 

Aug.  8.  Beman,  Nathaniel  S.  S.,l*res.  cler- 
gyman, A86. 

Aug-  26.  Scribner,  Charles,  publisher  Scrib- 
ner's  Monthly,  A51. 

Sept.  8.  Holbrook,  John  Edwards,  natural- 
ist, of  S.  C,  A76. 

Sept.  16.  Longnecker,  Henry  Clay,  law- 
yer, M.  C.  for  Pa.;  col.  vols.,  A5L 

Oct.  36.  Ewing:,  Thomas,  sec.  of  treas., 
senator  for  C,  AK2. 

Oct.  27.  Anderson,  Robert,  ma]. -gen., 
defender  of  Fort  Sumter,  A66. 

Crawford,  Nathaniel  Macon,  Bapt.  cler- 
gyman, AtiO. 


Nov.  5.     Loring,  Fredrick  W.,  author,  A23. 

Nov.  8.  Hall,  Charles  Francis,  arctic  ex- 
plorer, A  60. 

Nov.  13.  Cookman,  Alfred,  M.  E.  clergy- 
man, .V43. 

Nov.  26.  Cogswell,  Joseph  Green,  geolo- 
gist, librarian,  A86. 

Nov.  29.  Dunn,  Oscar,  born  aslave,lieut.- 
gov.  of  La.,  A51. 

Bee.  17.  Tuckerman,  H.  T.,  essayist,  art- 
critic,  A  58. 

Dec.  20.     Baker,  Osman  C,  M.  E.  bp.,  A59. 

Dec.  24.    Morse,  Sidney  E.,  editor,  A77. 

Dec.  26.  Barker,  Jacob,  financier,  politi- 
cian, of  N.  Y.,  A92. 

Dec.  27.  Breckinridge.  Robert  J..  Pres. 
clergyman,  A71. 

Dec.  28.    Hackett,  James  Henry,  actor,  A71. 


CHURCH. 

1871  May  24.  /).  C.  The  Interna- 
tional Young  Men*s  Christian  Asso- 
ciation assembles  at  Washington. 

June  9,  Chicago.  Tlie  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  is  held. 

June  11.  Kan.  Louis  M.  Fink  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Leav- 
enworth. 

Oct.  8.  S.  C.  William  Bell  White  Howe 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  as- 
sistant bishop  of  South  Carolina. 

Oct.  25.  Tenn.  The  Central  South  Con- 
gregational Association  is  organized. 

Nov,  17-  O.  A  National  Council  of 
Congregational  churches  is  formed 
at  Oberlin. 

Nov.  *  N.  Y.  The  Lutheran  General 
Council  meets  at  liochester;  Charles 
P.  Krauth,  president. 

Dec.  4.  Tex.  The  Congregational  Associ- 
ation of  Southwest  Texas  is  organized. 


LETTERS. 

1871  Apr.  *  N.  J.  The  free  school 
system  is  introduced. 

Sept.  6.  R.  I.  The  State  Normal 
School  is  opened  at  Providence. 

Sept.  *  Tex.  The  public  school  system 
is  introduced. 

Oct.  4.  Ala.  The  University  of  Ala- 
bama at  University  is  reorganized  and 
opened. 

Dec.  20.  Wis.  A  College  for  Women 
is  opened  in  connection  with  the  State 
University  at  Madison. 

*  *  Ala,  The  Alabama  Polytechnic 
College  (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Au- 
burn. 

SOCIETY. 

1871  Apr.  26.  Cal.  Laura  D.  Fair  is 
tried  and  acquitted  at  San  Francisco  for 
the  murder  of  A.  P.  Crittenden  on  Nov.  3, 
1870. 

Apr.  *  Phiia.  The  Presbyterian  Hos- 
pital is  chartered. 

May  18.  N.  Y.  Edward  H.  Ruloff ,  a 
philologist,  is  tried  for  murder,  and 
hanged  at  Binghamton. 

May  *  5.  C.  A  taxpayers'  convention 
is  held  at  Columbia. 

July  4.  Utah.  A  parade  of  the  Mor- 
mon militia  is  hrokeu  up  by  United 
States  officers. 


July  12.  Kew  York.  A  riot  occurs  be- 
tween the  Irish  Catholics  and  Irish 
Protestants. 

The  Catholics  attempt  to  break  up  a 
parade  of  Orangemen,  though  protected 
by  the  police ;  the  military  are  called 
out,  and  over  100  persons  are  killed  and 
wounded. 

Aug.  10.  Mo.  A  National  Ijabor  Con- 
gress assembles  at  St.  Louis. 

Aug.  *  Mich.  George  Vanderpool  is 
tried  for  the  murder  of  Herbert  Field, 
at  Manistee,  on  Sept.  5,  18G9,  and  finally 
acquitted,  1st  trial,  guilty ;  2d  trial, 
the  jury  disagree ;  3d  trial,  acquitted. 

Sept.  2.  N.  Mex.  An  election  riot  breaks 
out  at  La  Mesilla. 

Sept.  4.  New  York.  A  mass-meeting  of 
citizens  appoints  a  committee  of  70  to 
investigate  the  charges  against  the 
Tweed  Ring. 

Sept.  18.  Chicago.  The  Sovereign  Grand 
Lodge  of  Odd  Fellows  assembles. 

Sept.  26.  Md.  A  National  Commercial 
Convention  assembles  at  Baltimore. 

Oct.  2.  Utah.  Brigham  Young,  the 
president  of  the  Mormon  Church,  is  ar- 
rested for  bigamy. 

Oct.  24.  Cal.  A  mob  causes  a  riot  at 
Los  Angeles  in  which  15  Chinamen  are 
hanged  and  six  shot. 

Oct.  28.  New  York.  WiUiam  M.  Tweed 
is  arrested  on  acivil  charge,  and  released 
on  $2,000,000  bail. 

Oct.  3 1 .  Tenn,  The  Reunion  and  Re- 
form Association  convenes  at  Nash- 
ville. 

Oct.  •  Mich.  The  sum  of  $462,106  and 
about  $250,000  worth  of  clothing  are  dis- 
tributed among  the  sufferers  by  forest 
fires ;  the  gifts  are  the  benefactions  of 
many  States  and  several  nations. 

Oct,  *  U.  S.  Great  sums  of  money  con- 
tributed throughout  the  country  for  the 
sufferers  by  the  Chicago  fire. 

Utah.  Brigham  Young  escapes  trial 

by  flight;  Elder  Hawkins  is  sentenced 
to  three  years  imprisonment  for  bigamy. 

Nov.  7.  NewYcyrk.  The  Tammany  Ring 
is  defeated  in  the  municipal  election. 

Nov.  19.  New  York.  The  Grand  Duke 
Alexis  arrives,  accompanied  by  a  fleet 
of  Russian  war-vessels.  [He  is  publicly 
welcomed,  Nov.  21.] 

Dec.  16.  New  York.  'William  M, 
Tweed  is  committed  to  the  Tombs  for 
a  short  time. 

*  *  Boston.  The  5th  National  Encamp- 
ment of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public is  held  ;  Gen.  Ambrose  E.  Burn- 
side  of  R.  I.,  comraander-in-chief. 

*  *  Neb.  The  State  insane  aaylimi  is 
opened  at  Lincoln. 

*  *  The  American  Society  of  Mechani- 
cal Engineers  is  organized. 

STATE. 

1871  Mar.*  Kij.  The  Government  sends 
troops  into  the  State,  and  withdraws 
the  mail  for  one  month  from  Benson, 


UNITED   STATES. 


1871,  Mar.  *-Dec. 


275 


because  of  the  murder  of  'William  H. 
Gibson,  a  colored  mail  agent  of  tbe  Lex- 
ington and  Louisville  road,  on  Jan.  26. 

Apr.  5,  I).  C.  Congress  receives  tbe 
report  of  tbe  San  Domingo  Commis- 
sion ;  also  a  message  from  President 
Grant,  relating  to  annexation. 

Apr.  10.  I).  C.  Congress  passes  a  Gen- 
eral Amnesty  Bill,  wbicb  excepts  tbree 
classes  of  secessionists.  Vote,  1^-46. 
[Deferred  by  the  Senate.] 

Apr.  19.  I).  C.  Congress  passes  the 
unpopular  Force  Bill. 

By  it  military  action  may  be  tai^en  in 
States  where  a  conspiracy  denies  equal 
protection  to  all  the  citizens,  and  per- 
mits the  President  to  suspend  tbe  writ  of 
habeas  corpus  in  such  States. 

Apr.  20.  D.  C.  Tbe  President  approves 
Anti-Kuklui  Act  (Force  Bill);  it  has 
for  its  object  tbe  enforcement  of  tbe 
14tb  Amendment. 

The  42d  Congress :  tbe  first  session 
closes. 

Apr.  27.  IF.  Fa.  The  people  vote  to 
restore  the  rights  of  citizenship  to 
persons  Implicated  in  aiding  tbe  Con- 
federacy. 

May  3.  D,  C.  President  Grant  issues  a 
proclamation  to  inform  tbe  South  that 
it  may  avoid  the  enforcement  of  the 
obnoxious  KuUuz  Act  by  orderly  be- 
havior. 

Conn.  A  joint  committee  of  tbe  Gen- 
eral Assembly  is  appointed  to  examine 
tlie  election  returns. 

May  8.  I).  C.  The  Treaty  of  "Wash- 
ington resulting  from  the  labors  of  the 
Joint  High  Commission  is  signed. 

It  provides  for  reference  to  the  Em- 
peror of  Germany  of  tbe  dispute  as  to 
tbe  Oregon  boundary  ;  for  a  partial 
settlement  of  tbe  fishery  dispute  ;  and  for 
tile  settlement  of  the  Alabama  claims. 

May  10.  D.  C.  The  Senate  meets  In 
special  session  at  tbe  call  of  the  Presi- 
dent (Apr.  20).     [It  adjourns  May  27.] 

Conn.    Tbe  joint  committee  reports 

to  tbe  General  Assembly  tbe  vote  for 
governor;  total  vote,  94,860;  Marshall 
Jewell  (Rep.),  47,473 ;  James  E.  English 
(Dem.),  47,373  ;  scattering,  14.  It  reports 
Jewell  elected. 

May  26.  B.C.  Congress:  Tbe  Senate 
ratifies  the  treaty  of  "Washington ;  it 
relates  to  Alabama  claims. 

May*/).  C.  TbePresident  suspends  tbe 
habeas  corpus  act  in  nine  counties  of 
South  Carolina,  consequent  on  Kuklux 
outrages. 

June  2.  A'eb.  Gov.  David  P.  Butler, 
charge  1  with  appropriating  to  his  own 
use  .?17,000  of  the  school  fund,  is  im- 
peached for  corruption. 

June  23.  The  Civil  Service  Commis- 
sioners meet,  and  elect  George  Wil- 
liam Cvirtis  of  N.  T.  chairman. 

June  SO.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1871. 
Reve.me:  Customs,  $206,270,408;  internal 
revenue,  $143,098,iri4 ;  direct  tax,  |580,- 
365 ;  sales  of  public  lands,  $2,388,047  ; 
premiums  on  loans  and  sales  of  gold 


coin,  $8,892,840;  miscellaneous  items, 
$22,093„'i41.  Total  reven\ie,  $383,323,945 ; 
excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary  ex- 
penses, $91,146,757.  Expenditures:  Pre- 
miums on  loans,  purchase  of  bonds,  etc., 
$9,016,795 ;  miscellaneous  items,  $60,- 
481,917  ;  War  Department,  $35,799,992  ; 
Navy  Department,  $19,431,027;  Indians, 
$7,426,997 ;  pensions,  $34,443,895  ;  interest 
on  the  public  debt,  $125,576,566.  Total 
ordinary  expenses,  $2!)2,177,188 ;  public 
debt,  $2,353,211,332.  Exports,  $442,820,- 
178 ;  imports,  $520,223,681. 

July  4.  Utah.  The  Federal  Government 
disperses  companies  of  tbe  Wauvoo 
Legion. 

Aug.  8.  La.  The  spirit  of  political 
faction  disturbs  tbe  peace  of  tbe  State. 
A  convention  called  by  tbe  Republican 
State  Central  Committee  (M^armoutb- 
ites)  meets  at  New  Orleans  to  choose 
a  State  Committee ;  an  opposition  con- 
vention (Kelloggites)  led  by  Lieut.-Gov. 
Oscar  J.  Dunn,  colored,  meets  in  tbe 
Custom-bouse, 

Sept.  26.  B.C.  The  Joint  High  Com- 
missioners meet  at  Washington,  and 
organize  to  adjust  private  claimsagainst 
Great  Britain  and  tbe  United  States, 
arising  between  tbe  13tb  of  April,  1861, 
and  the  9tb  of  April,  1865. 

Oct.  12.  2).  C.  President  Grant  issues  a 
proclamation  against  tbe  Kuklux,  who 
terrorize  tbe  negroes  in  tlie  upper  coun- 
ties of  South  Carolina.  He  suspends  the 
habeas  corpus  in  several  counties,  and 
stations  troops  for  tbe  restoration  of 
order ;  600  citizens  are  arrested. 

Oct.  30.  Ga.  Gov.  Bullock  being  ac- 
cused of  fraud,  resigns  and  leaves  tbe 
State. 

Nov.  7  JVew  York.  Tammany  Hall  is 
defeated  in  tbe  State  election ;  'William 
F.  Havemeyer  is  elected  the  78th  mayor. 

Nov.  22.  La.  The  Carter  faction  of  tbe 
Republican  party  declares  tbe  election 
of  P.  B.  S.  Plnchback,  to  fill  tbe  va- 
cancy caused  by  the  death  of  tbe  lieuten- 
ant-governor, to  be  imconstitutional. 

Nov,  23.  Ind.  Gov.  Baker  issues  a  pro- 
clamation against  mob  "violence  and 
the  lynching  of  criminals. 

Nov.  25.     B.  C.     M.   Katakazy,    the 

Russian  envoy,  becomes  obnoxious  to 
Secretary  Fish,  by  his  unwaranted  in- 
terference in  diplomatic  matters,  and 
be  is  dismissed. 

Dec.  13.    B.  C.    Attorney-General  A.  T. 

Akerman  resigns. 
Dec.  4.    B.  C.    The  42d  Congress :  tbe 

second  session  opens. 

Dec.  14.  Tenn.  Tbe  Legislature  pro- 
vides for  an  Agricultural  Bureau. 

Dec.  15.  Switz.  The  Alabama  Arbi- 
tration Commission  opens  and  organ- 
izes at  Geneva. 

The  Court  consists  of  five  members  : 
Count  Frederick  Sclopis,  president,  for 
Italy,  Baron  Staempfl  for  Switzerland, 
Vicomte  d'ltajuba  for  Brazil,  Charles 
Francis  Adams  for  the  United  States, 
and  Sir  Alexander  Cockburn  for  Great 
Britain. 

Dec.  20.  SyUz,  The  American  and  Brit- 
ish claims  are  presented  to  the  Commis- 
sion. 


Dec.  *  La.  Two  factions  strive  to  cap- 
ture the  Legislature  by  unseating  oppo- 
nents. 

Dec.  21.  B.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Henry  B.  Anthony  of  E.  I.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1871  Jime  18.  0.  C.  L.  VaUandig- 
ham  accidentally  kills  himself  with  a 
pistol  in  a  court-room. 

June  24.  JV.  r.  Tbe  corner-stone  of  tbe 
new  Capitol  is  laid  at  Albany. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Immigrants  for  1871, 
321,350. 

July  14.  A  foreign  syndicate  offers  to 
take  all  tbe  five  per  cent  bonds  that 
tbe  government  desires  to  sell. 

July  1.  Chicago.  The  La  Salle  Street 
tunnel  is  opened. 

July  18.  III.  The  Illinois  and  Michi- 
gan Canal  is  deepened,  to  create  a  cur- 
rent from  Lake  Michigan  to  the  Illinois 
River, 

July  30.  Jfew  York.  Tbe  Staten  Island 
ferry-boat  Westfield,  while  crowded  with 
passengers,  explodes  her  boilers ;  100 
persons  are  killed,  and  many  injured. 

Aug.  26.  Mass.  A  collision  occurs  at 
Revere,  on  the  Boston  and  Portland 
road,  and  causes  20  deaths. 

Aug.  27.  Ala.  Tbe  steamer  Ocean  Wave 
explodes  at  Mobile ;  60  lives  lost. 

Aug.  *  III.  Tbe  Illinois  and  Michigan 
Canal  is  transferred  to  tbe  State. 

Aug.  *  Nev.  The  new  Capitol  at  Car- 
son City  is  occupied. 

Sept.  19.  III.  President  Lincoln's 
body  is  removed  to  its  resting-place  at 
Springfield. 

Oct.  8.    Chicaf/o.    The  great  fire. 

A  fire  breaks  out  in  a  cow-stable  at 
9.30  o'clock  on  Sunday  evening,  and  a 
strong  west  wind  drives  it  rapidly 
through  73  miles  of  streets,  till  it  covers 
three  and  a  half  square  miles,  destroys 
17,450  buildings,  200  lives,  and  property 
valued  at  $200,000,000 ;  98,500  people  are 
rendered  homeless.  It  is  checked  on 
the  second  day. 

Oct.  8-9.    JVis.    A  terrific  sheet  of  Are, 

10  miles  wide,  sweeps  over  tbe  counties 
bordering  Green  Bay ;  losses,  1,000  lives, 
and  $3,000,000  in  property. 

Oct.  9.  A^eie  York.  Tbe  Grand  Central 
Depot  is  opened. 

Oct.  16-22.  Tbe  English  ya(;bt  Livonia 
and  tbe  yachts  of  the  New  York  Yacht 
Club  engage  in  an  international  race, 
which  is  won  by  tbe  Columbia  and  tbe 
Sappho  of  New  York,  tbey  leading  In 
four  of  tlie  five  races. 

Oct.  *  Mich.  Many  lives  are  lost  by 
forest  fires,  wbicb  prevail  during  an  ex- 
tensive drought  in  Michigan  and  th« 
Northwest. 

Nov.  22.  la.  The  corner-stone  of  tbe 
new  State  Capitol  is  laid  at  Des  Moines. 

Dec.i*  Phila.  An  epidemic  of  small 
pox  causes  4,404  d«.atbs. 

Dec.  31.  U.S.  Increase  of  railroads  for 
1871,  7,670  miles. 


!7(5     1871,  *  *~187  2,  May  1. 


AMERICA; 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1871*  *  Mass.    A  School  of  Agricul- 
ture is  established  at  Harvard  Univer- 
sity by  the  gifts  of  Benjamin  Busaey. 

*  *  Mo.  Beethoven's  Conservatory  of 
Music  is  established  at  St.  Louis. 

*  *  Keiv  York.  George  H.  Boughton  of 
London,  England,  Thomas  "Waterman 
Wood,  and  Alexander  H.  Kitcliie  are 
elected  members  of  the  National  Acad- 
emy of  Design. 

*  *  N'.  r.  The  Buffalo  park  system  is 
begun  ;  638  acres  and  17  miles  of  drive- 
ways are  laid  out. 

*  *  Phila.  Work  begins  on  the  Public 
Building. 

It  covers  four  acres  ;  extreme  height, 
537^  feet ;  estimated  cost,  $10,000,000. 

*  •  Phila.  The  Orpheus  Society  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  U.  S.  Automatic  self-binders  for 
harvesting  grain  are  introduced. 

*  •  Genesee  Meadows  is  painted  by  J.  W, 
Casilear. 

*  *  Close  of  Day  is  painted  by  A.  B.  Du- 
rand. 

*  •  The  Battle  of  Gettysburg  is  painted  by 
Peter  F.  Rothermel. 

1872  Jan.  9.  D.  C.  Congress  places 
a  statue  of  Roger  "Williams  in  the 
National  Capitol. 

Feb.  4.  The  aurora  borealis  is  visible 
in  Northern  States,  very  brilliant. 

Feb.  20.  New  York.  The  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  Art  gives  its  first  exhibi- 
tion, consisting  of  paintings,  in  a  tem- 
porary gallery. 

Mar.  1.  Wyo.  Congress  sets  apart  the 
ITellowatone  National  Park. 

It  comprises  about  3,300  square  miles 
of  remarkable  scenery,  and  includes 
Yellowstone  Lake,  many  rivers,  moun- 
tains, and  forests ;  the  hot  springs, 
spouting  geysers,  and  mud  volcanoes 
attract  attention. 

Mar.  8.  Conn.  The  State  formally  pre- 
sents to  the  U.  S.  Senate  the  statues  of 
Jonathan  Trumbull  and  Hoger  Sher- 
man, to  be  placed  in  the  National  Cai)i- 
tol. 

Mar.  26,  27.  Cat.  Earthquakes  de^ 
Btroy  about  thirty  lives,  and  ruin  several 
small  towns. 

Apr.  3.  Mich.  The  asteroid  Althaea  is 
discovered  by  J.  C.  Watson.  [Also,  Her- 
mione,  May  12,  and  Nemesis,  Nov.  25.] 

Apr.  9.  Mich.  The  Soldiers'  Monu- 
ment at  Detroit  is  unveiled ;  cost, 
$75,000. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1872. 

Jan.  3.    Brittan,  Nathan,  teacher,  inventor, 

A64. 
Porter,  Andrew,  brtg.-gen.  U.  S.  vols., 

A52. 
Jan.  4.    Naudain,  Arnold,  physician,  sen. 

for  Del.,  A82. 
Jan.   9.    Halleck,  Henry  Waeer,  maj.- 

gen.,  gen.-in -chief,  military  writer,  A  57. 
Jan.    13.     Rich,   Isaiit;,  nierctiant,    pliilan- 

thropist,  fdr.  of  Boston  I'niversity,  ATI. 
Jan.  26.     Ewell,  Richard  Stoddard. capt. 

U.  S.  A.,  Confed.  lieut.-gen.,  A52. 
Jan.  28.    Eddy,  Norman,  lawyer,  M,  C.  for 

Ind.,  A61. 
.—  Lyman,  Joseph  B.,  journalist,  agriciil- 

torist,  author,  A42. 


Feb.  7.    Grimes,  James  W.,  senator.  Gov. 

of  Iowa,  AM. 
Spalding,  Martin  John,   K.  C,  arch- 

bisliup  of  Baltimore,  A62. 

Feb.  27.  Treadwell,  Daniel,  machinist,  in- 
ventor, A81. 

Max.  6.  Howard,  Benjamin  C,  lawyer, 
M.  C.  for  Md.,  Aai. 

Mar.  28.  Marshall,  Humphrey,  M.  ('.  for 
Ky.,  ('onfederale  brig.-gen.,  A6(). 

Apr.  2.  Morse,  Samuel  Flnley  B..  artist 
and  inventor  (Telegraph),  Aftl. 

rphaiii,  Tlioinas  (.'ogswell,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, metaptiysician,  author,  A72. 

Apr.  5.  (Jallbway,  Samuel,  lawyer,  M.  C. 
for  O.,  A61. 

Apr.  16.  Buchanan,  McKean,  tragedian, 
A  49. 

Apr.  18.  Tufts,  Quincy,  philanthropist, 
A  81. 

Apr.  22.  Fort,  George,  physician,  Gov. 
of  N.  J.,  A63. 

Apr.  27.  Kidwell,  Zedekiah,  physician, 
lawyer,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  A58. 

Moore,  Nathaniel    F.,  professor  Greek 

and  Latin  at  Columbia,  A90. 


CHURCH. 

1871*  *The  Protestant  Episcopal  dio- 
ceses of  Arkansas  and  Central  Pennsyl- 
vania are  formed. 

*  *  Jioston.  The  "Woman's  Baptist  For- 
eign Missionary  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held. 

*  ♦  Chicago.  The  "Woman's  Baptist 
Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the 
"West  is  organized. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  General  Assembly  of 
Presbyterians  meets  ;  Z.  M.  Humphrey, 
moderator. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Indiana  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Kansas  Eldership  (Churcli  of  God) 
is  organized. 

*  *  The  Minnesota  and  North  Iowa  Con- 
ference (Free  Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  Md.  The  General  Convention  (Pro- 
testant Episcopal)  meets  in  Baltimore  ; 
it  renews  the  vote  of  confidence  taken 
inlS44. 

*  *  The  Missouri  Eldership  (Church  of 
God)  is  organized. 

*  *  Neb.  ITie  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Nebraska  is  organized. 

*  •  O.  The  General  Ssmod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  meets  at  Dayton. 

*  •  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  R.  M.  Bishop,  president. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Xeuia;  K.  A. 
McAyeal,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa,  The  Reformed  Presbyterian  Sy- 
nod at  Pittsburg  subscribes  to  the 
bond  of  the  covenant  received  from 
the  sessions. 

*  *  The  "Woman's  Auxiliary  to  the 
Board  of  Missions  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  is  organized. 

*  *  5.  Dak.  The  Congregational  Associa- 
tion of  South  Dakota  is  organized. 

*  *  Cat.  The  Congregational  Associa- 
tion of  Christian  Chinese  is  organized 
at  San  Francisco. 

1872.  Apr.  14.  O.  Richard  Gihnour 
is  consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop 
of  Cleveland. 


Ind.    Joseph  Dwenger  is  consecrated 

(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Fort  Wayne. 

Apr.  21.  N.  Y,  Francis  McNeirny  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
the  diocese  of  Albany. 

May  l.-June  4.  N.  Y.  The  General 
Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal)  is 
held  in  Brooklyn ;  lay  delegates  are 
admitted;  incipient  action  is  taken  to 
jjromote  fraternal  relations  with  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  Soutli. 

The  Central  New  York,  Florida,  and 
Northwest  Iowa  Conferences  are  organ- 
ized; also  the  Chicago  German  Confer- 
ence. 

Thomas  Bowman,  William  L.  Harris, 
Randolph  S.  Foster,  Isaac  W.  Wiley, 
Stephen  M.  Merrill,  Edward  G.  Andrews, 
Gilbert  Haven,  and  Jesse  T.  Peck  are 
ordained  bishops. 

LETTERS. 

1871  *  *  Arkansas  College  (Pres.)  Is  or- 
ganized at  Batesville. 

*  *  Ark.  Judson  University  (Bapt.)  is 
organized  at  Judsonia. 

*  *  Arkansas  Industrial  University  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Fayetteville. 

*  *  Boston  University  is  opened. 

*  *  Cal.  "Willa  College  at  Mills  College 
is  opened. 

*  *  Cal.  The  San  Francisco  Theological 
Seminary  (Pres.)  is  opened. 

*  *  Cal.  Pierce  Christian  College 
(Christian)  is  organized  at  College  City. 

*  *  Conn.  Noah  Porter  is  electe<i  presi- 
dent of  Yale  University,  as  successor  to 
Theodore  D.  Woolsey. 

*  *  Ga.  Dorchester  Academy,  colored,  is 
opened  at  Mcintosh,  by  the  American 
Missionary  Association. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Public  Library  of  Ken- 
tucky is  founded.    [60,800  vols.] 

*  ^  Miss.  Alcorn  University  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Rodney. 

*  *  Mo.  Tlie  State  Normal  School  at 
Warrensburg  is  opened;  also  another 
at  Kirksville;  at  Plymouth,  N.  H. ;  at 
Genesee  and  Buffalo,  N.  Y. ;  the  Le- 
Moyne  Normal  Institute  at  Memphis, 
Tenn. ;  and  the  Roman  Catholic  Normal 
School  of  the  Holy  Family,  at  St.  Fran- 
cis, Wis. 

*  *  N.  r.  Rutherford  CoUege  is  opened. 

*  *  Sth.  Edward  Rosewater  establishes 
the  Omaha  Daily  Bee. 

*  *  Xeb.  The  University  of  Nebraska 
is  opened  at  Lincoln. 

*  *  JV.  H.  The  compulsory  education 
law  becomes  eflFective, 

*  *  N.  J.  Stevens's  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology at  Iloboken,  founded  by  Edwin 
Augustus  Stevens,  is  opened. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  Princeton  Review  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *  .V.  Mex,  The  Legislature  provides  for 
common  schools  in  each  county. 

*  *  New  York.    The  Witness  is  issued. 

*  *  X.  Dak.  Fargo  CoUege  (Cong.)  la 
founded. 


UNITED   STATES.       1871,*  *-1872,  May  1.      277 


»  *  \e!f  i'nrl:      Forest    and     Stream     is 
founded. 

*  *  O.    Miami  Valley  College  (Friends) 
in  Springboro  is  organized. 

*  *  O.    Buchtel   University  (Univ.)   is 
opened  at  Akron. 

*  •  Pa.    Lincoln    Theological    Seminary 
(Colored  Pres.)  is  established. 

*  •  S.   C.     Benedict    Institute    (Colored 
Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Columbia. 

»  •  IV.  Va.  Shepherd  College  (non-sect.) 
is  organized. 

*  •  ir.    Va.     The    Broaddus    College 
(Bapt.)  at  Clarksburg  is  opened. 

*  *  A  Woman's  Poems,  by  Sarah  M.  B. 
Piatt,  appears. 

*  •  Landmarks,  by  John  James  Piatt,  ap- 
pears. 

*  ♦  The  Book  of  the  East,  by  R.  H.  Stod- 
dard, appears. 

*  ♦  East  and  West  Poems,  by  Bret  Harte, 
appears. 

*  •  Dlclionary  of  Literature  and  Authors, 
by  Samuel  Austin  AUibone,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Christ,  by  Henry  Ward  Beecher, 
appears. 

*  *  Life  of  General  R.  E.  Lee,  by  John 
Esten  Cooke,  appears. 

»  *  Little  Men,  by   Louisa   May  Alcott, 
appears. 

*  •  My  Study  Windows,  by  James  Bus- 
sell  Lowell,  appears. 

*  ♦  Democratic  Vistas,  by  Walt  Whitman, 
appears. 

*  *  Real  Folks,  by  Adeline  Dutton  Train 
Whitney,  appears. 

*  *  The  Hoosier  Schoolmaster,  by  Edward 
Eggleston,  appears. 

*  *  Sticcess  and  its  Conditions,  by  Edwin 
Percy  Whipple,  appears. 

*  •  History  of  Frederick  the  Great,  by  John 
S.  C.  Abbott,  appears. 

*  •  Christianity  and  Positivism,  by  James 
McCosh,  appears. 

*  *  Ca,?«/ia«  Days,  by  John  Hay,  appears; 
also,  Pike  County  Ballads. 

*  *  The  Country  of  the  Dwarfs,  by  Paul  B. 
du  Chaillu,  appears. 

»  *  Our  Girls,  by  Uio  Lewis,  appears. 

*  *  The  Moral  Duty  of  Total  Abstinence, 
by  Theodore  L.  Cuyler,  appears. 

*  *  Common  Sense  in  the  Household,  by 
Marion  Harland,  appears. 

*  *  Overland,  by  J.  W.  DeForest,  appears. 
»  *  Pink  and  White  Tyranny,  by  UATiiet 

Beecher  Stowe,  appears. 

*  *  Songs  of  the  Sierras,  by  Joaquin  Mil- 
ler, appears. 

*  *  Verses  by  H.  H.   (Helen  Hunt,  after- 
wards -Mrs.  Jackson)  appears. 

*  *  Elements  of  Intellectual  Philosophy, 
by  Noah  Porter,  appears ;  also  Science 

of  Xftture  vs.  the  Science  of  Man. 

*  •  The  Sympathy  of  Religions, byThomns 
W.  Higginson,  appears. 

*  •  The   Divine  Tragedy,  by  Henry  W. 
Longfellow,  appears. 

1872     Mar.  25.     Chicago,     The  Inter- 
Ocean  is  issued. 


SOCIETY. 

1871  *  *  Jf.  Y.  Aratus  F.  Pierce  is 
tried  and  acquitted  of  the  murder  of 
William  Bullock  at  Lockport. 

*  ♦  Great  bitterness  prevails  in  the  South 

against  free  suffrage. 

Northern  men  in  the  Southern  States 
are  stigmatized  "  Carpetbaggers,"  loyal 
Southerners  are  called  '*  Scalawags." 

1872  Jan.  6.  New  York.  Edward  S. 
Stokes,  tlirough  jealousy  for  a  dissolute 
woman,  shoots  Col.  James  Fisk,  Jr., 
a  prominent  railroad  official  and  finan- 
ci.ll  speculator,  at  the  Grand  Central 
Hotel. 

Mar.  18.  New  York.  The  "Workmen's 
International  Association  makes  a 
public  demonstration. 

Apr.  *  New  Ycrrk.  Carpenters,  brick- 
layers, and  helpers  make  a  combined 
strike ;  the  employers  also  combine. 

Apr.  24.  Mo.  Judge  J.  C.  Stephenson, 
Thomas  E.  Detro,  and  James  C.  Cline 
are  assassinated  by  a  large  body  of 
masked  men  near  Gun  City  ;  they  were 
accused  of  complicity  in  Increasing 
taxes  by  the  fraudulent  issue  of  railroad 
bonds. 

STATE. 

1871  *  *  Vt.  The  Constitution  is 
amended ;  the  sessions  of  the  Legisla- 
ture to  be  biennial,  also  the  State  elec- 
tions ;  the  council  of  censors  is  abolished. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-72  •  *  Ark.    Orzo  A.  H.idley. 

-73  ♦  •  Conn.    Marshall  Jewell. 

-15*  *  Ida.(Ter.).   Tliomas W. Bennett. 

-74  •  *  Me.    Sidney  Perham. 

-74  *  •  Miss.    Ridgely  C.  Powers. 

-73  •  *  Mo.    Benj.  Gratz  Brown. 

-73  *  *  Neb.    William  H.  James. 

-74  •  *  N.  C.    Tod  K.  Caldwell. 

-72  *  *  N.  H.    James  A.  Weston. 

-79  *  •  Nev.    Louis  K.  Bradley. 

-79  •  *  N.  Mex.  ( Ter.).   Marsh  Glddings. 

-75  *  ♦  Tenn.    John  C.  Brown. 

-73  *  *  U.  (Ter.).    George  L.  Woods. 

-77  *  *  W.  Va.    John  J.  Jacob. 

1872  Jan.  2.  Utah.  Brigham  Young 
surrenders  himself  for  trial. 

Jan.  6.  La.  The  'Warmouth  Legis- 
lature meets  at  the  Mechanics'  Institute 
at  New  Orleans ;  the  adherents  of  the 
speaker  of  the  House,  Geo.  W.  Carter, 
also  meet  in  another  hall. 

Jan.  8.  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for  the 
issuing  of  one-cent  postal  cards. 

Jan.  16.  W.  Va.  A  Constitutional 
Convention  is  held  at  Charleston. 

Jan.  22.  La.  The  Carterites,  several 
thousand  strong,  attempt  to  seize  the 
Mechanics'  Institute  at  New  Orleans, 
but  are  held  in  check  by  Gen.  Emory, 
commander  of  the  Federal  troops. 

The  House  holds  an  extra  session,  with 
"Warmouthites  in  the  majority ;  in  the 
absence  of  Speaker  Carter,  it  declares 
his  chair  vacant,  and  elects  O.  H.  Brew- 
ster to  fill  it. 

Jan.  24.  Mo.  A  convention  at  Jefferson 
City  inaugurates  the  Liberal  Eepubli- 
con  movement. 


Jan.  *  Eng.  Great  excitement  prevails 
because  of  the  claims  advanced  for  in- 
direct losses  in  the  Alabama  case. 

Jan.  *  La.  Federal  troops  preserve  the 
peace  in  the  Legislative  contest. 

Feb.  22i.  O.  The  1st  National  Con- 
vention of  the  Prohibition  party  is 
held  at  Columbus ;  James  Black  of  Pa. 
and  John  Russell  of  Mich,  are  nomi- 
nated as  presidential  candidates. 

A  Labor  Reform  Convention  meets 
and  nominates  David  Davis  of  111.  and 
Joel  Parker  of  N.  J.  as  presidential 
candidates. 

Feb.  23.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Henry  B.  Anthony  of  R.  I.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

Feb.  26.  Ala.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
new  election  law. 

Feb.  *  Fla.  Another  unsuccessful  at- 
tempt is  made  to  impeach  Gov.  Reed. 

Mar.  1.  £>.  C.  The  Act  establishing  the 
Yellowstone  National  Park  in  Wyom- 
ing is  approved ;  it  is  about  3,300  square 
miles. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  The  Japanese  embassy 
is  presented  to  President  Grant. 

Mar.  5.  D.  C.  Congress  removes  the  in- 
ternal taxes  on  fish,  fruits,  and  meats. 

Mar.  *  D.  C.  President  Grant  appoints 
three  commissioners  to  examine  plans 
and  proposals  for  the  Panama  canal. 

Apr.  10-14.  id.  A  National  Conven- 
tion of  colored  men  convenes  at  New 
Orleans  ;  Frederick  Douglass,  president. 

Apr.  24.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
admits  Matthew  W.  Hansom  of  N.  C. ; 
all  of  the  Southern  States  are  now  rep- 
resented in  this  branch  of  Congress. 

UISCELLANEOnS. 

1871  *  *  La.  The  city  of  New  Orleans 
purchases  Exposition  Park. 

*  •  Miss.  The  Planters,  Manufactur- 
ers, and  Mechanics  Association  is 
incorporated. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Gilbert  Elevated 
Railroad  is  sold  under  a  foreclosure. 

*  *  Netv  York.  Dummy  locomotives  sub- 
stitute the  cable  on  the  Elevated  Rail- 
road. 

*  •+  N.  Y.  Prospect  Park  in  Brooklyn 
is  completed. 

*  *  O.  I'he  Cincinnati  Cotton  Exchange 
is  established. 

*  *  O.  The  Union  Stock  Yards  Com- 
pany is  incorporated  at  Cincinnati. 

1872  Jan.  2.  N.  Dak.  Ground  is  bro- 
ken at  Grand  Forks  for  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad. 

Mar.  4.  Phila.  The  Centennial  Com- 
mission is  organized  to  prepare  for  a 
National  celebration  in  1876. 

Mar.  •  Neto  York.  The  Erie  Ring, 
ruled  by  James  Fisk  and  Jay  Gould, 
collapses;  restoration  is  made  to  Eng- 
lish bondholders ;  Gens.  Dix  and  McClel- 
lan  are  among  the  new  directors. 

Apr.  11.  The  boiler  of  the  Mississippi 
steamer  Oceanus  explodes ;  40  lives  are 
lost. 


278      1872,  May  1-** 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1872.  Nov.  29.  Ore.  Capt.  Jackson, 
sent  to  remove  the  Modoc  TTiijiaTis  to  a 
reservation,  has  a  battle  ^ith  them  on 
the  Lost  River. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1S72  May  *  Zanzibar.  Stanley  arrives 
from  the  interior  of  Africa. 

June  17 -July  4,  Boston.  The 
World's  Peace  Jubilee  is  celebrated 
under  the  musical  leadership  of  P.  S. 
Gilmore  ;  10,000  singers  accompanied  by 
1,000  instruments  sound  forth  the  joys  of 
peace. 

July  31.  N.  Y.  The  asteroids  Brun- 
hilda  and  Gerda  are  discovered  by  C. 
H.  F.  Peters.     [Also,  Alceate,  Aug.  23.] 

Sept.  22.  Phila.  The  Lincoln  Monu- 
ment in  Fairmount  Park  is  unveiled. 

Nov.  25-27.  Brilliant  meteroic  dis- 
plays are  visible  in  the  Northern  and 
Northwestern  States. 

Nov.  *  The  discovery  of  an  atmospheric 
wave,  covering  nearly  the  entire  terri- 
tory between  the  two  great  oceans,  is 
reported  by  the  chief  of  the  Signal 
Service. 

•  *  Ind.  Discoveryof  block  coal,  whereby 
an  impetus  is  given  to  the  iron  manu- 
factures of  the  State. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1873. 
May  1 1 .    Read,  Thomas  Buchanan,  poet, 

artist,  A&O. 
May  24.      Hopkins,   Albert,    astronomer, 

ptiysicist,  A65. 
May  36.     Stimpson,   William,   naturalist, 

A40. 
June  1.    Bennett,  James  Oordon,  founder 

of  N.  Y.  Herald,  All. 
June  3.    Colvocoresses,   George  M.,  capt. 

U.  S.  N.,  A60. 
June  6.      Scranton,  Joseph  H.,   capitalist, 

one  of  the  founders  of  Scranton,  Pa.,  A69. 
June  29.  Crabbe,  Thomas,  rear-adra.  U.  S. 

N.,  AK4. 
July  36.    Nicholson,  William  C,  com.  U. 

S.  N.,  A72. 

Randall,  Alexander  W.,  P.  M.-gen.,  A52. 

July  31.    Olney,  Jesse,  geographer,  educa- 
tor, author,  A74. 
Aug-.  3.    Eaton,  Geo.  W.,  Bapt.  clergyman, 

teacher,  A  68. 
Aug.  11.    Mason,  Lowell,  musical  com- 
poser, A80. 
Aug.  13.    Macomb,  William  H.,  com.  U.  S. 

N.,  A52. 
Auff.  18.    Davenport,  Henry  K.,  capt.  U.  S. 

N.,  A52. 
Aug.  26.    Ingergoll,  Ralph  I.,  lawyer,  M.  C. 

for  Conn.,  AH4. 
Bept.  11.     Eastbum,  Manton,  P.E.  bishop 

of  Mass.,  All. 
Sept.  S3.     Davis,  Garrett,  sen,  for  Ky.,  A7l. 
Sept.  25.     Cartwriffht,  Peter,  frontier  M. 

E.  clergvnian,  A87. 
Oct.  3.    Lieber,  Francis,  publicist,  writer, 

A72. 
Oct.  3.    FaviUe,  Oran,  educationist,  in  la., 

A45. 
Oct.  8.    Bache,  Hartman,  brig.-gen.  U.  S. 

A.,  A74. 
Oct.  9.     Deming, Henry C.,M.  C.forConn., 

author,  A57. 
Oct.    10.    Parton,   Sara  P.   Willis   (Fanny 

Fern),  author,  A61. 
Seward,  William  Henry,  Gov.,  sen.  for 

N.Y.,  Lincoln's  sec.  of  state,  A71. 
Oct.  30.    Ames,  Joseph,  portrait  and  genre 

painter,  A 56. 
Oct.  31.    Brownell,  Henry  Howard,  poet, 

A52. 
GriBwold,  John  A.,  iron  manufacturer, 

builder  of  Monitor,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  A54. 
Nov.  0.     SuUv,  Thomas,  painter,  A89. 
Nov.   6.    Meade,    George   Gordon,  maj.- 

gen.,  comuiander  of  Army  of  Potomac  at 

Gettysburg,  Ad7. 


Nov.  14.  Hadley,  James,  philologist,  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  at  Yale,  A51. 

Nov.  39,  Greeley,  Horace,  editor,  phi- 
lanthropist, founder  A'.   }'.   Tribune.,  A62. 

Dec.   IS.     Forrest,  Edwin,  airtor,  A66. 

Pollard,  Edward,  journalist,  litterateur, 

historian,  A  44. 

Dec,  16,  Kensett,  John  Frederick,  lan<l- 
scape  painter,  A56. 

Dec.  30.  Putnam,  George  P.,  publisher, 
author,  ASS. 

Dec.  33.     Catlin,  George,  artist,  A76. 

Dec.  81.    Brown,  John  A.,  financier,  A84. 


CHURCH. 

1872   May  5.   N.Y.    EdgarP.Wadhams 

(Roman    Catholic),    bishop    of   Ogdens- 
burg,  is  consecrated. 

June  7.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  Is  held. 

Oct.  22-25.  Bostmi.  The  National 
Unitarian  Conference  is  held. 

Nov.  *  O.  The  Lutheran  General 
Council  meets  at  Akron. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  New  Jersey  Conference 
(African  Methodist  Episcopal)  is  formed. 

LETTERS. 
1872    May  *  *  The  Fisk  University  Ju- 
bilee  Singers   make  a  campaign    for 
$20,000. 

*  *  Ala.  The  State  Agricultural  and  Me- 
chanical College  at  Auburn  is  opened. 

*  •  Boston.  The  National  Educational 
Association  meets ;  appoints  a  eonnnit- 
tee  to  examine  the  kindergarten  system. 
{It  reports  favorably.] 

*  *  Boston.    The  Globe  is  issued. 

*  *  Cat.  St.  Mary's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  San  Francisco. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Indiana  Public  library  is 
founded  at  Indianapolis.     [39,273  vols.] 

*  *  Mass.  A  School  of  Forestry  is  es- 
tablished at  Harvard. 

*  *  Md.  The  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  at  Baltimore  is  opened. 

*  *  Miss.  The  East  Mississippi  Female 
College  is  opened. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Fulton  Synodical  Female 
College  is  opened.  Harding  College 
is  founded  by  Baptists  at  Mexico. 

*  *  Neb.  Doane  College  (Cong.)  is 
founded  at  Crete. 

*  *  Kew  York.  The  Popular  Science 
Monthly  is  founded. 

*  *  Xerc  York.  The  newspapers  succeed 
in  arousing  the  public  for  the  complete 
overthrow  of  the  *  *  Tweed  Ring  "  —  the 
Times  holding  the  place  of  honor. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Legislature  establishes  a 
reform  school  at  Portland. 

*  *  O.  Buchtel  College  (Univ.)  in  Akron 
is  organized. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  "Walhalla  Female  Col- 
lege at  Walhalla  is  opened. 

*  *  Tenn.  Christian  Brothers*  College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized  at  Memphis. 

*  *  Tex.  Mansfield  College  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Mansfield. 

*  *  Utah.  Ogden  Seminary  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Ogden  City. 

*  •  Houghing  It,  by  Mark  Twain,  appears. 


SOCIETY. 

1872  May  *  X.  Y.  Many  other  trades 
join  the  striking  builders  —  a  sympa- 
thetic strike. 

June  15.  N.  Y.  Strikers  force  their 
way  into  Steinway's  piano-factory  to 
persuade  the  remaining  workmen  to 
strike. 

Jime*  Xew  York.  Most  of  the  90,000 
strikers  surrender. 

Great  losses  :  contractors  and  builders, 
81,100,000;  workmen,  $1,400,000;  general 
public,  in  an  indirect  way,  $5,760,000. 

June  17  —  July  4.  Boston.  "World's 
Peace  Jubilee.     (See  Art  — Science  — 

Nature.) 
July  +*     (/.  S.    Temperance  Republicans 
resent  the  Raster  resolution  placed  in 
tlie  national  platform. 

The  party  is  opposed  to  "  laws  for  the 
purpose  of  removing  evils  by  interfer- 
ence with  rights  not  surrendered  by  the 
people  to  either  the  State  or  National 
Government."  [Mr.  Herman  Raster 
says  it  applies  to  prohibitory  and  Sun- 
day law.] 

Aug.  18.  New  York.  George  C.  Bar- 
nard, a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  State,  having  been  convicted  of  offi- 
cial corruption  in  connection  with  the 
"  Erie  Ring,"  is  degraded. 

Sept.  18.  N.  Y.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
State  Insane  Asylum  is  laid  at  Buffalo. 

Sept.  25.  Ky.  The  House  of  Reform 
for  Juvenile  Delinquents  is  opened 
by  the  State  at  Anchorage. 

Sept.  *  -73  Feb.  *  U.  S.  Prof.  John 
Tyndall  of  England,  lectures  in  the 
chief  cities. 

*  *  The  Kuklux  of  the  Southern  States 
make  night  raids  in  disguise,  and  terrify 
the  blacks  ;  they  commit  many  outrages 
to  prevent  the  exercise  of  free  suffrage. 

Oct.  10.  New  York.  The  Presbyterian 
Hospital  is  opened. 

Oct.±*  New  York.  Jacob  Rosenzweig, 
an  abortionist,  is  tried  for  killing  Alice 

A.  Bowlesby ;  the  body  was  shipped  in 
a  trunk  for  Chicago.  [Imprisoned  for 
seven  years.] 

Nov.  5.  N.  Y.  Susan  B.  Anthony  and 
other  women  vote  at  the  election  in 
Rochester.  [Miss  Anthony  and  14  other 
women  are  prosecuted  for  illegal  vot- 
ing.] 

STATE. 

1872  May  1.  B.C.  Congress  removes 
the  customs  duties  on  tea  and  coffee,  to 
take  effect  July  1. 

May4±.  O.  The  National  Conven- 
tion of  Liberal  Republicans  is  held 
at  Cincinnati ;  Carl  Schurz,  president ; 
Horace  Greeley  of  N.  Y.,  editor  of  the 
Tribune,  is  nominated  for  President,  and 

B.  Gratz  Brown  of  Mo.  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

May  8.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
for  the  removal  of  the  Kansas  Indians 
to  the  Indian  Territory. 

May  *  Utah.  The  Supreme  Court  annuls 
the  bigamy  proceedings  against  Brig- 
ham  IToung. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1872,  May  1-* 


279 


May  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
p.issea  the  CivU  Rights  Bill. 

May  22.  D.  C.  Congress  modifies  po- 
litical disabilities  under  Art.  3  of  the 
14th  Amendment;  the  only  exceptions 
being  former  members  of  Congress,  of 
the  Judiciary,  of  the  Army  and  Navy, 
and  of  the  diplomatic  service. 

May  23.  N.  Y.  The  Legislature  passes 
an  act  establishing  a  commission  for 
State  parks. 

Xeio  York.  A  working  men's  Na- 
tional Convention  nominates  U.  S. 
Grant  and  Uenry  Wilson  as  presidential 
candidates. 

MaySl.  D.  C.  Congress:  Senator 
Sumner  assails  President  Grant  in  a 
bitter  speech,  Sumner  being  strongly 
opposed  to  Grant's  renomination. 

June  6.  -D.  C.  Congress  makes  a  re- 
duction of  10  per  cent  in  the  tariff 
rates  for  certain  articles,  and  reduces 
internal  revenue  taxes. 

Phila.    The  Eepublican  National 

Convention,  Thomas  Settle  of  N.  C, 
president,  renominates  Gen.  Ulysses  S. 
Grant  for  the  presidency  on  the  first 
ballot,  and  Henry  'Wilson  of  Mass.  for 
the  vice-presidency.  Vote  for  Vice- 
President,  Wilson,  364i ;  Schuyler  Col- 
fax, 321i. 

June  10.  D.  C.  The  42d  Congress: 
the  second  session  closes. 

June  15.  Switz.  The  tribunal  for  the 
arbitration  of  the  Alabama  claims  re- 
sumes its  sittings. 

June  19.  La.  The  discordant  Republi- 
cans (Paclcard  and  Piuchback)  hold  two 
conventions  at  Baton  Rouge.  William 
P.  Kellogg  is  nominated  for  governor  by 
the  Packard  Convention. 

June  21.  New  York.  A  convention  of 
Liberal  Eepublican  Revenue  Re- 
formers convenes,  and  nominates  "Wil- 
liam S.  Groesbeck  of  O.  and  Fred- 
erick Law  Olmsted  of  N.  Y.  as 
presidential  candidates. 

June  24.  III.  David  Davis  declines  the 
nomination  for  President.  [Joel  Parker 
declines  on  the  28th.]    (See  Feb.  22.) 

Jime  *  D.  C.  The  State  Department  se- 
cures the  release  of  Dr.  Howard,  an 
American  citizen,  long  imprisoned  in 
Cuba. 

June  *  Congress  abolishes  the  tax  on 
incomes,  and  all  stamp  taxes  under 
schedule  B,  except  that  of  2  per  cent  on 
bank  checks,  drafts,  and  orders. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1872. 
Revenue:  Customs,  $210,370,287;  inter- 
n:il  revenue,  $130,642,178;  sales  of  public 
lands,  $2,,')75,714 ;  premiums  on  loans 
and  sales  of  gold  coin,  89,412^;  mis- 
cellaneous items,  $15,106,051.  Total  rev- 
enue, $374,106,868 ;  excess  of  revenue 
over  ordinary  expenses,  $96,588,905. 
Expenditures:  Premiums  on  loans, 
purchase  of  bonds,  etc.,  $6,958,267;  mis- 
cellaneous items,  $60,984,757  ;  War  De- 
partment, $35,.372,157 ;  Navy  Depart- 
ment, $21,249,810;  Indians,  $7,061,729; 
pensions,  $28,533,403  :  interest  on  public 
debt,  $117,357,840.  Total  ordinary  ex- 
penses, $277,5!7,963  ;  public  debt,  $2,253- 
251,.328.  Exports,  $444,177,586  ;  imports, 
$626,595,077. 


July  8.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Henry  B.  Anthony  of  K.  I.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore, 

July  9.  Md.  The  National  Democratic 
Convention  convenes  at  Baltimore ; 
James  R.  Doolittle,  president. 

The  Democrats  unite  in  a  coalition 
■with  the  Liberal  Republicans,  and  Hor- 
ace Greeley  of  N.  Y.  is  nominated  for 
President  on  the  first  ballot,  getting  086 
out  of  724  votes.  Greeley  has  been  re- 
garded for  many  years  as  the  most 
famous  anti-Democrat  in  the  United 
States.  B.  Gratz  Brown  of  Mo.  is  nomi- 
nated for  Vice-President,  getting  713  out 
of  732  votes. 

Aug.  9.    La.    P.  B.    S.   Pinchbaok  is 

nominated  for  governor  by  the  adjourned 
Piuchback  (Rep.)  Convention. 

Aug.22.  Phila.  The  Labor  Reform  Na- 
tional Convention  nominates  Charles 
O'Conor  of  N.  Y.  and  EU  Saulsbury 
of  Del.  as  presidential  candidates. 
[O'Conor  declines,  Aug.  27.] 

■*  ■►  La.  The  State  Central  Committee 
cause  a  fusion  of  divided  Republicans, 
and  W.  P.  Kellogg  is  nominated  for  gov- 
ernor, and  Pinckney  B.  S.  Piuchback  for 
Congressman-at-large.  [The  Senate  re- 
fuses him  the  seat.] 

. jr.  Va.  The  people  ratify  the  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution  restoring  citi- 
zenship to  ex-secessionists. 

Sept.  3-5.  Ky.  A  National  Conven- 
tion of  Radical  Democrats,  who  repu- 
diate Greeley  and  Brown  as  candidates, 
convenes  at  Louisville  and  nominates  in 
their  place  Charles  O'Conor  of  N.  Y. 
and  John  Q.  Adams  of  Mass.  [They 
decline.] 

Sept.  14.  Switz.  The  Court  of  Arbi- 
tration announce  their  decision  con- 
cerning the  "  Alabama  Claims." 

All  the  five  members  vote  to  award 
indemnity  for  the  losses  caused  by  the 
Alabama ;  four,  for  losses  by  the  Florida  ; 
and  three,  for  losses  by  the  Shenandoah. 
Total  damages  awarded,  $15,500,000. 

Sept.  25.  Ky.  A  National  Convention 
of  Liberal  Colored  Republicans  con- 
venes at  Louisville,  Tvith  delegates  from 
23  States,  and  nominates  Horace 
Greeley  and  B.  Gratz  Brown  as  presi- 
dential candidates. 

Oct.  21.  The  San  Juan  dispute  with 
Great  Britain  regarding  the  northwest 
boundary  is  settled  by  arbitration ; 
Emperor  "William  of  Germany  de- 
cides in  favor  of  the  United  States  ;  the 
Canal  de  Haro  becomes  the  International 
boundary. 

Oct.  ♦  U.  S.  The  Democrats  charge  lead- 
ing Republicans  with  corruption  by  the 
ofhcers  of  the  Credit  Mobilier. 

It  is  alleged  that  the  Vice-President, 
Vice-President  elect.  Speaker  of  the 
House,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury are  Implicated,  by  receiving  stock  in 
exchange  for  political  influence. 

Nov.  5.  tr.  S.  The  22d  presidential  elec- 
tion ;  Republicans  elected. 

Popular  vote:  TllyssesS.  Grant  of  111. 
(Rep.),  3,597,070;  Horace  Greeley  of  N.  Y. 
(I)em.  and  Lib.),  2,S:M,079 ;  Charles 
O'Conor  of  N.  Y.  (Dem.),  29,408:  James 
Black  of  Pa.  (Prohib.),  5,608.  Gen.  Grant 
receives  immense  majorities  in  several 
States— Pennsylvania  leading  with  137,- 


548  majority.  Mr.  Greeley  carries  six 
southern,  but  no  northern  States. 

Ala.    Both  political  parties  claim  the 

governorship. 

Nov.  18.  Ala.  Two  Legislatures  are 
organized  at  Montgomery  ;  the  Republi- 
cans at  the  U.  S.  Court-House,  and  the 
Democrats  at  the  State  Capitol. 

Nov.  23.  Ala.  David  P.  Lewis  (Bep.)  is 
declared  elected  governor. 

Nov.  25.  Ala.  Gov.  Lewis  assumes  office, 
and  recognizes  the  Republican  Legisla- 
ture. 

Dec.  2.  D.  C.  The  42d  Congress ;  the 
third  session  opens. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  James 
G.  Blaine  calls  for  a  committee  to  in- 
vestigate the  Credit  Mobilier  scandal. 
(See  Oct.  *) 

Dec.  *  La.  The  Returning  Board  is  di- 
vided—  one  faction  declaring  William 
P.  Kellogg  elected  governor,  the  other 
John  McEnery. 

*  *  D.C.  Ward  Hunt  of  N.T.  Is  appointed 
a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Deo.  11.  La.  A  Fusion  (Rep.)  Legis- 
lature convenes  at  New  Orleans  ;  it  im- 
peaches and  suspends  Gov.  Warmouth. 

Dec.  *  La.  Judge  Druell  decides  that  "W. 
P.  Kellogg  was  elected  governor  in 
November. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1872  June  30.  U.  S.  Immigrants  for 
1872,  404,806. 

June  *  Colo.  The  first  narrow-gauge 
railroad  is  opened,  between  Denver  and 
Pueblo,  for  118  miles. 

Aug.  30.  The  propeller  Metis  collides 
with  a  schooner  on  Long  Island  Sound  ; 
50  persons  perish. 

Sept.  3+.  Ky.  A  National  Industrial 
Exposition  is  held  at  Louisville. 

Oct.  *  An  epidemic,  called  the  ■•  epi- 
zootic," prevails  among  horses  in  the 
larger  cities,  and  partially  suspends  the 
operation  of  commerce. 

Nov.  9,  10,  11.  Boston.  The  great  fire 
ravages  80  acres,  burning  959  build- 
ings, located  chiefly  in  the  wholesale 
district,  and  destroys  35  lives  ;  loss,  $73,- 
000,000. 

Nov.  19.  Mass.  A  special  session  of  the 
Legislature  is  held  to  devise  means  for 
the  relief  of  the  sufferers  of  the  Boston 
flre. 

Nov.  29.  Eng.  Sergeant  Bates  of 
America  arrives  in  London,  after  hav- 
ing walked  on  a  wager  from  Gretna 
Green,  South  Scotland,  carrying  the 
American  flag. 

Deo.  24.  Pa.  A  train  breaks  through 
a  trestle  bridge  at  Corry,  and  20  persons 
are  killed. 

Dec.  *  New  York.  Jay  Gould  agrees  to 
give  up  to  the  Erie  Company  $9,000,000, 
and  legal  proceedings  against  him  are 
abandoned. 

Deo.  •  N.  Y.  Dr.  T.  DeWltt  Talmage's 
Tabernacle  Church,  Brooklyn,  is 
burned. 

*  *  JV.  Dak.    Bismarck  is  settled. 


280     1872,  *  * -1873,  May  9. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1873  Jan.  17.  Ore.  The  Modoc  In- 
dians, led  by  their  able  chief,  Captain 
Jack,  defeat  the  troops  sent  against 
them. 

Jan.  24.  Congress  abolishes  the  naval 
ranks  of  admiral  and  vice-admiral. 

Apr.  11.  Ore.  Captain  Jack  and  other 
Indians  massacre  Gen.  Canby  and 
Dr.  Thomas,  two  Indian  commissioners, 
during  negotiations  for  a  peaceful  set- 
tlement of  difficulties  ;  Mr.  MeacUani  is 
shot  and  stabbed,  but  survives. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1872  •  •  New  York.  Carl  L.  Brandt  and 
J.  H.  Bear  are  elected  members  of  the 
Ifational  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Kew  York.  A  bronze  Statue  of 
Shakespeare,  and  another  of  Sir 
■Walter  Scott,  are  erected  in  Central 
Park,  and  another  of  Franklin  in 
Printing  House  Square. 

*  *  N.  Y.  John  "William  Draper  obtains 
a  spectra  of  the  stars,  showing  their  fixed 
lines,  by  use  of  the  photograph  with  a 
telescopic  combination. 

*  *  O.  The  Cleveland  Vocal  Society 
is  organized. 

*  *  -73  *  *  O.  •  The  Eden  Park,  207 
acres,  and  Btimett  Wood,  168  acres, 
are  laid  out  at  Cincinnati. 

*  *  Phila.  John  W.  Keely  begins  his  ex- 
periments to  develop  a  machine  worked 
by  a  power  without  cost ;  it  is  called  the 
Keely  Motor. 

*  *  U.  S,  The  triple-valve  attachment  to 
the  Westinghouse  air-brake  is  intro- 
duced. 

*  •  Capt.  Ericsson  reports  the  shrinkage 
of  the  sun's  diameter  to  be  1'20.7  feet 
per  day,  thus  differing  from  the  Helm- 
holtz  estimate. 

*  *  Ozone  is  produced  by  means  of  an 
electrical  apparatus  perfected  by  A.  \V. 
Wright. 

*  *  Home  by  the  Seaside  is  painted  by 
"Worthington  Whittredge. 

*  •  Golden  Horn  is  painted  by  S.  R.  Gif- 
ford. 

*  *  Grand  Cailon  of  the  Yellowstone  is 
painted  by  Thomas  Moran. 

1873  Feb.  5.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid  An- 
tigone is  discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters. 
[Also,  Electra,  on  Feb.  17,  ^thra, 
June  13,  and  Cyrene,  Aug.  16.] 

Apr.  30.  The  steamer  Ti/jress,  of  New- 
foundland, rescues  19  survivors  of  the 
Polaris  Expedition  from  a  field  of  float- 
ing ice  in  Baffin  Bay. 

May  9.  A  part  of  the  crew  of  the  Polaris 
expedition  arrives  at  Newfoundland, 
having  been  rescued  after  drifting  2,000 
miles  on  a  field  of  ice,  and  experiencing 
great  suffering. 


Feb.  6.  Coffin,  .lames  Henry,  professor  in 
Lafayette  college,  A67. 

Feb.  8.  lieary,  .)olm  W.,  Gov.  of  Pa.,brig.- 
gen.  of  vols.,  A.'54. 

Feb.  16.    Cliesebro,  Caroline,  author,  A45. 

Feb.  35.  Gillis,  John  P.,  com.  U.  S.  N.  for 
48  years,  A70. 

Feb.  26.  Hodge,  Hngb  L.,  physician,  medi- 
cal writer,  editor,  A77. 

Mar.  10.  Torrey,  John,  botanist,  chemist, 
A77. 

Mar.  13.  Macllvaine,  Chas.  Pettit,  P.  E. 
bishop  of  O.,  A74. 

Mar.  24.  Collier,  John  A.,  jurist,  M.  C.  for 
N.  Y.,  A86. 

Mar.  27.   Dixon,  James,  sen.  for  Conn.,  A59. 

Apr.  11.  Canby,  Kdward  Klchard  S.,  brev. 
nia].-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  A54. 

Apr.  37.  Aulick,  John  H.,  com.  U.  S.  N., 
A84. 

Apr.  30.  Brooks.  James,  journalist,  M.  C. 
for  N.  v.,  founder  of  N.  l.  Express^  A63. 

May  4.  McGuffey,  William  Hohues,  edu- 
cator, A73. 

May  5.  Orr.  James  L.,  M.  C.  for  S.  C, 
8j«aker,  Gov.,  senator,  A51. 

May  6.  Brodnead,  John  Romeyn,  histo- 
rian, A59. 

May  7.  Chase.  Salmon  Portland.  Lin- 
coln's sec.  of  treas.,  sen.,  (iov.  of  (>.,  A65. 

May  8.  Ames,  Oakes,  manufacturer,  rail- 
road builder,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  A69. 


CHURCH. 

1872  *  *  New  York.  The  Baptist  An- 
nual Meeting  is  held. 

*  *  N.  Y.  —  Ji.  I.  The  Roman  Catholic 
dioceses  of  Ogdensburg  and  Providence 
are  established. 

*  *  The  Danish  Chiirch   in  America 

(Evangelical  Lutheran)  is  organized. 

*  *  la.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Washington ; 
John  S.  Easton,  moderator. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Louis- 
ville ;  K.  M.  Bishop,  president, 

*  *  Md.  —  Va.  The  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia Elderships  (Church  of  God)  are 
organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  —  N.  J.  The  General  Synods 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  of  New  York 
and  New  Jersey  are  organized. 

*  *  Mass.  A  Congregational  Club  is 
formed  at  Salem. 

*  *  Mich.  The  G-eneral  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) is  held  at  Detroit ;  S.  J.  Nic- 
coUs,  moderator. 

1873  Jan.  9.  William  Hobart  Hare  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  mis- 
sionary bishop  of  Niobrara.  [Later 
bishop  of  South  Dakota.] 

Apr.  10.  Utah.  Brigham  Young  re- 
signs his  temporal  power  over  the 
Mormons. 

Apr.  17.  John  Gottlieb  Auer  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  mission- 
ary bishop  for  Africa. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1873. 

Jan.  16.    Leavitt,  Joshua,  journalist,  A79. 
Feb.  1.     Maury,  Malt.  Fontaine,  hydrog- 
raplier,  A67. 


LETTERS. 

1872  *  *  Saunterings,  by  Charles  Dud- 
ley Warner,  appears;  also  Back-Log 
Studies. 

*  *  Shakespeare^  his  Life,  Art,  and  Char- 
acters, by  Henry  N.  Hudson,  appears. 

*  *  Atlantic  Essays,  by  Thomas  W.  Hig- 
ginson,  appears. 

*  *  Aimt  Jo's  Scrap-Bag,  by  Louisa  May 
Alcott,  appears. 


'  *  Bits  of  Travel,  by  Helen  Hunt  Jack- 
son, appears. 

'  *  Coral  and  the  Coral  Islands,  by  James 
D.  Dana,  appears. 

'  *  The  End  of  the  World,  by  Edward  Eg- 
gleston,  appears. 

'  *  Kate  Beaumont,  by  J.  W.  De  Forest, 
appears. 

'  *  The  Masque  of  the  Gods,  by  Bayard 
Taylor,  appears ;  also  Beauty  and  the 
Beast. 

*  The  Material  and  Farm  of  Language, 
by  W.  D.  Whitney,  appears ;  also  Orien- 
tal and  Linguistic  Studies. 

*  My  Wife  and  /,  by  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe,  appears. 

*  Myths  and  Myth-makers,  by  John 
Fiske,  appears. 

*  The  Pennsylvania  Pilgrim  and  other 
Poems,  by  John  Greenleaf  ■Whittier, 
appears. 

*  •  The  Beligion  of  Humanity,  by  O.  B. 
Frothingham,  appears. 

*  *  Surly  Turn's  Trouble,  by  Franties  Hodg- 
son Burnett,  appears. 

*  •  Their  Wedding  Journey,  by  William 
Dean  Howells,  appears. 

*  *  The  Vatican  Council,  by  L.  W.  Bacon, 
appears. 

*  *  Yesterdays  with  Authors,  by  James 
Thomas  Fields,  appears. 

*  *  The  Thief  in  the  Night,  by  Harriet  P. 
SpofPord,  appears. 

*  *  How  I  found  Livingstone,  by  Henry  M. 
Stanley,  appears. 

*  *  Laicus,  by  Lyman  Abbott,  appears. 

*  *  What  Katy  Did,  by  Susan  Coolidge, 
appears. 

*  *  Infinite  and  Finite,  by  Theophilus  Par- 
sons, appears. 

*  *  Poet  at  the  Breakfast  Table,  by  O.  W. 
Holmes,  appears. 

*  *  Hts  Level  Best,  by  Edward  Everett 
Hale,  appears. 

*  *  Barriers  Burned  Away,  by  E.  P.  Roe, 
appears. 

*  *  Three  Books  of  Song,  by  H.  "W.  Long- 
fellow, appears. 

*  *  The  Marble  Prophecy,  by  J.  G.  Hol- 
land, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1872*  *-73*  'The  Credit  MobiUer 
Scandal  is  exposed. 

Many  shares  of  its  stock  are  placed  in 
the  hands  of  certain  Senators  and  Repre- 
sentatives at  Washington,  whose  legis- 
lative action  may  greatly  increase  its 
value.    (See  State.) 

*  *  Gown.  The  prohibitory  liquor  law 
is  repealed  by  a  Republican  Legisla- 
ture. 

*  *  Pennsylvania  enacts  a  local-option 
law. 

*  *  la.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law  to 
restrict  the  sale  of  liquors,  and  limit 
the  profit  of  licensees  to  33  per  cent. 
Also  an  act  abolishing  the  death  pen- 
alty. 

*  *  Ky.  The  German  Baptist  Orphans' 
Home  is  founded  at  Louisville. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1872,**-1873,  May9.     281 


*  *  Md.  A  Slate  institution  is  established 
at  Baltimore  for  the  blind  and  for 
deaf  mutes,  among  the  colored  people. 

*  *  Me,  The  Legislature  amends  the  pro- 
hibitory law  so  as  to  forbid  the  sale  of 
cider  and  wiue  made  from  home-grown 
fruits. 

*  *  The  6th  National  Encampment  of  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  meets  at 
Cleveland ;  Gen.  Ambrose  E.  Burnside 
of  R.  I.,  commander-in-chief. 

*  *  Wis.  The  Legislature  provides  for  the 
piiniwhrnent  of  intoxicated  persons 
by  fine  and  imprisonment. 

*  *  The  American  Public  Health  Asso- 
ciation is  organized. 

1873  Jan.  8.  \ew  York.  WUliam  M. 
Tweed  is  brought  to  trial.  [Jan.  31. 
The  jury  disagree.] 

Feb.  18,  19.  Ky.  Colored  men  hold  an 
Educational  Convention  at  Louis- 
ville. 

Feb.  28.  Xew  York.  Edward  S.  Stokes 
is  convicted  of  the  murder  of  James 
Fisk,  Jr.,  and  sentenced  to  be  hanged. 
(See  Oct.  30.) 

Feb  *  Boston.  The  reading-room  of  the 
Public  Library  is  first  opened  to  the 
public  on  Sundays. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  Gen.  Grant  refers  to  the 
bitterness  of  the  last  election  in  his  in- 
augural address,  and  complains  of  per- 
sonal *'  abuse  and  slander,  scarcely  ever 
equalled  in  political  history." 

Mar.  *  Xew  York.  Ex-Mayor  A.  Oakey 
Hall,  a  member  of  the  Tweed  Ring,  is 
tried  ;  a  juror  dies,  and  ends  the  trial. 
[He  is  tried  later,  and  the  jury  disagree. 
Hall  then  leaves  the  country.] 

Mar.  21.  Xew  York.  WiUlam  Foster 
having  been  convicted  of  the  murder  of 
Avery  D.  Putnam  with  a  oar-hook,  on 
April  26,  1871,  is  hanged. 

Mar.  22.  Ky.  The  Society  for  the  Pre- 
vention of  Cruelty  to  Animals  is  in- 
corporated at  Louisville. 

Apr.  *  Wis.  The  State  Northern  Hospi- 
tal for  the  Insane,  at  Oshkosh,  is 
opened.  [An  asylum  at  Napa,  Cal.,  is 
established.] 

STATE. 

1872  *  *  3finn.  Minneapolis  and  St. 
Anthony  are  united  and  incorporated 
as  one  city. 

*  *  Ore.  The  15th  Amendment  to  the 
Federal  Constitution  is  adopted  by  the 
Legislature. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugtirated : 
-75  *  *  Ark.    Elisha  Baxter. 

-75  •  *  Cal.    Newton  Booth. 

-77  *  •  Ga.    James  Milton  Smith. 

-76  *  »  la.    Cyrus  C.  Carpenter. 

-75  *  *  Ky.    Preston  H.  Leslie. 

-74  •  *  ^faas.    William  B.  Washburn. 

-74  *  *X.H.    Ezekiel  Straw. 

-75*  *X.J.    Joel  Parker. 

-74  *  »  O.    Edward  P.  Noyes. 

-75  *  *  S.  C.    Franklin  J.  Moses,  Jr. 

-70  *  *  Ft.    Julius  Converse. 

-80  *  »  Wash.  ( Ter.).    Elisha  P.  Ferry. 

-74  *  ♦  Wis.    C.  C.  Washbttrne. 


1873  Jan.  6.  Z>.  C.  Congress :  The 
House  resolves  to  conduct  the  Credit 
Mobilier  investigation  in  open  session. 
It  resolves  to  investigate  the  relations 
of  the  Credit  Mobilier  and  the  Union 
Pacific  Railroad  Company  to  the  Federal 
Government.  [J.  M.  VVilson  of  Ind., 
Samuel  Shellabarger  of  O.,  Henry  \V. 
.Slocum  of  N.  v.,  iTiomas  Swann  of  Md., 
and  George  F.  Hoar  of  Mass.,  are  ap- 
pointed a  committee  of  investigation,  on 
Jan.  7.] 

Jan.  14.  La.  Two  Legislatures  assem- 
ble, and  two  governors  are  installed  — 
W.  P.  Kellogg  (Rep.),  .and  John  McEn- 
ery,  the  candidate  of  the  Liberals  and 
Democrats.  [The  Federal  Government 
favors  Kellogg.] 

Jan.  31.  B.  C.  Congress  deprives  its 
members  of  the  postal  franking  privi- 
lege after  July  1. 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
enacts  that  the  coinage  of  the  silver 
doUar  of  1792  and  1837  shall  be  discon- 
tinued from  April  1 ;  the  trade  dollar 
of  420  grains  and  9(X)  fine  is  to  take  its 
place.  [The  measure  passes  the  House 
on  Feb.  7.] 
Feb.  12.  n.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Ulysses  S.  Grant, 
286 ;  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  42 ;  B. 
Gratz  Brown  (Dem.),  18 ;  Charles  J. 
Jenkins  (Dem.),  2;  David  Davis  (Ind.), 
1.  Vote  for  Vice-President :  Henry 
"Wilson  of  Mass.  (Rep.),  286;  George 
"W.  Julian  of  Ind.,  (Lib.),  5;  A.  H. 
Colquitt  of  Ga.  (Dem.),  5;  John  M. 
Palmer  of  111.  (Dem.),  3 ;  J.  E.  Bram- 
lette  of  Ky.  (Dem.),  3 ;  W.  S.  Groes- 
beokof  0.(Dem.),  1;  WiUisB.Maohen 
of  Ky.  (Dem.),  1 ;  N.  P.  Banks  of  Mass. 
(Lib.),  1. 
Feb.  27.  D.  C.  Congress  ;  Senate  :  The 
Committee  on  the  Credit  Mobilier 
scandal  recommend  the  expulsion  of 
one  of  the  Senators.  [No  action  is 
taken.] 

The  House  passes  resolutions  censur- 
ing Oakes  Ames  of  Mass.  and  James 
Brooks  of  N.  Y.  for  their  connection 
with  the  Credit  Mobilier  scandal; 
Brooks  was  also  a  government  director 
of  the  Union  Pacific  road. 
Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  enacts  that  in 
future  no  Indian  people  shall  be  recog- 
nized as  an  independent  nation,  having 
power  to  make  treaties. 

Congress  passes  a  bill  for  the  Increase 
of  salaries,  popularly  called  the  Grab 
Bill. 

The  President's  salary  is  raised  from 
$25,000  to  850,000 ;  the  Vice-President's 
from  ?8,000  to  §10,000;  the  Senators, 
Representatives,  and  Delegates  from 
$5,000  to  $7,.')00,  besides  traveling  ex- 
penses. The  increase  is  retroactive,  and 
dates  from  Mar.  4,  1871.  Total  increase 
of  salaries  of  Congressmen,  $972,000. 

It  enacts  the  establishment  of  10  life- 
saving  stations  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 
Mar.  4.    D.  C.    The  42d  Congress  ends. 

The  Senate  convenes  in  special  ses- 
sion, at  the  call  of  the  President  (issued 
Feb.  21).    [Adjourns  Mar.  26.] 

Ulysses  S.  Grant  of  111.  enters  his 


second  term  as  the  18th  President  in  the 
22d  term  of  the  presidency ;  Henry 
Wilson  of  Miiss.  is  Vice-President. 

Cabinet  ;  Hamilton  Fish  of  N.  T. 
(State),  William  A.  Richardson  of  Mass. 
(Treas.),  William  W.  Belknap  of  la. 
(War),  George  M.  Robeson  of  N.  J. 
(Navy),  Columbus  Delano  of  O.  (Inte- 
rior), George  H.  Williams  of  Ore.  (Atty.- 
Gen.),  John  A.  J.  Creswell  of  Md.  (P.M.- 
Gen.). 

Mar.  6.  La.  The  police  arrest  the  mem- 
bers of  the  McEnery  Iiegislature. 

Mar.  12.  D.  ('.  Congress;  Senate:  M. 
H.  Carpenter  of  Wis.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent pro  tempore.  [He  is  reelected  Mar. 
26.] 

May  1.  D.  C.  Congress  removes  all 
duties  on  tea  and  coffee  after  the 
first  of  July  ;  this  reduces  the  revenue 
$20,000,000  per  annum. 

The  Government  first  issues  one-cent 
postal  cards. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1872  *  *  New  York.  The  State  Line  of 
steamers  running  to  Glasgow  is  estab- 
lished. 

•  *  New  York.  The  American  District 
Telegraph  Company  is  organized. 

•  *  New  York.  Two  elevated  railroad 
companies  are  formed  —  the  New  York 
Elevated,  and  the  Manhattan  Railway 
Company. 

•  •  New  York.  The  Netherlands  Line 
of  transatlantic  steamers  is  established. 

•  » N.  Y.  The  State  begins  the  topo- 
graphical survey  of  the  Adirondack 
region,  under  the  supervision  of  Ver- 
planck  Colvin. 

•  *  Pa.  A  lawsuit  discloses  the  fact  that 
much  of  the  stock  of  the  CrSdit  Mo- 
bilier is  owned  by  certain  members  of 
Congress.  Suspicion  of  their  Integrity 
becomes  general. 

•  •  The  Standard  Oil  Company  is 
formed  by  the  combination  of  ail  the  oil 
companies  of  the  United  States. 

1873  Jan.  7-0.  M'mn.  A  terrible  snow- 
storm causes  the  loss  of  70  lives. 

Jan.  •  New  York.  Bamtmi's  Museum 
is  burned ;  this  is  the  fourth  time  that 
his  menagerie  and  exhibition  have  been 
destroyed. 

Feb.  15.  Tex.  The  steamer  Henry  A. 
Jones  bums  In  Galveston  Bay  ;  21  lives 
are  lost. 

Feb.  *  Eng.  The  British  press  alleges 
that  $6,250,000  too  much  is  awarded  to 
the  United  StaUes  in  settling  the  Ala- 
bama claims. 

Apr.  1.  N.  S.  The  steamer  Atlantic, 
of  the  White  Star  Line,  putting  into 
Halifax  for  coal,  runs  on  a  rock,  and  is 
wrecked  in  a  few  minutes ;  535  persons 
are  drowned. 

Apr.  8.  N.Y.  A  waU  of  a  new  building 
at  Rochester  gives  way  when  occupied 
by  spectators  of  a  freshet ;  30  persons 
are  drowned. 

May.  4.  III.  An  iron  bridge  falls  at 
Dixon,  wlien  crowded  with  people ;  100 
persons  killed. 


282      1873,  May  17.-** 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1873  May  22.  Ore.  The  Indian  hos- 
tilities close  in  the  surrender  of  nearly 
uU  of  the  Modoc8. 

[June  1±.  Captain  Jack  and  20  well- 
armed  Indians  make  a  desperate  resist- 
ance, when  surrounded  in  lava  beds. 
Oct.  3.  He  and  others  are  executed  at 
Fort  Kalmath.} 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1873  Sept.  25.  Pkita.  The  new  Ma- 
sonic Temple  is  dedicated. 

Oct.  6.  -Y.  Y.  An  attempt  to  cross  the 
Atlantic  to  Europe  by  a  balloon  fails ; 
the  aeronaut  descends  in  Connecticut. 

Oct.  31.  N.  r.  The  international 
bridge  across  the  Niagara  River  at 
Buffalo  is  completed. 

Dec.  24.  Boston.  The  Beethoven  Quin- 
tet Club  is  organized. 

*  *  Boston,  The  Massachusetts  Normal 
Art  School  is  established. 

*  *  /).  a  A  26-inch  Clark  equatorial  is 
mounted  in  the  IT.  S.  Naval  Observatory 
at  Washington. 

*  *  -74  *  *  Kan.  A  long  and  severe 
drought  destroys  the  crops. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1873. 

May  17.  Russell, Win.,  educationist,  elocu- 
tionist, A75. 

May  22.  Fa^ani,  Joseph,  portrait  painter, 
A  54. 

June  16.  Ferris,  Isaac,  Reformed  clergy- 
man, A  75. 

June  31.  Tappan,  I^ewis,  merchant,  foun- 
der of  the  Journal  of  Commerce,  A85. 

June  37.    Powers,  Hiram,  sculptor,  A68. 

June  39.  Wliitiiig,  William,  lawyer,  M.  C. 
for  Mass.,  author,  A60. 

July  6.  Hitchcock,  Henry  L.,  Pres.  clergy- 
man, A  60. 

July  14.  Pillsbury,  Amos,  prison  reformer 
and  manager,  A68. 

July  36.  Schmucker,  Samuel  Simon,  Luth. 
clergyman,  A74. 

Ausr.  17.  Meredith,  Wm.  M.,  lawyer,  sec. 
of  treas.,  A74. 

Aug.  18.  Spring-.  Gardiner,  Pres.  clergy- 
man, author,  A88. 

Aug.  24.  Todd.  John.  Cong,  clergyman, 
author,  A73. 

Sept.  11.  McCook,  Edwin  S.,  maj.-gen. 
U.  S.  vols.,  A37. 

Sept.  39.  'Winslow,  John  A.,  rear-ad- 
miral, A62. 

Oct.  26.  Saxton,  Joseph,  expert,  inventor, 
A74. 

Nov.  3.  Clark,  Lewis  G.,  editor  of  A'nzc*- 
erbocker,  A63. 

Nov.  4.     Keene,  Laura,  actor,  A53. 

Nov.  6.  Early,  John,  bishop  M.  E.  church 
South,  A 87. 

Nov.  6.  Hardee, Wm.J.,  lieut.-col.  U.  S.  A., 
Confederate  lieut.-gen.,  author  of  Hardee's 
Tactics,  A56, 

Nov.  9.  Mallory,  Stephen  R.,  jurist,  sen. 
for  Fla.,  Confederate  sec.  of  war,  A60. 

Nov.  19.  Hale,  John  P.,  diplomatist,  sen- 
ator for  N.  H.,  A67. 

Nov.  24.  Flagg,  Azariah  C,  founder  of 
Free-soU  Party,  A83. 

Hitchcock,  Samuel   A.,  philanthropist, 

A89. 

Dec.  13.  Nelson,  Samuel,  associate  justice 
U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  A81. 

Dec.  14.  Agassiz,  I^uis  JeanRodolphe, 
naturalist,  prof,  at  Harvard,  A66. 

Dec.  24.  Hopkins,  JobnB.  founder  of 
Johns  Hopkins  University  of  Bait.,  A78. 

•  *  Fry,  Cary  H.,  brev.  brig.-gen.  C.  S.  A., 
A60. 

CHURCH. 
1873    June  6.     O.    The  General  Conven- 
ti(m  of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets  in 
Cincinnati. 


Sept.  17.  Benj.  Henry  Paddock  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
Massachusetts. 

Oct.  3-11.  New  York.  The  Evangel- 
ical Alliance  holds  its  sixth  meeting. 

Dec.  2.  Bishop  George  David  Cum- 
mins, its  organizer,  is  elected  Presid- 
ing Bishop  of  the  Reformed  Episco- 
pal Church. 

Dec.  11.  A'.  C.  Theodore  Benedict  Ly- 
man is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) assistant  hishop  of  North  Car- 
olina. 

Dec.  14.  Ky.  Charles  Edward  Cheney 
is  consecrated  a  bishop  of  the  Reformed 
Episcopal  Church. 

Dec.  31.  Colo.  John  Franklin  Spalding 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Colorado. 

*  *  iTid.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Indian- 
apolis; R.  M.  Bishop,  president. 

*  *  The  Iowa  Conference  (Free  Methodist) 
is  organized. 

*  *  Md.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) meets  at  Baltimore;  Howard 
Crosby,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Presbyterians  begin  work  among 
the  Nez  Percys. 

*  *  The  New  York  Conference  (Free 
Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  Nev.  The  first  sermon  in  Virginia 
City,  the  capital,  is  preached  by  Jesse 
L.  Bennett,  a  Methodist  minister. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Young  Women's 
Christian  Association  is  incorporated. 

*  *  -V.  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held  at  Albany. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Sjraod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  meets  at  Canton. 

LETTERS. 

1873  July  16.  Cal.  The  University 
of  California  is  located  at  Berkeley. 

Aug.  23.  Mich.  The  Evening  News  is 
issued  at  Detroit. 

*  *  Ala.  The  State  Normal  College  is 
opened  at  Florence. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Chicago  Public  Li- 
brary is  established.     [U1,C21  vols.) 

*  *  la.  Penn  College  (Friends)  is  organ- 
ized at  Oscaloosa ;  also  the  German 
CoUege  (Meth.  Epis.)  at  Mt.  Pleasant. 
St.  Joseph's  College  (Kom.  Cath.)  of 
Dubuque  is  established. 

*  *  III.     St.  Francis  Solanus  College 
■  at  Quincy  receives  its  charter. 

*  *Ky.  State  University  (Colored  Bapt.) 
is  organized  at  Loiusville. 

*  *  La.  New  Orleans  University  (Meth. 
Epis.,  Colored)  is  founded.  (Incipient 
organization  effected  by  Freedmen's  Aid 
Society  in  1868.) 

*  *  La.  The  Southwestern  Christian  Ad- 
vocate (Meth.  Epis.)  is  established  at  New 
Orleans. 

*  *  Afass.  The  Haverhill  Public  Library 
is  founded  at  Haverhill.     [39,268  vols.] 

*  *  Miss.  Blue  Mountain  Female  College 
(Bapt.)  is  founded. 


^  *'Mo.  Drury  College  (Cong.)  is  founded 
at  Springfield.  The  State  Normal 
School  at  Cape  Girardeau  is  opened. 

'  *  N.  C.  Bennett  College  (Meth.  Epis., 
Colored)  is  founded  at  Greensboro. 

*  *  New  York.  St.  Nicholas  magazine  is 
established.  The  family  Story  Paper 
is  issued. 

t  *  -78  *  *  New  York,  The  American 
Cyclopaedia  (revised  edition),  by  George 
liipley  and  Charles  A.  Dana  (17  vols.), 
appears. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Evening  News  is  issued  at 
Buffalo. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Chautauqua  College  of  Liberal 
Arts  (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Chau- 
tauqua. 

*  *  0.  Ohio  State  University  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Columbus;  also 
the  St.  Joseph's  College  (Kom.  Cath.) 
at  Cincinnati. 

^  *  Tex.  Add-Bau  Christian  Univer- 
sity (Disciples)  is  founded  at  Thorp's 
Springs.  Henderson  CoUege  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized ;  also  the  Marvin 
College  (Meth.  Epis.)  at  Waxahachie, 
and  the  "Wiley  University  (Meth.  Epis., 
Colored)  is  founded  in  Marshall.  The 
Southwestern  University  at  George- 
town is  opened. 

^  *  Wis.  The  Germania  and  Der  Haus- 
und  Bauemfreuiid  are  issued  at  Mil- 
waukee. 

'  *  W.  Va,  The  Shepherd  Normal  School 
and  the  Normal  School  at  Glenville 
are  opened  by  the  State. 

'  *  The  Poultry   World  is  issued. 

'  *  Among  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  by  Celia 
Thaxter,  appears. 

'  *  Arthur  Bonnicastle,  by  J.  G.  Holland, 
appears. 

'  *  Bressant,  by  Julian  Hawthorne,  ap- 
pears. 

'  ♦  A  Chance  Acquaintance,  by  "William 
Dean  Howells,  appears. 

'  *  The  Fair  God,  by  Lew  Wallace,  ajv 
pears. 

'  *  Farm  Ballads^  by  "Will  Carleton,  ap- 
pears. 

'  *  The  Gilded  ^fire,byMark  Twain  (Sam- 
uel L.  Clemens)  and  Charles  Dudley  War- 
ner, appears. 

■  *  Gunnar,  by  Hjalmar  Hjorth  Boyesen, 
appears. 

'  *  Her  Majesty  the  Queen,  by  John  E. 
Cooke,  appears. 

'  ♦  Jessamine,  by  Marion  Harland,  ap- 
pears. 

'  *  Life  Among  the  Modocs,  by  Joaquin 
Miller,  appears  ;  also  Songs  of  the  Sun 
Lands, 

'  *  Marjorxe  Daw,  by  Thomas  Bailey  Al- 
drich,  appears. 

'  *  The  Mountain  Lovers,  by  Paul  Hamil- 
ton Hayne,  appears. 

'  *  Mystery  of  Metropolisville,  by  Edward 
Eggleston,  appears. 

'  *  Palmetto  Leaves,  by  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe,  appears. 

'  *  Prehistoric  Races  in  the  United  States, 
by  John  Wells  Foster,  appears. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1873,  May  17-**.      283 


SOCIETY. 
1873    May  28.     Ind.     The   National 
Congress  of  Agriculture  holds  its  sec- 
ond annual  meeting  at  Indianapolis. 

July  5.  N^ew  York.  The  boy  Prank  H. 
"Walworth  is  sentenced  to  imprison- 
ment for  life  for  killing  his  father. 

Aug.  *  N.  r.  The  National  Temper- 
ance Convention  meets  at  Saratoga. 

•  *  Conn.  Tlie  7th  National  Encampment 
of  the  Qrand  Army  of  the  Republic  is 
held  at  New  Haven  ;  Charles  I>evens, 
Jr.,  of  Mass.,  Commander-in-chief. 

Sept.  *  l7id.  The  Reform  School  for 
Girls  and  the  "Woman's  Prison  are 
opened  at  Indianapolis. 

Oct.  18.  Ore.  The  Oregon  Pioneer  As- 
sociation is  organized. 

Oct.  22.  Chicago.  Tlie  Northwestern 
Farmers'  Convention  meets ;  150  dele- 
gates are  present. 

Oct.  30.  Ifew  York.  B.  S.  Stokes,  con- 
victed of  the  murder  of  James  Fislc,  Jr., 
is  iinally  sentenced  to  four  years'  impris- 
onment. (Ist  trial,  the  jury  disagree  ; 
2d  trial,  sentenced  to  be  hanged ;  3d 
trial,  found  guilty  of  manslaughter  in 
the  third  degree.) 

Oct.  *  Ky.  The  Kuklux  commit  atroci- 
ties in  Shelby  .and  Franl^lin  counties. 

Nov.  5-19.  Neic  York.  "William  M. 
Tweed  is  tried  the  second  time  ;  is  con- 
victed on  each  of  51  indictments.  [Nov. 
22.  He  is  sentenced  to  12  years'  impris- 
onment, and  fined.] 

Nov.  18.  Ala.  A  State  Iiabor  Conven- 
tion (colored)  meets  at  Montgomery. 

Dec.  14.  N.  Y.  "Women  in  Fredonia 
form  a  society  to  visit  the  saloons  "  in 
a  Christian  spirit ;  "  Mrs.  Judge  Barlter 
is  president.  [Out  of  this  movement  the 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 
develops.] 

Dec.  17.  X.Y.  The  "Woman's  Temper- 
ance Crusade  in  Jamestown  is  opened, 
but  without  success. 

Deo.  23.  O.  The  "Woman's  Crusade 
begins  in  Hillsboro ;  Mrs.  Eliza  J. 
Thompson,  chairman  ;  the  146th  Psalm 
becomes  the  Crusaders'  Psalm.  Mrs. 
E.  D.  Stewart,  "  Mother  Stewart,"  is  one 
of  tlie  leaders. 

*  *  The  Order  of  Knights  of  .Honor  is 
founded. 

*  *  Me.  Francis  Murphy  inaugurates 
the  blue  ribbon  temperance  movement. 

*  *  Mich.  The  State  Board  of  Health  is 
organized. 

*  *  Minn.  Tlie  Legislature  enacts  a  spe- 
cial tax  on  saloon-keepers,  the 
money  to  be  applied  to  a  fund  for  erect- 
ing an  inebriate  asylum  at  Rochester. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  Legislature  passes  an  act 
of  amnesty  and  pardon  for  offenses 
committed  by  various  secret  societies, 
including  the  Kulclux. 

*  *  N'ew  York.  The  Society  for  the  Sup- 
pression of  "Vice  is  incorporated. 

»  •  Ore.  The  Institute  for  the  BUnd  is 
opened  at  Salem. 


STATE. 

1873  May  22.  D.C.  President  Grant, 
by  proclamation,  warns  disorderly 
bands  in  Louisiana  to  disperse. 

June  6.  D.  C.  Congress  makes  a  re- 
duction of  10  per  cent  in  the  customs 
duties  on  cotton,  wool,  iron,  paper,  rub- 
ber, glass,  and  leather,  imported  into 
the  country. 

June  30.  {/.  .S.  Statistics  for  1873. 
Revenue:  Customs,  $188,089,523;  inter- 
nal revenue,  $113,729,314:  direct  tax, 
$315,255 ;  sales  of  public  lands,  $2,882,- 
312;  premiums  on  loans  and  sales  of 
gold  coin,  $11,560,.531 ;  miscellaneous 
Items,  $17,161,270.  Total  revenue,  $333,- 
738,205;  excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary 
expenditures,  $43,202,959.  Expenditures : 
Premiums  on  loans,  purchases  of  bonds, 
etc.,  $5,105,920 ;  miscellaneous  items, 
$73,328,110;  War  Department,  $46,323,- 
138;  Navy  Department,  $23,526,257;  In- 
dians, $7,951,705  ;  pensions,  $29,359,427  ; 
interest  on  the  public  debt,  $104,750,688. 
Total  ordinary  expenditures,  $290,345,- 
245 :  public  debt,  $2,234,482,993.  Exports, 
$522,479,922  ;  imports,  $642,136,210. 

July  29.  Tenn.  A  convention  is  held  at 
Jackson  to  promote  a  new  State  move- 
ment. 

It  is  proposed  to  take  the  western  parts 
of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and  unite 
them  with  northern  Mississippi. 

Aug.  7.  N.  C.  The  people  ratify  eight 
amendments  to  the  State  Constitution. 

iris.  The  American  Constitutional 

Union  holds  its  first  State  meeting  at 
Milwaukee  ;  666  delegates  are  present. 

Sept.  5.  England  pays  the  indemnity 
($15,500,000)  awarded  in  settlement  of 
the  Alabama  claims. 

Sept.  14.  La.  The  McEnery  party  rise 
in  arms  and  take  possession  of  the  State 
House.  [They  are  dispersed  by  order  of 
the  President,  who  sends  national  troops 
to  New  Orleans.] 

Oct.  7.  Conn.  The  Constitution  is 
amended  ;  following  May,  1875,  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  will  meet  only  at  Hart- 
ford. 

Oct.  8.  Boston  and  several  suburban 
municipalities  vote  to  consolidate. 

Nov.  24.  La.  A  people's  Anti-Kellogg 
Convention  is  held  at  New  Orleans. 

Dec.  1.  D.C.  The  43d  Congress  opens. 
Congress:  The  House  elects  James 
G.  Blaine  of  Me.,  Speaker.  Vote : 
Blaine,  189;  Fernando  Wood,  76;  S.  S. 
Cox,  2 ;  Hiester  Clymer,  1 ;  Alex.  H. 
Stephens,  1. 

Dec.  2.  Tex.  A  special  election  is 
held  ;  vote  for  governor,  Richard  Coke 
(Dem.),  85,549 ;  Gov.  E.  J.  Davis  (Rep.), 
42,663. 

Dec.  11.  D.C.  Congress ;  Senate :  M. 
H.  Carpenter  of  Wis.  is  reelected  Pres- 
ident pro  tempore. 

Dec.  *  La.  The  soldiers  are  called  upon 
to  preserve  order  between  rival  factions 
in  New  Orleans. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  Alex- 
ander H.  Stephens,  late  Vice-President 
of  the  Southern  Confederacy,  returns  as 
a  Representative  from  Georgia. 

*  *  D.  C.  Alexander  R.  Shepherd  is 
appointed  governor  of  the  District. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1873  May.  28.  Ind.  The  United  States 
Agricultural  Congress  meets  at  Indi- 
anapolis. 

May  30.  Boston.  A  fire  destroys  prop- 
erty valued  at  about  $1,500,000. 

June  3.  Chicago.  The  Grand  Pacific 
hotel  is  opened. 

J\me8-July3.  Ire.  —  N.F.  The  Great 
Eastern  lays  the  fourth  cable  from 
Valentia,  Ire.,  to  Heart's  Content,  N.  F. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Immigrants  for  1873, 
459,803. 

July  25.  Md.  A  fire  in  Baltimore  de- 
stroys over  $1,000,000  in  property. 

Aug.  2.  Chre.  A  fire  in  Portland  de- 
stroys $1,500,000  in  property. 

July  *  Live  beef -cattle  are  exported  to 
England. 

Summer.  Active  speculation  and  mani- 
fest prosperity  abound  for  many 
months. 

Aug.  8.  The  steamer  Wawaseei  on  the 
Potomac  River  takes  fire,  and  70  lives 
are  lost. 

Aug.  24.  Me.  A  fire  at  Belfast  destroys 
property  valued  at  $500,000. 

Sept.  10.  If.  Y.  At  a  sale  of  shorthorn 
cattle  at  New  York  Mills,  109  animals 
bring  $382,000,  and  a  cow  brings  $4,600, 
a  calf  five  months  old,  $2,700. 

Sept.  18.  A'em  York.  A  financial  panic 
is  precipitated  by  the  suspension  of  Jay 
Cooke  and  Company. 

[Business  becomes  paralyzed,  and  full 
recovery  is  delayed  for  many  months ; 
the  primary  cause  is  alleged  to  be  the 
fluctuation  of  the  currency  in  volume 
and  value.] 

Sept.  20.  New  York.  The  Stock  Ex- 
change is  closed.    [It  reopens  Sept.  30.] 

Oct.  31.  Jf.  Y.  The  International  Rail- 
way Bridge  across  the  Niagara  River 
at  Buffalo,  built  under  the  joint  au- 
thority of  Congress  and  Parliament,  is 
opened. 

Summer.  N.  Y.  The  Colorado  (Potato) 
Beetle  reaches  this  State. 

Oct.  31.  W.  I.  The  American  scliooner 
Virginius  is  captured  by  a  Spanish  man- 
of-war  while  conveying  men  and  arms 
to  the  Cuban  insurgents ;  the  vessel 
having  false  papers,  the  Government 
does  not  interfere.  [Great  excitement 
in  the  United  States  follows  the  execu- 
tion of  30  Americans.] 

Nov.  1.  Chicago.  The  Palmer  House 
is  opened. 

Nov.  4-7.  Cuba.  Thirty  Americans 
captured  with  the  Virginius  are  shot. 

Nov.  27.  Mass.  The  Hoosac  Tunnel 
is  completed. 

Dec.  18.  Cuba.  The  Spanish  authorities 
surrender  102  survivors  of  the  Virginius 
Massacre  to  the  Americans  at  Santiago 
de  Cuba. 

Dec.  19.  The  F«rj«n««»  founders  off  Cape 
Fear,  after  her  surrender  by  the  Spanish 
authorities. 

♦  »  Mich.  The  tunnel  under  the  Detroit 
Kiver  is  abandoned  because  of  the  inflow 
of  sand  and  water. 


284     1873,  *  *-1874,  Sept.  14. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1S74    June  23.     Md,     Cadets  are  in- 

forinetl  that  "  hazing "  at  the  Naval 
Academy  at  Amiapolia  will  subject  the 
perpetrators  to  court-martial  and  dis- 
missal. 
July  2.  N.  Dak.  A  military  reconnoiter- 
ing  party,  under  Gen.  Custer,  accom- 
panied by  a  scientific  exploring  expedi- 
tion, leaves  Fort  Abraham  Lincoln  for 
the  Black  Hills. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1873  *  *  JVetc  York.  George  B.  Butler 
and  Lemuel  E.  Wilmarth  are  elected 
members  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design. 

*  •  New  Y<yrk.  The  Oratorio  Society  is 
organized. 

*  *  Sunday  Morning  in  New  England  is 
painted  by  A.  O.  Shattuck. 

*  ♦  Lakt  George  is  painted  by  A.  B.  Du- 
rand. 

*  *  Jn  the  Nanvws  is  painted  by  Edward 
Moran. 

*  *  O.  Cincinnati  determines  to  hold  bi- 
ennial musical  festivals. 

1874  Feb.  13.  The  Royal  Astronomi- 
cal Society  of  England  awards  its  gold 
medal  to  Prof.  Simon  Newcomb  of  the 
Washington  observatory,  for  his  re- 
searches respecting  the  orbits  of  Nep- 
tune and  (Jranus. 

Feb,  18.  A',  r.  The  asteroid  Hertha  is 
discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters. 

July  4.  Mo.  The  tubular  steel  bridge 
across  the  Mississippi  at  St.  Louis, 
erected  by  J.  B.  Eads,  is  opened. 

Pkila.   The  Girard  Avenue  bridge 

over  the  Schuylkill  is  opened. 

The  corner-stone  of  the  public  build- 
ing in  Penn  Square  is  laid  with  cere- 
monies. 

July  *  Prof.  Bell  makes  a  successful 
electric  telephone. 

July  26,  Pa.  A  flood  at  Pittsburg  de- 
stroys about  100  lives  and  much  property. 

July*  S.  Dak.  Gold  is  discovered  at 
Bead  wood. 

Summer.  Minn.  A  plague  of  locusts  de- 
stroys the  crops  in  the  northwestern 
counties ;  the  people  suffer  In  conse- 
quence. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1874. 

Jan.  6.  Baylor,  Robert  E.  B.,  jurist,  M.  C. 
for  Tex.,  AHI. 

Jan.  15.     Brlsted,  Charles  A.,  writer,  A54. 

Jan.  17.  Ohang'  and  £ns,  Siamese  twins, 
of  N.  C,  die,  within  a  few  hours  of  each 
other,  A63. 

Feb,  2.    Dodge,  Nathaniel  S.,  author,  A64. 

Feb.  35.  Bachman,  John,  clergyman,  natu- 
ralist, A81, 

Mar.  3.  Hall,  Nathan  K.,  judge,  M.  C.  for 
N.  Y.,  A64. 

Knapp.  Jacob,  Bapt.  evangelist,  A75. 

Mar.  3.  Mason,  Francis,  miMionary  to 
India,  A75. 

Mar.  7.  Fillmore,  Millard.  13th  Pres.  of 
U.  S.,  A74. 

Mar.  11.  liondi,  Jonas,  Hebrew  rabbi, 
founder  A'.  }'.  Hebrew  Leader^  A70. 

Sumner.   Charles,  orator,  senator  for 

Mass.,  sciiolar,  opponent  of  slavery,  A63. 

Mar.  34.  Tracy,  .loseph,  Cong,  clergyman, 
journalist,  author,  A80. 

Mar.  37.  Kirk,  Edw.  Norris,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, A72. 


Mar.  31.    Brown,  Harvey,  col.  U.  S.  A., 

A79. 
Apr.  5.     Edmonds,  John  W.,  jurist,  A75. 
Apr.  13.    Hogardus,  .lames,  inventor,  A74. 
Apr.  16.    Croxton,  John  T,,  lawyer,  brig.- 

gen.  I'.  S.  vols.,  A36. 
Apr.  19.  Jackson,  Ahner,  pres.  college,  A63. 
May  7.     Hecker,  Jolm,  journalist,  Afi'i. 
May  18.    DeWitt,  Tliomas,  Ref.  clergyman, 

A83. 
May  30.    Dyer,  Alex.  B.,  brev.  maj.-gen. 

U.  S.  A.,  A59. 
May  33.     Haven,  Josepli,  Cong,  clergyman, 

philosopher,  author,  A58. 
May  37.    Shubrick,  Wm.  Branford,  rear- 
admiral,  A84. 
June   11.    Bailey,  .Silas,  pres.  of  college, 

A6ti. 
Junel6.     Dickinson,  Edward,  lawyer,  M.C. 

for  Mass.,  A7I. 
June  30.    Orlnnell,  Henry,  merchant  of 

N.  Y.,  philanthropist,  A7.'). 
July  3.    Farmelee,  Theodore  N.,  journalist, 

A70. 
July  16.    Green,  A.  h.  P.,  M.  E.  clergyman, 

naturalist,  A68. 
July  18.    WiUiston,  Samuel,  manufacturer, 

philanthropist,  A7y. 

Winslow,  James,  New  York  banker,  A60. 

July  31.     Abbot,  Gorham  D.,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, teacher,  author,  A66. 

Sept.  3.    Foster,  John,  engineer,  maj.-gen. 
U.  S.  A.,  A51. 

Morris,  Thomas  A.,  Jf.  E.  bishop,  A80. 

Sept.  4.  Wyman,  Jefrrie8,eomparativeanat- 

omist,  professor,  A60. 

CHURCH. 

1873  *  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly 
(United  Presbyterian)  meets  at  Phila- 
delphia; John  Y.  Scouller,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Women's  Missionary  Society 
of  the  Free  Baptist  Church  is  organized. 

*  •  The  Baptist  General  Association  of 
the  'Western  States  and  Territories  is 
organized  by  colored  Baptists. 

*  *  The  Columbia  River,  South  Kansas, 
and  Texas  Conferences  (Methodist  Epis- 
copal) are  organized. 

1874  Feb.  15.  Tex.  Robert  W.  B.  El- 
liott is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) missionary  bishop  of  Northern 
Texas. 

Feb.  22.  N.  Y.  Dr.  Talmage's  new  Tab- 
ernacle Church  in  Brooklyn  dedicated. 

Apr.  15  + .  Chicago.  Dr.  David  Swing 
is  tried  for  heresy  before  the  Chicago 
Presbytery,  and  acquitted. 

May  1.  The  General  Conference 
(Methodist  Protestant)  assembles. 

It  declares  its  settled  policy  not  to 
legislate  on  moral  and  political  ques- 
tions.   (Cyc.  of  Methodism.) 

May*  Ky.  The  General  Conference 
(Methodist  Episcopal  South)  meets  at 
Louisville. 

The  North  Texas,  Southwest  Missouri, 
and  Denver  Conferences  are  formed. 

June  0.  /*.  Pope  I>eo  XIII.  receives  100 
American  pilgrims. 

June  24.  Bishop  George  D.  Cummins 
(Ileformed  Episcopal  Church)  is  deposed 
by  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 

Sept.  3.  Tex.  The  Uoman  Catholic  di- 
ocese of  San  Antonio  is  established. 

LETTERS. 
1873  *  *  An   Outline  Study  of  Man,  by 
Mark  Hopkins,  appears. 

*  *  Twelve  Miles  from  a  Lemon,  by  Gail 
Hamilton,  appears. 

*  *  Hap- Hazard, \>yZ<Me  Field,  appears. 

*  ♦  History  of  Napoleon  III.,  by  John  S. 
C.  Abbott,  appears. 


*  *  Lars,  by  Bayard  Taylor,  appears. 

»  *  Aftermath,  by  Henry  W.  Iiongfel- 
low,  appears. 

*  •  The  Wetherell  4j?"air,  by  John  ■William 
De  Forest,  appears. 

•  *  Two  Jtivulets,  by  Walt  Whitman,  ap- 
pears. 

1874  Apr.  15.  A.  r.  The  Legislature 
passes  the  compulsory  education  law. 

Mayl.  Chicago.  The  circulating  depart- 
ment of  the  Public  library  is  opened. 

May  16.  Mass.  A  State  Normal  School 
is  opened  at  Worcester.  [Oct.  2.  One  at 
Columbia,  S.C.] 

Aug.  4.  N.  Y.  The  first  Summer  As- 
sembly meets  at  Chautauqua. 

SOCIETY. 

1873  *  *  Phila.  Lydia  Sherman  is  con- 
victed of  murdering  three  husbands  and 
eight  children. 

♦  *  S.  C.    The  State  debt  is  repudiated. 

A  law  is  passed  repudiating  a  part  of 
the  public  debt  ($'25,770,till),  and  also 
half  of  the  remainder  by  providing  for 
its  settlement  at  50  cents  on  the  dollar. 

1874  Jan.*  O.  The  crusade  against 
the  saloons  of  Southern  Ohio  continues; 
Christian  women  sing  and  pray  in  the 
saloons,  and  when  excluded  continue 
in  prayer  and  song  before  them  on  the 
sidewalk. 

Jan.  4.  Phila.  The  main  building  of  the 
hospital  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania is  dedicated. 

Mar.*  O.  The  Christian  crusade  be- 
gins to  subside. 

Apr.  10.  N.  Y.  Emil  Lowensteln  is 
hanged  at  Albany  for  the  murder  of 
John  D.  Weston  on  Aug.  5,  1873. 

Apr.  25.  Phila.  The  Produce  Ex- 
change is  organized. 

Apr.  28.  Tenn.  A  convention  of  col- 
ored people  is  held  at  Nashville  to 
promote  the  enjoyment  of  civil  and 
social  rights. 

May  *  R.  T.  The  Legislature  passes  the 
law  prohibiting  the  sale  of  intoxicat- 
ing beverages,  and  a  constabulary  act 
for  its  enforcement. 

June  8.  S.  C.  Gov.  Moses  is  indicted 
for  official  acts,  but  escapes  trial  on  a 
technicality,  as  the  law  prescribes  im- 
peachment in  such  cases. 

June  23.  Md.  "  Hazing  "  is  abolished 
at  Annapolis.    (See  Army.) 

U.  S.  Causing  the  involuntary  ser- 
vitude of  foreigners  is  made  a  punish- 
able offense.     (See  State.) 

July  1.  Phila.  Charley  Ross,  four 
years  of  age,  is  abducted.  [Great  efforts 
were  made  to  And  him,  without  success.] 

July  7.  N.  Y.  Kev.  Henry  Ward 
Beecher  demands  an  investigation,  by 
his  church,  of  scandalous  charges  pre- 
ferred against  him  by  Theodore  Tilton. 
[He  is  acquitted.    See  page  287.] 

Aug.  12.  Miss.  A  race  riot  occurs  at 
Austin,  which  is  not  suppressed  till  the 
military  are  called  out,  and  15  persons 
killed. 


UNITED    STATES.       1873,  *  *-1874,  Sept.  14.    285 


Aug.  26.  Tenn.  Disguised  men  take, 
from  the  jail  at  Trenton,  16  negroes, 
and  slioot  them ;  the  negroes  are  charged 
with  killing  two  white  men. 

Aug.  30.  La.  Six  Republican  officials 
are  shot  while  on  their  way  from  Cou- 
fchatta  to  Shreveport,  under  arrest. 

Aug.*  Teiin.  An  uprising  of  negroes 
is  suppressed,  and  the  leaders  are  sum- 
marily hanged. 

Aug.*  jV.  Y.  Christian  women  at  Chau- 
tauqua decide  to  call  a  National  Con- 
vention of  Temperance  Women. 

Sept.  10.  Me.  The  Bangor  Reform 
Club,  organized  by  Br.  Henry  A.  Rey- 
nolds, adopts  the  red  ribbon  as  its 
badge ;  this  is  the  flrst  cluh  of  its  kind 
for  reformed  drinking  men. 

STATE. 

1873  •  *  B.C.  Congress  provides  for  the 
sale  of  public  lands  containing  coal,  to 
encourage  mining. 

*  *  I).  C.  Congress  passes  stringent  laws 
to  prevent  cruelty  to  animals  while  in 
transit  by  railroad  or  other  conveyance ; 
they  must  have  five  hours  rest,  loosed 
every  28  hours. 

*  *  D.C.  Congress  establishes  the  custom- 
house value  of  the  English  sovereign, 
or  pound  sterling,  at  $4.8G  and  6^  mills. 

*  *  J).  C.  Congress  passes  a  law  requiring 
national  banks  to  restore  their  capital 
when  impaired. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  passes  a  law  to  en- 
courage the  growth  of  timber  of  West- 
ern prairies  by  gifts  of  patents  in  land. 

*  *  Neio  York.  An  amendment  to  the 
city  charter  is  passed. 

*  *  2^.  Y.  Brooklyn  receives  a  new 
charter. 

*  *  O.  The  people  reject  the  revised 
Constitution. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-74  *  *  Colo.  (Ter.).    Samuel  H.  Elbert. 
-77  •  *  Conn.    Charles  R.  IngersoU. 
-78*  *  Dak.  (Tar.).  John  L.  Pennington. 
-74  •  *  Fla.    O.  B.  Hart. 

111.    Richard  J.  Oglesby. 
-77  *  *  111.    John  L.  Beveridge. 
-77  *  *  Ind.    Thomas  A.  Hendricks. 
-77  *  *  Kan.    Thomas  A.  Osborn. 
-77  *  *  Afich.    John  J.  Bagley. 
-75  *  *  Mo.    Silas  Woodson. 
-75  *  *  Neb.    Robert  W.  Furnas. 
-75  •  *  N.  Y.    John  A.  Dix. 

Pa.    John  F.  Hartranft. 
-75  *  *  R.  I.    Henry  Howard. 

1874  Jan.  1.  Mew  York.  The  Act  by 
which  Morrisania,  West  Farms,  and 
Kingsbridge  are  annexed  takes  effect. 

Pa.    The  new  Constitution  becomes 

operative. 

Jan.  5.  Tex.  The  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides that  the  election  of  Dec.  2  is  in- 
valid because  of  the  imconstitutionality 
of  the  law  authorizing  it. 

Jan.  13.  Tex.  Two  Ijegislatures  or- 
ganize ;  the  governor  refuses  to  recog- 
nize the  new  one. 

Jan.  20.  />.  C.  Congress  repeals  the 
act  for  increasing  salaries  ("Salary- 
grab  Bill"),  except  so  much  as  relates  to 


the  salaries  of  the  President  and  the 
Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Jan.  21.  D.C.  President  Grant  appoints 
Morrison  R.  "Waite  of  O.  Chief  Justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court ;  the  Senate  con- 
firms the  appointment. 

Jan.  29.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  Act 
authorizing  the  mint  to  coin  for  foreign 
nations. 

Congress :  The  Senate  directs  that  the 
busts  of  Chief  Justices  Roger  B.  Taney 
and  Salmon  P.  Chase  be  placed  in  the 
Supreme  Court  room. 

Mar.  11.  Wis.  The  Legislature  passes 
the  Potter  Iiaw,  for  regulating  rail- 
roads and  other  corporations. 

Apr.  6.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  a  bill  to  expand  the  currency, 
with  $400,000,000  as  the  maximum  limit. 
Vote,  29-24.  [Passed  by  the  House,  Apr. 
14.    Vote,  140-102.    Vetoed,  Apr.  22.] 

May  15.  D.  C:  The  President  by  proc- 
lamation recognizes  Elisha  Baxter  as 
governor  of  Arkansas,  and  orders  bands 
of  disorderly  persons  in  the  State  to 
disperse. 

June  1.  D.  C.  ■William  A.  Richard- 
son, Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  resigns. 
[June  4.  Succeeded  by  Benjamin  H. 
Bristow  of  Ky.] 

June  5.  D.  C.  Congress  directs  the 
President  to  invite  foreign  nations  to 
participate  in  the  Centennial  Exhibi- 
tion to  be  held  in  Philadelphia. 

June  20.  D.  C.  Congress  abolishes  the 
electoral  territorial  government  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  as  a  remedy  for 
extravagance,  and  provides  for  a  govern- 
ing board  of  three  commissioners. 

Congress  authorizes  the  establish- 
ment of  public  marine  schools  for  in- 
struction in  navigation  and  seamanship. 

June  23.  D.  C.  Congress  provides  lor 
a  court  of  commissioners  to  adjust  and 
settle  Alabama  claims. 

It  enacts  a  law  for  the  punishment  of 
persons  who  may  bring  kidnaped  or 
inveigled  foreigners  into  the  United 
States  for  the  purpose  of  selling  them, 
or  holding  them  in  involuntary  servi- 
tude. 

The  43d  Congress :  the  flrst  session 
closes. 

June  24.  D.  C.  John  A.  J.  CresweU, 
Postmaster-General,  resigns. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1874. 
Revenue:  Customs.  81163,103,834;  inter- 
nal revenue,  $102,409,785 ;  sales  of  pub- 
lic lands,  $1,852,429 ;  premiums  on  loans 
and  sales  of  gold  coin,  $5,037,(56,5 ;  mis- 
cellaneous items,  $17,075,043.  Total  rev- 
enue, $289,478,755 ;  excess  of  revenue 
over  ordinary  expenditures,  $2,344,882. 
Expenditures  :  Premiums  on  loans,  pur- 
chase of  bonds,  etc.,  $1,395,074;  miscel- 
laneous items,  $69,641,693;  War  Depart- 
ment, $42,313,927 ;  Navy  Department, 
$30,932,587 ;  Indians,  $6,692.462 ;  pen- 
sions, $29,ft'!8,415 ;  interest  on  the  pub- 
lic debt,  $107,119,815.  Total  ordinary 
expenditures,  $287,133,873;  public  debt, 
$2,251,690,468.  Exports,  $586,283,010  ;  im- 
ports, $667,406,342. 

July  7.  D.  C.  James  W.  Marshall  of 
Va.  is  appointed  Postmaster-General. 
[Aug.  24.  Succeeded  by  Marshall  Jew- 
ell of  Conn.] 

July  14.  Ark.  A  convention  meets  to 
revise  the  Constitution.    [Oct.  13.    The 


new  Constitution  is  ratified  by  a  major- 
ity of  53,890.] 

Aug.*  La.  John  McEnery  (Dem.?) 
again  claims  the  governorship ;  bitter- 
ness and  blood  follow  ;  whites  and  blacks 
fight  each  other  in  various  parts  of  the 
South. 

Sept.  14.  La.  D.  P.  Penn,  claiming  to 
be  lieutenant-governor,  organizes  a  mi- 
litia force  in  the  absence  of  John  Mc- 
Enery, defeats  the  police,  and  drives 
W.  P.  Kellogg  out  of  the  State  House; 
26  men  are  killed. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1873  •  JV^  J.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
general  railroad  law,  conditioned  by 
the  surrender  of  exclusive  rights  by 
holders  of  existing  franchises. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Red  Star  Line  of 
steamers,  running  to  Antwerp,  is  es- 
tablished. 

*  *  New  York.  The  White  Cross  Line 
of  steamers,  running  to  Antwerp,  is  es- 
tablished, 

*  *  O.  Lake  View  Park  at  Cleveland 
is  purchased  by  the  city,  and  improve- 
ments are  made. 

*  *  S.  Dak.  The  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and 
St.  Paul  RaUroad  is  completed  from 
Sioux  City,  Iowa,  to  Yankton. 

*  *  Va.  The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio 
Railroad,  connecting  Richmond  and 
Huntington  on  the  Ohio  River,  is 
opened ;  length  421  miles. 

1874.  Apr.  29.  The  Fairview  Pipe-Line 
[United  Pipe-Line]  is  incorporated 
for  conducting  petroleum  from  the  oil- 
regions  to  the  seaboard. 

May  16.  Mass.  M'illiamsburg,  Leeds, 
and  Haydensville  are  almost  destroyed 
by  the  bursting  of  a  reservoir  on  the 
lyrillft  River ;  144  lives  are  lost  and  prop- 
erty to  the  amount  of  $1,500,000. 

June  8.  N.  H.  The  Faraday  lands  the 
direct  cable  of  the  United  States  Com- 
pany. 

June  30.  U.S.  Immigrants  for  the  year, 
313,339. 

July  4.  Phila.  Ground  is  broken  at 
Fairmount  Park,  in  the  suburb  of  the 
city,  for  the  erection  of  the  Centennial 
buildings. 

July  14.  Chicago.  A  fire  burns  346build- 
ings ;  loss,  $4,000,000. 

Wis.  A  fire  at  Oshkosh  destroys  prop- 
erty valued  at  $1,000,000. 

July  24.  Nev.  At  Eureka  between  20 
and  30  persons  perish  by  a  waterspout. 

Jvily  26,  27.  Pa.  Rivers  in  the  western 
part  of  the  State  overflow  from  heavy 
rains ;  200  persons  are  drowned  in  and 
near  Pittsburg  and  Allegheny  City. 

July  *  Nero  York.  Live  cattle  are  ex- 
ported to  England ;  the  steamer  Euro- 
pean carries  373  head. 

July  *  -  Oct.  *  The  grasshopper  plague 
causes  distress  in  Minnesota,  Kansas, 
and  Nebraska. 

Aug.  5.  The  steamboat  Pat  Itof/ers  burns 
on  the  Ohio  River ;  50  persons  perish. 

Aug.  *- Sept.  »  The  Great  Eastern  lays 
the  sixth  cable. 


286     1874,  Sept.  15-1875,  Feb.  27.       AMERICA 


ARMY  — KAVY. 
1874  Oct.  1.  Mo.  St.  liOuis  is  made  the 
headquarters  of  the  U.  S.  A. 

*  *  Ariz.  The  Indian  "War  ends  in  the 
surrender  of  the  hist  of  the  hostile  trihes 
to  Geu.  Crook. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1874    Oct.  10.  Mich.  The  asteroid  Jue- 

wa  is  discovered  by  J.  C.  Watson. 
Oct,  15.  111.   A  Monument  to  Abraham 

Lincoln   is   dedicated    at    Oak    liidge, 

Springfield. 

*  *  Chicago.  S.  W.  Bumham  reports  that 
Alpha  Delphini,  known  as  a  triple  star, 
is  really  sextuple. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Morrison  observatory  is 
founded  at  Glasgow. 

*  *  X.  C.  Chang  and  Eng,  the  Siamese 
twins,  die  at  Mount  Airy. 

*  *  Xew  York.  A  bronze  figure  of  a 
Boldier  is  unveiled  in  Central  Park,  in 
commemoration  of  members  of  the  7th 
regiment  who  died  during  the  war. 

*  *  Keic  York.  Wordsworth  Thompson  of 
New  York  is  elected  a  member  of  the 
Ifational  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Franconia  Notch  is  painted  by  A.  B. 
Durand. 

*  *  On  the  Calumet  is  painted  by  A.  C. 
Shaw. 

*  *  Scene  near  Perugia  is  painted  by 
George  Inuess. 

*  *  Musketeer  of  the  Seventeenth  Century 
is  painted  by  J.  B.  Irving. 

*  *  Drove  at  the  Ford  is  painted  by  J.  M. 
Hart. 

*  *  Cape  Ann  is  painted  by  Jervis  Mc- 
Entee. 

*  *  Shakespeare  is  painted  by  William 
Page. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1874. 

Sept.  15.    Curtis,  Benj.  It.,  justice  V.  S.  S. 
Ct.,  A(>5. 

Sept.  36.     Lee,  Henry  W.,  P.  E.  bishop  of 
Iowa,  A  59. 

Oct.  7.     Eddy,  Thomas  M.,   M.   E.   clergy- 
man, editor,  A51. 

Oct.  23.  Iniiian,  William,  com.  IT.  S.  N.,  A77. 

Oct.    38.      Kinehart,    Wm.    H.,    American 
sculptor,  A 49. 

Wheeler,  Wm.  Adolphus,  lexicographer, 

A4I. 

Nov.  3.     Palmer,  Phoebe,  evangelist,  au- 
thor, A67. 

Nov.  5.     Haeon,  David  W.,  R.  C.  bishop  of 
Portland,  Me.,  A60. 

Dec.  9.  Cornell,  Ezra,  philanthropist,  foun- 
der Cornell  University,  A67. 

Dec.  17.    Cuahing,  William  B.,  commander 
U.  S.  N.,  A32. 

Dec.  33.    Walker,  .Tas.,  Unit,  clergyman, 
president  of  Harvard,  A80. 

Dec.  38.    Smith.   Oerrit.  abolitionist,  re- 
former, A77. 
1875. 

Jan.  31.    Sprague,  Charles,  poet,  orator,  of 
Boston,  A84. 

Feb.  13.    Delafield,     Edward,    physician, 
surgeon,  of  New  York,  A81. 

Feb.  19.    Bell,  Charles  H.,  rear-adm.  U.  S. 
N.,  A77. 

CHURCH. 

1874  Sept.  15-18.  iV^.  Y.  The  National 
Unitarian  Conference  meets  at  Sara- 
toga. 

Oct.  25.  Wi8.  Edward  Randolph  Welles 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Wisconsin. 


Oct.  27.    A  Triennial  Convention  of 

the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  is  held  ; 
a  canon  is  passed  against  ritualism. 

Oct.  *  The  Christian  "Women's  Board 
of  Missions  (Disciples)  is  organized. 

Wov.  2.  Cal.  John  Henry  I>.  Wingtield 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Northern  Cali- 
fornia. 

Nov.  12.  i\'.  J.  William  H.  Odenheimer 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Northern  New  Jersey. 

Nov.  19.  O.  The  MToman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  is  organized  in 
Cleveland  as  the  "  sober,  second  thought 
of  the  temperance  crusade." 

Dec.  20.  Tex.  Alexander  Charles  Gar- 
rett is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) missionary  bishop  of  Northern 
Texas. 

Dec.  *  The  Colored  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church  in  America  is  organized. 

*  *  1).  C.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  at  Washington. 

*  *  D,  C.  The  Roman  Catholic  Bureau 
of  Indian  Missions  is  established  at 
Washington. 

*  *  ///.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Monmouth ; 
John  G.  Brown,  moderator. 

*  •The  (Congregational)  National  Coun- 
cil meets, 

*  •  Mass.  The  Congregational  Club  is 
formed  in  Taunton. 

*  *  The  "Woman's  Foreign  Missionary 
Society  of  the  African  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  is  organized. 

*  *  Mb.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) meets  at  St.  Louis;  Samuel  J. 
Wilson,  moderator. 

*  *  New  York.  The  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  P^piscopal)  meets.  Tlie 
Church  Congress  is  organized. 

Tlie  Protestant  Episcopal  dioceses  of 
Newarlt,  N.  J.,  Western  Michigan, 
Northern  New  Jersey,  and  Western 
Texas  are  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  R.  M.  Bishop,  president. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

*  *  Tex.  The  Roman  Catholic  Vicarate 
Apostolic  of  Brownsville  is  erected. 

*  *  The  Clergymen's  Retiring  Fund 
Society  (Protestant  Episcopal)  is  incor- 
porated. 

*  *  The  German  Mission  Conference 
(Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South)  is 
organized. 

*  *  The  Wisconsin  Conference  (Free  Meth- 
odist) is  organized. 

1875  Jan.  27.  Ky.  Thomas  U.  Dudley 
is  consecrated  assistant  bishop  (Prot- 
estant Episcopal)  of  Kentucky. 

Feb.  2.  N.  J.  John  Scarborough  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  New  Jersey. 

*  *  Boston  is  erected  a  Roman  Catholic 
archdiocese,  witli  the  bishops  of  Port- 
land, Burlington.  Spring6eld,  Provi- 
dence, and  Hartford  suffragans  to  it. 


Feb.  12.  Boston.  John  Joseph  "Wil- 
liams is  create<i  first  (Roman  Catholic) 
Archbishop  of  Boston. 

Feb.  24.  George  de  Normandie  Gillespie 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Western  Michigan. 

LETTERS. 

1874  *  •  Ark.  Little  Rock  College  (non- 
sect.),  at  Little  Rock,  is  organized. 

*  *  Colorado  College  (Cong.)  is  founded 
at  Colorado  Springs. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Legislature  passes  the  com- 
pulsory education  law  and  revises  the 
school  laws. 

*  *  Chicago.    The  Union  Signal  is  issued. 

*  *  Ga.  Clark  University  (Meth.  Epis., 
Colored)  is  founded  at  Atlanta. 

*  *Itl.  St.  "Viateur's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  Bourbonnais. 
Ewing  College  (Bapt.)  is  founded. 
The  Southern  Illinois  Normal  Uni- 
versity is  opened  at  Carbundale. 

*  *  Ind.  Purdue  University  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Lafayette. 

*  *  Ky.  Central  University  (Southern 
Pres.)  is  organized  in  Richmond. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Memorial  Hall  is  opened 
at  Harvard.  It  is  erected  in  memory  of 
the  Harvard  students  who  died  in  the 
Civil  War. 

*  *  Mich.  Battle  Creek  College  (Ad- 
ventist)  is  founded. 

*  *  Nevada  State  University  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Elko. 

*  *  N.  C.  Gregory  Institute,  Colored,  of 
Wilmington,  is  founded  by  the  American 
Missionary  Association.  Weaverville 
College  (non-sect.)  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  C.y  N.  J.  Compulsory  education 
laws  are  enacted. 

*  *  New  York.  International  lieview  is 
established.  The  City  Record  is  founded. 
The  Dramatic  News  is  founded  by 
Charles  Albert  Byrne. 

*  *  O.  University  of  Cincinnati  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized. 

*  *  Tenn.  Southwestern  University 
(Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Jackson. 

*  *  The  American  College  and  Education 
Society  (Cong.)  is  formed  by  the  union  of 
two  societies. 

*  *  T?ie  Circuit  Rider,  by  Edward  Eggles- 
ton,  appears. 

*  *  Darwinism  and  Laiiguage,  by  William 
rtwight  Whitney,  appears. 

*  *  Echoes  of  the  Foot  Hills,  by  Bret  Harte, 
appears. 

*  *  Hazel  Blossoms,  by  John  Greenleaf 
"Whittier,  appears. 

*  *  In  His  Name,  by  Edward  Everett  Hale, 
appears. 

*  *  John  Andros,  by  Rebecca  H.  Davis,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Life  and  Death  of  John  of  Barneveld, 
by  Motley,  appears. 

*  *  Life  on  the  Mississippi,  by  Mark  Twain, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Mistress  of  the  Manse,  by  J.  G. 
Holland,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.  1874,  Sept.  15-1875,  Feb.  27.  287 


*  *  Poems,  by  Celia  Thaxter,  appears. 

*  •  The  Prophet,  by  Bayard  Taylor,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Prudence  Palfrey,  by  T.  B,  Aldricb, 
appears ;  also  Cloth  of  Gold  and  Other 
Poems. 

*  *  The  Scottish  Philosophy,  by  James 
McCosh,  appears. 

*  *  Sex  and  Education^  by  Julia  Ward 
Howe,  appears. 

*  *  Songsof  Many  Seasons,  by  Oliver  Wen- 
dell Huliiies,  appears. 

*  *  Toinette,  by  Albion  Winegar  Tourg^e, 
appears. 

*  *  Democracy  and  Monarchy  in  France, 
by  C.  K.  Adams,  appears. 

*  *  Illustrious  Soldiers,  by  James  Grant 
Wilson,  appears. 

*  *  Opening  of  a  Chestnut  Burr,  by  E.  P. 
Roe,  appears. 

*  *  Around  the  Tea  Table,  by  T.  Be  Witt 
Talraage,  appears. 

*  *  Oxitlines  of  Cosmic  Philosophy , 'by  John 
Fiske,  appears. 

*  *  The  Doctrine  of  Evolution,  by  Alexan- 
der Wincbell,  appears  ;  also.  The  Geology 
of  Stars. 

*  *  A  Foregone  Conclusion,  by  William 
Dean  Howelle,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  by  James 
Par  ton,  appears, 

*  *  The  Old  Peg  ime  in  Canada,  hjFi&iicia 
Parkman,  appears. 

1875  Jan.  *  Me.  An  industrial  school 
tor  girls  is  opened  at  Hallowell  by  the 
iiutborities  of  the  State. 

SOCIETY. 

1874  Sept.  18.  Xeb.  The  Nebraska  Be- 
lief and  Aid  Society  ia  organized  to 
furnish  relief  for  sufferers  by  the  grass- 
hopper plague  and  long  drought. 

Oct.*  Utah.  Brigham  Young  is  in- 
dicted the  second  time  for  polygamy. 

Oct.'*'  Indians  massacre  settlers  in  the 
Northwest. 

Nov.  12.  Pa.  William  E.  TJdderzook 
Ifl  convicted  and  hanged  for  the  murder 
of  W.  S.  Goss  for  his  insurance,  on  Feb. 
2, 1872. 

Nov.  17.  O.  The  First  Woman's 
National  Temperance  Convention 
meets  in  Cleveland.  [Nov.  19  The 
W  Oman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  is  organized.] 

Dec.  7.  Miss.  A  race  riot  is  caused  by 
political  conflicts,  and  many  negroes  are 
killed. 

Dec.  12.  D.  C.  King  Kalakaua  of  tbe 
Hawaiian  Islands  visits  Washington. 

Dec*  Miss.  A  race  riot  at  Vicksburg 
results  in  the  death  of  75  negroes. 

*  •  Cal.  The  Legislature  enacts  that 
when  persons  are  convicted  of  capital 
crime,  the  jury  may  determine  between 
inflicting  the  death  penalty  or  imprison- 
ment for  life. 

*  *  O.  The  Constitutional  Amend- 
ment in  favor  of  license  is  voted  down 
by  C,2SG  majority. 


*  *  O.  The  Queen  City  Club  of  Cincin- 
nati is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Cecilian  (musical)  So- 
ciety is  organized. 

*  *  Pa.  The  8th  National  Encampment  of 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  is  held 
at  Harrisburg ;  Gen.  Charles  Devens,  Jr., 
of  Mass.,  commander-in-chief. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Tennessee  hospital  for 
the  insane,  of  East  Tennessee,  is  located 
at  KnoxviUe. 

*  *  U.S.  A  whisky  ring,  composed  of 
distillers  and  Government  officials,  as- 
sumes national  proportions  ;  it  robs  tbe 
Government  and  disgraces  the  Admin- 
istration. 

1875  Jan.  8-July  2.  K.  T.  Kev. 
Henry  Ward  Beecher  of  Brooklyn  is 
tried  on  the  charge  of  adultery,  made  by 
Theodore  Tilton ;  the  scandal  causes  in- 
tense excitement  during  the  long  trial ; 
tbe  jury  disagree.  Vote,  nine  for  and 
three  against  conviction. 

STATE. 

1874  Sept,  15.  D.C.  The  President  is- 
sues a  proclamation  ordering  the  Loui- 
siana armed  partizans  to  disperse  within 
five  days. 

*  *  La.  "The  Crescent  City  W^hite 
League  "  ia  formed,  for  the  reformation 
and  purification  of  the  State  govern- 
ment. 

Sept.  17.  La.  The  rival  parties  peace- 
ably surrender  the  State  buildings  to 
the  U.  S.  officers. 

Sept.  18.  La.  The  white  people  submit 
to  the  decision  of  the  President ;  Gov- 
ernor Kellogg  is  restored. 

Sept.  19.  La.  Gen.  Brooke  is  appointed 
military  governor ;  W.  P.  Kellogg 
transacts  the  duties  of  the  office. 

Oct.  28.  Ore.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
law  creating  the  State  Board  of  Immi- 
gration. 

Nov.  2.  X.  J.  The  T^gislatnre  sells  the 
costly  yet  unfinished  '*  Stevens's  Bat- 
tery "  to  the  Federal  Government  for 

$145,000. 

Nov.  3.  Mich.  The  people  ratify  the  re- 
vised constitution;  the  woman  suf- 
frage clause  is  defeated  in  a  separate 
vote  (40,077-135,957). 

Nov.  4.  U.  S.  A  general  political  re- 
action favors  the  Democrats  in  the  elec- 
tions. 

N.  Y.    Samuel  J.  Tilden  (Dem.)  is 

elected  governor  after  the  complete 
overthrow  of  the  Tweed  Bing.  (See 
Society,  1873.) 

Dec.  7.  -D.  C.  The  43d  Congress :  the 
second  session  opens. 

Dec.  18.  D.  C.  Congress  gives  a  recep- 
tion to  King  Kalakaua  of  the  Hawaiian 
Islands. 

Dec.  21.  Miss.  President  Grant  issues 
a  proclamation  ordering  disorderly 
people  of  Warren  County  to  conform  to 
the  laws. 

Dec.  22.  D.  C.  Congrress;  Senate  :  The 
bill  passes  to  resume  specie  payments. 


Vote,  32-14.    All  the  yeas  are  Republi- 
can. 
Dec.  23.    D.  C.    Congress;  Senate  :  M. 
H.  Carpenter  of  Wis.  is  reelected  Presi- 
dent ^ro  tempore. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Legislature  passes  an  Act 
by  which  the  term  of  office  for  governor 
is  made  three  years. 

*  *  Va.  The  people  ratify  an  amendment 
of  the  Constitution  abolishing  the  town- 
ship system. 

*  *  Wis.  The  Supreme  Court  affirms  the 
constitutionality  of  the  Potter  Law. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-78  *  *  Ala.    George  S.  Houston. 
-77  *  *  Fla.    M.  L.  Stearns. 

-77  *  *  La.    William  Pitt  Kellogg. 

Mass.    Thomas  Talbot. 
-76  •  *  Mass.    William  Gaston. 
-76  *  •  Me.    Nelson  Dingley. 
-76  *  *  Minn.    Cushman  K.  Davis. 
-76*  *  Miss.    Adelbert  Ames. 
-77  *  *  N.C.    Curtis  H.  Brogden. 
-76  *  *  K.  U.    James  A.  Weston. 
-75  *  •  O.    William  Allen. 
-76  *  *  Tex.    Richard  Coke. 
-78  *  *  Va.    James  L.  Kemper. 
-76  *  *  Vt.    Asahel  Peck. 
-76  *  *  Wis.    William  H.  Taylor. 

1875  Jan.  4.  Xa,  The  Legislature  is 
claimed  by  two  bodies;  Kellogg  is 
maintained  by  military  force. 

Jan.  7.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  Act  to  resume  specie  pay- 
ments on  Jan.  1,  1879.  Vote,  125-106; 
Democrats  are  unanimously  against  it. 

Jan.  8.  La.  The  IJ,  S.  troops  quell 
disturbances  in  the  Legislature,  caused 
by  rival  parties,  while  organizing. 

Jan.  14.  7>.  C.  The  President  approves 
the  Act  forresmning  specie  payments, 

Feb.  3.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
rejects  the  new  reciprocity  treaty  be- 
tween Canada  and  the  United  States. 

Feb.  27.  B.C.  The  Government  fixes 
the  indemnity  claimed  from  Spain 
for  the  families  of  men  massacred  in 
the  Virginius  affair  of  Oct.  31,  1873,  at 
$80,000.    [It  is  soon  paid.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1874  Sept.  19.  Mass  Sixty  lives  are 
lost  by  the  burning  of  cotton-mills  at 
Fall  River. 

Oct.  14.  Kan.  The  Mennonitea  pur- 
chase 100,000  acres  of  railroad  lands  for 
settlement. 

Dec.  21-26.  N.  J.  Edward  Payson  Wes- 
ton walks  500  miles  in  5  days,  23  hours, 
and  34  minutes  at  Newark. 

*  *  La.  Carrollton  is  annexed  to  New 
Orleans. 

*  *  Neb,  The  Nebraska  Legislatuse  ap- 
points an  arbor-day,  and  thus  inau- 
gurates a  movement  for  tree-planting 
[which  extends  into  many  States]. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Amsterdam-Neth- 
erlands line  of  steamers  for  Boulogne 
and  Rotterdam  is  established. 

1875  Feb.  9.  Mass.  The  first  train 
passes  through  the  Hoosac  Tunnel 
(4|  miles  long). 


288     1875,  Mar.  1- 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1875  *  *  The  troops  bring  into  subjection 
the  predatory  bandsofKiowas.Cheyeu- 
nes,  imd  Comanches  on  the  borders  of  the 
Staked  Plains  ;  the  Indians  are  subdued 
in  the  southwest,  where  tlie  Cheyennes 
give  themselves  up  as  prisoners  of  war. 


ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1875  June  3.  N.  Y.  The  asteroids 
Vibilia  and  Adeona  are  discovered  by 
C.  II.  F.  Peters  at  Clinton. 

June  15.  N.  Dak.  Gen.  Forsythe,  under 
otiicial  orders,  starts  from  Bismarck  to 
explore  the  Yellowstone  River  region. 

July  *  .V.  J.  Edison  makes  investiga- 
tions and  experiments  for  the  electrical 
transmission  of  speech. 

Sept.  15-18.  Tex.  A  storm  on  the 
coast  does  great  damage;  G-alveston, 
Indianola,  and  other  places  are  much 
injured ;  villages  are  washed  away  by 
the  sea,  and  many  lives  lost. 

Oct.  26.  Va.  A  statue  of  Gen. "  Stone- 
wall "  Jackson  is  unveiled  at  llich- 
mond. 

Dec.  22.  Va.  Eiohmond  is  visited  by  an 
earthquake. 

*  *  D.  C.  Prof.  Alexander's  theory  con- 
cerning the  zodiacal  light  is  published 
by  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

He  declares  it  to  be  a  terrestrial  girdle, 
so  situated  that  its  time  of  revolution 
around  the  earth  is  equal  to,  and  in  the 
same  direction  as,  that  of  the  moon. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
X875. 

Apr.  6.  Koosevelt,  James  L.,  lawyer,  ju- 
rist, of  New  York,  A80. 

Apr.  13.  Fitcli,  Leroy,  commander  U.  S. 
N.,  A40. 

May  17.  Breckinridge,  John  Cabell, 
senator  for  Ky.,  Vice-President  V.  S.,  A.M. 

June  14.  Upliam,  Charles  W.,  Unit,  cler- 
gyman, writer,  A73. 

July  3.  Florence,  Thomas  B.,  M.  C.  for 
I'a.,  A63. 

July  8.  Blair,  Francis  P.,  maj.-gen.  of 
vols.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  A.54. 

July  30.  Pickett,  George  Edward,  Confed. 
gen.,  led  Confed.  charge  at  Gettysburg,  A50. 

July  31.  Johnson,  Andrew,  M.  0.  for 
Tenn.,  Gov.,  senator,  Vice-President,  17th 
President,  A67. 

A.\is.  3.  Lewis,  Wiuslow,  physician,  medi- 
cal writer,  A76. 

AuB.  11.  Graham,  William  A.,  lawyer, 
senator  for  N.  C,  A75. 

Aue.  13.  Binney,  Horace,  lawyer,  M.  C. 
for  I'a.,  A95. 

Auk.  18.  Finney,  Charles  G.,  Pres.  cler- 
gyman, president  of  Oberlin  College,  A83. 

Auk.  23.  Nutt,  Cyrus,  M.  E.  clergyman, 
educator,  A61. 

Sept.  8.  Lyon,  Caleb,  M.  C,  for  N.  Y., 
Gov.  of  Idaho,  traveler,  A.'iS. 

Sept.  14.  Lapham,  Increase  Allen,  natu- 
ralist, author,  A64. 

Sept.  16.  Kemble,  Gouverneur,  capitalist, 
A  89. 

Oct.  21.  Hudson,  Frederic,  joarnalist, 
N.  Y.  Herald,  A56. 

Oct.  29.    Walker,  Amasa,  M.  C.  for  Mass., 

professor  of  political  economy,  A76. 
Nov.  2.    Hackett,  Horatio  Balch,  Biblical 
scholar,  professor  ancient  languages,  A67. 

Nov.  22.    Wilson,     Henry,     senator     for 

Mass.,  18th  Vice-President,  A63. 
Nov.  24.    Astor,  ■William  B..  merchant, 

capitalist,  A83. 
Dec.  2.     Harris,   Ira,   jurist,   senator   for 

N.  Y.,  A73. 
Dec.  9.    Browne,  J.  Ross,  traveler,  writer, 

A58. 
Dec.  27.    Richardson,  William  Alexander, 
JI.  C.  lor  lU.,  Gov.,  senator  for  Neb.,  AW. 


CHURCH. 

1875  Mar.  12.  II.  It  is  announced  that 
Archbishop  John  McCloskey  of  New 
York  has  been  created  a  cardinal,  the 
first  in  North  America. 

Apr.  28.  O.  Thomas  Augustus  Jagger 
is  consecriited  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Southern  Ohio. 

May  23.  If.  Va.  John  Joseph  Kain  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
West  A'irginia. 

June  5.  A'cto  York.  Tlie  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

July  19-22.  London.  A  Pan-Presby- 
terian Congress  is  held ;  about  50 
bodies  are  represented  ;  an  *'  Alliance  of 
Presbyterian  Churches  "  is  formed. 

Oct.  21.  Mich.  The  Michigan  Confer- 
ence of  Unitarian  and  other  Christian 
churches  is  organized  at  Jackson. 

Oct.*  Xew  York.  The  first  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  Church  Congress  (Protestant 
Episcopal)  is  held. 

Nov.  11.  The  Illinois  Conference  of 
Unitarian  and  other  independent  socie- 
ties is  organized  at  Bloomington. 

Nov.  21.  Phila.  Moody  and  Sankey  be- 
gin revival  meetings  in  tlie  old  freight 
depot,  13th  and  Market  Streets. 

Dec.  6.  //(.  William  Edward  McLaren 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Illinois. 

Deo.  15.  Wis.  John  Henry  Hobart 
Brown  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) bishop  of  Fond  du  Lac. 

Dec.  21.  Armn.  John  Ireland,  bishop 
of  St.  Paul,  is  promoted  to  the  archbish- 
opric. 

Dec.  17.  N.Mex.  William  Forbes  Adams 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  New  Mexico. 

»  *  Cal.  The  California  Chinese  Mission 
is  organized  by  the  General  Association 
of  the  Congregational  Churches  of  Cali- 
fornia as  auxiliary  to  the  American  Mis- 
sionary Association. 

*  *  Cal.  Tlie  Women's  Baptist  For- 
eign Missionary  Society  of  the  'West 
is  organized. 

*  *  Kij.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Louis- 
ville ;  Isaac  Errett,  president.  The 
Foreign  Christian  Missionary  So- 
ciety is  organized  at  Louisville. 

*  *  Kij.  Tlie  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

»  *  Mass.  The  Worcester  Congregational 
Club  is  formed. 

*  *  Me.  James  A.  Healy  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Portland. 

»  •  Me.  The  Maine  Unitarian  Associa- 
tion is  incorporated. 

*  *  N.  Mex.  Santa  Fe  is  created  a 
Roman  Catholic  archiepiscopal  see. 

*  »  Mich.  The  North  Michigan  Confer- 
ence (Free  Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  •  Keb.  The  Nebraska  Eldership 
(Church  of  God)  is  organized. 

»  *  The  Woman's  Association  of  the 
United  Brethren  in  Christ  is  organ- 
ized for  mission  work. 


LETTERS. 
1875   Mar.  13.    Phila.    The  Daily  Timet 

is  issued. 

Aug.  24.  Va.  The  colored  people  hold 
an  educational  convention  at  Rich- 
mond. 

Dec.  20.  The  Chicago  Daily  A'ews  is 
issued. 

*  *  Boston.    The  Golden  Rule  is  issued. 

*  *  Boston .  Joseph  Cook  begins  the  Bos- 
ton Monday  Lectures. 

*  *  III.  Chaddock  CoUege  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  founded  at  Quincy. 

*  *  Md.  The  Baltimore  Morning  Herald 
is  first  issued. 

*  *  Mass.  Smith  College  (non-sect.)  is 
organized  at  Northampton. 

*  *  Mass.  Wellesley  College  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Wellesley. 

*  *  Mo.  Park  College  (non-sect.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Parkville. 

*  *  New  York.  The  newspapers,  led  by 
the  Times,  drive  the  Government  into 
action  against  the  Whisky  Ring. 

*  *  O.  Ashland  College  (non-sect.)  is 
organized  at  Ashland. 

*  *  O.  Hebrew  Union  College  (Jewish) 
in  Cincinnati,  is  organized. 

*  *  Birds  and  Poets,  by  John  Burroughs, 
appears. 

*  *  Ceramic  ^r«,  by  William  Phipps  Blake, 
appears. 

»  •  Phila.    The  Daily  Call  is  issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1875  Mar.  4.  Kan.  The  Legislature 
passes  an  Act  providing  for  the  issue  of 
S93,000  State  bonds  to  supply  grain 
and  seed  to  destitute  citizens. 

Mar.  18.  Phila.  The  Penn  Club  is  or- 
g.anized. 

Mar.*  Utah.  The  courts  condemn  Brig- 
ham  Yovmg  to  support  one  of  his  wives 
while  she  sues  for  divorce.  [He  is  im- 
prisoned in  his  own  house  for  non-com- 
pliance with  the  mandate.] 

Apr.  5.  Mass.  The  Legislature  repeals 
the  prohibitory  liquor  law. 

Apr.  20.  A  mutiny  breaks  out  on  board 
tlieschooner  Jefferson  Borden :  two  mates 
are  murdered,  but  the  outbreak  is  finally 
suppressed  by  the  captain. 

Apr.  *  Xeio  York.  A  civil  suit  ic  begun 
against  William  M.  Tweed  to  recover 
SG,198,950  of  the  city's  money  embezzled 
by  him. 

[June  22.  Tweed  is  disch.arged,  be- 
cause confined  on  a  cumulative  sen- 
tence ;  he  is  rearrested  on  an  old  indict- 
ment.] 

May  1.  D.  C.  The  whisky  frauds  in 
the  Western  States  are  exposeil ;  the 
loss  to  the  government  by  corruption  is 
placed  at  81,650,000.    (See  State.) 

May  12.  Chicago.  The  9th  National  En- 
campment of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  is  held ;  Gen.  John  F.  Har- 
trantt  of  Pa.,  commander-in-chief. 
June  3.  Chicago.  The  National  Tem- 
perance Convention  meets. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1875,  Marl.-**      289 


June  16,  17.  Boston.  The  100th  anni- 
versary of  the  Battle  of  Bunker  Kill  Is 
celebrated. 

July  4.  S.  C.  Citizens  at  Hamburg  are 
incensed  against  a  colored  militia  com- 
pany for  the  alleged  offense  of  blocking 
the  highway.  [July  9.  The  negroes 
are  attacked  by  white  citizens  ;  five  are 
killed  and  many  wounded.] 

July  5.  Pa.  The  "Molly  Maguires" 
shoot  and  kill  a  policeman  of  Tamaqua. 

July  *  The  Indian-ring  scandal  is  dis- 
closed by  Prof.  Marsh,  He  reports  to 
the  President  the  corrupt  and  fraudu- 
lent conduct  of  the  officials  employed  to 
deal  with  the  Indians. 

Aug.  1-Oct.  1.  Mass.  A  long-continued 
strike  of  15,000  cotton  mill-hands 
against  a  reduction  of  wages  occurs  at 
Fall  River,  but  the  operatives  finally 
yield,  and  return  to  work. 

Aug.  24.  Va.  A  colored  educational 
convention  meets  at  Richmond. 

Sept.  1-4.  ^fiss.  Riots  occur  between 
the  officers  and  the  people  at  Yazoo  City 
and  Clinton. 

Sept.  1.  Pa.  •*  Molly  Maguires"  mur- 
der two  miners  at  Raven  Run.  [Sept  3. 
John  P.  Jones  at  Lansford.] 

STATE. 

1875  Mar,  1.  D.  C.  The  President  ap- 
proves the  stringent  amendment  to  the 
Civil  Rights  Act ;  its  aim  is  to  prevent 
discrimination  against  negroes  by  com- 
mon carriers,  theater  managers,  inn- 
keepers, and  others. 

Mar.  2.  Colorado  Territory  is  organ- 
ized. [July  I.  The  people  ratify  the 
State  Constitution.] 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  restores  the 
10  per  cent  reduction  in  duties,  in- 
creases duties  on  sugars,  increases  the 
internal  revenue  tax  on  tobacco,  snuff, 
and  cigars,  and  raises  the  rate  on  dis- 
tilled spirits  from  70  to  90  cents^  to  pre- 
vent an  impending  deficiency  in  the 
treasury.  It  appropriates  $5,200,000  for 
the  improvement  of  the  mouths  of  the 
Mississippi  by  the  construction  of  jet- 
ties. 

It  passes  a  supplementary  Immigra- 
tion Act;  authorizes  the  coinage  of 
20-cent  silver  coins,  and  provides  for 
making  a  part  of  the  Island  of  Macki- 
nac, Michigan,  a  national  park. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  The  43d  Congress 
ends. 

Mar.  5.  D.  C.  The  Senate  meets  in 
special  session  at  the  call  of  the  Presi- 
dent (issued  Feb.  17).  [It  closes  Mar. 
24.] 

Apr.  14.  La.  The  claims  of  contending 
candidates  for  the  Legislature  are  sub- 
mitted to  a  Congressional  committee 
for  adjustment. 

May  4.  Fla.  The  amendments  to  the 
Constitution  are  ratified  by  the  people 
at  a  special  election. 

May  15,  I).  C.  George  H.  'Williams, 
Attorney-General,  resigns. 


May  25.  P.  I.  There  being  no  choice 
of  governor  in  the  State  election,  ttie 
Legislature  elects.  Vote  :  Henry  Iiip- 
pitt,  70  ;  Mr.  Hazard,  3C. 

May*  y>.  C.  Secretary  Bristow  makes 
a  secret  investigation  of  the  Whisky 
King ;  it  has  defrauded  the  Government 
of  internal  revenue  taxes  on  distilled 
liquors.  [Indictments  are  brought 
against  238  persons  ;  31,650,000  has  been 
defrauded  the  Treasury  in  10  months.] 
(See  Society.) 

May  29.  D.  C.  President  Grant's  letter, 
declining  to  be  a  candidate  for  a  third 
term  in  the  presidency,  is  published. 

Jime  30.  ir.  S.  Statistics  for  1875.  Rev- 
enue: Customs,  §157,167,722;  internal 
revenue,  S110,007,4i>i;  sules  of  public 
lands,  $1,413,640 ;  premiums  on  loans  and 
sales  of  gold  coin,  $3,979,280;  miscella- 
neous items,  $15,431,915.  Total  revenue, 
$288,000,051 ;  excess  of  revenue  over  or- 
dinary expenditures,  $13,376,658.  Ex- 
penditures: Miscellaneous  items,  $71,- 
070,073;  War  I>ep't.  .541,120,646;  Navy 
Dep't,  $21,497,626;  Indians,  $8,384,057; 
pensions,  $29,456,216;  interest  on  the 
public  debt.  $103,093,546.  Total  ordinary 
expenditures,  274,62.3,393 ;  public  debt* 
$2,232,284,531.  Kxports,  $513,442.711 ;  im- 
ports, $533,005,436. 

July  *  Green  Island,  a  notorious  resort 
for  outlaws,  near  Kvansville,  is  declared 
the  property  of  Kentucky  by  a  commis- 
sion appointed  by  the  Legislatures  of 
Indiana  and  Kentucky. 

Sept.  5.  Tex.  A  Constitutional  Con- 
vention meets  at  Austin.  [Feb.  17,  1876. 
The  people  ratify  the  new  Constitu- 
tion.] 

Sept.  6.  Ala.  A  Constitutional  Con- 
vention is  held  at  Montgomery. 

N.  C.    A  Constitutional  Convention 

assembles  at  Raleigh.  [The  people  ratify 
the  new  Constitution.  Vote,  122,912- 
108,829.] 

Sept.  7.  N.  J.  The  people  ratify  the  28 
amendments  to  the  State  Constitution. 

Sept.  22.  D.  C.  Columbus  Delano  of 
O.,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  resigns. 

Oct.  2.  Conn.  The  Constitution  is 
amended. 

Oct.  12.  Neh.  The  people  ratify  the 
new  Constitution. 

Oct.  19.  />.  C.  Zachariah  Chandler 
of  Mich,  is  appointed  Secretary  of  the 
Interior. 

Oct.  30.  Mo.  The  new  Constitution  is 
ratified  by  the  people.  Vote,  90,000- 
14,362. 

Nov.  2.  Minn.  The  people  ratify  an 
amendment  of  the  Constitution  permit- 
ting female  suffrage  in  the  election  of 
school  ofiicers  (male  or  female),  and  re- 
specting school  questions. 

Nov.  7.  New  York.  William  H.  "Wick- 
ham  is  elected  the  79th  mayor. 

Nov.  16.  Ala.  The  new  State  Consti- 
tution is  ratified.    Vote,  95,672-.3O,0M. 

Nov.  22.  D.  C.  Thomas  W.  Ferry  of 
Mich.,  the  President  pro  tempore  of  the 
Senate,  becomes  acting  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  on  the  death 
of  Henry  Wilson.  [Dec.  20.  He  is  re- 
elected.] 


*  *  O.    Rutherford  B.  Hayes  is  again 

reelected  Governor. 

Dec.  6.  B.C.  Congress;  House: 
Michael  C.  Kerr  (Dem.)  of  Ind.  is 
elected  Speaker,  against  J.  G.  Blaine 
(Kep.)ofMe.  Vote,  173-106.  Democrats 
control  the  House  for  the  first  time 
since  1859. 

Congress;  Senate:  !Ez-Fresident 
Johnson  returns  as  Senator  from  Ten- 
nessee. 

Dec.  7.  -O.  C.  President  Grant  recom- 
mends nonsectarian  and  compulsory 
education,  in  his  message  to  Congress. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1875  Apr.  19.  Mass.  The  centennial 
of  the  battles  of  Lexington  and  Concord 
is  celebrated. 

Apr,  28.  ^'^s.  A  fire  in  Oshkosh  bums 
property  worth  $2,000,000, 

May  27.  Mass.  Fire  breaks  out  in  the 
French  Catholic  Church  at  Holyoke ;  75 
deaths  are  caused  by  a  panic. 

June  10.  N.  v.  The  direct  cable  is 
completed,  connecting  New  York  with 
Newfoundland  and  the  Irish  coast. 

Julys.  Mass.  The  centennial  of  Wash- 
ington's assumption  of  command  of  the 
army  is  celebrated  at  Cambridge. 

July  18.  Chicago.  W.  J.  Donaldson,  an 
aeronaut,  makes  an  ascension,  and  is 
lost  in  a  storm  on  Lake  Michigan. 

Aug.  25.  Cat.  The  Bank  of  California 
of  San  Francisco  suspends  because  of 
unsuccessful  speculations. 

Sept.  1.  New  York.  The  new  post- 
office  at  Broadway  and  Park  Row  is 
occupied. 

Sept.  16.      U.  S.     The   system    of   fast 

mail  trains  is  introduced. 
Oct.  26.    Nev.    Virginia  City  is  destroyed 

by  fire.     Several  lives  and  $4,000,000  in 

property  are    lost ;    10,000  persons   are 

made  homeless. 
Nov.  4.    Tlie  steamship  Pacific,  running 

between  Portland  and  San   Francisco, 

founders ;  200  deaths. 

Nov.  9.  Tex.  OS  Galveston  Bar  the 
steamship  City  of  Waco  burns ;  nearly 
70  deaths. 

Nov.  23.  Mo.  A  convention  meets  at 
St.  Louis  to  take  action  relative  to  the 
construction  of  the  Southern  Pacific 
Railroad ;  869  members  present. 

Nov.  *  Phila.  The  Market  Street  bridge 
is  burned.    Rebuilt  in  21  days. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1875.  Cur- 
rency in  circulation,  $754,101,iM7 ;  per 
capita,  $17.16;  Production:  gold,  33,- 
467,856;  silver,  $31,727,560.  Cotton, 3,832,- 
991  bales  ;  barrels  of  petroleum,  121,625,- 
146.  Immigrants  (fiscal  year),  227,498. 
Fire  waste,  $78,102,285;  insurance,  $39,- 
325,400. 

*  *-78*  *  Boston.  Anaqueduct  is  built, 
supplying  Boston  with  water  from  the 
Sudbury  River. 


290     1875,  **-1876,  MaylO. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
1876*  *  Wy.  —  Mont.  "War  with  the 
Sioux  Indians  is  caused  by  the  "  white 
man"  breaking  the  treaty  with  the  Gov- 
ernment, and  by  appropriating  Indian 
lands  in  gold-seeking  regions.  The 
Sioux  Indians  burn  houses,  steal  the 
stock  of  settlers,  and  murder  those  who 
oppose  them. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1875  *  *  The  American  Neurological 
Association  is  organized,  also  the 
American  Gynecological  Society,  the 
Association  of  Medical  Officers  of 
American  Institutions  for  Idiotic  and 
Feeble-Minded  Persons,  Association  of 
American  Medical  Colleges,  Ameri- 
can Dermatological  Association,  and 
the  American  Academy  of  Medicine. 

*  •  N.  Y.  The  Powers  Art  Gallery  of 
Rochester  is  established. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Homer  D.  Martin,  John  B. 
Bristol,  Charles  H.  Miller,  and  Charles 
Calverley  of  New  York,  and  L.  G.  Sell- 
stedt  of  Buffalo,  are  elected  members  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Besign. 

*  *  O.  Charles  Brush  of  Cleveland  in- 
vents a  successful  dynamo  and  arc- 
light  lamp. 

*  *  R.  I.  Moses  G.  Farmer  of  Newport 
succeeds  in  making  incandescent 
lights  with  platinum  and  iridium  wire. 

*  *  Steamer  Panther  among  Icebergs  in 
Melville  Bay  under  the  Light  of  the  Mid- 
night Sun  is  painted  by  William  Brad- 
ford. 

*  *  France  is  painted  by  J.  A.  Brown. 

*  *  Valley  of  Kern's  River  is  painted  by 
Albert  Bierstadt. 

*  »  Trout  Brook  is  painted  by  J.  W.  Casi- 
lear. 

*  •  A'eewe  Valley  is  painted  by  A.  C.  Shaw. 

1876  Feb.  21.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid 
Una  is  discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters. 
[Lorely,  Aug.  10;  Bhodope,  Aug.  17; 
Urda,  Aug.  29.] 

Peb.  26.  Phila.  The  Pennsylvania  Mu- 
seum and  School  of  Industrial  Art  is 
incorporated. 

Apr.  14.  D.  C.  A  statue  of  Lincoln,  by 
John  Q.  A.  Ward,  is  unveiled  in  Lincoln 
Park,  Washington,  as  a  memorial  of 
emancipation  ;  the  contributions  of 
freedmeu  erect  it. 

Apr.  18.  Mich.  The  asteroid  Athol  is 
discovered  by  J.  C.  Watson.  [And 
Sibylla  on  Sept.  18th.] 

May  2.  Phila.  The  Academy  of  Natu- 
ral Sciences  is  opened. 

May  10.  Boston.  Prof.  Bell  exhibits 
and  explains  his  method  of  transmitting 
speech  by  electricity.  [Later  he  ex- 
hibits his  telephone  at  the  Centennial 
Exhibition  ;  he  uses  an  iron  diaphragm.] 

Phila.    The  Corliss  engine,  of  1,400 

horse  power,  and  weighing  700  tons,  sets 
in  motion  the  machinery  of  the  Centen- 
nial Exhibition.  It  attracts  much  at- 
tention because  of  its  immense  size  and 
silent  movement. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1876. 

Jan.  3.  CllfTord,  John  Henry,  lawyer, 
Gov.  Mass.,  pres.  overseers  of  Harvard, 
A67. 

Jan.  9.  Howe,  Samuel  Grldley,  surgeon  for 
the  blind,  philanthropist,  of  Boston,  A7.5. 

Jan.  10.  Granger,  Gordon,  maj.-gen. vols., 
col.  U.  S.  A.,  .V55. 

Jan.  14.  Sears,  Kdmund  Hamilton,  poet. 
Unit,  clergyman,  AUG. 

Feb.  7.  Stringliani,  Silas  Horton,  rear- 
adm.  tr.  S.  N.,  A78. 

Feb.  8.  Cushinan,  Charlotte  .Saunders,  ac- 
tor, singer,  dramatic  reader.  Alio. 

Feb.  10.  Johnson,  Reverdy,  senator  for 
Md.,  atty.-gen.,  minister  to  Kngland,  A80. 

Feb.  17.  Buehnell.  Horace.  Cong,  cler- 
gyman, autlior,  theologian,  educator,  A74. 

Feb.  27.  Horsley,  Charles  Kdward,  musi- 
cian, composer,  A54. 

Mar.  11.  Robinson,  William  Stevens,  Jour- 
nalist, "  Warrington,"  A68. 

Mar.  83.  Kedlleld,  Isaac  Fletcher,  Jurist, 
author,  A72. 

Apr.  7.  Olden,  Charles  Smith,  merchant. 
Got.  of  N.  J.,  A77. 

Apr.  10.  Stewart,  Alex.  Turney,  mer- 
chant, of  N.  Y.,  A73. 

Apr.  16.  I'olk,  Trusten,  lawyer.  Gov.,  sen- 
ator for  Mo.,  Confederate  otlicial,  A66. 

Apr.  17.  Brownson.  Orestes  Augustus. 
Pres.,  Unit.,  I'niv.,  Rom.  Cath.  clergyman, 
editor  (Quarterly  Jieview,  A73. 

May  3.  Sprague,  William  liuell,  Pres.  cler- 
gyman, autlior,  A81. 


CHURCH. 

1875  *  *  O.  The  German  Augsburg  Synod 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  of  Ohio  and  ad- 
jacent States  is  organized.  The  General 
Assembly  (United  Presbyterian)  meets 
at  Wooster;  W.  W.  Barr,  moderator. 
The  General  Assembly  (Presbyterian) 
meets  at  Cleveland ;  E.  D.  Morris,  mod- 
erator. The  (Protestant  Episcopal)  dio- 
cese of  Southern  Ohio  is  organized.  The 
Cleveland  Congregational  Club  is  formed 
in  Cleveland. 

*  *The  German  Baptist  Brethren's 
Church  begins  foreign  mission  work 
in  Denmark. 

*  *  Md.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Baltimore. 

»  *  N.J.  Henry  Boehm,  a  centenarian 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and 
companion  of  Bishop  Asbury,  the  organ- 
izer of  American  Methodism,  dies. 

He  preaches  a  sermon  before  the  New- 
ark Annual  Conference  when  he  is  100 
years  old. 

*  *  Free  and  Open  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) Church  Association  is  organized. 

*  •  Pa.  The  Eoman  Catholic  diocese  of 
Philadelphia  is  erected  an  archdiocese. 

*  *  Philadelphia  is  created  a  Eoman 
Catholic  archiepiscopal  see ;  the  bish- 
ops of  Pittsburg,  Harrisburg,  Erie, 
Scranton,  and  Wilmington  are  suffra- 
gans to  it. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held. 

*  •  Wis.  Milwaukee  is  created  a  Roman 
Catholic  archiepiscopal  see;  bishops 
of  Green  Bay,  La  Crosse,  Marquette, 
aud  St.  Paul  are  suffragans  to  it. 

*  *  The  Theosophical  Society  is  advo- 
cated by  Madame  Blavatsky  of  Russia, 
and  Col.  Olcott,  an  American. 

They  teach  universal  brotherhood, 
and  commend  the  study  of  Eastern 
philosophy. 

*  •  The  mission  work  of  the  Associate 
Reformed  Presbyterian   Synod   of   the 


South  begins  by  sending  a  missionary 
to  Egypt. 

*  *  The  Woman's  Executive  Committee 
of  Home  Missions  plants  its  first 
Christian  school  among  the  Indians  of 
New  Mexico  and  Alaska. 

*  *  The  "Woman's  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions  of  the  Reformed  Church  of 
America  is  organized. 

1876  Feb.  24.  William  Rufus  Nichol- 
son is  consecrated  (Reformed  Episcopal) 
bishop. 

Mar.  25.  The  Home  Mission  Board 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  (North) 
sends  out  its  first  missionaries  to  the 
American  Indians. 

Apr.  6.  The  Congregational  Association 
of  Alabama  is  organized. 

May  1-31.  Md.  The  General  Confer- 
ence (Methodist  Episcopal)  meets  at 
Baltimore ;  fraternal  messengers  are 
received  from  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  South. 

The  Austin,  Central  Alabama,  Central 
Illinois,  Eiist  Ohio,  India,  Montana, 
Southern  California,  Southern  German, 
and  Savannah  Conferences  are  formed. 

LETTERS. 

1875  •  *  Tenn.  The  Peabody  Normal 
College  is  opened  at  Nashville. 

*  *  Tenn.  Southwestern  University 
(Bapt.)  is  organized  at  Jackson,  and 
opened. 

*  »  Tenn.  Southwestern  Presbyterian 
University  is  organized  at  Clarkviile. 

*  *  Tenn.  Vanderbilt  University  (Meth. 
Epis.  South)  is  organized  at  Nashville. 
Formerly  called  the  Central  University. 
[It  is  endowed  by  Cornelius  Vanderbilt 
of  New  York  with  $1,000,000.] 

*  •  Wis.  The  State  Normal  School  at 
River  Falls  is  opened. 

*  *  Farm  Legends,  by  Will  Carleton,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Florida,  by  Sidney  Lanier,  appears. 

*  *  The  Hanging  of  the  Crane,  and  The 
Masque  of  Pandora,  by  Henry  "W. 
Ijongfellow,  appear. 

*  •  Happy  Dodd,  by  Rose  Terry  Cooke, 
appears. 

*  •  History  of  the  United  States  for  Chil- 
dren, by  Benson  J.  Lossing,  appears. 

»  •  Home  Pastorals,  by  Bayard  Taylor, 
appears. 

*  *  A  Lady  of  the  Aroostook,  by  William 
Dean  Howells,  appears. 

*  *  Leisure-Day  Rhymes,  by  John  G.  Saxe, 
appears. 

*  •  Letters  and  Social  Aims,  by  Ralph 
"Waldo  Emerson,  appears. 

*  *  Mabel  Martin,  by  John  Greenleaf 
"Whittier,  appears. 

*  »  The  Nev)  Day,  by  Richard  Watson 
Gilder,  appears. 

*  *  A  Norseman's  Pilgrimage,  by  Hjalmar 
Hjorth  Boyesen,  appears. 

*  »  Playing  the  Mischirf,  by  J.  W.  De 
Forest,  appears. 

*  •  Poetic  Studies,  by  Elizabeth  Stiuart 
Phelps,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.         1875,  *  *-1876,May  10.    291 


*  *  Roderick  Hudson,  by  Henry  James, 
appears;  also  Transatlantic  Sketches. 

*  *  Tales  of  the  Argonauts,  by  Bret  Harte, 
appears. 

*  ♦  The  i'^ictorian  Poets,  by  Edmund  Clar- 
ence Stedman,  appears. 

*  •  Young  Folks'  History  of  the  United 
StateSy  by  T.  "W.  Higgiuaou.  apx>ears. 

*  *  Memoirs,  by  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Ship  in  the  Desert,  by  Joaquin  Miller, 
appears. 

*  *  We  and  Our  Neighbors,  by  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe,  appears. 

*  *  Castle  Nowhere^  by  C.  F.  Woolson,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  From  Jest  to  Earnest,  by  E.  P.  Roe, 
appears. 

1876  Feb."  22.  Md.  Daniel  C.  Oilman 
is  installed  president  of  Johna  Hopkins 
University. 

SOCIETY. 

1875  *  *  Boston,  Jesse  Pomeroy,  the 
boy  murderer,  is  sentenced  to  imprison- 
ment for  the  murder  of  Horace  W.  Mil- 
ieu, on  Apr.  22,  1874.  Three  other  vic- 
tims are  alleged  to  have  been  killed. 

*  *  Chicago.  Day  schools  for  the  deaf 
are  opened. 

*  *  Mass.  The  prohibitory  statute  is 
repealed. 

*  *  Me.  The  Legislature  passes  a  com- 
pulsory education  bill, 

*  *  Keb.  Tlic  Legislature  authorizes  the 
sale  of  550,000  in  State  bonds  for  the  re- 
relief  of  citizens  suffering  from  lo- 
custs and  the  failure  of  the  crops, 

*  •  N.  r.  The  Baptist  Home  for  the 
Aged  of  Brooklyn  is  founded. 

*  *  ^Vew;  York.  The  Society  for  the  Pre- 
vention of  Cruelty  to  Children  is  in- 
corporated. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Society  of  the  Sons 
of  the  Kevolution  is  organized;  its 
object  is  to  keep  alive  the  spirit  of  patri- 
otism, and  to  preserve  the  history  and 
fellowship  of  the  Revolution. 

*  •  O.  The  2d  "Woman's  National 
Temperance  Convention  meets  in 
Cleveland ;  Mrs,  Annie  Wittenmyer, 
president. 

*  *  Pa.  The  local-option  law  is  repealed. 

*  *Ii.I.  The  Legislature  repeals  the  con- 
stabulary prohibitory  law,  and  passes 
an  Act  to  regulate  and  restrain  the  sale 
of  intoxicating  liquors. 

*  *  Tex.  The  State  Constitution  is  changed 
so  as  to  gruarantee  local  option. 

1876.  Jan.  1.  Phila.  The  beginning 
of  the  Centennial  year  is  appropri- 
ately celebrated. 

Jan.  13.  Neb.  Th©  State  institution  for 
the  blind  is  opened  at  Nebraska  City. 

J'an.  26.  Boston.  Extensive  forgeries  by 
E.  D.  "Winslow  are  discovered. 

Jan,  *  Wis.  The  application  of  Miss 
Zjavinia  Goodell  for  admission  to 
the  Wisconsin  bar  is  rejected  by  the 
Supreme  Court,  on  the  ground  of  in- 


compatibility, the  profession  being  un- 
fitted for  the  female  sex. 

Feb.  7.  Mo.  Gen.  O.  E.  Babcock,  pri- 
vate secretary  of  President  Grant,  is 
acquitted  of  complicity  in  the  whisky 
frauds. 

Mar.  8.  New  York.  A  verdict  is  given 
against  "William  M.  Tweed  in  the  great 
civil  action  ;  the  jury  decides  that  he 
must  refund  to  the  city  $6,537,117.38. 

Apr.  *  7*a.  Non-iinion  men  are  treated 
with  great  violence  by  union  miners ; 
much  property  is  destroyed  in  the  coal 
region. 

May  7.  D.  C.  Dom  Pedro,  Emperor  of 
Brazil,  and  the  Empress  Theresa,  are 
presented  to  the  President. 

May  9.  N.  Y.  Pasach  N.  Rubenstein, 
after  trial  in  Brooklyn,  is  sentenced  to 
be  hanged  for  the  murder  of  Sarah 
Alexander,  but  dies  in  jail. 

STATE. 

1875  ♦  *  Mo.  St.  Louis  has  its  boimda- 
ries  extended  by  the  new  Constitution, 
so  as  to  annex  40,000  acres,  having  17 
miles  of  river  front. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated. 
-77  •  *  Ark.    A.  H.  Garland. 
-79  *  *  Cal.    William  Irwin. 
-76  *  *  Colo.  (Ter.).    John  I.  Rouatt. 
-79  *  *  Del.    John  P.  Cochran. 
-76  *  •  Ida.  ( Ter.).    John  P.  Hoyt. 
-79  *  *  Ay.    James  B.  M'Creary. 
-77  *  •  Mo.    Charles  H.  Hardin. 
-79  *  •  Neb.    Silas  Garber. 
-77  *  *  N.H.    Person  C.  Cheney. 
-78  *  *  N.J,    Joseph  D.  Bedle. 
-77  *  *  N.  Y.    Samuel  J.  Tilden. 
-77  *  *  li.  /.     Henry  Lippitt. 
-77  *  *  S.  C.    Ban.  H.  Chamberlain. 
-79  *  *  Tenn.    James  D.  Porter. 
-80  *  *  U.  (Ter.).    George  W.  Emery. 

1876  Jan.  10.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House : 
The  Randall  Universal  Amnesty  BUI 
fails  to  receive  a  two-thirds  vote.  Vote, 
175-97.  Republicans  oppose  granting 
amnesty  to  Jefferson  Davis,  Robert 
Toombs,  and  Jacob  Thompson. 

Feb.  16.  D.  C.  Congress  appropriates 
$1,500,000  in  aid  of  the  Centennial  Exhi- 
bition.   (See  Miscellaneous.) 

Feb.  18.  Wis.  The  Legislature  modifies 
the  severity  of  the  Potter  Xiaw. 

Feb.  23.  Ala.  The  governor  approves 
the  Act  to  fund  the  State  debt  at  a 
lower  rate  of  interest. 

Feb.  24.  D.  C.  Gen.  O.  E.  Babcock, 
the  President's  private  secretary,  resigns 
his  office  after  acquittal.  (See  Society, 
Feb.  7.) 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  resolution  to  impeach  Secre- 
tary Belknap  for  selling  official  places 
in  the  Navy  Department;  he  resigns  a 
few  hours  later. 

Mar.  4.  Z>.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  Ar- 
ticles of  impeachment  are  presented 
against  Ex-Secretary  Belknap. 

Kan.    The  Legislature  passes  an  Act 

abolishing  all  restriction  of  the  fran- 
chise as  to  color. 


Mar.  28.  Miss.  Gov,  Adelbert  Ames, 
having  been  impeached,  resigns. 

Mar.  *  Gen.  Robert  C.  Schenck,  min- 
ister to  England,  is  accused  of  compli- 
city in  the  Emma  Mine  frauds,  and 
resigns. 

Mar.*-May.  *  A  diplomatic  dispute 
with  England  occurs  in  relation  to  the 
rendition  of  Winslow,  an  American 
forger. 

Apr.  3.  Cal.  The  O'Connor  Bill  becomes 
a  law ;  three  commissioners  have  power 
to  regulate  the  condition  of  railroads 
when  necessary  for  public  safety. 

Apr.  5.  B.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
rejects  the  appointment  of  Charles  A. 
Dana  of  N.  Y.  as  minister  to  England. 

Apr.  19.  D.  C.  President  Grant  vetoes 
the  bill  reducing  the  presidential  sal- 
ary from  $50,000  to  $25,000,  as  it  stood  in 
1873;  the  bill  was  to  be  operative  after 
March  4,  1877. 

Apr.  20.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate: 
Grievances  of  Californians,  respecting 
the  immigration  of  Chinese,  are  pre- 
sented. 

May  4.  D.  C.  Congress  receives  a  mes- 
sage from  the  President  in  relation  to 
his  absence  from  the  Capitol. 

May 5.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Ed- 
wards Pierrepont  of  N.  Y.  is  nomi- 
nated for  minister  to  England.  [Con- 
firmed.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1875  •  *  Cal.  The  Palace  Hotel  is  com- 
pleted at  San  Francisco. 

*  *  La.  Capt.  Eads  begins  his  work  of 
deepening  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi 
River  by  means  of  jetties. 

*  *  Md.  The  foundation  of  the  Johns 
Hopkins  Hospital  is  laid  at  Baltimore  ; 
endowment,  $4,500,000. 

*  *  Mo.  St.  liouis  acquires  three  public 
parks ;  Carondelet,  180  acres ;  Forest 
Park,  1,371  acres;  O'Fallon  Park,  158 
acres. 

*  *  New  York.  The  North  Dutch 
Church,  corner  of  Fulton  and  Williams 
Streets,  and  over  100  years  old,  is  de- 
molished. 

*  *  Ne^e  York.  The  railroad  tunnel 
through  Fourth  Avenue,  leading  to  the 
Grand  Central  Depot,  is  completed. 

*  *  Pa.  A  fire  sweeps  through  Osceola ; 
loss,  $2,000,000. 

1876.  Feb.  8.  Neto  York.  A  fire  in 
Broadway  consumes  30  buildings ;  total 
loss,  $3,000,000. 

May  10.  The  Centennial  Exhibition 
is  opened  at  Fairmoimt  Park,  Philadel- 
phia. 

Many  people  and  dignitaries  from  both 
hemispheres  are  present.  Gen.  Grant 
and  Dom  Pedro,  Emperor  of  Brazil, 
jointly  start  the  great  Corliss  engine, 
moving  all  the  machinery  :  $14,5(^,000 
are  invested  in  the  preparation  of  build- 
ings, grounds,  and  other  expenses ;  236 
acres  are  enclosed  in  the  grounds;  the 
main  building  is  1800  ft.  long  and  464  ft. 
wide,  the  area,  21.47  acres.  The  Ma- 
chinery Hall  is  1402  ft.  long  and  360  ft. 
wide. 


292     1876,  May  11-*  *. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1876  June  25.  Mont.  Gen.  Custer 
attacks  about  2,500  Indians  under  Sitting 
Bull,  in  a  ravine  on  the  Little  Big  Horn 
River ;  his  entire  command  is  outnum- 
bered, surrounded,  and  killed. 

Gen.  Reno,  in  charge  of  a  near-by 
force,  holds  his  own  until  reenforced  ; 
total  loss,  2()1  killed,  and  52  wounded. 

July*  Afotit.  Gen.  Sheridan  is  put  in 
command  of  the  expedition  against  the 
Sioux  Indians. 

Nov.  24.  Mont.  The  Sioux  are  se- 
verely defeated  by  the  4th  Regiment 
of  Cavalry,  under  Col.  McKenzie,  at  a 
pass  in  the  Big  Horn  Mountains. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1876  Aug.  2.  /).  C  Congress  appropri- 
ates $200,000  for  the  completion  of  the 
"Washington  Monument  at  the  na- 
tional Capital. 

Aug.  14.  ^f.  r.  The  first  wire  of  the 
Bast  River  Bridge  is  drawn  over. 

Sept.  6.  New  York.  A  bronze  statue  of 
Ijafayette  is  unveiled  in  Union  Square; 
it  is  the  gift  of  the  French  Republic  to 
the  city. 

•  *  Cal.  The  iLoring  musical  club  is  or- 
ganized at  San  Francisco. 

*  *  N.J.  Thomas  A.  Edison  establishes 
a  laboratory  at  Menlo  Park,  near  New 
Brunswick. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1876 

Kay  20.    Peck,  George,  M.  E.  clergyman, 

editor,  writer,  A79. 
June  21.    Neal,  John,  lawyer,  poet,  critic, 

miscellaneous  writer,  A83. 
June  25.     ('ust^T,  George  A.,  maj.-fren.  of 

cavalry,  killed  by  Sioux  Indians,  A37. 
June  26.     Cummins.  Qeor^e  David,  R.  E. 

bishop,  founder   of   Keformed  Episcopal 

Church,  A54. 
A.ug.  22.     I'erklna,  George   R.,   mathema- 
tician, astronomer,  A59. 
Sept.  14.     Davies,  Charles,  mathematician, 

professor  at  Columbia,  A78. 
Sept.  18.    .lanes,   Edmund  Storer,  M.  E. 

bishop,  A69. 
Sept.  27.    Braerg-,  Braxton,  capt.  U.  S.  A., 

Confederate  general,  A61. 
Oct.  1.    Lick,  James  A.,  merchant,  of  Cal., 

philanthropist,  founder  of  Lick  Observa- 
tory, A80. 
Oct.  18.     Itlair,  Francis  Preston,  journaliat, 

senator  for  Mo.,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 

Republican  party,  A85. 
Oct.  28.    .lacobus,    Melancthon   W.,   Pres. 

clergyman,  author,  A60. 
I>ec.  17,    IJartlett,  William  Francis,  officer 

U.  S.  vols.,  A36. 
Dec.  24.     Tufts,    Charles,    manufacturer, 

donor  of  Tufts  College,  A  95. 
Nye,   James    Warren,  lawyer,   orator, 

Gov.,  sen.  for  Nev.,  brig.-gen.,  A77. 
Dec.  28.     Meek,  Fielding  Bradford,  paleon- 
tologist, A59. 
Dec.  29.    Hliss,    Philip   Paul,    evangelist, 

poet,  composer,  A38. 


CHURCH. 

1876  June  9.  Phila.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

July  17.  Edward  Cridge  and  Samuel 
Fellows  are  consecrated  (Reformed 
Episcopal)  bishops. 

Aug.  1  N.  J.  A  joint  commission  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South 
meets  at  Cape  May  to  consider  a  basis 
of  reconciliation  and  formal  fraternity  ; 


three  ministers  and  two  laymen  are  pres- 
ent from  each  Church. 

Revs.  R.  K.  Hargrave,  Edward  H. 
Myers,  Thomas  M.  Finney,  Messrs. 
Trusten  Polk,  and  David  Clopton  of  the 
South  meet  Revs.  John  P.  Newman,  M. 
M.  D'C.  Crawford,  E,  A.  Fuller,  Gen. 
Clinton  B.  Fisk,  and  Mr.  E.  1*.  Fancher 
of  the  North. 

Sept.  10.  Ja.  William  Stevens  Perry 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
ItiHhop  of  Iowa. 

Sept.  12-15.  K.  r.  The  National 
Unitarian  Conference  is  held  in 
Saratoga. 

Oct.  8.  Cal.  The  centennial  of  the 
establishment  of  the  Spanish  mission 
at  San  Francisco  is  celebrated. 

Oct.  0.  The  (Unitarian)  Ministers'  In- 
stitute first  meets. 

*  *  Alas.  Philip  Mackay,  an  Indian, 
starts  a  mission  at  Fort  Wrangel. 

*  *  Ala.  The  (Presbyterian)  Institute  for 
training  colored  ministers  is  opened  at 
Tuscaloosa. 

LETTERS. 

1876  July*  Phila.  An  International 
Educational  Congress  is  held. 

Aug.  17.  Phila.  The  Spelling  Reform 
Association  is  organized. 

Oct.  18.  Ore.  The  University  of  Ore- 
gon is  opened  at  Eugene  City. 

±  *  *  Ala.  An  act  is  passed  to  establish 
a  public  school  system. 

*  •  Boston,  Wide  Awake  magazine  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Boston.  A  Chinese  school  is  organized 
in  the  Mount  Vernon  Church. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Homeopathic  Medical 
College  is  opened. 

*  *  Fla.  Cookman  Institute  (Meth.  Epis. 
Colored)  is  established  at  Jacksonville. 

*  *  Ga.  Pio  Nono  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  organized  at  Macon. 

*  *  la.  Parsons  College  (Pres.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Fairfield. 

*  •  Md.  Johns  Hopkins  University 
(non-sect.)  is  opened  at  Baltimore.  [Li- 
brary, 28,000  vols.] 

*  *  Md.  The  Peabody  Institute  Library 
is  founded  at  Baltimore.     [84,726  vols.] 

*  *  New  York.  Las  Novedades  (printed  in 
Spanish)  is  founded.  Pttck  is  founded. 
Tlie  Library  Journal  appears. 

*  *  O.  The  Ohio  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  Colleges  at  Columbus  are 
opened  under  control  of  the  State. 

*  *  O.  Rio  Grande  CoUege  (Free-will 
Bapt.)  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  National  Repository  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  issued  at  Cincinnati. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Blue  Mountain  Uni- 
versity (Meth.  Epis.)  is  organized  at 
Le  Grande. 

**  Phila.  The  Centennial  Medical  Con- 
gress is  held. 

*  •  Phila.  The  American  Catholic  Quar- 
terly appears. 

*  *  Tex.  The  State  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  College  at  College  Station 
opens. 


'  *  Va.  W,  W,  Corcoran  of  Washington 
gives  $55,000  to  the  University  of 
Virginia. 

*  Music  Teachers'  Ifational  Associa- 
tion is  organized. 

*  State  Normal  Schools  are  opened  at 
Cedar  Falls,  Tex.  ;  and  at  Philadelphia 
by  act  of  the  Legislature  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

*  Second  series  of  Among  My  Books,  by 
James  Russell  Lowell,  appears. 

■  *  Betty's  Bright  Idea,  by  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe,  appears. 

*  *  Cloth  of  Gold,  by  T.  B.  Aldrich,  ap- 
pears ;  also  Floicer  and  Thorn. 

*  *  The  Complete  Poetical  Works  of  Ray 
Palmer  appears. 

*  *  Culture  of  Small  Fruits,  by  Edward 
Payson  Roe,  appears,  also  Near  ta 
Nature's  Heart. 

*  *  Gabriel  Conroy,  by  Bret  Harte,  ai>- 
pears. 

*  *  Hawthorne,  by  James  Thomas  Fields, 
appears. 

*  *  Philip  Nolan*s  Friends,  by  Edward 
Everett  Hale,  appears. 

*  *  Poems,  by  Sidney  Lanier,  appears. 

*  *  Tales  from  Two  Hemispheres,  by  H- 
H.  Boyesen,  appears  (in  book  form). 

*  *  That  Lass  o'  Lowries,  by  Frances 
Hodgson  Burnett,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1876  May  15.  N.  Y.  The  State  Sol- 
diers* Home  is  incorporated  at  Bath. 

June  26.  Phila.  The  World's  Convention 
of  Homeopathic  Physicians  opens. 

July  4.  Phila.  An  imposing  demonstra- 
tion celebrates  the  Centenary  of  the 
founding  of  the  Republic. 

July  9.  S.  C.  At  Hamburg,  whites  mas- 
sacre six  colored  mihtiamen  who  had 
joined  in  a  parade  on  the  4th  of  July. 

Aug.  *  N.  J.  The  State  opens  an  asylum 
for  the  insane  at  Morristown. 

Sept.  8.  Spain.  "William  M.  Tweed  is 
arrested  at  Vigo,  and  held  for  extradi- 
tion.   [Nov.  23.    Arrives  in  New  York.] 

Sept.  14.  N.  Y,  An  international  rifle 
match  is  concluded  at  Creedmoor  ;  the 
American  team  is  victorious. 

Sept.  17.  S.  C.  A  race  war  at  Aiken 
occurs  between  whites  and  blacks. 

Oct.  *  D.  C.  President  Grant  declines  to 
receive  a  Centennial  address  from  Irish 
Home  Rulers. 

Dec.  12,  /;.  C.  Senator  Henry  W.Blair 
introduces  a  resolution  in  the  Senate 
proposing  Federal  prohibition  of  the 
liquor  traffic. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Society  for  the  Prevention 
of  Cruelty  to  Children  is  chartered. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  red  flag  is  carried  in 
the  parade  of  1500  armed  Communists. 

*  *  Me.  The  Legislature  abolishes  the 
death  penalty. 

STATE. 

1876  May  11.  O.  Second  National 
Convention  of  the  Prohibition  party 


1 


I 


UNITED   STATES. 


1876,  May  11- 


293 


convenes  at  Cleveland  ;  it  nominates  as 

presidential    candidates    Green    Clay 

Smith  of  Ky.  and  G.  T.  Stewart  of  O. 

May  18.  Ind.  The  Greenback  National 

Convention  convenes  at  Indianapolis  ;  it 
iioniinates  Peter  Cooper  of  N.  Y.  and 
Newton  Booth  of  Cal.  as  presidential 
candidates.  [Samuel  F.  Cary  of  O. 
takes  the  place  of  Senator  Booth,  re- 
signed.] 

May  22.  D.  C.  Alphonso  Taft  of  O.  is 
appointed  attorney-general ;  he  resigns 
the  office  of  secretary  of  war. 

May  30.  R.  I.  The  Legislature  elects 
Henry  Iiippitt  (Rep.)  governor,  the 
people  having  failed  to  make  a  choice 
in  April. 

June  *  U.  S.  Many  Republicans  favor 
the  election  of  President  Grant  for 
a  third  term,  but  he  declines  to  be  a 
candidate. 

June  11.  O.  The  National  Republi- 
can Convention  assembles  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  Edward  M.  McPherson  of  Pa., 
president. 

A  spirited  contest  ensues  for  the  nomi- 
nation of  James  G.  Blaine  for  President. 
First  ballot:  James  Ct.  Blaine  of  Me., 
'285;  Oliver  P.  Morton  of  lud.,  124;  Ben- 
jamin H.  Bristow  of  Ky.,  113;  Roscoe 
Conkling  of  N.  Y.,  99;  Rutherford  B. 
Hayes  of  O.,  61;  John  P.  Hartranft  of 
Pa.,  58;  Marshall  Jewell  of  Conn.,  11; 
William  A.  Wheeler  of  N.  Y.,  3.  Neces- 
sarv  for  a  choice,  378.  Seventh  ballot: 
Hayes,  384;  Blaine,  351;  Bristow,  21. 
The  nomination  of  Rutherford  B.  Hayes 
is  declared  unanimous,  and  William  A. 
Wheeler  is  nominated  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

June  20.  D.  C.  Benjamin  H.  Bristow 
of  Ky.,  secretary  of  the  treasury,  resigns. 

June  27.  ^fo.  The  Democratic  Na- 
tional Convention  assembles  at  St. 
Louis ;  John  A.  McClernand  of  111., 
president. 

First  ballot :  Samuel  J.  Tilden  of  N.Y., 
417  ;  Thomas  A.  Hendricks  of  Ind.,  140 ; 
Winfield  S.  Hancock  of  Pa.,  75;  Wil- 
liam Allen  of  O.,  5(j;  Thos.  F.  Bayard 
of  Del.,  33;  Joel  Parker  of  N.  J.,  18. 
Necessary  for  a  choice,  4lHj.  On  the  sec- 
ond ballot  Samuel  J.  Tilden  receives 
535  votes,  and  his  nomination  is  declared 
unanimous.  [Thomas  A.  Hendricks  of 
Ind.  receives  tlie  unanimous  vote  of  the 
convention  for  Vice-President.] 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1876. 
Revenue:  Customs,  $148,071,985;  inter- 
nal revenue,  $1110,700,732;  direct  tax, 
.<;93,7!)0  ;  sales  of  public  lands,  $1,129,467. 
premiums  on  loans  and  sales  of  gold 
coin,  $4,029,281  ;  miscellaneous  items, 
Sn,4.">6,77C.  Total  revenue,  $287,482,039  ; 
excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary  expen- 
ditures, $29,022,242.  Expenditures :  Mis- 
cellaneous items,  $06,958,374  ;  War  De- 
partment, $38.070,889 ;  Navv  Depart- 
ment. $18,903,310;  Indians,  $5,906,558; 
pensions,  $28.257,396 ;  interest  on  the 
public  debt,  $1(X>.243.271.  Total  ordinary 
expenditures,  $258,459,797.  Public  debt, 
$2,180.;J95,007.  Exports,  $540,384,071 ;  im- 
ports, $400,741,190. 

July  7.    n.  a     Lot  M.  Morrill  of  Me. 

is  appointed  secretary  of  the  treasury. 
July  11.     i>.  C.     MarshaU   Jewell  of 

Conn.,  postmaster-general,  resigns. 
Jtily  12.     /).  C.     James  N.  Tyner  of 

Ind.  is  appointed  postmaster-general. 
July  22.     D.  C.     Congre^   authorizes 

the  coinage  of  not  less  than  $10,000,000 

in  silver,  to  take  the  place  of  legal-tender 


notes ;  the  trade  dollar  ceases  to  be  a 
legal  tender. 

Aug.  1.  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
Colorado  admitted  into  the  Union  as 
the  38th  State. 

Congress ;  Senate :  The  Court  of 
Impeachment  fails  to  convict  ex- 
Secretary  W.  W.  Belknap  of  oflBcial 
corruption.  Vote,  35  guilty ;  25  not 
guilty.    (See  Mar.  2.) 

Aug.  2.  I).  C.  Congress  appropriates 
$200,000  for  the  completion  of  the 
"Washington  Monument  at  Washing- 
ton City. 

Aug.  15.  D.  a  The  44th  Congress : 
the  first  session  closes. 

Oct.  7.  S.  C.  Gov.  Chamberlain  issues  a 
proclamation  ordering  all  organizations 
to  disband  within  three  days;  the 
State  militia  is  alone  excepted.  [Presi- 
dent Grant  issues  a  like  proclamation 
Oct.  17.] 

Nov,  7.  The  23d  presidential  elec- 
tion ;  Republicans  elected. 

Popular  vote :  Samuel  J.  Tilden 
(Dem.)  of  N.  Y.,  4,284,885;  Rutherford 
B.  Hayes  (Rep.)  of  O.,  4,033,950;  Peter 
Cooper  (Greenback)  of  N.  Y.,  81,740; 
Green  Clay  Smith  (Prohib.)  of '  Ky., 
9,522:  James  B.  Walker  (American)  of 

111.,  li.fxjo. 

Nov.  8.  Both  parties  claim  the  electoral 
votes  of  Louisiana,  South  Carolina,  and 
Florida,  and  the  strife  between  them  is 
bitter. 

Nov.  15,  Ala.  The  Legislature  first 
meets  in  biennial  session  under  the  new 
Constitution. 

Nov.  22.  S.  C.  The  State  Board  of  Can- 
vassers gives  certificates  to  Republi- 
can presidential  electors;  members 
of  the  Legislature  from  Edgefield  and 
Laurens  Counties  are  refused  certifi- 
cates for  alleged  irregularities  in  their 
election. 

Nov.  28.  S.  C.  Two  Iiegislatures  are 
organized  —  Democrats  and  Republi- 
cans ;  the  Democrats  withdraw,  and  in 
a  public  hall  organize  their  body ; 
William  H.  Wallace,  speaker. 

*  *  All  the  Southern  States  are  Demo- 
cratic, and  the  freedmen  commonly 
have  all  their  rights  except  that  of 
voting. 

Dec.  4.  D.C.  The44th  Congress:  The 
second  session  opens.  Samuel  J.  Han- 
dall  (Dem.)  of  Pa.  Is  elected  Speaker. 
Vote,  Randall,  1G2 ;  James  A,  Garfield 
(Rep.)  of  O.,  82. 

Dec.  6.  (f.  S.  The  count  of  the  electoral 
vote  by  the  electors  reveals  a  close 
election.  The  returning  boards  give 
Hayes  (Rep.)  185  votes,  and  Tilden  (Dem.) 
184.  Much  dispute  and  great  excitement 
prevail. 

Dec.  7.  S.  C.  Daniel  H.  Chamberlain 
is  sworn  in  as  governor  after  he  lias 
been  declared  elected  by  the  Republican 
Legislature. 

Dec.  12,  S.  C.  "Wade  Hampton  is  de- 
clared to  be  elected  governor,  by  the 
speaker  of  the  Democratic  Legislature, 
after  counting  the  votes,  which  have 
been  certified  by  the  secretary  of  state. 


Dec,  14.  D.  C.  Congress;  House  :  J.  P. 
Knott  (Dem.)  reports  a  resolution  from 
the  Judiciary  Committee,  providing  a 
Committee  of  Seven,  to  act  with  a 
similar  committee  of  the  Senate,  in  pro- 
viding a  means  for  counting  the  elec- 
toral vote. 

Dec.  18,  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
also  appoints  a  Committee  of  Seven, 

The  Joint  Committee  —  Senators: 
George  F.  Edmunds  of  Vt.,  Frederick 
T.  Frelinghuysen  of  N.  »!.,  John  A. 
Logan  of  111.,  Oliver  P.  Morton  ol  Ind., 
Allen  G.  Thurman  of  O.,  Thomas  F. 
Bayard  of  Del.,*  and  Matt.  W.  Ransom 
of  N.  C*  Representatives  :  Henry  B. 
Payne  of  O.,*  Eppa  Hunton  of  Va..* 
Abram  S.Hewitt  of  N.  Y.,*  William  M. 
Springer  of  111.,*  George  W.  Cary  of  la., 
George  F.  Hoar  of  Mass.,  and  George 
Willard  of  Mich.  (Democrats  are  indi- 
cated by  stars.) 

Dec.  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  an  amendment  to  its  bill  to  form 
a  territory  of  Pembina  from  the  north-. 
em  part  of  Dakota  [changing  the  name 
Pembina  to  Huron], 

Dec.+*  Fla.  Three  sets  of  electoral 
votes  are  sent  to  Congress. 

The  Republican  set  is  signed  by  Gov. 
Stearns;  the  Democratic,  by  the  attor- 
ney-general ;  the  Democratic  set,  au- 
thorized by  the  Legislature,  is  signed 
by  Gov,  Drew. 

MISCELLANEOUS, 

1876   JuneSO.  Immigrantsfortheyear, 

169,986. 

July  10.  The  Lake  steamer  St.  Clair 
burns  on  Lake  Superior;  27  persons 
missing. 

Aug.  11,  12,  The  Canadian  schooner 
yacht  Countess  of  Dufferin  sails  in  a 
race  for  the  America  cup,  and  is  beaten 
by  the  Afadeline. 

Alfred  Johnson,  in  57  days,  completes 

a  voyage  from  America  to  Abercastle, 
England,  in  the  Centennial^  a  boat 
20  feet  long. 

Sept,  24.  JVew  York.  Hallett's  Reef 
is  blown  up. 

Gen.  Newton  blows  up  Hallett's  Point 
Reef,  the  chief  obstruction  at  "  Hell 
Gate'*  in  the  East  River.  After  seven 
years  spent  in  tunneling  two  and  three- 
quarters  acres  of  area,  ten  feet  below 
the  surface  of  the  rock,  3,080  charges 
of  dynamite  and  vulcanite  are  dis- 
charged from  the  shore  through  an  elec- 
tric wire,  by  the  young  daughter  of  Gen. 
Newton. 

Oct,  *  A  convention  of  governors  is  held 
at  Omaha  to  consider  the  grasshopper 
pest;  several  States  are  represented. 

Nov.  10.  Phila.  The  International 
Exhibition  closes ;  total  admissions, 
9,789,392 ;  '  average  daily  admissions, 
61,568;  receipts,  $3,813,749. 

Dec.  5.  N.  Y.  The  Brooklyn  Theater 
takes  tire  during  a  performance  ;  a  panic 
ensues  ;  295  persons  are  killed. 

Dec.  21.  />.  C  All  the  awards  in  pay- 
ment of  the  Alabama  Claims  are  made, 
and  about  $8,000,000  surplus  remaius. 

Dec.  29.  O.  A  train  drops  through  the 
Ashtabula  iron  bridge  to  the  water,  75 
feet  below ;  fire  follows,  and  more  than 
70  persons  perish. 


294     1876,  *  *-1877,  June  30. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1877.  Jan.  6.  M(mt.  The  Sioux  Indi- 
ans are  overtaken  and  again  defeated 
by  Gen.  Miles;  they  scatter,  and  the 
Sioux  war  ends. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1876  *  *  H.  Vander  Weyde  succeeds  in 
making  electric  light  effectual  in 
photography. 

•  *  Neiv  York.  A  bronze  statue  of  Wil- 
liam H.  Seward  is  unveiled  in  Madison 
Square  Park. 

•  *  New  York.  William  Magrath  of  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  and  James  D.  Smillie  of 
New  York,  are  elected  members  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. 

•  *  The  Landsknecht  is  painted  by  Roth- 
ermel. 

•  ♦  Song  of  Summer  is  painted  by  Jervia 
McEntee. 

•  *  Autumn  is  painted  by  J.  W.  Casilear. 

•  *  Coast  of  Maine  is  painted  by  A.  C. 
Shaw. 

•  *  Autumn  near  Stockbridge  is  painted 
by  A.  D.  Shattuck. 

•  *  OjT/Ae  TrocA:  is  painted  by  J.  B.Irving. 

•  ♦  Studies  from  Nature  is  painted  by  A.  B. 
Durand. 

1877  Jan.  *  N.  J.  Edison  invents  the 
carbon  loud-speaking  telephone. 

Jan.  23.  Ind.  and  Ky.  A  brilliant  me- 
teor is  seen  at  several  points  ;  it  falls 
near  Cyntheana,  Ky.,  and  penetrates 
the  soil  about  a  foot ;  vreight  about  13 
pounds. 

Feb,  12.  Mass.  A.  Graham  Bell  exhib- 
its his  telephone  at  the  Essex  Insti- 
tute, Salem. 

Apr.  1.    Edison  invents  a  microphone. 

Apr.  11.  N.  Y.  Lewis  Swift  discovers 
the  third  comet  of  the  year,  at  Roches- 
ter ;  it  has  a  direct  motion. 

Apr.  *  Mass.  The  first  telephone  for 
business  purposes  is  erected  between 
Boston  and  Somerville  —  distance,  three 
miles. 

May  10.  Bost(m.  A.  Graham  Bell  de- 
scribes his  telephone  inventions  before 
the  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

May  16.  New  York.  A  bronze  statue  of 
Fitz-Greene  Halleck  is  unveiled  in 
Central  Park. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1877. 
Jan.  3.     Alwrcrombie,  John  J.,    brig.-gen. 

of  vols.,  A75. 
Jan.  4.    Vanderbilt,  Cornelius,  capitalist, 

of  N.  Y.,  A83. 
Jan.  8.    Caswell,  Alexis,  president  Brown 

University,  A78. 
Jan.   26.     Haines,   Daniel,   Gov.  of  N.  J., 

educationist,  AKO. 
Feb.  8.     Wilkes,  Charles,  rear-adm.  U.  S. 

N.,  A76. 
Feb.    16.      Bailey,    Theodoras,  rear-adm. 

U.  S.  N.,  A75. 
Feb.    18.      Davis,    Charles   H.,   rear-adm. 

U.  S.  N.,  author,  A70. 
Feb.  30.    Goldsborough,   Lewis  M.,   rear- 
adm.  U.  S.  N.,  A72. 
Feb.  21.    Katon,  Auios  B.,  brev.  maj.-gen., 

ATI. 
Mar.  1.    Hart,  Joel  T.,  sculptor,  A67. 
Mar.  26.    Uart,  John  Seely,  educationist, 

A67. 


Apr.  8.  Muhlenberg,  William  Augustus, 
P.  E.  clergyman,  poet,  A81. 

Apr.  14.   Sabine,  Lorenzo,  historian,  A74. 

May  11.  Lewis,  Taylor,  Greek  scholar, 
author,  A75. 

May  29.  Harper,  Fletcher,  one  of  the  four 
Hari>er  Brothers,  publislier,  A72. 

Motley,  John  Lothrop,  historian,  dip- 
lomat, A63. 

Juno  3.  EUet,  Elizabeth  F.,  author,  poet, 
A59. 

June  14.  Owen,  Robert  Dale,  M.  C.  for 
Ind.,  author,  A77. 

June  17.  Abbott,  John  Stev«n8  Cabot,  his- 
torian, A72. 

Pratt,  Daniel  D.,  lawyer,  senator  for 

Ind.,  A64. 


CHURCH. 

1876  *  •  The  (Roman  Catholic)  Prefec- 
ture Apostolic  of  the  Indian  Territory 
is  erected.       » 

*  *  The  Illinois  Conference  (African 
Methodist  Episcopal)  is  organized. 

*  *  Miss.  The  Synod  of  Mississippi  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  at  Buffalo. 

*  *  The  Reformed  Episcopal  Synod  of  the 
Pacific,  the  Synod  of  the  Northwest  and 
of  the  West  are  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  at  Brooklyn  ;  H.  J. 
Van  Dyke,  moderator. 

It  enters  the  Alliance  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  Reformed  Churches 
throughout  the  world  holding  the 
Presbyterian  system. 

*  •  The  modified  book  of  Common  Prayer 
is  issued  by  Dr.  Gregg  of  the  Reformed 
Episcopal  Church. 

*  *  The  General  Synod  of  Wartburg 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  is  organized. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Philadelphia ; 
James  Brown,  moderator. 

*  *  Va.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Richmond ; 
Isaac  Errett,  president. 

1877  Feb.  13.  Charles  Clifton  Penick 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Africa. 

May  1,  HI.  John  L.  Spalding  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Peoria. 

May  11,  Md.  Two  conventions,  repre- 
senting the  two  bodies,  meet  in  Balti- 
more, and  reunite  "the  Methodist" 
and  ''the  Protestant  Methodists** 
under  the  latter  title. 

May  13.  Fla,  John  Moore  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  St, 
Augustine. 

June  1.  O.  The  General  Convention  of 
the  New  Jerusalem  meets  at  Cincinnati. 

la.      An    association    of    Unitarian 

and  other  Independent  Churches  is  or- 
ganized at  Burlington. 

June  20.  Thomas  H.  Gregg  is  conse- 
crated (Reformed  Episcopal)  bishop. 

LETTERS. 

1876  •  *  Tfrni  Sawyer,  by  Mark  Twain, 
appears. 

*  *  Young  Folks*  Centennial  Hhymes,  by 
Will  Carleton,  appears. 


*  *  The  Unseen  World,  by  John  Fiske,. 
appears. 

*  *  My  Winter  on  the  Nile,  by  Charles 
Dudley  "Warner,  appears. 

*  *  Sights  aiid  Insights,  by  A.  D.  T.  Whit- 
ney, appears. 

*  *  National  Ode,  by  Bayard  Taylor,  ap- 
pears, also  The  Echo  Club,  and  The  Boys 
of  Other  Countries. 

*  *  Why  We  Laugh,  by  Samuel  Sullivan 
Cox,  appears. 

*  *  A  Study  of  Bawthome,  by  George 
Parsons  Lathrop,  appears. 

*  *  Rose  in  Bloom,  by  Louisa  May  Alcott, 
appears. 

*  *  My  Little  Love,  by  Marion  Harland, 
appears. 

*  *  Hans  Brinker,  by  Mary  Mapes  Dodge, 
appears. 

*  •  Helen's  Babies,  by  John  Habberton» 
appears,  also  The  Barton  Experiment 
and  The  Jericho  Road. 

SOCIETY. 

1876  *  *  Mich.  The  State  Constitution 
is  so  amended  as  to  prohibit  any  act  of 
legislation  that  shall  authorize  the  sale 
of  intoxicating  beverages. 

*  *  N.J.  The  "Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union  meets  in  National  Con- 
vention at  Newark  ;  Mrs.  Annie  Witten- 
myer  is  elected  president. 

*  •  Md.  The  first  stone  of  the  Johns 
Hopkins  Hospital  is  laid  at  Baltimore ; 
its  endowment  of  $3,500,000  comes  from 
Johns  Hopkins  a  merchant  of  Baltimore. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Society  for  the  Pre- 
vention of  Crime  is  founded ;  Howard 
Crosby,  D.D.,  president. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Baptist  Orphanage  is 
founded. 

The  10th  National   Encampment  of 

the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  is 
held  in  this  city;  Gen.  John  F.  Har- 
tranft,  commander-in-chief. 

*  *  Wis.  The  St.  John's  Catholic  Deaf 
Mute  Institution  is  opened. 

*  *  Congress  prohibits  both  the  soliciting 
and  the  receiving  of  political  contribu- 
tions from  Government  employees. 

*  *  The  Catholic  Mutual  Benefit  Asso- 
ciation is  founded. 

*  *  The  United  Order  of  the  Golden 
Cross  is  founded. 

1877  Jan,  3.  N.  J.  The  centennial 
anniversary  of  the  Battle  of  Princeton 
is  celebrated. 

Feb.  12.  Mass.  —  Me.  The  engineers  of 
the  Boston  and  Maine  road  strike  with- 
out notice  ;  the  strikers*  places  are  soon 
supplied  [and  they  are  not  taken  back]. 

Mar.  23.  The  Mormon  bishop,  J.  D. 
Lee,  is  shot  as  sentenced,  for  his  share 
in  the  Mountain  Meadows  massacre^ 
of  Sept.  18,  1857,  in  which  136  emigrants 
were  murdered. 

Apr.  1.  Fla.  The  State  prison  is  made 
an  insane  asyliun. 

Apr.  2.  R.  I.  A  school  for  the  deaf  i» 
opened  by  the  State,  at  Providence. 


UNITED   STATES.      1876,  ** -1877,  Jme  30.    295 


May  17.  Phila.  Gen.  Grant  starts  on 
his  journey  round  the  world. 

June  21.  Pa.  Ten  "Molly  Ma- 
guires,"  after  trial  and  conviction  for 
murder,  are  hanged.  The  conspirators 
are  subdued. 

June  23.  Doslon.  The  Supreme  Coun- 
cil of  the  Royal  Arcamim  is  organized. 

STATE. 

1878  •  *  D.  C.    Congress  places  the  tax 
on  distilled  spirits  at  90  cents  per  proof- 
gallon. 
*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-70  »  •  Colo.    John  L.  Koutt. 
-80  *  *  Ma.  {  Ter.).    Mason  Brayman. 
-78  *   *  In.    Samuel  .1.  Kirkwood. 
-79  *  *  Mass.    A  lexander  H.  Rice. 
-79*  *  Me.    Selden  Conner. 
-82  *  •  Minn.    John  S.  Pillsbury. 
-82  •  »  Miss.    John  M.  Stone. 
-78  •  •  X.  Mex.  (  Ter.).  Samuel  B.  Axtell. 

O.    Kutherford  B.  Hayes. 
-79  *  *  Pa.    John  F.  Hartranft. 
-79  •  *  Tex.    Richaril  Hubbard. 
-78  *  *  rt.    Horace  Fairbanks. 
-78  *  *  Wis.    Harrison  Ludington. 

1877  Jan.  8.  La.  There  are  two  gov- 
ernors and  two  Legislatures ;  the  Ee- 
publicans  regularly  inaugurate  S.  B. 
Packard  in  the  State-house,  and  the 
Democrats  install  Francis  T.  NichoUs 
in  a  public  hall. 

Jan.  9.  La.  ITie  State  offices  and  build- 
ings at  New  Orleans  are  surrendered  to 
the  Nicholls  party. 

Jan.  18.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Joint 
Committee  makes  a  report  favoring  a 
commission  for  counting  the  electoral 
vote. 

Jan  24.  />.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  an  Electoral  Commission  Bill. 
Vote,  47-17.  (Yeas,  26  I>eni.,  and  21  Eep. ; 
nays,  10  Rep.,  and  I  Dem.) 

Jan.  25.  n.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Electoral  Commission  Bill. 
Vote,  191-86.  (Yeas,  158  Dem.  and  33 
Rep. ;  nays,  68  Rep.  and  18  Dem.) 

lU.    David  Davis  (Dem.),  a  justice  in 

the  Supreme  Court,  is  elected  Senator. 

Jan.  28.  D.  C.  Congress  votes  on  Sen- 
ator Matthews'  concurrent  resolution 
on  the  Sliver  question.  Vote  :  Senate, 
34-22 ;  House,  189-79. 

Jan.  29.  f).  C.  The  President  approves 
the  Electoral  Commission  Act.  It  is 
to  coimt  the  electoral  votes,  and  to 
settle  all  questions  that  may  arise  con- 
cerning the  votes  of  Florida,  Louisiana, 
South  Carolina,  and  other  disputed 
States. 

Members  of  the  commission.  Jus- 
tices: Nathan  Clifford*  of  Me.,  Samuel 
K.  Miller  of  la.,  .Stephen  J.  Field*  of 
Cal.,  and  William  Strong  of  Pa.  [These 
select  the  fifth  member,  Joseph  P.  Brad- 
ley of  N.  J.]  Senators  :  George  F.  Ed- 
munds of  Vt.,  Oliver  P.  Morton  of  Ind., 
Frederick  T.  Frelinghuysen  of  N.  J., 
Allen  G.  Thurman*  of  O.  (see  Feb.  2G), 
Thomas  F.  Bayard*  of  Del.  Represen- 
tatives: H.  B.  Payne*  of  Wis.,  Joseph 
G.  Abbott*  of  Mass.,  Eppa  Hunton*  of 
Va.,  J.ames  A.  Garfield  of  C,  George  F. 
Hoar  of  Mass.  Total,  seven  Democrats 
to  eight  Republicans.  (Democrats  are 
distinguished  by  a  star.) 


Jan.  31.  /).  C.  Congress:  The  Elec- 
toral Conunission  is  organized.  Emi- 
nent counsel  are  employed  on  both  sides. 

Feb.  7.  />.  C.  Congress :  The  Elec- 
toral Commission  begins  the  investi- 
gation respecting  the  electoral  votes  in 
three  States. 

In  South  Carolina  two  bodies  claim  to 
he  the  Legislature.  One  giVea  the  vote 
to  Hayes  by  about  800  majority;  the 
other  gives  it  to  Tilden  by  a  somewhat 
smaller  majority.  In  Florida  both  par- 
ties claim  the  vote,  each  by  a  small  ma- 
jority. In  Oregon,  one  of  the  three 
Republican  electors  is  denied  a  certifi- 
cate by  the  Governor,  having  been  a 
postmaster  when  nominated  ;  the  Gov- 
ernor gives  one  electoral  certificate  to  a 
Democrat.  Revolution  and  civil  war  are 
freely  threatened. 

Feb.  9.  Z>.  C.  The  Electoral  Conunis- 
sion  awards  the  contested  vote  of  Flor- 
ida to  the  Republicans.  Vote,  8-7  —  8 
Republicans,  7  Democrats. 

Feb.  16.  n.  r.  The  electoral  vote  of 
Ix>uisiana  Is  awarded  to  the  Republi- 
cans, who  claim  that  the  Commission 
has  no  power  to  examine  into  returns 
made  in  due  form.    Vote,  8-7. 

Feb.  21.  D.  C.  Congress;  House:  De- 
bate on  the  Bland  Silver  Bill  is  re- 
sumed. [The  Senate  changes  are  adopted 
later.] 

Feb.  23.  D.  C.  Congress  removes  the 
political  disabilities  of  Gen.  Joseph  E. 
Johnston  of  Va. 

Feb.  26.  D.  C.  Senator  Thurman  being 
ill.  Senator  Francis  Kernan  of  N.  Y. 
takes  his  place  on  the  Electoral  Con3- 
mission. 

Feb.  27.  />.  r.  The  electoral  vote  of 
South  Carolina  is  awarded  to  the  Re- 
publicans.   Vote,  8-7. 

Mar.  2.  JJ.  C.  The  two  houses  of  Con- 
gress meet  in  joint  session,  and  confirm 
the  election  of  Hayes  and  Wheeler 
only  two  days  before  the  inauguration. 
Congress  removes  the  political  disabil- 
ities of  Gen.  John  S.  Marmaduke  of 
Mo. 
Congress  counts  the  electoral  vote. 
Vote  for  President:  Tilden,  184;  Hayes, 
185;  Smith  and  Walker,  0.  Vote  for 
Vice-President :  Thomas  A.  Hendricks 
(Dem.)of  Ind.,  184;  William  A.  Wheeler 
(Rep.)  of  N.  Y..  1S.5;  Samuel  F.  Carey 
(Greenback) of  0..n;  Gideon  T.Stewart 
(Prohib.)  of  O.,  0  ;  D.  Kirkpatrick  (Amer. ) 
of  N.  v.,  0. 

Congress :  The  Monetary  Commis- 
sion (organized  Aug.  15,  1875)  makes  a 
report. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress :  Tlie  House 
repudiates  the  decision  of  the  Electoral 
Commission  in  a  strong  resolution, 
which  declares  that  Samuel  .1.  Tilden 
and  Thomas  A .  Hendricks  both  received 
196  electoral  votes,  and  were  elected. 
Vote,  13G-88 ;  not  voting,  66. 
The  44th  Congress  ends. 
Rutherford  B.  Hayes  is  privately 
sworn  in  as  President  (.Saturday). 

Mar.  4.  /).  C.  Sunday  :  The  inaug:ura- 
tion  is  deferred  until  Monday. 

Tbe  23d  Administration:  liepubli- 
can. 


Mar.  5.    B.  C.    Rutherford  B.  Hayes 

of  0.  is  inaugurated  the  19th  President 
in  the  23d  term  of  the  presidency. 
WiUlam  A.  Wheeler  of  N.  Y.  is  Vice- 
I'resident. 

Cabinet :  "William  M.  Evarts  of  N.  Y. 
(State),  John  Sherman  of  O.  (Treas.), 
George  W.  MoCrary  of  la.  (War), 
Richard  "W.  Thompson  of  Ind.  (Navy), 
Carl  SchuTZ  of  Mo.,  (Interior),  Charles 
Devens  of  Mass.  (Atty.-Gen.),  David 
M.  Key  of  Tenn.  (P.  M.-Oen.). 

The  Senate  meets  in  special  session 
at  the  call  of  President  Hayes.  [.Ad- 
journs March  17.] 

Apr.  11.  D.  C.  Both  claimants  to  the 
governorsliip  of  South  Carolina  visit 
Washington,  and  influenced  by  Presi- 
dent Hayes,  D.  H.  Chamberlain  with- 
draws his  claim. 

Apr.  21.  La.  The  Packard  Iiegisla- 
ture  (Rep.),  deprived  of  the  President's 
support,  is  dispersed.  [President  Hayes 
thereby  becomes  unpopular  with  the 
stalwart  Republicans.] 

May  5.  1).  C.  The  President  calls  a 
special  session  of  the  45th  Congress  for 
Oct.  15,  to  make  provision  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  army ;  this  having  been 
omitted  by  the  44th  Congress. 

June  22.  Z).  C.  President  Hayes  orders 
all  Federal  officials  who  are  subject  to 
the  civil-service  rules  to  resign  any 
situation  held  as  political  managers, 
or  to  give  up  their  offices,  in  order 
"  to  take  the  office-holders  out  of  poli- 
tics.'* 

June  30.  U.  .S.  Statistics  for  1877. 
Revenue:  Customs,  $130.9.56,493;  inter- 
nal revenue,  $I18,6:i0.4<J8  ;  sales  of  public 
lands,  $976,'254  ;  premiums  on  loans  and 
sales  of  gold  coin,  $405,777;  miscellane- 
ous, $18,031,655.  Total  revenue,  $269,- 
000,587  ;  excess  of  revenue  over  expendi- 
tures, $30,340,578.  Expenditures:  Mis- 
cellaneous items,  $,50,252,067;  War  De- 
partment, $37,082,730;  Navv  Department, 
$14,959,935;  Indians, $5,277',007;  pensions, 
27,963,752 ;  interest  on  the  public  debt, 
$97,124,512.  Total  ordinnry  expenditures, 
$238,660,009.  Public  debt,  $2,205,301,392. 
Exports,  $002,475,'220  ;  imports,  $451,323,- 
126. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1876  *  *  ,S.  Dak.    Deadwood  is  laid  out 

as  a  town.    The  Indians  surrender  all 

title  to  lands  in  South  Dakota. 
*  *  U.  S.    Loss  by  fire  in  1876,  $64,630,600  ; 

insurance  loss,  $34,374,500. 
Jan.  7.    A^.  J.    The  steamer  L^Amfrique 

runs  ashore  near  Seabright ;    three  of 

the  crew  are  lost. 
1877.     Mar.   5.    Mo.     The  Southern 

Hotel  at  St.  Louis  is  burned  ;  11  lives 

are  lost. 
Mar.  6.    Kew  York.    Property  valued  at 

$1,500,000  is  destroyed  by  a  Broadway 

fire. 
Mar.  16.    }few  York.    The  new  building 

of  the  New  York  Hospital  is  opened 

(Organized  1770). 
May  29.    Ki/.    At  Louisville  the  horse 

Ten  Broeck  runs  two  miles  in  3.27J. 
June  5.    A'ew  York.    The  Sixth-Avenue 

Elevated  Railroad  to  Fifty-ninth  Street 

is  opened. 


296     1877,  June  30 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1877    July  22.   Pa.    Gen.  Sheridan  is 

sent  to  Pittsburg  with  troops  to  quell 
the  riots. 

July  *  Idu.  All  Indian  war  breaks  out 
ill  the  Northwest ;  Gen.  Howard  is  sent 
against  Chief  Joseph  of  the  Idaho  Indi- 
ans. [Oct.  1.  The  cliief  is  captured  after 
a  long  pursuit,] 

Aug.  4.  Pa.  Order  is  restored  at  Pitts- 
burg by  the  troops. 

Sept.  i*  Ida.  The  NezPerces  Indians 
defeat  the  troops  and  kill  33  men. 

Nov.  24.  N.  C.  The  sloop-of-war 
Huron  strikes  the  rocks  near  Oregon 
Inlet ;  nearly  100  lives  are  lost. 

Dec.  13.  Tex.  A  mob  of  Mexicans 
and  others  attack  the  State  troops  at 
San  Elizario ;  six  persons  are  killed. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1877  Aug.  11, 18.  D.C.  Two  satellites 
of  Mars  are  discovered  by  Prof.  Asaph 
Hall  at  Washington. 

Sept.  3.  Mich.  The  asteroid  Fhoedra  is 
discovered  by  J.  C.  Watson  at  ^Vnn  Ar- 
bor. [Andromache  on  Oct.  1  and  Cly- 
temnestra  on  Nov.  12.] 

Oct.  14.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid  Idun  is  dis- 
covered by  C.  H.  F.  Peters,  at  Clinton. 

Oct.  21.  Africa,  Henry  M.  Stanley 
arrives  at  Cape  Town  from  his  tour  of 
exploration. 

Oct.  30.  Kan.  A  monument  is  dedicated 
to  John  Brown  at  Osawatomie. 

Nov.  10.  The  American  Chemical  So- 
ciety is  incorporated. 

Dec.  22,  Nein  York.  The  first  building 
of  the  American  Museum  of  iN'atural 
History  is  opened. 

Dec.  *  N.  J.  Edison  announces  a  phono- 
graph. 

*  *  Chicago.  TtliRha  Gray  files  a  caveat 
for  his  telephone  three  hours  after  Bell's 
is  filed. 

*  *  Kan.  Ijcad  is  discovered  in  Cherokee 
County;  Galena  and  Empire  City  be- 
come prosperous. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  Observatory  of  the  J.  C. 
Green  School  of  Science  is  erected  at 
Princeton. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1877. 

July  O.  Tenney,  Sanborn,  naturalist,  au- 
thor, AM. 

Aug  9.  ('onrad.  Timothy  A.,  naturalist, 
author,  A74. 

Aug.  29.  Young.  Brigham.  Mormon  high- 
priest,  A76. 

Aug.  30.  Seinines,  Raphael,  Confed.  adm., 
commander  of  the  Alabama,  A6H. 

Sept.  1.     Davenport,  Edward  L.,  actor,  A6I. 

Sept.  S3.  Trail,  Russell,  teacher,  physi- 
cian, hydroiiathist,  author,  AbS. 

Sept.  35.    Orton,  James,  naturalist,  A47. 

Sept.  39.  Meiggs.  Henry,  builder  of  rail- 
roads in  S.  Am.,  and  public  works,  A54. 

Oct.  S.  Fish,  Henry,  Baptist  clergyman  of 
N.  J.,  author,  A57. 

Oct.  3.  Hayley,  James  R.,  R.  C.  archbishop 
of  Baltimore,  A63. 

Nov.  1.  Norton,  Oliver  Perry,  war  Gov., 
senator  for  Inrt.,  A54. 

Kov.  3.  Eve,  Paul  Fitzsimmons,  surgeon, 
litholomist.  ATI. 

Nov.  18.  (iray,  Henry,  artist,  portrait- 
painter,  A58. 


Nov.  09.  Greene,  Nathaniel,  journalist, 
editor  Boston  Statesman,  A80. 

Dec.  3.  Marvin,  Knoch  M.,  bishop  of  M.  K. 
Church  South,  author,  A64. 

Dec.  7.  Huger,  Col.  U.  S.  A.,  Confederate 
inaj.-gen.,  .\72. 

Dec.  8.  Bledsoe,  All>ert  Taylor,  Confeder- 
ate asst.  sec.  war,  A  68. 

Dec.  34.  Farrott,  Kobert  Parker,  inventor 
of  cannons,  A73. 


CHURCH. 

1877  July  3.  Scot.  The  first  meeting  of 
the  General  Council  of  the  "  Alliance 
of  the  Keformed  Churches  throughout 
the  world  holding  the  Presbyterian  Sys- 
tem" is  held  at  Edinburgh. 

Aug.  29.  John  Taylor,  chief  of  the 
"  Twelve  Apostles,"  succeeds  Brigham 
Young,  deceased,  as  president  of  the 
Mormon  Church. 

Oct.  16.  iV*.  r.  Francis  McNeirny 
becomes  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Albany. 

Oct.  31.  Samuel  T.  J.  Schereschewsky 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Shanghai. 

Dec.  18.  III.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
diocese  of  Springfield  is  organized. 

*  *  Alas.  The  Presbyterian  Home  Board 
opens  a  mission  and  school  for  girls  at 
Fort  Wrangel. 

*  *  Boston.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  Cal.  Chinese  Mission  Work  is  be- 
gun in  Oakland. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  James  Eells,  mod- 
erator, 

*  ♦  Conn.  The  Congregational  Club  is 
formed  at  Hartford. 

*  •  A  meeting  of  the  (Congregational) 
National  Council  is  held. 

*  *  Ida.  The  State  Convention  (Univer- 
salist)  is  organized. 

*  *  ///.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Carthage.  The 
General  Assembly  (United  Presbyte- 
rian) meets  at  Sparta ;  Robert  E.  Ewing, 
moderator.  The  Roman  Catholic  diocese 
of  Peoria  is  established. 


LETTERS. 

1877  Sept.  17.  PJiita.  The  JeflFerson 
Medical  College  is  opened. 

*  *  Ark.  Philander  Smith  College 
(Meth.  Epis.  Colored)  is  founded  at 
Little  Rock. 

*  *  The  Boston  Iiibrary  reports  320,000 
volumes. 

*  *  Cal.  The  San  Joaquin  Valley  Col- 
lege (United  Brethren)  is  organized  at 
Wood  bridge. 

*  *  Colo.  The  University  College  (non- 
sect.)  of  Boulder  is  organized. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  National  Tribune  is  issued 
at  Washington. 

*  *  Oa.  The  Shorter  College  (Fern.) 
is  founded  by  Baptists  at  Rome. 

Clark    University    (Meth.    Epis.)   is 
organized  at  Atlanta. 

*  *  A'//.    The  'Ames  is  issued  at  LoulBTlUe. 


*  *  Ky.  Ogden  College  (non-sect.)  is 
organized  at  Bowling  Green. 

*  *  La.  The  City  Item  is  issued  at  New 
Orleans. 

*  *  Mich.  Detroit  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  organized  at  Detroit. 

*  ♦  Miss.  The  Lea  Female  College  is 
founded  at  Summit. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Lenox  Library  on 
Fifth  Avenue  is  opened. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Magazine  of  American 
History  appears. 

*  *  K.  C.  The  Biddle  University  at 
Charlotte  is  chartered.  The  State  Col- 
ored Normal  School,  at  Fayetteville, 
is  opened. 

*  *  Pa.  The  National  Stockman  and 
Farmer  is  issued  at  Pittsburg. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Adger  College  (Pres.)  is 
organized  at  Walhalla. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Medical  Department  of 
the  University  of  Tennessee  at  Kash- 
ville  is  opened. 

*  *  Tex.  The  North  Texas  Female 
College  (Meth.  Epis.  South)  is  char- 
tered. 

*  *  W.  Va.  The  Broaddus  CoUege  at 
Clarksburg  receives  its  charter. 

*  *  The  American,  by  Henry  James,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Biology,  Orthodoxy,  and  Transcenden- 
talism, by  Joseph  Cook,  appears. 

*  *  Eight  Cousins,  by  Louisa  May  Alcott, 
appears. 

*  *  Footprints  of  the  Master,  by  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe,  appears. 

*  *  Garth,  by  Julian  Hawthorne,  appears. 

*  *  Hawthorne,  by  Edmund  Clarence  Sted- 
man,  appears. 

*  *  Nicholas  Minturnt  by  J.  G.  Holland, 
appears. 

*  *  Count  FrontenoG  and  New  France,  by 
Francis  Parkman,  appears. 

*  *  The  Queen  of  Sheba,  by  T.  B.  Aldrieh, 
appears. 

*  *  Modem  Philosophy,  by  Francis  Bowen, 
appears. 

*  *  Reconciliation  of  Science  and  Religion, 
by  Alexander  Winchell,  ajipears. 

*  *  Table  Talk,  by  A.  Bronson  Alcott, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1877  July  1.  Md.  A  general  reduction 
of  wages  on  railroads ;  strikes  are 
threatened. 

July  4.  Fla.  A  convention  of  colored 
men  is  held  in  Tallahassee ;  it  advises  the 
fostering  of  a  general  social  and  moral 
improvement  of  the  colored  people. 

July  14  4.  Md.  A  great  labor  strike 
occurs.  It  extends  over  most  of  the 
railroads  of  the  Northern  States. 

It  begins  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Railroad  against  a  10  per  cent  reduction 
of  wajies ;  soon  the  militia  is  called  out, 
and  later  the  National  troops,  to  pro- 
tect new  employees;  100,000  workmen 
participate  in  it. 
July  19.  jr.  Va.  A  detachment  of  Na- 
tional troops  arrives  to  protect  railroad 
employees  from  strikers. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1877,  June  30-*  *.     297 


July  20.  Md.  A  mob  stones  the  soldiers 
called  against  the  strikers  od  the  Balii- 
more  and  Ohio  Kailroa<l,  at  Baltimore  ; 
nine  of  the  mob  are  killed  and  more 
t!ian  20  are  wounded  by  the  fire  of  the 
soldiers. 

July  21.  Pa.  At  Pittsburg  strikers  at- 
tack the  soldiers. 

They  drive  them  for  shelter  into  the 
roundhouse,  where  they  are  besieged. 
Oil-cars  are  moved  up  to  the  building 
and  fired,  while  the  fire  companies  are 
restrained  ;  railroad  buiklinKs  are  fired  ; 
2,000  freight-car?  are  pillaged  or  burned  ; 
barrels  of  liquor  are  taken  from  the 
cars,  and  general  robbery  follows,  in 
■which  women  participate,  until  sup- 
pressed bv  Federal  troops.  Loss  esti- 
mated at  about  §10,000,000. 

July  *  Pa.  The  strikers  raise  a  riot  at 
Reading ;  in  a  collision  between  the 
military  and  the  mob,  13  are  killed,  43 
"wounded. 

Jtay23.  Cal.  The  Vigilance  Com- 
mittee of  San  Francisco  reorganizes. 

July  26.  Kew  Tork.  Communists  meet 
in  Tompkins  Square  and  make  infl.am- 
matory  addresses ;  great  alarm  is  felt 
throughout  the  country. 

July  26.  Chicago.  The  Federal  cavalry 
assist  the  police  in  charging  a  crowd  of 
socialists  ;  19  deaths  follow. 

July  27.  Pa.  The  unsuccessful  strikers 
commence  returning  to  work. 

Aug.  12.  Tex.  A  band  of  Mexican  des- 
peradoes breaks  open  the  jail  at  Rio 
Grande  City,  and  releases  two  notorious 
criminals,  Esproneda  and  Garza,  who 
escape  with  them  to  Mexico. 

Aug.  22.  X.  J,  A  convention  of  col- 
ored men  convenes  at  Princeton  to 
promote  the  welfare  of  their  race. 

Sept.  *- Oct.  *  S,C.  The  frauds  and 
embezzlements  of  the  official  ring  in 
charge  of  the  State  are  disclosed  and  the 
offenders  prosecuted. 

Setit.*  New  York.  "Boss"  Tweed 
discloses  the  system  by  which  the  Tam- 
many frauds  were  perpetrated,  also  the 
names  of  guilty  parties. 

Oct.  *  Xew  York.  The  United  States 
Brewers*  Association  is  incorporated. 

Nov.  3.  Cal.  Dennis  Kearney,  leader 
of  the  Workingmen's  Party,  is  arrested 
and  imprisoned  on  a  charge  of  incendi- 
ary speeches  and  threats. 

Wov.  8.  S.  C.  F.  L.  Cardoza,  ex-treas- 
urer of  the  State,  convicted  of  fraud,  is 
sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  two  years 
and  to  pay  a  fine  of  $4,000. 

Nov,  *  Chicago.  The  National  Con- 
vention of  the  "Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  meets ;  Mrs.  Annie 
Wittenmyer,  president. 

Bee.  1.  Afd.  The  Presbyterian  Eye,  Ear, 
and  Throat  Hospital  at  Baltimore  is 
opened. 

Dec.  10.  }Fyo.  Women  are  authorized 
to  vote  and  hold  office. 

*  ♦  Boston.  The  Marcella  Street  Home 
for  the  reformation  of  boys  is  opened, 

*  •  Cal.  An  anti-Chinese  riot  at  San 
Francisco  is  subdued  by  members  of  the 
old  vigilance  committee  of  1856. 


*  *  Chicago.  The  Citizens*  Xicague, 
against  the  saloon,  and  to  save  young 
men  from  intemperance  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  J.  A  State  Board  of  Health  is 
organized.  • 

*  *  Xev.  The  Legislature  amends  the 
constitution  so  as  to  disfranchise  biga- 
mists and  polygamists. 

*  *  R.  I.  The  eleventh  National  Encamp- 
ment of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public is  held  at  Providence  ;  Gen.  J. 
C.  Robinson,  commander-in-chief. 


STATE. 

1877  July  18.  7>.  C.  President  Hayes 
issues  a  proclamation  for  the  suppres- 
sion of  disorder  and  violence  in  West 
Virginia.  [July  21  ;  another  for  Mary- 
land. July  23;  another  for  Pennsyl- 
vania.] 

July  *  N.  S.  The  Fishery  Commis- 
sion meets  at  Halifax.  Commissioners  : 
Sir  Alex.  T.  Gait,  Ensign  H.  Kellogg, 
and  Maurice  Delfosse,  the  Belgian  min- 
ister to  the  United  States. 

Aug.  7.  Jf.  Va.  Tlio  capital  is  located 
at  Charleston  by  a  popular  vote. 

Sept.  *  D.  C.  President  Hayes  holds  a 
conference  with  a  number  of  Indian 
chiefs  at  Washington. 

Oct.  5.  Cal.  The  Workingman's  Party 
of  California  is  organized  at  San  Fran- 
cisco; Dennis  Kearney  ("  sand-lot  ora- 
tor"), president. 

Oct.  15.  D.  C.  The  45th  Congress 
opens  in  special  session, 

Oct.*  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  Thomas 
"W.  Ferry  of  Mich,  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore.  House  :  Samuel  J.  Ran- 
dall of  Pa.  (Dem.)  is  reelected  Speaker, 
receiving  149  votes  ;  James  A.  Garfield 
of  O.  (Rep.),  132. 

Thomas  B.  Reed  of  Me.  and  William 
McKinley  of  O.  enter  the  House. 

Nov.  5.  />.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  R.  P. 
Bland  of  Mo.  introduces  a  bill  for  the 
free  coinage  of  the  standard  silver  dol- 
lar, and  for  its  circulation  as  a  legal 
tender  in  any  amounts.  (See  Feb.,  1878.) 

Nov.  6.  Minn.  The  people  ratify  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution,  chan- 
ging the  sessions  of  the  Legislature  from 
annual  to  biennial. 

Nov.  23.  K.  5.  The  Halifax  Fishery 
Commission,  luider  the  Treaty  of 
Washington,  makes  its  decision,  one 
member  dissenting. 

It  awards  to  the  British  government 
$5,500,000  for  12  ifears*  use  of  the  inshore 
Canadian  fisheries,  which  belonged  to 
the  United  States  by  the  treaty  of  1782 ; 
it  also  remits  to  Canada,  the  annual 
duties  (S350,000),  which  in  12  years 
amount  to  $4,200,000. 

Dec.  3.   D.  C.   The  45th  Congress ;  the 
special  session  closes. 
The  45th  Congress  opens  in  regular 

session. 

The  President's  message  recom- 
mends the  resumption  of  specie  pay- 
ments on  Jan.  1, 1879,  and  urges  justice 
fur  freedmeu. 


Dec.  12,  JO.  C.  Congress  ;  Senate  : 
Roscoe  Conkling  of  N.  Y.  and  others 
oppose  the  Civil  Service  Reform 
efforts  of  the  Administration. 

*  *  D.C.  President  Hayes  appoints  John 
M.  Harlan  of  Ky.  a  Justice  of  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court. 

*  *  N.  Dak.  The  capital  is  removed  to 
Bismarck. 

*  *  N.  H.  The  people  adopt  12  amend- 
ments to  the  Constitution,  and  reject  a 
13th  amendment  which  would  eliminate 
the  word  "  Protestant"  from  the  Bill  of 
Rights. 

*  *  New  York.  Smith  Ely  is  elected  the 
80th  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-78  *  *  Ariz.  (Ter.).    John  P.  Hoyt. 
-81  *  *  Ark.     William  R.  Miller. 
-79  *  *  Conn.    James  K.  English. 
-81  *  *  Fla.    George  F.  Brew. 

-82  *  •  Ga.    Alfred  H.  Colquitt. 
-83  *  *  111.     Shelby  M.  Cullom. 
-81  *  *  hid.    James  D.  Williams. 
-79  *  *  Kan.    George  T.  Anthony. 
-78  *  *  La.    Stephen  B.  Packard. 
-81  *  *  Mich.    Charles  M.  Crosswell, 
-81  *  *  Mo.     John  S.  Phelps. 
-79  *  *  N.  C.    Zebulon  B.  Vance. 
-79  *  *  N.  H.    Benjamin  F.  Prescott. 
-80  *  *  N.  Y.    Lucius  Robinson. 
-78  *  *  O.    Thomas  L.  Young. 
-78  *  *  Ore.    S.  F.  Chadwick. 
-78  *  *  S.C.    Wade  Hampton. 
-80*  *  R.  I.    Charles  C.  Van  Zandt. 
-81  *  *  W.  Va.     Henry  M.  Matthews. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1877  June  30.  Immigrants  for  the 
year,  141,857. 

July  *  Because  of  the  great  Pittsburg 
strike,  six  or  seven  thousand  miles  i)f 
railroads  are  forced  into  idleness. 

Aug.  0.  N.  J.  A  train  falls  through  a 
bridge  at  Ocean  port ;  60  persons  are 
injured  ;  Gen.  Grant  is  one  of  the  pas- 
sengers and  escapes  unhurt. 

Aug.  15-17.  Vt.  The  centennial  of  the 
Battle  of  Bennington  is  celebrated. 

Aug.  26.  New  York.  The  Third  Ave- 
nue Elevated  Railroad  is  opened  to 
Forty  Second  Street. 

Aug.  29.  la.  By  the  washing  away  of  a 
railroad  bridge  near  Des  Moines,  17 
lives  are  lost. 

Aug.  *  Colo.    LeadviUe  is  settled. 

Aug.  *  la.  The  canal  around  the  Des 
Moines  rapids  is  opened  ;  it  is  7^^  miles 
long  and  cost  $4,500,000. 

Dec.  20.  New  York.  An  explosion 
and  fire  in  Greenfield's  confectionery 
works  cause  the  death  of  about  50  per- 
sons. 

*  *  Ala.    Birmingham  is  founded. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Back  Bay  Park  System 
comprising  1,009  acres  is  establishe^J  ; 
Charles  River  Embankment,  G9 ;  Back 
Bay  Park,  lOG  ;  Muddy  River,  110 ;  Ja- 
maica Park,  120;  Arnold  Arboretum, 
167;  West  Roxbury,  485.  English  bi- 
cycles are  first  imported  into  the 
United  States.  The  Produce  Ex- 
change is  organized. 


298     1877,  **-1878,  Nov. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1878  Apr.  12.  D.  C.  A  rehearing  of 
the  case  of  Fitz-John  Porter  by  a 
military  commission  is  granted ;  the 
board  consists  of  Maj.-Gens.  Schofield, 
Terry,  and  Getty.  [He  is  finally  restored 
to  the  army.] 

Nov.  29,  Ky.  Gov.  Jackson  sends 
troops  into  Breathitt  County  to  sup- 
press an  old  feud  which  was  revived  by 
a  mob  attacking  a  sheriff  while  in 
charge  of  a  prisoner. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1877  *  *  N.J.  Thomas  A.  Edison  com- 
mences experiments  with  incandescent 
platinum  at  Menlo  Park. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Xjenoz  Library  Art 
Gallery  is  opened. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Mozart  Club  is  organized 
at  Pittsburg. 

*  *  Close  of  Stormy  Day  is  painted  by 
Arthur  Quartley. 

*  *  Ponce  de  Leon  is  painted  by  Thomas 
Moran. 

*  *  Scene  in  New  Hampshire  Is  painted  by 
J.  W.  Casilear. 

*  *  Head  of  Jersey  Bull  is  painted  by  A. 
C.  Shaw. 

1878  Mar.  1.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid 
IBunike  is  discovered  by  Peters  at  Clin- 
ton.   [And  Menippe  on  June  18th.] 

June  20.  N.  Y.  Charles  B.  Everest, 
while  boring  for  oil  at  Warsaw,  discov- 
ers a  strata  of  rock  salt  70  feet  thick 
lying  1,272  feet  below  the  surface. 

June*JV.  Y.  "William  E.Sawyer  patents 
an  incandescent  carbon  lamp,  which 
he  places  on  exhibition. 

July  7.  N.  Y.  At  the  Rochester  Obser- 
vatory a  tailless  comet,  also  without  a 
nucleus,  is  discovered. 

July  29,  30.  Mich.  J.  C.  Watson  of 
Ann  Arbor  claims  to  have  seen  the 
planet  Vulcan  during  the  solar  eclipse. 

July  *  N.  J.  Thomas  A.  Edison  an- 
nounces the  invention  of  the  microtasi- 
jneter,  in  which  he  applies  the  princi- 
ple of  the  carbon  microphone  to  the 
measurement  of  infinitesimal  pressure. 

Aug.  6.  Eng.  McCormick's  automatic 
self-binding  grain  harvester  takes  the 
gold  medal  at  the  Boyal  Agricultural 
Society's  competitive  test. 

Aug.  21.  Mo.  The  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science 
meets  at  St.  Louis. 

Sept.  9.  N.  r.  The  asteroid  Phthia  is 
discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters  of  Clinton. 
[Ismene,  on  Sept.  22,  and  Kolga,  on 
Sept.  30.] 

Oct.  21-24.  Phila.  A  great  storm  pre- 
vails ;  it  destroys  384  houses,  churches, 
and  many  public  buildings,  besides 
wrecking  eight  ships.     Loss,  $2,000,000. 

Oct.  *  ^V.  J.  Thomas  A,  Edison  an- 
nounces his  success  in  subdividing  the 
electric  current,  adapting  it  for  house- 
hold use.  He  invents  an  electric  pen 
for  copying.     He  also  announces  the  in- 


vention of  the  megaphone,  a  form  of 
telephone. 

Oct.  31.  Ga.  A  monument  to  com- 
memorate fallen  Confederate  soldiers  is 
uncovered  at  Augusta. 

*  *  D.  C.  A.  Graham  Bell  and  Sumner 
Tainter  of  Washington  invent  a  photo- 
phone. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS, 

1878. 
Jan.    16.    Bowles,   Samuel,  miscellaneous 
writer,  journalist,  A52. 

Jan.  18.  Hotlins,  (ieorge  N.,  commander 
U.  S.  N.,  com.  Confederate  N.,  A79. 

Feb.  11,  Welles,  Gideon,  editor,  sec.  navy, 
writer,  A76. 

Mar.  a.  Wade,  Benjamin  Franklin,  anti- 
slavery  leader,  senator  for  O.,  acting  Vice- 
President,  A78. 

Mar.  17.  PickerinR,  Charles,  phvsician, 
naturalist,  miscellaneous  writer,  A73. 

Mar.  18.  Hartt,  Charles  Frederic,  natural- 
ist, author,  A38. 

Apr.  12.  Tweed,  William  M.,  political 
"  boss,"  eml)ezzler,  A55. 

Apr.  31.  Feck,  John  James,  capt.  U.  S.  A. 
in  Mex.,  maj.-gen.  V.  S.  vols.,  A5l. 

Apr.  S3.  Orton,  William,  president  West- 
ern Union  Telegraph  Co.,  politician,  AS2. 

Apr.  34.  Dyer,  Charles  Volney,  surgeon, 
abolitionist.  A?!. 

Apr.  35.  Bashford,  Coles,  jurist,  Gov.  of 
Wis.,  A62. 

Apr.  30.  Simons,  Thomas  Young,  lawyer, 
politician.  Confederate  capt.,  editor,  A50. 

May  7.  Hoffman,  Murray,  jurist,  legal 
writer,  AS7. 

May  12.  Beecher,  Catherine  E.,  educator, 
writer,  A78. 

May.  13.  Henry,  Joseph,  physicist,  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  ASl. 

June  13.  Bonneville,  Benjamin  L.  E.,  sol- 
dier, explorer,  author,  A85. 

Brvant,  William  CuUen,   poet,   editor 

Evening  Pout  of  N.  Y..  author,  A84. 

June  19.  Hodge,  Charles,  Fre8.,cl.,  theolo- 
gian, professor  at  Princeton,  author,  A81. 

June  21.  Warren,  Fitz  Henry,  lawyer, 
politician,  journalist,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  vols., 
A62. 

July  13.  Eastman,  Harvey  G.,  educator, 
politician,  A 46. 

July  1 7.  Appleton,  George  S.,  publisher,  of 
N.  Y.,  A57. 

Aug.  13.  Duyckinck,  Evert  Augustus, 
journalist,  compiler  of  cyclopedias,  AT8. 

Prentiss,  Elizabeth,  bymnologist,  reli- 
gious writer,  A60. 

Aug*.  16.     Cpjohn,  Richard,  architect,  A7fi. 

Aug.  17.  Adrian,  Garnett  B.,  M.  C.  for 
N.  J.,  A62. 

Aug:.  23.  Day,  Horace  Hollister,  capitalist, 
A65. 

Sept.  2.    Haight,  Henry  Huntley,  lawyer, 

Go^.  of  Cal.,  A.'>3. 
Oct.  6.   Adams,  Nehemiah,  Cong,  clergyman, 
theologian,  author  of  devotional  and  other 
works,  A72. 

•  Pillow,    Gideon    J.,    lawyer,  maj.-gen. 

U.  S.  vols..  Confederate  brig. -gen.,  A72. 

Oct.  30.    Paulding,  Hiram,  rear-adm.  V.  S. 

N.,  ASl. 
Oct.  21.    Roseerans,    Rvlvester   H.,    Rom. 

Cath.  bishop  of  Columbus,  0.,  A51. 
Nov.  29.     Godey,   Louis  Antoine,  founder 
of  Godey's  Ladies^  Booi,  A74. 


CHURCH. 

1877  *  *Mo.  The  Annual  Conven- 
tion (Disciples  of  Christ)  is  held  at  St. 
Louis  ;  W.  K.  Pendleton,  president. 

*  *  N.  Mex.  A  mission  to  the  Ztmis  is 
opened  by  the  Presbyterian  Home  Board. 

*  *  R.  T.  The  Annual  Meeting  (Bap- 
tist) is  held  at  Providence. 

*  *  Tex.  The  Eastern  Convention  (Bap- 
tist) is  formed. 

*  *  Utah,  The  Utah  Conference  (Metho- 
dist Episcopal)  is  formed. 

*  *  ControversyintheUnitedPresbyterian 
Church  respecting  in.'^trumental  music. 


*  *  The  Protestant  Episcopal  dioceses  of 
Quincy,  West  Virginia,  and  Springfield, 
111.,  are  organized. 

•  *Tlie  (Protestant  Episcopal)  Girla* 
Friendly  Society  is  formed. 

•  *  The  Baptists  labor  among  the  Chero- 
kees,  Creeks,  Seminoles,  Delawares, 
Shawanoe.s,  Kickapoos,  and  Sac  and  Fox 
tribe,  with  13  missionaries. 

*  *  Nicholas  Castle  is  elected  first  bishop 
of  the  United  Brethren. 

1878  Jan.  10.  The  Church  Society  for 
Promoting  Christianity  among  the  Jews 
is  organized. 

Feb.  20.  It.  Cardinal  GiacchinoPecci 
is  elected  successor  to  Pius  IX.,  under  the 
title  of  Leo  XIII. 

May  1.  Ga,  The  General  Confer- 
ence (Methodist  Episcopal  South)  meets 
at  Atlanta. 

May  12.  Ind.  Francis  S.  Chatard  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop 
of  Vincennes ;  and  Francis  Mora  bishop 
of  Monterey  and  Los  Angeles. 

May  15.  III.  Alexander  Burgess  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  Quincy. 

May  24.  N,  T.  The  Brooklyn  Church 
Society  (Methodist  Episcopal)  is  incor- 
porated. 

May  30.  George  "William  Peterkin  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  West  Virginia. 

May  31.  Boston,  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  11.  George  Franklin  Seymour  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Springfield. 

Sept.  1.  Ind.  The  Indiana  Conference 
of  Unitarian  and  Independent  Religious 
Societies  is  organized  at  Hobart. 

Sept.  3.  Samuel  Allen  McCoskey,  (Prot- 
estant Episcopal)  bishop,  is  deposed. 

Sept.  17-20.  N.Y.  The  National  Con- 
ference (Unitarian)  is  held  at  Saratoga. 

LETTERS. 

1877  *  *  A  Knight  of  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury ^  by  E.  P.  Roe,  appears. 

*  *  Being  a  Boy,  by  Charles  Dudley 
Warner,  appears. 

*  *  Two  Men  of  Sandy  Bar,  by  Bret  Harte, 
appears ;  also  Thankful  Blossom. 

*  *  The  Story  of  Avis,  by  Elizabeth  Stuart 
Phelps,  appears. 

1878  Nov.  3.  The  New  West  (Cong.) 
Education  Commission  is  incorporated. 

SOCIETY. 

1877  *  *  Wis.  The  Legislature  legalizes 
the  practice  of  law  by  women. 

*  *  The  Knights  and  Xjadies  of  Honor 
is  founded. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  demand  for  the  rights  of 
labor  becomes  more  general  and  em- 
phatic. 

*  *  The  Order  of  the  Catholic  Knights 
of  America  is  founded. 

1878  Jan.  *  U.  S.  The  Workingman's 
Party  is  reorganized  as  •*  The  Social- 
istic Labor  Party." 


UNITED   STATES. 


1877,  **-1878,  Nov. 


299 


Feb.  *  Chicago.  The  Union  Club  is  or- 
ganized. 

Apr.  4.  Chicoffo.  The  Calumet  Club 
and  the  Illinois  Club  are  organized. 

June  13,  rhila.  The  Society  for  Or- 
ganizing Charity  is  founded. 

Aug.  5.  Boston.  Dennis  Kearney  of 
San  Francisco,  the  labor  agitator,  deliv- 
ers a  public  address  in  Faneuil  Hall. 

Oct.  *  N.  Y.  Jesse  Billings,  Jr.,  is  ac- 
quitted of  the  murder  of  his  wife  at 
Saratoga  on  Juno  4. 

Nov.  7.  New  York.  Thieves  take  the 
remains  of  the  late  A.  T.  Stewart  from 
the  family  vault  in  St.  Mark's  church- 
yard.   [Never  found.] 

Nov.  26.  K.  Y.  The  Brooklyn  Bureau 
of  Charities  is  organized. 

STATE. 

1878    Feb.  21.    D.  C.    Congress:  The 

Senate  passes  and  returns  the  Bland 
Silver  Bill  with  two  amendments  —  one 
limiting  silver  coinage,  and  the  other 
providing  for  an  International  Mone- 
tary Conference.  Vote,  48-21. 
-Feb.  22.  O.  A  convention  at  Toledo 
organizes  the  National  Greenback 
party,  following  the  Greenback  party  of 
1874. 

It  advocates  the  nnlimited  coinage  of 
gold  and  silver,  the  substitution  of  green- 
backs —  national  bills  of  credit  made 
legal  tender— for  national  bank-notes, 
female  suflfrage,  and  the  advancement 
of  working  jieople. 

Feb.*  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Senate  amendments  to  the 
Bland  Silver  Bill.  Vote  on  money 
conference,  9&-71  ;  on  limiting  coinage, 
203-72.    This  concurrence  passes  the  bill. 

Feb.  28.  D.  C.  The  President  vetoes 
the  Bland  Silver  Bill. 

Congress :  The  Bland  Silver  Bill  is 
passed  over  the  President's  veto.  House 
TOte,  196-73 ;  Senate  vote,  46-19. 

It  revives  the  coinage  of  the  standard 
silver  dollars  of  412^^  grains,  to  the  ex- 
tent of  not  less  than  $2,000,000  or  more 
than  $4,000,000  per  month  —all  seignior- 
age to  accrue  to  the  Treasury.  These 
dollars  are  to  be  full  legal  tender  for  all 
debts,  public  or  private. 

Feb.i  *  U.  S.  Public  opinion  is  agitated 
respecting  the  payment  of  bondhold- 
ers in  gold. 

Mar,  11.  D.  C,  Congress:  The  Senate 
requests  the  President  to  transmit  the 
correspondence  which  preceded  the 
selection  of  Mr.  Belfosse  as  the  third 
comraisaioiier  in  the  Fishery  Dispute. 
[His  sole  vote  decided  the  issue.] 

Mar.  26.  Conn.  The  Legislature  meets 
in  the  new  Capitol  at  Hartford  for  the 
first  time. 

Apr.  17.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Thomas  W.  Ferry  of  Mich,  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

Apr.  *- July*  N.  Mex.  The  Federal 
Government  removes  the  Ute  Indians 
from  New  Mexico  to  the  Colorado. 

May  2.  J>.  C.  Congress  votes  to  sup- 
press the  coinage  of  silver  pieces  of  the 
denomination  of  20  cents. 


May  17.  B.  C.  Congress ;  Senate: 
The  President  transmits  the  correspon- 
dence respecting  the  appointment  of 
Mr.  Delfosse  as  the  third  commissioner 
on  the  Fishery  Dispute. 

It  proves  his  disqualification  to  act  as 
arbitrator,  and  exhibits  the  persistency 
of  England  to  secure  bis  appointment. 

The  House  appoints  a  select  committee 
to  investigate  the  alleged  election 
frauds  of  November  18, 1876,  in  Louisi- 
ana and  Florida. 
May  28.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
votes  an  appropriation  to  pay  the  Hali- 
fax Award.    (See  Nov.  23,  1877.) 

It  is  to  be  paid  *'  if  the  Government  of 
her  Britannic  Majesty,  after  a  full  re- 
view of  all  the  facts  and  circumstances 
of  the  case,  shall  conclude  and  declare 
the  award  to  be  lawfully  and  honorably 
due." 

May  31.  2).  C.  Congress  forbids  the 
retirement  of  legal-tender  notes. 

June  7.  D.  C.  Congress  repeals  the 
Bankruptcy  Law  of  March  2,  1867,  to 
take  e£fect  Sept.  1. 

June  11.  Wash.  A  Constitutional  Con- 
vention assembles  at  Walla  Walla. 

June  18.  D.C.  Congress  restricts  the 
use  of  the  army  as  a  posse  comitatas  in 
the  execution  of  laws,  except  in  such 
cases  as  are  expressly  provided  for  by 
the  Constitution. 

It  provides  for  additional  stations  of 
the  life-saving  service. 

Jime  19.  D.  C.  Congress  relieves  Gen. 
E.  Kirby  Smith  of  Tenu.  from  politi- 
cal disabilities. 

June  20.  D.  C.  The  45th  Congress : 
the  second  session  closes. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1878. 
Revenue:  Customs,  $130,170,680;  inter- 
nal revenue,  $110,581,625  ;  sales  of  public 
lands,  $1,079,743:  premiums  on  loans  and 
sales  of  gold  coin,  $317,102;  miscellane- 
ous items,  $15,614,7:^8.  Total  revenue, 
$257,703,879;  excess  of  revenue  over  ex- 
penditures, $20,799,552.  Expenditures ; 
Miscellaneous  items,  $53,177,704;  War 
Department,  $32,154,148;  Navy  Depart- 
ment, $17,365,301;  Indians,  $4,629,280; 
pensions,  $27,137,019 ;  interest  on  the 
public  debt,  $102,500,825.  Total  ordinary 
expenditures,  $236,964,327.  Public  debt, 
$2,256,205,892.  Exports,  $694,865,766;  im- 
ports, $437,051,53'-'. 

Aug.  *  Cal.  Dennis  Kearney  starts  a 
political  agitation  against  the  resump- 
tion of  specie  payments,  and  against 
national  bondholders,  on  the  sand  lots 
of  San  Francisco. 

Sept.  28.  Cal.  A  convention  meets  to 
revise  the  Constitution. 

D.  C.  Secretary  of  State  Evarts  com- 
municates to  the  Britich  Government  his 
arguments  against  theHalif  ax  Awards. 
He  shows  by  fishery  statistics  that,  for 
five  years,  under  the  treaty,  the  profits 
to  fishermen  have  been  only  $25,000  a 
year. 

The  first  Chinese  embassy  to  the 
United  States  presents  its  credentials. 

Oct.  7.  D.  C.  The  President  by  procla- 
mation orders  disorderly  persons  in  New 
Mexico  to  desist  from  violence. 

Nov.  5.  Conn.  The  election  fails  to 
make  a  choice  of  State  officers,  and  it 
falls  to  the  Legislature  for  settlement. 


Nov.  *    Wash.     Tlie   people   ratify  the 

Constitution. 
Nov.  *    Kan.      John   P.    St.    John    is 

elected  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1877  *  *  Chicago.  The  Exposition 
building  is  opened. 

*  *  U.  S.  Loss  by  fire  in  1877,  $68,265,800  ;. 
insurance  loss,  $37,398,000. 

*  *  Za.  By  means  of  jetties,  Capt.  James 
B.  Eads  secures  a  20-ft.  channel  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Mississippi  Kiver,  which 
maintains  its  depth  by  the  force  of  the 
current. 

1878  Jan.  1.  Colo.  The  gold  and  silver 
production  up  to  date  is  80  tons  of  pure 
gold,  and  770  tons  of  silver,  l)esides  a 
large  quantity  of  copper  and  lead. 

Jan.  15.  Conn.  A  train  of  cars  falls 
through  a  bridge  at  Tariflfville,  killing 
16  persons. 

Jan.  31.  N.  C.  The  Stea-raeT  Metropolis f. 
bound  from  Philadelphia  to  Brazil,  goes- 
ashore  oflf  the  coast  in  a  gale  ;  about 
100  lives  lost. 

Mar.  *  S.  C.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
joint  resolution  to  settle  certain  debts^ 
at  the  rate  of  50  per  cent. 

It  includes  all  the  unfunded  debts  and 
liabilities  of  the  State,  including  the  bills 
of  the  Bank  of  the  State,  and  so  much  of 
the  debt  of  the  State  as  is  known  as  the 
Little  Bonanza. 

Apr.  29.  U.  S.  The  enactment  of  Con- 
gress to  prevent  the  introduction  of  con- 
tagious diseases  becomes  operative. 

Apr.  30.  New  York.  A  trial  trip  is  made 
of  the  Gilbert  [Metropolitan— Ninth 
Avenue]  Elevated  Railroad.  [June  5. 
It  is  opened  to  the  public,  from  Rector 
Street  to  Central  Park.] 

May  2.  Minn.  The  "Washburn  Flour 
Mills  explode;  fire  follows,  which 
spreads  to  other  mills,  resulting  in  17 
deaths  and  the  loss  of  $1,500,000  in  prop- 
erty. 

May  23.  La.  The  first  case  of  yellow- 
fever  is  reported.  [About  4,500  deaths 
follow.] 

June  30.  U.  S.  Immigrants  for  the 
year,  138,469. 

July  12.  La.  Yellow  fever  appears  as 
an  epidemic. 

Sept.  *  -  Oct.  *  Yellow  fever  rages  in  the 
Southern  States  ;  20,000  cases  and  7,000 
deaths  are  reported.  Some  of  the  in- 
terior towns  in  Louisiana  are  depopu- 
lated. 

Oct.  8.  Mass.  An  excursion  train  on 
the  Old  Colony  Road  is  wrecked  at 
Quincy  by  a  misplaced  switch,  killing 
21  persons  and  injuring  150. 

Nov.  *  N.  Y.  Gas  stocks  fall  12  to  20 
per  cent  on  the  announcement  of  Edi- 
son's discovery,  subdividing  the  electric 
current  for  household  use. 

Nov,  25.  The  Pomerania,  a  Hamburg- 
American  mail  steamer,  is  sunk  about 
midnight  off  Folkestone  by  an  iron  bark 
of  Carnarvon;  162  persons  are  saved 
and  48  missing. 


300     1878,  Nov.  *-1879,  June  30. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVy. 

1879  Mar.  4,  William  R.  Sliafter  is 
commissioned  oolonel  —  1st  infantry. 

July  *  The  Sioux  Indians  under  Sitting 
Bull,  being  defeated  in  a  raid,  retire  to 
Caiia<la,  where  they  remain. 

Mar.  19.  D.  C.  The  board  appointed 
to  rehear  the  Fitz-John  Porter  case 
reports,  exonerating  liis  conduct.  [He 
is  restored  to  the  army.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATtJRE. 

1878  *  *  Mich.  J.  C.  Watson  of  Ann 
Arbor  observes  two  intra-Mercurial 
planets. 

*  *  Me.  The  State  presents  a  statue  of 
William  King,  its  first  governor,  to  the 
Federal  Government,  to  be  placed  in 
Statuary  Hall  at  Washington. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Symphony  Society 
is  orgiuiized.  The  College  of  Music  is 
incorporated.  The  Society  of  Ameri- 
can Art  is  organized  for  the  advance- 
ment of  the  Fine  Arts.  Horace  Walcott 
Bobbins  and  R.  Swain  Gifford  are  elected 
members  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design. 

*  •  N.  Y.  The  Vassar  College  Obser- 
vatory is  erectetl  at  Poughkeepsie. 

*  *  O.  The  Cincinnati  CoUege  of  Music 
is  incorporated.  The  Bach  Society  is 
organized  at  Cleveland. 

*  *  Philn.  The  first  telephone  exchange 
is  opened  for  business. 

*  *  Wis.  The  "Washburn  Observatory 
is  erected  at  Madison. 

*  *  Platte  River  la  painted  by  Worthing- 
ton  Whittredge. 

*  *  New  England  Village  Schoolis  pSLinted 
by  A.  F.  Bellows. 

*  *  Capri  is  painted  by  G.  L.  Brown. 

*  *  Landscape  is  painted  by  Geo.  Inness. 

*  *  Midsummer  Day  is  painted  by  J.  M. 
Hart. 

*  *  Bay  of  New  York  is  painted  by  S.  R. 
Giflford. 

*  *  View  on  the  Schemung  River  is  painted 
by  J.  W.  Casilear. 

1879  Mar.  21.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid 
Procne  is  discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters 
of  Clinton.    [Philomela,  on  May  17.] 

May  29.  Chicago.  The  Academy  of 
Fine  Arts  (Art  Institute)  is  incorpo- 
rated. 

May  30.  Mo.,  Kan.,  Neb.  An  extensive 
tornado  causes  40  deaths  and  destroys 
much  property. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1878. 

Dec.  15.  Alexander,  Barton  Stone,  brev. 
brig.-gen.,  U.  S.  A.,  A5v). 

Dec.  19.  Taylor,  Bayard,  historian,  poet, 
novelist,  traveler,  ASS. 

Dec.  25.    Hoflf,  Henry  K.,  rear-adm.  U.  S. 
N.,  A6ft. 
1879. 

Jan.  2.  Cushinp,  Caleb,  brig.-gen.  vols., 
M.  C.  for  Mass.,  atty.-gen.,  minister  to 
Spain,  orator,  jurist,  scholar,  author,  A79. 

Jan.  6.  McMtdiael,  Morton,  of  I'hila.,  ed- 
itor, orator,  A72. 

Jan.  10.  IMgelow,  Jacob,  physician,  bota- 
nist, writer,  A  92. 

Jan.  12.    (iuest,  John,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  A58. 

^an.  21.  iiillard,  George  Stillman,  lawyer, 
orator,  editor,  author,  A71. 


Peb.  2.  Dana,  Richard  Henry,  lawyer, 
poet,  essayist,  author.  A92. 

Feb.  31.  Haight,  Benjamin  J., P.  E.  clergy- 
man, theologian,  A7fi. 

Mar.  9.  liurritt,  Elihu,  blacksmith,  re- 
former, linguist,  autlior,  editor,  A69. 

Mar.  16.  Sherman,  Thomas  West,  maj.- 
geu.  r.  S.  A.,  \m. 

Mar.  19.  I>e  Koven,  James,  clergyman, 
educator,  A  48. 

Mar.  S5.  Malcom,  Howard,  Bapt.  clergy- 
man, author,  A80. 

Mar.  30.  Wood,  George  Bacon,  physician, 
medical  writer,  author,  A82. 

Apr.  13.  Taylor,  Richard,  lieut.-gen.  Con- 
federate army,  son  of  Zachary,  A53. 

Apr.  13.  Hays,  Isaac,  physician,  editor, 
scientist,  of  Phila.,  A83. 

Apr.  31.     Dix,  John  Adams,  lawyer,  A80. 

Apr.  36.  Ames,  Kdward  Raymond,  M.  £. 
bishop,  A73. 

Apr.  30.  Hale,  Sarah  Josepha  Buell,  ed- 
itor, writer,  A89. 

May  15.  (iarrard,  Kenner,  capt.  U.  S.  A., 
A61. 

May  17.  Packer,  Asa,  contractor,  capital- 
ist, R.  R.  president,  M.  C  for  Pa.,  donor 
Lehigh  I'niversily,  A73. 

May  26.  Garrison,  Wm.  Lloyd,  antisla- 
very  agitator,  editor  of  Liberator,  .A.68. 

June  26.  Anderson,  Richard  H.,  capt. 
l".  S.  A.,  lieut.-gen.  Confederate  army,  A6k. 

CHURCH. 

1878  Dec.  12.  Ga.  The  Georgia  Associ- 
ation (Congregational)  is  organized. 

*  *  Ga.  The  MToman's  Foreign  Mis- 
sionary Society  (Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  South)  is  organized  at  Atlanta. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Home  Board  sends 
missionaries  to  the  Jemez  Indians. 

*  *  The  Central  Illinois  Conference  (Free 
Methodist)  i.s  organized. 

*  *  Tlie  Maine  Eldership  (Church  of 
God)  is  organized. 

*  *  Minn.  A  Congregational  club  is 
founded  at  St.  Paul. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Foreign  Sunday  School 
Association  in  Brooklyn  incorporated. 

*  *  New  York.  A  Chinese  School  in 
organized  in  the  Trinity  Baptist  Church. 

*  *  The  Southern  and  Western  Baptists 
withdraw  from  the  consolidated  Ameri- 
can Baptist  Missionary  Convention. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Cincinnati ; 
A.  I.  Hobbs,  president.  The  General 
Assembly  (United  Presbyterian)  meets 
at  Cambridge;  S.  G.  Irvine,  moderator. 
The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting  is  held 
in  Cleveland.  The  Ohio  Conference 
(Free  Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Woman's  American  Baptist 
Home  Missionary  Society  is  formed. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) meets  at  Pittsburg ;  F.  L. 
Patton,  moderator. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  of  Middle  Tennessee 
is  organized. 

1879  May  25.  New  York.  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral  (Koman  Catholic)  is  dedi- 
cated by  Cardinal  McCloskey.  (The  cor- 
ner-stone was  laid  August,  1858.) 

May  26.  -lV.  C.  The  North  Carolina  Con- 
ference (Congregational)  is  organized. 

May  30.  N.  Y.  The  General  Convention 
of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

LETTERS. 

1878  *  *  Ala.  Selma  University  (Col. 
Bapt.)  is  founded. 


*  *  Boston.  The  Daily  Evening  Record  is 
issued. 

*  *  La.  The  University  of  Xjouislana 
(non-sect.)  is  organized  at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Minn.  The  Journal  is  issued  at  Min- 
neapolis. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Southwest  Baptist  Col- 
lege is  founded  at  Bolivar. 

*  *  Neb.  Creighton  University  (Kom. 
Cath.)  at  Omaha  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y,  The  Chautauqua  Literary 
and  Scientific  Circle  is  organized  at 
the  instance  of  Lewis  Miller  of  Akron,  O. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Magazine  of  Art  ap- 
pears. The  Christian  Herald  and  Signs 
o/  our  Times  is  issued;  also  Texas  Si/t- 
ings. The  Neio- Yorker  Volkes-Zeitung 
founded. 

*  *  O.    The  Cleveland  Press  is  issued. 

*  *  O.  Ashland  College  (Ger.  Bapt.)  is 
organized. 

*  *  Pa.  Pittsburg  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  organized. 

*  *  Utah.  The  Brigham  Young  Col- 
lege ia  opened  at  Logan. 

*  *  Wis.  The  National  German-American 
Teachers*  Seminary  at  Milwaukee  is 
opened. 

*  *  The  Baptist  Review  (later  Baptist 
Quarterly)  is  first  issued. 

*  *  Barriers  Burned  Away,  by  E.  P.  Boe, 
appears. 

*  *  Conscience,  Heredity ,  and  Marriage, 'by 
Joseph  Cook,  appears. 

*  ♦  Driftwood,  by  Celia  Thaxter,  appears. 

*  *  The  Europeans,  by  Henry  James,  ap- 
pears ;  also  Daisy  Miller  and  French 
Poets  and  Novelists. 

*  *  ^aicow6er,9,byH.H.Boyesen,  appears; 
also  Goethe  and  Schiller. 

*  *  Keramos,  by  Henry  "W.  liongfellow, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Poet  and  Bis  Master,  by  Kiehard 
Walton  Gilder,  appears. 

*  *  Prince  Deukalion,  by  Bayard  Taylor, 
appears. 

*  *  Roxy,  by  Edward  Eggleston,  appears. 

*  *  Sigurd,  by  E.  C.  Stedman,  appears. 

*  *  Story  of  a  Mine,  by  Bret  Harte,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Thistledown,  by  William  Winter,  a[>- 
pears. 

*  *  Under  the  Lilacs,  by  Louisa  May  Al- 
cott,  appears. 

*  *  The  Vision  of  Echard,  and  other 
Poems,  by  John  Greenleaf  "Whittier, 
appears. 

*  *  Songs  of  Italy,  by  Joaquin  Miller,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Elements  of  Geology,  by  Joseph  Le 
Conte,  appears. 

*  *  In  the  Wilderness,  by  Charles  Dudley 
Warner,  appears. 

*  *  Poganuc  People,  by  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe,  appears. 

*  *  Naworth's,  by  Frances  Hodgson  Bur- 
nett, appears. 

1879  May.  *  New  York.  The  Uni- 
versity Club  is  reorganized. 


UNITED    STATES.    1878,  Nov.  *-1879,  June  30.   301 


SOCIETY. 
1878  •  *  la.  The  Legislatiire  repeals  the 
Act  to  !ibulisl\  the  death  penalty,  ami 
empowers  the  hanging  of  convicted  pris- 
oners or  their  imprisonment  for  life. 

*  *  Kentucky,  The  Legislature  establishes 
a  State  Board  of  Health.  The  Ken- 
tuclcy  House  passes  a  bill  to  reestablish 
tlie  whipping  post.  Vote,  63-21.  It  is 
lost  by  one  vote  in  the  Senate. 

*  *  Md.  The  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union  meets  in  National  Con- 
vention at  Baltimore ;  Mrs.  Annie 
VVittenmyer,  president. 

♦  *  tnch.    A  State  Insane  Asylimi  is 
opened  at  Poutiac. 

*  *  Mo.  A  day  school  for  tlie  deaf  is 
established  .at  St.  Louis. 

*  *  Mass.  Tlie  twelfth  National  En- 
campment of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Kepublic  is  held  at  Springfield ;  Gen. 
J.  C.  Robinson,  commander-in-chief. 

*  *  A  general  assembly  of  tiie  National 
Association  of  the  Knights  of  Ijabor  is 
organized.  Terence  V.  Powderly  is 
elected  general  master-workman. 

*  •  The  American  Legion  of  Honor  is 
founded.  The  Improved  Order  of 
Heptasophs  and  the  Order  of  Scot- 
tish Clans  is  founded.  The  American 
Bar  Association  is  organized  in  New 
York. 

1879  Jan.  1.  Minn.  The  State  inebri- 
ate asylum  at  Rochester  is  opened. 

Jan.  10.  ^V.  J.  Benjamin  F.  Hunter 
is  hanged  at  Camden  for  the  murder  of 
,J.  F.  Armstrong,  at  Camden,  on  Jan. 
23,  1878. 

Feb.  15.  D.  C.  'Women  are  authorized 
to  practise  law  before  the  Supreme 
Court,  by  Act  of  Congress. 

Feb.  26.  Boston.  The  Associated 
Charities  is  organized. 

Mar.  *  -Apr.  *  A  great  many  negroes 
emigrate  from  the  South  to  the  West. 

Apr.  10.  Vt.  John  P.  Fhair  is  hanged 
at  Windsor  for  the  murder  of  Ann  E. 
Frieze  of  Rutland,  on  June  9, 1874. 

Apr.  30.  Mass.  The  Legislature  passes 
a  law  abolishing  the  several  boards,  and 
establishing  the  Board  of  Health, 
Charity,  and  Liuiacy. 

Apr.  *  Kan.  The  first  influx  of  refugee 
colored  people  arrives  at  Wyandotte, 
from  the  former  slave  States  on  the 
Mississippi. 

May  5.  Miss.  A  meeting  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  Iiabor  Convention  is  held 
to  consider  the  question  of  the  negro 
exodus. 

May  *  Mass.  An  Advent  fanatic  as- 
sumes to  imitate  Abraham  in  offering 
up  Isa:ic,  and  sacrifices  his  sleeping 
child  while  the  mother  looks  on. 

STATE. 

1878  Nov.*  D.C.  The  award  of  $5,- 
500,000  by  the  Fisheries  Commission 
is  paid  to  England  by  the  Government, 
with  a  protest  against  the  injustice  of 
the  award.    (Sec  May  17.) 


Deo.  2.    D.  C.    The   4Sth   Congress: 

the  third  session  opens. 
Dec.  *    />.  ('.    Congress ;  Senate  :  A  bill 
restricting   Chinese  inmiigration  is 
introduced. 

*  * D.  C.  The  "usufruct"  cipher  de- 
spatches, relating  to  the  bribery  of  elec- 
tors in  Florida,  South  Carolina,  and 
Oregon,  are  exposed. 

*  *  I).  C.  Congress  enacts  a  law  for  the 
encour.agement  of  timber  plantations, 
granting  a  quarter  section  of  land  to 
any  one  growing  10  acres  of  timber  on 
it  for  10  years. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for  the  per- 
manent government  of  the  District  by 
three  commissioners. 

*  *  V.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-82  *  •  Ala.    Rufus  W.  Cobb. 

-82  *  •  Ariz.  ( Tcr.).    John  C.  Fremont. 

-80  •  *  la.    John  H.  Gear. 

-80  *  *  La.    Francis  T.  Nicholls. 

-82  •  •  \.  Mex.  (Ter.).    Lewis  Wallace. 

-81  *  »  X.  J.    George  B.  McClellan. 

-80  »  *  O.    R.  M.  Bishop. 

-82  »  *  Ore.    William  W.  Thayer. 

-80  *  *  S.C.    William  D.  Simpson. 

-82  *  *  Co.    Fred  W.  M.  Holliday. 

-80  »  *  rt.    Redfield  Proctor. 

-82  •  »  Wis.    William  E.  Smith. 

1879  Jan.  1.  U.S.  Specie  payments 
are  resumed,  without  excitement  or 
excessive  demand  for  gold,  after  17  years 
of  suspension. 

Jan.  9.  Cmm.  The  Legislature  elects 
Charles  B.  Andrews  (Rep.)  governor. 

Jan.  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
appoints  a  committee  to  investigate  the 
"cipher  telegrams;  "  they  relate  to 
the  purchase  of  presidential  electors  at 
the  South  in  the  interest  of  Samuel  J. 
Tilden. 

Feb.  3.  I).  C.  The  President  approves 
the  Act  of  Congress  declaring  the  incor- 
poration of  the  Society  of  the  Jesuit 
Fathers  of  New  Mexico  to  be  void. 

Feb.  14.  D.  C.  The  Chair  of  the  Senate 
is  first  occupied  by  a  colored  Senator 
—  Blanche  K.  Bruce  of  Mississippi. 

Feb.  15.  D.  C.  Congress  authorizes 
women  to  practise  before  the  Supreme 
Court. 

Congress :  The  Senate  passes  the  Wil- 
lis Bill  to  restrict  Chinese  immigra- 
tion ;  the  object  of  this  bill  is  to  limit 
the  number  of  passengers  that  may  be 
brought  over  by  a  single  vessel.  Vote, 
39-27. 

Feb.  22.  D.C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Chinese  Bill.    Vote,  155-72. 

Feb.  25.  la.  A  new  party  is  organized, 
called  Eeadjusters  —  of  the  State  debt. 

Mar.  1.  D.  C.  Congress:  President 
Hayes  vetoes  the  Chinese  Bill  as  violat- 
ing treaty  stipulations  without  notice. 
The  House  sustains  the  veto.  Vote,  95- 
109. 

Mar.  3.  f).  C.  Congress  makes  an  ap- 
propriation of  S250,00O,  the  income  from 
which  is  to  be  applied  for  the  support  of 
the  American  Printing  House  for  the 
Blind  at  Looisville,  Ky. 


It  provides  for  the  organization  of  a 
National  Board  of  Health  of  seven 
members. 
Mar.   4.    I).    C.    The   45th   Congress 

SDds. 

The  President  calls  an  extra  session 
of  the  46th  Congress  for  March  18. 

Mar.  18.  D.  C.  The  46th  Congress 
opens,  in  extra  session,  to  provide  for 
the  expenses  of  the  Government. 

Congress;  House  :  Samuel  J.  Ran- 
dall (Dem.)  of  Pa.  is  reelected  Speaker, 
receiving  143  votes  ;  James  A.  Gar- 
field (Rep.)  of  O.,  125  votes. 

Mar.  28.  Tenn.  The  Legislature  passes 
a  bill  for  the  settlement  of  the  State 
debt  at  the  rate  of  60  cents  on  the  dol- 
lar. 

Apr.  15.  I).  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  A. 
Q.  Thiu-man  (Dem.)  of  O.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore.  Democrats 
control  both  House  and  Senate  —  for 
the  first  time  since  1856. 

Apr.  21.  La.  A  convention  is  held  at 
New  Orleans  and  a  new  Constitution  is 
formed ;  the  capital  is  changed  from 
New  Orleans  to  Baton  Rouge. 

Apr.  26.  D.  C.  The  President,  by  proc- 
lamation, orders  the  removal  of  settlers 
not  of  the  Indian  race  from  Oklahoma* 
in  the  Indian  Territory. 

Apr.  29.  />.  C.  President  Hayes  vetoes 
the  Army  Appropriation  Bill;  also 
the  Legislative,  Executive,  and  Judicial 
Appropriation  Bill. 

June  23.  D.  C.  A  second  Army  Ap- 
propriation BiU  is  approved. 

June  28.  J).  C.  Congress  provides  for 
the  appointment  of  a  commission  of 
seven  members  to  improve  the  mouths 
of  the  Mississippi  River. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1879. 
Revenue  :  Customs,  §137,260,048  ;  inter- 
nal revenue,  $113,661,611  ;  sales  of  public 
lands,  .^924,781  ;  premiums  on  loans  and 
sales  of  cold  coin,  $1,,'J06,048;  miscella- 
neous items,  $20,686,697.  Total  revenue, 
$273,827,184  ;  excess  of  revenue  f)ver  ex- 
penditures, $6,879,301.  Expenditures: 
miscellaneous  items,  $66,741,565;  War 
Department,  $40,425,661  ;  Navy  Depart- 
ment, $15,125,127:  Indians,  $5,206,109; 
pensions,  S;36, 121,482 ;  interest  on  the 
public  dent,  $106,,327,949.  Total  ordinary 
expenditures,  $266,947,883.  Public  debt, 
$2,340,232.  Exports,  $710,439,441  ;  im- 
ports, $445,777,775. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1878  Dec.  18.  A  gold  and  a  paper 
dollar  are  of  equal  value  for  the  first 
time  in  17  years. 

•  *  U.  S.  Loss  by  fire  In  1876,  $64,316,900  ; 
insurance  loss,  $36,675,900. 

1879  Jan.  1.  Mich.  The  new  Capitol 
is  formally  dedicated. 

Feb.  12.    N.  r.    The  new  Capitol  at 

Albany  is  opened. 
Mar.  1.    D.  C.    The  internal  revenue 

tax  on  tobacco  is  reduced. 
Mar.    2.    Xev.    A    fire    at   Reno   burns 

$1,000,000  worth  of  property. 
June  16-21.    London.    Edward  Payson 

Weston,  an  American,  walks  550  miles 

m  six  days  at  Agricultural  Hall. 


302     1879,  June  30-1880,  Apr.  18.       AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — HA  VY. 

1870  Sept.  20.  Colo.  Maj.  Thornbury 
and  17  men  are  killed  in  a  fight  with 
Indians  at  Milk  Creek,  near  Rawlins. 

Nov.  9.  Colo.  The  Apache  Indians  re- 
treat before  Gen.  Merritt,  then  suddenly 
turn  and  attack  their  pursuers,  and  kill 
.■52  men. 

J.880  Feb.  8.  Elwell  S.  Otis  is  com- 
missioned colonel  — 20th  infantry. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —NATURE. 

1870  Julys.  New  Yvrk.  James  Gordon 
Bennett,  proprietor  of  the  New  York 
Herald,  sends  out  the  Jeannette,  under 
the  sanction  of  Congress,  on  an  Arctic 
exploring  trips ;  it  sails  from  San  Fran- 
cisco under  Capt.  G.  W.  De  Long,  U.  S.  N. 
[A  few  survivors  reach  Siberia  and  finally 
the  United  States.] 

July  10.  Jf.  r.  The  asteroid  Byblis  is 
discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters  of  Clin- 
ton.   [Dynamene,  on  July  28.] 

Aug.  16-20.  A  cyclone  wrecks  or  dis- 
ables 300  vessels  near  the  North  Atlantic 
-coast,  and  damages  inland  property ; 
the  wind  at  Cape  Lookout  attained  a 
Telocity  of  138  miles  an  hour. 

Sept.  11.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid  Chryseis 
is  discovered  by  C.  11.  F.  Peters  of  Clin- 
ton.   [Pomi)eia,  on  Sept.  27.] 

•Oct.  15.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid  Hersilia 
Is  discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters  of  Clin- 
ton.   [Dido,  on  Oct.  22.] 

Deo.  5.  Chicago.  The  Central  Music 
Hall  18  opened. 

Dec.  *  N.  J.  Edison  exhibits  his  incan- 
descent carbon  vacuum  lanii>8  at 
Menlo  Park. 

*  *  Colo.  The  first  large  discovery  of  sil- 
ver in  Gunnison  County  is  made. 

*  *  Mo.  The  St.  Louis  Choral  Society 
is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  monument  to  Maj.  Andr^ 
is  erected  at  his  grave  in  Tappan  by 
Cyrus  W.  Field. 

*  *  S.  C.  A  department  of  agriculture 
is  established. 

*  *  Shelford  Bidwell  announces  an  im- 
proved phonograph. 

*  *  Iiieut.  Sohwatka,  of  the  U.  S.  N., 
leads  a  Franklin  Search  Expedition 
overland,  and  discovers  some  human  re- 
mains of  Franklin's  crew  and  other 
relics  ;  he  sets  up  memorials,  and  brings 
home  the  remains  of  Lieut.  John  Irving 
of  the  Terror. 

-80  *  *  N.  Y.  The  'Warner  Observa- 
tory is  erected  at  Rochester. 

*  *  Pasture  (fa^cAijijr  is  painted  by  George 
Inness. 

*  •  Lake  Nemi  is  painted  by  J.  F.  Cropsey. 

*  »  Quack  Doctor  is  painted  by  T.  W. 
Wood, 

*  *  Homeward  is  painted  by  Edward 
Moran. 

*  *  Clauds  is  painted  by  Jervis  McEntee. 

*  *  Catskill  Brook  is  painted  by  Worth- 
ington  Whittredge. 

*  *  Market  Boats  is  painted  by  William 
Bradford. 


•  *  Back  from  the  Beach  is  painted  by  F.  S. 

Church. 
1880    Feb.  16-17.    N.  Y.    The  asteroid 

liilaea  Is  discovered  by  0.  H.  F.  Peters 

of  Clinton. 
Mar.  30.    New   York,    President  Hayes 

opens  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of 

Art. 
Spring.    Ga.    A  nugget  of  gold  is  foimd 

near  Nacooche  weighing  over  a  pound. 
Apr.    18.    Mo.    An   extensive   tornado 

strikes  Mansfield  ;  G5  persons  are  killed, 

200  injured,  and  the  town  destroyed ; 

loss,  $110,000. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1879. 
July  7.      OUn,    Abram    Baldwin,    jurist, 

M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  A71. 
July  11.     Allen,   William,  lawyer,  M.    C, 

senator.  Gov.  of  O.,  A73. 
July   18.     Harry,   William   Farquar,  brig- 
gen,  vols.,  .Vtil. 
Aug.   14.      odenheimer,    William    Henry, 

V.  E.  bialiop  of  N.  ,).,  author,  A62. 
Aug.  30.     Hood,  John  I!ell,  lieut.  U.  S.  A., 

lieut.-gen.  Confederate  army,  A48. 
Sept.  8.    Hunt,  William  Morris,  painter  of 

Boston,  A.^5. 
Sept.  19.     Drew,  Daniel,  capitalist,  founder 

Drew  Seminary,  A91. 
Oct.  13.    Carey,   Henry   Charles,  political 

economist,  A86. 
Oct.  31.     Abbott,    Jacob,    author,    Cong. 

clergyman,  .\76. 
Nov.  1.    Chandler,  Zacliariah,  senator  for 

Mich.,  secretary  of  interior,  A66. 
Nov.   23.      S(!liivetrer,    Charles   Frederick, 

Luth.  clergyman,  theologian,  author,  A72. 
Nov.  29.    Buddington,  William  Ives,  Cong. 

clergyman,  writer,  A64. 
Dec.   6.     Bigelow,    J'.rastus   Brigham,   in- 
ventor of  weaving  niacliines,  A6.5. 
Dec.  19.    Fowler,  Philemon  Halsted,  Pres. 

clergyman,  Ati5. 

1880. 

Jan.  10.  Leslie,  Frank,  (Henry  Carter), 
publisher,  A.W. 

Jan.  24.  Brewer,  Thomas  Mayo,  ornitholo- 
gist, author,  A66. 

Jan.  30.  Haven,  Gilbert,  editor,  author, 
M.  K.  bishop,  A.')9. 

reb.  5.    Borle,  Adolph  E.,  sec.  navy,  A71. 

reb.  17.  Lenox,  .lames,  founder  of  Lenox 
Library,  N.  Y.  City,  A80. 

Apr.  2.  Puncbard,  George,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, editor,  A74. 

CHURCH. 

1870  July  22.  Peter  Fayssoux,  James 
Allen  Latane,  and  Alfred  Spencer  Rich- 
ardson are  consecrated  (Reformed  Epis- 
copal) bishops. 

Aug.  10.  Conn.  Lawrence  S.  McMahon 
is  consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop 
of  Hartford. 

Aug.  10.  Hubert  Bower  is  consecrated 
(Reformed  Episcopal)  bishop. 

Sept.  7.  Mich.  Samuel  Smith  Harris  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Michigan. 

Sept.  14.  John  Vertin  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Marquette. 

Oct.  28.  Alas,  ^gidius  Junger  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Vancouver  Island  and  Alaska. 

Dec.  14.  Mont.  John  B.  Brondel  is  con- 
secrated the  first  (Roman  Catholic) 
bishop  of  Helena. 

•  *  HI.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Bloomington  ; 
W.  H.  Hopsou,  president. 

•  •  Me.-N.  Y.  The  Portland  and  the 
New  York  Congregational  Clubs  are 
formed. 


*  *  N.T.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) meets  at  Saratoga ;  H.  H. 
Jessup,  moderator. 

*  *  A^  I'.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held  at  Saratoga. 

»  *  O.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  meets  at  Wooster. 

*  *  O.  The  'Women's  Home  and  For- 
eign Missionary  Society  (Lutheran 
Church)  is  organized  at  Canton. 

*  *  Pa.  The  'Woman's  Foreign  Mis- 
sionary Society  (Methodist  Protestant) 
is  organized  at  Pittsburg. 

»  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  New  Wilming- 
ton ;  William  Bruce,  moderator. 

*  •  The  (Protestant  Episcopal)  Church 
German  Society  is  incorporated. 

*  •  The  Synod  of  the  Special  South  (Re- 
formed Episcopal)  is  organized. 

1880  Jan.  8.  N.  J.  Thomas  Alfred 
Starkey  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) bishop  of  Northern  New  Jersey. 

Feb.  1.  Dak.  Martin  Marty  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Sioux 
Falls. 

Feb.  5.  La.  John  Nicolas  Galleher  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  Louisiana. 

LETTERS. 

1870  Oct.  6.  Tex.  The  Prairie  'View 
Normal  School  at  Hempstead  is  opened. 

Nov.  17.  Mich.  The  Michigan  College 
of  Medicine  is  opened. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Free  Public  library  is 
founded  at  San  Francisco.    [45,004  vols.] 

*  *  Chicago.    The  Graphic  is  issued. 

*  *  Ccmn.  The  News  is  issued  at  New 
Haven. 

*  *  Ga.  The  Southern  Medical  College 
at  Atlanta  is  opened. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Polytechnic  Society  Li- 
brary is  founded  at  Louisville.  [39,879 
vols.] 

*  *  Mass.  Radcliffe  College,  annex  to 
Harvard,  is  founded  for  the  education 
of  women. 

»  *  Miss.  Jackson  College  (Col.  Bapt.) 
is  founded. 

*  *  Mo.  St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  is  opened.  A  manual 
training  school  is  established  at  St. 
Louis.  Stewartsville  College  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Stewartsville. 

*  •  N.  J.  The  State  Normal  School  is 
opened  at  Newark. 

*  *  New  York.  John  Jacob  Astor  adds 
$250,000  in  improvements  to  the  Astor 
Library. 

Totcn  Topics,  The  Art  Amateur,  Brad- 
street's,  Harper's  Young  People,  and  /( 
Progreso  Italo- Americano  and  The  New- 
Yorker  Herotd  are  issued. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Telegram  is  issued  at 
Elmira. 

*  *  Ore.  Ashland  College  and  Normal 
School  (Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Pittsburg  Daihj  Times  is 
issued. 


UNITED   STATES.  1879,  June  30-1880,  Apr.  18.  303 


*  *  Phila.    The  News  Is  issued. 

*  *  Tex.  The  Sam  Houston  Normal 
School  at  Hunts ville  is  opened. 

*  *  Wis.  A  compulsory  education  bill 
is  passed  by  the  Legislature. 

*  *  Archibald  Malmaisoiiy  by  Julian  Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

*  *  Boys^  Froissart,  by  Sidney  Lanier,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Ethics,  by  John  Bascom,  appears. 

*  *  Figs  and  Thistles,  and  A  Fool's  Er- 
rand, by  Albion  Winegar  Tourg^e,  ap- 
pear. 

*  *  An  International  Episode,  by  Henry 
James,  appears ;  also  Hawthorne  (Kng- 
lish  Men  of  Letters  Series). 

*  *  Labor,  by  Joseph  Cook,  appears." 

*  *  An  Old  Afaid's  Paradise,  by  Elizabeth 
Stuart  Phelps,  appears. 

*  *  Short  Studies  of  American  Authors,  by 
Thomas  W.  Higginson,  appears. 

*  *  Lyrics  and  Idylls,  by  Edmund  Clar- 
ence Stedman,  appears. 

*  *  Visions  of  the  Future,  by  Octavius 
B.  Frothingham,  appears. 

*  *  Old  Creole  Days,  by  George  W.  Cable, 
appears. 

*  *  Money,  Trade,  and  Industry,  by  Fran- 
cis A.  Walker,  appears. 

*  *  Locusts  and  Wild  Honey,  by  John 
Burroughs,  appears. 

*  *  Progress  and  Poverty,  by  Henry 
George,  appears.  ' 

*  *  Along  the  Way,  by  Mary  Mapes  Dodge, 
appears. 

*  *  My  Desire,  by  Susan  Warner,  appears. 

*  *  Rudder  Grange,  by  Frank  R.  Stockton, 
appears. 

*  *  Detmold,  by  W.  H.  Bishop,  appears. 

*  /  Old  Friends  and  New,  by  Constance 
Fenimore  WooUon,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1870  July  2.  O.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  "Widow's  and  Old  Men*s  Home 
is  laid  at  Cincinnati. 

July  *  Ky.  Col.  Thomas  Buford  is  ac- 
quitted of  the  murder  of  Judge  Elliott 
at  Frankfort,  on  the  ground  of  insanity. 

Aug.*  Cal.  Political  disorder  abounds; 
Editor  De  Young  shoots  and  dangerously 
wounds  Mayor  Kallock  of  San  Francisco. 

Sept.  20.  Cal.  Gen.  Grant  is  received 
at  San  Francisco,  on  his  return  from 
his  tour  around  the  world,  with  a  grand 
procession  and  public  ceremonies. 

Sept.  29.  Colo.  Indians  massacre  N.  C. 
Meeker,  the  Indian  agent,  and  12  others, 
at  the  White  River  agency. 

Nov.  18.  O.  The  Associated  Charities 
is  organized  at  Cincinnati. 

Dec.  12.  Ind.  The  Charity  Organiza- 
tion Society  of  Indianapolis  is  organ- 
ized. 

Dec.  17-24.  New  York.  A  banquet  is 
given  in  honor  of  Gen.  Grant  on  his 
return  from  bis  tour  around  the  world. 

*  *  Ala.  An  Act  is  passed  granting  a  pen- 
sion of  $75  to  citizens  who  lost  either  a 
leg  or  an  urm  in  the  Confederate  army. 


*  *  Co7in.  H.  H.  Hayden  is  acquitted  of 
the  miu-der  of  Mary  Stannard  at  New 
Haven. 

*  *  Ind.  The  School  for  Feeble-minded 
Youth  is  opened  at  Richmond. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Women's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union  meets  in  national  con- 
vention at  Indianapolis;  Frances 
"Willard,  president. 

*  *  Kan.  The  Constitutional  Prohibitory 
Amendment  Bill  passes  the  Legisla- 
ture. 

*  *  Minn.  The  State  school  for  the 
feeble-minded  is  opened  at  Faribault. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Prohibitory  Bill  is  voted 
down.    Vote  50-37. 

*  *  Miss.  Mrs.  Dorsey  of  Beauvoir  be- 
queaths her  estate  to  Jefferson  Davis, 
to  which  he  retires,  and  here  devotes 
himself  to  literary  pursuits. 

*  *  N,  C.  The  colored  people  organize  a 
State  Industrial  Association. 

*  *  A',  y.  The  Oneida  commiuiity  is 
dissolved,  owing  to  opposition  led  by 
Prof.  Mears  of  Hamilton  College. 

*  *  N.  r.  The  13th  National  Encamp- 
ment of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  is  held  at  Albany ;  William 
Earnshaw,  commander-in-chief. 

*  *  0.  Rev.  William  H.  Delano's  ehurcli 
in  Garretsville  is  blown  up  with  gun- 
powder by  anti-temperance  rnen. 

*  *  The  Knights  of  Labor  increase  and 
flourish. 

*  *  The  Equitable  Aid  Union  is  organ- 
ized. 

*  *  The  Gaelic  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Order  of  Chosen  Friends  is 
founded. 

*  *  The  Home  Circle  Association  is 
founded. 

*  *The  United  Order  of  Pilgrim 
Fathers  is  founded. 

1880  Feb.  11.  Mich.  An  Association 
of  Charities  is  organized  at  Detroit. 

Mar.  15.  Cal.  Dennis  Kearney,  a 
"sand-lot"  orator  and  leader,  is  sen- 
tenced to  six  months  imprisonment  and 
a  fine  of  $1,000  for  inciting  a  riot.  [Sen- 
tence reversed,  May  27.] 

Mar.  26.  Wis.  The  State  insane  asylum 
at  Milwaukee  opens. 

STATE. 

1879  July  1.  D.  C.  The  46th  Con- 
gress: the  first  session  closes. 

July  4.  Cal.  The  new  Constitution 
takes  effect. 

July  *  John  "Walsh,  minister  to  Eng- 
land, resigns. 

Aug.  19±.  D.  C.  James  Russell  Lowell 
is  appointed  minister  to  England. 

Aug.  27.  Tenn.  The  people  reject  the 
scaling  down  of  the  State  debt.  Vote, 
30,920  —  19,669. 

Oct.  *-Nov.  *  U.  S.  Election  returns 
are  favorable  to  Republicans. 

Dec.  1.  D,  C.  The  46th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 


Dec.  8.  La.  The  new  Constitution 
and  the  debt  ordinance  are  ratified  by 
the  people  at  the  State  election. 

Dec.  10.  D.  C.  George  W.  MeCrary, 
Secretary  of  War,  resigns  ;  be  is  suc- 
ceeded by  Alexander  RamsSy  of  Minn. 

*  *  The  Government  reduces  the  annual 
interest  charge  from  $81,639,684  to  $61,- 
738,838,  by  issuing  low-rate  bonds,  and 
taking  up  those  bearing  a  higher  rate  of 
interest ;  $500,000,000  at  5  j?er  cent,  $185,- 
000,000  at  ^per  cent,  and  $710,345,950  at 
4iper  cent. 

*  *  Next}  York.  Sdward  Cooper  is 
elected  the  8l8t  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-83  *  *  Cal.    George  C.  Perkins. 
-81  *  *  Colo.     F.  W.  Pitkin. 

-81  *  *  Conn.    Charles  B.  Andrews. 

-83  *  *  Del.     John  W.  Hall. 

-83  *  *  Kan.    John  P.  St.  John. 

-83  *  *  Ky.    Luke  P.  Blackburn. 

-80  *  *  Mass.    Thomas  Talbot. 

-80  *  *  Me.    Alonzo  Garcelon. 

-83  *  *  Neb.    Albinus  Nance. 

-85  *  *  N.C.    Thomas  J.  Jarvis. 

-83  *  *  Nev.    John  H.  Kinkead. 

-81  *  *  N.  H.    Nathaniel  Head. 

-83  *  *  Pa.     Henry  M.  Hoyt. 

-81  *  *  Tenn.    Albert  S.  Marks. 

-83  *  *  Tex.    Oran  M.  Roberts. 
1880.    Jan.  *  Me.    Republicans  claim  a 

majority  of  members,  and  organize  the 

Legislature. 
Jan.  16.    Me.    The  Supreme  Court  recog- 
nizes the  Republican  Iiegislature  and 

Daniel  F.  Davis  (Rep.)  assumes  the  ofl&ce 

of  governor. 
Feb.  12.    D.  C.    The  President  issues  a 

second   proclamation    against   settlers 

entering  Oklahoma. 
Apr.  7.  D.  C.  Congress :  Senate  :  Allen 

G.  Thin^man  of  O.  is  elected  President 

pro  tempore.    [Again  May  6.] 

MISCELLAKEOUS. 

1870  Jime  30.  Nev.  The  completion 
of  the  Sutro  Tunnel,  four  miles  long, 
is  celebrated  in  the  Carson  Valley. 

Immigrants  for  the  year,  177,826. 

Sept.  *  I'enn.  The  yellow  fever  rages 
at  Memphis. 

Autumn.  The  grain  crops  are  reported 
to  be  the  largest  for  many  years. 

Nov.  15.  Mass.  The  French  cable 
is  landed  at  North  Fastham,  Cape  Cod. 

*  *  Miss.  The  Mississippi  Valley  Cotton 
Planters*  Association  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  South  Side  Park  at  Cleve- 
land is  purchased. 

*  *  U.  S.  Loss  by  fire  in  1879,  $77,703,700 ; 
insurance  loss,  $44,4&4,700. 

1880  Jan.  13.  Ga.  The  State  sells  at 
auction  the  Macon  and  Brunswick 
railroad  for  $1,125,000. 

Jan.  14.  La.  The  Legislature  passes  an 
Act  establishing  a  Bureau  of  Agricul- 
ture and  Immigration. 

Mar.  1.  New  York.  The  Second  Avenue 
Elevated  Railroad  is  opened  to  Sixty- 
Seventh  Street. 


304     1880,  Apr.  23- 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  HAVY. 

1880  Spring.  C.  S.  The  Apache  In- 
dians are  driven  liy  the  troops  iuto 
Mexico  ;  Victoria,  their  leader,  is  killed 
and  moa*  of  the  hand  captured. 

Nov.  *  U.  S.  About  1,500  of  Sitting 
Bull's  Indians  return  from  British 
America  and  surrender. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1880  May  20.  Tenn.  A  statue  of  Gen. 
Jackson  is  unveiled  on  the  Capitol 
grounds  at  Nashville. 

May  28.  Tex.  A  storm  in  Fannin 
County  destroys  much  property  and  40 
lives;  83  persons  are  injured. 

*  *  Cat.  The  erection  of  the  Ijick  Ob- 
servatory is  begun  on  Mount  Hamilton, 
4,250  feet  above  the  sea  level.  [1888. 
Completed.] 

June  12.  Egypt.  The  Egyptian  obe- 
lisk is  shipped  in  a  special  vessel  from 
Alexandria  for  New  York.  [July  22  it 
arrives.! 

Nov.  8.  New  York.  Sarah  Bernhardt, 
the  French  actress;  makes  her  first  ap- 
pearance In  this  country  at  Booth's 
Dh  eater. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1880. 
Apr.  30.    Jannejr,  Samuel  M.,  Quaker  au- 
thor, A79. 
May  I.    Heintzelman,  Samuel  P.,  maj.-gen. 

U.  S.  A.,  A75. 
May  14.    Church,  Sanford  E.,  Jurist,  poli- 
tician, of  N.  Y.,  A65. 
May  20.      Foole,    Henry    S.,    senator   for 

Miss.,  Gov.,  ABO. 
May  27.    O'Oallaghan,  Edmund  B.,  histo- 
rian, A83. 
May  30.    Anderson,  Rufus,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, 34  years  sec.  Am.  Board,  author,  A84. 
June  13.     Bayard,  James  A.,  lawyer,  sena- 
tor for  Del.,  Aal. 
July  4.    Ripley.  George,  Unit,  clergyman, 
transcendentaliat,  scholar,  critic,  au.,  A78. 
July  6.    Sears,  Barnas,  Bapt.  clergyman, 
educator,  A78. 

Curtis,  William  E.,  jurist,  N.  Y.,  A54. 

July  33.    Hering,  Constantin,  German-Am- 
erican physician,  author,  A80. 
Aug.  8.     Buller,  William  0.,  M.  C.  for  Ky., 

brev.  maj.  U.  S.  A.,  A89. 
Aug.  9.    Bigler,  William,  senator  for  Pa., 

Gov.,  editor,  .\66. 
Aug   18.     Johnson,  Herschel  V.,  lawyer, 
senator  for  Ga.,  Gov.,  Dem.  candidate  for 
vice-presidency,  A68- 
Aug.  24.     Myers,  Albert  J.,  chief   signal 

olllcer  and  brig.-gen.  U.  .S.  A.,  A63. 
Aug.  28.    Jackson,  Charles  T.,  physicist, 

author,  A75. 
Aug.  29.    Glfford,  Sanford  R.,  landscape 
painter,  A57. 

Herbert,  Paul  O.,  Gov.  of  La.,  A62. 

Aug.  31.    Adams,   William,   Pres.  clergy- 
man, writer,  A73. 
Sept.  10.    Haldeman,  Samuel  S.,  natural- 
ist, phUologist,  author,  A68. 
Sept.  11.     Roberts,  Marshall  0.,  merchant, 

philanthropist,  of  N.  Y.,  A66. 
Sept.  1 9.     Foster,  Lafayette  S.,  senator  for 

Conn.,  A74. 
Sept.  20.    McKay,  Donald,  shipbuilder,  A70. 
Oct.  2.     Hallock,  William  A.,  ed.,  au.,  A66. 
Oct.  6.    Pence,   Benjamin,  mathematician, 
prof,  at  Harvard,  T'.  S.  Coast  Survey,  A7I. 
Oct.  13.    Sprague,  Peleg,  politician.  Jurist, 

of  Me.,  A87. 
Oct.  20.    Child.  Lydia  M.,  author,  editor, 

philantliroplst,  A78. 
Oct.  27.     Doggett,  David  S.,  bishop  M.  E. 

Chuxch  Soutli,  A70. 
Oct.  28.    .Seguin,   Edward,  physician,  fdr. 

of  training  school  for  idiots,  A68. 
Nov.  4.    Lewis,  Estella  A.,  poet,  dramatist, 

author,  AM. 
Nov.   11.     Mott.    liucretla  C,  social  re- 
former, Quaker  preacher,  Afi7. 
Nov.  23.    Watson,  James  C,  astronomer, 
author,  A42. 


Nov.  27.  Crittenden,  George  B.,  lawyer. 
Confederate  maj-gen.,  A68. 

Nov.  30.  Mackenzie,  Robert  S.,  journalist, 
author,  A7I. 

Dec.  6.  Ketchum,  Winthrop  W.,  jurist, 
M.  C.  for  Pa..  A60. 

Dec.  31.  Akerman,  Amos  T.,  attorney-gen- 
eral, A38. 

Dec.  27.  Chapln.  Edwin  EC,  Univ.  clergy- 
man, orator,  author,  Afiti. 

Dec.  31.  Sargent,  Kpes,  journalist,  au- 
thor, A.m. 


CHURCH. 
1880  Apr.  •  The  centennial  of  the  birth 
of  Channing  is  Celebrated  by  Unita- 
rians. 
May  1-28.  The  General  Conference 
(Methodist  Episcopal)  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati. 

It  decides  that  "He"  "His"  and 
"  Him  "  in  the  Book  of  Discipline,  is  not 
to  be  construed  so  as  to  exclude  women 
from  the  office  of  stewards,  leaders,  and 
Sunday  School  superintendents. 

Henry    W.    Warren,  Cyrus    D.   Foss, 
John  F.  Hurst,  and  Erastus  O.  Haven  are 
ordained  bishops. 
June  18.    Chicago.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 
July  1.    Edward  Wilson  is  consecrated 

(Reformed  Episcopal)  bishop. 
Aug.  8.  John  A.  Watterson  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  the  Diocese 
of  Columbus. 
Sept.  10.    Mo.   The  Roman  Catholic  Dio- 
cese of  Kansas  City  is  established. 
Chicago.   Patrick  A.  Feehan  is  pro- 
moted (Roman  Catholic)  archbishop  of 
Chicago. 

Mo.    John  J.  Hogan  is  transferred  to 

the  (Roman  Catholic)  Diocese  of  Kansas 
City,  and  made  administrator  of  the  Dio- 
cese of  St.  Joseph. 
Sept.  21-24.   JV.  1'.   The  National  Con- 
ference (Unitarian)  is  held  at  Saratoga. 
Sept.  23.   The  Pan-Presbyterian  Con- 
vention commences  in  Philadelphia. 
Oct.  25.    The  American  Church  Build- 
ing  Fund    Commission    (Protestant 
Episcopal)  is  established. 
Nov.  21.    A\  ilex.    George  K.   Dnnlop 
is    consecriited    (Protestant   Episcopal) 
bishop  of  New  Mexico. 
Nov.  *  Ala.    A  convention  of  Southern 
Baptists  is  held  at  Montgomery;    the 
Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Convention 
of  the  United  States  is  organized. 
Deo.  2.    The  Kansas  Conference  (Unita- 
rian) is  organized. 
Dec.  8.    Legh  Richmond  Brewer  Is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  mission- 
ary bishop  of  Montana. 
Dec.  15.     Wash.    John  Adams  Paddock 
is    consecrated    (Protestant    Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Washington  Terri- 
tory. 

LETTERS. 

1880  Oct.  6.  Miss.  The  State  Agricul- 
tural and  Mechanical  College  at  Spark- 
ville  opens  for  white  students. 

Nov.  2.  N.  Y.  The  Long  Island  His- 
torical Society  opens  its  new  building 
at  Brooklyn. 

*  •  Cal.  The  University  of  Southern 
California  is  opened  at  Los  Angeles. 


'  *  la.  The  Dexter  Normal  College  is 
opened  at  Dexter. 

*  *  I.  T.  Tlie  Indian  University  (lud. 
Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Bacone. 

*  •  Ky.  The  Kentucky  College  of  Agri- 
culture and  Mechanics  is  incorpo- 
rated. 

*  *  La.  The  Southern  University  at 
New  Orleans  is  opened  ;  it  is  established 
for  the  higher  education  of  colored 
young  men. 

*  •  La.  The  States  is  issued  at  New  Or- 
leans. 

*  *  Mis>.  The  Mississippi  Agricultural 
College  (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Jack- 
son. 

SOCIETY. 
1880    May  18.   Nevi  York.  A  Board  of 

Health  is  authorized. 
May.  31.  R.  I.  The  League  of  American 

Wheelmen  is  organized  at  Newport. 
June  8.    O.    The  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  meets  in  the  14th  National 
Encampment  at  Dayton ;  John  Wagner 
of  Pa.,  commander-in-chief. 
July  16.    N.  T.    Chastine  Cox,  a  negro, 
is  hanged  for  the  murder  of  Mrs.  Jane 
D.  Hall,  on  June  10, 1879,  in  New  York. 
Aug.  6.    N.  Y.    Pietro  Balbo  is  hanged 

for  the  murder  of  his  wife. 
Aug.  20.      O.     Monroe  Robertson,  the 
murderer  of  nine  men,  is  hanged  at 
Greenville. 
Sept.   20.     Mich.     The    State   opens   a 

school  for  the  blind  at  Lansing. 
Oct.  5.  Tenn.  New  Rugby  is  inaugu- 
rated by  a  colony  of  British  farmers, 
following  the  suggestion  of  Thomas 
Hughes. 
Dec.  *  PUila.  The  Committee  of  One 
Hundred  is  organized  for  the  improve- 
ment and  purification  of  the  city  govern- 
ment. 

STATE. 
1880  May  4.  D.  C.  President  Hayes  a 
second  time  vetoes  the  Appropriation 
Bill. 
May  6.  Mo.  Republicans  who  oppose 
a  third  term  in  the  presidency  hold  a 
Convention  at  St.  Louis;  John  B. 
Henderson,  president. 

The  precedent  set  by  Washington  is 
Ignored  by  the  "Stalwarts";  this 
strong  faction,  led  by  Roscoe  Conkling 
of  N.  Y.,  claims  that  an  intervening 
presidency  makes  the  precedent  inap- 
plicable. 
May  25.  R.  I.  The  people  having  failed 
to  choose  a  governor,  the  Legislature 
elects  Alfred  H.  Llttlefleld  (Rep.). 
May  *  D.  C.    P.  M.-Gen.  David  McKay 

Key  resigns. 
June  2.  D.  C.  Horace  Maynard  of 
Tenn.  is  appointed  postmaster-general. 
Jvme  2-7.  Ill-  The  Republican  Na- 
tional Convention  is  held ;  George 
F.  Hoarof  Ma«8.,  president.  The  friends 
of  Blaine  and  of  Grant  conduct  a  spirited 
canvass. 

First  ballot :  James  A.  Garfield  of  0., 
0  ;  U.S.  Grant,  301 ;  James  G.  Blaine  of 
Me.,  284 ;  John  Sherman  of  O.,  93 ;  i..  B. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1880,  Apr.  21-*  *.     305 


WjwhlJurne  of  111.,  31 ;  William  Windom 
of  .Vlinn.,  10.  The  Blaiue  and  Sherman 
men  unite  on  the  36th  ballot.  Garfield, 
399  ;  Grant,  Mli  ;  Blaiue,  42  ;  E.  B.  Wash- 
burne  of  111.,  5 ;  Sherman,  3.    Chester 

A.  Arthur  of  N.  V.  is  nominated  for  vice- 
president.  Vote,  Arthur,  468 ;  Wash- 
burue,  193. 

June  7.  D.  C.  Congress  appropriates 
$100,090  for  the  erection  of  a  memorial 
of  Cornwallis's  surrender  at  Yorktown. 

June  9-11.  Chicago.  The  Greenback 
National  Convention  is  held ;  Kichard 
Trevellick  of  Mich.,  president.    James 

B.  Weaver  of  la.  is  unanimously  nomi- 
nated for  president,  and  B.  S.  Chambers 
of  Tex.  for  vice-president.  Vote,  Cham- 
bers, 403  ;  A.  M.  West  of  Miss.,  311. 

June  16.  n.  r.  The  46th  Congress ; 
the  second  session  closes. 

June  17.  O.  The  Prohibition  National 
Convention  meets  at  Cleveland,  and 
nominates  Neal  Dow  of  Me.  and  H.  A. 
Thompson  of  O.  as  presidential  candi- 
dates. 

June  18.  New  York.  Samuel  J.  Tilden 
writes  a  letter  declining  to  be  a  candi- 
date for  the  presidency. 

June  22-24.  O.  The  Democratic  Na- 
tional Convention  is  in  session  at 
Cleveland  ;  John  W.  Stevenson  of  Ky., 
president.  'Winfield  Scott  Hancock 
of  Pa.  and  'WiUiam  H.  English  of  Ind. 
are  nominated  as  presidential  candi- 
dates. 

First  ballot :  Winfield  S.  Hancock, 
171;  Thomas  F.  Bayard  of  Del.,  163J ; 
Henry  B.  Payne  of  O.,  81 ;  Allen  G. 
Thucman  of  O.,  CSJ  ;  Stephen  J.  Field  of 
Cal.,  G5;  William  B.  ivforrison  of  111., 
62;  Thomas  A.  Hendricks  of  Ind.,  49J ; 
Samuel  J.  Tilden  of  N.  Y.,38;  Samuel 
J.  Randall  of  Pa. ,  0.  Second  ballot : 
Hancock,  .120 ;  Randall,  128J  ;  Bayard, 
113.  William  H.  Kngligh  is  unanimously 
nominated  for  Vice-President. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal 
year.  Revenue  :  Customs,  §180,522,065  ; 
internal  revenue,  $124,009,374;  direct 
tax,  831;  sales  of  public  lands,  $1,010,- 
507 ;  premiums  on  loans  and  sales  of  gold 
coin,  SllO;  miscellaneous  items,  $21,978,- 
52.">.  Total  revenue,  .?:i33,52G,en  ;  excess 
of  revenue  over  expenditures,  $65,883,653. 
Expenditures:  Premium  on  loans,  pur- 
chase of  bonds,  etc.,  $2,795,.320;  miscel- 
laneous items,  .iS.''i4,713,530  ;  War  Depart- 
ment, .$38,116,916 ;  Navy  Department, 
$13,,''>36,9a5  ;  Indiana,  $5,915,457 ;  pen- 
sions, $56,777,174  ;  interest  on  the  public 
debt,  .$95,7.57,575.  Total  ordinary  expen- 
ditures, $267,642,9,58,  Public  debt,  $2,128,- 
791,0.54.  Exports,  $835,638,658;  imports, 
$067,954,746. 

Sept.  1.  S.C.  Gov.  Simpson  resigns,  and 
is  succeeded  by  I,,ieut.-Gov.  T.  B.  .Jeter. 

Oct.  20.  U.  S.  The  "  Morey  letter," 
a  lithographed  forgery  in  imitation  of 
Garfield's  handwriting  and  signature,  ai>- 
proving  Chinese  immigration,  is  widely 
distributed  for  the  purpose  of  impairing 
his  vote. 

Nov.  2.  U.S.  24th  Presidential  Sec- 
tion ;  Republicans  elected. 

Popular  vote :  James  A.  Garfield 
(Rep.)  of  O.,  4,454,416;  'Winfleld  S. 
Hancock  (Dem.)  of  Pa.,  4,444,952; 
James  B.  Weaver  (Greenback)  of  la., 
308,.578  ;  Neal  Dow  (Prohib.)  of  Me., 
10,305;  John  "W.  Pheli>s  (American) 
of  Vt.,  707. 


Popular  Vote  for  President. 


Candidates. 

States. 

Garfield 

Hancock 

Weaver 

Dow 

Ala.  .    . 

56,221 

91,189 

4,642 

Ark..    . 

42,43B 

60,775 

4,079 

Cal.  .    . 

80,348 

80,426 

3,392 

Colo.     . 

27,450 

24,647 

1,435 

Conn.    . 

67,071 

64,415 

868 

'409 

Del. .     . 

14,133 

15,275 

120 

Kla.  .    . 

23,(io4 

27,»64 

lia.   .    . 

64,0»6 

102,470 

'  969 

111.    .    . 

318,037 

277,321 

26,358 

443 

Ind.  .     . 

232,164 

225,.522 

12,986 

la.     .     . 

183,927 

105,845 

32,701 

'592 

Kan.      . 

121,.54') 

59,801 

19,861 

25 

Ky.   .     . 

106,306 

149,068 

11,499 

268 

La.    .     . 

38,637 

65,067 

439 

Jle.   .     . 

74,03!l 

65,171 

4,408 

93 

M(l.  .     . 

78,515 

93,706 

818 

Mass.     . 

165,205 

111,%0 

4,648 

'682 

Mich.     . 

18.5,341 

131,597 

34,895 

942 

Minn.    . 

93,iJ03 

53,315 

3,267 

286 

Miss.     . 

34,K54 

75,750 

5,797 

Mo.  .     . 

1.53,567 

208,609 

35,135 

Neb..    . 

54,979 

28,523 

3,960 

Nev.      . 

8,7.32 

9,613 

N.  H.     . 

44,8.52 

40,794 

'  528 

'l80 

N.  J.      . 

120,-5.55 

122,.565 

2,617 

191 

N.  Y.     . 

6.55,5(4 

534,511 

12,373 

1,517 

N.  C.     . 

11.5,874 

124,208 

1,126 

0.      .    . 

375,048 

340,821 

6,4.56 

2,616 

Ore.  .     . 

20,619 

19,943 

249 

Penn.    . 

444,704 

407,428 

20,668 

1,939 

R. 1. .     . 

18,195 

10,779 

236 

20 

S.  C.     . 

58,071 

112,312 

,566 

Tcnn.    . 

107,677 

128,191 

5,917 

43 

Tex. .    . 

57,8113 

1.56,428 

27,405 

Vt.    .    . 

45,.567 

18,816 

1,215 

Va.    .    . 

84,020 

128,.5S6 

W.  Va. . 

46,243 

57,391 

9,079 

Wis..     . 

144,400 

114,649 

7,986 

69 

Total  . 

4,4.54,416 
48.31 

4,444,9,52 

308,,578 

10,305 

Per  et.  . 

48.20 

3.34 

0.11 

Plur.     . 

9,464 

Kan,    The  people   vote    to   approve 

the  prohibitory  amendment  to  the 
Constitution.     Vote,  92,302-84,301. 

Nov.  9,  D.  C.  A  treaty  with  China  is 
concluded. 

Dec. 6.  B.C.  The 46th Congress :  the 
third  session  opens  :  Hoi»se  :  SamuelJ. 
Randall  of  Pa.  is  reelected  Speaker. 

Dec.  15.  D.  C.  Kichard  "W.  Thompson 
of  Ind.,  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  resigns. 

*  *  Cal,  The  Legislature  passes  the  De- 
bris Helief  Bill,  providing  for  a  special 
tax  on  miners  to  relieve  agriculturists 
who  suffer  loss  by  the  dibris  washed  into 
the  valley  in  hydraulic  mining. 

*  *  B.  C.  "William  B.  Woods  of  Ga.  is 
appointed  Justice  in  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States. 

*  ♦  Ore.  The  Constitution  is  amended 
to  authorize  female  suffrage. 

*  *  Civil  Service  Reform  Associations 
are  formed  in  several  cities,  chiefly  in 
the  Eastern  States. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaug:iLrated : 
Se  *  *  la.    Buren  R.  Sherman. 
-83  *  *  La.    Louis  A.  Wiltz. 
-82  *  *  Mass.     John  D.  Long. 
-81  *  *  Me.    Daniel  F.  Davis. 
-83  *  *  .V.  r.    Alonzo  B.  Cornell. 

*  -84  *  *  O.    Charles  Foster. 
-83  *  •  It.  I.    Alfred  H.  Littlefield. 
-82  *  *  S.  C.    Johnson  Hagood. 
-86  *  •  UtahiTer.).     Eli  H.  Murray. 
-82*  *  Vt.    Roswell  Farnham. 
-84  *  *  Wash.  (Ter.).    AVm.  A.  Xewell. 

MISCELLAIIEOnS. 

1880  Apr.  23.  W.  Africa.  The  steamer 
American,  Capt.  Maclean,  founders  oif 


Cape  Palmas  ;  nearly  all  the  passengers 
and  crew  escape  in  boats. 

May  2.  New  York,  llie  Ninth  Avenue 
Elevated  Railroad  is  reopened  after  be- 
ing entirely  rebuilt. 

May  17-24.  Teun.  Tlie  centennial  of 
the  settlement  of  Nashville  is  cele- 
brated. 

May  30.  Chicago.  The  Government 
buildings,  including  the  post-office  and 
custom-house,  are  completed. 

June  11.  N.  Y.  The  steamer  JViarra^ran- 
sett  collides  with  a  vessel  near  Cornfield 
Point  Shoal,  Long  Island  Sound;  27 
lives  are  lost. 

June  28.  N.  Y.  The  Seawanhaka  is 
burned  off  Ward's  Island ;  24  lives  are 
lost. 

June  *  The  10th  census  is  taken. 
States,  38:  whites,  43,402,970;  colored, 
6,580,793 ;  (slaves,  0) ;  total  population, 
50,155,783 ;  increase,  30.08  per  cent.  Cen- 
ter of  population,  eight  miles  west  by 
south  of  Cincinnati ;  westward  move- 
ment in  ten  years,  58  miles. 

July  4.  Minn.  The  second  centennial  of 
the  discovery  of  the  Falls  of  St.  An- 
thony is  celebrated  at  Minneapolis. 

July  7.  New  York.  Dr.  Henry  S.  Tan- 
ner successfully  closes  his  fast  of  40 
days.  He  drank  water  occasionally, 
but  partook  of  no  food ;  his  loss  of 
weight  was  36  pounds. 

The  Harvard  freshmen  defeat  those 

of  Cohxmbia  in  a  boat-race  ;  time  11.32. 

July  21.  N.J.  Water  bursts  into  the 
Hudson  River  Tunnel  while  the  ex- 
cavators are  at  work,  and  drowns  20 
workmen. 

July  22.  Mich.  The  steam-yacht  Mamie 
collides  with  the  steamer  Garland  on 
the  Detroit  River ;  16  lives  are  lost. 

Aug.  29.  Fla.  The  steamer  City  of  Vera 
Cruz  founders  in  a  hurricane  otf  the 
coast  of  Florida,  30  miles  from  shore ; 
only  II  out  of  82  persons  are  saved. 

Sept.  17.  Boston.  The  250th  anniver- 
sary of  the  settlement  of  Boston  is  cel- 
ebrated. 

Sept.  28.  Ind.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
new  State  House  at  Indianapolis  is  laid 
with  ceremonies. 

Oct.  10-15.  Md.  Tlie  150th  anniversary 
of  the  founding  of  Baltimore  is  cele- 
brated by  its  citizens. 

Oct.  15  +  Mich.  The  steamer  Alpena 
from  Grand  Haven  for  Chicago  is  lost ; 
about  70  lives  are  lost. 

Nov.  15.  Minn.  The  asylum  for  the  In- 
sane at  St.  Peter  takes  fire,  and  30  lives 
are  lost. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1880. 
Production:  Gold,  $36,000,000;  silver. 
$38,45U.CK)0.  Bushels  of  grain  :  Indian 
corn,  1,754,861,535;  wheat,  459.479,503; 
oats,  407,858,900 ;  barley,  44,113.495:  rye, 
19,831,595  ;  buckwheat,  11,817,327.  Bales 
of  cotton,  5,797,397.  Pounds  of  wool, 
232,500,000.  Barrels  of  petroleum,  26,- 
286,123.  Currency  in  circulation,  Juno 
30,  $973,382,228;  per  capita,  $J9.41.  Im- 
migrants (fiscal  year),  457,257.  Miles  ui' 
railroads  worked,  82,146  ;  capital  stock, 
$2,708,673,375  ;  total  accidents.  1,078  :  lives 
lost.  315;  injured,  1,172.  Fire  waste, 
$74,643,400;  insurance,  $42,525,000. 


306     1880,  *  *-1881,  July  2. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1881  Jan.  24.  D.  C.  Charles  H.  Tomp- 
kins is  commissioned  colonel  —  quarter- 
master's department. 

Feb.  18.  D.  C.  David  G.  Swaim  is  com- 
missioned brigadier-general 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1880*  *  Boston.  The  Boston  Sym- 
phony Society  is  established. 

*  *  Chicago.  Theaudiphone  is  invented 
by  R.  G.  Rhodes. 

*  *  J^ew  York.  A  bronze  bust  of  the  poet 
Thomas  Moore,  and  a  bronze  statue  of 
Robert  Burns,  are  unveiled  in  Central 
Park.  George  H.  Yewell  and  Benjamin 
C  Porter  of  New  York  and  Louis  C. 
Tiffany  of  Chicago  are  elected  mem- 
bers of  the  National  Academy  of  De- 
sign. The  Madison  Square  Theater  is 
opened  with  the  performance  of  Hazel 
Kirke. 

*  *  Ruins  of  the  Partheiion  is  painted  by 
S.  R.  Gifford. 

*  *  On  the  Plains  is  painted  by  Worthing- 
ton  Whittredge. 

*  ♦  Muskrat's  Nest  is  painted  by  F.  S. 
Cburch. 

*  ♦  Touchstone  and  Audrey  is  painted  by 
P.  F.  Rotherrael. 

*  •  Old  Church  at  Arreton.  is  painted  by 
J.  F.  Cropsey. 

*  *The  statue  of  Farragut  is  executed 
by  A.  St.  Gaudens. 

*  *  In  a  Rye  Field  is  painted  by  A.  C. 
Shaw. 

*  *  The  Coming  Storm  is  painted  by 
George  Inness, 

*  *  Farmington  River  is  painted  by  J.  M. 
Hart. 

*  *  Edge  of  a  Wood  is  painted  by  Jervis 
McEntee. 

*  *  Bachelor^s  Breakfast  is  painted  by  G. 
W.  Maynard. 

*  *  Strictly  Confidential  is  painted  by  T. 
W.  Wood. 

*  *  Cupid  is  painted  by  William  Page. 

*  *  The  Trappist  is  painted  by  Frank  B. 
Mayer. 

1881  Jan.  22.  New  York.  The  Egyp- 
tian obeUsk  is  erected  on  Its  pedestal 
in  Central  Park. 

Height,  90  feet ;  weight  of  shaft,  443,- 
000  pounds  ;  cost  of  removal  and  erec- 
tion, defrayed  by  W.  H.  Vanderbilt. 
$103,732. 

Feb.  15.  O.  The  Cincinnati  Museum 
Association  is  incorporated. 

Apr.  4.  The  Chemical  Industrial  So- 
ciety is  founded. 

June  *  Lieut.  A.  W.  Greely  and  24  others 
start  on  the  Iiady  Franklin  Bay  Ex- 
pedition to  Northern  Greenland.  [July 
7.  They  leave  Newfoundland  on  the 
Proteus.] 

June  13.  The  Jeannette  of  the  De  Long 
Polar  expedition  is  crushed  in  the  ice, 
in  77"  15  N.,  155  E. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1881. 

Jan.  4.    Wood,  Alphonso,  botanist,  au.,  A71. 

Jan.  30.  Sothern,  Edward  Askew,  Eng.- 
Am.  comedian  (Dundreary),  A55. 

Feb.  3.  Diraan,  Jeremiah  Lewis,  Cong, 
clergj'man,  author,  prof,  of  history,  A50. 

Feb.  13.  Wood,  Fernando,  M.  C.  for  K.  Y., 
A68. 

Mar.  14.  Emerson,  George  Barrell,  educa- 
tionist, writer,  A84. 

Mar.  24.   Hollister,  Gideon  Hiram,  an.,  A  64. 

Mar.  26.  LawTence,  William  Beach,  jurist, 
autlior,  A8I. 

Apr.  26.  Palfrey,  John  Gorham,  Unit,  cler- 
gyman, author,  professor  at  Harvard,  his- 
torian, M.  C.  for  JIass.,  A85. 

Apr.  28.  Grtgsby,  Hugh  Blair,  historical 
scholar,  A75. 

June  2.  Street,  Alfred  Billings,  poet,  au- 
thor, A70. 

June  5.  Sabine.  Joseph,  Eng.  bibliophile 
in  America,  A60. 


CHURCH. 

1880  *  *  Chicago  is  created  a  (Roman 
Catholic)  archiepiscopal  see,  with  the 
bishops  of  Alton  and  Peoria  suffragans 
to  it. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Synod  of  Chicago  (Ke- 
forraed  Episcopal)  is  organized. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Louisville ; 
T.  P.  Haley,  president. 

*  *  New  York.  The  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

It  constitutes  itself  a  Board  of  Mis- 
sions. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held  at  Saratoga. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Xenia ;  E.  T. 
Jeffers,  moderator. 

*  *  U.  S.  Church  communicants  num- 
ber 10,065,963— about  one  in  five  of  the 
population. 

*  *  Wis.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) meets  at  Madison ;  William 
M.  Paxton,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Congregational  National  Coim- 
cil  meets. 

*  *  The  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the 
Mennonites  sends  its  first  missionary  to 
the  American  Indians. 

*  *  The  Educational  Department  is 
added  to  the  American  Home  Mission- 
ary Society. 

*  *  The  Woman's  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions  of  the  Cumberland  Presbyte- 
rian Church  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Home  Board  opens 
a  school  among  the  Chilcat  Indians  ; 
also  a  school  for  the  Pueblos. 

1881  Feb.  2.  Me.  The  iirst  Yoimg 
People's  Society  of  Christian  En- 
deavor is  organized  at  Portland,  by 
Rev.  F.  E.  Clark  of  the  WiUiston  Con- 
gregational Church. 

Apr.  8.  Tenn.  The  Board  of  Missions 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church' 
South  is  chartered  by  the  Legislature. 

Apr.  *  Chicago.  The  Channing  Club 
(Unitarian)  is  organized. 

May  1.  La.  Francis  Janssens  is  pro- 
moted Roman  Catholic  Archbishop  of 
New  Orleans. 

May  4.  Mo.  The  "Woman's  Western 
Conference  (Unitarian)  is  organized 
at  St.  Louis. 


May  8,  Tex.  John  C.  Neraz  (Roman 
Catholic)  is  consecrated  bishop  of  San 
Antonio. 

May  20.  D.  C.  The  General  Convention 
of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets  at  Wash- 
ington. 

June.*  N.  Y.  The  International  Med- 
ical Missionary  Society  is  established 
for  ministering  to  the  poor. 

LETTERS. 

1880  *  *  Miss.  The  Shuqtialak  Female 
College  (Bapt.)  is  founded. 

*  *  Mo.  Pierce  City  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Sporting  News  is  issued  at 
St.  Louis ;  also  the  Daily  Chronicle. 

*  *  New  York,     The  Critic  is  founded. 

*  *  O.  The  Farmer's  Home  at  Dayton  Iss. 
The  Cincinnati  Daily  Post  is  established. 

*  *  Phila.     Golden  Days  is  issued. 

*  *  Tenn.  Memphis  Hospital  Medical 
CoUege  of  the  Southwestern  Baptist 
University  is  opened  at  Memphis. 

*  *  Bible  Dictionary  (illustrated),  by 
Philip  Schaff,  appears. 

*  *  Ben  Hur^  by  Lew  Wallace,  appears. 

*  *  The  Boys*  King  Arthur,  by  Sidney  La- 
nier, appears. 

*  *  Bricks  without  Straw,  by  Albion  W. 
Tourg^e,  appears. 

*  *  The  Iron  Gate,  and  Other  Poems,  by 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  appears. 

*  *  Jack  and  Jill,  by  Ivouisa  May  A'lcott, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Kingdom  of  God,  by  Edward  Ev- 
erett Hale,  appears. 

*  *  Louisiana,  by  Frances  Hodgson  Bur- 
nett, appears. 

*  *  Sebastian  Strome,  by  Julian  Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

*  *  The  Stillwater  Tragedy,  hy  T.  B.Al- 
drich,  appears. 

*  *  Socialism,  by  Joseph  Cook,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  United  States  under  the 
Constitution,  by  James  Schouler,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  A  Tramp  Abroad,  by  Mark  Twain 
(Samuel  L.  Clemens),  appears. 

*  *  An  Undiscovered  Country,  by  William 
Dean  Howells,  appears. 

*  *  Voices  of  Hope  and  Gladness,  by  Bay 
Palmer,  appears. 

*  *  The  Emotions,  by  James  M'Cosh,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Pre-Adamite,  by  Alexander  Win- 
chell,  appears. 

.  *  *  Modem  Society,  by  Julia  Ward  Howe, 
appears. 

*  *  The  GrandisBimea,  by  G.  W.  Cable, 
appears. 

*  *  Rodman  the  Keeper,  by  C.  F.  Woolsen, 
appears. 

*  *  Odd  or  Even,  by  Adeline  D.  T.  Whit- 
ney, appears. 

*  *  Every  Day  English,  by  Richard  Grant 
White,  appears. 


I 


UNITED    STATES.  1880,  *  *-1881,  July  2.    307 


SOCIETY. 

1880  •  *  Chicago.  The  National  Far- 
zners'  Alliance  is  founded. 

*  *  Ja.  The  State  Board  of  Health  is 
organized. 

*  *  Kan.  A  great  immigration  of 
colored  people  brings  40,000  negroes 
into  the  State. 

*  *  Mass.  The  antiscreen  law  respect- 
ing liquor  saloons  becomes  operative. 

*  *  N.  C.  An  asylum  for  insane  colored 
people  is  opened  by  the  State  at  Golds- 
borough. 

*  *  Ore,  A  Constitutional  Amendment 
authorizing  female  suffrage   is   passed 

.,  and  approved. 

*  *  Phila.  Dr.  Buchanan  is  detected  in 
the  extensive  and  fraudulent  sale  of 
diplomas  of  Doctor  of  Medicine — for 
$50  each ;  he  claims  to  be  the  dean  of 
the  American  University  (?)  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

*  *  S.  Dak.  The  State  school  for  deaf 
mutes  at  Sioux  Falls  is  opened. 

*  *  The  Memphis  Hospital  Medical  Col- 
lege (Southwest  Baptist  University) 
opens. 

*  *  The  National  Association  for  the 
Protection  of  the  Insane  and  for  the 
Prevention  of  Insanity  is  organized. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  meets  in  National 
Convention  ;  Frances  Willard,  presi- 
dent. It  creates  the  department  of  Sci- 
entific Temperance  Instruction  in  public 
schools. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  census  returns  show  that 
5,107,993  white  and  colored  persons,  aged 
15  years  and  upward,  are  unable  to 
write. 

*  *  U.  8,  The  American  Society  of  Me- 
chanical !Eng:ineers  is  organized. 

*  *The  Irish  Kational  League  of 
America  is  founded. 

1881  Jan.  5.  D.  C.  An  International 
Sanitary  Congress  meets  at  Washing- 
ton. 

Jan.  14.  O.  The  Society  for  Organiz- 
ing Charities  is  formed  at  Cleveland. 

*  *  Me.  "Women  are  partially  enfran- 
chised, being  made  legal  voters  for  su- 
pervisors of  schools,  and  also  eligible  to 
the  offices  of  supervisor  and  superin- 
tendent of  school  committees. 

Peb.  3.  Pa.  George  Smith  and  Mrs. 
Catharine  Miller  are  hanged  at  Wil- 
liamsport  for  the  murder  of  Mrs. 
Miller's  husband  on  Mar.  18,  1880,  near 
Jersey  shore. 

Feb.  22.  President  Hayes  issues  an  order 
prohibiting  "the  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors  at  military  posts  and  sta- 
tions ;  *'  this  order  is  for  the  government 
of  post-traders,  or  private  vendors. 

Feb.*  Neb.  Theenactment of the"Slo- 
cumb"  Law  starts  the  high-license 
crusade ;  fees  for  saloons  are  $500  to 
$1,000. 

Apr.  30.  Md.  The  Charity  Organiza- 
tion Society  is  formed  at  Baltimore. 


Jime  1-f .  Ky.  Iron  workers  of  Cov- 
ington and  Newport  strike  for  a  new 
scale  of  prices  ;  after  21  weeks  of  idle- 
ness and  the  loss  of  $300,000  in  wages, 
the  strike  ends  in  the  defeat  of  the 
strikers. 

June  7.  />.  C.  Tlie  Society  of  Associ- 
ated Charities  is  organized  at  Wash- 
ington. 

J\me  11.  ?r.  Va.  The  Legislature  es- 
tablishes a  State  Board  of  Health. 

June  15.  Ind.  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Repubhc  meets  in  its  15th  Nation- 
al Encampment  at  Indianapolis  ;  George 
S.  Merrill  of  Mass.,  commander-in-chief. 

June  *  X.  V.  The  National  Temper- 
ance Convention  meets  at  Saratoga. 

July  2.  J).  C.  President  Garfield  is 
shot  in  the  Baltimore  and  Potomac 
Railroad  station  at  Washington  by 
Charles  Guiteau.  (See  State.)  [ITni- 
versal  sympathy  is  expressed  for  the 
wounded  President ;  deep  and  prolonged 
suspense  prevails.] 

STATE. 

1881  Jan. 6.  B.C.  Nathan Goff, Jr., 
of  W.  Va.,  is  confirmed  as  Secretary  of 
the  Navy. 

Feb.  4.  IJ.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
declares  the  President  of  the  Senate  not 
authorized  by  the  Constitution  to  count 
and  determine  the  presidential  vote. 
[The  House  concurs.] 

Feb.  9.  D.  a  Congress:  The  Vice- 
President  in  convention  of  both  Houses 
counts  the  electoral  vote. 

For  President :  Garfield,  214 ;  Han- 
cock, 155.  Vote  for  Vice-President: 
Chester  A.  Arthur  (Rep.)  of  N.  Y., 
214;  "WilHam  H.  English  (Dem.)  of 
Ind.,  155 ;  B.  J.  Chambers  (Greenback) 
of  Tex.,  0;  A.  M.  Thompson  (Prohib.) 
of  O.,  0;  S.  C.  Pomeroy  (Amer.)  of 
Kan.,  0. 

Mar.  3.  I).  C.  President  Hayes  vetoes 
the  Funding  Act,  which  proposes  the 
funding  of  about  700,000,000  of  the  na- 
tional debt  at  3  per  cent. 

Mar.  4.  J).  C.  The  46th  Congress 
ends. 

The  Senate  meets  in  special  session 
on  the  call  of  the  President  (Feb.  28). 

24th  Administration ;  Republican. 

James  A.  Garfield  of  O.,  the  20th 
President,  in  the  24th  term  of  the  presi- 
dency,  is  inaugurated.  Chester  A. 
Arthur  of  K.  Y.  is  Vice-President. 

Cabinet :  James  G.  Blaine  Of  Me. 
fState),  W^iiliam  Windom  of  Minn. 
(Treas.),  Samuel  J.  Kirkwood  of  la. 
(Interior).  Robert  T.  Lincoln  of  111. 
(War),  William  H.  Hunt  of  La.  (Navy), 
Thomas  L.  James  of  N.  Y.  (P.  M.-Gen.), 
"Wayne  McVeagh  of  Pa.  (Atty.-Gen.). 

Mar.  28,  />.  C.  A  protest  against  the 
removal  of  Gen.  Merritt  from  the  col- 
lectorship  of  New  York,  and  the  ap- 
pointment of  William  H.  Robertson, 
without  the  consent  of  the  senators  of 
N.  Y.,  is  presented  to  President  Garfield. 
1 1  is  signed  by  Thomas  L.  James,  Chester 


A.  Arthur,  RoscoeConkling,  and  Thomas 
C.  Piatt.  [Its  influence  leads  to  the  as- 
sassination of  the  President]. 

Apr.  20.  D.  C.  The  Assistant  Post- 
Master-General,  Thomas  A.  Brady, 
resigns  on  the  exposure  of  the  '*  Star 
Route  "  frauds. 

May  5,  D.  C.  The  Senate  confirms  the 
Chinese  Immigration  and  Commer- 
cial treaty,  also  treaties  with  Colombia 
and  Japan. 

May  16.  />.  C  Senators  Conkling  and 
Piatt  of  N.  Y.  resign  because  of  a  con- 
troversy with  President  Garfield  respect- 
ing appointments.    (See  Mar.  28.) 

May  20.  D.  C.  The  special  session  of 
the  Senate  closes. 

June  24.  D.  C.  Secretary  Blaine  issues 
a  circular  letter  to  ministers  at  European 
courts,  stating  that  the  United  States 
will  regard  with  disfavor  any  movement 
of  European  powers  to  jointly  guaran- 
tee the  neutrality  of  the  Panama 
Canal. 

Jime  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal 
year.  Revenue:  Customs,  $198,159,676; 
internal  revenue,  $135,2(H,386 ;  direct 
tax,  91.517;  sales  of  public  lands, 
$2,201,863;  miscellaneous  items,  $25,154,- 
851.  Total  revenue,  $360,782, 2i>;j ;  excess 
of  revenue  over  expenditures,  $100,069,- 
405.  Expenditures:  Premiums  on  loans, 
purchase  of  bonds,  etc.,  $1,061,249  ;  mis- 
cellaneous items,  $&4,4i6,32.'> ;  War  De- 
partment, $40,466,461  ;  Navy  Department, 
$15,686,672  ;  Indians,  $6,514,161  ;  pen- 
sions, $50,059,280;  interest  on  the  public 
debt,  $82,508,741.  Total  ordinary  ex- 
penditures, $260,712,888.  Public  debt, 
$2,077,389,253.  Exports,  $902,377,346;  im- 
ports, $G42,664,628. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1880  *  *  Cal.  The  poor  squatters  of  San 
Francisco  are  ejected  from  the  Sand 
liOts  by  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad, 
after  a  conflict.  In  which  several  persons 
are  killed. 

*  *  Fla.  About  1,800,000  acres  of  land 
are  conveyed  to  the  State  under  an  Act 
of  Congress. 

*  *  Kan.  The  people  oppose  the  Green 
drive-well  patent  as  invalid,  and  form 
four  associations  in  South  Kansas  to  de- 
fend users  of  driven  wells  in  litigation. 

*  *  New  York.  Bordeaux  Line  of  steam- 
ers is  established  to  run  between  New 
York  and  Bordeaux,  France. 

*  *  An  international  postage  rate  of 
five  cents  is  adopted. 

*  *  The  United  Pipe-Lines  Company  be- 
gins to  lay  pipes  for  conveying  petro- 
leum long  distances. 

1881  Jan.  17.  S.  C.  The  centennial  of 
the  Battle  of  Cowpens  is  celebrated  at 
Spartansburg ;  Gen.  Daniel  Morgan's 
statue  is  unveiled. 

June  1.  D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  War 
prohibits  the  use  of  tobacco  by  the 
cadets  at  the  West  Point  Military 
Academy. 

June  27.  Harvard  defeats  Columbia 
in  the  boat-race  ;  time,  21.45. 

June  30.  Harvard  Freshmen  defeat 
Columbia  in  a  boat-race  ;  time,  9.05|. 

*  *  Immigrants  received  in  1881,  009,431. 


308    1881,  July  2-*  * 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1881  Dec.  15.  A\  Y.  The  old  frigate 
Constitution  (Old  Ironsides)  goes  out  of 
commission  at  Brooklyn.  (Launched  in 
1796.) 

ART— SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1881  July  16.  Minn.  A  cyclone  de- 
molishes 100  houses  at  New  Ulni  ;  30  per- 
sons are  killed  or  injured, 

Aug:.  12.  Greenland.  Lieut.  Greely's 
expeditionarrivesat  Discovery  Harbor. 

Aug.  *  Mass,  Prof.  Dolbear  announces 
a  new  system  of  telephone,  with  an  im- 
proved receiver. 

Sept.  6.  Mass.  A  dense  fog  at  Salem 
makes  this  the  darkest  day  on  record 
since  the  **  dark  day  "  of  May,  1780 ;  a 
dry  fog  extends  from  New  Hampshire 
to  North  Carolina,  and  largely  conceals 
the  sun. 

Deo.  *  Russia,  Two  of  the  Jeannette's 
boats,  carrying  15  men,  arrive  at  the 
utouth  of  the  Lena  River,  Siberia;  one 
boat  is  missing.  [All  perish  except  two, 
who  were  sent  forward  for  relief.] 

Dec.  *  />.  C.  At  Washington  Alexander 
Graham  Bell  and  Sumner  Tainter  pro- 
duce sound  by  electricity  and  light. 

*  *  A'ew  Torfc.  Frederick  A.  Brldgman 
of  France  is  elected  a  member  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  N.  T.  Henry  Draper  succeeds  in 
photographing  the  nebulee  in  Orion. 

*  *  O.  The  Case  School  of  Applied 
Science  is  opened  at  Cleveland. 

*  *  Green  River  is  painted  by  Thomas 
Moran. 

*  *  Sketching  in  the  Glen  is  painted  by 
J.  F.  Cropsey. 

*  *  Bird  Song  is  painted  by  A.  F.  Bellows. 

*  *  Return  of  the  Fleet  is  painted  by  Ed- 
ward Moran. 

*  *  Glen  Mill  Brook  is  painted  by  J.  A. 
Brown. 


Dec.  4.  Kilpatrick,  .Tudson,  maj.-gen.  of 
cavalry,  minister,  A45. 

Dec.  9.  Forney,  John  Weiss,  journalist, 
The  Press,  clerk  of  House,  sec.  of  Senate, 
A64. 

Dec.  17.  Morgan,  Lewis  Henry,  ethnolo- 
gist, arcbsologist,  author,  A63. 

Hayes,  Isaac    Israel,    Arctic   explorer, 

author,  A49. 

Dec.  34.  Bacon,  Ivconard,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, theologian,  editor,  author,  A79. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1881. 

July  14.  Du  Hois,  William  Ewing,  numis- 
matist, writer,  ATI. 

Koberts,  William  Milnor,  civil  engineer, 

A71. 

July  17.  Tiittle,  Charles  Wesley,  astron- 
omer, lawyer,  A!i2. 

July  24.  Quackenlios,  George  Payn,  edu- 
cator, author  of  text-books,  A,55. 

Auer.  3.  Haven,  Krastus  Otis,  editor,  pres- 
ident of  college,  M.  K.  bishop,  Aei. 

Aug-.  3.  Fargo,  William  George,  president 
Am.  Kxpress  Co.,  A(>3. 

Aug:.  34.  Kiggs,  George  Washington, 
banker,  of  Washington  city,  A63. 

Sept.  8.  Lanier,  Hugh  Sidney,  critic,  poet, 
litterateur,  author,  A39. 

Sept.  1 3.  Burnside,  Ambrose  Everett, 
maj.-gen.  IT.  S.  A., sen.  for  K.  L,  Gov.,  A57. 

Sept.  19.  Qarfleld,  James  Abram,  col- 
lege pres.,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  vols.,  BI.  C.  for 
O.,  senator,  20th  president  I'.  S.,  A50. 

Oct.  2.  Hams,  Caleb  Fiske,  book  collector, 
Ati3. 

Oct.  3.  Durant.  Henrv  Fowle,  founder  of 
Wellesley  College.  A59. 

Oct.  5.  Robinson,  Stuart,  Prea.  clergyman, 
author,  etlitor,  A65. 

Oct.  13.  Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert  (Timothy 
Titcomb),  author,  editor,  A62. 

Oct.  31.  Cox,  Samuel  Hanson,  Pres.  cler- 
gyman, prof,  ecclesiastical  history,  A88. 

Oct.  30.  I)e  Long,  (;eorge  W.,  iJeut.  U.  S.  N., 
arctic  explorer,  A  37. 

Nov.  16.  Tappan,  Henry  Philip,  Cong, 
clergyman,  educationist,  author,  A76. 


CHURCH. 

1881     Aug.   24.     Killan  C.   Flasch   is 

consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 

the  Diocese  of  La  Crosse. 
Oct.   18.    N.  J.    Winand  M.  Wigger  is 

consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 

the  Diocese  of  Newark. 
Nov.  1.    N.  J.    Michael  J.  O'Farrell  is 

first   consecrated    (Roman  Catholic) 

bishop  of  Trenton. 

*  *  Alas.  The  Presbyterian  Home  Board 
opens  a  school  among  the  Ilydahs  in 
Southern  Alaska. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  lield  at  Indianapolis.  The  Annual 
Convention  (Disciples  of  Christ)  is  held 
at  Indianapolis  ;  R.  MofTett,  president. 

*  *  la.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Davenport  is  established. 

*  *  The  first  contingent  of  the  Salvation 
Army  lands  in  the  United  States. 

*  *  K  J.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Trenton  is  established. 

*  *  N.  r.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  at  Buffalo;  Henry 
Darling,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Allegheny ; 
David  W.  Carson,  moderator.  The 
General  Synod  (Evangelical  Lutheran) 
meets  at  Altoona. 

*  *  E.  B.  Kephart  is  elected  first  bishop  of 
the  United  Brethren. 

LETTERS. 

1881*  *  Ala.  The  Normal  and  Indus- 
trial School  established  by  the  State  at 
Tuskegee  is  opened.  [Also  the  Western 
Normal  College  is  opened  at  Shenan- 
doah, la. ;  the  State  Normal  School  at 
Plymouth,  N.  C,  and  another  for  col- 
ored students  at  Salisbury ;  and  the 
Tjllotson  Collegiate  and  Normal  Insti- 
tute, at  Austin,  Tex.] 

*  *  Chicago.    The  Herald  is  issued. 

*  *  La.  Southern  Academic  Institute  at 
New  Orleans  is  opened. 

*  *  Ta.  The  Drake  University  (Disci- 
ples of  Christ)  is  founded  at  Des  Moines. 

*  *  III.  St.  Joseph's  Diocesan  College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  chartered  at  Teutopolis. 

*  *  I.  T.  The  Levering  Manual  Labor 
School  (Ind.  Bapt.)  is  founded  at  We- 
tumpka. 

*  ^Ky.  The  South  Kentucky  CoUege 
(Christian)  is  organized  in  Hopkinsville. 

*  •  Kan.  Bethany  College  (Luth.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Linds. 

*  *JV.  Mex.  The  University  of  New 
Mexico  (non-sect.)  at  Santa  F^  is 
opened. 

*  *  New  York.    The  Judge  is  issued. 


*  •  Pa.  The  L.  P.  Linderman  Memorial 
liibrary  is  founded  at  Bethlehem. 
[50,000  vols.] 

*  *  Phila.  The  Medico- Chirurgical 
College  opens. 

*  *  S.C.  The  Cooper  Limestone  Institute 
(Fern.  Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Limestone 
Springs. 

*  *  Tex.  Bishop  College  (Col.  Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Marshall. 

*  *  Tex.  The  State  University  at  Austin 
is  organized. 

*  *  The  Boys*  Mabinogion,  by  Sidney  La- 
nier, appears. 

*  *  The  Choice  of  Books,  by  C.  F.  Richard- 
son, appears. 

*  *  Doctor  Breen's  Practice,  by  William 
Dean  Howells,  appears. 

*  *  Esmeralda,  by  Frances  Hodgson  Bur- 
nett, appears  ;  also  A  Fair  Barbarian. 

*  *  Eve*s  Daughters,  by  Marion  Harland, 
appears. 

*  *  Ilka  on  the  Hill-Top,  by  H.  H.  Boyesen, 
appears ;  also  Queen  Titania. 

*  *  Josh  Billings's  Spice-Box,  by  Henry 
Wheeler  Shaw,  appears. 

*  *  The  King's  Missive,  and  Other  PoemSy 
by  John  Greenleaf  "Whittier,  appears. 

*  *  Memoirs  of  the  Jtfffersons,  by  William 
Winter,  appears. 

*  *  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Confederate  Gov- 
ernment, by  JeflFerson  Davis,  appears. 

*  *  The  School  of  Life,  by  William  R. 
Alger,  appears. 

*  *  Science  of  Mind^  by  John  Bascom,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Somebody^s  Neighbors,  hy  Rose  Terry 
Cooke,  appears. 

*  *  Without  a  Home,  by  E.  P.  Roe,  appears. 

*  *  Virginibus  Puensque,  and  other  papers^ 
Memoirs  and  Portraits,  by  Robert  Louis 
Stevenson,  appears. 

*  •  Science  of  English  Verse,  by  Sidney 
Lanier,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

I88I  Aug.l.  N.C.  The  people  reject  the 
Prohibition  Bill.    Vote,  48,370-16G,325. 

Sept.  2  +  .  La.  About  10,000  cotton  han- 
dlers at  New  Orleans  strike  for  in- 
creased wages  ;  in  two  weeks  the  strike 
ends  and  fails  ;  loss  in  wages,  $50,000. 

Sept.  6.  D.  C.  The  wounded  President 
is  removed  to  Elberon,  N.  J.  ;  flowers 
are  strewn  over  the  railroad  in  many 
places  by  sympathizing  multitudes. 

Sept.  13.  D.  C.  Sergeant  Mason,  one  of 
the  guards,  fires  at  Guiteau,  but  misses 
his  mark.  [For  this  act  Mason  was  tried 
and  sentenced  to  imprisonment.] 

Sept.  20.  U.  S.  Demonstrations  of 
grief  abound  from  all  parties  and  every 
class  over  the  death  of  the  President; 
the  cities  are  swathed  in  black  drapery. 

Sept.  20.  Eng.  Queen  Victoria  cables 
as  a  message  of  condolence  to  Mrs. 
Garfield:  "Words  cannot  express  the 
deep  sympathy  I  feel  with  you  at  this 
terrible  moment.  May  God  support  you 
as  He  alone  can." 


UNITED    STATES. 


1881,  July  2-*  * 


809 


¥ 


Sept.  21-28.  JUntj.  The  Court  is  or- 
dered to  go  into  mourning  because  of 
the  death  of  President  Garfield. 

Sept.  23.  O.  After  lying  in  state  at 
"Washington,  the  body  of  President  Gar- 
field is  buried  at  Cleveland. 

Oct.  26.  Mo.  An  Industrial  Convention 
for  the  people  of  the  ^Mississippi  Valley 
meets  at  St.  Louis. 

Oct.  *  Chicago,  The  Brewers*  Con- 
gress opposes  woman's  suiTrage. 

"  Ilesohed,  That  we  oppose  always  and 
everywhere  the  ballot  in  the  hands  of 
woman,  for  woman's  vote  ia  the  last 
hope  of  the  Prohibitionists." 

Nov.  2.  O.  The  American  Association 
of  Professional  Baseball  Clubs  is  or- 
ganized at  Cincinnati. 

Nov.  14.  D.  a  The  trial  of  Charles 
Guiteau  begins. 

Dec.  22.  Wis.  The  Charity  Organi- 
zation Society  is  formed  at  Milwaukee. 

Dec.  24-31,  S.  C.  Several  thousand 
colored  people  leave  Edgefield  County, 
being  terrorized  by  violence. 

Dec.  27.  -D.  C.  An  order  is  issued  for 
the  exclusion  of  women  from  the  em- 
ployment of  the  Government. 

*  *  Coto.  The  Legislature  provides  for  an 
Industrial  School  at  Golden  City, 

*  *  Z>.  C.  The  "Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  meets  in  a  national 
convention  at  Washington ;  Frances 
■Willard,  president. 

*  *D.C.  The  Star  Boute  frauds  against 
the  Government  are  discovered.  (See 
Mar.  1882.) 

*  *  Del.  The  Legislature  passes  an  Act 
which  imposes  a  fine  on  any  person  who 
marches  in  a  torchlight  parade. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  Legislature  passes  a  bill 
prohibiting  the  manufacture  and  sale 
of  alcoholic  beverages;  it  is  subject 
to  the  approval  of  the  people.  This  so- 
called  Prohibitory  amendment  is  voted 
down  by  more  than  116,000  majority. 

*  *  A>w  York.  The  Church  Temper- 
ance Society  of  the  Protestant  Episco- 
pal church  is  organized. 

"  This  Society  lays  down  as  the  basis  on 
which  it  rests,  and  from  which  its  work 
shall  be  conducted,  union  and  coopera- 
tion on  perfectly  equal  terms  for  the 
promotion  of  temperance  between  those 
who  use  temperately  and  those  who  ab- 
stain entirely  from  intoxicating  drinks 
as  beverages." 

*  *  N.J.  The  Charity  Organization  is 
formed  at  Newark  for  systemizing  pub- 
lic charities. 

*  *  O.  A  fund  of  $364,000  is  presented  to 
Mrs.  Garfield  by  admirers  of  the  mar- 
tyred President. 

*  *  The  Catholic  Benevolent  Legion 
is  founded ;  also  the  Order  of  the 
Golden  Chain  ;  the  National  Union ; 
the  Order  of  United  Friends  ;  the  So- 
ciety of  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

*  *  A  movement  for  land  nationaliza- 
tion begins. 

It  is  warmly  advocated  by  Henry 
George  in  his  book,  Progress  and  Pov- 
erty, which  condemns  compensation  to 
former  holders  of  land ;  the  book  at- 
tracts wide  attention. 


STATE. 

1881  July  2.  n.C.  President  Garfield 
is  shot  and  fatally  wounded  by  Charles 
J.  Guiteau,  a  disappointed  office-seeker, 
in  the  Pennsylvania  depot  at  Washing- 
ton.   (See  Society.) 

July  16.  A'.  Y.  The  Legislature  elects 
"Warner  Miller  to  succeed  Senator 
Piatt.  [And  Elbridge  G.  Lapham  to 
succeed  Senator  Coukling,  on  July  22.] 

Aug.  12.  Capt.  Hooper  and  Mr.  Reynolds 
of  the  revenue  cutter  Corwin  take  pos- 
session, in  the  name  of  the  United  States, 
of  "Wrangel  Iiand,  in  the  Arctic  Sea. 

Sept.  19.  A.  J.  President  Garfield 
dies  at  Elberon ;  public  and  private 
buildings  throughout  the  country  are 
draped  in  mourning. 

Sept,  20.  New  York.  Chester  Alan 
Arthur,  vice-president,  is  sworn  into 
the  presidency  as  the  21st  President. 

The  24th  Administration  is  con- 
tinued by  Chester  A.  Arthur. 

Oct.  10.  D.  a  The  Senate  meets,  in 
special  session,  at  the  call  of  President 
Arthur.    (Sept.  23.)     [Closes  Oct.  25.] 

Thomas  F.  Bayard  of  Del.  is  re- 
elected President  pro  tempore.  [David 
Davis  of  111.  is  elected  Oct.  13.] 

Oct.  27.  -D.  a  Charles  J.  Folger  of 
N.  T.  is  appointed  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury. 

Nov.  4.  r>.  C.  Sir  Iiionel  Sackville 
MTest,  the  new  minister  for  England, 
is  received  by  the  President. 

Wov.  14.  D.  C.  William  "Windom  of 
Minn,,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  re- 
signs. 

Nov.  •/).  C  "WayneMcVeaghof  Pa., 
Attorney-General,  resigns. 

Dec.  5.  D.C.  The  47th  Congress  opens. 

Dec.  5,  D.  C.  John  W.  Keifer  (Rep.) 
of  O.  is  elected  Speaker.  Vote,  Keifer, 
148 ;  S.  J.  Randall  of  Pa.,  129, 

Dec.  12.  D.  C.  Fred.  T.  Freling- 
huysen  of  N.  J.  is  appointed  Secretary 
of  State. 

Dec.  15.  D.  C.  James  G.  Blaine  re- 
signs the  office  of  Secretary  of  State. 

Dec.  19.  B.  C.  Benj.  H.  Brewster  of 
Pa.  is  appointed  Attorney-General. 

Dec.  20.  D.  C.  Timothy  O.  Howe  of 
Wis.  is  appointed  Postmaster-General. 

Congress  grants  the  postal  franking 
privilege  to  the  widow  of  President 
Garfield. 

*  *D.C.  Congress  passes  an  act  legaliz- 
ing trade-marks. 

*  *  D.  C.  Stanley  Mathews  of  O.  and 
Horace  Gray  of  Mass.  are  appointed 
Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States. 

*  *  D.  C.  Secretary  Windom  ex- 
changes about  $500,000,000  in  bonds 
bearing  6  per  cent  and  other  rates  of 
interest,  for  3J  per  cent  bonds. 

*  *  Kan.  The  Supreme  Court  of  the  State 
decides  that  the  prohibitory  amend- 
ment is  valid. 

*  *  New  York.  William  R,  Grace  is 
elected  the  82d  mayor. 


*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugturated : 
-83  *  *  Ark.    Thomas  J.  Churchill. 
-83  *  *  Co7m.    Hobart  B.  Bigelow. 
-85  *  *  Ma.    William  D.  Bloxham. 
-85  *  *  Ind.    Albert  G.  Porter. 
-83*  *  Me.    Harris  M.  Plaisted. 
-83  *  *  Mich.    David  H.  Jerome. 
-85  *  *  Mo.    Thomas  T.  Crittenden. 
-83  •  *  N.H.     Charles  H.  Bell. 
-84  *  *  N.J.    George  C.  Ludlow. 
-83  *  *  Tenn.    Alvin  Hawkins. 
-85  *  *  W.  Va.    Jacob  R.  Jackson 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1881  Aug.  24.  Eng.  Two  American  sail- 
ors arrive  at  Falmouth  after  crossing 
the  Atlantic  in  the  City  of  Bath,  a  boat 
fomteen  feet  long. 

Sept.  6.  Wis.  An  exposition  is  opened 
at  Milwaukee. 

Sept.  14.  Tlie  steamer  Asia  is  wrecked 
on  Iiake  Huron;  about  100  lives  are 
lost. 

Sept.  *  Mich.  Forest  fires  devastate  over 
1,800  square  miles  in  Huron,  Sanilac, 
and  Tuscola  counties ;  2,900  families  are 
burned  out,  and  138  lives  lo.^t. 

Oct.  5-Dec.  31.  Ga.  An  International 
Cotton  Exposition,  the  first  in  the 
United  States,  is  held  at  Atlanta. 

Oct.  19.  Va.  The  centennial  of  the 
Battle  of  Yorktown  is  celebrated  on  a 
grand  scale.  [Military  review,  Oct.  20 ; 
naval  review,  Oct.  21.] 

Oct.  *  Md.  Citizens  celebrate  the  opening 
of  the  aqueduct  supplying  Baltimore 
with  water  from  the  Gunpowder  Kiver. 

If  ov.  4.  Colo.  Denver  City  becomes  the 
permanent  capital. 

Nov.  9.  The  American  sloop  Mischi^ 
defeats  the  Canadian  sloop  Atalanta  in 
a  race  for  the  America  cup. 

Wov.  29.  Mo.  A  Missouri  River  Im- 
provement Convention  meets  at  St. 
Joseph. 

Dec.  3.  Phila.  Electric  street-lights 
are  introduced. 

Dec,  26.  Va.  The  steamer  West  Point 
takes  fire  on  the  York  River  ;  19  lives 
are  lost. 

Dec.  31.    U.  S.   Statistics  for  1881. 

Production:  Gold,  $34,700,000;  silver, 
$43,000,000;  bales  of  cotton,  6.589,329; 
pounds  of  wool,  240,000,000;  barrels  of 
petroleum,  27,661 ,238.  Currency  in  circu- 
lation (June  30),  $1,114,238,419  ;  per  cap- 
ita, $21.71.  Immigrants  received  (fiscal 
year),  669,431.  Milesof  railroads  worked, 
92,971 ;  capital  stock,  $3,117,375,179.  Fire 
waste,  $81,280,900;  insurance,  $44,641,- 
900.  Railroad  accidents,  1,458;  persons 
killed,  414;  persons  mjured,  1,597. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  awards  Mrs.  Ida 
XjCwis  "Wilson,  the  daughter  of  the 
keeper  of  the  Lime  Rock  lighthouse,  a 
gold  medal  for  heroic  services  in  saving 
13  lives  at  various  times. 

*  *  Fla.  Philadelphia  capitalists  pur- 
chase 4,000,000  acres  of  State  land 
south  of  the  Ocala  and  east  of  the  Kis- 
simmee  Rivers  for  $1,000,000. 

*  *///.  The  streets  of  Aurora  are  lighted 
by  electricity  —  the  first  city  in  the 
world. 80  lighted. 


310     1881,  *  *-1882,  Dec.  28. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1882  May  4.  B.C.  President  Arthur 
remits  so  much  of  Fitz-John  Porter's 
sentence  by  court  martial  as  forever  dis- 
qualifies him  from  holding  office  under 
the  Government. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1881  *  *  T}ie  Cup  that  Cheers  is  painted 
by  T.  W.  Wood. 

*  *  Twilight  on  the  Hudson  is  painted  by 
Worthington  Whittredge. 

*  •  Kaatskill  Itiver  is  painted  by  Jervis 
McKntee. 

*  *  Cows  by  the  Meadow  Brook  is  painted 
by  A.  D.  Shattuck. 

*  *  Foggy  Day  is  painted  by  F.  S.  Church. 

*  *  Spring  is  painted  by  George  Inness. 

*  *  VieiD  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  painted 
by  J.  W-  Casilear. 

1882  Mar.  18.  N.  Y.  A  new  comet 
is  discovered  at  the  Dudley  Observatory 
at  Albany. 

Mar.  23.  Russia.  The  bodies  of  Capt. 
De  Long  and  others  of  the  Jeannette 
Polar  Expedition  are  found  by  G.  W. 
Melville  near  the  mouth  of  the  Lena 
River. 

Mar.  *  A  great  flood  prevails  on  the 
Mississippi  and  its  tributaries ;  85,000 
persons  are  made  destitute ;  Congress 
votes  $150,000  for  relief. 

Apr.  16-17.  U.  S.  An  aurora  of  ex- 
traordinary magnificence  is  observed 
throughout  the  country  ;  it  lasts  from 
nine  in  the  evening  till  daylight  appears. 

Apr,  *  Tornadoes  occur  in  the  South  ; 
150  people  lose  their  lives. 

May  *  Ind.  Ter.  A  cyclone  kills  and 
wounds  120  people. 

May  15.  Arctic  Sea.  A  part  of  Lieut. 
Greely's  Expedition,  under  David  L. 
Brainard,  penetrates  to  latitude  83°  24^' 
north,  longitude  40°  46^'  west.  A  higher 
latitude  than  ever  before  reached. 

June  18.  la.  A  terrific  tornado  occurs 
at  Grinnell ;  60  persons  are  killed  and 
150  wounded.  Property  is  damaged  to 
the  amount  of  $600,000. 

Dec  *  III.  Sugar  is  manufactured  in 
large  quantities  from  sorghum. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

Jan.  4.  Draper,  John  William,  chemist, 
physiologist, historian  (spectrum analysis), 
A71. 

Jan.  17.  Bullock,  Alexander  Hamilton, 
lawyer,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  writer,  A66. 

Jan.  21.     Pond,  Enoch,  Cong,  cl.,  au.,  A91. 

Jan.  29.  HoUey,  Alexander  Lyman, metal- 
lurgist, author,  A50. 

Jan.  30.  Bellows,  Henry  Whitney,  Unit. 
cl.,  au.,  pres.  U.  S.  Sanitary  Commia.,  A68. 

Feb.  19.  .Johnson,  Samuel,  Unit,  clergy- 
man, author,  A60. 

Mar.  4.  Latham,  Milton  Scott,  lawyer, 
M.  C,  senator,  Gov.  of  Cal.,  A55. 

Mar.  31.  Dewey,  Orville,  Unit,  clergyman, 
writer,  A88. 

Mar.  34.  Ixingrfellow.  Henry  "Wads- 
worth,  poet,  author,  prof,  of  belles  lettres 
at  Harvard,  A75. 

Apr.  37.  Emerson.  Ralph  Waldo,  essay- 
ist, philosopher,  poet,  lecturer,  au.,  A79. 

May  3.  Maynard,  Horace,  M.  C.  for  Tenn., 
P.  M.  G.,  author,  A68. 

May  6.  Rodgers,  John,  rear-adm.  U.  S.  K., 
A70. 


May  14.  Barnard,  John  Gross,  gen.,  niilU 
tary  engineer,  writer,  A67. 

May  26.  Chester,  Joseph  Lemuel,  genealo- 
gist in  Eng.,  writer,  A61. 

May  30.  Kogers,  Wlliiam  Barton,  physi- 
cist, geologist,  A78. 

June  15.  Dennlson,  William, lawyer,  Gov. 
of  O.,  P.  M.  G.,  A66. 

June  21.  Hayes,  Augustus  Allen,  chemist, 
writer,  A76. 

July  10.    Giles,  Henry,  critic,  essayist,  A73. 

July  24.  Marsh,  George  Perkins,  philolo- 
gist, politician,  diplomatist,  A81. 

Aug.  8.  Warren,  Gouverneur,  Kemhle, 
maj.-gen.  U.  S.  vols.,  military  eng.,  A52. 

Aug.  19.  Hill,  Benjamin  Harvey,  lawyer, 
M.  C,  sen.  for  Ga.,  Confederate  sen.,  A59. 

Oct.  3.  Phillips.  Adelaide,  Anglo-Ameri- 
can contralto  singer,  A49. 

Nov.  20.  Draper,  Henry, scientist, educator, 
celestial  photographer,  A45. 

Kov.  22.  Weed,  Thurlow,  journalist,  poli- 
tician, author,  AKS. 

Dec.  1.  Coan,  Titus,  Cong,  missionary  at 
Hawaii,  A8I. 

Dec.  18.    James,  Henry,  au.,  novelist,  A71. 


CHURCH. 

1881  *  *  The  American  Baptist  Publica- 
tion Society  organizes  a  special  Bible 
department,  with  a  secretary,  to  raise 
money  for  the  circulation  of  the  Scrip- 
tures at  home  and  abroad. 

*  *  The  Reformed  Episcopal  Synod  of 
New  York  and  Philadelphia,  is  organ- 
ized. 

1882  Jan.  8.  S.  C.  H.  P.  Northrop  is 
consecrated  (Boman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Charleston. 

Jan.  25.  Pa.  Cortlandt  Whitehead  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Pittsburg. 

Apr.  30.  Tex.  N.  A.  Gallagher  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Galveston. 

May  3.  Tenn.  The  General  Conference 
(Methodist  Episcopal  South)  meets  at 
Nashville. 

May  19.  Mich.  The  Roman  Catholic 
Diocese  of  Grand  Rapids  is  established. 

June  9.  Chicago.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

Sept.  19-22.  N.  r.  The  National  Con- 
ference (Unitarian)  is  held  at  Saratoga. 

Nov.  9.  Neb.  The  Nebraska  Association 
(Unitarian)  is  organized  at  Omaha. 

Dec.  28.  The  Utah  Association  (Congre- 
gational) is  organized. 


LETTERS. 

1882.  Aug.  16.  Mass.  The  "Harvard 
Annex"  for  the  instruction  of  women, 
organized  in  1879,  is  incorporated. 

Oct.  1.  S.C.  The  State  reopens  its  mili- 
tary academy  at  Charleston. 

Nov.  16.  Wis.  The  Milwaukee  Daily 
Journal  is  issued. 

SOCIETY. 
1882  Jan.  1.  Xeb.  The  State  Home  for 

the  FriendlesB  at  Lincoln  is  opened. 
Jan.  24.    D.  C.    Mrs.  "Wharton  is  tried 

and  acquitted  of  the  murder  of  Gen. 

W.  S.  Ketchum. 
Jan.  25.     D.  C.    Charles  J.   Guiteau, 

the  assassin  of   President    Garfield,  is 

found  guilty  of  murder,  and  sentenced 

to  be  hanged. 


Jan.  26.  Xew  York.  The  Charity  Or- 
ganization Society  is  formed. 

Feb.  22.  Boston.  The  National  Law 
and  Order  League  is  organized. 

Feb.  *  Many  Jews  find  refuge  in  Amer- 
ica from  European  oppression. 

Mar.  14  ^.  Mass.  About  5,255  weavers 
and  spinners  at  Lawrence,  unsuccess- 
fully strike  against  reduced  wages, 
holding  out  23  weeks,  at  a  loss  of  $800,- 
000  in  wages. 

Mar.  22.  D.C.  The  penalty  for  polygamy 
in  the  territories  of  the  United  States  is 
a  fine  not  exceeding  $5,000,  and  impris- 
onment not  exceeding  five  years.  (See 
State.) 

Mar.±*  D.  C.  Some  of  the  Star  Boute 
conspirators  are  brought  to  trial. 

Indictments  are  found  against  the 
second  assistant  Postmaster  Thomas  J. 
Brady,  Stephen  W.  Dorsey,  .John  W. 
Dorsey,  John  M.  Peck,  and  John  R. 
Miner,  who  had  made  fraudulent  mail 
bids.  [The  jury  disagree  on  the  first 
trial ;  there  are  no  convictions  on  the 
second  trial.] 

Apr.  1-h.  Pa.  More  than  2,000  coal 
miners  in  Western  Pennsylvania  un- 
successfully strike  against  reduced 
wages,  and  hold  out  20  weeks,  at  a  wage- 
loss  of  $500,000. 

Apr.  17+.  N.  Y.  About  5,000  cotton- 
mill  hands  at  Cohoes  unsuccessfully 
strike  against  reduced  wages,  and  hoI<I 
out  19  weeks,  at  a  wage-loss  of  $541,250. 

May  9^.  O.  About  5,000  rolling-mill 
hands  at  Cleveland  unsuccessfully 
strike  for  the  adoption  of  the  rules  of 
their  Association,  for  95  days,  at  a  wage- 
loss  of  $376,250. 

June  1+.  Pa.  About  30,000  iron-workers 
at  Pittsburg  unsuccessfully  strike  for 
a  new  scale  of  prices,  and  hold  out  four 
months,  at  a  wage-loss  of  $3,300,000. 

June  21.  Md.  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  meets  in  its  16th  Na- 
tional Encampment  at  Baltimore ;  Paul 
Van  Der  Voort  of  Neb.,  commander-in- 
chief. 

Jime  30.  B.  C.  Charles  J.  Guiteau  is 
hanged  at  Washington  for  the  murder 
of  President  Garfield. 

June  *  Conn.  James  Malley  is  acquitted 
of  the  murder  of  Jennie  E.  Cramer  at 
New  Haven  on  Aug.  5,  1881. 

July  1.  Nev.  An  asylum  for  the  insane 
is  opened  by  the  State  at  Reno. 

Sept.  11.  D.  C.  The  jury  on  the  "  Star 
Route*'  trials  disagree  respecting  the 
guilt  of  the  priucipals. 

Oct.  11.  Mass.  The  100th  anniver- 
sary of  the  birth  of  Daniel  Webster  is 
celebrated  at  Marshfield. 

Oct.  13.  Mo.  John  Cockrill,  editor  of 
the  St.  Louis  Post- Dispatch,  is  acquitted 
of  murder  in  fatally  shooting  Col.  Slay- 
back. 

Nov.  *  Xeb.  The  people  reject  the 
amendments  to  the  Constitution,  ex- 
tending suffrage  to  women.  Vote, 
25,75&-50,693. 

Dec.  17.  .V.  Y.  St.  Mary's  General 
Hospital  at  Brooklyn  is  opened  for  the 
reception  of  patients. 


UNITED    STATES.       1881,*  *-1882,  Dec.  28.     311 


STATE. 

1882  Feb.  2.  D.  C.  Congress  grants 
an  additional  pension  to  the  widow  of 
Abraham  Lincoln. 

Feb.  16.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
fixea  ita  membership  at  325,  and 
changes  the  apportionment  according  to 
the  lute  census. 

Feb.  27.  />.  C.  Congress;  House: 
James  G.  Blaine  delivers  a  eulogy  at 
the  memorial  services  on  the  late 
President  Garfield. 

Mar.  22.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
drastic  Edmvmds  Bill. 

It  disfranchises  polygamists,  and 
places  the  elections  in  Utah  undercharge 
of  a  commission  appointed  by  the  Presi- 
dent. 

Mar.  28.  D.  C.  Congress  extends  the 
northern  boundary  of  Nebraska  to  the 
43d  parallel. 

Mar.  31.  /).  C,  Congress  grants  a 
pension  of  $5,000  each  to  the  widows  of 
James  A.  Garfield,  James  K.  Polk,  and 
John  Tyler. 

Apr.  *  D.  C.  Samuel  J.  Kirkwood  of 
la.,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  resigns  ; 
also  "William  H,  Hunt,  Secretary  of 
the  Navy.  "William  E.  Chandler  of 
N.  H.  is  appointed  Secretary  of  the 
Navy. 

Apr.  4.  D.  C.  President  Arthur  vetoes 
the  Anti-Chinese  Bill,  restricting  the 
immigration  of  Chinese  for  20  years, 

Apr,  18.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
confirms  Henry  M.  Teller  of  Colo,  as 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  'William 
E,  Chandler  of  N.  11.  as  Secretary  of 
the  Navy.  [The  latter  is  appointed 
minister  to  Russia.] 

Apr.  28.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  a 
second  Anti-  Chinese  Bill,  making  the 
term  of  exclusion  10  years,  and  prohibit- 
ing naturalization. 

May  3.  D.  C.  President  Arthur,  by 
proclamation,  orders  disorderly  persons 
to  desist  from  violence  in  Arizona. 

May  15.  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for 
a  Tariff  Commission. 

It  consists  of  nine  civilians,  who  are  to 
visit  various  sections  of  the  country,  in- 
vestigate the  sulnect  of  tariff  revision, 
and  report  to  Congress.  Members  : 
John  L.  Hayes,  president,  Henry  W. 
Oliver,  Jr.,  Austin  M.  Garland,  Jacob 
Ambler,  Kobert  P.  Porter,  John  W.  H. 
Underwood,  Duncan  F.  Kenner,  Alexan- 
der K.  Boetler,  and  William  H.McMa- 
hon. 

May  19.  D.  C  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  bill  extending  the  national 
bank  charters  25  years. 

May  25-31.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
House  is  in  a  deadlock  over  the  con- 
tested election  case  of  G.  M.  Mackey  of 
S.  C,  vs.  Samuel  Dibble;  Mackey  ob- 
tains the  seat. 

May  28.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  General  Award  Bill,  ap- 
pointing a  court  to  distribute  the  re- 
maining moneys  received  in  payment  of 
the  Alabama  claims.  [June  5.  Ap- 
proved.] 

Jime  30.  IT.  S.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal 
year.     Revenue:   customs,  §220,410,730; 


internal  revenue,  8146,41)7,595;  direct 
tax,  $160,142;  sales  of  public  lands,  $4,- 
753,140;  miscellaneous  items,  $31,703,643. 
Total  revenue,  ;$403,525,250 ;  excess  of 
revenue  over  expenditures,  $145,543,811. 
Expenditures :  Miscellaneous  items, 
$57,219,325  ;  War  Department,  $43,570,- 
494  ;  Navy  Department,  $15,032,046  ;  In- 
dians, $9,736,747;  pensions,  $61,345,194; 
interest  on  the  public  debt,  $71,077,207. 
Total  ordinary  expenditures,  $257,981,440. 
Public  debt,  $1,926,688,678.  Exports, 
$760,&42,257 ;  imports,  $724,639,574. 

Aug.  1.  I).  C.  President  Arthur  vetoes 
the  River  and  Harbor  Appropriation 
Bill,  because  of  its  excessive  amount. 

Aug.  2.  Z>.  C.  Congress :  Both  Houses 
pass  the  River  and  Harbor  Bill  over 
the  President's  veto. 

Aug.  3.  D.  C.  Congrress  provides  for 
the  calling  of  an  international  confer- 
ence to  establish  a  common  prime  me- 
ridian for  the  world. 

Aug.  4.  U.  S,  The  Chinese  Exclusion 
Act  becomes  operative. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  George  H. 
Pendleton  of  O.  introduces  a  bill  for  the 
reform  of  the  civil  service,  having  as 
a  conspicuous  feature  open  competitive 
examinations.  [It  attracts  little  atten- 
tion in  Congress  till  after  the  elections, 
which  alarm  the  majority.] 

Aug.  8.  D.  C.  The  47th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

Aug.  23.  Chicago.  Organization  of  the 
Home-Protection  party. 

Nov.  7.  N.  T.  Grover  Cleveland 
(Dera.)  is  elected  governor  by  193,825 
majority  over  Charles  J.  Folger  (Rep.). 

N*ov.  *  Va.  The  people  ratify  the  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution,  abrogating 
the  clause  requiring  the  payment  of  a 
capitation  tax  as  a  condition  of  suffrage. 
Vote,  107,303-66,131. 

Dec.  4.  D.  C.  The  47th  Congress : 
the  second  session  opens. 

Congress :  The  Tariff  Commission 
reports  a  bill  favoring  protection. 

Kan.     A  Democratio  governor  is 

first  elected. 

Dec.  24.  />.  C.  Gen.  N.  M.  Curtis,  hav- 
ing appealed  to  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court  against  a  fine  imposed  for  vio- 
lating the  civil  service  rules,  the 
court  declares  the  law  constitutional 
and  the  sentence  affirmed. 

Dec.  27.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
Pendleton  Civil  Service  BUI  is  passed. 
Vote,  38-5.  [All  the  minority  are  Bem- 
ocrats.] 

Dec.  28.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  A 
bill  for  the  relief  of  Fitz-John  Porter 
is  introduced.  [Passes.  Vote,  33-27.  It 
is  strongly  opposed  in  the  House.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1881  *  *  Great  Britain  pays  the  United 
States  $75,000  compensation  for  damages 
done  to  American  fishermen  in  Por- 
time  Bay. 

*  *  The  Standard  Oil  Trust  is  organized 
by  the  petroleum  companies. 


1882  Jan.  6.  la.  A  railroad  disas- 
ter causes  21  deaths  at  New  Albion. 

Jan.  13.  N.  Y.  A  collision  on  the  Hud- 
son River  Railroad  at  Spuyten  Duyvil 
Creek  causes  nine  deaths. 

Jan.  28.  Chicago.  The  new  cable  street- 
railroad  is  publicly  tried  for  the  first 
time. 

Feb.  4.  The  steamer  Bahama,  running 
between  Puerto  Rico  and  New  York, 
founders  at  sea  ;  20  lives  are  lost. 

Feb.  17.  Pa.  A  fireworks  factory  at 
Chester  explodes,  and  14  persons  are 
killed. 

K.  IT.  The  business  center  of  Haver- 
hill is  burned ;  loss  about  $2,000,000. 

Mar.  30.  The  steamer  Golden  City  is 
burned  on  the  Mississippi  near  Mem- 
phis ;  20  lives  are  lost, 

Apr.  9.  Keto  York.  The  huge  elephant 
called  Jumbo  arrives  from  London. 

Apr.  10.  La,  The  second  centennial 
of  the  discovery  of  the  mouths  of  the 
Mississippi  River  by  Sieur  de  La  Salle 
is  celebrated. 

July  1.  The  Columbia  Freshmen  defeat 
Harvard  in  a  boat-race ;  time  10.5G. 

July  3.  Columbia  defeats  Harvard ; 
time  24.32. 

July  4.  The  steamer  Sciota  is  sunk  by  a 
collision  on  the  Ohio  ;  57  lives  are  lost. 

July  20,  The  steamer  Louisiana  runs 
from  New  Orleans  to  New  York  in  4 
days,  14  hours,  and  17  minutes. 

July  22.  Cat.  Miners  hold  a  conven- 
tion at  Nevada  City  to  consider  the  <le- 
bHs  question,  as  it  affects  streams  of 
water. 

Aug.  7.  The  steamer  Gold  Dust  on  the 
Ohio  River  bursts  her  boilers,  and 
kills  17  persons. 

Aug.  19.  Ky.  The  100th  anniversary 
of  the  battle  of  Blue  Iiicks  is  cele- 
brated. 

Sept.  26.  Cal.  Residents  and  property 
owners  in  the  Sacramento  and  San  .Joa- 
quin Valleys  hold  an  Anti-D6bris 
Convention  at  Sacramento. 

Sept.  29.  The  steamer  liobert  E.  Lee  is 
burned  on  the  Mississippi ;  20  lives  are 
lost. 

Oct.  8.  Cal.  Tlie  steamer  Arabic  runs 
from  Yokohoma,  Japan,  to  San  Fran- 
cisco in  13  days,  21  hours,  and  43  minutes. 

Oct.  10,  The  bark  Malleville  runs 
aground  in  Vancouver  Sound;  19  Uvea 
are  lost. 

Oct.  22-27.  Philadelphia  celebrates 
the  second  centennial  of  its  settle- 
ment. 

Oct.  22.  The  Wambe  is  wrecked  off  Van- 
couver Island ;  several  hundred  lives  are 
lost. 

Oct.  30.  New  York.  The  Park  Theater 
is  burned ;  two  lives  are  lost. 

Nov.  *  Cal.  ITie  Big  Bend  gold  mining 
tunnel  is  begun.  [It  is  completed  Ajtril, 
1886;  length,  12,000;  size,  12  by  16  feet.] 

Nov,  *  jV.  J.  Work  is  suspended  on  the 
Hudson  River  Tunnel  from  the  New- 
Jersey  side,  for  financial  reasons. 


312     1882,  Dec.  31-1883,  June  24.        AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1882  *  *  The  cruiser  Trenton  is  lighted  by 
electricity;  the  first  war-vessel  in  the 
world  so  lighted. 

1883  May  *  Gen.  Crook  pursues  hos- 
tile Apache  Indians  into  Mexico,  with 
the  concurrence  of  the  Mexican  Gov- 
erumeut ;  he  captures  383  prisoners. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1882  *  *  Cojin.  A  new  observatory  is 
erected  for  Yale. 

*  *  Mass.  A  Veterinary  School  is  es- 
tablished at  Harvard. 

*  *  New  York,  Thomas  Hovenden  of  Pa., 
William  J.  Linton  of  New  Haven,  and 
Alfred  C.  Howland,  George  H.  Smillie, 
and  Gilbert  Gaul  of  New  York,  are 
elected  members  of  the  National  Acad- 
emy of  Design. 

*  *  Nev.  Nickel  is  discovered  In  Hum- 
boldt County. 

*  *  San  Juan  Abajo  is  painted  by  Thomas 
Mo  ran. 

*  *  Princess  Lily  is  painted  by  J.  M.  Hart. 

*  *  Rugged  Maine  is  painted  by  William 
Bradford. 

*  *  Uncle  Ned  and  J  is  painted  by  T.  W. 
Wood. 

*  *  Cattle  is  painted  by  A.  D.  Shattuck. 

*  *  The  Himtsinan  is  painted  by  George 
Inness,  Jr. 

*  ♦  Bathers  is  painted  by  G.  W.  Maynard. 

*  *  Indian  Summer  is  painted  by  Jervia 
McEutee. 

*  *  Venice  is  painted  by  G.  L.  Brown. 

*  *  A  colossal  statue  of  "Washington  is 
executed  by  J.  Q.  A.  Ward.  [It  is  set 
up  in  Wall  Street,  New  York  City.] 

1883  Feb.  23.    A  comet  is  discovered. 
Peb.  *  Floods  prevail  in  Pennsylvania 

and  Ohio  ;  50,000  people  in  the  valley  of 
the  Ohio  are  rendered  homeless ;  rise 
of  the  Ohio  at  Cincinnati, 66  feet  ;  relief 
is  sent  from  all  parts  of  the  country. 

Feb.  *  JVi/o.  The  mercury  falls  to  57 
degrees  below  zero  at  La  Crosse. 

Apr.  22.  Miss.  A  cyclone  at  Beaiire- 
gard  destroys  200  houses  and  83  lives. 

Apr.*  Ga.~La.  Tornadoes  destroy 
millions  of  property  and  many  lives  in 
Georgia  and  Iowa. 

May  11.  New  York.  The  American 
Art  Union  is  incorporated,  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  art. 

May  18.  Wis.  A  cyclone  at  Kacine 
kills  16  people  and  injures  100 ;  52  build- 
ings are  destroyed ;  loss,  $175,000. 

May  24.  N.  Y.  The  East  River 
Bridge  is  opened  for  public  use. 


Feb.  10.  Jewell,  MarsbalL  Gov.  of  Conn., 
minister  to  Russia,  P.  M,  G.,  A66. 

Feb.  14.  Morgan,  Edwin  Deunison,  senator 
for  N.  Y.,  Gov.,  A72. 

Mar.  4.  Stephens.  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton, senator  for  Ga.,  Gov.,  Confederate 
Vice-President,  M.  C.  for  Ga.,  A71. 

Mar.  35.  Howe,  Timothy  Otis,  lawyer,  sen- 
ator for  Wis.,  P.  M.  G.,  A67. 

Apr.  4.  Cooper.  Peter,  manufacturer, 
founder  of  Cooper  Union,  Greenback  can- 
didate for  prea.,  A92. 

Apr.  6.  Barnes,  Joseph  K.,  surg.-gen.  U.  S. 
A.,  A66. 

May  12.  Washburn,  Israel,  M.  C,  Gov.  of 
Me.,  A70. 

May  17.  Peck,  Jesse  Trueadell,  Chanc.  of 
Syracuse  Univ.,  M.  E.  bp.,  author,  A72. 

May  38.  Sharswood,  George,  jurist,  of  Pa., 
legal  writer,  A73. 

June  11.  Brooks,  Charles  T.,  Unit  cler- 
gyman, author,  A70. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1883. 

Jan.  3.  Krauth,  Charles  Porterfield,  Luth- 
eran clergyman,  theologian,  author,  A60. 

Jan.  10.  Merrill,  Lot  Myrick,  lawyer,  sen- 
ator. Gov.  of  Me.,  secretary  of  treas.,  A70, 

Jan.  13.     Mills,  Clark,  sculptor,  A6H. 

Jan.  23.  Beard,  George  Miller,  physician, 
author,  A44. 

Feb.  2.  Greene,  George  Washington,  au- 
thor of  historical  boolcs,  A82. 

Feb.  9.  Dodge,  William  Earl,  merchant,  of 
N.  Y.,  philanthropist,  A77. 


CHURCH. 
1882*  *  Cal.  Tbe  California  Conference 
(Free  Metbodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Board  of  Foreig^n  Missions  of 
the  Methodist  Protestant  Church  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  111.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) meets  at  Springtield ;  Herrick 
Johnson,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Home  Board  opens 
a  Choctaw  Orphan  School. 

*  *  ///.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Monmouth ; 
David  Paul,  moderator. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Lexington  ; 
B.  B.  Tyler,  president. 

*  •  Mass.  The  Connecticut  Valley  Con- 
gregational Club  is  formed  at  Springfield. 

*  *  Mass.  A  Congregational  Club  is 
formed  at  Fitchburg. 

*  *  N,  Y.  A  Baptist  Ministers'  Home 
is  founded  at  West  Farms. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Baptist  Annual 
Meeting  is  held. 

*  The  Missouri,  Pittsburg,  South  Da- 
kota, and  West  Kansas  Conferences 
(Free  Methodist)  are  organized. 

*  *  The  American  Missionary  Society  re- 
ceives by  transfer  the  Indian  missions 
of  the  American  Board  ;  the  association 
withdraws  from  work  in  foreign  coun- 
tries. 

1883  Jan.  27.  S.  a  H.  P.  Northrop 
is  transferred  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
Diocese  of  Charleston. 

Feb.  24.  Miss.  Hugh  Miller  Thompson 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
assistant  bishop  of  Mississippi. 

Mar.  31.  The  Congregational  Associa- 
tion of  Mississippi  is  organized. 

Apr.  22.  Mick.  Henry  Joseph  Richter 
is  consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop 
of  Grand  Rapids. 

Apr.  23.  Wis.  Michael  Heiss  is  pro- 
moted (Roman  Catholic)  archbishop  of 
Milwaukee. 

May  17.  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  at  Saratoga ;  E.  F. 
Hatfield,  moderator.  It  organizes  the 
Board  of  Aid  for  Colleges. 

May  24.  The  two  Bible  Societies  organ- 
ized by  Baptists  yield  their  work  and 
office  to  the  Missionary  Union  and  the 
Publication  Society. 


May  26.  The  General  Synod  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  (Reformed  Epia- 
copal)  is  granted  separate  organization 
by  the  General  Council. 

Jime  1.  Jio&ton.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  24.  Joseph  Bademacber  is  con- 
secrated (lioman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Nashville. 

LETTERS. 
1882  *  *  Cal.    The  Wormal  School  es- 
tablished by  the  State  at  Los  Angeles  is 
opened. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  opens. 

*  *  la.  The  West  Des  Moines  Training- 
school  is  opened. 

*  *  Ida.  The  "Wilbur  CoUesre  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  in  Lewiston. 

*  *  ///.  St.  Mary's  School  at  Knoxville 
receives  its  charter. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Christian  CoUese  (Disci- 
ples) is  founded  at  Columbia. 

*  *  Md.  The  Westminster  Theological 
Seminary  (Meth.  Prot.)  is  founded. 

*  *  Neb.  Gates  CoUege  at  Neligh  is 
opened. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Argosy  and  the  Morn- 
ing Journal  are  issued. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Saturday  Globe  is  issued 
at  Utica. 

*  *  O.  The  "Western  Reserve  CoUege 
is  removed  from  Hudson  to  Cleveland, 
and  its  name  changed  to  Adalbert. 

*  *  O.  The  Central  Ohio  College  (Dis- 
ciples) is  founded  at  East  Liberty. 

*  *  Pa.  Tlie  Holy  Ghost  CoUege  (Rom. 
Cath.)  at  Pittsburg  is  chartered. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Pennsylvania  Grit  is  issued 
at  Williamsport. 

*  *  S.  Dak.  The  Yankton  CoUege  is 
opened. 

*  *  Wash.  Spokane  College  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  founded  at  Spokane  Falls. 

*  *  W,  Va.  The  Normal  and  Classical 
Academy  established  at  Buckhannon  is 
opened. 

*  *  fPistory  of  the  American  People^  by  J. 
H.  Patton,  appears. 

*  ♦  Idyls  of  Norway^  by  H.  H.  Boyesen, 
appears. 

*  *  A  Modem  Instance,  by  W.  D.  Howells, 
appears. 

*  *  Mr.  Isaacs,  by  F.  Marion  Crawford, 
appears. 

*  *  Prince  Saroni's  Wife,  by  J.  Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

*  *  Sunday  Observance  and  Sunday  Laic, 
by  L.  W.  Bacon,  appears. 

*  *  Specimen  Days  and  Collect,  by  Walt 
Whitman,  appears. 

*  *  England  Witlioutand  jriMi/i,  by  Rich- 
ard Grant  White,  appears. 

*  *  Prince  and  Pauper,  by  Mark  Twain, 
appears. 

*  *  Life  of  John  Randolph,  by  Henry 
Adams,  appears. 

*  *  Anne,  by  Constance  Feniniore  Cooper, 
appears. 


UNITED   STATES.   1882,  Dec  31.-1883,  June  21    313 


*  *  Life  of  Hamiltwi,  by  Ilenry  Cabot 
Lodge,  appears. 

*  *  An  Echo  of  Passion,  by  George  Par- 
sons Lathrop,  appears. 

*  *  Through  One  AdministratUmf  by  Fran- 
cis HoUgson  Burnett,  appears. 

1883  Apr.  5.  Ky.  An  educational 
convention  is  held  at  Frankfort ;  it  or- 
ganizes a  morement  against  illiteracy. 

SOCIETY. 

1882  Dec.  *  U.  S.  The  Indiana' 
Hights  Association  is  organizeu 

Dec.  +  *  D.  C.  New  trial  of  the  *•  Star 
Route  "  cases  begins,  and  continues  for 
six  months. 

There  were  296  contracts  dishonestly 
obtained  with  worthless  bonds  for 
58,000,000.  A  swindle  amounting  to 
$5,000,000  is  alleged,  in  "expediting" 
privileges. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Charity  Organization 
Society  is  formed. 

*  *  Colo.  Ijabor  Day  becomes  a  legal  hol- 
iday, to  be  observed  on  the  first  Monday 
in  September. 

*  *  la.  The  Prohibitory  Amendment 
is  adopted  by  the  people;  majority  — 
nearly  30,000  votes. 

*'  No  person  shall  manufacture  forsale, 
sell,  or  keep  for  sale  as  a  beverage,  any 
intoxicating  liquors  whatever,  including 
ale,  wine,  and  beer." 

*  *  Ky.  The  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union  meets  in  national  con- 
vention at  Louisville ;  Frances  Wil- 
lard,  president.—  The  Hatfield  faction 
in  Pike  County  capture  four  political 
murderers  of  the  McCoy  faction,  and 
shoot  them. —  The  "Regulators"  dis- 
band, surrender  to  the  civil  authorities 
at  Louisville,  and  furnish  the  names  of 
many  members  of  their  organization. 

*  *  Afich.  An  Insane  asylimi  is  located 
by  the  State  at  Traverse  City. 

*  *  Miss.  The  Legislature  enacts  a  law 
against  the  selling  or  giving  away  of 
intoxicating  liquors  within  five  miles 
of  the  University  of  Mississippi. 

*  *  The  Koyal  Society  of  Good  Fel- 
lows is  founded. 

*  *  N'ew  York.  The  Actors'  Fund  is  es- 
tablished, to  provide  aid  for  disabled 
and  needy  members  of  the  theatrical 
profession, 

*  *  Va.  The  Legislature  abolishes  cor- 
poral punishment. 

1883  Jan.  4.  Tenn.  It  is  announced 
that  the  defalcation  of  M.  T.  Polk,  the 
State  treasurer,  amounts  to  $4,000,000. 

Jan.  26.  Z>.  C.  The  Marquis  of  Lome 
visits  Washington. 

Jan.  *  Ala.  The  deficit  of  the  State 
treasurer,  I.  H.  Vincent,  is  found  to  be 
$212,000. 

Mar.  21.  Pa.  N.  L.  Bukes  is  acquitted 
of  the  murder  of  Col.  Nutt  of  Union- 
town. 

Mar.  28.  The  Legislature  establishes  a 
council  of  State  charities  and  correc- 
tion. 

Mar.  *  Mo.  The  Downing  Ijaw  (high- 
license)  is  enacted. 


It  fixes  yearly  license  charges  at  $50  to 
S200  for  State  purposes,  and  $500  to  $800 
for  county  purposes  —  a  minimum  of 
$550  and  a  maximum  of  $1,000. 

Apr.  2K  Chicago.  Over  3,000  bricklayers 
successfully  strike  for  increased 
wages  ;  they  hold  out  G8  days  at  a  wage- 
loss  of  $5G0,000. 

June  9.  n.  C.  The  remains  of  John 
Howard  Payne,  removed  from  Tunis, 
are  interred  with  public  ceremonies  at 
Washington. 

June  11.  B.  C.  Thomas  J.  Brady  and 
the  Dorseys  are  acquitted  in  the  second 
Star  Houte  trial. 

STATE. 

1882  *  *  D.  C.    Samuel  Blatchford  of 

N.  Y.  is  appointed  justice  of  U.  S.  Su- 
preme Court. 

*  ♦  Ay.  Commissioners  are  appointed 
to  consider  railroad  affairs. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-86  •  *  Ala.    Edw.  A.  O'Neal. 

-86  *  *  Ariz.  ( Ter.).  Frederick  A.  Tuttle. 

-83  *  *  t?a.    Alex.  H.  Stephens. 

-88  *  *  La.    Samuel  ]>.  M'Enery. 

-83  *  *  Mass.     Benj.  F.  Butler. 

-90  *  *  Miss.    Kobert  Lowry. 

-84  *  *  Mmil.iTer.).  J.  Schuyler  Crosby. 

-b6  *  *  N.  Mex.  { Ter.).    L.  A.  Sheldon. 

-o6  *  *  Ore.    Z.  F.  Moody. 

-od  *  *  S.  C.    Hugh  S.  Thompson. 

-86*  *  Va.     William  E.  Cameron. 

-84  *  *  [7.    John  L.  Barstow. 

-88  *  *  Wis.    Jeremiah  M.  Busk. 

1883  Jan. 4.  liostnn.  Gen. B.F.But- 
ler is  inaugurated  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Jan.  5.  J).  C.  Congress  ;  House  :  The 
Pendleton  Civil  Service  Bill  is  passed. 
Vote,  155-47. 

101  Republicans,  49  Democrats,  and  5 
Independents  vote  for  it ;  7  Republicans, 
39  Democrats,  and  one  Independent  vote 
against  it. 

Jan.  9.  />.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  a  Presidential  Succession  Bill. 
Vote,  40-13. 

It  is  designed  to  provide  for  a  contin- 
gency when  neither  President  nor  Vice- 
President  is  selected,  and  where  no  Pres- 
ident pro  tempore  has  been  chosen  by  the 
Senate.     [Not  considered  in  the  House.] 

Jan.  10.  D.  C  Congress ;  Senate  :  A 
tariff  bill  is  reported. 

Jan.  16.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  The 
Committee  of  Ways  and  Means  reports 
a  tariff  biU. 

The  Civil  Service  Reform  Bill  is 
signed  by  the  President,  and  becomes 
the  law  of  the  land  ;  it  requires  compet- 
itive examination  for  admission  into 
certain  departments  of  the  civil  service. 

Jan.  26.  Va,  The  Legislature  passes 
the  Riddenberger  Act,  proposing  cer- 
tain terms  of  settlement  with  holders  of 
State  bonds. 

Feb.  28.  D.  C.  Congress :  A  Confer- 
ence Committee  meets  to  consider  the 
tariff  bill.    [Mar.  2.    It  reports.] 

Mar.  3.  B.C.  Congress  approves  the 
tariff  biU.  Vote,  Senate,  32-31 ;  House, 
152-116.  The  President  immediately 
signs  the  bill. 

Tliis  act  reduces  the  internal  reve- 
nue and  repeals  the  tax  on  bank  checks, 


etc.,  also  on  matches  and  medicinal  pre- 
parations ;  the  protective  tariff  principle 
is  retained. 

Congress  authorizes  postal  notes  of 
less  sums  than  $5;  it  reduces  the  rate 
of  first-class  matter  from  three  cents  to 
two  cents  per  half-ounce. 

Mar.  4.    B.  C.     Congress  removes   the 
special  duty  of  10  per  cent  on  goods 
imported  from  ports  west  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope. 
The  47th  Congress  ends. 

Mar.  5.  B.C.  Chief  Justice  Waitemakes 
a  decision  in  the  case  of  New  York  and 
New  Hampshire  vs.  Louisiana. 

"  One  State  cannot  create  a  contro- 
versy with  another  State  within  the 
meaning  of  that  term  as  used  in  the 
judicial  clauses  of  the  Constitution,  by 
assuming  the  prosecution  of  debts  ow- 
ing by  other  States  to  its  citizens." 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1882  Dec.  31.    U.S.  Statistics  for  1882. 
Production:    gold,   $32,500,000,    silver, 

$46,800,000;  bales  of  cotton,  5,435,845: 
pounds  of  wool,  272,000,000 ;  barrels  of 
petroleum,  30,000,000;  currency  in  circu- 
lation (Juno  30),  ^1,174,290,419  ;  per  cap- 
ita, $22.37.  Immigrants  received  (fiscal 
year),  788,992.  Miles  of  railroads  worked, 
104,971 ;  capital  stock,  $;i,511,(j;J5,424  ;  to- 
tal accidents,  1,365;  persons  killed,  380; 
injured,  1,588.  Fire  waste,  $84,505,024; 
insurance,  $48,876,131. 

•  *  Fla.  Philadelphia  capitalists  begin 
the  drainage  of  liake  Okeechobee  to 
reclaim  valuable  land. 

*  *N.  Y.  New  York  Yacht  Club  returns 
the  America  cup  to  one  of  the  surviv- 
ing donors,  that  he  may  make  new  con- 
ditions. 

1883  Jan.  10.  Wis.  The  NewhaU 
House  is  burned  at  Milwaukee,  causing 
71  deaths ;  George  Scheller,  lessee  of 
the  barroom,  is  arrested  on  a  charge  of 
arson. 

Jan.  19.  Cal.  A  passenger  train  on 
the  Southern  Pacific  is  wrecked  near 
Tehichipa;  15  persons  are  killed, 

Feb.  13.  Ga.  Savannah  celebrates  the 
150th  anniversary  of  its  settlement. 

Mar.  4.  The  steamer  Yazoo  sinks  in 
the  Mississippi ;  the  accident  is  caused 
by  an  obstruction  ;  19  lives  are  lost. 

Mar.  17.  Three  base-ball  clubs  form 
a  tripartite  or  national  agreement  —  the 
National  Xieague,  American  Associa- 
tion, and  the  Northwestern  League. 

Mar.  24.  Distinct  telephonic  commu- 
nication is  opened  between  New  York 
and  Chicago  —  distance,  1,000  miles. 

Mar.  30.  O.  An  accident  occurs  on 
the  Cincinnati  Southern  liailroad  near 
Mason's  Station  ;  53  persons  are  injured. 

May  3±.  The  steamer  Grappter  ia 
biurned  near  Vancouver  Island ;  70 
lives  are  lost. 

May  24.  N.  Y.  The  great  Sast  Biver 
Bridge,  connecting  New  York  and 
Brooklyn,  is  opened  for  traffic  after  13 
years  have  been  spent  In  its  construc- 
tion.   Cost,  $15,000,000.    (See  Art,  1870.) 

May  30.  A  panic  occurs  on  the  East 
River  Bridge  ;  12  persons  are  crushed  to 
death,  and  many  injured. 


314      1883,  June  30.-**. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1883  July  2.  Judson  D.  Bingham  is 
commissioned  colonel  —  quarternuister's 
department.  ^ 

July  3.  Matthew  M.  Blunt  is  commis- 
sioned colonel  —  the  ICth  infantry. 

Oct.  31.  Philip  H.  Sheridan  is  ap- 
pointed (IGth)  to  command  the  army, 
and  (4ih)  to  rank  as  general. 

Nov.  1.  I>.  C.  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman 
relinquishes  command  of  the  17.  S. 
Army ;  Gen.  Sheridan  assumes  com- 
mand. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1883     Aug.  12.     2^.  r.    The  asteroid 

Barbara  is  discovered  hy  C.  H.  F.  Peters 

of  Clinton. 
Sept.  2.    Another  comet  is  discovered. 
Oct.  22.    Neio  York.    The  Metropolitan 

Opera  House  is  opened. 
Oct.*  Henry  Irving  (John  Henry  Brod- 

rib)  makes  his  first  appearance  in  the 

United  States. 
Oct.  *  Ellen  Alice  Terry  KeUy  makes 

her   first    appearance    in    the    United 

States.    (Ellen  Terry.) 

*  *A\J.  A  23-inch  Clark  equatorial, 
with  several  large  spectroscopes,  is 
mounted  in  the  Halstead  Observatory 
at  Princeton. 

*  *  Neio  York.  A  bronze  statue  of 
"Washington  is  unveiled  in  Wall  Street. 

July  13.  The  steamer  Proteus,  sent  to 
relieve  the  Greely  Arctic  Expedition  of 
1881,  is  crushed  in  the  ice  of  Smith's 
Sound  ;  it  is  the  second  imsuccessful  at- 
tempt to  send  relief. 

Aug.  21,  Minn.  A  tornado  destroys 
one-third  of  the  houses  in  Rochester 
and  many  lives ;  property  loss,  $1,000,000. 

*  *  Neio  York.  Frederick  Dielman,  H. 
Bolton  Jones,  Edgar  M.  Ward,  and 
Kruseman  Van  Elten  of  New  York  are 
elected  members  of  the  National  Acad- 
emy of  Design. 

*  *  S.  Dak.  Tin  is  discovered  in  the 
Black  Hills. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Cfficilia  Ladies'  Vocal 
Society  is  organized  at  Brooklyn. 

*  "  The  American  Climatological  Asso- 
ciation is  organized. 

*  *  Campanini  makes  his  first  appear- 
ance in  the  United  States. 

*  *  Ancient  Mariner  is  painted  by  G.  W. 
Maynard. 

*  *  Cockle  Ga^Aerin^r  is  painted  by  Edward 
Moran. 

*  *  Scene  on  Long  Island  is  painted  by  J. 
W.  Casilear. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1883. 

July  4.  Pnrcell,  John  Baptist,  R.  C.  arch- 
bishop of  Cincinnati,  O.,  writer,  A83. 

July  8.  Haldwin,  John  Dennison,  Cong, 
cl.,  editor,  author,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  A74. 

July  15.  Stratton,  Charles  Sherwood, 
dwarf  (Gen.  'J'om  Thunil>),  A45. 

July  21.     Mihnore,  Martin,  sculptor,  A39. 

July  27.  Blair,  Montgoniery,  lawyer,  P.  M. 
G.,  A70.  j>        .      » 

Aug-.  19.  Sikes,  William  Wirt,  writer,  au- 
thor, A47. 

Black,  Jeremiah  Sullivan,  jurist,  of 

Pa.,  atty.-gen.,  secretary  of  state,  A73. 


Aug.  SO.  Baker,  William  Mumford,  Pres. 
clergyman,  novelist,  A58. 

Oct.  10.  Kwer,  Ferdinand  Cartwright,  P.  K. 
clergyman,  author,  A57. 

Oct.  12.  Smith,  John  Lawrence,  mineralo- 
gist, chemiBt,  author,  A65. 

Oct.  22.  Reid,  Mayne,  captain  in  Mexican 
war,  novelist,  A65. 

Nov,  7.  Randolph,  Theodore  Frellnghuy- 
sen,  Gov.,  sen.  for  N.  J.,  A57. 

Nov.  13.  Sims,  James  Martin,  phys.,  surg., 
inventor  of  medical  instruments,  A70. 

Nov.  15.  Le  Conte,  John  LawTence,  ento- 
mologist, naturalist,  author,  ASS. 

Dec.  27.  Himiphreys,  Andrew  Atkinson, 
brig.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  A73. 

CHURCH. 

1883  July4.  O.  Wm.  H.  Elder  succeeds 
to  (Roman  Catholic)  See  of  Cincinnati. 

Sept.  16.  It.  Patrick  W.  Riordan  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Cabesa. 

Oct.  6.  The  Mormons  hold  a  great  meet- 
ing at  Salt  Lake ;  57  missionaries  are 
sent  out  to  make  converts. 

Oct.  14.  Ind.  David  Buel  Knicker- 
backer  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) bishop  of  Indiana. 

Oct.  20.  N.  Y.  Henry  Codman  Potter 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
assistant  bishop  of  New  York. 

Oct.  21.  Va.  Alfred  Magill  Randolph 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
assistant  bishop  of  Virginia. 

Dec.  6.  Fla.  The  General  Congrega- 
tional Association  of  Florida  is  organ- 
ized. 

Dec.  20.  J^.  Dak.  William  W.  Walker 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  North  Dakota. 

*  *  The  ■Women's  General  Missionary 
Society  (United  Presbyterian)  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Unitarian  Ministers* 
Monday  Club  is  established. 

*  *  The  Bureau  of  Woman's  "Work  is 
organized  by  the  American  Missionary 
Association. 

*  *  The  American  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners for  Foreign  Missions  transfers 
all  their  Indian  missions  to  the  Ameri- 
can Missionary  Asssociation. 

It  becomes  responsible  for  the  Indian 
work  of  the  Congregational  Church , 
Tlie  missions  transferred  are  the  Fort 
Berthold  Mission  and  school,  among  tlie 
Mandans,  Gros  Ventres,  and  Rees,  in 
Dakota ;  the  Santee  Mission  and  a 
large  normal  training-school,  at  Santee 
Agency,  Nebraska;  and  the  Fort  Sully 
Mission,  with  its  out-stations,  on  the 
Cheyenne.    (Cyc.  of  Missions.) 

*  *K,  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held  at  Saratoga. 

*  *  N.  Dak.  The  North  Dakota  General 
Congregational  Conference  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  meets  at  Springfield. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Cincinnati ; 
D.  R.  Dangan,  president. 

LETTERS. 

1883  *  *  Ala.  The  Normal  College  for 
girls  at  Livingston  and  the  State  Nor- 
mal School  at  Jackson  are  opened. 

*  *  Ark.  I-ittle  Rock  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Little  Rock. 


*  *  Cal.  'Washington  College  (Disci- 
ples) is  founded  at  Irvine. 

*  *  Fla.  Stetson  University  (Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Deland.  The  State  Uni- 
versity is  removed  from  Eau  Gallic  to 
Lake  City. 

*  *  Ga.  The  Gammon  Theological 
School  of  Clark  University  is  founded 
at  Atlanta. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Rose  Polytechnic  Insti- 
tute at  Terre  Haute  is  opened. 

*  *  Ky.  Home  College  (Disciples)  is 
founded  at  Cambellsburg. 

*  •  Mo.  Ash  Grove  College  (Disciples) 
is  founded  at  Ash  Grove.  The  St.  Louis 
Evening  Star  Sayings  is  issued. 

*  *Mont.  The  CoUege  of  Montana. 
established  at  Deer  Lodge,  is  opened. 

*  *  AT.  J.  The  Evening  News  is  issued  at 
Newark. 

*  •  Neio  York.  The  World  is  bought  by 
Joseph  Pulitzer. 

*  •  Pa.    The  Press  is  issued  at  Pittsburg. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Ladies'  Home  Journal  is 
issued. 

*  *  S.  Dak.  The  State  Normal  Schools 
at  Spearfish  and  Madison  are  opened. 
Sioux  Falls  University  (Bapt.)  is 
foimded.  The  University  of  South  Da- 
kota (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Vermil- 
lion. Pierre  University  (Pres.)  is  or- 
ganized at  East  Pierre. 

*  *  Tex,  University  of  Texas  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Austin. 

*  *  Va.  The  State  Normal  and  Collegiate 
Institute  is  located  at  Petersburg. 
Hartshorn  Memorial  College  (Col. 
Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Richmond.  The 
Southwest  Virginia  Institute  (Fem. 
Bapt.)  is  foimded  at  Glade  Springs. 

*  *  Wash.  "Witman  CoUege  at  Walla 
Walla  is  opened. 

*  *  From  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,  by  T.  B.  Al- 
drich,  appears ;  also  Mercedes. 

*  *  The  Pay  of  Seven  Islands,  by  John 
Greenleaf  AAThittier,  appears. 

*  *  Beyond  the  Gates,  by  Elizabeth  Stuart 
Phelps,  appears. 

*  *  Donald  and  Dorothy,  by  Mary  Mapes 
Dodge,  appears. 

*  *  Dr.  Claudius,  by  F.  Marion  Crawford, 
appears  ;  also  To  Leeward. 

*  *  The  English  Novel  and  Us  Develop' 
ment,  by  Sidney  Lanier,  appears. 

*  *  English  Rambles,  by  William  Winter, 
appears. 

*  *  Excursions  of  an  Evolutionist  ^  by  John 
Fiske,  appears. 

*  *  Farm  Festivals,  by  Will  Carleton,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Forfune''s  Fool,  by  Julian  Hawthorne, 
appears  ;  also  Dust. 

*  *  History  of  Virginia,  by  JohB  Esten 
Cooke,  appears. 

*  *  The  Hoosier  Schoolboy,  by  Edward  Eg- 
gleston,  appears. 

*  *  Hot  Ploughshares,  by  Albion  Winegar 
Tourg^e,  appears. 

*  *  Lulu's  Library,  by  Louisa  M.  Alcott, 
appears. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1883,  June  30-* 


315 


*  •  .Wichael  Angela,  by  Henry  W.  long- 
fellow,  appears. 

*  *  Portraits  of  Places,  by  Henry  James, 
appears. 

*  *  Common  Sense  in  the  Kitchen,  by  Mar- 
ion Harland,  appears. 

SOCIETy. 

1883  June  *  III.  The  Legislature 
passes  the  Harper  law. 

Minimum  rates  of  §500  for  the  sale  of 
all  kinds  of  liquors,  anil  S150  for  the  sale 
of  malt  liquors  only,  are  tixed. 

July  19.  Pa.  The  great  strike  of  67,- 
000  telegraph  operators,  for  an  ad- 
vance of  15  per  cent  in  their  wages, 
begins  at  Pittsburg  [and  extends  to  sev- 
eral States]. 

July  25.  Colo.  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  meets  in  its  17th  National 
Encampment  at  Denver ;  Robert  B. 
Beath  of  Pa.,  commander-in-chief. 

Aug.  15.  The  successful  strike  of  tele- 
graphers ends. 

Sept.  1+.  Pa.  About  1,200  glass-blowers 
of  western  Pennsylvania  successfully 
strike  against  reduced  wages,  and  hold 
out  23  weeks  at  a  wage-loss  of  $526,000. 

Sept.  24+.  Ky.  A  national  convention  of 
colored  men  is  held  at  Louisville ;  it 
claims  civil  and  political  rights. 

Sept.  ♦-Oct.  *  Chief  Justice  Coleridge 
of  England  visits  America. 

Oct.  30.  N-.  r.  Edward  N.  Rowell  of 
Batavia  is  acquitted  of  murder  in 
fatally  shooting  Johnson  L.  Lynch  of 
Utica,  his  wife's  lover, 

Nov.  3.  Va.  A  riot  breaks  out  between 
the  negroes  and  the  white  military  at 
Danville ;  seven  negroes  are  killed,  and 
seven  white  men  wounded. 

Nov.  26.  iVew  York.  The  Centenary 
of  the  British  Evacuation  is  cele- 
brated by  an  immense  procession. 

*  •  Chicago.  The  'Washington  Park 
Club  is  organized. 

*  *  III.  The  Chicago  Voice  and  Hearing 
School  for  the  Deaf  established  at 
Englewood  is  opened. 

*  *  Kg.  —  La.  The  Charity  Organization 
Society  is  formed  at  Louisville  ;  another 
at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
for  the  bringing  of  children  of  worth- 
less parents  before  the  court  and  provid- 
ing them  with  the  proper  guardianship. 

*  *  Mass.  About  50,000  voters  vainly  peti- 
tion the  Legislature  to  submit  a  Con- 
stitutional Amendment  against  the 
liquor  tralfic. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  meets  in  a  national 
convention  at  Detroit ;  Frances  "Wil- 
lard,  president.  It  organizes  a  'World's 
AVoman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union. 

*  *  Me.  The  death  penalty  is  restored 
to  the  statutes. 

*  *Mo.  The  Legislature  passes  the  Down- 
ing High-Ijcense  law ;  foe  $1,200. 

*  *  Mo.  A  State  Board  of  Health  is  es- 
tablished. 


*  *  Mont.    Mormons  expelled  from  Utah       -85  *  *  N.  Y.    Grover  Cleveland. 


for  their  monogamic  apostasy  settle  in 
Deer  Lodge  and  Gallatin  Counties. 
»  *Jf.C.    The  State  hospital  for  the  in- 
sane is  opened  at  Morgsnton. 

STATE. 

1883  Jime30.  U.S.  Statistics  for  the 
fiscal  year.  Revenue:  Customs,  $214,- 
706,497;  internal  revenue,  $144,720,369; 
direct  tax,  $108,167  ;  sales  of  public  lands, 
$7,955,864;  miscellaneous  items,  $30,796,- 
395.  Total  revenue,  $398,287,582  ;  excess 
of  revenue  over  ordinary  expenditures, 
$132,879,444.  Expenditures :  Miscella- 
neous items,  $68,678,022;  War  Depart- 
ment, $48,911,383;  Navy  Department, 
$16,283,437;  Indians,  $7,362,590;  pen- 
sions, $66,012,574 ;  interest  on  the  pub- 
lic debt,  $59,160,131.  Total  ordinarv  ex- 
penditures, $266,408,138.  Public  debt, 
$1,892,547,412.  Exports,  $823,839,402 ;  im- 
ports, $723,180,914. 

Sept.  19.  S.  Dak.  A  Territorial  Conven- 
tion at  Sioux  Falls  frames  a  State  Con- 
stitution. 

Oct.  10.  U.  S.  Two-cent  letter  pos- 
tage goes  into  effect. 

Oct.  15.  £>.  a  The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court 
decides  that  the  Civil  Bights  Act  of 
March  1, 1875,  requires  that  equal  privi- 
leges be  given  to  colored  people  and 
whites  in  inns,  cars,  and  theaters,  is 
unconstitutional  except  within  the 
District  of  Coliunbia  and  in  the  Terri- 
tories. 

Nov,  6.  Dakota  adopts  by  a  popular  vote 
a  Constitution  erecting  South  Dakota 
as  a  separate  State. 

Xew    York.     Franklin  Edson   is 

elected  the  83d  mayor. 

Dec.  3.  D.  C.  The  48th  Congress 
opens. 

Congress ;  Senate  :  George  F.  Ed- 
munds of  'Vt.  is  elected  President  pro 
tempore.  House :  John  G.  CarUsle 
(Dem.)  of  Ky.  is  elected  Speaker  by  191 
votes  against  112  for  J.  'W.  Keifer  (Rep.), 
and  10  scattering. 

Dec.  31.  n.  C.  The  reduction  of  the 
public  debt  since  July  amounts  to  81 
millions. 

*  *  Kan.  The  Legislature  provides  for  a 
railroad  commission,  to  regulate  the 
passenger  and  freight  charges  of  rail- 
roads. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
for  funding  the  State  debt  at  a  discount 
of  24  per  cent  on  6  per  cent  bonds  ;  the 
others  are  cut  down  in  like  proportion, 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-85  •  *  Ark.    Jas.  H.  Berry. 

-87  *  *  Cal.    George  Stoneman. 
-85  *  *  Colo.    James  B.  Grant. 
-85  •  •  Conn.    Thomas  M,  Waller. 
-87  *  *  Del.    Charles  C.  Stockley. 
-86  *  *  Ga.    Henry  D.  M'Daniel. 
-84  »  *  /da.  (Ter.)    John  N.  Irwin. 
-85  *  *  Til.    John  M.  Hamilton. 
-85  *  *  Kan.    George  W.  Glick. 
-87  •  *  Kg.    J.  Proctor  Knott. 
-86  *  *  Mass.    George  D.  Robinson. 
-87  *  •  Me.    Frederick  Bobie. 
-85  *  *  .IficA.    Josiah  W.  Begole. 
-86  *  *  Minn.    Lucius  F.  Hubbard. 
-87  •  *  yeb.    James  W.  Dawes. 
-85  *  *X.  H.    Samuel  W.  Hale. 


-87  •  *  Neo.    Jewett  W.  Adams, 
-87  *  *  Pa.    Robert  E.  Pattisou. 
-85  *  *  R.  I.    Augustus  O.  Bourn, 
-87  *  *  Tenn.    William  B.  Bate, 
-87  *  *  Tex.    John  Ireland. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1883  July  4.  N.  Y.  The  first  intercol- 
legiate boat-race  for  fours  is  pulled  at 
Lake  George,  IJ  miles  straight.  Cornell, 
11.57 ;  University  of  Pennsylvania,  12,29 ; 
Princeton,  12,40  ;  Wesleyan,  12.47. 

July  23.  Md.  Near  Baltimore  a  pier 
on  the  Patapsco  River  gives  way,  and 
70  exciu-sionists  lose  their  lives. 

July  24.  N.  Y.  Capt.  Matt.  'Webb  is 
drowned  while  attempting  to  swim 
across  the  Niagara  Whirlpool  Rapids. 

July  *  Nero  York.  Work  is  suspended 
on  the  Hudson  River  Tunnel  for  lack 
of  funds ;  the  amount  expended  on  the 
abandoned  tunnel  is  $1,000,000, 

Aug  1+.  Ky.  The  Southern  Exposi- 
tion is  held  at  Louisville. 

Aug.  11.  Mass.  'Vineyard  Haven  is 
almost  destroyed  by  fire. 

Sept.  1.  Ala.  The  State  Agricultiural 
Department  becomes  operative  ;  E.  C. 
Betts  is  appointed  commissioner. 

Sept.  3.  Boston.  The  Foreign  Exjio- 
sition  opens. 

Sept.  4.  III.  A  railroad  accident  near 
Grayville  causes  nine  deaths. 

Sept.  6.  N.  Y.  The  new  steamboat  Maid 
of  the  Mist  makes  a  perilous  passage 
through  the  lower  rapids  and  whirlpools 
of  the  Niagara  River. 

Sept.  8.  Mont.  The  last  spike  is  driven 
in  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  at 
a  point  near  the  mouth  of  Gold  Creek  ; 
the  road  is  1,674  miles  long. 

Oct.  1.  Miss.  An  Interstate  Levee  Con- 
vention meets  at  Vicksburg. 

Oct.  3.  Pa.  The  Pittsburg  Exposition 
buildings  burn  with  the  exhibits  ;  loss, 
$1,000,000. 

Nov.  *  Six  New  England  fishing  schoon- 
ers founder  at  St.  George's  Bank  ;  76 
lives  are  lost. 

Dec.  14.  New  York.  The  Standard 
Theater  is  burned. 

Dec.  20.  N.  Y.  The  cantilever  rail- 
road bridge  across  Niagara  River  is 
opened. 

*  *  Florida  prospers  after  long  neglect ; 
its  wilderness  is  boomed  by  British  and 
American  capitalists. 

Deo.  31.     U.  S.    Statistics  for  1883. 

Production:  Gold,  $30,000,000;  silver, 
$46,200,000;  bales  of  cotton,  6,992,234: 
pounds  of  wool,  290,000,000  ;  barrels  of 
petroleum,  23,449,633,  Currency  in  cir- 
culation (June  30),  $1,230,305,696  ;  per 
capita,  $22,91.  Immigrants  received 
(fiscal  year)  603,322.  MUes  of  railroads 
worked,  110,414;  capital  stock,  $3,708,- 
060,583;  total  accidents,  1,019;  persons 
killed,  474;  persons  injure<l,  1,954.  Fire 
waste,  $100,149,228;  insurance,  $54,808,- 
6ftt;  lives  lost,  447, 

♦  *  Phila.  The  'William  Penn  cottage, 
erected  In  +1683  —  the  pioneer  brick 
house  —  is  transferred  to  Prospect  P.nrk, 
and  rebuilt. 


316     1883,  ** -1884,  Sept.  14. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1884  Apr.  18.  Peter  T.  Swaine  is  com- 
missioned colonel  —  22d  infantry. 

July  2.  D.  C.  President  Arthur  vetoes 
the  bill  to  restore  Fitz-John  Porter 
to  the  army  as  unjust  to  other  officers. 
(See  State,  Feb.  1.) 

■July  5.  Guido  N.  Lieber  is  commissioned 
colonel. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1883  •  *  Geysers  is  painted  by  Albert 
Uierstadt. 

»  ♦  Neglecting  Trade  is  painted  by  T.  W. 
Wood. 

*  •  Uplands  in  Autumn  is  painted  by  Jer- 
vis  McEntee. 

*  •  Waviayanda  Valley  is  painted  by  J. 
F.  Cropsey. 

»  •  Sunny  Day  in  the  Woods  is  painted  by 

Worthington  Whittredge. 
»  •  Hillside  is  painted  by  A.  F.  Bellows. 

*  *  July  Day  is  painted  by  A.  C.  Shaw. 

*  *  Thomas  he  Clear  is  painted  by  Wil- 
liam Page. 

*  *  Fishing  Craft  at  Sunset  is  painted  by 
William  Bradford. 

*  *  Niagara  Falls  Is  painted  by  George 
Inness. 

*  ♦  Willing  Captives  Is  painted  by  F.  S. 
Church. 

*  » Mother  of  the  Herd  is  painted  by 
George  Inness. 

1884  Feb.  7±.  Great inundationB oc- 
cur in  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  other 
regions  ;  about  15  lives  are  lost  and5,000 
people  are  liomeless.  [Congress  appro- 
priates $500,000  for  relief.] 

Feb.  14.  O.  The  flood  in  the  Ohio 
reaches  71}  inches  at  Cincinnati,  the 
highest  water  recorded. 

Feb.  18.  Tornadoes  in  the  Southern 
States  cause  the  loss  of  600  lives. 

May  10.  An  expedition  tmder  "W.  S. 
Schley  sails  in  search  of  Lieut.  Greely 
in  the  Arctic  regions ;  a  reward  of 
$25,000  is  offered  by  the  Government. 

May  24.  N.Y.  The  East  River  Bridge 
is  opened. 

Depth  of  the  New  York  foundation  be- 
low high-water  mark,  78  ft.,  6  in. ;  depth 
of  the  Brooklyn  foundation  below  high- 
water  mark,  45  ft.  Size  of  the  towers  at 
high-water  line,  140  x  59  ft.  —  at  roof 
course,  138  X  53  ft. ;  height  of  the  towers 
above  high-water  mark,  276  ft.,  6  in.; 
height  of  roadway  in  the  clear  in  the 
middle  of  the  East  Kiver,  135  ft.  ;  width 
of  bridge,  85  ft.  ;  length  of  main  span, 
1,595  ft.,  6  in. ;  length  of  each  land  span, 
930  ft. ;  length  of  the  Brooklyn  approach, 
971  ft.;  length  of  the  New  York  approach, 
1,560  ft.  ;  length  of  each  of  the  four  great 
cables,  3,578  ft.,  6  in. ;  diameter,  15}  in. ; 
number  of  steel  galvanized  wires  in  each 
cable,  5,434  ;  weight  of  each  cable,  about 
800  tons.  Ultimate  strength  of  each 
cable,  15,000  tons  ;  weight  of  gteel  in  the 
suspended  superstructure,  10,000  tons. 
Total  cost,  $15,000,000.  (Houghtaliug's 
Handbook.) 

June  18.  Conn.  A  memorial  of  Gov- 
ernor Buckingliani  is  unveiled  at  Hart- 
ford ;  sculptor,  Olin  1>.  Warner. 

June  22.  Arctic  Itegiim.  Capt.  Schley  of 
the   Thetis  finds  the   seven  survivors 


of  Ijieut.  Greely's  expedition  five 
miles  otf  Cape  Sabins,  on  Smith's  Sound, 
17  persons  having  starved  and  one  acci- 
dentally drowned.  The  expedition  had 
penetrated  to  83°  21'  N. 

July  17.  N.  F.  Ueut.  Greely  and 
party  arrive  at  St.  Johns.  [Aug.  1. 
They  arrive  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.] 

Aug.  5.  New  York.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  pedestal  for  the  Statue  of  Liberty 
on  Bedloe's  Island  is  laid. 

Aug.  10-11.  U.  S.  Slight  shocks  of 
earthquake  are  felt  in  the  region  be- 
tween New  York  and  Washington. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1884. 

Jan.  36.  Letcher,  John,  lawyer,  M.  C.  for 
Va.,  (iov.,  ATI. 

Feb.  2.  Phillips.  Wendell,  lawyer,  orator, 
antislavery  leader,  A73. 

Feb.  8.  (^.nyot,  Arnol<l  Henry,  naturalist, 
geographer,  author,  A77. 

Feb.  16.  Williams,  .Samuel  Wells,  prof,  of 
Chinese  at  Yale,  author,  A72. 

Feb.  37.  Hunt,  William  Henry,  lawyer, 
sec.  navy,  diplomatist,  A60. 

Mar.  31.  Abbot,  Ezra,  Biblical  scholar, 
theologian,  author,  .\6.5. 

Fuller,    <Jeorge,    figure    and    portrait 

painter,  A62. 

Apr.  17.  Appleton,  Thomas  Gold,  author, 
poet,  A72. 

May  3.  Toebbe,  Augustus  Mary,  R.  C. 
bishop  of  Covington,  Ky.,  .\5.^. 

May  6.  Gross,  .Samuel  David,  surgeon, 
author,  A79. 

May  8.  Benjamin.  Judah  Philip,  lawyer, 
senator  for  La. ,  Con  federate  atty.  -gen. ,  sec- 
retary of  state,  A73. 

May  13.  O'Conor.  Charles,  lawyer,  Dem. 
candidate  for  presidency,  A80. 

May  13.  McCormick,  Cyrus  Hall,  inventor 
of  reaper  for  harvesting  grain,  A7.5. 

June  7.  Hoffman,  Charles  Fenno,  poet, 
novelist,  A  78. 

Webb,  James   Watson,   journalist,   of 

N.  Y.,  A82. 

June  8.  Swayne,  Noah  Havnes,  jurist,  as- 
sociate justice  of  U.  .S.  S.  Ct.,  A80. 

June  18.  Simpson.  Matthew,  coll.  pres., 
M.  E.  bishop,  orator,  A74. 

July  1.  IMnkerton,  Allan,  detective,  au.,  A64. 

Aug.  8.  Whitehead,  William  Adee,  histo- 
rian, A74. 

Aug.  17.  Woodward,  Joseph  Janvier,  sur- 
geon, histologist,  author,  A72. 

A.\xe.  18.  Hudson,  Mary  Clemmer  Ames, 
writer,  author,  correspondent,  A45. 

Sept.  3.  Bowen,  Henry,  journalist,  editor, 
Gov.,  sen.  for  R.  I.,  A79. 

Folger,  Charles  James,  jurist  of  N.  Y., 

secretary  of  treasury,  AWj. 

CHURCH. 
1883  *  *  Pa.   General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)    meets    at    Pittsburg ; 
William  H.  McMillan,  moderator. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets ;  it  pro- 
vides for  the  enrichment  of  the 
Prayer  Book. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
Diocese  of  East  Carolina  is  established. 

»  *  Congregational  Clubs  are  formed  in 
Omaha,  New  Haven,  Old  Colony,  San 
Francisco,  and  Central  New  York. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Home  Board  starts 
a  day-school  among  the  Cherokees  at 
Fort  Gibson ;  also  a  boarding-scbool 
among  the  Sioux. 

*  *  The  Presbyterians  begin  mission-work 
among  the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Board  of  Aid  for 
Colleges  is  well  sustained. 

*  *  The  National  Council  (Congrega- 
tional) meets.  The  committee  presents 
a  Declaration  of  Faith. 


*  *  The  East  Michigan  Conference  (Free 
Methodist)  is  organized. 

±  *  •  The  'Woman's  Board  of  the  Evan- 
geUcal  Association  (German  Churches) 
is  organized. 

1884  Mar.  7.  Mont.  The  Eoman  Catho- 
lic Diocese  of  Helena  is  established. 

Apr.  17.  N.  C.  A.  A.  Watson  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  East  Carolina. 

Apr.  24.  Ga.  The  Southern  Conference 
( Unitarian  and  other  Christian  Churches) 
is  held  at  Atlanta. 

May  1-28.  Phila.  The  General  Con- 
ference (Methodist  Episcopal)  is  held. 

Charles  H.  Fowler,  William  X.  Ninde, 
Willard  F.  Mallalieu,  John  M.  Walden, 
are  elected  bishops ;  and  William  Tay- 
lor is  elected  missionary  bishop  for 
Africa. 

May  29.  Phila.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  11.  N,  H.  Dennis  M.  Bradley  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
New  Hampshire. 

June  17.  The  Montana  Conference 
(Congregational)  is  organized. 

June  19.  The  General  Association  (Con- 
gregational) of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico 
is  organized. 

July  31.  Minn.  Bishop  John  Ireland 
succeeds  to  the  (Roman  Catholic)  Archl- 
episcopal  See  of  St.  Paul. 

Sept.  14.  la.  Henry  Cosgrove  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Davenport. 

LETTERS. 

1883  *  »  His  Somber  Rivals,  by  Edward 
Payson  Roe,  appears. 

»  ♦  Life  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  by  Ly- 
man Abbott,  appears. 

*  *  Life  on  the  Mississippi,  by  Mark  Twain, 
appears. 

*  *  Daniel  Webster,  by  Henry  Cabot 
Lodge,  appears. 

*  *  Spanish  Vistas,  by  George  Parsons 
Lathrop,  appears. 

*  »  History  of  the  People  of  the  United 
States,  Vol.  I.,  by  John  Bach  McMaster, 
appears. 

»  *  The  Mate  of  the  Daylight,  by  Sarah 

Orne  Jewett,  appears. 
»  *  For  the  Major,  by  Constance  Fenimore 

Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  A  Daughter  of  the  Philistines,  by  H.  H. 
Boyesen,  appears. 

*  *  The  House  of  a  Merchant  Prince,  by 
William  Henry  Bishop,  appears. 

»  *  But  Yet  a  Woman,  by  Arthur  S.  Hardy, 
appears. 

1884  Apr.  7.  D.  C.  Congress  passes 
an  Educational  BUI  appropriating  $77,- 
000,000  to  be  apportioned  among  the 
States,  in  proportion  to  illiteracy. 

Apr.  23.  D.  C.  Congress  grants  46,080 
acres  of  land  to  the  State  of  Alabama, 
for  the  benefit  of  the  Alabama  Uni- 
versity. 

SOCIETY. 

1883  ♦  *  The  Brewers'  and  Malsters' 
Association  define  the  political  atti- 
tude of  *'  the  trade." 


UNITED   STATES.        1883,  *  *-1884,  Sept.  14.    317 


Circulars  will  demand  answers  by  all 
candidates.  It  is  "  Jtesoived,  When  candi- 
dates of  botit  and  all  parties  answer  in 
the  affirmative  (that  is,  opposed  to  Pro- 
hibition), each  member  of  this  Associa- 
tion Bhall  be  at  liberty  to  vote  as  he 
deems  best.  Where  they  fail  to  commu- 
nicate it  will  be  consideretl  as  an  answer 
in  the  negative,  in  which  case  we  shall 
withhold  our  votes  or  select  an  indepen- 
dent caniiidate.  When  one  answers  in 
the  affirmative  and  tlie  other  in  the  neg- 
ative, we  shall  always  support  the  man 
who  cooperates  with  us,  whatever  may 
be  his  party." 

*  ♦  O.  Tlie  Prohibitory  Constitutional 
Amendment  is  adopted  by  the  people 
by  over  82,000  majority.  [Technicali- 
ties defeat  its  execution.] 

*  •  O.  The  Scott  Law  is  passed  taxing 
the  liquor  traffic ;  an  anti-license  ma- 
jority of  92,268  votes  is  given. 

*  *  Ore.  —  S.  Dak,  An  asylum  for  the  in- 
sane is  completed  by  the  State  at  Salem. 
Also  one  at  Yankton  in  South  Dakota  is 
opened. 

*  *  Wis.  The  school  for  the  deaf  is 
opened  at  Milwaukee. 

*  *  The  Choctaw  Indians  adopt  neEn*oes 
into  their  tribes. 

*  *  U.  S.  Memorial  services  are  held  in 
many  places  celebrating  the  400th  an- 
niversary of  the  birth  of  Luther. 

*  *  Va.  A  Baptist  Home  for  Aged 
Women  is  founded  in  Richmond. 

*  *  The  National  Provident  Union  is 
founded.  —  The  Brotherhood  of  Rail- 
road Trainmen  is  founded  in  America. 
—The  Fraternity  of  Modem  "Wood- 
men of  America  is  founded. 

1884  Peb,4+.  ^fass.  About 5,000 spin- 
ners at  Fall  River  strike  unsuccess- 
fully against  reduced  wages,  and  hold 
out  IQ  weeks,  at  a  wage-loss  of  $412,950. 

Feb.  26+.  Ind.  About  3,000  miners  at 
Brazil  strike  unsuccessfully  against 
reduced  wages,  and  hold  out  14  weeks, 
at  a  wage-loss  of  $300,000. 

Mar.  17+.  New  York.  About  6,000  paint- 
ers strike  successfully  for  increased 
wages,  and  hold  out  three  weeks,  at  a 
wage-loss  of  $324,000. 

Mar.  28.  O.  William  Berner,  a  confessed 
murderer,  is  convicted  of  manslaughter 
at  Cincinnati,  in  killing  William  H. 
Kirk. 

Mar.  28-Apr.  3.  O.  A  riot  eusues  in 
Cincinnati  upon  the  lenient  verdict  of 
manslaughter  against  the  murderers, 
Berner  and  Palmer;  20  more  murder 
cases  await  trial ;  the  court-house  with 
its  records  is  burned,  the  militia  is 
called  out,  and  42  rioters  are  killed,  and 
120  wounded. 

Mar.  *  Pa.  The  Union  Veteran  liegion 
is  organized  at  Pittsburg. 

May  17.  D.C.  Congress  prohibits  the  im- 
portation of  intoxicating  liquors  into 
Alaska. 

June  2.  Ore.  Tlio  people  defeat  the 
Woman  Suffrage  Amendment.  Vote, 
11,22»-28,716. 

June  lef.  Pa.  Nearly  7,000  miners 
in  the  western  part  of  the  State  unsuc- 
cessfully strike  for  increased  wages 
[they  lose  $727,480  in  wages]. 


June  23  f.  O.  Over  2,000  miners  in 
Hocking  Valley  strike  unsuccessfully 
against  a  reduction  of  wages,  and  hold 
out  nine  months,  at  a  wage-loss  of 
$727,480. 

July  4.  la.  The  prohibitory  liquor 
law  becomes  operative. 

July  10.  *  Tlie  National  Democratic  Con- 
vention in  its  platform  declares  :  '*  We 
oppose  sumptuary  lawB  which  vex  the 
citizen  and  interfere  with  individual 
liberty." 

July  23.  Minn.  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  meets  in  its  18th  Encamp- 
ment at  Minneapolis  ;  John  S.  Kuntz  of 
0.,  commander-iu-chief. 

Sept.  2.  Kan.  The  Prohibition  party 
organizes  at  Lawrence. 

STATE. 

1884  Jan.  14.  Mont.  A  Constitutional 
Convention  meets. 

Jan.  21.  J>.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
votes  to  repeal  the  Iron  Clad  Oath 
£111  of  the  war  period  ;  only  one  vote  is 
cast  in  the  negative. 

Feb.  1.  Z>.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  bill  to  restore  Fitz-John 
Porter  to  the  army  with  emoluments. 
Vote,  184-78.  [Mar.  13.  It  passes  the 
Senate.  Vote,  36-25.  July  2.  The  bill  is 
vetoed  by  the  President ;  later  the  House 
repasses  it.  Vote,  168-78;  but  it  fails  of  a 
two-thirds  vote  in  the  Senate  — 127-27.] 

Feb.  15.  />.  C.  The  German  minister 
returns  the  resolution  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  laudatory  of  Herr  lja»- 
ker,  by  order  of  Prince  Bismarck,  who 
declines  to  present  it  to  the  Reichstag, 
because  opposed  to  his  political  convic- 
tions. 

Mar.  3.  /).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Mexican  War  Pensions  Bill. 
Vote,  227-46. 

The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  decides  the 
XiCgal  Tender  Act  for  the  reissue  of 
Treasury  Notes  in  time  of  peace  con- 
stitutional, and  that  such  notes  are  a 
lawful  tender  for  all  debts. 

Mar.  11.  J).  C.  Congress  ;  The  Senate 
ratifies  a  commercial  treaty  with  Mex- 
ico. Vote,  41-20.  House:  The  Morrison 
Tariff  BiU  is  reported  ;  it  aims  **  to  re- 
duce import  duties  and  war  tariff  taxes." 

Apr.  7.  D.  C.  The  Educational  Bill 
passes.    (See  Letters.) 

Apr.  15.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
rejects  the  Morrison  Tariff  Bill,  Vote, 
159-155. 

May  8.  I>.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  bill  api)ropriating  $1,000,000 
for  the  New  Orleans  Exhibition.  [It 
becomes  a  law.] 

May  29.  Ind.  The  National  Green- 
back Convention  nominates  B.  F. 
Butler  of  Mass.  for  President,  and  A. 
M.  West  of  Miss,  for  Vice-President. 

June  6.  rkir.nrfo.  The  Hepublican  Na^ 
tional  Convention  nominates  James 
G.  Blaine  for  President.  John  A. 
XfOgan  is  nominated  by  acclamation  for 
Vice-President. 


Fourth  ballot :  Blaine,  544 :  Chester  A. 
Arthur  of  N.  Y.,  207;  George  F.  F-dmunds 
of  Vt.,  41 ;  John  Sherman  of  O.,  25 ;  Jos- 
eph R.  Hawley  of  Conn.,  and  John  A. 
i^oganof  111.,  7;  and  two  each  for  W.  T. 
Sherman  of  O.,  and  R.  T.  Lincoln  of  111. 

June  30.  IT.  S.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal 
year.  Revenue:  Customs,  $195,067,490; 
internal  revenue,  $121 ,586,073;  direct  tax, 
$70,721 ;  sales  of  public  lands,  $9,810,705  : 
miscellaneous  items,  ^21,984,882.  Total 
revenue,  $348,519,870  ;  excess  of  revenue 
over  ordinary  expenditures,  $104,393,626. 
Expenditures  :  Miscellaneous  items, 
$70,920,434;  War  Department,  $39,429,- 
603;  Navy  Department,  $17,292,601:  In- 
dians, $6,475,099;  pensions,  $55,42Jt,228 ; 
interest  on  the  public  debt,  $54,578,378, 
Total  ordinary  expenditures,  $244,126,- 
244.  Public  debt,  $1,838,904,607.  KxjKjrts, 
$740,513,609;  imports,  $667,697,693. 

July?.  D.  a  The 48th Congress :  the 
first  session  closes. 

July  10.  Chicago.  The  Democratic  Na^ 
tional  Convention  nominates  Grover 
Cleveland  of  N.  Y.  for  President  [and 
Thomas  A.  Hendricks  of  Ind.  for 
Vice-President]. 

Third  ballot :  Cleveland,  683;  Thomas 
F.  Bayard  of  Del.,  81i  ;  Thomas  A.  Hen- 
dricks of  Ind.,  45^^;  Samuel  J.  Randall 
of  Pa.,  4;  AUenG.  ThurmanofO.,4;  and 
Joseph  E.  McDonald,  2. 

July23.  Pa.  The  Fourth  National  Pro- 
hibition Convention  opens  at  Pitts- 
burg [it  nominates  John  P.  St.  John 
of  Kan.  for  President,  and  William 
Daniel  of  Md.  for  Vice-President]. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1884  Jan.  5.  ///.  The  Convent  of  the 
Immaculate  Conception  at  Belleville  is 
burned ;  38  lives  are  lost. 

Jan.  18.  Mass.  The  steamer  City  of 
Columbtis  is  wrecked  on  Devil's  Bridge, 
off  Gay  Head;  97  lives  are  lost. 

Jan.  31.  Ind.  A  passenger  train  is 
thrown  into  "White  River ;  six  persons 
are  killed. 

Feb.  28.  Phila.  PMre  destroys  19  build- 
ings valued  at  $1,500,000. 

Apr.  18.  The  Glasgow  steamer  State  of 
Florida  and  the  bark  Pomona  are  sunk 
in  collision  in  the  Atlantic,  olf  the  coast 
of  Canada  ;  about  123  lives  are  lost. 

May  6, 7.  New  York.  The  Marine  Na- 
tional Bank  suspends  payment ;  Grant 
and  Ward  fail,  owing  $16,000,000. 

May  12,  13.  New  York.  A  panic  oc- 
curs in  the  stock-market ;  Wall  Street 
is  demoralized. 

May  14.  Pa.  A  collision  of  trains  near 
ConneilsviUe  causes  14  deaths. 

Jiuie  18.  Harvard  defeats  Columbia 
in  a  boat-race ;  time,  24.21. 

June  26.  Columbia  Freshmen  defeat 
Harvard  ;  time,  9.43^. 

July  7.  N.  Y.  The  second  intercol- 
legiate boat-race  for  fours  is  pulled  at 
Saratoga;  IJ  miles.  Time:  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  8.393  ;  Cornell,  8.41  ; 
Princeton,  8.49;  Columbia,  9.25;  Bow- 
doin,  not  timed. 

July  27.  0.  The  first  regular  trip  by 
electric  street-cars  is  made  in  Cleve- 
land —  East  Cleveland  Street  line. 

Aug:.  1-  Jay-Eye-See  trots  one  mile  in 
two  minutes  and  10  seconds. 


318    1884,  Sept  22-1885,  Jan.  29.        AMERICA  : 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1884  Oct.  15.  Afass.  A  Statue  of  John 
Harvard  is  unveiled  at  Cambridge. 

Oct.  27.  Pa,  An  oil-well  is  sunk  on 
Thorn  Creek,  which  immediately  flows 
about  10,000  barrels  daily  [the  volume 
soon  diminishes]. 

Dec.  6.  D.  C.  Thirty-six  years  after  the 
laying  of  the  corner-stone,  the  cap- 
stone of  the  "Wasliington  monximent 
is  placed  in  position.  Total  cost,  about 
$1,500,000. 

The  base  of  the  monument  is  55  ft.,  IJ 
in.  square,  and  the  walls  15  ft.,  i  in.  thick. 
At  the  500-foot  mark,  where  the  pyra- 
midal top  begins,  the  shaft  is  34  ft.  5|  in. 
square,  and  the  walls  are  18  in.  thick. 
The  height  above  tbe  ground  is  555  ft, 
The  pyramidal  top  terminates  in  an 
aluminum  tip,  which  is  9  in.  high  and 
weighs  100  ounces.  Tbe  mean  pressure 
of  the  monument  is  5  tons  per  square 
foot,  and  the  total  weight,  foundation 
and  all,  is  nearly81,000tons.  (Houghta- 
ling's  Handbook.) 

*  ♦  Cal.  The  liick  Observatory  is  com- 
pleted. 

*  *  New  York.  An  equestrian  statue  of 
Gen.  Simon  Bolivar  is  unveiled  in 
Central  Park.  The  bronze  bust  of  Bee- 
thoven, on  a  pedestal  15  feet  high,  is 
imveiled  in  Central  Park.  Thomas 
Moran  of  New  York  is  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Pa.  Natural  gas  is  introduced  into 
Pittsburg  as  a  fuel. 

*  *  If.  S.  Cocaine  is  first  used  as  an  an- 
esthetic in  ophthalmic  and  other  surgi- 
cal operations. 

*  *  Va,  The  McCorraick  Observatory 
of  the  University  of  Mrginia  is  com- 
pleted. 

*  *  Springtime  in  England  is  painted  by 
J.  F.  Cropsey. 

*  *  Around  the  World  is  painted  by  G.  W. 
Maynard. 

*  *  Crab  Catching  is  painted  by  Edward 
Moran. 

*  *  Colorado  is  painted  by  Wortbington 
Whittredge. 

*  *  KaaisJdlls  in  Winter  is  painted  by 
Jervis  McEntee. 

*  *  So  Near  and  Yet  so  Far  is  painted  by 
J.  M.  Hart. 

*  *  Return  of  Labrador  Fishing  Boats  is 
painted  by  William  Bradford,  also  Lofty 
and  Lowly. 

*  *  Peaceful  Days  is  painted  by  A.  D. 
Shattuck. 

*  *  Pandora  is  painted  by  F.  S.  Church. 

*  *  Portrait  of  Professor  Torrey  is  painted 
by  T.  W.  Wood. 

*  *  Ashen  Days  is  painted  by  A.  C.  Shaw. 

*  *  Market  Days  in  San  Juan  Abajo  is 
painted  by  Thomas  Moran. 

*  *  View  on  Kern  River  is  painted  by  Al- 
bert Bierstadt. 

*  *  Bacchantes  is  painted  by  Peter  F. 
Rothermel. 

*  *  Springtime  is  painted  by  J.  A.  Brown. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1684. 
Nov.  26.    Tvison,  Henry,  edacational  pub- 
lisher, of  N.  Y.,  A76. 
Dec.   1 1.     Greene,    Samuel     Dana,    com- 
mander U.  S.  M.,  A45. 


188S. 

Jan.  9.    Gaines,  Myra  Clark,  heiress,  A60. 
Jan.  12.    Jervis,  John  Bloomfleld,  engineer, 

A90. 
Jan.  13.    Colfax,  Schuyler,  Vice-President, 

M.  C.  for  Ind.,  speaker,  A62. 
Jan.    14.      Sillinian,    Henjamin,    chemist, 

author,  professor  at  Yale,  A69. 

CHURCH. 

1884  Sept.  22-26.  N.  Y.  The  Na- 
tional Conference  (Unitarian)  is  held 
in  Saratoga. 

Oct.  11.  N.  Mex,  Bishop  J.  B.  Sal- 
pointe  is  promoted  (Roman  Catholic) 
archbishop  of  Santa  F^. 

Nov.  7.  Md.  The  Third  Plenary 
Council  (Roman  Catholic)  meets  at 
Baltimore  j  about  70  bishops  and  arch- 
bishops are  present. 

Dec.  28.  Cal.  Patrick  W.  Hiordan 
succeeds  to  the  archbishopric  of  San 
Francisco. 

*  •  Can.  The  International  Mission- 
ary Union,  at  Niagara  Falls,  is  inau- 
gurated. 

*  *  Cal.  P.  Manogue  becomes  first 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Sacra- 
mento. 

*  *  Conn.  The  Eastern  Connecticut  Con- 
gregational Club  is  formed  at  Norwich. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Pan-Presbyterian  Con- 
vention meets  at  Belfast;  delegates 
from  the  United  States  attend. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held  at  Detroit. 

*  *  3/0.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  St.  Louis ; 
A.  G.  Thomas,  president.  The  Gen- 
eral Assembly  (United  Presbyterian) 
meets  at  St.  Louis  ;  William  H.  French, 
moderator.  The  Congregational  Club 
is  formed  at  Kansas  City. 

*  *  N.  H.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese 
of  Manchester  is  established. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  at  Saratoga ;  Geo. 
P.  Hays,  moderator, 

*  *  Tbe  first  Women's  Missionary  So- 
ciety, auxiliary  to  the  Southern  Baptist 
Convention,  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Women's  Executive  (Mission) 
Board  of  the  Seventh-day  Baptist 
church  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Danish  (Evangelical  Lutheran) 
Association  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Woman's  National  Indian 
Association  begins  mission-work  among 
the  Indians. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Home  Board  sends 
a  missionary  to  the  Papagoes  in  Arizona ; 
and  continues  its  work  among  the  Mis- 
sion Indians  of  Lower  California. 

*  *  The  Wabash,  Oregon  and  Washington, 
and  West  Iowa  conferences  (Free  Meth- 
odists) are  organized. 

*  *  Tlie  West  Virginia  eldership  (Church 
of  God)  is  organized. 

1885  Jan.8.  Afd.  WilliamParetlscon- 
secrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  Maryland. 

Jan.  25.  Ky.  Camillus  Paul  Maes  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Kentucky. 


Jan.  *  William  E.  Dodge  (son  of  its 
former  president)  is  elected  president  of 
the  United  States  branch  of  the  Evan- 
gelical Alliance. 

LETTERS. 
1884  Sept.  25.     New  York.     The  Voice 
(Prohibition)  is  first  issued. 

*  *  La.  The  Tulane  University  (non- 
sect.)  at  New  Orleans  is  opened.  The 
Storm  Lake  Normal  and  Business 
School  is  opened  at  Storm  Lake,  and 
a  Normal  School  at  Woodbine. 

*  *  la.  XiCnox  College  (Pres.)  is  organ- 
ized at  Hopkinton. 

*  *  Ind.  The  School  of  Theology  of  De 
Pauw  University  (Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded 
at  Greene  as  tie. 

*  *  N.  Dak.  University  of  North  Da- 
kota (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Grand 
Forks. 

*  *  S.  Dak.  The  State  opens  an  Agri- 
cultural College  at  Brookings. 

*  *  Tenn.  Doyle  CoUege  (Bapt.)  is 
founded.  Bloomington  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  ia  founded  at  Bloomington. 

*  *  Vt.  St.  Joseph's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  established  at  Burlington. 

*  ♦  An  American  Politician^  by  F.  Marion 
Crawford,  appears,  also  A  Roman  Singer. 

*  *  Beatrix  Randolph^  by  Julian  Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

*  *  Complete  Poems,  by  Sidney  Lanier 
appears. 

*  *  The  Democratic  Party:  Its  History 
and  Influence,  by  J.  H.  Patton,  appears. 

*  *  The  Destiny  of  Man,  by  John  Fiske, 
appears. 

*  *  Memorie  and  Rime,  by  Joaquin  Miller, 
appears. 

*  *  Memoir  of  Margaret  Fuller  Ossoli,  by 
Thomas  W.  Higginson,  appears. 

*  *  Montcalmand  Wolfe,  by  Francis  Park- 
man,  appears. 

*  *  Nature's  Serial  Story,  by  E.  P.  Roe, 
appears. 

*  *  Newport,  by  G,  P.  Lathrop,  appears. 

*  *  The  Occident,  by  Joseph  Cook,  appears. 

*  *  Huckleberry  Finn,  by  Mark  Twain, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Fate  of  Mansfield  Humphries,  by 
Richard  Grant  White,  appears. 

*  * -89  ♦  *  Narrative  and  Critical  His- 
tory of  America  is  edited  by  Justin 
Winsor.    (8  vols.) 

*  *  The  Lady  or  the  Tiger?  and  Other 
Stories,  by  Frank  Richard  Stockton,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Choy  Susan,  by  William  Henry  Bish- 
op, appears. 

*  *  A  Gentleman  of  Leisure,  by  Edgar 
Fawcett,  appears ;  also,  Tinkling  Cym- 
bals, and  Tfte  Adventures  of  a  Widow. 

*  *  Mingo,  by  Joel  Chandler  Harris,  ap- 


*  *  A  Country  Doctor,  by  Sarah  Orne  Jew- 
ett,  appears. 

*  *  In  the  Tennessee  Mountains,  by  Charles 
Egbert  Craddock,  appears  ;  also,  Wh^re 
the  Battle  was  Fought. 


UNITED    STATES.  1883,  Sept.  22-1885,  Jan.  29. 


319 


*  »  Poems  /or  Children,  by  Celia  Thaxter, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Study  of  Hindoo  Grammar  and 
the  Study  of  Sanskrit,  by  William  Dwight 
Wbitiiey,  appears. 

*  *  Doctor  Sevier,  by  George  W.  Cable, 
appears. 

*  *  Doctor  Zay,  by  Elizabeth  Stuart 
Phelps,  appears. 

*  •  Marse  Chan,  by  Thomas  Nelson  Page, 
appears. 

«  *  Studies  in  History,  by  Henry  Cabot 
Lodge,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1884  Sept.  *  Mrs.  Belva  Lockwood  ac- 
cepts the  nomination  for  the  presidency 
of  the  United  States  tendered  by  the  Cal- 
ifornia Woman  Suffrage  Convention. 

Nov.  20  f^.  Phila.  About  2,000  carpet 
weavers  partly  succeed  in  a  strike 
against  reduced  wages,  after  holding  out 
22  weeks  at  a  wage-loss  of  $312,000. 

Dec.  *  Okta.  W.  L.  Couch  establishes  an 
armed  camp  at  Stillwcater,  and  defies 
the  troops  to  eject  the  intruding  settlers. 
[They  are  expelled  in  January.] 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Ephphatha  School  for 
the  Deaf  is  opened. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  creates  a  national 
Bureau  of  Iiabor. 

*  •  Fla.  The  State  institution  for  the 
blind,  deaf,  and  dumb  is  located  at 
St.  Augustine. 

*  *  la.  The  Eastern  Iowa  School  for  the 
Deaf  is  opened  at  Dubuque. 

*  *  Mass.  A  petition  having  106,000  signa- 
tures vainly  entreats  the  Legislature  to 
submit  a  Prohibitory  Amendment. 

*  •  Md.  The  third  Plenary  Council  of 
Roman  Catholic  Prelates,  at  Baltimore, 
declares  against  the  liquor  traffic. 

"  Both  love  of  religion  and  of  country 
therefore  urge  all  Christians  to  use  every 
effort  to  stamp  out  this  pestiferous  evil." 

*  •  Me.  The  Constitutional  Prohibitory 
Amendment  is  approved  by  the  people 
by  a  vote  of  three  to  one. 

*  *  Minn.  The  Charity  Organization 
Society  is  formed  at  Minneapolis. 

*  •  Mo.  The  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union  meets  in  national  con- 
vention at  St.  Louis ;  Frances  Wil- 
lard,  president. 

*  *  tfeb.  Lands  are  given  by  the  Govern- 
ment to  Omaha  Indians  in  severalty. 

*  *  N.  Mex.  An  orphans'  home  and  in- 
dustrial school  is  established  at  Santa 
F^  by  the  State. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Church  Temperance 
Society  reports  that  633  political  conven- 
tions and  primaries,  out  of  a  total  of 
1,002,  are  held  iu  saloons,  and  96  others 
in  places  next  door  to  saloons.  The 
"  Boodle  "  Board  of  24  Aldermen 
contains  12  saloon-keepers  or  ex-saloon- 
keepers and  four  saloon  politicians. 

*  •  Utah.  The  Deaf-Mute  Institute  at 
Salt  Lake  City  is  opened. 

■•  •  Va.  The  Legislature  provides  for  the 
establishment  of  the  Southwest  Luna- 
tic Asylum. 


*  ♦  The  Fraternal  Mystic  Circle  is 
founded.  The  American  Society  of 
Electrical  Engineers  is  organized. 

1885  Jan.  9.  New  York.  Richard  Short 
attempts  to  kill  Capt.  Thomas  Phelan 
as  a  suspected  traitor  to  the  Fenians. 

Jan.  12.  Miss.  The  East  Mississippi  In- 
sane Asylum  at  Meridian  is  opened. 

STATE. 
1884  Sept.  24.  U.C.  Walter Q.  Gresh- 

am,  Postmaster-General,  is  appointed 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  [Oct.  28.  lie 
is  succeeded  by  Hugh  McCulloch  of 
Ind.  Oct.  14.  Frank  Hatton  of  la.  is 
pointed  P.  M.  G.] 

Sept.  *  Me.  The  people  vote  to  adopt  the 
Prohibitory  Amendment  to  the  Con- 
stitution.    Vote,  70,783-23,811. 

Oct.  29.  New  York.  Dr.  Samuel  D. 
Burchard,  one  of  a  delegation  of  clergy- 
men calling  on  James  G.  Blaine,  uses 
the  alliteration,  "  Rum,  Bomanism, 
and  Rebellion,"  as  connected  with  the 
antecedents  of  the  Democratic  party. 

Democrats  immediately  use  it  in  the 
political  canvass.  [It  is  alleged  to  h.ive 
turned  New  York  over  to  the  Democrats 
by  a  majority  of  1,047,  and  thus  defeated 
the  election  of  Mr.  Blaine  to  the  I)re8i- 
dency  ;  524  votes  taken  from  Mr.  Cleve- 
land would  have  changed  the  result.] 

Nov.  4.  Mont.  The  people  ratify  the 
new  Constitution. 

U.  S.  The  25th  Presidential  Elec- 
tion ;  Democrats  elected. 

Popular  vote:  Grover  Cleveland 
(Dem.)  of  N.  Y.,  4,874,986;  James  G. 
Blaine  (Rep.)  of  Me.,  4,851,981 ;  John 
P.  St.  John  <Prohib.)  of  Kan.,  150,626; 
Benj.  F.  Butler  (People's)  of  Mass., 
133,825. 

Popular  Vote  for  President. 


Candidates. 

Statks. 

Blaine 

Cleveland 

Butler 

St.John 

Ala.      . 

59,591 

93,951 

873 

612 

Ark.     . 

50,895 

72,927 

1,847 

Cal.      . 

102,416 

89,288 

2,017 

2,920 

Colo.    . 

36,2M 

27,723 

1,958 

761 

Conn.  . 

65,923 

67,199 

1,688 

2,305 

Del.      . 

12,951 

16,964 

6 

65 

Fla.      . 

28,031 

31,766 

72 

Ga.  .    . 

48,603 

94,667 

■  145 

195 

111.  .    . 

337,474 

312,355 

10,910 

12,074 

Ind.      . 

238,463 

244,990 

8,293 

3,028 

la.    .    . 

197,089 

177,316 

1,472 

Kan.    . 

154,406 

90,132 

16,341 

4,495 

Ky.  .    . 

118,122 

152,961 

1,691 

3,139 

La.  .    . 

46,347 

62,540 

Me.  .    . 

72,209 

52,140 

3,953 

2,160 

Md. .    . 

85,699 

96,932 

531 

2,794 

Mass.  . 

146,724 

122,481 

24,433 

10,026 

Mich.  . 

192,669 

149,835 

42,243 

18,403 

Minn.  . 

111,923 

70,144 

3,583 

4,684 

Miss.    . 

43,509 

76,510 

Mo..    . 

202,929 

235,988 

bjl.M 

Neb.     . 

76,912 

54,391 

2,899 

Nev.     . 

7,193 

6,578 

26 

N.H.    . 

43,249 

39,183 

5S2 

1,571 

N.J.     . 

123,440 

127,798 

3,496 

6,159 

N.Y.    . 

562,005 

563,154 

16,994 

25,016 

N.C.     . 

125,068 

142,952 

454 

0.    .     . 

400,082 

368,280 

'5,179 

11,069 

Ore.      . 

26,860 

24,604 

726 

492 

Penn.  . 

473,804 

392,785 

16,992 

15,283 

R.  1.      . 

19,030 

12,391 

422 

928 

S.  C.     . 

21,733 

69,890 

Tenn.   . 

124,078 

133,258 

'  9,-)7 

i,131 

Tex.      . 

93,141 

225,309 

3,321 

3,5.34 

Vt.   .    . 

39,514 

17,331 

785 

1,752 

Va.  .    . 

139,356 

145,497 

138 

W.  Va. 

63,096 

67,317 

'  810 

939 

Wis.      . 

161,157 

146,459 

4,598 

7,656 

Total 

4,851,981 

4,874,986 

175,370 

150,369 

Perct.  . 

48.22 

43.48 

1.74 

1.49 

Plur.    . 

23,005 

Dec.  1.    D.  C.  The  48th  Congress :  the 

second  session  opens. 

Dec.  16.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  bill  for  the  admission  of  South 
Dakota,  and  forms  the  domain  north  of 
the  46th  parallel  into  the  Territory  of 
Lincoln ;  the  House  passes  the  Reagan 
Inter-commerce  Bill. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-86*  *  Dak.  (Ter.).     Gilbert  .4.  Pierce. 
-8e  *  *  Ida  (Ter.).     Wm.  N.  Bnnn. 
-86  *  *  Mont.  (Ter.).    Piatt  Carpenter. 
-87*  *N.J.    Leon  Abbott. 
-86  *  »  O.     George  Hoadly. 
-86  *  *  Vt.    Samuel  E.  Pingree. 
-87  *  *  Wash.  (Ter.).  Watson  C.  Squire. 

1885     Jan.  5.    D.   C.    Congress:  The 

House  fails  to  pass  the  Mexican  War 
Pensions  BUI,  after  passing  the  Senate 
with  amendments.  Vote,  129-85 — a  two- 
thirds  vote  is  required. 

Jan.  6.  N.  Y.  Grover  Cleveland, 
President  elect  of  the  United  States, 
resigns  the  governorship,  and  is  suc- 
ceeded by  the  lieutenant-governor, 
David  B.  Hill. 

Jan.  7.  n.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
defeats  a  bill  for  the  suspension  of 
silver  doUar  coinage. 

Jan.  14.  D.  C.  Congress  :  The  House 
passes  the  bill  to  submit  the  French 
Spoliation  Claims  to  the  decision  of 
a  Court  of  Claims.  [Later  it  passes  the 
Senate  and  becomes  a  law  Jan.  20, 1885.] 
In  1799  the  Government  offset  certain 
claims  of  France  by  surrendering  the 
claims  of  American  citizens  for  the 
spoliation  of  their  commerce  by  France 
when  at  war  with  England,  France  hav- 
ing seized  many  cargoes  of  vessels  trad- 
ing with  her  enemy. 

Jan.  29.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
refuses  to  ratify  the  Nicaragua  treaty. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1884  Oct.  *  New  York.  Fares  on  the 
elevated  roads  are  reduced  from  10  cents 
to  five. 

Oct.  3.  Chicago.  The  pacer  Johnston 
covers  one  mile  iu  2.0G^. 

Nov.  18-22.  Mo.  About  12,000  cat- 
tlemen hold  a  convention  at  St.  Louis, 
and  organize  a  National  Live  Stock  As- 
sociation. 

Dec.  16.  La.  The  World's  Industrial 
Cotton  Exposition  is  opened  at  New 
Orleans ;  President  Arthur  at  Washing- 
ton sets  the  machinery  in  motion  by 
electricity.    [It  closes  Mar.  31, 1885.] 

Dec.  31.     U.  S.    Statistics  for  1884. 

Production  :  (iold,  $30,800,000  ;  silver, 
$48,800,000;  bales  of  cotton,  5,714,052; 
pounds  of  wool,  300,000.000;  barrels  of 
petroleum,  24,218,438.  Currency  in  cir- 
culatiou  (June  30),  $1,243,925,909;  per 
capita,  $22.65.  Immigrants  received  (fis- 
cal year),  518,.';92.  Miles  of  railroads 
worked,  115,672;  capital  stock,  $3,762,- 
616,686:  total  accidents,  1,191;  persons 
killed.. ■isn;  persons  injured,  1,700.  Fire- 
waste,  $110,008,611 ;  insurance,  $60,679,- 
818;  lives  lost,  3»t. 

1885  Jan.  3.  Chicago.  The  County 
Court-house  and  City  Hall  are  opened. 


320      1885,  Feb.  1- 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  —  WAVY. 

1885  Mar.  3.  I).  C.  Congress  prohibits 
the  repairing  of  wooden  vessels  when 
the  expense  will  exceed  20  per  cent  of 
the  cost  of  a  new  vessel. 

Apr.  24.  Panama.  United  States  troops 
land,  arrest  Aizpuru,  the  insurgent 
leader,  and  protect  American  property 
[until  the  troubles  are  settled]. 

May  17.  N.Mex.  —  Ariz.  The  Apache 
Indians  under  Chief  Geronimo  take  the 
war-path.  [The  Apache  Indians  con- 
tinue to  make  raids  into  New  Mexico 
from  Arizona  until  October.] 

July  10.  Henry  C.  Merriam  is  commis- 
sioned colonel  — 7th  infantry. 

Sept.  1.  Gen.  Crook  captures  a  band  of 
Apache  Indians,  wlio  have  maintained 
warfare  for  three  years.  [They  escape  a 
few  days  later.] 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  pneumatic  dynamite  tor- 
pedo-gun is  built,  and  mounted  at  Fort 
Lafayette. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1885  Feb.  21.  D.  C.  The  "Washing- 
ton Monument  is  inaugurated  at  Wash- 
ington ;  orations  by  Robert  C.  Winthrop 
of  Mass.,  and  John  W.  Daniel  of  Va. 
(See  Dec.  6,  18M.) 

Mar.  16.  An  eclipse  of  the  sun  is 
observed. 

Apr.  13.  Va.  The  McCormick  Obser- 
vatory, costing  about  $70,000,  dedicated. 

June  19.  New  York.  Bartholdi's  co- 
lossal Statue  of  Liberty  is  received  — 
a  gift  of  the  French  people  to  the  United 
States. 

July?.  Tenn.  A  new  comet  is  ob- 
served. 

Aug.  3.  N.  J.  A  terrific  storm  sweeps 
Camden  County  ;  six  persons  are  killed 
and  500  buildings  destroyed  ;  property 
loss,  $500,000. 

Aug.  16.  W.  7.  The  asteroid  Use  is 
discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters  of  Clinton. 

Aug.  18.  Chicago.  The  Chicago  Opera 
House  is  opened. 

Aug.  25±.  Ga.  —  S.  C.  Savannah  and 
Charleston  are  visited  by  destructive 
cyclones ;  22  persons  lose  their  lives ; 
property  loss,  $2,000,000. 

Aug.  *  New  York.  A  mechanical  tele- 
phone, invented  by  A.  A.  Knudson  and 
T.  G.  Ellsworth,  is  announced.  A  large 
galvanometer  is  made  by  William  A. 
Cornell. 

Sept.  8.  O.  Washington  Court-House  is 
nearly  destroyed  by  a  tornado. 

Oct.  23.  Cal.  Larkin  G.  Mead's  marble 
group,  Columbus  before  Isabella,  the 
gift  of  D.  O.  Mills,  is  placed  in  the  ro- 
tunda of  the  Capitol  at  Sacramento. 

Nov.  7.  Wis.  Thestatue  of  "Washing- 
ton by  Parks  is  unveiled  at  Milwaukee  ; 
it  is  the  gift  of  Miss  Elizabeth  Planking- 
ton. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1886. 
Feb.  87.    Drake,  Francis  Samuel,  author, 

A67. 
Mar.  1.    Preble,  George  Henry,  rear-adm. 
U.  S.  N.,  author,  A69. 


Mar.  18.    Warner,  Susan  (Elizabeth  Weth- 

erell),  novelist,  writer,  A66. 

Mar.  34.  Tiiompson,  Jacob,  M.  C.  for  Miss., 
seiTctary  of  interior,  A75. 

Apr.  8.  White,  Kioliard  Grant,  author, 
critic,  A63. 

May  4.  MacDowell,  Irvin,  maj.-gen.  U.  S. 
A .,  A(i7. 

May  15.     Sunderland,  Le  Roy,  author,  A83. 

May  20.  Frelinehuysen.  Frederick  The- 
odore, lawyer,  senator  for  JJ.  J.,  secretary 
of  state,  A(jy. 

June  6.  Hough,  Franklin  Benjamin,  phy- 
sician, historical  writer,  At>3. 

June  21.  Coit,  Thoinaa  Winthrop,  r.  E. 
clergyman,  theologian,  Ay2. 

June  •  liarber,  John  Warner,  historical 
writer,  A.S7. 

July  6.  Gorringe,  Henry  H.,  capt.  U.  S.  N., 
A44. 

July  10.  Gilbert,  Rnfus  Henry,  inventor  of 
the  elevated  railroad  system.  A53. 

July  1 8.  I*ri me,  Sam nel  I renae us,  Pres. 
clergyman,  author,  A72. 

July  33.  Grant,  Ulysses  Simpson,  gen. 
U.  S.  A.,  18th  rresidenl  of  r.  S.,  A63. 

Aug.  12.  Jackson,  Helen  Want  (nee  Fiske 
—  H.  11.),  poet,  novelist,  A54. 

Aug.  85.  Kenton,  Iteuben  Katon,  senator, 
Gov.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  Ab6. 

Aug.  29.  Allien,  Josej)!!,  tong.  clergyman, 
president  of  college,  editor,  author,  A78. 

Sept.  3.  Gwin,  William  McKendree,  phy- 
sician, M.  C,  senator  for  Cal.,  A80. 

Sept.  16.  Tefft,  lienjamin  Franklin,  M.  E. 
clergyman,  author,  diplomatist,  A72. 

Oct.  1.    I'age,  William,  painter,  A74. 

Oct.  10.  McCloBkey.  John,  archbishop, 
first  American  cardinal,  A75. 

Oct.  14.  Shaw,  Henry  Wheeler  (Josh  Bil- 
lings), humorist,  A67. 

Oct.  29.  McCIellan.  George  Brlnton. 
gen. -in-chief  of  U.  S.  armies,  (^.ndidate  for 
presidency.  Gov.  of  N.  J.,  A59. 

Nov.  8.  McCuUough,  John,  Irish-Ameri- 
can tragedian,  A  48. 

Nov.  14.  Claflin,  Horace  Brighton,  mer- 
chant, of  N.  Y.,  A74. 

Nov.  15.  Young,  John  Freeman,  P.  E. 
bishop,  of  Fla.,  A65. 

Nov.  17.  Seyffarth,  Gustav,  Luth.  clergy- 
man, archeologist,  Egyptologist,  A89. 

Nov.  21.  Wright,  Elizur,  journalist,  pub- 
licist, reformer,  A8I. 

Nov.  25.     Hendricks,   Thomas  Andrews, 

Vice-President  U.  S.,  M.  C,  senator  for  Ind., 
Gov.,  A66. 

Dec.  8.  Vanderbilt,  William  H.,  railroad 
president,  capitalist,  A64. 

Dec.  9.    Mulford,  Elisha,  P.  E.  cl.,au.,  A.52. 

Sibley.  John  Langdon,  librarian  of  Har- 
vard, AHl. 

Dec.  15.  Toombs,  Kol)ert,  senator  for  Ga.» 
Confederate  brtg.-gen.,  A75. 

Dec.  30.  Draper,  John  Christopher,  chem- 
ist, author,  A50. 

CHURCH. 

1885  Feb.  1.  Bishop  WiUiam  H. 
Gross  is  promoted  (Roman  Catholic) 
archbishop  of  the  province  of  Oregon. 

Feb.  24.  Neb.  George  Worthington 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Nebraska. 

Mar.  19.  La.  Anthony  Durier  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Natchitoches. 

Apr.  19.  Ida.  A.  J.  Glorieux  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Apol- 
lonia.     [Vicar-apostolic  of  Idaho.] 

Apr.  29.  The  Conference  of  the  Middle 
States  and  Canada  (Unitarian)  is  or- 
ganized. 

May.  1.  Ariz.  P.  Bourgade  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  vicar-apostolic  of  Ari- 
zona. 

May  28.  Cincinnati.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  20.  Alas.  A  band  of  Moravian 
missionaries  land  on  the  shores  of  Alas- 
ka, and  found  the  Bethel  Mission. 

July  25.  Mich.  Tlie  Pentecost  Bands 
at  Parma  are  organized  for  home  mis- 
sion work ;  [afterward  for  foreign  work]. 


Aug.  2.    Richard  Phelan  is  consecrated 

(Roman  Catholic)  bishop. 
Oct.  2.    The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 

Omaha  is  established. 
Oct.  10.    New  York.    Archbishop  Cor- 

rigan  succeeds  to  the  Roman  CathoUc 

See  of  New  York. 
Dec,  31.    The  Chicago  Church  Extension 

Society  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1885  May  22.  A'ew  York.  The  Re- 
vised Old  Testament  is  published  sim- 
ultaneously in  London  and  New  York. 

Oct.  22.  Miss.  The  Industrial  Institute 
and  College  is  opened  at  Columbus  for 
the  education  of  white  girls. 

*  *  Cal.  Maclay  College  of  Theology 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  San  Fer- 
nando. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Chicago  Training-school 
(Meth.  Kpis.)  is  founded  at  Chicago. 

SOCIETY. 

1885  Feb.  2.  New  York.  An  attempt 
is  made  to  kill  O'Donovan  Rossa,  a 
Fenian  ;  he  is  shot  in  the  street  by  Mrs. 
Lucille  Y.  Dudley.  [June  30.  She  is 
acquitted,  as  insane.] 

Feb.  14.  Phila.  The  Philadelphia 
Methodist  Episcopal  Hospital  is  incor- 
porated. 

Mar.  5+.  Pa.  About  4,000  miners  in 
Western  Pennsylvania  strike  unsuc- 
cessfully against  reduced  wages,  and 
hold   out   54   days    at    a    wage-loss   of 

Mar.  9-I-.  Pa.  Over  7,000  miners  in  West- 
em  Pennsylvania  strike  successfully 
for  increased  wages ;  they  hold  out  29 
days  at  a  wage-loss  of  $323,600. 

Apr.  30.  N.  Dak,  A  hospital  for  the 
insane  is  opened  at  Jamestown. 

Junel  +  .  Pa.  Over  15,000  iron-workers 
in  Western  Pennsylvania  strike  suc- 
cessfully against  reduced  wages ;  they 
hold  out  16  days  at  a  wage-loss  of  $442,- 
733. 

June  19.  New  York.  Bartholdi's  gigan- 
tic Statue  of  Liberty  is  received  with 
great  ceremonies. 

June  24.  Me.  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  meets  in  its  19th  National 
Encampment  at  Portland ;  S.  S.  Bur- 
dette  of  Washington,  D.  C,  commander- 
in-chief. 

July  1+.  O.  About  3,000  rolling-mill 
hands  in  Cleveland  strike  success- 
fully against  reduced  wages  ;  they  hold 
out  88  days  at  a  wage-loss  of  $410,000. 

July  4,  Utah.  Mormons  at  Salt  Lake 
City  place  the  United  States  flag  at  half- 
mast.    (See  State,  Mar.  23.) 

*  *  Phila.  The  "Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  meets  in  National 
Convention  at  Philadelphia;  Frances 
Willard,  president.  The  Social  Pu- 
rity movement  is  inaugurated. 

Aug.  29+.  Wyo.  "White  miners  make 
murderous  attacks  on  400  Chinese  la- 
borers  at    Rock   Spring;    the  Federal 


UNITED  STATES. 


1885,  Feb.  1-^ 


321 


*'  Government  sends  troops  to  quell  the 
disturbance  after  many  Chinese  have 
been  massacred. 

Sept.  25.  S.  Dak.  The  proposed  Consti- 
tution is  framed  by  a  convention  at 
Sioux  Falls,  with  an  article  prohibiting 
the  liquor  traffic.  (See  1889,  May  14, 
Oct.  1.) 

Sept.  4.  f  Pa.  About  4,500  miners  in 
Western  Pennsylvania  strike  unsuc- 
cessfully for  increased  wages,  and  hold 
out  four  months  at  a  wage-loss  of 
$549,780. 

Oct.  17.  Mich.  The  National  Prison 
Association  meets  at  Detroit. 

Nov.  5,  Wash.  Gov.  Squire  issues  a 
proclamation  against  riotous  Knights  of 
Labor  who  attempt  to  expel  the  Chi- 
nese. 

Nov.  14f .  Mass.  Nearly  6,000  lasters 
and  bottomers  in  Brockton  partly  suc- 
ceed in  astrike  against  fixed  rates  ;  they 
hold  out  six  weeks  at  a  wage-loss  of 
$430,000. 

*  *  Ga.  The  Legislature  passes  a  general 
local  option  law. 

Nov.  25.  Ga.  Prohibitionists  have  a 
majority  in  the  first  election  held  under 
the  local  option  law  in  Fulton  County. 

Nov.  *  Tlie  Irish  Parliamentary  Fund 
Association  is  organized. 

STATE. 

1885  Feb.  4.  D.  C,  Congress:  The 
Senate  passes  the  CuUom  Interstate 
Commerce  Bill,  as  a  substitute  for  the 
Reagan  Bill.  Vote,  43-12.  [It  fails  in 
the  House.] 

Feb.  11.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Grover  Cleveland, 
219 ;  James  G.  Blaine,  182.  Vote  for 
Vice-President  ;  Thomas  A.  Hendricks 
(Dera.)  of  Ind.,  219 ;  John  A.  Logan  (Kep.) 
of  111.,  182. 

Feb.  27.  N.  Y.  President  elect  Cleve- 
land publishes  a  reply  to  the  silver 
advocates  in  Congress,  deprecating 
further  coinage  of  silver  as  tending  to 
produce  a  financial  crisis. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the  bill 
retiring  Gen.  Grant  with  the  full  pay 
($13,000)  of  the  retired  list. 

It  enlarges  the  weight  of  single  rate 
letters  from  one-half  an  ounce  to  one 
ounce,  for  two  cents  postage ;  news- 
papers from  the  publishers'  otfices  are 
reduced  to  one  cent  per  pound. 
The  48th  Congress  ends. 

The  26th  Administration;  Demo- 
cratic. 

Grover  Cleveland  of  N.  Y.,  the  22d 
President,  in  the  26th  term  of  the  prejsi- 
doncy,  is  inaugurated.  Thomas  A. 
Hendricks  of  Ind.  is  Vice-President. 

Great  rejoicing  among  Democrats 
follows  the  inauguration  of  Mr.  Cleve- 
land, as  the  party  has  been  excluded 
from  the  administrative  oflBces  for  25 
years. 

Cabinet:  Thomas F.  Bayard  of  Del. 
(State),  Daniel  Manning  of  N.  Y. 
(Treas.),  "William  C.  Endicott  of  Mass. 
'War),  "William  C.  "Whitney  of  N.  Y. 


(Navy),  liucius  Q.  C.  Ijamar  of  Miss. 
(Interior),  "William  F.  Vilas  of  "Wis. 
(P.  M.-Gen.),  and  Augustus  H.  Gar- 
land of  Ark.  (Atty.-Gen.). 

Mar.  *  Edward  J.  Phelps  of  Vt.  is 
appointed  U.  S.  minister  to  England. 

Mar.  23.  I).  C.  The  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides that  the  Edmunds  Anti-polygamy 
Bill  is  constitutional. 

Apr.  11.  D.  C.  President  Cleveland 
declines  to  unite  with  European  govern- 
ments in  prohibiting  alcoholic  liquors, 
arms,  ammunition,  and  dynamite  for 
the  Pacific  Islands. 

Apr.  16.  N.  v.  The  Legislature  passes 
a  bill  making  the  grounds  bordering  the 
Kiagara  Falls  a  State  reservation,  free 
to  visitors  ;  cost,  more  than  $1,400,000. 

May  15.  W.  i'.  The  Legislature  pro- 
vides for  the  appointment  of  three  forest 
commissioners. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal 
year.  Revenue:  Customs,  $181,471,939; 
internal  revenue,  $112,498,726;  sales  of 
public  lands,  $5,705,986:  miscellaneous 
items,  $24,014,065.  Total  revenue,  $323,- 
690,706  ;  excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary 
expenditures, $63,463,771.  Expenditures: 
Miscellaneous  items,  $87,494,258 ;  War 
Department,  $42,670,578 ;  Navy  Depart- 
ment, $16,021,080;  Indians.  $6,552,495; 
pensions,  $56,102,267 ;  interest  on  the 
public  debt,  $51,386,256.  Total  ordinary 
expenditures,  $260,226,935.  Public  debt, 
$1,872,340,557.  Exports, $742,189,755;  im- 
ports, $577,527,329. 

Sept.  25 .  S.  Dak.  A  convention  at  Sioux 
Falls,  called  by  the  I^egislature,  frames 
a  State  Constitution. 

Nov.  4.  New  York.  'William  R.  Grace  is 
elected  the  84th  mayor. 

Nov.  9.  D.  C.  President  Cleveland 
issues  a  proclamation  against  the  bar- 
barous treatment  of  Chinese  laborers 
in  Washington  Territory. 

Nov.  25.  D.  C.  Vice-President  Thomas 
A.  Hendricks  suddenly  dies  at  his 
home  in  Indianapolis. 

Dec.  7.  D.  C,  The  40th  Congress 
opens. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  John 
Sherman  (Rep.)  of  O.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent^ro  tempore.  House  :  John  G.  Car- 
lisle (Dem.)  of  Ky.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Dec.  17.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Presidential  Succession 
Bill ;  in  case  of  the  decease  of  both 
President  and  Vice-President,  it  invests 
the  presidency  in  the  secretary  of  state, 
or  other  Cabinet  officers  in  their  order, 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1885  Feb.  19.  PhUa.  Fire  destroys 
nine  buildings  in  tl»*  business  section  ; 
loss  $3,000,000. 

Feb.  27.  D.  C.  The  National  Theater 
at  Washington  is  burned. 

Feb.  *  The  Alert,  used  by  the  United 
.States  in  the  search  for  Lieut.  Greely, 
is  returned  to  the  British  Government 
with  thanks. 

Apr.  12.  New  York.  Twelve  persons 
are  injured  in  the  collapse  of  eight 
buildings  while  workmen  are  completing 
them. 


May  14.  N.  Y,  The  first  five-mile  sec- 
tion of  the  Brooklyn  Elevated  road 
is  opened. 

June  20.  Harvard  defeats  Columbia  in 
a  boat-race  ;  time,  24.27. 

June  25.  Harvard  Freshmen  defeat 
Columbia ;  time,  12.22. 

July  4.  Mass.  Tlie  third  intercollegiate 
boat-race  for  fours. 

It  takes  place  on  Lake  Quinsigamond, 
near  Worcester,  1^^  miles  straight.  Time  : 
Cornell,  9.10J,  followed  by  Brown,  Bow- 
doin,  and  the  University  of  Pennsylva- 
nia. 

Jtdy  15.  N.  Y.  The  Niagara  Inter- 
national Park,  purchased  by  the 
Federal  Government  for  public  use,  is 
opened. 

July  30.  O.  Maud  S.  trots  one  mile 
in  2.08J  at  Glenville. 

July  *  A  West  Shore  Road  train  runs 
from  East  Buffalo  to  Weehawken,  422.6 
miles,  in  9.23  hours  ;  speed,  45  miles  per 
hour,  including  stops,  or  51  mites  actual 
running  speed. 

A  ug.  5-7 .  New  York  honors  the 
memory  of  Gen.  Grant  by  obsequies 
worthy  of  royalty.  He  lies  in  state 
two  days ;  and  his  body  is  followed  to 
the  grave  by  a  funeral  procession  six 
miles  long. 

It  includes  the  General's  bereaved 
family.  President  Cleveland,  Gens. 
Hancock  and  Sherman,  and  other  offi- 
cers of  the  U.  S.  Army:  Gen.  Johnston 
and  many  ex-Confederate  officers  ; 
soldiers,  marines,  and  regiments  of 
State  militia  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific;  also  many  carriages.  The  pro- 
cession starts  at  nine  a.m.,  and  arrives 
at  the  teniporarv  tomb  in  Riverside 
Park  on  the  Hudson  at  five  p.m. 

Aug.  14.  N.  Y.  The  first  of  the  inter- 
national yacht-races  near  Sandy  Hook 
is  won  by  the  American  schooner-yacht 
Puritan  over  the  English  cutter  Geneata; 
lead,  16  minutes  48  seconds. 

Aug.  29.  New  York.  The  first  cable- 
road  begins  its  service. 

Sept.  16.  N.  Y.  The  J'uritan  again  beats 
the  Genesta  in  a  race  for  the  America 
cup;  lead,  Im.  38s. 

Oct.  10.  N,  Y.  Flood  Rock  in  Hell 
Gate  is  blown  up  with  285,000  pounds 
of  dynamite  and  powder. 

Oct.  18.  N.  J.  A  train  is  wrecked 
near  Hackensack  ;  nine  persons  killed. 

Nov.  10.  La.  The  North,  Central,  and 
South  Exposition  opens  at  New  Orleans. 

Dec.  15.  Ga.  Two  trains  collide  near 
Austell  ;  11  persons  are  killed. 

Dec.  26.  Gloucester  fishing  schooners 
are  lost  at  sea  ;  42  fishermen  perish. 

Dec.  31.    Statistics  for  1885. 

Production:  Gold,  $31,800,000;  silver, 
$51,G(X),(MK> ;  bushels  of  grain:  Indian 
corn,  1,936,170,000;  wheat,  357,112,000; 
oats.  629,409,000;  barley,  58,360,000;  rye, 
21,756,000;  buckwheat,  12,626,000;  bales 
of  cotton,  5,669,021;  pounds  of  wool, 
308,000.000:  barrels  of  petroleum,  21,847,- 
205.  Currency  in  circulation  (.June  30). 
$1,292,568,615;  per  capita,  $23.02.  Im- 
migrants received  (fiscal  year),  395,34t>. 
Miles  of  railroads  worked,  123,320: 
capital  stock,  §3,817,697,832  j  railroad. 
accidents,  1 ,217 ;  persons  ki lied .  307 ; 
persons  injured,  1,538.  Fire-waste, 
$102,818,796;  insurance,  $57,430,789. 


322     1885  *  *-1886,  June  17. 


AMERICA 


ARMY -NAVY. 

1886  Jan.  21.  Gen.  Miles,  having  been 
appointed  to  succeed  Gen.  Crook,  con- 
tinues the  pursuit  of  the  Apaches; 
Capt.  Crawford  is  unintentionally  (?) 
killed  by  Mexican  troops. 

Feb.  7-9.  Wash.  Troops  are  ordered 
out  to  suppress  the  anti-Chinese  rioters 
at  Seattle. 

Feb.  19.  D.  C.  Com.  James  E.  Jouett 
is  promoted  rear-admiral.      [Also  Mar. 

4.  Com.  John  H.  Russell.] 

Jliar.  4.  D.  C.  Capt.  John  Irwin  is  pro- 
moted commodore.  [Also  May  19. 
Capt.  James  A.  Greer.] 

Commander  Norman  H.  Farquhar  is 
promoted  captain.  [Also  May  19. 
Commander  Theodore  F.  Kane.  Dec. 
13.     Commander  Henry  B.  Seely.] 

Mar.  19.  D.  C.  Oliver  O.  Howard  Is 
commissioned  major-general. 

Thomas  H .  Ruger  is  commissioned  hrig- 
adier-general. 

The  military  board  (Gens.  Schofield, 
Terry,  and  Getty)  entirely  exonerate 
Fitz-John  Porter  of  the  charges 
under  which  he  was  dismissed  from  the 
army. 

Mar.  26.  7).  C.  The  Government  orders 
U.  S.  troops  to  protect  the  trausport.ation 
of  mails  against  interference  by  riotous 
strikers  at  .St.  Louis  and  other  points. 

Apr.  20.  Zenas  R.  Bliss  is  commissioned 
colonel  —  24th  infantry.  [Also  June  1 1. 
James  W.  Forsyth  — 7th  cavalry.  Sept. 
6.  Thomas  M.  Anderson  —  14th  infan- 
try. Sept.  16.  George  H.  Mendell  — 
corps  of  engineers.  Oct.  12.  Henry  L. 
Abbot  —  corps  of  engineers.  Oct.  13. 
Edwin  F.  Towns  —  12th  infantry.  Oct. 
19.  Robert  E.  A.  Crof ton  —  15th  infan- 
try.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1885  *  *  Cat.    The  Observatory  of  the 
University  of  the   Pacific  is  erected  at 
San  Jos^. 

*  *  Ind.  The  McKim  Observatory  is 
erected  at  Greencastle. 

*  *  yew  York.  A  bronze  statue  of  "Wil- 
liam F.  Bodge,  a  philanthropist  of 
New  York,  is  unveiled.  J.  C.  Nicoll, 
F.  D.  Millet,  F.  E.  Church,  and  George 
W.  Maynard  of  New  Vork  are  elected 
members  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design. 

*  *  The  Jack  0*  Lantern  is  painted  by  T. 
W.  Wood. 

*  *  At  the  Watering  Trough  is  painted  by 
J.  M.  Hart. 

*  *  Sunset  is  painted  by  George  Innesa. 

*  *  Peacocks  in  the  Snow  is  painted  by  F. 

5.  Church. 

*  *  The  Strange  Gods  is  painted  by  G.  W. 
Maynard. 

*  *  The  Russet  Year  is  painted  by  A.  C. 
Shaw. 

*  *  Christmas  Eve  is  painted  by   Jervis 
*    McEntee. 

*  *  October  in  liamapo  Valley  is  painted 
by  J.  F.  Cropsey. 


*  *  Waiting  for  Bad  is  painted  by  Ed- 
ward Moran. 

*  *  Morning  at  Vera  Cruz  is  painted  by 
Thomas  Moran. 

*  *  Sunrise  over  the  Sea  is  painted  by 
Worthington  Whittredge. 

1886  Jan.  19.  Cal.  Much  damage  is 
done  by  a  gale  at  San  Francisco. 

Jail.  *  Xew  York.  A  comet  is  discov- 
ered by  W.  R.  Brooks  of  Geneva. 

Mar.  1-3.  A  heavy  snowstorm  occurs 
in  New  England,  and  trains  are  stopped. 

Apr.  14.  Minn.  A  terrific  tornado  strikes 
St.  Cloud  and  Sauk  Rapids,  killing  34, 
and  wounding  136  persons ;  a  great 
amount  of  property  is  destroyed. 

Apr.  29.  Ala.  Jefferson  Davis  lays  the 
foundation  of  a  monument  to  Con- 
federate soldiers  of  the  State  at  Mont- 
gomery. 

May  6.  Mo.  A  terrible  tornado  in 
Kansas  city  kills  70  people  and  destroys 
many  buildings. 

May  12-15.  Destructive  tornadoes 
sweep  through  Southern  Ohio,  Indiana, 
and  Illinois. 

May  19.  0.  A  waterspout  devastates 
Xenia ;  loss,  100  houses  and  25  lives. 

June  17.  y.  II.  A  bronze  statue  of 
Daniel  "Webster  erected  in  the  State- 
bouse  Park  is  dedicated  ;  it  is  the  gift 
of  Benjamin  Cheney, 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1886. 
Jan.   16.      Hudson,  Henry  Norman,  P.  E. 

clergyman,  Shakespearian  scholar,  A72. 
Jan.  S6.    Atchison,  David  R.,  senator  for 

Mo.,  A79. 
Feb.  9.    Hancock,  'Wlnfleld  Scott,  maj.- 

gen.,  Dem.  candidate  for  President,  A62. 
Feb.  12.     Seymour,    Horatio,   Gov.    !N.   Y., 

Dem.  candidate  for  President,  A7ti. 
Feb.    18.    Gough.    John    B.,    temperance 

orator,  A69. 
Mar.  27.      Hunt,  Ward,   associate   justice 

IT.  S.  S.  Ct.,  A76. 
Apr.  13.    Noyes,  John  Humphry,  commu- 
nist at  Oneida,  N.  Y.,  A75. 
Apr.  28.     Richardson,   Henry   Hobson,  ar- 
chitect, A47. 
May  1.    Robertson,  Charles  F.,  P.  E.  bishop 

of  Mo.,  A51. 
Shepard,     Charles   Upham,   physicist, 

author,  A82. 
May  31.    Lewis,  Dio,  physician,  lecturer, 

A  68. 

Andrews,  Stephen  Pearl,  author,  A74. 

May  25.     Steele,  Joel  Dorman,  educator, 

A50. 
June  6.    Nevin,  John  Williamson,  Ger.  Kef. 

clergyman,  theologian,  A83. 
June  7.     Hoe,  Richard  March,  inventor  of 

revolving  press,  AT4. 
June  16.    Whipjile,  Edwin  Percy,  essayist, 

critic,  lecturer,  A67. 


CHURCH. 
1885*  *  Bostons.  The  Society  of  Chris- 
tians,   professing  "  to    etfect    physical 
healing  by  mental  effort,"  is  organized  ; 
Mrs.  M.  B.  G.  Eddy,  leader. 

*  *  Colo.  The  Colorado  Conference  (Free 
Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  Congregational  Club  is 
formed. 

*  *  Kan.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Topeka ;  Wil- 
liam Johnston,  moderator. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held  at  Saratoga. 


*  *  O.  The  Annnal  Convention  (Disci- 
ples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Cleveland; 
L.  L.  Carpenter,  president.  The  Gen- 
eral Assembly  (Presbyterian)  meets  at 
Cincinnati ;  E.  R.  Craven,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  3i>d  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  meets  at  Harrisburg. 

*  *  Wis.  The  Icelanders'  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  is  organized. 

1886  Jan.  1,  Mont.  The  American 
Unitarian  Association  begins  its  work 
among  the  Indians. 

Jan.  13.  A'ew  York.  The  Christian  or- 
ders of  the  King*s  Daughters,  and  the 
King's  Sons  are  founded  by  ten  women. 
It  is  interdenominational,  and  its  in- 
dividual members  are  pledged  to  render 
service  of  mercy  or  help ;  its  motto, 
"  In  His  Name."  [Jan.  18.  The  pioneer 
circle  is  formed.] 

Mar.  26.  Ga.  Thomas  A.  Becker,  Roman 
Catholic  bishop,  is  transferred  to  Savan- 
nah. 

May  5.  Va.  The  General  Conference 
(Methodist  Episcopal  South)  is  held  at 
Richmond. 

W.  W.  Duncan,  Charles  B.  Galloway, 
E.  H.  Hendrix,  and  Joseph  S.  Key  are 
elected  bishops  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church  South. 

May  26.  New  York.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

May.*  Alas.  A  band  of  Moravian  mis- 
sionaries found  the  Carmel  Mission. 

June  7.  Md.  John  Gibbons,  Roman 
Catholic  archbishop  of  Baltimore,  is 
created  a  Cardinal. 

LETTERS. 

1885  *  ♦  Fla.  KoUins  College  (Cong.) 
is  organized  at  Winter  Park. 

*  *  La.  The  Normal  School  is  estab- 
lished at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Mich.  The  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  at  Detroit  opens. 

*  *  Minn.  Macalester  College  (Pres.)  is 
organized  at  St.  Paul. 

*  *  Neb.  The  Nebraska  Central  College 
is  opened  at  Central  City. 

*  *  New    York.    The  Cosmopolitan  mag- 
azine is  founded. 

*  *N.  Y.  The  Brooklyn  Institute  opens 
a  training-school  for  teachers. 

*  *  Pa.  Bryn  Mawr  College  (Orthodox 
Friends)  is  organized. 

*  *  Ore.  Provision  is  made  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  State  Normal  School  at 
Drain. 

*  *  S.  Dak.  Dakota  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Mitchell. 

*  *  Wis.  The  State  Normal  School  at 
Milwaukee  is  opened. 

*  *  A  Biography  of  Emerson,  by  Oliver 
Wendell  Holmes,  appears. 

*  *  Poets  of  America,  by  Edmund  Clar- 
ence Stedman,  appears. 

*  *  Elements  of  Moral  Science^  by  Noah 
Porter,  appears. 

*  *  The  fnsuppressible  Book,  by  Gail  Ham- 
ilton (Mary  Abigail  Dodge),  appears. 

*  •  Marvja,  by  Bret  llarte,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.       1885,  *  *-1886,  June  17.    323 


*  •  My  Lady  Pokahcmtas,  by  John  Esten 
Cooke,  appears. 

*  *  Problems  in  Pkilosophy,  by  John  Bas- 
coin,  appears. 

*  *  The  Bise  and  Fall  of  Silas  Lapham, 
by  William  Dean  Howells,  appears. 

»  •  Sliulies  in  Shakespeare,  by  Kichard 
Grant  White,  appears. 

*  *  An  Original  Belle,  by  Edward  Payson 
Roe,  appears. 

*  *  The  Idea  of  God  as  Affected  by  Modem 
Knowledge,  by  John  Fiske,  appears. 

*  •  The  Silent  South,  by  George  W.  Cable, 
appears. 

*  •  Cily  Ballads,  by  Will  Carleton,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Miss  Cadogna,  by  Julian  Hawthorne, 
appears  ;  also.  Noble  Blood. 

*  *  The  Prophet  of  the  Great  Smoky  Moun- 
tains, by  Charles  Egbert  Craddock,  ap- 
pears ;  also,  Down  the  Ravine. 

1886  Jan.  3.  Md.  The  Public  Li- 
brary at  Baltimore,  the  gift  of  Enoch 
Pratt,  is  opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1885  *  *  Boston.  The  Algonquin  Club 
is  organized. 

*  *  Cal.  The  State  Home  for  the  care 
and  training  of  feeble-minded  chil- 
dren at  Santa  Clara  is  opened. 

*  •  Ta.  The  prohibitory  liquor  law  is 
passed  by  a  Democratic  Legislature. 

*  *  Kan.  The  anti-saloon  Bepublican 
movement  is  organized  to  induce  the 
party  everywhere  to  adopt  "  a  platform 
of  uncompromising  hostility  to  the  sa- 
loon.'* 

»  •  Me.  A  State  Board  of  Health  is  es- 
tablished. 

»  *  iV.  C  A  Baptist  Orphanage  is 
founded  in  Thomasville. 

*  *  yeb.  The  Santees  are  granted  lands 
in  severalty. 

*  •  A'.  J.  A  State  school  for  deaf  mutes 
is  opened  near  Trenton. 

*  •  y.  Mex.  A  State  school  for  the  deaf 
and  dumb  at  Santa  Fe  is  opened. 

*  *  O.  The  Legislature  establishes  a  State 
Board  of  Health. 

*  •  The  Knighta  of  Temperance  (Total 
abstainers)  are  organized  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  Church  Temperance  Society. 
( Protestant  Episcopal.) 

*  *  U.  S.  Liberal  subscriptions  are  made 
for  advancing  Irish  Home  Hule  in 
Ireland. 

*  *  The  Daughters  of  the  King  are  or- 
ganized in  connection  with  the  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Church. 

*  *  U.  S.  Indians  are  held  responsible 
under  the  laws  touching  murder,  man- 
slaughter, rape,  assault  to  kill,  arson, 
burglary,  and  larceny. 

*  *  Utah.  The  insane  asylum  at  Provo 
is  opened. 

1886  Jan.  1+.  N.  T.  More  than  7,000 
glove-makers  at  Gloversville  partly 
succeed  in  a  strike  for  increased  wages  ; 


they  hold  out  nine  weeks  at  a  wage-loss 
of  $&18,!)00. 

Jan.  21.  Judge  Brewer  of  the  U.  S. 
Circuit  Court  renders  his  decision  in  the 
case  of  the  State  of  Kansas  ex  ret.  v. 
John  Walrufl,  upholding  oompensa^ 
tion  for  loss  in  brewing  property 
occasioned  by  prohibition  laws. 

Feb.  7.  Wash.  An  anti-Chinese  riot 
occurs  at  Seattle  ;  400  Chinese  are  driven 
from  their  homes  by  a  mob. 

Feb.  8.  Wash.  Gov.  Squire  proclaims 
martial  law  for  the  protection  of  the 
Chinese  against  rioters. 

Feb.  27+.  N.  Y.  Nearly  2,000  stove- 
molders  at  Troy  strike  successfully 
for  increased  wages  ;  they  hold  out  17 
weeks  at  a  wage-loss  of  $400,000. 

Mar.  6+.  About  9,000  employees  of  the 
Missouri  Pacific  Railroad  system  strike 
unsuccessfully  by  the  order  of  Mar- 
tin Jones,  because  of  the  discharge  of 
Knight  of  Labor ;  they  hold  out  two 
months  at  a  wage-loss  of  $1 ,400,000 ; 
seven  of  the  strikers  are  killed  by  the 
militia  in  East  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Mar.  10.  R.  I.  The  Legislature  votes 
unanimously  for  the  submission  of  a 
prohibition  amendment  to  a  popular 
vote.  [Apr.  7.  It  is  approved  by 
more  than  the  required  three-fifths 
vote.] 

Mar  17.  Miss.  A  band  of  50  whites 
kills  ten  negroes  in  CarroUton,  at  the 
court-house,  who  were  there  confined 
pending  trial  for  wounding  a  white  man. 

April  16+.  New  York.  About  1,300  em- 
ployees of  the  Third  Avenue  horse-car 
line  are  partly  successful  in  a  strike 
against  the  hours  of  labor  and  the  dis- 
charge of  men  ;  they  hold  out  60  days  at 
a  wage-loss  of  $50,000. 

April  *  An  ovation  is  given  to  Jefferson 
Davis  on  his  journey  through  the  South- 
ern States. 

May  1.  New  York.  About  20,000  cigar- 
makers  strike  unsuccessfully  for 
fewer  hours ;  they  hold  out  one  day  at 
a  wage-loss  of  $27,000. 

May  4.  Chicago.  An  anarchist  mob 
creates  a  riot  in  which  dynamite  is 
used  ;  the  police  disperse  the  anarchists 
by  hard  fighting  ;  six  of  the  police  are 
killed  and  61  wounded. 

May  5.  Wis.  An  anarchist  riot  occurs 
at  Milwaukee  ;  10  persons  are  killed  and 
15  wounded  ;  Herr  Most,  the  leader,  es- 
capes arrest. 

May  10+.  Chicago.  About  12,000lumber- 
shovers  strike  unsuccessfully  for 
fewer  hours  and  more  pay  ;  they  hold  out 
two  weeks  at  a  wage-loss  of  $270,000. 

May  12.  New  York.  Herr  Most,  the 
anarchist  leader,  is  arrested  for  inciting 
riots.  (See  May  5.)  [He  is  fined  and  im- 
prisoned.] 

May  18.  N.  T.  A  State  Board  of  Arbi- 
tration for  labor  disputes  is  provided 
for  by  the  Legislature. 

May  20.  New  York.  Henry  W.  Jahne, 
one  of  the  "boodle**  aldermen,  is  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment. 


May  27.  Chicago.  The  grand  jury  in- 
dicts 22  anarchists  for  murder. 

June  2.  B.C.  President  Grover  Cleve- 
land is  married  to  Miss  Frances  Fol- 
som  at  the  White  House. 

June  5.  New  York.  About  12,000  street 
car  employees  successfully  strike  in 
sympathy  with  other  strikers,  for  one 
day ;  wage-loss,  $25,000. 

STATE. 

1885  *  *  U.  S.  Governors  Inaugu- 
rated : 

-89  *  »  Ark.    Simon  P.  Hughes. 
-87  *  *  Colo.    Benj.  H.  Eaton. 
-87  *  *  Conn.    Henry  B.  Harrison. 
-89  *  *  Fta.    Edward  A.  Perry. 
-89  *  *  III.    Richard  J.  Oglesby. 
-89  *  *  Itid.    Isaac  P.  Gray. 
-89  *  •  Kan.    John  A.  Martin. 
-87  *  *  Mich.    Russell  A.  Alger. 
-89  •  *  Mo.    John  S.  Marmaduke. 
-89  *  *  N.C.    Alfred  M.  Scales. 
-87  *  *  N.  H.    Moody  Currier. 
-86  *  *N.  Y.    David  B.  Hill. 
-87  •  *  R.  I.    George  P.  Wetmore. 
-89  *  *  IT.  Va.    E.  Willis  Wilson. 

1886  Jan.  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
Senate  passes  the  Edmunds  Bill  for  the 
suppression  of  the  Mormon  hierarchy. 
Vote  38-7. 

Jan.  25  +.  D.  C.  The  Senate  and  Presi- 
dent have  a  controversy  lasting  several 
months  respecting  the  latter's  refusal 
to  communicate  his  reasons  for  the  re- 
moval of  public  officers. 

Mar.  5.  Z).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Blair  Educational  Bill, 
appropriating  $79,000,000  to  be  divided 
among  the  States  for  free  public  schools 
pro  rata  to  illiteracy. 

Mar.  19.  D.  C.  Congress  increases 
pensions  from  $8  per  month  to  $12. 

Apr.  8.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
defeats  the  bill  for  the  free  coinage  of 
silver;  vote,  126-163. 

June  1.  Pa.  The  Legislature  passes  the 
Bullitt  Act,  granting  a  reform  charter 
to  Philadelphia.    [Operative  Apr.  1,  '87.] 

June  3.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  bill  taxing  oleomargarine. 
Vote,  177-101.  [June  20.  Passed  by  the 
Senate.     Vote,  37-24.] 

June  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  bill  repealing  the  preemi)tion, 
timber  culture,  and  desert-land  laws. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1885  *  *  Chicago.  The  new  Board  of 
Trade  building  is  completed. 

*  *  New  York.  The  National  Brotherhood 
of  ball-players  is  organized. 

1886  Mar.  14.  A'.  Y.  The  Cunard 
steamer  Orejron  collides  with  a  schooner 
ofif  Long  Island  ;  the  steamer  sinks,  but 
no  lives  are  lost. 

Apr.  7.  Mass.  The  derailing  of  a  train 
near  Deerfield  causes  12  deaths. 

June  7.  S.  C.  The  derailing  of  a  train 
near  Santee  Swamp  causes  seven  deaths 
and  injures  13. 


324     1886,  June  17-*  *. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
1886     Jvdy   1.      D.  C.     The  President 

approves  the  act  restoring  Gen.  Fitz- 

John  Porter  to  his  rank  in  the  army. 

[Aug.  2.   He  is  appointed  to  a  colonelcy.] 
Sept.  4.     Ariz,     The   Apaches   under 

Chief  Geronimo  surrender  to  Gen.  Miles 

at  Skeleton  CaQon. 
Sept.  *  The  Apaches  cease  their  warfare 

and  surrender.    [They  are  removed  to 

Florida.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1886  June  21.  Mass.  Miss  Whitney's 
marble  statue  of  Harriet  Martineau 
is  dedicated  at  Wellesley  College,  Need- 
ham. 

June  28.  The  asteroid  Aletheia  is  dis- 
covered by  C.  H.  F.  Peters  of  Clinton 
observatory. 

Aug.  31.  S.  C.  A  series  of  earthquake 
shocks  begin  at  9.51  p.m.  at  Charleston, 
and  alarm  the  city  ;  57  persons  are  killed ; 
property  damages,  $500,000,000. 

Oct.  2.  Can.  Col.  Gilder's  polar  expe- 
dition starts  from  Winnipeg. 

Oct.  12.  A  violent  gale  occurs  In  Texas 
and  the  Southwest ;  more  than  250 
persons  and  thousands  of  cattle  are 
drowned ;  the  town  of  Sabine  Pass  is 
destroyed. 

Oct.  28.  New  York.  The  Bartholdi 
Statue  of  Xiiberty  Snlightening  the 
World  set  up  on  Bedloe's  Island,  in  the 
harbor,  is  dedicated  by  President  Cleve- 
land ;  it  is  151  feet  in  height,  and  stands 
on  a  pedestal  155  feet  high. 

Oct.  31.  JV.  Y.  The  asteroid  Prymno 
is  discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters.  [Iji- 
bussa  is  discovered,  Dec.  22.] 

*  *  Boston.  A  statue  of  Williaxn  Ijloyd 
Garrison  is  unveiled  in  Commonwealth 
Avenue. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Chabot  Observatory  is 
presented  to  the  city  of  Oakland. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Smith  College  Obser- 
vatory  is  erected  at  Northampton, 

*  *  Iifew  York.  The  opera  Erminie,  by 
Jacobowski,  is  first  sung  in  this  country. 

*  *  Dr.  Mott  reports  four  successful  in- 
oculations for  hydrophobia. 

*  *  J.  Alden  Weir  and  C.  Y.  Turner  of 
New  York  are  elected  members  of  the 

.  National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  •  The  American  College  of  Musicians 
is  incorporated. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1883. 
June  26.    Davis,  David,    senator  for  III., 

justice  U.  S.  S.  Ct.,  A71. 
July  7.    Hayne,  Paul  Hamilton,  poet,  of 

S.  C,  A66. 
July  10.    Brown,  Henry  Kirlt,  sculptor,  A72. 
July  14.    Nicliols,  William  Ripley,  chemist, 

A39. 
July   16.     .Tudson,  Edward    Z.    C,    story 

writer  (Ned  lUmtline),  AB4. 
Aug.   4.      Tilden,   Samuel   Jones,   Gov.   of 

N.  Y.,  Dem.  candidate  for  President,  A76. 
Aug.  11.     llaniilton,  Frank   Hastings,  sur. 

geon,  author,  ATS. 
Aue.  0O,    Stephens,  Ann    Sophia,  author, 

A63. 
Au».  33.    Stowe,  Calvin  EUla,  Cong,  cler- 
gyman, professor,  author,  A84. 
Aue*.  35.    Perkins,  Charles  Callahan,   art 

critic,  A  63. 
Sept.  17.    Durand,  Asher -Brown,  landscape 

painter,  engraver,  A90. 


Sept  37.  Cooke,  John  Eeten,  novelist,  his- 
torian, .4.50. 

Nov.  18.  Arthur,  Chester  Alan,  lawyer, 
Vice-President,  2l8t  President  U.  S.,  A56. 

Nov.  21.  Adams,  Charles  Francis,  M.  C. 
for  Mass.,  minister  to  Kng.,  A79. 

Nov.  33.  Brooks,  Erastus,  ed.  New  York 
Express^  ATI. 

Dec.  8.     Lea,  Isaac,  naturalist,  author,  A94. 

Dec.  34.    Short,  Charles,  scholar,  au.,  A65. 

Dec.  36.  I^ogan,  John  Alexander,  M.  C. 
for  111.,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  Kep.  candidate  for 
Vice-President,  A60. 

CHURCH. 

1886  June  21.  Chicago.  The  Western 
Unitarian  Association  is  organized  at 
Chicago. 

Sept.  20-24.  N.  Y.  The  tweUth  Na- 
tional Council  (Unitarian)  is  held  in 
Saratoga. 

Oct.  14.  Pa.  The  Pennsylvania  Congre- 
gational Association  is  organized. 

Oct.  18.  Minn.  Mahlon  N.  Gilbert  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  as- 
sistant bishop  of  Minnesota. 

Nov.  9.  Cal.  The  Pacific  Unitarian  Con- 
ference at  San  Francisco  is  organized. 

Nov.  14.  Del.  Alfred  A.  Curtis  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  the 
Diocese  of  Wilmington. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  hid.  The  North  Indiana  Conference 
(Free  Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  Minn.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  at  MiiUieapolis ; 
D.  C.  Marquis,  moderator. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Atitiiiii.1  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Kansas  City  ; 
F.  M.  Drake,  president. 

*  *  N.J.  The  Baptist  Aminal  Meeting 
is  held  in  Asbury  Park. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese 
of  Syracuse  is  established. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Hamilton  j 
John  T.  Browulee,  moderator. 

LETTERS. 
1886  *  *  Ark.  Ouachita  College  (Bapt.) 
is  founded. 

*  *  Kansas  "Wesleyan  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)is  organized  at  Salina. 

*  *  Kan,  Garfield  University  (Disci- 
ples) is  organized  at  Wichita. 

*  *  Kan.  Southwest  Kansas  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  organized  at  Winfield. 

*  •  Ind.  Tlie  Indiana  Normal  College  is 
opened  at  Covington. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Forum  is  issued  ;  also, 
Hlas  lAndn,  printed  in  Bohemian  ;  the 
Listy  and  the  Catholic  News. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Citizen  is  issued  as  a  daily 
at  Brooklyn.  The  Sunday  Telegram  is 
issued  at  Albany. 

*  *S.C.  The  Winthrop  Teachers'  Train- 
ing School  is  opened  at  Columbia. 

*  *  Va.  The  Titties  is  issued  at  Richmond. 

*  *  Wash.  The  Northwest  Normal  School 
is  opened  at  Lynden. 

*  *  The  Boss  Girl,  and  Other  Sketches,  by 
James  WMtcomb  Riley,  appears. 

*  ♦  Holy  Tid^s,  by  Adeline  D.  T.  Whitney, 
appears. 


*  *  Jo^s  Boys,  by  Louisa  M.  Alcott,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Little  Lord  Fauntleroy,  by  Frances 
Hodgson  Burnett,  appears. 

*  *  The  Orient,  by  Joseph  Cook,  appears. 

*  *  The  Catholic  Church  tn  America,  by 
John  Dawson  Gilmary  Shea,  appears. 

*  *  The  Casting  Away  of  Mrs.  Leeks  and 
Mrs.  Aleshme,  by  Frank  R.  Stockton, 
appears;  also,  The  Late  Mr.  Nail. 

*  *  Brueton'8  Bayou,  by  John  Habberton, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Bostontans,  by  Henry  James,  ap- 
pears ;  also.  The  Princess  Casamassima. 

*  *  The  Tale  of  a  Lonely  Parish^  by 
Francis  Marion  Crawford,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1886   June  *  The  Pamellite  Fund  for 

aiding  elections  in  Great  Britain  is  sus- 
tained by  large  contributions. 

July  1.  R.  L  The  Prohibition  Amend- 
ment becomes  operative. 

Aug.  3.  la.  Rev.  George  C.  Haddock, 
a  Prohibitionist,  is  murdered  at  Sioux 
City  by  a  prominent  friend  of  the 
brewers. 

Aug.  20.  Chicago.  Seven  Anarchists 
are  sentenced  for  murders  committed 
during  the  riots.     (See  Nov.  11,  1887.) 

Aug.  26.  Cal,  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  meets  in  its  20th  National 
Encampment  at  San  Francisco ;  Lucius 
Fairchild  of  Wis.,  commander-in-chief. 

Aug.  *  New  York.  Alfred  Packer,  one  of 
six  starving  miners  in  Colorado,  having 
killed  and  eaten  his  companions,  is  con- 
victed of  manslaughter  and  sentenced  to 
40  years  imprisonment. 

Sept.  23.  N.  Y.  The  Unitarian  Church 
Temperance  Society  is  organized  at 
Saratoga. 

Its  purpose  is  "  to  work  for  the  cause 
of  temperance  in  whatever  ways  may 
seem  to  it  wise  and  right;  to  study  the 
social  problems  of  poverty,  crime,  and 
disease  in  their  relation  to  the  use  of 
intoxicating  drinks,  and  to  diffuse  what- 
ever knowledge  may  be  gained  ;  to  dis- 
cuss methods  of  temperance  reform  ;  to 
devise  and  ro  far  as  possible  to  execute 
plans  for  practical  reform  ;  to  exert,  by 
its  meetings  and  by  its  membership,  such 
influence  for  good  as  by  the  grace  of  God 
it  may  possess." 

Oct.  9+.  CAicago.  Over  9,000  meat-pack- 
ers strike  unsuccessfuUy  against  the 
10-hour  day  ;  they  hold  out  11  days  at  a 
wage-loss  of  $175,000. 

Oct.  11.  The  American  Convention  of 
the  Christian  Church,  in  quadrennial 
session,  declares  its  hostility  to  the 
liquor-trafilc. 

It  announces  "  itself  as  the  patron  and 
aider  of  all  activities  and  associations 
that  point  clearly,  definitely,  and  wisely 
to  a  direct   and  immediate  erasure  of 

fiermissJons  or  sanctions  of  society  or 
aw  upon  the  iniquitous  liquor-traflic.'* 

Oct.  20.  ///.  The  Illinois  Soldiers'  and 
Sailors*  Home  is  dedicated  at  Quincy. 

NOV.6+.  Chicago,  Over  10,000 meat^pack- 
ers  strike  unsuccessfully  against  an 
increase  of  hours  ;  they  hold  out  10  daya 
at  a  wage-loss  of  $11)9,680. 


i 


UNITED   STATES. 


1886,  June  17-**.     S25 


Hav.  13.  Chicago.  The  officers  of  the 
Knights  o£  Labor  order  the  pork-pack- 
ers to  abandon  their  strike. 

Nov,  17.  The  national  organization  of 
the  Union  Veteran  Ijegion  is  formed. 

Nov.  27.  Col.  The  observance  of  Arbor 
day  begins  ;  Adolph  Sutro  supplies  40,000 
trees  for  the  school  children  to  plant. 

Nov.  •  Miss.  Many  negroes  migrate 
from  the  hill-country  to  the  river-bottom 
in  the  Yazoo  section. 

Nov.  *  -Dec.  •  U.  S.  Speculation  be- 
comes general. 

Deo.  *  0.  The  trades-unions  meet  In  con- 
vention at  Columbus;  a  national  orga- 
nization is  formed,  called  The  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Xjabor. 

Deo.  20.  New  York.  Alderman  Mc- 
Quaid  is  sentenced  to  seven  years'  im- 
prisonment and  fined  for  bribery,  etc., 
in  connection  with  the  Broadway  car- 
line. 

Dec.  30.  ifich.  The  Soldiers'  Home 
near  Grand  Rapids  is  dedicated. 

*  *  />.  C.  Congress  enacts  that  instruction 
concerning  the  nature  and  effects  of 
alcoholic  liquors  shall  be  given  in  the 
schools  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  and 
the  Territories,  the  military  and  naval 
academies,  and  all  other  schools  under 
Government  control. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  passes  a  local  option 
law  for  the  District  of  Columbia. 

*  *  Ind.  The  school  for  the  deaf  at  Evans- 
Tille  is  opened. 

■*  ♦  La.  Provision  is  made  by  the  Legisla- 
ture for  the  relief  of  wounded  and  dis- 
abled Confederate  soldiers  and  for 
soldiers'  widows. 

*  *  La.  A  State  school  for  deaf-mutes  is 
opened  at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Mass.  The  State  Board  of  Health  is 
established  as  a  separate  body. 

*  •  Minn,  An  asylum  for  the  insane  is 
established  by  the  State  at  Fergus  Falls. 

*  •  Minn.  The  'Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  meets  in  National 
Convention  at  Minneapolis ;  Frances 
Willard,  president. 

*  *  Miss.  The  Legislature  passes  a  local 
option  law. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Commercial  Tem- 
perance Iicague  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  Legislature  passes  the  Dow 
Law  for  the  regulation  of  the  liquor 
traffic. 

STATE. 

1886  June  17.  D.  C.  Congress; 
House :  The  Morrison  Bill  to  reduce 
the  taritf  taxes  about  15  or  20  millions 
fails.    Vote,  140-157. 

June  18..  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
indefinitely  postpones  the  bill  repealing 
the  Civil  Service  Law ;  it  passes  a  Con- 
stitutional Amendment  Bill,  by  a  two- 
tliirds  vote,  substituting  April  30  for 
March  4  as  the  beginning  of  all  Presi- 
dential and  Congressional  terms  of  office. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal 
year.  Revenue :  Customs,  $192,905,023  ; 
Internal    revenue,    8116,805^36;    direct 


tax,  $108,240 ;  sales  of  public  lands  $5,- 
630,999;  miscellaneous  items,  $20,989,528. 
Total  revenue,  $336,439,727;  excess  of 
revenue  over  expenditures,  $93,906,589. 
Expenditures :  Miscellaneous  items, 
$74,166,930;  War  Department,  $34,324,- 
153;  Navy  Department,  $13,907,888;  In- 
dians, $6,099,158;  pensions,  $63,4(M,864 ; 
interest  on  the  public  delit,  $50,580,146. 
Total  ordinary  expenditures,  $242,483,- 
138.  Public  debt,  $1,783,438,697.  Kxports, 
$679,624,830;  imports,  $635,436,136. 

June  *  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Chinese  Indemnity  Bill. 

July  14.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  a  resolution  ordering  the  Treas- 
ury to  pay  oiT  the  public  debt  in  sums 
not  less  than  10  millions  a  month.  Vote, 
209-05.  [The  Senate  approves,  but  the 
President  does  not.] 

July  24.  D.  C.  Congress  requires  the 
Treasury  to  issue  silver  certificates, 
in  one,  two,  and  five  dollar  notes,  rep- 
resenting silver  dollars,  for  general 
circulation. 

July  30.  D.  C.  President  Cleveland  pro- 
motes civil  service  reform  by  cheek- 
ing the  political  activity  of  Government 
officials. 

Aug.  2.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Alien  Xjandlord's  Bill,  limiting  the 
holding  of  land  and  mines  in  Territories 
by  foreigners. 

Congress  lays  a  special  tax  of  two 
cents  a  pound  on  olepmargarine,  be- 
sides a  tax  on  the  manufacturers  and 
dealers. 

Aug.  *  D.  C.  Congress  authorizes  the 
issue  of  postal  letter-sheet  envelopes. 

Aug.  5.  ».  C.  The  49th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

Sept.  16.  Chicago.  A  meeting  is  held 
of  the  National  Conference  of  Anti- 
saloon  Bepublicans;  about  200  dele- 
gates are  present. 

Nov.  2.  Fla.  The  people  ratify  the 
new  Constitution. 

In  the  Congressional  elections  the 

Democrats  are  successful  in  168Uistricts, 
and  the  Republicans  in  152. 

Dec.  6.  D.  C.  The 49th  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

Dec.  •  I).  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  John 
J.  Ingalls  of  Kan.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

*  *  Fishingdifflcultiesengageattention. 

American  vessels  visiting  Canadian 
ports  to  buy  ice  or  bait  are  seized  by  the 
Government,  and  condemned  for  acts 
"  preparatory  to  fishing  in  Canadian 
waters." 

*  *  Governors  Inaugurated: 
-88  *  •  Ala.    Thomas  Seay. 

-90  •  «  Ariz.  (Ter.).    C.  Meyer  Zulick. 
-90  •  •  Dak.  (Ter.).    Louis  K.  Church. 
-88  »  •  Ga.    John  B.  Gordon. 
-90  •  •  Ma.  (Ter.).    Ed.  A.  Stevenson. 
-88  *  •  la.    William  Larrabee. 
-89  *  *  Minn.    Andrew  R.  McGill. 
-90  »  *  Mont.  ( Ter.).    Preston  H.  Leslie. 
-90*  *  N.Mex.fTer.).  Edmund  G.Ross. 
-88  *  *  O.    Joseph  Benson  Foraker. 
-88  •  *  S.  C.    John  P.  Richardson. 
-90  *  *  U.  (Ter.).    Caleb  W.  West. 
-SO*  *  Fa.    FitzhughLee. 
-88  *  *  Vt.    IHwnezer  J.  Ormsbee. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1886  June  24.  Mo.  The  Merchant's 
Bridge  spanning  the  Mississippi  at  St. 
Louis  is  commenced.    [See  May  3, 1890.] 

June  25.  Columbia  defeats  Harvard 
in  a  boat-race  ;  time,  21.38. 

June  *  A  special  theatrical  train  Tuna 
from  Jersey  City  to  San  Francisco  — 
from  ocean  to  ocean  —  in  three  days, 
seven  hours,  39  minutes,  and  16  seconds. 

Jime  *  Pa.  The  vestibule  train  is  in- 
troduced on  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad. 

July  3.  N.  Y.  The  fourth  intercolle- 
giate boat-race  for  fours  is  pulled  on 
Lake  George,  IJ  miles  straight.  Time  : 
Bowdoin,  8.06 ;  University  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, second ;  race  won  by  a  length  and 
a  half. 

Aug.  11.  N.  Y.  Carlisle  D.  Graham,  an 
Englishman,  in  a  great  buoy-shaped  bar- 
rel, passes  safely  through  the  Niagara 
Kapids. 

Aug.  14.  Mass.  E.  Hanlan  sculls  three 
miles  on  Lake  Quinsigamond,  in  19.23 
minutes. 

Aug.  18.  N.  Y.  The  New  York  Central 
Railroad  Company  runs  a  special  news- 
paper train  from  Syracuse  to  Buffalo, 
148.77  miles,  at  an  average  speed  of  61.6 
miles  an  hour. 

Aug.  22.  A^.  r.  Wm  J.  Kendall,  in  a  cork 
vest,  swims  through  the  Niagara  Rapids. 

Aug.  25.  N.  C.  A  runaway  train  near 
Saluda  causes  five  deaths  ;  eighty  other 
persons  are  injured. 

Sept.  7-11.  The  schooner-yacht  May- 
flower beats  the  English  cutter  Galatea, 
in  a  race  for  the  America  cup. 

Sept.  14.  N.  Y.  Trains  collide  on  the 
Nickel  Plate  Road  at  Silver  Creek  ;  13 
persons  are  killed,  and  20  Injured. 

Oct.  5.  Mo.  The  steamer  La  Mascotte 
bums  on  the  Mississippi  near  Craw- 
ford's Landing  ;  34  lives  are  lost. 

Oct.  22.  Mass.  W.  A.  Rowe  rides  a  bi- 
cycle one  mile  in  2.29J,  at  Springfield. 

Oct.  28.  Wis.  A  wrecked  train  takes 
fire  near  Rio  ;  22  lives  are  lost. 

Nov.  *  The  schooner  Flying  Scud,  bound 
for  Alaska,  disappears  with  24  persons 
on  board  ;  fate  unknown. 

Dec.  2.  Cat.  A  panic  in  the  Stock  Ex- 
change at  San  Francisco  causes  14  of 
the  principal  brokers  to  suspend. 

Dec.  27.  Phila.  Fire  destroys  Tem- 
ple Theater,  valued  at  $400,000;  two 
fireman  are  killed. 

Dec.  31.    U.  .S.    Statistics  for  1886. 

Production :  Gold,  $35,000,000  ;  silver, 
$51,000,000 ;  bushels  of  grain  :  Indian 
corn,  1,660,441,000;  wheat,  457,218,000; 
oats,  624,134,000 ;  barley,  59,428,000 ;  rve, 
24,489,000;  buckwheat,  11,869,000;  bales 
of  cotton,  6,550,210  ;  pounds  of  wool,  302,- 
000,000;  barrels  of  petroleum,  28,064,841 
(including  all  production  of  oil  in  Ky. 
and  Tenn.  prior  to  1883).  Immigrants 
received  (fiscal  year),  334,203.  Currency 
in  circulation,  $1,202,700,525  ;  per  capita, 
$21.82.  Miles  of  railroads  worked,  125,- 
186;  capital  stock,  $3,999,508,508;  total 
accidents,  1,211,  persons  killed,  401  ;  per- 
sons injured,  1,433 :  Fire-waste,  $104,924,- 
750  ;  insurance,  $60,506,567  ;  344  lives  lost. 
Business  failures,  10,568;  liabiUties, 
$113,618,391. 


326     1886,  *  *-1887,  Nov.  26. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1887  Jan.  3.  D.  C.  James  M.  Wbitte- 
more  is  commissioned  colonel  —  ord- 
nance department.  [Jan.  10.  William 
P.  Craigbill  —  corps  of  engineers.  Apr. 
21,  James  F.  Wade  —  5th  cavalry.  Oct. 
19.  Charles  E.  Compton  —  4th  cavalry. 
Nov.  17.  Charles  Page  —  medical  de- 
partment.] 

Jan.  26.  D.  C.  Com.  Iiewis  A.  Kim- 
berlyis  promoted  rear-admiral.  [Aug. 
25.  Com.  Bancroft  Gherardi.  Sept.  4. 
Com.  Daniel  L.  Braine.j 

Capt.  William  P.  McCann  is  promoted 
commodore.  [Jan.  29.  Capt.  Charles  H. 
Gillis.    Sept.  4.    Capt.  George  Brown.J 

Mar.  3.  Adolphus  W.  Greely  is  com- 
missioned brigadier-general.  [Apr.  16. 
Wesley  Merritt.] 

Sept.  4.  D.  C.  Commander  Gilbert  C. 
White  is  promoted  captain.  [Mar,  6. 
Commander  J.  Crittenden  Watson. 
Aug.  25.  Commander  Henry  B.  Kobe- 
son.] 

ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1886  *  *  November  is  painted  by  Jervis 
McKntre. 

•  *  Coming  in  from  the  Fish  Pond  is 
painted  by  Edward  Moran. 

•  *  The  Secret  is  painted  by  T.  W.  Wood. 

•  *  Brook  Among  the  Hills  is  painted  by 
Worthington  Whittredge. 

1887  Mar.  3.  Col.  Gilder's  overland 
polar  expedition  returns  to  Winnipeg. 

Apr.  29,  Kan.  A  violent  storm  sweeps 
Prescott  County,  killing  20  persons,  in- 
juring 237,  destroying  330  buildings ; 
property  loss,  $1,000,000. 

May  13.  Tenn,  A  new  comet  is  discov- 
ered by  E.  E.  Barnard  of  the  Vanderbilt 
University  at  Nashville. 

Aug.  10.  New  York.  The  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science  holds  its  36th  annual  meeting 
at  Columbia  College. 

Sept.  5-10.  D.  C.  The  Ninth  Interna- 
tional Medical  Congress  is  held  in 
Washington. 

Oct.  7.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid  Anahita  is 
discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters  of  Clinton. 

Nov.  21.  Neip  York,  A  practical  pho- 
nograph, invented  by  Thomas  A.  £di- 
son,  is  announced. 


BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1887. 

Jan.  3.  Potter,  Horatio,  P.  E.  bishop  of 
N.  Y.,  A85. 

Jan.  11.  Youmans,  Edward  Livingston, 
scientist,  founder  Popular  Science  Month- 
ly. A  66. 

Jan.  16.  Hazen,  William  Babcock,  signal 
service  officer  U.  S.  A.,  A57. 

Feb.  13.  Green,  William  Mercer.  P.  E. 
bishop  of  Miss.,  A88. 

Mar.  8.  Beecher,  Henry  Ward.  Cong, 
clergyman,  author,  orator,  A74. 

Eads,     James     Buchanan,     engineer, 

builder  of  Mississippi  jetties,  A67. 

Mar.  39.    Palmer,  Ray,  Cong.  cl.,poet,A81. 

Mar.  31.  Saxe,  John  Godfrey,  poet,  hu- 
morist, journalist,  A71. 

Apr.  13.  Lee,  Alfred,  P.  E.  bishop  of  Del., 
A79. 

May  30.  Poore,  Benjamin  Parley,  author, 
journalist,  A67. 

June  4.  WTheeler.  William  Almon.  M.  C. 
for  N.  Y.,  19th  Vice-President  U.  S.,  AtiS. 


June  11.  Stevens,  William  Bacon,  P.  E. 
bishop  of  Pa.,  A71. 

June  16.  Hitchcock,  Roswell  D wight,  Pres. 
clergyman,  autliur,  professor,  A70. 

June  17.  Hopkins,  Mark,  president  of  Wil 
lianis  College,  autlior,  A  85. 

July  18.  Hunter,  Robert  Mercer,  M.  C, 
senator  for  Va.,  speaker,  Confederate  sec- 
retary of  state,  A78. 

July  33.  Dix,  Dorothea  Lynde,  philan- 
thropist, A82. 

Aug'.  18.  Tower,  Orson  Squire,  phrenolo- 
gist, A78. 

Aug.  19.  Baird,  Spencer  Fullerton,  natur- 
alist, author,  A64. 

Clark,  Alvan,  optician,  telescope  maker, 

A79. 

Aug.  30.     Green,  Seth,  fish  culturiat,  A72. 

Aug.  36.  EUiott,  Robert  W.  B.,  P.  E. 
bishop  of  W.  Texas,  A47. 

Oct.  3.  Finch,  John  Bird,  philanthropist, 
I'rohibition  candidate  for  Pres.  U.  S.,  A35. 

Oct.  33.  Washburne,  Elihu  Benjamin. 
M.  C.  for  111.,  secretary  of  state,  minister 
to  Pr.,  A71. 

Oct.  38.  Carnochan,  John  Murray,  surgeon, 
author,  A70. 

Nov.  19.    Lazarus,  Emma,  poet,  A38. 

CHURCH. 

1886  *  *  A  plan  of  cooperation  is 
adopted  by  the  American  Baptist  Mis- 
sionary Union  and  the  Baptist  General 
Association  of  the  Western  States  and 
Territories. 

*  *  The  Congregational  Clubs  of  Merrimac 
Valley,  Newton,  Denver,  and  St.  Louis 
are  organized. 

*  *  The  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of 
Christian  Denomination  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Woman's  Auxiliary  to  the  Brook- 
lyn Mission  and  Tract  Society  is  organ- 
ized. 

*  *  The  Immanuel  German  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  is  organized. 

*  *  U,  S.  The  *'  Presbyterian  Chnrch 
in  the  United  States  "  formally  cele- 
brates its  quarter  centennial. 

1887  Mar.  26.  Boston.  The  Channing 
Club  (Unitarian)  is  organized. 

Apr.  14.  Ji.  I.  Matthew  Harkins  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Providence. 

Apr.  19.  Archbishop  Corrigan  is  made 
assistant  at  the  Pontifical  Throne. 

May  3.  Cal.  The  General  Association 
(Congregational)  of  Southern  California 
is  organized. 

May  4.  Kan,  Elisha  Smith  Thomas  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  as- 
sistant bishop  of  Kansas. 

May  27.  Ethelbert  Talbot  is  consecrated 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  missionary  bishop 
of  Wyoming  and  Idaho. 

Boston.  The  Unitarian  National  Bu- 
reau of  Unity  Clubs  is  organized. 

June  9.  Detroit.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  14.  D.  C.  The  Bureau  of  Indian 
Missions  (Boman  Catholic)  is  incorpo- 
rated. 

June  29.  Utah.  L.  Scanlan  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  vicar  apostolic 
of  Utah. 

June  *  Chicago.  The  first  Deaconesses* 
Home,  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Chureh,  is  established. 

Aug.  2.  Neb.  The  Roman  Catholic  Dio- 
cese of  Lincoln  is  established. 

Aug.  9.  Wyo.  The  Roman  Catholic  Dio- 
cese of  Cheyenne  is  established. 


Aug.  *  The  first  church  for  the  Chi- 
nese on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  dedicated 
by  the  Baptist  Home  Missionary  Society. 

Oct.  25.  The  Arkansas  Association 
(Congregational)  is  organized. 

Oct.  28.  M.  F.  Burke  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Cheyenne. 

*  *  Colo,  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Denver  is  established. 

Oct.  *  Colo.  Nicholas  C.  Matz  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Den- 
ver, 

Nov.  17.  Minn.  The  Minnesota  Confer- 
ence (Unitarian)  is  organized  at  St.  Paul. 

LETTERS. 

1886  *  •  The  Wind  of  Destiny  ,\)y  Avihw: 
S.  Hardy,  appears. 

*  *  The  Golden  Justice^  by  William  Henry 
Bishop,  appears. 

*  *  Olivia  Delaplaine,\ty  Edgar  Fawcett, 
appears  ;  also.  An  Ambitious  Woman. 

*  *  The  Minister's  Charge^  by  William 
Dean  Howells,  appears. 

*  *  Snowbound  at  Eagles,  by  Bret  Harte, 
appears. 

*  *  Their  Pilgrimage,  by  Charles  Dudley 
Warner,  appears. 

*  *  East  Angels,  by  Constance  Fenimore 
Woolson,  appears. 

1887  May  20.  Cal.  The  corner-stone 
of  the  Stanford  University  at  Palo  Alto 
is  laid. 

Sept.  *  Wyo.  The  University  of  Wyo- 
ming at  Laramie  is  opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1886  *  *  Tenn.  The  State  hospital  for 
the  Insane  is  located  at  Bolivar. 

*  *  Utah.  The  establishment  of  an  indus- 
trial home  at  Salt  Lake  City  for  women 
abandoning  polygamy  is  authorized  by 
Congress. 

*  *  U.  S.  Teachers  in  the  Indian  schools 
are  required  to  give  instruction  on  the 
effects  of  alcohol  on  the  human  sys- 
tem, 

*  *  Wash.  The  school  for  defective 
youth  established  by  the  Government  at 
Vancouver  is  opened. 

*  *  The  International  Young  ■Wom- 
en's  Christian  Association  is  formed. 

1887  Jan.  29.  D.  C.  Congress  passes 
a  bill  to  grant  pensions  of  $6  and  §8 
per  month  to  veterans  of  the  war  with 
Mexico,  who  are  physically  disabled  or 
over  62  years  of  age. 

Jan.  *  New  York.  The  National  As- 
sociation of  Naval  Veterans  is  organ- 
ized. 

Feb.  5.  rt.  The  State  locates  a 
Soldiers*  Home  at  Bennington. 

Feb.  *  N.  Y.  Mrs.  Roxalana  Druse,  con- 
victed of  the  murder  of  her  husband, 
is  hanged  at  Herkimer ;  her  daughter, 
an  accomplice,  is  imprisoned  for  life. 

Mar.  21.  N.  J.  James  Titus,  the  janitor 
of  Hackettstown  seminary,  is  sentenced 
to  be  hanged  for  the  murder  of  Tillie 
Smith,  a  servant,  on  Apr.  9,  18SG.    [His 


UNITED    STATES.       1886,  *  *-1887,  Nov.  26.     327 


sentence  is  commuted  to  imprisonment 
for  life.] 

May  5,  Miss.  Roderick  Dhu  Gam- 
brell,  a  prohibition  editor,  is  murdered  ; 
Col.  J.  S.  Hamilton  is  arrested,  and 
acquitted  through  partisan  influence. 

May  *  Neb.  A  State  institution  for 
youth  of  feeble  mind  is  opened  at 
Jieatrice. 

May*  The  Triennial  Meeting  of  the 
General  Eldership  of  the  Church  of 
God  declares  against  license. 

"All  kinds  of  license  or  tax  favoring 
the  liquor-traftic,  whether  high  or  low, 
are  wrong  iu  principle,  and  demand  the 
opposition  of  the  Church,  and  of  good 
men  and  women  everywhere." 

June  7.  Tex.  Bishop  H.  M.  Turner  (col- 
ored) is  mobbed  by  anti-prohibitionists. 

June  16.  Mass.  Labor  Day,  the  first 
Monday  in  September,  ia  established  as 
a  legal  holiday. 

June  22.  Kt/.  A  murderous  feud,  in 
Rowan  County,  of  ten  years'  standing, 
is  closed. 

Two  families,  the  Holbrooks  and  the 
Underwoods,  living  at  Morehead,  lead 
the  strife,  which  began  with  a  charge 
of  horse-stealing  and  sometimes  rose 
to  actual  war.  The  sheriff  kills  Craig 
Tolliver  and  his  gang,  which  ends  the 
feud. 

June*  O.  The  General  Synod  of  the 
German  Reformed  Church  at  Akron 

resolves  against  the  liquor-traffic. 

"  We  view  with  profound  regret  and 
sorrow  the  great  evil  of  intemperance, 
—  and  .  .  .  we  here  and  now,  before  God 
and  the  nation,  record  our  protest 
against  it,  and  earnestly  call  upon  our 
synods,  classes,  and  churches  to  unite 
with  us  in  zealous  and  persistent  Chris- 
tian efforts  looking  towards  its  speedy 
extermination." 

June  *  The  Reformed  (Dutch)  Church 

in  General  Synod  favors  temperance. 

'*  It  reiterates  the  deliverance  of 
former  synods  on  the  subject  of  temper- 
ance, and  urges  increased  interest  and 
zeal  throughout  the  denomination  in 
gospel  temperance  work." 

July  1.  Kan.  The  Soldiers'  Orphans' 
Home  at  Atchison  is  opened  for  the 
reception  of  children. 

July  14.  Neiv  York.  Jacob  Sharp  is 
convicted  of  bribery  in  securing  the 
favorable  action  of  the  Board  of  Alder- 
men, respecting  the  Broadway  surface 
road ;  he  is  sentenced  to  imprisonment 
for  four  years  and  to  pay  a  flue  of  $5,000. 
[The  Court  of  Appeals  reverses  the 
sentence.] 

Aug.*  Mo.  Several  Bald-Knob  **  Reg- 
ulators "  are  tried  and  fined  at  Ozark. 
iBept.  15.  Phita.  The  centenary  of  the 
adoption  of  the  Federal  CoiMtitution 
in  this  city  is  celebrated  by  a  procession 
five  miles  long,  which  illustrates  the 
progress  of  trade  and  industry. 

Sept.  27.  Mo.  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  meets  In  its  21st  National 
Encampment  at  St.  Louis ;  John  P.  Rae 
of  Minn.,  commander-in-chief. 

Sept.  *  The  General  Conference  of  the 
Evangelical  Church  declares  for  pro- 
hibition. 

It  is  the  duty  of  Christians  "  To  faith- 
fully cooperate  with  all  proper  move- 


ments for  the  instruction  of  the  children 
and  youth,  the  reformation  of  the  ine- 
briate, and  the  restriction  and  prohibi- 
tion of  the  liquor-traffic."  It  also  dis- 
countenances the  use  of  tobacco. 

Sept.  29.  Tenn.  The  Constitutional 
Prohibitory  Amendment  is  defeated 
by  27,G93  majority.    Vote,  117,501-145,197. 

Oct.  15.  Mo.  The  State  Insane  asylum 
at  Nevada  is  opened. 

Nov.  11.  Chicago.  Four  of  the  An- 
archists engaged  in  the  May  riot :  Aug- 
ust Spies,  Adolf  Fischer,  George  Engel, 
and  Albert  R.  Parsons,  are  executed ; 
Fielden  and  Schwab  are  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  for  life ;  Oscar  Nebe,  for 
15  years  ;  and  one,  Lingg,  escapes  by 
suicide.  Great  efforts  have  been  made 
to  have  their  sentences  commuted. 

Nov.  15.  New  York.  The  Chamber  of 
Commerce  gives  Right  Hon.  Joseph 
Chamberlain  of  London  a  banquet. 

STATE. 

1887  Jan.  3.  U.  S.  Congress  extends 
the  postal  free-delivery  system  so  as 
to  include  all  towns  having  10,000  popu* 
lation. 

Jan.  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Interstate  Commerce  Bill, 
providing  for  the  appointment  of  five 
commissioners  with  large  powers  over 
railway  charges.  Vote,  219-41.  The  Sen- 
ate has  already  passed  the  bill.  Vote, 
43-15. 

Jan.  24.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Bdmunds  Canadian  Pish- 
eries  Bill. 

Feb.  1.  B.C.  President  Cleveland  vetoes 
the  Dependent  Pension  Bill. 

Feb.  4.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  bill  to  refund  the  States  $20,- 
000,000  collected  by  the  direct  tax  Act 
of  1861. 

U.  S.    The  Interstate   Conmierce 

Bill  becomes  a  law. 

Feb.  6.  Kan.  "Woman  suffrage  goes 
into  effect. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the  Fish- 
eries Retaliation  Bill. 

D.  C.  The  President  approves  the  Ed- 
munds-Tucker Act  for  the  suppression 
of  polygamy. 

Mar.  4.  £>.  C.  The  49th  Congress  ends. 

Mar.  31.  D.  C.  Charles  S.  Fairchild 
of  Npw  York  is  appointed  secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  as  successor  to  Daniel 
Manning. 

Apr.  *  M.  I.  The  Republicans  lose  Rhode 
Island  in  the  State  election,  for  the  first 
time  in  30  years. 

June  16.  D.  C.  President  Cleveland  re- 
scinds his  order  to  restore  the  captured 
Confederate  flags. 

Jime  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal 
year.  Revenue  :  Customs,  $217,286,893  ; 
internal  revenue,  $118,823,391 ;  direct 
tax,  $32,892 ;  sales  of  public  lands,  $9,254,- 
286;  miscellaneous  items,  $26,005,815. 
Total  revenue,  $371,403,278;  excess  of 
revenue  over  ordinarv  expenditures, 
$103,471,098.  Expenditures :  Miscella- 
neous items,  $85,264,826;  War  Depart- 
ment, $38,561,026;  Navy  Department, 
$15,141,127 ;  Indians,  $6,194,523 ;  pen- 
sions, $75,029,102;  interest  on  the  public 


debt,  $47,741,577.  Total  ordinary  expen- 
ditures,  $267,932,180.  Public  debt,  $1,664,- 
461,536  [on  Dec.  1st].  Exports,  $716,183,- 
211 ;  imports,  $692,319,768. 

Nov.  19.  D.  C.  British  members  of 
the  Joint  Commission  respecting  fish- 
eries are  received  at  Washington, — 
Joseph  Chamberlain,  Sir  Lionel  S.  West, 
and  Sir  Charles  Tupper. 

Nov.  21.  D.  C.  The  Fisheries  Joint 
Commission  holds  its  first  meeting  at 
Washington. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1887  Jan.  7.  Cal.  Thomas  Stevens 
arrives  in  San  Francisco  from  a  tour 
aroimd  the  world  on  a  bicycle ;  dis- 
tance, 11,700  miles  ;  time,  less  than  three 
years. 

Feb.  5.  Vt.  A  derailed  train  takes 
fire  near  White  River  Junction ;  30  lives 
are  lost,  and  37  persons  injured. 

Mar.  1.  Ala.  The  steamer  W.  If.  Gard- 
ner takes  fire  on  the  Tombigbee  River; 
21  lives  are  lost. 

IiS!ar.  14.  Mass.  A  train  on  the  Boston  and 
Providence  Railroad  breaks  through 
a  bridge  near  Boston ;  32  persons  are 
killed. 

June  27.  Harvard  defeats  Columbia  in 
a  boat-race  ;  time,  ^.24. 

June  30.  Columbia  Freshmen  defeat 
Harvard  ;  time,  11.13J. 

July  5.  Mass.  The  sixth  intercollegiate 
boat-race  for  fours  is  pulled  on  Lake 
Quinsigamond,  IJ  miles  straight.  Time, 
9.28f ;  the  Cornells  beat  the  Bowdoins 
by  two  feet. 

July  10.  N.  Y.  The  yacht  Mystery  cajp- 
sizea  in  Jamaica  Bay  ;  25  lives  are  lost. 

July  27.  ///.  Trains  collide  near  Hope- 
dale  ;  nine  persons  are  killed,  and  15 
injured. 

Aug.  10.  The  Inman  Line  steamer  City 
of  Montreal,  from  New  York  to  Liver- 
pool, loaded  with  cotton,  burns  at  sea, 
400  miles  off  Newfoundland. 

III.    An  excursion  train  falls  through 

a  burning  bridge  near  Chatsworth :  75 
persons  are  killed,  and  279  injured. 

Aug.  *  Ga.  An  Interstate  Farmers' 
Convention  meets  at  Atlanta. 

Sept.  15-17.  Phila.  The  Centennial 
of  the  signing  of  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion is  celebrated. 

Sept.  27-29.  Neio  York.  The  schooner 
Volunteer  defeats  the  cutter  Thistle 
(Royal  Clyde  Yacht  Club)  in  a  race  for 
the  America  cup. 

Sept.  30.  N.  Y.  The  new  Capitol  at 
Albany  has  cost  $17,914,875. 

Oct.  10.  Ind.  Trains  collide  near 
Ivouts,  killing  10  persons. 

Nov.  19.  The  steamer  Xa  Bourgogne  runs 
from  New  York  to  Havre  in  seven  days, 
eight  hours,  and  29  minutes. 

Nov,  20.  Conn.  P.  T.  Bamimi*s  great 
menagerie  at  Bridgeport  is  burned, 
and  many  animals  perish;  loss,  about 
$700,000. 

Nov.  26.  Cal.  The  horses  Arab  and 
Conde  trot  one  mile  (double)  in  2.183  ^.t 
San  Francisco. 


328     1887,  Nov.  30-1888,  Apr.  7.         AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — WAVY. 
1888    Jan.  31.    /).  C.    Com.  "Winfleld  S. 

Schley  is  promoted  captain  U.  S.  N. 
Mar.  *  O.    The    Regular  Army    and 

Navy  Union  is  organized  at  Cincinnati. 
Apr.  6.    John  R.  Brooke  is  commissioned 

brigadier-general.    [July  6.    Thomas  L. 

Casey.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1887  Nov.  •  I),  a  S.  P.  Langley,  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution,  makes 
public  the  result  of  his  experiments 
relative  to  the  moon's  temperature. 

Nov.  *  A  graphophone,  invented  by- 
Alexander  Graham  Bell,  is  announced. 

Nov.  *  D.  C.  The  gramophone,  in- 
vented by  Emilie  Berliner  of  Washing- 
ton, is  announced. 

*  *  Cat.  The  Legislature  makes  an  ap- 
propriation of  $5,000  for  the  erection  of 
a  monument  to  the  memory  of  James 
"W.  Marshall,  the  first  discoverer  of 
gold. 

*  *  la.  An  observatory -is  erected  for 
the  Iowa  College. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Legislature  makes  an  ap- 
propriation for  the  erection  of  a  sol- 
diers' and  sailors*  monument  in  Clyde 
Park,  Indianapolis  ;  cost,  $200,000. 

*  •  New  York.  J.  Francis  Murphy  of  this 
city  is  elected  a  member  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  y.  y.  The  observatory  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Syracuse  is  erected. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Bucknell  University  Obser- 
vatory is  founded  at  Lewisburg, 

*  *  Paper  bottles  first  appear. 

*  *  The  statue  of  Abraham  Inncoln  is 
executed  by  A.  St.  Gaudens  for  Lincoln 
Park,  Chicago. 

1888  Jan.  11-13,  U.  S.  A  terrific 
snow-storm  prevails  in  the  Northwest ; 
more  than  200  people  perish. 

Feb.  19.  III.  A  cyclone  visits  Mount 
Vernon ;  36  lives  are  lost,  and  125  per- 
sons injured  ;  the  town  is  nearly  de- 
stroyed. 

Mar.  11-13.  A  blizzard  of  extraordi- 
nary severity  prevails  along  the  North 
Atl&ntic  Coast ;  high  wind,  severe  cold, 
and  much  snow  combine  to  interrupt 
communication  between  New  York, 
Philadelphia,  and  Boston.  Many  wrecks 
are  made,  and  about  400  lives  are  lost ; 
food  is  at  famine  prices  in  the  cities  for 
a  few  days. 

Apr.  5.  }ris.  The  Layton  Art  Gal- 
lery at  Milwaukee  is  opened. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1887. 

Dec.  18.  Walter,  Thos.  Ustic,  architect,  A83. 

Dec.  23.     Hayden,    Ferdinaml    Vandeveer, 
author,  explorer,  geologist,  A58. 

Dec.   24.    Manning,    Daniel,    secretary    of 
treasury,  A66. 
1888. 

Jan.  30.    dray,  Asa,  botanist,  author,  pro- 
fessor at  Harvard,  A78. 

Feb.  5.    Tyron,  George  Washington,  con- 
chologist,  A50. 

Feb.   15.      Locke,  David    Ross,  humorous 
writer  (Petroleum  Vesuvius  Nasby),  A55. 

Kar.  4.    Alcott,   Amos   Bronson,  transcen- 
dental philosopher,  A89, 

Mar.  6.    Alcott,  Louisa  May,  author^  A55. 


Mar.   8.     Strother,  David   Hunter,  artist, 

illustrator  (Porte-Crayon),  A72. 
Mar.  IS.    Bergh,  Henry,  founder  Society 

for  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals,  A65. 
Mar.  33.   Wsite.  Morrison  Kemick,  clilef 

justice  U.  S.,  A72. 
Mar.  27.     Darley,  Felix  Octavius  C,  artist, 

illustrator,  A66. 


CHURCH. 

1887  Nov.  30.  Kan.  Richard  Scannell 
is  consecrated  (Koman  Catholic)  bishop 
of  Concordia. 
Neb.  Thomas  Bonacum  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Lin- 
coln. 
'  Dee.*  New  York.  The  Unitarian  Club  is 
organized. 

*  *  Alas.  W.  Duncan  establishes  a  vil- 
lage of  70  Christian  Indians — ^all  of 
them  removals  from  British  America. 

*  •  Colo.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Colorado  is  organized. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Indianapolis  ; 
C.  L.  Loos,  president. 

*  *TheRoman Catholic DiocesesofBelle- 
ville.  111.,  Wichita  and  Concordia,  Kan., 
are  established. 

*  *  Minn.  The  Baptist  Aimnal  Meet- 
ing is  held  in  Minneapolis. 

*  *  Mich.  The  "Western  Michigan  Con- 
gregational Club  is  formed  at  Grand 
Rapids. 

*  ♦  Neb.  The  33d  General  Synod 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  meets  at  Omaha. 

*  *  Neb.  The  101st  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  at  Omaha ;  J.  T. 
Smith,  moderator. 

*  *  N.  Y.  P.  A.  Ludden  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Syracuse. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Philadelphia, - 
M.  M.  Gibson,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  General  Assem- 
blies, North  and  South,  appoint  com- 
mittees to  consider  reunion. 

1888  Jan,  6.  Tex.  James  S.  Johnson 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Western  Texas. 

Jan.  25,  Nev.  —  Utah.  Abiel  Leonard  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  mis- 
sionary bishop  of  Nevada  and  Utah, 

Mar.  11.  Pa.  Thomas  McGovern  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Harrisburg. 

Mar.  22.  The  Cincinnati  Church  Exten- 
sion Society  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1887  *  *  Ala.  The  Normal  School  is 
opened  by  the  State  at  Troy. 

*  *  Ata.  The  v4^c-//i?rairf  is  issued  at  Bir- 
mingham. 

*  *  Cal.  Los  Angeles  University  (Bapt.) 
is  founded.  A  State  tax  is  levied  for  the 
University  of  California  of  one  cent 
on  each  $1(X)  worth  of  property. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  Catholic  University  of 
America  is  organized  at  Washington. 

*  *  Ay.  Union  College  (Meth.  Epis.)  is 
founded  at  Barbourville. 


*  *  Mo,  Missouri  Wesleyan  Institute 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Cameron. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  State  opens  the  colored 
Normal  School  at  Goldsborough. 

*^  *  N.  Dak.    Fargo  College  is  opened. 

•■  *  New  York.  The  Evening  World  is 
founded  by  Joseph  Pulitzer;  the  Press 
by  Robert  P.  Porter.  Scribner's  Maga- 
zine is  founded. 

"  *  N.  Y.    JPratt  Institute  (non-sect.)  is 

organized  at  Brooklyn. 
'  *  O.  Shepardson  College  (Fem.  Bapt.) 

is  founded  at  Granville. 

*  *  Ore.  Mount  Angel  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  Mount  Angel. 

'  *  R.  I,  The  Legislature  passes  a  com- 
pulsory school  law. 

'  *  S.  Dak.  Black  Hills  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Hot  Springs.  State 
School  of  Mines  at  Rapid  City  opened. 

*  *  Wis.  The  Normal  School  at  Oshkosh 
is  opened  by  the  State. 

*  *  U.  S.  Number  of  American  and  im- 
ported books  published  in  1887,4,437,  be- 
sides minor  cheap  libraries. 

'  *  American  Literature,  by  Edwin  Percy 
Whipple,  appears  ;  also,  Pecollections  of 
Eminent  Men. 

'  *  American  Literature,  by  C.  P.  Rich- 
ardson, appears. 

■  *  The  Broader  Range  and  Outlook  of 
the  Modem  College  Training^  by  Richard 
Salter  Storrs,  appears. 

*  The  Fortunes  of  War,  by  Flora  Haines 
Longhead,  appears. 

*  A  Htimble  Romance  and  Other  Stories, 
by  Mary  E.  AVilkins,  appears. 

*  The  Gates  Between,  by  Elizabeth  Stu- 
art Phelps,  appears. 

*  Madrigals  and  Catches,  by  Frank 
Dempster  Sherman,  appears. 

*  Manual  of  North  American  Birds,  by 
Robert  Ridgway,  appears. 

*  The  Empire  State,  by  Benson  J.  Loss- 
ing,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  Inquisition  of  the  Mid- 
dle Ages,  by  Henry  Charles  Lea,  appears. 

*  The  Hundredth  Man,  h J  Fvajik  Richard 
Stockton,  appears. 

*  Modem  Italian  Poets,  by  William  Dean 
Ho  wells,  appears. 

*  The  Graysons,  by  Edward  Eggleaton, 
appears. 

*  Saracinesca,  by  Francis  Marion  Craw- 
ford, appears ;  also,  Marzio's  Crucijix, 
and  Paul  Patoff. 

*  The  House  at  High  Bridge,  by  Edgar 
Fawcett,  appears. 

*  Old  Virginia  and  Other  Stories,  by 
Thomas  Nelson  Page,  appears. 

*  One  Hundred  Days  in  Europe,  by 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  appears. 

*  Character  Sketches,  by  James  Whit- 
comb  Riley,  appears  ;  also,  Afterwhiles. 

*  Ballads  About  Authors,  by  Harriet 
Prescott  SpofFord,  appears. 

*  Thomas  Hart  Benton,  by  Theodore 
Roosevelt,  appears. 

*  The  Great  Cryptogram,  by  Ignatius 
Donnelly,  appears. 


UNITED   STATES.   1887,  Nov.  30-1888,  Apr.  7.  329 


*  •  Recollections  of  a  Minister  to  France, 
by  Eligha  B.  Washburne,  appears. 

*  *  Patrick  Henry,  by  Moses  Coit  Tyler, 
appears. 

*  *  In  Realms  of  Gold,  by  James  Benj. 
Kenyon,  appears. 

*  *  Seth's  Brother's  Wife,  by  Harold  Fred- 
eric, appears. 

*  *  The  White  Sail  and  Other  Poems,  by 
ItouiBe  Imogen  Guiney,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1887  Nov.*  Tenn.  The  Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union  meets 
in  National  Convention  at  Nashville; 
Frances  "Willard,  president. 

Nov.  •  Minn.  The  State  opens  a  Sol- 
diers* Home  at  Minnehaha  Falls. 

Dec.  10.  Mich,  Ten  counties  vote  on 
local  option,  and  all  are  carried  for 
prohibition. 

Dec.  12.  Z>.  C.  Senator  Blair  introduces 
a  resolution  in  the  Senate  proposing 
Federal  prohibition  of  the  liquor- 
tratfic. 

Dec.  17.  The  Republican  League  of 
the  United  States  is  organized  at  Chick- 
ering  Hall,  N.  Y. 

Dec.  24+.  Pa.  About  30,000  em- 
ployees of  the  Reading  Railroad 
unsuccessfully  strike  for  increased 
wages ;  they  hold  out  two  months,  at  a 
wage-loss  of  $3,620,000. 

Dec*  Pa.  The  Knights  of  Labor 
order  colliers  and  railroad  employees  to 
strike ;  50,000  men  go  out  on  Dec.  28 ; 
the  strike  of  the  railroad  employees 
ends. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Asylum  for  the  Chronic 
Insane  is  completed  in  Santa  Clara 
County. 

*  *  Dak.  The  Territorial  Legislature 
passes  a  Local  Option  Law  in  the 
licensing  of  the  liquor-traffic.  Michigan 
and  Montana  pass  similar  laws. 

*  *  Ga.  The  prohibitionists  are  defeated 
at  the  Local  Option  election  in  Fulton 
County. 

*  ♦  Ind.  The  Legislature  establishes  a 
School  for  Feeble-Minded  Youth  at 
Fort  Wayne. 

*  *  Kan.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
to  suppress  the  sale  of  liquor  as  a 
beverage  at  drug-stores. 

*  *  Mass,  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
prohibiting  the  begging  or  peddling 
in  the  streets  by  children. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Constitutional  Prohibi- 
tory Amendment  is  defeated  by  5,645 
majority.  The  Citizens'  Union  is  orga- 
nized for  prohibition  on  a  non-partisan 
basis. 

*  *  Minn.  The  Legislature  provides  for 
High  License  where  prohibition  is  not 
adopted. 

*  *  N.  J.  Labor  Day,  the  first  Monday 
in  September,  is  established  as  a  legal 
holiday.  The  Legislature  enacts  a  bill 
giving  women  a  right  to  vote  at  school 
meetings. 


*  *  Mo.  Prohibition  is  adopted  in  50  out 
of  78  counties  holding  elections. 

*  *  New  York.  Forty-seven  women  vote 
at  the  election  and  are  not  punished. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Portland  Methodist  Hos- 
pital is  founded.  The  Constitutional 
Prohibitory  Amendment  is  defeated 
by  7,985  majority.  Labor  Day,  the  first 
Saturday  in  June,  is  made  a  legal  holi- 
day. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Legislature  enacts  a  pen- 
Bxon  system  for  Confederate  soldiers, 
who  receive  $5  a  month  if  disabled,  and 
widows  of  those  killed  in  the  war  receive 
the  same. 

*  *  Pennsylvania  enacts  the  Brooks 
Law,  a  high-license  and  restrictive 
measure. 

*  *  The  New  England  Order  of  Pro- 
tection Is  founded. 

*  *  Tex.  The  Legislature  votes  to  sub- 
mit a  Constitutional  Prohibitory 
Amendment (80-21  and  22-8).  [Later  it 
is  defeated  by  91,357  majority.] 

*  *  W.  Va.  A  Democratic  House  votes 
to  submit  the  Constitutional  Prohibi- 
tory Amendment  (55-10). 

*  *  U.  S.  The  General  Conference  of  the 
Wesleyan  Methodists  resolves  for 
prohibition. 

It  declares,  "That  law  must  be  an 
adjunct  of  moral  means,  in  order  to 
suppress  the  traffic  side  of  this  evil. 
The  appetite  may  be  reached  through 
the  church  and  home ;  but  the  public 
traffic  must  be  struck  through  the  law, 
and  back  of  the  law  should  be  a  political 
organization  in  sympathy  with  it,  and 
pledged  to  its  enforcement,  in  order  to 
Its  efficiency." 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  General  Assembly 
proposes  to  raise  a  permanent  fund  of 
$1,000,000  for  disabled  ministers 
and  their  families. 

1888  Feb.  26-Apr.  11.  III.  A  great 
strike  takes  place  on  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington, and  Quincy  Railroad. 

Mar.  25.  D.  C.  The  International  Coun- 
cil of  Women,  for  the  promotion  of  the 
welfare  of  women,  meets  at  Washington. 

STATE. 

1887  Nov.  *  Dak.  The  people  vote  to 
divide  the  Territory  into  North  and 
South  Dakota. 

Dec.  5.  D.C.  The  50th  Congress  opens. 
D.  a  The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  decides 
against  the  compensation  claims  of 
brewers  whose  property  la  impaired  in 
value  by  prohibitory  laws;  the  court 
votes  7  to  1  in  favor  of  the  decision. 

Dec.  6.  7),  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  John 
J.  Ingalls  (Rep.)  of  Kan.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore.  House:  JohnG. 
Carlisle  (Dem.)  of  Ky.  is  reelected 
Speaker. 

*  •  Me.  Capital  punishment  is  again 
abolished.    Labor  Day  is  established. 

*  *  New  York.  Abrara  S.  Hewitt  is  elected 
the  85th  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Grovemors  inaugurated : 

*  *  Cal.    "Wash.  Bartlett  (deceased). 
-91  *  *  Cal.    Henry  H.  Markman. 
-88  *   *  Colo.     Alva  Adams. 


-89  *  *  Conn.     Phineas  C.  Lounsbury. 

-91  *  *  Del.    Benjamin  T.  Biggs. 

-93  *  *  Kan.     Lyman  U.  Humphreys. 

-01  *  *  Ky.    Simon  B.  Buckner. 

-88  *  *  Me.    Sebastian  S.  Marble. 

-90  *  *  Mass.    Oliver  Ames. 

-91  *  *  Mich.    Cyrus  G.  Luce. 

Mo.    A.  G.  Morehouse  (acting). 

-90*  *  Nev.    Christopher  C.  Stevenson. 

-89  *  *  N.  H.     Charles  H.  Sawyer. 

-90  *  *  N.J.    Robert  S.  Green. 

-95  *  *  Ore.     Sylvester  Pennoyer. 

-91  *  *  Penn.    James  A.  Beaver. 

-88  *  *  R.  r.    John  W.  Davis. 

-91  *  *  Tenn.     Robert  L.  Taylor. 

-91  *  *  Tex.    Lawrence  S.  Ross. 
1888    Jan.  *    R.  I.    The  Legislature  re- 
moves   the    property    qualifications    of 

voters. 
Jan.  19.    Wyo.    "Woman  Suffrage  is  es- 
tablished by  law. 
Feb.  15.    D.  C.    The  treaty  respecting 

American  Fisheries  is  signed  at  Wash- 
ington by  the  Joint  High  Commission. 
Mar.  14.    7>.  C.    A  treaty  is  made  with 

China  prohibiting  the  immigration  of 

Chinese  laborers  for  20  years. 
Apr.  2.   D.  C,   Congress :  House  ;  Roger 

Q.  Mills  of  Texas  introduces  the  MiTls 

Tariff  Bill. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1887  Dec.  31.  Ky.  Trains  collide  and 
take  fire  near  Greenwood ;  six  persons 
are  killed  and  21  injured. 

U.  S.    Statistics  for  1887. 

Production  :  Gold,  $33,000,000  ;  silver, 
$53,357,000;  bushels  of  grain:  Indian 
corn,  1,456,161,000;  wheat,  456,329,000; 
oats,  659,618,000  ;  barley,  56,812,000;  rye, 
20,691,000;  buckwheat,  10,844,000;  bales 
of  cotton,  6,513,6*24 ;  pounds  of  wool, 
285,000,000;  barrels  of  petroleum,  28,278,- 
866.  Immigrants  received  (fiscal  vear), 
^0,109.  Currency  in  circulation,  $317,- 
539,143;  per  capita,  $22.45.  Miles  of  rail- 
roads worked,  137,028 ;  capital  stock, 
$4,191,562,029;  total  accidents,  1,491 ;  per- 
sons killed,  656;  injured,  1,946.  Fire- 
waste,  $]20,283,an5  ;  insurance,  $69,659,- 
508 ;  lives  lost,  622.  Business  failures, 
9,740;  liabilities,  $130,605,000. 

*  *  Mass.  The  State  sells  its  interest  in 
the  Hoosac  Tunnel  and  the  Troy  and 
Greenfield  Railroad  to  the  Fitchburg 
Railroad  Company. 

*  *  The  Coronet  defeats  the  Dauntless  in 
a  yacht  race  across  the  Atlantic ; 
distance,  2,949  miles ;  time,  14  days,  23 
hours,  and  30  minutes. 

1888  Jan.  4.  Ire.  The  ship  Alfred  D. 
Snow  is  wrecked  oflf  Waterford  ;  28  lives 
are  lost. 

Jan.  10.  Mass.  A  train  is  wrecked  by 
a  broken  wheel  near  Haverhill  ;  nine 
persons  are  killed  and  13  injured. 

Feb.  22.  Cal.  The  ferry  boat  Julia  ex- 
plodes her  boiler  at  South  Vallejo  ;  36 
persons  are  killed. 

Mar.  17.  Ga.  A  dei^LJXed  train  breaks 
through  a  bridge  near  Blackshear ;  27 
persons  are  killed  and  35  wounded. 

Mar.  27.  Kan.  The  town  of  Ninnescah 
is  destroyed  by  a  gale. 

Apr.  7.  O.  The  Centennial  celebration 
of  the  founding  of  Marietta  is  cele- 
brated. 


330     1888,  Apr.  7-Dec.24. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1888  Apr.  7.  Cyrus  B.Comstock  is  com- 
missioned colonel  —  corps  of  engineers. 
[Apr.  24.  Edwin  C.  Mason  —  3d  infantry. 
Apr.  25.  Henry  "W.  Clossou— 4th  artil- 
lery. July  23.  Orlando  M.  Poe  —  corps  of 
engineers.  Aug.  5.  Nathan  W.  Osborne 
—  5th  infantry.  Aug.  31.  Robert  P. 
Hughes.  Oct.  19.  Henry  C.  Hodges  — 
quartermaster  department.] 

Junel.  D.C.  Gen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan 
receives  the  rank  of  General  of  U.  S.  A. 
by  Act  of  Congress. 

July*  Kan.  State  troops  are  sent  to 
Stevens  County  to  preserve  the  peace, 
the  sheriff  having  been  murdered  in  the 
county-seat  contest. 

Aug.  14.  Brig.-Gen.  John  M.  Schofield 
is  appointed  18th  commander  U.  S.  A. 

Nov.  *  Ky.  State  troops  are  stationed 
in  Perry  County  to  protect  the  Circuit 
Court  from  partizaus  in  the  **  French- 
Eversole**  feud. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1888  June  *  Cal.  The  Lick  Observa- 
tory of  the  University  of  California  is 
equipped,  having  a  telescope  with  an 
aperture  of  36  inches  and  a  focal  length 
of  56  feet  6  inches ;  it  is  transferred  to 
the  regents  of  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia by  the  trustees. 

Aug.  7.  N,  Y.  A  new  comet  is  observed 
by  W.  R.  Brooks  of  Geneva. 

Oct.  31.  Tenn.  A  new  comet  is  ob- 
served by  E.  E.  Barnard  of  Nashville. 

Nov.  25.  A  storm  strikes  the  Atlantic 
Coast  region ;  it  causes  45  deaths  and 
wrecks  50  vessels. 

Nov.  *  Edison's  improved  phonograph 
is  exhibited. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1686. 

Apr.  7.     GiUmore,  Quincy  Adams,  maj.- 
gen.  U.  S.  A..  A63. 

Apr.   8.    Walling,  Henry  Francis,  cartog- 
rapher, A  63. 

Apr.  17.    Squier,  Ephraim  George,  archeol- 
oglst,  A67. 

Apr.     18.       Agnew,    Cornelius    Rea,    phy- 
sician, surReoii  professor,  A58. 

Conklins:.  Roscoe.  lawyer,  M.  C,  sen- 
ator for  N.  Y.,  A59. 

Apr.   36.      Lonier,  Clemence  Sophia,  phy- 
sician, A76. 

May   a.     llrown,  John  H.  H.,  P.  E.  bishop 
of  Fond-rtu-Lac,  A57. 

May   3.      Tarbox,    Increase   NUes,    Cong, 
clergyman,  author,  A73. 

May  6.     Northen,   Amos  Henry,   geologist, 
A75. 

June  28.    Jarves,  James  Jackson,  art  critic, 
A70. 

Hazard,    Rowland    Gibson,    manufac- 
turer, author,  A87. 

July  19.     Roe.  Edward  Payson,  Pres.  cler- 
gyman, novelist,  A50. 

Aug.  6.     Sheridan.   Philip   Henry,   gen.- 
In-chief  U.  S.  A.,  AS7. 

Aug.  21.     Harris,  Samuel  S.,  P.  E.  bishop 
of  Mich.,  A46. 

Sept.  6.    wallack,  John  Johnstone  (Lester 
Wallack),  actor,  dramatist,  A68. 

Sept.    12.    Proctor,   Richard  Anthony,  as- 
tronomer, lecturer,  A54. 

Sept.   21.      Warren,     William,    comedian, 
A76. 

Oct.  16.    Wentworth,  John,  M.  C.  for  lU., 
journaliBt,  A73. 

Oct.  19.     Welles,  Edward  R.,  P.  E.  bishop 

of  Wis.,  A68. 
Wight,  Orlando  Williams,  author,  trans- 
lator, A64. 


Dec.  10.    Le  Roy,  Edgar,  rear-adm.  U.  S.  A., 

A70. 
Dec.  22.     Hecker,   Isaac  Thomas,  founder 
of  Faulists,  A69. 


CHURCH. 

1888  Apr.  25.  Jit-  John  Janssen  is  con- 
secrated first  (lloman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Belleville. 

May  1.  Ill,  James  Ryan  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Alton. 

May  1  +  .  New  York.  The  General  Con- 
ference (Methodist  Episcopal)  is  held. 

The  limit  of  the  pastoral  term  is  ex- 
tended to  live  years.  Bishops  elected  : 
John  H.  Vincent,  Isaac  W.  Joyce,  Daniel 
A.  Goodsell,  John  P.  Newman,  James  N. 
Fitzgerald  ;  James  M.  Thorburn,  mis- 
sionary bishop  for  India. 

May.  4.  Minn.  The  Roman  Catholic 
Diocese  of  St.  Paul  is  created  an  arch- 
diocese. 

May  13.  Neio  York.  Chinese  mission- 
work  is  begun  by  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church. 

May  15.  Minn.  John  Ireland,  (Roman 
Catholic)  bishop  of  St.  Paul,  is  pro- 
moted archbishop  of  the  Province  of 
St.  Paul. 

May  18.  Mich.  The  Methodist  Prot- 
estant General  Conference  meets  at 
Adrian. 

May  19.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

May  24.  Phila,  The  first  century  of 
the  General  Assembly  is  celebrated 
by  the  two  Assemblies  (Northern  and 
Southern). 

May  *  Bishop  Taylor's  Self -support- 
ing Missions  have  received  about  100 
missionaries  in  three  years. 

July  1.  Leo  Haid  is  consecrated  (Roman 
Catholic)  titular  bishop  of  Messene 
[later,  bishop  of  North  Carolina]. 

July  *  The  Christian  Endeavor  Societies 
report  4,879  organizations  in  America. 

Sept.  *  The  General  Synod  (Moravian) 
meets. 

Oct.  18.  Del.  Leighton  Coleman  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  Delaware. 

Oct.  *  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act  for 
the  suppression  of  lawlessness  on  the 
part  of  the  Mormon  hierarchy. 

Nov.  4.  Mich.  John  S.  Foley  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  De- 
troit. 

Nov,  30.  Kan.  John  J.  Hennessey  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Wichita. 

Nov.  *  N.  J.  The  Arabian  Mission  is 
organized  at  the  Theological  Seminary 
(Reformed  Dutch)  in  New  Brunswick. 

Dec.  1 2 .  The  American  Sabbath 
Union  is  organized,  to  preserve  the 
Christian  Sabbath  as  a  day  of  rest  and 
worship. 

LETTERS. 

1888  May  10.  D.  C.  Congress  passes 
the  International  Copyright  Bill. 

May  24.  />.  C.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
Catholic  University  of   America  is 


laid  at  "Washington  in  the  presence  of 

the  President  and  his  cabinet. 
Aug.  29.    Minn,    The  Normal  School 

is  opened  by  the  State  at  Moorhead. 
Oct.  *  Ga.    The  Technological  School 

is  opened  at  Atlanta  as  a  branch  of  the 

State  University. 

SOCXETY. 

1888  May  18.  Mo.  David  "Walker  and 
three  other  leaders  of  Bald  Knob  ter- 
rorists are  sentenced  to  be  hanged. 

May  *  The  General  Conference  of  the 
African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion 
Church  (300,000  members)  resolves  in 
favor  of  temperance. 

'*  This  General  Conference  reaflRrms 
its  stand  against  intemperance  and  the 
use  of  intoxicating  liquors  in  any  form 
as  a  beverage ;  we  favor  every  means  that 
can  be  brought  to  bear  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  traffic  in  all  intoxicating 
drinks  as  a  beverage  in  State  and  na- 
tion. We  also  heartily  recommend  that 
unfermented  wine  be  used  in  the  sacra- 
mental service  as  far  as  possible." 

May  *  The  General  Conference  of  the 
African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
(400,000  members)  resolves  in  favor  of 
temperance. 

**  That  we  indorse  the  great  Prohibi- 
tion movement  in  this  country,  .  .  .  and 
will  use  all  honorable  means  to  suppress 
the  evils  growing  out  of  intemperjince. 
,  .  .  That  it  shall  be  a  crime  for  any 
minister  or  member  of  the  A.  M.  E. 
Church  to  fight  against  temperance,  and 
if  convicted  of  this  crime  he  shall  lose 
his  place  in  the  Conference  and  Church." 

May  *  The  Bishops'  address  to  the  Gen- 
eral Conference  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  declares  against  licensing 
the  liquor-traffic. 

"  The  liquor-traffic  is  so  pernicioug  .  .  . 
that  the  only  i>roper  attitude  toward  it 
for  Christians  is  that  of  relentless  hos- 
tility. It  can  never  be  legalized  without 
sin.  License,  high  or  low,  is  vicious  in 
principle  and  powerless  as  a  remedy." 

June  1.  Pa.  The  Brooks  Law  goes  into 
effect ;  license  fee,  $500, 

June  25.  The  National  Republican  Con- 
vention resolves  for  temperance. 

*'  The  first  concern  of  all  good  govern- 
ment is  the  virtue  and  sobriety  of  the 
people  and  the  purity  of  the  home  :  the 
Republican  party  cordially  sympathizes 
with  all  wise  and  well-directed  efforts 
for  the  promotion  of  temperance  and 
morality," 

June  30.  Since  1840  the  average  annual 
consumption  of  all  kinds  of  liquors  for 
each  individual  has  increased  from  4.17 
gallons  to  14.30  gallons  ;  the  average  an- 
nual per  capita  consumption  of  malt 
liquors  advances  from  1.36  gallon  to 
12.48  gallons.  The  per  capita  consump- 
tion of  wine  has  nearly  doubled.  (Cyc. 
of  Prohibition.) 

July  *  Neb.  A  Home  for  Soldiers  and 
Sailors  is  opened  at  Grand  Island. 

July*  N.  Y.  Contract  labor  is  pro- 
hibited in  the  State  prisons. 

Aug.  10.  Mo.  Maxwell,  an  Englishman, 
is  executed  in  St.  Louis  for  the  murder 
of  Mr.  Preller. 

Sept.  10.  O.  The  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  meets  in  its  22d  National  Kn- 
campmeut  at  Columbus  ;  "William  "War- 
ner of  Mo.,  commander-in-chief. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1888,  April  7-Dec.  24.    331 


Sept.*  The  "Woman's  Republican 
League,"  headed  by  J.  Ellen  Foster,  is 
organized. 

*  *  Kan.  Oskaloosa  chooses  a  -woman  for 
mayor  and  five  women  for  the  city  coun- 
cil, thns  placing  the  entire  control  of  the 
municipal  administration  in  the  hands 
of  women. 

Sept.  •  The  General  Synod  of  the  Mora- 
vian Church  favors  temperance. 

Resolveil :  "  that  this  Synod  is  opposed 
to  all  traffic  in  intoxicating  drinlcs,  and 
the  use  as  a  l>everage  of  hard  cider, 
beer,  ale,  whisky,  wine,  brandy,  gin, 
rum,  patent  bitters,  etc." 

Oct.  23.  Minn.  The  General  Conference 
of  Seventh-day  Adventlsts  in  conven- 
tion at  Minneapolis  declares  :  — 

"  We  pledge  ourselves  to  labor  earn- 
estly and  zealously  for  the  prohibition 
of  the  liquor-trafBc." 

Nov.  14.  Mo.  Friends  of  the  condemned 
Bald  Knob  outlaws,  in  revenge,  seize 
and  hang  live  of  the  leading  witnesses 
against  their  condemned  companions. 

Dec.  17.  New  Y(yrk.  A  training-school 
for  nurses  is  opened  at  Bellerue  hos- 
pital. 

STATE. 

1888     Apr.    13.      D.  C.      Congress; 

House ;  the  deadlock  on  the  Direct 
Tax  Bill  is  passed. 

May  16.  Eng.  The  American  Fisheries 
Treaty  receives  the  royal  assent. 

May  17.  D.  C.  James  G.  Blaine  an- 
nounces that  he  will  not  be  a  candidate 
for  the  presidency. 

May  21.  J).  C.  Congress  makes  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  an  exec- 
utive department. 

May  30+.  Ind.  The  5th  Prohibition 
National  Convention  meets  at  Indi- 
anapolis, and  nominates  Gen.  Clinton 
B.  Fisk  of  N.  J.  for  President,  and  John 
A.  Brooks  of  Mo.  for  Vice-President. 

June6+.  Mo.  The  Democratic  National 
Convention  meets  at  St.  Louis,  and  re- 
nominates Grover  Cleveland  of  N.  Y. 
for  President,  and  Allen  G.  Thurman 
of  O.  for  Vice-President. 

June  25+.  Chicago.  The  Republican 
National  Convention  meets,  and  nom- 
inates Beniamin  Harrison  of  Ind.  for 
President,  and  Levi  P.  Morton  of  N .  Y . 
for  Vice-President. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal 
year.  Revenue:  Customs,  $219,091,174  ; 
internal  revenue,  $124,296,872;  direct 
tax,  $1,566;  sales  of  public  lands,  $11,- 
202,017 ;  miscellaneous  items,  $24,674,- 
446.  Total  revenue,  $379,266,065  ;  excess 
of  revenue  over  ordinary  expenditures, 
$111,341,274.  Expenditures :  Premium 
on  loans,  purchase  of  bonds,  etc. ,.$8,279,- 
842 ;  miscellaneous  items,  $72,952,261  ; 
War  Department,  $38„522,436;  Navy  De- 
partment, $16,926,438;  Indians,  $6,249,- 
308 ;  pensions,  $80,288,509  ;  interest  on 
the  public  debt,  $44,715,077.  Total  ordi- 
nary expenditures,  $207,924,801.  Princi- 
pal of  the  public  debt  [Dec.  1],  $1,680,- 
917,706;  Exports,  $095,954,507;  imports, 
$723,957,114. 

July  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Mills  Tariff  Bill.  Vote,  162 
-149.  [The  Senate  delays  action,  and  the 
bill  fails  to  become  a  law.] 


Aug.  20.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
approves  the  treaty  with  China  pro- 
hibiting immigration  for  20  years. 

Aug.  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
refuses  to  ratify  the  treaty  respecting 
the  American  Fisheries ;  vote,  30-27. 

Aug.  23.  D.  C.  Congress  receives  a 
message  from  the  President  respecting 
the  Fisheries  Treaty,  and  announcing 
a  policy  of  retaliation  against  Canada. 

Sept.  8.  D.  C.  Congress :  House  passes 
the  Anti-Canada  Retaliation  Bill. 

Oct.  20.  £>.  C.  The  50th  Congress: 
The  first  session  of  321  days  closes ;  it  la 
the  longest  session  in  congressional 
history. 

Oct.  23.  D.  C.  President  Cleveland  ap- 
proves the  Chinese  Exclusion  Bill. 

Oct.  30.  n.  C.  The  Administration  sug- 
gests to  the  British  government  the 
recall  of  the  British  minister.  Lord 
Sackville-'West,  because  of  his  indis- 
creet letter,  published  two  weeks  before 
election,  and  recommending  a  corre- 
spondent to  vote  the  Democratic  ticket 
as  favorable  to  British  interests.  [Presi- 
dent Cleveland  refuses  longer  to  recog- 
nize Lord  West,  and  he  retires.] 

Nov. 6.  U.S.  26th Presidential  elec- 
tion ;  Republicans  elected. 

Popular  vote:  Grover  Cleveland 
<Dem.)  of  N.  Y.,  5,536,242 ;  Benjamin 
Harrison  (Rep.)  of  Ind. ,6,440,708;  Clin- 
ton B.  Fisk  (Prohib.)  of  N.  J.,  246,876; 
Alson  J.  Streeter (Union  Labor)ot  111., 
146,836;  Robert  H.  Cowdry  (United 
Labor)  of  111.,  3,073 ;  James  L.  Curtis 
(Amer.)  of  N.  Y.,  1,691. 

Popular  Vote  for  President. 


Candidates. 

States. 

Harrison 

Cleveland 

Streeter 

Flsk 

Ala.     . 

57,197 

117,320 

593 

Ark.     . 

68,752 

85,962 

10,613 

514 

Cal..    . 

124,816 

117,729 

5,761 

Colo.    . 

60,774 

37,567 

i,266 

2,191 

Conn.  . 

74,584 

74,920 

240 

4,234 

Del.      . 

12,973 

16,414 

400 

Fla.      . 

26,6.59 

39,.56I 

403 

Ga.  .    . 

40,446 

100,449 

1,808 

111.  .    . 

370,475 

348,371 

7,134 

21,703 

Ind.      . 

263,361 

261,013 

2,694 

9,881 

la.    .    . 

211,9.58 

179,877 

9,105 

3,650 

Kan.    . 

182,904 

102,745 

37,788 

6,779 

Ky.  .    . 

155,134 

183,800 

5,226 

La.  .    . 

30,701 

86,026 

39 

127 

Me.  .    . 

73,734 

60,482 

1,345 

2,690 

Mil..    . 

99,986 

106,168 

4,767 

Mass.  . 

183,892 

161,865 

8,701 

Midi.   . 

236,387 

213,469 

4,.556 

20,945 

Minn.  . 

142,492 

104,386 

1,097 

16,311 

Miss.    . 

30,096 

86,471 

222 

218 

Mo..    . 

236,253 

261,964 

18.589 

4,540 

Neb.     . 

108,425 

80,.562 

4,226 

9,429 

Nev.     . 

7,238 

5,326 

41 

N.  H.   . 

45,728 

43,466 

42 

1,593 

N.J.     . 

144,360 

161,508 

7,933 

N.  Y.    . 

6.50,.138 

636,966 

'  626 

30,231 

N.  C.    . 

134,784 

147,902 

.    , 

0.    .     . 

416,054 

396,4.55 

3,496 

24,3,56 

Ore.      . 

33,291 

26,622 

363 

1,677 

Penn.   . 

.523.586 

444,327 

3,877 

20,708 

R.  I.      . 

21,969 

17,.530 

.    . 

1,251 

S.  C.     . 

13,740 

65,825 

Tenn.   . 

138,988 

1.58,779 

6,969 

Tex.      . 

88,280 

234,883 

29,459 

4,749 

Vt.  .    . 

45,192 

16,788 

1,459 

Va.  .    . 

150,438 

151,977 

1,678 

W.Va. 

78,171 

78,677 

i,.5b8 

1,084 

Wis.     . 

176,553 

165,232 

8,552 

14,277 

Total 

5,440,708 

5,636,242 

146,836 

246,876 

Per  ct. . 

47.83 

48.63 

1.27 

2.16 

Plur.    . 

96,534 

Nov.  *  R.  I.  Republicaus  regain  the  as- 
cendancy. 

Nov.  *  R.  T.  An  amendment  to  the  Con- 
stitution abolishes  the  property  qualifi- 
cation for  electors. 

Dec.  3.  D.  C.  The  50th  Congress ;  Tho 
second  session  opens. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1888  May  6.  An  accident  occurs  on 
the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Rail- 
road ;  eight  persons  are  killed  and  30 
wounded. 

May  *  The  steamer  Etrtiria  runs  from 
Queenstown  to  New  York  in  six  days, 
one  hour,  and  55  minutes. 

June  28.  Columbia  Freshmen  defeat 
Harvard  in  a  boat-race;  time,  11.54. 

June  *  Wash.  A  t\ninel  16  by  18J  feet, 
and  9,850  long,  piercing  Cascade  Range, 
is  completed  ;  it  was  begun  Apr.  *,  1886. 

July  4,  O.  The  Centennial  Exhibi- 
tion for  the  Ohio  Valley  and  the  Central 
States  opens  at  Cincinnati. 

July  12.  Pa.  A  derailed  train  breaks 
through  a  bridge  near  Orange  Court- 
house ;  nine  persons  are  killed  and  22 
injured. 

Aug.  21.    ;V".    C.     The    Interstate   Far- 
mers' Association  meets  at  Raleigh. 
Sept.  *  The  steamer  La  Gascoigne  runs 
from  Havre  to  New  York  in  seven  days 
and  10  hours. 
Oct.  10.    Pa.    A  collision  of  excursion 
trains  occurs  near  Penn  Haven,  on  the 
Lehigh  Valley  Railroad ;  61  persons  are 
killed.     [On  Oct.   16  a  second  collision 
occurs  on  the  same  road,  in  which  14 
persons  are  killed.] 
Nov.  4.     Kan,     Delegates    to   the    Na- 
tional Farmers'   Congress  and  Far- 
mers' Trust  Association  meet  in  conven- 
tion at  Topeka. 
Nov.  12.    The  steamer  ?7mfrria  runs  from 
New  York  to  Queenstown  in  six  days, 
three  hours,  and  four  minutes. 
Nov,  17 +.    Fla.    Yellow  fever  prevails 
at   Jacksonville  ;    4,583    cases    and   396 
deaths  are  reported. 
Nov.  23.    hid.    A  fire  at  Fort  Wayne 

destroys  property  valued  at  $300,000. 
Dec.  12.  Ala.  The  Southern  Interstate 
Immigration  Convention  meets  at 
Montgomery.  Nearly  GOO  delegates  from 
the  Southern  States  are  present. 
Dec.  15,  O.  Three  acres  of  property  are 
destroyed  by  fire  in  Cincinnati. 

Afass.     Seven  acres  of  buildings  are 

burned  in  Marblehead  ;  loss,  $1,300,000. 
Dec.  23.  Me.  The  brigantine  Snow  Bird 
of  Brunswick  is  wrecked ;  two  of  the 
crew  are  drowned. 
Dec.  24.  The  steamer  Kate  Adams  bums 
on  the  Mississippi  near  Commerce  Land- 
ing; 33  lives  are  lost. 

La.    The  steamer  John  H,  Hannah, 

laden  with  cotton,  bums  near  Plaque- 
mine  on  tl^e  same  river  ;  22  lives  are  lost, 
and  many  persons  badly  burned. 


332     1888,  Dec.  25-1889,  Jan.  11.         AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1888  •  *  D.  C.  Congress  authorizes  the 
organization  of  the  Wavy  Heserves  for 
coast  and  harbor  defense. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1888  Bee.  26.  New  York.  Fifty  thou- 
sand dollars  are  granted  by  the  Board 
of  Estimate  to  the  Museums  of  Art 
and  I!fatural  History  on  condition  that 
they  be  open  and  free  to  visitors  on  two 
nights  of  the  week. 

*  *  Cal.  A  monument  is  erected  to 
Francis  S.  Key  in  Golden  Gate  Park ; 
the  cost  ($60,000)  is  provided  for  by  the 
legacy  of  James  Lick. 

*  *  Md.  The  linotype,  for  casting  type 
by  machinery,  operated  by  a  keyboard, 
is  perfected  by  the  inventor,  Ottmar 
Mergenthaler  of  Baltimore  —  speed  from 
3,000  to  6,000  ems  per  hour. 

*  *  New  York.  A  bronze  statue  of  Gari- 
baldi is  unveiled  at  Washington  Square. 

*  *  New  York.  Thomas  W.  Dewing,  Wal- 
ter Shirlaw,  and  Edwin  H.  Blashfield 
of  New  York  are  elected  members  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Smith  Observatory  at 
Geneva  is  erected, 

*  *  U.  S.  Paper-pulp  is  first  bleached 
by  electricity  as  a  process  of  manu- 
facture. 

1889  Jan.  1.  Pacific  Slope.  The  great 
solar  eclipse  is  visible. 

•Jan.  3.  N.  Y.  Natural  gas  is  struck  in 
Steuben  County.  [Also  Jan.  20.  In 
Central  Ohio.  Oct.  16.  In  South  Dakota. 
Nov.  13.    Near  Chicago.] 

-Jan.  7.  Dak.  a  valuable  dei}08it  of 
coal  is  discovered  at  Centerville. 

Jan,  9.  Ind.  Shocks  of  earthquake 
are  felt  in  this  section. 

[Also  Feb.  26.  A  slight  shock  of  earth- 
quake is  felt  at  Marion,  Ind.  Mar.  8. 
Another  in  eastern  Pennsylvania,  Dela- 
ware, and  Maryland.  May  18.  At  An- 
napolis, Md.  June  5.  At  Nashville^ 
Tenn.  June  7.  At  New  Bedford,  Mass. 
July  7.  At  Farmiugton,  Me.  July  14. 
At  Covington,  Tenn.  July  31.  In  Cali- 
fornia. Aug.  10.  In  the  Adirondacks, 
N.Y.  Aug.  26.  In  North  Carolina.  Aug. 
28.  In  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Sept.  10.  At 
Wilkesbarre,  Ashley,  Kingston,  and 
Pittston,  Pa.] 

* —  Pa.  Tornadoes  cause  the  loss  of 
many  lives  and  much  property  in  Pitts- 
burg, and  Reading,  also  at  Sunbury, 
where  18  men  are  buried  in  the  ruins  of 
the  nail-mills ;  Buffalo  and  Lockport, 
N.Y.,  also  other  towns,  suffer ;  the  upper 
Suspension  Bridge  at  Niagara  Falls  is 
wrecked. 

CHURCH. 

1888  Dec.  28.  New  York.  The  Presby- 
terian Union  of  this  city  gives  a  recep- 
tion to  the  committees  of  the  two  Pres- 
byterian General  Assemblies. 

Dec.  30.  The  Papal  encyclical  appears  ; 
it  refers  mainly  to  the  materialistic  and 
atheistic  tendencies  of  the  times. 

*  •  Tbe  Reformed  Episcopal  Synod  of 
Canada  is  organized. 


*  *  I).C.  Tlie  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  in  Washington. 

*  *  la.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Cedar  Rapids ; 
William  T.  Meloy,  moderator. 

*  *  III.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Springfield ; 
J.  H.  Garrison,  president. 

*  *  Mo.  The  English  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Missouri  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  J,  The  International  Missionary 
Union  convenes  at  Bridgeton. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Woman's  Foreign  Mission- 
ary Society  (Baptist)  is  organized. 

*  *  Pkila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  Charles  L.  Thom- 
son, moderator. 

The  Board  of  Home  Missions  reports 
38  ministers,  25  native  teachers,  68 
churches,  2,863  church  members,  115 
teachers,  29  schools,  2,441  scholars. 

*  *  The  Brotherhood  of  Lay  Readers  (Prot- 
estant Episcopal)  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Western  Vermont,  Brooklyn,  and 
Fox  River  Congregational  Clubs  are 
organized. 

1889  Jan.  2.  D.  C.  The  national  Con- 
vention of  Colored  Catholics  opens 
at  Washington. 

Jan.  8.  New  York.  Tlie  Railroad  Branch 
of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation celebrates  its  13th  anniversary ; 
Cornelius  Vanderbilt,  C.  M.  Depew,  and 
others  speak. 

The  court  decides  against  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  authorities  in  refusing 
burial  to  the  remains  of  JohnMaguire, 
who  was  identified  with  the  Anti-Poverty 
Society. 

Jan.  9.  New  York.  A  new  Joss-house 
in  Mott  Street  is  consecrated  by  resident 
Chinese. 

Colo.  The  Channing  Club  of  Den- 
ver (Congregational)  is  organized. 

Jan.  11.  New  York.  The  Church  Stu- 
dents' Missionary  Association  begins 
its  annual  conference. 

LETTERS. 

1888  *  *  Cal.  The  Cogswell  Polytechnic 
College  is  opened  at  San  Francisco. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Saturday  Blade  is  issued. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  National  Economist  is  is- 
sued at  Washington. 

*  *  Md.  The  "Woman's  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Baltimore. 

*  ♦  Minn.  The  Medical  Department  of 
the  University  of  Minnesota,  at  Minne- 
apolis, opens. 

*  *  Nebraska  "Wesleyan  University 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  foimded  at  Lincoln. 

*  *  New  York.  Mail  and  Express  is  pur- 
chased by  Elliott  F.  Shepard. 

*  N.  C.  High  Point  Female  College 
(Bapt.)  is  founded. 

*  *  O.  The  Union  Gospel  News  is  issued 
at  Cleveland. 

*  *  U.  S.  Number  of  American  and  im- 
ported books  published  in  1888,  4,631, 
besides  minor  cheap  libraries. 


^  *  R.  I.  Tlie  State  establishes  an  Agri- 
cultural School. 

^  *  U.  S.  Volapiik  is  reported  success- 
ful, and  spreading  in  both  Europe  and 
America, 

*  *  American  Weather^  by  Adolphus  W. 
Greely,  appears. 

*  *  Around  the  World  on  a  Bicycle^  by 
Thomas  Stevens,  appears. 

^  *  The  Boyhood  of  Christy  by  Lew  Wal- 
lace, appears ;  also  Life  of  Benjamin 
Harrison. 

"  *  The  Black  Phalanx,  by  Joseph  T.  Wil- 
son, appears. 

''  *  A  Calabrian  Penelope,  by  Elizabeth 
Cavazza,  appears. 

*  *  Ca/i/omia,  by  Hubert  Howe  Bancroft, 
appears ;  also  History  of  Mexico. 

^  *  Colonial  Times  in  Buzzard^ s  Bay,  by 
William  Root  Bliss,  appears. 

*  *  The  Critical  Period  of  American  His- 
tory, by  John  Fiske,  appears. 

'  *  A  Phyllis  of  the  Sierras,  by  Francis 
Bret  Hart,  appears. 

*  *  Evolution  in  its  Relations  to  Religious 
Thought,  by  Joseph  Le  Conte,  appears. 

*  *  France  and  the  Confederate  Navy,  by 
John  Bigelow,  appears. 

''  *  The  Genesis  of  the  Cir>il  War,  by  Sam- 
uel Wylie  Crawford,  appears. 

^  *  Gouvemeur  Morris,  by  Theo.  Roose- 
velt, appears. 

"  *  The  Heart  of  the  Creeds,  by  Arthur 
Wentworth  Eaton,  appears. 

'■  *  History  of  the  Christian  Church,  by 
Philip  Schaff  (vol.  vi.),  appears. 

*  *  A  History  of  the  Negro  Troops,  by 
George  W.  Williams,  appears. 

*  *  John  Ward,  Preacher,  by  Margaret 
Deland,  appears. 

^  *  A  Library  of  American  Literature,  by 
Edmund  Clarence  Stedman  and  Ellen 
Mackay  Hutchinson  (vol.  i.),  appears. 

^  *  Men  and  Measures  of  Half  a  Century, 
by  Hugh  McCuUoch,  appears. 

^  *  Women  and  Men,  by  Thomas  Went- 
Torth  Higginson,  appears. 

*  *  Natural  Resources  of  the  United  States, 
by  Jacob  H.  Patton,  appears. 

*  *  Negro  Myths  from  the  Georgia  Coast, 
by  Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  appears. 

'  *  The  Old  Northwest,  by  B.  A.  Hinsdale, 
appears. 

'  *  Philosophy  of  Theism,  by  Bordon  P. 
Browne,  appears. 

'  *  Political  Essays,  by  James  Russell 
Ijowell,  appears  ;  also  Heart's  Ease  and 
Rue. 

'  *  The  Viking,  by  Elwyn  Alfred  Barron, 
appears. 

*  The  Writings  of  Franklin  (10  vols.), 
edited  by  John  Bigelow,  appears. 

'  *  Miss  Lou,  by  Edward  Payson  Roe,  ap- 
pears. 

■  •  Bonaventure,  by  George  W.  Cable,  ap- 
pears. 

■  •  Romance  and  Reverie,  by  Edgar  Faw- 
cett,  appears. 

'  *  Free  Joe,  by  Joel  Chandler  Harris, 
appears. 


UNITED   STATES.    1888,  Dec. 25-1889,  Jan.  11.   333 


*  *  The  King  of  Folly  Island,  by  Sarah 
Orne  Jewett,  appears. 

*  *  The  Despot  of  Broomsedge  Cove,  by 
Mary  Noaillcs  Murfree,  appears. 

*  *  A  Brother  of  Dragons,  by  Amelie  Rives 
Chandler,  appears  ;  also  The  Quick  &r 
the  Dead,  and   Virginia  of  Virginia. 

*  *  Old  Fashioned  Roses,  by  James  Whit- 
comb  Riley,  appears. 

*  *  With  the  Immortals  f  by  Francis  Marion 
Crawford,  appears* 

*  *  Two  Little  Confederates,  by  Thomas 
Nelson  Page,  appears. 

1889  Jan.  2.  Bost<m.  The  Interna- 
tional Cop3rright  Association  holds 
its  annual  meeting. 

Jan.  4.  Pa.  George  E.  Reed  is  elected 
to  the  presidency  of  Dickinson  College. 

SOCIETY. 

1888  Dec.  25.  O.  White  Caps  cruelly 
flog  a  prominent  physician  at  Hopedale. 

Del.  A  race  riot  occurs  at  Wilming- 
ton ;  one  white  man  is  shot  in  the  foot, 
and  several  colored  men  are  cut  and 
beaten  about  the  head ;  seven  arrests 
are  made. 

Dec.  27.  Dak.  At  Tripp  six  men  are  in- 
jured in  a  riot  over  the  ownership  of  a 
goose.  The  parties  are  American  and 
Russian  Mennonites. 

Dec.  28.  New  York.  The  Excise  Commis- 
sion makes  restrictions  for  the  liquor- 
traffic. 

"  The  employment  of  a  bartender  un- 
der 18  years  of  age  forfeits  license ; 
women  are  forbidden  to  sell  or  induce 
sales  of  liquor  ;  licenses  are  forbidden 
for  premises  within  200  feet  of  a  ceme- 
tery, college,  academy,  or  reformatory. 

Dec.  29.  la.  The  Sioux  City  liaw  and 
Order  League  commences  proceedings 
against  the  transportation  companies 
that  have  been  nullifying  the  prohibi- 
tory laws. 

Neto   York.    The  Excise  Commission 

decides  that  during  forbidden  hours  the 
interior  of  saloons  must  present  an 
unobstructed  view  from  the  street. 

Dec.  30.  Mo.  Amos  J.  Stillwell,  an  old 
and  wealthy  citizen  of  Hannibal,  is  mur- 
dered by  a  burglar. 

*  *  Ala.  The  Alabama  Academy  for  the 
blind  is  opened  at  Talladega. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Wesley  Methodist 
Hospital  is  established. 

^  *  D.  C.  Congress  erects  the  Bureau  of 
Xiabor  into  a  Department. 
I  •  *  Ky.  The  Hatfield  and  McCoy  feud 
breaks  out  again ;  the  State  troops  are 
called  out  to  prevent  the  McCoys  from 
taking  nine  Hatfields  from  jail  to  mur- 
der them. 

*  *  Ky.  The  treasurer  of  the  State  for 
many  years,  is  announced  as  a  defal- 
cator to  the  amount  of  $229,000  and  sus- 
pended from  office. 

*  *  y.J.     A  home  for  the  training  of 
feeble  minds  is  opened  near  Vineland. 
!  •  *  O.    Tlxe  Legislature  passes  the  Sun- 
day Liiquor  Law. 


*  *  Phila.  The  George  Nugent  Home 
is  founded  at  Germantown. 

*  *  Mass.  The  High-License  and  Lim- 
itation Ijaw  is  enacted. 

*  *  Wyo.  A  school  building  for  the  deaf 
and  dumb  is  erected  at  Cheyenne. 

*  *  }V.  Va.  The  Constitutional  Prohibi- 
tory Amendment  is  defeated  by  34,887 
majority. 

*  *  The  Northern  Insane  Asylum  is 
opened  at  Logansport,  Ind.;  also  one  in 
Nebraska  at  Norfolk ;  in  Vermont  at 
Waterbury;  in  Washington  at  Steila- 
coom. 

1889  Jan.  2.  Ind.  President  Harri- 
son addresses  his  old  comrades  of  the 
Grand  Army,  at  Indianapolis. 

O.    Brakeman  and  yardmen  of  the 

Lake  Erie  and  Western  road  strike  at 
Lima. 

Jan.  3.  Minn.  The  coal-dock  laborers 
strike  at  Duluth.  [Jan.  4.  Riots 
occur.] 

Jan.  4.  la.  The  officials  and  strikers  of 
the  Btu-lington  road  finally  come  to  an 
agreement. 

Jan.  7.  Wash.  Alfred  Shafford  is 
lynched  for  a  murder  at  Gilman. 

Jan.  8.  N.  J.  Hunterdon  County  votes 
no  license  by  500  majority. 

STATE. 

1888  *  *  D.  C.  Congress  makes  the 
Ijabor  Bureau  an  independent  part  of 
the  Government.  It  authorizes  the  or- 
ganization of  tlie  iNaval  Heservea  by 
the  maritime  States. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Australian  Ballot  sys- 
tem is  adopted. 

*  *  Melville  W.  Fuller  of  III.  is  ap- 
pointed Chief  Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Su- 
preme Court,  and  Lucius  Q.  C.  Lamar 
of  Miss,  an  Associate  Justice. 

*  *  CI.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-90  *  *  Ala.    Thomas  Seay. 

-92*  *  La.    Francis  T.  NichoUs. 
-91  *  *  Minn.    William  R.  Merriam. 
-93  *  *  Neb.    Algernon  S.  Paddock. 
-91  *  *N.  Y.    David  B.  Hill. 
-89  *  *  n.  I.     Royal  C.  Taft. 
-90  *  *  V(.     William  P.  Dillingham. 

1889  Jan.  1.  N.  Y.  Capital  punish- 
ment by  an  electrical  current  becomes 
the  legal  mode. 

New   York.    Hugh  J.  Grant  becomes 

the  86th  mayor. 

Jan.  2.  Z>.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff  BiU;  the  House 
attempts  to  amend  its  rules  so  as  to 
facilitate  its  business,  but  is  defeated  by 
filibustering. 

Jan.  4.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
continues  to  discuss  the  Tariff  Bill ;  the 
House  passes  a  bill  to  incorporate  the 
Nicaragua  Canal  Company. 

Jan.  5.  Okla.  Martial  law  is  enforced 
and  order  is  restored  ;  the  squatters  de- 
part. 

Jan.  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  resolution  reaffirming  the  Mon- 
roe Doctrine,  as  applicable  to  the  con- 


struction of  a  canal  across  the  Isth- 
mus of  Darien.     Vote,  49-3. 

Jan.  8.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff  Bill  at  considerable 
length;  John  Sherman  of  O.  introduces 
a  bill  providing  for  changes  in  the  elec- 
tion of  Representatives;  the  House 
recommits  the  resolution  to  change  the 
rules.    Vote,  120-117. 

Cal.    George  Osgoodby  is  disclosed  as 

the  author  of  the  "  Murchison "  letter, 
whereby  he  entrapped  Lord  Sackville- 
West  into  recommending  a  person  to 
vote  the  Democratic  ticket  as  favorable 
to  British  interests. 

Jan.  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  an  anti-free  coal  amendment  to 
the  Tariff  Bill. 

Jan.  10.  Ind.  The  Lieutenant-Governor 
is  prevented  by  hostile  partizans  from 
entering  the  Senate  chamber. 

D.  C.     Congress :  The  Senate  agrees 

to  strike  off  fish  from  the  free  list,  and 
make  it  dutiable  at  one-half  cent  a 
pound  ;  the  House  is  prevented  from 
doing  business,  both  in  the  afternoon 
and  evening,  by  dilatory  motions. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1888  Dec.  26.  ///.  Gen.  John  A.  Lo- 
gan's body  is  removed  to  its  final  rest- 
ing-place in  Soldiers'  Home  Cemetery. 

Dec.  27.  S.  C.  The  Great  Seal  of  the 
Confederate  States  is  given  to  tliis  State. 

Dec.  29.  W.  I.  The  American  schooner 
Jennie  Hall  is  illegaUy  fined  $2,000  by 
the  Spanish  authorities  at  Porto  Rico. 

Dec.  30.  R.  I.  The  steamer  Bristol,  of 
the  Fall  River  Line,  is  burned  at  New- 
port ;  some  of  her  passengers  have  a 
narrow  escape. 

Dec.  31.  Md.  The  theft  of  $1,200  from 
the  Sub-Treasury  at  Baltimore  is  discov- 
ered. 

U.  S.    Statistics  for  the  year  1888. 

Production:  Gold,  $33,175,000;  silver,. 
$59,195,000 ;  bushels  of  grain  :  Indian 
corn,  1,987,790,000;  wheat,  415.868,000: 
oats,  701,735,000;  barley,  63,884,593;  rye» 
28,412,011;  buckwheat,  12,000,000;  bales 
of  cotton,  7,017,707  ;  pounds  of  wool,  269,- 
000,000  ;  barrels  of  petroleum,  27,608,025. 
Currency  in  circulation  (June  30),  $1 ,372,- 
170,870  ;  per  capita,  $22.88.  Immigrants 
received  (fiscal  year),  546,889.  Miles  of 
railroads  built,  145,341  ;  capital  stock, 
$4,438,411 ,342 ;  total  accidents,  1,936 ; 
persons  killed,  5,282:  persons  injured, 
25,888.  Fire-waste,  $110,885,665;  insur- 
ance, $63,965,724 ;  lives  lost,  447.  Busi- 
ness failures,  10,587  ;  liabilities,  $120,- 
242,402. 

*  *  -92  *  *  Boston.  The  State  House 
is  enlarged  to  double  its  original  size. 

*  *  Kan.  A  convention  of  delegates  at 
Abilene  inaugurates  an  agitation  forthe 
removal  of  the  capital. 

1889  Jan.  1.  Mo.  The  Kichardson 
Drug  Company's  store  at  St.  Louis  is 
burned ;  loss,  $200,000. 

Jan.  10.  U.  S.  An  English  syndicate 
has  purchased  30  breweries,  and 
seeks  control  of  all  others  in  the^ 
country. 


334     1889,  Jan.  11 -Feb.  13 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1889  Jan.  16.  X.  Y.  The  National 
Guard  Association  meets  at  Albany. 

Jan.  19.  The  Atlanta  sails  for  Port-au- 
Prince  to  reenforce  the  Galena. 

Jan.  25.  Loomis  L.  Langdon  is  commis- 
sioned colonel — 1st  artillery  U.  S.  A. 
[Feb.  12.  Also  Kdward  M.  Heyl.  Feb.  17. 
Henry  M.  Lazelle—  18th  infantry.  Feb. 
Adelbert  K.  Buffington —ordnance  de- 
partment.   June?.    George  D.  Ruggles.] 

Jan.  30.  Joseph  C.Breckinridge  is  com- 
missioned brigadier-general  U.  S.  A. 

Peb.  9.  Rear-Adm.  Bancroft  Ghe- 
rardi  is  ordered  to  command  the  North 
Atlantic  squadron. 

Peb.  12.  £>.  C.  Commander  Silas  Casey 
is  promoted  captain  U.  S.  N.  [Mar.  26. 
William  T.  Samson  and  Bartlett  J. 
Cromwell.  Mar.  31.  John  W.  Philip. 
Aug.  4.  Henry  F.  Picking.]  Com. 
George  S.  Belknap  is  promoted  rear- 
admiral. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATXJRE. 

1889  Jan.  13.  A  mass  of  the  Horse- 
shoe Rock  drops  at  Niagara  Falls. 

Jan.  15.  X.  y.  Prof.  Brooks,  at  Smith 
Observatory,  discovers  a  comet.  [Also 
Dec.  25.    Another  comet.] 

Jan.  16±,  Xew  York.  Henry  G.  Mar- 
quand  gives  his  collection  of  paintlng^s 
by  the  old  masters  to  the  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  Art. 

Jan.  17.  Xew  Yorh.  Mrs.  Joseph 
Drexel  presents  to  the  Museum  of  Art 
the  antiquities  loaned  to  it  by  her  hus- 
band, and  adds  a  collection  of  casts  and 
coins. 

Jan.  18.  Colo.  Avalanches  occur  in 
the  southwestern  part  of  the  State. 

Jan.  19.  Xew  York.  A  carload  of  min- 
eral wax,  called  ozocerite,  arrives  from 
Utah. 

Jan.*  Ida.  A  floating  island  300  feet  in 
diameter  is  reported  at  Henry  Lake. 

Feb.  5.  X.  Mex.  The  remnant  of  a  tribe 
of  cliff-dwellers  is  discovered  in  the 
San  Mateo  Mountains.    (See  Nov.  23.) 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1889. 

Jan.  H.     Taylor,  Alva  B.,manuf.,  A86. 

Jan.  13.  31c(iUl,  Alexander  T.,  l^res.  cler- 
gyman, professor  at  Princeton^  A82. 

Jan.  1,4.  Fbillips,  George  8.,  journalist, 
A73. 

Jan.  19.  Mackenzie,  Ronald  Slidell,  brev. 
maj.-gen.,  A49. 

Jan.  33.    Dolaro,  Selina,  singer,  writer,  A36. 

Felton,   Samuel   Morse,  civil  engineer, 

A79. 

Jan.  36.  Jones,  Roger,  brig.-gen.,  dies  In 
Va. 

Jan.  27.  Cazauran,  Augustus  R.,  author, 
dramatist,  A69. 

Jan.  31.     Locke,  John,  poet,  journalist,  A41. 

Feb.  1.    Steins,  Fredrick  W.,  singer,  A53. 

Feb.  4.     Kisk,  Mary  H.,  writer, author,  dies. 

Cunningham,  Thomas,  R.  C.  clergyman 

of  Elmira,  dies. 

Feb.  1 1.  Dalton,  John  C,  physiologist,  A64. 
Hunt,  Henry  Jackson,  brev.  maj.- 
gen.,  U.  S.  A.,  A70. 

CHURCH. 
1880    Jan.  18.    AHz.    John  M.  Ken- 
dx*ick  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) bishop  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 


Jan.  19.  X.  Y.  A  split  occurs  in  the 
American  Salvation  Army,  one  fac- 
tion renouncing  allegiance  to  Gen. 
Booth. 

Jan.  *  Phila.  Two  members  of  the 
Kristhena  Society  sail  on  the  Gallia 
for  India  to  seek  the  tomb  of  Buddha. 

Jan,  20.  Xew  York.  Archbishop  Cor- 
rigan'a  circular  is  read  in  all  the 
churches  of  his  diocese. 

It  declares  that  every  person  attend- 
ing the  Anti-Poverty  meetings  is  guilty 
of  a  "reserved  sin,"  —  one  that  can  be 
condoned  only  by  confession  to  the  or- 
dinary of  the  diocese;  the  penitent  must 
bear  a  letter  from  the  confessor  explain- 
ing the  nature  of  the  offense. 

Jan.  23.  Pa.  A  Catholic  colonization 
society  is  formed  at  Pittsburg ;  its  ob- 
ject is  to  establish  colonies  in  the  South. 

Jan.  25.  O.  Boyd  Vincent  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
Southern  Ohio. 

Jan.  27.  X.  Y.  The  35th  anniversary 
of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation is  celebrated  in  14  Brooklyn 
churches. 

Feb.  3-f.  Kan.  The  Mennonites  are 
removing  to  Colorado. 

LETTERS. 
1889    Jan.  12.    Cardinal  Melchers  is 

directed  by  the  Pope  to  prepare  a  report 
on  the  complaint  of  Irish  bishops  in 
America  concerning  education. 

Xe\o   York.    The  New  York  College 

for  the  Training  of  Teachers  [Teachers* 
College]  receives  a  provisional  charter. 

Jan.  18.  Mass.  At  Haverhill  a  dis- 
agreement exists  between  the  School 
Board  and  the  French  Catholic  paro- 
chial school ;  legal  steps  are  taken  to 
enforce  the  statute  respecting  public 
schools. 

Jan.  30.  Boston.  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes  presents  his  valuable  medical 
library  to  the  Boston  Medical  Library 
Association. 

Jan.  *  Md.  Jacob  I.  Tome,  the  million- 
aire banker  of  Port  Deposit,  gives 
$2,500,000  to  a  board  of  seven  trus- 
tees to  found  a  training-school  in  that 
town. 

It  is  to  be  called  "  The  Tome  Male  and 
Female  Seminary  of  Port  De^sit ;  '* 
the  sum  of  $500,000  goes  for  buildings, 
and  $2,000»000  for  maintenance. 

SOCIETY. 

1889  Jan.  22.  Pa.  The  joint  resolution 
proposing  an  amendment  to  the  State 
Constitution  prohibiting  the  sale  or 
manufacture  of  intoxicating  liquors 
passes  the  House.    Vote,  132-58. 

Jan.  24.  Wis.  A  bill  is  introduced  in 
the  Legislature  making  prize-fighting 
a  penal  offense, 

Jan.  25.  Dak.  The  House  defeats  woman 
STiffrage  in  committee  of  the  whole. 
Vote,  17-28. 

Jan.  26.  X.  Y.  A  strike  for  higher 
wages  and  shorter  hours  occurs  on  the 
Brooklyn  street  railroads ;  the  em- 
ployees tie  up  the  roads. 


Jan.  29.  Ark.  John  M.  Clayton  (Rep.), 
who  claims  the  election,  is  assassi- 
nated while  searching  for  proofs  of  his 
election. 

Jan.  *  Md.  An  asylum  for  children  of 
feeble  minds  is  opened  at  Baltimore. 

Feb.  4.  Xew  York.  President  Cleve- 
land becomes  a  prospective  partner  in 
a  law  firm. 

Feb.  5.  Mass.  The  House  votes  to  sub- 
mit the  question  of  prohibition  to  the 
people.    Vote,  IG1-C9. 

Feb.  7.  D.  C.  Congress :  A  select  com- 
mittee of  the  Senate  reports  in  favor  of 
woman  suffrage.  [No  further  action 
is  taken.] 

Feb.  8.  Dak.  The  \Voman  Suffrage 
BiU  is  defeated  in  the  Legislature. 

Feb.  11,  Xev.  The  people  vote  on  14 
amendments  to  the  Constitution,  in- 
cluding one  extending  to  women  the  right 
to  hold  school  offices  ;  all  are  adopted 
except  the  one  authorizing  lotteries. 

STATE. 

1889  Jan.  12.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
Senate  continues  the  debate  on  the 
Tariff ;  the  House  is  paralyzed  by  a 
deadlock,  xmtil  J.  B.  Weaver  of  la., 
a  greenback  member,  makes  an  agree- 
ment with  the  Democrats ;  then  the 
Pension,  Military  Academy,  and 
Consular  Appropriation  Bills  are 
passed. 

jr.    Va.    The   State  Supreme  Court 

quashes  a  motion  intended  to  prevent 
the  Legislature  declaring  the  vote,  which 
on  the  face  of  the  returns  elects  Nathan 
Goff  for  governor. 

Jan.  14.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  Bankruptcy  Bill  of  24  articles. 

U.  S.    The  electoral  coUeges  of  the 

different  States  meet  in  their  respective 
capitals,  cast  their  ballots  for  President 
and  Vice-President,  and  appoint  mes- 
sengers to  convey  the  certificates  of 
these  elections  to  Washington. 

Jan.  15.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff  Bill  and  considers 
the  admission  of  South  Dakota. 

Jan.  16.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  Tariff  Bill,  and  receives 
the  correspondence  in  the  Samoan  af- 
fair; also  that  relating  to  the  seizing  of 
the  Haitian  Ilepublic ;  the  House  con- 
siders the  Territorial  Bills  providing 
for  the  erection  of  States. 

Jan.  17.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff  BiH,  disposes  of  the 
tin-plate  paragraph,  and  reaches  the 
sugar  schedule,  and  then  passes  the 
Bankruptcy  Bill ;  the  House  considers 
the  Territorial  Bills. 

Jan.  18.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  sugar-bounty  section  of  the 
Tariff  BiU.  Vote,  37-23.  The  House 
adoi)ts  the  Springer  Omnibus  Bill  as 
a  substitute  for  the  Senate  bill,  admit- 
ting South  Dakota.  Vote,  133-120. 

Jan.  19.  D.  C.  President-elect  Harrison 
offers  the  secretaryship  of  the  interior 
to  Andrew  Carnegie.    [It  is  declined.] 


UNITED   STATES. 


1889,  Jan.  11-Feb.  13.    335 


Congress :  The  Senate  debates  the 
Tariff  Bill ;  the  House  in  Committee 
of  the  Whole  passes  the  Fortifications 
Appropriations  Bill,  and  the  Ford 
Committee  introduces  a  bill  for  the 
stringent  repression  of  immigration, 
especially  of  the  criminal  class. 

The  Creek  Indian  delegates  cede  the 
western  part  of  their  domain  to  Con- 
gress for  $2,280,857.  [Ratified  by  the 
Creeks  on  Jan,  31.] 

Jan.  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  substitute  Tarriff  Bill;  vote, 
32-30. 

Jan.  25.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
asks  for  a  conference  with  the  House  on 
the  Mills  Tariff  Bill,  and  discusses  the 
Trust  Bill  prohibiting  combinations  for 
the  purpose  of  destroying  competition  ; 
the  House  adopts  several  amendments 
to  the  Sundry  Civil  Bill. 

Jan.  26.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
only  is  in  session ;  it  refers  the  Senate 
Tariff  Bill  to  the  Ways  and  Means 
Committee. 

Jan,  28.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Senate  Pension  Bill. 

Jan.  29.  />.  C.  Congress ;  The  Senate 
decides  to  discuss  Samoan  affairs  with 
open  doors,  and  adopts  an  amendment 
to  raise  ministers  to  England,  France, 
Germany,  and  Russia  to  the  rank  of 
ambassadoi^;  the  House  appropriates 
$500,000  for  a  Library  building. 

Jan.  30.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
considers  the  Samoan  question,  and 
discusses  the  British  £!xtradition 
Treaty;  the  House  debates  the  Okla- 
homa Bill  providing  for  its  opening  to 
settlers, 

Jan.  31.  D,  C,  Congress:  The  Senate 
adopts  the  Samoan  amendments  re- 
ported by  the  Foreign  Affairs  Committee 
and  refuses  to  raise  certain  ministers  to 
the  rank  of  ambassadors.  Vote,  26- 
25.  The  House  discusses  and  amends 
the  Oklahoma  Bill. 

Jan.*  Tenn.  The  Australian  Ballot 
System  is  adopted. 

Feb.  I,  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
appropriates  $600,000  for  the  pro- 
tection of  American  Interests  in  Sa- 
moa; it  rejects  the  Anglo-American 
Treaty.  Vote,  38-15.  The  House  passes 
the  Oklahoma  Bill.    Vote,  U8-102. 

The  President  informs  Congress  that 
the  State  Department  is  advised  that 
German  troops  will  be  withdrawn  from 
Samoa,  and  the  neutrality  of  the  islands 
preserved. 

Feb.  2.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Naval  Appropriation  BiU 
with  an  amendment  devoting  $100,000 
for  a  coaling  station  at  Pango-Pango, 
Samoa. 

Xeb.    The  State  Senate  accepts  the 

amendments  to  the  submission  resolu- 
tion made  by  the  House;  it  provides 
that  the  people  shall  vote  at  the  next 
election  whether  prohibition  or  high 
license  shall  be  incorporated  into  tlie 
Constitution. 

Feb.  3.  Eng.  Sir  Julian  Pauncefote 
is  appointed  to  succeed  Lord  SackviUe- 
Wegt  as  British  minister  at  Washington. 
(See  Jan.  8.) 


Feb.  5.  D,  C.  Congress:  The  House 
discusses  the  report  on  the  Nicaragua 
Bill. 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  Legislative  Appropriation 
Bill ;  the  House  agrees  to  the  conference 
report  on  the  Nicaragua  Canal  Bill. 
Vote,  177-60. 

The  bill  provides  for  the  incorporation 
of  a  company  to  construct,  equip,  and 
operate  a  ship  canal,  either  entirely 
through  the  territory  of  Nicaragua  or 
in  part  through  the  territory  of  Costa 
Rica,  and  otherwise  to  have  such  powers 
as  have  been  conferred  on  the  Nica- 
ragua Association.  The  capital  stock 
of  the  company  is  to  be  $100,000,000, 
with  authority  to  increase  it  to  $200,- 
000,000. 

Secretary  Bayard  informs  the  German 
minister  that  Bismarck's  proposal  for 
a  conference,  concerning  Samoa,  in 
Berlin,  has  been  accepted. 

JV,  y.    The  Senate  passes  the  Naval 

Militia  Bill. 

Feb.  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
continues  the  discussion  of  the  Xiegls- 
lative  Bill ;  a  select  committee  report  in 
favor  of  an  amendment  to  the  Constitu- 
tion which  shall  provide  for  woman 
suffrage;  the  House  debates  the  Army 
Appropriation  Bill. 

Feb.  8.  /).  C.  Congrress :  The  President 
submits  the  proposal  of  Germany  for  a 
resumption  of  the  Samoan  Confer- 
ence. The  Senate  passes  the  Xiegisla- 
tive  Appropriation  and  the  Pension 
Appropriation  Bills;  it  discusses  the 
Union  Pacific  Hailroad  Funding 
BiU ;  the  House  passes  the  Army  BiU, 
after  making  several  amendments. 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  bill  to  establish  a  United 
States  Court  in  the  Indian  Territory, 
and  the  Fortifications  BiU ;  it  consid- 
ers the  Union  Pacific  Refunding  BiU ; 
the  House  debates  the  Post-office  Ap- 
propriation BiU. 

President  Cleveland  dismisses  Judge 
A.  P.  Edgerton  from  the  Civil  Service 
Commission, 

Feb.  10±.  The  Legislatures  of  10  West- 
ern States  resolve  to  investigate  the 
beef  trust. 

Feb.  11.  D.  C,  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  British  Fxtradition 
Treaty;  it  passes  the  bill  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  interests  of  the  United 
States  in  Panama. 

The  President  signs  the  bill  creating 
the  new  Department  of  Agriculture, 
and  sends  to  the  Senate  the  nomination 
of  the  present  Commissioner  of  Agri- 
culture, Norman  J.  Coleman,  as  Secre- 
tary of  the  Department. 

Utah.     The   GentUes  defeat  the 

Mormons  in  the  municipal  election  at 
Ogden. 

Feb.  12.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Presi- 
dent transmits  the  correspondence  with 
England  and  other  countries  relative  to 
the  Bering  Sea  Fisheries.  The  Senate 
considers  the  election  outrages  in 
Texas ;  it  passes  the  Naval  Appropri- 


ation BiU;  The  House  discusses  the 
Smalls-EUiott  contest  for  admission 
from  South  Carolina. 
Feb.  13.  D.  C.  Congress  :  A  joint  ses- 
sion is  held,  and  the  electoral  vote  is 
counted;  Benjamin  Harrison  is  offi- 
cially declared  elected  President,  and 
Levi  P.  Morton  Vice-President  of  the 
United  States. 

Vote  :  President :  Grover  Cleveland 
<Dem.>of  N.  Y.,  168  ;  Benjamin  Harri- 
son (Rep.)  of  Ind.,  233  ;  Clinton  B.  Fisk 
(Prohib.)  of  N.  J.,  0  ;  Alson  J.  Streetcr 
(Union  Labor)  of  111.,  0;  R.  H.  Cowdry 
(United Labor) of  111., 0;  James  L.Curtis 
(American)  of  N.  Y.,  0.  Fur  Vice-Presi- 
dent :  Allen  G.  Thurman  (Dem.)  of  O., 
168;  LeviP.  Morton(Uep.)of  N.  Y.,233; 
John  A.  Brooks  (Prohib.)  of  Mo.,  C.  E. 
Cunningham  ( L'nion  Labor)  of  Ark.,  W. 
H.T.Wakefield  (United  Labor)  of  Kan., 
and  James  B.  Greer  (American)  of  Tenn., 
each  0. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  Jan.  13.  Keio  Yfrrk.  Many  of  the 
Fifth  Avenue  stac^ea  are  withdrawn 
from  Sunday  use. 

Jan.  14.  O.  A  passenger  train  runs 
into  a  freight  train  at  Tallmadge,  kill- 
ing the  engineers,  firemen,  and  eight 
passengers. 

Jan.  15.  Cal.  The  Santa  Monicahotel 
is  burned. 

Jan.  18.  President  Cleveland  is  named 
as  one  of  the  arbitrators  in  a  dispute 
between  Nicaragua  and  Costa  Kica. 

Jan.  21.  Mich,  A  car  is  thrown  from 
the  track  at  Watersmeet ;  the  lieuten- 
ant-governor and  others  are  killed  and 
several  wounded. 

Jan.  22.  X.  Y.  Senator  Cantor  intro- 
duces the  $1,000,000  canal  bill  at 
Albany ;  it  proposes  the  enlargement  of 
the  Erie  Canal. 

Jan.  23,  ^.  T.  The  victorious  yacht 
Volunteer  is  purchased  by  the  Seawan- 
haka  Yacht  Club. 

Jan.  24.  The  Union  Palace  Car  Com- 
pany sells  out  to  the  Pullman  Car  Com- 
pany for  less  than  $3,000,000. 

Jan.  26.  The  loss  of  several  vessels  and 
many  lives  at  sea  is  reported. 

The  schooner  Annie  E.  Had  and  the 
ship  Sarah  and  Emma,  each  lose  eight 
lives;  the  schooner  Auqust  Flower, 
seven;  and  the  schooner  icila  A.,  nine. 

Dak.  The  railroad  taxes  are  re- 
pealed. 

Jan.  29.  Mick.  The  first  convention 
of  furniture  manufacturers  meets  at 
Grand  Kapids. 

Jan.  *  Md.  A  train  is  thrown  from  the 
track  near  Lincoln  City,  and  36  persons 
are  injured, 

Feb.  1.  Pa.  A  mine  explosion  at 
Plymouth  causes  the  death  of  six  men. 

Feb.  2,  J.V.  y.  Extensive  business  prop- 
erty in  Buffalo  is  bmmed,  loss 
$3,000,000;  1,000  persons  are  thrown 
out  of  work, 

Feb.  5.  -\*.  }'.  Seven  loggers  and  24 
teams  break  through  the  ice,  and  are 
drowned  in  Pine  Lake,  Fulton  County. 

Feb.  6.  r.  S.  A  trust  is  formed  of  19 
of  the  largest  firms  making  sewer  pipes. 


336     1889,  Feb.  13-Mar.  21. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — HAVY. 

1889  Feb.  14.  Rear-Adni.  George  E. 
Belknap  is  sent  to  command  the  fleet 
on  the  Asiatic  station. 

Mar.  15.  Samoan  Is.  Three  war-ves- 
sels are  wrecked,  the  Nipsic^  seven  lives 
lost ;  the  Van(fatia,  43  lives  lost ;  and 
the  Trenton ;  all  lost  by  the  same  storm. 

D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  War,  by  spe- 
cial order,  abolishes  Sunday  dress- 
parades  at  military  posts. 

Mar.  17.  Okta.  The  boomers  are  driven 
out  by  the  troops. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1889    Feb.  18.    Ala.    Many  people  are 
killed  or  injured  by  a  cyclone  in  Bibb 
County. 
Feb.  21.    Ind.  Ter.    Gold  is  discovered. 
[Also  Apr.  23.    In  Franklin  Co.,  \a.. 
Aug.  1.    At  Ai-rowrock,  Ark.    Sept.  20. 
At  Irvington,  H.J.     Oct.  3.     In  Wyo- 
ming.] 

Feb.  23.  N.  Y.  At  Saranao  Lake  the 
mercury  falls  to  34"  below  zero. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1689 

Feb!  15.    McTyeire,  Meth.  Epis.  South,  cler- 
gyman, editor,  bishop,  At>5. 
Feb.  19.   Jones,  Justin  Edw., publisber,  A74. 
Feb.  21.    Flood,  James  C,"  bonanza  king," 

of  Cal.,  A63. 
Wharton,    Francis,    Boltcitor   of   State 

Department,  author,  A68. 
Hickey,    I'atrick,    editor,    author,     of 

Brooklyn,  A43. 
Mar.   5.     liooth,    Mary    Louise,    editor    of 

Harper^s  Bazar^  A58. 
Mar.  7.    liartlett,  Sidney,  lawyer,  of  Boston, 

A90. 
Williamson,  Isaiah  V.,  philanthropist,  of 

Phila.,  Am. 
Mar.  8.    Ericsson,  John,  engineer,  designer 

of  Monitor^  scientist,  AHi>. 
Mar.  e.    TowDShend,  Kicliard  W.,  M.  C.  for 

111.,  A 49. 
Mar.  12.    Davis,  John  Lee,  rear-adm.  r.  S. 

N.,  Af>4. 

CHURCH. 

1889  Feb.  14,  It,  The  Pope  and  con- 
sistory publicly  confirm  the  new  bishops 
of  Detroit,  Natchez,  and  Wichita. 

Feb.  17.  Chicago.  **  Billy"  Sunday,  a 
■well-known  base-ball  player,  makes  his 
appearance  as  an  evangelist. 

New  York.    A  circular  letter  from 

Pope  Leo  is  read  in  all  the  diocesan 
churches. 

It  affirms  that  the  rejection  of  Catho- 
lic doctrine  is  frauj^ht  with  evil,  and  that 
Cliristian  faith  is  the  cure  for  all  social 
evils. 

Feb.  21,  New  York.  The  Catholic  pil- 
grims to  the  Holy  Xiand  sail  on  the 
Wieland. 

There  are  over  500  priests  and  laymen 
—  the  object  being  to  raise  money  for 
the  maintenance  of  shrines  and  sacred 
places  in  Palestine ;  the  pilgrimage  is 
to  occupy  84  days. 

Feb.  23.  D.  C.  Pope  Leo  writes  a 
letter  approving  the  statutes  of  the 
new  Catholic  university  at  Washington, 
and  lauding  the  zeal  and  intelligence  of 
the  Catholics  of  America. 

Feb.  27.  N.  Y.  The  Federate  Coimcil 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  of 
New  York  forms  a  province  out  of  the 
fire  dioceses  of  the  State. 


Feb.  *  New  York.  The  New  York  Pres- 
bytery vote  93  to  43  for  a  revision  of 
their  creed. 

Feb.  *  Ph'Ua.  A  church  for  deaf- 
mutes  is  consecrated.  It  is  the  only 
congregation  in  the  world  entirely  man- 
aged by  the  deaf. 

Mar.  14.  O.  Thomas  E wing  Sherman, 
son  of  Gen.  Sherman,  becomes  a  member 
of  the  Society  of  Jesus.  [July  7.  He 
receives  final  orders  in  the  priesthood.] 

Mar.  18,  It.  The  American  pilgrims 
visit  Rome,  and  receive  the  Pope's  bless- 
ing.   (See  Feb.  2L) 

LETTERS. 

1889  Feb.  13.  The  third  annual  con- 
vention of  the  American  Newspaper 
Publishers*  Association  opens. 

Feb.  14.  Miss.  Mayor  R.  W.  Millsap 
of  Jackson  subscribes  $50,000  to  build 
and  endow  a  college  for  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  South. 

Feb.  22.  Me.  A  free  public  library, 
costing  $100,000,  is  presented  by 
James  P.  Baxter  to  the  city  of  Portland. 

Feb.  23.  Boston.  Amos  W.  Stetson 
of  Boston  gives  to  W^ellesley  College 
a  fine  collection  of  paintings,  65  in 
number,  valued  at  $30,000. 

Mar.  4.  Pa.  Dedication  of  a  Roman 
Catholic  school-building  in  Pittsburg. 

Bishop  Keane  of  Wheeling  severely 
denounces  the  American  public-school 
system ;  he  says  that  it  is  a  divorce 
from  moral  and  religious  training,  and 
that  the  only  way  to  counteract  its 
effect  is  to  establish  Christian  schools. 

.V.   //,      At   Camden   a  fine  public 

library  is  opened;  it  is  the  gift  of 
ex-Gov.  Smyth  to  his  native  town. 

Mar.  10.  New  York.  Dr.  M'Glynn  at- 
tacks parochial  schools  in  a  public 
address. 

Mar.  11.  Pa.  A.  J.  Drexel  purchases  the 
Lonella  Mansion  at  Wayne,  and  selects 
trustees  and  managers  for  the  Drexel 
Industrial  College  for  Women. 

Mar.  13.  D.  C.  Pope  Leo  issues  a 
brief  approving  the  statutes  of  the 
Washington  University. 

SOCIETY. 

1889  Feb.  21.  Boston.  The  Board  of 
Police  Commissioners  increase  the 
cost  of  liquor  licenses  for  the  year 
commencing  May  1. 

Mar.  1.  Ariz.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
bill,  which  is  signed  by  the  governor, 
making  train-robbery  a  capital  crime. 

Mar.  8.  li.  I.  The  House  of  Represen- 
tatives passes  a  bill  to  resubmit  the 
Prohibitory  Amendment  to  the  peo- 
ple.    Vote,  41-25. 

Mar.  9.  Ind.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
bill  to  punish  bribers. 

Cal.    A  bill  allowing  women  to  vote 

for  school  comraissionera  passes  the 
Senate. 

Mar.  12.  A'  H.  The  people  vote  on 
seven  amendments  to  the  Constitu- 
tion and  reject  only  one,  the  prohibition 
of  the  liquor-traffic. 


Mar.  14.  /.  Ter.  Boomers  are  pouring 
into  the  Cherokee  strip  from  Arkansas. 

Mar.  21.  Conn.  The  Senate  concurs  with 
the  House  in  passing  a  bill  which  pro- 
hibits selling,  giving,  or  delivering  to- 
bacco in  any  form  to  persons  imder 
16  years  of  age  ;  it  also  prohibits  mi- 
nors from  using  tobacco  in  cigarettes  or 
in  any  other  form. 

O.    A  reform  ticket  is  put  in  the 

field  in  Cincinnati  by  the  Committee  of 
Five  Hundred ;  its  object  is  to  enforce 
the  laws,  and  keep  liquor^shops  closed 
on  Sundays. 

STATE. 

1889  Feb.  13.  Congress :  The  Senate 
debates  the  Texas  election  outrages ; 
the  House  decides  the  Smalls-Elliott 
election  contest  in  favor  of  Elliott. 

The  proceedings  of  the  Senate  on  the 
British  Extradition  Treaty  are  made 
public. 

Feb.  14.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
receives  a  resolution  calling  for  the 
Byrnes  Report  on  the  alleged  customs 
fraud  in  New  York  City :  it  confirms 
the  nomination  of  Carroll  D.  Wright  as 
Commissioner  of  Labor. 

•  Afe.    The  House  of   Representatives 

rejects  the  Australian  baUot  system. 

Feb.  15.  n.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
continues  the  discussion  of  the  Texas 
election  outrages:  The  House  sends 
back  to  the  Senate  the  Dakota  Bill. 
Vote,  149-101.  It  passes  the  Senate  Bill 
appropriating  $250,000  for  the  pro- 
tection of  American  interests  in  Pan- 
ama ;  Mr.  Mills  of  Texas  reports  ad- 
versely the  Senate  substitute  Tariff 
Bill. 

Feb.  16,  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  political  outrages  in  Texas ; 
in  the  House  four  Revenue  Bills  are 
reported,  and  the  Post-office  BiU  is 
discussed.  The  Committee  on  Fish- 
eries recommends  measures  to  secure 
American  rights  in  Bering  Sea. 

Feb.  19.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
considers  changes  in  the  Sundry  Civil 
BiU;  the  House  has  trouble  in  consid- 
ering the  conference  report  on  the  Di- 
rect Tax  BiU  because  of  filibustering ; 
a  resolution  is  introduced  by  J.  B.  Mor- 
gan of  Miss,  inviting  Canadian  officials 
to  visit  this  country  for  observation. 

Feb.  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
agrees  to  the  Springer  House  BiU  to 
admit  four  new  States  to  the  Union  — 
North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Montana, 
and  Washington ;  the  House  adopts  the 
conference  report  on  the  Direct  Tax 
BiU  and  sends  it  to  President  Clevehiud; 
the  President  signs  the  Nicaragua 
Canal  BiU. 

The  State  Department  is  notified  that 
a  supplementary  treaty  of  amity,  navi- 

gation,  and  commerce  \vith  Japan  has 
een  signed  by  Minister  Hubbard  on  be- 
half of  the  United  States. 
Feb.  21.    D.  C.    Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the   Sundry  Civil   BiU;    the 
House  passes  the  Post-office  BUI;  Mr. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1889,  Feb.  13 -Mar.  21.    337 


Randall  of  Pa.  introduces  a  resolution 
calling  for  the  consideration  of  the 
Cowles  Tobacco  Tax  Bill. 

/.'.  /.    The  Legislature  approves  the 

Australian  ballot  system. 

Feb.  22.  n.  C.  Congress:  Tlie  Senate 
passes  the  Simdry  Civil  and  Agricul- 
tural Bills;  in  the  House  Mr.  Mills's 
resolution  regarding  the  Senate's  taritf 
action  is  defeated.  Vote,  143-S8.  The 
hills  to  retire  Gen.  Rosecrans  and  to 
pension  the  widow  of  Gen.  Sheridan 
are  passed ;  Mrs.  Sheridan  is  to  receive 
$50,000. 

The  President  signs  an  enabling  Act 
for  the  framing  of  State  constitutions 
for  South  Dakota,  Montana,  and 
"Washington,  and  for  their  admission 
into  the  Union  ;  provision  is  made  for 
the  division  of  Dakota. 

Feb.  23.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  resolutions  relative  to  elec- 
tions in  the  South ;  the  House  debates 
tlie  Deficiency  Bill,  and  eulogies  are 
delivered  on  the  late  Congressman 
James  N.  Burnes  of  Mo. 

President  Cleveland  vetoes  the  River 
and  Harbor  Bill. 

Feb.  26.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Sioux  Bill;  also  the  Army 
Appropriation  Bill,  with  some 
changes  ;  Mr.  Spooncr  of  III.  introduces 
bills  for  the  supervision  and  protection 
of  Congressional  elections ;  in  the 
House  bills  are  introduced  to  admit  into 
the  Union  the  Territories  of  Arizona, 
Idaho,  Wyoming,  and  New  Mexico. 
President  Cleveland  by  proclamation 
calls  a  special  session  of  the  Senate 
for  March  4th. 

Cal.    The  Anti-Insurance  Trust 

Bill  passes  the  Senate. 

Feb.  27.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  bill  to  protect  salmon  in 
Alaska  rivers ;  bills  are  introduced  to 
admit  Wyoming  and  Idaho  to  state- 
hood ;  the  House  passes  the  Indian 
Appropriation  Bill;  obstructive  tac- 
tics prevent  action  on  the  Cowles 
bin. 

Feb.  28.  n.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Post-office  Bill,  and  votes 
down  the  House  amendments  to  the  In- 
terstate Commerce  Act;  the  House 
considers  conference  reports  on  various 
appropriation  bills. 

Mar.   1.     D.  C.     Congress  ratifies  the 
ceding  of  one  half  of  the  Creek  lands 
,  in    Oklahoma    to  the  Federal    govern- 

ment. 

Congress:  The  Senate  receives  from 
Secretary  Fairchild  the  result  of  the  in- 
vestigation into  alleged  sugar  frauds; 
the  House  passes  a  joint  resolution 
in  favor  of  commercial  union  with 
Canada. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
considers  the  Appropriation  BiUs,  and 
^  pjisses  the  Direct  Tax  Bill  over  Presi- 
A/  dent  Cleveland's  veto.  Vote,  45-9.  The 
^B-  House  is  occupied  with  Appropriation 
B  Bills. 
^K,        The  50th  Congress  closes. 


Itid.    Gov.  Hovey  decides  to  ask  the 

courts  to  pass  on  the  authority  of  tho 
Legislature  in  making  appointments. 

Kan.     The  J^egislature  passes  a  bill 

making  trusts,  combinations,  and 
pools  illegal. 

Mar.  3.  I>.  C.  President  Cleveland  signs 
the  bill  amending  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Act. 

The  23d  Administration;  Republi- 
can. 
Mar.  4,    7).  C.    Benjamin  Harrison  of 

Ind.,  the  23d  President,  in  tlie  26th  term 
of  the  presidency,  is  inaugurated.  Levi 
P.  Morton  of  N.  V.  is  Vice-President. 

The  Senate  meets  in  special  session 
chiefly  to  consider  the  nominations  to 
be  made  by  the  President. 

ir,  Va.    At  Charleston  both  Nathan 

Goff  and  President  Carrof  the  Senate 
take  the  oath  of  office  as  governor ;  they 
demand  that  Gov.  Wilson  shall  vacate 
the  governorship,  which  he  declines  to 
do. 

Mar.  5.  />.  C.  The  Senate  receives  and 
confirms  the  Cabinet  nominations  of 
President  Harrison. 

Cabinet:  James  G.  Blaine  of  Me. 
(State),  "William  Windom  of  Minn. 
(TreaR.),Redfleld  Proctor  of  Vt.  (War), 
Benjamin  F,  Tracy  of  N.  Y.  (Navy), 
John  W.  Noble  of  Mo.  ( Interior) ,  Jere- 
miah M.  Rusk  of  Wis.  (Agriculture), 
William  H.  H.  Miller  of  Ind.  (Atty- 
Gen.),  John  Wanamaker  of  Pa.  (P.  M.- 
Gen.). 

Mar.  6.  Ark'.  A  reform  ballot  law 
passes  the  Senate. 

Mar.  7.  D,  C.  The  Senate  elects  John 
J.  Ingalls  of  Kan.  president  pro  tem- 
pore. 

Jf.    Va.      The  attorneys  of    Nathan 

Goff  begin  mandamus  proceedings  over 
the  governorship. 

Mar.  8,  Afe.  The  British  schooner  Glean- 
er, from  St.  John  for  New  York,  is  seized 
at  Boothbay  for  non-entry ;  the  fine  is 
$1,500. 

Mar.  9.  A".  V.  Ernest  H.  Crosby  intro- 
duces a  bill  in  the  State  Assembly  to 
make  New  York  City  and  Brooklyn 
one  municipality.  [Apr.  4.  It  is  or- 
dered to  a  tliird  reading.] 

jr.  Va.    The  Supreme  Court  of  W. 

Va.  decides  tliat  tho  failure  of  the  Legis- 
lature to  declare  the  result  of  the  late 
gubernatorial  election  creates  a  vacancy 
which  entitles  Gov.  Wilson  to  retain 
the  ofl3.ce  until  the  result  is  legally  de- 
clared. 

N.  v.    Mr.  Sheehan  introduces  in  the 

Legislature  a  substitute  for  the  Sax- 
ton  Ballot  Reform  Bill. 

Mar.  16.  OI:la.  The  Seminole  Indians 
formally  convey  their  lands  to  Congress, 
according  to  the  treaty  of  1886. 

Mar.  20.  New  york:  Ex-President 
Grover  Cleveland  is  elected  a  member 
of  the  Tammany  Society. 

Mar.  21.  Neb.  The  Legislature  passes 
a  bill  to  tax  sleeping  and  dining  cars. 


R.  I.  Herbert  W.  Ladd  (Rep.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  Feb.  13.  Chicago.  The  South- 
ern hotel  is  destroyed  by  fire. 

Feb.  15  ±.  N.  Y.  The  Rochester 
breweries  are  purchased  by  an  English 
syndicate.  [Mar.  5.  Five  Chicago  brew- 
eries are  sold  for  $1,800,000.  Mar.  6. 
Three  leading  breweries  in  New  York 
are  also  sold.] 

Feb.  17.  Chicago.  A  building  14  stories 
high  coUapses. 

Conn.   P.  T.  Bamum's  home  at  Sea 

Side  Park  is  burned  ;  loss,  $25,000. 

The  Park  Central  Hotel  at  Hartford 
collapses  after  a  boiler  explosion  ;  50 
persons  are  buried  in  the  ruins. 

The  Court  of  Claims  gives  judgment 

for  81,002,517  in  favor  of  the  Central 
Pacific  Railroad,  in  its  suit  against 
the  United  States,  for  withheld  divi- 
dends. 

Feb.  20.  Cal.  The  town  of  Gueme- 
ville,  Sonoma  Co.,  is  nearly  destroyed 
by  fire. 

Fla.  The  Sub-Tropical  Exposition 

at  Jacksonville  opens  with  a  large  at- 
tendance. 

-* —  Ky.  A  railroad  bridge  at  Spottsville 
gives  way  ;  12  men  are  killed. 

Minn.      Two    children    are  attacked 

and  devoured  by  wolves  at  Aitkin, 

Feb.  21.  Belle  Boyd,  the  famous  colt, 
is  sold  for  $51,000. 

Feb.  24.  Pa.  More  than  50  people  are 
injured  in  a  railroad  accident  at  Koar- 
ing  Branch. 

Feb.  25.  Kan.  Fire  destroys  200,000 
bushels  of  wheat  in  a  flour-mill  at 
Leavenworth. 

Feb.  26.  Chicago.  The  Standard  Oil 
Company  gains  control  of  the  gas 
companies. 

Feb.  28.  Mo.  A  convention  of  delegates 
from  commercial  bodies  assembles  in 
St.  Louis  to  draft  a  new  bankruptcy 
law. 

Feb,  *  Wis.  At  a  fire  in  Milwaukee, 
12  firemen  are  buried  in  the  ruins  of 
a  building. 

Mar.  5.  Cal.  Many  persons  start  for 
the  alleged  new  gold  fields  in  Southern 
California.    [The  fraud  is  soon  exposed.] 

Pa.     The    Reading    Iron   "Works 

fail;  the  liabilities  are  estimated  at 
$1,000,000. 

Mar.  11.  Neto  York.  The  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad  s,ucceeds  after  long 
endeavor  in  making  close  connections 
with  New  York  City. 

Pa.  Five  men  are  killed  and  11  in- 
jured by  a  boiler  explosion  at  Pitts- 
burg. 

Mar.  15.  The  sugar  trust  raises  the 
price  of  sugar  one  cent  a  pound. 

Mar.  16.  Va.  The  bark  PetfengMl  of 
Portland,  Me.,  is  wrecked  on  the 
Virginia  Cape ;  14  lives  are  lost. 


338     1889,  Mar.  22- May  13. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1889  Mar.  25,  Ariz,  Chitachuan  and 
15  Indian  warriors  are  intrenched  14 
miles  north  of  San  Carlo's  agency. 

Mar.  26.  D.  C.  Com.  David  B.  Harmony- 
is  promoted  rear-admiral. 

Apr.  2.  The  Richmond,  Alert,  and  Adams 
are  ordered  to  Samoa. 

Apr.  20.  CaL  Lieut.  Ripley  and  29  sea- 
men, hurt  in  the  storm  off  Samoa,  arrive 
at  San  Francisco. 

Apr.  29.  New  York.  The  ^reat  centen- 
nial parade  includes  a  naval  proces- 
sion ;  300  vessels  sail  through  the  harbor 
in  celebration  of  the  adoption  of  the 
Federal  Constitution. 

Apr.  30.  New  York.  A  centennial  mili- 
tary procession  of  65,000  men  marches 
through  some  of  the  principal  streets. 

Apr.  *  Va.  The  Pensacola,  while  being 
cleaned  and  repaired  at  her  dock  in 
Portsmouth,  fills  with  water  and  sinks. 

May  12.  ,Samoa.  The  battery  of  the  Tren- 
ton  has  been  saved  at  Apia,  and  efforts  are 
being  made  to  save  that  of  the  Vandalia. 

May  13.  Cal.  The  cruaier  Charleston 
arrives  at  San  Francisco  from  Santa 
Barbara. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  Mar.  28.  Tex.  Tin  ore  is  discov- 
ered in  Pecos  county. 

Mar.  *  New  York.  John  Ericsson  ex- 
hibits his  apparatus  for  condensing  so- 
lar rays  for  motive  power. 

Mar.*  New  York.  Henry  G.  Marquand 
is  elected  president  of  the  Aletropolitan 
Museum  of  Art.  Mrs,  John  Crosby 
Brown  presents  to  the  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  Ajrt  the  finest  private  col- 
lection of  musical  instruments  known 
to  exist  in  this  country  ;  estimated  value, 
$35,000.  President  Marquand  declines  a 
gift  of  $10,000  from  Mr. Walters  of  Balti- 
more, it  being  conditioned  upon  keeping 
the  doors  of  the  Metropolitan  Muse- 
um of  Art  open  on  Sunday. 

Apr.  1.  Cal.  A  new  comet  is  discov- 
ered by  Mr.  Barnard  at  the  Lick  Ob- 
servatory. 

Apr.  2,  Pa.  A  big  landslide  occurs 
on  Second  Avenue  at  Pittsburg. 

Apr.  3,  4.  .S'.  Dak. —  Minn.  "Wind 
storms  and  prairie  fires  damage  and 
destroy  fully  $2,000,000  worth  of  prop- 
erty ;  whole  villages  are  swept  out  of 
existence,  rendering  hundreds  of  fami- 
lies homeless ;  several  lives  are  known 
to  be  lost. 

Apr.  8.  N.  Y.  Rich  strikes  of  oil  are 
made  at  Andover. 

Apr.  16.  D.  C.  The  annual  session  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Sciences 
begins  in  Washington.  [Apr.  17.  It  elects 
Prof.  O.  C.  Marsh  president.] 

Apr.  19.  O.  A  shower  of  snails  occurs 
at  Tiffin. 

Apr.  22.  New  York.  Centennial  Ixjan 
Exhibition  opens  at  the  Metropolitan 
Opera  House.    [May  8.    It  closes.] 


Apr.  28.  Minn.  Helics  of  the  mound- 
builders  are  found, 

Apr.  *  All  the  States  and  Dakota  Terri- 
tory now  have  A^icultural  Experi- 
ment Stations  established  under  act  of 
Congress. 

Apr.*  N.  Y.  Natural  gas  in  large  quan- 
tities is  discovered  near  Canisteo  while 
drilling  an  oil-well. 

May  3.  Ind.  A  subterranean  water- 
course, 12  feet  wide  and  6  feet  deep,  is 
discovered  12  miles  from  Hartford  City. 

Dak.    A  shower  of  frogs  occurs  at 

Jamestown. 

May  9.  ///.  The  mercury  rises  to  94* 
at  Bloomington  —  the  highest  tempera- 
ture in  May  for  25  years. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1889. 

Mar.  0S.  Campbell,  John  A., associate  Jus- 
tice of  U.  S.  S.  Ct.,  A77. 

Matthews.  Stanley.  Justice  U.  S.  S. 

Ct,  A65. 

Mar.  S3.  Tilton,  W.  S.,  brig.-gen.,  dieSt 
Mass. 

Mar.  31.  Sleeper,  Jacob,  philanthropist,  of 
lioston,  AST. 

Apr.  4.  Remington,  Phllo,  inventor,  manu- 
facturer of  flrearnis,  A73. 

Apr.  7.    Vroomau,  Henry,  sen.  for  Cal.,  A45. 

Apr.  9.  Patterson,  Tliomas  H.,  rear-adni., 
A69. 

Apr.  14.  Chittenden,  Simeon  B.,  million- 
aire merchant,  of  Brooklyn,  A75. 

Taylor.  William  R.,  rear-adm.,  A78. 

Apr.  S5.  Pearson,  Henry  G.,  postmaster  of 
N.  Y.  City,  A44. 

Apr.  27.  Barnard,  Frederick  Augustus  P., 
pres.  of  Columbia  College,  author,  A80. 

Apr.  29.  Croly,  David  G.,  journalist,  of 
N.  Y.,  A60. 

Apr.  30.  Bamum,  William  H.,  senator  for 
Conn.,  chairman  Pem.  Nat.  Com.,  A71. 

May  9.  Harney,  William  Selby,  maj.-gen. 
U.  S.  A.,  A89. 

O'Connor,  William  Douglas,  au.,  A57. 

May  13.  Bishop,  Washington  Irving, 
"mind-reader  "  in  N.  Y.,  A42. 


CHURCH. 

1889   Mar.  26.    Wis.    Cyrus  F.  Knight 

is    consecrated    (Protestant    Episcopal) 
bisliop  of  Milwaukee. 

Mar.  *  President  Harrison  and  every 
member  of  his  Cabinet,  excepting  Secre- 
taries Proctor  and  Kusk,are  Presbyte- 
rians.   {World.) 

Mar.  *  Miss  Flavin,  an  English  Koman 
Catholic,  passes  through  America  on  her 
way  to  Honolulu  to  exile  herself  as  a 
missionary  in  the  leper  colony. 

Apr.  7.  Mo.  Tlie  world's  conference 
of  Latter-day  Saints  assembles  at  St. 
Joseph. 

There  are  12  apostles,  70  patriarchs, 
3,719  high-priests,  11,805  elders,  2,069 
priests,  2,292  teachers,  11.610  deacons, 
81,899  families,  115.915  officers  and  mem- 
bers, and  49,302  children  under  eight 
years  of  age. 

Apr.  7-14.  Neto  York.  A  week  of  prayer 
is  observed  for  the  Sabbath  reform 
movement. 

Apr.  10.  Md.  Cardinal  Gibbons  is- 
sues a  circular  letter  calling  upon  the 
Baltimore  Koman  Catholic  clergy  to 
hold  special  services  on  April  30  — Cen- 
tennial Day. 

Apr.  24.  Mo.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Bray  of  St. 
XjOuIs  is  deposed,  at  his  own  request, 
from  the  Episcopal  ministry. 


Apr.  25.    Mich.     Charles    C.   Grafton 

is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bisliop  of  Fond  du  Lac. 

Apr.  28.  Chicago.  The  American  The- 
osophists  meet. 

New  York.  Special  centennial  ser- 
vices are  held  in  St.  Paul's  Chapel. 

S.  C.     A  newspaper   reporter, 

Henry  D.  Howren,  preaches  a  ser- 
mon two  hours  long  to  1,500  people  in 
the  Grand  Opera  House,  Charleston. 

Apr.  30.    Centennial  Celebration. 
President  Harrison  has,  by  proclama- 
tion,   appointed    this    day   lor   general 
thanksgiving  and  prayer  tbroughout  the 
nation.    (See  Army  and  State.) 

May  1.  O.  Leading  Roman  Catholic 
divines  and  educators  form  a  Homan 
Catholic  Educational  Union. 

It  aims  to  give  to  all  who  find  it  diffi- 
cult to  pursue  their  studies  after  leaving 
school  an  opportunity  to  follow  a  pre- 
scribed course  of  secular  and  religious 
reading  and  study. 

May  ±  *  Pa.  Miss  Kate  Drexel,  daugh- 
ter of  the  Philadelphia  banlter,  and  heir- 
ess to  $2,000,000  (?),  becomes  a  Sister  of 
Mercy ;  she  enters  the  Mercy  Convent 
in  Pittsburg. 

May  8.  Phila.  The  28th  International 
Convention  of  the  Young  Men' s 
Christian  Association  is  held ;  about 
1,000  delegates  are  present. 

May  12.  Va.  Rev.  John  Jasper's  re- 
vival at  Richmond  prospers  ;  2(X)  colored 
converts  are  baptized  in  the  James 
River. 

May  13,  New  York.  The  bill  to  give 
school  moneys  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
Protectory  is  defeated  in  the  Assembly. 

LETTERS. 

1889  Mar.  25.  New  York.  Mrs.  Mar- 
garet E.  Sangster  becomes  editor  of 
Harper's  Bazar. 

Mar.  *  Md.  Johns  Hopkins  University 
is  placed  beyond  fear  of  financial  dif- 
ficulty by  means  of  the  Emergency 
Fund  recently  raised  by  citizens  of 
Baltimore. 

Mar.  *  Mass.  Mary  A.  Bingham  is 
chosen  president  of  Mount  Holyoke 
Seminary. 

Apr.  3.  N.  Y.  The  Madison  Univer- 
sity library  building  at  Hamilton  is 
to  be  built  at  once.  It  is  to  be  three 
stories  high,  128  feet  long,  and  82  feet 
wide.  The  whole  cost  ($100,000)  is  as- 
sumed by  James  B.  Colgate. 

Apr.  20.  New  York.  "Whitelaw  Reid, 
having  taken  oflBce  abroad  under  the 
Government,  retires  from  the  editorship 
and  control  of  the  New  York  Tribune. 

Apr.  *  Colo.  Mary  Ix>we  Dickinson  is 
professionally  employed  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Denver  at  a  salary  of  §3,300.  The 
women  of  Colorado  are  raising  an  endow- 
ment fund  of  $40,000  for  a  woman's 
chair,  always  to  be  filled  by  a  woman. 

Apr.  *  ±  Minn .  Ex-Gov.  John  S.  Pills- 
bury,  one  of  the  regents  of  the  State 
University,  gives  $150,000  for  the  im- 
mediate use  of  the  Institution. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1889,  Mar.  22-May  13.    339 


Apr.  •  Afast.    Natick  elects  three  women 

on  its  school  board. 
Apr.  *  It  is  said  that  the  author  of  Listen 

to  the  Mocking-Bird  has  made  $100,000 

by  that  one  effort. 

SOCIETY. 

1889  Mar.  22.  N.  Y.  The  Assembly 
bill  allowing  women  to  vote  at  muni- 
cipal elections  is  defeated. 

Mar.  ±  »  Me.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
bill  providing  for  a  line  of  $100,  impris- 
onment for  one  year,  and  disfranchise- 
ment for  10  years,  for  a  man  who  sella 
his  vote. 

Apr.  *  IVyo.  An  asylum  for  the  insane 
at  Evanston  is  opened. 

[Also  Aug.  1.  At  Hastings,  Neb.  Deo. 
15.  At  Clarinda,  la.  *  *  At  Evansville 
and  another  at  Richmond,  Ind. ;  hos- 
pitals for  the  insane  are  provided  for  in 
South  California ;  at  Los  Vegas,  N.  Mex., 
and  San  Antonio,  Tex.] 

May  1.  Neb.  An  industrial  home  for 
women  and  girls  is  opened  at  Milford. 

May  4.  Chicago.  Dr.  Patrick  Henry 
Cronin,  an  Irish  dynamiter,  is  suspected 
of  treachery,  expelled  from  membership 
and  condemned  to  death  by  members  of 
the  Clan-na-gael.  [May  22.  His  body  is 
found  at  Lake  View.] 

May  8.  Ark.  The  Sheriff  of  St.  Francis 
County,  the  city  marshal  of  Forest  City, 
and  two  other  citizens,  are  killed  in  an 
election  riot. 

May  10.  Mo.  David  and  William  "Walker 
and  John  Matthews  of  the  Bald  Knob 
gang  are  hanged  at  Ozark. 

STATE. 

1889  Mar.  22.  D.  C.  Bering  Sea  is 
closed  to  all  nations. 

President  Harrison  issues  a  proclama- 
tion prohibiting  under  heavy  penalties 
the  killing  of  any  otter,  mink,  marten, 
sable,  or  fur  seal  within  the  limits  of 
Alaska  Territory  or  the  waters  thereof 
without  a  special  permit  from  the  United 
States. 

Mar.  25.  Mmit.  Red  Lodge  is  thrown 
open  for  settlement. 

Mar.  26.  K.  J.  The  Assembly  Speaker 
refuses  to  permit  business  to  be  done, 
owing  to  the  absence  of  two  members 
of  his  own  party. 

Mar.  27.  President  Harrison  by  proc- 
lamation fixes  April  22,  at  noon,  as  the 
date  of  opening  Oklahoma  for  purposes 
of  settlement. 

-V.  J.  The  Assembly  passes  the  Re- 
districting  Bill ;  the  governor  signs  it, 
and  it  becomes  law. 

Mar.  29.  D.  C.  The  President  appoints 
the  three  members  of  the  Oklahoma 
Commission. 
.Mar.  30.  D.  C.  The  Senate  rejects 
the  nomination  of  Murat  Halstead  as 
minister  to  Germany.    Vote,  19-25. 

'  Ind.    The  State  Senate  passes  the 
bill  adopting  the  Australian  system  of 
secret  voting. 
|Apr.  1.    N.  J.    The  Assembly  passes  the 
Ballot  Reform  Bill.    Vote,  48-2. 


Apr.  2.  D.  C.  Senate :  The  special  ses- 
sion closes. 

Chicago.     Dewitt    C.    Cregier,    the 

Democratic  nominee  for  mayor,  is 
elected  by  10,000  majority. 

Apr.  3.  N.  Y.  The  Assembly  passes  the 
£!xcise  Commission  Bill  as  amended. 
Vote,  69-53. 

R.  I.    The  election  of  the  State  ticket 

is  in  doubt,  —  a  single  office  excepted. 

Apr.  4.  Tenn.  The  Legislature  passes 
the  Doritch  Election  Bill. 

Apr.  5.  N.  Y.  The  Assembly  orders  the 
Nixon  Dressed  Beef  Bill  to  a  third 
reading.      Vote,  56-40. 

Apr.  6.  D.  C.  President  Harrison  is- 
sues a  proclamation  recommending 
that  the  hour  of  9  a.m.,  Tuesday,  Apr. 
30th,  be  set  apart  for  Thanksgiving 
services  in  all  the  churches  and  public 
places  of  worship  in  the  country  as  a 
part  of  the  celebration  of  the  oen- 
texmial  anniversary  of  Gen.  Washing- 
ton's inauguration. 

Apr.  9.  N.  Y.  The  Assembly  passes  the 
Saxton  Ballot  Reform  Bill.  Vote, 
74-44. 

Apr.  13.  Va.  Ballot  reform  after  the 
Australian  secret  system  is  adopted  by 
the  House.    Vote,  63-17. 

Apr.  17.  N.  J.  The  Senate  passes  a 
substitute  for  the  Australian  Election 
System  BUI. 

Apr.  18.  III.  The  House  passes  an  An- 
ti-Trust BiU. 

N.   Y.    Senator  Fasaett  and  several 

other  Republican  senators,  after  vainly 
protesting  against  a  ruling  of  Lieut. - 
Gov.  Jones  as  unfair,  leave  the  Sen- 
ate Chamber  amid  much  excitement. 

The  Interstate  Commerce  Commission 

decides  that  the  Grand  Trunk's  ship- 
ments to  Canadian  points  are  subject  to 
interstate  law. 

Apr.  21.  New  York.  Sir  Julian  Fatince- 
fote,  the  British  minister  to  Washing- 
ton, arrives. 

Apr.  22.  Okla.  The  Oklahoma  coim- 
try  is  thrown  open  to  settlers  at 
noon. 

N.    T.     The    Senate    passes    Mayor 

Grant's  Rapid  Transit  Bill,  and  the 
New  York  City  Police  Commission,  Park 
Commission,  and  Police  Justice  Bills. 

Apr.  27.  Okla.  A  municipal  govern- 
ment Is  organized  in  Guthrie  by  the 
election  of  a  mayor  and  town  council. 

Apr.  29.  New  York.  The  three  U.  S. 
Commissioners  to  the  Berlin  Con- 
ference respecting  Samoa  sail  ;  the 
members  are  William  Walter  Phelps  of 
N.  J.,  John  A.  Kasson  of  la.,  and  George 
H.  Bates  of  Del. 

May  1.  The  railway  V.  S.  mail  ser- 
vice passes  under  civil  service  rules. 

May  4.  Mo.  The  Australian  election 
system  is  adopted  by  the  Legislature. 

May  6.  Iai.  Armed  men  break  up  an 
election  in  Lafayette  to  prevent  ne- 
groes from  voting. 


May  7.  Berlin.  The  American  Com- 
missioners of  the  Samoan  Confer- 
ence, under  instruction  from  their  Gov- 
ernment, demand  the  neutrality  of  the 
islands  and  the  administration  of  Sa- 
moan affairs  by  Samoans  ;  they  also 
urge  the  claim  of  the  United  States  to 
the  right  to  establish  a  coaling-station 
at  Pango-Pango. 

May  13.  N.  Y.  Gov.  Hill  vetoes  the 
Saxon  Ballot  Reform  Bill. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  Mar.  26.  Chicago.  Forty  thou- 
sand cases  of  tea  are  burned  in  a 
warehouse :  loss,  about  81,250,000. 

Apr.  5.  Pa.  At  Wilkesbarre  16  ool- 
leries  resume  work. 

Apr.  7.  N.  C.  A  fire  nearly  destroys 
Smithfleld ;  28  houses  and  32  stores  are 
consumed. 

Ga.     Savannah  loses   $1,250,000  by 

fire. 

Apr.  10.  //(.  A  private  car  is  wrecked 
near  Joliet ;  four  persons  are  killed  and 
four  others  injured. 

N.    Y.    The  New  York   Yacht  Club 

accepts  liOrd  Dunraven's  challenge 
to  sail  for  the  America  cup. 

Apr.  13.  New  York.  A  fire  sweeps  the 
North  River  front  between  Fifty-ninth 
and  Sixty-fifth  Streets,  burning  many 
valuable  buildings  of  the  New  York 
Central  Railroad ;  loss,  nearly  $3,000,000. 

Apr.  16.  The  Richmond  and  Alle- 
ghany Railroad  is  sold  to  the  Chesa- 
peake and  Ohio,  for  $5,000,000. 

New   York.     Mayor  Grant   and   the 

Board  of  Control  begin  the  attack  on 
the  electric  poles  and  wires;  many 
are  taken  down. 

Apr.  17.  The  Standard  Oil  Company 
absorbs  the  Ohio  Oil  Company. 

Apr.  21.  The  331  passengers  and  crew 
of  the  steamer  Vanmark  are  rescued  at 
sea  by  the  steamer  Missouri. 

Apr.  22.  Okla.  Settlers  lay  out  Guthrie, 
and  start  a  bank  in  a  tent  on  the  day 
the  Territory  is  opened  ;  capital,  $50,000. 
There  is  a  great  rush  of  settlers  and 
others  into  the  strip  of  land  now  thrown 
open ;  violence  and  bloodshed  attend 
the  inrush  of  people. 

Apr.  27.  Mo.  Grain  elevator  com- 
panies form  a  combination  in  St.  J^ouis. 

Apr.  28.  Ont.  An  excvirsion  train 
from  Chicago  for  New  York  is  wrecked 
near  Hamilton ;  17  persons  are  killed. 

May  8.  Mich.  At  Kalamazoo  an  engine 
collides  with  a  crowded  street-car, 
killing  six  persons  and  injuring  others. 

May  10.  Va.  A  storm  sweeps  25 
workmen  Into  the  Potomac,  and  the 
wreck  of  the  bridge  on  which  they 
worked  falls  on  them. 

May  11.  N.  J.  English  capitalists  buy 
several  large  breweries  near  Newark. 
[May  14.  Also,  the  brewery  of  George 
Ringler  and  Co.,  in  New  York.  May  15. 
Two  more  are  bought.  May  22.  The 
breweries  of  St.  Paul,  Minn.  June  14. 
The  Kastner  brewery  of  Newark.] 


340     1889,  May  13 -June  26. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1889  May  21.  D.  C.  President  Harrison 
issues  a  proclamation  forbidding  Sun- 
day parades ;  general  inspection  is  to 
be  made  on  Saturday  in  place  of  Sunday. 

May  27.  III.  Troops  are  ordered  to 
disperse  tlie  striking  miners  at  Braid- 
wood.  [May  28.  The  miners  are  taken 
prisoners  by  militia.j 

May  29.  Phila.  A  committee  repre- 
senting the  survivors  of  the  Philadel- 
phia Brigade  present  a  handsome  new 
silk  flag  to  the  survivors  of  Confederate 
Gen.  Pickett's  Virginia  division. 

June  7.  D.  C.  Col.  Kelton  is  appointed 
adjutant-general  of  the  United  States  iu 
place  of  Gen.  Drum,  retired. 

June  10,  D.  C.  The  Ossipee  has  been 
ordered  to  Port-au-Prince,  Haiti,  to  look 
after  national  interests. 

Pa.    Johnstown  is  under  military 

rule  for  the  preservation  of  order. 

June  14.  Minn.  Three  companies  of 
United  States  troops  are  sent  to  the 
scene  of  the  reported  outbreak  among 
the  Chippewa  Indians ;  400Chippewas 
are  in  war-paint. 

June  16.  The  Kearsarge  starts  for  Port- 
au-Prince,  Haiti. 

June  18.  Va.  The  United  States  steamer 
Constellation  goes  ashore  inside  Cape 
Henry. 

June  21.  Md.  The  Maxim  gvmia  tested 
at  Annapolis  ;  one  gun  fires  750  shots  in 
a  minute,  and  another  350. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  May  16.  Mich.  — Wis.  Snowfalls 
to  the  depth  of  from  three  to  five  inches. 

May  24.  Va.  A  monument  is  dedi- 
cated at  Alexandria  in  commemoration 
of  Confederate  soldiers  who  fell  at  this 
place. 

May  31,  Pa.  The  Johnstown  flood. 
(See  Miscellaneous  May  31  and  Sept.  *) 

May  *  Z>.  C.  The  site  of  the  new  Zoo- 
logical Park,  for  which  Congress  has 
appropriated  $200,000,  is  located  along 
the  banks  of  Rock  Creek,  northwest  of 
Washington  ;  area,  150  acres. 

June  1,  2.  Destructive  storm  in  the 
Middle  States.    (See  Miscellaneous.) 

June  4.  New  York.  The  International 
Medico-Legal  Congress  opens  in 
Steinway  Hall. 

June  6.  N.  Mex.  Lieut.  Schwatka  ar- 
rives at  Deuing,  and  gives  the  details 
of  the  discoveries  of  cave-  and  cliff- 
dweUers  in  Chihuahua. 

June  25.  R.  I.  The  fortieth  meeting  of 
the  American  Medical  Association 
opens  at  Newport. 

BIRTHS  ~  DEATHS. 

1889. 

May  16.  Rice,  Allen  Thorndike,  ed.  North 
American  Review,  Minister  to  Russia,  A  36. 

May  34.  Bridgman,  Laura,  of  Boston, 
blind  deaf-mute,  A  60. 

June  1.  Moore,  S.  P.,  surgeon-gen.  of  Con- 
federate Army,  dies. 

June  8.  S wett,  Leonard,  lawyer,  of  Chicago, 
A63. 


Juno  17.     Gilbert,  John   Gibbs,  actor,  in 

Boston,  A79. 
Hosmer,  William,   clergyman,   antisla- 

very  agitator,  temperance  advocate,  A79. 
June  30.    Myers,  A.  C,  quartermaster-gen. 

of  Confederate  army.  A77. 
June  35.     Hayes,  Lucy  Webb,  wife  of  ex- 
President,  friend  of  temperance,  A  58. 
June  36.    Cameron.   Simon,   senator  for 

Pa.,  minister  to  Russia,  first  secretary  of 

war  under  Lincoln,  AyO. 
Brown,  George  Loring,  of  Mass.,  painter, 

A76. 

CHURCH. 
1889  May  14.  Tenn.  The  Southern 
Baptist  Convention,  in  session  at 
Memphis,  adopts  resolutions  denouncing 
the  liquor  traffic;  it  favors  prohibition 
and  opposes  licenses. 

The  Supreme  Council  of  the  Catho- 
lic Knights  of  America  meets  at  Chat- 
tanooga. 
May  14,  15.  O.  The  Epworth  League 
(Methodist  Episcopal)  is  organized  at 
Cleveland  at  a  conference  of  representa- 
tives of  young  people's  societies. 
May  16.  Neio  York.  The  General  As- 
sembly (Presbyterian)  begins  its  101st 
session. 

Dr.  C.  L.  Thompson  delivers  the  open- 
ing address ;  and  Dr.  W.  C.  Roberts  is 
chosen  moderator.  The  assembly  is  com- 
posed of  480  commissioners,  coming  fropi 
28synods  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States 
and  from  China;  it  represents  210  pres- 
byteries, containing  6,500  churches,  with 
about  767,000  communicants.  The  two 
paramount  questions  are  the  supply  of 
ministers  and  the  regulations  as  to  the 
confession  of  faith. 

(May  22.)  It  votes  to  discuss  the  pro- 
posed revision  of  the  Confession  of  Faith. 

(May  23.)  It  decides  to  cooperate  with 
the  Southern  Presbyterian  General  As- 
sembly of  Home  Missions. 

(May  24.)  It  votes  to  ask  the  presby- 
teries to  express  their  desires  respecting 
the  revision  of  the  creed.  It  agrees  to 
cooperation. 

(May  27.)  It  adopts  an  important  anti- 
license  resolution.    Vote,  193-83. 

It  favors  vigorous  efforts  until  laws 
shall  be  enacted  in  every  State  and  Ter- 
ritory prohibiting  entirely  a  tratfic  which 
is  the  principal  cause  of  drunkenness, 
and  its  consequent  pauperism,  crime, 
taxation,  lamentation,  war,  and  ruin  to 
the  bodies  and  souls  of  men  with  which 
the  country  has  so  long  been  afflicted. 

(May  28.)    The  session  closes. 

Tenn.      The     General     Assembly 

(Southern  Presbyterian)  meets  in 
Chattanooga. 

Mo.    The  General  Assembly  of   the 

Cumberland  Presbyterians  meets  in 
Kansas  City. 

(May  20.)  It  discusses  the  case  of  Dr. 
James  Woodrow,  an  evolutionist. 

(May  23.)  It  agrees  to  cooperate  with 
the  General  Assembly  of  Northern  Pres- 
byterians. 

May  18.  Boston.  Closing  session  of  the 
57th  annual  meeting  of  the  Baptist 
Home  Missionary  Society. 

La.    James   D.    Coleman   of    New 

Orleans  is  elected  supreme  president  of 
the  Catholic  Knights  of  America. 

iV.    T.      The     ^Methodist     Episcopal 

Home  for  the  Aged  in  Brooklyn  is 
dedicated. 

May  22.  Cat.  The  Greek  (Kussian) 
church  at  San  Francisco  is  burned ; 
arson  is  suspected. 


May  23.    Chicago.    Pope  Leo  authorizes 

Archbishop  Feehan  of  Chicago  to  "  take 
whatever  measures  he  may  deem  oppor- 
tune to  declare  the  Clan-na-Gael  in 
opposition  to  the  Church." 

May  25.  D.  C.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

May  26.  New  York,  The  yearly  meet- 
ing of  the  Society  of  Friends  begins 
at  Rutherford  Place. 

May  28.  Neio  York.  Mayor  Grant  in- 
sists that  the  Metropolitan  Museum 
of  Natural  History  shall  be  opened  on 
Sundays. 

Otherwise  he  will  refuse  consent  to  the 
issuance  of  the  $400,000  bonds  authorized 
to  be  applied  to  the  erection  of  the 
museum  annex. 

May*  Seventy-third  annual  meeting  of 
the  American  Bible  Society. 

It  reports  1,440,455  copies  of  the  Scrip- 
tures issued  from  the  l^ible  House  dur- 
ing the  year,  and  500,782  copies  sent  to 
foreign  lands.  Receipts :  for  general 
purposes,  $499,823.53  ;  for  permanent 
investment,  $1,447.72. 

May  *  About  18,500,000  persons  are  re- 
ported as  following  the  Interaational 
Sunday-school  Xjcsson  Course. 

May*  Pa.  The  General  Conference 
(United  Brethren)  is  held  at  York. 

May*  Boston.  The  Woman's  Foreign 
Missionary  Society  (Reformed  Epis- 
copal) is  organized. 

June  2.  New  York.  The  Roman  Catholic 
priests  read  in  their  churches  a  pastoral 
letter  denouncing  secret  societies  as 
'*  the  bane  of  the  social  order,  the  danger 
of  a  free  people,  and  the  great  slavery 
of  our  day." 

June  3.  Va.  A.  Van  de  "Vyver,  vicar- 
general  of  the  Diocese  of  Richmond 
(Roman  Catholic),  is  elevated  to  the 
bishopric. 

June  5.  N.  Y.  The  63d  annual  meeting 
of  the  American  Home  Missionary 
Society  opens  at  Saratoga. 

June  9.  New  York.  Collections  are 
taken  in  many  churches  for  the  Cone- 
maugh  Valley  relief  fund. 

Pa.     The  people  of  Johnstown,  in 

the  ConemaugU  Valley ,  meet  for  religious 
services  in  ruined  churches  and  under  the 
open  sky,     (See  Miscellaneous,  May  31.) 

June  12.  Pa.  The  National  Confer- 
ence (German  Baptist)  denounces  the 
use  of  tobacco  by  ministers  and  deacons, 
and  declares  that  it  is  wrong  to  install 
candidates  who  use  it. 

June  13.  Pa.  The  34th  biennial  session 
(Evangelical  liUtheran)  convenes  at 
Pittsburg.  It  unanimously  adopts  a 
resolution  approving  the  prohibition 
amendment  to  be  voted  on  in  Pennsyl- 
vania on  June  18. 

Hundreds  of  sick  persons  gftther  at 
the  Church  of  St.  Anthony  of  Padua, 
in  Allegheny  City,  in  the  hope  of  being 
healed  of  their  diseases. 

LETTERS. 

1889     May  18.     John   D.  Rockefeller 

offers  $000,000  for  the  Baptist  Univer- 
sity to  be  established  in  Chicago,  and  C. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1889,  May  13-June  26.    341 


Hinckeley  of  Chicago  offers  $50,000  for 
the  same  purpose  —  there  remains  to 
be  raised  only  $350,000  of  the  necessary 
§1,000,000. 
May  22.  Xew  York.  Joseph  Pulitzer, 
owner  of  the  World,  donates  $16,000 
to  assist  poor  boys  of  this  city  in  getting 
college  educations. 

Each  boy  selected  will  receive  $250, 
and  12  boys  will  be  thus  assisted  each 
year  until  60  have  entered  college. 

May  *  Mich.  The  Michigan  House  of 
Representatives  passes  the  bill  to  confer 
upon  women  the  right  to  vote  at  all 
ei-hool,  village,  and  city  elections. 
Vote,  58—23. 

June  14.  Conn.  A  complete  set  of  the 
publications  of  Prince  Lucien  Bonaparte 
on  the  dialects  of  Europe  is  presented 
to  the  Tale  Library  by  a  citizen  of 
Xew  Haven. 

June  20.  ^V.  Y.  The  Madison  Univer- 
sity is  changed  to  Colgate  University. 

R.  I.    Dr.  E.  B.  Andrews  is  elected 

President  of  Brown  University. 

O.    Miami  University  confers  degree 

of  IJli.D.  upon  President  Harrison. 

June  24.  New  York.  Gen.  Daniel  Butter- 
field  presents  to  the  public  schools  the 
gold  medal  for  excellence  in  marching 
in  the  Centennial  parade. 

SOCIETY. 

1889   May  24.   ^V.  Y.   Train  wreckers 

ditch  a  train  in  Sullivan  County ;  45 
passengers  are  injured. 

June  4.  jVew  York.  Ferdinand  "Ward 
(Grant  and  Ward)  is  indicted  for  finan- 
cial frauds. 

Conn.     The  House  defeats  the  bill 

giving  women  the  right  to  vote  on 
questions  pertaining  to  the  sale  of  in- 
toxicating liquors. 

June  12.  .V.  J.  The  Society  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  holds  its  20th 
annual  reunion  in  Orange. 

June  20.  Ji.  I.  The  people  vote  to  re- 
scind the  Prohibitory  Amendment. 

Jime  26.  /jirf.  The  Supreme  Court  at 
Indianapolis  decides  that  a  license  to 
sell  liquor  is  a  special  tax;  and  as  the 
power  to  grant,  withhold,  or  annul  li- 
censes to  sell  liquor  is  an  exercise  of  the 
police  power,  it  follows  that  no  limita- 
tion can  be  placed  upon  its  exercise  by 
any  statutory  provisions. 

STATE. 

1.1889  May  13.  2>.  C.  Charles  Lyman 
of  Conn,  is  chosen  president  of  the 
Civil  Service  Commission. 

v.  C.  The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides that  the  Chinese  Exclusion  Act 
is  valid;  it  gives  an  opinion  in  favor 
of  the  heirs  of  Myra  Clark  Gains  in  their 
suit  against  the  city  of  New  Orleans  for 
property  valued  at  more  than  $500,000. 

May  14.  S.Dak.  The  people  approve  the 
Sioux  Falls  Constitution.  Vote,  37,710 
-3,414. 

May  21.  III.  The  Chicago  Drainage 
Bill  passes  the  Senate. 


May  22.  C(mn.  The  lower  House  passes 
a  secret  ballot  biU,  [May  27.  It 
passes  the  Senate.] 

III.    The  Assembly  passes  the  Hotch- 

kiss  Secret  Ballot  Bill.    Vote,  183-9. 

May  28.  R.  I.  The  people  having  failed 
to  elect  a  governor,  the  Legislature 
choose  H.  W.  Ladd  (Rep.). 

D.  C.  The  "Wool-growers  Associa- 
tion petitions  President  Harrison  to 
call  a  special  session  of  Congress  to 
take  action  on  the  tariff. 

New  York.  The  Civil  Service  Com- 
mission censures  the  examining  board 
of  the  custom-house. 

May  *    Wyo.    A  call  is  issued  for  a 

Constitutional  Convention  to  convene 
on  Sept.  3,  at  Cheyenne. 

June  7.  Conn.  Gov.  Bulkeley  vetoes 
the  Secret  Ballot  Bill;  it  is  passed 
over  his  veto.  Vote,  121-38;  after  which 
it  is  reconsidered  and  laid  on  the  table. 

Jime  11.  Conn,  The  Secret  Ballot 
Bill  is  amended  in  the  House  by  ex- 
empting city,  town,  and  borough  elec- 
tions from  its  operations ;  it  then  passes, 
and  goes  to  the  Senate.  [Jime  13.  Its 
passage  is  defeated.  Vote,  19-2.  It  is 
later  modified  and  passed  by  both 
Houses.] 

N.  Y.  Gov.  Hill  signs  the  Anti- 
Bucket  Bill  to  restrict  speculation. 

Jime  12.  Calvin  S.  Brice  of  O.  is 
elected  chairman  of  the  Democratic 
National  Committee. 

Jime  17.  It  is  reported  that  U.  S. 
revenue  cutters  are  ordered  to  seize  all 
vessels  engaged  in  illicit  killing  of 
seals  in  Bering  Sea. 

June  19,  PhUa.  The  jtiry  in  the  hat^ 
trimmings  case  returns  a  verdict 
against  the  Government ;  this  is  a  test 
case  to  recover  excess  of  duties  levied 
on  material  used  as  hat-trimmings,  and 
by  the  verdict  the  Government  is  made 
liable  for  $30,000,000  or  more. 

June  26.  />.  C.  President  Harrison 
appoints  Ernest  H.  Crosby  Judge  in 
the  International  Court  of  Original 
Jurisdiction  at  Alexandria,  Egypt. 

O.  J.  B.  Foraker  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  May  14.  N.  C.  A  land  syndicate 
purchases  30,000  acres  of  land  in  Cur- 
rituck and  Camden  Counties  for  farms. 

May  15.  Ore.  The  steamer  Alaskan 
breaks  in  two  during  a  storm. 

May  18.  New  York.  A  second  autopsy 
is  performed  on  the  body  of  "Washing- 
ton Irving  Bishop,  but  the  cause  of 
death  is  not  discovered. 

May  19.  Dak.  The  Indian  council  at 
Standing  Rock  decides  not  to  sell  their 
lands  unless  they  are  paid  $11,000,000. 

May  25.  New  York.  The  first  expedi- 
tion of  the  Maritime  Canal  Company 
sets  sail  for  Nicaragua. 

May  26.  Chicago.  The  funeral  of  Dr. 
Patrick  H.  Cronin  a  Tictim  of  the 
Clan-na-Gael,  takes  place. 


May  29.  Tex.  The  Texan  Spring  Pal- 
ace at  Fort  Wayne  is  formally  opened  ; 
it  contains  a  complete  exhibit  of  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  State. 

May  31.  Pa.  The  Johnstown  flood 
sweeps  the  Conemaugh  Valley  ;  it  is  the 
most  disastrous  flood  ever  known  in 
America. 

At  3  P.M.  the  Conemaugh  Lake  (2J  by 
1^  miles),  18  miles  distant  from,  and  275 
feet  above  Johnstown,  is  flooded  by 
heavy  rains;  the  dam  weakens,  breaks, 
and  a  flood-wave  many  feet  high  runs  18 
miles  in  seven  minutes,  when  its  course 
is  arrested  by  the  railroad  bridge  below 
Johnstown  ;  the  waters  being  dammed, 
houses  are  swept  away  by  the  rising  tor- 
rents. [Several  hiuidred  bodies  are  found 
in  an  acre  of  drift  near  Kearnsville.  To- 
tal loss  of  life,  2,142,  including  99  entire 
families.  Contributions  for  the  relief 
of  sufferers  amounting  to  $12,912,346  are 
received  from  many  cities  in  America 
and  Europe;  contributions  from  Phila- 
delphia, $600,000;  Pittsburg,  $560,000; 
'New  York,  jS516,199;  various  other  cities 
.  contribute  through  Gov.  Beaver,  who 
turns  over  $1,236,146.]  (See  Miscellane- 
ous, Sept.  *.) 

May  *  Neio  York.  The  expenses  of  the 
Centennial  Celebration  are  estimated 
at  $461,000. 

The  military  parade,  $120,000 ;  the  civic 
parade,  $100,000;  the  fireworks,  $15,000; 
naval  parade,  $5,000 ;  the  Equitable  ban- 
quet, $60,000  (including  $15,000  for  wine) ; 
extras  for  troops,  $8,000;  the  ball,  $125,- 
000;  the  loan  exhibition, $6,000  ;  stands, 
$13,000.  The  receijits  are  estimated  at 
$465,000. 

May  *  N.  Y.  The  big  Rockaway  Beach 
hotel,  the  erection  of  which  cost  $1,000,- 
000,  has  been  sold  for  $27,000  to  a  dealer 
in  building  materials. 

May  *  D.  C.  The  Chinese  minister 
presents  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
with  a  jewel  connected  with  a  dynasty 
reigning  3500  years  ago. 

June  1.  Pa.  A  destructive  cyclone  visits 
Wilkesbarre  and  vicinity,  and  destroys 
property  valued  at  $1,000,000;  14  lives 
are  lost  and  180  persons  injured. 

June  1, 2.  Heavy  rains  cause  destruc- 
tive floods  in  several  of  the  Middle 
States ;  many  persons  are  drowned ; 
Washington  alone  suffers  a  loss  of  a 
$1,000,000. 

June  2.  Pa.  About  80  persons  watch- 
ing the  flood  from  a  bridge  at  Williams- 
port  are  swept  into  the  Susquehanna 
Kiver  and  drowned. 

June  6.  Wash.  Seattle  is  partly  de- 
stroyed by  fire ;  [loss  estimated  at  $15,- 
000,000 ;  contributions  for  relief,  $36,800]. 

June  12.  Mass.  A  broken  canal  wall  at 
Holyoke  releases  a  flood  of  water, 
which  destroys  property  to  the  value 
of  over  $100,000;  15,000  are  out  of 
work. 

Jime  13.  A  trust  is  formed  with 
$25,000,000  capital,  which  includes  all 
the  manufacturers  of  plug  tobacco. 

June  25.  N.  J.  A  Pottery  Trust  is 
formed  at  Trenton ;  20  pottery  represen- 
tatives sign  the  agreement. 

June  26.  Pa.  A  freight-train  collis- 
ion at  Latrobe  kills  25  men  and  injures 
a  number  of  others. 


342     1889,  June  27-Aug.  8. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1889  June  27.  D.C.  Secretary  Tracy 
issues  an  order  reorganizing  the  vari- 
ous bureaus  of  the  Navy  Department. 

June  28.  New  York.  Col.  Smmons 
Clark  of  the  7th  Regiment,  on  retir- 
ing, receives  from  Gov.  Hill  a  commis- 
sion as  brevet  brigadier-general.  [Aug. 
18.  Daniel  Appleton  is  chosen  his  suc- 
cessor.] 

Aug.  1.  Ga.  Veterans  of  the  Con- 
federate Third  Georgia  and  the  Union 
Ninth  New  York  regiments  hold  their 
first  friendly  union  at  Fort  Valley, 
they  having  met  frequently  on  battle- 
fields during  the  Civil  War. 

Aug.  4.  R.  I.  The  new  cruiser  Boston 
strikes  on  a  rock  in  Narragansett  Bay, 
and  is  seriously  damaged. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  June  29.  D.C.  Washington  suf- 
fers heavily  from  the  flooded  Potomac. 

Some  of  the  streets  are  flooded,  and 
the  only  traffic  is  by  means  of  boats ; 
damages,  $2,000,000. 

June*  Fta.  Valuable  phosphate  rock  is 
discovered  atDunellen,  Marion  County. 

June  *  N.J.  A  mural  statue  of  ex-Presi- 
dent McCoah  is  presented  to  Princeton 
University  by  the  class  of  '79 ;  it  is  life 
size,  in  high  relief,  and  cost  $10,000. 

June  *  Kan.  An  ice-dam  gives  way  at 
Fort  Scott,  in  Bourbon  county,  causing 
much  damage,  especially  at  Uniontown. 

June  *  Okla.  Rich  iron  ore  is  discov- 
ered a  short  distance  from  Guthrie. 

July  3.  Tex.  Serious  floods  are  caused 
by  the  heavy  rains. 

Rivers  are  swollen  and  flatlands  deso- 
lated ;  houses  are  washed  away  and  sev- 
eral persons  drowned  ;  crops  are  badly 
damaged.     Loss,  about  $2,000,000. 

July  7.  N.  r.  W.  K.  Brooks  of  Geneva 
discovers  a  new  comet. 

Prof.  Campbell's  air-ship  fails  in 
its  trial  trip. 

Its  navigator,  Edw.  D.  Hogan,  makes 
an  ascension  over  New  York  and  Brook- 
lyn ;  but  the  air-ship  fails  to  submit  to 
his  guidance,  and  drifts  away  seaward, 
after  dropping  its  propeller  to  the  ground 
in  Brooklyn.  [Hogan  is  picked  up  at 
sea.] 

July  9.  N.  Y.  A  flood  occurs  in  the  Mo- 
hawk Valley ;  10  persons  are  drowned. 

July  22.  Me.  A  plumbago  mine  is 
discovered  in  Somerville. 

July  27.  Chicago  is  visited  by  severe 
wind-storms,  causing  the  loss  of 
about  20  lives  and  of  property  estimated 
among  the  millions. 

July  28.  Cat.  The  Broderick  Monu- 
ment in  Laurel  Hill  Cemetery  is  re- 
stored at  Senator  Fair*s  expense. 

July  *  U.  S.  Doctors  are  testing  the 
Brown-Sequard  elixir  for  the  renewal 
of  life  with  widely  varying  results. 

Dr.  Robert  Longfellow  of  Cincinnati 
reports  the  treatment  of  49  patients,  40 
per  cent  of  whom  were  greatly  bene- 
fited ;  while  other  physicians  report  al- 
most complete  failure  in  cases  treated 
by  them. 


July  *  Pa.  The  Lackawanna  Valley  is 
invaded  by  millions  of  loc\ists  that 
settle  on  every  green  thing. 

July  *  Tex.  Disastrous  floods  con- 
tinue. 

Rain  has  fallen  for  three  weeks,  and 
the  Colorado  River  is  31  feet  high  and 
rising. 

Aug.  1.  Mass.  A  national  monument  in 
honor  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathera  is  un- 
veiled at  Plymouth. 

Aug.  2.  New  York.  The  American  Art 
Association  pays  nearly  $100,000  for 
Millet's  Angelus.     [Oct.  13.  It  arrives.] 

N.  Y.  A  commission  of  experts  select 

a  design  for  a  memorial  arch  to  be 
erected  in  honor  of  Brooklyn's  soldiers 
and  sailors  who  perished  in  the  war. 

It  provides  for  a  structure  125  feet  wide 
and  96  feet  high,  surmounted  by  a  statu- 
ary group ;  the  height  of  the  arch  is  to 
be  64  feet  and  the  width  65  feet.  In  front 
of  each  abutment  is  a  pedestal  of  col- 
umns 36  feet  high,  crowned  by  a  bronze 
group  22  feet  in  height.  It  will  be  the 
second  largest  arch  in  the  world,  and 
will  cost  $250,000. 

Aug.  6.  Me.  The  fishing  schooner  I'an- 
nie  Chase  finds  a  big  lump  of  ambergris 
floating  on  the  water  just  outside  of 
Portland  harbor ;  value,  $25,000. 

New  York.   Seventeen-year  locusts 

appear  in  Central  Park. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1889. 

June  28.  Mitchell,  Alaria,  of  Mass.,  astron- 
omer, mathentatician,  A71. 

July  1.  'WoolBey,  Theodore  Bwight, 
pres.  of  Yale,  author,  political  and  letral 
writer,  A88. 

July  6.  Watrous,  George  H.,  railroad  offi- 
cial, A60. 

July  10.  Barlow,  Samuel  L.  M.,  lawyer, 
A6.3. 

July  14.    Cole,  Asahel  N.,  agriculturiBt,  A68. 

July  21.  Johnston,  Alexander,  professor 
political  economy  at  Princeton,  author, 
A  40. 

July  24.  Turner,  Joseph  Edward,  physi- 
cian, founder  first  inebriate  asylmn,  AtiT. 

July  26.  Pugh,  Eliza  Loftus  Phillips, 
writer,  dies. 

July  31.  Kendrick,  James  Ryland,  pro- 
fessor, A  86. 

Aug.  3.  Fitzhugh,  William  E.,  U.  S.  A.,  in 
Phila.,  A57. 

Aug.  4.  Buckner,  James  F.,  Confederate 
general,  dies. 

Gray,  George  Zabriskie,  theologian,  A51. 


CHURCH. 

1889  June  27.  Mass.  Dwight  L. 
^loody's  fourth  annual  encampment 
of  college  students  begins  at  North- 
field. 

}Vash.  The  General  Congrega- 
tional Association  of  Washington  is 
organized. 

July  9,  Bishops  and  others  petition  the 
Vatican  to  canonize  Christopher  Co- 
lumbus on  the  anniversary  of  the  dis- 
covery of  America.  [Their  petition  is 
refused.] 

July  14±.  It.  Pope  Leo  sustains 
Bishop  M'Quaid,  yet  Father  Lambert, 
who  criticised  the  bishop  unfavorably  in 
the  newspapers,  is  to  remain  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Diocese  of  Rochester. 

July  16.  N.  Y.  A  retreat  for  the  physi- 
cal recuperation  of  returned  women 
missionaries  is  opened  at  Round  Lake 
in  Saratoga  County. 


July  18.  Miss.  Thomas  Heslin  is  con- 
secrated (lioman  Catholic)  bishop  of  th& 
Diocese  of  Natchez, 

July  25.  0.  The  suspension  of  Dr. 
Quigley  of  Toledo,  formerly  of  St. 
Francis  de  Sales  church,  by  Bishop 
Gilmour  of  Cleveland,  is  not  approved 
at  Rome. 

July  27.  Tenn.  Two  hundred  people 
band  together  to  drive  Mormon  elders 
and  converts  from  Wilson  County. 

July  *  There  are  now  7,672  Christian 
Endeavor  Societies  in  America. 

July*  U.  S.  There  are  126  camp- 
meetings  announced  for  July,  August, 
and  September. 

July  *  London.  The  "World's  Sunday- 
school  Convention  is  held ;  more  than 
300  of  the  900  delegates  present  are 
from  the  United  States. 

July  *  Ga.  A  fanatic,  calling  himself 
Christ,  deceives  and  excites  the  negroes. 

They  abandon  their  patches,  turn  their 
cattle  on  their  crops,  desert  the  tur- 
pentine farms,  sawmills,  and  planta- 
tions ;  wives  separate  from  their  hus- 
bands, and  children  leave  their  parents, 
to  follow  him. 

July  *  The  General  Government  provides 
for  the  support  of  **  contract  schools" 
among  the  Indians. 

Congress  appropriates  for  this  work 
$506,994.  Of  this  sum  the  Roman  Catho- 
lics receive  $356,491 ;  the  Presbyterians, 
$47,650;  the  Congregational  Missionary 
Society,  $16,408  — the  remaining  $86,455 
being  scattered  in  small  amounts  among 
other  missionary  boards. 

Aug.  4.  N.  Y.  Prof .  "W.  R.  Harper  de- 
fends himself  at  Chautauqua  from  the 
charge  of  being  in  sympathy  with  Ger- 
man rationalism. 

Aug.  7.  N.  J.  A  Deaconess  Conven- 
tion is  in  session  at  Ocean  Grove. 


LETTERS. 

1889  Jxme  30.  The  Commissioner  of 
Education  reports  that  the  public- 
school  system  is  making  marvelous 
progress  in  the  South  ;  the  increase  in 
enrollment  greatly  exceeds  the  increase 
in  population. 

June*  Boston.  Several  prominent  women 
appoint  a  committee  of  50  to  carry  out 
plans  for  taking  the  city  schools  out 
of  politics  and  sectarian  influence. 

June  *  Ind.  Ter.  The  Cherokee  Indians 
dedicate  with  great  rejoicings  their  new 
seminary  for  girls  at  Tahlequah. 

The  building  is  three  stories  high,  con- 
tains more  than  100  rooms,  a  chapel^ 
study,  and  recitation-rooms;  it  Is  steam- 
heated,  supplied  with  water-works  of  its 
own,  and  cost  $200,000.  The  money 
comes  from  the  lease  of  the  Indians* 
lands  to  cattle  companies. 

June  *  N.  Y.  Work  is  begun  on  Cornell*8 
new  library  building  at  Ithaca;  it  will 
be  the  finest  university  library  build- 
ing in  the  country,  and  have  shelf-room 
for  475,000  volumes. 

July  7.  D.  C.  The  National  Edu- 
cational Association  is  in  session  at 
Washington  ;  it  discxisses  the  subject  of 
denominational  schools  in  a  broad  man- 
ner ;    Bishop    Keane   (Rom.    Cath.)   of 


UNITED    STATES. 


1889,  JuneZT-Aug.  8.    343 


WashiDgton  and  Edwin  D.  Mead  of 
Bostou  make  addresses. 

July  10.  Fa.  Gov.  Fitzhugh  Lee,  a 
nephew  of  Gen.  li.  E.  Lee,  accepts  the 
superintend ency  of  the  liCxington 
Military  Institute,  offered  to  him  by 
the  hoard  of  visitors. 

July  11.  Pa.  The  American  Philo- 
logical Society  concludes  its  meeting 
at  Easton. 

July  18.  Tenn.  The  National  Teach- 
ers' Association  is  in  session  at  Nash- 
ville. 

July  21.  N.  J.  The  American  Insti- 
tute of  Christian  Philosophy  holds  its 
regular  summer  meeting  at  Key  East 
Beach. 

July  *  More  than  43,000,000  copies 
of  the  Moody  and  Sankey  Gospel 
hymn-books  have  been  issued  in  this 
country  and  England. 

SOCIETY. 

1889  June  28.  Mich.  The  Legislature 
fixes  the  retail  liquor  tax  at  $500. 

July  *  Wash.  The  Washington  Territory 
Constitutional  Convention  adopts  wo- 
man suffrage  as  a  separate  proposi- 
tion, to  be  submitted  to  the  people  with 
the  Constitution. 

Aug.  1.  Ti.  I.  The  Legislature  enacts  a 
high-license  law. 

STATE.         • 

1889  June  28.  D.  C.  The  Criminal 
Court  orders  a  nolle  pros,  in  the  Star 
Route  trial  cases. 

. S.  Dak.  The  Republicans  call  a  con- 
vention to  nominate  of&cers  for  the  new 
State;  it  is  to  meet  at  Huron. 

June  30.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal  year. 
Revenue:  Customs,  $223,832,742;  in- 
ternal revenue,  ^130,881,514;  sale  of 
public  lands,  $8,038,652;  miscellaneous 
items,  $24,297,151.  Total  revenue,  $387,- 
050,059.  Expenditures :  Premiums  on 
loans,  purchase  of  bonds,  etc.,  $17,292,- 
363;  miscellaneous  items,  $80,604,064; 
War  l>epartment,  $44,435,271 ;  Navy  De- 
partment, $21,378,809;  Indians,  $6,892,- 
208;  pensions,  $87,624,779;  interest  on 
the  public  debt,  $41,001,484.  Total  ordi- 
nary expenditures,  $299,288,978;  excess 
of  revenue  over  ordinary  expenditures, 
$87,761,081.  Public  debt  (Dec.  1),  $1,617,- 
372,419.  Exports,  $742,401,375;  imports, 
$745,131,652. 

Jtuie  *  Conn.  The  House  passes  over  the 
governor's  veto  the  bill  prohibiting  the 
coloring  of  oleomargarln  so  as  to  re- 
semble butter. 

July  3.  Wash.  A  Constitutional  Con- 
vention meets  at  Olympia. 

July  20.  Okla.  The  Territorial  Con- 
vention appoints  committees  on  Organic 
Law,  the  Judiciary,  the  Legislature, 
etc.;  it  decides  to  partition  the  Territory 
into  12  counties,  and  then  adjourns  until 
Aug.  20. 

July  27.  N.  IT.  The  Supreme  Court  of 
the  State  declares  the  law  requiring  a 
license  for  the  practice  of  medicine 
and  dentistry  is  unconstitutional. 

July  29.  The  Chippewas  sign  a  treaty 
giving  their  consent  to  open  the  "White 
Xjarth  Reservation  for  settlement. 


Aug.  5.  Minn.  The  Chippewa  Indians 
on  the  Gull  Lake  Reservation  sign  a 
treaty  selling  over  4,000,000  acres  of  fine 
farming  and  timber  lands  to  the  Govern- 
ment. 

Aug.  6.  Dak.  The  requisite  number  of 
signatures  are  obtained  for  the  open- 
ing of  the  Sioux  Reservation. 

New  York.    The  Civil  Service  Com- 

m^ision  approves  of  a  request  that  cer- 
tain positions  in  the  N.  Y.  Post-office 
shall  be  reserved  from  competitive  ex- 
amination. 

Utah.    The  Gentiles  at  Salt  Lake 

City  are  elected  by  a  majority  of  41. 

Aug.  7.  Mont.  At  the  Constitutional 
Convention  in  Helena,  Bozeman  is 
chosen  as  the  capital. 

Aug.  8.  The  president  of  the  Western 
Union  Telegraph  Company  replies  to 
recent  criticisms  of  the  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral concerning  the  charges  for  Govern- 
ment messages. 

He  alleges  that  the  Government  has 
given  nothing  that  cost  it  anything,  or 
that  was  of  any  value  for  it  to  retain  ; 
also  that  the  Government  is  the  most 
favored  customer,  and  that  the  com- 
pany's rate,  considering  the  nature  of 
the  service  rendered,  is  lower  than  that 
given  to  any  other  patron. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1889  June  27.  Conn.  The  seventh  in- 
tercollegiate university  boat-race  for 

eight-oars  and  3  miles  straight  is  rowed  ; 
Cornell  defeats  Columbia  and  University 
of  Pennsylvania;  time  not  accurately 
taken  ;  said  to  be  15  minutes,  three  sec- 
onds, and  15  minutes,  four  seconds. 

Harvard  Freshmen  defeat  Colum- 
bia in  a  boat  race  ;  time,  12.21. 

June  28.  Chicago  loses  $290,000  by 
the  burning  of  the  Burton  block. 

Minn.  Judge  Parish  directs  a  verdict 

in  favor  of  Fred  C.  Prentice  in  his  suit 
against  Mayor  Beaser  and  others  for  tlie 
possession  of  one-half  the  city  of 
Duluth,  valued  at  $10,000,000. 

±  Mont.    Fierce  fires  burn  over  100 

square  miles  of  forest  land. 

June  29.  Chicago  suddenly  becomes 
the  second  city  in  the  United  States. 

By  a  vote  taken  this  day,  the  suburban 
towns  of  Hyde  Park,  Lake,  Lake  View, 
Cicero,  and  Jefferson  are  soon  to  lie- 
come  a  part  of  Chicago.  The  annexed 
districts  (population  nearly  200,000)  make 
the  total  population  about  1,100,000 ;  the 
area  of  the  city  covers  172.18  square  miles 
—  the  largest  city  area  in  the  country. 

June  *  New  York.  A  second  canal  con- 
struction party  leaves  for  Nicaragua; 
a  large  quantity  of  necessary  material  is 
also  taken  for  work  on  the  canal. 

Julyl.  Colo.  Durango  is  almost  totally 
destroyed  by  fire. 

Wash.    Seattle  begins  to  recover 

from  the  great  fire ;  telegraph,  telephone, 
and  electric-light  service  are  nearly  com- 
pleted ;  business  houses  are  starting  in 
tents,  and  churches  resume  services. 

July  2.  Ida.  The  business  portion  of 
Hailey  is  destroyed  by  fire;  loss, 
$500,000. 


Va.  A  train  is  derailed  on  the  Nor- 
folk and  Western  Road,  at  Thaxton  ;  30 
persons  are  killed  and  60  wounded. 

July  4.  Wash.  EUensburg  is  burned ; 
10  blocks  in  the  business  portion  of  the 
city  are  consumed,  and  100  families 
homeless  ;  loss,  $2,000,000. 

July  6.  Cal.  Bakersfield  is  nearly 
destroyed  by  fire  ;  loss,  $1,250,000. 

Julys.  Colo.  Two  of  the  largest  brew- 
eries of  Denver  are  purchased  by  the 
English  syndicate.  [July  19,  A  Michigan 
brewery  is  bought  for  $200,000 ;  also,  on 
July  25,  breweries  in  Paterson  and  New- 
ark, N.J.] 

Miss.    John  L.  Sullivan  wins  the 

boxing  championship  of  America,  de- 
feating Jake  Kilrain  at  Richburg.  [July 
23.  He  receives  the  $20,000  stakes  and 
the  championship  belt.] 

July  11.  Minn.  An  English  syndi- 
cate combines  to  purchase  several  of  the 
largest  flour-mills  of  Minneapolis. 

July  13.  0.  An  English  syndicate 
becomes  the  owner  of  the  Cleveland 
Otis  Steel  Company,  with  a  capital  of 
£900,000. 

Jiily  24.  Strawboard  makers  of  the 
United  States  unite  in  a  trust  under  the 
name  of  "  The  American  Strawboard 
Company." 

July  25.  N,  T.  Lewis  Brothers  and 
Company,  dealers  in  dry-goods,  make 
an  assignment,  with  liabilities  exceed- 
ing $4,000,000. 

Md.     A  «* sweet  potato  trust"  is 

formed  in  Baltimore  by  a  combination 
of  dealers. 

The  British  Bciioonev  Black  Diamond 

is  seized  by  the  U.  S.  revenue  cutter  in 
Bering  Sea  for  illegal  sealing. 

JtUySl.  N.  Y.  The  City  of  Paris  ar- 
rives at  Sandy  Hook  lightship,  having 
completed  her  trip  in  five  days,  23 
hours,  and  10  minutes. 

Neb.    Negotiations  are  completed  for 

the  sale  of  all  the  breweries  in  Omaha 
to  a  European  syndicate  for  $1,500,000. 
[Aug.  15.  The  control  of  the  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  breweries  is  obtained.] 

Pa.  The  immense  plant  of  the  Head- 
ing Iron  Company,  which  recently 
failed  for  over  $1,000,000,  is  sold  in  its 
entirety  for  $150,000 ;  it  is  purchased 
for  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Rail* 
road  Company. 

Aug.  1.  O.  AU  trotting  records,  ex- 
cept those  of  Maud  S.  and  Jay-Eye-See, 
are  beaten  at  Cleveland  by  "Guy,** 
who  trots  a  mile  in  2.10J  — two  sec- 
onds more  than  the  record  of  Maud  S. 

Aug.  3.  Cal.  A  brandy  company  is 
organized  with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000. 

Aug.  4.  Neio  York.  Special  delivery 
letters  are  distributed  for  the  first  time. 

Aug.  5.  Wash.  Spokane  Falls  suffers 
by  fire  ;  25  blocks  are  in  ashes ;  loss, 
$10,000,000. 

Aug.  7.  Wis.  A  Milwaukee  syndicate 
buys  the  Florence,  Youngstown,  and 
Iron  River  mines  in  the  Menominee 
District  for  $850,000. 


344     1889,Aug.  8-Oct.  1. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1889  Aug.  15.  I).  C.  The  Government 
orders  a  multicharge  dynamite  gun 
capable  of  throwing  long  shells  charged 
with  dynamite  from  six  to  ten  miles. 

Aug.  19.  D.  C.  The  Pension  Office  at 
AVashington  gives  a  ruling  that  dis- 
honorable discharge  is  specific  penalty 
for  a  specific  act,  but  is  no  bar  to  a 
pension  in  ease  of  disability. 

Aug.  20.  D.  C.  The  Pension  Office  issues 
an  order  allowing  the  evidence  of 
claimant  and  one  private  soldier  as 
to  origin  of  disability,  provided  they 
are  men  of  reputable  character. 

Aug.  22.  Cal.  The  cruiser  Charleston 
makes  an  official  trial  trip  in  Santa 
Barbara  Bay,  attaining  a  speed  of  19 
knots  an  hour ;  this  more  than  meets 
all  requirements  excepting  that  of  horae- 
power,  iu  which  she  shows  a  deficiency. 

Sept.  1.  Miss.  Gov.  Lowry  goes  to  Le 
Flore  county  with  a  company  of  militia 
to  prevent  a  race  war. 

Sept.  8.  Pkila.  The  cruiser  Philadel- 
phia is  launched. 

Sept.  19.  Teitn.  Survivors  of  both  the 
Northern  and  the  Southern  armies  at 
the  battle  of  Chickaraauga  assemble 
at  Chattanooga ;  they  resolve  to  pur- 
chase the  battle-field,  and  turn  it  into 
a  national  park. 

D.    C.      The    man-of-war    Galena    is 

ordered  from  Haiti  to  Navassa  Island, 
■where  several  Americans  are  reported 
to  have  been  killed  iu  a  riot. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  Aug.  8.  Wis.  Clams  are  found  in 
the  Sugar  River  at  Albany  with  pearls 
between  the  membrane  and  shell,  some 
of  which  are  valued  at  $100. 

Aug.  10.  Xeb.  A  mammoth*s  skele- 
ton, with  a  backbone  36  feet  long,  is  un- 
earthed at  St.  James  ;  it  was  at  least  15 
feet  tall. 

Aug.  15.  Ind.  Gold  deposits  are  dis- 
covered in  Brown  county. 

Aug.  16.  Pa.  Experiments  with  the 
Brown-Sequard  life  elixir  cause  the 
death  of  10  persona  at  Shamokin. 

Aug.  18.  W.  Va.  The  Kanawha  Valley 
is  swept  by  a  terrible  storm. 

A  cloud-burst  completely  floods  the 
country,  destroying  many  lives  and 
thousands  of  dollars  worth  of  property  ; 
crops  are  ruined  throughout  an  area  or 
many  miles. 

Aug.  20.  Cal.  San  Francisco  is  infested 
with  millions  of  crickets. 

Aug.  22.  Ind.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
Indiana  Soldiers'  and  Sailors*  mon- 
ument is  laid  at  Indianapolis,  in  the 
presence  of  President  Harrison ;  the 
monument  is  to  be  268  feet  high,  and 
will  cost  $222,000. 

Aug.  27.  N.  C.  A  cloud-burst  de- 
stroys dams  and  mills,  besides  tearing 
up  several  miles  of  railroad ;  loss  esti- 
mated at  $100,000. 

- — N.  Y.  C.  H.  F.  Peters  of  Hamilton 
College  discovers  a  new  planet  of  the 
asteroid  group. 


Aug.  28.  Can.  The  annual  meeting  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science  begins  at  To- 
ronto. [Sept.  3.  George  L.  Goodale  of 
Harvard  University  is  elected  president.] 

Aug.  31.  Ky.  A  deposit  of  asphalt  is 
discovered  near  Cloverport,  13  feet  thick, 
and  covering  a  large  area. 

Sept.  6.  N.  T.  The  American  Social 
Science  Association  ends  its  session  at 
Saratoga  j  Andrew  D.  White,  president. 

— —  Utah.  An  ice-cave  is  discovered  in 
Ashley  Valley,  one  room  of  which  is  over 
1,200  feet  long. 

Wis.      Pearl-hunting      continues ; 

$3,500  is  refused  for  a  single  pearl. 

Sept.  7.  O.  In  Upper  Sandusky  anatm:al 
gas-weU  is  drilled,  which  shows  a  ca- 
pacity of  50,000,000  cubit  feet  daily ;  It  is 
conceded  to  be  the  largest  gas-well  in 
the  world. 

Sept.  10,  11.  Immense  damage  is  done 
by  strong  winds  and  tidal  waves  at 
Coney  Island,  causing  a  loss  to  property 
of  about  $250,000 ;  the  storm  extends 
along  the  New  Jersey  coast. 

The  loss  in  property  runs  up  into  the 
millions.  At  the  Delaware  Breakwater 
about  50  vessels  are  wrecked,  and  a  large 
number  of  lives  lost. 

Sept.  20.  Athens.  The  Greek  Govern- 
ment conditionally  offers  to  the  Ar- 
cheological  Institute  of  America  the 
privilege  of  excavating  the  site  of  the 
ancient  oracle  of  Delphi. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1889. 

Aug-.  8.     Dupont,  Henry,  gen.,  A77. 

Aug-.  12.  Mott,  Alexander  B.,  physician, 
surgeon,  A  63. 

Aug-  14.  Looniis,  Elias,  astronomer,  pro- 
fessor  at  Yale,  A7S. 

Aug.  17.  Thaw,  WUUam,  railroad  official, 
A61. 

Aug-.  35.  Shaw,  Henry,  millionaire,  phi- 
lanthropist, A90. 

Aug-.  29.  Rowe,  George  Fawcett,  actor, 
dramatist,  A63. 

Sept.  6.  Ward,  Rodney  C.  brig.-gen.  of 
vols.,  politician,  A52. 

Sept.  lO.  Cox.  Samuel  Sullivan,  author, 
M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  minister  to  Turkey,  A65. 

Sept.  25.  Hill.  Daniel  Harvey.  Confed- 
erate lieut.-gen.,  Atj8. 

Sept.  28.  Sturgis,  Samuel  1).,  maj.-gen., 
A  67. 

CHURCH. 
1889   Sept.  5.   N.Y.   Bishop  M'Quaid 

forbids  the  sacrament  to  two  of  Father 
Lambert's  friends  at  Waterloo.  [Oct. 
13.  They  resist  excommimication  and 
attend  the  church.] 

Sept.  8.  Pa.  The  Roman  Catholic 
priesthood  of  Pittsburg  and  Allegheny 
City  are  making  strenuous  efforts  to 
increase  parochial  school  attend- 
ance. 

Father  Corcoran  of  St.  Agnes  Church, 
Pittsburg,  warns  the  parents  of  his 
parish  against  sending  their  children  to 
the  public  schools  under  penalty  of  a 
denial  of  absolution. 

Sept.  10.  Ind.  The  National  Associa- 
tion of  Colored  Baptists  holds  its  an- 
nual session  in  Indianapolis. 

The  members  of  a  party  who  were 
assaulted  at  Baxley  Station,  Ga.,  while 
on  their  way  to  attend  the  gathering, 
appear  before  the  meeting  and  exhibit 
their  injuries. 


Sept.  13.  New  York.  The  Jewish  con- 
gregation Shaar  Hashomajim  cele- 
brates its  50th  anniversary,  and  dedi- 
cates its  new  temple ;  the  temple  of  the 
congregation  of  Mt.  Sinai  is  also  conse- 
crated. 

Sept.  27+.  N.  Y.  Eev.  George  P. 
Pentecost  of  Brooklyn  is  offered  the 
pastorate  of  Clermont  Presbyterian 
Church,  Glasgow,  Scotland,  with  a  sal- 
ary of  $5,000. 

Sept.  28.  The  Colored  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Conference  adopts  a  memorial  to 
the  General  Convention  of  that  Church 
on  the  standing  of  negro  preachens. 

LETTERS. 

1889  Aug.  21.  Mich.  The  Annual  Con- 
vention of  the  National  Editorial  As- 
sociation opens  at  Detroit. 

Sept.  5.  Pa.  President  Harrison,  P.M.- 
Gen.  Wanamaker,  and  Gov.  Beaver 
speak  at  the  anniversary  of  the 
founding  of  the  Old  Log  College, 
the  cradle  of  A  merican  Presby  terianism, 
at  HartsviUe. 

Sept.  7.  Mass.  David  Prouty  presents 
to  the  town  of  Spencer  a  high-school 
building  costing  $46,000;  it  is  dedi- 
cated with  appropriate  ceremonies. 

Chicago.     Mrs.    Charles  B.  Pope 

gives  a  library  to  the  town  of  Danville, 
Vt.,  to  replace  one  destroyed  by  fire. 

Sept.  17.  *Conn.  Prof.  Loomis  of  New 
Haven  bequeaths  $300,000  to  Yale 
University. 

Sept.  20.  Neiv  Ym-k.  The  will  of  Rev. 
F.  A.  P.  Barnard  of  Columbia  is  made 
public ;  he  bequeaths  practically  his 
whole  estate  to  that  institution. 

Sept.  21.  Pa.  Andrew  Carnegie  agrees 
to  rebuild  the  library  at  Johnstown ; 
the  one  destroyed  cost  $30,000. 

Sept.  24.  Neio  York.  The  Daily  Graphic 
suspends  publication. 

Sept.  30  ir.  New  York.  A  law-school  for 
women  is  opened  by  a  practising  lawyer 
—  Miss  Emily  Kempen,  LL.D. 

SOCIETY. 

1889  Aug.  12.  Kan.  Tlie  returns  from 
the  school  elections  show  that  many 
women  are  elected  to  office. 

Aug.  14.  Cal.  David  S.  Terry  is  shot 
dead  at  J^athrop  by  United  States 
Marshal  Wagle,  when  about  to  assault 
Judge  Stephen  J.  Field. 

Aug.  21.  Ala.  The  Southern  Interstate 
Farmers*  Association  meets  at  Mont- 
gomery. 

Aug.  27.  Wis.  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  meets  in  its  23d  encamp- 
ment at  Milwaukee;  Russell  A.  Alger 
of  Mich.,  commander-in-chief. 

Sept.  20.  Wyo,  The  election  law 
passed  by  the  Statehood  convention 
provides  that  women  may  vote  ;  that 
electors  shall  be  required  to  read  Eng- 
lish; that  they  shall  be  Uiuted  States 
citizens,  and  residents  of  Wyoming  for 
six  months. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1889,  Aug.  8- Oct.  1.      345 


STATE. 

1889  Aug.  9.  New  York.  Sheriff 
Flack  resigns  as  Grand  Sachem  of  the 
Tainniany  Society  and  from  the  General 
Committee,  he  having  gained  unpleasant 
notoriety  in  divorce  proceedings  against 
hit<  wife. 

Aug.  15.  la.  Tlie  Republicans  nomi- 
nate Jos.  G.  Hutchison  for  governor. 

Aug.  16.  iV".  Dak.  The  Constitutional 
Convention  decides  upon  Bismarck  as 
the  permanent  capital  of  the  new 
State,  and  agrees  upon  an  anti-trust 
clause  to  be  put  Into  its  Constitution. 

Aug.  17.  Mont.  The  Convention, 
having  adopted  a  Constitution,  adjourns. 

Aug.  22.  Va.  The  Republicans  nomi- 
nate Gen.  Wni.  F.  Mahone  for  governor. 

Aug.  23.  Cat.  Judge  Levy  decides  that 
the  daughter  of  a  slave  may  Inherit. 

Aug.  27.  Mont.  The  Democrats  nomi- 
nate Joseph  K.  Toole  for  governor. 

Aug.  28.  D.  C.  The  President  appoints 
Charles  R.  Flint  of  N.  Y.  and  Henry  G. 
Davis  of  W.  Va.  delegates  to  the  Three- 
Americas  Congress. 

O.    The  Democrats  nominate  James 

E.  Campbell  for  governor. 

Aug.  29.  S.  Dak.  The  Republicans  nom- 
inate Arthur  C.  Mellette  for  governor. 

Aug.  30.  Ind.  Ter.  The  Progressive 
party  gain  in  the  election  in  the  Chick- 
asaw Nation. 

Sept.  3-3d.  fVyo.  A  Constitutional 
Convention  is  held  at  Cheyenne. 

Sept.  4.  la.  The  Union  Labor  party 
nominates  S.  B,  Downing  for  governor. 

Sept.  5.  S.  Dak.  The  Democrats  nomi- 
nate P.  F.  M'Clure  for  governor. 

Sept.  6.  JFash.  The  Republicans  re- 
nominate E.  P.  Ferry  for  governor. 

Sept.  9.  Ind.  Ter.  Disputes  occur  in  the 
Chickasaw  Nation  over  the  rig^ht  of 
white  men  to  vote. 

Xctv  York.     Ex-Judge  A.  B.  Tappen 

is  elected  Grand  Sachem  of  the  Tam- 
many Society,  as  the  successor  of  Sher- 
iff Flack. 

A^.  J.    The  Democrats  nominate  Leon 

Abbett  for  governor. 

fVask.      The     Democrats      nominate 

Eugene  Semple  for  governor. 

Sept.  11.  D.  C.  Pension  Commissioner 
James  Tanner  resigns  his  office  under 
great  pressure  of  public  criticism. 
[Sept.  12.     Resignation  accepted.] 

Sept.  17.  Mass.  Colored  men  in  con- 
vention pass  resolutions  demanding 
greater  recognition  in  political  life. 

^^.V.  J.  The  Republicans  nominate  E. 
li.  Grubb  for  governor. 

Sept.  18.  Cat.  Tsui  Kno  Yin,  the 
new  Chinese  ambassador  to  the  United 
States,  arrives  at  San  Francisco  with 
his  suite.  [Sept.  25.  He  arrives  at 
Washington.  Oct.  3.  He  presents  his 
credentials  to  President  Harrison.] 

fa.    The  Democrats  nominate  Horace 

Boles  of  Waterloo  for  governor. 

Sept.  19.  Ga.  The  Young  Men's 
Democratic  licague  mass-meeting  at 


Atlanta  resolves  adversely  as  to  the  pub- 
lishing of  negro  whipping,  by  the  Con- 
stitution of  that  city,  and  votes  down 
every  resolution  that  in  any  way  con- 
demns such  whippings. 

Sept.  23.  Minn.  The  Beef  Inspection 
Xiaw  is  decided  to  be  unconstitutional 
by  the  U.  S.  Circuit  Court  in  St.  Paul. 

Sept.  26.  Miss.  The  Republicans  nomi- 
luito  James  it.  Chambers  for  governor. 

Mich.      Unearned    railroad   lands 

are  surrendered  to  the  United  States 
authorities  by  the  governor. 

Sept.  27.  JVyo.  Cheyenne  is  selected 
as  the  State  capital. 

Sept.  30.  D.  C.  The  delegates  to  the 
Three- Americas  Congress  hold  a  pre- 
liminary conference  in  Washington. 

Sept.  *  N.  Mex.  A  Territorial  Conven- 
tion at  Santa  F4  adopts  a  State  Consti- 
tution. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  Aug.  9.  Pa.  Bodies  of  ten 
more  victims  of  the  flood  are  recov- 
ered at  Johnstown. 

Aug.  15.  A'".  J.  After  an  interval  of  two 
years,  work  is  resumed  on  the  Hudson 
River  tunnel  to  connect  New  York 
city  with  Jersey  City. 

New  York.     The  trans-ocean  race 

between  the  City  of  New  York  and  the 
Teutonic  is  won  by  the  former  by  seven- 
teen minutes. 

Aug.  16.  New  York.  A  terrible  gas 
explosion  occurs  on  the  corner  of  Grand 
and  Clinton  Streets  ;  30  people  are  in- 
jured and  two  are  killed. 

Aug.  18i.  iVis.  The  pearl-finding 
craze  reaches  Prairie  du  Chien,  where 
many  fine  pearls  have  been  found  in 
near-by  streams. 

Aug.  21.  Minn.  A  log  jam  breaks  in 
the  rapids  at  Big  Rock,  and  50,000,000 
feet  of  logs  go  down-stream  together. 

Pa.    Allegheny  loses  $200,000  by 

tJie  burning  of  a  large  oil  refinery. 

Aug.  23.  Tejin.  The  first  train  over 
the  new  railroad  is  derailed  south  of 
Knoxville  ;  five  persons  are  killed  and 
26  injured, 

W.  Va.     Four  persons  are  killed  and 

16  injured  by  a  collision  on  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  Railroad  near  Parkers- 
burg. 

Aug.  25.  7?.  /.  Three  persons  are 
drowned  by  the  bursting  of  a  reservoir 
dam  near  Fiskville. 

Aug.  26.  Cat.  A  wheat  warehouse, 
42  cars,  three  ships,  and  10,000  tons  of 
wheat  are  burned  at  Port  Costa ;  loss, 
8700.000. 

Aug.  30.  Vt.  Several  persons  are  killed 
in  a  railway  collision  on  the  Central 
Vermont  IU)ad  near  Middlebury. 

N.  Y  The  Comstock  Tunnel  Com- 
pany files  a  certificate  of  incorporation 
at  Albany. 

The  capital  of  the  company  amounts 
to  ,54,000,000.  divided  Into  $2  shares,  and 
is  organized  forgeneral  mining  purposes. 


Fla.     A  company  is  incorporated  to 

cut  a  canal  across  the  peninsula  of 
Florida,  saving  800  to  900  miles  in  a  voy- 
age between  New  Orleans  and  northern 
ports,  and  nearly  as  much  in  sailing  to 
Europe ;  capital,  $GO,000,(XK). 

Sept.  1.  Minn.  The  wheat  crop  of  this 
State  amounts  to  50,000,000  bushels. 

Mass.    Yarmouth  celebrates  its  250th 

anniversary. 

Sept.  4.  Minn.  Winona  loses  by  fire 
22,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  7,000,000  shin- 
gles, a  three-story  brick  warehouse, 
sheds,  tramway,  and  other  property, 
valued  at  $314,000. 

Sept.  15.  N.  Y.  Walter  G.  Campbell 
swims  the  Niagara  Hapids  wearing 
a  cork  jacket. 

Sept.  16.  Mo.  The  New  Era  Exposi- 
tion main  building,  with  exhibits,  at  St. 
Joseph,  is  destroyed  by  fire ;  total  loss 
of  exhibits,  §259,000. 

Sept.  19.  The  Cincinnati,  Washington, 
and  Baltimore  Railroad  is  judicially 
sold  for  $5,000,000. 

Sept.  20.  N.  J.  Ijarge  refineries  at 
Shadyside  are  burned  ;  loss,  $500,000. 

Sept.  21.  N.  J.  A  fire  destroys  the  oil- 
yards  of  John  Ellis  and  Co,  at  Edge- 
water  ;  loss,  $250,000. 

Sept.  24.  ///.  Trains  collide  near  Au- 
burn Park  ;  six  persons  are  killed  and 
ten  injured. 

Sept.  25.  Mo.  The  American  Bankers' 
Association  opens  its  session  in  Kansas 
City. 

Sept.  28.  la.  At  Cresco  22  business 
houses  are  destroyed  by  fire;  loss, 
$100,000. 

Conn.   Milford  celebrates  its  250th 

anniversary  with  splendid  ceremonies. 
A  handsome  granite  bridge  and  tower 
is  dedicated  to  the  memory  of  the  first 
settlers  ;  several  memorial  tablets  and 
blocks  are  dedicated. 

N.  Y.     Several  persons  are  killed  and 

others  injured  by  a  colhsion  between 
two  sections  of  an  express-train  at 
Palatine  Bridge. 

Neiv  York.    The  steamer  City  of  New 

York  arrives  after  crossing  from  Queens- 
town  in  six  days,  four  hours,  and  17 
minutes. 

Sept.  *  N.  Y.  A  break  is  reported  in  the 
two  trans-Atlantic  cables  belonging 
to  the  Western  Union  Company, 

Sept.  *  Pa.  Thomas  rl.  Stewart,  Secre- 
tary of  Internal  Affairs  for  this  State, 
reports  on  the  floods  of  May  31  and 
June  1. 

The  rain  of  36  hours  in  the  valleys 
of  the  Conemaugh,  Susquehanna,  and 
upper  waters  of  the  Genesee  and  Poto- 
mac rivers,  causetl  an  estimated  loss  of 
$30,000,000;  to  corporations.  $13,000,000; 
to  farmers,  $5,000.fK)0;  to  merchants, 
$7,000,000,  besides  $5,000,000  losses  at 
Johnstown. 

Sept.  30.  Mon.  BuslnesB  houses  in  Butte 
are  destroyed  by  fire  ;  loss,  $250,000. 

Oct.  1.  Kan.  Delegates  from  15  States 
and  Territories  meet  at  Topeka  to  pro- 
mote the  movement  for  securing  a  deep 
harbor  on  tlie  coast  of  Texas. 


346     1889.  Oct.  1 -Nov.  22. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1889  Oct.  25.  Md.  The  Galena,  with 
the  leaders  of  the  Navassa  riot,  reaches 
Baltimore. 

Oct.  26.  Cal.  The  cruiser  San  Fran- 
cisco is  launched  and  christeued  at  the 
Union  Iron  Works'  shipyard. 

Nov.  4.  Ariz.  Apaches  ambush  a 
company  of  soldiers  near  Fort  Hua- 
chuca. 

ART  —SCIENCE  — NATURE. 

1889    Oct.  6.    /.  T.    Gold  and  silver 

are    discovered   in    the   land   of    the 

Chicaksaw  Nation. 
Oct.  12.     Chicago.     The   statue    of  1j& 

Salle,  the  French  explorer,  is  unveiled. 
Oct.   16.     2^ew    York.     An  expedition 

leaves    in    the    steamer    Pmsacota   for 

Africa  to  view  the  solar  eclipse. 
Oct.  24±.     Colo.    The  inflow  of  water  to 

the  desert  lake  at  Salton  has  ceased, 

and  the  lake  is  drying  up. 

Oct.  30.  Del.  A  monument  to  Gen. 
Csesar  Rodney,  member  of  the  Continen- 
tal Congress  and  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier of  Delaware,  is  unveiled  at  Dover. 

N.  Y.    The  corner-stone  of  the  Soly 

diers'  and  Sailors*  Memorial  Arch, 
Prospect  Park,  Brooklyn,  is  laid  with 
becoming  ceremonies  by  Gen.  Sherman. 
(See  Aug.  2.) 

Nov.  7±.  Cal.  Millions  of  dollars  worth 
of  gold  are  taken  from  the  bed  of  the 
Feather  River. 

Nov.  16.  N,  C.  A  rich  silver  vein  is 
struck,  also  a  gold  vein,  at  Salisbury. 

N'.  Y.    A  new  comet  is  discovered  by 

Lewis  Swift  of  the  Warner  Observatory. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

Oct.  6.  Vail,  Thomas  H.,  P.  E.  bishop  of 
Kan.,  A76. 

Oct.  17.  Hartranft,  John  F.,  raaj.-gen.  of 
vols.,  Gov.  of  Pa.,  A59, 

Oct.  25.  Lesquereaux,  Leo,  botanist,  pale- 
ontologist, A  83. 

Oct.  36.  Root,  Francis  M.,  philanthropist, 
banker,  dies. 

Oct.  30.  Tavlor,  Isaac  E.,  physician,  of 
New  York,  A77. 

Nov.  13.  Dean,  Charles,  author,  historian, 
A7d. 

CHURCH. 

1889  Oct.  1.  O.  The  Pope  appoints  Car- 
dinal Gibbons  and  Archbishop  Riordan 
to  investigate  affairs  under  Bishop 
Gilmour  in  the  Diocese  of  Cleveland. 
Oct,  2+.  New  York.  The  34th  triennial 
meeting  of  the  Protesta-nt  Episcopal 
Gener^  Convention  begins  its  ses- 
sions in  St.  George's  church ;  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Dix  is  president-elect  of  the  House 
of  Clerical  and  Lay  Deputies. 

The  most  important  questions  to  he 
considered  are  the  change  in  the  mode 
of  presentation,  the  revision  of  the 
Prayer-book,  and  that  of  changing  the 
name  of  the  church. 

(Oct.  15.)  It  appoints  a  committee  to 
prepare  a  standard  revised  Prayer-book, 
to  be  sxibmitted  in  1890. 

(Oct.  24.)  It  adopts  a  canon  on  dea- 
conesses. 


(Oct.  25.)  The  High  Church  and  Low 
Church  factions  disagree  concerning  the 
proposed  revision  of  the  Prayer-book. 

Oct.  4.  Tenn,  White  Caps  drive  Mor- 
mon   missionaries     out    of     Wilson 

County. 

Oct.  5.  Utah.  The  Mormon  priesthood 
is  defiant ;  its  leaders  assert  that  the 
revelations  given,  including  polygamy, 
come  from  God  and  will  be  successful. 

Oct,  9.  Mass.  The  National  Council 
(Congregational)  begins  its  triennial 
session  at  Worcester. 

Oct.  12.  O.  "William  A.  Leonard  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  Ohio. 

Oct.  13.  N.  Y.  Dr.  Talmage's  Tabernacle 
in  Brooklyn  is  destroyed  by  fire. 

The  loss  on  the  building  and  contents 
amounts  to  between  $150,000  and 
$200,000;  the  grand  organ,  which  cost 
$20,000,  is  destroyed ;  insurance,  about 
$130,000. 

Oct.  15.  A'eic  York.  The  American 
Board  of  Comnaissioners  for  Foreign 
Missions  celebrates  the  80th  anniver- 
sary of  the  Society.  [Oct.  17.  It  reelects 
the  Rev.  R.  S.  Storrs  of  Brooklyn  presi- 
dent.] 

The  Presbytery  forward  a  proposed 
revision  of  the  "Westminster  Confes- 
sion of  Faith  to  he  considered  by  the 
General  Assembly. 

Oct.  18.  Mich.  Thomas  F.Davies  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  Michigan. 

Oct.  20.  I'a.  The  Rev.  S.  Van  de  Vyver 
is  installed  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
the  Diocese  of  Richmond. 

Oct.  21.  Conn.  Isaac  C.  Lewis,  Univer- 
salist,  deeds  a  $75,000  block  in  Mer- 
iden  to  the  City  Mission  (unsectarian) 
with  the  stipulation  that  it  shall  be  kept 
free  from  incumbrance  and  the  income 
used  in  carrying  on  mission-work  in 
that  city. 

Oct.  22.  Capuchins  sail  from  Dublin 
for  America  to  collect  funds  for  com- 
pleting a  memorial  church  to  the  tem- 
perance apostle.  Father  Mathew. 

Md.    The  2d  biennial  convention  of 

the  Young  "Women's  Christian  As- 
sociations of  the  United  States  and 
Canada  begins  at  Baltimore ;  delegates 
are  present  from  60  Associations. 

Oct.  26.  Neto  York.  An  archdiocesan 
union  of  the  Boman  Catholic  Total 
Abstinence  Societies  is  organized. 

Oct.  27.  Netv  York.  The  John  Street 
Methodist  Spiscopal  church  cele- 
brates the  123d  anniversary  of  Meth- 
odism in  this  country. 

Oct.  28.  N.  Y.  Dr.  Talmage  breaks 
gromid  for  his  new  Tabernacle;  a 
umnber  of  prominent  ministers  partici- 
pate in  the  ceremony. 

Oct.  28-31.  Phila.  The  13th  Na- 
tional "Unitarian  Conference  opens. 

Oct.  29.  Chicago.  Tlie  43d  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  American  Missionary  So- 
ciety begins. 

Oct.  *  J.  "W.  Holt  is  elected  first  United 
Brethren  bishop. 


Oct.  *  New  York.  The  103d  General 
Assembly  (Presbjrterian)  meets  ;  Wil- 
liam Charles  Roberts,  moderator. 

Oct.  *  Pa.  The  34th  General  Synod 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  meets  at  Alle- 
gheny. 

Oct.  ♦  The  Unitarian  "S"ounger  Minis- 
ters' Association  is  formed. 

Nov.  2-12.  Mil.  The  Congress  of  Ro- 
man Catholic  laymen  formally  opens 
at  Baltimore. 

The  Centennial  of  the  Establishment 
of  the  Catholic  Church  in  America  is 
celebrated  with  great  pomp  and  splen- 
dor. 

Two  Cardinals  in  scarlet  robes,  and 
hundreds  of  white-clad  clergy,  are  in  the 
procession  on  Sunday.  1,200  delegates 
are  called  to  order  on  Monday  by  ex- 
Gov.  Carroll. 

(Nov.  3.)  Archbishop  SatoUi,  the  papal 
representative,  arrives  at  Baltimore. 

(Nov.  11.)  Premier  Mercier  of  Canada, 
and  Daniel  Dougherty  of  New  York,  ad- 
dress the  Congress  ;  the  latter  speaks  in 
defense  of  the  Independence  of  the  Holy 
See. 

Nov.  4.  N.  Y.  The  New  York  Presby- 
tery decides  in  favor  of  a  revision  of 
the  Confession  of  Faith. 

Nov.  8.  N,  Y.  The  Plymouth  Church, 
Brooklyn,  votes  to  install  Lyman  Ab- 
bottas  Henry  Ward  Beecher's  successor, 

Nov.  15.  Phila.  Archbishop  Ryan  sup- 
ports the  right  of  Catholic  writers  to 
criticise  the  faults  of  priests. 

Nov.  16.  Chicago.  The  2d  Annual  Con- 
ference of  the  Church  of  God  in  Christ 
Jesus  meets. 

Nov.  17.  Md,  Roman  Catholics  hold 
a  high-license  mass-meeting  in  Bal- 
timore ;  Cardinal  Gibbons,  Bishop  Ire- 
land, and  others  take  part, 

Nov.  18.  Boston.  National  Guild  Alli- 
ance (Unitarian)  is  organized. 


LETTERS. 

1889  Oct.  2.  Mass.  Clark  University 
at  Worcester  is  dedicated. 

Oct.  7.  NetD  York.  Ex-Mayor  Seth 
Low  of  Brooklyn  is  elected  to  the  presi- 
dency of  Columbia.  [Nov.  4.  lie  for- 
mally accepts.] 

Oct,  12.  Pa.  Andrew  Carnegie  ap- 
points a  Citizens'  Committee  to  select  a 
suitable  site  for  a  $600,000  free  li- 

.  brary  in  Pittsburg  which  he  proposes 
to  create. 

Oct.  17.  The  New  York  State  school 
superintendents  decide  to  revise  the 
Compulsory  Educational  Bill,  and 
urge  its  passage  by  the  Legislature. 

Oct.  19.  N.  Y.  Brooklyn  public  schools 
are  each  presented  with  a  United  States 
flag  by  U.  S.  Grant  Post  of  the  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic,  at  the  Academy 
of  Music. 

Oct.  20.  Boston.  Trouble  arises  over 
a  school  history  that  had  been  revised 
to  meet  the  requirements  of  Roman 
Catholic  critics ;  it  causes  much  con- 
troversy. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1889,  Oct.  1-Nov.  22.     347 


Oct.  21,  Mass.  At  Springfield  a  French 
Protestant  college  is  dedicated. 

Oct.  23.  Mass.  At  AVellesley  College  a 
School  of  Art  is  dedicated. 

Oct.  27.  Conn.  Yale  studenta  decide  to 
form  classes  for  the  systematic  study 
of  the  Bible. 

Oct.  30.  Xcw  York.  The  annual  fall 
meeting  of  the  American  Oriental  So- 
ciety begins  at  Columbia  College. 

Nov.  4.  Chicago.  John  Crerar  by  will 
leaves  $2,500,000  to  found  the  John 
Crerar  Library. 

Nov.  5.  Phila.  The  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania adopts  a  modified  form  of  a 
coeducational  system. 

Nov.  8.  Md.  Mrs.  Caroline  Donovan 
gives  $100,000  to  Johns  Hopkins 
University  to  found  a  chair  of  English 
literature. 

Nov.  9.  X.  J.  Dr.  J.  E.  Rankin  of  Orange 
is  elected  president  of  Howard  Uni- 
versity, as  successor  to  Dr.  W.  W. 
Patton. 

Nov.  13.  D,  C.  The  new  Roman  Cath- 
olic University  of  America  at  Wash- 
ington is  opened  with  customary  cere- 
monials. [Koman  Catholics  of  America 
raise  $50,000  to  endow  a  chair  in  memory 
of  Father  Mathew.] 

Nov.  18.  Neto  York.  Haines  W.  Con- 
ningham  succeeds  Robert  P.  Porter  as 
editor  of  the  Press. 

Nov.  20.  Boston.  The  city  provides  that 
the  American  flag  shall  float  from  each 
schoolhouse  in  this  city. 

SOCIETY. 

1889  Oct.  1.  JV.  Dak.  The  prohibi- 
tion clause  of  the  Constitution  is  ratified 
by  a  special  vote.     Vote,  18,552-17,393. 

S.  Dak.  The  people  approve  the  ar- 
ticle of  the  Constitution  which  prohibits 
the  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicat- 
ing beverages.     Vote,  40,239-34,510. 

Wash.    Prohibition  and  tlie  woman 

suffrage  clauses  of  the  Constitution  are 
rejected  by  the  vote  of  the  people. 

Oct.  7.  C'onji.  Tlie  vote  on  the  Prohibi- 
tion Amendment  to  the  Constitution 
is  adverse  ;  majority  about  27,000. 

Oct.  21.  Ky.  The  Howard  faction, 
in  the  Howard-Turner  feud  in  Harlan 
County,  is  defeated  by  the  aid  of  the 
militia. 

STATE. 

1889  Oct.  1.  Mont.  The  people  ratify 
the  Constitution.    Vote,  ^,676-2,274. 

X.  Dak.     The  people  vote  to  ratify 

the  Constitution ;  it  prohibits  the 
liquor-traflfic. 

S.  Dak.    The  people  adopt  the  Sioux 

Falls  Constitution.    Vote,  70,131-3,267. 

Wash.  The  people  ratify  the  Con- 
stitution.   Vote,  40,153-11,879. 

Oct.  2.  D.  C.  Eighteen  independent 
American  nations  are  represented  in 
the  International  American  Conference 
which  opens  at  Washington  ;  the  Con- 
gress organizes ;   the  delegates  are  re- 


ceived by  President  Harrison  and  dined 
by  Secretary  Blaine. 

Mass.     The  Democrats  nominate  ex- 

Gov.  W.  E.  Kussell  for  governor. 

JV.  Y.    The  Civil  Service  Reform 

Lieague  adopts  resolutions  and  reelects 
George  William  Curtis  president. 

Oct.  8.  Xew  York.  The  Supreme  Court 
decrees  that  in  all  actions  for  abso- 
lute divorce,  where  no  answer  is  inter- 
posed, reference  to  take  proof  will  not 
be  granted. 

Oct.  9.  Minn.  The  Chippewa  Indians 
sell  their  surplus  reservation  to  the 
United  States. 

Oct.  11.  .V.  Y.  The  International 
Congress  delegates,  in  a  tour  of  obser- 
vation, reach  Albany,  and  are  addressed 
at  a  reception  by  Gov.  Hill. 

Oct.  15.  New  York.  Sir  Jnlian  Paunce- 
fote,  the  British  minister,  arrives. 

S.  Dak.  The  first  Xicgislature  meets 

and  organizes  at  Pierre,  the  capital. 

Oct.  23.  New  York.  At  a  citizens*  mass- 
meeting  a  city  ticket  is  nominated  in 
protest  against  Tammany  Hall,  and 
in  favor  of  clean  municipal  govern- 
ment. [Oct.  24.  The  citizens'  ticket 
is  approved  by  the  Republican  and  the 
County  Democracy  county  conventions.] 

Nov.  2.  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
the  State  of  North  Dakota  admitted 
into  the  Union  as  the  39th  State.  South 
Dakota  is  admitted  into  the  Union  as 
the  40th  State. 

Nov.  5.  State  elections  are  held  in 
New  York  and  nine  other  States,  with 
TUiusual  Democratic  success;  Idaho 
and  Wyoming  Territories  vote  upon 
their  proposed  State  Constitutions. 

The  Democratic  plurality  for  gover- 
nor in  Iowa  is  6,073,  out  the  Republicans 
still  have  a  majority  in  the  Legislature. 
The  Democratic  plurality  for  governor 
in  Oliio  is  about  11,000,  the  remainder 
of  the  State  ticket  Republican :  the 
Legislature  is  Democratic  by  10  majority 
on  joint  ballot. 

Nov.  7.  N.  Dak.  The  State  officials 
first  assume  their  places. 

Nov.  8.  D.  C.  Montana  is  admitted 
into  the  Union  as  the  4l8t  State. 

Nov.  9.  The  free  delivery  of  letters 
is  extended  to  all  cities  in  the  United 
States  having  5,000  inhal)itants. 

Nov.  11.  D.  C.  President  Harrison  is- 
sues a  proclamation  admitting  Wash- 
ington into  the  Union  as  the  42d  State. 

Nov.  12.  Ind.  The  Union  League  at 
Jefferson  bums  President  Harrison 
in  effigy  to  express  the  resentment  of 
disappointed  office-seekers. 

Nov.  16.  Kan.  The  Republicaos  are 
making  {unsuccessful]  efforts  to  secure 
the  resubmission  of  the  Prohibition 
Amendment  to  the  people. 

Nov.  18.  N.  Y.  Judge  Edwards  decides 
that  the  Republican  election  inspectors 
of  Troy  must  sign  the  election  re- 
turns, their  duty  being  to  attest  the 
correctness  of  the  count  of  the  ballots 
they  find  in  the  ballot-boxes,  and  not  to 
judge  of  their  validity. 


Nov.  22.  Alaska  is  demanding  repre- 
sentation in  Congress. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1889   Oct.  3.    The  boilers  of  the  steamer 

Corona  explode  on  the  Mississippi;  38 

lives  are  lost. 
Oct.   10.    New   York.    The  corner-stone 

of  the  new  building  of  the  New  York 

World,  at  the  corner  of  Park  Row  and 

Frankfort  Street,  is  laid. 

The  building  is  to  be  13  stories  high,„ 
and  from  the  roof  will  spring  a  dome  88 
feet  in  height  and  a  cupola  20  feet  high, 
and  the  top  300  feet  above  the  sidewalk,, 
a  30-foot  flag  staff  surmounting  all. 

Oct.  24.  Mo.  The  Wheat-growers* 
convention  at  St.  Louis  organizes  an. 
association. 

New  York.  The  World's  Fair  sub- 
scription-books are  opened,  and  $250,- 
000  is  at  once  subscribed. 

Oct.  28.  S.  Dak.  Twenty  thousand  peo- 
ple are  starving  and  destitute;  their 
condition  is  due  to  storms. 

Oct.  30.  Chicago.  A  great  horse-show 
opens ;  valueof  horses  exhibited,  $5,000,- 
000, 

Oct.  *  D.  C.  The  Government  is  informed 
of  the  awards  made  at  the  Paris  Expo- 
sition. 

The  United  States  exhibit  is  awarded 
53  grand  prizes,  199  gold  medals,  271  sil- 
ver medals,  218  bronze  medals,  220  hon- 
orable mentions. 

Oct.  *  Pa.  Gov.  Beaver  appoints  a  com- 
mission to  determine  the  feasibility  of 
constructing  a  ship-canal  to  connect 
the  water  of  Lake  Erie  and  the  Ohio 
River,  in  pursuance  of  a  joint  resolution 
of  the  last  Legislature. 

Oct.  ♦  S.  Dak.  The  selection  of  Pierre  as 
the  capital  of  the  State  creates  a  boom. 
Strangers  flock  into  the  city  by  thou- 
sands, every  train  being  loadecf  down 
with  prospectors  and  speculators.  Over 
$500,000  worth  of  property  change  hands 
in  one  day.  I^ots  have  risen  in  price 
from  $100  to  $1,000. 

Nov.  1.  Fla.  It  is  made  public,  that 
over  6,000,000  acres  of  land  are  con- 
solidated under  one  management  by  a 
syndicate  called  the  Associated  Land 
Department  of  Florida. 

Nov.  4.  Boston.  The  Maritime  Exhi- 
bition opens. 

Nov.  5.  D.  C.  President  Harrison  touches 
a  telegraphic  key  and  sets  in  motion  the 
wheels  of  the  Southern  Exposition  at 
Montgomery,  Ala. 

Chicago.     Horses  valued  at  $2,500,000 

are  exhibited  at  the  horse-show. 

Nov.  10.  Mo.  Eighteen  breweries  in 
St.  Louis  have  been  sold  to  an  English 
syndicate. 

New    York.    The  Broadway  Hoad 

guarantees  an  annual  payment  to  the 
city  of  $150,000  for  permission  to  change 
its  motive  power. 

Nov.  11.  Sunol,  the  famous  trotting 
filly,  is  sold  to  Robert  Bonner  for 
$45,000. 

Tlie    steamship    Oceanic    makes    a 

record  across  the  Pacific  of  13  days^ 
14  hours,  and  four  minutes. 


348      1889,  Nov.  22-** 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1889   Nov.  22.   Boston.  The  Squadron 
of  £!volution  arrives. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  Nov.  23±.  Colo.  Remarkable 
cliff-dwellings  are  discovered  —  one  425 
feet  long,  with  124  rooms  on  the  ground 
floor.  It  is  80  feet  high,  and  would  ac- 
commodate 1,000  people. 

Nov.  *  ///.  The  State  Grange  offers 
SIO.OOO  for  a  practical  contrivance  to 
bind  grain  with  straw  bands. 

Some  40  inventors  compete,  but  only 
one  machine  is  entirely  satisfactory. 

Dec.  9.  Chicago.  Adelina  Patti  sings 
at  the  dedication  of  the  Auditorium 
building  and  the  Opera  House ;  Presi- 
dent Harrison  is  present. 

New    York.      Thirteen    patients    are 

inoculated  at  Mt.  Sinai  and  St.  Luke's 
Hospitals  with  Dr.  Koch's  lymph. 

Dee.  13.  Pa.  The  Westinghouse  Elec- 
tric Company  devises  a  new  system  of 
lighting  at  Pittsburg. 

Dec.  14.  The  American  Academy  of 
Political  and  Social  Science  is 
founded, 

Dec.  26.  New  York,  The  American 
Geological  Society  begins  its  annual 
meeting. 

Dec.  27.  New  York.  The  American 
Society  of  Naturalists  begins  its  an- 
nual session. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1689. 

Nov.  23.  Ruthveu,  James  Alexander, 
lawyer,  A68. 

Nov.  34  Pendleton,  Qeoree  H..  M.  C, 
senator  for  O.,  Dem.  candidate  for  Vice- 
President,  Alinister  to  Germany,  A  64. 

Dec.  6.  Davis.  Jefferson,  senator  for 
Miss.,  secretary  of  war,  rresident  of  Con- 
federate .States  of  America.  AHI. 

Palfrey,  F.  W.,  brig. -gen.  of  vols.,  histo- 
rian, A  58. 

Dec.  8.  Tuigg,  John,  bishop  of  the  R.  C. 
Diocese  of  Pittsburg,  A  79. 

Dec.  1 1.  Johnson,  Oliver,  abolitionist,  jour- 
nalist, A  80. 

Dec.  14.  Jeffrey,  Reuben,  Baptist  clergy- 
man, dies. 

Dec.  15.     Formes,  Carl,  basso,  A79. 

Dec.  31.  Day,  Benjamin  H.,  founder  of 
the  N.  Y.  Su7i,  ABO. 

Dec.  23.  Grady,  Henry  Woodfen.  ora- 
tor, editor  Atlanta  Constitution,  A39. 

Dec.  39.  Roiuandt,  Charles  R.  von,  pro- 
fessor in  Rutgers,  dies. 

Dec.  31.  Patton,  William  W.,  pres.  How- 
ard Tntversity,  A  68. 

Allen,  Horatio,  builder  of  first  locomo- 
tive in  U.  S.,  A71. 

CHURCH. 

1889  Nov.  23.  Greece.  Dr.  Talmage 
preaches  on  Mai^  Hill  at  Athens  ;  [be 
there  secures  a  stone  for  his  new  Taber- 
nacle]. 

Dec.  2.  New  York.  The  Reformed 
Episcopal  Church  celebrates  the  IGth 
anniversary  of  its  establishment. 

N.  Y.  The  presbytery  of  Buffalo  de- 
cides in  favor  of  the  revision  of  the 
creed. 

O.  The  General  Convention  (Prot- 
estant Episcopal)  opens  at  Cleveland. 

Dec.  4,  Boston.  A  General  Christian 
Conference  under  the  auspices  of  the 
American  Evangelical  AUiauce  of  the 
United  States  begins. 


Dec.  7.  Pa.  Bishop  Hichard  Phelan 
succeeds  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Dio- 
cese of  Pittsburg. 

Dec.  8.  New  York.  Dr.  M 'Glynn 
speaks  at  Cooper  Union  on  "  Church 
Despots  and  Popular  Rights." 

Dec.  10.  Pa.  The  Pope  decides  in 
favor  of  Sister  Alphonse,  as  againt^t 
Bishop  Phelan  of  Pittsburg,  in  the  con- 
test for  supremacy  in  the  Ursuline  con- 
vent of  Mt.  St.  Ursula  at  Pittsburg, 
restoring  the  French  nuns. 

Dec.  11-12.  Boston,  A  Congress  of 
Churches  is  held  in  Treniont  Temple 
to  consider  the  relation  of  the  secret- 
lodge  system  to  civil  liberty  and  the 
Christian  religion. 

Dec.  11.  Conn.  The  Yale  Roman 
Catholic  Club  holds  its  first  meeting ; 
it  is  recognized  by  President  Dwight  as 
a  Yale  College  organization. 

Dec.  15.  Conn.  Dwight  L.  Moody 
holds  services  at  Yale  University. 

Afd.    The  Catholic  Young  Men's 

Society  is  organized  at  Baltimore. 

Dec.  22,  Ga.  Prayers  are  offered  in 
all  the  churches  in  Atlanta  for  Henry 
W.  Grady's  recovery  from  serious  illness. 

Dec.  27.  Minn.  At  St.  Paul,  Rev.  John 
Slianley  of  St.  Paul,  Rev.  James  McGol- 
driclt  of  Minneapolis,  and  Rev.  Joseph 
B.  Cotter  of  AVinona,  are  consecrated 
Roman  Catholic  bishops. 

LETTERS. 

1889  Nov.  *  New  York.  Mayor  Grant 
appoints  seven  school  commissioners  — 
two  of  them  women. 

Dec.  2.  New  York.  Col.  John  A.  Cock- 
erill  is  reelected  president  of  the  Press 
Club. 

Dec.  18.  N.  Y.  The  Adelphi  Academy 
of  Brooklyn  is  burned  ;  loss,  $75,000. 

Dec.  25+:.  New  York.  The  Hebrews  are 
establishing  free  schools. 

Dec.  26-28.  New  York.  The  first  an- 
nual meeting  of  The  Music  Teachers* 
Association  is  held. 

Dec.  28-31.  Z>.  C.  The  American 
Historical  Association  holds  its  6th 
annual  meeting  in  Washington. 

Dee.  29.  N.  J.  The  valuable  library  of 
the  late  Dr.  George  L.  Janeway  is  pre- 
sented to  Rutgers  College. 

Dec.  30.  Mass.  A  library  building 
worth  $250,000  and  containing  10,000 
volumes  is  to  be  given  to  Arlington  by 
Mrs.  Maria  Bobbins  of  New  York. 

*  *  Cal.  —  N.Y.  A  Normal  School  is 
opened  by  the  State  at  Chico ;  and  an- 
other at  Oneonta,  Otsego  County,  N.  Y. 

SOCIETY. 
1889  Dec.  16.  Chicago.  Daniel  Cough- 
lin,  Martin  Burke,  Alexander  Sullivan, 
of  the  Clan-na-Gael,  are  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  for  life  for  the  murder 
of  Dr.  P.  H.  Cronin.  John  Kunz  is 
sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  three 
years,  and  John  F.  Beggs  is  discharged. 
[Couglilin  is  acquitted  on  a  new  trial, 
Mar.  8,  1894.] 


Dec.  18.  Neb.  A  central  prohibition 
organization  is  formed  by  a  convention 
at  Omaha ;  250  delegates  represent  five 
near-by  States. 

Dec.  19.  iV.  Dak.  A  prohibitory  law 
is  enacted  and  signed ;  it  is  to  become 
effective  on  July  1st. 

STATE. 

1889  Nov.  23.  Mont.  The  State  Le- 
gislature meets  for  the  first  time,  on 
the  call  of  the  governor. 

Nov.  26.  N.  Y.  Thomas  C.  Piatt  is 
removed  from  the  quarantine  conimis- 
sionership  by  decision  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals. 

Nov.  *  IVyo.  The  people  ratify  the  Con- 
stitution.   Vote,  6,272-1,923. 

Dec.  2.  D.  C.  The  Slst  Congress 
opens. 

Congress ;  Senate :  John  J.  Ingalls 
(Rep.)  of  Kan.  is  reelected  president  pro 
tempore.  House  :  Thomas  B.  Reed  of 
Me.  is  elected  Speaker ;  Edward  Mc- 
pherson of  Pa.,  clerk. 

President  Harrison  submits  to  Con- 
gress bis  first  message  ;  be  gives  warn- 
ing of  the  dangers  of  an  extravagant 
surplus,  and  shows  that  the  revenues  of 
the  last  year  exceed  the  expenses  bv 
$105,053,443.24,  and  that  the  excess  for 
this  year  will  be  .$83,000,000.  He  favors 
a  revision  of  the  tariff. 

Dec.  3.  N.  Dak.  The  first  State  Legis- 
lature meets  at  Bismarck. 
Dec.  4.  D.  C.  President  Harrison  ax)- 
points  David  J.  Brewer  of  Kan.  to  be 
Associate  Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court.  [Dec.  18.  Confirmed  by  the 
Senate.] 

Congress;  Senate:  C.  K.  Daris  of 
Minn,  introduces  the  Dependent  Pen- 
sion Bill,  granting  pensions  to  soldiers 
who  are  incapacitated  for  manual  labor, 
also  for  dependent  relatives  of  deceased 
soldiers. 

J.  S.  Morrill  of  Vt.  introduces  the  bill 
to  repay  the  direct  tax  collected  from 
the  States  under  the  Tax  Act  of  Aug.  5, 
1861. 

J.  Sherman  of  O.  introduces  the  Anti- 
Trtist  Bill,  declaring  unlawful  trusts 
and  combinations  in  restraint  of  trade 
and  production. 

John  H.  Reagan  of  Tex.  introduces  a 
bill  for  the  free  coinage  of  silver. 

James  F.  Wilson  of  la.  introduces  the 
Original  Package  Bill,  subjecting  im- 
ported liquors  to  the  provisions  of  the 
several  States. 

H.  W.  Blair  of  N.  H.  introduces  the 
^Educational  BUI,  appropriating  $77,- 
000,000   for    the    extension    of  common 
schools. 
Dec.  5.    D.  C.    Congress:  In  the  Senate 
John  J.  Ingalls  of  Kan.  introduces  the 
"World's  Pair  Bill,  to  aid  in  commemo- 
rating the  400th  anniversary  of  the  dis- 
covery of  America. 
Dec.  7.  D.C.  The  Pan- American  Con- 
gress provides  for  16  committees  to  be 
appointed  by  the  president,  James  G. 
Blaine. 
Dec.  9.    D.  C.   Congress ;  Senate  :  A  bill 
is  introduced  for  the  relief  of  the  as- 


UNITED  STATES. 


1889,  Nov.  22-**.      349 


signeesof  John  Roach;  a  bill  to  admit   Deo.  27.   S.C.   Anew  design  for  a  navy 


Idaho  as  a  State  is  introduced  by  O.  II. 
Piatt  of  Conn. ;  a  resolution  by  Senator 
Sherman  of  O.  in  favor  of  settlement 
of  international  disputes  by  arbitra- 
tion is  referred  to  tlio  Committee  on 
Foreign  Kelations. 

In  the  House  the  Speaker  appoints 
various  committees,  with  Judge  Har- 
rison Kelley  of  Kan.  as  chairman  on 
Manufactures,  W.  .McKinley  of  O.  on 
"Ways  and  Cleans,  and  J.  Q.  Cannon  of 
111.  ou  Appropriations. 
Deo.  10.  I).  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate a  bill  is  introduced  proposing  New 
York  as  the  place  for  holding  the 
World's  Fair ;  the  Federal  Elections 
Bill  is  introduced  by  W.  E.  Chandler 
of  N.  H. 

A  Convention  of  the  governors  of  the 
States  and  Territories  opens. 

Boston.   T.  H.  Hart  (Rep.)  is  reelected 

mayor. 
Dec.  11.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate a  bill  is  introduced  for  a  service 
pension;  the  two  Houses  meet  in 
joint  session  to  commemorate  the  cen- 
tennial of  the  inauguration  of  Presi- 
dent Washington,  Chief-Justice  Fuller 
delivering  the  oration, 

J/rf,  —  Va.    The  Hog  Island  boundary 

dispute  between  Maryland  and  Virginia 
is  settled. 
Dec.  12.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  M. 
C.  Butler  of  N.  C.  introduces  the  Negro 
Emigration  Bill  relative  to  negroes 
leaving  the  Southern  States. 

John  Sherman  of  O.  introduces  a  bill 
to  revive   the   grade   of  lieutenant- 
general  in  the  army. 
Deo.  16.    I).  C.    Congress :  The  Senate 
receives  from  the  President  the  new 
Extradition  Treaty  with  England. 
Neto  York.    The  Pan-American  Con- 
gress delegates  are  received  as  guests  of 
the  city. 
Dec.  18.     D.    C.      Congress;    House: 
George  W.  E.  Dorsey  of  Neb.  introduces 
a  National   Bank   Circulation   Bill, 
providing  for  the  issue  of  circulating 
notes  to  national  banks. 

Joseph  M.  Carey  of  "Wyo.  introduces  a 
bill  to  admit  Wyoming  into  the  Union 
as  a  State. 
Deo.  20.    D.  C.     Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  joint  resolution  for  repairing 
damages  by  the  Sacramento  floods. 
In  the  House,  B.  B.  Taylor  introduces 
a  Uniform  System  of  Bankruptcy  Bill. 
John  H.  O'Neall  of  Ind.  introduces  the 
Anti-Convict  Ijabor  BiU,  prohibiting 
convict  labor  on  public  works. 
Dec.  21.    D.C.    Congress ;  House :  The 
Committee  on  Appropriations  introduce 
the  District  of  Columbia  Appropria- 
tion Bill. 
Deo.  24.    D.  C.    Secretary  Windom  in- 
vites proposals  for  the  right  to  take  fur 
seals  on  the  islands  of  St.  Paul  and  St. 
George,  Alaska. 
Dec.  26.    n.  C.    The  House  Commit- 
tee on  Ways  and  Means  begin  their 
sittings  on  the  tariff. 


flag  is  adopted,  to  take  effect  July  1 
18^1 ;  it  consists  of  a  rectangular  arrange- 
ment of  42  stars. 

Dec.  30.  X.  }'.  The  Electrocution 
Law  is  declared  to  be  constitutional 
by  the  General  Term  at  Rochester. 

Dec.  31.  7>.  C.  The  International 
Marine  Conference  finishes  its  work 
and  finally  adjourns. 

Dec.  *  Mont.  The  Legislature  is  in  a 
stubborn  deadlock,  the  Democratic 
members  of  the  Senate  absenting  them- 
selves from  that  body  till  the  session 
expires,  and  the  Republican  and  Demo- 
cratic members  of  the  House  holding 
separate  sessions. 

Dec.  •  W.  Va.  Gov.  Wilson  calls  the 
Legislature  to  meet  in  special  session 
on  Jan.  15  ;  the  most  important  business 
to  be  considered  is  the  settlement  of 
the  contest  between  A.  B.  Fleming  and 
Nathan  Goff  for  the  governorship. 

*  *  Me.  The  Legislature  passes  an  act 
against  the  organization  of  trusts. 

*  •  Mich.,  Minn.,  Mo.,  Mont.,  R.  I.,  Wis. 
The  secret  ballot  law  is  enacted. 

*  *    U.  S.    Governors  Inaugurated: 
-93*  *  Alas.  (Ter.).    Lyman  E.  Knapp. 
-91*  *  Ariz.  (Ter.).  Lewis  Wolfley. 
-93  *  *  Ark.    James  P.  Eagle. 

-90  *  *  Colo.    Job  A.  Cooper. 

-91  *  *  Conn.    Morgan  G.  Buckeley. 

-93  *  *  Fla.    Francis  P.  Fleming. 

-93  *  »  lit.    Joseph  W.  Fifer. 

-89  *  *  Ind.    Alvin  P.  Hovey  (deceased), 

-92  *  *  Me.    Edwin  C.  Burleigh. 

-93  ♦  *  Mo.    David  R.  Francis. 

Mont.  ( Ter.)  Benjamin  P.  White. 
-93  *  *  Mont.  (Ter.)    .Joseph  K.  Toole. 
-91  •  *  A'.  U.    David  H.  Goodell. 

N.  Mex.  (Ter.).    L.  B.  Prince. 
-93  »  *  N.C.    Daniel  G.  Fowle. 
-91  *  *N.  Dak.    John  Miller. 

B.  I.    H.  W.  Ladd. 
-91  *  *  S.  Dak.    Arthur  C.  Mellette. 
-93*  *  Utah. (Ter.).  Arthur L. Thomas. 
-91  •  •  Wis.    William  D.  Hoard. 
-90  ♦  *  Wyo.  (Ter.).    F.  E.  Warren. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  Nov.  24.  Jap.  The  Pacific  mail- 
steamer  China  is  ashore  at  Yokohama ; 
she  is  valued  at  $1,000,000. 

Nov.  25.  ///.  Edwardsville  loses  J300,- 
000  by  fire. 

Nov.  26.  Mass.  A  great  fire  sweeps  over 
25  acres  of  Lsmn,  burning  330  build- 
ings, one-third  of  the  business  portion  of 
the  town,  and  rendering  175  families 
homeless. 

About  7,000  people  are  thrown  out  of 
work.  The  loss  on  buildings  alone  is 
nearly  81,500,000. 

Mo.  The  National  Silver  Conven- 
tion meets  in  St.  Louis ;  A.  J.  Warner 
of  O.  is  chosen  president. 

Nov.  27.  X'.  J.  The  German  bark  Ger- 
mania  from  Stettin  is  wrecked  at  XiOng 
Branch;  the  captain  and  eight  sailors 
are  drowned. 

Nov.  28.  Jlnston.  A  fire  destroys  prop- 
erty valued  at  85,000,000. 

Nov.  30.  Minn.  The  Tribune  building 
is  burned  out. 


At  the  time  of  the  fire  100  or  more  men 
are  at  work  in  the  upper  stories  of  the 
building  ;  10 persons  perish  in  the  fiames. 

Nov.  *  A'ew  York.  The  proprietor  of 
Judge  offers  the  Government  $100,000 
for  the  privilege  of  printing  adver- 
tisements on  the  back  of  the  United 
States  postage-stamps.  [Declined.] 
*  »  Tenn.  The  East  Tennessee  Land 
Company  is  organized  with  $3,000,000 
capital ;  Gen.  Clinton  B.  Fisk  of  New 
York,  president. 
Nov.  *    Va.    A  fire  destroys  property  in 

Petersburg  valued  at  $750,000. 
Dec.  7.    N.  Y.    Boscobel,  long  known  as 
Henry  AW.  Beecher's  country-place, 
is  sold  for  $75,000. 

N.  Mex.    The  Cerro  Blanco  mines 

are  sold  to  an  English   syndicate   for 
$1,500,000. 
Tenn.    An  English  syndicate  pur- 
chases  86,000   acres   of    coal    and 
mineral  laud   in  Marion  County  for 
$2,212,000. 
Dec.  9.    Phila.    Spreckel's  big  sugar 
refinery  begins  operations.    Its  capa- 
city is  2,000,000  pounds  every  24  hours. 
Dec.  12.      New    York.      The    World's 
Fair    Guaranty    Fund    amounts    to 
$5,224,434  ;  and  the  Washington  Me- 
morial Arch  Fund  to  $61,768.71. 
Dec.  14.    A".    Y.    The  United   Franklin 
and  Clyde  Glass  Companies  of  Syra- 
cuse consolidate  with  a  joint  capital  of 
$1,583,600. 

The  Citizens'  Steamboat  Company 
of  Troy  decides  to  sell  its  boats  and 
charter  to  an  English  syndicate  for 
$1,000,000. 
Dec.  28.  Miss.  The  Citizens'  ware- 
house, Y'azoo  City,  containing  6,000 
hales  of  cotton  and  seven  freight-cars, 
is  burned ;  loss,  $327,000. 

W.  Va.    At  White  Sulphur  Springs, 

near  Charleston,  six  cars  are  destroyed 
in  a  railroad  accident  caused  by  the 
spreading  of  the  rails.    In  the  wreck  11 
people  are  killed  and  25  injured. 
Dec.  *  Kan.     Thousands    of   bushels   of 
com  are  being  burned  for  fuel ;  in  some 
counties  the  market  price  of  corn  is  less 
than  15  cents  per  bushel,  while  coal  is 
from  25  to  35  cents  per  bushel. 
Dec.  *  Ky.    It  is  reported  th.at  260,000 
acres  of  coal  and  timber  land  near 
Middlesborough  h.ive  been  sold  to  Eng- 
lish capitalists  for  $1,500,000. 
Dec.  *  New   York.    Nearly   300   miles 
of  electric  wires  and  about  800  poles 
have  been  cut  down  to  clear  the  streets. 
Deo.  31.     U.S.    Statistics  for  1889. 

Production  :  Gold,  .?32,80O,00O  ;  silver, 
$64,646,000;  bushels  of  grain:  ln<liun 
corn,  2,112,892,000;  wheat,  4:i0,560,000 ; 
oats,  751 ,515,000;  barley,  60,000.000+  ;  rve, 
30,000,000+  ;  buckwheat,  11,000,000+  ; 
bales  of  cotton,  6,936,082 ;  pounds  of  wool. 
265,000,000;  barrels  of  petroleum,  34.820,- 
306.  Currency  in  circulation,  $1,380,361,- 
649  ;  per  capita,  $22.52.  Immigrants  re- 
ceived (fiscal  year),  444,427.  Miles  of 
railroads  worked,  152,689;  capital  stock. 
$4,495,099,318;  total  railroad  accidents, 
1,569 ;  persons  killed,  5,823  ;  persons  in- 
jured, 26,309.  Fire-waste,  $123.016.8.33; 
insurance,  $73,679,465.  Business  failures, 
11,719 ;  liabilities,  $140,359,490. 


850    1889,**-1890,Jaii.  15. 


AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1889*  *  D,  C.  Congreas  provides  for 
the  establishment  of  a  gun-making 
plant  at  West  Troy,  New  York. 

1890  Jan.  11.  The  Squadron  of  Evo- 
lution in  the  Mediterranean  suffers 
severely  with  influenza;  180  cases  on 
.the  Chicago  alone. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  *  *  Cal.  The  floods  at  Los  An- 
geles change  the  channel  of  the  river 
below  the  city  and  turn  the  water  on  the 
fruit-lands.    Damage,  ^750,000. 

-*  *  iVew  York.  Hamilton  Hamilton  of 
Mount  Vernon,  Olin  L.  Warner  of  New 
York  City,  and  Augustus  St.  Gaudens 
are  elected  members  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  New  York.  A  committee  of  experts 
is  examining  the  obelisk  in  Central 
Park,  endeavoring  to  devise  some  means 
to  preserve  it  from  further  cracking  and 
crumbling.    [Coated  with  paraflBn.] 

*  *  5.  Dak.  Natural  gas  is  discovered  in 
Bedfield,  Spink  county  ;  the  pressure  is 
so  great  that  sand  and  gravel  are  forced 
60  feet  into  the  air. 

1890  Jan.  3.  Neic  Ym-k.  An  Amer- 
ican Fine  Art  Society  is  formed. 

-Jan.  6.  Professor  S.  W.  Burnham*s  tele- 
gram from  South  America,  announcing 
the  successful  observation  of  the 
eclipse  of  the  sun,  is  received. 

Jan.  8.  N.  Y.  A  large  spray  of  cherry- 
blossoms  is  picked  from  a  tree  at  Nyack- 
on-the-Hudson. 

Jan.  13.  Ky.  A  tornado  strikes  Clin- 
ton, demolishing  55  houses  and  killing 
11  people. 

^Jan.  15.  New  York,  Rev.  H.  B.  Elliot 
claims  to  possess  Raphael's  Madonna 
of  the  Veil,  long  supposed  to  be  lost. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1890. 

Jan.  1.    Pierson,  Henry  R.,  chancellor  of 
University  of  N.  Y.,  A71. 

Jan.  S.    Boker,  George  H.,  litterateur,  dip- 
lomat, A67. 

Jan.  7.    Claflin,  Aaron  B.,  dry-goods  mer- 
chant, of  New  York,  A83. 

Jan.  8.    Lapham,  Eldredge  G.,  senator  for 
N.  Y.,  A7(>. 

Radford,  W.,  adm.  U.  S.  N.,  A82. 

Woods,  George  L.,  Gov.  of  Ore.,  A68. 

Jan.  9.    Kelley.  William  D..  M.  C.  for 
Pa.,  Fatlierof  the  House,  A76. 

CHURCH. 
1889  *  *  Boston.    The  Baptist  Annual 
Meeting  is  held. 

*  *  The  Homan  Catholic  Dioceses  of 

MMnona,  Minn.,  of  Sioux  Falls,  S.  D., 
and  of  Jamestown  in  North  Dakota,  are 
established. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Louisville ; 
N.  S.  Haynes,  president. 

*  *  Neb.  The  Nebraska  Free  Methodist 
Conference  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  International  Mission- 
ary Union  convenes  at  Hiughamton. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Springfield  ;  E. 
S.  McKitrie,  moderator. 


*  *  R.  I.     The  Congregational  Club  is 

formed  in  Providence. 

*  *  The  Central  Iowa,  Eastern  Michigan, 
Southern  California,  Puget  Sound,  Cen- 
tral Ohio,  Lincoln,  and  Berkshire  Con- 
gregational clubs  are  organized. 

*  *  The  Finnish  Suorai  Evangelical  Lu- 
theran Synod  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Woman's  Missionary  Union, 
auxiliary  to  the  Southern  Baptist  Con- 
vention, is  organized. 

1890  Jan.  1.  It.  The  Pope  grants 
a  benediction  to  the  people  of  America. 

Anson  R.  Graves  is  consecrated  (Prot- 
estant Episcopal)  bishop  of  the  Platte. 

Jan.  5.  Afass.  The  French  Canadians 
of  Fall  River  protest  against  tiie  action 
of  the  R.  C.  congress  at  Baltimore. 

Jan.  10.  New  York.  The  Chin-ch  As- 
sociation for  the  Advancement  of  the 
Interests  of  Labor  is  formed. 

Jan.  14.  It.  The  Peter's  pence, 
amounting  to  $37,000,  is  received  by  the 
Pope  from  North  America. 

LETTERS. 

1889  *  *  la.  The  Sioux  City  Training 
School  for  teachers  is  opened. 

*  *  La.  The  Evening  News  is  issued  at 
New  Orleans. 

*  *  N.  Mex.  The  Legislature  provides  for 
a  State  University  at  Albuquerque,  a 
School  of  Mines  at  Socorro,  and  an 
Agricultural  College  at  Las  Cruces. 

*  *  Neto  York.    Good  News  is  issued. 

*  *  New  York.  Barnard  College  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  Cleveland  Daily  World  is 
issued. 

*  *  American  and  imported  books 
published  during  the  year,  4,014,  besides 
minor  cheap  libraries. 

*  *  Accolon  of  Gaul,  with  other  PoemSt  by 
Madison  Curtis  Cawein,  appears. 

*  *  American  Literature,  by  Charles  F. 
Richardson,  appears. 

*  •  Appleton's  Cyclopedia  of  American 
Biography,  by  James  Grant  Wilson  and 
John  Fiske,  appears. 

*  *  The  Beginnings  of  New  England,  by 
John  Fiske,  appears ;  also  The  War  of 
Independence. 

*  *  Bibliotheca  Washingtoniana  appears. 

*  *  The  Century  Dictionary,  Sec.  1,  edited 
by  William  Dwight  Whitney,  appears. 

*  *  Commodus,  by  Lew  Wallace,  appears. 

*  *  Cyclopedia  of  Music  and  Musicians, 
by  John  Denison  Champlin,  appears. 

*  *  George  Washington,  by  Henry  Cabot 
Lodge,  appears. 

*  *  The  Germain  Emperor^  by  Poultney 
Bigelow,  appears. 

*  *  Greifenstein,  by  Francis  Marion  Craw- 
ford, appears  ;  also  SanV  Ilario. 

*  *  Hemdmi's  Lincoln,  by  William  H. 
Herndon  and  Jesse  W.  Weik,  appears. 

*  *  iristory  of  the  United  States,  by  Henry 
Adams,  appears. 

*  *  Hist<yry  of  Utah,  by  Hubert  Howe 
Bancroft,  appears. 


*  *  Jonathan  and  His  Continent,  by  Max 
O'Rell  and  Jack  Allyn,  appears. 

*  *  Liberal  Orthodoxy  of  To-day,  by  Ly- 
man Abbott,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  General  Lafayette,  by  Bayard 
Tuckerman,  appears. 

*  ♦  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of 
America,  by  Justin  Winsor,  appears 
complete. 

*  *  The  New  Smith,  by  Henry  Woodfen 
Grady,  appears. 

*  *  Projit- Sharing  between  Employer  and 
Employee,  by  Nicholas  Paine  Oilman, 
appears. 

*  *  Strange  True  Stories  of  Louisiana,  by 
George  W.  Cable,  appears. 

*  *  The  State,  by  Woodrow  Wilson,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  A  Transient  Guest  and  Other  Episodes, 
by  Edgar  Evertson  Saltus,  appears. 

*  *  The  Viking  Age,  hyPa.\ilB.duChskin\i., 
appears. 

*  *  Studies  in  the  South  and  East,  by 
Charles  Dudley  Warner,  appears ;  also 
A  Little  Journey  in  the   World. 

*  *  A  Hazard  of  New  Eortunes,  hyWiUxAjn 
Dean  Ho  wells,  appears. 

*  *  City  Legends,  by  Will  Carleton,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Passe-Rose,  by  Arthur  S.  Hardy,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Jupiter  Lights,  by  Constance  Fenimore 
Woolson,  appears. 

*  *  A  Yankee  at  the  Court  of  King  Arthur, 
by  Mark  Twain,  appears. 

1890  Jan.  2.  New  York.  The  Lenox 
Lyceum  is  formally  opened. 

Jan.  4.  New  York.  The  Homeopathic 
Medical  College  is  formally  opened. 

Jan.  7.  Co^in.  The  Osborne  (recita- 
tion) Hall  of  Yale  is  dedicated. 

SOCIETY. 

1889  *  *  Cal.  The  Legislature  passes  an 
act  recognizing  the  Veterans'  Home 
at  Yountville  as  a  State  institution,  and 
making  it  a  beneficiary  under  an  en- 
abling Act  of  Congress. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Preston  School  of  In- 
dustry for  Youthful  Criminals  at  lone 
City  is  founded. 

*  *  Colo.  The  Legislature  establishes  a 
Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home  at  Monte 
Vista  ;  also  a  State  Normal  School  at 
Greeley. 

*  *  In4.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
to  suppress  riotous  conspiracy,  aiming 
especially  at  the  secret  societies  called 
"White  Caps. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Circuit  Court  is  suspended 
in  Perry  and  Knott  counties  by  the 
terrorism  caused  by  savage  and  lawless 
bands  of  armed  men ;  the  governor 
from  motives  of  economy  declines  to 
call  out  troops  to  preserve  the  peace. 

*  *  Minn.  Memorial  Day,  May  30,  is 
made  a  legal  holiday. 

*  *  N.  C.  A  negro  exodus  threatens  to 
depopulate  some  parts  of  the  State ;  it 
is  encouraged  by  emigration  agents. 


UNITED   STATES.         1889,  ♦  *-1890,  Jan.  15.    351 


*  •  Neb.  Labor  Day,  the  1st  Monday 
in  September,  is  established  as  a  legal 
holiday. 

*  »  jV.  H.  The  Soldiers'  Home  is  es- 
tablished by  the  State  at  Tilton. 

*  •  X.  J.  The  local-option  and  high- 
license  law  is  repealed,  and  another 
high-license  law  enacted. 

*  •  Wis.  A  local-option  bill  is  passed, 
providing  for  elections  on  the  petition 
of  10  per  cent  of  the  voters. 

1890  Jan.  2.  5.  Dak.  Liquor-dealers 
cause  much  excitement  by  continuing 
in  business  notwithstanding  the  prohibi- 
tory law. 


F.  Gllkeson,  of  Pa.,  Second  Compl.;  B.  S. 
HoUiday,  of  Pa.,  Commissi&ner  of  Customs. 
Auditors  :  George  1".  Fisher,  of  Del.,  first ; 
J.  N.  rattersoii,  of  N.  11.,  Second;  William 
H.  Hart,  of  Ind.,  Thtrd ;  John  li.  Lynch,  of 
Miss.,  Fourth ;  L.  VV.  Haberconib,  of  1).  C, 
Fifth ;  Thomas  B.  Coulter,  of  O.,  Sixth. 
James  N.  Huston,  of  Ind.,  Treas.  U.  S.;  Wm. 
S.  Hosecrans,  of  Oal.  (1885),  Itegister  of  the 
Treasury ;  Edward  a.  Lacey,  of  Mich., 
Compt.  of  the  Currency ;  John  W.  Mason,  of 
W.  Va.,  Com.  of  Internal  Revenue;  Wm. 
W.  Bates,  of  N.  Y.,  Com.  of  Navigation  ; 
Alphonso  Hart,  of  O.,  Solicitor  of  Internal 
Revenue  ;  Edward  O.  Leech,  of  I).  C,  Direc- 
tor of  the  Mmt ;  John  B.  Hamilton,  of  111. 
(1879),  Supervising  Surg.-Oen. of  the  Marine 
Hospital  Service  ;  James  A.  Dumont,  of 
N.  Y.  (1876),  Supervising  Inspector-Gen.  of 
Steam  Vessels;  Wm.  M.  Meredith,  of  111., 
Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing;  James 
H.  Windrim,  of  I'a.,  Supervising  Architect. 


S.  C.    Gov.  Richardson  malces  every    "^f^    Department —  Lewis   A.    Grant,  of 

eifort  to  bring  to  justice  the  white       TA.y^^\4Zl'-,ot'^>i  ^'iL^cki'^JiTe! 
lynchers  of   the   negroes   who  were       "'  ■•'"     '•-  "—  •  "'-' — '  "   ■ — •   •■    ' 


confined  in  Barnwell  jail 

X.  C.  —  S.  C.    The  negro  exodus 

increases. 

Over  4,000  have  passed  through  Charles- 
ton on  their  way  to  Florida,  Alabama, 
and  Southern  Georgia. 

Jan.  4.  S.  C.  Two  Northern  detec- 
tives are  driven  out  of  Barnwell  County 
by  the  lynchers'  friends. 

X.  C.    A  Methodist  preacher  and  his 

wife  apply  to  the  British  minister 
for  protection  from  brutal  assaults. 

Neio  York.  A  new  revolutionary  so- 
ciety is  organized,  and  called  "The 
United  Irishmen." 

Jan.  6.  Mo.  Alice  Jackson,  an  heiress, 
is  the  second  time  abducted  at  St. 
Louis. 

Neb.    The  Masonic  Grand  Lodge 

expels  saloon-keepers. 
Jan.  7.  New  York.   A  special  meeting  of 

the  Southern  Society  passes  eulogistic 

resolutions  on  the  memory  of  Jefferson 

Davis.     [.Jan.  8.     The  \  ice-President, 

W.  P.  St.  John,  ia  offended  and  resigns.] 

Jan.  8.  New  York.  The  Business  Men's 
Association  gives  a  dinner  in  honor  of 
the  Democratic  governors  of  several 

States. 

Jan.  9.  Nev)  York.  The  Union  League 
elects  Chauncey  M.  Depew  its  presi- 
dent. 

Fta.  Ten  thousand  visitors,  repre- 
senting every  State  in  the  Union,  attend 
the  opening  exercises  of  the  Subtropi- 
cal Exhibition  at  Jacksonville  ;  Gov. 
Francis  P.  Fleming  delivers  an  address. 

Jan.  12.  Neio  York.  Major  W.  H.  Clark 
of  the  Southern  Society  is  arrested  for 
shooting  at  Wilton  Xiaudolph. 

Jan.  13.  Mass.  Manufacturers  of  Haver- 
hill lock  out  3,500  employees  who  were  Government  Printing  Office.  —  Frank  W. 
preparing  to  strike.  Palmer,  of  111.,  Public  Printer. 

Jan.  15.  Chicago.  The  Afro-American  Department  of  I.abor.  —  Carroll  D.  Wright, 


of  Ky.,  Ins.-  Gen. ;  Richard  N.  Batchelder, 
of  N.  H.  C1890J,  §.  U.  a.;  Beekman  I)u 
Barry,  of  N.J.  ri890J,  Com.-Gen.;  Charles 
Sutherland,  of  Pa.  [1891],  Surg.-Oen. ;  Wm. 
Smith,  of  Vt.  [1890],  P.  M.  O.;  Thomas  L. 
Casey,  of  K.  I.  (1888),  Chief  of  Engineers; 
.Stephen  V.  BeniSt,  of  Fla.  (1874),  Chiif  of 
Ordnance;  Guide  N.  Licher,  of  N.  Y.  (1885), 
Acting  J.  A.  G. ;  Adolphus  W.  Greely,  of  La. 
(1887),  CAiy  Signal  Officer. 
Navy  Department. —James  Kussell  Soley, 
of  Mass.  [1890],  Assist.  Sec.  Bi;re,vi!s: 
ISorman  H.  Farquhar,  of  I'a.  [1890],  Yards 
and  Docks ;  F'rancis  M.  Ramsay,  of  L).  C, 
Navigation;  William  M.  Folger,  of  O.  [1890], 
Ordnance;  Edwin  Stewart,  of  N.  Y.  [1890). 
Provisions  and  Clothing;  J.  Mills  Browne, 
of  N.  H.  (1888),  Medicine  and  Surgery; 
Theodore  D.  Wilson,  of  N.  Y.  (1886),  Con- 
struction and  Repair ;  George  Dewey,  of 
Vt.,  Equipment  and  Recruiting  ;  George  W. 
Melville,  of  N.  Y.  (1887),  Steam  Engineer- 
ing. Wm.  B.  Remey,  V.  S.  Marine  Corps, 
of  la.  (1878),  J.  A.  a.;  Charles  G.  McCaw- 
ley,  of  Pa.  (1876),  Commandant  of  Marine 
Corps. 

Fost-ofllce  Department.  —  James  S.  Clark- 
son,  of  la..  First  Assist.  P.  M.  G. ;  Smith  A. 
Whitfleld,  of  ().,  Second  Assist.  P.  M.  G.  , 
Abraham  I).  Hazen,  of  I'a.,  Third  Assist.  P. 
M.  G.;  James  N.  Tyner,  of  Ind.,  Assist. 
Ally. -Gen.;  (Vacant),  Supt.  of  Foreign 
Mails ;  Charles  F.  Macdonald,  of  Mass. 
(1864),  Supt.  of  Money  Order  System;  J. 
Lowrie  Bell,  of  Pa.,  Gen.  Supt.  of  Raihcay 
Mail  Service  ;  David  P.  Leibhardt,  of  Ind., 
Supt.  of  Dead  Letter  Office ;  F;ste8  G.  Rath- 
bone,  of  O.,  Chief  Post-office  Inspector. 

Interior  Department.  —  George  Chandler,  of 
Kan.,  F'vst  Assist.  Sec. ;  Cyrus  Bussey, 
of  N.  Y.,  Assist.  Sec. ;  George  H.  Shields,  of 
Mo.,  Assist.  Atty.-Gen.  Commissioners: 
Lewis  A.  Grofr,of  Neb.,Oenerat  land  Office; 
Green  B.  Raum,  of  111.,  Pensions;  Thomas 
J.  Morgan,  of  It.  I.,  Indian  Affairs;  Charles 
E.  Mitchell,  of  (Jonn.,  Patent  Office  ;  Horace 
A.  Taylor,  of  Wis.,  Railroads;  William  T. 
Harris,  of  Mass.,  Education.  John  W.  Pow- 
ell, of  m.  (1881),  Director  of  Geological 
Survey;  Edward  Clark,  of  Pa.  (1865), 
Architect  of  the  Capitol. 

Department  of  Juetice.  —  Orlow  W.  Chap- 
man, of  N.  Y.,  Solicitor-Oeneral ;  John  B. 
Cotton,  of  Me. ;  William  A.  Maury,  of  D.  C, 
Assist.  Attys.-Gen. 

Department  of  Agriculture.  —  Edwin  Wil 
lits,  of  Mich.,  Assist.  Sec 


of  Mass.  (1888),  Commissioner. 
Library  of  Congress.  —  Ainsworth  R.  Spof- 

ford,  of  O.  (1865),  Librarian. 
Government  Directors  in  the  Union  Pa- 
cific R.R.  Company.  —  Rufus  B.  Bullock, 
of  Ga.;  Jesse  Spalding,  of  III.;  George  K. 
Leighton,  of  Mo.:  John  F.  Plummer,  of 
N.  Y.;  James  W.  .Savage,  of  Neb.  (1885). 
Civil  Service  CommtSBloners.  —  Charles 
Lyman,  of  Conn.:    Theodore  Roosevelt,  of 

, ,,..„.i„.,         N.  Y.;  Hugh  S.  Thompson,  of  S.  C. 

of  Mass.,  Assist.  Sec. ;  Alvey  A.  Adee,  o^  Interstate  Commerce  Commissioners.  — 
N.  Y.  (1882),  Second  Assist.  Sec;  John  B.  Thomas  .M.  Cooley,  of  .AIi<'h.,  Chairman; 
ilooie,oi  Del.  ilism),  Third  Assist.  Sec.  William    R.    Morrison,    of    HI,;    Augustus 

■Treasury  Department.  —(Vacant),  of  N.  Y. ;        Schoonniaker,  of  N.  Y. ;  Walter  L.  Bragg,  of 
Oliver  I..  Siiauldlng,  of  Mich.  [1890];  Allured        •^l".;   Wheelock  G.  Veazey,  of  Vt. 
li.  Nptlleton,  of  Minn.  [1890],  Assist.  Sees.,     Ministers  and  Envoys. —  John  R.  G.  Pitkin, 
Asa  C.Matthews,  of  III.,  First  Compt.;  Benj.        of  La.,  at  Buenos  Ayres;  Frederick  D.  Grant, 


Leagues  hold  a  convention. 

STATE. 

1889  *  •■  1).  C.  Principal  department 
officers  of  the  Federal  Government. 
All  appointments  were  made  in  1889  by 
President  Harrison,  except  as  indicated. 

State  Department.  —  William  F.  Wharton, 


of  N.y., at  Vienna;  Edwin  H.  Terrell,  of  Tex., 
at  Brussels  ;  Robert  Adams,  Jr.,  of  Pa.,  at 
Bio  Janeiro;  Lansing  B.  Mizner,  of  Cal.,  at 
Guatemala;  Patrick  Egan,  of  Neb.,  at  San- 
tiago; Charles  Denby,  of  Ind.  (lS85),at  Pe- 
king; John  T.  Abbott,  of  N.  H.,  at  Bogota- 
Whitelaw  Keid,  of  N.  Y.,  at  Paris;  William 
Walter  Phelps,  of  N.  J.,  at  Berlin;  Robert 
I.  Lincoln,  of  in., at  London;  Albert  G.  I'or- 
ter,  of  Ind.,  at  Home;  John  F".  Swift,  of  Cal., 
at  Tokyo  ( Yeddo) ;  Thomas  Ryan,  of  Kan.,  at 
Mexico;  Samuel  K.  Thayer,  of  Minn.,  at  The 
Hague;  John  Hicks,  of  Wis.,  at  Lima;  (Va- 
cant) at  St.  Petersburg;  Thomas  W.  Palmer, 
of  Mich.,  at  Madrid;  William  W.  Thomas, 
Jr.,  of  Me.,  at  Stockholm;  Solomon  Hirsch, 
of  Ore.  (1886),  at  Constantinople;  WUIiam 
L.  Scruggs,  of  Ga.,  at  Caracas. 

1890  Jan.  5.  D.  C.  Henry  B.Brown 
of  Mich,  is  sworn  in  as  Justice  of  the 
U.  S.  Supreme  Court.  [Also  Jan.  6. 
David  J.  Brewer  of  Kan.] 

Jan.  7.  S.  Dak.  The  first  session  of 
the  Legislature  of  the  new  State  opens. 

Jan.  8.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  District  of  Colimibia  Appro- 
priation Bill  introduced  Dec.  21. 

St.  Louis's  claims  as  the  site  of  the 
World's  Fair  are  presented  to  the  Sen- 
ate Committee. 

Jan.  13.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
debates  concerning  the  Alaska  Seal 
Fisheries;  the  House  in  Committee  of 
the  Whole  considers  the  bill  to  provide 
for  town  site  entry  of  lands  in  Okla- 
homa. 

Jan.  15.  D.C.  The  Postmaster-General 
orders  the  establishment  of  20  new 
branch  stations  of  the  New  York  Post- 
office. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  *  »  Boston.  Electric  street-rail- 
roads are  first  operated. 

•  •  A'aii.  The  Legislature  encourages  the 
silk  industry  by  appropriating  813,- 
000  for  the  establishment  of  a  silk  sta- 
tion. 

*  *  Tex.  Arbor  Day  is  fixed  for  the  22d 
of  February. 

1890  Jan.  1.  New  York.  A  fire  in  the 
Liberty  Silk  Mills  causes  a  loss  of  S25Q- 
000. 

Pa.    The  Shelton  Axle  Works  in  the 

Wyoming  Valley,  employing  1,000  men, 
is  bought  by  an  English  syndicate. 

S.  C.     The    colored    people   open 

their  first  State  Fair  at  Columbus. 

Jan.  2.  N.J.  A  rubber  trust  is  formed 
at  Trenton. 

Jan.  4.  New  York.  The  EWorld's  Fair 
Fund  amounts  to  $5,302,265. 

Jan.  6.  Me.  Lewlston  loses  $500,000 
by  fire. 

Jan.  7.  New  York.  There  are  150,000 
cases  of  "  grip  "  reported. 

Jan.  9.  Fla.  The  Sub-Tropical  Ex- 
position opens  at  Jacksonville. 

Ky.   The  caisson  of  the  new  bridge 

at  Louisville  breaks,  and  14  men  are 
drowned. 

Jan.  11.  D.C.  The  "World's  Fair  Com- 
mittee from  New  York  submits  its 
memorial  to  the  Senatorial  Committee, 
urging  its  location  in  their  city. 

Kij.     At     Versailles    35    valuable 

horses,  including  one  that  cost  $51,000, 
perish  in  a  fire  ;  total  loss,  $360,000. 

Wis.  Milwaukee  millers  combine, 

with  $5,000,000  capital,  to  resist  English 
cumpetition. 


352     1890,  Jan.  15 -Feb.  * 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1890  Jan.  *  R.  I.  The  Cushing  is 
launched  at  Providence,  the  first  of 
the  modern  sea-going  torpedo  boats ; 
speed,   22.5  knots  per  hour. 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Joseph  R.  Smith  is  com- 
missioned colonel  —  medical  depart- 
ment. 

Feb.  28.  I).  C.  Commanders  Frederick 
Rogers  and  John  F.  McGlensey  are  pro- 
moted captains.  [Also  July  31.  Edgar 
C,  Merriman.] 

Feb.  *  D.  C.  Congress  passes  a  bill  al- 
lowing brevet  promotion  in  the  army 
when  engaged  in  Indian  service. 

Feb,  *  The  Squadron  of  Evolution 
sails  for  Villefrauche,  France;  later  it 
reaches  Toulon. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  Jan.  21.  Wash.  Ten  persons  and 
thousands  of  cattle  perish  by  a  storm. 

Jan.  25.  Tenn.  Earthquake  shocks  oc- 
cur. [Apr,  24.  Also  on  the  Pacific  coast 
for  two  hours.  May  24.  In  Montana, 
damaging  property.  May  25.  In  the 
Mohawk  Valley,  N.  Y.  May  28.  Nine 
shocks  in  Indianapolis,  Ind.  May  30.  At 
Dover,  Me.  Julyl.  Three  at  Santa  Rosa, 
Cal.    July  16.    For  one  minute  in  Ind.] 

Jan.  27.  Chicago.  The  stethotele- 
phone  is  patented  by  James  Louth. 

Jan.  *  The  Angelus  of  Millet  is  sent 
to  Chicago  for  exhibition. 

Jan,  *  Mo.  A  tornado  strikes  St.  Louis, 
blowing  down  scores  of  houses  and  kill- 
ing three  persons. 

Feb.*  Ida.  The  town  of  Burke  is  nearly 
destroyed  by  avalanches. 

Feb.*  N.  H.  Steps  are  taken  to  make  a 
State  park  of  the  White  and  Franconia 
Mountains  district. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1890. 

Jan.  17.  Henderson,  Peter,  florist,  author, 
A67. 

Jan.  19.    Vallejo,  Manuel  G.,  pioneer,  A8l. 

Jan.  22.  Forepau^h,  Adam,  showman, 
A59. 

Jan.  24.  Kiddleberger,  Harrison  H.,  sen- 
ator for  Va.,  A  45. 

Feb.  22.  Aster.  John  Jacob,  8r.,  esti- 
mated wealth,  $150,000,000,  At»5. 

CHURCH. 

1890  Jan.  16.  It.  The  Pope  issues 
an  encyclical  ordering  Catholics  to 
give  implicit  obedience  to  papal  man- 
dates; they  must  obey  local  laws  that 
do  not  entail  disobedience  to  "divine 
law." 

N.  Y.    The  Rev.  Lyman  Abbott  ia 

installed  as  pastor  of  Plymouth  Church, 
Brooklyn, his  theology  being  pronounced 
satisfactory  by  a  distinguished  Congre- 
gational council. 

New   York.    Archbishop  Corrigan 

sails  for  Home.  [June  2.  He  is  received 
by  the  Pope.  June  6.  His  action  in  re- 
gard to  Dr.  Burtsell  is  confirmed  by  the 
Pope.]     (See  July  27.) 

Feb.  6.  la.  Non-partisan  prayers  in 
the  House  are  ordered  by  enactment. 
Vote,  48  to  43. 


Feb.  8.  }y^is.  The  English-speaking 
priests  of  Milwaukee  organize  as  an 
American  Catholic  Clerical  Union, 
in  opposition  to  the  German  supremacy 
in  the  diocese. 

Feb.  12.  Pa.  Miss  Kate  Drexel  takes 
the  black  veil  at  Pittsburg. 

Miss  Drexel,  now  known  as  Sister 
Catherine,  gives  her  entire  fortune  to 
the  new  order  which  she  intends  found- 
ing, and  which  will  be  known  as  "The 
Sisters  of  the  Holy  Sacrament,"  of  the 
Koman  Catholic  Church. 

Feb.  17.   N.J.    Bishop  Wigger,  of  the 

Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of  Newark, 
orders  that  all  children  of  Catholic  par- 
ents be  taken  from  public  schools  and 
sent  to  parochial  schools. 

Feb.  *  Kan.  Bishop  Fink  objects  to 
Catholics  joining  the  Farmers'  Alliance. 

Feb,  *  N.  Y.  Over  7,000  people  welcome 
Dr.  Talmage  in  the  13th  Kegiment  Ar- 
mory on  his  return  from  Europe  and  the 
East. 

LETTERS, 

1890  Jan.  20.  Chicago.  Marshal  Field 
donates  $100,000  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Baptist  University. 

Jan.  22.  N.  Y.  Syracuse  University 
receives  the  Wolfe  Collection  of  engrav- 
ings, etchings,  etc.,  the  gift  of  Gen.  Lea- 
venworth's widow. 

Jan.  30.  N,  Y.  George  W.  Curtis  is 
elected  chancellor  of  the  New  York 
Board  of  Regents. 

Jan.*  Mo.  Property  worth  $1,000,000  is 
acquired  for  a  Methodist  college  in 
Kansas  City. 

Feb.  3.  New  York.  SethLowis  oflSci- 
ally  instaUed  as  president  of  Columbia. 

Feb.  6,  Pa.  Andrew  Carnegie's  plan 
for  a  public  library  in  Pittsburg,  in- 
cluding a  building  to  cost  §1,000,000,  is 
made  public. 

Feb.  20.  Pa.  The  Carnegie  Library 
in  Allegheny  is  dedicated  by  Presi- 
dent Harrison. 

Feb.  21.  A^  }{.  A  memorial  hall  and 
library  are  dedicated  at  Wolfboro. 

SOCIETY. 
1890  Jan.  16,  Phila,  The  Johnstown 
Relief  Committee  resolves  to  give  ^50 
annually  to  each  child  orphaned  by  the 
flood,  until  it  is  16  years  of  age ;  total 
expenditure,  $2,033,747. 

Jan.  19.  Okla.  The  manager  of  the  Im- 
migration Society  reports  that  20,000  exo- 
dus negroes  have  settled  in  Oklahoma. 

Jan.  24.  Chicago.  B.  P.  Hutchinson  ia 
robbed  of  from  §25,000  to  §40,000  by  a 
coufldential  clerk. 

New    York.    George  H.  Lounsberry, 

assistant  cashier  of  the  Post-office,  com- 
mits suicide,  having  defaulted  to  the  ex- 
tent of  $47,000. 

The  Knights   of  Iiabor  and  the 

Miners'  I^atlonal  Progressive  Union 
agree  on  the  details  of  a  common  consti- 
tution. 

Jan.  25.  Eng.  Rev.  T.  De'Witt  Tal- 
mage of  Brooklyn  is  entertained  at  Ha- 
warden  by  Mr.  Gladstone. 

Jan.  31.  New  York.  P.J.  Claassen,  presi- 
dent of  the  Sixth  National  Bank,  is  ar- 


rested, and  George  H.  Pell,  an  accused 
broker,  is  held  in  §25,000  bail ;  the  Sixth 
National,  Equitable,  and  Lenox  Hill 
banks  are  involved.  [July  14.  James 
A.  Simmons  is  arrested,  charged  with 
complicity  in  wrecking  the  bank.] 

Ind.    President  Harrison's  house, 

at  Indianapolis,  is  entered  by  burglars, 
and  §1,000  worth  of  valuables  are  taken. 

Jan.*  Minn.  The  National  Convention  of 
the  Master  Builders'  Association  meets 
in  St.  Paul. 

Jan.*  N.J.    A  glassmakers'  strike 

proves  successful. 

Jan.*  Pa.  The  will  of  the  late  John 
H.  Shoenberger  bequeaths  to  Pittsburg 
$1,000,000  for  a  public  hospital. 

Jan.  *  Phil  a.  Miss  Carrie  Rumham 
Kilgore,  the  fourth  of  her  sex,  is  ad- 
mitted to  practise  before  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court. 

Feb.  3.  Chicago.  James  J.  West  is  sen- 
tenced to  five  years  in  the  penitentiary 
and  a  fine  of  $1,000  for  the  fraudulent 
overissue  of  "Chicago  Times"  stock 
amounting  to  $13,000. 

Feb.  4,  New  York.  The  Centennial  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States 
is  celebrated  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera 
House.  Ex-President  Grover  Cleveland 
presides ;  President  Harrison  delivers 
an  address. 

Feb.  5.  Tex.  F.  A.  "Walton,  Pacific  Ex- 
press Company's  money-clerk  at  Dallas, 
absconds  with  $50,000. 

Feb.  9.  N.  Y.  The  people  of  Schenec- 
tady commemorate  the  200th  anniver- 
sary of  the  massacre  by  the  >'reuch  and 
Indians. 

Feb.  10.  Mo.  The  temperance  women 
begin  a  crusade  in  Lathrop  [and  other 
towns], 

Utah*    The  Gentiles  elect  Mormons 

to  office  at  Salt  Lake  City. 

The  American  Ne'wspaper  Pub- 
Ushers'  Association  assembles. 

Feb.  13.  N.  J.  Over  500  false  ballots 
are  found  in  the  boxes  in  one  assembly 
district  in  Hudson  County. 

Feb.  15,  New  York.  Thefirst  of  aserles 
of  mass-meetings  is  held  to  promote  the 
World's  Fair. 

Feb.  16.  Mo.  The  Missouri  temperance 
crusade  is  marked  by  the  forcible  de- 
struction of  a  saloon  at  Spickardsville. 

Feb.  28.  D.  C.  Ex-Congressman  Taul- 
bee  of  Ky.  is  shot  by  Charles  E.  Kincaid, 
a  newspaper  correspondent,  at  Wash- 
ington. 

Feb.  28  f.  La.  Tlie  State  Anti-Lottery 
Jjcague  is  organized  at  New  Orleans  to 
oppose  the  renewal  of  the  charter  of  the 
Louisiana  State  Lottery. 

New    York.     A    mass-meeting   of 

Hussian- Americans  denounces  the 
outrages  committed  upon  political  ex- 
iles in  Siberia. 

Feb.  *  Miss.  Col.  W.  L.  Hemingway,  for  14 
years  treasurer,  is  reported  to  be  $250,- 
000  short  in  his  accounts  with  the  State. 
[Dec.  1.  He  is  convicted  by  the  Supreme 
Court  of  embezzlement ;  amount,  $315,- 
612.] 

Feb.  *  Ffa.  On©  thousand  employees  of 
the  Birmingham  llolling-Mill  strike. 

Feb.  *  D.  ( \  The  Colored  Men*s  Con- 
vention at  Washington  elects  ex-GoT. 
P.  B.  S.  Pinchbeck  president. 

It  urges  an  educational  bill,  no  sepa- 
rate cars  for  blacks  and  whites,  and  ro- 


UNITED    STATES. 


1890,  Jan.  15 -Feb. 


353 


imbursement  for  the  depositora  in  the 
Freedraen's  Savings  and  Trust  Company. 

Feb.  *  />.  C.  Tho  American  Shipping 
and  Industrial  League  meets  at  WasU- 
iugtou. 

Feb.  *  N,  Dak.  The  Senate  passes  a  bill 
legalizing  a  branch  of  the  Louisiana 
Lottery.    Vote,  22-8. 

Feb.  *  N.  H.  A  bitter  strike  occurs  in 
the  Nashua  Mills,  owing  to  a  reduction 
iu  wages;  more  than  1,400  workers  are 
idle.    [Mar,  *    It  ends  successfully.] 

Feb.*  jV.  r.  Yardmen, conductors, and 
brakemen  on  the  New  York  Central  at 
Suspension  Bridge  strike;  they  demand 
extra  pay  for  Sunday  work. 


STATE. 

1890  Jan,  15.  Kan.  A  Republican 
league  meets  at  Wichita ;  it  atlvocates 
the  resubmission  of  the  prohibitory 
amendment  to  a  vote  of  the  people. 

Jan.  16-  W.  Va.  A  minority  report  is 
presented  to  the  Legislature  declaring 
that  Nathan  Gotf  received  a  majority  of 
the  votes  cast  for  governor. 

Jan.  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Federal  Electionfl  ques- 
tion. 

Jan.  21.  D.  C.  Congress  :  The  Senate 
passes  two  naval  bills,  and  debates  the 
bill  ordering  the  collection  of  farm 
statistics  for  the  census. 

Jan.  22.  D.  C.  Congress  :  The  Senate 
puts  the  Blair  Bill  on  the  order  of  un- 
finished business  [3G  discussions  follow] ; 
The  House  passes  the  Oklahoma  Town 
Site  Bill  introduced  Dec.  18, 1889. 

Jan.  25.  D.  C.  Congress:  Tho  House 
passes  the  Administrative  Tariff  Bill 
introduced  Jan.  14. 

John  Most  is  rearrested,  the  Su- 
preme Court  having  confirmed  his  con- 
viction for  using  incendiary  language  iu 
connection  with  tlie  Chicago  anarchists. 

Jan.  27.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  resolution  concerning  the 
recent  hanging  in  eflBgy  of  Secretary- 
Proctor  at  Aberdeen,  Miss. ;  the  House 
amends  and  passes  the  Fitch  Silk  Rib- 
bon Bill  placing  a  duty  of  50  per  cent 
on  silk  ribbons. 

The  correspondence  between  the  Chi- 
nese minister  and  tlie  Secretary  of  State 
relative  to  the  Chinese  Exclusion  Act  is 
laid  before  the  Senate. 

la.    The  Legislature,  having  a  tie 

vote,  has  failed  to  organize  for  two 
weeks  :  organization  is  at  length  effected 
by  a  compromise,  in  which  a  Democratic 
speaker  and  a  Republican  clerk  are 
elected;  the  minor  offices  are  to  be  di- 
vided. 

Jan.  28.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Direct  Tax  Bill  for  the  re- 
payment of  the  war  tax  of  18G1.  Vote, 
44-7.    It  debates  the  Aberdeen  outrage 

resolution. 

Mont.  Tlie  State  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides that  the  Republican  Legislature  is 
the  legal  body. 

K.  Y.    The  Court  of  Appeals  decides 

that  the  power  of  inspectors  of  elec- 
tions is  ministerial  and  not  judicial. 

Jan.  29.  J).  C.  Senate  :  A  bill  is  intro- 
duced to  erect  a  monument  to  Abra- 
ham liincoln  at  Gettysburg. 

The  official  representatives  of  the 
United  States  of  Brazil  receive  a  cur- 


dial  welcome  and  recognition  at  Wash- 
ington from  President  Harrison. 

X.     Y.      The      Senate     passes     the 

amended  "World's  Fair  Bill.  Vote, 
2G-3.  [Jan.  30.  The  Assembly  rejects  the 
amendments,  and  passes  the  original  bill, 
which  is  sent  to  a  Committee  of  Confer- 
ence. Feb.  12.  The  Conference  Commit- 
tee disagree,  Feb.  19.  A  compromise 
bill  passes  both  Houses.]    (See  Feb.  18.) 

O.      A    deadlock    occurs    in     the 

Senate  over  an  attempt  to  unseat  the 
lieutenant-governor.  [Jan  30.  He  is 
unseated.] 

Jan.  30.  D.  C.  Congress  :  Tlie  Senate 
passes  the  Berry  Farm  Mortgage  Cen- 
sus Bill  introduced  Dec.  16,  1889. 

Feb.  1,  D.  C.  The  Treasury  Depart- 
ment reports  the  public  debt  reduced 
$11,500,000  iu  January. 

Feb.  4.  FT.  J'a.  The  Legislature  de- 
clares A.  B.  Fleming  (Dem.)  elected  gov- 
ernor     Vote,  43-40. 

Feb.  8.  Mont.  The  Senate  secures  a 
quorum  and  passes  the  appropriation 
bills.  [Feb.  21.  The  Legislative  session 
euLls  without  the  passage  of  asingle  bill.] 

Feb.  10,  S.Jkik.  The  President's  proc- 
lamation opens  for  settlement  9,000,000 
acres  of  the  Sioux  reservation ;  settlers 
rush  in  for  first  possession, 

Feb.  11.  Utah.  The  Salt  Lake  City 
elections  result  in  a  complete  victory 
for  the  Gentiles  —  the  first  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  city. 

Feb.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Tlatt  Oklahoma  Temporary 
Government  Bill  introduced  Dec.  5. 
1889. 

Feb.  15.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
amends  and  passes  the  Berry  Farm 
Mortgage  Census  Bill.  [Feb.  18.  Con- 
ference report  agreed  to.  Feb.  24.  Ap- 
proved by  the  President.] 

Feb.  18.  JV^.  r.  The  Legislative  Com- 
mittees agree  to  an  amendment  to  the 
World's  Fair  Bill,  that  no  important 
action  shall  be  taken  by  the  board  of  in- 
corporators e.*scept  by  a  two-thirds  vote. 

Feb.  19.  la.  The  Legislative  deadlock 
is  broken,  the   Democrats  getting  the 


speakership  with  14  other  offices,  and  the 
Kepublicans  the  remainder. 

N.  Y.   The  Senate  passes  the  Saxton 

Ballot  Reform  Bill  providing  a  secret 
ballot.  [Mar.  13.  It  passes  the  Assem- 
bly after  a  long  struggle.  Vote,  72-51.] 
(See  Mar.  31,) 

Feb.  24.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
World's  Fair  is  awarded  to  Chicago. 
Vote:  Chicago,  157;  New  York,  107;  St. 
Louis,  26 ;  "Washington,  18. 

Feb.  25.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  McKenna  Bill  f<jr  the  discon- 
tinuance of  the  coinage  of  the  three-dol- 
lar and  one-<lollar  silver  pieces  and  the 
three-cent  nickel  piece  ;  bill  introduced 
Jan.  21. 

Feb.  27.  N.  Y.  The  Legislature  passes 
the  bill  for  the  purchase  of  lands  in  the 
Adirondacke  for  a  State  Park.  [Mar. 
11.    It  is  signed  by  Gov.  Hill.] 

Feb.  28.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  International 
Copyright  Bill,  after  eight  discussions. 
[Mar.  2,3.  Conference  report  agreed  to. 
Mar.  3.    Approved  by  the  President.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Jan.  16.  The  A.  T.Stewart  will 
case  is  settled  out  of  court ;  the  suits  are 
dismissed. 

Jan.  18.  O.  Six  Cleveland  breweries  are 
purchased  by  an  English  syndicate  for 

$975,000. 

Jan.  20.  III.  The  business  portion  of 
Utica  is  burned. 

The    Baltimore    and    Ohio   road 

makes  extensions  to  Lake  Erie ;  the 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  road  secures  con- 
trol of  the  Richmond  and  Alleghany 
road. 

Jan.  24.    O.    A  natural-gas  explosion 

at  Columbus  blows  up  two  houses,  kills 
several  persons,  and  injures  many 
others. 
Jan.  25.  New  York.  Miss  P.  E.  Corkran 
("  Nelly  Bly")  of  the  World  newspaper 
completes  a  tour  around  the  world  in 
72  days,  six  hours,  and  12  minutes. 

O.     Cincinnati    has    a   $3,000,000 

fire. 

Jan.  27.  O.  Six  persons  are  killed  and 
many  hurt  by  an  accident  on  the  Louis- 
ville, New  Albany,  and  Chicago  road. 

Jan.  30.  Me.  Lewistou  loses  $250,000 
by  a  fire. 

New  York.    Miss  Mary  Bisland  of  the 

Cosmopolitan  Magazine  completes  a 
tour  around  the  world  in  75  days  and 
12  hours,  unaided  by  special  convey- 
ances. 

The  Sixth  National  Bank  is  closed 
by  order  of  the  United  States  Examiner, 
and  a  warrant  is  issued  for  the  arrest  of 
its  president. 

Jan±. *  U.S.  Cigarette  manufactur- 
ers, representing  a  capital  of  $25,000,000, 
form  a  trust. 

Feb.  2.  Conn.  Five  blocks  are  burned 
in  Danbury  ;   loss,  $300,000. 

Feb.  3.  1).  C.  Secretary  Tracy's  resi- 
dence burns,  and  Mrs.  Tracy,  Miss  Tracy, 
and  a  French  maid  lose  their  lives. 

Nev.     Cattle-dealers  lose  heavily 

by  storms ;  estimated  loss,  $5,000,000. 

Feb.  4.  Ore.  Ten  men  are  killed  and  16 
wounded  in  a  railroad  accident  at  the 

Dalles. 
li.  I.    The  Providence  liadies*  Cy- 
cling Club  is  organized.     [It  is  the  first 
ladies'  club  admitted  to  the  League  of 
American  Wheelmen.] 

Feb.  8.  .V. ./.  Washington  Hall,  at  Pat- 
erson,  and  adjacent  building  are  burned ; 

loss,  $300,000. 

Chicago.      Lieut.    Schwatka    arrives 

from  Colorado  with  11  Torahumari  In- 
dians, cave-dwellers,  the  only  survivors 
of  their  race. 

Feb.  23.     Ariz.    A  reservoir  dam  on 

the  Hnlapias  River  bursts  ;  40  lives  are 
lost;  property  damages,  $1,000,000. 

Feb.  26.  Neiv  York.  John  Jacob  Aa- 
tor's  will  is  probated,  the  bulk  of  his 
estate  going  to  Wm.  Waldorf  Astor,  and 
$700,000  to  various  public  institutions. 

Feb.  *  /a.  An  English  syndicate  pur- 
chases the  Des  Moines  starch  factories. 
This  gives  it  the  control  of  all  the  large 
starch  factories  with  a  single  exception. 

Feb.  *  Me.  A  fire  in  Portland  de- 
stroys three  wharves  and  2,000,000  feet 
of  lumber. 

Feb.  *  New  York.  The  cracker-makers 
form  a  trust  with  a  capital  of  $3,500,000 


354    1890,  Feb.  =*-Apr.  6. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — KAVY. 

1890  Mar.  10.  D.C.  William  Smith  is 
commissioned  brigadier-general. 

Mar.  22.  /.  T.  United  States  troops 
drive  '*  boomers"  from  the  Cherokee 
strip. 

Mar.  29.  Mo.  Gen.  O.  O.  Howard  is 
to  succeed  Gen.  Crook  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Missouri. 

Mar±.*  O,  John  A.  Ijogan,  Jr.,  a 
grandson  of  the  late  Gen.  Logan,  only 
five  weeks  old,  is  given  a  commission 
as  first  lieutenant  of  the  Logan  Rifles 
in  the  5th  Kegiment  of  the  Ohio  National 
Guard. 

Mar.  *  It.  The  Squadron  of  Evolu- 
tion visits  Genoa  [and  later  arrives  at 
Naples]. 

Apr.  5.  D.  C.  Nelson  A.  Miles  is 
commissioned  major-general. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  Mar.  18.  Boston.  The  new  wing 
of  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts  is  opened. 

Mar.  26.  Miss. —  La.  The  Mississippi 
levee  breaks  down  at  Skipwith,  where 
the  water  is  up  to  the  eaves  of  the 
houses.  The  river  is  also  overflowing 
the  levees  at  many  points  in  Louisiana. 

Mar.  27.  Ky.  A  devastating  cyclone 
sweeps  a  tract  1,200  feet  wide  and  three 
miles  long,  killing  120  persons  in  Louis- 
ville ;  property  loss  in  the  city,  $2,500- 
000. 

Mar.  *  la.  A  rich  lead-mine  is  discov- 
ered near  Dubuque. 

Mar.  *  Keiv  York.  The  advance  sale  of 
seats  for  the  Patti  concerts  brings 
$117,000. 

Mar.  *  K.  T.  An  Institute  of  Art  and 
Sciences  in  Brooklyn  is  projected; 
cost,  $1,000,000. 

Mar.  *  W.  Va.  A  big  oil-well  is  struck 
near  Parkersburg  ;  more  than  1,000  bar- 
rels of  oil  are  produced  in  the  first  24 
hours. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1890. 

Mar.  16.  Gabriel,  the  famous  mission  In- 
dian of  Cal.,  A151.  (?) 

Max.  21.  Crook,  Oeorgre.  maj.-gen.  U.  S. 
A.,  A62. 

Mar.  S3.  Schenck,  Robert  C.  maj.-gen., 
M.  C.  for  O.,  A81. 

Mar.  26.  Heiss,  Michael,  archbishop  of 
Milwaukee,  A72. 

Mar.  31.  Rowan,  Stephen  Clegg,  vice-ad- 
miral U.  S.  N.,  A82. 


CHURCH. 

1890  Mar.  1.  New  York.  The  100th  an- 
niversary of  the  death  of  John  "Wes- 
ley is  observed  in  Methodist  churches. 

Mar.  2.  N.  Y.  D.  L.  Moody  preaches 
in  Brooklyn  to  large  congregations. 

Mar.  5.  Mich.  The  General  Convention 
of  the  Seventh-day  Adventista  con- 
venes in  Battle  Creek ;  delegates  are 
present  from  30  States,  and  from  many 
European  countries. 

Mar.  8.  New  York.  Dr.  M'Glynn 
speaks  in  Cooper  Union  on  *'  Arch- 
bishop O'Brien,  a  Canadian  dictator." 


Mar.  16.  0.  By  a  vote  of  3  to  2,  the 
ecclesiastical  court  finds  Rev,  How- 
ard MacQuearey  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) guilty  of  heresy,  as  charged.  [He  is 
suspended  —  later  deposed.] 

Mar.  31.  Neio  York.  The  Aznerican 
Bible  Society  reports  its  income  for 
the  year  as  $597,693.05. 

Mar.  *  Chicago.  Bishop  J.  J.  Esher  is 
found  guilty  of  lying,  slander,  and  con- 
tentions, in  the  same  way  that  Bishops 
Dubs  of  Cleveland  and  Bowman  of  Al- 
lentown  were  recently  found  guilty. 
The  Evangelical  Association  now  has 
no  bishops  in  good  standing. 

Apr.  3.  New  York.  Kepresentatives  of 
eight  prominent  mission  associations 
meet  and  protest  against  the  Chinese 
Enumeration  Bill  now  before  the 
United  States  Senate. 

LETTERS. 

1890  Feb.*  N.H.  A  bequest  of  $500,000 
is  made  to  found  an  agricultural  col- 
lege at  Dover. 

Feb.  *  New  York.  A  meeting  of  2,000 
people  of  the  School  Conference  is  held 
in  Cooper  Union. 

It  protests  against  the  inadequate  ac- 
commodations of  the  city  schools,  from 
which  some  20,000  children  were  deprived 
admission  during  the  past  year,  and  also 
denounces  the  Compulsory  Education 
Bill  before  the  Legislature  as  inadequate 
and  illogical. 

Feb.  *  New  York.  Over  $85,000  is  ob- 
tained at  the  auction  sale  of  the  Hbrary 
of  the  late  S.  L,  M.  Barlow.  A  true 
copie  of  the  Court  booke  of  the  Governor 
and  Society  of  Massachusetts  Bay  in  New 
England  goes  to  the  Boston  Public  Li- 
brary for  $6,500. 

Mar.  18.  Wis.  The  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides unanimously  that  the  Bible  has 
no  place  in  the  public  schools. 

Mar.  *  Co7in.  Hartford  citizens  sub- 
scribe $400,000  for  a  free  public  library 
and  an  art  gallery  in  that  city. 

Mar.  *  D.  C.  Senator  Morrill  introduces 
a  bill  to  establish  a  national  educa- 
tional fund  by  setting  apart  for  that 
purpose  the  net  proceeds  of  the  sales  of 
public  lands. 

Senator  Blair  introduces  a  new  Edu- 
cational Bill,  providing  for  smaller 
appropriations  than  the  old  bill. 

Mar.  *  N.  J.  Sixty  scholarships  in  the 
Agricultural  College  are  provided  for 
by  a  bill  passed  by  the  State  Assembly. 

Mar.  *  Neio  York.  A  legacy  of  $450,000 
is  left  by  John  Jacob  Astor  to  the  Astor 
Iiibrary. 

Mar.  *  N.  Y.  Senator  Cantor  introduces 
in  the  Legislature  a  pension  measure. 

It  proposes  to  pension  at  half-pay 
male  teachers  60  years  old  in  the  iSew 
York  public  schools  who  have  taught  for 
30  years.  "Women  teachers  who  have 
served  25  years  may  be  retired  on  appli- 
cation at  50  years  of  age. 

Apr.  1.  Wis.  The  election  in  Milwaukee 
favors  the  repeal  of  the  State  law 
prescribing  the  study  of  English  and 
English  teaching  in  the  public  schools. 
Much  excitement  prevails. 


SOCIETY. 

1890  Feb.  *  N.  Y.  The  accounts  of 
John  A.  Davis,  city  treasurer  of  Koches- 
ter,  are  over  $100,000  short. 

Feb.  *  S.  C.  The  white  'longshore- 
men of  Charleston  secede  from  their 
Protective  Union  because  of  the  admis- 
sion of  negroes. 

Feb.  *  Tex.  Tom  James,  a  young  pugilist 
of  Dallas,  is  killedin  a  brutal  prize-tigbt 
in  that  city  with  Kilrain's  boxer,  Ben- 
ziah. 

Feb.  *  The  National  Convention  of 
Buildera  refuses  to  declare  for  the  eight- 
hour  movement ;  but  they  adopt  a  reso- 
lution favoring  the  payment  of  workmen 
by  the  hour. 

Mar.  3.  N.  Y.  A  monster  petition  for 
ballot  reform  is  presented  to  the  Le- 
gislature ;  it  contains  more  than  50,000 
names,  and  weighs  1,000  pounds. 

Mar.  4.  Mo.  E.  T.  Noland  is  charged 
with  defalcating  $32,745,  and  suspended 
from  the  office  of  State  treasurer. 

Mar.  11.  Cal.  Employment  is  given 
to  1,000  needy  men  in  Golden  Gate  Park 
by  public  subscription. 

Mar.  13.  New  York.  The  Russian- 
American  National  League  cele- 
brates the  ninth  anniversary  of  the 
assassination  of  Czar  Alexander  II. 

Mar.  14.  New  York.  The  trial  of  Sheriff 
James  A.  Flack  begins.  It  is  alleged 
that  he  obtained  a  divorce  from  bis 
wife  without  her  knowledge.  [Flaok,  his 
son  William  L.,  who  appeared  against 
his  mother,  and  Joseph  Meeks,  a  lawyer, 
are  found  guilty  of  conspiracy  to  obtain 
a  divorce  fraudulently.  Apr.  7.  Meeks 
accepts  sentence  and  goes  to  jail.]  (See 
State,  Mar.  31.) 

Mar.  17.  Wash.  "  Citizen  '*  George 
Francis  Train  and  Miss  Regina  Koth- 
schild  start  from  Tacoma,  matched  for  a 
race  round  the  world. 

Mar.  25.  .Y.  ./.  The  corrupt  Jersey 
City  election  officers  are  allowed  to 
serve  again  at  the  approaching  election. 

Mar.  27.  Md.  Stevenson  Archer,  State 
treasurer,  is  declared  a  defaulter ; 
amount,  $132,401.  [Sentenced  to  State- 
prison  for  five  years.] 

Mar.  29.  Pa.  The  American  Mechan- 
ics call  for  1,000  armed  men  to  help 
raise  the  American  flag  over  the  public 
schools  of  Mucklerat,  to  which  the  for- 
eigners are  opposed. 

Mar.  30.  Neio  York.  The  Chinese 
Charitable  and  Benevolent  Associa- 
tion of  this  city  is  incorporated. 

Mar.  *  Boston.  George  P.  Brown,  head 
of  Brown,  Theese,  and  Clark,  a  big  wool- 
firm,  is  charged  with  stealing  $1,700,000, 
and  absconding. 

Mar.  *  /.  T.  The  Choctaw  Indian  Nation 
passes  a  law  allowing  a  lottery  to  op- 
erate within  its  jurisdiction. 

Mar  *  Ky.  A  bill  to  abolish  lotteries 
is  passed  by  the  Senate. 

Mar.  *  Ky.  "White  Caps  raid  a  dwell- 
ing near  "Covington,  take  out  three  men 
accused  of  petty  thefts,  and  give  each  30 
lashes  with  blacksnake  whips. 

Mar.  *  Md.  The  bill  abolishing  pool- 
rooms passes  the  Legislature  and  is 
signed  by  the  governor. 

Mar.  *  Miss.  The  indictments  against 
J.  L.  Sullivan  for  prize-figliting  are  an- 
nulled by  the  Mississippi  Supreme  Court. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1890,  Feb.  *- Apr.  6.     355 


Mar.  *  N.  J.  The  Knights  of  Labor 
and  the  Farmers'  Alliance  of  New 
Jersey  form  a  new  organization,  to  be 
tailed  "  The  Industrial  Senate." 

Its  object  is  the  improvement  of  the 
condition  of  wage-workers  and  tillers  of 
tlie  soil. 

Mar.  *  N.  J.  A.  bill  is  passed  by  the 
Legislature  prohibiting  racing  on  any- 
State  track  more  than  30  days  in  the 
year. 

Mar.  *  New  York.  The  shirtmakers' 
strike  ends  by  tJie  bosses  yielding  every 
point  demanded. 

Mar.  *  Xeio  York.  The  Woman  Suf- 
frage League  prepares  a  petition  to 
the  Czar  to  personally  investigate  and 
reform  the  workings  of  the  Siberian 
system. 

Mar.  *  Pa.  About  800  men  employed  at 
the  Sheldon  Axle  Works,  in  Wilkes- 
barre,  strike  because  of  injustice  done 
to  three  employees. 

Mar.  •  Pa.  Over  1,000  bolt-makers  in 
Pittsburg  strike  for  higher  wages. 

Mar.  *  President  Corbin  of  the  Beading 
Railroad  orders  all  employees  dis- 
charged who  frequent  drinking-places, 
and  the  employment  of  total  abstainers 
in  preference  to  drinking-men. 

Mar.  *  Wis.  The  1,000  employees  of  the 
Lorrie  iron-mine  at  Ashland  strike  for 
liigher  wages. 

Mar.  •  The  striking  switchmen  on  the 
(Jliicago  and  Northwestern  Kailroad 
gain  a  complete  victory. 

Apr.  2.  la.  Many  Anti-Saloon  Republi- 
cans recommend  high  license  and  local 
option,  instead  of  prohibition. 

Apr.  5.  N.  J.  Election  officers  are  ar- 
rested in  Jersey  City  for  stuffing  ballot 
boxes. 

Apr.  6.  La.  Confederate  Memorial 
Day  is  observed.  The  New  Orleans 
cemeteries  are  visited  by  thousands  of 
persons. 

STATE. 

1890  Mar.  4.  Tenn.  The  annual  as- 
sembly of  the  National  League  of  Ke- 
publican  Clubs  meets  at  Nashville. 

Mar.  6.  D.  C.  Congress:  Representa- 
tives appear  before  the  sulj-committee 
of  the  House  "World's  Fair  Commit- 
tee, and  convince  the  committee  that 
Chicago  has  raised  $5,000,000  and  can 
furnish  the  $10,000,000  guaranty  for  the 
Fair. 

Mar.  13.  D.  C-  Congress :  The  House 
amends  and  passes  tlie  Oklahoma  Tem- 
porary Government  Bill.  [Mar.  23, 
Apr.  23.  Conference  report  agreed  to. 
May  3.    Approved  by  the  President.) 

Md.  The  Senate  passes  a  Ballot  Re- 
form BUI.  Vote,  23-1.  [Mar.  19.  By 
the  Legislature  of  Washington.  Apr.  8 
and  May  7.    By  New  Jersey.] 

Mar.  17.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  bill  fixing  April  30  to  Oct.  20, 
1892,  as  the  period  for  the  World's 
Fair,  and  requiring  that  $  10,000,000  shall 
be  provided  to  meet  expenses  before  the 
President  invites  foreign  nations  to  par- 
ticipate ;  the  bill  goes  to  the  House. 

The  House  passes  the  Morrow  Cen- 
sus Amendment  Bill  introduced  Feb. 
G.    [-'^pr.  1.    Laid  on  table  in  Senate.] 


Mar.  18,  22.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
House  passes  the  Timber- Culture  Bill 
introduced  Feb.  19. 

Mar.  19.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Urgent  Deficiency  Bill. 

Mar.  20.  I).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
rejects  the  Blair  fjducation  Bill,  Vote, 
31-37. 

Mar.  21.  D.C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  Pension  Appropriation 
Bill  introduced  Feb.  18.  It  appropri- 
ates $100,000,000,  and  every  veteran  50 
years  old  who  served  for  60  days  may 
receive  a  pension. 

Xew   York.     The  Court  of  Appeals 

decides  that  the  Electrical  Execution 
Lawr  is  constitutional,  on  an  appeal  in 
the  Kemmler  case. 

Mar.  25.  D.C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Chicago  "World's  Fair  Bill, 
but  postpones  the  time  of  opening  to 
May,  1893.  Vote,  202-49.  It  authorizes 
the  appointment  of  a  board  of  lady 
managers. 

Mar.  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  Wyoming  Admission  Bill  in- 
troduced Dec.  18,  1889. 

Mar.  27.  S.C.  The  farmers  hold  a  State 
Convention  in  Columbia  ;  they  nominate 
Benjamin  R.  Tillman  for  governor,  and 

J.  C.  Coit  for  lieutenant-governor. 

Mar.  28.  D.C.  Congress :  A  billis  in- 
troduced in  the  Senate  to  provide  for  a 
"World's  Fair  Annex  in  Washington 
or  New  York  in  October,  1892. 

Mar.  31.  D.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Dependent  Pension  Bill 
Introduced  Dec.  4,  1889.  Vote,  42-12. 
(See  June  11.)  The  House  passes  the 
Army  Appropriation  Bill  introduced 
Feb.  28. 

iV.  F.    Gov.  Hill  vetoes  the  Saxton 

Ballot  Reform  Bill,  providing  for  a  se- 
cret ballot,  on  the  ground  of  unconsti- 
tutionality :  Senator  Fassett  introduces 
a  bill  to  submit  the  question  of  an  offi- 
cial ballot  to  the  people  next  November. 

New  York.     Ex-Sheriff   Flack  is 

sentenced  to  a  fine  of  $500  and  two 
months'  Imprisonment ;  Referee  James 
Meeks,$i500audonemonth ;  and  William 
Flack,  the  son,  $.500  and  four  months  on 
Blackwell'slslaud.  (See Society, Mar.  14.) 

D.  C.    Reduction  of  the  public  debt 

in  March,  $11,389,857. 

Apr.  1.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Fortifications  Appropria- 
tion Bill  introduced  Mar.  18 ;  it  appro- 
priates $4,521,678.    Vote,  116-06. 

The  President  appoints  Col.  F. 
A.  Seeley  of  "Washington  and  Francis 
Forbes  of  N.  Y.  as  representatives  of 
the  United  States  to  the  International 
Conference  in  Madrid. 

The  new  extradition  treaty  with 
England  goes  into  effect. 

Apr.  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  Tlie  House 
passes  the  M'Adoo  Hudson  River 
Bridge  Bill,  to  connect  New  York  and 
Jersey  City,  introduced  Jan.  6. 

The  Pan-American  Conference  recom- 
mends the  establishment  of  an  inter- 
national monetary  union. 

la.    Anti-Saloon   Republicans   in 

convention  agree  to  advocate  a  change 
in  the  prohibition  law  so  as  to  introduce 
high  license  and  local  option. 


N.  Y,    The  Senate  passes  the  bill  for 

the  State  care  of  the  insane. 

Apr.  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Struble  Bill  to  admit  Idaho ; 
bill  introduced  Jan.  13. 

It.  I.    The  indecisive  elections  leave 

the  choice  of  State  officers  to  the  Legis- 
lature. [Apr.  13.  The  Democrats  win  in 
the  Legislative  contest.  May  27.  The 
Legislature  elects  Democratic  State  of- 
ficers.] 

Apr.  4.  N.  r.  A  Ballot  Reform  BiU  is 
introduced  in  the  Assembly  ;  also  a  bill 
to  provide  for  a  non-partisan  police 
board  in  New  York  City. 

Apr.  5.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Oklahoma 
Town  Site  BUI.  [May  2-5.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.  May  19.  Approved 
by  the  President.] 

It  passes  the  Edmunds  Meat  Expor- 
tation and  Inspection  Bill  introduced 
Feb.  19. 

Apr.  6.  D.C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
the  Democratic  Representatives  decide 
not  to  carry  the  new  rules  before  the 
Supreme  Court. 

MISCELLAENOUS. 

1890  Mar.  6.  N.  Y.  A  rear  end  collis- 
ion near  Hamburg,  on  the  Lake  Shore 
Railroad,  causes  six  deaths,  besides  17 
wounded. 

Mar.  19.  Wis.  Five  miners  perish  in 
a  burning  mine  in  Hurley  ;  over  $100,000 
worth  of  property  is  destroyed. 

Mar.  20.  Ga.  The  new  Capitol  at  At- 
lanta, costing  $1,000,000,  is  completed. 

Mar.  23.  Coin.  Great  prairie  fires  raging; 
1,000,000  acres  have  been  devastated. 

Okla.    A  multitude  of  "Boomers" 

rush  into  the  Cherokee  strip. 

Mar.  28.  Md.  The  shortage  of  State 
Treasurer  Arclier  is  known  to  be  $127.- 
000,  antl  may  reach  double  this  .sum. 

Mar.  29.  Mo.  St.  Louis  loses  $300,000 
by  a  tire  started  by  an  electric-light  wire. 

Mar.  *  Ind.  Fifteen  men  are  killed  in 
a  burning  building  in  Indianapolis. 

Mar.  *  Mass.  Gov.  Br.ackett  appoints  a 
special  commission  for  the  extermina- 
tion of  the  gypsy  moth. 

Mar.  *  Pa.  English  syndicates  buy  six 
farms  at  Lenover ;  they  will  erect  two 
mammoth  cotton-mills^  and  dwelling- 
houses  to  accommodate  2,000  employees 
—  the  plant  will  cost  .$3,000,000. 

Mar.  *  Pa.  Street  railway  franchises 
amounting  to  $60,000,000  are  granted  in 
Pittsburg. 

Mar.  *  U.  ft.  The  big  smelting  organi- 
zations form  a  trust  with  a  capital  of 
$25,000,000. 

Mar.  *  The  deep  snow  in  the  Northwest 
deprives  the  cattle  of  range-grass  and 
fodder  :  they  perish  by  hmidreds. 

Apr.  1.  Utah.  Many  Mormons  are 
leaving  for  Chihuahua,  Mex.,  where 
they  have  purchased  an  immense  tract 
of  laud. 

Apr.  3.  Cat.  The  steamship  CAt7ia  breaks 
the  record ;  making  a  trip  from  San 
Francisco  to  Hongkong  in  20  days,  in- 
cluding a  stop  at  Yokohama. 

JV.   Y.    The   old  Greeley  home  at 

Chappaqua  is  destroyed  by  fire  ;  the  re- 
mains of  Horace  Greeley's  library  and 
many  unpublished  letters  are  burned. 

Apr.  5.  tf.  Y.  "Watertown  loses 
$150,000  by  fire  in  its  business  section. 


856     1890,  Apr.  6-Apr. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1890  Apr.  8.  JSTew  York.  The  7th 
Regiment  is  invited  to  attend  the  un- 
veiling of  a  statue  to  Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee 
at  Richmond,  Va. 

Apr.  15.  />.  ('.  John  K.  Mizner  is  com- 
missioned colonel  —  10th  cavalry. 

Apr.  18.  A>.  Five  militiamen  are 
wounded  in  a  skirmish  with  outlaws 
in  Harlan  County. 

Apr.  22.  XeiP  York.  The  Old  Guard 
celebrates  its  G4th  anniversary. 

Apr.  23.  n.  C,  Charles  G.  Bartlett  is 
commissioned  colonel  —  9th  infantry. 

Apr.  *  D.  C.  Secretary  Tracy  orders  a 
court-martial  to  try  Commander  Mc- 
Calla  of  the  U.  S.  S.  Enterpriser  on 
charges  of  cruelty  to  his  crew.  [May  15. 
He  is  suspended  from  rank  and  duty  for 
three  years.] 

Apr.  *  -5.  Dak.  A  band  of  Cheyenne 
Indians  is  on  the  warpath,  led  by  a  bad 
chief  called  Big  Foot ;  two  companies 
of  troops  are  sent  to  subdue  them. 

Apr.  *  J^la.  The  North  Atlantic  Squad- 
ron is  ordered  from  Key  West  to  Haiti. 

ART-  SCIENCE  — NATURE. 

1890  Apr.  6.  Boston.  The  75th  anni- 
versary of  the  Boston  Handel  and 
Saydn  Society  is  celebrated. 

Apr.  12.  S.  Dak.  A  dust  blizzard  is 
raging. 

.  D.  C.     President  Harrison  presents, 

in  the  name  of  Congress,  a  gold  medal 

*  to  Joseph  Frances,  the  inventor  of  the 
life-saving  appliances  for  the  ship- 
wrecked. 

Apr.  13.  Ariz.  Kich  gold  deposits  are 
found  in  Grand  Caiion. 

Apr.  19.  Ala.  Several  people  are  killed 
and  much  property  is  destroyed  by  a 
tornado  in  Geneva  county. 

Apr.  20.  Xew  York.  A  Psychical  Re- 
search Society  is  formed. 

Apr.  30.  AVh'  York.  Ground  is  broken 
for  the  "Washington  Memorial  Arch. 
[May  30.  The  corner-stone  is  laid  with 
ceremonies.] 

Apr,  *  Alas.  An  expedition  organized 
by  Frank  Ltslie's  lllnstrated  Weekly 
starts  to  explore  Alaska. 

Apr.  *  Ark.  The  streets  of  Arkansas  City 
are  under  water  from  four  to  six  feet 
deep ;  the  town  is  deserted  by  at  least 
half  of  its  population. 

Apr.  *  Chicago.  An  imposing  monu- 
ment in  memory  of  Gen.  Grant  is  near- 
ing  completion  In  Lincoln  Park. 

The  pedestal  is  a  solid  terrace  wall  of 
granite,  pierced  by  an  arch  GO  feet  wide  ; 
the  terrace  is  150  feet  long  ami  42  feet 
high  ;  and  on  it  is  placed  an  equestrian 
statue  of  Grant  13  feet  in  height. 

Apr.  *  Pa.  Another  flood  occurs  in 
Johnstown  ;  the  water  in  the  streets  is 
four  feet  deep. 

Apr.  *  Pa.  A  rich  well  of  natural  gas  is 
struck  at  Pittsburg. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1800. 
Apr.  13.    Randall,  Samuel  J..  M.  C.  for 
Pa.,  speaker,  A62. 


CHURCH. 

1890  Apr.  27.  A'.  Y.  Members  of  the 
Salvation  Army  are  arrested  in 
Yonkers  for  singing  in  the  streets. 

Apr.  *  la.  Over  100  Mormon  mis- 
sionaries are  sent  out  from  Pes  JMoines. 

Apr.  *  New  York.  Bronze  doors  cost- 
ing not  less  than  $100,000  are  placed 
in  Trinity  Church,  as  a  memorial  to  the 
late  John  Jacob  Astor. 

Apr.  *  N.  Y.  Bev.  Theodore  L.  Cuy- 
ler,  for  30  years  pastor  of  the  Lafayette 
Avenue  Presbyterian  Church  of  Brook- 
lyn, retires  ;  he  is  presented  with  a  purse 
of  $30,000.  [Dec.  14.  Dr.  Gregg  becomes 
his  successor.] 

LETTERS. 

1890  Apr.  9.  Mass.  Mrs.  E.S.B.  Mead 
is  chosen  President  of  Mount  Holyoke 
College. 

Apr.  13.  Chicago.  The  friends  of  the 
public-school  system  organize  for  its 
protection,  owing  to  the  active  oppo- 
sition of  Roman  Catholics  and  Luther- 
ans to  the  Bennett  law  in  Milwaukee. 

Apr.  15.  Phila.  Archbishop  Ryan 
will  be  editor-in-chief  of  The  American 
Catholic  Quarterly  Review,  beginning 
with  the  July  nmnber. 

New    York.     E.    L.    Godkin   of  the 

Evening  Post  is  arrested  on  charge  of 
libel  for  articles  reflecting  on  Tam- 
many leaders. 

Apr.  21.  N^.  Y.  Miu:atHalstead,of  the 
Cincinnati  Commercial,  becomes  editor 
of  the  Brooklyn  .Standard- Union. 

Apr.  *  />.  C.  Mr.  Lawler  of  Illinois  in- 
troduces in  the  House  a  bill  to  test  the 
science  of  short  spelling  and  to  establish 
300  schools  for  that  purpose. 

Apr.*  Neio  York.  Andrew  Carnegie  gives 
$10,000  to  the  Authors'  Club,  to  be 
used  for  the  "  encouragement  of  litera- 
ture." 

Apr.  *  O.  A  Catholic  Educational 
Union,  similar  to  the  Chautauqua  Cir- 
cle, is  formed,  and  is  spreading  rapidly 
in  other  States. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  Apr,  7.  Chicago.  The  Board  of 
Trade  attacks  the  "  bucket-shops." 

Five  thousand  carpenters  strike  for 

an  eight-hour  day  and  minimum  wages  of 
40  cents  an  hour.  [Apr.  11.  The  builders 
refuse.] 
Apr.  8.  Chicago.  The  plumbers'  strike 
is  settled  ;  the  men  get  a  portion  of  the 
increase  of  wages  demanded. 

Mass.  Tlie  "Worcester  People's  Sav- 
ings-bank teller,  F.  Kimball,  and  $40,000 
of  the  deposits,  are  missing. 

Apr.  10.  la.  High  license  is  defeated 
in  the  Legislature,  and  prohibition  sus- 
tained. 

Apr.  12.  Ark.  White  Caps  flog  a 
I>reacher  of  the  Latter-day  Saints. 

Apr.  14.  Cat.  Several  hundred  persons 
believe  the  predictions  of  Mrs.  Wood- 
worth,  George  Erickson,  and  other  false 
prophets,  declaring  that  San  Fran- 
cisco, Oakland,  Chicago,  and  Milwaukee 


would  be  destroyed  by  earthquake  and 
tidal  wave,  and  go  to  the  hills. 

New    York.      The    employees    of   70 

shops  of  clothing-makers  strike  for  an 
increase  of  wages  ;  more  than  1,000  men 
are  out. 

Apr.  16.  New  York.  The  Working 
Girls'  Societies  of  New  York,  Brooklyn, 
Boston,  and  Philadelphia  open  a  con- 
vention. 

The  Evening  Post  publishes  charges 
'against  Senator  Quay  of  Pennsylvania. 

Pa.  The  railroad  companies  in  Pitts- 
burg decide  not  to  recognize  any  fede- 
ration of  railroad  employees. 

Apr.  17.  Chicago.  A  conflict  between 
police  and  strikers  takes  place. 

Apr.  19.  D.  C.  A  General  Society  of 
the  Sons  of  the  Kevolution  is  organ- 
ized in  Washington,  with  ex-Gov.  John 
Lee  Carroll  as  general  president. 

N  Mex.  W.  H.  Pope  of  Ky.,  the  de- 
faulting cashier  of  the  Louisville  City 
National  Bank,  with  $70,000  of  its  funds, 
is  captured. 

Apr.  21.  Chicago.  The  eight-hour 
movement  is  spreading.  Carpenters 
make  new  demands,  requiring  boss  car- 
penters to  employ  seven-eighths  of  the 
carpenters  in  the  city. 

The  carpenters'  Council  refuses  to 
allow  men  to  work  for  the  masters' 
associations. 

[Apr.  22.  The  strikers  become  riot- 
ous. Apr.  25.  They  assault  32  non- 
union men.  Apr.  26.  'IHte  masters 
refuse  to  arbitrate.  Apr.  29.  The 
strikers  a^ree  to  resume  work  in  con- 
nection with  tlie  new  organization  of 
employers.  May  3.  The  strike  practi- 
cally ends  in  the  failure  of  the  car- 
penters.] 

Apr.  23.  Neuy  York.  A  convention  of 
the  General  Federation  of  Women's 
Clubs  is  held. 

Apr.  24.  New  York.  The  Actuarial 
Society  of  America  assembles. 

Apr.  28.  la.  The  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides the  seizure  of  beer  sent  into  the 
State  in  sealed  kegs  from  Illinois  in 
original  packages,  and  sold,  to  be  in  vio- 
lation of  the  Constitution. 

Apr.  30.  Neio  York.  Two  thousand 
framers  resolve  to  strike  on  May  Day. 

A  mass-meeting  is  held  in  Chickering 
Hall ;  it  is  called  by  the  Ladies'  Health 
Protective  Association  to  demand 
clean  streets. 

Apr.  *  Boston.  The  bricklayers  have 
signed  an  agreement  not  to  strike  for 
three  years  in  return  for  eight  hours  and 
an  advance  in  wages. 

Apr.  *  Boston.  Nine  hours  without  re- 
duction of  wages  is  granted  the  2,200 
workmen  employed  in  12  of  the  marble 
factories. 

Apr.*   Chicago.  The  Daily  Newshasheen 
exposing  wholesale  gambling. 
It  estimates  that  the  receipts  of  the 

§  ambling-houses,  which  are  controlled 
y  a  syndicate,  aggregate  310,000,000  a 
year,  and  that  $500,000  are  paid  to  mem- 
Ders  of  the  administration  for  immunity 
from  police  interference,  and  a  much 
larger  sum  to  the  police  themselves. 

Apr.  *  Ga.  Northern-born  citizens  resid- 
ing in  Atlanta  organize  a  Northern 
Society. 

Apr.  *  La.  The  Iiouisiana  Iiottery 
Company  offers  to  pay  the  State 
§12,500,000  for  a  renewal  of  its  charter 
for  25  years. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1890,  Apr.  6-Apr.*      357 


Apr.  *  Mo,  Kansas  City  passes  an  onii- 
nance  fixing  eight  hours  as  a  day's  work 
for  all  city  employees  and  all  laborers 
employed  ou  city  contracts. 

Apr.  *  N.  //.  The  woman  suffragists  of 
Concord  elect  Mrs.  M.  H.  Woodworth  to 
the  Board  of  Education  by  a  majority  of 
773  in  a  total  of  3,826  votes. 

Apr.  *  Neic  York.  The  Central  Labor 
Union  passes  a  resolution  for  purifying 
the  city  government  by  obtaining  evi- 
dence against  the  police  protection  of 
criminals. 

STATE. 

1890  Apr.  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
House  refuses  to  suspend  the  rules 
and  pass  the  Dependent  Pension  Bill. 
Vote,  169-87. 

Apr.  8.  Z>.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Anti-Trust  Bill  introduced 
Dec.  4  ;  vote,  52-t  (absent,  20) ;  the  House 
reconsiders  the  vote  by  which  it  recently 
defeated  the  bill  to  appropriate  $75,- 
000  to  supply  the  deficiency  caused  by 
the  Silcott  defalcation ;  the  bill  is  passed 
(the  Senate  also  passes  the  bill) ;  the 
House  also  passes  the  M*Ad.oo  Alien 
Navy  Enlistment  BiU  introduced 
Dec.  18 ;  referred  to  Senate  Committee 
on  Naval  Affairs. 

X.  Y.    The  Senate  passes  a  resolution 

providing  for  the  submission  of  a  Pro- 
hibition Amendment  to  the  Constitution 

to  the  vote  of  the  people  April  17,  1891. 
Vote,  58-1. 

Apr.  9.  jV.  Y.  The  Senate  passes  the 
AVeekly  Payment  Bill,  a  measure  fa- 
vore<l  by  all  labor  organizations.  [May 
21.    Gov.  Hill  signs  the  bill.l 

Apr.  10.  la.  The  Legislature  defeats 
the  High-License  BiU.    Vote,  21-29. 

■  Mass.  The  House  passes  a  Bill  mak- 
ing nine  hours  a  legal  day's  work  in 

State  and  municipal  employment. 

Apr.  11.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
World's  Fair  Bill  is  reported  to  the 
Senate ;  an  amendment  provides  for  a 
naval  review  in  New  York  Harbor  in 
April,  1893. 

Apr.  14.  D.  C.  Congress :  Both  houses 
adjourn  as  a  mark  of  respect  to  the  late 
Samuel  J.  Randall. 

The  United  States  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides that  the  State  of  California  has  no 
jurisdiction  in  the  case  of  Deputy-Mar- 
shal Nagle,  who  killed  the  would-be 
assassin  of  Associate  Justice  Field. 

Apr.  15.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Naval  Appropriations  Bill. 
Vote,  117-100.     Introduced  Apr.  1. 

It  passes  the  Roger  bill,  introduced 
Apr.  4,  defining  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
U.  S.  Courts. 

la.    The  Legislature  gives  physicians 

and  pharmacies  the  right  to  sell  liquor 
free  of  license  tax. 

Apr.  16.  V.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
rejects  the  Chinese  Enumeration  Bill. 
Vote,  5-12.  The  Senate  now  has  47  Re- 
publicans and  37  Democrats. 

In  the  House  the  McKinley  Tariff 
Bill  is  introduced  by  the  majority  of  the 
Committee  on  Ways  and  Means ;  it  pro- 
poses "  to  equalize  duties  on  imports  and 
to  reduce  the  revenue  of  the  Govern- 


ment;" a  minority  report  is  also  sub- 
mitted. 

Secretary  Windom  issues  the  new  reg- 
ulations governing  the  landing  of  im- 
migrants. 

N'.  Y.    The  Senate  repeals  the  Two- 

doUars-a-day  Bill.  Vote,  17-11.  It 
passes  the  bill  providing  for  the  Hudson 
River  Suspension  Bridge  from  New 
York  City  to  the  Jersey  shore.  Vote, 
20-8. 

The  bridge  is  to  have  at  least  six  rail- 
road tracks  and  capacity  for  four  more, 
and  to  cost  about  $40,000,000.  It  is  to  be 
finished  within  10  years,  and  will  be  the 
largest  bridge  in  tlie  world, 

Apr.  17.  D.  C.  Congress:  Senate; 
John  H.  Regan  of  Texas  introduces  a 
joint  resolution  proposing  an  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution,  for  the  elec- 
tion of  Senators  by  popular  vote ;  the 
House  Committee  on  Rivers  and  Har- 
bors completes  its  appropriation  bill  — 
$20,901,500. 

Mass.     The    Legislature  rejects  the 

bill  to  grant  municipal  suffrage  to 
women. 

Apr.  18.  D.  a  The  Pan-American 
Conference  ends. 

N.  H.    The  Supreme  Court  decides 

that  President  Taggert  of  the  State  Sen- 
ate is  acting  governor. 

Apr.  19.  D.  C.  Secretary  Blaine  makes 
a  farewell  address  to  the  delegates  to 
the  Pan-American  Conference. 

Samoa.     The    Samoan    treaty    is 

signed  at  Apia. 

Apr.  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Chicago  World's  Pair  Bill, 
including  an  amendment  providing  for  a 
naval  review.    Vote,  43-13. 

N.  Y.    The  Senate  votes  against  the 

proposal  to  submit  the  Prohibition 
Amendment  to  the  people  in  April  in- 
stead of  at  a  general  election. 

Apr.  22.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  District  of  Co- 
liunbia  Appropriation  Bill.  [July  31. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  Aug.  8. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 

The  House  debates  the  Legislative, 
Executive,  and  Judicial  Appropria-, 
tion  Bills. 

N.  Y.    The  Senate  amends  and  passes 

the  new  Saxton  Ballot  Reform  BiU. 
[Apr.  29.  It  passes  the  Assembly.  May 
2.    Gov.  Hill  signs  it.j 

Apr.  25.  B.  C.  Congress  :  The  Presi- 
dent approves  the  act  creating  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

The  bill  is  entitled  :  "  An  act  to  pro- 
vide for  celebrating  the  400th  anniver- 
sary of  the  discovery  of  America  by 
Christopher  Columbus,  by  holding  an 
international  exhibition  of  arts,  indus- 
tries, manufactures,  and  the  product  of 
the  soil,  mine,  and  sea,  in  the  city  of  Chi- 
cago, in  the  State  of  Illinois." 

President  Harrison  signs  the  joint 
resolution  of  Congress  appropriating 
$150,000  for  the  relief  of  the  Missis- 
sippi flood  sxifferers. 

Apr.  26.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Legislative,  Executive,  and 
Judicial  Appropriation  Bill  after  six 
discussions  ;  bill  introduced  Apr.  7. 

N.  Y.      The    Senate    Committee    on 

Cities,  while  investigating  the  munici- 


pal department  in  New  York  City,  learns 
liow  $180,000  was  raised  to  buy  the 
Board  of  Aldermen  in  favor  of  Hugh  J. 
Grant. 

Representatives  of  10  American  repub- 
lics sign  the  International  Arbitration 
Treaty  for  the  settlement  of  national 
disputes  instead  of  war. 

The  United  States  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides that  the  Iowa  law  providing  for 
seizure  of  liquors  in  "original  pack- 
ages" is  unconstitutional. 

Apr.  29.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Land  Grant  Forfeiture 
BiU,  restoring  to  the  United  States  its 
title  to  lands  granted  to  aid  railroads  in 
certain  cases. 

It  passes  the  Plumb  Ijand  Forfeiture 
Bill  after  seven  discussions ;  bill  intro- 
duced Feb.  20. 

It  amends  and  passes  the  Davis  De- 
pendent Pension  BiU.  Vote,  179-71. 
[June  11,  23.  Conference  report  agreed 
to.  June28.  Approved  by  the  President.] 

Apr.  30.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Worsted  BiU  introduced 
Apr.  21. 

Reduction   of   the   pubUc    debt   in, 

April,  $7,636,901. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Apr.  9.  New  York.  Mayor  Grant 
appoints  August  Belmont,  C.  S.  Smith, 
J.  H.  Starin,  William  Steinway,  and 
O.  B.  Potter  commissioners  of  rapid 
transit. 

Apr.  11.  New  York,  The  maiden  trip 
of  the  steamship  Majestic,  in  6  days, 
10  hours,  30  minutes,  is  the  quickest 
maiden  trip  on  record. 

Apr.  12.    Boston.    Four  breweries  are 

purchased  by  an  English  syndicate. 

Chicago.  A  panic  occurs  in  the  Board 

of  Trade. 

Apr.  18.    New  York.    Castle  Garden 

ceases  to  be  the  depot  for  receiving  im- 
migrants, the  Government  barge  office 
taking  its  place. 

Apr.  30.  Phila.  The  suspension  of 
the  Bank  of  America,  a  State  bank,  is 
announced. 

Apr.  *  Chicago.  Ice-dealers  form  a  trust 
and  advance  prices  25  to  50  per  cent. 
The  crop  in  the  vicinity  is  1,000,000  tons 

short. 

Apr.  *  Chicatfo.  The  World's  Fair  of 
1893  is  fully  incorporated  and  orga- 
nized. 

The  directors  adopt  a  report  of  the 
finance  committee  recommending  that 
the  capital  stock  be  increased  to  ^10,000,- 
000. 

Apr±.*  New  York.  An  English  syndicate 
buys  up  the  Murphy  Varnish  Company 
of  New  York,  the  largest  varnish  com- 
pany in  America. 

Apr.  *  N.  Y.  The  water-power  of  Ni- 
agara Falls  is  to  be  utilized  for  mills 
and  electric  lights  in  Niagara  and  Buf- 
falo. 

Contracts  are  signed  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a  tunnel  and  raceways  under  the 
falls;  the  capital  stock  of  the  Niagara 
Falls  Power  Company  is  $2,000,000. 

Apr.  *  N.  Y.  A  two-thirds  interest  in 
four  large  paper-mills  in  New  York 
State  is  transferred  to  an  English  syndi- 
cate for  $8,000,000. 


358     1890,  Apr.  *-May30. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1890  May  15.  1),  C,  Secretary  Tracy 
coufirius  the  finding  of  the  court-martial 
sentencing  Commander  McCalla  to 
suspension  of  rank  and  duty  for  three 
years. 

May  23.  New  York,  The  Pensacola  re- 
turns from  the  East  Africa  eclipse  expe- 
dition. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1990    May  3.    Mo.    The  Merchants' 
Bridge,  2,420  feet  long,  spanning  the 
Mississippi    at    St.   Louis,   and   costing 
$6,000,000,  is  completed. 
May  5.    New  York.    The  Metropolitan 
Museum    of   Art  is  reopened   to    the 
public. 
May  6.     Tex.    A  hurricane  prevails. 
May  9,  10.    ra.    Near  Franklin  a  tor- 
nado tears  a  path  300  feet  wide  and  25 
miles  long;  two  persons  are  killed  and 
several  others  badly  hurt ;  houses  and 
barns  are  demolished,  trees  uprooted, 
and  cattle  killed. 
May  13.    New  York.     The  corner-stone 
of  the  Carnegie  Music  Hall  is  laid  by 
Mrs.  Carnegie. 
May  16.    Alas.    A  volcano  is  reported 

to  be  in  a  state  of  eruption. 
May  23.    IlL     A  new  wheat-pest,    the 

saw-fly,  appears. 
May  29.    Md.    The  12th  aimual  Congress 
of  the  American  Liaryngological  As- 
sociation begins  its  sessions  in  Balti- 
more. 

Va.    An  equestrian  statue  of  Gen. 

Bobert   E.  Iiee  is    unveiled  at  Kicli- 
mond. 
May  30.    O.    The  Garfield  Memorial 
is    dedicated    at    Lakeview    Cemetery, 
Cleveland. 

La.   The  Red  River  rises  many  feet, 

and  sweeps  away  the  levees  near  Shreve- 
port ;  thousands  of  homes  are  rendered 
desolate,  and  immense  damage  is  done 
to  property  and  crops. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1890. 

May  3.  Beck,  James,  senator  for  Ky.,  A68. 
May  18.    Hopes,  Ripley,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 

A70. 
May  22.      Harper.     Fletcher     (Harper 

Bros.),  publisher,  A62. 

CHURCH. 

1890  May  7.  Mo.  The  General  Con- 
ference (Methodist  Ejiiscopal  South) 
meets  at  St.  Louis.  [May  9.  It  decides 
to  admit  laymen  as  members.  May  19. 
Revs.  Atticus  G.  Haygood  and  Oscar  P. 
Fitzgerald  are  elected  bishops.] 

May  8.  S.  C.  The  Episcopal  Diocese 
votes  not  to  exclude  a  colored  minis- 
ter who  is  at  present  a  member  of  that 
body. 

May  15.  N.  C.  The  Southern  Gteneral 
Assembly  (Presbyterian)  meets  atAshe- 
ville  ;  Rev.  James  Park,  moderator. 

The  body  embraces  2,321  churches, 
with  1,145  ministers.  161,000  communi- 
cants, and  over  100,000  Sunday-school 
pupils. 


N.  Y.  The  Northern  General  As- 
sembly (Presbyterian)  meets  at  Sara- 
toga; Rev.  W.  E.  Moore  of  Columbus, 
Ohio,  moderator. 

The  great  question  that  agitates  the 
conference  is  the  revision  of  the  Confes- 
sion of  Faith.  The  change  proposed  will 
blot  out  of  the  Confessicm  of  Faith  — 
Reprobation  ;  the  damnation  of  infants; 
the  damnation  of  the  heathen  ;  the  clas- 
sification of  Roman  Catholics  as  idola- 
ters, and  the  statement  that  the  Pope  is 
Anti-Christ.  Its  reports  show  133  Pres- 
byteries favor  revision,  66  oppose  any 
change,  seven  decline  to  express  an 
opinion,  and  seven  are  unheard  from. 

[May  24.  A  committee  is  appointed 
to  nominate  a  Committee  on  Revision. 
May  26.  Committees  on  Revision  and  a 
Consensus  Creed  are  appointed.] 

May  17.  Colo.  The  Rocky  Mountain 
Conference  of  Unitarian  and  other 
Liberal  Christian  Churches  is  organized 
at  Denver. 

May  22.  Neje  York.  Missionaries  sail 
for  theSoudan  Pioneer  Mission  in  Africa. 
Tliey  are  volunteers  from  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Associations;  and  all 
venture  "  in  faith,"  with  no  promise  of 
financial  support  except  the  promises  of 
the  Bible. 

May  27.  New  York.  The  Jewish  Min- 
isters' Association  of   America  is  in 

session. 


LETTERS. 

1890  May  6.  New  York.  Arrangements 
are  completed  for  accepting  the  gift  of 
Charles  Butler  of  $100,000  each  to 
the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York 
and  to  Union  Theological  Seminary. 
Steps  are  taken  to  unite  the  two  insti- 
tutions in  an  alliance. 

May  10.  li.  I.  The  School  Committee 
of  Providence  banishes  the  Bible  and 
devotional  exercises  from  its  schools. 

Mlay  14.  D.C.  Senator  Edmimds  intro- 
duces a  bill  to  establish  the  University 
of  the  United  States  in  the  City  of 
"Washington ;  the  bill  calls  for  $5,000,- 
000,  the  income  of  which  is  to  be  used 
for  the  expenses  of  the  institution. 

May  19±.  N.  Y.  The  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court  decides  the  Fisk  will  case 
against  Cornell,  the  University  there- 
by losing  $2,000,000. 

May  22.  N.  Y.  The  Presbyterian  Gen- 
eral Assembly's  Committee  on  Bills  juid 
Overtures  presents  a  report  urging  that 
the  Bible  be  restored  to  its  true 
place  in  our  system  of  education,  it 
not  being  sectarian,  but  the  source  of 
the  highest  moral  teaching. 

May  28.  IVis.  German  Catholic  socie- 
ties organize  against  the  Bennett 
Xiaw. 

Mass.  Tlie  New  England  Intercolle- 
giate Association  holds  its  annual  ses- 
sion in  Worcester. 

May  29.  Fla.  The  University  of 
Florida  is  founded  at  Tarpon  Springs. 

SOCIETY. 

1890     May  1.     Chicago.     About   25.000 

men  unite  in  a  labor  parade. 
D.  C.    The  Secretary  of  War  directs 

that  the  provisions  as  to  canteens  at 


military  posts  shall  be  retained,  except 
that  no  ardent  spirits  or  wine  shall  be 
sold  in  canteens,  sales  of  **  light  beer  *' 
only  being  tolerated. 

Del.    A  private  citizen  is  allowed  the 

privilege  of  w^hipping  a  criminal. 

U.  S.  Ex-President  Grover  Cleve- 
land is  admitted  to  practise  before  the 
Bar  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

May  3.  Chicago.  Over  7,000  men  join 
the  dissatisfied  strikers,  making  the  total 
number  out  32,000. 

Boston.    Carpenters  prepare  letters 

urging  foreign  working  men  to  remain 
away. 

May  4.  Chicago.  Leaders  among  the 
striking  carpenters  endeavor  to  continue 
agitation,  and  postpone  settlement  of 
the  strike.  It  is  commonly  believed  to 
have  failed  and  ended. 

May  6.  New  York.  The  Society  for  the 
Enforcement  of  the  Criminal  Law  is 

incorporated. 

N.  Y.    The  carpenters  in  New  York 

and  Brooklyn  succeed  in  the  eight-hour 
strike. 

May  7.  />.  C.  The  Decennial  Conven- 
tion of  Pharmacists  of  the  United  States 

is  in  session  at  Washington. 

New  York:    The  annual  meeting  and 

election  of  the  Civil  Service  Reform 
Association  takes  place. 

May  9.  />.  C.  A  reception  is  given  to 
Gen.  Sherman  in  Washington. 

May  10.  la.  Liquor-selling  under  the 
"  original  package  "  decision  is  increas- 
ing. 

Kan.     The  women  who  were  recently 

elected  officers  of  Edgerton  all  resign 
because  of  criticism  ;  they  say  the  men 
can  conduct  the  government 'in  the  fu- 
ture. 

N.  Y.  The  defalcation  of  $100,000 

by  G,  P.  Whitney  in  the  Albany  City 
National  Bank  is  reported. 

May  11,  Neio  York.  The  Central  Labor 
Union  denies  admission  to  the  delegates 
from  the  Saloon-Keepers'  Associa- 
tion, on  the  ground  that  its  members  are 
not  wage-workers. 

May  13.  Fla.  A  reign  of  terror  at  Ce- 
dar Keys  is  caused  by  Mayor  W.  W.  Cot- 
trell,  who  threatens  the  lives  of  all  who 
oppose  him.  [May  22.  Citizens  flee 
from  the  city  through  fear  of  the  re- 
turn of  Mayor  Cottrell.]     (See  Nov.  6.) 

La.    The  Louisiana  Lottery  offers 

$1,000,000  a  year  to  the  Legislature  for 
the  continuance  of  its  charter. 

Neio  York.     The  25th  anniversary  of 

the  National  Temperance  Society  is 
celebrated. 

May  14.  N.  T.  The  National  Confer- 
ence of  Charities  and  Corrections  be- 
gins at  Buffalo. 

N.  Y.  Ex- Alderman  John  0*NeiIl 

of  **  boodle"  notoriety  is  released  from 
Sing  Sing. 

May  16.  Ala.  Two  Mormon  elders  are 
severely  whipped  in  Clay  County  by  40 
farmers,  among  whose  families  the  Mor- 
mons have  been  proselyting  for  several 
weeks. 

May  19.  N.Y.  The  Democrat  and  Chroni- 
cle of  Rochester  announces  that  it  will 
cease  to  issue  a  Sunday  edition  on 
July  6 ;  this  is  in  deference  to  public 
sentiment. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1890,  Apr.  *.-May  30.      359 


May  20.  Chicago.  A  strike  of  waiters 
is  in  full  force. 

May  21.  Cat.  Plans  for  a  filibustering 
expedition  to  annex  Lower  California 
to  the  United  States  are  revealed  at  Los 
Angeles. 

D.  C.    The  United  States  Brewers' 

Association,  representing  $195,000,U00 
of  invested  capital,  opens  its  session  in 
Washington. 

S.  C.  The  State  Convention  of  col- 
ored people  assembles  at  Columbia  to 
organize  a  State  branch  of  the  National 
Afro-American  League. 

May  23.  Pa.  The  Cincinnati  Brewing 
Company,  amid  much  excitement,  opens 
an  "original  package"  store  in 
Ijeechburg,  a  dry  town  for  years. 

May  24.  Chicof/o.  An  Anarchist  plot 
comes  to  naught.  A  bomb  heavily  loaded 
with  dynamite  is  found  at  the  base  of 
the  Hayraarket  monument ;  but  a  rain 
puts  out  the  fuse  and  averts  the  injury. 

May  25.  Conn.  The  meeting  of  the 
Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Engi- 
neers at  New  Haven  is  addressed  by 
Chauncey  M.  Depew. 

May  26.  Chicago.  The  friends  of  Dr. 
Cronin  are  incorporated  as  an  associa- 
tion to  erect  and  maintain  a  monument 
to  his  memory. 

A'.  J.  IndlctmentB  are  found  against 

68  elections  officers  in  Jersey  City  for 

ballot-box  stuffing. 

.Miss.    The  Blue  and  the  Gray  hold 

a  reunion  at  Vicksburg,  amid  great  en- 
thusiasm. 

May  27.  X.  T.  The  missing  John 
Keenan,  ex-alderraan  of  "  boodle  "  no- 
toriety in  connection  with  the  Broad- 
way street  railroad,  returns,  and  fur- 
nishes bonds  in  S40,000  to  answer  the 
"boodle"  indictment.'  I^June  2.  The 
indictment  against  Patrick  Farley  is 
dismissed.  June  9.  Ex-Alderman  John 
O'Neil's  fine  of  $2,000  is  remitted.  July 
9.  Ex- Alderman  DeLacy  and  "  Billie" 
Maloney  return  and  give  bail  in  $40,000 
for  trial.] 

May  28.  D.  C.  The  National  Conven- 
tion of  State  Railroad  Commissioners 

begins  its  sessions  at  Washington. 

May  29.  D.  C.  The  Judiciary  Commit- 
tee of  the  House  reports  a  bill  for  a 
Constitutional  Amendment  to  secure 
suffrage  to  the  women  of  the  whole 
country.    [No  further  action  is  taken.] 

.^fiss.    A  reunion  of  the  Blue  and 

the  Gray  is  held  on  the  battlefields  of 
Port  Gibson  and  Champion  Hills. 

. Va.  Richmond  is  decorated  with  Con- 
federate flags,  in  honor  of  the  unveiling 
of  a  statue  to  Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee. 

STATE. 

1890  May  1.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
House  passes  the  Sherman  Anti-Tmat 
Bill. 

[June  18, 20.    Conference  report  agreed 
to.   July  2.    Approved  by  the  President.] 

May  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Customs  Administration 
Bill.  [May  27.  Conference  report  agreed 
to.  June  12.  Approvedby  the  President.] 
The  House  defeats  the  Adams  Interna- 
tional Copyright  Bill.    Vote,  98-126. 


May  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Diplomatic  and  Consular 
Appropriation  Bill  introduced  Apr.  22. 

lit.    The  Knights  of  Labor,  Patrons 

of  Husbandry,  and  Farmers'  Mutual 
Benefit  Association  unite  for  political 
action. 

May  5.  U.  C.  Congress :  Both  Houses 
adjourn  out  of  respect  to  the  memory 
of  Senator  James  B.  Beck,  of  Ky. 

May  7.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
begins  its  debate  on  the  Silver  BUI. 
(See  July  14.)  In  the  House  the  debate 
on  the  Tariff  Bill  is  opened  by  William 
McKinley  of  O.  for  the  measure,  and 
R.  Q.  Mills  of  Tex.  against  it. 

X".  T.  Tlie  Senate  passes  the  Black- 
well's  Island  Bridge  Bill :  the  .Vssembly 
votes  to  submit  the  Prohibition  Amend- 
ment to  the  people  on  April  9, 1891. 

May  8.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Dingley  Worsted  Bill. 

May  9.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  regular  Pension  Bill.  [June 
24.  The  Senate  recedes  from  its  amend- 
ment.   July  1.    Approved.] 

May  10.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Army  Appropriation  Bill 
with  the  anti-canteen  amendment.  [May 
28,  June  2,  4.  Conference  report  agreed 
to.  June  16.  Approved  by  the  Presi- 
dent.] 

May  12,  13.  D.  C.  Congress  :  In  the 
Senate  the  Silver  Bill  is  debated  ;  the 
House  passes  six  paragraphs  of  the  Mc- 
Kinley Tariff  BiU. 

May  13,  Kan.  Judge  Crozier  decides 
that  a  part  of  the  State  Prohibitory  Law 
is  unconstitutional. 

May  14.  n.  C.  Congress  :  In  the  Sen- 
ate G.  F.  Edmunds  of  Vt.  introduces  a 
bill  for  the  establishnient  of  a  National 
University.    (See  Letters.) 

May  17.  D.  C.  Congress  :  The  Senate 
passes  a  bill  appropriating  $300,000  for 
an  equestrian  statue  of  Gen.  Grant  at 
Washington ;  bill  introduced  Apr.  16 ;  re- 
ferred to  House  Committee  on  Library. 
The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  declares 
Minnesota's  Dressed  Beef  Law  uncon- 
stitutional. 

May  19.  Ky.  The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court 
decides  in  favor  of  the  claim  of  Ken- 
tucky to  the  ownership  of  Green  Island 
in  the  Ohio. 

May  21.  l>.  C.  Congress:  In  the  .Sen- 
ate the  Silver  Bill  and  the  bill  restoring 
the  control  of  the  liquor-traffic  to  the 
States  within  their  own  borders  are  dis- 
cussed ;  the  House  passes  the  McKin- 
ley Tariff  Bill.  Vote,  Yea,  104  Rep. ; 
Nay,  140  Dem.,  1  Rep.  (Wheeler)  ;  ab- 
sent, 6  Rep.,  15  Dem. 

^V.  J.    State  Senator  E.  F.  M'Don- 

ald  (Dem.)  of    Hudson    County  is  un- 
seated by  the  Republicans. 

May  23.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  McKinley  Tariff  BiU  Is  intro- 
duced and  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Finance. 

May  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
refuses  to  strike  out  the  provision  for 
three  battle-ships  in  the  Naval  Bill; 
also  rejects  an  amendment  asking  Great 
Britain  to  disaim  her  naval  and  military 
forces  in  the  Western  Hemisphere. 


It  amends  and  passes  the  Naval  Ap- 
propriation BiU.  [June  24,  25.  Con- 
ference report  agreed  to.  July  1.  Ap- 
proved by  the  President.] 

May  27.  B.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  ••  Original  Package  ** 
Liquor  BiU  in  its  constitutional  as- 
pects ;  in  the  House  a  joint  resolution 
is  offered  appropriating  $250,000  for 
the  completion  of  the  Grant  monu- 
ment at  Riverside  Park,  in  New  York 
City,  and  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Library. 

The  President  transmits  to  both 
houses  the  plan  of  the  Pan-Ameri- 
can Conference  for  an  international 
American  Bank. 

May  28.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  River  and  Harbor  BiU  in- 
troduced Apr.  18. 

The  Senate  Finance  Committee  de- 
cides to  consider  the  different  schedules 
of  the  Tariff  Bill  separately. 

May  29.  fj.  C.  Congress :  The  Sen- 
ate passes  the  ••  Original  Package  •* 
Liquor  BiU.  Vote,  34-10.  Introduced 
Dec.  4, 1889. 

In  the  House  a  select  committee  report 
in  favor  of  the  enfranchisement  of 
the  women  of  the  whole  country,  about 
13,000,000  in  number. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Apr.  •  IF.  Va.  Hundreds  of  cat- 
tle are  dying  for  want  of  food. 

Apr.*  Publishers  of  cheap  novels  form 
a  trust,  and  advance  the  price  of  paper- 
backed books  of  light  reading  33  per 
cent. 

Apr.  *  The  valleys  flooded  by  the  tribu- 
taries of  the  Mississippi  River  suffer  im- 
mense damage. 

May  5.  I'a.  Easton  celebrates  its  first 
centenary. 

May  6.  N.  J.  The  Singer  Sewing- 
machine  Works  at  Elizabethport  are 
partly  burned,  and  3,1300  persons  are 
thrown  out  of  employment:  estimated 
loss,  $1,000,000. 

May  8.  N.  Y.  Ten  lives  are  lost  in  fire 
in  an  insane  asylum  in  Preston. 

Pa.  Five  more  victims  of  the  Johns- 
town fiood  are  found. 

May  9.  New  Yirrk.  The  Postal  Tele- 
graph CableCompany  increases  its  <-;ipi- 
tal  stock  from  $5,000,000  to  $10,00U,OO(J. 

May  15.  Pa.  Thirty-one  men  are  buried 
by  a  rock-faU  in  a  mine  at  Ashley. 

May  17.  Mich.  Grand  Rapida  loses 
$125,000  by  Hre. 

May  20.  The  steamer  Beacon  tir/lit 
strikes  an  iceberg,  and  narrowly  es- 
capes sinking. 

O.  The  remains  of  President  Gar- 
field are  placed  in  the  crypt  in  the 
monument  in  Lake  View  Cemetery, 
Cleveland,  their  final  resting-place. 

May  23.  X.  Y.  The  Owego  National 
Bank  suspends  payment ;  its  cashier  has 
departed. 

May  24.  Wash.  George  Francis  Train 
reaches  Tacoma. 

He  completes  his  trip  around  the 
world  in  67  days,  13  hours,  three  min- 
utes, and  three  seconds,  thus  beating 
Nellie  Bly's  record  by  about  tive  days. 

May  30.  Cat.  A  train  falls  through  a 
drawbridge  at  Oakland  ;  13  persons  are 
drowned. 


860     1890,  May  SO-June  21. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1890  May  26+:.  Jtliss.  A  reunion  of 
soldiers  of  both  he  Union  and  Confed- 
erate armies  Is  held  at  Vicksburg; 
it  is  a  great  success. 

May  *  The  new  U.  S.  torpedo-boat  Cusk- 
ln(j  surpasses  all  records,  making  in 
one  hour  24,32  knots,  or  28  miles. 

May  *  The  Squadron  of  Evolution  is 
ordered  to  sail  from  Europe  to  Brazil, 
to  prevent  outside  interference  with  the 
elections  in  that  country  in  September. 

June  2.  Boston.  The  Ancient  and 
Honorable  Artillery  Company  cele- 
brates its  252d  anniversary. 

June  3.  Pa.  The  gunboat  Bennington 
is  launched  at  Chester. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  May  *  S.  C.  The  largest  deposit 
of  mang^anese  ever  found  in  the  United 
States  is  opened  at  Tredegar,  Calhoun 
County. 

May*  Tex.  A  destructive  cyclone 
visits  Salt  Creek,  in  Hood  County,  and 
kills  15  persons,  besides  doing  great 
damage  to  property. 

June  4.  Neio  York.  A  ball  of  fire 
strikes  the  Commercial  Advertiser  build- 
ing, but  does  little  damage. 

June  9.  Va.  A  monument  to  the  Con- 
federate dead  is  unveiled  at  Petersburg. 

June  14.  O.  An  earthquake  is  felt 
in  Toledo. 

June  16.  Cat.  One  of  the  peaks  of 
Motuit  Shasta  is  reported  to  have  dis- 
appeared ;  it  is  believed  to  have  fallen 
into  the  crater. 

D.   C.      In  the   Senate  the    Finance 

Committee  restores  the  duty  on  works 
of  art. 

June  21.  III.  Forty  lives  are  lost  by 
a  destructive  cyclone ;  Paw-Paw  is  al- 
most swept  away. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1890. 
June  8.     Moffat,  James  Clement,  professor 

at  Princeton,  A79. 
June  33.    M'Crary,  George  W.,  secretary 
of  war,  A55. 

CHURCH. 

1890  June  1.  JV^.  Y.  Many  Sunday- 
schools  in  Brooklyn  are  presented  with 
United  States  flags  by  the  Grand 
Army  posts. 

The  7tb  annual  session  of  the  Inter- 
national Missionary  Union  begins  at 
Clifton  Springs. 

Jime  6.  The  General  Synod  (Ke- 
formed)  adopts  a  report  recommending 
union  with  the  Reformed  Church  in  the 
United  States. 

June  12*.  Minn.  The  Norwegrian 
Lutheran  Church  of  America  holds  its 
annual  session  in  Minneapolis.  [The 
three  sects  of  the  church  will,  as  a  result 
of  the  meeting,  unite  under  the  name  of 
the  United  Norwegian  Lutheran  Free 
Church  of  America.] 

T  Mo.  The  9th  International  Con- 
vention of  Christian  Endeavor  Soci- 
eties meets  at  St.  Louis  ;  8,000  delegates 


are  present,  representing  660,000  mem- 
bers. 

June  14.  Wis.  The  "Welsh  Presbyte- 
rians—  300  in  number  —  in  convention 
at  Milwaukee,  denounce  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  State  for  deciding  as  uncon- 
stitutional the  jeading  of  the  Bible  in 
the  public  schools,  and  decide  to  indorse 
the  Bennett  law. 

June  21.  Chicaffo.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

LETTERS. 

1890  May*  la.  The  State  Congrega- 
tional Association,  in  session  in  Des 
Moines,  decides  to  take  up  the  fight 
for  public  schools  and  against  the 
Catholic  position. 

May*  ///.  The  Lutherans  and  German 
Catholics  are  about  to  make  a  com- 
bined attack  at  the  poUs  on  the  Com- 
pulsory Education  Law  to  secure  its 
repeal. 

May  *  Wis.  Republicans  divide  on  the 
Bennett  School  Law  issue. 

June  1±.  Mass.  The  Faculty,  the  Aca- 
demic Council,  and  the  corporation  of 
Harvard,  favor  reducing  the  period 
of  study  for  B.A.  to  three  years. 

Wis.  Guido  Phster  presents  the  Ger- 
man and  English  Academy  in  Mil- 
waukeenrith  grounds  valued  at  $20,000, 
and' $35,000  in  cash  to  erect  academy 
buildings. 

June  9.  N.  J.  Class-day  exercises  are 
held  at  Princeton  ;  Mrs.  Susan  Brown 
gives  the  college  $100,000  for  a  new 
dormitory. 

June  10.  O.  Father  Quigley,  pastor 
of  St.  Francis  de  Sales  Koman  Catholic 
church  at  Toledo,  is  indicted  by  the 
grand  jury  *'  for  misdemeanor,  for  neg- 
lecting to  report  pupils  to  the  Board  of 
Education." 

June  13.  Mass.  A  young  woman  of  the 
Harvard  Annex  wins  the  Sargent  prize 
for  a  translation  from  Horace. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  May  30.  Chicago.  The  Gar- 
field Memorial  is  dedicated  at  Lake- 
view;  President  Harrison  and  others 
make  addresses. 

^,'ew  York.    The  Presbyterian  General 

Assembly,  in  session  at  Saratoga,  com- 
mends  prohibition. 

"  While,  as  a  church,  we  neither  advo- 
cate nor  antagonize  any  political  party, 
we  earnestly  commend  to  our  ministers 
and  people,  as  Christian  citizens,  such 
vigorous,  persevering  efforts  as  may 
seem  wisest  to  them  towards  the  enact- 
ment in  every  State  and  Territory  of 
statutes  whitdi  shall  hopefully  secure 
entire  prohibition  of  a  traffic  largely  re- 
sponsible for  the  bulk  of  the  drunken- 
ness, crime,  pauperism,  and  social  mis- 
eries which  afflict  our  land." 

+  \ew  York.  A  National  Conven- 
tion of  "  Christian  Scientists  "  meets. 

May  *  I).  C.  Members  of  Congress  re- 
ceive an  appeal  from  1,600  imem- 
ployed  men  in  San  Francisco,  stating 
the  causes  of  their  destitution  and  ask- 
ing a  loan  of  $6,000,000  from  the  Govern- 
ment. 


May  *  Miss.  The  governor  refuses  to  ac- 
cept any  aid  whatever  from  the  Federal 
Government  for  the  flood  sufferers,  on 
the  ground  that  it  would  demoralize 
the  plantation  hands. 

*  *  Xew  York.  The  "  Consumers' 
Xieague  "  is  formed. 

Its  purpose  is  to  patronize  only  such 
storekeepers  as  are  humane  to  their 
saleswomen  ;  nearly  100  prominent  local 
clergymen  approve  the  scheme. 

May  *  New  York.  The  Radical  Club 
is  organized. 

May  ♦  .V.  Y.  Gov.  Hill  signs  the  bill  re- 
quiring manufacturing,  mining,  quarry- 
ing, lumbering,  mercantile,  railroad, 
steamboat,  telegraph,  telephone,  ex- 
I)ress,  water,  and  municipal  corporations 
to  pay  their  employees  weekly. 

May*  S.  Dak.  A  great  number  of 
woman  suffrage  societies  are  organ- 
ized in  the  interest  of  the  Woman  Suf- 
frage Constitutional  Amendment  to  be 
voted  on  next  fail. 

May  *  The  General  Conference  of  the 
Methodist  Protestant  Church  declares 
against  license. 

"  We  are  unalterably  opposed  to  any 
form  of  license,  high  or  low,  as  being 
wrong  in  principle  and  pernicious  in 
practice.  We  believe  the  time  has  fully 
come  when  Christian  men  should  rise 
above  party  prejudice  and  sectional  jeal- 
ousy, and  give  their  suffrages  to  any 
party  which  has  for  its  object  the  protec- 
tion of  our  homes  by  the  destruction  of 
the  unholy  traffic." 

June  1,  Kan.  A  lively  whisky  war 
prevails  over  the  "  original  package  " 
decision. 

Jxme  3.  Pa.  TheAmalgamatedAsso- 
ciation  of  Iron  and  Steel  Workers  is  in 
session  at  Pittsburg. 

Mont.    Three  Indian  chiefs  meet  near 

the  Crow  agency  to  behold  the  great 
spirit ;  the  Messiah  delusion  spreads. 

June  4.  Ind.  The  Grand  Lodge  takes  a 
firm  stand  in  favor  of  the  exclusion  of 
liquor-dealers  from  the  Order  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias. 

O.     About  1,700   carpenters  are 

out  on  strike  in  Cincinnati. 

June  5.  Kan.  Judge  J.  S.  West  of  the 
United  States  District  Court  at  Fort 
Scott  declines  to  enforce  the  State 
Prohibitory  Xjaw  in  an  original  pack- 
age case. 

June  6.  Chicago.  Irish  beer-drinkers 
boycott  the  breweries  which  have  been 
sold  to  English  syndicates. 

AVtp  Yark.  The  American  Patriotic 

Xieague  holds  its  initial  meeting  in 
favor  of  political  purity. 

Wash.    Seattle  celebrates  the  first 

anniversary  of  the  great  fire. 

During  the  first  succeeding  year,  out 
of  the  $12,000,000  worth  of  buildings 
destroyed,  nearly  $6,000,000  have  been 
rebuilt,  and  the  town  is  again  pros- 
perous. 

Wis.    Indians  are  mutinous. 

A  wealthy  Norwegian,  Segwald  A. 
Qval,  of  Eau  Claire,  provides  by  will 
§1,000,000  for  establishing  a  hospital  in 
Madison  for  persons  crippled  and  de- 
formed from  birth.  . 


UNITED    STATES.  1890,  May  30 -June  21.      361 


June  8.  Xew  York.  The  Central  Labor 
Union  onters  a  strike  against  pool  beer ; 
tUd  Socialists  witUiiraw  I'rom  the  Uuiuu. 

J}'i/o.  Tongue  Kiver  settlers  are  aban- 

domng  their  homes,  owing  to  thefts 
and  attempted  murders  by  northern 
Cheyenne  Indians. 

June  9.  O.  Riotous  strikers  prevent 
the  running  of  Btreet-cars  in  Columbus. 
[July  11.  The  strike  paralyzes  business 
by  diverting  trade  to  other  cities:  mer- 
chants  are  losing  thousands  of  dollars 
by  the  strike.  June  13.  The  strike  is 
settled  by  compromise.] 

Miss.  Ex-State  Treasurer  W.L.  Hem- 
ingway is  indicted  on  the  charge  of  em- 
bezzling $315,612.19. 

June  10.  A''.  Y.  The  annual  meeting  of 
the  Superintendents  of  Insane  Asylums 
begins  at  >(iagara  JTalls. 

Tex.    An  express-train  is  held  up 

and  robbed  by  six  masked  men. 

June  11,  12.  A^ejy  YoH:  About  800 
delegates  meet  in  a  Temperance  Con- 
vention; all  sides  of  the  question  are 
discussed ;  the  convention  is  practically 
unanimous  for  prohibition. 

The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Kailroad 

Company  issues  a  circular  giving  notice 
that  it  will  not  employ  men  addicted  to 
intemperance. 

June  13.  S.  C.  Lynchers  are  ac- 
quitted at  Lexiugtou. 

June  14.  Ky.  A  meeting  is  held  at 
Middlesboro  to  organize  permanently 
the  Grant  and  Lee  Monument  Asso- 
ciation ;  subscriptions  amounting  to 
$14,000  are  reported. 

Tex.    Prominent  citizens  of  Texar- 

kana  are  under  arrest  for  train-robbing. 

Jiuie  16.    La.     A  pro-lottery  man  is 

lynched  by  indignant  citizens. 
Jiuie  17       fiostnn  —  Chicafjo.      The  an- 
niversary of  the  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill 

is  celebrated. 

D.  a    Miss  Mary  B.   Caldwell  of 

Washington  is  married  to  Baron  von 
Zed^vitz,  German  minister  to  Mexico. 

Jime  18.  O.  The  switchmen  strike 
at  Cleveland. 

Xew  York.   Jay  Gould  is  fined  $100 

for  not  doing  duty  as  a  juryman. 

The  Reform  Party  is  announced  to 
meet  in  convention  in  Syracuse  on  Aug.  5. 
It  favors  a  national  currency,  absolute 
suppression  of  the  liquor-trattic  for  bev- 
erage purposes  by  national  Constitu- 
tional enactment,  no  taxation  without 
representation  except  in  the  case  of 
aliens,  etc. 

y.  T.     The    Railway    Telegraph 

Superintendents  begin  their  convention 
at  Niagara  Falls. 

Pa.  The  freight  brakemen  at  Pitts- 
burg strike. 

June  19.  New  York.  An  association  is 
organized  to  work  for  new  excise  laws; 
it  is  to  be  known  as  the  **  New  York 
Citizens'  Alliance." 

June  21,  Ga.  A  Mormon  elder  is 
tarred  and  feathered  n«ar  (Jibstm. 

Mass.    The  carpenters  and  joiners 

of  Worcester  agree  to  strike  for  nine 
hours  a  day  and  ei^lit  hours  on  Satur- 
day, without  reduction  in  pay. 

Mich.     Striking    miners    stop   the 

work  of  others  in  machine  and  black- 
smith shops  in  the  Tamarack  mine 
region. 

STATE. 

1890  May  31.  7).  C.  First  Assistant 
P.  M.-Gen.,  J.  S.  Clarkson,  retires  from 
office. 


Neh.    The  Legislature  is  called  in 

special  session  to  consider  railroad  and 
ballot  reform  measures. 

June  2.  ]J.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  an  amendment  to  the  Army 
Bill  providing  that  no  liquor  shall  be 
sold  to  soldiers  by  post-traders,  and  none 
by  canteens  in  prohibition  States. 

Professor  Wiley  reports  to  the  Treas- 
ury Department  that  the  Government 
has  lost  $z,oco,ooo  by  the  polariscope 
sugar  tests  in  the  New  York  Custom- 
house. 

Ore.    The  State  election  results  in 

the  reelection  of  Binger  Hermann  to 
Congress,  and  a  probable  Republican 
majority  on  joint  ballot  in  the  Legisla- 
ture: but  it  gives  the  governorship  to 
the  Democratic  nominee,  Sylvester  Pen- 
noyer. 

June  3.  Xew  York.  The  commission 
on  consolidation  of  New  York  and  the 
neighboring  cities  holds  its  first  session. 

June  4.  7>.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Fortifications 
Appropriation  Bill.  [Aug.  7,  8,  13. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  Aug.  20. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 

///.    Gen.  John  M.  Palmer  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Me.    F.  M.  Hill  (Dem.)  is  nominated 

for  governor. 

June  6.  />.  C  Congress :  Both  Houses 
consider  the  silver  question ;  Preston 
B.  Plumb  of  Kan.  opposes  the  Republi- 
can position  on  the  Silver  Bill. 

June  9.  />.  C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
a  substitute  for  the  Silver  Bill  is 
passed.  Vote,  13.'»-U9.  It  provides  for 
the  issue  of  Treasury  notes  on  the  de- 
posit of  silver  bullion. 

June  10.  D.  C.  Congress:  Senator 
George  F.  Edmunds  of  Vt.  introduces  a 
bill  providing  that  all  property  of  the 
Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Ijatter-day 
Saints  to  which  it  shall  appear  there  is 
no  lawful  private  right  shall  be  forfeited 
to  the  State,  and  devoted  to  the  benefit 
of  public  common  schools  in  Utah.  The 
House  passes  the  Post-offlce  Appro- 
priation Bill  introduced  Apr.  29. 

June  11.  n.  ('.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Dependent  Pension  BiU. 
Vote,  145-56. 

It  provides  for  the  payment  of  pen- 
sions to  dependent  parents  of  deceased 
soldiers  who  would  have  been  entitled 
to  pensions  if  they  had  survive<I.  [June 
27.    Approved.] 

June  12.  D.C.  Congress:  W.M.Evarts 
of  N.  Y.,  John  T.  Morgan  of  Ala.,  and 
Z.  B.  Vance  of  N.  C,  speak  on  the  Silver 
Question  ;  the  House  passes  the  Agri- 
cultural Appropriation  and  Urgent 
Deficiency  Appropriation  Bills. 

June  13.  I>.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
lays  on  the  table  the  MorriU  Silver  Bill 
after  26  discussions ;  it  authorizes  tbe 
issue  of  Treasury  notes  on  the  deposits 
of  silver  bullion. 

TU.    Gov.  Pifer  calls  a  special  session 

of  the  Legislature  to  take  action  on  tlie 

World's  Fair. 

June  14.  Knn.  Judge  Caldwell  of  the 
IT.  S.  Circuit  Court  at  Leavenworth  hands 
down  an  opinion  nullifying  the  prohibi- 
tory laws  of  the  State. 


June  15.  Kan.  Judge  Ney  renders  a 
decision  .it  Independence  that  sealed 
bottles  of  beer  in  sealed  cases  are  original 
packages;  but  they  must  be  sent  tnun 
outside  the  State,  and  not  from  any  other 
person  in  the  State. 

Jime  17.  U.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Conger  Free  Coinage  Sil- 
ver Bill-  Vote,  43-24.  The  House  passes 
the  Sundry  Civil  Appropriation  BiU 
introduced  June  11.  [July  7-12.  Con- 
ference report  agreed  to.  July  14.  Ap- 
proved by  the  President.] 

June  18.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  Tariff  Bill  is  reported  from  the 
Finance  Committee  ;  the  House  receives 
the  amended  SUver  Bill  from  the  Sen- 
ate, and  passes  tbe  Indian  Appropria- 
tion BiU  introduced  June  4. 

June  19.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
receives  from  President  Harrison  the 
report  of  the  Pan-American  Confer- 
ence Committee  on  Customs  Union. 
In  the  House  the  Federal  ^Elections 
BiU  is  reported. 

June  20.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  JLtegislative, 
Executive,  and  Judicial  Appropri- 
ation BiU.  [July  2.  The  Conferences 
having  disagreed,  the  Senate  recedes 
from  its  amendments.  July  II.  Ap- 
proved by  the  President.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 
1890    May  30.      Utah.     The  dam  of  a 

reservoir  on  the  Sevier  River  gives  way. 
June  2.     U.  S.     The  work  of  taking  a 

new  census  is  begun. 

June  6.  Five  persons  are  klUed  on  the 
Chicago  and  Northwestern  Bailroad  in 
consequence  of  a  broken  wheel. 

New  York.     The  Hudson  River 

Bridge  Commission  organizes  for 
work. 

Andrew  H.  Green  is  chosen  chairman  ; 
Charles  N.  Vail,  secretary  ;  with  Charles 
H.  Swan,  assistant  secretary. 

Junes.  Ire.  ThesteamahXp  City  of  Home 
runs  on  the  rocks  at  Fastnet ;  no  serious 
damage  is  done. 

Many  cattle  are  dying  of  starvation 

on  the  Southwestern  ranges. 

June  9.  Mo.  Trains  collide  near  War- 
renton ;  eight  persons  are  killed  and  11 
injured. 

June  11.  N.  F.  The  elevated  roads 
in  the  First  Ward  of  Brooklyn  are  sold 
for  unpaid  taxes. 

Southampton,  Long  Island,  cele- 
brates its  250tli  anniversary. 

A   Canadian    schooner  is  seized 

for  smuggling  Chinese  into  the  United 
States. 
June  13.  New  York.  The  Hamburg 
American  steamship  Columbia  arrives, 
having  made  the  best  record  between 
Southampton  and  New  York  ;  time,  six 
days,  16  hours,  two  minutes. 

June  16.  Pa.  Thirty-one  miners  are 
killed  by  a  firedamp  explosion  in  a 
mine  at  Hill  Farm,  Dunbar. 

June  17.  Cat.  Miles  of  grain-fields 
near  Merced  are  burned  over. 

June  20.  Chiraffo.  The  Park  National 
Bank  closes  its  doors  ;  its  president  says 
it  is  solvent. 


)2    1890,  June  21-JTily  11. 


AMERICA ; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1890  June  26.  The  trial  trip  of  the 
cruiser  Philadelphia  shows  that  lier 
speed  is  19J  knots  at  the  maximum. 

D.  C,  Richard  N.  Batcheider  is  com- 
missioned brigadier-general. 

June  *  Mont.  The  governor  sends  the 
residents  of  Miles  City  1,000  stands  of 
arms  as  a  defense  against  the  Chey- 
enne Indians. 

June  *  Wis.  An  uprising  of  the  Me- 
nominee and  Oneida  Indians  is 
threatened,  and  troops  are  called  for ; 
the  disorder  is  incited  by  an  agent  who 
had  been  dismissed  by  the  Government. 

July  11.  D.C.  Alexander  McD.McCook 
is  commissioned  brigadier-general. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  July  1.  Ind.  A  monument  to 
Thomas  A.  Hendricks  is  unveiled  at 
Indianapolis. 

Vt.  The  corner-stone  of  the  Fair- 
banks Museum  of  Isfatural  Sciences 
is  laid  at  St.  Johnsbury. 

July  5.  ///.  A  Soldiers*  and  Sailors' 
Monument  is  unveiled  at  Sterling. 

July  7.  A'".  Dak.  A  tornado  sweeps 
over  the  State ;  several  persons  are 
killed,  and  an  immense  amount  of  prop- 
erty is  destroyed.  [July?,  11.  Tornadoes 
visit  Illinois.] 

July  8.  New  York.  The  heat  is  oppres- 
sive ;  the  mercury  reaches  101",  in  conse- 
quence of  which  many  people  are  pros- 
trated. 

July  9.  A  destructive  drought  prevails 
in  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  some  parts 
of  Colorado,  no  rain  having  fallen  for 
months ;  thousands  of  range-cattle  are 
lying  dead  in  parched  valleys,  and  thou- 
sands more  are  dying  for  \fant  of  grass 
and  water. 

S.  Dak.    A  vein  of  lead,  containing 

80  per  cent  of  the  pure  metal,  is  dis- 
covered in  Rock  Bluffs  near  Bad  River. 

July  10.  K.  H.  The  Signal  Station 
thermometer  at  Mount  Washington  in- 
dicates 25*"  above  zero,  and  the  sum- 
mit is  white  with  snow. 

July  II.     Va.    A  July  frost  occurs. 

N.  Y.    Workmen  strike  natural  gas 

while  drilling  for  water  in  Utica. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1800. 

July  9.  FisX,  Clinton  B..  abolitionist,  pro- 
hibitionist, brig.-gen.  of  vols.,  <;andidate  for 
presidency,  capitalist,  pbilaiithroj)ist,  A62. 

July  lO.  McCreedy,  Thomas  C,  senator 
for  Ky.,  A73. 

CHURCH. 

1890  June  24.  Cal.  William  F.  Nichols 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
assistant  bishop  of  California. 

June  24-27.  Pa.  The  6th  Interna- 
tional Sunday-school  Convention 
meets  in  Pittsburg;  nearly  1,300  dele- 
gates are  present,  representing  112,897 
schools,  1,178,301  teachers,  and  9,149,997 
scholars. 


June  26.  Wyo,  The  first  Mormon 
church  in  this  State  is  incorporated  in 

Cheyenne. 

June  29.  New  York.  The  first  rabbi  of 
the  First  Hxmgarian  Church  meets 
with  a  hearty  reception  among  his 
people. 

June  30.  Mass.  The  Christian  Col- 
lege Students*  Conference  opens  at 
Northfield. 

New    York.      The    corner-stone  of  a 

Baptist  institutional  church  in  mem- 
ory of  Adoniram  Judson  is  laid  at  the 
corner  of  Thompson  Street  and  Wash- 
ington Square. 

Phila.  The  Roman  Catholic  Ca- 
thedral, the  corner-stone  of  which  was 
laid  in  1846,  is  consecrated. 

June  *  The  General  Assembly 
(United  Presbyterian)  adopts  resolu- 
tions prohibiting  clergymen,  elders,  stu- 
dents, and  laymen  from  using  tobacco 
in  any  form. 

Jiuie  *  The  Synod  (Reformed  Pres- 
byterian) adopts  a  petition  asking  Con- 
gress to  amend  the  Constitution  so  as  to 
recognize  the  divinity  of  Christ. 

LETTERS. 

1890  Jtme  26.  Me.  Bowdoin  confers 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  on  Speaker  Thomas 
B,  Reed.  [Yale  confers  the  same  degree 
on  William  Walter  Phelps,  and  Dart- 
mouth on  Senator  George  Franklin  Ed- 
munds.] 

June  28.  Mr.  Stanley*8  new  book.  In 
Darkest  Africa,  is  published  simultane- 
ously in  the  United  States,  England, 
Germany,  and  other  countries. 

July  4.  Minn.  The  National  Council 
of  Education  begins  its  sessions  at  St. 
Paul.  It  has  the  largest  attendance 
known  in  its  history. 

July  7.  Chicago.  Papers  of  incorpora- 
tion of  the  Chicago  Baptist  University 
signed  by  John  I).  Rockefeller,  Francis 
E.  Hinnckley,  and  others,  are  received  by 
the  Secretary  of  State  at  Springfield. 
[July  10.  The  first  meeting  of  the  trus- 
tees is  held.] 

New  York.     Samuel  P.  Avery  gives 

$50,000  to  establish  and  endow  an  archi- 
tectural library  in  Columbia  College, 
in  memory  of  his  son. 

O,  President  Gates  of  Rutgers  is  of- 
fered the  presidency  of  Amherst,  t-^ug. 
28.    He  accepts.] 

July  8.  Conn.  The  21st  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  American  Philological 
Association  opens  in  Norwich. 

July  10,  Minn.  Archbishop  Ireland 
addresses  the  National  Education  Asso- 
ciation at  St.  Paul  on  the  compulsory 
education  laws. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  June  22.  Mass.  Unknown  per- 
sons deface  with  red  paiut  the  statue  of 
John  Harvard  at  Harvard  University. 

June  23.  Kan.  A  State  Convention  at 
Topeka,  having  3,000  delegates  present, 
protests   against  the  Missouri  whisky 


invasion  and  the  "original  package'* 
liquor-shops. 
N.  Y.     Mrs.  Delia  Cross  of  Brook- 
lyn qualifies  as  captain  of  the  schooner 

Oregon,  of  which  she  is  the  owner. 

///.     The  strike  of  the  trainmen 

and  switchmen  puts  a  complete  stop  to 
the  running  of  trains  on  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad.  [June  25.  The  strike 
extends  to  the  freight  handlers  at  East 
St.  Louis.  June  27.  The  strike  ends  in 
a  practical  victory  for  the  company.] 

June  24.  Conn.  Cornell  freshmen  de- 
feat Harvard  and  Yale  in  a  boat-race ; 
time,  n.l6i. 

June  25.  La.  The  Assembly  favors  the 
lottery.    (See  State,  June  25.) 

Conn.  The  Intercollegiate  boat- 
race,  three  miles  straight,  takes  place 
at  New  London ;  Cornell  defeats  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania ;  time,  14 
minutes  and  43  seconds. 

June  27.  D.  C.  A  dependent  pension 
bill  is  approved  granting  $6  and  §12  per 
month  to  ex-soldiers  who  served  90  days 
or  more  in  the  Civil  War,  and  who  are 
physically  or  mentally  disabled  from 
self-support  by  manual  labor,  and  to  aid 
their  widows. 

June  *  New  York.  Nine  of  the  principal 
cloak  manufacturers  lock  out  their  em- 
ployees, numbering  about  10,000  persons. 
[July  8.  A  parade  of  8,000  locked-out 
cloakmakers  takes  place.  July  14. 
They  reject  the  overtures  of  the  manu- 
facturers, and  insist  that  none  but  union 
men  shall  be  employed.  July  17.  The 
strike  takes  a  new  start.  July  21.  The 
union  makes  new  demands  on  the  man- 
ufacturers' association.  July  25.  The 
strikers  return  to  work.] 

June  *  S.  Dak.  The  Farmers'  Alliance 
and  the  Knights  of  Labor  unite  and  form 
a  new  party,  called  the  **  Independent 
party,"  favoring  woman  suffrage, 
graded-service  pension,  free  coinage  of 
silver,  prohibition,  and  tariff  for  reveuue 
only. 

June  *  The  Non-Partisan  "Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union  is  form- 
ed of  seceders  from  the  older  society. 

July  1.  New  York.  A  meeting  of  the 
Boiler  Manufacturers*  Association  of 
the  United  States  and  Canada  is  held. 

July  3.  Me.  Annual  reunion  of  the 
Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
is    held  at  Portland. 

Tenn.    The  reunion  of  Confederate 

veterans  is  held  at  Chattanooga. 

July  0.  N.  Y.  The  7th  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  National  Confectioners'  As- 
sociation takes  place  at  Niagara  Falls. 

July  10.  Ga.  Fatal  fighting  between 
whites  and  blacks  occurs  at  Star's 
Mill,  15  miles  south  of  Palmetto  ;  six 
white  men  are  shot  and  a  number  of 
blacks. 

N.  Y.  —  Ky.    Labor  strikes  occur  at 

Poughkeepsie  and  Louisville. 

The  46tli  annual  meeting  of  the  Sons 

of  Temperance  of  North  America  is 
held. 

A  resolution  is  adopted  calling  upon 
Congress  to  prohibit  the  exportation  of 
intoxicating  ueverages  from  the  United 
States  to  Africa  and  the  Western  Pacific 
Islands  ;  also,  that  the  bill  to  prohibit 
all  interstate  original-package  traffic  in 
intoxicating  drinks  in  Prohibition  States 
be  speedily  passed. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1890,  June  21 -July  11.     363 


I 


STATE. 

1890    June  21.    J).  C.    Congress:  The 

Senate  i)<'i.sses  the  Edmunds  Bill  devoting 
the  property  of  the  Mormon  Church 
to  the  common  schools  of  Utah.  )  ntro 
ducod  June  10.  [Sept.  26.  The  Commit- 
tee on  Judiciary  reports  it  back  to  the 
House.] 
Jime  23.  J).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Disability  Pension  Bill  and 
the  Agricultural  College  Bill  intro- 
duced Apr.  30. 
June  24.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Post-offlee  Appropriation 
Bill,  calling  for  $72,461,691.  It  passes 
the  Dolph  Bill  for  the  prevention  of 
collisions  at  sea  introduced  3Iay  22. 

It  araeiKis  and  passes  the  Diplomatic 
and  Consular  Appropriation  Bill. 
[.July  7-10.  Conference  report  agreed 
to.  July  14.  Approved  by  the  President.] 

It  amends  and  passes  the  Post-offlce 
Appropriation  BUI.  [June  28.  Con- 
ference report  agreed  to.  July  1.  Ap- 
proved by  the  President.] 

J\r.  Y.  Tlie  Court  of  Appeals  main- 
tains the  constitutionality  of  the  Elec- 
trocution La^v,  an<l  athrius  the  sentence 
of  William  Kemmler. 

The  Court  of  Appeals  hands  down  a 
decision  in  the  case  of  the  North  Kiver 
Sugar  Refining  Company,  dissolving  the 
Sugar  Trust  on  the  ground  that  a  trust 
to  increase  prices  is  illegal,  and  that  a 
company  by  becoming  a  member  of  a 
trust  forfeits  its  charter. 

June  25.  B.C.  Congress :  The  House 
defeats  a  motion  to  concur  In  the  Sen- 
ate Free  Coinage  amendment  to  the 
Silver  Bill.  Vote,  135-152.  A  conference 
is  ordered.    (See  July  7.) 

La.    The  House  of  Representatives 

passes  the  bill  to  submit  to  poi>ular  vote 
a  constitutional  amendment  bill  extenil- 
ing  the  charter  of  the  Louisiana  Stat© 
Lottery  Company  for  25  years  at  $1,000,- 
000  a  year.  [In  the  Senate  the  bill  is 
amended,  increasing  the  amount  to  be 
paid  from  $1,000,000  to  $1,280,000  a  year  ; 
the  Lottery  Company  agrees  to  the 
amendment.]     (See  July  1.) 

Pa,    George  W.  Delamater  (Rep.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

June  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
debates  the  admission  of  'Wyoming, 
and  the  House  discusses  the  Federal 
Elections  BUI  providing  for  Federal 
supervision  of  elections  for  Members  of 
Congress. 

June  27.  7).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  bill  to  admit  'Wyoming  into 
the  Union  as  the  44th  State.  [June  8. 
House  concurs.  July  10.  Approved  by 
the  President.)  The  House  debates  the 
Federal  Elections  Bill;  the  Democrat- 
ic Representatives  of  the  Northern  States 
frame  a  protest  against  it,  on  the  ground 
of  its  being  unconstitutional ;  the  Com- 
mittee on  Banking  and  Currency  report 
favorably  a  biU  to  charter  the  Inter- 
national American  Bank;  capital, 
$10,000,000  to  $25,000,000. 

June  28.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Hudson  Eiver  Bridge  BUI. 
[July  12.  Approved  by  the  President.] 
The  House  Judiciary  Committee  amends 
the  Senate  Original  Package  BUI  so 


as  to  make  it  applicable  to  all  articles 
whatsoever,  declaring  that  all  articles 
of  commerce  shall  be  considered  to  be 
within  the  control  of  a  State  as  soon  as 
they  reach  their  destination ;  the  debate 
on  the  Federal  Elections  Bill  is  con- 
tinued. 

The  Indian  Land  Commission  has 
agreed  with  the  Shawnees,  Pottawato- 
mies,  and  partially  with  the  Kiekapoos, 
for  the  sale  of  their  lands,  paying  the 
Indians  $1.22J  per  acre  for  the  land 
taken. 

June  30.  B.C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Agricultural  Appropriation 
BiU.  [July  3,  10.  Conference  report 
agreed  to.  July  14.  Approved  by  the 
President.]  The  House  continues  the  "^^^^  ^7.  Chicago.  The  World's  Fair 
discussion  of  the  Federal  Elections      National  Commission  is  assembled  and 


July  9.  Congress :  The  House  adopts  a 
resolution  requesting  President  Harri- 
son to  furnish  it  with  the  correspond- 
ence between  the  Government  and 
Great  Britain  touching  the  subjects  in 
dispute  in  Bering  Sea  since  Mar.  4, 
1889. 

July  10.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
adopts  the  Conference  report  on  the  Sil- 
ver BUI.    '\'ote,  39-26 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  June  24.  X.  J.  The  American 
Gas  Investment  Company,  with  a  capi- 
tal of  $50,000,000,  is  incorporated  at 
Trenton. 


BUI. 

C  S.    Redaction  of  the  debt  in  June, 

$20,683,726. 

Statistics  for  the  fiscal  year.  Rev- 
enue: Customs,  S229,66Ji,585 ;  internal 
revenue,  $142,606,700;  sales  of  public 
lands,  $6,368,273;  miscellaneous  items, 
$24,447,420.  Total  revenue,  $403,080,983. 
Expenditures:  Premiums  on  loans,  pur- 
chase of  bonds,  $20,.'i(M.244  ;  miscellane- 
ous items,  $81,403,2.'»6  ;  War  Department, 
$44,582,8;i8 ;  Navy  Department,  $22,006,- 
206  ;  Indians,  $6,708,047  ;  pensions,  $106,- 
936,855;  interest  on  public  debt,  $36,- 
099,284.  Total  ordinary  expen<litures, 
$318,040,711;  excess  of  revenue  over  or- 
dinary expenditures,  $85,040,272.  Ex- 
ixirts,  $857,828,684  ;  imports,  $789,310,409. 
Public  debt  (Dec.  1.),  $1,549,200,126. 

JtUy  1.    D.  C.    Congress:  The  Senate 
passes    the   Idaho    Admission    BiU. 
[July  9.    Approved;  Idaho  is  the  4.'!d    June*  D.  C.   The  11th  census  locates  the 
State] ;  in  the  House  the  debate  on  the 
Federal  Elections  BUI  is  continued. 

La.     The   Legislature  conditionally 

accepts  the  amen<led  offer  of  the  Louisi- 
ana State  Lottery.  (See  .June  25.)  [July 
6.    Gov.  Nichols  vetoes  the  bill.] 

JiUy  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Ijodge  Federal  Elections 
BiU,  after  seven  discussions.  Vote,  155- 
149;  introduced  June  19.  [July  7.  Re- 
ferred to  Senate.  Aug.  7.  The  Commit- 
tee on  Privileges  and  Elections  reports 
it  back.]  The  measure  is  stigmatized 
as  a  "  Force  Bill  "  and  persistently  op- 


organized. 

It  elects  Thomas  'W.  Palmer  of  Mich, 
president ;  John  T.  Dickinson  secretary ; 
and  Thomas  M.  Waller,  Conn.,  M.  H. 
De Young,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Davidson 
R.  Penn,  Penn.,  G.  W.  Allen,  N.  Y.,  and 
A.  T.  Andrews.  N.  C,  vice-presidents. 

Jime28±.  Pa.  The  Roach  ship- buUd- 
ing  works  at  Chester  are  said  to  have 
been  sold  to  an  English  syndicate  for 

$3,000,000. 

June  30.      The  Standard  OU  Plant  at 

Louisville  is  partially  destroyed  by  tire  ; 
five  acres  are  covered  with  burning  oil. 
New  York.  The  new  Croton  aque- 
duct for  New  York  City  is  completed  ; 
it  increases  the  water  supply  from  100,- 
000,000  gallons  to  250,000,000  gallons  a 
day,  and  costs  $20,000,000  and  about  100 
lives. 


center  of  population  removed  from 
eight  miles  west  by  south  of  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  to  20  miles  east  of  Columbus,  Ind., 
—  a  distance  of  48  miles  in  10  years. 

Population  of  each  State. 


Alabama    . 

Arizona 

Arkansas  . 

California  . 

Colorado    . 

Conn.     .    . 

Delaware  . 

Dist.  ofCol. 

Florida  .    . 

Georgia .    . 

Idaho     .    . 

posed  by  the  Democrats,  it  being  chieily    Illinois  .    . 

directed  against  the  election  methods    Jowa^"*"    ' 

prevailing  in  some  parts  of  the  South.    Kansas  .    ! 

-  Me.   William  P.  Thompson  (Dem.)  is    Louisiana  '. 


nominated  for  governor. 

The  Conference  Committee  on  the  Sil- 
ver Bill  agrees  that  there  shall  be  a 
monthly  purchase  of  4,500,000  ounces  of 
silver,  with  certiticates  to  tie  issued  as  a 
full  legal  tender ;  that  2,000,000  ounces 
of  silver  shall  be  coined  monthly  until 
July  1,  1891 ;  after  that  date  so  much 
coined  as  may  be  necessary  to  redeem 
outstanding  certillcates. 


Maine 
Maryland  . 
Mass.  .  . 
Michigan  . 
Minnesota . 
Mississippi 
Missouri  . 
Montana  . 
Nebraska  . 


1,513,017 
5!),620 
1,I2«,179 
1,208,130 
419,lil8 
746,2.58 
168,493 
230,392 
391,422 
1,837,3.53 
84,385 
3,826,351 
2,192,404 
1,911,895 
1,427,096 
l,a58,635 
1,118,587 
661,086 
1,042,390 
2,238,943 
2,093,889 
1,301,826 
1,289,600 
2,679,184 
132,159 
1,058,910 


Nevada .  , 
New  Hamp. 
New  Jersey 
New  Mex. . 
New  York . 
N.  Carolina 
N.  Dakota . 
Ohio  .  .  . 
Oklahoma . 
Oregon  .  . 
Penn.  .  . 
Klio«ie  Isl.  . 
S.  Carolina 
S.  Dakota  . 
Tennessee  . 
Texas  ,  . 
Utah .  .  . 
Vermont  . 
Virginia 
Washi'gton 
W.Virginia 
Wisconsin. 
Wyoming  . 

Total  .    . 


45,761 

376,530 
1.444,933 

1.53,.593 
5,997,863 
1,617,947 

182,719 

3,672,316 

61,834 

313,767 
5,258,014 

345,.506 
1,151,149 

328,808 
1,767,518 
2,235,523 

207,905 

332,422 
1,665,980 

349,390 

762,794 
1,686,880 

60,705 


62,622,250 


N.  J.    Four  delinquent  election  offi- 


JtUy  2.  Mass.   Haverhill  celebrates  the 
250th  anniversary  of  its  settlement. 

:%'sefulte]Hj;,til?p'pS[t^;78  -^^y*-    ""'■   ThelOOthaimiversaryofthe 
months  in  State  prison  and  to  pay  costs       settlement  of  Morristown  is  celebrated, 

of  court.  July  7_    Pa,    Roseville  is  nearly  de- 
July  8.     D.C.     Congress:   the   House       strpyed  by  Are;  2.i  building.s,  including 
.,     „       .    .TTf         ...       .  a  church,  are  burned, 

passes  the  Senate  bill  providing  for  reg-  .,  ,       „ 

ulations  designed  to  prevent  coUisions  "^'jJrk?  in^Cin^<S^ri''are'^^StiSerfS; 
at  sea.    Vote,  125-45.  $6,500,000 ;  no  share  of  it  goes  abroad. 

La.     The   lower   House   passes    the  Jvdy  11.    Chicago.   An  explosion  on  the 

Lottery    Bill    over    the   veto    of   Gov.       lake  steamer  Tiooa  kills  17  men  and  in- 
Nichols.    Vote,  68-31.    (See  Aug.  7.)  jures  a  number  of  others. 


364     1890,  July  11-Aug.  7. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — HAVY. 

1890  July  12.  Me.  The  North  Atlan- 
tic Squadron  arrives  at  Bath. 

July  14.  D.  C.  Melville  A.  Cochran  is 
commissioned    colonel  —  6th    infantry; 

•  also  Michael  R.  Morgan  —  subsistence 
department. 

The  President  issues  the  commissions 
of  Brig.-gen.  McCook  and  Q.M.-gen.  Du- 
barry. 

July  25.  Mich.  Militia  men  and  mol- 
ders  at  Battle  Creek  engage  in  a  street 
flght. 

July  28.  D.  C.  The  cruiser  Philadel- 
phia is  placed  in  commission. 

July  29.  Jf.r.  The  Squadron  of  Evo- 
lution passes  Sandy  Hook  on  its  return 
from  its  long  foreign  cruise. 

July  31.  n.C.  Com.  A.  E.K.Benham 
is  promoted  rear-admiral. 

Aug.  2.  Thomas  M.  Vincent  is  commis- 
sioned colonel. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  July  12.  Chicaijo.  The  corner- 
stone of  the  new  armory  of  the  1st 
Regiment  Illinois  N.  G.  is  laid ;  the 
building  will  be  one  of  the  most  impos- 
ing armories  in  the  country. 

July  13.  Minn.  A  destructive  cyclone 
occurs  near  St.  Paul ;  100  lives  are  lost, 
and  much  property  is  destroyed. 

N.    Y,     The   first    instalment   of   a 

vpood  department  in  the  State  Museum 
at  Albany  is  received,  consisting  of 
43  specimens  of  wood  native  to  New 
York  State. 

July  19.  Wyo.  The  Excelsior  Geyser 
in  Yellowstone  Park  becomes  active  — 
the  first  time  in  two  years. 

July  20.  Chicago.  A  brilliant  meteor 
passes  over  this  city,  looking  like  a  ball 
of  flre  with  a  broad  trail  of  light  in  its 
wake,  and  emitting  a  hissing  sound. 

Boston.     A   monument   to    Count 

Schwab  is  dedicated. 

July  21.  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  Md.  Frost  oc- 
ciu^  at  several  places  in  Litchfield 
County,  Conn. ;  in  Onondaga  Valley, 
and  Delaware  County,  N.  Y.,  and  in 
Maryland. 

July  22.  Cloud-bursts  in  Colorado  and 
Arizona  do  great  damage.  Seven  lives 
are  lost  iu  a  tornado  in  Cass  County, 
N.  Dak.  [July  20.  A  cyclone  damages 
the  suburbs  of  South  Lawrence,  Mass. ; 
loss,  $100,000.] 

July  27.  N.J.  A  heliograph  is  invented 
by  Thomas  A.  Edison  ;  it  will  be  tested 
on  the  Dunderberg. 

July  31.  D.  C.  One  hundred  years  ago 
to-day  the  United  States  issued  its  first 
patent  —  to  Samuel  Hopkins  for  "mak- 
ing pot  and  pearl  ashes." 

Mich.    Numerous  gold  nuggets  are 

found  by  miners  near  Ishpeming. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
a890. 
July  13.     Fremont.  John  C.  maj.-gen., 
senator  for  Cal.,  pathfinder,  explorer,  A77. 
July  18.    Walker,  James  P.,  M.  C.  for  Mo., 
dies. 


July  27.  Collier,  Robert  Laird,  Cnit.  cler- 
gyman, A5y. 

Auk.  3.  .Sands,  Elizabeth,  army  nurse  in 
the  War  of  1812,  A 101. 


CHURCH. 

1890  July  11.  Boston.  The  centen- 
nial anniversary  of  the  first  sermon 
l>reached  in  New  England  by  Rev.  Jesse 
Lee,  the  apostle  of  New  England  Meth- 
odism, is  celebrated  on  the  site  of  the 
old  Elm  Tree  on  Boston  Common. 

July  17.  Vt.  The  golden  jubilee  of 
Bishop  de  Goesbriand  is  celebrated  at 
Burlington. 

July  18.  N.  J.  Rev.  Patrick  Corrigan. 
Roman  Catholic  pastor  in  Hohoken,  is 
accused  by  an  aged  parishioner  of  wrong- 
fully obtaining  her  property.  (Chancel- 
lor Bird  files  an  opinion  in  the  case, 
setting  aside  the  conveyance.] 

July  20.  Chicago.  A  large  meeting 
adopts  resolutions  asking  the  Legisla- 
ture to  see  that  the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition  is  closed  on  Sunday. 

July  23.  Mass.  The  Roman  Catholic 
archbishops  of  the  United  States  hold 
their  annual  meeting  at  Brighton. 

July  26.  Minn.  Archbishop  Ireland 
is  severely  criticised  in  Catholic  papers 
for  saying  in  his  address  at  the  National 
Educational  Convention  that  he  is  the 
friend  and  advocate  of  State  schools. 

July  27.  New  York.  Dr.  Burtsell,  pas- 
tor of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  of  the 
Epiphany,  preaches  his  farewell  sermon  ; 
he  has  been  removed  by  the  Propa- 
ganda at  Rome  for  his  sympathy  with 
Dr.  M'Glynn  and  the  Anti-Poverty  move- 
ment. [July  .31.  He  celebrates  his  last 
mass  in  this  church.  Nov.  7.  He  decides 
to  go  to  the  parish  at  Rondout,  N.  Y.] 

Aug.  1.  Mass.  The  Bible  Conference 
begins  at  Northfleld. 

Aug.  3.  Tex.  Peter  Verdaguer  is  ap- 
pointed (Roman  Catholic)  vicar-apostolic 
of  Brownsville. 

Aug.  4.  New  York.  The  12th  Conven- 
tion of  the  American  St.  Cecilia  Soci- 
ety meets  in  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral. 

LETTERS. 

1890  July  13.  Conn.  The  Suffleld  Sum- 
mer School  has  503  summer  scholars, 
making  it  the  largest  in  New  England, 
and  perhaps  in  the  country. 

Jtily  16.  N.  Y.  William  H.  Webb  en- 
dows the  College  and  Home  for  Ship- 
builders with  .$1,000,000. 

July  24.  N.  Y.  The  Regents' Committee 
reports  that  the  form  of  lease  from 
Catholic  churches  to  Catholic  schools 
meets  all  the  legal  requirements,  and 
the  latter  can  thereby  become  a  part  of 
the  State  system  of  education. 

July  29.  N.  r.  The  Business  Educa- 
tors' Association  of  America  closes  its 
12th  annual  convention  at  Chautauqua. 

July  30.  Mass.  Merrill  E.  Gates  is 
elected  President  of  Amherst  CoUege. 

July*  Boston.  The  Girls'  Latin  School 
succeeds     in     dramatizing    Vergil's 


.Alneid,  and  performing  it  before  the 

public. 

July  *  Mo.  The  Lutheran  Synod  adopts 
resolutions  opposing  the  public  school 
system  as  now  constituted.  The  reso- 
lutions also  approve  the  opposition  made 
against  the  Wisconsin  and  Illinois  school 
laws. 

Aug. 4^-.  U.S.  TolstoVs Kreutzer SoTiota 
is  excluded  from  the  mails. 

Aug.  5.  Utah.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
Utah  University  (Meth.  Epis.)  is  laid 
by  Bishop  Vincent. 

Aug.  6.  N.J.  The  annual  session  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Christian 
Philosophy,  at  Avon-by-the-Sea,  opens. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  July  12.  New  York.  The  200th 
anniversary  of  the  battle  of  theBoyne 
is  celebrated  by  the  largest  parade  of 
Orangemen  ever  witnessed  in  this  city. 

Tex.    Factions  flght  at  an  election 

in  Ysleta  for  the  partizan  control  of  the 
local  government ;  several  are  killed  or 
wounded. 

July  14.  Neil}  York.  Frenchmen  cele- 
brate the  101st  anniversary  of  the  fall  of 
the  Bastile. 

July  15.  la.  The  citizens  of  Leland 
pass  a  resolution  declaring  *'  that  it  be 
unlawful  to  sell  intoxicating  liquors  of 
any  kind  in  Leland,  and  that  any  person 
violating  this  ordinance  shall  be  tarred, 
feathered,  and  cowhided  out  of  the  vil- 
lage." 

5.  C.    A  race-riot  occurs  in  Kearse, 

Barnwell  County. 

July  16.    N.  J.    Nearly  300  workmen 

strike  at  theCoo per,  Hewitt  and  Co. 's  Iron 
and  Steel  Works,  because  the  firm  re- 
fuses to  sign  the  new  scale  of  prices  sub- 
mitted by  the  Amalgamated  Association 
of  Iron  and  Steel  ^^\)rkers. 

July  17.  Ami.  Judge  Phillips,  at  To- 
peka,  grants  an  injunction  restraining 
County  Attorney  Welch  and  Sheriff  Wil- 
kerson  from  interfering  with  agents  of 
brewing  companies  selling  original 
packages  of  intoxicants  in  that  place. 

July  19.  Ala.  John  Steele,  mayor  of 
Tuscumbia,  is  shot  dead,  and  several 
persons  are  injured,  in  a  feud. 

July  22.  Ind.  White  Caps  at  Lebanon 
are  sentenced  to  pay  $5,000  damages 
to  a  man  they  liad  whipped. 

July  23.  New  York.  A  strike  of  the 
employees  of  the  Street  Cleaning  De- 
partment occurs. 

July  24.  Ga.  A  meeting  at  Atlanta 
protests  against  the  passage  of  the  Fed- 
eral Elections  Bill  ("  Force  Bill "). 

Xew   York.    All  union  workmen  on 

public  school  buildings  are  ordered  to 
strike.  [July  30.  W.ilking  delegates 
order  more  strikes  on  the  school  build- 
ings.] 

July  25.  N.  H.  Mrs.  Marilla  Rioker 
of  Dover  is  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
Concord,  the  courts  holding  that  sex  is 
no  disqualification. 

N.  C.     'White   Caps  kill  one  man 

and  tar  and  feather  another  in  Greene 
County. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1890,  July  11-Aug.  7.    365 


July  27.  New  York.  The  Prison  Asso- 
ciation meets  with  sxiccess  in  securing 
places  for  ex-convicts  who  desire  to  live 
honestly  ;  it  is  announced  that  1,600  have 
secured  places  during  the  past  year. 

July  30.  Xeb.  Several  city  officials  of 
Oinaha  are  under  indictment  for  of- 
fering bribes  in  connection  with  grant- 
ing the  right  of  way  through  the  city  for 
the  Chicago,  Kock  Island,  and  Pacific 
Kail  road. 

July  *  Ala.  Six  thousand  coal-miners 
strike  for  higher  wages  and  against  the 
sliding  scale. 

Jtily  *  Boston.  Tlie  Gth  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  National  Editorial  Associa- 
tion  is  held. 

Aug.  4±.  Ala.  Two  men,  one  white 
and  one  colored,  are  c<iuvictcd  of 
equal  guilt  in  robbing  a  store  in  Whist- 
ler ;  the  white  man  is  sentenced  to  five 
years  in  prison  and  the  colored  man  to 
25  years. 

Aug.  5.  7).  C.  Congress  passes  a  hill  to 
pension  army  nurses. 

Aug.  6.  2i.  T.  William  Keminler,  the 
first  person  to  suffer  the  death  penalty 
by  electricity,  is  executed  at  Auburn 
Prison  for  wife-murder. 

Aug.  7.  La.  The  State  Convention  of 
the  Anti-Ijottery  League  meets  at 
New  Orleans  with  500  delegates  present. 
[Aug.  8.  It  issues  an  address  denoun- 
cing the  lottery  and  demanding  Congres- 
sional action  in  reference  to  it.] 

STATE. 

1890  July  12.  J).  C.  Congress:  The 
Senate  passes  the  two  shipping  bills 
introduced  by  William  P.  Frye  of  Me. ; 
the  House  adopts  the  Conference  report 
on  the  Silver  Bill.  Vote,  122-90.  (See 
July  7.)    [July  14.    Approved.] 

The  President  sends  to  Congress  the 
report  of  the  Pan-American  Congress 
Conference  on  monetary  union,  with 
his  indorsement. 

July  15.  7>.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  bill  appropriating  the  $636,189 
for  additional  clerk  hire  made  neces- 
sary by  the  Dependent  Pension  Act,  as 
it  greatly  increases  the  number  of  appli- 
cations received  at  the  Pension  office. 

July  16.  IPi/o.  Gov.  Warren  appoints 
Sept.  1 1  as  the  date  of  the  first  State 
election. 

July  17.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Land  Grant  Forfeiture 
Bill,  after  five  discussions.  [Sept.  11. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  Sept.  29. 
Approved  by  the  President.]  (See 
Apr.  29.) 

Ind.  Judge  Howland  renders  a  decis- 
ion in  the  Circuit  Court  at  Indianapolis 
in  favor  of  the  Germans  in  reference  to 
the  teaching  of  German  in  the  public 
schools. 

~——  Minn.  S.  M.  Owens  is  nominated  for 
governor  hy  the  Farmers'  Alliance. 

July  18.  Tenn.  John  P.  Buchanan, 
president  of  the  State  Farmers'  Alli- 
ance, is  nominated  for  governor  by  the 
Democratic  Convention  at  Nashville. 


J\ily  10.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Sundry  Civil  Appropria- 
tion Bill.  [Aug.  25,  26.  Conference  re- 
port agreed  to.  Sept.  3.  Approved  by 
the  President.]  The  House  discusses 
the  Original  Package  Bill. 

July  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
begins  the  debate  on  the  Tariff  Bill. 

July  22.  l).  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  sul)stitute  of  the  Senate 
Original  Package  Bill.  Vote,  176-38. 
[Aug.  6.  Conference  report  agreed  to. 
Aug.  8.    Approved  by  the  President.] 

July  24.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Indian  Appropriation  Bill. 
[Aug.  13, 15.  Conference  report  agreed 
to.    Aug.  22.    Approved.] 

The  House  passes  the  Taylor  Bank- 
ruptcy Bill.  Ijitroduced  Dec.  20.  [Sept. 
19.    Debated  in  Senate.] 

Minn.     William  R.  Merriam  (Rep.)  Is 

renominated  for  governor. 

Neb.  L.  D.  Richards  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

July  25.  J).  C.  Congress:  Senate;  the 
House  passes  a  bill  granting  a  pension 
of  $2,000  per  annum  to  the  Tinadow  of 
Gen.  George  B.  McCleUan.  Bill  in- 
troduced Apr.  19. 

July  26.  Z).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff  Bill  [also  July  28]. 
It  passes  the  bill  to  pension  the  widow 
of  John  C.  Fremont.  Bill  introduced 
July  16.  [Sept.  24.  It  pa-sses  the  House. 
Sept.  29.  Approved  by  the  President.] 
The  House  adopts  the  report  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Rules  recommending  the  in- 
vestigation of  the  Pension  Bureau. 

July  29.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff  Bill;  three  amend- 
ments are  defeated. 

President  Harrison  sends  a  message 
to  Congress  urging  legislation  which 
will  enable  the  Post-office  Department 
to  close  the  mails  against  lottery 
companies. 

July  31.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
considers  the  chemical  schedule  of  the 
Tariff  BiH,  adopting  a  few  amendments, 

Ill,      The    Legislature    agrees    to    a 

change  in  the  Constitution  jiroviding 
tV)r  the  ii>sue  of  $5,000,000  in  bonds  by 
the  city  of  Chicago  to  aid  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition. 

Aug.  4.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff  Bill;  the  House 
goes  into  Committee  of  the  Whole  on 
the  General  Deficiency  Appropria- 
tion BiU. 

Aug.  5.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
iiniahes  the  earthenware  and  glassware 
schedule  of  the  Tariff  Bill ;  the  House 
Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs  reports  a 
substitute  for  two  bills  on  Chinese 
immigration;  it  prohibits  all  Chinese 
from  coming  to  the  United  States  except 
diplomatic  and  consular  officers  and 
commercial  agents. 

III.    Gov.  Fifer  signs  the  World's 

Fair  Bill. 

Okla.    The  first  territorial  election 

is  held  :  a  Republican  representative  to 
Congress  and  a  Republican  Legislature 
are  chosen.  [Aug.  27.  The  first  Legis- 
lature meets.] 


Aug.  6.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  metal  schedule  of  the  Tar- 
iff Bill;  the  House  agrees  to  the  Con- 
ference report  on  the  Original  Package 
BiU. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890    July  11.    O.    A  derailed  train. 

near  King's  Mills  causes  nine  deaths, 
besides  injuring  30  persons. 

July  13.  Pkila.  A  fire  destroys  Carey 
Brothers'  wall-paper  factory  and  other 
buildings ;  loss,  $(KX),000. 

Minn.  The  steamer  Sea  Wing  is  cap- 
sized by  a  cyclone  while  crossing  Lake 
Pepin ;  the  crew  and  passengers,  num- 
bering 100,  are  drowned. 

July  15.  Minn.  The  Security  Warehouse 
Company's  warehouse  is  destroyed  by 
fire;  loss,  $1,000,000. 

O.    Ten  persons  are  killed  and  about 

30  injured  by  the  explosion  of  16  tons  of 
powder  near  Cincinnati. 

July  17.  New  York.  The  superintendent 
of  tlie  census  office  announces  the  pop- 
ulation of  New  York  City  to  be 
1,513,501,  an  increase  of  25.4  per  cent 
in  10  years. 

July  18.  New  York.  Four  floors  of  the 
Western  Union  Telegraph  Company's 
building,  including  the  Associated  Press 
offices,  are  burned  ;  loss,  $250,000. 

July  21.  .v.  Y.  A  sjmdicate  is  f ormed 
in  Brookljm  to  secvu'e  the  payment 
of  arrears  of  taxes,  giving  delinquent 
owners  the  privilege  of  obtaining  prop- 
erty in  arrears  at  five  per  cent,  instead 
of  the  charges  under  the  law,  and  to  se- 
cure the  same  by  paying  arrears  at  any 
time. 

July  22.  Colo,  In  a  milroad  accident 
near  Limon  the  engineer  is  killed  and 
13  passengers  are  injured. 

July  23.  The  American  schooner  WU~ 
Ham  nice  is  lost  at  sea ;  16  persons 
perish. 

Chicago.    The  City  Council  resolves 

to  fill  150  acres  of  the  lake  front  to  make 
part  of  the  "World's  Fair  site.  Vote, 
44-15. 

July  25.  N.J.  The  Edison  Industrial 
Works,  with  headquarters  at  Silver 
Lake,  are  incorporated  with  a  capital  of 
$1,000,000  in  stock,  of  which  $500,000  is 
preferred. 

K.  Y.    A  combination  of  the  principal 

label  printers  in  the  country  is  formed. 

July  27.  Ida.  The  town  of  "Wallace 
is  destroyed  by  fire. 

July  29.  Mich.  Five  acres  of  valuable 
property  are  in  flames  at  East  Saginaw^ ; 

loss,  $750,000. 

July  30.  N,  Y.  Seneca  Falls  loses 
$700,000  by  fire. 

July  31.  Mo,  A  Missouri  Pacific  pas- 
senger-train is  wrecked  five  miles 
from  Kansas  City. 

Three  of  the  coaches  are  thrown  down 
an  emlsankment  and  29  persons  are  in- 
jured, two  fatally. 

Aug.  6.  New  York.  Mr.  Leary's  mon- 
ster raft  arrives  at  Hiker's  Island. 

It  is  1,250  feet  long,  and  contains  8,000 
tons  of  lumber,  consisting  of  Norway 
pines,  spruce,  prince's  pine,  and  hack- 
matack. 

Aug,  7.  N,  Y.  A  coffin  trust,  called 
the  National  Casket  Company,  is  incor- 
porated with  a  capital  of  $3,000,000. 


366     1890,  Aug.  7 -Sept.  4. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1890  Aug.  9.  Conxmodore  "William 
P.  McCann  formally  assumes  commaud 
of  the  South  Atlantic  Squadron ;  the 
Pensacola  is  designated  the  flagship  with 
appropriate  ceremonies. 

Neto  York.    President  Harrison  is 

received  on  board  the  cruiser  Baltimore 
^ith  naval  honors,  as  titular  Admiral  of 
the  United  States  Navy. 

He  proceeds  to  Boston  in  time  to  be 
present  at  the  National  Encampment  of 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  the 
city  being  dressed  in  holiday  attire. 
The  Baltimore  is  accompanied  by  the 
Atlanta,  Kearsarge,  and  Yorktoivn. 

Aug.  12.  Minn.  The  governor  orders 
out  the  militia  to  quell  the  riotous 
striking  lumbermen. 

Aug.  23,  New  York.  The  cruiser  5a/- 
timore,  with  the  body  of  Capt.  John 
Ericsson  on  board,  sails  for  Sweden 
after  a  parade  and  imposing  ceremo- 
nies in  the  bay.  [Sept.  16.  It  arrives  at 
Stockholm.] 

Aug.  26.  N.  Y.  The  private  trial  of 
Dr.  Justin's  dynamite  shell  at  Perry- 
ville  again  results  in  the  explosion  of 
the  gun. 

Aug.  28.  Bernard  J.  D.  Irwin  is  com- 
missioned colonel  — medical  department. 

Aug.  *  The  National  organization  of  the 
Regular  Army  and  Navy  Union  is 
perfected. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  Aug.  9.  N.Dak.  Prof«  J.  H.  Lew- 
is, archeologist,  is  exploring  the  coun- 
try around  Jamestown  for  relics  of 
motind-builders ;  he  has  already  sur- 
veyed 200  mounds  among  the  bluffs 
bordering  the  valley  and  some  35  around 
Spirit  Wood  Lake. 

Aug.  19.  Pa.  A  terrific  tornado 
sweeps  the  "Wyoming  Valley ;  200  build- 
ings are  demolished  in  Wilkesbarre,  and 
over  $1,000,000  worth  of  property  is  de- 
stroyed ;  180  persons  are  injured. 

Colo.,  N.  Y.     Snow  falls.     [Aug.  23. 

Also  in  western  New  York.] 

—  A^ew  York.  The  New  York  Institute 
for  Eye  and  Ear  Diseases  is  incorpo- 
rated, and  opened  to  the  public  as  a  free 
hospital. 

Sept.  3.  Minn.  Bones  of  mound- 
builders  are  exhumed  on  the  shore  of 
Lake  Minnetonka. 

The  mound  opened  is  about  30  feet  in 
diameter,  and  rises  seven  feet  above 
surrounding  lands. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1890. 

Auff.  10.     O'Keilly,  Jolm  Boyle,  journalist, 

Irish  poet,  A 46. 
Aug.  35.     Watson,  Lewis  F.,  M.  C.  for  Pa., 

A70. 
Sept.  4.    Noyes,  Edward  F.,  Judge  supreme 

court  of  O.,  Gov.,  A68. 

CHURCH. 

1890  Aug.  9.  N.  J.  The  Interde- 
nominational Bible  Confess  opens 
at  Long  Branch. 

Aug.  18.  Md.  The  35th  annual  Conven- 
tion of  the  German  Roman  Catholic 
Societies  meets  in  Baltimore. 


LETTERS. 

Aug.*  Boston.  A Volapiik convention 
is  held. 

Sept.  4.  Utah.  The  Agricultural  Col- 
lege at  Logan  is  opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  Aug.  8.  D.C.  Congress  makes  an 
appropriation  of  $47,000  for  the  relief  of 
destitute  persons  in  Oklahoma  ;  it  also 
passes  the  "Wilson  Bill,  under  which 
the  people  of  Kansas  can  suppress  the 
*'  original  package  "  shops. 

.V.  r.    A  strike  of  the  Knights  of 

Labor  on  the  New  York  Central  and 
Hudson  Kiver  Railroad  begins ;  engi- 
neers, firemen,  brakemen,  freight  hands, 
and  switchmen,  numbering  3,000  men, 
stop  work,  suspending  nil  traffic.  The 
strike  is  causeii  by  the  dismissal  of  cer- 
tain of  their  meml)ers.  [Aug.  10.  In- 
coming trains  are  delayed  ;  no  freight 
is  moved;  all  tlie  Brotherhood  men  on 
the  Hudson  division  join  the  striking 
Knights  of  Labor.  Aug.  16.  Three  hun- 
dred switchmen  quit  work  at  the  West 
Shore  and  New  York  Central  Kailroad's 
yards  in  Buffalo.  Aug.  20.  Master 
Workman  Powderly  issues  an  official 
statement  of  his  side  of  the  Central 
Kailroad  question.  Aug.  26.  The 
Knights  of  J^abor  in  the  employ  of  the 
Railroad  company,  numbering  1,000,  are 
ordered  out  because  of  the  discharge  of 
some  of  their  members.  Aug.  27.  Tlie 
strike  fails,  and  strikers  at  Albany  ask 
to  be  taken  back  in  the  employ  of  the 
company.  Aug.  30.  The  Company  re- 
fuses to  take  the  Buffalo  strikers  back 
as  employees.  Aug.  31.  Strikers  at 
Poughkeei>sie  boycott  every  business 
man  who  does  anything  for  the  working 
employees  of  the  Central  Road.] 

Aug.  9.  Me.  The  New  England  Mor- 
mons are  in  general  session  at  Jones- 
port  ;  125  delegates  are  in  attendance. 

Aug.  12.  Boston.  The  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic  meets  in  its  24th  Na- 
tional Encampment ;  G.  Veazy  Whee- 
lock  of  Vt.  commander-in-chief. 

Aug.  15.  /).  C.  The  annual  convention 
of  the  Photographers'  Association 
meets  at  Washington ;  the  Memorial 
Statue  of  Daguerre  is  unveiled  in  the 
rotunda  of  the  National  Museum. 

Aug.  16.  Vt.  The  113th  anniversary  of 
the  Battle  of  Bermington  is  celebrated. 

Aug.  17.  Mo.  The  Missouri  Pacific  ex- 
press-train from  St.  Louis  for  Kansas 
City  is  robbed  near  Otterville,  by  seven 
masked  highwaymen,  of  $30,000  worth 
of  express  matter. 

Pa.      A    Farmers'    Encampment    is 

held  at  Mt.  Gretna. 

Tenn.    The  104tb  anniversary  of  the 

birth  of  David  Crockett  is  celebrated  at 
Lawrence  burg. 

Aug.  18,  Colo.  The  remnant  of  a  tribe 
of  Indians  hitherto  almost  luiknown  is 
discovered  in  a  cafion. 

Aug.  19.  Boston.  The  6th  annual  con- 
vention of  the  Societj  of  American 
Florists  begins  its  session  in  Horticul- 
tural Hall. 

N.  Y.    The  13th  annual  session  of  the 

American  Bar  Association  opens  at 
Saratoga,  with  Heiiry  Hitchcock  in  the 
chair. 

New  York.    The  Daughters  of  the 

Revolution  is  organized.  [Mrs.  Har- 
rison, wife  of  the  President,  accepts  the 
presidency  of  the  society.] 

Aug.  21.  Boston.  The  North  Ameri- 
can Volapiik  Association  is  in  session. 


Aug.  23.  Neto  York.  Imposing  civic 
and  naval  ceremonies  are  observed  in 
memory  of  John  Ericsson  on  the  oc- 
casion of  the  embarkation  of  his  body 
for  Sweden  on  the  U.  S.  cruiser  Balti- 
more. 

The  International  Convention  of  In- 
structors of  Deaf  Mutes  opens;  400  dele- 
gates are  present. 

N.  Y.     Yardmen  on  the  Delaware 

and  Hudson  Railroad  quit  work  ;  they 
refuse  to  handle  Central  freight. 

Aug.  25,  New  York.  The  Brick  Man- 
ufacturers' Association  decides  to  fight 
to  the  last  the  walking  delegates  who 
boycott  brickniakers  in  the  interest  of 
the  striking  bricklayers.  [Aug.  29.  The 
boycott  on  brick  is  raised.  Aug.  30. 
bnckmakers  return  to  work  at  the  old 
rate,  40  cents  a  thousand.]  (See  Sept, 
3.) 

Ind.      The  Supreme  CoHnci)  of  the 

Federation  of  Railway  Employees  in 
session  at  Terre  Hamate  does  not  order  a 
strike,  but  indorses  Powderly's  position. 
(See  Aug.  8.) 

- —  O,  Steubenville  holds  a  celebration 
in  honor  of  Baron  Steuben. 

Aug.  26.  A'eio  York.  The  Bavarian 
Volksfest,  lasting  four  days,  is  opened. 

Aug.  27.  New  York.  The  4th  annual 
convention  of  the  Inspectors  of  Public 
Buildings,  Factories,  and  "Workshops  of 
North  America  begins  in  the  City  Hall. 

Chicago.    The  switchmen's  strike 

at  the  Stock  Yards  is  declared  off,  and 
the  men  return  to  work. 

Aug.  29.  N.  Y.  A  daring  attempt  to 
wreck  an  express-train  is  made  near 
Albany. 

The  switchmen  and  guards  are  locked 
in  their  houses,  and  a  pile  of  ties  placed 
on  the  track  ;  but  the  train  is  signaled  in 
time  to  prevent  disaster. 

Aug.  31.  N.  Y.  Two  attempts  to  btUTl 
crowded  tenement  houses  are  foiled ; 
seven  attempts  have  recently  been  made 
in  Brooklyn. 

Aug.  *  N.  Mex.  Wliite  Caps  are  ter- 
rorizing the  people,  and  Gov.  Prince 
asks  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to 
send  troops  to  stop  their  outlawry. 

Sept.  1.  O.  Kight  thousand  carpenters 
go  out  on  strike  in  Cincinnati. 

Neio  York,  Iiabor  Day  is  cele- 
brated in  various  parts  of  the  country ; 
over  20,000  working  men  parade  in  this 
city. 

N.    Y.      A    law    prohibiting    youths 

under  IG  years  of  age  from  smolong  in 
pubhc  places  goes  into  force. 

Sept.  2.  N.  Y.  The  New  York  State 
Board  of  Arbitration  begins  an  investi- 
gation of  the  recent  strike  on  the  N.  Y. 
Central  and  Hudson  River  Railroad ; 
Mr.  Webb  and  Mr.  Powderly  testify. 

Twelve  hmidred  members  of  the  Uni- 
ted Brotherhood  of  Progressive  Varnish- 
ers  and  Painters  go  on  a  strike. 

Sept.  3.  New  York.  The  walking  dele- 
gates of  the  building  trades  agree  un- 
conditionally to  submit  their  side  of  the 
brick  boycott  to  the  State  Board  of 
Arbitration.  [Sept.  4.  The  brick  man- 
ufacturers  refuse  arbitration,  and  de- 
cide to  cut  off  a  large  proportion  of 
"  contract "  brick  from  the  local  mar- 
ket.] 

X.  Y.  The  American  Banking  As- 
sociation begins  its  annual  session  in 
Saratoga. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1890,  Aug.  7-Sept.4.      367 


Sept.  4.  Mo.  White  Gaps  nearly  kill 
a  preacher  65  years  old  because  he  pro- 
poses marriage  to  a  widow  aged  45. 

STATE. 
1890  Aug.  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
Senate  disposes  of  six  paragraphs  of  the 
metal  schedule  of  the  Tariff  Bill;  a 
substitute  for  the  Ijodge  lEUections  Bill 
is  reported  by  the  Elections  Committee ; 
it  strips  the  bill  of  many  of  its  objec- 
tionable features ;  there  will  be  no  troops 
at  the  polls,  and  the  fiues  and  punish- 
ments are  greatly  modified. 

La.      Gov.    Kichols  vetoes    the   bill 

extending  the  charter  of  the  Louisiana 
Lottery. 

Aug.  8.  D.  C.  Congress  approves  the 
amendment  to  the  Wilson  Original 
Package  Bill,  by  which  the  decision  of 
the  Supreme  Court  is  overruled,  and  all 
intoxicating  liquors  become  subject  to 
the  laws  of  the  State  into  which  they 
are  brought.  It  is  approved  by  the 
President.  The  House  passes  the  Gen- 
eral Deficiency  Bill  introduced  July 
19. 

Aug.  9.  Z>.  C.  President  Harrison  recom- 
mends that  Congress  provide  relief  for 
the  starving  families  in  Oklahoma. 

Aug.  11.  />.(".  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate George  F.  Edmunds  of  Yt.  submits 
a  resolution  limiting  all  debate  on  the 
Tariff  Bill  to  one  five-minute  speech 
from  each  Senator  on  each  amendment. 

JVyo.    The  first  State  Conventions 

of  the  Democrats  and  Kepublicans  are 
held  at  Cheyenne^  George  W.  Baxter 
(l>em.)  and  Francis  F.  Warren  (Rep.) 
are  nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  12.  7>.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate ^Ir.  Quay  introduces  an  amend- 
ment to  the  rules  i>roviding  for  a 
postponement  of  the  consideration  of 
the  Federal  Elections  Bill.  The 
House  Committee  favorably  reports  the 
Anti-IiOtteiTr  Bill  introduced  July  28. 
The  House  amends  and  passes  the 
Dolph  Bill  for  the  prevention  of  coUia- 
ionsatsea.  [Aug.  13.  The  Senate  con- 
curs.   Aug.  19.   The  President  approves.] 

Del.     Robert  J.  Rej-nolds  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Miss.  The  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion meets  at  Jackson  ;  its  alleged  pur- 
pose is  to  secure  white  supremacy  in 
the  State. 

Aug.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate Henry  W.  Blair  of  N.  H.  reports 
favorably  from  the  Committee  on  Edu- 
cation and  Labor  a  joint  resolution 
proposing  an  amendment  to  the  Consti- 
tution to  prohibit  forever  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of  all  alcoholic 
liquors  used  as  beverages. 

Cal.     Henry  H.  Markham   (Rep.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 
Aug.  14.    /.  T.    Gov.  Byrd  is  reelected 

by  the  Indians ;  he  surrounds  the  jrolls 

with  militia,  and  does  not  allow  votes 

to  be  cast  for  his  opp(»nents. 

Aug.  16.  n.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  River  and  Harbor  Bill. 
[Sept.  2+.  Conference  report  agreed  to. 
Sept.  27.  Approved.]  The  House  passes 
the  Anti-Lottery  Bill. 


—  X.  V.  The  Constitutional  Commis- 
sion at  Albany  agrees  to  the  abolition 
of  the  Superior  Courts  of  New  York  and 

Bullalo. 

Aug.  18.  B.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  General  Deficiency  Appro- 
priation Bill.  [Sept.  29.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.    Oct.  1.    Approved  by 

the  President.] 

N.  Mex.    The  Territorial  Convention 

having     reassembled,    it     proceeds    to 
amend  the  Constitution. 

Aug.  19.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
disposes  of  21  paragraphs  of  the  metal 
schedule  of  the  Tariff  Bill;  the  House 
passes  the  Agricultural  College  Bill. 
[Aug.  30.    Approved  by  the  President.] 

Tlie  Treasury  Department  issues  a  cir- 
cular providing  for  the  immediate  re- 
demption of  $15,000,000 4^  per  cent  bonds 
at  104A. 

Aug.  20.  J).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Meat  Inspection  Bill. 
[Aug.  30.  Approved.]  It  lays  the  bill  to 
amend  the  alien  land  law  on  the  table. 

Wis.    William    D.    Hoard   (Rep.)   is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  21.  D.C.  Congress:  The  special 
House  Committee  begins  the  investiga- 
tion of  the  charges  made  against  Pen- 
sion Commissioner  Haiun. 

Pa.    Charles  W.  Miller  (Prohib.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  27.  B.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
disposes  of  the  tobacco  schedule  of 
the  Tariff  Bill. 

Wis.  The  Democratic  State  Conven- 
tion adoi)ts  a  resolution  opposing  the 
Bennett  School  Lav^. 

Aug.  28.  J).  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate N.  W.  Aldrich  of  R.  I.  of  the  Finance 
Committee  announces  two  proposed 
amendments  to  the  Tariff  Bill  in  the 
direction  of  reciprocity,  —  one  giving  the 
President  power  to  suspend  the  free  Im- 
portation of  sugar  and  other  articles ; 
the  other  in  reference  to  the  Canadian 
Fisheries  policy  ;  the  House  passes  the 
Conger  Xjard  Bill,  introduced  July  28, 
after  six  discussions;  referred  to  Senate 
Committee  on  Agriculture  and  Forestry. 

Mick.    James  W.    Turner   (Rep.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  29.  JJ.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
disposes  of  the  Agricultural  and  the 
wine  and  spirits  schedules  of  the 
Tariff  Bill  ;  the  House  ]jasses  the  Om- 
nibt^  Southern  War-Claims  measure 
and  sundry  private  bills. 

Aug.  30.  J).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
rejects  J.  G.  Carlisle's  motion  to  strike 
out  the  wool  paragraphs  (357  to  369)  in 
order  to  put  wool  on  the  free  list. 
Vote,  47-27.  The  House  passes  the  bill 
prohibiting  the  employment  of  convict 
labor  on  public  works.  Bill  introduced 
Jan.  6.  Also  the  bill  to  prevent  the  pur- 
chase of  supplies,  the  product  of  convict 
labor,  by  the  United  States.  Bill  intro- 
duced Dec.  20. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  issues 
a  circular  for  the  redemption  of  $20,- 
000,000  additional  4^  per  cent  bonds. 

Sept.  1.  J).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
disposes  of  the  wool  and  silk  sched- 
ules of  the  Tariff  Bill.    John  Sherman 


of  O.  offers  an  amendment  to  the  Tariff 
Bill  favoring  reciprocity  with  Can- 
ada; it  provides  specifically  for  the  free 
admission  of  Canadian  coal  into  this 
country  in  return  for  the  free  admission 
of  American  coal  into  Canada. 

Reduction    of    the    pubUc    debt    in 

August,  $833,072. 

Ariz.  John  N.  Irwin  (Rep.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

■  Wis.    Many  leading  Democrats  bolt 

their  party  ticket  on  the  school-la\v 
issue. 

Sept.  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  sugar  schedule  of  the 
Tariff  Bill. 

Xew  York.    A  single  tax  convention 

meets,  and  adopts  a  platform  proposing 
a  tax  on  the  rental  value  of  land  exclu- 
sive of  improvements,  and  abolishing  all 
other  taxes. 

Sept.  3.  £>.  a  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate Messrs.  Evarts,  Edmunds,  and  Voor- 
hees  speak  on  the  sugar  schedule  of 
the  Tariff  Bill. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Aug.  13.  New  York.  The  White 
Star  steamship  Teutonic  arrives  after 
making  the  voyage  from  Queenstown 
in  five  days,  19  hours,  and  five  minutes, 
the  quickest  ocean  passage  ever  made. 

Boston.    The  letter  carriers  of  the 

United  States  hold  their  first  annual 
convention  ;  100  delegates  are  present. 

Aug.  14.  Ky.  The  Kentucky  Company's 
plant  in  Louisville  is  burned  ;  25,000 
barrels  of  whisky  are  consumed. 

Aug.  19.  I).  C.  Congress  establishes  a 
Ifational  Park  on  the  Chickamauga 
battle-field  in  Georgia. 

Mass.    A  derailed  train  near  Quincy 

causes  20  deaths,  besides  injuring  31  per- 
sons. 

Aug.  21.  Phila.  Four  persons  are  killed 
and  a  number  injureti  by  the  blowing 
down  of  a  \vail  during  a  stornt. 

Pa.  A  Gravity  Hoad  car  at  Read- 
ing breaks  loose  while  going  down 
grade  at  the  rate  of  80  miles  an  hour  ;  it 
plunges  over  a  50-foot  embankment,  kill- 
ing four  and  seriously  injuring  10  per- 
sons. 

Aug.  23.    Chicago.  Bonner's  Sunol  trots 

one  mile  in  two  minutes,  lOJ^  seconds. 

Aug.  26.  Chica(fo.  M*Vicker*s  Thea- 
ter is  burned  ;  loss,  $200,000. 

Aug.  28.  N.J.  The  horse  Salvator  riuis 
one  mile  at  Monmouth  Park  in  1.35^ 

minutes. 

Aug.  30  ±.  N.  Dak.  A  prairie  fire  rav- 
ages many  thousands  of  acres  along  the 
Little  Missouri  River. 

Aug.  *  La.  It  is  ofiicially  reported  that 
the  total  loss  caused  by  the  recent  over- 
flow of  the  Mississippi  River  in  Loui- 
siana is  $1,213,040. 

Aug.*  N.  Y.  S.J.  IMxon,  a  photographer 
of  Toronto,  walks  over  Niagara  Falls 
on  a  slender  wire  cable. 

Sept.  2.  ///.  Shot-tower  companies 
in  the  United  States  form  an  incorpora- 
tion under  the  laws  of  Illinois,  with  a 
capital  of  $3,000,000,  to  be  known  as  the 
American  Shot  and  Lead  Company. 

Sept.  4.  Netc  York.  Sawyer,  Wallace  and 
Co.,  one  of  the  largest  commission  hf)uses 
in  the  country,  make  an  assignment ; 
the  liabilities  are  over  $1,000,000. 


368     1890,  Sept4-0ct  7. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY— WAVY. 

1890  Sept.  27.  N.  Mex.  Citizens  and 
soldiers,  nearHillsboro,  pursue  Indians, 
who  are  charged  with  killing  cattle  and 

stealing  horses. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  Sept.  5.  Pa.  Two  very  large 
natural-gas  wells  are  developed  near 
Pittsburg. 

JS'ew    York.      The    Grant    Monument 

Association  chooses  a  design  by  J.  H. 
Duncan. 

The  monument  is  to  stand  on  a  base 
100  feet  square,  and  in  height  will  be  160 
feet  from  base-line,  with  an  equestrian 
statue  of  General  Grant  in  center  of 
front,  and  the  same  of  each  of  the  gen- 
erals commanding  the  four  principal  ar- 
mies on  an  elevated  position  behind  that 
of  Grant. 

Sept.  10.  III.  During  a  shower  at  Cairo 
a  number  of  live  fish,  four  inches  in 
length,  fall  in  various  parts  of  the  city. 

Sept.  12.  ///.  The  bones  of  a  masto- 
don are  unearthed. 

S.  Dak.    Gold  is  discovered. 

Sept.  13.  Ind.  A  big  gas- well  is  struck 
near  Tipton,  which,  it  is  estimated,  will 
reach  20,000,000  cubic  feet  a  day. 

Wis.    Pearl-producing  clams  are 

found  in  the  Manitowoc  Kiver,  Chilton. 

Sept.  20.  Nevy  York.  The  bronze  statue 
of  Horace  Greeley  in  the  archway  of 
the  Tribiine  Building  is  unveiled,  Chauu- 
cey  M.  Depew  delivering  the  oration. 

Sept.  24.  New  York.  The  famous  Smile- 
Brugsch-Bey  collection  of  ancient 
Egyptian  textiles  and  embroideries  is 
presented  to  the  Metropolitan  Museum 
of  Art  by  G.  F.  Baker  of  this  city. 

Sept.  29.  New  York.  Tlie  American  In- 
stitute of  Mining  Engineers  opens  its 
57th  meeting  in  Chickering  Hall. 

Oct.  1.  New  York.  The  Iron  and  Steel 
Institute  opens  its  American  meeting. 
[Oct.  3.  Nearly  350  members  leave  for 
a  tour  through  the  manufacturing  and 
mining  sections  of  the  United  States.] 

Oct,  3.  N.  Y.  The  first  sod  is  turned  in 
the  work  of  constructing  the  Niagara 
Falls  Tunnel,  for  utilizing  the  water- 
power. 

Oct.  6.  Alas.  Prof.  Russell  and  Mark 
Kerr  (U.  S.  surveyors)  discover  an  im- 
mense glacier,  10  miles  wide,  flowing 
25  miles,  and  moving  15  feet  daily  ;  they 
name  it  the  Lucia  Glacier. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1890. 
Sept.  8.    Chriatiancy,  Isaac  P.,  senator  for 

Wis.,  A78. 
Sept.     18.      Boucicault,    Dion,    dramatist, 

manager,  actor,  AtiK. 
Sept.  27.     Duryea,  Abram,  brig.-gen.  vols., 

organizer  of  Duryea  Zouaves,  A76. 

CHURCH. 

1890  Sept.  6.  Ncio  York.  Rev.  George 
F.  I*entecost  starts  for  India  at  the  head 
of  an  evangelistic  mission. 

Sept.  7.  Pa.  The  Presbyterian  Commit- 
tee to  revise  the  "Westminster  Con- 
fession convenes  at  Pittsburg.  [Oct.  7. 
At  Allegheny  City.] 


Sept.  23-25.  Pa.  The  German  Cath- 
olic Congress  meets  in  Pittsburg. 

It  protests  against  the  indignities 
heaped  upon  the  Pope ;  demands  that 
children  be  educated  as  parents  see  lit: 
it  athrms  both  obedience  to  the  United 
States  and  allegiance  to  the  Pope,  and 
expresses  a  preference  for  the  German 
language.    (See  page  348.) 

Sept.  29.  Chicago.  The  Presbytery  pe- 
titions the  Board  of  Education  to  have 
the  Bible  read  in  the  public  schools. 

Oct.  6.  Utah.  The  Gist  Conference  of 
the  Mormon  Church  at  Salt  Lake 
City  decides  to  abolish  polygamy,  and 
President  Woodruif  issues  an  order  for- 
bidding plural  marriages. 

Oct.  7.  7).  C.  The  Roman  Catholic 
Young  Men's  National  Union  Con- 
vention opens  with  high  mass  in  St. 
Patrick's  Church,  Washington. 

LETTERS. 

1890  Sept.  8.  New  York.  The  public 
schools  reopen;  about 5,000 children  are 
turned  away  for  want  of  room. 

Sept.  11.  Pa.  Rev.  John  S.  Stahr  is  in- 
augurated President  of  Franklin  and 
Marshall  College,  Lancaster. 

Sept.  12.  N.  11.  The  12th  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  American  Library  Associ- 
ation Conference  is  held  at  Fabyan. 

Sept.  14.  Md.  Negroes  are  excluded 
from  the  State  Law  School. 

Fla.    St.  Leo's  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 

is  opened  in  San  Antonio. 

Sept.  18.  ///.  William  R.  Harper  of 
Yale  is  elected  president  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago. 

Sept.  19.  ///.  J.  D.  Rockefeller  gives 
$1,000,000  to  the  University  of 
Chicago;  the  income  of  which  is  to  be 
used,  but  the  principal  to  remain  intact. 

Sept.  *  Minn.  John  J.  Hill,  president  of 
the  Great  Northern  Railroad,  gives  ?500,- 
000  for  the  erection  of  a  Catholic  college 
at  Groveland, 

SOCIETY. 

1890  Sept.  4.  New  York.  The  United 
Association  of  Typothetae  is  in  session. 

0.      George  Gilbert,  a  Youngstown 

miser,  dies  ;  he  bojisted  that  his  living 
the  year  round  did  not  cost  him  more 
than  three  cents  a  day. 

S.  Dak.    The  Prohibition  Law  goes 

into  effect;  it  is  bitterly  opposed  by 
saloon-men  and  their  friends  in  Dead- 
wood,  Lead  City,  and  in  the  Black  Hills 
mining-towns. 

Many  of  the  richest  corporations  in 

tlie  country  unite  in  an  alliance  against 
strikes. 

They  agree  to  stand  by  each  other 
in  allowing  the  strikers  against  one 
firm  to  remain  idle  until  they  see  fit  to 
return  to  work,  and  no  one  firm  is  to 
employ  workmen  during  a  strike  that 
leave  others  of  the  couf eilerated  firms  by 
striking. 

Sept.  7.  New  York.  The  Central  Labor 
Federation  decides  to  fight  the  Knights 
of  Laljor  for  making  war  on  the  open 
unions. 

Russian  Hebrews  organize  for  edu- 
cational,   social,   and    protective    pur- 


poses, and  to  promote  intelligence  by 
lectures  and  a  spirit  of  Americanism 
among  their  countrymen. 

W.  Va.     The  Law  and  Order  League 

of  Wheeling  succeed  in  stopping  every 
form  of  Sunday  traffic  except  drug- 
stores ;  their  headquarters  are  stormed 
by  an  angry  mob,  and  the  president  of 
the  League  is  badly  hurt. 

Sept.  10 dr.  Cal.  The 40th anniversary 
of  California's  admission  into  the  Union 

is  celebrated. 

±.  U.  S.  The  window-glass  work- 
ers and  bottle-blowers,  numbering 
10,000,  decide  to  leave  the  Knights  of 
Labor. 

—  N.  Y.  The  Society  of  the  War  of 
1812  is  formed  in  the  State  of  New  York. 

Sept.  11.  la.  Incendiaries  burn  nearly 
all  the  business  portion  of  Oxford,  as 
well  as  many  residences. 

Sept.  13.  ^f(f.  Baltimore  celebrates 
the  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  North 
Point.    (See  Army,  p.  122.) 

Sept.  14.  Sweden.  The  body  of  John 
Ericsson  is  transferrred  from  tlie  U.  S. 
man-of-war  Baltimore  to  the  custody  of 
the  authorities  at  Stockholm  with  im- 
posing ceremonies ;  the  funeral  proces- 
sion is  viewed  by  100,000  people. 

Sept.  20.  Ida.  President  Rich  and 
liishop  Donaldson,  Mormon  dignita- 
ries, are  under  arrest  for  advising 
Mormons  to  violate  the  election  laws. 

O.    An  unsuccessful  attempt  is  made 

to  wreck  a  crowded  passenger-train 
on  the  Cincinnati,  Sandusky,  and  Cleve- 
land Railroad. 

Sept.  22.  Boston.  Old-time  abohtion- 
ists  celebrate  the  28th  anniversary  of 
the  issuance  of  the  Emancipation  Proc- 
lamation by  President  Lincoln. 

Sept.  23.  N.  Y.  The  mayor  of  Brooklyn 
forbids  a  meeting  of  Hebrew  anar- 
chists. 

Sept.  27.  O.  The  entire  edition  of  this 
week's  issue  of  the  Cincinnati  Volks- 
freuvd  is  seized  for  violating  the  anti- 
lottery  law. 

n.  I.  The  Slater-Cotton  Cente- 
nary at  Pawtucket  begins  with  a  Suii- 
dii^'-school  children's  celebration ;  the 
cotton  exhibition  opens. 

Oct.  1.  N.  Y.  Oftlcial  notice  is  issued 
that  no  Knights  of  Labor  will  be  em- 
ployed on  the  New  York  Central  road, 
owing  to  their  action  in  a  late  strike. 

New  York.      The  Convention  of  the 

People's  Municipal  League  is  held ; 
1,000  delegates  attend. 

Oct.  3.  Mo.  Alfred  Wanamaker  com- 
mits suicide  in  St.  Louis,  after  dissi- 
pating a  fortune  of  $60,000;  cause, 
liquor  and  don\estic  trouble. 

New   York.     The  Comte  de  Paris 

and  the  Due  d*Orl6ans  arrive.  De 
Paris  is  welcomed  by  his  old  army  com- 
rades ;  he  served  as  aid  to  Gen.  M'Clel- 
lan  in  the  Civil  War. 

Oct.  6.  Chicago.  The  Board  of  Health 
issues  an  order  forbidding  leg-vacci- 
nation. 

Utah.  A  general  conference  of  Mor- 
mons at  Salt  Lake  City  decides  to  re- 
nounce polygamy. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1890,  Sept.  4- Oct.  7.       369 


t 


Oct.  7.    A'.   Y.    A  large  number  of  mer- 

ehiints  determine  to  form  anon-partisan 
New  Vork  State  Business  Men*s  Pro- 
tective Association,  to  watch  and  o|h 
pose  unjust  and  annoying  action  by  the 
Legislature. 

STATE. 
1890    Sept,  5.    D.   C.    Congress:  The 

Senate  passes  over  the  Stewart  Convict 
Labor  Hill. 

Sept.  6.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  bill  granting  a  pension  of  $100 
a  month  to  Gen.  H.  A.  IJaruum. 

Sept.  8.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
agrees  to  the  Conference  report  on  the 
River  and  Harbor  BiU, 

Ky.  The  State  Constitutional  Con- 
vention begins  its  session  at  Frankfort. 

Sept.  9.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Sen- 
ate adopts  the  Aldrich  Reciprocity 
Amendment  reported  from  the  Fi- 
nance Committee,  and  passes  the  Tariff 
Bill  to  a  third  reading. 

Del.  H.  J.  Richardson  (Rep.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

■  Minn.  Thomas  Wilson  (Dem.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

jV.  //.  J.  M.  Fletcher  (Prohib.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

Sept.  10.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  McKinley  Tariff  Bill  with 
amendments.  Vote,  40  (Uep.)-29  (Dem.) ; 
it  passes  the  House  bill  to  set  apart  a 
certain  tract  of  land  in  California  on 
which  the  big  trees  stand  as  a  public 
park. 

Sept.  11.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
considers  the  Conference  reports  on  the 
Iiand  Grant  Forfeiture  Bill. 

S.  C.    Benjamin  R.  Tillman  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Wyo.      The  Republicans    elect  the 

governor  and  Congressman,  and  se- 
cure a  majority  in  the  Legislature. 

Sept.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
listens  to  speeches  eulogistic  of  the  late 
Samuel  J.  Randall  of  Pa.,  and  ad- 
journs ;  in  the  House  James  B.  Mc- 
Creary  of  Ky.  introduces  a  resolution 
demanding  an  immediate  investigation 
of  the  killing  of  Gen.  Barrundia  when 
on  board  an  American  ship  and  while 
under  the  protection  of  the  U.  S.  flag. 

New    York.     The    Secretary   of    the 

Treasury  consults  with  bankers  and 
merchants  with  reference  to  the  strin- 
gency of  the  money  market ;  he  issues 
a  call  for  proposals  for  the  sale  of 
$16,000,000  in  4  per  cent  bonds. 

Sept.  15.  D.  C,  Congress:  The  House 
non-concurs  in  the  Senate  amendments 
to  the  Tariff  Bill.    Vote,  120-82. 

Sept.  16.  />.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Anti-Lottery  Bill.  [Sept. 
27.  Approved  by  the  President.]  Also 
the  Land  Grant  Forfeiture  Bills,  and 
it  votes  to  purchase  at  a  cost  not  exceed- 
ing $."50,000  the  TowTisend  National 
Records.  It  amends  and  passes  the 
Timber- Culture  BiU.  [Feb.  28,  Mar. 
2.  Conference  report  agreed  to.  Mar.  2. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 


Coim,     Luzon  B.  Morris  (Dem.)  and 

<Jen.  E.  S.  Merwin  (Rep.)  are  nominated 
for  governor. 

Okla.  The  Upper  House  of  the  Terri- 
torial Legislature  jtasses  a  bill  making 
Oklahoma  City  the  capital  of  the  Terri- 
tory. 

Sept.  17.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  confer- 
ees on  the  Tariff  Bill  meet,  but  without 
arriving  at  any  agreement. 

Afass.      Gov.  J.  Q.  A.  Brackett  (Rep.) 

is  renominated  for  governor. 
A'.  H.     H.  A.  Tuttleof  Pittsfield(Rep.) 

is  nominated  for  governor. 

Sept.  18,  I).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  a  bill  to  reestablish  the  grade  of 
Iiieutenant- General  of  the  United 
States  Army.  Bill  introduced  Dec.  12. 
[Sept.  22.  Referred  to  Senate  Commit- 
tee on  Military  Alfairs.]  The  House 
conferees  on  the  Tariff  Bill  accept  the 
Aldrich  reciprocity  amendment. 

Mass.    William  E.  Russell  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Sept.  19.  />.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  McKenna  Bill  for  the  discon- 
tinuance of  the  coinage  of  the  three- 
dollar  and  one-dollar  gold  pieces  and 
the  three-eent  nickel  piece.  [Sept.  27. 
Approved  by  the  President.]  The  House 
is  prevented  from  doing  business  by 
Democrats  purposely  absenting  them- 
selves. 

Cofo.  John  L.  Routt  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

Sept.  21.    I).  C.    Notices  are  issued  from 

the  Post-office  Department  that  all  pa- 
pers containing  lottery  advertisements 
will  render  the  publishers  liable  to 
arrest. 

Sept.  22.  New  York.  Mayor  Grant  chal- 
lenges the  correctness  of  the  Federal 
census,  and  decides  upon  the  plan  for 
taking  a  new  census  of  the  city  under 
the  direct  supervision  of  the  mayor  and 
with  the  cooperation  of  the  police  force 
acting  as  canvassers. 

Sept.  24.  IX  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  William  M.  Evarts's  substitute  for 
the  House  bill  defining  and  regulat- 
ing the  jurisdiction  of  the  United 
States  Courts  after  si  x  discussions. 
[Sept.  24.  Referred  to  the  House  Com- 
mittee on  the  Judiciary.] 

The  House  passes  the  bill  granting  a 
pension  to  the  widow  of  Gen.  George 
B.  McClellan.  [Sept.  29.  Approved 
by  the  President.] 

Sept.  25.  /).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  over  the  O'Neall  Anti-Convict 
Labor  Bill. 

Sept.  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the 
House  the  Conference  Committee  re- 
ports the  McKinley  Tariff  Bill. 

Sept.  29.  I).  C.  Congress ;  House  :  Tlie 
Conference  Committee's  report  on  the 
Tariff  Bill  is  adopted.    Vote,  152-81. 

Sept.  30.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Conference  report  on  the 
McKinley  Tariff  Bill,  Vote,  33-27. 
[Oct.  1.  It  is  approved  by  the  President. 
Oct,  6.    The  law  becomes  effective.] 

Oct.  1,    D.   (\    Congress    provides    for 

the  transfer  of  the  "Weather  Service 

from  the  Signal  Corps  of  the  Army  to 

the  Department  of  Agriculture. 

It  repeals  the  internal  revenue  tax 


laid  on  dealers  in  tobacco ;  it  reduces 

the  tax  on  tobacco  and  snuff. 
The  51st  Congress:  the  first  session 

ends. 
Ida.    The  Republicans  elect   the 

State  ticket  and  44  of  the  B4  members 

of  the  Legislature. 
Oct.  7.    N.  Mex,    The  i)eople  accept  the 

State  Constitution.    Vote,  16,180-7,943. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Sept.  5.  Mich.  Eight  miners 
are  imprisoned  by  a  cave-in  in  the  l^ake 
Angeliue  mine. 

N.  T,    The  steamers  C.  II.  Northern 

a.nd  Continental,  of  the  New  Haven  Line, 
collide  in  the  East  River ;  three  persons 

are  injured. 

Sept.  6.    Okla.    President  Manvel,  of  the 

Santa  F(S  Railroad,  announces  that  his 
company  will  supply  Oklahoma  farmers 
with  $60,000  worth  of  seed-wheat  at 
cost,  and  wait  until  harvest  for  the  pay. 
[25,000  bushels  of  seed-wheat  are  fur- 
nished to  the  farmers  along  the  line  of 
this  road.] 

Sept.  7.  Colo.  Trains  collide  near  Flor- 
ence :  five  persons  are  killed  and  33  in- 
j  ured.. 

Wash.  A  premature  explosion  bur- 
ies 45  men  under  many  tons  of  rock  at 
Spokane  Falls. 

Sept.  9.  Chicago.  The  "World's  Pair 
Directors  decide  upon  Jackson  Park 
and  the  Lake  Front  as  the  site  for  the 
exhibition. 

Sept.  10.  Ga.  A  Direct  Trade  Con- 
vention is  organized  at  Atlanta ;  dele- 
gates are  present  from  six  cotton-pro- 
ducing States. 

Sept.  15.  Chicago.  The  National  Com- 
mission of  the  "World's  Fair  meets  to 
organize  and  inaugurate  the  movement. 

Sept.  19.  III.  Col.  George  R.  Davis  of 
Chicago  is  appointed  director-general  of 
the  "World's  Fair. 

Pa.    Twenty  persons  are  killed  and 

32  injured  in  a  train  accident  at  Shoe- 
makersville. 

Sept.  23.  N.  J.  A  fire  in  the  Eagle  Oil 
Refinerv  Works,  in  Bayonne,  causes  a 
loss  of  $250,000. 

Sept.  25.  Tlie  American  fishing  schooner 
David  Crockett  is  seized  in  Canadian 
waters  for  violation  of  the  Fisheries 
Law. 

Sept.  28.  Cliicago.  The  Anglo-Ameri- 
can Packing  Comnany's  buildings  are 
damaged  by  fire;  loss,  $400,000. 

Sept.  29.  li.  I.  The  centennial  of  the 
establishment  of  the  first  American 
COtton-miU  is  celebrated  at  Providence. 

Sept.  *  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for  the 
improvement  of  Galveston  harbor, 
Texas ;   estimated  cost,  $6,200,000. 

Sept.  *  Mich.  The  longest  river  tun- 
nel in  the  U.  S.  Is  completed,  under 
the  St.  Clair  River,  connecting  Michigan 
and  Canada;  it  is  6,050  feet  in  length, 
2,300  feet  of  which  is  under  the  river- 
bed. 

Sept.  *  Okla.  Many  families  in  the  Ter- 
ritory are  in  extreme  want  of  food. 


870     1890,  Oct.  7-Nov,  19. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1890  Oct.  10.   Kan.   President  Harrison 

attends  the  reunion  of  old  soldiers  at 

Topeka. 
Nov.  17.    S.  Dak.     Troops  are  massing 

at  Pine  Kidge  Agency  in  anticipation  of 

an  outbreak  of  Sioux  Indians. 
Nov.  18.    .V.  Y.    The  battle-ship  ^VaiHc 

is  launched  at  the  Brooklyn  Navy  Yard. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  Oct.  17.  Ga.  A  bust  of  Sidney 
Lanier  is  unveiled  in  the  library  of 
Macon. 

Oct.  23.  N.H.  Astatue  of  Gen.  Stark 
is  unveiled  in  the  State-house  Park  at 
Concord  ;  cost,  $12,000. 

Oct.  27.  S.  Dak.  Rich  placer  deposits 
of  gold  are  found  in  the  Sioux  Reserva- 
tion, near  Black  Hills.  \pct.  *  Gold  is 
also  discovered  in  the  Arbuckle  Moun- 
tains, I.  T.] 

Oct.  30.  Afd.  A  monument  to  explorers 
who  perished  in  the  Jeannette  Explor- 
ing Expedition  of  1881  is  unveiled  in  the 
Naval  Academy  Cemetery,  Annapolis. 

Kov.  1±.  Millet's  famous  painting,  The 
Angelus,  is  sold  by  the  American  Art 
Association  to  persons  in  Paris  for 
$150,000. 

It  is  estimated  that  400,000  persons 
have  attended  the  exhibition  since  the 
picture  was  brought  to  America. 

Nov.  7.  Chicago.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  "Woman's  Temple,  which  the 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 
is  building,  is  laid  with  impressive  cere- 
monies ;  it  is  to  be  in  French  Gothic 
style,  13  stories  high,  and  cost  $1,100,000. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1890. 

Oct.  13.  Delknap,  William  W.,  maj.-gen., 
sec.  of  war  under  Pres.  Grant,  A61. 

Oct.  13.  Miller,  Samuel  F.,  justice  of  U.S. 
Supreme  Ct.,  A74. 

Nov.  13.  Dexter,  Henry  M.,  editor  of  The 
Congregationalist,  A69. 

Appleton,  Daniel  S.,  publisher,  A76. 

CHTTRCH. 

1890  Oct.  8.  Mimi.  The  American 
Board  of  Foreign  Missions  begins  its 
81st  annual  meeting  in  Minneapolis. 
[Oct.  10.  Rev.  Dr.  B.  S.  Storrs  of 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,is  reelected  President.] 

Oct.  13.  New  York.  The  Presbytery  pass 
a  resolution  requesting  the  Commission- 
ers at  Chicago  to  close  the  coming  ex- 
hibition on  Sundays. 

Oct.  14.  Mo.  Edwin  R.  Atwill  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
West  Missouri. 

Boston.   The  celebrated  "  Andover 

case,"  which  has  been  pending  before 
the  Supreme  Court  of  Massachusetts  for 
more  than  three  years,  comes  up  for  a 
final  hearing. 

Oct.  17.  A\  Y.  The  golden  jubilee  of 
Bishop  Loughlin  is  celebrated  in 
Brooklyn  ;  he  is  presented  by  the  priests 
of  the  diocese  with  a  purse  of  $20,000. 

Oct.  21.  Boston.  The  celebration  of  the 
Centennial  of  New  England  Meth- 
odism opens. 


Oct.  27.  N.  J.  The  Koman  Catholic 
churches  of  the  Newark  Diocese  collect 
$20,000  for  the  poor  in  Ireland. 

Chicago.  Archbishop  Feehan's  sil- 
ver jubilee  commences  with  pontifical 
high  mass  in  the  cathedral. 

Oct.  28.  Boston.  A  winter  school  for 
scientific  Bible  study  opens. 

Nov.  6-13.  Conn.  The  fifth  annual  Con- 
vention of  Christian  'Workers  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada  meets  at  Hart- 
ford. 

Nov.  11.  Phila.  The  13th  Annual  Con- 
gress of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  meets. 

Conn.    The  9th  annual  meeting  of  the 

Baptist  Congress  opens  in  New  Haven. 

Nov.  13.  Ketc  York.  The  Interstate 
Congress  of  the  Salvation  Army 
opens. 

Nov.  17.  New  York.  The  conference  of 
the  Protestant  denominations  of  the 
State  on  moral  instruction  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  begins ;  Dr.  Crosby  is  chosen 
permanent  chairman. 

LETTERS. 

1890  Oct.  8.  Mass.  The  Committee  of 
the  Board  of  Harvard  College  reports 
unfavorably  as  to  the  shortening  of 
the  coUege  course. 

Oct.  27.  Md.  Mrs.  Davis,  Mrs.  Mary  Gar- 
rett, and  other  ladies  present  to  the 
trustees  of  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity $100,000  to  found  a  Woman's 
Medical  College ;  the  money  is  ac- 
cepted subject  to  the  terms. 

Nov.  4.  Wis.  The  Bennett  School  Law 
of  1889  is  rescinded  by  the  vote  of  the 
people. 

It  required  schools  recognized  by  the 
State  to  use  the  English  language  in 
teaching  reading,  writing,  anthmetic, 
and  the  history  of  the  United  States. 

Nov.  11.  New  York.  Henry  M.  Stan- 
ley delivers  his  first  lecture  of  his 

second  tour,  in  the  Metropolitan  Opera 
House. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  Oct.  8.  N.  Y.  The  opening  of 
the  8th  Annual  Indian  Conference  at 
Lake  Mohonk,  for  the  protection  and 
elevation  of  American  Indians. 

Oct.  9.  Ga.  The  weekly  edition  of  the 
Atlanta  Constitution  is  seized  for  adver- 
tising its  prize   distribution  at  the 

Christmas  drawing. 

Oct.  10.  Neiv  York.  The  Cuban  colony 
celebrates  the  22d  anniversary  of  the 
proclamation  of  Cuban  independence. 

Oct.  11.  D.  C.  The  American  Board 
of  Mi&sions  adopts  a  resolution  peti- 
tioning Congress  to  take  steps  toward 
the  prohibition  of  the  exportation  of  in- 
toxicating liquors  to  those  countries 
where  the  missions  of  the  Board  are 
located. 

Mo.    Four  masked  men  hold  up  and 

rob  a  train  near  Schell  City. 

Mich.    The   Local-Option  Law  is 

decided  constitutional  by  the  Supreme 
Court  at  Lansing  ;  also,  that  all  citizens, 


white  and  black,  have  equal  rights  luat 
must  be  observed. 
Oct.  12.    Neiv  York.    Thomas  P.  GUI, 
one  of  the  Irish  members  of  the  British 
Parliament,  arrives. 

He  comes  in  the  interest  of  the  Home 
Rule  cause  [and  lectures  to  many  en- 
thusiastic audiences  of  I rLsh- Americans, 
who  contribute  large  sums  of  money  to 
aid  in  the  achievement  of  the  legislative 
independeuoe  of  their  native  land]. 

Oct,  15.  Mo.  The  30th  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  Loyal  Legion  begins  in  St. 
Louis  ;  ex-President  Ilutherford  B, 
Hayes  presides. 

±.  New  York.  George  William  Cur- 
tis is  chosen  president  of  the  National 
Civil  Service  Reform  League. 

La.    David  C.  Hennessy,  chief  of 

police,  is  waylaid  and  shot  by  Italians 
at  New  Orleans,  who  are  alleged  to  be 
agents  of  the  Mafia ;  Hennessy  had  re- 
cently traced  a  number  of  grave  crimes 
to  this  secret  society. 

Oct.  16.  Va.  An  emancipation  cele- 
bration by  colored  people  takes  place 
at  Richmond. 

Oct.  20.  Cat.  The  Brotherhood  of 
Railway  Trainmen  begins  its  annual 
convention  in  Lus  Angeles. 

Neio  York.    The  Comte  de  Paris  is 

entertained  at  a  dinner  at  the  Plaza 
Hotel  by  the  officers  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac. 

Oct.  21.  N.  Y.  Patrick  Gleason, 
miiyor  of  Long  Island  City,  is  sentenced 
to  five  days'  imprisonment  and  to  pay  a 
fine  of  ?250,  for  assault. 

Oct.  22,  Tenn.  The  American  Hu- 
mane Society  meets  in  Nashville. 

D.  C.    The  annual  convention  of  the 

American  Institute  of  Architects  begins 
its  sessicm  at  Washington  with  a  large 
attendance. 

Oct.  24.  D.  C.  The  "Wage-workers' 
Political  Alliance  of  Washington  peti- 
tions President  Harrison  to  appoint 
airs.  Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton  a  Justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  in  place  of  the  late  Justice  Miller. 

Oct.  27.  III.  The  Illinois  Steel  Com- 
pany of  Joliet  divides  about  $4,000 
among  its  employees  on  a  profit-shar- 
ing basis. 

/.  T.  I^ee  Allen,  the  leader  of  a  no- 
torious cattle-thieving  band,  is  captured 

by  United  States  officers. 

Kan,    The  Leavemcorth  Times  of  this 

day  is  excluded  from  the  mails  for 
publishing  results  of  a  raffle  at  a  Catho- 
lic church  fair. 

Minn.    The  Chippewas  welcome  their 

old  foes,  the  Sioux,  to  their  village  by 
a  sham  fight,  after  which  they  smoke 
the  pipe  of  peace. 

Mo.     Telegraphers    go    out    on   a 

strike  at  St.  Louis. 

Oct.  31.  Ne\r  York.  Rev.  Dr.  Heber 
Newton  asserts  that  a  prominent  clergj-- 
man  was  offered  $1,000  to  make  a 
speech  for  Tammany  HaU. 

Oct.*  Ala.  A  colony  of  about  25  families 
of  Northern  farmers  secure  3,000  acres 
of  farm-land  in  Cullman  County,  on 
which  to  locate  a  cooperative  farm. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1890,  Oct.  7-N6V.  19.       371 


Oct.  31.  la.  The  prohibition  of  the  sale 
of  liquor  in  original  packages  becomes 
effective  in  this  State.    (See  State.) 

Oct.  *  K.  J.  All  the  licensed  cigar- 
dealers  in  Cape  May  City  sign  a  con- 
tract, under  a  forfeiture  of  $50,  not  to 
sell  another  cigarette  to  either  man  or 
boy  during  the  coming  winter. 

Oct.  *  Fr.  The  I2th  session  of  the  Con- 
gress of  Americanists  is  held  in  Paris. 
Prof.  Quatrefages,  the  founder  of  the 
science  of  anthropology,  presides. 

N"ov.  1.  Keiv  York.  The  General  So- 
ciety of  Mechanics  and  Tradesmen  of 

the  City  of  New  York  celebrates  its  105th 
anniversary. 

Nov.  2.  New  York.  "William  O'Brien* 
John  Dillon,  Timothy  Harrington,  and 
T.  D.  Sullivan,  the  Irish  agitators, 
arrive.    (See  Oct.  12.) 

Nov.  3.  Ne^o  Ycrrk.  Dr,  Crosby,  in  a 
speech,  says  that  he  can  prove,  "for  a 
Commissioner  told  him,"  that  a  police 
captain  received  $70,000  in  blackmail 
from  the  saloons  in  his  precinct. 

Nov.  4.  Aw.  The  superintendent  of  pub- 
lio  schools  and  two  other  persons  are 
shot  in  Irvine. 

.Ve6.  The  people  reject  a  Prohibi- 
tory Amendment  to  the  Constitution. 
Vote,  82,292  for  the  amendment ;  111,728 
against  it. 

y.  J.    Twice  in  the  ninth  precinct  of 

the  First  Assembly  District,  Jersey  City, 
all  the  Hepublican  ballots  are  stolen, 
hut  each  time  discovered  and  replaced 
in  time  to  prevent  much  loss. 

Nov,  5.  New  York,  Henry  M.  Stanley, 
wife,  and  party  arrive  on  the  Teutonic^ 

T.  P.  O'Connor,  M.P.,  the  last  of  the 
Irish  delegation,  arrives  in  New  York. 
(See  Oct.  12.) 

Nov.  6.  Fla.  The  notorious  ex-Mayor 
"W.  "W.  Cottrell  of  Key  West,  a  fugitive 
from  justice,  is  killed  by  the  chief  of 
police  of  Montgomery,  Ala. 

New  York.    The  250th  anniversary 

of  the  death  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  is 
celebrated  with  appropriate  ceremonies 
by  the  Swedes  of  the  city. 

Nov.  7.  Fia.  The  Democrats  of  Jack- 
sonville are  accused  of  suppressing 
the  entire  Republican  vote. 

N.  J.  In  Newark  the  anarchists  at- 
tempt to  hold  a  celebration  in  memory 
of  the  hanging  of  the  Chicago  Hay- 
market  murderers ;  Lucy  Parsons  and 
10  of  her  followers  are  arrested. 

Pkila.    The  Irish  Nationalists  hold 

a  great  meeting  in  the  Academy  of 
Music  ;  Gov.  Beaver  presides  ;  addresses 
are  made  by  Messrs.  Dillon,  O'Brien, 
Sullivan,  and  O'Connor. 

Nov.  9.  Boston.  The  visiting  Irish  mem- 
bers of  Parliament  make  addresses  in 
the  Boston  Theater  and  the  Globe 
Theater. 

Chicago.     The   anarchists    celebrate 

the  memory  of  the  Haymarket  mur- 
derers. 

Nov.  10.  New  York.  A  reception  is 
given  to  the  visiting  Irish  members  of 
Parliament  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera 
House ;  $37,000  is  subscribed.  (See  Oct. 
12.) 


Nov.  11.  New  York.  Henry  M.  Stan- 
ley is  warmly  received  by  enthusiastic 
admirers  of  the  explorer  on  his  return 
to  America. 

The  57th  birthday  of  Edwin  Booth  is 
celebrated. 

Nov.  13.  O.  Judge  Allen  G.  Thur- 
man's  77th  birthday  is  celebrated  by  a 
grand  banquet  in  Columbus,  at  which 
1,000  guests  are  present. 

Nov.  17.  Colo.  The  Childs-Drexel 
Home  for  Aged  and  Infirm  Printers 

is  located  at  Colorado  Springs,  where  80 
acres  of  land  have  been  given  for  that 
purpose. 
Ga.  The  National  "Woman's  Chris- 
tian Temperance  Union  meets  in 
National  Convention  at  Atlanta ;  it 
reelects  as  president  Miss  Frances  E. 
"Willard. 

New  York.  The  American  Copy- 
right League  officers  are  selected,  the 

president  being  James  Kussell  Lowell. 

Pa.    The  first  National  Non-Parti- 

san  "Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  opens  its  session  in  Pittsburg, 
with  Mrs.  Ellen  J.  Phinney  in  the  chair 
and  about  100  delegates  present. 

Nov.  19.  Boston.  The  Women's  Na- 
tional Indian  Association  annual  meet- 
ing opens. 

——  Chicago.  The  "Women  Managers 
of  the  "World's  Fair  effect  a  tempo- 
rary organization. 

Neio  York.     Sailmakers   go    on    a 

strike  for  increased  wages. 

STATE. 

1890  Oct.  9.  n.  C.  The  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  issues  a  circular  offering  to 
redeem  4.V  per  cent  bonds,  with  interest 
to  Aug.  31,  1891. 

Oct.  17.  la.  In  the  Superior  Court  Judge 
Stoneman  decides  that  the  State  Prohio- 
itory  Law  is  null  and  void  in  regard  to 
the  sale  of  original  packages. 

Kan.    In  the  U.  S.  Circuit  Court  at 

Topeka  a  decision  is  rendered,  allowing 
the  reopening  of  the  original  package 
liquor-houses  in  the  State,  and  declar- 
ing that  the  Wilson  Bill  does  not  restore 
the  power  of  the  Kansas  Prohibitory 
Law. 

Oct.  20.  Miss.  The  Constitutional  Con- 
vention refuses  to  entrust  the  Legisla- 
ture with  power  to  divide  the  State. 

Oct.  31.  la.  Judge  Caldwell  of  the  U.  S. 
Circuit  Court  renders  decision  in  the 
Iowa  original  package  case  sustaining 
the  Iowa  Prohibitory  Law  and  the  Wil^ 
son  Law ;  this  decision,  with  that  of 
Judge  Shiras,  will  prevent  the  sale  of 
liquor  in  Original  Packages  in  Iowa  until 
the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  shall  finally 
decide  upon  the  validity  of  the  laws 
affected, 

Nov.  1.  I).  C.  The  Treasury  Depart- 
ment reports  the  increase  of  the  public 
debt  $3,668,012  in  October. 

Miss.  The  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion at  Jackson  adjourns  after  promul- 
gating a  new  Constitution. 

Nov.  4.  New  Ym-k.  Hugh  J.  Grant,  the 
Tammany  candidate,  is  elected  the  89th 
mayor, 

Wash.    The  Roman  Catholic  Bishop 

of  Nesqually  has  brought  a  suit  to  get 
possession  of  430  acres  of  land  occupied 
as  a  United  States  military  reservation 
at  Yaneouver,  and  valuetf  at  ^750,000 ; 
he  bases  his  claim  on  the  ground  that  a 
missionary  station  was  established  there 
with  the  "consent  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company. 


State  and  Congressional  elections 

are  held  in  many  of  the  States ;  the 
Democratic  party  is  generally  victori- 
ous ;  the  Farmers'  Alliance  gains  a  clear 
majority  in  the  Kansas  Legislature, 
having  92  votes,  while  the  Republicans 
have  62  and  the  Democrats  11. 

Nov.  8.  Wyo.  The  first  State  election 
is  held, 

Nov.  13.  Wyo.  The  first  State  Legis- 
lature meets  at  Cheyenne  ;  it  is  Repub- 
lican in  both  branches. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Oct.  7.  Del.  An  explosion  kills  12 
men  and  injures  20  more,  at  the  Dupont 
Powder  Works,  near  Wilmington. 

Oct.  12.  Chicago.  Four  persons  are 
burned  to  death  in  a  hotel. 

Oct.  15±.  Mich.  The  R.  G.  Peters 
Salt  and  Lumber  Company  of  Manis- 
tee fails  ;  liabilities,  $3,000,000. 

Oct.  20.  Colo.  The  last  spike  is  driven 
in  completion  of  the  Pike's  Peak 
Mountain  Railroad. 

Oct.  22.  Ky.  Trains  collide  near  Sloan's 

Valley  ;  seven  persons  are  killed  and  10 
injured. 

Oct.  20.  N.  J.  The  steamer  Vizcaya, 
bound  for  Havana  collides  with  the 
schooner  Cornelius  Haryraves  o&  Barne- 
gat  Light ;  65  lives  are  lost. 

Oct.  30.  Pa.  A  case  of  leprosy  is  dis- 
covered at  Chester. 

New   York.    The  police  recount  of 

the  city  shows  the  population  to  be  over 
1,700,000,  instead  of  1,513,501  as  enume- 
lated  by  the  Federal  officials  in  June. 

Oct.  31.    N.  J.    The    Sugar  Trust  is 

incorporated  as  "  The  American  Sugar 
Refining  Company,"  with  a  capital  of 
$50,000,000. 

Cal.   SanFranciscoloses$500,000 

by  fire. 

New   York.    Judge  Pratt  grants  the 

application  for  receivers  for  the  Sugar 
Trust,  which  takes  the  matter  out  of 
the  hands  of  the  trustees  ;  many  certifi- 
cates change  hands. 

Nov.  3.  Phila.  Tlie  Standard  Oil  Com- 
XJany  organizes  a  trust  to  buy  up  all  the 
bulk  oil-carrying  craft  plying  between 
Philadelphia  and  Europe;  $1,000,000  is 
paid  for  six  of  the  largest  tank  vessels 
afloat. 

Nov.  4.  Chicago.  The  area  of  the  city 
is  increased  by  annexation  to  180.2 
square  miles. 

Nov.  11.  New  York.  Financial  dis- 
tress increases  ;  the  Clearing  House  As- 
sociation votes  its  certificates  to  banks 
in  need  of  assistance.  [Nov.  17.  That 
of  Boston  does  the  same.] 

Chicago.    The  National  World's  Fa,ir 

Commission  passes  resolutions  accept- 
ing the  double  site  —  Jackson  Park 
and  the  Lake  Front  —  for  the  Co- 
lumbian Exposition. 

-^— 3/b.  Nine  men  are  killed  and  several 
injured  by  a  train  falling  through  the 
bridge  over  the  Kaw  River  at  Kansas 
City. 

Phila.    The  banking  firm  of  Barker 

Brothers  and  Co.  suspends,  with  liabili- 
ties placed  at  $5,000,000. 

Nov.  19.  New  York.  A  run  on  the 
Citizens*  Savings-bank  takes  place. 

A  receiver  is  appointed  for  the  North 
River  Bank. 


372     1890,  Nov.  20  -  Dec.  29. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1890  Nov.  22.  S.  Dak.  Armedlndian 
warriors,  15,000  strong,  appear  about 
the  Pine  Kidge  Agency  ready  to  dance 
or  fight. 

Wov.  23.  S.  Dak.  The  Sioux  ghost 
dances  are  discovered  to  be  part  of  a 
plot  to  draw  the  United  States  troops 
into  ambush. 

Nov.  25,  2iew  York.  Two  Brazilian 
war-ships  arrive,  bringing  a  medal  from 
the  new  republic  to  the  President  of  the 
United  States. 

Dec.  1.  Ind.  Ter.  The  Cherokee  Strip 
is  cleared  of  cattlemen,  hunters,  and 
campers  by  Government  troopers. 

Dec.  7.  S.Dak.  The  hostile  Sioux  chiefs 
from  the  Bad  Lands  come  into  the  Pine 
Kidge  Agency  to  hold  a  powwow  with 
Gen.  Brooke. 

Dec.  8.  S.  Dak.  Kanchmen  and  In- 
dians fight  each  other  near  the  Bad 
Lands. 

Dee.  13.  5.  Dak.  Troops  and  Sioucs 
Indians  are  in  conflict  near  the  Bad 
Lands ;  troops  of  the  6th  Cavalry  cap- 
ture Chief  Kicking  Bear. 

Dec,  19.  Ked  Cloud,  a  Sioux  chief, 
recommends  the  surrendering  of  the 
Indians. 

Dec.28J:.  The  remains  of  Sitting  Bull's 
band  join  Big  Foot  to  avenge  the  death 
of  their  leader. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  Nov.  *  Afo.  Two  great  cavema 
abounding  with  onyx  are  discovered 
in  the  Ozark  Mountains,  about  70  miles 
from  St.  Louis ;  estimated  value,  $3  to 
$15  per  cubic  foot. 

Nov.  +.  *  Pa.  New  wells  of  natural 
gas  are  discovered. 

Dec.  5.  Xew  York.  The  Societies  of 
£!thical  Culture  begin  their  annual 
convention. 

Dec.  8.  iVew  York.  A  meeting  is  held 
to  form  a  sub-branch  of  the  English 
Society  for  Psychical  Research, 

Dec.  9.  O.  The  will  of  Horace  Kelley 
gives  $500,000  for  a  National  Gallery  of 
Arts  to  be  established  in  Cleveland, 

Dec.  10.  liew  York.  Thirteen  patients 
of  Mount  Siiiai  and  St.  Luke's  hospitals 
are  inoculated  with  Dr.  Koch's 
lymph. 

1890        BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

Nov.  no.      Glisson,    Oliver    S.,   rear-adnu 

U.  S.  N.,  A81. 
Johnson,  Daniel  V.  M.,  P.  E.  clergyman 

in  Brooklyn,  A 7 8. 
Nov.  23.     Beckwith,  John  Watrns,  P.  E. 

bishop  of  Ga.,  A6t». 
Nov.  34.      Ilelmont,    August,    banker,    of 

New  York,  A74. 
Nov.  85.     Shillaber,    Benjamin    P.    (Mrs. 

Partlngrton),  humorist,  A76. 
Nov,  ae.    Corrigau,  J.  H.,  R.  C.  priest  of 

N.  J.,  dies. 
Dec.  1.    Colby,  George,  abolitionist,  dies. 
Dec.  4.    Baxter,  Jedediah  H.,  surgeon-gen. 

U.  S.  A.,  Asa. 
Dec.  16.    Terry,  Alfred  H.,  niaj.-gen.  U.  S. 

A.,  A63, 

CHURCH. 

1890  Nov.  27.  ^€w  York.   Collections 

are  taken  in  Koman  Catholic  churches 


for  the  benefit  of  the  bishops  and  priests 
of  the  famine-stricken  districts  in 
Ireland. 

Dec.  3.  Ga.  The  General  Convention 
(Congregational)  of  Georgia  is  formed. 

Dec.  7.  -AVtp  York.  Bishop  Potter 
preaches  an  illustrated  sermon,  in 
which  he  shows  by  diagram  that  in  a 
certain  section  of  the  city,  between 
Seventieth  and  Eightieth  Streets,  ofl  the 
East  Side,  with  a  population  by  census 
of  160,000  persons,  there  are  280  saloons, 
and  only  eight  churches,  and  of  the 
churches  only  two  or  three  are  Protes- 
tant. 

A  tablet  is  unveiled  in  St.  Paul's 
Chapel,  in  memory  of  the  centennial 
celebration  of  the  inauguration  of  Pres- 
ident Washington. 

X.  Y.    The  friends  of  Father  M.  J. 

Moran,  Roman  Catholic  pastor  of  the 
Church  of  the  Nativity,  Brooklyn,  give 
him  a  purse  of  $25,000  on  the  eve  of 
the  25th  anniversary  of  his  ordination. 

Dec.  9.  Phila.  The  American  Sabbath 
Union  begins  its  sessions. 

Dec.  13.  Two  hundred  Protestant 
clergymen  issue  an  appeal  in  defense 
of  the  Christian  Sabbath,  especially 
iu  connection  with  the  World's  Fair. 

LETTERS, 

1890  Nov.  25.  N.J.  Prof.  Austin  Scott 
is  elected  president  of  Hutgers  Col- 
lege. 

Dec.  1.  Pa.  William  Dudley  Foulke  is 
elected  president  of  Swarthmore  Col- 
lege. 

Dec.  8.  Kew  York.  By  the  will  of  Daniel 
B.  Fayerweather,  bequests  aggregating 
$2,100,000  are  made  to  hospitals 
and  colleges, 

Dec.  9.  N.  Y.  Stelnway  and  Sons  offer 
the  Board  of  Education  of  Long  Island 
City  a  free  circulating  hbrary  and 
kindergarten  school  to  be  maintained 
at  their  expense  [the  gift  is  accepted]. 

Dec.  *  Conn.  New  Haven  decides  not 
to  furnish  free  text-books  to  the 
Homan  CathoUc  parochial  schools. 

*  *  Webster's  Inttmational  Dictionary,  hj 
Noah  Porter,  appears. 

*  *  Wilbur  FiskCf  by  George  Prentice, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Principles  of  Psychology^  by  Wil- 
liam James,  appears. 

*  *  A  History  of  Greek  Literature^  by 
Thomas  Sergeant  Perry,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  N"ov.  21.  La.  The  New  Orleans 
grand  jury  finds  a  true  bill  against  nine 
principal  members  of  the  Mafia  and 
eight  accessories  in  the  Hennessy 
assassination  case,    (See  Oct.  15.) 

S.  Dak.    The  Indians  at  Pine  Ridge 

Agency  are  busily  engaged  in  ghost- 
dances  in  honor  of  the  new  Christ, 
who  pretends  to  give  the  Indians  reve- 
lations that  the  white  man  will  be  de- 
stroyed and  that  they  will  possess  all  as 
of  old. 


Nov.  22.  Ind.  A  big  system  of  trunk- 
robberies  is  discovered  in  Indianapolis. 

Kan.    Two  horse-thieves  are  shot 

and  five  escape  of  a  gang  in  the  western 
part  of  Pratt  County  ;  the  sheriff  and  100 
men  are  in  pursuit. 

Nov.  23.  New  York.  A  big  meeting  ig 
held  in  Chiekering  Hall  in  memory  of 
the  Manchester  •*  martyrs." 

Nov.  26.  Ga.  A  Grand  Army  Post  at 
Macon  buys  the  site  of  AndersonviUe 
Prison,  and  will  make  of  it  a  Grand 
Army  park. 

Nov.  27.  Ala.  William  B.  Hunter,  edi- 
tor of  the  Sylacauga  Bee,  shoots  and 
kills  Towu-Marshal  Nickerson,  wlio  at- 
tempted to  arrest  him  for  disorderly  con- 
duct. 

Phila.  John  R.  Baker,  Jr..  the  miss- 
ing broker,  is  charged  with  abstracting 
$1,000,000  from  the  estate  of  his  granu- 
father. 

Amateur  photographers  meet  to 

form  a  national  association. 

Nov,  29.  Chicago.  The  Irish  delegates 
address  a  great  meeting ;  Mayor  Cregier 
welcomes  them. 

Nov.  30.  The  Irish  delegates  in  this 
country  send  an  address  to  London,  con- 
demning Parnell's  recent  manifesto,  and 
demanding  his  retirement  from  the 
leadership,  he  having  become  notorious 
in  a  divorce  case. 

Nov.  *  D.  C.  Attorney-General  Miller 
decides  that  ••  guessing  contests  "  con- 
ducted by  newspapers  are  not  violations 
of  the  Anti-Lottery  Law. 

Nov.  *  Vt.  The  Legislature  rejects  a  bill 
giving  municipal  suffrage  to  women. 
Vote,  98-118. 

Nov,*  U.S.  The  Census  Bureau  reports 
that  three-tenths  of  the  population 
reside  in  cities. 

Dec.  2.  Ffa.  The  National  Farmers* 
Alliance  and  Industrial  Union  Conven- 
tion is  held  at  Ocala. 

Dec.  3.  Mass.  ''No  License"  is 
adopted  in  Cambridge  City  by  564  ma^ 

jority, 

Dec.  4,  Cal.  King  Kalakaua  of  Ha- 
waii lands  at  San  Francisco. 

Dec.  7.  New  York.  At  Chiekering  Hall 
the  Convention  of  Ethical  Culture  So- 
cieties is  addressed  by  Kev.  Stanton  Coit 
of  London,  Pelix  Adler,  and  others. 

Dec.  8,  Mich.  Tlie  annual  convention 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  is 
held  at  Detroit.  Also  the  National  con- 
vention of  retail  clerks  of  America. 

New  York.    The  Society  for  the  Pro- 
tection of  Legal  Bights  is  incorpo-  . 
rated  to  render  gratuitous  legal  advice 
and    services   to  needy  and    distressed 
persons. 

Dec.  9.  Ark.  A  dissappointed  lover 
kills  six  persons  out  of  revenge  near 
Fort  Smith,  and  then  kills  himself. 

— —  Cal.  The  corner-stone  of  an  Insane 
Asylum  is  laid  at  Ukiah.  [Dec.  16.  An- 
other at  San  Bernardino.] 

Ky.    One  White  Cap  is  killed  and 

■  two  'wounded  while  attempting  a  raid 
upon  a  farmer  at  his  home  in  Meade 
County. 

S.  Dak,    From  25  to  30  Indians  are 

killed  in  a  contest  to  decide  whether 
Short  Bull  or  TVo  Strikes  shall  be  chief 
at  the  Pine  Bidge  Agency. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1890,  Nov.  20 -Dec.  28. 


Dec.  10.  N.  J.  Over  3,000  employees  in 
the  Clark  thread  mills  at  Newark  ami 
Kearny  strike. 

Deo.  14.  Chicago.  George  K.  Sima  is 
sentenced  to  15  months  in  jail  for  issu- 
ing fraudiJent  decrees  of  divorce. 

■  A'ew  York.  A  general  strike  is  or- 
dered on  a  new  school  building  by  the 
Walking  Delegates'  Board. 

Dec.  17.  -Vcw  York.  Mayor  Grant  ap- 
points "  Paddy  "  Divver,  a  saloon- 
keeper, and  J.  J.  Kyan  police  justices. 

Afass.  The  poet  Whittier  celebrates 

his  83d  birthday  at  Oak  Knoll,  his  Dan- 
vers  home. 

Dec.  29.  D.  C.  The  American  Historical 
Association,  the  Geological  Society  of 
America,  and  the  American  Economic 
Association  are  in  session  in  Washing- 
ton. 

•  »  y.  Dak.  A  school  for  deaf  mutes  is 
established  at  Devil's  Lake. 

»  •  WasA.  An  insane  asyliun  is  com- 
pleted at  Medicine  Lake. 

Reported  members  of  Masonic 
Grand  Lodges  in  the  United  States 
and  British  America,  673,643. 

STATE. 

1890  Nov.  25.  New  York.  Brazilian 
war-ships  arrive,  bearing  an  embassy 
of  peace  and  a  medal  for  the  President 
of  the  United  States.  [Nov.  26.  The 
ortieers  are  officially  received  and  enter- 
tained at  dinner.] 

. — -  fFis,  A  recount  gives  the  Republi- 
cans control  of  the  State  Senate ;  they 
are  opposed  to  a  repeal  of  the  Bennett 
Law.    (See  Letters,  Nov.  4.) 

Nov.  27.  U.  S.  The  verified  census 
returns  are  published,  showing  that  tlie 
total  population  of  the  United  States  is 
62,622,250. 

Nov.  •  Fla.  A  constitutional  amend- 
ment is  approved  by  the  people,  chan- 
fiug  the  day  of  the  State  election  to  the 
'uesday  after  the  first  Monday  in 
October. 

Dec.  1.    D.  C.    The 51st  Congress:  the 

second  session  opens. 

The  debt  statement  shows  an  increase 
of  the  public  debt  in  November  amount- 
ing to  46,130,813. 

Dec.  2.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
gives  the  Federal  Elections  Bill  the 
first  place  as  unfinished  business  ;  Henry 
M.  Teller  of  Colo,  and  Preston  B.  Plumb 
of  Kan.  each  introduce  a  bill  for  the 
Free  Coinage  of  Silver,  both  bills  are 
referred  to  the  Committee  on  Finance  ; 
the  bill  for  Federal  supervision  of 
Congressional  elections  is  debated  [till 
Jan.  21] ;  the  House  resolves  to  recon- 
sider the  Copyright  Bill.    Vote,  132-74. 

Deo.  3.  /).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
begins  to  debate  the  Elections  Bill ; 
the  House  passes  the  Copyright  Bill. 
Vote,  135-95.  The  Democrats  in  caucus 
resolve  to  oppose  the  Elections  Bill  to 
the  end. 

-V.  H.    A  combination  is  entered  by 

members  of  the  Legislature  at  Concord 
to  obstruct  legislation. 

Deo.  4.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  joint  resolution  to  supply 
anna  against  the  Indians,  to  the  States 
of  North  Dakota,  Sonth  Dakota,  Wyo- 


ming, and  Nebraska;  the  House  consid- 
ers the  Pension  Appropriation  Bill. 
[Dec.  5.  Passed  by  the  Senate.  Dec.  11. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 

A'.  //.     The  lower  House  kills  the 

Senate  bill  enacting  legislation  for  the 
guidance  of  the  clerk  ;  37  Kepublicans 
vote  with  the  Democrats. 

Dec.  5.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  Elections  Bill,  which  is 
stigmatized  as  a  Force  Bill ;  the  House 
passes  the  Pension  Appropriation 
Bill,  introduced  Dec.  4 ;  the  bill  is  so 
amended  as  to  reduce  the  fees  of  claim 
agents  ;  a  bill  is  introduced  to  disarm 
the  Indians,  for  the  protection  of  set- 
tlers, and  to  punish  any  persons  who  sell 
arms  and  ammunition  to  them. 

Dec.  6.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  Blections  Bill. 

y.  Y.    Despite  the  decision  of  the 

court  to  recount  the  vote,  the  State 
Board  of  Elections  declares  the  opponent 
of  H.  A.  Noyes  the  candidate-elect  for 
the  28th  Congressional  District. 

Dec.  8.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  Federal  Elections  Bill; 
the  House  passes  the  Atkinson  Rail- 
road Bill  and  the  Tobacco  Rebate  BiU. 
[Dec.  10.  The  latter  is  passed  by  the 
Senate.  Dec.  15.  Approved  by  the 
President.] 

Dec.  9.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Flections  BiU ;  the  House 
rejects  the  Senate  resolution  to  move 
Gen.  Grant's  body  from  Riverside  to 
Arlington.     Vote,  153-92. 

Secretary  Windom  announces  that  no 
more  4  per  cent  bids  will  be  accepted. 

Boston.    Nathan  Matthews,  Jr.  (Dem.) 

is  elected  mayor. 

Dec.  11.  J).  ('.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Fortifications  Appropria- 
tion Bill  introduced  Dec.  9.  It  passes 
the  Deficiency  Appropriation  Bill  in- 
troduced Dec.  9. 

Dec.  13.  I>.  ('.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  debate  on  the  Elections  Bill  is 
resumed  ;  the  House  considers  the  Pub- 
be  Lands  claims,  and  passes  the  U.  S. 
Land  Court  Bill. 

Dec.  15.  1).  ('.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  Elections  Bill  is  discussed  by 
Messrs.  Wilson,  Colquitt,  and  Vance ; 
the  House  passes  the  Indian  Depreda- 
tions Bill. 

Dec.  17.  O.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Reapportionment  Bill  in- 
troduced Dec.  9.     Vote,  180-82. 

Dec.  18.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate .lohn  Sherman  of  *>.  introduces  the 
caucus  financial  measiu-e;  it  meets 
the  opposition  of  the  silver  Senators. 

Dec.  19.  I).  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  O.  H. 
Piatt  of  Conn,  introduces  a  joint  resolu- 
tion appropriating  $100,000  to  enable  the 
President  to  take  action  to  obtain  from 
the  German  government  a  supply  of 
Dr.  Koch's  lymph  and  the  formula 
for  its  manufacture. 

It  amends  and  passes  the  The  Defi- 
ciency Appropriation  Bill.  [Jan.  5,  7. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  Jan.  12. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 


Dec.  20.  I).  C.  Congress:  the  Honse 
discusses  the  Deficiency  Bill,  as 

amended  in  the  other  House,  and  sends 
it  back  to  the  Senate. 

Dec.  22.  D.  V.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate Messrs.  Higgins  and  Voorhees  dis- 
cuss the  Elections  Bill;  E.  E.  Hoar  of 
Mass.  fails  in  his  attempt  to  have  a 
night  session. 

Dec.  23.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate N.  W.  Aldrich  of  K.  I.  gives  notice 
of  his  intention  to  introduce  the  Clo- 
sure Rule  in  order  to  secure  a  vote  on 
the  Elections  Bill,  which  is  further  dis- 
cussed. 

The  President  nominates  Henry  B. 
Brown  of  Mich,  to  succeed  Justice  Mil- 
ler in  the  Supreme  Court.  [Dec.  29.  He 
is  confirmed.] 

Dec.  24.  Phila.  Judge  Reed  delivers  a 
decision  that  the  State  law  forbidding 
the  sale  of  oleomargarin  in  original 
packages  as  iniporteil  from  another 
State  is  unconstitutional. 

—  n.  C.  A  proclamation  is  issued  by 
President  Harrison,  inviting**  all  na- 
tions of  the  earth"  to  participate  in 
the  Columbian  Exposition. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Nov.  22.  Chirniio.  TheUnited 
States  Rolling-stock  Company  makes 
an  assignment,  with  liabilities  at  9tO,851,- 
000,  and  assets  .$6,033,000. 

y.  J.      Bamford   Brothers'  silk-mill 

at  Pateraon  is  destroyed  by  fire ;  loss, 
8400,000. 

Nov.  25.  Chicago.  A  big  window- 
glass  trust  is  formed,  to  be  known  as 
the  American  Window-Glass  Company, 
with  a  capital  of  $500,000 ;  it  comprises 
a  total  of  41  firms. 

Nov.  26.  />.  C.  The  amount  of  4J  per 
cent  bonds  redeemed,  under  the  circu- 
lar of  Oct.  9,  is  $31,300,  making  the  total 
to  date  85,874,500. 

Xfin  York.  About  $200,000  in  Clear- 
ing House  certiiicates  are  retired. 

Miss.      Five    lives    are    lost    by    the 

burning  of  a  Mississippi  steamer  near 

Fort  Auama. 

Nov.  28.  Phila.  B.K.  Jamison  and  Co., 
bankers,  fail ;  liabilities,  nearly  $2,000,- 
000. 

Nov.  *  UL  A  new  stock-yard  com- 
pany is  organized  at  Springfield,  witli 
$10,000,000  capital. 

Nov.  *  Neb.  A  com  famine  is  threat- 
ening. 

The  yield  is  less  than  10  bushels  to  the 
acre  because  of  drouth  ;  much  suffering 
exists  ;  churches  and  persons  of  means 
are  organizing  measures  of  relief. 

Dec.  4.  ///.  Five  men  are  killed  and 
three  fatally  injured  by  a  falling  furnace 
at  Joliet. 

Dec.  6.    La.    The  cotton  firm  of  V.  and 

A.  Mever  and  Co.  of  New  Orleans  fails, 
with  liabilities  aggregating  $2,000,0(10. 

Pa.    The  Oliver  Iron  and  Steel  Mills 

in  Pittsburg  are  shut  down,  and  the 
3,000  employees  are  paid  off. 

Dec.  8.  S.  Dak.  Destitution  is  an- 
nounced as  worse  than  last  year. 

Dec.  0.  Mont.  The  Crow  Indians  cede 
1,850,000  acres  of  their  lands  for  $»16,000 
to  the  Government. 

Dec.  25.  Md.  Masonic  Temple  in 
Baltimore  is  destroyed  by  fire. 


374     1890,  Dec.  29-1891,  Jan.  16.         AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1890  Dec.  29.  5.  Dak.  The  U.  S. 
troops  under  Maj.  Whiteside  have  a  bat- 
tle with  Indians  at  Wounded  Knee 
Creek. 

Chief  Big  Foot's  fugitive  band  is  or- 
dered to  surrender  ;  they  suddenly  turn 
and  attack  the  troops.  Capt.  Wallace, 
Lieuts.  Case^v  and  Mann,  besides  29 
others,  are  killed,  and  39  are  wounded. 
Big  Foot's  band  is  nearly  exterminated. 
Among  the  killed  are  44  squaws  and  13 
papooses. 
Dec.  31.  S.  Dak,  The  Indians  burn  the 
Catholic  mission  at  Clay  Creek ;  six 
men  of  the  7th  Cavalry  are  killed. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  navy  yard  begins  the  man- 
ufacture of  heavy  ordnance. 

1891  Jan.  1.  S.  Dak.  Gen.  Brooke 
is  relieved  of  the  command  at  Pine 
Ridge  Agency,  and  is  succeeded  by  Gen. 
Miles  in  person. 

Jan.  2.  S.  Dak.  The  9th  Cavalry  ar- 
rives in  time  to  prevent  a  massacre  of 
tlie  7th  by  the  Indians  at  Pine  Ilidge. 

Gen.  Miles  is  encircling  the  hos- 
tiles  with  troops,  hoping  to  compel  their 
subjection  by  starving  them  and  so  sav- 
ing further  bloodshed.  [Skirmishing  oc- 
curs.] 

Jan.  7.  S.  Dak.  Orders  are  issued  di- 
recting that  army  officers  act  as  In- 
dian agents  at  Pine  Kidge  and  other 
agencies  ;  Indians  are  gradually  return- 
ing to  Pine  Ridge  Agency,  but  mean- 
while settlers  are  flocking  to  the  towns. 

Jan.  8.   Ida.  Indians  are  causing  trouble. 

Jan.  9.  S.  Dak.  A  cordon  of  troops  is 
drawn  closer  around  the  camp  of  the  hos- 
tile Sioux,  but  peace  negotiations  con- 
tinue. [Jan.  n.  Pine  Ridge  is  menaced 
by  the  near  approach  of  3000  hostiles. 
Jan.  12.  Gen.  Miles  holds  a  conference 
with  some  of  the  chiefs.  Jan.  14.  Some 
agree  to  a  surrender.  Jan.  15.  The  sur- 
render of  the  Indians  is  completed.] 

Jan.  15.  />.  (\  John  J.  Coppinger  is 
commissioned  colonel  —  23d  infantry. 
[Also  Jan.  31.  Alfred  Mordecai  — ord- 
nance department.  Feb.  7.  Abraham 
K.  Arnold  —  1st  cavalry.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  Dec*  S.  C.  P.  A.  Emanuel 
claims  to  have  discovered  a  process  by 
which  aluminum  can  be  freed  from 
kaolin  at  a  cost  of  only  $2.50  per  ton. 

*  *  Pa.  Many  monuments  are  dedi- 
cated during  the  year  at  Gettysburg  by 
surviving  veterans  of  the  great  battle. 

*  *  IT.  S.  The  pneumatic  tire  safety 
bicycles  are  introduced. 

*  *  Thomas  A.  Edison  adapts  his  phono- 
graph to  a  water-motor. 

1891  Jan.  9.  O.  An  earthquake  dis- 
turbs the  people  at  Toledo. 

[Jan.  16.  A  shock  at  Pepperell,  N.  H. 
May  20.  Seven  distinct  shocks  at  Susan- 
ville,  Cal.  June  23.  Slight  shock  at 
Charleston,  S.  C,  and  June  28.  another 
at  San  Francisco,  Cal.  (See  Aug.  9.  Cal.) 
Aug.  21.  Several  shocks  in  the  West  and 
South.  Aug.  28.  Several  in  Conn.  Oct. 
14.  Shocks  at  San  Francisco,  Cal.  Nov. 
8.  A  severe  shock,  damaging  buildings, 
in  Texas.  Nov.  13.  A  heavy  shock 
through  California.] 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1880. 
Dec.  30.     Peterson,    Theophilus   B.,   pub- 
lisher, of  Phila.,  A67. 
Dec.  31.     Spinner,   Francis,  treasurer  of 
r.  S.,  M.  C.  forij.  Y.,  A88. 
1891. 
Jan.  5.    Abbott.  Emma,  opera  singer,  A42, 
Jan.   7.     Devens,    Charles,    jurist,    orator, 
r.  S.  atty.-gen.,  A71. 


CHURCH. 

1890  *  *Alas.  Bethel,  in  ■Western 
Alaska,  on  the  river  Kuskokwim,  be- 
comes a  mission  station  of  the  Mora^ 
vian  Brethren. 

*  *  Cal.  The  South  California  Confer- 
ence (Free  Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  I.  T.  Isidore  Robot  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Indian  Ter- 
ritory. 

*  *  la.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Des  Moines ; 
T.  W.  Phillips,  president. 

*  *  Kan.  Elisha  S.  Thomas  is  consecrated 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of  Kansas. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly 
(United  Presbyterian)  meets  at  Buffalo; 
Andrew  Watson,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Toledo  Congregational  Club  in 
Toledo,  Ohio,  and  the  Northern  Iowa 
Club,  Charles  City,  Iowa,  are  formed. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Medical  Mission,  de- 
signed to  reach  the  masses  untouched 
by  other  agencies,  is  established. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  American  Bible  Society 
reports  2,293,665  copies  of  Scriptures 
issued,  and  a  total  of  52,736,075  copies  is- 
sued to  date. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  Woman's  Foreign  Itfis- 
sionary  Union  of  Friends  is  consum- 
mated. 

1891  Jan.  1.  Md.  The  memorial 
church  of  Corpus  Christi  in  Balti- 
more is  consecrated  by  Cardinal  Gib- 
bons. 

Jan.  4.  N.  J.  The  First  Presbyterian 
Church  at  Newark  celebrates  the 
lOOth  anniversary  of  the  dedication  of 
the  building. 

Jan.  7.  O.  The  trial  of  Rev.  Howard 
MacQueary  (Protestant  Episcopal)  for 
heresy  is  begun  at  Cleveland. 

[Sept.  23.  Under  a  sentence  of  suspen- 
sion he  withdraws  from  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  and  joins  the  Univer- 
salists.  Sept.  25.  He  is  formally  de- 
posed, at  Trinity  Cathedral  in  Cleveland, 
by  Bishop  Leonard.] 

LETTERS. 
1890    *  *  La.     The  New  Delta  is  issued 
at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Iiid.  The  Taylor  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  of  Fort  Wayne  is  founded. 

*  *  N.  Dak.  Normal  schools  are  estab- 
lished by  the  State  at  Valley  City  and 
Mayrille. 

*  *  N.  Dak.  The  Legislature  establishes 
an  Agricultural  College  at  Fargo. 

*  *  Nein  York.  Das  Morgen  Journal  is 
founded  by  Albert  Pulitzer. 

*  *  miD  York.  The  Weiber  Zeitung  (the 
Women's  Journal),  in  the  Polish  tongue 
and   in  Hebrew  characters,  is  issued; 


it   advocates    the    right   of   women   to 
vote. 

*  *  Okla.  A  university  is  located  at 
Norman  by  the  Legislature. 

*  ♦  Ore.  Portland  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Portland. 

*  *  Utah.  The  Methodist  University 
at  Ogden  is  established. 

*  *  Utah.  The  Legislature  makes  public 
schools  free  to  all. 

*  *  Wash.  The  Telegraph  is  issued  at 
Seattle. 

*  *  [/.  .9.  American  and  imported 
books  published  during  the  year,  4,559, 
besides  minor  cheap  libraries. 

*  *  The  American  of  1S90,  by  Henry 
Adams,  appears. 

*  *  Dramatic  Action,  by  Joseph  Jefferson^ 
appears;  also  Autobiography. 

*  *  Boston  Unitarianismf  by  Octavius  B.^ 
Frothingham,  appears. 

*  *  Civil  Government  in  the  United  States, 
by  John  Fiske,  appears. 

*  *  Clubs  for  Working  Girls,  by  Maude 
Stanley,  appears. 

*  *  The  Economic  Basis  of  Protection,  by 
Simon  N.  Patten,  appears. 

*  *  Economic  and  Social  History  of  New 
England,  by  Wm.  B.  Weeden,  appears. 

*  *  Over  the  Tea  Cups,  by  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes,  appears. 

*  *  The  Tragic  Muse,  by  Henry  James, 
appears. 

*  *  Ballads,  by  Francis  Marion  Crawford^ 
appears, 

*  *  Essays,  Speculative  and  Suggestive,  by 
John  Addington  Symonds,  appears. 

*  *  Five  Years  with  the  Congo  Cannibals^ 
by  Herbert  Ward,  appears. 

*  *  A  Hazard  of  New  Fortunes,  by  William 
Bean  Howells,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  American  Episcopal 
Church,  by  S.  D.  McCounell,  appears. 

*  *  The  Life  of  Bishop  Simpson,  by  George- 
R.  Crooks,  appears. 

*  *  The  Life  of  George  H.  Stuart,  hy  Robert 
Ellis  Thompson,  appears. 

*  *  Alexia,  by  Mary  Abbott,  appears. 

*  *  The  Negro  Question,  by  George  W. 
Cable,  appears  ;  also  The  Silent  South. 

*  *  The  North  Shore  Watch  and  Other 
Poems,  by  George  Edward  Woodberry, 
appears. 

*  *  Pactolus  Prime,  by  Albion  Winegar 
Tourg^e,  appears. 

*  •  The  Political  Beginnings  of  Kentucky^ 
by  John  Mason  Brown,  appears. 

*  *  A  Short  History  of  the  Roman  People^ 
by  William  F.  Allen,  appears. 

*  *  The  Story  of  Tonty,  by  Mary  Hartwell 
Catherwood,  appears. 

*  *  The  (7njt7iowft  God,  by  C.Loring  Brace, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1890    Dec.  31.     New  York.     The  Com- 
missioners of  Excise  report  8,885  places 
licensed  to  sell  intoxicating  liquors  in 
the  city. 

The  total  number  of  licensed  drinking- 
places  other  than  hotels,  restaurants, 
and  steamboats,  is  6,742 ;  there  are  1,098 
storekeepers  licensed. 


I 


UNITED    STATES.   1890,  Dec.  29-1891,  Jan.  16.  375 


Dec.  *  Xew  York,  The  Sun  estimates 
that  every  year  3,000  women  find 
themselves  **  stranded  "  in  this  city  ; 
not  only  homeless,  penniless,  and  with- 
out work,  but  unable  to  work, 

Dec.  *  Chicago.  The  Bureau  of  Jus- 
tice, a  society  to  aid  the  poor  and  de- 
fenseless in  obtaining  their  rights  or 
defending  themselves  against  aggression 
by  legal  methods,  is  organized. 

*  *  U.  S,  The  wrecks  of  society  are 
reported  :  penitentiary  convicts,  45,233  ; 
prisoners  in  county  jails,  19,538;  juve- 
niles in  reformatories,  14,846;  paupers 
in  almshouses,  73,045.  Total  prisoners  in 
the  country,  82,329. 

*  •  New  York,  Sergius  Stepniak,  the 
leader  of  the  Kussian  Kevolutionary 
party,  arrives. 

*  *Ia.~  0.  Labor  Day  becomes  a  legal 
holiday — the  first  Monday  in  Septem- 
ber. 

*  *  Ind.  Tlie  Marion  branch  of  the  Na- 
tional Soldiers*  Home  is  opened. 

*  *  Md.  A  high-license  law  is  enacted 
for  Baltimore  city. 

1891  Jan.  2.  Xew  York.  The  Xew  York 
Herald  fund  provides  1,500  newsboys 
each  with  a  pea-jacket. 

Jan.  9.  Pa.  G.  W.  Delamater,  late  Re- 
publican candidate  for  governor,  is  ar- 
rested for  embezzlement. 

Jan.  13.  Ark.  A  shortage  of  $138,800 
is  discovered  in  the  accounts  of  William 
E.  Woodruff,  the  State  treasurer.  (See 
June  26.) 

Jan.  15.  Colo.  A  police  official  is  killed 
and  an  attempt  made  to  kill  Speaker 
Hanna  in  the  State  House  by  a  jwlitical 
faction  ;  the  Assembly  is  surrounded  by 
a  cordon  of  police  and  State  militia. 

STATE. 

1890  Dec.  30-31.  D.  C.  Congress: 
The  Senate  debates  the  Mections  Bill. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-92  *  *  Ala.    Thomas  G.  Jones  (Dem.). 
-94*  *  Oa.   William  J.  Northen  (Dem.). 
-94  *  *  la.    Horace  Boies  (Rep.). 

Ida.    Oeorge  L.  Shoupe  (Rep.) ; 
later  Norman  B.  Willey  (Rep.). 
-91  *  *  Afas3.     J.  Q.  A.  Brackett  (Rep.). 
-93  *  •  Miss.    John  M.  Stone  (Dem.). 
-93  *  *  X.J.     Leon  Abbett  (Dem.). 
-92  *  *  O.    James  E.  Campbell  (Dem.). 
-91  *  *  li.  I.    John  W.  Davis  (Dem.). 
-04  *  *  S.C,    Benj.  R.  Tillman  (Dem.). 
-82  •  •  Vt     Carroll  S.  Page  (Rep.). 
-94*  *  Va.  PhilipW.McKinney(Dem.). 
-93  *  *  TF.  Va.    A.  B.  Fleming  (Dem.). 

1891  Jan.  1.  Afiss.  The  new  Con- 
stitution becomes  operative. 

Jan.  2.  D.C.  The  Treasury  Department 
reports  the  public  debt  reduced  $11,005,- 
397  in  December. 

Kan.   The  New  XjCgislature  stands : 

Senate  —  Republicans,  38 ;  Democrats, 
1  ;  Alliance,  1.  House  —  Republicans, 
2G  ;  Alliance,  91  ;  Democrats,  8. 

Jan.  5.  /).  r.  Congress:  The  Senate 
votes  to  set  aside  the  consideration  of 
tlio   Elections   Bill  (Force  Bill),  and 


takes  up  the  Finance  Bill  to  provide 
against  the  contraction  of  the  currency. 
Vote,  34-29.  The  House  passes  the  De- 
ficiency Bill. 

President  Harrison  submits  to  Con- 
gress the  correspondence  on  the  Bering 
Sea  controversy,  with  a  letter  from  Sec- 
retary Blaine  to  the  British  minister. 

Lord  Salisbury  insists  that  Bering  Sea 
must  be  regarded  as  a  part  of  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean  ;  Secretary  Blaine  answers 
that  it  was  not  so  considered  in  the 
treaties  between  Englan<I  and  Russia  ; 
and  although  he  does  not  contend  that 
it  must  be  regarde<l  as  a  closed  sea,  he 
argues  that  the  rights  of  the  United 
States  extend  to  the  protection  of  the 
seal  fisheries. 

Mont.    A  Senate  and  two  Houses 

are  in  session  —  one  Republican  and  the 
other  J>emocrjitic  ;  the  Democrats,  hav- 
ing four  majority  in  the  Senate,  recog- 
nize the  Democratic  House,  so  also  does 
Gov.  Toole. 

Jan.  6.  /».  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  silver  debate  is  continued  ;  the 
House  discusses  the  Shipping  Bill. 
(See  Mar.  3.) 

X.  H.    The    Supreme   Court   of    the 

State  delivers  an  opinion  dismissing 
the  cases  against  Clerk  Jewett  on  the 
ground  of  want  of  jurisdiction;  this 
leaves  the  making  up  of  the  roll  of 
members  of  the  House  in  Jewett's 
hands,  which  is  favorable  to  the  Repub- 
licans. 

Jan.  7.  D.  C.  Congress  :  In  the  Sen- 
ate H.  M.  Teller  of  Colo,  introduces  a 
bill  for  negro  colonization  in  Lower 
California. 

The  International  Monetary  Con- 
ference meets  in  Washington  ;  Secre- 
tary Blaine  makes  an  address  of  wel- 
come. 

///.     In  the   Legislature    the    House 

elects  a  Democratic  speaker,  and  the 
Senate  a  Republican  president  pro  tem- 
pore. 

X.  H.  The  Republicans  of  the  Legis- 
lature organize,  and  elect  Hiram  A. 
Tuttle  governor  by  a  majority  of  35. 

Jan.  8.  Minn.  In  the  Legislature  the 
Farmers'  Alliance  candidate,  E.  T. 
Champlin,  is  elected  Speaker. 

Xeb.     The   Alliance  men  on  one 

side,  and  the  Republicans  and  Demo- 
crats on  the  other,  are  struggling  for 
ascendency  in  the  J^egislature. 

Jan.  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Senate 
J.  C.  S.  Blackburn  of  Ky.,  and  J.  T. 
Morgan  of  Ala.,  speak  in  advocacy  of 
the  Free-Coinage  Amendment  to  the 
Silver  Bill. 

III.    In  the  Senate  a  bill  is  introduced 

for  the  repeal  of  the  Compulsory  Ed- 
ucation Ijaw. 

Xeb.      James   E.    Boyd   (Dem.)   is 

sworn  in  as  governor,  but  Gov.  Thayer 
refuses  to  vacate  the  office,  declaring 
that  Boytl  has  never  been  naturalized, 
and  therefore  is  ineligible  ;  Powers,  the 
Alliance  candidate,  takes  the  oath  of 
office.  [Jan.  15.  Gov.  Thayer  surren- 
ders the  office  under  protest.] 

Jan.  10.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations, 
by  unanimous  report,  recommend  that 
the  bonds  of  the  Ificaragi;ia  Canal 
Company  bo  guaranteed  by  the  Gov- 
ernment to  the  extent  of  $100,000,000. 

Jan.  12.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate M.  S.  Quay  of  Pa.  introduces  a  sub- 


stitute for  the  Elections  Bill ;  in  the 
House  a  select  committee  is  appointed 
to  investigate  the  alleged  Silver  pool. 
At  Wiishington  the  Bering  Sea  con- 
troversy is  brought  into  the  Supreme 
Court,  with  the  sanction  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, upon  petition  for  a  writ  of  prohibi- 
tion in  re  the  Canadian  sealer  }V.  P. 
Sayward,  confiscated  in  1887  by  the  Dis- 
trict Court  of  Alaska. 

X.  Y.     The   Cbaniber  of  Commerce 

passes  resolutions  opposing  the  Silver 
Bill. 

Jan.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate Messrs.  Sherman,  Allison,  and  Al- 
drich  speak  against  free  coinage. 

Conn.    At  Hartford  the  Democratic 

candidates  for  State  offices  are  s^Arorn 
in  by  the  Senate,  and  make  lormal  de- 
mands for  the  offices,  which  the  incum- 
bents refuse  to  surrender. 

X.  J.    The  Senate  reinstates  E.  F. 

McDonald  (unseated  last  May)  rice  Mr. 
Stuhr  of  Hudson  Co.,  now  luiseated. 

X.  Y.    The  Court  of  Appeals  reserves 

judgment  in  the  Flack  case,  and  orders 
a  new  trial. 

Jan.  14.  />.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  Free  Coinage  Silver  Bill, 
adopted  June  17, 1890,  is  passed  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  the  Financial  Bill.  Vote,  39- 
27.  The  Elections  Bill  is  again  taken 
up.  Vote,  34-33,  the  Vice-President  cast- 
ing the  deciding  vote.  The  House  passes 
the  Army  and  Navy  Appropriation 
Bill  after  five  discussions  ;  bill  intro- 
duced Dec.  11,  1890. 

Colo.     Rival  factions  in  the  Lower 

House  of  the  Legislature  quarrel ;  troops 
are  called  out  and  successfully  quell  the 
disturbance. 

Jan.  15.  J).  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  consideration  of  the  Elections 
Bill  is  resumed. 

Jan.  16.  /).  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  debate  on  the  Elections  Bill 
continues  all  night. 

It  amends  and  passes  the  Coin  and 
Currency  Bill  to  provide  against  the 
contraction  of  the  currency,  after  four 
discussions.  Bill  introduced  Dec.  IS, 
1890. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Statistics  for 
1890.  Production:  Gold,  $32,845,000; 
silver,  $70,404,000  ;  bushels  of  grain  :  In- 
dian corn,  1,489,970,000;  wbeal,  399,'J(i'2,- 
000;  oats,  523,621,000:  barley,  (J;i,000,000 ; 
rye,  28,000,000 ;  buckwheat ,  1 1 .000,000 ; 
bales  of  cotton,  7,313,726;  pounds  of 
wool,  76,000,000;  barrels  of  petroleum, 
45,822,672.  Currency  in  circulation,  $1,- 
429,251,270;  per  capita,  $22.82;  immi- 
grants received  (fiscal  year),  455,302. 
Fire-waste,  $108,993,792;  insurance  loss, 
$65,015,465.  Total  railroad  accidents, 
2,146;  6,335  persons  are  killed  and  29,027 
injured.  Business  failures  for  the  year, 
10,673;  liabilities,  $175,032,836. 

1891  Jan.  2.  Xc?n  York.  The  Fifth 
Avenue  Theater  is  burned. 

Jan.  3^r.  Pa.  The  Scottdale  rolling 
mills  and  pipe  v/orks  and  the  Charlotte 
furnace  and  coke  v.'orks  are  closed  in- 
definitely ;  10.000  men  are  out  of  em- 
ployment at  Scottdale, 

Jan.  14.  Minn.  Station  agents  and 
telegraph  operators  on  the  St.  Pau\ 

Railroad  resign. 

Xew  York.    Three  fires  on  the  Hud- 

soa  River  front  destroy  a  grain  elevator 
and  two  large  buildings ;  loss,  $300,000. 


376    1891,  Jan.  16-Feb.  11. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1891  Jan.  23.  X>.  C.  Daniel  W.  Flag- 
ler is  commissioned  brigadier-general. 

Feb.  1.  Ala.  Troops  are  sent  to  Car- 
bon Hill  to  quell  a  nme  riot ;  several 
negro  miners  are  shot  by  the  whites. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  Jan.  27±.  la.  A  16-mch  vein 
of  silver  is  found  on  a  farm  near  Fair- 
port. 

Jan.  28.  New  York.  W.  W.  Astor  gives 
22  ne w  paintingrs,  valued  at  $75,000,  to 
the  Astor  Library. 

Jan.  29.  Chicago.  The  30-foot  model 
of  a  new  air-ship  in  exhibited ;  it  does 
not  work. 

BIRTHS  — BEATHS. 

1891. 
Jan.  17.    Bancroft,  Oeorg'e,  historian, A 90. 
Jan.  18.    Cougdon,  Charles  T.,  journalist, 

A70. 
Jan.  19.    Ralakaua,  King  of  the  Hawaiian 

Islands,  X!)b. 
Jan.  34.    Wadlelgh,  Kainbridge,  senator  for 

N.  }!.,  A60. 
Dodworth,    Harvey     II.,   band-master, 

coinluctor,  of  N.  Y.,  A69. 
Jan.  27.      McKntee,      JarrlSi     landscape 

painter,  Ati3. 
Jan.  29.      Windoni,   William,    senator    for 

Minn.,  aenretary  of  treasury,  A64. 
Feb.  10.    Redpatli,  James,  journalist,  labor 

reform  agitator,  A57. 

CHURCH. 

1891  Jan.  18.  New  York.  The  Mar- 
onite  Syrians  dedicate  a  chapel. 

Jan.  20.  New  York.  Kev.  Dr.  Charles 
A.  Briggs  is  installed  professor  of  Bib- 
lical theology  in  Union  Theological 
Seminary. 

Jan.  21.  Ala.  Henry  M.  Jackson  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  assis- 
tant bishop  of  Alabama. 

Jan.  26.  Minn.  Archbishop  Ireland 
of  St.  Paul  issues  an  edict  against  church 
lotteries  in  his  jurisdiction  ;  he  makes 
no  exception  whatever. 

Feb,  6.  New  York.  Archbishop  Corri- 
gan  issues  a  call  for  a  conference  of 
the  clergy  to  consider  the  cases  of  per- 
sons who  have  attended  Anti-Poverty 
Society  meetings. 

LETTERS. 

1891  Jan.  24.  Boston.  The  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  Society  celebrates 
its  centennial. 

Jan.  27.  It.  The  Ajiglo-American 
Archeological  Society  is  in  session  at 
liome,  with  Lord  Dufferin  in  the  chair. 

Jan.  28.  O,  W.  G.  Ballantine  is  elected 
president  of  Oberlin  as  successor  to  C.  S. 
Fairchilds. 

Feb.  2,  Mass.  A  conditional  addition 
of  $100,000  to  Amherst's  endow- 
ment fund  is  announced  by  President 
Gates. 

Feb.  4.  O.  Rev.  C.  F.  Thwing  is  in- 
stalled as  President  of  Western 
Eeserve  University  and  Adelbert 
College  in  Cleveland. 

Feb.  6.  N.  Mex.  New  Mexico  has  a 
free-school  law  for  the  first  time. 


Feb.  11.  New  York.  The  Board  of  Re- 
gents of  the  University  approves  a  plan 
of  University  extension.  [Feb.  12. 
The  Regents  decide  upon  three  library 
degrees,  one  to  be  honorary.] 

SOCIETY. 

1891  Jan.  19.  The  "Woman's  Prison 
Association  reports  its  wants. 

(!)  Matrons  in  station-houses;  (2)  a 
reformatory  for  women  ;  (3)  a  graded 
sentence  law,  with  power  to  pardon  to 
be  withdrawn  from  police  justices ;  (4) 
all  prisoners  to  serve  their  sentences  in 
prisons,  not  in  charitable  institutions : 

(5)  a  woman  commissioner  for  each  de- 
partment of  cliarities  and  corrections : 

(6)  that  drunkenness  should  be  treated 
according  to  class,  whether  as  inebriates 
or  criminals. 

Va.    The  first  public  observance  of 

Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee's  birthday,  made 
a  legal  holiday  by  the  previous  Legisla- 
ture, is  celebrated. 

Jan.  21.  Neir  York.  The  American  So- 
ciety of  Civil  Engineers  is  in  session. 

Jan.  24.    Kan.    The  trial  of  35  ladies, 

who  raided  the  illegal  whisky-joints  of 
Lathrop  last  February,  destroying  liq- 
uors and  bottles,  is  concluded  by  an  ac- 
quittal of  the  defendants. 

Jan.  28.  N.  J.  G.  H.  Engeman  and  four 
other  managers  of  the  Clifton  race-track 
are  fined  $1,000  and  are  to  be  imprisoned 
for  one  year  for  allowing  pool-selling  on 
the  track. 

Jan.  29.  New  York.  "William  "Windom, 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  dies  of  cere- 
bral hemorrhage  and  coma,  at  Delmoni- 
co's,  after  making  an  address  as  a  guest 
of  the  New  York  Board  of  Trade  and 
Transportation. 

Jan.  30.  New  York.  Hughes  and  Buttner, 
two  bogus  divorce  lawyers,  are  sen- 
tenced respectively  to  fave  and  seven 
years'  imprisonment. 

Jan.  31.  Ind.  White  Caps  in  Harrison 
and  Crawford  Counties  wliip  a  farmer's 
wife  nearly  to  deatli,  laying  the  flesh 
open  the  length  of  her  back. 

Feb.  1,  Ala.  Negro  miners  in  consid- 
erable numbers  at  Carbon  Hill  have 
been  shot  by  whites ;  troops  are  sent 
to  quell  the  disturbance. 

Feb.  3,  Ind.  The  Legislature  passes  bills, 
(1)  requiring  cigarette  dealers  to  pay  a 
State  license  of  $200  a  year,  and  (2)  to 
give  w^ife-beaters  at  least  60  lashes  pub- 
licly when  found  guilty. 

Feb.  4±.  Cal,  The  police  of  San  Fran- 
cisco are  destroying  the  joss-houses  of 
the  highbinders  in  that  city. 

Feb.  6.  Tenn.  The  Morning  Journal  of 
Kuoxville  is  seized  by  the  postmaster 
for  violation  of  the  anti-lottery  law. 

-b  N.  Mex.     Two  Republican  coun- 

cilmen  are  fired  upon  by  assassins  in 
Santa  F6  ;  $15,000  reward  has  been  of- 
fered for  their  arrest  and  conviction. 

Feb.  7.  Cal.  Tlie  International  Society 
for  the  Colonization  of  Russian  Jews 
is  incorporated  in  San  Francisco,  with  a 
capital  of  $1,000,000. 

Baron  Hirsch  authorizes  the  use  of 

$2,500,000  to  establish  a  fund  for  He- 
brew immigrants  to  this  country. 
[Sept.  4.    The  fund  is  denounced  by  a 


mass-meeting  of  Hebrew  working  men 
in  New  York.] 

Feb.  8.  Chicago.  Organized  labor  passes 
resolutions  against  the  employment  of 
non-union  labor  on  the  "World's 
Fair. 

Feb.  9.  La.  The  Mardi  Gras  Festi- 
val begins  in  New  Orleans. 

New  York.  The  5th  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  National  Association  of 
Builders  of  the  United  States  begins  its 
session  in  Masonic  Hall ;  300  delegates 
are  present  from  the  principal  cities. 

Pa.    About  10,000  miners  go   on  a 

strike  in  the  Connellsville  coke  region. 
(See  Mar.  30 ;  Apr.  18.) 

Feb.  10.  Pa.  Some  300  employees  of  the 
Pittsburg  and  Western  Railroad  go  on 
strike. 

O.    The  United  Mine  "Workers  of 

America  are  in  session  at  Columbus, 
with  300  delegates  from  15  States  pres- 
ent. 

STATE. 

1891  Jan.  16.  Mass.  The  House  of 
Itep  resent  at  ives  adopts  by  a  large  ma- 
jority resolutions  against  the  free  coin- 
age of  silver. 

Jan.  17.  I>.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate, 
after  a  contijiuous  session  of  30  hours 
devoted  to  the  final  discussion  of  the 
Elections  Bill,  adjourns  at  6  p.m.  (see 
July  2,  1890);  the  House  Silver  Pool 
Investigating  Committee  begins  its 
inquiry ;  it  is  alleged  that  members 
speculated  in  silver  during  the  discus- 
sion of  the  Silver  Bill. 

■ Can.   The  Dominion  Ministry  return 

the  trade  reciprocity  proposals  of  the 
United  States  Government  to  the  Co- 
lonial ofiioe  ;  they  express  hostility  to 
full  and  complete  reciprocity,  but  favor 
reciprocity  in  natural  products. 

Jan.  18.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Coin  and  Currency  Bill,  to 

provide  against  the  contraction  of  the 
currency,  after  10  discussions.  Intro- 
duced Dec.  18,  1890. 

Jan.  19.    Cann.    Gov.  Bulkeley  issues 

a  proclamation  warning  the  Democratic 
claimants  from  attempting  to  exercise 
the  functions  of  State  officers. 

la.    At  Vinton  Judge  Hoff  holds  the 

Wilson  Bill  constitutional,  and  the  Iowa 
Prohibitory  Law  to  be  in  force  as  to  im- 
ported liquors. 

Jan.  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Senate 
the  Closure  Resolution  to  limit  debate 
is  called  up,  and  obtains  the  right  of 
way  for  consideration  on  the  21st  inst. 
It  debates  the  Federal  Elections  Bill 
—  the  36th  discussion  —  without  decisive 
results. 

Boston.    A  meeting  of  business  men 

is  held  in  Faneuil  Hall  to  protest  against 
the  free  coinage  of  silver. 

Coiin.    The  state   Senate  allows  the 

llepublican  hold-over  officers  to  preside. 

JTis.  In  both  Houses  of  the  Legisla- 
ture bills  are  introduced  for  the  repeal 
of  the  Bennett  Compulsory  Education 
Law.  [Passed,  Feb.  G,  signed  by  Gov. 
Peek.] 

Jan.  22.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  Aldrich  Closure  Resolution 

is  made  the  imfinished  business  ;  in  the 
House  the  District  of  Columbia  Ap- 
propriation Bill  is  passed  after  six  dis- 
cussions ;  bill  introduced  Dec.  17,  1^90. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1891,Jan.  16-Feb.  11.    377 


Jan.  23.  The  Legislatures  of  Missouri, 
North  Carolina,  and  Arkansas  pass  reso- 
1  utions  against  making  appropria- 
tions for  the  "World's  Fair  while  the 
Elections  Bill  is  pending. 

Jan.  24.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
takes  another  recess  without  voting  on 
the  Closure  Resolution. 

Jan.  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  lu  the  Senate 
the  Aldrich  Closure  Hesolution  is  dis- 
placed. Vote,  35-34.  The  House  passes 
the  Naval  Appropriation  Bill  intro- 
duced Dec.  20,  1890. 

Senator  Cameron  of  Pa.  testifies  be- 
fore the  Silver  Pool  Investigating  Com- 
mittee tliat  he  bought  and  sold  100,(XK) 
ounces  of  silver  on  margin  before  the 
Silver  Bill  passed  the  Senate. 

Spain  agrees  to  the  proposal  of  the 

U.  S.  Government  for  the  negotiation 
of  a  treaty  of  reciprocity  with  Cuba. 

Jan.  27.  D.C.  Attorney-General  Miller 
Iiresents  his  answer  in  the  Bering  Sea 
case  before  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court ; 
he  holds  that  the  seal-fisheries  question 
is  for  the  Executive,  and  not  for  the 
Judicial  Department. 

Jan.  28.  Conn.  Tlie  House  Committee 
on  Canvass  of  ^'otes  reports  that  of  tlie 
State  officers  only  Nicholas  Staub,  State 
Controller,  is  elected. 

Jan.  29.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Apportionment  Bill  for 
members  of  Congress,  under  the  11th 
census,  without  amendment,  by  a  strict 
party  vote  (37-34) ;  [Feb.  10.  Approved.] 
It  passes  the  Dnrmell  Reapportion- 
ment Bill.  [Feb.  10.  Approved  by  the 
President.] 

Mont.    The  contesting  parties  in  the 

Legislature  agree  to  a  compromise  giv- 
ing the  Kepublicaiis  28  members  ;  and 
the  Democrats  27,  together  witli  the 
Speaker,  the  inferior  oflicers,  and  the 
control  of  committees. 

Jan.  30.  D.  C.  Congress  adjourns  as 
a  mark  of  respect  to  the  late  Secretary 
"Windom,  he  having  been  a  member 
of  both  Senate  and  House. 

Jan.  31.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Military  Academy  Appro- 
priation Bill  introduced  Jan.  6;  four 
witnesses  testify  before  the  Silver  Pool 
Investigating  Committee. 

Keb.    The  Senate  adopts  a  memorial 

to  Congress  urging  the  appropriation  of 
$1,000,000  for  the  relief  of  Western 
farmers  suiferiug  from  crop  failure. 

Jan.  *  ffl.  Tlie  Legislature  indorses  the 
Free  Silver  Coinage  Bill. 

Jan.  *  La.  Judge  Buckner  of  the  Baton 
Kouge  District  Court  refuses  to  grant 
a  writ  of  mandamus  compelling  the 
Secretary  of  State  to  promulgate  the 
lottery  amendment  which  was  passed 
by  the  last  Legislature,  and  which  Gov. 
I^icholls  refuses  to  sign. 

Feb.  1.  Mo7it.  Speaker  Witter  (Rep.) 
of  the  Lower  House  dies,  leaving  the 
House  a  tie  politically. 

Feb.  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Senate 
the  Hawaiian  Treaty,  the  Fortifica- 
tions Bill,  and  the  defenseless  condition 
of  the  country,  are  discussed. 

Tlie  U.  S.  Supreme  ('ourt  holds  that 
it  lias  jurisdiction  by  way  of  pn^hibition 
to  revie\v  the  proceedings  of  the  Alaska 
Court  in  the  case  of  the  forfeiture  of 


the  Saywnnt  for  unlawful  sealing;  it 
sets  the  time  for  the  hearing. 

Feb.  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
adopts  some  amendments  to  the  Forti- 
fications Bill,  and  passes  the  House  Bill 
extending  the  time  to  30  days  for  which 
the  President  may  designate  a  temporary 
succession  to  the  Cabinet. 
Feb.  4.  n.  (\  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Fortification 
Appropriation  Bill,  after  four  discus- 
sions. [Feb.  17.  Conference  report 
agreed  to,  Feb.  2G.  Approved  by  the 
President.] 

It  amends  and  passes  the  Military 
Academy  Appropriation  Bill.  [Feb, 
28.  Conference  report  agreed  to.  Mar. 
2.  Approved  by  the  President,]  It  be- 
gins the  debate  on  the  Nicaragua  Canal 
Bill.    [Nine  discussions  follow.] 

The  House  passes  the  Diplomatic 
and  Consular  Appropriation  Bill  in- 
troduced Jan.  13. 

The  presidents  of  the  State  organiza- 
tions of  the  National  Farmers*  Al- 
liance meet  in  Washington. 

The  Committee  on  Silver  Legislation 
submits  a  report  urging  upon  Congress 
the  demand  for  the  free  coinage  of  silver 
upon  the  same  terms  and  conditions  that 
gold  is  now  coined. 

President  Harrison  asks  the  Senate  to 
take  action  relative  to  the  suppression 
of  the  African  slave-trade  and  liquor- 
traffic. 

Conn.  The  Senate  refuses  to  recog- 
nize the  report  of  the  House  Commit- 
tee on  Canvass  of  Votes. 

A".    Y.      The  Senate  passes  the   bill 

providing  for  tlie  submission  of  the 
Prohibition  Amendment  to  the  voters 
of  the  State  on  April  14. 

Feb.  5.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Pension  Ap- 
propriation Bill.  [Mar.  3.  A  confer- 
ence report  is  agreed  to.  Mar.  3. 
Approved.]  The  bill  appropriates  for 
pensions  $133,173,085. 

The  President  issues  a  proclamation 
declaring  that  a  satisfactory  treaty  has 
been  made  with  Brazil  under  the  terms 
of  the  reciprocity  amendment  to  the 
Tariff  Bill.    (Effective  April  1,  1891.) 

Ind.    Tlie  Senate  passes  a  sweeping 

measure  against  trusts. 

Feb.  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  Tlie  Senate 
recommits  the  Eight-hour  Labor  Bill. 
Vote,  27-24.  The  House  passes  the 
World's  Fair  clause  of  the  Sundry  Civil 
Appropriation  Bill ;  the  minority  report 
of  the  Ilaum  Investigating  Committee 
offers  a  substitute  for  the  majority  reso- 
lution offered  Feb.  6,  condemning  the 
course  of  the  Commissioner  of  Pen- 
sions. 

S.  Dak.    The  Senate  by  one  majority 

decides  to  substitute  life  imprisonment 
for  the  deatli  penalty. 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Sundry  Civil  Appropria- 
tion Bill,  after  five  discussions  ;  bill 
introduced  Feb.  3, 

Feb.  10.  T).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Army  Appro- 
priation Bill.  [Feb.  IG.  The  House 
concurs.      Feb.    2G.     Approved   by    the 


President.]  It  also  discusses  Com- 
mander Reiter's  case  in  connection 
with  the  Barruudia  affair. 

•Tos^  Martin  Barrundia,  a  Guatemalan 
insurrectionist,  a  passenger  on  an  Amer- 
ican vessel  touching  at  San  Jos^,  is 
killed  hj  Guatemalan  otflcials,  Aug.27i, 
1890,  while  attempting  his  arrest.  Com- 
mander Reiter  of  the  Hanger  refused 
to  interfere  for  his  protection. 

The  President  approves  the  Act  pro- 
hibiting the  sale  of  tobacco  to  minors 
under  16  years  of  age  in  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

N.  Y.    In  the  State  Senate  a  bill  is 

introduced  to  authorize  the  construction 
of  two  bridges  across  the  East  River. 

Feb.  11.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Naval  Appro- 
priation Bill.  [Feb.  21.  A  conference 
report  is  agreed  to  and  the  bill  approved 
by  the  President.] 

A',  r.  The  Silver  Pool  Investigat- 
ing Committee  continues  to  take  testi- 
mony. 

The  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce 
delegation  opposes  the  Free  Coinage 
Bill  before  the  House  Committee  on 
Coinage. 

N.  Y.    The  Assembly  passes  the  Acker 

State  Care  of  the  Insane  Bill  appropriat- 
ing $4r>4,000,  and  another  for  a  State 
printing-bureau. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Jan.  18.  K.  Y.  Buffalo  loses 
$225,000  by  fire.    [Mar.  10.    A  like  loss.] 

O.    At  Findlay  a  hotel  is  wrecked  and 

several  persons  are  killed  by  an  explo- 
sion of  natural  gas. 

Jan.  19.  Mo.  The  American  National 
Bank  of  Kansas  Citv  sus|)eiids,  with  lia- 
bilities estimated  at  $2,250,000. 

Jan.  22.  Cal.  The  Funeral  Services 
of  King  Kalakaua  of  the  Sandwich 
Islands  are  held  in  San  Francisco. 

Jan.  23.  K.  Y.  Tlie  Buffalo  Clothing 
Exchange  is  burned  ;  the  falling  walls 
kill  two  firemen  ;  loss,  ©350,000. 

Jan.  27.  Pa.  An  explosion  of  fire- 
damp in  a  shaft  at  the  cc:)ke  works  near 
Mt,  Pleasant  kills  100  miners, 

Jan.  29.  Cal.  The  canneries  organ- 
ize with  a  capital  of  $5,000,000. 

Feb.  2.  Conn.  George  M.  Bradley,  the 
first  patient  in  the  United  States  treated 
with  Koch's  remedy  for  tuberculosis, 
dies  at  New  Haven. 

Feb.  3.  N.Y.  The  Hecla  Iron  "Works, 
Brooklyn,  take  fire  ;  loss,  $400,000. 

Feb.  6.   III.    The  Pullman  Car  "Works 

are  burned;  loss,  $200,000. 

K.  Y.  E.  D.  Church  and  Com- 
pany's soda  works  in  Brooklyn  are 
burned;  loss,  $200,000;  500  persons  are 
thrown  out  of  employment. 

Pa.  A  $4,000,000  contract  to  fur- 
nish armor  for  the  Navy  is  awarded  to 
Carnegie,  Pliipps,  and  Company  of  Pitts- 
burg. 

The  nut  and  bolt  works  of  J.  H. 

Stern bergh  at  Heading  are  burned  ;  loss, 
$350,000. 

Feb.  8.  Cal.  The  San  Miguel  Consoli- 
dating Mining  Company  is  incorporated 
with  a  capital  of  $15,000,000. 

Feb.  9.  New  York.  Table  glassware 
manufacturers  form  a  trust  witli  a  capi- 
tal of  $1,000,000. 


i78    1891,Feb.  ll-Mar.  9. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1891  Feb.  12.  D.  C.  Col.  Forsyth  is 
exonerated  from  charges  against  bim 
relative  to  the  fight  at  Wounded  Knee, 
in  which  women  and  children  were 
killed. 

Mar.  2.  U.  S.  Congress  appropriates 
$25,000  for  the  equipment  of  the  Naval 
Reserve. 

Mar.  6.  D.  C.  The  cruisers  Philadel- 
phia and  San  J''r<iitcisco  are  formally 
accepted  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

Mar.  7.  D.  C.  Secretary  Proctor  decides 
to  enlist  2,000  Indians  as  soldiers. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  Feb.  14.  \etr  York.  The  George 
I.  Seney  collection  of  pictures  (106)  is 
sold  at  public  auction,  and  realizes 
$300,700. 

The  American  Academy  of  Po- 
litical and  Social  Science  is  incorpo- 
rated. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1691. 
Feb.   13.    Porter.  David  D..  adm.  U.S.  N., 

A78. 
■ Stuart,  Alexander  H.  H.,  M.  C.  for  Va., 

secretary  of  the  interior,  A84. 
Feb.  14.    Sherman,  WiUlam  T, .  gen.  U.  S. 

A.,  A7I, 
Feb.  18.    Sibley,  Henry  H.,  maj.-gen.,  first 

Gov.  of  Minn.,  ASO. 
Feb.  19.     Winchell,  Alexander,  geologist, 

University  of  Micliigan,  A67. 
Feb.  34.    Wilson,  Kphraim  K.,  senator  for 

>Id.,  A70, 
Feb.  28.     Hearst,  George,  sen.  forCal.,  A71. 
Mar.  3.     Furman,  .lames  C,  Bapt.  clergy- 
man, presidentof  Furman  I'niverslty,  A82. 
Mar.  6.    Hill,  Joshua,  senator  for  Ga..  A79. 

LETTERS. 

1891  Feb.  14.  Boston.  The  Xew  Na- 
tion, by  Edward  Bellamy,  appears  as  a 
weekly. 

Feb.  17.  Prof.  A.  Graham  Bell  gives 
$25,000  to  the  Association  for  Teach- 
ing Deaf -Mutes. 

Feb.  19.  Chicago.  H.  W.  Rogers  is  in- 
stalled as  president  of  the  Northwest- 
em  University. 

Mass.    The  will  of  Mary  A.  Kevins 

bequeaths  $20,000  to  the  Nevins  Memo- 
rial liibrary  of  Methuen. 

Feb.  28.  Neic  York.  The  Friends  hold 
an  educational  conference. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  inter- 
national copyright  law.    [See  July  1.] 

Mar.  7.  Mass.  Harvard  receives  $100- 
000  by  the  will  of  Edwin  Conant  of 
Worcester. 

SOCIETY. 

1891  Feb.  11.  New  York.  The  Ameri- 
can Newspaper  Publishers*  Associa- 
tion meets  in  annual  session. 

■  Chirafjo.    George  J.  Gibson,  secretary 

of  the  Whisky  Trust,  is  4-hfirf:ed  with 
bribing  a  gauger  to  blow  up  Shufeldt's 
anti-trust  distillery  ;  he  is  arrested  and 
hehi  in  $20,000  bail.  [Apr.  20.  The  Fed- 
eral grand  jury  at  Chicago  tinds  a  true 
bill  against  him.] 

Feb.  12.  N.  J.  People  in  sympathy  with 
the  striking  spinners  at  the  Clark 
Thread  Works  at   Kearney  join  in  a 


riot,  and  several  thousand   dollars  of 

damage  to  property  is  the  result. 
Feb.  13.    Chicago.    Italians  stop  work 
on  the  World's  Fair  site  through  fear  of 
the  mobs  of  unemployed  workmen. 

Feb.  14.  Tnd.  Charles  Bitter,  teller  of 
the  P'irst  National  Bank  of  Evansville, 
is  a  defaulter  iu  the  sum  of  $25,000. 

Feb.  16.  n.  C.  Senator  Matt.  Quay 
of  Pennsylvania  denies  all  the  charges 
that  have  been  made  against  him  reflect- 
ing upon  his  public  life. 

Neb,     S.  B.  Cowles,  bank  president  of 

Clarke,  is  arrested  on  the  charge  of  mur- 
dering his  wife. 

Feb.  17.  Neto  York.  Hebrew  private 
schools  in  tenement  houses  are  closed 
by  the  Board  of  Health,  owing  to  their 
filthy  condition. 

7?.  /.    The  National  Electric  Ijight 

Association  is  in  session  at  Providence. 

Feb.  18.  Fla.  Two  outlaws,  Mike 
Kelly  and  Jim  Champion,  are  taken  from 
jail  at  (lainesville,  and  lynched  for 
murder  and  robbery. 

New  York.    The  Peoi.>le'8  Municipal 

Xieague  effects  a  permanent  organiza- 
tion. 

Feb.  19.  New  York.  The  remains  of 
Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman  are  escorted  by  an 
imposing  parade  of  soldiers,  Grand 
Army  men,  and  others  to  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad  station,  en  route  to  St. 
Louis. 

Feb.  22.-Mar.  1.  D.  C.  The  "Women's 
National  Triennial  Council  is  in  ses- 
sion. 

It  opens  with  religious  services,  and 
considers  the  subject  of  temperance  ; 
it  eulogizes  Mrs.  Windom  for  not  serv- 
ing wine  in  social  life,  and  discusses 
woman's  suffrage. 

Ga.    A  mob  lynches  two  negroes 

near  Brunswick. 

Feb.  23.  Tex.  John  A.  Williams,  a 
notorious  train-robber,  is  sentencetl  at 
Linden  to  imprisonment  for  99  years. 

Feb.  25.     F/a.    A  "bulldozer"  is 

fined  $1,000  and  costs  iu  a  Federal  court. 

Xeiv    York.     The    opposition  to  the 

Fayerweather  will  is  withdrawn. 

The  residuary  legatees  agree  to  give 
the  immense  sum  in  their  hands  to  nu- 
merous colleges  and  charitable  institu- 
tions ;  the  will,  minus  the  codicils,  is 
admitted  to  probate. 

Feb.  28.   Boston.   A  strikeatDobson's 

plush  mill  is  satisfactorily  ended,  and 
the  men  return  to  work. 

N.  Y.   The  Senate  Committee  is  again 

investigating  the  Sugar  Trust  —  this 
time  having  several  of  the  prominent 
Trust  officers  before  it ;  some  of  its 
books  are  missing. 

Feb.  *  New  York.  A  strike  of  the  em- 
ployees of  the  Troy  Laundry  Company 
ends  in  victory  for  the  strikers. 

Mar.  1.  Mo.  Fight  negroes  are  iajured 
in  a  race-fight  in  St,  Louis. 

Md.  Cardinal  Gibbons,  i  n  the  cathe- 
dral at  Baltimore,  preaches  against 
women  taking  part  in  politics. 

Mar.  2.  Def.  Ex-State  Treasurer  Her- 
bert is  a  defaulter  to  the  State  to  the 
amount  of  $30,000. 

Mar.  5.  New  York.  A  riot  of  striking 
cloakmakers  in  Broadway  is  speedily 
<iuelled  by  the  police. 


The  Union  Prisoners  of  War  Na- 
tional Memorial  Association  holds  an 
enthusiastic  meeting. 

The  coroner's  jury  in  the  ease  of  the 
tunnel  disaster  holds  the  New  York 
and  New  Haven  Railroad  officials  re- 
sponsible for  the  death  of  the  victinih. 
(Mar.  G.  Messrs.  Depew,  Clark,  and 
Park,  as  officials  of  the  road,  give  bonds 
in  $25,000  each.  Mar.  31.  'i'he  grand 
jury  indicts  the  directors  for  misde- 
meanor in  violating  New  York  laws 
against  heating  cars  by  stoves.  May  6. 
They  are  acquitted,  (bee  Feb.  20,  Mis- 
cellaneous.) 

Fla.     Twenty-six  illicit  stills  ar& 

destroyed,  several  lots  of  illicit  rum 
seized,  and  30  men  arrested  in  a  ten 
days'  raid  in  West  Florida. 

- —  Pa.  Burglars  rob  the  Freeport 
bank  of  valuable  bonds,  money,  and 
stamps  ;  total  loss  estimated  at  $59,000. 

Mar.  7.  Miss.  Colored  lawyers  at 
Greenville  organize  a  State  Bar  Asso- 
ciation. 

Mar.  8.  N.  J.  Delaware,  Lackawanna^ 
and  Western  trainmen  are  discharged 
for  signing  petitions  of  saloon-keex>- 
ers  for  licenses. 

Mar.  9.  N.  Y.  A  mob  of  Poles  raids 
an  employing  cloakniaker's  establish- 
ment iu  Jamaica ;  they  destroy  bis  sew- 
ing-machines and  furniture,  and  scatter 
vitriol  on  his  goods  and  child. 


STATE. 

1891  Feb.  11.  S.  Dak.  The  high-license 

men  in  the  House  carry  the  motion  to 
resubmit  the  Prohibition  question. 
Vote,  3:i-'29. 
Feb.  12.  J).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia Appropriation  Bill.  [Mar.  2. 
Conference  report  agreed  to  and  ap- 
proved by  the  President.]  In  the  House 
the  appropriation  for  the  clerical  force  of 
the  Civil  Service  Commission  is  struck 
out  of  the  Legislative  Appropriation 
Bill  on  a  point  of  order. 

-V.    I*.     The  Assembly  defeats   the 

"Stadler  Special  License  Bill."     Vote, 

63-00. 

Feb.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
adopts  the  Sherman  amendment  to  the 
Copyright  Bill  (vote,  25-24),  and  lays 
the  bill  aside.  The  House  passes  the 
Legislative,  Executive,  and  Judicial 
Appropriation  Bill,  after  five  discus- 
sions.    Introduced  Jan.  10. 

President  Harrison  approves  the  Act 
for  the  tunnel  between  Staten  Island 
and  Long  Island,  N.  Y. 

Ala.    The  Senate  passes  the  House 

Bill  to  so  redistrict  the  State  into  nine 
Congressional  districts  so  as  to  give  a 
solid  white  Democratic  delegation  to 
Congress  by  making  two  Congressional 
districts  each  200  miles  long  and  one 
county  wide. 

N.   Y.     A  bill  is  introduced  in  the 

State  Assembly  prohibiting  the  use  of 
machinery  in  the  State  prisons. 

Feb.  16.  J).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
adoi>ts  an  amendment  to  the  Diplo- 
matic and  Consular  Appropriation 
Bill,  pledging  the  support  and  assist- 
ance of  the  United  States  to  any  cor- 
poration  that   is  willing  to  undertake 


UNITED   STATES. 


1891,  Feb.  11-Mar.  9.     879 


tho  construction  of  a  telegraphic  cable 
from  the  Pacific  Coast  to  Hawaii ;  also 
another  ameudment  providing  that 
Mexico  shall  rank  as  a  first-class 
diplomatic  mission. 

The  House  Committee  on  Coinage 
having  reported  adversely  the  Coin 
and  Currency  Bill,  it  is  indefinitely 
postponed. 
New  York.  The  U.  S.  Senate  Com- 
mittee begins  its  investigation  of  the 
Sugar  Trust. 

Feb.  17.  />.  C.  Congress  :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Diplomatic  and 
Consular  Appropriation  Bill.  [Mar. 
3.  A  conference  report  is  agreed  to  ; 
^lar.  2.    Approved.] 

Feb.  18.  D,  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  Copyright  Bill,  with  the  Sher- 
man and  Frye  amendments,  is  passed 
after  15  discussions.  Vote,  36-14.  [Mar. 
3.  Conference  report  agreed  to  and  bill 
approved.]  The  bill  for  a  new  Custom 
House  in  Bowling  Green,  New  York 
City,  is  passed  ;  the  House  passes  the 
Indian  Appropriation  Bill  introduced 
Jan.  27. 

Feb.  19.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  bill  for  the  adju- 
dication of  claims  arising  from  Indian 
depredations.  [Mar.  2.  Conference  re- 
port agreed  to  and  bill  approved.]  John 
J.  Ingalls  of  Kan.  formally  resigns 
the  office  of  President  pro  tempore  of 
the  Senate,  which  he  has  held  for  nearly 
four  years  ;  for  the  first  time  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  House  that  body  holds  two 
distinct  legislative  sessions  during 
the  same  calendar  day. 

Kan.    The  House  reconsiders  the  vote 

by  which  the  bill  authorizing  women 
to  vote  was  defeated,  and  passes  the  bill. 

Mass.  The  Senate  passes  the  Con- 
stitutional amendments  providing  for 
biennial  instead  of  annual  elections. 

Feb.  20.  I).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Nicaragua  Canal  BiU; 
the  House  Coinage  Committee  decides 
(vote,  8-4)  to  report  the  Senate  Free 
Coinage  Bill  adversely,  with  a.recom- 
mendation  that  it  be  not  passed. 

N.  Y.    Ex-President  Cleveland  denies 

the  report  of  liis  alleged  withdrawal 
from  the  presidential  campaign. 

Peb.  21.  Cat.  The  State  Senate  passes 
the  House  bill  appnipriatiuff  $300,000 
for  its  exhibit  at  the  World's  Fair. 

Peb.  23.  D.  a  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Post-office  Appropriation 
Bill  after  five  discussions.  Introduced 
Feb.  6. 

-  Ark.  The  House  puts  all  the  elec- 
tion machinery  in  the  hands  of  the 
governor,  tbe  people  not  having  any- 
thing to  do  with  either  judges  or  clerks 


thin":  t"  do  V 
of  election. 


Feb.  24.  n.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
confirms  by  a  unanimous  vote  the  nomi- 
nation  of  Charles  Foster  of  O.  to  be 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  passes 
tho  bill  to  establish  a  tJ.  S.  Land 
Court.  [Feb.  28.  Conference  report 
agreed  to.  Mar.  2.  Bill  approved.]  The 
House  passes  the  Direct  Tax  Bill. 
(See  Mar.  2.)    Vote,  172-101. 


Feb.  25.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Agricultural  Appropria- 
tion Bill  introduced  Feb.  9.  It  lays  on 
the  table  the  Flower  resolution  for  the 
reenumeration  of  New  York  City, 
the  report  of  the  census  officers  being 
approved  as  correct. 

Feb.  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Sundry  Civil 
Appropriation  BiU.  [Mar.  2.  The 
House  concurs  ;  approved.] 

The  House  passes  the  General  De- 
ficiency Bill  introduced  Feb.  17. 

It  amends  and  passes  the  Post-office 
Appropriation  Bill.  [Mar.  3.  Con- 
ference report  agreed  to.  Mar.  2.  Ap- 
proved by  the  President.] 

N.  Y.  The  Assembly  passes  the  Sax- 
ton  Anti-Pool-Selling  Bill. 

Kan.  The  bill  providing  for  the  re- 
submission of  the  Prohibitory  Amend- 
ment to  a  vote  of  the  people  is  defeated 
in  the  Lower  House. 

Feb.  27.  I).C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  theliCgislative,  Executive,  and 
Judicial  Appropriation  Bill.  [Mar. 
3.  Conference  report  agreed  to  ;  bill  ap- 
proved.] It  passes  over  the  Direct  Tax 
BiU.  [Mar.  3.  Approved  by  the  Presi- 
dent.] 

The  House  amends  and  passes  the 
Shipping  BiU  or  the  Postal-Aid  Bill 
aiming  to  place  the  American  merchant 
marine  engaged  in  the  foreign  trade  on 
an  equality  with  that  of  other  nations 
competing  for  the  sanxe  service.  Vote, 
139-120.  [Mar.  2.  The  Senate  concurs 
in  the  House  amendment.  Mar.  3.  Ap- 
proved by  the  President.] 

Feb.  28.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Indian  Appropriation  BiU 
with  the  House  amendment.  [Mar.  2. 
Conference  report  agreed  to  and  bill 
approved.} 

It  passes  over  the  Eight-Hour  X^aw 
BiU  after  nine  discussions. 

Feb.  29.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Sen- 
ate adopts  the  Uthographers*  amend- 
ment to  the  Copyright  Bill  ;  the  House 
passes  the  Sundry  Civil  BiU. 

Mar.  2.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
adopts  the  House  Postal  BiU,  includes 
an  appropriation  of  $1,250,000  in  the 
Post-office  BiU  for  the  foreign  mail 
service,  and  amends  and  passes  the 
Agricultural  Appropriation  Bill. 
[Mar.  2.  Conference  report  agreed  to 
and  bill  approved.]  Senator  Mander- 
son  is  elected  President  pro  tempore. 
The  Senate  passes  the  Gener^  De- 
ficiency Appropriation  BiU.  [Mar.  2. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 

The  House  indefinitely  postpones  the 
bill  to  provide  against  the  contraction 
of  the  currency. 

The  President  approves  the  bill  for 
the  repayment  of  315,227,632  collected 
as  a  direct  tax  from  the  States,  under 
the  Act  of  Aug.  15, 1861,  levying  $20,000,- 
000  for  the  maintenance  of  the  war. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Senate 
the  International  Copyright  Bill  is 
passed  without  the  Sherman  amend- 
ment;  the  General  Deficiency  BiU 


is  passed  with  several  amendments. 
[Mar  3.  Conference  report  agreed  to. 
Mar.  2.  Bill  approved.]  The  Brussels 
Treaty  is  rejected  in  executive  session  ; 
the  House  passes  the  International 
Copjrright  BiU. 

Congress  passes  the  French  SpoUa- 
tion  Claims  BiU,  appropriating  $1,304,- 
095  to  pay  the  findings  of  the  Court 
of  Claims  for  indemnity  for  spoliations 
by  the  French  prior  to  July  31,  1801. 
(Senate  vote,  41-14  ;  House  vote,  99-80.) 

After  an  all-night  session  the  usual 
resolution  of  thanks  to  Speaker  Heed 
is  passed  amid  great  confusion  and  by 
a  strict  party  vote  (152-116). 

The  President  approves  the  Shipping 
BiU,  providing  for  the  safe  transport 
and  humane  treatment  of  export  cattle, 
and  for  the  inspection  of  export  live 
stock  and  carcasses. 

The  51st  Congress,  the  "Billion 
Dollar  Congress ;  "  the  second  session 
ends. 

Gen,  Barrundia*s  widow  makes  a  claim 
of  $1,000,000  upon  the  United  States  for 
the  loss  of  her  husband's  life. 

Mar.  4.  N.  Y.  The  State  Assembly 
passes  an  amendment  transferring 
contested  election  cases  from  the 
Legislature  to  the  Courts.  [Mar.  6.  It 
passes  the  Senate  by  a  unanimous  vote.] 

Mar.  9.  /).  C.  Sugar  Refineries  Com- 
pany officials  refuse  to  show  the  books 
of  constituent  concerns  to  the  Senate 
Investigating  Committee. 

J'fr.  Tlie  Legislature  passes  a  gerry- 
mandering reapportionment  bill,  which 
is  expected  to  give  a  Democratic  major- 
ity of  about  fifteen  ou  joint  ballot. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Feb.  20.  Neio  York.  A  New 
Haven  train  crashes  into  a  Harlem  local 
in  the  Park  Avenue  tunnel ;  six  per- 
sons are  killed  and  several  injured. 

Feb.  21.  Mo.  The  remains  of  Gen. 
"William  T.  Sherman  arrive  in  St. 
Louis,  and  are  escorted  to  their  resting- 
place  in  Calvary  Cemetery  by  a  parade 
of  soldiers,  Grand  Army  men,  and 
others. 

Feb.  22.  Cal.  Tlie  Elizabeth  is  wrecked 
at  the  entrance  of  San  Francisco  har- 
bor; the  captain  and  17  sailors  are 
drowned. 

Feb.  24.  Pa.  Four  miners  are  res- 
cued after  being  entombed  20  days  at 
Jeanesville. 

Feb.  28.  N.  Y.  Traffic  is  resumed  on 
the  Central  Railroad  notwithstanding 
the  strike. 

Mar.  1.  New  York.  The  ashes  of  Her- 
mann Meyer,  a  Staten  Island  saloon- 
keeper, are,  in  accordance  with  his  dying 
request,  scattered  to  the  winds  from  the 
Statue  of  Liberty  after  the  cremation  of 
his  body. 

Mar.  3.  Mass.  A  gingham  mill  is 
burned  at  Adams,-   loss,  $700,000. 

Mar.  7.  Tex.  Archer  City  court- 
house is  burned ;  nearly  all  the  county 
records  are  destroyed. 


380    1891,Mar.  9~Apr.  13. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1891  Mar.  15.  Mass.  The  torpedo- 
boat  Triana  is  wrecked  olf  Cuttyhuuk, 
while  taking  provisions  to  the  crews  of 
the  stranded  Government  vessels  Galena 
and  jS'iila. 

ART  -  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  Mar.  12.  KeiP  York.  Several 
men  of  ineaiis  subscribe  §15,000  to  pur- 
chase 99  Japanese  swords  for  the 
Metropolitan  ^luseuni  of  Art. 

Mar.  21.  III.  Natural  gas  is  discovered 
while  boring  for  water  at  Monticello. 

Apr.  3.  Conn.  New  Haven  women  pre- 
sent the  Greek  tragedy  Antigone  with 
great  success, 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1891. 

Mar.  9.  Paddock,  Benjamin  H,,  Prot.  Epis. 
bisliop  of  Mass.,  Ab'i. 

Mar.  10.  Swift,  John  F.,  U.  S.  minister  to 
Japan,  A62. 

Mar.  16.  Brady,  John  R.,  justice  N.  Y. 
Supreme  Court,  A69. 

Mar.  18.  Herndon,  William  H.,  law  part- 
ner, biographer  of  Lincoln,  A7^. 

Mar.  19.  Young,  Alexander,  "Taverner," 
author,  journalist,  A53. 

Mar.  20.  Barrett.  Lawrence,  tragedian, 
AJiS. 

I'pham,  Frederick  W.,  Meth.  Epis.  cler- 
gyman, A92. 

Mar.  21.  Johnston.  Joseph  E..  Confed- 
erate gen.,  A84. 

Mar.  aa.  Wells,  Elija  K.,  brev.  maj.  U.  S. 
A.,  A 58. 

Mar.  33.  Robinson,  Lucius,  lawyer,  Gov. 
of  N.  Y.,  AHl. 

Mar.  26.     Day,  Hannibal,  briR.-gen.,  A87. 

Mar.  27.     iK-Euery,  John,  l.lov.  of  La.,  A.^8. 

Mar.  39.  Crosby,  Howard.  I'res.  clergy- 
man, philanthropist,  AttS. 

Apr.  1.  HatfleUi,  Robert  M.,  Meth.  Epis. 
clergyman,  author,  A73. 

— —  Spear,  Samuel  T.,  Pres.  clergyman, 
author,  A79. 

Apr.  3.  Pike,  All>ert,  poet,  journalist,  Con- 
federate brig.-gen.,  grand  com.  of  Scottish 
Rite  of  Masonry  in  U.  S.,  A82. 

Apr.  7.  Kowle,  Daniel  G.,  Gov.  of  N.  C, 
A6i. 

Barnum.  Phineas  T..  veteran  show- 
man, AHl. 

Prime,  Edward  D.  O.,  F'res.  clergyman, 

editor  yetc  Vori'  Observer^  A77. 

Apr.  13.  Tourj6e,  Eben,  musical  composer, 
founder  N.  E.  Conservatory  of  Music,  A57. 

Waterman,  Robert  W.,  Gov.  CaL,  AHo. 

Apr.  13.  Gilmour,  Richard,  Roman  Catho- 
lic bishop  of  Cleveland,  O.,  A67. 


CHURCH. 

1891  Mar.  27.  Mo.  Archbishop  Keu- 
rick  washes,  wipes,  and  kisses  the  feet  of 
12  boys  in  St.  John's  Catholic  Church, 
St.  Liouis. 

Mar.  29.  Pa.  According  to  cnstom,  at 
5  A.M.  2,000  persons  gather  and  hold 
Easter  service  in  the  Moravian  grave- 
yard at  Bethlehem. 

Apr.  6.  O.  The  39tb  annual  Confer- 
ence of  the  Reorganized  Church  of 
the  Latter-day  Saints  begins  at  Kirt- 
land. 

LETTERS. 
1891  Mar.  11.  NewYork.  The  friends 
of  univeraity  and  school  extension 
hold  a  mass-meeting,  with  addresses  by 
well-known  educators.  [Apr.  16.  The 
Legislature  appropriates  $10,000,000  in 
support  of  the  plan  of  University  Ex- 
tension.] 


Mar.  12.  Mass.  A  copy  of  the  recently 
discovered  treatise  on  the  Consti- 
tution of  Athens,  by  Aristotle,  is 
received  by  Harvard.  [Mar.  13.  Colum- 
bia and  Cornell  also  receive  copies.] 

Mar.  23.  Cat.  David  S.  Jordan  accepts 
the  presidency  of  the  Leland  Stanford, 
Jr.,  University. 

Mar.  30.  Nexo  York.  The  American 
Society  of  Authors  is  organized  at 
the  Fifth  Avenue  Hotel. 


SOCIETY. 

1891    Mar.  10.    Miss.    David  H.  Poston, 

a  prominent  lawyer  of  Memphis,  is  shot 
by  H.  Clay  King.  [July  3.  King  is 
louud  guilty  of  murder  in  the  first  de- 
gree. Sept.  17.  He  is  sentenced  to  be 
hanged  on  Nov.  6.] 

Mar.  11,  New  York.  James  A.  Simmons 
is  found  guilty  of  embezzling  $622,000 
of  the  funds  ot  the  Six  th  National  Bank. 
[.June  26.  He  is  sentenced  to  six  years 
imprisonment.] 

Mar.  13,   Wash.    Cattle-thieves  in 

J>ougla8  and  Lincoln  Counties  run  off 
12,000  head  of  cattle  and  several  hun- 
dred horses. 
Mar.  14.  Union  Pacific  telegraph  opera- 
tors are  required  to  either  abandon 
labor  organizations  or  leave  their 
positions. 

La.    The  jury  brine  In  a  verdict  of 

not  guilty  at  New  Orleans  in  the  case 
of  six  of  the  alleged  murderers  of  Chief 
of  Police  Hennessy,  and  disagree  as 
to  the  others  ;  a  desperate  mob  breaks 
into  the  jail,  and  shoots  and  hangs  ix 
of  the  imprisoned  Sicilians.  [.Mar.  31. 
The  remaining  prisoners  are  released 
on  bail.  Apr.  7.  The  grand  jury  ac- 
tively enters  upon  an  investigation  of 
the  massacre.  Apr.  17.  Two  arrests  are 
made  for  the  alleged  bribery  of  jurors 
in  this  case.]     (See  May  5.) 

New  York.   The  Sugar  Trust  is  again 

under  investigation. 

Mar.  15.  Netv  York.  The  Pamell  dele- 
gates arrive  from  Ireland  and  are  re- 
ceived by  a  friendly  delegation.  [Mar. 
19.  They  are  given  a  warm  welcome  at 
a  meeting  in  Cooper  Union.] 

Mar.  16.  Neio  York.  The  Grant  Mon- 
ument Fund  now  amounts  to  $1-45,- 
97S.U5. 

Mar.  18.  New  York.  Gen.  Peter  J. 
Claassen,  ex-president  of  the  Sixth  N;i- 
tional  ISank,  is  sentenced  to  six  years  in 
the  penitentiary  for  embezzlement. 

The  New  York  City  Woman  Suffrage 
XiCa^Tue  gives  a  reception  to  Mrs.  Clara 
B.  Colley,  editor  of  the  IVomaji's  Tri- 
bune, At  the  Park  Avenue  Hotel,  about 
500  persons  being  present. 

Mar.  20.  New  York.  Italians  hold  a 
meeting  at  Cooper  Union  to  protest 
against  the  New  Orleans  lynching.  (See 
Mar.  14.) 

Mar.  21.  Ga.  Robert  Willink  is  killed 
by  a  knock-down  blow  in  an  amateur 
prize-fight  before  the  athletic  club  at 
Savannah. 

Ja.    Three  children  die  in  Springville 

because  of  the  neglect  of  their  parents 
to  provide  medical  attendance. 

ir.  Va.  —  Ky.     It  is   announced  that 

the  long-standing  Hatfield-McCoy 
vendetta  is  romantically  ended  by  an 
engagement  of  marriage. 


Mar.  24.  New  York.  The  Sherman 
Statue  Fund  is  now  reported  complete ; 

total  amount  collected,  $44,786. 

Mar.  26.    N.  Y.    A  woman  is  robbed 

in  Brooklyn  of  $1,300  by  highwaymen. 

Mar.  27.  O.  Men  and  women  in  a  tem- 
perance crusade  wreck  a  saloon,  and 
destroy  liquors,  cigars,  and  billiard 
tables,  at  Bloomville. 

Mar.  29.     Ala.     Two  negroes   are 

lynched  for  alleged  complicity  in  burn- 
ing the  town  of  Kussellville. 

Mar.  30.  Ala.  The  National  Real  Es- 
tate Congress  convenes  in  Birmingham. 

Pa.  Riotous  mobs,  numbering  be- 
tween 2,000  and  3,000  men  and  women, 
terrorize  the  Connellsville  coke  regions. 
They  drive  away  the  non-union  work- 
ers, tear  up  railroad  tracks,  and  destroy 
much  property  ;  at  l-eith's  works,  near 
Uniontown,  women  disarm  and  beat  the 
Superintendent,  and  drive  away  the 
workmen. 

[Apr.  2.  Striking  coke-workers  attack 
the  Moreland  works,  and  are  tired  upon 
by  deputy-marshals  ;  11  are  killed  and 
over  40  wounded.  Apr.  3.  The  presence 
of  the  militia  causes  quiet.  Apr.  7. 
Coke-workers  are  resuming  work.]  (See 
Apr.  21.) 

Apr.  1.  Me.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
rigid  temperance  law.    (See  May  4.) 

Mass. — N.  11.    This  day  is  observed 

as  a  fast-day  by  the  proclamation  of 
the  governors  in  observance  of  a  custom 
which  has  been  continued  for  many 
years. 

Apr.  3.  La.  Detective  D.C.O.O'Malley, 
accused  of  jury  bribery,  surrenders  to 
the  authorities  at  New  Orleans.  [Apr. 
9.  He  is  arraigned  for  perjury,  con- 
spiracy, and  attempted  bribery  of  jurors 
in  the  Hennessy  case.]    (See  May  5.) 

Apr.  4.  N.  J.  Warrants  are  issued  for 
the  arrest  of  the  mayor  and  other  offi- 
cials of  Hoboken,  for  allowing  viola- 
tions of  the  Sunday  liquor  law.  [Apr.  5. 
The  Sunday  law  is  enforced,  and  the 
theaters  are  closed.] 

Kan.    At  Osage  City,  George  Hoover, 

editor  of  the  Times,  is  mortally  shot 
by  James  McNales. 

Apr,  6.  New  York.  The  Christian  League 
for  the  Promotion  of  Social  Purity 
holds  its  first  annual  meeting. 

Apr.  10.  />.  C.  Inventors  and  makers 
of  patented  articles  organize  a  Na- 
tional Association  in  Washington. 

O.  W.  Dales,  murderer  of  a  police- 
man on  March  31,  is  lynched  at  Ken- 
ton. 

Apr.  12.  N.  Y.  A  free  kindergarten 
movement  is  organized  at  Buffalo. 

Apr.  13.  N.  J.  Father  M'Nulty  of  Pat- 
terson is  beaten  by  a  law-breaking 
saloon-keeper. 

New  York,  The  American  Copy- 
right IiCague  at  its  Sth  annual  dinner 
celebrates  the  enactment  of  the  Copy- 
right Law  in  Congress. 

Samuel  Fisher,  a  pool-room  *' man- 
ager," is  sentenced  by  Judge  Barrett  to 
pay  31,000  fine  and  be  imprisoned  for 
three  mouths. 

STATE. 
1891  Mar.  10.  D.  C.  Secretary  Blaine 
receives  Lord  Salisbury's  communica- 
tion relating  to  the  Bering  Sea  negotia- 
tions, offering  a  basis  upon  which  to 
settle  the  difficulty. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1891,Mar.  9-Apr.  13.      381 


n,  I.  Herbert  W.  Ladd  (Rep.)  is  re- 
nominated for  governor. 

Mar.  11.  A'.  Y.  The  State  Senate  passes 
the  Acker  State  Care  of  the  Insane 
Bill,  appropriating  §450,000  for  that 
purpose ;  the  Assembly  passes  the  An* 
ti-Finkerton  Bill,  and  the  measure 
providing  for  a  garden  over  the  Forty- 
second  Street  reservoir  in  New  York 
City. 

Mar.  12.  It.  I.  The  Democratic  State 
Convention    renominates     the    present 

State  officers. 

CaL    The  Assembly  passes  the  Anti- 
Chinese  Bill. 

Mar.  13.  N.  Y.  New  York  makes  the 
first  application  for  repayment  of  the 
direct  tax  under  the  act  of  the  last 
Congress  ;  the  sum  called  for  is  $2,225,- 
000. 
—  Pa.  The  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission  decides  against  the  present 
coal  rates  of  the  Lehigh  Valley  Bailroad 
and  requires  a  reduction. 

Mar.  14.  HI.  The  Republican  Conven- 
tion at  Chicago  nominates  Hempstead 
Washbnme  for  mayor. 

Mar.  15.  D,  C.  Secretary  Blaine  sends  a 
telegram  to  Gov.  NichoUs  of  La.  express- 
ing the  President's  regrets  for  the  law- 
less violence  of  the  Anti-Matia  mob, 
and  demanding  protection  for  Italian 
subjects  in  New  Orleans,  and  the  pun- 
ishment of  the  otfenders. 

Mar.  16.  X.  Y.  The  State  Assembly 
passes  the  bill  incorporating  a  company 
to  construct  a  tunnel  between  New 
York  and  Brooklyn;  also  tlie  bill  ex- 
empting bank  cashiers  and  tellers  from 
jury  duty. 

Mar.  17.  D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  refuses  to  permit  the  Assay 
office  to  furnish  $1,000,000  in  gold  bars 
for  shipment  to  Europe. 

■  Conn.    The  House  passes  the  Judson 

Bill  for  taking  the  controversy  respect- 
ing the  State  offices  to  the  Supreme 
Court. 

A',    r.     The    Assembly  defeats    the 

Stadler  '•  Dance  Hall  "  and  the  Hildreth 
Liquor  Bills  for  open  sale  on  part  of 
Sunday. 

Mar.  18.  D.  C  Mr.  Cannon,  Chairman 
of  the  House  Committee  on  Appropria- 
tions of  the5l8t  Congress,  makes  a  state- 
ment of  the  appropriations  of  that 
Congress  ;  the  total  is  $988,410,120. 

Mar.  19.  N.  H.  Anti-license  men  refuse 
to  vote  in  the  House,  which  adjourns  for 
want  of  a  quorum. 

Mar.  21.  Chicago.  Carter  Harrison's 
friends  bolt  the  Democratic  city  con- 
vention, and  nominate  him  for  mayor ; 
the  regular  convention  renominates 
Mayor  Cragier. 

Mar.  23.  N.Y.  The  State  Assembly  by 
a  party  vote  (62-48)  refuses  to  submit  the 
Prohibition  Amendment  to  the  vote  of 
the  people  in  April ;  it  substitutes  No- 
vember. 

Mar.  24.  Mo.  The  State  receives  its 
share  of  the  direct  tax  from  the  Fed- 
eral government. 

ha.  Gov.  Nicholls  replies  to  a  des- 
patch from  Mr.  Blaine  of  Mar.  15  con- 
cerning the  New  Orleans  lynching 
affair. 

Mar.  25.  .V.  J.  The  Legislature  passes 
a  bill  at  the  instance  of  liquor  dealers, 


giving  absolute  powerto  County  Boards 
of  Excise  to  grant  or  revoke  licenses  at 
their  pleasure,  the  Boards  to  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor. 

N.  Y.    In  the  State  Senate  the  Vedder 

Bill  taxing  direct  heirs  of  personal  prop- 
erty valued  at  over  $10,000  is  passed. 

Mar.  26.  .V.  H.  The  House  rejects  the 
Local-Option  Bill.     Vote,  166-148. 

Mar,  27.  Mt.  The  House  passes  a  bill 
requiring  that  every  voter  shall  be 
able  to  read  and  to  write  his  own 
name. 

Mar.  30.  Wyo.  The  Wyoming  forest 
reservation  is  set  apart  by  proclama- 
tion of  the  President.  [Another  procla- 
mation follows  Sept,  10.] 

Mar.  31.  D.  a  Baron  de  Fava,  Italian 
Jliuister  at  Washington,  is  peremp- 
torily recalled  by  his  government  on 
account  of  dissatisfaction  growing  out 
of  the  negotiations  concerning  the  kill- 
ing of  alleged  Italian  subjects  in  New 
Orleans ;  the  correspondence  between 
Baron  de  Fava  and  Secretary  Blaine  is 
made  public. 

Del.    The  State  Senate  passes  a  Free 

School  Bill  which  places  white  and  col- 
ored schools  on  an  equal  plane. 

Me.  The  Legislature  passes  the  Gen- 
eral Temperance  Bill,  which  is  charac- 
terized by  its  friends  as  one  of  the  most 
important  prohibition  measures  ever 
adopted  in  the  State. 

U.  S.    The  new  Free  Sugar  Xjaw 

and  the  new  Immigration  Iiaw  go  into 
effect. 

Apr.  1.  Ji.  /.  The  election  returns 
are  announced. 

Davis,  Dem.,  22,249;  Ladd,  Rep.,  20,- 
995;  Larry,  Prohib.,  1,829;  Burton,  Nat., 
384.  Davis  lacks  960  votes  of  the  major- 
ity over  all  necessary  to  elect;  conse- 
quently the  Legislature  will  elect  a 
governor. 

Apr.  2.  7>.  C.  Minister  Rudini  informs 
the  Italian  Secretary  of  Legation  at 
Washington  that  his  government  de- 
mands only  the  prompt  prosecution 
of  the  New  Orleans  lynchers. 

Apr.  6.  I).  C.  Congress:  George  F. 
Sdmtmds  resigns  the  office  of  U.  S. 
Senator  for  Vermont,  which  he  has  held 
for  26  years;  the  resignation  will  take 
etfect  Nov.  1. 

Sir  Charles  Tupper  and  his  colleagues 
of  the  Canadian  Cabinet  call  upon 
Secretary  Blaine  for  the  purpose  of 
continuing  reciprocity  negotiations,  but 
leave  Washington  on  being  informed  of 
the  desire  of  the  President  that  the  Con- 
ference be  postponed. 

y.  Y.    In  the  State  Senate  the  Bill 

appropriating  $200,000  for  the  Chicago 
world's  Fair  is  unanimously  passed. 

Apr.  7.  Chicago.  Five  candidates  run 
for  the  office  of  mayor. 

Tlie  present  mayor.  De  Witt  C.  Cre- 
gier  fDem.),  Carter  H.  Harrison  (Per- 
sonal Rights  League  and  brewers), 
Hempstead  Washburne  (Rep.).  Elmer 
Washburn  ('Citizens  and  Prohibition- 
ists), and  Thomas  Morgan  (Socialist) ; 
Hempstead  Washburne  is  elected. 

Apr.  8.  /).  C.  President  Harrison  issues 
the  Bering  Sea  proclamation,  in  com- 
pliance with  the  statute. 


Apr.  10.  D.  C.  A  despatch  from  Rome 
says  that,  in  case  the  United  States 
Government  fails  to  answer  by  the  fol- 
lowing day  Minister  Rudini's  note  relat- 
ing to  the  killing  of  Italians  in  New 
Orleans,  the  American  Minister  will  be 
ordered  to  leave  Italy. 

Apr.  11.  Ky.  The  Constitutional 
Convention    completes    its   work    and 

adjourns. 

Apr.  13.  X.  Y.  In  the  State  Assembly 
Speaker  Sheehan  refuses  to  permit  the 
reading  of  the  minority  report  on  the 
Schatf  Excise  Bill,  permitting  the  sale 
of  liquor  on  a  part  of  Sunday. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Mar.  13±.  Colo.  The  city  of 
Denver  is  without  a  mayor  ;  the  acting 
mayor,  after  holding  the  office  for  nearly 
a  year,  being  declared  illegally  elected. 

Mar.  14.  X.  Y.  Two  fires  destroy 
3600.000  worth  of  business  property  in 
Syracuse. 

Tenn.  The  Central  Insane  Asy- 
lum, near  Nashville,  is  burned  ;  six  lives 

are  lost. 

Sp.    The  Anchor  line  vessel  Utopia  is 

sunk  ofif  Gibraltar  by  collision  with  the 
Anson;  574  persons  perish. 

Xevj  York.    A  fire  destroys  property 

worth  $1,650,000. 

Mar.  18.    X.  J.    The  Cordage  Works 

at  Klizabeth  are  burned;  loss  $600,000; 
tiOO  hands  are  thrown  out  of  employ- 
ment. 

Mar.  21,   Xew  York.   Hughes  wins  with 
a  score  of  558  miles  the  six  days  go-as- 
you-please  walking  match. 
A  sperm  whale  is  discovered  and 

killed  near  East  Hampton,  Long  Island. 

Tex.  A  soap  manufacturing  com- 
pany is  organized  at  Houston,  with  a 
capital  of  §15,000,000 ;  it  proposes  to  es- 
tablish plants  in  the  principal  cities  in 
the  cotton-belt  of  the  South. 

The  grip  epidemic  is  prevalent  in 
Pittsburg  and  Allegheny,  Pa.,  in  Mil- 
waukee, Wis.,  and  Chicago,  111. 

Mar.  25.  X.  C.  The  Earn  line  steam- 
ship .S^ra^AaiWy  is  wrecked  on  the  coast  ; 
19  of  the  crew  of  26  are  lost. 

Mar.  28.     Chicago.     It  is  announced  that 

the    death-rate    has   been  more   than 

doubled  by  the  prevalence  of  the  grip. 

A  sash  and   door  combination  is 

effected. 

Mar.  31,  Xew  York.  Mayor  Grant  issues 
orders  for  the  removal  of  telegraph 
poles  and  wires  from  the  streets. 

Apr.  2h.  A  combination  between 
Spreckels  and  the  Havemeyers  is 
completed;  it  is  to  be  known  as  the 
West  Coast  Sugar  Refining  Company, 
the  arrangement  being  that  while  one 
side  is  working  the  other  side  ceases. 

Apr.  4.  /irk.  The  State  Legislature  re- 
fuses to  appropriate  money  for  the 
World's  Fair. 

Apr.  11.  Chicago.  James  W.  Scott  is 
chosen  to  succeed  Lyman  J.  Gage  as 
president  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of 
the  World's  Fair. 

Apr.  12.  Chicago.  A  fire  canses  a  loss 
of  nearly  $1,000,000. 

Apr.  13.  X.  .7.  Elizabeth  loses  prop- 
erty valued  at  $750,000  by  fire. 


582    1891,  Apr.  13 -May  15. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY —  NAVY. 

1891  Apr.  19.  Md.  At  Baltimore  the 
"  Old  Sixth  **  Massachusetts  Voltm- 
teers  are  entertained  in  the  city  where 
they  suffered.    (See  Army,  Apr.  19, 1861.) 

.jft.pr.  20.  7).  C.  James  J.  Van  Horn  is 
commissioned  colonel  —  8th  infantry. 
[Also  George  G.  lluntt  —  2d  cavalry.] 

Xew  York.    The  9th  Kegiment  of 

Volunteers  entertains  the  survivors  of 
the  Confederate  3d  Georgia  liegiment 
with  a  reception  and  dinner. 

May  6.  Cal.  The  Chilean  insurg^ent 
steamer  Itafa  is  seized  by  the  authori- 
ties at  San  Diego,  at  the  instance  of  the 
Chilean  minister. 

3ttay  7.  Cal.  The //aM,  with  a  deputy 
U.  S.  marshal  in  custody  of  it,  sails 
from  San  Diego  harbor  and  escapes ; 
cannon  are  hoisted  from  the  hold  and 
mounted,  while  the  marshal  is  gent 
ashore  in  a  boat,  eight  miles  from  port. 

May  9.  The  cruisers  Charleston^  Balti- 
more,  and  San  Francisco  are  under 
orders  to  recapture  the  fugitive 
steamer  Itata. 

May  13.  Pa.  Troops  are  withdrawn 
from  the  coke  region,  order  being  re- 
Stored. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  Apr.  17.  Tex.  A  fatal  tornado 
occurs. 

[May  19.  Tornadoes  do  much  damage 
in  Texas.  Oct.  24.  One  in  Mississippi. 
Not.  27.  One  at  lied  Bud.  111.,  kills  two 
persons  and  wre5k8  35  buildings.] 

Apr.  25.  N.  Y.  Natural  gas  and  oil  are 
discovered  at  Newfane. 

Apr.  27.  Neio  York.  Ground  is  broken 
for  the  Grant  monument  with  imposing 
ceremonies.    (See  Sept.  5, 1890.) 

May  2.  Alas.  The  exploring  party  dis- 
covers a  large  lake,  which  proves  to  be 
a  reservoir  of  Sakhr  River ;  it  is  claimed 
to  be  the  source  of  the  Yukon  River. 
.May  5.  New  York.  The  Carnegie  Mu- 
sic Hall  is  opened  by  singing  the  dox- 
ology,  and  an  address  by  Bishop  Potter. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

asei. 

Apr.  14.  Spinola,  Francis  11.,  M.  C.  for 
N.  Y..  A70. 

Apr.  17.  Hamilton,  Charles  S.,  maj.-gen. 
vols.,  A 69. 

Apr.  19.  Taylor,  Alfred,  rear-adm.  U.  S. 
N.,  A81. 

Apr.  30.  Darling,  Henry,  president  of 
Hamilton  College,  AtiS. 

I'ettengill,  Saiimel  M.,  pioneer  advertis- 
ing agent,  A68. 

Thaeher,  James  K.,  prof esaor physiology 

at  Yale,  A44. 

Apr.  23.  Moen,  Philip  L.,  manufacturer  of 
farm  machinery,  A67. 

Apr.  29.  I^ong,  ArmiBtead  L.,  Confeder- 
ate gen.,  Lee's  chief  of  staff,  A64. 

Apr.  30.  Conant,  Thomas  J.,  Bapt.  cler- 
gyman, Biblical  scholar,  A89. 

LeCoiite,   Joseph,    physicist,   professor 

University,  of  Cal.,  A73. 

Hay  4.  Pratt,  Charles,  millionaire,  philan- 
thropist, founder  of  Pratt  Institute,  A61. 

May  8.  Hilgard,  Julius  E.,  physicist,  super- 
intendent coast  surrey,  A66. 

CHURCH. 
1891    Apr.  26.    N.  Y.    The  Rev.  Dr. 
Tahnage's  new  tabernacle  in  Brook- 
lyn   is    formally    opened.      (The    third 
Tabernacle.) 


Apr.  30.  Mass.  Rev.  Dr.  Phillips 
Brooks  is  chosen  Protestant  Episcopal 
bishop  of  Massachusetts. 

May  3.  New  York.  The  Ajnerican  Bi- 
ble Society  celebrates  its  75th  anniver- 
sary. 

May  11.  New  York.  The  Presbytery 
hears  Br.  Briggs's  protest  against  the 
appointment  of  the  committee  to  exam- 
ine his  inaugural  address ;  but  it  de- 
clines to  censure  a  sister  presbytery. 
[May  12.  It  decides,  44  to  40,  to  put  Dr. 
Briggs  on  trial  for  heresy.] 

LETTERS. 

1891  Apr.  16.  New  York.  Rev.  James 
il'Mahon  gives  real  estate  worth  $500,- 
000  to  the  Catholic  University  at 
"Washington,  I).  C. 

Apr.  19.  Md.  Col.  J.  T.  Scharf's  notable 
collection  of  curios,  historical  matters, 
and  manuscripts  are  presented  by  him 
to  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

Apr.  22.  New  York.  A  valuable  collec- 
tion of  books  — 11,000  volumes,  valued 
at  $15,000  — is  given  to  the  Museum 
of  Natural  History, 

May  6.  New  York.  The  Roman  Catho- 
lic Press  Association  of  the  United 
States  is  in  session. 

SOCIETY. 
1891  Apr.  13.  I).  C.  The  President 
and  Mrs.  Harrison  and  party  leave 
Washington  at  midnight  for  their  trans- 
continental trip;  the  train  bears  in 
tetters  of  gold  the  inscription,  *'  The 
Presidential  Special." 

[Apr.  14.  He  is  welcomed  and  makes 
addresses  at  several  stopping-places  in 
Virginia  and  Tennessee.  Apr.  15.  He 
is  welcomed  at  Chattanooga,  Ga.  Apr. 
IG.  He  is  received  at  Birmingham  and 
other  places  along  the  route  from  At- 
lanta. Apr.  18.  He  is  welcomed  at 
Houston  and  Galveston,  Tex.  Apr.  20. 
At  San  Antonio.  Apr.  21.  At  El  Paso, 
Tex.  Apr.  22*-.  Along  the  road  from 
Tucson,  Ariz.,  to  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Apr. 
25.  In  San  Francisco  with  imposing  cer- 
emonies. Apr.  30.  At  Monterey.  May 
6.  At  Portland,  Ore.  May  7.  At  Scut- 
tle, Wash.,  from  whence  he  returns 
East.  May  9.  At  Salt  Lake,  Utah.  May 
10.  At  Glen  wood  Springs,  Colo.  May  12. 
By  an  oration  at  Denver,  Colo.  May  13. 
At  Omaha,  Neb.  May  15.  He  returns 
to  Washington.] 

Apr.  14.  Mo.  The  Commercial  Con- 
gress begins  at  Kansas  City;  a  letter 
from  President  Harrison  is  read. 

New  York.    W.  Heeney,  a  Bricklayers* 

Union  walking  delegate,  is  arrested  and 
held  in  :;?  1,000  bail. 

Apr.  15.  New  York.  Ex-President  N. 
Niles  of  the  Tradesman's  National 
Bank  is  rearrested  and  arraigned  on  a 
charge  of  embezzlement. 

Apr.  18  ±.  /.  T.  Seven  negroes  are  shot 
at  Okmulgee,  capital  of  the  Creek  Na- 
tion, for  the  murder  of  two  Creek  In- 
dians. 

Pa.    In  the  Connellsville  coke  region 

strikers  attack  deputy-sheriffs  at  one  of 
the  Friek  Company's  plants  ;  shots  are 
exchanged,  and  one  deputy  is  seriously 
wounded.  [Apr.  21.  Pinkerton  guards 
arrive  and  protect  property.  Apr,  23. 
Violence  and  bloodshed  occur ;  three 
men  are  shot.  May  4.  The  sheriff's  dep- 
uties shoot  a  striker.  May  19.  Serious 
riots  occur.] 


Apr.  21.  Boston.  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler  is 
declared  disorderly  in  tlie  United  States 
Court,  and  is  quietly  ejected  by  order  of 
Judge  Carpenter. 

Apr.  22.  Okla.  Chief-Justice  Green,  at 
Guthrie,  decides  that  women  are  eligi- 
ble to  public  office ;  and,  further,  that 
a  woman  may,  in  the  absence  of  a  stat- 
ute, hold  any  office  not  incompatible 
with  her  sex. 

Apr.  23.  Mich.  Street-car  strikers  in 
Detroit  cause  much  disorder. 

.Ve?P  York.    The  Patria  Club  holds  its 

first  meeting. 

Apr.  24.  New  York.  The  dead  body  of 
a  woman,  mutilated  in  the  manner  of 
'*  Jack  the  Ripper,"  ia  found  in  a  lodging- 
house  at  Water  and  Catharine  Streets. 

Apr.  25.  Chiraqo.  Over  400  marble-cut- 
ters are  out  on  a  strike. 

N.  Y,    Women  are  organized  into  the 

Flushing  Citizens'  Iicague;  officers 

are  elected. 

Apr.  26.  Boston.  Mrs.  Annie  Besant 
addresses  the  opening  session  of  the  Na- 
tional Convention  of  Theosophists. 

Apr.  27.  La.  The  Supreme  Court  at 
New  Orleans  sustains  the  application  of 
the  Lottery  Company  for  a  mandamus, 
despite  the  veto  of  Gov.  Nicholls. 

It  compels  the  promulgation  of  the 
proposed  amendments  to  renew  the  char- 
ter of  the  Lottery  Company  for  25  years 
at  $1,250,000  a  year,  the  same  to  be  voted 
on  at  the  election. 

Apr.  28.  Chicago.  The  first  official  act 
<)f  Mayor  Washburne  is  to  order  all  the 
gambling-houses  in  the  city  to  be  closed. 

Neiv   York.     John  T.  Hill,  deceased, 

late  president  of  the  Ninth  National 
Bank,  has  been  discovered  to  be  a  de- 
faulter to  the  amount  of  $400,000. 

Apr.  29.  N.  Y.  Arthur  C.  Gilman,  who 
died  in  Flushing,  Long  Island,  is  foimd 
to  be  a  defaulter  for  nearly  $223,006. 

O.    Three  recent  attempts  have  been 

made  to  blow  up  Springfield's  newr  City 
Hall,  costing  §400,000. 

Wis.    A  statue  and  fountain  erected 

in  Milwaukee,  to  the  memory  of  Henry 
Bergh,  is  unveiled  in  the  presence  of 
a  large  assemblage. 

Apr.  *  A  Census  Bureau  bulletin  shows 
24.6  per  cent  increase  of  white  pop- 
ulation in  the  South  Atlantic  States, 
Missouri,  and  Kansas,  and  only  13.9  per 
cent  increase  of  the  colored  race. 

Apr.  *  U.  S.  The  Superintendent  of  Im- 
migration reports  that  the  number  of 
immigrants  from  Italy  exceeds  those 
from  every  other  country. 

Apr.  *  Del.  It  is  enacted  by  the  Legis- 
lature that  all  tramps  may  be  arrested 
and  sent  to  work  for  60  days  breaking 
stone  for  mending  roads. 

They  are  to  work  eight  hours  a  day, 
and,  if  refractory,  to  he  put  in  solitary 
confinement  on  bread  and  water. 

May  1.  Ind.  About  3,000  miners  make 
an  unsuccessful  strike  for  a  wage-scale. 
[They  hold  out  for  two  months  at  a 
wage-loss  of  $875,000.] 

New  York.    Rev.  C.  H.  Parkhurst 

is  elected  tosucceed  Rev.  Howard  Crosby 
as  president  of  the  Society  for  the  Sup- 
pression of  Crime. 

A  meeting  is  held  to  celebrate  the 
abolition  of  the  poorhouse  system  of 


UNITED    STATES. 


1891,  Apr.  13 -May  15.     383 


I 


care  of  the  insane ;  speeches  are  made 
by  Joseph  H.  Choate,  Bishop  Potter, 
Grover  Cleveland,  and  others. 

Work  is  practically  stopped  in  the 
building  trades  by  a  strike  of  the  house- 
smiths. 

Strikes  are  general  in  the  North 

and  East  for  the  8-hour  day  and  higher 
wages. 

May  2.  A'an.  The  female  Mayor  of 
Kiowa  has  shut  up  all  its  gambling- 
houses  and  saloons,  aiul  will  allow  uf 
no  action  to  reopen  them. 

May  3.  X.  V.  Three  horse-car  lines  in 
Long  Island  City  are  tied  up  by  striking 
drivers. 

Neio  York.    The  Poles  of  New  York 

City  and  Chicago  celebrate  the  100th 
anniversary  of  the  adoption  of  their 
liberal  constitution. 

May  4.  Me.  The  new  liquor  law,  which 
provides  for  a  fine  of  $100  with  60  days 
in  jail  for  the  first  offense,  goes  into 
effect  to-day;  result,  a  general  closing 
up  of  liquor-shops. 

May  5.     La.     The  New  Orleans  grand 

jury,  after  an  in vestipition  for  six  weeks, 
indicts  O'Malley  and  five  associates 
for  jury  bribing,  and  accuses  three  of 
the  jury  of  being  bribed  ;  but  refuses 
to  indict  the  lynchers  of  the  Italians. 
[June  8.  Bernard  Glaudi  is  convicted 
of  offering  a  bribe  to  a  juror.  July  24. 
The  last  Mafia  bribery  case  ends ;  ver- 
dict, not  guilty.  Oct.  9.  The  State  aban- 
dons the  case  against  O'Malley.]  (See 
Mar.  14.J 

Me.  The  East  Maine  (Methodist)  Con- 
ference protests  against  the  acts  of  the 
Administration  in  endeavoring  to  en- 
large the  malt-liquor  trade  with  Cen- 
tral American  States. 

Xew  York.    The  26th  annual  meeting 

of  the  National  Temperance  Society 
is  held ;  Dr.  Theodore  L,  Cuyler  is  re- 
elected president. 

May  6.  Mo.  The  29th  International 
Young  Men's  Christi-an  Association 
Convention  opens  in  Kansas  City. 

X.  J.      Westfield     is     terrorized    by 

tramps. 

May  7.  -A^.  Y.  A  memorial  service  in 
honor  of  Gen.  Sherman  is  held  in  the 
Academy  of  Music,  Brooklyn  ;  speeches 
by  Chauncey  M.  Depew,  Gens.  Howard, 
Slocum,  Swayne,  Porter,  and  others. 

The  Brooklyn  Memorial  Hospital 
for  "Women  and  Children  is  formally 
opened. 

May  8.  Del.  The  lower  House  of  the 
Legislature  passes  the  Local- Option 
Bill.    Vote,  14-4. 

.V.  Y.  The  will  of  Mrs.  M.  A.  Os- 
borne, admitted  to  probate,  gives  Yale 
College  $150,000  for  a  memorial  hall 
to  her  husband,  and  makes  provision  for 
a  Memorial  Home  for  Aged  Women  in 
Westchester  County. 

Xew  York.  The  Lumber  Dealers'  As- 
sociation resolves  to  boycott  the  Lumber 
Handlers'  Union. 

Wis.  The  Grand  Lodge  of  the  An- 
cient Order  of  United  "Workmen  at 
Milwaukee  decides  that  liquor-makers 
and  saloon-keepers  are  eligible  to  be- 
come members.    Vote,  114-81. 

May  10.  Minn.  John  Mehan.  the  leader 
of  a  band  of  robbers  operating  in  Vir- 


ginia, is  captured  and  brought  into  St. 
Paul. 

New  York.    Beth  Israel  Hospital  is 

opened  in  its  new  house  with  addresses 
by  prominent  Hebrews. 

May  11.  Kan.  A  convict  forges  his 
own  pardon  and  raises  a  draft  from  $1 
to  $20,000,  but  is  discovered  before  being 
released. 

N.  Y.    The  116th  anniversary  of  the 

capture  of  Ticonderoga  is  celebrated 
by  the  Sons  of  the  Kevolution. 

May  12.    Md.    A  negro  is  lynched  at 

Centerville  by  masked  men  after  being 
sentenced  to  21  years  for  assaulting  a 
woman. 

Phila.     The    Typographical    Union 

celebrates  the  63d  birthday  of  G.  "W. 
Childs  by  a  banquet. 

May  14.  La.  The  mayor  of  New  Orleans 
appoints  a  committee  of  over  50  citizens 
to  investigate  the  matter  of  oath-bound 
societies  in  the  city,  and  how  to  sup- 
press them. 

STATE. 

1891  Apr.  14.  N.  J.  Gov.  Abbett  signs 
the  Congressional  Reapportionment 
and  Assembly  Districting  Bill,  thereby 
giving  to  the  democrats  six  out  of  eight 
Representatives,  and  40  out  of  60  Assem- 
blymen. 

Apr.  18.  N,  Y.  The  Legislature  unani- 
mously passes  a  bill  appropriating  $10,- 
000  for  carrying  out  a  plan  of  university 
extension  under  the  Board  of  Kegeuts. 

Apr.  19.  D.  C.  It  is  announced  that  an 
agreement  has  been  reached  between 
Secretary  Blaine  and  the  Belgian  Min- 
ister by  which  the  Kongo  Treaty  will 
be  saved. 

Apr.  21.  O.  The  Fourth  Annual  As- 
sembly of  League  of  Republican  Clubs 
holds  its  first  session  at  Cincinnati. 

Apr.  22.    O.    James   S.    Clarkson    of 

la.  is  chosen  President  of  the  Republi- 
can National  League  at  Cincinnati. 

Apr.  23.  Pa.  The  House  passes  an 
amended  Brooks  Wholesale  License 
Bill. 

Apr.  30.  Mich.  The  I^egislature  passes 
a  bill  for  the  election  of  Presidential 
electors  by  Congressional  districts, 
Avith  two  delegates  at  large,  one  each 
from  the  Eastern  and  Western  districts 
—  a  measure  to  divide  the  Presidential 
vote. 

May  5.  Neb.  The  Supreme  Court  decides 
tliat  James  E.  Boyd  (I)em.),  being  an 
alien,  is  ineligible  to  the  governorship, 
and  it  reinstates  Gov.  Thayer  (Rep.). 

May  6.  Cat.  Upon  the  representation 
of  the  Chilean  Minister,  orders  are  is- 
sued from  Washington  for  the  seizure 
of  the  steamer  Itata,  supposed  to  have 
on  board  arms  intended  for  the  Chilean 
insurgents  ;  she  is  taken  in  charge  at 
San  Diego  by  the  U.  S.  marshal. 

May  7.  D.  C.  Secretary  Blaine's  latest 
letter  to  Sir  J.  Paimcefote,  stating  the 
conditions  on  which  the  U.  S.  Govern- 
ment is  willing  to  submit  to  arbitra- 
tion the  Bering  Sea  dispute,  is  made 
public  ;  it  is  dated  April  14. 

May  8.  Mass.  The  House  passes  a  hill 
fixing  125  feet  as  the  limit  of  height  for 
houses  in  cities. 


May  9.  Kan.  Mrs.  Mary  F.  Burton, 
postmistress,  is  elected  police  judge  at 
Jamestown,  Cloud  County. 

May  14.  New  York.  The  Union  League 
Club  memorializes  Congress  on  the  dan- 
gers of  unrestricted  inmiigration,  natu- 
ralization, and  suffrage. 

May  15.  />.  C.  Green  B.  Raimi,  Jr., 
resigns  his  position  as  assistant  chief 
clerk  in  the  Pension  Office.    (See  Feb.  6.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Apr.  14.  Mo.  The  first  Western 
States  Commercial  Congress  meets  at 

Kansas  City. 

[Apr.  17.  Two  reports  are  presented ; 
after  a  heated  debate,  the  majority  re- 
port, favoring  unlimited  coinage  of  sil- 
ver and  a  tariff  exclusively  for  revenue, 
is  adopted.] 

Apr,  15.  ///.  The  annual  meeting  of  the 
Whisky  Trust  takes  place  in  Peoria. 
It  reports  sales  for  the  year  of  44,748,171 
gallons,  nearly  4.000,000  gallons  over  last 
year,  and  9,000,000  gallons  over  the  pre- 
vious year. 

Apr.  18.  O.  The  east-bound  fast  mail 
colhdes  with  the  Toledo  Express  at 
Kipton  Station,  on  the  Lake  Shore  road ; 
both  engines,  three  mail-cars,  and  one 
Itaggfige-car  are  wrecked,  and  eight  per- 
sons killed. 

Apr.  26.  Phila.  The  National  Pub- 
lishing Company's  building  is  de- 
stroyed by  fire  ;  loss,  $200,000. 

Apr.  29.  Teun.  Nearly  20  acres  of  build- 
ings are  burned  at  Chattanooga  ;  loss, 
6250,000. 

Apr.  *  The  Brewers'  Journal  says  £18,- 
934,000  of  Unglish  capital  are  now  in- 
vested in  American  breweries. 

May  2±,  Forest  fires  are  raging  in 
JIaryland  and  in  the  Alleghanies. 

May  4.  N.  Y.  Breaker  Island  Steel 
Works  are  burned ;  loss,  $400,000 ; 
nearly  1,000  employees  are  deprived  of 
work. 

May  5.   Pa.  Coal-breakers  are  burned 

at  PMwardaville ;  loss,  $250,000 ;  about 
800  men  and  hoys  are  thrown  out  of  em- 
ployment. 

May  6.  N.  Y.  Acres  of  lumber  are 
burning  at  Long  Island  City :  loss, 
$000,000. 

May  8.    N.  Y.     The     school     children 

throughout  the  State  choose  the  rose  as 
the  State  flower.  Vote,  rose,  294,816 ; 
goldenrod,  206,402. 

Phila.  The  Spring  Garden  Na- 
tional Bank  closes  its  doors  by  order  of 
the  Bank  Kxaminer  ;  the  Penn  Safe  De- 
posit and  Trust  Company  makes  an  as- 
signment. 

May  10,  X.  Mex.  Four  tramps  and 
360  cattle  are  killed  in  a  train-wreck 
on  the  Santa  Fe  Road. 

New    York.      F.    H.    Xjeggett    and 

Company's  warehouse  and  stock  are  in- 
jured by  tire  ;  loss,  $430,000. 

May  11.  N.  Y.  Brooklyn  Bridge  Trus- 
tees formally  vote  to  make  the  promen- 
ade free  after  June  1. 

Pa.    In  Pine  Grove  Township  22  oil 

and  four  gas  wells  take  fire. 

May  13.  O.  By  the  purchase  of  the 
Alexander  Plant  in  Akron,  the  Stand- 
ard Oil  Company  gains  full  control  of 
the  oil  trade  in  the  United  States. 

May  14 ±.    Mich.    The  loss  by  forest 

fires  is  estimated  at  over  $2,000,000. 


384    1891,  May  15-Juiie  17. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1891  May  16.  D.  C.  Capt.  Henry  Er- 
beii  is  selected  to  command  Brooklyn 
Navy  Yard,  vice  Adm.  ttraine. 

May  17.  The  ships  in  the  South  Pa- 
cific, inchuling  the  CharlestoHy  are 
placed  under  command  of  Acting 
Rear-Adm.  M'Cann. 

May  19.  I).  (\  Isaac  D.  de  Russy  la 
commissioned  colonel  —  11th  cavalry. 
[Also  May  22.    La  Rhett  L.  Livingston 

.  —3d artillery.  Julyl.  William  M.Gra- 
ham—5th  artillery.  James  Biddle — 9th 
cavalry.] 

Com.  John  Irwin  is  promoted  rear- 
admiral.  Commander  Louis  Kempif  is 
promoted  captain.  [Also  Sept.  27.  Fran- 
cis J.  Higginson.  Oct.  2.  George  W. 
Sumner.    Nov.  6.    Benjamin  F.  Day.] 

May  24.  Sealed  orders  are  issued  to  the 
commander  of  the  Hush  relative  to  the 
fur-seal  fishery  tn  Bering  Sea. 

June  4.  The  Chilean  insurgent 
steamer  Ifata  surrenders  to  American 
naval  vessels. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  May  23.  7'enn.  The  bronze 
monument  to  the  Andrews  raiders 
of  1863  is  erected  in  the  National  Ceme- 
tery at  Chattanooga. 

June  3.  ///.  A  bronze  statue  of  Gen. 
Grant  is  unveiled  at  Galena  ;  Chauncey 
M.  Depew  delivers  the  address. 

Md.    A  monunient  is  erected  at  Old 

St.  Mary's  to  Leonard  Calvert,  the  first 
colonial  governor. 

Afiss.  The  monument  to  Confeder- 
ate soldiers  at  Jackson  is  xuiveiled. 

June  6.  Cal.  The  solar  eclipse  is  sue- 
cessfully  observed  at  Lick  University, 
Mount  Hamilton. 

JV.  Y.    A  statue  of  J.  S.  T.  Strana- 

han,  philanthropist  of  Brooklyn,  is  un- 
veiled at  Prospect  Park. 

Pa.     A    monument    to  Gen.  Har- 

tranft  is  unveiled  at  Norristown. 

June  9.  Cal.  A  valuable  collection  of 
Hussian  minerals,  containing  800  speci- 
mens (valued  at  $30,000),  ia  presented  by 
the  Czar  of  Russia  to  the  Art  Museum 
of  Leland  Stanford  University. 

Jime  10.  N.T.  A  soldiers*  monument 
is  unveiled  at  Salisbury  Mills. 

Trt.  A  Confederate  soldiers'  mon- 
ument is  unveiled  at  Fredericksburg. 

June  13.  ^V.  r.  A  Froebel  Society  is 
incorporated  in  Brooklyn  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  education  and  the  promo- 
tion of  self-culture. 

June  14±.  Pa.  The  Burlington  Air- 
ship Company,  with  a  capital  of 
$10,000,000,  is  organized  and  incorpo- 
rated at  Burlington. 

June  15.  /).  C.  The  Signal  Service 
Bureau  declares  this  to  be  the  hottest 
15th  of  June  on  record. 

June  17.  /'7a.  A  monument  to  Con- 
federate soldiers  is  unveiled  at  Pensa- 
cola ;  it  is  the  first  to  give  monumental 
honors  to  Jefferson  Davis. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1891. 

May  30.  Taft,  Alphonso,  atty.-gen.,  sec.  of 
war,  nunister  to  Hussia,  to  Austria,  A81. 

May  25.  Uouk,  I^onidas  C.  M.  C.  for 
Tenn.,  A55. 

May  36.  Carter,  Samuel  P.,  rear-adui. 
U.  S.  N.,  A72. 

May  37.  Van  Dyke,  Henry  J.,  Pres.  cler- 
gyman, A69.  ^ 

May  30.  Barker,  P'ortlyce,  physician,  sci- 
entist, medical  writer,  A73. 

May  31.  Brooks,  David,  electrical  inventor, 
A71. 

June  3.     Lossing,  Benson  J.,  historian,  ATS. 

June  5.  Vibbard,  Chauncey,  railroad  mag- 
nate of  N.  Y.,  A79. 

June  8.  Kuight,  Cyrus  F.,  Prot.  Epis. 
bishop  of  Milwaukee,  A60. 

June  10.     Fisher,  ('liarles,  comedian,  ATS. 

June  15.  Emmett,  Joseph  K.,  comedian, 
A  50. 

June  17.  Ludington,  Harrison,  Gov.  of 
Wis.,  A78. 

CHURCH. 

1891  May  16.  Neip  York.  The  protest 
of  a  number  of  clergrymen  against  the 
unorthodox  teachings  of  Rev.  Dr.  New- 
ton is  sent  to  Bishop  Potter.  [May  19. 
The  Bishop  decides  to  act.] 

May  19.  Neiv  York.  The  directors  of 
Union  Theological  Seminary  receive 
a  statement  from  l>r.  Briggs,  and  pass  a 
resolution  commending  his  views. 

May  20.  N.  Y.  Judge  Hilton  gives 
S500,000  to  the  Garden  City  Cathedral 
(Protestant  Episcopal). 

May  21.  Mich.  The  103d  meeting  of  the 
General  Assembly  (Presbyterian)  is 
held  at  Detroit ;  William  Henry  Green, 
moderator. 

[May  22.  The  committee  on  the  Re- 
vision of  the  Confession  of  Faith  report ; 
the  Assembly  votes  to  send  the  report  to 
the  presbyteries  for  their  action  during 
the  ensuing  year.  May  29.  It  adopts 
the  report  of  tlie  Committee  on  Semi- 
naries. Vote,  440-00.  The  report  disap- 
proves of  the  appointment  of  Dr.  Briggs.] 

N.  Y.    Judge  Pratt  renders  a  decision 

in  Brooklyn,  that  a  religious  corpora- 
tion is  not  liable  for  the  negligence 
of  its  servants ;  he  dismisses  a  suit 
lor  personal  injuries. 

May  23.  Phila.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

May  24.  New  York.  Rev.  Dr.  Bridg- 
man,  who  resigned  from  the  Mailison 
Avenue  Baptist  Church,  is  confirmed 
by  Bishop  Potter  in  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  faith.  [Dec.  14.  He  is  or- 
dained a  deacon.] 

May  27.  O.  The  13th  General  Coun- 
cil (Reformed  Episcopal)  meets  at 
Cleveland. 

Pa.     The  62d  Synod  (Reformed 

Presbyterian)  convenes  at  Pittsburg. 

May  31.  Md.  The  Annual  Encamp- 
ment of  Dunkards  is  held  in  Hagerstown. 

-—  Thomas  "W.  Campbell  is  conse- 
crated (Reformed  Episcoi)al)  bishop. 

June  1.  U.  S.  The  Young  People's 
Society  of  Christian  Endeavor  re- 
ports a  membership  of  1,000,000. 

June  4,  Mich.  The  Diocese  of  Western 
Michigan  consents  to  the  consecration 
of  Dr.  Phillips  Brooks  as  bishop  of  the 
Diocese  of  Massachusetts  ;  this  gives 
him  the  necessary  majority,  as  28 
Dioceses  have  given  consent.  [fJuly  10. 
The  House  of  Bishops  confirms  the  elec- 
tion.]   (See  Oct.  14.) 


June  8,  New  York.  The  official  transla- 
tion of  Pope  Leo's  encyclical  letter  on 
the  condition  of  labor  is  made  public. 

Jime  10.  Pa.  The  Reformed  Presby- 
terian Synod  at  Pittsburg  expels  five 
ministers  for  asserting  the  right  to  vote 
and  to  hold  office. 

June  15.  New  York.  The  13th  annual 
Convention  of  the  Jewish  Rabbis' 
Association  of  America  begins;  it 
passes  a  resolution  asking  the  President 
of  the  United  States  to  protest  against 
the  treatment  of  Jews  in  Russia. 

June  16.  New  York.  The  Hebrew  clergy 
take  action  relative  to  their  people 
properly  observing  the  Jewish  Sabbath  ; 
they  resolve  to  form  a  Sabbath  Xieague 
in  every  synagogue  and  temple  rep- 
resented in  the  conference. 

LETTERS. 

1891  May  18.  N.  Y.  Congressman 
Belden  offers  to  build  and  give  to  Syra^ 
cuse,  a  fireproof  library  and  art  build- 
ing, to  cost  not  less  than  $150,000. 

May  19.  Tex.  W.  M.  Rice,  formerly  of 
Texas,  now  of  New  York,  gives  Houston 
$200,000  to  establish  an  institute  for 
the  advancement  of  Literature,  Science, 
and  Art,  similar  to  Cooper  Institute  of 
New  York.    (See  July  21,  1892.) 

May  24.  Pa.  Dr.  W.  Pepper  offers  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  850,000 
toward  an  endowment  fund  of  S250.000, 
and  $1,000  annually  for  five  years  toward 
a  guaranty  fund  of  $20,000  annually  for 
five  years. 

May  25.  Conn.  The  Yale  graduating 
class  of  *91  decides,  by  a  vote  of  64  to  42, 
to  wear  the  cap  and  gown  on  Com- 
mencement Day. 

May  28.  />.  (\  The  American  Uni- 
versity of  'Washington  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  chartered. 

May  29.  N.Y.  The  will  of  Charles  Pratt 
is  tiled  for  probate ;  his  gifta  to  Pratt 
Institute  amount  to  $2,500,000. 

June  1.  Ne7c  York.  Rev.  John  Hall  re- 
signs the  chancellorship  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  the  City  of  New  York.  [June 
11.  Rev.  H.  M.  MacCracken  is  elected 
his  successor.] 

June  15.  The  "Western  Reserve  His- 
torical Society  becomes  the  ovrner  of 
the  famous  glacial-grooved  limestone 
ledge  on  Keeley's  Island,  Lake  Erie. 

June  16.  N.  Y.  James  B.  Colgate,  of 
New  York  City,  formally  presents 
$1,000,000  to  Colgate  University, 
at  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  to  endow  the  Dodge 
Memorial  Fund. 

D.  c.    The  National  Chautauqua 

at  Glen  Echo,  near  Washington,  opens. 

SOCIETY. 

1891  May  18.  New  York.  The  trustees 
of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art, 
by  a  vote  of  12  to  4,  decide  to  open  its 
doors  on  Simdays  from  1  p.m.  to  within 
half  an  hour  of  sunset.  [Several  thou- 
sand petitioners  urge  Sunday  opening. 
May  31.    About  10,000  visitors  appear  on 


UNITED    STATES. 


1891,  May  15 -June  17.    385 


tlie  first  Sunday  ;  the  number  soon  de- 
clines to  a  few  hundred.] 
May  19.    Colo.    The  Trans- Mississippi 
Congress  begins  at  Denver. 

Ind.    A  villainous  attempt  is  made 

to  %vreck  an  express-train  near  Wabash 
on  a  40-foot  embankment ;  wreckers  un- 
known. 

May  20.  O.  The  Wational  Brewers* 
Association  is  in  session  at  Cleveland, 
with  200  delegates  present. 

The  trustees  report  that  they  rejoice 
at  the  defeat  of  the  bill  to  create  a  Gov- 
ernment commission  of  inquiry  on  the 
alcoholic  liquor-traffic. 

May  21.  R.  I.  A  State  Soldiers'  Home 
at  Bristol  is  opened. 

Another  Irish -American  Society 

is  formed  to  collect  funds  for  Home 
Rule  in  Ireland  ;  it  is  called  "  The  ]Na- 
tioual  Federation  of  America." 

May  22.  New  York.  Eugene  Kelley, 
treasurer  of  the  Irish  Home  Rule 
Fund,  cables  $15,000  to  Archbishop 
Croke  in  Ireland. 

May  23.  New  York.  A.  Elbogen,  theat- 
rical agent,  is  sentenced  to  five  years 
and  11  months  imprisonment  for  kidnap- 
ping a  girl  for  immoral  purposes. 

May  25.  Phila.  Ex-City  Treasurer  John 
IJardsley  is  charged  with  an  additional 
embezzlement  of  over  $360,000  of  State 
funds.  [May  29.  He  is  sent  to  prison  in 
default  of  bail.  June  9.  He  pleads  guilty 
to  17  of  the  indictments  found  by  the 
grand  jury.  June  12.  Another  deficit  is 
discovered  of  $400,000 :  total  amount 
about  $1,000,000.  June  27.  Another  dis- 
crepancy is  discovered  —  a  due-bill  for 
$30,000.]    (See  July  2-13.) 

D.  C.    The  Federal    Supreme  Court 

upholds  the  constitutionality  of  the 
Original  Package  Ijaw ;  it  does  not 
annul  State  prohibitory  laws. 

May  26.  Nexo  York.  The  will  of  John 
T.  Parish  provides  for  the  distribution 
of  $280,000  to  hospitals  and  other 
public  charities. 

May  28,  New  York.  An  aged  couple  are 
driven  by  poverty  to  commit  suicide. 

Phila.    F.  W.  Kennedy,  president  of 

Spring  Garden  Bank,  is  charged  with 
embezzling  $100,000.     (See  May  8,  Misc.) 

May  31.  La.  A  negro  is  burned  to 
death  by  lynchers  because  he  kills  one 
of  a  mob  attempting  a  raid  on  his  home. 

May  *  Fla.  The  South  Florida  Presby- 
tery condemns  the  efforts  of  the  govern- 
ment to  extend  the  trade  in  alcoholic 
beverages  among  serai-civilized  people 
of  the  Central  American  States. 

June  1.  Boston.  The  253d  anniversary 
of  the  orgajiization  of  the  Ancient  and 
Honorable  Artillery  is  celebrated ; 
Rev.  T.  DeWitt  Talmage  preaches  the 
sermon  in  the  Old  South  Church. 

U.  S.     The  reported  membership  of 

the  Royal  Arcanum  is  118,454. 

June  3.  ^V.  Y.  The  2d  annual  session 
of  the  Lake  Mohonk  Negro  Confer- 
ence is  formally  opened  ;  ex-President 
R.  B.  Hayes  is  elected  chairman. 

Jime  8.  Afass.  Lizzie  "Witherell,  20 
years  of  age,  is  sentenced  to  10  years' 
hard  labor  in  the  House  of  Correction 
at  East  Cambridge  for  burglary. 

Jime  9.  N.  Y.  The  Excise  Reform 
Association  is  incorporated  for  the 
purpose   of  promoting  the   passage   of 


more  stringent  excise  laws,  and  the  es- 
tablishment of  an  excise  system  that 
shall  impose  adequate  regulations  upon 
the  sale  of  liquor  in  this  State. 

June  10.  Mich.  Riotous  strikers  at 
Granil  Rapids  attack  tlie  police  and  are 
tired  upon  ;  13  arrests  are  made. 

Mont.     W.  J.  Penrose,  editor  of  The 

.\hning  Journal,  and  a  member  of  the 
Legislature,  is  shot  dead  near  his  home 
in  Butte. 

New  York.     A    $25,000    house    is 

transferred  to  Mrs.  M.  E.  Williams,  a 
Spiritualist  medium,  by  the  widow  of 
the  late  John  Anderson,  tobacconist, 
for  a  one  dollar  consideration. 

June  11.  New  Ym-k.  John  H.  Starin 
gives  his  annual  excursion  to  Cnion 
veteran  soldiers  and  sailors,  about 
G,000  in  number,  with  their  families. 

Pa.     The    American    Protestant 

Association,  having  a  membership  of 
100,000,  holds  its  annual  convention  at 
Pittsburg. 

June  12.  Kail.  In  the  District  Court, 
Topeka,  an  original  package  agent, 
representing  a  Kansas  City  litjuor-house, 
is  fined  $1,5(X>,  and  sentenced  to  90  days 
in  the  coiuity  jail. 

New    York.      .Julio     Mergbacher,    a 

trusted  ofiicer  of  the  New  York  Life  In- 
surance Company,  Spanish-American 
I>epartment,  has  fled  the  country,  leav- 
ing a  deficit  in  his  accounts  of  $325,000. 

Rutgers  Female  College  brings  suit 
against  Jacob  B.  Tallman,  former  pres- 
ident and  treasurer,  to  recover  $180,000 
which,  it  is  alleged,  he  obtained  by 
fraud. 

June  14.  Ariz.  The  notorious  Mexican 
stage-robber  Geromino  is  killed,  and 
his  accomplice  Leon  is  under  arrest  at 
Tucson. 

Cal.    A  Chinaman  acquitted  of  the 

charge  of  murdering  an  Indian  is 
dragged  from  the  court-room  at  Bridge- 
port, and  cut  into  pieces  by  Indians. 

Jtme  16.  New  York.  The  Court  of  Ap- 
peals decides  against  John  Most,  the 
anarchist.  The  question  involved  was, 
**J)<i08  the  constitutional  right  of  peace- 
ful assembly  and  freedom  of  speech  in- 
clude the  inciting  to  riot  and  mibridled 
license  of  the  tongue  of  malicious  per- 
sons?" [June  19.  Ho  is  sent  to  the 
penitentiary  on  Blackwell's  Island.] 

A*.  /,  The  American  Society  of  Me- 
chanical Engineers  opens  its  four- 
days'  session  at  Providence. 


STATE. 

1891  May  15.  ///.  The  lower  House  of 
the  Legislature  strikes  from  the  Com- 
pulsory Education  Bill  the  provision 
requiring  the  use  of  the  English  lan- 
guage in  private  and  parochial  schools. 

May  17.  La.  Mayor  Shakespeare  of  New 
Orleans  requests  the  U.  S.  Government 
to  recall  the  exequatur  of  Corte, 
Italian  consul  of  that  city,  because 
of  his  assuinpti<ms. 

May  19.  O.  The  National  Union  Con- 
ference opens  in  Cincinnati  ;  commit- 
tees are  appointed  ;  (May  20)  it  adopts 
a  platform,  a  name, —  The  People's 
Party  of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica,—appoints  a  national  committee, 
and  adjourns. 


May  21.  Oolo.  The  silver  men  are  prac- 
tically defeated  in  the  Trans-Mississippi 
Congress  at  Denver. 

- —  JJ.  C.  The  President  hy  proclamation 
announces  that  1,G00,000  acres  of  the 
Indian  reservation  at  Fort  Berthold, 
N.  Dak.,  are  open  for  settlement  under 
the  Homestead  Law. 

May  26.  7^  /.  The  Legislature  in  grand 
committee  declares  the  Republican 
candidates  for  State  offices  elected. 

June  2.  D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  issues  a  circular  giving 
notice  that  the  outstanding  4i  per  cent 
bonds,  principal  and  interest,  will  be 
redeemed  on  Sept.  2,  1891. 

Jime  3.  La.  A.  J.  "Westf  all  (People's 
Party)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

Mich.  The  House  passes  the  Con- 
gressional   Reapportionment    Bill. 

[.June  19.     It  pjisses  the  Senate.] 

Mass.    The  House  passes  the  bill  for 

reapportioning  the  State  into  Congres- 
sional districts. 

June  6.  Del.  At  Wilmington  the  Repub-' 
li(rans  for  the  first  time  in  20  years  elect 
the  entire  city  ticket. 

June  12.  Conn.  Gov. Bulkeley refuses 
to  resigrn  his  office  to  the  contestant. 

June  15.  D.  C.  President  Harrison 
issues  a  proclamation  declaring  a 
close  sealing  season  in  Bering  Sea, 
in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the 
modus  Vivendi  between  tlie  United  States 
and  Great  Britain  ;  the  full  text  of  the 
diplomatic  correspondence  on  the  sub- 
ject is  published. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  May  17.  Mich.  Twenty-two 
blocks  are  burned  in  Muskegon,  includ- 
ing the  court-house,  which  cost  $100,000. 

May  19.  Colo.  The  Trans-Missis- 
sippi Commercial  Congress  meets  at 
Denver  ;  1,200  delegates  are  present. 

N.  Y.    Near  Tarrytown  13  men  are 

killed,  15  wounded,  and  a  portion  of 
the  New  York  Central  Road  track  is 
wrecked,  by  a  dynamite  explosion  on  a 
running  car. 

May  23.  Ala.  By  a  mine  explosion 
at  the  Pratt  mines,  near  Birmingham, 
11  men  are  killed. 

June  10.  Md.  The  Concordia  Opera 
House,  Baltimore,  is  burned ;  loss, 
$280,000. 

June  11.  Minn.  The  whaleback 
steamer  Charles  W.  Wetmorc,  laden 
with  grain,  starts  from  Duluth  for  Liv- 
erpool. 

June  13.  N.  Y.  The  Long  Island  Bicy- 
cle Railroad  Company  is  incorporated  to 
operate  a  single  track  on  Long  Island 
for  twenty  miles  from  Rocky  Point 
Landing,  Suffolk  County,  to  a  point  on 
the  Great  South  Beach. 

June  15.  Cal.  San  Francisco  receives 
the  first  shipment  of  block  tin  from  the 
Temescal  mines. 

June  16.  N.  J.  A  fire  at  Seabrlght, 
caused  byadrmiken  stableman,  destroys 
$350,000  worth  of  property,  and  renders 
KK)  families  homeless. 

O.  The  American  Cereal  Com- 
pany, incorporated  at  Columbus,  with  a 
capital  of  $3,400,000,  organizes  at  Akron. 


386      1891,  June  17- July  15. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1891  July  2.  AHz.  The  hostile  In- 
dians are  overawed  by  the  troops. 

July  14.  Cal.  The  arms  and  ammuni- 
tion on  board  the  Itata  at  San  Diego  are 
formally  libeled  by  U.  S.  Marshal  Gard. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  June  19.  N.  Y.  A  plague  of 
caterpillars  infests  the  town  of  IJurke, 
Franklin  County  ;  they  are  devouring 
herbage  in  a  track  nearly  a  mile  in 
width, 

June  24.  A'.  }'.  The  statues  of  Henry 
Ward  Beecher  in  front  of  the  Brook- 
lyn City  Hall,  and  of  Archbishop 
Hughes  at  St.  .John's  College,  Fordham, 
are  unveiled  with  impressive  ceremonies. 

Jixne  27.  N.  Y.  The  corner-stone  for 
the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors*  monument 
is  laid  at  Yonkers. 

June  29.  Cal.  An  inland  lake  sud- 
denly and  mysteriously  appears  in  the 
lowest  part  of  the  Colorado  desert. 

[July  2.  The  water  continues  to  rise, 
duly  8.  A  stream  is  discovered  which 
flows  from  the  Colorado  River  into  the 
Salton  l>ake  about  eight  miles  from  El 
Kio.] 

JtJy  4.  X.  Y.  A  Soldiers*  and  Sailors* 
monument  is  unveiled  at  Owego. 

Kew  York:  A  bronze  statue  of  Sam- 
uel S.  Cox  is  unveiled  ;  it  is  a  testimo- 
nial to  Mr.  Cox  by  the  letter-carriers  of 
the  United  States,  and  cost  ®10,000. 

July  5.  Conn.  The  monument  to  Adju- 
tant Oampbell  of  the  British  army,  who 
fell  in  an  attack  on  New  Haven,  July  5, 
1775,  is  unveiled  ;  it  is  erected  as  a  token 
of  gratitude  for  his  merciful  conduct. 

July  8.  TFash.  Gophers  and  squirrels 
are  destroying  the  wheat-crop. 

July  11.  Ore.  A  rival  of  the  Mam- 
moth Cave  in  Kentucky  is  discovered. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1891. 
June  21.     McDonald,  Joseph    E.,    senator 

for  Ind.,  A72. 
July  4.    Hamlin,  Hannibal,  senator  for 

Me,,  Vice-Presi(leiit  with  Lincoln,  A82. 
July  12.     Burgess,  Edward,  yacht-builder, 

A43. 
Harrison,  Thomas,  Confed.  gen.,  A78. 


CHURCH. 

1891  June  17.  Phila.  Rev.  Isaac 
Nicholson  is  elected  Protestant  Epis- 
copal bishop  of  Wisconsin. 

June  18.  New  York.  The  Industrial 
Christian  Alliance  is  incorporated.  Its 
object  is  to  help  men  and  women,  who 
have  become  degraded  through  misfor- 
tune or  vice,  in  such  a  way  that  their 
self-respect  will  be  reawakened. 

June  24.  La.  Davis  Sessums  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  assistant 
bishop  of  Louisiana. 

June  29.  Afass.  The  Northfield  Con- 
ference, under  the  direction  of  D.  L. 
Moody,  is  opened  for  the  summer.  [A  ug. 
6.  He  raises  $3,600  in  ten  minutes  for 
the  education  of  Indian  youth.] 

July  1.  Iff  a.  The  Rev.  Ethelburt 
Talbot,  missionary  bishop  of  Western 
Idaho,  is  elected  bishop  of  Georgia. 


July  6.  Md.  The  Central  Conference 
of  American  Rabbis  opens  its  session 
at  ISaltimore,  Dr.  Isaac  M.  Wise  of  Cin- 
cinnati presiding. 

July  7.  Wis.  Father  Durin  of  De  Pere 
organizes  **  The  Deliverance  So- 
ciety," which  proposes  to  deliver  souls 
from  purgatory. 

July  9.  Minn.  The  tenth  annual  Inter- 
national Convention  of  the  Young  Peo- 
ple's Society  of  Christian  Endeavor 
is  opened  in  Minneapolis  ;  14,000  del- 
egates are  present.  [July  10.  Centen- 
nial Day  is  oT^erved.] 

July  11.  Neio  York.  A  large  party  of 
iMethodists  starts  on  the  Etruria  as  pil- 
grims to  Bpworth,  England,  the  early 
home  of  John  Wesley,  and  the  birthplace 
of  Methodism. 

LETTERS. 

1891  Jime  19.  Pa,  Gov.  Pattison  ve- 
toes the  Compulsory  Education  Bill. 

June  24.  Mass.  Merrill  E.  Gates  is  in- 
augurated president  of  Amherst  College. 

June  27.  HI.  The  first  number  of  The 
National  Picket,  the  ofBcial  organ  of  the 
Woman's  Relief  Corps  of  the  United 
States,  is  issued  at  Monticello. 

June  29.  Boston.  Col.  W.  W.  Clapp  re- 
tires from  the  management  of  the  Boston 
Journal. 

July  1.  D.  C.  president  Harrison  pro- 
claims the  benefits  of  the  United  States 
copyright  extended  to  citizens  of  for- 
eign countries,  they  having  complied 
with  the  conditions  imposed. 

July  2.  N.  Y.  The  first  summer  meet- 
ing of  the  American  Association  to  pro- 
mote the  Teaching  of  Speech  to  the 
Deaf  is  held  at  Lake  George. 

July  3.  O.  The  Cincinnati  German 
Teachers'  Association  decides  in  favor 
of  printing  German  literature  in  Roman 
text,  and  to  use  English  script  in  all 
German  writing. 

July  5.  N.  J.  The  Seaside  Assembly 
opens  as  a  school  of  philosophy  at  Avon- 
hy-the-Sea. 

July  7.  N.  J.  The  23d  annual  meeting 
of  the  American  Philological  Associ- 
ation meets  in  University  Hall,  Prince- 
ton. 

July  8.  N.  Y.  The  University  con- 
vocation is  opened  in  Albany;  George 
William  Curtis  presides. 

Conn.    Miss  Irene  W.  Coit  of  Norwich 

is  notified  that  she  will  be  admitted  to 
Yale ;  this  is  the  first  time  that  the  Uni- 
versity has  granted  a  certificate  of  ad- 
mission to  a  woman. 

July  10.  Cliicafjo.  The  trustees  of  the 
new  Chicago  University  decide  to  erect 
buildings  to  cost  $350,000. 

July  11.  New  York.  A  charter  of  incor- 
poration is  secured  for  the  New  York 
Law  School. 

July  14.  Minn.  The  National  Edito- 
rial Association  is  in  session  at  St.  Paul. 

Utah.  The  Liberals  defeat  the  Mor- 
mons in  a  school  election  in  Salt  Lake 
City. 


SOCIETY. 

1891  Jime  17.  Wis,  A  tie  placed  on 
the  track  at  Coon  River  Crossing  causes 
a  wreck  on  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and 
St.  Paul  Railroad  ;  three  persons  are 
killed  and  many  injured. 

N.  J.    The   Master  Mechanics  of 

the  United  States  railroads  are  in  ses- 
sion at  Cape  May. 

The  International  Congress  of 
Homeopathists  opens  at  Atlantic  City. 

June  19.  Boston.  A  convention  of  ac- 
tive and  retired  naval  officers  meets  in 
Faneuil  Hall. 

June  20.  Chicago.  The  Molders' Union 
decides  that  its  members  shall  not  work 
on  any  architectural  work  during  the 
strike  of  the  architectural  iron-worKei*s ; 
2,000  molders  are  influenced  by  this  ac- 
tion ;  the  strike  is  spreading  to  other 
trades. 

Ga.    The  mayor  of  Atlanta  vetoes 

all  beer  licenses. 

Pa.     The    fishing-club    whose    dam 

caused  the  Johnstown  disaster  has 
been  [unsuccessfully]  sued  for  several 
hundred  thousand  dollars. 

June  22,  Ga.  Seven  guanis  and  con- 
victs are  killed  in  an  attempted  jail  de- 
livery at  Cole  City. 

Mo.  The  new  Missouri  law  prohib- 
iting pool-selling  on  races  outside  the 
State  goes  into  effect ;  every  pool-room 
in  St.  Louis  but  one  is  closed. 

N.  Y.  The  Italians  in  Brooklyn  pa- 
rade in  honor  of  Mazzini's  birthday; 
the  Italian  flag  floats  over  the  City  Hall, 
and  Mayor  Chapin  and  other  officials  re- 
view the  procession. 

June  23.  Cal.  A  trust-deed  for  9100,000 
is  executed  by  Mrs.  Leland  Stanford  in 
favor  of  five  free  kindergartens  in 
San  Francisco  which  she  has  founded. 

June  25.  The  presiding  elders  of  the 
negro  Methodist  Church  of  the  South 
adopt  a  resolution  that  the  colored 
I)eople  of  the  South,  as  a  race,  boycott 
all  railroads  not  providing  first-class 
accommodations  for  colored  people. 

La.      The    anti-lottery   campaign 

opens  in  New  Orleans  with  a  large  and 
enthusiastic  meeting  in  the  Grand  Opera 
House. 

June  26.  Ark,  Ex-state  treasurer  Wood- 
rutf  is  indicted  for  embezzlement  of 
State  funds.  [Oct.  *  First  trial  jury  ; 
disagree.  Apr.  2,  1892.  Second  trial, 
verdict^  not  guilty  ;  released.] 

Wash.    A  band  of  100  Italians  make 

an  attack  on  labor  camps. 

June  27.  Mich.  Twenty-eight  stri- 
kers are  arraigned  at  Gran<l  Rapids, 
charged  with  conspiring  to  destroy  the 
wheel-pit  of  the  cable  street-railroad 
with  dynamite. 

Wis.  An  Anti-Prohibition  Con- 
vention is  held  at  Janesville. 

Jime  29.  Chicago.  Prince  George  of 
Greece  arrives  at  Chicago  on  his  way 
to  New  York. 

The  TypothetsB  rejects  the  request 
of  Typographical  Union  No.  6  for  a 
work-day  of  nine  hours. 

Labor  Unionists  insist  on  the  employ- 
ment of  union  men,  and  declare  a  boy- 
cott on  two  car-lines  and  a  theater. 

June  30.  Wash.  Two  persons  are  killed 
and  seven  injured  in  a  fight  bet^veen 
w^hite  strikers  and  negro  laborers. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1891,  June  17-July  15.     387 


Iwi.     In    Crawfoni    County    "White 

Caps  whip  a  man  and  his  step-daughter 

on  an  unproved  charge  until  they  faint 
from  exhaustion. 

U.  S.      Pensioners    in   1891,  156,486; 

pensions,  $118,548,959.  Total  amount  of 
pensions  since  1862,  $1,277,261,263. 

July  1.  Wash,  Armed  men  are  guard- 
ing the  striking  miners  at  New  Castle. 

July  2.  Phila.  John  Bardsley,  ex-city 
treasurer,  is  sentenced  to  15  years'  im- 
priscmment  and  a  fine  equal  in  amount 
to  his  embezzlement.     (See  May  25.) 

I'a.    The  Pittsburg  carpenters' 

strike,  by  driving  the  smaller  contrac- 
tors to  tne  wall,  has  strengthened  the 
lUiilders'  Association,  making  it  more  of 
a  monopoly  than  before. 

July  3.  N.  J.  The  President  arrives 
at  Cape  May,  where  he  is  to  spend  the 
summer. 

.V,  Y.    The  reunion  of  the  Army 

of  the  Potomac  begins  at  Buffalo  ;  the 
various  corps  elect  officers,  and  Gen. 
Slooum  delivers  an  address. 

July  4.  Boston.  The  Naval  Order  of 
the  United  States  is  established. 

La.     New  Orleans   celebrates   the 

Fourth  of  July  for  the  first  time  since 
1860. 

A'.  Y.    The  National  Prohibition 

Park,  on  Staten  Island,  near  Port  Kicli- 
mond,  is  formally  dedicated. 

Xeic   York.    The  letter-carriers  of 

the  United  States  hold  a  reunion,  and 
participate  in  the  ceremonies  of  unveil- 
ing the  statue  of  Hon.  Samuel  S.  Cox. 

S.  C.    J.  D.  Shaw,  editor  of  the  Bish- 

opville  Eagle,  is  shot  dead  at  a  picnic, 
by  two  drunken  men  that  he  and  others 
were  trying  to  keep  in  order. 

July  5.    Cal.    A  Chinese-Indian  feud 

is  progressing  at  Bridgeport. 
Xetv    York.      Sir    George    Caden- 

Powell,   British  commissioner   on  the 

Bering  Sea  question,  arrives. 
Tenn.    A  negro  is  shot  by  a  white 

mob  at  Trenton. 

July  6.  Neiv  York.  A  notorious  diamond- 
thief  is  arrested  at  the  Astor  House 
after  stealing  diamonds  worth  $30,000. 

O.  A  big  tri-State  labor  demon- 
stration is  held  at  .Stubenville. 

July  9,  Ga.  Fifty  armed  men  break 
into  the  jail  at  Blackshear,  take  there- 
from a  negro  prisoner,  tie  him  to  a 
sapling,  and  riddle  him  with  bullets. 

-V.  J.  Several  Jersey  City  ballot- 
box  stuffers  are  sentenced  each  to  18 
months  in  State  prison.  [J^'y  -4.  Three 
more  are  sentenced  to  like  penalty. 
Nov.  14.  Two  more  are  sentenced  to 
nine  months  in  the  penitentiary.  July 
9,  1892.     Four  more  are  convicted.] 

JV.   Y.        Dr.  Griffin,  Superintendent 

of  the  Brooklyn  Health  Department,  ap- 
points a  corps  of  20  physicians  to  visit 
the  sick  free  of  charge  in  the  summer. 

Two  handsomely  furnished  robber- 
caves  containing  stolen  articles  are  dis- 
covered near  Islip,  Long  Ishmd. 

July  12.  D.  C.  Italo- Americans  at 
"Washington  hold  a  meeting  for  pro- 
moting the  "World's  Fair  and  honoring 
Columbus. 

»ris.    The  Northwestern  Saenger- 

fest  at  Milwaukee  closes  with  a  deficit 
of  from  $2,000  to  $3,000. 


July  13.  Phila.  Tlie  treasurers  of  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania  and  of  the  city 
of  Philadelphia  secure  upwards  of 
$1,000,000,  which  was  deposited  in 
bank  in  John  Bardsley's  absence  by  his 
chief  clerk. 

July  14.  Minn.  The  National  Edito- 
rial Association  opens  its  7th  aunual 
convention  at  St.  Paul. 

Tenn.  The  Afro- American  League 

of  the  United  States  meets  in  annual 
session  in  Knoxville  ;  the  separation  of 
races  on  railway  trains  is  denounced. 

STATE. 

1891  June  17.  O.  William  McKinley, 
Jr.  (Rep.),  is  nominated  for  governor. 

June  18.  Pa.  Gov.  Pattison  vetoes  the 
Compulsory  Education  BxU. 

Jioie  20.  Russia  unites  with  America 
and  England  for  a  close  sealing  season 
in  Bering  Sea. 

June  24.  D.  C.  The  Treasury  Depart- 
ment issues  a  statement  showing  a  net 
surplus  of  $1,566,571. 

Conn.     Morgan  G.   Bulkeley's  claim 

that  he  is  dejure  governor  of  the  State 
is  upheld  by  a  decision  of  the  Superior 
Court  at  Hartford. 

la.  Horace  Boies  (Dem._)  is  renomi- 
nated for  governor. 

June  26.  Sp.  The  new  Spanish  Com- 
mercial Treaty  with  the  United  States 
is  signed  at  INIadrid  (operative  on  Sept.  1). 

June  30.  1).  C.  The  "Weather  Btireau 
is  transferred  from  the  "War  to  the 
Agricultural  Department,  and  Mark 
W.  Harrington  appointed  its  chief. 

Statistics  for  the  fiscal  year.  Rev- 
enue :  Custpms,  $219,522,205 ;  internal 
revenue,  .^145,686,249;  sales  of  public 
lands,  $4,029,535;  miscellaneous  items, 
§23,374,457.  Total  revenue,  $392,612,446. 
Expenditures:  Premiums  on  loans,  pur- 
chase of  bonds,  etc.,  $10,401,221 ;  miscel- 
laneous items,  $110,048,167 ;  War  Depart- 
ment, $48,720,005 ;  Navy  Department, 
$26,113,896;  Indians,  $8,527,409 ;  pen- 
sions, $124,415,951 ;  interest  on  the  public 
debt,  $37,547,135.  Total  ordinary  expen- 
ditures, $365,773,904:  excess  of  revenue 
over  ordinary  expenditures,  $26,838,542. 
Exports,  $884,480,810  ;  imports,  $844,916,- 
196.     Public  debt  (Dec.  1),  $1,546,961,695. 

July  1.  Cal.  The  Australian  Ballot 
Law  becomes  operative. 

D.  C.    President  Harrison   issues 

a  proclamation  that  Belgium,  France, 
Great  Britain,  and  Switzerland  have 
complied  with  the  first  conditions  of 
the  International  Copyright  Act ;  the 
act  goes  into  effect. 

The  Treasury  Department  reports  a 
reduction  of  $20,000,000  of  debt, 
and  $53,853,808  surplus  for  the  fiscal 
year. 

la.  Hiram  C.  Wheeler  (Rep.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

July  2.  D.  C.  At  a  special  meeting  of 
the  Cabinet  it  is  decided  to  extend  the 
4i  per  cent  bonds  at  2  per  cent  after 
Sept.  2 ;  a  circular  is  issued  to  this  effect. 

July  7.  Cal.  The  Attorney-General  or- 
ders that  the  Itata,  now  at  San  Diego, 
be  libeled  for  attempting  to  carry  mu- 
nitions of  war  to  the  Chilean  insurgents. 


[July  9.  Another  libel  is  filed  for  violat- 
ing the  Neutrality  Law.] 

July  9.  D.  C.  President  Harrison  ap- 
points T.  C.  Mendenhall,  of  the  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey,  and  C.  H.  Merriam, 
of  the  Agricultural  Department,  Com- 
missioners to  visit  Alaska  and  gather 
information  on  the  Bering  Sea  question. 

July  15.  D.  C.  The  Postmaster-General 
issues  a  notice  to  bidders  to  carry  the 
U.  S.  mail  to  foreign  countries  in  vessels 
of  American  build. 

O.  James  K.  Campbell  (Dem.)  is  re- 
nominated for  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1891    June  21.    O.   On  the  Nickel  Plate 

Road  near  Dover  15  cars  are  wrecked ; 

one  man  is  killed  and  more  than  30  are 

injured. 
June  23.    .AT.  Y.    Nearly  20  people   are 

injured  by  a  collision  of  two  trains  at 

White  Plains. 
June  24.    Co7in.    Columbia  freshmen 

defeat  Harvard  and  Yale  in  a  boat-race  ; 

time,  9.41. 

June  25.  Conn.  In  the  Oth  intercol- 
legiate boat-race,  three  miles  straight, 
the  Cornell  crew  breaks  the  record,  and 
defeats  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
by  six  lengths,  and  Columbia  by  13 
lengths ;  time,  14  minutes,  27^  seconds. 

June  27.  X.  Y.  Commissioners  con- 
demn 50  acres  on  Plum  Island  for 
Government  purposes,  fixing  the  price 
at  $90,000. 

June  30.  Colo.  The  first  passenger-train 
ascends  the  inclined  railway  on  Pike's 
Peak. 

Ifew  York.    The  Board  of  Aldermen 

decide  against  the  Slevated  Railroad's 
occupancy  of  part  of  the  Battery  Park. 
Vote,  10-8. 

July  1.  Mass.  Ilolden  celebrates  the 
150th  anniversary  of  its  settlement. 

July  3.  O.  A  freig:ht- train  crashes 
into  an  express-train  at  Ravenna ;  the 
wreck  takes  tire  from  the  lamps,  and  19 
of  the  passengers  are  burned  to  death. 

U.   S.      It   is   reported    that    during 

the  first  six  months  of  the  current 
year  16  complete  railroads  — mileage, 
2,590,  bonded  debt  and  capital  stock, 
$100,531,000  — have  been  sold  to  satisfy 
creditors'  claims. 

July  4.  iV.  Va.  In  an  accident  on  the 
Kanawha  and  Michigan  Railroad  14 
persons  are  kiUed  and  many  injured. 

July  6.  N.  Y.  The  New  York  and  Brook- 
lyn Bridge  trustees  turn  over  the 
bridge  funds  to  the  two  cities  —  $100,000 
to  Brooklyn  and  $50,000  to  New  York. 

July?.  AVw  Y(yrk.  The  Empire  Print- 
ing Works  are  burned  ;  loss,  $175,000. 

July  8.  0.  A  large  building  and  a  valu- 
able stock  of  furs  are  destroyed  by  fire 
in  Cincinnati ;  loss,  nearly  $900,000. 

July  9±.    Cal.     Bush  fires  burn  over 

10,000  acres  of  grain,  feed,  and  timber 

lands. 
July  11.    Pa.    A  syndicate  purchases  for 

$1,000,000  the  stores  of  the   Cambria 

Iron  Company  at  Pittsburg. 


388    1891,  July  15-Aug.  15. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1891  July  20.  Temi.  A  body  of  1,000 
miners  at  Briceville  compel  the  militia 
to  withdraw  with  the  convicts  sent  to 
work  in  the  mines  ;  the  governor  orders 
10  companies  of  militia  to  the  place. 

July  21.  iV.  }'.  The  Waval  Reserve 
and  the  Squadron  of  Svolution  unite 
in  a  drill  in  the  North  River. 

Aug.  1.  />.  C.  John  S.  Poland  is  com- 
missioned colonel —  17th  infantry. 

Aug.  11.  N.  y.  A  satisfactory  test  is 
made  of  the  Sims-Edison  torpedo- 
boat  at  Willet'3  Point ;  its  speed  is  20 
miles  an  hour  under  perfect  control. 

JV.  J.    A  charge  of  440  pounds  of 

jKJwder  is  used  in  the  13-inch  gun  at  the 
Government  proving-grounds,  Sandy 
Hook  ;  the  French  smokeless  powder  is 
also  satisfactorily  tested. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  July  21.  Va.  A  monument  to 
"Stonewall"  Jackson  is  unveiled  at 
Lexington.  Gen.  Juhal  A.  Early  is  the 
orator. 

July  23.  Prof.  Herbert  B.  Adams  of 
Johns  Hopkins  University  is  appointed 
chief  of  the  World's  Fair  Department 
of  liiberal  Arts. 

July  28.  Commander  Perry  of  the  North 
Greenland  exploring  party  reports 
his  vessel,  the  steamer  Kite,  ice-bound 
in  the  Straits  of  Belle  Isle. 

Aug.  5.  Pa.  A  cloudburst  floods  the 
country  near  Harrisburg.  [Aug.  23.  An- 
other at  Pottsville.] 

Aug.  9.  Cat.  A  great  earthquake  and 
tidal  wave  occur  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Colorado  River,  accompanied  by  wonder- 
ful phenomena ;  the  whole  region  is 
stirred  by  hundreds  of  mud  volcanoes 
and  sulphur  eruptions. 

Aug.  12.  D,  a  The  14th  annual  con- 
vention of  the  American  Society  of 
Microscopists  meets  at  Washington. 

Aug.  13.  Mass.  The  Soldiers*  Memo- 
rial Monument  at  Cottage  City  Is  dedi- 
cated. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1891. 

July  17.    Browne,  Thomas  M.,  statesman, 
A62. 

July  30.    Davenport,  Fanny  K.  V.,  actor, 
A62. 

July  35.  Newcomb,  Richard  S.,  lawyer,  A47. 

-July  36.    IJillingliam,  Paul,  (Jov.  of  Vt.,  A92. 

July  38.     Havemeyer,  Frederick  C,  sugar 
refiner,  A84. 

Aug-.  6.    Axtell,  Samuel  B.,  Gov.  of  New 
Mexico,  A72. 

Aug*.  7.    Bocock,  Thomas  S.,  speaker  Con- 
federate Congress,  A66. 

Augr.  8.     Blgelow,    Allen    Gilman,  author, 
poet,  musician,  A37. 

Aug.  9.    Campbell,  Jabez  Pitt,  bishop  Afri- 
can Meth.  Kpis.  Church,  A76. 

Aug.  13.    .Jones,   George,    proprietor    New 
York  Times,  A 80. 

Lowell,  James  Kussell,  poet,  professor 

at  Harvard,  minister  to  England,  A72. 

CHURCH. 
1891  Aug.  2.  X.  J.  The  relics  of  St. 
Quietus  the  Martyr  (discovered  in 
1849,  and  given  to  the  Rev.  A.  Curren  by 
Pope  Pius  IX.,  with  authority  to  expose 
them  for  public  veneration)  are  trans- 


ferred with  great  ceremonial  from  old 
St.  Mary's  Church  to  a  new  resting-place 
in  Hoboken. 
Aug.  13.  The  Pan-Republic  Congress 
Executive  Committee  calls  upon  min- 
isters and  others  to  use  for  their  text  on 
Discovery  Day,  Oct.  16,  the  words  cast 
on  the  Independence  Bell  of  Philadel- 
phia—a  bell  rung  on  July  4,  1776,  (See 
Lev,  XXV.  10,) 

LETTERS. 

1891  July  17.  I.T,  The  Indian  Bureau 
makes  contracts  this  year  with  Cath- 
olic Indian  Schools  directly,  instead 
of  through  the  Bureau  of  Catholic  In- 
dian Missions  as  before  ;  amount  given, 
$400,000,  as  against  $3ti0,000  last  year. 

July  26,  Chicago.  Orrington  Lunt  has 
presented  $50,000  to  found  anew^  library 
building  for  the  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity. 

July  27 1.  Pa.  The  University  of 
Pennsylva^a  receives  several  large 
bequests  for  the  "  School  of  American 
History  and  Institutions." 

Aug.  15.  Tex.  The  attorney-general  de- 
cides that  nuns  are  eligible  to  teach 
in  the  public  schools  of  this  State. 

SOCIETY. 

1891  July  15.  Cal.  A  riot  occurs  in 
San  Diego,  when  deputy  marshals  try 
to  arrest  some  of  the  Charleston  sea- 
men ;  one  sailor  is  killed  and  one  fatally 
woiuided. 

2i.  Y.    The  National  Temperance 

Convention  begins  its  session  at  Sara- 
toga. 

The  International  Medical  Con- 
gress, called  for  the  discussion  of  the 
use  of  alcohol  by  physiciaus,  meets  at 
the  National  Prohibition  Park,  Staten 
Island  ;  Dr.  N.  S.  Davis  of  Chicago  pre- 
sides. 

Tenn.  Armed  miners  oppose  con- 
vict labor  in  mines  ;  the  authorities  de- 
termine to  have  the  convicts  work,  even 
if  blood  is  shed. 

[July  20.  The  free  miners  attack  the 
militia  at  Briceville,  and  force  the  con- 
tractors to  withdraw  the  convict  miners 
from  their  work.  July  24.  A  compro- 
mise is  agreed  to ;  the  convicts  are 
allowed  to  return  to  work  without 
military  protection,  and  the  Legislature 
must  change  the  law  to  suppress  such 
labor  within  60  days.]  (See  Aug.  31, 
Sept.  11.) 

July  16.  D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  awards  a  silver  life-saving 
medal  to  Mabel  Mason  for  saving 
Thomas  Jones  from  drowning  in  the 
Detroit  Kiver  on  May  11. 

Afass.     At  Greenfield  the  grand  jury 

reports  the  indictment  of  County  Treas- 
urer C.  M.  Moody,  who  pleads  guilty  to 
the  last  count  —  the  embezzlement  of 
$i6,ooo. 

Mo.    The  glassblowers'  conventional 

St.  Louis  votes  to  withdraw  from  the 
Knights  of  Labor. 

.V.  Y.  The  National  Photogra- 
phers* Association  is  in  session  at 
Buffalo. 

July  18.  iV*.  H.  Frank  Almy  shoots 
Miss  Christie  V/arden  at  Hanover,  be- 
cause of  her  refusal  to  marry  him. 


[Aug.  20.  Almy  is  captured  in  a  barn 
on  the  Warden  place ;  he  surrenders  only 
after  long  parleying  and  much  sliooting 
on  both  sides,  iu  which  one  man  is 
wounded.] 

N.  Y.     Charles  Runels  bequeaths  six 

thousand  dollars  to  the  Methodist 
Old  People's  Home  in  Brooklyn. 

July  19.  N.  J.  A  Chinaman  is  imder 
arrest  for  abducting  a  15-year-old  girl 
in  Camden. 

July  20.  Minn.  A  mass-meeting  is  held 
at  St.  Paul,  to  protest  against  allowing 
the  Hall-Fitzsimmons  prize-fight  to 
take  place  there. 

At  the  close  of  the  meeting  about  5,000^ 
people  proceed  to  the  State  Capitol  to 
present  a  memorial  to  Gov.  Merriam 
concerning  jt.  [July  22.  The  governor's 
resolute  action  prevents  the  tight.] 

7?.  /.  The  American  "Whist  Con- 
gress meets  at  Providence. 

July  22.  Boston.  The  Republican  Press 
Club  of  Massachusetts  is  organized; 
Joseph  L.  Shipley  of  the  Springjield 
Union  is  elected  president. 

Ga.      H.    C.    Brown,    editor    of    the 

Southei^  Alliance  Farvier  of  Atlanta,  is 
arrested  for  editorially  advertising  a 
lottery  in  his  paper. 

///.    The  Highland  Association  of 

Illinois  unanimously  elects  Sir  William 
Gordon-Curaming  honorary  chief,  in 
place  of  the  late  Sir  John  Macdonald. 

Minn.    The  General  Grand  Chapter 

of  the  Royal  Arch  Masons  of  the 
United  States  begins  its  28th  triennial 
convocation  in  Minneapolis. 

July  23.  Boston.  At  a  meeting  of  the 
Patriotic  Order  Sons  of  America,  an 
anti-Catholic  State  ticket  is  nominated. 

New    York.     The  city  editor  of  the 

Daily  Neics  is  indicted  for  violating 
the  law  forbidding  papers  publishing 
detailed  accoimts  of  executions  by 
electricity. 

Phila.     The   Jewish   Alliance   of 

America  issues  a  circular  containing 
a  detailed  plan  of  distributing  Kussian 
Jews  in  communities  throughout  the 
West  and  South. 

July  24.  N.  Y.  Augustus  Lewis  is  ar- 
rested for  bigamy  in  Kllenville  ;  he  has 
jio  less  than  eight  living  wives,  ranging 
in  age  from  22  to  50  years,  while  he  him- 
self is  but  47  years  old, 

July  25.  New  Yorh.  S.  W.  Lewis  is  con- 
victed of  defrauding  his  wife  of  over 
$50,000,  and  sentent-eil  to  seven  years 
and  six  mouths  iu  prison. 

July  26.  N.  Y.  Spiritualists  open  a 
Congress  at  Cassadaga  Lake,  Chautau- 
qua County  ;  it  is  to  last  six  weeks. 

Tenn.    A  negro  is  lynched  by  men 

armed  with  AVinchester  rities,  in  Jack- 
son. 

July  27.  N.  J.  Tlie  street-car  lines  of 
Newark  are  tied  up  by  a  strike. 

Jtdy  28.  O.  "W.  E.  Elliott,  former  pro- 
prietor and  editor  of  the  Sundaij  Capital, 
Columbus,  who  killed  a  reporter  of  the 
Sunday  World,  is  convicted  of  murder 
in  the  second  degree. 

July  29.  ///.  The  National  Memorial 
Hall  Association,  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic,  of  Decatur,  is  incorporated, 
its  purpose  being  to  build  a  hall  in  which 
to  preserve  official  records  of  the  Grand 
Army,  war  relics,  trophies,  etc. 


UNITED    STATES.         1891,  July  15 -Aug.  15.      389 


X.  y.  The  American  Paper  Man- 
ufacturers* Association  begins  its  Hth 
annual  meeting  at  Saratoga. 

Xew  Yor/.-.    'J'ho  New  York  Herald  is 

indicted  for  publishing  the  details  of 
the  recent  executions  uy  electricity  in 
Sing  Sing  pri.son. 

July  31.  III.  Farmers  notify  the  mer- 
chants of  Tlionipsonville  that  if  the 
three  saloons  located  there  are  not 
closed  at  once  they  will  boycott  the 
town. 

Chicago.  Raih'oad  strikers  are  fined 

for  conspiracy. 

July*  U.  S.  The  Knights  Templars 
report  a  membership  of  85,443. 

Aug.  1.  Afick.  A  farmer  named  "Wil- 
liam Kepke,  in  Rf)ger8  City,  near  Alpena, 
confesses  having  killed  two  men  — 16 
years  ago ;  he  says  he  is  conscience- 
stricken,  and  can  get  no  rest. 

Aug.  2.  Xeb.  A  mob  of  several  hun- 
dred drunken  men  attacks  the  Omaha 
and  Granite  Smelting  Works  in  Omaha, 
driving  out  the  workmen  in  defiance  of 
all  the  authorities. 

ATcw  York.  C.  E.  Goodwin,  a  commis- 
sion njerchant,  is  fatally  shot  at  his  own 
door  by  B.  C.  Webster  while  under  the 
iutluence  of  liquor. 

S.  liak.  Judge  Aiken  puts  an  estop- 
pel upon  the  wholesale  granting  of  di- 
vorces in  this  State  by  affirming  that 
divorce  papers  will  be  issued  only  on 
good  grounds  to  actual  residents. 

Aug.  3.  N.  J.  Asbury  Park  and  Ocean 
Grove  have  a  baby  parade,  which  is 
two  hours  in  passing. 

Aug.  4.  la.  A  bloody  fight  takes 
place  near  the  Texas  line  between  cat- 
tlemen and  thieves  ;  16  men  are  killed 
and  several  wounded. 

Mich.    The   Grand  Army  of   the 

Republic  meets  in  its  25th  National 
Encampment  at  Detroit ;  [John  Palmer 
of  N.  Y.,  commander-in-chief;  40,000 
veterans  march  in  the  parade]. 

Pa.     The  Pottsville  Iron  and  Steel 

Company  are  running  five  large  double 
furnaces  with  non-union  men. 

Aug.  5.  D.  C.  The  CathoUc  Total 
Abstinence  Union  opens  its  21st  an- 
nual session  in  Washington,  Bishop  Cot- 
ter, of  Winona,  Minn.,  presiding;  total 
membership  represented,  53,000,  besides 
several  detached  societies. 

Afich,     The  Women's   Relief   Corps 

meets  in  convention  at  Detroit,  Mrs. 
Mary  S.  M'Henry,  national  president,  in 
the  chair. 

Its  membership  (77,779)  is  divided  into 
2,022  corps,  and  represents  nearly  every 
State  and  Territory  in  the  Union. 

Nem  York.      The  police  make  a  raid 

on  10  Chinese  **  fan-tan,"  dens  captur- 
ing 36  Chinamen. 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce  gives  a 
dinner  to  the  oflacers  of  the  Squadron 
of  Evolution. 

Aug.  8.  Masn.  Calvin  Page  of  Boston 
recovers  his  two  daughters  from  the 
Pai  Ute  Indians  of  Dakota;  they  had 
been  held  prisoners  for  12  years. 

Aug.  9.  ^fich.  The  mayor  of  Escanaba 
forbids  by  pr( K-lamatii ui  'ex-Priest  Chini- 
quy  lecturing  in  the  city ;  he  also  for- 
bids own»^rs  ami  managers  of  public 
places  of  assembly  renting  the  same  for 
the  delivery  of  the  Cliiniquy  auti-Catho- 
lic  lectures. 


X.    Y.      Brooklyn    police    capture    a 

girl  burg;lar,  making  three  females  ar- 
rested within  two  weeks  for  that  crime. 

Aug.  10.  Chicago.  The  president  and 
vice-president  of  the  '*  National  Capital 
Building  and  Loan  Association  of  Is  orth 
America,"  with  stock  for  *'JO,<X>0,0(K),  are 
arrested  by  the  post-office  authorities 
for  swindling. 

Aug.  11.  Mass.  The  19th  annual  con- 
vention of  Fire  Engineers  assembles 
at  Springfield. 

Aug.  12.  Ga.  The  g(:)vernor  signs  the 
bill  prohibiting  the  sale  of  liquor 
within  three  miles  of  any  church  or 
school,  except  in  incorporated  cities  ; 
this  nearly  approaches  virtual  prohibi- 
tion In  Georgia. 

Aug.  13.  1).  C.  President  Harrison  re- 
ceives from  Queen  Victoria  a  despatch 
expressing  her  sorrow  and  regret  on  the 
death  of  James  Hussell  Lowell. 

New  York.    Over   1,000  cloakmakers, 

cutters,  tailors,  and  pressors  go  out  on 
strike. 

A.  Backer,  who  recently  failed  for 
$4,000,000,  is  arrested  on  a  charge  of 
grand  larceny. 

Aug.  14-  Mass.  James  Russell  Lowell 
is  buried  from  Aiipleton  Chapel,  Har- 
vard University,  with  simple  and  unos- 
tentatious services. 

N.  Y.    A  Brooklyn  boy,  15  years  old, 

one  of  a  gang  of  "  iaeard-pullera  "  (He- 
brews being  tue  victims),  is  sentenced  to 
25  days  in  jail. 

Aug.  15.  la.  The  National  Colored 
Congress  is  in  session  in  Red  Oak. 

New  York.     The  Foresters  have  a 

grand  parade  of  about  15,000  men. 

STATE. 

1891  July  16.  D.  C.  The  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  issues  a  call  on  Na- 
tional Bank  depositories  for  nearly 
$4,000,000  of  Government  funds  in  their 
possession. 

July  25.  Alas.  The  British  and 
American  Bering  Sea  Commission- 
ers meet  for  consultation  at  Ounalaska. 

July  29.  U.  S.  Senator  Quay  and 
Col.  Dudley  resign  their  offices  in 
the  National  Republican  Comnuttee ; 
Gen.  James  S.  Clarkson  of  la.  is  elected 
chairman. 

July  31.  D.  C.  President  Harrison  is- 
sues aproclamation  announcingatreaty 
of  reciprocity  with  San  Domingo. 

Aug.  1.  D.  C.  Bering  Sea  is  divided 
into  districts  for  patrol  purposes ;  one 
legal  warning  is  given  to  sealing  vessels. 

Aug.  3.  Ky.  In  the  State  election  a 
Democratic  governor  and  other  officers 
are  chosen,  and  the  new  Constitution  is 
ratified.    Vote,  312,950-74,446. 

Aug.  6.  La.  The  Farmers*  Alliance 
and  the  anti-lottery  Democrats  unite 
upon  a  joint  ticket. 

O.     John  Seitz  (People's    Party)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  11.  7V.F.  The  people  ratify  five 
Amendments  to  the  State  Constitution 
so  as  to  authorize  :  Registration  of  voters 
in  cities  of  10,000  and  over ;  legal  rate  of 
interest,  10  per  cent,  but  where  In  con- 
tracts rate  is  not  stated,  6  per  cent ; 
extended    facilities    for    adopting   and 


enforcing  local  prohibition;  creation  of 
additional  courts  and  criminal  appeals. 
Aug.  13.    n.     C.    Tlie     President     pro- 
claims the  Cherokee  strip  in  Oklahoma 

closed  to  settlers. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1891    July  15.    Neto  York.    A  lumber 
raft  arrives  from  St.  John,  N.  B.,  con- 
taining 3,500,000  feet. 

Pa.      Glassware     manufacturers 

combine  with  those  of  Ohio  and  West 
Virginia,  forming  one  associatiim  of  IS 
firms,  called  the  United  States  Glass 
Company ;  capital,  §1.000,000. 

July  17.  Mass.  A  fire  at  Lynn  de- 
stroys two  business  blocks  ;  loss,  $200,000. 

O.    Nine  men  are  killed,  a  number 

injured,  and  two  locomotives  and  12  cars 
wrecked,  at  Hepburn. 

The  Southeastern  Mississippi  A'alley 

Association  of  Bailroads  is  organized. 

July  19.  O.  The  Standard  Oil  Com- 
pany obtains  all  the  wells  of  the  Mar- 
ion Natural  Gas  Company. 

July  22.  NeteYork.  The  Eapid  Tran- 
sit Commission  decides  upon  a  route 
for  a  four-track  underground  railway 
for  the  East  Side. 

JYash.    Five    car-loads    of   stolen 

horses,  valued  at  $10,000,  are  shijjped 
from  Pampa  to  Chicago  over  the  Union 
Pacific  Railroad. 

July  23.  Mich.  The  Detroit  Street  Rail- 
ways, over  80  miles  long,  are  purchased 
by  a  New  York  and  Boston  syndicate 
for  about  $5,000,000. 

July  24.  Phila.  Campbell  and  Elliott's 
cotton-milU  are  burned  ;  loss,  $KiO,000. 

July  25.    O.     An    exclusion- train   is 

wrecked  near  Middletown;  seven  per- 
sons are  killed  and  many  injured. 

Tex.  Ballaslosesabout$2,000,000 

by  a  fire  in  its  business  section. 

JVis.    All  the  street-railway  lines  and 

electric-lighting  facilities  in  Milwaukee 
are  placed  under  the  control  of  the  Vil- 
lard  syndicate. 

July  31.  Ky.  A  train  is  wrecked  near 
Louisville ;  13  persons  are  killed  and  18 
injured. 

Aug.  1.  Boston.  A  Kindling  Wood 
Trust  is  formed. 

Aug.  3.  N.  Y.  The  Richmond  County 
Electric  Light,  Heat,  and  Power  Com- 
pany's works  at  St.  George  are  destroyed 
by  fire;  loss,  $150,000. 

Aug.  5.  Neiv  York.  The  White  Star 
steamship  Majestic  arrives  from  Queens- 
town,  after  breaking  the  record,  hav- 
ing made  the  voyage  in  five  days,  18 
hours,  and  eight  minutes. 

Aug.  6.  N.  Y.  A  passenger-train  dashes 
into  the  rear  end  of  a  freight-train 
near  Syracuse  on  the  "West  Shore  Road  ; 
13  persons  are  killed  and  over  20  injured. 

Aug.  8.  Eng.  The  American  dory.  Sea 
Serpent,  Capt.  Lawlor,  after  crossing 
the  Atlantic,  arrives  at  Cowes,  Isle  of 
Wight. 

Mich.   Forest  fires  rage  in  the  north 

part  of  the  State. 

New    York.     The   price   of   crude 

petroleum  jumps  from  53  cents  to  70^ 
cents  in  two  hours. 


I 


390    18  9 1,  Aug.  15  -  Sept.  19. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1891  Aug.  17.  Tex.  Troops  are  search- 
ing for  Simon  Garcia,  a  notorious 
bandit  and  train-robber,  who  with  25 
followers  is  raiding  the  country  north  of 
Brownsville. 

Aug.  19.  Cal.  The  cruiser  Charleston 
leaves  San  Francisco  for  Yokohama. 

Sept.  7.  Secretary  Tracy  orders  the  war- 
ship Pensacola  to  proceed  at  once  to 
Honolulu  to  protect  American  inter- 
ests. 

Sept.  10.  7?.  /.  The  150th  anniversary 
of  the  Newport  Artillery  is  cele- 
brated. 

D.  C.  Charles  T.  Alexander  is  com- 
missioned colonel  —  medical  depart- 
ment. [Oct.  14.  Edward  P.  Pearson  — 
10th  infantry.  Dec.  4.  Horace  Jewett 
—  21st  infantry.] 

ART—  SCIENCE  — NATURE. 

1891  Aug.  17±.  Cal.  The  amount  of 
water  in  the  Salton  Basin  is  estimated 
at  4,460,544,000  cubic  feet.  [Oct.  n±. 
The  lake  is  rapidly  disappearing.] 

Pn.     Experiments  made  in  Pittsburg 

relating  to  the  properties  of  nickel-steel 
and  manganese- bronze  result  in  the 
discovery  of  a  new  nietal  with  superior 
characteristics  for  all  uses. 

It  is  of  high  tensile  strength,  impervi- 
ous to  acids,  indestructible  by  corrosion, 
and  capable  of  being  wrought  while 
either  hot  or  cold. 

Aug.  18-26.  Tex.  Gen.  R.  G.  Dyrenforth 
conducts  experiments  for  the  Govern- 
ment, near  Midland,  for  the  artificial 
production  of  rain  by  firing  explosives 
in  the  upper  air.  [Aug.  27.  Success  re- 
ported —  later  denied.] 

Aug.  19.  D.C.  The  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science 
meets  at  Washington.  [Prof.  Joseph 
Leconte,  president.] 

Vt.  A  monument  308  feet  high,  com- 
memorative of  the  Battle  of  Benning- 
ton, is  dedicated  at  Bennington. 

Aug.  20.  III.  An  air-ship  at  Monti- 
cello  is  guided  by  means  of  a  sky  bicycle 
so  that  it  safely  lands  five  miles  from 
the  place  of  ascension. 

Aug.  24.  D.  C.  The  American  Society 
of  Geologists  meets  at  Washington. 
[It  annoimces  the  discovery  of  the 
**  correlation  of  geological  forma- 
tions,"] 

Aug.  26.  D.  C.  The  5th  International 
Geological  Congress  begins  its  ses- 
sions in  Washington. 

Aug.  31.  .V.  }'.  The  26th  annual  ses- 
sion of  the  American  Social  Science 
Association  is  opened  in  Saratoga  ;  ad- 
dress by  President  Andrew  D.  ^^^ute. 

Sept.  11.  Cal.  Petroleum  oil  is  discov- 
ered at  Cobiago,  50  miles  southwest  of 
Fresno. 

Sept.  15.  K.Y.  The  Rensselaer  County 
Soldiers*  and  Sailors*  monument  is 
dedicated  at  Troy.  [Sept.  17.  Another 
at  Tonkers.] 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1891. 

Aug:.  16.  Sorakichi,  Matsada  U.,  Japanese 
wrestler,  A33. 

Aug-.  31.  Bragg,  AValter  L.,  interstate 
commerce  connniasioner,  A53. 

Aug-.  37.  Poiueroy,  Samuel  C,  senator 
for  Kan.,  A76. 

Aug.  31.  Olinstead,  John  W.,  liapt.  cler- 
gyman, editor,  A75. 

Sept.  9.    Bundy,  Jonas  M.,  journalist,  A55. 

Sept.  11.  Latrobe,  John  II.  B.,  lawyer, 
philanthropist,  historian,  inventor,  A88. 

Sept.  14.  Loring,  George  B.,  commissioner 
agriculture,  A74. 

Sept.  18.    Quimby,  Isaac  F.,  gen.,  A70. 


CHURCH. 

1891    Aug.  16.    X.   v.    Betvpeen    3,000 

and  4,000  Roman  Catholics,  principally 
from  Troy  and  Albany,  make  a  pilgri- 
mage to  the  shrine  of  Our  Ijady 
of  Martyrs  at  Auriesville,  the  place 
where  two  missionary  priests  are  said 
to  have  been  killed  by  Indians  in  1G42. 

Aug.  26.  X.  J.  Thirty  thousand  per- 
sons attend  the  Ocean  Grove  Camp- 
meeting. 

Sept.  18.  Xew  York.  The  Temple 
Beth-el,  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
magnificent  Jewish  synagogues  in  the 
country,  is  dedicated  with  imposing  cer- 
emonies. 

LETTERS. 

1891  Sept.  3.  K.  Y.  Horace  B.  Silli- 
man  of  Cohoes  is  elected  president  of 
Hamilton  CoUege. 

Sept.  8.  ///.  Mrs.  Emily  Huntington 
Miller  is  elected  principal  of  the 
Woman's  College  of  the  North- 
western University. 


SOCIETY. 

1891  Aug.  16.  N.  J.  The  Platt- 
deutsch  Volksvest  Verein  begins  its  an- 
nual festival  at  Union  Hill. 

Aug.  17.  Ark.  J.  L.  Bay,  an  expert  ac- 
countant, employed  to  examine  the  books 
of  ex-Treasurer  Woodruff,  is  arrested  oa 
a  charge  of  stealing  $100,000  iu  State 
script.    (See  June  26.) 

Xew  York.  People's  baths  are  suc- 
cessfully opened  at  No.  9  Centre  Market- 
place, in  a  thickly  settled  neighborhood, 
by  the  New  York  Association  for  Im- 
proving the  Condition  of  the  Poor. 

Aug.  18.  Phifa.  Charles  Lawrence,  ex- 
cashier  of  the  Keystone  National  Bank, 
is  sentenced  to  seven  years'  imprison- 
ment. [Sept.  7.  One  of  the  clerks,  J.  F. 
Lawrence,  is  arrested.] 

X.  }'.    President  Harrison  makes 

speeches  at  many  cities  en  route  from 
Cape  May  to  Bennington,  Vt.,  to  attend 
the  dedication  of  a  battle  monument. 

[Aug.  25.  He  speaks  at  Saratoga,  and 
makes  eight  speeches  en  route  to  St. 
Albans.  Aug.  26.  He  speaks  in  Vermont 
to  large  assemblies  at  Richmond.  Water- 
bury,  Montpelier,  Plainfleld.  and  St. 
Johnsbury.  At  Montpelier  he  speaks  in 
the  Capitol  to  the  members  of  the  State 
Legislature.  Aug.  27.  He  speaks  at 
Bellows  Falls  and  other  places.  Aug. 
28.    At  Rutland  and  Proctor.] 

Aug.  24.  Mo.  Brutal  outrages  are  per- 
petrated by  a  band  of  15  men  to  drive 
the  Chinese  from  Missonla. 

Pa.    A  desperado  holds  up  a  train 

an*!  robs  and  shoots  several  persons 
while  two  of  his  companions  keep  guard. 


Aug.  25.  Conn.  The  National  Conven- 
tion of  the  Daughters  of  Liberty,  rep- 
resenting a  membership  of  0,402,  opens 
at  Waterbury. 

Aug.  26.  Boston.  The  American  Bar 
Association  meets.  [Aug.  28.  It  votes 
medals  to  David  Dudley  Field  and  Lord 
Selborne.] 

Cal.  Three  hundred  employers  orga- 
nize a  Manufacturers  Association  in  San 
Francisco  to  resist  the  encroach nt cuts  of 

trades- unions. 

Aug.  27.  A'w.  Two  men  are  killed  and 
one  mortally  wounded  in  a  feud  at 
Georgetown. 

Aug.  28.  ///.  The  survivors  of  the 
Black  Hawk  "War  of  1831  and  1832 
hold  their  first  reunion  at  Lena ;  17 
veterans  attend. 

A'//.     W.   Dudley,  colored,  is    taken 

from  jail   and   lynched   by   a   mob   at 

Georgetown. 

Pkila.    Alfred    H.    Love    is    elected 

president  of  the  Universal  Peace 
Union. 

Aug.  29.  Knn.  A  feud  results  in  the 
wilful  shooting  of  J.  P.  Farr  by  C.  A. 
Schultz,  both  farmers  of  Doniphan; 
Farr  is  mortally  wounded. 

Aug.  30.  Ind.  The  United  Brethren 
brick  church  at  Bourbon  is  wrecked  by 
dynamite. 

X.  Y.    A  ruflian  enters  a  convent 

attached  to  the  chvirch  of  Our  Mother 
of  Sorrows,  assaults  several  of  the  nmis, 
and  escapes. 

Tenn.    An  ex-preacher,  S.  C.  Stone, 

is  arrested  in  Memphis  on  a  charge  of 
arson. 

Aug.  31,  Conn.  Henry  Bushenhagen, 
aged  69,  and  his  wife  Emily,  aged  71,  are 
killed    in    Bloomfield    by   a  tramp    to 

whom  they  gave  shelter  ;  $200  reward  is 
offered  for  his  capture. 

Chicago.  The  cabinet-makers  are  or- 
dered out  on  strike. 

Kan.    A  secret  order  of  boomers 

is  organized  on  the  border  of  Southern 
Kansas  for  the  purpose  of  making  a 
raid  on  the  Cherokee  Strip,  burning  the 
grass,  killing  the  cattle,  and  holding  the 
land  for  homes. 

X.  Y.  The  American  Social  Sci- 
ence Association  opens  its  meeting  at 
Saratoga;  president,  Andrew  D.  White. 
[It  discusses  labor  organizations  and 
trades-unions.] 

Tenn.  The  Legislature  denies  the  pe- 
tition of  the  free  miners,  and  declares 
its  contract  with  the  lessee  of  convict 
labor  is  binding,  and  must  be  observed 
until  the  expiration  of  the  lease.  (See 
July  15.) 

Aug.  *  Kan.  "White  maskers  fasten  a 
boy  17  years  of  age  to  a  fence-post,  and 
give  him  100  lashes  for  knocking  down 
his  father  and  ill  treating  his  mother 
and  sisters. 

Sept.  1.  Colo.  Seven  masked  men 
stop  a  Denver  and  Rio  (irande  train, 
rob  the  express-car  of  $3,600,  and  es- 
cape. 

X.  J.     Lai^e    quantities    of    Paris 

green  are  found  in  a  well  at  May's 
Landing;  a  timely  discovery  is  made, 
but  the  perpetrators  are  unknown. 

Xev  York.     Mayor  Grant  welcomes 

the  State  Liquor  Dealers*  Convention. 
He  says  that  there  are  not  enough 
police  to  enforce  the  Excise  Law,  and 
that  he  is  in  favor  of  legal  selling  dur- 
ing '*  certain  hours  "  on  Sundays. 


UNITED    STATES.  1891,  Aug.  15 -Sept.  19.    391 


Sept.  2.  Teoc.  Six  masked  robbers 
attack  a  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  train 
with  dynamite  ami  rifles  ;  they  Becure 
a  large  sum  of  money,  and  escape  to 
JVIexico. 

Sept.  3.  Chicago.  The  American  Sab- 
bath Union  representatives  argue  be- 
fore the  World's  Fair  Commission  in 
favor  of  closing  the  World's  Fair  on 
Sunday. 

Xev}  York.    The  police  are  forhidden 

to  receive  bribes  or  to  spy  into  illegal 
liquor-selling  during  forbidden  hours ; 
on  the  other  hand,  judges  refuse  to  hold 
the  liquor-dealers,  unless  the  police  can 
testify  that  they  bought  the  liquor  at 
their  saloons. 

Sept.  5.  A'.  Y.  Swiss- Americana  cel- 
ebrate the  fiOOth  anniversary  of  Swiss 
independence. 

Tex.    A  band  of  train-robbers  are 

overtaken  by  a  company  of  rangers  ;  13 
robbers  and  two  rangers  are  killed. 

Sept.  6.  Colored  cotton-pickers  per- 
fect an  organization  that  numbers 
half  a  million  throughout  the  Southern 
States ;  their  -wage-scale  demands  not 
less  than  $1  per  100  pounds,  and  board. 

Sept.  7.  Cal.  The  brig  Tahiti  arrives 
oft  San  Francisco  with  a  cargo  of  Gil- 
bert Islanders,  300  in  number  ;  they  are 
thought  to  be  slaves. 

Labor  Day  is  generally  observed 

throughout  the  country  ;  there  is  a  gen- 
eral cessation  of  business,  and  working 
men  indulge  in  parades  and  out-of-door 
pleasures. 

Sept.  8.  Conn.  Groton  celebrates  the 
noth  anniversary  of  the  Battle  of 
Groton  Heights. 

Sept.  9.  A'.  Y.  Mrs.  Leland  Stanford 
gives  property  valued  at  $100,000  for  the 
benefit  of  the  Society  for  the  Belief 
of  Orphans  and  Destitute  Children 
in  Albany. 

The  Relief  Fund  for  the  sufferers  by 
the  Park  Place  catastrophe  amounts  to 
$21,997.    (See  Miscellaneous,  Aug.  22.) 

Sept.  10.  Chimgn.  P.  W.  Dittlinger  is 
arrested  for  embezzling  $l6,ooo  from  the 
Chicago  Building  and  Loan  Association, 
of  which  he  was  treasurer. 

Sept.  11.  Tenn.  The  sub-lessees  at  the 
Briceville  mines  are  arming  guards  to 
prevent  interference  of  free  miners  with 
the  convict  miners.  (See  July  15.)  [Oct. 
31.  The  armed  miners  of  Briceville  visit 
two  prisons  and  set  300  convicts  free. 
Nov.  10.  At  Oliver  Springs  200  more  are 
set  at  liberty.] 

Sept.  12.  Ga.  Two  men  rob  the  night 
express  on  the  Central  Kailroad  10  miles 
west  of  Savannah. 

New  York.    The  253d  anniversary 

of  the  landing  of  the  Swedes  on  the 
shores  of  the  Delaware  is  celebrated. 

Sept.  13.  Ga.  Georgia  pays  a  pension 
of  .?100  each  annually  to  four  thousand 
Confederate  soldiers'  widows. 

Sept.  IB.  The  Brotherhood  of  Teleg- 
raphers and  the  EaUway  Telegra- 
phers tinite,  and  apply  for  admission 
to  the  Federal  Council  of  Railway  Em- 
ployees. 

- — Xew  York.  Mexicans  celebrate  the 
81st  anniversary  of  the  beginning  of  the 
war  for  Mexican  independence. 

. Utah.    The  Irrigation  Congress  is 

in  session  at  Salt  Lake  City. 


Sept.  17.  Chicago.  The  National  Asso- 
ciation of  Military  Surgeons  is  organ- 
ized. 

Tex.  E.  M.  Tate,  editor  of  the  Hop- 
kins County  Echo,  shoots  and  kills 
Everett  Moore,  editor  of  the  Alliance 
I'indicatorj  at  Dallas. 

Sept.  18.  N.  Y.  James  E.  Ostrander  of 
Kingston  is  arrested  for  stealing  $75,000 
from  the  Ulster  Coiuity  Savings  Institu- 
tion, of  which  he  was  treasurer. 

STATE. 

1891  Aug.  20.  Va.  Gen.  Mahone 
issues  a  political  circular,  in  which  he 
says  that  a  fair  election  cannot  be  had  in 
Virginia  under  the  present  law. 

Aug.  24.  73.  C.  The  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  gives  notice  that  the  4i  per 
cent  bonds  will  be  paid  upon  maturity, 
Sept.  2. 

Aug.  26.  Ga.  The  House  refuses  to 
accept  for  the  State  the  Confederate 
Veterans'  Home  erected  by  popular  sub- 
scription, and  costing  over  $50,000.  Vote, 
94-62. 

Aug.  27.  Md.  "W.G.  Van  Wort  (Kep.) 
is  nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  31.  Tenn.  The  Legislature  meets 
in  extra  session  to  consider  the  State 
convict  labor  system.  [Sept.  3.  The 
lower  House  votes  in  favor  of  convict 


Sept.  1.  D.  C.  The  Treasury  Depart- 
ment reports  the  public  debt  reduced 
$5,581,895  in  August. 

U.  S.   The  reciprocity  treaty  with 

Spain  regarding  Cuba  and  Porto  Kico 
takes  effect. 
Sept.  3.    Ger.    The  German  Govern- 
ment removes  the  prohibition  upon  the 
importation  of  American  pork. 
JV".  }'.    J.  W.  Bruce  (Prohib.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 
Sept.  4.    Chicago.    The  World's  Fair  Cor- 
poration asks  for  a  loan  of  $5,000,000 
from  the  U.  S.  Goverimient,  to  be  repaid 
out  of  the  first  receipts  of  the  Fair. 
Tenn.    The  House  resolution  declar- 
ing that  the  General  Assembly  has  no 
power  to  annul  the  convict  lease  passes 
the  State  Senate. 
Sept.  5.    D.   C.    The    Chilean    Minister 
leaves  Washington.   [Sept.  7.  The  State 
Department  ofiieially  recognizes  the  new 
Chilean  Government.] 
Sept.  9.    III.    The  World's  Fair  Board 
of  Control  asks  for  Federal  inspec- 
tion of  the  Exposition  buildings. 

Mass.    Charles  H.  Kimball  (Prohib.) 

is  nominated  for  governor. 
Jf.  Y.  J.  Sloat  Fassett  (Rep.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 
Sept.  12.  Tenn.  The  Legislature  kills 
the  bill  for  abolishing  the  convict-lease 
system  by  passing  a  bill  empowering 
the  governor  to  keep  the  National 
Guard  under  arms  to  prevent  and  sup- 
press unlawful  assemblages.  [Sept.  14. 
The  lower  House  passes  the  bUl 
against  prize-fighting.] 

-Mass.    Charles  W.  Lowell  (Rep.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

X.   Y.    Koswell  P.  Flower  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 


Sept.  18.  n.  C.  President  Harrison 
announces  by  proclamation  that  the 
ceded  Indian  lands  in  Oklahoma  Terri- 
tory will  open  to  settlement  Sept.  23. 

The  State  department  at  Washington 
is  formally  notified  that  a  band  of  men 
on  the  Texas  frontier  contemplates  a 
forcible  invasion  of  Mexico. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Aug.  15.  Chicago.  On  'Change 
wheat  for  December  delivery  sells  at 
$1.08,  an  advance  of  eight  cents  per 
bushel  over  the  previous  day. 

Aug.  18.  Fla.  .Jacksonville  is  greatly 
damaged  by  fire  ;  loss,  $1,000,000. 

Aug.  19.  New  York.  The  White  Star 
Line  steamship  Teutonic  arrives  from 
Queenstown  after  lowering  the  trans- 
atlantic record  to  five  days,  16  hours, 
31  minutes. 
Aug.  22.  New  York.  Many  persons  are 
buried  beneath  the  dibris  of  a  falling 
buUding  in  Park  Place ;  fire  follows 
the  fall  and  61  lives  are  lost. 
Aug.  27.  J\^  C.  In  a  raU-spreading 
accident  on  the  Western  North  Carolina 
Road,  two  miles  west  of  Statesville,  20 
people  are  killed  and  30  injured. 

Pa.    A    Philadelphia    and    Reading 

train,  consisting  of  engine,  tender,  and 
three  cars,  breaks  the  American  rec- 
ord by  running  12  miles,  from  Jenkins- 
town  to  the  Delaware  River,  in  eight 
minutes,  42i  seconds ;  speed,  82.7  miles 
per  hour. 
Sept.  4.    Mich.    At  a  factory  near  White 
Pigeon  16  tons  of  dynamite  explode ; 
the  building  is  destroyed  and  16  work- 
men are  killed. 
Sept.  5.   Mo.    Miles  of  grain-laden  cars 
are  side-tracked  at  Kansas  City,  and 
the  market  is  choked. 
Sept.  7.    The  cotton  crop  of  the  United 
States  this  year  is  8,652,597  bales,  1,300,000 
more  than  Last  year. 
Sept.  8.    Cal.    The   first  car-load    of 
raisins  is  shipped  from  Fresno  for  New 
York. 
Sept.  12.    N.  Y.    The  first  train  over 
the  new  route  from  Oyster  Bay,  Long 
Island,  to  Wilson's  Point,  Conn.,  is  run 
aboard  the  transportation  boat  of  the 
Sound  Ferry,  completing  the  line  be- 
tween Long  Island  and  Boston. 
Sept.  13.  Del.  The  Delaware  Iron  Works 
at  Newcastle  are  burned  ;  loss,  $300,000; 
over  800  persons  are  thrown  out  of  work. 
Sept.  14.    N.  Y.    The  New  York  Central 
Company  rmis  a  train  from  New  York 
to  Buffalo,  436J    miles,  at  an  average 
speed,  exclusive  of  stops,  of  61.56 
miles  an  hour. 

Sept.  15.  New  York.  Fire  destroys  the 
old  Commercial  Advertiser  building  and 
the  one  adjoining  ;  loss,  $300,000. 

Utah.     The    National    Irrigation 

Congress  opens  in  Salt  Lake  City. 

Sept.  16.    /.  T.    Silver  mining  begins. 

Mich.    The  great  tunnel  under  the 

St.  Clair  River  between  the  United 
States  and  Canada  is  opened. 


392      1891,  Sept.  19 -Oct.  19. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1891    Sept.  20.      J'a.    The  Chanoel- 

lorsville  Battle-field  Association  is 

incorporated,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000 

in  shares  at  $10  each. 

Its  property  consists  of  846  acres  of 
land,  and  covers  the  field  o£  operations 
in  May,  1863. 

Sept.  »    Wash 
establishes 
Orchard. 

Oct.  5.  .V.  r.  The  militia  is  held  un- 
der arms  at  Kingston  to  protect  the 
wreckers  of  the  Ulster  County  Savings- 
hank  from  the  ennaged  people. 


The  Federal  Government 
naval    station   at   Port 


Oct.  14,  X.  Y.  A  granite  monument 
to  the  memory  of  Ked  Jacket,  the  chief 
of  the  Six  Nations,  of  the  Iroquois 
f.imily,  is  unveiled  on  the  shore  of  Sen- 
eca L.ake,  near  where  he  was  born. 

Oct.  17.  N.  Y.  A  monument  is  dedi- 
cated to  the  memory  of  Gen.  Brownell 
in  Cypress  Hill  Cemetery  by  liis  friends 
of  the  47th  Regiment  of  Brooklyn. 

Oct.  18.  The  55  remaining  pictures  of 
the  Verestchagin  CoUeotion  are  sold 
for  $41,880. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1891. 

Sept.  10.    Scott,    William    L.,    M.    C.   for 
K.  I.,  A63.  ' 

Sept.  81.    Whltthorne,  Washington  C.sen- 
ator  (or  Tenn.,  A(>6. 

Sept.  33.    Morehouse,  Albert  P.,  Gov.  of 
Mo.,  A.56. 

Sept.  35.    liuR'haiMl,  .Sanmel  !>.,  Pres.  cl., 
"Rum,  Komanisiii,  Rebellion,"  A79. 

Sept.  26.      Hodge,    Caspar    W.,    i»rofe8Sor 
Bible  Literature  at  Princeton,  A60. 

Sept.  38.    Melville,  Herman,  novelist,  trav- 
eler, A  72. 

Oct.  1.    Watterson,  Hervey  M.,  journal- 
ist, A80. 

Oct.  12.    Blgelow,  Hobart  B.,  Oov.  of  Conn., 
A57. 

Oct.  13.    McCawley,  Charles  G.,  col.  com- 
manding U.  S.  Marine  Corps,  dies. 

Oct.  1 6.    Lee.  WlUlam  H.  Fltzhueh.  Con- 
federate maj.-gen.,  .\.')4. 

Oct.  16.    Ingraliani,  Duncan  N.,  com.  U.  S. 
N.,  ASS. . 

Oct.  17.    Partou,  James,  author,  joiu-naliBt. 
A68. 

Lincoln,    John    Larkin,    professor    at 

Brown  University,  A74. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1801  Sept.  22.  Mass.  The  Worces- 
ter Music  Festival  opens  with  a  per- 
formance of  Bruck's  Armlnius. 

Sept.  23.  Me.  A  tornado  cuts  a  swath 
in  the  woods,  taking  everything  in  its 
path  for  six  rods  iu  width  and  an  eighth 
of  a  mile  in  length. 

Sept.  28.  n.C.  At  the  Catholic  Univer- 
sity at  Washington  a  marble  statue  of 
Pope  Leo  XIII.  is  unveiled  in  the  pres- 
ence of  Cardinal  Gibbous  aud  Arch, 
bishop  Corrigan. 

Congress  passes  an  act  to  reserve 
the  Big  Tree  Grove  in  California  as  a 
public  park,  to  be  called  Sequoia  Park. 

Sept.  29.  Pa.  A  wonderful  oil-well  is 
opened  18  miles  west  of  Pittsburg;  it 
flows  10,000  barrels  of  petroleum  in  a 
day. 

Sept.  *  Pa.    A  soldiers'  monument  is 

unveiled  at  Pottsville. 

Oct.  3.  III.  The  natural-gas  well  at 
Paw  Paw  burns  out  suddenly,  leaving 
its  users  in  darkness. 

Oct.  5±.  X.  J.  Thomas  A.  Edison  in- 
vents a  new  form  of  electric  motor 
for  street-cars,  which  he  claims  will  be 
from  two  to  three  times  cheaper  than 
the  cable  and  trolley  systems, 

Tex.    An  old  gold-mine  in  Llamo  is 

rediscovered. 

Oct.  6.  Ga.  A  new  mechanical  cotton- 
picker  gives  satisfaction  to  investiga- 
tors, and  proves  a  practical  success. 

Oct,  7.  A  Piano  Manufacturers'  Com- 
mittee, of  which  William  Steinway  is 
chairman,  agrees  to  fix  the  standard 
pitch  at  435  vibrations  per  second 
for  A  in  a  temperature  of  68°  Fahr. ;    0°*-  2.    The  Jewish  New  Year— An- 


CHURCH. 

1801  Sept.  21.  X.  Y.  The  5th  Con- 
gress of  German  Catholics  of  the 
United  States  begins  at  BulTalo.  A  mon- 
ster parade  of  German  Catholic  societies 
takes  place. 

Sept.  22.  K.  Y.  The  14th  National 
Unitarian  Conference  opens  at  Sara- 
toga. 

Sept.  23.  Xew  York.  The  34th  anni- 
versary of  the  Fulton  Street  Daily 
Noon  Prayer-meeting  is  attended  by 
a  large  number  of  people. 

Sept.  24.  Pa.  The  Schwenkf elders 
hold  their  157th  annual  memorial  re- 
tinion  in  Heading ;  they  number  five  con- 
gregations, with  a  total  membership  of 
1,000,  all  in  Pennsylvania. 

Sept.  30.  Xew  York.  The  108th  Conven- 
tion of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Diocese 
of  Xew  York  meets. 


[Nov.  4.  It  dismisses  the  charges  after 
listening  to  Prof.  Briggs's  reply.] 

Oct.  11.  .V.  J.  The  First  Presbyte- 
rian Church  at  Morristown  celebrates 
its  centennial  with  appropriate  services. 

Oct.  14.  Boston.  Rev.  PhlUips  Brooks 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  for  the  Diocese  of  Massachu- 
setts in  Trinity  Church. 

LETTERS. 
1801    Sept.  21.    Tex.    Atty.-Gen.  Jones 

gives  an  opinion  in  which  he  says  that 

Bible-reading  in  the  public  schools 

is  unconstitutional. 
Sept.  24.    Xew  York.    Col.  H.  S.  Olcott 

lectures  on  "  Theosophy  and  Madame 

Blavatsky." 

Oct.  1.  Tex.  The  medical  branch  of  the 
University  of  Texas  at  Galveston  is 
opened  by  the  State. 

Cal.  Leland  Stanford,  Jr.,  Uni- 
versity at  Palo  Alto  opens  with  473  stu- 
dents ;  apjiropriate  exercises  are  held. 

Oct.  7.  X.  Y.  The  new  Library  building 
of  Cornell  University  —  the  gift  of 
Henry  Sage,  is  formally  opened. 

The  library  of  History  and  Political 
Science  (15,000  volumes),  given  by  ex- 
President  White,  is  received  at  the  same 
time. 

Oct.  14.  in.  Rev.  Hiram  Buck  gives 
850,000  to  the  'Wesleyan  University  at 
Bloomington. 

Oct.  15.  Xew  York.  The  'Woman's 
University  Club  is  incorporated. 

Its  purpose  is  to  promote  literature 
and  art  and  social  welfare  among  college- 
bred  women. 

SOCIETY. 

1801  Sept.  21.  X.  Y.  Italian  citizens 
in  New  York  and  Brooklyn  celebrate 
the  21st  anniversary  of  the  end  of 
the  Pope's  temporal  power. 

Sept.  22.  1>.  C.  The  Congress  of  Ameri- 
can Physicians  and  Surgeons  opens. 

III.  The  Russian  Colonization  So- 
ciety is  permanently  organized,  with 
Senator  John  M.  Palmer  as  president, 
and  Rabbi  Isaac  Rubeustein  as  director- 
general. 

Sept.  25.  Phila.  Iiord  Hawkes's  team 
of  cricketers  plays  the  first  of  eight 
games  in  the  United  States  at  Manheim, 
iigainst  the  All-Philadelphia  eleven. 
[Sept.  28.    The  Philadelphiaus  win.] 


this  i>itch  has  been  adopted  in  France, 
Austria,  and  Italy. 

Chicago.     The    colossal     equestrian 

statue  of  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant  is  unveiled 
in  the  presence  of  a  vast  concourse,  in- 
cluding regulars,  militiamen,  Grand 
Army  men,  and  prominent  public  men. 
(See  Apr.  30, 1890.) 

Oct.  12.  X.J.  A  monument  commem- 
orative of  the  60th  anniversary  of  the 
first  operation  of  a  steam  railw,ay  in 
New  Jersey  is  dedicated  near  Borden- 
town. 

Oct.  13.  Wis.  A  rich  discovery  of  silver 
is  made  within  20  miles  of  West  Su- 
perior. 


no  Mimdi  5652  —  begins  this  evening    Sept.  27.    X.J.    The  annual  convention 
with  services  in  the  synagogues. 
Oct.  5.    Xew  York.    The  delegates  to  the 
2d  Ecumenical  Methodist  Council  at 
Washington  are  given  a  reception  by 
the  Methodists  of  this  city. 

[Oct.  7.  The  Council  opens  in  the 
Metropolitan  Church.  Oct.  14.  It  votes 
in  favor  of  closing  the  World's  Fair  on 
Sunday.  Oct.  17.  President  Harrison 
and  .Secretary  Noble  address  the  Counci  1. 
Oct.  20.  It  approves  the  proposal  to  hold 
auother  Council  in  1901,  and  adjourns.] 
The  Presbytery  of  New  York  hears 
the  charges  and  specifications  against 
Prof.  Briggs ;  it  decides  to  proceed  with 
the  triiil,  and  votes  down  all  efforts  to 
compromise    the   matter.    Vote,  &1-62. 


of  the  Brotherhood  of  Ijocomotive 
Engineers  is  held  in  Jersey  City. 

S.  C.    The  mayor  of  Spartansbnrg  is 

fatally  shot  by  a  negro. 

Sept.  29.  .V.  )'.  The  aimual  convention 
of  the  National  Civil  Service  Heform 
League  is  held  in  Buffalo.  George  Wil- 
liam Curtis  is  reelected  president. 

Sept.  30.  Chicago.  World's  Fair  direc- 
tors give  a  banquet  to  the  European 
envoys. 

Ga.    The  wharf  laborers  strike  at 

Savannah  and  bring  business  to  a  stand- 
still. 

hill.     White  Caps  whip  a  woman 

nearly  to  death. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1891,  Sept.  19 -Oct  19.      393 


A^.  Y.     A   masked    robber    breaks 

Into  an  express-car  on  the  New  York 
Central  Road  between  Albany  and  Little 
Falls ;  lie  robs  the  safe  of  all  the  money 
he  can  conveniently  seize,  and  escapes. 

Tex.  A  socialist  is  refused  naturali- 
zation in  Uvalde. 

Oct.  1.  Ark.  Nine  negroes  are  taken 
from  a  sheriff  by  an  armed  mob  and 
lynched. 

Chicapo.   The  convention  of  the  Irish. 

National  League  of  America  meets. 

Pa.     A  general  strike  of  railroad 

coal-miners  of  the  Pittsburg  district 
begins ;  10,000  men  quit  work. 

Oct.  2.  Ala.  Masked  white  men  lynch 
a  prosperous  negro  farmer  near  Chil- 
dersburg. 

Oct.  3.  Boston.  A  petition  with  at  least 
10  miles  of  signatures  in  favor  of 
outlawing  the  liquor-traffic  and 
opium-trade  is  prepared  for  presenta- 
tion to  the  ensuing  great  temperance 
convention. 

N.  J.    In  spite  of  protest  by  petition, 

saloons  are  legally  forced  upon  Mill- 
ville;  this  is  the  first  time  in  20  years 
that  saloons  have  been  permitted. 

■  Xtw  York,  A  daughter  Is  born  to  ex- 
President  and  Mrs.  Grover  Cleveland, 
and  named  Huth. 

Oct.  4.  N.  Y.  Two  Chinamen,"  on  their 
way  to  Sunday-school,  are  brutally  ill 
treated  by  a  gang  of  drunken  roughs  in 
Brooklyn. 

Oct.  5.     N.  J.      Near    Newark,  Patrick 

Brady,  after  a  drunken  bout,  beats  and 
kicks  his  wife  to  death  in  the  presence 
of  their  children. 

Mo.     In  Stone  County,  a  band  of 

outlaw^s  armed  with  Winchester  rifles 
is  discovered  in  a  cave  ;  the  authorities 
are  guarding  the  entrance,  and  intend 
"to  starve  them  out." 

•Oct.  6.  N.  Y.  A  convention  of  Typo- 
graphical Unions  opens  at  Syracuse, 
to  provide  a  plan  for  more  thorough 
organization. 

■Oct.  7.  N.  Y.  The  Lake  Mohonk  Indian 
Conference  begins  its  sessions. 

Oct.  8.  Colo.  The  American  Humane 
Association  is  in  session  at  Denver. 

Chicago.    Gen.  G.  M.  Dodge  is  elected 

president  of  the  Society  of  the  Army  of 
Tennessee. 

N.Y.  Buff alo  lithographers  strike 

because  women  are  employed. 

Oct.  9.  Kan.  Anti-prohibitionists  in 
Kiowa  petition  the  woman  mayor  to 
resign  because  she  makes  continual 
war  on  the  "dives." 

Keh.    A  mob  breaks  into  the  jail  and 

hangs  a  negro,  named  Coe,  at  Omaha. 
[Oct.  10.  Seven  of  the  mob  are  arrested 
and  locked  up  ;  upon  threats  being 
made  of  liberating  them,  they  are  re- 
leased on  bail.  Oct.  15.  The  assistant 
county-attorney  and  City  Councilman 
Moriarty,  and  six  other  proiuinent  men 
of  Omaha,  are  arrested  for  taking  part 
in  the  lynching.] 

Oct.  11.  La.  A  hot  campaign  is  con- 
ducted on  the   lottery  issue ;   party 

lines  are  broken,  the  division  being  for 
or  against  the  lottery. 
Md.    Sunday  closing  is  strictly  en- 
forced in  Baltimore, 

Druggists  may  sell  on  prescription 
only,  but  no  proprietary  medicines, 
mineral  waters,  or  soda-water ;  cigar 
:6tores  must  be  closed,  and  side-doors 


to  saloons  are  closely  watched ;  barber 
shops  are  also  closed.  [Oct.  12.  Much 
indignation  prevails  because  176  persons 
have  been  cited  before  the  grand  jury 
for  violating  the  law.] 
Oct.  12.    Robbers  partially  wreck  a 

Sassenger-train  on  the  Central  Pacific 
.ail  road. 
Pa.     The   National   Prison   Con- 
gress is  in  session  at  Pittsburg. 

[Oct.  13.  The  Committee  on  Police  re- 
ports that  the  cliief  superintendents  of 
police  are  a  unit  in  placing  the  chief 
detriments  to  police  management  to 
politics,  licentiousness,  and  gambling, 
with  lightness  of  sentences  and  laxness 
of  prison  discipline,  etc.,  as  allowed  by 
Legislatures.] 

Pkila.     The    Human    Freedom 

XiCague  organizes  at  Independence 
Hall. 

The  American  Society  of  Railway 

Superintendents  holds  its  20th  annual 
meeting. 

Oct.  14.  Ind.  The  National  "Water- 
ways Convention  of  about  300  dele- 
gates opens  in  Evansville. 

Neto  York.      T.   H.  Stout,   a  trusted 

employee  of  a  Stock  Exchange  firm,  at 
present  in  Europe,  is  found  to  be  a  de- 
faulter to  the  extent  of  $40,000. 

Oct.  15.  Chicago.  Delegates  from  STi 
cities  of  the  Union  organize  the  United 
States  "Warehousemen's  Association. 

Oct.  16.  Chicago.  The  Evening  Post 
says  that  the  street  and  alley  committee 
of  the  Common  Council  has  made  a  se- 
cret demand  for  $20,000  to  pass  the 
Wabash  Avenue  cable-loop  ordinances, 
which  it  refuses  to  report. 

lud.     The  alleged  shortage  of 

County-Auditor  Lavelle  of  Washington 
is  nearly  $100,000 ;  this  is  shown  by  the 
records  which  a  fire  at  the  court-house 
failed  to  destroy. 

N.Y.  In  a  suit  brought  by  the  Adams 

Express  Company,  an  attachment  to  the 
amount  of  upwards  of  $700,000  issues 
against  the  property  in  New  York  State 
of  ex-President  Hoey,  who  is  directly 
charged  with  embezzlement. 

Oct.  19.  Ky.  The  Wholesale  Drug- 
gists' Association  opens  its  session  in 
Louisville. 

STATE. 

1891  Sept.  23.  D.  C.  President  Har- 
rison appoints  a  commission  to  fix 
the  true  boundary  between  the  United 
■  States  and  Mexico. 

Okla.    About  300,000  acres  of  Indian 

lands  are  thrown  open  for  settlement. 

Sept.  26.  Pa.  Gov.  Pattison  calls  an 
extra  session  of  the  Senate  to  investi- 
gate charges  against  the  financial  offi- 
cers of  the  State. 

Sept.  29.  Conn.  Both  claimants  to  the 
governorship  agree  to  take  the  contro- 
versy into  the  State  Supreme  Cotui; 
for  settlement. 

Mass.    William  E.  Russell  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

D,  C.  The  State  Department  is  noti- 
fied that  the  Provisional  Government 
of  Chile  withdraws  from  its  position 
adverse  to  the  diplomatic  rights  of  the 
United  States. 

Oct.  9.  Mew  York.  The  People's  Mu- 
nicipal liCag^ue  chooses  candidates  for 
the  Assembly   on   the   Ballot   Reform 


Oct.  11.  D.  C.  It  is  stated  that  the 
German  Minister  has  concluded  a  con- 
vention with  the  State  Department 
whereby  Germany  will  remove  the 
duty  frona  American  grain,  in  return 
for  the  continued  free  admission  of  beet- 
sugar  into  the  United  States, 

Oct.  16.  Wyo.  The  Shoshone  and  Arap- 
ahoe tribes  of  Indians  cede  to  the 
Federal  Government  1,000,000  acres  of 
their  reservation,  for  which  they  ar© 
to  receive  55  cents  an  acre. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Sept.  20.  Pa,  Three  persons  are 
killed  and  20  cars  of  cattle  and 40  freight 
cars  destroyed  in  a  railway  accident  at 
Greenburg. 

Sept.  23.    Mich.    The  Union  Mills  at 

Duluth  lose  $100,000  by  fire. 

±  Minn.  Forest  fires  destroy  villages 

and  large  tracts  of  timber  lands. 

Property  valued  at  $197,500  is  burned 
in  Minneapolis,  and  many  firemen  are 
much  injured. 

Sept.  24.  N.  J.  The  Crescent  Pottery 
in  Paterson  is  burned  ;  loss,  $150,000. 

Pa,    Trains  collide  near  Zelienople  ; 

eight  persons  are  killed  and  five  injured. 
Sept.  25.    Conn.    A  railway  collision 

near  Hawleyviile  kills  several  persons. 
If.  J.   A  bomb  explosion  at  Newark 

kills  11  persons. 

Sept.  27.    Boston  loses  $500,000  by  fire. 

Teim.    Chattanooga  loses  $650,000  by 

fire. 

Sept.  28.  New  York.  John  W.  Mackay 
and  party  arrive  in  the  private  railway 
car  Grassmere,  after  making  the  trip 
from  the  Pacific  to  the  Atlantic  in  four 
days,  12  hours,  and  28  minutes. 

Sept.  29.  Ire.  The  White  Star  Lino 
steamer  Teutonic  arrives  at  Queenstown, 
after  making  the  eastern  passage  in  88 
minutes  less  time  than  any  previous 
record. 

Sept.  30.  O.  Three  persons  are  killed 
and  20  injured  by  a  train  collision  near 
Kent. 

Oct.  1.  N.  C.  The  Southern  Interstate 
Exposition  at  Raleigh  opens. 

Oct.  4.  Cal.  Forest  fires  are  raging ; 
villages  and  much  property  are  de- 
stroyed in  Eldorado  County. 

Oct,  7.  Me.  Forest  fires  do  much  dam- 
age. 

Oct.  8.  Co7m.  The  tobacco  crop  is  the 
largest  ever  known. 

Oct.  11.  The  U.  S.  Steamer  Despatch  is 
a  complete  ^vreck  and  fast  going  to 
pieces  on  a  reef  near  Nicaragua. 

Oct.  15.  Kij.  The  Cumberland  Valley 
Colliery  plants  at  PineviUe,  and  coal, 
iron,  and  timber  lands  in  eastern  Ken- 
tucky, are  purchased  by  a  Belgiimi 
syndicate  for  $5,000,000. 

Oct.  17.  Kan.  The  pontoon  bridge 
over  the  Missouri  River  at  Leaven- 
worth is  destroyed  by  a  storm. 

Oct.  18.  New  York.  The  horse  St. 
Blaise  brings  $100,000  at  the  Belmont 
sale. 


394     1891,  Oct.  20-Dec.  1. 


AMERICA 


ARMY -NAVY. 

1891  Oct.  28.  Md.  The  cruiser  De- 
troit is  launched  at  Baltimore. 

Nov.  4.  Aew  York.  The  cruiser  I'fiila- 
(lelphia,  the  flagship  of  Adm.  Ghe- 
rardi,  sails  for  St.  Thomas. 

Nov.  14.  A  test  of  armor-plates  at  the 
Naval  Ordnance  Proving-ground  demon- 
strates the  superiority  of  the  superfi- 
cially carbonized  American  nickel-steel 
plates. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  Oct.  20.  Alas.  Prof.  Isaac  C. 
Russell  and  party  climb  14,500  feet  up 
Mount  St.  Silas,  when  they  are  turned 
back  by  a  severe  snow-storm. 

Oct.  21.  Ga.  The  Grady  Monument 
aT  Atlanta  is  unveiled;  an  oration  is 
delivered  by  Gov.  Hill  of  New  York. 

R.  I.    The  Liadd    Observatory   at 

Providence,  the  gift  to  Brown  University 
from  Gov.  Herbert  W.  Ladd,  is  formally 
presented ;  the  cost  of  the  outfit  alone 
is  over  $25,000. 

Oct.  23.  flL  Natural  gas  is  struck  at 
Hillsboro. 

N.  Y.    A  landslide  at  Haverstraw 

is  the  cause  of  an  immense  tipheaval  of 
the  richest  brick  clay  yet  discovered  at 
that  place. 

Oct.  26±.  Afinn.  The  American  Steel 
Barge  Works  at  Duluth  lay  the  keel  for 
thefirst  *•  whalebacks"  to  carry  140,000 
bushels  of  wheat,  with  a  draught  of  15 
feet. 

Nov.  1.  m.  The  remains  of  a  masto- 
don are  unearthed  near  Onarga. 

Nov.  11.  Pa.  The  Butler  oil-well, 
near  Pittsburg,  is  burning  fiercely  ;  the 
burning  oil  does  much  damage. 

Nov.  23.  Meteoric  displays  are  ob- 
served in  different  parts  of  the  country. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1891. 
Oct.  24.     Tiffany,  O.  H..  M.  E.  clergyman, 

orator,  A  66. 
Oct.  31.     Seymour,  Truman,  niaj. -gen.,  A67. 
Nov.  3.     I'reston,  Thomas  Scott,  vicar  gen. 

R.  C.  Archdiocese  of  New  York,  A  67. 
Hart,  Anthony  C.  (Tony  Hart),  actor, 

A36. 
Nov.  4.    Marks,  Albert  S.,  Gov.  of  Tenn., 

ASS. 
Nov.  12.    Piatt,  I>onn,  journalist,  A72. 
Nov.  17.      Cooper,    George    H..    rear-adm. 

U.  S.  N.,  A70. 
Nov.  19.    Florence,  William  J.,  comedian, 

A60. 
Nov.  21.    Hill,  Thomas,  clergyman,  author, 

president  of  Harvard  University,  A  73. 
Nov.  33.    Hovey,  Alvin  P.,  maj.-gen..  Gov. 

of  Ind.,  A70. 


CHURCH. 

1891  Oct.  25.  New  York.  Mrs.Booth- 
Clibborn,  head  of  the  Salvation  Army 
branches  in  France  and  Switzerland, 
arrives. 

Oct.  28.  Wis.  Isaac  L.  Nicholson 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Milwaukee.  [Nov.  10.  In  his 
elevation  the  ceremony  of  enthroning 
abishop  is  first  performed  in  the  United 
States  at  Milwaukee.] 


Nov.  13.  New  York.  Archbishop  Corrj- 
gan  says  mercy  may  be  exercised 
toward  Dr.  M'Glynn  — 

Provided  (1)  that  he  himself  makes  the 
request  and  states  his  grievances ;  (2) 
that  he  publicly  condemns  all  that  he 
has  said  and  done  of  an  insulting  char- 
acter as  against  the  archbishop  and  the 
Holy  See  ;  (3)  that  he  be  ready  to  abide 
by  the  orders  and  submit  to  the  judg- 
ment of  the  Apostolic  See  ;  and  (4)  that 
lie  promises  to  abstain  from  any  public 
utterance,  or  assistance  at  any  meeting, 
on  the  matter  under  consideration. 

Nov.  16.  New  York.  The  case  of  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Briggs  is  appealed  by  the 

Prosecuting  Committee  to  the  General 
Assembly.  [Nov.  21.  A  number  of  min- 
isters and  elders  make  formal  complaint 
to  the  Synod  of  New  York  concerning 
the  dismissal  of  the  Briggs  case  by  the 
Presbytery  on  Oct.  5.] 
Nov.  17.  D.C.  The  Episcopal  Chiirch 
Congress  convenes  in  Washington. 

LETTERS. 

1891  Oct.  22.  N.  Y.  Thos.  C.  Hodg- 
kins  of  Setauket  gives  $200,000  to  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  at  Washing- 
ton. D.C. 

Nov.  4.  New  York.  Sir  Edwin  Ar- 
nold reads  and  recites  to  a  large  audi- 
ence in  Carnegie  Music  Hall. 

Nov.  7.  N.  Y.  Pratt  Institute,  Brook- 
lyn, has  a  School  for  Farming,  includ- 
ing IGO  acres  of  land,  at  Glen  Cove,  L.  I. 

Nov.  14.  Mass.  The  School  Board  of 
Fitchburg  brings  charges  against  four 
French  citizens  who  send  their  children 
to  a  parochial  school  where  half  the 
teaching  is  in  French,  while  the  law 
requires  that  it  shall  only  be  in  English. 

Nov.  18.  N.  J.  Prof.  Guyot's  valuable 
library  is  given  to  Princeton. 

Nov.  25.  Prof.  S.  C.  Chandler  informs 
the  Boston  Scientific  Society  of  a  dis- 
covery that  the  pole  of  the  earth  re- 
volves around  a  circumference  of  about 
30  feet  radius  in  427  days,  and  hence  that 
all  parallels  of  latitude  are  mutable. 

SOCIETY. 

1891  Oct.  20.  O.  The  United  Typo- 
thetse  of  America  begins  its  5th  annual 
convention  at  Cincinnati,  with  300  dele- 
gates present. 

Oct.  21.  Chicago.  About  700  women 
get  their  names  on  the  registry  lists. 

Oct.  22.  New  York.  Sir  Edwin  Arnold, 
avithor  of  The  Light  of  Asia,  arrives. 

Oct.  23.  Afe.  Every  liquor-dealer  at 
Bar  Harbor  has  been  indicted  for  violat- 
ing the  liquor-law. 

N.  Dak,  Gen.  Beauregard.  Presi- 
dent Conrad,  Secretary  Horner,  and 
otber  officers  of  the  Louisiana  Lottery, 
are  indicted  at  Sioux  Falls  for  violation 
of  the  postal  laws  ;  U.  S.  marshals  start 
for  New  Orleans  to  make  arrests. 

Oct.  24.  La.  Eugene  E.  Garcia,  paying 
teller  of  the  Louisiana  National  Bank, 
at  New  Orleans,  is  charged  with  embez- 
zling $190,000  of  the  bank's  funds. 

Oct.  25.  New  York.  ••  Prison  Sunday  " 
is  observed  by  the  preaching  of  sermons 
on  crime  and  the  best  means  of  prevent- 


ing and  suppressing  it,  in  many  pulpits 
of  this  city. 

Oct.  29.  I'a.  Senator  Quay  enters  [a 
successful]  suit  for  libel  against  the  Pitts- 
burg J'ost,  laying  damages  at  $100,000, 
also  criminal  suits  against  the  editor  and 
proprietor. 

Oct.  31.  ///.  An  attempt  is  made  to 
wreck  a  train  on  the  Chicago  and  Al- 
ton Railroad,  near  Alton,  with  the  sup- 
posed intention  of  injuring  Gov.  Fifer, 
who  was  a  passenger. 

Nov.  2.  Boston.  President  Asa  Potter 
and  Directors  J.  H.  French  and  T.  Dana 
of  the  Maverick  National  Bank  are  ar- 
rested on  a  criminal  charge  of  taking 
respectively  from  the  baiik  $1,100,000, 
§600,000,  and  $300,000,  giving  merely 
nominal  security. 

*  *  The  Non-Partisan  Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union  holds 
its  annual  meeting,  and  elects  Ellen  J. 
Phinney  president,  and  Jennie  F.  Duty 
secretary  ;  general  organizations  are 
doing  service  in  seven  States. 

Nov.  4.  N.  Y.  A  tramp  murderously 
assaults  a  woman  after  eating  a  break- 
fast she  gave  him  ;  he  is  under  arrest  at 
White  Plains. 

Nov.  5.  La.  W.  S.  Felton  and  J.  T. 
Smith  of  Bastrop  are  lynched  by  a  mob. 

Neb.    A  train  is  held  up  in  Omaha 

by  masked  men,  and  the  mail-car 
robbed.  ■ 

Nov.  6.  Cal.  A  colony  of  Scotehmen  is 
swindled  out  of  $265,000  in  Southern 
California. 

Nov.  8.  Chicago.  A  demonstration  is 
made  in  memory  of  the  Anarchists 
who  were  hanged.    (See  May  4,  1886.) 

Nov.  10.  Boston.  The  ■Woman*8  Chris- 
tian Temperance  Union  holds  its  first 
World's  Convention ;  Lady  Somerset, 
president  of  the  British  Women's  Tem- 
perance Association,  is  present. 

[Mrs.  Mary  Clement  Leavitt  reports 
the  completion  of  her  tour  around  the 
world,  in  which  she  has  established  so- 
cieties in  nearly  every  country.  Nov. 
17.  Miss  Frances  E.  Willard  is  reelected 
president  of  the  International  Union. 

N.  Y.  John  Blocher  of  Bulfalo  be- 
queaths his  elegant  house  as  a  charita- 
ble Home  for  Aged  Men ;  he  supple- 
ments the  gift  with  an  endowment  of 
about  §2,000,000. 

Nov.  11.  La.  The  American  Bankers' 
Association  begins  its  17th  annual  con- 
vention at  New  Orleans. 

Nov.  11  f.  Mo.  The  National  Farmers* 
Congress  is  in  session  at  Sedulia. 

It  demands  the  free  coinage  of  silver 
dollars  of  the  value  of  100  cents  each; 
that  national  revenue  be  derived  from 
taxes  and  imports  on  goods  which  come 
into  competition  with  home  manufac- 
tures, and  Federal  prohibition  of  the 
sale  of  intoxicating  liquors.  It  also  de- 
mands the  cession  of  arid  lands  to  the 
various  States  in  which  the  arid  lands 
are  situated. 

Nov.  12.  New  York.  A  mass-meeting  in 
Chickering  Hall  passes  resolutions  de- 
nouncing the  liouisiana  State  Lottery ; 
speeches  are  made  by  Seth  Low,  Father 
Elliott,  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  Bishop  Potter, 
and  others. 

THs.     A  daring  attempt  is  made  to 

rob  an  express-train  on  the  St.  Paul 
road,  near  Milwaukee;  the  robbers  are 
unable  to  open  by  force  the  treasure- 
boxes,  but  they  secure  about  $5,000  in 
small  packages. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1891,  Oct.  20-Dec.  1.     395 


Nov.  13.    New  York.    A  new  society  for 

suppressing  vice  js  formed;  it  is  to  be 
known  as  "  The  New  York  Union  of 
Religious  and  Humanitarian  Socie- 
ties for  Concerted  Moral  Effort." 
Nov.  14.  Chicago.  A  number  of  An- 
archists are  fined  in  a  police  court  for 
carrying  concealed  weapons. 

Tex.     Two  negroes  are  lynched 

near  Brenham. 

Nov.  16.  Xtw  Yor!:.  The  American 
Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers 
opens  its  semi-annual  convention. 

Nov.  17.  /«(/.  The  Supreme  Council  of 
the  Farmers*  Alliance  meets  at  Indian- 
apolis. 

Chicago.    Union  men  commit  acts  of 

vandalism  on  tlie  wurk  of  non-union 
contractors  aggregating  $40,000. 

Cat.  Three  Yuma  Indians  are  sen- 
tenced to  death  for  murdering  an  old 
medicine  man  Ijecause  he  failed  to  bring 
rain  at  the  tribe's  request. 

X.  J.  The  act  favoring  pool-sellers 

is  declared  unconstitutional  by  the 
Court  of  Errors  and  Appeals. 

Nov.  18.  R.  I.  Gov.  Ladd  declines  to 
interfere  to  prevent  a  prize-fight. 

Nov.  19.  Mass.  T.  O.  H.  P.  Burnham 
of  Boston  bequeaths  over  $500,000 
to  public  institutions. 

Nov.  21.  Mass.  Bicbard  Buggies  of 
Lynntield  is  whipped  by  White  Caps. 

Mont.  Masked  men  rob  an  express- 
car  of  $2,000  on  a  Montana  railroad. 

Nov.  22.  Miss.  "Whites  in  Attala  County 
shoot  one  negro  and  severely]  \vhip  sev- 
eral others  ;  one  white  man  is  arrested, 
and  the  others  are  being  sought  after. 

Nov.  29,  NpAoYork.  Rev.  Dr.  John  Hall, 
pastor  of  the  Fifth  Avenue  Presbyterian 
Church,  is  shot  at  several  times  by  an 
insane  man. 

Nov.  *  Kan.  The  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides that  colored  children  cannot  be 
discriminated  against  in  the  public 
schools. 

STATE. 

1891  Oct.  21.  D.  C.  Official  notice  is 
received  in  Washington  that  Italy  will 
henceforth  admit  American  salted 
meats. 

Oct.  24.  D.  C.  The  Government  in- 
structs Minister  Egan  to  demand 
prompt  reparation  from  Chile  for 
the  murder  of  sailors  wearing  the  naval 
uniform  of  the  United  States ;  the 
cruiser  Boston  leaves  Brooklyn  navy- 
yard  for  Valparaiso,  and  the  cruiser 
Yorktoum  is  also  on  the  way. 

Oct.  28.  D.  C.  Senor  Pedro  Montt, 
the  new  Chilean  representative  at 
Washington,  is  received  by  Secretary 
Blaine. 

Oct.  29.  D.  C.  The  State  Department 
receives  from  Minister  Egan  the  reply 
of  the  Chilean  Junta  to  the  demand 
for  reparation. 

Nov.  1.  D.  C.  A  despatch  is  received 
from  Capt.  Schley  describing  the  brutal 
treatment  of  the  Baltimore's  sailors 
by  the  Chilean  police. 

Nov.  2.  iris.  Claims  have  been  filed  in 
one  day  for  every  acre  of  the  $2,000,000 


worth  of  pine  lands  (the  Omaha  indem- 
nity limit)  thrown  open  at  the  United 
States  Land  Office  ;  for  some  lots  claims 
have  been  filed  several  times. 

Nov.  4.  /.  T.  Cherokee  Indians  peti- 
tion for  the  partitioning  and  allotment 
in  severalty  of  nearly  14,000,000  acres 
of  land  in  the  Indian  Territory. 

Nov.  10.  D.  C.  In  the  argument  of  the 
Sayward  Case  in  the  Supreme  Court,  it 
transpires  that  a  treaty  agreement  to 
be  ratified  by  the  Senate  has  been 
concluded  between  the  U.  S.  Govern- 
ment and  Great  Britain,  to  submit  the 
Bering  Sea  dispute  to  arbitration. 

Nov.  11.  Pa.  The  State  Senate  decides 
that  it  has  no  jurisdiction  in  the  State 
Treasurer  Bardsley's  case. 

Nov.  17.  Alas.  Alaska  asks  for  a  ter- 
ritorial form  of  Government. 

N.   Y.      The  official    canvass  in   the 

State  as  far  as  completed  makes  the  As- 
sembly a  tie,  and  the  Senate  Republican 
by  two,  with  several  Senatorial  districts 
contested. 

Nov.  18.  K.  Y.  Efforts  are  made  in 
Dutchess  County  to  count  as  valid  six 
defective  ballots  that  were  destroyed  by 
order  of  the  Board  of  Canvassers  at 
time  of  election.  [Nov.  20.  Judge  Bar- 
nard decides  that  the  Dutchess  County 
canvassers  must  count  the  votes  as  re- 
turned by  the  election  inspectors.] 

Nov.  20.   Ind.  The  Farmers' Alliance 

Convention  at  Indianapolis  splits  on  the 
sub-treasury  plan, 

N.  Y.    David  A.  Munro,  Jr.,  is  counted 

out  in  Onondaga  County  by  a  majority 
of  the  Board  of  County  Canvassers,  and 
the  certificate  of  election  as  member  of 
Assembly  is  given  to  Patrick  J.  Ryan. 
The  Court  orders  the  returns  to  be  sent 
back  for  correction. 

Gilbert  A.  Dean,  Republican  Sena- 
tor-elect (contested)  of  the  15th  Dis- 
trict, dies  at  his  residence  in  Copake, 

Columbia  County. 

Nov.  21,  N.  Y.  Judge  Kennedy  of  tho 
Supreme  Court  orders  that  the  errone- 
ous returns  of  the  ist  Assembly  District 
of  Onondaga  County  be  sent  back  to 

the  inspectors  foi*  correction. 

The  Columbia  County  Canvassers  com- 
plete their  work,  giving  the  State  sena- 
torship  to  Gilbert  A.  Dean ;  plurality ,  135. 

Nov.  23.  N.  r.  The  County  Clerk  of 
Onondaga  is  summoned  by  Gov.  Hill  to 
answer  charges  brought  by  the  Demo- 
cratic supervisors.  [Dec.  3.  He  re- 
moves him.] 

Nov.  24.  Ind.  Gov.  Alvin  P.  Hovey 
dies  at  Indianapolis ;  Ijieut.-Gov.  Ira 
J.  Chase  succeeds  to  the  governor- 
ship. 

iV.  Y,    A  Supreme  Court  order  directs 

the  Sullivan  County  Canvassers  to  re- 
convene and  canvass  the  vote  for  As- 
semblyman. 

Nov.  27.  N.  Y.  Judge  Kennedy  of  Syr- 
acuse warns  the  inspectors  of  election 
that  the  Court  will  not  permit  any  un- 
necessary delay  in  complying  with  its 
orders  ^ 

Nov.  30.  .V.  r.  The  chairman  of  the 
Dutchess  County  Board  of  Canvassers 
ignores  Judge  Barnard's  order  to  recan- 
vass  the  vote. 

Nov.  *  III.  The  Legislature  adopts  the 
"World's  Fair  amendment  to  the  State 
Constitution.     Vote,  500,299-15,095. 

Dec.  1.  ^V.  Y.  The  extraordinary  spe- 
cial term  of  the  Supreme  Court  ordered 
by  Gov.  Hill  convenes  in  Syracuse, 
Judges  Kennedy  and  O'Brien  present ;  a 


stay  of  proceedings  in  the  Munro-Ryan 
mandamus  case  being  moved,  the  Court 
sets  down  the  motion  for  Wednesday 
morning  (next  day) ;  the  missing  returns 
are  brought  to  Judge  Kennedy's  court. 

At  Albany,  Secretary  of  State  Rice 
calls  a  meeting  of  the  State  Board  of 
Canvassers  for  Wednesday,  Dec.  2 ; 
members  of  the  Board  are  served  with 
an  order  of  Judge  Edwards  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  to  show  cause  at  Hudson, 
on  Dec.  5,  why  a  peremptory  manda- 
mus should  not  issue  to  prevent  the 
canvass  of  the  returns  from  Dutchess 
County. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Oct.  20.  Cal.  The  horse  Sunol 
trots  one  mile  in  two  minutes,  Z\  sec- 
onds, at  Stockton,  beating  the  record  of 
Maud  S,  one  half  second. 

Five  persons  are  killed  and  50  or  60 

injured  in  a  railway  wreck  on  the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington,  and  Quincy  road. 

Oct.  21.  New  York.  Decker  and  Sons* 
piano  factory  and  other  factories  in  a 
four-story  building  are  burned ;  loss, 
$125,000. 

Oct.  22.  Mass.  The  Glendale  "Woolen 
Mills  are  burned  ;  loss,  $200,000. 

Minn.  The  flour-mills  of  Minneapo- 
lis are  turning  out  a  daily  average  of 
32,767  barrels. 

Oct.  24.  Wis.  Settlers  rush  to  take 
possession  of  the  150,000  acres  of  land 
now  opened. 

Oct.  26.  N.  Y.  The  Empire  State 
Express,  a  new  train  on  the  N.  Y.  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  makes  its  first  rmi  from 
New  York  to  Buffalo  in  eight  hours  and 
42  minutes — two  minutes  behind  sched- 
ule time;  distance,  436J  miles. 

Oct.  29.  The  steamer  Oliver  Bierne  is 
burned  on  the  Mississippi ;  20  lives  are 
lost. 

Nov.  2.  Ga.  The  Southern  States 
Exposition  is  opened  at  Augusta. 

Nov.  4.  Boston.  The  failure  of  the 
Maverick  Bank  causes  a  run  on  the 
Five  Cents  Savings-bank. 

Nov,  7.  Chicago.  The  Edgmoor  Land 
Syndicate  buys  250,000  acres  in  North 
Dakota,  on  whieli  to  place  German 
farmers  to  raise  barley  for  malt  pur- 
poses. 

Nov.  10.  Cal.  The  horse  Arion  trots 
one  mile,  at  Stockton,  in  two  minutes, 
103  seconds. 

Nov,  11.  Ca.  Atlanta  business  prop- 
erty is  destroyed  by  fire;  loss,  $125,000. 

Nov.  16.    Mo.    St.  Louis  loses  $1,500, - 

000  by  fire. 
Nov.  17.     Cal.     The  horse   Palo  Alto 

trots  one  mile,  at  Stockton,  in  two  nun- 

utes,  82  seconds. 

N.    Y.      By   a   fire   in    Brooklyn    70 

families  are  rendered  homeless ;  loss, 
$130,000. 

Nov.  18.  Colo.  A  national  Mining 
Congress  meets  at  Denver ;  a  great 
number  of  delegates  are  present. 

Minn.    Three  children  are  killed 

by  wolves  10  miles  from  St.  Paul. 

Nov.  21.  N.  Y.  Syracuse  suffers  a  loss 
of  $200,000  by  fire. 

Nov.  28.  O.  A  train  is  wrecked  near 
Toledo ;  nine  persons  are  killed  and  20 
injured. 

Nov.  *  New  York.  The  Grant  Monu- 
ment Fund  amotmts  to  $155,000+. 


S96     1891,  Dec.  L-Dec*. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1891  Dec.  2.  Phila.  The  armored 
cruiser  AVw  ¥<yrk,  "  the  Queen  of  the 
Navy,"  is  launched  at  the  Cramps  ship- 
yard. 

Dec.  5.  Mil,  The  two  -  thousand  -  ton 
steel  cruiser  Montgomery  is  launched 
lit  Baltimore, 

Dec.  12.  N.  Y.  Plans  for  the  new  dry 
dock  at  the  Brooklyn  navy-yard  are 
published. 

It  will  be  the  largest  dry  dock  on  the 
Atlantic  Coast ;  length,  600  feet ;  breadth 
at  the  bottom,  70  feet ;  depth,  28  feet. 

Dec.  18.  Colo.  Troops  are  ordered  to 
Crested  Butte  to  prevent  conflicts  be- 
tween the  miners  and  strikers. 

Dec.  22.  Tex.  U.  S.  troops  break  up  the 
Mexican  rebel  camp  of  Catarino 
Garza  at  Retampal  Springs. 

Dec.  26.  Cal.  The  cruiser  San  Fran- 
cisco sails  from  San  Francisco,  carrying 
sealed  orders. 

Dec.  28.  3/e.  The  iron  gunboat  Ma- 
ckias  is  launched  at  Bath. 

ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  Dec.  11.  O.  Valuable  relics  of 
mound- builders  are  found  at  Chilli- 
cothe. 

Dee.  17.  Phila.  The  Drexel  Institute 
of  Art,  Science,  and  Industry  is  dedi- 
cated. 

Dec.  26.  X.  J.  Gov.  Abbett  lays  the 
corner-stone  of  a  Washington  memorial 
monument  in  Trenton  on  the  llSth  an- 
niversary of  the  Battle  of  Trenton. 

Dec.  30.  George  W.  Vanderbilt  gives 
the  American  Fine  Art  Society  a  cost- 
ly and  handsome  art  gallery  adjoining 
its  new  building,  the  whole  valued  at 
$100,000. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1891. 

Dec.  6.  Ranney,  Kufua  P.,  lawyer,  states- 
man, A  7  8. 

Dec.  17.  Hand,  Daniel,  philanthropist,  of 
Conn.,  A90. 

Dec.  19.  I'attison,  Thomas,  rear-adm.  U.  S. 
N.,  A 69. 

Dec.  20.  Flumb,  Preston  B.,  senator  for 
Kan.,  AM. 

Dec.  33.  Creswell,  John  A.  .1.,  setiator  for 
Md.,  postmaster-general,  Ab3. 

Dec.  29.  Loughlin,  John,  K.  C.  bishop  of 
Brooklyn,  A76. 

Dec.  30.  Stuart,  Mary  Macrae,  philanthro- 
pist, A8L 

CHURCH. 

1891  Dec.  9.  O.  The  Central  States 
Conference  of  Unitarian  Churches 
ia  organized  at  Cincinnati. 

Dec.  19.  Md.  Cardinal  Gibbons  ordains 
the  first  colored  Homan  Catholic 
priest  in  America,  in  the  Cathedral  of 
SS.  Peter  and  Paul,  Baltimore. 

Dec.  22.  D.  C.  The  first  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  Christian  Commission  be- 
gins at  Washington. 

LETTERS. 

1891  Dec.  17.  iV.r.  A  center  for  Uni- 
versity Extension  is  formed  at  Albany. 

Dec.  30.  Phila.  A  Convention  of  Col- 
lege Presidents  and  Professors  as- 
sembles. 


*•  *  Kan.    Central  College  is  founded  at 

Enterprise  by  the  United  Brethren. 
"  *  Mont.     The    Montana    University 

opens  at  Helena. 
"  *  i^.  C.    The  Legislature  establishes  a 

normal  school  for  colored  people  at 

Klizabeth  City. 
'  *  Xew    York:    The  School   of   Social 

Economics  (non-sect.)  is  opened. 
The  Morning  Advertiser  is  founded  by 

CoL  John  A.  Cockerill.    The  Recorder  is 

also  founded. 
'  *  Okla.    An  Agricultural  College  is 

opened  by  the  State  at  Stillwater. 

*  ♦  The  Lion's  Cub,  by  Kichard  Henry 
Stoddard,  appears. 

'  *  A  Successful  Man,  by  Julien  Gordon, 
appears. 

'•  *  Sir  William  Johnson  and  the  Six  Na- 
tiotis,  by  William  Elliot  Griftis,  appears. 

'  ♦  Rhymes  of  Childhood,  by  James  Whit- 
comb  Kiley,  appears. 

*  *  Judaism  and  Christianity ,  by  Craw- 
ford Howell  Toy,  appears. 

''  *  Washington  Irving  ,hy  i^QOTgQW\\\\B.TCi 
Curtis,  appears. 

'  *  Antiquities  of  Tennessee  and  the  Adja- 
cent States,  by  Gates  P.  Thurston,  ap- 
pears. 

■  *  Patrick  Henry,  by  William  Wirt 
Henry,  appears. 

■  *  The  Second  Admitiistration  of  Madi- 
son^ by  Henry  Adams,  appears. 

'  *  Freedom  Triumphant,  hy  Charles  CatIq- 

ton  Coffin,  appears. 
'  *  Races  and  Peoples :    Lectures  on   the 

Science  of  Ethnography,  b^  Daniel  G. 

Brinton,  appears. 
'  *  Widow   G^uthrie,  by  R.  M.  Johnston, 

appears. 
^  *  The    Cruise    of   the   Alerte,   by  E.  F. 

Knight,  appears. 
'  *  Wanneta,  the   Sioux,   by  Warren  K. 

Moorehead,  appears. 
'  *  The  Sisters'  Tragedy ^withother  Poems ^ 

by  T.  B.  Aldrich,  appears. 

*  Ann-e    Bradstreet    and   Her   Time,  by 
Helen  Campbell,  appears. 

*  T}ie    Pine     Tree     Coast^    by    Slimuel 
Adams  Drake,  appears. 

*  Flower  de  Hundred,  by  Mrs.  Burton 
Harrison,  appears. 

*  A  Plea  for  Liberty,  edited  by  Thomas 
Mackay,  appears. 

*  Washington's   Rules   of   Civility,   by 
Moncure  D.  Conway,  appears. 

*  The    Witch   of   Prague,   by   Francis 
Marion  Crawford,  appears. 

*  An  American  Episcopal  Church,  by  S, 
D.  McConnell,  appears. 

*  An  American  Girl  in  London,  by  Sara 
Jeannette  Duncan,  appears. 

*  The     Colonies,     by     Reuben     Gold 
Thwaites,  appears. 

*  The  Life  and   Times  of  John  Dickin- 
son, by  Charles  J.  StiUe,  appears. 

*  Woman's  Work  in  America,  edited  by 
Annie  Nathan  Meyer,  appears. 

*  A    Washington   Bible   Class,  by  Gail 
Hamilton,  appears. 


*  *  Alexander  Hamilton,  by  William  Gra- 
ham Sumner,  appears. 

*  *  The  Railway  Problem,  by  A.  B.  Stlck- 
uey,  appears. 

*  *  Principles  of  Social  Economics,  by 
George  Guntou,  appears. 

*  *  Our  Italy,  by  Charles  Dudley  Warner, 
appears. 

*  *  Japanese  Girls  and  Women,  by  Alice 
Mabel  Bacon,  appears. 

*  *  Under  the  Trees  and  Elsewhere,  by 
Hamilton  W.  Mabie,  appears. 

*  *  The  American  Revolution,  by  John 
Fiske,  appears. 

*  *  The  Primes  and  Their  Neighbors,  by 
R.  Malcolm  Johnston,  appears. 

*  *  Charles  Grandison  Finney,  by  G.  Fred- 
erick Wright,  appears. 

*  *  The  Century  Dictionary,  edited  by 
William  Dwight  Whitney,  completed. 

*  *  Stories  of  Old  New  Spain,  by  T.  A. 
Jannier,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  John  Boyle  O'Reilly,  by  J.  J. 
Roche,  appears. 

*  *  Hannibal,  by  Theodore  A.  Bodge,  ap- 
pears. 

*  ♦  Excursion  in  Art  and  Letters,  by  W, 
W.  Story,  appears. 

*  ♦  Noto :  An  Unexplored  Comer  of  Japan, 
by  Perciral  Lowell,  appears. 

*  *  Spain  and  Morocco,  by  Henry  T,  Finck, 
appears. 

*  *  SUva  of  North  America,  by  Charles 
Sprague  Sargent,  appears. 

*  *  The  Oyster,  by  W.  K.  Brooks,  appears. 

*  *  Criticism  and  Fiction,  by  William 
Dean  Howells,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1891  Dec.  1.  Mo.  A  train  is  held 
up  near  St.  J^ouis,  and  the  express-car 
robbed    of   about  $16,000  beside    other 

valuables. 

Minn.    Two  of  a  gang  of  incendiaries 

are  arrested  in  St.  Paul  in  the  act ;  their 
plan  of  working  is  the  burning  of  houses 
on  the  percentage  of  insurance  plan. 

Dec,  3.  Ala.  Two  masked  men  hold 
up  a  train  three  miles  west  of  Rome  and 
rub  its  safe. 

Pa.  A  new  coke-workers*  organ- 
ization is  formed. 

Dec.  4.  New  York.  Henry  L,  Norcross 
of  Somerville,  Mass.,  a  stranger,  de- 
mands $1,250,000  in  the  office  of 
Russell  Sage,  a  millionaire  ;  being  re- 
fused, he  drops  a  bag  which  immediately 
explodes,  killing  himself  and  another, 
injuring  Mr.  Sage  and  others,  besides 
partially  wrecking  the  building. 

Wyo.     Two  ranchmen,  John  A.  Tis- 

dale  and  another  man,  are  shot  and 
killed  in  their  wagons  by  ambushed 
assassins.  (.>ver  10((  cowboys  are  on 
the  luokout  for  the  assassins. 

Dec.  10.  D.  C.  The  National  Bar  As- 
sociation, in  session  at  Washington, 
elects  officers,  and  fixes  Washington  as 
the  permanent  place  for  the  annual 
meeting. 

New  York.    The  Christmas  Society 

is  organized  to  give  poor  children  Christ- 
mas presents  ;  it  asks  for  contributions. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1891,  Dec.  1-Dec. 


397 


Dec.  11.  Conn.  A  city  hospital 
founded  in  Middletown  receives  its 
first  patient. 

Dec.  12.  rolo.  At  Crested  Butte,  tlie 
Bheritf  and  a  posse,  while  (iefending  a 
mine,  are  Bred  upon  by  a  large  body  of 
strikers;  they  return  the  tire,  killing 
five  rioters. 

Oa.  James  Freeman ,  a  farmer,  mur- 
ders his  wife  near  Keedsviile,  because 
she  refused  to  kill  a  neighboring  farmer. 

N.  y.    An    unsuccessful    attempt    is 

made  to  wreck  a  train  on  tlio  Harlem 
ruad,  near  Pleasantville, 

Dec.  14.  Ala.  The  Eleventh  Annual 
Convention  of  the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Labor  meets  at  Birmingham. 
[Samuel  Gompers  is  reelected  president.] 

New    York.      E.   M.    Field,  of   Field, 

Lindley,  Wiechers,  and  Company 
charged  with  grand  larceny,  is  arrested 
at  the  asylum  where  he  was  confined, 
and  taken  to  police  headquarters.  [He 
is  pronounced  insane  by  a  jury  at  "WTiite 
Plains.] 

Dec.  15.    Chira/fo.    Five  highwaymen 

stop  a  big  mail-wagon,  and  compel  the 
postal  employees  in  charge  to  throw  out 
several  sacks  of  mail. 

Tex.  The  Southwest  Silver  Con- 
vention convenes  at  El  Paso  ;  there  are 
about  500  delegates  present,  with  as 
many  more  on  the  way. 

Dec.  17.  Mo.  John  L.  Ferguson,  abook- 
keeper  in  the  National  Bank  of  Kansas 
City,  is  arrested  for  embezzling  $20,000. 

Neto   York.      A    meeting    to   oppose 

war  and  favor  arbitration  Is  held  in 
Cooper  Union. 

K.  Y.  Managers  of  Accident  Insur- 
ance Companies  in  the  United  States 
hold  their  first  annual  convention  at 
Niagara  Falls. 

Dec.  19.  Ind.  Striking  miners  attack 
a  train-load  of  non-union  workers  with 
stones  and  pistols. 

Dec.  24.  The  Cherokee  Nation  elects 
C.  J.  Harris  first  chief,  and  Stephen 
Tebee  second  chief. 

N.  Y.  Gov.  Hill  pardons  Roches- 
ter's defaulting  treasurer,  J<  >hn  A . 
l>avis,  sentenced  to  five  years*  imprison- 
ment in  March,  1890. 

Dec.  25.  Tex.  Catarino  Garza,  the 
Mexican  outlaw  chief,  makes  an  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  to  capture  Fort  Ring- 
gold. 

Dec.  27.  Fla.  Race  conflicts  occur ; 
a  conductor  is  shot  by  a  negro  when  or- 
dered to  go  into  the  colored  people's  car. 

Dec.  29.  D.  C.  The  American  His- 
torical Society  and  the  American 
Forestry  Association  hold  their  an- 
nual meetings  in  Washington, 

Dec.  31.  Jnd.  In  a  prize-fight  at  Indi- 
anapolis a  woman  defeats  a  man  of 
some  local  reputation  as  a  pugilist ;  she 
gets  the  stipulated  prize  of  $500. 

Dec.  *  Tex.  The  asylum  for  the  insane 
is  opened  at  Florine. 

STATE. 

1891  Dec.  2.  Ariz.  Arizona  votes  in 
favor  of  a  new  Constitution. 

N.  Y.  The  State  Board  of  Canvas- 
sers meets  in  Albany,  and  canvasses  the 
votes  for  members  of  Congress. 

Dec.  4.  N.  Y,  An  agreement  is  reached 
at  Albany  to  permit  the  State  Board  to 


canvass  the  votes  except  those  of  the 
disputed  districts.  [Dec.  7.  It  acquiesces 
In  the  submission  of  the  electoral  dis- 
putes to  the  Court  of  Appeals.] 

Jud^e  Barnard  at  Poughkeepsie  grants 
a  motion  requiring  the  marked  ballots 
cast  in  the  town  of  lied  Hook  to  bo 
counted  for  the  Republican  candidate 
for  Senator.  The  mandamus  motion 
is  argued  before  .Uuige  K<iwards  at  Hud- 
son, and  adjourned  until  Dec.  7  at  Al- 
bany. 

Dec.  7.     />.  C.     The   52d   Congress : 

the  first  session  opens. 

Dec.  8.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Senate 
Wilkinson  Call  of  Fla.  and  F.  T.  Dubois 
of  Ida.  are  sworn  in  ;  C.  F.  Manderson 
of  Neb.  is  elected  President  ^ro  tempore f 
in  the  House  Charles  F.  Crisp  of  Ga. 
is  elected  Speaker. 

Dec.  9.  D.  C.  Congress :  President 
Harrison  transmits  his  third  annual 
message  to  Congress;  it  announces 
reciprocity  with  Germany ;  the  House 
adjourns  until  Dec.  12. 

N.  Y.    The  "quad"  marked  ballots 

in  Dutchess  County,  54  in  number,  are 
counted  for  Deane  (Kep.)  for  State  Sena- 
tor, and  the  result  filed  in  the  Clerk's 
ofIi<!e.  .Judge  Barnard  grants  an  order, 
returnable  on  the  12th  inst.,  restraining 
the  Clerk  from  transmitting  the  returns 
to  the  State  Board. 

Dec.  10.  I).  C.  Congress:  Petitions  are 
presented  in  the  Senate  adverse  to  open- 
ing the  "World's  Fair  on  Sunday. 

Dec.  14,  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate a  bill  is  introduced  to  provide  for 
a  memorial  statue  in  Washington  to 
IT.  S.  Grant. 

Dec.  15.  />.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate several  Friends'  petitions  are  pre- 
sented remonstrating  against  the  traffic 
in  intoxicating  liquors  and  firearms 
in  Central  Africa.  Bills  are  intro- 
duced, one  by  Mr.  Hiscock,  for  the  erec- 
tion of  bridges  over  the  Hudson  and 
Bast  rivers  at  New  York. 

Okla.    A  convention  for  organizing 

the  State  meets  at  Oklahoma  City. 

Dec.  16.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  A 
large  number  of  bills  are  introduced  ;  in 
the  House  the  Speaker  announces  the 
Committee  on  Kules. 

La.  The  Anti-Lottery  and  Pro- 
Lottery  wings  of  the  Democratic  Party 
hold  separate  conventions.  [Dec.  17. 
The  Anti-I^ottery  tielegateji  (233  in  num- 
ber) nominate  a  full  ticket  at  Baton 
Kouge.  Dec.  18.  The  Pro-Lottery  wing 
places  a  full  State  ticket  in  the  field.] 

Dec.  17.  />.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Senate 
the  Standing  and  Select  Committees 
are  announced.  Senator  Hill's  creden- 
tials, signed  by  himself  as  governor, 
and  dated  Dec.  5,  are  presented. 

Dec.  21.  T>.  C.  Congress:  Senator 
Plumb's  funeral  services  take  place  in 
the  Senate  chamber. 

Dec.  23.  />.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate bills  are  introduced  ;  in  the  House 
the  Speaker  announces  the  commit- 
tees; in  chairmanships,  Mr.  Springer 
of  111.  is  assigned  to  Ways  and  Means, 
Mr.  Holman  of  Ind.  to  Appropriations, 
Mr.  Mills  of  Tex.  to  Interstate  and  For- 
eign Commerce. 

///.    The  Legislature  decides  that  the 

alien  law  is  unconstitutional. 


Dec.  24.  N.  Y.  Another  stay  ih 
granted  in  the  Dutchess  County  election 

ease. 
Dec.  26.  N.  Y.  Justice  CuUen  of  Brook- 
lyn grants  an  order  requiring  the  State 
Board  to  sho%v  cause  why  they  should 
not  canvass  the  corrected  Dutchess 
County  returns  ;  also  an  order  directing 
the  County  Clerk  to  show  cause  why  he 
should  not  be  punished  for  contempt  of 
court. 

Dec.  27.  New  York.  M.  J.  Paten6tre, 
the  new  French  Minister  to  the  United 
States,  arrives. 

Dec.  29.  D,  C.  Reciprocity  agreements 
with  the  "West  India  Islands  and 
some  other  British  possessions  are  made 
public. 

N.  Y.  The  State  Board  of  Can- 
vassers give  certificates  of  election  to 
*_)sborne  and  Nichols  (Dem.),  ami  Derby 
(Rep.),  refusing  a  certificate  to  Slierwood 
(Rep.);  thus  giving  a  Democratic  major- 
ity in  the  Senate,  Interest  becomes 
more  intense  as  the  Legislature  is  to 
choose  a  U.  S.  Senator. 

Dec.  30.  J).  C.  Keciprocity  treaties 
with   Guatemala  and   Salvador  are 

signed  in  "Washington. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Dec.  1  *:  *.  Pa.  Nearly  20  fur- 
naces in  the  Mahoning  Valley  shut 
down  because  of  the  refusal  of  the  rail- 
road and  coke  men  to  reduce  rates  ;  more 
than  10,000  men  are  idle. 

Dec.  2.  A'.  Y.  A  dynamite  explosion 
near  Haverstraw  kills  five  men,  and 
greatly  damages  property. 

Dec.  3.  N.  J.  Three  men  are  killed  and 
15  injured  by  a  train  collision.  Plain- 
field  loses  §150,000  by  fire. 

Dec.  4.  Cal.  Forest  fires  do  much 
damage. 

Dec.  5.  ^finn.  Six  men  are  killed  and 
five  injured  by  a  falling  wall  in  St. 
Paul. 

Dec.  7.  The  Pacific  Mail  Company's 
new  steamer  Nicaragxui  is  lost  in  mak- 
ing her  maiden  trip,  on  the  coast  of 
Salvador;  all  on  board  are  saved. 

Dec.  8.  N.  J.  Two  silk-mills  are 
burned  and  500  thrown  out  of  work 
at  Patersou ;  loss,  $125,000. 

Mich.  The  Deep  "Water  Conven- 
tion at  Detroit  resolves  to  ask  Congress 
to  formulate  a  plan  whereby  convict 
labor  of  the  several  States  may  be  uti- 
lized in  building  a  shii)-caual  from  Lake 
Erie  to  the  seaboard. 

Dec.  19.  New  York.  A  New  York  Cen- 
tral train  runs  from  New  York  City  to 
Buffalo,  436  1-2  miles,  in  425  3-4 
minutes  actual  time. 

Dec.  24.  N,  Y.  A  train  is  wrecked  at 
Hastings ;  15  persons  are  killed. 

Dec.  31.  V.  S.  Statistics  for  1891 : 
Production  :  Gold,  $3;i,175,000  ;  silver, 
$75,416,565 ;  bushels  of  grain  :  Indian 
corn,  '2,060,154,000;  wheat.  611,780,000; 
oats,  738,394,000 ;  barley,  75.000,000+  :  rye, 
33,000,000+  ;  buckwheat,  12,000,000;  bales 
of  cotton,  8,055,518 ;  pounds  of  wool, 
285,000,000;  barrels  of  petroleum,  5;J,- 
986,313.  Currency  in  circulation,  $1,500,- 
067,655;  per  capita,  323.45.  Immigrants 
received  (ttscal  year),  560,319.  Miles  of 
railroad  worked,  164.324;  capital  stock, 
§4,809,176,651.  Fire-waste,  $143,7&1,967 ; 
insurance,  $90,576,918.  Total  railroad 
accidents,  2,444  ;  7.029  persons  are  killed, 
and  33,881  injured.  Business  failures,, 
$12,394;  liabilities,  $193,178,000. 


398     1891,  *  *-1892,  Jan.  20. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY -NAVY. 
1892    Jan.   1.     D.  C.      Secretary  Tracy 

issues  a  new  order  reclassifying  the 

war-ships  of  the  Navy. 
Jan.  2t.     Tex.    Capt.  Hardie,  3d  cavalry, 

disperses  a  baud  of  revolutiouists  under 

Catarino  Garza. 

Jan.  4.  Tex.  Garza  and  his  men  are 
pursued  by  United  States  troopers  and 
Texan  Hangers  in  Zapata  County.  [Jan. 
10.    The  pursuit  is  unsuccessful.] 

Jan.  5.  Oil.  The  cruiser  Baltimore  ar- 
rives at  San  Francisco. 

Jan.  6.  A'".  H.  Tbe  revenue  cutter  Gal- 
latin goes  ashore  off  Manchester-by- 
the-Sea. 

Jan.  10.  D.  C.  Commander  William  R. 
Hridgnian  is  promoted  captain.  [Apr.  3. 
Alex.  H.  McCorraack.  May  5.  Albert  S. 
Baker.  May  28.  Charles  S.  Cotton, 
July  1.    John  R.  Bartlett.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  *  *  N'ew  York.  The  Lion  Tamer  is 
first  produced  in  this  country  at  the 
Broadway  Theatre. 

*  *  New  York.  Frederick  P.  Vinton  of 
Boston,  H.  Siddons  Mowbray,  D.  W. 
Tryon,  J.  S.  Hartley,  and  Horatio 
Walker  of  New  York  are  elected 
members  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design. 

*  *  Pa.  Many  soldiers*  monuments  are 
dedicated  on  the  battlefield  of  Gettys- 
burg during  the  year. 

1892  Jan.  15.  At  some  points  in  the 
northwest  thermometers  mark  a  tem- 
perature as  low  as  50  degrees  below 
zero. 

J'an.  16.  New  York.  Henry  G,,  Mar- 
quand  gives  §50,000  to  the  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  Art. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1892. 
Jan.  2.     Meigs,  Montgomery  Cunningham, 

maj.-gen.  r.  S.  A.,  A76. 
Jan.  6.      liomford,    James    V.,    brig.-gen. 

vols.,  A80. 
Jan.  8,    Uodgers,  Christopher  R.  P.,  rear- 

adm.  U.  S.  N.,  A73. 
Jan.  12.    Judd,  Orin  B.,  clergyman,  jour- 

naliBt,  A76. 
Jan.  14.    Briabin,  James  S.,brlg.-gen.  vols., 

Jan.  1 6 .     W^ood.  Walter  Abbott,  inventor 

of  harvesting-machines,  A76. 
Jan.  SO.    Cranch,  Cliriatopher  P.,  painter, 

A7J). 

CHURCH. 
1801    *  *  Boston.      John    Brady    (auxil- 
iary) is  consecrated   (Roman   Catholic) 
bishop  of  Boston. 

•  *  Cal.  The  General  Synod  of  Califor- 
nia (Evangelical  Lutheran)  is  organized 

•  *  Ind.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Princeton ; 
Thomas  W.  Kennedy,  moderator. 

•  *  O.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  in  Cincinnati. 

•  *  Okla.  Theodore  Meerschaert  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Guthrie. 

•  *  Pa.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Allegheny  ; 
D.  R.  Ewing,  president.    The  35th  Gen- 


eral  Synod    (EvangeUoal  Lutheran) 
meets  at  Lebanon.  . 

*  *Tex.—  W.Va.  Universalist  State  Con- 
ventions are  organized. 

*  *  Tex.  T.  F.  Brennan  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Dallas. 

*  *  The  Epworth  League  (Methodist 
Episcopal)  reports  over  200,000  members. 

*  *  The  English  Synod  of  the  Northwest 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  is  organized. 

*  *  The  General  Synods  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
the  Nebraska  German  are  organized. 

LETTERS, 
1891    *  *  Landscape  Gardening,  by  Sam- 
uel Parsons,  appears. 

*  *  The  Odyssey  of  Homer,  translated  by 
George  H.  Palmer,  appears. 

*  *  The  Spanish  Conspiracy,  by  Thomas 
Marshall  Green,  appears. 

*  *  lYith  the  Admiral  of  the  Ocean  Sea,  by 
Charles  P.  Mackie,  appears. 

*  *  Life  and  Works  of  Horace  Mann  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Principles  of  Political  Economy,  by 
Arthur  Latham  Perry,  appears. 

*  ♦  The  Battle  of  Seven  Pines,  by  Gusta- 
vuB  W.  Smith,  appears. 

*  *  Recollections  and  Impressions,  by  O. 
B.  Frothingham,  appears. 

*  *  Mechanism  and  Personality,  by  Fran- 
cis A.  Shoup,  appears. 

*  *  Murvale  Eastman,  Christian  Scientist^ 
by  Albion  W.  Tourgee,  appears. 

*  *  English  Composition,  by  Barrett  Wen- 
dell, appears. 

*  *  rAe/?enoi5sa7ice,  by  Philip  SchafF,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Across  Russia  from  the  Baltic,  by 
Charles  A.  Stoddard,  appears. 

*  *  The  Principles  of  Strategy,  by  Lieut. 
John  Bigelow,  Jr.,  appears. 

*  *  Conduct  as  a  Fine  Art,  by  N.  Paine 
Gilman  and  Edward  Payson  Jackson, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Witch  of  Prague,  by  F.  Marion 
Crawford,  appears. 

*  *  The  Faith  Doctor,  by  Edward  Eggles- 
ton,  appears. 

*  *  Betty  Alden,  by  Jane  G.  Austin,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Thrown  Upon  Her  Own  Resources,  by 
Mrs.  J.  C.  Croiy  (Jenny  June),  appears. 

*  *  The  New  Womanhood,  by  James  C. 
Fernald,  appears. 

*  *  Business  Openings  for  Girls,  by  Sallie 
Joy  White,  appears. 

*  ♦  Life  of  General  Houston,  by  Henry 
Bruce,  appears. 

*  *  Thomas  Hooker,  by  George  Leon 
Walker,  appears. 

*  »  Colonial  Furniture  of  New  England, 
by  Irving  W.  Lyon,  appears. 

*  *  I^ectures  on  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  by  Samuel  Freeman  Mil- 
ler, appears. 

*  *  Huckleberries,  by  Rose  Terry  Cooke, 
appears. 

*  *  Christopher  Columbus,  by  Justin  Win- 
son,  appears. 


*  *  Siberia  and  t/te  Exile  System,  by 
George  Kennan,  appears. 

*  *  Nature  and  Man  in  America,  by  Na- 
thaniel S.  Shaler,  appears ;  also,  7'he 
Story  of  Our  Continent. 

1892    Jan.  Q±.      Chicago.    A  college  is 

established  to  educate  brewers  in  all 

branches  of  their  trade. 
Jan.  9.    Pa.    Andrew  Carnegie  adds 

$100,000  to  his  gift  of  $2,000,000  to 

Pittsburg  for  a  free  library. 
Jan.  12.   New  York.   Sir  Edwin  Arnold 

gives  the  first  of  a  series  of  readings  at 

Daly's  Theatre. 

SOCIETY. 

1891  *  *  Colo.  Dr.  T.  Thacher  Graves 
is  tried  at  Denver  for  the  murder  of 
Mrs.  Josephine  Barnaby  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  by  poison.  [1893.  Sept.  3,  He 
commits  suicide  while  awaiting  a  second 
trial.] 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  passes  a  bill  prohib- 
iting the  sale  of  liquor  within  one 
mile  of  the  Soldiers'  Home  in  the  city 
of  Washington — a  measure  that  will 
place  about  one-third  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  under  prohibition. 

*  *  Mont.,  N.  //.,  Tenn.  Ijabor-day,  the 
iirst  Monday  in  September,  is  established 
as  a  legal  holiday. 

*  *  N.  C.  A  school  for  white  deaf  and 
dumb  children  is  located  at  Morganton. 

*  *  The  Society  of  loyal  Volunteers 
is  organized. 

*  *  Neb.  —  Colo.  The  Methodist  Hospital 
and  Home  is  founded  in  Omaha ;  als<^ 
another  at  Denver. 

*  *  .V.  C.  The  Legislature  enacts  that 
the  birthday  of  Robert  E,  Lee  (Jan. 
19)  shall  be  a  legal  holiday. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  State  incorporates  a 
Confederate  Soldiers*  Home  near 
Raleigh. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  half-holiday  bill  for  the 
relief  of  employees  is  enacted. 

*  *  N.  Mex.  A  high-license  law  is  en- 
acted. 

Senator   Ingalls    arrests    widespreail 

attention  by  declaring  *'  The  Decalogue 
and  the  Golden  Rule  have  no  place  in  a 
political  campaign.  .  .  .  This  modern 
cant  about  the  corruption  of  politics  is 
fatiguing  in  the  extreme."  ''  Purity  in 
politics  is  an  iridescent  dream." 

*  *  A  society  called  The  Woodmen  of 
the  World  is  founded. 

1892  Jan.  2.  Teiui.  The  convict  mi- 
ners are  returned  to  the  mines  at  Coal 
Creek  with  a  guanl  of  soldiers  for  their 
protection  from  free  miners. 

Jan.  3.  New  York  Aman  threatens  Jay 
Gould  with  death  ;  another,  insisting  on 
marrying  Miss  Helen  Gould,  has  been 
arrested. 

Jan.  4.  N.  Y.  A  train-wrecker  is  cap- 
tured in  the  act  near  Rattlesnake  Point ; 
he  is  imprisoned  in  Rochester. 

Jan.  5,  Ga.  Eight  men  are  killed  in 
a  fight  in  Clinch  county. 

Kan.    The  sheriff  and  sheriff-elect  of 

Seward  county  are  killed  by  a  mob  In 
ambush;  the  district  judge  is  besieged 
in  his  house  by  40  men  armed  with  Win- 
chesters ;  a  county-seat  war  is  the  cause. 
[.Ian.  7.  Four  more  men  are  killed  in 
a  running  fight  with  outlaws  near  Spring- 
field ;  State  militia  occupy  the  town. 


UNITED   STATES.       '  1891,*  *-1892,  Jan.20.   399 


XfHf   }'ork.    Mrs.  R<^)l)ert  L.  Stuart's 

will  is  filed;  nearly  her  whole  fortune, 
estimated  at  $5,000,000,  is  left  to 
public  institutions. 

Tex.    Strikers  at  Gorcum  dismantle 

15  locomotives  ot  the  Sau  Antonio  and 
Arkansas  Pass  Railroad. 

Jan.  7.  Tex.  At  Houston  an  unknown 
thief  robs  the  safe  in  the  office  of  Wells, 
Fartjo,  and  Co.  of  between  $200,000  and 
$.'J0O.0O0. 

Jan.  8.  la.  Ex-Connty  Treasurer  Lane 
of  Ottumwais  missing  ;  shortage,  $30,000. 

Miss.    Tw^o  negrroea  are  lynched  at 

llaysville. 
±  Xeh.    C.   N.   Paul  of  Hastings    re- 
signs  his   offioe   of    eounty    treasurer  ; 
a  shortage  of  $23,000  is  made  good  by 
his  bondisuieu. 

Jan.  9.  /.  T.  About  1,000  Indians  engage 
iu  a  Messiah  dance  iu  the  Cherokee 
Strip. 

Jan.  10.  Conn.  The  Brotherhood  of 
Locomotive  Firemen  and  Engineers  in 
session  at  New  Haven  refuses  to  allow  a 
strike  on  the  branches  of  the  Consoli- 
dated Kailroad  with  regard  to  pay. 

IiuJ.  The  18  street-car  lines  of  In- 
dianapolis are  tied  up  by  a  strike. 

Jan.  12.  New  York.  The  will  of  Itfrs. 
Elizabeth  Coles  gives  large  sums  to 
the  Cathedral  of  St.  John  the  Divine, 
the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  the 
New  York  Genealogical  and  Biographi- 
cal Society,  and  for  a  uevr  college. 

Jan.  13.  Conn.  Two  attempts  are  made 
to  \vreck  passenger-trains  on  the  Kew 
Haven  Uoad. 

Jan.  14.  Pa.  The  Pittsburg  Law  and 
Order  So<Mety  begins  its  prosecution  of 
newsdealers  who  sell  papers  on  Sun- 
days. [Feb.  23.  Seven  newsdealers  and 
carriers  are  iined  $25  each.] 

Jan.  15.  Xeir  York.  John  Carson,  a 
Baltimore  lawyer,  is  fi>und  dead  in  the 
snow  with  his  throat  out. 

Jan.  18.  Ala.  Harvay  Hinton,  impli- 
cated in  the  massacre  of  the  JI'Millen 
family  in  ("hoctaw  County,  is  taken 
from  jail  and  lynched. 

D.  ('.     The   American  "Woman's 

Suffrage  Association  begins  its  annual 
session  at  Washington. 

Xeia  York.  The  Typothetse  cele- 
brates the  ISCth  anniversary  of  Benja- 
nnn  Franklin's  birth  with  a  dinner. 


STATE. 

1891    *  *  During  the  year  1891,  Arkansas, 

Colorado,  Maine,  North  Dakota,  New 

Hampshire,  Oregon,  and  Ohio  adopt  the 

Australian    ballot    system,      lllmois 

and  Pennsylvania  adopt   ballot  reform 

bills. 
*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 

-93  •  *  Ark.    James  P.  Eagle  (Dem.). 

-95*  *  Cal.   Henry  H.Markham  (Rep.). 

-93  *  *  Colo.    John  L.  Routt  (Rep.). 

-93  *  *  Conn.    M.  J.  Bulkeley  (Rep.). 

-95*  *  Del.  Robert  J.  Reynolds  (Dem.). 

-93  *  *  Kan.     L.  U.  Humphrey  (Rep.). 

-95  *  *  Ky,    John  Y.  Brown  (Dem.). 

-92  *  *  3/e.    Edwin  C.  Burleigh  (Rep.). 

-92  *  *  Mass.     Wm.  E.  Russell  (Dem.). 

-93*  *  Mich.  Edwin  B.  Winans  (Dem.). 

-93  *  •  Minn,    W.  R.  Merriman  (Dem.). 

-93  *  *  Neb.     James  E.  Boyd  (Dem.). 

-95  *  *  Nev.    Ross  K.  Colcord  (Rep.). 

-93  *  *  N.  H.    Hiram  A.  Tuttle  (Rep.). 


-93*  *  N.Oak.  Andrew H.Burke(Rep.). 
-05*  *  Ore.  Sylvester  Pennoyer  (Dem.). 
-95  *  *  Pa.  Uohert  E.  Pattison  (r>em.). 
-92  *  *  li.  I.  Herbert  W.  Ladd  (Hep.). 
-93  *  *  S.  Dak.  A.  C.  Mellette  (Rep.). 
-03*  *Tenn.  John  P.  Buchanan  (Dem.). 
-93  *  *  Tex.  James  S.  Hogg  (Dem.). 
-93  *  *  Wis.    George  W.  Peck  (Dem.). 

1892  Jan.  2.  D.  C.  The  Treasury  De- 
partment reports  the  public  debt  in- 
creased $2,794,749  iu  December. 

Jan.  5.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  resolution  authorizing  the 
chartering  of  a  ship  to  carry  com  to 
the  famine-stricken  Russians ;  in  the 
House  many  bills  are  introduced;  one 
to  provide  for  pneumatic  postal  tubes 
between  New  Vork  and  Brooklyn. 
Benton  M*Millin  of  Tenn.  is  chosen 
Speaker  pro  tempore. 

Conn.     The  Supreme  Court  decides 

that  Gov.  Bulkeley  is  the  lawful  ex- 
ecutive of  the  State. 

N.  Y.    In  the  State  Senate  Walker 

(Dem.)  is  seated  by   a  party  vote  for 

Sherwood's  district,  the  27th,  although 
receiving  only  a  minority  vote  in  that 
district ;  four  notices  of  contest  are 
filed  to  unseat  as  many  Republican  Sen- 
ators. 

Jan.  6.  D.  C.  Congress  ;  Senate  :  Mr. 
Morrill  speaks  against  free  coinage  of 
silver,  and  is  answered  by  Mr.  Teller. 

Jan.  7.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  Mr. 
Morgan's  resolution  for  an  inquiry  into 
the  condition  of  the  iN'icaragua  Canal 
is  adopted. 

Secretary  Blaine  notifies  the  represen- 
tatives of  countries  which  have  not  en- 
tered into  reciprocity  agreements  that 
the  retaliatory  clause  of  the  Tariff 
Act  will  be  applied  by  the  President  on 
March  15. 

Jan.  8.  N.  Y.  Storm  Emans,  the  Clerk 
of  Dutchess  County,  is  on  trial  for  con- 
tempt before  Justice  CuUeu  of  Brook- 
lyn ;  he  obtained  the  returns  in  the 
Dutchess  County  election  case  from  the 
messengers  of  the  governor,  comptroller, 
and  secretary  of  state  at  the  offices  of 
those  officials  and  carried  them  back  to 
Poughkeepsie.  [Jan.  20.  A  second  hear- 
ing is  given.  Feb.  18.  The  case  dis- 
missed without  costs.] 

Tenn.      The    Legislature    refuses   to 

make  an  appropriation  for  the  World's 
Fair. 

Jan.  9.  D.  C.  The  despatch  from  Sefior 
Pereira,  the  new  Chilean  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs,  received  at  Washington 
through  Minister  Montt,  is  considered 
more  conciliatory  than  those  from  his 
predecessor. 

Cal.    The  testimony  of  sailors  of  the 

Baltimore  taken  by  Judge-Advocate 
Remy  at  Vallejo  tends  to  show  that  mobs 
in  Valparaiso  were  deliberately  orga- 
nized to  attack  the  American  sailors 
from  the  Haltimore. 

Jan.  11.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
ratifies  the  Brussels  treaty  to  sup- 
press the  African  slave-trade  and  a 

commercial  arrangement  with  the  Kongo 
Free  State ;  Henry  M.  Teller  of  Colo, 
introduces  a  joint  resolution  for  an  In- 
ternational Silver  Congress  [debated 
without  action] ;  ^n  the  House  William 
C.  P.  Breckinridge  of  Ky.  makes  an  un- 
successful atte:npt  to  introduce  a  reso- 


lution  aiming  at   the  repeal  of  the 
reciprocity  clause  of  the  Tariff  Law. 

The  President  proclaims  the  forest 
preserve  of  New  Mexico  to  be  set  apart 
for  public  use. 

Jan.  12.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  A 
bill  is  passed  providing  for  two  new 
revenue  cutters  for  the  Pacific  coast ; 
Jos.  M.  Dolph  of  Ore.  reports  favorably 
the  bill  to  appropriate  $100,000,000 
for  coast  defenses  and  fortifications. 

Jan.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  resolu- 
tion of  John  H.  Mitchell  of  Ore.  for  the 
relief  of  the  Court  of  Claims  is  dis- 
cussed and  referred  ;  in  the  House  Wil- 
liam S.  Holnian  of  Ind.  introduces  a 
resolution  to  limit  expenditures. 

The  final  report  of  Capt.  Schley  of 
the  Jialtimore  on  the  affair  at  Valparaiso 
is  received  at  the  Navy  Department. 

N.  Y.  The  "World's  Fair  Bill,  ap- 
propriating $300,000,  is  introduced  in  the 
State  Senate  and  ordered  to  a  third 
reading. 

Jan.  15.  J).  C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
a  resolution  is  introduced  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  committee  of  seven  to 
investigate  the  census  office ;  the 
Holman  resolutions  are  adopted. 

Jan,  18.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  The 
Mexican  Claims  Bill,  relating  to  certain 
undistributed  moneys  received  from 
Mexico,  is  discussed  ;  William  A.  Peffer 
of  Kan.  introduces  a  joint  resolution 
favoring  the  election  of  President  and 
Vice-President  by  a  direct  popular 
vote.  * 

Jan.  19.  i).  r.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  reopening  of  the  lia 
Abra  claim  to  a  large  part  of  the  award 
of  the  Mexican  Commission ;  the  heirs  of 
Benjamin  Weil  are  also  claimants.  The 
House  kills  the  bill  to  regulate  the 
printing  and  distribution  of  public 
documents. 

N.  Y.  DeputyAttorney-GeneralMay- 

nard  is  confirmed  as  a  Judge  of  the 
Court  of  Appeals. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Jan.  7.  New  York.  The  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  passes  a  resolution 
favoring  an  appropriation  of  $1,000,000 
for  the  New  York  exhibit  at  the  World's 
Fair. 

Jan.  8.  I.  T.  In  a  coal-mine  explo- 
sion at  McAlester,  100  men  are  killed 
and  115  injured. 

Jan.  10.  Mo.  The  main  building  of  the 
State  University,  Columbia,  is  destroyed 
by  fire  ;  loss,  $400,000. 

Jan.  11.  Ind.  Two  lives  are  lost  and  20 
persons  are  injured  by  a  train  falling 
over  an  embankment  at  Nicholson's 
Crossing. 

Jan.  15.  Two  women  are  burned  in 
a  railroad  wreck  on  the  Northern  Pa- 
cific, caused  by  a  broken  rail. 

Jan.  18.  0.  A  natural-gas  explosion 
wrecks  two  churches  and  damages  about 
50  houses  at  Lancaster. 

W.  Va.  Six  men  Are  killed  by  a  pow- 
der-mill explosion  at  Central  City. 


400     1892,  Jan.  20-Feb.  17. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1892  Jan.  29  i.  Tex.  Garza  enters 
Mexico  with  5,000  armed  men,  and  is 
welcomed  by  many  of  the  people. 

Jan.  30.  Boston.  The  Common  Council 
resolves  to  return  a  captured  battle-flag 
to  Company  C,  12th  North  Carolina  Con- 
federate troops. 

D.  C.  Caleb  H.  Carlton  is  commis- 
sioned colonel  —8tb  cavalry. 

[Mar.  9.  Also  Joseph  C.  Bailey — medi- 
cal department.  Apr.  25.  John  C.Bates 

—  2d  infantry.  May  27.  F.  C.  Ainsworth 

—  pension  department.  July  1.  Richard 
Lodor  — 2d  artillery.  July  4.  Andrew 
S.  Bert  —25th  infantry.  July  9.  Oliver 
D.  Green.  July  28.  David  S.  Gordon  — 
IGth  cavalry.  Aug.  16.  Anson  Mills  — 
3d  cavalry.  Sept.  16.  Simon  Snyder  — 
19th  infantry.   Dec.  4.  Charles  H.  Alden 

—  medical  department.  Dec.  11.  John 
G.  Chandler  —  quartermaster's  depart- 
ment. Dec.  27.  Thomaa  C.  Sullivan  — 
Bubsistence  department.] 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  Jan.  24.  Cal.  A  meteorite 
flecked  with  gold  is  found. 

Jan.  26.  Phila.  The  National  Academy 
of  Science  decides  to  send  a  relief  ex- 
pedition for  Lieut.  Peary,  under  Prof. 
A.  Heilprin.    (See  June  27.) 

Feb.  6.  Colo.  Gold  is  found  in  large 
quantities  at  Squaw  Gulch. 

Feb.  13,  A  remarkable  display  of  au- 
rora borealis  is  observed  throughout 
large  sections  of  the  north ;  its  bril- 
liancy causes  people  in  New  York  to 
believe  part  of  the  city  to  be  on  fire. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1892. 

Jan.  33.  Bradley.  Joseph  P..  Justine  IT.  S. 
Supreme  Court,  A7i). 

Jan.  S3.  liobinson,  William  E.,  journalist, 
M.  C.  for  X.  Y.,  A7S. 

Hall,  John  W.,  <iov.  of  Del.,  A7S. 

Jan.  36.  Knapp,  Manning  M.,  lawyer,  ju- 
rist, A  70. 

Jan.  39.  Barnuin,  Henry  A.,  brig.-gen., 
politician,  A60. 

Feb.  3.  Hopkins,  Moses,  capitalist,  philan- 
thropist, A  75. 

Feb.  7.  Bryson,  Andrew,  rear-adm.  U.  S. 
N.,  A  69. 

Feb.  9.  Knox,  John  J.,  comptroller  treas- 
ury, A  64. 

Feb.  13.  Hunt,  TbomasS.,  geologist,  chem- 
ist, author,  Ati6. 


CHURCH. 

1892  Jan.  27  ±.  New  York.  Four  of 
the  Methodist  churches  —  St.  Paul's, 
St.  Luke's,  St.  John's,  and  Forty-third 
Street  —  agree  to  consolidate. 

Jan.  28.  N.  Y.  Bishop  Loughlin  of 
Brooklyn  wills  all  his  property  to  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church. 

Feb.  12.  N.  r.  The  5th  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  Young  "Women's  Chris- 
tian Association  of  the  State  of  New 
York  is  held  at  Schenectady. 

Feb.  14.  New  York.  Dr.  C.  H.  Park- 
hurst  delivers  a  scathing  sermon  against 
city  oflQcials  who  fail  to  execute  the  laws. 

LETTERS. 

1802    Feb.  6.    Chicago.    Tlie     will     of 

John  Crerar,  the  millionaire,  who  left  a 

large  fund  for  founding  a  library,  is 

sustained. 


Feb.  7.  New  York.  Andrew  Carnegie 
lectures  on  the  "  Gospel  of  Wealth." 

Feb.  9.  N.  r.  Bishop  Doane  is  the 
choice  of  the  caucuses  for  Hegent  of 
the  University  at  Albany. 

Feb.  16.  N.  Y.  The  Department  of 
Superintendence  of  the  National  Edu- 
cational Association  opens  its  28th  an- 
nual meeting  in  Brooklyn. 

SOCIETY. 
1892    Jan,  20.    New  York.    The  Ameri- 
can  Society  of   Engineers  holds  its 
annual  meeting. 

Jan.  22.  N.  Y.  Collar-starching  ma- 
chines cause  a  strike  in  Troy,  and  a  mob 

of  500  persons  attacks  the  new  machine 
employees. 

Pa.    Senator  Quay  ■wins  his  suit 

against  the  Pittsburg  Evening  Post  for 
criminal  libel. 

Jan.  23i.  Two  men  rob  a  Missouri  Pa- 
cific train  and  kill  a  puUcenian.  [One 
robber  is  afterwards  killed  and  the  other 
wounded.] 

Jan.  24.  Pa.  Tlie  electric-car  strikers 
in  Allegheny  are  riotous;  several  per- 
sons have  been  hurt. 

Jan.  25.  Tenn.  Miss  Alice  Mitchell,  a 
young  society  woman,  cuts  the  throat  of 
Miss  Freda  Ward  uu  the  sti-eet  at 
Memphis.    [Adjudged  iusane.] 

N.  J.    Rev.  John  "Weih  is  sentenced 

in  Jersey  City  to  five  years  in  the  State 
prison  for  robbing  35  churches  of  altar- 
cloths,  chandeliers,  etc. 

Jan.  26.  ^V.  7'.  Antonio  Pagassi  is 
charged  with  attempting  to  wreck  the 
Sag  Harbor  express-train  near  Bellport, 
Long  Island. 

Jan.  30.    La.    Every  Federal   officer 

in  the  New  Orleans  Custom-house  is 
under  arrest  for  criminal  libel  at  the 
instance  of  the  Warmouth  faction. 

Pa.  Four  '*  moonshiners**  — man- 
ufacturers of  illicit  whisky  —  are  cap- 
tured near  Mount  Pleasant. 

Jan.  31.  New  York,  fiailroad  em- 
ployees from  every  State  in  the  Union 
hold  a  convention  in  the  Academy  of 
Music. 

O.  Tramps  seize  an  Erie  and  West- 
ern Kailroad  train  ;  six  are  captured 
and  seven  escape ;  one  braken^an  is 
badly  injured. 

Feb.  1.  New  York.  Employees  of  tlie 
Edison  Electric  Illuminating  Company 
strike  ;  cause,  nine  uou-uuion  men  are 
employed. 

Pa.   The  defendants  in  Senator  Quay's 

libel  suit  against  the  Beaver  Star  are 
sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  six 
mouths,  $600  fine  each,  and  costs. 

Feb.  2.  Ga.  David  Porter,  deputy-col- 
lector of  customs  at  Savannah,  is  killed 
by  his  son,  16  years  of  age. 

New  York.     Carlyle  "W.  Harris,  a 

medical  student,  after  an  extended  trial 
for  the  poisoning  of  his  young  wife 
(Helen  Potts),  is  convicted  of  murder  in 
the  first  degree. 

.V.     Y.    A    little    boy  named   Ward 

"VVaterbury  is  kidnapped  in  Poundridge, 
"Westchester  County  ;  the  abductors  de- 
mand a  ransom  of  $6,000. 

[The  boy  is  restored  to  his  father  the 
next  day,  after  being  abandoned  by  the 
kidnappers.  Mar.  3.  Two  kidnappers 
are  sentenced  to  four  years,  and  one  to 
two  years  in  the  State  prison,] 

Feb.  4.  La.  The  officers  of  the  Iioui- 
siana  liOttery  Company  withdraw  their 
offer  to  the  State  for  a  license. 


Neiv  York.  The  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce appoints  a  committee  to  solicit 
subscriptions  for  the  starving  Rus- 
sians. 

Feb.  5.    Pa.    David  Hastings,  the  first 

of  the  indicted  Allegheny  City  officials, 
is  found  guilty  of  embezzlement. 

Feb.  8.  New  York.  Temperance  socie- 
ties hold  mass-meetings  to  protest 
against  the  passage  of  the  Liquor-deal- 
ers' Excise  Bill  by  the  Legislature. 

W.  H.  Beers  resigns  as  president  of 
the  Kew  York  Life  Insurance  Company, 
but  will  be  retained  as  adviser  at 
$37,500  a  year.  [May  13.  The  legality 
of  this  action  is  contested  in  the  courts 
and  denied.] 

Feb.  10.  New  York.  St.  John's  Guild 
opens  anon-sectarian  children's  hospi- 
tal for  the  poor. 

A  building  inspector  confesses  that 
he  has  made  false  reports  concerning 
the  fire-esc-apes  of  the  Hotel  Royal,  in 
which  many  lives  were  lost  by  tire. 

Feb,  11.  Pa.  James  Wvman.  mavor  of 
Allegheny  City,  is  charged  with  extor- 
tion, and  found  guilty  on  two  counts. 

Feb.  12.  III.  Abraham  Lincoln's 
birthday  as  a  legal  holiday  is  cele- 
brated for  the  first  time. 

Va.    A  negro  is  lynched  by  a  mob 

at  lioanoke. 

Feb.  13.  New  York.  Twelve  police 
matrons  are  appointed  by  the  Police 
Board. 

Feb.  14.  Cal.  The  police  of  San  Fran- 
cisco are  searching  for  Sarah  Althea 
Terry,  who  has  mysteriously  disap- 
peared. 

New    York.    Rev.    C.  H.    Parkhurst, 

president  of  the  Society  for  the  Preven- 
tion of  Crime,  denounces  from  his  pulpit 
city  officials  as  a  "  damnable  pack  of 
administrative  bloodhounds." 

Feb.  16.  Cal.  A  feud  amon^  the 
highbinders  again  breaks  out  in  San 
Francisco. 

+  Ala.   George  Kaley  shoots  find  kills 

O.  B.  Williamson,  Prohibitionist,  at  the 
municipal  election  at  Warrior ;  he  is 
charged  by  the  coroner's  jury  with  wil- 
ful murder. 

Feb.  17.  N.Y.  Chief  of  Police  Hackett, 
of  Tarrytown,  kills  James  Hannon,  an 
old  resident,  at  a  Democratic  primary. 
The  6th  annual  convention  of  the 
American  Newspaper  Publishers' 
Association  begins. 

STATE. 
1892  Jan.  21.  L>.  C.  Congress:  The 
Senate  discusses  Leland  Stanford's 
Government  Ijand  lioan  Bill ;  in 
the  House  Bland*s  Free  Coinage  Bill 
is  introduced. 

Jan.  22.  N.  Y.  The  Democratic  State 
Convention,  stigmatized  as  Gov.  Hill's 
"  snap  "  convention,  opens  its  session  at 
Albany;  the  convention  decides  to  send 
a  delegation  to  the  National  Democratic 
Convention  at  Chicago  under  the  unit 
rule  in  favor  of  D.  B.  Hill  for  President. 

Jan.  23.  D.  C.  The  United  States  Gov- 
ernment in  an  ultimatum  to  Chile  de- 
mands the  withdrawal  of  the  offensive 
Matta  circular,  and  an  apology  with 
reparation  for  the  outrages  upon  the 
sailors  of  the  Baltimore. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1892,  Jan.  20-Feb.  17.    401 


Jan.  24.  />.  C.  Congress:  A  message 
is  received  from  Presulent  Harrison 
asking  for  an  appropriation  for  the 
"World's  Fair. 

R.  I.    Alexander  Gibson  (Probib.j  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Jan.  25.  D.  C.  Congress :  President 
Harrison's  Chilean  message  is  read  iu 
botb  Houses,  and,  with  the  voluminous 
correspondence  bearing  on  the  question, 
is  referred  to  the  Committees  on  Foreign 
Kelations. 

The  Chilean  reply  to  the  ultimatum 
of  the  United  States  is  received  at  Wash- 
ington. 

It  agrees  to  withdraw  Sefior  Malta's 
otTentsive  note,  withdraws  its  request  for 
^Minister  Egau's  recall,  and  proposes  to 
submit  the  attack  ou  the  Baltimore's 
sailors  at  Valparaiso  to  arbitrament  of 
some  neutral  nation,  or  to  the  decision 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States. 

Jan.  26.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  A 
resolution  for  an  international  silver 
conference  is  reported  ;  in  the  House 
resolutions  calling  on  the  President  to 
transmit  the  answer  of  Chile  are  re- 
ferred; the  House  rules  are  discussed. 
The  Urgent  Deficiency  Bill  passes  both 
Houses. 

iV".  Y.  In  the  Legislature  bills  are  in- 
troduced to  appropriate  $800,000  for  work 
on  the  new  Capitol. 

T^a.    The  Trans-Mississippi  Congress 

at  New  Orleans  favors  the  silver  ques- 
tion from  a  bimetallic  standpoint. 

Jan.  27.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate public  building  bills  are  discussed. 
A  despatch  is  received  at  Washington 
from  the  Chilean  Minister  of  Foreign 
AlTairs  yielding  to  President  Harrison's 
demands  and  expressing  regret  for 
the  Valparaiso  outrage. 

.V.  Y.     In  the  Senate  Jacob  A.  Cantor 

intrmluces  a  bill  providing  for  an  Adi- 
rondack Park. 

Jan.  28. '  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Presi- 
dent sends  to  both  Houses  a  message 
with  the  latest  Chilean  correspond- 
ence; he  expresses  the  belief  that  no 
special  powers  from  Congress  will  be 
needed. 

X.  Y.  In  the  Senate  the  bill  appro- 
priating $300,000  for  the  "World's  Fair 
is  passed. 

Jan.  29.  D.  C,  Congress:  Senate  not 
in  session  ;  in  the  House  the  report  of 
the  Committee  on  Rules  is  further  con- 
sidered. 

Tlie  Ways  and  Means  Committee 
adopts  Chairman  Springer's  plan  of  at- 
tacking the  tariff  by  separate  bills. 

Xew  York.     A  number  of  prominent 

Democrats  call  a  mass-meeting  to  pro- 
test against  the  action  of  the  State  Com- 
mittee in  calling  a  midwinter  conven- 
tion. 

A".  Y.    The  State  Liquor  Dealers* 

Association  Excise  Bill  is  presented  in 
the  Senate  hy  Matthias  Endres  of  Buf- 
falo, and  in  the  Assembly  by  Samuel  J. 
Foiey  of  New  York  ;  among  other  things 
it  provides  for  opening  saloons  on  Sun- 
days at  1  P.M. 

Jan,  30.  /).  r.  Secretary  Blaine  cables 
to  Minister  Egan  the  GoTernment's 


acceptance  of  Chile's  apology  for  the 
Valparaiso  outrage,  and  consent  to  a 
settlement  in  accordance  with  President 
Harrison's  message  of  Jan.  28. 

Feb.  1.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
Mexican  Claims  Bills  are  jiassed  (see 
Jan.  19) ;  the  House  debates  the  pro- 
posed rules. 

The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  decides  that 
Gov.  Boyd  is  the  rightful  governor  of 
Nebraska.  [Feb.  6.  Gov.  Thayer  sur- 
renders the  office  to  him.]  The  court 
decides  also  that  the  Anti-IjOttery 
Law  is  constitutional. 

Feb.  2.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  the 
Printing  Bill  is  taken  up ;  the  House 
continues  to  discuss  the  rules. 

Feb.  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Public  Printing  Bill; 
the  House  discusses  the  rules. 

Feb.  4.  /).  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
New  York  Bridge  Bills  are  unfavor- 
ably reported  by  the  Committee ;  the 
House  adopts  the  new  rules. 

JV.  Y.    The  Assembly  passes  the  Anti- 

Pinkerton  Bill.  Vote,  90-37.  [Mar.  2. 
Passed  by  the  Senate.] 

Feb.  5.  f>.  C.  Congress:  Senate  not  in 
session ;  the  House  passes  the  Census 
Deficiency  Bill. 

The  i>roclamation  of  the  President  an- 
nounces reciprocity  arrangements  with 
the  British  West  Indies. 

X,  Y.     A  bill   is  introduced  in  the 

State  Senate  providing  for  the  con- 
struction of  three  bridges  — two  over 
the  East  River,  and  one  over  the  Harlem. 
[Feb.  24.  The  former  passes  the  Senate. 
Feb.  18.  The  latter  passes  the  Assem- 
hly.] 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  Secretary  James  G. 
Blaine  writes  to  the  Chairman  of  the 
Republican  National  Committee  an- 
noun<'iug  that  h3  is  not  a  candidate 
for  the  Presidency. 

N.  J.  Two  race-track  bills  are  in- 
troduced in  the  Assembly.  [And  greatly 
opposed  at  public  meetings  in  various 
parts  of  the  State.] 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Finance  Committee  rejjorts  imfavorably 
three  Free  Coinage  Bills. 

Conn.    Gov.  Bulkeley   calls   on   the 

people  of  tlie  State  to  meet  at  Hart- 
ford on  Washington's  Birthday  to  raise 
money  for  the  World's  Fair. 

Utah,    The  Liberals  at  the  Salt  Lake 

City  elections  carry  their  ticket  by  the 
heaviest  plurality  yet  obtained. 

Feb.  10.  D.C.  Congress;  House:  Tlxe 
Bland  Free  Coinage  Bill  is  favorably 
reported. 

It  is  announced  that  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States  have  agreed  upon 
France,  Italy,  and  Sweden  as  Bering 
Sea  Arbitrators. 

Feb.  11.  Xew  York.  A  mass-meeting 
of  Democrats  tp  protest  against  the 
early  date  for  the  State  Convention, 
called  a  "  Snap  Convention,"  is  held  at 
Cooper  Union. 

Feb.  12.  J),  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Ihlilitary  Academy  Appro- 
priation Bill  Introduced  Jan.  25. 


Feb.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
adopts  a  resolution  calling  for  an  inves- 
tigation of  the  **  sweating  system." 

Feb.  15.  D.C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes' the  Public  Printing  Bill;  an 
investigation  into  the  admission  of  ty- 
phus fever  immigrants  at  New  York 
is  ordered ;  in  the  House  an  inquiry 
into  the  effects  on  agriculture  of  the 
McKinley  tariff  is  ordered. 

The  minority  report  on  the  Bland 
Free  Coinage  Bill  is  made  public. 

Feb.  16.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  House 
the  bill  authorizing  the  interstate  rail- 
roads to  give  reduced  rates  to  com- 
mercial travelers  is  passed. 

Xew  York.     The  State   enumerators 

begin  taking  a  census  of  the  city  under 
police  escort. 

Feb.  17.  X.  T.  The  Assembly  passes  a 
bill  for  a  bridge  over  the  St.  Lawrence 
at  Wolfe  Island. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Jan.  20.  Ore.  The  Oregon  Pa- 
cific Railroatt  is  sold  at  sheriff's  sale 
for  $1,000,000. 

Jan.  21.  Boston.  The  new  Chamber 
of  Commerce  is  dedicated. 

-VeTP  York.    A  fire  in  Union  Square 

causes  a  loss  of  about  $500,000. 

Jan.  22.  Ind.  The  National  Surgical 
Institute  at  Indianapolis  burns;  21  lives 
«.re  lost,  and  many  peixm-s  injured. 

Jan.  27.  Chicago.  A  School  Fiu-niture 
Trust  is  organized,  with  a  capital  of 
$15,000,000. 

Jan.  28.    Pa.    Five  trainmen  are  killed 

by  a  locomotive  explosion  at  St.  Clair. 
Jan.  31.     Ky.    The  centennial  of  tho 

admission  of  the  State  into  the  Union  is 

celebrated  at  Lexington. 
Feb,  3.     Va.    The  historic  Appomattox 

Court-house  building  is  destroyed  by 

fire. 

Feb.  5.  Nev)  York.  Tlie  Eflison  and 
Thomson-Houston  Electric  Light  inter- 
ests consolidate. 

Many  explosive  matches  are  found 
scattered  among  bales  of  cotton  about 
to  be  loaded  into  a  transatlantic  steam- 
ship. 

K.  J.    The  steamer  Venezuela,  of  the 

Red  D  Line,  goes  ashore  on  Brigantine 
Shoals  in  a  snow-squall ;  the  passengers 
are  brought  to  New  York. 

Feb.  6.  Va.  The  steamer  Polynesian,  of 
the  Allan  Line,  goes  ashore  near  Cape 
Henry. 

The  Barbed  "Wire  Trust   of   the 

United  States  is  dissolved. 

Feb.  7.  N*^in  York.  The  Hotel  Royal 
is  destroyed  by  lire  in  the  early  morning; 
many  lives  are  lost. 

Feb.  8.     Tenn.    A  fire  causes  a  loss  of 

$1,000,000  in  Memphis. 

Feb.  10.  New  York.  The  Sixth  Avenue 
horse-car  road  is  leased  to  a  Philadel- 
phia company  for  99D  years. 

The   Philadelphia   and   Reading 

Railroad  Company  secures  control,  by 
lease,  of  the  New  Jersey  Central  and 
the  Lehigh  Valley  Roads. 

Feb.  11.  Co(o.  By  proclamation  of 
President  Harrison,  Pike's  Peak  is  set 
apart  as  a  forest  reserve. 


402      1892,  Feb.  18-Mar.  25. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1892  Feb.  *  The  claims  of  the  Balti- 
more's seamen  against  Chile  for  assault 
and  murder  aggregate  $1,305,000. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  Mar.  4.  Kan.  Gold  is  discovered 
by  the  fall  of  a  bluff  at  Plymore. 

Mar.  14.  Mo.  Katural  gaa  is  struck  in 
an  artesiau  well  at  Kansas  City.     [June 

1.  Gas  is  struck  in  large  quantities  at 
Danvers,  Hi.  July  15.  Also  found  in 
Conway  County,  Ark.] 

Mar.  19.  /.  T.  A  large  meteor  falls  in 
Eagle  County,  Choctaw  Nation  ;  it  iiii- 
heds  itself  20  feet  in  the  earth,  while  12 
feet  remain  above  ground. 

Mar.  24.  Ariz.  Aztec  city  buildings 
are  discovered  during  the  process  of 
digging  on  the  extension  of  the  Santa 
Cruz  Canal. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 
1893. 

Feb.  20.  Shea,  John  I).  Gilmary,  historian, 
philologist,  A68. 

Feb.  28.  Cullum,  Oeorg-e  W..  maj.-geu. 
U.  S.  A.,  A  83. 

Mar.  1.  Holden,  William  W.,  Gov.  of  N.C., 
A74. 

Kar.  3.  Hopkins,  Stephen  T.,  M.  C.  for 
N.  Y.,  A43. 

STar.  4.  Porter.  Noah,  clergyman,  author, 
lexicographer,  president  of  Yale,  A8I. 

Mar.  6.  Pierrepont,  Edwards,  lawyer, 
atty.-gen.,  minister  to  England,  A75. 

Mar.  11.  liedell.  Gregory  Thurston,  P.  E. 
bishop  of  O.,  author,  A75. 

Mar.  17.  Strakosch,  Max,  opera-manager, 
A57. 

Mar.  18.  Depoele,  Van,  Charles  J.,  electri- 
cian, inventor,  A46. 

Mar.  19.     Lotlirop,  Daniel,  puhlisher,  A60. 

Mar.  22.  Ag^new.  David  Hayes,  sur- 
geon, professor  at  University  of  Fa.,  A74. 

CHURCH. 

1892  Mar.  2.  Cat.  TheKorashan 
Messiah  leaves  San  Francisco  for  Chi- 
cago with  45  of  his  followers. 

Mar.  11.  A'.  Y.  Archbishop  Corrigan 
announces  that  Pope  Leo  has  appointed 
Charles  Edward  McDonnell  bishop  of 
Brooklyn.    [Apr.  25.  Consecrated.  May 

2.  Installed.] 

Mar.  13.  New  York.  Dr.  C.  H.  Park- 
hurst  preaches  another  sermon  on 
municipal  corruption;  he  tells  his 
experience  in  visiting  a  number  of 
places  that  the  authorities  allow  to 
remain  open  in  violation  of  law. 

Mar.  20.  X.  Y.  The  First  Reformed 
Church  of  Albany  celebrates  Its  250th 
anniversary. 

LETTERS. 

1892  Feb.  19.  Pa.  The  new  library 
hall  at  Johnstown,  built  by  Andrew  Car- 
negie at  a  cost  of  $65,000,  is  dedicated. 

Feb.  22.  Mich.  Ex-President  Cleveland 
delivers  an  address  on  '•  Sentiment  in 
Our  National  Life  "  at  the  University 
of  Michigan. 

Feb.  26.  New  York.  The  Alumni  of 
Columbia  vote  imanimously  in  favor 
of  removing  the  college  to  the  Bloom- 
ingdale  site. 


Mar.  2.    N.  If.    Dr.  William  J.  Tucker 

of    Andover    Theological    Seminary    is 
elected  President  of  Dartmouth. 
Mar.  4.    Conn.    Yale's  post-graduate 
courses  in   Philo.sophy  are  to  be  open 
without  distinction  of  sex. 

SOCIETY. 

1892  Feb.  18.  Neiv  York.  Gen.  Horace 
Porter  is  elected  president  of  the 
Grant  Monument  Association. 

Tenn.  The  miners  of  East  Tennes- 
see are  finally  pacified  by  the  com- 
panies' employment  of  free  laborers 
instead  of  convicts. 

Feb.  20.  Jrk.  A  negro  is  burned  at 
the  stake  at  Texarkaua  for  criminal  as- 
sault on  a  white  woman ;  thousands  of 
spectators  are  present. 

Feb.  21.  N.  Y.  A  train-robber  named 
Perry  shoots  an  express-messenger  on 
the  New  York  Central  roa<i,  near  Uocbes- 
ter  ;  he  intimidates  the  train's  crew  and 
captures  the  engine,  but  is  chased, 
caught  in  a  swamp,  and  locked  up. 
[May  19.  He  is  sentenced  to  State 
prison  for  49  years  and  three  months.] 

———  N.  Y.  Licenses  are  issued  so  freely 
in  Brooklyn  that  there  is  now  one 
saloon  to  225  of  population,  —  men, 
women,  and  children,  —  and  one  for 
every  62  male  adults  in  the  city. 

Feb.  22.  Jifo.  The  National  Industrial 
Conference  meets  at  St.  Louis,  with 
650  delegates  present.  [It  decides  to 
favor  the  People's  Party  in  the  elec- 
tions.] 

Feb.  23.  New  York.  Kev.  C.  H.  Park- 
hurst  is  subpcenaed  as  a  witness  before 
the  grand  jury  concerning  the  charges 
made  in  his  sermon  on  Feb.  14th. 

^V.  Y.    The   National    Convention 

of  Flectrical  Fng:ineers  begins  its 
annual  session  in  Buffalo. 

Feb.  27.  Chicago.  The  American  Sec- 
ular Union  —  anti-Bible,  anti-Sabbath 
law,  etc. — holds  a  mass-meeting;  it 
demands  that  the  "World's  Fair  shall  be 
kept  open  on  Sunday. 

Ind.    Attempts  to  run  street-cars  in 

Indianapolis  are  prevented  by  strikers. 

Pkila.    The    will    of    Mrs.  Anna    P. 

Wilsbach  leaves  $1,000,000  to  be 
divided  among  charitable  organiza- 
tions. 

Feb.  28.  Mr.  Blaine  furnishes  the  As- 
sociated Press  with  a  statement  con- 
cerning the  marriage  of  his  son  James 
to  Miss  Nevins,  and  its  results. 

Mar.  1,  New  York.  Dr.  Parkhurst's 
society  presents  evidence  against 
liquor-dealers,  and  Judge  Duffy  issues 
nine  warrants  for  their  arrest ;  seven 
are  held  in  $100  each  for  trial. 

Mar.  3.  Cal.  J.  W.  Collins,  president 
of  tbe  broken  National  Bank,  coniniits 
suicide  ;  he  was  financially  ruined. 

Mar.  5.  New  York,  Tlxe  jury  in  the 
E.  M.  Field  case  disagree.  (See  Dec. 
14,1891.) 

Mar.  6.  Tenn.  Several  white  men  are 
killed  in  one  race  fight,  and  several  ne- 
groes in  another,  near  Memphis. 

Mar.  9.  Tenn.  A  mob  takes  three 
negroes  from  a  jail  in  Memphis,  shoots 
and  kills  them. 


New  York.    Gen.  George  W.Cullum's 

will  provides  bequests  of  about  $690,000 
for  charitable  purposes. 

Mar.  10.  III.  The  residents  of  McLean 
County  make  up  a  train  of  28  cars 
loaded  with  shelled  corn  for  the  famine 
sufferers  of  Russia. 

[Mar.  15.  The  steamer  Missouri  sails 
from  New  York  with  supplies.  The 
Chamber  of  Commerce  has  raised 
$40,268  for  the  starving  peasants.] 

+  New  York.    The  Bar  Association 

appoints  the  following  members  a  com- 
mittee to  investigate  the  charges  made 
against  Isaac  H.  Maynard,  recently  ap- 
pointed judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals, 
accused  of  abstracting  the  Dutchess 
County  election  returns. 

F.  R.  Coudert,  J.  C.  Carter,  E.  R.  Rob- 
inson, J.  E.  Parsons,  W.  B,  Hornblower, 
J.  M.  Bowers,  Elihu  Root,  C.  A.  Hand, 
and  Albert  Stickney. 

[Mar.  18.  Judge  Maynard  makes  pub- 
lic his  defense.  Mar.  22.  The  Commit- 
tee's report  condemns  Judge  Mayiianl, 
and  recommends  his  removal  from  the 
bench  by  the  Legislature.] 

Mar.  14.  New  York.  li.  L.  Klune,  ft 
l)Ost-office  clerk,  is  arrested  for  stealing 
money  from  letters ;  the  alleged  cause 
—  the  demoralizing  Gutteuburg  race- 
track. 

Boston.  The  grand  jury  indicts  Pres- 
ident Potter  and  Directors  French  fiinl 
Dana  of  tlie  wrecked   Maverick  Bank. 

[  Jmie  18.    The  indictments  are  quashed.  | 

Mar.  15.  Tenn.  H.  ClayKingshoots;ind 
kills  D.  H.  Posten.  [King  is  tried  an.l 
condemned  to  death.  Aug.  9.  The  gov- 
ernor commutes  his  sentence  to  impri^ 
onment  for  life.] 

Mar.  18.  Va.  Two  men.  Loe  Hoftlin  ami 
Joseph  Dye,  are  lynched  near  Gaines- 
ville. 

They  were  to  be  hanged  on  this  date 
for  murdering  the  Kines  family  in  1891, 
but  a  stay  of  proceedings  had  been  se- 
cured, hence  the  lynching. 

Mar.  20.  New  York.  E.  L.  Godkin,  ed- 
itor of  the  Evening  Post,  is  arrested  on 
the  charge  of  criminal  libel  by  grand 
juryman  Dennis  W.  O'Halloran.  who  ob- 
jects to  being  called  an  ex  dive-keeper. 
[Mar.  20.  The  grand  jury  dismisses  the 
charge.] 

Mar.  21.  Ch  icago.  Seven  *  *  boodle  *  * 
aldermen  are  indicted,  and  held  under 
§112,000  bail  each.  [Mar.  24.  The  grand 
jury  finds  fresh  disclosures  of  alder- 
manic  corruption.  Mar.  26.  Two  more 
are  indicted  by  the  grand  jury ;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Education  is  impli- 
cated.] 

STATE. 

1892  Feb.  18.  N.  Y.  The  Assembly 
votes  to  exempt  Kings  County  from  the 
provisions  of  the  "  Greater  New  York  '* 
Bill ;  the  Excise  Committee  of  the  As- 
sembly gives  another  hearing  on  the 
Liquor-Dealers'  Excise  Bill  :  Bishop 
Doane  is  the  principal  speaker  against 
the  bill. 

Feb.  19.  Va.  The  Debt  Bill,  with 
House  amendments  providing  for  the 
settlement  of  the  State  debt,  is  passed 
by  the  Senate,  and  goes  to  tbe  governor. 

Feb.  22.  Mo.  A  National  Industrial 
Conference  meets  in  St.  Louis. 

Delegates  are  present  from  the  Far- 
mers' Alliance,  the  Knights  of  Labor, 
the  National  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union,  and  other  organizations  ; 
there  is  an  exciting  struggle  over  the 
admission  of  a  third-party  delegate  from 


UNITED    STATES. 


1892,  Feb.  18-Mar.  25.    403 


Georgia.  TA  joint  committee  appoints 
a  national  convention  to  be  held  in 
Omaha  on  July  4.] 

^V.  T.  The  Democratic  State  Conven- 
tion assembled  at  Albany  selects  a  Hill 
delegation  to  the  National  Demo- 
cratic Convention. 

It  adopts  a  platform  declaring  against 
the  "  coinage  of  any  silver  dollar  which 
is  not  of  the  intrinsic  vahie  of  every 
other  dollar  of  the  United  States." 

Peb.  24.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Presi- 
dent sends  a  message  urging  a  liberal 
appropriation  for  the  World's  Fair. 

Feb.  27.  D.C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
a  bill  is  reported  to  place  binding- 
twine,  to  be  used  in  harvesting  grain, 
on  the  free  list;  the  Indian  Appro- 
priation Bill  is  amended  so  as  to  au- 
thorize the  President  to  detail  army 
officers  as  Indian  agents  when  vacancies 
occur. 

Feb.  29.  D.  C.  A  treaty  to  refer  the 
Bering  Sea  controversy  to  arbitra- 
tion is  signed  in  Washington. 

The  Supreme  Court  affirms  the  con- 
stitutionality of  the  McKinley  Tariff 
and  Dingey  "Worsted  Bills. 

N.  Y.    The  Senate  passes  the  bill  for 

Sunday  opening  of  the  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  Art. 

Mar.  1.  />.  C.  Congress :  In  the  House 
the  Indian  Appropriation  Bill  ia 
passed ;  bill  introduced  Feb.  12. 

JVlar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  District  of  Columbia  Ap- 
propriation Bill  introduced  Mar.  1 ;  tlie 
Commercial  Travelers*  Bill  is  dis- 
cussed, but  fails  to  pass. 

JUCar.  4.  D.  C.  It  is  announced  that  the 
conference  of  experts  on  the  Bering 
Sea  seal  question  has  resulted  in  a 
disagreement. 

Mar.  5.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
the  Urgent  Deficiency  Appropria- 
tion BiU  for  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture is  passed ;  introduced  Mar.  1. 

Mar.  7.  D.  C,  Congress:  In  the 
House  the  resolution  providing  for  the 
consideration  of  the  Bland  Silver  Bill 
is  adopted.  Vote,  190-84.  The  Pension 
Appropriation  Bill,  aggregating  $133,- 
000,000,  is  passed. 

N.  Y.    A  bill  to  appropriate  $500,000 

to  complete  the  Grant  Monument  in 
Riverside  Park,  New  York,  is  by  consent 

advanced  to  a  second  reading. 

Mar.  8.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Bering  Sea  Arbitration  Treaty  is  re- 
ceived, and  discussed  in  exe<;utive  ses- 
sion ;  the  Paddock  Pure  Food  BiU 
is  discussed  and  practically  completed. 

Ia.    The  Senate  passes  a  bill  allowing 

each  community  to  settle  the  liquor 
question  for  itself  by  elections  to  t;ike 
place  not  oftener  than  once  every  five 
years.  Vote,  27-22.  [Mar,  22.  The  lower 
House  votes  to  indefinitely  postpone  the 
bill.] 

Mar.  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Pure  Food  Bill  after  17  dis- 
cussions ;  bill  introduced  Dec.  10;  in 
the  House  the  debate  on  the  Free  Wool 
Bill  begins. 

The  Bering  Sea  correspondence  is 
made  public. 


A'.  Y.  The  Senate  passes  the  Free- 
dom of  Worship  Bill,  [Apr.  14.  it 
passes  the  Assembly.]  A  resolution  is 
l)assed  referring  to  the  State  Commis- 
sion the  question  of  Sunday  closing  of 
the  W^orld's  Fair. 

fa.  The  lower  House  votes  to  re- 
submit the  prohibition  question  to  the 
people. 

Mar.  10.  Z).  C  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Urgent  Deficiency  Bill. 
[Mar.  15.  A  conference  report  is  agreed 
to.    Mar.  24.    Approved.] 

y.  J.  Tlie  State  Senate  passes  a  res- 
olution asking  the  World's  Fair  Com- 
missioners to  close  the  Exposition  on 
Sundays. 

Mar.  12.  Ky.  The  House  of  Represen- 
tatives passes  a  Inll  prohibiting  lotteries 
of  all  kinds  in  the  State ;  dealers  are 
indictable  for  felony.  [Mar.  15.  Gov. 
Brown  signs  the  bill.] 

Mar.  13.  D.  C.  The  President  issues 
a  proclamation  announcing  reciprocity 
with  Nicaragua. 

Mar.  14.  D.  C.  In  an  open  letter  to  the 
I>emocracy  of  the  country,  ex-Secretary 
Bayard  warns  the  party  that  evil  con- 
sequences would  follow  the  passage  of 
a  free  coinage  bill. 

Mass.  Gov.  Kussell  signs  the  Anti- 
Free-Pass  Bill. 

X.    Y.     Senator   Hill  departs  on  a 

political  tour  in  the  South ;  [he  speaks 
in  several  cities]. 

Mar.  15.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Military  Acad- 
emy Appropriation  Bill.  [July  11. 
Conference  report  agreed  to,  July  15. 
Approved.] 

President  Harrison,  under  the  Reci- 
procity Law,  proclaims  the  higher  rate 
of  duties  upon  the  products  of  Colombia, 
Haiti,  and  Venezuela. 

N.  Y.  The  Senate  adopts  the  pro- 
posed amendments  to  the  Constitution, 
making  the  courts  arbiters  in  contested 
election  cases;  the  "Greater  New 
York"  Bill  is  killed  in  the  Assembly. 

li.  I.       D.    Russell  Brown  (Rep.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Mar.  16.  D.C.  Congress :  In  the  House 
William  J.  Bryan  of  Neb.  speaks  in 
favor  of  the  Free  Wool  BiU ;  the  Ter- 
ritories Committee  reports  to  the  House 
in  favor  of  admitting  Arizona  as  a 
State,  and  allowing  New  Mexico  to 
form  a  State  government  preparatory 
to  admission  into  the  Union.  [June  6. 
Both  pass  the  House  and  fail  In  the 
Senate.] 

Mass.  The  House  rejects  an  Anti- 
Cigarette  Bill.     Vote,  73-113. 

Mn.   The  Congressional  Redistricting 

Bill  as  agreed  upon  in  joint  Democratic 
caucus  passes  the  lower  House ;  it  pro- 
vides for  14  Democratic  and  one  Repub- 
lican district. 

Mar.  18.  />.  r.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
Venezuelan    Arbitration    Treaty   is 

considered  in  executive  session. 
Mar.  21.      D.   C.      Congress:     In    the 
House  the  Army  Appropriation  Bill 
is  passed;  bill  introduced  Mar.  5. 


N.  Y.  The  Assembly  passes  the  Koche 

Bill  providing  for  a  $2,000,000  park 
on  the  W^est  Side  in  New  York  City ; 
also  the  bill  combining  the  Supreme, 
Superior,  and  Common  Pleas  Courts  in 
New  York. 

Mar.  22.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  bill  to  improve  the  Mississippi 
River  ;  bill  introduced  Feb.  11.  [It  fails 
in  the  House.]  And  for  the  relief  of 
settlers  on  public  lands ;  in  the  House 
debate  on  the  Free  Silver  Bill  is 
begun  ;  evening  sessions  are  ordered. 

New  York.  The  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce menKjrlalizes  Congress  to  main- 
tain the  present  standard  of  value  in 
coin. 

Mar.  23.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
receives  from  the  President  Xjord  Salis- 
bury's note  on  the  Bering  Sea  question 
with  the  rejoinder  of  the  United  States 
thereto,  antl  considers  the  same  In  ex- 
ecutive session  ;  the  House  debates  the 
Silver  BUI. 

Mar.  24.  />.  ('.  Congress;  House  :  The 
debate  on  the  Silver  Bill  is  closed 
and  much  filibustering  follows. 

Mar.  25.  T>.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Consideration  of  the  Arbitration 
Treaty  is  finished  in  executive  session, 
but  no  vote  is  taken. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Feb.  18.  La.  A  fire  in  New  Or- 
leans destroys  property  worth  $1,000,000. 

I'hila.  Carl  SpreckeVs  sugar  re- 
finery is  sold  to  the  Sugar  Trust  for 
$7,000,000  in  trust  certificates. 

Feb.  24.  Conn.  Officials  and  citizens 
subscribe  $50,000  for  World's  Fair 
piu'poses. 

Feb.  27.  Va.  Life-savers  rescue  26  of 
the  crew  of  the  San  Aibano^  wrecked 
at  Hog  Island. 

Feb.  28.  N.  Y.  An  eight-story  clothing- 
house  and  other  buildings  in  Brooklyn 
are  burned ;  loss,  $1,000,000 ;  several  per- 
sons are  injured. 

Mar.  1.  Wis.  A  train  is  wrecked  near 
Milwaukee ;  seven  persons  are  killed. 

Mar.  5.  Nexo  York.  The  famous  Hop- 
kins-Searles  will  case  is  settled  out  of 
court ;  young  Hopkins  agrees  to  take 
$3,000,000. 

Mar.  12.  Chicago.  Twenty-eight 
breweries  form  a  brewing  and  malting 
association  with  a  capital  of  $20,000,000. 

Mar.  17.  N.  Y.  The  population  of 
the  State  by  enumeration  is  given  as 
6,479,730,  which  is  481 ,877  in  excess  of  the 
census  of  1890 ;  the  three  cities  of  New 
York ,  Brooklyn ,  and  Buffalo  have  of  this 
increase451,791,  leaving  30,086  as  the  gain 
in  the  rest  of  the  State. 

Mar.  18.  Mo.  Liggett  and  Myers's  ex- 
tensive tobacco  factory  in  St,  Loula  is 
burned  ;  loss,  $340,000. 

N.  J.    The  new  British  steel  clipper 

ship  Windermere  runs  aground  in  a 
storm  at  Deal  Beach,  the  crew  are  taken 
ashore  by  the  breeches-buoy. 

Mar.  21.  New  York.  The  Standard  Oil 
Trust    is  dissolved  by  the  vote  of  its 

shareholders. 

Mich.  A  boiler  explodes  in  a  lum- 
ber-mill at  East  Jordan,  killing  seven 
men  and  injuring  several  others. 


404     1892,  Mar.  25-Apr.  27. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1892    Mar.  31.     J'a.     The   protected 
cniiser  Raleigh  is  launched  at  Norfolk. 

Apr.  13.  Who.  United  States  troops 
are  ordered  to  quell  the  cattlemen's  dis- 
turbances. [Apr.  22.  Cattlemen  are 
brought  to  F(^rt  Douglas.] 

Apr.  15.  Ten}}.  The  militia  g^uarding: 
the  convict  camp  at  Coal  Creek  are  tired 
upon  by  niinera. 

Apr.  16.  -D.  C.  The  revenue  steamera 
Itush  and  Bear  are  ordered  north  to 
patrol  Bering  Sea. 

Apr.  18.  B.C.  Frank  Wheaton  is  com- 
missioned brigadier-general. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  Apr.  6.  Utah.  President  "Wood- 
rutf  lays  the  capstone  of  the  Mormcn 
Temple  at  Salt  Lake  City. 

Apr.  8.  Xeto  York.  The  sale  of  the 
Kobertson  Collection  of  paintings 
brings  $270,380. 

Apr.  12.  Cal.  Sarthqiiake  shocks  are 
again  felt.  [Apr.  17.  Earthquake  shocks 
are  felt  in  Oregon.  Apr.  19.  At  "Wood- 
land and  elsewhere,  Cal.  Apr.  21.  An- 
other in  California.] 

Neio  York.    The  corner-stone  of  the 

Grant  Monument  is   laid,  President 
Harrison  spreading  the  mortar. 

In  the  presence  of  a  vast  concourse  of 
people,  Chauncey  M.  Depew  and  Gen. 
Porter  deliver  addresses ;  I4ational  and 
State  troops  parade ;  the  warship  Mian- 
tonoinoh  fires  salutes.  A  Grant  diimer 
at  Delmonioo's  follows  the  conclusion 
of  the  ceremonies,  at  which  Secretary 
Elkins,  Sefior  Romero,  and  others  make 
speeches.    (See  Sept.  6, 1890.) 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

Mar.  36.    Whitman,    Walt,    or   Walter, 

poet,  A73. 
Apr.  4.    Singleton,  J.  W.,  brig.-gen.  vols., 

M.C.  for  111.,  dies. 
Apr.  6.    Saulsburv,  WUlard,atty.-gen.,  sen- 
ator for  Del.,  A72. 
Apr.  9.    Field, Charles  W.,Confederatemaj. - 

gen.,  A 64. 
Apr.  10.    Sweeney,  Thomas  W.»  brig.-gen. 

vols.,  A71. 
Apr.  19.     Smith,  Roawell,  pub.,  founder  of 

Century  Magazine^  A63. 
Apr.  25.     Hradford,    Wilham,    painter   of 

Arctic  scenery,  A66. 

CHURCH. 

1892  Mar.  28.  Pa.  A  celebration  in 
honor  of  Bishop  Gomenius  is  held  by 
school-children  in  the  Moravian  church 
at  Bethlehem. 

Apr.  4.  Utah.  The  62d  annual  confer- 
ence of  the  Mormon  Church  begins 
at  Salt  Lake  City. 

Apr.  7.  Mass.-X.  H.  A  Fast-day  is 
observed  by  the  appointment  of  gov- 
ernors. 

LETTERS. 

1892  Mar.  29.  New  York.  The  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New  York 
graduates  162  doctors  from  the  medical 
department. 

Apr.  3.  Cal.  Timothy  Hopkins  presents 
a  valuable  collection  of  railway  litera- 
ture »D  Leland  Stanford  University. 

Apr.  4.  Pa.  The  graduate  department 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  ia 
opened  to  women. 


Apr.  5.  N.  Y.  President  Charles  Ken- 
dall Adams  of  Cornell  University  re- 
signs. [July  30.  He  accepts  the  presi- 
dency of  the  University  ofWisconsin.] 

Apr.  8,  New  York.  J.Pierpont  ilorgan 
makes  a  provisional  gift  of  $500,000 
to  the  New  York  trade-schools. 

Apr.  11.  Conn.  Harry  Havemeycr, 
sugar-refiner,  gives  $75,000  additional  to 
tlie  §50,000  previously  given  for  a  pub- 
He  school  building  at  Greenwich. 

Apr.  13.  New  York.  The  library  of 
Enianu-El  Theological  Seminary  is  se- 
cured for  Columbia. 

Apr.  16.  N.J.  The  American  Library 
Association  begins  its  annual  meeting 
at  Lakewood. 

Apr.  18.  N.  Y.  Prof.  Jacob  Gould 
Sehurman  is  elected  president  of  Cor- 
neU,  to  succeed  President  Adams. 
[Nov.  11.    Inaugurated.] 

New  York.    Authors  hold  a  meeting 

and  form  the  Association  of  American 
Authors.  [June  4.  It  perfects  the  or- 
ganization.] 

Apr.  27.  -D.  C.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
McMahon  Hall  of  Philosophy  of  the 
Catholic  University  at  Washington  is 
laid  with  impressive  ceremony. 

SOCIETY. 

1892    Mar.  25.    N.  Y.    Mrs.  Mary  Lar- 

sen,  80  years  old,  is  boimd,  gagged,  and 
robbed  of  $6,000,  in  Brooklyn. 

liar.  26.  Boston.  The  formation  of  an 
Anti-Saloon  League  is  announced  ;  it 
comprises  clergymen  of  all  denomina- 
tions. 

N.  Y.    A  watchman  in  Long  Island 

City  is  murdered  in  the  street ;  supposed 
to  be  the  work  of  strikers. 

Mar.  27.  Neio  York.  The  Central  Labor 
Union  agrees  to  unite  with  the  **  Sweat- 
ing"   Abolition  Union  in  eflforts  to 

abolish  the  sweating  system. 

Mar.  28.  Chicafio.  Colored  men  hold  a 
meeting  to  protest  against  the  Memphis 
lynchings  of  the  i)th  of  March. 

The  executors  of  the  Fayerweather 
will  file  their  inventory  ;  the  sum  of 
$4,285,000  goes  to  colleges  and  hos- 
pitals direct. 

Mar.  30.  Mass.  Mayor  Graves  of  Fitch- 
burg  is  found  guilty  of  fraudulently 
obtaining  money  from  the  county  of 
Worcester. 

Apr.  1.  Pa.  Moonshiners  kill  Jona- 
than Hochstetter  on  Laurel  Hill  Moun- 
tain for  testifyjiig  against  them  in  court. 

New  York.     Tlie  grand  jury  makes  a 

strong  presentment  against  the  police 
department  for  corruption. 

Apr.  2.  Ind.  The  State  Board  of  World's 
Fair  managers  vote  against  the  clos- 
tng  of  the  exposition  on  Sunday. 

Ky.  Revenue  officers  make  a  success- 
ful raid  on  moonshine  stills  in  Harlan 
County. 

O.    An  unknown  negro  is  lynched 

in  Millersburg. 

Apr.  4.  Ma.  Six  stage-robbers  — all 
women,  dressed  in  men's  clothes — are 
arrested  near  Salmon  City. 

New  York.  A  mass-meeting  of  col- 
ored people  at  Cooper  Union  protests 


against  the  ill-treatment  of  negroes  in 
the  South. 
Apr.  8+.     La.     A    convention    of    the 
United  Confederate  Veterans  is  held 
at  New  Orleans. 

Apr.  10.  }Yi/o.~3Ion.  About  500  cow- 
boys set  out  to  exterminate  the  rustlers 
(cattle-thieves)  of  Wyoming  and  Mon- 
tana. 

Apr.  12.  Pa.  It  is  discovered  that  the 
superintendent  of  police  of  Pittsburg, 
who  died  three  months  ago,  was  poi- 
soned. 

Apr,  13.  Neil)  York.  A  defalcation  of 
$32,072.94  is  discovered  in  the  United 
States  5«ational  Bank. 

A  new  suit  is  entered  against  Henry 
Hilton  to  recover  some  of  A.  T.  Stew- 
art's millions. 

Dr.  Parkhurst  publishes  a  statement 
regarding  his  action  in  obtaining  evi- 
dence against  the  Police  Department. 

The  first  public  meeting  of  the  New 
City  Club  is  held. 

Apr.  15.    3fass.    Two  "White  Caps  are 

sentenced  to  imprisonment  in  Dedham 
Jail  for  one  year  each  for  tarring  and 
feathering  H.  N.  Pratt. 

Apr.  17.  N.  Y.  An  unsuccessful  attempt 
is  made  to  wreck  the  New  York  express 
on  the  Lackawanna  road  near  Oswego. 

Neir  York.    The  police  make  a  show 

of  enforcing  the  Excise  law;  91  arrests 
are  made. 

Apr.  18.  Boston.  Nearly  2,000  persons 
attend  the  reception  and  banquet  in 
honor  of  Rev.  Dr.  E.  E.  Hale. 

New  York.    J.  U.  Gamper,  a  socialist 

leader,  in  a  drunken  fit  nearly  kills  his 
wife  and  daughter- 
Apr.  19.  Fla.  Four  negroes  are  lynched 
near  Ucala. 

Apr.  21.  Ne?r  York.  Tiffany  &  Co..  jew- 
elers, suffer  a  loss  of  $50,000  by  a  forger, 
James  A.  Palmer,  who  is  under  arrest. 

N.  Y.    Thomas  O'Brien,  tlie  notorious 

"  Bunco  King,"  escapes  from  bis  keeper 
by  a  conspiracy  while  on  his  way  to 
Clinton  Prison. 

[June  2.  Keeper  Buck  is  convicted  at 
Utica  of  complicity  in  the  escape.  June 
4.  He  is  sentenced  to  State  prison  for 
three  years.] 

The  grand  jury  of  Saratoga  finds  true 
bills  or  indictment  against  W.  H.  Gailor 
:rnd  R.  F.  Knap(),  late  members  of  the 
Board  of  Police  Commissioners,  for  bri- 
bery and  extortion. 

Apr.  23  +  .  N.  Y.  Prominent  Buffalo 
lawyers  are  preparing  a  testimonial 
commending  the  action  of  the  Bar  Asso- 
ciation in  regard  to  Judge  Maynard ; 
it  has  already  been  signed  by  34  lawyers. 

Apr.  23.  N.J.  .MfredParkes,  who  killed 
his  wi-fe  with  a  hammer  in  Newark,  is 
sentenced  to  10  yciirs  imiirisonment. 

Apr.  24.  Chicago.  Tlie  annual  Con- 
vention of  the  Theosophical  Societies 
begins. 

N.  J.    Armed  residents  of  Passaic  and 

Clifton  raid  a  gang  and  capture  10 
tramps,  who  are  sentenced  at  once  to  90 
days  each  in  the  county  jail. 

Apr.  25.  Neir  York.  The  Baptist  pas- 
tors indorse  Dr.  Parkhurst  in  his  cru- 
sade against  vice. 

Apr.  26.  New  York.  F.C  Ewer,  a  trusted 
clerk  of  the  Corbin  Banking  Company, 
is  a  defaulter  to  the  amount  of  $13,000; 
gambling  the  alleged  cause. 


UNITED    STATES.  1892,  Mar.  25 -Apr.  27.    405 


STATE. 

1892  Mar.  25.  .V.  )'.  Tho  Judiciary 
('(^iiinilttoes  of  tho  Lt'fiishitiiro  tiet'iile  to 
limit  the  Maynard  investigation  to  one 
day,  and  tu  cali  as  wicnti^ses  unly  the 
nine  members  of  the  K:ir  Association's 
committee.  [Mar.  30.  F.  K.  Coudert  and 
others  testify.]  Senator  Hill  arrives  in 
Albany  ;  the  liquor-sellers'  Excise  Bill  is 
reported  back  to  the  Assembly,  with  the 
local-option  clause  addeti,  and  another 
forlddding  the  licensing  of  a  saloon  with- 
in 200  feet  of  a  church  or  schoolhouae. 

Fr.  The  new  Franco-American  Ex- 
tradition Treaty  is  signed  in  Paris. 

Mar.  26.  Miss.  The  House  defeats  a 
World's  Fair  appropriation.  Vote,  20- 
78. 

O.    The  Legislature  gives  Cincinnati 

the  right  of   raising   $6,000,000    on 
water  bonds  by  a  popular  vote. 

Mar.  28.  D.  C.  Congress  :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Anti-Chinese 
Bill.  [May  3-4.  Conference  report  agreed 
to.    May  11.    Approved.] 

Mar.  29.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
unanimously  ratifies  the  Arbitration 
Treaty;  William  M.  Stewart  of  Nev. 
gives  notice  that  he  will  move  to  take  up 
his  Free  Coinage  Bill;  the  House  re- 
sumes discussion  of  the  Tariff  Bill.  . 

Mar.  30.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  The 
treaty  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
I'nited  States  for  the  arbitration  of 
the  Bering  Sea  difficulty  is  ratified ; 
in  tlie  House  debate  on  the  Free  Wool 
Bill  is  continued. 

Xew  York.  The  Central  Park  Com- 
missioners ask  the  Legislature  to  repeal 
the  Speedway  Act,  which  provides  for 
a  trotting  course  in  the  Park.  [Apr.  1. 
It  is  repealed  by  the  Senate.  Apr.  14, 
By  the  Assembly.    Apr.  25.    Approved.] 

Mar.  31.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
army  provision  in  the  Indian  Appro- 
priation Bill  is  adopted ;  the  House  de- 
bates the  "Wool  Bill. 

Apr.  1.  D.  V.  Secretary  Noble  orders 
that  the  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho 
reservation  be  opened  for  settlement 
April  15. 

Apr.  2.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  House 
general  debate  on  tho  "Wool  BiU  is 
closed. 

Apr.  4.  D.  C.  Congress  :  In  the  House 
the  Chinese  Exclusion  Bill,  prohibit- 
ing the  entrance  of  Chinese  into  the 
United  States,  is  i>a5sed ;  bill  introduced 
Feb.  19. 

y.  Y.  The  Senate  passes  the  Com- 
pulsory Education  Bill,  with  New 
York  and  Brooklyn  exempted. 

Apr.  5.  N.  Y.  The  Senate  by  a  party 
vote  passes  the  Congressional  Reappor- 
tionment BiU  and  the  "  Huckleberry  " 
Railroad  Bill  for  New  York  (  ity.  [Apr. 
7.  The  latter  passed  by  the  Assembly. 
Apr.  20.    Approved.] 

In  Buffalo  at  a  Democratic  mass- 
meeting,  the  mayor  presiding,  tlie  Feb- 
ruary State  Convention  is  denounce<l. 

Apr.  6.  D,C.  Congress:  The  Assembly 
amends  and  passes  the  Indian  Appro- 
priation Bill  after  five  discussions. 
[July  7.     Conference  report  agreed  to. 


July  15.  Approved.]  In  the  House  the 
Committee  of  the  Whole  reports  the 
Free  Wool  Bill. 

——li.I.  State  officers  and  Legislature 
are  elected. 

Apr.  7.  i>.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Free  "Wool  Bill  introduced 
Feb.  15,  and  takes  up  the  Cotton-Bag- 
ging BiH. 

lY.  r.    The  Senate  and  Assembly  pass 

the  Constitutional  Convention  Bill. 

The  Maynard  investigation  comes 
to  an  abrupt  termination  ;  the  Kepubli- 
cans  not  being  allowed  to  subpoena  any 
witnesses,  none  appear. 

Apr.  8.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  An 
amendment  appropriating  ?100,000  for 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Kepublic  en- 
campment in  Washington  is  incorjK)- 
rated  in  the  District  Appropriation  Bill. 

Apr.  9.  D.  C,  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Free  Bagging  Bill  for  cot- 
ton ;  bill  introduced  Feb.  15, 

Apr.  11.  I).  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  Ja- 
cob H.  Gallinger  of  N.  H.  advocates  liis 
I)in  for  a  sanitarium  for  pulmonary 
patients. 

Apr.  14.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  amendments  to  the  bill  creat- 
ing the  Circuit  Courts  of  Appeal ;  in  the 
House  the  reprinting  in  tho  Record  of 
Henry  George's  book,  Protection  or  Free 
Traded  as  the  undelivered  speeches 
of  five  Democratic  members,  is  dis- 
cussed; Julius  C.  Burro ws's  motion  to 
expunge  the  matter  is  voted  down. 

The  payment  of  an  indemnity  of  $25,000 
by  the  United  States  to  Italy,  in  repara- 
tion of  outrages  on  Italians  in  New  Or- 
leans, and  the  immediate  resumption  of 
full  diplomatic  relations  between  the 
countries,  is  announced.  (See  Society. 
Oct.  15,  1890.) 

Fla.    The  Republicans,  on  account  of 

alleged  Democratic  election  practices 
preventing  a  fair  vote,  decide  to  make 
no  nominations  in  the  State. 

Apr.  15.  N.  Y.  In  the  Legislature  the 
Assembly  passes  the  "Woman's  Suf- 
frage BiU.    [It  fails  in  the  Senate.] 

S.  Dak.  The  President  by  proclama- 
tion opens  the  Sisseton  Indian  reser- 
vation for  settlement. 

Apr.  16.  D.  C.  It  is  announced  that  a 
copyright  agreement  with  Germany 
has  been  signed  by  Secretary  Blaine  and 
the  German  Minister  to  the  U.  S.,  Theo- 
dore von  Holleben. 

La.  Both  of  the  Democratic  fac- 
tions hold  large  mass-meetings,  refus- 
ing to  compi'oniise  in  any  way  in  regard 
to  the  approaching  elections. 

Afass.  The  House  passes  the  bill  fix- 
ing ten  hours  as  a  day's  work  for 
railroad  employees. 

Apr.  18.  />.  C  Congress ;  Senate : 
The  Bering  Sea  modus  vivendi  is  re- 
ceived from  the  President ;  the  House 
passes  the  Naval  Appropriation  Bill, 
introduced  Mar.  10;  it  provides  for  one 
new  cruiser  [A'ew    York.] 

y.  Y.  In  the  Legislature  the  major- 
ity and  minority  reports  in  the  Maynard 
investigation  are  submitted.    [Apr,  20. 


The  majority  report,  exonerating  Judge 
Maynard,  is  adopted  by  a  strictly  party 
votej. 

Apr.  19.  B,  C.  Congress:  Tho  Senate 
approves  the  Bering  Sea  modus  vive7idi. 

La.    The  people  vote  to  reject   the 

oifer  of  the  XiOuisiana  Lottery  Com- 
pany. 

Apr.  25.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  substitute  for  the  Gray  Anti- 
Chinese  BiU ;  it  extends  the  present 
laws  for  ten  years. 

Apr.  26.  /).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
receives  a  message  from  the  President 
declining  to  transmit  tlie  correspond- 
ence relative  to  an  International  Mon- 
etary Conference,  as  requested. 

Secretary  Blaine  telegraphs  a  member 
of  the  llepublican  State  Committee  of 
Maine  that  the  use  of  his  name  in  con- 
nection with  the  presidential  nomina- 
tion is  entirely  unauthorized. 

Apr.  27.  D.  a  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Army  Appro- 
priation Bill.  [July  15.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.     July  20.    Approved.] 

III.  John  B.  Altgeld  (Dem.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Mar.  29.  La.  The  families  of 
the  lynched  Italians  at  New  Orleans 
are  to  receive  $20,000,  provided  their 
Italian  citizenship  is  proved. 

Mar.  30.    Nein  York.    A  great  rubber 

trust,  to  control  most  of  the  rubber  busi- 
ness of  the  country,  is  incorporated. 

Mar.  31,    Colo.    The  silver-mines  are 

shutting  down  on  account  of  the  low 
price  paid  for  silver. 

— —  Kan.    Destructive  prairie  fires  are 

raging. 

Mar,  *  A  train  on  the  New  York  Central 
and  Hudson  lliver  road  runs  21  miles  at 
the  rate  of  72.69  miles  per  hour. 

Apr.  2.  Miss.  Greenville  loses  $100,000 
by  fire. 

Xeto  York.    The  Mercantile  Exchange 

appoints  a  committee  of  15  to  cooperate 
with  the  Grant  Monument  Associa- 
tion to  complete  the  tomb. 

Apr.  3.  La.  Four  cotton  compresses, 
80,000  bales  of  cotton,  and  many  dwell- 
ings are  burned  in  New  Orleans ;  the 
loss  is  §2,050,000. 

New  York.    Seven  street-car  lines 

are  secured  by  a  Philadelphia  syndi- 
cate. 

Apr.  9±.  Chicago.  W.  T.  Baker  is  re- 
elected president  of  the  "World's  Fair 
Directory;  his  salary  is  reduced  one- 
half. 

La.    New  Orleans  merchants  organizo 

a  company  with  a  capital  of  $500,000  to 
fight  the  rice  trust. 

Apr.  12.  New  York.  Wm.  Murray  re- 
tires from  the  office  of  Superintendent 
of  Police ;  Inspector  Byrnes  is  ap- 
pointed his  successor. 

Apr.  19.  7.  T.  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho 
reservations  are  thrown  open  to  set- 
tlers, and  thousands  rush  in  to  take 
possession. 


406     1892,  Apr.  28-May  31. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1892  Apr.  30.  iV.  J.  The  practice 
gunboat  Bancroft  is  launched  at  Eliza- 
bethport. 

May  18.  Chicago.  A  military  despatch 
by  bicycle  relays  is  started  from  Chi- 
cago for  New  York. 

[May  23.  The  Relay  Bicyclists  com- 
plete the  work  of  bringing  a  message 
from  Gen.  Miles  at  Chicago  to  Gen. 
Howard  at  New  York  city;  time,  four 
days,  13  hours,  and  five  minutes.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATtTRE. 

1892  Apr.  29.  .V.  Mex.  Valuable 
fossils  are  found  in  San  Juan  County. 

Apr.  30,  S.  Dak.  A  valuable  discovery 
of  platinum  ore  is  made  near  Kapid 
City. 

May  17.  B.  C.  The  Congress  of  the 
I^ational  Ajt  Association  in  behalf  of 
free  art  opens  in  Washington. 

May  18.  la.  A  flood- wave  in  the 
Floyd  River,  at  Sioux  City,  drives 
8,000  people  from  their  homes ;  many 
are  rescued  with  great  diflBculty,  and  11 
are  known  to  be  drowned. 

May  21.  Mo.  It  is  stated  that  damages 
by  flood  in  and  about  St.  Louis  will 
amount  to  $11,000,000;  further  loss  of 
life  is  reported  from  Arkansas. 

May  23.  Jll.  The  whole  Illinois  valley 
is  a  scene  of  desolation  caused  by 
floods. 

May  24.  Ark.  The  crops  of  40,000  far- 
mers are  swept  away. 

May  27.  Kan.  A  cyclone  kills  20  per- 
sons at  Wellington  and  11  at  Hutchin- 
son, and  destroys  avast  amount  of  prop- 
erty, [July  3.  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  loses 
«150,000  by  a  tornado.  Oct.  17.  A  hurri- 
cane rages  along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.] 

May  28.  Ark.  Gold  is  found  which  as- 
says from  $3.50  to  $110  per  ton. 

May  29.  Chicago.  The  first  Bohemian 
soldiers'  monument  in  the  United 
States  is  dedicated. 

La.   A  moniunent  to  Chief  Hennessy 

is  unveiled  at  Metaric  Cemetery,  New 
Orleans. 

May  30.  X.  Y.  A  soldiers'  monu- 
ment is  unveiled  at  Rochester ;  Presi- 
dent Harrison  and  Gov.  Flower  are 
present. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1892. 

Apr.  39.  Leidy,  Joseph,  naturalist,  pro- 
fessor at  University  of  Pa.,  A(>9. 

2Iay  5.  Moore,  (ieorge  Henry,  author,  li- 
hrarlan,  bililiographer,  A59. 

May  14.  Barbour,  John  S.,  senator  for 
Va.,  A72. 

lUanchard,  Jonathan,  president  Whea- 

ton  (College,  A81. 

May  18.     Ely,  Alfred,  M.  C.,forN.  Y.,  A77. 

May  30.  Rutherford,  Lewis  Morris,  physi- 
cist, A75. 

CHURCH. 
1892  Apr.  29.  JVis.  Archbishop 
Katzer  of  Milwaukee  issues  a  letter 
forbidding  Catholics  joining  socie- 
ties which  bind  their  members  to 
observe  secrets  so  strictly  that  they 
cannot  be  revealed  to  even  the  bishop 
of  the  diocese. 


May  2.  Neb.  The  General  Confer- 
ence (Methodist  Episcopal)  begins  its 
quadrennial  session  at  Omaha.  [It  pro- 
tests against  the  State  granting  money 
for  sectarian  purposes ;  declares  in 
favor  of  equal  lay  and  clerical  repre- 
sentation.] 

May  5.  New  York.  A  relic,  said  to  be  a 
piece  of  the  arm  of  St.  Anne,  the 
mother  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  is  placed  on 
exhibition  at  St.  Jean  Baptiste's  Roman 
Catholic  church. 

N.  Y.  Rev.  Henry  Gabriels  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  the 
Diocese  of  Ogdensburg  at  Albany. 

May  9.  }fls.  The  coronation  of  the 
statue  of  St.  Joseph  takes  place  at  De 
Pere  by  favor  of  Pope  Leo.  The  crowns 
are  of  pure  gold  studded  with  precious 
stones,  and  valued  at  $G,000. 

May  14.  Cincinnati.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

May  18,  New  York.  Rev.  Thomas  Dixon, 
Jr.,  denounces  the  Tammany  Society 
and  Mayor  Grant. 

[May  27.  Mr.  Dixon  is  held  in  $1,000 
bail  for  the  grand  jury  in  the  criminal 
libel  case  of  the  excise  commissioner, 
Koch.  June  6.  He  is  unanimously  sup- 
ported by  the  Baptist  Ministers*  Confer- 
ence. June  30.  The  indictment  is  dis- 
missed.] 

May  19.  Ore.  The  104th  General 
Assembly  (Presbyterian)  meets  at 
Portland. 

[  May  25.  The  trial  of  Dr.  Charles  A. 
Briggs  for  heresy  begins.  May  28.  The 
Assembly  decides  to  sustain  the  appeal 
of  the  Prosecuting  Committee.  May  30. 
It  remands  the  case  to  the  New  York 
Presbytery  for  trial.] 

May  22.  Pa.  A  priest  stops  a  prize- 
fight at  Plains,  six  miles  from  Wilkes- 
barre,  after  the  fourth  round  was  nearly 
finished. 

May  29.  New  York.  Dr.  Rainsford 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  in  a  sermon  fa- 
vors making  baxrooms  as  good  as  pos- 
sible, and  keeping  them  open  at  certain 
hours  on  Sunday. 

May  31.  NY.  Father  Dent  institutes 
a  slander  suit  against  Bishop  Ryan  of 
Buffalo,  claiming  $100,000  damages. 

• -Tliis  day  is  observed  as  a  day  of  fast- 
ing, humiliation,  and  prayer  by  the  col- 
ored people  of  the  South. 

SOCIETY. 

1892  Apr.  28.  NJ.  Judge  Lippincott 
of  Jersey  City  sentences  two  saloon- 
keepers to  three  months'  imitrisonment 
and  a  fine  of  $250  each  for  liquor-sell- 
ing on  Sunday. 

Apr.  29.    Ga.    The  Scotch-Irish  Con- 

gress  is  in  session  at  Atlanta. 
-V.  Y.    .T,   T>.   Sheehan,  a    pedler.  is 

murdered  by  tramps  near  Stony  Point. 

Tenn.    "White  Caps  are  terrorizing 

Jackson,  Sevier,  and  Knox  counties; 
they  are  under  a  leader  employed  on  a 
salary,  and  about  fifty  persons  have  been 
whipped,  some  of  whom  are  in  a  precari- 
ous condition. 

Apr.  30.  New  York.  The  Annual  Con- 
gress of  the  Sons  of  the  American 
Kevolution  meets. 


—  .V.  Y.  Ferdinand  "Ward's  term  ex- 
pires, and  he  is  released  from  Sing  Sing 
Prison. 

—  Tenn.  A  Nashville  mob  takes  a 
negro  from  jail  and  hangs  him. 

May  1.  Chicago.  Three  red  flags  borne 
in  the  May-Day  parade  are  seized  by  the 
police,  and  their  bearers  arrested. 

New    York.      By    official   orders   the 

police  are  restricted  from  the  full  en- 
forcement of  the  Excise  law. 

May  2.  New  Eng.  Granite-cutters  and 
quarry  men  throughout  New  England 
go  on  strike. 

[May  13.  A  number  of  strikes  are 
ordered  in  New  York  City  to  aid  them. 
May  14.  Granite-workers  are  locked  out 
in  several  New  England  towns.  May  17. 
They  accept  the  terms  offered  by  the 
Thomaston  owners,  to  work  the  quarries 
on  the  cooperative  plan.  July  8.  The 
New  York  granite-pavers  declare  their 
strike  off,  and  yield  to  the  contractors. 
Aug.  27.  The  Milford  branch  of  the 
Quarrymen's  Union  decides  to  allow  its 
members  to  seek  employment.] 

May  3.  New  York.  The  Pavers'  Union 
orders  its  members  in  this  city  to  go  out 
on  strike  in  sympathy  with  granite- 
workers. 

May  7.  .^V.  Y.  A  conspiracy  between 
conductors  and  outsiders  to  defraud  the 
West  Shore  Railroad  is  discovered,  and 
several  arrests  are  made. 

Npav  York.    The  Actors*  Fund  Fair 

at  the  Madison  Square  Garden  closes  ; 
about  $170,000  is  realized. 

Thousands  of  children  attend  May- 
parties  in  Central  Park. 

May  8.  N.  J.  Mrs.  Susan  B.  Palmer 
gives  20  city-lots  in  Passaic  for  a  hos- 
pital site. 

May  10.  N.J.  Italian  laborers  near  As- 
bury  Park  put  an  armed  guard  over  em- 
ployers who  have  not  paid  their  wa^^es. 

New  York.  The  National  Tem- 
perance Society  holds  its  27th  anni- 
versary in  the  Broadway  Tabernacle. 

May  11.  Chicago.  The  Convention  of 
the  Federation  of  "Women's  Clubs 
opens. 

May  12.  Coto.  The  Childs-Drexet  Na- 
tional Home  for  Printers,  at  Colorado 
Springs,  is  formally  dedicated. 

N.  Y.    Three  asse^ors  of  Cohoes 

are  indicted  and  two  arrested  on  war- 
rants charging  them  with  bribery. 

Te7in.      The   Confederate  Soldiers* 

Home  at  the  Hermitage  (Andrew  Jack- 
son's home)  is  opened. 

May  15,  Cat.  Stage-robbers  kill  the 
messeiiger,  and  secure  $20,000  from  the 
Welis-Fargo  Express  Company;  one  of 
the  robbers  is  captured. 

May  17.  Ga.  Three  negroes  are  taken 
from  jail  in  Clarksville  and  lynched. 

May  19.  Tex.  In  Denison  four  women, 
two  of  them  of  high  social  standing,  are 
shot  in  widely  different  partsof  the  city, 
by  an  unknown  assassin. 

May  20.  Tenn.  A  mob  storms  the  jail 
at  Nashville  to  get  a  negro  prisoner  and 
lynch  him  ;  the  police  are  armed  with 
Winchester  rifles. 

May  21.  New  York.  Eleven  King's 
Daughters  leave  America  for  Russia, 
"In  His  Name."  to  distribute  money 
among  the  famine  sufferers. 

May  24.  .V.  Y.  A  Sanitarium  for 
Hebrew  children  at  Kockaway  Beach, 


UNITED    STATES.         1892,  Apr.  28 -May  31.      407 


Long  Island,  is  <le(licated ;  it  has  accqm- 
niodations  for  100  children  and  their 
mothers,  and  cost  $27,500. 

May  25.  Boston.  The  32d  annual  con- 
vention of  the  United  States  Brewers' 
Association  begins. 

New  York.  The  American  Fisher- 
ies Society  begins  its  annual  conven- 
tion. 

Slay  26.  Cnl,  Union  workmen  blowup 
a  non-union  blacksmith  shop  in  San 
Diego, 

3/(55.    The  levee-guards  at  Gunnison 

shoot  and  kill  a  man  trying  to  blow  up 
the  levee  with  dyuaraite. 

New  York.    Joseph  Barondess,  union 

cloakmaker,  is  sentenced  to  one  year 
and  nine  months  in  the  State  prison  for 
extortion.     [Pardoned  June  4.] 

The  crusade  against  protected  crime, 
led  by  Rev.  Dr.  Parkhurst,  is  indorsed 
at  a  mass-meeting  in  Cooper  Union. 

May  27.  ^ew  York.  Three  women 
are  among  the  graduates  from  the  Ijaw 
School  of  the  University  of  the  City  of 
New  York. 

Paving  contractors  join  the  quarry- 
men  in  fighting  the  striking  granite- 
cutters.    (See  May  2.) 

Utah.    N.  H.  Groesbeck,  a  Mormon, 

is  sentenced  for  the  tliird  time  to  one 
year's  imprisonment  for  polygamy. 

May  30.  I/f.  W.  J.  Jones,  manager  of 
the  Sandwich  Manufacturing  Company, 
is  decoyed  from  his  house,  robbed,  and 
murdered. 

May  31.  JVew  York.  M.  T.  G.  Cum- 
niiskey,  of  the  customs  bureau  in  the 
post-oftice,  is  charged  with  stealing  —  in 
all,  about  $0,000. 

May  *  The  General  Conference  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  con- 
demns the  liquor  traffic. 

*'  License  laws  are  the  liquor  traffic's 
strongest  bulwark  of  defense.  They  are 
wrong  in  principle  and  impotent  for 
good.  We  are  unalter.ably  opposed  to 
the  enactment  of  laws  for  that  purpose, 
because  they  provide  for  its  continu- 
ance, and  afford  no  protection  against 
its  ravages.  We  will  accept  no  compro- 
ituse,  but  demand  the  unconditional  sur- 
render of  the  rebellious  business." 

STATE. 

1892  Apr,  28.  3/o.  Major  Wm.  War- 
ner (Uep.)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

May  1.  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
the  completion  of  reciprocity  arrange- 
ments with  Honduras. 

May  2.  />.  C.  Congress:  In  the  House, 
under  suspension  of  rules,  the  Free 
Binding-Twine  Bill  is  passed  ;  the  bill 
to  open  the  Colville  Indian  Reserva- 
tion in  Washington  is  passed;  bill  in- 
troduced Mar.  15.  [May  21.  It  passes 
the  Senate.  July  15.  Approved,]  It 
passes  the  Pension  Bill  for  the  relief  of 
survivors  of  the  Indian  Wars  of  1832-42  ; 
bill  introduced  Mar.  16.  [July  21.  Tlie 
bill  passes  the  Senate.  July  28.  Ap- 
proved.] 

Mass.    The   Senate    refuses  a  third 

reading  to  a  bill  granting  municipal 
suffrage  to  women.    Vote,  32-10. 

May  3.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  the 
report  of  the  Conference  Committee 
on  the   Chinese   Exclusion   Bill   is 


agreed  to ;  the  House  passes  the  Diplo- 
matic and  Consular  Appropriation 
Bill  after  seven  discussions;  bill  intro- 
duood  Mar.  28. 

May  4.  D.  C,  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Chinese  Exclusion  Bill. 
[May  5.  Approved.]  The  bill  to  admit 
certain  foreign-built  vessels  to  Amer- 
ican registry  is  passed  ;  bill  introduced 
Mar.  9. 

May  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Dependent  Pensions  Bill 
introduced  Mar,  14. 

May  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  House  Bill  to  Encourage 
Ship-building  by  granting  U.  S.  regis- 
try to  two  steamships  of  thelnman  Line 
on  condition  that  two  others  be  built 
by  the  company  in  this  country.  L^l^y 
11.  Approved.]  The  House  pfisses  the 
River  and  Harbor  BUI,  appropriating 
$21,300,000,  after  six  discussions ;  bill  in- 
troduced Apr,  9. 

Charles  Emory  Smith  tenders  his 
resignation  as  Minister  to  Russia. 

May  10.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  bill  for  enlarging  Yellow- 
stone National  Park. 

May  12.  D.C.  It  is  annoimced  that  Jus- 
tice Harlan  and  .Senator  Morgan  have 
been  selected  as  arbitrators  and  ex-Min- 
ister  Phelps  as  chief  counsel  for  the 
United  States  in  the  Bering  Sea  arbi- 
tration. 

May  14.  O.  Judge  Sage  of  the  U.  S. 
District  Court  in  <.'incinnati  decides  that 
the  River  and  Harbor  Act  of  Congress 
is  unconstitutional  so  far  as  it  gives  to 
the  Secretary  of  War  judicial  powers. 

May  17.  Mich.  A  National  League  of 
College  Republican  Clubs  is  formed 
at  Ann  Arbor. 

May  18.  D.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
luisses  the  Naval  Appropriation  Bill 
as  amended  by  the  Committee,  five 
Democrats  voting  with  the  Republi- 
cans. [July  15.  Conference  report 
agreed  to.     July  20.    Approved.] 

A'.  Y.    Gov.  Flower  signs  the  codes 

prepared  by  the  Statutory  Revision 
Commission,  and  Senator  George  1-". 
Roesch'B  Factory  Bill. 

May  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  River  and  Harbor  BUI. 
[July  G.  Conference  report  agreed  to. 
July  15.    Approved.] 

President  Harrison  proclaims  reci- 
procity with  Guatemala,  to  take  ef- 
fect May  30. 

May  23.  Ida.  Gov.  MMlley  asks  aid  of 
the  I'niteti  States  Government,  the  strik- 
ing miners  being  armed,  and  trouble  is 
feared. 

May  26.  fJ.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
adopts  a  provision  for  closing  the  Gov- 
ernment World's  Fair  exhibit  on 
Sunday. 

fCy.  The  Legislature  orders  rail- 
roads passing  through  the  State  to  pro- 
vide separate  coaches  for  negroes. 

May  27.  D.  (\  Congress:  The  Senate 
makes  the  Stewart  Free  Coinage  BiH 
unfinished  business  for  the  following 
Tuesday ;  the  House  passes  the  Stmdry 
Civil  Appropriation  BUI  after  15  dis- 
cussions ;  bill  introduced  Mar.  24.    [July 


14.  It  passes  the  Senate  after  11  dich 
cussions.  Aug.  5.  Conference  report 
agreed  to,  and  bill  approved.] 

La.  The  I.ejiislature  passes  a  bill  re- 
quiring all  persons  selling  firearms  to 
take  out  a  license. 

May  31.  X.  Y.  The  (anti-Hill)  protest- 
ing Democratic  State  Convention  con- 
venes at  Syracuse ;  a  full  delegation  to 
Chicago  is  chosen,  with  instructions  to 
vote  as  a  unit. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Apr.  28.  N.J.  The  steamer  J^/or- 
iffa  goes  ashore  near  Atlantic  City. 

Phi/a.    The  Grand  Central  Theater 

is  burned  and  12  lives  lost. 

Apr.  29i^.  Tex.  A  drought  causes  dis- 
tressing want;  500  families  receive 
rations. 

May  5.  Mo.  By  the  coUapse  of  a  rail- 
way bridge  near  Medill  seven  lives  are 
lost  and  many  persons  injured. 

May  7.  Wash.  The  100th  anniversary 
of  the  discovery  of  Puget  Sotmd  is 
celebrated  at  Port  Townaend. 

May  12.  X.  Mex.  The  Capitol  at  Santa 
F6,  valued  at  $1,000,000,  is  burned. 

Xew  York.    "Wm.  Astor  bequeaths 

the  bulk  of  his  estate  to  his  son,  John 
Jacob  Astor,  but  gives  about  $150,000  to 
public  charities. 

Teim.    The  steel  cantUever  bridge 

spanning  the  Mississippi  River  at 
Memphis  is  opened  with  elaborate  cere- 
monies. 

May  15.  O.  A  train-wreck  in  a  blind- 
ing storm  near  Cleves  causes  seven 
deaths  and  many  persons  injured;  loss 
to  the  company,  over  $100,000. 

May  16.  "Weak  levees  on  the  Missis- 
sippi give  way,  and  much  damage  is 
done  ;  w^^unen  and  children  are  rescued 
with  difficulty. 

May  19.  la.  The  loss  of  property  by 
the  flood-wave  at  Sioux  City  will 
reach  $1,500,000;  about  20  persons  are 
supposed  to  be  lost. 

May  25.  Neb.  The  sUver  (25th)  anni- 
versary of  the  admission  of  Nebraska 
into  the  Union  is  celebrated  at  Lincoln. 

May  26.  Chicago.  The  steam  propeller 
Wergeland  arrives  from  Norway  via 
the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Welland 
Canal. 

May  27.  Chicago.  The  first  elevated 
railroad  is  opened. 

May  28.  N.  Y.  A  receiver  is  asked 
for  to  wind  up  the  Empire  Order  of  Mu- 
tual Aid  at  Buffalo  ;  45  death  claims  are 
stilt  unpaid,  calling  for  $1)0,000;  assets, 
$20,000. 

May  30.  N.  Y.  Brooklyn,  eastern  dis- 
trict, loses  $175,000  by  fire  ;  over  50  fami- 
lies are  rendered  homeless. 

May  31.  Cal.  The  largest  gold  brick 
ever  handled  — 357J  pounds  avoirdupois, 
valued  at  $120,000  —  arrives  at  the  mint 
in  San  Francisco  from  the  Harqua  Hala 
mine  in  Arizona. 

Chicago.    In  the  Board  of  Trade,  the 

price  of  corn  drops  from  $1.00  per 
bushel  to  49  cents,  causing  the  failure  of 
Coster  and  Martin,  who  were  "  running 
a  coriier  "  for  May. 


408     1892,  May  31 -July  1. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1892  Jxine  8.  Minn.  Militia  are  sent 
to  the  Minnesota  Company's  mines  at 
Tower,  where  trouble  is  feared  from 
strikers. 

June  12.  D.  C.  Commander  Smith, 
V.  S.  N.,  is  retired  by  direction  of  the 
President. 

June  28.  J'a.  The  armored  battle- 
ship Texas  is  launched  at  Norfolk. 

July  1.  Fin.  Additional  troops  are 
called  out  at  Jackaon  to  intimidate  the 
negroes  ;  a  number  are  arrested. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  June  1.  Ind.  Floods  in  this 
State  and  elsewhere  are  still  raging  ; 
estimated  loss  thus  far,  $50,000,000. 

June  2.  Pa.  The  •*  High-'Water 
Mark"  Monument  is  dedicated  at 
Gettysburg. 

It  commemorates  the  terrible  struggle 
on  Cemetery  Ridge,  which  resulted  in 
the  retirement  of  (4en.  Lee's  army  from 
Northern  States,  and  the  gradual  decline 
of  the  prestige  of  Confederate  arms. 

June  5.  Pa.  New  deposits  of  coal  are 
found  between  Pottsville  andTamaqua. 

June  20.  Xew  York.  The  University 
Settlement  opens  its  first  free  art  ex- 
hibition in  Allen  Street. 

June  27.  The  Peary  relief  party  starts 
on  its  expedition  to  McCormick  Bay,  in 
the  Arctic  regions.  [Aug.  *  McCor- 
mick Harbor  is  reached  on  the  return 
trip  from  the  Arctic  Sea.  Sept.  *  The 
successful  expedition  returns  in  safety.] 

La.    The  entire  country  along  the 

Amity  Iliver,  between  Lake  Maurepas 
and  Port  Vincent,  is  under  water. 

June*  D.  C.  The  American  Institute 
of  Homeopathy  meets  at  Washing- 
ton. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

188S. 
June  3.     Moore,  T>.  D.  T.»  editor  of  rural 

papers,  A72. 
June  9.     Dillon,  Sidney,  president  of  Union 

Pacillc  R.  K.,  A70. 
June  24.    Cassidy,  G.  W.,  M.  C.  for  Mo., 

A56. 
June  39.      Dwlght,    Tlieodore    W.,   Jurist, 

professor  at  C6luml>ia,  A70. 

CHURCH. 

1892  May*  Phila.  The  National 
Baptist  Congress  convenes. 

Jtme  13.  Pa.  A  vast  concourse  of 
ailing  people  at  Mount  Troy,  Alle- 
gheny, visit  Father  Mollinger  to  be 
healed,  at  the  St.  Anthony's  Day  cele- 
bration (Roman  Catholic).  [June  15. 
He  dies  soon  after  blessing  a  large  as- 
sembly.   Aged  70  years.] 

LETTERS. 

1802    June  6.    The  American  Jewish 

Historical  Society  is  formed. 
June  8.    Conn.    A  new  public  library, 

the  gift  of  Miss  Caroline  Phelps  Stokes, 
is  dedicated  at  Ansonia,  the  building 
costing  between  $35,000  and  $40,000. 
Jujie  22.  Cal.  Prof.  S.  W.  Burnham, 
the  astronomer,  resigns  his  position  at 
Ijick  Observatory. 


July  1±.  J't.  Middlebixry  CoUege  re- 
ceives $60,000  toward  its  periuanent  fund 
from  C.  J.  Starr  of  New  York  City. 

SOCIETY. 

1892  June  1.  Cal.  Highbinders  are 
rioting  in  the  Chinese  quarters  at  Sac- 
ramento ;  two  Chinamen  are  killed  and 
one  wounded. 

June  2.  N.  Afex.  An  express-train  on 
the  Santa  Fd  road  is  held  up  and 
robbed,  after  a  fight  with  the  express- 
messengers. 

H.  Y.     In  Port  Jervis  a  negro  is 

lynched  for  an  assault  on  Miss  Mc- 
Jklahon  of  that  village. 

[June  28+.  The  grand  jury  indicts 
the  officials  of  Port  Jervis  for  criminal 
negligence ;  they  are  acquitted.] 

June  3.  Fla.  By  act  of  the  Legislature 
Florida  observes  for  the  first  time  Jef- 
ferson I)avis*s  birthday  as  a  legal 
holiday. 

June  4.  X,  J.  Alden  Falea,  16  years 
of  age,  is  convicted  of  the  murder  of 
Thomas  Haddou  at  JSewark. 

June  5.  Chicago.  The  American  Insti- 
tute of  Electrical  Engineers  begins 
its  annual  session. 

June  6.  Neto  York.  Dr.  Robert  W. 
Buchanan  is  arrested  on  a  charge  of 
poisoning  his   wife;  a  week  after  her 

burial  he  went  to  Halifax,  and  remar- 
ried his  (divorced)  first  wife. 

iV.  Y.    Two  Toronto  men  are  arrested 

on  the  Niagara  frontier  with  6o  pounds 
of  smuggled  opium  in  their  possession. 

June  8.  Boston.  The  colored  citizens 
in  mass-meeting  adopt  strong  resolu- 
tions denouncing  the  outrages  on  colored 
people  in  the  South,  and  demanding  the 
punishment  of  the  lynchers. 

Coin.     Bob   Ford,    the   slayer   of 

Jesse  James,  is  shot  and  killed  by  l)e\y 
uty-Sheritf  Kelly  at  Denver. 

June  9.  Fla.  Confederate  flags  are 
carried  in  a  procession  of  Confederate 
veterans  in  Jacksonville. 

June  11.    Miss.    A  mob  of  white  men 

shoots  every  negro  it  meets  on  the  hills 
near  Port  Gibson. 

N.  Y.  At  a  riot  among  lumber- 
men in  Tonawanda,  several  Rtriker.s  are 
shot  by  officers  ;  two  policemen  receive 
wounds. 

Pa.    The  annual  meeting  and  parade 

of  the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Po- 
tomac occurs  at  Scranton. 

Jvme  13.  Tenn.  A  negro  prisoner  is 
protected  from  a  mob  and  tried  accord- 
ing to  law  in  open  court  at  Chattanooga. 

June  14.    Okla.    President  Harrison 

telegraphs  the  governor  to  use  the  most 
vigorous  efforts  to  prevent  any  lynching 
at  Guthrie,  a  mob  having  threatened  a 
negro,  arrested  for  assaulting  a  woman. 

Phila.     The   International  Typo 

graphical  Union  is  in  session. 

June  15.  N.  Y.  The  Master  Car- 
Builders'  Association  of  the  United 
States  is  in  session  at  Saratoga. 

Nevy  Y(yrk.    John  E.  Redmond,  the 

Irish  Home  Ruler,  speaks  on  the  Irish 

■  question  in  the  Academy  of  Music  be- 
fore a  large  audience. 

June  16.  Ky.  For  illicit  whisky-selling 
in  Lancaster,  a  local-option  town,  a 
negro    is    fined    nearly  $1,000,000  after 


CQnfessing  in  1,585  cases,  and  a  white 
man  $157,700,  in  1,577  cases. 

June  18.  Miss.  One  negro  is  lynched, 

and  another  threatened  with  the  same 
fate,  in  McComb  City. 

Kx-Congressman  J.  B.  Morgan  of  MLs- 
sissippi  is  killed  by  Henry  Foster,  a  law- 
yer, near  Horn  Lake. 

Keto  York.    The  will  of  Sidney  Dillon 

is  made  public  ;  his  heirs  give  $100,000 
to  various  charities. 

June  19.  Minn.  There  is  trouble  with 
striking  miners  at  Tower;  the  militia 
are  under  arms. 

June  20.  N.  J.  The  Court  of  Errors  and 
Appeals  affirms  the  conviction  of  the 
Jersey  City  ballot-box  stuffers.  (See 
Feb.  13,  ISiKt.) 

[June  28.  Thirteen  are  sentenced  to 
the  State  prison  and  seven  to  the  peni- 
tentiary. July  1.  Judge  Lippincott 
sends  four  more  to  prison.  Aug.  5.  The 
last  of  the  67  ballot-box  stufiers  plead 
guilty.  Dec.  24.  All  are  released  by  the 
(Jourt  of  Pardons.] 

Pa.    The  Homestead  Steel  Works 

at  Pittsburg  are  partly  closed  ;  3,000  men 
are  thrown  out  of  work. 

June  21.    I).  C.     Kdwin  J.  Ryan,  United 

States  Express  Company's  clerk  at, 
AVashin^'ton,  is  missing ;  also  three 
packages  of  new  bank-notes,  amount- 
ing to  $50,000. 

Phila.  The  Ladies'  National  Ten- 
nis Tournament  opens. 

June  22.  N.  Y.  Tramps  seize  a  freight- 
train  on  the  New  York  Central  Railroad, 
and  ride  to  New  York  on  it. 

-V.  T.    G.  E.  Carpenter,  the  assailant 

of  Joim  E.  Searles,  Jr.,  in  Brooklyn,  is 
sentenced  to  20  years  in  the  State 
prison. 

June  24.  O.  Street-car  strikers  at 
Cleveland  use  violence. 

June  25.  New  York.  The  Iron  League, 

composed  of  the  big  local  iron  firms,  dis- 
charges all  employees  who  are  identitit-d 
with  the  Knights  of  Labor;  they  num- 
ber about  l,5u0. 

Pa.     The  Carnegie  Steel   Works   at 

Homestead  lock  out  the  strikers,  who 
demand  payment  for  their  labor  accor- 
ding to  a  wage  scale.    (See  July  6.) 

June  27.  New  York.  A  prisoner  on  trial 
in  the  Court  of  General  Sessions  is  shot 
dead  by  the  brother  of  the  young  girl  he 
had  asfiaulted. 

Tenn.    W.  M.  Bates  is  taken  from  jail 

at  Shelbyville  by  a  mob  and  lynched. 

June  28.  New  York.  The  Health  Board 
appoints 50  physicians  of  the  "summer 
corps  "  to  serve  without  charge  among 
the  poor  in  the  tenement-house  district. 
The  grand  jury,  having  dismissed  ex- 
cise cases  without  limit,  is  discharged. 

Judge  Lacombe  delivers  an  opinion  in 
favor  of  the  legahty  of  the  "Whisky 
Trust. 

June  29.  N.  T.  The  National  Savings 
Bank,  Buffalo,  fails  in  consequence  of 
the  defalcation  of  §500,000  by  Edward  S. 
Dann,  its  president. 

July  1.  N.  Y.  An  Excise  Enforce- 
ment XiCague  is  organized  in  Brooklyn. 

STATE. 
1892    Jime  1.    I).  C.     Congress;  Sen- 
ate: John  Sherman  finishes  his  speech 
on  the  Silver  Bill;  "William  M.  Stewart 
of  Nev.  follows. 

The  Treasury  Department  reports  the 
public  debt  increased  $4,600,000  in  May. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1892,  May  31- July  1.    409 


a.  I.    T)ie  Legislature  in  Granil  Com- 

mitteo  elects  all  the  Republican  nomi- 
nees by  uvcrwlieluiinj^  iiiujuniica. 

If'is.  Gov.  Peck  calls  a  special  ses- 
sion of  the  Legislature  tor  June  28  to 
reappiirtion  the  State  into  Senate  and 
Assembly  districts. 

June  2.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate:  Wil- 
liam M.  Stewart  finishes  bis  speech  on 
silver,  and  the  bill  goes  over. 
June  4.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Postal  Appropriation  Bill 
after  eight  discussions  ;  bill  introduced 
Apr.  16.  [June  29.  Bill  passes  the  Sen- 
ate. July  15.  Approved.]  The  Senate 
Committee  on  Immigration  examines 
John  I.  Davenport  on  the  naturaliza- 
tion frauds  in  New  York  City.  [Again 
f>n  fjune  9.] 

James  G.  Blaine  tenders  his  resig- 
nation of  the  portfolio  of  State,  which 
the  President  accepts  ;  this  action  is  un- 
derstood to  place  ilr.  Blaine  in  the  field 
as  a  possible  presidential  candidate. 
June  6.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Legis- 
bitive,  Executive,  and  Judicial  Appro- 
priation Bill  is  passed  ;  bill  introduceil 
May  28.  [June  29.  Bill  is  passed  by  the 
Senate.  July  20.  Approved.]  Bills  are 
p.assed  to  admit  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico  as  States. 
June  7.  S.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Diplomatic  and 
Consular  Bill.  [July  14.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.  July  20.  Approveil.] 
The  House  passes  the  Urgent  Defici- 
ency Bill. 
. —  Ore.     Republicans     carry    both 

branches  of  the  Legislature. 
June  7-11.    Minn.     The    Republican 
National  Convention  is  in  session  at 
Minneapolis,  with    William  McKinley, 
Jr.,  of  O.,  chairman. 

President  Harrison  is  renominated 
on  the  first  ballot  for  presidential  can- 
didate. Vote,  Harrison  of  Ind.,  535J  ; 
James  G.  Blaine  of  Me.,  182J  ;  William 
McKinley,  Jr.  of  O.,  182;  Thomas  B. 
Reed  of  Me.,  4;  Robert  T.  Lincoln  of 
111.,  1 ;  Harrison's  plurality,  1C6. 

Vote  for  candidate  lor  Vice-President : 
\^^litelaw  Reid  and  Thomas  B.  Reed  are 
put  in  nomination  ;  but  the  latter  with- 
draws before  a  ballot  is  taken,  and  the 
former  is  nominated  unanimously. 
June  8.    D.  C.    Congress :  The   House 
passes  the  Agricultural  Appropria- 
tion Bill  introduced  June  2. 
June  10.  D.C.    Congress :  In  the  House 
the  Committee  on  Commerce  reports  in 
favor  of  instituting  an  investigation 
of  the  Reading  combine  to  control  the 
price  of  anthracite  coal. 
June  15.    D.  C.    Congress:  The  House 


the  Dominion  for  tuijust  discrimination 
against  American  vessels  navigating  the 
Canadian  canals. 
.We.  Henry  B.  Cleaves  (Rep.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 
Jvme  21-23.  Chicago.  The  Demo- 
cratic National  Convention  is  in  ses- 
sion ;  W.  L.  Wilson  of  W.  Va.  is  chosen 
permanent  chairman ;  the  convention 
unanimously  adopts  a  platform,  includ- 
ing a  tariff  resolution  substituted  lor 
that  reported  by  the  committee  ;  late  in 
the  night  session  .Mr.  Cleveland  is  nomi- 
nated for  President  on  the  first  ballot. 

Vote,  1st  ballot :  Cleveland,  617 ;  D. 
B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.,  114;  Horace  Boies  of 
la.,  103  ;  A.  P.  Gorman  of  Md.,  36  ;  Adlai 
E.  Stevenson  of  111.,  15;  J.  G.  Carlisle 
of  Ky.,  14 ;  W.  R.  Morrison  of  111.,  3 ; 
James  E.  Campbell  of  O.,  2  ;  Wm.  E. 
Russell  of  Mass.,  2 ;  and  Robert  E.  Pat- 
tison  and  Wm.  C.  Whitney  of  N.  Y.,  1 
vote  each.  Whole  number  of  votes  cast, 
909i.    Necessary  to  a  choice,  607. 

For  Vice-President  :  Adlai  E.  Steven- 
son of  111.,  402;  Isaac  P.  Gray  of  Ind., 
343;  Allen  B.  Morse  of  Mich.,  86;  John 
L.  Michell,  of  Wis.,  45;  Henrj  Watter- 
son  of  Ky.,26  ;  Bourke  Cockran  of  N.  X., 
5;  Lambert  Tree  and  Horace  Boies  of 
la.,  1  vote  each.  Stevenson  is  nominated 
by  acclamation. 
June  22.     17.    Col.  Levi  K.  Fuller  (Hep.) 

is  nominated  for  governor. 
June  27.    D.C.    Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  General  Deficiency  Bill, 

The  National  Republican  Commit- 
tee meets  in  Washington,  and  elects  W. 
J.  Campbell  of  Chicago  chairman  in 
place  of  Gen.  Clarkson. 
June  28.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
Agrictiltural  Appropriation  Bill  is 
amended  and  passed.  [July  1.  Confer- 
ence report  agreed  to.  July  6.  Ap- 
proved.] 

It  is  announced  that  from  July  1  the 
free  list  on  American  goods  sent  to 
foreign  countries  will  cover  Cuba  and 
Porto  Rico. 

Inrl.    Ira.  J.  Chase  (Rep.)  is  renomi- 

natetl  for  governor. 
June  29.  D.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
confirms  the  nomination  of  John  "W. 
Foster  of  Ind.  for  Secretary  of  State, 
and  passes  the  Dependent  Pensions 
Appropriation  Bill ;  total  amount  ap- 
propriated, $144,9!)0,000.  [July  9.  Con- 
ference report  agreed  to.  July  15.  Ap- 
proved.] 

A  caucus  of  Democratic  Senators 
decides  that  white  supremacy  in  the 
South  ought  to  be  the  chief  issue  of  the 
campaign 


passes  the  Fortifications  Appropria-    June  29-July  1.    0.    The  Prohibition 


tion  Bill  introduced  May  3. 

June  18.  Mich.  The  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides that  the  Miner  Electoral  Law  is 
unconstitutional. 

June  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Sen- 
ate receives  a  message  from  the  Presi- 
dent, calling  attention  to  the  failure  to 
agree  upon  reciprocity  with  Canada, 
and  recommending  retaliation  upon 


National  Convention  opens  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  Col.  Ell  Ritter  of  Ind.  is  chosen 
permanent  chairman. 

John  Bidwell  of  Cal.  is  nominated 
for  President  on  the  first  ballot.  Vote  : 
Bidwell,  590;  Gideon  T.  Stewart  of  O., 
179;  W.  Jennings  Demorest  of  N.  Y., 
139 ;  H.  Clay  Bascom  of  N.  T.,  3.  For 
Vice-President ;  first  ballot ;  James  B. 


CranflU  of  Tex.,  410;  Joshua  Levering 
of  Md.,  351;  A.  W.  Satterly  of  Minn, 
26 ;  T.  R.  Carskadon  of  W.  Va.,  2! ; 
Cranfill  is  nominated. 

June  30.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal  year. 
Revenue:  Customs,  $177,452,964;  inter- 
nal revenue,  $153,971,072:  sales  ot  public 
lands,  $3,261,876;  miscellaneous  items, 
$20,251,872.  Total  revenue,  $354,937,784. 
Expenditures  :  miscellaneous  items, 
$99,841,987;  War  Department,  $46,895,- 
456  ;  Navy  Department,  $29,174,139  ;  In- 
dians, $11,150,678 ;  pensions,  $134,583,053 ; 
interest  on  the  public  debt,  .?23,378,116. 
Total  ordinary  expenditure,  $345,023,329  ; 
excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary  expen- 
diture, $9,914,455.  Exports,  $1,030,278,- 
148;  imports,  $827,402,462.  Public  debt 
(Dec.  1),  $1,563,612,455. 

JvJy  1.  Z).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  Stewart's  Free  Silver  Bill. 
Vote,  29-;^  The  House  passes  the 
Eight- Hour  Labor  Bill,  for  mechanics 
and  laborers  employed  on  the  public 
buildings  and  works ;  bill  introduced 
May  25.  [July  25.  It  passes  the  Senate. 
Aug.  2.  *  Approved.] 

Kan.  A.  W.  Smith  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892.  May  31.  A'ew  York.  Gen.  Por- 
ter announces  that  the  raising  of  the 
$3.'>0,000  required  for  the  Grant  Monu- 
ment at  Riverside  Park  is  completed, 
with  $700  additional. 

June  5.  Mo.  The  National  Nicaragua 
Canal  Convention  is  held  at  St.  Louis  ; 
25  States  are  represented. 

Pa.  The  surface  ot  Oil  Creek  be- 
comes a  sheet  of  fire  by  the  bursting  of 
tanks  of  oil  and  gasolene  during  a  flood  ; 
100  lives  are  lost. 

June  10.  jV.  J.  The  United  States 
Cutlery  Company  is  incorporated  at 
Trenton;  capital  stock,  $1,600,000. 

June  14.  A'y.  A  train-wreck  at  Lone- 
some Hollow  causes  seven  deaths. 

June  17.  A'.  J.  A  leather-trust  is  in- 
corporated at  Trenton  ;  capital  stock, 
$1,000,000. 

June  21  ±.  Ariz.  A  great  gold-rush  Is 
made  for  a  new  niiniug-camp  in  Mohave 
County,  50  miles  north  of  Kingman. 

June  25.  Cnl.  The  Commercial  Hotel 
at  Bangor  is  burned ;  six  guests  perish 
and  many  are  injured. 

Pa.    A  train  is  wrecked  near  Har- 

risburg,  causing  12  deaths  ;  several  men 
are  caught  robbing  the  dead. 

June  26.  Boston.  A  balloon  is  torn  in 
an  attempt  to  open  the  valve  during  as- 
cension ;  it  descends  rapidly  into  the 
harbor  ;  the  two  aeronauts  are  killed 
and  a  newspaper  reporter  is  seriously 
injured. 

+   la.     Seven  persons  are  drowned, 

many  injured,  and  a  vast  amount  of 
property  destroyed,  by  floods  in_  the 
West ;  railroad  travel  is  seriously  Im- 
peded in  Iowa. 

June  30.  Pa.  The  Homestead  works 
in  Pittsburg  are  closed  on  account  of 
the  strike. 

July  1.  Conn.  Yale  defeats  Harvard 
in  a  boat-race  at  New  London  ;  time, 
20.48. 


410     1892,  July  1- July  23. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1892  July  12.  Pa.  The  State  troops 
enter  Homestead,  and  take  possession 
of  the  mills. 

July  14.  Ida.  A  force  of  2,000  U.  S. 
troops  arrives  at  Wardner  to  suppress 
disorders  in  the  Cceur  d'Alene  mining- 
district.     [July  23.     Order  is  restored.] 

July  16.  Nem  York.  The  Naval  Reserve 
starts  on  its  annual  cruise,  and  for  a 
week  will  be  drilled  iii  the  art  of  naval 
"warfare. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892    July  4.     Xev>     York.    Ground   is 

broken  for  the  Columbus  Monument 

,       at  Fifty-ninth  .Street  and  Eighth  Avenue. 

[Sept.  16.    The  corner-stone  is  laid  after 

a  parade  by  Italian  societies.] 

July  11.  I).  C.  The  Patent  Office  at 
"Washington  decides  that  J.  "W.  S"vvan, 
and  not  T.  A.  Edison,  invented  the 
electric-light  caxbon  for  incandescent 
lamps. 

July  13.  Miss.  Thousands  of  acres  of 
cotton  and  corn  are  rmned  by  floods, 
and  the  i>eople  are  in  a  destitute  condi- 
tion. 

July  15.  Colo.  A  waterspout  almost 
sweeps  away  Canon  City. 

July  21.  Ind.  A  soldiers*  monument 
is  unveiled  at  "U^inchester,  Gov.  Chase 
making  a  patriotic  address. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1892. 

July  10.    Morgan,  George  W.,  organist,  of 

N.  Y.,  A70. 
Bungay,  George  "W.,  author,  journalist. 

A74. 
July  12.    Field,  Cyrus  W..  financier,  ori. 

ginator  Atlantic  cable  enterprise,  A 73. 
July  14.    Booth,  Newton,  senator,  Gov.  of 

Cal.,  A67. 
July  18.    Cooke,  Rose  Terry,  author,  A65. 
July  2 1 .    Gardner,  Henry  J.,  Gov.  of  llass., 

A73. 

CHURCH. 

1892  July  2.  Afass.  The  7th  annual 
convention  of  college  students  opens 
at  Northfield. 

July  3.  S.  Dak.  A  Catholic  Congress 
of  Sioux  Indians  opens  at  the  Cheyenne 
agency ;  6,000  Indians  are  present. 

July  6.  2few  York.  The  Commission- 
ers of  Charities  and  Correction  have  set 
apart  a  plot  of  ground  attached  to  the 
Bellevue  Hospital  property  for  a  Ro- 
man Catholic  chapel,  in  which  pa- 
tients of  that  faith  may  hear  mass. 

American  Jewish  rabbis   meet    in 
convention, 

July  7.  JVew  York.  The  llth  Interna- 
tional Convention  of  Christian  En- 
deavor Societies  opens  at  Madison 
Square  Garden  ;  there  are  30,000  peo- 
ple in  attendance. 

July  14.  Mich.  The  Baptist  Young 
People's  Union  begins  its  first  annual 
National  Convention  In  Detroit. 


July  6.  X.  Y.  The  Chautauqua  Col- 
lege of  Ijiberal  Arts  and  the  Teachers' 
Retreat  are  opened. 

New  York.    It  is  decided  to  introduce 

the   kindergarten   system   into   the 
public  schools. 

July  12.  A'.  Y.  President  Harrison 
speaks  before  the  National  Educa- 
tional Association  at  Saratoga. 

July  15.  A'.  Y.  The  annual  meeting  of 
the  American  Institute  of  Christian 
Philosophy  is  held  at  Prohibition  Park, 
Staten  Island;  Rev.  Charles  F.  Deems 
is  reelected  president. 

July  18.  Mass.  The  Summer  School 
of  Pedagogy  and  Psychology  opens 
at  Clark  University,  ■V^'o^cester,  with  an 
attendance  of  nearly  200. 

July  23.  Minn.  The  State  Turnfest,  in 
session  at  Duluth,  unanimously  adopts 
resolutions  condemning  interference 
by  any  religious  sect  with  the  public- 
school  system. 

SOCIETY. 
1892    July  2.    Minn.    A  train   is   held 
up  by  robbers  near  Kasota ;  the  express- 
messenger  saves  the  money  in  a  clever 
manner. 

July  4.    Fla.    Three  men  are  shot  by 
negroes  in  Jacksonville,  while  assem- 
bled to  prevent  the  lynching  of  a  col- 
1  held    under    the    charge    of 


ored  man 
ni  urder. 


LETTERS. 

1892  July  5.  li.  I.  The  American 
Institute  of  Instruction  opens  its  63d 
annual  convention  at  Xarragansett  Pier. 


July  5.  Conn.  The  Norfolk  Gymna- 
sium, erected  by  Miss  Alice  B.  Eldridge, 
opens  ;  it  is  built  of  Roman  brick,  with 
tiled  roof. 

July  6.  Pa.  A  Riot  occurs  at  the 
Carnegie  Works  at  Homestead. 

Three  hundred  Pinkerton  men,  at- 
tempting to  land  at  the  works,  are  met 
by  armed  workmen,  and  in  the  fight 
which  ensues  II  strikers  and  9  detectives 
are  killed  and  many  wounded;  cannon 
and  dynamite  are  used  by  the  strikers, 
and  the  Pinkertons  are  compelled  to 
surrender :  the  barges  on  which  they 
came  are  looted  and  ourued.  (See  June 
25.) 

[July  7.    Homestead  is  quiet. 

Tlie  locked-out  men  repair  the  damage 
done  to  the  steel  company's  plant  on  the 
6th  inst. ;  five  car-loads  of  Pinkerton 
guards  are  sent  from  Pittsburg  to  New 
York.  All  the  liquor-stores  are  closed 
by  order  of  the  authorities. 

July  9.  Gov.  R.  E.  Pattison  orders  the 
State  troops  to  Homestead  to  preserve 
order  among  the  strikers. 

."Vmrnunition  to  the  extent  of  25,000 
rounds  is  sent  from  the  State  Arsenal 
to  Pittsburg ;  Homestead  is  still  under 
control  of  the  armed  workmen. 

•Tuly  16.  Tlie  Company  gives  formal 
notice  to  the  strikers,  that  they  will  be 
discharged  unless  they  return  to  their 
work.]    (See  July  18.) 

Six   lynchings   occur  at  different 

places  in  the  South. 

July  7.  N.  Y.  Nine  young  burglars, 
ages  ranging  from  13  to  19,  are  captured 
in  Brooklyn. 

The  American  Association  to  Promote 
the  Teaching  of  Speech  to  the  Deaf 
Mutes  meets  in  convention  at  Lake 
George. 

A'.  Y.  Sons  of  the  Revolution  cel- 
ebrate an  anniversary  at  "OTute  Plains  ; 
Whitelaw  Reid  delivers  an  oration. 


July  11.  A'.  Y.  Further  protests  are 
made  to  Mayor  Boody  of  Brooklyn 
against  the  action  of  the  Board  of  Al- 
dermen in  giving  a  raUway  franchise 

without  remuneration  to  the  city,  when 
$30,000  was  offered  for  the  same. 

July  12.  Ky.  At  Paducah  75  armed 
negroes  have  a  conflict  with  a  sheriff's 
posse,  and  one  of  the  latter  is  wounded 
fatally. 

New  York.    Over  S2,000  are  received 

at  tbe  Produce  Exchange  for  the  St. 
John's  sufferers  in  Newfoundland. 

July  13.  Ida.  Striking  miners  blow  up 
two  railroad  bridges  of  the  Northern 
Pacific  road  in  Uieur  d'Alfine  country ; 
non-union  men  are  put  to  work  in  the 
mines  at  Wardner. 

July  14.  O.  Seven  members  of  the  To- 
ledo Common  Council  are  indicted  for 
soliciting  bribes  from  the  Pluto  Oil 
Company  for  permission  to  pipe  certain 
streets  to  furnish  crude  oil. 

July  15.  Chicago.  German  societies 
in  convention  protest  against  the  Sen- 
ate's action  in  requiring  the  closing  of 
the  AVorld's  Fair  on  Sunday. 

/.  T.    Train-robbers,  after  a  fight, 

open  the  express  company's  safe  and 
secure  §50,000;  several  employees  are 
wounded. 

July  16.  Mnnt.  The  National  Mining 
Congress  in  session  at  Helena  declares 
in  favor  of  free  coinage,  and  then  ad- 
journs. 

—^  O.  Sheriff  Herzog  of  Ashland  County 
is  arrested  on  the  charge  of  embezzling 

$10,000. 

July  18.  Conn.  William  W.  Backus  of 
Norwich,  recently  deceased,  leaves  by 
will  $300,000  to  Nor-wieh  public  in- 
stitutions. 

Pa.  Warrants  are  issued  for  the  ar- 
rest of  seven  leaders  of  the  Home- 
stead strike,  charged  with  the  murder 
of  two  Pinkerton  men  on  July  6 ;  they 
are  all  under  arrest  except  Hugh  O'Don- 
nell,  tbe  chief  leader. 

[July  19.  Gov.  Pattison  arrives  to  in- 
spect the  Pennsylvania  militia  in  camp  ; 
150  non-union  men  are  at  work  in  the 
steel-mills. 

July  22.  H.  C.  Frick  of  tbe  Carnegie 
Steel-Works  is  shot  thrice ;  Berkman, 
bis  assailant,  is  arrested.  JMore  strikers 
are  arrested.  The  Carnegie  Works  are 
now  being  operated  by  non-union  men. 

July  28.  It  is  announced  that  upwards 
of  700  non-union  men  are  at  work  in  the 
Carnegie  mills  at  Homestead. 

The  Pennsylvania  troops  take  posses- 
sion of  Homestead  ;  Mr.  Child,  of  the 
Carnegie  Company,  opens  the  ofliice  and 
resumes  possession  ot  the  works  for  the 
Company  ;  Gen.  Snowden  declines  a  re- 
ception. 

Aug.  2.  W.  I.  Brennan,  representing 
the  Amalg.amated  Association  of  work- 
men  at  Homestead,  applies  in  court  for 
the  appointment  of  a  voluntary  trade 
tribunal  to  settle  the  trouble. 

Aug.  3.  Several  ofJicials  of  the  Car- 
negie Company  are  arrested  at  Pittsburg 
on  charge  of  murder,  and  released  on 
$10,000  bail. 

Aug.  8.  The  strikers  at  the  Carnegie 
mills  at  Duquesne  return  to  work.  Aug. 
25.  Upwards  of  2(H>  employees  of  the 
29th  Street  Carnegie  mill  at  Pittsburg 
begin  a  sympathy  strike.  .Aug.  29.  Non- 
union men  are  assaulted  by  .«trikeis  at 
Ikunesteiul.  .Sept.  10.  Berkman  is  sen- 
tenced to  22  years  imprisonment. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1892,  July  l-July  23.    411 


Sept.  21.  Officers  of  the  Carnegie 
Steel  Company  are  arrested  at  Pittsburg 
on  charges  growing  out  of  the  Home- 
stead riots. 

Oct.  2.  Five  more  Homestead  stri- 
kers are  arrested  for  treason  against 
the  State. 

Oct.  11.  Indictments  are  found  at 
Pittsburg  against  the  strikers'  Advisory 
Committee  at  Homestead  for  treason, 
and  against  Mr.  Frick  and  others  for 
murder  uud  conspiracy. 

Nov.  17.  Three  hundred  mechanics 
and  day-hiborers  at  Homestead  leave 
the  ranks  of  the  strikers,  and  are  taken 
back  by  the  Carnegie  Company. 

Nov.  18.  More  Homestead  strikers  re- 
turn to  work;  the  trial  of  Sylvester 
Critchlow,  the  first  of  the  strikers 
charged  with  murder  during  the  riot, 
begins  in  Pittsburg. 

Nov.  20.  The  strike  at  Homestead  is 
declared  off  by  the  Aniitlfianiatt'd  Asso- 
ciation of  Iron  and  Steel  Workers. 

Nov.  21.    Ex-strikers  make  a  rush  to 

get  their  former  places  in  the  Carnegie 
mills  at  Homestead,  but  many  of  them 
are  disappointed.  [TTiose  who  return  are 
required  to  sign  an  agreement  not  to 
join  any  labor  organization.] 

July  20.  Neio  York.  A  Tee-To-Tum, 
a  club  for  tenement-house  people,  the 
first  in  this  country,  is  opened  in  Essex 

Street, 

R.   I.    Anthony  S.  Haswell  of  East 

Providence  is  lured  from  his  home, 
robbed,  and  killed. 

July  23.  Russia.  Rev.  T.  DeWitt  Tal- 
mage  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  visits  the  Czar. 

STATE. 

1892    July  2.    D.   C.    Congress:    The 

House  agrees  to  several  conference  re- 
ports. 

Neb.    The  National  Convention  of 

the  People's  Party  convenes  in  Oma- 
ha; C.  H.  Ellington  of  Ga.,  temporary 
chairman  ;  after  a  number  of  speeches, 
a  committee  on  resolutions  is  appointed, 
and  the  convention  adjourns  till  Mon- 
day, July  4. 

[J  uly  4-5.  The  People's  Party  Con- 
vention at  Omaha  adopts  a  platform, 
and  nominates  Gen.  James  B.  "Weaver 
of  la.  for  President  on  the  first  ballot. 
Vote  :  Weaver,  995 ;  James  H.  Kyle  of 
S.  Dak.,  295  ;  Mann  Page  of  Pa.jLeland 
Stanford  of  Cal.,  and  S.  F.  Norton  of 
III.,  one  vote  each.  Jas.  G.  Field  of  Va. 
is  nominated  for  Vice-President.  Vote  : 
Field,  733 ;  Ben  Terral  of  Tex.,  554.] 

///.    "W.  Q,.  Gresham   telegraphs 

that  he  cannot  accept  a  nomination  for 
the  presidency  from  the  People's  Party. 

July  6.  Z>.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Senate 
the  joint  resolution  is  passed  for  an  in- 
vestigation relative  to  the  •*  Slums  of 
Cities  '*  having  more  than  200,000  popu- 
lation ;  bill  introduced  Feb.  15.  [July 
18.  It  passes  the  House.  July  21.  Ap- 
proved.] 

July  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
Investigating  Committee  continues  its 
inquiry  regarding  the  Reading  combine 
with  two  other  roads  for  controlling  the 
price  of  coal. 

July  8.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House  un- 
der suspension  of  rules  passes  the  Tin- 
Plate,  Lead-Ore,  and  Utah  Govern- 


ment Bills.  [They  all  fail  in  the  Sen- 
ate] 

July  9.  7).  r.  Congress:  In  the  House 
the  Stewart  Free  Silver  Bill  is  re- 
ported favorably  without  amendment. 

It  is  announced  that  President  Harri- 
son is  to  arbitrate  a  South  American 
boundary  question. 

July  10.  Pa.  Gov.  Pattison  issues  or- 
ders to  Gen.  Snowden  to  move  with  the 
entire  National  Guard  of  the  State 
to  the  support  of  the  Sheriff  of  Alle- 
gheny County  at  Homestead. 

July  12.  J).  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  Anti-Option  Bill  is  put  back 
upon  the  calendar. 

The  President  at  the  call  of  the  gov- 
ernor of  Idaho  orders  Federal  troops  to 
the  Cwur  d'Alene  mining  region  tor  the 
restoration  of  order. 

July  13.  D.  C,  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  Committee  of  the  Whole  adopts 
the  Quay  proviso  for  closing  the 
AVorld's  Fair  on  Siuidays;  the  mo- 
tion to  lay  the  amendment  on  the  table 
is  rejected.  Vote,  11-15.  The  amend- 
ment is  agreed  to  without  division  ;  the 
Peffer  proviso  that  the  $5,000,000  should 
be  paid  out  of  the  Treasury  for  the  ex- 
penses of  the  Fair  only  on  condition 
that  intoxicating  liquors  should  not 
be  sold  within  the  Fair  Grounds  is 
agreed  to.  Vote,  28-2C.  The  House  re- 
jects the  resolution  reported  by  the 
Committee  on  Rules,  to  consider  the 
Silver  Bill.  Vote,  136-154.  It  is  there- 
by practically  killed. 

Ida.  Gov.  Willey  issues  a  proclama- 
tion placing  Shoshone  County  under 
martial  law. 

M(l.~  Va.  The  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia Legislatures  appoint  committees 
to  fix  the  boundary  line  and  determine 
u^Km  a  plan  tor  the  settlement  of  the 
oyster-grounds  dispute. 

Pa.      The  Confrressional   Committee 

resumes  its  investigation  of  the  Home- 
stead trouble.  L-J^ly  ^4.  It  is  com- 
pleted.] 

July  14.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  proviso  for  closing  the  "World's 
Fair  on  Sunday,  passed  in  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  Whole,  is  confirmed ; 
Peffer's  anti-liquor  selling  proviso  is 
reconsidered  and  rejected.  Vote,  20-21. 
John  Sherman  of  O.  introduces  a  bill 
repealing  parts  of  the  present  law  direct- 
ing the  purchase  of  silver  btdlion  and 
of  the  issue  of  Treasury  notes  thereon. 

Minn.      Ignatius   Donnelly  (People's 

Party)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

July  15.  7).  C.  Congress:  In /the  Sen- 
ate the  Fortifications  Appropriation 
Bill  is  amended  and  passed.  [July  19. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  July  25. 
Approved.] 

July  16.  D.  C.  Thomas  H.  Carter, 
ex-Congressman  from  Mont.,  is  elected 
Chairman  of  the  National  Republi- 
can Committee. 

July  18.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  the 
General  Deficiency  Appropriation 
Bill  is  passed. 

July  19.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
receives  the  nomination  of   George 


Shiras  of  Pa.  to  be  Associate  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  in  place  of  Justice 
Bradley,  deceased.  [July  26.  Con- 
firmed.] The  House  non-concurs  in  the 
Senate  amendment  appropriating  $5,000,- 
000  for  the  "World's  Fair ;  the  Sunday- 
closing  proviso  is  adopted, 

July  20.  n.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  bill  to  raise  life-savers' 
pay ;  it  refuses  to  give  American  registry 
to  Chinese. 

^fo.    W.  I.  Stone  (Dem.)  is  nominated 

for  governor. 

H.    V.      At    a    meeting    in    Madison 

Square  Ganlen,  New  York,  Grover 
Cleveland  and  Adlai  E.  Stevenson  are 
official!]/  informe<l  of  their  nomination 
for  presidential  offices. 

July  21.  J).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  tlie  Ketaliation  Bill  to  enforce 
reciprocal  commercial  relations  with 
Canada  in  canal  tolls ;  bill  introduced 
Jan.  23.  [July  22.  It  passes  the  Senate. 
July  26.    Approved.] 

The  President  issues  a  proclamation 
making  Oct.  12  a  public  holiday  for  the 
Columbus  celebration. 

Sfich.  John  T.  liich  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

Pa.     William  F.  Harrity   of    Pa.    is 

elected  Chairman  of  the  Democratic 
Ifational  Committee.  [Aug.  8.  Don 
M.  Dickinson  of  Pa.  is  elected  Chairman 
Qf  the  Campaign  Committee.] 

Fla.      Alonzo    P.    Baskin    (People's 

Party)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  July  1.  Ire.  The  Inman  Steamer 
Chicago  is  wrecked  on  the  coast,  near 
Cork.  [July  7.  The  vessel  is  broken  up 
by  the  sea.] 

July  3.  P.  I.  Providence  suffers  a  loss 
by  fire  of  $500,000. 

July  4.  Xe?n  Ynrk.  The  National  Ci- 
garette and  Tobacco  Company,  incor- 
porated in  New  Jersey,  fixes  its  head- 
quarters in  this  city  ;  its  capital  stock  is 
$2,500,000. 

N.  J.    The  city  of  Paterson  celebrates 

the  centennial  of  its  settlement. 

— -  Mass.  The  city  of  Quincy  celebrates 
its  centennial. 

July  6.  Cal.  Great  forest  fires  are 
raging  north  of  the  American  River,  de- 
stroying timber  and  pasture  lands. 

MfL  Pocomoke  City  is  partially  de- 
stroyed by  fire  ;  loss,  about  $230,000. 

Vt.    A  log-jam  in  the  Connecticut 

lliver,  near  Springfield,  suspends  travel. 

July  9.  Cal.  The  powder- works  near 
West  Berkeley  explode,  killing  100  Chi- 
nese laborers  and  three  Americans. 

July  10+.  Texas  decides  to  take  no 
part  in  the  World's  Fair  [but  is  well 
represented  in  buildings  and  exhibits 
through  the  private  enterprise  of  its 
citizens]. 

July  13.  ///.  Sixteen  lives  are  lost  by 
the  capsizing  of  a  steamer  at  Peoria. 

July  19.  N.  J.  The  Atlantic  Hotel  at 
Long  Branch  is  burned  :  the  guests  l()se 
$30,000  in  clothing  and  jewelry,  either 

burned  or  stolen. 

July  20.  Cal.  The  first  special  fruit- 
train  for  London  leaves  Sacramento. 


412     1892,  July  23-ATig.  21. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1892     July  24.    Pa.     Private    Thomas 

lams,  of  Co.  K,  10th  liegt.,  N.  G.,  hav- 
ing culled  for  cheers  for  the  man  who 
shot  H.  C.  Frick,  is  strimg  up  by  the 
thumbs  ami  dishonorably  dismissed. 

July  26i.  Pa.  Lieut.-Col.  Streator's 
action  in  the  punishment  of  Private 
lams  by  hanging  him  by  the  thumbs  is 
strongly  criticised  by  soldiers  and  civil- 
ians. [Aug.  3.  He  is  unanimously  re- 
elected to  his  position.     (See  Nov.  5.) 

Phila.  The  protected  cruiser  Colum- 
bia is  launched  at  Cramps'  shipyard. 

July  30.  Pa.  Troops  are  summoned  to 
quell  a  disturbance  by  strikers  in  Du- 
quesne. 

Aug.  3.  />.  C.  Com.  James  A.  Greer  is 
promoted  rear-admiral. 

Aug.  11.  Boston.  The  protected 
cruiser  Marblehead  is  successfully 
launched  at  South  Boston. 

Aug.  12.  Phila.  The  corpse  of  Charles 
W.  Riggln,  of  the  cruiser  Baltimore, 
killed  in  Valparaiso,  is  lying  in  state 
in  Independence  Hall.  [Aug.  14.  It  is 
buried  with  honors  at  Woodlawn  Ceme- 
tery.] 

Aug.  16.  N.  Y.  The  militia  intimidate 
the  strikers'  mob  iu  Buffalo. 

The  separate  companies  of  Rochester, 
Elmira,  Syracuse,  Auburn,  and  Oswego 
are  ordered  to  hold  themselves  in  readi- 
ness to  proceed  to  Buffalo.  [Aug.  18. 
Six  New  York  and  Brooklvn  regiments 
leave  for  Buffalo.  Gov.  Flower  orders 
the  mobilization  of  the  State  militia  at 
Buffalo  if  necessary.  Aug.  20.  Adj. -Gen. 
Porter  assumes  command  at  Buffalo.] 

Tenn.  Free  mijiers  attack  the  stock- 
ade at  Oliver  Springs,  but  are  repulsed. 
Troops  arrive  from  Ivnoxville  and  Chat- 
tanooga. 

[Aug.  17.  Miners  capture  the  stock- 
ade at  Oliver  Springs,  and  send  the  con- 
victs and  guards  to  Ivnoxville.  Aug.  IS. 
Miners  make  three  unsuccessful  attacks 
on  the  convict  camp  at  Coal  Creek,  suf- 
fering considerable  loss.  Aug.  19.  Mi- 
ners at  Coal-Creek  Camp  are  put  to  rout 
by  Gen.  Carnes,  and  compelled  to  deliver 
up  Col.  Anderson,  who  had  been  held 
captive  by  them.  Aug.  20.  A  band  of 
x,ooo  miners  attacks  a  company  of  sol- 
diers near  Coal  Creek ;  two  miners  are 
killed.] 

Aug.  19.  D.  C.  On  application,  the  Sec- 
retary of  War  orders  600  stands  of 
arms  to  be  sent  from  Indianapolis  to 
Knoxville. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  July  25.  This  is  the  hottest 
25th  of  Jtily  on  record;  many  deaths 
occur  from  the  heat,  and  there  is  much 
suffering  in  all  the  States  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

July  28.    ^font.    A  killing  frost  occurs. 

Colo.  Rich  ore  discoveries  are  made 

at  Pitkin,  some  of  the  assays  rmining  as 
high  as  $1,800  per  ton, 

July  29.  Z>.  C.  The  National  Acad- 
emy of  Art  is  established  by  Congress. 

Aug.  3.  N.  B.  A  statue  in  memory  of 
Senator  John  P.  Hale»  an  antislavery 
leader,  is  unveiled  at  Concord. 


Aug.  15.  X.  Y.  The  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Sci- 
ence begins  its    session  at  Rochester. 

Aug.  16.  Ida.  A  great  glacial  field  is 
found  in  Central  Idaho,  beneath  which 
lies  a  series  of  glacial  lakes. 

Aug.  17.  Cal.  Schiaparelli*s  Canal  in 
Mars  (Ganges)  is  shown  at  Lick  Obser- 
vatory to  be  double. 

Aug.  20.  Ark.  High-grade  silver  and 
lead  ores  are  discovered  about  15 
miles  from  Little  Rock. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1893. 

July  25.     Beach,  Moses  S.,  journalist,  A69. 

July  30,     Craig,  A.  K.,  M.  C.  for  I'a.,  A60. 

July  31.  Kennedy,  Anthony,  U.  S.  sena- 
tor for  Md.,  AH2. 

Aug.  9.  Denver,  .lames  W.,  Gov.  of  Kan., 
brig. -gen.  vols.,  A75. 

McOready,    lienjamin    W.,   physician, 

professor  at  Bellevue,  A80. 

Aug.  14.  Warwick,  John  G.,  M.  C.  for  O., 
Ati2. 

CHURCH. 

1892  Aug.  4.  Mass.  The  10th  annual 
Conference  of  the  Schools  of  ReU- 
gious  Workers  begins  at  Northtield. 

Aug.  16.  N.  Y.  The  Catholic  Young 
Men's  Ifational  Union  of  the  United 
States  begins  its  annual  convention  in 
Albany. 

LETTERS. 

1892  July  30.  Conn.  The  first  Roman 
Catholic  summer  school  is  opened  at 
New  London. 

SOCIETY. 

1892  July  26.  NeioYork.  A  thousand 
more  men  are  ordered  out  by  walking 
delegates  of  the  Building  Trades  as 
against  the  Iron  League  and  the  Build- 
ing Material  Dealers'  Association. 

[Aug.  2.  The  strike  in  the  building 
trades  is  extending ;  work  on  new  build- 
ings is  practically  stopped.  Aug.  4. 
Many  strikers  return  to  work,  and  are 
attacked  by  others.] 

July  27.  Mo.  The  Amerikanische 
Christliche  Saengerbund  is  in  ses- 
sion at  St.  Louis,  with  representatives 
from  13  American  States  and  Brazil. 

Pa.    The  300th  birthday  of  Co- 

xaenius,  the  Czechic  theologian  and  ed- 
ucational reformer,  is  celebrated  with 
appropriate  exercises  at  Mount  Gretna. 

July  29.  S.  Dak.  Sioux  Falls  decides  to 
experiment  with  six  city  saloons  — 
one  for  each  ward  — for  a  month  at  least. 

July  30.  Boston.  A.W.Turner, supreme 
president  of  the  Endowment  Order  of 
the  Red  Cross,  is  arrested,  charged  with 
obtaining  money  under  false  pretenses. 

Fnd.  Star  City  has  been  in  posses- 
sion of  Italian  rioters  for  four  days. 

D.  C.  President  Harrison  by  procla- 
mation forbids  resistance  to  the  pro- 
cesses of  the  Courts  of  Wyoming ;,  the 
cowboys  subside. 

Aug.  1.  New  York.  Armenians  hold  a 
meeting  and  protest  against  the  per- 
secution of  their  countrymen  by  the 
Turks. 

Aug.  2.  iV.  J.  An  Italian  padrone  is 
under  arrest  at  Newark  for  brutality  to 
boys  and  girls,  whom  he  forced  to  beg 
for  his  profit. 


Aug.  3.  K.  Y.  A  well-known  Brooklyn 
clubman,  John  L.  How,  disappears  with 
$32,000  of  trust-funds. 

Aug.  4.  Cal.  Two  masked  men  dyna- 
mite and  rob  a  Wells-Fargo  express- 
car  near  CoUis ;  the  amount  secured  is 
reported  at  between  $30,000  and  $50,000. 

Mans.   Andrew    J.    Borden,    a 

wealthy  resident  of  Fall  Kiver,  and  his 
wife,  are  mtu-dered  in  their  home 

in  broad  daylight  by  some  person  or 
persons  unknown. 

[Aug.    11.      Miss     Lizzie    Borden    is 

arrested  for  complicity  in  the  murder  of 
her  father  and  stepmother.  Dec.  2.  In- 
dicted ;  later  acquitted.} 

Aug.  6±.  Chicago.  One  million  dollars 
in  forged  deeds  have  been  sold  ;  the 
property  so  deeded  belongs  to  Mrs. 
Hetty  Green. 

JV'ts.    Three  hundred  sawmill 

strikers  at  Stevens'  Point  return  to  work, 
the  proprietors  conceding  in  part  the  de- 
mauds  of  the  men. 

Aug.  7±.  La.  The  negroes  of  Kenner 
band  themselves  together  for  mutual 
protection  as  citizens  and  to  secure 
rightful  voting  privileges. 

Aug.  9.  Colo.  The  Knights  Templars 
of  the  United  States,  numbering  100,000, 
open  the  Grand  Conclave  at  Denver. 
[Sir  Knight  Hugh  McCurdy  of  Mich,  is 
elected  Supreme  Grand  Commander.] 

N.  J.    Sixty-seven  book-makers  of 

Monmouth  Park  are  placed  under  bail  to 
appear  before  the  grand  jury  in  October. 

Aug.  10.  Pa.  Iron  manufacturers  and 
Amalgamated  Association  men  in  the 
Pittsburg  district  settle  their  difficulties 
by  mutual  concessions,  and  15  mills  will 
resume  work  at  once. 
Tenn.  Gov.  Buchanan  is  de- 
nounced and  hanged  in  effigy  for 
commuting  the  death  sentence  of  H. 
Clay  King,  the  slayer  of  D.  H.  Posten ; 
King  is  hurried  away  to  save  him  from 
a  mob.  (See  INfar.  16.) 
Aug.  13.  N.  Y.  Lehigh  and  Erie  switch- 
men at  Buffalo  strike  for  a  ten-hour 
day. 

[Aug.  15.  At  Buffalo  striking  switch- 
men stop  traffic,  burn  freight-cars  with 
$100,000  worth  of  merchandise,  ditch  pas- 
senger-trains, disarm  the  sheriff's  posse, 
and  defy  all  civil  authority  ;  the  two 
local  regiments  of  the  National  Guard 
are  called  out. 

Aug.  17.  The  strike  at  Buffalo  ex- 
tends to  the  West  Shore  and  New  York 
Central  Railroads  ;  the  entire  4th  bri- 
gade of  the  National  Guard  is  on  the 
ground. 

Aug.  18.  Gov.  Flower  orders  the  entire 
National  Guard  of  the  State  to  Buffalo ; 
switchmen  of  the  "Nickel  Plate"  join 
the  strikers  ;  trains  are  moving  under 
strong  guard. 

Aug.  20.  Riotous  strikers  at  Buffalo 
are  fired  at  by  soldiers  for  throwing 
rocks  at  non-union  men. 

Aug.  22.  At  Buffalo  the  switchmen  of 
the  Western  New  York  and  Pennsyl- 
vania road  join  the  strike  ;  car-handlers 
on  the  Lehigh  quit  work  ;  the  12th  regi- 
ment is  attacked  near  midnight  bv  a  mob 
of  strikers  and  others  ;  much  shooting 
follows. 

Aug.  23.  At  Buffalo,  Lackawanna 
switchmen  join  the  strike,  and  their 
places  are  nlled  in  an  hour  ;  Buffalo. 
Rochester,  and  Pittsburg  8wit(;hmen 
strike ;  many  collisions  occur  between 
strikers  and  soldiers  and  some  shooting 
follows.] 


UNITED    STATES.  1892,  July  23 -Aug.  21.     413 


Aug.  13.  Tenn.  The  free  miners  become 
riotous,  and  burn  the  stockade  for  con- 
vict miners  at  Tracy  City.  [Aiig.  15*. 
State  troops  repulse  the  miners  at  Coal 
Creek.] 

\.\\ig.  16.  Free  miners  attack  the 
stockade  at  Oliver  Springs,  but  are  re- 
pulsed;  troops  arrive  from  Kuoxville 
and  Chattanooga. 

Aug  17.  The  miners,  3,000  strong,  cap- 
ture the  stockade  at  Oliver  Springs,  and 
send  the  guards  and  convicts  to  Knox- 
viUe. 

Aug.  19.  The  hostile  miners  at  Oliver 
Springs  in  East  Tennessee  are  defeated 
and  route<l  by  the  militia. 

The  strike  at  Coal  Creek  is  crushed 
out  by  military  and  civil  forces. 

Aug.  30.  Convicts  return  to  their  work 
in  the  coal-mines.] 
Aug.  17.  Colo.  Train-robbers  on  the 
Union  Pacific  near  La  Salle  are  routed 
by  a  self-possessed  cowboy,  several  shots 
being  flred,  and  one  of  the  robbers 
wounded. 

.V.  Y.    The  American  Association 

for  the  advancement  of  Science  be- 
gins its  annual  meeting  at  Rochester. 
Aug.  20.    Ky.    Thomas  Young  of  Owens- 
horn  is  sentenced  to  99  years  im- 
prisonment for  the  murder  of  his  wife. 

STATE. 

1892    July  23.    I).  C.    Congress;  The 
Senate  passes  a  bill  to  establish  a  Na- 
tional Academy  and  Gallery  of  Art  in 
the  District   of  Columbia;    bill    intro- 
duced May  25.    [.luly  25.    It  passes  the 
House.    July  29.    Approved.] 
July  27.    D.  C.    Congress :  The  House 
recedes  from  its   disagreement  to  the 
Senate  amendment  providing  for  a  Gov- 
ernment appropriation  of  $5,000,000  to 
the  World's  Fair.    Vote,  117-105.    A  mo- 
tion to  reconsider  is  pending. 
July  28.   D.  C.   Congress :  In  the  House 
the  fllibustering  against  the  "World's 
Fair  appropriation  is  continued. 
July  29.    D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
much  excitement  is  caused  by  a  charge 
of  drunkenness  in  the  Hotise,  pub- 
lished in  a  book  by  Thomas  E.  Watson, 
M.C.  from  N.  C.    [July  30.    A  committee 
takes  testimony.  Later  it  reports  the  ac- 
cusations not  proven.] 
July  30.    D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
Anti-Option  Bill  is  laid  over  until  the 
first  day  of  the  next  session ;  a  resolu- 
tion is  passed  to  extend  the  appropria- 
tions for  the  Civil  Service  until  Wednes- 
day ;  in  the  House  the  "World's  Fair 
Amendment  to  the  Sundry  Civil  Bill 
occupies  the  time. 

The  President  issues  a  proclamation 
commanding  all  persons  resisting  the 
laws  in  Wyoming  to  disperse. 
Aug.  1.  I).  C.  Congress;  The  House 
continues  the  appropriations  of  the  Sun- 
dry Civil  Bill  until  .\ugu8t  4. 

A  Democratic  caucus  votes  to  post- 
pone the  World's  Fair  item  of  the  Simdry 
Civil  Bill  until  Dec.  7. 
Aug.  2.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
Homestead  labor  troubles  are  de- 
bated :  In  the  House  all  business  is  at  a 
standstill. 


Aug.  3.  IJ.  C.  Congress :  The  House  is 
without  a  quorum. 

ir.    Va.    Thomas  E.  Davis  (Eep.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Minn.     Daniel  Y.  Lawler  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  4.  I).  C.  Don  M.  Dickinson  is 
chosen  chairman  of  the  Democratic  Na- 
tional Campaign  Committee. 

Aug.  5.  I>.C.  Congress :  Both  the  Sen. 
ate  and  House  pass  the  bill  appropriat- 
ing $2,500,000  to  the  World's  Fair, 
in  memorial  halt-dollars.  In  the 
House  the  committee  on  the  Homestead 
troubles  make  a  minority  report  censur- 
ing >Ir.  Frick. 

The  52d  Congress ;  the  first  session 
ends  at  11  r.M. 

Chinese  sailors  are  forbidden  em- 
ployment on  American  ships,  American 
ships  being  regarded  as  American  terri- 
tory by  Secretary  Foster. 

The  President  approves  the  Monetary 
Conference  Bill. 

Xeb.  Lorenzo  Cronuse  (Bep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


1892  July  23.  7>.  r.  The  largest 
brewery  in  Washington  is  burned ; 
loss,  .S1U0,000. 

July  24.  The  steamer  JI.  F.  Bimock 
sinks  "W.  K.  Vanderbilt's  steam- 
yacht  Alva  off  Pollock's  Rip  Shoals ; 
Mr.  Vanderbilt  .and  a  party  of  friends 
narrowly  escape  drowning. 

July  25.  Mich.  Bay  City  is  greatly 
damaged  by  Are ;  loss,  one  life,  and 
$1,000,000  in  property. 

July  26.  X.  Y.  Brooklyn  aldermen 
override  Mayor  Boody's  veto  of  the 
resolution  giving  valuable  franchises 
without  cost  to  two  new  South  Brooklyn 
Street  Railroad  Companies. 

Tliere  is  great  mortality  in  the 

Atlantic,  Middle,  and  Western  States 
caused  by  continual  hot  weather ;  50 
deaths  from  heat  occur  during  24  hours 
in  New  York  City  on  the  30th  inst. 

July  27.  (la.  Augusta  loses  $400,000 
by  fire. 

Xew   York.     Tlie    steamship  City  of 

Paris  arrives  from  Queenstown  in  five 
days,  15  hours,  and  50  minutes,  shorten- 
ing all  previous  records. 

V.  r.     Judge  Ramsey  of  the  State    July  29.    Mich.    Ex-Congressman  Fisher 

of  West  Bay  City,  and  J.  T.  Hurst  of 


Supreme  Court  decides  the  recent  Le- 
gislative Apportionment  Act  uncon- 
stitutional,  and  therefore  void. 
Aug.  7.    X*.  C.    The  President  announces 
the  names  of  the  United  States  repre- 
sentatives at  the  International  Mon- 
etary  Conference   as    follows :    Sen- 
ators William  B.  Allison  of  la.  and  John 
P.  Jones  of  Nev.,  Representative  James 
B.  McCreary  of  Ky.,  Gen.  Francis  A. 
Walker  of  Mass.,  and  Henry  W.  Cannon 
of  X.  Y.    [Oct.  13.    President  Andrews 
of  Brown  University  in  place  of   Mr. 
Walker,  who  is  unable  to  serve.] 
Aug.  8.     D.  C.     William  S.   Holman   of 
Ind.  prepares  a  statement  giving  the 
Democratic  version  of  the  extrava- 
gant appropriations  made  by  the  re- 
cent session  of  Congress. 
Aug.  9.     JV.  J.     Thomas    J.    Kennedy 

(Prohib.)  is  nominated  for  governor. 
Aug.  12.    iVew  York.    The  City  Reform 
Club  denounces  Tammany  Hall's  prac- 
tice of  making  the  Health  Department 
a  political  machine. 

J).  C.    The  President  invites  foreign 

Powers  to  participate  in  the  Columbian 
International  Naval  Keview  in  New 
York  Harbor  in  April,  1893. 
Aug.  17.     iris.    John  E.  Spooner  (Rep.) 

is  nominated  for  governor. 
Aug.  19.  D.  r.  The  U.  S.  Charge  d'Af- 
faires  at  Constantinople  is  ordered  by 
tlie  State  Department  to  demand  of 
the  Porte  reparation  for  the  burning 
of  an  American  missionary's  house  at 
Bourdour,  Asia  Minor. 

President  Harrison  issues  a  proclama- 
tion retaliatory  upon  Canada  by  es- 
tablishing tolls  on  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie 
Canal. 
Aug.  21.  Tarn.  The  State  authorities 
ask  the  War  Department  at  Washington 
for  artillery  ammunition  to  use  in  sup- 
pressing disorders. 


Wyandotte,  buy  72  square  miles  of  pine 
land  in  the  Georgian  Bay  district. 

O.    Four  men  are  seriously  hurt  and 

16  injured  by  a  naphtha  explosion  at 
Cold  Springs. 
Aug.  3.     Tex.    The  plant  of  the  National 
Oil  Company  at  Paris  is  burned ;  esti- 
mated loss,  $250,000. 
Aug.  4.    Minn.    A  sluice  bank  gives 
way  in  St.  Paul ;  an<l  the  water  torrent 
kills  three  persons,  fatally  injures  seven, 
and  sweeps  away  houses  and  other  prop- 
erty. 
Aug.  5.     Cal.    A  through  train  of  four 
cars,  carrying  $20,000,000  in  gold,  and 
strongly  guarded,  leaves  San  Francisco 
for  New  York.    [It  arrives  Aug.  9.] 
Aug.  8.     Cal.     Six  of  the  largest   flour- 
ing compHuies,  controlling  thirteen  large 
mills,  combine  ;  capital,  $10,000,000. 
Cntin.    Kubber  boot  and  shoe  man- 
ufacturers in  convention  at  New  Haven 
combine ;  capital,  $50,000,000. 
Aug.  10.    Fla.    The  American  schooner 
Era  Douglass  lies  off   the  coast  with 
several  cases  of  yellow  fever  on  board. 
Aug.  14.    Ketv  York.    The  Aurania  and 
Alaska   arrive   after  an  exciting  race 
across    the   ocean   from    Queenstown 
in  which  the  vessels   were  constantly 
within  sight  of  each  other  ;  the  .iurania 
wins  by  55  minutes. 
Aug.  16.    X.  Y.    The  wrecking  of   a 

train  at  Cochecton  causes  six  deaths. 

Aug.  17.      Chicar/o.     The  mare  Nancy 

Hanks  lowers  the  world's  trotting 

record  to  2.07J,  at  Washington  Park. 

H.  N.  Higlnbotham  succeeds  W.  T. 
Baker  as  President  of  the  ^World's 
Fair  Directory. 

Aug.  18.  Chicago.  Brewers  combine 
as  the  Chicago"  Brewers'  Association, 
wliich  includes  all  who  do  business  in 
the  city. 

Aug.  20.  X.  Y.  Cars  are  moved  on 
all  the  railroads  at  Buffalo,  without  any 
serious  disturbance  from  strikfrs. 


414     1392,  Aug.  21-Sept.  19. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1892  Aug.  22.  A'.r.  A  mob  of  stri- 
kers attacks  the  12th  regiment  at  mid- 
night near  Buffalo. 

[Aug.  23.  Collisions  between  strikers 
and  soldiers  are  of  frequent  occurrence. 
Aug.  liG.  All  the  militia,  except  the  4th 
brigjuie,  leave  for  home,  order  being  re- 
stored.] 

-Aug.  27.  f>.  C.  Congress  provides  that 
monthly  pensions  of  $8  shall  be  paid  to 
each  of  the  survivors  of  the  Indian  wars 
of  1832-42. 

Sept.  8.  N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  orders  the 
Naval  Reserve,  the  13th  regiment,  and 
part  of  the  69th  regiment  to  Fire  Island, 

to  protect  the  property. 

[Sept.  *  Judge  Barnard's  injunction  is 
vacated,  and  the  Normannia^s  cabiji 
passengers  are  landed.  Sept.  14.  The 
National  Guard  is  withdrawn.]  (See 
jVliscellaneous.) 

'Sept.  18.  N.  Y.  Troops  from  Brook- 
lyn are  sent  to   Fire  Island,  and  the 

Wyoming  cabin  passengers  are  landed 
without  opposition,  the  steerage  passen- 
gers being  landed  at  Sandy  Hook ;  strict 
quarantine  begins.    (See  Miscellaneous.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  Aug.  21.  New  York.  The  mu- 
seum of  Tfatural  History  is  to  be 
opened  to  the  public  on  Sundays. 

Aug.  23.  Va,  A  cloud-burst  in  Roa- 
noke does  $100,000  damage  in  half  an 
hour.  [Sept.  5.  Another  in  Texas  nearly 
sweeps  away  the  town  of  Alpine,  and 
does  other  damage.  Sept.  28.  Bruns- 
wick, Ga.,  is  damaged  by  a  cloud-burst.] 

"Sept.  7.  New  York.  The  Art  Iioan  Ex- 
hibition is  informally  opened. 

Sept.  11.  Cat.  Prof.  Barnard  of  the 
Lick  Observatory  discovers  a  fifth  sat- 
ellite to  Jupiter. 

Sept.  14.  Tex.  A  rich  silver-mine  is 
discovered  at  Brackettville. 

Sept.  17.    Minn.     A  plague   of   frogs 

visits  Little  Falls. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1892. 

Aug:.  22.  Bermudez,  Edward  E.,  lawyer, 
jurist,  chief  justice  of  La.,  ABO. 

Daboll,  William  S.,  actor,  A35. 

Aug.  33.  Clark,  Myron  H.,  Got.  of  N.  Y., 
A  86. 

Aug.  31.  Curtis,  George  William,  au- 
thor, orator,  editor  Harper's  Weekly^  A68. 

Bept.  5.  Dougherty,  Daniel^  lawyer,  ora- 
tor, A66. 

Sept.  7.  Kernan,  Francis,  jurist,  lawyer, 
senator  for  N.  Y.,  A76. 

"Whittier.    John   Greenleaf,    Quaker 

poet,  A85. 

Sept.  12.  Howell,  T.  C,  rear-adm.  U.  S.  N,, 
A  73. 

Sept.  13.  Bruce,  David,  type-founder,  in- 
ventor of  tyj^te-casting  machine,  A90. 

Sept.  16.  WatU,  Thomas  H.,  Gov.  of  Ala., 
A72. 

CHURCH. 

1892  Aug.  31.  Neto  York.  Cardinal 
Gibbons  issues  a  proclamation  appoint- 
ing special  services  for  the  celebration 
of  the  discovery  of  America,  on  Sunday, 
Oct.  16. 

Sept.  12.  y.  Y,  Nearly  1,000  German 
Cathohcs  make  a  pilgrimage  from 
Schenectady  to  the  shrine  of  Our 
Lady  of  Martyrs  at  Aurlesville. 


Sept.  18.  la.  The  37th  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  German  Homan  Catho- 
lic Central  Society  of  North  America 
opens  in  Dubuque. 

LETTERS. 

1892  Sept.  4.  Cal.  Prof.  Bernard 
Moses  is  announced  to  be  the  president- 
elect of  the  University  of  California. 

Xetv  York.  The  AVanrfart/,  the  single- 
tax  paper  founded  by  Henry  George  in 
1887,  suspends  publication. 

Sept.  12.  Xew  York.  The  Roman 
Cathohc  parochial  schools  contain 
3G,444  children,  taught  by  800  teachers, 
at  an  annual  expense  of  $300,000  ;  they 
own  property  valued  at  $4,518,500. 

SOCIETY. 
1892    Aug.   23.      Ok/a.     The    Indian 

Messiah  dance  is  in  progress  at  Otoe, 

near  Ponca. 
Aug.  24.    Mo.   The  Supreme  Lodge  of 

the  Knights  of  Pythias  is  in  session  at 

Kansas  City. 

Neio  York.    A.  J.  Price,  book-keeper 

for  Street  and  Smith,  is  a  defaulter  for 
$20,000. 

^V.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  by  proclama- 
tion offers  a  reward  of  $100  for  the 
arrest  and  conviction  of  any  one  inter- 
fering with  the  railroads. 

The  State  arbitrators  are  in  session 
at  Buffalo. 

Aug.  25.  K.  J.  Chancellor  McGill  at 
Trenton  renders  a  decision  against  the 
coal-combine. 

Aug.  26.  JV.  Y.  The  American  Bar 
Association,  meeting  at  Saratoga, 
elects  officers  and  has  a  banquet. 

Aug.  29.  Cal.  L.  B.  McWhirter,  a 
prominent  lawyer  and  politician,  is 
6hot  dead  at  Fresno  by  parties  un- 
known. 

±  New  York.  The  Central  Labor  Union 

having  adopted  resolutions  calling 
upon  workingmen  to  leave  the  mili- 
tia, several  local  unions  are  amending 
their  constitutions,  to  prevent  their 
members  joining  any  regiment. 

Aug.  30.  New  York.  Deputy  factory 
inspectors  investigate  manufactories 
where  the  sweating-system  is  still  in 
force. 

N.   Y.     Striking     shoemakers     in 

Brooklyn  assault  a  party  of  non-imion 
workmen  ;  five  arrests  are  made. 

Pa.  Another  strike  occurs  at  Pitts- 
burg, involving  500  men. 

Sept.  2.  N.  Y.  The  American  Social 
Science  Association  at  Saratoga  dis- 
cusses the  sweating-system. 

Pa.  Puddlers  in  the  Elba  Mill,  Pitts- 
burg, are  out  on  strike  because  they 
were  asked  to  work  only  eight  hours  a 
day. 

Hugh  O'Donnell  and  fom"  other 
Homestead  strikers  are  arrested  on  the 
charge  of  nuinieriug  J.  W.  Klein,  who 
was  shot  July  6. 

Officersof  the  Ch*derof  Solon,  abene- 
fit  organization,  are  charged  with  being 
$14,000  short  in  their  accounts. 

Sept.  3.  Phila,  Large  discrepancies  are 
found  in  the  accounts  of  the  social  and 
beneficiary  organization  called  the  Iron 
Hall.    (See  Sept.  13.) 


Sept.  5.  U.S.  Labor  Day  is  generally 
observed  in  the  cities  throughout  the 
country. 

Sept.  6.  Chicago.  Durinc  a  raid  by  the 
police  on  Garfield  Park ,  James  ."Vl . 
Brown,  a  noted  Texas  turfman,  fatallv 
shoots  two  policemen  and  is  afterwards 
killed. 

Sept.  7.  La.  John  L.  Sullivan  is 
knocked  out  by  James  J.  Corbett,  in  21 
rounds,  at  New  Orleans.  Sullivan  loses 
the  boxing  championship  of  America. 

Sept.  9.  Minn.  Simon  J.  Ahern,  a  finan- 
cier of  St.  Paul,  worth  $100,000,  is  sen- 
tenced to  60  days  in  the  workhouse  tor 

criminal  libel. 

Sept.  12.  N.  Y.  In  Brooklyn  Judge 
Barnard,  on  the  motion  of  counsel  for 
the  village  of  Islip,  grants  an  injunc- 
tion preventing  the  landing  of  the 
Normannid's  cabin  passengers  at  Fire 
Island  ;  Gov.  Flower  issues  a  procla- 
mation commanding  the  sheriff  of  Suf- 
folk County  to  preserve  the  peace.  (See 
Miscellaneous.) 

Sept.  13.  Ind.  A  convention  tore- 
organize  the  Order  of  Iron  Hall  is 
in  session  at  Indianapolis,  with  293 
branches  represented. 

[Sept.  16.  Samuel  T.  Hall  of  Philadel- 
phia is  elected  Supreme  Justice.  Sept. 
21.  A  plan  for  the  reorganization  of  the 
Order  is  perfected  at  Baltimore.  Oct. 
i;j.  Tlie  supreme  officials  of  the  Order 
are  indicted  by  the  Grand  Jury  of  Marinn 
County  for  embezzlement  of  about  $200,- 
000.  l)ec.  29.  They  are  arrested  at 
Baltimore.] 

/.  T.    Several  men  are  murdered 

in  the  political  strife  between  the  Na- 
tionalists and  Progressives  of  the  Choc- 
taw nation. 

Sept.  14.  Pa.  Carl  Knold  and  Henry 
Bauer  axe  indicted  in  Pittsburg  as  ac- 
cessories to  the  attempted  assasteijiati(^»n 
of  H.  C.  Frick. 

£}vans  and  Sontag,  train-robbers, 

kill  four  men  who  attempt  their  arrest. 

Sept.  15.  Cal.  Sheriff  Laumeister 
of  San  Francisco  is  found  guilty  of  con- 
tempt of  court  for  refusing  to  hang  a 
condemned  murderer  at  the  expiration 
of  a  reprieve. 

N.  H.  The  locked-out  granite-cut- 
ters of  Concord  lease  a  tract  of  land, 
and  will  begin  business  on  their  own 
account. 

Sept.  16.  New  York.  An  illicit  still  is 
seized  with  6,000  gallons  of  wine  and 
brandy. 

N.  Y.    At  Albany  a  warrant  is  issued 

for  the  arrest  of  Labor  Commissioner 
Peck  on  a  charge  of  burning  the  written 
replies  received  from  manufacturers  — 
the  confidential  documents  on  which 
he  based  his  recent  report.  [Oct.  24. 
The  case  is  dismissed.] 

Sept.  17  +  .  Ark.  At  North  Little  Rock 
about  50  masked  men  take  John  Leinior 
from  his  lionie,  strip  and  lash  him  with 
a  bull-whip  for  whipping  his  wife. 

Sept.  18.  Chicago.  Tlie  Trades  and 
Labor  Assembly,  by  a  vote  of  119  to  40. 
declines  to  take  part  in  the  dedica- 
tion exercises  at  the  'World*B  Fair, 
because  the  gates  are  to  be  kept  closed 
on  Sunday. 

Sept.  19.  D.  C.  The  26th  National 
Encampment  of  the  Grand  Army  at 
"Washington  is  opened  by  the  dedica- 
tion of  Grand  Army  Place,  and  a  parade 
of  troops. 

[Sept.  20.  Fifty  thousand  men 
march  in  the  grand  parade.    Sept.  21. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1892,  Aug.  21 -Sept.  19.     415 


A.  G.  Weissert  of  Milwaukee  is  elected 
National  Graud  Commander  ;  the  eii- 
campinent  closes,] 
A'".  V.  Dennis  Sullivan,  the  superin- 
tendent of  tlie  Coney  Island  and  Brook- 
lyn Uailroad,  is  shot  and  seriously 
-wounded  by  a  discharged  employee. 

.Ho.    Two  men  hold  up  and  rob  a 

train  on  the  Missouri  J.*;i.citi(!  road,  se- 
curing several  thousand  dollars ;  no 
arrests. 

STATE. 

1892    Aug.  26.     Venez.    The  American 

merchant  steamship  Caracas  reports 
that,  while  in  the  harbor  of  Puerto  Ca- 
bello,  six  refugees  were  forcibly  taken 
from  her  decks  by  a  Venezuelan  general 
and  a  band  of  armed  men. 

Aug,  28.  New  York.  The  Socialist 
Labor  Party  nominates  Simon  Wing 
of  Mass.  for  President,  and  C.  H. 
Matchett  of  N.  Y.  for  Vice-President ; 
eight  delegates  are  present. 

Aug.  30.  Neb.  J.  Sterling  Morton 
(Dein,)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

Sept.  1.  D.  C.  A  circular  is  issued  by 
order  of  President  Harrison  requiring 
all  immigrant  vessels  from  infected 
ports  to  be  detained  at  quarantine  20 
days. 

Sept.  2.  J>.  C.  President  Harrison's 
letter  of  acceptance  as  the  nominee  of 
the  Republican  Party  for  the  presidency 
is  published. 

Sept.  7.  />.  C.  President  McLeod  of  the 
Reading  System  testifies  before  the  Sen- 
ate Committee  on  Coal. 

Conn.  Gen.  Merwin  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

N  H.  John  B.  Smith  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

Luther  F,  McKinney  (Dem.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

Sept.  9.  D.  C.  The  "War  Department,  by 
direction  of  the  President,  grants  the 
use  of  Sandy  Hook  for  quarantined 
steamship  passengers. 

John  Wanaraaker,  P.  M.  G.,  issues  an 
order  authorizing  postmasters  of  free 
delivery  cities  and  rural  communities 
to  put  up  letter-boxes  for  collection 
and  delivery  of  mail  at  house-doors 
by  request  of  citizens. 

Sept.  10.  New  York.  A  shipload  of 
arms  on  the  South  Portland,  supposed 
to  be  for  the  Venezuela  revolutionists, 
is  detained  in  port  by  Collector  Francis 
Hendricks. 

Sept.  12.  N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  issues  a 
proclamation  concerning  the  acquire- 
ment of  Fire  Island,  and  warning  all 
persons  against  illegal  interference  with 
Its  use  as  a  quarantine  station ;  tlio 
Islip  Board  of  Health  secures  -from 
.Judge  Barnard  a  writ  restraining  the 
landing  of  passengers  on  the  island. 

Sept.  13.  Conn.  Luzon  B.Morris  (Dem.) 
is  nominated  for  governor. 

N.  J.  John  Kean,  Jr.  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

Sept.  14.  Mass.  William  H.Haile  (Rep.) 
of  Springfield  is  nominated  for  governor. 

.V.  J.      George    T.    Werts    (Dem.)   is 

nominated  for  governor. 


N.  Y.     Delegates  from  every  State 

and  Territory  in  the  Union  arrive  in 
Butfalo  to  attend  the  Republican 
League  National  Convention. 

Sept.  16.  Gens.  "Weaver  and  Field, 
in  an  address  to  the  country,  accept  the 
I'eople's  Party  presidential  nominations. 

Sept.  19.  tnd.  The  Hendricks  County 
Circuit  Court  declares  that  the  regis- 
tration clause  of  the  election  la^v  is 
class  legislation,  and  therefore  uncon- 
stitutional ;  the  State  Apportionment 
Acts  of  1886  and  1891  are  declared  un- 
constitutional by  Judge  Bundy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Aug.  23.  Mass.  The  250th  an- 
niveraary  of  the  settlement  of  Glouces- 
ter is  celebrated. 

New  York.    A   receiver  is  appointed 

for  the  Order  of  the  Iron  Hall. 

Aug.  26.  New  York.  A  man  attempts 
suicide  by  leaping  from  the  High 
Bridge  into  the  Harlem  River,  but  is 
only  slightly  hurt. 

City  officials  are  taking  renewed  pre- 
cautions against  cholera. 

Aug.  27.  New  York.  The  Metropoli- 
tan Opera  House  is  almost  wholly 
burned  ;  loss  on  .scenery  and  costumes 
destroyed,  $1,000,000. 

Aug.  28.  Colo.  All  the  timber  on  the 
mountains  from  Tin  Cup  to  Texas  Creek 
has  been  burne<l,  and  fully  twenty 
square  miles  of  timber  are  completely 
destroyed. 

New  York,    Vessels  are  detained  at 

quarantine  to  be  inspected  for  cholera 
cases ;  the  Health  Department  takes 
active  measures  to  prevent  the  disease 
from  reaching  the  city. 

Aug.  30.  Wash.  The  town  of  Conco- 
nuUy  is  almost  entirely  consumed  by 
fire;  only  a  few  houses  remain;  esti- 
mated loss,  $100,000. 

Aug.  31.  la.  At  Independence,  the 
mare  Nancy  Hanks  lowers  the  world's 
trotting  record  to  2.05i,  beating  her 
own  record  by  two  seconds. 

Neio  York.  The  Health  Board  is- 
sues orders  and  rules  looking  to  im- 
proved sanitation  in  ferry-houses,  rail- 
way-stations, etc.,  and  for  the  treatment 
of  people  taken  suddenly  ill  in  public 
places. 

The  steamer  Moravia  arrives  from 
Hamburg  with  cholera  on  board ; 
she  reports  22  deaths  on  the  voyage. 
The  Normannia,  liugia,  and  Stubhen- 
huk,  from  Hamburg,  follow,  are  or- 
dered to  the  lower  Bay,  and  quaran- 
tined. 

Sept.  1,  If.  S.  To  shut  out  the  cholera 
the  Government  proclaims  20  days' 
quarantine  for  all  European  vessels. 

-t .    The  steel  steamer  Jfestern  Jieserve 

is  broken  in  two  on  Lake  Superior  ;  26 
lives  are  lost ;  two  or  three  vessels  on 
tlie  great  lakes  are  lost  in  a  storm 
with  all  on  board. 

Sept.  2.  New  York.  The  Inman  steamer 
City  of  Berlin,  the  National  Line  steamer 
Europe,  and  the  Cunarder  Gallia  are  re- 
leased from  quarantine  and  allowed 
to  go  to  their  respective  docks. 
A  conflict    of   authority  arises  be- 


tween Dr.  Jenkins,  city  health  officer, 

and  the  Federal  authorities  respecting 
quarantine  arrangements. 

Sept.  4.  .V.  }'.  Charles  F.  Peck,  the 
Commissioner  of  Labor  Statistics,  reas- 
serts the  accuracy  of  his  figures  on  the 
favorable  operation  of  the  McKin- 
ley  Law. 

Sept.  5.  N.  Y.  A  West  Shore  express- 
train  having  a  defective  engine  plunges 
into  the  Hudson  River;  several  per- 
sons are  killed. 

Sept.  6.  N.  Y.  A  freight  blockade  10 
miles  long  occurs  on  the  Reading  Road 
near  Buffalo. 

New  York.    There  are  1 1  new  cases 

of  cholera  and  one  death  on  board  the 
ships  in  the  lower  Bay. 

Sept.  7.  Cal.  The  42d  anniversary  of 
the  admission  of  California  into  the 
Union  is  celebrated  as  a  legal  holiday. 

La.    James  Corbett  defeats  John     , 

L.  Sullivan  at  New  Orleans,  and  wins 
from  him  the  boxing  championship  of 
America. 

New  York.  Some  new  cases  of  chol- 
era occur  among  passengers  quarantined 
in  the  lower  Bay  ;  arrangements  are 
made  to  place  cabin  passengers  on  Fire 
Island  or  Sandy  Hook. 

Pa.    Trains   collide   at   Eckenrode 

Mills  ;  14  persons  are  killed. 

Sept.  9.  N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  directs 
Health  Officer  Jenkins  to  purchase 
land  on  Fire  Island,  if  necessary,  to 
establish  a  quarantine  station. 

Sept.  10.  New  Yoi'k.  In  the  lower  Bay 
11  new  cases  of  cholera  break  out  on 
the  Scandia ;  the  Normannta''s  passen- 
gers are  put  on  the  steamer  Stonington  ; 
the  Surf  Hotel  property  on  Fire  Island 
is  bought  for  quarantine  purposes,  and 
work  begun  at  Sandy  Hook.  [Only  a 
few  cases  of  cholera  develop  among  all 
the  quarantined  passengers.] 

Sept.  11.  Mass.  Nine  persons  are  killed 
and  51  injured  by  a  train  accident  in  a 
fog  on  the  Fitchburg  Railroad  at  West 
Cambridge  Jimction. 

Sept.  14.  Neio  York.  The  Health  De- 
partment announces  that  six  persons 
had  died  in  the  city  from  cholera ; 
that  careful  disinfection  of  the  premises 
has  followed  ;  and  that  there  have  been 
no  new  cases  :  there  are  several  new 
cases  on  the  steamers  down  the  Bay. 

Sept.  15.  N.Y.  The  iVorT7ion«£a'5  cabin 
passengers  are  relejised  from  quarantine 
at  Fire  Island. 

Sept.  16.  Neio  York.  One  new  case  of 
suspected  cholera  is  announced ;  the 
steamer  Bohemia  reports  52  cases  on  her 
voyage  ;  the  Normannia'' s  passengers 
leave  Fire  Island  for  the  city. 

Sept.  18.  N.  Y.  Troops  are  sent  from 
Brooklyn  to  Fire  Island,  and  the  Wyo- 
ming's passengers  land  at  the  hotel  with- 
out opposition  ;  steerage  passengers 
from  the  Normannia  and  liugia  are 
landed  at  Camp  Low,  Sandy  Hook,  and 
strict  quarantine  of  the  place  is  begun. 
[There  are  nearly  4,000  passengers  on 
the  cholera  vsssels.l 


416     1892,  Sept.  20-Nov,  4. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1892  Oct.  1.  ^fe.  Harbor  Befense 
Ram  No.  1  is  lauiiehed  at  Bath. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  Sept.  21.  Mass.— Conn.  Two 
statues  of  Columbus  are  unveiled,  one 
at  Bostou  and  another  at  Williniautic. 

Sept.  22.  Cat.  The  Mountebanks,  an 
opera  by  W.  S.  Gilbert  and  Alfred  Col- 
lier, is  first  sung  in  this  country  at  Bald- 
win's Theater,  San  Francisco. 

Sept.  26.  Boston.  The  Art  Commission 
rejects  the  proposed  replica  of  Buyen's 
statue  of  Columbus  to  be  erected  in 
this  city. 

New  York.     The  Fencing  Master,  an 

opera  by  Reginald  De  Koven,  is  first 
sung  in  this  country  at  the  Casino. 

Sept.  27.  Phila.  liieut.  Peary  makes 
a  preliminary  report  of  his  work  to  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Science. 

Sept.  *  Pa.  A  soldiers'  monument  is 
unveiled  at  Mahanoy  City. 

Oct.  29-  Colo.  Extensive  deposits  of 
talcose  silica,  carrying  a  large  percent- 
age of  corundum  or  emery,  are  discov- 
ered in  Denver. 

Nov.  2.  New  York.  A  new  wing  of  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory is  opened. 

Nov.  4.  Chicago.  A  monument  to  the 
anarchists,  Spies,  Parsons,  Engel,  Fis- 
cher, and  Lingg,  is  dedicated  in  Wald- 
heim  Cemetery. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

189S. 

Sept.  20.  Ulman,  Daniel,  maj.-gen.  vols., 
A  83. 

Sept.  23.  Pope,  John,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A., 
A70. 

Sept.  24.  Gilmore,  Patrick  S.,  band-mas- 
ter of  N.  Y..  A62. 

Sept.  25.  Husted,  James  W.,  brig.-gen. 
vols.,  politician,  A59. 

Oct.  1.  Atkins,  Hiram,  journalist,  political 
leader  in  Vt..  A83. 

Oct.  2.  Douglas,  John  y.,  Gen.  Grant's  last 
pliysician,  AH5. 

Oct.  lO.  Price,  T.  B.,  Confederate  brig.- 
gen.,  A61, 

Oct.  34.  Swinton,  William,  author,  jour- 
nalist, writer  of  school-books,  A69. 

Nov.  2.  Schwalka,  Frederick,  iieut.  U.  S. 
A.,  arctic  explorer,  author,  A43. 


CHURCH. 

1892  Sept.  27.  N.  J.  The  German 
Catholic  Congress  opens  at  Newark 
with  the  celebration  of  high  mass  by 
Archbishop  Corrigan,  assisted  by  other 
prelates. 

Sept.  28.  It.  Pope  Leo  gives  orders  to 
create  the  Archbishopric  of  Dallas,  Tex. 

Oct.  3.  New  York.  Pope  Leo's  ency- 
clical on  the  Rosary  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin  is  read  in  all  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic churches. 

Oct.  4.  Chicago.  The  83d  annual  session 
of  the  American  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners for  Foreign  Missions  begins. 
[Oct.  7.  Dr.  R.  S.  Storrs  is  reelected 
president.] 

Oct.  5.  Md.  The  Triennial  General 
Convention  (Protestant  Episcopal)  be- 
gins at  Baltimore. 


[Oct.  6.  It  begins  the  work  of  revising 
the  Prayer  Book.  Oct.  7.  It  sits  as  a 
Board  of  Missions.  Oct.  17.  It  adopts 
a  new  hymnal.  Oct.  25.  It  elects  Rev. 
Dr.  W.  R.  Tliomas  missionary  bishop  of 
Northern.  Michigan,  and  adjourns  sine 
die.^ 

Oct.  8±.  Utah.  The  Mormons  bold 
their  semi-annual  conference  in  the 
Tabernacle  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Presi- 
dent Woodruff  presiding. 

Oct.  11.  Neto  York.  As  a  part  of  the 
Columbus  celebration  religious  ser- 
vices are  held  in  the  churches  of  this 
and  neighboring  cities,  some  on  an  elab- 
orate scale. 

Oct.  17.  Mich.  Salvationists  are  at- 
tacked in  Wyandotte ;  five  persons  are 
eeriously  injured,  one  fatally. 

Wov.  1.  Nev)  York,  Dr.  "W.  M.  Taylor 
resigns  from  the  pastorate  of  the  Broad- 
way Tabernacle. 

The  trial  of  Rev.  C.  A.  Briggs  be- 
gins before  the  Presbytery  of  New  York. 
[Nov.  20.  The  Presbytery  votes  to 
strike  out  two  charges  especially  ob- 
jected to  by  the  defendant.  Vote,  74-54. 
Dec.  7.  Defendant  pleads  not  guilty. 
Dec.  30.    He  is  acquitted.    Vote,  6-18.] 

LETTERS, 

1892  Sept.  29.  N.  Y.  Dr.  Anson  J. 
Upton  of  Auburn  Theological  Seminary 
is  elected  chanceUor  by  the  Regents 
of  the  University  at  Albany  in  place  of 
George  William  Curtis,  deceased. 

Mass.     Harvard  opens   its    256th 

year  with  the  largest  attendance  in  its 
history. 

Oct.  1,  Chicago.  The  University  of 
Chicago  begins  its  work  with  inaugu- 
ration ceremonies  extreme  in  their  sim- 
plicity. 

Oct.  2.  Ind.  Dr.  G.  S.  Burroughs  of 
Amherst  accepts  the  presidency  of  "Wa- 
bash College  at  Crawfordsville. 

±.     Minn.    At  the  school  elections  the 

Faribault  plan  is  defeated  by  a  major- 
ity of  200  in  1,000  votes  ;  the  nuns  wear- 
ing their  peculiar  dress  while  acting  as 
teachers  is  said  to  have  been  the  cause. 

Oct.  3.  Wis.  The  University  of  Wiscon- 
sin organizes  a  University  Extension 
department,  Lyman  P.  Powell,  formerly 
of  Johns  Hopkins,  manager. 

Oct.  4.  Mich.  The  Detroit  Board  of  Ed- 
ucation practically  excludes  Roman 
Catholic  teachers  from  the  public 
schools.  [Nov.  11.  It  rescinds  resolu- 
tions requiring  anti-Catholic  qualifica- 
tions for  positions  as  teachers.] 


SOCIETY. 

1892  Sept.  20.  Ark.  Nine  negroes 
and   two   whites   are    shot   dead   in    a 

race-war  at  Thornton. 

K7J.  J.  B.  Rucker.  editor  of  the  Som- 
erset Reporter  fProliibition),  is  mortally 
w^ounded  by  an  unknown  assassin. 

±.     Cal.    The  Six  Companies  issue 

another  proclamation  urging  tlie  Chi- 
nese in  the  United  States  to  ignore  the 


Geary  Begistration  law ;  the  Emperor 

of  China  is  appealed  to. 

Sept.  21.  Kan.  Robbers  wreck  a  train 
on  the  Atchison  road  in  an  attempt  to 
secure  $1,000,000  known  to  be  thereon; 
four  persons  are  killed  and  25  injured. 

Sept.  22.  Neic  York.  The  Chinese  Civil 
Rights  League  holds  a  mass-meeting 
in  Cooper  Union,  protesting  vigorously 
against  the  legislation  forbidding  rights 
to  the  Chinese  granted  to  all  others. 

Pa.  Lieut. -Col.  Streator,  Col.  Haw- 
kins, and  Assist. -Surg.  Grim  are  indicted 
for  aggravated  assault  and  battery  in 
connection  with  the  punishment  of  Pri- 
vate lams  at  Homestead.  [Acquitted.] 
(See  Army,  July  24.) 

Sept.  25.  Wash.  Three  highwaymen 
shoot  the  assistant-cashier  of  a  bank  in 
K<islyn ;  they  secure  $10,000  and  make 
their  escape. 

Sept.  26.  Colo.  A  riot  occurs  at  an  anti- 
Catholiclectureon"  Romanist  Influence 
in  Public  Schools"  at  Cheyenne;  two 
men  are  seriously  wounded. 

Sept.  27.  Phila.  Four  mail-drivers  are 
arrested  on  the  charge  of  robbing  the 
mails. 

Sept.  29.  N.  Y.  Three  non-union  Inmber- 
shovers  at  Buffalo  are  injured  by  union 
men  in  a  riot  with  clubs  and  stones. 

Tenn.      Marshal   Brown    raids    an 

illicit  distillery  in  West  Tennessee,  cap- 
turing 1,000  barrels  of  liquor. 

Oct.  1.  Cal.  J.  W.  Smith  is  lynched 
at  Dunsmir;  he  was  charged  with  kill- 
ing his  wife  and  6-year-ola  daughter  at 
Oastela. 

Chicago.  Warrants  are  issued  for  the 

arrest  of  John  Cudahy  and  Austin  .K 
Wright,  charged  with  conspiracy  to 
make  a  corner  in  pork. 

Oct.  3.  New  York.  Burton  C.  Webster 
is  sentenced  to  19  years  in  prison  for 

killing  Charles  E.  Goodwin  in  August, 
1891. 

Pa.     A  daring  attempt  is  made  to 

rob  a  bank  in  Erie  at  midday  ;  the  cash- 
ier is  shot  in  the  face,  but  the  robbers 
are  captured. 

Oct.  5.    Kan.    Three  Dalton  brothers 

and  two  members  of  their  gang  and  five 
residents  of  CotT'eyville  are  killed  in  an 
attempt  to  capture  the  former  while  in 
the  act  of  robbing  two  banks. 

Phila.    William  W.  Runk,  a  wealthy 

merchant,  kills  himself;  he  bad  been 
speculating  with  the  firm's  funds  in  the 
absence  and  without  the  knowledge  of 
his  partner  while  the  latter  was  in  Eu- 
rope. 

Oct.  8.  Netc  York.  The  Columbian 
Celebration  is  begun  by  special  ser- 
vices in  the  Hebrew  synagogues,  and  by 
the  opening  reception  at  the  Art  Loan 
Exhibition  at  the  National  Academy  of 
Design. 

[Oct.  11.  It  continues  with  a  midday 
naval  parade  in  the  bay  and  I^orth 
River,  and  in  the  evening  a  Roman 
Catholic  school  children  parade,  literary 
exercises  in  Carnegie  Music  Hall,  a  con- 
cert at  Seventh  Regiment  Annory,  and 
fireworks  on  the  East  River  Bridge. 

Oct.  12.  A  military  and  civil  parade 
takes  place  in  the  daytime,  including 
public  school  children  and  college  stu- 
dents, and  a  character  pageant  with 
floats  in  the  evening.  Tlie  Columbus 
Monument,  the  gift  of  Italy  to  America, 
is  dedicated. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1892,  Sept.  20-Nov.  4.    417 


Oct.  13.  It  closes  with  a  banquet 
at  the  Lenox  Lyceum  :  addresses  are 
made  by  Vice-President  Morton,  Secre- 
tary Foster,  Gov.  Flower  and  others.] 

Oct.  15.  tfew  York.  Domlnico  L.  Ruiz, 
consul-general  for  Ecuador  for  nine 
years  at  this  port,  is  arrested  for  for- 
gery. 

Oct.  17.  Ida.  A  gang  of  nine  horse- 
thieves  are  killed  or  disabled  in  a  figlit 
with  stockmen. 

J\r.  Mex.  All  the  telegraph  opera- 
tors on  the  Santa  Fe  system,  900  in 
number,  leave  their  posts  at  lO.A.M.,  on 
an  order  of  Chief  Kamsey  to  strike, 
which  proves  to  be  a  forgery  by  a  jok- 
ing operator;  all  trartic  is  suspended 
for  12  hours  ;  the  joker  is  discharged. 

jWk'  York:  Mr.  Cleveland  declines 

to  be  present  in  Chicago  at  the  World's 
Fair  dedication,  because  he  is  a  candi- 
date for  the  presidency. 

Oct.  18.  Colo.  A  strike  on  the  Denver 
and  Rio  Grande  Railro.id  ends. 

Oct.  20.  O.  The  annual  convention  of 
the  American  Street  Railway  Asso- 
ciation opens  at  Cleveland. 

Oct.  23.  Mo.  Four  masked  men  hold 
up  Ticket  Agent  Stokes  at  the  Frisco 
Station,  and  rob  both  the  station  and 
agent. 

Oct.  25.  ifass.  Alderman  Bolton  is  put 
on  trial  at  Lawrence  for  taking  bribes 
in  connection  with  a  liquor  license. 

Tex.      I»r.    IT.    Jones,    a    prominent 

physician,  shoots  and  kills  Capt.  W.  G. 
Vial  at  ex-Confederates  headquarters  at 
Dallas. 

Oct.  27.  7).  C.  The  funeral  of  Mrs. 
Harrison  takes  place  in  the  East  Room 
of  the  White  House,  after  which  the 
funeral  train  starts  for  Indianapolis. 
(Died  Oct.  25.) 

Oct.  28.  Colo.  The  National  Conven- 
tion of  the  'Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union  is  in  session  at  Denver : 
500  delegates  are  present.  [Miss  Frances 
E.  Willard  is  reelected  president.] 

Oct.  29.  Minn.  A.  E.  Law,  Northern 
Pacific  r>ivi.sion  superintendent,  is  fined 
$50  or  60  days  in  the  workhouse  for 
overworking  his  employees. 

Xew  York.     Kighty-six  Hebrew  cloak- 

makors  are  arrested  for  breaking  the 
Sunday  law. 

Oct.  31.  S.  C.  Charleston  begins  the 
celebration  of  its  "  Gala  'Week,"  in 
commemoration  of  its  gratitude  for  as- 
sistance afforded  after  the  earthquakes. 

Nov.  1.  Ala.  A  train  is  held  up  and 
robbed  on  the  East  Tennessee,  Virginia, 
and  Georgia  Railroad. 

Nov.  2.  Kan.  FordConntyBank.  Spear- 
ville,  is  robbed  by  two  armed  men  ; 
they  are  pursued,  but  escape  with  the 


booty. 


STATE. 


1892  Sept.  20.  X.  Y.  An  attempt  to 
appoint  none  but  Democratic  election 
inspectors  in  Huffalo  is  foiled. 

Sept.  22.  If.  r.  The  General  Term  at 
Saratoga  decides  the  Apportionment 
Act  by  the  extra  session  constitutional 
in  the  Oneida  County  case. 

Sept.  26.  N.  Y.  Mr.  Cleveland's  let- 
ter, accepting  the  nomination  for 
the  presidency,  is  made  public. 


Sept.  27.  Conn.  The  Supreme  Court 
decides  in  favor  of  the  Republicans  in 

the  contested  election  <^Jises. 

.^fass.    William  E.  Russell  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

ll'is.  The  Supreme  Court  practi- 
cally decides  that  the  reapportionment 
made  by  the  extra  session  of  the  J^egis- 
lature  is  invalid. 

Sept.  28.  D.  C.  The  text  of  the  Chilean 
claims  treaty  is  made  public. 

Oct.  1.  75.  ('.  The  Treasury  Department 
reports  the  public  debt  reduced  $708,- 
000  in  September. 

Oct.  2.  I).  C.  Secretary  Foster  notifies 
foreign  governments  that  the  Interna- 
tional Monetary  Conference  will 
begin  In  Brussels  on  the  22d  of  Novem- 
ber. 

Oct.  4.  Xeiu  York.  Mr.  Cleveland  ad- 
dresses the  convention  of  the  National 
Association  of  Democratic  Clubs  at 
the  Academy  of  Music. 

Oct.  10.  n.  r.  The  Supreme  Court 
at  'Washington  opens ;  George  Shiras, 
Jr.,  of  Pa.  is  sworn  in  as  associate 
justice. 

IHs.  Gov.  Peck  convenes  the  Legis- 
lature for  the  third  time  to  reappor- 
tion the  State. 

Oct.  12.  Va.  Republicans  make  an 
agreement  to  unite  with  the  Third  party 
in  many  districts. 

Oct.  13.  yew  York.  The  Court  of 
Api>eals,  by  a  vote  of  five  to  two,  up- 
holds the  constitutionality  of  the  Ap- 
portionment Act  of  1892,  artirniing  that 
the  courts  have  no  power  to  interfere 
with  the  discretion  of  the  Legislature. 

Oct.  17.  D.  C.  The  V.  S.  Supreme  Court 
decides  that  the  Micliigan  plan  of 
choosing  Presidential  electors  by 
Congressional  districts  is  constitu- 
tional. 

Oct.  22.  Wis.  Both  houses  of  the 
Legislature  adjourn  without  agreeing 
on  an  Apportionment  Bill. 

Oct.  27.  I).  C.  A  Treasury  report  is 
issued  showing  a  large  increase  in  the 
domestic  tin-plate  industry  during 
the  last  quarter. 

Oct.  29.  Jf.  Dak.  The  Turtle  Indians 
cede  all  right  and  title  to  lands  in  the 
Devil's  Lake  district,  with  certain  res- 
ervations, for  §1,000,000  in  twenty  annual 
payments. 

Oct.  31.  D.  C.  President  Harrison  is- 
sues a  proclamation  extending  the  bene- 
fits of  the  Copyright  I^aw  to  the  citizens 
of  Italy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Sept.  20.  O.  Thirteen  persons 
are  killed  and  several  injured  in  a  col- 
lision on  the  Fort  Wayne  Railroad. 

Sept.  21.  New  York.  Four  women  are 
killed  and  many  injured  In  a  panic 
caused  by  a  small  fire  in  a  Hebrew  syna- 
gogue. 

Sept.  22.    diirnrjo.  Liverymen  form  a 

trust. fixing  llie'price  of  carriages  during 
tlie  World's  Fair  dedication  parade  at 
?22  each  per  day. 


Sept.  25.  A'ew  York.  It  is  officially  re- 
ported that  there  is  no  cholera,  either 
in  the  city  or  at  quarantine. 

Sept.  26.  I'hila.  The  Board  of  Health 
orders  all  wells  in  the  city  to  be  filled  up. 

Sept.  28.  In<t.  Nancy  Hanks  trots  a 
mile  in  2.04  on  a  regulation  track  at 
Terre  Haute. 

Cal.     The   350th  anniversary  of 

the  discovery  of  San  Diego  Bay  is  cele- 
brated. 

Sept.  29.  New  York.  The  Aldermen 
grant  trolley  franchises  without  cost. 

Sept.  30.  I'liila.  The  beneficial  order 
of  Social  Guardians  makes  an  assign- 
ment. 

Oct.  5.  New  York.  A  preliminary  chal- 
lenge for  the  America  cup  is  re- 
ceived from  Lord  Dunraven  by  the  Xew 
York  Yacht  Club.  [Dec.  13.  The  chal- 
lenge is  accepted.] 

Oct.  7.  Mass.  'Wobum  celebrates  the 
2r)0th  anniversary  of  its  settlement. 

Oct.  8.  N.  C.  Raleigh  celebrates  its 
100th  anniversary  with  an  elaborate 
street  pageant,  etc. 

Oct.  16.  Conn.  Stamford  begins  tlie 
four  days'  celebration  of  its  250th 
anniversary. 

Oct.  18.  New  York.  Tlie  Aldermen's 
amendment  forbidding  the  use  of  the 
trolley  in  this  city  is  signed  by  Mayor 
(iraut. 

Oct.  19.  Tlie  steamship  Citi/  of  Paris 
arrives  in  New  I'ork  Harbor,  having 
made  the  voyage  from  Queenstown  in 
five  days,  14  hours,  and  24  minutes,  thus 
beating  all  previous  records  on  the 
westward  trip. 

Oct.  21.  Chicago.  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion dedication. 

Pres.  Higginbotham  of  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition  formally  pre- 
sents the  exposition  grounds  and  build- 
ings to  President  Palmer  ot  the  World's 
Ctnumbian  Commission,  and  they  are 
dedicated  witli  appropriate  ceremonies, 
by  Levi  P.  Morton,  Vice-President  of 
the  United  States,  on  behalf  of  Presi- 
dent Harrison  ;  Channcey  M.  Depew  and 
Henry  Watterson  deliver  the  addresses. 
[Exposition  to  open  May  1,  1893.] 

Oct,  24.  Pa.  Seven  persons  are  killed 
and  about  25  injured  in  a  collision  on 
the  Reading  Railroad  near  Philadelphia. 

Oct.  25.  Mo.  The  wrecking  of  a  train 
near  Pliillipsburgh  causes  six  deaths. 

Oct.  26.  New  York.  The  Park  Board 
authorizes  tlie  construction  of  an 
aquarium  and  other  improvements  at 
Battery  Park. 

Oct.  28.    Wis.    A  fire  at  Milwaukee 

burns  300  buildings,  devastating  26 
acres,  with  a  loss  of  four  lives  and 
.¥5,000,000 ;  relief  is  provided  for  home- 
less people. 

Oct.  31.  N.  J.  A  forest  fire  near 
Franklin  Park  destroys  1,000  acres  of 
timber. 

Nov.  1.  Neb.  The  wrecking  of  a  train 
near  Grand  Island  causes  seven  deaths. 

Nov.  2+.  Pa.  Twenty-five  miles  of  for- 
est fires  are  raging  along  the  ridges  near 
Jtphnstown. 


418      1892,  Nov.  4-Dec,  18. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1892  Nov.  5.  Pa.  In  the  lams  case  at 
Pittsburg.  Col.  Hawkins  and  Lieut. - 
Col.    Streator  are  found  not  guilty  of 

cruelly.     (..See  July  '10.) 

Nov.  Si.  Ariz.  Soldiers  are  pursuing 
Yaqui  Indians  who  are  on  the  war- 
path. 

Nov.  11.  X.Y.  The  protected  cruiser 
Vlncinnati  is  launched  at  the  Brooklyn 
Navy  Yard. 

Nov.  28.  Com.  Skerrett  is  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  Pacific  Station 
Navy. 

Dec.  10.  Wash.  Naval  dry  docks  on 
Puget  Sound  Naval  Station  are  begun. 

Dec.  12.  Chile.  The  protected  cruiser 
Baltimore  sails  from  Valparaiso  for  San 
Francisco,  her  presence  being  no  longer 
necessary, 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE* 
1892    Nov.  6.    Kij.    Gray  squirrels  are 

doing  imment^e  damage  near  Petersville. 
hul.    A   large   oil-well,    dug    near 

Camden,  flows  2,000  barrels  a  day. 
— /?.  /.     Gold  is  discovered  in  Lincoln, 

the  mine  assaying  $15  a  ton. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1893. 

Nov.  14.    Hoey,  John,   Pres.  Adams  Ex- 
press ('o.,  A68. 
Merriiiion,  Augustus  S.,  chief  justice  of 

N.  C,  A62. 
Nov.  89.    Scott,  John  W.,  Pres.  clergyman, 

A  92. 
Wyant,  Alexander  H.,land8cape  painter, 

A.W. 
Dec.  1.     Hoyt,  Henry  M.,  Gov.  of  Pa.,  A(i2. 
Dec.  2.     Gould,  Jay.  speculator,  capitalist, 

left  S72,000,000,  AM. 
Dec.  4.     IJrice,  JJ.  W.,  raaj.-gen.  U.  S.  A., 

A86. 
Dec.  5.    Leaming,  James  R.,  specialist  in 

throat  diseases,  A72. 
Dec.  7.     Newberry,  John  S.,  geologist,  A70. 
Dec.  15.     Gibson,  Kandall  I..,  senator  for 

La.,  Am. 
Dec.  16.     Brannam,   John   M.,   maj.gen. 

U.  S.  A.,  A72. 


CHURCH. 

1892  Nov.  14.  O.  The  trial  for  heresy 
of  Rev.  Henry  P,  Smith  of  the  Lane 
Theological  Seminary  is  initiated  before 
the  Presbytery  at  Cincinnati. 

[Nov.  21.  The  trial  proper  begins. 
Not.  25.  The  Presbytery  sustains  the 
sufficiency  of  the  third  charge,  and  the 
,case  will  go  to  a  formal  trial.  Dec.  31. 
The  Presbytery  suspends  Dr.  Smith. 
Vote,  31-27.] 

Nov.  15.  Jinston.  The  "World's  Con- 
vention of  Christians  at  "Work  is  in 
session. 

Nov.  16.  Nt^w  York.  The  Roman  Catho- 
lic archbishops  of  the  United  States 
meet  in  conclave. 

Nov.  21-23.  New  York.  The  Conti- 
nental Congress  of  the  Salvation 
Army  is  in  session. 

Nov.  26 1.  Neio  York.  Many  clergymen 
and  influential  church-members  are  en- 
rolled in  the  Salvation  Army's  Aux- 
iliary Xjeague. 

Dec.  5.  I).  C.  The  Central  Conference 
of  American  Hebrew  Habbis  is  in 
session  at  Washington. 


Dec.  12.     .V.  J.     Rev.  P.    Corrigan, 

Koman  Catholic  priest  in  Hoboken,  is 
put  on  trial  for  criticising  Cahenslyisni 
as  manifested  at  the  recent  German  con- 
vention. [Ends  in  compromise.] 
Dec.  18.  N.  Y.  Rabbi  H.  Rosenberg 
is  expelled  from  the  Temple  J5eth- 
Jacobin  Brooklyn  for  eating  pork. 

LETTERS. 

1892  Nov.  13  ±.  Chicago.  President 
Harper  succeeds  in  purchasing  for  the 
University  of  Chicago  the  great  40- 
inch  lenses  made  for  the  University  of 
California. 

Nov.  16.  ///.  The  New  Natural  His- 
tory University  of  Dlinois  is  dedi- 
cated. 

Nov.  21.  N.  Y.  A  public-school  pro- 
tection league  is  formed  in  Buffalo 
by  i»rominent  business  men,  lawyers, 
and  clergymen,  the  object  being  to  keep 
the  control  of  the  schools  free  from  po- 
litical interference. 

Dec.  1.  Chicago.  The  "Western  Asso- 
ciated Press  reorganizes  as  *'  The  Asso- 
ciated Press." 

Ga.    Chrisman  Hall,  costing  $30,000, 

is  dedicated  at  Clark  University  in 
Atlanta. 

Dec.  10.  Mass.  A  $100,000  library  is 
presented  to  Fairhaven  by  the  children 
of  H.  H.  Rogers  of  New  York  City,  in 
memory  of  a  deceased  sister. 

Dec.  14.  Xew  York.  The  Teachers 
College  takes  its  new  name ;  its  char- 
ter becomes  absolute. 

SOCIETY. 

1892  Nov.  4.  Cal.  The  authorities 
seize  x,ocx3  five-tael  tins  of  opium  con- 
cealed in  barrels  of  salmon  at  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

Neh.     "W.   G.   Pollock,   a  Xew  York 

salesman,  is  shot,  and  robbed  of  a  $15,- 
000  case  of  diamonds,  in  a  sleeper  on  a 
train  in  the  .^lissouri  Valley ;  the  thief 
escapes. 

Nov.  5.  Ala.  Sixteen  persons  are  in- 
dicted for  murder  and  18  for  assault  at 
St.  Stephens,  for  lynching  Chris.  Chris- 
man  in  June. 

La.    John  Hastings  is  lynched  at 

Jouesville. 

The  Amalgamated  Council  of  New  Or- 
leans orders  a  general  strike,  to  secure 
a  recognition  of  unionism. 

[Nov.  11.  About  25,000  strikers  return 
to  work  without  having  accomplished 
the  object  of  the  strike.] 

Nov.  8.  Cal.  A  masked  highwayman 
stops  a  stage  between  San  Francisco  and 
Sierra  City,  and  secures  its  express-box. 

— -  O.  "W.  J.  Gill,  a  councilman  of  To- 
ledo, indicted  for  soliciting  bribes,  is 
found  guilty. 

The  entire  system  of  the  Consolidated 
Street- Railway  in  Columbus  is  tied  up ; 
the  conductors  and  motor-men  have 
gone  on  strike. 

Venn.    In  Melvin  a  fight,  the  result 

of  a  long-stan<iing  feud,  takes  place  be- 
tween the  Swofford  and  Toilette  fami- 
lies; two  of  the  Swoffords  and  one  of 
the  Toilettes  are  killed. 

Nov.  9.  New  York.  A  confidential  clerk 
of  James  F,.  Ward  :ind  Co.  is  arrested 
for  embezzling  $40,000. 

O.  A  strike  on  the  street-rail- 
roads in  Columbus  stops  all  the  cars. 


Nov.  11.  Chicago.  Ex-Banker  S.  A, 
Kean  is  arrested  on  in<lictnient  by  the 
grand  jury  for  feloniously  receiving  de- 
posits at  the  time  of  the  bank  failure. 

Xew    York.     A  memorial   service  is 

held  in  Cooper  Union  for  the  Chicago 
anarchists  hanged  on  Nov.  11, 1887. 

Nov.  12.  Va.  Dr.  Moffett,  a  Baptist 
pastor  in  North  Danville  and  Prohibi- 
tion leader,  is  treacherously  shot  and 
killed  by  J.  T.  Clark,  a  lawyer  ami  Dem- 
ocratic politician ;  Clark  is  in  jail 
charged  with  murder. 

Nov.  15.  Tenn.  The  National  Far- 
mers* Alliance  Convention  opens  in 
Memphis.  [Nov.  18.  H.  L.  Louckes  of 
South  Dakota  is  elected  president.] 

3/0.  The  Knights  of  Labor  Con- 
vention begins  in  St.  Louis. 

K.  Y.    M.  A.  Schwert,  town  collector 

of  Hamburg,  is  missing  ;  there  is  ;i  short- 
age in  bis  accounts  of  more  than  $15,000. 

Nov.  16.  N.II.  The  National  Grange, 
Patrons  of  Husbandry,  begins  its  12th 
annual  convention  in  Concord,  J.  H. 
Brigham  of  Ohio  presiding. 

Nov.  18.  K«io  York.  W.  H.  Parsons  is 
elected  president  of  the  National 
Iieague  for  the  Protection  of  Amer- 
ican Institutions  in  place  of  John  Jay, 
who  resigns  in  consequence  of  ill-health. 

Tex.    Capt.  J.  G.  Bourke,3d  Cavalry, 

is  killed  by  a  United  States  deputy- 
marshal  in  a  court-room  in  San  Antonio. 

Nov.  19.  Cal.  Highbinders  in  San 
Francisco  shoot  a  Chinaman  because  he 
refused  to  pay  blackmail. 

[Nov.  20.  Five  armed  highbinders 
are  captured  in  San  Francisco  while 
prosecuting  their  murderous  intentions  j 
they  wear  bullet-proof  coats.] 

O.  Several  w^omen  are  chosen  dele- 
gates to  the  Convention  of  Locomotive 
Engineers  at  Columbus. 

Nov.  20.  N.J.  At  Allentown  two  rob- 
bers force  the  cashier  of  the  bank  to 

give  them  $2,700  ;  they  are  afterwards 
captured. 

Nov.  22.  N.  Y.  A  suit  is  entered  in 
Brooklyn  against  the  Board  of  Super- 
visors. Cause,  waste  of  public  funds  in 
paying  $6,000  for  stands  on  Columbus 
Day  and  $2,000  for  decorations;  the  al- 
dermen paid  $11,000  for  similar  purposes. 

Nov.  23.  Pa.  Sylvester  Critchlow,  the 
Homestead  striker  accused  of  murder, 
is  acquitted. 

Nov.  25.  Chicago.  A  juryman  is  sen- 
tenced to  one  year's  imprisonment  for 
trying  to  secure  a  bribe. 

WtfHh.  Masked  men  rob  the  pas- 
sengers in  a  sleeping-car  on  the  North- 
ern Pacitic  iiailroad,  near  Hot  Sjjrintis. 

Nov.  28.  Chicago.  C.  R.  Williams,  a 
trusted  employee  of  Rand,McNally,  and 
Go.  <»f  Chicago,  is  arraigned  for  the  em- 
bezzlement of  $25,000. 

Nov.  30.  Ky.  Ex-Speaker  Harvey  My- 
ers of  the  Legislature  is  indicted  for  of- 
fering a  bribe. 

New    York.      Mrs.    A.    A.    Anderson 

gives  $350,000  to  Roosevelt  Hospital 
for  the  erection  of  a  memorial  pavilion. 

Dec.  1  + .  Pa.  The  Pittsburg  authorities 
are  closing  all  disorderly  houses,  the 

inmates  are  to  be  cared  for  by  ministers 
and  church  members  so  far  as  possible. 

Dec.  3.  Md.  The  National  Prison 
Reform  Association  meets  in  Balti- 
more ;  Ex-President  Hayes  delivers  the 
annual  address. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1892,  Nov.  4 -Dec.  18.       419 


A".  J.    A   license   is    granted    by  the 

County  Court  to  sell  liquor  in  Vinelaud 
for  the  tirst  time  in  its  history. 

Dec.  6.    New  York.  G.  W.  Gardner,  agent 

of  the  Parkhurst  Soci*'ty  is  arrested  on 
the  charge  of  blackmailing  a  woman. 

(A  conspiruey.) 

Stw  York.  Police  Superintend- 
ent Byrnes  makes  serious  charges  in 
a  newspaper  against  l>r.  C.  H.  Park- 
hurst. 

[Dec.  7.  Dr.  Parkhurst  answers  the 
attack  on  him  made  by  Ptjlice  Superin- 
tendent Byrnes.  He  charges  that  the 
police  are  accomplices  of  iaw-breakers, 
and  receive  large  sums  of  money  for 
the  protection  of  crinuiials.  Dec.  8. 
Supt.  Byrnes  replies.  Dec.  9.  Dr.  Park- 
hurst publishes  another  statement.] 

The  provisions  of  the  will  of  Jay 
Gould  are  made  public ;  the  entire  es- 
tate goes  to  the  family,  the  great  bulk 
of  it  being  divided  among  his  six  chil- 
dren, and  nothing  for  the  relief  of  hu- 
man misery. 

Dec.  8.  III.  Telegraph  operators  on 
the  Rock  Island  Railroad  strike,  but 
trains  continue  to  run. 

[Dec.  17.  Neb.  The  Rock  Island  tele- 
graph operators  at  Omaha  declare  the 
strike  lost,  and  favor  boycotting  the 
road.] 

Ky.    Two  negroes  and  one  white  man 

are  taken  from  jail  and  lynched  by  a 
mob  at  Williamsburg. 

Dec.  9.  X.  Y.  Teachers  in  St.  Paul's 
Sciiool,  Garden  City,  go  on  strike. 

Dec.  10.  X.  Y.  The  State  has  formally 
assumed  the  care  of  all  its  insane 
poor,  except  those  in  New  York  and 
Kings  Counties. 

Dec.  11.  Cotin.  Two  thousand  per- 
sons 8ig:n  the  pledge  in  New  Haven 
at  a  temperance  meeting  conducted  by 
Edward  Murphy. 

/*«.    The  details  of  a  conspiracy  to 

poison  non-union   workmen  at  Home- 
stead are  made  public  in  Pittsburg. 

Dec.  12.  I'kila.  The  12th  annual  ses- 
sion of  tlie  American  Federation  of 
liabor  begins. 

Ttx.  Garza,  the  Mexican  rebel,  in- 
vades Mexico  from  Texas,  burns  a  bar- 
rack, and  returns. 

Dec.  13.  fr.  Va.  Three  robbers  board 
a  train  near  H  untingtou,  and  are  stoutly 
resisted  ;  two  passengers  are  shot,  one 
mortally  wounded. 

Wyn.    Two  armed  men  raid  the 

towrn  of  Gillette,  and  escape  capture. 

Dec.  14.  Phi/a.  The  American  Fede- 
ration of  Labor  resolves  tliat,  as  tlie 
strike  and  boycott  have  failed  as  weap- 
ons of  organized  labor,  a  campaign  of 
education  should  be  inaugurated,  look- 
ing: to  the  power  of  the  ballot  to  settle 
union  supremacy.  [It  favors  the  oi>en- 
ing  of  the  World's  Fair  on  Sunday.] 

Dec.  17.  N.  r.  The  revenue  authori- 
ties capture  lo  illicit  stills  in  Wilkes 
County,  and  three  in  Catawba  County, 
with  4,000  gallons  of  liquor  ;  they  arrest 
one  moonshiner, 

+  JFash.  A  16-year-old  highway- 
man is  terrorizing  ranchers  and  deputy 
sheriffs  near  Dungeness. 


STATE. 

189?    Nov.  8.     r.  .S.    The24thPre8i- 
dential  Election ;  Democrats  elected. 
Grover  Cleveland  (Dem.)  of  N.  Y., 


5,554,226 ;  Benjamin  Harrison  (Rep.) 
of  Ind.,  5,175,202;  James  B.  "Weaver 
(People's  Party)  of  la.,  1,041,028;  John 
Bidwell  (Prohib.)  of  Cal.,  204,133 ; 
Simon  "Wing  (Social  Labor)  of  Mass., 
21,1G4. 

Candidates  for  Vice-President ;  Adlai 
E.  Stevenson  (Dem.)  of  111.,  "Whitelaw 
Keid  (Rep.)  of  N.  Y.,  James  G.  Field 
([*eople's  Party)  of  Va.,  James  B. 
Cranfill  (Prohib.)  of  Tex.,  and  Charles 
H.  Matchett  (Social  Labor)  of  N.  Y. 
Cleveland's  plurality,  380,810.  Total 
popular  vote,  including  scattering,  12,- 
110,636. 

Kan.      The    proposition    to    hold    a 

Constitutional  Convention,  and  to 
cessate  the  enforcement  of  prohibitory 
laws,  is  adopted  at  the  election. 

The  People's  Party  carry  Kansas 

and  North  Dakota,  and  they  will  hold 
the  balance  of  power  in  the  V.  S. 
Senate. 

N.    Y.    In  the    investigation  of   the 

Buffalo  election  frauds  case,  the  ballots 
cast  show  by  count  in  court  that  two 
Republicans,  Quinby  and  Emerson, 
received  a  majority,  instead  of  a 
minority,  as  returned. 

Nov,  23.  Pa.  The  Committee  of  the 
XT.  S.  Senate,  investigating  the  Pin- 
kerton  system,  begins  its  sessions  at 
Pittsburg;  H.  C.  Frick  testifies. 

Dec.  2.  Wyo.  John  E.  Osborne  (Dem.), 
candidate  for  governor,  takes  the  oath 
of  office  before  the  returns  are  can- 
vassed by  the  State  Board  of  Canvass- 
ers. 

Dec.  3.  New  York.  Robert  A.  Pinker- 
ton  testifies  before  the  Senate  investi- 
gating committee  regarding  the  Home- 
stead troubles.  ^ 

Dec.  5.  B.  C.  The  52d  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

Both  Houses  meet,  but  adjourn  with- 
out transacting  business  of  importance. 

Dec.  7.  P>.C.  Congress; Senate:  David 
B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.  introduces  a  bill  to  re- 
peal the  Sherman  Silver  Law ;  the 
House  passes  the  bill  to  stop  the  reduc- 
tion In  the  Engineer  Corps  of  the 
Navy. 

III.    Judge  Greshani  declares  a  part 

of  Sec.  12  of  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Act  unconstitutional. 

Dec.  8.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  bill  to  stop  the  reduction  of 
the  Naval  Engineer  Corps ;  the  Chil- 
ean Claims  Treaty  is  ratified. 

Dec.  9.  />.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  Printing  Bill. 

Dec.  12.  Iiid.  The  Indiana  Supreme 
Court  declares  unconstitutional  the 
Apportionment  Act  passed  by  the 
Democratic  Legislature  two  years  ago. 

Dec.  13.  /).  C.  Secretary  of  State 
Foster  replies  to  certain  strictures  of 
Minister  Foster  of  Canada  upon  the 
President's  message. 

Dec.  14.  X>.  C.  Congress  :  The  House 
passes  the  Army  Appropriation  Bill, 
calling  for  $24,202,739. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Nov.  6.  .V.  }'.  Two  blocks  of 
buildings  are  burned  in  Brooklyn  ;  total 
loss,  $600,000,  and  fifty  families  made 
homeless. 

Pa.    The  boiler  of  a  locomotive  on 

the  Heading  Railroad  explodes  at  Con- 
ner's Crossing,  killing  five  men  and  fa- 
tally injuring  another. 

Nov.  10.  Cmm.  A  British  syndicate 
buys  the  Piatt  and  Whitney  Works  in 
Hartford  tor  $2,500,000. 

la.    Four  persons  are  burned  to  death 

in  a  railroad  accident. 

Nov.  11.  Me.  Camden  is  almost  de- 
stroyed by  fire;  loss  estimated  at  from 
$350,000  to  $500,000. 

Nov.  15.  Tenn.  The  National  Far- 
mers* Alliance  convenes  at  Memphis. 

Nov.  19.  Pkila.  The  coinage  of  Co- 
lumbus souvenir  half-dollars  is  be- 
gun at  the  mint. 

Nov.  22.  Mass.  A  kettle  made  in  1642, 
at  the  Saugus  Iron  Works,  —  the  first 
iron  casting  in  America, — is  pre- 
sented to  the  city  of  Lynn. 

Nov.  23.  Neb,  Four  men  are  killed  and 
three  fatally  injured  in  a  railroad  col- 
lision near  Grand  Island. 

Nov.  25.  li.  I.  "The  Breakers,"  the 
summer  home  of  Cornelius  Vanderbilt 
at  Newport,  is  destroyed  by  fire ;  loss, 
$300,000. 

Nov.  29.  New  York.  The  aldermen  give 
the  Power  Company  a  franchise  on 
very  easy  terms.    Vote,  l5-o. 

Nov.  30.  La.  A  Nicaragua  Canal 
Convention  opens  at  New  Orlean;*.  [It 
passes  resolutions  calling  on  the  Govern- 
ment to  aid  the  enterprise.] 

Nov.  *  Phila.  Electric  street-cars  are 
introduced. 

Dec.  3.  La.  The  street- railroad  sys- 
tems of  New  Orleans  are  bought  by  a 
New  York  syndicate  for  $10,000,000. 

Dec.  6.  Phila.  Tlie  Puhlir.  Aef///cr  build- 
ing is  much  damaged  by  tire ;  loss, 
$250,000. 

Dec.  8.  N.Y.  The  Silversmiths' Com- 
pany is  incorporated  at  Albany  ;  capital, 
5;  12,000,000. 

Dec,  11.  "Western  subscription  book 
publishers  combine  ;  capital,  $3,500,000. 

Mo.  The  first  street-railroad  mail- 
car,  for  collecting,  sorting,  and  deliver- 
ing postal  matter,  is  introduced  at  St. 
Louis, 

Dec.  12.  New  York.  A  number  of  the 
overdue  German  steamer  Spree's  pas- 
sengers arrive  on  the  £fruria. 

Dec.  13.  Md.  Six  largo  warehouses  and 
16,000  bales  of  cotton  are  burned  in  Bal- 
timore ;  loss,  $700,000. 

Dec.  15.    Phila.     The    police   census 

gives  a  population  of  1,142,653,  an  in- 
crease since  1890  of  95,689. 

Dec.  17.  Chicago.  President  Higgin- 
botham,  of  the  World's  Fair  Commis- 
sion, accepts  from  the  manufacturers 
of  the  Remington  typewriter  the  bid 
of  $10,000  for  the  first  Columbian 
half-dollar  issued  from  the  mint. 

Minn.  Eight  men  are  killed  and  sev- 
eral injured  in  a  wreck  on  the  Great 
Northern  Railway  at  Nelson. 


420     1892,  Dec.  19-1893,  Jan.  10.         AMERICA  : 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1892  Bee.  22.  D.  C.  John  P.  Haw- 
kins is  commissioned  brigadier-general. 

Dee.  27.  Tex.  An  encounter  takes  place 
between  troops  and  bandits  on  the  Mex- 
ican border. 

1893  Jan.  6.  D.  C.  Charles  M.  Terrell 
is  commissioned  colonel  —  pay  depart- 
ment. [Jan.  22.  Thaddeus  H.  Stanton 
—  pay  department.] 

Jan.  7.  III.  Plans  are  on  foot  to  orga- 
nize a  Naval  Reserve  in  Illinois. 

Jan.  9.  D.  C.  Commander  Silas  W. 
Terry  is  promoted  captain.  [Feb.  25. 
Merrill  Miller.  Apr.  27.  John  J.  Reed. 
May  9.  Mortimer  L.  Johnson.  May  15. 
Edwin  M.  Shepherd.  June  27.  Robeley 
D.  Evans.    Sept.  27.    George  .W.  Coffin.] 

ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  *  *  Pa.  Many  monuments  are 
dedicated  on  the  battlefield  of  Gettys- 
burg during  the  year, 

1893  Jan.  2.  Mass.  E.  H.  R.  Lyman 
gives  to  the  city  of  Northampton  the 
deed  of  an  Academy  of  Music,  costing 
$100,000. 

Mont,  An  avalanche  causes  disas- 
ter near  Java  Station,  on  the  Great 
Northern  road  ;  four  lives  are  lost. 

Jan.  6.  0.  The  breaking  of  an  ice- 
gorge  causes  §100,000  damages  to  ship- 
ping in  the  Ohio  River  at  Cincinnati. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
189!3. 

Dec.  S4.    Dent-    Frederick    T.,   brig.-gen. 
U.  S.  A.,  A72. 

Dec.  35.    Henrici,  Jacob,   communist,   at 
Harmony,  Pa.,  A89. 

Dec.  28.     Kimball,   Richard  Burleigh,  au- 
thor, A  76. 
1893. 

Jan.  1.    Horsford,  Eben  N.,  professor  of 
chemistry  at  Harvard,  A75. 

Jan.  2.     Lamb,  Martha  J.,  historian,  A64. 

Jan.  3.    Pillslmry,  Gilbert,  aboUtionist,  A79. 

Jan.  6.    Cappa,  Charles  A.,   band-master, 
A  59. 

Jan.  7.    Low,  Abiel  A.,  merchant,  philan- 
thropist, of  New  York,  A82. 

Jan.  10.    Kenna,  John  E.,  senator  for  W. 
Va.,  A45. 

CHURCH. 

1892  Dec.  23.  XewYork.  Dr.  M' Glynn 
is  restored  to  his  priestly  functions 
by  the  Papal  delegate,  Mgr.  Satolli. 

Dec.  25.  A^  Y.  Dr.  M'Glynn  says 
mass  in  a  small  chapel  in  Brooklyn,  and 
in  the  afternoon  receives  a  great  ovation 
from  2,000  people  assembled  in  Cooper 
Union. 

Dec.  27.  Neto  York.  The  corner-stone 
of  the  ("Protestant  Episcopal)  Cathe- 
dral of  St.  John  the  Divine,  in  Morn- 
ingside  Park,  is  laid  by  Bishop  Potter, 
Bishop  W.  C.  Doane  of  Albany  deliver- 
ing the  address. 

Dec*  The  Salvation  Army  of  the 
United  States  reports  1,500  officers,  13,000 
soldiers,  work  in  462  cities  and  towns, 
555  outposts  established,  and  32,433  con- 
verts. 

•  *  Fla.  "William  Crane  Gray  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  mission- 
ary bishop  of  Florida. 


*  *  Ga.  C.  Kinloch  Nelson  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
Georgia. 

*  *  III.  Charles  R.  Hale  is  consecrated 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of  Spring- 
field. 

*  *  The  United  German  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  in  Michigan,  Minnesota, 
and  Wisconsin  is  organized. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbjrterian)  meets  at  Allegheny  ; 
David  MacDill,  moderator. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Annual  Convention 
(Disciples  of  Chrisf)  is  held  at  Nashville ; 
A.  M.  Atkinson,  president. 

*  *  Tex.  George  Herbert  Kinsolving 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Texas. 

*  *  Wash.  Lemuel  H.  Wells  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
Spokane. 

1893  Jan.  5.  O.  Authority  is  given  to 
mortgage  the  Roman  Catholic  cathedral 
in  Cincinnati,  in  order  to  secure  $G2,000 
to  be  paid  as  a  dividend  to  the  cred- 
itors of  Archbishop  Purcell. 

Jan.  6.  Olcla.  Francis  K.Brooke  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  mlsBion- 
ary  bishop  of  Oklahoma. 

LETTERS. 

1892  Dec.  21.  Xew  York.  A  new  in- 
dustrial-school building  is  opened  in 
Sullivan  Street,  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Children's  Aid  Society. 

Dec.  26.  O.  John  L.  Woods,  a  retired 
lumber-dealer,  gives  §1120,000  as  a  Christ- 
mas present  to  the  Medical  College  of 
"Western  Reserve  University. 

Dec.  27.  Chicago.  John  D.  Rockefeller 
givei  $1,000,000  in  bonds  to  Chicago 
University,  making  $3,600,000  as  his 
total  gift  to  that  institution. 

Dec.  28.  Phila.  The  2d  annual  con- 
ference for  the  advancement  of  Univer- 
sity Extension  is  held. 

Dec.  29.  Md,  The  $500,000  fund  for  a 
woman's  medical  department  in  Johns 
Hopkins  University  is  completed  by  a 
gift  from  Miss  Mary  E.  Garrett. 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  collection  of  minerals  be- 
longing to  Br.  Rossiter  W.  Raymond, 
late  United  States  Commissioner  of 
Mines  and  Mining,  is  presented  to  the 
Brooklyn  Institute. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Rev.  W.  Brenton  Greene 
is  selected  to  fill  the  chair  of  Apologet- 
ics and  Ethics  at  Princeton  Seminary. 

*  *  Boston.    The  World  magazine  appears. 

*  *  Phila.  Peterson's  Magazine  (new  se- 
ries) appears. 

*  *  The  Chinese,  by  Robert  Coltman,  Jr. 
appears. 

*  *  Prisons  of  Air,  by  Moncure  D.  Con- 
way, appears ;  also  Life  of  Thomas 
Paine. 

*  *  Life  and  Letters  of  Gen.  Thomas  Jere- 
miah Jackson  (Stonewall  Jackson),  by 
his  wife,  Mary  Ann  Jackson,  appeare. 

*  *  Autobiography  of  Gen.  Benjamin  F. 
Butler  appears. 


*  *  Mark  Hopkins,  by  Franklin  Carter, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Lesson  of  the  Master,  by  Henry 
James,  appears. 

^  *  A  First  Family  of  Tasajara,  by  Bret 

Harte,  appears. 
''  *  Concerning    All    of    Us,    by    Thomas 

Wentworth  Higginson,  appears. 
''  *  Latest  Literary  Essays  and  Addresses, 

by  James  Russell  Ijowell,  appears. 

*  *  A  History  of  the  People  of  the  United 
States,  by  John  Bach  McMaster,  appears. 

'  ♦  Moral  Teachings  of  Science,  by  Ara- 
bella B.  Buckley,  appears. 

*  *  Indika,  by  John  F.  Hurst,  appears. 

■  *  The  Life  of  Charles  Sumner,  by  Archi- 
bald H.  Grimk^,  appears. 

*  *  The  Evolution  of  ChHstianity,  by  Ly- 
man Abbott,  appears. 

^  *  The  Discovery  of  America,  by  John 
Fiske,  appears. 

^  *  The  Colonial  Era,  by  George  Park 
Fisher,  appears. 

''  *  The  Kansas  Conflict,  by  Charles  Rob- 
inson, appears. 

'  *  The  Quality  of  Mercy,  by  William 
Dean  Howells  appears  ;  also,  An  Imper- 
ative Duty. 

*  *  Sibyl  Knox,  by  Edward  Everett  Hale, 
appears. 

■  *  The  Puritan  in  Holland,  England,  and 
^7?ieHca,  by  Douglass  Campbell,  appears. 

'  *  Methods  of  Industrial  Remutieration, 
by  David  F.  Schloss,  appears. 

'  *  The  Life  of  Joshua  R.  Giddings,  by 
George  W.  Julian,  appears. 

'  *  The  Naulahka,  by  Rudyard  Kipling 
and  Wolcott  Balestier,  appears. 

'  *  Silhouettes  of  American  Life,  by  Re- 
becca Harding  Davis,  appears. 

'  *  The  Wrecker,  by  Robert  Louis  Steven- 
son and  Lloyd  Osbourne,  appears. 

'  *  Darwin  and  After  Darwin,  by  George 
John  Romanes,  appears. 

'  *  The  Speech  of  Monkeys,  by  R.  L.  Gar- 
ner, appears. 

'  *  A  History  of  Peril,  by  Clements  E. 
Markham,  appears. 

'  *  The  Human  Mind,  by  James  Sully, 
appears. 

■  *  John  Winthrop,  by  Joseph  H.  Twit- 
chell,  appears. 

'  *  History  of  the  New  World  called  Am- 
erica, by  Edward  John  Payne,  appears. 

■  *  State  Papers  and  Speeches  on  the  Tar- 
iff, by  F.  W.  Taussig,  appears. 

■  *  Primitive  Man  in  Ohio,  by  Warren  K. 
Moorehead,  appears. 

'  *  Cotton  Mather,  the  Puritan  Priest,  by 
Barrett  Wendell,  appears. 

*  Admiral  Farragut,  by  Capt.  A.  T. 
Mahan,  appears. 

*  The  World's  Metal  Monetary  Systems, 
by  John  Henry  Norman,  appears. 

*  Man  and  the  Glacial  Period,  by  G. 
Frederick  Wright,  appears. 

*  Historif  of  the  United  States  from  the 
Compromise  of  1850,  by  James  Ford 
Rhodes,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.   1892,  Dee.  19-1893,  Jan.  10.  421 


I 


*  *  The  Aixtic  Seas,  by  Robert  Kelley  and 
G.  S.  Davis,  appears. 

1893  Jan.  3.  Sew  York:  The  public 
schools  reopen  with  148,000  children 
in  attendance. 

SOCIETY. 

1892  Dec.  23.     .V.  J.     Ballot-box 

stuffers  are  released  from  prison  by 
the  Court  of  Pardons.    (See  p.  408.) 

I>ec.  24.  -Boston.  The  American  Folk- 
lore Society  is  in  session. 

Dec.  25.  O.  Linemen  in  the  employ  of 
the  electric  companies  of  Toledo  go  on 
strike,  and  cut  the  wires. 

Dec.  26.  New  York.  Gifts  are  made  to 
thousands  of  children  by  the  Christ- 
mas Society  at  Madison  Square  Gar- 
den. 

Dec.  28.  X.  Y.  The  new  Hebrew  Or- 
phan Asylum  is  dedicated  in  Brooklyn 
with  addresses  by  Mayor  Boody,  Dr. 
M'Glynn,  and  others. 

fVis.    The  South  Side  Plant  of  the 

Milwaukee  Street-Railroad  Company  ia 
destroyed  by  a  bomb  explosion.  Loss, 
$510,000 ;  the  perpetrator  is  unknown. 

Dec.  30.  Ind.  "White  Caps  near  Ko- 
komo  take  a  man  from  bed,  whip  him 
with  hickory  switches,  and  leave  him  at 
a  distance  froixi  his  house  in  the  snow  in 
his  underclothes  and  bare  feet. 

Wyo.    Two  U.  S.  deputy-marshals 

and  three  desperadoes  are  killed  in  a 

light. 

Dec.  31.  Ia.  "W.Mayhor  is  in  jail  at  Sid- 
ney,  charged  with  murdering  five  wives. 

*  *  Ala.  A  convention  of  colored  peo- 
ple meets  at  Tuskegee  to  provide  means 
for  benefiting  their  race. 

*  *  Ata.  A  fund  of  $131,362  is  raised  by 
special  tax  to  pay  a  pension  of  $25.60  to 
each  of  the  4,955  disabled  Confeder- 
ate soldiers. 

1893  Jan.  1.  The  Knights  of  Pythias 
report  413,D44  members. 

-Jan.  3.  Ky.  Several  persons  are  killed 
and  wounded  in  a  conflict  near  Caylers- 
ville. 

Tenn.    Henry  Duncan  is  taken  from 

jail  in  London  and  hanged  by  a  mob. 

Jan.  6.  N.  Y.  Kings  County  Grand  Jury 
brings  in  a  sweeping  indictment  against 
city  and  county  officials  for  frauds  in 
connection  with  the  Columbian  Celebra- 
tion. 

Jan.  8.  Neio  York.  Dr.  M'Glynn  at 
Cooper  Institute  states  how  his  restora^ 
tion  to  favor  with  the  authorities  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  was  brought 
about ;  he  was  not  required  to  apologize 
or  retract  anything  he  had  said. 

Jan.  9.  Boston.  Judge  Lathrop  of  the 
Supreme  Court  orders  that  the  Five- 
Year  Benefit  Order  be  placed  in  the 
hands  of  a  receiver,  it  having  been  car- 
ried on  for  the  sole  benefit  of  tne  officers. 

STATE. 
1892     Dec.  19.     D.  C.    Congress; 

House :  A  bill  increasing  the  pensions 
of  Mexican  "War  veterans  is  passed. 
[1893  Jan.  2.  Approved.] 
Dec.  20.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
sale  of  Brooklyn  Navy-Yard  land  is 
authorized  ;  the  bill  to  repeal  the  Fed- 
eral Sections  Law  is  discussed. 


New    York.     The  Bar  Association 

asks  the  governor  not  to  appoint  Judge 
Maynard  to  fill  the  vacancy  in  the 
Court  of  Appeals.  [Dee.  30.  The  gov- 
ernor makes  the  appointment.] 

Dec.  24.  MoiU.  By  a  writ  of  the  court 
commanding  that  the  votes  of  the  Box 
Elder  precinct  be  canvassed,  the  IJegis- 
lature  is  given  to  the  Republicans. 

Dec.  27.  Ida.  The  Idaho  Apportion- 
ment Act  is  declared  unconstitutional 
by  the  Supreme  Court. 

Dec.  30.  IJ.  C.  President  Harrison  pro- 
claims the  conclusion  of  a  definite  ar- 
rangement of  commercial  reciprocity 
with  Salvador,  to  take  effect  Dec.  31. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  appropriates  $25,000 
for  the  equipment  of  the  Naval  Re- 
serve. 

Popular  Vote  for  President  (Nov.  8), 


Candidates. 

States. 

Harrison 

Cleveland 

Weaver 

Bidwell 

Ala.      . 

9,li)7 

138,138 

85,181 

239 

Ark.     . 

46,974 

87,752 

11,831 

113 

Cal.      . 

118,927 

118,151 

25,311 

8,096 

Colo.    . 

38,620 

63,584 

1,687 

Conn.  . 

77,032 

'  82,395 

809 

4,026 

Del.      . 

18,077 

IS,,581 

564 

Fla.      . 

30,143 

4,843 

570 

Ga.  .    . 

'  48,305 

129,386 

42,939 

988 

Ida..    . 

8,,599 

2 

10,,520 

288 

111.  .    . 

399,288 

426,281 

22,207 

25,870 

Ind.     . 

25.^,61,5 

262,740 

22,198 

13,044 

Ia.    .    . 

219,373 

196,367 

20,616 

6,322 

Kan.     . 

157,241 

163,111 

4,.553 

Ky.  .    . 

135,441 

'l7.i,461 

23,500 

6,442 

La.  .    . 

13,331 

87,922 

13,332 

Me.  .    . 

62,878 

48.024 

2,045 

3,062 

Mii. .    . 

92,736 

113,866 

796 

6,877 

Mass.  . 

202,814 

176,813 

3,210 

7,539 

Midi.  . 

222,708 

202,296 

19,892 

14,069 

Minn.  . 

122,736 

100,579 

30,398 

14,017 

Miss.    . 

1,406 

40,237 

10,2.59 

610 

Mo.  .    . 

226,762 

268,628 

41,183 

4,298 

Mont.  . 

18,838 

17,.534 

7,259 

517 

Neb.     . 

87,227 

24,943 

83,134 

4,902 

Nev.     . 

2,822 

711 

7,267 

85 

N.H.    . 

45,6.^8 

42,081 

293 

1,297 

N.J.     . 

156,080 

171,066 

985 

8,134 

N.Y.    . 

609,,1.W 

654,868 

16,429 

38,190 

N.  0.     . 

100,346 

132,951 

44,732 

2,636 

N.  Dak. 

17,519 

17,680 

.     . 

0.    .     . 

40.'),1S7 

'404,115 

14,8.W 

26,012 

Ore.      . 

35,002 

14,243 

26,875 

2,281 

Penn.  . 

516,011 

4.52,264 

8,714 

25,123 

R.  I.      . 

27,069 

24,335 

227 

1,665 

S.  C.     . 

13,384 

64,698 

2,410 

,    . 

S.  Dak. 

34,888 

9,081 

26,512 

Tenn.  . 

99,973 

136,477 

23,622 

4,856 

Tex.     . 

81,444 

239,148 

99,638 

2,165 

Vt.   .    . 

37,992 

I6,.325 

43 

1,424 

Va.  .    . 

113,2.56 

163,977 

12,274 

2,798 

Wash. . 

36,470 

29,844 

19,105 

2,553 

W.  Va. 

80,285 

84,468 

4,165 

2,130 

Wis.     . 

170,791 

177,335 

9,909 

13,132 

Wyo.    . 

8,454 

7,722 

530 

Total 

5,175,202 

5,.5.54,226 

1,042,631 

262,799 

Perot.  . 

42.82 

46.98 

8.79 

2.17 

Plur.    . 

379,025 

■     " 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-94  •  »  Ata.    Thomas  Q.  Jones  (Dem.). 
-94*  *  Ariz.(,Ter.).  N.O. Murphy (Bep.). 
-94  *  *  Oa.   William  J.  Northen  (Dem.). 
-94  *  •  la.    Horace  Boies  (Dera.). 
-94  *  *  La.    Murphy  J.  Foster  (Dem.). 
-94  *  *  Md.    Frank  Brown  (Dem.). 
-94  *  *  Mass.    Wm.  E.  Kussell  (Dem.). 
-94  *  •  AT.  r.    R.  P.  Flower  (Dem.). 
-94  *  *  O.    Wm.  McKinley,  Jr.  (Rep.). 
-94  *  *  S.  C.    Benj.  R.  Tillman  (Dem.). 
-94  *  *  n.    Levi  K.  Fuller  (Rep.). 
-96  *  *  Okla.(Ter.).    A.  J.  Seay  (Rep.). 

1893  Jan.  2.  New  York.  Thomas  F. 
Gilroy,  87th  mayor,  is  sworn  into  office. 

Jan.  4.  D.  C.  President  Harrison  is- 
sues a  proclamation   of   amnesty  to 


Mormons  liable  to  prosecution  for  polyg- 
amy who  will  refrain  from  polygamous 
marriage. 

Jan.  5.  1).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Anti-Option  Bill,  for  the 
suppression  of  speculative  transactions  ; 
the  House  passes  the  Fortifications 
Appropriation  Bill,  introduced  Dec. 
17,  1892. 

Jan.  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
receives  the  report  of  the  Secretary  of 
State  that  the  pending  Chandler  Im- 
migration Suspension  Bill  will  not  con- 
flict with  treaty  obligations  ;  a  bill  to 
provide  a  temporary  government  for 
Alaska  is  introduced.  [Referred ;  no 
action.] 

Jan.  9.  £>.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  District  of  Columbia  Ap- 
propriation Bill,  introduced  Jan.  ,5 ; 
also  the  Military  Academy  Appro- 
priation Bill,  introduced  Jan.  3. 

(I.  S.    The  Presidential  Electors  meet 

at  the  capitals  of  all  the  States,  and  cast 
their  votes  for  President  and  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

Jan.  10.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Quarantine  Bill,  granting 
additional  quarantine  powers.  [No  ac- 
tion in  the  House.] 

Kan.  The  Populists  and  Repub- 
licans both  claim  to  have  elected  the 
speaker  of  the  House  ;  the  two  factions 
organize  separate  Houses. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Dec.  30.  iV.  r.  A  traction 
company  with  a  capital  of  §30,000,000 
will  pay  ten  per  cent  dividends  on  $12,- 
000,000  stock  as  rental  for  the  lease  of 
the  Brooklyn  City  Railroad. 

Dec.  31.  U.  .S.  Statistics  for  1892. 
Production  :  Gold,  $33,000,000  ;  silver, 
$82,101,010;  bushels  of  grain:  Indian 
corn,  1, (128,464,000;  wheat,  .')15,949,000 ; 
oats,  661,035,000;  barley,  70,000,000+; 
rye,  30,000,000+  ;  buckwheat,  11,000,000±  ; 
bales  of  cotton,  9,038,707 ;  pounds  of 
wool,  294,000,000 ;  barrels  of  petroleum, 
60,809,136.  Currency  in  circulation, 
.l!1, 601 ,347,187;  per  capita,  $'24.44.  Im- 
migrants received  (fiscal  year),  623,084. 
Miles  of  railroad  worked,  170,668 ;  capi- 
tal stock,  $4,920,555,225.  Fire-waste, 
$151,516,098:  insurance,  $93,511,936.  To- 
tal railroad  accidents,  2,327  ;  7,147  per- 
sons are  killed  and  36,652  injured.  A 
total  of  41,682^8  oar  passengers  cross 
the  Brooklyn  Bridge. 

*  *  III.  Through  the  breaking  of  a  levee 
of  the  Mississippi,  80  square  miles  of 
territory  are  flooded. 

•  •  Mass.  The  centennial  of  the  found- 
ing of  Quincy  is  celebrated. 

1893  Jan.  5.  Wash.  The  last  spike  on 
the  Great  MTorthem  Railroad  is  driven 
at  a  point  of  the  road  in  the  Cascade 
Mountains. 

Jan.  6.  (hlo.  An  oilery  is  burned  in 
Denver ;  loss,  $290,000. 

Pa.    Pittsburg  loses  $275,000  by  fire. 

Jan.  7.    Pa.   Three  persons  are  killed  by 

a  natural-gas  explosion  In  Pittsburg. 
Jan.  9.     N.  J.      The    Central    Railroad 

withdraws  from  the  Reading  combi 

nation. 
Jan.  10.    Boston.    A  fire  causes  a  loss 

of  $1,655,000. 


422    1893.  Jan.  10-Feb.  8. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  Feb.  4.  Me.  The  harbor-de- 
fense ram  Katahtlin  is  launched  at  the 
Bath  Iron  Works. 

Feb.  8.  D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  War  re- 
ports that  the  militia  of  the  United 
States  numbers  U2,49G. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1893    Jan.  12.    Pkila.     The  American 
Academy    of    Political    and   Social 
Science  is  in  session. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1893. 
Jan.  11.    Butler.  Benjamin  F.,  maj.-gen. 

vela.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  (lov.,  A76. 
Jan.  15.    Ingalls,  liufus,  niaj.-gen.  U.  S.  A., 

A73. 
Jan.  17.    Hayes.  Rutherford   B.,  brig.- 

gen.  vol8.,M.  ('.for  O.,  Gov.,  19th  President 

of  the  U.  S.,  (lies  at  Treniont,  O.,  A71. 
Jan.  19.    Eichberg,  Julius,  composer,  A69. 
Jan.  S3.    Brooks,  Phillips,  I*.  E.  bishop 

of  Mass.,  author,  A.^8. 
Lamar.  Lucius  Q.  C.  M.  C.  for  Miss., 

Confederate  officer,  senator,  justice  V.  S. 

Supreme  Court,  A6H. 
Jan.  37.    Blaine,  James  G.,  M.  C.  for  Me., 

speaker,  senator,  secretary  of  state.  Rep. 

candidate  for  presidency,  A63. 

Campbell,  .laTiies,  postmaster-gen.,  A81. 

Jan.  38.      Doubleday,    Abner,    maj.-gen. 

vols.,  A 74. 
Feb.  1.    Comegys,  Joseph  P.,  chief  justice 

of  Del.,  A80. 

CHURCH. 

1893  Jan.  14,  //.  The  Pope  perma- 
nently establishes  the  Apostolic  Dele- 
gate to  the  United  States,  and  confirms 
Mgr.  Satolli  as  the  first  delegate. 

Jan.  25.  Colo.  William  Morris  Barker 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Western  Colorado. 

Feb.  3.  D.  C.  Mgr.  Satolli  decides  a 
controversy  between  Bishop  Wigger 
of  Newark  and  Father  Killeen  ad- 
versely to  the  bishop. 

[Feb.  19.    Bishop  Wigger  is  rebuked  by 
Mgr.  Satolli  in  a  letter.] 

LETTERS. 

1893    Jan.  14.    Nev.    The  Virginia  City 

Territorial  Enterprise,  the  oldest  paper 
in  the  State,  suspends  publication. 

Jan.  17±.  Wis.  M.  W.  Stryker  is  inau- 
gurated President  of  Hamilton  Col- 
lege, and  C.  K.  Adams  President  of  the 
University  of  'Wisconsin. 

Jan,  23.  Conti.  The  new  Yale  gymna- 
sium is  formally  turned  over  to  the 
university. 

Jan.  31.  Chicaf/o.  The  University  of 
Chicago  receives  .5100,000  toward  a  cam- 
pus fund  of  §500,000;  it  is  the  gift  of 
Martin  A.  Ryerson,  president  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees, 

Feb.  3.  K.  H.  Rev.  Dr.  W.  J.  Tucker 
of  Andover  Theological  Seminary  is 
elected  President  of  Dartmouth. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  Jan.  llf.  Miss.  "White  Caps 
are  persecuting  the  Hebrews  in  Pike 
County. 

Jan.  13.  Neir  Yorl:.  Charges  against 
Inspectors  Williams  and  McAvoy  and 


Captains  Doherty,  W^estervelt,  and 
Stephenson,  are  approved  by  the  police 
superintendent. 

[.Ume  16.  The  Board  declares  the  in- 
spectors not  guilty,  but  says  that  the 
three  captains  had  neglected  their  duty.] 

.V.  }'.  Levi  Coke,  Iron  HaU  treas- 
urer in  Elmira,  is  indicted  for  grand 
larceny  in  misappropriating  funds  of  the 
order. 

Jan.  14.  La.  Chief  of  Police  Ga.ster 
of  New  Orleans  is  fined  §301  for  neglect- 
ing to  enforce  Sunday  laws. 

(>.  Herr  von  Koutsky  of  the  week- 
ly Volksfreundy  Cincinnati,  disappears, 
leaving  iiis  accounts  short  about  $20,000. 

fa.    City  Treasurer  Obold  of  Reading 

is  short  in  his  accounts  $10,000. 

Jan.  15.  I).  C  The  25th  annual  con- 
vention of  the  National  American 
Woman  Suffrage  Association  holds 
religious  services  ;  Rev.  Anna  F.  East- 
man preaches  the  sermon. 

Mass.    Frank  Vining  of  Georgetown 

confesses  to  many  forgeries,  and  is  held 
in  $3,000  bail. 

Jan.  17.  N'ew  York.  The  Court  of  Ap- 
peals confirms  the  conviction  of  Carlyle 
W.  Harris, for  themurderof  his  school- 
girl wife. 

[May  4.  Gov.  Flower  denies  an  ap- 
plication for  clemency.  May  8.  He  is 
electrocuted  at  Sing  Sing.] 

Jan.  19.  ///.  The  Supreme  Court  reverses 
the  lower  courts  in  the  Cronin  cases, 
and  grants  a  new  trial  to  ex-Detective 
Daniel  Coughlin,  the  surviving  convict. 

Jan.  20.  Pa.  HughF.Dempsey.  District 
Master  Workman  of  the  Knights  of 
Labor,  is  found  guilty  as  indicted  in 
the  trial  of  the  Homestead  poisoning 
case.  [Mar.  4.  He  receives  a  severe 
sentence.] 

Jan.  24.  Chicago.  The  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  National  Farmers*  Alli- 
ance opens  with  only  three  States  rep- 
resented. 

N.  Y.  The  bill  legalizing  the  un- 
authorized and  excessive  expenses  of 
the  Brooklyn  officials  at  the  Columbus 
Celebration  passes  the  Assembly  at  Al- 
bany. 

Jan.  25.    Ky.    W.  Howard  is  found  guilty 

^  of  the  charge  of  having  killed  a  dozen 
men  in  the  Howard-Turner  feud  in  Har- 
lan County. 

Jan.  26.  Boston.  The  National  Di- 
vorce Reform  League  meets. 

N.    Y.     Frank   Duffy,  saloon  keeper, 

kills  George  Cunningham  at  Fort  Ham- 
ilton. 

Jan.  28.  Kan.  Two  masked  men  rob 
a  bank,  kill  a  pursuer,  but  are  finally 
overpowered,  and  put  in  jail  at  Lebo. 

N.  J.  Silk-weavers  in  Paterson  strike 

because  of  a  reduction  in  wages  on  a 

certain  class  of  work. 
Jan,  30.    N.    Y.    Many  strikers  return 

to  work  in  the  Brooks  Locomotive-works 

at  Dunkirk. 
Feb.    1.      New     York.      Anton     Kessler 

shoots  Mrs.  Kate  Jaeger,  and  tries  to 

kill  himself. 
Tex.    A   negro  held  on  a  charge  of 

murder  is  burned  alive  at  the  stake  by  a 

mob  at  Paris. 
Feb.  2.    Ark.    The  First  National  Rank 

of  Little  Rock,  wrecked  by  dishonest 

officers,  closes  its  doors. 

Cal.      The    railroad    station    at    Los 

Olivos  is  looted,  and  Agent  Moore  mor- 
tally woiuided,  by  three  masked  robbers. 


/V(.     R.  J.  Beatty  is  found  guilty  on 

six  indictments  as  an  accomplice  in  the 
Homesteatt  poisonings. 

Feb.  3.  N.  J.  Mrs.  Abigail  Ashbrook  of 
Willingboro  refuses  to  pay  taxes  be- 
cause she  is  not  allowed  to  vote. 

Feb.  4.  /.  T.  Three  men  hold  up  the 
agent  at  Adair  railway  station,  and  rob 
him  of  $8,700. 

Xeb.     The    National    Live-Stock 

Association  is  in  session  at  Omaha. 

.S'.  Dak.    Four  cowbojrs  are  killed 

by  the  Two-Strikes  band  of  Indian  po- 
lice at  Pine  Ridge  Agency  for  murder- 
ing Indians.  [Tne  police  are  officially 
commended.] 

Feb.  7.  Tex.  Gov.  Hogg,  by  special  mes- 
sage, asks  the  Legislature  to  take  steps 
to  prevent  mob  violence. 

Feb.  8.  /.  T.  Deputy  Marsballs  Rust, 
Bruner,  and  Knight  are  killed  near 
Tahlequah  by  Bill  Pigeon,  an  Indian 
desperado. 

J'a.    The  House  of  Representatives 

passes  a  bill  prohibiting  the  sale  of 
cigarettes. 

STATE. 
1893    Jan.  10.    .V.  Y.    The  Legislature 
tries  to  make  legal  the  acts  of  the 
indicted  Brooklyn  officials. 

[Jan.  12.  In  the  Senate  the  bill  of 
John  McCarty  of  Brooklyn,  legalizing 
the  acts  of  Kings  County  officials  in 
expending  $60,000  in  payment  of  the 
alleged  expenses  of  the  Columbian  cele- 
bration, is  amended,  and  referred  to  the 
Senate  Judiciary  Committee.  Jan.  24. 
It  passes  the  Assembly.  Jan.  26.  Passed 
by  the  Senate.  Vote,  26-4.  Feb.  6.  The 
bill  is  vetoed  by  Gov.  Flower.] 

Jan.  12.  Kan.  In  the  House  the  three 
Democrats  vote  with  the  Republicans  : 
Gov.  Le welling  recognizes  the  Popu- 
list House  by  sending  a  message  to  the 
Speaker. 

Jan.  13.  I).C.  Congress;  Senate;  The 
Sherman  Bill  to  extend  to  the  North- 
ern Pacific  Ocean  the  provisions  of 
the  statutes  for  the  protection  of  fur- 
seals  and  other  fur-bearing  animals  is 
passed  ;  bill  introduced  Deo.  20,  1892. 

Kmi.    The  Senate  recognizes  the  clerk 

of  the  Populist  House.  Vote,  23-17.  A 
mass-meeting  is  <-alletl  to  censure  the 
governor  and  the  Populists. 

Jan.  14,    Kan.    The  fusion  between  the 

Democrats  and  Populists  is  dissolved. 

Pkila.    Senator  John  Sherman  of  O. 

in  a  letter  to  The  Philadelphia  Ledger 
holds  the  Democrats  responsible  for  the 
failure  to  secure  remedial  silver  legisla- 
tion in  this  session  of  Congress. 

Jan.  16.  />.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
Anti-Option  Bill  is  discussed  ;  the  Vilas 
amendment  to  confine  penal  provisions 
of  the  bill  to  purely  speculative  transac- 
tions is  rejected.  Vote,  12-33.  In  the 
House  a  resolution  to  amend  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States  so  as  to 
provide  that  Senators  shall  be  chosen  by 
the  direct  vote  of  the  people  is  passed. 
[No  action  in  the  Senate.]  The  Arkan- 
sas Swamp-Iiand  BiU  is  defeated. 
Vote,  G8-132. 

Jan.  17.  />.  C.  The  Senate  Finance 
Committee  reports  a  bill  repealing  the 
purchase  clause  of  the  Sherman  Act  ; 
it  provides  for  the  suspension  of  all 


UNITED  STATES. 


1893,  Jan.  10-Feb.  8.    423 


bullion  purchases  under  the  Act  of 
ISiK)  after  Jan.  1,  ISiM ;  an  amendment 
provides  for  tlie  issuing  of  circulating 
notes  for  U.  S.  bonds  deposited  by  na- 
tional banks  ;  the  President's  veto  (July 
29,  1892)  of  the  Claim  Bill  favoring  the 
Williuui  ]\IcGarrahau  title  to  Rancho 
Panoche  Orande,  Cal.,  is  sustained.  The 
Senate  passes  the  bill  to  extend  free 
postal  delivery  to  small  towns;  bill 
introduced  Dec.  13,  1802. 

Jan,  18.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
pjisses  the  bill  to  extend  tho  free  postal 
delivery  to  small  towns.  [Jan.  2u. 
Approved.]  President  Harrison  issues 
a  proclamation  concerning  the  death 
of  ex-President  Hayes,  and  both 
Houses  of  Congress  adjourn  out  of  re- 
spect to  his  memory. 

Jan.  19.  />.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  Ed- 
ward O.  Wolcott  of  Colo,  introduces  an 
amendment  to  the  Silver  Purchase 
Hepeal  BiU;  it  provides  forthecoinage 
of  all  the  silver  bullion  which  has  ac- 
cumulated in  the  Treasury  under  the 
Sherman  Act.  [Debated,  but  no  action 
taken.] 

Jan.  21.  Ky.  John  G.  Carlisle  of  Ky. 
resigns  his  office  as  Senator  to  Gov. 
lirown.  [He  becomes  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury.] 

Jan.  23.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House, 
after  a  stormy  debate,  passes  the  Na- 
tional Quarantine  Bill  for  the  pro- 
tection of  commerce,  introduced  Dec.  7, 
1802. 

A".  Y.  A  substitute  for  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  Bill  is  passed 
by  the  Senate  at  Albany  ;  it  allows  each 
of  the  two  great  political  parties  to 
choose  sixteen  delegates  at  large.  [Jan. 
26.    It  passes  the  Assembly.] 

Jan.  24.  Chicago.  The  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  National  Farmers'  Alliance 

opens. 

Jan.  25.  fffa.  Tlie  Legislature  enfran- 
chises about  5,000  Mormons. 

Kan.    In  joint  ballot  the  Legislature 

(the  lower  House  not  yet  legally  organ- 
ized) elects  Judge  John  Martin  (Dem.) 
U.  S.  Senator,  the  Kei>ublicanH  refusing 
to  vote. 

.V.  r.    The  *  •  Greater  New  York ' ' 

BiU  is  introduced  in  the  Legislature. 

Jan.  27.  D.  c,  James  G.  Blaine  dies 
at  his  home  in  Washington  at  11  a.m. 

Congress  and  many  State  Legisla- 
tures adjourn  out  of  respect  to  his 
memory  ;  the  President  announces  the 
death  in  a  proclamation  ordering  the 
State  Department  to  be  draped  in  mourn- 
ing, the  flags  to  fly  at  half-mast  on  all 
public  buildings,  and  all  the  Executive 
Departments  to  be  closed  on  the  day 
of  the  funeral, 

Jan.  28.  D.C.  Congress:  In theSenate 
the  Hawaiian  question  and  the  French 
Extradition  Treaty  are  discussed ;  the 
House  orders  an  investigation  of  the 
"Whisky  Trust  by  the  Judiciary  Com- 
mittee. [Mar.  1.  The  committee  re- 
ports ;  no  action  taken.]  Tlie  Panama 
Investigation  Hesolution,  respecting 
the  use  of  money  and  methods,  is  re- 
ported.   A  special  Committee  of  Five  is 


recommended,  to  take  evidence  and  re- 
port. 

News  is  received  that  Queen  Iiili- 
uokalani  of  Hawaii  was  deposed  on 
Jan.  l(i,  without  resistance,  by  revolu- 
tionists, who  established  a  provisional 
government ;  the  new  government  is 
recognized  by  all  the  Powers  except 
England ;  commissioners  are  sent  to 
Washington  emp<jwered  to  negotiate  for 
annexation. 

Jan.  30.  IJ.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
William  E.  Chandler  of  N.  H.  introduces 
a  resolution  requesting  the  President 
to  open  negotiations  with  the  Hawaiian 
Commissioners. 

Jan.  31.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Anti-Option  Bill  after  24 
discussions.  Vote,  ;JO-20.  It  amends  and 
passes  the  District  of  Columbia  Ap- 
propriation Bill.  [Mar.  1.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.    Mar.  3.    Approved.] 

Feb.  1.  D.  a  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Army  BiU. 
[Feb..23.  Conference  report  agreed  to. 
Mar.  2.  Approved.]  Also  the  Forti- 
fications Bill.  [Feb.  13.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.     Feb.  21.    Approved.] 

Feb.  2.  fJ.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
French  Extradition  Treaty  is  ratified ; 
the  House  passes  the  Sundry  Civil  Ap- 
propriation Bill,  introduced  Jan.  18. 

Feb.  3.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  Da- 
vid B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.  gives  notice  that 
he  will  move  to  take  up  the  Silver 
Repeal  Bill  on   Feb.  G. 

The  Hawaiian  Commissioners  ar- 
rive in  Washington.  [Feb.  4.  They 
present  credentials  to  the  Secretary  of 
State.  Feb.  U.  They  are  oificially  pre- 
sented to  the  President.] 

5.  Dak.  The  Local-option  amendment 

is  defeated  in  the  House. 

Feb.  4.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  House  bill  (see 
Dec.  15,  1892)  relating  to  the  contracts 
of  common  carriers,  prohibiting  non- 
liability clauses  ;  bill  passed  the  House 
Dec.  15,  1892.  [Feb.  13.  The  House 
concurs  in  the  amendments.  Feb.  14. 
Approved.]  The  House  passes  the  Di- 
plomatic, Legislative,  and  Consular 
Service  Bill,  introduced  Jan.  21. 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Da- 
vid B.  Hill's  motion  U*  take  up  the 
Silver  Repeal  Bill  is  defeated,  ^'ote, 
23-42.  The  Senate  Quarantine  Bill  is 
passed  as  a  substitute  for  the  House 
bill.    [Feb.  15.    Approved.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1893    Jan.  11.     Colo.     Twenty-four  mi- 
ners are  killed  by  an  explosion  in  the 
Union  Pacific  coal-mine,  near  Como. 

Jan.  13.  Chicaffo.  A  syndicate  of  capi- 
talists and  wholesale  butchers  buys  the 
Farmers'  and  Drovers'  Stockyards ;  cap- 
ital, §1,000,000. 

Jan.  14.     Lithographers   of   Cleveland, 

Chicago,  Detroit,  Buffalo,  and  Roches- 
ter form  a  combination. 

Jan.  16.  U.  S.  The  corundum  wheel 
makers  combine  ;  capital,  §0,000,000. 

Jan.  18.  Ni'W  York.  The  Old  Dominion 
steamer  City  of  Atlanta  is  burned  in  tho 
East  River. 


Jan.  19.  \.  J.  Three  persons  are  killed 
and  eight  injured  in  a  collision  on  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad,  near  Marion. 

Jan.  20.  J).  <:  The  National  Board 
of  Trade  ends  its  aimual  session  at 
Washington. 

Jan.  21.  111.  In  a  collision  on  the 
*'  Big  Four  "  road,  near  Alton,  nine  per- 
sons are  killed,  12  fatally  injured,  and 
100  burned  by  an  exploding  oil-tank. 

Mivn.    A  fire  in  St.  Paul  causes  a 

loss  of  $213,000;  two  firemen  are  badly 
injured. 

Mo.    A  brewery  combine  is  formed 

in  St.  Louis. 

Neiv  York.  The  French  liner  La  Cham- 
pagne sails  for  Europe  with  S4,5tK),000, 
the  largest  shipment  yet  made  of 
gold  and  silver  coin. 

The  French  steamer  Bretagne  sails  for 
Europe  with  $4,300,000  in  gold. 

A".  Y.    Many  firemen  are  injured 

at  a  warehouse  fire  in  Brooklyn;  loss, 
$135,000. 

Jan.  22.  Colo.  A  second  expedition  sets 
out  in  search  of  the  lost  Peg  Leg  mine 
of  the  desert. 

Mo.  An  elevator  aiul  1,250,000  bush- 
els of  wheat  are  burned  at  St.  Louis ; 
loss,  $1,500,000. 

Jan.  25.  Manufacturers  of  sole-leather 
in  New  York  and  Boston  form  a  trust. 

Jan.  27.  New  York.  Twenty-nine  la- 
bor-unions protest  by  open  letter 
against  extending  the  elevated  railway 
system,  and  urge  that  the  city  build 
and  operate  the  underground  road  as 
planned  by  the  Rapid  Transit  Com- 
mission. 

Jan.  28.  Chicago.  Several  "World*s 
Fair  buildings  are  damaged  by  the 
falling  in  of  their  roofs  under  a  great 
burden  of  snow, 

Neui  York.    The  French  liner  La  Nor- 

mandie  sails  for  Havre  with  $2,850,000 
(gold)  in  her  bullion-room. 

Jan.  29+.  Minn.  A  syndicate  of  lum- 
bermen concludes  a  deal  transferring 
500,000,000  feet  of  standing  pine  around 
Leech  Lake  for  more  than  $2,000,000. 

Jan.  30.  I).  C.  The  funeral  services 
of  James  G.  Blaine  are  held  in  the 
Presbyterian  Church  of  the  Covenant 
in  Washington,  with  many  prominent 
officials  and  others  in  attendance. 

Feb.  1  +  .  Colo.  Two  men  from  St.  Louis 
cross  the  Colorado  desert  on  bi- 
cycles, making  an  average  of  5G  miles 
a  day. 

X.  Y.    Fire  causes  a  loss  of  $200,000 

at  Little  Falls. 

Feb.  2.  Ark.  The  First  National 
Bank  of  Little  Rock  fails  on  account  of 
the  issuance  of  fraudulent  paper  by 
former  bank  officers  ;  liabilities  over 
half  a  million. 

Feb.  3.  Mass.  An  explosion  at  the 
Star  Foundry,  ^'^orcester,  seriously  in- 
jures 14  men. 

Feb.  4.     X.   Y.     The  Deland  Chemical 

"Works,   Rochester,   are   burned  ;    loss, 

.$200,000. 
Feb.  7.     N.  J.     The   bark  Alice   goes 

ashore  near  Barnegat  Inlet  ;  three  of 

her  crew  are  drowned. 


424    1893,  Feb.  8-Mar.  6. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1893  Feb.  15.  Kan.  The  militia  is 
ordered  out  to  eject  the  Kepubliean 
representatives  from  the  lower  hall  of 
the  Legislature.    (See  State.) 

Feb.  28.  Phila.  The  battle-ship  In- 
diana 18  launched  at  Cramps*  shipyard. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1893    Feb.  11.    Ind.    Silver  and  zinc 

are  found  in  large  quantities. 
Feb.  12.    O.    An  oil-well,  flowing  1,000 

barrels  daily,  is  struck  in  Middletown 

to\vn8hip,  on  what  has  been  regarded  as 

"dry  territory." 
Feb.  18.    Mick.    Rock  which  assays  2.43 

ounces  of  gold  and  .50  ounces  of  silver 

to    the    ton    is  discovered  in    Calhoun 

County, 
Mar.  1.    New   Y'ork.     About  $108,000  is 

realized  at  the  sale  of  the  John  Taylor 

Johnston  paintings. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1893. 

Feb.  12.  (ireeii.  Norvin,  president  of  West- 
ern Union  Telegraph  Co.,  A75. 

Feb.  15.  Colgate,  Samuel,  nierchaut,  of 
New  York,  dies. 

Feb.  30.  Beaureg-ard,  Pierre  Gustave 
Toutant.  col.  V.  S.  A.,  Confed.  gen.,  Xlh. 

Feb.  33.  Hatch,  Kufus,  financier,  of  New 
York,  A 60. 

Feb.  34.  Manvels,  Allen,  president  Atchi- 
son, Topeka,  and  Santa  F6  Itailroad,  A56. 

Mar.  2.  IJishop,  Richard  M.,  Gov.  of  O.,  A8I. 

Mar.  6.  Kvans,  Frederick  W.,  elder  of 
Shaker  Coiuuiunity,  A85. 


CHURCH. 

1893  Feb.  17.  Neic  York.  Presbyte- 
rians issue  a  letter  urging  the  cessation 
of  dogmatic  warfare  in  their  church. 

Feb.  19.  New  York.  Pope  Leo's  jubi- 
lee is  celebrated  by  the  Catholic  Club. 

Mar.  1.  Netc  York.  A  special  session 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  House  of 
Bishops  is  begun. 

LETTERS. 

1893  Feb.  14.  A',  r.  Boardman  Hall, 
the  home  of  the  Law  School  of  CorneU 
University,  is  formally  opened,  and  the 
Moak  Law  Library  is  presented  as  a 
memorial  of  Judge  Boardman. 

Feb.  26.  N.  Y.  The  Kegents  of  the  Uni- 
versity^f  the  State  of  New  York  grant 
a  charter  to  the  trustees  of  the  Catho- 
lic Summer  Scliool;  the  institution  is 
recognized  by  the  laws  of  the  State,  and 
Its  acquired  property  is  located  on  Lake 
Champlain,  near  Plattsburg. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  Feb.  10.  Minn.  The  House  of 
Representatives  passes  a  bill  making  the 
using  and  smoking  of  cigarettes  by 
minors  a  misdemeanor  by  a  fine  of  S25 
to  $50,  or  by  imprisonment  for  30  days. 

Miss.    Two  negroes  are  lynched 

for  robbing  and    burning    a     store    at 
Dickey,  Amite  County. 

W.  Va.  Non-union  men  are  at- 
tacked by  a  mob  at  Wheeling ;  one  of 
them  will  probably  die. 


Feb.  11.  .V.  r.  The  Reform  Club  is 
making  an  organized  effort  to  abolish 
personal  taxation  in  Brooklyn. 

Pa.  The  State  is  taking  steps  to  es- 
cheat the  property  of  the  Econo- 
mite  Society  near  Pittsburg,  it  having 
only  a  few  surviving  members. 

Feb.  12.  It  is  alleged  that  the  Wabash 
Uailroad  Company  has  been  systemati- 
cally robbed  by  trusted  enjployees  of 
over  .Tii:«X>,000  worth  ot  valuable  mer- 
chandise. 

.V.   Y.    A  "green  goods"  man  is 

shot  by  a  South  Carolinian  in  a  hotel  in 
Poughkeepsie. 

Feb.  14.  New  York.  CJ.  W.  Gardner, 
agent  of  the  Society  for  the  Prevention 
of  Crime,  is  sentenced  t«»  two  years*  im- 
prisonment for  extorting  blackmail.  (A 
conspiracy.) 

[Nov.  17.  The  Supreme  Court  reverses 
the  verdict,  and  orders  Gardner's  re- 
lease.] 

Feb.  15.  New  York.  The  American 
Publishers*  Association  opens  its  7th 
annual  convention.  , 

Feb.  16.  Kan.  The  sheriif  at  Topeka 
swears  in  a  posse  of  1,000  men  for  the 
purpose  of  maintaining  the  peace;  the 
Populists  decide  thereupon  not  to  at- 
tempt to  dislodge  the  Republican  House, 
and  the  governor  proposes  a  compromise. 

New  York.    A  service  in  memory  of 

Bishop  Phillips  Brooks  is  held  in 
Carnegie  Music  Hall. 

Feb.  18.  The  Princess  Kaiulani  issues 
an  appeal  to  the  American  people 
touching  her  rights  as  crown-princess  of 
the  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Feb.  20.  New  York.  Counselor  John 
W.    Goff    is    fined    $200   by    Recorder 

Smyth  for  contempt  of  court  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Gardner  trial. 

Pa.    A  riot  between  strikers  and 

non-unionists  occurs  at  the  Catsbury 
coal-mine,  Monongahela  City. 

Feb,  22.  /7id.  Dr.  Joseph  Gardner  of 
Bedford  gives,  **  as  a  thank-offering 
to  humanity,"  a  tract  of  land  — 782 
acres  in  extent  —  as  the  headquarters  of 
the  American  National  Red  Cross  Asso- 
ciation. [Miss  Clara  Barton,  president, 
accepts  the  gift.] 

Feb.  24.  Cal.  John  W.  Mackay,  the 
bonanza  millionaire,  is  shot  in  Sau 
Francisco  bv  William  C.  Rippey,  a  fa- 
natic, who  then  shoots  himself  fatally  ; 
Mackay's  wound  is  not  dangerous. 

O.    Sympathizers  of  Gov.  McKin- 

ley  start  a  one-dollar  subscription  move- 
ment to  aid  in  meeting  the  financial  lia- 
bilities against  him,  his  endorsements 
having  involved  his  entire  fortune. 
[Successful,  but  declined.] 

Feb.  25.  Chiraf/o.  Strikers  wreck  a 
passenger-train. 

Pa.    The  N'anticoke  mine  strike  is 

spreading  ;  28,000  men  and  boys  are  now 
out. 

Feb.  26.  N.  J.  Sunday :  Mass-meet- 
ings are  held  in  many  cities  and  towns 
to  protest  against  the  action  of  the  Le- 
gislature in  passing  pro-racing  bills. 
[Also  on  Mar.  5.] 

Mar.  3.  I).  C.  The  President  and 
President-elect  exchange  calls. 

Mar.  6.  .V.  J.  Immense  numbers  of 
Jerseymen  gather  at  Trenton,  at  the 


reassembling  of  the  Legislature,  with 
many  remonstrances  and  appeals  in 
favor  of  repealing  the  race-track  bills. 

New  York.    The  brownstone  United 

Charities  building  is  formally  pre- 
sented by  its  founder,  John  Stewart 
Kennedy,  to  the  organizations.  Opened 
for  use. 

STATE. 
1893  Feb.  8.  Z>.  C.  Congress :  The 
Senate  passes  a  bill  to  exempt  soldiers 
and  sailors  from  competitive  exanuna- 
tions  for  promotion  in  the  Civil  Service. 
[Feb.  9.  The  House  refers  it  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  Reform  in  the  Civil  Service  — 
no  final  decision.]  Tlie  report  of  the  Sec- 
retary of  War  to  the  Senate  shows  that 
the  militia  of  the  United  States  num- 
bers 112,496  men;  the  Senate  con- 
firms the  Russian  Extradition  Treaty. 

In  a  joint  session  of  both  Houses  the 
electoral  votes  are  counted. 

Vote  for  President :  Grover  Cleve- 
land (I)em).  of  N.  y.,  277;  Benjamin 
Harrison  (Rep.)  of  Ind.,  145 ;  James  B. 
"Weaver  (People's  Party)  of  la.,  22; 
John  BidweU  (Prohib.)  of  Cal.,  Simon 
Wing  (Social  Labor)  of  Mass.,  each  0. 
For  Vice-President :  Adlai  F.  Steven- 
son (Dem.)  of  111.,  277;  "WTiitelaw 
Raid  (Rep.)  of  N.  Y.  145;  James  G. 
Field  (People's  Party)  of  Va.,  22; 
James  B.  CranfiU  (Prohib.)  of  Tex., 
and  Charles  H.  Matchett  (Social  Labor) 
of  N.Y.,  eachO. 

.S^.  JJak.   The  Reapportionment  Act 

is  found  to  be  unconstitutional. 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
the  silver  adherents  score  a  victory  by 
sustaining  the  demand  for  the  previous 
question  on  the  Silver  Purchase  Repeal 
Bill.  Vote,  152-143.  The  House  passes 
the  liCgislative,  Executive,  and  Ju- 
dicial Appropriation  Bill,  including 
amendments  that  no  public  building 
shall  be  draped  in  mourning,  nor  de- 
partment closed  out  of  respect  for  the 
memory  of  any  deceased  official,  and 
prohibiting  the  use  of  public  funds  for 
defraying  the  funeral  expenses  of  any 
officer  or  employee  of  the  Government ; 
bill  introduced  Jan.  26. 

N.  Y.    In  the  Senate,  G.  S.  Van  Gor- 

der  introduces  bills  providing  for  non- 
partisan boards  of  election  inspectors. 

Feb.  11.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Car-Coupler 
Bill,  providing  for  increased  safety  of 
life  on  railroads  by  the  use  of  automatic 
couplers  and  air-brakes.  Vote,  3D-10. 
[Feb.  27.  The  House  concurs  in  the 
Senate  amendments.  Mar.  2.  Approved 
by  the  President.]  John  Sherman  of  O. 
gives  notice  of  an  amendment  to  the 
Sundry  Civil  Appropriation  lUU  autho- 
rizing the  sale  of  3  per  cent  bonds. 

±  Native  Hawaiians  send  an  appeal 
to  the  American  Government  asking 
for  redress,  not  annexation  :  they  say 
their  country  is  overrun  by  foreigners, 
who  by  bringing  coolies  from  the  Orient 
are  propagating  leprosy  in  every  village. 

Feb.  13.  D.  C.  Tlie  committee  begins 
the  investigation  of  the  Panama  Canal 
matter. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1893,  Feb.  8-Mar.  6.     425 


Feb.  14.  />.  C\  Secretary  Foster  tele- 
graphs to  Minister  Stevens  his  approval 
of  the  plan  for  establishing  a  protecto- 
rate in  Hawaii. 
Feb.  15.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
receives  the  Hawaiian  Annexation 
Treaty  from  the  President  with  a 
message. 
Kan.  Republican  members  take  for- 
cible possession  of  the  Representa- 
tives* Hall  in  Topeka;  Gov.  Lewelling 
calls  out  the  militia  to  help  retake  the 
hall  for  the  Populists. 
[Feb.  17.  A  peace  agreement  is  signed 
by  representatives  of  the  contesting  par- 
ties ;  it  virtually  concedes  to  the  Repub- 
licans all  their  demands.] 

Feb.  16.  />.  C.  Congress ;  Senate ;  The 
river  and  harbor  items  cut  from  the 
Sundry  Civil  Bill  by  the  committee 
are  restored;  in  the  House  the  commit- 
tee amendments  to  the  Pension  BUI  are 
defeated. 

President  Harrison  gives  Secretary  of 
State  Foster  authority  to  issue  bonds  if 
necessary  to  protect  the  gold  reserve. 

The  Hawaiian  Annexation  Treaty 
is  published. 

S.  C.    Judges  Goff  and  Simonton  of 

the  United  States  Court  decide  against 
Gov.  Tillman's  authority  to  collect 
excessive  taxes  from  railroads. 

Feb.  17.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Invalid  Pension  Appropria- 
tion Bill,  introduced  Jan.  27. 

Feb.  18.  n.C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
Sherman  amendment,  authorizing  an 
issue  of  3  per  cent  bonds  for  the  re- 
demption of  U.  S.  Treasury  notes,  is 
agreed  to.  Vote,  30-16.  [The  House 
concurs,  but  the  Senate  finally  recedes 
from  it.]  The  appointment  of  Howell 
S.  Jackson  of  Tenn.  as  Associate  Jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court  is  confirmed. 
[Mar.  5.  He  is  sworn  in.]  In  the  House 
the  Post-office  Appropriation  Bill  is 
discussed. 

■^—  Ala.  The  Senate  passes  a  hill  which 
practically  disfranchises  negroes. 

Feb.  20.  D.  r.  Congress;  In  the 
House  the  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
Bridge  Bill  is  passed.  [Feb.  21.  The 
Senate  refers  it  to  the  Committee  on 
Commerce.]  The  Naval  Appropria- 
tion Bill,  introduced  Feb.  1.3.  is  passed. 
Also  the  Agricultural  Appropriation 
Bill,  introducecLFeb.  4. 

Feb.  21.  X.  J.  The  Assembly  passes 
three  race-track  biUs. 

[Feb.  22.  They  pass  the  Senate  and  go 
to  Gov.  Werts.  Feb.  23.  He  vetoes  the 
bills.  Feb.  24.  They  are  passed  over 
the  veto.] 

Feb.  22.  7).  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate "Washington's  PareweU  Address 
is  read  in  honor  of  his  birthday ;  the 
Sundry  Civil  Bill  is  passed.  In  the 
House  the  aU-night  session  adjourns 
at  6  A.M. 

Feb.  23.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  The 
Diplomatic  and  Consular  Service 
Bill  and  the  Military  Academy  Bill 
are  passed.    [Mar.  2.    Approved.]    The 


Hussian  Extradition  Treaty  is  rati- 
fied ;  in  the  House  a  vain  attempt  is 
made  to  call  up  the  Anti-Option  Bill. 
Fr.  The  Commissioners  of  Arbi- 
tration meet  at  Paris  to  settle  the  Bering 
Sea  fisheries  dispute  ;  they  adjourn  to 
March  23. 

Members  of  the  Court:  John  M.  Har- 
lan, Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court, 
and  Senator  John  T.  Morgan  of  Ala.,  for 
the  United  States  ;  Lord  Hannen  and  Sir 
John  S.  I).  Thompson  for  Great  Britain  ; 
Baron  de  Cource  (Pres.)  for  France ; 
Marquis  Kmilio  Viscounti  Venosta  for 
Italy  ;  Judge  Gram  for  Sweden  and  Nor- 
way. John  \V.  Foster  of  Ind.  is  agent, 
and  Henry  \V.  Blodgett,  F.  R.  Coudert, 
and  Robert  Lansing  are  counsel  for  the 
United  States. 

JVyo.    Gov.  Osborn  appoints  A.  C. 

Beckwith  (Dem.)  U.  S.  Senator. 

The  Shoshones  and  Arapahocs  disa- 
gree as  to  giving  up  their  lands  —  about 
two  million  acres  —  for  settlement  by 
whites. 

Feb.  24.  D.  r.  President-elect  Cleve- 
land selects  H.  J.  Thurber  of  Detroit 
as  his  private  secretary. 

The  Secretary  of  State  approves  the 
action  of  Minister  Stevens  in  Hawaii 
in  favoring  the  new  republic. 

Feb.  25.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
Legislative,  Executive,  and  Judicial 
Appropriation  Bill  is  passed.  [Mar.  3. 
Approved.]  In  the  House  the  "silver 
men"  obstructively  oppose  the  Senate 
amendments  to  tlie  Sundry  Civil  Bill. 
The  French  Legation  at  "Washing- 
ton is  raised  to  the  rank  of  an  embassy 
by  decree  of  President  Carnot. 

Kan.    The    Supreme    Court    decides 

that  the   Republican   House  is  the 
legally  constituted  body. 

Feb,  26.  I).  C.  The  report  of  Special 
Agent  Ayer  of  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment shows  a  large  increase  in  the  pro- 
duction of  tin  and  terne  plates  and  of 
block  sheets. 

Feb.  27.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Pension  Appropriation 
Bill  without  amendment.  [Mar.  2. 
Approved.]  In  the  House  the  Indian 
Appropriation  BiU  is  passed  ;  the  Sen- 
ate amendment  to  the  Car-Coupler 
Bill  is  concurred  in.    Vote,  185-84. 

Feb.  28.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
.John  Sherman's  motion  to  proceed  to 
executive  business  is  defeated ;  the 
Naval  and  Agricultural  Indian  Ap- 
propriation BiUs  are  passed.  [Mar.  3. 
All  are  approved.]  The  bill  introduce<l 
Dec.  7, 1R92,  putting  pig  tin  on  the  free 
list,  is  passed.  It  passes  the  Tin-Plate 
Bill,  repealing  the  duties*  bill  introduced 
Feb.  IG.  [Mar.  3.  The  .Senate  Committee 
reports  it  back  with  amendments.] 

Kan.    The  Populist  members  in  a 

body  take  their  seats  in  the  lower  House, 

Mar.  1.  n.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Tlie 
Sherman  bond  amendment  is  dropped 
from  the  Sundry  Civil  Bill,  so  is  tlie 
.?800,000  appropriation  for  the  New  York 
Custom-house ;  in  the  House  the  Anti- 
Option  Bill  is  killed  by  failing  to  re- 
ceive the  vote  necessary  to  take  it  up 
under  a  suspensiou  of  the  rules. 


Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  Tlie  Senate 
passes  the  Post-office  Appropriation 
Bill.  [Mar.  3.  Approved.]  Also  the 
Deficiency  Appropriation  Bill.  The 
House  passes  the  Chandler  Immigra- 
tion and  Contract  Labor  Bill  to  prevent 
the  immigration  of  Chinese  laborers. 

President-elect  Cleveland  arrives 
in  Washington,  and  takes  up  his  quar- 
ters at  the  Arlington, 

Kan.    The  "Woman's  Suffrage  BiU 

passes  both  Houses  of  the  Legislature. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  bill  to  repeal  the  duties  on  tin 
is  reported  back  by  the  Committee  with 
amendments.     [No  final  action  taken.] 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  McGarrahan  Claim  BiU, 
and  tenders  votes  of  thanks  to  Vice- 
President  ]Morton  and  I'resident  pro 
tempore  Charles  F.  Manderson  ;  in  the 
House  ex-Speaker  Thomas  B.  Reed  pre- 
sents, with  a  speech,  resolutions  eulo- 
gistic of  Speaker  Charles  F.  Crisp,  who 
replies.    The  52d  Congress  ends. 

The  27th  Administration;  Demo- 
cratic. 

Grover  Cleveland,  the  24th  Presi- 
dent, is  inaugurated. 

The  pageant  takes  place  in  a  snow- 
storm ;  the  Inauguration  Ball  presents 
a  scene  of  splendor  beyond  any  of  its 
predecessors. 

Mont.    Lee    Mantle   (Rep.)    is    ap- 

IKjinted  U.  S.  Senator  by  Gov.  Rickards. 

Mar.  6.  D.  C.  The  Senate  meets  in  spe- 
cial session  (chiefly  to  consider  the  Pres- 
ident's nominations) ;  it  confirms  the 
nominations  for  the  President's  Cabi- 
net ;  John  Sherman  of  O.  introduces  a 
joint  resolution  for  a  cunstituticinal 
amendment  changing  inauguration 
day  to  the  30th  of  April. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1893    Feb.  11.   The  Western  freight 
blockade  is  broken ;   trains  are  run- 
ning on  the  Union  and  Northern  Pacific 
Roads. 

Feb.  14.  2^€io  York.  The  Metropoli- 
tan Opera  House  is  bought  in  by  a 
representative  of  the  shareholders  for 
§1,425,000. 

Feb.  18.  Colo.  Three  persons  are  killed 
and  a  number  injured  in  a  collision  on 
the  Colorado  Midland  Railroad  near 
Hartwell. 

The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  in- 
vestigating committee  makes  a  report 
condemning  the  present  management  of 
the  road. 

Feb.  22.  jV<?h'  York:  President  Harri- 
son raises  the  American  flag  on  the 
first  foreign  registered  ocean  steamer, 
the  New  York,  of  the  American  Line, 
formerly  The  City  of  New  York,  of  the 
Inman  Line. 

Phila.    Four  persons  are  killed  and 

20  injured  by  a  train  collision  on  th6 
Pennsylvania  Railroad. 

Feb.  23.    O.    Gov.  McKinley  puts  his 

property  into  the  hands  of  trustees  for 
the  benefit  of  the  creditors  of  a  person 
for  whom  he  became  surety;  Mrs.  Mc- 
Kinley surrenders  her  private  estate  for 
the  same  purpose. 


426    1893,  Mar.  7-Apr.  10. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  Mar,  30.  Adm.  Gherardi*s 
squadron  sails  for  Haipptoii  Koads. 

Apr.  6f.  Va.  About  20  foreign  war- 
ships gather  at  Hamptou  Roads  prepar- 
atory to  the  Colarabian  celebration. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —NATURE. 

1893  Mar.  9.  Xew  York,  An  earth- 
quake shock  is  distinctly  felt  at  12.30 

A.M. 

Mar.  14.  Cal.  A  meteor  falls  and  ex- 
pkxles  near  Los  Olivos ;  the  report  is 
heard  50  miles  away. 

Mar.  17.  liT.  ff.  A  valuable  collection  of 
geographical  specimens  is  bequeathed 
to  Dartmouth  College  by  the  late  Ralph 
Butterfield  of  Kansas  City. 

Pa.    The     books,    drawings,     manu- 

sc ri pts,  and  herbarium  which  be- 
longed to  Bayard  Taylor  are  presented 
to  the  pul)lic  library  of  West  Chester 
by  Mrs.  Taylor. 

Mar.  18.  Chicago.  The  Montana  sil- 
ver statue  of  Ada  Rehan  is  cast ;  cost 
of  silver,  §70,000.     [May  30.     Unveiled.] 

Mar.  25.  Mont.  A  slight  earthquake 
shock  is  felt  in  Helena. 

[Apr.  4.  At  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Apr.  8. 
Two  shocks  at  Lincolnton,  Ga.,  and  in 
S.  C.  Nov.  27.  A  shock  is  felt  in  north- 
ern New  York,  Vermont,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  in  Canada.  Dec.  16.  Another 
in  Southern  Illinois  and  Indiana.] 

Apr.  2i:.  Okla.  A  tornado  kills  100 
persons  and  injures  500  more. 

Apr.  9.  Kan.  An  aerolite  strikes  and 
breaks  the  arm  from  the  statue  of 
John  Brown  at  Ossawatomie. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1893. 

Mar.  8.     Fox,    Margaret,    spiritualist    me- 
dium, A59. 
Mar.  10.    Peabody,  Andrew  Preston,   au- 

tlior,  writer  on  moral  i)hiIo8ophy,  50  years 

professor  at  Harvard,  A82. 
Mar.  13.     Hyatt,  James   \V.,   treasurer  of 

United  States,  A56. 
Mar.  13.     Kernell,  Harry,  actor,  dies  in  an 

asylum. 
Mar.  18.    Armstrong,  David  H.,  senator  for 

Mo.,  A81. 
Baird,  George  A.,  "  Squire  Abington," 

dies. 
Mar.  23.     Saulsbury,  Eli,  sen.  for  Del.,  A76. 
Mar.  34.    Johnston,  John  Taylor,  founder 

Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  A73. 
Shepard.    Elliott  Fitch,   editor   JIfail 

and  Express^  A59. 
Deady,  Matthew  P.,  U.  S.  Dist.  Judge, 

A69. 
Mar.  28.     Smith,  E.   Kirby.    Confederate 

lieut.-gen.,  college  professor,  A69. 
Apr.  7.    Seney,  George  I.,  financier,  philan- 
thropist, A67. 

Kip,  William  T.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Cal.,  A82. 

Magrath,  Andrew  G.,  war-gov.  of  S.  C, 

A80. 

CHURCH. 

1893  Mar.  20.  Boston.  The  Baptists 
lose  by  the  Tremont  Temple  fire  a 
valuable  missionary  museum  and  a  large 
collection  of  missionary  publications, 
the  work  of  70  years.   Total  loss,  $375,000. 

Apr.  6.  Utah.  The  Mormons  dedicate 
the  completed  temple  at  Salt  Lake 
City ;  the  great  edifice  was  40  years  in 
construction. 


LETTERS. 

1893  Mar.  7.  A\  J.  A  bill  is  intro- 
duced in  the  Legislature  providing  for  a 
division  of  the  public  school  moneys 
in  aid  of  parochial  schools.  [It  fails 
to  pass]. 

Mar.  11.  -New  York.  A  meeting  of  the 
University  Settlement  Society  is  held 
to  decide  upon  plans  to  help  the  poor. 

Mar,  18.  New  York.  A  gift  of  $200,000 
to  the  Teachers'  College  is  announced. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  Mar.  7.  N.  Y.  Gross  frauds  are 
alleged  in  the  election  at  Lansiughurg. 
One  policeman.  Officer  Gillespie,  resigns 
when  ordered  to  protect  repeaters,  and 
makes  a  written  statement  incriminating 
Chief  of  Police  McCabe. 

Mar.  8.  Mich.  The  engineers  and  fire- 
men strike  on  the  Toledo,  Ann  Arbor, 
and  Northern  Michigan  road. 

Mar.  9.  N,  Y.  Bryce  A.  "White,  assist- 
ant cashier  in  the  Wallabout  Bank, 
Brooklyn,  is  arrested  for  embezzle- 
ment ;  amount,  jp20,000. 

Mar.  10.    Me.  The  city  clerk  of  Portland 

confesses  that  the  ballots  from  the  first 
ward  Iiave  been  tiimpered  with :  the 
mayor  elected  refuses  to  accept  office. 

Nevj   York.    Raids  on   pool-rooms 

are  made,  but  the  men  arrested  are 
nearly  all  discharged. 

Mar.  11.  J  fa.  Rev.  D.  T.  Stratton  is 
beaten  and  robbed  by  moonshiners  in 

Winston. 

±  Cal.    The  governor  signs  the  bill 

prohibiting  prize-fights. 

Mar.  12.  Mass.  Joseph  Massey,  a  jeal- 
ous lover  at  Quincy,  shoots  MaryLafane 
and  then  himself. 

New   York.     Three   boy  burglars, 

aged  10,  12,  and  13  respectively,  are  ar- 
rested and  arraigned. 

Mar.  14.  New  York.  Dr.  Rainsford,  rec- 
tor of  St.  George's  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church,  in  an  address  on  '*  The  Saloon 
Question,"  reiterates  his  belief  that  the 
only  true  solution  of  the  problem  is  a 
liquor  annex  to  the  churches. 

Mar.  17.  -S*.  C.  B.  W.  Crowe  and  family 
(white)  are  driven  out  of  Nebo,  because 
a  daughter  taught  a  negro  school. 

Mar.  18.    N.   Y.    Seven  trainmen   on 

the  Lake  Shore  Railroad,  refusing  to 
handle  Ann  Arbor  cars,  are  arrested  on 
an  order  from  a  Federal  court. 

Mar.  19.  New  York.  Labor  men  are 
indignant  at  the  extraordinary  action 
of  U.  S.  District  Judge  Ricks  in  order- 
ing Chief  Arthur  to  withdraw  the  order 
he  has  issued  requiring  the  Brotherhood 
engineers  to  refuse  to  handle  ears  of 
non-union  or  boycotted  roads.  [Mar.  22. 
The  firemen  join  with  the  engineers  to 
contest  this  decision  at  Toledo.  Apr.  2. 
The  engineers  and  firemen  at  Toledo 
hold  meetings  and  resolve  to  stand  by 
the  strikers,  no  matter  what  the  decision 
of  the  court  may  be.  Apr.  3.  An  engi- 
neer is  held  for  contempt,  and  a  tempo- 
rary injunction  is  granted  against  Chief 
Arthur.] 

O.    The  Big  Four  yard  switchmen  at 

Springfield  strike,  and  the  yards  are 
again  tied  up. 

Mar.  20.  Kan.  The  people  are  vigor- 
ously contending   against   the    Kansas 


City  (Mo.)  liquor-houses  that  are  run- 
ning "joints "  in  several  Kansas 
towns  ;  the  State  Temperance  Union  is 
waging  war  on  "joints"  all  over  the 
State. 
Mar.  21.  N.  Y.  A  Chinaman  in  Brook- 
lyn has  complied  with  the  Registration 
Law,  and  finds  himself  ostracized  by 
hiscoiintrymen,  and  is  unable  to  carry 
on  his  business. 

Mar.  23.  Miss.  "White  Caps  in  Copiah 
Couutyshootandkillacoloredmanal  his 
own  door  ;  E.  D.  Smith  of  Crystal  Springs 
has  been  recognized  and  is  in  jail. 

New    York.    The   Gahlee  Tee-To- 

Tum  "Workingmen's  Club  on  Twenty- 
third  Street  is  formally  opened. 

Mar.  24.  Del.  The  Legislature  reenacts 
the  Delinquent  Law,  which  will  disfran- 
chise all  voters  at  the  next  election  who 
have  not  paid  the  required  poll-tax. 

Mar.  25.  Boston.  Carriage-makers  re- 
solve to  strike  because  they  cannot  get 
10  hours'  pay  for  nine  hours'  work. 

La.    Judge  Billings,  at  New  Orleans. 

decides  that  the  ordering  of  the  big 
strike  in  that  city  in  ^November  was  un- 
lawful. 

Mont.  The  governor  of  Arkansas  is- 
sues a  requisition  for  Frank  Hickey,  a 
prisoner  in  Butte,  accused  of  being  the 
assassin  of  John  M.  Clayton. 

Neic  York.  The  lockout  of  cloth- 
ing-cutters by  the  Manufacturers'  Asso- 
ciation begins. 

Mar.  27.  Cal.  Gov.  Markham's  ap- 
proval of  the  Parole  Bill  will  release 
from  the  two  State  prisons  over 
1,000  convicts  who  have  served  one 
year  of  their  sentence. 

Cla.    Two   "White   Caps  are  shot 

dead  at  Fort  "Valley  by  negroes  upon 
whom  they  were  making  a  raid ;  the 
coroner's  verdict  is  justifiable  homicide. 

Mar.  28.  Chicago.  Judge  Collins  de- 
cides that  acts  directed  by  alleged 
spirits  are  not  legal,  and  that  certain 
deeds  of  transferred  property  are  void. 

Mar.  30.  Neb.  The  Legislature  im- 
peaches three  State  officials. 

Mar.  31.  Chicago.  Charges  of  levy- 
ing blackmail  to  aid  the  election  of 
Carter  Harrison  are  made  against  mem- 
bers of  the  police  force. 

Md.    A  big  illicit  distillery,  valued 

at  $75,000,  is  seized  in  Baltimore. 

Neb.  The  Legislature  in  joint  ses- 
sion passes  a  resolution  providing  for 
impeachment  of  the  Board  of  Public 
Lands  and  Buihlings  ;  State  Treasurer 
John  E.  Hill  is  sued  to  recover  the 
sum  of  $236,3G4.G0,  which  it  is  alleged 
was  collected,  but  upt  transferred  to 
his  successor  in  office. 

Apr.  1.  Mass.  The  weavers  in  Mill  No. 
2  in  Palmer  strike  for  increased  wages. 

Apr.  2.  N.  Dak.  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  I'nion  women  at  Rola,  in 
making  a  circuit  of  the  "joints,"  are 
brutally  beaten  in  one  of  them. 

Apr.  6±.  New  York.  The  National  Con- 
vention of  State  Boards  of  Health 
is  in  session  ;  it  considers  the  danger  of 
a  cholera  epidemic. 

Apr.  8.  Tenn.  Among  the  private  pa- 
pers of  I)r.  FraTiyois  Fontenay  of  Claiks- 
ville  a  written  confession  is  found  stat- 
ing that  he  killed  Rev.  A.  M.  Feltner, 
Emscopal  rector,  28  years  ago.  He 
adopted  the  rector's  two  children,  leav- 
ing them  his  large  fortune  when  he  died. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1893,  Mar.  7 -Apr.  10.      427 


Apr.  9.  Chicago.  Hotel-keepers  and 
others  are  charging  exorbitant  prices 
for  accommodations  during  the 
World's  Fair. 

A  strike  of  1,100  men  begins  in  the 

shops  of  the  Santa  F4  road  in  various 
phices. 

Apr.  10.  Chicago.  A  strike  of  4,000 
workmen  begins  at  the  World's  Fair 
luiihiings,  but  soon  ends. 

■  \.  >'.    Brooklyn  aldermen  givea"way 

valuable  trolley  franchises  tor  which 
*-r^,000  had  been  ottered. 

±  -S^.  £>ak.   A  band  of  cattle-thieves 

is  broken  up,  its  leaders  being  wounded 
and  captured. 

STATE. 

1893  Mar.  7.  D.  C.  The  members  of 
the  President's  Cabinet  are  sworn  into 
office  all  together,  for  the  first  'time  in 
the  history  of  the  country. 

Cabinet:  Walter  Q,.  Gresham  of 
111.  (State),  John  G.  Carlisle  of  Ky. 
(Treas.),  Daniel  S.  Iiamont  of  N.  Y. 
(War),  Hilary  A.  Herbert  of  Ala. 
(Navy),  Hoke  Smith  of  Ga.  (Interior), 
J.  Sterling  Morton  of  Neb.  (Agricul- 
ture), Richard  Olney  of  Mass.  (Atty.- 
(4en.),  Wilson  S.  Bissellof  N.  Y-  (P.  M.- 
Gen.). 

Mar.  9.  D.  C.  Senate  :  the  Hawaiian 
treaty  is  received  from  the  President. 
[Withdrawn  by  President  Cleveland.] 

Mar.  11.  xV.  J.  The  Iiegislature  passes 
a  bill  prohibiting  racing  in  December, 
January,  and  February,  and  adjourns 
sine  die. 

X.  Y.    Gov.  Flower  signs  the  bill  for 

the  purchase  of  Fire  Island,  125  acres 
in  extent,  for  quarantine  purposes,  on 
which  is  a  hotel  having  400  feet  front, 
and  14  furnished  cottages  are  included ; 
purchase  price,  $210,000. 

iyash.    Gov.  M'Graw  appoints  John 

B.  Allen  to  be  his  own  successor  in  the 
U.  S.  Senate. 

Mar.  13.  B.  C.  Senate :  A  resolution 
to  limit  the  business  of  the  special  ses- 
sion to  executive  matters  is  defeated. 

Mich.  The  U.  S.  District  Court  en- 
joins connecting  roads  from  refusing 
to  deliver  freight  to  the  Toledo,  Ann 
Arbor,  and  Northern  Michigan  road,  be- 
cause of  the  action  taken  by  employees. 

f'al.  The  Legislature  votes  to  re- 
move the  State  capital  to  San  Jos^. 

Mar.  14.  A\  V.  The  Ways  and  Means 
Committee  of  the  Assembly  decides  to 
report  favorably  the  bill  for  an  addi- 
tional appropriation  of  $300,000  for 
the  World's  Fair. 

Mar.  15.  />.  C.  Senate  :  Arthur  P.  Gor- 
man of  Md.  offers  a  resolution  recon- 
structing the  Standing  and  Select 
Committees  according  to  caucus  agree- 
ment, which  is  adopted. 

Md.    The  Coiirt  of  Appeals  decides 

that  a  tax  upon  land  alone  Is  uncon- 
stitutional, and  cannot  be  enforced. 

Mar.  16.  D.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
meets,  and,  without  action,  adjourns  un- 
til the  20th  inst. 


Mar.  18.  Mick.  At  Toledo  the  U.  S. 
District  Court  issues  an  Injunction  re- 
straining the  Locomotive  Brother- 
hood from  boycotting  Ann  Arbor 
freight  because  of  the  strike  of  its  em- 
ployees. A  $300,000  damage  claim  has 
been  Hied  against  Chiefs  Arthur  and 
Sargent. 

Mar.  20.  D.  C.  Senate :  Nominations 
are  considered. 

Ca/.     Ex-Representative    James    H. 

Blount  of  Ga.  sails  from  San  Francisco 
for  Honolulu  on  the  revenue-cutter 
liushf  on  a  special  mission  to  Hawaii  by 
appointment  of  the  President. 

Mar.  21.  H.  I.  D.  Russell  Brown  (Rep.) 
is  nominated  for  governor  ;  David  S. 
Baker  (Dem.)  is  also  nominated. 

Mar.  22.  D.  ('.  The  Senate  receives  a 
number  of  nominations  from  the  Pres- 
ident ;  bills  against  trusts  and  for  the 
appointment  of  a  commission  to  fix  the 
price  of  coal  are  introduced. 

Wis.  Judge  Egan  of  St.  Paul  dis- 
misses the  arrested  members  of  the 
Legislature. 

Mar.  23.  D.  C.  The  Republicans  in 
caucus  determine  to  oppose  the  reor- 
ganization of  the  Senate. 

Fr.  The  Court  of  Arbitration  (Be- 
ring Sea  dispute)  opens  its  first  session 
in  Paris.    (See  Feb.  23.) 

Mar.  28.  D.  C.  In  the  Senate  the  reor- 
ganization resolution  is  presented. 

Mar.  30.  D.  C.  In  the  Senate  the  nom- 
inations are  considered ;  the  cases  and 
counter-cases  in  the  Bering  Sea  dispute 
are  received. 

Mar.  31.  Neb.  The  Legislature  in  joint 
session  j)asses  the  resolution  for  the  im- 
peachment of  the  Board  of  Public  Lands 
and  Buildings.  [May  1.  The  trial  begins 
at  Lincoln.] 

Apr.  4.  Chicago.  Carter  Harrison  is 
elected  mayor. 

NetP  York.    Bankers  receive  from  the 

President  a  proposition  for  an  issue  of 
bonds, 

Fr.    Arguments    are    begun    in    the 

Court  of  Arbitration  at  Paris  respect- 
ing the  Bering  Sea  fisheries. 

Apr.  5.  I).  C.  Senate :  Kominations 
are  received. 

Fr.    In  the  Bering  Sea  Court  of 

Arbitration  in  Paris  Mr.  Phelps  and  Sir 
Charles  Russell  continue  their  argu- 
ments. 

n:  Y.    The  Greater  New  York  Bill 

is  killed  in  the  Senate  and  recommitted 
in  the  Assembly. 

Apr.  6.  D.  C.  Secretary  Gresham  re- 
ceives a  despatch  from  the  TJ.  S.  Minis- 
ter to  Peru  saying  that  the  consular 
agency  at  Mollendo  has  been  attacked 
and  the  agent  shot ;  and  directing  that 
a  demand  for  reparation  be  made.  [Apr. 
10.    A  satisfactory  apology  is  tendered.] 

Apr.  7  + .  Fr.  In  the  Bering  Sea 
Court  of  Arbitration,  J.  C.  Carter  con- 
tinues his  argument  in  behalf  of  the 
United  States.  [He  continues  for  sev- 
eral days.] 

Tex.  The  House  votes  for  impeach- 
ment of  Land  Commissioner  Mc- 
Caughey. 


The  requirements  under  the  Geary 

Act  are  modified  ;  the  Chinese  will  be 
required  to  furnish  but  one  credible  wit- 
ness. 

Wis.    The  Assembly  passes  the  Anti- 

Pinkerton  Bill. 

It  prohibits  the  employment  of  bodies 
of  armed  men  not  duly  authorized  under 
the  laws  of  the  State. 

Apr.  10.  D.  C.  Senate :  The  recent 
railroad  decisions  are  discussed. 

N.  Y.  In  the  Legislature  a  bill  abol- 
ishing capital  piuiishment  is  passed 
by  the  Assembly  and  defeated  in  the 
Senate. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Mar.  9.  Chicago.  All  the  rail- 
roads entering  Chicago  decide  to  grant 
no  increase  of  wages  to  their  switch- 
men. 

Mar.  10.  Boston.  Fire  destroys 
$4,500,000  worth  of  property. 

Mar.  11.  Chicago.  Bankers  offer  Secre- 
tary Carlisle  $3,000,000  gold  for 
treasury  notes. 

Ind.     Owing  to  the  switchmen's 

strike  in  Chicago,  thousands  of  coal- 
miners  in  Brazil  are  thrown  out  of  em- 
ployment. 

Mar.  14.  ^V.  H.  Fire  destroys  the  cot- 
ton-mills at  Exeter ;  loss,  $250,000. 

+  Pa.    The  Carnegie  Steel  Company 

orders  a  new  press  for  its  armor-plate 
works  at  Homestead,  at  a  cost  of  ^-1,000,- 
000,  and  capable  of  working  in  one  piece 
a  two-hundred-ton  plate. 

Mar.  18.  N.  H.  The  Legislature  ap- 
propriates $10,000  for  statues  of  Gen. 
John  Stark  and  Daniel  Webster  for  the 
National  Statuary  Hall  at  Washington. 

N.  Y.  Ten  of  the  largest  manufactur- 
ers of  iron  pipe  in  the  United  States 
form  a  trust. 

Mar.  20.  Neio  York.  News  is  received 
of  the  finding  of  two  life-boats  of  the 
missing  steamship  Karmiic.    [Lost.] 

Mar.  21.  Id.  An  explosion  at  Litch- 
field wrecks  a  flour-mill  and  many  other 
buildings  ;  damage  to  the  mill,  over 
$500.000 ;  one  person  is  killed  and  nine 
injured. 

Mar.  27.  Nev'  York.  The  New  York 
Times  changes  hands  ;  price  paid, 
$950,000. 

Mar.  30.  A'.  J.  The  American  Stave 
and  Cooperage  Company,  capital, 
$4,000,000,  and  a  typewriter  company, 
capital,  $20,000,000,  are  incorporated  at 
Trenton. 

Mar.  31.    N.J.    The  American  Press, 

for  gathering  and  disseminating  news, 
is  incorporated  at  Newton  ;  capital, 
$2,500,000. 

Apr.  1.  Neh.  A  prairie  fire  lays  waste 
20  miles  of  country  between  Ogallala 
and  Preston  ;  much  property  and  one 
life  are  lost  in  Perkins,  Keit^,  and  Fron- 
tier Counties. 

Pa.  The  Higgins  Hotel  at  Brad- 
ford is  destroyed  by  fire;  five  lives  are 
lost,  and  more"  than  20  persons  injured. 

A  miner's  lamp  causes  an  explosion 
in  a  mine  at  Shamokin  ;  10  persons  are 
killed  and  several  injured;  12  or  15  are 
imprisoned  in  the  mine. 

Apr.  4.  D.  C.  The  gold  balance  at 
Washington  is  down  to  $60,000,000. 

Apr.  8.  O.  A  big  iron  and  steel  syn- 
dicate is  organized  at  Cincinnati,  in- 
cluding over  100  wealthy  foun<lrymen, 
machinists,  and  others  ;  capital,"  $75,- 
000,000. 


428    1893,  Apr.  11-Mayll. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  Apr.  21.  Va.  The  Spanish 
squadron,  towing  the  three  Columbian 
caravels,  reaches  Hampton  Roads. 

Apr.  22.  Va.  The  i>o/jaAiH,  bearing  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy  Herbert,  arrives  in 
Hampton  Roads ;  the  ships  are  all 
"  dressed  "  in  honor  of  the  silver  wed- 
ding of  King  Humbert  of  Italy. 

Apr.  24.  ra.  The  international  flotilla 
sails  from  Hampton  Roads  for  New 
York.  [Apr.  25.  It  arrives  in  the  lower 
Bay.] 

Apr.  26.  New  York.  The  international 
flotilla  anchors  in  the  North  River  in 
position  for  the  review;  a  reception  to 
naval  otticers  is  given  by  the  Union 
League  Club.  [It  is  visited  by  thousands 
of  people.] 

May  5±.  N.  Y.  The  naval  oflScers  on 
their  way  to  Chicago,  as  the  guests  of 
the  New  York  Central  Road  in  the 
•*  Admirals*  Train,"  stop  to  see  the 
Niagara  Falls. 

May  7.  Misfi.  State  troops  are  ordered 
out  against  White  Caps  at  Brook- 
haven. 

May  9.  New  York.  The  crmaer  Atlanta 
is  ordered  to  proceed  to  I^ficaragua  to 
protect  American  interests"  during  the 
revolution. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1893  Apr,  11.  Cat.  Jasper  is  discov- 
ered in  large  quantities  near  San  Diego. 

Ka7i.  A  tornado  causes  much  de- 
struction of  i)roperty  in  the  towns  of 
Willis,  Everest,  and  Powhattan. 

[Apr.  13.  A  cyclone  strikes  Robins- 
ville,  Miss. ;  17  killed,  50  wounded.  Apr. 
18.  Boles,  Ark.,  destroyed.  Apr.  19. 
A  tornado  at  Osage  City,  Kan.,  kills 
two  persons,  injures  several  others,  and 
wrecks  140  buildings.  Apr.  23.  The 
city  of  Ypsilanti,  Mich.,  is  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  a  tornado;  it  strikes  else- 
where in  Michigan,  and  in  other  West- 
ern and  Southern  States.  Apr.  25.  A 
cyclone  in  Oklahoma  causes  90  deaths ; 
250  persons  injured.  Apr.  28.  The  town 
of  Cisco,  Tex.,  is  nearly  destroyed.] 

Apr.  26.  New  York.  The  Audubon 
Monument  in  Trinity  Cemetery  is  un- 
veiled. !Erics8on*8  statue  in  Battery 
Park  is  unveiled. 


-  DEATHS. 


Larcom,  Lucy,  author,  A67. 
Lefferts,  John,  fliiancier,  A31. 
Lowry,    Grosvenor   P.,   lawyer, 


BIRTHS 
1893. 

Apr.  17. 
Apr.  18. 
Apr.  21. 

dies. 

Apr.  32.     Beale,  Edward  F.,brig.-gen.,  ATI. 

Waters,  Horace^  piano-maker,  philan- 
thropist, ARl. 

Apr.  36.  Wiltse,  GUbert  C,  capt.  U.  S.  N., 
A55. 

Apr.  27.  Corse,  John  M.»  brevet  maj.-gen. 
vols.,  A58. 

May  3.  Stuart,  Henry  A.,  chief  engineer 
U.  S.  N.,  A70. 

May  4.  Patterson,  James  W.,  senator  for 
N.  H.,  A70. 

May  5.  Le  Conipt^,  Kdward  \V.,  secretary 
of  state  for  Md.,  dies. 

May  8.  Lanion,  Ward  H.,  biographer  of 
Lincoln,  dies. 

May  10.  Francis,  Joseph^  inventor  of  life- 
saving  boat,  A92,. 


May  11.    Townsend,  Edward  D.,  adjt.-gen. 

r.  S.  A.,  A76. 
Armstrong,    Samuel    C,    principal    of 

Hampton  Normal  Institute,  A54. 


CHURCH. 

1893  Apr.  25.  La.  A  Roman  Cath- 
olic centennial  of  the  completion  of 
the  Cathedral  is  celebrated  by  a  cleri- 
cal parade  and  pontitical  mass  at  New 
Orleans. 


LETTERS. 

1893  Apr.  12.  Neio  York.  The  200th 
anniversary  of  the  introduction  of  print- 
ing is  celebrated. 

May  1.  N.  J.  Mayor  Haynes  of  New- 
ark, in  a  message  to  the  Common  Coun- 
cil, recommends  that  the  parochial- 
school  buildings  from  midnight  of  Sun- 
day to  midnight  of  Friday  be  placed  in 
charge  of  the  Board  of  Education 
for  school  purposes  — the  board  to 
supply  books,  furniture,  and  other  sup- 
plies, fuel,  and  janitor  ;  the  church  to 
use  the  buildings  from  Friday  midnight 
to  Sunday  midniglit. 

May  2.  New  York.  The  widow  of  Prof. 
John  Strong  Newberry  gives  Columbia 
College  his  geological  library  of  2,500 
volumes. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  Apr.  11.  A'.  Y.  V.  L.  Beding- 
field.  editor  of  the  Ftatbunh  PresSy  is 
sandbagged    and   robbed   at  Flatbush, 

Long  It-land. 

New   York.    Col.   E.  F.  Shepard's 

will  is  filed  ;  the  religious  bequests  ag- 
gregate $250,000. 

Apr.  12.  Conn.  The  Senate  passes  a 
bill  prohibiting  all  forms  of  pool- 
selling  and  gambling.    Vote,  20-1. 

Ta.  A  convention  of  Southern  gov- 
ernors convenes  at  Richmond  to  con- 
sider the  material  welfare  and  develop- 
ment of  the  South. 

Apr.  13.  O.  The  boycott  of  railroads 
is  declared  illegal  by  Judge  Ricks  at 
Toledo ;  contracts  with  shippers  are 
binding. 

Apr.  15.  Chicago.  A  mass-meeting  to 
protest  against  the  Hussian  extradi- 
tion treaty  is  held. 

New  York.    The  Duke  de  Veragua, 

a  lineal  descendant  of  Columbus,  arrives 
at  this  port  with  his  party.  [Apr.  18. 
He  is  formally  received  by  the  mayor.] 

A^  Y.  Twenty  burglaries  are  re- 
ported as  occurring  during  a  few  hours 
in  Brooklyn. 

Apr.  17.  Neb.  Several  hundred  em- 
ployees in  the  Union  Pacific  shops  at 
Omaha  and  elsewhere  strike. 

A"".  Y.     Indignant  citizens  of  Buffalo 

hold  a  mass-meeting  to  protest  against 
the  so-called  "  Sneak  Bill,"  changing 
the  police  commissioners ;  the  bill  was 
smuggled  through  the  Legislature,  but 
an  injunction  is  granted,  preventing  ac- 
tion under  it  for  the  present. 

Tex.    A  conspiracy  to  assassinate 

six  county  officials  is  discovered  at 
Sbernum  ;  the  leaders  are  friends  of 
murderers  sentenced  to  be  hanged. 


Apr.  18.  N.  Y.  The  Anti- Conspiracy 
Bill  against  boycotting  passes  the  New 
York  Assembly.    Vote,  69-54. 

Neiv    York.    The    Earl  of    Craven 

(English)  and  Miss  Bradley-Martin  of 
this  city  are  married  in  Grace  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Church. 

Apr.  19.  Mass.  The  descendants  of 
Revolutionary  heroes  commemorate 
the  Battle  of  Lexington, 

New  York.  The  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, Historical  Society,  and  Geo- 
graphical Society  give  at  the  Waldorf 
a  reception  to  the  Duke  and  Duchess 
of  Veragua. 

Apr.  20.  La.  The  second  annual  con- 
vention of  the  National  Seamen's 
Union  of  America  opens  in  New 
Orleans. 

Apr.  22.  Boston.  Ex-President  A.  P, 
Potter  of  the  Maverick  National  Bank 
is  sentenced  to  (JO  days'  imprisonment 
and  fined  §1,000  for  false  certification  of 
cLecks. 

Ga.  Eleven  "White  Caps  are  sen- 
tenced to  one  year's  imprisonment  in 
Carrollton ;  one  of  them  is  the  leading 
physician  of  the  town. 

Apr.  23.  New  York.  The  Theosophi- 
cal  Society  begins  its  annual  conven- 
tion,  with  representatives  from  the  In- 
dian, European,  and  American  sections. 
Thirty-five  Soudanese  arrive  at 
this  port,  and  60  Koreans  arrive  at 
San  Francisco,  on  their  way  to  the 
World's  Fair. 

Apr.  24.  Chicago.  The  Columbian 
Guards  at  the  World's  Fair  strike;  the 
union  carpenters  refuse  to  go  out  as 
ordered. 

A'^.  Afex.  The  Union  Pacific  iron- 
workers strike,  and  the  Santa  Fe  me- 
chanics' strike  is  declared  off,  and  the 
men  return  to  work. 

Apr.  26.  Mass.  The  Danvers  Histori- 
cal Society  holds  a  great  antislavery 
commemoration  meeting. 

New   York.     The   international  war- 

Bliips  are  moved  in  parade  from  the  lower 
Bay  to  the  designated  places  of  anchor- 
age in  the  North  River  above  Thirty-fifth 
Street ;  naval  officers  are  given  a  re- 
ception by  the  Union  League  Club ; 
President  Cleveland  comes  to  New  York 
to  review  the  war-ships. 

Dr.  Robert  W.  Buchanan  is  convicted 
of  the  murder  of  his  second  wife  by 
poisoning.  [Aug.  14.  He  is  sentenced  to 
death.] 

Apr.  27.  New  York.  President  Cleve- 
land reviews  tbe  international  fieet,  a 
magnificent  pageant  on  the  rivor ; 
there  is  a  ball  at  Madison  Square  Gar- 
den in  the  evening. 

Waiters  at  Delmonico's  and  the  Grand 
Hotel  strike. 

A'^.  Y.    This  being  Columbian  Day,  it 

is  a  legal  holiday  in  this  State. 

Apr.  28.  Ind.  The  Liberty  Bell  from 
Independence  Hall,  Philadelphia,  ar- 
rives at  Indianapolis  on  its  way  to 
Chicago;  ex-President  Harrison  deliv- 
ers an  address  on  the  famous  Revolu- 
tionary relic  before  the  school  children 
of  the  city.  [Apr.  29.  It  arrives  at 
Chicago.] 


UNITED   STATES. 


1893,  Apr.  11 -May  11.    429 


New  York:    Sailors  and  marines  of 

the  international  war-fleet  parade. 

They  .are  reviewed  at  the  Citv  Hall  by 
the  public  officials  and  by  the  admirals  of 
the  fleet,  after  which  a  dinner  in  honor 
of  the  naval  officers  is  given  by  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce.  [May  1.  A  din- 
ner is  given  by  the  University  Club.] 

Apr.  29.  Chicago.  The  President  and 
the  Duke  of  Veragua  arrive ;  the  Wo- 
men's Building  is  finished  with  the 
driving  of  a  golden  nail  by  Mrs.  Palmer. 
[-Tune  H.  The  Duke  returns  to  New 
York.] 

Apr.  30,  New  York.  Many  thousands 
of  people  visit  the  vessels  of  the  inter- 
national war-fleet  in  the  Hudson  River. 

May  1.  Chicago.  The  World's  Colum- 
bian Exhibition  is  formally  opened 
in  the  presence  of  an  enormous  throng 
of  people. 

President  Cleveland  presses  the  elec- 
tric key  which  instantly  puts  in  motion 
all  the  vast  and  intricate  machinery  of 
the  Fair. 

O.    About  22,000  coal-miners  strike, 

suspending  work    in    every   important 
mine  in  tlie  State. 

May  2.  New  York.  Ussagah,  a  Daho- 
mey chief,  for  the  Columbian  Exhibi- 
tion, dies  at  Ellis  Island. 

May  3.  Ex-President  Harrison  is 
elected  Commander  of  the  Military  Or- 
<ler  of  the  Loyal  Legion. 

/.  T.    Masked  bandits  hold  up  a 

train  and  rob  its  passengers  at  Pryor 
Creek. 

N.  H.  The  Mary  Hitchcock  Me- 
morial Hospital,  erected  by  Hiram 
Hitchcock  in  memory  of  his  wife,  is 
dedicated  at  Hanover. 

May  4.  Cal.  The  Six  Companies  is- 
sue a  circular  forbidding  Chinese 
••to  register  with  white  officials,"  as 
the  whole  matter  is  to  be  taken  to  the 
U.  S.  Supreme  Court  for  settlement. 

May6±.  U.  S.  Fully  1,000,000  mem- 
bers of  the  Christian  Endeavor  So- 
cieties sign  pledges  not  to  patronize 
the  Fair  if  it  shall  be  opened  on  Sun- 
day ;  other  religious  bodies  take  similar 
action. 

May  6.  New  York.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  new  St.  Luke's  Hospital  is  laid. 

N.  Mex.     Three    murderers    are 

lynched  at  Las  Lunas. 

May  7.  Chicago.  The  World's  Fair 
gates  remain  closed  on  this,  the  first 
Sunday  after  its  official  opening. 

May  8.  Mass.  Xiizzie  Borden  is  ar- 
raigned for  murder  at  New  Bedford ;  she 
pleads  not  guilty.  [June  20.  She  is  ac- 
quitted.] 

New  York.    ••WTiite  IjOtus  Day" 

is  observed  by  theosophists. 

May  10.  Ky.  The  National  Xjcague 
of  Kepublican  Clubs  meets  in  Louis- 
ville. 

STATE. 

1893  Apr.  14.  D.  C.  Congress :  In 
the  Senate  William  K.  Chandler  of  N. 
H.  speaks  in  favor  of  the  Hoach  (ship- 
builders) investigation. 

News  is  received    that  by  order  of 

Commissioner    Blount    the    American 


flag  has  been  hauled  down  from  the 
government  building  at  Honolulu. 

.v.  Y-    The  State  Assembly  passes  the 

Saxton  Anti-Pool- Room  Bill,  prohib- 
iting the  sale  of  pools  in  pool-rooms. 

Apr.  15.  D.  C.  The  Senate  adjourns 
sine  die. 

New  York.  The  Sub-Treasury  re- 
ceives ordern  suspending  the  issue  of 
gold  certificates. 

Apr.  20.  N.  Y.  The  Legislature  ad- 
journs sine  die;  before  its  adjournment 
William  F.  Sheehan  secures  the  passage 
of  a  Buffalo  Police  Bill,  by  virtue  of 
which  Controller  Gavan  alone  imme- 
diately appoints  police  commissioners. 

Apr.  21.  D.  C.  Secretary  Carlisle  con- 
fers with  bank  presidents  in  reference 
to  the  tinanclal  situation. 

The  Czar  of  Russia  signs  the  extra- 
dition treaty  between  the  United  States 
and  Russia. 

The  offer  of  the  Merchants'  National 
Bank  of  Baltimore  of  $100,000  in  gold 
for  legal  tenders  is  accepted  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

Apr.  25.  A^.  5'.  (Jov.  Flower  signs  the 
Saxton  Anti-Pool- Room  Bill. 

Apr.  27.  Utah  is  admitted  into  the  Un- 
ion as  the  45th  State,  by  an  enabling  act. 

May  2.  Fr.  In  the  Bering  Sea  case 
Mr.  Carter  concludes  his  argument  be- 
fore the  Court  of  Arbitration,  having 
spoken  forty-five  hours. 

May  3.  Fr.  In  Paris,  Frederick  R.  Cou- 
dert  of  U.  S.  counsel  begins  his  argu- 
ment before  the  Bering  Sea  Arbitra- 
tion Court;  he  insists  on  the  right  of 
absolute  ownership  of  seals  and  the 
necessity  of  prohibiting  pelagic  sealing. 

May  4.  />.  C.  Secretary  Carlisle  tem- 
porarily suspends  the  arrest  of  Chi- 
nese under  the  Exclusion  Act. 

May  5.  D.  C.  The  President  decides  to 
postpone  to  November  the  reassembling 
of  the  International  Monetary  Con- 
gress. 

Gen.  Rosecrans,  Register  of  the 
Treasury,  resigns. 

May  7.  D.C.  The  President  announces 
that  hereafter  the  White  House  will  be 
closed  to  office-seekers. 

May  9.  N.  I)ak.  The  Prohibitory  Law 
is  declared  constitutional  by  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  State. 

May  10.  />.  C.  The  President  names 
James  H.Blount  of  Ga.  Envoy  Extraor- 
dinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 
Hawaii. 

May  11.  W.  W.  Tracy  of  111.  is  chosen 
president  of  the  National  League  of 
Kepublican  Clubs;  Denver  is  selected 
as  the  next  meeting-place. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Apr.  11.  Chicago.  Time  for 
exhibitors  at  the  World's  Pair  is  ex- 
tended to  April  30. 

Apr.  12.  Npw  York.  The  Rapid  Tran- 
sit Commission  grants  the  extensions 
asked  for  by  the  Manhattan  Elevated 
Railway. 

Apr.  13.  N.Y.  Oil-works  at  Buffalo. 
valued  at  $300,000,  are  destroyed  by  fire. 


Apr.  14.  Ind.  Artificial  and  natural 
gas  companies  consolidate  ;  capital, 
5^1,000,000. 

Apr.  15.  Chicago.  World's  Fair  Di- 
rectorate officers  are  reelected. 

D.  C.    The  New  York  Sub-Treasury 

is  advised  that  no  more  gold  certifi- 
cates will  be  issued  from  the  Treasury 
at  Washington. 

Apr.  16.  Phila.  Permission  is  granted 
to  put  the  trolley  system  on  every 
block  of  track  in  the  city. 

Apr.  17.  N.J.  America's  oldest  loco- 
motive, the  John  Bull,  starts  from  Jer- 
sey City  for  the  Chicago  Fair  over  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad,  drawing  two  old- 
time  passenger  coaches. 

Apr.  19.  Mass.  The  Clinton  Wire 
Cloth  Company's  factory  is  burned  ; 
loss,  $400,000. 

Apr.  21.  Idaho.  Wordner  loses 
$700,000  by  fire ;  its  business  district  is 
destroyed,  and  many  people  are  home- 
less. 

Mont.    Nine  men  lose  their  lives  by 

fire  in  a  mine  at  Butte. 

Apr.  24.  New  York.  The  Spanish 
caravels,  en  route  for  the  World's  Fair, 
arrive,  attract  much  attention  and  many 
visitors. 

Apr.  25.  Chicago.  Two  lives  are  lost, 
and  property  valued  at  over  $200,000  is 
destroyed,  by  fire  in  the  First  Regiment 
Armory, 

Pa.      Trains  collide    at    Somerset, 

causing  five  deaths  and  much  damage 

to  property. 
Apr.  29.     Tex.     A  cyclone  devastates 

the  town  of  Cisco ;  30  persons  are  killed 

and  many  wounded. 

Apr.  30.  la.  Six  men  are  burned  to 
death  in  Burlington. 

±     O.    Ohio   Valley   sewer-pipe    men 

form  a  trust. 

May  3.    O.    The  Lewiston  reservoir, 

the  second  largest  artificial  body  of 
water  in  the  world,  breaks  its  embank- 
ments, causing  heavy  loss  in  the  track 
of  its  flood. 

May  5.  New  York,  A  wild  panic  in 
the  stock-market  is  narrowly  averted  ; 
values  fall  to  zero  ;  S.  V.  White  and 
others  suspend. 

The  Manhattan  Elevated  Railroad 
rejects  the  proposition  of  the  Rapid 
Transit  Commission  for  an  extension  of 
the  elevated  system. 

May  6.  Chicago.  The  paid  admissions 
for  the  day  at  the  World's  Fair  num- 
ber nearly  25,000. 

May  7.  Jnd.  A  train  is  wrecked  at 
Lafayette  and  10  persons  are  killed. 

May  9.  Chicago.  The  Chemical  Bank 
and  its  branch  on  the  Fair  Grounds  sus- 
pend. 

N.  Y.    A  smoker's  carelessness  causes 

a  are  in  Utica  ;  loss,  $;i80,000. 

May  11.  Ark.  The  first  crevasse  of 
the  season  occurs  on  the  Arkansas  side 
of  the  swollen  Mississippi  at  Lakeport. 

Chicago.  —  Ind.  The  Columbia  Na- 
tional Bank  suspends ;  also  the  Capi- 
tal National  Bank  of  Indianapolis. 
[Several  other  Western  banks  close 
their  doors.] 


430    1893,  May  11 -June  10. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  May  17.  D.  C.  Col.  William  P. 
Carlin,  of  the  Fourth  Infantry,  la  pro- 
moted to  brigadier-general. 

May  18.  D.  ('.  George  H.  Elliot  is  com- 
missioned colonel  —  corps  of  engineers. 
And  Robert  H.  Hall  colonel  —  4th  in- 
fantry. 

May  22.  />.  C.  The  Secretary  of  the 
Navy  assigns  Com.  Oscar  F.  Stanton 
as  commander  of  the  South  Atlantic 
station. 

The  new  cruiser  yew  York^  on  her 

oJlii'ial  trial  trip,  makes  an  average  of 
21.U7  knots  an  hour. 

May  30.  D.  C.  George  M.  Sternberg  is 
commissioned  brigadier-general. 

June  10.  Conn.  The  gunboat  J/acAia« 
reaches  New  London,  having  averaged 
15.17  knots  on  her  trial  trip,  the  required 
speed  being  13  knots. 

Phi /a.   The  new  battle-ship  JT/assa- 

chusetts  is  launched  at  Cramps'  shii>- 
yard. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1893  May  14.  Chicago.  A  bronze 
statue  of  the  poet  Hichter  is  unveiled 
ill  the  presence  of  a  large  number  of 
people,  mostly  Germans. 

May  17.  Chicago.  The  National  Com- 
mission orders  the  resignation  of  Theo- 
dore Thomas  as  musical  director  of 
the  World's  Fair. 

May  24.  fyask.  A  gold  strike  is  made 
in  the  O'Kanogan  mining  district ;  two 
pounds  of  gold  are  assayed  from  seven 
pounds  of  ore.  [Oct.  21.  Gold  is  found 
in  paying  quantities  in  Tennessee.] 

Ga.    A  monument  to  the  memory 

of  Alexander  H.  Stephens  is  unveiled 
at  CrawfordPviUe. 

May  26.  N.  Y.  The  Greek  tragedy  of 
Antujone  is  given  at  Poughkeepsie  by 
Vassar  girls. 

May  30.  Ark.  A  terrible  tornado 
leaves  5,000  people  of  the  town  of  Hope 
homeless  and  destitute  ;  the  authorities 
invite  assistance. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1893. 

May  14.     Blssell,  William  Henry  A.,  P.  E. 

bishop  of  Vt.,  A79. 
May  19.     Murdoch,  James  E.,  actor,  elo- 

cutioniBt,  AS2. 
June  7.    Booth.  Edwin,  actor,  tragedian, 

A60. 

CHURCH. 

1893  May  14.  Boston.  Dean  William 
Lawrence  is  chosen  by  the  Episcopal 
Diocesan  Convention  to  succeed  Dr. 
Phillips  Brooks  as  bishop  of  Massa- 
chusetts. 

/nd.  Ex-President  Harrison  and  ex- 
Postmaster-General  Wanamaker  deliver 
addresses  before  the  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association  Convention  in  Indian- 
apolis. 

May  18.  D.  C.  The  General  Assem- 
bly (Presbyterian)  begins  its  session  at 
Washington ;  Prof.  W.  G.  Craig,  mod- 
erator. 


[May  24.    Prof.  Brig^gs  concludes  his 

argument,  and  Col.  iMcCook  begins  on 
behalf  of  the  prosecution.  Mav  2ij. 
The  General  Assembly  votes,  410  to  145, 
to  entertain  the  Prosecuting  Commit- 
tee's appeal  in  tlie  case  of  Prof.  Briggs. 
Mav  29.  Prof.  Briggs's  trial  by  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  for  heresy  begins.  May 
30.  The  trial  continues.  May  31.  Tlie 
Assembly  sustains  the  appeal  against 
Prof.  Briggs.  Vote,  383-116.  June  1. 
It  suspends  him  from  the  ministry  until 
he  shall  give  evidence  of  repentance  ;  it 
also  takes  action  against  the  Union 
Seminary.] 

May  27.  y.  Y.  Tlie  General  Convention 
of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

May  28.  Xeir  York.  The  Infanta  Eu- 
lalie  attends  mass  in  St.  Patrick's  Cathe- 
dral in  the  morning,  and  a  reception  by 
the  Catholic  Club  in  the  evening. 

June  4.  Rev.  Dr.  James  H.  Ecob  an- 
nounces his  withdrawal  from  the  Pres- 
byterian Church  on  account  of  the 
decision  in  tlie  Briggs  case. 

June  5.  It.  Pope  Leo  thanks  Cardi- 
nal Gibbons  for  his  argument  in  favor 
of  restoring  the  temporal  power  of  the 
Papacy. 

June  7.  It.  The  Sacred  Congregation 
of  the  Propaganda  coutirms  the  scho- 
lastic policy  of  Mgr.  Satolli  and  Arch- 
bishop Ireland  in  the  United  States. 

LETTERS. 

1893  May  22.  Mass.  Tlie  Salem  Re- 
gister, established  1800,  suspends  publi- 
cation. 

May  23.  Va.  Rev.  H.  B.  Frissell  is 
chosen  to  succeed  General  S.  C.  Arm- 
strong as  principal  of  Hampton  Nor- 
mal Institute  for  Indians. 

May  31.  Xeiv  York.  The  University 
of* the  City  of  New  York  secures 
about  eight  acres  of  ground  adjoining  20 
acres  purchased  last  year ;  price,  $1 1 1 ,980. 

June  10.  Xew  York.  The  Journal  of 
Commerce  and  the  Daily  Commercial 
Bulletin  are  consolidated. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  May  12.  New  York.  Francis  H. 
"Weeks,  the  hea<i  of  West  Superior 
Land  and  Improveiuent  Company,  the 
West  Superior  Steel  Company,  the  West 
Superior  Woolen  Company,  and  trustee 
of  several  estates,  has  absconded,  lie 
is  believed  to  be  a  defaulter  for  over 
$1,000,000. 

fSept.  9+.  He  is  virtually  arrested  in 
Costa  Pica.  Nov.  8.  He  is  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  in  Sing  Sing  for  10  years.] 

May  13.  Chicago.  The  local  directors 
of  the  World's  Fair  decide  to  open  the 
grounds  (but  not  the  exhibit  build- 
ing:s)  on  Sunday,  May  21,  at  25  cents 
admission  fee. 

[May  16.  They  decide  to  open  the  Fair 
in  all  departments,  the  machinery  only 
to  be  stopped.] 

Ky.    One  thousand  women  of  Ow- 

ensboro  band  together  and  pledge  them- 
selves to  wage  a  continuous  crusade 
against  the  liquor-dealers  and  manufac- 
turers of  their  city. 

O.    The  Scotch-Irish  Congress  is 

in  session  at  Springfield,  with  President 
Robert  Bonner  in  the  chair. 


Tenn.    The  grand  jury  at  Chattanooga 

returns  25  indictments  against  citizens 
alleged  to  have  been  concerned  in  the 
lynching  of  Alfred  Blount,  — five  for 
murder  and  20  as  accessories. 

May  16.  ^V.  II.  Geo.  H.  Abbott  (Frank 
C.  Almy),  the  murderer  of  Christie  War- 
<len  at  Hanover,  is  hanged  at  Concord. 

May  19.  JJ.  C.  The  President  and  Mrs. 
Cleveland  give  a  reception  at  the  White 
House  to  the  members  of  the  Presby- 
terian General  Assembly. 

Xeip  York.    The  Infanta  Eulalie  is 

formally  welcomed,  and  taken  by  spe- 
cial train  to  Washington.  Slie  is  accom- 
§anied  by  the  Saragossa  Band,  from 
pain. 

[May  20.  She  is  received  at  the  White 
House.  May  25.  She  is  welcomed  by 
the  mayor  of  New  York  as  the  city's 
guest.  May  29.  She  visits  West  Point 
and  reviews  the  cadets.  May  31.  She 
reviews  the  parade  of  the  police  of  Xew 
York.  Jime  3.  She  is  received  by  tlie 
mayor  of  Brooklyn.  June  6.  She  ar- 
rives at  Chicago.  June  7.  She  is  re- 
ceived by  Mayor  Harrison.] 

May  20.  ///.  W.  H.  Schureman,  pro- 
prietor of  the  Normal  Kxchaiige  iJanii. 
of  Bloomington,  is  under  arrest  charged 
with  embezzlement. 

Tex.  The  wiU  of  Henry  Rosen- 
berg, banlier,  of  Galveston,  gives  §400,- 
000  to  family  and  friends,  and  $520,000 
for  benevolences  in  Galveston— anu)ng 
them  $30,000  for  drinking-fountains  and 
S25,000  for  a  public  library. 

May  22.  Xew  York.  C.  J.  Johnson  is 
convicted  of  manslaughter  in  the  first 
degree  for  throwing  his  wife  out  of  an 
upper  window  and  Killing  her  while  be 
him-self  was  drunk. 

May  23.    AVir  York.    G.   A.   "Whitman, 

cashier  of  the  Spooner  Manufacturing 
Company,  is  held  in  $3,500  bail  for  em- 
bezzlement. 

Chicago.    The  World's  Fair  National 

Commission  adopts  the  Judiciary 
Committee's  minority  report  in  fa- 
vor of  Sunday  opening.    A'oie,  30-27. 

May  26.  Chicago.  Dircctor-of- Works 
Burnham  issues  an  order  announcing 
that  the  World's  Fair  will  be  open  to 
the  public  on  Sunday  next.  May  28, 
until  II  P.M.,  the  buildings  closing  at 

10  P.M. 

Tex.    Masked  robbers  hold  up  a 

train  at  Coleman,  and  compel  the  en- 
gineer and  fireman  to  help  them  rob  the 
express-car. 

May  28,  Chicago.  The  World's  Fair 
gates  are  open  all  day  (Sunday) ;  about 
125,000  people  are  admitted  — less  than 
one-eleventh  of  Chicago's  population  ; 
British  exhibits  and  the  State  buildings 
remain  closed. 

May  29.  Pa.  The  Hoy  family- 
father,  mother,  and  two  children  —  are 
found  murdered  at  home  in  New  Haven. 

May  30.  In.  The  removal  of  saloon 
screens  on  Sunday  at  Fort  Dodge  by 
force  of  law  stops  the  sale  of  beer. 

May  31.  Chicago.  Argument  begins 
in  the  Federal  Court  on  the  proceed- 
ings by  the  Government  to  close  the 
AVorld's  Fair  gates  on  Stmday. 

June  1.  The  Royal  Arcanum  reports 
143,3(>8  members ;  total  benefits  paid  to 
date,  $23,332,502. 

NeiP  York.  A  "  cheap-milk  de- 
pot" is  formally  opened  at  the  foot  of 


UNITED   STATES. 


1893,  May  11 -June  10.      431 


East  Third  Street  for  the  beneilt  of  the 
poor  people  of  the  neighborhood. 

.V.  }'.    The  Presbyterian  Rest  for 

Convalescents  is  formally  opened  in 
White  Plains  ;  it  will  provide  temporary 
shelter  and  care  for  worthy  Protestant 
poor  discharged  from  hospitals. 

June  3.  A'.  }'.  The  Long  Island  Rail- 
road Company's  general  manager  issues 
an  order  that  heads  of  departments  will 
be  held  responsible  if  they  continue  to 
employ  men  who  frequent  drinking- 
places  during  their  leisure  hours. 

June  4.  Ckicitt/o.  Sunday:  The  at- 
tendance at  the  "World's  Fair  to-day 
falls  short  of  00,000.  The  British  exhib- 
its and  the  U.  S.  Government  display 
are  covered. 

June  5.  Ky.  The  Hustler  newspaper 
office  is  wrecked  by  dynamite:  the 
paper  was  edited  by  Rev.  J.  J.  Dickey, 
who  secured  tlie  enactment  of  the  local- 
option  law  in  Breathitt  Coiuity. 

June  6.  Cal.  The  Nawab  of  Ram- 
pur  arrives  at  San  Francisco  on  his 
way  to  Chicago. 

Chicago,    The  World's   Congress 

on  Temperance  is  in  session. 

U.  S.    Officers  of  the  Actors'  Fund 

report  the  disbursement  of  about  $450,- 
000,  and  for  relief,  burials,  hospital 
charges,  etc.,  $203,500,  since  organizing 
in  1892,  and  funds  on  hand  amounting 
to  8230,325. 

June  7.  Supreme  Master  S.  J.  Willey  of 
the  Knights  of  Pythias  is  expelled  from 
the  order;  cause,  the  loss  of  $80,000 
through  his  operations. 

STATE. 

1893  May  12.  Fr.  In  the  Bering 
Sea  Arbitration  Coiu*t  discussion  takes 
place  over  the  forged  interpolations  in 
the  American  case. 

May  15.  />.  C.  The  U.  S  Supreme 
Court  renders  a  decision  sustaining  the 
constitutionality  of  the  Geary  Chi- 
nese Exclusion  Act;  Justice  Brewer, 
Justice  Field,  and  Chief-Justice  Fuller, 
each  delivers  a  dissenting  opinion. 

May  16.  D.  C.  The  Cabinet  discusses 
the  Chinese  question  without  result ; 
the  Geary  Law  is  practically  nuUiiied 
by  the  lack  of  money  to  execute  it. 

\ew  York.    The  Senate  Conmiittee 

on  Immigration  examines  Dr.  Senner. 
[May  17.  It  inspects  Ellis  Island  and 
the  inethod  of  treating  immigrants 
there.] 

Okla.    The    Indiana    cede     about 

9,409  square  miles  in  the  Cherokee  Strip 
(6,022,754  acres)  to  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment for  $8,300,000,  to  be  paid  in  live 
annual  installments,  $300,000  at  the  time 
of  purchase,  besides  $110,000  to  be  paid 
other  Indians. 

May  19.  D.  C.  It  is  decided  that  the 
Government  will  pay  all  bills  presented 
for  the  entertainment  of  the  Duke  of 
Veragua  and  the  Infanta  Fulalie  as 
the  nation's  guests,  except  otherwise 
provided  for  by  States  and  cities  that 
voluntarily  give  them  hospitality. 


May  20.  Conn.  The  governor  signs  the 
Anti-Oleomargarin  Bill,  which  will  pre- 
vent the  sale  uf  oleomargarin  in  the 
State. 

May  24.  New  York.  The  Congressional 
Commission  appointed  to  investigate 
the  Custom-house  begins  its  work. 

May  25.  Cluna.  The  coming  of  the 
new  Chinese  Minister  to  the  United 
States  is  alleged  to  be  deferred,  pending 
the  reply  of  the  Secretary  of  State  to 
China's  questions. 

May  27.  D.  (\  Secretary  Smith  an- 
nuls an  order  issueu  by  Gen.  Kaum 
while  Commissioner  of  Pensions  respect- 
ing disabilities  not  of  service  origin. 

May  28.  U.  (\  The  State  Department 
is  notified  by  the  Chinese  Govern- 
ment that  if  the  Geary  Law  is  enforced 
diplomatic  and  commercial  relations 
with  the  United  States  will  be  severed. 

May  30.  It.  I.  Two  Republicans  are 
unseated  by  the  Democratic  majority 
in  the  House ;  because  of  this  the  Re- 
publican Senate  I'efuses  to  meet  the 
House  in  Grand  Committee.  (June  3. 
Gov.  Brown  prorogues  the  State  Legis- 
lature to  January,  1894.]     (See  Aug.  12.) 

June  2.  D,  C.  It  is  announced  that  the 
Italian  Legation  at  Washington  has 
been  raised  to  the  rank  of  an  embassy, 
Baron  Fava  to  be  first  ambassador. 

June  3.  N.  Y.  Judge.  Edwards  of  the 
Supreme  Court  denies  a  motion  requiring 
the  State  Board  of  Canvassers  to  show 
cause  why  they  should  not  be  punished 
for  contempt  of  court  in  the  Dutchess 
County  election  case. 

June  6.  D.  C.  The  Russian  Extradi- 
tion Treaty  is  promulgated  by  Presi- 
dent Cleveland. 

June  7.  />.  C.  Russia  notifies  the  U. 
S.  Government  of  her  intention  to  raise 
her  legation  at  Washington  to  the  rank 
of  an  embassy. 

June  8.  O.  Willi  am  McKinley,  Jr. 
(Kep.),  is  renominated  for  governor. 

June  9.  D.  C.  The  new  Hawaiian  Min- 
ister, Lorin  A.  Thurston,  is  presented 
to  the  President. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  May  11.  X.  Y.  A  syndicate  is 
formed  for  the  construction  of  a  trans- 
mission line  to  convey  to  Albany  and 
several  other  cities  the  electric  power 
generated  by  the  tunnel  waters  of  the 
Niagara  Falls  Power  Company  ;  capital, 
$4,000,000. 

The  Empire  State  express,  a  regular 
passenger-train  of  four  cars,  drawn  by 
locomotive  number  999,  is  run  on 
the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  for  one 
mile,  at  the  rate  of  112.5  miles  per 
hour. 

May  14.  Mich.  Ten  miners  are  kiUed 
by  the  cage  striking  the  timbers  and 
falling  down  a  shaft  in  the  Calumet  and 
Hecla  Mine. 

May  16.  .-trk.  The  Grand  Lake  Levee 
antl  the  protective  levee  at  Point  Pleas- 
ant give  way. 

May  17.  III.  A  generator  explosion 
in  a  glucose  factory  at  Geneva  causes 


the  loss  of  six  lives,  besides  damage  to 
the  building. 

Two  more  Mississippi  crevasses  are 

reported. 

May  18.  Ark.  Aboxcontaining$10,- 
000  is  unearthed  at  Des  Arc,  under  the 
house  of  S.  P.  Catlin,  an  eccentric  bache- 
lor, who  died  10  years  ago. 

May  19.  Chicayo.  The  Local  Directory 
defers  opening  the  gates  of  the 
World's  Fair  on  Sunday,  in  order  to 
give  the  National  Commission  time  to 
consider  the  question. 

May  20.  Chicago.  By  the  breaking  of  a 
floor  at  the  "World's  Fair  70  women 
drop  671  ??irts.tf  a  distance  of  12  feet ;  nine 
are  seriously  hurt. 

May  21.  Mich.  Forest  fires  at  Sagi- 
naw and  elsewhere  in  the  .State  destroy 
12  hves  and  §1,500,000  in  property. 

May  22.  Chicago.  The  Swiss  exhibit 
at  the  "World's  Fair  is  closed  by  the 
Swiss  Commissioner  because  of  the  ar- 
rest of  one  of  the  exhibitors  by  United 
States  customs  officers. 

May  23.  La.  A  crevasse  200  feet  wide 
occurs  near  New  Orleans. 

May  25.  Chicago.  At  the  World's  Fair, 
commissioners  from  17  foreign  countries 
withdLraw  their  exhibits  from  com- 
petition for  the  awards. 

New  York.    The  Dock  Board  adopts 

plans  to  build  new  piers  and  bulk- 
heads at  a  cost  of  510,000,000. 

May  27.  La.  The  body  of  Jefferson 
Davis  is  removed  from  the  tomb  in  New 
Orleans,  preparatory  to  its  transfer  to 
Richmond,  Va.  [Arrives  on  May  31,  and 
is  interred  in  Hollywood  Cemetery.] 

Neio  York.     Gold  coin  amounting  to 

$2,500,000  is  shipped  for  Europe. 

May  28,  Chicago.  The  New  York  Cen- 
tral's "Exposition Flyer"  makes  its 
first  run  to  Chicago  [in  less  than  20 
hours]. 

May  29.  New  York.  Cable-cars  begin 
regular  trips  on  Broadway. 

June  5.  Chicayo.  The  exhibits  sent 
by  Queen  Victoria  of  Kngland  and 
Queen  Margherita  of  Italy  are  opened 
at  the  "World's  Fair. 

June  6.  N.  Y.  The  centennial  anni- 
versary of  the  founding  of  Bath  begins. 

June  7.  N.  Dak.  The  business  portion 
of  Fargo  is  destroyed  by  fire ;  loss, 
$2,500,000;  over  2,000  people  are  home- 
less. 

Tex.    The  completion  of  a  great 

dam,  1,150  feet  long,  60  high,  across  the 
Colorado  River  at  Austin,  is  celebrated. 
By  it  a  lake  22  miles  long,  with  an 
average  width  of  1,200  feet,  is  forme'd, 
containing  a  water  supply  for  Austin  of 
twenty-one  billion  gallons,  and  atlord- 
ing  power  for  the  ulectric-light  system 
of  the  city. 

June  8.  New  York.  All  the  members  of 
the  Rapid  Transit  Commission,  ex- 
cept John  H.  Starin,  resign. 

June  9.  n.  C.  Ford's  Theater,  Wasb- 
infrton.  where  Lincoln  was  assassinated, 
collapses  while  nearly  400  Government 
clerks  are  at  work  inside  ;  21  persons  are 
killed  and  about  50  injured. 


432      189  3,  June  10  -  July  10. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  June  16.  A",  r.  The  militia 
ia  ordered  to  Tonawanda  on  account 
of  a  strike  among  lumber-sbovers. 

July  3.  New  York.  The  Russian  ar- 
mored cruiser  Admiral  Nachimoff  ar- 
rives, and  anchors  in  tlie  Hudson  Itiver. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1893  June  22.  Kan.  A  tornado 
strikes  Perry,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
State,  killB  16  persons,  and  injures  many 
others. 

June  25.  Chicago.  Bruce  .Joy's  statue 
of  Gladstone  ia  unveiled  at  the 
World's  Fair. 

A  granite  monument  erected  to 
the  memory  of  the  anarchists  in  the 
Haymarket  massacre,  Spies,  Parsons, 
Fischer,  Lingg,  and  Engle,  is  unveiled 
In  Waldheim  Cemetery. 
Jtme  28.  Mass.  The  Farragut  statue 
in  Murine  Park,  South  Boston,  is  mi- 
veiled. 

July  1.    Pa.    The  statue  ofVictoryis 

unveiled  at  Gettysburg  in   memory  of 

fallen  soldiers. 
July  2.      New    York.      Ijieut.    Peary's 

vessel,  the  Falcon,  starts  for  Boston  on 

her  way  to  the  Arctic  regions  in  search 
■  of  the  North  Pole ;  12  men  accompany 

the  commander. 

July  7.  Ia.  Tornadoes  occur;  more 
than  100  lives  are  lost ;  thetownof  Pome- 
roy  is  demolished. 

July  9.  Miss.  Ati  enormous  meteor 
falls  near  Brandon  ;  though  buried  in 
the  earth,  it  gives  out  intense  heat  and 
noxious  fumes. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1893. 
June  30.    Stanlord.  Leland,  (Jov., senator 

for  Cal.,  founder  of  University,  A69. 
July  7.    Blatchford,  Samuel,  justice  U.  S. 

Supreme  Court,  A73. 


CHURCH. 

1893  June  12.  New  York.  TheBriggs 
case  is  again  brought  up  in  the  Presl>y- 
tery. 

June  14.  China.  F.  R.  Graves  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  missionary 
bishop  of  China. 

Japan.     John  McKim  is  consecrated 

(Protestant  Episcopal)  missionary  bishop 
of  Japan. 

It.    Pope  Leo  gives  audience  to 

Dr.  M'Glynn,  who  leaves  Rome  after 
a  sojourn  of  five  days.  [June  25.  He 
returns  to  New  York.] 

June  29.  Mass.  The  Young  Women's 
Conference  at  Northfield  closes. 

June  30.  O.  The  Epworth  League  Con- 
ference begins  its  international  session 
at  Cleveland. 

July  9.  N.  Y.  Rev.  John  S.  Penman, 
Presbyterian  pastor  at  Irvington,  resigns 
his  charge  because  of  dissatisfaction  with 
the  decision  in  the  Briggs  case. 


LETTERS. 

1893  June  15.  Minn.  Pope  Leo  de- 
cides that  in  the  Diocese  of  St.  Paul, 

Catholic  and  Protestant  children  must 
be  alike  instructedj  without  the  exac- 
tion of  a  promise  that  the  latter  shall 
become  Catholics. 

June  19.  Chicago.  The  will  of  John 
Crerar  is  declared  valid  ;  it  provides  for 
the  erection  of  another  great  library, 
having  an  endowment  of  §2,000,000. 

June  21.  Md.  Cardinal  (libbons  makes 
public  a  translation  of  Pope  Leo*s  let- 
ter on  the  public-school  question  — 
public  schools  are  not  to  be  entirely 
condemned,  but  Catholic  institutions  of 
learning  are  to  be  multiplied  as  fast  as 
possible. 

June  25,  New  York.  Several  teachers 
are  dismissed  from  the  Wilson  Indus- 
trial School  because  of  their  activity  aa 
theosophists. 

June  28±,  New  York.  The  Christian 
Union  assumes  a  new  name —  The  Out- 
look. 

Jxzne  29.  Pa.  The  Pennsylvania 
Chautauqua  holds  its  opening  session 
at  Mount  Gretna. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  June  10.  Chicago.  Chief  Jus- 
tice Fuller  grants  a  stay  of  proceedings 
in  the  matter  of  Sunday  closing  of  the 
World's  Fair,  the  effect  being  to  permit 
the  Fair  to  keep  open  on  the  11th 
inst. 

Kan.    Train-robbers  hold  up  and 

rob  a  train  near  Cimarron  ;  a  messenger 
is  fatally  shot. 

N.  Y.  A  Jewish  society  is  incorpo- 
rated in  Brooklyn  to  aid  poor  Hebrews 
in  the  matter  of  food,  raiment,  and  ne- 
cessaries of  life. 

June  11.  Chicago.  The  Infanta  Eu- 
lalie  decides  to  participate  in  no  more 
"social  functions"  in  Chicago.  [June 
24,  She  sails  from  New  York  for 
Europe.] 

III.    Lovejoy  Day  is  celebrated  at 

Alton  in  memory  of  EUjah  P.  Love- 
joy,  the  first  martyr  to  the  antislavery 
cause ;  he  was  murdered  here  in  1837. 

June  12.  Ctil.  Tlie  outlaws,  Evans 
and  Sontag,  have  an  encounter  witli 
officers,  in  which  Sontag  is  seriously 
wounded  and  captured. 

June  13.  New  York.  The presiilent, sec- 
retary, and  paying  teller  of  tbe  Irving 
Savings  Institution  of  this  city  are 
found  responsible  for  the  shortage  of 
$70,000  in  the  bank's  funds. 

June  14.  The  llGth  anniversary  of  the 
adoption  of  the  stai^  and  stripes  as 
the  national  emblem  of  the  United 
States  is  celebrated  by  a  general  flag- 
raising  in  New  Yorlc,  Philadelphia,  and 
other  places. 

June  15.  Chicago.  The  attendance  at 
the  World's  Fair  to-day  — German  Day 
—  exceeds  that  of  any  other  f fete  day 
since  the  opening  of  the  Exposition  ;  the 
German  building  is  dedicated  with  ap- 
propriate exercises. 


New  York.    Heirs  of  Jay  Oould  decide 

to  contest  the  payment  of  $250,000  in- 
heritance tax  in  addition  to  the  $600,000 
already  paid. 

June  16.  Chicago.  A  reception  is  ten- 
dered to  ex-President  Harrison  in  the 
Ohio  building  at  the  World's  Fair. 

The    Congress   of   the    American 
Sons  of  the  Revolution  meets. 

N.  Y.  Striking  lumbennen  at  Ton- 
awanda are  causing  trouble;  troops  are 
ordered  to  be  in  readiness  in  case  of 
outbreak.  [June  18.  Martial  law  is  de- 
clared.   June  23.    The  strilte  is  settled.] 

June  17.  Chicago.  The  U.  S.  Circuit 
Court  of  Appeals  unanimously  decides 
that  the  World's  Fair  Corporation  has 
the  right  to  open  the  gates  on  Sun- 
day. 

The  anniversary  of  the  Battle  of 

Bunker  Hill  is  observed  in  New  Eng- 
land cities,  and  by  a  Massachusetts  cele- 
bration at  the  World's  Fair. 

June  18.  Chicago.  The  "World's  Fair 
is  open  (Sunday) ;  but  the  attendance 
is  small — 57,676  by  payment,  and  nearly 
17,000  on  passes. 

AVm'    York.    A    Boston    man    jumpe 

from  the  Brooklyn  Bridge  and  is 
killed. 

June  19.  D.  C.  Tlie  coroner's  jury  in 
the  Ford's  Theater  disaster  renders  a 
verdict  of  criminal  negligence  against 
Col.  Ainsworth,  Supt.  Covert,  Engineer 
Sa8se,'and  G.  W.  Dant,  the  contractor. 

Jime  22.  Conn.  A  strike  ties  up  the 
horse-car  lines  in  Bridgeport. 

Jime  24.  Miss.  William  Buckley  is  ae- 
sassinated  by  White  Caps  in  Marion 
County  while  on  his  way  home  from 
coxu-t,  where  he  had  been  a  witness 
against  certain  of  their  number. 

June  26.  Chicago.  Gov.  Altgeld  par- 
dons the  anarchists  Fielden,  Schwab,, 
and  Necbe,  at  the  same  time  severely 
arraigning  Judge  Gary,  who  conducted 
the  trials. 

Jime  27.  Boston.  The  annual  meeting 
of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  Associa- 
tion is  held. 

Chicago.    The  grand  jury  apj)ointp  a 

committee  of  three  to  investigate  all 
the  known  gambling-houses,  with  a 
view  to  their  abolishment. 

New  York.  A  jury  awards  Mrs.  Pol- 
lock $37,500  against  her  father-in-law 
for  alienating  her  husband's  allectiiuis. 

Jime  28.  New  York.  The  anti-sweat- 
er law  is  to  be  vigorously  enforced ;  a 
number  of  clothing-dealers  are  notified 
where  not  to  purchase  stock. 

The  Cabinet  of  the  Epworth  League 

resolves  to  withdraw  its  exhibit  from 
the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  be- 
cause of  the  opening  of  tbe  Fair  on 
Sim  day. 

June  30.  Mass.  The  Young  Wom- 
en's Conference  at  Northfield  clo.ses. 

July  1.  Phila.  The  garment- work- 
ers* strike  is  ended,  the  employers  con- 
ceding all  points  at  issue. 

S.  C.  The  Evans  liquor-law  be- 
comes operative  ;  the  State  assumes  the 
monopoly  of  the  traffic  in  intoxicants. 

July  2.  N.  Y.  The  Irish- American 
Military  Encampment  at  Newark 
opens  with  a  military  mass  ;  total  enrol- 
ment in  the  United  States,  about  40,000. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1893,  June  10-July  10.    433 


Pa.    New  York  Day  ia  celebrated 

at  Gettysburg  by  the  dedication  of  tlie 
Slate  monument ;  speeches  are  made  by 
Bisliop  Potter,  (Jen.  Sickles,  and  Gov. 
Flower. 

Jvily  4.  Chicago.  Independence  Day 
is  celebrated  at  the  World's  Fair 
with  addresses  by  Vice-President  Ste- 
venson, H.  L.  Carson  of  Philadelphia, 
and  Mayor  Harrison  ;  the  Paul  Jones 
flag  is  unfurled,  and  the  new  Liberty 
Beli  is  dedicated.  About  250,000  people 
are  present. 

July  7.  Ky.  A  neero  named  Miller, 
accused  of  murdering  the  Ray  sisters, 
is  lynched  by  a  mob  at  Bardwell.  [July 
11.  A  negro  uprising  is  feared  because 
of  the  lynching.] 

Mont.    The  National  Free  Coinage 

Association  is  organized  at  Helena. 

Kew  York.    Anarchists  hold  a 

meeting  at  the  Windsor  Theater. 

S.  C.  The  Dispensary  JJaw  is  de- 
clared unconstitutional  by  Circuit 
Judge  Hudson  at  Bennettsville. 

July  8.  Chicago.  Mayor  Harrison,  in 
an  address  of  welcome,  says  that  unless 
"Congress  gives  plenty  of  money  we 
shall  have  riots  that  will  shake  the 
country ; "  there  are  about  200,000  un- 
employed laborers  in  the  city,  destitute 
of  money. 

If .  Dak.    t).  S.  Kreeder,  his  wife,  and 

four  children  are  killed  by  the  hired 
man,  Albert  Baunbargar,  in  Candor. 

July  9.  Neb.  The  State  Bank  at  Shu- 
bert  fails ;  its  cashier  disappears,  leav- 
ing a  shortage  of  $21,000. 

STATE. 

1893  June  14.  B.  C.  After  the  pres- 
entation of  Baron  Fava  to  President 
Cleveland  luider  his  new  title  as  Am- 
bassador from  Italy,  the  Turkish  Min- 
ister in  behalf  of  the  Sultan  presents  to 
the  President  a  massive  gold  medal 
commemorative  of  the  400th  anni- 
versary of  the  discovery  of  America. 

June  18.  /.  T.  Chief  Harris  announces 
the  receipt  of  a  bid  and  its  acceptance 
for  the  Cherokee  Strip  bonds,  involving 
about  $6,000,000,  with  accrued  interest 
of  8100,000. 

June  22.  Fr.  Edward  J.  Phelps  of  U.  S. 
counsel  begins  his  argument  before  the 
Bering  Sea  Court  of  Arbitration  in 
Paris. 

June  28.  JV.  V.  John  Brooks  Leavitt 
of  New  York  City  applies  to  Judge  Bar- 
nard for  an  order  requiring  the  State 
Board  of  Canvassers  of  1891  to  show 
cause  why  they  should  not  be  punished 
for  contempt  of  court. 

June  30.  D.  C.  The  President  sum- 
mons Congress  to  convene  in  ex- 
traordinary session  on  Monday,  Aug.  7. 
Statistics  for  the  fiscal  year.  Reve- 
nue: Customs,  8203,355,017;  internal 
revenue,  $161,027,624;  sales  of  public 
lands,  $3,182,090;  miscellaneous  items, 
$18,253,898.  Total  revenue,  $385,818,629. 
Expenditures :  Miscellaneous  items, 
$103,732,799;  War  Department,  .$49,641, - 
773 ;  Navy  Department,  $30,136,084  ;  In- 
dians, $13,345,347  ;  pensions,  $ir,9,,'i67,558  ; 
interest  on  the  public  debt,  S27,2r»4,392. 
Total  ordinary  expenditures,  $;i83,477,- 
953 ;  excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary 
expenditure,  $2,340,674.    Exports,  $847,- 


666,194 ;    imports,    $354,994,622.     Public 
debt  (Nov.  1),  $1,549,556,353. 

July  1.  Cat.  JudgeKoss  at  Los  Angeles 
decides  that  imprisonment  and  de- 
portation of  Chinamen  under  the 
Geary  Law,  without  trial  by  jury,  is 
imconstitutional. 

July  3.  D.  C.  Secretary  Carlisle  sus- 
pends silver  purchases. 

July  6.  New  York.  The  Chamber  of 
Commerce  by  an  almost  unanimous 
vote  demands  the  repeal  of  the  Sher- 
man Silver  Law. 

July  8.  Fr.  Mr.  Phelps  concludes  his 
address  before  the  Bering  Sea  Tribu- 
nal. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Jime  10.  ^V.  Y.  The  Lehigh 
Valley  coal-trestles  at  Buffalo,  contain- 
ing 60,000  tons  of  coal,  are  burned ;  loss, 
$500,000. 

The  Glens  FaUa  Paper  Company 

increases  its  capital  stock  from  $330,000 
to  $2,700,000. 

June  11.  Chicago.  Thirty  pieces  of  lace 
belonging  to  the  World's  Fair  exhibit  of 
Queen  Margherita  of  Italy  are  missing. 

N.  Y.  A  four  days'  centennial  cele- 
bration of  the  settlement  of  Caze- 
novia  begins. 

Jviue  13.  Conn.  The  Viking  ship  ar- 
rives at  New  London. 

June  14.  JV^.  Y.  Tlie  Clinton  Prison 
convicts  begin  work  at  grading  roads, 
according  to  the  new  law,  under  the 
supervision  of  State  Engineer  Schenck. 

June  15.  Neu!  York.  The  Clearing- 
house Association  authorizes  the  issu- 
ing of  certificates  for  the  relief  of 
banks. 

June  16+.  N.  Y.  The  storage  yard 
of  the  Philadelphia  and  Heading  Coal 
Company  at  Buffalo  burns.  Fifty  thou- 
sand tons  of  hard  coal,  and  trestles,  cars, 
outhouses,  oiHces,  and  scale  platform, 
covering  15  acres  of  ground,  are  de- 
stroyed ;  loss  over  $800,000. 

June  17.  New  York.  The  Viking  Nor- 
wegian ship  arrives  in  the  Hudson 
River. 

June  18+.  La.  Two  serious  crevasses 
occur  near  New  Orleans.  [Loss  esti- 
mated at  $1,000,000.] 

June  19.  New  York.  John  Haggerty, 
of  Cherry  Street,  jumps,  while  in- 
toxicated, from  Brooklyn  Bridge 
into  the  East  River,  and  swims  safely 
ashore. 

Wis.  —  Minn.      Lives    are    lost   and 

several  towns  destroyed  by  forest  fires. 

June  20.  N.  Y.  A  train  is  wrecked 
at  Parkville,  Long  Island  ;  eight  persons 
are  killed  and  29  injured. 

June  21.  JVis.  Seven  persons  are  killed 
by  lightning  during  a  circus  perfor- 
mance at  River  Falls. 

June  22.  N.  Y.  The  Columbian  Iiib- 
erty  bell  is  successfully  cast  at  the  Clin- 
ton H.  Meneely  Bell  Foundry,  Troy. 

June  23.  Chicago.  The  World's  Pair 
is  finally  completed. 

The    money   stringency    compels 

l)anks  in  New  York  and  other  States  to 
close. 

June  24.  N.  J.  A  train  wrecked  at 
Faterson  causes  five  deaths. 


N.    Y,     Three  hundred  persons  are 

poisoned  by  eating  ice-cream  at  the 
high-school  reception  at  Rochester. 

June  25.  Several  Southern  banks 
close  their  doors. 

Jime  26.    Kan.    The  Tremont  Hotel, 

in  Fort  Scott,  collapses  ;  several  persons 
are  killed  and  wounded. 

La.     Bescue   crevasse   near  New 

Orleans  is  600  feet  wide,  and  still  en- 
larging. 

New  York.     In  Wall  Street  money 

rules  at  20  and  30  per  cent. 

The  Viking  ship  starts  on  her  trip 
to  Chicago  for  the  World's  Fair. 

Several  W^estern   banks  suspend 

payments. 

June  27.  N.  Y.  Tlie  summer  hotel 
Sagamore,  at  Lake  George,  is  destroyed 
by  lire  ;  loss,  $200,000 ;  guests  and  em- 
ployees are  saved. 

June  28.  Chicago.  Western  railroads 
virtually  agree  on  a  one-fare  round- 
trip  rate  for  the  World's  Fair. 

June  29.  Colo.  Silver-mines  are  shut 
down ;  over  20,000  men  are  thrown  out 
of  employment, 

New  Ym-k.  United  action  of  the  banks 

relieves  the  money  stress  and  averts  se- 
rious trouble. 

June  30.  Chicago.  The  management  re- 
ports that  the  payments  for  admission 
to  the  World's  Fair  during  June  aver- 
aged $80,000  daily. 

New  York.    Clearing-house  banks 

are  renewing  loans  by  a  further  issue  of 
over  $5,000,000  certificates,  whereby  an 
easier  feeling  is  caused. 

July  1.  Chicago.  President  T.  W.  Palmer 
tenders  the  resignation  of  his  office  of 
president  of  the  National  World's 
Fair  Commission. 

Colo.    Eighteen  mining  properties 

are  closed  in  Leadville,  owing  to  the 
drop  in  the  price  of  silver. 

S.  C.  The  State  begins  to  sell  Uquor 

in  the  State  dispensaries. 

July  3.  N.  Y.  Auburn  celebrates  its 
100th  anniversary. 

July  5.  Xaii.  Great  destitution  prevails 
in  Western  sections. 

July  *  U.  S.  Many  business  failures 
are  announced,  following  a  large  num- 
ber since  the  opening  of  the  year ;  banks 
also  close  their  doors,  especially  in  the 
West. 

July  6.  N.  Y.  A  run  on  a  savings-bank 
in  Watertown  is  checked  by  speeches 
and  a  guaranty  from  Gov.  Flower. 

The  closing  of  300  silver  mines, 

owing  to  the  fall  in  the  price  of  silver, 
is  announced. 

A  number  of  Western  banks  sus- 
pend. 

July  7.  Chicago.  The  caravels  arrive 
and  are  received  with  much  ceremony 
at  the  World's  Fair. 

July  9.  Chicago.  A  number  of  firemen 
and  others  lose  their  lives  by  the  burn- 
ing of  the  cold-storage  warehouse 
on  the  World's  Fair  grounds ;  property 
loss,  $660,000. 

New  York.    A  bronze  tablet  is  fixed 

on  the  front  wall  of  the  City  Hall  to 
commemorate  the  reading  of  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence  by  General 
Washington  to  the  army,  July  9, 1776. 


434    1893,  July  10-Aug.  14. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893    July  12.    D.  C,     Com.    T.   D. 

Wilson  retires  because  of  poor  health. 
July  18,      Kan.     Military  companies 

are  disbanded  by  the  State  authorities  ; 

cause,  political  dissensious  and  alleged 

use  of  the  troops  for  political  ends. 
July  29.    Tetin.    The   troops  which 

liave   been  protecting  the   convict 

miners    for   18    months    against    free 

miners  are  sent  home. 
Aug.  12.    Phila.     The  unarmored 

cruiser    Minneapolis    is   launched    at 

Cramps'  shipyard. 
Tenn.    Three  companies  of  militia 

are  ordered  to  Coal  Creek  to  suppress 

rioting. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1893  July  17.  Cal.  A  second  comet 
is  discovered  by  observers  at  the  Lick 
Observatory ;  it  is  enclosed  in  the  tail  of 
another  now  prominent  in  the  heavens. 

July  20.  Phila.  The  will  of  Anthony  J. 
Drexel  is  filed  for  probate ;  he  bequeaths 
$1,000,000  to  found  an  Art  Gallery, 
or  Museum. 

Aug.  3.  Greenland.  Ineut.  Peary's  ex- 
pedition reaches  Bowdoin  Bay. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1893. 

July  13.    Enochs,  William  H.,  M.  C.  for  O., 
A51. 

July  16.    Kelton,  John  C,  brig.-gen.  vols., 
A65. 

July  1 6.    Jardine,  Edward,  brig.-gen.  vela., 
A  65. 

July  18.    Auchmuty,  Richard  T.,  colonel, 
philanthropist,  A62. 

July  19.     Smith,    Melancthon,    rear-adm. 
U.  S.  N.,  A83. 

Jones,  Charles   Colcock,  author,  anti- 
quarian, A82. 

July  31.    Stephenson,  John,   builder  first 
street^car  in  New  York  City,  A84. 

Aug-.  8.    Towle,   (Seorge   Makepeace,   au- 
thor, A52. 

CHURCH. 

1893  July  19.  New  York.  Hev.  Henry 
Adams,  late  rector  of  the  Church  of 
the  Kedeemer,  having  announced  that 
he  has  become  a  Roman  Catholic,  is  for- 
mally deposed  from  the  ministry  by 
Bishop  Potter. 

July  20.  S.  C.  Ellison  Capers  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  assistant 
bishop  of  South  Carolina. 

July  25.  Tenn.  Thomas  F.  Gaylor 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
assistant  bishop  of  Tennessee. 

July  *  Ind.  The  Baptist  Young 
People's  Union  of  America  holds  its 
second  annual  convention  in  Indianap- 
olis ;  4,000  delegates  are  present. 

Aug.  1-13.  Mass.  The  llth  annual 
meeting  of  the  Bible  Conference  is  in 
session  at  14'orthfield. 

Aug.  3.  N.  Y.  Dr.  M' Glynn  receives 
permission  from  Bishop  McDonnell  of 
Brooklyn  to  say  mass  for  one  month  at 
the  church  in  Bath  Beach. 

Aug.  14-29.  N.  J.  The  International 
Bible  Conference  is  in  session  at  Ocean 
Grove. 


LETTERS. 

1893  July  16.  Phila.  The  Univer- 
sity Extension  summer  meeeting 
opens  its  second  week  with  a  largely 
increased  attendance. 

Kew  York.  The  library  of  the  Orien- 
talist, Paul  Anton  de  Lagarde,  deceased, 
in  Gottingen,  is  purchased  for  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New  York. 

xV.  }'.  The  Roman  Catholic  sum- 
mer school  at  Plattsburg  begins  its 
sessions. 

Aug.  2±,  New  York.  C.  H.  Jones,  for- 
merly of  the  St.  Louis  Republic,  as- 
sumes duty  as  editor  of  The  World. 

SOCIETY. 
1893    July  10.    New  York.    Gen.  But- 
terfield  entertains  the  officers  of  the 
Hussian  war-fleet  now  at  this  port. 

[July  13.    They  arc  welcomed  by  the 
authorities  at  the  City  Hall.] 

July  11.  The  suit  of  Wanamaker  and 
Brown  to  secure  the  closing  of  the 
World's  Fair  on  Stinday  is  thrown 
out  of  court,  the  jvidge  holding  that  they 
have  no  standing  in  a  court  of  equity. 

0.    The  27th  festival  of  the  Worth 

American  Saengerbund  begins  at 
Cleveland. 

July  12.  Mass.  The  World's  Stu- 
dents* Conference  at  Northfield  ends 
its  sessions. 

July  14,  Chicago.  The  Local  Directory 
of  the  Fair  rescinds  its  former  action, 
and  votes,  24  to  4,  in  favor  of  Sun- 
day closing. 

O.    The  Toledo  Cadets,  O. N.  G., start 

for  Chicago  on  military  bicycles. 

S,  C.  Gov.  Tillman  meets  with  re- 
sistance in  enforcing  the  Dispensary 
Ijaw  ;  Charleston  liquor-dealers  are  pre- 
paring to  protect  their  premises  by  arms. 

July  15.  N.  Y.  The  municipal  au- 
thorities of  Brooklyn  are  charged  with 
having  illegally  expended  $627,000  of 
excise  moneys  since  1877. 

July  16.  N.  Y.  Merchants  at  Rocka- 
way  Beach  employ  constables  to  arrest 
gamblers  whom  the  police  refuse  to 
touch. 

July  17.  New  York.  A  pugilist  is 
killed  in  a  prize-fight. 

July  19.  Neio  York.  Russell  Sage  is 
sued  for  an  alleged  breach  of  promise 
of  marriage,  dating  back  25  years, 

July  21.  New  York.  The  Raja  Raja- 
gan  of  Kapurthala  (Punjab),  with  a  reti- 
nue of  servants,  arrives  here  on  his  way 
to  the  World's  Fair. 

J\ily  23.  Pa.  Over  30  men  are  in- 
jured in  a  race-war  between  Hungarians 
and  Poles  near  Scranton. 

July  24.  Ore.  Fifteen  persons,  includ- 
ing eight  Federal  employees,  are  in- 
dicted for  smuggling  Chinamen  into  the 

United  States. 

July  25.  Chicago.  About  12,000  com- 
mercial travelers,  representing  every 
State  in  the  Union,  besides  represen- 
tatives of  England,  France,  Germany, 
Austria,  Holland,  New  Zealand,  and 
Canada,  parade  in  Chicago.  It  is  Edi- 
torial Day  at  the  World's  Fair. 

±  Kan.  The  strike  in  the  coal-fields 

of  the  Cherokee  district  is  so  serious 
that  Gov.  Lewellingcalls  out  the  militia. 


July  26.  New  York.  Matthew  Green 
kicks  James  Halstead  till  he  causes  liis 
death ;  Green  is  admitted  to  bail  in  the 
sura  of  $1,500. 

Pa.    A  Pittsburg  laborer  kills   his 

wife  and  two  children  ;  he  then  sets  tire 
to  his  house  to  hide  the  crime. 

July  27.  Neiv  York.  The  Nawab  of 
Rampur  arrives. 

July  28.  O.  The  State  Liquor-Deal- 
ers* Association  decides  to  enter  ac- 
tively into  politics. 

It  demands  the  repeal  of  the  law  which 
makes  it  an  offense  to  sell  liquor  to  an 
habitual  drunkard,  a  modification  of  the 
Sunday-closing  law,  and  other  restric- 
tions. 

July  29.  A  mail-pouch  containing 
$50,000,  east  bound  from  Salt  Lake  City, 
is  missing. 

July  30.  Chicago.  Two  men  personate 
detectives,  and  bind  and  rob  Mrs.  K. 
Amnion  of  her  diamonds  and  jewelry  at 
her  residence. 

Aug.  1.  Chicago.  ITie  first  annual  con- 
vention of  the  American  Bimetallic 
liCague  begins. 

A^  J.    The   annual   baby   parade 

takes  place  at  Asbury  Park  in  the  pres- 
ence of  an  immense  multitude ;  there 
are  500  babies  in  the  line  of  carriages. 

Aug.  2.  Chicago.  Five  directors  of 
the  World's  Fair  are  fined  $1,000  each 
by  Judge  Stein  for  contempt  of  court  in 
closing  the  Exposition  on  Sunday,  July 
23 ;  smaller  fines  are  imposed  upon  Direc- 
tor Lawson  and  Director-General  Davis. 

N.  J.    M.  P.  Smith,  tax  collector  of 

South  Orange,  is  arrested  on  charge  of 
embezzling  township  funds  to  the 
amount  or$13,000. 

Aug,  3.  Chicago.  It  is  practically  set- 
tled that  the  World's  Fair  gates  will 
be  open  on  Sundays  during  the  rest  of 
the  Exposition. 

The  grand  jury's  inquisition  concern- 
ing the  cold-storage  warehouse  fire  at 
the  World's  Fair  shows  that  goods  were 
taken  therefrom  by  the  wagonload,  and 
that  over  loo  employees  were  involved 
in  the  conspiracy.  [Aug.  26,  About 
1,000  sufferers  from  the  tire  are  receiving 
aid  from  the  citizens'  committee.] 

Colo.    Workmen  are  attacked  by 

strikers. 

Aug.  4.  N.  Y.  Superintendent  Brock- 
way  is  charged  with  cruelty  at  the 
Elmira  Reformatory.  [Sept.  14.  He  is 
relieved  from  duty  pending  an  investi- 
gation.] 

Aug.  6.  Cal.  Peculations  to  the  ex- 
tent of  $800,000  from  the  Pacific  Bank 
of  San  Francisco  are  announced. 

Chicago.    Sunday  :  The  World's  Fair 

gates  are  opened  to  a  small  attendance. 

Aug.  9.  New  Y<yrk.  The  Thokore  of 
IMarvi,  India,  arrives,  en  route  to  the 
World's  Fair. 

Aug.  10.  Tenn.  Soldiers  at  Coal  Creek 
lynch  two  men  suspected  of  murdering 
one  of  their  comrades. 

Aug.  12.  Cal.  F.  Gratefeud  of  the  Bank 
of  Shasta  County  is  charged  with  embez- 
zling $100,000. 

Chicago.  Masked  robbers  are  ope- 
rating ;  one  man  is  seriously  injured 
while  defending  his  own  property. 

—  /.  T.  U.  S.  Deputy-Marshal  "Whit- 
master  is  killed  in  tbe  Cherokee  Strif 
by  Laura  Maundas,  a  female  horse-thiet . 

Aug.  13.  N.  J.  C.  Klose,  a  member  of 
tlie  (lerman  Schuetzenliund  in  Patersoti, 
stabs   his  wife  with  a  bayonet,  aft€" 


UNITED   STATES. 


1893,  July  10-Aug.  14.    435 


knocking  her  down  with  the  butt-end  of 
his  ritle. 

Chicago,  The  "World's  Fair  con- 
tinues to  have  a  light  attendance  on 
Sunday. 

— 'Neio  York.  The  Shogai  Matsura  of 
Toklo,  Japan,  visits  the  Statue  of  Lib- 
erty, when  on  his  way  to  Niagara  Falls 
and  Chicago. 

STATE. 

1893  July  12.  New  York.  The  hide, 
leather,  and  shoe  trades  hold  a  meet- 
ing, and  adopt  an  address  and  resolu- 
tions "  urging  upon  Congress  the  speedy 
repeal  of  the  Sherman  Law,  which 
compels  the  Government  to  purchase 
4,500,000  ounces  of  silver  each  month." 

July  18,  New  York.  At  a  special  meet- 
ing of  the  Maritime  Exchange,  resolu- 
tions are  passed  urging  the  repeal  of  the 
silver-purchasing  clause  of  the  Sher- 
man Lawr. 

July  22.  Cal.  The  governor  appoints 
ex-Governor  George  C.  Perkins  to  till 
the  vacancy  in  the  U.  S.  Senate  caused 
by  the  death  of  Leland  Stanford. 

July  23.  Okla.  A  Statehood  Con- 
vention is  called  to  meet  at  Kl  Reno, 

Aug.  8. 

July  30.  Colo.  The  Denver  Chamber  of 
Commerce  issues  an  appeal  for  the  free 
coinage  of  silver. 

July  31.  D.C,  Secretary  Carlisle  declines 
to  modify  his  order  of  July  13  regarding 
the  authentication  by  the  customs  au- 
thorities of  certificates  of  identifica- 
tion issued  by  the  Chinese  Consul  at 
New  York. 

Aug.  5.  /.  T.  The  Osage  Indians  re- 
fuse to  treat  with  the  U.  S.  Government 
for  the  cession  of  their  reservation  of 
nearly  two  million  acres  of  land. 

Aug.  7.  U.C.  The  53d  Congress  opens. 

Both  Houses  meet  in  extraordinary 
session  pursuant  to  the  call  of  the  Presi- 
dent for  the  purpose  of  repealing  the 
Sherman  silver-ptnrchasing  Act;  in 
the  Senate  Isham  G.  Harris  of  Tenn. 
is  elected  President  pro  tempore ;  in  the 
House  Charles  F.  Crisp  (Dem.)  of  Ga.  is 
reelected  Speaker.  Vote  :  Crisp,  213 ; 
Thomas  B.  Reed  of  Me.  (Rep.),  121. 

Strength  of  Parties:  Senate:  44 
Democrats,  37  Republicans,  4  Populists, 
and  3  vacancies.  House :  216  Demo- 
crats, 125  Republicans,  11  Populists,  and 
4  vacancies. 

Aug.  8.  D.  C.  Congress :  Both  Houses 
listen  to  the  reading  of  the  President's 
message,  which  urges  the  immediate 
repeal  of  the  ••Sherman  Law;"  in 
the  Senate  nearly  a  dozen  bills  dealing 
with  the  financial  situation  are  intro- 
duced, Henry  C.  Lodge  (Rep.,  Mass.)  in- 
troducing a  resolution  to  come  to  a  final 
vote  on  repeal  of  the  Sherman  Law  on 
Aug.  22. 

Aug.  10.  D.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
meets,  and  adjourns  until  the  14th  inst. ; 
the  House  soon  adjourns. 

Cal.  The  Geary  Chinese  Exclu- 
sion Act  is  enforced  ;  the  first  China- 
man deported  sails  on  the  Jiio  de  Janeiro 
from  San  Francisco. 


O.  Lawrence  T.  Neal  (Dem.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

Aug.  11.  D.C.  Congress :  In  the  House 
an  order  of  procedure  is  agreed  to, 
limiting  debate  to  14  days,  with  votes 
successively  upon  free  coinage  and  the 
repeal  of  the  Sherman  Act ;  William  L. 
Wilson  of  W.  Va.  introduces  a  Repeal 
Bill  aimed  at  the  purchase  clause  of  the 
Sherman  Act ;  Richard  P.  Bland  of  Mo. 
moves  a  bill  providing  for  the  free 
coinage  of  silver  at  a  ratio  of  16 
to  1,  as  a  substitute,  and  debate  begins. 
[It  becomes  earnest  and  almost  con- 
tinuous.] 

Aug.  12.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
continues  the  debate  on  the  proposed 
repeal  of  the  "  Sherman  Ijaw." 

R.  I.    The  Supreme  Court  of  Rhode 

Island  decides  that  the  governor  had 
the  legal  right  to  adjourn  the  Legis- 
lature. 

There  was  a  deadlock  between  the  two 
houses,  and  no  choice  of  State  officers 
had  been  made  when  the  governor  pro- 
claimed the  Legislature  adjourned;  the 
decision  leaves  the  Republican  ofiicials 
in  oflBce  to  hold  over. 

Va.  The  Republican  State  Com- 
mittee decides  to  make  no  nominations 
for  State  offices ;  the  Republicans  gen- 
erally support  the  Populist  candidates. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  July  10.  Colo.  Denver  is  shaken 
by  an  explosion  of  8,000  pounds  of  dy- 
namite in  storage. 

July  11.  The  trunk  lines  decide  to  run 
excursion-trains  to  Chicago  at  one 
fare  for  a  roimd  trip. 

July  12.  Md.  The  largest  wheat  cargo 
leaves  Baltimore  in  the  Great  Northern ; 
163,000  bushels. 

July  13.  N.  Y.  A  train  is  wrecked  at 
Newburg,  causing  five  deaths. 

Pa.  Plate-glass  factories  in  Pitts- 
burg close ;  10,000  men  are  idle. 

July  16.  Chicago.  Four  persons  are 
killed  and  seven  injured  by  a  fireworks 
explosion  at  an  Italian  picnic. 

N.  H.    The  Glen  House  near  Mount 

Washington  is  burned ;  loss,  $100,000. 

July  17.  Chicago.  Four  people  are  killed 
and  several  injured  in  a  collision  be^ 
tween  a  Grand  Trunk  train  and  a  horse- 
car. 

July  19.  Colo.  Three  national  banks 
close  their  doors,  following  three  others 
on  the  17th  inst. 

July  20.  3fiiin.  Tlie  State  Supreme 
Court  decides  that  boycotting  is  legal. 

N.    Y.     An  explosion  in  a  rubber 

cement  factory  in  Brooklyn  kills  four 
persons. 

Several  small  Western  banks  close 

their  doors  ;  the  closing  of  mills  and 
mines  is  Ceported  from  various  parts  of 
the  coimtry. 

July  23.  La.  A  fire  is  caused  by  light- 
ning in  New  Orleans ;  loss  estimated  at 
$250,000. 

New  York.    The  Russian  war-ship 

Emperor  Nicholas  I.  arrives. 
July  25.    Spreading  rails  cause  a  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  World's  Fair  train  to  fall 


down  an  embankment ;  30  persons  are 
injured. 
N.  Y.  More  than  50  persons  are  poi- 
soned in  Brooklyn  by  eating  ice-cream. 

July  28.  U.  S.  It  is  announced  oflH- 
cially  that  105  banks  have  failed  since 
Jan.  1st. 


July  30. 
by  fire. 


Pa.     Pittsburg  losea  $140,000 


July  31,  Cal.  A  business  block  in  San 
Francisco  is  burned ;  loss,  $250,000. 

Aug.  1.  Chicago.  The  provision  deal 
collapses ;  great  excitement  prevails  on 
'Change,  and  a  number  of  houses  fail. 

Savings-banks  in  New  England  and 

New  York  give  notice  that  the  time-limit 
rxUe  will  be  enforced. 

Aug.  2.  D.  C.  The  gold  reserve  in  the 
U.  S.  Treasury  is  above  the  $100,000,000 
limit ;  it  is  the  first  time  since  Apr.  20. 

N.  Y.    Levi  P.  Morton  loses  $200,000 

by  the  burning  of  his  barn  and  poultry- 
houses  at  Ellerslie ;  incendiarism  is  sus- 
pected. 

Banks  in  Iowa,  Missouri,  and  Ten- 
nessee resume  business  after  a  brief  sus- 
pension. 

Aug.  4.  Minn.  Three  banks  in  St.  Paul 
close  their  doors. 

N.  Y.    Nine  lives  are  suddenly  lost  by 

the  sinking  of  a  propeller  on  Lake 
George  caused  by  the  incompetence  of 
the  pilot. 

Aug.  5.  Mass.  Mills  in  Fall  River,  em- 
ploying 7,000  hands,  close  on  account  of 
scarcity  of  currency. 

Pa.  The  liunber  camp  of  Keshuqua 

is  burned ;  loss,  $250,000. 

Aug.  6.  Me.  The  reservoir  of  the 
Portland  Water  Company  bursts  its 
dam,  letting  loose  its  20,000,000  gallons 
in  15  minutes  ;  four  lives  are  lost. 

O.    Three  persons  are  killed  and  eight 

seriously  injured  by  a  train  on  the 
Lake  Shore  Road,  near  Lindsey. 

Aug.  7.  "Work  is  resimied  in  mills, 
factories,  and  mines  in  many  States. 

Aug.  9.  New  York.  The  Madison 
Square  Bank  closes  its  doors,  and  the 
Bank  Superintendent  takes  charge  of 
its  affairs.  State  Treasurer  Danforth, 
who  had  secured  a  personal  loan  of 
$50,000,  withdraws  the  State's  deposit  of 
$250,000  after  the  Clearing-house  Com- 
mittee had  begun  its  investigation. 

N.  Y.  One  death  from  cholera  occurs 

at  quarantine. 

Aug.  10.  New  York.  Banks  loan  large 
sums  of  money  on  time  at  6  per  cent ; 
money  on  call  very  easy  at  3  per  cent ; 
stocks  advance  an  average  of  2  and  3  per 
cent. 

Aug.  11.  Chicago.  The  "World's  Fair 
attendance  is  on  the  increase ;  410,000 
admissions  are  recorded  in  four  days. 

Fla.    A  yellow  fever  panic  occurs 

at  Pensacola. 

New  York.    The  running  time  of  the 

Campania  from  Sandy  Hook  to  Brow 
Head  is  reported  five  days,  16  hours,  and 
30  minutes. 

Aug.  12.  JYis.  Forest  fires  rage: 
Mannville  is  nearly  wiped  out,  and 
another  town  endangeredT. 

Minn.    Minneapolis  suffers  by  fire 

to  the  extent  of  $1,080,600 ;  15,000  people 
are  made  homeless. 

Aug.  14.  Chicago.  The  Senate  Hotel 
burns;  seven  people  are  killed  and  a 
number  injured. 


436    1893,  Aug.  14-Sept.  7. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — HAVY. 

1893  Aug.  17.  i^.r.  The  ■West  Point 
cadets  start  for  the  World's  Fair. 

Aug.  26.  Jf.Y.  The  Naval  Eeserves, 
250  strong,  go  on  board  the  A'eic  Hamp- 
shire, for  a  week's  cruise  and  a  thorough 
course  of  instruction  in  naral  tactics. 

Aug.  31.  D.  C.  Samuel  Breck  is  com- 
missioned colonel. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1893  Aug.  22.  Wis.  The  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science  is  in  session  at  Madison. 

Aug.  31+.  Ga.  —  S.  C.  Six  hundred 
people  lose  their  lives  in  the  cyclone 
on  the  Carolina  and  Georgia  coasts. 
[Oct.  2.  A  cyclone  sweeps  along  the 
Gulf  coast,  causing  2,000  deaths  in  Loui- 
siana and  elsewhere.] 

Sept.  2.  6a.  A  cloud-burst  at  Guyton 
does  great  damage. 

Sept.  5.  Z).  a  The  Pan-American 
Medical  Congress  in  Washington  is 
opened  by  President  Cleveland. 

Sept.  7.  Jf.  r.  The  Social  Science  As- 
sociation at  Saratoga  discusses  prison 
reform. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1893. 

Aug.  17.    Chipman,  J.  Logan,  M.  C.  for 

Mich.,  A69. 
Aug.  31.    McMahon,  Lawrence  S.,  R.   C. 

bishop  of  Hartford,  A58. 
Aug.  38.     Harvey,   Hayward  A.,  Inventor 

of  Harvey  proeess  for  armor-plates,  A69, 
Sept.  4.    Bonaparte,  .Jerome  Napoleon,  head 

of  the  Ameriran  lionapartes,  A63. 
Sept.  7.     Fish.  HamUton.  M.  C.  for  N.  Y., 

Gov.,  senator,  secretary  of  state,  A85. 

CHURCH. 

1893  Aug.  15.  New  York.  Mgr.  Sa- 
tolli  celebrates  pontifical  high  mass  in 
the  Cathedral,  and  Archbishop  Corri- 
gan  expresses  loyalty  to  the  Pope  and 
the  Apostolic  delegate. 

N.  J.     A  large  number   of   Roman 

Catholic  pilgrims  attend  and  take  part 
in  the  ceremonies  at  the  shrine  of  St. 
Anthony  at  Butler,  some  kissing  the 
relics,  hoping  thereby  to  be  relieved  of 
disease. 

Aug.  28.  Chicago.  The  Jewish  Denom- 
inational Congress  is  opened. 

Aug.  31.  Mo.  An  International  Sun- 
day-school Convention  meets  at  St. 
Louis. 

Sept.  1.  New  York.  Dr.  AdoU  Stoec- 
ker,  a  noted  Anti-Semite  leader,  and 
formerly  court  chaplain  to  the  Emperor 
of  Germany,  arrives. 

Sept.  4.    Chicago.    The  Roman  Cath- 
olic Conzresa  is  nnennd  hv  ("•■.■-.linoi    Aug.  30.    N.J.    The  Smith  family  and 
ouc  ...ongress  is  opened  by  Cardmal       relatives  hold  areunion  at  Peapack,  with 

10,000  persons  present. 

Aug.  31.  Phila.  Emma  Goldman  is 
arrested  on  the  charge  of  inciting  the 
anarchists  to  riot. 

Sept.  1.  NeieYork.  The  American  Bar 
Association  at  its  closing  session  elects 
Thos.  M.  Cooley  of  Mich,  for  president. 

Sept.  2.  Ark.  Sheriff  and  Tax -Collector 
A.  Z.  Ueinhardt  of  Prairie  County  is 
short  nearly  $40,000  in  his  accounts. 


Aug.  17.  Chicago.  The  Peace  Con- 
gress at  the  World's  Fair  is  in  ses- 
sion. 

It  adopts  a  message  of  congratulation 
to  Queen  Victoria  and  President  Cleve- 
land on  the  triumph  of  arbitration,  as 
exemplified  in  the  recent  Bering  Sea 
decision  at  Paris. 

Neti'  York.    Unemployed  Hebrew 

laborers,  numbering  50,000,  parade  the 
streets,  and  wind  up  by  breaking  into 
Walhalla  Hall  and  lighting  the  police. 

Aug.  18.  New  York.  Dr.  Carl  Peters, 
the  German  explorer,  arrives. 

Aug.  19.  Pa.  An  attempt  to  wreck  the 
east-bound  Philadelphia  and  Erie  ex- 
press is  foiled  by  a  freight-crew,  who 
close  in  on  the  train-wreckers,  and  cap- 
ture one  after  a  severe  light. 

Aug.  20.  Chicago.  Amaas-meetingof 
the  unemployed,  mostly  foreigners,  is 
held  ;  addresses  are  made  by  well-known 
labor  agitators  and  anarchists.  [Aug. 
26.  Poles  and  Bohemians  fight  the  po- 
lice; a  number  of  persons  are  injured.] 

Aug.  21.  Ind.  T.  P.  Haughey,  president 
of  the  Indianapolis  National  Bank,  is 
arrested  for  embezzlement. 

New  York.   Unemployed  workingmen 

and  anarchists  hold  a  mass-meeting  in 
Union  Square. 

Aug.  22.  Chicago.  The  West  Point  ca- 
dets hold  a  lawn-party  at  the  'World's 
Fair. 

N.  J.    Italians  in  Jersey  City  refuse 

to  unload  a  steamer  unless  Americans 
employed  on  the  piers  are  discharged. 

Pa.    Three  men   are  kUled  in  a 

fight  over  railroad  tracks  at  Gilberton. 

Aug.  23.  Mass.  Superintendent  San- 
borii  and  other  Old  Colony  Kailroad 
officials  are  sentenced  to  one  month's 
imprisonment  for  rioting  at  Abiugton. 

Aug.  25.  Cal.  M.  B.  Curtis,  "  Sam'l 
of  Posen,"  who  has  been  tried  three 
times  for  the  murder  of  a  policeman,  is 
acquitted. 

The  National  Encampment  of  the 

Farmers'  Alliance  closes;  10,000  peo- 
ple were  present,  with  a  total  atten- 
dance for  the  week  of  nearly  75,000. 

Aug.  27.  Ga.  The  Brunswick  Belief 
Committee  issues  an  appeal  for  contri- 
butions to  relieve  the  destitution  caused 
by  the  yellow-fever  scare. 

Ky.    P.Humphreys  and  his  mother, 

Eliza  Humphreys,  are  killed  by  William 
Meadows  at  Louisville,  as  the  result  of 
a  quarrel. 

Aug.  28.  Chicago.  The  Jewish  De- 
nominational Congress  opens  in  the 
Art  Palace  at  the  World's  Fair. 

N.  J.  Bussian  Hebrews  are  stoned 

and  otherwise  ill-treated  while  seeking 
work  in  Newark. 

N.Y.    F.Howlook  mortally  wotmds 

his  swreetheart  and  then  commits  sui- 
cide in  Brooklyn  ;  cause,  jealousy. 


Cal.  Troops  are  called  for  to  pro- 
tect Chinamen  in  San  Bernardino 
Coimty. 

Okla.    In  a  fight  between  outlaws 

and  U.  S.  deputy-marBh.als,  seven  out- 
laws and  three  U.  S.  marshals  are  mor- 
tally woimded  ;  one  outlaw  is  captured. 

Sept.  3.  Chicago.  The  Aryan  Theo- 
sophical  Society  welcomes  the  East 
Indian  representatives  who  have  come 
to  attend  the  Religious  Congress. 

Kan.    A  train  and  the  paaaengers 

are  robbed  at  Mound  Valley ;  the  ex- 
press messenger  is  killed. 

Sept.  4.  N.  y.  The  coroner's  jury  in 
the  Paul  Halliday  murder  case  in  Ulster 
County  brings  in  a  verdict  charging  Liz- 
zie Halliday,  his  wife,  with  murder. 

[Sept.  7.  Paul  Halliday's  body  is 
found  buried  under  his  own  house  with 
three  bullet-wounds  in  it.] 

The  Crown  Prince  of  Japan  visits 
West  Point  Military  Academy. 

Sept.  5,  6.  Ind.  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  meets  at  Indianapolis  in 
its  27th  National  Encampment ;  ex-Presi- 
dent Harrison  reviews  the  parade  of 
20,000  veterans.  Col.  J.  G.  B.  Adams  of 
Boston  is  elected  commander-in-chief. 

Sept.  6.  The  Pan-American  Medical 
Congress  adapts  a  resolution  recom- 
mending the  temporary  suspension  of 
immigration  from  European  countries  in 
which  cholera  exists. 

S.  C.    Gov.  Tillman  issues  an  appeal 

to  the  people  of  the  United  States  for 
relief  for  the  Sea  Islands  sufferers 
from  the  storm. 


STATE. 


Gibbons. 


SOCIETY. 


1893  Aug.  14.  New  Eng.  During  the 
last  three  months  35  post-oflices  in  New 
England  have  been  robbed  ;  total  loss, 
over  $10,000. 

Aug.  16.  New  York.  S.  V.  Keeley,  cash- 
ier of  the  New  Vork  Club,  is  arrested  on 
the  charge  of  embezzlement. 


1893  Aug.  14.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Sen- 
ate :  Daniel  W.  Voorhees  of  Ind.  intro- 
duces a  bill  permitting  national 
banks  to  emit  notes  to  the  par  value  of 
bonds  deposited  ;  George  G.  Vest  of  Mo. 
offers  a  joint  resolution  to  maintain  the 
parity  of  gold  and  silver  and  in  favor  of 
the  free  coinage  of  silver ;  the  House  de- 
bates the  'Wilson  Repeal  Bill. 

Aug.  15.  n.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Voorhees  Bill  to  increase  bank  issues 
is  blocked  ;  the  House  debates  the  Re- 
peal Bill. 

Fr.  The  Bering  Sea  Court  of  Ar- 
bitration in  Paris  decides  most  of  the 
technical  points  against  the  United 
States. 

It  establishes  a  close  season  for  seals 
from  May  1  to  July  31,  and  a  protected 
zone  of  60  miles  around  the  Pribyloflf 
Islands,  and  forbids  the  use  of  fire-arms, 
nets,  explosives,  and  steam-vessels  in 
pelagic  seaUng. 

Aug.  16.  n.  C.  Congress;  House: 
William  J.  Bryan  of  Neb.  speaks  against 
the  repeal. 

la.  Frank  I).  Jackson  (Rep.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

Aug.  17.  T).C.  Congress; Senate: The 
mileage  resolution  to  permit  members 
to  draw  mileage  immediately  for  the  fis- 
cal year  18J)4  is  passed ;  the  House  de- 
bates the  Repeal  Bill. 

Aug.  18.  7J.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
Finance  Committee  reports  a  bill  favor- 
ing tmconditional  repeal  of  the  Sher- 


UNITED    STATES. 


1893,  Aug.  14- Sept.  7.    437 


man  Law ;  the  House  debates  the  Re- 
peal Bill. 

Va.    Col.  C.  T.  O'Ferrall  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor, 

Aug.  21.  73.  ('.  ConKress;  Senate:  J. 
S.  Morrill  of  Vt.  urges  the  repeal  of  the 
purchase  clause  of  the  Sherman  Act. 

Aug.  22.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the 
House  general  debate  on  the  Repeal 
Bill  is  continued.  The  Midwinter 
Fair  Bill  for  San  Francisco  passes  both 
Houses.    [Sept.  1.    Approved.] 

Aug.  23.  n.C.  Congress; Senate: The 
motion  to  refer  the  Peffer  resolution 
of  inquiry  as  to  the  conduct  of  the  na- 
tional banks  is  opposed  by  D.  B.  Hill  of 
N.  Y.  I  the  claim  of  Lee  Mantle  of  Mon- 
tana to  recognition  as  Senator  is  re- 
jected ;  it  is  decided  that  when  a  State 
Legislature  has  an  opportunity,  but  fails 
to  elect  a  Senator,  an  appointment  by 
the  governor  is  void.  The  House  de- 
bates the  Repeal  Bill. 

^^  Boston.  At  a  special  meeting  of  the 
Executive  Council  of  the  Massachusetts 
Board  of  Trade  a  resolution  is  adopted 
petitioning  Congress  to  repeal  the  Sher- 
man Law. 

la.  Horace  Boies  (Dem.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

New  York.    Baron  Satu'nia,  the  first 

German    Ambassador    to    the    United 
States,  arrives. 

Aug.  24.  I).  C.  Congress:  Both 
Houses  discuss  the  silver  question. 

The  State  Dejiartment  receives  the 
decision  of  the  Bering  Sea  Board  of 
Arbitration. 

Aug.  26.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
The  debate  on  the  Voorhees  Repeal 
Bill  is  resumed  ;  David  B.  Hill  of  N.  Y. 
makes  the  principal  speech.  House  : 
The  debate  on  the  'Wilson  Repeal  Bill 
is  closed ;  Thomas  B.  Heed  of  Me.  and 
Bourke  Cockran  of  N.  Y.  speak  for  un- 
conditional repeal. 

—  Okla.  The  Statehood  Executive  Com- 
mittee meets  in  Oklahoma  City,  and  calls 
a  mass  Statehood  Convention  to  be  held 
in  Puroell  on  Sept.  30. 

Aug.  28.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  House 
all  the  amendments  to  the  AA^ilson 
Billi  providing  for  free  coinage  at  dif- 
ferent ratios  {from  17  to  20),  and  for 
the  reenactment  of  the  Bland-Allison 
Act,  are  defeated ;  the  Wilson  Bill  re- 
pealing the  purchase  clause  of  the 
Sherman  Ijaw  is  passed.  Vote,  239- 
108  ;  not  voting,  6.  In  the  Senate  J.  V. 
Cockreirs  amendment  to  the  Bank 
Circulation  Bill  is  rejected.  Vote,  20- 
23. 

Aug.  29.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate:  D. 
W.  Voorhees  of  the  Finance  Committee 
reports  the  House  Repeal  BUI  with 
an  amendment  substituting  the  Voor- 
hees Bill.  [One  of  the  most  notable 
struggles  in  Congress  ensues.]  J.  N. 
Dolph  of  Ore.  introduces  a  bill  appro- 
priating money  to  enforce  the  Chinese 
Exclusion  Bill ;  it  is  referred  to  a  com- 
mittee. 

Aug.  30.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Sherman  of  O.  speaks  in  favor  of 


the  Repeal  Bill,  followed  by  Henry  M. 
Teller  of  Colo.,  who  attacks  the  na- 
tional banks  ;  the  House  passes  the  Ur- 
gent Deficiency  Bill.  [Sept.  2.  Passed 
by  the  Senate.    Sept.  14.    Approved.] 

Aug.  31.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate;  Ed- 
ward O.  Wolcott  of  Colo,  speaks  against, 
and  Donelson  Caffery  of  La.  in  favor  of, 
the  repeal  of  the  Sherman  Ijaw. 

Sept.  1.  B.  V.  Congress;  .Senate: 
Zebulon  B.  A^ance  of  N.  C.  speaks 
against  the  Repeal  Bill ;  the  House 
discusses  the  Code  of  Rules;  several 
amendments  to  prevent  filibustering 
are  defeated. 

The  Treasury  Department  resumes 
the  payment  of  paper  money  over  its 
counters  at  Washington  :  for  the  last 
ten  days  only  gold  has  been  paid  for 
treasury  checks. 

Sept.  2.  B.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Tlie 
House  Repeal  Bill  is  laid  over,  and 
the  Dolph  Chinese  Exclusion  Act  is 
taken  up;  the  House  Urgent  Defi- 
ciency Bill  is  passed  with  some  amend- 
ments. 

Tsui  Kvsro  Yin,  the  retiring  Chinese 
Minister,  takes  formal  leave  of  the 
President. 

By  agreement  ^th  Canada  immi- 
grants for  this  country  landing  at  Que- 
bec are  to  be  examined  by  U.  S.  officials. 

Sept.  4.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Shelby  M.  CuUom  of  111.  speaks  in  favor 
of  the  House  Repeal  Bill,  and  Richard 
Coke  of  Tex.  and  William  A.  Peffer  of 
Kan.  against  it;  the  House  Committee 
on  'Ways  and  Means  begins  the  hear- 
ings on  tariff  revision. 

Sept.  5.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate: 'Wil- 
liam M.  Stewart  of  Nev.  speaks  against 
the  Repeal  Bill;  a  motion  is  made  to 
go  into  executive  session  which  dis- 
closes an  unexpected  majority  against 
repeal. 

Sept.  6.  B.  C.  Congress  ;  Senate: 
Daniel  W.  Voorhees  of  Ind.  withdraws 
his  early  session  resolution;  in  the 
House  the  Code  of  Rules  is  adopted ; 
the  clause  borrowed  from  the  rules  of 
the  51st  Congress  making  100  members  a 
quorum  of  the  Committee  of  the  Whole 
is  stricken  out. 

Mass.  L.  A.  Banks  (Prohib.)  Is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

JV.  r.  The  Controller  of  the  State  re- 
ports property  in  New  York  exempt  from 
State  taxation  as  follows  :  City  property, 
8205,410,870;  U.  S.  property,  #18,863,000; 
N.  Y.  State  property,  $500,000;  church 
property,  $55,396, 1'iS;  parsonages,  $146,- 
100 ;  clergymen,  .$46,500  ;  miscellaneous, 
$28,068,200 ;  total,  $308,430,795. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Aug.  14.  X'ew  York.  There  are 
30  yellow  fever  patients  and  suspects  in 
the  harbor. 

Receipts  of  gold  from  abroad  are 
large. 

Oold  commands  a  premium  of  1  to 
IJ  per  cent. 

Aug.  15.  iV.  }'.  Buffalo  grain  eleva- 
tors are  burned ;  loss,  $800,000. 

Receivers  are   appointed   for  the 

Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 


Aug.  16.  N.  C.  A  train  on  the  Atlantic 
and  Danville  Road  breaks  through  a 
trestle  near  Milton,  killing  seven  per- 
sons and  injuring  many  others. 

Aug.  21.  Chicago.  The  live-stock  ex- 
hibit at  the  "World's  Fair  is  opened  to 
the  public. 

Pa.    Many    iron-mills    in    and   near 

Pittsburg  resume  operations. 

Aug.  22.  Ga.  The  mayor  of  Brunswick 
advises  the  people  to  leave  the  city  on 
account  of  the  appearance  of  yellow 
fever. 

Aug.  24.    Chicago.    A  fire  bums  150 

houses,  rendering  3,000  people  home- 
less ;  loss,  about  $650,000. 

Aug.  25.  Ga.  The  inhabitants  of 
Brunswick,  except  about  5,000,  leave 
from  fear  of  yellow  fever. 

III.    The     trotting     mare     Nancy 

Hanks  makes  a  record  of  one  mile  in 
2.08  minutes  at  Springfield. 

Aug.  26.  iV.  Y.  A  train  is  wrecked 
by  collision  on  the  Harlem  road  at  Ber- 
lin ;  16  persons  are  killed,  and  50  in- 
jured. 

Aug.  27.  JV>w  York.  The  Columbian 
liberty  and  Peace  Bell  arrives  from 
Troy  on  its  way  to  Chicago. 

N.  T.    A  Rockaway  excursion-train 

runs  into  a  Manhattan  Beach  train 
near  Long  Island  City ;  11  persons  are 
killed,  and  between  40  and  60  are  in- 
jured. 

Aug.  28.  ^fiss.  Three  persons  are  killed 
and  seven  wounded  in  a  railroad  wreck 
at  Gulfport. 

Aug.  29.  JVero  York.  The  cost  of  the 
new  Croton  Aqueduct  and  the  work 
on  reservoirs  to  Jtme  30  amounts  to 
$27,333,924. 

Controller    Eckels  reports    that    34 

national  banks  have  resumed  business. 

Aug,  30.  A  receiver  is  appointed  for  the 
Nicaragua  Canal  Construction  Com- 
pany. 

Ga.  The  steamship  City  of  Birming- 
ham arrives  at  Savannah  with  the 
wrecked  passengers  of  the  steamship 
City  of  Savannah. 

Aug.  31.  Mass.  Thirteen  persons  are 
killed  and  20  injured  by  a  train  falling 
through  a  bridge  on  the  Boston  and 
Albany  Road  near  Chester. 

Sept.  1.  N.J.  A  case  of  Asiatic  chol- 
era appears  in  Jersey  City. 

New  York.  The  Equitable  Mort- 
gage Company,  one  of  the  largest  cor- 
porations engaged  in  lending  money  on 
farm-mortgages,  goes  into  the  hands  of 
receivers ;  liabilities  about  $15,000,000. 

Sept.  4.  Pa.  The  Carnegie  Steel 
Works  at  Homestead  resume  operations 
with  2,000  men. 

Sept.  5.  New  York.  Monetary  condi- 
tions are  becoming  normal,  currency  no 
longer  commanding  a!iy  premium. 

Pn.    The   Iialance   and   Grosjean 

works  and  the  National  Tube  Works 
Company  at  McKeesport,  giving  em- 
ployment to  2,000  men,  resume  business. 

Sept.  6.  Vt.  The  last  car  of  a  passenger- 
train  is  wrecked  in  crossing  a  bridge 
over  Otter  Creek,  which  had  been  weak- 
ened by  wreckers. 


438     1893,  Sept.  7-0ct.4, 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  Oct.  4.  Ala.  Gov.  Jones  orders 
troops  to  Decatur,  to  quell  threatened 
riota  by  Louisville  and  Nashville  Kail- 
road  strikers. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1803. 
Sept.  13.    Lamberton,  Kobert  A.,  president 
of  Lehigh  University,  A69. 


CHURCH. 

1893  Sept.  11.  Chicago.  The  World's 
Parliament  of  Religions  opens. 

[Sept.  14.  Dharinapala,  the  Hindoo 
scholar,  assails  Christianity,  and  papers 
are  read  by  Cardinal  Gibbons,  Lyman 
Abbott,  ana  others.  Sept.  24.  The  Par- 
liament considers  the  relation  of  Chris- 
tianity to  America.] 

Sept.  15.  The  Christian  Endeavor 
Society  reports  37,841  societies,  with  a 
membership  of  1,650,000,  chiefly  in  the 
United  States,  Canada,  Australia,  Great 
Britain  ;  also  in  all  missionary  lands. 

Sept.  20.  Afinn.  Archbishop  Ireland 
denies  that  the  Faribault  plan  is  a 
failure. 

Oct.  1.  New  York.  A  monstrance,  to 
be  used  in  the  exposition  of  the  sacra- 
ment in  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  arrives  ; 
it  cost  $10,000,  not  including  the  jewels 
used  in  its  construction. 

LETTERS. 

1893  Sept.  13.  Minn.  The  Faribault 
school  scheme  fails,  as  the  Catholics 
would  not  consent  to  the  assignment 
of  two  Protestant  teachers  to  the  Hill 
School. 

Sept.  27.  A'.  }'.  The  Steele  Memorial 
Library  Association  is  incorporated  to 
maintain  a  free  public  library  in  Elmira. 

Oct.  4.  Netv  York.  St.  Francis  Xavier 
College  opens  its  doors  to  women  on  the 
same  plane  with  men,  less  the  degree. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  Sept.  8.  Neto  York.  Glaus  Tim- 
merman,  an  anarchist,  is  sentenced  to 
six  months'  imprisonment  for  lawless 
speech-making  at  a  Union  Square  meet- 
ing. 

Sept.  9.  D.  C.  Mrs.  Cleveland  gives 
birth  to  a  daughter ;  named  Esther. 

Sept.  11.  Chicago.  The  Parliament  of 
Religions  opens  at  the  World's  Fair. 

Sept.  12.  Ky.  Judge  Saufley,  while  in- 
structing the  grand  jury  at  Danville, 
charges  that  plajring  progressive  eu- 
chre in  parlors  for  prizes  is  one  of  the 
worst  forms  of  gambling,  and  tells  the 
jury  to  spare  no  man  or  woman  in  its 
investigations. 

Sept.  15.  Mich.  Train-robbers  hold 
up  a  train  on  the  Mineral  Range  Kail- 
road,  and  secure  $75,000. 

Sept.  16.  Chicago.  Trainmen  on 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  trains  running 
out  are  ordered  to  arm  themselves  to 
protect  the  company's  property. 

Sunday :  The  attendance  at  the 
World's  Fair  is  increasing,  27,000  pay- 
ing visitors  having  entered  before  two 
o'clock  to-day. 


Colo.    The  miners  return  to  work, 

a  settlement  having  been  effected. 

/.  T,    The  Cherokee  Strip  is  opened 

to  settlers,  and  about  100,000  persons 
rush  over  the  boundary  line  to  secure 
the  6,000,000  acres  of  land. 

La.    Three    negroes  are   hanged 

and  one  kicked  to  death  by  lynchers 
near  >iew  Orleans,  because  they  would 
not  or  could  not  tell  where  an  escaped 
murderer  might  be  found. 

Phila.    The  5,000  ounces  of  gold 

recently  missed  at  the  Mint  is  discov- 
ered ;  a  trusted  employee,  Henry  S. 
Cochren,  acknowledges  liaving  taken  it, 
and  shows  where  it  is  secreted. 

Sept.  18.  D.  C.  The  centennial  anni- 
versary of  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone 
of  the  Capitol  at  ^Vashington  is  cele- 
brated ;  President  Cleveland  and  others 
make  addresses. 

/.  T.    On  the  arrival  of  "boomers" 

on  their  fastest  horses  in  the  Cherokee 
Strip,  they  find  that  **  sooners  "  are  in 
possession  of  the  best  of  the  land  and 
the  town-lots. 

Sept.  19.  New  York.  Mayor  Gilroy  re- 
fuses the  application  of  the  United  Ital- 
ian Societies  to  display  the  Italian  flag 
on  the  City  Hall,  on  the  23d  anniver- 
sary of  the  unification  of  Italy  by  Victor 
Emmanuel. 

Sept.  20.  La.  Colored  people  of  New 
Orleans  call  upon  the  governor  for  pro- 
tection, as  regulators  are  preparing  for 
the  torture  of  one  of  their  number. 

Sept.  21.  ///.  Three  robbers  hold  up 
an  Illinois  Central  train,  but  obtain 
no  booty  ;  one  of  the  robbers  and  three 
trainmen  are  shot. 

Va.    Robert    Smith,    the    negro    on 

whose  account  a  mob  made  preparations 
for  torture  at  Koanoke  for  robbing  a 
woman,  is  captured,  hanged,  riddled 
with  bullets,  and  cremated. 

Sept.  22.  Ala.  A  train  is  derailed  by 
wreckers  near  Birmingham ;  several  per- 
sons are  hurt,  but  none  fatally. 

N.  J.    Three  hundred  wire-workers 

in  Roebling's  mill,  at  Trenton,  strike 
against  a  reduction  of  wages. 

Tex.  A  claim-jumper  named  Wil- 
liams kills  four  persons  on  a  claim  near 
Waukomis. 

Sept.  23.  III.  Fourteen  "White  Caps 
in  Quincy  are  indicted  for  wilful  and 
malicious  murder  by  the  grand  jury; 
the  indicted  persons  are  prominent 
farmers  and  residents  of  Kingston. 

Neto    York.    The   Lord  Mayor  of 

Dublin  arrives  at  this  port ;  also  Lord 
Dunraven,  owner  of  the  yacht  Valkyrie. 

Tenn.    The  Presbytery  of  Knoxville 

adopts  resolutions  condemning,  in  the 
strongest  terms,  the  alarming  increase 
of  mob  violence ;  it  orders  the  resolu- 
tions to  be  read  in  full  to  the  separate 
congregations. 

Sept.  25.  La.  A  captured  negro  is 
tortured  by  a  mob  in  Jefferson  Parish ; 

tire  is  applied  to  his  feet  to  extort  con- 
fession, but  without  success. 

Netc  York.     Bookkeeper  E.  J.  Greene 

and  Cashier  J.  F.  Collins,  of  a  firm  of 
cotton-brokers,  are  arrested  for  stealing 
about  $20,ooo,  chiefly  by  means  of 
forged  checks. 

Sept.  26.  Boston.  .Tohn  W.  Washburn, 
treasurer  of  the  Old  Colony  Railroad  and 
Steamboat  Companies,  is  announced  as 
a  defaulter. 


Chicago.    The  Odd  Fellows  have  a 

day  at  the  World's  Fair,  and  30,000  mem- 
bers are  present. 

Sept.  27.  Chicago.  Chas.  Belden  shoots 
three   men    and   one    woman   at    the 

Board  of  Trade. 

Miss.    "White  Caps  are  rousing  the 

people  to  ma<ines8  by  burning  cotton- 
gins,  and  other  outrages. 

Ore.    The  Chinese  of  La  Grande 

are  driven  away  by  mob  violence. 

Pa.     S.    G.    Southard    of   Pittsburg 

shoots  his  wife  and  kills  himself  be- 
cause he  objected  to  his  children  being 
educated  as  Catholics. 

Sept.  28.  Colo.  Gov.  Waite  unearths 
great  frauds  in  land-grants  because  of 
perjured  testimony  and  fraudulent  sur- 
veys, coal-lands  being  entered  as  agri- 
cultural lands,  etc. 

Sept.  30.  Cal.  Members  of  the  Sailors' 
Union  at  San  Francisco  perpetrate  out- 
rages upon  non-union  sailors,  besides 
robbing  them  of  their  money. 

Oct.  1.  O.  DanielBauer,  a  city  council- 
man of  ('iiicinnati.  is  indicted  on  two 
charges  of  soliciting  bribes  from  a  per- 
son intert'stfd  in  tlu^  passage  of  an  ordi- 
nance to  improve  terminal  facilities  of 
that  city. 

Oct.  2.  Me.  A  labor  riot  at  Auburn 
is  caused  by  strikers  attacking  non- 
union shoemakers  ;  the  sheriff  calls  out 
a  posse  to  maintain  peace. 

New  York.    Mrs.  Catharine  Fitzgerald 

shoots  and  kills  Mrs.  Carrie  FearsaU 
on  Eighth  Avenue,  and  then  gives  her- 
self up  to  the  police. 

STATE. 

1893  Sept.  7.  -O.  C.  Congress;  Sen- 
ate :  Mr.  Stewart  ends  a  three  days' 
speech  on  the  silver  question. 

Sept.  8.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Charles  J.  Faulkner  of  W.  Va.  delivers 
a  speech  which  is  hy  some  construed  as 
a  suggestion  of  compromise  on  the  sil- 
ver question. 

Sept.  9.  D.  c.  Congress;  Senate; 
Henry  M.  Teller  of  Colo,  speaks  against 
the  Repeal  Bill. 

Sept.  10.  Cal.  U.  S.  Marshal  Card  at 
Ix>8  Angeles  is  instructed  to  enforce  the 
Geary  Act  for  the  exclusion  of  the  Chi- 
nese. 

Sept.  11.  B.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Henry  M.  Teller  of  Colo,  and  James  h. 
Pugh  of  Ala.  speak  against  the  Repeal 
Bill,  Mr.  Pugh  announcing  the  purpose 
of  himself  and  those  who  agree  with  him 
to  fight  unconditional  repeal  by  all  par- 
liamentary methods. 

The  new  Chinese  Minister  to  the 
United  States  confers  with  Secretary 
Gresham  on  the  matter  of  enforcing  the 
Chinese  Exclusion  La\v. 

Sept.  12.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  H.  Mitchell  of  Ore.  speaks  against 
the  Repeal  Bill. 

New  Yo7-k.    The  convention  called  by 

the  New  York  Board  of  Trade  and  Trans- 
portation, consisting  of  delegates  from 
various  commercial  bodies  throughout 
the  country,  meets  ;  resolutions  urging 
the  repeal  of  the  Silver  Purchase  Law 
are  adopted.     Vote,  185-5. 

Sept.  13,  B.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
George  L.  Shoup  of  Ida.  speaks  against 
the  Repeal  Bill,  and  Joseph  N.  Dolph 
of  Ore.  argues  against  the  free  coinage 
of  silver ;  Daniel  Voorhees  of  Ind.  tries 


UNITED   STATES. 


1893,  Sept.  7-0ct.4.      439 


unsuccessfully  to  have  a  date  fixed  for  a 
vote  on  the  Hepeal  Bill ;  in  the  House 
a  bill  is  introduced  to  consolidate  Utah 
and  Nevada.  [No  action.] 
Sept.  14.  D.  C,  Congress;  Senate: 
John  W.  Daniel  of  Va.  speaks  against 
the  Repeal  Bill ;  an  amendment  to  the 
bill  is  introduced  by  Charles  J.  Faulkner 
of  W.  Va. 

Secretary  Smith  takes  measures  to 
relieve  the  boomers  at  the  Cherokee 
Strip  from  further  delay  in  registering. 

Sept.  15.  B.C.  Congress:  Senate: 
William  Lindsay  of  Ky.  and  Anthony 
Higgins  of  Del.  speak  in  favor  of  the 
Repeal  Bill. 

Sept.  16.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
William  B.  Allison  of  la.  speaks  in  favor 
of  the  Repeal  Bill ;  another  motion  by 
Daniel  W.  Voorhees  to  have  a  time  fixed 
to  close  the  debate  is  defeated ;  in  the 
House  a  bill  providing  for  a  U.  S.  bank 
in  every  town  of  two  thousand  in- 
habitants is  introduced.    [No  action.] 

Okla.  The  Cherokee  Strip  is  opened 

for  settlement  at  12  noon. 

Sept.  18.  D.C.  Congress:  No  business 
is  done  in  either  House,  the  day  being 
devoted  to  the  celebration  of  the  Cente- 
nary of  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone 
of  the  National  Capitol. 

There  is  a  procession,  and  addresses 
are  made  by  the  President,  Vice-Presi- 
dent, Speaker  of  the  House,  and  Justice 
Brown  of  the  Supreme  Court ;  the  ora- 
tor of  the  day  is  William  Wirt  Henry, 
a  grandson  of  Patrick  Henry. 

Sept.  19.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Roger  Q.  Mills  of  Tex.  speaks  in  favor  of 
the  Repeal  Bill ;  Daniel  W.  Voorhees 
of  Ind.  makes  another  vain  attempt  to 
get  the  anti-repeal  Senators  to  fix  a  date 
for  closing  debate. 

President  Cleveland  nominates  "W.  B. 
Hornblower  of  N.  Y.  to  be  Associate 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  J.  J, 
Van  Alen  of  K.  I.  to  be  ambassador  to 
Italy.    [See  Oct.  20.] 

Sept.  20.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
James  Z.  George  of  Miss,  speaks  against 
the  Repeal  BiU  and  George  Grey  of  Del. 
in  favor  of  it ;  in  the  House  the  Federal 
Elections  Bill,  under  exceptional  rul- 
ings by  Speaker  Crisp,  is  re{>orted,  and 
placed  on  the  calendar. 

Sept.  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  repeal  of  the  Sherman 
Law ;  Orville  Piatt  of  Conn,  introduces 
a  motion  to  establish  closure ;  the  mo- 
tion is  discussed  by  Messrs.  Piatt  and 
Henry  C.  Lodge;  Stephen  M.  White  of 
Cal.  speaks  against  the  Repeal  BiU ;  in 
the  House  a  resolution  is  adopted  that 
the  Federal  !EUections  BiU  be  taken  up 
on  Sept.  26,  and  considered  until  Oct.  10. 

Sept.  22.  />.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  An 
agreement  for  longer  sessions  beginning 
with  the  25th  is  adopted;  Edward  O. 
Wolcott  and  Henry  M.  Teller  speak  on 
the  closure  resolution ;  and  Senators 
George,  Henry  C.  Hansbrough,  and  Wil- 
liam M.  Stewart  speak  against  the 
Repeal  BiU. 

Sept.  25.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
William  M.  Stewart  of  Nev.  makes  a 
personal  attack  upon  Mr.  Cleveland, 


ridiculing  the  President  and  his  knowl- 
edge of  economics  ;  James  Donald  Cam- 
eron of  Pa.  and  William  B.  Bate  of 
Tenn.  speak  against  the  Repeal  BiU; 
the  House  adjourns  for  want  of  a 
quorum. 

Sept.  26.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Mr.  Stewart  accuses  President  Cleve- 
land of  using  Federal  patronage  to  in- 
fluence legislation  ;  in  the  House  debate 
begins  on  the  Tucker  BiU  providing  for 
the  repeal  of  the  Federal  Elections 
Ijaws. 

Sept.  27.  v.  C.  Congress;  In  the 
House  Thomas  G.  Lawson  of  Ga.  and 
Charles  Daniels  of  N.  Y.  continue  the 
debate  on  the  Tucker  BiU ;  a  resolu- 
tion is  passed  asking  why  the  lawful 
amount  of  sUver  was  not  purchased 
during  July  and  August. 

Sept.  28.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
William  A.  Peffer  speaks  against  the 
Repeal  BiU;  in  the  House  John  C. 
Black  of  111.,  Tom  L.  Johnson  of  O., 
and  C.  K.  Breckinridge  of  Ky.  speak 
on  the  Tucker  Repeal  BiU. 

Sept.  20.  £>.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Isham  G.  Harris  of  Tenn.  and  John  T. 
Morgan  of  Ala.  speak  against  the  Re- 
peal BiU ;  In  the  House,  John  F.  Lacey 
of  la.  and  others  discuss  the  Tucker 
Repeal  BiU. 

Sept.  30.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Johnson  N.  Camden  of  W.  Va.  speaks  in 
favor  of  the  Wilson  Repeal  BiU;  in 
the  House,  the  debate  on  the  Tucker 
Repeal  BiU  is  continued  by  Samuel  W. 
McCall  of  Mass.,  Josiah  Patterson  of 
Tenn.,  and  others. 

Oct.  2.  n.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
debate  on  the  Repeal  BiU  is  continued ; 
in  the  House,  speeches  are  made  on  the 
Tucker  Repeal  BiU. 

N.    Y.    The    Brooklyn    Independent 

Committee  of  One  Hundred,  for  the 
purification  of  government  and  the  over- 
throw of  ring  rule,  meets  and  adopts  a 
platform.  [Oct.  4.  William  C.  Low  is 
elected  president.] 

Oct.  3.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Jo- 
seph N.  Dolph  of  Ore.  speaks  in  favor  of 
the  Repeal  BiU,  and  Thomas  C,  Power 
of  Mont,  against  it;  in  the  House,  Ste- 
phen Northway  of  O,  speaks  against 
the  Tucker  Repeal  BiU,  and  John  C. 
Kyle  of  Miss,  in  its  favor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Sept.  7.  lU.  Kleven  persons  are 
killed  and  10  injured  in  a  railway  col- 
lision on  the  Pan  Handle  road,  near 
Colehour. 

Sept.  8.  Ire.  ITie  Campania  reaches 
Queenstown  after  making  the  voyage 
from  Sandy  Hook  in  five  days,  14 
hours,  and  55  minutes. 

Sept.  10.  Neio  York.  Fifty-two  arti- 
sans arrive  from  Europe  on  their  way  to 
make  a  study  of  the  World's  Fair  and 
American  industries. 

Sept.  11.  The  yacht  Vigilant  wins  the 
third  trial  race,  and  is  selected  by  the 


America  Cup  Committee  to  defend 
the  trophy  against  Lord  Dunraven's 
yacht. 

Sept,  12.  Neto  York.  Emigration  from 
this  port  exceeds  immigration  for  the 
first  time. 

Sept.  15.  /.  T.  The  boomers  on  the 
Cherokee  Strip  border  register  at  the 
rate  of  20  a  minute;  there  are  now 
about  five  registered  for  every  lot  in 
the  strip. 

Sept.  16.  /.  T.  About  150,000  persons 
are  pouring  into  the  Cherokee  Strip. 

Sept.  17.  Ga.  At  Brunswick  19  new 
cases  of  yeUow  fever  are  reported ; 
the  governor  of  the  State  issues  an  ad- 
dress asking  for  aid  for  the  city. 

Sept.  19.  ///.  A  train  is  wrecked  near 
Manteno,  causing  eight  deaths. 

New  York.  A  number  of  Clearing- 
house certificates,  valued  at  $1,400,000, 
are  canceled. 

Sept.  21.  Ga.  There  is  another  death 
from  yeUow  fever  at  Brunswick,  and 
two  new  cases  of  the  disease  are  re- 
ported, making  17  now  under  treatment. 
[Sept.  22.  Three  new  cases.  Sept.  24. 
One  death  and  two  new  cases.  Sept.  25. 
Five  new  cases.  Sept.  26.  Two  new 
cases  and  one  death.  Sept.  27.  Eigh- 
teen new  cases.  Sept.  28.  Thirteen. 
Oct.  1.  Twelve.  Oct.  2.  Twelve.  Oct. 
3.  Fourteen  new  cases  and  three  deaths. 
Oct.  6.  Twenty-four  new  cases.  Oct.  7. 
Thirty-one,  Oct.  8.  Thirty-two.  Oct. 
12.  Eighteen.  Oct.  14.  Twenty-six. 
Oct.  30.    Twelve.    Nov.  3.   Twenty-four.] 

Iowa  celebrates  the  47th  anniver- 
sary of  its  admission  as  a  State. 

Pa.    Five  men  are  killed  and 'several 

injured  in  a  mine  explosion  at  Wilkes- 
barre. 

Sept.  22.  Ind.  Through  the  leaving 
open  of  a  switch  by  a  brakeman,  a  lim- 
ited express  vestibuled  train  runs  into 
a  freight-train  near  Kingsbury  ;  11  are 
killed  and  21  injured. 

New  York.  The  British  yacht  Valky- 
rie arrives  after  a  very  stormy  voyage  of 
30  days. 

Sept.  23.  Minn.  A  lumber  fire  in  Red 
Wing  causes  a  loss  of  $150,000, 

Sept.  24.  Wis.  Five  large  mills  of  the 
Illinois  Steel  Company's  plant  at  Bay- 
view  will  resume  operations. 

Sept.  25.  Mo.  A  fire  in  St.  Joseph 
causes  the  loss  of  about  $1,000,000. 

Sept.  26.  S.  Dak.  Lead  City  is 
burned. 

Sept.  27.  O.  Oak-harness  leather  men 
meet  in  Columbus  to  form  a  trust. 

Sept.  29.  Cal.  The  Mariposa  arrives 
at  San  Francisco  from  Australia, 
bringing  $500,000  in  gold  consigned  to 
local  houses. 

Mich.    Twenty-eight     miners     are 

drowned  by  the  Michigamme  River 
bursting  through  the  roof  of  the  Mans- 
field iron-mine. 

Sept.  30.  O,  Forest  fires  are  raging; 
Centerburg  is  burned,  with  heavy  loss. 

Oct.  1.  Chicago.  The  Simday  attend- 
ance at  the  World's  Fair  is  greatly 
increased. 


440    1893,  Oct.  4 -Oct.  25. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1893  Oct.  25.  D.  C.  Acting  Eear- 
Adm.  Stanton  is  removed  from  com- 
mand of  the  South  Atlantic  Squadron 
for  saluting  the  flag  of  the  Brazilian 
insurgents. 

[Dec.  20.  He  is  restored,  and  assigned 
to  command  the  North  Atlantic  Squad- 
ron.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1893  Oct.  4.  N.  Y.  A  statue  of  Al- 
exander Hamilton  is  unveiled  in  front 
of  the  Hamilton  Club  House,  Brooklyn. 

Oct.  12.  A  West  Indian  cyclone  is  raging 
along  the  coasts  of  Georgia,  Florida,  and 
South  Carolina. 

Oct.  13.  N.  T.  A  natural  gas-well  is 
tapped  by  an  artesian  drill  at  Malta 
Ridge.  [Nov.  11.  Another  is  found  near 
Grand  Junction,  Colo.] 

Oct.  14.  Ida.  Large  numbers  of  crick- 
ets are  moving  from  northern  Idaho 
south  and  east,  destroying  fruit  and 
grain  on  their  way,  to  the  utter  dismay 
of  the  farmers. 

Oct.  19.  N.  J.  The  monument  com- 
memorating the  victory  of  Gen. 
Washington  over  the  Hessians  is  un- 
veiled at  Trenton. 

Oct.  21.  N.  T.  The  Founders'  Mon- 
ument is  unveiled  at  Southold,  L.  I.,  — 
this  being  the  253d  anniversary  of  the 
founding  of  the  town. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1S83. 

Oct.  11.  Blackwell.  Lucy  Stone,  aboli- 
tionist, woman  suflfragist,  reformer,  Alft. 

Oct.  30.  Schaff,  Pliilij),  Pres.  clergyman, 
author,  professor  sacred  literature  Union 
Seminary,  A69. 

Oct.  S4.  Queen,  Walter  W.,  rear-adm.  V. 
S.  N.,  A69. 

Bond,  Hugh  L.,  lawyer,  jurist,  of  Balti. 

more,  A65. 

CHURCH. 

1893  Oct.  5.  Boston.  William  Law- 
rence is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) bishop  of  Massachusetts. 

Oct.  6.  Chicago.  A  Congress  of  Young 
Men's  Christian  Associations  of  the 
World  opens. 

Oct.  7.  Utah.  The  64th  semiannual 
conference  of  the  Mormon  Church 
is  held  in  the  Tabernacle  at  Salt  Lake 
City. 

Oct.  8,  Chicago,  A  great  throng  of 
people  attend  the  opening  exercises  of 
the  Evangelical  Alliance  Congress  in 
Memorial  Art  Palace. 

Oct.  15.  N.C.  Josephs.  Cheshire,  Jr., 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  as- 
sistant bishop  of  North  Carolina. 

Oct.  19.  N.  r.  The  Presbyterian  Synod, 
in  session  at  Rochester,  dismisses  the 
complaints  of  Frof.  Briggs;  it  will 
not  interfere  with  the  action  of  the 
General  Assembly. 

LETTERS. 

1893    Oct.  8.    Mass.   Williams  College, 

at  Williamstown,  begins  its  centennial 

celebration  with  a  sermon  by  the  Rev. 

Dr.  Harry  Hopkins. 


SOCIETY. 

1893  Oct.  5.  III.  A  train  carrying 
non-union  workmen  from  the  Big  Four 
Railroad  shops  at  Indianola  is  attacked 
by  strikers'  friends ;  one  man  is  killed 
and  a  division  superintendent  injured. 

New  York.    Joseph  Chamberlain, 

the  English  M.  P.,  arrives  on  the  Ma- 
jestic. 

Oct.  6.  New  York.  The  Archduke 
Franz-Ferdinand,  heir  presumptive 
to  the  throne  of  Austria,  arrives  at  this 
port. 

Oct.  7.  Ala.  WTiite  Caps  are  active, 
threatening  to  burn  the  gin-houses  of 
farmers  who  sell  cotton  for  leas  than 
10  cents. 

New    York.     Daniel    O'Ncil,    while 

drunk,  pours  kerosene  over  his  baby's 
cradle  and  tries  to  burn  the  child ;  he 
then  beats  his  wife  for  trying  to  prevent 
him. 

Oct.  8.  /.  T.  Treasurer  McCurtin  of  the 
Choctaw  Nation,  after  making  his  re- 
port to  the  National  Council,  disap- 
pears ;  he  is  said  to  be  short  $io,ooo. 

Louisiana  is  again  terrorized  by 

regulators,  and  the  people  in  meetings 
assembled  are  calling  on  Gov.  Foster  for 
help  against  them. 

Oct.  9.  Chicago  Day  at  the  Pair ;  716,- 
881  admissions,  the  largest  number  in 
one  day  during  the  Fair. 

Mo.  The  Fan- American  Bimetal- 
lic Convention  is  in  session  at  St. 
Louis. 

R.  I.    About   1,800  weavers  in  the 

woolen-mills  strike  against  a  reduction 
of  wages. 

Oct.  10.  NewYrnk.  The  Bar  Associa- 
tion by  resolution  urges  upon  every 
good  citizen  to  oppose  "to  his  utmost 
the  attempt  to  reward  unworthy  con- 
duct [of  Isaac  H.  Maynard]  by  a  seat 
on  the  bench  of  our  highest  judicial 
tribunal."  [Oct.  15.  Gov.  Flower  makes 
his  defense  of  the  appointment.] 

Tex.    Two   masked   men  stop  a 

stage  in  Coke  County  and  rifle  the  mail- 
bags,  securing  about  $3,100. 

Oct.  12.  New  York.  The  Society  for  the 
Prevention  of  Crime  sends  letters  to 
the  police  officials,  charging  them 
with  neglect  of  duty. 

Oct.  14.  Chicago.  M.  V.  Gannon  re- 
signs the  presidency  of  the  Irish 
National  Iieague  of  America. 

O.    The  Columbus    grand   jury   has 

found  over  loo  indictments  against  W. 
Z.  McDonald,  late  chief  inspector  of 
workshops  and  factories. 

Oct.  16.  Chicago.  The  World's 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 

begins  its  second  biennial  session  in  the 
Hall  of  Columbus  of  the  World's  Fair. 

It  is  called  to  order  by  Lady  Henry 
Somerset,  vice-president  at  large,  as 
Miss  Willard  is  unable  by  ill  health  to 
be  present.  [Miss  Willard  is  reelected 
president.] 

The  pubUo-school  children  of  Chi- 
cago visit  the  Fair  Groimds  ;  paid  ad- 
missions for  the  day,  234,405. 

N.  Y.    Kingston  celebrates  the 

116th  anniversary  of  its  burning  by  the 
British  forces  ;  Daughters  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution  have  charge  of  the  ex- 


New   York.    Jacob  J.    Kaiser,  over- 

§  alter  manufacturer,  is  sentenced  to  the 
tate  prison  for  seven  and  a  half  years 
for  setting  fire  to  his  place  of  business 
on  Broadway. 

Oct.  17.  New  York.  Lord  Dunraven 
of  England  is  entertained  at  dinner  by 
C.  Oliver  Iselin  and  the  New  York  Yacht 
Club. 

Dr.  C.  H.  Farkhurst  sends  a  letter 
to  Mayor  Gilroy  and  the  chairman  for 
selecting  grand  jurors. 

He  charges  that  Grand  Juryman  Hugh 
Slevin  violates  the  Excise  Law,  and  is 
not  a  fit  person  to  be  a  grand  juror  ;  a 
number  of  affidavits  in  proof  accompany 
the  letter. 

Oct.  18.  Chicago.  The  American 
Bankers'  Association  Convention  be- 
gins its  session  in  the  Art  Institute  of 
the  World's  Fair,  with  W.  H.  Rhawm 
of  Philadelphia  in  the  chair. 

N.  J.  The  Trenton  Battle  Monu- 
ment celebration  begins. 

Oct.  19.  Md.  The  anniversary  of  the 
burning  of  the  tea-laden  British  brig 
Peggy  Stewart  in  Annapolis  Harbor  in 
1774,  as  a  protest  against  the  Stamp  Act, 
is  celebrated  in  Baltimore. 

Oct.  20.  Va.  A  mob  attacks  the  jail 
at  Roanoke  ;  the  militia  fire,  killing  nine 
men,  and  wounding  20  others. 

Oct.  21.  Ind.  Mrs.  Augusta  Schneider, 
a  wealthy  lady,  quarrels  with  one  of  her 
tenants,  and  shoots  and  kills  him  near 
Walton. 

Oct.  24.  Chicago.  Mary  Washington 
Day  is  celebrated  at  the  World's  Fair 
in  the  New  York  State  building. 


STATE. 

1893  Oct.  4.  D.  C.  Congress;  Sen- 
ate :  Speeches  favoring  compromise  on 
the  sUver  question  are  made  by  Joseph 
C.  S.  Blackburn  of  Ky.,  Matthew  C. 
Butler  of  S.  C,  and  Wilkinson  Call  of 
Fla. ;  in  the  House  the  repeal  of  the 
Federal  Elections  Iiaws  is  discussed ; 
a  bill  to  repeal  the  Chinese  Exclusion 
Bill  (see  May  5,  1892)  is  reported.  [It 
is  sharply  discussed  in  both  Houses,  and 
specially  opposed  by  members  from  the 
Pacific  Coast.] 

Oct.  5.  D.  C.  Congress;  House:  G. 
W.  Murray  of  S.  C.  concludes  his  argu- 
ment against  the  repeal  of  the  Federal 
Elections  Laws;  a  bill  is  passed  pla- 
cing the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  in 
the  line  of  succession  to  the  presidency. 

New  York.  The  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce passes  a  resolution  asking  the 
U.  S.  Senate  to  amend  its  rules  so  as 
to  pass  the  Silver  Repeal  Bills. 

Oct.  6.  D.  C.  Congress;  .Senate:  An 
amendment  to  the  Wilson  Repeal  Bill 
is  introduced  by  J.  C.  S.  Blackburn  of 
Ky. ;  Senators  Call,  Butler,  and  Teller 
speak  against  repeal ;  in  the  House 
debate  on  the  Tucker  Bepeal  Bill  is 
continued. 

Oct.  7.  Z>.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  D. 
W.  Voorhees  of  Ind.,  the  Democratic 
leader,  announces  that  he  will  ask  on 
the  nth  Inst,  for  a  continuous  session 
until  the  Bepeal  Bill  is  disposed  of; 


UNITED    STATES. 


1893,  Oct.  4-Oct.  25.     441 


W.  N.  Roach  of  N.  Dak.  and  W.  V. 
Allen  of  Neb.  speak  against  the  bill ; 
the  House  debates  the  Tucker  Repeal 
BUI. 

Mass.    Fred.  T.  Greenhalge  (Rep.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Oct.  9.  />.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  After 
a  discussion  by  several  members  as  to 
how  far  the  Repeal  Bill  would  demone- 
tize silver,  F.  M.  Cockrell  of  Mo.  speaks 
against  the  Repeal  Bill ;  in  the  House 
debate  on  the  bill  for  repealing  the 
Federal  Elections  Laws  is  closed,  and 
it  is  decided  to  pass  the  bill  as  it  now 
stands. 

Oct.  10.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate : 
Messrs.  McPherson  and  Coakrell  speak 
on  the  Silver  Repeal  Bill;  in  the 
House  the  Tucker  Bill,  repealing  all 
existing  Federal  Elections  Laws,  is 
passed.    Vote,  200-101. 

Oct.  11.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate :  The 
session  is  continued  all  day  and  all 
night ;  W.  V.  Allen  of  Neb.  begins  to 
speak  at  6.30  p.m.  against  the  Repeal 
Bill  [and  continues  through  the  entire 
night]. 

Oct.  12.  D,  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Mr.  Allen  finishes  his  speech  at 
eight  o'clock  in  the  morning,  having 
been  on  the  floor  14  and  three-quarters 
hours;  it  is  the  longest  continuous 
speech  ever  made  in  the  .Senate ;  the 
session  continues  all  the  day  and  even- 
ing. 

Oct.  13.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
debate  on  the  Repeal  Bill  continues, 
W.  M.  Stewart  of  Nev.  holding  the  floor. 
The  Senate  adjourns  at  1.45  a.m.,  on 
the  motion  of  D.  W.  Voorhees  of  Ind., 
having  been  in  session  39  hours  con- 
tinuously ;  it  is  found  impossible  to 
compel  the  attendance  of  the  majority 
(43)  members. 

Oct.  14.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate : 
Several  important  amendments  to  the 
rules  are  offered;  James  K.  Jones  of 
Nev.  speaks  against  the  Repeal  BUI. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury's  order 
that  nothing  but  coin  or  currency 
be  accepted  in  payment  of  government 
taxes  is  rescinded  ;  certified  checks  will 
be  received. 

Oct.  16.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  McCreary  Bill,  which  pro- 
vides for  the  amendment  of  the  Geary 
Act,  so  as  to  give  Chinese  residents  in 
the  United  States  another  six  months 
in  which  to  register.  Vote,  178-1.  [Nov. 
2.  It  is  amended  and  passed  by  the  Sen- 
ate. Nov.  3.  Conference  report  agreed 
to  and  bill  approved.] 

Boston.    The    Associated    Board    of 

Trade  unanimously  adopts  resolutions 
jjetitioning  the  United  States  Senate  to 
change  its  rules  so  that  a  vote  can  be 
reached  on  the  Repeal  Bill. 

Oct.  17.  JJ.  a  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  a  proposed  amendment  to 
the  rules ;  Senator  Sherman  makes  a 
speech  in  which  he  aims  to  place  the 
resiX)nBibility  for  the  deadlock  re- 
specting the  repeal  of  the  Sherman  Law 
on  the  Democrats. 


Oct.  18.  J).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
Bridge  Bill  introduced  Sept.  20,  author- 
izing the  construction  of  a  bridge  across 
the  Hudson  River. 

New   Tm-k.    The   Cotton    Exchange 

passes  resolutions  calling  for  the  speedy 
repeal  of  the  purchasing  clause  of  the 
Sherman  Law. 

Oct.  19.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  D. 
B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.  speaks  against  compro- 
mise on  the  Repeal ;  Secretary  Carlisle's 
statements  in  answer  to  the  Senate's 
resolutions  show  that  the  deficit  in 
revenues  may  reach  $50,000,000 
at  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year. 

Oct.  20.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
in  executive  session  confirms,  among 
others,  the  nomination  of  J.  J.  Van 
Alen  of  R.  I.  to  be  ambassador  to  Italy. 
[The  nomination  is  severely  and  persist- 
ently criticised.  Nov.  20.  Van  Alen 
resigns.  Dec.  3.  The  resignation  is 
made  public]  Tlie  House  passes  a  de- 
ficiency appropriation  bill.  [Oct.  28. 
Amended  and  passed  by  the  Senate. 
Nov.  3.  Third  Conference  report  made. 
Final  action  not  taken].  Also  a  bill  to 
remit  half  the  duties  on  exhibits  here- 
after sold  at  the  World's  Fair,  and 
another  providing  for  the  destruction 
of  derelicts  along  the  Atlantic  coast. 

Oct.  21.  J).  C.  Congress;  Senate  : 
Messrs,  Peffer  and  Jones  speak  against 
repeal. 

The  Senate  agrees  to  a  compromise, 
by  repealing  tbe  purchasing  clause  of 
the  Sherman  Hill,  to  take  effect  Oct.  1, 
1894,  and  eliminating  entirely  the  bona 
question  ;  all  greenbacks  and  Treasurv 
notes  under  $10  in  value  will  be  retired, 
and  silver  certificates  and  coined  silver 
dollars  will  take  their  place,  the  pur- 
chase of  the  four  and  a  half  million 
ounces  of  silver  to  continue,  the  same 
to  be  coined  from  time  to  time  as  the 
seignorage  now  in  the  Treasury,  also 
that  which  shall  growoutof  f  urtherpur- 
chase.      * 

The  Treasury's  ten  days*  statement 
shows  that  the  gold  reserve  has  de- 
creased to  $81,700,000,  the  lowest  point 
yet  reached. 

Oct.  23.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
still  discusses  the  Silver  Repeal  BiU ; 
the  House  passes  the  Printing  BiU; 
also  a  bill  authorizing  the  construction 
of  a  new  revenue  cutter  on  the  lakes. 

Oct.  24.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
silver  men  abandon  filibustering,  and 
]Wessr8.  Jones  and  Stewart  continue  their 
speeches  begun  weeks  ago. 

Mich.     The    Supreme  Court  of  the 

State  declares  that  the  "Woman  Suf- 
frage Law  passed  by  the  last  Legisla- 
ture is  unconstitutional. 

Oct.  25.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Messrs.  Pugh,  Stewart,  and  Jones  speak 
on  the  silver  question  ;  a  joint  resolu- 
tion is  passed,  thanking  foreign  gov- 
ernments for  their  participation  in  the 
Chicago  Exposition. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893    Oct.  5.    N.  r.    The  ValkyHe  and 
Vigilant  sail  for  the  America  Cup, 


but,  owing  to  the  light  wind,  are  unable 
to  cover  the  course  in  the  allotted  time. 

Oct.  6.  New  York.  The  Cunard  steamer 
Lucania  arrives  from  Queenstown,  beat- 
ing the  record  of  the  Paris  by  59  minutes, 

Oct.  7.  Alas.  La  grippe  is  raging  with 
great  violence. 

New  York.    The  Vigilant  wins  the 

first  race  for  the  America  Cup,  beating 
the  Valkyrie  by  five  minutes  and  48  sec- 
onds, corrected  time. 

Oct.  8.  New  York.  Five  deaths,  some 
due  to  cholera,  are  reported  on  the  Ham- 
burg American  steamer  Hussia,  arriving 
to-day. 

Oct.  9.  N.  Y.  Some  of  the  passengers 
of  the  infected  steamer  Russia  are 
transferred  to  Hoffman  and  Swinburne 
Islands. 

In  the  second  race  between  the  Val- 
kyrie and  the  Vigilaniy  the  latter  wins 
by  12  minutes  and  23  seconds. 

Oct.  10.  Ind.  Eight  persons  are  kiUed 
in  an  accident  on  the  Pittsburg,  Fort 
Wayne,  and  Chicago  Railroad. 

Oct.  13.  Mich.  Excursion-trains  col- 
lide at  Jackson ;  13  persons  are  killed 
and  40  injured, 

N.  Y.    In  the  third  and  deciding  race 

the  Vigilant  beats  the  Valkyrie  by  40 
seconds,  retaining  the  cup  in  America. 

Oct.  14.  Pa.  A  fire  in  the  telephone 
exchange  in  AUentown  destroys  prop- 
erty valued  at  $300,000. 

Oct.  15.  Kan.  A  head-end  collision 
occurs  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island,  and 
Pacific  Railroad,  at  Paxico ;  two  persons 
are  killed  and  several  injured. 

N.  Y.    The  propeller  Dean  Richmond, 

with  a  crew  of  18,  is  lost  in  Lake  Erie, 
near  Dunkirk ;  five  bodies  are  washed 
ashore. 

Oct.  16.  Chicago.  The  "World's  Con- 
gress of  Agriculture  opens  in  the  Art 
Institute  at  the  World's  Fair,  S.  W. 
Allerton  presiding. 

///.  A  train  goes  over  an  embank- 
ment, and  30  persons  are  injured,  near 
Nameoki. 

Five  persons  are  killed  and  five  injured 
by  a  premature  explosion  of  dynamite 
at  Emington. 

Oct.  17.  B.  C.  The  house  in  which 
President  Lincoln  died,  in  Washington, 
is  formally  opened  as  the  Lincoln 
Memorial  House. 

O.    Four  men  are  killed  and  three 

injured  by  a  train  coUision  at  Wells- 
ville. 

Oct.  20.  Mich,  A  collision  occurs  be- 
tween passenger- trains  on  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railroad  at  Battle  Creek  ;  26  per- 
sons are  killed  and  many  injured. 

Wash.  A  fatal  boUer  explosion  oc- 
curs at  Spokane  ;  four  persons  are  killed, 
and  a  number  badly  injured. 

Oct.  22.  New  York.  The  laboratory  of 
the  Presbyterian  Hospital  is  burned  out. 

Oct.  23.  Chicago.  Figures  showing  enor- 
mous profits  of  the  World's  Fair  con- 
cessionaires are  made  public ;  paid  ad- 
missions to-day,  231,014  ;  total  up  to  this 
date,  19,712,996. 


442    1893,  Oct  25 -Nov.  15. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1893  Oct.  26.  Cal.  The  battle-ship 
Oregon  is  successfully  launched  at  San 
Francisco. 

Oct.  29.  IX  a  Adm.  Skerret  is  trans- 
ferred to  the  command  of  the  Asiatic 
Squadron,  relieving  Adm.  Irwin,  de- 
tached. 

Nov.  6.  D.  C.  The  President  appoints 
Gen.  George  D.  Hugglea  adjutant- 
general  of  the  army. 

Nov.  11.  Cal.  The  new  cruiser  Olym- 
pia  returns  to  San  Francisco  from  her 
trial  trip ;  her  maximum  speed  is  21.26 
knots  an  hour. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE . 

1893  Oct.  31  +  .  Pent.  Harvard  estab- 
lishes a  new  meteorological  station  on 
the  Andes,  the  highest  in  the  world. 

Nov.  4.  Colo.  Rich  gold-finds,  yield- 
ing at  the  rate  of  $120,000  per  ton,  are 
struck  in  El  Paso  County. 

Nov.  6.  O.  Wilmington  is  visited  by  a 
tornado;  loss,  $100,000. 

Nov.  11.  jris.  Copper-ore  is  found 
while  grading  streets  in  Slieboygan. 

Nov.  14.  iV.  r.  An  oil  portrait  of 
Ezra  Cornell  is  unveiled  iu  the  Capitol 
at  Albany. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1893. 

Oct.  28.     Harrison,  Carter,  mayor  of  Chi- 
cago, assassinated,  A68. 
Nov.  8.    Parkman,  Francis,  historian,  A70. 

LETTERS. 

1893  Oct.  28.  Coim.  The  American 
Inter-Seminary  Alliance  is  in  session 
at  New  Haven. 

Nov.  11.  Chicago.  John  D.  Rockefeller 
has  offered  to  give  $500,000  to  Chi- 
cago University  on  condition  that 
§400,000  more  be  raised.    [It  is  raised.] 

Nov.  15.  2i.  r.  The  Rev.  Dr.  J.  R.  Day 
of  New  York  City  is  elected  Chancellor 
of  Syracuse  University. 

SOCIETY. 
1893     Oct.  26.     New    York.     A    mass- 
meeting    under    the    auspices    of    the 
New  York  Bar  Association  is  held  in 
Cooper  Union. 

It  denounces  the  candidacy  of  Isaac 
H.  Maynard  for  the  chief  judgeship  of 
the  Court  of  Appeals.  [Nov.  1.  The 
committee  appointed  by  the  meeting 
issues  an  adiiress  urging  all  citizens  to 
reject  Maynard  at  the  polls.] 

K.  Y.  The  Bar  Association  of  Buf- 
falo holds  an  anti-Maynard  mass-meet- 
ing for  the  same  purpose. 

Oct.  28.  Ark.  J.  V.  Mitchell,  clerk  of 
Faulkner,  has  disappeared  with  $io,ooo 
in  trust  funds. 

Chicago.    Carter  H.  Harrison, 

mayor  of  the  city,  is  assassinated  in  his 
own  house  by  Patrick  E.  Prendergast. 
[Oct.  29.    Prendergast  is  committed.] 

Minn.    The  Assembly  passes  a  law 

declaring  that  every  public  place  used 
as  a  pool-room  is  a  public  nuisance ; 
that  owners  of  buildings  renting  them 


for  pool-rooms  and  frequenters  of  such 
places  shall  be  guilty  of  misdemeanor, 
and  liable  to  fine  or  imprisonment. 

Pa.    The  211  th  anniversary  of  the 

landing  of  William  Penn  is  celebrated 
with  impressive  ceremonies  on  the  spot 
where  the  lauding  took  place. 

Oct.  30.  New  York.  F.  L.  Mathes,  su- 
perintendent at  the  Postal-Telegraph 
building,  is  shot  by  Thomas  Bradley 
for  refusing  to  give  him  work. 

A  man  is  arrested  for  demanding 
$5,ooo  from  Edwin  Gould  at  his  office. 

Oct.  31.  Conn.  No-license  elections 
suspend  liquor-shops  in  East  Hartford, 
Manchester,  and  New  Britain. 

Nov.  1.  Chicago.  Columbian  Guards, 
Ferris  Wheel  employees,  and  visitors 
engage  in  a  free  fight  in  the  Midway 
Plaisance  of  the  World's  Fair.  Cause, 
the  Ferris  Wheel  people  refuse  to  stop 
as  directed  by  the  Fair  Directory. 

N.  Y.  Counselor  W.  J.  Gaynor  ap- 
plies for  an  order  of  court  to  compel  the 
authorities  to  permit  a  copy  of  regis- 
tration-lists of  Gravesend  to  be  made 
by  his  agents. 

[Nov.  2.  Ho  finds  it  difficult  to  get  a 
copy ;  the  town  has  a  population  of  a 
little  over  8,000,  yet  6,218  names  are  said 
to  be  registered.  Nov.  3.  The  power  of 
the  Supreme  Court  is  defied  at  Graves- 
end  by  John  Y.  McKane  ;  the  copy  of 
the  registry-list  is  refused.  Nov.  4.  War- 
rants are  issued  against  the  election  in- 
spectors by  Judge  CuUen.] 

Neiv  York.    Five  skilful  forgers  are 

captured  by  city  detectives  after  the 
forgers  have  secured  about  $8,000  at  tlie 
Bank  of  the  Manhattan  Company. 

Nov.  2.  Minn.  The  Executive  Land  In- 
vestigating Committee  finds  that  the 
State  has  been  robbed  of  millions  of 
dollars'  worth  of  lumber  by  some  of  its 
most  prominent  citizens ;  several  of 
them  have,  however,  been  compelled 
to  pay  large  sums  for  the  lumber  thus 
illegally  taken. 

K.  Y.  The  effort  to  have  1,200  ille- 
gally registered  names  stricken  from 
the  registry-lists  at  Albany  is  practically 
defeated  in  court. 

Nov.  3.  Chicago.  A  new  trial  is  granted 
Daniel  Coughlin.  accused  of  comitlicity 
in  the  murder  of  Dr.  Cronin.  [Acquitted 
Mar.  8, 18&4.]    (See  Dec.  16,  1889.) 

A".  J.    Judge    Dixon    sentences    the 

convicted  members  of  the  Board  of 
Freeholders  at  Paterson  to  i8  months' 
imprisonn>ent. 

Nov.  4.  Oa.  Gov.  Northen  pardons 
eight  White  Caps  who  were  sentenced 
to  the  chain-gang. 

New  Yo^k.    One  bogtis  expressman 

and  five  receivers  of  stolen  goods  are  ar- 
rested for  victimizing  express  companies 
of  several  hundred  dollars*  worth  of 
goods  at  express  exchanges. 

Nov.  5.  N.  Y.  Twenty-two  men  sent  to 
Gravesend  to  copy  registration-lists  are 
arrested  by  John  Y.  McKane,  the 
chief  of  police,  at  the  head  of  a  rough 
crowd,  and  thrown  into  jail,  charged 
■with  vagrancy. 

They  are  detained  in  jail,  though  any 
amount  of  bail  had  been  otfered  for  their 
release ;  and  also  though  they  had  man- 
damuses issued  by  Supreme  Court  Judge 
CuUen  to  secure  copies  of  the  registra- 
tion-lists of  that  town. 

[Nov.  6.  Judge  Cull  en  releases  the 
prisoners.  Counselor  Gaynor  secures 
ail  injunction  from  Judge  Barnard  re- 
straining the  Gravesend  election  officers 


from  interfering  with  watchers  at  the 

polls.  Nov.  7.  As  soon  as  Gaynor's 
watchers  arrive  at  Gravesend,  McKane 
and  his  backers  seize,  maltreat,  and  drive 
them  out  of  town :  no  regard  is  i)aid  to 
the  mandamus  from  Judge  liarnard  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  against  any  interfe- 
rence, which  each  watcher  has  in  his  pos- 
session. Nov.  9.  A  citizens*  meeting  is 
held  in  the  Academy  of  Music,  Brooklyn, 
to  take  steps  toward  the  prosecution  of 
McKane  for  his  conduct  at  Gravesend 
before  and  during  the  late  election.  Nov. 
13.  Another  mass-meeting  is  held  for  the 
same  purpose.] 
Nov.  7.  Miss.  "White  Caps  bum  the 
court-house  at  Brookhaven  ;  the  Chan- 
cery and  Circuit  Court  records  are  a  to- 
tal loss,  including  about  75  indictments 
pending  against  the  White  Cape. 

N^.  J,    Nine    deputy-sheriffs   are 

shot  and  several  others  seriously  injured 
in  an  incipient  riot  at  Camden. 

Nov.  9.  New  York.  A  trusted  clerk  of 
J.  H.  Jacquelin  and  Company  is  arrested 
for  stealing  from  $ii,ooo  to  $50,000  from 
his  employers. 

W.  S.  Patton.  stock-broker,  is  arrested 
for  hypothecating  bonds  worth  $tX),UOO 
placed  in  his  trust. 

Nov.  10.  O.  Treasurer  M.  T.  Herrick 
of  the  Society  for  Savings  at  Cleveland 
has  a  desperate  fstruggle  with  a  man  who 
threatened  to  blow  up  the  place  with 
dynamite  if  he  did  not  at  once  give  him 
$50,000  in  cash  ;  the  outlaw  escapes. 

Minn.  The  liabilities  of  President  L. 

F.  Menage  of  the  insolvent  Guaranty 
Loan  Company  at  Minneapolis  are  about 
$1,000,000,  made  by  systematic  plunder- 
ing of  the  company. 

Nov,  11.  Ky.  Masked  robbers  stop  a 
train  on  the  Illinois  Central  Kailroad 
and  steal  $7,000  from  the  express-car. 

Nov.  12.  Chicago.  The  anarchists 
have  a  demonstration  in  memory  of 
Spies,  Parsons,  and  the  other  executed 
bomb-throwers. 

Wis.    Henry  Falk  confesses  setting 

fire  to  five  places  in  Milwaukee. 

Nov.  13.  A'(/.  A  negro's  house  at  Barda- 
town  is  blown  up  writh  dynamite;  the 
crime  is  denounced  by  the  citizeus  of  the 
town. 

Phila.    The  General  Assembly  of  the 

Knights  of  Labor  is  held. 

The  General  Executive  Board  is  ac- 
cused of  having  appropriated  $30,000  to 
the  use  of  the  order,  instead  of  applying 
it  to  the  relief  of  strikers,  for  whom  it  is 
alleged  to  have  been  contributed. 

Nov.  14.  N.  }'.  Edward  M.  Shepard  is 
appointed  by  Gov.  Flower  to  aid  in  the 
prosecution  of  men  accused  of  election 
frauds  in  Kings  County,  with  full  power 
to  act.  [Dec.  7.  The  hearing  ends.] 
(See  Dec.  14.) 

Sheriff  Beck  makes  damaging  admis- 
sions in  the  investigation  of  election 
frauds  in  Buffalo. 

Nov.  15,  Chicago.  James  Prunty  is 
killed,  and  his  son  and  daughter  are  both 
wounded  by  burglars  at  their  home. 

John  A.  Drake,  treasurer  of  the  Indi- 
ana, Illinois,  and  Iowa  Railroad,  is  sand- 
bagged, and  robbed  of  $21,000,  in  his 
office. 

New  York.    The  Board  of  Aldermen 

begins  canvassing  the  city  vote  ;  it  de- 
cides to  exclude  watchers  from  occupy- 
ing a  position  where  the  figures  can  be 
seen ;  notwithstanding  this,  one  watcher 
succeeds  in  seeing  the  sheets  after  they 
are  read,  and  files  protests  and  notices 
of  contests,  accompanied  by  voters'  af- 
fidavits, 


UNITED    STATES. 


1893,  Oct.  25 -Nov.  15.      443 


STATE. 

1893  Oct.  26.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Sen- 
ate: Messrs.  Teller,  Squire,  and  Stewart 
continue  the  debate  on  the  Repeal  Bill ; 
a  joint  resolution  is  passed  providing  for 
the  removal  of  derelicts  by  interna- 
tional action  ;  the  House  continues  the 
discussion  of  the  Bankruptcy  Bill ;  it 
passes  a  joint  resolution  providing  for 
the  printing  of  enrolled  bills. 

Oct.  27.  D-  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Messrs.  Stewart,  Jones,  and  Teller  speak 
against  the  Bepeal  Bill;  William  A. 
Peffer  of  Kan.  offers  an  amendment  to 
the  Voorh^es  substitute  for  the  Kepeal 
Bill,  providing  for  the  free  coinage  of 
silver  ;  it  is  defeated.  Vote,  28-39 ;  not 
voting,  18. 

Oct.  28.  n.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate amendments  to  the  Repeal  Bill  are 
rejected,  and  the  measure  is  reported  by 
the  Committee  of  the  Whole ;  speeches 
are  made  by  Senators  Wolcott,  Sher- 
man, Gorman,  and  Voorhees ;  notice  is 
given  that  a  vote  on  the  main  bill  will 
be  asked  for  at  2  o'clock  on  the  30th 
inst. 

Oct.  30.  n.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
substitutes  the  Voorhees  Bill  for  the 
Wilson  Bill,  and  passes  it.  Vote,  43-32 ; 
not  voting,  10.  It  declares  it  to  be  the 
policy  of  the  United  States  to  con- 
tinue to  coin  both  gold  and  silver : 
Messrs.  Cameron,  Morgan,  Jones  of  Ne- 
vada, Stewart,  and  others  speak  against 
the  bill. 

Oct.  31.  B.C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
New  York  and  New  Jersey  Bridge 
Bill  is  passed  without  a  division  ;  in  tl>e 
House  the  Bepeal  Bill  is  received  from 
the  Senate. 

Nov.  1.  D.  C.  Congress;  House:  The 
Silver  Bepeal  Bill  as  amended  by  the 
Senate  is  passed.  Vote,  193-84 ;  not  vot- 
ing, 66. 

The  President  signs  the  bill,  and  it  be- 
comes effective. 

Nov.  2.  Chicago.  Alderman  G.  B.  Swift 
is  chosen  by  a  Republican  aldermauic 
caucus  as  mayor  pro  tempore. 

Nov.  3.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
bill  to  amend  the  Chinese  Kxclusion  Act 
is  passed ;  in  the  House  a  resolution  is 
passed  to  pay  employees  during  the 
interval  before  the  next  session,  but, 
being  amended  by  the  Senate,  it  falls 
through. 

The  Chinese  Exclusion  Bill  is  ap- 
proved. 

The   53d    Congress;    first    session 
closes. 

Nov.  7.  Eleven  States  hold  elections. 
The  Democrats  carry  Virginia,  Mary- 
land, and  Kentucky ;  and  the  Republi- 
cans, Massachusetts,  New  Vork,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Iowa,  Ne- 
braska, and  South  Dakota.  Legislatures 
only  are  chosen  in  Kentucky  and  New 
Jersey. 

Nov.  9.  B.C.  Ratifications  of  an  extras 
dition  treaty  between  the  United  States 
and  Norway  are  exchanged. 

if.  J.    The  Supreme  Court  of  N.  J. 

declares  the  Gerrymander  Act  and  the 


County  Excise  Law,  passed  by  the 
Legislature,  unconstitutional. 

Nov.  10.  B.  C.  A  report  by  the  Sec- 
retary of  State  to  the  President,  dated 
Oct.  18,  is  published,  suggesting  that 
the  former  government  of  Hawaii 
be  restored. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Oct.  23.  Mich.  A  fire  in  De- 
troit causes  the  loss  of  seven  lives,  and 
destroys  property  valued  at  $800,000. 

±  The  Vanderbilts  secure  control 

of  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna,  and 
Western  Railroad. 

Oct.  25.  Jf.  J.  Four  persons  are  killed 
and  three  injured  by  a  train  collision 
near  Trenton. 

Oct.  27.  Chicago.  Marshall  Field  offers 
to  give  $1,000,000  to  the  Columbian 
Memorial  Museum  on  condition  that 
$500,000  in  cash  be  subscribed  to  its  en- 
dowment fund,  and  that  $2,000,000  of  the 
Exposition  stock  be  transferred  to  its 
trustees. 

Paid  admissions  to  the  'World's  Pair 
for  this  day,  250,583. 

Pa.    A  lire  in  Pittsburg  destroys 

property  worth  $1,000,000;  several  per- 
sons are  much  injured. 

Oct.  28.  Chicago.  More  than  100  cities 
in  the  United  States  are  represented  at 
the  'World's  Fair  by  their  mayors  and 
officials. 

Oct.  30.  Chicago.  Close  of  the 'World's 
Columbian  Exposition. 

Oct.  31.  Chicago.  Mayor  Carter  Har- 
rison's body  lies  in  state  in  the  City 
Hall,  and  is  viewed  by  thousands  of  citi- 
zens. 

Nov.  1.  Cal.  The  Pacific  Mall  steamer 
City  of  New  Y&rk^  which  went  ashore  at 
the  Golden  Gate,  is  abandoned. 

Ore.    An  electric  car  goes  through 

an  open  drawbridge  into  the  river  at 
Portland  ;  20  lives  are  lost. 

Nov.  2.  New  York.  A  boiler  explo- 
sion wrecks  horse-car  stables,  killing 
fire  men  and  injuring  a  dozen. 

Ire.    The  Cunarder  Campania  arrives 

at  Queenstown,  breaking  the  eastward 
record  by  one  hour  and  20  minutes. 

The  Ward  Line  steamer  City  of  Alex- 
andria^ from  Havana  to  New  York,  is 
reported  burned  at  sea ;  about  35  lives 
are  lost. 

New  York.    The    Cunard    steamship 

Lucania  arrives,  breaking  the  western 
record  by  29  minutes. 

Nov.  5.  III.  Avestibuledtrainonthe 
Illinois  Central  Railroad  is  ditched,  it 
is  supposed  by  train  robbers ;  the  fire- 
man is  killed. 

Mo.    An  attempt  is  made  to  blow  up 

with  dynamite  the  dam  near  Sedalia, 
at  Water  Oaks  ;  two  gates  are  blown  out. 

N.  J.    Three  whales  are  stranded 

at  Cape  May. 

Phila.    The   Old  liberty  BeU  is 

returned  from  the  World's  Fair,  and 
restored  to  its  place  in  Independence 
Hall  with  impressive  ceremony. 


»  *  Chicago  'World's  Fair  Statistics: 

Cash  Kkceipts. 

Capital  stock g.S,B04,ni.97 

City  of  Chicago 5,000,000.00 

Concession  receipts 3,699,581.43 

Interest 87,081.82 

Gate  receipts 10,626,230.16 

Miscellaneous  receipts      ....       686,070.49 
Souvenir  coins  and  premiums  .    .    2,448.032.28 

Total  receipts 8(28,151,168.75 

Summary  of  Expenditures. 
Constrnctlon  expenditures  .    .     818,322,622.56 
General  and  operating  expenses  .    7,127,240.32 
Preliminary  organization     .    .    .         90,674.97 

Assets 82,698,291.01 

Liabilities     ....  87,660.11 

Net  Assets 2,610,630.90 

Total  expenditures      .    .    .     828,151,168.75 

Principal  Expenditures. 

Agriculture  .    .    .    ; 8740,655.55 

Anthropology 217,638.65 

Architecture 398,810.19 

Art 801,444.68 

Bridging 84,529.19 

Ceremonies 333,663.88 

Convent  La  Rablda 25,009.10 

Coloring  and  decorating  ....  888,284.31 

Concession  expenses 128,209.44 

Dairy 110,770.16 

Damages 197,146.82 

Decorations 119,134.81 

Donations  and  charities   ....  27,996.17 

Dredging 615,144.36 

Electrical 1,911,857.04 

Engineering,  etc 218,229.03 

rencing 95,631.45 

Finance 601,230.85 

Fire  protection 298,254.18 

Fisheries 257,466.30 

Foreign  agents 168,898.17 

Forestry 110,533.78 

Furniture  for  buildings    ....  126,774..W 

Gate  expenses 347,352.48 

General  expenses 1,294,565.92 

Grounds 465,480.85 

Horticulture  and  floriculture   .    .  456,628.25 

Installation 387,950.81 

Insurance 182,687.03 

Janitors 378,038.42 

Landscape  gardening 551,448.45 

Live  stock 258,560.87 

Machinery 2,786,684.91 

Manufactures  and  liberal  arts.    .  1,890,198.65 

Marine  service 58,151.76 

Medical  and  surgical 44,983.03 

Mines  and  mining 327,575.56 

Music 600,947.59 

National  agitation 87,807.56 

Piers  and  breakwaters     ....  600,449.11 

Police  protection      1,301,478.72 

Preliminary  organization     .    .    .  90,674.97 

Public  comfort 150,404.23 

Railway  transportation    ....  1,247,101.48 

Roadways  and  sidewalks     .    .    .  394,428.41 

Sculpture 866,172.12 

Shoe  and  leather 111,062.13 

Special  attractions 125,760.75 

Stable  expenses 110,207.37 

Superintendence  and  inspection  .  292,690.30 

Transportation  exhibits    ....  587,231.75 

Viaducts 39,637.63 

Water  and  sewage 1,122,770.44 

Woman's  building 141,032.55 

World's  congress  auxiliary  .    .  264,061.03 

825,540,537.79 

Total  attendance,  27,539,041. 

Nov.  8.    Chicago.    Five  people  are  killed 

and  10  inj  ured  in  a  collision  on  the  Rock 

Island  Railroad. 

Nov.  9.    O.    Five  persons  are  killed  and 

12  injured  by  a  railroad  accident. 
Nov.  11.    N.  Y.    The  largest  elevator 
in  the  world  is  completed  in  Buffalo. 

Nov.  13.  Tenn.  Several  lives  are  lost 
and  property  worth  $500,000  is  destroyed 
by  fire  in  Memphis. 

Nov.  14.  Chicago.  L.  Z.  Leiter  con- 
tributes $100,000  to  the  Columbian 
Museum  Fund,  conditioned  upon  its 
being  built  and  retained  in  Jackson 
Park. 

Oa.    The  Augusta   Exposition  is 

formally  opened ;  a  large  procession  of 
military,  civic  bodies,  and  firemen  takes 
part  in  the  proceedings. 


444    1893,  Nov.  16-Dec.  14. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  Nov.  23 1.  The  cruiser  Codim- 
bia's  trial  speed  i8  22.8  knots. 

Nov.  29.  D.  C.  The  annual  report  of 
the  Secretary  of  War  shows  that  the 
Army  of  the  United  States  (Sept.  30, 
1893)  consists  of  2,144  officers  and  25,778 
enlisted  men. 

Dec.  5.  Cal.  The  V.  S.  steamer  Coiioin 
sails  from  San  Francisco  for  Honoltilu. 

Deo.  7.  The  official  trial  of  the  cruiser 
Marbleheiul  takes  place  on  Jjong  Island 
Sound ;  her  average  speed  proves  to  be 
18.94  knots. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1893  Nov.  16.  New  York.  The  Society 
of  Naval  Architects  and  Marine  En- 
gineers opens  its  convention. 

Nov.  25.    New  York.    A  statue  of  Capt. 

Nathan  Hale  is  unveiled  in  City  Hall 

Park,  a  short  distance  from  the  spot 

'      where  he  was  hanged  as  a  spy  by  the 

British  on  Sept.  22,  1776. 

Nov.  26.  New  York.  Dr.  Dawbarn  of 
the  New  York  Polyclinic  Hospital  makes 
a  successful  operation  on  a  patient  with 
a  fractured  vertebra,  with  the  pros- 
pect of  perfect  recovery. 

Deo.  6.  D.  C.  A  statue  of  Gen.  James 
Shields  is  unveiled  in  Statuary  Hall,  at 
the  Capitol  in  W:ishington. 

Deo.  12.  Mass.  James  A.  Garland  of 
New  York  defrays  the  entire  expense  of 
four  series  of  art  lectures  at  Harvard  ; 
he  also  presents  to  the  University  $25,000 
worth  of  rare  gems. 

BIRTHS  —DEATHS. 
1893. 

Nov.  18.    Beers, WilliamII.,presidentN.Y. 

Life  Insurance  ('o.,  dies. 
Nov.  18.     Deems,  Charles  F.,  Metfi.  cler- 
gyman, scholar,  A73. 
Nov.  ai.    RuBk.  Jeremiah  M..  secretary 

of  agriculture,  A63. 
Nov.  22.    Coleman,  William  T.,  head  of 

Cal.  vigilance  committee  in  t85(j,  A(j9. 
Nov.  25.    O'Neill,  Charles,  M.  C.  for  Pa., 

A-2. 
Dec.  1 .    Lilley,  WUliam,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  A62. 
Billings,  Edward  C,  judge  U.  8.  Court, 

A64. 
Dec.  3.    Pope,  Hamilton,  brig. -gen.  vols,, 

A76. 
Dec.  3.    Lyman,  Theodore  B.,  P.  E.  bishop 

of  N.  C,  A78. 

CHURCH. 

1893  Nov.  17.  Pope  Leo's  encyclical 
enjoining  upon  Koman  Cathohcs  the 
study  of  the  Scriptures  is  made  public. 

Dec.  10.  New  York.  Mohammedanism 
makes  a  more  open  demonstration 
in  this  country,  a  muezzin,  or  public 
crier,  making  call  to  prayer  in  Union 
Square. 

Dec.  11.  New  York.  The  American 
Sabbath  Union  is  in  session ;  Kev.  G. 
S.  Mott,  acting  president. 

LETTERS. 

1893  Nov.  28.  Eng.  The  unveiling  of 
the  memorial  to  James  Russell  XjOw- 
ell  in  the  Chapter  House  of  Westmin- 
ster Abbey  takes  place. 


Dec.  6.  Mass.  The  authorities  of  Har- 
vard call  the  Annex  Radclif  f  e  College, 
after  Ann  Radcliffe,  an  Knglishwoman 
who  contributed  £100  to  Harvard  Col- 
lege in  1643. 

*  *  U.  S.  Number  of  newspapers  pub- 
lished, 20,015. 

*  "*  The  Prince  of  India,  by  Lew  Wallace, 
appears. 

*  *  2^ke  Great  Rememhra-nce  and  Other 
Poems,  by  Richard  Watson  Gilder,  ap- 
pears. 

*  »  The  Army  o.f  Northern  Virginia  in 
1862,  by  William  Allan,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  Nov.  16.  /)((/.  Citizens  of  Clark 
County  organize  to  hunt  down  a  gang 
of  burglars. 

Viola  Dietrick,  the  bead  of  a  gang  of 
women  outlaws  in  Kokomo,  is  sen- 
tenced to  one  year  in  the  penitentiary. 

Nov.  17.  Chicago.  Vigorous  measures 
are  taken  to  rid  the  city  of  criminals. 

Orders  have  been  issued  that  every  per- 
son found  in  the  streets  between  tlie 
hours  of  1  and  5  A.M.  shall  be  stopped 
by  officers,  not  in  uniform,  and  obliged 
to  give  an  account  of  themselves. 

Several  railroad  companies  are  swin- 
dled by  counterfeit  tickets  to  the  amount 
of  8100,000  issued  by  scalpers. 

New  York.     The   decision  against 

^V.  R.  Laidlaw  in  his  suit  for  damages 
received  at  the  office  of  Russell  Sage, 
and  in  effect  saving  the  latter  from  hurt 
by  the  dynamite-bomb  explosion  caused 
by  Norcross  is  reversed,  and  a  new  trial 
may  be  had. 

N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  addresses  com- 
munications to  officials  jind  others  in  Al- 
bany and  Kings  County,  urging  them  to 
take  part  in  the  prosecution  of  persons 
alleged  to  be  guilty  of  electoral  frauds. 

Nov.  18.  Chicago.  Th^  examining  phy- 
sicians in  the  case  of  Prendergast,  the 
assassin  of  Mayor  Harrison,  say  he  is 

sane. 

Nov.  19.  Boston.  Trainmen  are  at- 
tacked by  tramps  armed  with  clubs  and 
stones ;  car-windows  are  smashed,  and 
one  man  is  injured. 

.V. ./.  All  the  train-hands  of  the  Le- 
high Valley  road  go  on  strike  along  the 
main  line  of  the  road,  though  trains  keep 
running  on  the  branches  in  the  coal- 
regions.  [Nov.  25.  The  strike  is  practi- 
cally broken ;  at  Wilkesbarre  a  regiment 
of  soldiers  is  ordered  out.] 

New  York.    Henry  Karsten,  under  the 

influence  of  drink,  compels  his  wife  to 
drink  carbolic  acid,  and  the  woman  will 
probably  die. 

Nov.  20,  Ind.  Four  men  are  fired  on 
and  one  killed,  while  attempting  to  kid- 
nap the  i2-year-old  daughter  of  Joseph 
Kraft,  a  wealthy  citizen  of  New  Albany. 

/.  T.  The  White  Caps  and  Vigi- 
lance Committees  of  the  Cherokee  Strip 
are  terrorizing  "  sooners,"  and  claim  and 
lot  jumpers,  by  threatening  to  bang  them 
if  they  return  after  being  expelled. 

Nov.  22.  New  York.  Burglars  make 
a  raid  near  Central  Park,  securing  plun- 
der of  much  value. 

Nov.  23.  N.Y.  The  National  Grange 
of  Patrons  of  Husbandry  is  in  session 
at  Syracuse  ;  it  dem.ands  the  removal  of 
Secretary  Morton  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture. 


New  York.   John  Y.  MoKane  brings 

suit  for  $100,000  against  the  New 
York  World,  as  representing  the  Press 
Publishing  Company,  for  libel ;  but  he 
will  withdraw  the  suit  if  the  statements 
are  retracted.    [It  is  not  pressed.] 

The  German-American  Union,  formed 
of  German  Cleveland  Democrats,  plans 
the  purifloation  of  the  city  govern- 
ment. 

Nov.  25.  N.  J.  John  Slidell  and  Ed- 
ward Munn,  two  Princeton  students, 
are  convicted  of  assaulting  a  Chinaman, 
and  attempting  to  burn  oil  his  cue  with 
a  hot  flat-iron. 

N.  Y.    Chief  of  Pobce  McGrane 

and  two  police  officers  are  arrested  in 
Albany,  for  interfering  at  the  polls  on 
election  day. 

Nov.  26.  Ind.  Robber  tramps  are 
beaten  off  in  an  attempt  to  hold  up  the 
fast  express-train  on  the  Lake  Shore 
Road  near  Goshen. 

Clinton  Jordan  of  Seymour  kills  his 
wife,  sister-in-law,  and"  their  parents ; 

he  then  kills  himself. 

Nov.  27.  Ind.  A  large  mass-meeting  is 
held  at  Terre  Haute,  to  provide  for  rais- 
ing funds  to  relieve  distress  among 
the  unemployed. 

Phila.    The  Knights  of  Labor  are 

in  session ;  General  Master  Powderly's 
resignation  is  accepted,  and  James  R. 
Sovereign  is  elected  as  his  successor. 

Nov.  28.  ///.  Piano-tuner  J.  G.  W. 
Morrison  of  .Springfield  is  stoned  to 
death  by  a  mob  near  Winchester. 

Nov.  29.  New  York.  Police  Captain 
Devery  is  finally  indicted  by  the  grand 

jury. 

Dec.  1.  Conn.  The  town  of  Danbury 
votes  $50,000  for  the  relief  of  the 
locked-out  hatters. 

Dec.  4.  Miss.  The  mayor  of  Hazle- 
hurst  is  killed  by  Keeley  Miller,  who 
had  been  convicted  several  times  for 
violating  gambling-laws ;  he  is  under 
arrest  for  his  latest  crime. 

New  York.  The  League  for  the  Pro- 
tection of  American  Institutions  is- 
sues an  address  to  the  public. 

O.    Two  clerks  of   the  Lake  Shore 

road  are  arrested  at  Cleveland,  charged 
with  wholesale  forging  of  passes. 

Deo.  5.  Ivd.  The  Fort  Wayne  grand 
jury  indicts  the  Fort  Wayne  Club  offi- 
cers and  members  for  selling  liquor  with- 
out license,  for  violating  the  eleven 
o'clock  closing  law,  and  for  Sal}bath 
desecration. 

Deo.  6.  O.  The  grand  jury  of  Putnam 
County  finds  indictments  against  ex- 
Treasurer  Crawrts  and  others  for  em- 
bezzling $25,000  of  the  county  fmids. 

Dec.  7.  Chix^aqo.  Some  25,900  names, 
out  of  a  total  of  57.000,  upon  investiga- 
tion are  found  to  be  illegally  registered 

in  the  lodging-house  districts. 

Ind.    Burglars  steal  $15,900  at  the 

noon  hour  from  the  South  Bend  National 
Bank. 

La.    A  verdict  is  given  against  the 

city  of  New  Orleans,  for  85,000,  in  the 
Mafia  trouble.  [Dec.  19.  A  second 
verdict  for  85,000.] 

Deo.  8.  New  York.  Dr.  Parkhurit  an- 
nounces that  the  Society  for  the  Pre- 
vention of  Crime  will  receive  and  help 
all  of  the  women  driven  from  disorderly 
bouses  who  desire  to  reform. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1893,  Nov.  16 -Dec.  14.     445 


10.  Cat.  Tlie  business  manager 
land  the  owner  of  the  San  Francisco  Ex- 
aminer have  been  indicted  for  violating 
the  Anti-Lottery  law. 

Chiciujo.    Kfforts  are  being  made  to 

raise  a  fund  of  $1,000,000  to  relieve 
distress  of  the  unemployed ;  over  116,000 
persons  are  out  of  work. 

Dec.  11.  ^V.  Y.  The  Brooklyn  Commis- 
sion of  Audit  on  the  Columbian-staiul 
bills  tinds  that,  of  the  $11,700  paid, 
$8,300.10  was  overcharged. 

7Vx.  An  express-train  is  side- 
tracked and  robbed  near  Austin  by  seven 
men,  many  passengers  losing  their  valu- 
ables. 

Dec.  12.  Chicago.  A.  S.  Robertson, 
wholesale  stamps-department  cashier, 
is  found  bleeding  and  unconscious  in 
his  office ;  $7,000  in  packages  are  miss- 
ing. 

- —  N.  J.  A  den  of  robbers  is  discov- 
ered in  the  woods  near  Hackensack, 
with  a  large  stock  of  stolen  property. 

Dec.  13.  New  York,  The  books  of  N. 
J.  Schloss  and  Co.,  upon  investigation, 
are  found  to  have  been  falsified  by  the 
clerk  to  the  extent  of  $1,000,000. 

Dec.  14.  Cal.  Chris  Evans,  the  out- 
law, is  found  guilty  of  murder,  and  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment  for  life. 

Neil)  York.    The  Union  League  Club 

resolves  to  pledge  support  to  an  anti- 
Tammany  Hall  movement. 

N.  Y.    Judge  Barnard  adjudges  John 

Y.  McKane,  Justice  Newton,  and  three 
election  inspectors  g:uilty  of  contempt 
of  court,  and  sentences  them  to  be  im- 
prisoned for  30  days  and  pay  a  fine  of 
$260. 

[Dec.  16.  Justice  Cullen  issues  an  or- 
der in  the  McKane  case  to  show  cause 
why  a  stay  pending  appeal  should  not 
be  granted*.  Dec.  18.  An  extraordinary 
Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  opens  in 
Brooklyn  to  try  the  Queen's  County 
election  cases,  by  order  of  (jov.  Flower ; 
Justice  Cullen  presides.] 


SPATE. 

1893  Nov.  17.  Cal.  Instructions  from 
Washington  are  received  at  San  Fran- 
cisco that  Chinese  registration  is  to 
begin  Dec.  20. 

Nov.  20.  D.  C.  Secretary  Gresham 
makes  public  the  correspondence  be- 
tween Commissioner  Blount  and  the 
State  Department  in  the  Hawaiian 
matter. 

Nov.  24.  "W.  P.  Alexander  of  Hawaii 
makes  a  reply  to  Mr.  Blomit's  report. 

Phita.    The    Commercial    Exchange 

by  resolution  protests  against  the  im- 
position of  an  income  tax. 

Nov.  27.  D.  C.  The  proposed  new- 
Tariff  BUI,  prepared  by  the  Ways  and 
Means  Committee,  is  made  public. 

Nov.  29.  D.  C.  President  Cleveland  ap- 
points John  R.  Proctor  of  Ky.  on  the 
Civil  Service  Commission,  vice  G.  D. 
Johnston,  removed. 

Ex-Minister  John  Xi.  Stevens  issues 
a  statement  intended  as  an  answer  to 
the  report  of  Commissioner  Blount. 

Dec.  1.  D.  C.  The  public  debt  state- 
ment shows  a  deficit  for  the  current 
year  of  $75,000,000. 

Dec.  2.  Chicago.  The  Democrats  nomi- 
nate John    P.  Hopkins  for   mayor   as 


successor  to  Carter  B.  Harrison ;  the 
Kepublicans  nominate  George  B.  Swift. 

Dec.  3.  D.  C.  The  annual  report  of  the 
Controller  of  the  Currency  is  made  pub- 
lic. 

Tlie  total  amount  of  bank-notes  in 
circulation  on  Oct.  31  was  $209,311,393, 
being  a  net  increase  during  the  year  or 
$36,886,972. 

Colo.    "Woman  Suffrage  is  carried 

by  6,347  majority ;  Gov.  Waite  accord- 
ingly issues  a  proclamation  giving 
women  the  right  to  vote  at  all  elections 
in  the  State. 

Dec.  4.    />.  C.    The  53d  Congress ;  the 

second  and  regular  session  opens  at 
noon. 

Kan.     Got.  Lewelling    addresses   a 

letter  to  the  Boards  of  Police  Commis- 
sioners in  all  cities  of  the  first  class,  in- 
structing them  not  to  enforce  the  statute 
providing  for  the  sentence  of  vagrants 
to  work  on  the  streets  and  rock-pue,  as- 
serting that  the  law  is  unconstitutional. 

Dec.  5.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
resumes  debate  on  the  Bankruptcy  BiU 
providing  for  a  uniform  system  of  bank- 
ruptcy. 

Dec.  6.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate, 
by  resolution,  calls  upon  President 
Cleveland  for  all  correspondence  in 
the  Hawaiian  matter. 

Dec.  7.  />.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  D. 
B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.  gives  notice  that  on  the 
11th  iust.  he  will  call  up  the  House  Bill 
for  the  repeal  of  the  Federal  Elec- 
tions Laws. 

N.  Y.  The  General  Term  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  at  Albany  decides  that  the 
State  Board  of  Canvassers  of  1891  was 
in  contempt  of  court  for  canvassing  the 
Mylod  return  of  the  Dutchess  County 
Senatorial  election  ;  for  aiding  in  can- 
vassing this  return  Judge  Maynard  was 
denounced  by  the  Bar  Association  of 
New  York  City,  at  the  last  election. 

Dec.  8.  JJ.  C.  Congress  ;  In  the  House 
the  Bankruptcy  Bill  is  defeated.  Vote. 
111-142. 

N.  T.  Justice  Sutherland  of  Coney 

Island  is  ordered  to  show  cause  why  he 

should  not  be  removed  from  office  for 
alleged  violations  of  the  election  law. 

Dec.  11.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
George  F.  Hoar  of  Mass.  introduces  a 
resolution  of  inquiry  whether  any  per- 
son whose  name  has  not  been  submitted 
to  the  Senate  has  been  appointed  since 
the  4th  day  of  March,  1893,  to  represent 
the  United  States  in  the  Hawaiian 
Islands ;  in  the  House  a  bill  to  abolish 
postal  notes  is  introduced. 

Ga.  The  Legislature  declares  in  fa- 
vor of  the  free  coinage  of  silver. 

Dec.  12.  D.  'C.  Congress;  the  Ways 
and  Means  Committee  completes  its 
revision  of  the  tariff  ;  all  Republican 
amendments  are  voted  down. 

Dec.  13.  D.  C.  Congress;  In  the 
House  Mr.  Hill's  resolution  calling  for 
information  in  regard  to  Hawaii  is 
unanimously  adopted  ;  a  bill  for  the  ad- 
mission of  Utah  as  a  State  is  passed. 

The  bill  conditions  its  admission  on 
anti-polygamy  action  and  other  terms. 

N.  Y.    The  State  Board  of  Canvassers 

canvasses  the  vote  for  State  officers ; 
the  Republicans  have  a  majority  of  41  in 
the  Constitutional  Conveutlon. 


Dec.  14.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  D. 
W.  Voorhees  of  Ind.  introduces  a  bill  to 
coin  the  seigniorage  in  the  Treasury, 
and  to  renew  silver-bullion  purchases 
and  silver  coinage  at  the  rate  of  $2,000,- 
000  a  montli ;  in  the  House  a  bill  admit- 
ting Arizona  to  the  Union  as  the  46th 
State  is  passed.    Vote,  185-60. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Nov.  17±.  Chicago.  World's 
Fair  assets  are  shrinking  at  the  rate  of 
$10,000  a  day  ;  the  contractors  are  cart- 
ing away  the  property  which  the  man- 
agers expected  to  sell  to  raise  money  to 
pay  stockholders. 

Nov.  18.  N.  Y.  On  the  Erie  Canal  a 
successful  test  of  an  electric  canal-boat 
is  made. 

Nov.  22.  Mass.  Several  blocks  of  build- 
ings are  destroyed  by  fire  at  Springfield  ; 

loss,  $1,000,000. 

Nov.  23.  Mich.  A  fire  in  Detroit 
causes  the  loss  of  seven  lives ;  property 
'  loss,  $800,000. 

Freight-trains  are  moved  at  vari- 
ous points  on  the  Lehigh  Valley  Rail- 
road, notwithstanding  the  strike. 

Nov.  24.  Ga.  The  Southern  Asso- 
ciated Press  unites  with  the  reorganized 
Press  Association  at  its  annual  meeting 
at  Augusta,  paying  by  contract  to  the 
latter  $20,000  for  its  news. 

Nov.  28.  N.  Y.  A  four-masted  schooner 
is  ashore  near  Bellport,  Long  Island, 
with  the  crew  as  well  as  the  captain  and 
his  wife  and  son  lashed  in  the  rigging ; 
life-savers  are  powerless  to  help. 

Nov.  29.  New  York.  The  Rapid  Tran- 
sit Commission  agrees  upon  a  West 
Side  route.  [Dec.  4.  It  adopts  an  East 
Side  route.] 

Mills  and  factories  are  shutting  down 

or  reducing  wages  because  of  the  threat- 
ened tariff  changes. 

Dec.  4.  y.  Y.  Locomotive  works  at 
Rome  are  destroyed  by  fire ;  loss, 
$500,000. 

Dec.  5.  K.  J.  The  old  Iron  Pier  at 
XiOng  Branch,  built  at  a  cost  of 
$200,000,  is  storm-wrecked. 

Dec.  5.    ha.   The  Crystal  Ridge  Mine, 

near  Hazelton,  in  which  several  men  are 
imprisoned,  is  burning. 
Dec,  6.     Mass.     The  steamer  Jason  is 
wrecked  ofif  Cape  Cod  ;  20  lives  are  lost. 

Va.  The  Steam  Engineering  Build- 
ing at  Norfolk  is  burned  ;  loss,  $250,000- 

Dec.  8.  D.  C.  Over  50  bond  and  invest- 
ment companies  throughout  the  country 
are  denied  postal  privileges  by  the 
Washington  authorities. 

The  reorganization  committee  of  the 

Nicaragua  Canal  Construction  Com- 
pany reports  a  plan  providing  for  a  new 
company  to  absorb  the  old  one. 

Dec.  9.  Mo.  St.  Louis  suffers  from  a 
water-famine. 

A  four-train  coUision  occurs  on 
the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  between 
Boulder  and  Jefferson  City ;  the  prop- 
erty loss  is  heavy. 

Dec.  10.  N.  J.  Several  mills  and  fac- 
tories at  Paterson  and  Passaic  close, 
and  large  numbers  of  employees  are 
thrown  out  of  work. 


446     1893,  Dec.  15. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1893    Dec.  19.     The   cruisers   San 

Francisco  and  A'ew  York  are  ordered  to 
proceed  to  Kio  de  Janeiro  as  soon  as 
possible,  in  order  to  notify  Adm.  Mello 
that  he  must  not  interfere  with  United 
States  merchant-vessels  -while  loading 
or  unloading  cargoes.  [Dec.  20.  The 
Miantonomoh  and  Bennington  are  also 
ordered  to  follow.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1893  Dec.  17.  N.  Y.  A  freshet  at 
Buffalo  causes  a  property  loss  of  $100,000, 
and  drives  2,500  people  from  their  homes. 

Dec.  27.  Conn.  The  12th  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  American  Society  of  Natur- 
alists opens  at  Yale. 

Dec.  *  Biiring  the  last  three  months  25 
asteroids  have  been  discovered  by  the 
photographic  process. 

*  *  Boston.  A  statue  of  Columbus  is 
unveiled. 

**  New  York.  Robert  Blum  of  New  York 
is  elected  a  member  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Pa.  Many  monuments  are  dedicated 
on  the  Gettysbxirg  battle-field  during 
the  year. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS* 
1893. 
Dec.  16.     Black,    .lames,    first    prohibition 

candidate  for  President  of  V.  S.,  .\7l). 
Dec.  31.    Wheeler,  Nathaniel,  sewing-ma- 
chine inventor,  A73. 

CHURCH. 

1893  Dec.  27.  It.  The  offering  of  Pe- 
ter's Pence  since  the  beginning  of  Pope 
Leo*8  jubilee  amounts  to  $4,900,000. 

Dec.  *  U.  S.  The  Epworth  tieague  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  reports 
10,972  chapters  and  650,000  members. 

*  *Ia.—N.Dak.  Universalist  State  Con- 
ventions are  organized. 

*  *  111.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Monmouth ; 
James  Bruce,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Catholic  Benevolent  IJegrion 
reports  32,000  members,  and  $4,272,356  in 
disbursements  since  its  organization  in 
1881. 

*  *  Neio  York.  The  Brotherhood  of 
Philip  and  Andrew  holds  its  first  fed- 
eral convention. 

It  is  composed  of  members  of  four 
Evangelical  denominations  :  the  He- 
formed  Church  inAraerica,theReformed 
Church  in  the  United  States,  the  Con- 
gregational Church,  and  the  Presbyte- 
rian Church.  It  aims  to  Christianize 
young  men,  and  reports  130 chapters  and 
3,536  members. 

*  *  Vt.  The  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized  for  Vermont  and  the 
Province  of  Quebec. 

LETTERS. 

1893  *  *  The  Aim  of  Japan,  by  Rev.  John 
Batchelor,  appears. 

*  *  The  Influence  of  Sea-Power  upon  the 
French  lievolution  and  Empire  —  1793- 
1812,  by  Capt.  A.  T.  Mahan,  U.  S.  N., 
appears.  ^ 


*  *  Life  on  the  Circuit  with  Lincoln,  by 
Henry  C.  Whitney,  appears. 

*  *  The  Dawn  of  Italian  Independence,  by 
William  R.  Thayer,  appears. 

*  *  The  Campaign  of  Waterloo,  by  John 
Codman  Ropes,  appears. 

*  ♦  Susy :  A  Story  of  the  Plains,  by  Bret 
Ilarte,  appears. 

*  *  The  Chosen  Valley,  by  Mary  Hallock 
Foote,  appears. 

*  *  From  Dusk  to  Dawn,  by  Katherine 
Woods,  appears. 

*  *  First  Days  Among  the  Contrabands,  by 
Elizabeth  H.  Botirme,  appears. 

*  *  Division  and  lieunion,  1829-1889,  by 
Woodrow  Wilson,  appears. 

*  *  The  Realm  of  Music,  by  Louis  C. 
Elson,  appears. 

*  *  The  Children  of  a  King,  by  F.  Marion 
Crawford,  appears  ;  also  Pietro  Ghisleri. 

*  *  How  to  Know  the  Wild  Flowers,  by 
William  Star  Dana,  appears. 

*  *  Katherine  North,  by  Maria  Louise 
Pool,  appears. 

*  *  Prisoners  and  Paupers,  by  Henry  M. 
Boies,  appears. 

*  *  The  French  War  and  the  lievolution, 
by  William  M.  Sloane,  appears. 

*  *  From  Chattanooga  to  Petersburg  under 
Generals  Grant  aiid  Butler,  by  William 
F.  Smith,  appears. 

*  *  Abraham  Lincoln,  by  John  J.  Morse, 
Jr.,  appears. 

*  *  Ventilation  and  Heating,  by  John  S. 
Billings,  appears. 

*  *  The  Arctic  Problem,  by  Angelo  Heil- 
priu,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  Dec.  16.  Chicago.  Samuel 
Gompers  is  reelected  president  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor. 

Dec.  17.  N.J.  Relief  measures  are 
taken  in  Passaic,  and  coal-stations  are 
established  in  Paterson,  in  aid  of  the 
unemployed. 

New  York.    The    licensed    push-cart 

venders  are  circulating  a  protest  ad- 
dressed to  Mayor  Gilroy  against  being 
required  to  **  tip  '*  policemen  in  order 
to  make  a  livelihood. 

Dec.  22.  Fla.  Gov.  Mitchell  an- 
nounces that  he  will  use  every  means  to 
prevent  the  Corbett-Mitchell  prize- 
fight at  Jackson viUe. 

[Dec.  28.  The  two  pugilists  are  ar- 
rested at  Jacksonville  to  test  the  valid- 
ity of  the  State  law  against  glove-fights.] 

Dec.  26.  New  York.  Eight  more  arrests 
are  made  for  election  frauds ;  this  makes 
80  men  now  under  indictment. 

Dec.  27.  New  York.  Dr.  Parkhurst 
gives  testimony  before  the  extraordi- 
nary grand  jury  on  the  charges  against 
Police  Inspector  Williams. 

*  *  U.  S.  Numerous  benevolent  and 
social  organizations  report  the  num- 
ber of  their  members  and  disbursements 
of  benefits. 

The  Ancient  Order  of  Foresters :  mem- 
bers in  America,  30,428  ;  total  members, 
115,000;  benefits,  $991,832. 

The  Ancient  Order  of  Hibernians  of 
America :  100,000  members,  and  $439,542 


in  disbursements  during  the  last  fiscal 
year. 

The  Ancient  Order  of  United  Work* 
men  :  members  iu  America,  325,000 ; 
benefits,  $6,015,021 ;  total  benefits,  $49,- 
405,900. 

The  Brotherhood  of  Railroad  Train- 
men :  numbers,  25,000;  total  benefits, 
$1,671,983. 

The  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order 
of  Elks:  numbers  in  the  United  States, 
about  35,000 ;  total  benefits,  $500,000  ±. 

The   Catholic   Knights    of   America: 

members, 24,000;  benefits,  $636,917 ;  total 
benefits,  $5,179,300. 

The  Catholic  Mutual  Benefit  Associa- 
tion :  members,  38,000 ;  total  benefits, 
$3,650,000. 

The  Catholic  Benevolent  Legion : 
members,  32,000;  benefits,  $795,500;  total 
benefits,  .$4,272,356. 

Equitable  Aid  Union :  membere,  37,- 
460;  benefits,  $914,424;  total  benefits, 
$5,416,824. 

The  Freemasons:  722,333  members  in 
the  United  States  and  British  America. 

The  Fraternity  of  Modern  ^V  oodmen : 

members,  85,312;  benefits,  $695,000;  total 
benefits,  $2,854,000. 

The  Home  Circle:  members,  7,000; 
benefits,  $145,000 ;  total  benefits,  $1,- 
250,000. 

The  Fraternal  Mystic  Circle:  mem- 
bers, 13,000  ;  benefits,  $128,994  ;  total 
benefits,  $501,328. 

The  Improved  Order  of  Heptasophs 
report  15,217  members,  $173,000  in  bene- 
fits distributed  during  the  last  fiscal 
year,  and  $1,012,000  since  organization  in 
1878. 

The  Independent  Order  of  Rechabites : 
members  in  America,  2,360. 

The   Improved  Order   of    Red   Men: 

members,  133,632;  degree  of  Pocahontas, 
19,918;  total,  153,500;  total  benefits. 
$13,000,000. 

Independent  Order  of  B'nai  B'rith : 
members,  30,000;  total  benefits,  $37,605,- 
744. 

The  Junior  Order  of  United  American 
Mechanics:  members,  175,000  ;  benefits, 
$289,790  ;  total  benefits,  $1,220,338. 

The  Knights  and  Ladles  of  Honor : 
73,000  members,  and  $7,033,411  benefits 
distributed  since  organization. 

Knights  of  Honor:  members,  129,128 ; 
total  benefits,  $40,423,392. 

Knights  of  the  Maccabees  :  members, 
96,338  ;  total  benefits,  $1,869,541. 

The  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fel- 
lows :  746,484  members. 

The  National  Provident  Union :  mem- 
bers, 7,000 ;  benefits,  $167,000 ;  total  bene- 
fits, $851,950. 

The  National  Union :  members,  44,- 
678;  benefits,  $745,000;  total  benefits, 
$3,680,448. 

The  New  England  Order  of  Protec- 
tion: members,  14,996;  benefits,  $133,000; 
total  benefits,  $558,000. 

The  United  Order  of  Pilgrim  Fathers : 
members,  15,690;  total  benefits,  $1,- 
153,000. 

The  Order  of  the  Golden  Chain:  8,500 
members,  and  $1,196,514  in  disburse- 
ments since  organization  in  1881,  and 
$223,384  during  the  last  fiscal  year. 

The  Order  of  Chosen  Friends :  mem- 
bers, 41,274;  benefits,  $1,019,500;  total 
benefits,  $7,936,450. 

The  Order  of  Scottish  Clans :  mem- 
bers, 4,027;  benefits,  $71,500;  total  bene- 
fits, $327,974. 

The  Order  of  United  American  Me- 
chanics :  members,  50,464. 

The  Order  of  United  Friends  :  mem- 
bers, 20,164  ;  benefits,  $495,121  ;  total 
benefits,  $3,429,999. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1893,  Dec.  15 


.** 


447 


The  Royal  Society  of  Good  Fellows : 
11,055  ineinhera,  antf  $1,&10,31'2  disburae- 
lueilts  since  organization. 

The  Royal  Templars  of  Temperance  : 
members,  27,311;  benefits,  $1X1,742 :  total 
benefits,  $5,479,762. 

The  United  Order  of  the  Golden 
Cross :  20,257  members ;  benefits  during 
last  fiscal  year,  $327,431 :  total  benefits, 
$2,787,563. 

The  ^Voodmen  of  the  World ;  mem- 
bers, 23,000;  benefits,  $162,000;  total 
beneflta,  $385,000. 

STATE. 

1893     Deo.  15.     Z>.    C.     Congress; 

House  :  A  bill  admitting  New  Mexico 
as  a  State  is  favorably  reported  from  the 
Committee  of  the  Wliole.  [.June  28, 18!M, 
amended  and  passed.] 
Dec.  18.  n.  C.  Congress :  A  message 
from  the  President  on  Hawaii  is  read 
in  both  Houses  ;  Senate :  The  bill  to 
admit  Arizona  is  referred  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  Territories.  [Aug.  3.  Reported 
back  with  amendment.] 

Dec.  19.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the 
House,  C.  A.  Boutelle  of  Me.  moves  im- 
mediate consideration  of  his  resolution 
on  Hawaii ;  the  motion  is  fiercely  con- 
tested and  defeated ;  the  'Wilson  Tar- 
iff Bill  to  reduce  taxation  and  provide 
revenue  is  introduced.  [Jan.  8±.  De- 
bated 45  times  before  the  House  ;  Feb.  1. 
Amended  and  passed.] 

It  puts  on  the  free  list  raw  sugar, 
wool,  coal,  lumber,  and  iron  ore  ;  it  re- 
duces the  high-tariff  duties  on  many  ar- 
ticles, hut  recognizes  the  principle  of 
protection. 

Deo.  20.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  annual 
report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury is  sent  to  the  .Senate  and  House. 
After  its  reception  both  Houses  of 
Congress  adjourn  until  Jan.  3. 

Mr.  Carlisle  estimates  that  there  will 
be  a  deficit  of  $18,000,000  at  the  end  of 
the  present  fiscal  year,  and  asks  for 
authority  to  issue  $300,000,000  of  bonds 
to  meet  that  deficit  and  maintain  the 
coin  reserve ;  in  the  House  the  New 
York  and  New  Jersey  Bridge  Bill,  as 
amended  in  the  Senate,  is  passed  ;  the 
minority  report  of  the  Committee  on  the 
Wilson  Tariff  Bill  is  presented. 

Deo.  21.  Chicago.  John  P.  Hopkins 
(Dom.)  is  elected  mayor  ;  plurality,  1290. 

Dec.  28.  U.  S.  A  large  number  of  pe- 
titions adverse  to  the  'Wilson  Tariff 

Bill  are  receiving  many  signatures. 
Deo.  31.    D.  C.    The  opinion  of  Justice 

Harlan  of  the  Bering  Sea  Court  of 

Arbitration  is  made  public. 
•  •  f/.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 

-97  *  *  Ariz.     Louis  C.  Hughes  (Dem.). 

-95  •  •  Ark.    Wni.  M.  Fishback  (Dem.). 

-95  •  *  Colo.    Davis  H.  Waite  (Silver). 

-95  *  »  Conn.    Luzon  B;  Morris  (Dem.). 

-95  •  *  Ida.    Wm.  J.  -McConnell  (Rep.) 

-97  *  *  III.    John  B.  Altgeld  (Dem.). 

-97  •  *  Tnd.    Claud  Matthews  (Dem.). 

-95  •  •  Me.    Henry  B.  Cleaves  (Rep.). 

-95  »  »  ,1/icA.    John  T.  Rich  (Rep.). 

-95  *  •  Minn.    Knute  Kelson  (Rep.). 

-97  •  *  Mo.    "William  J.  Stone  (Dem.). 

-95  »  *  Mont.    John  E.  Rickards  (Rep.). 

-95  *  »  .V.  If.    John  B.  Smith  (Rep.). 

-96  *  *  X^.J.    George  T.  Werts  (Dem.). 


-97  *  •  JV.  C    Ellas  Carr  (Dem.). 
-97*  *  JSr.Mex.(Ter.).    'W.T.Thornton 

(Dem.). 
-95  *  *N.  Dak.    Eli  C.  D.  Shortridge 

(Silver). 
-95  *  *S.  Dak.    C.  H.  Sheldon  (Rep.). 
-97  *  »  Utah.    Caleb  W.  West  (Dem.). 
-97  •  *  Wash.    John  H.  McGraw  (Rep.). 
-97  *  *  W.  Va.    Vf.  A.  MacCorkle  (D.). 
-97  *  •  Wyo.    John  E.  Osborne  (Dem.). 
*  *  D.  C.    Principal  department   offi- 
cers of  the  Federal  Government,  the 
ambassadors,  ministers,  and  envoys  to 
foreign   countries.      All    appointments 
were  made  in  1893,  except  as  noted. 

State  Department.  —  Edwin  F.  Uhl,  of  Mich., 
Ass'l  Sec. ;  A.  .\.  Adee,  of  D.  C.  (1882),  Sec- 
ond Ass'l  Sec. ;  W.  W.  RockhUl,  of  N.  Y. 
[1894],  Third  Ass'l  Sec. 

Treasury  Department.  —  W.  E.  Curtis,  of 

N.  Y.,  Charles  .S.  Hamlin,  of  Mass.,  .Scott 
Wike,  of  111.,  Ass'l  Sees. ;  R.  B.  Bowler,  of 
O.,  Compt.  of  Treas. ;  Charles  H.  Mansur,  of 
Wo.  [1894J,  Ass't  Compt.;  J.  M.  Conistock, 
of  N.  Y.,  Chief  Customs  Div.  Auditors: 
E.  P.  Baldwin,  of  Jlrt.,  Treat. ;  T.  Stobo 
Farrow,  of  S.  C.,  War  Dept. ;  Sam'l  Black- 
well,  of  Ala.,  Int'r  Dept. ;  Clias.  B.  Morton, 
of  We.,  Ifavy  Dept. ;  Thoa.  Ilolcomb,  of  Del., 
State,  etc.  ;  G.  A.  Howard,  of  Tenn.,  P.  0. 
Dept.  Daniel  N.  Morgan,  of  Ct.,  Treas.  of 
U.  S. ;  Jamea  F.  Meline,  of  O.,  Ass't  Treas. ; 
Jamea  F.  Tillman,  of  Tenn.,  Register  of 
Treasury;  Jamea  N.  Eckels,  of  l\\.,  Compt. 
of  Currency;  Joa.  S.  Miller,  of  W.  "Va., 
Com.  Internal  Revenue;  E.  T.  Chamber- 
lain, of  N.  Y.,  Com.  of  Naviaation  ;  Robt. 
T.  Hough, of  O.,  Solicitor  Internal  Revenue; 
Robert  E.  Preston,  of  D.  C,  Director  of 
Mint;  Walter  Wyman  (1890),  of  5Io.,  Su- 
pervising Surg.-Oen.  of  the  Marine  Hospi- 
tal Service;  J.  A.  Uumont,  of  N.  Y.  (1876), 
Supv.  Insp.-Gen.  Steam  Ves. ;  C.  Johnston, 
of  Ky.,  Ch.  Bur.  Eng.  and  Printing. 

■War  Department.  —  Joseph  B.  Doe,  of  Wis., 
Ass't  Sec. ;  Gen.  George  D.  Ruggles,  Adj.- 
Gen. ;  Brig.-Gen.  Joseph  C.  Breckinridge, 
of  Ky.  I.\m9),  Insp.-Gen. ;  Brig.-Gen.  Rich- 
ard N.  Batchelrter,  of  N.  H.  (1890),  Q.  M.  G. ; 
Brig.-Gen.  Michael  It.  Morgan  [1894),  Com. 
Gen.  ;  Brig.-Gen.  tieorge  M.  Sternberg, 
Surg.-Gen.;  Brig.-Gen.  William  .Smith,  of 
Vt.  (1890), />.  M.  G.;  Brig.-Gen.  Thomas  L. 
Casey,  of  R.  I.  (1888),  Chief  of  Engineers; 
Brig.-Gen.  Daniel  W.  Flagler,  of  N.  Y. 
(1891),  Chief  of  Ordnance;  Col.  Guido  N. 
Lieber,  of  N.  Y.  {MM),  Judge  Adv.-Gen.; 
Brig.-Gen.  AdolphusW.  Greely,of  La.  (1887), 
Chi^  Signal  Officer. 

Navy  Department. —  William  McAdoo,  of 
N.  J.,  Ass't  Sec.  CniEF.^  of  Bureai's: 
Com.  E.  O.  Matthews  [1894],  Yards  and 
Docks;  Rear-Adni.  Francia  M.  Ramsay 
(1889),  Navigation;  Capt.  W.  T.  Sampson,. 
Ordnance;  Paytnaster-Gen.  Edwin  Stewart, 
of  N.  Y.  (1890),  Supplies  and  Accounts; 
Surg.-Gen.  J.  Kufus  Tryon,  Medicine;  Philip 
Hichborn,  Construction  ;  Commander  F.  E. 
Chadwl<;k,  Equipment.  George  W.  Melville, 
of  Pa.  (1887),  Engineer-in-Chief;  Capt.  Sam- 
uel C.  Umley  (1892),  Judge  Adv.-Gen.;  Col. 
Chas.  Heywood  (1891),  Commandant  of  Ma- 
rine Corps. 

Fost-Otflce  Department.  —  Frank  H.  Jones, 
of  111.,  First  .\ss't  P.  M.  G. ;  Charles  Neil- 
son,  of  Md.  [1S94],  Second  Ass't  P.  if.  G.; 
Kerr  Craige,  of  N.  C,  Third  Ass't  P.  M.  O. ; 
John  L.  Thomas,  of  Mo.,  As.s't  Atty.-Gen. ; 
N.  M.  Brooks,  of  Pa.,  Supt.  Foreign  Mails  ; 
Edward  M.  Gadsden,  of  Ga.,  Supt.  Money- 
Order;  Jas.  E.  White,  of  111.,  (1890),  Gen. 
Supt.  Railteay  M.  S. ;  Bernard  Goode,  of 
Mich.,  Supt.  Dead  Letter  Office;  M.  D. 
Wheeler,  Chief  P.  0.  Inspector. 

Interior  Department.  —  William  H.  Sims,  of 
Miss.,  First  Ass't  Sec. ;  J.  M.  Reynolds,  of 
Pa.,  Ass't  Sec.  Commissioners:  S.  W. 
Lamoreaux,  of  Wla.,  Land  OlUce;  William 
Lochren,  of  Minn.,  Pensions;  Daniel  M. 
Browning,  of  111.,  Ind.  Avoirs;  John  S. 
Seymour,  of  Ct.,  Patents;  W.  T.  Harria,  of 
Mass.,  Education  ;  Wade  Hampton,  of  S.  C, 
Railroads.  C.  D.  Wright,  of  Maaa.  (acting) 
Supt.  of  Census ;  Chaa.  D.  Walcott,  of  N.  Y., 
Director  of  Geol.  Surv. 

Department  of  Justice.  —  Lawrence  Max- 
well, Jr.,  of  O.,  Solicitor-Gen. ;  Edward  B. 


Whitney,  of  N.  Y.,  Holmea  Conrad,  of  Va., 
Joshua  E.  Dodge,  of  Maaa.,  Charlea  B. 
Howry,  of  Miss.,  John  I.  Hall,  of  Ga.,  John 
L.  Thomas,  of  Mo.,  Assistants. 

Department  of  Agriculture.  —  Charlea  W. 
Dabnev,  Jr.,  of  Tenn.  [1894],  Ass't  Sec. ;  M. 
W.  Harrington,  of  Mich.  (18.92),  Chief 
Weather  Bureau. 

Government  Printing  Office.  — T.  E.  Bene- 
dict, of  N.  Y.  [1894],  Gov't  Printer. 

Department  of  Labor.  —  Carroll  D.  Wright, 
of  Mass.  (1888). 

Librarian  of  Confess.  —  Ainaworth  R.  Spof- 
fordof  O.  (1865). 

Government  Directors  in  the  Union  Pa- 
cific R.  R.  Company.  —  E.  EUery  Ander- 
son, of  U.  Y.  ;  J.  W.  Doane,  of  111.  ;  Fitz- 
hugh  Lee,  of  Va.  ;  J.  W.  Paddock,  of  Neb. 

Civil  Service  Commissioners.  —  Charles  Ly- 
man, of  Conn.  ;  Theodore  Roosevelt,  of 
N.  Y.  ;  J.  R.  Proctor,  of  Ky. 

Interstate  Commerce  Commission.  —  Wm. 
R.  Morrison,  of  111.,  Chairman ;  Jamea  1). 
Yeomana,  of  la.  ;  Judson  C.  Clements,  of 
Ga.  ;  Martin  A.  Knapp,  of  N.  Y.  ;  Wheelock 
G.  Veazey,  of  Vt. 

Ambassadors.  —  James  B.  Eustia,  at  Paris  ; 
Theodore  Runyon,  at  Berlin  ;  Thomas  F. 
Bayard,  at  London  ;  Wayne  MacVeagh,  at 
Rome. 

Ministers  Plenipotentiary.  —  W.  J.  Bu- 
chanan, at  Buenos  .\yrea;  Bartlett  Tripp, 
at  Vienna  ;  James  S.  Ewing,  at  Brussels  ; 
Thomas  Moonlight,  at  La  Paz  ;  Thomas  L. 
Thompson,  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  ;  James  D. 
Porter,  at  Santiago;  Charlea  Denby  (188,'S), 
at  Peking  ;  Luther  F.  McKiiiney,  at  Bogota  ; 
Lewis  Baker,  at  Managua  ;  John  E.  Rialey, 
at  Copenhagen ;  E.  H.  Strobel  [1894],  at 
Quito  ;  Eben  Alexander,  at  Athens  ;  V.  M. 
B.  Young,  at  Guatemala  ;  A.  S.  Willis,  at 
Honolulu  ;  Edwin  Dun,  at  Tokio  ;  Isaac  P. 
Gray,  at  City  of  Mexico  ;  W.  E.  Quinby,  at 
The  Hague;  Granville  Stuart  [1894],  at 
Montevidio  ;  James  A.  McKenzie,  at  Lima  ; 
George  W.  Caruth,  at  Lisbon  ;  Clifton  R. 
Breckinridge  [1894],  at  St.  Petersburg  ;  Ilan- 
nis  Taylor,  at  Madrid  ;  Thomas  B.  Ferguson 
[1894],  at  Stockholm  ;  James  O.  Broadliead, 
at  Berne  ;  Alexander  W.  Terrell,  at  (;on. 
stantinople  ;  S.  Haselton  [1894],  at  Caracas. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Deo.  15.  Kij.  More  than  20  work- 
men are  killed  by  the  faU  of  part  of  a 
bridge  in  course  of  erection  across  the 
Ohio  River  at  Louisville. 

N.  Y.  A  train  falls  through  a  tres- 
tle near  Dunkirk  ;  11  persons  are  killed. 

Deo.  17.  Great  distress  is  reported 
among  the  unemployed  and  their 
families  in  Brooklyn  and  places  in  New 
Jersey  and  Pennsylvania. 

Deo.  23.  Pa.  The  Homestead  iron-works 
are  closed  indefinitely  ;  3,800  are  out  of 
work. 

A'.  Y.    A    large     right    whale    is 

caught  and  killed  near  Southampton, 

Loug  Island. 

Dec.  28.  Tex.  A  block  of  mercantile 
houses  in  Hillsboro  is  burned :  loss, 
$275,000. 

Deo.  30.  N.  Y.  The  plant  of  the  Onon- 
daga Iron  Company  m  Syracuse,  which 
cost  $400,000,  is  sold  by  the  sheriff  for 
$41,000. 

Dee.  31.  U.S.  Statistics  for  1893. 
Production:  Gold,  $35,955,000;  silver, 
$77,575,7.>7 ;  bushels  of  grain  ;  Indian 
corn,  1,619,496,131;  wheat,  395,131,726: 
oats,  638,8.54,850 ;  barley,  69,868,495 ;  rye, 
26,555,446;  buckwheat,  12,132,311;  bales 
of  cotton,  6,717,142  ;  pounds  of  wool, 
303,000.000;  barrels  of  petroleum,  48.412,- 
666.  Currency  in  circulation,  $1,590,701,- 
245  ;  per  capita,  $23.85.  Immigrants  re- 
ceived  (fiscal  year)  502,917.  Fire-wa.«te, 
$167,544,370;  insurance  loss,  $105,994,577. 
Total  railroad  accidents,  2,307 ;  7.:i46 
persons  are  klled  and  40,393  injured  (year 
ending  June  30). 


448     1893,  *  *-1894,  Jan.  24. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY- NAVY. 

1894  Jan.  18.  The  official  trial  board 
of  the  new  unarmored  cruiser  Olym- 
pia  announces  her  speed  at  21.G9  knots. 

Jan.  21^-.  The  speed  made  by  the  un- 
armored cruiser  Montgomery  on  her 
trial  run  is  19.056  knots  an  hour. 

Jan.  23.  D.  C.  Com.  John  George 
Walker  is  promoted  rear-admiral  U.  S.  N. 
[Also  Apr.  11.  Com.  Francis  M.  Bam- 
say.  Nov,  11.  Com.  Charles  C.  Carpen- 
ter.] 

Commander  Henry  Glass  is  promoted 
captain  U.  S.  N.  [Also  Apr.  U.  Com- 
mander Philip  H.  Cooper.  Apr.  16. 
Commander  Henry  C.  Taylor.  July  10. 
Commander  George  H.  Wadleigh.  July 
21.  Commander  A.  S.  Crowninshield. 
July  31.  Commander  Frank  Wildes. 
Sept.  7.  Commander  James  H.  Sands. 
Sept.  16.  Commander  Yates  Stirling, 
Nov.  11.    Commander  William  C.  Wise.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Jan.  1.  Cat.  A  memorial  in 
honor  of  the  landing  of  Sir  Francis 
Drake  on  the  Pacific  coast  is  unveiled 
in  Golden  Gate  Park,  San  Francisco. 

Jan.  3.  N.  y.  A  large  coal-deposit 
is  found  at  Thod  Bottom,  Delaware 
County. 

Jan.  20.  Kan.  A  party  of  10  men  from 
Winnipeg  are  killed  by  an  avalanche  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Tex.    A  hurricane  at  Dallas  destroys 

property  valued  at  $100,000. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1894. 

Jan.  2.    Potter,  Orlando  B.,  capitalist.  ATI. 

Wheeler,  H.  H.,  president  American  Dis- 
trict Telephone  Co.,  A56. 

Craig,  Oscar,  president  State  Board  of 

Charities,  A58. 

McNierney,  F.,  R.  C,  bp.  of  Albany,  A66. 

Jan.  3.  Sanger,  A.  L.,  president  Board  of 
Education,  A52. 

Clarkson,  Lloyd,  officer  of  G.  A.  R.,  A63. 

Jan.  5.  Singer,  Otto,  nmsic- teacher,  com- 
poser, A6I. 

Jan.  10.  Belles,  Frank,  secretary  of  Har- 
vard University,  dies, 

Fairfax,     Donald    McNiell,    rear-adm. 

U.  S.  N.,  A70. 

Jan.  15.    Losse,  W.,  lawyer,  jurist,  A71. 

Jan.  16.  Beardsley,  Nelson,  president  Cay- 
uga Bank,  N.  Y.,  for  54  years,  A86. 

Jan.  19.  Gaston,  William  L.,  lawyer.  Gov. 
of  Mass.,  A74. 

Jan.  SO.  Shafer,  Helen,  pres.  of  Wellesley 
College,  A54. 


CHURCH. 

1894  Jan.  21,  New  York.  A  small 
portion  of  a  bone  of  the  Blessed  Brother 
Gerard  is  exhibited  in  one  of  the 
churches  ;  it  is  venerated  and  kissed  by 
many  Roman  Catholics. 

LETTERS. 
1893  *  *  Voodoo    Tales  as    Told   Among 
the  Negroes  of  the  Southwest^  by  Mary 
A.  Owen,  appears. 

•  *  Hypnotism,  MesmeHsm,  and  the  New 
Witchoraft^  by  Ernest  Hart,  M.D.,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  New  Era,  by  Josiah  Strong,  ap- 


*  *  The  Silver  Situation  in  the  United 
States,  by  F.  W.  Taussig,  appears. 

*  *  Major-General  Wayne,  by  Charles  J. 
Still^,  appears. 

*  *  The  Meaning  and  Method  of  Life,  by 
George  M.  Gould,  appears. 

*  *  A  New  England  Boyhood,  by  Edward 
Everett  Hale,  appears. 

*  *  A  House-Hunter  in  Europe,  by  William 
Henry  Bishop,  appears. 

*  *  Science  and  a  Future  i^c,  by  Frederic 
W.  H.  Myers,  appears. 

*  *  The  People's  Money,  by  William  L. 
Trenholm,  appears. 

*  *  Many  Inventions,  by  Rudyard  Kip- 
ling, appears. 

*  *  English  History  for  American  Readers, 
by  Thomas  W.  Higginson  and  Edward 
Chanuing,  appears. 

*  *  Louis  Agassiz,  by  Charles  F.  Holder, 
appears. 

*  *  Thomas  Jefferson,  by  James  Schouler, 
appears. 

*  *  General  George  H.  Thomas,  by  Donn 
Piatt,  appears. 

*  *  General  Greene,  by  Francis  Vinton 
Greene,  appears. 

*  *  Ticenty  Years  at  Sea,  by  Frederick 
D.  Tliompson,  appears. 

*  *  General  Johnston,  (Joseph  E.),  by 
Robert  M.  Hughes,  appears. 

*  *  The  Gilded  Man,  by  A.  F.  Bandelier, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Arctic  Journal,  by  Robert  E. 
Peary,  appears. 

1894  Jan,  5.  Neto  York.  The  New 
York  State  Art  Teachers*  Association 
is  in  session  in  Art  Association  Hall. 

Jan.  12.  Ji.  I.  President  Andrews  of 
Brown  University  declines  an  offer 
of  the  co-presidency  of  the  University 
of  Chicago. 

Jan.  19.  Mass.  Harvard  defeats  Yale 
in  the  joint  debate  at  Cambridge. 

SOCIETY. 

1894    Jan.  1.    Boston.    The  Knights  of 

heihor  enter  a  protest  against  the  low 
rate  of  wages  ^$1.50  a  day  —  paid  by  the 
Citizens*  Relief  Committee  to  the  men 
employed  by  it. 

Jan.  3.  Chicago.  It  is  announced  that 
W.  Campbell,  president  of  the  Illinois 
Electrical  Forging  Company,  has  disap- 
peared, and  $215,000  are  also  missing. 

O.    Burglars  at  Kenton  torture  an 

old  man  by  burning  bis  feet  with  hot 
irons  to  make  him  tell  where  his  money 
is  secreted;  they  secure  about  $100  in 
money  and  valuables. 

Jan.  4.  Ne}rYork.  Dr.  Parkhurst's  so- 
ciety issues  a  statement  of  its  efforts  to 

secure  the  indictment  of  Police  Inspector 
Williams  and  Capt.  Schmittberger.  and 
the  evidence  in  the  cases.    (See  Sept.  1 1 .) 

Jan.  6.  Neio  York.  W.  H.  Grimm  is  sen- 
tenced to  Sing  Sing  prison  for  four  years 
and  six  months  for  marrying  four  wives 
—  all  are  now  living. 

Jan.  7.  Chicago.  By  order  of  Chief  of 
Police  Brennan,  all  the  gambling-houses 
are  closed. 

Ky.    White  Caps  terrorize  three 

counties ;  one  mau  is  killed  and  many 
severely  whipped. 


Mick.  C.  W.  Leggett  of  Ganges  is  seri- 
ously injured  by  opening  a  box  received 
by  mail  which  proves  to  be  an  infernal 
machine. 

Jan.  9.  Cal.  A  gig:antic  smuggling 
ring,  employing  three  vessels  in  its 
operations,  is  discovered  at  San  Fran- 
cisco ;  several  arrests  are  made. 

.v.  Y.    John  Y.  McKane  and  his 

associates  decline  to  plead  in  Brooklyn, 
and  their  counsel  move  to  quash  the 
indictments  against  them.  [Jan.  11. 
Denied  by  Judge  Bartlett.  Jan.  12. 
McKane  pleads  "  not  guilty  '•  to  several 
indictments.] 

Jan.  10.  Mo.  Five  masked  men  stop 
and  rob  an  express-train  near  St. 
Joseph. 

Jan.  12.  Kan.  Acoloredmanin  Sabina 
is  allowed  by  a  jury  two  dollars  for  the 
loss  of  his  son,  who  was  hanged  by  a 
mob  last  April. 

O.    A  negro  is  hanged  by  a  mob 

near  Cincinnati  for  the  murder  of  an  old 
couple  a  month  ago. 

Jan.  13,  Ala.  Burglars  raid  the  vil- 
lage of  Courtland,  Lawrence  County, 
breaking  open  every  business  house  in 
the  place. 

Jan.  16.  Wis.  R.  J.  Peschmann,  lessee 
of  the  Cream  City  Hotel  bar,  Milwaukee, 
confesses  to  murdering  Mrs.  Annie 
Schrums  for  her  money,  and  setting  tire 
to  her  room  in  his  hotel  to  cover  the 
crime. 

Jan.  17.  N.  Y.  The  cruelty  case  against 
Superintendent  Brockway  of  the  Elmira 
Reformatory  is  dismis-^ed.  [Mar.  19. 
The  report  of  the  State  Board  of  Chari- 
ties sustains  most  of  the  charges  against 
him.  Bee.  10.  Gov.  Flower  dismisses 
the  charges.] 

S.  Dak.    Alexander  Ross,  cashier  of 

the  First  National  Bank  of  Lead  City, 
is  arrested  for  embezzling  funds  of  the 
bank  to  the  amount  of  $24,893. 

Jan.  19.  New  York.  Three  New  York 
policemen  are  arraigned  by  the  Lexow 
Committee,  charged  with  levying  black- 
mail on  pushcart  venders  ;  all  plead  not 

guilty. 

The  fourth  annual  dinner  in  honor  of 
the  birthday  of  Gen.  R.  E.  Lee  is  given 
by  the  Confederate  Veteran  Camp  of 
New  York. 

Jan.  21.  Conn.  The  Bridgeport  Trac- 
tion Company's  men  strike;  the  mayor 
reads  the  riot  act  to  the  men. 

Fla.  Troops  are  ordered  to  Jackson- 
ville by  the  governor  to  stop  the  Cor- 
bett^Mitchell  prize-fight  proposed  to  be 
fought  there. 

Jan.  23.  Colo.  President  M.  H.  Smith 
of  the  Bank  of  Sterling  is  sentenced  to 
the  penitentiary  for  three  years  for  re- 
ceiving money  on  deposit  after  the 
bank  became  insolvent. 

Pa.  Treasurer  W.  T.  Zell  is  de- 
clared an  embezzler  by  officers  of  the 
Lehigh  and  Wllkesbarre  Coal  Company. 

Jan.  24.  Fla.  Judge  Call  issues  an  in- 
junction restraining  the  sheriff  of  Duval 
County  from  interfering  with  the  Cor- 
bett-Mitchell  fight. 

STATE. 

1894  Jan.  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
majority  of  the  House  Ways  and  Means 
Committee  decides  to  recommend  an 
income  tax  of  two  percent  on  incomes 
over  $4,000  a  year,  to  advance  the  tax  on 


UNITED    STATES.  1893,*  *-1894,  Jaii.24.   449 


whisky  ten  cents  a  gallon,  and  to  im- 
pose a  tax  of  two  cents  a  pack  on  play- 
ing-cards. 

The  Treasury  Department  reports  the 
public  debt  increased  $7,000,000  in  De- 
cember. 

Jan.  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Senate 
William  P.  Frye  of  Me.  introduces  a 
resolution  ordering  Executive  non-ln- 
terference  in  Hawaiian  atfairs  pending 
investigation;  in  the  House  Charles  A. 
Boutelle  of  Me.  endeavors  to  have  his 
resolution  on  the  Hawaiian  question 
considered  before  the  Tariff  Bill,  but 
fails ;  Richard  P.  Bland's  bill  to  coin 
the  silver  bullion  held  in  the  Treasury 
is  referred  to  tlie  Committee  on  Coin- 
age, Weights,  and  Measures. 

Jan.  4.  />.  C.  Congress:  Senate  does 
little  business ;  House  without  a  quo- 
rum. 

Xew  York.  The  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce declares  in  favor  of  an  issue  of 
8200,000,000  in  Government  bonds. 

Jan.  5.  />.  C  Congress:  Senate  not  in 
session  ;  House  without  a  quorum. 

Jan.  6.  D.  C.  Congress :  Senate  not  in 
session  ;  House  without  a  quorum.  A 
resolution  ordering  the  sergeant-at-arms 
to  arrest  absent  members  is  adopted. 

Jan.  7.  U*  S.  It  is  announced  that  the 
U.  S.  revenue  cutter  forwin,  at  San 
Francisco,  brings  news  that  the  Queen 
of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  has  potilled 
Minister  Willis  that  she  is  willing  to 
comply  with  the  conditions  he  demanded 
of  her, but  had  heretofore  rejected;  also 
that  the  U.  S.  Minister  requested  the 
Provisional  Government  to  resig;n  in 
her  favor,  and  it  refused  to  comply 
with  the  request. 

Jan.  8.  D.  V.  Congress :  In  the  House 
"William  L.  "Wilson  of  "W.  Va.  begins 
debate  on  the  Tariff  BiU  after  the 
date  for  a  final  vote  on  the  bill  has  been 
fixed  for  Jan.  29.  [The  Taritf  is  dis- 
cussed almost  exclusively  till  the  final 
vote  is  taken.  The  Federal  Elections 
Bill  nearly  monopolizes  the  business  of 
the  Senate.] 

N.  J    The  race-track  laws  passed 

by  the  last  Legislature  are  declared  un- 
constitutional by  the  State  Supreme 
Court. 

Jan.  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
decides  to  take  up  the  bill  for  the  repeal 
of  the  Federal  Elections  Law  as  "  un- 
fini.shed'*  business  on  Jan.  15. 

N,   J.    The    Democratic  Senators 

hastily  organize ;  President  Adrian  re- 
fuses to  accept  the  credentials  of  the 
Republican  Senators-elect  ;  the  Repub- 
licans  retire  to  a  Senate  committee-room 
and  organize,  making  two  bodies  ;  Gov. 
Werts  sends  his  message  to  the  Demo- 
cratic body. 

Jan.  10.  Colo.  The  extra  session  of  the 
Legislature  meets  at  Denver  ;  the  Senate 
refuses  to  print  Gov.  Waite's  message. 

N.  J.    The  Republican  Senators 

forcetheir  way  into  the  Senate-chamber 
at  Trenton ;  a  bill  repealing  the  race- 
track law  is  passed  by  both  Houses,  and 
sent  to  Gov.  Werts  for  his  signature. 

Jan.  11.  D.  (\  Mr.  Carter  resigns  the 
chairmanship  of  the  Republican  Na- 
tional   Committee    at    its    session   in 


Washington,  and  Joseph  H.  Manley  is 
elected  his  successor. 

N.  J.    The  Democrats  again  seize  the 

Senate-chamber  at  Trenton,  and  forci- 
bly eject  several  (Kep.)  Senators-elect. 

Utah.  In  accordance  with  the  man- 
date from  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Utah  enters  a  decree 
ordering  the  receiver  to  turn  over  to  the 
First  Presidency  of  the  Mormon  Church 
all  money  in  his  possession  —  $43^,174  — 
derived  from  personal  property. 

Jan.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  Senate  not 
in  session  ;  the  President  sends  to  the 
House  the  Hawaiian  correspondence 
accompanied  by  a  brief  message. 

Jan.  15.  I).  C.  Congress;  House  :  De- 
bate on  the  Tariff  BiU  under  the  five- 
minutes  rule  is  begun. 

A  letter  written  by  Secretary  Carlisle 
to  the  chairman  of  the  Senate  Commit- 
tee of  Finance,  urging  tlie  immediate 
authorization  of  an  issue  of  bonds,  is 
made  public. 

Mass.    A  bill  providing  for  biennial 

sessions  is  introduced  into  the  Legisla- 
ture. 

N.  Y.    John   Y.  McKane    tries    to 

wrest  the  gavel  from  the  Supervisor  at 
Largeat  the  meeting  of  the  Kings  County 
Board  of  Supervisors,  and  with  his  col- 
leagues undertakes  to  carry  on  a  meet- 
ing in  violation  of  the  law. 

Jan.  16.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate debate  is  begun  on  the  bill  for  the 
repeal  of  the  Federal  Election  I^aws. 

N.  J.    Both  of  the  Senates  appoint 

committees  of  conference  ;  standing 
committees  are  announced  in  the  House 
and  Republican  Senate. 

W.  Fa.    The  Senate  provides  that  the 

State's  portion  of  the  debt  of  the  old 
State  of  Virginia  be  settled  by  commis- 
sioners appointed  by  both  States. 

Jan.  17.  />.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  The 
Civil  Service  extension  and  the  repeal 
of  the  Federal  Election  I«aws  are  dis- 
cussed ;  the  H<mse  votes  that  the  wool 
schedules  of  the  "Wilson  Tariff  BiU 
shall  go  into  effect  with  the  rest  of  the 
act. 

Secretary  Carlisle  issues  a  circular 
offering  for  pubUc  subscription  $50,- 
000,000  ten-year  5  per  cent  bonds. 

Jan.  18.  J).  C.  Congress;  Senate:  W. 
A.  Peffer  of  Kan.  and  W.  V.  Allen  of 
Neb.  introduce  resolutions  denouncing 
the  proposed  bond-issue ;  in  the  House 
J.  C.  BiUTOws's  amendment,  substi- 
tuting the  wool  schedule  of  the  McKin 
ley  Bill  for  that  of  the  bill  now  under 
discussion,  is  defeated. 

Jan.  19.  D.  C.  Congress :  Senate  not 
in  session  ;  the  House  passes  the  Okla- 
homa Town  Sites  Entry  BiU,  requir- 
ing railroads  to  establish  stations  and 
depots  at  town  sites  fixed  by  the  In- 
terior Department,  in  the  Territories. 

Jan.  20.  />.  C.  Congress:  Senate  not 
in  session. 

President  Cleveland  vetoes  the  New 
York  and  New  Jersey  Bridge  BiU. 

Jan.  22.  />.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen 
ate  another  message  and  more  corre- 
spondence on  the  Hawaiian  question 
is  received  from  President  Cleveland ; 
amendments  to  the  "Wilson  BiU,  re- 
pealing the  bounty  on  sugar  and  putting 


refined  sugar  on  the  free  list,  are  adopted 
in  the  House  Committee  of  the  Whole. 

la.    The     Supreme    Court    at    Des 

Moines  decides  that  the  Prohibition 
Amendment  of  1882  \vas  not  constitu- 
tionally adopted,  and  is  therefore  void. 

N.  J.  The  Democratic  Senators  re- 
ject the  Kepublican  propositions  for 
harmony  ;  the  Republican  Senators  send 
a  communication  to  Gov.  Werts,  asking 
his  cooperation  in  organizing  the  lawful 
Senate. 

Jan.  23.  D.  C.  Congress:  Tbie  House 
votes  down  amendments  to  the  Wilson 
Bill  putting  a  duty  on  coal. 

Jan.  24.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
rejects  all  amendments  to  the  iron  ore 
schedule  of  the  Tariff  BiU;  tlie  In- 
ternal Revenue  Bill  is  reported,  with 
the  income  tax  included,  by  the  com- 
mittee, who  vote  &-7. 

N.  Y.    The  Forestry  Commission 

proposes  to  acquire  1,200,000  acres  in 
the  Adirondacks,  and  100,000  acres  in 
the  Catskill  region,  for  State-park  pur- 
poses, at  a  total  cost  of  $3,515,liJ4. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Jan.  2.  Kan.  Four  persons  are 
killed  and  as  many  injured  by  a  train- 
wreck  near  Lawrence. 

Jan.  3.  O.  A  fire  in  Toledo  destroys 
property  valued  at  $1,000,000. 

Jan.  6.  Kan.  A  large  body  of  under- 
ground water  is  found  in  Ford  and  ad- 
joining counties  ;  farmers  intend  to  sink 
wells  about  one  mile  apart,  and  dig 
ditches  in  order  to  irrigate  the  country 
thereabouts. 

Jan.  8.  Chica^jo.  The  Manufacturers' 
Building  in  the  World's  Fair  grounds, 
containing  20,000  cases  of  exhibits  await- 
ing removal,  the  Music  Hall,  the  Peri- 
style, and  Casino  are  burned ;  loss  on 
buildings,  $800,000 ;  on  exhibits,  $200,000. 

Jan.  15.  N.  J.  Eleven  persons  are  killed 
and  44  injured  by  a  train  coUision  at 
Hackensack. 

—  O.  Organized  unemployed  men  in 
Cincinnati  refuse  to  accept  work  from 
the  Associated  Charities  at  $1  a  day. 

Jan.  17.  N.  Y.  The  cost  up  to  18U4  of 
the  unfinished  State  Capitol  at  Albany 
is  $20,726,971.15. 

Wash.      Over     12,000,000    bushels    of 

wheat  are  destroyed  by  rains  in  east- 
ern Washington. 

Jan.  19.  Ky.  TheCity  Council  of  Louis- 
ville annexes  aU  suburbs,  including 
Ave  towns,  adding  20,000  to  the  city's 
population. 

Cat.    The  Chinese  Six  Companies 

order  their  laborers  to  register.  [Many 
of  them  do  so.] 

Jan.  23.  New  York.  The  Normannia, 
of  the  Hamburg-American  Line,  is  com- 
peUed  to  return  to  port  much  dam- 
aged by  a  tidal  wave ;  loss,  $50,000  to 
the  vessel  and  about  the  same  to  the 
cargo. 

Jan.  24.  Ttnn.  At  Coal  Creek  50  con- 
victs escape  from  a  stockade. 

Tex.     By  the  explosion  of  a  stick  of 

dynamite  in  a  train  smoking-car  stove 
at  Marcos,  two  men  are  killed  and  six 
seriously  injured. 


450     1894,  Jan.  25-Feb.  20. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Jan.  *  U.  S.  The  Naval  Re- 
serve numbers  2,4^  men. 

Feb.  2.  The  war-ship  Kearsarge  is 
wrecked  on  a  rock  in  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
two  officers  and  crew  being  saved. 

Feb.  11.  D.  C.  The  militia  force  of 
the  United  States  as  reported  to  Con- 
gress aggregates  112,000  men. 

Charles  R.  Barnett  is  commissioned  ma- 
jor—  quartermaster  department.  [Feb. 
22.  Henry  S.  Kilbourne  — medical  de- 
partment. Mar.  1.  Gilbert  S.  Carpen- 
ter—  4th  infantry.  Mar.  8.  Carle  A. 
Woodruff— 2d  artillery.  Mar.  12.  Ab- 
rara  A.  Harbach  — 18th  infantry.  Mar. 
13.  James  C.  Merrill  — medical  depart- 
ment.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Jan.  27.  N.  Mex.  Gold  is  dis- 
covered near  Sorocco. 

Feb.  7.  Ciil.  An  earthquake  shakes 
San  .Jose. 

[Also  May  24.  St.  Louis,  Mo.  July  30. 
Three  shocks  at  Loa  Angeles,  Cal.  Aug. 
10.  Three  shocks  at  Memphis,  Tenn. 
Nov.  23.  Slight  shocks  in  Connecticut 
and  West  Virginia.] 

Feb.  8.  La.  A  tornado  strikes  Port 
Hudson,  demolishing  a  number  of 
houses.     [Feb.  19.    Arkansas  is  visited.] 

Feb.  10.  Iiul.  A  vein  of  gold  assaying 
$80  a  ton  is  discovered  in  a  stone-quarry 
near  Portland. 

Feb.  13.  N.  Y.  Surveys  are  being  made 
for  the  new  East  River  bridge  in  Wil- 
liamsburg, Brooklyn. 

Okla.~I.  T.    More  than  30  persons 

perish  in  a  blizzard ;  thousands  of  cat- 
tle are  lost. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1894. 

Jan.  39.    Calkins,  W.   H.,  lawyer,  Jurist, 

A52. 
Feb.  3.    Childs.  Oeorge  William,  editor 

Public  Ledger^  philanthropist,  A64. 
Feb.  4.    Wilkinson,  Morton  S.,  senator  for 

Minn.,  lawyer,  ATS. 
Feb.  9.    Houk,  George  W.,  M.  C.  for  O., 

dies. 
Casey,  T.  A.,  vicar-gen.  of  R.  C.  diocese 

of  Erie,  dies. 
Feb.  17.    Itotton,  Otto,  physician,  of  Brook- 
lyn, A  83. 
Feb.  19.     Keppler,  Joseph,  cartoonist,  an 

editor  of  Fuck^  A56. 
Feb.  20.    Sniitli,  John  M.,  horticulturist, 

A83. 

CHURCH. 

1894  Feb.  2.  Vt  Arthur  C.  A.  Hall 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Vermont. 

Feb.  9.  N.  Y.  Plymouth  Church, 
Brooklyn,  observes  the  7th  anniversary 
of  the  death  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher. 

Feb.  18.  la.  Protestant  ministers  at 
Sioux  City  make  a  concerted  attack 
upon  the  American  Protective  Asso- 
ciation, and  urge  their  congregations 
to  shun  it. 

•^^  New  York.  Russians  for  the  first  time 
in  this  city  attend  the  service  of  the 
Oreek  Orthodox  Church  conducted 
in  the  native  language. 


SOCIETY. 

1894  Jan.  25.  Conn.  A  dozen  Dan- 
bury  hat  manufacturers  reopen  their 
shops,  but  less  than  50  men  return  to 
work.  [Jan.  26.  Hundreds  return.  Feb. 
I.  The  union  men  decide  to  work  in  non- 
union factories;  the  strike  has  collapsed,  ] 

Fla.  The  Corbett-Mitchell  prize- 
fight takes  place  at  Jacksonville  with- 
out interference;  Corbett  wins  in  the 
third  round ;  both  men  are  arrested,  and 
give  bail. 

/.  T.    A  band  of  train-robbers  is 

captured  by  police ;  one  of  the  gang  is 
killed  and  another  wounded. 

N.    Y.    The     trial    of     John    Y. 

McKane  begins  at  Brooklyn. 
Ph'da.    The  National  Conference 

on  Good  City  Government  begins  a 

two  days'  session. 

Jan.  26.  Chicago.  Alderman  Jeremiah 
H.  Mulvihill  is  fatally  wounded  In  *'Kd." 
Hussey's  saloon  by  "Mike"  Frewer, 

Jan.  27.  N.  Y.  Robert  Morrison  shoots 
and   mortally  wounds    his  mother  at 

Kingsbridge  becnuse  she  reprimands 
him  for  getting  drunk. 

N.  Y.    Two  Italian  counterfeiters 

are  arrested  while  at  work  in  South 
Brooklyn,  and  four  presses,  a  forge, 
seven  dies,  crucibles,  gold,  silver,  tin, 
and  other  metals  and  machinery,  are 
seized. 

Pa.    A  mob  of  strikers  makes  an 

attack  upon  working  miners  at  Wood- 
ville  ;  rioting  squads  of  about  one  hun- 
dred men  each  are  going  from  mine  to 
mine  intimidating  miners  at  work. 

Jan.  28.  N.  J.  The  certificate  of  incor- 
poration of  the  Daisy  Fields  Home 
and  Hospital  for  Crippled  Children, 
located  at  Englewood,  is  filed. 

Jan.  30.    S.  C.    Liquor-stores   in 

Charleston  are  raided  by  the  police  and 
an  armed  force. 

Jan.  31.  Cal.  A  gang  of  ruffians  makes 
an  attack  upon  the  private  car  of  Mrs. 
Leland  Stanford  at  Vina. 

Feb,  1.    Pa.    Ten   anarchist   miners 

are  arrested  in  a  settlement  of  Slavs 
and  Italians  near  Mansfield. 

N.  C.  —  Tenn.    A  fight  takes  place 

between  farmers  w^hile  vt^orking  on  the 
road  on  the  Madison  County  line,  next 
to  Tennessee ;  six  are  killed  and  14 
wounded. 

Feb.  3.  Boston.  Albert  Johnson  shoots 
his  sweetheart,  Carrie  Andrews,  and 
kills  himself,  on  account  of  breaking  of 
her  engagement. 

Ind.    James  Arnold,  of  the  bank  of 

James  Arnold  and  Co.,  Columbia  City, 
flees  ;    he  is  charged  with  embezzling 

$100,000- 

Feb.  4.    N.  Y.    A  shortage  of  $19,000 

is  found  in  the  accounts  of  Cashier  W. 
I>.  Lohmann  of  the  Brooklyn  Excise 
Department ;   he  has  disappeared. 

Feb.  5.  Ky.  A  fatal  fight  occurs  at 
Harlan  Court-house ;  one  man  is  killed 
and  one  fatally  injured. 

New  York.  Inspector  Williams  re- 
ports that  he  could  find  nothing  immoral 
in  Capt.  Slevin's  precinct,  as  charged  by 
Dr.  Parkhurst. 

Tenn.    President  G.  N.   Henson,  of 

the  Citizens'  Bank  and  Trust  Company 
of  Chattano«ga,  shoots  and  kills  J.  B. 
Werts,  a  well-known  insurance  man, 
and  is  arrested. 

Feb.  6.  New  York.  A  police  census 
shows  that  52,592  males  and  14,688 
females  are  out  of  work,  their  fami- 
lies including  206,701  persons;  39,311 
families  are  in  need  of  assistance. 


Feb.  7.  New  York,  Hungry  people  ;ire 
flocking  to  relief-stores. 

Feb.  8.  Tex,  Sheriff  A.  Dickson  is 
Bhot  and  killed  by  the  Texan  outlaw 

Uraddock,  and  one  of  the  sheriff's  posse 
kills  Hraddock. 

Feb.  9.  ^V.  r.  John  W.  Love,  resident 
of  Watkins,  and  cashier  of  the  First  Na- 
tional Bank  of  that  village,  absconds 
with  $50,oc»  of  the  bank's  funds. 

Feb.  11.  Ind.  The  grand  jury  of  Whit- 
ley County  returns  twenty  indictments 
against  three  banking  officers  for  swin- 
dling 150  farmers  out  of  their  wheat  and 
money. 

Mo.  Judge  Caldwell  at  St.  Louis  re- 
fuses to  restrain  the  Northern  Pacific 
Railroad  employees  from  striking  while 
the  road  is  in  the  hands  of  a  receiver. 

Feb.  12.  New  York.  The  committee  ap- 
pointed by  Mayor  Gilroy  to  consider 
means  to  help  the  unemployed  de- 
cides to  raise  $500,000,  and  subscribes 
$60,000  at  once. 

Pa,    The  trial  of  58  striking  miners 

for  rioting  begins  at  Pittsburg. 

Feb.  13.  Ky.  A  fight  occurs  between 
the  Turner-Nolin  families  in  Harlan 
County  J  one  woman  is  killed. 

S.    C.    The  Charleston    Chamber   of 

Commerce  celebrates  its  110th  anniver- 
sary with  a  banquet. 

Feb.  14.  N.J.  Silk-workers  at  Phillips- 
burg  are  attacked  by  strikers. 

Feb.  15.  n.C.  The  26th  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  National  Woman  Suffrage 
Association  opens  at  Washington,  with 
delegates  from  all  parts  of  the  United 
States. 

.V.  r.  The  jury  in  the  John  Y.  Mc- 
Kane case,  after  being  out  20  hours, 
returns  a  verdict  of  guilty,  with 
recommendation  for  mercy  on  ac- 
count of  the  many  respectable  witnesses 
th.at  testified  to  his  generally  good  pri- 
vate character. 

[Feb.  19.  He  is  sentenced  to  imprison- 
ment for  six  years  in  Sing  Sing.] 

New  York.    D.  J.  Buckley,  convicted 

of  having  permitted  repeating  at  an  elec- 
tion, is  sentenced  by  Judge  iSairelt  to  :i 
line  of  $500  and  imprisoimient  for  one 
year  in  the  penitentiary. 

Feb.  16,  Cal.  A  Southern  Pacific  ex- 
press-train is  ditched  and  robbed  ;  the 

robbers  kill  two  men  and  injure  two 
others. 

Ind.    Supt.  John  Dingledey,  of  the 

Wernie  Orphans'  House,  Richmond,  is 
convicted  of  cruelty  to  the  inmates,  and 
fined. 

New  York.  All  the  large  silk  facto- 
ries shut  down  on  account  of  a  strike  of 
the  employees  for  higher  \vages. 

Matthew  Green  is  convicted  of  man- 
slaughter in  the  second  degree  for  kick- 
ing to  death  James  Halstead  in  fluly 
last.  [He  is  sentenced  to  imprisonment 
for  five  years.] 

Feb,  17.  Chicago.  The  Continental  Na^ 
tioual  Bank  is  swindled  by  cashing  two 
raised  checks  —  one  for  $3,500  raised 
from  $35.  and  one  for  $3,300  from  $33. 

Ind.  A  large  number  of  men  at  In- 
dianapolis call  upon  the  mayor  and 
Board  of  Public  Works,  demanding 
employTnent. 

— —  New  York.  The  Citizens*  Relief 
Fund  for  the  unemployed  amounts  to 
$75,000. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1894,  Jan.  25 -Feb.  20.    451 


Patrick  J.  Finn  is  arraigned  for  ab- 
stracting packets  from  the  mails  in  tlie 
post-ottice ;  lie  atimjta  his  guiii,  and  ia 
held  in  $1,500  bail. 

Feb.  18.  New  York.  An  attempt  to  ar- 
rest four  Italians  results  in  a  community 
fight  on  the  Kast  Side. 

O.    Three    thousand    miners    are 

thrown  out  of  employment  in  conse- 
quence of  a  dispute  as  to  wages. 

Pa.    A  non-unionist  kills  a  man  in  a 

saloon  brawl  in  Sayre  for  calling  him  a 
"  scab." 

STATE. 

1894  Jan.  25.  D.  C.  The  Democratic 
caucus  in  Washington  votes  to  make  the 
Internal  Revenue  Bill,  Including  the  in- 
come-tax, an  amendment  to  the  Tariff 
Bill. 

Jan.  27.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  The 
time  for  the  debate  on  the  Tariff  Bill 
is  extended  until  Feb.  1,  and  several 
amendments  to  the  bill  are  adopted. 

Jan.  29.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  The 
Internal  Revenue  Bill  is  offered  as 
an  amendment  to  the  Tariff  Bill,  and 
supported  by  Benton  McMillin  of  Tenn. 
[Jan.  31.    Accepted.] 

President  Dole's  reply  to  Minister 
Willis's  demand  for  more  specific  charges 
is  received  at  Washington. 

J'an.  30.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Sherman  of  O.  upholds  the  right 
of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to 
issue  bonds. 

Boston  — New   York.     New   York 

bankers  agree  to  subscribe  for  $30,000,- 
000  of  the  new  U.  S.  bonds,  and  a  Boston 
syndicate  will  take  $8,000,000. 

N.  ¥.  TheSenate  unanimously  adopts 

resolutions  for  investigating  the  New 
York  City  Police  Department  (Lexow 
Committee).  [Jan.  31.  The  Committee  : 
Senators  L.exow,  O'Connor,  Robertson, 
Pound,  Saxton,  Cantor,  and  Bradley.] 

Two  bills  are  presented  in  the  Legisla- 
ture to  remove  restrictions  on  Sunday 
liquor-selling  in  New  York  City  and 
Brooklyn. 

Jan.  31.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  Stewart  bond  resolution 
denying  the  legality  of  the  sale. 

Feb.  1.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  Secretary  Carlisle's  bond  is- 
sue ;  in  the  House  the  tariff  debate 
closes;  the  Wilson  Bill  passes.  Vote, 
2(H-140. 

Secretary  Herbert  sends  a  despatch  to 
Adm.  Benham  approving  his  course  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro  on  Jan.  30.    (See  p.  558.) 

Feb.  2.  J>.C.  Congress:  In  the  Senate 
W.  F.  Vilas  of  Wis.  defends  the  purpose 
of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  use, 
for  current  expenses,  the  money  received 
from  the  sale  of  bonds ;  the  Tariff  Bill 
is  received  from  the  House,  and  referred 
to  the  Committee  on  Finance. 

Feb.  3.  V.C.  Congress;  House:  The 
Sundry  Civil  Appropriation  Bill  is 
introduced. 

Tlie  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  an- 
nounces that  the  entire  $50,000,000  of 
the  new  bond  issue  has  been  awarded. 

Oa.    The  Controller  refuses  to  audit 

the  bills  of  the  State  militia  ordered  out 
biy  Gov.  Northen  to  prevent  the  Corbett- 
Mitchell  fight. 


V.  J.    Gov.  Werts  refuses  to  receive 

bills  passed  by  the  Legislature ;  the  bills 
are  left  on  his  desk  by  the  Committee. 

Feb.  6.  r>.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
Finance  Committee  decides  to  give  no 
tariff  hearings ;  in  the  House  debate  on 
the  Hawaiian  Resolutions  is  finished ; 
the  Blair  amendment  and  the  Hitt  sub- 
stitute are  rejected. 

Feb.  7.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
repeals  the  Federal  Flection  Laws. 
Vote,  39-28.  [Approved  Feb.  8.]  The 
House  approves  of  tlje  McCreary  Ha- 
waiian resolutions.  Vote,  177-78.  R. 
P.  Bland  of  Mo.  precipitates  a  fight  over 
silver  by  the  introduction  of  the  bill  for 
the  coining  of  seigniorage ;  it  is  ap- 
proved by  the  majority  of  the  Committee 
on  Coinage,  Weights,  and  Measures. 

Feb.  8.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  The 
Bland  Bill  to  coin  the  silver  seignior- 
age is  taken  up. 

Kan.    The  Supreme  Court  at  Topeka 

renders  a  decision  that  Gov.  Lewelling 
cannot  remove  Mary  Ellen  Lease  from 
the  State  Charities  Board. 

—  N.  Y.  The  Greater  New  York  Bill 
passes  the  Assembly.  Vote,  106-7.  [Apr. 
27.    It  passes  the  Senate.] 

The  scheme  of  consolidation  having 
been  approved  by  a  majoritj^of  the  citi- 
zens, a  commission  is  provided  for  by 
the  Legislature  to  give  it  effect.  The 
combined  area  is  359.75  square  miles ; 
combined  population,  2,985,422.  New 
York,  Brookly".  Richmond  County, 
Flushing,  part  of  Hempstead,  Jamaica, 
Long  Island  City,  Newtown,  Jamaica 
Bay,  East  Chester,  West  Chester,  and 
Pelham  towns  are  all  united  in  one 
municipality. 

Feb.  9.  T).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
is  not  in  session  ;  in  the  House  debate 
on  the  bill  to  coin  silver  seigniorage 
is  continued. 

The  envoys  of  Brazil  and  the  Ar- 
gentine Republic  submit  their  cases 
to  President  Cleveland,  who  has  con- 
sented to  act  as  arbitrator  in  the  boun- 
dary disputes  between  the  two  countries. 

Feb.  12.  D.  a  Congress:  The  House 
amends  and  passes  the  Urgent  Defi- 
ciency Appropriation  Bill  introduced 
Feb.  7. 

Ark.    Judge  Williamson  of  the  State 

Circuit  Court  at  Little  Rock  decides 
that  the  State  tax  on  express  and  other 
corporations  is  uucoustitutional. 

Feb.  13.  />.  C.  House  debate  on  the 
Bland  Seigniorage  Bill  is  continued. 

Mans.     The  House  passes  a  bill   to 

abolish  the  annual   Fast   Day.      Vote, 

109-59.     [^It  becomes  a  law.] 

Feb.  14.  I).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
debates  the  bill  for  the  extermination 
of  the  Bussian  thistle  (bill  introduced 
Feb.  1).  [Nine  discussions  follow].  In 
the  House  the  debate  on  the  Bland  Bill 
is  continued, 

Feb.  15.  D.C.  Congress:  TheSenate 
amends  and  passes  the  Town  Sites 
Entry  BiU.  [Aug.  1.  House  concurs. 
Aug.  10.    Approved  by  the  President.] 

- — President  Dole's  (Hawaii)  reply 
to  Minister  Willis's  recent  questions  is 
made  public. 

Feb.  16.  />.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  The 
Boutelle  Hawaiian  Besolution  is 


passed  ;  the  President  is  requested  to 
furnish  information  on  Hawaii. 

Feb.  17.  Kan.  Mrs.  Lease  refuses 
propositions  made  by  Gov.  Lewelling. 
He  proposes  that  she  stop  fighting  tlie 
State  Administration,  resign  from  the 
State  Board  of  Charities,  keep  out  of 
the  Populist  State  Convention,  and  ac- 
cept a  place  on  the  Board  of  Regents  of 
the  State  University,  and  be  paid  all  ex- 
penses she  has  incurred. 

Feb.  20.  I).  C.  Congress:  Senate: 
John  W.  Daniel  of  Va.  continues  his 
defense  of  the  Administration's  Ha- 
waiian policy ;  the  Finance  Committee 
reports  the  revised  Tariff  Bill. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Jan.  25.  N.  Y.  The  turbine 
wheels  of  the  great  Niagara  tunnel 
are  started. 

Jan.  26.  N.  J.  The  100th  anniver- 
sary of  Westfield  is  celebrated. 

Jan.  27.  Cal.  The  Midwinter  Fair 
in  Golden  Gate  Park,  San  Francisco,  is 
formally  opened. 

Jan.  28.  Me.  A  fire  at  Bath  destroys 
$500,000  worth  of  property. 

Feb.  1.  Ckicofjo.  A  warehouse  is  burned ; 
25  employeesare  rescued  ;  loss,  $130,000. 

Feb.  2.  Mass.  Spanish  doubloons,  jew- 
elry, and  gold  watches  are  foimd  by 
workmen  in  an  old  colonial  hotel  in 
Waltham. 

Feb.  3.  Ky.  The  Iiincoln  Homestead 
in  La  Rue  County  is  bought  by  a  syndi- 
cate. 

Feb.  4.  New  York.  The  Chinese  cele- 
brate their  New  Year. 

Feb.  5.  Ga.  A  fire  in  Savannah  de- 
stroys property  worth  $500,000. 

Feb.  9.  Me.  The  first  steel  sailing- 
ship  ever  built  in  New  England  is 
ready  for  launching  at  Bath. 

Feb.  10  ±.  Boston.  The  Society  for  the 
Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals  is 
putting  forth  effort  to  suppress  the 
ornamental  lizard  traffic. 

Mich.  The  large  agricultural  im- 
plement works  at  Lansing  are  destroyed 
by  tire,  caused  by  the  explosion  of  a 
molding-pot;   the  loss  is  estimated  at 

$750,000. 

Feb.  11.  Conn.  Fire  partially  destroys 
the  Colt's  Firearms  Factory  at  Hart- 
ford; loss,  $250,000. 

Feb.  12.  O.  Four  men  are  killed  in  a 
railroad  collision,  which  occurs  be- 
cause of  the  signals  being  hidden  by 
snow. 

Feb.  13.  Chicago.  More  World's 
Fair  buildings  are  burned  by  incen- 
diaries, 

Pa.    At  Plymouth  13  men  are  buried 

alive  by  a  cave-in  in  a  mine. 

Feb.  16.  Chicago.  It  is  announced  that 
a  dividend  of  10  per  cent  will  be  paid  to 
World*s  Fair  stockholders. 

Kan.    Much  destitution  is  reported. 

Feb.  17.  Ind.  Near  West  Muncie  a 
4,000,000-foot  gas-weU,  belonging  to 
the  Indiana  Iron  Company,  takes  fire. 

Feb.  18.  Chicago.  Another  fire  of  in- 
cendiary origin  occurs  in  the  Illinois 
Building  at  the  World's  Fair. 

O.    Pending  their  acceptance  of  the 

terms  of  the  operators,  3,000  miners  are 
thrown  out  of  work. 


452     1894,  Feb.  20-Mar.  15. 


AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Mar.  1.  D.C.  Alfred  T.  Smith  is 
commissioned  colonel  —  13th  infantry. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Feb.  23.  New  York.  The  north- 
ern lights  make  a  splendid  display  over 
this  city  and  vicinity. 

Feb.  24.  Colo.  The  heaviest  snowfall 
in   12  years  covers  Colorado. 

Feb.  25.  O.  A  phenomenal  oil-well  is 
opened  in  the  Fostoria  fields,  flowing  oil 
over  the  whole  neighborhood  at  the  rate 
of  7,500  barrels  a  day. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1894. 

Feb.  33.     AVootlward,  E.  T.,  com.  U.  S.  N., 
dies. 

Feb.  24.     Munro,  Norman  L.,  publisher  of 
cheap  libraries,  dies. 

Feb.  35.    Mackaye,  Steele,  dramatist,  ac- 
tor, dies. 

Mar.  1.    Downev,  John  G.,  Gov.  of  Cal., 
A67. 

Mar.  3.     Early,  Jubal  A.,  Confed.  gen.,  A78. 

Mar.  7.    Frost,  Ruf  us  S.,  president  National 
Association  Woolen  Manufacturers,  A68. 

Mar.  10.     Nevins,   N.,  bandmaster,  leader 
of  troops  through  Ga.,  A6I. 


LETTERS. 

1894  Feb.  21.  N.  Y.  One  death  oc- 
curs and  several  persons  are  prostrated 
by  chlorine  gas  conveyed  by  Cornell 
Sophomores  into  4.he  banquet-hall  of 
the  Freshmen. 

Mar.  13  Pa.  The  Central  Board  of 
Education  at  Pittsburg,  by  a  vote  of  29 
to  2,  refuses  to  pay  any  teacher  ap- 
pearing iu  the  public  schools  in  the 
garb  or  insignia  of  any  religious 
order,  the  same  being  in  conflict  with 
the  State  Constitution. 

Mar.  14.  Mass.  The  will  of  Mrs.  Mary 
Hemenway  of  Milton  provides  that  the 
income  of  an  estate  of  $15,000,000 
shall  be  iised  for  educational  pur- 
IKSses. 

SOCIETY. 

1804  Feb.  20.  Boston.  After  listen- 
ing to  addresses  by  socialist  and  anarch- 
ist speakers,  about  2,000  unemployed 
working  men  march  to  the  State 
House  and  demand  work  ;  they  are  dis- 
persed by  the  police. 

O.    Gov.  and  Mrs.  McKinley*s 

debts  are  all  paid  and  their  property 
returned  to  them  by  trustees  who  have 
raised  the  money  without  the  governor's 
consent. 

- — -  Tex.  Three  men  and  a  child  are 
shot  to  death  in  the  Grand  Central 
Depot  in  Houston  by  Jim  Mitchell  of 
Kichmond,  Fort  Bend  Coiuity. 

Feb.  21.  New  York.  Erastus  "Wiman 
is  arrested  and  committed  to  the  Tombs 
on  two  indictments  charging  forgery. 
[He  is  finally  acquitted.] 

The  Newspaper  Publishers'  Asso- 
ciation of  America  begins  its  sessions  ; 
200  representatives  are  present. 
Feb.  22.  Ala.  The  third  annual  Tus- 
kegee  Negro  Conference  meets ;  600 
black-belt  negro  farmers  are  present. 


N.  Y.  The  new  rules  of  the  Brook- 
lyn Excise  Commissioners  bring  out  the 
fact  that  brewers  have  $5  00,000 
invested  in  saloons,  and  have  a  large 
number  of  licenses  locked  up  in  their 
safes. 

Feb.  23.  Boston.  The  Municipal 
XiCague  perfects  a  permanent  organiza- 
tion for  purifying  city  politics. 

New  York.  The  offices  of  16  physi- 
cians charged  with  criminal  operations 
are  raided  by  Central  Office  detectives. 

Neb.  A  gang  of  female  counter- 
feiters is  discovered  in  Omaha. 

Feb.  24.  Pa.  Richard  Prior  kills 
Christian  Hhrleck  at  his  residence  at 
Wliite  Oak  llun,  fatally  wounds  his 
wife,  steals  what  money  he  can  find, 
and  makes  his  escape. 

Feb.  28.    Minn.    Bad-Debt  Agency 

swindlers  defraud  a  number  of  people; 
Jigg'fgiite  amount  of  frauds,  ®30,000. 

Tex.    Two    smugglers,  with    1,746 

opals  hid  in  the  lining  of  their  coats,  are 
captured  at  El  Paso. 

Mar.  1.  N.  Y.  F.  Koelzler,  of  Dolge- 
ville,  kills  his  wife  and  four  children, 
and  then  kills  himself. 

Mar.  3.  Miss.  A  Populist  member  of 
the  Missouri  Legislature  kills  a  Demo- 
cratic member  at  Kosciusko  ;  two  other 
men  are  killed  at  the  same  time. 

W.  Va.     Striking    minei^   burn   a 

railroad  bridge  and  commit  other  acts 
of  violence. 

[Mar.  5.  They  burn  coal-cars  and  at- 
tempt the  destruction  of  other  property  ; 
the  governor  calls  out  the  militia.  Mar. 
28.  Striking  miners  fight  the  working 
miners ;  a  number  are  killed  and 
wounded.  June  1.  Strikers  destroy  the 
Shore  Line  Railroad  bridge  at  Cannel- 
ton,  over  which  coal  is  shipped  north. 
June  2.  Strikers  compel  the  train-crews 
to  return  the  loaded  coal-trains  to  the 
"Wheeling-Creek  mines.  June  4.  Four 
working  miners  are  fired  upon  at  Pow- 
ellton,  from  ambush,  while  returning 
from  work.] 

Mar.  5.  Ala.  Six  Federal  oflacers  at 
Birmingham  are  indicted  for  defrauding 
the  Government  of  nearly  $250,000. 

Mar.  6.  New  York.  The  aldermen  re- 
quest Mayor  Gilroy  to  fly  the  Irish  flag 
on  the  City  Hall  on  St.  Patrick's  Day. 

Police  Captains  Price  and  Martens  are 
on  trial  before  the  Police  Commissioners. 

[Mar.  16.  Capt.  Westervelt  also.  Apr. 
9.  Capt.  O'Connor.  Apr.  20.  Capts. 
Martens  and  Slevin  are  charged  with 
neglect  of  duty.  Aug.  1.  The  Police 
Commissioners  dismiss  the  charges 
against  Capt.  Price.] 

A'.  Y.    Robert  Ross,  a  watcher  at  the 

polls,  is  killed  and  several  wounded  at  a 
polling-place  in  Troy. 

[Mar.  8.  Citizens  in  mass-meeting 
name  a  Committee  of  One  Hundred  to 
secure  the  punishment  of  the  murderer. 
Mar.  11.  The  committee  is  constituted 
a  permanent  body  to  secure  good  govern- 
ment.] 

Mar.  8.  Chicago.  Daniel  Coughlin  is  fi- 
nally acquitted  of  the  charge  of  com- 
plicity in  the  assassination  of  Dr.  P.  H. 
Cronin. 

Mar.  9.  N.  J.  Strikers  make  trouble  at 
Paterson ;  the  police  protect  non-union 
men  from  being  stoned. 

Mar,  9-Dec.  29.  New  York.  The 
Lexow  Senate  Committee  (appointed 
Jan.  31)  investigates  numerous  charges 
publicly  made  against  the  Police  De- 
partment by  Dr.  Charles  H.  Parkhurst 


and  others ;  chief  accusation,  bribery 
and  complicity  with  criminals. 

(Mar.  9.)  The  committee  holds  it» 
firstmeetingin  the  County  Court-house  j 
William  Sutherland,  counsel. 

(Apr.  13.)  William  W.  Gotf  is  ap- 
pointed counst;l, 

(June  l.)  Evidence  shows  that  tbe 
police  levied  blackmail  upon  keepers  of 
disorderly  houses. 

(June  7.)  Civil  Justice  Roesch  ad- 
mits that  he  received  $100  from  Mrs. 
Thurow  which  he  formerly  denied ;  he 
says  it  was  a  fee  to  him  as  a  lawyer  in 
payment  for  counsel  given  to  his  client. 

(June  8.)  More  witnesses  testify  to 
police  blackmail  and  intimidation,  es- 
pecially implicating  Capt.  Price  and  his 
ward  man. 

(June  13.)  Evidenceof  blackmail  and 
extortion  implicating  Police  Captain 
Murphy  is  brought  out. 

(Jr'XE  H.)  Evidence  shows  that  pro- 
tection has  been  given  by  police  to 
"  green  goods  "  swindlers  in  return  for 
money. 

(June  15.)  Evidence  is  given  proving 
the  existence  of  a  Bohemian  liquor- 
dealers'  organization  to  secure  police 
protection. 

(Jt'NE  18.)  Testimony  associates  Po- 
lice Justice  Patrick  Divver  with  "bun- 
co "  swindlers. 

(June  21.)  Evidence  before  the  Sen- 
ate Committee  shows  that  business 
men,  including  sliipowners.  have  been 
obliged  to  pay  tribute  to  the  police  to 
secure  immunity  from  pertiecution.  in. 
various  ways. 

(June  26.)  Testimony  before  the  Lex- 
ow Committee  shows  that  many  mer- 
chants have  been  blackmailed  by  police- 
men ;  also  that  one  police  captain  paid 
$15,000  for  his  appointment. 

(June  27.)  "  Chinatown  "  is  shown  to 
be  a  fruitful  place  for  police  blackmail. 

(June  30.)  The  committee  adjourns 
to  Sept.  10. 

(Sept.  10.)  Testimony  is  given  chnrg- 
ing  police  captains  with  receiving  bribes- 
from  "  green  goods  "  swindlers. 

(Sept.  ll.)  Police  Inspector  Williams 
is  accused  of  receiving  a  bribe  of  $600 
when  captain. 

(Sept.  12.)  The  committee  adjourns 
to  Oct.  1. 

(Oct.  2.)  Testimony  shows  that  there 
has  been  absolute  disregard  of  law  by 
the  police,  and  that  they  have  been 
shielded  from  punishment. 

(Oct.  3.)  A  policeman,  proved  to  be  a 
blackmailer,  threatens  his  accuser,  in 
the  court-room,  with  murder. 

(Oct.  9.)  Policeman  DeGann  tef^tifies 
that,  because  he  refused  to  pay  to  Capt. 
Schmittberger  all  instead  of  half  of  tlie 
money  he  got  for  working  overtime,  he 
was  transferred  to  another  post. 

(Oct.  11.)  A.  F.  Forget,  of  the  French 
Line  of  steamers,  testifies  that  Capt. 
Schmittberger  demanded  and  got  SfjOO 
from  him  for  dock  privileges.  (The 
captain  is  indicted  by  the  grand  jury 
for  perjury,  and  arrested  on  Oct.  27.] 

(Oct.  16.)  Testimony  is  given  relative 
to  colonization  and  registration  frauds. 

(Oct.  18.)  Testimony  shows  that  ex- 
Assemblyman  Pliiiip  Wispig  and  bis  son 
threatened  to  kill  an  innocent  man,  and 
that  the  son  made  a  brutal  ai>tiault  on 
him. 

(Oct.  29.)  Police  Commissioner  John 
C.  Sheehan  in  his  testimony  blames  Su- 
perintendent Byrnes  for  the  police  cor- 
ruption of  the  city,  the  superintendent 
not  having  enforced  the  laws. 

(Oct.  30.)  Police  Commissioner  Shee- 
han defies  the  committee  by  refusing  to 
produce  his  private  bank-books,  which 
he  has  been  ordered  to  do. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1894v  Feb.  20 -Mar.  15.    453 


(Nqv.  1.)  Commissioner  W.  S.  An- 
drews, ot  the  Street  Cleuniiig  Depart- 
ment, is  accused  of  having  received  a 
bribe  of  $500  when  a  member  ot  the  Ex- 
cise Board. 

(Nov.  2.)  Police  Justice  Hogan  and 
several  police  captains  are  implicated  in 
testimony. 

(T>KC.  fi.)  Evidence  shows  that  money 
was  paid  to  police  to  protect  prize-fights. 

(I>EC.  13.)  A  city  contractor  testifies 
that  he  had  sent  a  number  of  checks  to 
Richard  Croker  as  head  of  Tammany- 
Hall  ;  also  that  a  fund  of  $15,000  was 
raised  for  Police  Captain  Creeden  about 
the  time  of  his  promotion  to  bis  present 
othce. 

(Dec.  18.)  Evidence  shows  that  large 
payments  of  money  were  made  to  In- 
spector Steers. 

(I)KC.  21.)  Evidence  implicates  In- 
spectors Williams  and  McAvoy,  Com- 
missioners Martin  and  Sheehan,  and 
other  officials,  iu  wrong-».iohig. 

(Dec.  29.)  The  committee  holds  its 
last  session ;  Superintendent  Brynes  is 
examined,  and  then  the  committee  ad- 
journs without  day. 

Mar.  10.  Chicago.  The  Columbian 
Guards  strike  at  Jackson  Park ;  only 
eight  are  left  to  guard  the  World's  Fair 
Buildings. 

.V.  Y.    Investigation  shows  that  abont 

$200,000  of  school  funds  paid  to  John  Y. 
McKane  during  1893  have  not  been  ac- 
couuted  for. 

Mar.  11.  Boston.  Mrs.  Mary  Lease  of 
Kansas  speaks  at  a  meeting  of  the  unem- 
ployed on  the  Common. 

Cn7)n.  The  police  capture  67  Chi- 
nese gamblers  at  New  Haven. 

Ind.    John  Rodgers,  with  stolen  goods 

in  possession,  is  shot    by  vigilants   at 
Frankfort. 
—  Xew  York.    The  Charity  Organiza- 
tion Society  is  organizing  a  movement 
to  furnish  work  for  unskilled  women. 

Mar.  12.  X.  Y.  The  Brooklyn  Alder- 
men, by  a  vote  of  8  to  7,  resolve  to  have 
the  Irish  flag  displayed  on  the  City 
Hall  on  St.  Patrick's  Day,  with  the  Na- 
tional and  State  flags.  [Mar.  13.  The 
Board  of  Supervisors  order  the  Irish  flag 
to  be  displayed  ou  the  Court-house  and 
the  Hall  of  Records.  Vote,  17-10.  Mar. 
16.  The  supervisor-at-large  vetoes  the 
resolution.] 

3ffar.  13.  TV../.  Striking  dyers  control 
Paterson  all  day,  destroying  goods  and 
compelling  men  to  quit  work. 

N.  Y.    The  chief  of  police  at  ITtica 

orders  the  immediate  stoppage  of  gam- 
bling at  saloons  and  cigar-stands. 

O.     Andrew  Sauer,  formerly  cashier 

of  the  Defiance  Savings  Bank,  is  arrested 
on  the  charge  of  embezzling  $37,000  of 
the  bank's  funds. 

Okla.    Two  robbers  compel  railroad 

station  agent  Rusk  to  go  to  the  depot  at 
Woodwark,  open  the  safe,  and  deliver 
to  them  its  contents,  amomiting  to 
$10,000. 

Jtfar.  14.  ^fo.  An  order  is  issued  at  St. 
Louis  to  tlie  Police  Department  to  ar- 
rest saloon-keepers  and  others  having 
nickel-in-the-slot  machines  iu  their 
places  of  business. 

a.   Y.    Mayor    Schieren    orders    the 

stoppage  of  boxing  exhibitions  iu  Brook- 
lyn. 

Justice  K.  F.  Sutherland  of  Graveeend 
is  found  guilty  of  misdemeanor  for  his 
connection  with  election  frauds. 


[Mar.  19.  He  is  sentenced  to  imprison- 
ment for  one  year  and  $500  fine.  Mar.  22. 
Justice  Newton  pleads  guilty  and  is  sen- 
tenced to  nine  months'  imprisonment 
and  $500  fine.  Mar.  26.  The  court  sen- 
tences 16  election  inspectors  to  impris- 
onment for  various  terms,  varying  from 
29  days  to  six  months ;  three  are  fined 
$500,  and  three  $250.j 


STATE. 

1894  Feb.  20.  Va.  Two  oyster  schoon- 
ers from  Maryland  are  captured  in  Vir- 
ginian waters.  Gov.  O'Ferrall  sends  a 
special  message  on  the  oyster  question 
to  the  hegislature,  asking  for  legislation 
to  enable  him  to  protect  the  interests  of 
the  State. 

Pa.    Galusha  A.  Grow  is  elected 

Congressman  at  large  by  a  plurality  of 
over  180,000. 

Feb.  21.  D.  C  Congress;  Senate  :  A 
warm  debate  takes  place  on  the  com- 
position of  the  Finance  Committee; 
House,  no  quorum. 

JV.  J.     Quo  warranto  proceedings  to 

determine  the  legal  Senate  of  New 
Jersey  are  begun  in  the  State  Supreme 
Court  at  Trenton. 

Feb.  22.  n.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate Washington's  Farewell  Address  is 
read ;  House,  no  quorum.  Excitement 
is  caused  by  Richard  P.  Bland's  denun- 
ciation of  filibusters  as  revolutionists. 

la.  The  House  passes  the  bill  grant- 
ing municipal  suffrage  to  women.  Vote, 
51-44. 

Feb.  23-24.  D.  C.  Congress:  Senate, 
not  in  session  ;  House,  no  quorum. 

Feb.  23.  N.  Y.  The  Assembly  passes  a 
bill  to  enforce  payment  to  the  State  by 
racing^  associations  of  a  5  per  cent  tax 

on  their  gross  receipts. 

Feb.  25.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
debates  the  Hatch  Anti-Option  Bill, 
regulating  the  sale  of  agricultural  prod- 
ucts, defining  "  options  "  and  "  futures," 
and  imposing  taxes  thereon.  [May  18. 
Substituted.] 

Mar.  1.  D.  C.  Congress :  Tlie  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Urgent  Defi- 
ciency Appropriation  Bill.  [Mar.  7. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  Mar.  19. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 

The  House  passes  the  Bland  Silver 
Bill,  providing  for  the  coinage  of  silver 
bullion  (seigniorage)  held  in  the  Treas- 
ury, after  20  discussions ;  bill  introduced 
Jan.  3. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Fortification  Appropria- 
tion Bill  introduced  Dec.  19,  1893. 

Mar.  6.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  The 
motion  of  William  M.  Stewart  of  Nev. 
to  take  up  the  Bland  Seigniorage  Bill 
is  discussed. 

Senators  make  personal  explanations 
regarding  their  alleged  obstruction  of 
the  Tariff  Bill  in  Committee  ;  David  B. 
Hill  introduces  a  hostile  resolution  in- 
structing the  Finance  Committee  to 
change  the  Wilson  Bill  so  as  to  obtain 
a  sufticient  revenue  without  an  income 
tax. 

Mar.  7.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
Bland  Bill  is  pushed  to  the  point  of 
final  passage  by  the  Democrats  and  Sil- 
ver Republicans ;  a  vote  is  avoided  by  a 
motion  to  adjourn;  in  the  House  the 
Pensions  Appropriation  Bill  passes 


after  five  discussions  without  a  divis- 
ion; bill  introduced  Jan.  27. 
Mar,  8.  Z>.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  John 
Sherman  delivers  a  speech  against  the 
Seigniorage  Bill ;  the  Tariff  Bill,  as 
revised  by  the  Democrats  of  the  Senate 
Finance  Committee,  is  presented  to  the 
full  Committee ;  the  House  passes  the 
bill  to  abolish  the  Customs  Bureau  of 
the  Treasury  Department ;  the  Wilson 
Tariff  Bill  as  amended  is  published,  the 
income-tax  feature  remaining. 

iV.  Y.    Gov.  Flower  transmits  a  mes- 

.»5age  to  the  Assembly  vetoing  the  Troy 
Bipartisan  Election  Inspectors  Bill. 

Mar.  9.  I).  ('.  Congress;  Senate:  An 
agreement  is  reached  to  take  the  vote  on 
the  Bland  Seiniorage  Bill  on  Mar.  15. 

Mar.  10.  y>.  C.  Congress:  Senate  not 
in  session;  in  the  House  the  District  of 
Columbia  Appropriation  Bill  is  passed. 

Mar.  12.  7>.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Wm.  A.  Peffer  of  Kan.  introduces  a 
resolution  to  investigate  alleged  trans- 
actions iu  Sugar-Trust  stock  by  mem- 
bers of  the  Senate,  in  connection  with 
the  Tariff  Bill ;  on  motion  of  Matthew 
S.  Quay  of  Pa.,  the  resolution  is  tabled. 
Associate  Justice  Fdward  D,  White 
takes  his  seat  on  the  bench  of  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court. 

Mar.  14.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
William  B.  Allison's  motion  to  recon- 
sider the  vote  on  the  third  reading  of 
the  Seigniorage  Bill  is  deieated.  Vote, 
28-45.  Charles  F.  Manderson's  motion 
to  recommit  the  bill  is  defeated. 

Mar.  15.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Bland  Silver  BiU  after  10 
discussions.  Vote,  44-31.  [Mar.  30.  Ve- 
toed.] 

7?.  /.  D.  Russell  Brown  (Rep.)  is  re- 
nominated for  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Feb.  20.  Cliicafjo.  By  the  burning  of 
a  warehouse  600  people  are  thrown  out 

of  work  ;  loss,  $600,000. 

Feb.  22.  Conn.  A  new  town  haU,  the 
gift  of  Mrs.  Abbie  P.  Rogers  of  New 
York,  is  opened  at  Fair  Haven. 

Feb.  24.  Chicago.  Another  "World's 
Fair  fire  occurs ;  it  is  in  the  Agricultu- 
ral Building,  the  dome  of  which  falls  in. 

Feb.  25.  O.  In  Niles  100  families  are 
without  food,  and  the  authorities  are 
unable  to  help  for  lack  of  funds. 

Mar.  5.  Md.  Annapolis  celebrates  its 
bicentennial  as  the  seat  of  State  gov- 
ernment. 

Mar.  6.  Ala.  Tliree  persons  are  killed 
and  many  injured  by  a  dynamite  ex- 
plosion during  a  fire  in  Cullman;  loss, 
$100,000. 

Mar.  7.  A^.  Y.  The  Forestry  Con- 
gress is  iu  session  at  Albany. 

Mar,  8.  Chicago.  Abandoned  "World's 
Fair  Exhibits  are  sold  by  auction  ;  the 
unused  tickets  —  about  3,500,000  —  sell 
for  $11,000. 

Mar.  15.  N',  T.  Mayor  Schieren  vetoes 
the  aldermanic  resolution  to  display 
the  Irish  flag  on  Brooklyn  City  HaU 
ou  St.  Patrick's  Day. 


454     1894,  Mar.  15 -Apr.  4. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1804    Mar.  18.     Colo.     The   Federal 

troops  are  withdrawn  from  Denver. 
Mar.  22.    A  court-martial  for  the  trial 

of  Commander  Heyerman  for  the  loss 

of  the  Kearsarge  is  begun. 
Mar.  27±.    The  stranded  war-ship 

Kearsarge  is  set  on  fire,  and  her  hull 

broken  up. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Mar.  19.  Tex.  Two  terrific  wind 
and  rain  storms  kill  20  persons,  and  de- 
stroy much  property. 

Mar.  20+.  Neb.  A  blizzard  is  raging 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  Nebraska 
and  in  the  Black  Hills  region ;  the  loss 
of  range-cattle  is  put  at  75  per  cent. 

Mar.  23  +  .  Wyo.  The  extinction  of  both 
elk  and  buffalo  in  the  Yellowstone 
National  Park  is  threatened  by  lawless 
hunters,  it  being  impossible  to  prevent 
tlieir  wanton  destruction. 

Mar.  24.  Utah.  Gold  that  assays  about 
$20  to  the  ton  is  found  at  Lehi. 

Mar.  25.  Wyo.  The  terrible  Western 
blizzard  rages  without  abating  for  76 
.  hours,  making  all  roads  impassable; 
stockmen  experience  heavy  losses. 

Mar.  31.  Va.  Scientists  of  the  Bureau 
of  Ethnolog^y  discover  an  Indian  soap- 
stone  near  CI i f ton  Station ,  Fai rf ax 
County. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1894. 
Mar.  18.    Campbell,  Allan,  civil  eneineer. 

A79. 
Mar.  19.     Whitney,  W.  D.,  com.  V.  S.  N., 

A71. 
Mar.  26.     Colquitt.    Alfred    Holt    Gov., 

senator  for  Oa.,  A70. 
Mar.  38.    ('urtis,  George  Ticknor.  lawver. 

A82. 
Mar.  31      Austin,  Jane  Goodwin,  author, 

novelist,  AtiS. 

CHURCH. 

1894  Mar.  21.  iV.  Y.  Father  A. 
Xiambert,  of  the  Redemptorist  order, 
has  left  the  Roman  Catholic  Church ; 
the  alleged  cause  is  its  dominating  spirit, 
not  only  in  spiritual,  but  also  in  "  purely 
scientific,  social,  and  even  political  mat- 
ters." 

LETTERS. 

1894  Mar.  19.  Cat.  Ex-President  Har- 
rison lectures  on  "  The  Acts  of  Parlia- 
ment and  the  Rights  of  the  Colonists," 
at  Stanford  University,  Mayfield. 

Mar.  28.  Md.  Gov.  Brown  returns  to 
the  Senate  the  bill  providing  free 
school-books  in  the  public  schools 
of  that  State. 

Mar.  29.  N.  Y.  The  Legislature  elects 
Rev.  Sylvester  Malone  of  Brooklyn  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Regents. 

Apr.  2.  Cat.  Ex-President  Harrison 
lectures  at  Stanford  University.  Sub- 
ject :  "  The  Development  of  the  Na- 
tional Constitution  Outlined,  the  Early 
Attempts  of  the  Colonies  to  Unite  Before 
the  Revolution." 


SOCIETY. 

1894  Mar.  15.  Colo.  A  conflict  be- 
tween State  forces  under  Gov.  Waite 
and  the  city  forces  of  Denver  com- 
manded by  the  sheriff  is  prevented  by 
Federal  troops. 

The  trouble  is  the  result  of  an  attempt 
of  Gov.  Waite  to  oust  police  commis- 
sioners whom  he  accuses  of  corruption. 
[Mar.  18.  The  Federal  troops  are  with- 
drawn.] 

New  York.    The  will  of  R.  S.  Ely  is 

filed  for  probate;  it  bequeathes  from 
$50,000  to  $100,000  to  Yale  University, 
$20,000  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  besides 
other  public  bequests. 

N.    Y.    Mayor    Schieren    vetoes  the 

aldermanic  resolution  to  display  the 
Irish  flag  on  Brooklyn  City  Hall  on  St. 
Patrick's  Day. 

The  street-car  lines  of  Long  Island 
City  and  vicinity  are  tied  up  by  stri- 
kers ;  many  become  disorderly. 

Mar.  17.  Mass.  ••  Fast  Day  "  in  Mas- 
sachusetts is  abolished  by  an  Act  of 
tlie  Legislature;  April  19,  the  anniver- 
sary of  the  Battle  of  Lexington,  will  be 
observed  in  future  as  a  public  holiday. 

Mar.  18.  Chicago.  L.  S.  Irwin,  special 
agent  and  attorney  for  the  Chicago  Six 
Companies,  is  arrested  on  the  charge  of 
smuggling  Chinamen  into  the  United 
States. 

Mar.  19.  Miss.  In  the  trial  at  Jackson 
of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Ratcliff,  the  slayer  of 
Mr.  Jackson,  his  fellow  legislator,  the 
jury  brings  in  a  verdict  of  not  guilty. 

New  York.  Counterfeiters  are  cir- 
culating a  large  number  of  facsimile 
one-dollar  pieces  —  about  $500,000 ;  they 
have  a  profit  of  fifty-one  cents  on  each 
dollar. 

Mar.  20.  D.  C.  Senator  Colquitt  of 
Georgia  is  stricken  with  a  second  para- 
lytic shock  at  Washington. 

New  York.    The  Hospital  Saturday 

and  Sunday  Association's  Fund  of 
$48,000  is  distributed  among  32  institu- 
tions. 

Mar.  21.  la.  The  lower  House  passes 
the  tax  bill,  which  provides  for  a  re- 
stricted local  option  for  the  cities  and 
towns  of  the  State,  and  allows  the 
assessment  of  a  tax  of  $600  on  any  real 
estate  upon  which  liquor  is  sold.  Vote, 
53-45. 

Mar.  22.  New  York.  An  incendiary 
puts  65  lives  in  ^eril  by  starting  fire  in 
a  hallway  of  a  six-story  rear  tenement- 
house. 

Pa.    At   Johnstown    four    masked 

men  break  into  the  house  of  a  widow  84 
years  old,  string  her  up  until  nearly 
insensible,  burn  her  feet,  rip  off  her 
clothes,  and  subject  her  to  other  indig- 
nities; they  secure  only  70  cents. 

Mar.  23.  Cat.  WniiamHerrick,abank 
cashier,  is  shot  and  killed  at  his  desk  in 
San  Francisco  by  a  noted  criminal  who 
attempts  to  rob  the  bank  ;  the  murderer 
is  arrested. 

N.  Y.    Jacob  A.  Moore,  aged  85,  and 

his  housekeeper,  Mrs.  Baymon<l,  aged 
90,  are  found  murdered  in  their  house  at 
Bushville,  Sullivan  County. 

Mar.  25.  Ga.  Lillian  Willis  kills  her 
father  during  a  family  quarrel  at  Homer  ; 
the  jury  acquits  the  girl  because  of  its 
being  done  to  save  her  mother's  life. 

O.    Depositions  show  that  David  R. 

Paige,  the  fugitive  aqueduct  contractor, 
issued  forged  paper  to  the  extent  of 
$3,000,000. 


Coxey's  "Army  of  the  Common- 
wealth,** a  band  of  unemployed  men, 
marching  to  Washington  to  petition  for 
relief,  moves  from  Massillon  to  Canton, 
eight  miles  ;  one-third  of  the  army  de- 
serts. 

[Apr.  1.  It  reaches  Beaver  Falls,  Pa, 
Apr.  2.  It  is  at  Sewicklev  and  Economy, 
Pa.  Apr.  3.  At  Allegheny,  Pa.  Other 
"  armies  "  start  from  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and 
Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  for  Washington, D.C. 
Apr.  5.  Coxey's  army  reaches  Home- 
stead, Pa.  ;  Huns  and  Slavs  join  it. 
Apr.  6.  At  McKeesport.  Apr.  9.  At 
Uniontown,  in  the  coke  region  of  Pa. 
Apr.  17.  In  Maryland,  and  advancing 
in  canal-boats  on  Washington.!  (See 
Apr.  21.) 

Mar.  26.  New  York.  W.  T.  Zell,  treas- 
urer of  the  Lehigh  and  Wilkesbarre  Coal 
Company,  who  defrauded  the  company 
of  $93,000,  surrenders  to  the  police. 

Mar.  28.  Chicago.  W.  L.  Clifford  is 
shot  by  Guy  T.  blmstead,  who  is  nearly 
lynched  by  infuriated  onlookers,  but 
rescued  by  police  and  lodged  in  jail. 

Nero  York.    F.  E.  Edgar,  a  discount 

clerk  of  the  Tradesmen's  National  Bank, 
is  a  defaulter  to  the  extent  of  $17,000  of 
the  bank's  funds. 

Mar.  30.  Neiv  York.  In  the  suit  by  W. 
R.  Laidlaw  against  Russell   Sage  for 

damages  because  of  injuries  received  by 
bomb  explosion  in  the  latter's  office,  the 
jury  gives  $25,000.     [Appeal  taken.] 

5.  C.  Three  coiinties  are  in  rebel- 
lion against  the  Uquor  Dispensary 
liaw ;  two  citizens  and  two  detectives 
are  killed. 

Mar.  31.  S.C.  Militiamen  revolt  when 
ordered  by  Gov.  Tillman  to  suppress 
the  whisky  disturbance  in  Darlington 
County. 

The  governor  has  possession  of  all  the 
telegraph  lines ;  a  mob  seizes  the  State 
Dispensary  at  Florence,  and  with  axes 
bursts  open  the  barrels  of  liquor,  de- 
stroying the  whole  stock.  [Apr.  6.  The 
militia  are  withdrawn.] 

Apr.  2.  Neio  York.  Patrick  Diwer  re- 
sumes his  place  on  the  Police  Court 
bench  without  replying  to  the  charges 
of  wilful  violations  of  law  alleged 
against  him  by  witnesses  in  the  Lexow 
investigation. 

Pa.    A  strike  of  large  proportions 

begins  in  the  coke-district ;  rioting  and 
destruction  of  property  follow, 

[Apr.  4.  Strikers  and  working  men 
fight ;  six  persons  are  killed,  and  one 
mortally  wounded.  Apr.  7.  At  Con- 
nellsville  the  places  of  the  foreign  la- 
borers are  filled  with  English-speaking 
workmen,  and  the  strike  ends.  Apr.  13. 
Strikers,  by  abuse,  compel  working  men 
to  stop  work.]    (See  Apr.  24.) 

Apr.  3.  Mo.  One  man  is  killed  and  five 
wounded  in  an  election  fight  at  Kansas 
City. 

Okla.  Two  whites  and  five  In- 
dians are  killed  in  a  fight  between  white 
settlers  and  Indians  in  the  Cheyenne 
country. 

S.  C.  Gov.  Tillman  suppresses  oppo- 
sition to  the  Dispensary  Iiiquor  Law 

by  assuming  control  of  the  police  and 
the  marshals  of  all  incorporated  towns. 
Apr.  4.  Kan.  "Women  are  elected  to 
fill  the  city  offices  in  Spring  Hill,  includ- 
ing the  offices  of  mayor,  councilmen, 
and  police  justice. 


UNITED    STATES. 


STATE. 

1894  Mar.  16.  New  York.  ActingMayor 
George  U.  McClellan  signs  the  res^olution 
of  the  Hoard  of  Aldermen  ordering  the 
raising  of  the  Irish  flag  over  the  City 
Hall  on  St.  Patrick's  Day. 

A"".  Y.    Assemblj'nian   Lawson    intro- 

dut-es  a  bill  prohibiting  the  display  upon 
public  buiUlings  of  any  except  the  na- 
tional colors.  [Apr.  10.  Passed.  Vote, 
79-29.] 

Mar.  17.  Colo.  Gov.  Waite  agrees  to  8ul> 
mit  the  Denver  Police  Board  trouble 
to  the  Colorado  Supreme  Court.  (See 
Society.) 

Mar.  19.  />.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  A 
message  is  received  from  the  President 
enclosing  Secretary  Gresham's  report  on 
the  Bluefields  (Nicaragua)  incident, 
stating  that  no  English  protectorate  was 
intended. 

New  York,  The  Civil  Service  Re- 
form Association  transmits  a  memorial 
to  the  State  Senate  charging  Gov.  Flower 
with  violating  the  State  Civil  Service 
Law,  and  asking  for  legislative  investi- 
gation. 

N.  Y.    The  "side-door"  saloon  bill, 

providing  for  Sunday  traffic  after  one 
o'clock  I'.M.,  is  killed  in  the  State  As- 
sembly.    Vote,  62-53. 

The  report  of  the  State  Board  of  Chari- 
ties upon  the  Elmira  Reformatory  sus- 
tains the  charges  of  cruelty  against  Supt. 
Brockway.  [Dec.  10.  Gov.  Flower  dis- 
misses the  charges.] 

Mar,  20.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
The  revised  Tariff  Bill  is  reported  from 
the  Committee  on  Finance ;  it  is  an- 
nounced that  the  debate  will  begin  on 
April  2.  The  House  passes  the  Civil 
Appropriation  Bill  (introduced  Feb.  3) 
after  nine  discussions. 

Mar.  21.  N.J.  The  Supreme  Court  hands 
down  a  decision  upholding  the  Republi- 
can Senate  as  the  legal  Senate,  and  de- 
claring that  under  the  State  Constitu- 
tion the  Senate  is  not  a  continuous  body  ; 
Justice  Abbett  dissents. 

New  York.    The  bankers  who  took  up 

the  recent  bond  issue  pass  a  resolution 
urging  the  President  to  veto  the  Bland 
Bill. 

Mar.  22.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  A 
resolution  is  introduced  by  George  F. 
Hoar  of  Mass.  in  relation  to  the  death 
of  Kossuth,  and  passed  ;  a  new  treaty 
with  China,  negotiated  by  Secretary 
Gresham,  is  discussed  ;  the  House  passes 
the  Military  Academy  Appropriation 
Bill  introduced  Feb.  20. 

N.  J.    Members  of   the   Democratic 

Senate  join  the  legally  declared  Senate ; 
Gov.  Werts  sends  in  several  judicial 
nominations,  which  are  contirmed. 

Mar.  24.  D.  C.  Congress:  Only  the 
House  in  Session ;  the  Postal  Appro- 
priation Bill  is  introduced. 

Colo.    The    Supreme    Court    decides 

that  Gov.  Waite  had  no  right  to  order 
out  the  militia  to  put  his  appointees  into 
office. 

Mar.  25.  7>.  C.  Congress:  Senate; 
Several  amendments  to  the  Tarriff  Bill 
are  disposed  of;  much  opposition  is 
made  by  Democratic  members  to  its  in- 
come-tax feature. 


Mar.  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  Both  Houses 
adjourn  out  of  respect  to  the  late  Sen- 
ator Colquitt  of  Ga. 

Colo.    Judge  Glynn  renders  a  decision 

favorable  to  Gov.  Waite  and  his  Denver 
Board  of  Police  ;  there  are  now  two  po- 
lice forces  in  the  city. 

N.  J.     Gov.  Werts  vetoes  one  of  the 

race-track    repeal    bills   passed    by  the 

Legislature. 
Mar.  27.    A"^.  ./.      The   Assembly  passes 

the    race-track    repeal    bill    over    Gov. 

Werts's  veto. 

N.  Y.    Gov.  Flower  refuses  audience 

to  a  citizen  delegation  from  Troy,  bear- 
ing a  petition  requesting  him  to  entrust 
the  prosecution  of  election  frauds  in  that 
city  to  the  attorney-general,  there  being 
no  confidence  in  the  district  attorney. 

D.  C     Congress:    Funeral  services 

are  held  in  the  Senate  chamber  for  Sena- 
tor Alfred  H.  Colquitt  of  Ga. 

John  ^t.  Reynolds,  as.siBtant  Secretary 
of  the  Interior,  renders  a  decision  which 
enlarges  the  pension  roll. 

Mar.  28.  D.  (\  Congress;  Senate: 
Joseph  N.  Dolph  of  Ore.  introduces  a 
resolution  abrogating  the  Clayton-Bul- 
wer  Treaty;  it  is  referred  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  Foreign  Relations. 

N.  Y.  The  Senate  passes  the  Non- 
partisan Election  Inspectors'  Bill. 

Mar.  29.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
receives  President  Cleveland's  veto 
message  on  the  Seigniorage  Bill. 

The  answer  of  President  Dole  of  the 
Provisional  Government  of  Hawaii  to 
the  demand  by  Minister  Willis  for  more 
specific  charges  Is  received  at  Washing- 
ton. 

Ga.     Gov.  Northen  appoints  Speaker 

Charles  F.  Crisp  to  be  U.  S.  Senator 
as  successor  to  A.  H.  Colquitt,  deceased. 
[Mar.  30.    Declined.] 

N.  Y.  The  Senate  votes  for  a  legisla- 
tive investigation  of  the  management 
of  the  Elmira  Reformatory. 

Apr.  2.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  D. 
W.  Voorhees  of  Ind.  opens  the  tariff 
debate  in  a  three  hours'  speech  ;  the 
Bering-Sea  Bill  is  reported  and  slightly 
amended, 

Ga.    Patrick  "Walsh,  editor  of  The 

Augusta  Chronicle,  is  appointed  by  Gov. 
Northen  to  succeed  the  late  Senator 
Colquitt  as  U.  S.  Senator. 

Apr.  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Bering-Sea  Bill,  to  give 
effect  to  the  award  rendered  by  the  Tri- 
bunal of  Arbitration  of  Paris;  bill  in- 
troduced Apr.  2,  3.  [Apr.  5.  Passed  by 
the  Plouse.    Apr.  10.    Approved.] 

N.  Y.    At  the  Gravesend  municipal 

election  the  anti-McKane  ticket  is 
chosen  by  a  majority  of  273,  and  in  New 
Utrecht  the  reform  ticket  is  elected. 

S.  C.  Gov,  Tillman  Issues  a  procla- 
mation assuming  entire  control  of  the 
police  and  marshals  in  the  cities  and 
incorporated  towns  of  the  State ;  he 
makes  a  statement  in  defense  of  his 
course  ;  the  militia  leave  Columbia  for 
the  scenes  of  the  dispensary  trouble. 

Apr.  4.  D.  C.  Congress;  in  the  Senate 
W.  B,  Allison  of  la.  concludes  his  speech 
in  opposition  to  the  Wilson  Tariff  BiU, 
and    R.   Q.   Mills    of    Tex,    defends    it. 


1894,  Mar.  15-Apr.  4.    455 


House  :  The  motion  to  pass  the  Seign- 
iorage BiU  over  the  President's  veto  is 
defeated.     Vote,  144-114. 

N.  J.  Gov.  Werts  signs  the  bill  mak- 
ing women  eligible  to  oftlce  of  notary 
public,  and  issues  the  first  commission 
to  Miss  Ida  Phares. 

—  N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  summons  the 
managers  of  the  Elmira  Reformatory 
to  appear  before  him,  and  answer  the 
charges  against  them. 

R.   I.      The    Republicans    carry    the 

State  election  by  increased  pluralities. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Mar.  18.  Colo.  The  Union  De- 
pot at  Denver  is  destroyed  by  fire  ;  loss, 
$300,000. 

la.  A  prairie  fire  rages  on  the  Mis- 
souri River  bottoms  below  Sioux  City. 

Mar.  19.  Colo.  The  troops  are  with- 
drawn from  Cripple  Creek,  order  be- 
ing restored. 

Mar.  21.  Cat.  Ex-Senator  Fair  supports 
an  attempt  to  corner  wheat  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

Neb.  An  interstate  Irrigation  Con- 
vention meets  at  Omaha. 

Mar.  23.  Pa.  At  the  Acme  Powder 
Company's  works  at  Black's  Run,  10,000 
pounds  of  dynamite  explode ;  five 
persons  are  killed,  and  one  is  injured  ; 
five  buildings  are  destroyed  ;  loss, 
$12,000. 

Mar.  26  ±.  '  N.  Mex.  —  Ariz.  A  man 
named  Reavis  claims  the  Feralta 
grant,  which  includes  12,800,000  acres 
of  land  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

Mar.  27.  New  York.  The  State  of  Geor- 
gia arrives  with  a  hole  in  her  bow 
caused  by  ice-floes. 

Mar.  28.  New  York.  Smallpox  is  de- 
clared epidemic  by  the  health  authori- 
ties. 

Mar.  29.  Tex.  Great  destitution  is  re- 
ported ;  many  are  on  the  verge  of 
starvation. 

Mar.  30.  Chicago.  The  last  of  the 
World's  Fair  Columbian  Guards  are 
formally  mustered  out  of  service. 

Cal.    The  Supreme  Court  of  the  State 

renders  a  decision  which  fixes  the  capi- 
tal at  Sacramento. 

III.    Five  lives  are  lost,  10  persons 

injured,  several  houses  damaged  and 
two  wrecked  by  the  collapse  of  a 
steam-pipe  of  the  Peoria  Water  Com- 
pany. 

Mar.  31.  La.  A  break  occurs  in  the 
levees  near  Sbreveport  and  at  Harri- 
son's Bluffs. 

Cal.    The  Somali,  England's  largest 

merchantman,  arrives  at  San  Francisco, 
147  days  out  from  Hongkong,  having 
been  given  up  as  lost. 

Apr.  2.  Cal.  The  "Industrial Army" 
leaves  Los  Angeles;  it  announces  its 
purpose  to  visit  Washington. 

Apr.  3.  Cal.  An  "Army"  starts 
from  San  Francisco  for  Washington. 


456     1894,  Apr.  5 -Apr.  23. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Apr.  10,  B.C.  Adm.Benham 
is  retired  from  active  service  in  the 
navy  under  the  age  of  limitation. 

Apr.  11.  D.  C.  Capt.  Thomas  O.  Self- 
ridge  is  promoted  commodore  U.  S.  K. 
[Also  Apr.  16.  Capt.  Joseph  N.  Miller. 
July  10.  Capt.  Montgomery  Sicard. 
July  21.  Capt.  Edmund  O.  Matthews. 
July  31.  Capt.  Charles  S.  Norton.  .Sept. 
7.  Capt.  Robert  L.  Phythian.  Nov.  11. 
Capt.  Rush  R.  Wallace.] 

Apr.  13.  S.  C.  Gov.  Tillman  is  reor- 
ganizing the  militia  ;  he  dismisses  the 
captain  of  one  of  the  rebellious  com- 
panies who  refused  to  proceed  against 
illegal,  defiant  liquor-dealers. 

Apr.  17.  />.  C.  John  E.  Greer  is  com- 
missioned major  —  ordnance  depart- 
ment. [May  16.  William R. Hall— med- 
ical department.  June  6.  George  H. 
Torney  and  Marshall  W.  Wood  — medical 
department.   Aug.  8.    C.  A.  H.  McCauley 

—  quartermaster  department.  Aug.  13. 
Daniel  W.  Burke  — 23d  infantry.  Aug.  16. 
George  W.  Davis  —  11th  infantry.  Sept. 
2.  John  Pitman  —  quartermaster  depart- 
ment. Sept.  1'2.  F.  H.  Hathaway  — 
quartermaster  department.  Sept.  17. 
Frederick  A.  Mahan  —  corps  of  engi- 
neers. Oct.  8.  John  J.  Clague  —  sub- 
sistence department.  Oct,  10.  John 
G.  Trumbull  —  lat  artillery.  Oct.  11. 
Thomas  M.  K.  Smith  —  Ist  Infantry. 
Oct.  25.  David  H .  Kinzie  —  5th  artillery. 
Nov.  10.  William  M.  Wallace— 2d  cav- 
alry. Nov.  2G.  Jacob  H.  Smith— 2d  in- 
fantry. Dec.  29.  Charles  W.  Miner- 6th 
infantry.     Dec.  31.    Joshua  W.  Jacobs 

—  quartermaster  department.] 

Apr.  19.  Pa.  The  18-inch  armor- 
plate  designed  for  the  battle-ship  In- 
diana is  shattered  by  a  shot  from  a  12- 
iuch  gun  at  the  Indian  Head  Proving 
Grounds. 

ART  ~  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Apr.  15.  Neiv  York.  A  statue 
to  the  memory  of  Father  Drumgoole  is 
unveiled  by  Archbishop  Corrigan. 

Apr.  17.  Okla.  A  tornado  destroys  15 
houses,  kills  two  persons,  injures  several 
others,  besides  doing  much  damage  to 
property. 

[May  11.  One  destroys  property  at 
Dalton,  O.  May  17±.  Mucli  property 
destroyed  in  Ohio.  June  25.  The  vil- 
lage of  Keighley,  Butler  County,  Kan., 
is  devastated.  June  26.  Houses  are 
demolished  in  Louisville  ;  also  in  Jeffer- 
son, Ind.  Sept.  22.  Michigan  and  Min- 
nesota are  visited.  Oct.  1.  Wichita, 
Kan.,  is  visited.  Nov.  3.  At  Willis, 
Tex.,  three  churches  and  many  houses 
are  demolished.] 

Apr.  20.  D.  C.  The  annual  convention 
of  the  American  Meteorological  So- 
ciety opens  at  Washington. 

Apr.  22.  N.  y.  Swarms  of  17-year 
locusts  appear  in  and  near  Nyack. 


Apr,  9.  Graham,  John,  criminal  lawyer, 
dies. 

Apr.  13.  Field,  David  Dudley,  lawyer, 
jurist,  A89. 

Apr.  14.  Slocum.  Henry  W.,  ntaj.-gen., 
corps  connuaniler  under  Sherman,  A67. 

Vance.  Zebulon  B..  Gov.,  senator  for 

N.  C,  A64. 

Apr.  17.  Knabe,  Ernest  J.,  piano-manu- 
facturer, A57. 

Apr.  Sa.    Waterbury,  N.  J.,  lawyer,  A75. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1694. 
Apr.  5.    Corey,  Charles,    insanity   expert, 
Ati-1.  '         *~     > 


CHXJRCH. 

1894  Apr.  5.  Chicago.  Methodist  min- 
isters pass  resolutions  asking  Pope  IjCO 
to  extend  the  same  religious  freedom  in 
South  America  that  is  enjoyed  in  North 
America —  as  Methodist  missionaries  are 
heing  maltreated  by  Roman  Catholics  in 
Peru,  Ecuador,  and  Bolivia. 

Apr.  21.  The  Judiciary  Committee 
of  the  General  Assembly  (Presbyterian) 
recommends  the  entertaining  of  Prof. 
H.  P.  Smith's  appeal  from  the  Ohio 
Synod,  and  the  Assembly  adopts  the 
order. 

(Apr.  25.)  The  trial  for  heresy  is  con- 
tinued. 

(Apr.  26.)  The  General  Assembly,  by 
a  vote  of  396  to  101,  convicts  Prof.  Smith 
of  heresy. 

Apr.  22.  New  York.  The  58th  anniver- 
sary of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Mis- 
sionary Society  for  Seamen  is  cele- 
brated. 

LETTERS. 

1894    Apr.  6.    Keic  York.    Twenty-nine 

young  women  graduate  from  the  wom- 
en's law-class  of  the  University  of  New 
York. 

Apr.  7.  U.  S.  The  American  and 
the  Union  News  Companies  refuse  to 
handle  W.  T.  Stead's  book,  If  Christ 
Came  to  Chicago. 

Apr.  8.  D.  C.  The  50th  anniversary  of 
the  organization  of  the  American  So- 
ciety of  Keligious  Education  is  cele- 
brated in  Washington. 

Apr.  9.  N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  signs  the 
Anti-Hazing  Bill,  to  prevent  disor- 
derly conduct  in  colleges. 

Apr.  14.  Boston.  Women  are  admitted 
to  the  privileges  of  the  club-house  of 
the  University  Club. 

Apr.  15.  Phila.  The  trustees  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  decide 
to  lengthen  the  course  to  four  years  in 
the  scope  and  organization  of  the  Whar- 
ton School  of  Finance  and  Economy. 

Apr.  16.  Cal.  Es-President  Harrison 
delivers  his  final  lecture  of  the  course 
before  the  Stanford  University ;  sub- 
ject, "  The  Institution  of  State  Govern- 
ments." 

SOCIETY. 
1894    Apr.  5.    K.  J.    The    Law    and 
Order  Xjeague  of  Franklin  Park  or- 
ders all  negroes  to  leave  the  town 

before  the  7tli  inst. 

Okla.    In  an  Indian  outbreak  42 

lives  are  lost ;  the  flght  between  cow- 
boys and  Indians  is  still  going  on. 

Apr.  6.    Cal.    An  unemployed  army, 

600  strong,  causes  trouble  in  the  city  of 
Oakland,  refusing  to  leave  until  com- 
pelled by  over  1,000  citizens. 


Chicago.     About   3,000   striking 

painters  are  locked  out  by  75  iirms. 

D.  C.    The  testimony  in  the  Breck- 

inridge-Pollard  case  at  Washington  is 
closed. 

[Apr.  14.  The  jury  returns  a  verdict 
of  $15,000  for  Miss  Pollard.] 

/;/.    Frye's  "army"  is  compelled 

by  the  chief  of  police  to  leave  East  St. 
Louis. 

Apr.  9.  New  York,  A  census  of  sa- 
loons open  on  Sunday,  March  18,  is 
published  in  the  City   Vigilant. 

It  reveals  that  in  19  Assembly  districts 
2,960  saloons  were  open  ;  that  in  from 
10  minutes  to  half  an  hour  3.312  persons 
entered  them,  not  counting  eight  police- 
men, while  39  policemen  were  seen  in 
the  immediate  vicinity. 

Police  Captain  "W.  G.  Devery  is 
acquitted  of  the  charge  of  wilful  neg- 
lect. 

A'.  Y.    Articles  of  incorporation  are 

filed  at  Albany  by  the  Patriotic  League 
of  the  Revolution,  with  headquarters 
in  Brooklyn  ;  its  object  is  to  preserve 
relics  of  the  Revolution,  and  to  foster 
patriotism. 

Pa.   The  coke-region  strikers  agree 

to  work  on  the  11,  C.  Frick  scale. 

Apr.  10.  Okla.  Robbers  try  to  hold 
up  a  Rock  Island  train  ;  the  express- 
messenger  shoots  one  dead,  the  train- 
men capture  another,  and  the  rest  flee 
without  securing  booty. 

Apr.  12.  Utah.  The  Salt  Lake  •' In- 
dustrials "  (unemployed  workinguien) 
seize  a  train  at  Provo  City  ;  the  leaders 
are  put  in  jail.  [Apr.  14.  They  are  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment  in  Montana  for 
like  offense.  Apr.  19.  They  capture  two 
trains  of  the  Northern  Pacific  road  in 
Montana.  Apr.  30.  The  governor  of 
Idaho  appeals  to  the  Federal  authori- 
ties to  provide  quarters  for  "  Industri- 
als" under  arrest.] 

Apr.  13.  Oa.  Thirty  masked  illicit 
distillers,  called  Moonshiners,  whip  six 
farm-laborers  near  Calhoun,  Gordon 
County.  They  compel  women  thinly 
clad  to  stand  in  the  night  air  to  witness 
the  whipping ;  one  laborer  is  missing 
and  supposed  to  be  dead. 

U.  S.  Employees  on  the  Western  Pi- 
vision  of  the  Great  Northern  Railroad 
strike  against  a  wage-reduction,  and 
allow  nothing  but  nuiil  to  be  moved, 

[Apr.  28.  The  Knights  of  Labor  are 
called  out  in  aid  of  the  Railway  Union 
strikers.  May  1.  The  strike  is  declared 
off.  President  Hill  having  agreed  to  the 
former  scale  of  wages  for  a  large  num- 
ber of  employees.] 

Apr.  14.  N.  Dak.  A  general  strike  is 
ordered  along  the  Montana  Central  and 
Groat  Northern  from  Larimore  to  Spo- 
kane, Washington. 

Apr.  16.  Cal.  A  highwayman  robs  the 
stage  near  Milton  of  the  Wells-Fargo 
treasure-box,  containing  $2,000. 

N.  y.    Ernest  Knigge,  of  the  Citizens' 

League  for  good  government  at  Coney 
Island,  is  assaulted  and  badly  injured  in 
his  store  by  t%vo  masked  men. 

Apr.  17.  CaL  Bands  of  unemployed 
men  loot  the  houses  of  Chinese  and 
tiapanese  on  ranches. 

h}d.    W.    M.    Copland    shoots    his 

brother-in-law,  W.  H,  Bruning  of  New 
York,  in  ex-Attorney-General  Miller's 
office  at  Indianapolis  ;  he  also  accident- 
ally wounds  his  own  lawyer. 

New  York.    Police  Captain  O'Connor 

and  three  of  his  men  are  put  on  trial 
charged  with   being   in   collusion  with 

pool-sellers. 


I 


UNITED   STATES. 


1894,  Apr.  5.-Apr,  23.     457 


Apr.  18.  Boston.  The  celebration  of 
Patriots*  Day  is  inaugurated  at  the 
historic  old  North  Church,  where.  119 
years  ago,  warning  lights  gave  Paul 
Revere  the  signal  that  started  him  on 
Ills  memorable  ride. 

Mick.    Two  strikers   are   killed   and 

several  others,  including  a  sheriff,  in- 
jured in  a  labor  conflict  at  Detroit. 

y.   y.    Gov.   Flower    appoints    three 

commissioners  to  investigate  the  man- 
agement of  the  Klmira  Reformatory 
under  Su[>erintendent  Brockway.  [Dec. 
10.   The  governor  dismisses  the  charges.] 

Apr.  19.  Okla.  A  fight  takes  place  be- 
tween United  States  marshals  and  sev- 
eral outlaws  of  the  "  Bill "  Dalton  gang ; 
three  bandits,  a  woman  and  girl,  and 
two  marshals  are  killed. 

Pa.  The  coke-workers  at  the  Ma- 
honing and  Atlas  plants  of  the  Cambria 
Iron  Company  return  to  work. 

Apr.  20.  Xeb.  A  mob  seizes  40  box- 
cars at  Omaha  for  the  use  of  Kelly's 
"Industrial  Army;"  Kelly  refuses  to 
use  them. 

Apr.  21.  />.  C.  The  Commissioners  is- 
sue a  proclamation  warning  Coxey's 
army  against  violating  the  laws  of  the 
District  by  organizing  processions  and 
meetings. 

Ga.    White  Caps  shoot  and  kill  Henry 

Woolley,  a  Murray  Couuty  farmer,  while 
plowing. 

iV.  Y.  An  Anti- Compulsory  Vac- 
cination League  is  organized  in  Brook- 
lyn at  a  meeting  of  physicians  and 
laymen. 

U.  S.    In  obedience  to  the  order  of 

the  national  organization,  130,000  miners 
strike. 

Apr.  22.  D.  C.  Bills  for  the  creation 
of  an  American  organization  similar 
to  that  of  the  French  ** Immortals" 
are  submitted  to  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. 

F/n.    Roman  Catholics  drive  agents 

of  the  American  Protective  Association 
out  of  Palatka. 

La.    In  a  race  conflict  one  white 

and  one  negro  are  killed ;  13  negroes 
are  imprisoned,  and  posses  are  scouring 
the  country  hunting  other  negroes. 

STATE. 

1894  Apr.  5.  Md.  Gov.  Brown  signs 
the  bill  which  prohibits  all-the-year- 
round  racing  and  book-making. 

S.  C  Gov.  Tillman  i.ssues  a  proc- 
lamation restoring'  the  civil  status  in 
Florence  and  Darlington  Counties,  and 
ordering  the  militia  home. 

Apr.  7.  A».  C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
Bering-Sea  question  is  discussed  ;  ob- 
jections are  taken  to  England's  con- 
struction of  tlie  Paris  award. 

Apr.  0.  I).  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate^D.  B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.  makes  a  speech 
on  the  Tariff  Bill,  opposing  the  income 
tax. 

U.  S.    The  U.  S.   Chilean   Claims 

Commission  expires  by  limitation  after 
awarding  damages  to  the  amount  of 
$240,000  against  Chile. 

Apr.  10.  />.  a.  Congress :  Senate :  The 
Wolcott  resolution  to  coin  standard 
Mexican  silver  dollars,  under  some 
agreement  with  Mexico,  is  passed. 


The  caucus  of  House  Democrats  adopts 
a  resolution  in  favor  of  the  repeal  of 
the  tax  on  State-bank  circulation. 

/.  T.  The  Creeks  reject  the  propo- 
sition of  the  Dawes  Commission  for  a 
change  in  the  character  of  the  Territo- 
rial government,  over  2,000  Indiana  at 
the  national  meeting  at  Okmulgee  vot- 
ing against  the  change. 

S.  J.    Many  of  the  charter  elections 

result  in  sweeping  Republican  victories, 
causing  a  revolution  in  several  munici- 
pal governments. 

Apr.  11.  D.  C.  The^car,  the  Bush,  and 
the  Corwin  are  ordered  to  get  ready  to 
patrol  the  Bering  Sea  and  prevent  illegal 
sealing. 

Apr.  12.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
filibusters  over  a  new  rule  to  fine  mem- 
bers $10  each  for  not  voting. 

Apr.  13.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  D. 
B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.  intimates  that  he  is 
in  favor  of  adopting  the  Reed  rule  of 
counting  a  quorum  in  the  Senate ;  in 
the  House,  after  failing  to  get  a  quorum 
to  act  on  the  journal,  the  Democrats 
hold  a  caucus,  and  decide  upon  a  policy 
which  practically  amounts  to  counting 
a  quorum. 

Apr.  14.  IJ.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  W. 
A.  Pelfer  Introduces,  by  request,  a  bill 
to  prohibit  any  person  from  owning 
more  than  one  hundred  acres  of  land ; 
it  is  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Fi- 
nance ;  the  Tariff  Bill  is  debated ; 
seven  items  on  the  chemical  schedule 
are  disposed  of. 

Apr.  15,  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
disjwses  of  18  paragraphs  of  the  Tariff 
Bill ;  in  the  House  a  new  quorum-comit- 
iug  rule  is  practically  agreed  upon  by 
the  Democrats  in  the  Committee  on 
Rules  ;  it  is  aimed  against  obstructive 
action  by  an  adverse  minority,  and  de- 
signed to  facilitate  the  transaction  of 
business  by  the  majority. 

Apr.  17.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  A 
committee  is  appointed  to  investigate 
the  alleged  attempts  at  bribery  and  the 
Sugar  Trust's  campaign  contributions  ; 
the  House  adopts  a  rule  to  count  a 
quorum,  embodying  ex-Speaker  Reed's 
principle,  —  counting  those  who  refuse 
to  vote  as  present.    Vote,  212-47. 

Apr.  18.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
The  Tariff  Bill  is  discussed  by  Senators 
Morrill,  Turpie,  Cameron,  and  Quay, 
David  Turpie  defending  the  bill. 

Secretary  Herbert  receives  charges  of 
armor-plate  frauds  against  the  Carnegie 
Company. 

Apr.  19.  S.  r.  The  Dispensary  Li- 
quor Law  is  declared  unconstitutional 
by  the  State  Supreme  Court,  one  judge 
dissenting. 

Apr.  20.  N.  r.  Gov.  Flower  vetoes  the 
bill  for  a  Bi-partisan  Police  Commis- 
sion in  New  York  City,  on  the  ground 
that  it  is  bad  in  principle,  and  designed 
in  the  interest  of  party  politics  rather 
than  public  good. 


Apr.  21.  D.  C.  The  bribery  investi- 
gation is  begun  by  the  Senate  Commit- 
tee ;  Kppa  Hunton  of  Va.  and  James  H. 
Kyle  of  S.  Dak.  testify.  (See  Apr,  17.) 
[Apr.  23.    Investigation  completed.] 

Secretary  Lamont  reduces  War  De- 
partment expenses  about  $250,000  by  the 
discharge  of  22  clerks. 

Apr.  22.  Ala.  Congressman  Wm.  C. 
Oates  is  nominated  by  the  Democrats 
for  governor,  defeating  the  anti-Admin- 
istration men. 

Apr.  23.  />.  a  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate a  test  vote  is  taken  on  the  Tariff 
Bill,  a  motion  to  lay  it  on  the  table 
being  defeated. 

X.  Y.     Bradley's   Bridge  Trustees 

Bill  passes  the  Senate.    Vote,  20-10. 

Pa.    Gen.  Daniel  H.  Hastings  (Rep.) 

is  nominated  for  governor. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Apr.  8.  Pa.  At  the  abandoned 
workings  at  Leggett's  Creek  mine  12 
acres  of  Scranton  cave  in. 

Apr.  9.     Wlf.    Davidson's  Theater  at 

Milwaukee  burns  ;  nine  firemen  are 
killed,  and  many  injured. 

Apr.  10.  N.  Y.  A  three-story  apart- 
ment-house in  Brooklyn  collapses  and 
takes  fire ;  two  persons  are  killed,  and 
eight  burned  and  bruised. 

Apr.  11.  N.J.  In  two  wrecks  on  the 
coast  15  sailors  lose  their  lives. 

Apr.  12.  X.  Y.  The  American  Glu- 
cose   Works    in    Buffalo   are    burned : 

los.^,  $1,200,000. 

Apr.  13± .    Mass.    Two  vessels  are  lost 

off  the  coast,  with  all  on  board ;  many 
other  shipping  disasters  occur  as  a  re- 
sult of  the  great  storm, 

Apr.  14.  N.  J.  The  Central  Traction 
Company  files  articles  of  incorporation 
with  the  Secretary  of  State. 

±  Neb.     Judge  E.  S.  Dundy,  of  the 

V.  S.  District  Court  in  Omaha,  restores 
the  rate  of  wages  of  the  employees  of 
the  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 

N.  Y.  Corporation  Counsel  McDon- 
ald begins  action  to  recover  $1,289.50 
overcharge  by,  and  paid  illegally  out 
of  public  funds  by  city  ofticials  to,  G.  F. 
Miller,  for  dinners  and  wines  during  the 
Columbian  celebration  in  Brooklyn. 

Apr.  16.  Xeic  York.  The  Coffee  Ex- 
change decides  to  adopt  the  clearing- 
house system.     Vote,  94-90. 

Apr.  17.  Wash.  The  Bering-Sea  fleet 
sails  from  Port  Townsend. 

Apr.  18.  Til.  The  annual  meeting  of 
the  Whisky  Trust  is  held  in  Peoria. 

Apr.  20.  CaL  A  liberty  tree  is  planted 
in  Golden  Gate  Park,  San  Francisco,  by 
the  Daughters  of  the  Revolution. 

The  soil  around  its  roots  comes  from 
more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  historic 
spots  in  different  parts  of  the  country. 

Apr.  22.  D.  C.  The  Pan-American 
Bimetallist  Convention  meets  in 
Washington. 


458     1894,  Apr,  23 -May  11. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1894  May  10.  /).  C.  John  W.  Barlow- 
is  commissioned  colonel  —  corps  of  engi- 
neers,  [May  16.  Joseph  P.  Wright  — 
medical  department.  June  28.  Francis 
L.  Town  — medical  department.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1894    May  6.     Hail-storms     do     much 

damage  in  many  parts  of  the  country, 

both  East  and  West. 
May  10.     Va.    The  monument  to  the 

mother  of   George   "Washington  is 

dedicated  at  Fredericksburg ;  President 

Cleveland  is  present. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1684. 

Apr.  30.  Hatton,  Frank,  postmaster-gen- 
eral, editor  Washington  Post,  A50. 

Stockbridge,    Francis    B.,    senator    for 

Mich.,  A68. 

May  1.  Al)eU,  G.  W.,  publisher  of  BaU%- 
more  San,  A52. 

May  7.  Harrow,  Frances  EUzabetli,  writer 
(Aunt  Fannyj,  dies. 


CHURCH. 

1894  Apr.  29.  Monsignor  Satolli  or- 
ders that  only  English  shall  he  used 
in  Catholic  Cathedral  churches  of  Amer- 
ica. 

May  4.  Tenn.  The  General  Confer- 
ence (Methodist  Episcopal  South)  meets 
at  Memphis. 

May  10.  N.  Y.  The  25th  anniversary 
of  the  pastorate  of  Rev.  Dr.  Talmage 
in  Brooklyn  is  celebrated. 

LETTERS. 

1894  May  6.  iV.  C.  Secretary  Hoke 
Smith  delivers  the  commencement  ad- 
dress at  the  University  of  North  Car- 
olina. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  Apr.  23.  Xew  York.  Dr.  Park- 
hurst  notifies  Police  Captain  Martens  of 
a  "  dive  "  within  30  yards  of  the  police- 
station. 

Apr.  24.  Pa,  Eight  strikers  are 
killed  and  many  wounded  in  a  fight 
with  deputy-sheriffs  in  the  coke-region. 
[Apr.  27.  Strikers  and  operators  are 
said  to  be  arming  and  preparing  for  a 
conflict ;  Gov.  Pattison  addresses  the 
strikers  and  counsels  peace  and  modera- 
tion. May.  4.  Women  lead  an  attack 
of  rioters;  three  Hungarians  are  shot; 
a  company's  official  is  fatally  beaten. 
May  9.  The  strike  is  renewed  with  vio- 
lence. May  24.  Five  strikers  are  killed 
while  making  an  attack  on  a  coke-plant.] 
(See  June  5).  [-Inly  24.  Strikers  make 
some  demonstrations  of  violence  till 
drivenoff  by  thesheritf.  Aug.  17.  Coke- 
workers  in  the  Connellsville  region 
abandon  the  strike,  denouncing  their 
leaders  for  false  representation.] 

Apr.  25.  Colo.  A  conflict  between  strik- 
ing miners  and  deputy-sheriffs  takes 

place  at  Cripple  Creek. 

[May  20.  A  reign  of  terror  prevails  ; 
strikers  plunder  sliops  of  provisions  and 
arms.  May  25.  The  strikers  and  dep- 
uty-sheriffs come  into  conflict.  May  26. 
The  strikers  blow  up  the  Company's 
buildings  and  wreck  the  shaft  with  dy- 
namite.] 

—  O.  A  young  woman  is  killed  in 
the  street  in  Cincinnati    by  Father   D. 


O'Grady,  a  jealous  Uoman  Catholic 
priest. 

Apr.  26.  Mo7it.  Hogan's "  Industrial 
Army  "  is  captured  at  Forsyth,  for  steal- 
ing a  train,  and  taken  to  Helena  under 
an  escort  of  Federal  troops  and  deputy- 
marshals. 

[May  15.  One  member  is  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  for  six  months,  and  40 
others  for  two  months.] 

Apr.  27.  III.  In  the  coal-region  armed 
strikers  are  driving  out  workingminers. 
Sheriff  Lenz,  of  Marshall  County,  asks 
aid  from  the  State  authorities  ;  the  First 
Regiment  Illinois  National  Guards  is 
ordered  to  the  scene  of  trouble. 

La.     Eight  negroes  are  lynched. 

Okla.     Vigilance  committees  attack 

a  band  of  horse-thieves  ;  they  kill  five, 

and  capture  und  hang  two. 

Apr.  28.    fa.    A  gang  of  tramp  thieves 

is  corralled  in  a  barn  in  Missouri  Valley  ; 
on  being  called  to  surrender,  they  open 
fire,  killing  the  city  marshal  and  wound- 
ing two  of  his  officers. 

Ind.    A  gang  of  25  masked  men 

armed  with  axes  visit  Bert  Willis's  sa- 
loon at  Burlington,  and  destroy  the  stock 
and  fixtures,  burning  them  in  a  bonfire. 

O.     Galvin's   "Industrial  Army" 

seizes  a  train  ;  four  companies  of  militia 
and  Battery  H  are  ordered  to  Mount 
Sterling  and  rescue  it. 

Apr.  30.  Chicago.  Proceedings  are  be- 
gun against  the  Chicago  Gas  Trust 
and  the  American  Tobacco  Company, 
both  doing  business  as  trusts  in  violation 
of  law. 

iVew  York.     Five  men  who  have  been 

burning  stables  to  get  insurance  money 
are  arrested. 

May  1.  /).  C.  Coxey's  "army"  enters 
Washington  ;  the  "  general "  is  not  al- 
lowed to  make  a  demonstration  at  the 
Capitol ;  Browne  and  Jones,  two  other 
leading  men,  are  arrested  for  disorderly 
conduct. 

[May  2.  **  Gen."  Coxey  is  arrested. 
The  "  army"  diminishes  rapidly.  I^Iay 
8.  Found  guilty  of  trespassing  on  the 
Capitol  grounds.  May  9.  The  House 
Committee  nn  Labor  gives  Coxey  a  hear- 
ing respecting  the  trespass  and  the  duty 
of  the  Government  to  laborers.  May  21. 
Coxey,  Browne,  and  Jones  are  sentenced 
to  confinement  in  jail  for  20  days.] 

fa.  *'  Gen."  Kelley,  of  the  *'  Indus- 
trial Army,"  refuses  to  leave  Des  Moines 
when  ordered  to  go  by  the  city  author- 
ities. 

III.—  Tenn.    Several    hundred  more 

coal-miners  go  out  on  strike ;  all  the 
miners  at  Coal  Creek,  Tenn.,  stop  work. 
(See  May  28.) 

May  2.  Minn.  A  mob  of  strikers  com- 
pels over  300  workers  at  Mountain  Iron 
mine,  of  the  Rockefeller  group,  to  quit. 
[May  3.  Troops  are  ordered  to  the 
Messaba  Iron  range,  the  strikers  threat- 
ening destruction  to  life  and  property.] 

Mo.     The  grand  jury  at  Kansas  City 

returns  indictments  against  13  partici- 
pants in  the  recent  election  riots ;  three 
for  murder  in  the  first  degree. 

O.  Conflicts  occur  between  the  po- 
lice and  riotous  mobs  in  Cleveland  ;  the 

local  militia  are  called  to  the  armory. 
[May  8+:.  Militia  men  are  discharged 
by  tlieir  employers  for  aiding  to  sup- 
press the  strike.] 

May  3.  iS^.  Y.  Commercial  Bank  ofl[l- 
i-ers  are  indicted  in  Brooklyn,  charged 
with  violating  the  law  of  1892,  and  wreck- 
ing the  bank. 


May  5.  ^rk.  A  negro  in  Ouachita 
County,  supposed  to  have  smallpox,  is 
burned  in    his  cabin,  which   has  been 

tired  by  persons  unknown. 

Phila.    Barney  Sacks,  a  confectioner. 

shoots  his  mother  and  kills  hinisell. 

May  7.     Ala.      Striking    coal-miners 

destroy  property  in  two  mines  where 
men  refusing  to  join  the  strike  are  at 
work. 

[June  7.  Strikers  blow  up  mine  ma- 
chinery with  dynamite  at  Horse  Creek, 
discharge  gims  into  the  Company's 
stores  and  houseSj  and  wreck  freight- 
cars.  June  18.  Miners  vote  to  continue 
the  strike;  two  bridges  are  blown  up, 
July  IC.  Miners  murderously  attack 
negro  workmen,  killing  eight;  troops 
are  ordered  out  to  quell  the  distu  rbance.  j 

May  8.  The  miners*  strike  is  spreading 
in  Maryland,  West  Virginia,  and  Illinois. 

Xew  York.    Maj.-Gen.  O.  O.  Howard 

is  chosen  president  of  the  National 
Temi)erance  Society  at  its  annual 
meeting. 

S.  C    The  Supreme  Court  of  the  State 

decides  that  the  Ehrans  liquor  Law  is 
valid. 

May  9.  Boston.  The  second  annual  con- 
vention of  Working  Girls*  Clubs  is 
held  ;  over  100  delegates  from  14  promi- 
nent American  cities  attend. 

Neb.    The  Hibernian  Convention  in 

session  at  Omaha  decides  to  form  Co- 
lumbian Leagues  in  each  State  to  off- 
set the  American  Protective  Association 
societies. 

Pa.    A.  Woodley  shoots  and  kills 

Jennie  Buchanan  in  Allegheny;  he 
wounds  himself,  and  is  imprisoned. 

±  Pa.  —  Colo.    Trains  are  stolen  by 

bands  of  Coxeyites  ;  in  Pennyslvania  the 
stealers  are  sent  to  jail  for  20  days. 

Phila.    The  General  Federation  of 

■Women*s  Cluba  begins  its  second  bi- 
ennial session,  with  325  delegates  from 
37  States,  and  500  other  women  present. 
[Mrs.  Ellen  M.  Henrotin,  of  Chicago, 
president.] 

May  10.  Wash.  Two  deputy-marshals 
and  several  citizens  are  shot  in  a  conflict 
with  Coxeyites  who  have  stolen  a  train 
at  Yakima. 

May  11  +  .  Chicago.  The  Pullman 
Palace-Car  "Works  are  closed  against 
the  employees,  they  having  struck  for 
higher  wages. 

(May  22.)  The  American  Railway 
T'nion  declares  a  boycott  upon  all  Pull- 
man cars,  unless  the  company  cunsents 
to  arbitrate  the  differences  with  its  strik- 
ing employees. 

(June  25.)  All  the  shops  of  the  Car 
Company  are  closed  except  the  Delaware 
works. 

(JuxE  26.)  The  boycott  of  the  Pull- 
man cars  goes  into  effect. 

(June  27.)  The  boycott  extends  to  all 
roads  entering  Chicago;  one  railroad 
yields,  and  runs  trains  without  PirJluian 
cars. 

(June  28.)  The  railway  .strike  spreads 
to  20  roads  in  the  West,  and  paralyzes 
travel  from  San  Francisco  to  Chicago ; 
nearly  40,000  men  are  said  to  be  involved. 

(June  29.)  The  operating  of  the  roads 
is  seriously  crippled  by  trainmen  joining 
the  strikers. 

(June  30.)  Strikers  spike  switches  in 
Chicago;  police  protection  is  asked. 

(July  5.)  Rioting  occurs  along  three 
miles  of  the  Lake  Shore  and  Rock  Island 
tracks.  Mayor  Hopkins  and  the  Council 
Committee  ineet  the  American  Railway 


UNITED   STATES. 


1894,  Apr.  23  -  May  11.    459 


Union  officials ;  Eugene  V.  Debs  issues 
a  statement ;  eight  more  companies  of 
regulars  are  ordered  to  Chicaj^o. 

(July  G.)  a  mob  burns  22s  cars  along 
the  line  of  the  Pan  Handle  Road  ;  side- 
tracked produce-<!ar8  are  looted.  War- 
rants are  sworn  out  for  the  arrest  of 
Debs  and  Howard;  Gov.  Altgeld  orders 
out  two  brij^ades  of  militia;  about  50 
fires  start  in  the  Stock-yards  district. 

(Jdly  7.)  The  mob  continues  the 
burning  of  cars,  and  rioting.  Over 
$1,000,000  damage  is  already  done  by 
incendiaries  ;  the  Government  assumes 
control  of  the  Northern  Pacific  as  a 
Post  and  Military  Road ;  over  100,000 
men  are  out  of  work  in  and  near  Chi- 
cago. 

(July  9.)  Rioting  and  disorder;  the 
Pullman  Company  finally  refuses  to  sub- 
mit the  controversy  with  its  employees 
to  arbitration,  and  a  general  strike  of 
tbe  labor-unions  may  take  place. 

(July  10.)  Debs,  Howard,  and  other 
strike  leaders  are  arrested  for  conspir- 
acy to  obstruct  the  mails ;  they  are  re- 
leased on  bail.  The  Knights  of  Labor 
are  asked  by  the  General  Master  Work- 
man, Sovereign,  to  join  the  strike;  the 
trades-unions  of  Chicag;o  go  out  on  a 
general  sympathetic  strike. 

(July  11.)  The  appeal  to  the  Knights 
of  Labor  to  join  the  strike  is  but  slov^rly 
responded  to ;  only  about  15,000  men  go 
out  in  Chicago,  and  none  go  out  else- 
where. A  dressed-beef  train  of  50  cars 
bound  for  New  York  leaves  under  pro- 
tection of  sohiiers.  A  bomb  is  sent  to 
Vice-President  Wiokes,  of  the  Pullman 
Company,  the  messenger  saying  that  he 
received  it  from  a  lady. 

(July  12.)  Trains  move  more  freely 
without  attendant  disorder ;  reports 
from  the  Middle,  Western,  and  South- 
western States  sliow  that  the  strike  is 
breaking  all  along  the  line. 

(July  13.)  President  Debs  offers  to 
declare  the  railroad  strike  vS  if  the  gen- 
eral managers  wi  11  take  back  the  strikers 
not  accused  of  crime,  but  the  managers 
refuse  to  consider  the  proposition  ;  the 
strike  is  near  its  end  ;  Samuel  Gompers 
issues  a  statement  declaring  a  general 
sympathetic  strike  of  the  Federation  of 
Labor  inexpedient. 

(July  14.)  President  Debs  declares  he 
will  continue  the  strike  if  necessary  ; 
strikers  return  to  work  in  several  places  ; 
the  Chicago  Building  Trades'  Council 
rescinds  its  strike  order.    ■ 

(July  17.)  President  Debs  and  three 
other  strike  leaders  are  lodged  in  jail  at 
Chicago  on  the  charge  of  contempt  of 
the  Federal  Courts;  telegrams  sent  by 
them  to  strikers  after  the  issue  of  the 
injunction  are  produced  in  evidence  ;  the 
prisoners  refuse  to  be  bailed  out. 

(July  18.)  About  lOO  Pullman  strikers 
return  to  work. 

(July  21.)  Several  directors  of  the 
American  Railway  Union  are  arrested. 
Several  hundred  workmen  apply  for  re- 
instatement by  the  Pullman  Company. 

(July  31.)  Half  the  militia  guarding 
Pullman  Js  withdra\vn. 

(Aug.  2.)  Business  is  resumed  at  Pull- 
man ;  300  strikers  return  to  work. 
[Others  follow.] 

(Aug.  5.)  This  colossal  strike  is  de- 
clared off  by  a  vote  of  the  American 
Union ;  the  Chicago  and  Eastern  Illi- 
nois and  the  Santa  F6  roads  are  ex- 
cepted. 

(Aug.  7.)  The  last  of  the  Illinois  Guard 
are  ordered  home. 

(Aug.  14.)  George  M.  Pullman  issues 
a  statement  defending  his  company's 
character. 

STATE. 

1894.  Apr.  24.  D.  C.  Congress; 
Senate  :  the  'Wilson  Tariff  Bill  is  dis- 
cussed, Roger  Q.  Mills  of  Tex.  closing  the 
general  debate  in  a  speech  favoring  the 
bill  with  the  income-tax  provision  ;  the 
House  passes  the  Fost*ofQ,ce  Appro- 


priation Bill  introduced  Mar.  24,  after 
five  discussions. 

The  Senate  Investigation  Committee 
examines  three  newspaper  correspond- 
ents on  the  Sugar  Trust  charges. 

A".  .7.    The  Assembly  passes  the  bill 

forbidding  pool-selling  and  book-mak- 
ing. 

O.     The    House    of    Representatives 

passes  the  bill  granting  to  wromen  the 
sutfrage  in  school  elections. 

Apr.  25.  n.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Rapid  progress  is  made  on  the  metal 
scbedule  of  the  Tariff  Bill. 

The  Coinage  Committee  of  the  House 
decides  to  defer  the  consideration  of  the 
Meyer-Bland  Seigniorage  BiU,  and 
discuss  the  Bland  Free  Coinage  Bill 
instead. 

Apr.  26.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  W. 
V.  Allen's  Coxey  resolution,  assert- 
ing tbe  right  of  unarmed  companies  of 
men  to  enter  upon  the  Capitol  grounds, 
is  opposed  by  several  Senators ;  the 
House  passes  the  Diplomatic  and  Con- 
sular Appropriation  Bill  introduced 
Mar.  5;  a  lively  debate  is  caused  by  the 
resolution  already  adopted  to  impose 
fines  on  absentees. 

A^.  Y.    Gov.  Flower  having  signed  the 

bill,  the  town  of  Flatbush  becomes  the 
2i>th  ward  of  Brooklyn  ;  the  governor 
signs  the  bill  providing  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  State  Colony  for  Epilep- 
tics, to  be  known  as  *'  the  Craig  Colony,'* 
in  honor  of  the  late  Oscar  Craig  of  Roch- 
ester. 

Apr.  27.  D.  C.  The  briefs  in  the  John 
Y.  McKane  case  are  submitted  to  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  in 
Washington.    (See  Society,  p.  442.) 

.v.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  vetoes  the  Blan- 
ket Ballot  Election  Bill,  for  secret  vot- 
ing. 

Apr.  29.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  report 
of  a  compromise  among  Democratic 
Senators  is  made  public. 

The  concessions  made  to  the  conserva- 
tives include  a  change  of  the  sugar  duty 
to  an  ad  valorem  basis,  and  the  limiting 
of  the  operation  of  the  income  tax  to 
five  years  only. 

Apr.  30.  -Y.  J.  The  Senate  repeals,  by 
a  strict  party  vote,  the  gerrymander 
laws  of  the  last  Assembly,  also  the  law 
providing  for  the  election  of  Assembly- 
men by  counties. 

May  2.  D.  C.  Congress  :  The  House 
passes  the  Dockery  Commission  Bill, 
to  consider  improved  methods  of  ac- 
counting in  the  Treasury  Department ; 
it  passes  the  Army  Appropriation 
Bill  introduced  Mar.  19. 

May  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
disposes  of  the  first  paragraph  of  the 
"Wilson  Tariff  Bill. 

N.  y.  Gov.  Flower  signs  the  annex- 
ation bills  uniting  all  the  Kings  County 
towns  to  the  city  of  Brooklyn. 

May  4.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  River  and  Harbor  Appro- 
priation Bill  introduced  Mar.  31. 

May  7.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Chinese  Treaty  in  execu- 
tive session  ;  the  amended  Tariff  Bill 
(about  400  amendments)  is  presented  in 
Committee  to  the  Republican  Senators  ; 


the  House  passes  the  Dunphy  Hudson 
River  Bridge  Bill,  to  connect  New 
York  and  Jersey  City ;  bill  introduced 
Mar.  27. 

N.  Y.    The  General  Term  of  the  Court 

of  Common  Pleas  decides  that  the  Ives 
Pool  Bill  is  unconstitutional. 

The  Republican  delegates  to  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  name  the  offi- 
cers :  president,  Joseph  H.  Choate  ;  vice- 
presidents,  ex-Lieut.-Gov.  Alvord  and 
W.  H.  Steel  of  Oswego;  clerk,  C.  E. 
Fitch,  ex-editor  of  the  Rochester  Demo- 
crat and  Chronicle;  Sergeant-at-arms, 
W.  W.  Bennett,  a  war  veteran. 

May  8.  N.  Y.  The  Constitutional  Con- 
vention is  organized  at  Albany  by  the 
election  of  Joseph  H.  Choate  of  New 
York  as  president. 

S.  C.  The  Supreme  Court  at  Colum- 
bia decides  that  the  State  is  practically 
under  prohibition. 

May  9.  V.  <\  Congress:  Tlie  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff. BiU;  an  amend- 
ment to  levy  duties  on  goods  in  bond, 
on  the  date  the  bill  goes  into  effect,  is 
agreed  to  ;  the  Lodge  amendment,  for 
the  imposition  of  discriminating  duties 
on  England,  as  a  means  of  forcing  the 
acceptance  of  bimetallism  by  that  coun- 
try, is  laid  on  the  table ;  the  Russian 
Bering  Sea  Treaty  is  ratified. 

N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  signs  the  *'  Huc- 
kleberry*' Railroad  Bill  and  the  bill  ap- 
propriating $350,000  for  improving  the 
canals  of  the  State. 

May  10.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
Tariff  debate  is  continued  ;  the  Allen 
resolution  for  an  investigation  of  the  po- 
lice treatment  of  the  Coxey  **  Army" 
is  discussed,  Senators  Stewart  and  Tel- 
ler defending  Coxey,  and  Senator  Hoar 
opposing  the  resolution.  [It  fails  to 
pass.] 

Xeto   York.    Richard  Croker  resigns 

as  a  member  of  the  Executive  Commit- 
tee and  as  chairman  of  the  Finance 
Committee  of  Tammany  Hall ;  John 
McQuade  is  selected  to  take  his  place. 

N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  vetoes  the  non- 
partisan Park  Commission  Bill,  as  toa 
partisan. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Apr.  27.  N.  Y.  Gasport  is 
nearly  burned  out. 

Apr.  29  ±.  La.  The  loss  by  the  burning 
of  the  St.  Charles  Hotel  in  New  Orleans 
reaches  $500,(X)0. 

May  3.  N.  Y.  Tlie  second  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  National  Association  of 
Wholesale  Lumber  Dealers  begins  its 
sessions  at  Bulfalo. 

The  Wilson  Line  steamer  Persian  Mon- 
arch, from  London  for  New  York,  runs 
ashore  at  Eastport,  Long  Island. 

May  6.  New  York.  The  steamer  La 
Champagne  of  the  French  Line,  from 
Havre  to  New  York,  runs  ag^round  in 
the  Narrows  near  Fort  Lafayette. 

May  9.    Me.    Norway  loses   $300,000 

by  fire. 

May  10.  Chicago.  The  National  Biur- 
ial-Case  Association  is  in  session. 


460     1894,  May  11-June  4. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894    May  12.    la.   The  torpedo  boat 

Ericsson  is  luunclied  at  Dubvique. 
June  2.     D.  C.      Orders  are  sent  to  the 
cruiser  Jialtimore  to  proceed  to  Korea 
to  protect  Americans  whose  lives  and 
property  are  iu  danger. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  May  12.  Netv  York.  Sunol's 
statue  of  Columbus  is  unveiled  in 
Central  Park  by  Vice-President  Steven- 
son. 

May  15.  Phila.  The  15th  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  American  Medico-Psycho- 
logical Association  begins. 

May  16.  Phila.  The23d  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  American  Fisheries  Society 
begins. 

May  18±,  Tlxe  worst  storm  of  the  sea- 
son is  raging  on  Lake  Michigan  ;  about 
20  lives  are  lost. 

May  22.  N.  Y.  —  Pa.  The  floods  are 
subsiding  ;  the  loss  in  Lycoming  County, 
Pa.,  alone  is  estimated  at  $3,000,000. 

May  23.  O.  The  second  concert  of  the 
Music  Festival  at  Cincinnati  takes 
place  under  the  lead  of  Theo.  Thomas. 

May  24.  Co7m.  The  bust  of  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe  is  unveiled  at  the 
Wadsworth  Atheueura,  Hartford. 

May  28.  IlL  Xjoeusts  appear  in  large 
numbers. 

May  29.  />.  C.  The  Triennial  Con- 
gress of  American  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  opens  in  Washington. 

May  30.  New  York.  The  statue  of 
Horace  Greeley,  erected  by  Typo- 
graphical Union  No.  6,  is  unveiled;  it 
stands  at  the  corner  of  Broadway  and 
Thirty-third  Street. 

Va.    A  moniunent  to  the  Soldiers 

and  Sailors  of  the  Confederacy  is  tin- 
veiled  at  Richmond. 

May  31.  Cofo.  The  damage  to  property 
at  Pueblo  from  cloudbursts  amounts  to 
9600,000 ;  hundreds  of  people  are  home- 
less. 

Jime  2.  Chicago.  The  Field  Columbian 
Museum,  occupying  the  Art  Building  at 
the  World's  Fair,  is  formally  dedicated. 

Colo.    Snow  seven  feet  deep  lies  on 

Pike's  Peak. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1894. 
May  15.     Shaffer,  Chauncy,  criminal  law- 
yer, A75. 
May  20.     Lionberger,  John    K.,   financier, 
dies. 

qnuRCH. 

1894  May  13.  A'.  Y.  Dr.  Talraage's 
Tabernacle  in  Brooklyn  is  again  de- 
stroyed by  tire. 

May  14.  New  York.  The  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  American  Society  of  Com- 
parative, Religions  is  held. 

The  Roman  Cathobc  Parochial 
School  ^Exhibit  opens,  with  addresses 
by  Archbishop  Corrigau,  W.  Bourke 
Cockran,  aud  others. 


May  16.  I'a.  John  B.  Newton  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  aasist- 
ant  bishop  of  Virginia. 

May  22.  Chicago.  A  Liberal  Religious 
Congress  is  in  session. 

Representatives  are  present  from  the 
Uuiversalist,  Unitarian,  Independent. 
Reformed  Hebrew,  and  higher  Orthod<»x 
cliurches,  aud  the  Ethical  Culture  So- 
ciety. 

LETTERS. 

1894  May  24.  Conn.  Judge  Shum- 
way  of  the  Superior  Court  at  Hart- 
ford finds  that  the  law  authorizing  the 
School  Board  to  order  all  school  chil- 
dren vaccinated,  and  to  exclude  those 
not  vaccinated  from  the  schools,  is  con- 
stitutional. 

Mass.  Miss  Agnes  Irwin  of  Philadel- 
phia is  chosen  Dean  of  Radcliffe  Col- 
lege at  Cambridge. 

May  26.  .V.  Y.  Rev.  A.  V.  V.  Raymond 
is  formally  installed  as  the  president  of 
Union  College. 

May  27.  Phila.  Some  of  the  most  com- 
prehensive collections  of  educational 
exhibits  at  the  World's  Fair  are  secured 
for  an  economic  and  educational  niu- 
eeum,  by  action  of  the  City  Council  in 
appropriating  $10,000.    (Made  in  1893.) 


SOCIETY. 

1894  May  11.  A'//.  The  women  of  Lex- 
ington are  boycotting  merchants  who 
support  the  candidacy  of  Col.  Breck- 
inridge for  Congress. 

May  14.  Md.  The  American  Order 
of  Steam  Engineers  begins  its  sessions 
in  Baltimore;  it  is  opposed  to  strikes 
and  boycotts  as  interfering  with  indi- 
vidual rights. 

A'.  Y.    Dr.  Talmage  begins  his  tour 

aroimd  the  world. 

New  York.    The  arrest  of  two  young 

pickpockets  leads  to  the  discovery  of  a 
regular  school  forthievery,  and  its  mode 
of  working. 

May  15.  New  York.  The  Wew  York 
Chapter  of  Colonial  Order  is  incor- 
porated. 

Its  object  is  to  cherish  American  tra- 
ditions, and  to  promote  i>atriotism  and 
loyalty  to  national  institutions. 

May  16.  New  York.  A  man  in  East 
Twelfth  Street,  desperate  through  pov- 
erty, kills  his  mother  and  himself. 

—— N.  Y.  In  Waverly,  Alanson  Hyatt, 
under  the  influence  of  drink,  kills  his 
wife,  wounds  his  mother,  aud  kills  hiiu- 
self. 

May  17.  R.  I.  Burglars  enter  the 
Wakefield  post-office  an<I  carry  oif  $5,000 
in  securities  and  $1,400  worth  of  stamps. 

May  18.  New  York.  Bookkeeper  J.  .1. 
Kean,  of  the  Harlem  River  Bank,  is  ar- 
rested on  a  charge  of  stealing  between 
$ig,ooo  and  $20,000. 

May  20.  jr.  Va.  In  Mason  County, 
White  Caps  l^nch  three  negroes,  char- 
ging them  with  stealing  horses,  sheep, 
and  cattle. 

May  21.  New  York.  The  first  pawn- 
shop of  the  Provident  liOan  Society 
opens  for  business  in  the  L'nited  Chari- 
ties Building,  and  has  considerable  pat- 
ronage during  the  day. 


A^.  Y.    The  strike  of  the  employees 

of  the  Atlantic  Avenue  Railroad  in 
Brooklyn  ends  [temporarily]. 

[May  26.  The  Company's  trolley  lines 
are  tied  up  by  a  strike,  the  employees 
objecting  to  beiu^  compelletl  to  provide 
uniforms  ;  there  is  no  disorder.] 

May  23.  Tex.  Robbers  raid  the  First 
National  Bank,  Long  View,  securing 
about  $2,500.  In  a  tight  which  ensues 
two  citizens  and  one  robber  are  killed 
and  several  other  persons  injured,  some 
fatally. 

May  25.  N.J.  Edward  Bull  of  Kearney, 
influenced  by  jealousy,  kills  his  wife 
and  tries  to  kill  himself. 

Okla.    Thirty  well-known  citizens  of 

Tecumseh  are  indicted  for  horse-steal- 
ing; the  territory  of  their  raids  extends 
from  Arizona  to  Arkansas,  and  they  are 
charged  with  many  murders. 

May  26.  N.  Y.  Adolph  Brenner,  an  an- 
archist, makes  an  attempt  to  murder  an 
entire  family  iu  Brooklyn ;  he  lodges  a 
bullet  in  his  own  head. 

May  27.    fiid.    The    striking    miners 

stop  all  coal-laden  cars  on  the  Evansville 
and  Terre  Haute  Railroad  ;  Gov.  Altgeld 
is  appealed  to  for  troops. 

[May  29.  The  strikers  attempt  to  close 
mines  and  seize  coal-trains  ;  the  gover- 
nors of  coal-producing  States  are  asked 
to  act  as  an  arbitration  committee.  June 
2.  Gov.  Matthews  orders  out  the  militia 
to  prevent  lawlessness  by  the  strikers. 
June  27.  Operators  agree  to  the  miners' 
demands  and  work  is  resumed.  Julv  8. 
There  is  a  pitched  battle  between  the 
regular  troops  and  a  mob  «-)f  strikers  at 
Hammond  ;  one  man  is  killed  and  four 
are  wounded.  July  10.  Incendiaries  fire 
a  trestle  bridge  over  the  Calumet  Kiver, 
near  Hammond,  preventing  a  two-sec- 
tion train  from  reaching  that  city.  July 
15.  Strikers  wreck  a  freight-train  at 
Indianapolis.] 

Pa.    Pour  men  are  shot  and  many 

badly  hurt  in  a  riot  iu  the  congregation 
at  St.  Casimir's  Polish  Roman  Catholic 
Church  at  Freeland  ;  four  Poles  are  ar- 
rested ;  cause,  dissensions  respecting  a 
priest. 

May  28.  InrJ.  —  111.  A  Federal  Gov- 
ernment injunction  is  issued  prohibit- 
ing strikers  from  interfering  with  coal- 
trains  ;  more  troops  are  ordered  out  in 
Illinois  to  preserve  order. 

.V.  Y.    Kenneth  F.  Sutherland,  the 

fugitive  Gravesend  justice,  returns  to 
Brooklyn  and  surrenders  himself,  [He 
pleads  guilty  to  one  of  the  eight  indict- 
ments against  him  in  connection  with 
election  frauds ;  he  is  sentenced  to  im- 
prisonment for  two  years  and  eight 
months  and  to  a  fine  of  $500.] 

New    York.     Delegates    of    the    Ifa- 

tional  Municipal  lieague  meet  and 
organize. 

May  29.  New  Y(yrk.  Catharine  M.  Fitz- 
gerald, Inspector  McLaughlin's  sister, 
charged  with  murdering  Carrie  Pear- 
sail  last  October,  is  acquitted  on  the 
ground  of  insanity. 

May  30.  Ga.  An  Immigration  Con- 
gress is  opened  at  Augusta,  four  South- 
ern governors  attending ;  every  Southern 
State  is  represented  by  delegates. 

May  31.  It  adopts  the  Atwood  plan  of 
colonization  by  county  organization. 

O.    Sheriff  Riley  calls  on  Gov.  Mc- 

Kinley  for  troops  to  release  a  train  seized 
by  miners  iu  Athens  County;  the  gov- 
ernor orders  out  the  militia  to  prevent 
strikers  from  interfering  with  coal- 
trains. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1894,  May  11 -June  4.    461 


I'a.    Gov.  Pattison  JEsiies  a  warning 

proclamation  to  the  rioters  in  the 
coke-regions. 

June  1.  Ga.  .4  dynamite  bomb  explodes 
almost  under  the  House  of  U.  C.  Wall 
railroad  engineer,  Atlanta.  ' 

June  2.  Colo.  Fully  armed  and  equipped 
miners  surround  Cripple  Creek. 

[.lune  4.  Prominent  men  are  held  as 
hostages  by  striking  miners.  June  5. 
tbe  miners  and  operators  come  to  an 
agreement.  Aug.  5.  The  strike  having 
failed,  the  miners  go  back  to  work  at 
the  former  w.-iges.J 

Mass.   A  union  of  all  the  textile  trades 

in  Fall  River,  to  be  known  as  the  Amal- 
gamated Association,  is  formed. 

-V.  r.  Japanese  residents  in  Brook- 
lyn hold  a  meeting,  and  organize  a  so- 
ciety for  the  social,  intellectual,  and 
moral  welfare  of  their  fellow-country- 
men. 

Junes.  X.  Y.  The  Temperance  Con- 
gress opens   at  Prohibition  Park, 

Staten  IslamI ;  (Jen.  Neal  Dow  speaks. 
The  Mutual  Employment  Society, 
recently  incorporated,  has  for  its  object 
the  securing  of  work  for  deserving  ap- 
plicants without  regard  to  creed  or  na- 
tionality, and  without  expense  to  the 
employers. 

June  4.  jV.  Y.  Twelve  inspectors  of 
.Staten  Island  are  sentenced  for  election 
frauds  to  diiferent  terms  of  imprison- 
ment, and  some  of  them  to  pay  a  fine  of 


S250  in  addition. 

STATE. 

1804  May  11-12.  /;.  c.  Congress: 
The  .Senate  votes  on  several  amendments 
to  the  Tariff  Bill ;  the  duties  on  tannic 
acid,  tartaric  acid,  and  alcoholic  per- 
fumery are  fixed. 

May  14.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
disposes  of  seven  items  on  the  chemical 
schedule  of  the  Tariff  Bill. 

— —  iV.  J.  Gov.  Werts  vetoes  10  reform 
bills  on  the  ground  that  they  are  too 
partisan. 

K.  T.    Got.  Flower  signs  the  Pound 

Compulsory  Education  Bill. 

May  15.    D.  C.     Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  several  paragraphs  of  the  chemi- 
cal schedule  of  the  Tariff  Bill;    the 
House  passes  the  Naval   Appropria- 
tion Bill  after  five  discussions  ;  bill  in- 
troduced Apr.  18. 
May  16.     D.  C.    Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate fifteen  paragraphs  of  the  chemical 
schedule  of  the  Tariff  Bill  are  disposed 
of;  H.  C.  Lodge  of  Mass.  offers  a  resolu- 
tion for  an  inquiry  into  charges  of  at- 
tempts to  bribe  Senators  to  vote  against 
the  Tariff  Bill,  and  the  charge  that  the 
sugar  schedule  was  drawn  in  return  for 
campaign    contribution    to   the    Demo- 
cratic party.    [May  17.    Appointed.] 
May  17.     D.  C.    Congress:  Tlie  House 
passes  the   Agricultural   Appropria- 
tion Bill  introduced  Apr.  30. 
May  18.    D.  C.    Congress:  The  Senate 
completes  the  debate  on  the  chemical 
schedule  and  the  earthenware  and  glass 
schedules ;    the    resolution    for    longer 
hours  is  agreed  to. 

.V.    r.    Gov.   Flower,  vetoes  the  bill 

appropriating  «25,000  for  the  expenses 


of  Investigating  the  police  and  other 
departments  of  New  York  City  (Lexow 
Committee),  on  the  ground  that  the  com- 
mittee is  too  partisan. 

Judge  Gaynor  decides  that  a  health 
commissioner  cannot  imprison  persons 
who  decline  to  he  vaccinated  unless  in- 
fected with  disease  or  exposed  to  con- 
tagion. 

May  19.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  The 
Pefifer  resolution  for  a  committee  to  give 
a  hearing  to  Coxey's  army  is  discussed  ; 
the  Populist  Senators  favor  it,  and  pro- 
test against  the  proposal  to  treat  the 
army  as  law-breakers. 
May  20.  N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  vetoes  the 
New  York  City  Bipartisan  Police  Com- 
mission Bill ;  also  the  police  bills  for 
Albany,  Troy,  and  Richmond  County,  all 
on  the  ground  of  lieing  too  partisan. 
May  22.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
fixes  the  duty  on  iron  ore  at  40  cents  a 
ton  ;  the  House  in  Committee  of  the 
Whole,  while  considering  the  Legisla- 
tive, Executive,  and  Judicial  Appro- 
priation BUI,  strikes  out  the  item  for 
salaries  of  the  Civil  Service  Commis- 
sion and  its  employees.  Vote,  109-7. 
It  aims  to  destroy  the  commission. 
May  23.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff  BiU.' 

Itering  Sea.     Three  schooners,  while 

fishing  for  seals  in  the  open  sea,  are 
seized  by  Capt.  May  of  the  Hyacinth, 
who,  after  confiscating  their  gims  and 
papers,  sends  them  home. 
May  24.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
resolution  against  the  use  of  force  in 
favor  of  Hawaiian  royalty  is  discussed  ; 
the  House  amends  and  passes  the  Le- 
gislative, Executive,  and  Judicial 
Appropriation  BiU,  with  the  item  for 
salaries  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission 
restored ;  bill  introduced  May  15. 

Jf.  Y.    Gov.  Flower  vetoes   the  bill 

providing  that  no  other  than  American 
flags  float  above  public  buildings,  except 
on  special  occasions  when  foreigners  of 
rank  visit  the  country. 

May  26.    /;.  r.    Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
consideration  of  the  metal  schedule  of 
the  Tariff  Bill  is  finished  ;  David  B. 
Hill's  motion  to  put  lead  ore  on  the  free 
list  is  defeated.    Vote,  3-62.    The  House 
begins  the  debate  on  the  bill  to  repeal 
the  10  per  cent  tax  on  State  bank  cir- 
ciUation.    [Five  discussions  follow.] 
May  29.    J).  C.    Congress:  The  Senate 
Committee  makes  a  partial  report  on 
the  Sugar  Trust  scandal,  recommend- 
ing the  prosecution  of  the  newspaper 
correspondents  who  decline  to  give  the 
names  of    their  informants ;    the  Vest 
resolution  opposing  the  annexation  of 
Hawaii  is  tabled.    Vote,  .IC-is. 
— -  .V.    r.    Over  200,000  women  pe- 
tition the  Constitutional  Convention  for 
equal  suffrage. 

May  30.  La.  The  U.  S.  Court  of  Ap- 
peals of  New  Orleans  decides  that  the 
city  is  not  liable  for  damages  for  the 
deaths  of  the  Italians  lynched  in  the  riot 
of  1890. 


— -  Pliiln.  Tlie  Federal  Court  dismisses 
the  motion  made  on  behalf  of  the  Gov- 
ernment to  enjoin  the  Gettysburg  Elec- 
"■'<;, Railroad  Company  from  building  a 
trolley  road  on  the  battle-fleld. 


May  31.    D.  C.    Congress :  The  Senate 

passes  a  resolution  declaring  for  non- 
interference in  Hawaiian  affairs;  the 
lumber  schedule  of  the  Tariff  Bill  is 
finished. 

Secretary  Carlisle  and  Senators  Mc- 
Pherson,  Mills,  and  Harris  testify  before 
the  Senate  Committee  in  relation  to  the 
Sugar  Trust  charges. 

Jime  1.  fj.  C.  Congress;  The  Senate 
begins  the  consideration  of  the  sugar 
schediUe. 

New  York.  Business  men  hold  a  mass- 
meeting  to  protest  against  the  proposed 
income  tax. 

June  3.    J),  c.    The  gold  reserve   is 

again  a  source  of  anxiety,  having  fallen 
to  about  $79,000,000. 

— —  Nev  York.  Y'en  Ching,  Chinese  am- 
bassador, and  Ziar  Yen  Foo,  his  secre- 
tary, arrive  from  Havre,  on  a  tour  of 
inspection  to  the  Chinese  embassies  at 
dmerent  countries. 

June  4.  D.  r.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
sugar  schedule  of  the  Tariff  BUI  is  dis- 
cussed, the  Republicans  attacking  it; 
the  House  debates  the  Bank  Tax  Repeal 
Bill. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1894  May  11.  A'eic  York.  Tip,  the 
big  elephant  of  Central  Park,  having 
become  dangerous,  is  killed  by  cyanide 
of  potassium  concealed  in  capsules  hid- 
den in  *'  mash." 

May  13.  JV.  Y.  Dr.  Talmage's  Taber- 
nacle, the  Hotel  Regent,  and  other 
buildings  in  Brooklyn  are  burned  ;  loss 
$1,000,000.  '         ' 

May  14.  Pa.  About  30  persons  are  in- 
jured by  an  explosion  and  fire  at  Brad- 
ford. 

May  15.  nnaton.  The  baseball  buildings 
and  about  12  acres  of  adjoining  prop- 
erty are  burned,  rendering  several  hun- 
dred families  homeless. 

May  17.  Boston.  Many  valuable  port 
records  and  over  $150,000  worth  of  prop- 
erty are  destroyed  by  fire. 

Nev.    Sheep  perish  by  thousands  in 

a  snow,  rain,  and  wind  storm  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada  foot-hills. 

May  18.  Md.  A  number  of  leading 
capitalists,  bankers,  and  railroad  oflicers 
organize  at  Baltimore,  under  the  title  of 
the  Southern  Immigration  Land  and 
Title  Company,  for  the  purpose  of  devel- 
oping the  South. 

Phila.    The  Order  of  Tonti  makes 

an   assignment  to  the  Land  Title  and 
Trust  Company;  assets,  $1,250,000. 
May  19.    Chicago.    The  population  is 

now  reported  at  1,700,000. 
May  25.    Chicago.    The  Viking  ship  is 
donated  to  the  Field  Museum,  Jackson 
Park,    by    the    generosity   of    its    pur- 
chasers. 
May  26.     Chicago.     The  French  Repub- 
lic begins  a  suit  in  the  U.  S.  Circuit 
Court  for  81,000,000  alleged  damage  to 
the  French  exhibit  by  the  fire  in   the 
Manufactures  Building  at  the  World's 
Fair. 
May  28.  Mass.   Wakefield  celebrates  its 

quarter-miUennial. 
May  30.  Wis.  A  train  is  wrecked  by 
an  open  switch  on  the  Wisconsin  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  near  Marshfield ;  four 
men  are  killed,  four  missing,  and  15  peo- 
ple injured. 


462     1894,  June  4-June  27. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  June  13.  R.I.  TheNaval'War 
College  opens  at  Newport. 

June  18.  K.  Y.  Of  the  96  applicants 
for  admission  to  the  West  Point  Mili- 
tary Academy,  only  41  are  accepted. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  June  4.  Ore,  Great  damage  is 
caused  by  floods  at  Portland  ;  much  of 
the  business  part  of  the  city  is  under 
water. 

Jime  6.  Cal.  The  45th  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation begins  its  sessions  iu  San  Fran- 
cisco, with  2,000  delegates  present. 

June  9.  Wyo.  A  rich  gold  strike  is 
made  in  Dutch  Tom  Gulch. 

June  14.  N.  Y.  The  corner-stone  of  a 
monument  to  the  memory  of  Wash- 
ington and  Kochambeau  is  laid  at 
Dobbs  Ferry. 

June  18  ±.  Pa.  Another  Arctic  Ex- 
pedition—Henry G.  Bryant,  leader  — 
starts  for  the  relief  of  Lieut.  Peary  in 
the  far  north ;  it  is  organized  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Philadelphia  Geographi- 
cal Club. 

June  21.  New  York.  The  memorial 
bust  of  Postmaster  H.  G.  Pearson  in 
the  Post-office  Building  is  unveiled. 

June  25.  New  York.  The  Saengerfest 
closes  with  its  final  concert  this  evening 
in  Madison  Square  Garden,  with  an  im- 
mense audience  present. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1894. 

June  4.  Van  Zandt,  Charles  C,  Gov.  of 
K.  I.,  A64. 

June  7.    Price,  R.  M.,  Gov.  of  N.  J.,  A76. 

"Whitney,  William  Dwight.  philolo- 
gist, professor  at  Yale,  A67. 

June  17.  Phelpa.  "William  "Walter.  M.C. 
for  N.  J.,  minister  to  Germany,  AM. 

CHURCH. 

1894  June  8.  D.  C.  Several  Roman 
Catholic  prelates  meet,  and  reorganize 
the  Catholic  Indian  Bureau  under  a 
new  Papal  charter. 

June  9.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  13.  N.  Y.  The  11th  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  International  Missionary 
Union  opens  at  Clifton  Springs,  with 
about  150  mission-board  representatives 
from  all  parts  of  the  world  present. 

June  25.  N.  r.  The  Ancient  Order  of 
Hibernians,  in  its  State  Convention  at 
Rochester,  receives  recognition  by  the 
Church  authorities  in  that  diocese  for 
the  first  time. 

LETTERS, 
1894    June  5.    N.  Y.    The  Board  of  Re- 
gents votes  to  extend  the  system  of  free 
libraries. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  June  4.  Boston.  The  Ameri- 
can Sugar  Refining  Company  files  its 
answer  to  the  information  recently 
brought  by  the  Attorney  (ieneral  which 
Hsks  for  an    injxmction    to  prevent    it 


from  doing  business  until  it  files  a  state- 
ment of  its  business  as  required  by  law  ; 
the  answer  denies  the  constitutionality 
of  such  requirement. 

June  5. 


New  York.    Tlie  trial  of  Police  Cap- 
tain J.  K.  Price  begins. 


Md.    Two  regiments  leave  Bal- 


—  Pa.  W.  Webber  kills  his  father-in- 
law,  Justus  Klemmer,  and  tries  to  kill 

-  -   -         his  wife;  he  is  under  arrest  in  KeadJug. 

timore  for  the  Cumberland  coal-region    t »  t*y      ry         *         i        i        .... 

tn  nr«Kftrv«  orH^r  Juue  16.     (ra.    A    colorcd    Criminal    IS 

skinned  alive  by  a  lynching  mob. 

—  Chicago.  The  American  Railway 
Union  and  the  Knights  of  Labor  effect 
a  coalition. 


to  preserve  order. 

[June  7.  Striking  miners  at  Frostburg 
make  night  attacks  on  the  pickets  of  the 
troops  guarding  the  town.] 

N.  J.    The  Supreme  Court  at  Trenton 

rejects  the  application  of  Miss  Mary 
Phillbroke  to  be  permitted  to  stand  ex- 
amination for  admission  to  the  bar. 

Pa.    Strikers  at    McKeesport    seize 

the  plant  of  the  National  Tube  Works, 
and  assault  the  non-union  employees;  a 
cannon  is  planted  to  guard  against  Pink- 
erton  police ;  the  town  is  virtually  iu 
the  hands  of  the  strikers. 

[June  10.  Strikers  and  ileputy-she riffs 
have  a  conflict  at  Lemont  in  the  coke- 
district  :  one  striker  is  killed  and  two 
wounded.  June  18±.  Many  miners  re- 
turn to  their  work.  June  21.  Two  regi- 
ments and  a  troop  of  cavalry  are  ordered 
to  Jefferson  Countv  to  prevent  rioting 
and  dynamiting.  More  miners  go  to 
work.  July  3i.  Rioting  is  renewed  by 
coal-miners ;  troops  are  called  out.] 

June  6.  ///.  A  coal-miners'  riot  takes 
place  at  Wesley  ;  one  man  is  killed  and 
several  are  seriously  injured. 

[June  9.  Troops  are  hurried  to  Pana 
to  prevent  violence.  July  5.  It  is  al- 
leged that  the  mayor  of  Springfield  en- 
courages the  strikers  to  obstruct  railway 
traffic] 

Mont.  Gov.  Rickards,  by  proclama- 
tion, forbids  the  sun-dance  of  the  In- 
dians at  Great  Falls,  and  orders  the 
local  authorities  to  enforce  the  prohibi- 
tion. 

O.    Gov.  McKinley  orders  out  1 ,200 

troops  to  prevent  seizure  of  coal-trains 
by  strikers. 

[June  8.  Coal-trains  move  under  mili- 
tary protection.  June  9.  Strikers  burn 
bridge  No.  4  to  delay  the  conveyance  of 
the  militia  to  Flushing.  July  3.  Troops 
are  ordered  out  to  protect  moving  coal- 
trains.  July  11.  At  the  yards  in  Toledo, 
12  roads  are  tied  up.] 

W.  Va.    Coxeyites  steal  a  train  at 

Kanawha;  a  company  of  militia  is  or- 
dered to  the  scene  of  trouble. 

June  7.  N.  J.  Mayor  Lebknecher  of 
Newark  refuses  to  fly  any  but  American 
flags  on  the  City  Hall. 

Jime  8.  Chicago.  The  Municipal  Order 
League  secures  the  appointment  of  a 
woman  as  Inspector  of  the  Bureau  of 
Street  and  Alley  Cleaning. 

June  9.    Ind,    Six  men  are  arrested  in 


Neio  York.  Before  leaving  for  Eu- 
rope, Richard  Croker,  the  Tammany 
boss,  resigns  membership  in  the  Man- 
hattan Club. 

June  14.  D.  C.  A  former  employee  of 
the  Carnegie  Company  testifies  "as  to 
the  plate-armor  frauds  ;  he  makes  start- 
ling charges  of  deliberate  deception 
against  a  superintendent, 

N.  J.    John    Kautfmann,  under  the 

influence  of  poverty  and  despair,  kills 
his  wife  and  three  children  and  hangs 
himself  at  Camden. 

June  15.  N'eiD  York.  Erastus  "Wiman 
is  convicted  of  forgery  in  the  second 
<Iegree.  [June  19.  He  is  sentenced  to 
five  years  and  six  months  imprisonment, 
and  later  acquitted.  June  26.  Proceed- 
ings are  stayed.] 

0.4-  Miners'  conventions  in  a  num- 
ber of  coal-carrying  districts  vote  to 
return  to  work  under  the  Columbus 
compromise  agreement.  [The  net  loss 
of  the  great  coal-strike  is  estimated  at 
$20,000,000.]    (See  June  11.) 

June  16.  Va.  The  Court  of  Appeals 
decides  that  Mrs.  Belva  Lockwood  may 
practise  law  in  Virginia. 

June  17.  Cal.  Several  hundred  il- 
licit brandy  distilleries  are  discovered 
in  the  mountain  districts ;  they  are 
worked  mostly  by  Italians. 

Chicago.    Syinpathizers    with    Irish 

Home  Rule  organize  a  committee  to 
raise  money  in  aid  of  the  struggle  in 
the  IJritish  House  of  Commons ;  about 
$10,000  are  already  subscribed. 

Xew  York.    Harvey  Curtis  shoots 

Philip  Moran  to  prevent  him,  while 
drunk,  from  shooting  his  daughter,  to 
whom  Curtis  is  betrothed. 

June  18.  Mont.  The  Cree  sun-dance 
is  held  at  Havre  in  spite  of  the  authori- 
ties ;  great  barbarities  are  practised  by 
the  Indians. 

Pa.    Over  15,000  miners  resume  work 

in  the  soft-coal  region;  big  plants  in 
Pittsburg  start  up ;  the  Central  Penn- 
sylvania operators  refuse  to  yield,  and 
are  still  out. 


Indianapolis  for  car-robbing;  they  con-    June  20.    N.    Y.     The  11th    annual  en- 
fess  that  Claude  McAlpin  was  kidnapped       campment  of  the  Sons  of  Veterans  is 
:agged  in  a  box-car       ,    , ,    ^  ^»-^^, 
tTiim  from  telling       held  at  Middleport. 
the  authorities  what  he  knew  about  the    June  21.    Mass.    Emil  C.  Knappe  is  ar- 
rested in  Boston  on  the  charge  of  em- 
bezzling  .«;49.0(K)    of    the    funds  of   the 
Chicopee  National  Bank  of  Springfield. 

N.  J.    A  robbers'  den  is  found  on 

the  Kearney  meadows ;  several  of  the 
gang  are  arrested. 

Neiv  York.    A  reception  is  given  to 

Miss  Frances  E.  Willard  on  her  arrival 
from  Europe. 

June  22.  New  York.  The  great  Saen- 
gerfest begins  with  a  torchlight  proces- 


and  sent  bound  and  gagged  in  a  box-car 
to  Mexico  to  prevent  him  from  telling 
ti<        •     ■  '      ■ 

robberies. 

La.  City  Councilman  John  T.  Calla- 
han of  New  Orleans  is  indicted  for  ac- 
cepting a  bribe  of  $500.  [Aug.  22.  Found 
guilty.l 

June  10,  Chicago.  John  Cane,  a  tinner, 
while  crazed  with  liquor,  lArounds  five 
men  with  an  ax  ;  lynching  is  threatened 
by  a  crowd  surrounding  the  police  st;i- 
tiou. 

June  11+,  0.  A  conference  of  miners 
and  operators  is  held  at  Columbus. 

It  agrees  on  a  connpromise  vvage  scale 
of  GO  cents  a  ton  in  Ohio  and  G9  cents 
in  Pennsylvania ;  strikers  continue  de- 
struction of  railroad  property  iu  Ohio 
and  Alabama. 


sion,  in  which  10,000  singers  take  part. 

The  new  State  Club  is  formally 
opened  in  the  presence  of  a  large  as- 
semblage. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1894,  June  4-Jiine  27.     463 


—  A'.  Y.  Mrs.  Halliday  is  sentenced  at 
Monticello  to  die  by  electricity  in  the 
weelt  beginning  Aug.  6. 

June  23.  Volo.  .Adj.-Gen.  Tarsney,  tlie 
representative  of  Gov.  Waite  in  the  mi- 
ners' strilte,  is  kidnapped,  talcen  away 
in  a  carriage,  and  tarred  and  feathered 
by  maslced  men  at  Colorado  Springs. 

N.  Y.  'White  Caps  beat  Patrick  Ed- 
wards of  Ijivingston  Manor  for  drunk- 
enness, and  duck  him  in  a  mill-race. 

June  24.  n.  C.  The  California  contin- 
gent of  the  "  Army  of  the  Unemployed  " 
arrives  at  Washington,  125  strong. 

June  25.  Chicaao.  Ex-Treasurer  W.  A. 
Simrott  of  the  Switchmen's  Mutual  Aid 
Association  absconds  ;  his  accounts  are 

short  825,000. 

Ga.    Six  masked   men   hold    up  a 

train  on  the  Savannah,  Florida,  and 
Western  Railway  near  Thomasville,  and 
rob  the  express-car  of  $1,222;  the  pas- 
sengers are  not  molested. 

A'.  J.     Edward  R.  Christopher,  auditor 

of  the  Prudential  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany of  Newark,  is  arrested  on  a  charge 
of  embezzling  about  $ii,ooo  of  the  com- 
pany's funds. 


control  of  railroads,  with  other  planks, 
numbering  16  in  all. 


O.  The  Supreme  Court  of  Ohio  de- 
cides that  the  Holcomb  Law,  taxing  the 
business  of  dealing  in  cigarettes,  is  valid. 

June  25.   n.C.   Congress :  Both  Houses 
adjourn  out  of  respect  to  the  memory 
of  President  Camot  of  Trance,  whose 
„    _   1      T       ,  death  is  reported. 

A.  JJak.    Legal  proceedings  are  begun     t„„=  oc      n  ^     /~i  „,,     „ 

o  test  th«  c„r.«Ht„H„.,„Ti*„    June  26.    D.  C.    Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  General  Deficiency   Bill 


June  12.  1).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
practically  legislates  the  Indian  Com- 
mission out  of  ofiBce  by  refusing  to 
make  an  appropriation  for  it. 


in  Pierre  to  test  the  constitutionality 
of  the  Apportionment  Act  under  which 
the  Legislature  was  elected. 

Jvme  13.  l>.  C.  Congress;  Senate  : 
The  wool  schedule  is  discussed. 

Kan.    L.   I).   Lewelling  (Populist)  is 

renominated  for  governor. 

June  15.  U.  C.  Congress;  Senate  : 
Several  amendments  to  the  wool  sched- 
ule of  the  Tariff  BiU  are  defeated  by 
very  small  maj(jrities. 

The  Senate  Investigating  Commit- 
tee begins  the  examination  of  Senators 
in  alphabetical  order. 

It  asks  searching  questions  relative 
to  sugar-stock  holdings ;  it  also  makes 


introduced  June  18. 

Tlie  House  subcommittee  resumes  the 
armor-plate  investigation  respecting 
alleged  defects. 

Cnlo.     The   National   Republican 

League  Convention  opens  in  Denver. 

June  27.  Boston.  Judge  Colt  decides 
that  Japanese,  as  Mongolians,  are  de- 
barred from  naturalization. 

Pa.  The  Democrats  nominate  Edi- 
tor Slngerly  of  the  Philadelphia  Itec- 
oril  for  governor. 


inquiry  with  reference  to  campaign  con 
tributions  by  the  Sugar  Trust 
June  27.    Mass.    The    Young  Women's    June  16. 
Conference  at  East  Northfleld  is  con- 
cluded by  Mr.  Moody. 
N'.  Y.    The  second  annual  convention 


of  the  Intercollegiate  Prohibition  As- 
sociation of  the  United  States  begins 
its  three  days'  session  at  Prohibition 
Park,  Staten  Island. 

■  Pa.    Mrs.  Wightman  of  Pittsburg  is 

>unr' * -•  -'-  ' — ' L_.._ 

men, 


D.  C.    Congress:  the  House 
passes  the  Indian  Appropriation  Bill, 

after  11  discussions :  bill  introduced  Apr. 
30. 


June  18.  D.C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
makes  rapid  progress  with  the  Tariff 
Bill  free  list ;  an  amendment  by  David 
B.  Hill  for  free  coal  is  defeated ;  the 
House  passes  the  substitute  for  the 
Hatch  Anti-Option  Bill  (see  Feb.  25) 
after  five  discussions.  [Aug.  2.  Re- 
STATE.  ported  back  by  the  Senate  with  amend- 

ments.] 
1894    June  5.    D.  C.     Congress:  The    j„j,g  jg 


bound  and  gagged  in  her  home  by  two 
,  who  rob  the  house  of  valuables. 


Senate  amends  and  p.asse8  the  Dunphy 
Hudson  Biver  Bridge  BUI.  [June  6. 
House  concurs.    June  8.    Approved.] 

Me.  Henry  B,  Cleaves  (Rep.)  is  re- 
nominated for  governor. 

O,  The  State  is  carried  by  the  Re- 
publicans ;  the  Populists  sutfer  severe 
losses. 

June  6.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
rejects  the  bill  to  suspend  the  10  per 
cent  tax  on  bank-notes  issued  by  State 
banks,  after  live  discussions.  Vote,  172- 
102. 

The  Senate  Bribery  Investigation 
Committee  examines  Congressman  Cad- 
mus of  N.  J.  in  relation  to  the  Sugar 
Trust's  connection  with  the  Tariff. 
[June  7.  It  decides  to  subpoena  mem- 
bers of  the  Sugar  Trust.  June  8.  Mr. 
Terrell  testifies.  June  12.  President 
H.  O.  Havemeyer.  June  13.  John  E. 
Searles,  treasurer.] 

June  8.  /).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  agricultural  schedule  of 
the  Tariff  Bill  under  the  five  minutes' 
rule ;  it  disposes  of  several  paragraphs. 
The  United  States  makes  a  claim  on 
Spain  for  reimbursement  of  sums  im- 
properly collected  as  duties  in  Cuba. 

Pa.    About   150  delegates  in  session 

at  Pittsburg  organize  a  new  political 
party.     It  Is  to  he  known  as  "  The  Pro- 

frressive  American  Party,"  which  will 
Hvor  non-interference  with  public 
schools,  protective  tariff,  a  prohibitive 
■immigration  law  for  25  years,  national 


D.  C.  The  Senate  Investi- 
gating Committee  concludes  its  work 
lor  the  present  time. 

The  Treasury  gold  reserve  falls  to 
S60,000,0(X) :  bank  presidents  decide  to 
furnish  their  own  gold  for  export. 

June  20.  I).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
finishes  the  consideration  of  the  free  list 
of  the  Tariff  Bill ;  salt  remains  on  the 
free  list. 


Cal.    M.  W.  Estee  (Rep.)  is  nominated 

for  governor  ;  the  State  Convention  de- 
clares for  free  coinage  of  silver  and 
woman  suffrage. 

June  21.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
The  income-tax  section  of  the  Tariff 
BUI  is  reached ;  Senators  Hill,  Hoar, 
and  Higgins  oppose  the  tax  ;  the  Senate 
Investigating  Committee  reports  the 
contumacy  of  Messrs.  Havemeyer  and 
Searles  ;  a  minority  dissenting  report  is 
filed. 

June  22.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate  June  24 
discusses  the  income  tax,  but  no  vote 
is  reached  ;  incomes  above  S3,000  to  be 
taxed  under  an  adopted  amendment ; 
the  House  amends  and  passes  the  sub- 
stitute Anti-Option  Bill.  Vote,  150-S7. 
Prof.  Mendenhall,  in  charge  of  the 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  tenders  his 
resifrnation  to  President  Cleveland,  on 
the  ground  of  official  interference  with 
the  working  of  the  bureau. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1804  June  6.  N.  Y.  Onondaga  cele- 
brates its  centennial. 

June  8.  ro(o.  Fifteen  Coxeyites  are 
accidentally  drowned  in  the  Platte 
River,  near  Brighton. 

June  10.  N.  J.  Locusts  on  the  rails  stop 
a  Long  Branch  train  near  Avenel. 

June  14.  N.  J.  The  "  corner-stone  "  of 
the  "Atlantis"  Hotel  is  laid  at  sea, 
19  miles  east  of  Sandy  Hook,  and  11 
miles  from  the  Long  Island  shore ;  the 
"stone"  is  a  tin  cylinder  surmounted 
by  a  flag  with  a  red  border,  a  white  cen- 
ter, and  bearing  the  initial  "  A." 

Nexc  York.  "Flag  Day"  is  cele- 
brated, but  without  suspension  of  busi- 
ness. 

Jtme  17.  Scot.  The  Ethiopia,  Anchor 
Line  steamer,  reports  having  struck  an 
iceberg  on  her  way  from  New  York  to 
Glasgow,  and  having  been  saved  from 
sinking  only  by  bags  of  fiour  jammed  in 
a  hole  at  her  bow. 

Jime  18.  New  York.  Bank  presidents 
hold  a  conference  on  gold  exports. 

li.  I.    The  steamer  Plymouth  runs  on 

the  rocks  at  Rose  Island,  near  Newport. 

Jtme  19.  O.  Many  mines  are  re- 
opened. 

June  20.  Ala.  In  the  Mary  Lee  mine, 
near  Birmingham,  50  miners  are  en- 
tombed by  a  fire. 


June  22.  Mo.  The  WiUiams  Palace 
Car  Company  at  St.  Joseph  is  capitalized 
at  $3,000,000  to  compete  with  the  Pull- 
man and  Wagner  Companies. 

Cal.  Fruit-eanners  organ- 
ize a  trust,  and  incorporate  under  the 
name  of  the  California  Cannery  Com- 
pany, with  a  capital  of  $500,000. 

—  N.  J.  Tile  overloaded  tug  James  D. 
Nicoll  sinks  off  the  Navesink  High- 
lands ;  13  lives  are  lost. 

—  O.  Three  persons  are  killed  and  sev- 
eral injured  by  a  train-wreck  at  Chilli- 
cothe. 


June  23.  B.C.  Congress:  The  Senate  June  26.  Pa.  The  Edgar  Thomson 
debates  the  income  tax ;  the  limit  of  ^""^  ,^9'"'«>'  "'  *•>«  Carnegie  Works  at 
exemption  is  restored  to  $4,000. 


Braddock    resume    operations, 

employment  to  1,500  men. 


giving 


464     1894,  June  28-JTily  17. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  July  10.  Cal.  United  States 
troops  start  from  San  Francisco  for 
Sacramento,  which  for  12  days  has  been 
under  mob  rule. 

July  14.  Mass.  The  cruiser  Minne- 
apolis, on  her  trial  trip  in  Massachusetts 
Bay,  develops  a  speed  of  23.05  knots,  un- 
official time. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  July  4.  O.  A  Soldiers'  Monu- 
ment is  dedicated  at  Cleveland. 

.V.  }'.  A  monument  to  the  mem- 
ory of  Capt,  Nathan  Hale,  the  mar- 
tyred patriot,  is  unveiled  at  Huntington. 

July  5.  N.  Y.  The  Society  for  the 
Promotion  of  Music  begins  its  16th 
annual  meeting  at  Saratoga. 

July  7.  S.  Dak.  Twenty  bridges  are 
washed  away  by  a  heavy  hail-storm  and 
cloudburst  at  Hot  Springs. 

July  9.  Wash.  The  town  of  Conconully 
is  visited  by  a  destructive  cloudburst. 

July  15.  S.  Dak.  The  prairie  flre  is 
still  burning  on  the  ceded  lauds  at 
rierre. 

The  tract  burned  over  is  50  by  90  miles 
in  extent.  A  Russian  settlement  on 
Yellow  Medicine  Creek  is  wiped  out ; 
several  settlers  are  seriously  burned. 

July  16±.  N.J.  Forest  fires  are  ra- 
ging ;  between  6,000  and  7,000  acres  of 
land  are  burned  over. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1894. 
June  28.     Temple,  W.  G.,  rear-adm.  U.  8. 

N.,  A70. 
June  30.     Law,  Sallle  C.  C.  {Mother  of  the 

Confederacy),  A84. 
July  11.     Fry,  Janie8B.,maj..gen.  t^  S.  A., 

A67. 
July  13.     Graham,   George  R.,  founder  of 

Graham's  Magazine,  A8l. 


CHURCH. 

1894  July  1.  N.  J.  The  new  audito- 
ri  urn  at  Ocean  Grove  is  formally  opened 
with  impressive  services,  7,000  persons 
present. 

A'.  Y.    Bev.  Thomas  M.  A.  Burke 

is  consecrated  as  the  fourth  {Roman 
Catholic)  bishop  of  Albany. 

July  11-15.  O.  The  National  Conven- 
tion of  the  Young  People's  Society  of 
Christian  Endeavor  is  in  session  at 
Cleveland,  with  10,000  delegates  in  at- 
tendance. 

LETTERS. 

1894  June  28.  Me.  Bowdoin  College 
celebrates  its  100th  anniversary. 

July  2.  N.  J.  The  lOth  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  National  Editorial  As- 
sociation begins  its  sessions  at  Asbury 
Park. 

July  5.  K.  Y.  The  32d  convocation  of 
the  Regents  of  the  University  opens 
in  the  Senate  Chamber  at  Albany,  with 
over  200  educators  present. 

Phila.    The  American  Society  opens 

the  first  meeting  for  University  Ex- 
tension. 


July  8.  K.  Y.  The  Long  Beach  (Long 
Island),  Summer  Parliament  opens. 

July  9.  K.  II.  Tlie  64th  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  American  Institute  of 
Instruction  opens  at  Bethlehem. 

July  15.  N.  Y.  The  Boman  CathoUc 
summer  school  at  Plattsburg  opens. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  June  28.  N^av  York.  Richard 
Worthington,  formerly  book-publisher, 
is  arrested  on  the  charge  of  embez- 
zling $19,085.71  belonging  to  the  Wor- 
thington Company. 

A'.  Y.    A  Brooklyn  tailor,  M.  Gessner, 

kills  Annie  Sauter,  his  employer's 
daughter,  and  then  kills  himself. 

June  29.  D.  C.  The  Washington  grand 
jury  finds  indictments  against  brokers 
who  refused  to  give  information  to  the 
Senate  Investigating  Committee,  in 
connection  with  sugar  speculation. 

June  30.  Ind.  The  American  W^ire  Rod 
and  Wire  Nail  Mills  at  Anderson  shut 
down ;  800  operatives  are  out  of  work  ; 
the  men  demand  the  wage-scale  with  the 
Amalgamated  Association. 

The  strike  on  the  Western  railroads 

is  spreading. 

July  1.  Cal.  Federal  troops  are  or- 
dered to  Trinidad  to  suppress  riotous 
strikers. 

July  3.  Chicago.  The  jury,  after  two 
hours'  deliberation,  returns  a  verdict 
that  Patrick  Eugene  Prendergast  is  not 
insaiie,  and  that  therefore  lie  is  respon- 
sible for  the  murder  of  Mayor  Carter 
Harrison.     [July  13.     He  is  hanged.] 

.V.   Y.    "Boodle"    Alderman  H. 

W.  Jaehne  of  New  York  is  pardoned  by 
Gov.  i'lower. 

N.  Y.    The  jury  in  the  *  *  Bat "  Shea 

trial  in  Troy  returns  a  verdict  of  murder 
in  the  first  degree.  [July  10.  Sentenced 
to  be  executed  in  the  week  beginning 
Aug.  21.] 

Mich.  Bioting  exists  among  coal- 
miners  ;  troops  are  called  out. 

July  4.  Cal.  Violence  by  strikers  re- 
sults in  the  ordering  out  of  the  militia. 

[July  10.  Troops  start  for  .Sacra- 
mento ;  the  city  has  been  under  mob- 
rule  for  a  week.  July  11.  Strikers  at 
Sacramento  wreck  a  train,  killing  the 
engineer  and  three  soldiers  and  iniuring 
four  others.  July  12.  I>.  Warden  is 
arrested  at  Sacramento  as  leader  of  the 
train-wreckers.  July  14.  Regulars  fire 
into  a  mob  at  Sacramento,  mortally 
wounding  two  men.  July  16.  Strikers 
attack  a  freight-train  in  West  Oakland  ; 
they  are  repulsed  by  troops  and  several 
are  injured  ;  21  are  arrested.] 

New  York.  The  Society  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati holds  its  annual  meeting,  and 
elects  Gen.  John  Cochrane  of  N.  V. 
president. 

Okla.     Seventy-five  masked  men 

overpower  the  guards  and  burn  the  Rock 
Island  Railroad  Bridge  at  Waukomis, 
south  of  Enid  ;  the  soldiers  at  Round 
Pond  are  fired  on. 

Ida.     Masked    men   in    the   Crpur 

d'Algne  region  kill  a  non-union  man 
and  kidnap  four  others. 

Mass,    Over  S3,000  worth  of  statuary 

is  maliciously  destroyed  on  the  estate 
of  the  late  S.  1>.  Warren  at  Wallham. 

N.  J.     A    national    Good    Boads 

Convention  opens  at  Asbury  Park. 

July  6.  Minn.  In  Duluth  dockmen 
strike  for  increase  of  pay. 


.v.  )'.    The  Constitutional  Canventiou 

rejects  a  resolution  introduced  by  M.  I.. 
Towns  of  Brooklyn  condemning  the  act 
of  the  Federal  Government  in  sending 
troops  to  suppress  the  railroad  strike. 

July  7.  Cal.  President  Kingsbury,  of 
the  National  City  American  Railway 
Union,  and  a  yardman  are  arrested  at 
San  Diego,  on  the  charge  of  conspiracy  ; 
Rev.  N.  E.  Ravelin  is  arrested  on  an  in- 
dictment by  the  Federal  grand  jury  at 
Los  Angeles,  charging  him  with  inciting 
to  insurrection  against  the  authority  of 
the  United  States. 

July  8.  .V.  )'.  The  American  Railway 
Union  men  in  Bulfalo  are  ordered  to 
strike  to-morrow. 

W.  Va.    Kelly's  band  of  Common- 

wealers  are  arrested  for  stealing  a 
train. 

They  are  divided  into  three  companies  ; 
two  are  sent  into  Ohio,  one  is  sent  into 
Kentucky,  and  the  remainder,  about  70, 
are  taken  by  police  to  Huntington. 

N.  }'.4-     Labor-unions  in  New  York, 

Boston,  and  elsewhere  pass  resolutions 
of  sympathy  urith  the  railroad  strikers. 

July  9.  Boston.  An  attempt  at  jail- 
delivery  by  100  prisoners  is  made  in  the 

House  of  Corrections. 

±  Mich.     Mayor    Pingree    of   Detroit 

and  a  number  of  other  mayors  favor 
joining  in  a  request  to  George  M.  Pull- 
man to  consent  to  arbitrate  ;  a  mass- 
meeting  in  Detroit  adopts  a  resolution 
asking  Congress  to  pass  a  law  providing 
for  arbitration  in  strikes. 

.\^  J.    Newark   police  capture  nine 

train-plunderers,  and  recover  a  large 
(luantity  of  stolen  goods  buried  near 
their  camp. 

July  10.  Phila.  George  Bellwear,  a 
post^-office  clerk,  is  arrested  for  steatin? 
and  rifling  the  mails;  he  makes  a  lull 
confession  of  guilt. 

July  11.  New  York.  Michael  Brady, 
Police  Captain  Stephenson's  ward  man, 
is  dismissed  from  the  force  for  accepting 
a  bribe. 

July  12,  N.  J.  The  Orangemen  of 
Jersey  City  parade  for  the  first  time 
since  1870,  and  without  disturbance. 

Neto    York.    Judge    Barrett  gives  a 

certificate  of  reasonable  doubt  in  the 
case  of  Erastus  Wiman,  under  sentence 
for  forgery. 

[July  13.  He  is  released  on  530,000 
bail,  pending  the  decision  of  the  Court 
of  Appeals.] 

A  mass-meeting  is  held  In  Cooper 
Union  to  indorse  Eugene  V.  Debs 
and  the  great  railroad  strike  at 
Chicago. 

N.    Y.    The     Brooklyn     authorities, 

fearing  disturbance,  refuse  to  allow 
Orangemen  to  parade. 

Phila.    Green-ribbon  men  attack 

parading  Orangemen  with  brickbats, 
causing  a  small  riot  in  which  some  are 
wounded  ;  a  number  of  participants  are 
arrested. 

July  13.  Mont.  Highwaymen  hold 
up  an  express-wagon  in  Montana,  and 
take  everything  of  value  from  it,  in- 
cluding a  package  of  $11,600  shipped  by 
a  grocery  firm. 

Okla.    Two  bridges  are  blown  up, 

a  large  extent  of  track  is  destroyed, 
and  a  freight-train  of  13  cars  is  thrown 
into  a  river,  killing  three  men  and  in- 
juring others  ;  the  governor  is  appealed 
to  for  protection. 


UNITED   STATES.  1894,  June  28 -July  17.    465 


July  14.  Cmm.  The  chief  of  police  of 
Bristol  orders  thHt  all  nickel-in-the;slot 
machines  be  removed  fioin  the  cigar- 
shups  of  the  city. 

Tenn.    A  negro    bam-bumer    is 

lynched  in  Dixon  County  by  a  body  of 
masked  men. 

July  15.  Pa.  A  house  in  Harrisburg, 
occupied  by  a  man  who  went  to  work  in 
a  striker's  place  in  the  coal-miues  at 
Punxsutawney,  is  wrecked  by  dynamite. 

July  16.  Mich.  A  Grand  Trunk  train 
is  wrecked  near  Battle  Creek  ;  one  man 
is  killed  and  several  persons  are  seri- 
ously injured  ;  strikers  suspected  of  the 
crime. 

\'ew  York.  The  Police  Board  de- 
cides to  try  Capt.  Doherty  and  Wardmen 
Hoch,  Levy,  and  Meehan  on  the  charge 
of  bribe-taking. 

[Oct.  20.  Doherty  and  six  other  ex- 
police  officers  of  various  ranks  are  ar- 
rested on  indictment  tor  blackmail.] 

July  17.  Okln.  Rioting  and  destruc- 
tion of  bridges  occur  on  the  Rock  Island 
Railroad  ;  a  dynamite  bomb  is  thrown 
under  a  train  carrying  soldiers. 


STATE. 

1894  June  28.  /J.  C.  Congress;  Sen- 
ate :  A  motion  to  strike  out  the  income- 
tax  section  of  the  Tariff  Bill  is  defeated. 
Vote,  40-23.  The  House  passes  the  bill 
to  admit  New  Mexico  to  statehood  in 
the  Union. 

June  29.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate  ; 
The  consideration  of  the  Tariff  Bill  in 
Committee  of  the  Whole  is  finished,  and 
the  measure  reported. 

^rass.  The  Senate  adopts  the  amend- 
ment submitting  the  Elevated  Railroad 
Bill  to  the  voters  of  Boston  for  approval 
or  rejection. 
June  30.  D.C.  The  Treasury  statement 
for  the  fiscal  year  places  the  deficit  at 
$71,500,000. 
July  1.  H.  C.  At  a  conference  between 
the  President,  Attorney-General  Olney, 
and  others,  it  is  decided  to  apply  for 
sweeping  injunctions  against  the  rail- 
road strikers  in  the  West.  (See  So- 
ciety.) 

The  Administration  appoints  special 
counsel  and  takes  steps  to  enforce  the 
carrying  of  mails  on  the  railroads  in 
the  West. 
July  2.  1).  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Tariff  Bill  is  considered ;  a  defeat  of 
the  one-eighth  cent  tax  on  refined  sugar 
is  prevented  by  Senator  Quay's  vote ; 
the  sugar  schedule  is  amended  so  that 
the  duty  and  repeal  of  the  bounty  will 
take  effect  upon  the  passage  of  the  bill. 

The  U.  S.  Courts  in  Chicago  issue  an 

injunction  against  the  strikers ;  Fed- 
eral troops  are  ordered  out  in  Colorado, 
and  State  militia  put  into  active  service 
in  Illinois,  to  prevent  interference  by 
strikers. 
July  3.  />.  (■■  Congress  ;  Senate  :  The 
Wilson  compromise  Tariff  Bill  is 
passed;  only  one  Democratic  Senator, 
David  B.  Hill,  votes  against  it;  the  Re- 
publicans vote  solidly  against  it.  Vote, 
39-35. 

Edwards  and  Shlmer,  newspaper  cor- 
respondents who  refused  to  answer  in- 
quiries  of    the    Senate    Investigation 


Committee,  are  indicted  by  the  Wash- 
ington grand  jury. 

Attorney-General  Olney  orders  the  in- 
dictment of  President  Debs  of  the 
Railroad  Union. 

The  blockades  in  Illinois  are  broken 
with  the  aid  of  Federal  troops  ;  violence 
by  railroad  strikers  in  California  occa- 
sions the  calling  out  of  the  militia. 
July  5.  D.  C.  Congress:  Only  the 
House  is  in  session  ;  the  Tariff  Bill  is 
received  from  the  Senate,  having  633 
amendments ;  it  provides  for  higher 
rates  than  the  House  Bill. 

President  Cleveland  replies  to  a  pro- 
test from  Gov.  Altgeld  against  sending 
Federal  troops  to  Chicago. 
.V.  1'.  The  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion reconvenes  at  Albany. 
July  6.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  Sev- 
eral measures  bearing  on  the  railroad 
strike  at  Chicago  are  introduced  ;  in  the 
House  the  amended  Tariff  Bill  is  re- 
ferred to  the  Committee  on  Ways  and 
Means;  the  House  passes  the  bill,  in- 
troduced Apr.  6,  providing  for  the  taxa- 
tion of  national  banks. 
July  9.  n.  C.  Congres.s  :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Naval  Appro- 
priation Bill.  [July  19.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.  July  30.  Approved.] 
The  Democratic  members  of  the  Tariff 
Conference  Committee  meet. 

The  President  issues  a  second  proc- 
lamation, covering  nine  Western  States 
and  Territories,  ordering  rioters  to  dis- 
perse. 
July  10.  D.  <:  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Post-office  Ap- 
propriation Bill.  [July  11,  12.  House 
concurs.    .luly  24.    Approved.] 

The  resolution  of  W.  A.  Peffer  of  Kan., 
declaring  it  the  duty  of  the  government 
to  control  all  railroads  engaged  in  in- 
terstate commerce  and  work  the  coal- 
beds,  is  taken  up. 
A'ew  York.  The  Lexow  Commit- 
tee's witnesses  refuse  to  obey  the  sum- 
mons of  the  Police  Commissioners  to 
give  evidence  at  an  investigation  held 
by  the  latter. 
iV.  J.  A  convention  to  revise  the  ju- 
diciary is  in  session  at  Trenton. 
July  11.  D.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Military  Acad- 
emy Appropriation  Bill.  [July  16. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  July  30. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 

It  amends  and  passes,  the  Pensions 
Appropriation  Bill.  [July  13.  Con- 
ference report  agreed  to ;  approved.] 

It  amends  and  passes  the  Diplomatic 
and  Consular  Appropriation  BUI. 
[July  19.  Conference  report  agreed  to.] 
John  W.  Daniel's  resolution  indorsing 
the  action  of  President  Cleveland  in  the 
railroad  strike  is  passed  unanimously. 
July  12.  D.C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Army  Appro- 
priation Bill.  [July  27.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.    Aug.  7.    Approved.] 

It  amends  and  passes  the  Fortifica- 
tion Appropriation  Bill.  [Aug.  6. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  Aug.  8. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 


President  Cleveland  consents  to  ap- 
point a  commission  to  investigate  the 
strike  against  the  Pullman  Car  Com- 
pany under  the  Arbitration  Law  of  1888. 

July  13.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Kiver  and  Har- 
bor Appropriation  Bill.  [Aug.  6. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  Aug.  20. 
It  becomes  a  law  without  the  Presi- 
dent's approval.] 

July  16.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Legislative, 
Executive,  and  Judicial  Appropria- 
tion Bill.  [July  25.  Conference  report 
agreed  to.  Aug.  8.  Approved  by  the 
President.]  The  House  passes  a  resolu- 
tion indorsing  President  Cleveland's  ac- 
tion during  the  recent  strike. 


JV.  )-.  The  special  Senate  Commit- 
tee begins  its  investigation  of  charges 
brought  against  Gov.  Flower  by  the 
Civil  Service  Reform  Association. 

.Veil'  Ycrrk.    Mayor  Gilroy  accepts  the 

resignation  of  John  McClave  as  Police 
Commissioner,  and  appoints  Michael 
Kcrwin  his  successor. 

July  17.  D.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Agricultural  Appropria- 
tion Bill  with  an  amendment  appro- 
priating $1,000,000  to  exterminate  the 
Russian  thistle.  [July  31.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.  Aug.  10.  Approved 
by  the  President.]  The  House  passes 
the  Bailey  Uniform  Bankruptcy  Bill. 
The  President  signs  the  bill  enabling 
Utah  to  become  a  State.    (Jan.  4,  '96.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1894    June  29.    Conn.    A  brass  tablet 

is  unveiled  in  Hartford,  to  commemorate 
the  meeting  of  Washington  and  Rocham- 
beau  in  the  city  in  1775. 
June  31.    Cat.    A  break  In  a  levee  at 
Sacramento  floods  500  acres  of  fine  land. 
July  1.    New    York.    The    steam    yacht 
Aztec  is  run  down  by  the  steamer  Sam 
Sloan  in  Hell  Gate. 
Jvdy  2.    Chicago.    The  Gas  Trust  is  of- 
ficially dissolved. 

j/e.     Five    persons    are    killed    and 

others  injured  in  a  train- wreck  near 
Moosehead  Lake,  caused  by  a  tie  on  the 
track. 
July  4.     Conn.    About  50  persons  are  in- 
jured by  a  train  collision  on  the  Nau- 
gatuck  division  of  the  New  Haven  road 
at  Seymour. 
Julys.   Chicago.  Several  of  the  World's 
Fair  buildings  are  destroyed  by  an  in- 
cendiary. 
July  9.    O.    Several  railroads  at  To- 

led(»  are  tied  up. 
July  11.    Ind.    The  Big  Four  System 
at  Indianapolis  drops  6,000  men  from  its 
pay-roll,  it  having  suffered  heavily  from 
the  boycott,  and  tues  Wagner  cars  ex- 
clusively. 
July  13.    A'.  J.    The  New  York  and 
Philadelphia  Traction  Company  is  in- 
corporated at  Trenton  ;    capital,  $10,- 
000,000. 
July  14.    New  York.    The  East  Eiver 
Tunnel  to   Long  Island  City  is  com- 
pleted. 

It  is  eight  feet  high  and  10  feet  wide  ; 
it  is  to  be  a  conduit  for  the  big  mains  of 
the  East  Kiver  Gas  Company. 


4G6     1894,  July  17 -Aug.  4. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  July  21.  The  crtiiser  Columbia 
starts  on  her  voyage  to  Bluefields,  Nica- 
ragua, to  protect  American  interests. 

ART  —SCIENCE  — NATURE. 

1894    July  17.     if'is.  Thearmyworm 

is  doing  tliousauds  of  dollars  damage. 

July  18.  Minn.  Forest  fires  are  raging 
and  doing  great  damage. 

.V.    1'.    A  Soldiers*  Monument  is 

dedicated  at  the  Soldiers*  Home  at  Bath. 
It  is  the  gift  of  the  late  Samuel  Dietz  of 
New  York  City. 

July22.  jrt/o.  The  Yellowstone 
Park  geysers  are  unusually  active,  the 
new  Crater  Geyser  throwing  rocks  of  25 
pounds  weight  to  the  height  of  200  feet. 

July  26.  Ariz.  In  an  observation  made 
at  the  Lowell  Observatory  in  Flagstaff, 
it  is  found  that  the  light  from  the 
"larger  lakes  "  of  Mara  is  unpolarized, 
and  that  the  light  from  the  polar  sea  is 
polarized.  Hence  the  "polar  sea"  is 
probably  water,  and  the  "lakes"  prob- 
ably not. 

July  28.  Cal.  Central  and  northern 
California  are  illuminated  by  a  brilliant 
meteor. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1894. 

July  23.     Low,  Fred.  F.,  Gov.  of  Cal.,  A66. 

July  34.     Montague,  George^  banker,  dies. 

July  05.  Houle,  Wilson,  milliooaire,  phi- 
lanttiropist,  of  Rochester,  A41. 

Mct;ulloiigh,  J.  B.,  Meth.    clergyman, 

editor,  ATI. 

Aug:.  1.  Holt,  Joseph,  judge-advocate-gen- 
eral U.  S.  A.,  A87. 

Aug--  8.  Anilrews,  Judaon  B.,  superinten- 
dent Insane  asylum,  Atil). 


CHURCH. 

1894  July  18.  New  York.  Ninety  pil- 
grims leave  this  port  for  Lourdes  on  the 
Paris;  they  are  under  Rev.  E.  H.  For- 
cile,  who  takes  several  thousand  dollars 
of  "Peter's  pence"  to  Pope  Leo  from 
Brooklyn. 

Mgr.  Satolli    affirms  a  ruling    of 

Bishop  J.  A.  "Watterson  of  Colum- 
b\is,  O. 

He  says  he  will  withdraw  his  approba- 
tion from  any  Roman  Catholic  society 
in  his  diocese  that  has  a  liquornlealer 
or  saloon-keeper  among  its  otficers ;  and 
will,  furthermore,  refuse  absolution  to 
any  of  the  latter  who  sell  on  Sundays 
or  carry  on  business  in  a  forbidden  or 
disedifying  way. 

July  28.  Wis.  The  episcopal  residence 
of  Archbishop  Katzer  is  assessed  at 
$103,150;  the  Board  of  Assessors,  by 
a  vote  of  16  to  7,  decide  that  the  prop- 
erty must  pay  the  tax.  [The  case  will 
be  appealed.] 

July  31.  N.  J.  Ocean  Grove  cele- 
brates its  25th  anniversary. 

July  *  The  3d  annual  convention  of  the 
Baptist  Young  People's  Union  of 
America  is  held  at  Toronto,  Canada  ; 
2,000  delegates  present. 

Aug.  1.  Mass.  D.  L.  Moody's  Confer- 
ence for  Bible  Study  at  Northfield 
opens. 


LETTERS. 

1894    Aug.  3.    New  York.     The  Chinese 
■    News  is  issued  ;  Yung  Kwai,  editor  ;   it 

is  printed  in  Chinese,  on  light  buff  paper, 

and  illustrated. 


SOCIETY. 

1894  July  17.  Utah.  Three  strikers 
are  caught  removing  rails  on  the  Union 
Pacitic  as  the  overland  tlyer  is  due  ;  they 
are  imprisoned. 

July  18.  I).  C.  Mgr.  Satolli  makes  a 
decision  adverse  to  the  liquor-tratfic. 
(.See  Church.) 

July  19.    New  York.    The  trial  of   the 

accused  police  officials  begins  before  the 

Police  Board. 
July  21.    The  Southern  Pacific  Railroad 

strike  is  declared  off ;  the  strikers  will 

be  taken  back. 

July  22±.  O.  The  Mobile  and  Ohio 
Railroad  Company  orders  the  dismissal 
of  all  American  Railway  Union  men. 

July  23.  ^'.  C.  Gov.  Tillman  proclaims 
that  the  State  dispensaries  for  the  sale 
of  liquor  will  be  reopened  on  Aug.  1. 
[Aug.  1.    Opened.] 

July  24.  Chicago.  The  Federal  Court 
refuses  to  release  President  Debs  and 
his  associates  on  their  answers  to  the  bill 
of  complaint. 

^V.  J.    The  annual  convention  of  the 

International  Orders  of  King's 
Daughters  and  King's  Sons  opens  at 
Ocean  Grove. 

July  25.  D.  C.  President  Cleveland  ap- 
points John  1).  Kenian  of  New  York  and 
N.  E.  Worthington  of  Peoria,  111.,  mem- 
bers of  the  commission  to  investigate 
the  late  railroad  strike. 

July  26.  New  York.  Police  Captain 
Doherty  and  his  ward  men,  Hoch  and 
Meehan,  are  found  guilty  of  extortion 
and  neglect  of  duty,  and  tiismissed  from 
the  force  ;  charges  are  preferred  against 
live  police  sergeants  and  two  patrolmen, 
who  are  suspended  until  trial.  (See 
July  l(i.) 

July  27.  n.  C.  Carroll  D.  Wright  re- 
ports to  the  President  the  result  of  his 
investigation  of  the  slimis  in  large 
cities. 

Tenn.    Convicts   cause  a  dynamite 

pipe  explosion  at  a  mine  at  the  Tracy 
City  coal-mines,  killing  a  mine  official 
and  wounding  two  guards ;  many  of  the 
convicts  defy  the  guards. 

July  28.  Miiin.  Masked  miners  at- 
tack the  crew  of  a  Milwaukee  Short 
Line  freight-train  at  Saint  Paul,  injuring 
some,  and  driving  others  into  the  woods 
near  the  city.^ 

Wyo.  Firemen  on  the  "Wyoming  di- 
vision of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  are 
being  dismissed  for  incendiary  remarks 
during  the  strike. 

July  29.  ///.  A  non-union  engineer  at 
Danville  .lunction  is  shot. 

The  Straw-Haulers'  Association, 
composed  of  farmers,  boycotts  the  A'an- 
dalia  Paper  Mill  Company  because  of 
a  quarrel  between  union  and  non-union 
straw-haulers. 

July  30.  New  York.  Archbishop  Cor- 
rigan  approves  of  Mgr.  Satolli *s 
views  relative  to  the  exclusion  of  liq- 
uor-dealers from  Roman  Catholic  soci- 


He  says  *'  that  acceptance  of  principles 
is  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  blind 


application  of  the  same  on  all  occasions 
and  under  all  circumstances." 

Neb.     Beef-killers     at    the    South 

Omaha  packing-houses  strike  for  the 
pay  ruling  during  1893. 

O.    About  100  men  employed  at  the 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  shops  at  Chicago 
Junction  are  discharged  because  they 
refuse  to  withdraw  from  the  American 
Railway  Union. 

Okla.     The   courts    are    busy  with 

divorce  suits  brought  by  people  from 
every  State  in  the  Union. 

July  31.  Pa.  In  a  bar-room  fight 
at  a  mining-camp  seven  miles  east  of 
Pittsburg,  called  Yale,  six  men  are 
killed,  and  seven  men  and  eight  women 
wounded. 

Aug.  1.  N.  Y.  Burglars  wreck  and  loot 
the  Glen  Cove  post-ofiice,  securing  about 
$1,200  in  postage-stamps,  and  over  $i400 
in  cash. 

Neio  York.    A  strike  of  workmen 

on  public  school  buildings  is  ordered. 
[Aug.  2.  A  strike  of  2,000  mechanics 
and  workmen  is  declared.] 

Okla.    Bandits  attack    a   bank  in 

Chandler,  securing  §200;  one  citizen  is 
killed  and  an  outlaw  shot  in  the  effort 
of  the  baud  to  escape. 

Aug.  2.  N.  Y.  The  prosecution  in  the 
Elmira  Reformatory  investigation  closes 

its  case. 

New  Yo7-k.  Russell  B.  Hoyt  is  ar- 
rested, charged  with  extensive  coun- 
terfeiting. 

Chicaf/o.    B.  R.  Tufts,  chief  postal 

clerk  of  the  Rock  Island  road,  between 
Chicago  and  Iowa  City,  is  arrested  on 
the  charge    of    robbing    the    mails    of 

about  $10,000. 

Wis.  The  forest  fires  are  extin- 
guished by  rains  ;  28  carloads  of  lum- 
ber, with  supplies  of  bedding  and 
clothing,  arrive  for  free  distribution 
among  the  survivors. 

Aug.  3,  Goto.  A  highwayman  holds  up 
the  Trnckee  and  Talioe  stage,  and  robs 
15  passengers. 

.1/0.    Coal-shafts  at  Fulton  are 

fired  by  strikers  ;  loss,  §40,000. 

-V.  y.    An    unsuccessful    attempt  is 

made  to  wreck  a  passenger-train  by  an 
open  switch  at  the  outskirts  of  Water- 
town. 

The  Constitutional  Convention  rejects 
an  amendment  offered  by  Mr.  Titus  of 
New  York,  providing  for  the  free  sale 
of  liquor  in  cities  on  Sundays.  Vote, 
50-8C. 

STATE. 

1894  July  18.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
Senate  amends  and  passes  the  Indian 
Appropriation  Bill.  [Aug.  8,  Confer- 
ence report  agreed  to.  Aug.  16.  Ap- 
proved.] 

The  Tariff  Bill  conferees  disagree, 
and  decide  to  report  their  disagreement 
to  Congress. 

Secretary  Gresham  instructs  the  U.  S. 
Minister  to  Japan  to  offer  to  the  Jap- 
anese government  the  good  offices  of  tbe 
United  States  in  the  Korean  dispute. 
July  19.  n.  C.  Congress;  House: 
Chairman  Wilson  reports  the  disagree- 
ment of  the  second  Tariff  Conference 
Committee.  The  House  is  much  opposed 
to  the  Senate's  amendments. 

President  Cleveland  approves  the  joint 
resolutions  permitting  Capt.  T.  O.  Self- 


^H     from  the  President  of  France,  and  Prof. 

^F      Asaph  Hall  to  accept  a  gold  medal  from 

the  French  Academy  of  Science. 

July  20.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
President  Cleveland's  letter  to  Chairman 
Wilson  on  the  tariff  situation,  opposing 
the  admission  of  free  raw  materials,  is 
the  subject  of  a  sharp  debate  ;  the  House 
passes  the  Stone  bill  for  the  restric- 
tion Of  immigration ;  bill  introduced 
Jan.  16. 

The  Senate  Sugar  Investigating 
Committee  reopens  its  inquiry  to  ex- 
amine brokers  charged  with  having 
bought  sugar  stocks  for  Senators. 

Orders  are  issued  to  the  superinten- 
dents of  the  mints  at  San  Francisco, 
Carson  City,  Philadelphia,  and  New  Or- 
leans, to  coin  an  unlimited  number  of 
silver  dollars  during  the  present  month. 

y.  Y.    The  Socialists,  through  (iideon 

J.  Tucker,  ask  that  amendments  be  pro- 
vided by  the  Constitutional  Convention, 
requiring  the  State  to  purchase  all  rail- 
roads, and  increase  the  number  of  public 
schools. 

July  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
agrees  to  a  joint  resolution  proposing  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  so  as  to 
elect  U.  S.  Senators  by  a  direct  vote 
of  the  people.  Vote,  134-48.  Bill  intro- 
duced Feb.  3. 

Senator  Allen's  report  of  the  results 
of  the  sugar  and  bribery  investiga- 
tion is  made  public  ;  it  exonerates  the 
Senators,  and  recommends  legislation 
against  lobbying  and  similar  practices. 
The  gold  reserve  in  the  tJ.  S.  Treas- 
ury is  reiluced  to  below  $61,000,000. 

Chicago.  Merchants  and  bankers  ap- 
peal to  President  Cleveland  not  to  with- 
draw the  U.  S.  troops  from  the  city  at 
present. 

July  23.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Ar- 
thur P.  Gorman  of  Md.  makes  a  bitter 
attack  upon  President  Cleveland,  al- 
leging that  he  expressed  approval  of  the 
Senate  Bill  when  it  was  imder  discussion 
in  that  body.    (Tariff  discussion.) 

S.  C.  Gov.  Tillman  issues  a  proclama- 
tion reestablishing  State  control  of  the 
liquor-traffic,  and  ordering  the  county 
ilispcnsers  to  open  their  dispensaries  on 
Wednesday,  Aug.  1. 

July  24.  JJ.  V.  Congress ;  Senate  :  D. 
B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.  in  reply  to  Senator  Gor- 
man defends  the  President,  and  fa- 
vors concessions  by  the  Senate.  The  di- 
rect vote  resolution  is  refered.  [No  final 
action  taken.] 

A'.  Y.  The  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion sends  to  the  third  reading  the  pro- 
posed amendment  to  prevent  the  rail- 
roading of  bills  through  the  Legislature. 

July  26.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  AV. 
F.  Vilas  of  Wis.  defends  President  Cleve- 
land's letter  (See  July  20) ;  B.  B.  Hill's 
motions  for  free  coal  and  iron  ore  are 
voted  down ;  the  House  passes  the  bill 
providing  that  life-saving  stations  shall 
be  kept  open  10  months  instead  of  eight. 
The  Japanese  Minister  at  Washing- 
ton is  recalled,  and  his  successor  named. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1894,  July  17 -Aug.  4.      467 


Wis.  W.  II.  Uphant  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

July  27.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
sends  the  Tariff  Bill  back  to  conference 
without  instructions ;  motions  to  recede 
from  Senate  amendments  on  sugar  are 
defeated. 

July  28.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  a  joint  resolution  extending 
current  appropriations  until  Aug.  14. 

July  30.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the 
House,  C.  A.  Boutelle  of  Me.  presents 
a  resolution  for  the  recognition  of  the 
Hawaiian  Hepublic;  referred  to  the 
Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs.  [Fails 
to  pass.] 

Secretary  Gresham  orders  Minister 
Denby  to  return  to  Peking,  believing  war 
between  China  and  Japan  inevitable. 

The  conferees  on  the  Tariff  Bill  meet 
and  adjourn  without  agreement. 

July  31.  n.  C.  Congress:  The  Tariff 
Bill  conferees  fail  to  agree. 

Mich.  John  T.  Rich  (Rep.)  is  renom- 
inated for  governor. 

Aug.  1.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  W. 
E.  Chandler  of  N.  H.  offers  a  resolution 
calling  for  an  investigation  of  the  rela- 
tions of  the  Nova  Scotia  coal  syndicate 
to  the  Tariff  Bill ;  the  House  passes  the 
Agricultural  Appropriation  Bill,  the 
Senate  having  withdrawn  its  amendment 
regarding  the  Russian  thistle. 

The  Armor-plate  Investigating  Com- 
mittee of  the  House  visits  the  Carnegie 
Works  at  Homestead. 

Aug.  2.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Civil  Appropri- 
ation Bill  after  six  discussions.  [Aug. 
15.  Conference  report  agreed  to.  Aug. 
20.    Approved  by  the  President.] 

The  Sugar  Investigating  Commit- 
tee makes  a  report  signed  by  all  the 
members  ;  a  supplemental  report  is  made 
by  Senators  Davis  and  Lodge. 

Ga.  W.  Y.  Atkinson  (Dem.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

Aug.  3.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  pusses  the  General  Defi- 
ciency BiU.  [Aug.  17.  Conference  re- 
port agreed  to.    Aug.  24.     Approved.] 

Aug.  4.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  State  Taxation 
of  National  Banks  Bill.  [Aug.  7.  House 
concurs.    Aug.  16.    Approved.] 

The  tariff  conference  fails  to  agree  on 
a  report. 

Tenn.    The  Democrats  lose  heavily  in 

the  elections. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  July  17.  Chicago.  The  City 
Council  passes  an  ordinance  giving  the 
Universal  Gas  Company  the  right  to 
build  works  and  lay  mains  in  all  the 
streets  and  alleys  of  Chicago,  the  gas  to 
be  sold  to  consumers  at  $1  per  1,000 
feet,  and  10  per  cent  of  all  receipts  to  be 
paid  into  the  city  treasury. 

Ire.  The  Vigilant  wins  the  yacht- 
race  In  Belfast  Lough. 


July  18.  Cal.  News  is  received  that 
Hawaii  was  formally  proclaimed  a  re- 
public on  the  4th  of  July,  with  S.  B. 
Dole  as  president. 

July  20.  Jre.  The  Vigilant  is  beaten 
by  the  Britannia  for  the  eighth  time 
in  a  race  over  the  Dublin  Bay  course. 

Jtily  21.  Ala.  Birmingham  loses  over 
$500,000  by  the  burning  of  several  large 
business  houses,  including  the  Caldwell 
Hotel. 

Eng.    ITie  Vigilant  again  beats  the 

BHtannia^  this  time  under  conditions 
favorable  to  the  latter. 

July  22.  N.  J.  Five  sailors  are  res- 
cued from  the  masts  of  a  sunk  schooner 
off  Seabright. 

July  23.  Ark.—  O.  Eight  persons  are 
killed  in  a  railroad  wreck;  and  three 
killed  in  a  collision  on  the  '*  Big  Four" 
road  near  Cincinnati. 

Eng.    The  BHtannia  defeats  the 

Vigilant  in  a  race. 

July  24.  Boston.  The  vote  taken  on  the 
Meigs  Elevated  Bailroad  Bill  shows 
15,492  for,  and  14,214  against  its  con- 
struction. 

July  25.  D.  C.  Three  firemen  and  over 
200  horses  lose  their  lives  at  the  burn- 
ing of  the  warehouse  and  stables  of  the 
George  W.  Knox  Express  Company  in 

Wasliington. 

July  26.  N.  Y.  The  Higgins  Soap 
Company  is  forced  into  the  hands  of  a 
receiver  by  the  alleged  swindling  opera- 
tions of  David  Coleman  through  adver- 
tisements of  money  to  invest,  and  oper- 
ating with  false  checks. 

July  28:*^.  Wis.  — Minn.  Thousands  of 
people  are  made  homeless  by  forest  fires ; 
40  lives  are  lost  at  Philips. 

July  29.  Conn.  The  bodies  of  three 
missing  boys  are  found  in  the  locker  of 
a  caboose  car  at  the  freight-yards  in 
Hartford,  a  spring-lock  shutting  the 
door. 

la.    A  fire  at  Belle  Flaine  causes 

a  loss  of  nearly  $500,000. 

July  31.  N.  Y.  Work  is  begun  on  the 
hydraulic  canal  to  supply  100,000  horse- 
power at  Love's  Model  City,  near  Lewis- 
ton. 

Aug.  1.  Eng.  Mr.  Gladstone  declines, 
because  of  old  age  and  infirmity,  the 
latest  invitation  to  visit  the  United 
States. 

A  fishing-schooner  is  run  down  in 

a  dense  fog  by  the  White  Star  steamer 
Majestic;  two  lives  are  lost. 

Aug.  2.  Chicago.  The  Pullman  shops 
are  reopened  with  300  men  at  work  in 
the  passenger-car  repair  department. 

Aug.  4.  Chicago.  The  Columbian  Ex- 
position Salvage  Company  files  a 
claim  for  $230,000  damage  done  to  the 
property  in  Jackson  Park  by  rioters  on 
July  5,  when  several  of  the  buildings 
were  burned. 

Colo.    While  crossing  a  stream  near 

Berwin  a  stage-coach  is  washed  away 
by  a  cloudburst  flood ;  five  lives  are  lost ; 
the  mail-sacks  and  one  body  are  found. 

Eng.    The   Vigilant  wins  the  race 

at  Cowes,  beating  the  Britannia  by  four 
minutes  and  29  seconds. 


468     1894,  Aug.  4 -Aug.  23. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Aug.  6.  Pa.  A  naval  reserve 
of  84  men  is  formed,  and  will  proceed 
at  once  to  Philadelpbia  for  six  days* 
training  at  the  League  Island  Navy  Yard. 

Aug.  9.  Ariz.  Troops  are  withdrawn 
from  service  along  the  Southern  Pacific. 

Aug.  13.  D.  C.  Ham.  S.  Hawkins  is 
commissioned  colonel — 20th  infantry. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Aug.  9.  N.  J.  The  statue  of 
Frederick  T.  Frelinghuysen  in  Military 
Park,  Newark,  is  unveiled. 

Aug.  16.  N.  Y.  The  annual  meeting 
of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  begins  in 
Brooklyn. 

Aug.  18.  X.  Y.  Oil  is  discovered  on  the 
Scott  farm,  six  miles  from  Dunkirk. 

BIRTH«  —  DEATHS. 
1894. 
Auer.  4.    Rarnard,D.M.,juri8tof  N.Y.,A64. 

Irick,  .lohn  S.,  gen.,  railroad  and  bank 

president,  A83. 
Aug.  0.     Blair,  Austin,  war  Gov.  of  Mich., 

A  76. 
Aug.  7.     Strong,    Jamea,    professor    Drew 

Seminary,  author,  A  72. 
Auer.  14.     Aiiarns,  John  Quincy,  politician 

of  Mass.,  A6I. 
Aug.  16.     Newell,    John,    president    Lake 

Shore  liailroad,  A64. 
Augr.  17.    Kobinson,  Charles,  Gov.  of  Kan., 

A77. 

CHURCH. 

1894  Aug.  14.  New  York.  Three  cor- 
ner-stones of  the  new  Salvation  Army 
huilding  to  be  erected  in  this  city  are  laid. 

Aug.  16.  N.  Y.  The  chiefs  of  the  Six 
Nations  assemble  with  the  Onondagas 
for  a  great  council  near  Syracuse  ;  they 
have  in  view  the  preservation  of  their 
traditional  religion. 

The  Indians  dance  every  nicht  in  the 
Long  House  of  the  nation,  and  the  lead- 
ing chiefs  urge  their  people  to  cast  aside 
Clfristianity,  and  return  to  the  faith  of 
their  fathers.  The  council  is  to  continue 
for  five  days. 

Aug.  19.  N,  Y.  Over  2,000  pilgrims 
visit -the  shrine  of  Our  Lady  of  Martyrs 
at  Auriesville,  near  Tribes  Hill. 

Aug.  21.  O.  The  convention  of  the 
new  Independent  Polish  Catholic 
Church  is  held  at  Cleveland,  with 
Bishop  Vilatte  of  Wis.  presiding. 

LETTERS. 

1894  Aug.  8.  N,  Y.  Chautauqua 
and  the  Catholic  Summer  School  at 
Plattsburg  exchange  greetings  by  tele- 
grams. 

Aug.  18.  Mo.  Catholic  priests  of  Kan- 
sas City  recommend  to  Bishop  Fink  the 
abandonment  of  parochial  schools; 
also  that  the  pupils,  about  1,000  in  num- 
ber, take  advantage  of  their  rights  to 
attend  the  public  schools. 

Aug.  20.  Pa.  Judge  Parker,  in  the  Gal- 
litzen  School  Case,  decides  that  nuns 
having  certificates  issued  by  the  county 
superintendent  may  be  employed  as 
teachers  while  wearing  their  peculiar 
garb ;  hut  that  sectariaii  books  or  secta- 
rian instruction  must  not  be   used  or 


given,  nor  the  public-school  property 
used  for  other  than  free-school  purposes. 

Aug.  22.  N.  Y.  Wells  CoUege,  at 
Aurora,  elects  W.  E.  Waters,  of  the 
University  of  Cincinnati,  as  president. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  Aug.  4.  Mo.  Miss  Ella  Ltinney 
shoots  and  kills  Eugene  McEnroe  near 
Lenora. 

—  N.  J.  John  Connors,  farmer  of  Mor- 
risville,  a  drunkard  and  wife-beater, 
shoots  his  wife  and  kills  himself. 

A'.  Y.    Chu  Nong  shoots  Chu  Hing 

in  Albany  because  the  latter  owed  liim 
money  he  could  not  collect. 

Pa.   Miners  riot  at  Bamesboro,  and 

burn  coal-tipples. 

Aug.  5.  New  York.  In  a  fit  of  melan- 
cholia J.  B.  Hunt. kills  his  wife  and 
shoots  himself. 

CuL    W.  B.  Melville,  collecting  clerk 

of  the  Bank  of  California,  San  Fran- 
cisco, is  sentenced  to  San  Quentin  Peni- 
tentiary for  eight  years  for  embezzling 
$24,000. 

Aug.  6.  New  York.  A  man  crazed  by 
drink  gashes  a  woman  with  a  razor  on 
board  the  C.  H.  Northam  in  the  East 
Kiver. 

Aug.  8.  N.  Y.  At  Long  Beach  the  little 
daughter  of  Mr.  Ryder  is  lured  away  by 
parties  unknown. 

The  New  York  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion votes  against  a  proposal  to  abolish 
capital  punishment. 

New  York.    Police  Captain  Devery 

is  said  to  be  too  ill  to  appear  for  trial  ; 
his  appearance  is  excused  pending  a 
report  from  a  committee  of  police  sui- 

feons.  [Aug.  31.  Found  guilty  of  bri- 
ery, and  dismissed.] 

Pa.    Cashier  H.  A.   Gardner  of  the 

Second  National  Bank,  Altoona,  ab- 
sconds, taking  with  him  $150,000  of  the 
bank's  funds. 

Aug.  9.  Md.  Eighty-eight  members  of 
Coxey's  commonweal  army  are  arrested 
at  Hyattsville  and  sent  to  jail. 

Aug.  10.  Cal.  The  silver  men  and 
<jtherH  at  Los  Angeles  form  a  secret 
political  order  called  the  United  Sons 
of  America. 

Neb.    The    Nebraska    militia    is    in 

authority  at  South  Omaha  ;  striking 
packers  are  forbidden  to  congregate, 
and  saloons  are  closed. 

A'.  J.    Tramps  overawe  the  crew  and 

hold  up  a  train  at  Cranford ;  three  are 
captured  by  the  police. 

New  York.    A  thief  Is  captured  while 

trying  to  steal  a  tray  of  diamonds,  val- 
ued at  $5,000,  from  the  jewelry  store  of 
J.  H.  Johnston,  in  Union  Square. 

Aug.  11.  Chicago.  The  Sunday  Obser- 
vance Association  asks  aid  of  the  courts 
to  prevent  the  playing  of  baseball  on 
Sunday. 

///.  The  State  attorney-general  be- 
gins action  to  declare  void  the  char- 
ter of  the  Pullman  Company,  on  the 
ground  that  it  has  engaged  in  business 
not  authorized  by  the  charter. 

N.  T.    Two  men  and  a  complete  illicit 

still  outfit  are  captured  near  Fult4)u 
Ferry  in  Brooklyn. 

Tenn.  A  negro  is  lynched  at  Hum- 
boldt for  barn-burning. 

Va.    Tlie  militia  break  up  the  Cox- 

eyite  camp ;  t!ie  campers  are  driven 
t)ver  the  State  boundary  into  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia. 


}V.  Va.     I>r.  J.  W.  Davis,  a  prominent 

physician  of  Montgomery,  is  killed  by  a 
man  in  ambush  while  returning  home 
from  visiting  a  patient. 

Aug.  12.  Chicago.  The  Pullman  Com- 
pany orders  the  eviction  of  strikers 
from  houses  which  they  rent  from  the 
Company. 

Ind.    A  number  of  Poptilist  leaders* 

are  arrested  in  Indianapolis  for  holding 
a  political  meeting  on  the  Sabbath. 

/.  T.     Two  more  members  of  the  Bill 

Cook  fraiifi  of  outlaws  are  shot  dead  in 
a  conflict  with  the  Uchee  scouts  under 
command  of  •'  Jim"  Sapulpa. 

Aug.  14.  Chicago.  Alderman  John 
Coughlin  receives  an  infernal  machine ; 
he  opens  it  without  causing  an  explosion. 

Kan.     Populist    Jerry    Murphy,   the 

city  jailer  at  Leavenworth,  after  re- 
ceiving an  order  of  dismissal  from  the 
office,  unlocks  the  prison  doors  and 
liberates  the  prisoners. 

New  York.    The  trial  of  five  police 

sergeants,  on  charge  of  accepting  bribes,, 
is  concluded  ;  the  announcement  of  the 
result  is  deferred. 

The  American  Chemical  Society 
begins  its  sessions. 

Aug.  15.  N.  H.  At  Henniker,  A.  Mc- 
Lean, a  young  man  18  years  of  age, 
shoots  and  kills  Miss  Nettie  Douglass, 
15  years  of  age  ;  he  is  arrested. 

New  York.  The  National  Associa- 
tion of  Newspapers,  Booksellers,  and 
Stationers  opens  its  11th  annual  conven- 
tion. 

Four  police  sergeants,  found  guilty 
of  accepting  bribes,  are  expelled  from 
the  force ;  one,  because  of  general  good 
conduct,  is  allowed  to  retire  on  half 
pay. 

N.  Y.  The  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion rejects  the  proposal  to  submit  the 
woman -suffrage  question  to  popular 
vote. 

Aug.  16.  Chicago.  The  strike  at  the 
stock-yards  is"  declared  off,  the  men 
agreeing  to  work  at  former  wages. 

Aug.  17.  N.  Y.  Moses  Weldon,  a 
farmer  living  near  Fort  Plain,  is  fleeced 
out  of  $4,000  by  confidence  men,  who 

escape  capture. 

New  York.     Mrs.  Rhoda  Sanford,  the 

keeper  of  a  disorderly  house,  testifies 
before  the  Police  Board  to  having  made 
payments  for  ''police  protection." 

Aug.  18.  Moss.  Edward  Crosby  is 
killed  by  burglars  while  trying  to  cap- 
ture them  in  his  brother's  house  in  Mer- 
rimac. 

S.  C.    Another    judge    declares    the 

laquor  Dispensary  Law  unconstitu- 
tional. 

Aug.  19.  Chicago.  Detectives  arrest 
four  expert  Polish  counterfeiters  ;  much 
spurious  silver  coin  is  in  circulation. 

Aug.  20.     Chicago.    Two  men  and  a  boy 

are  arrested  on  the  cliarge  of  attempting 
to  wreck  a  Great  Western  train  near 
May  wood  on  July  6. 

Gov.  Altgeld  visits  Pullman,  and 
finds  wiile-spread  destitution  among  the 
ex-workmen.  [Aug.  21.  He  appeals  to 
the  public  for  aid.] 

Conv.  Mrs.  Robbins,  who  swin- 
dled many  Harvard  men  in  New  York 
last  May,  is  arrested  in  Hartford  for  a 
similar  offense. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1894,  Aug.  4-Aug.  23.     469 


The  Convention  of  the  Brotherhood 

of  Locomotive  Firemen  passes  resolu- 
tions condemning  sympathetic  strikes. 

Afass.  M<^)re  tlian  10.000  textile  work- 
ers in  New  Bedford  strike  against  a  re- 
duction of  wages  ;  nenrly  three-fourths 
of  Fail  River  iiiill  employees  are  idle. 
[Aug.  2:5.  At  Fall  Kiver  23,000  cotton- 
mill  operatives  are  locked  out.  Oct.  11. 
Mcst  of  the  operatives  return  to  work, 
and  the  mills  are  reopened.  Oct.  20. 
Tlie  strike  of  spinners  ends  at  New  Bed- 
ford by  an  agreement.] 

— ■  Xeir  Tori:  The  striking  tailora  are 
permanently  enjoined  from  interfering 
with  employers. 

Charges  of  bribery  are  preferred 
against  Police  Captain  Stephenson. 
[Sept.  6.  Dismissed  from  the  force.] 
(See  Dec.  10.) 

Aug.  21.  Mick.  Prof.  Ely,  of  the  Mich- 
igan University  at  Ann  Arbor,  is  put  on 
trial  for  teaching  socialistic  and  an- 
archistic doctrines. 

Pfiila.    Anthony    Comstock     causes 

several  arrests  for  publishing  and  dis- 
tributing vile  books  and  photographs. 

Aug.  22.  -.v.  J.  Alderman  Parks  of 
New  York  City  is  arrested  on  the  charge 
of  running  a  gambling  establishment 
at  Aabury  Park. 

.V.  r.    The  National  Council  of  the 

Daughters  of  Ijiberty  begins  its  17th 
annual  convention  in  Brooklyn ;  400 
delegates  are  present  from  25  States, 
representing  30,000  members. 

The  American  Forestry  Associa- 
tion holds  its  13th  annual  meeting  at 
Brooklyn. 

The    17th    annual    meeting    of    the 

American  Bar  Association  opens  at 
Saratoga. 

Aug.  23f.  Chicago.  The  hearing  in  the 
contempt  cases  of  President  Eugene 
V.  Deba  and  his  associates  is  begun  in 
the  Federal  Court  before  Judges  Gross- 
cup  and  Woods. 

(Sept.  23, 25.)  The  Government  closes 
its  cjise ;  the  defense  decides  to  intro- 
duce no  testimony  ;  oral  arguments  are 
heard  by  the  court  on  Sept.  25. 

(Dec.  14.)  Debs  is  sentenced  to  six 
months'  imprisonment  for  contempt  of 
■court;  his  associates  in  the  American 
Union  railroad  strike  are  sentenced  to 
three  months.  They  obstructed  railroad 
traffic  in  disregard  of  an  injuBctiou. 

STATE. 

1894  Aug.  6.  n.  C.  Congress:  The 
Senate  passes  the  bill  for  the  deporta- 
tion of  alien  anarchists,  and  discusses 
the  Chandler  resolution  for  the  investi- 
gation of  the  Nova  Scotia  coal  syndicate. 
It  amends  and  passes  the  Stone  bill  for 
the  restriction  of  immigration.  [Aug. 
8.  The  House  non-concurs.]  (See  July 
20);  the  House  recalls  the  River  and 
Harbor  Bill  from  conference  for  cor- 
rection. 

A  caucus  of  Democratic  Representa- 
tives is  called  on  the  tariflf  situation ; 
the  conferees  fail  to  agree. 

Alabama  is  carried  by  the  Demo- 
crats, Col.  Oates  being  elected  governor. 

La.    Theconventionof sugar-planters 

in  New  Orleans  decides  to  withdraw 
from  the  Democratic  party,  and  act  with 
the  Republicans  in  national  elections. 


Aug.  8.  B.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  A 
few  unimportant  bills  are  passed  by 
unanimous  consent  in  the  absence  of  a 
voting  quorum  ;  the  House  passes  sev- 
eral bills  appropriating  money  for  pub- 
lic buihiings  and  non-concurs  in  the 
amended  Anti- Anarchist  Bill. 

The  President  formally  recognizes  the 
Hawaiian  Republic. 

N'.  C.  The  Democrats  in  State  Con- 
vention declare  for  free  silver. 

y.  Y.    The  Constitutional  Convention 

adopts  the  report  adverse  to  abolishing 
the  death  penalty.    Vote,  85-55. 

Aug.  9.  7).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
debates  the  Administration's  Hawaiian 
policy. 

The  Tariff  Conference  Committee 
reaches  no  agreement. 

Aug.  10.  f>.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  D. 
B.  Hill's  resolution  that  the  tariff  con- 
ferees report  an  agreement  or  disa- 
greement causes  a  lively  debate ;  no 
action  follows.  • 

Aug.  13.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
ratifies  the  new  Chinese  treaty  regu- 
lating immigration.  Vote,  47-20.  The 
House,  carrying  out  a  Democratic  caucus 
program,  passes  the  "Wilson  Tariff  Bill, 
concurring  in  all  its  amendments.  Vote, 
182-106.  Separate  bills  for  free  coal, 
sugar,  iron  ore,  and  barbed  wire  are 
passed,  and  sent  to  the  Senate.     [Aug. 

20.  Amended  by  the  Senate  Committee 
on  Finance,  and  reported  back  to  the 
Senate.] 

Aug.  14-16.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
The  four  free  raw  material  bills  passed 
by  the  House  are  debated  and  referred 
to  the  Committee  on  Finance.  [Aug.  30. 
Reported  back  with  amendments.  Dec. 
12.  Passed  over.]  D.  B.  Hill  gives  no- 
tice of  an  amendment  providing  for  the 
repeal  of  the  income  tax. 

Aug.  15.  7>.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  an  Anti- Anarchist  Bill  for  the 
exclusion  and  deportation  of  alien  an- 
archists;  bill  introduced  Aug.  15.    [Aug. 

21,  24.  Consideration  objected  to  in  the 
House.]  A  letter  from  Secretary  Carlisle 
is  read,  saying  that  the  Free  Sugar  bill 
would  caxise  a  deficit  of  $30,000,000;  the 
House  attends  to  routine  business. 

The  Tariff  Bill  is  placed  in  the  hands 
of  the  President. 

O.    The   Populists  and  Labor  Party 

form  a  coalition. 

Aug.  17.  JJ.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  A 
resolution  is  offered  by  E.  Murphy,  Jr., 
of  N.  Y.  against  further  tariff  legisla- 
tion this  session.     [Aug.  18.    Passed.] 

Aug.  18,  Tex.  Charles  A.  Culbertson 
(Dem.)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  19.  J).  C.  Congress  is  ready  to 
adjourn,  and  is  waiting  for  the  Presi- 
dent's action  on  the  Tariff  Bill. 

Aug.  21.  Del.  Joshua  H.  Marvil  (Rep.) 
is  nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  22.  Neb.  Tliomas  J.  Majors  (Rep.) 
is  nominated  for  governor. 

Tenn.  H.  Clay  Evans  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Aug.  4±.  Neb.  Drought  suffer- 
ers in  the  western  part  of  the  State  ask 
for  relief. 

Aug.  5.  New  York.  Capt.  A.  Freitch 
starts  alone  from  the  Battery  for  Queens- 
town  in  a  forty-foot  boat,  schooner- 
rigged,  with  a  centerboard. 

Aug.  6.  Eng.  Tbe  Vigilant  wins  the 
race  around  the  Isle  of  Wight,  beating 
the  Britannia  by  six  minutes,  and  the 
Satanita  by  40  minutes. 

D.  C.    A  2,000-mile  bicycle  relay 

run  begins  at  Washington  at  noon,  to 
convey  a  message  from  the  White  Hou.se 
to  the  governor  of  Colorado  at  Omaha. 
[It  ends  Aug.  10  at  8.12  P.M.,  nearly  27 
hours  ahead  of  time.] 

New  York.     The  authorities  seize  51 

packages  of  cheese,  the  bacillus  of 
diphtheria  being  found  in  them,  owing 
to  the  milk  having  come  from  a  farmer 
in  whose  family  a  fatal  case  of  diphtheria 
had  occurred. 

Aug.  8.  Vt.  Stowe  celebrates  the  cen- 
tenary of  its  settlement. 

Aug.  9.  Chicago.  Business  is  resumed, 
at  Pullman;  the  big  Corliss  engine 
starts,  and  over  1,000  men  commence 
work. 

Eng.     The   Britannia    defeats   the 

Vigilant  in  a  race  at  Cowes. 

Pa.    Eight  acres  of  land  cave  in 

over  the  Hampton  Mine  at  Scranton  ; 
a  number  of  dwellings  are  wrecked. 

Aug.  10,  la.  It  is  discovered  that  a 
firm  in  Sioux  City  slaughters  cheap 
ranch  horses,  and  ships  the  product 
to  Jersey  City  as  "dried  beef." 

In  a  train  wreck  and  fire  on  the 

Rock  Island  Railroad  11  lives  are  lost ; 
one  man  is  arrested  for  wrecking  the 
train. 

Aug.  14.  Eng.  The  Satanita  defeats 
the  Britannia  in  a  race  at  Ryde ;  the 
Vigilant  is  not  in  the  race. 

Aug.  15.  New  York.  The  Cunard  Line 
steamer  Campania  arrives  after  making 
the  passage  from  Queenstown  in  five 
days,  nine  hours,  and  29  minutes, 
over  three  hours  less  than  the  run  of  any 
other  steamer.    (See  p.  471,  Aug.  31.) 

Aug.  18.  Chicago.  Four  French  exhib- 
itors, having  had  goods  in  the  Manufa<'- 
tures  Building  at  the  time  of  the  fire  on 
Jan.  8,  commence  action  against  the 
"World's  Columbian  Exposition  Com- 
pany for  $16,(XX)  damages. 

Aug.  20.  The  Bering-Sea  fleet  officers 
report  the  number  of  seals  at  the  seal 
islands  to  be  much  less  than  in  former 
years. 

Aug.  21.  New  York.  Julius  de  Marcus 
and  Mrs.  Juliette  Fournier,  of  Brooklyn, 
are  found  shot  and  dead  in  Central 
Park,  having  committed  suicide  through 
love-craze. 

Aug.  23.  Va.  J.  M.  Winstead,  presi- 
dent of  the  Piedmont  and  People's  Sa- 
vings-bank, of  Greensboro,  N.  C,  jiunps 
from  a  City  Hall  tower  in  Richmond, 
a  height  of  170  feet,  and  is  terribly 
mangled. 


470     1894,  Aug.  23-Sept  18. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Sept.  12.  D.  C.  Charles  G.  Saw- 
telle  is  commissioned  colonel  —  quarter- 
master department.  [Oct.  8.  John  W. 
Barringer  —  sustenance  department. 
Oct.  25.  Eoyal  T.  Frank  —  1st  artillery. 
Nov.  10,  Edwin  V.  Sumner— 7th  cav- 
alry. Nov.  26.  Daingerfield  Parker  — 
18th  infantry.  Dec.  31.  Mar.  I.  Luding- 
ton  — quartermaster  department.] 

Sept.  17.  D.  C.  The  War  Department 
issues  an  order  concentrating  the 
army,  and  doing  away  with  several 
posts. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Aug.  25.  Wyo.  Grasshoppers  are 
devouring  the  grass  in  Cheyenne. 

Aug.  26.  Tex.  Boll-worms  are  destroy- 
ing a  large  portion  of  the  cotton-crop  in 
Dallas  Coiuity. 

Sept,  1.  Tex.  Hundreds  of  lives  are 
lost  in  the  floods. 

Sept,  3.  Mich,  Minn.,  Wis.  The  forest 
flres  are  partially  quenched  by  rain. 

Tlie  total  number  of  lives  lost  is  esti- 
mated at  from  800  to  1,200;  relief  work  is 
in  progress  in  the  striclten  territory. 

Sept.  4.  The  members  of  the  Cook  Arc- 
tic Expedition  arrive  at  North  Sydney, 
Cape  Breton,  on  a  fishing-schooner,  the 
Miranda  having  been  abandoned  at  sea 
in  a  sinking  condition.  [Sept.  11.  Ar- 
rive in  New  York.] 

Sept.  7.  Pa.  The  largest  steel  plate  yet 
made  is  rolled  at  Chester  by  the  Well- 
man  Iron  and  Steel  Works  ;  it  is  450 
inches  long,  130  wide,  and  \\  thick. 

Sept.  8.  N.  J.  An  oil-well  is  discov- 
ered on  a  farm  in  Finderne. 

Pa.     A   cloudburst  at    Bethlehem 

causes  much  damage. 

Sept.  15.  New  York.  The  relief  steamer 
Falcon  returns  from  the  Arctic  to  New- 
foundland with  all  the  members  of  the 
Peary  expedition  except  Peary  and  two 
companions,  who  are  to  spend  another 
year  in  the  polar  region. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1894. 

Aug.  37.  Shaw,  D.  B.,  M.  C.  for  Mich., 
A40. 

Thaxter,  Celia,  author,  A58. 

Aug^.  38.  .Stevens,  Simon,  lawyer,  aboli- 
tionist, A64. 

Sept.  1.  Banks,  Nathaniel  P.,maj.-gen., 
editor,  lawyer,  M.  C,  Gov.  of  Mass., 
speaker,  A78. 

Sept.  2.  Kirkwood,  Samuel  J.,  Gov.  of  la., 
secretary  of  interior,  A8I. 

Sept.  4.  Willing,  .James  C,  president  Co- 
lumbian University,  A69. 

Sept.  5.  Stonemau,  George,  Gov.  of  Cal., 
gen.,  A72. 

Sept.  7.    Talladee,  C.  W.,  Inventor,  A64. 

Sept.  11.  Pico  Pio,  Gov.  of  the  two  Cali- 
fornias,  A94. 

Sept.  14.  McCauley,  E.  Y.,rear-adm.  V.  S. 
N.,  A67. 

CHURCH. 
1894    Sept.    1.    Pa.    The     Poles     and 

Greek    Catholics     of     Hazleton     form 

a  new  church,  to  be  known  as  the 

American  Catholic. 
Sept.  17.    New  York.    The    German 

Roman    CathoUc    Central    Verein, 

with  110  delegates  in  attendance,  is  in 

session. 


LETTERS. 

1894  Aug.  26.  N.  Y.  Allen  Barlow 
of  Binghamton  leaves  all  his  property, 
valued  at  $100,000,  to  found  an  industrial 
training-school  in  that  city. 

Aug.  28.  N.  Y.  Judge  Bartlett  denies 
the  application  to  compel  school  prin- 
cipals to  admit  pupils  who  refuse  to  be 
vaccinated. 

Sept.  15.  N.  Y.  The  Constitutional 
Convention  passes  the  Educational  and 
the  Charities  amendments,  the  latter 
providing  for  educational  require- 
ments in  sectarian  charitable  insti- 
tutions. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  Aug.  25.  ni.  A  railroad  detec- 
tive is  shot  by  masked  train-robbera  on 
a  train  near  Deertield. 

La.  Louis  O.  Desforges,  city  council- 
man of  New  Orleans,  is  indicted  on  the 
charge  of  soliciting  a  bribe  of  $7,500 
from  the  IjOuisviUe  and  Nashville  Rail- 
road Company. 

Mich.    Three  members  of  the  Detroit 

School  Board  —  Messrs.  Walsh,  Lip- 
hardt,  and  Lichtenberg — are  held  for 
trial  on  the  charge  of  bribery  in  connec- 
tion with  school  supplies. 

A'.  Y.  The  American  Bar  Associa- 
tion at  Saratoga  elects  James  C.  Carter, 
of  New  York  City,  its  president. 

Aug.  26.  Tex.  Hubbell  Smith,  charged 
with  forgery,  is  arrested  in  Fort  Worth  ; 
$560,000  in  cash,  stocks,  and  bonds  are 
found  upon  him. 

Aug.  27.  Chicago.  George  M.  Pullman 
testifles  before  the  National  Labor  Com- 
mission. 

(AtTG.  29.)     The  commission   finishes 
the  hearing  of  testimony. 

N.  Y.    John  J.  Huber  kills  himself 

after  attempting  to  kill  his  boarding- 
mistress  in  Brooklyn  because  she  re- 
fuses to  leave  her  liusband. 

Aug.  28.  Colo.  Gov.  Waite  is  ar- 
rested on  a  charge  of  unlawfully  open- 
ing and  retaining  a  letter ;  he  is  released 
on  bond.    [Aug.  31.    Acquitted.] 

Ky.  The  Breckinridge  Congres- 
sional election  contest  is  developing 
much  personal  bitterness, 

La:    Councilman  Numa  Douboussat 

of  New  Orleans  is  arrested  after  taking 
a  bribe  of  $ioo  to  vote  for  an  ordinance 
pending  in  the  City  Council. 

Aug.  31.  La.  The  New  Orleans  grand 
jury  adjourns  after  indicting  II  council- 
men  and  the  city  engineer  for  bribery. 

New  York.    Charles  Fiegenbaum  kills 

iosephine  Hoffman,  a  widow,  at  whose 
ouse  he  boarded. 

N.  Y.    Judge  (Jaynor  decides  the  Act 

not  unconstitutional  that  makes  it  a 
crime  to  receive  betting  money  out- 
side of  a  race-track. 

Sept.  1.  Ark.  Ten  of  a  gang  of  20 
counterfeiters  captured  in  Arlvunsas  are 
in  the  penitentiary  awaiting  trial. 

Kan.    Two   masked    men   enter   a 

bank  at  Tescott,  kill  the  cashier,  and,  se- 
curing a  considerable  amount  of  money, 
start  South. 

N.  Y.    The  Kon-sectarian  Hospital 

and  Home  for  Epileptics  in  Brooklyn 
is  formally  opened. 

Tenn.    Six  negroes  are  taken  from 

a  deputy-sheriff  by  lynchers,  shot  and 


killed  at  Millington,  on  the  Chesapeake 
and  Ohio  Railroad. 

Sept.  2.  N.  J.  Edward  Mehaffey,  while 
drunk,  kicks  his  wife  to  death,  in  Harri- 
son, because  she  refuses  to  give  him 
money  she  had  saved  to  pay  debts. 

Sept.  3.  N.  Y.  The  American  Social 
Science  Association  begins  its  annual 
session  in  Saratoga. 

The  new  Odd  Fellows'  Home  at 
Lockport  is  dedicated  with  imposing 
ceremonies;  Grand  Sire  C.  L.  Campbell 
making  the  principal  address. 

New    York.     A    strike    of   several 

thousand  garment- workers  begins  in 
this  city  ;ind  Brooklyn  with  the  object 
of  abolishing  the  "  sweating  "  system. 

[Sept.  4.  A  number  of  clotliing  pon- 
tractors  accept  the  terms  of  the  striking 

f;arment-workers.  Tailor  strikers  in 
irooklyn  invade  a  shop,  sack  it,  and 
assault  the  proprietors.  Sept.  6.  The 
strikers  win.  Sept.  19.  The  manufac- 
turers, having  failed  to  ratify  the  agree- 
ment entered,  3,000  employees  continue 
the  strike.] 

Labor  Day  is  observed  throughout 

the  United  States. 

Sept.  4.  Chiraffo.  The  hearing  of  the 
contempt  cases  against  President  Debs 
and  other  officers  of  the  American  Kail- 
way  Union  is  renewed. 

B.  F.  Gaston,  who  has  been  swindling 

negroes  by  a*l)ogu8  scheme  of  emigration 
to  Africa,  is  killed  by  enraged  victims. 

Sept.  5.  Pa.  Another  strike  is  on  in 
the  southern  end  of  the  coke-region  be- 
tween Uniontown  and  Fair  Chance. 

-* —  Wis.  Four  ex-supervisors,  three  pres- 
ent supervisors,  and  four  contractors  are 
arraigned  in  Milwaukee,  charged  with 
conspiracy  to  defraud  the  county. 

Sept.  6.  \ew  York.  Police  Superin- 
tendent Byrnes  makes  a  report  to  the 
Police  Board  «»f  the  abuses  existing  in 
the  force ;  the  board  unanimously  dis- 
misses Capt.  John  T.  Stephenson,  and 
resolves  to  abolish  the  position  of  ward 
man. 

Sept.  8.  Oa.  Union  and  non-union 
longshoremen  tight  a  pitched  battle  in 
Savannah. 

Sept.  9.  La.  Link  Waggoner,  a  noted 
desperado,  is  shot  and  killed  by  a  mob 
in  the  parish  jail  at  Minden. 

Sept.  10.  Miss,  The  governor  and  other 
officials  are  arrested  on  the  charge  of 
imitating  U.  S.  currency  in  the  issue  of 
money  warrants  designed  for  circulation 
in  payment  of  State  obligations. 

— -  Pa.  The  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public meets  in  its  28th  National  Va\- 
campment  at  Pittsburg.  [Col.  Thomas 
G.  Lawler,  commander-in-chief.] 

Sept.  11.  Ky.  The  attendance  at  a  bar- 
becue given  at  Paris  by  the  supporters 
of  Mr.  Owens,  the  opponent  of  Brecken- 
ridge,  is  estimated  at  nearly  25,000. 

Sept.  12.  Ariz.  Two  masked  men 
hold  up  a  stage  and  rob  the  passengers 
of  valuables  and  $500  in  coin, 

Sept.  14.    La.    A  suit  for  the  impeach- 

^  ment  of  Mayor  Fitzpatrick  is  hogun  in 
a  New  Orleans  court  on  behalf  of  25  rep- 
resentative citizens. 

N.  Y.    A  race-fight  occtu'S  at  New 

Rochelle ;  three  whi  te  men  are  shot,  and 
several  negroes  are  arrested. 

Sept.  15.  Cal.  The  Idaho  stage  is  held 
up  ten  miles  north  of  Ukiah  by  a  masked 
highwayman,  and  the  Wells-Fargo  treas- 
ure-box taken. 

A".  C.     Fifteen  farmers  of  Guilford^ 

tried  for  forcing  four  Mormon  missioo- 
aries  out  of  the  couuty,  are  acquitted. 


UNITED   STATES.        1894,  Aug.  23 -Sept.  18.      471 


Utah.  Enoch  Daviea,  wife-mur- 
derer, is  shot  by  order  of  court  at  Lehi 

Jimctiou. 

Sept.  16.  N.  Y.  Fanner  Whittemore's 
wife  is  killed,  and  he  and  his  daughter 
are  badly  injured  at  Glens  Falls  by  l^eoji- 
ard  Blodgett,  a  larm-haiid  ;  the  criminal 
is  being  sought  for  by  several  hundred 
men. 

T.  T.    The  Boolin  gang,  in  revenge, 

string  an  Indian  up  by  his  heels,  and 
shoot  him  through  the  head,  near  Miuco. 

Sept.  17.  Pa.  Carrier!  and  Levato,  pri- 
vate bankers  in  the  Italian  quarters  in 
Pittsburg,  riee,  taking  with  them  about 
$io,ooo  of  deposits. 

N.  Mex.     Striking   miners   on    the 

Santa  F6  system  resume  work. 

Sept.  18.  Chicnfjo.  Gamblers  resist  a 
raid  on  their  headquarters  by  detec- 
tives ;  while  the  tight  is  going  on  the  pro- 
prietor, Harry  Varnell,  secures  from  a 
neighboring  magistrate  warrants  for  the 
arrest  of  the  detectives. 

Mo.    Masked   robbers  attempt   to 

hold  up  a  Santa  F^  train ;  armed  men  on 
board  give  them  a  hot  reception ;  the 
engineer  is  shot. 

STATE. 

1894  Aug.  23.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Sen- 
ate :  There  is  no  quorum  ;  the  House  re- 
ceives the  report  of  the  committee  on  the 
annor-plate  frauds;  the  Carnegie  Com- 
pany is  found  guilty  of  gross  neglect  of 
duty,  and  the  charges  are  sustained. 

Secretary  Carlisle  directs  that  the  U. 
S.  flag  shall  be  displayed  over  all  public 
buildings  under  tiie  control  of  the  Trea- 
sury Department  during  business  hours, 
unless  stormy  weather  prevents. 

S.  Dak.     Charles  H.  Sheldon  (Rep.) 

is  nominated  for  governor,  and  a  plat- 
form adopted  declaring  for  free  silver. 

Aug.  24.  D.  C.  Congress:  Both 
Houses  pass  a  resolution  for  an  ad- 
journment sine  die  on  Tuesday,  Aug.  28. 

Aug.  25.  K.  r.  TheConstitutioiialCon- 
vention  favors  the  abolition  of  prison 
contract  labor. 

Aug.  26.  I).  C.  The  Administration  de- 
cides to  recognize  the  sovereignty  of 
Nicaragua  over  the  Mosquito  reserva- 
tion. 

U.  S.  The  Central  Labor  Union  de- 
cides to  imite  with  the  People's  Party 
in  the  fall  election  campaign. 

Aug.  27.  />.  C.  Congress :  No  quorum 
present  in  either  House. 

Aug.  28.  r.  5.  The  "Wilson  Tariff 
Bill  becomes  law  without  President 
Cleveland's  signature. 

The  Income  Tax  Appendix  to  the 
Tariff  Bill  proviiies  for  a  tax  of  2  per 
cent  on  incomes  above  $4,000 ;  it  lays  a 
tax  of  two  cents  on  every  pack  of  play- 
ing-cards, and  $1.10  on  each  gallon  of 
proof  liquor,  and  the  same  tax  ou  nine 
gallons  below  proof. 

D.  C.  The  53d  Congress;  the  sec- 
ond session  ends. 

Sept,  1.  U.S.  Canada  accepts  the  lum- 
ber reciprocity  provision  of  the  new 
Taritf  Law. 

Sept.  3.  Jrk.  The  Democrats  elect 
their  state  ticket  by  30,000  plurality; 
the  Populists  fail  to  carry  a  single 
county. 


Sp.    Spain  cancels  the  reciprocity 

treaty  between  the  United  States  and 
Cuba. 

Sept.  4.    JVer.    Senator  John  P.  Jones, 

a  Republican  for  over  twenty  years, 
joins  the  Populists  because  of  the  atti- 
tude of  the  Kepublicaiis  toward  silver. 

Sept.  5.    Colo.    David  H.  Waite  (Pop.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 
N.  II.      Charles    A.   Busiel  (Rep.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Sept.  6.  Neto  York.  The  citizens'  meet- 
ing called  by  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
issues  an  address  asking  for  support  in 
the  movement  against  Tammany  Hall, 
and  provides  for  a  Committee  of  Seventy. 

Wis.  George  W.  Peck  (Dem.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

Sept.  11.  N.  Y.  The  Constitutional 
Convention  passes  several  amendments, 
including  one  to  abolish  coroners. 

Sept.  12.     Colo.    H.  W.  Mclntyre  (Rep.) 

is  nominated  for  governor. 
Nev.    The    Democratic     Convention 

demands  unlimited  silver  coinage. 

JV.  Y.  The  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion passes  an  amendment  prohibiting 
free  railroad  passes  and  prison  contract 
labor. 

Utah.     The    Republican    Convention 

declares  for  free  silver  coinage  at  the 
ratio  of  16  to  1. 

Sept.  14.  N.  Y.  The  Constitutional 
Convention  passes  an  amendment  for 
separate  municipal  elections. 

Sept.  17.  La.  The  Sugar-Planters' 
Convention  at  New  Orleans  unanimously 
decides  to  join  the  Republican  party  on 
national  issues,  as  it  favors  a  protective 
tariff. 

Kev.  Senator  John  P.  Jones,  hav- 
ing joined  the  Populists,  is  asked  by  the 
Republicans  to  resign  his  seat. 

Sept.  18.  N.  Y.  Levi  P.  Morton  (Rep.) 
is  nominated  for  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Aug.  24,  New  York.  The  Ameri- 
can Line  steamer  AVhj  York  arrives  after 
making  the  trip  from  Southampton  in 
six  days,  eight  hours,  38  minutes  — 

one  hour  less  than  any  previous  record. 

Wash.    A  fire  in  a  mine  imprisons 

the  men  at  work  ;  37  bodies  are  brought 
to  the  surface. 

Aug.  27.  N.  II.  Forest  fires  in  the 
Blue  Hills  burn  over  400  acres  of  wood- 
land, destroying  2,000,000  of  cut  timber, 
1,600  cords  of  wood,  and  100  cords  of 
bark,  besides  much  standing  timber. 

Mo.    By  the  collapse  of  a  bridge 

over  a  ravine  at  Fairmount  Park,  Kan- 
sas City,  20  persons  are  injured. 

Aug.  28.  Mich.  Forest  fires  destroy 
property  to  the  value  of  over  $1,000,000. 

New  York.    The  cable-steamer  Mac- 

kay-Bennett  arrives. 

She  has  cable  on  board,  to  connect  New 
York  with  Waterville,  Ireland,  by  way  of 
Coney  Island,  and  Canso,  Nova  Scotia. 

Aug.  30.  D.  C.  A  convention  to  pro- 
mote Southern  development  is  opened 

in  Washington. 
Aug.  31.    New  York.    The  Cunard  Line 
steamer  Lucania  arrives,  after  making 
the   voyage  from  Queenstown    in    five 


days,  eight  hours,  and  38  minutes  — 
the  quickest  western  trip  yet  made. 

Ire.    The  Campania,  of  the  Cunard 

line,  arrives  at  Queenstown  after  lower- 
ing the  eastern  trip  by  one  hour  and  13 
minutes,  having  made  it  in  five  days, 
10  hours,  and  47  minutes. 

Sept.  1.  N.  Y. '  Atty.-Gen.  Hancock  of 
Albany  decides  that  steamers  and 
steam-cars  having  liquor  licenses 
may  sell  while  temporarily  in  dock  or 
at  station,  as  well  as  in  transit. 

Tex.     In  the  vicinity  of  Uvalde  300 

miles  of  railroad  track  are  tmder 
water,  and  heavy  rain  is  still  falling. 

Sept.  2.  N.  J.  Two  excursionists  are 
killed  and  several  injured  by  a  rear- 
end  train  collision  on  the  West  Jersey 
Railroad  in  Camden. 

Wis.     Hundreds   of    lives   are    lost, 

about  12  towns  and  villages  burned,  and 
an  enormous  amount  of  property  is  de- 
stroyed in  the  Northwest  by  forest  fires. 
Cornell  University  loses  heavily,  having 
$1,000,000  invested  aroimd  Long  Lake  in 
pine  lands  that  are  completely  divested 
of  standing  trees. 

Sept.  3.  Coh.  The  Irrigation  Con- 
vention begins  its  session  in  Denver. 

Sp.  A  decree  canceling  the  recipro- 
city treaty  between  Spain  and  the  United 
States  in  regard  to  Cuba  is  gazetted  in 
Madrid,  to  go  into  effect  as  soon  as  the 
new  customs  tariff  in  America  is  en- 
forced. 

Tex.     Over    1,000   men    begin    work 

repairing  40  miles  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad  destroyed  by  a  flood. 

Sept.  4.  Miim.  Over  400  bodies  of 
forest-fire  victims  are  recognized ; 
medical  aid  reaches  Hinckley  and  Pine 
City ;  16  towns  are  destroyed,  20  partly 
burned,  and  24  counties  affected, 

Mich.    The  fires  in  the  woods  are 

being  checked  or  extinguished  by  rain. 

Sept.  5.  N.  Y.  The  Standard  Oil  Com- 
pany secures  control  of  all  the  Brooklyn 
gas-companies  except  the  Williamsburg 
and  Nassau. 

Sept.  8i:,  Minn.   The  death-list  in  Pine 

County  alone  by  forest  fire  is  700. 
O.    The  centennial  celebration  at 

Defiance  overcrowds  the  city. 
Sept.  9.    Mijin.    Forest  fires  fanned  by 

the  wind  are  again  threatening  several 

towns  ;  inhabitants  are  fleeing  to  places 

of  refuge. 
Sept.  10.     O.    The  town  of  Dalton  is 

burned    by   an    incendiary   fire  ;    loss, 

$250,000. 

Sept.  11.  Mich.  Forest  fires  are  again 
raging.     [Sept.  15.    Quenched  by  rain.] 

Sept.  13.  Mo.  A  train  is  blown  from 
the  track  by  a  wind-storm  j  two  persons 
are  killed  and  20  injured. 

Pa.    McKeesport  celebrates  the 

centennial  of  its  settlement. 

Sept.  14.  Nev.  The  New  York,  of  the 
American  Line,  arrives,  after  making 
the  passage  from  Southampton  in  six 
days,  seven  hours,  and  14  minutes. 

Sept.  15.  Pa.  A  fire  in  the  busine.s8  sec- 
tion of  Scranton  causes  a  loss  of  $300,000; 
three  firemen  are  badly  injured. 


472      1894,  Sept.  19 -Oct  18. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Oct.  4.  Pkila.  The  Union  League 
Club  tenders  a  reception  to  Adm.  Ben- 
hazn,  and  presents  him  with  a  gohl 
medal  for  his  heroic  action  at  Rio  Ja- 
neiro.   (See  Brazil.) 

Oct.  8.  D.  C.  Michael  K.  Morgan  is 
commissioned  brigadier-general  —  sub- 
sistence department. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Sept.  26.  The  great  West  India 
cyclone  reaches  the  Florida  and  Georgia 
coasts  ;  it  causes  great  damage  to  the 
cotton  and  rice  crops. 

Oct.  13.  Cal.  Mammoth  caverns  (sur- 
passing the  Kentucky  Mammoth  Cave) 
are  discovered  in  the  Guyamaca  range, 
iii  Southern  California. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1894. 
Sept.  26.    Thompson,  Lannt,  sculptor,  A61. 
Sept.  30.     Blakeman,  H.,  publisher,  A70. 
Oct.  3.     Swing,    David,   clergyman,  college 

profeBSor,  A64. 
Oct.  7.    Holmes.  Oliver  'Wendell,  poet, 

author,  A86. 
Cartlu,  Andrew  G.,  war  Gov.,  A77. 

CHURCH. 

1894  Sept.  23.  New  York:  The  37th 
anniversary  of  the  Fulton  Street 
Prayer-meeting  is  celebrated. 

Sept.  24.  .V.  r.  The  Biennial  Confer- 
ence of  the  American  Unitarian  As- 
sociation begins  at  Saratoga. 

Sept.  26.  Xtfie  York.  A  Holiness  Con- 
vention is  in  session,  with  a  large  at- 
tendance of  delegates. 

Sept.  29.  New  York.  A  monastic 
brotherhood  is  instituted  in  the  Prot- 
estant Kpiscopal  Diocese  of  New  York 
by  Bishop  Potter,  the  members  taking 
vows  of  celibacy  for  a  term  of  five  years. 

Oct.  2.  N.  J.  Judge  Van  Syckel,  in  his 
charge  to  the  grand  jury  at  Elizabeth, 
says  that  lotteries  at  church  fairs  and 
festivals  are  illegal. 

Oct.  10.  Pkila.  The  annual  conference 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  archbishops 
in  the  United  States  is  in  secret  session. 

Oct.  14.  X.  Y.  The  golden  jubilee  of 
Rev.  Sylvester  Malone,  pastor  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  of  SS.  Peter  and 
Paul  of  Brooklyn,  is  celebrated. 

LETTERS. 

1894  Sept.  19.  The  German  Verein  re- 
solves that  "  we  do  not  ask  for  our 
school-work  any  State  subvention ;  we 
assume  most  willingly  these  sacrifices 
to  secure  the  eternal  and  the  temporal 
welfare  of  our  children." 

Sept.  21.  Tlie  plans  for  the  Roman 
Catholic  Simimer  School  of  Amer- 
ica, to  be  of  six  weeks'  duration,  are 
arranged ;  in  connection  with  this  system 
reading-circles  are  to  be  formed. 

Sept.  28.  X.J.  The  students  of 
Princeton  at  a  mass-meeting  decide 
that  hazing  ought  to  be  abolished. 

Oct.  2.  Pa.  Thaddeus  Stevens's  will  is 
sustained  after  20  years  of  litigation  ;  an 
Industrial  School  is  to  be  established  in 
Lancaster. 


SOCIETY. 

1894  Sept.  18.  Xew  York.  Dr.  Park- 
hurst,  speaking  before  a  branch  of  the 
City  Vigilance  League,  says  there  is  no 
part  of  the  city  government  that  is 
not  corrupt,  even  the  judges  paying 
money  for  their  places  on  the  bench. 

Pkila.    The  United  Typothetse 

Convention  begins  its  eighth  annual 
session. 

Sept.  19.  Chicago.  Judge  Gibbons  di- 
rects a  judgment  of  ouster  against 
the  "Whisky  Trust;  its  existence  is 
declared  illegal. 

Sept.  20.  Boston.  Five  thousand  gar- 
ment-makers strike  for  shorter  hours 
and  higher  wages.  [Sept.  24.  1,000  re- 
turn to  work.  Sept.  27.  Many  return 
imder  favorable  terms.] 

Okla.    Farmers  capture  Perry  Cook 

near  Lincoln  with  several  stolen  horses 
in  his  possession  ;  they  lynch  him. 

Sept.  21.  Ky.  At  Lexington  J.  D.  Liv- 
ingstone is  stabbed  by  Col.  Breckin- 
ridge's son,  Desha. 

N.  J.  The  Newark  garment-workers 

go  out  on  a  strike. 

New  York.    Several  men   hold  up 

an  Eighth  Avenue  street-car,  and  after 
robbing  the  passengers  make  their  es- 
cape; one  suspect  is  arrested. 

The  National  Society  of  Electro- 
Therapeutists  holds  its  annual  meet- 
ing ;  Dr.  W.  L.  Jackson  is  elected  presi- 
dent. 

Sept.  22.  New  York.  The  shirk-makers 
vote  to  go  out  on  strike  for  higher 
wages. 

N.  Y.     Excise  Commissioner  Krug  of 

Newtown  is  arraigned  for  accepting  a 
bribe,  and  held  for  trial  in  the  sum  of 
$3,500. 
Constitutional    Convention   Dele- 

fates  Kurth  and  Deterling  of  the  Sixth 
)istrict  of  Brooklyn  are  arrested,  and 
held  in  $1,000  bonds  to  appear  for  trial 
on  the  charee  of  bribery  brought  against 
them  by  the  Albany  Argus.  [Dec.  5. 
Discharged  by  the  Albany  grand  jury.] 

Sept.  23.  Ark.  Prof.  G.  F.  Ellis  is  mor- 
tally wounded  by  President  G.  L.  Bry- 
ant of  theTexarkana  Interstate  Normal 
and  Business  College ;  the  latter  is  ar- 
rested. 

N.  J.    ASter  holding  up  near  100 

people  on  a  road  near  Newark,  tramps 
to  the  number  of  about  40  are  dispersed 
by  a  dozen  men  armed  with  sticks  ;  five 
are  arrested. 

Sept.  25.  New  York.  A  Builders' League 
is  organized  for  lighting  labor-unions 
and  walking  delegates. 

O.    The    body    of    General   Freight 

Agent  J.  B.  Caven,  of  the  Valley  Rail- 
road Company,  is  found  riddled  with 
bullets  in  a  street  in  Cleveland. 

Sept.  27.  />.  C.  H.  W.  Howgate,  former 
chief  of  Weather  Bureau  at  Washington, 
is  arrested  on  the  charge  of  stealing 
$370,000  of  government  funds. 

Sept.  28.  Nt-w  York.  George  Appo,  who 
gave  testimony  before  the  l^exow  Senate 
Committee  against  the  "green  goods" 
men,  is  found  mth  his  throat  badly  cut. 

Pa.    R.  Armstrong  of  Allegheny  City 

is  convicted  of  ottering  a  bribe  of  $300  to 
Councilman  John  Born  to  vote  for  a  cer- 
tain engineer  for  the  new  water-works. 

Sept.  30,  Aftnn.  Seven  lives  are  sacri- 
ficed by  a  drunken  husband  and  father 

at  Chaska  by  driving  his  team  into  the 
river. 


Oct.  1.  7>.  C.  The  grand  jury  indicts 
Messrs.  Havemeyer,  Searles,  and 
Seymour  for  refusing  to  testify  before 
the  Senate  Sugar  Investigating  Com- 
mittee. 

The  U.  S.  Court  of  Appeals  reverses 

Judge  Jenkins's  decision  regarding 
strikes  in  the  case  of  the  Northern  Pa- 
cific employees ;  he  affirms  the  right  to 
abandon  a  train. 

Ky.    Many  illicit  stills  are  destroyed  ; 

over  xoo  moonshiners  are  to  be  tried  iu 
Louisville. 

Oct.  3.  The  U.  S.  Circuit  Court  of  Ap- 
peals renders  another  labor  decision 
supporting  Judge  Ricks  in  denying  an 
engineer's  right  to  abandon  a  train- 

Oct.  4.  la.  The  Society  of  the  Army  of 
the  Tennessee  at  its  meeting  in  Council 
Blutfs  elects  its  officers  ;  Gen.  Granville 
M.  Dodge,  president. 

Oct.  5.     Chicago.    Ex-Gov.  J.  T,  Bever- 

idge  and  two  others  are  arrested  on  the 
charge  of  using  the  mails  in  the  interest 
of  a  lottery  scheme. 

lud.  After  a  fight  with  bank-rob- 
bers near  Bloomfield,  one  of  them  is 
shot  and  three  run  down  ;  $6,100  of  bank 
funds  is  found  in  their  possession. 

O.    County  Commissioners    Cassidy, 

McDonald,  and  Biggert  are  indicted  at 
Columbus  for  bribery  and  misconduct  in 
office. 

Oct.  6.  Tex.  Henry  Gibson,  colored,  is 
lynched  at  Fairfield  by  unknown  par- 
ties. 

Mich.    The  City  Council  of  Grand 

Haven  orders  the  closing  of  all  restau- 
rants, livery-stables,  cigar-stores,  news- 
stands, and  drug-stores,  on  Sunday,  in 
accordance  with  law. 

Oct.  7,  Ind.  John  McCarthy,  failing  to 
obtain  a  liquor  license  in  Bushville, 
shoots  J.   G,  Wolf,  of  the  committee 

opposing  his  application. 

O.  Four  leading  druggists  of  Cincin- 
nati are  arrested  for  selling  adulterated 
drugs. 

Oct.  8.  N.  Y.  The  Commercial  Trav- 
elers* Home  Association  of  America 
meets  in  Binghamton. 

They  give  a  reception  and  banquet  to 
Gov.  Flower,  of  New  York,  and  Gov. 
Pattison  of  Pennsylvania,  at  the  State 
Armory. 

S.  C.  The  Dispensary  Law  is  de- 
clared constitutional  by  the  Supreme 
Court. 

New  York.  Six  thousand  cloak- 
makers  vote  to  go  on  strike  in  New 
York  and  neighboring  cities  to  assist  the 
1,500  who  are  out. 

[Oct.  11.  In  New  York  they  are  at- 
tacked by  the  police  when  holding  a 
mass-meetjng.  Oct.  12.  They  obtain 
their  demands  and  the  strike  ends.] 

Oct.  11.  N.  Y.  The  Indian  Mohonk 
Conference  is  in  session. 

Oct.  12.  Cal.  The  Iiakeport  stage  is 
held  up  by  a  highwayman  near  Pieta 
Station,  and  the  Wells-Fargo  box  taken. 
Two  robbers  hold  up  the  overland 
express  near  Sacramento,  and  secure 
$50,000. 

D.  C.    Two  employees  of  the  Bureau 

of  Engraving  and  Printing  in  Washing- 
ton are  charged  with  stealing  more 
than  200,000  postage-stamps. 

Ijtd.    The  ISth  annual  convention  of 

the  American  Humane  Association 
at  Evansville  closes  its  session  ;  John 
G.  Shortall  of  Chicago,  president. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1894,  Sept.  19-Oct.  18.    473 


Xew  yirrk.    A  woman's  movement 

against  Tammany  is  organized. 

t'a.    A  train  is  held  up  by  seven 

masked  men  near  Quaiitico  :  its  safe  is 
Itluiulered  of  about  §180,000;  §1,000  re- 
ward is  oflfered.  for  the  arrest  of  auy  of 
the  robbers. 

Oct.  13.  Colo.  Masked  men  rob  a 
gambling-house  in  Denver  while  in  full 
operation,  securing  about  $400. 

Pa.    A  boy  Is  shot  and  killed,  and 

four  persons  are  badly  injured,  in  a 
drunken  riot  at  Maltby.  a  small  Hunga- 
rian settlement  near  Wilkesbarre. 

Oct.  15.  D.  r.  The  youiig  Japanese 
Prince  Yamashina  and  traveling  com- 
panions arrive  in  Washington. 

—  O.  Clarence  Robinson  confesses  at 
Cleveland  that  lie  and  his  wife  murdered 
Montgomery  Gibbs,  the  Buffalo  lawyer. 
[Oct.  18.    Indicted.] 

Ore.    The    Pacific    Express  office  in 

The  Dalles  is  robbed  of  $14,000  at  an 
early  hour, 

Oct.  17.  Chicago.  An  international 
anti-gambling  association  is  formed. 

Mass.    A  large  number  of  Fall  River 

weavers  strike  again,  after  a  brief  re- 
sumption of  work.  [Oct.  27.  The  stri- 
kers yield,  and  decide  to  resume  work.] 

iVew  York.    The    Brotherhood    of 

Tailors  celebrates  with  a  big  parade 
and  mass-meeting  their  deliverance  from 
the  "sweating"  system,  and  the  aboli- 
tion of  piece-work. 

O.    A  mob  of  would-be  lynchers 

is  fired  on  by  militiamen  at  Washington 
Court  House  ;  two  men  are  kilted  and 
several  wounded ;  the  prisoner  is  a  negro 
convicted  of  assault  on  a  white  woman, 
and  sentenced  to 20  years'  imprisonment. 

Oct.  18.  F(a.  Fifteen  hundred  cigar- 
makers  go  on  strike. 

STATE. 

1894  Sept.  19.  Co^iti.  O.  Vincent  Coffin 
(Rep.)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

O.    The  Democratic  State  Convention 

adopts  a  free-silver  plank  and  a  resolu- 
tion in  favor  of  the  popular  election  of 
Senators. 

S.  C.    John   Gary    Evans    (Dem.)  is 

nonnnated  for  governor, 

Sept.  20.  y.  T.  The  Constitutional 
Convention  passes  an  amendment  for 
home  rule  for  cities. 

Xeb.    The  Democrats  favor  fusion 

witli  the  Populists. 

Sept.  21.  X.  J.  The  commission  revis- 
ing the  judicial  system  practically  com- 
pletes its  labors  at  Trenton,  and  the 
changes  proposed  are  published. 

iV.  Y.    The  Constitutional  Convention 

passes  an  amendment  prohibiting  pool- 
selling  and  all  forms  of  gambling. 

Sept.  22.  Ky.  The  oflScial  canvass  in 
the  Ashland  District  gives  W.  C.  Owens 
as  Representative  in  Congress  a  plurality 
of  22,5  over  W.  C.  P.  Breckinridge. 

Sept.  25.  iV.  C.  The  Republicans  favor 
fusion  with  the  Populists. 

Sept.  26.  X.  Y.  Senator  D.  B.  Hill 
(Dem.)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

Sept.  27.  D.  C.  President  Cleveland  is- 
sues a  proclamation  granting  amnesty 
to  persons  convicted  of  polygamy. 

Xeb.    Six  counties    bolt    the   fusion 

ticket  of  Democrats  and  Populists,  and 
nominate  a  straight  Democratic  ticket. 

Sept,  28.  Cmui.  Ernest  Cady  (Dem.)  is 
nominated  for  governor. 


A^.  }'.    The    amendments    of    the 

Constitutional  (convention  are  to  be  sub- 
mitted to  vote  in  three  sections,  as  fol- 
lows :  1.  The  legislative  apportion- 
ment. 2.  The  canals.  3.  All  the  rest. 
The  Convention  adopts  the  proposed 
Constitution.  Vote,  95-75.  [Sept.  29. 
Adjourns.] 

Oct.  2.  X.  J.  The  Legislature  meets, 
and  passes  a  resolution  for  adjournment 
sine  die. 

X.  Y.    Tlie  Democratic  members  of 

the  Constitutional  Convention  issue  an 
address  arraigning  the  Republicans  for 

partisanship. 

Oct.  3.  Ark.  At  Little  Rock  a  tor- 
nado kills  four  persons,  while  several 
are  missing,  and  many  injured ;  prop- 
erty worth  51,000,000  is  destroyed. 

±  JVis.     Settlers  in  the  Black  Brook 

section,  near  Grantsburg,  burned  out 
by  forest  fires,  are  in  a  pitiable  con- 
dition. 

Oct.  4.  D.  C.  Action  begins  at  Wash- 
ington to  compel  the  Treasury  to  pay 
sugar  bounties  for  the  year  ending 
June  30,  1895. 

Xew  York.  The  Committee  of  Sev- 
enty, the  Good  <TOvernment  clubs,  and 
several  anti  -  Tammany  organizations 
agree  with  the  Republicans  on  a  muni- 
cipal ticket ;  W.  L.  Strong,  a  Republican 
business  man,  and  John  W.  Goff,  the 
counsel  of  the  Lexow  Committee,  are 
nominated  respectively  for  mayor  and 
recorder.  [Oct.  9.  This  ticket  is  in- 
dorsed by  the  State  Democracy  faction 
and  the  Anti-Tammany  Democracy ;  also, 
Out.  12,  by  the  Republican  County  Con- 
vention.   Nov.  G.    The  ticket  is  elected.] 

O.  The  Democratic  Executive  Com- 
mittee issues  an  address  declaring  that 
the  tariff  is  settled,  and  that  the  money 
question  is  the  chief  issue  now  before 
the  people. 

Oct.  6.  Afass.  Fred.  T.  Greenhalge 
(Rep.)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

Oct.  8.  Mass.  William  E.Russell  (Dem.) 
is  nominated  for  governor. 

Oct.  9.  X.  Y.  The  Anti-Hill  or  Inde- 
pendent State  Democrats  nominate  a 
third  gubernatorial  ticket,  placing  Ev- 
erett P.  Wheeler  at  the  head,  and 
accept  Lockwood  and  Brown  of  the  reg- 
ular Democratic  ticket. 

Oct.  10.  Xew  York.  The  Tammany 
County  Convention  nominates  Nathan 
Strauss  for  mayor  and  Frederick  Smyth 

for  recorder. 

Oct.  12.  D.C.  District  Judge  McComas 
refuses  to  issue  a  mandamus  directing 
Secretary  Carlisle  to  pay  the  sugar 
bounty  this  year. 

Oct.  13.  D.C.  The  grand  jury  in  Wash- 
ington indicts  H.  O.  Havemeyer  and  J. 
E.  Searles  of  the  Sugar  Trust,  and  A.  L. 
Seymour,  a  New  York  broker,  for  re- 
fusal to  answer  questions  by  the  Senate 
Investigation  Committee.  [Oct.  18.  The 
presifient  and  treasurer  are  arraigned  in 
Washington  on  the  charge  of  contempt 
of  the  Senate,  and  held  In  $5,000  hail 
each.] 

U.  S.  The  detlcit  In  the  national  rev- 
enues since  Sept.  1  Is  over  $18,000,000. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Sept.  22.  Kan.  Xiand  caves  in 
at  the  junction  of  Harvey,  Butler,  and 
Marion  Counties  to  the  depth  of  35  feet ; 
the  cave-ins  extend  in  a  crooked,  stream- 
like  course  a  distance  of  24  miles. 


Sept.  23+ .  la. —  Minn.  About  75  per- 
sons are  killed  and  many  times  that  num- 
ber injured  by  the  storm  in  northern 
Iowa  and  southern  Minnesota. 

Ore.      Portland    loses    three  lives, 

$2,000,000,  and  one  steamer  by  fire. 

Sept.  25.  Chicago.  Gov.  Altgeld  alleges 
that  the  Fidlman  Company  has  es- 
caped taxation  on  about  one-third  of  its 
assets. 

Sept.  28.  Chicago.  A  fountain  given 
by  the  National  Wom.in's  Christian 
Temperance  Union,  of  Chautauqua 
County,  is  unveiled  in  the  corridor  of 
Willard  Hall ;  Miss  Willard  makes  the 
address. 

Sept.  29.  la.  A  Chicago  Great  West- 
ern passenger-train  is  saved  from 
plunging  through  a  burned  bridge 
between  Dundee  and  Lamont  by  a 
seven-year-old  girl,  who  flags  the  train 
with  her  red  apron. 

U.  S.    Nearly  all  the  tin-plate  mills 

close  because  of  controversies  respect- 
ing wages, 

Sept.  30.  ra.  The  entombed  miners 
at  the  Northwest  Colliery  at  Simpson, 
near  Carbondale,  are  rescued. 

Oct.  4±.  Fla.  At  Key  West  50  victims 
of  wrecks  caused  by  the  recent  storm 
are  washed  ashore. 

Oct,  6.  Mick.  Six  men  are  killed  and 
12  injured  by  falling  walls  at  a  fire  in 
Detroit. 

Oct.  6.  Ala.  One  man  is  killed  and 
four  persons  hurt  by  a  train  falling 
through  a  bridge  over  the  Coosa  River 
at  Anniston. 

Pa.    A  new  wheel  trust  is  formed, 

which  controls  nearly  all  the  factories 
west  of  the  AUeghanies. 

Oct.  7.  Tenn.  An  express  -  train  is 
wrecked  by  unknown  persons  on  the 
Southern  Railway,  near  Bristol. 

Oct.  11.  X.  Y.  The  members  of  the 
President's  Cabinet  attend  the  cere- 
monies at  the  dedication  of  the  old 
Holland  Purchase  Ijand  Office  at 
Batavja,  to  the  memory  of  Robert 
Morris,  the  financier  of  the  American 
Revolution  ;  Secretary  Carlisle  delivers 
the  address. 

Pa.  Twenty-seven  boilers  ex- 
plode at  a  Shamokin  colliery  ;  five  men 
are  killed  and  six  injured. 

Oct.  13.  Miss.  Biloxl  is  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  fire  ;  loss,  $200,000. 

Oct.  14.  La.  Near  New  Orleans  15  per- 
sons are  injured  and  $40,000  worth  of 
railroad  property  is  destroyed  by  a  train 
collision  at  a  crossing. 

Oct.  16.  X.  Y.  Kingston  celebrates 
the  117th  anniversary  of  the  burning 
of  the  town  by  the  British. 

Tex.  Fire  destroys  property  at  Hous- 
ton valued  at  $500,000. 

Oct.  18.  The  Northern  Pacific  Rail- 
road report  shows  a  deficit  of  over 
§6,000,000  for  the  year. 

— —  Mass.  Attleboro  begins  a  two  days' 
celebration  of  the  200th  anniversary  of 
its  incorporation. 


474     1894,  Oct.  19-Nov.  21. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Oct.  25.  D.  C.  James  W.  For- 
syth is  coinniissioueii  brigadier-geueral 
—  general  officer. 

Nov.  8.  D.  C.  Gen.  O.  O.  Howard  is 
retired  from  the  active  list  of  the  regu- 
lar army. 

Nov.  9.  D.  C.  Gen.  Alexander  McD. 
McCook  is  promoted  to  the  f>ffice  of 
major-general,  and  succeeds  (ien.  How- 
ard. 

Nov.  10.  />.  C.  Eear-Adm.  Gherardi 
is  retired,  having  reached  the  age  of 
limitation,  after  48  years'  service  in  the 
navy. 

Gen.  Miles  is  assigned  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Coast,  Gen.  Ruger  to  com- 
mand at  Chicago,  and  Gen.  Forsyth  to 
California. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  ~  NATURE. 

1894  Oct.  19.  y^.  Y.  A  monument 
to  the  memory  of  the  Tarrytown 
heroes  of  the  Revolution  is  unveiled  in 
Sleepy  Hollow  Cemetery. 

Oct,  24.  Phila.  An  equestrian  statue 
of  Gen.  George  B.  McClellan  is  un- 
veiled. 

Nov.  5.  Neio  York.  A  new  wing  of  the 
Museum  of  Art  is  opened. 

Nov.  15.  Okla.  A  blinding  sand- 
storm occurs  ;  it  is  especially  severe  in 
the  Cherokee  Strip.  The  authorities 
order  fires  extinguished  in  the  business 
section  of  Guthrie. 

Nov.  18.  New  York.  The  statue  of 
Thorwaldsen  is  unveiled  in  Central 
Park. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1894. 

Oct.  19.     Booth,  Samuel,  mayor  of  Brook- 

Ivn,  A76. 
Oct.  31.    Bedle,  Joseph  D.,  Gov.  of  N.  J,, 

jurist,  A63. 
■ Wiuslow,  Samuel,  mayor  of  Worcester, 

A67. 
Jet.  35.     Hopkins,  TV.  E.,  com.  U.  S.  N., 

A73. 

Ford,  John  Bruce,  publisher,  A78. 

Oct.  36.     Alexander,  S.  D.,  clergyman,  A75. 
Oct.  30.    Peterson,   K.   E.,   founder    Peter- 
son's Magazine^  A82. 
Nov.  16.     McCosh.  James,  president 

Princeton,  author,  Pres.  clergyman,  A83. 
Winthrop,    Robert   C,    philanthropist, 

litterateur,  A85. 
Nov.  17.    Shedd,  William  G.  T.,  prof.,  A74. 


CHURCH. 

1894  Oct.  19.  New  York.  Archbishop 
Corrigan  secures  a  branch  of  the  Sul- 
pician  Order  of  Priests  of  Canada. 

Gen.  "William  Booth  of  the  Salva- 
tion Array  arrives  from  Montreal. 

Oct.  22.  New  York.  Gen.  Booth,  the 
head  of  the  Salvation  Army,  is  given  a 
grand  reception  in  Union  Square ;  clergy- 
men welcome  him  in  an  address. 

Oct.  23.  Mass.  The  convention  of  the 
American  Missionary  Association 
opens  at  Lowell. 

Neio  York.    A  second  great  meeting 

of  the  Salvation  Army  to  welcome 
Gen.  Booth  is  held  in  Carnegie  Music 
Hall,  Chauncey  M.  Depew  making  the 
address. 


Oct.  25.  Pa.  The  Pittsburg  conference 
of  the  Evangelical  Church,  representing 
100  congregations,  votes  to  establish  the 
New  Evangelical  Church. 

Nov.  1.  New  York.  Prayers  are  offered 
at  the  Greek  chapel  for  the  repose  of 
the  soul  of  the  dead  Czar. 

Nov.  8.  N.  Y.  The  resignation  of  Dr. 
Talmage  as  pastor  of  the  Brooklyn 
Tabernacle  is  accepted. 

Nov.  13-15.  Mich.  The  Baptist  Con- 
gress, representingthe  Baptist  churches 
throughout  the  country,  is  in  session  at 
Detroit. 

LETTERS. 

1894    Nov.  12.    Pa.    The  Pennsylvania 

Supreme  Court  sustains  the  decision  of 
a  lower  court  refusing  to  enjoin  Catho- 
lic nuns  from  wearing  their  garb 
while  performing  their  duties  as  teach- 
ers in  public  schools. 
Nov.  15,  New  York.  The  formal  open- 
ing of  the  Teachers  College  in  its 
new  building  takes  place  with  suitable 
ceremonies  and  addresses. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  Oct.  19.  Tex,  Four  masked 
men  hold  up  a  train,  and  secure  over 
$4,000. 

Oct.  21.  /.  T.  Robbers  hold  up  a 
train  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway  ; 
they  shoot  and  wound  several  passen- 
gers, but  secure  little  booty.  [Two  hun- 
dred men  are  called  out  to  pursue  them.] 

Oct.  22.  N.  Y.  Mayor  Schieren  lays 
the  corner-stone  of  the  German  Hos- 
pital in  Brooklyn,  after  a  parade  by  a 
large  number  of  German  organizations. 

N.  Y.  Patrick  Riley,  an  expert  dy- 
namiter, is  committed  to  White  Plains 
jail  on  the  charge  of  attempting  to  blow 
up  a  large  frame  building  occupied  by 
about  lOU  Italian  laborers. 

New  York.    Ex-Police   Sergeant 

Liebers,  indicted  for  blackmail,  sur- 
renders himself. 

Oct.  23.  Tenn.  A  colored  woman,  di- 
vorced from  her  husband  in  Shelby 
County,  is  allowed  $2  a  month  alimony. 

Chicago.    Hoodlums  attack  a  train 

and  burn  cars  in  one  of  the  suburbs. 

Oct.  24.  O.  The  national  convention  of 
the  Phi  Gamma  Delta  College  Fra- 
ternity opens  in  Columbus  for  a  tbree 
days' session  ;  150  delegates  are  present. 

Chicago.    A  Russian  emigrant,  Simon 

Ranskin,  breaks  windows  when  refused 
work,  and  stones  the  officer  who  arrests 
him. 

T.  T.    The  Cook  gang  raid  towns, 

and  rob  cotton-pickers  at  work  ;  a  strong 
force  of  Indian  police  and  deputy-mar- 
shals are  in  pursuit  of  the  criminals. 

fOct.  29.  Five  of  the  outlaws  are  taken. 
Nov.  4.  Two  officers  and  one  of  the 
Cook  gang  are  killed  and  two  other  out- 
laws wounded.  Nov.  9.  The  gang  raids 
Leuapah,  I.  T.,  killing  one  man  and  rob- 
bing a  store.  Nov.  14.  It  holds  up  a 
train  of  cars  in  Indian  Territory;  large 
rewards  are  offered  for  the  capture  of 
the  outlaws.  Nov.  17.  The  marshals 
surround  the  gang  and  kill  "Cherokee 
Bill."  Nov.  19.  The  officials  request 
the  assistance  of  U.  S.  troops.  Nov.  23. 
Two  of  the  gang  are  arrested.  Nov.  25. 
Several  more  arrested.  Nov.  28.  Four 
more  are  taken.] 


N.  J.    Clemens  Warner  is  stabbed 

and  killed  at  Sayrevilie   by   W.   Hart, 

who  escapes. 

Oct.  25.  New  York.  The  "Woman's 
Municipal  League  holds  a  mass-meet- 
ing in  Cooper  Union ;  President  Low, 
C.  S.  Fairchild,  Henry  George,  and  Dr. 
Parkhurst  make  addresses. 

Oct.  26.  Conn.  J.  A.  Francis,  teller  of 
the  City  Bank  of  Hartford,  is  in  jail  on 
the  charge  of  being  a  defaulter  for  about 
S23,000. 

Oct.  27.  N.  Y.  The  post-office  at 
Brewsters  is  robbed  of  between  $400 
and  $500  in  cash  and  stamps. 

Oct.  28.  O.  Incendiaries  bum  the 
home  of  J.  S.  Coxey  (Coxey's  Army), 
near  Massillon. 

Pa.    A  miners'  boarding-house  near 

Wilkesbarre  is  wrecked  by  itnknown 
dynamiters  ;  three  men  are  killed  and 
several  wounded. 

Oct.  30.  Chicago.  A  clerk  is  overpow- 
ered and  about  $6,000  worth  of  jewelry 
and  ^vatches  stolen  from  a  jewelry  store 
by  two  robbers,  who  make  their  escape. 

Oct.  31.  Ky.  A-  mob  in  Crittenden 
County  lynches  "  Eddy  "  Martin  because 
he  refused  to  turn  State's  evidence 
against  his  friend,  Pauper  Commis- 
sioner Goode. 

Nov.  1.  Chicago.  T.  Brady  is  arrested 
with  three  others  for  holding  up  a 
street-car  and  attempting  to  mb  its  pas- 
.sengers,  taking  from  one  a  diiimond  pin. 

Nov.  2.  New  York.  The  grand  jury  in- 
dicts more  police-officers  for  bribery. 

Nov.  3.  .V.  Y.  Dr.  T.  DeAVitt  Tal- 
mage, after  an  all-around-the-world 
tour,  arrives  in  Brooklyn. 

N.    Y.    William    Gipps,    of   Buffalo, 

kills  his  mother  and  seriously  wounds 
his  father. 

Nov.  7.  Chicago.  Several  men  are  shot 
at  the  polls  ;  a  defeated  candidate  shoots 
two  men,  and  a  gang  of  eight  men  fire 
volleys  at  election  officers  at  one  polling- 
place,  wounding  three  men  ;  no  arrests 
are  made. 

Tex.    W.  A.  Turner,  express-agent  at 

Wylie  Station,  is  arrested,  charged  with 
taking  $1,500  from  a  Wells-Kargo  Ex- 
press Company  envelope,  and  substitut- 
ing paper. 

Nov.  8.  O.  Ex-Treasurer  Mandru*s  ac- 
counts in  Stark  County  show  a  shortage 
of  $ig,4^;  false  and  duplicate  entries 
appear  in  the  cash-book. 

Nov.  9.  O.  The  First  National  Bank  at 
Oberlin  is  broken  into  and  robbed  of 
about  $500  in  silver. 

Nov.  10.  Aia.  Four  thousand  ne- 
groes are  preparing  to  leave  for  Liberia, 
Africa,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Inter- 
national Migration  Society. 

M(l.    The  20th  annual  convention  of 

the  American  Bankers'  Association 
begins  in  Baltimore. 

Nov.  11.  Neto  York.  Charles  Miller, 
watchman  in  a  stone-works  at  Harlem, 
is  found  murdered  ;  there  is  no  clue  to 

the  perpetrators  of  the  crime. 

Nov.  13.    La.    The  Knights  of  Ijabor 

meet  in  convention  in  New  Orleans. 
Nov.  16.  O.  The  21st  national  conven- 
tion of  the  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union  meets  in  Cleveland. 
[Miss  Frances  E.  Willard  is  reelected 
president.] 

Miss.     Mayor  J.  W.  Harman  of  Lulu, 

and  Henry  Lawrence,  a  leading  jeweler 
of  the  town,  are  shot  and  killed  by  J.  W. 
Bond  and  his  brother. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1894,  Oct.  19-Nov.  21.     475 


Kov.  17.  /.  T.  The  Chotopa  Protec- 
tective  Association  is  organized  with  C2 
business  men  as  members  to  guard  tbe 
town  against  the  Cook  gang. 

-V.    r.     A   Ijaw   Enforcement 

League  is  organized  in  Brooklyn  ; 
George  F.  Elliott,  president. 

Va.    Nearly  3,000  men    go    out   on 

strike  at  Keynoldsville  and  Dubois. 

Nov.  18.  New  York,  Richard  Leach 
kills  his  housekeeper  in  West  Forty- 
ninth  Street,  and  alter  attempting  to 
kill  himself,  surrenders  to  the  police. 

Nov.  19.  Phila.  H.  H.  Holmes,  Mrs. 
Carrie  Pitezel,  and  Jepbthab  I>.  Howe 
are  arrested  for  participating  in  a 
fraudulent  life-insurance  scheme. 

New  York.    The  conference  to  form  a 

State  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs 
begins  its  session ;  Mrs.  J.  0.  Croly  is 
elected  president. 

Tenn.  Several  lynchers  of  six  ne- 
groes near  Kerrville  are  identified,  an4l 
their  names  given  at  the  trial  of  two 
suspected  men. 

Nov.  20.  Ala.  Three  negro  laborers 
are  killed  by  whites  at  Williams's  lum- 
ber-camp in  Escambia  County. 

Ark.     Amy    Seymour    shoots    and 

kills  Judge  Ferrell  in  Jonesboro,  and 

is  arrested. 

La.    The  Knights  of  Labor  reelect 

General  Master  Workman  Sovereign. 

Nov.  21.  New  York.  The  American 
Authors*  Guild  is  in  session,  James 
Grant  Wilson  presiding. 

Charges  of  neglect  of  duty  are  pre- 
ferred against  District-Attorney  Fel- 
lows, and  laid  before  Gov.  Flower. 

[Nov.  27.  He  files  his  answer.  Dec. 
22.    The  governor  dismisses  the  charges.] 

Mass.  The  American  Protective  As- 
sociation, 1,200  strong,  parades  in  Con- 
cord ;  it  is  stoned,  and  a  number  in- 
jured. 

STATE. 

1894  Oct.  19.  Chicago.  A  Federal 
grand  j  ury  indicts  officials  of  the  Santa 
F6  Railroad  for  violation  of  the  Inter- 
state Commerce  Law  in  paying  rebates. 

New  York.  Nathan  Strauss  with- 
draws from  the  Tammany  city  ticket, 
and  ex-Mayor  Hugh  J.  Grant  is  nomi- 
nated for  mayor  by  Tammany  Hall. 

Oct.  26.  D.  C.  The  German  Ambassa- 
dor informs  Secretary  Grcsbani  that  the 
importation  of  cattle  and  fresh  beef 
from  the  United  States  to  Germany  will 
soon  be  prohibited. 

Oct.  28.  Npw  York.  The  Committee 
of  Seventy  issues  an  address  charging 
tyranny,  corruption,  and  criminality 
against  Tammany  Hall. 

Oct.  29.  IJ.  C.  Secretary  Gresham  pro- 
tests against  Germany's  prohibition 
of  importation  of  American  cattle. 

Oct.  30.  JJ.  C.  The  Treasury  Depart- 
ment is  informed  that  Quebec,  having 
revoked  its  discriminating  stumpage 
dues  on  lumber  exported  from  the  prov- 
ince, Canadian  lumber  will  under  the 
new  tariff  come  into  this  country  free. 
f  '  President    Cleveland  sends  a  cable- 

gram of  sympathy  in  reply  to  one 
from  Czar  Nicholas  II.  announcing  the 
tleath  of  the  emperor's  father. 


Nov.  2.  D.C.  President  Cleveland  signs 
an  order  extending  the  classified  system 
in  the  civil  service. 

Nov.  3.  />.  O.  Secretary  Carlisle  decides 
tliat  ex-Vice-President  Morton's  coach- 
man, J.  I.  Howard,  comes  under  the 
contract  law  as  a  domestic  servant,  and 
therefore  ought  not  to  be  deported.  He 
is  released  from  detention. 

Nov.  4.  N.  r.  The  Committee  of 
Seventy  issues  a  final  appeal  to  New 
York  citizens  to  vote  for  honest  govern- 
ment. 

Nov.  6.  Netr  York.  Tammany's  ticket 
is  defeated  by  45,000  majority. 

U.  .S'.    The  Democracy  of  the  solid 

South  is  broken;  West  Virginia  is  Re- 
publican ;  in  Missouri  Hepublicaus  elect 
the  majority  of  Congressmen ;  in  Ten- 
nessee the  Republicans  elect  their  candi- 
date for  governor  [who  is  later  declared 
not  elected  by  the  Legislature]. 

Nov.  7.  .V.  r.  The  Constitutional 
Amendments  are  carried  by  majorities 
ranging  from  about  14,000  for  the  Su- 
preme Court  judges  to  over  3G,000  for  the 
State  apportionment.  The  Greater  New 
York  consolidation  scheme  is  carried  in 
all  but  two  places,  Mount  Vernon  and 
Flushing. 

Nov.  8.  N'ew  York.  Judge  Fitzgerald 
calls  attention  to  the  neglect  of  the  dis- 
trict attorney's  office  relative  to  the 
indictments  brought  for  illegal  regis- 
tration. 

Nov.  9.  Mo.  The  Federal  grand  jury  at 
Jackson  refuses  to  indict  the  State  au- 
thorities for  the  printing  of  State  war- 
rants in  imitation  of  United  States 
currency. 

New  York.  The  Committee  of  Sev- 
enty decides  to  continue  in  existence, 
and  cooperate  in  securing  "  an  honest, 
efficient,  economical,  ana  non-partisan 

government." 

Nov.  12.  D.  C.  The  Federal  Commis- 
sion appointed  to  investigate  the  Pull- 
man strike  submits  its  report  to  the 
President.     (See  Society.) 

Nov.  13.  D.  C.  Secretary  Carlisle  is- 
sues a  circular  calling  for  bids  for  a 
second  issue  of  $50,000,000  of  bonds. 

New    York.     A   Tenement   House 

Commission  opens  its  investigations. 

Nov.  17.  />.  C.  It  is  announced  that  the 
President  will  extend  the  civil  service 
regulations  to  the  Internal  Revenue 
Office. 

Nov.  19.  /.  T.  Officials  request  that 
troops  be  sent  to  suppress  lawlessness. 

Nov.  20.  />.  C.  Gold  is  withdrawn 
from  the  Treasury  for  the  purchase  of 
bonds. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Oct.  20.  Chicago.  Clothing  mnn- 
ufacturers  organize  the  Merchants'  As- 
sociation of  Chicago  ;  capital  repre- 
sented, over  $15,000,000. 

Oct.  22.  .V.  Y.  The  dwelling-house  of 
the  Rev.  Ross  Taylor  at  Nyack  is 
burned  in  the  night ;  four  children  are 
lost. 

Oct.  26.  Mich.  One  man  is  killed  and 
11  are  entombed  alive  in  the  Pewabic 
mine  at  Iron  Mountain.  [Oct.  27.  Res- 
cued.] 

A'.   ./.     The   Great  White  Spirit 

(Distilling)  Company  files  papers  of  in- 
corporation at  '1  renton,  with  a  paid-up 
capital  of  §5.000,000;  its  headquarters 
are  to  be  in  Boston. 


—  New  York.  The  Cunard  steamer  Lii- 
cania  arrives  after  reducing  the  west- 
em  record  by  20  minutes. 

Oct.  28.  Pa.  Two  men  are  killed  and 
several  injured  by  a  rear-end  train 
collision  on  the  Pennsylvania  road, 
near  Philadelphia. 

Oct.  30.  Ger.  The  embargo  on  Amer- 
ican cattle  is  extended  to  all  parts  of 
the  empire. 

Neio  York.    Seven  persons  are  killed 

in  a  tenement-house  fire  on  the  West 
Side. 

Nov.  2.  Neb.  Three  firemen  are  buried 
under  tons  of  brick  and  timber  at  a  big 
fire  at  South  Omaha;  property  loss, 
$500,000. 

Nov.  3.  Ind.  The  Scottish  Rite  Build- 
ing, the  Natural  Gas  Building,  and  the 
Indiana  Medical  College,  in  Indianap- 
olis, are  burned  ;    loss,  $200,000  and  a 

valuable  Masonic  Library. 

Nov.  4.  Cat.  A  fire  in  San  Francisco 
causes  a  loss  of  $300,000. 

±  La.  Race  troubles  in  New  Or- 
leans cause  incendiary  fires. 

Nov.  5±.  Chicago,  A  number  of  fami- 
lies leave  Pullman  for  Hiawatha,  Kan., 
to  join  the  new  cooperative  colony 
there,  some  of  them  former  employees 
in  the  Pullman  shops. 

Ga.    Fires  break  out  in  four  foreign 

steamers  loading  cotton  at  Savannah. 

Nov.  6.  D.  C.  The  Court  of  Appeals 
decides  against  the  Blodgett  claim, 
which  has  clouded  titles  to  real  estate 
in  the  finest  residential  part  of  Wash- 
ington. 

Ga.    Fire  is  discovered  on  six  more 

cotton-steamers  at  Savannah  ;  loss,  550,- 
000.  R.  F,  Harmon,  the  stevedore  in 
charge  of  the  non-union  men,  is  threat- 
ened with  death,  by  letter. 

Nov.  7.  Pa.  Six  men  are  killed  and 
$200,000  worth  of  property  is  destroyed 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  in 
a  collision  caused  by  disobedience  to 
orders. 

Nov.  10+.  /.  T.  Near  Wilburton  400 
Choctaws  are  on  the  war-path. 

N.    Y.     The  four-masted   coal-laden 

schooner  Massasoit,  of  Taunton,  Mass.. 
is  driven  ashore  in  a  blinding  snow- 
storm on  Long  Beach,  Ijong  Island  ;  the 
captain,  wife,  and  crew  of  11  men  are 
rescued  by  the  life-saving  patrol. 

+    Forest  fires  are  raging  in  west 

Tennessee,  north  Mississippi,  and  east 
Arkansas;  several  plantations  are  dev- 
astated, and  the  tenants  left  homeless. 

Nov.  12.  Phila.  The  new  steamship 
5/.  Louis,  of  the  American  Line,  is 
laimched. 

Nov.  15.  Pa.  A  big  coal-breaker 
near  Plymouth  is  burned  ;  loss,  nearly 
$200,000;  about  300  people  are  thrown 
out  of  work. 

Nov.  19.  New  York.  The  right  to  tax 
in  this  city  the  estate  of  Jay  Gould 
and  the  property  of  his  children,  who 
declare  they  reside  elsewhere,  is  affirmed 
in  the  Supreme  Court. 


476      1894,  Nov.  21 -Dec.  14. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Nov.  21.  D.  C.  Gen.  Miles 
formally  takes  command  of  tho  Mili- 
tary Department  of  the  East. 

Dec.  3.  Md.  The  unamaored  criiiser 
Baltimore  is  ordered  to  proceed  to  Taku, 
aud  furjiisli  a  guard  of  marines  for  duty 
at  the  American  legation  at  Peking. 

Dec.  13.  Utah.  The  invading  TJte  In- 
diana agree  to  return  to  Colorado ;  the 
Utah  militia  returns  to  Salt  Lake. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Nov.  25  +  .  Ariz.  The  discovery  of 
a  wonderful  village  of  cliff-dwellers  in 
the  Bradshaw  Mountains  is  announced. 
The  houses  number  2G0,  and  some  have 
been  explored ;  large  quantities  of  pot- 
tery and  some  agricultural  (?)  instru- 
ments have  been  found. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1894. 
Nov.  21.     Wyman,  Andrew  A.,  jurist,  A64. 

Adams,  James  T.,  jurist,  dies. 

Nov.  23.     Walters,   W.   T.,  philanthropist, 

art  collector,  A74. 
Nov.  30.     Brown,  Joseph  E.,  Gov.,  senator 

for  Ga.,  A75. 
Brush,  G.  R.,  medical  Inspector  U.  8.  N., 

A59. 
1)60.  4.    Abbett,  Leon,  Gov.  N.  J.,  jurist, 

A58. 
Dec.  6.    CampbeU,  A.  J.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y., 

A66. 
I>ec.  7.    Browne,  John  M.,  medical  director 

U.  S.  N.,  A63. 
Deo.  12.    Wright,  J.  U.,  broker,  dies. 


CHURCH. 

1894  Dec.  10.  New  York.  The  Amer- 
ican Moslem  Institute  unanimously 
repudiates  Mohammed  Alexander  Rus- 
sell Webb,  who  is  charged  with  drunken- 
ness. 

Dec.  13.  Boston.  The  16th  annual  ses- 
sion of  the  Church  Congress  (Protes- 
tant Episcopal)  of  America  opens. 

LETTERS. 

1894  Dec.  1.  .V.  Y.  The  Brooklyn 
Catholic  Historical  Society  is  incor- 
porated for  purposes  of  historical  and 
literary  research  with  a  Catholic  trend. 

Dec.  4.  N.  Y.  The  Brace  Memorial 
Farm  School  in  Westchester  Coxmty  is 
formally  opened. 

Dec.  12.  Mass.  Dr.  Dudley  A.  Sargent 
of  Harvard  proposes  to  make  athletics 
a  part  of  the  regular  curriculum  for  a 
degree. 

Phila.  Ex-minister  W.  Potter  pre- 
sents to  the  University  of  Pennsylva- 
nia a  complete  set  of  Hansard 's  Par- 
liamentary Debates — 4^  volumes,  and 
covers  the  proceedings  of  the  British 
Parliament  from  1803  to  1891. 

SOCIETY. 

1804  Nov.  22.  New  York.  Charges 
against  Police  Justice  Diwer  are  filed 
with  Chief  Justice  Daley,  of  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas,  by  W.  H.  Hale,  a 
Brooklyn  lawyer. 

[Dec.  17.  Further  charges  are  made 
and  his  trial  begins.  Dec.  28.  Found 
not  guilty.] 


Nov.  23.  La.  The  Knights  of  Labor  in 
convention  at  New  Orleans  by  resolu- 
tion protest  against  the  issue  of  $50,- 
000,000  bonds  by  the  Government  as 
an  outrage  on  the  toiling  masses. 

Nov.  24±.  New  York.  The  Shoe  and 
Leather  National  Bank  is  discovered  to 
have  been  robbed  of  $354,000  by  Samuel 
C.  Seeley,  a  bookkeeper. 

[Nov.  25.  Frederick  S.  Baker,  an  ac- 
complice, is  found  drowned  in  Hem|>- 
stead  Harbor,  Long  Islan<i.  Dec.  11. 
Seeley  is  arrested  in  Chicago,  and  later 
sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  eight 
years.] 

Tex.     Two     thieves    who     raided 

Shiner,  robbing  A.  G.  Wangeman  of 
about  $20,000,  and  setting  fire  to  the 
busiest  part  of  the  town,  are  arrested. 

Nov.  25.  Minn.  Herant  M.  Kiretsch- 
jian,  secretary  of  the  Phil-Armenic  As- 
sociation of  the  Northwest,  has  issued 
an  appeal  from  Minneapolis  to  tlie 
people  of  the  United  States,  soliciting 
contributions  for  the  suffering  Arme- 
nians. 

Nov.  26.  7.  T.  A  freight-train  is  fired 
on  by  seven  mounted  bandits,  but  no- 
body is  hurt ;  the  engineer  refused  to 
stop  the  train. 

Nov.  27.  Chicago.  Lawyer  E.  P.  Hil- 
liard  is  killed  in  his  office  by  E.  C. 
Hastings,  a  milkman. 

New  York.    The  City  Vigilance 

Xjeague  gives  a  dinner  in  honor  of  Dr. 
Parkhurst. 

Nov.  28,  Ore.  Six  masked  men  raid 
a  gambling  hotel  in  Baker  City;  they 
secure  about  §11,200  and  escape. 

O.  Strikers  set  fire  to  the  stave- 
sheds  of  the  Shelley  Brothers'  factory  in 
Holgate ;  damage  about  $24,000. 

New  York.    An  illicit  distillery  in 

Kivington  Street  is  raided  ;  the  appara- 
tus and  a  quantity  of  raw  material  are 
seized. 

Tex.  Sheriff  McGee  is  killed  at  Ca- 
nadian City  hy  bandits  who  try  to  rob 
an  express- tram. 

Dec.  2,  New  York.  John  Burns,  the 
English  labor  leader  and  socialist,  ar- 
rives. 

Dec.  3.  N.J.  Tlie  Hoboken  post-oflftce 
is  robbed  of  $7,350  in  stamps  by  the  use 
of  duplicate  keys. 

Dec.  4.  New  York.  The  new  Seton 
Hospital  for  consumptives  at  Spuyten 
Duyvil  Parkway  is  opened  by  Arch- 
bishop Corrigan. 

Dec.  6.  Conn.  The  National  "Wo- 
man's Indian  Association  is  in  session 
at  New  Haven. 

Tex.    Three  men  hold  up  a  train, 

and  secure  $140,000. 

Dec.  7.  N.  Y.  Parts  of  the  eastern  dis- 
trict of  Brooklyn  are  raided  by  thieves. 

Utah.    Settlers   arm    to   drive    the 

Utes  out  of  southeastern  Utah. 

Dec.  8.  Minn.  The  convention  of  the 
National  Municipal  League  opens  in 

Minneapolis. 

/.  T.    Col.  A.  J.  Blackwell  i."  tortured 

in  David  by  Cherokee  Indians  for  selling 
land  in  their  reservation. 

.S.  C.  The  House  passes  a  bill  de- 
claring that  intoxication  and  the  use 
of  obscene  and  profane  language  are 

misdemeanors. 


A')/.    Two    unknown    masked    men 

force  an  entrance  into  the  house  of 
Thomas  ICdgerton  at  Springfield,  and 
shoot  and  kill  him  in  the  presence  of 
his  wife  and  five  children. 

Dec.  9.  la.  The  Sioux  City  grand  jury 
return  52  indictments  against  ex-county 
officials  and  members  and  ex-members 
of'the  Jioard  of  Supervisors. 

Tex.     Ex-Cashier  W.  F.  Brice,  of  the 

City  National  Bank  of  Quanah,  is 
charged  with  embezzlement,  aggregat- 
ing 4=;i7,500,  of  which  §20,000  is  from 
Kansas  City,  $10,000  from  St.  Louis,  and 
$7,500  from  New  York  banks. 

Dec.  10.  <'o/o.  The  convention  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  opens 
in  Denver.  John  Burns,  M.P.,  the  Eng- 
lish labor  leader,  makes  an  address. 

Neir   York.    The  trial  of  ex-Capt. 

Stephenson  for  blackmailing  and  ac- 
cepting a  bribe  is  begun.  [He  is  found 
guilty  on  Dec.  12,  and  on  Dec.  26  sen- 
tenced to  three  and  a  half  years.imi)ris- 
onment  and  to  pay  a  fine  of  $1,000.] 

Dec.  11.  New  York.  The  members  of 
Typographical  Union  No.   6,   by  a 

vote  of  l,04it  to  4*4,  adopt  a  resolution 
calling  for  the  destruction  of  the 
liquor-traffic  in  both  State  and  na- 
tion. 

O.  Two  counterfeiters,  with  a  com- 
plete counterfeiting  apparatus  and  bat- 
teries and  a  quantity  of  spurious  coins, 
are  captured  in  Mansfield. 

D.  C.  The  Labor  Commission  ap- 
pointed to  investigate  the  great  railway 
strike  reports. 

It  recommends  that  there  be  a  per- 
manent United  States  Strike  Commis- 
sion of  three  members,  with  powers 
similar  to  those  vested  in  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission,  to  deal  with 
disputes  between  railroad  companies 
and  their  employees,  etc. 

Dec.  12.  O.  W.H.  Price,  printing-press 
manufacturer,  is  killed  by  a  burglar  at 
his  home  in  Cleveland. 

Dec.  13.  Chicago.  The  National  Civil 
Service  Keform  League  reelects  Carl 
Schurz  president,  and  passes  resolu- 
tions demanding  further  extension  of 
the  classified  service. 

The  Congress  of  Arbitration  and 
Conciliation  is  in  session. 

— —  Colo.  A  third  woman  is  found 
strangled  in  Denver  by  unknown  per- 
sons. 

N.  H.    Frank  A.  McKean,  cashier  of 

the  Indian  llead  National  Bank  of 
Nashua,  is  missing ;  shortage,  $30,000. 

Neir  York.    Police  Captain  'West- 

ervelt  is  put  on  trial  before  the  Police 
Board  for  allowing  policy  shops  to  be 
run  in  his  precinct. 

Dec.  14.  Ariz.  One  train-robber  is 
sentenced  to  death  in  the  District  Court 
of  Pinal  County,  and  another  to  30  years' 
imprisonment. 

D.  C.  A  big  strike  of  street-rail- 
way employees  begins  at  Washington. 

Tenn.    Chancellor  A.  Allison,  of  the 

Davidson  County  Chancery  Court,  is 
instantly  killed  by  Clerk  6.  K.  Whit- 
worth,  of  the  same  court,  who  at  once 
fatally  wounds  himself  with  the  same 
revolver;  he  was  incensed  by  Mr.  Alli- 
son's appointing  another  clerk  in  bis 
place. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1894,  Nov.  21-Dec.  14.    477 


STATE. 

1894    Nov.  21.    D.  C.    Tho  commission 

appointed  to  investigate  tlie  present  sys- 
tem of  tribal  government  of  the  Indians 
recommends  its  abolition. 

Nov.  22.  Tex.  A  grand  jury  returns  in- 
dictments against  the  Standard  Oil 
Trust  for  violation  of  the  laws  of  the 
St.ite. 

Nov.  23.  D.  C.  The  new  commercial 
treaty  between  the  United  States  and 
Japan  is  signed  in  Washington. 

Nov.  24.  n.  C.  Bids  for  the  new  loan 
are  opened  at  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment ;  proposals  aggregating  over  $154,- 
000,000  are  received.  [Nov.  20.  Secretary 
Carlisle  awards  the  whole  issue  of  the 
new  bonds  to  the  Stewart  syndicate 
at  its  bid  of  117.077.] 

Nov.  30.  ,V.  r.  Gov.  Flower  on  techni- 
cal grounds  refuses  to  grant  extradition 
papers  for  the  ofHcers  of  the  Standard 
Oil  Company  to  the  governor  of  Texas. 

Dec.  1.  Ala.  W.  C.  Oates  is  inaugu- 
rated at  Montgonierv  as  governor  of 
Alabama  ;  Capt.  Kolb,  the  defeated 
(Populist)  candidate,  also  takes  the  oath 
of  office,  but  there  is  no  disturbance. 

Dec.  3.    B.C.    The  53d  Congress;  the 

third  session  opens. 

Only  routine  business  is  transacted  in 
both  Houses  ;  the  President's  message 
is  read. 
Deo.  5.  n.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  a  closure  resolution,  and  re- 
fers a  resolution  calling  for  information 
as  to  the  surrender  of  the  two  Japa- 
nese students  by  the  American  Consul 
in  Shanghai,  China.  [Dec.  28.  The  Gov- 
ernment demands  satisfaction  for  their 
surrender.]  The  House  passes  the  Print- 
ing Bill. 
Dec.  6.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  Morgan  Bill  to  amend  the 
act  incorporating  the  Maritime  Canal 
Company  of  Nicaragua.  [39  discus- 
sions follow.] 

The  Treasury  reserve  reaches  its 
highest  recent  mark,  standing  at  $111,- 
142,000. 
Dec.  7.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
refers  to  the  Committee  on  Privileges 
and  Elections  the  Federal  Elections 
Bill  providing  for  the  repeal  of  all  stat- 
utes relating  to  supervisors  of  elections 
and  special  deputy-marshals.  [1895. 
Feb.  7.  Passes  Senate.  Feb.  12.  Ap- 
proved by  the  President.] 

It  is  announced  that  President  Cleve- 
land will  send  an  independent  commis- 
sion to  investigate  the  outrages  com- 
mitted by  Turks  and  Kurds  upon  the 
defenseless  Armenians. 

The  Chinese  treaty,  regulating  im- 
migration, is  ratified  in  Washington. 

Deo.  8.  New  York.  Sir  Julian  Paunoe- 
fote,  British  .\mbassador,  arrives  on  his 
way  to  Washington. 

Dec.  9.  Cal.  The  Republicans  decide  to 
contest  the  election  of  James  H.  Budd 
as  governor,  on  the  ground  of  extensive 
frauds. 

Dec.  10.  T>.  r.  Congress ;  Senate  :  A 
resolution  asking  Secretary  Gresham 
for  the  corresiK>ndence  in  the  Bering 
Sea  damage  cases    is    passed ;   in    the 

'  House,  R.  Hitt  of  111.  introduces  a  reso- 


lution calling  for  the  papers  touching 
the  proposed  payment  of  $425,000  to 
Great  Britain  under  the  Bering  Sea 
award ;  .Joseph  L.  Rawlins  of  Ut<ah 
introduces  a  bill  annexing  to  Utah  that 
portion  of  Arizona  north  of  the  Colo- 
rado River. 

The  President  sends  the  report  of  the 
Strike  Commission  to  Congress. 

Dec.  11.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  railroad  Anti-Pooling  Bill 
after  four  discussions.  Vote,  106-110. 
Bill  introduced  May  31.  [Dec.  13.  Sen- 
ate :  Referred  to  the  Committee  on  In- 
terstate Commerce.] 

Boston.  The  Republicans  elect  Ed- 
win U.  Curtis  mayor.     Plurality,  1,G00. 

S.  C.    Ex-Gov.  Benjamin  R.  Tillman 

is  elected  Senator  over  Senator  M.  C. 
Butler.     Vote,  131-21. 

Dec.  12.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate:  A 
motion  to  take  up  the  bill  repealing  tho 
differential  duty  on  refined  sugar  is 
defeated.  Vote,  23-27.  A  motion  to  con- 
sider a  closure  resolution  is  defeated. 
Vote,  24-34 ;  in  the  House  the  Committee 
of  the  Whole  refuses  to  strike  out  from 
the  Urgent  Deficiency  Bill  the  appro- 
priation for  the  collection  of  the  in- 
come tax.    Vote,  &t-127. 

A',  r.    Consolidation  is  carried  in 

Brooklyn  by  an  official  majority  of  277. 

Dee.  13.  D.C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Nicaragnia  Canal  Bill  is  discussed. 

The  Senate  Rules  Committee  reaches 
a  deadlock  on  a  proposal  to  adopt  clo- 
sure on  revenue  and  appropriation  bills; 
Senator  Gorman  is  absent. 

Secretary  Carlisle  issues  a  circular 
calling  for  bids  for  a  third  issue  of 
$50,000,000  of  5  per  cent  ten-year 
bonds. 
Dec.  14.  n.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  resolution  calling  for  the  cor- 
respondence in  relation  to  Secretary 
Gresham*8  promise  to  pay  $425,000  dam- 
ages to  Canadian  sealers. 


MISCELLANEOUS, 

1894  Nov.  21':.  iris.  Thesurveyun- 
der  Congressional  authority  of  a  route 
for  a  proposed  22-foot  ship-canal  from 
Lake  Superior  through  White  Birch,  to 
the  Mississippi  River,  near  Saint  Louis 
or  Minneapolis,  is  completed. 

Nov.  22,  New  York.  Gold  is  bought 
by  intending  subscribers  for  Govern- 
ment bonds  at  a  slight  premium. 

Nov.  23.  The  steamer  Ozama  of  the 
Clyde  Line  is  lost  off  the  Carolina  coast. 

Nov.  24.  lur!.  Suit  is  filed  .at  Winam.-ic, 
involving  land  worth  over  $200,000, 
on  which  over  100  farmers  are  settled. 

A  syndicate  representing  30  banks 

in  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Boston,  and 
Chicago,  bids  116.8808  for  any  part  of  the 
government  bonds  offered  for  sale,  or 
117.077  for  the  whole  $,50,000,000. 

Nov.  26.  ^fo.  The  Trans-Mississippi 
Congress  meets  in  St,  Louis,  [Nov,  28. 
It  demands  free  silver  at  the  ratio  of  16 
tol.] 


Neb.  Judge  Dundy  at  Omaha  de- 
clares the  Nebraska  Maximum 
Freight  Bate  Law  unconstitutional. 

Nov.  27.  Neto  York.  Over  $26,000,- 
000  in  gold  is  deposited  in  the  Sub- 
Treasury  in  payment  of  the  new  bonds. 

I'a.    Judge  Dallas  declines  to  order 

the  Reading  receivers  to  reinstate  the 
discharged  employees. 

Nov.  28.  Conn.  The  schooner  Annie  J. 
Pardee  is  wrecked  off  Saybrook;  the 
life-saving  men  are  unable  to  rescue  the 
captain  and  crew  of  nine. 

O.    The  Iiozier  Bicycle  "Works  at 

Toledo  are  burned  ;  loss,  $500,000. 

Nov.  29.  Mass.  A  train  strikes  a 
large  vehicle  loaded  with  football 
players  and  others  at  Southbridge,  kill- 
ing two  and  injuring  many,  several 
fatally. 

Nov.  30.  Wash.  Fourteen  acres  cf 
flUed-in  land  at  Tacoma  are  engulfed 
by  the  waters  of  Puget  Sound. 

Dec.  5.  D.  C.  The  Governments'  special 
report  estimates  that  over  75,000,000 
bushels  of  wheat  of  this  year's  crop 
will  be  fed  to  stock  because  of  the  low 
price  of  wheat  in  the  market. 

±    N.  Y.    The  tramp  steamer  Dorian 

runs  down  the  schooner  Clara  B. 
Simpson  off  Eaton's  Neck,  Long  Island 
Sound  ;  three  lives  are  lost. 

Dec.  6  I- .  Tex.  Western  Texas  is  swept 
by  fire ;  25,000,000  acres  of  grass  are  con- 
sumed. 

Deo.  7.  Turk.  By  invitation  of  the  Sul- 
tan of  Turkey,  an  American  will  ac- 
company the  Commission  of  Inquiry  to 
Armenia.    [Later,  he  is  rejected.] 

Dec.  8.  N.  Y.  A  wharfage  trust  is 
organized  in  Brooklyn,  having  a  capi- 
tal of  $30,000,000. 

Nero  York.    The  French  Line  steamer 

La  Ilourf/ogne  sails  for  Havre  with 
$1,250,000,  the  first  large  shipment  of 
gold  for  many  months. 

Dee.  9.  Pa.  The  Shenango  Glass 
Works  at  Newcastle  are  burned ;  loss, 
$100,000 ;  300  men  are  thrown  out  of  work. 

Dec.  10.  Conn.  A  sperm-whale  nearly 
40  feet  long  is  caught  in  Fisher's  Island 
Sound. 

N.  Y.    James  Mahar,  an  American, 

dies  of  starvation  in  the  Brooklyn  City 
Hospital,  having  been  eight  days  with- 
out food  while  unsuccessfully  looking 
for  work, 

Dec.  11.  Chicago.  Two  persons  are  killed 
and  10  seriously  injured  by  a  cable-car 
collision. 

A'.  Y.    Birge's  wall-paper  factory 

in  Buffalo  is  destroyed  by  fire ;  loss, 
$500,000 ;  over  500  employees  are  thrown 
out  of  work. 

Pa.  Pittsburg  car-lines  consoli- 
date under  the  .Second  Avenue  Trac- 
tion Company,  with  a  paid-up  capital  of 
.$5,000,000, 

Dec.  13  +  .  7).  C.  Secretary  Lamont  de- 
cides that  the  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
bridge,  over  the  Hudson,  must  be  a 
suspension  bridge. 


478     1894,  Dec.  14-Dec.  30. 


AMERICA; 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Dec.  15.  la.  Important  gold 
discoveries  are  made  iu  Iowa  Gulch. 

Deo.  27 1.  Boston.  The  American 
Chemical  Society  opens  its  loth  gen- 
eral  meeting  with  75  members  present. 

N.  J.    The  3il  annual  meeting  of  the 

American  Psychological  Association 
begins  at  Princeton  College. 

*  »  Boston.  The  public  library  build- 
ing is  completed  at  a  cost  of  $2,000,000. 

•  *  Mass.  AlvanG.Clarkof  Cambridgeis 
making  a  40-inch  lens  for  the  Chicago 
University. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1894. 

Deo.  14.      Poltieinus,    .lohu,    publisher, 
printer,  A68. 

Porter,  .Josiah,  adj.-gen.,  A63. 

Dec.  15.    Lord,  Jolin,  historian,   lecturer, 
dies. 

Dec.   16.    Oilflllan,  .lames,  jurist,  AM. 

Dec.  19.     Kelly,  Eugene,  banker,  ASK. 

Dec.  SO.     Alcorn,  J.  L.,  Gov.  of  Miss.,  sen- 
ator, A78. 

Dec.  26.    .Simpson,  .Tames,  merchant,  A47. 

Van   Fleet,  Aljraliain,   vice-chancellor, 

N.  J.,  A.  64. 

Dec.  29.     Fair,  .lames,  "  bonanza  million- 
aire," senator  for  C^al.,  .\ti3. 

Dec.  .30.    Fitzgerald.  John,  president  Irish 
National  League  of  America,  AM. 


CHURCH. 

1894  Dec.  14.  Md.  The  Unitarian 
Conference  of  churches  in  the  Middle 
States  and  Canada  begins  its  session  in 
Baltimore. 

Deo.  20.  An  Evangelical  Alliance 
Committee  urges  Secretary  Gresham 
to  influence  the  protection  of  Christians 
in  Armenia. 

Homan    Catholics  in    this  country 

are  forbidden,  by  order  of  Pope  Leo, 
to  belong  to  the  Sons  of  Temperance, 
the  Knights  of  Pythias,  or  the  Odd 
Fellows. 

Dec.  30.  New  York.  A  mass-meeting  is 
held  to  protest  against  the  Armenian 
persecutions,  Chauncey  M.  Depew 
being  the  chief  speaker. 

*  •  The  Slavonian  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  is  organized. 

*  *  Ore.  The  General  Assembly  (tTnited 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Albany ;  John 
A.  Wilson,  moderator. 

*  *  Wash.  The  Universalist  State  Con- 
vention is  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1894    Deo.  27.    Phlla.   The  first  Con-    . 
greaa  of  Philologists  ever  held  iu  this 
country  opens. 

*  *  Poems  Here  at  Home,  by  James  Whit- 
comb  Riley,  appears.  . 

*  *  Ivan  the  Viking,  by  Paul  du  Chaillu, 
appears. 

*  •  Pudd'nhead  Wilson,  by  Mark  Twain,    ' 
appears. 

*  *  JohnsorCs  Universal   Cyclopedia  (new    * 
and  enlarged  edition),  Charles  K.  Adams, 
editor,  appears. 

*  *  .4  jlfoK7irfq/'il/a7iy  Cities,  by  Frederick    ' 
Jones  Bliss,  appears. 


*  *  A  Student's  Text-Book  of  Botany,  by 
Sidney  H.  Vines,  appears. 

*  *  Basal  Concepts  in  Philosophy,  by  Al- 
exander T.  Ormond,  appears. 

*  •  Hoyer  Williams,  by  Oscar  S.  Straus, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Animal  as  a  Machine  and  a  Prime 
Motor,  and  the  Laws  of  Energetics,  by 
Robert  H.  Thurston,  appears. 

*  *  A  Protegie  of  Jack  Hamlin's,  by  Bret 
Harte,  appears. 

*  *  Overheard  in  Arcady,  by  Robert  S. 
Bridges,  appears. 

*  *  Modern  Mystics  and  Modem  Magic, 
by  Arthur  Lillie,  appears. 

*  *  Edward  Livingston  Voumans,  by  John 
Fiske,  appears;  also  A  History  of  the 
United  States  for  Schools. 

*  *  Dante  Gabriel  Rosseiti,  by  F.  G. 
Stephens,  appears. 

*  *  A  Short  History  of  the  Crusades,  by 
Jacob  Isidor  Mombert,  appears. 

►  *  Congreyationalists  in  America,  by  Al- 
bert E.  Dunning,  appears. 

►  •  Modern  Methods  of  Sewerage  Disposal, 
by  George  E.  Waring,  Jr.,  appears. 

»  *  A  History  of  the    United  States,  by 

Allen  C.  Thomas,  appears. 
'  *  A     History     of    the     Congregational 

Churches  in  the  United  States,  by  Wil- 

liston  Walker,  appears. 
^  *  An  Illustrated  Dictionary  of  Medicine, 

Biology,  and  Allied  Sciences,  by  George 

M.  Gould,  appears. 
'  *  A  History  of  the  Mental   Growth  of 

Mankind  in  Ancient  Times,  by  John  S. 

ilittell,  appears. 
'  *  A     Historical     Sketch    of    Unitarian 

Movement  since  the  Reformation,  by  Jo- 
seph H.  Allen,  appears. 

*  A  Traveler  from  Altrnria,  by 'WllUstm 
Bean  Howells,  appears. 

*  Climbing  and  Exploration  in  the  Ka- 
rakoram- Himalayas,  by  William  Martiu 
Conway,  appears. 

*  A  Champion  of  the  Cross,  by  Charles 
F.  Sweet,  appears. 

*  The  Silva  of  North  America,  by 
Charles  S.  Sargent,  appears. 

*  The  Sherman  Letters,  edited  by  Rachel 
Sherman  Thorndike,  appears. 

*  The  Study  of  Animal  Life,  by  J.  Ar- 
thur Thomson,  appears. 

*  Life  of  Frances  Power  Cobbe,  by  Her- 
self, appears. 

*  Glimpses  of  Unfamiliar  Japan,  by 
Lafcadio  Hearn,  appears.  "* 

*  Wealth  Against  Commonwealth,  by 
Henry  Demarest  Lloyd,  appears.  * 

*  The  Interpretation  of  Nature,  by  Na- 
thaniel Southgate  Shaler,  appears.  * 

*  Tlie  History  of  Illinois  ami  Louisiana 
under  French  Rule,  by  Joseph  Wallace,    * 
appears. 

*  The  Growth  and  Influence  of  Classical    * 
Greek  Poetry,  by  J.  C.  Jebb,  appears. 

*  In  the  Land   of  the   Cave  aiul   Cliff-    * 
Dwellers,  by  Lieut.  Frederick  Schwatka, 
appears.  % 

*  Economic  Geology  of  Ihf  United  .Stales, 
by  Ralph  S.  Tarr,  appears. 


*  *  The  First  Stages  of  the  Tariff  Policy 
in  the  United  States,  by  William  Hill, 
appears. 

*  *  A  Standard  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language,  Isaac  K.  Funk  editor-in- 
chief,  appears. 

*  *  Reed's  Rules,  by  Thomas  B.  Reed,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Essay  Horace  Chase,  by  Constance 
Fenimore  Woolson,  appears. 

*  *  jTri^fcj;,  by  GeorgeduMaurier,  appears. 

*  *  Roman  and  Medieval  Art,  by  W.  H. 
Goodyear,  appears. 

*  *  Louisiana  Studies,  by  Alcee  Fortler, 
appears. 

*  *  Sewage  Disposal  in  the  United  States, 
by  George  W.  Rafter,  appears. 

*  *  The  Story  of  Two  Noble  Lives,  by 
Augustus  J.  C.  Hare,  appears. 

*  *  Japan,  by  David  Murray,  appears. 

*  *  Pomona's  Travels,  by  Frank  R.  Stock- 
ton, appears. 

*  *  Marion  Darche,  by  F.  Marion  Craw- 
ford, appears  ;  also,  Katherine  Lauder- 
dale. 

*  *  The  Copperhead,  by  Harold  Frederic, 
appears. 

*  *  Brothers  and  Strangers,  by  Agnes 
Blake  Poor,  appears. 

'  *  The  Monism  of  Man,  by  David  Allyn 

Gorton,  appears. 
►  •  Leonidas  Polk,  Bishop  and  General, 

by  William  M.  Polk,  appears. 
'  *  The  Pottery  and  Porcelain  of  the  U.  S., 

by  Edwin  Altee  Barber,  appears. 
"  *  Studies  of  the  Stage,  by  Brander  Mat- 
thews, appears. 
'  •  The   Ore    Deposits   of  the   U.  S.,  by 

James  F.  Kemp,  appears. 
'  *  Landmarks  of  a  Literary  Life,  by  Mrs. 

Newton  Crosland,  appears. 
'  *  Total  Eclipses  of  the  Stin,  by  Mabel 

Loomis  Todd,  appears. 
'  *  Aji  Essay  on  Judicial  Power  and  Un- 

cottstitutional    Legislation,    by  Brinton 

Coxe,  appears. 

*  Cartier  to  Frontenac,  by  Justin  Win- 
sor,  appears. 

*  History  for  Ready  Reference,  by  J.  N. 
Larned,  appears. 

*  Samuel  Longfellow,  by  Joseph  May, 
appears. 

*  The  Art  of  Music,  by  C.  Herbert  and 
H.  Parry,  appears. 

*  Personal  Recollections  of  Nathaniel 
Hawthorne,  by  Horatio  Bridge,  appears. 

*  Wah-Kee-Nah  and  Her  People,  by 
James  C.  Strong,  appears. 

*  Good  Old  Dorchester,  by  W.  D.  Orcutt, 
appears. 

*  Art  in  Theory,  by  George  Lansing 
Raymond,  appears. 

*  Secularism,  its  Progress  and  Morals, 
by  John  M.  Bonham,  appears. 

*  On  the  Offensive,  by  George  J.  Put- 
man,  appears. 

»  Recollections  of  a  Virginian  in  the 
Mexican,  Indian,  and  Civil  Wars,  by 
Dabney  H.  Maury,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.  1894,  Dec.  14-Dec.  30.      479 


*  *  Abraham  Lincoln,  Complete  Works,  by 
John  G.  Nicolay  and  Joliu  Hay,  appears. 

*  *  General  Scott,  by  Marcus  J.  Wright, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Evolution  of  Woman,  by  Eliza 
Burt  Gramble,  appears. 

*  *  The  Spanish  Pioneers,  by  Charles  F. 
Luiumis,  appears. 

*  *  Fatnotis  Companies  and  Their  Works, 
by  J.  K.  Paine,  Theodore  Thomas,  and 
Karl  Klauser,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  Philosophy  of  History, 
by  Robert  Flint,  appears. 

*  *  v4  History  of  the  United  States  Navy 
from  1775  to  1893,  by  Edgar  Staunton 
Maclay,  appears. 

*  *  The  Recipe  for  Diamonds,  by  C.  -T. 
Cutcliffe  Hyne,  appears. 

*  *  Pastime  Stories,  by  Thomas  Nelson 
Page,  appears. 

*  •  The  Holy  Cross,  by  Eugene  Field, 
appears. 

*  *  Bayou  Folk,  by  Kate  Chopin,  appears. 

*  *  Pembroke,  by  Mary  E.  Wilklns,  ai>- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  Dec.  15.  Chicntjo.  President  C 
S.  Puriiiton  of  the  Purinton  Brick  <;oni- 
pany  disappears  ^vith  $40,000  of  the 
funds  belonging  to  the  company. 

New  York.    The  Police  Board  under 

pressure  restores  Capt.  Creeden  to  his 
office. 

Dec.  16.  Pa.  David  Slocum  of  Wash- 
ington township,  afld  his  aged  wife,  are 
bound,  and  robbed  of  their  life  savings 
of  over  §9,000,  by  a  band  of  armed  men  ; 
preparations  for  torture  are  discovered. 

fa.    J.  R.  Huntington,  clerk  in  the 

Council  Blutfs  Citizen's  Bank,  kills  him- 
self after  wounding  C.  A.  Crowell  and 
F.  X.  Hayden.  bank  inspectors  ;  cause,  a 
shortage  is  discovered. 

Dec.  17.  Ind.  John  McBride  is  elected 
presiiient  of  the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Iiabor,  with  headquarters  in 
Indianapolis. 

Dec,  18.  N.  J.  Five  farm-hands  are  in 
jail  at  Freehold  for  burning  barns  and 
slables  through  revenge;  total  loss, 
$50,000. 

Dec.  19.  AVw  York.  A  Committee  of 
Fifty,  with  Setb  Low  as  president,  is 
organized  to  study  the  liquor-prob- 
lem, with  a  view  to  public  and  private 
action. 

N.  Y.     A  national  bank  at  Rome  is 

robbed  of  $40,000  by  a  cashier  and  teller. 

Dec.  22.  Judge  Woods,  in  the  case  of 
Debs  and  the  other  A.  R.  U.  officers, 
grants  a  stay  until  Jan.  8,  that  the  de- 
cision may  be  tested  in  a  higher  court ; 
the  sentences  are  made  cumulative  in- 
stead of  concurrent. 

Dec.  24.  On.  A  race-war  breaks  out ; 
seven  negroes  are  lynched  for  the  mur- 
der of  a  constable. 

Dec.  25.  O.  Nine  non-union  glass- 
workers,  arriving  at  >rartin*8  Ferry,  are 
assaulted  and  two  terribly  beaten  by  the 
local  men ;  the  union  denounces  violence. 

An  attempt  to  burn  the  city  of  Zanes- 
viUe  is  partially  successful. 

The  commander-in-chief  of  the  Sons 

of  Veterans  refuses  charters  to  camps 
compoaed  of  negroes  in  the  South. 


Dec.  26.  Mo.  The  sheriff-elect  of  St. 
Louis  is  indicted  for  election  frauds  and 
bribery. 

N.  H.  The  will  of  N.  B.  Gale,  ad- 
mitted to  probate  at  Laconia,  gives 
$100,000  to  the  town  for  hospital, 
bbrary,  and  park  purposes. 

New  York.  Coupon  Clerk  E.  R.  Car- 
ter, of  the  National  Bank  of  Conmierce, 
is  arrested  for  stealing  about  $30,000  of 
the  bank's  fun<ls. 

The  American  Economic  Associa- 
tion meets, 

Dec.  27.  N.  ./.  The  annual  meeting  of 
the  American  Psychological  Asso- 
ciation begins  ut  I'rinceton  College. 

Dec.  28.  New  York.  The  Federation 
of  East  Side  Workers,  representative 
of  churches  and  benevolent  societies 
working  below  Fourteenth  Street  and 
east  of  Broadway,  adopts  a  constitution 
and  elects  officers. 

Okla.    A  train  is  held  up,  but  the 

highwaymen  are  put  to  flight. 

Dec.  30.  A'.  1'.  A  bookkeeper  of  the 
Hudson  River  National  Bank  of  Hud- 
eon  is  found  to  be  $14,000  short  in  his 
accounts ;  he  is  arrested. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  makes  Xiabor  Day, 
the  first  Monday  in  September,  a  legal 
holiday. 

STATE. 

1894  Dec.  14.  I).  C.  The  Treasury 
reserve  has  fallen  to  $9G,341,884,  a  loss 
of  $14,799,116  in  eight  days. 

±  Under  authority  of  a  Joint  Com- 
mittee of  the  two  Houses  of  Congress  a 
bill  is  drawn,  the  purpose  of  which  is  to 
provide  for  earlier  and  more  frequent 
promotion  of  naval  officers. 

N.  Y.  The  State  officers  who  can- 
vassed the  Mylod  returns  from  Dutch- 
ess County  in  1891  appeal  their  case  to 
the  Court  of  Appeals. 

Dee.  17.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  Springer  substitute  for  the 
Carlisle  Currency  Bill,  exempting  the 
notes  of  State  banks  from  taxation.  [15 
discussions  follow.] 

N.  Y.    Gov.-elect  Morton  decides  not 

to  appoint  12  additional  justices  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  for  which  the  new  Con- 
stitution makes  certain  provisions. 

Dec.  18.  D.  C.  Congress  ;  Senate  : 
David  B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.  speaks  in  favor 
of  closiu:e ;  the  debate  on  the  currency 
reform  is  begun  in  the  House. 

Dec.  19.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
receives  the  report  on  Hawaii ;  the 
House  continues  to  debate  the  Cur- 
rency Bill. 

Dec.  21.  D.  C.  Congress  ;  House:  A 
substitute  for  the  Carlisle  Currency 
Bill  is  introduced  by  William  M. 
Springer  of  111.,  and  made  the  subject 
of  debate. 

iV.    Y.    For  contempt  of  court,  the 

Court  of  Appeals  reaffirms  its  sentence 
against  the  State  Board  of  Canvassers 
of  1891  for  their  action  in  regard  to  the 
Mylod  returns  from  Dutchess  County, 
fining  its  five  members  §5.50. 

Dec.  22.  />.  C.  A  suit  to  test  the  con- 
stitutionality of  the  income  tax  is  be- 
gun in  the  Supreme  Court. 

Dec.  23.  Tex.  Gov.  Hogg  sends  a  req- 
uisition to  the  ^veruor  of  Florida  for 


the  person  of  H.  M.  Flagler,  of  the  Stan- 
dard   Oil    Company.      [Dec.    25.       Gov. 
Mitchell  honors  it.] 
Dec.  28.    Mo.    The  conference  of  the 
Populists  opens  at  St.  Louis. 

Dec.  29.     B.    C.     President    Cleveland 

signs  the  act   establishing    a   national 

military  park  on  the  Shiloh  battle-field. 
*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated :  — 

-96  *  *  Ala.    William  C.  Gates  (Dem.). 

-96  *  *  Alas,     flames  Sheakley  (Dem.). 

-95  *  *  Ida.     Wm.  I.  McConnell  (Rep.). 

-96  *  *  la.     Frank  I),  dackson  (Kep.). 

-95  *  *  Mass.     F.  T.  Greenhalge  (Rep.). 

-96  *  *  Mich.    John  T.  Rich  (Rep.). 

-96  *  *  O.     Wm.  McKinley,  Jr.,  (Rep.>. 

-97  *  *  Okla.     Wm.  C.  Renfrew  (Dem.). 

-95  *  *  Ji.  I.    D.  Russell  Brown  (Rep.). 

-96  *  *  .S'.  C.    John  Gary  Evans  (Dem.). 

-97*  *  Va.  CharlesT.  G'Ferrall(Dem.). 

MISCELLAKEOUS. 

1894  Dec.  15.  Mo.  Two  lives  are  lost 
and  much  damage  done  to  property  by 
a  cyclone  near  Attalia. 

Dec.  17.  New  York.  Judge  Truax  sets 
aside  the  deed  of  gift  made  by  the  ex- 
ecutors of  the  Fayerweather  will. 

Dec.  204.  Many  vessels  are  reported 
lost  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

Dec.  21.  N.  J.  In  Salem  14  persons  are 
bitten  by  a  mad  dog. 

Dec.  22.  Penn.  Cedarcroft,  near  Ken- 
nett  Square,  the  former  home  of  Bayard 
Taylor,  is  burned. 

Dec.  23.  Neb.  The  people  of  the  drought- 
blighted  counties  are  starving  and  in 
need  of  clothing. 

Dec.  24.  Pa.  The  cut  in  wages  is 
posted  at  the  Carnegie  Steel  Works  at 
Homestead ;  several  high-priced  men  are 
dismissed ;  the  rents  of  the  company's 
houses  are  materially  reduced. 

Dec.  25.  Par.  Fatal  collisions  occur 
on  the  Pennsylvania  and  Big  Four  rail- 
roads ;  a  train  is  wrecked  on  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific. 

Dec.  26.  Boston.  The  Denison  Manu- 
facturing Company  celebrates  its  50th 
anniversary  by  distributing  among  the 
einployees  a  sum  equal  to  five  dollars 
each  for  each  year's  service,  the  total 
gift  amounting  to  $33,000. 

Tex.     Sixteen   persons  are  hurt  in  a 

railroad  collision. 

Dec.  27.  N.  J.  A  State  court  declares 
boycotting  to  be  illegal,  and  a  trades- 
union  is  enjoined  from  boycotting  a 
newspaper. 

N.  Y.    A  fire  in  Buffalo  causes  a  loss 

of  $300,000. 

Dec.  29.    Ore.    Over  40  lives  are  lost 

at  a  Christmas  festival  at  Silver  Lake 
through  a  fire  caused  by  the  upsetting 
of  an  oil-lamp. 

Okla.   Payne  Ctuinty  court-house,  with 

all  the  county  records,  is  burned. 

Ky.     Louisville   loses  about  $300,000 

by  fire. 

Dec.  30.  Fla.  The  fruit-growers*  loss 
from  freezing  weather  during  the  last 
72  hours  is  estimated  at  $3,000,000. 

Ida.    The  mineral  output  for  the 

year  1894:  Gold,  $1,879,000;  silver, 
$2,359,000;  lead.  $3,406,000. 

N.  Y.  The  Delavan  House  in  Al- 
bany is  burned. 


480    234  B.  c.-A.  D.  1883,  Aug.  18.        A  N  N  A  M. 


Annam  is  a  coast  country  of  southeastern  Asia,  under  the  protection  of  France,  and  having  Hu^  for  its  capital.  The 
government  is  an  absolute  monarchy,  with  a  French  resident.  The  religious  are  Buddhism,  Confucianism,  spirit  vorship,  and 
the  Christian  faith.    Area  of  Annum,  about  27,020  square  miles;  population,  about  5,000,000. 

Frexoh  Cocuix-CuiXA  is  a  French  colony  south  of  Anuam,  on  the  extremity  of  the  peninsula.  Area,  23,082  square  miles  ; 
population,  2,0^,453. 

Cambouia  is  a  dependency  of  France,  lying  between  Siam  and  French  Cochin-China ;  Pnompenh  is  its  capital.  Area,  3S,600 
square  miles  ;  population,  iibout  1,500,000. 

TONGKINO  (Tutilting,  Tonkin,  or  Tonquin)  is  a  French  colonial  possession,  lying  northeast  of  Annain,  with  Hanoi  for  its 
capital.    Area,  34,740  sfiuaro  miles;  population,  about  9,000,000. 

For  convenience  of  classification  these  four  countries  are  here  combined  under  Annam,  and  each  item  is  prefixed  with  a 
locality  word. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
234  *  *  B.  c.    Annam  is  conquered  by 
the  Chinese.         

007  ±  *  •  A.  D.  An  anti-Chinese  revolt 
breaks  the  rule  of  the  foreigners. 

1406  *  *  Annam  is  reconquered  by  the 
Chinese.    [1428.    Expelled.] 

1789*  *  Cochin-Ckina.  Bishop  Pi- 
gneaux  de  Beshaine  of  Ardan  lands 
at  the  head  of  a  well-armed  force  of 
adventurers. 

1802  *  *  Tongking  is  reconquered  by 
the  Annamese,  aided  by  the  French. 

1843  Jan.*  Cochin-Chiua.  A  French 
frigate  anchors  off  Touron  and  demands 
the  release  of  the  captive  missionaries. 
[They  are  delivered,  and  embark.] 

1847  *  *  Cochin- ChiTia.  ThienTu,  hav- 
ing continued  his  persecutions  of  the 
French  missionaries,  Adm.  Lapierre  ap- 
pears before  Touron,  and  after  some 
resistance  dismantles  the  fortifica- 
tions, but  is  unable  to  secure  liberty 
for  missionaries  in  Annam. 

1858  Aug.  31.  Cockin-China.  A  Franco- 
Spanish  squadron  under  Adm.  Rigault 
de  Genouilly  anchors  off  Touron;  an 
Tiltimatum  is  sent  to  the  king  because 
of  the  persecutions  of  Christians  and 
the  murder  of  M.  Diaz ;  tbe  city  is 
stormed. 

1859  Feb.  17.  Fr.  Cochin-China.  Adm, 
Genouilly,  with  five  vessels,  bombards 
Saigon,  and  forces  its  surrender. 

The  booty  consists  of  400  caimon,  6,000 
rifles,  160,000  pomids  of  powder,  and 
$500,000  in  specie ;  the  French  lose  200 
killed  and  wounded. 

1860*  *  Tongking.  M.  Dupuis,  an 
adventurer  and  merchant,  makes  an 
ax*med  invasion. 

1861  Feb.  *  Fr.  Cochin-China.  Adm. 
Gamier  subdues  the  revolting  natives. 

1862  Dec.  17.  Fr.  Cochin-China,  An 
insurrection  breaks  out  !tg;iinst  the 
French.  [1863.  Feb.*  The  revolt  ia 
suppressed.] 

1872  *  *  Tongkintj.  M.  Dupuis  ascends 
the  Red  River  with  an  armed  flotilla, 
[Mar.  4.  He  reaches  the  head  of  navi- 
gation at  Manghao.] 

1873  Oct.  8.  Fr.  Cnrhin-China.  Fran- 
cis Gamier*s  expedition,  escorted  by 
two  men-of-war.  sails  from  Saigon  for 
the  mouth  of  tlie  Red  River  ;  the  entire 
force  numbers  less  than  200  men. 

TSov.  5.    Tongking.    Garnier's  expedition 

arrives  at  Hanoi. 
"Nov,  20.     Tongking.    M.  Dupuis  attacks 

the  citadel  of  Hanoi,  and  carries  it  hy 


assault  ;  it  is  the  first  step  in  the  con- 
quest of  the  Red  River  valley. 
Dec.  11.  Tongking.  Nam-Dinh  is  cap- 
tured from  tlie  Annamese  by  the 
French,  after  a  short  resistance.  [It  is 
soon  evacuated.]  The  whole  delta  of 
the  Red  River  is  now  in  the  possession 
of  the  invaders. 

Dec.  21.  Tongking.  A  force  of  Chinese 
Black  Flags  and  Annamese  surround 
the  citadel  at  Hanoi;  the  small  garri- 
son makes  a  vigorous  defense ;  Francis 
Gamier  and  M.  Balny  D'Avricourt 
lead  sorties  from  different  gates,  and 
both  are  killed. 
1874  Jan.  8.  Tongking.  The  French 
evacuate  Ninh-Binh.  [Jan.  10.  They 
evacuate  Nam-Dinh,  and  strengthen 
the  garrison  at  Hanoi.  July*  The 
French  garrison  is  withdrawn  from 
Hanoi.] 

1883  Mar.  26,  27.  Tongking.  An  at- 
tack of  the  Black  Flags  on  Hanoi  is 
repulsed  by  the  French. 

Mar.  27.  Tongking.  The  French  bom- 
bard and  capture  Nam-Dinh. 

Mar.  *  Fr.  Cochin-China.  The  French 
Red  River  expedition  of  G20  men  and 
10  war-vessels  is  organized  by  Capt. 
Henri  Riviere. 

Apr,  2.  Tongking,  Riviere's  expedi- 
tion arrives  at  Hanoi. 

Apr.  26.  Tongking.  Hanoi  is  as- 
saulted and  captured  by  the  French. 

May  8.  Tongking.  Tiin-Yun-Fu,  sus- 
tained by  his  Black  Flags,  declares  hos- 
tilities against  the  French. 

May  *  Tongking.  Capt.  Riviere  with  a 
force  of  230  men  is  besieged  at  Hanoi 
by  the  Black  Flags. 

May  16.  Tongking.  The  French  des- 
troy Gia-lam,  and  retire  to  their  ships. 

May  19.  Tongking.  The  French  make 
a  sortie  at  Hanoi,  and  are  driven  back 
by  the  Black  Flags ;  Riviere  and  three 
other  French  officers  are  killed ;  the 
French  garrison  is  shut  up  in  the  citadel. 

June  16.  Tongking.  Gen.  Bouet  ar- 
rives at  Hanoi  with  reenforcemeuts, 
and  assumes  command. 

July  5.  Tongking.  Tlie  French  repulse 
an  attack  at  Haiphong. 

July  11.  Tongking.  Tbe  Black  Flags 
are  repulsed  at  Nam-Dinh.  [July  19. 
Col.  Badens  makes  a  successful  sortie 
at  Nam-Dinh.    [Also  on  Aug.  7.] 

July  20.  The  French  Capt.  Morel 
Beaulieu  offers  protection  to  the  na- 
tives who  have  been  deserted  by  Annam, 
and  made  to  suffer  on  all  sides  during 
the  war. 


Aug,  15.  Tongking.  Gen.  Bouet  with 
a  force  of  1,500  men  makes  a  sortie 
against  the  Black  Flags  near  Hanoi ; 
the  French  are  repulsed,  and  forced  ta 
return. 

Aug.  18-20.  Co<'h in-China.  A  French 
squadron  under  Adm.  Courbet  bombards 
and  C£U)tures  the  forts  at  Hu6 ;  th» 
Annamese  suffer  heavy  loss.  [Aug,  20. 
An  armistice  is  arranged.] 

CHXJRCH. 

1555*  *  Cambodia.  Caspar  da  Cruz,  a 
Dominican  from  Portugal,  introduces 
Christianity. 

1626  *  *  Tongking.  Many  Jesuits  ar- 
rive, including  the  celebrated  mission- 
ary Alexander  of  Rhodes. 

1780i  *  *  Tongking.  French  missions^ 
ries  reintroduce  Christianity ;  it  spreads 
rapidly. 

1800i  *  *  Annam.  French  priests  claim 
to  have  converted  the  emperor,  and 
establish  a  hierarchy  of  great  influence. 

1821  *  *  Opposition  to  French  mis- 
sionaries becomes  strong  under  the  new 
ruler ;  persecution  is  encouraged  [and  is 
continued  after  his  death  under  three 
emperors], 

1833  *  *  Tongking.  Francis  Gagelen, 
Jesuit  missionary,  is  strangled.  [1834. 
M.  Ordorico  is  beheaded.  1835.  M* 
Marchaud  is  torn  to  pieces,  after  suf- 
fering torture  by  hot  irons.] 

1836  *  *  Tongk-ing.  Six  missionaries 
are  beheaded,  and  one  is  strangled. 
[1839.    Another  missionary  is  executed.] 

1841  *  *  -42  *  *  Tongking.  Three  mis- 
sionaries are  killed,  and  several  more 
are  imprisoned. 

1851  *  *-58  *  *  Annam.  Ten  French 
missionaries  are  beheaded,  and  Ro- 
man Catholic  natives  are  persecuted. 

May  4.  Cochin-China.  M.  Schofiaer,  a 
French  missionary,  is  beheaded  by  order 
of  the  grand  mandarins,  for  preaching. 

1857  *  *  Tongking.  Bp.  Diaz,  the  Span- 
ish vicar-general,  is  beheaded  after  suf- 
fering cruel  torture. 

1858  July  27.  Tongking.  The  French 
missionary.  Bp.  Melchior,  is  murdered 
with  great  barbarity. 

1860  Nov.  *  Tongking.  The  A  b  b  6 
Neron  is  brutally  murdered  by  anti- 
French  fanatics.  [1868.  July  *  By  or- 
der  of  the  bonze,  several  native  Chris- 
tians are  massacred.] 

1883  *  *  Annam.  Christians  are  massa- 
cred at  the  instigation  of  a  native 
prince. 


ANNAM. 


234  B.  C/-A.  D.  1883,  Aug.  18.     481 


STATE. 

214+ *  *B. c.  Annam.  The  Chinese 
invade  and  annex  the  country. 

112*  *B.c.-968*  *A.  D.  Tongkingisa 
dependency  of  China. 

110  *  *  B.  c.  -907  *  *  A.  i>.  Annam.  Chi- 
nese vassal  governors  hold  authority 
in  the  South. 

263  *  *  A.  D.  Annam,  The  Chinese  do- 
mination ends. 

767*  *  Tongking.  The  capital  is 
founded  (La  Thaug). 

*  *  *  Annam  is  again  subject  to  China. 

806  *  *  Cochin-China.  The  name  Koue 
Tchen  is  first  applied  to  Southern  Tong- 
king.   (Corrupted  into  Cochin-China.) 

907±  *  *  Annam.  Native  chiefs  who  are 
weary  of  Chinese  rule  lead  a  successful 
revolt. 

970±  *  *  Annam  is  under  independent 
native  princes,  who  are  only  nominal 
vassals  of  China.  [1280.  The  Chinese 
attempt  its  complete  subjugation.] 

1406  *  *  Annam  is  again  subdued  by 
the  Chinese. 

1427  *  *  Tongking.  XjC-ljoi  obtains  the 
throne  by  violence;  he  virtually  sepa- 
rates the  province  from  Annam,  and  by 
a  successful  rebellion  becomes  indepen- 
dent of  China. 

1428  *  *  Annam.  China  abandons  its 
rule  of  Annam.  [1471.  Annam  is  con- 
quered by  Tongking.] 

1553  *  *  Annam  throws  off  the  yoke 
of  Tongking. 

1610*  *  Annam.  Tsianipa  is  occupied  by 
the  Annamese,  and  the  aborigines  are 
driven  from  the  plains  into  the  bill 
country. 

1650±  *  *  Annam  virtually  consists  of 
two  kingdoms;  the  northern  is  ruled 
by  the  L6  dynasty,  and  the  southern  by 
the  Nguyen  family. 

1780±  *  *  Tongking.  Gia-Long  is  de- 
throned by  an  invading  successor  of 
Nguyen-Dzo,  the  late  viceroy, 

1787  Nov.  28.  Fr.  Cochin-China.  France 
obtains  the  peninsula  of  Touron  and  the 
Isle  of  Pulo-Condore  by  the  treaty  of 
Versailles. 

French  influence  becomes  dominant 
through  the  instrumentality  of  Bishop 
Pigneaux  de  Beshaine,  chief  of  the  Jes- 
uit mission  at  Bangkok,  Siam. 

1788  *  *  Tongking.  The  king  is  de- 
throned and  exiled;  he  appeals  to 
France,  through  the  French  missiona- 
ries, for  aid. 

1802  *  *  Tongking  is  conquered,  and 
reunited  to  Annam. 

1820  *  *  Annam.  Gia-Long,  the  king, 
dies;  he  had  named  his  younger  son, 
Minh-Mang,  as  his  successor.  [The  new 
king  is  bitterly  opposed  by  his  eldest 
brother,  Canh-Dzue;  he  meets  with  great 
difficulty  in  suppressing  a  rebellion.] 

1821*  *  Annam.  The  anti-foreign 
party  becomes  powerful  after  the  death 
of  Gia-Long. 

1840*  *  Annam.  Thien  Tu  succeeds 
his  father,  Minh-Mang,  as  king,  and  re- 
news the  persecution  of  Christians. 


1848  *  *  Annam.  Tu  Due,  the  younger 
son,  succeeds  his  father,  Thien  Tu,  as 
king ;  he  cruelly  persecutes  the  native 
Christians  and  their  mis«ionaries. 

1851  *  *  Annam.  Nu-Phong,  the  elder 
brotherof  Tu  Due,  leads  an  unsuccessful 
rebellion  to  wrest  the  kingdom  from  him  .■ 

1858*  *  Annam.  The  king  orders  M. 
Diaz  put  to  death  because  a  French 
vessel  happens  to  be  cruising  near  the 
coast. 

1859  Oct.  *  T<m{/king.  The  French 
government  determines  to  intervene 
in  behalf  of  Christians. 

1860  Oct.  15.  The  treaty  of  Tien-tsin 
is  signed  ;  it  assures  the  whole  of  the 
Oriental  seas  to  the  French. 

1861*  *  Tongking.  The  pretender,  Le 
Phung,  leads  a  revolt  [which  is 
successful  for  a  time  in  resisting  the 
French ;  subdued  in  186G]. 

1862  Jime  5.  Annam.  The  treaty  of 
Saigon  is  signed ;  peace  is  made  with 
France  under  the  pressin-e  of  an  Invad- 
ing army  and  a  dangerous  rebellion. 

Three  of  the  lower  provinces  are  ceded 
to  the  French  ;  Christianity  is  to  be  tol- 
erated and  an  iudenmity  paid. 

Dec.  17.  Fr.  Cochin-China.  An  insur- 
rection breaks  outagainst  France  in  the 
ceded  provinces. 

1863  Sept.  *  Annam.  Ambassadors 
are  sent  to  France  to  regain  the  ceded 
provinces.  [Their  mission  is  ujisuccess- 
ful.] 

1864  •  •  Cambodia.  Phara-Norodom 
is  crowned  king. 

1867  June  25.  Fr.  Cochi7i-China.  The 
revolt  against  the  French  continues. 

Tlie  French  occupy  the  three  lower 
provinces,  and  by  proclamation  annex 
them  to  France. 

1870*  *  Tongking.  M.  Dupuis,  a 
Frenchman,  explores  a  part  of  the  Red 
River.  [1872.  May  *  On  behalf  of  the 
French  government  he  issues  a  procla- 
mation to  the  people.] 

1873  Dec.  21.  Tongking.  M.  Philas- 
tre,  the  new  French  envoy,  arrives  at 
the  delta  of  the  Red  River ;  he  learns 
that  the  French  occupy  the  forts,  and 
that  Garnier  is  dead.  [He  introduces  a 
pacific  policy.]    (See  Army.) 

18731  *  *  The  French  determine  to  ex- 
pel the  Chinese  from  the  valley  of  the 
Red  River,  and  annex  Tongking. 

1874*  *  The  French  protectorate  is 
threatened  by  the  Black  Flags ;  vig- 
orous measures  are  taken  for  its  de- 
fense. 

Mar.  15,  Fr.  Cochin-China.  A  treaty 
with  the  French  is  concluded  at  Saigon. 
The  king  is  to  be  independent  of  China, 
the  ports  are  to  be  opened  to  commerce, 
the  Christian  religion  to  be  tolerated, 
and  the  six  lower  provinces  to  bo  Anally 
abandoned  to  France. 

Aug.  31.  Fr.  Cochin-China.  A  com- 
mercial treaty  is  signed  by  France  and 
Annam  at  Saigon. 

1881  •  *  France  resents  the  intrusion 
of  China  in  Tongking ;  it  refuses  to  rec- 
ognize the  latter*s  claims  of  suzerainty, 


and  prepares  for  an  armed  occupa- 
tion. 

1882  Jan.  *  Fr.  Adm.  La  Pierre  is 
appointed  to  the  chief  command  of  the 
French  forces  in  Tongking. 

Apr,  *  The  Tongkingese  authorities  are 
exasperated  at  the  presence  of  an  armed 
French  flotiUa  in  the  Red  River ;  they 
regard  it  as  a  menace  and  a  gross  infrac- 
tion of  the  treaty  of  1874. 

*  *  Tongking.  France  asserts  her  claim 
to  a  protectorate. 

*  *  Tongking.  The  Annameae  repel  an 
invasion  of  a  French  force  sent  by  Le 
Myre  de  Villers,  governor  of  Saigon. 

1883  *  *  Tongking.  China  becomes  an 
ally  of  Annam,  its  tributary,  in  resist- 
ing French  aggressiveness. 

Apr.  21.  Tongking.  Capt.  Riviere  is- 
sues an  ultimatum  at  Hanoi. 

He  demands  from  the  mandarins  a 
treaty  for  French  supremacy,  and  threat- 
ens to  bombard  the  citadel  if  they  re- 
fuse. [The  mandarins  reply  that  they 
have  no  power  to  consider  treaties.] 

*  *  Tongking.  The  Emperor  Tu  Due  re- 
sists the  aggressiveness  of  the  French. 

July  20.  Annam.  The  Emperor  Tu  Duo 
dies ;  Hiep-hoa  is  enthroned. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1295  *  *  Cambodia  is  a  vast  and  im- 
portant country. 

1590±  •  *  Cambodia.  Swarms  with  for- 
eign adventurers. 

1600+  *  *  Cambodia.  The  Portuguese 
establish  factories. 

1635  ±  *  *  Cambodia.  The  Dutch  es- 
tablish factories. 

1641  *  *  Cambodia.  A  Butch  expedition 
explores  the  Great  Mekong  River 
for  1,000  miles. 

1643  *  *  Cambodia.  Many  Europeans 
are  butchered  at  the  instigation  of  the 
Portuguese. 

1702  *  *  Cambodia.  The  English  es- 
tablish a  factory  ofC  the  coast. 

1799  *  *  Tongking.  Pigneaux  de  Be- 
shaine, Jesuit  bishop,  dies. 

1820  *  *  Annam.  Gia-Long,  the  king, 
dies. 

1840*  *  Armam.  Minh-Mang,  the 
king,  dies. 

1848  *  *  Annam.  Thien  Tu,  the  king, 
dies. 

1858  July  27.  Tongking.  Bishop 
Melchior  is  murdered. 

1860  Nov.  *  Tongking.  Abb6  Neron 
is  murdered. 

1866±  *  *  Fr.  Cochin-China.  A  French 
expedition  imder  Capt.  Doudart  de 
Xiagree  ascends  the  Mekong  to  Middle 
China. 

1879  *  *  Annam.  Bun-Lan,  or  Thau- 
Khai,  the  emperor,  is  born. 

1883  May  20.  R.  T.  Riviere,  French 
commander,  dies. 

July  20.  Annam,  Tu  Due,  the  king, 
dies. 

Aug.  *-Dec.  *  Tongking.  The  unarmed 
natives  suffer  much  from  all  parties 
in  the  war. 


482     1883,  Sept.  1-1893,  May  17. 


ANNAM. 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1883  Sept.  1-3.  Tongking.  Gen.  Bouet 
makes  a  successful  sortie  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Sontay.  [Sept.  3.  He  beheads  a 
number  of  Annamese  prisoners.] 

Sept.  15.  The  Annamese  troops  dis- 
band. The  Yellow  Flags  continue  hos- 
tilities. 

*  *  Totigking.    Col.  Badens  with  a  Email 

force  surprises  the  citadel  of  Ninh- 

Binh;  it  surrenders  without  bloodshed. 
Sept.  20.     Tongking.    It    is    announced 

that  A<lm.  Courbet  supersedes  Gen. 

Bouet. 
Nov.  17.     Tongking.    The  Black   Flags 

make  a  fierce  attack  on  the  French  at 

Hai  Dzuong,  and  are  repulsed  by  the  aid 

of  the  gunboat  Varabine. 
Dec.  16.     Tongking.      Adm.    Courbet 

shells  and  captures  the  forts  at  Sontay ; 

French  loss.  75  killed  and  245  wounded. 

[I>ec.  *  Sontay    is    fortified,    and  "the 

French  advance.] 
1884    Jan.  1,  2.    Tongking.    Pirates 

attack  Nam-Diuh. 
Jan.  20±.    Tongking.    Chinese  reen- 

forcements  arrive  to  assist  the  natives 

against  the  French. 
Mar.  12.     Tongking,     Gens.    N^grier, 

Bri^re  de  risle,  and  Millot  defeat  the 

Chinese  at  Bao-Ninh;  the  Celestials 

hastily  retire  from  the  city. 
Mar.  22.      Tongking.      The    citadel     of 

Thai-Nguyen  is  captured  by  a  French 

force  under  Gen,  Bri^re  de  I'Isle. 
Apr.  0.     Tongking.     The  Chinese  set 

Honghoa  on  fire,  and  retreat  from  the 

town. 

June  23.  Tongking.  A  rash  attempt  is 
made  by  Col.  J^ugenne  with  700  men  to 
occupy  Ijangson ;  the  Chinese  resist. 
and  kill  10  of  the  French. 

Aug.  30.  Tongking.  Gen.  Brifere  de 
rXsle  succeeds  Gen.  Millot  as  com- 
mander of  the  French  forces. 

Oct.  ♦  Tongking.  Fighting  is  renewed 
between  the  French  and  the  Chinese. 

Oct.  6-8.  Tongking.  The  Chinese 
regulars  attack  the  French  imder  Gen. 
N^grier,  who  repulses  them,  killing 
many  of  the  Chinese. 

Oct.  10,  11.  Tongking.  The  Chinese 
are  again  defeated,  with  a  loss  of  3,000, 
by  Col.  Donnier,  near  Chu ;  French  loss, 
20  killed  and  90  wounded. 

Oct.  13.  Tongking.  The  Chinese  are 
again  repulsed  at  Tuguen  Qua-Hmig, 
losing  many  men. 

Nov.  20±.  Tongking.  The  Black  Flags 
are  defeated  by  the  French. 

Dec.  *   Ton/fking.    The  French  retire  to 

the  hill  country  before  the  approach 

of  a  great  Chinese  army. 
Dec.  *  The  defeat  of  Chinese  pirates  is 

announced. 
1885    Jan.  •     The   arrival    of    10,000 

men  increases  the  army  of  Bri^re  de 

risle  to  40,000  men. 


Jan.  3±.  Gen.  Nfigrier  defeats  12,000 
Chinese  in  a  great  battle  east  of  Chu. 

Feb.  2.  The  French  forward  move- 
ment begins. 

Feb.  6.     Tongking.    The  French  capture 
Dong  Song  after  a  severe  fight,  taking 
•   three  forts  and  a  large  amount  of  sup- 
plies and  ammunition. 

Feb.  8.  Tongking.  The  Chinese,  10,000 
strong,  attack  the  French  near  the 
frontier,  and  are  repulsed. 

Feb.  10.  Tongking.  The  column  moves 
forward,  and  the  Chinese  fall  back. 

Feb.  12.  Tongking.  The  Chinese  give 
battle,  and  are  driven  back. 

Feb.  13.  Tongking.  The  citadel  of 
Iiangson  is  finally  occupied  by  the 
French  without  resistance,  as  the  gar- 
rison retires. 

Feb.  24.  Tongking.  Tuyen-Kouan  is 
attacked  by  the  Chinese,  but  they  are 
repulsed  by  the  French. 

Feb.  27.  Tongking.  Gen.  NSgrier  cap- 
tures a  large  quantity  of  war  material, 
stores,  and  ammimition  from  the  Chi- 
nese. 

Mar.  2.  Tongking.  The  siege  of  Tu- 
yen-Kouan is  raised  after  18  attacks  by 
the  Chinese  in  as  many  days,  the  French 
having  lost  463  men. 

Mar.  4-7.  Tongking.  Col.  Duchesne 
again  defeats  the  Chinese.  [Mar.  22. 
Again  at  Dong-Dang.] 

Mar.  24.  Tongking.  The  French  and 
Chinese  fight  a  severe  battle  on  the 
frontier. 

Mar.  27.  Tongking.  The  Chinese  de- 
bouch in  great  numbers  before  the 
French  position  at  Ki-Lua ;  the  latter 
fall  back  on  Dong-Song  and  Than- 
Moi. 

Mar.  28.  Tongking.  The  Chinese  drive 
the  French  back  in  great  confusion,  and 
retake  Iiangson;  Gen.  N4grier  is 
wounded. 

Mar.  30.  Tongking.  Col.  Herbenger 
evacuates  Dong-Song  on  the  approach 
of  the  Chinese. 

Apr.  3.  Tongking.  Preliminaries  of 
peace  are  signed. 

Apr.  14.  Tongking.  The  Chinese,  un- 
informed of  the  peace,  attack  the 
French  at  Kep,  and  are  repulsed. 

Apr.  *  Tongking.  Gen.  de  Courcy  is 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  French 
forces  in  the  field. 

Apr.  »  The  Chinese  reward  Luh  Vinh 
Phuoc,  the  chief  of  the  Black  Flags, 
for  his  services  against  the  French. 

May  5.  Tongking.  The  Chinese  troops 
evacuate  Iiangson,  and  proceed  to 
withdraw  from  the  province. 

July  2.  Cochin-China.  The  Annamese 
at  Hue  revolt,  and  surprise  the  French 
in  a  night  attack. 

July  5,  6.  Cochin-china.  The  regent 
Thayet,  with  30,000  men,  treacherously 


attacks  Gen.  de  Courcy  at  Hu^,  but  is  de- 
feated and  captured.  [.July  10.  French 
reenforcements  arrive  at  Hu^.] 

Aug.  24+.  Tongking.  The  citadel  of 
Than  Hoa  is  occupied  by  the  French 
without  resistance. 

Aug.  *  The  Black  Flags  raid  five  mis- 
sionary stations,  and  massacre  the  priests 
and  10,000  native  Christians. 

Sept.  *  Cochin-China.  Two  French 
missionaries  are  reported  killed  and 
24,000  native  Christians  massacred  at 
Kuang-Tri. 

Oct.  *  Tongking.  Gen.  Jounont  attacks 
Thau-Moi,  and  routs  its  defenders  after 

fighting  three  days. 

Oct.  *    Tongking.    Black  Flag   bands 

annoy  the  French. 

Dec.  •  Tongking.  Gen.  N^grier  defeats 
the  Black  Flags. 

1886  Nov.  *  Tongking.  Insurrections 
break  out  against  the  French,  but  are 
soon  suppressed. 

1887  Jan.  •  Tongking.  Insurgents  are 
again  active.  [Apr.  19.  Col.  Bose  cap- 
tures Mupng.] 

1888  Sept.*  Tongking.  A  native  guard 
is  organized  by  the  French  for  the  pur- 
pose of  suppressing  piracy. 

1889  Jan.  17.  The  pirates  are  de- 
feated by  Gen.  Borgnis  des  Bordes. 

Mar.  16.  Doivan,  the  chief  of  the  Bac- 
Ninh  pirates,  surrenders,  and  quiet 
follows. 

1890  Nov.  8±.  Tongking.  Piracy  is 
rampant,  the  French  outposts  being  at- 
tacked constantly. 

1893  May  17.  Siam.  A  bloody  battle 
occurs  between  the  French  Annamese 
garrison  at  Khong  and  the  Siamese, 
on  the  boundary  line  of  Annam  and 
Siam  ;  the  Siamese  government  repudi- 
ates responsibility  in  the  matter. 

CHURCH. 

1885  Aug.±  *  -Dec.  •  Annam.  About 
22,000  native  Christians  are  massa- 
cred. 

1886  Aug.  *  Tongking.  Seven  hun- 
dred Christians  are  massacred  by  the 
Black  Flags,  who  destroy  30  villages. 

1890  •  *  Annam.  There  are  no  Protes- 
tant missions  in  the  country. 

The  educated  classes  follow  Confu- 
cius, Buddhism  is  tolerated  by  the 
government,  and  many  of  the  natives 
profess  Roman  Catholicism.  Some  Ro- 
man Catholic  authorities  claim  420,000 
members,  imder  125  Euroi>ean  priests 
and  2GA  native  priests,  in  seven  apostolic 
vicariates. 


STATE. 

1883  Apr.  25.  Fr.  Cochin-China.  The 
Emperor  Hiep-hoa  is  forced,  by  a  French 
naval  demonstration,  to  sign  a  treaty 
at  Saigon. 

Tf-rms:  A  French  protectorate  and  the 
exclusion  of  foreijin  i»owers,  except  as 
approved  by  the  French  Government ; 


ANNAM. 


1883,  Sept.  1-1893,  May  17.    483 


Bink  Tiiiin  is  ceded  to  France;  French 
occupation  of  the  forts  on  the  Hu^  River ; 
Freiichadniinistration  of  customs  ;  ports 
to  be  opened  and  an  indemnity  to  be 
paid  by  Anuam,  etc. 

Oct.  *  Cambf)tUa.  The  king,  Norodom, 
recognizes  the  French  protectorate 
by  treaty. 

Dec,  14.  Annam.  Anti-French  fanatics 
kill  King  Hiep-hoa,  and  Yoe-Duc 
succeeds  him. 

1884  Mar.  26  f:.  Annam.  An  Annam- 
ese  prince  is  executed  for  instigating 
the  massacres  of  Christians. 

May  11.  Ckhia.  Capt.FournierandLi- 
Hung-Chang,  the  imperial  prime  minis- 
ter, sign  a  treaty  at  Tien-tsin ;  the 
French  protectorate  of  Annam  and  Tong- 
king  is  recognized,  and  the  Chinese 
troops  are  withdrawn  from  the  north- 
ern provinces. 

June  6.  The  Annamesesign  a  convention 
which  compels  the  acknowledgment  of 
the  French  protectorate. 


July  1±.  Tomjking.  The  Chinese  de- 
cline to  ratify  the  treaty  of  May  11,  and 
refuse  to  pay  indemnity  for  the  killing 
of  French  citizens  at  Laugson. 

July  18±.  Tony  king.  The  Chinese  de- 
mand the  evacuation  of  Langson  and 
other  places  held  by  the  French. 

Aug.  2,  Annam.  The  king's  death  is  an- 
nounced, and  his  young  brother,  Kien- 
phouc,  is  his  successor. 

1885  Apr.  5.  China.  The  prelimina- 
ries of  peace  are  signed  at  Peking. 

The  Chinese  agree  to  evacuate  Tong- 
king,  and  France  will  take  it  under  its 
protectorate,  and  also  evacuate  For- 
mosa. 

June  9.  China.  The  Treaty  of  Tien- 
tsin is  ratified  by  the  French  and  Chi- 
nese. 

July  2.  Annam.  The  Annamese  rise 
in  revolt  against  the  French. 

Sept.  14+.  Annam.  Chaul-Mong,  the 
adopted  son  of  Tu  Due,  is  proclaimed 
emperor. 


Sept.  19.    Annam.    The    emperor    is 

crowned,  and  named  Douck-Hanh. 
1886    Jan.  31.     TongUng.    Paul  Bert 

is    appointed    French    resident.     [Nov. 

11.    He  dies.] 
Jan.  28.    Annam.    The  emperor,  Douck- 

Hanh,  dies. 
Jan.  30.    Annam.    Thau-Khai,    the 

young  son  of  Douck-Haiih,  succeeds  to 

the  throne. 
Apr.  *  Cambodia.    The  rebellion  led  by 

Prince  Si-Votha  is  broken,  and  he  sues 

for  peace, 

1888  Sept.  8.  Tongking.  M.  Richaud 
succeeds  Paul  Bert,  deceased  January, 
1887. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1884  Jan.  1,2.  Tongking.  Pirates  de- 
vastate Nam-Dinh,  and  kill  the  people. 

1889  Jan.  29.  A7inam.  Douck-Hanh, 
the  king,  dies. 

Feb.  27.  Tongking.  Gen.  Des  Bordes 
of  the  French  army  is  murdered. 


ARABIA  AND  THE  MOSLEMS. 

Arabia  is  a  large  peninsula  of  Western  Asia,  and  is  destitute  of  any  permanent  river  ;  its  area  is  estimated  at  1,200,000  square 
miles,  and  its  population  at  5,000,000.  The  country  has  no  common  government ;  its  political  divisions  are  various,  and  include 
three  Turkish  provinces :  Hedjaz  along  the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  Yemen  farther  south,  and  El  Hassa  bordering  the  Persian 
Gulf  ;  three  sultanates,  Oman  along  the  gulf  of  the  same  name.  El  Nejd  in  the  interior,  and  Hadramant  in  the  south ;  Aden,  in 
the  extreme  south,  is  a  British  protectorate.  Tlie  religion  of  the  people  is  Mohammedan,  and  their  language  is  Arabic.  About 
185,000,000  Mohammedans  are  at  the  present  time  scattered  over  northern  Africa,  southern  Asia,  and  southeastern  Europe. 

Authorities  are  not  agreed  concerning  the  precise  dates  of  the  chief  events  connected  with  the  life  of  Mohammed.  Many  of 
the  Moslem  dates  are  of  imcertain  value. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1438*  *-1388*  *B.c.  Setil. (Sethos), 
the  ruler  of  Egypt,  sends  a  military  ex- 
pedition into  Arabia. 

25  *  *  B.  c.  The  Bomans  send  an  expe- 
dition into  Arabia  under  C.  ^lius  Gallus. 
His  army  consists  of  10,000  Roman  in- 
fantry, 500  Jews,  and  1,000  Nabatheans ; 
they  suffer  greatly  from  the  climate, 
and  return  without  making  conquests. 

500*  *A.D.  The  Mustareb,  or  Northern 
Arabs,  revolt,  and  in  the  battle  of  Ha- 
zaz  forever  break  the  yoke  of  Yemen. 

529*  *The  Abyasinians  numbering 
70,000,  under  Aryat,  invade  Yemen  to 
avenge  the  persecution  of  Christians. 

562  *  *  Chosroes,  king  of  Persia,  makes 
an  expedition  against  the  Christian  king- 
dom founded  in  Arabia  by  Abyssinians. 

*  *  The  Abyssinians  are  driven  out,  and 
Arabia  becomes  a  province  of  Persia. 

569  *  *  Kins  Abraha  of  the  Abyssin- 
ian dynasty,  advancing  for  conquest,  is 
defeated  near  Mecca. 

ART  —  LETTERS  —  NATURE. 

500±  *  •  Antar,  or  Antarah,  chief  and 
poet,  flourishes. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

a67i:  •  *  Oilenatlnis,  warrior,  husband  of  Ze- 

nobia,  is  assassinated. 
5461:  *   •  Aluiallah-Ben     Abdel     Moottallb, 

merchant,  father  of  Mohammed,  born.    [570. 

Dies.     A'.'St.] 


571  *  *  Abu  Bekr.  father-in-law  and  suc- 
cessor of  Moliainmed,  born.  [634,  Aug.  22. 
Dies.     A63.J 


CHURCH. 

500  *  *  A  stone  temple  or  shrine  at 
Mecca  of  unknown  antiquity  is  visited 
by  worshipers,  and  greatly  enriched  with 

offerings. 

529  *  *  The  Abyssinians  under  Aryat 
proclaim  the  Christian  religion  [and 

maintain  it    for  7G  years   through  the 
southern  half  of  the  peninsula]. 

STATE. 

1919  *  *  (?)  B.  c.  Chaldea,  Ishmael, 
the  son  of  Abraham,  is  born  ;  from  him 
the  Arabs  claim  descent. 

1550  *  *  -1305  *  *  B.  c.  The  dynasty 
of  Hammurabi  reigns  in  Chaldea. 

1438  ** -1388  **  B.  c.  Seti  I.  (Se- 
thos), king  of  Egypt,  reigns ;  his  expe- 
dition penetrates  Arabia  and  advances 
to  the  Euphrates. 

722  *  *  -705  *  *  B.  c.  Sargon,  king  of 
Assyria,  having  destroyed  the  kingdom 
of  Israel,  extends  his  conquests  into 
Arabia,  and  exacts  tribute. 

400±  *  *  B.  c.  Yemen,  the  oldest  mon- 
archy of  Arabia,  is  established. 

[It  continues  for  about  2,500  years ; 
ruling  the  southern  half  of  the  penin- 
sula directly  and  the  northern  half  in- 
directly.] 


105  *  *  A.  ».  The  Romans,  by  the  gov- 
ernor of  Syria,  take  possession  of  the 
country  from  the  northern  end  of  the 
Red  Sea,  and  call  it  the  Koman  province 
of  Arabia. 

5th  century.  The  northern  Arabs  re- 
volt against  the  king  of  Yemen  ;  the 
Koreysh  tribe  begins  to  develop. 

522  *  •  King  Caleb,  or  Elesbaan,  of  Abys- 
sinia, extends  his  kingdom  into 
Arabia. 

529  *  *  The  Yemen  monarchy  is  over- 
thrown by  invading  Abyssinians  under 
the  king  of  Axoum,  the  capital  of  Abys- 
sinia, to  which  Yemen  (Arabia  Felix) 
belonged  by  right  of  conquest. 

562  *  *  Chosroes  overthrows  the 
Abyssinian  kingdom  in  Arabia,  and 
places  Salf,  leader  of  the  native  Homer- 
ites,  in  power. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

500*  *  An  important  coast  trade  along 
the  Red  Sea  brings  wealth  to  the  Ko- 
reysh Arabs. 

*  *  The  annual  fair  of  Okad,  near  Mecca, 
becomes  a  national  assembly ;  races, 
games,  and  commerce  the  chief  attrac- 
tions. 

[It  becomes  the  central  emporium  of 
all  the  Arab  tribes,  and  a  truce  exists 
between  warring  tribes  when  present  on 
the  fair  grounds.] 


484    570,  ** -775, 


ARABIA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

6th  Century.  The  heroic  period  of  the 
northern  Arabs  ;  a  series  of  wars  among 
"Mustareb"  tribes. 

623  *  •  The  Holy  'War  begins ;  Mo- 
hammed attacks  and  plunders  a  Mecca 
caravan. 

624*  •Mohammed  defeats  the  Ko- 
reyshites  in  the  battle  of  Bedr. 

±*  *  Mohammed  is  at  war  with  the 
Jews. 

625  «  *  Mohammed  is  defeated  in  the 
battle  of  Ohod  by  idolaters  led  by 
Abu  Sofian. 

627  *  •  Mohammed  is  besieged  in  Me- 
dina by  the  Koraish,  40,000  strong ;  part 
of  his  followers  turn  against  him  ;  the 
siege  is  raised  in  14  days.  [It  is  called 
the  War  of  the  Fosse,  or  Ditch.] 

628  *  ♦  Mohammed  leads  his  followers  in 
a  successful  war  against  several  Jew- 
ish tribes. 

620  •  *  Syrid.    Mohammed's    followers 
led  by  Kaled,  defeat  an  army  of  100,000 
Romans    and    allies   at   the  battle   of 
Muta;    for    his    bravery    Mohammed 
names  Kaled  "  The  Sword  of  God." 
630  *  *  With  10,000  men  Mohammed  en- 
ters Mecca  in  triumph. 
631*  •  Mohammed  proclaims  a  holy  war 
against  the  Byzantine  empire ;  it  proves 
an  utter  failure. 
632  •  ♦  -34  *  *  The  Mohammedans  sub- 
due large  parts  of  Asia,  Africa,  and 
Europe. 
634  •  *  Syria.    The  Saracens  (Mohamme- 
dans) besiege  and  capture  Damascus. 
634*  »-44*  »TheMohammedans 
make  conquests  in  Persia,  Palestine, 
and  Phoenicia. 
637  *  *  Persia.    The  Saracens  defeat  the 
Persians  at  the  battle  of  Jaloulah,  or 
"  Battle  of  the  Bridge." 
640    Dec.  22.    £gypt.    The   Saracens 

under  Amru  take  Alexandria. 
642  *  *  Persia.  In  the  battle  of  Neha- 
vend,  "  Battle  of  Victories,"  the  Sara^ 
cens  defeat  the  Sassanidae  (Persians); 
their  empire  is  destroyed. 
645  *  *  -656  •  *  Othman  (Osman)  sub- 
dues northern  Africa,  and  captures 
Khodes  and  Cyprus. 

Civil  wars  occur  with  much  blood- 
shed. 
656  •  •  First  civil  war  ;  at  a  battle  near 
Basrah,  "the  Day  of   the  Camel," 
All  defeats  the  rebellious  friends  of  the 
murdered   Othman,  including   Ayesha, 
one  of  the  wives  of  Mohammed,  who 
rode    up    and    down    the    battle-fleld 
motmted  on  a  great  camel. 
683  *  ♦  Hosein  besieges  Medina,  and 
destroys  the  temple  ;  he  raises  the  siege 
on  hearing  of  the  death  of  Calif  Tezid. 
692  *  *  Mecca  is  taken  after  a  siege  of 
eight  months  by  Hejaj,  the  general  of 
Abdalmelik. 
710±  •  *  Musa,  the  Saracen  governor  of 


along  the  Mediterranean  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean. 
711*  *Tarik,  the  Saracen  general, 
crosses  to  Spain,  and  overthrows  the 
kingdom  of  the  (Catholic)  Visigoths 
at  the  battle  of  Jeres  de  la  Frontera. 
[Spain  is  conquered  after  a  struggle 
of  eight  years.] 

725  *  •  Turkey.  The  Saracens  invade 
Constantinople  with  120,000  men,  be- 
sides 1,800  who  approach  by  sea;  the 
Arab  fleet  is  destroyed  by  Greek  fire. 

732  *  *  Fr.  The  Saracens  enter  Gaul, 
and  are  defeated  and  routed  by  Charles 
Martel  in  a  great  battle  between  Tours 
and  Poitiers.  [This  battle  is  said  to 
have  changed  the  history  of  Europe.] 

•  *  Civil  wars  are  renewed  with  the 
Shiites,  or  followers  of  All. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  LETTERS  — 
^--^  NATURE. 

'eiOi  j  *  The  Koran,  the  sacred  book  of 
th^^ohammedans,  is  divulged  by  Mo- 
llammed.  [First  published  by  Abu-Bekr 
636+.] 

622  July  15.  l"he  Mohammedans  be- 
gin their  era  from  the  Hegira,  or 
flight  of  Mohammed  from  Mecca  to 
Medina. 

700*  '-SOO*  *  The  medical  schools  of 
Bagdad  and  Salerno  flourish.  (?) 

705  *  *  The  mosque  at  Mecca  is  erected 
by  the  calif,  El  Madgy. 

750  *  *  Sp.  John,  Bishop  of  Seville,  pre- 
pares an  Arabic  Bible. 

760+  •  *  Astronomy  and  geography 
are  sciences  cultivated  by  the  Arabs. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

671±  *  *  Mohammed,  religious  teacher, 
founder  of  Mohammedanism,  born.  [632, 
JmieS.    Dies.    A61+.] 

581  •  *  Omar  I.,  calif  and  captor  of  Jerusa- 
lem, born.     [644.    Dies.     AGS.] 

*  *  *  Antar,  warrior  and  poet,  b.  and  d. 
600+  *  •  AU-lbn-Abi-Tallb,  son-in-law  of  Mo- 
bammed,  born.    [661.    .\ssa8sinated.    .\59J.] 

631  *  *  Kahadijah,  wife  of  Mohanuned,  dies. 

632  *  *  Fatlma,  only  daughter  of  Moham- 
med, A26+. 

6B6  •  *  Othman,  calif,  Is  murdered. 

663  •  *  Kaab,  poet,  dies. 

663  *  *  Amru.  general,  dies. 

680  *  •  The  sons  of  Ali  niurdered. 

700+  ♦  *  Amru-el-Kais,  poet,  dies. 

706  *  *  Abd  el  Mealiek,  calif,  A  60. 

713  *  *  Mansur.  Al.  Abou  Jaffar  Abdallah, 

second  Abbassl.le  callt,  founder  of  Bagdad, 

born.    [776±.    Dies.    A63+.: 
730+ *  *  Abu- Moslem, general,  born.    [(66  ^. 

Dies.    A35+.] 
766+  *  •  Jobeidah,    wife    of   Harun-al-Ras- 

chid,  born.    [831.    Dies.    A66+.: 
765+  •  *  Harun  al  Baschld  ("  Aaron  the 

Just"),  calif  of  Bagdad,  born.    [809.    Dies. 

A44+.] 

•  *  *  Geber,  Aboo-Moossah-Jaafar-al-Sofee, 
alchemist,  born  and  died. 

CHURCH. 

570  *  *  The  Christian  Abyssinians  vainly 


604  *  *  Mohammed  sets  forth  his  creed. 

606*  '-eil*  •  Mohammed  of  ten  retires 
to  a  solitary  cave  near  Mount  Hara, 
and  gives  himself  up  to  religious  medi- 
tation. Here  he  has  his  first  vision ; 
he  says  the  chief  part  of  the  Koran  is 
brought  to  him  by  the  angel  Gabriel. 

He  comes  into  connection  with  the 
Hanifs,  or  penitents,  who  seek  deliv- 
erance from  sin  and  reject  idolatry. 

610+  *  *  Mohammed  appears  in  Mecca 
as  a  prophet. 

61 1  *  *  Kadijah  becomes  Mohammed's 
first  convert. 

612  *  *  or  613  *  •  Mohammed  publicly 
announces  himself  a  prophet,  and  is 
met  with  imprecations  and  maltreat- 
ment. 

613+  *  *  Mohammed  has  made  no  con- 
verts beyond  his  family  and  friends. 

621+  *  *  Mohammed  makes  his  alleged 
ascent  into  heaven. 

622  *  •  Mecca.  Mohammed's  cause  is 
greatly  advanced  by  the  addition  of 
12  pilgrims  from  Yathreb. 

July  16.  The  Hegira;  Mohammed  flees 
from  Mecca  for  an  asylum  in  Medina 
[where  he  becomes  a  political  leader 
and  a  religious  reformer]. 

He  makes  Friday  the  principal  day 
for  worship,  and  Mecca  the  principal 
place;  for  the  Jewish  fast  he  substi- 
tutes the  month  Ramadan. 

*  *  Mohammed  endeavors  to  gain  over  to 
his  religion  the  Jews  in  Medina,  but 
fails,  and  becomes  their  irreconcilable 
enemy. 

623  Dec.  *  Mohammed  commences 
the  Holy  'War  (mission  work)  by  at- 
tacking a  Mecca  caravan,  which  ho 
plunders. 

Mohammed  produces  the  8th  chap- 
ter of  the  Koran,  which  he  alleges 
came  to  him  from  heaven. 

625  •  *  Banu  Nadir,  the  Jew,  is  ex- 
pelled from  Medina  with  his  powerful 
family. 

626  *  *  Mohammed  prohibits  wine  and 
games  of  chance. 

627  *  *  A  heroic  spirit  is  exhibited  by 
the  600  or  700  Jews  who  are  martyred 
by  Mohammed. 

628  *  *  Rapid  spread  of  Islamism. 

629  •  *  KaUd,  Amru,  and  Othman, 
who  presided  over  the  Kaaba,  become 
Mussulmans,  increasing  Mohammed's 
power  and  influence ;  he  is  acknowl- 
edged in  all  the  country  between  the 
Euphrates  and  the  Red  Sea. 

630  Jan.  *  Mohammed  with  10,000  men 
enters  Mecca  on  a  pilgrimage,  and 
destroys  the  idols. 

632  *  *  Mohammed  and  40,000  adherents 


perform  the  pilgrimage  to  Mecca, 
endeavor  to  seize  the  keys  of  the    ju^e  8.    Mohammed    dies.     He   was 
holy  temple  from  the  Koreyah  Arabs.         slowly  poisoned  by  a  Jewess.  (?) 
*The  religion  of  the  Arabs  sinks  into    *  •  _34  *  *  The    Koran  is  collected 
idolatry  or  indifference.  [later  enlarged  by  the  Soona,  an  oral 


Egypt,   extends   Arabian   conquests   571    July  16.    Mohammed  is  bom.  tradition]. 


AND   THE   MOSLEMS. 


570,**-775, 


485 


634:t  *  *  A  mosque  is  erected  on  the 
site  of  Solomon's  temple  at  Jerusa- 
lem. 

642  •  *  In  Egypt  the  Christians  (Copts) 
aid  the  Arabians  under  Omar,  out  of 
hostility  to  the  Greek  Orthodox  Church. 

644  *  *  The  Christian  Berbers  in  North 
Africa  are  won  orer  to  Islamism  by 
Othman. 

679  *  *  The  great  schism  takes  place. 
Separation  of  believers  into  two  par- 
ties, the  Sconces,  Sunnites  (Tradition- 
alists), who  accept  the  addition,  and  the 
Sheeah  or  Shiites  (Separatists),  who 
reject  it,  and  regard  AH  (son-in-law) 
as  Mohammed's  rightful  successor. 

720  *  ♦  The  successful  Saracens  threaten 
to  encircle  Christendom,  and  to 
speedily  destroy  the  Christian  faith. 

732  *  *  Charles  Martel  saves  Christian 
Burope  from  becoming  a  Moorish  Eu- 
rope by  winning  the  battle  against 
Abd-er-Rahman  between  Tours  and  Poi- 
tiers.   (See  A.  andN.) 

750  *  *  Rise  of  the  Motazilites,  who 
originated  the  Mussulman  theology. 

STATE. 

622  Mar.  *  Seventy  Moslems  from 
Yathreb  conclude  an  offensive  and 
defensive  treaty  with  Mohammed  at 
Akaba,  near  Mecca. 

July  16.  The  Hegira,  or  flight  of  Mo- 
hammed from  Mecca  to  Medina^  takes 
place.  [It  is  the  beginning  of  the  Mo- 
hammedan era ;  Mohammed  becomes  a 
great  political  and  religious  leader.] 

628  *  *  Mohammed  organizes  a  pilgrim- 
age to  Mecca. 

•  *  Mohammed  receives  the  homage  of  his 
followers  under  a  tree  near  Medina. 

•  *  The  Meccans  refuse  Mohammed  ad- 
mission to  the  city ;  they  make  a  treaty 
with  him  at  Hodaibiya,  agreeing  to  a 
truce  for  10  years. 

•  *  Mohammed  sends  letters  to  the 
kings  of  Persia  and  Abyssinia,  and  the 
chiefs  of  several  Arab  tribes,  demand- 
ing of  them  to  become  followers  of  his. 

630  *  *  Mohammed  takes  possession  of 
Mecca.  [His  final  and  complete  suc- 
cess is  assured.] 

632  *  *  On thedeathof  Mohammed,  Abu- 
Bekr  his  father-in-law,  is  elected  his 
successor  —  calif.    [He  reigns  two  years.] 

634  Aug.  23.  Abu-Bekr  dies,  and 
Omar  becomes  calif.  [He  bears  the 
title  Emir-al-Mumenin,  Commander  of 
the  Faithful,  which  all  succeeding  ca^ 
lifB  assume.] 

—  ♦  *  The  Yemen  monarchy  is  ab- 
sorbed in  the  Mohammedan  conquest. 

642*  *  Persia  is  conquered  by  the  Ara- 
bians. 

644  *  *  Omar  is  assassinated,  and  Oth- 
man (Osman)  becomes  caliph.  [He 
reigns  12  years  ;  be  extends  the  king- 
dom into  northern  Africa.] 


655  *  *  Othman  is  murdered  by  fanatics 
during  an  insurrection,  and  All,  the 
husband  of  Fatima  and  son-in-law  of 
Mohammed,  becomes  calif  ;  he  is  recog- 
nized by  only  part  of  the  Arabs. 

[The  followers  of  Ali,  known  as  Shi- 
ites,  recognize  him  as  the  first  legiti- 
mate successor  of  Mohammed  ;  their 
opponents  are  the  Sunnites,  who  recog- 
nize the  first  four  califs  as  legitimate 
successors  ;  the  Mohammedans  of  Persia 
are  mostly  Shiites,  those  of  the  Turkish 
empire  and  India  mostly  Sunnites.] 

*  *  Moawiyah  is  supported  as  calif  in 
Syria. 

660  *  *  Ali  [the  sixth  of  this  name]  is 
assassinated,  and  HaBsan  his  son  be- 
comes calif. 

661  *  ♦  Hassan  resigns,  and  Moawiyah 
succeeds  him  ;  he  is  the  great-grandson 
of  Mohammed. 

661  *  *  -750  *  •  The  dynasty  of  the 
Ommiades. 

[Moawiyah  changes  the  royal  resi- 
dence from  Medina  to  Damascus, 
and  makes  the  office  of  calif  hereditary.] 

679  *  *  -683  *  *  Yezid  I.,  son  of  Moa- 
wiyah, is  calif. 

680  *  *  Abdallah  revolts,  aaid  is  pro- 
claimed calif  at  Medina  by  the  people 
of  Mecca  and  Medina. 

683  ♦  •  Moawiyah  H.,  son  of  Moawiyah 
I.,  is  calif. 

683  *  *  -684  *  *  Merwan  I.  is  calif. 

684  *  *  -705  *  *  Abdalmelik  is  calif. 

*  *  *  The  glory  of  the  Moslem  empire 
culminates. 

*  *  *  The  decline  of  Arabia  commences. 
705*  *-715*  *  "Walid  I.  is  calif ;  Spain 

becomes  part  of  the  Moslem  empire. 
710±  *  *  Conquests   are  extended 

through  North  Africa  to  the  Atlantic 

under    Musa,    the    Arab    governor    of 

Egypt. 
715*  *-717*  *  Sohman  is  calif . 
717  *  *  -720  *  *  Omar  II.  is  calif. 
720  *  *  -724  *  ♦  Yezid  II.  is  calif. 

*  *  *  The  Moharmnedan  Berbers,  shep- 
herds of  Mount  Atlas,  parts  of  North 
Africa,  and  other  people  of  African, 
Koman,  and  Greek  descent,  become 
mixed  with  the  Arabs,  and  are  called 
Moors. 

720  *  *  Fr.  The  Saracens  advance  be- 
yond the  Pyrenees. 

724  *  *  -743  *  *  Hashem  is  calif. 

He  is  very  strict  in  the  practice  of 
religious  duties,  and  an  avowed  enemy 
of  luxury. 

743  *  •  -744  •  *  "Walid  II.  la  calif. 
744*  *  Yezid   HI.   becomes   calif;    he 

dies  of  the  plague  after  reigning  five 

months. 

*  *  Ibraham  becomes  calif ;  he  is  de- 
posed after  reigning  three  months. 

*  *  -750  •  *  Merwan  n.  is  calif. 

The  califate  reaches  its  greatest  ex- 
pansion, and  includes  within  its  domin- 
ion southwestern  Asia  from  the  Indus 


to  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Cauca- 
sus, all  northern  Africa,  Sardinia,  Cor- 
sica, and  parts  of  France  and  Spain, 
750  ♦  *  Dynasty  of  the  Abbassides. 

*  *  Abul  Abbas,  a  great-grandson  of  an 
uncle  of  Mohammed,  having  overthrown 
Merwan  II. ,  the  Abbassides  com- 
mence their  reign,  Abul  Abbas  being 
made  calif  by  the  soldiers. 

754  *  *  -775  *  *  Al  Mansur  is  calif ;  he 
introduces  learning  among  the  Arabs. 

756*  *The  separate  califate  of  Cor- 
dova is  established  in  Spain  by  Abd-er- 
Rahman. 

*  *  *  ^r.  The  Moslems  advance  north- 
ward and  invade  Gaul,  where  they  are 
repulsed. 

759  *  *  Pepin  delivers  France  from  the 
last  vestige  of  Mohammedan  rule. 

762+  •  *  Bagdad,  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  a 
city  on  the  Tigris,  is  founded  by  Al 
Mansur,  and  becomes  the  seat  of  the 
Saracen  empire.  The  golden  period 
of  the  Saracenic  empire  begins. 

775  *  *  -785  •  *  Al  Mahdi  is  calif. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

571±  *  *  620  *  *  Mohammed  rises  from 
obscurity  to  jKJwer. 
(571)  He  is  born. 

(577±  *  *)  He  loses  his  mother,  and  ia 
committed  to  the  care  of  a  slave. 

(579+  *  *)  He,  having  lost  his  grandfather, 
is  adopted  by  his  uncle  Abu  Talib. 

(694±  *  ♦)  He  edrus  his  living  as  a  shep- 
herd. 

(595  *  *)  He  enters  the  house  and  business 
of  Kadijah. 

(598+  *  *)  He  marries  Kadijah. 

(606±  *  *)  He  settles  the  dispute  of  the 
chiefs  respecting  the  restoration  of  the 
sacred  black  stone  on  the  rebuilding  of 
Kaabeh. 

(619  *  *)  He  loses  his  uncle,  and  three 
days  later  his  wife ;  he  seeks  solace 
by  marrying  several  wives  —  Ayesha, 
seven  years  of  age,  and  Sawda,  and 
Hafsa ;  the  second  became  his  bride 
only  two  months  after  the  death  of  the 
first  wife. 

He  gives  his  daughter  Fatima  in  mar- 
riage to  Ali-Ibn-Taleb. 

(622  *  *)  Tlie  Koreyshites  attempt  to  as- 
sassinate the  prophet ;  he  hides  in  a 
cave. 

(627  *  *)  He  marries  Zainab,  the  divorced 
wife  of  his  adopted  son  Zald. 

(628  *  *)  He  marries  Safiya,  whose  father 

and  husband  he  had  killed. 
(628+  *  *)  He  marries  Jeweira,  a  woman 

of  great  beauty. 
An  attempt  is  made    to   poison   the 

prophet,  but  he  is  delivered. 
(629  *  *)  He    claims    a    revelation    from 

heaven  permitting  him  to  have  as  many 

concubines  as  he  may  wish  ;  he  takes 

Mary. 


641  *  *  Egypt.  The  Saracens  burn  the 
great  library  at  Alexandria.  (?) 

644  •  •  Omar  is  murdered  by  a  Persian 
slave. 

692  *  *  Abd- AUah  Ebn  Zobeyr  is  slain 
in  storming  the  walls  of  Mecca. 

695  *  *  Abdalmelik  coins  the  first  Ara- 
bian money  ;  Somyor,  a  Jew,  is  his  mint- 
master. 


486     776,  **-1807,  **. 


ARABIA 


ABMY  — NAVY. 

920  *  *  Mecca  is  stormed  by  the  revolt- 
ing Karmathians  under  their  leader, 
Suleyman  Aba-Jahir. 

1258  *  »  The  Tartars  take  Bagdad,  and 

end  Moslem  rule  in  that  city. 

15X7  *  *  The  Turks  conquer  Egypt 
and  Arabia,  and  thereby  transfer  the 
sovereignty  to  the  Ottoman  sovereign. 

1630*  *  The  Yemenites  expel  the  Turks 
from  their  native  province. 

1650±  *  *  The  Yaarebah  princes  drive 
the  Portuguese  princes  out  of  Mus- 
cat. 

1737  *  *  Nadir  Shah  attacks  the  king- 
dom of  Oman,  and  takes  the  principal 
towns,  and  slaughters  many  of  the  in- 
habitants. 

1797  *  »  The  Turks  with  an  army  of 
5,000,  and  5,000  Arabian  allies,  invade 
Hasa  for  the  suppression  of  the  Waha- 
bis  ;  they  besiege  Hofhuf,  the  capital, 
and  retire  unsuccessful. 

1801  •  *  The  Wahabis  invade  Bagdad 
and  besiege  and  plunder  Kerbala. 

1802  •  •  The  Wahabis  subdue  Taif ,  the 
pleasure-ground  of  Mecca,  with  much 
bloodshed. 

1803  Apr.  •  Mecca  is  taken  by  the 
Wahabis. 

1804  •  *  Sayyid,  at  the  head  of  the  Wa- 
habis, conquers  Medina,  plunders  the 
tomb  of  the  prophet  of  its  accumulation 
of  rich  offerings,  and  treats  the  people 
with  much  severity. 

*  *  -11  *  *  The  Wahabis  are  at  war 
with  their  neighbors  and  especially  with 
the  Turks. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  LETTERS  — 
NATURE. 

8th  Century.    Geber  (Abu  Musa  Jaffaral- 

Sofi)  the  chemist  flourishes. 
813  *  *  -842  ♦  »  Alitndius    writes  on 

astronomy  and  medicine. 

818  *  *  Al-Mamun  patronizes  literature 
and  learning. 

820±  *  *  Aristotle  is  first  translated 
into  Arabic. 

900±  •  *  Albategnius,  the  great  astron- 
omer, determines  the  length  of  the 
tropical  year. 

950  *  •  Alfarabius,  writer  and  scientist, 
linguist,  and  compiler  of  an  encyclope- 
dia [the  first],  familiar  with  all  branches 
of  science,  dies  at  Damascus. 

995±  *  *  Astronomers  have  a  sextant 
whose  radius  is  59  feet,  nine  inches. 

*  *  Azzarkal,  the  mathematician  and 
astronomer,  flourishes. 

961  *  *  -976  *  »  The  Society  of  the 
Brothers  of  Purity  or  Sincerity, 
founded  at  Basra,  prosecutes  philosophic 
and  scientific  studies. 

961  *  *  -976  *  *  Spain.  Learning  is  en- 
couraged by  Alhakun,  Calif  of  Cor- 
dova ;  the  catalogue  of  his  library  fills 
a  volumes. 


Twenty-seven  free  schools  are  opened 
in  Cordova  for  the  poor ;  knowledge  is 
widely  distributed  in  Mohammedan 
Spain. 

lOlli  Century.    Hydropathy  is  practised. 

978±  *  *  Spain.  The  successor  of  Ha^ 
kem  burns  every  book  in  the  royal 
library  which  treats  of  philosophy  or 
astronomy. 

*  *  The  Society  of  Brothers  of  Basra 
write  a  cyclopedia  of  knowledge  in  51 
treatises. 

lOOOi  *  •  Avicenna,  the  physician  and 
scholar,  flourishes  [the  most  learned 
man  of  his  timej. 

1006  *  *  The  Talmud  is  translated  into 
Arabic.    (?) 

1008+  ♦  *  Ebn  Junis  draws  up  astro- 
nomical tables.    (?) 

1030±  »  *  Alhazen  discourses  on  the 

nature  of  sight,  and  writes  a  treatise  on 
optics. 

1045*  *-1070*  *  Spain.  _  Avioebron, 
the  Hebrew  poet,  better  known  as  Solo- 
mon ben  Gabriol,  writes  his  philosophi- 
cal work.  Fountain  of  Life. 

1050+  »  *  Magnifying  glasses  are  in- 
vented by  Alhazen. 

1150*  *Philosophical  books  are 
burned  at  Bagdad  by  command  of  the 
calif. 

1180  *  *  Philosophy  revives  in  Spain, 

and  is    cultivated    by    Avenpace,   Ibn- 
Tofail,  and  Averroes. 

1185*  *  Death  of  Ibn-Tofail  in  Mo- 
rocco, a  writer  of  romance  and  phi- 
losophy, and  a  treatise  on  medicine, 
and  also  one  on  astronomy. 

1192  •  *  At  Bagdad  the  books  of  a  phy- 
sician are  publicly  cursed  and  burned, 
and  their  owner  is  imprisoned. 

1195*  *  Spain.  Philosophers  are  ban- 
ished and  their  works  burned ;  Ben- 
Habib  is  condemned  to  death  for  philos- 
ophising. 

1253  *  *  Spain.  Alphonsine  (astro- 
nomical) tables,  composed  by  Al  Ragel 
and  Al  Kabitz,  are  drawn  up  under  the 
auspices  of  King  Alfonso  X.  of  Castile. 


1038  (7)  •  •  Alhazen,  philosopher,  uiathcma- 

tlcian,  dies. 
1045  *  •  Hariri,  Abu  Mohammed  Kasem  ben 

all,  poet,  born.     [1122+.     Dies.     A77±.] 
1058  *  *  Algrazel.  scholar,  teacher,  philoso- 
pher, mystic  saint,  born.    [1111.    A53.] 
*  *  *  Abdallah  ben  Yasim,  scholar,  soldier, 

dies. 
1072+ •  •  Avenzoar,  physician,  born.    [1162. 

Dies.    A  90+.] 
1087+  •  •  Abu      Abdallah     Mohammed. 

founder   of  the    Almohades,  born,     rliao 

Dies.    A43i:.] 
1099  •  •  Edrisl,    geographer,    born.      [1164. 

Dies.    A  65.) 
1110+  ♦  *  A  bu-el-Kasim,  surgical  writer,  dies. 
1138*  *  Avempace,  philosopher,  dies. 
1149+  •  •  Averroes,  Jbn  Itoslid,  philosopher, 

physician,  born.     [1198.    Dies.    A49+.J 
±  ♦  •  Fakhr-ed-Din,  Ad-Kazi,  physician,  born. 

[1210.     Dies.     A61  +  .:  ' 

1161  •  *  Abdul  Latif,  writer,  born. 
1185  •  *  Ibn-Tofail,   writer  of  romance  and 

medicine,  dies  in  Morocco. 
1193    Mar.  84.     Saladin  Yusnf  Ibn  Ayub, 

sultan  of  Egypt  and  Syria,  dies. 
1831  *  •  Abdul  Latif,  writer,  A70. 
1858  »  *  Abu  Hayyan,  Athir-el-iUur,  author, 

born.     [1344.     Dies.     A88.: 
1269  •  '  Othniau,   founder  of   the  Ottoman 

Empire,  born.     [1326.     Dies.] 
1873+  »  *  Abu  el  Feda,  warrior,  author,  born. 

[1331.    Dies.     A58+.: 
1276  •  ♦  Adh  ahahebi.  historian,  born.    [127,5. 

Dies.     A73.] 
1332*  'Ibn  Khaldun  or  Klialdoun,  histo- 
rian, born.     [1406.     Dies.     A  74.) 
1608+  *  *  Abu  el  Eazl  or  Aboulfazl,  vizier, 

historian,  dies. 
1891+  »  •  Abd  el  Wahab,   founder  of  the 

Wahabis,  born  in  Nejd.   [1787.  Dies.  A96+.] 
1803*  *  Abd  el  Aziz,  Wahabi  chief,  assas- 
sinated. 
1807*  *  Abd  el  Kader,  warrior,  born.  [1883. 

Dies.    A76.] 

CHURCH. 

800  *  *  The  Karmathian  Mohammedan 
sect  arises   [and  in  900  devastates  the 

East]. 

900  *  *  General  skepticism  develops 
in  the  heart  of  Arabia  among  the 
Karmathites. 

030  *  *  The  Kaabeh  is  ruined,  and  the 
sacred  black  stone  is  carried  to  Hasa 
[where  it  remains  22  years]. 

1730±  ♦  *  Rise  of  the  Wahabis  — the 
Arabic  Puritans. 

They  seek  to  reform  Islamism;  con- 
demn fine  dressing,  use  of  tobacco  and 
wine,  the  honors  paid  to  shrines,  and 
inculcate  hatred  to  foreigners,  espe- 
cially the  Turks.  ITie  reform  spreads 
swift  and  wide  in  Arabia. 

1805  *  *  Nearly  all  Arabia  accepts  the 
reformed  Islamism  of  the  Wahabis. 


BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

776+*  *  Albumazar,  astronomer,  born.    [885. 

Dies.    A109+.] 
780  *  *  AUiakem  Ibn  Atta,  prophet,  dies. 
806  »  *  Abu   Teman,   poet,   born.     [845  (?). 

Dies.    A39+.) 
832+  *  *  Kliazes,  or  Easts,  physician,  born. 

[932.     Dies.     A80+.: 
890+  *  *  Masudi,  Abu  Hasen  All  ben  Huseln 

ben-Ali,  historian,  born.  [956.  Dies.    A66+.] 
932  *  *  Abu  Faras,  poet,  born.    [968.    Dies. 

A  36.) 
850*  *  Albategnius,     Mohammed     ben 

Jablr.  astronomer,  born.  [929.  Dies.  A79+,J 
950  *  *  .Vlfarabius,  writer  on  all  branches  of 

science,  dies. 
965  *  *  Al  Mootenabbee,  poet,  dies. 

*  *  *  Al-Kindi,  philosopher,  dies. 
970  •  »  Abu  el  Ala,  Wind  poet,  born.    [1057. 

Dies.    .\87  +  .] 

979  *  •  Ibn-Yunas,  Ali-Ibn-Abd-er-Rahman, 
poet,  astronomer,  born.    [1008.    Dies.   A30.] 

980  •  *  .\vicenna,    physician,  author,  born. 
[1037.     Dies.    A57.) 

994+  *  *  All  Ibn  ul  Albas,  physician,  dies. 

*  *  *  Azzarkal,  mathematician,  astronomer, 
horn  and  dies. 


STATE. 
785*  *-786*  *  Al  Hadi  is  calif. 

786*  *-800*  •Harun-Al-Easohid 

(Aaron  the  Just)  is  calif  ;  he  is  a  patron 
of  learning  and  an  enlightened  ruler. 
800*  *-941*  *  N.  Africa.     The  Ag- 
labite  dynasty  is  in  power  at  Kairwan 
and  Tunis. 

808*  *-908*  *  W.  JfHca.  The  Ed- 
risite  dynasty,  founded  by  Edris,  a 
descendant  of  All,  the  son-in-law  of 
Mohammed,  reigns  at  Fez. 

809  *  *  -813  *  *  Al  AmiTi  is  calif. 

813  *  *  -833  *  »  Al  Mamun,  son  of 
Harun-al-Raschid,  is  calif ;  he  Is  a  lib- 
eral patron  of  schools  and  science. 

820  *  *  The  Arabian  monarchy  is  dis- 
membered. 


AND   THE   MOSLEMS. 


776,**-1807,**.    487 


•  *  -872  •  •  The  dynasty  of  the  Taher- 
ites  is  iu  power  at  Kliorassaii. 

833  •  •  -841  »  •  Al  Motassem  is  calif. 
He  has  40,000  Turkislx  slaves,  bought  in 
Tartary ;  tliey  become  the  disposers  of 
the  throne ;  he  builds  Saumara,  aud 
makes  it  the  seat  of  goverument ;  the 
califate  gradually  declines. 

[841-«47,  Al  Wathek  is  calif ;  S17-861, 
Al  Motawakkel ;  SGl-SO'.',  Al  Mostan- 
ser;  862-S66,  Al  Mostain;  860-809,  Al 
Motaaj  869-870,  Al  Mohtadi.] 

870*  *-892*  »A1  Motamed  is  calif. 
He  reestablishes  the  capital  at  Bag- 
dad; the  Turkish  guards  lose  gome  of 
their  prestige  and  power. 

S72*  'Persia.  Yakub  Ebn  Seis,  the  bra- 
zier, overthrows  the  Taherites,  aud 
founds  the  SafTarian  dynasty. 

890*  •-951*  *TheKarmathians, 

prompted  by  skepticism  and  injustice, 
revolt,  and  sever  Arabia  from  the  em- 
pire ;  they  condemn  the  pomp  of  the 
oourt  at  Bagdad,  and  war  against  it. 

892*  *-902*  'AlMotadhed  is  caliph. 


1031  *  *  -75  »  *  Al  Kaim  is  calif. 

1032±  *  *  Afghanistan.  The  principal- 
ity of  Ghazni  declines. 

1055  *  *  Togrel  Beg  conquers  Persia ; 
after  capturing  Bagdad  he  marries  the 
daughter  of  Al  Kaim  aud  becomes  Emir 
Al  Omra. 

1075  *  *  -04  •  *  Al  Moktadi  is  calif. 

*  *  *  Hassan  Jubah  of  Nishapur,  "the 
old  man  of  the  mountain,"  raises  an  in- 
surrection ;  his  followers  are  called  as- 
sassins and  are  numerous  in  Persia  and 
Syria. 

1074  •  •  Syria.  Shah,  the  leader  of  the 
Seljuks,  captures  Jerusalem  ;  by  insult- 
ing and  robbing  Christians  his  followers 
furnish  a  cause  for  the  crusades. 

1092  *  *  Syria.  Melek  Shah  dies,  and 
the  kingdom  of  the  Seljuks  is  divided 
and  declines. 

1004*  •-1118*  *  Al  Mortader  is 

calif. 
1096*  *  Syria.    Mustali,  the  eighth 
Fatimite  calif  of  Egypt,  takes  Jerusa- 
lem. 


1206*  »-27*  *  Mongolia.  Genghis 
Khan  rules  the  Mongols. 

1225  *  *  -26  •  •  Al  Zaher  is  caUf ;  he 

reigns  only  a  few  months. 

1226  *  *  ^0  *  •  Al  Mostanser  is  calif. 
1240*  *-58*  *  Al  Mostasem  is  caUf. 

1256  »  *  -65  *  *  Persia.     Houlakou, 

frandson  of  Genghis  Khan,  is  sultan, 
le  exterminates  the  assassins,  captures 
Bagdad,  destroying  l,600,000people,  puts 
Mostasem  the  calif  to  death,  tlius  ending 
the  califate  of  Bagdad  ;  the  califate  is 
transferred  to  Egypt  [where  it  continues 
as  a  spiritual  power  until  1577]. 

1291*  *  Syria.  The  Mohammedans  cap- 
ture Sidon. 

The  Knights  of  St.  John  yield  the 
last  stronghold  of  the  Christians  to  the 
Arabs  in  the  surrender  of  Acre. 

1508  *  *  The  Portuguese  occupy  Mus- 
cat. 

1517  *  *  SeUm  I.,  the  Turkish  or  Otto- 
man sultan,  after  conquering  Egypt,  ob- 
tains the  investiture  of  the  califate, 
which  thus  becomes  a  politico-religious 
office. 


•»  Turkestan  becomes  independent  under    1099*  *  Syria.  The  Crusaders  capture    ^^^^*  *  The  Ottoman  sultan  receives  the 


Ismail  Samani. 

902  •  *  -908  *  •  Al  Moktafl  is  calif. 

902  ±  ♦  •  Ismail  Samani  conquers  Persia. 

908  *  •  The  Patlmites,  descendants  of 
Fatima,  daughter  of  Mohammed,  appear 
in  Egypt.  [They  claim  the  califate  in 
western  Africa,  with  Kairwan  for  the 
capital,  and  subvert  the  Aglabite  and 
Edrisite  dynasties.] 

*  *  -932  *  *  Al  Moktader  is  calif. 

935±  *  •  Algeria.  The  town  of  Algiers 
is  founded  by  the  Arabs  near  the  site 
of  ancient  Icosium. 

932*  *-034*  *  AlKaher  is  calif.  [934- 
940.  Al  Eadhi  is  calif.  A  tribute  of 
50,000  dinars  is  annually  paid  to  the 
Karmathians.  940-944,  Al  Motaki ;  944- 
945,  Al  Mostakfl.] 

•  *  *  Ahmed,  the  Buyide,  vizier  of  the 
calif  of  Bagdad,  engrosses  all  political 
power ;  he  establishes  the  office  or  ap- 


Jerusalem   from   the  Moslems.      [1111. 

They  take  Sidon  and  Berytus  (Beyrout) 

from  the  Mohammedans.] 
1104*  *  Syria.    The  Crusaders  under 

Baldwin,  king  of  Jerusalem,  take  Acre. 

[1109.     They     take    Tripoli    in    North 

Africa.] 
1118*  »-35*  *AlMostar8hed  is  calif. 
1135  •  •  -36  •  ♦  Al  Raschid  is  calif. 
He  defeats  the  Turks  in  their  attempt 

to  capture  Bagdad. 

1136*  *  Assassins  cruelly  murder  Al 
Haschid. 

-1160  *  *  Al  Moktafl  is  calif. 

1147  *  *  Syria.  The  second  crusade, 
urged  by  Pope  Eugenius,  begins. 

1160  *  *  -70  *  *  Al  Mostanjed  is  calif. 

•  *  *  Great  disorders  occur  in  Persia; 
the  governors  of  provinces  assume  inde- 
pendence, and  are  rivals  for  supreme 
authority. 


pointmentot  Emir  Al  Omra;  his  desceu-    1170*  ♦-80*  *  Al  Mostadhi  is  calif. 


dants  continue  his  claims. 
945  *  *  -974  *  *  Al  Moti  is  calif. 
958  *  *  -972  *  *  Maiz  Ad  Din,  a  calif 

of  the  Fatimite  dynasty,  subjects  regions 

of  Africa  and  Egypt  to  Moslem  rules  ;  he 

builds  Cairo. 

961±  »  *  Afghanistan.    The  principality 

of  Ghazni  is  established. 
972*  *-973»  *  Cairo  becomes  the 


*  *  *  Salad  in,  vizier  of  Egypt,  proclaims 
Al  Mostadhi  calif  of  Egypt. 

*  *  *  Saladin,  having  become  Sultan  of 
Egypt,  conquers  Syria,  Mesopotamia, 
and  Arabia. 

1180  *  *  -1225  *  •  Al  Waser  is  calif. 

*  *  *  The  assassins  murder  many  emi- 
nent Mohammedans  and  Christian  lead- 
ers. 


capital  of  the  Fatimite  Arabs  in  Egypt.    11^3  *  *  -Afghanistan.    The  principality 


974  •  *  -991  *  *  Al  Tai  is  calif. 

983  *  *  -1056  •  *  Insurrections  occur 
in  Persia,  and  Imad  Al  Daulah  founds 
the  Buyide  or  Deylimite  dynasty. 

991  *  »  -1031  *  »  Al  Kader  is  calif. 

997*  *-1028*  *  Afghanistan.  Ma  fa- 
mud  is  sultan  of  Ghazni,  which  he  en- 
riches with  the  immense  spoils  obtained 
in  12  expeditious  against  Hindustan. 


of  Ghazni  falls. 

1187*  *  Saladin  defeats  the  Christians 
at  Tiberias. 

1191    July  17.    Syria.    The  Crusaders 
capture  Acre. 

1102  *  »  Syria.    Eichard,  King  of  Eng- 
land, the  lion-hearted,  takes  Jaffa,  and    1454  *  *  Coffee  comes  into   repute   la 
forces  Saladin  to  make  peace.  Arabia. 

1193    Mar.  24.  T   Egypt.    Saladin  dies,    1804  *  *  The  SiUtan  Saood,  of  the  klng- 
aud  his  dominions  are  divided.  dom  of  Oman,  is  killed. 


nominal  allegiance  of  many  of  the  Arab 
tribes. 

1630  *  ♦  The  Yemenites,  after  having  ex- 
pelled the  Turks,  establish  a  kingdom 
of  30  small  provinces. 

1650  ±*  *  The  Portuguese  surrender 

Muscat  to  the  Yaarebah  princes. 
1737  *  *  -41  *  *  The  kingdom  of  Oman 

(Muscat)  is  under  Persian  rule. 
1741  *  *  Ahmad  Ebn  Saood  founds  a 

dynasty  in    Oman   after   repelling  the 

Persian  invaders. 

1765  *  *  Abd-el-Aziz,  one  of  the  Waha- 
bis,  reigns  in  Nejd,  assuming  the  titles 
of  imam  and  sultan;  he  extends  his 
dominions. 

1775  *  *  Sayyid  succeds  his  father,  Ah- 
mad Ebn  Saood,  in  Oman  (Muscat). 

1803+ *  *  Saood,  sou  of  Aziz,  com- 
mences his  prosperous  reign  at  Mecca 
over  the  Nejd  kingdom  ;  he  soon  dic- 
tates on  what  terms  yearly  pilgrimages 
may  be  made  from  all  parts  of  the  Mo- 
hammedan world. 

1804  *  *  Sultan  Saood  reigns  in  the 
kingdom  of  Oman. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

800±  *  ♦  The  first  apothecary's  shop 
in  the  world  is  established  at  Bagdad. 

1243*  *-58*  *  During  the  reign  of 
Mostasom  the  sacred  black  stone  is 
fixed  in  the  threshold  of  tlie  principal 
entrance  of  his  palace  at  Bagdad.  [This 
entrance,  the  "  Porte,"  becomes  by 
eminence  the  title  of  his  court.] 

1300  *  *  Coffee  is  introduced.  (Arabia.) 


488     1810,  *  *-1893,  Apr.  12. 


ARABIA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1810  *  •  -1819  •  *  The  British  subdue 
the  Wahabi  pirates. 

1811*  *-15*  *Mehemet  Ali,  Egyp- 
tian vassal  of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey, 
conquers  the  Wahabis  ;  Arabia  becomes 
[for  a  few  years]  an  Egyptian  prov- 
ince. 

1812  *  ♦  Jouson  Beg,  son  of  Mebemet 
All,  storms  and  captures  Medina,  the 
"City  of  the  Prophet,"  and  massacres 
the  garrison  and  inhabitants. 

1816  Sept.  ♦  Ibrahim  Pasha  of  Egypt, 
adopted  son  of  Mehemet  Ali,  lands  at 
Yembo  to  complete  the  subjugation  of 
the  Wahabis. 

*  *  The  Wahabis  surrender  their  last 
stronghold  at  Dereyeeyah,  after  a  siege 
of  five  months  by  Ibrahim,  the  pasha 
of  Egypt. 

1817  *  *  Toorkee,  son  of  Abdallah,  or- 
ganizes guerrilla  bands,  and  finally 
drives  the  Turks  out  of  the  eastern  and 
central  provinces. 

1858  July  25,  26.  Consuls  and  Chris- 
tians having  been  massacred  at  Jiddah, 
Com.  Pullen  with  the  Cyclops  of  the 
British  navy  bombards  the  town. 

1871  Jan.  30i;.  Sa'id  Toorkee  takes 
the  city  of  Muscat,  and  kills  the  chief. 

1883  Oct.  *  The  sultan's  rebel  brother 
besieges  Muscat  till  driven  away  by 
the  British  ship  Philomel. 

1890  Nov.  17.  The  Porte  calls  upon 
Arab  chiefs  to  form  a  corps  of  100,000 
foot-soldiers  and  10,000  cavalry,  to 
act  in  conjunction  with  Turkish  troops 
in  time  of  need.  ' 

1891  Aug.:t  A  revolt  in  Yemen  is 
crushed  by  the  Turks. 

Ahmed  Kitshdi  Pasha,  the  Turkish 
commander,  enters  the  capital  with 
fourteen  camel-loads  of  hands,  cut  from 
rebel  chieftains. 

Sept.  23.  The  Governor  of  Yemen  and 
all  Turkish  ofiicials  are  driven  out  of 
Sana  by  insurgents,  who  capture 
Uodeida. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  LETTERS  — 
NATURE. 

1859  •  *  Tischendorf  obtains  the  Codex 
Sinaiticiis,  a  manuscript  of  the  Septua- 
giut  and  Greek  New  Testament,  from 
the  Convent  of  St.  Catherine  on  Mount 
Sinai. 

1874  Feb.  *  Charles  T.  Beke  an  Eng- 
lish traveler  claims  to  have  discovered 
the  Mount  Sinai  of  the  Bible. 

1893  Apr.  12.  A  complete  Syrian  text 
of  the  Four  Gospels  is  discovered  in 
the  Convent  of  Mount  Sinai. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1814*  *  Sa'ld  Toorkee,  sultan  of  Muscat, 
bom.     [1888,  June  6.     Dies.     A74.] 

1818  Dec.  18.  AbdaUah,  the  Wahabi 
chief,  is  beheaded  In  Constantinople. 


1820  Bou  Ma'za,  Si  Mohammed,  dervish, 
fanatic,  born. 

1870  *  *  Feysal,  aged  and  blind,  is  assassi- 
nated. 


CHURCH. 

1810  *  *  The  "Wahabis  allowno  pilgrims 
to  visit  the  holy  places  except  those  who 
join  their  reformation  of  Islam.  It 
occasions  war. 

1853  *  *  Only  50,000  pilgrims  visit 
the  holy  shrine  at  Mecca. 

1858  June  15.  At  Jiddah,  the  seaport 
of  Mecca,  the  Mohammedans  massacre 
26  Christians,  including  the  English 
and  French  consuls  and  part  of  their 
families. 

•  *  A  host  of  pilgrims  arrive;  60,000  visit 
Mecca. 

1865  *  *  The  "Wahabis  are  reported  to 
be  in  a  prosperous  condition,  and  the 
sect  extended  into  India. 

*  *  The  Keith  Falconer  Mission  of  the 
Free  Church  of  Scotland  is  opened  at 
Sheik  Othman,  10  miles  from  Aden. 

1889  Aug.  1.  The  Reformed  (Dutch) 
Mission  of  South  Arabia  is  organized 
as  an  undenominational  mission. 


STATE. 

1811  *  * -15  •  *  The  Wahabis  ter- 
ritory is  conquered  by  the  Turks  under 
Mehemet  Ali,  and  it  becomes  an  Egyp- 
tian province. 

1814  *  *  Abdallah  succeeds  his  father 
as  ruler  of  the  Wahabis  in  Nejd. 

1815  *  *  The  treaty  of  peace,  con- 
cluded with  the  Wahabis  by  Jouson, 
is  rejected  both  at  Cairo  and  Constan- 
tinople. 

1816  *  *  The  Turks  establish  despotic 
rule  in  Arabia,  which  is  aggravated  by 

the  licentiousness  of  their  officers. 

1818  *  ♦  The  "Wahabis  revolt  under 
Toorkee,  and  reestablish  their  govern- 
ment, after  driving  the  Turks  out  of  the 
central  and  eastern  provinces. 

1839  *  •  Aden,  on  the  south  coast,  be- 
comes a  British  possession  by  treaty 
with  Oman. 

1842  Koorshid  Pasha,  the  representa- 
tive of  Egyptian  rule,  is  crowded  out  by 
Feysul,  son  of  Toorkee,  and  Asseer  is 
added  to  the  now  independent  Wahabis 
empire. 

1856  *  *  The  death  of  Sayyid  is  followed 
by  a  contest  for  the  throne;  his  son, 
Sayyid  Thuwainy,  finally  gets  Oman, 
and  Majd  gets  Zanzibar,  near  the  Afri- 
can coast. 

1858  Aug.  6.  Eleven  of  the  assassins 
of  the  Christians  and  consuls  at  Jiddah 
are  executed.  [Their  leaders  suifer 
later.] 

1868  Oct.  *  Syud  Redin,  Imam  of 
Muscat,  is  driven  away,  and  the  chief, 
Azau  bin  Gheo,  seizes  authority. 


1870  Aug.  *  Syud  Bedin  attempts  to 
regain  his  office  at  Muscat. 

Oct  7.  Af.  Sayyid  Thuwainy  obtains 
Zanzibar  on  the  death  of  his  brother. 

1871  Jan.  30±.  Sayyid  Toorkee  cap- 
tures Muscat,  and  kills  Chief  Azau  bin 
Gheo. 

1875  Dec.  *  Sayyid  Aseer  is  deposed 
in  Muscat  by  his  brother  Sayyid  Toor- 
kee. 

1880  Mar.  21.  The  Grand  Sheriff  (gov- 
ernor) of  Mecca,  is  assassinated  by  a 

fanatic. 

1882  June  *  Muscat  is  agitated  by  a 
rebellion  against  the  Sultan. 

1891  Sept.  23.  The  governor  of  Ye- 
men and  all  the  Turkish  officials  flee 
from  Sana  to  escape  the  rebels. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1812  Aug.  9.  A  caravan  consisting  of 
2,000  is  destroyed  by  a  blasting  wind 
while  crossing  the  deserts  of  Arabia 
when  returning  from  Mecca ;  only  20 
persons  are  saved. 

1828*  •  Abd-el-Kader  of  Algeria 
makes  his  second  pilgrimage  to  Mecca, 
and  receives  the  title  Hadji. 

1856  *  *  The  Sultan  Saood  (son)  dies, 
after  reigning  52  years. 

1866*  •Thoweynee,  the  sultan  of 
Oman,  is  assassinated  by  his  own  son. 

1877  *  *  Capt.  Kichard  F.  Burton  ex- 
plores  the  ruined  cities  of  Midian,  find- 
ing many  relics  and  gold. 

1886  *  *  Nov.  18.  Five  Arab  horses, 
sent  by  the  sultan  of  Oman,  are  pre- 
sented to  Queen  Victoria. 

1889  •  *  Dec.  10.  Cholera  is  raging  at 
Bagdad. 

1890  Jan.  22.  The  authorities  forbid 
pilgrimages  to  Mecca  on  account  of 
the  prevalence  of  cholera. 

Jan.  *  A  great  flight  of  locusts,  cover- 
ing 2,000  square  miles,  is  reported  to  have 
passed  across  the  Red  Sea  from  Africa 
to  Arabia. 

July  8.  A  terrific  hiuricane  at  Mus- 
cat demolishes  many  dwellings  and  kills 
over  700  persons. 

Jxily  13.  Pilgrims  returning  from 
Mecca  are  quarantined  at  EUir 
20  days  before  proceeding  through  the 
Suez  Canal. 

July  17.    Deaths  from  cholera  in 

Mecca  average  50  daily. 

[Cholera  continues  to  prevail  in 
Mecca.  July  29, 140  deaths  on  this  day. 
Aug.  7,  175  deaths.  1893.  Apr.  21.  It 
is  again  prevailing.  June  9,  60  deaths ; 
June  10,  70  deaths  ;  June  27,  900  cases 
reported ;  July  2,  440  deaths ;  July  4, 
2G0  deaths;  1894.  July  1,  400  deaths.] 
Aug.  7.  At  Jiddah  100  deaths  from 
cholera  are  daily  reported.  [1894. 
Sept.i  •  A  total  of  11,000  deaths  of  pil- 
grims are  reported.] 


ARGENTINE. 


1515,  **-1823,  Oct.*.    48d 


TiiK  AuoKXTi.vK  Republic,  formerly  called  the  Argentine  Confederation,  and  earlier  tlie  United  Provinces  of  La  Plata,  is 
a  country  in  the  southern  part  of  the  American  continent,  and  mostly  in  the  south  temperate  zone.  It  lies,  for  the  most  part, 
between  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east  and  the  Andes  on  the  west ;  it  is  separated  from  Uruguay  and  Brazil  by  the  Rio 
Uruguay,  from  Paraguay  by  the  Parana,  Paraguay,  and  Pilcomayo  rivers  ;  Bolivia  borders  the  extreme  north,  and  Chile  lies  on 
the  west  and  south.  Extreme  length,  2226  miles ;  extreme  breadth,  920  miles ;  area,  1,168,682  square  miles  ;  estimated  population, 
4,086,492. 

The  country  is  divided  into  14  provinces  and  nine  territories  ;  Buenos  Ayres  is  the  capital.  The  executive  of  the  government 
is  a  president ;  the  Congress  consists  of  30  senators  and  86  deputies.  The  Roman  Catholic  religion  is  the  prevailing  faith,  but 
other  religions  are  tolerated ;  the  population  is  chiefly  of  Spanish  descent ;  the  Spanish  language  is  generally  spoken.  Many 
immigrants  have  arrived  during  recent  years. 


ABMY  — KAVY. 

1635  *  *  Buenos  Ayres.    Pedro  de  Men- 

doza,  having  founded  a  settlement, 

conquers    the    adjacent    country ;    his 

force  comprises  2,000  men. 

1806  June  26.  Buenos  Ayres.  England 
and  Spain  at  war.  Sir  Home  Popham 
and  Qen.  Beresford  take  the  city  after 
slight  resistance  by  the  viceroy,  Sobre- 
monte,  who  retires. 

Aug.  12.  Buenos  Ayres.  Spaniards 
under  Viceroy  Sobremonte  attack  the 
city,  and  the  British  under  Gen.  Beres- 
ford surrender. 

Oct.  29.  Buenos  Ayres  is  retaken 
from  the  Spaniards  by  tlie  British. 

1807  Feb.  3.  Sir  Samuel  Auchmuty 
with  a  British  force  takes  Montevideo 
by  storm. 

July  7.  Montevideo  is  evacuated  by 
the  British. 

1808  May  •  Buenos  Ayres.  General 
'Whitelock  with  8,000  men  attacks  the 
city,  but  is  forced  to  capitulate,  and 
agrees  to  abandon  both  sides  of  the 
River  La  Plata  within  two  months. 

1814*  *  Montevideo,  adhering  to 
Spain,  is  compelled  to  surrender 
to  the  revolutionary  army  of  the  prov- 
inces. 

•  *  Civil  war  rages  much  of  the  time 
under  various  leaders  [until  1852]. 

1817  *  ♦  The  combined  armies  of  the 
Argentine  KepubUc  and  Chile  defeat 
the  Spaniards  at  Chacabuco. 

1818  *  *  The  allied  armies  again  defeat 
the  Spaniards  at  Maypu. 

CHURCH. 

1610  *  •  Christianity  is  first  Introduced 
by  the  Jesuit  fathers. 

1620  *  *  Buenos  Ayres  becomes  a  bish- 
opric by  creation  of  Pope  Paul  V. 

1820  Nov.  19.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  first 
Protestant  worship  in  the  city  is  held 
at  the  home  of  Mr.  Dickson,  an  English- 
man, by  Mr.  James  Thompson,  a  Scotch- 
man. (1821.  Mar.  23.  The  first  Sunday- 
school  is  opened.] 

1823  Oct.  *  Buenos  Ayres.  The  mission 
of  the  American  Board  is  opened  by 
J.  C.  Brigham  and  Theophilus  Marvin. 

STATE. 

1515  *  *  .Spanish  explorers,  led  by  Juan 
Diaz  de  Solis,  searching  for  a  south- 
west passage,  enter  the  Kio  de  la 
Plata,  and  land  on  the  north  coast. 

1519  •  »  Magellan  enters  the  fresh- 
water sea  Plata,  but  does  not  go  ashore. 


1527  •  *  Sebastian  Cabot  enters  the 
Plata,  and  anchors  opposite  the  site  of 
Buenos  Ayres  ;  be  starts  a  settlement 
on  the  Parana,  called  San  Espiritu, 
which  is  soon  deserted. 

1534  *  *  Pedro  de  Mendoza  sails  from 
Cadiz  for  the  Plata  River,  with  the  lar- 
gest and  wealthiest  expedition  that  has 
yet  left  Europe.  [1535.  Jan.  *  He  ar- 
rives in  the  Plata.] 

1535  Feb.  2.  Buenos  Ayres.  Mendoza 
lands  his  expedition,  and  Santa  Maria 
de  Buenos  Ayres  is  founded. 

1536  Aug.  15.  One  of  Mendoza's  cap- 
tains ascends  the  Parma,  and  makes  a 
settlement  at  Asuncion. 

1537  *  *  Buenos  Ayres.  The  settlement 
is  burned  by  the  Indians,  and  the  Span- 
iards sail  for  Corpus  Christi,  together 
with  reenforcements  just  received  from 
Spain. 

1542*  *  Buenos  Ayres  is  reestab- 
lished by  a  fresh  expedition  under 
Cabesa  de  Vaca ;  it  forms  part  of  the 
province  of  Peru. 

1543  Feb.  3.  Buenos  Ayres.  Indian 
hostilities  .again  compel  the  Spaniards 
to  evacuate  their  settlement. 

1559  *  *  Hurtado  de  Mendoza,  the  sol- 
dier, poet,  and  historian,  crosses  the 
Andes  from  Chile,  and  founds  the  city 
of  Mendoza. 

1565  *  *  Spaniards  from  Peru,  led  by 
Diego  de  Villarsel,  found  the  city  of 
Tucuman. 

1570  *  *  The  Spanish  court  cripples 
the  colonies  by  restrictions  on  naviga- 
tion and  commerce. 

1573  •  *  Spaniards  from  Peru  found 
Cordova. 

*  *  Juan  de  Garay  leads  out  an  expedi- 
tion, and  founds  Santa  T6. 

1580  *  *  Buenos  Ayres.  Garay  makes  a 
third  and  successful  attempt  to  found 
the  city  ;  the  colony  prospers. 

+  «  *  Don  Juan  de  Garay  is  made  lieu- 
tenant-governor. 

1602  *  *  Spain  permits  the  colonists  to 
export  two  ship-loads  of  produce  each 
year,  with  50  per  cent  customs  duties 
added. 

1620  *  *  Buenos  Ayres  is  separated 
from  Asuncion ;  and  the  provinces  on 
both  sides  of  Paraguay  are  designated 
as  the  government  of  Rio  de  la  Plata, 
and  are  subject  to  the  viceroyalty  of 
Peru. 

1665  *  *  Spain  relaxes  its  restrictions 
on  commerce. 

1774  *  •  Free  trade  is  permitted  with 
several  American  settlements. 


1775  •  ♦  Buenos  Ayres  Is  separated  by 
the  Spaniards  from  Peru  ;  they  make 
it  the  capital  of  the  province  of  Rio  de 
la  Plata  and  the  seat  of  a  viceroyalty. 
[It  includes  the  territories  now  known 
as  Bolivia,  Paraguay,  and  the  Argentine 
Republic] 

1810  May  25.  The  revolutionary 
movement  against  Spain  takes  form ; 
a  provisional  government  of  nine  per- 
sons is  established,  with  the  consent  of 
the  viceroy,  to  govern  the  provinces  of 
the  Rio  de  la  Plata. 

1811  •  » The  Confederation  joins 
the  insurrection  of  the  other  provinces 
against  the  rule  of  Spain. 

1813  Jan.  31.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  con- 
gress meets  and  elects  Posadas  dictator 
of  the  Confederation, 

»  •  »  A  sanguinary  struggle  with  the 
adherents  of  Spain  ensues  In  all  the 
country  of  the  River  Plata.  [The  party 
of  independence  is  finally  victorious.] 

1816  Mar.  25.  A  new  congress  of  dep- 
uties elected  by  the  people  meets  at 
Tucuman ;  it  elects  Payridon  Presi- 
dent of  the  Republic. 

July  9.  The  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence from  Spanish  rule  is  formally 
made  by  the  Congress,  and  a  title  chosen. 
The  United  Provinces  of  La  Plata. 
[Comparatively  good  order  follows.] 

1817  *  Buenos  Ayres  is  Involved  in  war 
with  Brazil;  the  Portuguese  having 
taken  possession  of  Banda Oriental  [Uru- 
guay] and  anarchy  ensuing,  both  parties 
struggle  to  possess  the  country. 

1822  Feb.*  *  Buenos  Ayres  is  recog- 
nized as  a  part  of  the  Argentine  Repub- 
lic, and  declared  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment. 

Mar.  1.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  general  con- 
gress of  all  the  liberated  States  meets 
and  decrees  an  amnesty ;  the  war  con- 
tinues. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1537  *  *  An  exploring  expedition  of 
200  men  is  massacred  by  the  Indians. 

1570  *  •  Spain  cripples  the  colonists 
by  restricting  navigation  and  commerce. 

1793  Mar.  30.  Juan  Manuel  de  Bo- 
sas,  dictator,  is  bom. 

1800  Mar.  19.  Justo  Jos^  Urquiza, 
general,  is  born. 

1811  Feb.  11.  Domingo  Faustino 
Sarmiento  is  born.  [He  becomes  dis- 
tinguished as  an  educator,  author,  jour- 
nalist, minister  to  the  United  States, 
and  President  of  the  KepubUc] 


490    1821,  June  26-1889,  Apr.  30.     ARGENTINE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1821    July  9.    Gen.  San  Martin  leads 

his  victorious  troops  from  Chile,  and 
makes  a  triumphal  entry  into  Iiima, 
the  stronghold  of  Spanish  power  in 
America. 

1824  Dec.  9.  The  Republican  army 
gains  a  decisive  victory  over  the 
Spaniards  at  Ayacucho,  in  the  Peru- 
vian districts  of  the  Amazon. 

1826  *  *  -28  *  *  War  with  Brazil  is 
waged  for  the  possession  of  Uruguay. 

1828  *  *  A  rebellion  breaks  out  against 
the  party  in  power. 

The  Unitarians  (Anti-Federalists),  sup- 
ported by  Gen.  Lavalle  and  his  troops, 
rebel  against  the  Federals  in  power  and 
defeat  them  ;  President  Dorrego  is  cap- 
tured and  shot. 

1829  *  *  Federalists  led  by  Gen.  Rosas 
defeat  Gen.  Lavalle. 

1838*  *-40*  *War  with  France 
occurs. 

*  *  Buenos  Ayres.  The  French  blockade 
the  city  because  of  a  dispute  with  Gen. 
Rosas. 

1839  *  *  Gen.  Lavalle,  encouraged  by  the 
blockade,  rallies  the  Unitarian  party. 

1840  *  *  Gen.  Lavalle  invades  Buenos 
Ayres,  but  is  routed  by  the  Federal 
army  under  Gen.  Pacheco ;  he  is  cap- 
tured and  finally  shot.  , 

1845  Mar.  28.  Gen.  Justo  Jose  Ur- 
quiza,  while  assisting  Oribe  against  the 
government  of  Montevideo,  defeats  Gen, 
Rivera  at  India  Muerta. 

*  *  Buenos  Ayres.  The  British  inter- 
vene, blockade  the  city,  and  claim  free 
navigation  of  the  River  La  Plata. 

Nov.  20.  The  combined  British  and 
French  fleets  land  a  force  to  attack 
Gen.  Rosas  in  bis  intrencbments  at 
Punta  de  Obligata,  and  drive  bini  out. 

1847  *  *  Buenos  Ayres.  The  allies  raise 
the  blockade. 

1851  Oct.  2.  Gen.  TJrquiza  having 
joined  forces  with  Brazil  and  Monte- 
video, Gen,  Oribe  is  compelled  to  ca- 
pitulate, and  the  nine  years'  siege  of 
Montevideo  ends. 

1852  Feb.  3.  Gen.  Urquiza,  command- 
ing the  combined  army  of  Entre  Rios 
and  Brazil,  defeats  and  overthrows  Gen, 
Rosas  at  Monte-Caseros,  '*  The  Gate 
of  Buenos  Ayres,"  which  brings  the 
victor  to  the  office  of  provisional  dic- 
tator of  the  Argentine  Confederation. 
Buenos  Ayres  capitulates,  and  the  civil 
war  ends. 

Sept.  11.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  rebellion 
breaks  out  against  Urquiza,  caused  by 
the  alleged  non-recognition  of  the  po- 
litical and  commercial  preeminence  of 
Buenos  Ayres.    [He  is  deposed.] 

Dec.  28.  Buenos  Ayres.  TJrquiza  in- 
vests the  city,  but  soon  retires. 

Apr.  *  Buenos  Ayres.  The  fleet  of  the 
Confederation  blockades  the  city,  Ur- 
quiza commanding  the  besiegers. 

Apr.  18.  Buenos  Ayres.  TJrquiza  de- 
feats his  opponents'  squadron.  [July 
13.  The  besiegers  withdraw,  and  the 
civil  war  is  ended.] 


1859  Oct.*  Civil  war:  Hostilities  are 
resumed  between  the  Confederate  gov- 
ernment at  Parana  and  the  independent 
government  at  Buenos  Ayres. 

Oct.  23.  The  Confederate  forces  un- 
der Gen.  Urquiza  defeat  Col.  Mitr^  at 
Cepeda,  in  the  province  of  Buenos 
Ayres;  Urquiza  enters  Buenos  Ayres. 

1860  May*  Gen.  Urquiza  resumes 
the  command  of  the  Federalist  army  in 
San  Juan. 

1861  Sept.  11.  The  war  is  renewed 
and  ended  ;  the  Congressional  army  is 
defeated  at  Pavon,  in  the  province  of 
Santa  F^,  by  Gen.  Mitr^.  [This  battle 
ends  the  Federalists'  system.] 

1864  *  *  Paraguay  begins  a  war  with 
Brazil  [and  soon  involves  Argentina]. 

1865  Apr.  13.  Paraguayans  commence 
hostilities  by  firing  upon  two  Argen- 
tine vessels  in  the  port  of  Corrientes. 
[Apr.  14.  They  take  possession  of  the 
town.] 

1866*  *The  allies  carry  on  the  war 
against  Paraguay. 

1867  Jan.  *  Another  rebellion  breaks 
out  under  Saa  and  Videla  in  Buenos 
Ayres  ;  the  main  army  is  recalled  from 
Paraguay. 

1870  Mar.  1.  The  war  with  Para- 
guay ends  by  the  shooting  of  Lopez 
at  Aquibana. 

*  *  Civil  war  breaks  out  in  Entre  Rios 
because  Congress  sends  troops  to  secure 
a  free  election. 

1873  Jan.  *  The  army  of  Entre  Rios  is 
completely  routed  by  national  troops 
and  the  war  ends. 

Dec.  *  The  defeat  of  Xiopez  Jotu*dan, 
the  rebel,  is  announced. 

1874  Dec.  2.  Civil  war  :  The  revolu- 
tionary forces  are  defeated  in  battle ; 
Gens.  Mitr^  and  Arredondo  are  made 
prisoners,  and  the  abortive  revolution 
ends. 

CHURCH. 

1836  *  *  Buenos  Ayres  becomes  a  mis- 
sion of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  U.  S.  A. 

1851*  *  Mission-work  is  begim  by  Capt. 
AUen  Gardiner  in  Ooshooia,  Terra 
del  Fuego. 

Sept.  *  Capt.  Gardiner  and  his  missionary 
associates  starve,  owing  to  a  mistake 
in  not  landing,  with  their  supplies,  pow- 
der and  shot  to  enable  them  to  obtain 
game. 

Oct.  *  Supplies  for  the  starved  mission- 
aries at  Ooshooia  arrive  too  late. 

1853  *  *  Buenos  Ayres.  The  American 
Presbyterians  open  a  mission.  [It 
closes  in  1859.] 

1855  *  *  A  mission  is  started  on  Keppel 
Island,  West  Falklands,  Terra  del 
Fuego,  having  an  industrial  farm,  a 
school  and  workshop,  with  one  cate- 
chist  and  a  farm  bailiff. 

1859  Nov.  6.  Two  missionaries,  while 
conducting  their  first  service,  are  mur- 
dered by  the  natives  in  Terra  del 
Fuego. 


1863  Jan.  *  Missionaries  again  visit 
Terra  del  Fuego. 

1864  *  *  A  mission  is  opened  at  Pata- 
gones,  or  Kl  Carmen,  by  the  South 
American  Missionary  Society. 

1868  *  *  A  mission  settlement  is  formed 
on  Navarin  island.  Terra  del  Fuego. 

1869  Jan.*  Ooshooia,  in  Terra  del 
Fuego,  becomes  a  station  of  the  South 
American  Missionary  Society.  [1889. 
It  reports  300  natives  baptized.] 

1874  *  *  A  Girls*  Boarding- School  is 
founded  in  Rosario  by  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  U.  S.  A. 

1879  *  *  Cordova  has  a  mission  of  the 
South  American  Society,  with  one  mis- 
sionary. 

1886  *  *  Buenos  Ayres.  A  Theological 
Institute  is  founded  by  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  U.  S.  A. 

STATE. 

1824*  *  Bolivia.  Paraguay  and  Uruguay, 
after  much  struggling,  finally  establish 
separate  republics. 

1825  Jan,  23.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  Na- 
tional Constitution  for  the  States  of 
[the  present]  Argentine  Republic  is  de- 
creed ;  13  independent  States  are 
confederated,  and  entitled  "  The  Ar- 
gentine Confederation."  Rivadaria 
(Unitarian)  is  elected  President. 

Feb.  2.  The  British  government  rec- 
ognizes the  independence  of  the  Repub- 
lic, and  enters  into  a  commercial  treaty. 

1827  *  *  By  mediation  of  England 
Banda  Oriental  [Uruguay]  is  made  in- 
dependent of  both  Buenos  Ayres  and 
Brazil. 

1827  *  *  -1857  *  •  No  meeting  of  the 
National  Congress. 

July  *  Dorrego  (Federalist)  is  elected 
President  of  Buenos  Ayres. 

1828  *  *  A  rebellion  breaks  out ;  Presi- 
dent Dorrego  is  captured  and  shot  by 
Unitarians  (Anti-Federalists). 

Gen.  Rosas  becomes  the  leader  of  the 
Federalist  party,  which  aims  to  secure 
the  practical  independence  of  the  prov- 
inces. 

1829  Dec.  *  Buenos  Ayres.  Gen.  Juan 
Ma.iuel  de  Hosas  is  made  dictator  of 
Buenos  Ayres  by  Act  of  Congress,  and 
by  his  arbitrary  conduct  becomes  a  ter- 
ror to  both  parties. 

1832  Dec.  *  Buenos  Ayres.  The  dictSr 
tor  Bosas  is  deposed. 

1835  Mar.  7.  Buenos  Ayres.  Gen.  Rosas 
is  reelected  dictator,  and  becomes  the 
sole  and  uncontrolled  ruler  of  Buenos 
Ayres  [for  15  years]. 

1840  *  *  A  new  treaty  of  peace  is  made 
between  the  Confederation  and  Monte- 
vi<leo. 

1842  *  *  Gen.  Kosas  joins  Gen.  Oribe, 
the  exiled  president  of  Uruguay,  in  an 
endeavor  to  subject  Montevideo  to 
Buenos  Ayres,  the  former  city  being 
the  center  of  the  Unitarian  party  and 
a  refuge  for  exiles. 

1846  *  *  Gen.  Urquiza  is  elected  gov- 
ernor of  the  province  of  Entre  Rios. 


ARGENTINE.     1821,  June  26-1889,  Apr.  30.     491 


1851  *  *  Gen.  Urquiza  overthrows 
Gen.  Rosas  at  Montevideo,  and  is  made 
dictator. 

1852  Feb.  3.  Buenos  Ayrea  capitu- 
lates to  Urquiza. 

May  31.  Justo  Jose  de  Urquiza  is 
elected  provisional  president;  Vin- 
ceute  Lopez  is  elected  governor  of 
Buenos  Ayres. 

June  23.  Urquiza,  having  won  over  the 
army  by  a  sudden  coup  d'itat,  puts  him- 
self at  the  head  of  the  Government  as 
dictator. 

Urquiza  acknowledges    the    indepen- 
dence of  Paraguay. 

Sept.  10.  Urquiza  is  deposed  [and 
soon  heads  a  revolt]. 

±*  *  Urquiza  is  duly  elected  President 
by  the  other  13  provinces. 

Sept.  11.  Buenos  Ayres  secedes  from 
the  Confederacy  ;  the  revolution  is  led 
by  Gen.  Bartolom^  Mitre;  Valentine 
Alsina  is  elected  governor. 

Sept.  *  Urquiza  leaves  Buenos  Ayres 
to  attend  the  Congress  at  Santa  Fe. 

Oct.  *  Urquiza  secures  by  treaty  the  free 
navigation  of  all  rivers  flowing  into  the 
La  Plata. 

Nov.  20.  The  Congress  of  the  Con- 
federation meets,  and  ilirects  Urquiza 
to  suppress  the  rebellion  in  Buenos 
Ayres. 

Dec.  *  Another  revolution  in  Buenos 
Ayres  changes  the  governor ;  Gen.  Pin- 
tos  takes  the  office. 

1853  Jan.  22.  The  Federal  Congress 
meets  again  to  form  a  constitution  ;  it 
favors  the  war  against  Buenos  Ayres. 

May  1.  The  new  Constitution  is  pro- 
mulgated ;  it  makes  Bueuos  Ayres  the 
capital  of  the  Confederation.  [May  23. 
It  becomes  effective.] 

Oct.  12.  Buenos  Ayres  secedes  again, 
and  forms  an  independent  State ;  Dr. 
D.  Pastor  Obligado  is  elected  its  first 
governor. 

Nov,  20.  Gen.  J.  Urquiza  is  elected 
President  for  six  years. 

1854  Jan.*  A  new  Constitution  is 
formed  in  Buenos  Ayres. 

*  *  The  seat  of  government  is  changed 
to  Bajada  del  Parana. 

*  *  Filibusters  enter  the  province  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  and  Urquiza  repels  them. 

Dec.  20.  A  treaty  of  peace  is  signed  by 
Buenos  Ayres  and  the  President  of  the 
Bepublic. 

1855  Jan.  8.  Another  treaty  of  peace 
Is  signed  by  Buenos  Ayres  and  the  Re- 
public ;  with  the  former  treaty  it  pro- 
vides for  independent  government 
and  for  mutual  assistance. 

Oct.  10.  Negotiations  are  opened  for  a 
union  of  the  two  sovereignties. 

Dec.  24,  Argentine  refugees  from 
Montevideo,  under  Gen.  Floras,  invade 
Buenos  Ayres,  and  a  coimter  invasion 
follows,  causing  much  irritation. 

1856  Mar.  18.  The  Argentine  Gtovern- 
ment  withdraws  from  the  treaties  of 
1854  and  1855. 


July  19.  The  Confederate  Congress 
at  Parana  establishes  differential  duties 
against  Buenos  Ayres  [commencing  Feb. 
1, 1857]. 

1857  May  *  Dr.  Valentine  Alsina  is 
elected  governor  of  Bueuos  Ayres. 

*  *  The  union  of  the  two  republics  is  re- 
stored by  treaty. 

*  *  Pastor  Obligado  is  elected  governor 
of  Buenos  Ayres  for  a  term  of  five  years. 

1859  Nov,  11.  Buenos  Ayres,  by  a 
treaty,  rejoins  the  Confederation,  of 
which  Urquiza  resigns  the  presidency. 

1860  Feb.  8.  Dr.  S.  Derqui  is  elected 
President  of  the  14  provinces. 

Nov.  *  An  insurrection  breaks  out  in 
San  Juan.  [1861.  Sept.  17.  Hostilities 
are  renewed.  1862.  Jan.  *  The  insur- 
rection is  suppressed.] 

Oct.  12.  Gen.  Bartolom^  Mitre  is 
elected  President  of  the  new  Argentine 
Republic  for  six  years,  and  assumes  the 
oflice.    [Prosperity  follows.] 

1865  Mar.  29,  Paraguay  officially 
proclaims  war  against  the  Confedera- 
tion because  of  a  declaration  made  in 
Congress  on  Mar.  18.  [The  war  contin- 
ues until  1870.] 

Apr.  13.  The  Argentines  are  sur- 
prised by  the  sudden  hostilities  of 
President  Lopez  of  Paraguay.  [Apr.  IC. 
War  is  declared.] 

May  1.  The  Argentine  Republic,  Brazil, 
and  the  Banda  Oriental  [Uruguay]  unite 
in  a  treaty  to  overthrow  President 
Lopez,  and  yet  preserve  the  indepen- 
dence of  Paraguay. 

May  25,  Buenos  Ayres.  A  National 
Congress  opens. 

1867  *  ♦  Urquiza,  nominally  under  the 
order  of  the  National  government,  prac- 
tically maintains  a  position  of  neutral- 
ity in  the  province  of  Eutre  Rios. 

1868  Oct.  12.  Col.  Domingo  F.  Sar- 
miento  is  peacefully  elected  President 
for  a  term  of  six  years. 

1871  Apr.  11.  Urquiza  is  assassi- 
nated at  his  residence  by  well-known 
officers  of  his  army;  Xiopez  Jourdan 
is  elected  governor  in  his  place  by  the 
Legislature  of  the  province  of  Entre 
Rios. 

*  *  The  new  governor  in  his  inaugural 
address  assumes  responsibility  for 
the  assassination;  and  Congress 
refuses  to  recognize  his  office,  on  the 
ground  of  undue  influence  upon  the  Le- 
gislature ;  it  sends  troops  into  the  prov- 
inces to  secure  a  free  election. 

1873  Jan.  3.  A  treaty  of  peace  is 
made  with  Brazil. 

1874  Sept.  24.  A  revolution  is  de- 
clared by  the  defeated  party  in  the 
national  election,  led  by  Brig.-Gen. 
Mitre,  who  unsuccessfully  appeals  to 
arms  for  the  overthrow  of  President- 
elect Avellanda. 

Oct,  12,  Don  Nicolas  Avellanda  is 
constitutionally  installed  President  of 
the  Republic  for  a  term  of  six  years, 

Sept.  *  -Nov.  *  Buenos  Ayres.  An  in- 
surrection   under   Gen.  Mitre   breaks 


out.  [Dec.  2.  The  insurrection  is  sup- 
pressed.] 

Dec.  17.  A  state  holiday  is  observed 
for  rejoicing  over  the  restoration  of 
peace. 

1876  May  16.  The  national-bank  spe- 
cie payments  are  suspended  by  the 
Government. 

Dec.  12.  The  rebellion  is  at  an  end, 
and  Gen.  Lopez  Jourdan  is  captured. 

1879  May  *  A  revolution  breaks  out 
in  the  province  of  Jujuy. 

1880  Feb.  *  Buenos  Ayres.  A  revolu- 
tion breaks  out. 

June  *  -July  *  A  settlement  is  made 
of  disputes  with  Buenos  Ayres. 

Oct.  12.  Gen.  J.  A.  Roca  of  the  Anti- 
Buenos  Ayres  party  is  elected  President 
of  the  Republic  in  opposition  to  Dr. 
Tejedor. 

Oct.  *  The  revolt  in  Buenos  Ayres  is 
ended  by  mutual  concessions. 

1881  July  23.  By  treaty  with  Chile, 
Patagonia  and  Terra  del  Fuego  aro 
divided  between  the  two  States. 

1882  Nov.  24.  La  Plata,  the  new 
capital  of  the  province  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
is  founded  by  Dr.  Roca,  the  governor. 

1883  Aug.  *  Buenos  Ayres.  A  general 
amnesty  bill  is  passed. 

1889  Apr.  30.  A  treaty  defining  the 
boimdary  between  the  Republic  and 
Bolivia  is  signed. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1821  Jime  26.  BartolomS  Mitre, 
general,  statesman,  and  author,  is  born. 

1852  *  *  Gen.  Bartolom6  Mitre  estab- 
lishes La  Nacion.  [It  soon  becomes  the 
most  important  paper  lu  the  Platine 
region.] 

*  *  The  currency  is  greatly  depreci- 
ated ;  the  Government  votes  $5,000,000 
to  reimburse  those  who  created  the 
insurrections,  giving  two  generals 
§227,000,  and  two  majors  $128,000. 

1857  *  ♦  Historia  de  BelgranOt  by  Barto- 
lom<S  Mitre,  appears. 

1860  Mar.  20.  An  earthquake  at 
Mendoza  destroys  about  two-thirds  of 
the  city,  and  7,000  lives  are  lost. 

1871  Apr.  11.  Justo  Jos^  Urquiza 
is  assassinated,  A71. 

1872  Jan.  1.  Native  Gauchos  mas- 
sacre the  foreigners  in  the  Tandel  dis- 
tricts. 

1875  Feb.  28.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  mob 
bums  the  Jesuits'  College  and  the 
archbishop's  palace ;  several  priests  are 
killed  [order  is  finally  restored  by  pro- 
claiming martial  law]. 

1876  May  16.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  na- 
tional bank  is  closed,  and  the  Govern- 
ment suspends  specie  payments. 

1877  Mar.  14.  Eiig.  Juan  Manuel  de 
Hosas,  dictator,  dies  near  Southamp- 
ton, A84. 

1882  Feb.  15.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  Gov- 
ernment opens  an  exhibition. 

1884  *  *  Historia  de  San  Martin,  by  Bar- 
tolom^  Mitre,  appears. 


492    1889,  Feb.  11-1894,  May  25.     ARGENTINE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1890  July  21.  Several  army  officers 
are  under  arrest  at  Buenos  Ayres  for 
conspiracy  to  overthrow  the  President 
of  the  Republic. 

July  26.  Suenos  Ayres.  A  revolution 
breaks  out,  followed  by  three  days' 
fighting,  with  the  loss  of  upwards  of 
1,00()  lives. 

July  28.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  Govern- 
ment forces  are  defeated,  with  heavy 
loss,  and  a  truce  for  twenty  hours  is 
agreed  to.  During  the  fighting  1,000 
men  are  killed  and  5,000  wounded. 

Feb.  21.  Buenos  Ayres  is  declared  in 
a  state  of  siege. 

1891  Mar.  2.  Buenos  Ayres.  Insur- 
rectionary troubles  break  out ;  the 
state  of  siege  is  resumed. 

1892  Apr.  10.  Elections  for  dele- 
gates to  choose  a  president,  are  held, 
and  the  state  of  siege  is  afterwards  re- 
imposed. 

Sept.  25.  The  city  of  Bosario  is  cap- 
tured by  the  insurgents,  and  the  na- 
tional troops  are  forced  to  retreat. 

Sept.  29.  The  insurgents  at  Bosario 
surrender  to  the  national  forces.  [Oct. 
1.  The  city  of  Rosario  is  recaptured, 
and  the  rebellion  is  entirely  suppressed.] 

Oct.  5.  The  rebels  are  in  full  retreat, 
with  cavalry  in  pursuit. 

Deo.  26.  Troops  are  mobilized  to  sup- 
press the  spreading  rebellion  in  the 
province  of  Corrientes. 

1893  Jan.  12.  The  insurgents  surren- 
der to  the  Government. 

Aug.  1.  The  insurrection  continues; 
several  towns  are  taken  by  the  insur- 
gents. 

Aug.  2.  The  government  of  Santa  F6 
surrenders  to  the  insurgents.  [Aug.  3. 
The  vice-governor  is  killed  by  rebels.] 

Aug.  15.  A  state  of  siege  is  proclaimed 
in  the  disturbed  provinces. 

Aug.  18.  It  is  announced  that  the  reb- 
els have  defeated  the  Government 
troops  in  the  province  of  Corrientes. 

Sept.  26.  Thecityof Tucumaniswrested 
from  the  insurgents ;  the  revolution- 
ary junta  are  arrested  and  confined. 

1894  Feb.  15.  The  insurgents  are  In 
possession  of  the  State  of  Parana,  and 
disaffection  is  spreadiiig  elsewhere. 

CHURCH. 

1891  Sept.  5.  The  Government  makes 
known  its  objection  to  an  extensive 
settlement  of  Jews  in  the  country. 

1893  JvUy  4±.  The  Government  de- 
cides to  send  a  representative  to  the 
Vatican  to  adjust  with  Pope  Leo  all 
questions  that  have  arisen  beFween 
Church  and  State  in  the  republic. 

STATE. 

1889  Dec.  15.  Buenos  Ayres.  The 
Federal  Congress  opens  in  extra  ses- 
sion. 

1890  Apr.  4.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  Min- 
istry resigns. 


June  7.  Buenos  Ayres.  Defalcations 
are  discovered  in  the  Custom  House 
amounting  to  310,000,000  annually.  [A 
financial  crash  follows.] 

July  17.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  President 
of  the  Republic  sends  a  message  to  the 
House  of  Deputies  asking  it  to  authorize 
the  issue  of  $6,000,000  in  paper  cur- 
rency. 

July  22.  Buenos  Ayres  is  greatly  agitated 
over  the  discovery  of  a  conspiracy 
to  overthrow  the  government ;  4,000 
troops  and  3,000  armed  policemen  gar- 
rison the  Government  buildings  and  the 
Cathedral. 

July  26.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  revolution 
breaks  out,  caused  by  fin<ancial  distress 
following  a  period  of  maladministration 
and  extravagance  ;  the  shops  are  closed, 
and  the  troops  and  revolutionists  are 
fighting  in  the  streets  ;  the  Minister  of 
Finance  is  a  prisoner  in  the  hands  of 
the  revolutionists. 

July  24.  Buenos  Ayres.  SeBor  Kacedo, 
Minister  of  War,  resigns,  causing  a 
Ministerial  crisis. 

July  30.  Buenos  Ayres.  Quiet  is  re- 
stored ;  the  revolutionary  leaders  agree 
to  the  terms  of  the  Government,  and  a 
general  amnesty  is  granted. 

Aug.  2.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  crisis  con- 
tinues; the  Director-General  of  Posts 
and  Telegraphs  resigns. 

Aug.  5±.  Buenos  Ayres.  President  Cel- 
man  resigns,  and  Sefior  Pellegrini  acts 
in  his  stead. 

Aug.  7.  Buenos  Ayres.  President  Cel- 
man's  resignation  is  accepted,  and 
SeBor  Carlos  Pellegrini  succeeds  him. 

Oct.  5.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  Federal  Con- 
gress passes  the  Conversion  Xiaw. 

Oct.  7.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  panic  is 
caused  by  a  rumor  that  a  new  revolu- 
tion has  broken  out ;  detachments  of 
cavalry  patrol  the  streets. 

1891  Feb.  17.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  con- 
spiracy to  assassinate  the  principal 
members  of  the  Government  is  discov- 
ered. 

Mar.  15.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  state  of 
siege  is  raised ;  the  elections  pass  off 
quietly,  the  Union  Civica  being  victo- 
rious. 

Apr.  8.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  Cabinet 
suspends  payment  of  deposits  in  the 
provincial  and  national  banks. 

June  3.  Buenos  Ayres.  Five  banks 
are  compelled  to  close  their  doors  ;  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  passes  a  bill  ex- 
empting banks  from  legal  process 
for  one  month. 

June  25.  A  provisional  government 
is  set  up  by  insurgents  in  Catamarca. 

July  1.  The  provincial  revolutions  are 
suppressed. 

July  23.  Buenos  Ayres.  Both  Houses  of 
the  Federal  Congress  vote  a  reduction 
in  the  duties  on  petroleum  and  rice. 

Sept.  24.  Buenos  Ayres.  Tlie  Govern- 
ment abolishes  its  legations  at  Vienna, 
Lisbon,  Berlin,  and  Mexico,  thereby  sav- 
ing §100,000  a  year. 


Sept.  30.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  Govern- 
ment suspends  gold  payments  for  two 
years. 

1802  Feb.  8.  The  ConciUation  party 
defeats  the  Radicals  in  the  national  elec- 
tions. 

Apr.  2±.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  state  of 
siege  is  again  proclaimed.  [Apr.  4. 
Quiet  is  restored.] 

Apr.  10.  The  provincial  election  of 
delegates  to  choose  a  president  passes 
off  quietly. 

Oct.  12.  Suenos  Ayres.  Saenz  Pena  is 
inaugurated  President.  [Oct.  14.  The 
new  Cabinet  is  formed  with  Tomas  An- 
chorena  as  Minister  of  Foreign  Alfairs.] 

Dec.  2.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  Cabinet  crisis 
is  settled  by  the  resignation  of  the  Min- 
ister of  the  Interior. 

Dec.  12.  Buenos  Ayres,  Differences 
arise  in  the  Cabinet.  [Many  Federalists 
are  arrested  on  the  frontier,  in  the 
province  of  Corrientes.] 

1893  Feb.  6.  The  wheat  tax  causes 
an  armed  revolt  in  the  province  of  Santa 
Ti. 

June  7.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  Cabinet 
resigns.  [June.  8.  A  new  Ministry  is 
formed.  Aug.  1.  The  insurrection  con- 
tinues. Aug.  8.  The  revolution  is 
ended,  the  governor  of  the  province  of 
Buenos  Ayres  having  resigned.] 

Sept.  1.  Buenos  Ayres.  Thirty  Radical 
leaders  are  arrested  for  conspiring  to 
overthrow  the  Government.  [Oct.  3. 
The  rebellion  is  entirely  suppressed.] 

1894  Apr.  17.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  au- 
thorities turn  over  to  the  Brazilian 
Minister  Admiral  Mello's  fleet  of  five 
vessels  now  at  that  port.    (See  Brazil.) 

May  25.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  plot  is  dis- 
covered to  blowup  the  Congressional 
buildings  and  the  Bourse ;  two  Aus- 
trians  and  an  Italian  are  arrested. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889     Feb.  11.    A    report    is    issued 

showing  that  in  January,  1888,  steamers 

took   29,000  immigrants  to  Buenos 

Ayres. 
Apr.  9.    The  premium  on  gold  reaches 

64  per  cent.    [July  27.    75  per  cent.    Sept. 

13.    125  per  cent.] 
Jan.  26.    Brazil  and  the  Republic  sign  a 

boundary  treaty. 
June  9.    Buenos  Ayres.    The  premium 

on  gold  is  134  per  cent.   [July  8.    Panic; 

gold  195  per  cent.    July  10.    320.] 
July  12.    Buenos  Ayres.    The  financial 

panic  subsides,  and  the  premium  on 

gold  falls  to  198  per  cent.    [Aug.  30.    It 

is  141;  Oct.  1,  143;    1891,  Jan.  20,  216; 

Mar.  5,  271 ;    May  7,  252 ;    Aug.  5,  301 ; 

Oct.  16,  353 ;  Nov.  13,  263.] 
1891   Mar.  2.    Buenos  Ayres.   The  state 

of  siege  is  resumed,  and  business  is 

paralyzed. 
Mar.  6.    Buenos  Ayres.    Business  ia 

suspended  by  a  decree  for  two  days. 
Mar.  14.    Buenos  Ayres.     The  banks 

reopen  for  business. 


ARGENTINE.         1891,  Mar.  2-1894,  May  25.   493 


Mar.  10.  Buenos  Ayres.  Ex-President 
Mitre  is  cordially  welcomed. 

Mar.  28.  An  attempt  is  made  upon  the 
life  of  Gen.  Boca,  Prime  Minister  of 
the  Republic. 

June  31.  Biienos  Ayres.  The  banks 
open  their  doors  for  the  first  time 
since  the  recent  revolt. 

Aug.  14.  Baron  Hirsch  signs  a  docu- 
ment empowering  Dr.  Lowenthal  and 
others  to  expend  10,000,000  pesos  for 
land  to  provide  homes  for  the  expa- 
triated Bussian  Jews. 

Aug.  23.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  panic  is 
caused  by  the  report  of  the  failure  of 
the  Provincial  Mortgage  Bank. 

Aug.  25.  A  plot  to  blow  up  public 
buildings  at  Cordova  is  discovered. 


Sept.  24.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  first  col- 
ony of  Hebrew  immigrants,  consist- 
ing of  150  families,  sent  to  the  Republic 
by  the  benevolence  of  Baron  Hirsch, 
arrives. 

Oct.  11.  The  Government  appropriates 
3100,000  to  take  part  in  the  Chicago 
"World's  Fair. 

*  *  Civilization  is  developing  in  Terra 
del  Fuego  under  the  teachings  of  mis- 
sionaries ;  and  at  Ooshooia  shipwrecked 
crews  are  now  guided  to  places  of  safety 
instead  of  being  massacred  as  in  former 
years. 

1892  Deo.  24+.  Buenos  Ayres.  An 
anti-Chilean  demonstration  is  made. 

Dec.  30.  Buenos  Ayres.  Several  police- 
men and  firemen  are  arrested,  charged 
with  conspiring  to  bum  the  city. 


1893  Aug.  27.  The  censorship  of 
the  press  is  established. 

Sept.  22.  Bevolutionists  tear  up  rail- 
road tracks  in  the  provinces  of  Cordova 
and  San  Juan. 

Sept.  27.  Buenos  Ayres.  Col.  Espina 
is  arrested  for  inciting  a  revolt ;  he  is 
convicted,  and  sentenced  to  be  shot. 
[Sept.  *  Sentence  commuted  to  20  years 

imprisonment.] 

Oct.  11.  Some  of  the  disbanded  rebel 
soldiery  engage  in  brigandage  among 
the  foreign  settlers. 

Oct.  13.  The  end  of  the  revolt  is  cele- 
brated with  a   Te  Deuni  and  military 

/Hes. 

Nov.  15.  Buenos  Ayres.  Six  anarchists 
are  expelled. 


AUSTRALIA. 


Australia  is  an  island-continent  lying  south  of  Asia,  between  the  South  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  east  and  the  Indian  Ocean  on 
the  south  and  west. 

It  is  a  British  possession,  and  is  divided  into  five  colonies  :  Victoria  at  the  extreme  south,  with  the  smallest  territory  and  the 
largest  population,  capital  Melbourne ;  New  South  Wales  in  the  southeast,  capital  Sydney ;  Queensland  in  the  east  and  north, 
capital  Brisbane ;  South  Australia  in  the  central  part,  with  the  northern  territory  extending  from  the  Indian  Ocean  to  the 
Arafura  Sea,  capital  Adelaide  ;  Western  Australia  is  an  extensive  region  in  the  western  part  of  the  island,  capital  Perth. 
Area  of  the  whole  country,  2,944,628  square  miles ;  population  in  1891,  3,173,000,  comprising  about  3,118,125  white  people,  chiefly 
of  British  descent,  the  remainder  being  aborigines. 

Each  colony  has  a  governor  appointed  by  the  Crown,  who  is  aided  by  a  cabinet  or  Executive  Council ;  each  has  a  Legislative 
Council  and  a  Legislative  Assembly  for  the  enactment  of  laws. 

Note.  —  The  abbreviations  used  to  denote  the  colonies  of  Australia  are  as  follows:  N.  S.  W.  for  New  South  Wales  ;  Que.  for  Queensland; 
S.  A.  for  Soath  AustraUa  ;  Vic.  for  Victoria;  W.  A.  for  West  Australia;  Tas.  tor  Tasmania. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
LETTERS. 

1601  *  *'Maiioel  Godinlio  De  Exedia, 
a  Portuguese,  is  said  to  have  discovered 
Australia. 

1606  Mar.  *  The  Dutch,  sailing  in  the 
Duyfhen,  discover  Australia. 

*  *  Luis  Vaez  de  Torres,  a  Spaniard, 
follows  the  western  coast. 

June  *  Torres  discovers  Torres   Strait, 

north  of  Queensland. 
1616  *  *  W.J.    Dirk  Hartog,  a  Dutch 

navigator,  visits  Shark  Bay,  and  surveys 

part  of  the  west  coast. 
1618  *  *  The  north  coast  is  surveyed  by 

Zeachen,  a  Dutch  navigator,  also  by 

Peter  Carpenter. 

1622  *  *  The  Dutch  ship  Le€moin,OT  Lion- 
ess,  follows  the  south  coast. 

1623  Jan.  *  Carstenz,  a  Dutch  navi- 
gator, names  the  great  north  gulf  Car- 
pentaria, in  honor  of  Peter  Carpenter. 

1627  *  *  Peter  Nuyts  surveys  the  south 
coast  [Nuyts'  Land],  [No  further  com- 
munication is  had  with  civilization  for 
half  a  century.] 

1628*  *Gren.  Peter  Carpenter  ex- 
plores the   north  gulf. 

*  *  W.  A.  Dutch  traders  explore  De 
AVitt's  Xjand  on  the  western  coast, 

1642  Nov.  16.  Abel  Janssen  Tas- 
man,  a  Dutch  navigator,  discovers  the 
island  [called  by  him  Van  Diemen's 
X>and,  and  after  his  name,  Tasmania]. 


1644  *  *  Tasman  explores  the  northwest 
coast  [from  Arnhem  Land  to  Dampier 
Archipelago]. 

1689  Jan.*  William  Dampier,  an 
English  buccaneer,  while  searching  for 
Dutch  booty,  begins  to  explore  the  west 
and  northwest  coasts. 

1699  *  *  W.  A.  Dampier,  commanding 
the  Roebuck,  explores  900  miles  of  the 
northwest  coast. 

1763*  *-1806*  *  Explorations  are 
made  by  the  English  navigators,  Samuel 
Wallis  and  Philip  Carteret. 

1770  Apr.  28.  Capt.  James  Cook 
makes  an  important  visit  in  the  bark 
Endeavor,  when  returning  from  the 
Royal  Society's  expedition  to  observe  the 
transit  of  Venus  at  Tahiti ;  he  is  accom- 
panied by  Sir  Joseph  Banks  and  Dr. 
Solander.  [They  land  at  Botany  Bay,  and 
call  the  country  New  South  Wales.] 

*  *  *  N.  S.  W.  Port  Jackson  is  visited 
and  named  by  Capt.  Cook,  who  takes 
possession  in  the  King's  name. 

1772  Mar.  25.  Capt.  Cook  makes  a 
second  voyage  of  exploration. 

1773  *  *  Capt.  Pumeaux,  in  the  Ad- 
venture,  explores  the  coast  of  Tasmania 
and  Bass  Strait, 

1774*  *  Norfolk  Island,  1,050  miles 
northeast  of  Sydney,  is  discovered  by 
Cook.  [It  is  a  dependency  of  New  South 
Wales.] 

1777  *  *  Capt.  Cook  appears  again  on 
his  third  voyage. 


SOCIETY. 

1786  *  *  JSng.  The  Government  is  em- 
barrassed in  the  disposal  of  its  convicted 
criminals.    It  proposes  a  penal  colony. 

(See  State.) 

STATE. 

1660  *  *  E7ig.  The  first  Council  of 
Trade  and  Plantations  is  created. 

1665  W.  A.  The  country  is  named 
New  Holland  by  order  of  the  States- 
General. 

1688*  *The  English  first  visit  the 
country;  Capt.  Dampier  lands,  and  re- 
mains five  weeks. 

1697  *  *  A  Dutch  expedition,  under 
Vlamingh,  visits  the  island. 

1699  *  *  Vlamingh  comes  again  to  make 
researches  for  the  English  government. 

1705  *  *  An  unimportant  Dutch  expe- 
dition arrives. 

1768*  *  Eng.  A  separate  Colonial 
Office  is  formed.   [1781.   It  is  abolished.] 

1783  *  *  Eng.  Parliament  passes  a  new 
Act  authorizing  the  transportation  of 
convicts. 

1786  *  *  Eng.  Orders  in  Council  fix  on 
the  east  coast  of  New  Holland  [N.  §.  W.] 
for  a  penal  station. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1531+  *  ♦  Australia  is  known  to  the 
French  previous  to  this  date. 


494    1788,  Jan.  2-1841,* 


AUSTRALIA. 


ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 

LETTERS. 

1789*  *-92*  *  William  Bligh   is  sent 

to  tlie  South  Seas  to  procure  valuable 

plants  for  introduction  into  the  West 

Indies. 

1795*  *  K,  S.   W.    George   Bass  and 

Matthew  Flinders  begin  the  survey  of 

the  coast  in  the  Botany  Bay  region. 

*  *  N.S.  W.  A  Government  Gazette  is 
first  issued. 

1797  *  *  John  Macarthur  begins  the 
breeding  of  sheep  in  a  scientific  man- 
ner. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  Coal  is  discovered  at  Point 
Solander  on  the  Hunter  River. 

1798*  *  Vic.  Bass  Strait  is  discovered 
by  George  Bass  and  Matthew  Flinders. 

*  *  Tas.  Bass  and  Flinders,  in  a  small 
sloop,  survey  Van  Diemen's  Land. 

1800*  *  Vic.  Flinders  makes  exten- 
sive surveys  by  order  of  the  British 
Government. 

*  *  Capt.  Grant  surveys  the  coasts. 

1801  *  *  -05  *  *  Flinders  explores  the 
north,  east,  and  south  coasts. 

1802  *  *  Vic.  Flinders  drops  anchor  in 
Port  Phillip. 

1803  *  '^N.  S.  W.  The  Sydnep  Gazette 
and  the  New  South  Wales  Advertiser  is 
authorized  to  be  issued. 

1813  ♦  *  N.  S.  W.  Macquarie  sends  an 
exploring-party  into  the  interior  to  find 
pasture  for  cattle ;  Bathurst  pastures 
are  reached,  and  a  road  130  miles  long 
is  made. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  Wentworth,  Lawson, 
and  Bloxland  penetrate  the  Blue 
Mountain  region,  and  discover  fine  pas- 
ture lands. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  Bathurst  Plains  are  dis- 
covered. 

1817  May  1-Aug.  29.  An  expedi- 
tion, led  by  Lieutenant  Oxley,  follows 
down  the  Lachlan  River. 

1821  *  *  The  Philosophical  Society  of 
Australia  is  founded. 

1823  *  ♦  Que.  Maneroo  Plains  are  ex- 
plored by  Capt.  Currie;  Moreton  Bay 
and  Brisbane  Eiver  aie  explored  by 
Oxley. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  Gold-mines  are  known  to 
be  in  the  country. 

1825  *  *  Pastures  near  Moreton  Bay  are 
explored  ;  one  is  named  Brisbane. 

1827  *  *N.S.  W.  AUan  Cunningham, 
an  eminent  botanist,  leads  an  important 
expedition  northward  until  he  beholds 
the  Darling  Downs. 

1828  *  *  -31  *  *  Gov.  Sir  Ralph  Darling 
sends  Capt.  Charles  Sturt  to  explore 
the  course  of  the  large  rivers  flowing 
northeast  and  northwest  into  interior. 

1829  *  *  S>  A.  The  Murray  River  is 
explored  by  Capt.  St«rt. 

18304:  *  *N.S.W.~  S.  A.  Capt.  Sturt 
explores  the  country,  following  water- 
courses to  Lake  Alexander. 

1831  *  *  -36  *  *  n:  S.  W.  Sir  Thomas 
Mitchell's  ex  pedition  explores  the 
brpji  hes  of  the  Darling  River. 


*  *  N.  S.  JV.  An  expedition  led  by  Capt. 
Charles  Sturt  explores  the  Murrum- 
bidgee  River,  traveling  2,000  miles. 

*  *  *  Capt.  Parker  and  Mr.  Kent  ex- 
plore the  country  ;  Parker  is  killed  by 
the  natives. 

1836*  *  S.  A.  The  Iiibrary  of  the  In- 
stitute is  founded  at  Adelaide. 

*  *.V.  S.  W.  Thomas  Mitchell,  sur- 
veyor-general, makes  extensive  explora- 
tions of  river  courses,  and  discovers 
Australia- Felix. 

1837  Dec.  3±.  Sir  George  Grey  and 
liieut.  liushington  arrive  at  Hanover 
Bay,  and  thence  explore  northwestern 
Australia. 

1838  Nov.* -39  July*  5.^.  Edward 
John  Eyre  makes  an  overland  journey 
with  a  flock  of  sheep  from  Adelaide  to 
Albany,  Western  Australia.  [He  again 
makes  the  journey  with  3,000  sheep.] 

1839  *  *  X.  S.  IV.  Count  Strzelecki, 
a  Prussian  geologist,  discovers  gold  in 
Bathurst,  Wellington,  and  other  places, 
but  keeps  the  discovery  a  secret. 

18^0*  *N.  S.  W.  Count  Strzelecki 
makes  explorations  in  the  Australian 
Alps,  and  visits  the  thickly  wooded  coun- 
tries of  Gippsland. 

*  *  Eyre  explores  southwest  Australia 
from  Spencer  Gulf  to  King  George's 
Sound. 

CHURCH. 

1793  Ang.*N.  S.  W.  The  first 
church  is  built. 

1795  *  *  Australia  becomes  a  mission- 
field  of  the  English  Society  for  the 
Propagation  of  the  Gospel. 

1802  *  *  N.  S.  W.  The  first  brick 
church  is  erected. 

The  first  clergymen  are  chaplains ; 
they  traflBc  in  whisky,  and  with  a  few 
noble  exceptions  they  aggravate  the 
miseries  of  the  people. 

1815  *  *  N.  S.  W.  Sydney  becomes  a 
mission-field  of  the  English  Wesleyans. 

1817  Mar.  *  The  Auxiliary  Bible 
Society  is  established. 

1823  *  *  Rev.  Dr.  !Lang,  a  clergyman 
from  Scotland,  begins  mission-work 
among  the  aborigines. 

1825  *  *  The  London  Missionary  So- 
ciety engages  in  mission-work. 

1831  *  *  After  six  years  of  failure  the 
London  Society  gives  up  its  mission- 
work,  but  the  colonial  government 
continues  it. 

1832  *  *  N.  S.  W.  A  mission  is  opened 
at  Wellington. 

1835  Sept.  *  N.  S.  W.  Bishop  Pold- 
ing,  the  first  Catholic  bishop,  arrives. 

1836  *  *  N.  S.  JV.  The  bishopric  of 
Australia  (li.  C.)  is  established. 

June  *  *  Bishop  Broughton,  the  first 
Protestant  bishop,  arrives. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  Sydney  is  created  a  metro- 
politan bishopric. 

1838  *  *  S.  A.  The  Dresden  Luther- 
ans open  a  mission  among  the  abo- 
rigines. 


1840  *  *  Three  missionaries  arrive 
from  England  to  work  among  the  abo- 
rigines. 

SOCIETY. 

1788  Jan.  2.  Convict  criminals  first 
arrive  from  England  to  foimd  a  penal 
station. 

Of  the  1,044  people  with  whom  Capt. 
Phillip  founds  the  first  settlement  in 
Sydney,  seven-tenths  are  convicted 
criminals,  and  the  remainder  the 
guards  of  the  convicts  ;  among  them 
is  one  woman  to  three  men. 

1795±  *  *  Life  is  held  cheaply;  murder 
is  committed  at  any  time  for  two  or 
three  days'  rations. 

1804  *  *N.S.  TV.  An  insurrection  of 
convicts  occurs. 

1807  Feb.  •  N.  S.  JV.  Gov.  Bligh  pro- 
hibits the  payment  of  bills  for  liquor 
in  labor  or  goods,  in  order  to  curtail  the 
trafiBc. 

1810*  *  A  free-school  system,  a  public 
market,  and  the  Sydney  races  are  es- 
tablished. 

1822  *  *  N.  S.  W.  The  flow  of  free  im- 
migration begins. 

1824  ♦  *  Que.  A  penal  settlement  is 
established  at  Moreton  Bay.  [1825.  The 
first  party  of  convicts  arrives.] 

1829  *  *  Trial  by  jury  in  civil  actions 
is  introduced. 

1830  Mar.  *  W.  A.  Fifty  ships  arrive, 
convejring  2,000  emigrants;  they 
bring  with  them  £1,000,000  in  cash. 

1832  ♦  *  Fie.  Edward  Henty  comes 
from  Tasmania  with  cattle  and  sheep, 
and  establishes  himself  as  the  first 
settler. 

1837  *  *  New  South  "Wales  becomes 
the  sole  receptacle  for  felons. 

1838*  *  N.  S.  W.  "The  assignment" 
system  of  employing  convicts  is  dis- 
continued. 

1839  *  *  The  transportation  of  con- 
victs from  England  is  su.spended. 

*  *  JJ'.  A.  Almost  universal  bank- 
ruptcy prevails,  owing  to  overspecula- 
tion  in  land,  building,  and  other  enter- 
prises. 

STATE. 

1788  Jan.  18.  N.  S.  W,  A  free  Euro- 
pean settlement  is  begun  by  Capt. 
Arthur  Phillip  at  Botany  Bay. 

Capt.  Phillip's  expedition  consists 
of  two  men-of-war  and  six  transports, 
carrying  about  550  male  and  200  female 
convicts,  40  free  women,  marines  and 
crews,  making  a  total  of  about  1,100 
people  at  the  time  of  embarkation,  May 
13,  1787. 

Jan.  24.  N.  S.  JV.  A  French  expedi- 
tion arrives  six  days  too  late  to  claim 
possession. 

Jan.  26.  N.  S.  JV.  The  British  flag  is 
first  raised  at  Sydney  Cove  by  Capt. 
Phillip. 

Capt.  Arthur  Phillip,  the  governor, 
founds  Sydney,  near  Port  Jackson,  as 
an  English  penal  station,  with  l,030per- 
sons,  800  of  whom  are  convicts.  [Feb.  7- 
He  proclaims  the  colony  organized.] 


AUSTRALIA. 


1788,  Jan,  2-1841,* 


495 


Oct;*  A\  S.  W.  Another  colony  is 
planted  on  Norfolk  Island. 

•  •  Worfolk  Island,  about  900  miles  east, 
is  settled  by  people  from  Port  Jacksoii, 
New  South  Wales. 

1790  *  *  xV.  5.  W.  The  colony  receives 
a  large  reenforcement,  [1792.  Gov. 
Arthur  Phillip  resigns.] 

1705  Sept.  *  .V.  S.  W.  Capt.  Hunter, 
who  succeeds  Gov.  Phillip,  arrives  ;  the 
white  population  is  less  than  4,000. 

1800  Sept.  28.  N.  S.  W.  Capt.  Philip 
Qidley  Xing  is  appointed  governor. 

1801  *  ♦  Eng.  The  Colonial  O&ce  is 
reconstructed,  and  combined  with  the 
■yV'ar  Department. 

1803  Oct.  *  Vic.  A  convict  colony 
is  planted  at  Port  Phillip.  [It  departs 
within  four  months.] 

•  *  Tas.  The  English  colony  of  Van 
Diemen's  Iiand  is  established  as  an 
auxiliary  penal  station.  [1812.  It  is 
made  a  single  colony.  1823.  It  is  par- 
tially separated  from  New  South  Wales. 
1825.  It  is  fully  separated,  and  becomes 
a  province.] 

1804*  *N.  S,  W.  About  300  Irish 
convicts  unite  in  the  first  and  last  in- 
surrection by  convicts,  which  is  speedily 
quelled. 

1805  *  *  N.  S.  W.  John  Macarthur, 
called  the  Father  of  New  South  Wales, 
commences  sheep-farming  at  Camden. 

1806  *  •  A'.  S.  W.  Capt.  William  BUgh 
is  governor.  The  Government  officials 
make  a  rich  monopoly  of  the  rum- 
traffic,  and  mutiny  when  disturbed. 

1808  Jan.  31.  N.  S.  W.  Gov.  Bligh 
is  deposed  for  his  tyranny  by  insurgent 
military  and  colonial  forces  under  Maj. 
Johnston. 

1809  *  *  jV.  S.  W.  Col.  Lachlan  Mac- 
quarie  assumes  the  governorship.  [He 
holds  the  office  for  12  years.] 

1814*  *  N.  S.  W.    Civil  courts  are 

created. 
1817    Feb.  *  N.  S.  fT.    Barron  Field, 

the  first  judge,  arrives. 
1821    Dec.  1.    K.  S.   rr.    Gov.    Sir 

Thomas  Brisbane  arrives,  and  assumes 

the  governorship.    [He  introduces  free 

institutions.] 

1823  *  *  Que.  Surveyor  Oxley  practi- 
cally rediscovers  Queensland  and  founds 
Brisbane. 

*  *  E7ig.  The  first  Australian  Constitu- 
tion is  granted. 

1824  *  *  N:  S.  W.  The  first  land  regu- 
lations are  issued.  The  first  chief  jus- 
tice arrives.  The  freedom  of  the 
press  is  formally  proclaimed. 

*  *  Vic.  Hamilton  Hume  and  Capt.  Ho- 
vell,  by  an  overland  journey  from  Syd- 
ney, visit  Port  Phillip  at  Corio  Bay. 

1825  *  ♦  Vic.  A  temporary  settlement  is 
made  by  Capt.  Wright  near  Western- 
port  Bay. 

Dec.  18,  N.  S.  JV.  Sir  Ralph  Darling 
is  governor. 

1826  *  *  W.  A.  The  settlement  of  King 
George's  Sound  is  established  as  a 
military  station. 


1827  •  *  JVr.  5.  W.  The  prosperous  colony 
supports  its  own  civil  government. 

1828  July  15.  .V.  5.  W.  The  Home 
Government  grants  a  second  constitu- 
tion ;  it  increases  the  governor's  council 
from  seven  to  fifteen. 

*  *  W.  A.  Col.  Thomas  Peel  projects  the 
Swan  River  settlement. 

1829  Jan.  17.  Western  Australia  is 
formed  into  a  province,  and  Capt.  [Sir 
James]  Stirling  is  appointed  lieuten- 
ant-governor.   [June  21.    He  arrives.] 

July  13.  N.S.W.  TheLegislative 
Council  holds  its  first  meeting  at  Syd- 
ney. 

Aug.*  W.  A.  Capt.  Stirling's  expedi- 
tion arrives  at  the  entrance  of  Swan 
River. 

1830  Mar.  *  W.  A.  About  50  ships 
at  Swan  River  land  2,000  immigrants, 
who  bring  with  them  £1,000,000;  they 
proceed  to  survey  the  land  and  erect 
dwellings. 

Apr.  21.  N.  S.  W.  The  Legislative 
Council  passes  a  Bushranger's  Act 
through  all  its  legislative  stages,  which 
practically  places  the  country  under 
martial  law. 

1831  *  *  N.S.  W.  Land  grants  are  reg- 
ulated by  a  uniform  method  of  public 
sale  at  auction. 

*  *  W.  A.  Settlements  are  made  at 
Perth,  Freemantle,  and  Guildford. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  Sir  Ralph  Darling,  the  gov- 
ernor, returns  to  Kngland,  and  Sir  Rich- 
ard Bourke  succeeds  to  the  governor- 
ship. 

1833  *  *  N.  S.  W,  The  Commissioners 
of  Crown  Lands  are  appointed. 

1834  Aug.  15.  -Eng.  Parliament  passes 
the  South  Australian  Act. 

*  *  S.  A,  The  boundaries  of  the  prov- 
ince are  established. 

*  *  Vic.  The  Henty  family  settle  [at 
Portland]. 

1835  May  29.  Vic.  Geelong  is  set- 
tled by  John  Bateman's  company,  which 
obtain  deeds  of  land  from  the  abori- 
gines. 

Aug.  *  S.  A.  The  territory  is  separated 
from  the  mother  colony,  granted  to  the 
South  Australia  Colonization  Asso- 
ciation, and  erected  into  a  province. 
[Aug.  29.    Vic.    Melbourne  is  founded.] 

Nov.  *  Vic.  Port  Phillip  is  colonized 
by  the  Port  Phillip  Association  from 
Tasmania. 

1836  July  *  S.  A.  Tlie  country  is  col- 
onized by  the  British ;  Adelaide  is 
founded. 

Dec.  28.  S.A.  The  first  governor, 
Capt.  Hindmarsh,  arrives ;  he  ofiiGially 
proclaims  the  colony. 

*  *  li.  S.  TV.  Temporary  grazing  li- 
censes for  "squatting"  are  issued  for 
outlying  districts. 

*  *  Vic.  Gov.  Bourke  recognizes  the  set- 
tlement at  Port  Phillip  by  a  proclama- 
tion, and  appoints  a  police  magistrate. 

1837  Nov.  *  Vic.  Melbourne  is  laid 
out  as  a  town. 


*  *  Vic.  Sir  Richard  Bourke,  governor 
of  New  South  Wales,  selects  sites  for 
towns  at  Port  Phillip,  and  orders  the 
survey  of  the  lands  ;  Capt.  Iionsdale  is 
appointed  governor. 

1838  Feb.  24.  ^.  S.  W.  Sir  George 
Gipps  is  governor.  [The  practice  of 
assigning  the  service  of  convicts  to 
settlers  is  abandoned.] 

*  *  Vic.    Sir  George  Gipps  is  governor. 

1839  *  *  Vic.  The  colony  at  Port  Phillip 
is  called  Victoria,  and  Charles  J.  La- 
trobe  is  appointed  lieutenant-governor. 
Port  Phillip  has  a  population  of  6,000. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  New  Zealand  is  incorpo- 
rated with  this  colony.  The  colonial 
statute  provides  for  the  border  police 
to  keep  order  in  pastoral  districts. 

Sept.  30.  Vic.  Charles  J.  Latrobe, 
superintendent  of  Port  Phillip,  arrives 
at  Melbourne. 

1840  *  *  Evg.  The  Colonial  Ijand  and 
Fmigrant  Commissioners  are  appoint- 
ed to  assist  the  Colonial  Secretary  in  the 
disposal  of  Australian  Crown  lands,  and 
to  promote  emigration. 

*  *  N'.  S.  W.  Important  land  regula- 
tions are  issued. 

*  *  Vic.  The  town  of  Portland  is  laid 
out ;  Melbourne  is  divided  into  two  dis- 
tricts, north  and  south. 

1841  *  *  S.  A.  Capt.  George  Grey  is 
governor  at  Adelaide. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  New  Zealand  is  detached 
from  the  province  of  New  South  Wales. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1790  *  *  The  store-ship  Guardian  is  lost 
with  much  needed  supplies. 

1795  *  *  N.  S.  W.  Cattle  becom^  accli- 
mated. 

1805  *  *  A  colonial  ship  is  built. 

1806  *  *  A  great  flood  prevails  in  the 
valley  of  the  Hawkesbury  River ;  it  is 
followed  by  famine. 

1827  *  *  -29  *  *  N.  8.  W.  The  colonists 
pass  through  a  severe  commercial  crisis 
caused  by  speculation  and  drought. 

1835  May*  Vic.  John Bateman pur- 
chases a  large  tract  of  land  from  the 
natives  near  Port  Phillip,  and  with  15 
associates  [takes  possession  of  600,000 
acres] . 

*  *  Vic.  John  Pascoe  Falkner  and  others 
encamp  on  the  site  of  Melbourne. 

1839  *  *  S.  A.  Speculation  causes  al- 
most universal  bankruptcy. 

*  *  -42  *  *  There  is  a  great  influx  of  im- 
migrants drawn  by  the  prosperity  of  the 
colony  and  the  discovery  of  rich  copper- 
mines  at  Burra  Burra  ;  speculation  is 
rampant,  and  insolvencies  follow. 

1841  *  *  The  latest  census  reports  a  pop- 
ulation of  87,200  males,  43,700  females. 

May  *  N.  S.  W.  Sydney  is  first  lighted 
with  gas. 

*  *  -43  *  *  N.  S.  W.  A  severe  commer- 
cial crisis  is  caused  by  extravagance, 
inflated  prices,  and  speculation. 

*  *  On  the  discovery  of  gold  agriculture 
is  for  a  time  abandoned. 


496    1841,  *  *-1866,  May  * 


AUSTRALIA. 


ART — SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
LETTERS. 
1841 »  *S.A.    Silver  ore  is  discovered 
on  the  Mount  Lofty  range. 

1842  ♦  *  S.A.  Eich  copper  ore  is  found 
near  Kapunda  Station ;  the  Burra 
Burra  mines  are  also  opened. 

1843  *  *  W.A.  The  explorers  Landor 
and  Lefroy  visit  the  country. 

1844  *  *  S.  A.  Gold  is  discovered  at 
Echunga. 

*  *N.  S.  W.  The  Parliamentary  Li- 
brary is  founded  at  Sydney. 

1845  Dec.  17.  Leiehart's  expedition 
arrives  at  Port  Essington,  in  North  Aus- 
tralia. 

*  *  S.A.  Capt.  Charles  Sturt  advances 
to  the  middle  of  the  continent,  for  the 
most  part  over  a  stony  desert. 

1847 »  *  Leichart  again  attempts  to 
cross  the  continent  from  east  to  west, 
starting  at  Fitzroy  Downs  [and  is  never 
heard  from]. 

1848  Apr.  3.  Dr.  Leiehart's  last  de- 
spatch is  sent  from  Gogoon.  [He  meets 
his  death  either  by  enemies  or  by  starv- 
ing-] 

Aug.  13.  QiK.  E.  B.  Kennedy's  first 
expedition  starts  to  explore  the  penin- 
sula of  Cape  York. 

Dec.  13.  Que.  Kennedy  is  killed  by 
the  natives. 

*  *  A.  C.  Gregory  makes  an  exploration 
of  the  interior. 

*  *  N.S.  ir.  A  Board  of  National  Edu- 
cation and  a  Denominational  School 
Board  are  formed. 

*  *x:s.  W.  The  Sydney  University  is 
founded.    [1860.    Incorporated.] 

*  *N.->S.  W.  Count  Strzelecki  makes 
extensive  explorations  in  New  South 
Wales  and  Tasmania. 

1851  Feb.  12.  N.  S.  W.  Gold  is  dis- 
covered by  Edward  H.  Hargreaves,  a 
returned  gold-seeker  from  California  ; 
great  excitement  follows. 

Feb.  *  ^le.  Gold  is  discovered  in  Sum- 
merhill  Creek  on  the  Macquarie  Plains. 

July  *  N.  S.  W.  Dr.  Kerr,  a  squatter, 
discovers  a  mass  of  virgin  gold  weigh- 
ing more  than  100  pounds,  on  Meroo 
Creek. 

Aug.*   Fie.   The  gold-fields  at  Ballarat 

are  discovered. 
Oct.  *    Vic.    Gold  discoveries  are  made 

at  Melbourne  which  surpass  all  others. 

1852  Oct.  11.  N.S.ir.  The  Univer- 
sity of  Sydney  is  inaugurated. 

1853  *  »  Vic.  The  PubUo  Library  is 
founded  at  Melbourne. 

1855  •  *  Vic.  The  University  of  Mel- 
boturne  is  founded. 

*  •  -58  *  *  Vic.  A.  C.  Gregory  makes 
further  explorations  in  the  interior. 

1856  •  •  IV.  A.  The  Freemantle  Gazette 
is  issued  at  Albany. 

1858  June  *  Que.  Gold  is  discovered 
at  Canoonan. 

•  *  -62  *  »  J.  MacDonaU  Stuart's  ex- 
pedition solves  important  problems  re- 
specting the  inland  lakes. 


1860  Mar.  *  S.  A.  J.  MacDonaU  Stu- 
art attempts  to  cross  the  continent 
from  Adelaide  nortliward  and  fails, 
though  a  reward  of  =£10,000  is  offered. 

Aug.  20.  Robert  O'Hara  Burke,  Wil- 
liam .John  Wills,  .John  King,  and  others 
start  inland  from  Melbourne  for  the 
purpose  of  exploring  the  continent  from 
south  to  north  ;  all  except  King  perish. 

*  *  S.  A.  The  Government  offers  a  re- 
ward of  £10,000  for  the  first  person  to 
cross  the  continent  from  south  to  north. 

1861  May  13.  N.  S.  W.  The  Great 
Comet  is  first  seen  at  Sydney. 

•  *  S.A.  John  MaeD.  Stuart  makes  ex- 
plorations. 

1862  Jan.  22.  Stuart  starts  on  his 
third  and  most  successful  journey  across 
the  continent. 

Aug.  *  MacDonaU  Stuart  and  M'Kin- 
lay  complete  the  journey  across  the 
continent  from  south  to  north. 


CHURCH. 

1841  *  *  New  Zealand  is  detached  from 
the  bishopric  of  Australia. 

*  *  N.S.  W.  The  vices  of  the  white 
man  demoralize  the  mission  at  Welling- 
ton, and  it  is  broken  up. 

*  *  Five  more  missionaries  go  to  teach 
the  aborigines. 

1842  *  *  Tasmania  is  detached  from 
the  bishopric  of  Australia. 

1847  *  »  Vic.  The  bishopric  is  di- 
vided; the  sees  of  Adelaide,  S.  A., 
Newcastle,  W.  A.,  Sydney,  N.  S.  W., 
and  Melbourne,  Vic,  are  erected  ;  the 
bishop  of  Sydney  is  metropolitan. 

1849  *  *  W.  A.  A  Roman  Catholic 
mission  is  begun,  with  10  priests,  14 
monks,  and  seven  nuns. 

1850  Feb.*  Vic.  -4  band  of  Moravian 
missionaries  lands  at  Melbourne. 

*  *  N.  S.  fV.  A  mission  among  the 
natives  is  opened  by  William  Ridley. 

*  •  Moravians  open  a  mission  at  Lake 
Bogo. 

*  *S.A.  The  English  Bible  Christian 
Foreign  Missionary  Society  sends  out 
James  Way  and  James  Rowe. 

1856  *  *  Tlie  Moravian  missionaries  at 
Lake  Bogo  retire. 

1857  ♦  *  IV.  A.  The  diocese  of  Perth 
is  established. 

1858  *  *  Moravians  reopen  the  mission 
at  Lake  Bogo. 

*  *  S.  A.  George  Tapbn,  a  Scotchman, 
opens  a  mission  for  the  Aborigines' 
Friends'  Association  on  the  shores  of 
Lake  Alexandria. 

He  translates  parts  of  the  Bible  into 
Narrenjeri,  writes  a  grammar  of  that 
tongue,  and  makes  a  careful  study  of 
22  native  languages. 

1859*  *  Que.  Brisbane  is  made  a 
bishopric. 

*  *  Vic.  The  Ebenezer  mission  is 
begun  by  the  Moravians. 

1862  *  *  S.  A.—  Vic.  Adelaide  and  Mel- 
bourne become  mission-stations  of  the 
New  Connection  Methodists. 


*  *  Vic.  Rama hy  uck,  Gippsland,  be- 
comes a  mission-station  of  the  Moravi- 
ans. The  Presbyterians  open  a  mission 
at  Bamahyuck.  Mr.  Buhner  is  sent 
to  Gippsland  to  open  a  mission. 

18e3**N.S.W.  The  diocese  of 
Goulbum  is  established. 

1864  *  *  N.  S.  W.  A  Missionary  Jubi- 
lee is  celebrated  at  Sydney,  and  £12,000 
is  subscribed  for  a  Wesleyan  College 
and  for  the  relief  of  church  property. 

SOCIETY. 

1841  *  *  -46  *  *  Mrs.  Chisholm  estab- 
lishes a  "  Home  for  Female  Emi- 
grants." 

1848  Sept.  4.  N.  S.  W.  Transporta- 
tion of  criminals  to  the  colony  ceases. 

*  *  iV.  A.  The  colonists  petition  that 
convicts  be  sent  out  to  them. 

1849  *  *  W.  A.  Convicts  arrive  and 
are  kindly  treated. 

•  •  Vic.  The  Hashemy  arrives  laden  with 
convicts ;  the  indignant  colonists  drive 
the  vessel  to  Sydney.  [The  convicts  are 
welcomed  by  the  squatters  of  Darling 
Downs.] 

•  *  Strong  opposition  is  made  to  trans- 
portation, which  has  been  revived  by 
Lord  Grey. 

1850*  *  W.  A.  Convicts  arrive,  and 
are  welcomed  by  the  colonists  because 
of  the  scarcity  of  labor. 

1852  *  •  Vic.  There  is  a  great  flow  of 
immigration  to  Melbourne  from  Eu- 
rope, America,  and  China,  averaging 
2,000  arrivals  each  week  ;  the  newcom- 
ers are  attracted  by  the  gold-flelds.  [The 
population  of  Victoria  is  doubled  in  one 
year.] 

1853  *  *  Tas.  The  transportation  of 
convicts  to  Van  Diemen's  Land  ceases, 

*  *  Vic.  Social  disturbances  occur  in 
the  gold-fields. 

1854  Oct.  8.  Vic.  The  Victoria 
Bank  at  Ballarat  is  broken  into,  and 
robbed  of  £14,300  and  200  ounces  of 
gold-dust. 

1855  Nov.  30.'  Vic.  A  nia«s-meeting 
is  held  at  Ballarat  on  the  payment  of 
gold  licenses.  [Riots  follow,  and  the 
flag  of  the  Southern  Cross  is  raised ;  30 
rioters  and  a  few  soldiers  are  killed  on 
Dec.  3.] 

1858  July*  Archdeacon  Cowper 
dies  at  the  age  of  80,  after  a  residence 
in  Australia  of  about  50  years. 

*  *  Vic.  The  mayor  of  Melbourne  visits 
England  to  congratulate  the  Queen 
on  the  marriage  of  the  princess  royal. 

1861  *  *  N.  S.  }V.  Miners  engage  in  an 
anti-Chinese  riot,  with  great  barbarity. 

1862  *  *  A'.  .S.  W.  The  country  is  ter- 
rorized [for  many  years]  by  the  exploits 
of  the  bushrangers. 

1864  Oct.  *  Vic.  The  vigorous  opposi- 
tion to  the  reception  of  convicts  causes 
a  shipload  to  be  sent  back  to  England. 

1865  *  *  IV.  A.  The  transportation  of 
criminals  to  the  colony  is  abandoned 
by  the  Home  Government  notwithstand- 
ing the  protests  of  the  settlers. 


AUSTRALIA. 


1841,  **-1866,  May 


497 


STATE. 
1842  *  *  X.  S.  W.  The  first  representa- 
tive constitution  is  granted  by  the  pas- 
sage of  an  Imperial  statute;  the  Gov- 
ernment nominees  in  the  colonial 
council  are  reduced  to  a  minority,  — 12 
out  of  3C,  — only  half  of  whom  are  to  be 
office-holders. 

*  •  A  new  set  of  land  regulations  is 
issued  for  all  the  colonies ;  they  divide 
the  mother  colony  into  threo  land  dis- 
tricts. Northern  ("Moreton  Bay),  Middle 
(Sydney),  and  Southern  (Port  Phillip). 

*  *  Eng.  The  Crown  iLand  Sales  Act, 
for  New  South  Wales,  passes  Parlia- 
ment. 

*  *  X.  S.  jr.  —  Vic.  Sydney  is  incorpo- 
rated ;  Melbourne  receives  its  charter, 

*  *  Vic.  Agitation  of  separation  from  the 
mother  colony  begins  [and  grows  rap- 
idly]. 

*  *  Que.  MoretonBay  [Brisbane]  is  pro- 
claimed a  free  settlement. 

1845  *  *  S.  A.  Maj.  J.  H.  Kobe  is  gov- 
ernor. 

1840  Aug.  3.  .V.  S.  W.  Sir  Charles 
Fitzroy,  the  governor,  arrives.  [1850. 
He  is  appointed  governor-general.] 

*  *  Que.  An  abortive  proclamation  of 
"North  Australia'*  is  issued.  [1849. 
It  is  revoked.] 

1847  *  *  X.  S.  jr.  Granting  of  pastoral 
leases  (l  to  14  years)  is  authorized  by 
the  Crown. 

1848  *  *  X.  S.  JV.  The  constitution  is 
proclaimed.  [Sept.  4.  Eng.  The  trans- 
portation of  convicts  is  abolished  by 
Orders  in  Council.] 

*  *  S.  A.  Sir  Henry  Fox  Young  is 
governor. 

1849  *  *  jr.  A.  Convicts  are  first  trans- 
ported to  this  colony, 

1850  Aug.  5.  S.  A.  An  improved 
representative  government  with  a  new 
constitution  is  provided  ;  all  the  colonies 
except  Western  Australia  have  similar 
forms  of  government. 

Nov.  11.  X.  S,  TV.—  Vic.  A  vessel  ar- 
rives bringing  tidings  of  the  separation 
of  Port  Phillip  from  New  South 
Wales  [public  rejoicing  continues  for 
five  days  at  Melbourne]. 

*  *  Vic.  Port  Phillip  is  separated  from 
New  South  Wales,  and  erected  by  the 
government  into  a  province  called  Vic- 
toria. 

1851  June  9.  Vic.  A  gold  discovery 
committee  is  appointed  at  Melbourne, 
which  is  authorized  to  offer  rewards  for 
discoveries. 

July  1.  Vic.~X.  S.  JT.  Port  Phillip 
and  New  South  Wales  are  legally  sepa- 
rated ;  Victoria,  with  a  population  of 
77,000,  becomes  a  separate  province  of 
the  British  realm. 

Aug.  20.  S.  A.  The  new  liCgislative 
Council  (General  Assembly)  meets  for 
the  first  time. 

*  *  Vic.  Melbourne  becomes  the  capital. 

*  ♦  Eng.  The  custom-houses  of  Aus- 
tralia are  transferred  to  the  manage- 
ment of  the  colonies. 


1852  *  *  The  gold  revenue  is  trans- 
ferred to  the  colonial  exchequers. 

*  *  The  Home  Government  requests  each 
colony  to  form  a  constitution  for  it- 
self. 

*  *  Vic.  The  Legislative  Assembly  at 
Melbourne  first  meets. 

1853  Mar.  *  Vic.  Mints  are  estab- 
lished. 

Dec.  21.  X.  S.  jr.  A  constitutional 
bill  is  passed,  to  be  submitted  to  the 
Imperial  Parliament  at  London. 

1854  June  *  Vic.  Sir  Charles  Hot- 
ham,  the  governor,  arrives. 

Dec.  3.  Vic.  Insurgent  miners  en- 
trench themselves  at  the  Eureka  stock- 
ade, Ballarat. 

*  *  Eng.  A  separate  Colonial  Office  is 
created. 

*  *  X.  S.  W.  Sir  'William  T.  Denison 
is  governor. 

1855  July  16.  X.  S.  W.  A  new  con- 
stitution is  granted  by  the  English 
Parliament ;  it  provides  for  representa- 
tive government. 

Nov.  23.  Vic.  A  representative  con- 
stitution is  proclaimed. 

*  *  X.S.  W.  Sir  CharlesFitzroy  retires 
from  the  governor-generalship  ;  the  full 
title  of  governor  is  now  given  to  the 
rulers  of  the  other  colonies.  A  mint 
is  established  at  Sydney. 

*  *  A  federal  council  is  formed  by  the 
advocates  of  colonial  federation ;  its 
decisions  have  no  authority. 

1856  May  22.  X.  S.  W.  The  first 
parliament  under  responsible  govern- 
ment is  opened  at  Sydney  by  Sir  William 
Denison. 

*  *  X.  S.  W.  A  select  committee  is 
appointed  to  consider  the  best  means 
of  legislating  on  matters  of  a  common 
interest  and  looking  toward  federation. 

*  *  Vic.  The  ballot  system  is  intro- 
duced into  the  electoral  law.  Sir  Henry 
Barkly  is  governor. 

1857  Nov.  26.  Vic.  The  first  parlia- 
ment is  opened  at  Melbourne.  The 
federation  of  the  colonies  is  proposetl 
by  Sir  Charles  Gavan  Duffy;  a  select 
committee  to  consider  the  proposal  is 
appointed  as  in  New  South  Wales. 

1858  •  *  X.  S.  W.  Manhood  suffrage 
is  carried  by  a  majority  vote. 

1859  Dec.  4.  Que.  The  Moreton  Bay 
District  is  separated  from  New  South 
Wales  by  the  Home  Government,  and 
made  an  independent  colony  called 
Queensland;  population,  30.000.  [Sir 
George  F.  Bowen  is  appointed  gover- 
nor.] 

1860  May  29.  Que.  The  first  parlia- 
ment opens  at  Brisbane  under  the 
ministry  of  Mr.  Herbert. 

*  *  X.  S.  W.  Sir  John  Young  is  ap- 
pointed governor. 

1861  Nov.*  W.A.  John  S.Hampton 
is  appointed  governor. 

Nov.  *  S.  A.  Sir  Dominic  Daly  is  gov- 
ernor.   [1862    Mar.  *   He  assumes  office.] 

1862  *  *  X.  S.  W.  Primogeniture  is 
abolished. 


1863  May*  Vic.  Sir  Charles  Dar- 
ling is  appointed  governor.  [Sept.  11. 
Gov.  Darling  arrives  at  Melbourne.] 

1865  Jan.  *  Vic.  The  House  of  As- 
sembly passes  a  new  tariff  act.  [The 
Legislative  Council  rejects  it.] 

Mar.  22.  Vic.  The  parliament  at 
Melbourne  passes  an  important  land 
act. 

July  *  Vic.  Gov.  Darling  raises  money 
for  colonial  uses  by  imregular  methods. 
[This  action  of  Gov,  Darling  precipitates 
a  crisis.] 

Dec.  *  Vic.  The  parliament  at  Mel- 
bourne is  prorogued. 

1866  Apr.  *  Eiig.  The  governor  of 
Victoria,  Sir  Charles  Darling,  is  re- 
called. 

Apr.  *  Victoria  is  disturbed  by  minis- 
terial ditficulties ;  M.  McCulloch  is 
appointed  premier. 

May  *  Vic.  The  House  of  Assembly 
votes  £20,000  to  Ijady  Darling  on 
her  departure  with  her  husband,  the 
ex-governor.  [1867.  Aug.  20.  The  Legis- 
lative Council  rejects  the  resolution,  and 
a  ministerial  crisis  follows.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1843  *  *  Vic.  Agnes  Booth,  actor,  is 
born. 

1844  Aug.  15.  X.S.  W.  LudwigliCi- 
chart's  expedition  leaves  Moreton  Bay, 
on  the  east  coast,  and  journeys  inland. 

1846  *  *  The  census  reports  114,700 
males,  74,800  females. 

1850  *  *  JV.  S.  W.  The  arst  sod  is  turned 
for  the  construction  of  the  first  rail- 
way.    [The  enterprise  fails.] 

1851  Aug.  *  Gold-mines  begin  to  be 
worked ;  a  great  rush  of  people  follows. 

*  *  The  census  reports  males  106,000 ; 
females,  81,000  (exclusive  of  Victoria* 
80,000). 

1852  *  *  Vic.  Adelaide  receives  during 
the  year  £2,216,157  in  gold  from  Mel- 
bourne, chiefly  for  provisions,  supplies, 
etc. 

1853  *  *  Vic.  Melbourne  is  greatly  im- 
proved by  new  buildings. 

*  *  X.  S.  W.  A  second  attempt  is  made 
to  construct  a  railway. 

1855  *  *  X.  S.  IV.  A  railway  is  opened 
from  Newcastle  to  Maitland. 

Dec.  31.  Sir  Charles  Hotham,  governor, 
dies. 

1857  June  *  X.  S.  W.  The  (atherine 
Adamson  is  wrecked  26  miles  from  Syd- 
ney ;  20  lives  are  lost. 

1859  Aug.  6.  The  steamer  AdmeUa  is 
lost ;  40  persons  perish. 

1861  Oct.  1.  Vic.  A  grand  Exhibi- 
tion of  Colonial  Products  and  indus- 
tries is  opened  by  the  governor  at 
Melbovirne. 

1864  Sept.  20.  X.  S.  W.  Aaron  Bu- 
zacott,  a  missionary  of  the  London 
Society,  dies,  A64. 

1865  June  29.  X.S.W.  The  Roman 
Catholic  cathedral  and  much  other 
property  at  Sydney  are  destroyed  by  tire. 


498      1866,  May  *-1887,  Apr.  22.      AUSTRALIA. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
LETTERS. 

1866  May  *  N.  S.  IV.  The  Royal  So- 
ciety of  New  South  Wales  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *N.  S.  W,  The  Public  Schools  Act 
is  passed,  providiug  for  two  chisses  of 
schools  and  a  Council  of  Education. 

1867  *  *  S.A.  Francis  Cadell,  an  ex- 
plorer, navigates  the  Murray  liiver  to 
the  junction  of  the  Darling. 

*  *  Que.  The  Gympie  gold-field,  130 
miles  from  Brisbane,  is  discovered. 

1868  Mar.  28.  N.  S.  W.  The  founda- 
tion of  Capt.  Cook*s  monument  at 
Sydney  is  laid  by  the  Duke  of  Edin- 
burgh, son  ol  Queen  Victoria. 

May  *  Vic.  Woolen  and  paper  manu- 
factories are  established. 

1869  *  *  Vic.  The  great  telescope  is 
set  up  at  the  Melbourne  Observatory. 

*  *  .V.  S.  W.  The  Free  Public  Library 
is  founded  at  Sydney. 

1870  Sept.  *  W.  A.  Gold  is  discov- 
ered. 

KTov.  *  Capt.  Cadell  makes  explorations 
in  South  Australia,  and  discovers  the 
mouth  of  the  River  Koper. 

1871  Nov.*  Vic.  Capt.  Burton  dis- 
covers gold  in  the  Bendigo  fields. 

1878  Feb.  2.  A'.  S.  W.  Capt.  Cook's 
statue  is  uncovered  at  Sydney. 

1880  *  *  .V.  S.  W.  State  aid  to  denomi- 
national schools  is  abolished ;  a  Minis- 
ter of  Public  Instruction  is  created. 

1882  *  ♦  Piturine,  a  narcotic,  la  first 
extracted  from  the  dried  leaves  of  the 
Duboisia  pituri. 

Dec.  18,  Srnest  Morrison  sets  out  to 
walk  across  the  continent,  southward, 
from  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria  to  Mel- 
bourne. [He  accomplishes  the  journey 
in  120  days.] 

1886  May*  W.  A.  A  gold-field  is 
discovered  at  Perth. 

Oct.  *  S.  A.  Alluvial  gold  is  discovered 
at  Tatutpa,  Waukariuga. 

CHURCH. 

1866*  *  S.  A.  The  Moravians  estab- 
lish a  mission  for  the  aborigines  at 
Copperamana  [which  is  abandoned  in 
1872]. 

1868  Nov.  30.  N.  S.  W.  The  new 
cathedral  at  Sydney  is  consecrated. 

1869  *  *  N.  S.  W.  The  dioceses  of 
Bathurst,  Armidale,  and  Grafton  are 
established. 

1872  Oct.  25.  N.  S.  W.  The  Synod 
of  the  Church  of  Australia  assembles  at 
Sydney. 

Dec,  15.  Vic.  John  Geddie,  mission- 
ary in  the  South  Seas,  dies  in  Geelong, 
A57. 

*  *  A  mission  in  the  Southwest  is 
opened  under  Mr.  Clark.- 

1873*  *The  Primitive  Methodist 
Church  heroically  attempts  to  found  a 
mission  on  Frazer's  Island  [afterwards 
at  Mackay]  ;  the  endeavor  fails. 


1875  *  *  Vic.    The  diocese  of  Ballarat 

is  established. 
1877*  *  S.  A.    Hermannsburg   is 

founded  by  the  Hermannsburg  Mission. 
The  mission  works  among  the  black 

natives,  who  prove  themselves  very  apt 

in  learning,  and  as  apt  in  forgetting. 

1878  *  *  Tas,  Penguin  becomes  a  mis- 
sion-station of  the  United  Methodist 
Free  Churches. 

*  *  Que.  The  diocese  of  North  Queens- 
land is  established. 

*  *  The  Bavarian  Lutherans  reoccupy 
the  mission-station  in  Copperamana. 

1883  *  *N.S.  W.  The  diocese  of  Riv- 
erina  is  established. 

1884  Jan.  1.  N.S.W.  Alfred  Barry 
is  consecrated  bishop  of  Sydney  and 
metropoUtan  of  Australia. 

1885*  *  N.  S.  W.  The  archbishop  of 
Sydney,  Patrick  F.  Moran,  is  created 
a  cardinal. 

SOCIETY. 

1867  Nov.  23.  Vic.  The  Duke  of 
Fdinburgh  arrives  at  Melbourne. 

*  *  Vic.  An  address  is  presented  to  the 
Duke  of  Edinburgh  by  Edward 
Hently,  the  first  settler,  and  others. 

1868  Feb.  *  A'.  5.  jr.  The  Duke  visits 
Sydney. 

Mar.  12.  N.  S.  W.  At  a  picnic  at  Port 
Jackson,  a  Fenian  named  O'Farrell 
shoots  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh  in  the 
hack.  [The  Duke  soon  recovers  from  his 
wound.    Apr.  4.    He  sails  for  England.] 

Apr.  21.  N.  S.  W.  O'Farrell,  the 
would-be  assassin  of  the  Duke  of  Edin- 
burgh, is  executed  at  Sydney. 

1879  Feb.  8-10,  N.  S.  W.  A  band  of 
thieves  from  Victoria,  known  as  the 
•*  Kelly  Gang,"  seize  and  plunder  the 
town  of  Jerilderie. 

1880  Jime  27,  28.  Vic.  Ned  Kelly 
and  several  of  his  gang  of  bushrangers, 
robbers,  and  murderers,  are  captured 
and  sent  to  Melbourne.  [Nov.  11.  Kelly 
is  hanged.] 

*  *  Vic.  An  International  Temperance 
Convention  in  Melbourne  passes  a  reso- 
lution urging  each  colony  to  form  an 
alliance  for  securing  local  option. 

1885  *  *  Que.  Laws  favorable  to  local 
option  are  passed. 

*  *  Vic.  Chinese  immigrants  are  al- 
most entirely  excluded. 

STATE. 

1866  Aug.  13.  Vic.  The  new  gover- 
nor, John  H.  T.  Sutton,  arrives  at 
Melbourne. 

1867*  *  N.  S.  W.  The  Earl  of  Bel- 
more  is  governor. 

Mar.  *  Vic.  The  Ministers  from  the 
Australian  colonies  hold  a  postal  con- 
ference at  Melbourne  to  improve  postal 
communication  with  Europe. 

Dec.  30.  Vic.  The  parliament  at  Mel- 
bourne is  dissolved. 

1869  *  •  Eng.  Sir  Benjamin  C.  C.  Pine 
is  appointed  governor  of  Western  Aus- 
tralia. 


Mar,  12.  Vic.  The  Ministry  resigns, 
in  consequence  of  the  governor's  objec- 
tion to  the  insertion  of  the  Darling 
grant  in  the  Appropriation  Bill. 

Apr.  7.  Eng.  Frederick  A.  Weld  is 
appointed  governor  of  Western  Aus- 
tralia. 

May*  IV.  A.  Sir  Benjamin  C.  C.  Pine 
assumes  office  as  governor. 

July  *  Vic.  The  McCuUoch  Ministry 
settles  the  Darling  grant  question. 

Oct.  *  Vic.  The  McPherson  Ministry 
is  formed. 

Dec.  *  S.  A.  Sir  James  Pergusson  is 
governor. 

*  *  Que.  Gov.  Sir  George  Ferguson 
Bowen  retires  from  the  governorship, 
and  Gov.  Blackall  succeeds  him. 

1870  Apr.*  Vic.  A  new  McCuUoch 
Ministry  is  formed,  which  includes 
McPherson. 

May  *  Eng.  Premier  McCuUoch  is 
knighted  by  the  Queen.  [June  14.  Vic. 
He  resigns  his  office.] 

June  *  Vic.  The  union  of  the  five  colo- 
nies in  a  federation  is  discussed  in  the 
Assembly  at  Melbourne. 

*  *  Eng.  Representative  goverament 
is  granted  to  Western  Au.^tralia. 

*  *  W.  A.  A  liCgislative  Council  is 
elected  on  the  model  of  the  Constitu- 
tions of  1850,  consisting  partly  of  nomi- 
nee and  partly  of  elected  members. 

1871  Apr.  8.  Que.  The  Marquis  of 
Normanby  is  governor. 

July  13,  Eng.  Lord  Kimberley,  British 
Colonial  Secretary,  expresses  dissatis- 
faction with  the  complex  tariff  system 
of  the  four  colonies. 

July  *  Vic.  Sir  Charles  Gavan  Duffy 
becomes  premier. 

Sept.  27.  Delegates  from  the  four 
Australasian  colonies  meet  to  con- 
sider the  interference  of  the  British 
Government  with  their  local  fiscal 
arrangements. 

1872  May  29.  Vic.  Premier  Duffy 
resigns  on  an  adverse  vote  in  the  As- 
sembly. 

June  *  Vic.  Mr.  Francis  forms  a  Minis- 
try at  Melbourne. 

Dec.  *  N.  S.  W.  Sir  Hercules  Robin- 
son is  appointed  governor. 

*  *  The  members  of  parliament  begin  to 
receive  salaries  of  £300  a  year. 

1873  Jan.  *  N.  S.  W.  Delegates  from 
the  several  colonies  meet  in  conference 
to  discuss  customs  imion,  postal  af- 
fairs, and  arrangements  respecting  rail- 
ways. 

Feb.  *  Vic.  Sir  George  F.  Bowen  suc- 
ceeds Sir  John  H.  T.  Sutton  (Viscount 
Canterbury)  as  governor. 

*  *  Que.  The  Ministry  present  a  free- 
trade  budget. 

Apr.  *  N.  S.  ir.  Sir  Hercules  Robin- 
son, governor,  arrives. 

June  *  S.  A.  Sir  Anthony  Musgrave 
is  governor. 

1874  Sept.  22.  Que.  Willi  am  W, 
Cairns  is  appointed  governor. 


AUSTRALIA.        1866,  May  *-1887,  Apr.  22.   499 


Oct.  7.     W.  A.    ■William  C.  F.  Bobin- 

8on  is  appointed  governor. 

1875  Aug.*  i'ic.  A  ministerial  crisis 
is  caused  by  the  rejection  in  parliament 
of  the  free-trade  policy  proposed  by 
Premier  Kerford  ;  the  premier  resigns. 
Sir  William  Stowell,  the  acting  governor, 
refusing  to  dissolve  parliament. 

Oct.  *  Vic.  Graham  Berry,  the  premier, 
being  defeated  in  his  proposed  protec- 
tion scheme,  resigns  ;  the  objectionable 
feature  of  the  scheme  is  the  proposal  to 
tax  the  richer  more  heavily  than  the 
poorer  colonies. 

Oct.  *  Vic.  A  coalition  Ministry  is 
formed  by  Sir  James  McCuUoch. 

Nov.  *  Vic.  Tlie  Ministry  proposes  an 
income  tax,  with  a  tax  on  land  and 
realized  property. 

1876  June  *  Vic.  Parliament  passes 
the  income-tax  bill  by  a  majority  of 
three. 

Mar,  *- June*  Vic.  The  Administra- 
tion becomes  involved  in  a  dispute  witli 
the  Messrs.  Stevenson  respecting  the  un- 
der-valuation  of  their  goods  in  the  pay- 
ment of  duties ;  the  Stevenson  letters 
are  unlawfully  opened  by  the  Govern- 
ment. 

1877  Jan.  *  Que.  Sir  Arthur  Ken- 
nedy is  governor. 

Jan.  •  S.  A.  William  W.  Cairns  is 
governor. 

May  *  Vic.  The  elections  favor  the  Pro- 
tectionists, and  Premier  McCulloch  re- 
signs ;  Graham  Berry  is  again  ap- 
pointed premier. 

June  *  S.  A.  W.  F.  D.  Jerrois  is  gov- 
ernor. 

Oct.  30±.  Vic.  Premier  Berry's  Appro- 
priation, Defense,  and  Exhibition  Bills 
are  rejected  by  the  Legislative  Council. 

Oct.*  Vic.  Parliament  enacts  a  land-tax, 

*  •  IV.  A.  Maj.-Gen.  Sir  Harry  St. 
George  Ord  is  governor. 

1878  Jan.*  Vic.  The  Legislative 
Council  dismisses  the  county  court 
and  judges;  the  Ministry  is  approved 
by  the  governor,  Sir  George  F.  Bo  wen. 

Feb,  13  +  .  Vic.  Overruling  the  Coun- 
cil, the  Assembly  orders  that  public 
creditors  shall  be  paid  by  its  vote 
alone. 

Dec.  10.  Vic.  The  Marquis  of  Nor- 
manby  Is  appointed  governor. 

1879  May  3.  N.  S.  W.  liord  Augus- 
tus  F,  Xjoftus  is  appointed  governor. 
[Aug.  4.    He  arrives  at  Sydney.] 

Sept.  *  Vic.  A  reform  bill  is  introduced 
in  parliament  by  Premier  Berry.  [Dec.  * 
It  Is  withdrawn.] 

1880  Feb.  9.  Vic.  Parliament  is  dis- 
solved. 

Feb.  28.  Vic.  The  elections  favor  the 
opponents  of  the  Ministry.  [Mar.  2.  The 
Ministry  resigns.  Mar.  3.  The  James 
Service  Ministry  is  formed.  June  24. 
Parliament  rejects  the  new  reform  bill. 
June  29.  The  Assembly  Is  dissolved. 
July  14.  The  Service  Ministry  re- 
stgns.] 


July  28.  Vic.  Graham  Berry  again 
forms  a  Ministry. 

*  *  W.  A.  Sir  W.  F.  Robinson  is  gov- 
ernor. 

*  *  Most  of  the  colonies  impose  a  poll-tax 
of  £10  on  all  Chinese  immigrants. 

*  *  Vic.  A  Federation  Council  meets 
at  Melbourne  ;  it  adjourns  to  Sydney. 

1881  J\ily  *  Vic.  Parliament  refuses 
Premier  Berry  a  vote  of  confidence ;  Sir 
Brien  O'Loghlen  becomes  premier,  and 
forms  a  new  Ministry. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  A  conference  is  held  at 
Sydney  to  pave  the  way  for  federation. 

1882  Nov.  •  S.  A.  Sir  W.  Robinson 
is  governor. 

*  *  W.A.  Sir  Frederick  Napier 
Broome  is  governor. 

1883  Jan,  3,  N.S.  W.  The  Ministry 
resigns ;  Alexander  Stuart  forms  a  new 
administration. 

Mar.  *  Que.  Sir  Anthony  Musgrave  is 
governor. 

Apr.  4.  Qtie.  The  Queensland  Govern- 
ment takes  possession  of  New  Guinea 
in  the  name  of  the  Crown. 

*  *  An  Australasian  army  and  navy 
are  being  slowly  developed  for  colonial 
defense. 

Dec.  6.  N.  S.  W.  A  conference  of 
delegates  representing  all  the  colonies 
opens  at  Sydney ;  it  recommends  the 
annexation  of  New  Guinea. 

Dec.  7.  N.  S.  W.  The  Intercolonial 
Conference  at  Sydney  adopts  a  scheme 
for  federation,  and  the  creation  of  a 
federal  council  for  Australasia. 

It  prepares  a  bill  [which  is  passed  by 
the  Imperial  Parliament  as  the  Federal 
Council  Act] ;  it  agrees  on  a  scheme  for 
the  introduction  of  an  intercolonial  ju- 
dicial system,  and  fails  to  agree  upon  a 
restrictive  policy  respecting  Chinese 
immigration.  [Dec.  8.  The  Conference 
closes.] 

1884  Mar.*  Vic.  The  Marquis  of  Nor- 
manby  resigns  the  governorship. 
[Apr.  10.  Sir  Henry  Brougham  Iioch 
is  appointed  governor.] 

June  30.  Vic.  Premier  Service  favors 
a  bill  for  the  confederation  of  the 
colonies. 

Aug.  *  The  federation  scheme  is  ac- 
cepted by  Victoria,  Tasmania,  and 
Queensland. 

Nov.  1±.  N.  S.  W.  The  federation 
scheme  is  rejected  in  the  Legislature 
by  a  majority  of  one. 

Dec.  *  Germany  protests  against  the  an- 
nexation by  Great  Britain  of  New  Guinea 
and  the  other  islands. 

1885  Jan.*  Woodlark  and  other 
islands  in  the  East  Indian  Archipelago 
are  formally  taken  possession  of  in  the 
name  of  the  British  crown. 

Feb.  1.  The  colonies  offer  to  the  Home 
Government  military  contingents  for 
the  reenf  orcement  of  Gen.  Gordon  in  the 
Soudan  war. 

Feb.  23.  N.  S.  W.  A  military  contin- 
gent, 800  strong,  is  ordered  for  the  Sou- 
dan, and  £30,000  are  raised  as  a  patriotic 
fund. 


Mar.  3.  N.  S.  W.  The  military  contin- 
gent embarks  for  Suakim  ;  the  patriotic 
fund  is  increased  to  £45,000. 

May*  The  military  contingent  returns 
from  Suakim. 

Dec.  9.  All  the  colonies  except  New 
South  Wales  and  New  Zealand  unite  in 
a  confederation. 

Dec.  11.  Lord  Derby  announces  that  the 
consideration  of  the  federal  scheme  is 
deferred. 

Dec.  12.  N.  S.  W.  Ijord  Carringtoij 
assumes  office  as  governor. 

Dec.  17.  iV.  S.  W.  The  ministry  re- 
signs; a  new  administration  Is  organ- 
ized by  Sir  John  Robertson. 

*  ♦  The  Federal  Council  of  Austra- 
lasia is  established. 

1886  Feb.  18.  Vic.  Duncan  Gillis 
forms  a  new  Ministry. 

Feb.  25.  N.  S.  W.  Sir  John  Robertson 
and  Patrick  Jennings  form  a  coalition 
Ministry. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1866  Oct.  25.  Vic.  The  Interna- 
tional JGxhibition  is  opened  at  Mel- 
bourne. 

1868  Feb.  19.  S.  A.  Sir  Dominic 
Daly,  governor,  dies. 

1869  *  *  N.  S.  W.  The  railway  is  ex- 
tended to  connect  Sydney  with  Goul- 
burn. 

1870  Aug.  30.  N.  S.  W.  The  Gov- 
ernor-General, Lord  Belmore,  opens  the 
Intercolonial  Exhibition  at  Sydney. 

Sept.  8.  Vic.  The  Industrial  Mu- 
seum at  Melbourne  is  opened. 

1872  Aug.  22.  S.  A.  Adelaide  and 
Port  Darwin  are  connected  by  tele- 
graph. 

1874  Apr.  11.  Vic.  An  Industrial 
Exhibition  Is  opened  at  Melbourne  by 
the  governor. 

1878  *  *  S.  A.  The  first  railway  Is  be- 
gun at  Port  Augustus. 

1879  Sept.  17.  N.  S.  W.  An  Inter- 
national Exhibition  is  opened  by  the 
governor. 

1880  Oct.  *  Vic.  An  International 
Exhibition  is  opened  at  Melbourne. 

1882  Jan.  16.  N.  S.  W.  The  Wolver- 
ene is  presented  by  the  British  Govern- 
ment to  the  colony  of  New  South  AVales. 

Sept.  22.  iV.  S.  n\  The  Exhibition 
Building  at  Sydney  is  burned  down. 

1883  June*  Vic.  Direct  railway 
conununication  between  Melbourne 
and  Sydney  is  completed. 

1886  Mar.  30.  The  Ly-ee-Moon,  an 
Iron  steamer,  is  wrecked  oflF  Green  Cape  ; 
76  persons  perish. 

1887  Mar.  23.  N.  S.  W.  A  mine  ex- 
plosion occurs  at  Bulli  colliery,  near 
Sydney ;  85  men  are  killed. 

Apr.  22.  A  violent  hurricane  destroys 
a  pearl-fishing  fleet  on  the  northeast 
coast;  550  persons  are  lost. 


500     1887,  Oct.  *-1894,  Nov.  29.        AUSTRALIA. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
LETTERS. 

1889  Apr.  10.  N.  S.  IV.  A  committee 
at  Sydney  reports  on  M.  Pasteur's  sug- 
gestion of  a  means  to  exterminate  rab- 
bits. 

Apr.  18.  N.  S.  W.  Destructive  floods 
occur. 

May  29.  N.  S.  W.  The  Meteorological 
Society  reports  a  destructive  hurri- 
cane extending  along  the  entire  coast, 
and  a  rainfall  never  before  equalled ; 
railroad  traffic  is  suspended  and  several 
lives  are  lost. 

July  21.  QuA^.  "Warner  Davidson  dis- 
covers a  bright  comet. 

1890  Jan.  5.  Qiie.  Floods  covering 
an  area  of  500  square  miles  do  great 
damage. 

Feb.  16.  Qiie.  Great  floods  again  pre- 
vail. 

Mar.  1.  Que.  Floods  damage  the  town 
of  Brisbane  to  the  amount  of  $1,500,000. 

Apr.  3.  Que.  A  cyclone  does  great 
damage. 

May  11.  Que.  Darling  is  surrounded 
by  floods. 

July  11- Aug.  *  Vic,  Floods  damage 
the  city  of  Melbourne  to  the  amount  of 
$2,000,000. 

1891  Jan.  31.  Que.  Floods  cause 
great  loss  of  life  and  property. 

Feb.  1.  Qiie.  The  country  suffers  again 
from  floods. 

Feb,  6.  Que.  Floods  prevail ;  a  large 
number  of  persons  are  drowned ;  part  of 
the  city  of  Brisbane  is  submerged. 

Feb.  7.  Que.  Brisbane  is  in  darkness  ; 
water  is  30  feet  deep  in  its  principal 
streets ;  500  houses  are  demolished. 

Feb.  8.  Qiie.  The  floods  have  sulv 
sided  ;  loss  of  life  and  property  is  greater 
than  at  first  reported. 

Feb.  10.  Que.  The  loss  by  the  flood  is 
estimated  at  $15,000,000. 

Feb.  19.  Que.— Vic.  Brisbane  and 
other  places  are  flooded ;  three  vessels 
are  stranded  in  the  Botanical  Garden  at 
Melbourne. 

1893  Aug.  0.  W.  A.  A  great  dis- 
covery of  gold  is  made  at  Coolgardie, 
near  Perth. 

CHURCH. 

1887  *  ♦  Que.    Bowen,  on  the  extreme 

northeast  coast,  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  Society  for  the  Propaga- 
tion of  the  Gospel,  with  one  missionary. 
1889  *  *  Vic.  Eamahyuck,  a  Moravian 
mission-station,  reports  one  missionary 
and  wife. 

*  *  Vic.  The  Ebenezer  Mission  reports 
one  married  and  one  unmarried  mission- 
ary ;  the  mission  buildings  are  on  a  plot 
of  ground  given  by  the  Government ;  the 
success  of  the  work  far  exceeds  the  an- 
ticipation of  the  missionaries. 

*  *  iV.  .9.  jr.  Norfolk  Island  is  a  mis- 
sion-station of  the  Society  for  the  Prop- 
agation of  the  Gospel ;  it  has  one 
missionary. 


'*'  '^  Macleag  is  a  station  of  the  Hermanns- 
burg  Evangelical  Lutheran  Mission. 

1890  *  *  S.  A.  Burkujanna  is  reported 
as  a  prosperous  mission-station  of  the 
Hermannsburg  Society. 

Apr.  9.  Qm.  At  Townsville,  C.  G, 
Barlow  is  installed  in  the  bishopric  of 
North  Queensland. 

1891  Jan.  1.  Vic.  At  Melbourne  the 
Anglican  Cathedral  is  consecrated 
with  imposing  ceremonies. 

SOCIETY. 

1888  Oct.  *  Vic.  Strikes  are  frequent 
among  workmen,  and  opposition  to  Chi- 
nese immigration  is  very  strongly  ex- 


1889  Apr.  30.  Vic.  John  Dillon, 
M.P.,  the  Irish  home  ruler,  addresses  a 
monster  meeting  at  Melbourne. 

June  *  N.  S.  W.  The  courts  of  Sydney 
decide  that  publishers  of  newspapers 
cannot  collect  pay  for  Sunday  adver- 
tisements, the  contracts  being  illegal. 

1890  May  11.  N.  S.  W.  Messrs.  Dil- 
lon, Deasy,  and  Esnionde,  Irish 
home-rule  advocates,  arrive  at  Sydney. 

May  16.  Vic.  Immense  meetings  are 
held  at  Ballarat  in  favor  of  Irish  home 
rule. 

June  21.  Vic.  Cardinal  Moran,  the 
chief  justice,  and  the  premier  of  Queens- 
land, are  proposed  as  arbitrators  of 
the  labor  troubles  in  Australia. 

June  28.  Vic.  Strikers  are  becoming 
disorderly. 

June  29.  The  shipping-trade  strike 
has  spread  to  New  Zealand. 

Aug.  7.  N.S.  W.  Strikersholdalarge 
demonstration  in  Sydney,  and  adopt 
resolutions  declaring  that  the  men  will 
stand  firm. 

Aug.  31.  Vic.  The  full  police-force  of 
Melbourne  and  1,000  special  constables 
are  on  duty  ;  40,000  men,  represent- 
ing all  trades,  form  in  procession  and 
parade  the  streets  ;  there  is  no  disturb- 
ance. 

Sept.  10.  N.  S.  W.  The  conference  of 
employees  at  Sydney  condemns  boy- 
cotting and  upholds  freedom  of  con- 
tract. 

Sept.  11.  N.  S.  W.  In  consequence  of 
the  strikes  7,000  men  are  out  of  work  in 
the  New  Castle  district. 

Sept.  15.  N.  S.  W.  The  Labor  Con- 
ference at  Sydney  adopts  a  proposal  to 
call  out  all  the  shearers,  wool-shed  labor- 
ers, and  carriers,  a  procedure  that  will 
affect  80,000  men. 

Sept.  19.  N.  S.  TV.  The  mayor  of  Syd- 
ney reads  the  riot-act  to  the  strikers. 
[Sept.  26.    Iiabor  troubles  continue,] 

1891  Feb.  24.  Qiw.  Troops  and 
armed  strikers  are  face  to  face  at  Cler- 
mont. 

Apr.  28.  A  scheme  is  drafted  to  bring 
Hebrew  immigrants  from  Poland  and 
the  southeast  of  Europe,  and  locate 
them  on  lands  in  Australia. 


May  2.  The  promoters  of  Hebrew  emi- 
gration from  Europe  are  informed  that 
Hussian  exiles  are  not  wanted. 

July  31.  N.  S.  W.  The  Assembly  re- 
jects the  bill  granting  the  right  of  suf- 
frage to  women.     Vote,  57-34. 

1892  Mar.  27.  Vic.  Attempts  are 
made  to  lynch  F.  B.  Deeming. 

Mar.  28.  Vic.  The  coroner's  jury  finds 
Deeming  guilty  of  murdering  his  wife 
and  four  children  at  Kainhill.  [Apr.  28. 
His  trial  begins  in  Melbourne.  May  9. 
He  is  convicted,  and  sentenced  to  b& 
executed  ;  he  confesses  that  he  mur- 
dered his  wife.     May  23.    He  is  hanged.] 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  White  workmen  protest 
against  the  introduction  of  colored 
labor. 

Aug.  11.  X.S.W.  The  shearers' strike 
is  declared  settled. 

Oct.  5.  Q?(«.  A  labor  vessel,  while  re- 
cruiting off  the  coast  of  Malayta,  Solo- 
mon Islands,  is  attacked  by  natives, 
looted,  and  its  crew  are  killed, 

Wov.  2.  N.  S.  W.  Strikers  on  the  docks 
resort  to  dynamite  just  as  business  is 
beginning  to  revive. 

STATE. 

1887  Oct.*  W.A.  The  Legislative 
Council  petitions  for  a  change  from  a 
Crown  colony  to  representative  gov- 
ernment. 

*  *  Londmi.  A  conference  of  delegates 
from  the  colonies  adopts  a  scheme  of 
Australasian  naval  defense. 

Nov.  24-25.  ^H»7.  Parliament  passes.. 
as  the  Australasian  Naval  Force  Act, 
the  scheme  adopted  by  the  colonial  con- 
ference.    [It  is  approved  by  the  Queen.) 

*  *  Londmi.  Parliament  passes  the  Brit- 
ish Settlements  Act. 

1888  Jan.  16-19.  Tas.  The  Fede- 
ration Comicil  meets  at  Hobart. 

May  16-18.  N.  S.  W.  The  Legislative 
Assembly  passes  a  Chinese  restriction 
bill,  regardless  of  the  treaties  of  Nanking 
and  Peking. 

June  14-16.  A  conference  of  the 
Australian  colonies  appeals  to  the  Im- 
perial Government  for  restriction  of 
Chinese  immigration. 

Nov.  *  Qxie.  Sir  Henry  Arthur  Blake 
is  appointed  governor.  [He  is  objected 
to,  and  he  resigns.] 

Aug.  13.  Londmi.  The  act  for  Impe- 
rial defense  passes  Parliament ;  it  pro- 
vides for  defraying  the  expenses  of  a 
naval  defense  of  the  Australasian  colo- 
nies. 

Dec.  *  Que.  Sir  Henry  "Wylie  Norman 
is  appointed  governor. 

Dec.  *  S.  A.  The  Earl  of  Kintore  is 
governor. 

*  *  London,  An  Imperialstatuteispassed 
providing  for  the  maintenance  of  a 
naval  force  of  seven  men-of-war  at 
the  Australian  station,  three  of  them  to 
be  kept  in  reserve. 

1889  Jan.  29-Feb.  4.  Tas.  The  Fed- 
eration Council  meets  at  Hobart. 


AUSTRALIA.         1887,  Oct.  * -1894,  Nov.  29.    501 


Feb.  2.  7'rts.  The  Federation  Council 
adopts  an  address  to  the  Crown. 

It  views  with  deep  anxiety  recent 
events  in  Samoa,  favors  treaties  guar- 
anteeing Sanioan  independence,  and  ex- 
presses the  opinion  that  foreign  domina- 
tion of  Samoa  (by  (iermany)  endangers 
the  safety  of  Australia. 

Feb.  2.  A'.  S.  JV.  Parliament  is  dis- 
solved. 
Mar.  6.  .V.  S.  ir.  The  Ministry  re- 
signs after  defeat  on  the  question  of 
protection.  [Mar.  14.  Sir  Henry  Parkes 
forms  a  new^  MinistirO 

Apr.  10.  A*. S.  tr.  The  (Jovernnient 
proposes  to  abolish  all  specific  duties 
and  to  adopt  direct  taxation. 

June  7.  Vic.  Parlianaent  is  opened 
at  Melbourne  by  Acting-Gov.  W.  C.  F. 
Robinson. 

June  22.  Vic  Gov.  Sir  Henry 
Brougham  Ijoch  accepts  the  governor- 
ship of  Capo  Colony. 

June  24,  25.  S.  A.  J.  A.  Cockburn 
forms  a  new  Ministry, 

July  16.  London.  The  House  of  Lords 
votes  ill  favor  of  granting  the  petition  of 
Western  Australia  for  responsible  gov- 
ernment. [The  question  is  deferred  in 
the  Commons.] 

July  22.  Vic.  The  Earl  of  Hopetoun 
is  appointed  governor. 

July  31.  A^  S.  W.  The  Legislative  As- 
sembly passes  a  bill  providing  for  the 
payment  of  yearly  salaries  to  its 
members. 

Nov.  10.  N.S.W.  At  a  public  meeting 
in  Sydney  resolutions  are  adopted  in 
favor  of  colonial  federation. 

Dec.  9.  The  federation  proposal  is  ac- 
cepted by  A'ictoria,  Queensland,  South 
Australia,  Western  Australia,  and  Tas- 
mania. [New  South  Wales  and  New 
Zealand  reject  it.] 

1890  Feb.  6.  Vic.  The  Australasian 
Federal  Conference  opens  at  Mel- 
bourne ;  the  prime  minister  of  A'ictoria 
is  elected  chairman. 

June  5.  S.  A.  Parliament  opens  at 
Adelaide;  the  prosperous  condition  of 
the  colony  is  reported. 

June  10,  Vic.  The  Legislative  Assem- 
bly unanimously  approves  the  scheme 
for  the  federation  of  the  Australian 
colonies,  and  appoints  delegates  to  the 
convention  for  that  purpose. 

June  *  The  scheme  for  the  federation 
of  the  colonies  grows  in  favor. 

July  27.  X.  S.  W.  The  Earl  of  Jer- 
sey is  appointed  governor. 

Aug.  7.  Que.  The  Cabinet  resigns, 
owing  to  a  lack  of  supptut  in  ]»arIiH- 
ment  on  its  budget  proposals. 

Aug.  8.  Qup.  A  new  Cabinet  is 
formed,  with  Mr.  Griffiths  as  prime 
minister. 

Sept.  11.  y.S.  W.  The  Legislative  As- 
sembly adopts  Sir  Henry  Parkes's 
scheme  for  federation.    Vote,  97-11. 

Sept.  21.  Vic.  A  Decimal  Coinage 
and  Metrical  'Weights  and  Measures 
Act  is  passed  by  the  Legislative  Assem- 
bly. 


Nov.  4.  Vic.  A  new  Cabinet  is  an- 
nounced at  Melbourne, 

Dec.  8.  Que.  The  Government  accepts 
the  Anglo-Mexican  treaty  of  Nov. 
27.  1888, 

♦  ♦  JV.  A.  The  colony  receives  a  bicam- 
eral constitution  and  respoosible  gov- 
ernment. 

1891  Mar.*  K.  S.  W,  A  Federal 
Convention  at  Sydney  [after  five 
weeks]  agrees  upon  a  constitution  to 
be  submitted  to  the  several  colonies. 

It  provides  for  a  federal  executive, 
legislature,  and  judiciary. 

Mar.  2.  A^.  S.  W.  The  Australasian 
Federal  Convention  meets  in  the  Par- 
liament House  at  Sydney,  having  seven 
representatives  from  each  colony,  except 
New  Zealand,  which  sends  only  three; 
Sir  Jlenry  Parkes  is  elected  president. 

Apr.  9,  A'.  5.  IV.  The  Australasian 
Federal  Convention  adopts  the  draft 
of  a  constitution. 

The  Federal  Parliament  Is  to  consist 
of  two  houses  somewhat  resembling 
the  Congress  of  the  United  States  of 
America ;  each  colony  to  be  represented 
by  an  equal  number  in  the  Senate  for 
the  protection  of  colonial  rights  ;  mem- 
bers of  the  popular  chamber  to  be  chosen 
according  to  the  population  :  each  colony 
to  elect  its  own  governor,  but  the  gov- 
ernor-general to  be  appointed  by  the 
Crown. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  The  Federal  Conven- 
tion at  Sydney  closes, 

*  *A  bill  to  constitute  a  •'Common- 
wealth Australia"  is  afterwards  in- 
troduced into  the  parliaments  of  the 
several  colonies.  [The  people  evince 
but  little  interest  in  the  matter.] 

May  25.  The  colonies  decide  to  join  the 
International  Postal  Union  in  Oc- 
tober. 

Jime  30.  A".  S.  W.  The  complete  elec- 
tion returns  show  that  the  Opposition 
has  elected  57  members,  the  Ministerial- 
ists 51,  the  Labor  Party  26,  and  the  In- 
dependents 3  ;  grouped  according  to 
tariff  policy,  the  representatives  will 
number  75  for  protection,  and  62  for 
free  trade. 

July  31.  A^  S.  }V.  The  Legislative 
Assembly  rejects  the  motion  of  Sir 
Henry  Parkes  in  favor  of  woman  suf- 
frage.    Vote,  57-34. 

Sept.  6.  J'ic.  The  Legislature  passes 
the  Federation  Bill,  but  adopts  an 
amendment  excluding  New  Zealand 
from  the  federation. 

Oct.  18±.  A^  S.  W.  Sir  Henry  Parkes, 
premier,  resigns.  [Oct.  23.  A  new  cabi- 
net is  formed  by  Mr.  Dibbs.] 

Dec.  19.  A^.  S.  W.  Parliament  adopts 
a  protective  tariff  bill  after  a  sitting 
of  36  hours.    Vote,  60-3. 

1892  Jan.  6.  S.  A.  A  new  Ministry 
is  formed. 

1893  Feb.  3,  A^  S.  W.  Kobert  W. 
Duff  is  appointed  governor. 

Mar.  24.  Que.  The  Intercolonial 
Postal  Conference  at  Brisbane  agrees 
to  a  resolution  to  establish  a  Pacific 
cable  between  Australia  and  Vancouver. 


Apr.  29.  Australian  savings-banks 
are  to  be  consolidated  with  the  postal 
service. 

1894  Nov.  29.  The  Australian  pre- 
miers convene  to  discuss  Imperial  fed- 
eration and  intercolonial  free  trade. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1887  *  *N.S.  W.  The  Government 
offers  a  reward  of  £25,000  for  the  de- 
vising of  means  of  exterminating  Eu- 
ropean rabbits,  which  have  become  a 
destructive  i>e8t. 

1888  Aug.  1.  Vic.  The  Interna- 
tional Exhibition  is  opened  at  Mel- 
bourne. 

Aug.  21.    N.  S.  W.    Richard  Jonis  dies, 

A76. 
Sept.  28,    Sir    Thomas    Cockburn 

Campbell,  4th  baronet,  politician,  dies, 

A47. 
Oct,  9.    Qiie.    Sir  Anthony  Musgrave, 

governor,  dies. 

1889  May  25.  A^.  S.  W.  A  great 
storm  causes  loss  of  life. 

June  22.  N.  S.  W.  At  Newcastle  70 
miners  are  entombed  in  a  pit;  all  are 
rescued  except  two. 

1890  Feb.  22.  Vic.  The  West  Mel- 
bourne docks  are  opened. 

Apr.  5.  Vic.  The  Melbourne  Exhi- 
bition closes  with  a  deficit  of  about 
$1,000,000. 

July  12.  A^.  5.  W.  J.  B.  Watson, 
"  Quartz  Keef  King,"  dies,  A64. 

Oct.  1.  N.  S.  W.  Sydney  suffers  a  loss 
of  £750,000  by  fire. 

1891  Feb.  7.  S.  A.  The  wheat  crop 
is  12,600.000  bushels,  with  probably  9,000,- 
000  bushels  available  for  export. 

Aug.  28.  A^.  S.  W.  By  a  coUision  of 
steamers  near  Sydney,  26  lives  are  lost. 

Dec,  1.  Eng.  Charles  Perry,  first  bishop 
of  Melbourne,  dies,  A84. 

1892  Mar.  5.  Vic.  The  Mercantile 
Bank,  Melbourne,  suspends,  though 
having  an  excess  of  assets. 

1893  Feb.  4.  Fr.  The  French  Cabinet 
approves  the  proposition  to  lay  a  cable 
from  the  French  colony  of  New  Cale- 
donia to  Australia. 

May  15.  N,  H.  W.  Sydney  Linton,  bishop 
of  Riveriua,  dies,  A5I. 

1894  Apr.  4.  Vic.  The  Commercial 
Bank  of  Melbourne  suspends  payment. 

Apr.  6.      Vic.    The    Colonial    Bank, 

Alexandria,  suspends. 
Apr.  20.  The  (Australian)  Joint-Stock 

Bank  of  London  fails. 
Apr.  25.    The    London    Chartered 

Bank  suspends ;  the  suspension  of  thb 

Standard  Bank  of  Australia  follows. 
May  9.     Vic.    The  Bank  of  Victoria, 

Melbourne, suspends ;  liabilities, £2,400,- 

000. 
June  15.    Three  more  bank  failures 

are    reported ;    the  London  Stock    Ex- 

change  is  panicky  ;  three  defaulters  are 

posted. 
Jime  16.      Vic.     The    City    of    MeU 

bourne  Bank  falls. 


502    179  B.C.-A.D.  1127,**.    AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

Austria-Hungary  fs  a  state  of  Central  Europe,  having  Vienna  for  its  oapital.  Area,  240,942  square  miles ;  population  in 
1890,  41,358,886.  It  is  one  of  the  great  powers,  and  has  a  constitutional  government  administered  by  an  hereditary  monarchy. 
The  people  comprise  several  races  ;  of  these  about  one-half  are  Slavs,  ono-fourth  Germans,  one-sixth  Magyars,  and  one-fifteenth 
Koumanians.  The  greater  part  of  the  people  are  Roman  Catholics  in  religion,  but  the  Protestants  and  Greek  Catholics  each 
number  several  millions  of  adherents.  Little  is  known  of  the  peoples  dwelling  before  the  Christian  era  in  that  part  of  the 
basin  of  the  Danube  which  now  belongs  to  Austria-Hungary. 

Note.  —  The  very  extensive  literature  of  this  country  is  almost  entirely  omitted  In  these  pages  to  economize  space. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
115*  *  B.  c.    Thecountry  of  theTaurisci 
is  invaded  by  the  Roman  consul.  Marius 
^^milius  Seaurus,  who  meets  the  Ger- 
man tribes  as  he  advances  northward. 

17  *  *  A.  D.  Maroboduua,  a  prince  of 
the  Marcomanni,  is  conquered  by  the 
Germans  under  Arminius. 

169*  *-180*  *"War  between  the 
Goths  and  the  Homans. 

170  *  *  The  legate  Vindex  is  defeated 
by  barbarians,  and  loses  20,000  men. 

174  *  *  The  Roman  army  is  saved  from 
the  Quadi,  as  by  a  miracle. 

356*  *-359*  *  Aust.-Hung.  The  Ale- 
manni,  Quadi,  and  Sarmatce  invade 
Khsetia  and  Fannonia,  and  ravage  the 
country  till  they  are  repulsed  with  great 
loss. 

788  *  *  The  Avari  cross  the  river  Enns, 
and  attack  Bavaria,  but  are  repulsed  by 
Charlemagne. 

806  *  *  The  Franks  invade  Bohemia 
with  three  armies,  and  force  the  inhabi- 
tants to  pay  tribute. 

892  *  *  The  Hungarians  attack  Mora- 
via without  success. 

907  *  *  Hung.  The  Hungarians  terribly 
defeat  the  Germans  at  Presburg. 

910  *  *  Ger.  The  Germans  are  again  de- 
feated near  Augsburg,  in  Bavaria. 

*  *  *  The  Germans  defeat  the  Hungari- 
ans before  Wels. 

024  *  *  It.  The  Hungarians  invade 
Italy,  and  burn  Pavia. 

933*  *  Ger.  The  Hungarians  are  re- 
pulsed by  Henry  of  Saxony  before 
Mersebiu-g, 

936*  *  Bohemia  is  invaded  by  two  Ger- 
man armies,  which  enter  by  way  of 
Thuriiigia  and  Saxony. 

955  *  *  Hung.  Otho,  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many, repulses  the  Hungarians,  con- 
quers their  territory,  and  annexes  it. 

1025  ±  *  *  Bohemia.  Bretislav  I.  con- 
quers Silesia  and  Lesser  Poland,  and 
takes  Cracow  by  assault. 

1067  *  *  Transylvania.  The  invading 
Cumans  (or  Polovtses)  are  defeated  at 
the  battle  of  Cserhalom. 

1089  *  *  Hung.  King  Ladislaus  I.  con- 
quers Croatia. 

1102  *  *  Hung.  King  Coloman  wrests 
Dalniatia  from  the  Venetians. 

1127  *  *  Galicia.  Stephen  II.  of  Hun- 
gary avenges  his  father  by  conquering 
Premysl.  [He  is  soon  driven  away,  and 
loses  many  towns  on  the  coast  of  the 
Adriatic.] 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

463  *  •  Attila.  "  The  Scourge  of  (iod,"  Kmg 
of  the  Huns,  dies  In  Hungary. 


869  *  *  Arpad.  founder  of  the  Hungarian 
monarchy,  born. 

885  Apr.  d.  Methodius.  Greek  mission- 
ary to  ."Slavonians,  dies. 

893  *   *  Savatopulk,  King  of  Moravia,  dies. 

907  *  *  Arpad,  King  of  Hungary,  A38. 

956  *  *  Adalbert,  Saint,  Apostle  to  Prus- 
sians, born. 

967  *   *  Boleslav,  King  of  Bohemia,  dies. 

979*  ''Stephen  I.,  Saint,  born  at  Gran, 
Hungary. 

991  *  *  Leopold  I.,  Margrave  of  Austria,  dies. 
997  *  *  Adalbert,  Saint,  patron  saint  of  Bo- 
hemia, murdered. 

1038  Aug.  15.  Stephen  I..  Saint,  Kingof 
Hungary,  A59. 

1044  *  *  Aba  Samuel,  or  Aba  Samu,  King  of 
Hungary,  dies. 

1047  •  ♦  Andrew  I.,  King  of  Hungary,  is  as- 
sassinated. 

loei  *  •  Bela  I.,  King  of  Hungary,  killed  by 
the  fall  of  a  tower. 

1063  *  *  Andrew,  King  of  Hungary,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

366  *  *  IL    St.  Damasus  is  pope. 

367  *  *  It.    Ursicinus  is  (anti)  pope. 

±*  *Ulfilas  (Wulfila),  the  scholar, 
preaches  to  the  Arian  Goths,  and  makes 
a  Gothic  translation  of  the  Scriptures. 

380  *  *  Hung.  A  Church  Council  is 
held  at  Sirmlum;  it  condemns  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Arians. 

381*  *  Aust.  A  Church  Council  is  held 
at  Aquileia ;  it  condemns  the  Arians. 

384  *  *  It.  Siricius  is  pope.  [398,  St. 
Anastasius  ;  795,  Leo  III.] 

710*  *  Aust.  St.  Emeran  of  Poictiers 
founds  the  bishopric  of  Salzburg. 

804  *  *  Hung.  The  Greek  missionaries, 
Cyril  and  Methodius,  preach  to  the 
Slavs,  and  adapt  the  Greek  alphabet  to 
the  Slavonian  language. 

845  *  *  Bohemia.  Fourteen  nobles  are 
baptized  at  Kegensburg. 

863  *  *  or  864  *  *  Moravia.  St.  Cyril 
and  his  brother  Methodius  propagate 
Christianity  among  the  Moravians. 

874±  *  *  Bohemia.  Christianity  is  in- 
troduced ;  Borivoy,  the  first  Christian 
prince,  builds  the  first  Bohemian 
church,  and  dedicates  it  to  St.  Clement. 

891*  *  It.  Formosus  is  pope.  [896, 
Boniface  IV. ;  985,  John  XVI.] 

906  *  *  Bohemia  accepts  Christianity 
through  the  etf ort  of  Princess  Dubravka, 
who  first  converted  her  husband,  Prince 
Mieczyslaw. 

925  *  *  Bohemia.  St.  Ludmila  is  canon- 
ized.   [934,  St.  "Wenceslaus.] 

974  *  *  Hung.  The  Pope  is  informed  of 
the  conversion  of  5,000  Hungarians 
by  Pilgrim. 

983*  *  Bohemia.  St.  Adalbert  is  bishop 
of  Prague. 

989  *  *  Bohemia.  St.  Adalbert  becomes 
discouraged  with  the  vices  of  the  clergy, 
and  retires  to  a  monastery. 

992  *  *  Hung.  Christianity  is  intro- 
duced in  the  reign  of  Geyza,  who  mar- 


ried Clotilde  of  France,  a  Christian 
princess. 

994+  *  *  Hung.  Duke  Stephen  is  bap- 
tized. [He  completes  the  conversion  4»f 
his  people.] 

996*  *  It.  Gregory  V.  is  pope.  [999,  Sil- 
vester.] 

1000  *  *  Hung.  Stephen  establishes  the 
Boman  Catholic  religion ;  he  receives 
the  title  of  Apostolic  King  from  the 
Pope.    [The  title  is  still  used.] 

1003  *  *  //.  John  XVII.  is  pope ;  soon 
dies  ;  later  John  XVIII. 

1032  *  *  Bohemia.  Prince  Oldric  founds 
the  Monastery  of  Sazava,  in  which 
the  Slav  liturgy  is  used. 

1060+  *  *  Hung.  Bela  I.  suppresses  a 
new  rising  of  the  pagans  against  Chris- 
tianity. 

1088*  *  It.  Urban  II.  is  pope.  [1099,. 
Pascal  II.] 

1092  *  *  Hung.  Ladislaus  promulgates  a 
law  in  opposition  to  a  recent  decision 
of  Pope  Gregory  VII,,  permitting  the 
priests  to  marry. 

1096*  *  Hung.  The  First  Crusade 
crosses  Hungary  ;  depredations  abound. 

LETTERS. 

864  *  *  The  Greek  missionaries  preach  in 
Slavonia,  and  adapt  the  Greek  alpha- 
bet to  the  Slavonic. 

SOCIETY. 

921*  *  Bohemia.  Saint  Ludmila  1» 
murdered. 

1047  *  *  Hung.  King  Andrew  is  assas- 
sinated by  his  brother. 

1063  *  *  Hung.  King  Solamon  is  de- 
posed by  his  son. 

1108*  *  Bohemia.  The  turbulent  fam- 
ily of  the  Vesovici  is  massacred. 

STATE. 

179*  *  B.  c.  Aust.  latria  becomes  a  Ro- 
man province. 

129**  B.C.  Aust.  niyriaandDalma- 
tia  become  Roman  provinces. 

14  *  *  B.  c.  The  country  is  inhabited  by 
the  Taurisci,  a  Celtic  race  [later  called 
Norici],  whom  the  Romans  incorporate 
with  their  armies,  or  transport  to  other 
lands.  

30+  *  *  A.  D.  Hungary,  a  part  of  an- 
cient Pannonia,  and  Dacia  become 
subject  to  the  Komans  in  the  reign  of 
Tiberius. 

33+  *  *  Aust.  The  Romans  annex  (Ester- 
reich  ("  Eastern  kingdom,"  east  from 
Germany,  anciently  called  Noricum) 
and  part  of  Pannonia, 

274*  *The  Goths,  after  conquering 
Dacia,  erect  the  double  kingdom  of  the 
Westgoths  and  the  Sastgoths. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.    179,  b.c-a.d.  1127,^ 


503 


the 


376 '-  •  *  Hungary   is    invaded    by 
Huns,  who  drive  out  the  Goths. 

437  ♦  *  Hunri.  Attila  [known  as  the 
Scourge  of  God]  becomes  king  of  the 
Huns.  [He  conquers  Pannonla  and  other 
countries.] 

447*  *  Hung.  The  Romans  abandon 
Sirmia  to  Attila,  engaging  to  pay  him 
heavy  tribute 

r>th  and  6th  Centuries.  The  country  Is 
successively  overrun  by  the  Boii, 
Vandals,  Heruli,  Rugii,  Cloths,  Huns, 
Lombards,  and  Avari. 

500  *  *  Hungary  is  held  by  the  Lom- 
bards. 

550i  •  •  Hunq.  The  Czechs,  or  Slavs, 
take  possession  of  the  plains  of  Hun- 
gary. 

568*  ♦Hungary  is  overrun  by  the 
Avari. 

The  river  Enns  divides  the  people  of 
German  origin  from  the  Avari,  who  come 
from  the  East. 

748  *  *  Aust.  Borut  is  prince  of  Carin- 
thia.  [750,  Karat;  753,  Chotimir ;  772, 
Valaduc] 

*  *  Bohemia.    Premysl  becomes  duke. 

*  *  Hung.   Fagan  princes  rule  [till  870] . 
759  *  *  Bohemia.    Prague  is  founded. 
791  *  *  -796  *  »  Aust.       Charlemagne 

delivers  Austria  from  the  pagans,— 
Huns,  Avari,  and  others. 

817  ±  *  *  Aust.  Louis  the  German,  son 
of  Louis  le  D^bounaire,  defeats  Kadbod, 
the  margrave  (lord  or  governor)  of  Aus- 
tria, and  annexes  his  dominions. 

823  *  *  Hung.  Ljudevit  becomes  prince 
of  Croatia. 

Boma  succeeds  Ljudevit.  [830,  Povin; 
892,  Matlmir  ;  900,  Kresimir  ;  9.58,  Kresi- 
mlr  II.;  968,  Zedeslav  ;  970,  Drzislav.] 

870  *  *  Bohemia.  Borzivoj  becomes 
duke.  [Dukes  rule  the  country  till 
1198.] 

8742:  *  *  Moravia  throws  off  the  German 
yoke. 

876  *  *  Austria  is  enlarged  by  the  addi- 
tion of  Bavaria. 

883  *  *  Aust.  The  Bavarian  descendants 
of  Kadbod  the  margrave  revolt  against 
Charles  the  Fat,  Emperor  of  the 
Franks. 

884  •  *  Hung.  The  history  of  Hun- 
gary properly  begins  with  the  appear- 
ance of  the  Magyars. 

889  *  *  Hung.  Arpad,  the  founder  of 
the  Hungarian  dynasty,  and  chief  of 
the  Magyars,  flourishes.  [He  conquers 
all  of  Hungary  and  Transylvania  ;  kings 
of  his  line  follow  until  1309.] 

•  *±  Hung.  Pesth  [Budapest]  is 
founded. 

890±  *  *  Moravia  under  Savatopulk  is  a 
powerful  state. 

•  *  Austria  loses  Pannonia,  which  goes 
to  Croatia. 

884  »  *  Moravia  is  invaded  by  a  great 
host  of  Hungarians,  of  Finnish  origin, 
having  according  to  tradition  216,000 
warriors. 

•  *  Bohemia.  Spitchnev  I.  becomes 
duke. 


900  *  *  Moravia  is  invaded  by  Bava- 
rians and  Czechs. 

912*  *  Bohemia.  Vratislav  is  duke. 
[925.  Vacslav  the  Saint  is  duke.  936, 
Boleslav.    967,  Boleslav  II.] 

937  *  *  Austria  is  destroyed  as  a  march 
and  absorbed  by  the  Magyars,  whose 
frontier  is  bounded  by  the  river  Enns. 

950  *  *  Bohemia  is  forced  to  pay  trib- 
ute to  Otho  I.,  Emperor  of  Germany. 

955  Aug.  10.  Aust.  The  Bavarian 
Ostmark  is  reestablished  on  the  Lech- 
feld  (Augsburg)  by  the  defeat  of  the 
Hungarians.  [Later  it  is  transformed 
into  the  duchy  of  Austria.] 

*  *  Hung.  Otho  I.  takes  territory  from 
the  Hungarians,  and  annexes  it  to  Ger- 
many. 

962  *  •  The  German  states  become  [con- 
tinuously] connected  with  the  Holy 
B.oman  (German)  Bmpire. 

972*  *  Hung.  Geiza,  the  first  paciflc 
king  of  pagan  Hungary,  is  enthroned. 

973  *  *  Aust.  The  dynasty  of  Leopold 
of  the  House  of  Babenberg  begins.  [It 
lasts  263  years.]    Leopold  I.  is  margrave. 

976  *  *  Aust.  Henry  of  Scheyer  is  in- 
dependent duke  of  Carinthia.  [978,  Otho 
of  'Wormsfeld;  995,  duke  the  second 
time ;  lOU,  Conrad  I.  of  Wormsfeld  ; 
1012,  Adelbero  of  Eppenstein  ;  1035,  Con- 
rad I,  of  Wormsfeld.] 
984  *  *  Vienna  is  the  capital  of  Austria. 
991  ♦  *  Aust.    Ottocar  I.  is  margrave  of 

Styria.     [1038,  Ottocar  HI.] 
994  •  *  Aust.    Henry  I.,  son  of  Leopold 

I.,  is  margrave. 
997  *  *  Hung.     Duke  Stephen  (Saint) 
assumes  the  title  of  king. 
[He  extends  his  kingdom  eastward,  and 

fives  a  constitution  and  written  laws, 
[ungarians   honor  him   as   the  second 


founder  of  their  nation,  the  first  being 
the  legendary  Arpad.] 
1000    Aug.  15.     Hung.      Stephen    is 
crowned  at  Gran  with  a  crown  sent  by 
the  pope. 

*  *  Aiist.  Kresimir  I.  is  king  of  Croatia. 
[1035,  Stephen  I.  ;  1056,  Kresimir  II.] 

1002+  *  *  Bohemia  resists  Boleslav  the 
Brave  of  Poland. 

*  *  *  Hungary  receives  an  extensive  im- 
migration of  Germans. 

1004  *  *  Bohemia.  Jaromir  becomes 
duke.  [1012,  Oldric  ;  1037,  Betislav  I.  ; 
anarchy  follows.] 

1018*  *  Aust.  Albert  I.  the  Victorious 
(over  the  Magyars)  is  margrave.  [The 
ostmark  almost  doubles  its  size  under 
his  rule.] 

1030  *  *  Styria  is  created  a  margravate. 

1038*  *  Hung.  Peter  I.,  nephew  of 
Stephen  I.,  is  enthroned. 

1039  *  *  Aust.  There  is  an  interreg- 
num in  Carinthia.  [It  continues  till 
1046.] 

1040+  *  *  [Austria]  is  taken  from  the 
Hungarians  and  Joined  to  Germany. 

1041  *  *  Hung.  Aba  or  Owen  becomes 
king. 

*  *  Bohemia  is  conquered  by  the  German 
Emperor  Henry  III.,  who  devastates  the 
country. 


1044  *  *  Hung.  Peter  the  German  is 
again  enthroned. 

1046  *  •  Hung.  Peter  is  dethroned  by  a 
popular  assembly  at  Csanad. 

*  *  Hung.  Andrew  I.  becomes  king. 
[He  is  assassinated  in  1060  by  his  brother 
Bela.] 

1047  *  *  Aust.  'Welf  of  Altorf  becomes 
the  independent  duke  of  Carinthia. 
[1057,  Conrad  III. ;  1059,  Berthold.] 

1055  *  *  Bohemia.  Spitchnev  II.  be- 
comes duke.  [1061,  Vratislav  II. ;  1110, 
Borzivoj.] 

1056  *  *  Aust.  Ernest  the  Valiant  be- 
comes margrave. 

1060  *  *  Hung.  Bela  I.  deposes  Andrew 
and  becomes  king. 

1061  *  *  Hungary  is  overrun  by  Poles. 
1063  •  *  Hung.    Salomon  becomes  kmg. 

[1077,  Ladislaus  the  Saint.] 
1073*  *  Aust.  Markhardt  of  Eppenstein 
becomes  hereditary  duke  of  Carinthia. 
[1076,  Liutoid  ;  109O,  Henry,  Margrave  of 
Istria;  1122,  Henry  IV.;  1124,  Egelbert, 
margrave  of  Istria ;  1134,  Ulrich  I.] 

1074  *  '  Aust.  Slavisa  becomes  king  of 
Croatia.  [1076,  Demetrius  Zvonimir ;  in 
his  reign  Croatia  attains  the  zenith  of 
her  power.] 

1075  *  *  Aust.  Leopold  II.  the  Hand- 
some becomes  margrave.  [He  resists 
the  Emperor  until  reduced  to  submis- 
sion.] 

1086  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Emperor  rewards 
Vratislav  II.  with  the  title  of  king. 

1087  *  *  Aust.  Stephen  II.  becomes 
kingof  Croatia  by  conquest.  [1102.  He 
assumes  the  title.] 

1092*  *  Aust.  Ottocar  IV.  becomes  mar- 
grave of  Styria.  [1122,  Leopold  the 
Strong;  1129,  Ottocar  V.] 

1095  *  *  Hung.  Koloman,  the  nephew 
of  Ladislaus,  becomes  king. 

1096  *  *  Aust.  Leopold  III.  the  Saint 
becomes  margrave  **  by  the  grace  of 
God." 

*  *  Werner  is  the  first  named  Count  of 
Hapsburg;  in  this  family  is  established 
the  House  of  Hapsburg  [from  which 
the  Imperial  House  of  Austria  is  de- 
rived]. 

1100  *  *  Hung.  Croatia  is  united  with 
Hungary  on  the  death  of  Stephen  II., 
its  king. 

1102  *  *  Hung.  Koloman  is  crowned 
king  of  Croatia  ;ind  Dalmatia,  after 
conquering  the  former. 

1114  *  *  Hitng.  Stephen  II.  (Thunder), 
13  years  of  age,  becunies  king. 

1120*  *  Ilo/iemw.  Vladislav  I.  be- 
comes duke.  [1125,  Sobieslaus  1.;  1140, 
Vladislav  II.] 

1126*  *  Bohemia.  The  Emperor  being 
defeated,  renounces  his  claims,  and  rec- 
ognizes Sobieslaus  as  prince. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

453  *  *  Hung.  Attila,  the  chief  of  the 
Huns,  drinks  so  freely  of  honey  and 
water  on  his  wedding-day  that  he  dies 
of  suffocation. 


504      1131,  *  *-1326,  *  *        AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1140*  *  Aust.  Guelf  attempts  to  recon- 
quer Bavaria  from  tlie  margrave  of 
Austria,  and  is  defeated  in  the  battle  of 
"Weinsberg. 

1203*  *  Hung.  The  Venetians,  aided  by 
the  Crusaders,  take  Zadar  from  Hun- 
gary, 

1240±  *  *  Hungary  is  terrorized  by  an 
invasion  of  Mongols,  who  are  irresisti- 
ble for  a  time. 

12^1**  Hung.  The  Mongols  are 
cheeked  by  a  defeat  at  Grobnik.  [They 
reappear,  devastate  the  country,  and 
commit  horrible  cruelties.] 

1246  *  *  Hang.  Bela  IV.  defeats  the 
Emperor  Frederick  II.,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Leitha,  where  Frederick  is  killed. 

1255  ♦  *  Bohemia.  Rudolph,  Count  of 
Hapsburg,  Emperor  of  Germany,  assists 
King  Ottocarin  his  crusade  against  the 
pagans  of  Prussia. 

1260*  *  Bohemia.  Ottocar  is  compelled 
to  cede  Styria  to  Hungary,  but  soon  re- 
gains it  as  the  fruit  of  a  great  victory. 

*  *  .\forai'ia.  Bela  IV.  of  Hungary  is 
defeated  by  Ottocar  on  the  plains  of 
Moravia;  18,000  men  are  killed. 

1270±  •  *  Aust.  War  breaks  out  be- 
tween Bohemia  and  Hungary ;  the  Ma- 
gyars ravage  Austria,  and  carry  away 
16,000  captives. 

1274  *  *  Bohemia.  Budolph  marches 
against  Ottocar  as  a  rebel. 

1275  May  15.  Ottocar,  having  refused 
to  pay  homage  to  the  Emperor  for  bis 
lands,  is  placed  under  the  ban  of  the 
Empire. 

1276*  *  Vienna.  The  Emperor  Rudolph 
takes  the  city. 

*  *  King  Ottocar  of  Bohemia  18  forced  to 
sign  a  treaty  by  which  he  surrenders  to 
the  Emperor,  Austria,  Styria,  Carinthia, 
and  Carniola,  and  holds  Bohemia  and 
Moravia  as  flefs  of  the  Empire. 

1278  Aug.  26.  Aust.  Rudolph  of  Haps- 
burg, having  secured  Ladislaus  IV.,  the 
King  of  Hungary,  as  an  ally,  defeats  the 
Bohemians  in  the  battle  of  Marchfeld, 
near  Vienna,  one  of  the  most  terrible  of 
the  Middle  Ages  ;  Ottocar  is  killed. 

1290  *  *  Bohemia.  King  Wenceslaus 
takes  possession  of  Cracow  and  Lesser 
Poland. 

1314  *  *  -22  *  *  War  rages  between 
Louis,  Duke  of  Bavaria,  and  Frederick 
of  Austria  ;  they  are  rivals  for  the  Im- 
perial crown. 

1315  Nov.  15i:.  Switz.  The  revolt- 
ing Swiss  Confederates  (1,400)  under 
Unterwaldeu  utterly  defeat  the  Aus- 
trians  (15,000)  under  I>uke  I^eopold  in 
the  mountain-pass  at  Morgarten;  1,500 
men.  the  flower  of  the  Austrian  chiv- 
alry, perish. 

1322  Sept.  28.  Ger.  Frederick,  Duke 
of  Austria,  contending  for  the  crown  of 
the  (German  Empire,  is  defeated  and 
captured  by  Louis,  Duke  of  Bavaria, 
at  the  battle  of  Ampfing,  near  Muhl- 
dorf,  Bavaria. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1173*  *  Stephen  III.,  Kingof  Hungary,  dies. 
1176  *  *  Andrew  II.,  King  of  Hungary,  born. 

1197  *  ♦  Henry  VI.,  Emperor  of  (lerniaiiy,  <i. 

1198  *  *  Leopold  VI.,  the  Glorious,  Luke,  is 
killed  in  battle. 

1S07  •  *  Elizabeth.  Saint,  b.  at  Presburg. 

1216  *  *  Rudolph  II.,  Emperor  of  Germany, 
bom. 

1330  •  •  Leopold  VI.,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies. 

1231  *  *  Elizabeth.  Saint,  A24. 

1336  *  *  Andrew  II.,  King  of  Hungary,  A60. 

1246  June  16.  Frederic  II..  the  Fighter, 
the  last  male  of  the  House  of  liamberg,  is 
killed  in  battle  with  the  Hungarians. 

1353  *  *  Wenceslaus,  King  of  Bohemia,  dies. 

1378  Aue.  36.  Ottocar  11.,  King  of  Bohe- 
mia, is  killed. 

1291  July  15.  Rudolph  I.,  Emperor  of 
(iermany,  dies. 

1301  *  •  Andrew  IIL,  King  of  Hungary,  d. 

1305  *  *  Wenceslaus  1 1.,  King  of  Bohemia,  d. 

1307  *  *  Rudolph,  King  of  Bohemia,  is  killed 
in  the  war. 

Gessler,  Hermann,  the  Austrian  bailiflf,  is 
killed  by  WiUiam  Tell.  (?) 

1308  *  *  Albert,  Emperor  of  Germany,  fs 
murdered  by  John  the  Parricide. 

1313  •  '  Henry  VH.,  Emperor  of  Germany, 

dies. 
1316  •   *  Charles  rv..  Emperor  of  Germany 

and  King  of  Bohemia,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1140+  *  *  Bohemia  is  visited  by  Cardi- 
nal Guide,  who  supervises  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  church,  and  imposes  celibacy 
on  the  clergy. 

1147  *  *  Bohemia.  Ladislaus  II.  goes  on 
a  crusade. 

1187*  *  Bohemia.  The  bishop  of 
Prague,  being  a  prince,  refuses  obedi- 
ence to  the  Prince  of  Bohemia. 

1189*  *  Hung.  The  Third  Crusade, 
led  by  Frederick  Barbarossa,  crosses 
the  country,  and  is  received  with  great 
magnificence. 

1198*  * /(.    Iimocent  III.  is  pope. 

1200+  *  *  Vienna.  The  Jews  have  a  syn- 
agogue. 

1205i:  *  *  Berthold,  of  scandalous  life, 
is  bishop  of  Bulgaria;  he  and  his  sister, 
the  queen,  surround  themselves  with 
favorites  of  infamous  characters,  until 
he  is  driven  out  by  the  people  ;  the 
queen  is  killed  by  them. 

1216  *  *  It.  Honorius  is  pope.  [1227, 
Gregory  IX. ;  1241,  Celeatine  IV.  ;  1243, 
Innocent  IV.] 

1217  *  *  Ajist.  Duke  Leopold  VI.  be- 
comes a  crusader,  and  goes  to  the  Holy 
Land.  ^ 

*  *  The  Fifth  Crusade  is  led  by  King 
Andrew  11. 

±  *  *  Hung.  The  clergy  are  scandal- 
ously corrupt. 

1279*  *  Hung.  The  Synod  of  Buda 
places  a  limit  on  the  knowledge  which 
monks  are  allowed  to  acquire. 

LETTERS. 

1147±  *  *  Hungarian  students  begin  to 
find  their  way  to  Paris. 

13th  Century.  Bohemia.  The  Univer- 
sity of  Prague  is  in  existence  as  a 
*'  studium  generale,"  and  the  earliest  in 
German  States. 

13th  Century.  Bohemia.  The  only 
schools  in  the  country  belong  to  the 
monks. 


1290  *  *  -1310  *  •  Bohemia.    The  Buko- 

pis  Kralodworsky  is  wTitten. 
1314  *  *  Bohemia.    Bhyminu  Chronicle  of 

Bohemia,  by  Dalimil,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1131  *  *  Hung.  Bela  U..  King  of  Hun- 
gary, has  his  eyes  put  out  by  his  royal 
uncle. 

1132  *  *  Hung.  Bela  U.  orders  68  of  his 
enemies  to  be  slain. 

1174*  *  Hung.  King  Bela  TIT.  intro- 
duces the  Greek  civilization  into 
Hungary. 

1192*  *  Aust.  Leopold  V.,  Duke  of 
Austria,  detains  Richard  X.  of  Eng- 
land a  prisoner,  when  returning  in 
disguise  from  the  Crusade,  but  he  is 
compelled  to  surrender  him  to  the  Em- 
peror Henry  VI. 

1290*  *  Hung.  Ladislaus,  the  Cumau,  is 
assassinated  by  the  Cumaus. 

1297  *  *  Bohemia.  The  coronation  of 
Wenceslaus  11.  is  one  of  the  most  bril- 
liant ceremonies  and  immense  festivals 
of  the  Middle  Ages. 

1306  *  *  AATenceslaus  HI.  is  assassi- 
nated. 

1308  May  1.  Albert  I.,  Duke  of 
Austria,  is  assassinated  by  his  nephew, 
John  of  Austria. 

STATE. 

1131  *  •  Hung.  Stephen  II.  abdicates, 
and  Bela  II.  (blinded  by  Koloman)  is 
enthroned. 

1136*  *  Aust.  Albert  II.,  and  later 
Leopold  rv.,  son  of  Leopold  IIL,  be- 
come margrave ;  th©  accession  of  Leo- 
pold occasions  war.  [1141,  Henry  laso- 
mirgott.] 

*  ♦  Vienna  is  made  an  Imperial  city. 
1138  *  *  Austria  is  enlarged  by  the  ad- 
dition of  Bavaria. 

1141*  *  Hung.  Geiza  H.,  10  years  of 
age,  is  enthroned.  [German  immigrants 
arrive  and  fomid  24  towns  in  the  valley 
of  the  Maros.) 

1143  *  *  Aust.  Henry  II.  becomes  in- 
dependent duke  of  Carinthia. 

1156*  *  Aust.  Henry  II.  is  made  the 
first  duke  of  Austria. 

The  margravate  of  Austria,  founded 
by  Charlemagne,  is  separated  from  Ba- 
varia, which  is  surrendered  to  Henry 
the  Lion,  and  made  an  hereditary  duchy, 
by  the  Emperor  Frederick  I.  The  terri- 
tory west  of  the  Enns  is  annexed. 

Sept.  21.  Aust.  An  Imperial  edict  de- 
clares the  duchy  hereditary,  even  in 
the  female  lines,  and  other  privileges. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Silesia  is  restored  to  Bohe- 
mia by  Frederick,  and  Xjadislaus  re- 
ceives the  title  of  king  for  himself  and 
his  successors. 

1161  *  •  Hung.  Stephen  m.  and  Ste- 
phen rv.  are  enthroned.  Stephen  IV. 
and  Ladislaus,  his  uncle,  are  rivals.  An- 
archy prevails. 

1164*  *  Aust.  Ottocar  VT.  becomes 
margrave  of  Styria. 

1173  *  •  Hung.    Bela  HI.  is  enthroned. 

He  marries  Margaret  of  France,  the 

widow  of    Prince    Henry    of    Englan<L 

Bela  promotes  civilization,  and  (fivides 

the  country  into  counties. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


1131, 


1326, 


505 


1174*  *  Dohemia.  Sobieslaus  II.  is 
enthroned. 

1177  *  ♦  AuRt.  Leopold  V.  the  Pious  be- 
comes duke.  [1198,  Leopold  VI.  the 
Proud,  brother  of  Frederick.] 

1178*  *  Bohemia.  Vladislav  II.  abdi- 
cates, and  retires  to  a  convent. 

1180  *  *  Amt.  Ottociir  VI.  of  Styria  re- 
ceives the  title  of  hereditary  duke 
from  the  Emperor. 

1189*  *  Bohemia.  Konrad  Otho  is 
enthroned. 

1192  *  *  Bohemia.  Premysl  Ottocar  is 
enthroned. 

*  *  Austria  annexes  Styria.  [A  perma- 
nent union.] 

*  *  Aust.  Leopold  V.  captures  Rich- 
ard I.  of  England. 

Richard  is  passing  through  his  domin- 
ions incognito,  on  nis  return  from  the 
crusade. 

[1194±.  The  ransom  paid  for  his  re- 
lease is  used  to  enlarge  Vieima  and 
enclose  It  with  walls.] 

*  *  The  Emperor  Frederick  II.  receives 
Camioia. 

1194*  *  Aitst.  Frederick  I.  the  Catholic 
becomes  duke. 

1196*  *  Hung.  Emerich,  son  of  Bela 
III.,  is  enthroned. 

1201  *  *  Aust.  Bernard  becomes  in- 
dependent duke  of  Cariuthia.  [126i>, 
Premysl  Ottocar  II.] 

1204*  *  Bohemia  is  confirmed  in  the 
use  of  the  royal  title  by  the  Pope. 

*  *  Hum/.  Ijadislaus  H.,  the  young  son 
of  Emerich,  is  enthroned  (six  months  a 
king). 

1205  *  *  Hung.     Andrew   H.,    son    of 

Bela  III.,  is  enthroned. 
1222  *  *  Hum/.    The  Golden  Bull,  or 

the  charter  of  Andrew  II. ,  is  granted  ; 

it  is  the  Magua  Charta  of  Hungary,  and 

the  foundation  of  its  national  liberties. 
1230*  *  Aust.     Frederick    II.    the 

Fighter  becomes  duke. 

*  *  Bohemia.  "Wenceslaus  I.  succeeds 
Ottocar  his  father. 

1231  *  *  Hung.    The    Golden   Bull   is 

again  solemnly  conftrmed. 
1235  ♦  *  Hu7ig.    Bela  IV.  is  enthroned  ; 

the    Emperor    Frederi<;k    II.    makes    a 

claim  for  tribute. 

*  *  *  Aust.  The  Emperor  Frederick  II. 
declares  Austria  and  Styria  to  have 
lapsed  to  the  Imperial  Crown,  and 
appoints  Otto,  Count  of  Eberstein,  to 
rule  these  provinces,  as  his  lieutenant. 

1246  *  *  Aust.  The  Babenberg  line  of 
kings  becomes  extinct  by  tlie  death  of 
Frederick  II.  [An  interregnum  fol- 
lows in  the  rule  of  Austria  till  127.'J.] 
Bohemia  and  Hungary  both  claim  the 
inheritance,  and  struggle  for  its  posses- 
sion. 

*  *  Aust.  Ladislaus,  the  margrave  of 
Moravia,  assumes  authority  over  the 
provinces  of  Austria,  in  the  right  of 
Gertrude  his  wife,  the  niece  of  Freder- 
ick U.   The  Emperor  is  a  rival  claimant. 

1247*  *  Moravia.  Ladislaus  dies  with- 
out heirs. 


1250  *  *  Aust.  Hermann,  the  margrave 
of  Baden,  marries  Gertrude,  and  as- 
sumes authority  in  Austria. 

1251  *  *  Aust.  The  states  of  Austria  in- 
vite Premysl  Ottocar  to  become  their 
ruler. 

1253  *  *  Bohemia.  Premysl  Ottocar 
H.  Is  enthroned. 

He  acquires  the  duchy  of  Austria,  and 
reconquers  Styria  from  the  Hungarians. 

*  *  Aust.  Albert  III.  becomes  count  of 
Tyrol.  [12M,  Meinhardt  I.;  1258,  Mein- 
hardt  IL] 

1254  *  *  -73  *  *  Oer.  Interregnum  in 
the  Holy  Uomaii  Empire. 

1256  *  *  Aust.  Ulrich  HI.  becomes  in- 
dependent duke  of  Cariuthia. 

1269  *  *  Bohemia.  Ottocar  inherits 
Carinthia,  a  part  of  Carniola,  and  Fri- 
uli,  by  the  bequest  of  Ulric. 

1270*  *  Hung.  Stephen  V.  is  en- 
throned. 

*  *  Aust.  Premysl  Ottocar  marries  the 
daughter  of  the  King  of  Hungary. 

1272  *  *  Hung,  r^adislaus  HI.  the  Cu- 
men  is  enthroned. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Ottocar  declines  the 
throne  of  the  German  Empire,  wliich 
is  otfered  by  the  German  princes. 

1273*  *-1740*  *  The  Hapsburg  dy- 
nasty. 

1273*  *-91*  *Kudolph  I.,  Count  of 
Hapsburg  in  Switzerland,  and  Duke 
of  Austria,  is  elected  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many by  the  three  archbishops  of  ]\Iaiuz, 
Cologne,  and  Treves. 

*  *  Hung.  Ottocar  refuses  homage  to 
Kudolph  of  Hapsburg. 

*  *  Vienna  is  the  real  capital  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire. 

1276  *  *  Aust.  Rudolph  I.,  Emperor 
of  the  Holy  Roman  (German)  Empire, 
becomes  duke. 

1278*  *  Bohemia.  'Wenceslaus  II. 
succeeds   Premysl  Ottocar. 

1280  Sept.  *  Bohemia.  A  truce  is  en- 
tered by  Otto  and  the  nobles. 

1282*  *  Aust.  Albert  I.  and  his  brother, 
Uudolph  II.,  become  dukes  of  Austria, 
Styria,  and  Carinthia,  hy  the  investment 
of  their  father,  the  Emperor. 

The  duchies  of  Austria,  Styria,  Ca- 
rinthia, and  Carniola  are  given  as  Im- 
perial fiefs  to  Rudolph's  sons. 

1283  *  *  Aust.  Albert  I.  becomes  sole 
ruler  of  Austria,  Styria,  and  Carniola. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Wenceslaus  II.  comes  out 
of  prison,  after  a  delay  of  five  years,  and 
ascends  the  throne. 

1286  *  *  Ausf.  The  Emperor  bestows 
Carinthia  upon  Menhardt  H.,  count  of 
Tyrol. 

1289  *  *  Hungary  and  Poland  are  in- 
vaded by  the  Moguls. 

1290  *  *  Hung.  Andrew  m.  the  Ve- 
netian, the  son-in-law  of  the  Emperor,  is 
enthroned. 

1292    June  24.    Aust.    Adolf  of  Nas- 
sau is  elected  Emperor  of  Germany,  and 
crowned  at  Aix-la-Chapelle. 
Albert   I.,  the  Emperor's  son,  is  dis- 

t)laced  by  the  opposition  of  the  Arch- 
ushop  of  Mainz,  in  order  to  favor  Adolf, 
the  prelate's  relative. 


1295  *  *  Aust.  Henry  of  Carinthia  be- 
comes count  of  Tyrol,  and  independent 
duke  of  Carinthia. 

1298*  *-1308*  *  Ger.  Albert  I., 
Duke  of  Austria,  succeeds  Adolf  as 
Emperor  of  Germany. 

1301*  *  Hung.  Andrew  III.  dies,  and 
the  Arpad  or  native  dynasty  (Ma- 
gyars) expires. 

*  *  Hung.  Prince  Wenceslaus  of  Bohemia, 
a  usurper,  12  years  of  age,  is  elected  king. 

1305*  *  Hung.  Otto  of  Bavaria,  a 
usuri>er,  is  enthroned. 

Juno  *  Bohemia.  Wenceslaus  HI.,  a 
frivolous  and  debauched  prince,  is  en- 
throned, after  the  death  of  Wenceslaus 
II. ;  he  is  the  last  of  the  dynasty  of  the 
Premyslides.  [1306  Aug. 4,  Assassinated.] 

1306  *  *  Bohemia.  Rudolph  of  Haps- 
burg is  enthroned. 

1307*  *  Bohemia.  Henry,  Duke  of 
Carinthia  and  Count  of  Tyrol,  is  en- 
throned. 

*  *  Switzerland  revolts  from  the  rule 
of  the  House  of  Austria  because  of  op- 
pression. [William  Tell  shoots  Gess- 
ler.(?)] 

1308  *  *  Hung.  Charles  Robert  of  An- 
jou  is  elected.  [He  really  becomes  king 
two  years  later,  when  Hungary  comes 
under  the  rule  of  the  House  of  Anjou.] 

May  1.  Ger.  Albert  I.  is  assassinated 
by  his  nephew,  John,  near  the  Hapsburg, 
while  attempting  to  enslave  the  Swiss. 
[His  death  is  terribly  avenged  by  Eliza- 
beth, his  widow,  and  Agnes,  his  daugh- 
ter.] 

Albert  I.  is  succeeded  by  his  five  sons, 
Frederick,  Leopold,  Henry,  Albert,  and 
Otto. 

*  *  Aust.  Frederick  I.  and  Leopold  I. 
become  dukes. 

*  *  Hung.    Otto  abdicates. 

*  *-1313*  *  Ger.  Henry  VII.,  Count 
of  Luxemburg,  a  half-Frenchman,  is 
Emperor. 

1310  *  *  Bohemia.  Blind  John  of  Lux- 
emburg is  elected  king  by  the  National 
Assembly.  [The  House  of  Luxemburg 
retains  the  crown  127  years.] 

1314  *  *  -30  *  *  Frederick  of  Austria 
is  King  of  Germany. 

1314  *  *  Ger.  Frederick  HI.  of  Haps- 
burg, Duke  of  Austria,  son  of  Albert,  is 
set  up  as  king  in  opposition  to  Louis, 
Duke  of  Bavaria.  [War  follows  for 
eight  years.     Frederick  is  defeated.] 

*  *  Galicia.  Cracow  is  the  capital  of  the 
Franks. 

1322  *  *  Ger.  Frederick  HI.  is  taken 
prisoner  by  Louis  of  Bavaria  at  Ampflng. 

1325  *  *  Ger.  Frederick  IH.  is  re- 
leased on  condition  that  he  renounces 
the  throne  of  the  Empire. 

1326*  *  Bosnia.  Herzegovina  is 
united  with  Bosnia. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1194  *  *  Vienna    is    walled    and   en- 
larged,   the    cost    being   met    by    the 
£40,000  ransom  money  paid  for  the  re- 
lease of  Kichard  I.  of  England. 


506      1326,** -1436,**.        AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1332  »  *  Aust.    King  John  of  Bohemia 

is  defeated  at  Mailberg,  and  forced 

to  purcluase  a  peace. 
1344  *   *  -82  *  *  Hung.    lK)uia   I.  the 

Great,  King  of  Hungary  and  Poland, 

prosecutes  m,iny  campaigns. 
1346    Aug.  26.    Fr.    Blind  King  .John 

of  Bolieniia  dglits  for  Philip  of  France 

in  the  battle  of  Cr6cy,  and  is  killed. 
1348  •  *  Hung.    Louis  I.  invades  Italy, 

and  punishes  the  accused  murderers  of 

his  brother  Andrew,  King  of  Naples. 
1356  »  *  Hung.    The  first  war  between 

Hungary  and  Venice  occurs. 
1386    July  9.    Switz.     The  Swiss  gain 

a  great  victory  over  Leopold  in  the 

biittle  of  Sempach ;  Leopold  is  killed, 
and  the  liberty  of  Switzerland  is  as- 
sured. 

At  this  battle,  according  to  tradition, 
.\rnold  von  Winkelried,  rushing  upon 
tile  Austrians,  gathers  a  number  of  their 
spears  against  his  breast,  and  falls 
pierced  through,  thus  opening  a  way  for 
his  countrymen.    (?) 

1388  Apr.  9.  Smitz.  A  small  body  of 
Swiss  defeat  the  Austrians  at  Nafels. 

1396  Sept.  28.  Bulgaria.  Battle  of 
Nikopoli.  The  Turks  under  Sultan 
Bajazet  I.  defeat  the  allied  Christian 
powers  under  Sigismund,  King  of  Hun- 
gary ;  20,000  of  the  Allies  are  killed. 

1400  *  *  Ger.  The  Emperor  Rupert  de- 
clares war  against  'Wenceslaus,  King 
of  Bohemia. 

1419  »  *  -36  *  »  Bohemia.  The  Hussite 
War. 


1434  May  30.  Bohemia.  The  Ta- 
bontes  (Hussites)  are  orushingly  de- 
feated by  the  Calixtines  and  Itoman 
Catholics  In  battle  at  Bohmisch-Brod ; 
Andrew  Procopius  is  killed. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1326  •  •  Leopold,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies. 

1330  *  •  Frederick,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies. 

1331  •  •  Engelbert,    historian,    Benedictine 
monk  of  Austria,  dies. 

1335  •  •  Henry,  Duke  of  Tyrol,  dies. 
1339  »  •  otto,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies. 
1346    Aug.  26.     John.  King  of  Bohemia 

(blmd),  is  killed  at  Ur^cy. 
1358    July  20.    Albert  U.,  Dukeof  Austria. 

dies. 

1360  *  •  Zlska,  John,  general,  born. 

1361  •  •  Wenceslaus,  Kingof  Bohemia, born. 
1365  •  »  Kudolph  v.,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies. 

Jerome  of  Prague,  Boliemian  martyr,  born. 
^°S     .*  ''*'o"asclie,  Margaret,  Countess  of 

Tyrol,  dies. 
1373  •  *  Huss,    John,   Bohemian   religious 

reformer,  born. 
1378  •  •  Charles  I.,  Emperor  and  King  of 

Bohemia,  dies. 
1382  •  •  Louis  the  Oreat,  Kingof  Hungary. 

tiles.  o     J, 

1388  •  •  Leopold  IIL,  Duke  of  Austria,  falls 

in  battle. 
1395  •  •  Albert  IIL,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies. 
1400  •  •  Huniades,  Joannes  Corvinus,  Hun- 
garian general,  born. 
1404'  •  Albert  IV.,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies  of 

poisoning. 

1415  *  •  Huss.  John,  Bohemian  reformer, 
burned,  A40±. 

1416  May  30.    Jerome  of  Prag:ue.  Hussite 
martyr,  burned  .151. 

1419  *  *  Wenceslaus,  Kmperor  of  Germany, 
King  of  Bohemia,  A68. 

1420  *  *  Podiebrad,  (ieorge.  King  of  Bohe- 
mia, born. 

1424  •  "  Zlska,  John,  leader  of  the  Huss- 
ites, A64. 


It  is  occasioned  by  Catholic  oppression, 
and  indignation  at  the  execution  of  John 
Huss,  the  religious  reformer.  John 
Ziska  Is  leader  of  the  Hussites. 

1420  July  14.  Bohemia.  The  Impe- 
rialists under  Emperor  Sigismund  are 
defeated  by  John  Ziska  at  the  siege  of 
Prague. 

1421  *  »  Bohemia.  The  German  Impe- 
rial troops  are  repulsed  from  the  bor- 
der as  they  enter. 

1422  Jan.  8.  Bohemia.  Sigismund  is 
driven  back  by  the  Hussite  troops  to 
Deutsch-Brod. 

•  •  Bohemia.  The  Hussites  ravage  the 
neighboring  country,  and  make  a  skilful 
tise  of  gunpowder  and  clumsy  cannon. 

•  *  Bohemia.  .John  Ziska  gives  Sigismund 
a  terrible  defeat  on  the  banks  of  the 
river  Sazava ;  the  Czechs  are  masters 
of  their  own  land. 

1426*  *  Bohemia.  The  Hussites  defeat 
the  Saxons  and  Misnians  in  a  bloody 
battle  under  the  walls  of  Ousti. 

1428  •  »  -29  *  »  Bohemia.  The  Hus- 
sites, led  by  Procopius  the  Great, 
carry  on  an  aggressive  war,  and  devas- 
tate part  of  Hungary  and  Silesia. 

1430  *  *  Bohemia.  Andrew  Procopius 
leads  a  great  expedition  of  the  Hussites 
into  Germany,  where  they  become  a 
terror  to  the  inhabitants. 

1431  *  *  Bohemia.  Procopius  defeats 
the  Imperial  army  near  Domazlice 
(Tauss),  and  routs  it  with  great  loss. 


CHURCH. 
1342  •  *  It.    Clement  VI.  is  pope. 

1347  *  *  Bohemia.  Charles  I.  founds  the 
Benedictine  monastery  of  Emaus  at 
Prague. 

1350+  *  *  Conrad  'Waldhauser  and 
Milio  of  Moravia,  the  great  preachers, 
attempt  to  reform  the  morals  of  the 
people,  and  reprove  the  vices  of  the 
clergy. 

1350+  »  *  Persecution  of  the  Jews. 

*  *  The  Flagellants  become  conspicuous. 

1352*  *  Innocent  VI.  is  pope.  [1302, 
Urban  V.] 

1356  Apr.  7.  Vienna.  Rudolph  l\. 
lays  the  foundation  of  the  cathedral 
of  St.  Stephen.  [A  splendid  specimen 
of  Gothic  architecture.] 

1358  *  •  Rudolph  IV.  becomes  duke,  and 
proceeds  to  finish  the  church  of  St. 
Stephen. 

1393  *  *  Bohemia.  King  Wenceslaus  at- 
tacks John,  Archbishop  of  Prague, 
because  he  refuses  to  surrender  one  of 
his  castles. 

1395+  *  •  Aust.  The  sect  of  the  Vau- 
dois  prospers,  notwithstanding  the  re- 
pressive measures  of  Albert  IV. 

1400  *  »  Aust.  Duke  Albert  IV.  makes 
a  dangerous  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy 
Land,  and  is  applauded  as  Mirabilia 
Mundi. 

1403  •  *  Bohemia.      The    I'niversily    of 
Prague    condemns    45    propositions 
taken  from  the  works  of  'Wyolif . 
1408  *  •  Bohemia.    A  meeting  of  the  na- 
tion is  held  at  the  University  of  Prague, 


and  it  is  decided  that  the  45  Wyclif 
articles  are  not  necess.arily  heretical. 
1409  *  *It.   A  General  Council  is  held 
at  Pisa,  to  end  the  schism  of  Avignon 

(2  popes). 

1410*  *  It.  John  XXIII.  is  pope.  [1417, 
Martin  V.] 

1412  *  »  Bohemia.  John  Huss  is  under 
the  ban  of  the  Pope. 

*  *  It.  Pope  John  XXIII.  promises  ple- 
nary indulgences  to  those  who  aid  his 
cause  against  the  Kingof  Naples;  Hnss 
denounces  the  trade  in  indulgences. 

1414  Nov.  1.-18*  *  Ger.  The  17th 
General  Council  of  the  Church  is  held 
at  Constance  in  Baden,  for  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  Hussite  heresy,  the  removal 
of  schism,  and  the  reformation  of  the 
Church. 

Nov.  28.  Ger.  John  Huss  is  arrested 
at  Constance  for  heresy,  in  disregard  of 
the  solemn  pledge  of  the  Pope  for  his 
personal  safety  ;  his  enemies  allege  that 
it  is  wrong  to  keep  faith  with  a  heretic. 
[Dec.  i.  He  is  cast  into  the  dungeon  of 
the  Dominican  monastery.] 

1415  June  5,  7,  8.  Ger.  Huss  ap- 
pears before  the  Council,  and  is  required 
to  make  Immediate  recantation. 

July  6.  Ger.  John  Huss,  cited  to  ap- 
pear before  the  Council  tor  the  last  time, 
and  answer  respecting  the  doctrines  of 
transubstantiation,  is  condemned,  and 
immediately  burned  as  a  heretic. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  Hussites  form  a  party 
within  the  Church;  they  refuse  obedi- 
ence to  foreign  priests,  or  either  priests 
or  bishops  who  transcend  the  Word  of 
God. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  assembled  Hussites  de- 
clare John  Huss  a  saint  and  a  martyr, 
and  fix  his  festival  on  July  6,  the  day 
of  his  death. 

1416  May  30.  Ger.  Jerome  of 
Prague  is  burned  at  Constance  for  the 
heresy  of  Protestantism. 

1419  *  *  -36  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Hussite 
War. 

_  The  Bohemians  demand  communion 
in  both  kinds,  bread  and  wine,  for  the 
laity  as  \vell  as  the  clergy,  and  rapidly 
spread  their  doctrine. 

1419  •  *  Bohemia.  On  the  death  of  King 
Wenceslaus  churches  and  monaster- 
ies are  attacked  and  pillaged,  and  the 
Catholic  priests  driven  out  of  the  towns 
to  make  place  for  the  Hussites. 

1420  *  »  Bohemia.  The  Taborites  sepa- 
rate from  the  Bohemian  and  the  national 
church  by  choosing  a  bishop  to  conse- 
crate their  priests. 

+  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Hussites  declare 
their  creed  in  four  articles. 

Communion  in  both  kinds  ;  freedom 
of  preaching;  secularization  of  church 
property  ;  and  the  punishment  of  mortal 
sins  and  offenses  against  ecclesiastical 
law  with  only  temporal  penalties. 

1422+  »  *  Bohemia.  The  Taborites  split 
into  sects. 

Some  preach  a  community  of  goods, 
and  even  of  marriage.  John  ZiskaTiums 
some  of  them  alive. 

1424  »  •  Clement  VII.  is  (anti)  pope. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


1326,  **-1436,  * 


501 


t 


1431  *  *  -49  *  *  Switz.  The  18th  Gen- 
eral Council  of  the  Church  at  Basel. 
The  moderate  Hussites  enter  a  treaty. 

*  *  It.  Eugenius  IV.  is  pope.  [1439.  Felix 
V.  is  (auti)  pope.  1447.  Nicholas  V.  is 
pope.     1465.    Calixtus  111.] 

1433  Jan.  6.  Switz.  ProcopiuB,  with 
lOOotlier  Hussites,  enters  Basel  to  attend 
the  council  of  the  Church. 

1434  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Taborites  (Huss- 
ites) are  annihilated  in  battle  at  Boh- 
misch-Brod, 

LETTERS. 
1348    Jan.  26.     Bohemia.     Pope  Clem- 
ent VI.  authorizes  a  **  studium  gene- 
rale"  at  Prague  in  all  the  faculties. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  Emperor  Charles  IV. 
founds  the  University  at  Prague. 

1364  May  *  Gal.  The  University  of 
Cracow  is  founded  by  King  Casimir 
the  Great. 

Sept.  *  Gaficia.  Urban  V.  constitutes 
the  University  of  Cracow  a  "stu- 
dium generale  "  in  all  the  faculties  save 
theology. 

1365  *  *  Vienna.  University  of  Vienna 
founded  by  Rudolph  IV. 

1367  *  *  Hung.  The  University  of 
Piinfkirchen  is  founded  by  King  Louis. 

1367  *  *  Bohemia.  Thom.  Stiny's  book 
for  his  children  is  written. 

1380  *  *  Bohemia.  A  complete  version 
of  the  Bible  in  the  Slavonic  appears. 

1389±  *  *  Hung.  The  University  of 
Ofen  is  chartered  by  Boniface  IX. 

1398  *  *  Bohemia.  John  Hiiss  is  a  pro- 
fessor at  Prague. 

1400  *  *  Galicia.  The  University  of 
Cracow^,  which  has  hitherto  had  only 
a  nominal  existence,  is  reconstituted 
[and  prospers]. 

1402  *  *  Bohemia.  Baron  Andreas  de 
Duba  writes  his  judicial  constitution 
for  Bohemia. 

*  *  Bohemia.  John  Huss  is  rector  of  the 
University. 

1409  *  *  Bohemia.  Hussite  troubles 
drive  all  the  German  professors  and 
students,  numbering  5,000,  out  of  the 
University  of  Prague ;  they  go  to  Leip- 
sic,  where  Frederick  the  Warlike 
founds  a  miiversity. 

1415  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Church  Council 
of  Constance  suppresses  the  Univer- 
sity of  Prague  as  the  seat  of  heresy. 

SOCIETY. 
1393  *  *  Hung.    The  female  sovereign  is 
called  King  because  of  an  aversion  to 
the  name  Queen. 

STATE. 
1330  *  *  Frederick  III.  dies. 

*  *  Aust.  Albert  H.  and  Otto,  his 
brother,  become  dukes. 

*  *  Margaret  Multasche  becomes  count- 
ess of  Tyrol. 

She  marries  John  Henry,  son  of  John 


of  Bohemia, 
marriage.] 


[Later  she  repudiates  the 


1335  *  *  Aust.  The  dukes  acquire  Ca- 
rinthia  by  inheritance. 

*  *  Bohemia.  King  John  divides  the 
reign  with  his  sou  Charles  as  coregent. 

1339  *  *  Aust.    Albert  U.  is  duke  and 

sole  ruler. 
1342*  *  Hung,    Louis   the  Great   of 

Anjou  is  elected  king.    Hungary  attains 

the  climax  of  its  power. 

*  *  Tyrol.  Margaret  is  divorced  from 
her  youthful  husband. 

1346  *  *  Bohemia.  Charles  I.  (IV.),  son 
of  John,  is  enthroned. 

1347  *  *  -78  *  *  Ger.  Charles  IV.  is 
emperor. 

1354±  *  *  Bohemia  annexes  Silesia. 
1358*  *  Aust.     Budolph     IV.     the 
Founder  is  duke. 

*  *  Hungary  acquires  the  Danubian 
principalities  by  conquest. 

1363  *  *  Bohemia.  MTenceslaus,  son  of 
the  Emperor  Charles,  is  king.  , 

*  *  Austria  acquires  Tyrol  as  a  bequest 
from  Margaret  Multasche. 

1365  *  *  Aust.  Albert  HI.  and  Leo- 
pold IH.,  two  brothers  of  Rudolph  IV., 
succeed  him  as  dukes  of  Austria,  with 
undivided  territory. 

1370  *  *  Poland.  Louis  of  Hungary  is 
proclaimed  king  of  the  Poles. 

1376  *  *  Bosnia  is  no  longer  ruled  by 
chiefs,  but  erected  into  a  kingdom. 

*  *  Bohemia.  King  'Wenceslaus,  son 
of  Charles  IV.,  is  elected  king  of  the 
Romans. 

1378  *  *  -1400  *  *  "Wenceslaus  is  Em- 
peror of  Bohemia  and  Germany. 

1379*  *  Aiist.  Albert  III.  and  Leopold 
III.  divide  their  possessions. 

Albert  taket*  the  duchy  of  Austria,  and 
Leopold  the  duchies  of  Styria,Carinthia, 
Caruiola,  Tyrol,  and  Outer  Austria. 

1382  *  * //un*7.  Mary,  called  King 
Mary,  is  enthroned. 

Anarchy  follows  ;  much  blood  is  shed. 
Klizaht'th,  the  queen  of  Louis,  is 
drowned. 

*  *  Aust.  The  town  of  Aqulleia  volun- 
tarily unites  with  Austria;  it  is  a  valu- 
able addition  of  sea-front  for  the  duchy. 

1385*  *  Hung.  Charles  Durazzo 
(Charles  II.),  the  Pretender,  claims  the 
throne.     [He  is  assassinated.] 

1386i:  *  *  Hung.  Mary  reigns  con- 
jointly with  her  consort,  Sigismtmd  of 
Brandenburg,  a  son  of  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.  Hungary  suffers  from  the 
severity  of  their  rule. 

*  *  Aust.  "William  and  Leopold  be- 
come dukes. 

July  9.  Switz.  Duke  Leopold  of  Sty ria 
is  killed  at  .Sempacli  while  waging  war 
against  the  Swiss,  who  resisted  his  op- 
pressions. 

1387  *  *  -1437  *  *  Hung.  The  House 
of  Luxemburg  rules  Hungary. 

1389  *  *  Bosnia.  The  King  of  Bosnia 
is  defeated  by  the  Turks,  and  becomes 
their  vassal. 

1392  *  *  Hung.  Mary  dies,  and  Sigis- 
mundreignsaloneasKingof  Hungary. 


1393  *  *  Himg.  The  rule  of  Sigismund 
is  so  oppressive  that  the  Hungarians 
invite  the  invasion  of  the  Turks  for 
their  relief. 

1394  *  *  Bohemia.  The  nobles  force  the 
cruel  'Wenceslaus  to  virtually  abdi- 
cate. 

1395*  *  Aust.  "William  I.  and  his 
brothers,  with  their  cousin,  Albert 
rV.,  are  dukes  of  Austria. 

1397  *  *  Hung.  The  Diet  of  Temesvar 
provides  for  representative  govern- 
ment. 

1400  *  *  -1410  *  *  Ger.  Rupert,  the 
elector  palatine,  is  elected  emperor  in 
place  of  Wenceslaus  by  the  archbishops, 
the  three  ecclesiastical  electors.  Only 
his  own  party  respect  his  authority. 

1401  *  *  Hung.  Sigismxuid  is  made  a 
prisoner  in  his  palace.  [He  is  soon  lib- 
erated.] 

1404  *  *  Aust.    Albert  V.  succeeds  his 

father,  Albert  IV.,  as  duke. 
1406  *  *  Aust.    Frederick  of  the  Empty 

Purse  becomes  duke.     [The  nobles  of 

Tyrol  oppose  him.] 

1410  *  *  -37  *  *  Ger.  Sigismund,  King 
of  Hungary,  is  emperor,  the  first  Hun- 
garian chosen  to  the  Imperial  office. 

1411  *  *  Aust.  Albert  V.  obtains  Bohe- 
mia  and  Moravia. 

*  *  Aust.  Frederick  IV.  becomes  duke 
of  Tyrol  and  Outer  Austria. 

*  *  Aust.  Ernest  is  duke  of  Styria,  Ciu 
rinthia,  Carniola,  and  Trieste. 

The  provinces  are  divided  into  the 
duchies  of  Austria  and  Carinthia  and 
the  county  of  Tyrol. 

1415  *  *  Bohemia.     An      insurrection 

follows  the  burning  of  the  Reformers 
Huss  and  Jerome  of  Prague  for  heresy. 
(See  Church.) 

July  *  Bohemia.  The  Hussites  at  Prague- 
rise  against  Wenceslaus,  pitch  his  anti- 
Hussite  sheriifs  out  of  the  windows,  and 
compel  the  king  to  appoint  others,  fa- 
vorable to  their  party. 

1419  Aug.  16.  Bohemia.  King  Wences- 
laus dies. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Sigismund  takes  the 
throne. 

[He  is  soon  driven  out  of  the  country.] 

*  *  Hungary  loses  its  lands  on  the  Dal- 
matian coast  in  a  war  with  Venice. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Many  of  the  Hussites  form 
a  political  party,  and  rise  in  arms  under 
John  Ziska.  They  build  the  city  of 
Tabor. 

1422  *  *  Aust.  Albert  V.  marries  the 
daughter  of  Sigismund,  whose  dowry  is 
Moravia. 

1424  *  *  Aust.  Albert  VI.  of  Styria  is 
duke  of  Carinthia,  Carniola,  and  Tri- 
este ;  Gratz  is  the  capital. 

1435  *  *  Hungary  reorganizes  the  army. 

1436  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Compactata 
with  the  Estates  is  accepted.    (Church.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1349*  *The  black  death  prevails 
throughout  Austria  and  all  Kurope. 


508     1437,  *  *-1526,  *  *.  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1443  *  *  Servia.  Ladislans  YI.  and  Jo- 
annes Iluniades  defeat  the  Turks  at 
Wish,  or  KuDobitz. 

1444  *  *  Hungary  makes  a  truce  with 
Turkey  for  10  years ;  it  is  broken  by 
Ladislaus  IV.,  under  the  persuasion  of 
the  Pope. 

Nov.  20.  Bulrjaria.  The  Turks  under 
Amurath  II.  defeat  the  Hungarians 
under  Joannes  Huniades  and  King  La- 
dislaus near  Varna  ;  Ladislaus  and  a 
great  number  are  liilled,  and  Huniades 
is  taken  prisoner. 

1448  Oct.  19.  Servia.  Huniades  is 
defeated  by  tbe  Turks  under  Amurath 
on  the  plain  of  Kossova;  Huniades' 
army  is  annihilated. 

1456  J:  *  *  Hung.  The  Magyar  fleet  de- 
feats the  galleys  of  the  Turks  on  the 
Danube. 

July  21.  Servia.  Huniades  repulses  an 
attack  of  Mahomet  II.  on  Belgrade. 

The  defeated  Turks  are  routed,  leav- 
ing 24,000  of  their  dead  on  the  ground, 
and  abandoning  all  their  splendid  ar- 
tillery. 

1457  *  *  Aust.  War  breaks  out  between 
the  Emperor  of  Germany  and  his 
relatives,  on  the  division  of  Austria. 

1458  *  *  -90  *  *  Hungary  is  at  war 
with  Bohemia  and  Turkey. 

1462  *  *  Aust.  The  Emperor  Frederick 
in.  is  besieged  at  Vienna  by  bis 
brother  and  cousin,  till  released  by 
George  Podiebrad,  King  of  Bohemia ; 
this  ends  the  war  respecting  the  di- 
vision of  Austria. 

1468  *  *  Bohemia.  Geoi^e  Podiebrad 
captures  the  principal  fortresses  of  his 
rebellious  Catholic  subjects,  and  sends 
his  son  Victorin  to  invade  Austria,  and 
punish  the  emperor  for  encouraging  the 
rebels. 

1468  *  ♦  -69  ♦  *  Bohemia.  Matthias 
Corvinus,  son  of  Joannes  Huniades, 
invades  Moravia  and  Silesia,  where  he 
is  welcomed  by  the  Catholics  and  pro- 
claimed king  ;  George  Podiebrad  forces 
him  to  sign  a  truce  at  Vilemov. 

1471  *  *  -72  *  *  Bohemia  is  again  in- 
vaded by  Matthias,  but  with  small 
success. 

1472  *  *  -73  *  *  Aust.  The  Turks  in- 
vade Carinthia  and  Carniola. 

1475  *  *  Hung.  Matthias  secures  Mo- 
ravia and  part  of  Silesia  by  conquest. 

1477  *  *  Hungary  is  at  war  with  Fred- 
erick Augustus  I.,  Elector  of  Saxony, 
an  ally  of  the  Emperor  Frederick  111. 

1479  July  14.  Bohemia.  Tbe  war  with 
Hungary  ends  by  the  peace  of  Olmiitz. 
(See  State.) 

Nov.  13.  Transylvania.  The  Hungari- 
ans under  Stephen  Batory  totally  de- 
feat the  Turkish  invaders  on  the  plain 
of  Kenyermezo. 

1480  *  *  Bosnia.  Sarajevo  is  taken  by 
King  Matthias. 

1492  *  *  HuTig.  Bajazet  II.  leads  the 
Turks  into  tbe  valley  of  the  Save,  and 
defeats  the  Hungarian  army. 


1493  *  *  Aust.  The  Turks  again  invade 
Carinthia  and  Carniola. 

1513  *  *  Hung.  The  insurrection  of  the 
Kurucs  crusaders,  a  peasant  rising 
against  the  nobles,  breaks  out ;  Dosza, 
the  leader,  is  defeated  by  John  Szapol- 
yai  near  Temesvar. 

1515  *  *  Aust.  The  peasant  war  breaks 
out  in  Carniola. 

1521  *  *  Servia.  The  Sultan  Solyman 
the  Magnificent  besieges  and  takes 
Belgrade,  and  annexes  it  to  his  do- 
minions. 

1526  *  *  -32  *  •  Hung.  War  with  the 
Turks,  caused  by  an  insult  to  Turkish 
ambassadors  by  Hungarians. 

1526  Aug.  26.  Hung.  The  Turks 
under  Solyman,  100,000  strong,  and  hav- 
ing 300  cannon,  defeat  the  Hungarians 
at  Mohacs  ;  the  Hungarian  King  Louis, 
seven  bishops,  22  barons,  and  22,000  men 
are  left  on  the  field.     [Buda  is  captured.] 

ART  ~  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1497*  *  Aust.  A  mine  of  quicksilver 
is  discovered  by  accident  in  illyria, 
yielding  1,200  tons  annually. 

15 12 1  *  *  Aust.  Albert  Diirer  is  made 
court  painter  by  Maximilian. 

1515  *  *  Tyrol.  The  rolling-machine 
is  invented  by  Hall. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

X437  *  •  Sigismund,  King  of  Boliemia,  dies. 
1439  *  *  Albert    H.,  Emperor  of  Germany, 
dies. 

Frederick,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies. 

Albert  V.,  Kraperor  of  Aastria,  dies. 

1443  *  *  Matthias  I.  Corvinus,  general, 
King  of  Hungary,  born. 

1444  Nov.  10.  Ladislaus  IV.  (or  VI.), 
King  of  Hungary,  killed  in  battle,  A44f . 

1456  Sept.  10.  Huniades,  Joannes, 
Hungarian  general.  A56. 

1457  *  *  Ladislaus  V.,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies. 
1457  *  *  Ladiilaus  the  Posthumous,  King  of 

Hungary  and  Bohemia,  dies. 

1463*  *  All)ert  VI.,  tlie  Prodigal,  Duke  of 
Austria,  dies. 

1471  *  *  Podiebrad,  (Jeorge,  King  of  Bohe- 
mia, A51. 

1480  *  *  Matthias  I.  Corvinus,  King  of  Hun- 
gary, A  47. 

1493  Aug.  19.  Frederick  in..  Emperor 
of  Germany,  A78. 

1498  *  *  Clovio,  Giulio,  painter,  b.  in  Croatia. 

1506  *  *  Philip,  the  Handsome,  Duke  of  Aus- 
tria, dies. 

1516  *  *  La<lislauB  VL,  King  of  Uohemiaand 
Hungary,  dies. 

15181*  *  Zrinyi,  Niklas,  Count,  Hungarian 

general,  born. 
1519  *   •  Maximilian.  Emperor  of  Germany, 

dies. 
1526    Aue.   29.     Louis,  King  of  Hungary 

and  Bohemia,  dies  In  battle^  A20. 

CHURCH. 

1440*  * Htmg.— Bohemia.  Ladislaus 
rV.,  King  of  Poland,  a  Protestant 
loader,  becomes  king, 

1448  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Pope  sends  Car- 
dinal Carvajal  on  a  mission  ;  he  arrives 
at  Prague.  He  arouses  fresh  resentment. 

15th  Century.  It.  I^eopold  HI.  of  Aus- 
tria is  canonized  by  the  Pope  ;  be  had 
founded  monasteries  and  favored  tbe 
church. 

14^57 ±  **  Bohemia.  The  Moravian 
Brothers  first  appear. 

14S8*  *  It.  Pius  II.  is  pope.  [1464, 
Paul  II.] 


1465  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Pope  issues  an 
anathema  against  George,  as  a  re- 
lapsed heretic,  forbids  his  subjects  to 
recognize  his  authority,  and  proclaims  a 
crusade  against  the  Hussites. 

1468  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Pope  threatens 
George  with  excommunication  unless 
he  abandons  tbe  Utraquist  (Hussite) 
faith. 

1471*  *  It*  Sixtus  IV.  is  pope.  [I4M. 
Innocent  VIII.] 

1485+  *  *  Bohemia.  Tbe  Catbolics  and 
Utraquists  (Hussites)  at  Kutna  Hora 
agree  to  a  treaty,  providing  that  in  the 
future  all  religious  parties  will  tolerate 
each  other. 

1492  *  *  //.  Alexander  VI.  is  pope ;  Rod- 
eric  Borgia.  [1503,  Pius  III.  (21  days); 
Julius  U. ;     1512,  Leo  X.] 

1495+  *  *  Ger.  The  Edict  of  "Worms, 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  prohibits  all  new  doc- 
trines. 

1516*  *-26*  *The   Reformation  (.f 

Luther  spreads  into  Bohemia. 
1517+  *  *  Period  of  the  Reformation. 

1522  *  *  It.  Adrian  VI.  is  pope.  [1523, 
Clement  VIL] 

1523  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Utraquist  Synod 
adds  to  the  confession  of  faith  several 
articles  borrowed  from  Luther. 

LETTERS. 

1440  *  *  Vienna.  The  Imperial  Li- 
brary of  Vienna  is  founded  by  Fred- 
erick III. 

1453  *  *  -1517  *  *  Period  of  the  Re- 
naissance.   (See  State.) 

1460i:*  *  Bohemia.  History  of  the  }Voi-ld , 
by  Paul  Zidek,  appears. 

1464  *  *  Bohemia.  Albr.  Kostka  de 
Postupic  writes  his  travels  in  France. 

1465  *  *  Bohemia.  Lew  de  Kosmital 
writes  his  travels  through  Europe. 

1473  *  *  Hungary  receives  the  art  of 
printing  from  Germany. 

1473  i  *  *  Hung.  Matthias  Corvinus  pat- 
ronizes literature  and  the  arts ;  a 
large  library  is  established  at  Buda, 
with  300  copyists  of  manuscripts. 

1476  *  *  Bohemia.  Printing  is  intro- 
duced. 

1491  *  *  Bohemia.  Mart.  Kabatnik 
writes  his  travels  in  Asia  Minor  and 
Egypt. 

1493  *  *  Bohemia.  John  de  Lobkowic 
writes  his  travels  in  Palestine. 

15th  Century.  Bohemia.  Citbor  de  Cim- 
burg  writes  his  political  work  ;  The  Art 
of  Governing  is  written  by  Vict.  Corn, 
de  Wzehod  ;  the  great  Encyclopedia,  by 
Paul  Zidek,  is  written  ;  many  works  on 
economy,  popular  medicine,  etc.,  appear. 

1500  *  *  Aust.  The  Imperial  Library 
at  Vienna  is  enlarged  by  Maximilian  I. 

*  *  *  Bohemia.  History  of  the  World,  by 
Paul  Zidek,  appears. 

1505  *  *  Hung.  Ladislaus  sanctions  the 
founding  of  a  university  at  Breslau. 

1524  *  *  Bohemia.  Barton's  work  on 
the  religious  troubles  is  published. 

1526*  *-1630*  *  Bohemia.  TheCzech- 
ic  literature  attains  its  golden  age. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


1437,  *  ♦-1526, 


509 


SOCIETY. 

1471  •  *  /lohemia.  Ladislaus  makes  the 
peasants  serfs  of  the  soil,  by  prohibit- 
ing their  leaving  the  place  where  they 
are  born. 

1513  *  *  Hung.  Dosza,  the  leader  of 
the  revolting  peasants,  is  captured  by 
the  nobles,  seated  on  a  throne  of  fire, 
and  crowned  with  a  red-hot  crown. 

STATE. 

1437  *  *  Bohemia  is  practically  under 
George  of  Podiebrad. 

•  «  liohemia.  Albert  V.  of  Austria  is 
accepteil  by  the  estates  of  Bohemia  and 
Hungary  as  successor  of  Sigismund, 

1438  *  *  Hung.  Albert  V.  of  Austria  is 
enthroned. 

•  *  Ger.  Albert  V.,  Duke  of  Austria,  is 
enthroned  Kmperor  of  Germany  and 
Bohemia,  as  Albert  II.,  while  King  of 
Hungary. 

[The  House  of  Austria  fills  the  throne 
of  Germany  for  368  years,  except  for  a 
brief  interval.  Albert  obtains  the 
crowns  of  Hungary,  Bohemia,  and  Ger- 
many by  marrying  Elizabeth,  the 
daughter  of  the  Emperor  Sigismund,  and 
becomes  Albert  II.  (the  Great),  Emperor 
of  Germany.] 

1439  *  *  The  Emperor  Albert  H.  dies. 
An  interregnum  occurs  in  the  German 
Empire. 

♦  *  Ejlizabeth  becomes  sole  sovereign  of 
Hungary. 

June  29.  Aust.  Frederick  IV.  dies,  and 
is  succeeded  by  his  son  Sigismund,  who 
becomes  the  Count  of  Tyrol,  and  Duke 
of  Outer  Austria,  with  Innsbruck  as  the 
capital. 

*  *  Bohemia.  —  Hung .  Ladislaus  V. 
Posthumous,  son  of  Albert  V.,  the  Duke 
of  Austria,  is  elected  king  by  the  parti- 
zans  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

*  *  The  ordinance  called  the  Pragmatic 
Sanction  is  issued,  for  settling  the  suc- 
cession for  the  Empire  of  Germany  in 
the  House  of  Austria. 

1440  Feb.  2.  Ger.  Frederick  HI. 
(or  IV.)  the  Pacific,  cousin  of  Albert  V., 
becomes  emperor.  [He  is  the  last  em- 
peror crowned  by  the  Pope.] 

•  *  Herzegovina  is  made  a  duchy  by 
the  Emperor  Frederick  IV. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  succession  is  infringed 
by  the  election  of  Iiadislaus  m.,  the 
king  of  Poland,  as  king. 

•  *  Austria  baa  Zurich  for  an  ally. 

*  ♦  Hung.  Ijadislaus  UI.  of  Poland  is 
elected  king  by  the  strong  H  unlades 
party. 

1442  *  »  Hung.  The  party  favoring  Lad- 
islaus III.  finally  secure  the  throne. 

1444  Nov.  10.  Bulg.  Iiadislaus  HI. 
of  Poland  falls  at  Varna. 

Hung,       Ladislaus,    an    infant    son 

of  Albert  v.,  succeeds  his  father.  [He 
i.t  poisoned  in  infancy.] 

»  •  Hung.    An  interregnum. 

•  *  Hung.  Joannes  Huniades  is  elected 
governor  for  the  period  of  the  king's 
minority. 

1451  *  *  Bohemia  elects  George  Po- 
diebrad regent ;  the  emperor  confirms 
the  election. 


1453  Jan.  6.  Atut.  Frederick-  III., 
Emperor  of  Germany,  as  the  head  of  the 
House  of  Hapsburg,  erects  the  duchy  of 
Austria  into  an  archduchy  with  sov- 
ereign power. 

May  29.  (Modern  history  begins  with 
the  fall  of  Constantinople,  which  ends 
the  Eastern  Empire.) 

*  *  Hung.  The  young  king,  Ladislaus 
the  Posthumous,  is  allowed  to  return 
from  Austria. 

1453  •  *-1517  *  *  Period  of  the  Re- 
naissance. 

The  "  new  birth  "  of  art,  letters,  trans- 
formation of  state  policies,  development 
of  discoveries,  and  quickening  of  the 
desire  for  freedom  of  intellect  and  con- 
science. 

1457*  *  Hung.  — Aust.  Ladislaus IV., 
Posthumous  dies  childless,  and  the 
crowns  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia  pass 
into  the  hands  of  native  kings  for  a 
time. 

*  *  Auit.  The  emperor  Frederick  III.  and 
Albert  VI.  both  claim  to  be  dukes  of 
Austria. 

*  » Hung.  Matthias  Corvinus,  son  of 
.loannes  Huniades,  is  elected  king.  [He 
advances  the  kingdom  to  the  highest 
point  in  its  history.] 

1458  *  *  Bohemia.  George  Podiebrad 
is  elected  provisional  king,  and  [be- 
comes freed  from  the  rule  of  Austria 
and  Hungary].  He  is  a  leader  of  the 
Protestants,  and  favored  by  the  Catholic 
nobles. 

[This  Protestant  nobleman  reigns  over 
the  Czechs  for  13  years.] 

1463  •  ♦  Aust.  On  the  death  of  Albert, 
the  Emperor  Frederic  III.  is  sole  ruler 
of  Styria,  Carinthia,  Carniola,  and  Tri- 
este. [He  unites  all  the  domains  of  the 
House  of  Hapsburg.] 

*  *  Bosnia  is  incorporated  with  Turkey. 
[The  Bosnians  make  many  inetfectual 
efforts  to  recover  their  independence.] 

1466  *  *  Bohemia.  Podiebrad  is  ex- 
communicated by  Pope  Paul  II.  for 
heresy.  A  few  of  the  royal  towns  rebel, 
and  join  an  invading  Imperial  army. 

1468  *  *  Bohemia.  Matthias  Corvinus 
of  Hungary,  instigated  by  the  Pope,  at- 
t.acks  (5eorge  Podiebrad  in  the  hope  of 
uniting  the  crowns  of  Bohemia  and  Hun- 
gary on  his  own  head. 

1469  May  3.  Bohemia.  Matthias  Cor- 
vinus is  crowned.  [A  rival  soon  ap- 
pears.] 

1471  *  *  Bohemia.  George  Podiebrad, 
fearing  the  dismemberment  of  the 
kingdom,  sacrifices  the  interests  of  his 
family  by  offering  the  crown  to  a  for- 
eigner, Kasimir,  King  of  Poland. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Ladislaus  of  Poland 
is  electe<l  king  by  the  Utraqulsts. 

The  legalized  oppression  of  the  people 
begins  in  this  reign.  The  peasant  is 
made  a  serf  of  the  soil.  The  nobles  are 
advanced  and  become  oppressive  to  the 
peasants. 
1477  *  *  Belgium.  Maximilian,  son  of 
the  Emperor  Frederick  III.,  acquires 
Bvirgundy  and  the  Netherlands  by 
marrying  Mary,  the  daughter  of  Charles 
the  Bold,  Duke  of  Burgundy. 


1479  July  14.  Bohemia  is  given  to 
Matthias  by  the  Peace  of  Olmiitz ;  he 

also  obtains  Moravia,  Silesia,  and  I.u- 
satia. 
1485  ♦  »  Aust.    Matthias,  King  of  Hun- 
gary, takes  Vienna. 

The  Emperor  Frederick  III.  is  obliged 
to  flee  out  of  Austria  for  his  life.  He 
recognizes  the  claim  of  Matthias  to  the 
crown. 

1490*  *  Hung.  Matthias  Corvinus 
dies  ;  Ladislaus  11.  is  his  successor. 

Hungary  and  Bohemia  are  united,  and 
the  Emperor  Maximilian  claims  both 
kingdoms. 

1493*  » -1519*  *  Ger.  Mazimilianl., 
son  of  Frederick  III.  (Archduke  of  Aus- 
tria), is  emperor. 

[He  transfers  the  government  of  the 
Netherlands  to  his  son  Philip.  He  adds 
TVrol  and  parts  of  Bavaria  to  his  em- 
pire. All  Austrian  lands  are  in  his  pos- 
session.] 

1495  *  *  Ger.  An  Imperial  Diet  is  held 
at  'Worms. 

1496*  *  Austria  and  Spain  are  united. 
Philip  I.  of  Austria  marries  Joanna, 
the  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  ; 
she  is  also  heiress  of  the  Spanish-Ameri- 
can colonies. 

1499  *  *  Switz.  The  Peace  of  Basle  is 
concluded  after  200  villages  and  castles 
have  been  destroyed,  and  more  than 
20,000  men  have  been  killed. 

By  it  the  Swiss  are  finally  released 
from  all  obligations  toward  the  House  of 
Austria  and  the  Emperor  of  Germany. 

1501  *  *  Anst.  Maximilian  forms  a 
College  of  Government,  called  the 
Aulic  Council,  at  Vienna. 

1509  *  *  Bohemia.— Hung.  Louis,  son  of 
Ladislaus  II.,  only  three  years  of  age, 
becomes  king. 

1512  *  *  Germany  is  divided  into  10 
circles  at  the  Diet  of  Cologne,  and  Aus- 
tria forms  one  of  them.  Bohemia  and 
Hungary,  as  independent  kingdoms, 
are  not  included. 

1516*  *  Hung.— Bohemia.  Louis  II. 
becomes  king. 

1517*  *  Bohemia.  The  representative 
system  is  adopted ;  the  citizens  of  the 
towns  are  allowed  to  vote  at  the  Diets. 

1519  June  1.  -56  *  *  Ger.  Charles, 
Duke  of  Austria  and  King  of  Spain,  suc- 
ceeds his  grandfather,  Maximilian  I.,  to 
the  throne  of  the  Empire  as  Charles  V. 

1526  »  *  Hung.  King  Louis  II.  falls  in 
battle  with  the  Turks  at  Mohacs. 

Dec.  16.  Hung.  Ferdinand  I.  of -A  us- 
tria  is  proclaimed  king.  [JohnZapolya 
is  rival  king  of  Hungary  in  Transylvania. 
Ferdinand  acquires  right  to  the  crowns 
of  Bohemia  and  Hungary  by  marrying 
Anne,  sister  of  the  deceased  Louis  II.] 

The  [continuous]  rule  of  the  House 
of  Hapsburg  begins.  Austria,  Bo- 
hemia, Hvingary,  Moravia,  Silesia, 
and  Lusatia  are  united. 

Hungarians  insult  the  Turkish  am- 
bassador, causing  war. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1465  *  •  Bosnia.    Serajevo,  the  capital, 
is  founded  by  two  nobles. 


610    1526,  ** -1620,  * 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1629  *  •  Aust.    Solyman   unsuccessfully 
besieges  Vienna,  being  forced  to  raise 
the  siege  after  loosing  70,000  of  his  army 
of  300,000  men  ;  he  returns  to  Buda. 
»  »  -32  *  *  Austria  suffers    from   inva- 
sions of  the  Turks. 
1532*  *  Uuiig.    A  great  Imperial  army 
is  sent  from  Germany  to  aid  Hungary, 
which  is  invaded  and  ravaged  by  Soly- 
man. 
1542  »  *  ^44  *  •  Ilmig.     Solyman    again 

invades  Himgary  and  Austria. 
1552*  *  Transtilrania.    Erlau  is  un- 
successfully besieged  by  the  Turks, 
8,000  of  whom  perish. 
1550  •*  ^tts<.    Carniola  suffers  greatly 

from  an  iuvasion  of  Turks. 
1564  »  *  Hungary  is  partly  abandoned 

to  the  Turks. 
1566  *  *  Hung.    Solyman  with  65,000  men 
besieges  the  heroic  Nicholas  Zrinyi 
with  3,000  men  in  Szigeth ;    after  one 
month  the  Turks  are  successful ;  Soly- 
man dies  in  camp. 
*  ♦  Hung.    A  truce  is  made  with  Sultan 
Selim  II.,  each  side  to  hold  its  own  pos- 
sessions. 
J.604  •  *  Hung.    The  revolting  Protes- 
tants under  Stephen  Bocskai  are  aided 
by  the  Turks. 
1606*  *  Hung.    The  revolt  ends,  peace 

being  made  with  Emperor  Rudolph. 
16\\  *  *  Boliemia.  The  Archduke 
lieopold  of  Styria,  instigated  by  Rudoph 
11.,  advances  with  an  army  of  12,000 
■  men,  captures  several  cities,  and  reaches 
Prague.  [An  army  raised  by  the  Diet 
soon  drives  him  back.] 

1.618* 

War. 

A  long  struggle  occurs  between  Roman 
Catholicism  and  Protestantism,  followed 
by  political  wars  against  the  House  of 
Hapsburg,  and  wars  of  conquest  on  Ger- 
man soil  by  Sweden  and  France. 

*  *  -23  *  *  Bohemia.  War  against  the 
oppressors  of  Protestants;  part  of 
the  Thirty  Years'  War.  It  is  occasioned 
by  questions  relating  to  authority  over 
churches. 

1619  *  *  -40  *  *  Bohemia  is  subdued. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  Protestant  Union 
sends  troops  to  aid  the  Bohemians. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Count  Thum,  leading  the 
Protestant  revolt,  marches  on  Vienna, 


Tlie  troops  of  Frederick  V.,  com- 
manded by  Christian  of  Anhalt,  are  de- 
feated by  the  Imperialists  under  Tilly 
and  Maximilian,  and  the  Bohemian  Prot- 
estants are  subjugated  ;  10,000  dead  men 
are  left  on  the  Held. 

Nov.  9.  Bohemia.  Frederick  V.,  the 
Elector  Palatine  and  chief  of  the  Ger- 
man Protestant  Union,  flees  to  Holland. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

X533    Feb.  6.    Dudith,  Andrew,  Hungarian 
reformer,  born. 
.Sept.  7.     KUzabetli,  Princess,  born. 

1540  *  •  Zapolya,  John,  King  of  Transyl- 
vania, dies. 

1560  •  •  Zapolya.  John,  rival  King  of  Hun- 
gary, (iies. 

1561  •  •  liucquoi,  Charlesde  r.., Count, born. 
1664    July  25.    Ferdinand  I..  Emperor  of 

Gerniany,  ABO. 
1566  *  ♦  Domiuis,  de,  Marco  Antonio,  scien- 
tist, Ijorn. 
Sept.  5.  Zrinyi,  Nicholas,  Hungarian  general, 

1676  •  •Maximilian  n..  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many, (lies. 

1678  *  *  Clovio,  Giulio,  Croatian  painter,  A80. 

1583*  •  ■Wallenstein,  Albrecht  W.  E. 
von.  Count,  general,  l>orn  in  liolteinia. 

1584  •  *  (iallas,  Mattliias  von,  general,  born. 

1588  *  *  Gondola,  Giovanni,  poet,  born. 

1589  •  *  Dnilitli,  Andrew,  Hungarian  re- 
former, A66. 

1693*  *  Comenius,  John  Amos,  Bishop, 
l)orn  in  Moravia. 

1599  *  ♦  Piccoloinini,  Ottavio,  Austrian  gen- 
eral, born  in  Italy. 

laoi  •  "  Anne,  wife  of  Loms  XIII.,  born. 

1607*  *  Hollar,  Wenzel,  engraver,  born  in 
Bohemia. 

1608  *  •  Montecuculi,  Kaimondo,  Count,  gen- 
eral, born  in  Italy. 

1613  Jan.  20.  Rudolph  II..  Emperor  of 
Germany,  A60. 

1619  Mar.  20.  Matthias.  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many, A62. 

1620*  •  (Jyongyosy,  Stephen,  poet,  born  in 
Hungary. 


1-48*  'The   Thirty  Years' 


CHURCH. 

1529*  *Ocr.  The  Evangelicals  are 
called  Protestants. 

1530  Jtme  *  -Nov.  *  Bavaria.  The 
Diet  of  Augsburg  meets  to  settle  reli- 
gious disputes ;  it  forbids  all  innova- 
tions. 

1531  Feb.  27.  Oer.  The  SchmaUcal- 
dio  League,  favorable  to  Protestant- 
ism, is  agreed  upon  by  the  majority  of 
the  Protestant  princes  and  the  imperial 
cities,  at  Schmalkalden,  Hesse. 

1532  *  *  Bavaria.  The  religious  peace 
of  Nm-emberg  is  favorable  to  the 
Protestants. 

1534  •  *  It.    Paul  III.  is  pope. 

1540  *  *  Fr.    The  order  of  Jesuits  is 

formed  by  Ignatius  Loyola  at  Paris. 

[It  successfully  opposes  the  spread  of 

Protestantism.] 


and  besieges  Ferdinand  II.;  he  is  obliged    1545  Dec.  13-63  Dec.  4.    Tyrol.   The 

Coimcil  of  Trent.    The  reformers  are 


to  retire. 
Nov.  *  Bohemia.    Thum     appears     the 
second  time  before  Vienna  and  again 
retreats. 

*  •Hungary  is  invaded  by  Gabriel 
Bethlen. 

1620  *  *  Hung.  Bethlen  makes  peace 
with  the  Emperor. 

•  *  Bohemia.  The  army  of  the  Catholic 
League,  commanded  by  Count  Johann 
Tilly,  is  joined  by  Maximilian  of  Bavaria 
and  the  Imperial  army  in  Invading  Bo- 
hemia. 

Nov.  8.  Bohemia.  Battle  of  "White 
Mountain. 


absent.  [It  is  reckoned  the  18th  Gen- 
eral Countdl  by  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  which  accepts  its  decisions  as 
the  standard  of  faith,  morals,  and  disci- 
pline.] 

It  is  called  to  reform  ecclesiastical 
abuses,  and  proceeds  to  counteract,  and 
endeavors  to  crush,  the  Reformation. 

It  enacts,  with  anathemas,  tiie  leading 
doctrines  of  the  Reformation :  namely, 
(1)  that  all  the  books  of  Scripture,  in- 
cluding the  Apocryplia,  are  contained  in 
the  Vulgate  version,  and  have  the  same 
divine  authority  ;  the  Church  is  its  sole 
interpreter.  (2)  Tlnit  the  traditions  are 
accepted  as  the  unwritten  Word  of  God, 
and  are  equal  with  the  Scripttu-es.    (3) 


The  Vulgate  is  the  only  authentic  ver- 
sion of  Scripture,  and  this  alone  is  to 
be  read.  (4)  Individual  interpretation 
of  Scripture  contrary  to  the  teaching  of 
the  Church  and  the  universal  consent 
of  the  Fathers  is  prohibited.  (5)  Faith 
is  the  foundation  of  justiflcation,  luit  is 
not  exclusive  of  good  works ;  justilica- 
tion  includes  sanctitication  of  the  inner 
man.  (6)  Tlie  seven  sacraments  are  ap- 
proved, —  baptism,  confirmation,  the 
Lord's  Supper,  penance,  extreme  unc- 
tion, orders,  and  matrimony. 

The  doctrines  of  transubst.antiation 
and  purgatory  are  affirmed  ;  the  grant- 
ing of  indulgences  is  approved,  and  cler- 
ical celibacy  and  auricular  confession 
are  declared  to  be  divine  requirements. 
[1564.    Jan.  26.    Approved  by  the  Pope.] 

15^8*:  **  Hmig.  The  Evangelical 
Church  is  organized  on  the  basis  of  the 
Augsburg  confession. 

1550  *  *  Austria  has  200  parishes  with- 
out priests,  and  268  which  have  become 
Protestant. 

*  • //.  Julius  III.  is  pope.  [1655,  Marccl- 
lus  II. ;  later  Paul  IV. ;  1559,  Pius  IV.] 

1552*  *  Vienna.  Because  of  Protestant 
sentiment  the  procession  of  Corpus 
Christi  is  abandoned. 

*  •  Aust.    The  Jesuits  settle. 
July  16.    Bavaria.   The  Convention  of 

Passau.    The  free  exercise  of  religion 

by  certain  Protestants  till  the  next  Diet 

is  secured. 
1555    Sept.  25.    The  religious  Peace 

of  Augsburg,  Bavaria,  is  entered. 
1560  •  •  Tyrol.    The  Jesuits  arrive. 
1564  *  *  Aust.    The   Jesuits  arrive   in 

Styria. 

*  •  Bohemia.  Ferdinand  I.  obtains  the 
Pope's  sanction,  and  authority  from  the 
Council  of  Trent,  to  permit  the  use  of 
the  sacramental  cup. 

1566  *  *  It.  St.  Pius  V.  is  pope.  [1672, 
Gregory  XIII.] 

*  *  Bohemia.  Ferdinand  I.  summons  the 
Jesuits  to  Prague,  in  an  attempt  to 
resist  the  progress  of  the  Reformation  ; 
he  founds  an  archbishopric  for  the 
Catholics. 

1572  *  *  Aust.  Maximilian  II.  grants 
freedom  of  conscience  in  his  Aus- 
trian dominions. 

*  *  Aust.  The  Jesuits  are  settled  in 
Gratz. 

1576±  *  •  Aust.  A  counter-reforma- 
tion is  aided  by  the  Jesuits. 

*  *  Ger.  Enthronement  of  Fmperor 
Rudolph,  who  becomes  a  tool  of  .lesuits 
and  a  persecutor  of  Protestants. 

1585  *  *  It.    Sistus  V.  is  pope. 

*  *  Reaction  is  against  Protestantism. 
1590  *  *  /(.     Urban   VII.  is  pope  for  12 

days.     [Gregory  XIV. ;    1691,  Innocent 
IX.,  two  months,  and  dies;  1592,  Clem- 
ent VIII.] 
1602  *  *  Bohemia.    Rudolph  renews  the 
persecutions. 

1605  *  *  It.  Leo  XI.  is  pope,  and  dies 
tlie  same  month  ;  he  is  succeeded  by 
Paul  V. 

1606  June  22.  Vienna.  The  Peace  of 
Vienna  grants  toleration  to  Protestants. 

1608  *  *  The  Protestant  Union,  Fred- 
erick IV.,  leader,  is  formed. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


1526,**-1620,  * 


511 


1609  •  *  The  Catholic  League,  with 
Maximilian  I.,  Elector  of  Bavaria, 
leader,  is  formed. 

1618  *  •  ^8  *  »  Bohemia  —  Ger.  T  h  e 
long  struggle  between  Roman  Catholi- 
cism and  Protestantism  is  known  as  the 
Thirty  Years'  AWar;  it  originates  in 
the  insurrection  of  tlie  Protestants  of 
Bohemia. 

LETTERS. 

•  »  t  Ausl.  Ferdinaiul  II.  founds  16 
colleges  for  the  Jesuits,  besides  many 
convents. 

1531*  *  Hung.  The  Protestant  college 

at  Debreczin  is  founded. 
;1547  *  *  Aust.    Ferdinand  I.  establishes 

the  censorship  of  the  press. 

•  *  Bohemia.  Sixt.  de  Ottendorf 's  work 
on  the  Diet  is  published. 

1676  r*  *  Bohemia.  Prague  becomes 
one  of  the  most  learned  cities  of 
Europe. 

•  *-1612*  *  Bohemia.  The  arts  and 
sciences  are  zealously  cultivated  by  all 
classes  of  society. 

.1581  •  *  Moravia.    The  University  of 

Olmiitz  is  founded. 
.1586  *   *  Atist.      The    University    of 

Gratz  (Catholic)  is  founded. 
16th     Century.      Bohemia.      Literature 

flourishes. 
Weleslawin,  Paprocky,  and  Hayek  of 

Liboczun  write  popular  histories  ;  Wrat- 

Islas    and   Prefat   write    their    travels ; 

Nicolas  Kouec,   Dobrensky,   and  Lom- 

nicky  write  various  didactic  works. 

1601  •  *  Bohemia.  Johann  Kepler  Is 
appointed  principal  mathematician  to 
the  Emperor  Rudolph  at  Prague. 

-1604  *  *  Bohemia.  Tlie  Supplement  to 
Vitetlio  is  published  by  Kepler  at 
Prague. 

.1609  *  *  Bohemia.  Astronomia  nova,  seu 
Physica  celeetis,  Iradita  Commentariis 
de  .Montibus  Stellm  Martis,  is  published 
by  Kepler.  It  announces  ["  Kepler's 
Laws  *']. 

1611*  'Bohemia.     Dioptriea  is  pub- 
lished by  Kepler ;  it  describes  the  astro- 
nomical telescope  with  two  lenses. 
1612*  »-26*  *  Johann  Kepler  is  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  Linz. 

1618  May  8.  Bohemia.  Kepler  dis- 
covers the  laws  which  regulate  the 
periods  and  the  motions  of  the  planets. 

•  ♦  Bohemia.  Kepler  discovers  his  third 
law. 

1619  *  *  Bohemia.  Harmonice  mundi  is 
published  by  Kepler. 

STATE. 

1526  *  •  Transylvania.  John  Zapolya 
becomes  prince  of  this  province. 

•  •  Croatia  is  united  with  Austria. 

1527  •  *  Hung.  John  Zapolya  of  Tran- 
sylvania contests  the  crown,  is  elected 
by  a  party  of  nobles,  and  crowned  a 
rival  king. 

1529  Aug.  5.  Margaret  of  Austria 
and  Ijouise  of  Savoy  negotiate  the  Peace 
of  Cambray. 


*  ♦  Turkish  invasions  distract  Austria. 

1531  Feb.  6.  The  majority  of  Protes- 
tant princes  and  the  imperial  cities  unite 
on  the  Schmalkaldic  League. 

*  •  Humj.    The  rival  kings  enter  a  truce. 
1536f  ♦  *  Hunti.       Solyman    presses 

Hungary  very  hard. 
1538  *  *  Hung.  John  Zapolya,  the  ri- 
val king,  enters  a  treaty  of  compromise 
with  Ferdinand  I.,  King  of  Hungary 
and  Bohemia,  and  founds  the  princi- 
pality of  Transylvania. 

*  *  It.  The  Truce  of  Nice  ends  the  war 
between  Charles  V.  and  Francis  I. 

1540  *  ♦  Transytvania.  The  people  of 
Transylvania  set  up  John  Sigismond, 
son  of  Zapolya,  as  king,  with  the  Turks 
as  allies. 

Nov.  *  Hung.  John  Zapolya  is  crowned 
anti-king. 

1541  *  *  Hung.  The  Turks  compel  Fer- 
dinand I.  to  pay  an  annual  tribute  of 
30,000  ducats  for  possession  of  Hungarj-. 

15»S  Oct.  25.  Cler.  Charles  V.  abdi- 
cates a  great  empire. 

He  resigns  the  Empire  of  Germany, 
the  sovereignty  of  Austria,  Bohemia, 
Hungary,  the  NetlierLands,  and  their 
dependencies  [and  Spain  Feb.  6,  1556]. 

1556  Aug.  *  Ger.  Ferdinand  I.  be- 
comes emperor. 

*  •  Auxt.  The  High  Council  of  "War 
is  founded. 

1558  *  •  Ger.  Ferdinand  I.  is  confirmed 
in  the  Empire  by  vote  of  the  Diet. 

1562  •  *  Bohemia.  Maximilian,  son  of 
Ferdinand  II.,  is  elected  King  of  Bo- 
henda  and  of  the  Romans. 

*  *  Ger.  Ferdinand  II.  concludes  a  treaty 
with  the  Turks,  acknowledging  their 
right  to  conquests  in  Germany,  and 
agrees  to  pay  an  annual  present,  a  trib- 
ute in  disguise. 

1563  •  *  Hung.  Maximilian,  son  of  Fer- 
dinand II.,  is  crowned. 

*  *  Bosnia  is  completely  conquered  by 
the  Turks.  , 

1564  July  *  Ger.  Ferdinand  I.  dies, 
and  is  succeeded  by  his  son  Maximilian 
TT.  to  the  throne  of  the  Empire,  and  to 
the  crowns  of  Austria,  Hungary,  and 
Bohemia.  He  is  favorable  to  Protes- 
tants. 

»  *  Amt.  Duke  Ferdinand,  a  younger 
son  of  Ferdinand  I.,  receives  Tyrol  and 
Lower  Austria. 

Charles,  a  third  son  of  Ferdinand  I., 
is  made  master  of  Styria,  Carinthia, 
Carniola,  and  Gortz. 

1571  •  *  Transylvania.  Stephen  Ba- 
tory  Zapolya  becomes  grand  prince. 

1572*  *  Hung.  RudolphlL.sonof  Maxi- 
milian II.,  is  crowned. 

1575  »  *  Transylvania.  Christopher 
Batory  becomes  grand  prince. 

»  »  Bohemia.    Rudolph  II.  is  crowned. 

1576  *  *  Auat.  Rudolph  II.  is  enthroned 
emperor.  [He  favors  the  arts  and  sci- 
ences.] 

1581  *  *  Transylvania.  Sigismund  Ba- 
tory becomes  grand  prince. 


1601  *  *  Hung.  The  archduke  Ferdi- 
nand is  defeated  at  Kaidzsa,  losing  all 
his  artillery  and  a  large  number  of  pris- 
oners, who  are  beheaded. 

»  *  Transylvania.  Sigismund  B a t o r y 
(second  time)  is  grand  prince. 

1602  *  *  Transylvania.  The  Emperor 
Rudolph  becomes  prince. 

1604  •  *  Hung.  The  persecuted  Pro- 
testants revolt  under  the  leadership  of 
Bocskay. 

1605  *  *  Transylvania.  Stephen  Boc- 
skay becomes  grand  prince. 

1606*  *  Vienna.  The  Peace  of  Vienna 
is  signed. 

*  *  Transylvania.  Sigismund  Kakoczy 
becomes  grand  prince. 

1608  *  *  Aust.  Matthias,  by  force  of 
arms,  obtains  the  title  of  Governor  of 
Austria,  Mor.avia,  and  Hungary.  Peace 
is  made  by  the  treaty  of  Libno. 

*  *  Transylvania.  Gabriel  I.  (Batory) 
becomes  grand  prince. 

*  *  Hung.    Matthias  II.  is  king. 

*  *±  The  Emperor  Rudolph  is  compelled 
to  cede  Hungary  to  his  brother  Matthias. 

1609  May  4.  Bohemia.  The  Evan- 
gelicals and  the  Bohemian  Brothers, 
being  refused  the  recognition  of  their 
rights,  organize  an  independent  Diet. 

July  9.  Bohemia.  Rudolph  II.  is  forced 
by  an  armed  revolt  to  sign  a  letter  of 
majesty. 

The  Bohemian  confession,  the  admit- 
tance of  Evangelicals  and  Bohemian 
Brothers  to  the  consi.story,  and  their 
right  to  govern  the  University  of  Prague, 
are  recognized  as  the  fundamental  and 
perpetual  law. 

1611  May  26.  Bohemia.  Matthias  is 
elected  king  by  the  Diet,  as  successor  to 
Rudolph,  who  is  forced  to  abdicate  the 
throne. 

Bohemia  and  Austria  are  also  ceded 
to  Matthias. 

1612  *  *  Rudolph's  brother,  Matthias 
II.,  is  Emperor. 

1613  *  *  Transylvania.  Gabriel  II. 
(Bethlen  Gahor),  a  Protestant,  is  grand 
prince. 

1617  June  8.  Hung.  Ferdinand  II., 
cousin  of  Matthias,  is  crowned. 

1618  May  16.  Bohemia.  Ferdinand 
n.  is  crowned. 

May  23.  Bohemia.  The  Protestants 
revolt,  and  throw  the  king's  lieutenants 
from  the  windows  of  the  castle  of  Prague : 
they  fall  70  feet  into  the  ditch  and  sur- 
vive. [A  provisional  government  by  30 
directors  is  formed.] 

1619*  *-37*  *  Hung.  King  Ferdi- 
nand H.  is  Emperor  of  Germany.  [He 
reunites  all  the  Austrian  domains  except 
Tyrol.] 

Sept.  5.  Bohemia.  The  emperor  is 
deposed  by  the  revolting  Bohemians  for 
oppressing  the  Protestants,  and  Freder- 
ick, the  elector-palatine,  is  elected  king, 
[this  brings  on  the  30  years'  war]. 

Sept.  26.  Bohemia.  The  Diet  elects 
Ferdinand  II. 

1620  Aug.  25.  Hung.  The  Diet  pro- 
claims Gabriel  II.  (Bethlen)  king. 


512     1620,  **-1705i 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — MA  Vy. 

1625  *  •  Tlie  Protestants  find  an  ally  in 
Christian  IV.,  King  of  Denniiuk,  and 
receive  aid  from  England. 

1626  Apr.  26.  Ger.  The  Protestants 
under  (Jount  Mansfeld  are  defeated  by 
■Wallenstein  at  Dessau. 

Aug.  27.  Brunswick.  Tilly  defeats  the 
Danish  king  at  Lutter. 

1627+  *  »  Aust.  The  peasants,  under 
the  hatter  Fadinger,  revolt  in  Upper 
Austria,  and  organize  an  army  70,000 
strong;  the  revolt  is  gradually  sup- 
pressed, and  many  of  its  leaders  are 
executed. 

1620  *  *  Ger.  The  Catholic  armies,  led 
by  Gen.  Albrecht  Eusebius  Wallen- 
stein, enter  Denmark,  and,  meeting 
ineffective  resistance,  compel  a  humili- 
ating peace,  which  is  concluded  at 
Lubeck. 

*  •  Ger.  The  Catholic  princes,  alarmed 
at  Ferdinand's  power,  demand  the  dis- 
missal of  WaUensteln,  which  is  con- 
ceded. 

1630  June »  Prussia.  Gustavus 
Adolphus,  King  of  Sweden,  lands  an 
army  of  8,000  men  in  Pomerania  to  aid 
the  Protestants  ;  it  is  soon  increased  to 
15,000. 

*  *  Prussia.  Gustavus  conquers  Pom- 
erania, Mecklenburg,  and  part  of  Bran- 
denburg. 

1631  May  20.  Prussia.  Catholics  un- 
der Tilly  take  Magdeburg  by  assault, 
sack  the  city,  and  inflict  barbarous 
atrocities  on  the  defenseless  inhabi- 
tants ;  30,000  (?)  inhabitants  are  massa- 
cred. 

*  *  Bohemia  is  entered  and  Prague  cap- 
tured by  the  Saxons  under  Arnim. 

Sept.  7.  Saxony.  Gustavus,  being  reen- 
forced,  commands  an  army  of  40,000 
Swedes  and  Saxons ;  he  defeats  40,000 
Catholic  Imperialists  under  Tilly  at 
Breitenfeld,  near  Leipsic ;  a  great 
number  of  the  Imperialists  are  killed. 

1632  Apr.  15.  Bavaria.  Tilly  is  again 
beaten  at  the  passage  of  the  River 
Ijech,  where  he  is  fatally  wounded. 

*  *  Bohemia.  'Wallenstein  is  recalled 
by  Ferdinand  ;  he  drives  the  Saxons  out 
of  Bohemia. 

Nov.  16.  .Saxony.  Gustavus  Adolphus 
with  an  army  of  18,000  defeats  Wallen- 
stein with  30,000  at  liUtzen ;  Gustavus 
is  killed. 

1634  Feb.  25.  Bolirmia.  'Wallen- 
stein is  assassinated  by  some  of  his 
own  officers  in  the  castle  of  Eger, 

Sept.  6  (N.  8.).  Bacaria.  The  Protes- 
tants under  Bernhard,  Duke  of  Saxe- 
"W'eimar,  are  defeated  at  NordUngen 
by  the  Imperialists  under  Ferdinand  III. 
and  Gen.  Matthias  Gallas. 

1636  •  •  The  war  assumes  a  new 
phase.  France  and  Sweden  are  allied 
against  the  Empire  and  the  Lutheran 
states  of  Germany,  whicli  are  aided  by 
Spain. 

Oct.  4  {s.  8.).  Pruasia.  Tlie  Swedes  un- 
der Marshal  Ban^r  gain  a  brilliant  vic- 


tory over  Saxons  under  Elector  Johann 
Georg  I.  and  Austriaus  under  Gen.  Hatz- 
fehl  at  "Wittstock. 
1645  Mar.  6.  Bohemia.  The  Swedish 
Gen.  Lennart  Torstenaon  gains  a  bril- 
liant victory  over  the  Imperialists  under 
Hatzfeld  at  Jankau. 

•  ♦  .Morm-ia.  The  plague  causes  Tors- 
tenson  to  abandon  the  siege  of  Brunn ; 
he  returns  to  Bohemia. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Torstenson  resigns  through 
illness  ;  he  is  succeeded  by  Karl  Gustaf 
Vl^rangel,  another  Swede. 

1646*  "Bohemia.  'Wraugel  departs, 
and  joins  Gen.  'Vicomte  de  Turenne,  a 
French  Protestant,  at  Giessen,  Germany. 

1647  *  •  Ger.    The  Truce  of  Ulm. 
The  Elector  Maximilian  is  forced  by 

the  Swedes  and  French  to  conclude  a 
truce,  and  to  renomice  his  alliance  with 
the  emperor. 

1648  •  •  Bohemia.  The  Swedes  under 
Count  Konigsmark  of  Germany  take 
Prague. 

Oct.  24.  The  Thirty  Years'  'War 
ends  in  the  Peace  of  Westphalia.  (See 
State.) 

1661  *  «  64  •  «  Ifunff.  'War  with  the 
Turks. 

It  is  caused  by  a  dispute  concerning 
the  election  of  a  prince  in  Transylvania. 

1664  Aug.  1.  Himri.  The  Turks  under 
the  Grand  Vizier  Koprili  are  defeated 
by  Imperialists  under  Montecuculli  and 
French  auxiliaries,  in  the  battle  of  St. 
Gothard  (Kormend),  and  driven  from 
Hungarian  soil. 

1678  ♦  *  Hung.  The  Protestants  re- 
volt, under  Michael  Teleki  and  Emeric 
Tokolyi,  against  intolerable  oppression 
by  the  Catholic  governor-general,  Am- 
bringen. 

1679  *  *  Xeihertands.  The  war  breaks 
out  again ;  the  struggle  is  in  The  Neth- 
erlands and  along  the  Rhine. 

1680  *  •  (1000?)  Aust.  The  army  is  now 
formed  into  regular  regiments ;  the 
standing  .army  begins  to  grow. 

1683  July*  Vienna.  The  Turks  un- 
der Kara  Mustapha,  aided  by  the  Hun- 
garians, besiege  'Vienna,  which  is 
heroically  defended  by  Eudiger  von 
Starhemberg. 

Sept.  12.  Aust.  John  Sobieski,  King 
(John  III.)  of  Poland,  aided  by  the  Duke 
of  Lorraine,  defeats  100,000  Turks 
under  Kara  Mustapha  in  a  terrible  battle 
at  "X'ienna,  and  raises  the  siege. 

*  *  *  Aust.  A  small  fleet  is  established 
on  the  Danube. 

1686  Sept.  2.  Hung.  The  Imperial- 
ists under  the  Duke  of  Lorraine  retake 
Buda,  and  the  Mohammedans  are  de- 
livered up  to  the  fury  of  the  soldiers. 

1687  Aug.  12.  Hung.  Charles  of  Lor- 
raine defeats  the  Turks  at  Mohacs. 

1691  Aug.  10.  Hung.  The  Imperial- 
ists under  Prince  Louis  defeat  the  Turks 
under  Koprili  at  the  battle  of  Slanka- 
men  on  the  Danube  ;  Koprili  is  killed. 

1697  Sept.  11.  Hung.  The  Imperial- 
ists under  Prince   Eugene  defeat  and 


rout  the  Turks  at  Zenta ;  more  than 

10,000  of  them  are  killed. 
1698  *  *  Bosnia.    Serajevo  is  taken  by 

Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy. 
1701  *  *  -14  •  *  'War  of  the  Spanish 

Succession. 
England,   The    Netherlands,  Prussia, 

Portugal,  and  Savoy  take  sides  with  the 

Emperor  of  Germany  against  France. 

(See  Germany.) 

1704    Aug.  13.    Bavaria.    Battle  of 
Blenheim. 

The  allied  English  and  Austrians,  led 
by  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  and  Prince 
Eugene,  defeat  the  French  ami  Bavari- 
ans under  Marshal  Tallard  ;  French  and 
Bavarian  loss,  12,000  killed,  13,000  prison- 
ers, including  Tallard. 

ART  —SCIENCE  — NATURE. 

1667    Apr.  6.    Auat.    Ragusa  is  ruined 

by  an  earthquake ;  5,000  persons  perish. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1631  *   *  Kucquoi,  C'iiarles  de  L.,  Count,  A60. 

1634*  *  Doniinis.de,  Marco  Antonio,  divine, 
scientist.  A.5?*. 

1634'  »AWringer,  Johann,  Austrian  fleld- 
marshal,  dies. 
Feb.  25.    Wallenstein,  Albrecht 'Wenzel 
Eusebius  von.  Count,  general,  assassi- 
nated, .\51. 

1637  Feb.  15.    Ferdinand  IV.,  Emperor 
of  VJermany,  dies. 

1638  *  *  Gondola,  Giovanni,  poet,  A50. 
1647  •  •  Gallas.  .Mattliias,  general,  A63. 
1654*  *  Ferdinand  IV.,  King  of  Hungary, 

dies. 

1656  *  *  Picoolomini,  Ottavio,  general,  A57. 

1657  Apr.  2.    Ferdinand  III. .  Emperor  of 
Ceniiaiiy,  A49. 

1659  •  ♦  Apaczai,  Joannes,  Himgarian  schol- 
ar, dies. 

1663  *  *  £ueene.  Prince  of  Savoy,  general, 
born. 

1666*  *  Anne  of  -Vnstria,  wife  of  Louis  XIII. 
of  France,  .\ti4. 

1671  *  *  Comebius.  John  Amos,  Moravian 
bishop,  educator,  A79. 

1676  *  *  Rakoczy.  Franz  Leopold,  prince,  b. 

1677*  *  Hollar,  Wenzel,  Bohemian   engra- 
ver, A70. 

1681  *  *  Monteciiculi,  Itaimondo,  Count,  gen- 
eral, A73. 

1704*  •  Gyongyosy,     Stephen,     Hungarian 
poet,  A  84. 

1705  *  *  Itrowne,  Maximilian  Ulysses,  Aus- 
trian marshal,  born  in  Switzerland. 
May  5.     Leopold   I..    Emperor    of    Ger- 
many, AW. 
Sept.  24.    Daun,  Leopold  Joseph  Maria  Ton, 
Count,  tield-niarshal,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1620  •  *  Ger.  Christian  of  Anhalt  and 
the  margrave,  John  George  of  Bran- 
denburg-Jagorndorf ,  are  put  under  the 
ban  by  the  Pope. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Ferdinand  renews  the 
persecutions,  which  cause  a  renewal 
of  the  war. 

*  •  Aust.  A  violent  anti-reformation 
movement  develops.  [And  later  in 
Silesia.] 

1621  It.  Gregory  XV.  is  pope.  [1623. 
Urban  VIII.] 

1624  *  *  Bohemia.  An  Imperial  decree 
banishes  the  Bohemian  Brothers,  and 
restores  Catholicism  to  their  churches. 

1629  *  *  Ferdinand  aims  at  the  complete 
extirpation  of  Protestantism. 

Mar.  6.  The  Edict  of  Bestitution  is 
issued. 

It  requires  the  restitution  of  secular- 
ized ecclesiastical  property,  and  that 
Protestants  relinq\iish  benefices  which 
they  had  appropriated. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


1620,  *  *-1705, 


1631  *  *  Bohemia  is  entered  by  a  Saxon 
army,  and  the  Jesuits  are  driven  out 
of  Prague. 

leHi- *  *  Transylvaiiia.  The  Be- 
(ormed  religion  is  introduced  by  the 
grand  prince. 

1671  Apr.  30.  Jliwg.  The  execu- 
tion of  three  counts  by  the  emperor, 
contrary  to  law,  becomes  a  signal  for 
both  patriots  and  Protestants  to  rise 
against  their  persecutors. 

LETTERS. 

1623  *  *  Aust.  The  University  of  Salz- 
burg is  founded. 

1624  •  *  Bohemia.  Ferdinand  II.  im- 
ports Benedictines  from  Montserrat. 

*  *  *  Bohemia.  Jesuits  escorted  by  sol- 
diery ransack  every  house  for  Bohe- 
mian books,  and  burn  all  published 
after  1414  as  heretical.  [The  Jesuit 
Aut.  Konias  boasted  of  having  destroyed 
by  burning  60,000  Bohemian  books.] 

1627  *  *  Bohemia.  Uxulolphine  Tables  is 
publislied  by  Kepler. 

1630  *  *  Aust.  Pansophice  Prodomus,  by 
John  Araos  Comenius,  appears  at  Lissa. 

1631  *  *  Aust.  Janua  lAngiiarum  Rese- 
rata,  by  John  Amos  Comenius,  appears 
at  Lissa ;  [being  translated  into  twelve 
European  languages,  also  Arabic,  Per- 
sian, and  Turkish]. 

1635*  *  Humj.  The  University  of 
Budapest  (originally  at  Tyrnau)  is 
founded. 

1658  *  *  Aust.  Orbis  Sensualium  Pictus, 
by  John  Amos  Comenius,  the  first  chil- 
dren's picture-book,  appears. 

1672*  *  Tyrol.  The  University  of 
Innsbruck  is  founded  by  the  emperor. 

SOCIETY. 

1668  *  *  Hung.  Eleonora  di  Gonzaga, 
wife  of  King  Leopold  I.,  institutes  the 
Order  of  Xjadies  of  the  Star  of  the 
Cross. 

1671  *  *  Aust.  An  order  of  police  di- 
Tides  laymen  into  five  classes,  and  in- 
structs each  class  what  it  ought  to 
wear  and  to  eat. 

1675  •  *  Austria  founds  a  German  Uni- 
versity at  Czernowitz,  to  Germanize  the 
land. 

1676  *  *  Aust.  Taxes  are  laid  on  bil- 
liards, playing-cards,  and  hair-powder. 

1696  *  *  Vienna.  A  lottery  is  opened 
for  raising  funds  to  establish  a  soldiers* 
hospital.  [It  still  remains  one  of  the 
financial  institutions  of  Austria.] 

1705  ♦  *  Aust.  Kecruiting  is  carried 
on  by  officers  and  sergeants  who  prom- 
ise money  and  booty  tv.-'^-tjlunteers. 

STATE. 

1620  Nov.  9.  Bohemia.  The  Bohe- 
mians are  subdued  by  the  victory  of 
Ferdinand  near  Prague. 

1621  Feb.  20.  Bohemia.  Ferdinand 
1 1 .  begins  the  merciless  persecution  of 
bis  subjects  who  were  involved  in  the 


revolt,  yet  trusted  in  his  mercy,  and  did 
not  flee  when  they  could  do  so. 
June  21.    Bohemia.    The  king  executes 
leaders  of  the  revolt. 

1622  Feb.  3.  Bohemia.  Ferdinand  II. 
issues  a  decree  of  semi-amnesty  to 
revolutionists. 

1623  *  *  Aust.  Ferdinand  II.  cedes 
■Western  Austria  and  the  Tyrol  to  his 
brother  Xjeopold. 

1625  *  *  Hung.  Ferdinand  III.  succeeds 
bis  father  as  king. 

1627  Mar.  15.  Bohemia.  Ferdinand 
II.  grants  a  new  constitution,  and 
adds  a  fourth  estate,  the  clergy,  which 
shall  be  superior  to  the  other  three. 

1629  •  *  Bohemia.  The  Protestants  are 
awed  into  submission  by  the  defeat  of 
their  allies  in  battle. 

*  *-48*  *  Transylvania.  George  I. 
(Rakoczy)  is  grand  prince. 

1635  May  30.  Saxony  concludes  a 
peace  with  the  emperor,  exempting  the 
Lutherans  from  the  Edict  of  Restitution. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  Peace  of  Prague, 
between  the  emperor  and  the  Elector  of 
Saxony  is  signed.    (See  Germany.) 

1637  Feb.  15.  Ger.  The  King  Ferdi- 
nand in.  succeeds  his  father  as  Em- 
peror of  the  Holy  Bomau  Empire. 

1644  *  »  Transylvania.  George  Ra- 
koczy leads  an  unsuccessful  revolt 
against  Austria. 

1647  *  *  Hung.  Ferdinand  IV.  be- 
comes king. 

1648  Oct.  24.  The  Peace  of  West- 
phalia is  signed. 

*  *  Prus.  The  Protestant  princes  of  Ger- 
many, having  sought  the  aid  of  Gustavus 
Adolphus  of  Sweden  against  the  oppres- 
sions of  the  House  of  Austria,  the  treaty 
of  Westphalia  as  an  international  code 
follows.  It  proclaims  the  legal  recogni- 
tion of  the  independence  of  Switzerland, 
which  had  long  been  practically  recog- 
nized.   (See  Germany.) 

*  *  Austria  secures  Bohemia  by  treaty. 
(See  Germany.) 

1655  *  *  Hung.    Leopold  I.,  the  second 

son  of  Ferdinand  II.,  is  king. 
1658  •  *  Leopold  I.  is  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire. 

He  pushes  the  Hungarians  into  a  re- 
volt, in  which  the  Turks  come  to  their 
aid. 

[Leopold  adds  one-third  to  the  terri- 
tory of  Austria.] 

1660  *  •  Transylvania.  John  Kemin 
is  elected  prince. 

1661  *  *  Transylvania.  Tlie  election  of 
John  Kemin  leads  to  a  war  with  the 
Ttirks. 

1662  •  *  -89  •  *  Transylvania.  Mi- 
chael I.  (.\pafy)  is  grand  prince. 

1665  •  *  Aust.  Western  Austria  and 
Tyrol  are  returned  to  Austria. 

1670  *  *  Hung.  A  conspiracy  to  throw 
off  the  yoke  of  Austria  with  the  aid  of 
the  Turks  is  discovered  and  frustrated. 

1682  *  *  Hung.  A  conspiracy  of  the 
magnates  is  detected. 


1683  *  *  Vienna.    Leopold  I.  flees  aw.ay 

on  the  approach  of  the  Turks. 
Sept.  15.     Vienna.    Leopold  I.  returns. 

*  *  Hungary  is  subdued,  and  united  tt> 
Transylvania ;  it  is  changed  from  an 
elective  to  an  hereditary  kingdom. 

1687+  *  •  Hung.  Tlie  Diet  of  Presburg 
confers  the  hereditary  succession  to 
the  throne  of  Hung<ary,  upon  the  male 
line  of  Austria. 

*  •  Hung.  Joseph  I.,  sou  of  Leopold  1., 
becomes  king. 

1689  *  •  -91  •  *  Transylvania.  Emilo 
Tokoly  is  grand  prince. 

May  12.  Vienna.  The  grand  alliance 
is  signed  at  Vienna. 

The  Emperor  of  Germany  and  the 
Dutch  States-General  unite  to  prevent 
the  union  of  the  French  and  Spanish 
crowns.  [Later  England,  Spain,  and  the 
Buke  of  .Savoy  join  the  alliance.] 

1690  Apr.  •  Huiig.  Leopold  claims 
Bosnia  and  Bulgaria,  and  raises  an 
army. 

»  »  -99  *  *  Transylvania.  Michael  II. 
is  elected  [last]  prince. 

1691  *  *  Hung.  Nearly  40,000  families  of 
Servian  colonists  settle  on  the  banks 
of  the  Maros. 

*  *  Aust.  A  capitation  tax  is  laid  which 
spares  neitheV  priests  nor  nobles. 

1697  •  •  Netherlands.  The  Peace  of 
Ryswick. 

All  parties  are  in  about  the  same  po- 
sition as  at  the  beginning  of  the  war, 
but  the  ambition  of  France  is  checked. 

1699  Jan.  26.  Aust.  The  Peace  of 
Karlowitz  is  signed  by  Turkey  and  the 
Allies,  Germany,  Russia,  Poland,  and 
Venice. 

Turkey  cedes  to  Hungary  the  country 
between  the  rivers  Danube  and  Theiss, 
Transylvania  becomes  a  part  of  the 
Austrian  dominion,  and  Herzegovina  is 
ceded  to  Turkey.  The  Sultan  agrees  to 
abstain  from  aiding  Hungarian  malcon- 
tents. 

Feb.  6.  Bavaria.  The  Prince  Elector 
of  Bavaria  suddenly  dies. 

*  *  Sp.  New  intrigues  are  developed  by 
France  and  Austria  at  Madrid. 

1700  ♦  *  Charles  U.  of  Spain,  dying 
without  leaving  any  issue,  occasions  the 
AVar  of  the  Spanish  Succession. 

The  Emperor  Leopold's  wife  was  the 
second  sister  of  the  late  king,  and  Leo- 
pold claims  the  crown  for  his  younger 
son. 

1701  Sept.  7.  A  Grand  Alliance  of 
the  naval  powers  is  formed  with 
Leopold  against  France,  to  secure  the 
Spanish  succession  to  Leopold  I. 

1703  ■*  *  Hung.  An  insurrection  of  the 
peasants,  incited  by  Francis  RAkdczy, 
breaks  out,  in  which  some  of  the  nobles 
join. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1679  »  *  Aust.    The  plague  breaks  out 

with  great  violence. 
1691  •  *  Aust.    The   severity  of   winter 

drives  the  wolves  into  Vienna,  where 

men  are  attacked  and  cattle  devoured 

by  them. 


•514      1705,  *  *-1757, 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  —  M  AVY. 

1706  May  23.  Belgium.  The  Allies 
under  Marlborough  defeat  the  Freuch 
under  Marshal  de  Villeroy  at  Kamillies. 
The  Allies  lose  4,000  men.  (Old  Style, 
May  12.) 

Sept.  7.  It.  The  Allies  under  Prince 
Eugene  defeat  the  French  in  Pied- 
mont, and  compel  them  to  raise  the 
seige  of  Turin. 

1708  July  11.  Belgium.  The  Allies 
under  Marlborough  and  Prince  Eugene 
thoroughly  defeat  the  French  besie- 
gers under  the  Due  de  Vendome  at 
Oudenarde. 

1709  Sept.  11.  Fr.  The  Allies  lose 
20,000  men,  but  defeat  the  French  un- 
der Marshal  Villars  at  Malplaquet. 

1716  •  »  Austria  is  again  at  war  with 
the  Turks. 

Aug.  5.  Hung.  The  Turks  under  the 
Grand  Vizier,  Damad  Ali,  are  totally 
defeated  by  Prince  Eugene  at  Peter- 
wardein. 

1717  Aug.  16.  Servia.  Prince  Eu- 
gene takes  Belgrade  from  the  Turks 
after  a  siege. 

1733*  *  35*  *War  of  the  Polish 
Succession,  following  the  death  of 
Augustus  II. 

The  Emperor  Charles  VI.  is  at  war 
with  France  on  behalf  of  Augustus  111. 
of  Saxony,  who  has  been  elected  King 
of  Poland  by  his  partisans  ;  Austria  is 
driven  out  of  most  of  her  possessions  in 
Italy. 

1736  *  *  -39  *  *  Hung.  An  unsuccess- 
ful war  with  the  Tiurks,  the  allies  of 
Eussia.  The  Turks  are  finally  ex- 
pelled. 

1738  May  27.  Servia.  The  Turks 
defeat  Charles  VI.,  and  capture  Or- 
aova;  they  compel  him  to  treat  for 
peace. 

1740  •  »  -45  •  *  Prussia.    The  Sileaian 
■Wars. 
The  province  of  Silesia  is  claimed  by 


1742  •  *  Attst.  -Hung.  Two  armies  are 
raised  for  defense. 

One  besieges  the  French,  who  have 
talcen  Prague  in  Bohemia,  which  they 
are  compelled  to  abandon  ;  another  con'- 
quers  Bavaria. 

May  17.  Bohemia.  Frederick  the  Great 
defeats  the  Austrians  under  Charles 
of  Lorraine  at  Czaslau,  and  Chotusitz, 
and  thereby  gains  all  the  fortified  posi- 
tions in  Silesia. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  Allies  are  driven  out 
by  the  Austrians. 

1743  June  27.  Bavaria.  Battle  of 
Dettingen. 

The  Pragmatic  arniy  (52,000)  under 
Iving  George  II.  of  England  and  the 
Earl  of  Stair  defeats  the  French  (60,000) 
under  Marshal  Noailles  ;  the  Allies  are 
driven  out  of  Bavaria. 

1744  »  •  -45  ♦  •  The  Second  SUesian 
War. 

Frederick  II.  suddenly  renews  hos- 
tilities, and  invades  Bohemia  with  80,- 
000  men. 


Frederick  II.  of  Prussia. 

1740  •  *  -48  ♦  » "War  of  the  Austrian 
Succession. 

It  is  a  war  of  spoliation  caused  hy  rival 
claimants  forthe  throne,  after  the  death 
of  Charles  VI.,  who  desired  his  daughter 
Maria  Theresa  to  succeed  ;  the  counter- 
claimants  are  the  electors  of  Bavaria 
and  Saxony,  the  kings  of  Poland  and 
Spain  ;  Sardinia  and  Prussia  also  claim 

Eortions  of  the  Empire  ;  Maria  Theresa 
as  an  ally  in  Great  Britain, 

1740*  *-42*  »  Prussia.  First  SUe- 
sian "War. 

It  is  caused  by  Prussia  attempting  to 
take  Silesia  from  the  Austrian  Empire. 

•  *  Prussia.  Frederick  II.  of  Prussia 
sends  troops  into  Silesia.  [1741.  He 
captures  Glogau.] 

1741  Apr.  10.  Prussia.  Prussians  led 
by  Count  Sohweriu  and  Leopold  of 
Dessau  gain  their  first  victory,  totally 
defeating  the  Austrians  under  Gen. 
Neipperg  at  Mollwitz  in  Silesia. 

*  *  Austria  and  Bohemia  are  invaded 
by  the  allied  Freuch  and  Bavarian 
army. 


•  *  Bohemia.  Prague  is  taken  by  Fred- 
erick II.  Later  he  is  driven  back  into 
Saxony. 

1745  Apr.  15.  Bavaria.  The  iiivad, 
ing  Austrians  under  Prince  Karl  von 
Batthyanyi  defeat  the  French  and 
Bavarians  at  Pfaffenliofen. 

*  *  Belgium.  The  French  begin  the  con- 
quest of  the  Austrian  Netherlands. 

June  4.    Prussia.    Frederick  II.  defeats 
the  Austrians  and  Saxons  under  Charles 
of  Lorraine  in  the  battle  of  Hohen- 
friedberg,  in  Silesia,  losing  2,000  men  ; 
the  defeated  lose  4,000  killed  and  7,000 
prisoners. 
Sept.  30.     Bohemia.     Frederick    II.    de- 
feats   the  Austrians    under    the    Duke 
of   I.,orraine   in    the    battle   of   Soor; 
Prussiiui  loss,  3,000  ;  Austrian  loss,  8,000 
and  22  guns. 
Dec.  15.    Saxony.    Leopold    of  Dessau, 
commanding  the  Prussians,  defeats  the 
Austrians  and  Saxons  at  Kesselsdorf. 
1746    Oct.  11.    Belgium.     The    French 
under  Marshal  Saxe  totally  defeat  the 
Austrians  and  their  allies  at  Kocoux, 
and  so  complete  the  conquest  of  the 
Austrian  Netherlands. 
1756  *  *  -63  *  *  The  Third  Silesian  War, 
or  the  Seven  Years'  War. 

Frederick  11.  renews  the  war  for  the 
possession  of  Silesia,  against  Austria, 
Russia,  and  France. 

*  *  Aust.  The  army  under  Marshal 
Browne  advances  to  relieve  Saxony, 
held  by  the  Emperor  Frederick. 

Oct.  1.  Bohemia.  The  Austrians  under 
Marshal  Browne  are  defeated  at  Lobo- 
sitz  by  the  Prussians  under  Frederick 
the  Great. 

Oct.  16.  An  army  of  Saxons  numbering 
18,000  surrenders  ;  they  are  forced  into 
the  Prussian  service. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1708*  *  Francis  I.  (Stephen),  Emperor, 
husband  of  Maria  Theresa,  born. 

1711  Feb.  3.  Kaunitz.  Wenzel  .\nton  von, 
Count,  statesman,  born. 

1716  Feb.  a.  Laudon,  (lideon  Ernst  von. 
Baron,  general,  born. 

1730*  *  Hell,  Maximilian,  astronomer,  born. 


1734  May  7.    Wurmser,  Dagobert  Sigimnnd 

von,  general,  born. 
1733    Dec.  13.     Katona,  Istoanor  Stephen. 

historian,  born.  ^ 

1730  •   •  Clerfayt,  de,   Francois  S.   C.  J.  de 

Croix,  Conite,  general,  born. 
1734*  •  Kempelen,  Wolfgang  von.  Baron. 

Hungarian  mechanician,  born. 

1735  Feb.  1.     AlviuczJ',  Joseph  von,  gen- 
eral, born.  '  " 

Ligne,  de,  Karl  Joseph,  Prince,  general,  au- 
thor, born. 
Rakoozy,  Franz  Leopold,  Prince  of  Transvl- 
vanla,  patriot,  AS9. 
^■'SB    Apr.  31.    Eugene.  Prince  of  Savoy 
i  rench-Austrian  general,  dies  at  Vienna 
A73. 
1737  •  •  Eckhe),  Joseph  Hilrav,  numismatist, 
born. 

1740  Oct.  20.     Charles  VI..  Emperor  of 
Germany,  A56. 

1741  •  •  Ueiiiowsky,  Moritz  A.,  adventurer, 
born. 

1742  •  •  Jiorn,  Ignaz  von,  Hungarian  min- 
eralogist, born. 

J 2JZ  .*'*'"■    I-eopoldn..  Emperor,  born. 
1749  *  *  Trench,  Franz,  von  der,  Haron.  gen- 
eral, A  38.  'IB 
1763    Auer.    24.      Mack,      Leiberich     von. 

Baron,  general,  born. 
1753»  »  Itobrowski,  Josef,  .Slavic  philologist. 

born. 
1754  •  •  Zacb,  Franz  Xaver  von,  astronomer, 
born. 
Vega,  Georg  von,  mathematician,  born. 
1756  •  •  Kessler,  Ignaz  Aurellus,  Hungarian 

author,  born. 
1757'  '(Iran,    Daniel,  Austrian   fresco 
painter,  A63. 
Browne,  Slaximilian  Ulysses,  general,  A52. 
Bartsch,  Johann  A.  B.  von,  engraver,  tiorn. 

CHURCH. 

1722  •  •  Saxony.  The  Moravians  form 
a  settlement  called  Herrnhut  (the 
Watch  of  the  Lord)  on  the  estate  of 
Count  Zlnzendorf ,  in  North  Germany. 

1724  *  •  It.  Benedict  XIII.  is  pope. 
[1730,  Clement  XII. ;  1740,  Benedict 
XIV. ;  1758,  Clement  XIII. ;  1769,  Clem- 
ent XIV. ;  1776,  Pius  VI.] 

STATE. 

1705  *  ♦  Joseph  1.,  son  of  Leopold  King 
of  Hungary,  is  elected  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire. 

1706*  *-ll*  *  Transylvania.  Francis 
Rakoczy  is  grand  prince  by  the  choice 
of  the  malcontents. 

1708  Jan.  3.  It.  Mantua  is  ceded  to 
the  emperor. 

*  *  Aust.  The  allies  demand  the  sur- 
render of  the  Spanish  monarchy  to 
Charles  of  Austria. 

1711  *  *  Death  of  the  Emperor  Joseph 
I.  ;  Charles  becomes  heir  of  all  the  Aus- 
trian possessions. 

.  *  ^0  •  *  Charles  VI.,  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire,  the  brother  of 
Joseph  I.,  King  of  Himgary  and  nominal 
King  of  Spain,  is  elected. 

[He  is  tolerant  to  Protestants,  and  for- 
bids Catholic  hostilities  against  them. J 

Apr.  11.  Netherlands.  Peace  of  Utrecht. 
(See  France  ^ , 

1713  Apr.  19.  Vienna.  The  Emperor 
annomices  the  Pragmatic  Sanction. 

1.  It  decrees  that  the  lands  belonging 
to  the  Austrian  Empire  shall  be  indivis- 
ible. 2.  That  Maria  Theresa,  his  eldest 
daughter,  shall  he  the  heir  if  males 
should  fail.  3.  If  this  line  should  be- 
come extinct,  the  daughters  of  .Joseph 
I.  and  their  descendants  shall  inherit. 

1714  Mar.  *  -Sept.  »  Peace  of  Bastatt 
and  Baden. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.        1705,  *  *-1757, 


515 


The  (leriTtrtii  frontier  is  restored  to  tlie 
lilies  fixed  by  tlie  treaty  of  Ryswiclc  : 
Austria  tal<es  tlie  Spanish  Netherlands, 
Milan,  Naples,  and  Sardinia,  amounting 
to  101,350  square  miles,  and  gives  up 
Spain. 

1715  Nov.  6.  The  barrier  treaty  is 
made  with  the  Dutirh.    (See  Belgium.) 

Nov.  15.  Naples  and  Sicily  are  an- 
nexed to  the  dominions  of  Charles  VI. 

1718  July  22.  Servia.  The  Peace  of 
Passarowitz,  between  Germany,  Ven- 
ice, and  Turkey,  closes  the  war  with 
Turkey. 

Austria  cedes  certain  commercial 
rights,  annexes  the  Banat  of  Teniesvar, 
a  part  of  I5i>snia  and  Servia,  with  Bel- 
graile  and  Little  Wallachia.  Venice  re- 
tains her  conquests  in  Dalmatia,  but 
cedes  Morea  to  the  Turks. 

Aug.  2.    The  Quadruple  AUlance  is 

f4>rmed  by  Great  Britain,  France,  and 

the  Emperor  Charles  VI.    [Later  joined 

by  Holland.]    <See  Germany.) 
1720    Apr.  21.    Aust.     The  estates  of 

Lower  A  ustria  agree  to  recognize  Maria 

Theresa  as  rightful  heir,  if  there  should 

be  no  male  heirs. 
1771    Sept.  2.    The  estates  of  Silesia 

follow  the  example  of  Lower  Austria. 
Mar.  *  Croatia  signs  the  approval  of  the 

Pragmatic  Sanction. 

1722  *  *  Transylvania  approves  the 
Pragmatic  Sanction. 

June  *  Humj.  Charles  VI.  opens  the  Diet 
which  ratifies  the  Pragmatic  Sanction. 

1723  Oct.  16.  Ilohemin.  The  Diet  of 
the  Kstates  approve  the  Pragmatic 
Sanction. 

*  *  Hung.  Tlie  Emperor  Charles  VI. 
settles  his  dominions  on  bis  daughter 
Maria  Theresa,  in  accordance  with  the 
Pragmatic  Sanction  of  1713. 

•  •  HuiKj.  The  Diet  reduces  the  Servian 
colonists  to  the  condition  of  serfs. 

1725  Apr.  30.  The  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many and  the  King  of  Spain  enter  the 
Treaty  of  Vienna.  [( )f  short  duration .] 
The  Spanish  dominions  in  the  posses- 
sion of  each  party  are  confirmed  to 
them.  The  emperor  privately  engages 
to  use  force  to  restore  Gibraltar  to 
Spain,  and  use  his  offices  to  enthrone 
the  Pretender  in  Great  Britain.  The 
king  guarantees  the  Pragmatic  Sanction. 

1731  Mar.  16.  Vienna.  The  Treaty 
of  Vienna  is  signed  by  Charles  VI.  of 
Germany,  George  II.  of  England,  and 
the  States  of  Holland. 

Itgnarantees  the  Pragmatic  Sanction, 
Imt  neither  France,  Spain,  nor  Sardinia 
has  signed  it. 

July  22.  Spain  accedes  to  the  Treaty 
of  Vienna. 

1733  *  *  Austria  becoiqes  iiivolvetl  in 
the  controversy  concerning  the  Polish 
Succession ;  with  Russia,  she  prompts 
the  election  of  Augustus  III.,  Elector  of 
Saxony,  as  king,  who  is  chosen  by  a 
minority. 

1734  *  *  Hung.  Hungarian  and  Servian 
peasants  unite  in  a  remarkable  re- 
volt under  the  leadership  of  Pero  Tze- 
gedinac.  [Tliey  are  soon  subdued,  and 
cruelly  punished.] 


1735  Oct.  3.  Vienna.  The  prelimina- 
ries of  Peace  are  signed  at  Vienna. 
(See  France.) 

1736  *  »  Francis,  Duke  of  Lorraine, 
marries  Maria  Theresa. 

1738  Nov.  18.  Charles  VI.,  Emperor 
of  Germany,  and  Louis  XV.,  King  of 
France,  enter  the  Treaty  of  Vienna. 
(See  France.) 

1739  Sept.  18.  Servia.  Treaty  of  Bel- 
grade. Charles  VI.  is  forced  to  restore 
to  the  Porte,  Orsova,  Belgrade,  and 
Little  Wallachia,  after  the  fortifications 
are  destroyed. 

1740  Sept.  20.  Huiifi.  The  Diet  ac- 
cepts Francis  I.,  the  prince-consort,  as 
co-regent  with  the  queen. 

Sept.  21.  Huvij.  Maria  Theresa  pre- 
sents her  infant  son  to  the  Diet.  "  Mo- 
riatnnr  pro  rege  nostra  Maria  Theresa .'  " 

Oct.  20.  Hung.  Maria  Theresa,  the 
eldest  daughter  of  Charles  VI.,  and  wife 
of  the  Duke  of  Lorraine,  on  the  death 
of  her  father,  becomes  Queen  of  Bo- 
hemia and  Hungary,  and  Archduchess 
of  Austria. 

Charles  VI.  is  the  last  of  the  male  Hue 
of  the  House  of  Hapsburg.  [The  queen 
also  comes  to  the  throne  as  Empress  of 
Germany.] 

*  *  Ausl.  Maria  Theresa  is  accepted 
the  sovereign  of  the  .Austrian  States. 

Theclaimants  for  the  Austrian  inherit- 
ance are  Charles  Albert,  Elector  of  Ba- 
varia, Philip  v.,  King  of  Spain,  and 
Augustus  III.  of  Saxony. 

*  *  Prussia  claims  a  portion  of  Silesia ; 
war  follows. 

1741  *  *  Hung.  Maria  Theresa  is  en- 
thusiastically received  by  the  Hunga- 
rians, and  crowned  as  queen. 

May  *  Itaoaria.  The  Alliance  of 
Nymphenburg  is  formed  ;  France,  Ba- 
varia, and  Spain  secretly  unite  against 
Austria.  [Later  Saxony  joins,  and  after- 
ward Prussia.] 

May  »  Hung.  Maria  Theresa  convokes  a 
Diet. 

*  •  Bohrmia.  The  Elector  of  Bavaria 
claims  Bohemia,  takes  possession,  and 
is  proclaimed  king. 

1742  Jan.  24.  Ger.  Charles  Albert, 
Elector  of  Bavaria,  is  chosen  emperor, 
with  the  title  of  Charles  VII.  TheCrown 
leaves  the  House  of  Austria  [for  a  short 
time]. 

*  *  Hung.  Maria  Theresa  forms  an  alli- 
ance with  England. 

June  11  — July  28.  I'nis.  Treaty  of 
Breslau  and  Berlin. 

Maria  Theresa  concludes  a  treaty  of 
peace  with  Prussia,  by  which  Silesia 
and  Glatz  are  ceded  to  Frederick  II.  of 
Prussia. 

1743  Apr.  •  Bohemia.  Maria  Theresa 
is  crowned  Queen  of  Bohemia  at  Prague 
by  the  Bishop  of  Olomuc. 

July*  Prus.  The  Emperor  Charles 
VH.,  being  defeated  by  the  Austriaus, 
becomes  a  refugee  in  Frankfort. 

*  *  Sardinia  concludes  a  separate  peace 
with  Austria. 

*  *  Saxony  concludes  a  separate  treaty 
with  Maria  Theresa. 


1744  *  *  Prus.  Frederick  U.  forms  an 
alliance  with  Charles  VII.,  and  France 
and  begins  the  second  war,  to  secure 
his  possessions  in  Silesia. 

1745  Jan.  20.  The  Emperor  Charles 
VII.  dies. 

Jan.  *  An  alliance  is  formed  by  Austria, 
Saxony,  England,  and  Holland,  against 
Prussia,  which  is  jealous  of  the  success 
of  Austria. 

Apr.  *  The  separate  Peace  of  Fiissen. 
Prussia  enters  a  separate  peace  with 
Austria,  and  restores  all  conquests  to 
Bavaria.  Tlie  Elector  of  Bavaria  sur- 
renders all  claims  to  the  Austrian  suc- 

.  cession,  and  promises  to  vote  for  Francis 
Joseph,  the  husband  of  Maria  Theresa, 
in  the  imperial  election. 

Sept.  13-65  *  *  Francis  I.,  the  hus- 
band of  Maria  Theresa,  and  the  Duke 
of  Lorraine,  is  Emperor  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire.  The  crown  returns 
to  the  House  of  Austria. 

Dec.  15.  Saxony.  The  Peace  of  Dres- 
den is  concluded  between  Prussia  and 
Austria  (Saxony).  Possession  of  Silesia 
is  confirmed  to  Prussia. 

1747  May*  Hung.  Elizabeth,  Em- 
press of  Russia,  enters  a  defensive 
alliance  with  Maria  Theresa. 

1748  Oct.  7.  Pi-us.  The  Treaty  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle  is  signed  by  Great 
Britain,  France,  Holland,  Germany, 
Spain,  and  Genoa.  It  terminates  the 
war  of  the  Austrian  Succession. 

Parma,  Piacenza,  and  Gustalla  are 
given  up  to  Spain.  .^11  the  hereditary 
estates  are  retained  by  the  empress  ex- 
cept Silesia.  Its  loss  to  a  smaller  power 
is  considered  by  Austria  as  a  disgrace, 
and  she  seeks  by  intrigue  to  regain  the 
lost  province.  The  Pragmatic  Sanction 
is  made  a  part  of  the  international  law 
of  Europe. 

1749  May  14.  Hum/.  A  patent  is  is- 
sued, separating  the  administration 
of  justice  from  provincial  business. 

1750+ *  *  Hungary  lo.ses  about  ]00,000 
citizens  by  a  great  exodus  of  Servians 
to  Russia,  because  of  the  suppression  of 
the  frontiers  of  Tisza  and  the  Maros. 

1756  *  »  Aust.  Elizabeth,  the  Empress 
of  Russia,  becomes  an  ally  of  Austria. 
(See  May,  1747.) 

May  11.  Austria  and  Prance  enter  into 
a  defensive  alliance  by  the  treaty  of 
Versailles. 

Its  secret  clauses  agree  that  Austria 
shall  reconquer  Silesia  and  her  lost 
Italian  possessions. 

1757  Jan.*  Aust.  A  treaty  is  made  be- 
tween Austria  and  Russia  concerning 
the  partition  of  the  Prussian  mon- 
archy when  subdued. 

May  *  Aust.  An  offensive  treaty  is 
made  between  Austria  and  France  con- 
cerning the  division  of  Prussia. 

France  places  105,000  men  and  12,000,000 
of  florins  at  the  service  of  its  ally. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1711  •  *  -14  *  *  Hung.  One  and  a  half 
million  of  cattle  die  of  the  cattle- 
plague. 

1715*  *  Hung.  Helen-Judith,  the  joined 
twins,  are  born.    [They  die  in  1723.] 


516     1757,  **-1790, 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1757  *  *  "War  is  declared  upon  Fred- 
erick II.  in  the  name  of  the  Empire ; 
Hanover,  Hesse,  Brunswick,  and  Gotha 
are  his  allies ;  four  columns  of  Prus- 
sians invade  Bohemia. 

May  6.  Bohemia.  The  Prussians  under 
Prince  Henry  defeat  the  Austrians  in 
a  great  battle  near  Prague ;  the  Aus- 
trian Gen.  Browne  is  mortally  wounded, 
and  the  Prussian  Marshal  Schweriu  is 
killed;  Prussian  loss,  18,000;  Aiistrian 
loss,  20,000. 

June  18.  Bohemia.  The  Austrians 
under  Marshal  Daun  (53,000)  defeat  the 
Prussians  (34,000)  under  Frederick  the 
<ireat  at  Kolln ;  Frederick  is  compelled 
to  raise  the  siege  of  Prague  and  evacuate 
Bohemia. 

July  26.  Hanover.  Frederick's  Allies 
under  the  Duke  of  Cumberland  are  de- 
feated by  the  French  under  Marshal 
d'Elstr^es  at  Hastenbeck. 

Aug.  30.  Prussia.  The  invading  Rus- 
sians under,Gen,  Stefan  Apraxin  defeat 
the  Prussians  under  Von  Lehwald  at 
the  battle  of  Gross- jagemdorf,  and 
then  retire  from  Prussia. 

Nov.  5.  Ptvissia.  Frederick,  at  the 
head  of  22,000  Prussians,  defeats  the 
French  under  Prince  de  Soubise  and 
the  Imperialists  under  the  Prince  of 
Saxe-Hildburghausen,  with  a  total  of 
43,000  men,  in  a  great  battle  at  Ross- 
bach  in  Saxony,  and  then  enters  Silesia. 
Prussian  loss,  500;  allies,  1,700  killed 
and  7,000  prisoners. 

Nov.  22.  Prussia.  Battle  of  Breslau, 
Silesia  :  The  Austrians  defeat  the  Prus- 
sians, and  capture  the  Duke  of  Bruns- 
wick-Bevern. 

Dec.  5.  Pr^l8sia.  Frederick  II.  by  su- 
perior tactics  (30,000i:  men)  defeats  the 
Austrians  (80,000+)  under  Charles  of 
Lorraine  and  Marshal  Daun  at  lieu- 
then,  Silesia ;  Austrian  loss,  7,000,  be- 
sides prisoners ;  Prussian  loss,  5,000. 

1758*  *  Moravia.  Frederick  II.  is  un- 
successful in  the  siege  of  Ohniitz. 

♦  •  Russia.  The  Hussians  under  Wil- 
helni.  Count  of  Fermor,  advance  to  join 
the  Austrians. 

•  *  Ger.  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick 
drives  the  French  back  across  the  Khine. 

June  23.  Prussia.  Ferdinand  of  Bruns- 
wick routs  the  French  under  tjie  Count 
of  Clermont  at  the  battle  of  Crefeld. 

Aug.  25.  Prussia.  Frederick  the 
Great  defeats  the  Hussians  at  Zorn- 
dorf ;  Prussian  loss,  11,000  men  ;  Russian 
loss,  1,529 ;  the  Austrians  now  advance 
upon  Lusatia. 

Oct.  14.  Saxony.  The  Austrians  (65,- 
000)  under  Count  Daun  surprise  and 
defeat  Frederick  (42,000  men )  at  Hoch- 
kirch,  killing  several  of  his  generals, 
and  taking  his  camp  and  ammunition. 
Austrian    loss,  6,000+  ;    Prussian    loss, 

9,000i:. 

1759  July  23.  Prussia.  The  Rus- 
sians defeat  the  Prussians  under  Gen. 
H.  von  Wedell  at  Kay,  losing  8,000± 


men  ;  the  victors  soon  unite  with  the 
Austrians  under  Baron  von  Laudon. 

Aug.  1.  Prussia.  Duke  Ferdinand  of 
Brunswick,  commanding  the  English 
and  German  forces,  defeats  the  French 
under  Contades  at  the  battle  of  Min- 
den,  and  compels  their  retreat. 

Aug.  12.  Prussia.  Frederick  II.  is  to- 
tally defeated  by  the  Austrians  and 
Russians  <60,000i:)  under  Count  Peter 
SoltikofF  and  Baron  Laudon  atXuners- 
dorf;  Prussian  loss,  18,500;  allies,  IG,- 
000.  [The  Austrians  overrun  Saxony, 
and  soon  take  Dresden.] 

Nov,  20.     Saxony.    The    Prussian  Gen. 

.  Fink  (12,500±  men)  surrenders  to  Baron 
Daun  at  Maxen. 

1760  Jime  23.  Prussia.  The  Aus- 
trians, numbering  30,000,  under  Mar- 
shal Laudon,  surround  and  defeat  8,000 
Prussians  at  Xiandeshut,  Silesia. 

Aug.  15.  Prussia.  Frederick  gains  a 
victory  at  Liiegnitz  over  the  Austrians 
imder  Marshal  Laudon  ;  it  prevents  the 
union  of  the  Austrian  and  Russian 
armies. 

Oct.  3.  Prussia.  Berlin  is  taken  by 
the  Russians  and  Austrians,  and  the 
city  burned  ;  the  allies  retire  on  the 
approach  of  Frederick. 

Nov.  3.  Saxony.  The  Austrians  under 
Count  Daun  are  defeated  by  Fred- 
erick at  Torgau. 

1761  Aug.  12.  Ger.  The  Austrians 
and  Hussians  unite  their  armies  (130,- 
000)  against  the  Prussians  (30,000),  but 
take  no  decisive  action. 

Oct.  1.    Prussia.    The    Austrians    take 

Schweidnitz. 
Dec.  13.     Prtissia.     The  Russians   take 

Colberg. 

1762  Mar.  16.  Russia.  Peter  III. 
concludes  the  Truce  of  Stargard  with 
Frederick  II.,  and  withdraws  froro 
his  alliance  with  Austria. 

July  21.  Prussia.  Frederick  II.  de- 
feats the  Austrians  under  Marshal 
Daun  at  Burkersdorf. 

Aug.  16.  Silesia.  Frederick  II.  again 
defeats  the  Austrians  under  Marshal 
Laudon  at  Keichenbach. 

Oct.  0.  Silesia.  Frederick  II.  takes 
Schweidnitz. 

Oct,  29.  Saxofty.  Prince  Henry  of 
Prussia  and  Gen.  Friedrich  Wilhelm  von 
Seydlitz  <13,000)  defeat  the  Austrians 
and  Imperial  forces  (30,000)  at  Freiberg. 
[The  preliminaries  of  peace  are  soon 
signed.] 

1763  Feb.  15.  Saxony.  The  Seven 
Years*  "War  is  ended  by  the  Peace  of 
Hubertsburg  ;  Prussia  gains  Silesia  ; 
estimated  loss  of  fighting  men,  853,000. 

1778  *  *  -79  *  *  "War  of  the  Bavarian 
Succession. 

Lower  Bavaria  is  invaded  by  Austri- 
ans, but  there  is  no  battle;  the  Peace 
of  Teschen,  concluded  May  12, 1779,  ends 
the  war. 

1778  July*  Bohemia.  Frederick  II. 
and  Prince  Henry  invade  Bohemia. 


1788-91  Austria  is  at  war  with  Tur- 
key»  in  the  hope  of  sharing  with  Rus- 
sia in  the  spoliation  of  Ottoman  terri- 
tory. 

Dec.  *  Aust.  Joseph  H.  resigns  the 
command  of  the  army  against  the 
Turks,  after  losing  45,000  men  by  sick- 
ness and  in  fighting. 

1789  Sept.  29.  Servia.  Austrians  un- 
der Marshal  Laudon  capture  Belgrade 
from  the  Turks. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1763  June  28.  Nunff.  Comorn,  Pesth, 
and  other  sections  are  much  damaged 
by  an  earthquake. 

1774±  *  *  Aust.  Animal  magnetism^ 
professing  to  cure  diseases  by  sympa- 
thetic affection,  is  practised  by  Father 
Hehl,  a  Jesuit,  at  Vienna. 

1786  May  1.  Vienna.  Mozart's  Le 
Xozze  di  Figaro  appears. 

1787  Oct.  29.  Bohemia.  Mozart's 
Don  Giovanni  appears  at  Prague. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1769*  *  Kazinczy,   Francis,   Hungarian  au- 
thor, born. 
1763  *   *  Chaateler,  du,  Jean,  Marquis,  born. 

1765  Aug-.  18.  Francis  I.,  Kniperor  of 
Holy  Roman  Kmpire,  husband  of  Maria 
Theresa,  A57. 

1766*  •  Daun,   Leopold  J.  M.  von.  Count, 
tichi-marslial,  A61. 
Kadtzky,  Joseph  Wenzel,  Count,  general,  b. 
Kej6r,  Gyorgy,  antiquary,  born. 

1767  Nov.  22.  Hofer.  Andreas,  patriot 
of  Tyrol,  born. 

1768  *  *  Abel,  Joseph,  painter,  born. 
Bubna  Littis,  Ferdinand,  Count,  born. 
Francis  I.,  Kmperor,  born. 

1771  *  •  Charles,  or  Karl,  Archduke,  born. 
Schwarzenl)erg,  Karl  P.  von,  marshal,  bom. 

1772  *  *  Kisfaludy,  Sandor,  Hungarian  poet, 
born. 

1773  May  IS.  Metternlch,  Clemens 
Wenzel  von.  prince,  Aust.  staU-snian,  b. 

Csokonai,  Vitez  Mihaly,  poet,  horn. 
1778  *   •  Gausbacher,  Johann,  composer,  b. 

1780  Nov.  29.  Maria  Theresa,  Knipress 
of  Germany,  Queen  of  Hungary  and  llohe- 
mia,  A64. 

1781  •  *  Hormayr,  Joseph  von,  historian,  b. 

1766  *  *  Mailath,  Janos  Nepoinuk,  Count,  b. 
Haynau,  Julius  Jacob  von,  IJaron,  gen.,  b. 
l)6brentei,  (iabor,  author,  l>orn. 
Beniowsky,  Morttz  August,  Count,  Hunga- 
rian adventurer,  A  45. 

Fay,  Andreas,  novelist,  born. 
1788*   *  Hess,   Heinricb    von.   Baron,    Aus- 
trian general,  Ijorn. 
Kisfaludy,  KAroly,  dramatist,  novelist,  ])orn. 

1790  Feb.  20.  Joseph  II..  Emperor  of 
Germany,  A49. 

Kolcsey,  Ferenez,  orator,  born. 

X<audon,  Gideon  Ernst  von.  Baron,  mar- 
shal, A74. 

Csoniade  Koros,  Sandor,  Hungarian  scholar, 
traveler,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1763  *  *  Aust. -Hung.  Maria  Theresa 
reforms  ecclesiastical  abuses,  abol- 
ishes the  Inquisition,  and  suppresses 
the  Order  of  Jesuits. 

*  *  *  Hung.  J'aria  Theresa  forbids 
priests  having  anything  to  do  with  the 
making  of  wills. 

1776  *  *  Hung.    Religious  toleration  is 

granted. 
1780  *  *  Aust.     Abbeys    are   suppressed 

by  Joseph  II. 

*  *  Aust.    Reforms  are  introduced. 

The  right  of  granting  marriage  dis- 
pensations is  transferred  from  the  Holy 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


1757,**-1790,  **.    517 


See  to  the  bishops  of  Austria  ;  heads  of 
religious  oniers  must  reside  In  Austria; 
papal  bulls  must  receive  linpurial  sanc- 
tiou  before  they  are  published,  and  two 
balls  dettning  the  prerogatives  of  the 
Pope  are  not  to  be  tauglit ;  money  is  not 
to  be  sent  to  Rome,  nor  students  from 
Austria  to  there  attend  the  Collegium 
•Germanic  um. 

1781  •  *  Au8t,    An  edict  of  toleration 

is  issued ;  Lutherans,  Calvlnists,  and 
non-Uniat  Greeks  are  granted  the  pri- 
vate practice  of  their  religion. 
1782*  *  Vifuna.  Futile  journey  of 
Pope  Pius  VI.  to  Vienna  to  prevent 
ecclesiastioal  changes. 

1783  ♦  *  Bavaria.  Violent  proceedings 
occur  in  the  case  of  the  bishop  of  Passau. 

1784  *  *  Hung.  The  Protestants  are  per- 
mitted to  worship  In  churches. 

1788  *  *  Aust.-Hung.  In  the  last  eight 
years  700  monasteries  have  been  closed, 
and  36,000  members  of  orders  released. 
Yet  1,3*24  monasteries  and  27,000  monks 
iuid  nuns  remain. 

LETTERS. 

1722  *  *  Bohemia.  A  national  museum 
is  founded  by  the  efforts  of  Leopold 
Krakowski  Kolowrat. 

1740  *  *  Schools  have  hitherto  been  in 
the  hands  or  under  the  control  of  the 
clergy ;  they  are  now  placed  under 
state  control. 

1745  *  *  Tyrol.  The  University  of  Inns- 
bruck receives  its  library  from  Maria 
Theresa. 

1749  Feb.  7.  Vienna.  A  law  is  passed 
reserving  to  the  state  the  sole  right  of 
choosing  the  professors  of  the  Uni- 
versity at  Vienna. 

1762*  *  Vienna.  Gluck's  Orfeo  ed 
Euridice  appears. 

1763*  *  Maria  Theresa  establishes 
many  schools. 

1766  *  *  Hung.  The  commission  of  in- 
struction and  the  censorship  of  the 
press  is  founded. 

1768  *  *  Hung.  Constitutio  Criminalis 
Thereaiana  is  published. 

1770  May*  Vienna.  The  first  normal 
school  opens. 

Sept.  24.  Hung.  An  imperial  resolution 
is  Issued  announcing,  "The  organiza- 
tion of  the  schools  is  and  always  must 
be  an  affair  of  state." 

1774  *  •  Bohemia.  Maria  Theresa  de- 
crees the  use  of  the  German  language 
in  the  higher  and  middle  schools. 

1780  *  *  Emperor  Joseph  urges  the  ex- 
clusive use  of  the  German  language 
in  the  schools. 

1781  *  *  -87  *  *,  91  *  *  Hung.  Un- 
grischea  Magazin  is  issued  at  Presburg. 

1782  July  16.  Aust.  Mozart's  Die 
Ent/iihrung  aus  dem  Serail  appears  at 
Vienna. 

*  *  Tyrol.  The  University  of  Innsbruck 
is  reduced  to  the  status  of  a  lyceum. 

1784  *  *  Galicia.  The  University  of 
Lemberg  is  founded. 

J.788  *  *  Hung.  Magyar  Museum  is  is- 
sued. 


1791  Sept.  30. ' BoA^nia.  Mozart's 
IHe  Zauberjiott  appears  at  Prague. 

*  *  Tyrol.  The  University  of  Inns- 
bruck is  restored  to  its  privileges  by 
the  emperor. 

SOCIETY. 

1763*  *  Hung.  Maria  Theresa  im- 
proves the  condition  of  serfs. 

1770  *  *  Hung.  Maria  Antonia  (Marie 
Antoinette)  marries  the  Dauphin  of 
France. 

1776*  *  Hung.  Maria  Theresa  abolishes 
punishment  by  torture  and  feudal 
service. 

1777  *  *  Hung.  Torture  as  a  criminal 
punishment  is  abolishetl. 

1781  *  *  Hung.  An  edict  of  tolerance 
is  issued  by  Joseph  II. 

1782  *  *  Hung.  Joseph  II.  Causes  the 
slave-trade  to  be  abolished. 

1783  Jan.  *  Aust.  The  marriage  law- 
is  passed,  which  makes  it  a  civil  con- 
tract and  permits  divorce. 

1785  *  *  A%t8t.  Freemasonry  is  offi- 
cially recognized. 

STATE. 

1760  *  ♦  Hung.  Maria  Theresa  institutes 
a  Council  of  State,  to  assist  In  the  ad- 
ministration. 

1762  May  5.  The  Peace  of  St.  Peters- 
burg is  signed. 

Peter  III.,  having  come  to  the  throne, 
makes  peace  with  Frederick  ;  Russia 
restores  her  conquests,  and  both  parties 
agree  to  withdraw  from  all  hostile  alli- 
ances. 

1763  Feb.  15.  Sax(my.  Peace  of 
Hubertsburg  is  signed  by  the  Em- 
press and  the  King  of  Prussia,  and  ends 
the  Seven  Years'  War. 

It  ratifies  the  Peace  of  Breslau  and 
Berlin,  and  also  that  of  Dresden.  Fred- 
erick II.  agrees  to  vote  for  the  Archduke 
Joseph  at  the  election  of  the  King  of 
Rome.  No  territorial  changes  are  ef- 
fected in  any  of  the  countries. 

1764  *  *  Joseph  II.,  son  of  Maria  The- 
resa, is  crowned  King  of  the  Romans. 

*  *  Hung,  Maria  Theresa  associates  her 
son  Joseph  (I  I.)  with  herself  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  Hapsburg  dominions. 

*  *  Hung.  Maria  Theresa  provides  a  com- 
pilation of  uniform  laws  for  the  whole 
of  her  dominions ;  eight  volumes  are 
completed. 

1765  Aug.  8.  Joseph  H.  succeeds  his 
father  as  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire;  for  the  Austrian  lands  he  Is 
only  co-regent  with  his  mother,  Maria 
Theresa. 

1772  July  25.  The  treaty  for  the  par- 
tition of  Poland  is  signed  (first  divis- 
ion). Austria  secures  East  Galicia  and 
Lodomeria. 

1773  Dec.  29.  Galicia.  The  estates, 
clergy,  nobles,  and  citizens  take  the 
oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Austrian  dy- 
nasty, and  the  government  Is  set  up  with 
German  officials. 

1775  May  7.  Galicia.  Bukowina  Is 
acquired  by  a  treaty  with  the  Turks. 

*  •  Bohemia.    The  peasantry  revolt. 


1779  May*  Silesia.    Peace  of  Teschen. 
1.  It  abrogates  the  treaty  of  Vienna 

with  Charles  Theodore  ;  Austria  sur- 
renders much  of  its  claim,  and  retains 
only  the  district  of  the  Inn  in  Bavaria. 
2.  Austria  agrees  to  a  union  to  be  formed 
between  the  margravates  of  Ansbach 
and  Baireuth  with  Prussia.  3.  Saxony 
obtains  certain  rights  and  9,000,000  rix 
dollars. 

*  *  A  dispute  between  Frederick  II.  and 
Emperor  Joseph  respecting  Bavaria  is 
settled  without  war. 

*  *  Hung.  Tlie  lands  between  the  Maros 
and  the  Tisza,  the  Danube,  and  the  Car- 
pathians are  absorbed  into  the  kingdom. 

1780  Nov.  29.  Hung.  Maria  Theresa 
dies. 

*  *  Hung.  Joseph  H.  becomes  King  of 
Hungary  on  the  death  of  his  mother, 
Maria  Theresa. 

1782  *  *  Ger.  The  emperor  controls 
the  Pope,  Pius  VI. 

*  *  *  Joseph  II.  attempts  to  improve  the 
legal  system  of  the  Empire. 

1783*  *  Hang.  Frederick  II.  proposes 
a  union  of  the  German  princes  against 
the  encroachments  of  Joseph  II. 

1784  Aug.  27.  Aust.  A  protective 
tariff  customs  is  established. 

1785  *  *  Hang.  Joseph  II.  favors  a  plan 
for  the  exchange  of  territory. 

Charles  Themlore  is  to  exchange  the 
whole  of  Bavaria  for  the  Austrian  Neth- 
erlands (Belgium)  except  Luxemburg 
and  Namur,  as  the  Kingdom  of  Bur- 
gundy. [It  provokes  the  formation  of 
the  J^eague  of  the  German  Princes,] 

July  *  Prussia,  the  electorate  of  Saxony, 
and  Hanover  inaugurate  the  XiCague 
of  the  German  Princes,  to  resist  the 
encroachments  of  the  emperor.  [Bruns- 
wick, Mainz,  Hesse-Cassel,  Baden,  Meck- 
lenburg, Anhalt,  and  the  Thuringian 
lands,  later  join  the  League.] 

*  *  Hung.  Great  opposition  is  made  to 
the  emperor's  removal  of  the  crown 
to  Vienna;  so  he  permits  its  return. 

1788  *  *  Bohemia.  Joseph  11.  announces 
that  the  Diet  will  deliberate  only  on 
such  subjects  as  are  presented  by  the 
sovereign,  and  it  will  only  be  convoked 
when  he  deems  it  best  to  do  so. 

1789  Dec.  8.  Hung.  Joseph  II.  is  con- 
strained to  restore  to  the  Hungarians 
their  confiscated  privileges. 

*  *  Belgium.  The  people  rise  in  revolt 
against  the  Emperor's  progressive  meas- 
ures in  the  Netherlands. 

1790  Jan.  20.  Hung.  Joseph  II.  Is 
constrained  to  withdraw  all  his  re- 
forms, and  restore  things  to  the  condi- 
tion of  1780. 

*  *  -91  *  *  Ger.  Leopold  II.,  the  heir 
of  the  Austrian  monarchy,  succeeds  his 
brother. 

*  *  Ger.  Leopold  H.,  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire,  guarantees  inde- 
I)endence  of  Hungary  with  its  rights. 

*  *  Belgium.  Leopold  II.  suppresses  the 
insurrection. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1763  *  *  Maria  Theresa  fosters  industry 
and  commerce,  after  the  seven  years 
of  war. 


518  1791,  July  *-1810,  Feb.  20,  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1792*  *  "War  with  France  by  the  first 
coalition  ;  Austria,  Prussia,  and  Great 
Britain  are  allies.     (See  France.) 

Apr.  28.  Flanders.  The  French  en- 
ter Flanders  [and  are  routed]. 

*  *  Fr.  Austria ns  with  allies  enter 
France,  and  march  toward  Paris  till 
their  advauce  is  checked. 

Nov.  6.  Belgium.  Austrians  under  the 
Duke  of  Saxe-Teschen  are  decisively 
defeated  by  the  French  Republican 
amiy,  under  Gen.  Charles  Francis  Du- 
mouriez,  at  Jemappes. 

1793  Mar.  18.  lielfjium.  The  French 
under  Gen.  Dumouriez  are  defeated  in 
a  great  battle  at  Neerwinden  by  the 
Austrians  under  the  Prince  of  Coburg. 

Sept.  11.  Fr.  Quesnoy  is  taken  by  the 
Austrians. 

1794  Jan.*  Netherlands.  The  Aus- 
trians, Dutch,  English,  and  Hanove- 
rians unite  under  the  Austrian  Prince 
of  Coburg  as  allies  against  the  French. 

May  22.  Belgium.  The  French  attack 
the  allies  at  Tournay;  an  indecisive 
action. 

June  26.  Belgium.  Austrian  troops 
under  Prince  Coburg  are  defeated  by 
the  French  general,  Jean  Baptiste  Jour- 
dan,  at  Fleurus. 

1795  Jan.*  Belgium.  The  allies 
withdraw,  and  Austria  and  England 
are  left  alone  to  fight  the  French. 

Sept.  6.  Prussia.  The  Austrians  are 
driven  back  from  Diisseldorf  by  the 
French  under  Gen.  Jourdan. 

Oct.  11.  Prussia.  The  Austrians  under 
Compte  de  Clerfayt  defeat  the  French 
under  Marshal  Jourdan  at  Hockst,  and 
drive  them  back  across  the  Rhine. 

1796  *  *  The  French  send  out  three 
armies,  one  under  Jourdan  to  attack 
the  allies  on  the  lower  Rhine,  another 
under  Gen,  Jean  Victor  Moreau  on  the 
upper  Rhine,  and  another  in  Italy. 

May  *  Ger.  The  French  cross  the 
lower  Hhine,  and  press  the  Austrians 
back. 

May  10.  It.  Bonaparte  pursues  the 
Austrians  in  northern  Italy. 

May  15.  It.  Bonaparte  enters  Mli- 
lan;  the  Austrians  retire. 

June  16.  Ger.  The  French  are  forced 
to  return  by  Archduke  Charles  of 
Austria,  brother  of  the  Emperor  Francis. 

*  *  Ger.  The  Austrians  are  defeated 
in  unimportant  conflicts  on  the  upper 
Rhine. 

July.  *  It.  Bonaparte  commences  the 
siege  of  Mantiia  [continuing  till  Feb- 
ruary, 1797]. 

Aug.  3.  It.  Bonaparte  defeats  the 
Austrians  under  Count  Wurmser  at 
lionato  and  [Aug.  5]  Castiglione  in  Loni- 
bardy. 

Aug.  5.  It.  Wurmser  is  again  defeated 
at  Medola ;  the  Austrians  seek  shelter 
in  the  mountains  of  Tyrol. 

Aug.  24.  Bavaria.  The  Austrians  un- 
der the  Archduke  Charles  defeat  the 


French  under  Marshal  Jourdan  at 
Amberg. 

Sept.  3.  Bavaria.  The  Austrians  again 
defeat  the  French  under  Jourdan  at 
AViirzburg. 

Oct.  20.  Ger.  Gen.  Moreau  is  driven 
back,  and  the  French  army  recrosses 
the  Rhine. 

Nov.  12.  It.  The  Austrians  under 
Baron  von  Alvinczy  repulse  the  French 
under  Bonaparte  at  Caldiero. 

Nov.  15-17.  It.  The  Austrians 
{40,000±)  under  Alvinczy  are  attacked 
and  defeated  at  Areola  by  the  French 
(18,000 1)  under  Bonaparte,  Due  de  Mas- 
s^na,  and  Marshal  Augereau. 

1797  Jan.  14.  It.  The  Austrians  un- 
der Alvinczy  are  severely  defeated  by 
the  French  under  Bonaparte  at  Rivoli. 

Feb.  2.  It.  Mantua  capitulates  to 
Bonapartfe  after  a  siege  of  eight  months. 

Mar.  *  -Apr.  *  It.  Bonaparte  crosses 
the  Alps  into  nortliern  Italy  to  meet 
Archduke  Charles  advancing  from  Ger- 
many with  the  Austrian  army. 

Oct.  17.  It.  The  war  with  France 
ends  by  a  treaty  of  peace  concluded  at 
Canipo  Formio. 

1799  Mar.  13.  France  again  declares 
war  against  Austria. 

Mar.  26.  Baden.  Austrians  under  Arch- 
duke Charles  defeat  the  French  under 
Marshal  Jourdan  at  Stockach. 

Apr.  27.  It.  The  French  under  Gen. 
Moreau  are  defeated  near  Cassano 
by  the  Austrians  and  Russians  under 
Suvaroff. 

June  17-19.  It.  The  Austrians  and 
Russians  under  Suvaroff  defeat  the 
French  under  Marshal  Macdonald  in 
a  protracted  fight  on  the  banks  of  the 
Trebbia.    (Battle  of  Parma.) 

Aug.  15.  It.  The  Russians  and  Aus- 
trians under  Suvaroff  defeat  the 
French  untler  Gen.  Joubert  at  Novi ; 
Joubert  is  killed.    French  loss,  11,000±. 

1800  May  4.  Baden.  The  Atistrians 
under  Gen.  Kray  are  defeated  at 
Stockach  by  the  French  under  Gen. 
Moreau. 

June  14.  It.  Great  battle  of  Ma- 
rengo ;  the  French  under  Bonaparte 
defeat  the  Austrians,  who  capitulate. 
(See  France.) 

July  15.  An  armistice  is  concluded  at 
Parsdorf  [but  hostilities  are  soon  re- 
newed], 

Dec.  3.  Bavaria.  The  Austrians  under 
Archduke  J6hn  are  crushingly  de- 
feated by  the  French  and  Bavarians 
xuider  Moreau  at  Hohenlinden.  (See 
France.) 

Dec.  25,  26.  If.  The  Austrians  under 
Bellegarde  are  severely  defeated  In  the 
passage  of  the  Mincio  by  the  French 
under  Gen.  Guillaume  M.  A.  Brune. 

1801  Feb.  9.  Fr.  A  treaty  of  peace 
is  conclude'd  at  Luneville. 

1805  Sept.  9.  The  Austrians,  after  join- 
ing the  English  and  Russian  alliance 
against  France,  cross  the  Inn  and  in- 
vade Bavaria. 


Oct.  17.  Wilrtemberg.  The  Austrian 
general,  Karl  Mack,  with  30,000±  men, 
surrenders  Ulm  to  Bonaparte. 

Oct.  29-31.  It.  The  Austrians  under 
the  A  rchd  uke  Charles  defeat  the 
French  under  Marshal  Mass^na  at 
Caldiero. 

Nov.  14.  Vienna.  The  French  under 
Marshal  Murat  capture  the  city. 

Dec.  2.  Moravia.  Battle  of  Austerlitz ; 
Napoleon  defeats  the  united  forces  of 
Austria  and  Russia.    (See  France.) 

Dec.  26.  Hung.  The  Peace  of  Pres- 
burg  is  concluded  with  France. 

1806  Jan.  12.  Vienna.  The  French 
evacuate  the  city. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  French  army  occupies 
Prague. 

1808  June  9.  A  decree  is  issued  for 
raising  an  army  of  conscripts  [300,000 
men,  in  addition  to  the  regular  army  of 
350,000  men]. 

1809  Apr.  *  "War  is  renewed  with 
France. 

Apr.  *  Alsace.  An  indecisive  battle  is 
fought  between  the  Austrians  and 
French  at  Thann. 

Apr.  20.  Bavaria.  The  Austrians  under 
the  Archduke  Charles  are  defeated  by 
the  French  under  Napoleon  at  Abens- 
berg. 

Bavaria.    The  Austrians  attack  and 

take  Hatisbon,  and  secure  the  bridge. 

Apr.  22.  Bavaria.  The  French  75,000 
strong,  under  Marshal  Davout,  defeat 
the  Austrians  40,000  strong,  under  A  rch- 
duke  Charles,  at  Sckmuhl;  Charles 
withdraws  to  Bohemia. 

May  11.  Aust.  Napoleon  crosses  tho 
island  of  liobau  to  the  left  bank  of  th& 
Danube. 

May  13.  Vienna.  The  French  under 
Napoleon  take  the  city  a  second  time. 

May  21,  22.  Aust,  Battle  of  Aspern 
and  Sssling;  Napoleon  for  the  first 
time  is  defeated  by  the  Archduke 
Charles ;  Marshal  Lannes  is  mortally 
wounded,  and  the  French  (ISO.OOOi)  are 
forced  to  recross  the  Danube.  (See 
France.) 

June  14.  Hung.  The  Austrians  under 
the  Archduke  John  are  defeated  at 
Haab  by  the  French  under  Prince 
Eugene. 

July  5,  6.  Aust.  Battle  of  Wagram, 
near  Vienna ;  Napoleon,  with  an  army 
of  150,000  men,  totally  defeats  the  Aus- 
trians (120,000)  under  the  Archduke 
Charles,  and  pursues  him  towards  Mo- 
ravia.   Loss  on  each  side,  25,000±. 

July  11.  Aust.  At  the  battle  of  Znaim, 
between  the  Austrians  and  the  French 
under  Marshal  Massena,  the  fighting  is 
stopped  by  news  of  an  armistice. 

Oct.  14.  Vienna.  Peace  is  concluded 
with  France. 

Aust.    Andreas  Hofer,  a  patriotic 

Tyrolese,  having  headed  an  insurrection 
and  driven  out  the  Bavarians  from 
Tyrol,  lays  down  his  arms  at  the  treaty 
of  Vienna.' 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.  1791,  July  *- 1810, Feb.  20.  519 


1810  Feb.  20.  It.  Hofer,  being  uc- 
cuseU  of  treason,  is  shot  at  Mantua  by 
the  French.  [His  family  is  ennobled 
in  1819  under  the  title  of  Von  Passeyr.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  ~  NATURE. 

1795  *  *  Vienna.  Beethoven  publishes 
his  three  trios  Icnown  aa  Opus  1;  also 
Adelaide. 

1796*  *  Vienna.  Dr.  Franz  Joseph  Gall, 
a  German  physiei.in,  the  original  ad- 
vocate of  phrenology,  gives  his  first 
lecture. 

*  *  Vienna.  Beethoven  publishes  three 
piano  sonatas. 

1798  *  ♦  Vienna.  Iiithography  is  in- 
vented by  Alois  Senefelder. 

1799  Mar.  19.  Vienna.  Haydn's  Cre- 
ation appears. 

1800  *  *  Vienna.  Beethoven  becomes 
deaf.  He  publishes  Prometheus  and 
Mount  of  Olives:  also  his  1st  Symphony. 
[1802,  2d  Symphony ;  1803,  Kreutzer  So- 
nata; 1804,  Eroica  Symphony ;  1805-06, 
Fidelio.  (The  latter  is  rewritten  in  1814) ; 
1806,  4th  Symphony ;  1808,  Symphonies  5 
and  6:  1812,  7th  Symphony;  181S,  Battle 
Symphony ;  1814,  Hth  Symphony ;  1815, 
Meeresstille ;  1824,  Utk  Symphony ;  also 
other  works.] 

1808  *  *  Vienna.  A  Musical  Festival 
for  Haydn  is  held. 

1809  *  *  Etching  on  stone  is  used  by 
Alois  Senefelder. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1791  *  *  Czerny,  Karl,  conipoaer,  born. 
Ilanka,  Venceslav,  philologist,  born. 
Itorn,   Ignaz  von,  Hungarian  mineralogist, 

philologist,  A  49. 
Dec.  IS.    Maria  Louisa,  daughter  of  Fran- 
cis I.,  Kuipressof  France,  born. 
Szeclietiyi,  Istian,  Count,  Hungarian  states- 
man, born. 
1782  *   *  Aulicli,  Louis,  general,  born. 
Har.   1,     Leopold    II..   Emperor  of   Holy 

Kouian  F:nipire,  A45. 
Klein,  .loliann  Adam,  painter,  born. 
Hell,  Maximilian,  Hung,  astronomer,  A72. 
1794  *  *  Kaunitz,  Wenzel  Anton  von,  states- 
man, A  83. 

1796  *  •  .losika,  Miklos,  Baron,  novelist,  b. 
1797*  *  liuol-Scbauenstein,  Karl  Ferdinand 

von,  statesman,  born. 

rfeiffer,  Ida  Laura,  traveler,  born. 

Leopold  IL,  (irand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  born. 

Wurmser.  Dag'obert  Si^mund  von,  gen- 
eral, A73. 

1798  •  *  Chniel,  Joseph,  historian,  born. 
Palacky,  Francis,  historian,  born. 
Clerfayt,  de,  Francois,  S.  C.  J.  de  Croix, 

Compte,  general,  A  65. 

1799  *   *  (luylay,  Franz,  Count,  born. 
Negrelli-Moldelbe,  Aloys  von,  engineer,  b. 
Celakowsky,  Frantisck  Ladislav,  poet,  bom. 
FYivaldsky,  Knrich,  Hungarian  naturalist,  b. 

1800  •  •  Linger,  Franz,  Austrian  paleontol- 
ogist, born. 

Vorosmarty,  Mihaly,  poet,  born. 
Czuczor,  Gergely,  writer,  born. 

1801  *  *  Pinsker,  Slmcha,  scholar,  born. 
Jellachich  von  liuzim,  Joseph,  Baron,  Ban 

of  Croatia,  general,  born. 

Fogarasy,  Janos,  Hungarian  lexicographer 
and  Jurist,  born. 

Ebert,  Karl  Kgon,  Bohemian  poet,  born. 
1603    Apr.   27.    KoB8Uth,   Louis,  Hunga- 
rian orator,  slalesman,  born. 

1803  Oct.  17.    De&k.  FranciB,  Hungarian 
statesman,  orator,  born. 

Amerling,  Frederick,  painter,  born. 

1804  Mar.  14.      Strauss.    Johann.    com- 
poser, b. 

Endliclier,  Stephan  lAdislans,  botanist,  born. 
Benedek,  Ludwig  von,  general,  born. 
Kempelen,  Wolfgangvon,  Baron,  Hungarian 

mechanician,  A70. 
Damianlcs,  Janos,  Hungarian  general,  born. 
Rokitansky,  Karl,  pathologist,  born. 


1805    Nov.  34,    Omer  Pasha,   gen.,  born 
in  Croatia. 
Csokonai,Vitez  Mihaly,  Hungarian  poet,  A32. 
1807  •  •Batthyanyi,Kasimir,  Count,  born. 
1809*  *  t;ui,   Ljudevit,  Croatian  journalist, 
born. 
Horvath,  Mihaly,  Hungarian  historian,  b. 
Auenbrugger,  Auenbrug  Leopold  von.  phy- 
sician at  Vienna,  inventor  of  percussion, 
A  87. 

CHURCH. 

1800*  *  It.  Pius  VII.  is  pope.  [1829. 
Pius  VIII.] 

LETTERS. 

1805  *  *  Galicia.  The  University  of 
Lemberg  is  united  with  that  of  Cracow. 

STATE. 

1791  July  *  Ger.  Leopold  II.  by  cir- 
cular letter  calls  on  all  the  sovereigns 
of  Europe  to  come  to  the  aid  of  the 
King  of  France  against  his  revolting 
subjects. 

Aug.  4.  Austria  is  required  to  surren- 
der her  late  conquests  from  Turkey  by 
the  treaty  of  Sistova. 

Aug.  27.  Saxony.  Iieopold  H.  meets 
"Wilham  H.  at  Pillnitz,  to  devise 
means  for  upholding  the  throne  of 
France  against  its  people. 

1792  Feb.  7.  Aust.  Leopold  II.  en- 
ters a  definitive  treaty  of  alliance  with 
William  II. 

Wov.  6,  Belgium.  After  the  battle  of 
Jemappes,  the  Austrian  Netherlands 
fall  into  the  hands  of  the  French; 
Luxemburg  is  excepted. 

*  *  Bulgaria.  The  Emperor  Francis  I. 
(Francis  II.  of  Germany)  succeeds  his 
father,  Leopold  II.,  as  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire  [till  1806]. 

1795  *  *  Galicia.  Cracow,  Poland,  is 
awarded  to  Austria.  [Annexed  again  in 
l&4fi.] 

1796  Apr.  ♦  Austria  loses  Lombardy 
by  the  conquests  of  the  French,  and  it 
ia  incorporated  in  the  Cisalpine  Repub- 
lic. 

1797  Apr.  18.  Au^it.  Preliminaries 
of  the  Peace  of  Leoben  are  concluded 
between  Bonaparte  and  Archduke 
Charles. 

Oct.  17.  It.  France  and  Austria  con- 
clude a  treaty  of  peace  at  Campo 
Formio. 

I.  Open  articles  :  Austria  cedes  the 
Netherlands  to  France,  and  in  return  re- 
ceives the  greater  part  of  the  Venetian 
territories,  including  the  city  of  Venice, 
Istria,  and  Dalniatia  on  the  east  shore 
of  the  Adriatic  ;  it  also  recognizes  the 
Cisalpine  Republic,  and  indemnities  the 
Duke  of  Modena  with  Brisgau.  France 
retains  the  Ionian  Islands,  and  the  ques- 
tion of  peace  with  the  Empire  is  to  be 
settled  by  a  Congress  to  meet  at  Ras- 
tadtt. 

II.  .Secret  articles  :  Austria  agrees  to 
cede  to  France  the  territory  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rhine  between  Basle  and 
Andernach,  including  Mainz  :  the  Rhine 
to  be  free  to  the  vessels  of  France  and 
Germany ;  Germany  is  to  indemnify  the 
])rince8  who  have  lost  by  the  cession  of 
their  territory.  France  is  to  use  influ- 
ence to  secure  to  Austria  Salzburg  and 
part  of  Bavaria.  Each  guarantees  that 
Prussia  shall  not  be  recompensed  for 
the  Rhenish  cession  by  acquisitions  else- 


where.    The  ceded   territories    have    a 
population  numbering  3,500,000. 

1800  *  *  Aust.  Bonaparte  makes  pro- 
posals of  peace,  which  are  rejected. 

1801  Feb.  9.  Fr.  Treaty  pf  the 
Peace  of  Luneville,  between  the  Re- 
public of  France  and  the  German  Em- 
peror, with  more  losses  of  Austrian 
territory. 

Terms  :  L  Cessions  made  by  the  treaty 
of  Campo  Formio  are  contirmed.  2. 
Tuscany  is  ceded  to  Parma,  and  Ger- 
many is  to  indemnify  the  loss.  3.  The 
left  bank  of  the  Rhine  is  ceded  to  France 
by  Germany  as  far  as  the  Dutch  territo- 
ries ;  Germany  to  indemnify  the  princres 
for  the  loss  of  their  territory.  4.  The 
Batavian,  Helvetian,  Cisalpine,  and  Li- 
gurian  Republics  are  recognized.  The 
German  and  Belgic  territory  ceded  is 
25,180  square  miles,  having  a  population 
numbering  nearly  3,500.000.  It  marks 
the  beginning  of  the  end  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire. 

1804  Aug.  11.  Atist.  Francis  II.  pro- 
claims himself  hereditary  Emperor  of 
Austria,  and  unites  his  dominions  un- 
der the  title  of  the  Austrian  Empire. 

1805  Dec.  26.  Hung.  Francis  11.  is 
forced  to  sign  the  humiliating  Peace  of 
Presburg. 

Napoleon  requires  him  to  cede  the  an- 
cient states  of  Venice  to  Italy  ;  a  large 
part  of  Austrian  territory  is  ceded  to- 
Bavaria;  it  includes  the  principality  of 
Eichstadt,  part  of  Passau,  Augsburg, 
the  Tyrol,  and  all  his  dominions  in  Swa- 
bia,  in  Brisgau,  and  Ortenau ;  28,000 
square  miles,  having  a  population  num- 
bering 2,700,000,  is  transferred  by  Aus- 
tria ;  an  indemnity  of  dBl, 600,000  is  to  be 
paid  to  France. 

*  *  The     Third    Coalition    is    formed 

against    France   by    England,    Russia, 
Austria,  and  Sweden. 

1806  July  12.  Fr.  The  Confedera- 
tion of  the  Rhine  is  signed  at  Paris  ;  it 
destroys  the  integrity  of  the  German 
Empire. 

Dissolution  of  the  old  German  or 
Holy  Homan  Empire. 

Aug.  6.  Gar.  Francis  II.  lays  down 
the  crown. 

1808  *  *  Fr.,  Bonaparte  remonstrates 
with  Austria  for  increasing  her  army. 

1809*  *  The  people  of  the  German 
States  are  summoned  to  take  up  arms 
against  French  supremacy.  Tyrol 
alone  responds  with  a  force,  which  is 
led  by  the  patriotic  Andreas  Hofer. 

Oct.  14.  Vienna.  The  Peace  of  Schon- 
brunn  or  Vienna,  between  Napoleon 
and  Francis  I.  of  Austria.  (See  Ger- 
many.) 

Austria  cedes  to  France  32,000  square 
miles  of  territory,  containing  three  and 
a  half  millions  or  people,  and  compris- 
ing the  maritime  provinces  ;  to  Bavaria, 
Salzburg  and  Berchtesgaden,  the  Inn- 
viertel,  ami  part  of  Hansruckviertel, 
Russia  receives  East  Galicia,  and  the 
duchy  of  War.saw  takes  West  Galicia. 
Napoleon  receives  the  lands  beyond  the 
Suave,  together  with  \'illach,  Istria, 
Hungarian  Dalmatia,  and  Ragnsa,  from 
which,  with  the  Ionian  Islands,  he  forms 
the Illyrian Provinces.  Anstriaioinsthe 
Continental  system,  breaks  off  her  al- 
liance with  England,  and  pays  an  indem- 
nity. The  Tyrolese  are  abandoned  by 
their  allies,  to  resist  Napoleon  alone. 

1810  *  *  It.  Southern  Tyrol  is  annexed 
to  Italy. 


520    1810,  Feb.  *-1848,  May  15.     AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1812  *  *  Austria  and  France  are  at  war 
with  Russia. 

Austria  furnishes  an  army  of  30,000 
men,  wbicli  shares  Napoleon's  adversi- 
ties in  Russia. 

1813  Aug.  12.  Ausf.  War  is  declared 
against  France. 

Austria  unites  with  the  allies  to  place 
three  armies  in  the  field  :  the  Bohemian 
army  is  under  Marsha!  Karl  Philip  Von 
Schwarzenberg,  an»i  with  it  are  three 
monarchs,  Alexander,  Francis,  and 
Frederick   William. 

Aug.  28.  Saxon  I/.  Napoleon  drives 
away  the  allies  under  Prince  Schwarz- 
enberg from  the  siege  of  Dresden. 

Aug.  29.  Saxony.  Napoleon  with  130.- 
000  French  defeats  the  allies  (200,000± ) 
under  Marshal  Schwarzenberg  at  Dre.s- 
den  ;  Gen.  Moreau  is  killed. 

Aug.  29,  30.  Bohemia.  The  French 
under  Gen.  Vandamme  are  defeated 
near  Kulm  by  the  allies  under  Count 
Osterraann  and  Marshal  Kleist. 

Oct.  16.  Saxony.  The  allies  defeat  Na- 
poleon at  Leipsic,  —  also  called  the  bat- 
tle of  the  **  nations."  (See  France.) 
Napoleon  proposes  peace,  but  no  reply 
is  returned. 

Oct.  19.  Saxony.  Napoleon's  defeated 
army  retreats. 

1814  Mar.  31.  Fr.  The  allies  enter 
Paris. 

1815  May  2,  3.  It.  Marshal  Murat 
having  declared  for  Napoleon,  the  Nea- 
politans are  defeated  by  the  Austrians 
under  Gen.  Bianci  at  Tolentino. 

May  22.  It.  Naples  is  captured,  and 
Marshal  Murat  flees  to  France. 

1821  *  *  //.  Austrian  forces  subdue 
the  popular  uprising  of  Iiiberals  in 

Naples  and  Sardinia,  restoring  the  se- 
verest absolutism  in  government. 

1828  Aug.  5.  Bulgaria.  Czar  Nich- 
olas arrives  before  Varna,  which  is 
besieged  by  a  Russian  army.  [Oct.  11. 
The  town  is  taken.] 

1831  *  *  It.  Austria  assists  in  suppress- 
ing insurrections  in  Modena,  Parma, 
and  Komagna. 

1832  Jan.*  It.  The  Pope  invokes  the 
aid  of  Austria  against  the  Italians,  and 
its  troops  enter  Bologna. 

1847  Mar,  23.  It.  Charles  Albert  of 
Sardinia  enters  Milan  at  the  head  of 
his  army. 

1848  *  *  "War  between  Austria  and 
Sardinia. 

Mar.  22.  It.  Milan  revolts  against 
the  rule  of  Austria. 

Apr.  26.  Galicia.  An  insurrection 
breaks  out  in  Cracow  [It  is  soon  sup- 
pressed]. 

ART  —  SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1811  Apr.*  Hung.  An  inundation  at 
Pesth,  caused  by  the  overflow  of  the 
Banube,  destroys  24  villages ;  many 
people  are  swept  away. 


1813  Summer.  An  appalling  in- 
undation occurs  in  Hungary,  Austria, 
and  Poland. 

1814  *  *  Vienna.  A  sewing-machine 
is  made  by  Madersberger. 

1817  *  *  Aust.  Papyrography  (paper 
plates  for  lithography)  is  invented  by 
Alois  Senefelder. 

1820*  *  Vienna.  The  spinning-ma- 
chine for  flax  is  invented  by  Philippe 
H.  Girard,  a  Frenchman. 

1826  Feb.  28.  Bohemia.  Biela's 
Comet  is  discovered  by  M.  Biela,  an 
Austrian  officer,  at  Josephstadt. 

1828  *  *  Silesia.  Hydropathy  (treating 
diseases  by  water)  is  suggested  by  Vin- 
cenz  Priessnitz  of  Grafenberg. 

1830  Feb.  ♦  Vienna.  The  dwellings  of 
.'JOtOOO  Viennese  are  under  water. 

*  * -34  *  *  Bohemia.  The  *' polka"  dance 
is  introduced.  [It  is  said  to  have  ob- 
tained its  name  in  Prague.] 

1834  *  *  Tyrol.  The  Emperor  erects  a 
statue  in  Innsbruck  to  the  memory  of 
the  patriot,  Andreas  Hofer. 

1846  *  *  Vienjia.  The  Imperial  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences  is  founded. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1810  Feb.  20.  Hofer.  Andreas,  Tyrolese 
patriot,  executed,  A43. 

Nov.  30.  Alvinczy,  Joseph  von,  Austrian 
general,  .\75. 

Hunfalvy,  PdJ,  Hungarian  philologist,  born. 
1611  Oct.  22.  Iiiszt,  Francis,  Hungarian 
pianist,  composer,  born. 

Hyrtl,  .Josepli,  anatomist,  born. 

Kittrow,  Karl  Ludwig,  astronomer,  born. 

Teleki,  KadislauB,  patriot,  born. 

Katona,  Istian  or  Stephen,  Hungarian  his- 
torian, A79. 

1812  *  *Garay,Jano5,  Hungarian  poet,  born. 
Kmety,  Geoi^e,  Hungarian-Turkish  general, 

born. 

1813  ♦  *  Sumor,  Janos,  Cardinal,  born. 
Kotvos,  J6sef,  Baron,  born. 

Miklosich,  Franz,  Styrian  philologist,  born. 
1814*  *  FuUzky,  Francis  Aurelius,  Hunga- 
rian patriot,  author,  born. 
Heller,  Stephen,  composer,  born. 
Ligne,  rte,  Karl  Joseph,  Prince,  general,  A79. 

1815  *  ♦  Dudik,  Beda  Franz,  historian,  born. 

1816  ♦  *  Ambros,  August  Wilhelm,  historian, 
born. 

1817  *  *  Albrecbt,  Frederich  Rudolph,  Arch- 
duke, general,  born. 

1818*  *  Gasser,  Valborn  Joseph,  sculptor, 
von,  born, 
(lorgey,  Arthur,  Hungarian  gen.,  born. 
Barach,  Moritz,  novelist  and  poet,  born. 
Abel,  Joseph,  painter,  ASO. 

1819  *  *  Arany,  Joinos,  Hungarian  poet,  b. 

1820  •  *  Klapka,  Gyorgy,  Hungarian  gen.,  b. 
Schwarzenlwrg,  Karl  P.  von,  marshal,  A49. 
llartsch,  Johann  A.  B.  von,  engraver,  Ab3. 

1821  *  *  Scherzer,  Karl  von,  traveler  and 
publicist,  born. 

1822  *  *  Fetofl,  Sandor,  poet,  born. 

1833    Mar.  8.    Andrdasy,  Gyula  (Julius), 

Hungarian  statesman,  born. 
1825  *  •  Jokai,Maura8,  Hung,  novelist,  born. 
Cha8teler,du,  Jean  G.J. A., Marquis, general, 

A62. 
Bubna  Littiz,  Ferdinand,  Count,  gen.,  A52. 

1827  *  *  Tegethoff,  Wilhelm  von,  Baron,  b. 

1828  Oct.  32.  Mack.  Ijeiberlch  Karl 
von.  Baron,  general,  A76. 

1829  •  *  Czermak,  Johann  Nepomuk,  Bohe- 
mian physiologist,  born. 

Gindelv,  Anton,  historian,  born. 
Kisfaludy,    KArolv,    Hungarian   dramatist, 

A40. 
Pobrowski,  Josef,  Bohemian  author,  A76. 

1830  July  20.  Janauschek,  Francesca, 
M.  R.  (Fanny).  Bohemian  actor,  born. 

Francis  Joseph,  Ktnperor,  born  Aug.  18. 

1831  *   •  Beer,  Adolf,  Austrian  historian,  b. 

1832  •  *  Goltmark,  Karl.  Hungarian  com- 
poser, horn. 

Zach,  Franz  Xaver  von,  astronomer,  A78. 
lAub,  Ferdinand,  violinist,  born. 


1834*   *  Senefelder,  Aloys,  Austrian  Inventor 
of  lithography,  dies  at  Munich,  A63. 

1835  Mar.  2.     Francis  I.,  Emperor,  A67. 

1836  *  •  Sacher-Masoch,    Leopold     U.     von, 
novelist,  born. 

1838*   *  Kolcsey,  Ferencz,  Hungarian  poet, 
orator,  critic,  A48. 
Jagic,  Vatroslay,  Croatian  philologist,  born. 
1839*  *  Fessler,  Ignaz  Aurelius,  Hungarian 
author,  A55. 
Peschka-Leutner,  Minna,  Austrian  singer,  b. 
1840*  *  Leitner,  Gottlieb  Wilhelm,  Hunga- 
rian linguist,  born. 
1842  *  *  Csoma  de  Koros  S.  H.,  scholar,  A52. 
Uifalvy,  de,  Charles  Eugene,  Hungarian  lin- 
guist, born. 
1844*  *  Gansbacher,  Johann,  Austrian  com- 
poser, A  34. 
Kisfaludy,  Sandor,  Hungarian  poet,  A72. 
Denifl6,   Friedrich  H.  S-,  Tyrolese  philoso- 
pher, Donunican,  born. 

1845  *   *  Ddczi,  Lajos,  Hungarian  poet,  born. 
1847     Dec*   Maria    Louisa,     Empress    of 

France,  Duchess  of  Parma,  A60. 

Holnb,  Emil,  Bohemian  traveler,  born. 

Charles,  or  Karl,  Archduke  of  Austria,  com- 
mander, A  76. 

Jungmann,  Joseph  Jakob,  Bohemian  philol- 
ogist, A74. 

CHURCH. 

1816  Dec.  23.  Hung.  Bible  societies 
are  prohibited. 

1819  *  *  Amf.  The  Marburg  Bible  so- 
ciety is  organized. 

1846  *  *  /(.    Pius  IX.  is  pope. 

1848*  *  Aust.  The  Jesuits  are  ex- 
pelled. 

LETTERS. 

1810*  *  Aust.  The  University  of  Salz- 
burg is  suppressed. 

*  *  -12  *  *  Vienna.  Anatomy  and  Physi- 
ology of  the  Nervous  System,  and  of  tht^ 
Brain  in  particular,  is  published  by  Drs. 
Gall  and  Spurzheim,  phrenologists. 

1811  ♦  ♦  Prussia.  The  University  of 
Breslau  is  enlarged  by  the  incorpora- 
tion of  that  of  Frank fort-on-the-Oder  iu 
Silesia. 

1816  *  *  Silesia.  The  University  of 
Cracow  is  opened  on  an  independent 
basis. 

1817  *  *  Bohemia.  Venceslav  Hanka  dis- 
covers the  Rukopis  Kralodworsky  in  a 
church  steeple  at  Kndsinhof;  it  com- 
prises 14  lyric  poems  written  between 
1290  and  1310. 

*  *  -41  *  *  Tudomdnyos  gyiljet^nUny  is 
issued. 

1825  *  *  Hung.  The  Himgarian  Acad- 
emy is  established  by  the  Diet. 

1827  *  *  Casopis  Ceskebo  Museum  is  is- 
sued. 

1835  *  *  Griseldis,  by  Eligius  F.  J. 
Miinch-Bellinghausen,  appears. 

1841  *  *  The  King  and  the  Peasant,  by 
Miiuch-Bellinghausen,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1810  Mar.  11.  Aust.  Emperor  Na- 
poleon  Bonaparte  marries  the  Arch- 
duchess Maria  Iiouisa,  daughter  of  the 
Emperor  of  Au-stria,  by  proxy,  at  Vienna. 

Apr.  2.  Paris.  Napoleon  marries 
]\Iaria  Louisa  of  Austria. 

1815  Feb.  8.  Vienna.  Tlie  Congress 
determines  to  abolish  slavery. 

*  *  Austria  unites  iu  the  Pentarcby  of 
Great  Powers,  and  she  becomes  an  ef- 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.    1810, Feb.* -1848, May  15.   521 


fective  enemy  of  popular  liberty  in 
various  parts  of  Europe. 
'       1819  *  •  Aust.    The    Emperor    ennobles 
the   family  of    Andreas    Hofer,   the 
Tyrolese  patriot-martyr. 

STATE. 

1810  Apr.  2.  Paris.  Napoleon  mar- 
ries Maria  Xouisa,  daughter  of  Francis 

1.  of  Austria  and  Maria  Theresa  of 
Naples. 

1812  •  *  Austria  is  obliged  to  enter  an 
alliance  with  France  against  Kussia. 

1813  Feb.  *  Prussia  and  Russia  invite 
Austria  to  enter  the  Alliance  of  Kalish 
against  France. 

*  *  Austria  enters  the  Coalition,  agree- 
ing to  furnish  an  army  of  200,000  men. 

Aug.  12.  Austria,  having  failed  as  a 
peacemaker,  declares  war  against 
France. 

Sept.  9.    Bohemia.    An   Alliance   is 

formed  at  Teplitz  against  France, 

between  Austria,  Prussia,  and  Russia. 

1.  The  union    to  be  maintained  and 

the  territories  of  each  to  be  guaranteed. 

2.  Each  to  assist  the  others  to  the  extent 
of  60,000  men  or  more.  3.  No  separate 
peace  or  armistice  to  be  made.  Secret 
articles  provide  for  the  restoration  of 
Austrian  and  Prussian  boundaries  as 
they  were  in  1805. 

Oct.  8.    Aust.    The  Treaty  of  Ried  is 

entered  between  Austria  and  Bavaria, 
which  abandons  Napoleon,  and  joins  the 
alliance  against  him,  and  is  to  have  her 
territories  maintained. 
Oct.  17.  By  the  defeat  of  Napoleon  at 
Leipsic,  Germany  regains  her  inde- 
pendence and  the  Confederation  of 
the  Rhine  is  dissolved. 

1814  Sept.  *  -1815  June  9.  The 
Congress  of  Vienna  settles  the  con- 
flicting boundary  claims  of  several 
States. 

The  emperors  of  Austria  and  Russia, 
the  kings  of  Prussia,  Denmark,  Bavaria, 
and  Wurtemberg,  and  very  many  princes, 
are  present  in  person.    (See  France.) 

Nov.  1.  Aust.  A  general  conference 
is  held  at  Vienna. 

1815  Mar.  13.  Austria  joins  seven 
other  powers  in  proclaiming  the  ban 
against  ISTapoleon. 

JMCar.  23.  Vienna.  The  Treaty  of 
Vienna  is  signed  ;  Italian  provinces  ase 
restored  to  Austria  with  additions  in- 
cluding :  — 

Lombardy,  Venice,  Illyrian  Provinces, 
Dalmatia,  the  T;?rol,  Vorarlberg,  Salz- 
burg, the  Innviertel  and  Hansruck- 
viertel.  ^ 

Mar.  25.  Vienna.  Austria,  Great  Brit- 
ain, Prussia,  and  Russia  conclude  a  new 
alliance,  and  each  agrees  to  furnish  an 
army  of  180,000  men,  and  all  Europe  is 
invited  to  join  them. 

May  15.  Vienna.  By  the  Treaty  of 
Vienna,  the  allies  agree  to  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  Dutch  territories  in  the 
Netherlands  and  vesting  their  sover- 
eignty in  the  House  of  Orange. 

June  14.  Vienna.  By  the  Treaty  of 
Vienna,  Denmark    exchanges    Swe- 


dish Fomerania  and  Rugen  for  Lau- 
reuburg,  Prussia. 

Sept.  26.  The  Holy  Alliance  is  formed 
between  the  emperors  of  Austria,  Rus- 
sia, and  the  Kingdom  of  Prussia,  on  a 
theoretical  basis  favoring  morality 
and  rehgion.  [It  soon  becomes  an  al- 
liance for  the  protection  of  absolute 
monarchy.] 

Nov.  20.  PartA.  The  Second  Peace  of 
Paris  is  signed.    (See  France.) 

Nov.  27.  Galicia.  A  new  constitution 
is  granted  for  Poland,  and  Cracow  is 
declared  to  be  a  free  republic. 

*  *  Axtst.  West  Galicia  is  recovered  by 
Austria. 

1819  Aug.l.  Bohemia.  A  Congress  of 
ministers  assembles  at  Karlsbad ; 
Prince  Clemens  W.  Mettemich  of 
Austria  is  the  leader. 

It  resolves  on  the  supervision  of  uni- 
versities, and  unites  in  the  censorship 
of  the  press. 

1820  May*  Aust.  The  final  Act  of 
Vienna  is  signed. 

Oct.  20.  Aust.  The  Emperors  Fran- 
cis I.  and  Alexander  of  Russia  meet  at 
Troppau. 

Nov.  10.  Aust.  The  Emperors  meet. 
[Dec.  17.    They  adjourn  to  Laibach.] 

1821  Jan.  *  Aust,  The  Congress  of 
Laibach. 

The  Emperors  of  Russia  and  Austria, 
the  King  of  the  two  Sicilies,  the  Duke  of 
Modena,  with  representatives  of  France, 
Great  Britain,  Prussia,  Sardinia,  and 
other  states,  resolve  to  intervene  in 
Piedmont  and  Naples  for  the  repression 
of  revolutions.    (See  Army.) 

1822  Oct.  *-Dec.*/^  Congress  of 
Verona. 

The  sovereigns  of  Prussia,  Austria, 
Russia,  and  the  Two  Sicilies,  and  Sar- 
dinia, with  tlie  Duke  of  Wellington,  the 
Duke  of  Montmorency,  Prince  Metter- 
nich,  and  others  ;  Mettemich  presides. 
It  considers  the  Grecian  and  Spanish 
disturbances. 

1825  *  *  Hung.    The  Diet  meets. 

1828  *  *  Austria  joins  with  England  in 
interference  to  prevent  the  fall  of 
Constantinople,  and  in  bringing  about 
peace. 

1830  July*  It.  In  Lombardy  30,000 
troops  are  required  to  maintain  Im- 
perial authority. 

1833  *  *  Bohemia.  The  sotvereigns  of 
Austria,  Prussia,  and  Russia  meet  at 
MUnchengratz. 

*  *  Bohemia.  A  Ministerial  confer- 
ence assembles  at  Teplitz. 

*  *  The  Zollverein,  or  German  Cus- 
toms Union  of  the  North  German 
States,  is  founded. 

1834  *  *  Aiist.  Ministerial  conference 
at  Vienna. 

1835  Mar.  2.  Aust.  Emperor  Ferdi- 
nand I.  succeeds  his  father  (Ferdinand 
V.  of  Hungary). 

Mettemich,  the  Prime  Minister,  is  the 
leader  of  the  reaction  throughout  Eu- 
rope in  favor  of  absolute  monarchy; 
censorship  of  the  press  and  the  require- 
ment of  passports  are  strictly  enforced. 


1838  July  3.  Aust.  A  new  commer- 
cial treaty  is  entered  with  England. 

1840  *  *  A  ustria  joins  an  alliance  against 
Mehemed  Ali.    (See  Germany.) 

*  *  The  armed  intervention  of  England 
and  Austria  forces  the  viceroy  of  Egypt 
to  surrender  his  high  claims  in  Syria, 
and  content  himself  with  the  hereditary 
rule  over  Egypt,  under  the  over-lordship 
of  Turkey. 

1846  Feb.  22-27.  Silesia.  An  at- 
tempted revolution  in  Austrian  Po- 
land fails. 

*  *  Aust.  The  Court  is  alarmed  by  an  in- 
surrection in  Galicia  against  repres- 
sion. 

Nov.  16.  The  Courts  of  Austria,  Russia, 
and  Prussia  revoke  the  treaty  of  Vi- 
enna; Austria  occupies  Cracow. 

It  constitutes  Cracow  a  free  republic, 
and  it  is  declared  Austrian  territory. 
[England,  France,  Sweden,  and  Turkey 
protest  against  this  annexation.] 

1847  Mar.  23.  Aust.  Charles  Al- 
bert, King  of  Sardinia,  enters  Milan. 

Oct.  3.  Hung.  Ban  Jellachich  is  ap- 
pointed governor. 

1848  *  *  -49  *  •  Uprising  of  the  Hun- 
garians for  independence. 

Mar.  4.    Hung.    A  new  constitution   is 

promulgated. 
Mar.  *  The  rebellion  spreads  into  Tyrol 

and  Lombardy  and  into  Germany. 

Mar.  13-15.  Vienna.  Popular  agitation 
for  reforms  and  a  liberal  constitution 
becomes  violent;  the  Viennese  follow 
the  example  of  the  Hungarians,  and  the 
monarchy  is  in  great  peril  ;  Prince  Met- 
temich, the  Minister,  resigns,  and  flees 
the  city,  which  falls  into  the  control  of 
the  burgher-guard  and  the  students. 

*  *  Hung.  Louis  Kossuth  and  Count 
Batthyanyi  are  at  the  head  of  the  pro- 
visional government  in  Hungary. 

Mar.  18.  //.  The  Emperor,  from  his 
refuge  in  Milan,  abolishes  the  censor- 
ship of  the  press,  and  calls  a  conven- 
tion of  the  states. 

Mar.  23.    //.    Austrians  evacuate  Milan, 

and   Sardinians,  led    by    King    Charles 

Albert,  enter. 
Apr.  *  The    Hungarians*  demand   for  a 

separate  Ministry  is  granted    by  the 

Emperor. 

May  15.  Vienna.  A  second  outbreak 
forces  the  convening  of  a  Constituent 
Diet. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1814  *  *  Aust.  The  state  factories  begin 
the  manufacttn-e  of  cigars,  which  are 
not  yet  commonly  seen  in  Europe. 

1828  *  *  Aust.  Two  Englishmen  form  a 
steamboat  company  for  the  navigation 
of  the  Danube. 

1830*  * /lung.  Steamboats  run  between 
Vienna  and  Budapest  in  Hungary. 

1832  *  *  Aust.  A  railroad  is  built  con- 
necting Budweis  and  Lintz. 

1834*  *  Hung.  Steamboats  descend  the 
Danube  as  far  as  Orbova. 


522     1848,  May  17-1850,**      AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1848  May  29.  It.  The  army  of  Charles 
Albert,  Iving  of  Sardinia,  defeats  the 
Austrians  under  Marshal  Joseph  Weii- 
zel  Kadetzky  at  Goito ;  the  latter  re- 
treat. 

Bohemia.     An  insurrection  breaks 

out  at  Prague. 

Jvme  15.  It.  Padua  surrenders  to 
the  Austrians. 

July  20.  Bohemia.  The  insurgents  at 
Prague  submit,  and  the  state  of  siege 
is  raised. 

July  25.  //.  The  Sardinian  army 
(25,000)  is  defeated  by  Austrians  (33,000) 
under  Marshal  Kadetzky  at  Custozza. 

Aug.  4.  //.  Milan  is  retaken  by  the 
Austrian  army. 

Aug.  9-49.  Mar.  20.  //.  A  truce  is 
declared. 

Sept.  11.  Hung.  The  Hungarians,  after 
much  agitation  for  civil  rights,  which 
are  refused  by  Austrians,  rise  in  re- 
bellion. 

Sept,  29.  Ilimg.  The  Hungarians  at 
Velencze  defeat  Baron  von  Jellachich, 
the  Ban  of  Croatia,  who  fights  in  the 
interests  of  the  Imperial  Government. 

Oct.  11.  Henna.  The  Hungarians 
approach  within  six  miles  of  A'ienna ; 
the  emperor  flees  from  the  city. 

Oct.  16.  Hung.  Alfred  Zu,  Prince 
Windischgratz,  is  appointed  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  Austrians. 

Oct.  23.  Vienna.  Windischgratz  and 
Jellachich  with  100,000  men  besiege  the 
Hungarians  at  Vienna. 

Oct.  27.  Aust.  Kossuth  withdraws 
his  army  from  near  Vienna. 

Oct.  28.  Aust.  Vienna  is  bombarded 
by  Windischgratz  and  the  Ban  Jel- 
lachich ;  the  city  is  set  on  fire  in  many 
places. 

Oct.  30.  Hung.  Jellachich  defeats  and 
routs  the  army  of  Hungarians  sent  to 
relieve  Vienna,  at  Schwechat. 

Oct.  31.  Aust.  Vienna  is  taken  by 
storm  by  Windischgratz  after  severe 
fighting. 

Dec.  21.  Hung.  The  Hungarians  are 
defeated  by  the  Austrians  at  Szaikszo. 

Dec.  29.  Hung.  The  Hungarians  under 
Gen.  Perczel  are  again  defeated  at 
Moor  by  the  Ban  Jellachich. 

1849  Jan.  *  Hungary  is  entered  by 
an  Austrian  army. 

Jan.  5.  Hung.  Budapest  is  taken  by 
Prince  Windischgratz, 

Jan.  21.  Transylvania.  The  Austrians 
are  defeated  at  Hermannstadt  by  the 
Polish  Gen.  Joseph  Bern. 

Feb.  4.  Transylvania.  Gen.  Bern  is 
defeated  by  Austrians  under  Gen.  Pulch- 
ner  at  Hermannstadt. 

Feb.  9.  At  Piski  the  Austrians  defeat 
the  Hungarians  under  Gen.  Bern. 

Feb.  14.  Hung.  The  Austrianstakethe 
fortress  of  Essek  from  Hungarians. 

Feb.  26,  27.  Hung.  The  Hungarians 
under  Gen.  Henryk  Dembinsky  are  dis- 
astrously defeated  at  Kapolna. 


Mar.  5.    Hung,    The  Hungarians  under 
Gen.   Janos  Damjanies  defeat  the 
Austrians    under    Gen.    Grammont    at 
Szolnok. 
Mar.  11,  20.     Transylvania.     Himgari- 
ans   under  Gen.  Bem   defeat  and  rout 
the  Russian   allies  at  Hermannstadt 
and  Brasso. 
Mar.  21.    U.    Austrians  under  the  Arch- 
duke Albert  defeat  the  Sardinians  under 
the  Duke  of  Genoa  at  Mortara. 
Mar.  23.     H.    Austrians  under  Marshal 
Joseph  W.  Kadetzky  defeat  the  Sardini- 
ans under  Charles  Albert  at  Novara, 
and  compel  the  conclusion  of  a  peace. 
Mar.  25.    The  armistice  of  seven 
months  expires,  and  tlie  war  with  Den- 
mark is  resumed.    (See  Germany.) 
Mar.  30.    //.    Gen.  von  Haynau  with 
the  Imperialists  takes  and  sacks  Bres- 
cia, after  a  great  and  bloody  battle  ;  he 
treats  his  prisoners  with  great  cruelty. 
Apr.  2.    Hung.    The  Austrians  are  de- 
feated at  Hatvan  by  the  Hungarians. 
Apr,  4.    Hung.     Tlie  Austrians   are  de- 
feated    at    Lapio-Bicske.      [Apr.    C. 
Again  at  Isaszeg.] 
Apr.  6.    Hung.    The     Austrians     under 
Prince  Windischgratz  are  defeated  at 
Godollo  by  the  Hungarians  under  Gen. 
Giirgey. 
Apr.  10.    Hung.    Austrians  are  defeated 

at  "Waitzen  by  the  Hixngarians. 
Apr.  18.    Hung.    The  Imperialists  are 

defeated  at  Gran. 
May  1.    BuBsia  decides  to  join  Austria 

against  Hungary. 
May  16.    It.    Bologna  is  taken  by  the 
Austrians,  after  a  siege  of  eight  days. 
May  21.    Hung.    The  Hungarians  under 
Gen.  Giirgey  storm  and  capture  Buda. 
[July  *  Recaptured.] 
June*  Hung.    Julius  Jakob,  Baron  von 
Haynau,  takes  command  of  the  Aus- 
trian army. 
June  *  Hung.    A  Kussian  army  of  l.iO- 
000  men  crosses  the  frontier  to  aid  tlie 
Austrians. 
June  18.    //.    Ancona  is  taken  by  Aus- 
trians after  a  bombardment. 
Jtme  19.     Transylvania.     Hungarians 
under  (ien.  Bem,  outnumbered  three  to 
one,  are  defeated  by  the  Russians  at 
Hermannstadt. 
June  28.    Hung.    Haab  is  stormed  and 

taken  by  the  Austrians. 
July  14      Hung.    Baron  von  Jellachich 

is  defeated  at  Hegyes. 
July  15-17.    Hung.    An    indecisive  ac- 
tion occurs  at  "Waitzen  between  the 
Russians  and  the  Hungarians  under 
Gen.  Giirgey. 
July  31.     Hung.    The  Iliuigarians  under 
Gen.  Bem  are  defeated  at  Schassburg 
by  the  Russians  under  Gen.  LUders. 
July*  Hung.    The  Hungarians  are  de- 
feated at  Acs.    Budapest  is  recovered 
by  the  Austrians. 
Aug.  5.   Hung.   Hungarians  under  Coimt 
Dembinsky  are  defeated  by  Baron  von 
Haynau  at  Szorek. 


Aug.  9.  Hung.  Hungarians  are  again 
defeated  at  Temesvar  by  Baron  von 
Haynau;  the  Hungarian  army  is  almost 
destroyed. 

Aug.  11.  Hung.  The  Hungarians  are 
defeated  at  Arad. 

Aug.  13.  Hung.  Gen.  Arthur  Giirgey, 
after  being  made  dictator  (Aug.  11)  by 
the  resignation  of  Kossuth  and  others, 
surrenders  at  Vilagos  to  the  Russian 
Gen.  Rudiger;  the  Hungarian  army 
numbers  24,(XXt  men  with  140  guns.  j^He 
is  regarded  as  a  traitor  by  the  Himga- 
rians.] 

Aug.  23.  U.  Venice  is  taken  by  the 
Austrians  under  Marshal  Radetzky, 
after  a  long  siege. 

Sept.  27.  Hung.  Komorn  yields,  and 
the  Htmgarian  war  ends  in  the  sup- 
pression of  the  revolution. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1848  *  *  Blum,    Robert,    political    agitator, 
writer,  shot  at  Vienna,  A41. 

Lembery,  Count,  killed  at  Peath. 
Lenz,  Oskar,  geologist,  born. 
Hormayr,  Joseph  von,  Baron,  Tyrolese  his- 
torian, AfjT. 
Dec.  2.    Francis  Joseph,  emperor,  born. 

1849  *   *  Entilicher,  Stephan  Lad isla us,  Hun- 
garian botanist,  dies  Jlar.  28,  A45. 

Petofl,  Sandor,  Hungarian  poet,  A27. 

Aulich,  Louis,  Hungarian  general,  A57. 

IJatthyanyi,  Louis,  Count,  Hungarian  pa- 
triot, A40. 

Sept.  25.  Strauss,  Johann,  Austrian 
musical  composer,  dies,  A45. 

1850  Dec.   10.     Bem,  Joseph,  Polish  gen- 
eral in  Hungarian  service,  dies,  A&5. 

Janisoh,  Antonie,  musician,  born. 
Gyrowetz,   Adalbert,  Bohemian  composer, 
A  87. 

SOCIETY. 

1849  *  *  Austria  has  530  public  hospi- 
tals, 40  lunatic  asylums,  40  lying-in 
establishments,  33  foundling  hospitals, 
1,351  institutions  for  aged  indigent  per- 
sons, and  7,173  poor-houses. 


STATE. 

1848  May  17.  Aust.  Ferdinand  and 
the  empress  flee  to  Innsbruck,  and 
find  personal  safety  among  their  faith- 
ful Tyrolese. 

May  18-49.  *  *  Prussia.  The  German 
National  Assembly  meets  at  Frank- 
fort, and  creates  a  provisional  Parlia- 
ment. [It  is  disturbed  by  the  strife  of 
factions.] 

Tlie  Assembly  meets  in  the  church  of 
St.  Paul,  and  proceeds  in  t!ie  effort  to 
prepare  a  constitution  for  the  Cermaa 
Empire,  which  shall  be  harmonious  with 
the  governments  of  all  the  states. 

May  20.  Hung.  The  Ban  of  Croatia 
summons  the  Diet  of  the  Croatian- 
Slavonic  nation. 

REVOLUTION. 

May  25.  Aust.  An  attempt  to  dis- 
solve the  Academic  Ijeg:ion  creates  a 
riot,  and  streets  of  Vienna  are  barri- 
caded. 

A  committee  of  guards,  citizens,  and 
students  is  formed  to  preserve  order  and 
is  finally  legalized  by  the  Prime  Minis- 
ter, and  it  assumes  the  authority  of  gov- 
ernment. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.    1848,  May  17-1850,*  *     523 


May  29.  Gtr.  The  Archduke  John 
of  Austria  is  elected  Administrator  of 
the  Empire  at  Frankfort. 

Jvine  2.  /ioht-mia.  An  anti-German 
gathering,  meeting  at  Prague,  is  called 
the  Slavonic  Congress. 

It  aims  to  unite  the  Slavoni*'!  people 
of  Austria  to  resist  the  extension  of 
German  culture  and  influence. 

June*  Prussia.  The  President  of  the 
National  Assembly  at  Frankfort  is 
Baron  Heinrich  von  Gagern  of  Bai- 
reuth  ;  he  favors  the  union  of  the  Ger- 
man States  on  the  basis  of  the  exclusion 
of  Austria.  Four  parties  appear  in  the 
Assembly. 

June  11.  Prussi^a.  The  Archduke 
John  enters  Frankfort. 

Anton  Von  Schmerling  of  Austria  is 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  and  the  In- 
terior. [The  Ministry  soon  discovers 
that  it  lacks  authority.] 

June  12.  Bohemia.  An  uprising  of 
the  Czechs  in  Prague  is  suppressed  by 
Gen.  Alfred  Zu  Windischgratz. 

June  *  Aust.  The  emperor  returns 
from  Innsbruck. 

June  *  Hung.  The  Hungarians  change 
the  seat  of  government  to  Sezegedin. 

July  22.  Vienna.  The  first  Reichstag 
meets. 

[The  Biet  declares  its  sittings  per- 
manent, and  elects  a  Conmiittee  of 
Safety ;  it  is  later  forced  to  remove 
from  Vienna,  and  is  established  at 
Kremsier,  Moravia.] 

Sept.  11.  Hung.  A  counter  revolu- 
tion, chiefly  by  Slavonians,  is  led  by 
Jellachich,  Ban  of  Croatia. 

It  is  instigated  and  supported  by  the 
Austrian  government  and  in  opposition 
to  Hungary.     (See  Army.) 

Sept.  28.  Hung.  Count  Iiamberg,  the 
military  governor,  is  murdered  by  a  mob 
at  Budapest. 

The  Hungarian  Diet  appoints  a  pro- 
visional government  under  the  patri- 
ots liouis  Kossuth  and  Ijouis  Batthy- 
anyi. 
Oct.  6.  Aust.  The  emperor  openly  de- 
clares against  the  Hungarians. 

He  annuls  the  decrees  of  the  Biet, 
suspends  the  civil  authorities,  and  makes 
Jellachich,  the  anti-Hungarian  revolter, 
the  commander  of  the  Austrian  army. 

*  *  Hung.  The  Biet  denies  the  authority 
of  the  emperor,  organizes  a  Commit- 
tee of  Safety,  with  Xx>uis  Kossuth, 
president. 

Vienna.    A  second  insurrection 

breaks  out. 

The  garrison  departs  to  suppress  the 
Hungarians,  and  a  revolt  follows.  A 
deputation  asks  their  return,  and  being 
refused,  the  people  take  the  arsenal  by 
storm,  and  murder  Count  Latour,  the 
Minister  of  War. 

Oct.  *  Aust.  The  National  Diet  peti- 
tions the  emperor  for  a  new  Ministry, 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  against  the 
Hungarians,  and  the  dismissal  of  Jella- 
chich, with  amnesty  for  rioters. 

Oct.  7.  Aust.  The  emperor  returns  an 
evasive  address,  and  [flees  to  Olmiiti^, 
Moravia.] 


Oct.  11.    Aust.    The  Hungarian  army 

approaches  within  six  miles  of  the  city. 

Wov.  2.  Vienna.  The  Imperialists  are 
in  possession. 

Dec.  1.  Francis  Joseph,  son  of  Arch- 
duke Francis  Charles  by  the  Princess 
Sophia,  daughter  of  Maximilian  I.  of 
Bavaria,  is  declared  of  age. 

Dec.  2.  Aust.  Ferdinand  abdicates 
the  throne  of  the  Empire  in  favor  of  his 
nephew  Francis  Joseph,  his  brother 
Francis  Charles  having  declined  it. 

Beign  of  Francis  Joseph,  Emperor 
of  Austriaand  King  of  Hungary.  [The 
emperor  at  the  i)resent  time.] 

Dec.  5.  Prus.  The  National  Assem- 
bly is  dissolved,  and  substituted  by  a 
constitution  providing  for  two  cham- 
bers, the  second  elected  by  universal 
and  equal  suffrage. 

Dec.  8.  Hung.  The  Diet  refuses  to  rec- 
ognize the  abdication  of  Ferdinand  I. 

It  denounces  as  traitors  all  who  ac- 
knowledge tlie  Kmperor  of  Austria  as 
the  King  of  Hungary. 

•  *  Hungary  is  treated  as  a  conquered 
country,  and  subjected  to  great  cruel- 
ties. ' 

1849  Mar.  4.  Aust.  The  emperor  dis- 
solves the  Austrian  Reichstag  at  Krem- 
sier, arrests  its  liberal  members,  gives  a 
new  constitution  of  his  own  for  Aus- 
tria, and  abolishes  the  ancient  Hunga- 
rian constitution,  annihilating  the  in- 
dependence of  Hungary,  and  making  it 
a  Crown  land  of  Austria. 

Apr.  14.  Hungary  declares  herself 
free.  On  motion  of  Kossuth  the  Biet 
deposes  the  House  of  Hapsburg-Lor- 
raine.  Kossuth  is  made  governor  of 
Hungary. 

Apr.  26.  Hung.  Russian  interven- 
tion in  aid  of  Austria  against  Hungary 
is  agreed  upon. 

May  *  Prussia.  A  party  in  the  German 
National  Assembly  at  Frankfort  at- 
tempts to  form  (^Jermany  into  an  inte- 
gral empire,  from  which  Austria  is 
excluded. 

*  *  Bosnia.    A  rebellion  breaks  out. 
May*  Prussia.    Many  representatives 

to  the  Parliament  of  Frankf<)rt  are  re- 
called.   [It  adjourns  to  Stuttgart.] 

June  18.  WUrtemberg.  TherumpPar- 
Uament  at  Stuttgart,  having  dwindled 
in  number  and  influence,  is  dispersed  by 
the  WUrtemberg  government. 

June  *  Prussia.  It  is  decided  that  the 
.  administrator  of  the  German  states  shall 
be  superseded  by  a  central  power  to  be 
executed  by  Austria  and  Prussia  al- 
ternately, **for  the  German  Con- 
federacy." 

Aug.  11.  Hung.  Kossuth  accuses  Giir- 
gey  of  treachery  in  surrendering  the 
army,  resigns  his  office,  and  retires  into 
esdle. 

Aug.*  Aust.  The  whole  Ijombard- 
Venetian  kingdom  is  again  subject 
to  Austria. 


Aug.  21.  Hung.  The  patriots  Kossuth, 
Bem,  and  others  flee  to  Turkey,  and 
are  protected  at  New  Orsova. 

Oct.  6.  Hung.  Count  Batthyanyi,  a 
conservative  Hungarian,  is  executed  at 
Budapest,  and  13  patriots  at  Arad,  who 
had  voluntarily  surrendered  ;  Gorgey  is 
spared. 

Oct.  19.  Hung.  Amnesty  is  granted  to 
patriots  who  return  from  their  refuges. 

*  *Aust.  Prince  Felix  Schwarzenberg 
resumes  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

1850  ♦  *  Prussia  advocates  a  German 
Federal  State  with  Austria  excluded. 

Feb.  27.  Bavaria.  A  treaty  is  signed 
at  Munich  by  Austria,  Bavaria,  Saxony, 
and  WUrtemberg,  for  the  maintenance 
of  the  German  Union. 

Mar.  20.  Saxmy.  The  Parliament  of 
Erfurt  (Central  Germany)  is  opened, 
and  proceeds  to  consider  a  new  German 
Union.  [Apr.  27.  It  concludes  its  dis- 
cussions.] 

May  9-16.  Prussia.  A  congress  of 
German  princes  assembles  in  Berlin. 
The  opposition  of  the  Elector  of  Hesse- 
Cassel,  Frederick  William  I.,  to  the  pro- 
posed union  is  made  known. 

Sept.  2.  Prussia.  Austria  attempts  to 
frustrate  the  plans  of  Prussia  by 
means  of  the  Frankfort  Parliament, 
which  reopens,  with  representatives 
from  Austria,  Bavaria,  Saxony,  Han- 
over, WUrtemberg,  and  other  states. 

Sept.  7.  Prussia.  Hesse-Casselispro- 
nounced  in  a  state  of  war  by  the 
elector  ;  resistance  is  given  to  the  un- 
popular Minister,  Hassenpfiug,  and  other 
officials,  and  the  courts. 

Oct.  2.  Prussia.  The  Biet  appoints 
General  Haynau  miHtary  dictator 
in  the  electorate  of  Hesse. 

Oct.  14.  Prussia.  The  Elector  of 
Hesse-Cassel  formally  applies  to  the 
Frankfort  Biet  of  Princes  for  assistance 
to  reestablish  his  authority  in  Hesse. 

Nov.  6.  Prussia.  An  Austro-Bava- 
rian  force  of  10,000  men  enters  Hesse, 
and  war  is  imminent. 

Austria  delivers  her  xdtimattim  at 
Berlin,  demanding  that  Prussia  evacu- 
ate Hesse  in  eight  days,  dissolve  the 
Erfurt  League,  and  recognize  the  Biet ; 
'Frederick  William  responds  by  calling 
out  the  entire  military  fprce  of  the 
kingdom. 

Nov.  7.  Prussia.  A  Prussian  force  en- 
ters Cassel  in  the  north. 

Nov.  28,  29.  Moravia.  A  conference 
is  held  at  Olmutz,  under  the  mediation 
of  Czar  Nicholas,  respecting  Hesse-Cas- 
sel. 

Efforts  for  union  are  made,  and  Prus- 
sia, represented  by  Von  Manteuifel, 
yields  to  all  the  demands  of  Austria  rep- 
resented by  Schwarzenberg;  the  Banes 
are  to  have  Schleswig-Holstein,  and  the 
Elector  of  Hesse  is  to  be  restored  to  his 
authority, 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1850  July  18.  Galicia.  Cracow  is 
nearly  destroyed  by  fire. 


524    1851,  Feb.  17-1861,  Nov.*    AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1851  July  19.  //.  Marshal  Radetzky 
from  Mouga  declares  the  Xjombardo- 
Venetian  kingdom  to  be  iu  a  state  of 
siege. 

1853  Feb.  6±.  It.  Marshal  Radetzky 
suppresses  an  outbreak  in  Milan. 

1854  Aug.*  lioumatiia,  TbeAustrians 
enter  the  Danubian  principalities 
of  Wallachia  aud  Moldavia. 

-Sept.  6.  Itoumania.  The  Austrian  army 
enters  Bucharest,  the  capital  of  Wal- 
lachia, 

1855  June  24.  Aust.  The  army  is 
reduced  to  a  peace  footing, 

1857  Mar.  *  Austria  recallsF her  troops 
from  the  Danubian  provinces. 

1859  Feb.  *  -Mar.  *  Austria  prepares 
for  war  by  increasing  her  armies  in 
Italy,  and  fortifying  the  banks  of  the 
River  Ticino,  which  forms  the  boundary 
between  her  Itulian  provinces  and  Sar- 
dinia. 

*  *  Aust.  "War  with  France  and  Sar- 
dinia.   (See  State.) 

Apr.  26.  It.  An  Austrian  force  under 
the  Hungarian  Gen.  Franz,  Count  Ciyu- 
lai,  crosses  the  Ticino  into  Sardinia. 

Apr.  27.  It.  French  soldiers  enter 
Piedmont,  Sardinia. 

May  3.  Fr.  Emperor  Napoleon  HI. 
declares  war  against  Austria  because 
of  her  invasion  of  Italy. 

May  20.  It.  Battle  of  Montebello, 
in  Piedmont.  The  Austrians  under  Gen. 
Stadion  are  repulsed  by  the  French  un- 
der Gen.  Forey,  with  a  loss  of  1,000  killed 
and  wounded. 

May  30-June  1.  It.  The  Austrians  are 
again  defeated  at  Palestro  in  Lom- 
bard y. 

June  4.  It.  Battle  of  Magenta:  The 
Emperor  Francis  Joseph  with  75,000i: 
Austrians  is  defeated  by  55,000t  French 
and  Sardinians  led  by  Napoleon  III. 
(nominally)  and  Marshal  McMahon ;  the 
alliesMoss,  4,000  killed  and  wounded; 
the  Austrians*  loss,  10,000,  besides  7,000 
prisoners. 

June  8.  It,  The  Austrians  are  again 
defeated  at  Melegnano  near  Milan. 

June  24.  It.  Battle  of  Solferino  in 
Lombardy :  The  French  and  Sardini- 
ans, commanded  by  Napoleon  III.  and 
King  Victor  Emmanuel,  defeat  the  Aus- 
trians under  Francis  Joseph  and  Gen. 
Hess,  after  fighting  15  hours ;  Austrian 
loss,  630  officers,  19,311  soldiers ;  loss  of 
the  allies,  eight  generals,  936  officers, 
and  17,305  soldiers  killed  or  wounded. 
This  battle  closes  the  war. 

July  6.  It.  An  armistice  is  agreed  to 
between  the  French  and  Austrians. 

July  12.  Fr.  The  preliminaries  of 
peace  are  signed  at  Villafranca.  (See 
State.) 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1 85 1  *  •  Dobrentei,  Gabor,  Hungarian    au- 
thor, A  35. 
rej6r,  Gyorgy,  Hungarian  antiquary,  A  86. 


1B6S*  •  Celakowsky,    Frantisek    I^adlslar, 
Bohemian  i>oet,  Ad3. 
KolLar,  Jan,  Hungarian  poet,  scholar,  A59. 
18S3    Mar.  14.     Haynau,    Julius    Jacob 
von.  Baron,  Austrian  general,  dies,  Ab7. 
Garay,  Janos,  Hungarian  poet,  A4]. 
1854*  *  Batthyanyi,  Kasimir,  count,  states- 
man, A  47. 

1855  *  *  Sophia,  princess,  born. 

Mailatb,  Janius  Nepumuk,uuuut,  Hungarian 

historian,  A  69. 
1856*  *  Vorosmarty,     IVlilialy,     Hungarian 

poet,  A  66. 
(iisela,  princess,  born. 

1857  June  16.    Oerster.  Etelka,  Hunga- 
rian vocalist,  born. 

Czerny,  Karl,  composer,  A66. 
Sophia,  princess,  dies  at  Buda. 

1858  Jan.  5.    Radetzky,  Joseph Wenzel. 
marshal,  A92. 

Aug.  3 1 .     Kudoli)ti,  arcliiluke,  born, 
rfeiffer,  Ida  Laura,  Austrian  lady  traveler, 

A6I. 
Chntet,  Joseph,  Austrian  historian,  A60. 
Negrelll-Moldelbe,  Aloys  von,  engineer,  A59. 

1859  Mar.  10.     Jellachich.  von,  Joseph, 
de  Buzin,  ban  of  Croatia,  general,  A5H. 

June  11.  Metternich,  Clemens  "Wenzel 
Iiothar  von,  prince,  diplomatist,  ctiief 
minister,  A86. 

1860  *  *  Szechenyi,   Istvan,   count,    Hunga- 
rian statesman,  A  69. 

Kraitsir,  Charles,  pliilologist,  A54. 

CHURCH. 

1852  Jan.  1.  It  is  announced  that  the 
emperor  has  restored  the  Roman 
Catholic  clergy  to  influence,  and  re- 
established the  Jesuits. 

1856  Aug.  *  The  emperor  signs  a 
concordat  with  the  Pope,  giving  the 
Church  of  Rome  greater  power  than 
it  ever  had  before ;  the  clergy  are  to 
have  unlimited  control  of  all  ecclesias- 
tical and  educational  matters. 

1858  *  *  Bokemia.  T.  Mertel  is  conse- 
crated cardinal  deacon  and  vice- 
chancellor  of  Bohemia. 

1860  Jan.  6-10  and  Feb.  18.  Aust. 
Decrees  are  issued  removing  Jewish 
disabilities. 

1861  Apr.  8.  Civil  and  political  rights 
of  Protestants  are  assured  throughout 
the  entire  Empire,  except  In  Hungary 
and  Venice. 

LETTERS. 
1851*  *Au8t.  There  are  262  colleges 
(Gymnasia)  and  38  schools  for  the  study 
of  the  technical  sciences,  12  agricultural 
schools,  three  mining-schools,  and  11 
academies  of  midwifery,  10  universi- 
ties, eight  academies  for  technical  sci- 
ences, five  mining  and  agricultural  acad- 
emies, and  nine  academies  of  surgery. 

1853  *  *  Ziva  is  issued. 

1855  Aug.  18.  A  decree  is  promul- 
gated requiring  parents  to  send  their 
children  to  school. 

Aug.  *  The  emperor  signs  a  concordat 
giving  the  clergy  unlimited  control  of 
all  educational  matters. 

*  *  Himg.    Budapesti  Szemle  is  issued. 

1857  *  *  Tke  Gladiator  of  Ravenna,  by 
Miincb-Bellinghausen,  appears. 

1861  Feb.  26.  The  statutes  of  the 
new  constitution  are  published. 

SOCIETY. 
1851    Sept.  22.     Ifimg.     Louis    Kos- 
suth, the  patriot,  and  35  other  Hunga- 
rians, are  sentenced  to  death  m  coiitu7na- 
ciam  at  Budapest. 


1853  Feb.  18.  Vienna.  Iiibenyi,  a 
young  Hungarian,  attempts  to  assassi- 
nate the  emperor. 

1854  Apr.  24.  Francis  Joseph  mar- 
ries Elizabeth  of  Bavaria, 

1857  May.  ♦  Aust.  The  emperor  vis- 
its Hungary. 

1860  Jan.  6-10.  Aust.  The  oppres- 
sive laws  against  the  Jews  are  annulled. 


STATE. 

1851*  *  Saxony.  A  conference  of 
Ministers  is  held  at  Dresden  to  promote 
the  union  of  the  German  States ;  Otto 
Theodore,  Baron  Manteuffel,  of  Prussia, 
is  president,  and  Felix  Ludwig  Schwarz- 
enberg  represents  Austria. 

Feb.  17.  Ilung.  The  Austrian  and 
Turkish  governments  come  to  a  settle- 
ment respecting  Hungarian  refugees; 
all  except  Kossuth,  Batthyanyi,  and  six 
others  receive  full  and  entire  amnesty 
on  condition  of  their  not  entering  Hun- 
gary. 

Aust.    Charles  Loring  Brace,  an 

American  traveler  and  philanthropist, 
is  arrested  and  imprisoned. 

He  is  charged  with  "being  a  member 
of  the  democratic  committee,  an  agent 
of  Ujhazy  and  Cretz,  aud  of  traveling 
with  revolutionary  writings,  to  spread 
revolutionary  movements. 

May  15.  Saxony.  The  old  confedera- 
tion of  the  German  States  is  reestab- 
lished by  the  Conference  at  Dresden. 

July*  Aust.    A  new  tariff  is  adopted. 

Aug.  20.  Aust.  The  emperor  issues 
cabinet  letters  declaring  his  ministers 
"are  responsible  to  no  other  political 
authority  than  the  throne,"  "  the  lieichs- 
tag  is  to  be  considered  the  council  of 
the  throne,"  and  the  Minister-President 
is  to  take  "  into  ripe  and  serious  consid- 
eration the  possibility  of  carrying  out 
the  constitution  of  March  4,  1849." 

Oct.  *  Aust.  Jews  are  permitted  to  study 
law. 

Dec.  31.  Aust.  The  Emperor  Francis 
Joseph  revokes  the  liberal  constitu- 
tion of  March  4,  1849. 

*  *  Bosnia.  Omer  Pasha  quells  the  re- 
bellion. 

1852  Jan.  15.  Aust.  Trial  by  jury  is 
abolished. 

♦  *  *  Aust.  Absolutism  is  gradually 
reestablished  in  the  P^nipire. 

Apr.  5.  Prince  Schwarzenberg,  the 
Prime  Minister,  dies. 

Apr.  *  Count  Buol  Schauenstein  is  ap- 
pointed Prime  Minister,  and  a  change 
of  commercial  policy  follows. 

May  9-16.  Saxwiy.  A  Diet  is  con- 
vened at  Erfurt  for  the  reorganization 
of  Germany  under  the  presidency  of 
Prussia. 

[Later  a  rival  Diet  is  convened  at 
Frankfort  under  the  leadership  of  Aus- 
tria; the  lesser  States  are  invited  to 
send  representatives  to  both.] 

Dec,  *  Aust.  The  bill  establishing  bien- 
nial parliaments  becomes  a  law. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.    1851, Feb.  17-1861, Nov.*.    525- 


1853  Feb.  1.  Austria  offers  herself 
as  a  mediator  between  the  Turks  and 
Montenegrins. 

Feb.  19.  Vienna.  Treaty  of  Vienna; 
a  commercial  treaty  for  twelve  years  is 
signed  by  Austria  and  the  Zollverein. 

Feb.  *  Austria  sides  with  Montene- 
gro against  Turkey,  and  demands  the 
redress  of  their  grievances,  which  is 
granted. 

June  21.  Turkey.  Martin  Koszta  is 
seized  at  Smyrna. 

This  Hungarian  refugee,  who  had  de- 
clared at  New  York  nis  intention  of 
becoming  an  American  citizen,  and  hav- 
ing a  U.  S.  passport  in  his  j»ocket,  is 
seized  by  Austrian  authority,  and  placed 
in  confinement. 

July  2.  Capt.  Ingrahara,  of  the  U.  S. 
sloop-of-war  St.  Louis,  at  8  a.m.,  de- 
mands the  surrender  of  Koszta  by 
4  P.M.,  and  threatens  to  take  him  by 
force  if  necessary.  [It  is  finally  agreed 
to  leave  Koszta  in  the  hands  of  tlie 
French  consul,  where  he  remains  until 
released.  Congress  votes  a  medal  for 
Capt.  Ingraham.] 

Aug.  1.  Vientui.  The  Austrian  Govern- 
ment issues  a  circular  letter  addressed 
to  the  Courts  of  Europe,  protesting 
against  the  conduct  of  Capt.  Ingraham. 

Aug.  29.  Vienna.  Austria  protests 
against  the  proceedings  of  Capt.  Ingra- 
ham to  the  Government  of  the  United 
States. 

1854  Apr.  9.  Vienna.  The  Treaty  of 
Vienna;  the  representatives  of  Great 
Britain,  France,  Austria,  and  Russia 
sign  a  treaty  to  maintain  the  Turkish 
Umpire. 

Apr.  20.  Austria  and  Prussia  unite  in 
an  alliance  offensive  and  defensive, 
while  otherwise  neutral  in  the  war. 

June  14.  Austria  agrees  with  Turkey 
to  occupy  the  Banubian  provinces. 

Aug.  *  The  Russians  retire  from  the 
Turkish  territory  in  the  Banubian  prin- 
cipalities, and  the  Austrians  enter  and 
oppose  their  union. 

Bee.  2.  Austria  joins  the  allies  against 
Russia. 

1855  Aug.  18.  Aust.  A  concordat 
with  the  See  of  Rome  confers  extraor- 
dinary rights  upon  Roman  Catholic 
bishops  and  the  Jesuits,  whereby  they 
acquire  great  power  in  the  Empire. 

1856  Feb.  1.  J'iemia.  The  prelimi- 
naries of  peace  are  signed  at  Vienna. 

April  16.  Paris.  Buol  and  Hubner,  the 
representatives  of  Austria,  sign  the 
Treaty  of  Paris,  terminating  the  war, 
abolishing  privateering,  and  defining  the 
rights  of  neutrals  in  time  of  war. 

May  20.  Stmtz.  The  Austrian  minis- 
ter at  Berne  is  recalled. 

July  16.  Aust.  A  general  amnesty  is 
granted  for  all  political  offenders  of 
1*48-1849. 

Nov.*  Austria  proclaims  her  neutrality 
in  the  Eastern  war. 

-65  *  *  Vienna.  Conferences  respect- 
ing the   Russo-Turkish  war  are  held. 

♦  •  -65  *  *  Hungary  continues  in  a  dis- 
turbed state. 


1857  Jan.  25.  It.  Amuesty  is  granted 
to  political  offenders  in  northern  Italy. 

Feb.  10.  It.  The  Sardinian  press  as- 
sails Austria  with  great  freedom  ;  Aus- 
tria remonstrates. 

Mar.  23-30.  Atistria  and  Sardinia 
sever  their  diplomatic  relations. 

Mar.  *  Austria  withdraws  its  army  from 
Moldavia  and  Wallachia  [Roumania], 

-58*  *  Aust.  The  fortifications  of  Vienna 
are  demolished,  and  the  city  enlarged 
and  beautified. 

Apr.  19.  Austria  sends  an  ultimatum 
to  Sardinia. 

Mlay  *  Hung.  The  emperor  and  empress 
visit  Hungary  to  conciliate  the  people, 
but  they  are  coldly  received. 

Oct.  *  Aust.  Alexander  H.  of  Russia 
visits  the  emperor. 

1858  *  *  Hung.  By  an  imperial  decree, 
agricultural  colonists,  if  of  one  nation- 
ality and  creed,  are  allowed  to  settle  in 
various  parts  of  Hungary,  with  special 
exemptions  from  taxation. 

1859  Jan.  1.  Fr.  Emperor  Napo- 
leon III,  addresses  Baron  von  Hubner, 
the  Austrian  Ambassador,  in  words  omi- 
nous of  war,  because  of  Austrian  diplo- 
macy in  Sardinia.  [Great  excitement 
follows  in  European  cities.] 

Jan.  4.  Aust.  Emperor  Francis  Jo- 
seph replies  to  Napoleon's  address, 
using  the  identical  words. 

Feb.  *  Austria  prepares  for  war.  and 
fortifies  the  banks  of  the  Ticino  on  her 
frontier. 

Apr.  19.  Atistria  announces  an  ulti- 
matum, which  requires  the  disarma- 
ment of  Sardinia,  and  the  dismissal  of 
volunteers  from  other  states  within 
three  days. 

Apr.  26.  Sardinia  refuses  the  demand 
of  Austria. 

Apr.  29.  Austria  declares  war 
against  Sardinia. 

Mar.  *  -Apr.  *  Russia  intervenes  in  the 
interest  of  peace,  while  the  preparations 
for  war  go  on. 

May  13-18.  Cotmt  Buol  Schauen- 
stein,  the  Foreign  Minister,  resigns,  and 
Count  Rechberg  is  appointed  to  suc- 
ceed him. 

June  6.  It.  An  armistice  arrests  hos- 
tilities. 

July  11.  The  Emperors  of  Austria  and 
of  France  meet  at  Villafranca. 

July  12.  It.  The  preliminaries  of 
peace  are  arranged  between  Austria  and 
France  at  Villafranca.  Lombardy,  as 
far  as  the  Mincio,  is  to  belong  to  Sar- 
dinia, and  the  four  great  fortresses  of 
Mantua,  Peschiera,  Verona,  and  Leg- 
nano  remain  with  Austria. 

Aug.  8-Sept.  *  Switz.  A  fruitless  con- 
ference of  envoys  is  held  at  Zurich  to 
finally  settle  the  new  treaty. 

Sept.  *  Aust.  An  imperial  patent  is  is- 
sued, granting  increased  privileges  to 
Protestants. 

Nov.  10.    Switz.  The  Treaty  of  Zurich 
is  signed. 
Austria  gives  up  Lombardy,  excepting 


the  fortresses  of  Mantua  and  Peschiera,. 
to  Napoleon  for  transfer  to  Sardinia. 
Italy  is  to  be  formed  into  a  confederation 
of  states  under  the  honorary  presidency 
of  tlie  Pope,  and  Austria  is  to  be  amem- 
ber  on  account  of  Venezia ;  Tuscany  and 
Modena  are  to  be  restored  to  their 
princes.  Certain  revolted  legations  are 
to  be  returned  to  the  Pope,  but  "  with- 
out foreign  intervention." 

1860  Mar.  5.  Vienna,  The  Reichs- 
rath,  the  representative  council,  is  re- 
constituted by  a  decree  of  the  emperor, 
its  numbers  increased,  and  its  powers 
enlarged. 

Mar.  24.  Austria  advertises  for  a  new 
loan,  and  issues  a  protest  against  the 
occupation  of  Tuscany  by  Sardinians. 

May  31.  Vienna.  The  Reichsrath. 
meets. 

Oct.  *  Rung.  Francis  Joseph,  Emperor 
of  Austria,  is  crowned  King  of  Hungary 
at  Budapest. 

1861  Jan.  7.  Hung.  Anmesty  is  pub- 
lished in  Hungary  and  Croatia  for  po- 
litical offenses. 

Feb.  26.  Aust.  A  Ijberal  constitu- 
tion for  a  united  monarchy  is  published^ 
though  opposed  by  the  nobility  and  th& 
clergy. 

A  fundamental  law  is  passed  providing 
for  a  close  Diet  for  the  Germano-SIavonie 
lands,  and  provides  for  a  Reichsrath 
composed  of  two  bodies  representing  a 
united  monarchy  (Hungarians,  etc.),, 
with  the  exception  of  Venice. 

Feb.  27-  Httng.  The  former  constitu- 
tion is  restored  by  decree  to  Hungary,, 
Croatia,  Slavonia,  and  Transyl^nia. 

Feb.  *  Hung.  The  Htmgarians  and 
other  non-German  nationalities  resist 
the  new  constitution,  and  demand 
separate  constitutions  with  special  min- 
istries. 

Apr.  8.  Civil  and  political  rights  are 
granted  to  Protestants  throughout  the 
entire  Empire  except  in  Hungary  and 
Venice. 

May  1.  Vienna,  The  new  Reichsrath 
opens. 

The  upper  House  consists  of  17  spirit- 
ual, 55  nereditary,  and  39  peers.  The 
lower  House  consists  of  136  elected 
deputies.  No  representatives  are  pres- 
ent from  Hungary,  Transylvania,  Vene- 
zia, the  Banat,  Slavonia,  Croatia,  and 
Istria. 

[A  liberal  constitution  is  adopted  by 
the  Reichsrath.] 

*  *  Hung.  The  Diet  is  opened  by  th© 
emperor. 

Nov.  *  Htmg.  The  Diet  of  Croatia  is 
abolished. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1853  Sept.  8.  Hung.  The  crown  of 
St.  Stephen,  King  of  Hungary,  and  the 
royal  insignia  are  discovered,  and  sent 
to  Vienna. 

*  *  Aust.  The  rocks  obstructing  the 
navigation  of  the  Danube  below  Grein 
are  removed. 

1857  *  *  Hung.  The  rail  way  is  Opened 
from  Szegd  to  Temisv^r,  also  from 
Szolnok  to  Debreczeu. 

*  *  -58  *  *  Vienna.  The  fortifications 
are  demolished,  and  the  city  enlarged. 
and  beautified. 


526    1861,Dec.  *- 1867,  Nov.  *     AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY —  NAVY. 

1861  Dec*  Herzegovina.  An  anti- 
Turk  insurrection  breaks  out. 

1862  Sept.  22.  Herztffovina.  Vucato- 
vitch,  the  leader  of  the  insurrection 
against  the  Turks,  surrenders  to  Kur- 
chid  Fasha,  ami  the  insurrection  ends. 

1864  *  *  "War  with  Denmark. 

Jan.  *  Austria  joins  Prussia  to  prevent 

the   incorporation  of   Schleswig-Hol- 

stein  with  Denmark. 
Feb.  1.     Pruttaia.     Advance  of   the 

Austro-Prussian  army  into  Schleswig. 
Feb.  *  Prussia.    The  Austrians  advance 

upon  Danewerk,  fighting  their  way. 

Feb.  6.  Prussia.  The  Austrians  advance 
at  Oversee,  and  drive  out  the  Danes. 

Apr,  18.  J'rtissia.  The  Duppel  forts 
are  stormed  by  the  Prussians,  and  the 
entrenclinients  captured. 

May  12-June  26.  Truce  and  peace 
conference  is  held  at  London.  (See 
Germany.) 

Oct.  *  The  war  with  Denmark  ends. 
(See  State.) 

1866  May  *  Ocr.  The  emperor  orders 
the  wliole  army  to  be  on  a  war  footing. 

June  7.  Ger,  The  Prussians  enter 
Holstein,  and  drive  out  the  Austrians 
without  bloodshed. 

June  16-July  22.  The  Austro-Prus- 
sian War  of  seven  weeks.  (See  Ger- 
many, f 

It  is  provoked  by  the  quarrel  respect- 
ing the  government  of  Holstein,  but 
really  caused  by  the  fact  that  each 
power  is  too  great  to  submit  to  the 
supremacy  of  the  other. 

Saxony.    The  Prussians  march  upon 

Dresden,  and  the  Saxon  army  retires 
into  Bohemia  to  join  the  Austrians. 

The  army  of  the  Confederation 
against  Prussia,  at  the  western  seat  of 
war,  is  under  Prince  Charles  of  Bavaria. 

June  18.  Prusftia.  The  Austrians  en- 
ter Silesia  while  the  Prussians  enter 
Dresden,  Saxony. 

June  20.  Saxony.  The  Prussians  oc- 
cupy all  Saxony  excej)!  IConigstein. 

June  22  -July  14.  The  Prussians  and 
the  Italians  are  successful. 

[June  22-25.  They  enter  Bohemia. 
June  24.  Italians  defeat  Austrians  at 
Custozza,  It.  June  27.  Austrians  de- 
feat Prussians  at  Trautenau ;  are  de- 
feated at  Naohod.  June  28.  Hanoverians 
surrender  at  Trautenau ;  Austrians  de- 
feated at  Soor  and  at  Skalitz.  June  29. 
Are  defeated  at  Gitschin.  July  3.  De- 
cisively defeated  at  Sadowa.  July  4. 
At  Dermbach.  July  4-14.  Defeated  at 
Hammelburg,  Kissingen,  Fredericks- 
hall,  Uausen,  and  Waldashach.]  (See 
Germany.) 

J'uly  10-22.  The  Prussian  success 
continues. 

[July  10.  Prussians  enter  Prague. 
July  12.  Enter  Briinn,  and  reach  Vi- 
enna. July  14.  Austrians  are  defeated 
at  Aschaffenburg.  July  15.  At  Tobits- 
chau.  July  16.  Prussians  enter  Frank- 
fort, Hesse-Nassau.     July  17.     Occupy 


Darmstadt.  July  27.  Bombard  Wurz- 
burg.  July  *  Send  a  corps  into  Hun- 
gary ;  commence  the  siege  of  Vienna. 
July  22.  Begin  the  engagement  at  Blu- 
menau,  which  is  arrested  by  tidings  of 
an  armistice.]    (See  Germany.) 

July  26.  Aforavia.  Preliminaries  of 
peace  arc  signed  at  Nikolsburg. 

Aug.  2.    Ger.    The  truce  is  proclaimed 
in  Bavaria. 
The  Prussians  enter  Wurzburg. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1862  Feb.  4.  An  inundation  of  the 
Danube  causes  much  destruction  and 

great  distress. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1861  *  *  Teleki,    Ladtslaus,    Hungarian   pa- 
triot, A50. 
Ilanka,    Venceslav,    Bohemian   philologist, 

1863  *  *  Gyulay,    Franz,  count,  Hungarian 
general,  A63. 

1863    Dec.  18.     Ferdinand  Francis,  arch- 
duke, Iieir-j)re8nnii)tive,  born. 
1864*  *  Fay,  Andrews,  Hungarian  novelist, 
A7K. 
Magyar,  Laszlo,  liuugarian  traveler,  in  Af- 
rica, A  47. 
Pinsker,  Sinicha,   Austrian-Jewish  scholar, 
A  63. 

1865  •  *  Kmety,  George^  Hungarian-Turkish 
general,  A55i. 

Oct.  38.     Buol-Schauenstein,    Karl   Ferdi- 
nand von,  Austrian  prime  minister,  AGS. 
.losika,  Miklos,  Hungarian  novelist,  A69. 
1866*  *  C'zucEor,  (Jergely,  Hungarian  poet, 

scholar,  A66. 
1867    June  6.    Matilda,  archduchess,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

1864  *  *  Bohemia.  Prague  becomes  a 
mission-station  of  the  Free  Church  of 
Scotland. 

1867  Nov.*  Hung.  The  "Naza- 
renes,"  resemhling  Quakers,  multiply. 

LETTERS. 

1863  Mar.  29.  Hung.  Newspapers 
charged  with  publishing  seditious 
speeches  are  confiscated  by  the  Gov- 
ern men  t. 

SOCIETY. 

1866  Jan.  29.  Hung.  The  emperor 
and  empress  arrive  at  Pesth, 

1867  June  10.  Hung.  The  corona- 
tion gift  to  the  Emperor  Francis  Jo- 
seph, of  50,000  ducats,  is  bestowed  on 
orphans  and  invalids. 

June  *  Great  excitement  prevails  over 
the  military  execution  of  Maximilian 
in  Mexico. 

July  27.    Vienna  is  visited  by  the  Sultan. 

STATE. 

1862  Nov.  18.  Hung.  Amnesty  is 
offered  for  political  ofifenses,  and  a 
cessation  of  pro-secutions. 

Dec.  *  Bosnia.  Herzegovinians,  prompted 
by  the  Prince  of  Montenegro,  revolt 
against  the  Turks. 

1863  Mar.  30.  Prussia.  The  incor- 
poration of  Schleswig  with  Denmark 
leads  to  the  armed  interference  of  Aus- 
tria and  Prussia  to  execute  the  .decree 
of  the  German  Confederation. 


May*  Au8t.  The  Imperial  crown  of 
Mexico  is  offered  to  the  Archduke 
Maxim ihan  by  an  assembly  of  Mexican 
notables,  by  the  Instigation  of  Napoleon. 

*  *  Prussia.  The  Emperor  Francis  Jo- 
seph invites  the  various  potentates  of 
Germany  to  attend  a  congress  at 
Frankfort  to  consider  schemes  for  the 
reorganization  of  Germany. 

Aug.  16.  Prussia.  Francis  Joseph  opens 
the  Congress  at  Frankfort ;  the  King 
of  Prussia  refuses  to  attend,  and  the 
meeting  is  fruitless. 

Oct.  20.  Ailst.  Transylvanian  depu- 
ties first  take  their  seats  in  the  Aus- 
trian Reichsrath. 

1864  Apr.  10.  Aust.  Archduke  Max- 
imilian definitively  accepts  the  crown 
from  a  Mexican  deputation,  and  becomes 
the  nominal  Emperor  of  Mexico. 

May  12.-June  26.  Prussia.  A  truce 
is  accepted  in  the  war  and  peace 
conference  at  London.  Austria  and 
Prussia  secede  fr<im  the  London  pro- 
tocol, and  the  war  breaks  out  anew. 

May  29.  Afe.z.  Maximilian  and  Char- 
lotte land  at  Vera  Cruz. 

Oct.  30.  Vienna.  Treaty  of  Vienna; 
Austria,  Denmark,  and  Prussia  sign  a 
treaty  by  which  Denmark  cedes  the 
duchies  of  Schleswig-Holstein  and  Lau- 
enburg  to  the  allies. 

1865  June  6-9.  Hung.  The  emperor 
is  welcomed  at  IJudapest,  and  a  new 
policy,  restoring  the  rights  of  Hun- 
gary»  is  inaugurated. 

Aug.  14.  Aust.  The  Treaty  of  Gaa- 
tein,  between  Prussia  and  Austria,  is 
signed. 

1.  Both  Holstein  and  Schleswig  under 
the  common  sovereignty  of  both  powers. 
But  Austria  to  have  the  provisional  ad- 
ministration of  Holstein,  and  Prussia 
that  of  Schleswig.  2.  Rendaburg  to' be 
a  fortress  of  the  Confederation,  and  Kiel 
one  of  its  harbors ;  this  harbor  to  be 
used  in  common,  but  Prussia  to  have  the 
chief  command  there ;  a  military  road» 
a  telegraiih  and  postal  line,  through  Hol- 
stein, are  guaranteed  to  Prussia.  3.  The 
Emperor  of  Austria  surrenders  all  his 
rights  to  the  Duchy  of  Lauenburg  to  the 
King  of  Prussia  for  two  and  a  half  mil- 
lions of  rix  dollars. 

*  *  Prussia.  Von  Gablenz  is  governor 
of  the  Duchy  of  Ilolstoin. 

*  *  Austria,  being  much  opposed  to  the 
increase  of  Prussian  power,  disputes 
the  agreement,  and  enters  into  an  agree- 
ment with  the  middle  states  of  Ger- 
many, 

Sept.  12.  Aust.  An  Imperial  decree  re- 
c<»nv()kes  a  Transylvanian  Diet. 

Sept.  21.  Aust.  An  Imperial  rescript 
suppresses  the  representative  con- 
stitution of  the  Empire,  preparatory  to 
giving  autonomy  to  Hungary  and 
other   provinces. 

Nov.  11.  Hung.  The  moderate  party, 
led  by  Francis  Deak,  rejects  autonomy, 
and  demands  the  restoration  of  the 
Hungarian  monarchy,  with  a  respon- 
sible government. 

Dec.  14.  Hung.  The  emperor  viaits 
Budapest,  and  opens  the  Reichstag. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.     1861,  Dec* -1867,  Nov.*.    527 


Passive  resistance  by  non-payment  of 
taxes  leads  the  emperor  to  consider  the 
demands  of  Hungary  for  self-govern- 
ment. 

Dec.  20.  Iluny.  Carl  Szentivanyi  is 
elected  president  of  the  Keiohstag. 

1866  Jan.  *  While  professing  to  desire 
peace,  Austria  and  Trussia  both  pre- 
pare for  war  [which  will  determine  the 
supremacy  of  one  or  the  other]. 

Mar.  27.  Italy  enters  an  alliance 
with  Pruasia  against  Austria. 

May  19.  Prussia.  The  Diet  at  Frank- 
fort calls  on  Austria  and  Prussia  to 
disarm. 

*  *  Prussia  calls  upon  Saxony,  Hanover, 
and  Hesse  to  replace  their  troops  on 
a  peace  footing,  in  disregard  of  the  de- 
cree of  the  Diet,  and  to  join  a  new  con- 
federation under  her  lead. 

June  13.  Hanover.  Prussia,  being  re- 
fused in  her  demands,  invades  Hano- 
ver, whose  king  retreats ;  also  Elec- 
toral Hesse,  whose  elector  is  made  a 
prisoner,  and  taken  to  Stettin. 

Jime  14.  Prussia.  Austria  alleges  the 
treaty  is  broken  by  the  invasion  of 
Holstein  by  Prussian  troops,  and  is  sus- 
tained by  the  vote  of  the  Diet. 

Kepresentatives  of  Prussia  invite  the 
members  of  the  Diet  to  enter  a  new 
confederation  in  which  Austria  will 
be  excluded,  as  the  Germanic  Confed- 
eration is  dissolved. 

The  Diet  at  Frankfort  decrees  the 
mobilization  of  the  whole  army  of  the 
Confederation,  with  the  exception  of 
the  three  Prussian  corps. 

June  16.  Atfsf.  The  war  with  Prussia. 
It  is  caused  cliit'liy  by  the  general  de- 
sire for  a  vniity  of  German  States  by  re- 
organization, and  the  constant  obstacle 
to  such  unity  arising  from  divers  inter- 
mts  of  two  great  powers,  only  one  of 
■which  was  peopled  by  Germans,  and  Ger- 
manic in  its  interests. 

A  special  provocation  exists  in  the 
quarrel  respecting  the  government  of 
the  North  Albing^an  duchies.  Italy 
participates  in  the  war  for  the  purpose 
of  acquiring  Venezia.  Each  power  pro- 
fesses to  be  forced  into  tlie  war  by  the 
military  preparations  of  the  other. 

The  Germanic  Confederation  falls 

to  pieces ;  the  powerful  State  of  Prussia 
secedes  from  the  Confederation,  which 
is  thereby  dissolved. 

June  18,  Saxony.  Prussia  invades 
Saxony,  whose  king  and  army  retire  to 
Bohemia. 

Prussia  declares  war  against 

Austria. 

June  20.  Italy  declares  war  against 
Austria. 

July  3.  Bohemia.  The  victory  of  the 
Prussians  at  Sadowa  secures  Prussian 
supremacy  in  Germany,  and  estab- 
lishes North  German  unity. 

Venezia  is  given  to  Italy,  and  it  also 
leads  to  the  legislative  independence  of 
Hungary, 

July  ♦  Aust.    Francis  Joseph  appeals  to 

the  mediation  of  France. 
Aug.  23.    Bohemia.    The    Peace    of 

Prague,  between  Prussia  and  Austria, 

is  signed. 


Terms  :  1.  Austria  recognizes  the  dis- 
solution of  the  German  Confederation, 
and  consents  to  the  reorgaiuzation  of 
the  German  States  with  herself  ex- 
cluded, and  farther  consents  to  the  an- 
nexations proposeii  by  Prussia.  Saxony 
is  secured  against  an  alteration  of  her 
boundary.  U.  Austria's  rights  in  Schles- 
wig-Holstein  are  transferred  to  Prussia, 
provided  that  the  nortiiern  districts  of 
Sehleswig  are  united  with  Denmark  if 
its  inhabitants  shall  so  vote.  3.  Aus- 
tria is  U>  pay  twenty  million  rix  dollars 
(*15,(M)0,tXK))  as  the  costs  of  the  war.  4. 
Venetia  is  ceded  to  Italy.  (Arranged 
from  Ploetz.) 

*  *  Prussia.  The  Prussian  Monarchy 
is  enlarged. 

Schleswig-iiolstein,  Hanover,  Elec- 
toral Hesse,  Nassau,  and  the  free  city  of 
Frankfort  are  incorporated  with  Prus- 
sia, adding  39,000  square  miles  of  terri- 
tory and  three  and  a  half  millions  of 
people,  thus  securing  her  supremacy 
over  the  German  States.  (Arranged 
from  Ploetz.) 

Oct.  3.  Vienna.  The  Peace  of  Vienna, 
betweeii  Austria  and  Italy,  is  signed. 

Austria  recognizes  the  kingdom  of 
Italy,  to  which  Venice  is  united,  and 
consents  to  the  union. 

Oct.  *  Hung.  The  Moderate  and  Na- 
tional party  in  Hmigary  demand  au- 
tonomy, and  are  exasperated  by  the 
delay  to  grant  it. 

Oct.  11.  It.  The  iron  crown  of  Italy, 
which  was  removed  from  Monza  to  Man- 
tua by  the  Austrians,  is  surrendered 
with  this  city. 

Oct.  *  Hun^.  The  Htmgarian  legions 
which  joined  the  Prussian  army  against 
Austria  are  allowed  to  return  to  their 
allegiance. 

Oct.  30.  Aust.  Friederich  Ferdinand, 
Baron  Von  Beust,  a  Protestant  and  a 
Saxon,  becomes  Minister  of  Foreign  Af- 
fairs, and  proceeds  to  reorganize  the 
state  on  a  liberal  basis. 

Oct.  *  Gaiicia.  Count  Goluchowiski,  a 
Pole,  is  made  governor. 

Nov.  19.  Hung.  The  Reichstag  is 
opened  at  Budapest  by  an  Imperial 
decree  [which  promises  to  do  justice  to 
the  constitutional  demands  of  the  Hun- 
garians]. 

Dec.  15.  Hung.  Francis  Deak  replies 
to  the  Imperial  decree,  and  is  sustained 
by  the  Reichstag  in  demanding  the 
retoration  of  the  Hungarian  con- 
stitution. 

Dec.  25.  Hung.  The  tmion  of  Tran- 
sylvania with  Hungary  is  ratified  by  its 
Diet. 

^867  Jan.  3.  Vienna.  A  special  ses- 
sion of  the  Keichsrath  is  called  for 
Feb.  23, 

Jan.  *  Hung.  Hungarians  oppose  the 
convocation  of  the  Reichsrath. 

Feb,  4.  Au.^t.  The  autonomy  of  Hun- 
gary is  annovmced ;  Premier  Richard 
Von  Belcredi  resigns. 

Feb.  7.  Vienna.  Baron  Von  Beust, 
the  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  is  ap- 
pointed Premier, 

Feb,  17.  Hungary  becomes  reconciled 
by  the  adoption  of  a  dual  system  of 
government. 

Its  self-government  is  securetl  by  the 
restoration  of  the  constitution  of  1848, 


and  the  appointment  of  Julius  Andrassy 
as  Premier  of  a  separate  Hungarian  Min- 
istry. 

Spring,  Vienna.  The  emperor  sum- 
mons the  Reichsrath  to  assemble  for 
reorganization  of  the  State  in  a  liberal 
sense  ;  it  is  one  result  of  the  unsuccess- 
ful war. 
May  22.  Vienna.  The  Germano-Sla- 
vonic  Reichsrath  is  opened  by  the  em- 
peror in  person. 

May±  *  Separate  government  is  de- 
manded by  the  Czechs,  Slavonians,  and 
others,  who  strongly  oppose  absorption 
into  the  dual  government. 

May  25,  Hung.  A  protest  is  made  by 
Croatia,  a  Crown  land,  against  incor- 
poration with  Hungary. 

May  27.  Hung.  The  Croatian  Diet 
at  Agram,  embracing  Slavonia,  is  dis- 
solved. 

Jtine  8.  Hung.  The  Emperor  Francis 
Joseph  and  the  Fmpress  Elizabeth  are 
crowned  at  Budapest,  as  sovereigns  of 
Hungary. 

June  9.  Hung.  The  emperor  grants 
the  Hungarians  anmesty  for  political 
offenses. 

June  19.  Mex,  The  Archduke  Maxi- 
milian is  executed  as  a  usurper.  (See 
Mexico.) 

June  23.  Vienna.  Baron  Von  Beust 
is  made  President  of  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil,—  Chancellor  of  the  Empire. 

July  *  Hung.  Louis  Kossuth  is  elected 
a  deputy  of  the  Reichstag. 

Aug,  18.  Aust.  Napoleon  lU.  visits 
Francis  Joseph  at  Salzburg, 

Sept.  13.  Vienna.  Tlie  plan  for  the  di- 
vision of  the  public  debt  and  other 
finances  of  Austria  and  Hungary  is 
signed. 

Sept,  23.  Vienna.  Deputations  of  Hun- 
garians sign  a  financial  convention 
with  Austria. 

Sept.  28.  AxLst.  The  Church  is  aroused, 
and  28  bishops  demand  that  the  con- 
cordat respecting  education  and 
marriage  be  observed,  and  oppose  the 
proposed  change. 

Oct.  *  Hung.  Kossuth  writes  a  letter 
censuring  the  course  of  the  moderate 
party. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  Czechs  insist  that  the 
emperor  shall  be  crowned  King  of  Bo- 
hemia at  Prague. 

Oct.  *  Aust.  The  emperor,  in  a  letter  to 
Cardinal  von  Rauscher,  i)ropo8es  the 
complete  liberty  of  conscience,  in 
opposition  to  the  agreement  with  the 
Papal  power. 

Oct.  22.  Ger.  King  "William  I.  of 
Prussia  meets  the  Emperor  Francis  Jo- 
seph at  Oos,  near  Baden-Baden. 

Nov.*  Vienna.  The  Reichsrath  ai>- 
proves  the  Austro-Hungarian  dualistic 
government. 

MISCELLANEOUS, 
1866  *  *  Aust.    An  Imperial  commission 
undertakes  to  construct  a  new  channel 
for  the  Danube  near  Vienna. 


528   1867,Nov.*-1878,Sept,26.  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1868  Oct.  11.  Aust.-Huiig.  Frederick 
von  Beust,  the  Premier,  calls  for  a 
standing  army  of  800,000  men. 

1869  Feb.  9.  //««,/.  The  Koyal 
Hungarian  Guard  is  orgMiizeJ. 

Feb.  20.  Aust.-IIung.  The  frigate 
llmlttzky  is  blown  np  ;  300  lives  are  lost. 

1870  Hec*  Aust.-IIung.  The  army 
consists  of  864,869  regulars  and  187,- 
527  landwehr  (militia). 

1875*  *  The  Herzegovinians  revolt 
against  the  Turks  because  of  exces- 
sive taxation  and  the  abuse  of  power ; 
they  are  supported  by  Montenegro  and 
Servia. 

July  12.  Herzegovina.  The  Turks  are 
defeated  in  an  uprising  at  Xevesinje. 

Aug.  *  Herzegovina.  Seryer  Paslia  de- 
feats the  instirgents. 

*  *  The  leaders  of  the  revolt  are  Peko, 
Palovich,  Socica  Ljubibratich,  and 
others. 

1876  Jan.  18-20.  Herzegovina.  The 
insurgents  are  defeated  at  Trebinje, 
and  their  leader  is  killed. 

Apr.  29.    Herzegovina.    Mukhtar  Pasha 

'  defeats  the  insurgents,  and  revictuals 
the  besieged  force  at  Nicksich. 

May  *  -June  *  Herzegovina.  Unimpor- 
tant engagements  occur. 

June  •  Herzegovina.  The  new  Sultan, 
Murad  v.,  grants  an  armistice.  (See 
State,  1878,  June,  Treaty  of  Berlin.) 

July*  The  priuoipallties  join  in  the 
struggle  against  the  Turks  [and  the 
Eusso-Turkish  War  follows]. 

1877  Apr.  12.  Bosnia.  The  Czar  of 
Russia  declares  war  against  Turkey, 
because  of  its  refusal  to  grant  justice  to 
Bosnia. 

1878  July  31-Aug.  1.  Bosnia  — Her- 
zegovina. An  Austrian  force  enters 
Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,  and  is  resisted 
by  a  part  of  its  inhabitants. 

Aug.  4-6.  Bosnia.  The  Bosnians  aided 
by  the  Turks  vigorously  resist  the  Aus- 
trian advance. 
Aug.  4.  Herzegovina.  Herzegovintans 
resist  the  Austrians  at  Mostar,  the 
capital. 

Aug.  7,  8.  Bosnia.  The  Austrians  de- 
feat the  Bosnians  at  Zepce  and  Maglai. 

Aug.  *  Bosnia.  Travnik  is  occupied 
by  the  Austrians. 

Aug.  16.  Bosnia.  The  Bosnians  are  de- 
feated at  Han  Belalovich  by  Gen. 
Filippovic. 

Aug.  18.  Bosnia.  The  Austrians  un- 
der Gen.  TegetthofF  defeat  the  Bosnians. 

Aug.  19.  Bosnia.  The  Austrians  bom- 
bard Serajevo,  the  capital,  and  take  it 
by  storm. 

Sept.  7.  Bosnia.  The  fortress  of  Tre- 
binje is  surrendered  without  a  battle. 

Sept.  10.  Bosnia.  The  Austrian  ad- 
vance is  checked  at  Behacs.  [Sept. 
19.    It  takes  Behacs.] 

Sept.  21.  Bosnia.  The  Austrians  take 
the  fortress  of  Senkorics,  and  capture 
military  stores. 


Sept.  25.  Bosnia.  Zwomik  is  surren- 
dered to  the  Austrians  with  its  strong 
fortress. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1868    Sept.  18t.     Vienna.    The     new 

Palace  of  Fine  Arts  is  founded  by  the 

emperor. 
1873*  ♦  I'ienna.    The  3d  International 

Medical  Congress  is  held. 

1874  Sept.  25.  Vienna.  Part  of  the 
Austro-llungarian  polar  expedition 
arrives. 

*  *  Vienna.  The  minor  planets,  Aus- 
trea,  Melibcea,  and  Siwa,  are  discovered 
by  .1.  I'alisa.  [187",.  He  discovers  Po- 
lana,  Adria,  Abundantia,  Hilda,  Scylla, 
and  Xanthippe.] 

1875  Jime  26.  Hung.  Sterols  kill 
people  at  Jiudapest. 

1876  July  17.  Aust.  An  earthquake 
is  felt  throughout  the  Knipire. 

1877*  *  VientM.    The  minor  planets. 


1871  July  26.  Vienna.  The  "  Old 
Catholics"  hold  their  first  meeting. 

1872  *  ♦  The  American  Board  com- 
mences its  missions. 

Prague  in  Bohemia,  BrUn  in  Moravia, 
and  Innsbruck  in  Tyrol,  are  speedily 
occupied. 

1873  *  *  Hung.  John  Simor  is  conse- 
crated cardinal  priest. 

1874  Mar.  7.  It.  The  Pope  issnes  an 
encyclical  letter  condemning  the  new 
ecclesiastical  laws. 

Apr.*  Aust.  The  bishops  protest 
against  the  new  ecclesiastical  laws; 
both  of  the  political  parties  adopt  the 
motto,  "A  free  church  in  a  free  state." 

LETTERS. 

1869  ♦  *  Croatia.  The  University  of 
Z&gr&h,   .Vgram,  is  founded. 

1872*  *  Hung.  The  University  of 
Kolozsvar,  RIausenberg,  is  founded. 


Eurykleia  and  Belisana,  are  discov-    1874  *  *  Croatia.    The    University   of 


ered  by  J.  Palisa 

[1878.  Also  Elsa,  Istria,  and  Deiopeia. 
18i9.  Also,  Nausikaa,  Arete,  Penelope, 
Callisto,  Martha,  Hedda,  Lacriosa,  Isa- 
bella, and  Isolda.  1880.  Medea,  As- 
chera,  Eudora,  Thursnelda,  Bianca. 
1881.    Stephania.] 

1878  Aug.  30.  Hung.  The  town  of  Mis- 
kolcz  is  destroyed  by  a  waterspout; 
many  lives  are  lost. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1868  •  •  Gasser,  Hans,  Aust.  sculptor,  A51. 
1870*  *  Unger,  I-'ranz,  Austrian  paleontolo- 

Kist,  A70. 
Leopold  II.,  (irand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  Arcli- 

(hike  of  Austria,  A73. 

1871  Feb.  3.     EotvSs,  J6zef,  Hungarian 
author,  patriot,  and  minister,  A58. 

Apr.  7.    Tegethoff,  Willielin  von,  Austrian 

admiral,  A  44. 
Omer    Pasha,    .\u8trian-Turkish    general, 

A6S. 

1872  •  •  Ga],  LJudevit,  Croatian  author,  jour- 
nalist, A  63. 

May  28.    Sophia,  Archduchess  of  Austria, 
mother  of  the  emperor,  A67. 

1873  *  ♦  Czermak,  .lohann  Nepomuk,  Bohe- 
mian physiologist,  A4.^. 

1875  June  29.    Ferdinand   m..    Empe- 
ror, A82. 

Nov.  34.    Itauscher,  Cardinal,  prince  bishop 

of  Vienna,  dies. 
Klein,   Joliann   Adam,  Hungarian  painter, 

A83. 
Laub,  Ferdinand,  violinist,  A43. 

1876  Jan.  29.   De&k,  Francis,  Hungarian 
statesman,  orator,  A73. 

Aniliros,  August  VVilhelni,   Austrian  histo- 
rian of  nuisic,  A60. 
1878    Mar.  8.     Francis  Charles,  Archduke 
of  Austria,  the  emperor's  father,  A76. 

Horvath,  MiliAly,  Hungarian  historian,  A69. 

Fogarasy,  -lanos,  Hungarian  lexicographer 
and  jurist,  A77. 

Rokltansky,  Karl,  Austrian  pathologist,  Alt. 


CHURCH. 
1869    Jan.  1.    Aitst.    Great  opposi- 
tion to  the  Government  is  made  by  the 
clergy. 

*  *  Boliemia.    The  Moravian  Brethren  un- 
dertake to  plant  a  mission. 

*  *  Aust.    The  Bishop  of  lontz  is  sen- 
tenced to  three  months'  imprisonment 


Agram  is  opened. 
1875*  *^Ks/.    The   University   of 
Czemowitz  is  founded. 

SOCIETY. 

1868  Dec.  14.  Hung.  A  Jewish 
Congress  at  Budapest  is  opened  by  the 
minister  of  public  worship,  Edtvos. 

1869  Mar.  9-10.  Croatia.  The  sover- 
eigns visit  Agram. 

1870  Jvme  9.  Hung.  The  remains 
of  Louis  Batthyanjri,  the  Hungarian 
patriot,  are  reinterred  with  much  cere- 
mony in  the  public  cemetery,  Pesth. 

1873  Apr.  28^.  Vienna.  The  Prince 
of  Vfales  visits  Vienna.  [June  1-7, 
The  Czar ;  July  30±,  The  Shah  of  Per- 
sia ;  Sept.  17-2'2,  King  Victor  Emman- 
uel;  Oct.  17-23,  Emperor  William  of 
Germany.]  * 

Dec.  2.  Viaina.  Great  rejoicings  oc- 
ctir  in  celebration  of  the  25th  anniver- 
sary of  the  accession  of  the  emperor. 

1874  Feb.  27.  Ofenheim,  the  rail- 
way financier  charged  with  fraud,  is  ac- 
quitted. 

July »  Aug.  *  Eng.     The     empress 

visits  the  Isle  of  Wight. 
Aug.    1.      Vienna.     An    international 

Sanitary  Congress  closes. 
•  *  Vienna.     A  Cremation  Society   is 

founded. 

1875  Apr.  5.  H.  The  emperor  is 
warmly  received  at  Venice  by  the  King 
of  Italy. 

June  28.  Bohemia.  The  czar  and 
emperor  meet  at  Eger. 

STATE. 

1867  Nov.  •  Hung.  George  Klapka 
and  other  liiberals  in  the  Reichstag 
join  Francis  DeAk. 


for  using  seditious  language;  pardoned  Dec.  29.    Hung.    The  emperor  approves 
by  the  emperor.  the  Hungarian  bills  for  Jewish  eman- 

1870    July  30.    The  Government  sua-       cipation,  and  for  a  financial  arrange- 
pends  the  concordat  with  Bome  in       ment  with  Austria, 

consequence  of  the  promulgation  of  the  Dec.  30.     Vienna.    Prince  Auersperj;, 
doctrine  of  papal  infallibility.  as  Premier,  organizes  a  new  Ministry. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.   1867,  Nov.  *- 1878,  Sept.  26.   629 


1868  Mar.  21-23.  Vienna.  The  up- 
per llouse  of  tlie  Reichsrath  pnases  the 
Civil  Marriages  Bill,  aiinulling  cleri- 
cal jurisdiction  over  marriages. 

*  *  Aust.  The  Boman  Catholic  clergy 
become  amenable  to  civil  law. 

*  *  Aust.  Sectilar  education  is  placed 
uniier  the  control  of  the  state. 

Apr.  14.  Hung.  Kossuth  resigns  as 
an  elected  member  of  the  Keichstag. 

May  25.  Vienna.  The  emperor  assents 
to  the  Civil  Marriages  Bill. 

May  27.  Hung.  Croatia  accepts  union 
with  Hungary. 

*  •  Aust.  The  disabilities  of  the  Jews 
in  municipal  and  comnmnal  affairs  are 
abolished  by  the  Galician  Diet. 

Oct.  10.  Bohemia.  The  habeas  corpus 
act  is  suspended  because  of  riots  at 
Prague. 

Nov.  24.  Hung.  Croatian  deputies  first 
take  their  place  in  the  Keichstag. 

Dec.  10.  Hung.  The  Reichstag  of  1865 
closes. 

Dec.  14.  Hung.  Jews,  iinder  Mzait 
Eotvos,  Minister  of  Worship  and  Educa- 
tion, and  patriot,  open  a  congress. 

1869  3a,n.*  Aust.  Theclergystrongly 
oppose  the  Government. 

Mar.  9,  10.    Aust.    The  sovereigns  of 

Austria-Hungary  visit  Agram  in  Croatia. 
Apr.  22.    Hung.    The   Chamber   of 

Deputies  assembles  at  Budapest. 
Oct.  *  Aust.    A  successful  insurrection 

arises  in  Dalmatia. 
Dec.  13.     Vienna.     Tlie  emperor  opens 

the  Reichsrath. 

1870  Jan.  *  A  Ministerial  crisis  oc- 
curs. 

Apr.  4.  Viemia.  The  Ministry  resigns, 
and  a  new  one  is  formed  with  Count 
Potoclii  as  Premier. 

Jtlly  18.  Vienna.  Austria-Hungary  an- 
nounces its  neutrality  in  the  Franco- 
Prussian  war. 

July  30.  Vienna.  Austria-Hungary  de- 
clares the  concordat  of  the  Pope  is 
suspended  in  consequence  of  the  pro- 
mulgation of  the  decree  establishing  the 
infallibility  of  the  Pope. 

The  Austro-Hungarian  Monarchy 
becomes  the  official  title  of  the 
Empire. 

Sept.  14  -Oct.  5.  liohemia.  An  agita- 
tion for  self-government  pervades  the 
kingdom,  and  addresses  are  sent  to  the 
emperor. 

Sept,  17.  Vienna.  The  emperor  opens 
the  Reichsrath  at  Vienna;  Bohemian 
deputies  are  absent. 

Sept.  29.  Vienna.  The  Federal  and 
National  parties  in  the  Reichsrath  con- 
tend for  supremacy. 

Nov.  22.  Vienna.  The  Reichsrath  ad- 
journs. 

1871  Jan.  •  The  emperor  recognizes 
the  new  German  Empire. 

Feb.  8.  The  Government  grants  com- 
plete amnesty  for  iralitioal  offenses. 


Feb.  *  Potocki,  the  Premier,  Is  dis- 
missed, and  succeeded  by  Count  Hohen- 
wart. 

Feb.  20.  Vienna.  The  Reichsrath 
opens. 

Sept.  6-8.  The  Emperors  of  Austria- 
Hungary  and  Germany  meet  at  Salz- 
burg. 

Oct.  25.  Aust.  ITie  dissension  between 
German  and  .Slavonian  parties  causes 
a  Ministerial  crisis;  the  Hohenwart 
Ministry  at  Vienna  resigns. 

Nov.  4.  i'ienna.  Baron  KeUersberg, 
Premier,  forms  a  new  Ministry. 

Nov.  8.  Von  Beust  is  dismissed  from 
the  control  of  the  Government. 

Nov.  13,  14.  Vienna.  Count  An- 
drassy  becomes  Minister  of  Foreign  Af- 
fairs, and  Count  Lonyay  Premier  of 
the  Hungarian  Ministry. 

Nov.  25.  Vienna.  A  new  Ministry  is 
formed  by  Prince  Auersperg. 

Deo.  28.    The  Reichsrath  opens. 

1872  Mar.  13.  A  new  constitutional 
law  is  promulgated,  which  authorizes 
the  emperor  to  order  new  elections  of 
the  Chambers. 

Apr.  16.  Hnng.  The  Reichstag  of  18GD 
is  dissolved. 

July*  Hung.  The  Constitutional 
party  is  sustained  by  the  electors. 

Sept.  4.  Hung.  The  Reichstag  opens 
at  Budapest. 

Sept.  6-8.  Ger.  The  Emperors  of  Aus- 
tria and  Germany  and  other  sovereigns 
meet  at  Berlin. 

Dec.  2.  Hung.  The  Lonyay  Ministry 
resigns. 

Dec.  *  Hung.  Szlavy  succeeds  in  organ- 
izing a  new  Ministry. 

1873  Mar.  10.  The  Reichsrath  be- 
comes a  national  representative  as- 
sembly by  a  change  in  the  law,  which 
puts  the  elections  in  the  hands  of  the 
body  of  electors  instead  of  the  pro- 
vincial Diets, 

Oct.  30.  National  elections  for  the 
Reichsrath  are  held ;  228  Constitution- 
alists and  125  Federals  are  chosen. 

Nov.  5.    The  Reichsrath  opens, 

Nov.  *  Hung.  Budapest  is  formally  de- 
clared the  capital. 

Dec.  2.  Amnesty  is  granted  to  polit- 
ical offenders  on  the  25th  anniversary 
of  the  emperor's  accession. 

*  *  The  Government  requires  55  per  cent 
of  the  taxes  of  Croatia  to  be  paid  to 
Hungary. 

1874  Feb.  11.  Hum}.  The  Szlavy 
Ministry  resigns, 

Feb,  26 -Mar,  1.  Hung.  Baron  von 
Wenckhein  forms  a  coalition  Ministry, 

Mar.  20.  Hung.  The  coalition  Ministry 
resigns,  and  is  succeeded  by  a  Bitto 
Ministry. 

Spring.  A  bill  for  abolishing  the  con- 
cordat is  introduced,  and  measures  for 
restricting  the  power  of  the  clergy 
pass  both  Houses. 

Apr.  *  The  bishops  oppose  the  new 
ecclesiastical  laws.    "A free  church  in 


a  free  state"  is  the  popular  aphorism 

of  both  political  parties. 
July*  Bohemia.  The  "  Young  Czech  " 

party  is  rejected  by  the  electors. 
Aug.  14.     Hung.     The  Reichstag 

closes. 

1875  July  *  Bung.  The  Government  is 
sustained  in  the  elections. 

Aug.  22.  Herzegovina.  The  Great 
Powers  agree  to  send  a  conmiission 
to  redress  grievances. 

Sept.+  *  Herzegoi'ina.  The  Bosnians 
join  the  insurgents  against  the  Turks. 

Oct.  20.  Hung.  Koloman  Tisza  be- 
comes Premier. 

1876  July  8.  Bohemia.  The  czar  and 
emperor  meet  at  Reichstadt,  and  unite 
in  a  policy  of  neutrality  respecting 
the  war  between  the  Servians  and  the 
Turks. 

Nov.*  The  expenditures  of  the  Govern- 
ment are  found  to  exceed  the  revenue. 

1877  June  26.  The  Austrian  and 
Hungarian  Ministers  announce  their 
policy  of  neutrality  in  the  Turoo- 
Russian  war. 

Aug.  *  Bosnia.  The  revolt  against  the 
Turks  is  subdued. 

1878  July  13.  Ger.  The  Treaty  of 
Berlin  is  signed.  It  provides  that 
Austria  shall  have  the  administration  of 
the  Turkish  provinces  of  Bosnia  and 
Herzegovina,  and  to  occupy  them  with 
Austrian  troops,  together  with  Sandshak 
of  Novi  Bazar.  Count  Andrassy  is 
the  representative  of  Austria  in  the 
Congress.    (See  Germany,  State.) 

July  *  Bosnia  revolts  against  annexa- 
tion to  Austria. 

July  29.  Austrian  troops  enter  Bosnia 
and  Herzegovina,  in  accordance  with 
the  Treaty  of  Berlin.    (War  follows.) 

Sept.  26.  Hung.  A  Ministerial  crisis 
occurs  ;  the  Minister  of  Finance  resigns. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1868  July  26.  Vienna.  A  German 
sharpshooting  match  opens. 

1869  Oct.  *  Aust.  A  Corespondenz 
Karte  (postal  card)  first  appears  in 
Europe. 

1873    May  1.     Vienna.     The     emperor 

opens  an  International  Exhibition. 
May  7±.    Hung.   Twenty-one  persons  are 

killed    in    a   railroad    accident   near 

Budapest. 
May  9.    Aust.    Europe    suffers    from 

financial  distress,  and  many  failures 

occur  at  Vienna. 
Jvme  24.    Hung.    The  Fiimie  railroad 

is  partly  opened. 
Aug.  18.     Vienna.    The   Archduke 

Albert  presents  the  prizes  awarded  to 

exhibitors  at  Vienna. 
Oct.  24.     Vienna.     The  emperor   opens 

the  water-works. 
1876    May  30.     Vienna.    The     new 

channel  of  the  Danube  is  opened. 
1878    Mar.  8.    The  .Sphinx  is  burnt  at 

sea   near  Cape    St.    Elie ;    500  persons 

perish. 


530  1878,  Sept.  28-1889,  Feb.  5.  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1878  Sept.  28.  Bosnia.  liivno,  after 
bombardment,  id  captured  by  the  Aus- 
trians. 

Nov.  9.  Bosnia,  The  war  ends.  [No 
further  resistance  is  offered  to  the  Aus- 
trians  ;  an  amnesty  follows.]  Austrian 
losses,  about  5,000  killed,  wounded,  and 
missing. 

1879  Sept.  8.  Bosnia.  Austrians  oc- 
cupy Novi-Bazar  without  opposition. 

*  *  Herzegovina.  Austrian  forces  oc- 
cupy the  Lim  country. 

1882  Jan.*  IJalmatia,  Herzegovina^ 
Bosnia.  Austrian  troops  arrive  to  sup- 
press disturbances. 

Jan.  16-31.  Herzegovina.  The  insur- 
gents are  defeated  in  several  small 
engagements. 

Feb.  16+.  Herzegovina.  Insurgents  are 
suppressed  at  Glavalicevo. 

Feb.  25.  Herzegovina.  The  insurgents 
are  defeated  at  Cettinje. 

Mar.  14.  Herzegovina.  The  capture  of 
Dragali  by  the  Austrians  is  announced. 

May  12±.  Herzegovina.  The  insurrec- 
tion is  almost  suppressed,  and  the 
fighting  is  chiefly  by  guerrilla  bands. 

Nov.  7»  8.  Vienna.  The  army  is  used 
to  suppress  a  riot  of  shoemakers  and 
others. 

1883  Sept.  8-10.  Croatia.  The  mili- 
tary authorities  are  resisted,  and  re- 
volters  are  suppressed. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1870  Mar.  12, 13.  Hun/j.  Heavy  rains 
cause  the  dams  on  the  River  Theiss  to 
give  way,  and  a  flood-wave  destroys 
6,235  houses  out  of  a  total  of  6,566 
houses  in  Szegedin. 

Nov.  10-16,  Dec.  8.  An  earthquake 
in  South  Austria  does  much  damage  ; 
lives  are  lost  in  Agram. 

1882  Apr.  1.  Aust.  An  Interna- 
tional Art  Bzhibition  is  opened  at 
Vienna. 

Apr.  2.  Aust.  The  Austrian  Polar  Ex- 
pedition starts  in  the  Polar. 

*  *  Vienna.  J.  Palisa  discovers  many 
minor  planets. 

Minor  planets  :  Eos,  Lucia,  Rosa, 
Oceana,  Henrietta,  Weringia,  Agathe, 
Adalinda,  and  Vindabona.  1883.  Russia 
and  Carolina.  1884.  Vera,  Honoria,  Ad- 
rastea,  Ida,  Kriemhild,  and  Sita.  1885. 
Walpurga,  Silesia,  Lameia,  Bettina, 
Sophia,  Dresda,  and  Mathilde.  1886. 
Augusta,  Oppavia,  and  Valda.  1887. 
Anna,  Aline,  and  Justitia.  1888.  Sapi- 
entia,  Atropos,  Philagoria,  Adelheld, 
Paulina,  Coelestina,  Thule,  Phtlia,  and 
Lucretia.     1889.    Oct.  3.    Huberta. 

1883  Jan.  10.  Hung.  Raab  is  partly 
submerged  by  floods. 

June  21i.    An   overflow  of   the    River 

Neisse  does  much  damage  in  Silesia. 
Aug.  22.    Aust.    The   Austrian   Polar 

Expedition  returns  to  Drontheim. 
Sept.  15.    Aust.    An  International 

Exhibition  of  graphic  art  is  opened  at 

Vienna. 

1884  Dec.  10.  Aust.  A  destructive 
Btorm  v^isits  Vienna. 


Dec.  26-31.  Earthquake  shocks  are 
felt. 

Dec.  28.  Slight  shocks  of  an  earth- 
quake are  felt  in  Carlnthia  and  Styria. 

1885  Jan.  27-28.  Aust.  Slight  earth- 
quake shocks  are  felt  in  Styria. 

1887  June  3±.  Ajiother  inundation 
visits  Szegedin. 

Sept.  29.  Hung.  A  bronze  statue  of 
Francis  Deak,  the  orator  and  states- 
man, is  unveiled  by  the  emperor. 

1888  Mar.  *  An  inundation  afflicts  Hun- 
gary. 

May  13.  Vienna.  The  Maria  Theresa 
monument  is  inaugurated  in  the  pres- 
ence of  the  emperor  and  empress. 

Sept.  15.  Aust.  A  Meteorological 
Congress  opens  at  Vienna. 

1889  Jan.  15.  The  Danube  River  is 
firmly  frozen  for  18  miles  below  Vienna. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1880  Oct.  10.  Giskra,  Karl,  Austrian 
statesman,  dies. 

Haymerle,  Heinrich  von.  Baron,  statesman, 
dies,  A53. 

1881  Apr.  27.  Benedek,  Iiudwi?  von. 
Austrian  general,  dies,  A77. 

1884  Oct.  3.  Makart,  Hans,  historical 
painter,  A40. 

1885  Jan.  5.  Auersperg,  Adolph,  Prince, 
Austrian  statesman,  dies. 

1886  Oct.  34.  Beust,  Frederlch  Ferdi- 
nand von.  Liberal  statesman,  chancellor, 
A  84. 

July  31.    liiszt.  Franz,  Hungarian  pianist, 
composer,  dies,  A75. 

1887  •  •  A  merlin g,  Frederick,  Austrian 
painter,  A84. 

1888*  *  Heller,   Stephen,   Hungarian   coni- 

poser,  A  7  4. 
1889    Jan.  5.    Reiehbauer,  Herr,  ex-Presi- 
dent of  the  Austrian  Keichsrath,  dies. 
Jan.  17.    Murska,  di,  Uma,  operatic  singer, 

A46i:. 
Jan.  30.     Rudolph,    Archduke,    crown 
prince,  A  31. 

CHURCH. 

1878  *  *  U.    Leo  XIII.  is  pope. 

1879  *  *  Aust.  F.  Von  Fiirstenberg,  the 
Archbishop  of  Olmlitz,  is  consecrated 
cardinal  priest.  [1884.  Nov.  10.  Celes- 
tine  Ganglbauer,  Archbishop  of  Vienna. 
1885.  J.  Mihalovitz,  Archbishop  of  Za- 
gabria.' 

1889  Feb.  4.  The  emperor  addresses 
the  Holy  Father  on  the  death  of  Prince 
Rudolph,  the  crown  prince;  [the  Pope 
replies]. 

LETTERS. 

1881  Feb.  11.  Bohemia.  Lecturesin 
the  Czechic  language  are  established 
in  the  University  of  Prague. 

Sept.  20-29.  Vienna.  An  Interna- 
tional Literary  Association  meets. 
[1888.    Sept.  19.    Meets  again.] 

SOCIETY. 

1879  Apr.  24.  Aust.  The  emperor 
and  empress  celebrate  their  silver 
wedding. 

1881  May  10.  Aust.  The  Archduke 
Rudolph  is  married  to  Stephanie  Clo- 
tilde  of  Belgium. 

July  *  Hohemta.  Czech  and  German  stu- 
dents engage  in  riots  at  Fraffue. 


Oct.  28.-31.  Vienna.  The  King  and 
Queen  of  Italy  are  welcomed. 

1882  Jan.  19.  Vienna.  Johann  Zich 
throws  a  stone  at  the  Kussian  Ambas- 
sador. 

*  *  Aust.  An  attempt  is  made  by  Over- 
dank,  a  soldier,  to  assassinate  the 
Emperor  Francis  Joseph. 

Feb.*  Mohammedans  sjrmpathize 
with  Christian  insurgents. 

Sept.  29.  Hung.  An  anti-Jew  riot 
breaks  out  at  Presburg,  and  martial 
law  is  proclaimed. 

Nov.  7-8.  Aust.  A  riot  of  Shoe- 
makers occurs. 

Dec.  20.  Aust.  Overdank,  a  soldier, 
who  attempted  to  assassinate  the  em- 
peror, is  executed. 

Dec.  27.  The  600th  anniversary  of 
the  House  of  Habsburg  ia  celebrated 
throughout  the  Empire. 

Dec.  *  Bohemia.  Forty-five  socialists 
are  sentenced  to  imprisonment  at 
Prague. 

1883  Mar.  29.  Hung.  The  chief  jus- 
tice, George  von  Mailath  von  Szekhely, 
is  murdered. 

June  *  Hung.  Ten  Jews  are  tried  at 
Nyiregbyhaza charged  with  the  murder 
uf  Esther  Solymosi,  a  Christian  maid, 
on  Apr.  I,  1892;  Joseph  Scharf  is  one 
of  them. 

Jtily  *  -Aug.  *  Hungary  is  disturbed 
by  anti-Jewish  riots,  especially  at 
Pesth,  Zaia,  and  Egersseg. 

Aug.  3.  Hung.  The  ten  Jews  tried  at 
Nyireghyhaza  are  acquitted  of  the  mur- 
der of  Esther  Solymosi. 

Aug.*  Croatia.  Biotsprevailin Agram 
and  other  places  against  the  Jews ;  the 
Slavs  also  make  anti-Hungarian  dis- 
turbances. 

Sept.  20.  Croatia.  Ten  rioters  are 
killed. 

Sept.  30.  Croatia.  The  Government 
sentences  38  rioters  to  imprisonment. 

Oct.  6.  Hung.  Three  men  are  convicted 
of  the  miu:der  of  Chief  Justice 
Szekhely. 

1884  Jan.  *  Aust.  Two  police  detec- 
tives are  assassinated  ;  a  great  conspir- 
acy is  suspected. 

Feb.  9.  Vienna.  Much  Socialistic  dis- 
affection ;  another  policeman  is  mur- 
dered, and  the  excitement  increases. 

Mar.  15±.  Vienna.  The  Government 
expels  700  Socialists. 

Apr.  17±.  Turk.  The  Crown  Prince 
Hudolph  and  the  princess  visit  Con- 
stantinople. 

Apr.  22.  Aust.  Hugo  Schenk  and 
Schlossarck  are  executed  for  the  mur- 
der of  several  servant  girls. 

Aug.  8.  Vienna.  Corporal  Hermann 
Stellmacher,  the  assassin  of  Detec- 
tive Bloch,  is  executed. 

Dec*  Aust.  Startling  bank  frauds  are 
discovered ;  some  of  the  culprits  com- 
mit suicide. 

1886  Sep.  26.  Aust.  A  great  Inter- 
national Hygienic  Congress  is  opened 
by  the  crown  prince  at  Vienna. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.   1878,  Sept.  28 -1889,  Feb.  5.  531 


Sept,  27.  Aiist.  Incendiary  fires  occur 
in  tlie  suburbs  of  Vienna. 

Oct.  10.  Arisi.  The  discovery  of  a  con- 
spiracy to  bum  Vienna  is  announced, 
and  17  men  are  arrested. 

1888  May  14.  Aiist.  The  National 
Industrial  Exliibition,  celebrating  the 
fortieth  year  of  the  emperor's  reign,  is 
opened  at  Vienna. 

June  22.  Just.  A  grand  funeral  of 
Beethoven  is  celebrated  at  Vienna  on 
the  transfer  of  his  remains  from  Wali- 
ring  Cemetery  to  that  of  Simmerung. 

June  27.  Hung.  Agrarian  riots  at 
Fiieldvar  are  supjTessed  with  force. 

Oct.  3±.  Vienna.  The  German  Em- 
peror W^illiam  II.  visits  ^'ienna. 

1889  Jan.  2.  Aust.  A  Socialist  Con- 
gress is  held  at  Hainfield. 

Jan.  15.  The  Government  sentences  19 
Nazarenes,  seven  of  whom  are  women, 
to  imprisonment  for  various  terms  for 
inciting  people  to  refuse  to  do  mili- 
tary duty. 

Moravia.    Eleven  hundred  textile 

workers  strike  for  an  increase  of 
wages. 

Jan.  30.  Aust.  The  Archduke  Ku- 
dolph,  the  crown  prince,  commits 
suicide. 

Iluntj.    Hussars  disperse  a  mob  at 

Pesth. 

Feb.  5.  Aust.  Several  persons  are 
arrested  in  Capes  for  repeating  rumors 
that  the  crown  prince  met  his  death 
at  the  hands  of  the  husband  of  the  woman 
he  had  betrayed.    (See  Feb.  26.) 

STATE. 

1878  Oct.  4.  Hnnfl.  The  Tisza  Min- 
istry resigns. 

Oct.  22.   Aust.   The  Auersperg  Liberal 

Ministry  resigns. 
Oct.  *  Bosnia,  with  the  exception  of  Novl 

Bazar,  is  occupied  by  Austria-Hungary. 
Deo.  5.    Hung.    The  Tisza  Ministry  is 

reorganized,  and  resumes  otlioe. 

1879  Feb.  15.  Vienna.  Dr.Stremayr, 
Premier,  forms  a  iiew  Ministry. 

July  11+.  The  elections  return  a  Lib- 
eral majority  to  the  Keichsrath. 

Oct.  7.  Aust.  A  secret  treaty  of  de- 
fense against  Kussia  is  signed  by  Austria 
and  Germany. 

Oct.  8.  The  Reichsrath  opens  at  Vi- 
enna ;  the  Czech  deputies  are  pres- 
ent. 

Premier  Andrassy,  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs,  resigns,  and  retires 
from  political  life ;  he  is  succeeded  by 
Baron  von  Haymerle. 

1880*  *  Bosnia  becomes  quiet,  and 
the  reformation  of  the  Government  ad- 
vances. 

June  8.  All  the  diets  of  the  Empire 
open. 

1881  July  *  Bohemia.  Marshal  Krause 
is  appointed  governor  of  Prague. 

Nov.  18±.  Gustave,  Count  Kalnoky, 
becomes  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs. 


1882  Jan.  16.  Herzegovina.  An  in- 
surrection breaks  out. 

Jan.  *  Troops  are  required  to  suppress 
an  insurrection  in  southern  Dalma- 
tia,  Herzegovina,  and  Bosnia. 

May  29 ±.  The  "New  German  Peo- 
ple's Party  *'  issues  a  manifesto. 

Oct.  26.  The  Ilerzegovinian  insurrec- 
tion is  suppressed. 

1883  Sept.  6±.  Hung.  Gen.  Bam- 
berg, a  special  commissioner,  super- 
sedes the  Ban  of  Croatia. 

Sept.  22.  Hung.  The  Croatians  are 
aroused  against  Hungary,  and  demand 
separation. 

Sept.  *  The  Imperial  Government  at- 
tempts to  conciliate  the  Slavs  in  their 
jealous  opposition  to  Germans  and  Ma- 
gyars ;  they  desire  autonomy. 

Dec. »  Vienna.  The  Reichsrath  first 
meets  in  the  new  house. 

Dec.  4.  Hung.  Coimt  Khiin-Heder- 
vary  becomes  Ban  of  Croatia. 

Deo.  17.  Hung.  The  Croatian  Diet 
opens  at  Agram  in  an  important  session. 

1884  Jan.  22.  Hung.  The  Croatian 
Diet  is  dissolved. 

Jan.  30.  Vienna.  In  apprehension  of  a 
great  conspiracy  at  Vienna,  Premier 
Taaflfe  restricts  public  meetings,  the 
press,  trials  by  jury,  and  other  rights. 

Feb.  15.  Vienna.  The  Keichsrath  ap- 
proves the  repressive  police  measures 
of  the  Government. 

Mar.  13±.  Hung.  The  Government  ar- 
rests many  Socialists  at  Budapest. 

Mar.  15+.  Vienna.  Seven  hundred 
persons  suspected  of  conspiracy  are 
expelled. 

June  13+.  Hung.  A  majority  of  the 
Iteichstag  are  elected  by  the  Liberals. 

Aug.  27.  Hung.  The  Croatian  Diet  is 
again  dissolved,  and  political  disagree- 
ments continue. 

1885  Apr.  22.  Aust.  The  Reichsrath 
is  dissolved. 

Apr.  30.  Vienna.  The  reform  Act 
adopted  by  the  upper  House  of  the 
Keichsrath  is  approved  by  the  emperor. 

Aug.  25,  26.  Moravia.  The  emperor 
and  Alexander  III.,  Czar  of  Russia, 
meet  at  Kremsier. 

Sept.  22.  Vienna.  The  new  Reichsrath 
assembles. 

1887  Feb.  26.  Vienna.  The  Reichs- 
rath votes  increased  army  estimates. 

Mar.  5.  Hung.  The  Reichstag  votes 
increased  army  estimates. 

Mar.  13.  A  treaty  of  alliance  is  signed 
with  Germany  and  Italy. 

Oct.  *  Vienna.  Premier  Taaffe  makes  a 
change  in  the  Ministry. 

Nov.  *  H<mg.  The  Croatians  finally 
abandon  the  movement  for  autonomy. 

Dec.  19.  Vienna.  The  Keichsrath  votes 
money  for  war  preparations. 

1889  Jan.  10.  Vienna.  Herr  von 
Tisza,  the  Prime  Minister,  threatens  to 
resign  unless  the  army  hill  Is  passed  by 
the  Reichsrath. 


Jan.  29.  Hung.  The  military  bill  is 
passed  by  a  majority  of  126  votes. 

Jan.  31.  Vienna.  The  Archduke  Charles 
Xjouis,  the  emperor's  brother,  is  offici- 
ally announced  as  heir  to  the  throne. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1879  Aug.  8,  9.  Bosnia.  A  great  Are 
renders  20,000  persons  homeless  in  Sera- 
jevo. 

1880  Jtrne  10-30.  Hung.  IvanZmer- 
tych,  a  Hungarian,  rides  his  velocipede 
from  Ostend,  Belgium,  to  Budapest. 

1881  Dec.  8.  Vienna.  The  Ring 
theater  is  burned,  and  447  lives  lost. 

1882  Sept.  23.  Hung.  A  railway 
bridge  over  the  Drave  falls,  and  about 
27  soldiers  in  a  train  are  drowned. 

1883  Aug.  16.  Vienna.  The  electric 
exhibition  is  opened. 

Sept.  2.  A  princess  is  born  to  the  Arch- 
duke Rudolph  and  the  Princess  Stepha- 
nie of  Belgium  ;  they  were  married  May 
10, 1841. 

Sept.  12.  Vienna.  Bicentenary  of  the 
siege  of  Vienna  raised  by  John  Sobieski, 
King  of  Poland,  is  celebrated. 

1884  June  1.  — Oct.  *  Aust.  There  are 
882  cases  and  544  deaths  from  cholera 
in  Triest. 

Sept.  20.  Tyrol.  The  emperor  opens  the 
Arlberg  railroad  tunnel  on  the  line 
connecting  Innsbruck  with  Bregenz. 

Oct.  *  -Dec.  •  Hung.  Cholera  prevails, 
principally  in  Budapest  and  Szegedin ; 
966  cases  and  499  deaths  are  reported. 

1885  May  2.  Hung.  The  emperor 
opens  a  National  Exhibition  at  Buda- 
pest. 

Nov.  4.  Hung.  The  National  Exhibi- 
tion at  Budapest  closes. 

1886  Aug.  17,  18.  Vienna.  Joseph 
Pircher,  a  gilder,  secretly  climbs  up  the 
steeple  of  St.  Stephen's,  and  places  a 
banner  on  its  cross,  432  (German)  feet 
high. 

Sept.  2.  Hung.  Budapest  celebrates  the 
bicentenary  of  its  recapture  from  the 
Turks  by  Imperialists  under  the  Duke 
of  Lorraine. 

1887  July  5.  .  Hung.  Twenty.seven 
persons  are  killed  by  the  accidental  ex- 
plosion of  dynamite  at  Jasz  Bereny, 
near  Budapest. 

Dec.  16.  Vienna.  The  Invalide  Kusse 
causes  a  panic  at  the  Bourse. 

1889  Jan.  3.  Hung.  The  maize  ring 
syndicate  collapses. 

Jan.  5.  Vienna.  The  Greek  Govern- 
ment borrows  20,000,000  francs  from  a 
hank. 

Jan.  9.  Hung.  Diphtheria  is  prevalent 
in  Nago,  the  schools  are  closed,  and  20 
children  die  in  one  day. 

Jan.  30.  Aust.  The  Archduke  Ru- 
dolph, the  crown  prince,  is  found 
dead  in  his  bed  by  his  valet ;  apoplexy 
is  announced  as  the  cause ;  suicide  by 
a  pistol-shot  is  the  rumored  cause  of 
his  death. 


532  1889,  Feb.  6 -1890,  May  20.   AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1889  Feb.  *  Hung.  The  Army  Bill  of 
M.  Tisza  awakens  macb  opposition  in 
Budapest. 

June  16.  Bosnia.  Insurgents  at  Novi- 
Bazar  attack  tbe  Turks. 

June  22.  Aust.  The  GoTernment  pro- 
poses the  addition  of  14  heavy  bat- 
teries to  the  armament. 

July  24.  Aust.  The  infantry  is  in- 
creased by  an  addition  of  9,000  men, 
thus  raising  the  service  to  a  war-footing. 

Aug.  23.  Aust.  The  War  Office  decides 
to  supply  the  army  with  smokeless 
powder. 


the   bacillus   of  influenza.     (An- 
nounced.) 

He  finds  in  it  some  similarity  to  the 
pneumonia  bacillus,  but  is  sure  that  it 
18  a  distinctly  different  microbe. 

*  *  Vienna.  J.  Palisa  discovers  the  minor 
planets  Bruna,  Alice,  Ludovica,  There- 
sia,  Baptistiua,  Thora,  and  Bavaria. 
[1891.  Olga,  Fraternitas,  Chaldea,  Con- 
stantia,  Katharina.    1892.    Tamara.] 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1889    Feb.  11.    Pitra,  John  Baptiste,  Car- 
dinal, dies. 
Mar.  21.    Pettenkofen,  August  von,  Aus- 
trian painter,  dies. 
Aug.  6.    PhiliUovich,    Joseph,    Baron    de 


Sept..  Grand  miUtary  maneuvers  take    ,S90%'IS!'TB'.''T^i^'Jy.    Q,ula    (Ju- 
P'a<!e.  Uus).  Count,  Hung,  min.,  statesman,  A67. 

1890  Feb.  4.  Hung.  The  landwehr 
on  a  peace  footing  is  to  consist  of  28  in- 
fantry regiments  and  60  squadrons  of 
cavalry. 

Apr.  28.  Galicia.  Troops  are  detailed 
to  keep  the  peace. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  Apr.  6.  Hung.  A  terrible  storm 
demolishes  many  houses,  and  in  some 
cases  whole  villages  have  been  set  on 
Are  by  lightning  and  destroyed. 


CHURCH. 

1889  Feb.  6.  At  Laibach  a  erowd 
smashes  the  bishop's  windows,  and 
forces  the  sexton  to  toll  the  bell  for  the 
crown  prince. 

At  Meran  the  priests  refusing  to  offi- 
ciate at  requiem  mass  for  the  deceased 
crown  prince,  the  people  enter  church, 
and  conduct  the  service. 

Mar.  *  .4uBt.  The  hostility  to  evangeli- 
cal work  by  Protestants  increases. 


Feb.  22.  Aust.  Oalician  miners  em- 
ployed in  Silesian  coal-pits  are  ordered 
to  quit  the  country. 

Feb.  25.  Aust.  The  Countess  of  La- 
rish,  daughter  of  tbe  Duke  of  Bavaria, 
is  sentenced  to  perpetual  exile  for  the 
part  she  played  in  the  death  of  Rudolph. 

Feb.  27.  Aust.  Baron  Hirsch  donates 
120,000  francs  yearly  to  relieve  trades- 
men threatened  with  financial  ruin. 

Mar.  2.  Hung.  Six  Hungarian  stu- 
dents are  arrested  at  Budapest  for 
making  denn>n8tration8. 

Mar.  12.  Vienna.  Signer  Romano,  a 
painter,  commits  suicide. 

Apr.  1.  Aust.  The  Countess  Jose- 
phine Radetkzy  shoots  herself. 

Apr.  7.  Hung.  Szil,  a  wine-store  keeper, 
is  crushed  to  death  in  a  wine-press  by 
robbers. 

Apr.  10.  The  Meyerling  estate, 
owned  by  the  late  Crown  Prince  Ru- 
dolph, is  to  be  used  for  religion  and 
benevolence  — the  main  building  for  a 
Carmelite  nunnery,  and  other  parts 
as  an  asylum  for  a^ed  and  infirm 
residents. 

Apr.  12.  Vienna.  Count  Festitich 
sues  for  separation  from  his  wife  on  the 
ground  of  adultery. 


May  17.    il/orarta.    At  Boskowitz  eight    Apr.  29.     Vienna.    A  Catholic  Congress    Apr.  18.    Aust.    Labor  riots  contin 


persons  are  killed  by  lightning. 

Thirty  persons  are  killed  by  a  storm 
at  Zino. 

June  3,  4.  A  great  storm  prevails, 
causing  great  loss  of  life  and  property. 

May  21.  Bohemia.  Forty-five  persons 
lose  their  lives  through  floods. 

July  29.  Hundreds  of  lives  are  lost, 
crops  destroyed,  and  many  buildings 
damaged  in  Transylvania  and  Buko- 
wina  by  a  cyclone. 

Aug.  4.  Vienna.  A  new  asteroid  of 
the  13th  magnitude  is  discovered  by  Dr. 
Palisa. 

Aug.  21.  Aust.  Several  parts  of  Aus- 
tria are  visited  by  hail-storms,  and 
many  persons  are  killed. 

Nov.  12.  Hung.  The  Government  lias 
purchased  10,000  hotels  throughout 
the  country  for  schoolhouaes. 

Dec.  2.    Aust.    Traflic  is  blocked  by  snow 

for  36  hours. 
•  *  The  invention  of  another  smokeless 
gunpowder,  having  greater   carrying 
power  than  ordinary  gunpowder,  is  re- 
ported. 

It  creates  a  very  thin,  transparent 
smoke,  which  is  so  slight  that  imme- 
diately after  firing  one  shot  aim  can  be 
taken  again. 

1890  Jan.  14.  Vienna.  Astronomers 
announce  that  the  Star  of  Bethlehem 
has  made  its  seventh  appearance  since 
the  birth  of  Christ. 

Jan.  15.  Aust.  Earthquake  shocks 
are  felt. 

Jan.  18.  Ausl.  Several  earthquake 
shocks  occur  at  Carinthia. 

Jan.  21  ±.  Vienna.  Dr.  Weichselbaum, 
of  the  University  of  Vienna,  discovers 


of  nobles  and  clergy  meets. 
May  2.     Vienna.    The  Catholic  Congress 
closes. 

*  *  Hung.  F.dePaulSchonbom,  Arch- 
bishop of  Prague,  is  consecrated  a  car- 
dinal priest. 

*  *  Croatia.  The  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society  reports  4,000  copies  of 
Scripture  sold. 

*  •  Bohemia.  F.  M.  Charles,  Archbishop 
of  Prague,  is  consecrated  cardinal  priest. 

1890  Feb.  7.  The  Minister  of  Worship 
and  Public  Instruction  favors  the  adop- 
tion of  the  bill  regulating  Jewish  re- 
ligious societies ;  that  is,  that  they  may 
be  independent  in  the  control  of  reli- 
gious concerns  among  themselves. 

Mar.  5.  The  Government  excludes  the 
Old  Catholics  from  the  Roman  decree, 
and  they  are  thereby  compelled  to  be- 
come a  separate  religious  society. 

*  *  Aust.  A.  Dunajewsky,  Bishop  of  Cra- 
cow, is  consecrated  cardinal  priest. 

LETTERS. 

1889  June  21.  The  government  sup- 
presses Socialist  paper,  Gleichheit. 

SOCIETY. 
1889    Feb.  6.    Aust.    The    Emperor 


Apr.  20-24.  Vienna.  A  strike  of  tram- 
car  men  takes  place  with  anti-Semitic 
rioting  at  Vienna  ;  the  military  are 
called  out  to  restore  order. 
May  10.  Bohemia.  The  street-car 
companies  of  Prague  yield  to  the  de- 
mands of  their  striking  drivers. 
May  24.    Moravia.    At  Saar  10,000 

miners  strike. 

May  30.     Vienna.    Prince    Alexis 

Sohwarzenberg  is  fatally  wounded  in 

a  duel  with  a  lieutenant  of  Hussars. 

June  1.    Bohemia.    The  strikes  are 

spreading ;  over  J,500  men  are  out. 
June  14.    Aust.    Eleven  thousand  tex- 
tile workers  at  Brunn  strike  for  higher 
wages. 
June  19.    Bohemia.    The     police     of 
Prague  forbid  the  Russian  author, 
Filipoff,  to  lecture  in  the  city. 
June  22.    Bohemia.    Two  riotous  mi- 
ners are  killed  and  12  wounded  by  gen- 
darmes during  a  labor  demonstration  at 
Kladno  ;  striking  miners  wreck  and  fire 
many  buildings. 
July  11.    Aust.    At  Briiun  6,000  striking 

spinners  resume  work. 
Aug.  23  f.     Vienna.    The  Shah  of  Per- 
sia visits  Vienna.    [Aug.  27.    At  Buda- 
pest.] 
Francis  Joseph  in  a  proclamation  thanks    Nov.  4.    Aust.    The  Archduke   John 


his  peoples  for  their  sympathy  in  his 
aSliction. 

Feb.  12.  Hung.  Students  make  another 
riotous  protest  against  the  army  bill  at 
Pesth. 

Feb.  15.  Hung.  The  Hungarian  stu- 
dents' riot  at  Pesth  is  quelled ;  several 
arrests  are  made. 


will  take  the  name  of  .Johann  Orth,  and 
enter  a  London  ship-building  yard. 

Nov.  20.  Hung.  A  plot  to  assassi- 
nate Premier  Tisza  is  discovered  and 
frustrated. 

Deo.  8.  Hung.  Count  Karolyi  and 
Count  Iiazaro  tight  in  a  duel  at  Buda- 
pest, 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.  1889,  Feb.  6-1890,  May  20.  533 


1890  Jan.  3.  Ami.  A.  letter  con- 
taming  $90,000  ia  stolen  in  transit 
between  Vienna  and  Budapest. 

Jan.  5.  Hung.  Tbe  editor  of  Zustam 
kills  the  editor  of  Branik  in  a  duel  at 
Neusatz. 

Jan.  17.    Bohemia,    The    Czechs    and 

Germans  are  reconciled. 
Feb.  *  Bohemia.    Five  hundred  strikers 

destroy  the  machinery  of  a  glass-fiic- 

tory  at  Gablonz  ;  the  police  kill  two  of 

the  strikers. 
Feb.  •  Bohemia.    The     manufacturers 

concede  tlie  ilemands  of  the  striking 

weavers. 

Mar.  10.  Bohemia.  Prague  students 
are  dispersed  by  the  police,  and  a  num- 
ber placed  under  arrest. 

Mar.  *  Bohemia.  The  trade  societies  of 
Prague  have  resolved  that  the  eight- 
hour  movement  shall  begin  on  May  1. 

Apr.  1.  f'ieniia.  Ten  thousand  build- 
ers' employees  and  800  bakers'  appren- 
tices strike. 

Apr.  8.  Vienna.  Many  persons  are  in- 
jured by  rioting  strikers  j  37  men  are 
arrested. 

Apr.  11.  Aust.  The  Emperor  'Wil- 
liam visits  the  Empress  of  Austria. 

Apr.  14.  Vienna.  Six  thousand  car- 
penters of  Gratz  strike  for  more  wages 
and  shorter  hours. 

Apr.  17.  Aust.  Labor  riota  break  out ; 
troops  and  striking  miners  fight. 

Apr.  22.  Aust.  Socialists  join  train- 
strikers  in  Vienna  in  lighting  the  police 
and  soldiers  with  stones  and  revolvers. 

Apr.  23,  Galicia.  Anti-Semitic  riots 
break  out  in  Biala  :  20  persons  are  killeti 
and  others  -wounded. 

Apr.  25.  Vienna.  Schools  are  to  be 
closed  and  martial  law  proclaimed  on 
May  Day,  owing  to  expected  trouble 
from  strikers. 

Apr.  ♦  Aust.  The  miners  in  the  large 
collieries  of  Count  Wilczek  are  on 
strike.  Troops  have  been  called  out 
to  preserve  peace. 

May  10.  Vienna.  Col.  Frederick 
Grant,  the  new  American  Minister, 
arrives. 

May  11±.  Vienna.  The  Bothschilds 
inform  the  emperor  that,  unless  oppres- 
sion of  the  Jews  ceases,  they  will 
move  their  banking-house  to  Budapest. 

May  20.  Bohemia.  In  a  collision  with 
troops  at  Pilsen  five  miners  are  killed 
and  seven  wounded. 

STATE. 

1889  Feb.  7.  Vienna.  The  emperor 
receives  the  presidents  of  the  two 
Houses  of  the  Reichsrath,  and  thanks 
them  for  the  condolence  tendered  by 
those  bodies  on  the  death  of  Crown- 
Prince  Rudolph. 

Feb.  28.  Humj.  The  action  of  the 
Opposition  becomes  so  violent  that 
its  debate  has  to  be  postponed  in  the 
lower  House  of  the  Reichstag,  on  the 


resumption  of  the  debate  on  the  army 
bill. 

Mar.  16.  Hung.  Count  Szapary  is 
selected  as  Premier  and  Minister  of  the 
Interior. 

Mar.  19.  Hunt).  Herr  Tisza,  the  ex- 
Premier,  is  vindicated. 

Mar.  20.  Hung.  Prime  Minister  Tisza 
is  hooted  at  and  pelted  with  stones 
while  leaving  the  Chamber  of  Deputies. 

Mar.  22.  Hung.  Herr  Orlean  in  the 
Diet  denounces  the  poUoe  for  inter- 
fering with  the  students'  demonstra- 
tions. 

Mar.  23.    Hung.    Herr  Fabinyi,  Min- 
ister of  Justice,  and  Baron  von  Orczy, 
of  the  Interior,  resign ;  the  latter  is  to 
be  succeeded  by  Herr  Baross,  Minister 
of  Public  Works. 
Apr.  8.    Hung.    The  new  army  bill  as 
amended  by  the  Diet  is  adopted  by  the 
upper  House. 
Apr.  30.       Henna.      The      Government 
serves   notice   upon   tramway  com- 
panies that  their  property  will  be  se- 
questered  unless  reforms  promised  to 
their  employees  are  completed  by  May 
13. 
May  11.     Vienna.    The  lower  House  of 
the    Reichsrath    adopts   the    budget, 
which    shows    a    surplus    of    2,770,059 
florins. 
June  13.     Vienna.    Austria,  Russia,  and 
Germany  send  an  identical  note  to  the 
Swiss  Government,  advising  it  to  deal 
more  severely  with  anarchists  and  so- 
cialists. 
June  24.    Hung.    A  second  strategic 
railroad  from  Hatvan  to  Miskolcz  is 
commenced. 
June  25.    Hung.    The  Government  for- 
bids any  demonstration  at  the  Ea- 
vanitza  Monastery  on  the  anniversary 
of  the  battle  of  Kossova. 
Oct.  21.     Vienna.    A    decree    is    issued 
that  state   oflicials  shall    continually 
wear  uniform  on  and  ofif  duty. 
Dec.  5.     Vienna.    The  Diet  passes  a  bill 
to  incorporate  the  subiurbs  of  Vienna 
with  the  city  itself. 
Dec.  10.     Vienna.    The     Archduke 
Charles  Ijouis  is  appointed  putative 
regent. 
Dec.  13.     Vienna.    A  Bulgarian   loan 
recently  eifected  is  a  cause  of  complaint 
by  Russia  against  Austria  as  a  violation 
of  the  Berlin  Treaty. 
Deo.  30.    Hung.    In   the   Reichstag   all 
the  German  candidates  are  elected  on 
the  second  ballot. 
Dec.  *    Vienna.     The     Government    has 
warned  Servia  that  there  must  be  a  sus- 
pension of   friendly  relations  between 
the  two  countries  unless  the  attacks  of 
the  Servian  press  upon  Austria  are 
stopped. 
1890    Jan.  1.    Hung.     Prime    Minister 
Tisza  declares  that  he  believes  In  the 
triple  alliance  as  the  basis  of  peace. 
Jan.  10.   Bohemia.   The  Emperor  Francis 
Joseph  personally  attends  to  the  settle- 


ment of  disputes  between  the  Czechs 
and  Germans. 

Jan.  13  i.  Hinig.  The  Reichstag  pro- 
V  ides  for  the  construction  of  war  vessels 
to  protect  its  interests  on  the  Danube. 

-^ —  Vienna.  The  Minister  of  War  states 
that  the  peace  of  Europe  is  not  secure, 
and  therefore  a  considerable  increase 
in  the  army  is  necessary. 

Jan.  24.  Hung.  The  Finance  Minister 
and  the  Rothschild  syndicate  enter  into 
an  agreement  for  the  conversion  of 
302,000,000  florins  of  5  per  cent 
rentes  into  4  per  cent  gold  rentes. 

Jan.  •  Bohemia.  The  Diet  has  accepted 
the  result  of  the  German-Czech  Confer- 
ence. 

Mar.  11.  Hung.  Herr  Von  Tisza,  Prime 
Minister,  resigns.  Count  Von  Szapary 
is  appointed  to  succeed  him,  and  to  form 
a  new  Ministry. 

Mar.  •  Aust.  The  Government  proposes 
modifying  her  stringent  laws  against 
the  Socialists. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  Feb.  14.  Vienna.  An  electrical 
joint-stock  company,  with  a  capital 
of  2,000,000  florins,  is  organized. 

May  9.  Vienna.  The  grain-market  is 
boycotted  by  Hungarian  merchants, 
on  account  of  the  growth  of  anti-Sem- 
itism, 

May  22.  Aust.  The  train  bearing  the 
empress  and  her  suite  from  Wiesbaden 
to  Vienna  is  derailed  while  being 
switched. 

Aug.  10.  Vienna.  A  water  famine  is 
threatened. 

*  *  The  crops  are  much  below  the  aver- 
age. 

Aug.  19.  Hung.  An  explosion  of  a 
dynamite  cartridge  at  Doman  kills  five 
persons. 

Aug.  26.  Vienna.  The  great  shortage 
in  the  wheat  crops  reported  seriously 
affects  the  Chicago  market,  U.  S.  A. 

Sept.  5.  Aust.  A  portion  of  the  quay 
falls  into  the  river  at  Szegedin. 

Nov.  20.  Vienna.  Four  thousand  em- 
ployees are  out  of  work  in  the  mother- 
of-pearl  button  factories. 

Deo.  5.    Hung.    A   sugar   factory   at  . 
Swolerlowes  collapses,  and  eight  per- 
sons are  killed  and  many  injured. 

Dec.  24.  Vienna.  Influenza  is  spread- 
ing, and  has  developed  Into  lung  inflam- 
mation. 

Dec.  27.  Aust.  Aloys  de  Nagy,  Covmt 
Karol3ri,  formerly  ambassador  to  Great 
Britain  and  Germany,  is  killed  while 
hunting. 

1890  Feb.  *  Vienna.  A  life-insurance 
company  announces  that  it  will  issue  its 
t>olicies  without  medical  examinations. 

Mar.  •  Vienna.  The  importation  of  cer- 
tain American  proprietary  medicine 
is  i)rohibited  by  the  Goveniment. 

Apr.  19.  Hung.  Hundreds  are  dying 
of  famine  in  Biezwaag  and  Bistritz. 


534    1890,  May* -1892,  Aug.*.    AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1890  Sept.  17.  Just.  The  Archduke 
Frederick  is  appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  fifth  array  corps. 

1891  Apr.  8.  Hussia  masses  troops 
on  the  frontier. 

June  21.  I  stria.  The  naval  work- 
shops at  Pola  are  destroyed  by  fire. 

Oct.  19.  Aust.  The  Govenlment  .orders 
the  strengthening  of  the  frontier 
guards  by  a  large  number  of  troops. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  July  16.  Aust.  Heat  is  intense 
in  central  Austria  and  on  the  Alps  from 
Graubuenden  to  Lower  Austria. 

Aug.  2.  Aust.  The  city  of  Lintz  is  in- 
undated by  an  overflow  of  the  Danube. 

Aug.  9.  Bohemia.  "Waterspouts  and 
storms  inundate  the  western  and  cen- 
tral portion  of  Bohemia. 

Aug.  30.  Aust.  Several  earthquake 
shocks  are  felt  in  the  Danube  Valley, 
Vienna,  from  Amstettin  to  Grein. 

Sept.  3.  Bohemia.  A  part  of  the  city  of 
Prague,  also  many  villages  in  the  Dan- 
ube Valley,  are  submerged  by  an  over- 
flow of  the  Moldau  River,  causing 
loss  of  life  and  property. 

Sept.  4.  Aust.  The  Drave  River  over- 
flows its  banks,  and  vast  tracts  of  land 
in  Carinthia  are  laid  waste. 

Nov.  13.  Aust.  The  Government  re- 
quests the  medical  faculty  to  send  pro- 
posals to  Prof.  Koch  for  the  establish- 
ment of  hospitals. 

Nov.  15.  Vienna.  Drs.  NothnageljBill- 
rotli,  and  Kowalski,  of  Vienna,  praise 
Prof.  Koch's  remedy  for  tuberculosis, 
and  say  that  it  is  the  greatest  discov- 
ery  since  that  of  Dr.  Jenner. 

Nov.  26.  Bohemia.  Property  valued  at 
500,000  florins  at  Carlsbad  is  damaged  by 
floods  ;  also  damage  is  done  at  Rostock, 
Jena,  Badkoesen,  and  other  places. 

1891  Jan.  10.  Aust.  An  avalanche 
buries  a  train  near  Klagenfurth,  Carin- 
thia. At  Triest,  Carniola,  an  engine 
freezes  fast  to  the  rails  ;  traffic  is  sus- 
pended. 

Jan.  12.  Galicia.  A  destructive  hurri- 
cane prevails. 

Jan.  13.  Bosnia.  An  avalanche  buries 
many  houses  in  snow,  and  causes  the 
loss  of  many  lives. 

July  24.  In  the  Tyrolean  Alps  large 
tracts  of  land  are  devastated  by  ava- 
lanches. 

Aug.  18.  A^^st.  Forty  persons  are 
drowned  by  a  cloudburst  at  KoUman. 

Aug.  27.  During  a  thunder-storm  lights 
ning  strikes  a  church  at  Tualis,  and 
kills  several  members  of  its  congrega- 
tion. At  Piau  a  hunting-party  is  also 
struck  by  lightning,  killing  one  and 
seriously  injuring  four  others. 

Oct.  19.  Viemui.  The  Museum  of 
Fine  Arts  is  opened  by  Emperor  Fran- 
cis Joseph. 

1892  Apr.  20.  Tyrol.  Much  property 
is  destroyed  and  several  lives  are  lost  by 
a  storm. 


Apr.  24.  Vienmt.  A  colossal  eques- 
trian statue  of  Marshal  Radetzky  is 
unveiled. 

May  13.  Hung.  Many  miners  are 
drowned  by  a  sudden  flood  resulting 
from  a  waterspout. 

June  8.  Disastrous  floods  sweep  the 
Danube  Valley. 

July  25.  Moravia.  The  famous 
"Robber  Tower*'  at  Znaim,  one  of 
the  oldest  relics  of  the  Middle  Ages, 
falls,  killing  five  persons. 

Aug.  3.  Aust.  A  waterspout  at  Triest, 
Carniola,  does  much  damage  to  property. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1800    Oct.  9.    Leidesdorf,  Professor,  lunacy 
specialist,  dies  in  Vienna. 

Dec.  28.    Karolyi.    QuBtav    Sieemund. 
count,  statesman,  minister,  dies. 
1691    Jan.  5.    Saxe-Weinmr,   Prince    Gus- 
tav  of,  Austrian  field-marshal,  A64. 

Jan.  18.  Salvalor  Charles,  Archduke  of 
Austria,  A52. 

Jan.  23.  Simor,Jano8,  cardinal  archbishop 
and  primate  of  Hungary,  A74. 

Aug-.  38.     Taglioni,  Marie,  dancer,  A.58. 

Nov.  33.  Henry,  archduke  of  Austria, 
Austrian  field-marshal,  A63. 

Dec.  14.    Bigismundf  archduke  of  Austria, 
A66. 
1892    Jan.  8.     Brucke,  Ernest  W.,  physiol- 
ogist, A73. 

Feb.  4.    Ponsa,  Magdalen  of  Vienna,  A 1 17- 

May  17.  Klapka,  Gyorgy,  Hungarian  gen- 
eral, A72. 

Aue>  19.  Fiirstenberg,  cardinal  Land- 
grave F.,  prince  archbishop  of  Olmiitz, 
A78. 

CHURCH. 

1890  Nov.  8.  Hung.  The  Roman  Cath- 
olic Primate  orders  the  clergy  to  give 
no  attention  to  instructions  emanating 
from  the  Minister  of  Public  Worship. 

1891  Jan.  3.  The  emperor  purposes  to 
erect  a  memorial  monastery  on  an 
island  in  the  Adriatic  in  honor  of  his 
brotlier  Maximilian,  shot  in  Mexico,  and 
of  his  son,  the  late  Crown  Prince  Ru- 
dolph. 

Dec.  17.  The  Methodist  Church  in 
Vienna  is  closed  by  decree. 

Its  pastor  is  prohibited  from  preach- 
ing within  the  capital,  because  one  of 
its  articles  of  belief  denounces  the  sac- 
rifice of  the  mass  as  "a  blasphemous  fa- 
ble and  a  dangerous  deceit."  An  appeal 
against  the  <lecree  is  proposed. 

1892  Jan.  26.  Austria  seeks  to  recon- 
cile the  Vatican  and  the  Quirinal. 

Mar.  10.  Hung.  The  primate,  arch- 
bishops, and  bishops  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  memorialize  Francis 
Joseph  against  civil  marriage  meas- 
ures as  being  hostile  to  that  Church. 

Apr.  10.  Vienna.  An  attempt  is  made 
to  assassinate  the  Primate  of  Hvm- 
gary. 

May  28.  Aust.  The  Vatican  and  Quiri- 
nal come  to  an  agreement  concerning 
the  appointment  of  the  Patriarch  of 
Venice,  they  jointly  agreeing  upon 
Santo,  Bishop  of  Treviso. 

Jiuie  8.  Galicia.  Archbishop  Sembra- 
towics  is  assaulted  by  40  Polish  stu- 
dents in  l^emberg  because  he  visited 
Pope  Leo,  his  doing  so  being  considered 
as  an  act  of  treason  to  the  Greek  Catho- 
lic Church. 


LETTERS. 
1891  Jan.  13.  Galicia.  By  agreement 
with  the  Austrian  Government,  Saron 
Hirsch  plans  to  subsidize  schools  for 
Jewesses,  and  will  invest  £500,000  in 
the  enterprise. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  May  24.  Bohemia.  Tramway 
drivers  are  out  on  a  strike  at  Prague ; 
the  lines  are  at  a  standstill. 

May  27.  Bohemia.  The  tram-car  em- 
ployees at  Prague  are  fined  by  munici- 
pal authorities  $5,000  for  the  cessation 
of  traffic  caused  by  the  strike. 

July  31.  Aust.  The  Archduchess 
Maria  Valeria  is  married  to  the  Arch- 
duke Francis  Salvador  at  Iscbl. 

Sept.  4.  Vienna.  The  International 
Agricultural  Congress  is  opened. 

Oct.  1.  Vienna.  The  Emperor  of 
Germany  arrives. 

Oct.  19.  Vienna.  The  tramway  em- 
ployees strike. 

Nov.  17.  Transylvania.  Six  persons 
are  killed  and  16  injured  in  a  church 
fight. 

Nov.  21.  Aust.  Two  cashiers  of  a  War- 
saw bank  are  murdered  on  the  Vienna 
mail-train,  and  robbed  of  55,000  roubles. 

Dec.  1.  Vienna.  The  Sanitary  Coun- 
cil decides  to  prohibit  unauthorized 
inoculations. 

1891  Jan.  18.  Vienna.  Sadullah  Pa- 
sha, Turkish  Ambassador  to  Austria, 
dies  from  self-inflicted  injuries. 

Feb.  3.  Vienna.  Ten  thousand  shoe- 
makers go  out  on  strike. 

Mar.  6±.  Bohemia.  The  leaders  of  the 
Old  Czechs  declare  their  purpose  to 
retire  from  public  life. 

Mar.  7.  Galicia.  In  an  anti-Semitic 
riot  one  Jew  is  killed  and  a  number  of 
Jewish  shops  are  destroyed. 

Mar.  10.  Hung.  The  Chamber  of  Mag- 
nates passes  the  Sunday-Best  Bill, 
which  defines  Sunday  as  extending  from 
the  close  of  Saturday  to  6  a.m.  Monday. 

Mar.  27.  Tyrol.  At  Keufstein  a  promi- 
nent merchant  is  by  mistake  murdered 
by  a  Mafia  assassin. 

May  20.  Hung,  Ex-Queen  Natalie  is 
warmly  received  on  her  way  to  Bucha- 
rest. 

June  22.  Hung.  A  fierce  riot  breaks 
out  at  Balonya,  in  which  four  men  are 
killed  and  seven  wounded. 

July  27.  Galicia.  "Wholesale  customs 
frauds  are  discovered  in  the  Duchy  of 
Bukowina. 

Aug.  12.  Aust.  Several  Servians  are 
decorated  by  Emperor  Francis  Joseph. 

Sept.  6.  Aust.  Tlie  emperor  decorates 
a  number  of  the  German  emperor's 
attendants. 

Sept.  27.  Bohemia.  The  Emperor  Fran- 
cis Jo.seph  is  splendidly  received  at 
Prague. 

Oct.  1.  Bohemia.  Thirteen  bombs  are 
exploded  under  a  bridge  near  Prague, 
a  few  hours  before  the  arrival  of  a  train 
bearing  the  emperor. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.     1890,  May*- 1892,  Aug. 


535 


Oct.  5.  Carniola.  An  attempt  is  made  to 
blow  up  the  episcopal  palace  at  Triest. 

Nov.  5.  Galicia.  Polea  in  Galicia  form 
a  secret  organization  to  keep  alive  the 
remembrances  of  the  Polish  struggle 
of  former  years. 

1892  Feb.  7.  Vienna.  Extensive  re- 
lief is  given  to  sufferers  from  the  pre- 
vailing famine. 

Mar.  1.  f'ientm.  The  starving  poor 
fight  at  a  distribution  of  bread. 

Mar.  12.  Vienna  is  shocked  by  a  num- 
ber of  mysterious  murders  committed 
in  "  Jack-the-Ripper"  fashion. 

Mar.  13.  Vienna.  A  collision  occurs 
between  the  police  and  working  men. 

Mar.  28.  Bohemia.  The  Czechs  of 
Prague  attempt  to  celebrate  the  birth- 
day of  Comenius,  notwithstanding  the 
Government's  prohibition.  The  police 
several  times  disperse  the  crowds, 
after  hard  fighting,  in  which  many  are 
woiuided  with  clubs  and  swords. 

Apr.  11.  Vienna.  Incendiary  fires  are 
still  of  frequent  and  alarming  occur- 
rence. 

May  8.  Hung.  A  notary's  house  in  Ve- 
reez  is  wrecked  by  a  dynamite  ex- 
plosion. 

May  12.  Hung.  Anarchists  make  an 
attempt  to  blow  up  a  crowded  street- 
car in  Budapest. 

June  5.  Bohemia.  Twenty-seven  volun- 
teer rescuers  lose  their  lives  at  the 
burning  Birkenberg  silver-mine. 

June  6.  Hung.  Hungarians  welcome 
Francis  Joseph  on  the  anniversary  of 
his  coronation  as  King  of  Hungary  in 
Budapest. 

June  13.  Bohemia.  A  miner  confesses 
that  he  purposely  fired  the  Birkenberg 
silver-mine. 

July  19.  Hung.  Hiotous  reapers  at 
Bebar  are  fired  upon  by  gendarmes ; 
twelve  are  killed  and  many  wounded. 

STATE. 

1890  May  30.  Hung.  The  lower  House 
of  the  Reichstag  rejects  the  biU  restor- 
ing citizenship  to  Louis  Kossuth. 

July  24.  Vienna.  Austriaand  Bulgaria 
agree  to  silence  concerning  negotiations 
between  them  for  a  commercial  treaty. 

Aug.  ±  *  Vienna.  The  Government 
consents  to  the  independence  of  Bul- 
garia on  Aug.  15. 

Aug,  7.  Vienna.  The  Government 
grants  500,000  fiorins  ($1,000,000)  for 
repairing  the  damage  done  by  fioods  and 
assisting  the  sufiferers. 

Aug.  28.  Hung.  HerrAbranyi  resigns 
his  seat  in  the  Reichstag,  as  a  result  of  his 
publishing  an  interview  with  Bismarck. 

Oct.  2.  Aust.  Anti-Semitic  members 
are  elected  to  the  lower  House. 

Oct.  30.  Hung.  The  Anti-Semitic 
Party  in  the  Reichstag  is  dissolved, 
after  existing  for  ten  years. 

Dec.  2.  Vienna.  Count Kalnoky opens 
the  conference  between  Austro-Hun- 
garian  and  German  delegates,  called  for 


the  purpose  of  negotiating  a  commercial 
treaty. 

Dec.  4.  Viemia.  The  Reichsrath  as- 
sembles ;  the  Budget  for  18U1  places  the 
expenditure  at  564,473,940  florins. 

Dec.  13.  Vienna.  The  Democratic 
Association,  having  for  one  of  its  ob- 
jects an  agitation  in  favor  of  universal 
suffrage,  is  broken  up  by  the  police. 

1891  Jan.  25,  Vie7ina.  The  Reichs- 
rath is  dissolved  by  an  unexpected 
decree. 

Jan.  27.  Vienna.  Austria  resumes  dip- 
lomatic relations  with  Brazil,  the  em- 
pire having  given  way  to  a  republic  under 
Beodora  da  Fonseca,  president. 

Feb.  4.  Vienna.  The  finance  minis- 
ter resigns. 

Mar.  5.  Vienna.  The  returns  of  the 
elections  show  that  in  the  urban  dis- 
tricts of  Bohemia  twelve  German  Liber- 
als, eleven  Young  Czechs,  and  three 
German  Nationalists  are  elected  to  the 
lower  House  of  the  Reichsrath. 

Mar.  10.  Hung.  The  Chamber  of  Mag- 
nates at  Budapest  passes  a  Sunday- 
Rest  Bill.    (See  Society.) 

Apr.  11.  Vienna.  The  Reichsrath  is 
opened  by  the  Bmperor  Francis 
Joseph  with  a  speech  strongly  favoring 
peace. 

Jtme  12.  Vienna.  The  estimates  of  the 
Budget  Committee  of  the  Reichsrath 
show  a  siuplus  of  3,915,987  florins. 

June  17.  Vienna.  The  Emperor  Fran- 
cis Joseph  gives  special  audience  to 
Prince  Ferdinand  of  Bulgaria. 

June  20.  A  great  Central  European 
Customs  League  has  been  formed  by 
Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  Italy,  and 
Switzerland. 

June  30.  The  triple  alliance  of  Ger- 
many, Austria,  and  Italy  is  renewed  for 
six  years, 

Aug.  29.  Vienna.  The  Government  is 
watching  the  massing  of  Russian 
troops  along  her  frontier,  and  in  conse- 
quence adds  18,000,000  florins  to  her  war 
budget. 

Sept.  7.  Austria,  as  a  reply  to  the  Turco- 
Russian  Convention,  willannex  Bosnia 
to  her  dominions. 

Dec.  1.  Vienna.  Austria  decides  to 
participate  in  the  "World's  Fair  at 
Chicago. 

Dec,  4.  Vienna.  The  removal  of  the 
prohibition  on  American  pork  is 
formally  announced. 

Dec.  10.  Hung.  The  Reichstag  is  pre- 
paring to  celebrate  the  one  thousandth 
anniversary  of  the  establishment  of  the 
Kingdom  of  Hungary  by  a  National  Ex- 
hibition in  1895. 

Dec.  16.  Vienna.  Herr  Gregr,  the 
leader  of  the  Young  Czechs  in  the 
Reichsrath,  demands  the  complete  na- 
tional emancipation  of  Bohemia. 

1892  Jan.  4.  Hung.  The  Emperor 
Francis  Joseph  dissolves  the  Diet. 

Jan.  30.  Hung.  Returns  from  the  elec- 
tions show  gains  by  the  Opposition  or 
Liberals. 


Feb.  23.  Vienna.  It  is  announced  that 
reciprocity  negotiations  are  to  be 
opened  with  the  United  States. 

Apr.  28.  Vienna.  A  motion  is  made 
in  the  lower  House  of  the  Reichsrath  to 
impeach  the  Minister  of  Justice. 

July  10.  Tyrol.  The  Provincial  Diet  of 
Southern  Tyrol  unanimously  resolves 
to  request  the  government  to  make 
Triest  a  free  port. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  May  *  Vienna.  The  emperor 
opens  an  International  Agricultural 
Exhibition. 

June  24.  Hung.  A  second  strategic 
railroad  is  commenced  from  Haven  to 
Miskoleg. 

July  17.  Hung.  A  fire  at  Rosenau  de- 
stroys the  parish  church,  thesynagogue, 
and  twenty  houses. 

Aug.  1.  Galicia.  A  mine  explosion 
suffocates  80  miners. 

Aug.  4.  Hung .  One  hundred  and  eighty 
houses  and  large  stores  of  corn  are 
burned  in  Puespolk  Hatval. 

Aug.  8.  Hung.  Fire  almost  destroys 
the  town  of  Moor;  10  lives  are  lost. 

Aug.  25.  Hung.  Tokay,  the  center  of 
Tokay-wine  trade,  is  destroyed  by  fire. 

Oct.  *  Vienna.  The  press  bitterly  at- 
tacks the  McKinley  Bill  of  the  U.  S. 
Congress,  calling  it  "  a  measure  of  vio- 
lence worthy  of  a  nation  accustomed  to 
the  use  of  the  revolver." 

Nov.  17.  Aust.  A  ship  capsizes  off  the 
Dalmatian  coast,  and  38  persons  and  a 
number  of  animals  are  lost. 

1891  May  20.  Vienna.  The  Internar 
tional  Postal  Congress  opens. 

July  1.  Aust.  Triest  by  law  ceases  to 
be  a  free  port. 

Sept.  3.  Hung.  The  town  hall  at  Som- 
erein  is  blown  up  by  gasoline,  injur- 
ing three  persons. 

Nov.  14.  Vienna.  A  panic  occurs  on 
the  Bourse,  caused  by  a  reported  utter- 
ance of  the  emperor,  to  the  effect  that 
the  European  situation  was  critical. 

Dec.  21.  Vienna.  The  extension  of 
Vienna's  bovmdaries  is  celebrated  by 
the  people. 

1892  Jan.  2.  Hung.  Many  persons  are 
reported  to  have  died  of  starvation. 

May  11.  Galicia.  A  raft  upsets  near 
Brody,  and  60  persons  are  drowned. 

May  27.  Vienna.  The  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce votes  10,000  florins  towards  defray- 
ing the  expenses  of  the  exhibit  at  the 
World's  Fair  to  be  opened  at  Chicago, 
U.  S,  A. 

June  1.  Boliemia.  A  fatal  fire  is  ra- 
ging in  a  silver-mine  at  Birkenburg ;  400 
miners  are  missing.  [June  2.  Over  100 
bodies  are  taken  oat,  no- person  escaping 
alive.] 

Aug.  25.  Au^t.  Two  dynamite  ex- 
plosions occur  at  Triest  causing  only 
slight  damage. 


536  1892,  Sept.  14-1894, May  8.   AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  Mar.  31.  Aust.  The  Sylander 
cuirass  is  adopted  ;  it  is  made  of  bullet- 
proof cloth  one-third  of  an  inch  thick. 

Apr.  2i.  Ausf.  The  War  Office  is  plan- 
ning to  increase  the  peace  effective  of 
the  army. 

Sept.  18.  Ausf.  The  Emperor  "Wil- 
liam of  Germany  leads  a  charge  at 
the  maneuvers. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  Sept.  26.  Vienna.  The  two  hun- 
dredth anniversary  of  the  founding  of 
the  Academy  of  Art  is  celebrate4l. 

1893  Jan.  4.  Aust.  A  disastrous 
gale  at  Triest,  Carniola,  wrecks  vessels 
and  destroys  life. 

May  8.  Aust.  The  long  drought  is 
broken. 

May  21.  Hung.  The  Honved  monu- 
ment at  Budapest  is  unveiled  ;  the  Em- 
peror Joseph  is  present. 

Aug.  9.  A^l8t.  Earthquakes  and  a 
cloudburst  in  Styria  and  North  Styria 
cause  loss  of  life  and  destruction  of 
property. 

Sept.  28.  Tyrol.  The  Emperor  Francis 
Joseph  unveils  at  Innsbruck  the  statue 
of  Andreas  Hofer,  the  Tyrolese  pa- 
triot, shot  by  the  French,  Feb.  20,  1810. 

Bee.  29.  Galicia.  Snow  is  six  feet 
deep. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1893  Nov.  3.    Iranvi,  D.,  Hungarian  leader, 
A70. 

1894  Kar.  30.     KoBSUth.    I>oula.   Hunga- 
rian patriot,  dies  at  Turin,  A92. 

CHURCH. 
1893    Nov.  6.    The  Catholic  clergy  bit- 
terly oppose  the  bill  making  the  civil 
service  comptilsory  in  all  cases  of 
marriage.    (See  State,  Oct.  5.) 

•  *  Hung.  L.  Schlauch,  Bishop  of  Gross- 
Wardein,  is  consecrated  cardinal  priest. 

*  *  Hung.  Claudius  Veszary,  Primate  of 
Hungary,  is  consecrated  cardinal  priest. 

LETTERS. 
1893    Sept,  14.     Bohemia.    The  author- 
ities issue  an  Imperial  decree  establish- 
ing a  press  censorship  over  the  Czech 
papers  published  in  Prague. 

SOCIETY. 

1892  Sept.  14.  Camiola.  Miss  Jane 
Armstrong  of  New  York  kills  herself 
in  Triest  after  losing  her  fortune  at 
Monte  Carlo. 

Sept.  18.  Hung.  Kossuth's  ninetieth 
birthday  is  celebrated  at  Budapest. 

Sept.  21.  Louis  Kossuth  forbids  his 
sons  visiting  Hungary  so  long  as  that 
country  recognizes  the  Emperor  of  Aus- 
tria as  king;  the  sons  are  invited  to 
represent  their  father  at  tlie  unveiling 
of  a  memorial  in  the  church  at  Tallva. 

Oct.  31.  Hung.  Count  Julius  Szapary, 
the  Minister-President,  is  shot  at  as  ho 


sits  in  the  dining-car  of  a  train  near 
Budapest. 

Nov.  6.  Hung.  The  emperor  refuses 
the  permission  asked  by  the  Hungarian 
Premier,  to  introduce  the  compulsory 
Civil  Marriage  Bill. 

Nov.  10.  Aust.  Victor  Raindle,  the 
legal  adviser  to  the  Imperial  family, 
confesses  to  embezzling  trust  funds; 
deficit,  370,000±  florins. 

Dec.  26+.  Hung.  During  the  Trefort 
jVIinistry  at  Budapest  an  embezzle- 
ment of  4,000,000  florins  occurred  in 
the  Department  of  Education  and  Pub- 
lic Instruction.    (Announced.) 

1893  Jan.  24.  Vienna.  DukeAlbrecht 
of  Wiirtemberg  and  Archduchess 
Margaret  Sophie  are  married. 

Mar.  2.  Hung.  Tliree  rioters  are  killed 
in  Szobozlo,  the  riot  growing  out  of 
the  imposition  of  new  market  tolls. 

Apr.  10.  Vienna.  An  attempt  is  made 
to  assassinate  the  Primate  of  Hun- 
gary. 

May  11.  Aust.  Hebrew  officers  at  Trop- 
pau,  Silesia,  defend  themselves  against 
anti-Semites,  12  of  the  latter  being 
wounded. 

May  17.  Bohemia.  A  fight  between 
Czechs  and  Germans  occurs  iu  the 
Diet. 

June  2.  Bohemia.  Disorder  is  preva- 
lent. 

Hung.  A  dynamite  bomb  is  ex- 
ploded in  a  railway  car  at  Mohacs, 
killing  one  person  and  badly  Injuring 
two  others ;  strikers  suspected. 

June  17.  Aust.  Working  men  are  agi- 
tating for  universal  suffrage. 

June  18.  Vienna.  Working  men  and 
police  are  in  collision;  a  commissary  of 
police  is  killed,  five  policemen  are  seri- 
ously injured,  and  26  working  men 
wounded. 

July  8.  Aust.  Over  50  students  are 
arrested  in  Gratz  for  raising  a  disturb- 
ance in  the  streets. 

July  9.  Vienna.  Socialists  make  a 
demonstration  in  favor  of  universal 
suffrage.  [Aug.  20.  Another  demon- 
stration.] 

Aug.  18.  Croatia.  Several  men  are  ar- 
rested in  Biskupitz  for  making  a  trade 
of  crippling  children  for  begging  pur- 
poses ;  live  mutilated  children  found, 
and  instruments  used  seized. 

Sept.  12.  Bohemia.  The  Young  Czechs 
in  Prague  continue  the  anti-German 
agitation ;  a  number  of  arrests  are 
made. 

Sept.  24.  Atist.  At  Bruenn  88  alleged 
Anarchists  are  arrested. 

Sept.  25.  Aust.  A  formidable  Anar- 
chist plot  is  discovered  by  the  police, 
and  many  arrests  are  made. 

Nov.  3,  Vienna.  Socialists  storm  a 
meeting  of  German  liberals,  and,  after 
a  sharp  fight,  are  repulsed  by  the  police. 

Dec.  9.  Oer.  The  absconding  Vienna 
banker,  Tte  June,  is  arrested  in  Berlin. 

Dec.  15.  Bavaria.  The  emperor  visits 
Munich  in  order  to  be  present  at  the 


wedding  of  a  member  of  the  reigning 
family  of  Bavaria. 

1894  Feb.  25.  Aust.  Cashier  Ferles, 
who  embezzled  102,000  florins  from 
the  Department  of  Public  Debt  at  Vi- 
enna, commits  suicide. 

Mar.  4.  Hung.  More  than  300,000  per- 
sons join  in  a  demonstration  in  Buda- 
pest in  favor  of  the  Civil  Marriage 
Bill. 

Mar.  21.  Hungary  is  in  mourning  for 
Louis  Kossutli. 

Mar.  22.  Hung.  Students  in  Budapest 
compel  several  places  of  amusement  to 
close,  as  a  mark  of  respect  for  Kossuth. 

±  Working  men  in  Lower  Austria, 

Moravia,    and    Bohemia    are    holding 
meetings  in  favor  of  universal  suffrage. 

Mar.  23.  Hung.  Mobs  of  students 
and  citizens  are  dispersed  by  troops  in 
Budapest ;  many  students  are  wouudeii. 

Mar.  24.  Hung.  In  the  riots  at  Bu- 
dapest over  40  soldiers  suffer  from 
injuries  received  from  stones,  clubs,  and 
other  weapons. 

Mar.  28.  Vienna.  The  Socialist  As- 
sembly passes  a  resolution  insisting 
upon  universal  suffrage,  and  advocates 
a  general  strike  as  a  means  of  obtain- 
ing it,  if  necessary. 

Mar.  30.  Aust.  The  Government  for- 
bids the  officers  of  the  reserve  and  Hun- 
garian ofiicials  to  act  in  any  capacity  at 
Kossuth's  funeral. 

The  remains  of  Kossuth  arrive  on 
Hungarian  soil  early  in  the  morning; 
and  at  Budapest,  later  in  the  day,  300,000 
persons  line  the  streets  through  which 
the  funeral  procession  moves  from  the 
railroad  station  to  the  Museum. 

Apr.  8±,  Vienna.  Twenty-five  mass- 
meetings  are  held  by  the  working  men 
in  favor  of  obtaining  a  Universal  Suf- 
frage Bill  from  the  Government. 

Apr.  28.  Bohemia.  Prince  Charles  of 
Bourbon  (pretender  to  the  Spanish 
throne)  is  married  to  Princess  Maria 
Bertha  De  Rohan  in  the  cathedral  at 
Prague,  Cardinal  von  Sehonborn,  Arch- 
bishop of  Prague,  officiating. 

Apr.  30.  Vienna.  A  three  hours'  fight 
between  strikers  and  police  takes  place. 

STATE. 

1892  Oct.  11.  Vienna.  The  German 
and  Austrian  emperors  hold  a  frater- 
nal conference. 

Oct.  26.  Hung.  A  Cabinet  crisis  is 
averted. 

Nov.  5.  Vienna.  The  Reichsrath  con- 
siders a  plan  to  join  the  Oder  and  Dan- 
iibe  Rivers  by  a  canal  to  make  water 
connections  with  the  Baltic  and  Black 
Seas. 

Nov.  6.  Hung.  The  Emperor  Francis 
Joseph  refuses  the  request  of  the  Pre- 
mier for  permission  to  introduce  the 
Compulsory  Civil  Marriage  Bill. 
[Nov.  9.  Count  Szapary  resigns  in  conse- 
quence. Nov.  16.  A  new  ministry  is 
formed  by  Dr.  Wekerle.] 

1893  Mar.  20.  Vienna.  The  Czech  or 
native  Bohemian  party  introduces  a  bill 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.    1892,  Sept.  14-1894,  May  8.  537 


in  the  lower  House  of  the  Keichsrath 
for  the  virtual  establishment  of  imi- 
versal  suffrage. 

Apr.  6.  Hung.  Count  Apponyi,  in  the 
Diet,  criticises  the  emperor  for  not 
visiting  Budapest  in  five  months. 

Apr.  12.  Vientia,  A  sensation  is  caused 
in  European  capitals  by  the  reception 
of  M.  Stambuloff  by  the  emperor. 

Apr.  21.  Vienna.  Count Kahioky,  the 
Premier,  gives  notice  to  Col.  F.  Grant, 
Minister  of  the  United  States,  that  an 
exequatur  would  not  be  granted  to  Max 
Judd  as  American  Consul  General  at 
Vienna. 

May  17.  Bohemia.  The  Czechs  and 
Germans  have  a  collision  in  the  Land- 
tag. 

May  25.  Hung.  The  Young  Czechs 
are  to  be  excluded  from  all  Imperial 
Delegations'  committees  at  Prague. 

May  27.  Vienna.  The  emperor  gives 
audience  to  Hungarian  and  Austrian 
delegations,  and  says  that  the  Govern- 
ment is  bound,  in  the  interest  of  the 
defense  of  the  Em[iire,  to  develop  the 
military  organization  by  a  progressive 
and  uniform  process, 

Sept.  12.  Bohemia.  The  Anti- Ger- 
man agitation  of  the  Young  Czechs 
continues  in  Prague ;  thirty-eight  Toung 
Czechs  are  arrested. 

Sept.  13.  Bohemia.  The  Govemment 
suspends  some  of  the  rights  of  the  citi- 
zens of  Prague  in  order  to  put  a  Stop  to 
the  Yoting  Czech  agitation. 

Sept.  14.  Hung.  The  session  of  the 
Austro-Hungarian  Delegations 
opens  at  Budapest,  and  the  budget  is 
presented. 

Sept.  17.  Hung.  In  the  Austro-Hunga- 
rian Delegations  the  Young  Czechs 
protest  against  the  foreign  policy  of 
Count  Kalnoky,  -which  imposes  a  griev- 
ous burden  upon  the  people  through  the 
triple  alliance. 

Sept.  26.  The  Emperor  William  and 
the  Emperor  Francis  Joseph  meet  at 
Hetzendorf. 

Oct.  3.  Hung.  A  bill  granting  liberty 
of  worship  to  all  sects  is  debated  in 
the  upper  House  ;  the  Catholic  prelates 
are  in  opposition. 

Oct.  5.  Hung.  The  upper  House  of  the 
Reichstag  passes  the  bill  granting  lib- 
erty of  worship  to  all  religious  be- 
liefs. 

Oct.  10.  Hung.  The  Govemment  is 
sustained  by  the  rejection  of  •'  no  confi- 
dence" in  the  lower  House  of  the 
Reichstag. 

Vienna.  The  Heichsrath  is  opened, 

and  the  Prime  Minister  introduces  a  bill 
extending  the  right  of  suffrage. 

Oct.  18.  Vienna.  Herr  H.  Von  Henger- 
var  is  named  as  the  Ambassador  to 
"Washington,  XT.  S.  A. 

Oct.  19.  Vienna.  A  Cabinet  crisis  is 
averted  by  Count  Taaff e's  offer  to  aban- 
don the  Franchise  Bill. 

Oct.  23.  The  Austrian  and  Hungarian 
Ck>veraments    concur    resx>eoting    th  e 


terms  of  an  Austro-Russian  Trade 
Treaty. 

Vienna.  The  Suffrage  BiU  is  dis- 
cussed In  the  lower  House  of  the  Reichs- 
rath. 

Oct.  29.  Vienna.  The  emperor  has  de- 
cided to  dissolve  the  Reichsrath. 

Oct.  30.  Vienna.  The  Cabinet  re- 
signs; the  leaders  of  the  Opposition 
submit  a  coalition  program  to  the 
emperor. 

Nov.  3.  Vienna.  The  Emperor  Francis 
Joseph  requests  Prince  Windisch- 
graetz  to  form  a  Ministry. 

Nov.  5.  Vienna.  Prince  "Windisch- 
graetz  forms  a  new  Ministry. 

Nov.  6.  Vienna.  The  emperor  gives  his 
assent  to  the  introduction  of  a  bill  mak- 
ing the  civil  service  compulsory  in 
all  cases  of  marriage ;  the  Catholic 
clergy  are  bitterly  opposed  to  the  bill. 

Nov.  14.  Vienna.  The  Prime  Minister 
announces  a  new  Franchise  Bill  to  be 
presented  at  the  opening  of  the  Reichs- 
rath, Nov.  23,  though  not  based  upon 
universal  suffrage. 

Nov.  23.  Vienna.  A  Toung  Czech  test 
motion  for  urgency  Is  defeated  in  the 
Reichsrath  by  a  vote  of  171  to  87,  after 
the  Premier  had  stated  the  new  Cabinet's 
policy. 

Dec.  2,  Vienna.  The  Government  sub- 
mits the  Civil  Marriage  Bill  to  the 
Diet. 

Dec,  9.  Vienna.  The  upper  House  of 
the  Reichsrath  adopts  the  Convention 
with  Great  Britain  for  the  protection 
of  literary  copyright. 

Dec.  10.  Vienna.  The  Hungarian  laws 
dealing  with  disputes  between  Church 
and  State  have  received  the  royal  sanc- 
tion. 

Dec.  11.  Vienna.  Francis  Joseph  has 
received  ten  thousand  telegrams  from 
different  parts  of  Hungary,  conveying  to 
him  homage  and  congratulatious  for  his 
action  in  sanctioning  the  ecclesiastical 
bills. 

1894  Jan.  15.  Bohemia.  The  trial  of 
77  members  of  the  Omladina  Society, 
on  the  charge  of  high  treason,  is  begun 
at  Prague. 

Feb.  6,  Hung.  A  bill  making  civil 
marriage  compulsory  is  passed  by  the 
House  of  Representatives.  Vote,  281-106. 

Mar.  28,  Hung.  The  Emperor  Francis 
Joseph  commends  the  concessions 
made  by  the  Ministry  to  the  Hungarian 
popular  sentiment  respecting  the  fu- 
neral of  Ijouis  Kossuth. 

Apr.  10.  Hung.  Francis  Kossuth,  who 
has  become  a  subject  of  the  King  of 
Hungary,  proposes  to  carry  on  his 
father's  work  by  taking  an  active  part 
in  politics.  [Nov.  26.  He  takes  the  oath 
of  allegiance  to  the  king.] 

Apr.  11.  Vienna.  The  Premier  speaks 
in  the  lower  House  of  the  Reichsrath  in 
defense  of  the  Cabinet's  ^Electoral  Re- 
form Bill. 

Apr.  26.  Austria  and  Hungary  are  to 
share  the  benefits  of  the  Russo-German 
commercial  treaty. 


May  8.  Hung.  The  trial  of  23  mem- 
bers of  the  Executive  Committee  of 
the  Rotunanian  National  Party  be- 
gins at  Klausenburg;  it  issued  a  docu- 
ment denouncing  the  union  of  Austria 
and  Hungary  ;  it  also  declared  that  the 
union  of  Transylvania  with  Hungary 
unjustly  deprives  the  former  of  its 
autonomy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Sept.  19.     Galicia.    Cholera  is 

spreading. 

Sept.  21.  Hung.  Fire  does  great  dam- 
age in  the  town  of  Paks ;  hundreds  of 
people  are  homeless,  and  400  buildings 
are  destroyed. 

Oct.  1,  Berlin.  The  Ai^stro-German 
military  ride  from  Berlin  to  Vienna 
and  return  is  commenced.  [Oct.  4.  Com- 
pleted, 10  per  cent  of  the  horses  having 
been  killed  by  overwork  in  the  ride. 
The  best  records  are  made  by  12  Aus- 
trian officers.] 

Oct.  4.  Hung.  Cholera  ia  spreading  in 
Budapest. 

Oct.  8.  Hung.  Fifty-three  cases  and  19 
deaths  are  reported  from  cholera  in 
Budapest.  [Oct.  21.  Eighteen  new  cases 
and  eight  deaths  are  reported.  Nov.  18. 
Eleven  new  cases.] 

1893  Jan.  24.  Bohemia.  Eighty 
miners  are  killed  and  many  injured  by 
an  explosion  of  tire-damp  at  Bux. 

Jan.  27.  Hung.  An  explosion  fol- 
lowed by  fire  occurs  in  a  coal-mine  ;  19 
bodies  are  recovered,  and  130  men  still 
in  the  burning  mine. 

Feb.  11.  The  empress  contributes 
$40,000  to  a  new  reading-room  in 
the  Vatican. 

Mar.  29.  Aust.  Many  deaths  from 
cholera  are  reported. 

June  3.  Galicia.  Eighteen  people  are 
drowned  by  floods. 

Aug.  14.  Great  destruction  of  life 
and  property  is  caused  by  floods. 

1894  Jan.  14.  Hung.  Thousands  of 
peasants  are  on  the  verge  of  starva- 
tion. 

Mar.  22.  Hung.  Kossuth's  remains 
are  to  be  buried  at  Budapest,  where  the 
students  compel  several  places  of  amuse- 
ment to  close  until  the  interment. 

Mar,  25.  Hung.  Kossuth's  library  is  to 
be  placed  in  the  National  Library  at 
Budapest. 

Mar.  31.  Hung.  The  bodies  of  Kos- 
suth's wife  and  daughter,  taken  from 
the  English  cemetery  at  Genoa,  are  in- 
terred together  after  simple  but  impres- 
sive services  at  Budapest ;  his  remains 
are  lying  in  state,  and  viewed  by  a  con- 
tinuous stream  of  people  in  the  National 
Museum. 

Apr.  20.  Vienna.  An  International 
Exhibition  is  opened  by  Emperor  Fran- 
cis Joseph. 

Apr.  27.  Aust.  Seven  cave-explorers 
are  imprisoned  by  floods  at  Luglock, 
Gratz.  [May 7.  They  are  rescued;  all 
are  alive,  but  one  woman  is  insane.] 


538    1894,  May  9-Dec.  21.         AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ART  —  LETTERS  —  NATURE. 

1894  June  7.  Vienna.  A  fierce  hail- 
storm occurs. 

Oct.  12-i-.  Vienna.  Jubilee  of  the  mu- 
sician, Johaun  Strauss,  is  celebrated. 

CHURCH. 

1894  May  11.  Hung.  Pope  Leo 
thanks  Cardinal  Veszary  for  his 
efforts  in  defeating  the  Civil  Marriage 
Bill  at  Budapest,  and  gives  his  blessing 
to  all  who  aided  him. 

Aug.  1.  Hung.  Pope  Leo  sanctions  a 
form  of  prayer  appealing  to  the  Virgin 
and  the  patron  Saint  Stephen  to  save 
H  ungary  from  the  enemies  of  the 
Church. 

The  prayer  is  to  be  repeated  daily  in 
the  Hungarian  churches  by  every ttody 
attending  them,  and  the  Pope  therewith 
grants  3(^  days'  indulgence. 

Sept.  28.  Hung.  Pope  Leo  in  a  letter 
to  the  Hungarian  bishops  instructs  them 
to  work  for  a  modification  of  the  laws 
relative  to  children  of  mixed  mar- 
riages.   (See  State,  Oct.  29.) 

SOCIETY. 

1894  May  9.  Aust.  Nine  striking 
miners  are  killed  and  20  wounded  in  a 
battle  with  the  police. 

May  30.  Vienna.  Prince  Augustus  of 
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  and  the  Arch- 
duchess Caroline  Immaculata  of 
the  Tuscan  branch  of  the  Hapsburg- 
Lorraine  are  married. 

July  9.  Bohemia.  One  person  is  killed 
and  several  are  severely  injured  by  a 
bomb  explosion  in  Pilsen  ;  other  bombs 
are  found  and  fuses  extinguished  in  time 
to  prevent  explosions. 

July  29.  Aust.  The  Archduke  "Wil- 
liam is  thrown  from  his  horse,  receiving 
injuries  from  which  he  dies  in  a  few 
hours. 

Sept.  2.  Hung.  The  International  Hy- 
gienic Congress  opens  in  Budapest. 

Sept.  26.  Vienna.  Seventy  Socialists, 
including  many  party  leaders,  are  ar- 
rested. 

Sept.  30.  Vienna.  A  demonstration  in 
behalf  of  universal  suffrage  is  held  ; 
15,000  persons  march  in  the  parade. 

Oct.  12.  Vienna.  The  Johann  Strauss 
Jubilee  begins. 


Oct.  13.     Tyrol.    A      "  Jack-the-Rip- 

per  "  is  arrested  on  the  charge  of  killing 
and  mutilating  two  women  near  Aniras. 

Oct.  14.  Vienna.  The  Strauss  Jubi- 
lee is  celebrated ;  he  is  in  receipt  of 
numerous  gifts  and  messages. 

Dec.  7±.  Hung.  Francis  Kossuth  at- 
tends a  banquet  given  in  Budapest  by 
independent  members  of  tlie  Hungarian 
Diet,  and  promises  to  advance  all  liis 
father's  ideas  except  those  regarding 
the  dynasty. 

Dec.  8.  Vienna.  It  is  announced  that 
the  bodies  of  Stanislas  Helicius,  a  leader 
of  the  Young  Czechs,  and  his  wife 
were  found  on  their  doorstep  near 
Prague. 

Dec.  13.  Hung.  Ten  thousand  persons 
march  in  procession  through  the  streets 
of  Budapest,  in  order  to  celebrate  the 
passage  and  royal  sanction  of  the  Re- 
ligious Freedom  Bills.  Of  this  number 
5,000  carry  torches. 

STATE. 

1894  May  9.  Hung.  Great  excitement 
prevails  in  Budapest  over  the  debate  on 
the  Civil  Marriage  Bill  in  the  House 
of  Magnates  ;  the  members  of  the  body 
favoring  the  measure  are  threatened  by 
postal  card  that  if  the  bill  is  adopted 
the  Chamber  will  be  blown  up.  The 
bill  is  rejected.    Vote,  139-118. 

May  10.  Vienna.  The  government's 
policy  in  the  recent  strike  is  sustained 
in  the  lower  House.    Vote,  182-83. 

May  21.  Hung.  The  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives again  passes  the  Civil  Mar- 
riage Bill.     Vote,  271-105. 

May  25.  Hung.  The  lower  House  at 
Budapest  passes  by  a  large  majority  a 
bill  transferring  the  registration  of 
marriages,  births,  and  deaths  from 
the  clergy  to  state  officials,  supple- 
mentary to  the  Civil  Marriage  Bill. 

May  28.  Hung.  The  Council  of  Minis- 
ters demands  that  the  emperor  create 
enough  new  members  to  insure  the  pas- 
sage of  the  Civil  Marriage  Bill  in  the 
House  of  Magnates. 

May  31.  Hung.  The  Ministry  under 
Dr.  "Wekerle  resigns,  because  the  king 
refuses  to  insure  the  passage  of  the 
Civil  Marriage  Bill  by  creating  Liberal 
Magnates. 


June  1.  Hung.  The  emperor  instructs 
Count  Khuen  Hedervary,  the  Ban  of 
Croatia,  to  form  a  new  Hungarian  Min- 
istry. 

June  3.  Hung.  All  the  men  asked  to 
join  the  new  Hungarian  Cabinet  refuse 
to  serve.  The  Liberals  unanimously 
ask  Dr.  Wekerle  to  retain  the  Liberal 
leadership. 

June  4.  Hung.  The  emperor  has  sum- 
moned Dr.  "Wekerle  to  an  audience  at 
Budapest. 

June  5.  Hung.  The  emperor  has  an- 
other conference  with  Dr.  "Wekerle. 

June  6.  Hung.  Dr.  "Wekerle  forms 
a  new  Hungarian  Cabinet. 

June  10.  Hung.  The  emperor  yields  to 
the  demand  that  D.  von  Szilagyi  be  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  Wekerle  Cabi- 
net as  Minister  of  Justice. 

June  12.  Hung.  The  emperor  recog- 
nizes the  Hungarian  Civil  Marriage 
law  as  a  political  necessity. 

June  21.  Hung.  The  House  of  Mag- 
nates at  last  passes  the  Civil  Marriage 
BiU.  Vote,  128-124.  [June  30.  Parlia- 
ment adjourns.] 

The  object  of  the  bill  is  to  establish 
a  uniform  marriage  contract  and  guar- 
antee its  equal  binding  force.  It  pro- 
vides that  the  civil  contract  must  pre- 
cede any  religious  ceremony, 

Jiily  6.  A  commercial  treaty  between 
Russia  and  Austria-Hungary  is  ratified. 

Oct.  29.  Hung.  Three  bills  granting 
freedom  of  religious  worship  and 
recognizing  the  Jewish  religion  are 
passed  by  Parliament.  [Dec.  10.  Ap- 
proved by  the  king.] 

Dec.  21.  Hung.  Dr.  "Wekerle  resigns. 
[1895.  Jan.  16.  A  new  ministry  is 
formed  by  Baron  Banffy.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  June  15.  Aust.  Two  hundred 
miners  are  killed  by  explosions  in 
coal-mines  at  Karwin. 

July  9.  Bohemia.  Several  dynamite 
bombs  are  found  in  Pilsen;  one  explodes 
and  injures  several  persons. 

Aug.  28.  Bohemia.  The  town  of  Plaas, 
including  the  castle  of  the  Metternich 
princes,  is  devastated  by  fire. 

Sept.  2.  Hung.  The  International  Hy- 
gienic Congress  is  opened  in  Budapest. 

Sept.  15.  Galicia.  Cholera  is  spreading. 


BALUCHISTAN. 

Baluchistan  is  a  territory  of  southwestern  Asia,  having  Khelat  for  its  capital.  Area  estimated  at  130,000  square  miles; 
population,  500,000i:.  The  Khan  is  under  the  influence  of  the  British,  who  maintain  a  garrison  at  Quetta,  and  pay  a  subsidy. 
The  southeastern  part  of  Afghanistan  is  called  British  Baluchistan. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1778  *  *  Nusseer  Khan,  the  usurper, 
routs  the  Afghan  army  sent  by  Ahmed 
Shah  to  subdue  him. 

*  *  The  Afghans  defeat  Nusseer  Khan 
in  a  pitched  battle. 

*  *  Nusseer  Khan  is  besieged  in  Khelat, 
but  finally  obtains  a  treaty  of»peacefrom 
the  Afghans. 


1839  *  *  A  detachment  from  the  British 
army  in  Afghanistan  storms  and  cap- 
tures Khelat,  the  capital,  to  punish  the 
treachery  of  Muhammad  Khan. 

About  400  Baluches  are  killed,  includ- 
ing Merhab  Khan,  and  2,000  prisoners 
are  taken. 

1840  July  *  The  British  garrison  at 
Khelat  is  overpowered  by  the  natives. 

Nov-  *  The  British  retake  Khelat  and 
bold  it  [for  a  short  time]. 


1875  *  *  The  military  power  of  the 

Khanis  less  than  40,000  men,  if  all  should 

respond  to  his  summons. 
1880    July  *  The  Khan  protfers  military 

aid  to  Gen.  Roberts,  after  the  latter's 

defeat  by  the  Afghans. 

STATE. 
1739  *  *  Nusseer  Khan  becomes  Beg- 
ler-bey  after  assassinating  his  tyranni- 
cal brother,  Hajee  Muhammad  Khan. 


BALUCHISTAN. 


1739,  ** -1893,  Aug.  *    539 


1778*  *  Nusseer  Khan  declares  his  do- 
miaions  independent  of  Afghanistan, 
and  war  with  the  Afghans  follows. 

1705  *  *  Nusaeer  Khan  dies  iu  extreme 
old  age. 

June  *  Muhammad  Khan,  the  oldest 
of  three  sons,  succeeds  his  father. 

His  weak  and  tyrannical  reign  reduces 
his  dominions  by  the  revolt  of  many 
provinces. 

•  *  A  rebellion  by  Beheram  Khan  is 
quelled. 

1839**Mehrab  Khan  annoys  the 
British. 

•  *  The  British  establish  a  governor  at 
Khelat,  the  capital, 

1840  *  *  The  British  governor  and  gar- 
rison are  overpowered  by  the  natives. 

1841  *  *  Nusseer  Khan,  son  of  Mehrab 
Khan,  is  enthroned  by  the  British,  who 
evacuate  the  country  after  securing  a 
satisfactory  treaty. 

1854  *  *  Meer  Nusseer  Khan  rules  the 
Khelat  State. 

May  14.  Meer  Nusseer  Khan  concludes 
a  treaty  with  Great  Britain,  by  which 
his  government  is  to  be  subsidized  ;  the 
terms  of  the  treaty  are  arranged  by  Gen. 
John  Jacob. 


1856*  *  Meer  Nusseer  Khan  dies. 

*  *  Meer  Khodadad,  12  years  of  age, 
succeeds  his  brother  as  khan. 

1857  *  *  The  British  send  a  political 
agent,  Maj.  Henry  Qreen,  to  aid  the 
Khan  iu  controlling  his  people  during 
the  revolt  in  India.  [Maj.  Malcolm 
Green  follows  him.] 

1863  *  *  Khodadad  Khan  is  attacked 
and  severely  wounded  by  his  cousin, 
Shere  dil  Khan,  while  riding ;  he  then 
flees  to  British  territory. 

*  *  Shere  dil  Khan  is  elected  and  pro- 
claimed ruler. 

1864  *  *  Shere  dil  Khan  is  murdered 
in  the  Gundava  Pass. 

*  *  Khodadad  Khan  is  restored  by  his 
revolting  subjects. 

A  condition  of  irrepressible  anarchy 
prevails  ;  the  rulers  of  several  provinces 
revolt. 
1873*  *The  British  withhold  the 
stipulated  subsidy,  as  the  conditions 
have  not  been  observed. 

1874  *  *  The  British  suspend  diplo- 
matic relations  with  the  Khelat  State. 

1875  *  *  Maj.  Robert  Sandeman  ne- 
gotiates a  new  treaty. 


*  *  The  annual  revenue  of  the  Khelat 
State  is  about  300,000  rupees,  equal  to 
$150,000. 

1877*  *A  British  force  occupies 
Quetta,  which  soon  becomes  a  peaceful 
and  prosperous  station. 

1887  *  *  The  announcement  is  made  that 
Quetta,  with  the  districts  of  Pishin  Tlial 
Chotiali,  and  Sibi,  are  to  become  Brit- 
ish territory. 

1893  Aug.*  Mir  Muhammad  suc- 
ceeds to  the  office  of  khan. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

*  *  *  The  Church  Missionary  Society 
establishes  a  mission  station  at 
Quetta. 

1889  *  *  The  mission  station  at  Quetta 
reports  one  missionary  and  his  wife,  18 
persons  baptized,  and  11  communicants. 

*  *  *  Three  of  the  four  Gospels  have 
been  translated  into  Baluchi. 

*  *  *  A  railroad  connects  Quetta  with 
the  Punjab  in  India. 

*  *  *The  population  is  estimated  at 
500,000. 

*  *  *  The  religion  of  the  Baluchi  is  Mo- 
hammedanism. 


BELGIUM. 

Beloitm  is  a  state  of  Western  Europe,  having  Brussels  for  its  capital.  Its  area  is  18,600  square  miles  ;  population  in  1895, 
6,410,783.  It  is  divided  into  the  provinces  of  Antwerp,  Brabant,  East  Flanders,  Hainaut,  Li^ge,  Limburg,  Luxemburg,  Namur, 
and  West  Flanders.  The  government  is  a  constitutional  monarchy  administered  by  an  hereditary  monarch.  The  people  are 
chiefly  Roman  Catholics,  and  speak  the  French  and  Flemish  languages. 

Note.  —  The  following  abbreviations  are  here  used  tolocate  the  events  described :  Ant.,  Antwerp;  Bra.,  Brabant;  £./*.,  East  Flanders; 
H.,  Hainaut;  Lim.,  Limburg;  Lux.,  Luiemburg;  Z,.,  Li^ge;  iV.,  Namur;  W.  /'.,  West  Flanders;  Brussels,  the  capital,  is  also  used  as  a  locality 
word. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

51  *  *  B.C.  Flanders  is  conquered  by 
Julius  CsBBar. 

1382  Nov.  27.  A.  d.  At  Rosebecque 
Charles  VI.  of  France  defeats  the 
Flemings,  who  had  revolted  against 
their  count. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

930  *  *  Hucbald  of  Flanders  invents  a 
system  of  scales  wherein  the  semitone 
is  always  between  the  second  and  third 
of  a  tetrachord. 

1014  Sept.  28.  Nearly  the  whole  of 
Flanders  is  submerged  in  a  storm. 

1108  *  »  fV.  F.  Ostend  is  inundated 
and  entirely  covered  by  the  sea. 

1320  ♦  *  Very  delicate  lace  is  made  in 
Flanders. 

1340  •  *  The  iron  manufacture  is  well 
established  ;  coal  is  alleged  to  have  been 
used  at  Marche-les-dames. 

1350  •  •  Ant.  The  Gothic  cathedral  of 
Notre  Dame  at  Antwerp  is  founded. 

1402  *  *  Oil  is  first  used  in  jiainting 
by  Jan  Van  Eyck. 

1415*  *}y.F.  Jan  and  Hubert  Van  Eyck 
of  Bruges,  two  brothers,  become  foun- 
ders of  the  Flemish  school  of  painting. 

1432  *  "  E.F.  Jan  Van  Eyck  is  exempt- 
ed from  taxes  at  Ghent  on  account  of 
his  great  merit  as  a  painter. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1058  *  *  Bouillon.    Godfrey,   de,    hero    of 
the  First  Crusade,  born.   [1100.   Dies.  A42.] 

1218*  •  Uoethals,    Hendrlk,    Fleni.    theolo- 
gian, born.     rl293.     Dies.     A75.] 

1235  "  *  Maerlant,  Jakob  van,  Flem.  poet, 
born.     [1309.     Dies.     A65.] 

1340*  *  Artevelile, Philipvan,  revolutionary 
leader,  born.    [1382.     Dies.    A42.] 

1366  *  *  Eyck.  Hubert  van.  Flem.  painter, 
born.    [1426.    Dies.     A60.J 

1390  *  •  Bruges,   .lohn   of,    Flem.    painter, 
born.    [1440.    Dies.    A50.] 
£yck,  Jan  van.  Flem.  painter,  born.   [1440, 
July  9.    Dies.    A50.: 

1403  *  ♦  Chaslelain,  Georges,  Flem.  chron- 
icler, born.     [1475.     Dies.    A72.] 

1420  •  *  Goes,  Hugo  van  der,  Flem.  painter, 
born.    [1480±.    Dies.    A60±.J 


CHURCH. 

1010  »  •  Brussels.  The  Cathedral  of 
St.  Gudule  is  begun. 

1099  *  »  Lux.  Godfrey  of  Bouillon,  of 
the  Grand  Duchy  of  Luxemburg,  founds 
the  order  of  Knights  of  the  Holy- 
Sepulchre. 

1206  *  *  -20  *  *  L.  St.  Francis  estab- 
lishes the  Beguine  order  of  Nuns  at 
I.i^ge. 

1273  *  •  Brussels.  The  Cathedral  of 
St.  Gudule  is  completed. 

LETTERS. 
1426  *  *  Bra.    The  University  of  Lou- 
vain  is  established ;  it  is  controlled  by 
the  authorities  of  the  Catholic  Church. 


SOCIETY. 
1338  *  *  Ant.    A   magnificent    tourna- 
ment celebrates  the  birth  in  this  city 
of  the  Duke  of  Clarence,  son  of  Edward 
III.  of  England. 

STATE. 
51  *  *  B.  c.    Belgium  becomes  a  part  of 
the  Roman  Smpire  by  conquest  under 
Julius  Caesar. 

Ist  Century.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
Celtic  tribes. 

5th  Century.  The  Inhabitants  are  chiefly 
Germans. 

837  *  *  Antwerp  falls  into  the  hands  of 
the  Northmen. 

870  *  •  After  the  treaty  of  Mersen  the 
Netherlands  provinces  chiefly  belong 
to  Germany,  and  form  a  dependence 
of  the  duchy  of  Lotharingia. 

1008  •  *  Ajitwerp  is  a  marquisate  of 
the  Holy  Eoraan  Empire. 

1406  •  *  Ant.  The  marquisate  of  Ant- 
werp returns  to  Brabant,  after  being 
held  by  the  Count  of  Flanders  and  the 
House  of  Burgundy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1448*  *1570*  *  Antwerp  is  very  pros- 
perous; 2,500  shii>B  are  seen  iu  the 
river  at  one  time. 


540    1450,  *  *-1678,  Sept.  17. 


BELGIUM. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1451  *  *  E.    F.     Ghent    rebels    against 

Philip  of  Burgundy. 
1539  *  *  E.  F.    Ghent   rebels   against 

the  Emperor  Charles  V. 
1564  •  *  1648  *  •  War  of  Liberation 

in  the  Netherlands. 

1566  »  •  A  great  insurrection  is  pro- 
voked in  the  Netherlands  by  an  attempt 
of  Philip  toestablisii  the  Inquisition. 

1567  *  *  The  Duke  of  Alva  with  20,000 
Spaniards  arrives  to  suppress  the  re- 
volt. 

1568  •  •  Bra.  'William  of  Orange  en- 
ters Brabant  with  an  army,  but  the 
Duke  of  Alva  declines  a  battle. 

1572  *  *  William  of  Orange  is  elected 
commander-in-chief  of  the  rebel  forces. 

*  *  Brllle  on  the  mouth  of  the  Meuse  is 
captured  by  the  Water  Beggars.  Kapid 
spread  of  the  insurrection. 

1574  Apr.  14.  Spaniards  win  a  vic- 
tory at  Mookerheide,  where  two 
brothers  of  the  I'rince  of  Orange  fall. 

Oct.  *  William  of  Orange  relieves  Ley- 
den. 

1576  *  •  Antwerp  is  taken  by  the  Span- 
iards, and  given  up  to  three  days  of  pil- 
lage. 

1583  •  *  Antwerp  is  besieged  by  the 
Due  d'Alenfon,  who  is  successfully  re- 
sisted. 

1684  July  10.  William  of  Orange  is 
murdered  by  Balthazar  Gerard. 

1585  Aug.  17.  TheDuke  of'parma 
makes  a  triumphal  entry  into  Antwerp 
after  a  successful  siege. 

1601  July  *  ir.  F.  The  Spaniards  be- 
siege Ostend. 

1604  Sept. »  W.  F.  Ostend  capitu- 
lates to  the  Spaniards. 

1622  Aug.  30.  H.  The  indecisive  bat- 
tle of  Fleurus  is  fought  between  tlie 
Catholic  League  under  Gonzales  de  Cor- 
dova and  the  Protestant  Union. 

1667  *  *  -68  *  ♦  W^ar  of  Conquest  on 
account  of  the  Spanish  Netherlands. 

Brabant,  Flanders,  etc..  are  claimed 
by  Louis  XIV'.  on  the  death  of  his  father- 
in-law,  Philip  IV'.  of  Spain. 

*  *  Part  of  Flanders  and  Hainaut  are 
conquered  by  the  French  under  Tu- 
renne. 

1672  •  ♦  -78  •  »  Second  War  of  Con- 
quest by  France  against  Holland. 

1678  Mar.  9.  Ghent  is  taken  by 
Louis  XIV'.  of  France. 

*  •  -79  *  *  Peace  of  Nimeguen,  Hol- 
land. France  and  the  United  Provinces 
sign  a  treaty  of  peace. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  -  NATURE. 

1450  *  *  Ant.  The  Church  of  St.  James 
is  erected  at  Antwerp. 

1468  *  *  A  severe  mnter  occurs  in  Flan- 
ders ;  the  wine  distributed  is  cut  by 
hatchets. 

1471*  tHand  guns  are  used  by  300 
Flemings  who  accompanied  Edward  IV. 
of  England  when  he  landed  at  Kaven- 
spur. 


1475*  *  Diamond  polishing  is  invented 
by  Ludwig  von  Berkem. 

1518*  *  Ant.  The  cathedral  of  Notre 
Dame  in  Antwerp  is  completed. 

1531  *  »  Ant.  The  Exchange,  one  of 
the  finest  buildings  of  its  kind  in  Europe, 
is  built  at  Antwerp. 

1537  •  •  The  dissection  of  the  human 
body  is  performed  by  ^'esalius. 

1544  *  *  A  severe  winter  occurs  in  Flan- 
ders ;  the  wine  is  frozen  solid. 

1556  *  •  Mercator's  Charts  are  pub- 
lished, in  which  the  world  is  treated  as 
a  plane ;  Gerard  Mercator,  or  Kauil- 
niaun,  is  the  alleged  constructor. 

1603  *  *  Democritus  and  Heraclitus  is 
painted  by  Rubens. 

1608*  *Ant.  Rubens  is  called  to 
Antwerp  by  the  death  of  his  mother. 

1609  *  *  Van  Dyck  is  apprenticed  to 
Ilendrik  A' an  Balen. 

*  *  Ant.  Rubens  is  made  court  painter 
by  the  Archduke  Albert  of  Antwerp. 


count. 


"??i\'o''''"  'P  ''<^  ^°'"'  f"''^'"-  statesman,  bom. 

[16«8.     Dies.     A46.] 
Eguiont,  Lamoral,  Flem.  count,  bom.    r  1568. 
Dies.    A46.J 
1034  •  •  Bologna,  Giovanni  di,  Flem.  scnln- 

tor,  born. 
1526  •  *  Colin,  Alexander,  sculptor,  born. 
1631  •  *  Brederode,  Hendrik,  Flem.  coun 

born.    CISUS.    Dies.    A37.] 

1B33«  *  Vermeulen,  Jan,  Flem.  theologian. 

born.    [1585.     Dies.    A52.:  ' 

1048  •  »  Ayala,  llalthasar  de,  Flem.  Jurist,  b. 

Aldegonde,  Philippe  van  Marnlx,  .Seigneur 

de    Mont-sainl,    <llplomati8t,    litterateur. 

born.    C1598.     Dies.    A50.] 

Mander,  Carel  van,  Flem.  painter,  born. 

1550*  •  Steenwyk,  Hendrik,  Flem.  painter. 

born.  * 

1555  •  •  Calvart,  nionlsl,  Flem.  painter,  b. 

1556  *  *  Bril,  Panliis,  Flem.  painter,  born. 

1557  *  *  Oort,  Adam  van,  Flein.  painter,  b. 
1660  •  •  Balen,  Hendrik  van,  Flem.  painter, 

born. 
(Jruter  or  Gruytere,  Jan,  Flem.  antiqimry,  b. 
1569  *  •  Brengliel,  Jan,  Flem.  painter,  born. 
1570»  •  F'loris,  Krans,  Flem.  painter,  ASO. 
1677  June27.    Rubens,  Peter  Paul,  Flem. 

painter,  born. 
*  •  Helmont,  Jean  Baptlste  van,  Flem.  phy8.,b. 
1678*  *  A  lard,    Francis,   Flem.    Protestant 

theologian,  dies. 
1579  •  •  Snyders,  Franz,  Flem.  painter,  b. 
158S*  •  Crayer,  Gaspard,  Flem.  painter,  b. 
Teniers,  David,  the  elder,  Flem.  painter,  b. 
1584  »  «  Ayala,  Jialthasar  de.  Flem.  tnrlnt. 

A36+ 


"  Ayala,  Jialthasar  de,  Flem.  jurist. 


1611**  Ant.   Rubens  agrees  to  paint, 

for  the   Guild   of   Harquebusiers,    the    lltt  .''i'^'JZltTeiiTi-'il'J:ll 


great  altar  piece  [which  since  1614  has 
decorated  their  altar  in  the  Antwerp 
cathedral],  containing  the  famous  Ue- 
scent  from  the  Cross,  the  Visitation,  the 
Presentation,  the  St.  Christopher,  and  a 
Hermit. 

Rubens  builds  and  decorates  for 
himself  a  beautiful  house  in  Antwerp. 
1615  *  *  Ant.      Anthony    "Van    Dyck 
enters  the  studio  of  Rubens. 

1619  *  *  Battle  of  the  Amazons  is  painted 
by  Rubens. 

1620  *  *  Rubens  procures  Van  Dyck  a 
commission  to  paint  an  altar  piece. 

1622  *  *  Ft.  Rubens  is  called  to  Paris 
by  Maria  de  Medici,  to  decorate  the 
Luxembourg  palace  with  twenty-one 
great  pictures  representing  the  events 
in  her  life  up  to  the  period  of  her  recon- 
ciliation with  her  son,  Louis  XIII. 

1624  *  *  Van  Helmont  introduces  the 
term  gas. 

1629  *  *  Portrait  of  Charles  I.  of  Eng- 
land is  painted  by  Rubens. 

1638*  *  Crucifixion  of  St.  Peter  iBySiintQA 
by  Rubens. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1450*  •  Despres,  Josqnin,  Flem.  musician, 

horn.     [I530±.     Dies.     A80.] 
X455  *   •  Lefevre,    Peter    B.,    bishop,    born. 

[1537.     Dies.    A82.] 
1460*  *  Matsys.  Qoentin,    Flem.   painter, 

born.    [1529.    Dies.    A69.] 
1463  •  *  Badius,   Jodoeus   or  Jesse,   Flem. 

poet,  born.     [1535.     Dies.     A73.J 
1485t.  *  ■  Cleef  or  Cleve,  Joost  van,  Flem. 

painter,  born.    []530i.    Dies.    A46.J 
1495  *  •  Memling,  Hans,  Flem.  painter,  dies. 
1497*  •  Coxcie,    Michael,     Klem.    painter, 

born.     [1552.     Dies.    A5.5.] 
1499+  *  •  Mabuse,  Jan  or  Gossaert,  Flem. 

painter,  born.    [1562.    Dies.    A63r^.] 
±  Lombard,  Lambert,  Flem.  architect,  born. 

C1568.    Dies.    A59±.] 
1510*  *Yple8,    Charles  de,  painter,   born. 

[1563.     Dies.    A53.] 
+  Cleef,  Henry  van,  painter,  born. 
1512  *   •  Mercator,  Gerard,  Flem.  geog.,  b. 
1513**Balu8,    Michael,    Flem.    cl.,    born. 

[1589.     Dies.    A76.] 
1520  i  •  •  Floris,  Frans,  Flem.  painter,  born. 

Lasso,  (Orlando,  composer,  born. 
1522  •  •  Bnsbectj,    AuKier    Ghislen,    Flem. 

scholar,  traveler,  born. 


'  Honthorst,  (ierard,  Flem.  painter,  b. 
Bnsbecq,  Augier  Gliislen,  Flemish  scholar. 
A70. 

1594*   *  Duquesnoy,  Francois,  Flem.  sculp- 
tor, born. 
Mercator,  Gerard,  Flemish  geographer,  A82. 
Jordaens,  Jakob,  Flem.  painter,  born. 
1597  *  *  Hock,  Jan  van,  Flem.  painter,  born. 

1599  *  *  Utrecht,  Adriaan  van,  Flem.  painter, 
born. 

Eykeiis,  or  Eyckens,  Pieter,  historical  paint- 
er, born.     [1649.     liies.     A50+.] 
Miel,  or  Meel,  Jan,  Flem.  painter,  born. 
Van  Dyck.  Sir  Anthony.  Flem.  painter,  b. 

1600  *  *  Oost,  Jacob  van,  Flem.  painter,  b. 
1602*  *  Champagne,    Philippe     de,    Flem. 

pahiter,  born. 
1604*  *  Steenwyk,  Hendrik,  Flem.  painter, 
A54.  .  F  , 

1606  *  *  Peters,  Francis  Lnoas,  painter,  born. 
Mander,  Carel  van,  Flem.  painter,  A58. 
Clouet,  Peter,  Flem.  engraver,  born. 

1607  *  *  Quellyn,  Erasnms,  Flem.  painter,  b. 
1608*  *  Bologna,  Giovanni  di,  Flem.  sculp- 
tor, A84. 

1609  *  *  ArminiuB  or  Harmensen,  Jakobus, 

dies,  A49. 
1610*  *  Ostade,  Adrian  van,  Flem.  painter, 

born.  ' 

Teniers,  David,  the  younger,  Flem.  painter,  b. 

161 1  •  »  Hobbema,  Myuderbout,  Flem.  paint- 
er, born. 

1612  *  *  Colin,  Alexander,  sculptor,  A86. 
1614  *  *  Wouters,  Francois,  Flem.  jtalnter,  b. 

Peters,  Bonaventure,  Flem.  painter,  born. 
t.'oques,  Gonzales,  Flem.  painter,  born. 
1616*  *  Bourignon,    Antoinette,    Flem.    fa- 
natic, born. 
1619  *  •  Calvart,  Dionisi,  Flem.  painter,  A64. 
1625*  *  Llngelbach,  Jan,  Flem.  painter,  b. 
Berchem,  Nicholas,  Flem.  engraver,  A  65. 
Fyt,  or  Feyt,  Jan,  Flem.  painter,  born. 
1626*  *  Bril,  Pauhis,  painter,  A70. 
1627  *  *  Gruter,  Jan,  Flem.  antiquary,  A67. 
1630*  *  Quellyn,     Hans     Erasmus,     Flem. 

painter,  sculptor,  born. 
1632  •  *  Balen,  Hendrik  van,  Flem.  painter, 

A72. 
1634*  *  Meulen,    Antoon    Frans  van    der, 

Flem.  painter,  born. 
1635  •   *  Peters,  Jolin,  painter,  born. 

1640  May  30.  Rubens.  Peter  Paul,  Flem. 
painter,  A 63. 

Hennepin,  Louis,  Flem.  monk  missionary,  b. 

1641  ♦  *  Van  Dyck,  Sir  Anthony.  Flem. 
painter,  A42. 

Oort,  Adam  van,  Flem.  painter,  A84. 

1043  *  *  Breughel,  Jan,  Flem.  painter,  A73. 

1644  *  *  Helmont,  Jean  Baptiste  van,  Flem. 
physician,  A67. 

1646  *  *  Cleef,  Jan  van,  Flem.  painter,  born. 
Duquesnoy,  Fran(;oi8,  Flem.  sculptor,  .^52. 

1649*  *  Teniers,  David,  the  elder,  Flem. 
painter,  A67. 

1650*  *  Hock,  Jan  van,  Flem.  painter, 
A47.  (?) 

1051  *  *  Utrecht,  Adriaan  van,  Flem.  painter, 
A52. 

1652  *  *  Peters,  Bonaventure,  marine  paint- 
er, A  38. 


BELGIUM. 


1450,  *  *-1678,  Sept.  17.    541 


1664  *  *  Peters,  Francis  I.ncas,  painter,  A48. 
1866  •  *  Koos,  I'hilip  Peter,  Flem.  painter, 

lK)ni. 
1666  *  *  lUoeinen,  John  Francis  van,  Flem. 

painter,  born. 
1657*  •  Snyders,  Franz,  Flem.  painter,  A78. 
Lapide,  C'ornelins,  Flem.  commentator,  dies. 
1669  *  •  Wouters,  Francois,  Fleui.  painter, 

A45. 
1660  *  *  Uontliorst,  Gerard,  Flem.  painter, 

A68. 
1663*  *  .\udenaerde,    Robert    van,    Flem. 

painter,  born.  [1743.  Dies.  A80.] 
1664  •  •  Miel,  Jan,  Flem.  painter,  A65. 
1669  *  *  Crayer  Gasiiard  de,  Flem.  painter, 

A87. 
1671  •  *  Oost,  Jacob  van,  Flem.  painter,  ATI. 

Fyt,  Jan,  Flem.  painter,  A46. 
1678  •  •  llreughel,  Abraham,   Flem.   paint- 
er, Ijorn. 
1674*    'Champagne,    Philippe    de,    Flem. 

painter,  A72. 
1677  *  *  Peters,  John,  marine  painter,  A42. 
1678*  *  Quellyn,   Krasmufi,  Flem.  painter, 

A71. 
Jordaeiu,  Jakob,  Flem.  painter,  A84. 


CHURCH. 

1516*  '-Se*  "The  Protestant  reli- 
gion begins  to  spread  through  Belgiam 
amid  much  persecution. 

1556  *  »  -98  •  *  Keign  of  Philip  II. ;  he 
cruelly  opposes  Protestants  and  Intro- 

I        duces  the  Inquisition. 
*  •  Switz.    George  David,  a  Flemish  fa- 
natic, professing  to  be  the  Messiah,  and 
founder  of  the  Davidists,  dies  at  Basel. 
1567  *  *  The    Duke    of    Alva   arrives 
with  20,000  Spaniards  to  subdue  the 
Protestants;  by  cruelty  and  oppression 
he  drives  them  to  rebellion. 
t        *  *  WiUiaru  of  Orange  is  converted  to 
Protestantism. 
1568    Feb.  •  A  sentence  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion condemns    to  death,  as    heretics, 
nearly  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  Nether- 
lands. 
1597*  *  Bniaaels.    Lady    Mary    Percy 
founds  a  .convent.    [In  1794  the  nuns 
are  forced  to  leave  for  England.] 

LETTERS. 

1529  Oct.  14.  Brussels.  Placards  an- 
nounce death  by  burning  to  persons 
concealing  prohibited  books. 

1605  *  *  Ant.  Xieuve  Zijdinghen  is  is- 
sued at  Antwerp. 

1637  •  •  -44  •  »  Gazette  Extraordinaris 
Postfijdinghen  is  issued. 

1649  *  *  Brussels.  Cmirrier  vMtabte  dea 
Pays-Bas  is  issued. 

1667  *  *  E.F.  Gazette  van  Ghent  is  is- 
sued at  Ghent. 

SOCIETY. 

1385  *  *  The  counts  of  Flanders  being 
without  male  heirs,  their  possessions 
go  to  the  House  of  Burgundy  [which 
soon  gains  possession  of  all  the  Nether- 
lands]. 

1567  *  *  The  Duke  of  Alva  persecutes 
the  Protestants,  devastating  the  coun- 
try, and  erecting  scaffolds  in  every  city. 

1584  July  10.  William  the  Silent, 
Prince  of  Orange,  is  a.isassinated  at 
Delft  by  Balthazar  Gerard. 

1609  Oct.  13.  Eubens  marries  Isa- 
bella Brandt. 


STATE. 

1477  •  *  Mary  of  Burgundy,  heiress  of 
Charles  the  Bold,  marries  the  Archduke 
Maximilian,  son  of  Emperor  Frederick 
IV.,  and  thus  transfers  the  Nether- 
lands to  the  House  of  Austria. 

1493  *  •  Maximilian  I.  becomes  Em- 
peror of  Germany. 

1494  *  •  Maximilian  resigns  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  Netherlands  to  his  son, 
Philip  the  Handsome,  17  years  of  age, 
who  becomes  regent. 

1496*  *  Philip  marries  Johanna, 
daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  of 
Castile,  having  one  son  [later  Charles  V.]. 

1507  *  •  Brussels  becomes  the  capital 
of  the  low  countries  under  Philip  the 
Handsome. 

1516*  *-56*  *  Reign  of  Charles  I. 
(Emperor  Charles  V.),  King  of  Spain. 

1544*  *  "William  of  Orange,  "The 
Silent,"  inherits  the  estates  of  Brabant, 
Flanders,  Holland,  and  the  small  prin- 
cipality of  Orange  in  France,  from  a 
childless  cousin. 

1556  »  •-98*  *PhiUp  II.  reigns;  he 
is  son  of  Charles  I.,  King  of  Spain,  and 
inherits  the  Netherlands  on  the  abdica- 
tion of  his  father. 

1567  Apr.  22.     William   of  Orange 

resigns  his  ofHoes,  and,  with  many  thou- 
sand Netherlanders,  leaves  his  coimtry 
on  the  arrival  of  the  Duke  of  Alva. 

1568  *  *  The  long  war  of  liberation 
begins. 

It  is  caused  by  the  fact  that  ancient 
and  important  privileges  are  jealously 
prized,  while  the  Si>anish  garrison,  the 
penal  e4licts  against  heretics,  the  deed 
of  the  introduction  of  the  Spani.'fh  In- 
quisition, lead  to  a  league  of  the  nobles, 
headed  by  Philip  Marnix  of  St.  Alde- 
gonde. 

*  *  Offense  is  given  Spain  by  the  pres- 
entation of  the  petition  of  300  nobles 
("Beggars"),  the  insurrection  of  the 
lower  classes,  and  the  destruction  of 
Images,  and  sacking  of  churches. 

Feb.  *  By  a  sentence  of  the  Inquisition 
all  the  inhabitants  of  the  Netherlands, 
with  a  few  exceptions,  are  condemned 
to  death. 

June  5.  Bntasela.  Lamoral,  Count  Eg- 
mont,  Horn,  and  many  Protestants 
are  executed. 

*  *  The  estates  of  Protestants  who  fail 
to  appear  before  the  Spanish  tribunal 
are  confiscated;  that  of  William  of 
Orange  is  among  those  confiscated. 

1572  »  *  Many  cities  of  Holland  raise 
the  standard  of  William  of  Orange, 
who  is  appointed  leader  of  the  rebellious 
provinces. 

1573  *  •  The  Duke  of  Alva  is  recalled 
at  his  own  request ;  Ijuis  de  Hequesens 
y  Zuniga  is  his  successor. 

1576  *  *  Bequesens  dies  of  fever. 

*  *  E.  E.    Pacification  of  Ghent. 

All  the  provinces  of  the  Netherlands 
unite  to  drive  out  the  Spaniards,  after 
the  sacking  of  Antwerp,  Maestricht, 
Ghent,  and  other  cities  by  royal  troops  ; 
national  and  religious  differences  are 
ignored. 


1677  *  *  Don  John  of  Austria  succeeds 
Requesens,  but  is  not  recognized  by  the 
majority  of  the  provinces ;  he  fails  to 
quiet  them. 

1578  *  *  Don  John  dies. 

•  *  Alexander  Famese,  Duke  of  Parma, 
is  governor ;  he  subdues  the  southern 
provinces  (Belgium),  which  adhere  to 
the  Catholic  faith  ;  he  promises  the  res- 
toration of  their  old  political  freedom. 

1579  Jan.  23.  The  Union  of  Utrecht 
founds  a  famous  republic. 

Seven  provinces  declare  their  indepen- 
dence of  Spain :  Holland,  Zealanil, 
Utrecht,  Gelderland,  (ironingen,  Fries- 
land,  Overyssel ;  William  of  Orange  is 
made  stadtnolder;  the  southern  portion 
(Belgium)  continues  under  Spanish  rule. 

1584  *  *  Maurice  of  Nassau  succeeds 
his  murdered  father  as  head  of  the  Seven 
Provinces. 

1598  *  *  -1621  *  *  Phihp  m.  of  Spain 
reigns. 

He  cedes  Belgium  to  his  daughter  Isa- 
bella and  the  Archduke  Albert,  her  hus- 
band. 

1609  *  »  -21  *  *  A  truce  is  maintained 
by  the  Netherlands  and  Spain,  on  the 
basis  of  possession  at  the  time. 

1621  *  *  King  Albert  dies  without  is- 
sue, and  the  coiuitry  reverts  to  Spain. 

*  *-25*  *  Philip  rv.  of  Spain  reigns. 

1646  *  *  Peter  Stuyvesant  is  appointed 
governor  of  New  Netherlands,  America. 

1648*  »  The  independence  of  the  Re- 
public of  the  United  Provinces  is  recog- 
nized by  Spain  and  the  Empire,  at  the 
Peace  of  'WestphaUa. 

1659*  'By  the  Treaty  of  the  Pyrenees 
the  county  of  Artois,  Thionville,  and 
other  districts  are  ceded  to  France  by 
Spain. 

1664  *  *  The  New  Netherlands  (A mei- 
ica)  is  granted  to  the  Duke  of  York. 

1668  *  *  By  the  Peace  of  Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle,  Lille,  Charleroi,  Gudenarde, 
Courtray,  and  other  towns  are  ceded  to 
France. 

1678  •  *  -79  *  »  The  Peace  of  Nime- 
guen  restores  to  Spain  some  of  the  ter- 
ritory previously  ceded,  but  cedes  to 
France  Valenciennes,  Nieuport,  Cam- 
bray,  St.  Omer,  Ypres,  and  Charlemont. 
[These  are  in  part  returned  at  the  Peace 
of  Ryswick.] 

1678  Sept.  17.  France  cedes  to 
Spain  Limburg,  Ghent,  Waes,  etc. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1450+  *  *  Trade  flourishes  in  Flanders ; 
all  the  nations  of  Europe  have  ware- 
houses at  Bruges  and  Ghent. 

1516  *  *  A  post-oifloe  is  established  be- 
tween Vienna  and  Brussels. 

1531  »  •  The  Exchange  is  built  in  Ant- 
werp. 

*  *  The  rising  Commercial  Company  is 
sacrificed  to  the  jealousy  of  the  Dutch. 

1585+  *  *  The  glory  of  Antwerp  rap- 
idly declines. 

1648  »  *  The  Scheldt  is  closed  to  the 
commerce  of  Antwerp  by  the  treaty  of 
Westphalia. 


542 


1680,  »  *-1831,  Aug.  2. 


BELGIUM. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
1690    July  1.    The   Prmoe   of  Wal- 
deek  is  defeated  by  Marshal  Luxem- 
burg at  Fleurus. 

1692  July  1.  Namur  is  taken  by  the 
French. 

1695  Aug.  •  Brussels  is  bombarded 
by  the  French  under  Marshal  Villeroi ; 
14  churches  and  10,000  houses  are  con- 
sumed. 

Sept.  *  Namur  is  retaken  from  the 
French  by  King  William  III.  of  England. 

1706  May  23.  Bra.  Battle  of  Kamil- 
lies. 

The  allies  under  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough defeat  the  French  and  Bava- 
rians under  Marshal  de  Villeroi :  the 
French  are  seized  with  panic,  and  the 
defeat  becomes  a  rout.  French  loss  13  - 
000;  allies' loss,  3,500.  [The  French  soon 
lose  all  the  fortresses  in  the  Low  Coun- 
try.] 

•  *  E.  F.  Ghent  is  taken  by  the  British 
under  the  Duke  of  Marlborough. 

1708  July  11.  The  allies  under  Marl- 
borough and  Prince  Eugene  defeat 
the  French  besiegers  under  Louis  Jo- 
seph Due  de  Vendome  and  the  Duke  of 
Burgundy  at  Oudenarde. 

1745  May  •  The  French  commence  the 
subjugation  of  the  Austrian  Nether- 
lands by  an  army  under  Marshal  Mau- 
rice of  Saxony. 

May  11.  H.  Battle  of  Fontenoy,  near 
Tournay.  The  French  under  Marshal 
Maurice  of  Saxony  defeat  the  army  of 
the  Pragmatic  Sanction  (English,  Han. 
overians,  Dutch,  and  Austrians)  under 
the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  with  the  loss 
of  12,000  men ;  the  French  lose  nearly 
the  same  number. 

1746  Feb.  16.  Brussels.  Marshal 
Saxe  takes  the  city. 

1748  •  »  The  French  retire  by  treaty 
from  their  conquests  in  the  Austrian 
Netherlands. 

1756  *  *  jr.  F.  The  French  garrison 
Ostend  for  Maria  Theresa. 

1789  Dec.  11.  Brussels.  Uprising 
against  the  Austrians ;  the  garrison  is 
compelled  to  capitulate. 

1790  Nov.  *  An  Atistrian  army  en- 
ters Belgium,  and  easily  subdues  the 
people. 

1792  Nov.*  Brussels.  The  French 
under  Gen.  Dumouriez  take  the  city. 

*  *  Antwerp  is  occupied  by  the  French. 

1793  •  *E.F.  Ghent  is  taken  by  the 
French. 

Nov.  6.  H.  At  Jemappes  the  French 
Kepublican  army,  40,000  strong,  under 
Gen.  Dumouriez,  defeat  19,000  Aus- 
trians, and  drive  them  from  their  de- 
fenses; the  Austrians  lose  10,000  men 
and  the  French  12,000.  [The  victory 
gives  to  France  the  country  to  the  south 
of  Li^ge.] 

1794  June  26.  JI.  The  army  of 
France  imder  Marshal  Jourdan  defeats 
the  aUies  under  the  Prince  of  Coburg 
at  Fleurus ;  it  overthrows  the  rule  of 
Austria. 


*  •-1814*  *  French  troops  occupy 

Antwerp. 
1815  June  16.  Bra.  The  allies,  under 
the  Duke  of  Brunswick,  the  Prince  of 
Grange,  and  Sir  Thomas  Picton,  repulse 
the  French,  under  Marshal  Ney,  at 
Quatre-Bras. 

H.    Napoleon  defeats  the  Prussians 

under  BlUcher  at  the  battle  of  Ligny, 
near  Fleurus. 
June  18.  Bra.  Battle  of  Waterloo. 
Napoleon,  with  an  army  of  71,947  men, 
having  246  guns,  is  defeated  by  the  al- 
lies under  Wellington,  who  have  07,661 
men  and  166  guns  ;  the  battle  r.ages  from 
10  A.  M.  till  Ave  p.  M.,  when  reenforce- 
ments  arrive  for  the  allies,  — 16,000 
Prussians,  and  by  seven  o'clock  50,000 
men  and  104  guns  luider  BlUcher ;  Wel- 
lington moves  the  whole  army  forward 
and  crushes  the  French.  Loss,  allies, 
4,206  killed,  14,539  womided. 
1830*  *-31»  •Civil  War;  the  Bel- 
gians rise  against  the  House  of  Orange. 

1830  Sept.  23.  The  state  troops 
enter  the  city  [and,  after  fighting  the 
revolutionists  three  following  days,  re- 
tire without  results]. 

Oct.  27.  AnI.  The  state  troops,  being 
attacked  by  revolutionists,  bombard 
Antwerp  with  red-hot  balls. 

Dec.  23.  Ant.  Revolutionists  take 
Antwerp ;  the  citadel  is  not  captured. 

1831  Aug.  2.  The  Dutch  army  in- 
vades Belgium  with  45,000  infantry  and 
6,000  cavalry. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 


1880  •  •  liourignon,  Antoinette,  Plem.  fa- 
natic, A  64. 

1683  •  •  Helmont,  Segres  Jacob  van,  Flem. 
pamter,  born. 

1S84*  •  Coques,    Gonzales,  Flem.    painter, 

1685*  *  Ostade,  Adrian  van,  Flem.  painter. 

ATS. 
1687  •  •  Ulouet,  Peter,  Flem.  engraver,  .4.81 

J.ingelliach,  .Jan,  Flem.  painter,  A62. 
1680*  •  I>ens,  Peter,  Flem.  theologian,  born. 

Teniers,  David,  the  younger,  Flem.  painter, 

Hega,  Henri  J.,  Flem.  physician,  born. 
Meulen,    Antoon    Frans    van    der,    Flem 
I>ainter,  A56. 
1699*  •  Hennepin,  Louis,  Flem.  monk  mis- 
sionary, A59. 
Hobbema,  Mlnderhout,  Flem.  painter,  \7l 
1706  •  •  Uoos,  PliUip  Peters,  Hem.  painter, 

1715  •  •  Quellyn,  Hans  Erasmus,  Flem. 
pamter,  A86. 

1716  •  •  Cleef,  ,Ian  van,  Flem.  painter,  A70. 
1 786  •  •  Helmont,  Segres  Jacob  van,  Flem. 

painter,  A  43. 

1735  •  •  Feller,  Franijois  X.  de,  author,  born. 
[1802.     Dies.     AliT.] 

1740»  •  liloemen,  John  Francis  van,  Flem. 
painter,  A84. 

1764  •  'Hega,  Henri  J.,  Flem.  physician, 
A  64. 

1764  *  *  Dael,  Jan  Frans  van,  painter,  born. 

1768  *  *  Mons,  Jean  Baptiste  van,  pomolo- 
gist,  born. 

1773  •  •  lirie,  MatthaeusZ.  van,  Flem.  paint- 
er, born. 

1775  •  •  Dens,  Peler,  Flem.  theologian,  A85. 

1784  *  ♦  F6tis,  Franijois  Joseph,  composer,  b. 

1785*  •  (lerlacbe,  Etienne  C,  Baron,  histo- 
rian, statesman,  born. 

1786  *  •  Potter,  Louis  Jos.  de,  revolutionist, 
born. 
Brie,  Philip  Jacob  van,  Flem.  painter,  born. 

1787*  •  Navez,  Francois  Joseph,  Flem. 
painter,  born. 

1790  »  *  Leopold  I.,  king,  born. 

1793*  *  WiUems,  Jan  Frans,  Flem.  histo- 
rian, born. 

1796  *  *  Qnetelet,  Lambert  Adolph  Jacques, 
astronomer,  statistician,  writer,  born. 


\l%%  '  I  "^"^boeckhoven,  Eugene,  painter,  b. 
b°r      ^'^^"'  '''"arles  Latour,  statesman, 

,  £?,'^'l'"'''t  ''""'*  Prosper,  archivist,  born. 

1801  •  De  Smet,  Peter  John,  Jesuit  mission- 
ary, born. 

,  oAo''.'";'  ^""'I'''  Antoine  F.,  physicist,  bom. 

1802  •  •  Benot,  Charles  Auguste  de,  violin- 
1st,  born. 

1804  •  *  Altmeyer,  Jean  Jacques,  historian, 
bom.  • 

JIS2  I  I  J,*,f  y'O'  Pradens  van,  poet,  born. 
7?°/  '  Wiertz,  Antoine  .Joseph,  pahiter.  b. 
(.eefs,  Willem,  sculptor,  born: 
Schendel,  I'etrus  van,  painter,  born. 
JirS  I  I  ii^T,""'  t'l>'>f'es  Henri,  sculptor,  b. 
IBIO*  ♦  Gallait,  Louis,  painter,  born. 
1812  •  •  Conscience,  Hendril<,  Flem.  novel- 

ist,  t>orn. 
JSJ2  !  I  Keyser,  Nlcalse  de,  painter,  bom. 
IB15  •  ♦  Chavee,  Honore  Jos.,  pbilologist,  b. 
r^.h.J'^"  Auguste  Henri,  painter,  born. 
[1869.     Dies.     A  54.] 
iff  2  !  !  f'^Sf^i  Antoine,  song-writer,  born. 
1818  •  •  I'otvin,  Charles,  iwet,  born. 

Juste,  Theodore,  historian,  born. 
^??°.'  ,*  VIeuxtemps,  Henri,  violinist,  born. 

Portaels,  Jean  Francjois,  painter,  born. 
1881  •  •  Brialmont,  Alexis  Henri,  engineer, 
born.  ' 

1822*  *Laveleye.    ^mlle    Louis  Victor. 

political  economist,  writer,  b. 
1830  •  •  Pauwels,  Ferdinand,  painter,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1741  *  »  Maria  Theresa  opposes  undue 
power  of  the  clergy. 

1765  *  *  Joseph  II.  excites  the  religious 
antagonism  of  the  people  by  curbing 
the  power  of  the  priests. 

1815  *  •  The  differences  in  religion 
make  the  union  of  Holland  and  Belgium 
difficult ;  Catholics  and  Protestants  op- 
pose each  other. 

1818  *  *  The  Jesuits  are  expelled. 

1827  *  *  The  Government  enters  Into  a 
concordat  with  the  Pope  respecting 
bishoprics. 


LETTERS. 
1750+  •  •  Tlie     Belgian     Academy    of 

Sciences  is  founded  by  Maria  Theresa. 
1756  *  *  -93  *  *  Journal  Em-yclnpidique 

is  issued  by  P.  Rousseau  at  Li^ge. 
1772*  •-ISIS*  *L'E sprit  des  Jour- 

•naux  is  issued  at  Li^ge. 
1773  *  •  Brussels.    The    Academy     of 

Belles  IiCttres  is  founded. 
1788  *  •  Jaix.    Journal  historique  et  lit- 

tiraire  is  issued  at  Luxemburg  [then  at 

Maestricht]. 
1816  •  *  A  new  university  is  founded 

at  Li^ge. 
*  *F.    F.    The  University  of  Ghent 

is  founded. 
1820  •  *E.F.    Den    Vaderlander   is   is- 
sued at  Ghent. 

1826  *  •  Tlie  Government  is  strongly  op- 
posed in  its  attempt  to  regulate  the 
education  of  the  Belgians  and  to  im- 
prove the  education  of  the  priests. 

1827  *  •  Tlie  Government  enters  into  a 
concordat  with  the  Pope  respecting 
education. 

1830+  •  •  Brussels.    The  Moniteur  Beige 

is  issued. 
•  •  Brussels.    Le  National  is  issued. 


SOCIETY. 

1830    Aug.  25.    The    revolutionary 
mob  attack  the  National,  a  Government 


BELGIUM. 


1680,  *  *-1831,  Aug.  2,    543 


newspaper,    also   the   residence  of   its 
editor  at  Brussels. 
Aug.  *  Hiots  against  the  Dutch  break 
out  in  nearly  all  the  cities  of  Belgium. 

STATE. 

1697  Sept.  30.  Peace  of  Ryawick, 
near  The  Hague. 

The  conquests  of  France  and  Holland 
are  restored,  and  the  chief  fortresses  of 
the  Spanish  Netherlands  to  be  garrisoned 
by  Dutch  troops  as  a  barrier  tu-twefn 
J?  ranee  and  HuUand.     (See  i'"rance.) 

1701  *  *  -14  *  *  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession. 

1701  Sept.  7.  A  grand  alliance  of 
the  naval  powers  is  formed  with  the  Em- 
peror Leopold  I.,  against  France,  aim- 
ing to  secure  to  the  Austrian  House  the 
Spantsli  possessions  in  the  Netherlands, 
and  other  objects.    (See  France.) 

*  *  Brussels  is  taken  by  the  French. 
1703  *  *  Marlborough  invades  the  Span- 
ish Netherlands. 

1706  June  6.  Antwerp  surrenders 
to  the  allies. 

*  *  Brussels,  Antwerp, Ghent, Ostend,  and 
other  places  are  taken  from  the 
French  by  the  allies  after  tlie  vic- 
tory of  Marlborough  at  Ramillies  over 
Villeroi. 

1713  Apr.  11.  By  the  Peace  of 
Utrecht,  Belgium  is  assigned  to  Aus- 
tria, and  called  Austrian  Nether- 
lands. 

1714*  *  Austria  takes  possession  of 
the  Spanish  Netherlands. 

1715  Nov.  16.  The  Barrier  treaty  is 
signed,  by  which  the  Dutch  reserve  the 
right  to  garrison  Namur,  Menin,  Ypres, 
Tournai,  and  other  towns. 

*  *  By  treaty  Belgium  delivers  over  to 
Holland,  her  commercial  rival,  several 
of  her  fortresses  as  a  barrier  against 
France. 

*  •  Holland  closes  the  Scheldt,  to  di- 
vert the  trade  of  Antwerp  to  itself. 

1748*  *  The  whole  country,  which  had 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  French,  is 
restored  to  Austria  by  the  Peace  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle. 

*  *  Prosperity  attends  the  mild  rule  of 
Maria  Theresa  and  her  husband,  Fran- 
cis of  Lorraine. 

1781  *  *  Joseph  II.  of  Austria  and  Em- 
peror of  Germany  compels  Holland  to 
evacuate  the  Belgian  fortresses. 

*  *  Heaction  follows  hasty  advancement. 

*  *  Joseph  II.  offends  the  States  by 
attempting  to  overturn  civil  govern- 
ment in  order  to  reform  abuses. 

1785  *  *  Joseph  II.  proposes  exchange 
of  territory. 

Bavaria  to  be  ceded  to  Austria  in  ex- 
change for  the  Austrian  Netherlands 
(Belgium),  excepting  Luxemburg  and 
Namur,  as  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy ; 
the  League  of  the  German  Princes  is 
formed  against  the  proposal  and  it  fails. 

1789  *  *  -90  *  *  Unsuccessful     revolt 

from  Austria. 
1789    Dec.  27.    Bra.    The  States  make 

a  declaration  of  independence. 


1790  Jan.  11.  Other  provinces  having 
asserted  independence,  they  all  unite 
to  form  an  independent  state,  called 
United  Belgiiun,  and  establish  a  con- 
gress. 

Feb.*  Emperor  Joseph  II.  dies. 

Mar.  3.  Leopold  II.,  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many, promises  to  restore  the  Consti- 
tution if  the  States  return  to  their 
allegiance  ;  the  people  refuse,  and  war 
follows. 

1791*  *The  former  Constitution 
(Maria  Theresa's)  is  restored,  and  peace 
follows. 

1792  *  *  Austria  is  at  war  with  France, 
and  Belgium  suffers. 

*  *  Belgium  is  conquered  by  the 
French. 

1794  June  26.  The  defeat  of  the  Aus- 
trians  at  the  battle  of  Fleurus  ends 
Austrian  rule  in  Belgium. 

*  *  The  French  make  Antwerp  the  cap- 
ital of  Deux  N6thes. 

1795  *  *  Antwerp  is  annexed  to  the 
Republic  of  France. 

*  ♦-ISOe*  *The  Batavian  BepubUc 
is  founded,  which  surrenders  Dutch 
Flanders  to  France. 

1797  Oct.  17.  By  the  Peace  of 
Campo-Formio,  Austria  cedes  Bel- 
gium to  France,  and  the  dream  of  inde- 
pendence is  dissipated. 

1805  Dec.  26.  Peace  of  Presburg 
between  France  and  Austria.  The 
Netherlands  is  transformed  into  the 
kingdom  of  Holland. 

1810  Apr.  *  The  Netherlands  is  an- 
nexed to  France  by  Napoleon,  who 
claims  the  country  as  "  the  alluvial  de- 
posit of  the  French  rivers." 

1813  Nov.  15.  An  uprising  takes 
place  in  Holland  against  the  French. 

1814  May  30.  Belgium  is  ruled  by  an 
Austrian  governor  [for  some  months 
after  the  fall  of  Napoleon],  by  decree  of 
the  first  Peace  of  Paris. 

1815  Mar.  23.  Belgium  is  imited 
with  Holland. 

Belgium  is  given  to  Holland  as  a  re- 
ward for  great  service  to  the  allies,  ren- 
dered by  Prince  William  Frederic  of 
Orange-Nassau;  the  Dutch  accept  it  as 
the  spoils  of  victory. 

May  31.  Aust.  The  Congress  of  Vi- 
enna determines  the  relations  and 
boundaries  of  the  new  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands. 

Aug.  24,  The  new  Constitution  is  pro- 
mulgated, and  is  detested  by  the  Bel- 
gians. 

1829  *  *  The  Dutch  Government  decides 
on  energetic  proceedings  with  the 
Belgians. 

*  *  -1830  *  *  Only  one  of  the  seven  Gov- 
ernment Ministers  is  a  Belgian ;  the 
State  is  ruled  in  the  interests  of  Hol- 
land. 

May*  The  Dutch  disregard  640  peti- 
tions against  a  new  law  of  the  press. 

Aug.  28.  Prominent  citizens  at  Brussels 
prepare  a  petition  to  the  king,  asking 


for  reforms  in  government  to  secure 
the  rights  of  the  people.  [They  receive 
an  unsatisfactory  reply.] 

*  *  The  representatives  of  the  citizens 
demand  a  separation  from  Holland, 
and  also  pledge  therewith  loyalty  to  the 
House  of  Orange. 

*  *  The  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands  is 
verging  to  dissolution  of  the  enforced 
union  of  the  Protestant  commercial 
State  of  Holland  with  the  Catholic  man- 
ufacturing State  of  Belgium,  which  is 
pervaded  with  French  culture. 

Aug.  25.  There  is  an  outbreak  of  a 
mob  in  Brussels,  after  a  performance 
of  the  Muette  de  Portici ;  the  mediation 
of  Prince  William  of  Orange  fails  of  suc- 
cess. 

1830*  *  Revolution  and  indepen- 
dence. 

Sept.  13.  Special  meeting  of  the 
States- General  at  The  Hague. 

It  provokes  renewed  hostility  by  its 
dilatory  action ;  the  riot  is  converted 
into  a  revolution. 

Sept.  20.  Brussels.  The  council  of  the 
king  orders  the  troops  to  take  posses- 
sion. 

Oct.  4.  The  Dutch  Government  is  de- 
posed. 

Oct.  *  When  too  late  the  council  consents 
to  separate  administration  of  govern- 
ment. 

Nov.  10.  Bntssels.  A  national  Bel- 
gian Congress  meets ;  200  deputies 
present. 

Nov.  18.  A  declaration  of  indepen- 
dence is  made  by  the  Congress. 

*  *  A  provisional  government  is  organ- 
ized. 

Dec.  20.  Eng.  The  Conference  of 
London,  called  by  Holland,  proclaims 
the  dissolution  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands,  and  procures  cessation  of 
hostilities. 

1831  Jan.*  The  allied  powers  acknowl- 
edge the  independence  of  Belgium. 

Feb.  *  Belgium  adopts  a  liberal  mon- 
archy as  its  form  of  government. 

Feb.  3.  Due  de  Nemours  is  elected 
king,  but  declines,  as  his  father,  the 
French  king,  refuses  his  consent. 

Feb.  24.  Baron  Surlet  de  Chokier  is 
elected  regent. 

June  4.  Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe- Co- 
burg  is  elected  king  by  the  National 
Congress.    Vote,  152-40;  4  absent. 

July  12.    Leopold  accepts  the  crown. 

July  19.  Brussels.  Leopold  publicly 
enters  the  city. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1723  *  *  The  Ostend  East  India  Com- 
pany  is  established. 

1731  *  *  The  Ostend  East  India  Company 
is  dissolved. 

1798  *  *  The  English  destroy  the  wt.rks 
of  the  Bruges  Canal  at  Ostend. 

1803*  *  Napoleon  visits  Antwerp,  ifud 
expends  £2,000,000  sterling  in  the  con- 
struction of  docks. 


544     1831,  Aug.  9-1880,  June  28.        BELGIUM. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1831  Aug.  9.  Brussels.  The  Dutch  at- 
tack the  city,  and  the  king  narrowly  es- 
capes capture  in  the  retreat  of  his  forces. 

Aug.  *  France  sends  50,000  troops  to 
assist  Belgium  against  the  Dutch,  who 
enter  an  armistice. 

1832  Nov.  30.  Ant.  The  French  un- 
der Marshal  Gerard  besiege  Antwerp. 

Dec.  4.    Ant.    The  French  bombard  the 

citadel  at  Antwerp. 
Dec.  23.    Ant.    Marshal    Gerard    takes 

the  citadel  from  Gen.  Chass^. 

1833  *  *  The  war  with  Holland  ends. 
1853    May  10.    It  is  voted  to  increase 

the  army  to  100,000  men. 
1860    Aug.  *  The    military   volunteer 
movement  proves  successful. 

*  *  Ant.  The  new  fortifications  are 
erected  at  Antwerp. 

1870  Sept.  1-2.  Many  French  sol- 
diers cross  the  line  into  Belgium  after 
suffering  defeat  at  Sedan  ;  they  are  dis- 
armed and  interned. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1836  *  *  Quetelet  discovers  the  perio- 
dicity of  meteoric  showers,  occurring 
about  the  10th  of  August. 

1853  *  *  Brussels.  The  first  Interna- 
tional Statistical  Congress  is  held, 
largely  due  to  the  work  of  M.  Quetelet. 

*  *  A  Maritime  Conference  is  held,  to 
obtain  uniform  meteorological  observa- 
tions. 

1860  *  *  K.  A  Government  Agricul- 
turallnstitute  is  founded  at  Gembloux. 

1861  Apr.  25.  A  partially  articulate 
electric  telephone  is  exhibited  at 
Frankfort  by  Philip  Reiss. 

Aug.  17-20.  Ant.  A  Fine  Arts  Fete 
is  held  in  Antwerp. 

1865  Sept.  22-25.  Brussels.  An  In- 
ternational Society  Science  Associa- 
tion is  in  session. 

1867  *  *  Montefiore-Levi  and  Kimzel  in- 
vent an  alloy  of  copper,  tin,  and  phos- 
phorus known  as  phosphor-bronze. 

1865  July  26.  L.  A  monument  to 
Charlemagne  is  unveiled  at  Li^ge. 

Aug.  2.  Ant.  A  statue  of  Leopold  is 
unveiled  at  Antwerp. 

1870  *  *  The  Royal  Botanical  Garden  is 
laid  out  at  Brussels. 

1871*  *  Ant.  The  first  International 
Congress  of  Geographers  is  held  at 
Antwerp. 

1872  *  *  Ant.  The  Exchange  in  Ant- 
werp, rebuilt  in  the  same  Gothic  style 
as  before,  is  reopened. 

1877  Aug.  20>:.  The  Plantin  Mau- 
retus  Museum  at  Antwerp  is  opened. 

1878  *  *  King  Leopold  il.  convenes  a 
Congress  of  African  travelers  and 
explorers  for  the  study  of  the  Upper 
Kongo. 

1879  Oct.  1.  Bra.  A  statue  of  Van 
de  Weyer  is  inaugurated  at  Louvain. 

*  *  Brussels.  Physicians  use  vaccine 
dire<-t  from  the  animals. 


BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1834*   *  Hiel,  Knianuel,  poet,  horn. 

1835  *  *  Leopold  II..  Loui8  Philippe  Marie 

Victor,  King  of  the  Helgians,  born. 
1836*  *  Ahna-Tatlema,  Laurence,  painter,  b. 
1837*  *  Flanilers,   Philip,   (.'ount    of.    King 
Leopold's  brother,  born. 

1839  *  *  Urie,  MattliaeusZ.  van,  Flem.  paint- 
er, A66. 

1840  *  •  Dael,  .Jan  Frans  van,  painter,  A76. 
Brie,  Philij>  Jacob  van,  Flem.  painter,  A54. 

1842  *  •  Mens,  Jean  ISaptiste  van,  poinolo- 
gist,  A 74. 

1846*  *  Willenis,  Jan  Frans,  P'leni.  philolo- 
gist, A&3. 

1850*  *  Louise,  Queen,  dies. 

1858  *  *  Louise,  Princess,  Iwrn. 

1859  *  *  Leopold  Ferdinand,  Prince,  born. 
Potter,  Louis  Jos.  de,  revolutionist,  A73, 
Duyse,  Prudens  van,  Flem.  poet,  A54. 

1865  •  *  Wiertz,    Antoine   Joseph,    painter, 
A  60. 
Leopold  L,(;eorge8  Chretien  Frederick,  King 
of  tlie  lielgians,  A75. 
1869  *  ♦  Leopold  Ferdinand,  crown   prince, 
duke  of  lirabant,  thes. 
Baldwin,  heir  of  I'hilip,  Count  of  Flanders, 

hotn. 
Navez,  Francois  Joseph,  painter,  A82. 
1870*  •  Beriot,  Charles  Auguste  de,  violin- 
ist, A  68. 
Schendel,  Petrus  van,  painter,  A64. 
1871  •  *  F6tls,   Frant;x)i8  Joseph,   composer, 

A  87. 
1873*  *  De  Smet,  Peter  John,  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary, .A  72. 
1874  *  *  Quetelet,  Lambert  Adolph  Jacques, 
astronomer,  statisti<'ian,  writer,  A78. 
Weyer,  Sylvanus  van  de,  statesman,  A72^. 
1877*  *  Altmeyer,  Jean  Jacques,  liistorian, 
A73. 


CHURCH. 

1834  *  *  The  Antwerp  and  the  Belgian 

Foreign  and  the  Ghent  Bible  Society 

is  organized. 
1839  *  *  The  Belgian  Bible  Association 

is  org.anized. 
1842  *  *  The   Clerical   Education   Bill 

passes. 
1844  *  *  The  Netherlands  Society  for 

Promoting    Christianity   among    the 

Jews  is  founded. 

1857  June*  The  Religious  Chari- 
ties Bill  meets  with  great  opposition. 

*  *  The  population  is  chiefly  Roman 
Catholic ;  all  ministers  are  paid  by  the 
State. 

1862  Jan.  *  Bitter  dissensions  arise 
between  the  Roman  Catholics  and  the 
Protestants. 

1866  *  *  Religious  houses  for  males 
number  178  ;  for  females  8,144,  with  15,206 
persons  in  the  latter. 

1874  *  *  The  Government  has  a  sharp 
conflict  with  the  Papacy  respecting  ec- 
clesiastical orders  and  educational 
laws. 

1875  May  *  -June  *  Kiots  expressive 
of  popular  opposition  to  religious  pro- 
cessions occur. 

Sept.  *  A  Roman  Catholic  pastoral  of 
the  heirarchy  against  the  Government 
plan  of  mixed  education  is  published ; 
the  sacraments  of  the  Church  are  re- 
fused to  parents  and  teachers  who  con- 
form to  the  education  law. 

1879  Jan.  16.  The  Roman  Catholics 
are  successful  in  the  elections ;  riots 
follow  at  Brussels  and  Ajitwerp. 

1880  June  28.  Ecclesiastical  dis- 
putes lead  to  a  suspension  of  diplomatic 
relations  with  Rome. 


LETTERS. 

1831  *  *  Brussels.  The  Independent  is 
established. 

1833  *  *  The  magazine  Messager  des  Sci- 
ences historiques  appears  at  Ghent. 

1834  Brussels.  The  Free  University 
of  Brussels  is  foimded. 

*  *  Kederduitsche  Letteroefenigen  is  is- 
sued. 

1835  *  *  Brussels.  The  Observateur  is 
founded. 

*  *  Ant.    The  Pr^curseur  is  issued. 

*  *  -43  *  *  Revue  Belgt  is  issued. 

*  * -44  *  *  Biogra}}hi€  Universelledes  Mvn 
siciens  appears. 

1836  *  *  -46  *  •  Belgiesch  Museum  is  is- 
sued. 

1837*  *-48*  *  Revue   de   Bruxelles   Is 

issued. 
1840  *  *  -43  *  *  Kunst-  en  Letterblad  is 

issued. 

1842  *  *  Bulletin  de  I* Industrie  is  issued. 

*  *  -43  *  *  Trisor  National  is  issued. 

1843  *  *  Annates  des  Travaux  Publics  is 
issued. 

1844  *  *  The  Glaneur  Miesionaire  ap- 
pears, 

*  *  Vlaeynoche  Rederyker  is  issued. 

*  *  -47  *  *  Revue  de  IMge  is  issued. 
1846±  *  *  Broderland  is  issued. 

*  *  -51  *  •  Revue  de  Belgiqus  is  issued. 
1850  *  *  ChrHien    Beige    et    I*  Union   is 

founded. 
1852  *  *  The   Pricis    Jlistoriques,   Littf- 

raires  et  Scientifiques  appears. 
1854*  *The    TAUgraphe    is    issued    at 

Brussels. 

*  *  The  Revue  Catholigue  appears. 

*  *  Brussels.  Revue  Trimestrielle  is  is- 
sued. 

1858  ♦  *  Journal  des  Beaux- Arts  is  issued. 
1868  *  *  Revue  de  Belglque  is  reissued. 

*  *  Athenseum  Beige  is  issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1832  Aug.  9.  King  Leopold  marries 
the  daughter  of  Louis  Philippe,  King  of 
France. 

1834    Apr.  5.    Brussels.    Riots  occur. 
The  mob  destroys  the  furniture  of  16 
houses  in  resentment  for  a  display  of  an 
attachment  to  the  House  of  Orange. 

1852  Aug.  10.  The  Queen  of  Eng- 
land is  warmly  received  on  her  visit. 

Oct.  18.  King  Leopold  and  his  son  visit 
England.  [1860.  June  *  He  repeats  his 
visit.] 

1853  Aug.  22.  Ijeopold  marries  Arch- 
duchess Maria  Henrietta  of  Austria. 

1856  Sept.*  Brussels.  An  Interna- 
tional Philanthropic  Congress  is  held. 

1861  Aug.  17-20.  Ant.  A  Fine  Arts 
Ffite  is  given. 

1862  Sept.  22-25.  Brussels.  An  in- 
ternational association  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  social  science  meets. 

1863  Aug.  3.  Ant.  A  ffite  is  given  to 
celebrate  the  abolition  of  the  Scheldt 
dues  and  the  opening  of  the  port. 


BELGIUM. 


1831,  Aug.  9-1880,  June  28.    545 


1866  July  5.  Leopold  II.  and  his 
queen  visit  Knglaiid.  [July*  They  go 
to  Ghent  ] 

Oct.  12-16.    A  national  rifle-meeting 

is  belli. 

Oct.  20.  Brtissels.  Benjamin  S.  Phil- 
lips, Lord  Mayor  of  London,  with 
1,100  volunteers,  visits  Belgium  ;  the 
king  gives  a  magniUcent  banquet  in 
their  honor. 

1867  Jan.  18.  The  Chambers  vote 
ufainst  the  bill  to  abolish  capital 
punishment. 

Feb.  1-2.  The  miners  of  Marchienne- 
Ku-Pout  become  riotous  on  account  of 
a  reduction  of  wages,  and  are  suppressed 
by  the  military. 

Apr.  25.  Philip,  Count  of  Flanders, 
marries  Mary,  Princess  of  Iloheiizol- 
lern-Sigmaringen. 

July*  About  2,400  soldiers  of  the 
guard  civique  and  volunteers  cross  over 
to  England. 

July  12.  London.  Thomas  Gabriel,  the 
Lord  Mayor,  receives  the  Belgian 
visitors, 

July  13.  Eng.  The  Prince  of  Wales 
receives  the  Belgian  soldiers  at  Wimble- 
don. [July  IG.  They  arrive  at  Wind- 
sor.] 

1868  Mar.  25-29.  Riots  break  out 
iu  the  mining-districts,  and  10  lives  are 
lost  in  suppressing  them  by  the  military. 

Nov.  6-13.  Brussels.  An  Interna- 
tional Congress  of  Working  men  is 
held. 

1869  Sept.  19.  L.  An  international 
rifle-meeting  is  held. 

1873  May  22.  JSrussels.  Alexander 
II.,  Czar  of  Bussia,  visits  the  city. 

1875  Feb.  4.  Princess  Louise  mar- 
ries Philip,  Duke  of  Saxony. 

Aug.  22-25.  The  king's  silver  wed- 
ding is  celebrated. 

Sept.  27-Oct.  2.  Brussels.  The  fourth 
International  Health  Congress  is 
held. 

Sept.  *  K.  F.  Socialists  hold  a  great 
congress  at  Ghent. 

Dec.  3.  Eugene  T'KindtdeRoodenbeck, 
a  clerk  of  the  Bank  of  Belgium,  is 
convicted  of  149  thefts  amounting  to 
20,000,000  francs;  Fortamps,  the  gov- 
4  emor,  is  also  convicted  of  fraudulent 
transactions. 

1877  Aug.  13.  Ant.  The  centenary  of 
Uubens's  birth  is  celebrated. 

1879  May  29.  King  I.,eopoId  II.  visits 
England. 

*  *  The  "  La  Ligue  Patriotique  contre 
I'alcoolisme  "  is  started  under  the  title 
"L'Association  Beige  contre  I'abus  des 
boissons  alcooliques." 

Its  work  is  (1)  to  collect  and  dissemi- 
nate information  regarding  the  drinking 
habits  of  the  people,  and  the  evils  re- 
sulting therefrom  ;  (2)  to  endeavor  to 
get  temperance  legislation  enacted. 

1880  Mar.  *  Princess  Stephanie  is 
betrothed  to  Archduke  Rudolph  of 
Austria. 


STATE. 

1831  Nov.  15.  Lmidon.  The  Ave  great 
powers  convene,  and  sign  24  articles  of 
pacification. 

1832  Aug.  9.  King  Leopold  I.  mar- 
ries Louise,  eldest  daughter  of  Louis 
Philippe,  King  of  France. 

Oct.  4.    Charles  L.  Kogier  is  appointed 

Minister  of  the  Interior. 
Oct.  22.     France    and    England    sign    a 

convention  against  HoUand. 

1833  May  21.  A  preliminary  conven- 
tion with  Holland  is  signed. 

1839  Apr.  19.  London.  A  flnal  settle- 
ment and  peace  with  Holland  are  made 
by  a  treaty  signed. 

1857  Nov.  9.  A  new  Ministry  is 
formed  under  Charles  L.  Rogier. 

Dec.  10.    The  Chambers  reassemble. 

1859  May  •  The  king  proclaims  the 
neutrality  of  Belgium  in  the  Italian 
war. 

1860  June  13.  Loyalty  to  the  king 
is  warmly  expressed  on  the  circulation 
of  vague  rumors  of  annexation  to 
France. 

July  21.  The  octrois,  taxes  levied  at 
the  gates  of  towns  on  articles  of  food, 
are  abolished.  [The  popularity  of  the 
Government  is  increased  thereby.] 

1861  May  1.  A  commercial  treaty 
with  France  is  signed. 

1862  Aug.  22.  The  Chambers  adopt  a 
commercial  treaty  with  Great  Britain. 

Feb.  4.  The  Ministry  having  resigned, 
it  again  resumes  ofl&ce. 

July  17.  The  Chambers  are  dis- 
solved. 

1864  Aug.  •  The  Liberals  have  a  ma- 
jority in  the  election. 

1865  Dec.  17.  Leopold  H.  succeeds 
his  father. 

1866  Nov.  13.  The  Chambers  are 
opened  by  the  king. 

1838  Jan.  3.  A  new  Liberal  Anti- 
clerical Ministry  under  Herbert  J.  W. 
Frere-Orban  is  formed. 

1870  June*  The  CathoUos  unite  with 
the  Radicals  or  Progressionists  and 
some  offended  Liberals. 

June  19.    Tlie  Frere-Orban  Ministry 

resigns. 
July  3.    Baron  D'Anethan's  Catholic 

Ministry  is  formed. 
Aug.  9.    Belgium  signs  a  treaty  of  its 

neutrahty  as    between  (3reat    Britain 

and  Prussia. 
Aug.  11.    The  treaty  for  the  neutrality 

of  Belgium  is  signed  by  France. 
Nov.  22-25.    Brussels.    The  Ministry  is 

opposed  by  M.  Bara  and  others  ;  riots 

occur. 

1871  Dee.  7.  Baron  D'Anethan  re- 
signs, and  Julius  Malou,  a  moderate 
Catholic,  forms  a  Ministry. 

1872  Feb.  17.  Ant.  The  Duo  de 
Bordeaux  (Conite  de  Chambord),  the 
Bourbon  heir  to  the  French  throne,  ar- 
rives. [Feb.  27.  Popular  demonstrations 
cause  him  to  retire  from  Belgium.] 


Mar.  29.  The  commercial  treaty  with 
France  is  denounced  by  the  Govern- 
ment. 

1873  Feb.  5.  A  new  treaty  of  com- 
merce is  signed  with  France. 

July  27-Aug.  28.  Brussels.  An  in- 
ternational conference  respecting  the 
rights  of  neutrals  is  held,  but  no  results 
are  obtained. 

1874  *  •  The  Government  has  a  sharp 
conflict  with  the  Papacy  respecting 
ecclesiastical  orders  and  educational 
laws. 

1875  Feb.  *  The  German  Government 
complains  of  Belgian  publications  up- 
holding the  censured  German  ecclesi- 
astics. 

Apr.  15.  Germany  protests  against  the 
Duchesne  proposal  to  the  archbishop 
to  assassinate  Bismarck. 

June  13,  14.  A  Catholic  minority  is 
returned  by  the  elections. 

June  20.  The  Catholic  Malou  Ministry 
resigns,  and  Herbert  J.  \V.  Frere- 
Orban  forms  a  new  one. 

1879  July  1.  The  new  law  of  public 
instruction  is  sanctioned  by  the  king, 
Leopold  II. 

1880  June*  Elections  for  Parlia- 
ment are  held. 

The  Liberals  and  the  Clerical  party 
oppose  each  other  regarding  education, 
and  the  former  are  sustained  by  the 
elections. 

June  18.  Diplomatic  relations  with 
Rome  are  suspended  by  the  recall  of 
the  representative  to  the  Vatican  on 
account  of  ecclesiastical  disputes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1853  *  *  Brussels.  A  maritime  con- 
ference is  held  to  obtain  imitorm  mete- 
orological observations. 

1858  Aug.  2.  .4nt.  The  Exchange  at 
Antwerp  is  burned. 

June  •  //.  A  railroad  accident  occurs 
near  Mons,  and  21  are  killed. 

1860  *  *  Ant.  The  ancient  fortifica- 
tions are  destroyed.  . 

1861  Dec.  2.  Atit.  The  great  Napo- 
leon wharf  is  burned  ;  loss,  £400,000  and 
■J5  lives. 

1862  Aug.  *  Great  distress  prevails, 
caused  by  the  decline  of  trade. 

Deo.  31.    Population,  4,836,566. 

1865  Dec.  1.    Population,  4,984,451. 

1866  Dee.  31.  Population,  4,829,320. 
1870  Dec.  31.  Population,  5,087,105. 
1874    Sept.  5.    Brussels.    The  Belgian 

Industrial  Exhibition  is  opened. 
1876    June  26.     Brussels.     The    king 

opens  an  international  exhibition  of 

articles  relating  to  health  and  safety. 
Sept.  27-Oct.  2.     Brussels.    A   health 

congress  is  in  session. 

1878  July  28.  L.  A  gigantic  dam 
for  supplying  water  is  inaugurated  at 
La  Gillepe,  near  Verviers. 

1879  Dec.  31.    Population,  5,530,146. 

1880  June  16.  Brussels.  The  king 
and  queen  open  the  National  Exhi- 
bition. 


546     1880,  July  18-1892,  Mar.  17.        BELGIUM. 


ART— SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1880  July  21.  A  statue  of  Leopold 
I.  is  unveiled  at  Laeken. 

1884  Aug.  *  Henry  M.  Stanley  re- 
turns from  the  Kongo,  aiul  reports  to 
King  Leopold  II. 

Sept.  29.  liritssels.  An  International 
Artistic  Convention  is  held. 

1890  June  15.  Bra,  A  monument 
to  the  Duke  of  Brunswick  is  unveiled 
on  tlie  spot  where  he  fell  at  Quatre  Bras, 
"Waterloo. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1881  *  *  Vleuxtenips,  Henri,  violinist,  A61. 
Verboeckhoven,  Kugene  Joseph,  A83. 

1883  *  *  Monckhoven,    Desire    von,  savant, 

A51. 
1883  *  *  Geefs,  Willein,  sculptor,  A77. 
Conscience,  Henilrik,  Flem.  poet,  A73. 
Descbamps,  ('ardinal,  archbishop  of  Mech- 
lin, the  primate,  dies. 
Plateau,  Josepli  .\ntoine  F.,  physicist,  A82. 

1885  *  *  Rogier,  Charles  Latour,  statesman, 
A  85. 

1887  •  *  Keyser,  Nicaise  de,  painter,  A74. 
Gallaitj  Louis,  painter,  A77. 

1888  *  *  Juste,  Theodore,  historian,  A70. 
1888  *  *  Clesse,  Antoine,  poet,  A73. 

Nov.  34.    Pendleton,  George  H.,  U.  S.  min- 
ister to  Germany,  A64. 
Paepe,  Dr.  Ctcsar  de,  socialist^  dies. 


CHURCH. 

1880  Oct.  10.  A  royal  decree  is  issued 
in  favor  of  American  missions  in  Kongo 
Free  State,  Africa,  for  the  evangeliza^ 
tion  of  the  natives. 

Dec.  5.  The  Salvation  Army  is  recog- 
nized in  Ghent  as  a  sect,  and  persons 
who  disturb  its  meetings  are  fined. 

*  *  Archbishop  Goossens  of  Mechlin  is 
created  a  cardinal  priest. 

1891  Feb.  11.  The  Mechlin  Catho- 
lic Congress  decides  to  convoke  an  in- 
ternational congress  to  claim  the  resto- 
ration of  the  Pope's  temporal  power. 

LETTERS. 

1884  Sept.  27.  Brussels.  The  Inter- 
national Xiiterary  Association  meets. 

1889  Jan.  16.  Brussels.  A  letter 
from  Henry  M.  Stanley,  dated  Aug. 
17,  1888,  is  received,  confirming  the  news 
of  his  arrival  on  the  Aruwhimini. 

SOCIETY. 

1880  July  18.  The  national  inde- 
pendence is  celebrated  by  a  great  jubi- 
lee. 

Sept.  6-10.  An  international  con- 
gress in  the  interest  of  commerce  and 
industry  is  held. 

•  *  Brussels.  An  international  congress 
discusses  the  temperance  question. 

Aug.  16.  Brussels.  A  patriotic  ffite  is 
given  in  connection  with  the  exhibition. 

1882  Nov.  *  Public  interest  is  felt  in 
the  trial  of  Armand  and  Lfion  Pelt- 
zer  for  the  murder  of  Wilhelm  Bernays, 
whose  wife  was  an  alleged  accomplice  in 
the  crime. 

Dec.  22.  The  two  murderers,  Armand 
and  L^on  Peltzer,  are  sentenced  to  be 
executed.    [The  sentence  is  commuted.] 


1883  Feb.  23.  Dynamiters  cause  one 
death  by  an  explosion  at  Ganshoren. 

Oct.  18.  Netherlands.  Amsterdam  gives 
the  king  and  queen  a  hearty  welcome. 

1885  *  *  Ant.  An  international  con- 
gress against  the  abuse  of  alcoholic 
liquors  is  held. 

It  leads  to  the  introduction  into  Bel- 

fium  of  the  Swiss  temperance  society, 
nown  as  "La  Croix  Bleue"  (the  Blue 
Cross),  a  total  abstinence  organization. 

1886  *  *  Ijabor  strikes  are  numerous. 
Mar.  22-29.    The    coal-miners    on 

strike  between  Namur  and  Li^ge  be- 
come riotous;  many  are  killed  and 
woujided  by  the  military ;  convents  and 
country  houses  suffer  from  maurauders. 

Mar.  27,  28.  H.  Biotous  demonstra- 
tions occur  at  Charleroi,  Mons,  and  other 
places. 

Apr.  7.  The  workmen  allege  that  the 
disorders  are  caused  by  the  criminal 
classes. 

May  30.  The  strikers  renew  the  agita- 
tion, aided  by  French  dynamiters; 
universal  suffrage  is  demanded. 

June  2.  A  scandalous  sensation  is 
caused  by  the  trial  of  M.  Vandersmis- 
sen,  a  clerical  member  of  the  Chamber, 
who  is  convicted  of  killing  his  wife ; 
he  is  sentenced  to  penal  servitude  for  15 
years. 

1889  Jan.  16.  Brussels.  A  letter  from 
Henry  M.  Stanley  to  Tipoo  Tib  is  re- 
ceived. 

Jan.  28.  The  king  establishes  the  Afri- 
can Society  of  the  Red  Cross. 

Feb.  5.  Collisions  occur  between  the 
striking  glass-workers  and  the  police 
at  Charleroi. 

Apr.  10.  The  Duke  of  Nassau,  the 
new  regent,  is  warmly  welcomed  at 
Luxemburg. 

Brussels,   Gen.  Boulanger  of  France 

is  present  at  a  soiree  given  in  the  city. 

Apr.  10.  The  Government  decides  to 
inform  Gen.  Boulanger  that  he  will 
not  be  allowed  to  conspire  in  Belgium 
against  France. 

May  5.  King  Leopold  proposes  another 
Kongo  conference. 

May  *  -June  *  Strikes  continue. 

June  6.  //.  The  Marchioness  De 
Chasteleer  is  murdered  at  Chateau 
Moulbaix  at  Mons. 

June  14.  Ant,  The  stokers  on  steam- 
ships strike.  [June  19.  The  Red  Star 
Line  increases  wages  and  the  strike 
ends.  Oct.  15.  The  engineers  of 
trans-Atlantic  steamers  strike.  Nov.  * 
The  dock  laborers  strike.] 

June  24.  Brussels.  The  Shah  of 
Persia  arrives. 

July  6.  Brussels.  An  African  Con- 
ference is  held. 

Aug.  7.  Brussels.  The  International 
Penal  liaw  Congress  assembles. 

Oct.  29.  H.  At  Mons  4,000  hands  join 
the  strikers.  [Oct.  30.  A  strike  of 
miners  begins.  Dec.  30.  The  miners' 
strike  ends.] 


Oct.  *  Brussels.    The  Patriotic  Ijeague 

establishes  a  *'  cafe  populaire." 

All  spirituous  liquors  are  excluded  ; 
there  is  a  reading-room  tttted  up  with 
a  library  and  newspapers,  and  amuse- 
ments are  provided. 

Nov.  18.  Brussels.  The  Antislavery 
Conference  opens. 

Nov.  24.  King  I^eopold  receives  the 
members  of  the  Antislavery  Con- 
ference. 

Dec.  2.  The  Antislavery  Conference  rcK 
commends  the  establishment  of  mili- 
tary stations  with  exceptional  powers 
in  all  the  African  territory  for  the  sup- 
pression of  the  slave  traffic. 

Dec.  7.  A  package  of  750.000  francs 
is  stolen  between  Ostend  and  Antwerp 
while  on  its  way  to  Amsterdam. 

1890  Jan.  5.  Brussels.  The  Anti- 
slavery  Society  arranges  for  an  expedi- 
tion to  Lake  Tanganyika. 

Jan.  22.  The  Miners'  Conference 
opens. 

Jan.  27.  Brussels.  The  Antislavery 
Conference  resumes  its  sessions. 

Mar.  28,  The  Antislavery  Conference 
adopts  regulations  restricting  the  liquor 
traffic  in  Africa. 

Apr.  19.  Henry  M.  Stanley  arrives 
from  Africa  with  several  of  his  com- 
panions. 

Apr.  20.  Brussels.  Stanley  is  the  re- 
cipient of  many  honors;  he  is  a  guest 
of  King  Leopold.  [Apr.  26.  Stanley 
leaves  for  Dover.] 

May  20.  Brussels.  An  International 
Miners*  Conference  opens  ;  it  adojits 
resolutions  favoring  a  working-day  of 
eight  hours. 

Julys.  Brussels.  The  General  Act  of 
the  Antislavery  Conference  is  signed. 

July  21.  The  60th  anniversary  of 
Belgian  independence  and  the  25th 
year  of  the  reign  of  King  Leopold  are 
celebrated  in  Brussels. 

Aug.  10.  Brussels.  A  Socialist  dem- 
onstration in  favor  of  universal  suffrage 
is  held  ;  40,000  persons  take  part  in  it. 

Aug.  14.  Brussels.  The  Working  Men's 
Suffrage  Congress  is  held. 

Aug.  21.  //.  Sight  thousand  miners 
strike  in  the  Borinage  District. 

Sept.  7.  />.  The  Social  Science  Con- 
gress opens  in  Liege ;  2,000  delegates  are 
present  from  all  parts  of  Europe. 

Oct.  7.  Ant.  The  gendarmes  quell  a 
riot  at  Malines  ;  several  rioters  are 
woiuided  and  20  arrested. 

Oct.  27.  King  Leopold  starts  for  Ber- 
lin to  visit  the  Emperor  of  Germany. 

Nov,  9,  Many  public  meetings  are  held 
in  favor  of  an  eight-hour  working-day 
and  universal  suffrage. 

Dec.  25.  Brussels.  A  delegation  from 
the  Kadical  Association  presents  a 
petition  to  the  Municipal  Council  in 
favor  of  universal  suffrage. 

1801  Jan.  1.  Brussels.  At  a  meeting 
of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society, 
King  Leopold  severely  criticises  Stan- 
ley's "pitiless  mode  of  action." 


BELGIUM. 


1880,  July  18-1892,  Mar.  17.    547 


Jan.  29.  Brussels.  The  funeral  of 
Prince  Baudouin  tjikes  place. 

FeJ).  9.  King  I.,eopold  receives  a  dele- 
gation of  the  Workman's  Council  of 
Industry,  and  pledges  to  support  the 
demand  for  universal  suffrage. 

Feb.  17.  Meetings  of  workmen  are  held 
throughout  Belgium  with  the  object  of 
organizing  for  a  general  strike,  be- 
cause of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  refut- 
ing to  grant  the  people's  demand  for 
universal  suffrage. 

Mar.  29.  The  police  at  Seraing  arrest 
three  anarchists  with  500  pounds  of 
dyjiamile  in  their  possession. 

Apr.  5.  Miners  declare  in  favor  of  a 
general  strike  in  case  the  Government 
refuses  to  assent  to  the  revision  of  the 
Constitution. 

May  5.  Houses  in  Li^ge  and  Mons  are 
damaged  by  dynamite  cartridges. 

May  8.  About  200,000  men  are  out  on 
strike.  [July  9.  The  miners*  strike 
ends.] 

May  9,  Brussels.  The  Federation  of 
Xiabor  party  decides  to  support  the  coal- 
miners'  strike. 

May  10.  Many  arrests  for  intimidating 
workmen  have  been  made  at  Liege  and 
Charleroi. 

Aug.  16.  Brussels.  The  International 
Socialist  "Workmen's  Congress 
opens. 

Aug.  19.  Brussels.  In  the  International 
Socialist  Workmen's  Congress,  British 
delegates  refuse  to  adopt  the  radical 
reports  of  the  Committee  ;  an  American 
delegate  advocates  a  labor  war. 

Aug.  30,  Brussels.  Gen.  Boulaxiger 
commits  suicide  in  a  cemetery.  [Oct.  3. 
His  funeral  takes  place.] 

1892  Mar.  17.  Bntssels.  A  d3niamite 
cartridge  is  found  on  the  door-step  of  a 
judge's  house. 

STATE. 

1882  Aug.  17.  The  Representatives 
pass  the  Parliamentary  Reform  Bill. 

1884  June  10±.  The  elections  return 
to  the  Parliament  a  majority  of  Cleri- 
cals, owing  to  the  dissensions  of  their 
opponents. 

June  11.  The  Ijiberal  Ministry  under 
Frere-Orban  resigns. 

June  12,  13.  A  moderate  Catholic 
Ministry  under  Julius  Malou  is  formed. 

June  *  The  Senate  is  dissolved. 

July  *  The  new  Senate  is  organized  by 
the  Clericals. 

Aug.  30.  The  Chamber  of  Representa- 
tives adopts  the  Educational  Bill; 
vote,  80-49. 

Sept,  7.  Riots  are  incited  by  the  Lib- 
erals at  Brussels  and  Antwerp. 

Sept.  10.  The  Senate  adopts  the  Edu- 
cational Bill ;  vote,  40-25. 

Bept,  13.  Royal  assent  is  given  to  the 
Educational  Bill. 


Oct.  19.    The  communal  elections 

take  place,  and  return  a  great  Liberal 

majority  to  Parliament. 
*  *  A  Ministerial  crisis  ensues,  and 

Malou,  Jacobs,  and   Woeste,   Catholic 

members,  resign. 
Oct.  24.     Auguste  Bemaert  becomes 

Premier  with  Catholic  Ministry. 
Nov.  11,    Parliament  opens. 

1889  Feb  24.  Brussels.  The  Radical 
Congress  supports  military  educa- 
tion, but  demands  abolition  of  the  con- 
script law. 

Apr.  9,  The  Government  warns  Gen. 
Boulanger  to  refrain  from  political 
agitation. 

Apr.  19.  Notice  is  served  on  the  Govern- 
ment that  the  doings  of  the  Boulan- 
g^ists  in  Brussels  displease  the  French 
Government. 

Apr.  *  The  Government  asks  Gen.  Bou- 
langer to  leave.     [He  goes  to  London.] 

July  23.  The  Chamber  of  Representa- 
tives votes  10,000,000  francs  for  the  Kon- 
go Railroad. 

July  27.  The  Senate  sanctions  the 
credit  asked  for  by  the  Government  for 
the  Kongo  Railroad. 

Nov.  30.  The  Minister  of  Justice  of 
Brussels  drafts  a  bill  to  deprive  un- 
worthy parents  of  the  guardianship  of 
their  children,  to  educate  abandoned 
and  depraved  children,  and  increase  the 
severity  of  the  penalty  for  demoralizing 
children. 

1890  Jan.  5.  The  Government  stops 
the  exportation  of  coal  because  of  the 
small  supply. 

Jan.  16.  Premier  Bernaert  introduces 
a  relief  bill,  devoting  1,000,000  francs 
to  the  relief  of  disabled  workmen. 

Jtme  18.  King  Leopold  appoints  Henry 
M.  Stanley  governor  of  the  Kongo 
State.  [He  is  to  enter  upon  the  duties 
of  the  office  in  1891.] 

July  8.  The  Premier  introduces  the 
Kongo  State  BiU  in  the  Chamber  of 
Representatives. 

July  19.  The  Chamber  of  Representa- 
tives passes  the  bill  which  empowers  the 
Government  to  purchase  the  Kongo 
Free  State  within  10  years,  the  other 
powers  having  consented  to  it.  [July  28. 
It  adopts  the  Kongo  Bill.] 

July  30.  The  Senate  ratifies  the  grant- 
ing of  a  loan  of  25,000,000  francs  to  the 
Kongo  State. 

Nov.  27.  A  bill  extending  the  fran- 
chise is  introduced  in  the  Parliament 
by  the  Premier. 

1891  Jan.  20.  Brussels.  About  4,000 
persons  march  in  the  procession  to  the 
Hotel  de  Ville,  and  present  to  the  Burgo- 
master a  petition  for  the  revision  of  the 
Constitution. 

Mar.  18.  Brussels.  The  Chamber  of 
Representatives  adopts  the  general  act 
of  the  Antislavery  Conference,  with 
the  clauses  annexed  relating  to  tari£f 
duties  in  the  Kongo  basin. 


Apr.*  Ant.  The  Government  raises 
Antwerp  to  the  rank  of  a  first-class 
port. 

Aug.  21.  The  Senate  votes  $15,000,000 
to  fortify  the  Meuse. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1882  Dec.  17.  Brussels.  The  Com- 
mercial Museum  is  opened. 

1883  Oct,  15.  Brussels.  The  king 
opens  the  new  Palace  of  Justice. 

Dec.  6.  Brussels.  The  Parliament 
Houses  are  burned  and  the  library  is 
destroyed  with  a  loss  of  $2,400,000. 

1885  *May  2.  Ant.  The  king  opens 
the  Universal  Exhibition. 

July  26.  A7it.  The  new  quays  are 
opened  by  the  king. 

Aug.  8.  Brussels.  An  international 
railway  congress  meets. 

1887  Dec.  31,    Population,  5,974,743. 
Mar.  5.    A  mine   explosion  at  Mons 

colliery  causes  the  loss  of  about  87  lives. 

1888  Nov.  13.  A  mine  explosion  at 
Dour  causes  the  loss  of  121  lives. 

1889  Feb.  3.  Brussels.  A  train  col- 
lides with  a  bridge  near  Gronendael ; 
14  are  killed  and  50  injured. 

Mar.  29.  The  mail-boats  Countess  of 
Flanders  and  the  Princess  Henriette 
collide  in  a  fog;  the  captain  of  the 
former  and  14  others  are  killed  ;  Prince 
Napoleon  Bonaparte  escapes, 

June  6.  Subscriptions  are  being  taken 
to  build  a  railroad  from  Kongo  Falls  to 
Stanley  Pool,  Africa,  262  miles  through  a 
mountainous  country. 

Sept,  6.  Ant.  A  dynamite  explosion 
in  a  cartridge  factory  kills  16  persons, 
injures  some  550  others,  and  destroys 
much  property,  valued  at  30,000,000 
francs. 

Dec.  13.    Ant.    The  influenza  appears. 

Dec.  24.  Brussels.  The  prevalence  of 
intluenza  causes  the  public  schools  to 
close. 

1890  Jan.  1.  The  castle  of  Laeken, 
thesurhurban  residence  of  the  king  and 
queen,  is  partially  destroyed  by  fire. 

1891  Jan.  3.  The  Scheldt  is  closed  by 
ice. 

Sept.  19.  A  mine  explosion  at  Char- 
leroi  kills  29  persons. 

1892  Jan.  3.  Influenza  rages  all  over 
the  country. 

Jan,  6.  Brussels.  Dock  Improvements 
are  inaugurated. 

Jan.  24.  Brussels.  The  Duke  of  Ar- 
exkberg's  castle  is  burned  ;  the  Count 
Egmont  cabinet,  remaining  unchanged 
since  1567,  and  the  Pavilion  Egmont, 
with  all  the  valuable  treasures  con- 
tained therein,  are  totally  destroyed,  to- 
gether with  many  other  works  of  art. 

Jan.  31.  H.  One-fourth  of  the  town  of 
Chimay  is  destroyed  by  fire. 

Mar.  11.  A  flre-dtUnp  explosion  oc- 
curs in  the  Anderlues  colliery ;  200 
miners  lose  their  lives. 


548     1892,  Apr.  2-1894,  Dec.  23.  BELGIUM. 


AEMY  — NAVY. 

1893  Apr.  17.  The  Government  calls 
out  all  the  militia;  rioting  occurs  in 
the  streets  of  Antwerp,  Mons,  Grani- 
mont,  and  other  places. 


ART  —SCIENCE -NATURE. 

1894    Dec.  23.    Great  damage  is  caused 
by  a  storm. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1894  *  *  Solvyns,  Itaron,  (liplomatiBt,  dies. 
Ritter,  Frederick  L.,  musical  composer,  A57. 
Chliuay,  I'rince  Joseph  de,  statesmai^  A56. 


SOCIETY. 

1892  Apr.  2.  The  Conservative  As- 
sociation declares  against  universal  suf- 
frage. 

Apr.  5.  It  is  discovered  that  200  dyna- 
mite cartridges  have  been  stolen  from 
a  colliery. 

May  2.  Two  houses  in  Li^ge  are  par- 
tially wrecked  by  dynamite  cartridge 
explosions. 

May  4.  Important  arrests  of  Anar- 
chists are  made,  a  plot  having  been 
discovered  to  cause  many  explosions. 

June  14.  At  the  elections  disorders  oc- 
cur between  the  Liberals  and  Catholics. 

June  22.  Bra.  Rioting  occurs  at  Lou- 
vain  between  students  aud  Socialists  ;  40 
arrests  are  made. 

June  27.  Brussels.  The  Socialists 
overpower  the  police,  injuring  sev- 
eral with  their  own  weapons  ;  many  ar- 
rests are  made. 

July  19.  L.  At  Li^ge  16  Anarchists  are 
placed  on  trial. 

Aug.  *  E.  F.  A  fashionable  caf^  in  Os- 
tend  is  dynamited;  three  persons  are 
fatally  hurt  and  several  wounded. 

Nov.  7.  E.  F.  A  violent  Socialist  dem- 
onstration takes  place  at  Ghent. 

Nov.  8.  Brussels.  The  imiversal  suf- 
frage movement  is  the  cause  of  re- 
newed rioting.     [Nov.  18.    Continued.] 

1893  Jan.  8.  Brussels.  The  cashier 
and  clerk  of  the  Brussels  branch  of  the 
New  York  Life  Insurance  Company 
abscond,  it  is  alleged,  with  .'5225,000. 

Jan.  10.  L.  The  Catholic  Club  at  Sera- 
ing  is  destroyed  by  a  dynamite  explo- 
sion, supposed  to  be  the  act  of  German 
Socialists. 

Jan.  19.  Brussels.  A  large  body  of  un- 
employed are  charged  and  dispersed 
by  gendarmes ;  many  are  hurt. 

Apr.  2.  E.  F.  Socialists  meet  in  con- 
vention at  Ghent ;  a  resolution  is  passed 
for  a  general  strike  in  case  Parliament 
grant  plurality  of  votes  to  property  own- 
ers and  holders  of  university  diplomas. 

Apr.  11.  Workme'n  go  on  strike  be- 
cause the  Chamber  of  Deputies  have 
voted  against  universal  suffrage. 


Apr.  12.  Rioting  occurs,  growing  out 
of  the  strikes  ordered  on  account  of  re- 
jection of  the  Universal  Suffrage  Bill. 
[Apr.  18.    The  bill  passes.]    (See  State.; 

Apr.  13.  Rioting  continues ;  several 
fights  occur  between  gendarmes  and 
strikers. 

Apr.  14.    The   strikes   spread;    much 

rioting  follows. 

Apr.  15.  Rioting  continues ;  in  a  con- 
flict between  gendarmes  and  strikers, 
one  woman  is  killed  and  several  men 
wounded. 

Apr.  16.  The  strike  spreads  and  rioting 
continues ;  the  mayor  of  Brussels  is 
severely  beaten  by  Socialists  :  the  situ- 
ation at  Mons  is  serious. 

Apr.  17.  Disorder  prevails  in  many  cit- 
ies ;  the  Government  promptly  subdues 
the  riotous  strikers  by  military  force. 
(See  Army  —  Navy.) 

Apr.  19.  Work  is  resumed,  and  quiet 
reigns. 

May  22.  Brussels.  The  International 
Congress  of  Miners  opens. 

May  23.  Brussels.  Two  of  the  French 
(ielegates  to  the  Miners*  Congress  are 
expelled  from  Belgium  by  order  of 
the  Government. 

May  24.  Brussels.  The  Miners'  Con- 
gress votes  for  the  eight-hour  day  and 
for  an  international  strike  to  compel  its 
establishment. 

Aug,  30.  ff.  Ten  thousand  coal- 
miners  strike  in  the  Charleroi  district. 

1894  Apr.  18.  Ant.  Mme.  Joniaux,  a 
Iirominent  woman  of  Antwerp,  is  ar- 
rested on  a  charge  of  poisoning  three 
relatives  to  get  insurance  money. 

Apr.  22.  L.  There  are  bomb  explo- 
sions in  Li^ge. 

May  3.  L.  Two  persons  are  injured  and 
a  house  is  wrecked  by  a  bomb  explo- 
sion at  Li^ge ;  the  perpetrator  is  not 
known. 

May  24.    Anarchist  munitions  of  war 

are  found. 

May  28.  Brussels.  Prince  Charles  of 
HohenzoUern-Sigmaringen  and  Prin- 
cess Josephine  of  Flanders,  niece  of 
the  King  of  Belgium,  are  married. 


STATE. 

1892  May  10.  The  Chamber  of  Repre- 
sentatives decides  to  revise  the  Con- 
stitution and  to  increase  the  electorate. 
Vote,  131-7. 

June  11.  Count  M6rode,  son  of  the  late 
President  of  the  Senate,  is  appointed 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  as  suc- 
cessor to  Prince  de  Chimay,  deceased. 

June  16.  The  election  of  members  of 
the  Constituent  Assembly  results  in  a 
small  Iiiberal  majority. 

July  12.  It  is  announced  that  the  Parlia- 
ment will  meet  as  a  Constituent  As- 
sembly. 


July  26.  The  Chamber  of  Representa- 
tives passes  the  bill  providing  for  a  re- 
vision of  the  Constitution.     Vote,  104-18. 

Nov.  19.  Brussels.  The  Chamber  re- 
jects a  motion  favoring  universal  suf- 
frage.    Vote,  89-21. 

Nov.  22.  Brussels.  The  International 
Monetary  Conference  meets.  [Nov. 
2.'*.  The  American  delegates  submit  pro- 
posals outlining  the  policy  of  the  United 
States ;  Senator  Allison  speaks.  Dec.  17. 
It  suspends  its  sessions  until  May  13, 
1893.] 

1893  Jan.  17.  Brussels.  Unemployed 
workmen  in  a  body  make  known  their 
starving  condition  to  the  Minister  of 
Public  Works  and  to  the  Chamber  of 
Representatives. 

Mar.  26.  A7it.  An  unofRcial  referen- 
dum favors  manhood  suffrage.  Vote, 
15,794-2,907. 

Apr.  18.  The  Chamber  of  Representa- 
tives, terrified  by  the  riotous  uprising, 
passes  a  Universal  Suffrage  Bill  with 
a  plural  voting  clause ;  the  labor  lead- 
ers recommend  discontinuance  of  the 
strike. 

Apr.  21.    The  Senate  approves  the  bill 

extending  the  suffrage. 
June  1.     A    clause    is   adopted    in    the 

Chamber  making  it  compulsory  on  the 

newly  enfranchised  electors  to  record 

their  votes. 

July  13.  The  Chamber  votes  such  a  re- 
vision of  the  Constitution  as  will  enable 
Belgium  to  acquire  colonies. 

July  15.  The  Chamber  of  Representa- 
tives adopts  a  proposal  that  three- 
fourths  of  the  Senate  shall  be  elected 
by  universal  suffrage,  and  the  other 
fourth  by  communal  councils. 

Sept.  2.  The  Senate  passes  a  bill  for  th© 
revision  of  the  Constitution,  by  a 
large  majority. 

The  struggle  for  revision  of  the  Con- 
stitutitjii  is  thus  completed  after  four 
years*  discussion. 

Dec.  30.  The  new  Spanish  provisional 
commercial  treaty  becomes  operative. 

1894  Mar.  16.  The  Chamber  rejects 
the  Cabinet's  project  of  proportional 
representation.    Vote,  75-49. 

Mar  20.  The  Cabinet  resigns  in  con 
sequence  of  the  failure  of  the  Propor- 
tional Representation  Bill. 

June  6.  The  Chamber  passes  the  Elec- 
toral Reform  BiU.    Vote,  70-44. 

Sept.  20.     Parliament  is  dissolved. 

Oct.  15.  Returns  show  that  in  the  elec- 
tions the  liiberals  lose  31  seats  in  the 
Chamber  of  Representatives,  some  of  th© 
Catholic  gains  arising  from  the  fact  that 
many  priests  have  three  votes. 

Dec.  6.  The  Socialist  Representatives  of 
the  Chamber  refuse  to  cheer  for  the 
king,  and  an  uproar  results. 

Dec.  13.  Brussels.  Parliament  con- 
venes. 


BELGIUM. 


1892,  Apr.  2-1894,  Dec.  23.   549 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Sept.  13.  Cholera  reports  show 
soveral  deaths  in  Belgium.  [Sept.  15. 
Spreading  in  Antwerp.  Oct.  H.  A  few 
crises  yet  at  Antwerp.] 

Nov.  20.  Brussels.  The  International 
Monetary  Conference  hegiiis  its  ses- 
sions. 

[Nov.  28.  It  appoints  a  committee  to 
consider  the  Rothschild  proposition 
for  purchasing  £5,000,000  silver  annu- 
ally; Mr.  Cannon  is  the  committeeman 
for  the  United  States.  Nov.  30.  The 
committee  holds  its  first  meeting.  Dec. 
1.  It  reports  unfavorably  on  the  Roths- 
child plan.  Dec.  6.  The  Rothschild  plan 
is  withdrawn  from  consideration.  Dec. 
8.    President  Andrews  of  Brown  Uni- 


versity, U.  S.  A.,  addresses  the  Confer- 
ence. Dec.  9.  Bimetallists  in  the  Con- 
ference express  indignation  at  the 
obstruction  offered  by  Great  Britain. 
Dec.  11.  Senator  Allison,  U.  S.  A.,  tells 
the  Conference  that  American  delegates 
might  accept  a  different  ratio  than  16 
to  1  between  gold  and  silver.  Dec.  14. 
Bimetallists  in  the  Conference  charge 
duplicity  on  the  j)art  of  their  opponents. 
Dec.  15.  The  committee  makes  its  re- 
port, which  formulates  no  plan.  Dec.  17. 
The  Monetary  Conference  reserves  final 
judgment  on  the  propositions  submitted, 
anil  votes  to  resume  its  sittings  May  13th 
next.] 

1893    Aug.  10.    Ant.    Pour  cases   of 
cholera  reported.     [Dec.  13.     Cholera 


breaks  out  at  Namiu-.    Jan.  17.    Twelve 
deaths  from  cholera  occur  at  Auvelais.] 

Dec.  10.  Ant.  Twenty  thousand  tons 
of  grain  are  burned;  total  loss, 
$1,600,000. 

1894  Jan.  12.  Ant.  The  Jesuit  Col- 
lege is  burned ;  loss,  $200,000. 

May  5.  Ajit.  King  Leopold,  with  a 
number  of  royal  and  notable  i)erson- 
ages,  opens  the  "World's  Exhibition. 

July  4.  Ant.  The  American  section 
of  the  exhibition  is  dedicated. 

Nov.  12.  Ant.  The  "World's  Exhibi- 
tion is  closed. 

Dec.  16.  Bra.  A  monument  to  the 
memory  of  Father  Damien,  the  mis- 
sionary to  lepers,  is  unveiled  at  Louvain. 


BOKHARA. 

Bokhara  is  a  khanate  of  Central  Asia  subject  to  liussian  infiuence,  and  having  Bokhara  for  its  capital.    Its  area  is  estimated 
at  92,000  square  miles ;  its  population  numbers  about  2,600,000.    The  prevailing  religion  is  Mohammedanism. 


ARMY  — STATE. 

323  *  *  B.  c.    Bokhara  is  overrun  by  the 
Mongols  and  Thibetans. 


mh  Century.    Bokhara  is  conquered  by 

the  Turks. 
7tk  Century.    The  country  is  conquered 

by  the  Chinese. 

705  :  *  *  The  country  is  conquered  by 

the  Arabs. 
707  *  *  The  Arabs  occupy  Samarcand. 
856 1  *  *  Yacubbin-Leis  is  governor. 

876£  *  *  The  country  is  conquered  by 
Ismael,  the  first  sovereign  of  the  Sas- 
sanean  dynasty  [which  is  maintained  in 
power  for  about  200  years]. 

1216  *  *  The  country  is  subdued  by  the 
celebrated  Mohammed  Shah  Khare- 
zin. 

1220  *  ♦  Mohammed  is  dispossessed  by 
Genghis  Khan,  who  devastates  the 
country. 

*  *  ♦  Octai  IChan,  son  of  Genghis  Khan, 
is  ruler,  and  the  country  prospers. 

1372  *  *  The  handsome  college  of  Ab- 
dullah is  erected  at  Bokhara,  the 
capital. 

1400+*  *  Tamerlane  conquers  the 
country. 

1404  *  *  Ruy  Gonzalez  de  Clavijo,  a 
Spanish  ambassador  to  Tamerlane,  is 
the  first  European  to  visit  the  country. 

1505±  *  *  The  country  is  overrun  by 
the  Uzbeck  Tartars  under  Kl)ulkher 
Khan,  the  founder  of  the  Shelbani  dy- 
nasty, with  which  the  history  of  the  coun- 
try properly  begins.  [They  have  held  it 
till  modern  times.] 

1558*  *^9*  *  Anthony  Jenkinson,  the 
English  traveler,  visits  the  country. 

1580ii  *  *  A  Kirghiz  invasion  desolates 
the  country. 


*  *  *  A  disputed  succession  distracts 
the  people. 

1598  *  *  Baki  Mehemet  Khan  ascends 

the  throne,  introducing  the  dynasty  of 

the  Ashtarkhanides. 
1605  *  *  Veli  Mehemet  is  enthroned  as 

the   successor   of    Mehemet   Khan,   his 

brother. 

1620  *  *  The  mosque  of  Mesdjdi 
Mogak  is  built  at  Bokhara,  the  capital. 

*  *  *  Veli  is  supplanted  by  his  nephew 
Imamkuli. 

1680  *  *  Subhankuly  is  enthroned. 
1702  *  *  Subhankuly  dies,  and  a  war  of 
succession  ensues  between  his  two  sons. 

1707  *  *  Obeidullah    finally    triumphs 

over    his    brother,     and    ascends     the 

throne. 
1740*  *  Obeidullah,    a    feeble    king,    is 

murdered   by   Rehim   Bi  Atalik,   his 

vizier,  who  takes  his  throne. 

1781  *  *  Mir  Maasum,  the  usurper,  re- 
conquers from  the  Afghans  territory 
south  of  the  Oxus. 

1802  *  *  Mir  Majisum  dies,  and  is  suc- 
ceeded by  his  fanatical  son,  Emir  Said 
Khan. 

1820  *  *  Meyendorff  and  Nagri  visit 
the  country. 

1826  *  *  Nasrullah  Bahuder,  a  royal 
oppressor,  is  enthroned  ;  he  murders  his 
brother,  and  is  cruel  to  his  people. 

1832  *  *  Sir  Alex.  Humes  visits  the 
coiuitry. 

1866  *  *  Mir  Maasum  proclaims  a  holy 
war  against  the  Russians. 

*  *  A  Russian  army  invades  Bokhara. 

May  *  The  Bokharians  are  decisively  de- 
feated at  Irdjar,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
.Taxartes. 

1867  July  11.  The  Bokharians  reluc- 
tantly sign  a  forced  peace  with  the 
Russians. 


*  *  The  war  is  renewed  by  the  Bokha- 
rians. 

1868  May  25.  The  Russians  again  de- 
feat the  Bokharians. 

May  26.  The  Russians  occupy  Samar- 
cand. 

June  13-20.  The  Russian  garrison  at 
Samarcand  is  besieged,  and  finally  re- 
lieved by  Gen.  Kaufman. 

Nov.  *  Russia  secTires  Samarcand  by 
treaty. 

1873  Dec.  *  A  new  treaty  with  Russia 
is  published.  No  foreigner  is  to  be  ad- 
mitted without  a  Russian  passport. 

1885  Nov.  12.  Seid  Abdul  Ahad  be- 
comes ameer. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1264  *  *  -74  ♦  *  The  brothers  Polo, 
the  Venetian  travelers,  visit  the  coun- 
try. 

[1740.  By  Cladisheff  the  traveler. 
183S.  By  Robert  Wood.  1841.  By  Kan- 
ikhoff  and  Xjehmann.  1842-43.  By 
Gen.Mikhaelovski  Danilevsky.  1842. 
By  Dr.  Joseph  "Wolff.  18G2.  By  Ar- 
menius  Vambery,  the  Jewish  trav- 
eler.] 

1888+  *  *  The  Bokharians  claim  to  have 
365  mosques  in  the  capital  city  ;  the 
most  important  is  one  originally  built 
by  Tamerlane  and  restored  by  Abdullah 
Khan,  occupying  a  square  of  300  feet  and 
a  dome  100  feet  high. 

*  *  *  Bokhara  now,  as  for  a  long  time 
past,  is  the  intellectual  center  of 
Central  Asia,  and  is  celebrated  for  its 
schools.  About  one-fourth  of  the  people 
are  able  to  read  and  write. 

*  *  *  The  Russian  Trans-Caspian  Rail- 
road runs  through  Bokhara  from  Char- 
gui  on  the  Oxus  to  a  station  near  the 
capital  and  thence  to  Samarcand. 


550     1544,*  *-1894,  July  7. 


BOLIVIA. 


Bolivia  is  a  state  of  central  South  America,  without  a  seacoast,  and  having  a  movable  capital.  Its  area  is  576,360  square 
miles ;  the  population  is  estimated  at  1,434,800.  It  has  a  republican  government,  administered  by  a  President ;  its  Congress  con- 
sists of  a  Senate  and  Chamber  of  Deputies,  who  represent  the  eight  political  departments  of  the  country.  Its  religion  is  Roman 
Catholic,  and  its  language  Spanish, 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1780  *  *  -82  *  *  An  insurrection  uf  In- 
dians breaks  out. 

All  Spanish  posnessions  within  their 
reach  are  burned  ;  20,000  besiege  the  city 
of  La  Paz,  where  their  leader,  Tupac 
Amarii,  is  captured  by  the  Spaniards, 
and  cruelly  put  to  death. 

1782  *  *  Tbe  Spaniards  subdue  the  In- 
dians. 

1809  July* -25  Aug.*  Civil  war 
is  carried  on  intermittently  between  tlie 
Spanish  loyalists  and  the  patriot  forces  ; 
actions  occur  chiefly  in  the  Argentine 
provinces  of  Salta  and  Jujuy,  and  on 
the  shores  of  Lake  Titicaca. 

1811  May  *  The  patriot  army  cele- 
brates its  second  victory  over  the 
Royalists,  near  Xiake  Titicaca. 

June  *  The  patriots  are  defeated  by 
the  Spanish  force  under  Gen.  tioyeneche, 
and  are  driven  back  into  Jujuy. 

1815  *  *  Tbe  patriots  are  totally  routed 
between  Potosi  and  Oruro  by  the 
Royalist  army. 

*  *  The  Indians  of  the  Southern  prov- 
inces rise  against  the  Spaniards  for  a 
short  time. 

1816  *  *  The  maneuvers  of  the  Spanish 
Gen.  Jos6  de  la  Serna  are  completely 
defeated. 

*  *  -22  *  *  Guerrilla  warfare  is  main- 
tained by  the  patriots  of  Upper  Peru 
[Bolivia]. 

1823  June  •  The  army  of  Gen.  Santa 
Cruz  enters  Upper  Peru  in  two  di- 
visions. 

July  *  -Aug.  *  The  whole  country  be- 
tween La  Paz  and  Oruro  is  occupied  by 
Gen.  Cruz,  till  driven  back  and  finally 
routed. 

1824  *  *  Great  victory  of  patriots  at  the 
battle  of  Ayacucho  in  I^wer  Peru ;  it 
secures  independence. 

*  *  Gen.  Sucre  leads  a  part  of  his  suc- 
cessful army  into  Upper  Peru. 

1825  Feb.  *  Universal  uprising  of  pa- 
triots in  Upper  Peru,  and  capture  of  La 
Paz. 

Mar.  *  The  Spanish  Gen.  Olaneta  is 
mortally  wounded  by  some  of  his  own 
troops,  who  had  revolted. 

1835  Nov.  20.  President  Santa  Cruz 
leads  an  army  into  Peru,  and,  at  the 
battle  of  Yngavi,  defeats  one  of  the  fac- 
tions struggling  for  supremacy. 

1841  Aug.  *  Peruviana  invade  Bo- 
livia, and  besiege  Ija  Paz  with  the 
hope  of  annexing  that  province,  but  are 
defeated,  routed,  and  many  are  killed. 

*  *  Bolivians  invade  Peru,  but  are  pro- 
hibited from  conquest  by  the  Chileans. 

1865  Feb.  *  The  revolutionary  troops 
under  Gen.  Melgarejo  defeat  Presi- 
dent Acha  near  Potosi. 

1866  Jan.  24.  Melgarejo  completely 
defeats  Arguedaa  at  Viacha. 


1867  *  *  -70  *  *  Civil  war  prevails. 
1872  *  *  The  Indians  again  revolt. 
Jan.  28.    Gen,  Ramon  Gonzalez  defeats 

8,000  Indians  at  Cururuyuqui. 
1879    Apr.  *  Bolivia  and  Peru  unite  in 

war  with  Chile. 
1883  *  *  Peace  is  made  with  Chile. 
1888    May  *  Aji  uprising  of  Indians 

in  Sucasica  is  suppressed. 
1891    Aug.  13.    The  state  of  siege  in 

Bolivia  is  raised. 

1893  Jan.  ±*  An  attempted  revolt 
under  Gen.  Camacho  is  suppressed. 

1894  June  16.  Bolivia  and  Ecuador 
in  peace  are  preparing  for  war  by 
making  large  purchases  of  war  material. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1783  •  *  Bolivar.  Simon,  liberator,  born. 

1793*  »  Sucre,  Antonio  Jos6  de,  patriot, 
born.    [1830.    Murdered.    A37.] 

1794+*  'Santa  Cruz,  Aiidreo,  President, 
born.     C1865.     l>iesA71>.] 

1810*  'Morales,  Augustin,  general.  Presi- 
dent, born. 

1818  ♦  ♦  Melgarejo,  Mariano,  soldier,  born. 

1830  ♦  *  Bolivar.  Simon,  liberator  of  IJo- 
livia,  A47. 

1861  Oct.  35.  Cordova,  Jorge,  President, 
assassinated,  ASn. 

1871  Nov.  23.  Melgarejo,  Mariano,  sol- 
dier, ASS. 

1873  Nov.  28.  Morales,  Augustin,  general. 
President,  assassinated,  A62. 

CHURCH. 
1827*  *A   translation   of  the  New 

Testament  from  tbe  Vulgate  into 
Aimara,  the  language  of  the  Kepublic, 
is  made  by  Pazos  Ranki. 

1832  *  *  The  Gospel  of  St.  Luke  is  is- 
sued in  the  Aimara  language  by  the 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society. 

1887  Oct.±  *  Strong:  opposition  is 
made  at  La  Paz  to  the  stay  of  the 
Jesuits. 

SOCIETY. 

18th  Cenhiry.  Universal  abuse  and  ex- 
tortion are  practised  by  tbe  Spaniards 
in  their  intercourse  with  the  Indians. 

Tlie  1,400  mines  of  Peru  are  worked  by 
compulsory  labor,  the  Indians  being 
chosen  by  lot,  which  is  regarded  as 
equivalent  to  a  sentence  of  death. 

A  tribute  of  $8  is  required  of  every 
Indian  between  18  and  55  years  of  age. 

The  Indians  are  compelled  to 
marry  early  in  life,  the  men  at  15  years 
and  the  women  at  13,  to  increase  the 
taxable  population  and  mine-workers. 

The  Indians,  by  the  law  of  reparti- 
miento,  are  compelled  to  purchase 
worthless  articles  at  extravagant 
prices.  [Such  abu.'^es  finally  lead  to  tbe 
insurrection  of  the  Indians  in  1780-1 
1836*  *  Slavery  is  abolished   by  the 

(Jovernment. 
1801    Aug.  17.    A  plot  to  assassinate 
the  President  is  discovered  ;  a  number 
of  persons  are  arrested  on  suspicion. 


1894  July  7±.  Ex-President  Arce is 
assassinated  at  La  Paz,  and  his  body 
horribly  mutilated  by  his  murderers. 

STATE. 

[Note.  —  For  the  early  history  of  tlie  country 
see  Peru,  of  which  Bolivia  forms  a  part  till 
18250 

1780  *  *  -82  *  •  The  unendurable  out- 
rages practised  on  the  Indians  by  the 
Spaniards  occasion  the  insurrection,  led 
by  the  Inca  Tupac  Amarii,  who  devas- 
tates the  country  from  Cusco  to  Jujuy. 

1782  *  *  The  Spaniards  succeed  in  put- 
ting down  the  insurrection. 

1825  Aug.  6.  The  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence is  made  by  an  Assembly 
of  54  deputies,  at  Cbuquisaca. 

Aug,  10.  The  country  is  named  Bolivia 
in  honor  of  Gen.  Bolivar,  its  deliverer. 

Oct.  6.  The  first  Assembly  of  Depu- 
ties is  dissolved,  and  a  new  Congress 
is  summoned. 

1826  May  25.  The  Congress  assem- 
bles at  Cbuquisaca,  and  considers  tbe 
Constitution  prepared  for  the  new  Re- 
public by  Bolivar. 

*  *  The  Constitution  is  approved,  and 
Gen.  Sucre  is  chosen  President  for  life. 

*  *  Repeated  risings  occur  against  the 
Republic,  till  finally  President  Sucre 
is  driven  from  La  Paz. 

1828  Apr.  *  A  new  Congress  assem- 
bles at  Cbuquisaca,  which  modifies  the 
Constitution,  and  chooses  Marshal 
Santa  Cruz  for  President. 

1829*  *A  revolution  led  by  Gen. 
Blemco  temporarily  overthrows  the 
Government. 

1831  *  *  President  Cruz  restores  order, 
repairs  the  finances,  and  promulgates 
tbe  code  of  laws  which  bears  his  name. 

1835  *  *  Much  internal  disorder  pre- 
vails. 

*  *  President  Santa  Cruz  enters  Peru  to 
assist  one  of  the  factions  aiming  to  con- 
trol the  Government. 

1836  Oct.  28.  Peru.  President  Santa 
Cruz  seeks  to  unite  Peru  and  Bolivia  by 
the  forming  of  the  Peruvian- Bolivian 
Confederation,  with  himself  at  its  head 
as  "  Protector." 

1839  Jan.  *  Peru.  Gamara  and  other 
fugitive  Peruvians,  having  obtained  aid 
from  Chile,  attack  and  defeat  President 
Santa  Cruz  at  Yungay.  [Santa  Cruz 
leaves  the  country,  and  the  Confedera- 
tion is  broken  up.] 

Feb.  9.  Gen.  Velasco  becomes  Presi- 
dent. 

1841  *  *  Jos6  Ballivian  becomes  Pres- 
ident. 

1848  Dec*  Gen.  Belzu  becomes 
President,  by  a  successful  military 
revolution. 


BOLIVIA. 


1544,**-1894,  July  7.    551 


1853  *  *  Free  trade  is  proclaimed. 
1855  *  *  Gen.  Jorge  Cordova  becomes 
President. 

1857  Sept.*  A  revolt  spreads  tlirough- 
out  tho  country,  and  compels  tlie  Presi- 
deut  to  go  into  exile. 

1858  Mar.  31.  Job6  Maria  Iiinares 
by  revolution  seizes  the  government, 
and  proclaims  himself  Dictator. 

I860*  *  Jorge  Cordova  becomes 
President  under  the  Constitution. 

1861  *  *  Fresh  disturbances  arise,  and 
Maria  De  Acha  is  chosen  President. 

1862  •  •  A  treaty  of  x>ea<:e  and  com- 
merce with  the  United  States  is  ratified. 

1863  *  *  .\  similar  treaty  with  Belgium 
is  ratified. 

1865  Feb.  *  De  Acha  becomes  Dic- 
tator. 

Mar.  •  De  Acha  subdues  a  rebellion 

under  Belzu. 
Feb.  *  A  military  revolution  is  led  by 

Maria  Melgarejo,  who   assumes   the 

government   after  defeating    President 

De  Acha. 

1866  Jan.  *  Dictator  Melgarejo  pub- 
lishes an  amnesty. 

Oct.  17.    Melgarejo  puts  down  a  revolt. 

1867  Dec.  21.  Melgarejo  proclaims  an 
Amnesty. 

•  »  _7o  *  •  Civil  war  prevails. 


1871  *  *  A.  Morales  becomes  Presi- 
dent. 

1873  Apr.  *  Don  Adolfo  Ballivian  is 
chosen  President. 

1874  Feb.  14.  Dr.  Thomas  Frias  be- 
comes President. 

Sept.  ♦  An  insurrection  led  by  Corral 
is  suppressed. 

1876  May  4.  Gen.  HUarion  Daza  be- 
comes President. 

1880  June  1.  A  revolution  breaks 
out ;  President  Daza  is  deposed,  and 
Gen.  Campero  is  accepted  as  his  suc- 
cessor. 

Oct.  28.    The  Constitution  is  adopted. 

1882  Chile  takes  the  seacoast  from 
Bolivia,  at  the  end  of  the  war. 

1883  Dec.  *  A  treaty  of  peace  is 
signed  with  Chile. 

1886  *  *  A  boundary  treaty  is  made 
with  Peru. 

1887  Feb.  16.  A  boundary  treaty  is 
signed  by  Bolivia  and  Paraguay. 

Apr.  7.  Tlie  Minister  at  Washington  i.s 
recalled,  and  the  legation  is  with- 
drawn. 

1888  Aug.  15.  Aiceto  Arce  becomes 
President. 

Oct.  *  The  President  suppresses  a  revo- 
lution. 

1880  Jan.  1.  The  Chilean  tariff 
comes  into  operation  in  Bolivia. 


1891  May  29.  The  recognition  by 
Bolivia  of  the  Chilean  rebels  is  for- 
mally published ;  it  is  asserted  that 
Bolivia  will  furnish  them  troops  on  con- 
dition of  Chile  canceling  the  Bolivian 
debt. 

1892  May  3.  The  presidential  elec- 
tion is  held ;  Ex-President  Pacheco  is 
elected,  and  Gen.  Cumacho  is  defeated. 

•  *  A  treaty  is  entered  with  Chile. 

Aug.  6.  President  Baptista  assumes 
office,  and  the  recently  elected  Con- 
gress opens  its  first  session. 

Aug.  7.  An  insurrection  is  successful ; 
many  prominent  men  are  exiled. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1544  *  •  The  silver  mines  of  Potosi 

are  discovered. 
1660  *  *  A   mine    is    discovered    in    the 

district  of  La  Paz  from  which  the  silver 

may  be  cut  out  with  a  chisel. 
1877  *  •  La  Paz  is  lighted  with  gaa. 
1887  *  *  Don  Aiceto  Arce  imdertakes  to 

found  a  college  on  a  grand  scale  at 

La  Paz. 
1890    Jan.  13.    The  reported  shortage 

of  the  banks  of  La  Paz  amounts  to 

$300,000. 
1892    May  15.    A  branch  railroad  is 

completed    to   the    mining    district   of 

Oruro. 


BORNEO. 

Borneo  (Pulo  Kalamantin)  is  the  largest  island  of  the  East  India  group.  Area,  286,161  square  miles.  It  has  no  political 
unity,  and  its  inhabitants  are  of  various  races.  The  estimated  population  of  the  Dutch  division  in  the  south  is  1,100,000  ;  of  the 
British  territory  in  North  Borneo,  175,000;  and  in  Sarawak,  300,000.  Sarawak,  Brunei,  and  North  Borneo  constitute  a  British 
protectorate. 


ARMY  — STATE. 

1503  *  *  -07  *  *  Ludovico  Barthema 
visits  the  Archipelago  [and  makes  men- 
tion of  the  island]. 

1518  *  *  The  island  is  discovered  by  Lo- 
renzo de  Gomez,  a  Portuguese  [or  by 
Don  Jorge  de  Menezes  in  1526]. 

1573  *  *  Spaniards  appear  as  rivals  of 
the  Portuguese  traders,  but  are  not 
successful. 

1575  *  *  There  is  an  extensive  Chinese 
immigrration. 

1580  *  *  The  Sultan  of  Brunei,  being  de- 
throned, appeals  to  the  Spaniards, 
who  restore  him. 

1608*  *  Samuel  Blommaert  is  ap- 
pointed Dutch  resident. 

1609  *  *The  English  appear  in  the  island. 

1645  ♦  *  The  Spaniards  send  an  expedi- 
tion to  punish  the  natives  for  piratical 
depredations. 

1698  *  *  The  English  have  an  impor- 
tant settlement  at  Banjermassin. 

1733+ *  *The  Dutcli  bring  about  the 
expulsion  of  the  English  traders,  and 
secure  a  monopoly  of  the  trade  on  tlie 
west  and  south  coasts. 

1756  *  *  The  English  obtain  possession 
of  the  island  of  Balambangan,  and  all 
the  northeast  promontory  of  Borneo. 


1774*  *The  English  conclude  a 
treaty  with  the  Sultan  of  Brunei. 

1775  *  *  The  English  military  post  is 
surprised  and  destroyed  by  the  na- 
tives, who  resent  the  cession  of  their 
territory. 

1779±  *  *  The  Dutch  acquire  authority 
over  all  strangers. 

1795  ♦  *  English  influence  is  at  an  end. 

1809  *  *  The  Dutch  abandon  their  set- 
tlements by  order  of  Marshal  Hermann 
W.  Daendels,  governor  of  the  Dutch 
East  Indies. 

1810  *  *  The  natives  increase  in  pirati- 
cal lawlessness  and  violence. 

1811  *  *  The  Sultan  of  Banjermassin 
appeals  to  the  EngUsh  for  help,  and 
makes  a  treaty  with  them. 

*  *  An  expedition  is  sent  by  the  British 
against  Sambas. 

1813  *  *  The  British  punish  the  pirates 
of  Borneo. 

1818  *  *  The  Dutch  possessions  are  re- 
stored, and  Dutch  influence  revives. 

1823  *  *  The  Sultan  surrenders  half  the 
kingdom  of  Banjermassin  to  the  Dutch. 
[1825.    He  makes  further  concessions.] 

1836  *  *  The  Sultan  of  Sooloo  makes  his 
submission  to  the  Spaniards. 


1825  *  *  The  piracy  carried  on  by  the 
natives  is  unendurable. 


CHURCH. 

J6th  Century.  Antonio  Ventimiglia,  a 
Theatine  monk,  attempts  to  Christian- 
ize the  natives,  and  meets  an  untimely 
death. 

1836*  *The  Reformed  (Dutch) 
Church  of  America  establishes  and 
sustains  a  mission,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  the  American  Board. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

15tk  Century.     Early  in  this   period  the 
Portuguese  begin  trade  in  Brunei,  and 

later  in  various  maritime  states. 

1580  *  *  The  Spaniards  gain  favor,  and 
enjoy  trade  witli  the  island. 

1604  *  *  The  Dutch  trade  with  Borneo 

on  the  west  coast. 

1600  *  *  The  Dutch  factories  are  estal>- 

lislied. 

1623  *  *  The  Dutch  factories  are  aban- 
doned. 

1776*  *The   Dutch   reestabUsh   their 
factories. 


552     1839,  *  *-1889,  Oct.  4. 


BORNEO. 


ARMY  — STATE. 

1839  *  *  -40  *  *  Sarawak,  the  most 
southerly  province  of  Brunei,  rebels 
against  the  tyranny  of  the  governor. 

1840  *  *  Sir  James  Brooke  assists  the 
Sultan,  Muda  Uassiiu,  in  suppresBlng  the 
Sarawak  rebellion. 

1841*  *  An  English  settlement  is 
made  at  Sarawak  l>y  Sir  James  Brooke. 
IHe  reforms  government,  and  introduces 
a  code  of  humane  laws.] 

*  *  Sir  James  Brooke  is  appointed  ra- 
jah of  Sarawak  by  Muda  Hassim.  [Sept. 
'24.    His  title  is  confirmed  by  the  Sultan.] 

1843  IVIar.  *  *  Capt.  Sir  Henry  Keppel 
of  the  British  navy  and  Rajah  Brooke 
chastise  the  pirates  of  the  Seribas 
River. 

1844  *  *  The  British  defeat  the  pirates 
of  Batang  Lupar. 

*  *  Tlie  Sultan  of  Kuti  acknowledges  the 
Dutch  protectorate. 

1846  Dec.  *  The  British  conclude  a 
treaty  with  the  Sultan. 

The  Island  of  Labuan,  northwest  of 
Borneo,  is  incorporated  with  the  British 
Empire,  and  possession  is  formally 
taken  by  its  representatives. 

The  English  form  a  settlement  on  the 
island  of  Labuan,  and  later  work  a  coal- 
mine there. 

*  *  Rajah  Brooke  is  appointed  governor 
of  the  British  colony  of  Labuan,  and 
consul-general  of  Borneo. 

1847  *  *  The  Sultan  of  Bnmei  agrees 
to  make  no  cession  of  territory  without 
the  consent  of  representatives  of  Great 
Britain. 

Oct.  *  Kajah  Brooke  visits  England. 
±*  *  Rajah  Brooke  succeeds  in  restoring 
order  in  the  district. 

1849*  *  Rajah  Brooke  attempts  to  con- 
clude a  treaty  with  the  Sultan,  but  in 
deference  to  Spanish  protests  it  is  not 
ratified. 

*  *  Rajah  Brooke  leads  an  expedition 

against  the  Seribas  and  Sakuran  Dyaks, 
who  persist  in  piracy;  he  defeats  them. 


destroys  their  fort  at  Patusan,  and  kills 
a  great  number  of  the  pirates. 
1851  *  *  The  Sultan  acknowledges  all 
his  territories  to  be  integral  parts  of 
Spain. 

1857  Feb.  17.  18.  Rajah  Brooke  sup- 
presses an  insurrection  of  Chinese,  in 
which  a  number  of  Europeans  are  mas- 
sacred ;  2,000  Chinese  are  killed. 

*  *  -60  *  *  Capt.  J.  Johnson  ((Japt. 
Brooke),  a  nephew  of  Rajah  Brooke,  is 
made  governor  in  the  absence  of  the 
Rajah  on  a  visit  to  England. 

1858  *  *  Sir  J.  Brooke  makes  an  unsuc- 
cessful appeal  to  the  British  Cabinet  for 
help.  [1860.  Nov.  20.  He  returns  from 
England.] 

1859  May  1.  A  terrible  massacre  of 
Europeans  takes  place  at  Kalangaii, on 
the  south  coast. 

1868  *  *  Charles  Johnson,  a  younger 
nephew  of  the  Rajah,  becomes  governor. 

1870  June  *  An  expedition  of  Malays 
and  Dyaks  under  the  Rajah  of  Sarawak 
inflicts  severe  punishment  on  a  maraud- 
ing tribe  of  Dyaks. 

*  *  The  Sultan  of  Sooloo  rebels  against 
Spain,  and  [a  desultory  war  follows]. 

Nov.  8.  The  British  Borneo  Company 
is  gazetted. 

Wov.  *  Spain  makes  a  threatening  pro- 
test, and  declares  a  blockade  ;  she  stops 
British  and  German  vessels ;  a  diplo- 
matic dispute  follows. 

1877*  *  Great  Britain,  Germany,  and 
Spain  agree  to  freedom  of  trade  in 
the  Archipelago. 

*  *  Deut*s  Company  takes  possession. 
1878  *  *  Spain    reduces    its  vassal,  and 

exacts  a  new  declaration  of   allegi- 
ance.   [The  British  government  protests 
against  the  protectorate.] 
1881  *  *  Alfred  Dent  secures  a  charter 
for  his  possessions  in  northern  Borneo. 

1883  *  *  Civil  administration  is  organ- 
ized. 

1884  *  *  The  British  Company's  terri- 
tory is  enlarged. 


1885  *  *  North  Borneo,  Sarawak,  and 
Brunei  are  formed  into  a  British  pro- 
tectorate.   [1888.    North  Borneo  alone.] 

1889  *  *  A  rebellion  against  the  British 
breaks  out. 

Feb.  10.  The  rebels  are  defeated  in 
North  Borneo. 

CHURCH. 

1839  *  *  Mandomai  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  Rhenish  Society. 

1848  *  *  The  Dutch  Government  embar- 
rasses the  mission-work  of  Americans, 
and  the  American  Board  withdraws 
its  missionaries. 

1851  *  *  Sarawak  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  British  Society  for  the 
Propagation  of  the  Gospel. 

1853  *  *  Ijundu  becomes  a  mission-sta- 
tion of  the  British  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Gospel. 

1855  Oct.  8.  Rev.  F.  J.  IWacdougall  is 
consecrated  bishop  at  Calcutta,  the  first 
of  the  English  bishops  consecrated  in  a 
province ;  his  bishopric  is  the  island  of 
Labuan,  near  the  north  coast. 

1858  *  *  A  revised  version  of  the  New 
Testament  is  published  in  the  Dyak 
language. 

1859  *  *  Mandomai  ceases  to  be  a  mis- 
sion-station of  the  Rhenish  Society. 

1864  *  *  Undop  becomes  a  mission-sta^ 
tion  of  the  British  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Gospel. 

1866  *  *  Kwala  Kapnas  becomes  a  mis- 
sion-station of  the  Rhenish  Society. 

1869*  *Mandomai  again  becomes  a 
mission-station  of  the  Rhenish  Society. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1868  June  11.  Sir  James  (Rajah) 
Brooke  dies  in  England. 

1881  Nov.  8.  The  North  British 
Borneo  Company  is  chartered. 

1889  Oct.  4.  Six  Chinese  despera- 
does are  executed  for  consi>iracy  at 
Sarawak. 


BRAZIL. 

Brazil  is  a  republic  of  South  America,  having  an  estimated  area  of  3,209,878  square  miles,  and  an  estimated  population  (1888) 
of  14,002,336.  The  government  is  administered  by  a  President ;  the  Senate  has  63  and  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  205  members,  rep- 
resenting 20  States.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catholic,  and  Portuguese  is  the  language  of  the  people,  who  are  Brazilians, 
Indians,  negroes,  and  mixed  races,  with  numerous  colonists,  chiefly  Germans,  Italians,  and  Swi„s. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
1560  *  *  The    Portuguese    destroy    the 

French  settlement  at  Elo  de  Janeiro. 
1567    Jan.  21.    Mem  de  Sfi,  utterly  de- 
feats the  French  and  their  Indian  allies 

at  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
1586*  *An    English    force    led    by 

■Witherington  plunders  Bahia. 
1591*  *The    Spanish   colony  of  Sao 

Vicente   is    burned    by    the    English 

under  Thomas  Cavendish. 
1593  *  *  James  Xiancaster  captures 

Femambuco  from  the  Spaniards. 


1595  *  *  English  under  Lancaster  take 
Olinda. 

1624  *  *  A  Dutch  fleet  takes  Bahia. 

1625  May*  The  Dutch  are  compelled 
to  capitulate  to  the  Portuguese  and 
natives  at  Bahia. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
LETTERS. 

1549+  *  *  Gold  is  discovered  at  Bahia. 

1553+  *  *  Manuel  de  Nobrega,  chief 
of  the  Jesuits  and  joint  provincial,  es- 
tablishes a  college,  named  SSo  Paulo. 
[It  greatly  beneflts  the  rising  state.] 


1629  •  *  Gold-mines  are  discovered  in 
Minas,  Goyaz,  and  Cuyaba  by  slave- 
hunting  expeditions. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

16S3  *  *  Cabral,  Tedro  Alvarez,  explorer,  tl. 
1596  *  *  Mascarenlias,  Garcia  de,  poet,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1500  Apr.  26.  Easter  is  celebrated 
by  religious  services  at  Porto  Seguro, 
by  the  Portuguese  commander,  Pedro 


BRAZIL. 


1499,  June  *-1630,  *  *.    653 


Alvarez  Cabral,  who  commemorates 
the  event  liy  the  erection  of  a  stone 
cross.  [He  names  the  country,  The 
Land  of  the  Holy  Cross.] 
1549  Apr.  *  Six  Jesuits  arrive  at 
Bahia  with  the  lirat  governor-general ; 
they  undertake  the  spiritual  culture  of 
the  savages,  and  the  Portuguese,  who 
are  scarcely  less  savage. 

*  *  Abandoned  priests  foster  the  licen- 
tiousness of  the  colonists,  and  oppose 
the  ellorts  of  the  (Jesuits. 

1552*  *The  first  bishop  arrives,  and 
checks  the  disortlers  of  the  priests. 

1553  *  *  Luis  de  Gran,  at  the  head  of 
a  company  of  Jesuits,  arrives. 

*  *  Nobrega,  the  chief  of  the  first  mis- 
sion, is  appointed  joint  provincial. 

*  *  Governor-General  Duarte  opposes  the 
good  work  of  the  Jesuits. 

*  *  Fr.  Coligni  sends  a  Protestant  col- 
ony under  Nicolas  de  Villegaignon,  in 
two  ships,  to  the  Bay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

1555*  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  first  Prot- 
estant mission  in  the  world  is  opened. 

The  Church  of  Geneva  sends  14  mis- 
sionaries to  Brazil,  who  land  on  an 
island  in  the  harbor, 

1556±  *  *  Chevalier  de  Villegaignon,  the 
leader  of  the  Protestant  colony,  joins 
the  Catholics,  and  dissension  follows. 

1558  *  *  The  Jesuits  liave  more  success 
under  the  rule  of  the  new  captain-gen- 
eral, Mem  de  Sft. 

1559i  *  *  The  French  Huguenots  are 
persecuted  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  by  their 
false  leader,  Villegaignon,  and  are 
obliged  to  return  to  France.  [Coligni's 
Protestant  colony  at  Rio  is  entirely 
broken  up  by  the  Portuguese.] 

SOCIETY. 
1629  *  *  Balds  into  the  interior  to  pro- 
cure Indians  as  slaves  commence ;  the 
converted  Indians  of  Jesuit  missions  in 
Paraguay  are  not  spared. 

DISCOVERY—  STATE. 

1499  June*  Brazil  is  discovered  by 
Vincente  Yafiez  Pinzon,  a  companion  of 
Columbus  ;  he  coasts  with  four  ships 
from  near  Cape  St.  Vincent  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Amazon. 

1500  Apr.  22.  Pedro  Alvarez  Ca- 
bral,  a  Portuguese  commander,  driven 
by  adverse  winds  out  of  his  designed 
course  for  India,  arrives  at  Porto 
SegnnX);  he  takes  possession  of  the 
country  for  the  crown  of  Portugal, 
and  calls  it  Tierra  de  Santa  Cruz. 

May  2.  Cabral,  continuing  his  voyage, 
sails  for  India,  after  despatching  a  small 
vessel  to  Lisbon,  to  announce  his  dis- 
covery. 

1501  May  10.  Port,  The  King  sends 
Amerigo  Vespucci  with  three  vessels 
to  explore  the  country  discovered  by 
Commander  Cabral. 

Aug.  16.  Vespucci  arrives  at  Cape  St. 
Roque,  in  "  the  I^and  of  Parrots." 

1502  Jan.  1.  Vespucci  discovers  and 
names  the  Bay  of  Bio  de  Janeiro. 


1503  *  *  Christovao  Jaques,  a  Portu- 
guese, coasts  southward  to  about  02° 
south  on  the  coast  of  Patagonia. 

*  *  Vespucci  arrives  again  with  six  ships, 
visits  Bahia,  and  builds  a  fort  at  Cape 
Frio,  which  he  leaves  in  charge  of  12 
men  with  guns  and  provisions. 

[Tbe  Portuguese  (Jovernment  nearly 
forgets  its  possessions  in  South  America 
for  30  years,  while  private  citizens  de- 
velop a  small  trade  with  the  comitry.] 
1504*  *A  Portuguese  colony  is 
planted  on  the  coast  at  All  Saints  [in 
Bahia],  and  others  follow. 

*  *  Brazil  begins  to  be  named  for  South 
America. 

1510  *  *  Diego  Alvarez,  a  Portuguese, 
is  shipwrecked  on  the  coast  near  Bahia. 
He  gains  the  friendship  of  the  Indians. 

1511  *  *  The  Portuguese  appear  in  Rio 
de  Janeiro  Bay. 

1515*  *  Brazil  is  colonized  by  the 
Portuguese  ;  it  is  their  first  agricul- 
tural colony. 

1521  *  *  Port.  John  m.  becomes  King 
of  the  Portuguese. 

1527  *  *  Christovilo  Jaques,  the  Portu- 
guese governor,  founds  the  first  settle- 
ment at  Pemambuco. 

1528  *  *  Governor  Jaques  is  recalled. 

1530  *  *  Brazil  is  divided  into  captain- 
cies by  the  Portuguese,  and  is  first  per- 
manently occupied. 

1531  Jan.  1.  Martin  Affonso  de 
Sousa,  possessing  a  grant  from  John 
III.,  arrives  with  an  expedition,  and 
gives  its  name  to  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

*  *  Sousa  establishes  a  settlement  at  S&o 
Vincente  Piratininga,  in  the  [present 
province  of  Sao  Paulo]. 

*  *  Pero  XiOpes  de  Sousa,  receiving  a 
captaincy,  founds  a  settlement  at  S&o 
Amaro,  near  his  brother. 

*  *  Vasco  Fernandes  Coutinho  brings 
over  a  company  of  colonists,  including 
60  fldalgos,  and  sinks  a  fortune  in  at- 
tempting the  settlement  of  **  Our  Xiady 
of  the  Victory." 

*  *  Pedro  de  Campo  Tourinho  takes 
up  the  captaincy  of  Porto  Seguro. 
[Sugar-works  are  established.] 

*  *  Jorge  de  Figueiredo,  receiving  the 
captaincy  of  Ilheos,  sends  out  Fran- 
cisco Romeiro  to  take  possession. 

*  *  Francisco  Pereira  Coutinho  re- 
ceives the  captaincy  of  the  coast  from 
the  Rio  Sao  Francisco  to  Bahia. 
[Later  all  the  bays  and  creeks  are 
added  to  the  grant.] 

*  *  The  captaincy  of  Pernambuco  is 
granted  to  Don  Duarte  Coelho  Pereira. 

*  *  Pedro  de  Goes  obtains  the  captaincy 
of  Peraiba  [but  is  driven  off  by  the 
natives  after  a  struggle  of  seven  years]. 

*  ♦  Jofto  de  Barros,  the  historian,  re- 
ceives the  captaincy  of  Maranh&o,  but 
his  grand  expedition  is  wrecked  and  the 
effort  fails. 

1548  *  *  Jews  banished  from  Portugal 
come  to  Brazil. 


*  *  The  colony  attains  sufficient  impor- 
tance to  attract  the  attention  of  the 
mother  country. 

The  power  of  captaincies  is  revoked  ; 
their  grants  are  continued  ;  a  governor- 
general  is  appointed  with  civil  and  crimi- 
nal powers  ;  the  judicial  and  financial 
functions  of  each  province  are  vested 
in  the  Ouvidor. 

1549    Apr.  *  Thom6  de  Sousa  arrives 

at  San  Salvador  [Bahia]  to  establi-sh 
a  city,  and  as  the  first  governor-gen- 
eral of  Brazil. 

He  brings  220  persons  in  the  king's 
pay,  300  free  colonists,  and  400  convicts. 

1553  *  *  Duarte  de  Costa  succeeds  to 
the  office  of  governor-general. 

1555  *  *  Nicolas  Durand  Villegaig- 
non establishes  a  colony  on  an  island 
near  Rio  de  Janeiro,  bearing  his  name. 

1557  *  *  Port.  Sebastian  becomes  King 
of  the  Portuguese. 

1558  *  *  Port.  Mem  de  Sa  is  sent  out 
as  governor-general. 

*  *  Huguenots  and  colonists  from  Genoa 
found  a  settlement  at  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

1560  *  *  The  Portuguese  capture  the 
French  settlement  at  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

1567  *  *  The  Portuguese  found  a  colony 
on  the  ruins  of  the  French  settlement  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro. 

*  *  Sebastian  is  founded. 

1572  *  *  Mem  de  SS  ceases  to  be  gov- 
ernor-general ;  an  attempt  is  made  to 
divide  the  colony. 

1574  *  *  The  colony  is  divided  into 
two  governments. 

1578  *  *  The  territory  is  reunited  into 
one  province  as  an  appanage  of  Spain, 
with  Diego  Laurence  da  Veiga  as 
governor. 

*  *  Portugal  is  annexed  to  Spain. 

*  *  Port.  Philip  U.  of  Spain  usurps 
thecrownof  Portugal,  and  the  colonies 
are  neglected. 

*  *  Port.  Henry,  the  Cardinal,  brother 
of  John  III.,  becomes  King  of  Portugal 
as  Henry  I. 

1586  *  *  Unglish  anti-Spanish  adven- 
turers transiently  destroy  prosperous 
settlements. 

1612  ♦  *  The  French  plant  a  colony  on 
the  Island  Marajo. 

1615  Dec.  *  Belem,  or  Para,  is  founded 
by  Caldeira. 

1618  *  *  The  French  settlement  at 
Marajo  is  surrendered  to  Spain. 

1624  *  *  Invasion  of  the  Dutch. 

1630  *  *  The  Dutch  seize  the  coast, 
and  establish  a  colony  at  Olinda  in  Per- 
nambuco :  Count  Maurice  comes  as 
Dutch  governor  [and  prosperity  follows]. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1515  *  *  Brazil  is  the  first  American  col- 
ony founded  on  an  agrictiltural  basis ; 
all  others  were  mining  speculations. 

1549  *  *  The  languishing  Portuguese  col- 
onies become  prosperous  by  the  dis- 
covery of  gold. 


554     1630,  *  *-1863,  June  18. 


BRAZIL. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1630  *  *  The  Dutch  take  Olinda  after 
a  feeb^e  resistance. 

1649  *  *  War  with  the  Dutch  colo- 
nists begins. 

•  •  The  Brazil  Company  of  Portugal  send 
out  their  first  fleet  to  aid  the  colonists 
against  the  Dutch. 

1654  •  *  The  Dutch  yield  Olinda,  and 
Brazil  is  fully  restored  to  the  Portu- 
guese. 

1710*  *A  French  squadron  lands 
1,000  men  under  Duclerc  at  Rio;  half 
are  killed  in  battle,  the  remainder  cap- 
tured and  barbarously  treated. 

1711  Sept.  12.  A  French  squadron 
with  6,000  troops,  under  Adm.  Duguay- 
Trouin,  attacks  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and 
takes  the  town  after  a  battle  of  four 
days. 

Oct.  10.  To  prevent  the  burning  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro  by  the  French,  the 
governor  capitulates.    (See  State.) 

1809  '  *  An  expedition  captures  French 
Guiana  for  annexation  to  Brazil. 

1817  *  *  A  force  of  5,000  troops  totally 
defeats  the  Artigas,  and  occupies 
Montevideo  in  Uruguay. 

1823  •  »  Port.  The  Cortes  sends  a  large 
force  to  Bahia  to  suppress  the  revolu- 
tion. 

July  2.  Bahia,  the  headquarters  of  the 
Portuguese  troops,  is  so  vigorously  be- 
sieged by  the  patriots  that  the  Portu- 
guese army  is  forced  to  reembark. 

♦  *  The  Brazilian  squadron  under  Sir 
Alex.  Inglis  Cochrane  attacks  the  Por- 
tuguese vessels,  and  captures  several. 

1825*  *  The  war  against  Buenos 
Ayres  is  sustained  in  a  feeble  way. 

1828  ♦  *  The  army  is  defeated  by  the 
Argentines,  through  the  incapacity  of 
its  leader. 

1834  *  *  Para  and  Rio  Grande,  the  re- 
bellious provinces,  are  subdued. 

1849  *  *  The  Ministry  send  reenforoe- 
ments  to  Paraguay  and  Montevideo 
against  the  army  of  Buenos  Ayres. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
LETTERS. 

1710+  *  *  Diamonds  are  discovered  in 
Minas. 

1722±  •  •  The  Arabian  coffee-plant  is 
introduced  from  Cayenne.  [1810.  It  be- 
comes an  article  of  commerce.] 

1729  *  *  Diamonds  are  discovered  in 
Sezzo  Frio. 

1807*  »The  National  Library  is 
founded  at  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

1808  *  •  The  first  printing-press  is 
set  up. 

1809  *  *  lilo  de  Janeiro.  The  king  in- 
troduces the  cultivation  of  the  tea- 
plant  in  the  botanical  gardens. 

1810  »  *  Swedes  erect  two  small  refining 
furnaces  at  Ipanema. 

1817  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  A  National 
Museum  of  natural  history  is  founded. 


*  *  The  first  daily  newspaper  is  estab- 
lished at  tha  capital  city,  the  Diario  do 
Rio. 

1823  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Journal  de  Com- 
mercio  is  issued. 

1838  •  •  The  Historical,  Geographical, 
and  Ethnographical  Institute  of  BrazU 
is  founded. 

1841  *  •  Beds  of  bituminous  coal  are 
discovered  along  the  banks  of  the  Tu- 
barao. 

1844  *  *  Diamonds  are  discovered  north 
of  the  river  Paraguass. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1656  •  »  Mascarenhas. Garcia  de, poet,  A60. 

1684*  *  Andrada,  (iomes  Freire  de,  Portu- 
guese governor  of  Rio,  Count  of  Bobadllla, 
born.    [1763.    Jan.  1.    Dies.    A79.] 

1765  June  13.  Andrada  e  .Silva,  Jos^ 
Bonifacio  de,  statesman,  mineralogist, 
born.    [1388.    Apr.  6.    Dies.    A73.] 

1773  Nov.  1.  Andrada  Machado  e  Silva, 
Antonio  Carlos  Riljeiro  de,  statesman,  born. 
[1845.     Dec.  5.     Dies.    A72.] 

1774  •  •  Gonzaga,  Thomaz  Antonio,  poet, 
born.     [1807.     Dies.    A33.] 

1798  *  *  Pedro  I.,  emperor,  bom. 

1806  *  •  Porto-Alegre,  ilanoel  de  Araujo, 
poet,  born. 

1807  Jan.  22.  Andrade  Neves,  Josi  Joa- 
qulm  de,  general,  born.  [1869.  Jan.  6. 
Dies.: 

1811  •  •  Magalhaens,  de  Domingos,  Jos« 
Goncjalves,  poet,  born. 

1816'  •  Varnhagen,  Francisco  Adolpho  de, 
historian,  born. 

1822  Mar.  14.  Theresa,  princess,  Em- 
press, born. 

*  'Oonc^lvez  Diaz,  Antonio,  poet,  born.  [1864. 
Dies.    A40.] 

1825  *  ♦  Pedro  n..  emperor,  born. 

1826  Apr.  30.  Pelxoto  Florlano.  gen.. 
President,  born. 

1827  Aue.  5.  Fonseca.  Manuel Deodoro- 
da,  gen.,  1st  President,    born. 

1834    Pedro  I.,  emperor,  A36. 

1840  *  •  Tavares-Bastos,  Aureliano  Candido, 

patriot,  born. 
1842    Apr.  29.    Eu.  Louis  P.M.  F.G.d'Or- 

leans,  Comte  d" ,  prince,  general,  bom. 
1844    Moraes,  Prudente  de.  President,  b. 
1846    Isabella,  princess,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1566  *  *  In  order  to  terrify  his  country- 
men, John  Boles,  a  Huguenot  mission- 
ary, is  put  to  death  by  the  Portuguese 
after  an  imprisonment  of  eight  years. 

1577  *  *  Many  of  the  Protestant  colo- 
nists return  to  France. 

1594*  *  French  Catholics  establish  a 
colony  on  the  Island  of  MaranhSo. 

1620*  *Jestiit  settlements  are  formed; 
communism  prevails. 

1760  •  •  Great  opposition  is  made  to 
the  Jesuits  under  a  false  pretext ;  they 
are  expelled  from  the  country. 

1761  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  Imperial 
chapel  is  erected. 

1836  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  of  the  United  States 
sends  Rev.  Mr.  SpaiUding  as  a  mission- 
ary to  Rio  de  .Janeiro. 

1838  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Rev.  D.  B. 
Kidder  (U.  S.  A.)  joins  the  Methodist 
mission.  [1S41.  The  Methodist  mis- 
sion is  closed  through  financial  embar- 
rassments.] 

1851+  *  *  -53  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Rev. 
J.  C.  Fletcher  labors  as  missionary. 

1854+  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Rev.  Dr. 
Kalley,  a  Scotch  physician,  begins 
evangelistic   labor  at  his  own   ex- 


pense.    [He   continnes   his   work   for 
several  years.] 

1859  Aug.  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Mission- 
aries of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
(North,  U.  S.  A.)  arrive. 

1860  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro  becomes  a  mi.s- 
sion-station  of  the  Southern  Baptists 
(U.  S.  A.). 

*  »  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
(U.S.A.)  starts  its  first  mission  in  Brazil. 

1861  May*  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  Pres- 
byterian mission  is  opened  for  public 
preaching.  [1862.  It  is  organized  as  a 
church,  with  two  members.] 

SOCIETY. 

1630  •  •  The  Dutch  send  an  expedition 
to  Africa,  and  capture  a  Porttiguese 
settlement  in  order  to  obtain  slaves 
for  the  colony  at  Olinda. 

1637  *  *  Maurice,  the  Dutch  governor, 
promotes  the  amalgamation  of  the 
various  native  races  with  the  colonists. 

1640  *  *  Numerous  southern  tribes  are 
reduced  to  slavery  by  the  Portuguese. 

*  *  A  hardy  race  of  men  appear  at  Sio 
Paulo  from  the  intermarriage  of  colo- 
nists with  the  natives. 

1830  •  ♦  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Political  dis- 
orders are  caused  by  the  enemies  of  the 
emperor. 

1831  Apr.  *  Dom  Pedro  embarks  for 
Portugual. 

1841  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  hospital 
of  Dom  Pedro  Ix.  (La  Misericordia) 
is  erected.  A  lunatic  asylum  is  also 
erected  with  funds  obtained  by  selling 
titles  of  nobility  at  a  fixed  tariff. 

1843  Sept.  4.  rt.  Dom  Pedro  H. 
marries  Princess  Theresa  of  Naples. 

1852  *  *  The  slave-trade  is  suppressed. 

1861  June  7±.  Natives  plunder  the 
wreck  of  the  British  ship  Prince  of 
Wales  at  Albardas,  and  kill  some  of  the 
crew. 

STATE. 

1636  Jan.  *  -44  May  *  Maurice  of 
Nassau  is  governor-general  of  the  Dutch 
conquests  in  Brazil ;  the  colony  prospers 
under  his  administration. 

*  *  Brazil.  Maurice,  the  Dutch  gov- 
ernor, promotes  the  amalgamation  of 
the  natives  and  colonists  by  marriage. 

1640  *  *  Numerous  Southern  tribes  are 
reduced  to  slavery  by  the  Portuguese. 

*  *  Brazil  is  restored  to  the  possession 
of  the  Portuguese  by  the  Spaniards. 

*  *  Port.  John  of  Braganza  becomes 
king  of  the  Portuguese. 

1641+  *  *  A  feeble  attempt  is  made  for 
independence. 

1644  ♦  *  The  Dutch  recall  Cotmt  Mau- 
rice. 

1645  *  *  The  tyranny  of  the  Dutch 
drives  the  colonists  of  the  North  to  re- 
volt, fJoao  Fernandes  Vieyra  is  leader. 

1654  *  •  After  overthrowing  the  Dutch, 
the  colonies  again  unite  under  the 
royal  authority  of  Portugal. 

1661*  *The  Ihitch  surrender  the 
country. 


BRAZIL. 


1630,  *  *-1863,  June  18.    556 


1667*  •The  French  colonists  are 
driven  out  of  Villegaignon  by  the  Portu- 
guese, who  found  the  city  of  SSo  Sebas- 
tiJSo,  or  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

1682  *  *  An  insurrection  of  the  Dutch 
breaks  out  at  Maranhani. 

1710  *  *  The  French  invade  Rio  de  Ja^ 
neiro. 

1711  Oct.  10.  The  governor-general 
signs  a  capitulation  as  required  by 
Duguay-Trouin,  the  French  admiral,  and 
pays  610,000  crusades,  500  cases  of  sugar, 
and  provisions  for  the  fleet. 

1720  *  *  The  district  of  Minas,  having 
five  settlements  with  royal  charters,  sep- 
arates from  Saio  Paulo. 

1721  *  *  Port,  King  John  V.  abolishes 
the  Brazilian  Company,  which  had 
done  much  for  the  country. 

1730  *  •  The  discovery  of  diamonds  is 
first  announced  to  the  Government. 

1755  *  *  Marquis  de  Pombal,  the  gov- 
ernor-general, reestablishes  a  Brazilian 
Company  to  trade  exclusively  with 
Maranhao  and  Para. 

1759  *  *  Pombal  charters  another  Bra- 
zilian Company  for  Paraiba  and  Per- 
nambuco. 

1763  *  *  The  capital  is  transferred 
from  Bahia  to  Rio  Janeiro. 

1774  *  *  Maranhao  (Northern  Brazil)  is 
attached  to  Brazil. 

1777  *  *  Court  ihtrigues  force  Pombal 
from  his  prosperous  governorship. 

•  *  Port.  Donna  Maria  Francesco  and 
her  husband,  Peter  HI.,  succeed  to 
the  throne. 

1780  ♦  *  A  conspiracy  for  independence 
is  formed  in  Minas,  imder  the  lead  of 
Silva  Xavier  ;  it  is  unsuccessful. 

1808  Jan.  21.  The  Queen  Donna  Ma- 
ria I.,  the  royal  family,  all  the  great  of- 
ficers of  state,  and  numerous  nobility, 
driven  out  of  Portugal  by  Napoleon, 
arrive  at  Bahia. 

Mar.  7.  The  royal  fugitives  arrive  at 
Uio  de  Janeiro  ;  they  set  up  their  court 
there,  with  Don  John  as  regent. 

1809  *  *  The  Portuguese  retaliate  upon 
the  French  by  sending  an  expedition  to 
capture  French  Guiana  and  annex  it 
to  Brazil.  [1815.  It  is  restored  to  France 
by  the  Treaty  of  Vienna.] 

1815  Jan.  16.  Brazil  becomes  a 
kingdom  by  decree  of  the  regent ;  the 
Portuguese  sovereignty  is  entitled  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Portugal,  Brazil, 
and  Algarves. 

1816  Mar.  *  Donna  Maria  dying,  the 
regent,  Don  John,  becomes  King  of  the 
Portuguese,  as  John  VT. 

1817  *  *  A  conspiracy  against  the  Grov- 
ernment  is  formed  in  Pernambuco,  and 
a  republic  is  established  for  90  days. 

*  *  A  conspiracy  to  establish  a  republi- 
can government  is  smothered  at  Bahia. 

1821  Feb.  26.  A  revolt  breaks  out 
among  the  Portuguese  troops  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro.  [They  compel  the  king  to  ap- 
point a  new  Ministry,  and  grant  a  repre- 
sentative system  of  government.] 


*  •  Port.  The  Cortes  recall  King  John 
VI.  from  Brazil. 

*  *  Port.  John  VI.  returns,  and  Dom 
Pedro,  his  son,  becomes  regent  of  Brazil. 

Brazil    becomes    an    independent 
state. 

1822  Sept.  7.  The  independence  of 
Brazil  is  proclaimed. 

Oct.  12.  Dom  Pedro  is  proclaimed  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro  the  constitutional  Fm- 
peror  of  Brazil. 

Dec.  1.  Dom  Pedro  I,  is  crowned  Em- 
peror of  Brazil. 

1823  May*  The  constitutional  As- 
sembly opens  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  the 
capital  of  the  Empire.  [There  is  much 
angry  contention  over  a  proposed  new 
Constitution.] 

July  *  The  emperor  resolves  to  dismiss 
from  the  Ministry  the  two  brothers  An- 
dradas,  and  is  much  opposed. 

Nov.  *  The  emperor  dissolves  the  con- 
tentious Assembly,  and  exiles  to 
France  two  Ministers,  the  Andradas 
brothers  ;  he  calls  a  new  Assembly  to 
deliberate  on  amore  liberal  Constitution. 

*  *  A  republic  is  proclaimed  in  the 
provinces  of  Pernambuco  andCeara;  a 
rebellion  breaks  out  in  Cisplatina. 

1824  Mar.  25.  The  emperor  ratifies 
the  new  Constitution. 

1825  *  *  Brazil  declares  war  against 
Buenos  Ayres  for  the  possession  of  Uru- 
guay, 

Aug.  29.  By  treaty  Brazil  assiunes  the 
Portuguese  debt  of  £2,000,000,  and 
Portugal  recognizes  its  independence. 

1826  *  *  A  treaty  is  made  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  slave-trade. 

1827  *  *  The  public  debt  is  consoli- 
dated. 

1828*  *  Great  disaffection  exists 
toward  the  Government  because  of  the 
foreign  policy  of  the  eqiperor  and  finan- 
cial embarrassments. 

1829  *  *  At  the  elections  many  ultra- 
Xjiberals  are  elected  to  oppose  the  Gov- 
ernment in  the  Assembly. 

1830  *  *  The  Chambers  abolish  the  death 
penalty  for  political  offenders. 

1831  Mar.*  The  emperor  selects  a 
Ministry  favorable  to  absolutism  and 
opposes  the  Liberals  ;  much  excitement 
follows ;  public  meetings  of  protest 
are  held  in  which  the  troops  take  part. 

Apr.  7.  A  revolution  occurs  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro ;  Dom  Pedro  I.  abdicates  in 
favor  of  the  heir  apparent,  who  is  only 
five  years  of  age. 

*  *  Dom  Pedro  H.,  a  minor,  becomes 

emperor. 

*  *  A  provisional  Ministry  is  formed. 

Fierce  political  struggles  take  place 
between  the  Republican  partv  ana  the 
Government,  and  an  Imperial  party  fa- 
voring the  restoration  of  Dom  Pedro. 

1834  Aug.  12.  The  regency  is  re- 
formed by  reducing  its  three  members 
to  one,  who  is  to  be  chosen  by  the  whole 
body  of  electors. 


Sept.  18.  Ex-minister  and  priest,  IMego 
Antonio  Feijoo,  is  elected  regent. 

*  *  A  rebellion  breaks  out  in  the  prov- 
inces of  Para  and  Rio  Grande, 

*  *  Araujo  Ijima  is  elected  regent. 

*  *  The  Republican  Government  is  dis- 
credited by  many  disorders. 

1840    May  12.    The    Constitution   is 

again  reformed. 
July  23.    The  Legislature  passes  a  bill 

dispensing  with  the  age  qualification  of 

the  emperor,  and  declaring  Dom  Pedro 

II.  emperor. 

1848  *  *  Great  Britain  is  hostile  because 
of  Brazil's  neglect  to  suppress  the  slave- 
trade  according  to  the  treaty  of  1826. 

1849  *  *  The  Ministry  conclude  an  al- 
liance with  the  governors  of  Monte- 
video and  Paraguay,  pledging  the 
integrity  of  the  republics  of  Uruguay 
and  Paraguay  against  annexation  by 
Buenos  Ayres. 

1855  *  *  The  emperor  sends  a  squad- 
ron, 11  men-of-war  and  11  transports, 
up  the  Parana  to  settle  the  question  of 
a  right  of  way  and  other  disputes ;  but 
the  expedition  fails. 

1862  June  17.  British  officers  are 
arrested  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  for  disor- 
derly condnct.  [Diplomatic  correspon- 
dence follows.] 

Dec.  31.  Brazil  refusing  to  make  repara- 
tion to  England  for  the  plunder  by  Bra- 
zilians of  the  wrecked  ship  Prince  of 
IVates,  the  British  make  reprisals,  seiz- 
ing five  Brazilian  merchant-ships.  (See 
Society.) 

1863  Feb.  26.  London.  Brazil  by  its 
Minister  pays,  under  protest,  to  Great 
Britain  an  indemnity  of  £3,200. 

May  *  London.  Brazil,  through  its  Min- 
ister, requests  the  British  to  express 
regret  for  taking  reprisals.  [Refused, 
and  diplomatic  intercourse  is  sus- 
pended.] 

June  18.  A  dispute  occurs  with  Great 
Britain  respecting  the  arrest  of  British 
ofBcers  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  the  con- 
troversy being  referred  to  the  King  of 
the  Belgians  for  arbitration,  he  decides 
in  favor  of  Brazil. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1640  *  *  A  mining  craze  injures  the  set- 
tlements. 

1649  *  *  P(yrt.  The  Brazil  Company 
sends  out  its  first  fleet. 

1686  *  *  The  terrible  malady  called  bixa 
[supposed  to  be  a  modified  form  of  chol- 
era] makes  its  first  appearance  at  Per- 
nambuco. 

1849  *  *  The  yellow  fever  first  ap- 
pears ;  it  is  introduced  by  the  slave- 
trade. 

1850  •  *  A  steamship  line  to  Europe 
commences  its  trips. 

1852  *  *  Railways  are  commenced. 
1854  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro  is  lighted  with. 

gas. 
Apr.  30.    The  first  railroad  is  opened. 

in  the  presence  of  the  emperor. 


556     1863,  Oct.  *   1890,  Mar. 


BRAZIL. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1864*  *  Paraguay,  under  the  dictator, 
liopez,  commences  war  oil  Brazil  with- 
out previous  declaration.  [It  continues 
for  six  years.] 

Oct.  7.  The  LT.S.  war-steamer  irar/;  w.sv^^ 
seizes  the  Confederate  privateer 
Florida  in  the  port  of  Bahia,  while  claim- 
ing the  protection  of  Brazil. 

1865  Jan.  2.  Uru.  "War  with  Uru- 
guay. A  force  of  Brazilians  bombards 
and  take  Pajrsandu,  aiul  set  out  for 
Montevideo.    [The  war  ends.] 

*  *  -70  *  *  "War  of  the  Triple  Alli- 
ance or  Paraguayan  War.  (See  Para- 
guay-) 

Aug.  *  Urn.  The  emperor  joins  the 
army. 

Sept.  18.  Uru.  At  Santayuna  on  the 
Uruguay  tlie  three  allies  under  (ien. 
Flores  defeat  the  Paraguayans. 

The  allies  receive  the  surrender  of 
XJruguayana. 

1866  Feb.  25.  Uru.  An  indecisive 
battle  is  fought  at  Paso  de  la  Patria. 

Apr.  16-17.  Artj,  Hep.  The  allies  are 
victorious  on  the  Parana. 

May  2.  Arg.  Rep.  The  Paraguayans  are 
again  defeated  at  !E^tero  Velhaco. 

May  24.  Arg.  Rep.  Another  battle  is 
fought  at  !Estero  Velhaco  without  de- 
cisive results. 

June  14.  Ar<j.  Rep.  The  Paraguayans 
bombard  the  camp  of  the  allies  on 
the  Parana  Kiver. 

July  16-18.  Para.  The  allies  are  de- 
feated in  a  battle  at  Tuyuty. 

Sept.  17,  19,22.  Para.  The  allies  are 
defeated  in  an  attack  on  Curupaiti,  and 
lose  many  men. 

Oct.  18.  Para,  The  Paraguayans  bom- 
bard the  camp  of  the  allies. 

Oct.  30.  Para.  The  allies  repulse  the 
Paraguayans  at  Tuyuty. 

1867  June  13.  Para.  The  Brazilians 
defeat  the  Paraguayans  at  Corumba, 
and  take  the  city. 

Sept.  24.  Para.  The  Paraguayans 
have  the  advantage  in  an  indecisive 
action, 

Oct.  3.  Para.  The  Paraguayans  are 
defeated.     [Oct.  31.     Defeated  again.] 

Oct.  *  The  allies  decline  a  peace  pro- 
posed by  Gen.  Lopez. 

Nov.  3.  Para.  The  Paraguayans  are 
severely  defeated  at  Tuyuty. 

Nov.  6.  Para.  Gen.  Lopez  decrees 
freedom  to  slaves  who  shall  enlist  as 
soldiers. 

1868  Feb.  17.  Ar(f.  Rep.  The  allies 
send  three  monitoi^  up  the  Paraguay 
River. 

Feb.  21.  Para.  The  allies  force  the 
passage  of  Humaita  with  six  iron- 
clads, and  the  Paraguayans  abandon 
Asimcion. 

June  *  Para.  The  Paraguayans  con- 
tinue the  struggle. 

Dec.  11.  Para.  The  allies  totally  de- 
feat Oen.  Iiopez  at  Villeta. 


1869  Mar.  24.  Para.  The  alliee  ap- 
point Comte  d'Eu  commander  of  the 
united  army. 

May  8.  Para.  The  Paraguayan  gar- 
rison of  Rosario  is  surprised  and 
captured. 

Aug.  12,  16,  18,  21.  Several  severe 
conflicts  take  place,  in  which  Gen. 
Loi)ez  is  defeated. 

1870  Apr.  1.  Para.  Gen.  Lopez  is 
defeated  and  killed  by  the  allies,  near 
the  Aquidaban,  and  the  war  ends. 

1890  Jan.  2.  Two  regiments  refuse 
to  recognize  the  Republic  ;  a  fierce  fight 
follows  ;  100  soldiers  are  killed. 

Jan.  14.  Mutineers  are  shot  and  the 
ringleaders  arrested. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
LETTERS. 

1864  *  *  The  publication  of  the  Imprensa 
Eraiif/elica  is  begun  by  missionaries. 

1865  July  *  A  scientiflc  expedition 
under  Louis  Agassiz  is  favored  by  the 
Government. 

1870  *  *  The  Presbyterians  (North)  of  the 
U.  S.  A.  open  an  American  School  at 
Sao  Paulo. 

1871  June  *  -Aug.  ♦  The  emperor  and 
emjiress  visit  public  and  scientific  insti- 
tutions and  the  manufactories  of  Europe, 
for  the  promotion  of  the  arts  and  sciences 
in  Brazil. 

1874  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Fifty  news- 
papers and  reviews  are  issued  in  this 
city. 

1885  *  *  Miss  Bruce  founds  a  girls* 
school  in  the  suburbs  of  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
which  is  directed  by  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  (U.  S.  A.). 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1876    Pedro,  prince,  heir  to  the  throne,  b. 
1878    Varnhagen,  P'rancisco  A.  de,  historian, 
A52. 

CHURCH. 

1863  Oct.*  Sao  Paulo  is  occupied  as  a 
mission-station  by  Rev.  A.  L.  Blackford 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  (U.  S.  A.). 

1865*  *  Presbyterians  organize  a 
church  at  Sao  Paulo.  [A  training- 
school  follows.]  They  organize  another 
in  Brotas. 

1869  *  *  The  Southern  Presbyterian 
Church  {U.  S.  A.)  starts  a  mission  in 
Campinas,  province  of  SSo  Paulo  [from 
which  many  churches  are  established]. 

1871  *  *  The  Presbjrterians  open  a  mis- 
sion at  Bahia. 

1873  Sept.  * -Dec.  *  The  Government 
prosecutes  the  Archbishop  of  Pernam- 
buco  and  other  Catholic  prelates  for 
infraction  of  the  Constitution. 

*  *Pernanibuco  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  Southern  Presbyteri- 
ans (IT.  S.  A.).  Dr.  Kalley  organizes  a 
church. 

*  *Southern  Presbyterians  (U.  S.  A.) 
open  a  day  and  boarding  school  at 
Campinaa. 


1874±  *  *  Presbyterians  send  a  mission- 
ary to  Sorocaba.  [The  work  extends 
rapidly.  Four  churches  are  organized 
in  a  few  years.] 

1875  *  *  Presbyterians  start  a  mission 
and  organize  a  church  at  Cachoeira. 

*  *  S5o  Paulo  becomes  a  mission-station 
<»f  the  Southern  Methodists  (U.  S.  A.). 

*  *  Rio  de  Janeiro  becomes  a  mission 
station  of  the  Southern  Methodists 
(U.  S.  A.). 

1876  *  *  Dr.  Kalley  retires  from  mission- 
work  in  Brazil,  leaving  two  churches 
with  pastors. 

1877  *  *  Rev.  E.  Vanorden  starts  an 
independent  mission  in  the  city  of  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul.  [It  becomes  a  Presby- 
terian church.] 

1881*  *  The  Southern  Baptists 
(U.  S.  A.)  start  a  mission. 

*  *  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
South  (U.  S.  A.)  oi)ens  a  boarding- 
school  for  girls  at  Piracicaba. 

1882±  *  ♦  Presbyterian  mission-stations 
are  opened  in  the  provinces  of  Ceara, 
Maranh&o,  and  AJagoas. 

1884  *  *  A  Presbyterian  church  is  or- 
ganized in  Jjarangeiras,  and  another 
in  Campanha,  province  of  Minas 
Geraes. 

*  *  Presbyterians  start  a  mission-station 
in  Bagagem,  province  of  Goyaz. 

*  *  Two  Presbyterian  churches  are 
organized  in  the  province  of  Parang. 
[A  phenomenal  growth  follows.] 

1886  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  Presby- 
terian Church  reports  more  than  320 
members  received  ;  the  church  becomes 
self-supporting. 

*  *  MaranhSo  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  Southern  Presbyterians  (U.  S.  A.). 

1886  *  *  The  Southern  Methodists 
{U.  S.  A.)  send  Rev.  J.  Ransome  to  in- 
augurate mission-work  in  Brazil.  [1887. 
A  church  is  organized.] 

1887  *  *  Bagagem  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  Southern  Presbyterians 
(U.  S.  A.). 

1888  *  *  Paraluis  a  Methodist  Episcopal 
church  with  20  members. 

Aug.  *  The  Presbyterians  (North  and 
South)  imite  their  missions  in  Brazil, 
by  forming  them  into  one  Presbyterian 
synod. 

1889  Nov.  24.  The  United  States  of 
Brazil  is  officially  blessed  by  the 
Roman  Catholic  archbishop. 

1890  Jan.  8.  The  Government  decrees 
the  separation  of  church  and  state, 
guarantees  religious  liberty  and  equal- 
ity, and  to  continue  the  life  stipends 
granted  under  the  monarchy. 

SOCIETY. 

1864  Oct.  15.  The  Princess  Isabella 
marries  Louis  Comte  d'Eu,  son  of  the 
Due  de  Nemours. 

1865  Feb.  7.  Eng.  The  Comte  d'Eu 
and  Princess  Isabella,  visiting  Eng- 
land on  their  marriage  tour,  land  at 
Southampton. 


BRAZIL. 


1863,  Oct.  *-1890,  Mar. 


557 


1866  July  15-22.  Bio  de  Janeiro.  The 
Duke  of  Edinburgh  visits  the  city. 

1871  Sept.  *  A  law  is  enacted  that 
every  cliild  born  of  slave  parents  from 
this  date  shall  be  free,  and  all  slaves 
belonging  to  the  state  or  Imperial  house- 
hold are  to  be  free  at  once. 

Nov.  •  Slaves  owned  by  the  state  become 
henceforth  free  on  joining  the  army  as 
soldiers. 

1872  Mar.  31.  The  emperor  and 
empress  return  from  Europe  to  Brazil. 

1874  July  20-26.  The  military  and 
citizens  attack  and  kill  a  b;ind  of  Ger- 
man fanatics,  popularly  styled 
Muckers  (hypocrites)  .at  Porto  Alegre. 
Their  leader  is  Jacobina  Maurer,  who 
claims  to  be  a  prophetess  and  a  female 
Christ ;  Hans  Georg  Maurer  is  her  priest, 
and  they  destroy  the  property  of  their 
neighbors  wlio  refuse  to  be  converted. 

1876  May  10.  U.  S.  A.  The  em- 
peror and  empress  attend  tlie  open- 
ing of  the  Centennial  Kxhibition  a» 
Philadelphia. 

1877  Sept.  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  em- 
peror   and    empress    return    from 

.  Europe. 

1884  *  *  Tlie  slave  population  is  reported 
at  1,200,000. 

1889  Mar.  •  Itio  de  Janeiro.  Agitation 
for  the  overthrow  of  the  Brazilian  mon- 
archy becomes  threatening  ;  the  Govern- 
ment prohibits  public  discussion  and 
suppresses  Republican  newspapers ; 
riots  are  frequent,  and  a  number  of 
people  are  killed  at  Rio  de  .Janeiro. 

July  17.  Itio  de  Janeiro.  Dom  Pedro 
is  fired  at  by  a  Portuguese  in  a  theater, 
but  escapes  unhurt. 

Nov.  30.  Dom  Pedro  arrives  at  St. 
Vincent,  Cape  Verde  Islands ;  he  is 
courteously  received  by  the  Brazilian 
and  resident  foreign  Ministers. 

Dec.  26.  Hio  de  Janeiro.  Martial  la^sr 
is  proclaimed. 

Dec.  *  Port.  The  deposed  emperor 
arrives  at  Lisbon. 

1890  Jan.  16.  Fr.  The  ex-Emperor 
Dom  Pedro  arrives  at  Cannes. 

Jan.  *  Civil  marriage  is  established  by 
law. 

STATE. 

1864  Aug.  30.  A  new  Ministry  is 
formed,  with  F.  J.  Furtado,  president. 

May  1.  Brazil  signs  a  treaty  of  alliance 
with  the  Argentine  Republic  and  Uru- 
guay against  Gen.  Lopez  of  Paraguay. 

1865  Aug.  *  Diplomatic  relations  with 
Great  Britain  are  restored. 

1870  June  20.  A  treaty  of  peace  is 
made  with  Paraguay. 

Sept.  29.  A  new  Ministry  is  formed 
under  Viscount  St.  Vincent. 

1872  Sept.  27,  28.  A  bill  for  the 
gradual  extinction  of  slavery  is  passed 
by  tlie  Senate. 

Oct.  21.  The  emperor,  aa  umpire,  re- 
ports the  just  boundary  line  between 
United  States  and  the  English  posses- 


sions   in    Canada.     (The    San    Juan 

Question.) 
1873    Jan.  *  A  treaty  is  made  with  the 

Argentine  Republic. 
1876    June  25.    Tlie  Duke  de  Caixias 

is  appointed  president  of  the  Ministry. 

1884  Aug.  •  -Sept.  •  The  law  abol- 
ishing slavery  is  nullified  by  the  plant- 
ers ;  the  agitation  against  slavery  in- 
creases ;  the  Emancipation  Bill  of  Sellor 
Bantas  is  rejected  by  the  Assembly,  and 
a  Ministerial  crisis  follows ;  it  is  esti- 
mated that  there  are  1,200,000  slaves  in 
Brazil. 

*  *  The  antislavery  policy  of  Dantas,  the 
Libera!  Minister,  is  supported  by  the 
emperor. 

1885  May  5.  Dantas  resigns  because 
of  a  hostile  majority  in  the  Assembly. 

*  *  A  law  is  passed  declaring  all  sexage- 
narian slaves  free. 

1888  May  10,  14.  A  law  is  passed 
for  the  immediate  total  abolition  of 
slavery. 

1889  May  4.  The  Assembly  is  opened 
by  the  emperor. 

June  10.    A  Liberal  Ministry  is  formed. 
July  29.    The  Government   appoints    a 

commission  to  represent  Brazil  in  the 

International  Congress  to  be  held  in 

Washington. 
Aug.  29.    The  Government  negotiates  a 

loan  of  $10,000,000  at  4  per  cent, 

the  issuing  price  being  90. 
Sept.  13.    The  general  elections    result 

in  the  return  of  95  Liberals  and  SO  of 

opposition  parties. 

REVOLUTION  :   A   REPUBLIC. 

Nov.  15.  A  revolution  takes  place; 
the  emperor,  Dom  Pedro,  is  dethroned, 
and  Brazil  proclaimed  a  republic,  with 
Manuel  Deodoro  da  Fonseca  as  Presi- 
dent. 

Nov.  *  Dom  Pedro  refuses  the  offer  of 
a  pension  from  the  new  Government. 

Nov.  16.  The  emperor  and  his  fam- 
ily are  placed  on  board  the  Atatjoas  in 
the  harbor  of  the  Rio  de  Janeiro.  [They 
sail  for  Portugal  accompanied  by  an 
iron-clad.] 

Nov.  18.  The  new  republic  is  consti- 
tuted as  the  "United  States  of  Bra- 
zil." 

Nov.  21.  The  provisional  Government 
decrees  suffrage  to  all  males  who  are 
able  to  read  and  write. 

Nov.  22.  The  provisional  Government 
confirms  all  pensions  hitherto  granted. 

Uruguay    and    Argentine     Republic 

recognize  the  United  States  of 
Brazil. 

Nov.  26.  French  officials  in  Brazil  are 
instructed  to  hold  friendly  relations  with 
the  new  Government. 

Nov.  27.  Tlie  provisional  Government 
directs  that  Brazilian  Ministers  are  to 
give  Dom  Pedro  a  genial  reception 
on  landing. 


Nov.  29±.  France,  Switzerland,  and 
the  United  States  informally  recognize 
the  Republic  of  Brazil. 

Nov."*  The  provisional  Government 
adopts  the  old  flag. 

Deo.  6.  The  Portuguese  Minister 
recognizes  the  provisional  Government. 

Dec.  9.  Dom  Pedro  declines  to  abdi- 
cate. 

Dec.  21.  A  decree  is  issued  banish- 
ing the  ex-Emperor  Dom  Pedro  and 
the  other  members  of  the  royal  family. 

Dec.  26.  The  provisional  Government 
decrees  that  traitors  to  the  Republic 
shall  be  tried  by  a  military  tribunal. 

1890  Jan.  6.  The  new  Government  in- 
creases the  duty  on  coffee  from  11  to 
15  per  cent. 

Jan.  17.  Arg.  Rep.  The  Argentine 
Republic  formally  recognizes  the  Re- 
public of  Brazil. 

Jan.  19.  The  Government  divides  the 
country  into  three  banking  districts, 
and  establishes  three  issue  banks,  with 
$250,000,000  capital. 

Jan.  26.  Civil  marriage  is  established 
by  Government  decree. 

Jan.  29.  The  United  States  formally 
recognizes  the  Republic  of  Brazil. 

Jan.  *  A  decree  is  issued  that  foreigners 
residing  in  Brazil  shall  be  considered 
citizens  unless  they  register  declaration 
to  the  contrary ;  another  decree  orders 
the  discontinuance  of  the  use  of  the 
saints'  names  in  the  calendar,  and 
the  substitution  therefor  of  Comte'a  Posi- 
tivest   Calendar. 

Feb.  1.  Sefior  Ribero,  Brazilian  Min- 
ister of  Agriculture,  resigns  his  port- 
folio. 

Feb.  2.  The  banking-law  is  revised ; 
the  Republic  is  divided  into  four  bank- 
ing-districts, with  a  total  paper  cur- 
rency of  200,000,000  milreis. 

Feb.  *  Se&or  Aristides  Lobo,  Minis- 
ter of  the  Interior,  resigns  because  of  a 
disagreement  with  President  Fonseca. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1867  *  *  Six  short  lines  of  railroad  are 
in  operation. 

1873  *  *  There  are  15  lines  of  railroads. 

1874  June  •  The  submarine  telegraph 
cable  connecting  Brazil  with  Europe  is 
completed. 

1889  Jan.  3.  The  Pernambuco  steamer 
Stephen  D.  Hooper,  from  Calcutta  for 
New  York,  is  burned  at  sea. 

June  15+.  Small-pox  and  yellow  fe- 
ver are  raging  in  virulent  form  ;  the 
death-rate  of  victims  in  some  places 
reaches  70  per  cent. 

1890  Jan.  7.  Port.  The  body  of  the 
late  Empress  of  Brazil  is  placed  in  the 
Pantheon  of  the  Braganzas  in  Lisbon. 

Jan.  24.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  National 
Bank  of  the  United  States  of  Brazil  is 
incorporated,  the  capital,  $100,000,000, 
being  quickly  subscribed. 

Mar.  *  Yellow  fever  again  prevails. 


558     1890,  Mar.  21    1893,  Dec.  26. 


BRAZIL. 


ARMY -NAVY. 

1890  Max.  21.  An  ironclad  is  launched 
at  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

May  15.  An  uprising  in  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul  is  put  down  by  force. 

1891  Jan.  20.  Near  Rio  de  Janeiro 
IGO  prisoners  overpower  their  guards, 
seize  two  forts,  and  demand  tlie  res- 
toration of  Da  Fonseca.  [The  forts  are 
recaptured.] 

Dec.  10.  In  a  revolt  against  the  Peixoto 
government  at  Campos  10  persons  are 
killed. 

Dec.  23.  The  fighting  against  the  au- 
thorities is  renewed. 

1892  Feb.  19.  After  serious  fighting 
in  the  province  of  Ceara,  the  Governor 
Is  deposed,  and  the  insurgents  assume 
control. 

Apr.  11.  A  seditious  movement  in  Rio 
de  Janeiro  is  promptly  suppressed,  and 
a  three  days*  state  of  siege  is  pro- 
claimed.   [Apr.  14.    Raised.] 

May±  *  A  Brazilian  turret-ship  and 
120  lives  are  lost  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Rio  de  la  Plata. 
•June  7.  Bebels  in  Matto-Grosso  are 
put  to  rout,  and  two  rebel  gunboats 
surrender  to  the  Brazilian  Minister  in 
Paraguay. 

1893  Mar.  27.  The  troops  of  the  State 
of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  have  a  desperate 
battle  with  the  revolutionists ;  there 
are  heavy  losses  on  both  sides. 

May  19.  In  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  the 
Government  troops  are  drawn  into  an 
ambuscade  and  routed  by  the  in- 
surgents. 

July  16,  The  Jupiter,  with  the  rebel 
Adm.  Waudenkotk  on  board,  is  cap- 
tured by  two  Brazilian  gunboats. 

July  *  An  important  battle  occurs  in 
Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  in  which  the  Govern- 
ment troops  are  routed  and  their  com- 
manding officer  killed. 

Sept.  7.  The  squadron  revolts,  and 
the  (iovernment  is  unable  to  prevent 
the  bombardment  of  Bio  de  Janeiro 
by  its  own  vessels. 

The  Italian  cruiser  Dogali  is  or 

dered  to  protect  Italian  residents  at  Rio 
de  Janeiro. 

Sept.  8.  The  foreign  admirals  agree  to 
prevent  the  bombardment  of  Rio 
de  Janeiro  by  the  insurgent  squadron. 

Sept.  13.  Adm.  Mello,  commander  of 
the  rebel  Brazilian  fleet,  cannonades 
Rio  de  Janeiro  for  six  hours  without 
doing  much  damage. 

Sept.  18.  The  rebel  fleet  again  bom- 
bards Rio  de  Janeiro  for  three  hours, 
after  which  it  sails  southward. 

Sept.  20.  Adm.  Mello  demands  the 
surrender  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  threat- 
ening another  bombardment  if  his  de- 
mand is  not  immediately  complied  with. 

Sept.  23.  A  part  of  the  rebel  fleet 
blockades  the  port  of  Santos  in  S3k> 
Paulo  ;  the  insurgents  in  the  province 
of  Tucuman  are  driven  back. 
I  Sept.  26+.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Some  of  the 
forts  hold  out  against  the  bombard- 


ment by  the  rebel  fleet,  which  attempts 
to  capture  the  city. 

[Sept.  30.  Adm.  Mello  refrains  from 
bombarding  the  city  on  the  request  of 
the  commanders  of  the  foreign  war- 
ships. Oct.  1.  He  bombards  tiie  city, 
causing  a  panic.  Oct.  6.  He  again  bom- 
bards the  city.  Oct.  10,  12, 16.  He  bom- 
bards the  forts.  Several  men  are  killed 
on  the  12th.  Oct.  17.  Rebel  shells  greatly 
damage  the  city.  Nov.  8.  Two  of  the 
rebel  war-ships  are  badly  damaged  by 
the  fire  of  the  forts.  Nov.  12.  The  offi- 
cers of  the  insurgent  fleet  decide  to  raise 
the  Imperial  fiag.  Nov.  13.  The  fleet  and 
forts  have  a  severe  engagement ;  many 
killed  and  wounded.  Nov.*  A  number 
of  houses  are  burned,  and  the  gas-house 
is  destroyed.  Nov.  22.  The  rebel  war- 
ship Javary  is  sunk  by  t!ie  fire  of  the 
Nictheroy  battery ;  all  on  board  are  lost. 
I>ec.  2±.  Fort  Villegaignon,  held  by  the 
rebels,  is  destroyed.  Dec.  12.  Adm.  da 
Gama  notifies  the  foreign  vessels  that 
he  assumes  command  of  the  rebel  fleet. 
I)ec.  13.  He  gains  possession  of  Copas 
Island  and  Knohado,  in  the  bay.  Dec. 
14.  The  port  is  entirely  closed.  Dec. 
14>-.  The  Nictheroy  battery  arrives  off 
the  coast  in  support  of  the  Government. 
Dec.  16.  President  Peixoto  recovers  the 
island  of  Gobernador  in  the  harbor. 
Dec.  20.  Adm.  Mello  sails  to  meet  the 
Nicthtroy  battery  o£f  the  coast.  1894. 
Jan.  8.  The  commanders  of  foreign  ves- 
sels refuse  to  protect  the  Island  of  En- 
chado,  used  for  hospitals,  from  the  rebel 
fire.  Jan.  13.  A  mutiny  on  the  Nicthe- 
roy is  suppressed.  Jan.  14.  The  rebels 
on  Cobras  Island  bombard  the  shore  bat- 
teries of  the  Government.  Jan.  15.  The 
rebels  are  ambuscaded  and  killed  on  an 
island  in  the  harbor.  Jan.  21.  The  rebels 
are  reenforced  by  Gen.  Saraivaand  8,000 
troops  from  Paranagua.  Jan.  29.  The 
rebels  capture  Bom  Jesus  Island  in  the 
harbor;  25  killed  and  many  wounded. 
Jan.  30.  The  rebel  fleet  fires  on  Ameri- 
can merchant  vessels  ;  Adm.  Benham,of 
the  Detroit,  returns  their  fire,  and  Adm. 
da  Gama  ceases  his  attack.  Feb.  14.  A 
rebel  transport  is  sunk  by  an  explosion. 
Mar.  3.  The  Government  establishes  a 
cordon  of  troops  along  the  bay  shore. 
Mar.  10.  The  (iovernment  fleet  arrives. 
Mar.  13.  The  Government  refuses  terms 
of  surrender,  and  reopens  fire  on  the 
rebels,  who  abandon  Forts  Villegaignon 
and  Cobras  ;  their  war-ships  are  hidden 
among  the  merchantmen.  Mar.  14±. 
The  rebels  surrender  unconditionally  to 
President  Peixoto.  Mar  16i.  Adm.  da 
Gama  and  his  staff  take  refuge  on  a 
Portuguese  war-ship.  President  Pei  xoto 
demands  their  surrender  of  the  Lisbon 
Government.  Mar.  19.  Adm.  da  Gama 
and  70  of  his  officers  sail  on  two  Portu- 
guese war-ships  for  Buenos  Ayres.] 

Sept.  29.  The  city  of  Desterro  surren- 
ders to  a  part  of  Adm.  Mello's  fleet,  also 
the  island  of  Santa  Catharina  with  its 
military  stores. 

Oct.  12.  The  rebels  surprise  and  defeat 
the  Government  troops  at  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul. 

ISov.  28.  An  indecisive  battle  is  fought 
at  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  the  Government 
commander  is  captured,  and  the  rebels 
claim  the  victory;   losses  heavy. 

Dec.  28i:.  The  Government  announces  a 
victory  at  Rio  Grande  do  Sul;  and  an- 
other at  Kictheroy. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 

LETTERS. 

1890  Apr.  17.  Religious  instruction 
in  the  State  schools  is  suj^pressed  by  the 
Government. 

Nov.  11±.  President  Fonseca  compels 
the  newspapers  of  Rio  Janeiro  which 


do  not  support  him  to  suspend  pub- 
lication. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1891  Jan.  2S.    Constant^  Benjamin,  minis- 
ter of  war,  (lies  at  Kio  de  Janeiro. 

Dec.  5.    Pedro    II.,    ei-emperor,  dies  fu 
France,  A6tt. 

1892  Au?.  23.    Fonseca  Manuel  Deodo- 
ro da,  ex-president,  gen.,  A65. 

CHURCH. 
1890    Apr.  *  Religious  instruction  in 
the  state  schools  is  suppressed. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  Mar.  *  Xjeagues  are  fornied  in 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  Bahia,  Para,  Santos,  and 
Pernambuco,  Brazil,  to  boycott  Brit- 
ish, in  favor  of  using  American  goods. 

Mar.  2.  Fr.  The  ex-Kmperor  Dom 
Pedro  refuses  to  receive  the  proceeds 
of  a  forced  sale  of  his  property. 

Apr.  5.  Fr.  The  ex-Emperor  Dom 
Pedro  is  seriously  ill. 

Apr.  *  Iiiberty  of  the  press  and  of  pub- 
lic meetings  is  proclaimed. 

Nov.  15.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  first  an- 
niversary of  the  proclamation  of  the 
republic  is  celebrated. 

Dec.  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  It  is  announced 
that  all  the  jewels  of  the  ex-empress 
have  been  stolen.  lu  the  collection 
were  the  fluest  Brazilian  diamonds  in 
the  world. 

1891  Apr.  28.  A  scheme  is  advocated 
for  transporting  Hebrews  from  Po- 
land and  southeastern  Europe  to  unoc- 
cupied land  in  Brazil. 

Oct.  9.    Rio  de  Janeiro.    Rioting  occurs. 

1892  Jan.  *  Election  riots  occur  in 
Pernambuco. 

June  21.  Fifteen  lives  are  lost  in  th« 
seditious  disturbances  iu  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul. 

July  *  Italian  riots  occur. 

1893  Oct.  9.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The 
panic  is  subsiding,  and  business  is  re- 
sumed. 

1894  Nov.  16.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Riot- 
ing occurs  in  the  streets. 

Dec.  7.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  A  plot  to  kill 
both  President  Moraes  and  ex-President 
Peixoto  is  exposed ;  two  men  having 
bombs  have  been  arrested. 

STATE. 

1890  Apr.  20.  Gen.  Peixoto  assumes 
the  War  portfolio  in  place  of  Gen.  Con- 
stant, who  becomes  Minister  of  Educa- 
tion, Posts,  and  Telegraphs. 

Apr.  24.  A  Cabinet  crisis  in  the  repub- 
lic occurs,  and  some  of  the  Ministers 
resign. 

Apr.  27.  President  Fonseca  receives 
the  resolutions  of  congratulation  by 
the  Congress  of  the  United  States  of 
America. 

May  15.  An  uprising  in  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul  is  suppressed  by  the  military. 

May  19.  The  Government  decrees  that 
after  July  1  all  customs  duties  must 
be  paid  in  gold. 


BRAZIL.  1890,  Mar.  21-1893,  Dec.  26.    559 


May  29.  Conspiracies  xinsettle  confi- 
dence in  the  Government. 

May  *  The  Government  decides  to  ac- 
cept the  arbitration  clause  adopted 
by  the  Pan-American  Congress  in  Wash- 
ington. 

June  22.  The  Constitution  is  signed 
l>y  President  Fonseca. 

June  23.  A  new  Constitution  is  pro- 
mulgated. 

It  is  based  on  that  of  the  United 
States ;  it  provides  for  a  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives,  for  President 
and  Vice-President  having  otRcial  terms 
of  six  years,  and  for  a  Supreme  Court. 

Aug.  3.  A  decree  is  promulgated  at  Rio 
de  Janeiro  establishing  the  National 
Mortgage  Bank  with  a  capital  of 
100,000  contos  of  reis,  gold. 

Sept.  3.    At  Rio  de  Janeiro  a  decree  is 
I     issued  granting  a  Government  guaran- 
'    ty  of   State  loans  amounting  to  50,- 
000,000  milreis. 

Sept.  15.  The  elections  for  members 
of  the  Constituent  Assembly  begin  in 
Rio  de  Janeiro.  [The  Government  can- 
didates receive  300,000  votes,  and  the  op- 
position, 100,000.] 

Sept.  25.  Viscount  Pacoarcos  is  ap- 
pointed Portuguese  Minister  to  Brazil. 

Sept,  28.  The  Minister  of  Education 
resigns  his  portfolio. 

Nov.  17.  The  Government  rescinds 
the  decrees  of  banishment  against 
ex-Premier  Preto  and  the  ex-presidents 
of  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul. 

Nov.  21.  The  Constituent  Assembly 
at  Rio  Janeiro  recognizes  the  legality  of 
the  Provisional  Government.  Vote,  175- 
47.  It  asks  it  to  continue  its  functions 
until  a  vote  is  taken  upon  the  question 
of  a  federal  Constitution. 

Bee.  5.  The  Republic  is  recognized 
by  Germany.  [Dec.  9.  By  Spain.  1891. 
Jan.  6.     By  Denmark.] 

Dec.  9.  Two  Brazilian  banks  consoli- 
date by  decree  of  the  Governraeut  under 
the  title  of  Banco  de  Republica. 

1891  Jan.  21.  In  the  Assembly  the 
Constitution  is  read  for  the  first  time. 

Jan.  22±.    The  Ministry  resigns. 

Jan.  22.    A  new  Ministry  is  formed. 

Feb.  24.  The  Assembly  finally  adopts 
the  proposed  Constitution;  the 
United  States  of  Brazil  is  now  a  repub- 
lic de  jure. 

Feb.  25.  Gen.  Deodoro  da  Fonseca 
is  formally  elected  President. 

Feb.  26.  Gen.  Fonseca  takes  the  oath 
of  office  as  President. 

May  19.  The  Government  decides  that 
all  custom  duties  must  be  paid  in 
gold.  ^ 

Nov.  5,  President  Fonseca  proclaims 
himself  dictator,  dismisses  the  Con- 
gress* and  asks  the  nation  to  elect  new 
representatives. 

Fonseca  is  supported  in  his  dictator- 
ship by  both  the  army  and  the  navy. 

Nov.  10.  The  province  of  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul  declares  its  independence  of 
the  Republic,  also  the  province  of  Grao 
Para. 


Nov.  13.  The  governor  of  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul  is  deposed,  and  a  provisional 
government  is  formed. 

Nov.  17.  Gen.  Barrelto  Lieta  is  chosen 
governor  of  Porto  Alegre  by  the  Na- 
tionalist party  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul. 

Nov,  18.  The  Junta  is  in  full  control  of 
the  province  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul, 
and  preparing  for  war. 

Nov.  19.  The  Junta  of  Rio  Grande  do 
Sul  adopts  a  new  flag. 

Nov.  22.  Dictator  Fonseca  appoints 
Feb.  26  as  the  date  for  holding  the  elec- 
tion, and  summons  Congress  to  meet 
May  3. 

Nov.  23.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  President  and 
Dictator  Fonseca  is  deposed  by  an  up- 
rising of  the  people  ;  he  resigns  his  ofBce. 

Nov.  24.  The  insurrection  in  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul  ends  with  the  resigna- 
tion of  Fonseca. 

Nov.  25.  Gen.  Floriana  Peixoto  be- 
comes President ;  he  issues  a  manifesto 
summoning  Congress  to  reassemble 
Dec.  18  ;  the  manifesto  is  received  with 
general  satisfaction. 

Nov.  30.  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  refuses 
to  comply  with  orders  of  the  Govern- 
ment to  reinstate  the  former  State 
officers. 

Dec.  5.  The  Government  and  the 
Church  coming  in  collision,  it  is  de- 
cided to  separate  their  interests. 

Dec.  10.  A  revolt  breaks  out  in 
Campos  against  the  Peixoto  Govern- 
ment ;  10  persons  are  killed. 

Dec.  15.  The  governor  of  the  State  of 
Sao  Paulo,  yielding  to  popular  demand, 
resigns. 

Dec.  23.  Another  revolt  occurs  in  the 
State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul. 

Dec.  27.  A  revolt  breaks  out  in  Des- 
terro,  capital  of  the  province  of  Santa 
Catharina. 

1892  Jan.  19±.  Near  Rio  de  Janeiro 
160  prisoners  overpower  the  guards, 
seize  two  forts,  and  demand  the  res- 
toration of  Fonseca ;  the  forts  are  re- 
captured. 

Jan.  22.  The  Chambers  are  prorogued 
until  May. 

Jan.  23.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  TheChambers 
confer  unlimited  powers  on  President 
Peixoto. 

Feb.  19.  The  governor  of  the  province 
of  Ceara  is  deposed  by  armed  instir- 
gents,  who  assume  control. 

Apr.  11±.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  A  seditious 
movement  is  suppressed. 

Apr,  12.  The  Legislature  of  Matto 
Grosso  declares  its  independence  of 
Brazil. 

A  majority  of  Congressmen  decide 

to  approve  the  acts  of  the  Govern- 
ment without  proceeding  to  the  election 
of  a  President. 

Apr.  17.  The  blockade  of  the  State  of 
Matto  Grosso  is  raised. 

June  20.  The  governor  of  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul  is  deposed  by  adherents  of 
Fonseca. 


July  3.  Diplomatic  relations  between 
Italy  and  Brazil  are  strained  on  ac- 
count of  recent  Italian  riots  in  Brazil. 

July  4.  Congress  extends  the  term 
of  President  Peixoto  to  the  end  of  1894. 

July  23.  The  Chamber  of  Deputies 
passes  the  bill  granting  amnesty  to  all 
political  exiles. 

Dec.  16.  A  revolt  to  make  ex-Gov. 
Portella  President  is  suppressed. 

1893  July  11.  The  Government  for- 
bids the  use  of  cipher  codes  in  tele- 
graphic communications. 

July  23.  A  revolution  to  depose  the 
Governor  breaks  out  in  the  State  of 
Santa  Catharina. 

Sept.  6.  The  officers  of  the  naval  fleet 
at  Rio  de  Janeiro  demand  the  resig- 
nation of  President  Peixoto  for  veto- 
ing a  bill  making  it  impossible  for  the 
Vice-President  to  become  President. 

Sept.  9±.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Martial  law 
is  proclaimed. 

Sept.  20.  Adm.  Mello  of  the  insurgent 
fleet  demands  the  surrender  of  Rio 
de  Janeiro  under  penalty  of  bombard- 
ment if  refused. 

Oct.  7.  President  Peixoto  is  invited  by 
foreign  powers  to  withdraw  his  troops 
from  Rio  de  Janeiro  under  penalty  of 
having  the  insurgents  recognized  as 
belligerents. 

Oct.  23.  Senor  Frederlco  LoreOa  is  pro- 
claimed provisional  President  by 
Adm.  Mello. 

Nov.  17.  Adm.  Mello  proclaims  Count 
d'Eu's  eldest  son,  the  grandson  of 
Bom  Pedro,  as  Emperor  of  Brazil. 

Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  naval  repre- 
sentatives of  eight  nations  agree  not 
to  allow  munitions  of  war  to  be  landed. 

Dec.  17.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Adm.  Mello  of 
the  rebel  fleet  is  aided  by  a  royalist 
manifesto  issued  by  Adm.  da  Gama. 

Dec.  26.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  foreign 
Ministers  decide  not  to  recommend  that 
belligerent  rights  be  granted  to  the 
insurgents. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Aug.  2.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  A  cof- 
fee syndicate,  with  a  large  capital,  is 
organized. 

1891  Mar.  7.  Yellow  fever  is  again 
prevalent. 

Sept.  1.  The  new  submarine  cable 
line,  providing  direct  communication 
between  Brazil  and  the  United  States, 
is  formally  opened. 

Sept.  14.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Yellow  fe- 
ver is  raging. 

1893  Sept.  7.  The  Government  stops 
all  general  communication  by  wire 
with  Europe. 

Sept.  30.  Brazil  orders  quarantine 
against  all  European  ports. 

Nov.  11.  Brazil  buys  five  fast  sea- 
going steamers  in  West  Prussia,  to 
be  converted  into  warships  to  operate 
against  the  rebel  Brazilian  fleet. 


560     1894,  Jan.  2-Dec.l. 


BRAZIL. 


AEMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Jan.  2.  Adm.  daGama  issues  an- 
other manifesto. 

Jan,  11.  Tlie  rebels  are  repulsed  at  Nic- 
theroy,  aud  lose  many  prisoners. 

Jan.  14.  The  rebel  war-ship  Aquidaban 
opens  fire  on  Ponta  da  Arora. 

Jan.  16.  The  rebel  force  besieging  Bage 
is  routed  with  heavy  loss  ;  the  forts  :it 
Nictheroy  repulse  an  attack  from  the 
rebel  fleet. 

Feb.  9-12.  The  rebels  are  repulsed  at 
Nictheroy;  they  claim  to  have  cajv 
tiired  five  towns  in  the  State  of  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul. 

Feb.  12.  The  rebels  are  defeated  at  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  losing  250  killed  and 
wounded. 

Feb.  13,  The  rebels  are  repulsed  at 
Nictheroy ;  Adm.  da  Gama  is  wounded, 
and  four  officers  and  200  men  are  killed 
and  wounded. 

Mar.  2.  The  rebels  are  defeated  at 
Larondi. 

Mar.  19.  ITie  U.  S.  fleet  at  Rio  de  Ja- 
neiro disbands. 

Mar.  23.  Adm.  Mello,  as  head  of  the 
provisional  government,  declares  the 
war  will  be  continued. 

Mar.  26.  Adm.  da  Gama  and  officers 
arrive  at  Buenos  Ayres. 

Apr,  9.  Adm.  da  Gama  and  his  staff  es- 
cape from  the  Portuguese  war-ship. 

Apr,  13.  Adm.  Mello  is  forced  to  leave 
Rio  (Jrande. 

^  After  the  sinking  of  the  insurgent 

war-ship  Aquidaban  by  a  Brazilian  Gov- 
ernment torpedo  boat,  Adm.  Mello  con- 
cludes to  seek  asylum  in  the  Argentine 
Republic  and  surrender  his  fleet. 

Apr.  14.  Uru.  Adm.  Mello  and  his 
1,500  troops  surrender  to   the  Uru- 


guayan authorities,  and  the  rebel- 

bon  is  practically  over. 
Apr.  15±.    About  350  insurgents  and  100 

Government     troops     are     killed     anil 

wounded  in  a  battle  at  Kio  Grande  do 

Sul, 
May  6.    Tlie  insurgents  are  defeated  in 

Santa  Catharina  and  Rio  Grande  do 

Sul. 
May  16.    The    Government    forces    are 

defeated  by  insurgents  in  Rio  Grande 

do  Sul  with  the  loss  of  140  men. 
June  27.    The  rebels  are  defeated  at  Rio 

Grande  do  Sul,  losing  over  1,000  men. 
Dec.  1.    An  armed  revolt  breaks  out  in 

Rio  Grande  do  Sul. 

CHURCH. 
1894  Aug.  6.  Pope  Leo,  in  an  ency- 
clical letter  to  the  Roman  Catholic  bish- 
ops of  Brazil,  urges  them  to  educate 
and  enlighten  the  people  with  all  the 
means  at  their  command. 

STATE. 

1894  Jan.  2.  Adm.  da  Gama  issues  a 
second  manifesto. 

Jan.  8.  A  plot  to  assassinate  President 
Peixoto  at  Rio  is  discovered;  several 
persons  involved  are  shot. 

Feb.  28.  Jilo  de  Janeiro.  The  state  of 
siege  is  abolished  preparatory  to  the 
presidential  election. 

Feb.  *  President  Peixoto  offers  to  par- 
don privates  in  the  insurgent  force  if 
application  is  made  within  two  months. 

Mar.  1.  Seflors  Prudente  Moraes  and 
P  e  r  e  i  r  a  are  elected  respectively 
President  and  Vice-President  of 
Brazil.    [Nov.  15.    Inaugurated.] 

Mar.  10.  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Pernambuco, 
Santo  Catharina,  Sao  Paulo,  and  Parana 
are  now  the  only  States  under  martial 
law. 


Mar.  12.  Adm.  da  Gama  offers  to  sur- 
render on  condition  that  amnesty  be 
guaranteed  the  insurgents. 

Mar.  13.  The  revolution  ends  by  the 
surrender  of  the  insurgents. 

Mar.  22.  President  Peixoto  revives  the 
Imperial  decrees  authorizing  the  exe- 
cution, without  trial,  of  all  rebels  and 
persons  guilty  of  aiding  and  abetting 
rebellion,  whether  natives  or  foreigners. 

Mar.  24.  Adm.  Mello  is  declared  presi- 
dent of  a  rebel  provisional  govern- 
ment over  the  three  States  of  Parana, 
Santo  Catharina,  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul, 
with  the  capital  at  Destero. 

Urugiuiy.    Adm.  da  Gama  arrives 

at  Montevideo. 

Apr.  14.  Brazil  withdraws  her  Lega- 
tion from  Iiisbon,  and  sends  the  Portu- 
guese Minister  at  Ilio  and  his  staff  their 
passports  because  of  the  aid  extended 
to  the  rebels  by  Portugal. 

Apr.  21.  The  Government  notifies  for- 
eign Ministers  that  the  republic  is  at 
peace. 

Apr.  22.  Uruguay.  The  insurgents 
from  Brazil  decline  President  Peixoto's 
offer  of  amnesty. 

Apr.  27.  Brazil  accepts  England's 
offer  of  mediation  in  her  quarrel  with 
Portugal. 

Wov.  17.  A  decree  of  amnesty  is  ac- 
cepted by  large  numbers  of  rebels. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1894    Jan.  5.    Bio  de  Janeiro.    T?  ellow 

fever  breaks  out  again. 
June  1.    Port.    The  Brazilian  refugees 

arrive,  and  are  taken  to  Peniehe  fortress. 
Oct,  22.    Sixty  persons  are  killed  by  an 

explosion  caused  by  a  soldier  dropping 

a  shell  while  removing  the  contents  of 

an  insurgent  magazine. 


BRITISH  EAST  AFRICA. 


I5KITI8H  East  Africa  is  a  district  of  equatorial  country  extending  about  500  miles  along  the, coast,  and  into  the  interior 
!  far  as  Albert  Edward  Nyanza  ;  it  includes  the  kingdom  of  Uganda  and  the  island  of  Zanzibar  down  the  coast. 


EXPLORATIONS. 

Note.— To  serve  the  convenience  of  those 
who  desire  speedy  access  to  the  various  ac- 
counts of  explorations  in  Kast  and  Central 
Africa,  the  chief  expeditions  are  entered  to- 
gether, without  respect  to  the  countries  from 
which  they  start,  or  those  they  traverse. 

1840  *  *  David  Livingstone  sails  for 
Cape  Town  as  a  missionary  of  the  Lon- 
don Missionary  Society. 

1843  *  *  Livingstone  selects  Mabotsa 
for  a  mission-station. 

1849  Aug.  1.  Livingstone  first  be- 
holds Lake  N'gami. 

1851  June  *  Livingstone  reaches  the 
Zambesi  River. 

The  ill  health  of  his  family  occasions 
explorations  for  two  years,  in  seeking  a 
healthy  site  for  the  mission. 

1853  May  23.  Livingstone  reaches 
Linvanti  on  the  Cbobe  in  Makololo. 


Nov.  11.  Livingstone  begins  to  trace 
the  course  of  the  Zambesi  River,  to  Lake 
Dilolo. 

1854  May  31.  Livingstone,  having 
crossed  the  continent,  arrives  at  St. 
Paul  de  Loanda,  on  the  west  coast. 

1855  Sept,  *  Livingstone  arrives  at 
Linyanti,  South  Africa,  on  his  return 
journey. 

1856  Mar.  2.  Livingstone  arrives,  in 
an  emaciated  condition,  at  Tete,  the  far- 
thest Portuguese  outpost. 

*  *  iJvingstone  discovers  Victoria  Falls 

on  the  Zambesi. 
May  20.    Livingstone  arrives  at  Quili- 

mane,  on  the  Indian  Ocean,  after  recross- 

ing  the  continent. 
Dec.  12.    Livingstone  embarks  for 

England. 

He  has  traversed  a  large  part  of  South 
Africa,  and  walked  about  11,000  miles  in 


16  years.     [His  narrative  attracts  attenr 

tion  to  Africa.] 

1857  Mar.  *  Idvingstone  starts  on  his 
second  expedition,  [lie  ascends  the 
Zambesi  and  Shire  Rivers.] 

♦  *  Capt.  John  H.  Speke  discovers  Vic- 
toria Nyanza,  the  largest  lake  in  Africa. 

Apr.  18.  Iiivingstone  discovers  Lake 
Shirwa. 

1859  Sept.  16.  Livingstone  discovers 
LakeNyassa.    [1861.    He  visits  it  again.] 

1863  Feb.  *  Capt.  Speke  and  James 
A.  Grant  announce  the  discovery  of 
the  source  of  the  Nile  in  [Victoria  Ny- 
anza]. 

1864  Mar.  14.  [Sir]  Samuel  Baker 
discovers  Victoria  Nyanza. 

1865  Mar.  24.  Great  Britain  appoints 
Iiivingstone  consul  at  Quilimane  for 
inner  Africa. 

July  23.  Livingstone  returns  to  Eng- 
land from  his  second  expedition. 


BRITISH  EAST  AFRICA. 


1505-1884. 


561 


1866  Mar.  *  Livingstone  leaves  Zan- 
zibar to  continue  his  search  for  the 
sources  of  the  Nile.  [Aug.  8.  He  reaches 
Lake  Nyassa.] 

1867  Mar.  2.  Livingstone  writes  a 
letter  at  Bembo. 

Apr.  *  liivingstone  (Uscovers  Lake  Tan- 
ganyika, 450  miles  long. 

July  9.  Eng.  E.  D.  Young  sails  with 
an  expedition  organized  to  search  for 
David  Livingstone.  [1868.  Jan.  27. 
It  returns  without  tidings  of  the  mis- 
sionary traveler.] 

Dec.  *  Ijatest  tidings  of  Iiivingstone. 

1868  July  7.  Iiivingstone  dates  a  de- 
spatch to  Lord  Clarendon. 

July  28.  Livingstone  discorers  Lake 
Bangweolo,  or  Bemba,  150  miles  long, 
lying  near  the  center  of  the  continent. 

1869  Mar.  *  Livingstone  reaches  Ujiji 
on  Lake  Tanganyika.  [July  2.  He  starts 
westward.  Sept.  21.  He  reaches  Ban- 
barre  in  Manueinba.  Oct.  23.  Iiiving- 
stone is  forced  to  return  to  Ujijl.] 

May  30.    Livingstone  dates  his  letter. 

1870  Oct.  28.  An  expedition  conducted 
by  Henry  M.  Stanley,  and  equipped 
by  the  New  York  Herald,  at  a  cost  of 
$40,000,  finds  Livingstone  at  Ujiji. 

1871  *  *  Jljivingstone  and  Stanley  jour- 
ney together  to  Unyamyembe. 

Nov.  15.  Livingstone  dates  his  home 
despatches.  [1872.  Nov.  1.  Eng .  Re- 
ceived.] 

1872  Feb.  9.  An  expedition  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society,  led  by 
Lieut.  Dawson,  starts  to  find  Liring- 
stone.  [Feb.  *  Livin^tone  writes  ani 
other  letter.] 

Mar.  15.  Livingstone  and  Stanley 
part. 

July  1.  Iiivingstone  dates  another  let- 
ter.   [Oct.  2.    Kuf/.    Received.] 

July  26.  New  York.  The  Herald  pub- 
lishes a  letter  from  Livingstone,  at 
Ujiji,  of  November,  1871,  describing  his 
explorations  and  meeting  with  Stanley. 

July  29.  Eng.  Livingstone's  Febru- 
ary letter,  describing  the  horrors  of  the 
slave-trade,  is  given  to  the  public. 

Nov.  20.  A  British  expedition  under 
Sir  Bartle  Frere  sails  for  Zanzibar  to 
suppress  the  slave-trade  in  East  Africa, 
[1873.    Jan.  12.    He  arrives  at  Zanzibar.] 

1873  May  1.  David  Livingstone,  mis- 
sionary, scientist,  traveler,  dies  atllala, 
on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Bangweolo. 

1875  *  *  Henry  M.  Stanley,  supported 
by  the  New  York  Herald  and  the  London 
Daily  Telegraph, malkes a.  survey  of  Vic- 
toria Nyanza  — 230  miles  long  and  180 
miles  wide. 

1879  May  14 1.  The  British  Royal 
Geographical  Society  starts  an  expedi- 
tion from  Zanzibar  under  A.  Keith 
Johnston. 

1880  June  28.  A.  K.  Johnston  dies. 
Joseph  Thompson  takes  charge  of  the 
expedition. 


June  •  The  Johnston  expedition  re- 
turns [to  England]. 

1882  Dec.  13.  At  a  cost  of  £2,600,  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society  of  Great 
Britain  starts  an  expedition  for  East 
Africa  under  Joseph  Thompson. 

1883  Aug.  9.  Dr.  Robert  Moffat, 
Scotch  missionary  and  traveler,  dies, 
aged  87. 

CHURCH. 

1842  *  *  Missionary  work  is  begun  by 
John  L.  Krapf  from  Abyssinia  in  Galla- 
land.  He  represents  the  English  Church 
Missionary  Society. 

1844  The  English  Church  Missionary 
Society  begins  work  at  Mombasa,  in 
Masai-land. 

John  L.  Krapf,  a  missionary,  lands 
at  Mombasa,  having  a  letter  to  the  gov- 
ernors and  people  commending  him  as 
"  a  good  man  who  wishes  to  convert  all 
the  people  to  God." 

1846  *  *  John  Rebmann  joins  Krapf, 
and  they  open  tlie  Kisulutini  mission- 
station  of  the  (English)  Church  Society. 

1851  *  *  The  Church  of  England  Mission- 
ary Society  attempts  to  open  a  station 
in  Central  Africa ;  but  sickness,  death, 
and  desertion  cause  it  to  fail. 

1860  Dec.  *  Eng.  The  Universities 
Mission  to  Sast  Central  Africa,  con- 
sisting of  Charles  F.  Mackenzie,  Bishop 
of  Central  Africa,  and  others,  starts  for 
Zanzibar.  [1861.  Feb.  *  They  arrive  at 
the  Zambesi.] 

1861  *  *  Magomero,  on  Lake  Shirwa, 
Central  Africa,  near  the  Shire  River, 
becomes  a  mission-station  of  the  Uni- 
versities Mission. 

1862  Jan.  31.  Bishop  Charles  F. 
Mackenzie,  of  the  Universities  Mis- 
sion, dies  in  Central  Africa. 

[The  location  of  the  mission  is  changed 
from  Magomer*),  near  Lake  Shirwa,  to 
the  mainland  near  Zanzibar.] 

1864  *  *  All  excepting  two  of  the  seven 
missionaries  of  the  Universities  Mis- 
sion have  died ;  those  surviving  return 
home. 

1865  *  *  Galla,  bordering  Abyssinia,  be- 
comes a  mission-fleld  of  the  Swedish 
Evangelical  Society. 

1874  *  *  Frere  Town,  near  Mombasa,  is 
established  by  Church  of  England  mis- 
sionaries and  Ciiristian  African  workers 
brought  from  Bombay. 

1876  May  29.    Alexander  M.  Mac- 

kay  arrives  at  Zanzibar  as  a  Church  of 
England  missionary  for  Uganda.  [1878. 
Nov.  *  He  arrives  in  Uganda  after  en- 
during much  sickness.] 
Jime  *  A  Church  of  England  mission- 
party  leave  Zanzibar  to  open  a  mission 
in  Uganda. 

1877  June  30.  Two  Church  of  England 
missionaries,  Lieut.  Smith  and  Mr.  Wil- 
son, arrive  at  Rubaga,  and  are  welcomed 
by  Mtesa,  King  of  Uganda,  who  avows 
himself  a  Christian  seeking  further 
instruction. 


*  *  The  Xiondon  Society  undertakes 
mission-work  in  Central  Africa. 

1879  Dec.  *  Influenced  by  a  sorceress, 
Mtesa  and  his  chiefs  publicly  prohibit 
both  Christianity  and  Mohammedism  in 
Uganda,  and  return  to  heathenism. 

*  *  Seven  Church  of  England  misslonarleB 
are  in  Uganda. 

*  *  The  first  Roman  Catholic  mission- 
aries arrive  in  Uganda. 

*  *  Mombasa  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  English  Church  Society. 

1880*  *The  mission  in  Uganda,  in 
charge  of  Mackay  and  Pearson,  patiently 
endures  the  opposition  of  the  king. 

1881  Mar.*  Mtesa's  envoy  returns 
from  England,  and  the  Uganda  mission 
prospers. 

1882  Mar.  *  The  first  converts  are  bap- 
tized in  Uganda  by  Mackay;  the 
French  priests  depart  after  a  resi- 
dence of  three  and  a  half  years. 

May  17.  James  Hannington  sails  from 
England  as  a  missionary  for  Uganda. 

*  *  Missionary  Mackay  baptizes  five  con- 
verts in  Uganda. 

1883  Jan.  *  Hannington  starts  from 
Uganda  for  England  to  regain  his 
health. 

*  *  The  Church  Missionary  Society  opens 
a  mission-station  at  Sagalla,  about  100 
miles  from  the  east  coast,  in  Masai-land. 

1884  *  *  A  mission  steamer  is  purchased 
for  use  on  Lake  Nyassa,  Central  Africa. 

*  *  A  mission  church  is  organized  at 
Uganda  with  86  members,  including  a 
daughter  and  granddaughter  of  the 
king. 

STATE  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

1505  *  *  Portuguese  capture  the  great 
city  of  Kilwa,  with  its  300  mosques ;  also 
the  city  of  Mombasa  the  "Magnifi- 
cent.'* 

*  *  Portuguese  capture  the  city  of  Ma- 
lindi,  and  Magdoshu  the  "  Immense." 

1856  *  *  The  Sayid  of  Muscat  dies,  and 
his  dominions  are  divided  between  his 
two  sons ;  Barghash  has  Zanzibar. 

1862  Mar.  10.  The  independence  of 
the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  has  been  recog- 
nized by  France,  England,  and  Ger- 
many. 

1870  Oct.  7.  Madjid,  one  of  the  sons 
of  the  Sultan  of  Muscat,  after  a  contest 
with  his  brother,  Barghash-bin-Said,  ob- 
tains Zanzibar. 

1876  Apr.  18.  Sayid  Barghash  issues 
a  decree  for  the  confiscation  of  slaves 
brought  to  Zanzibar. 

1884  Oct.  10.  King  Mtesa  of 
Uganda  dies,  and  is  succeeded  by 
Mwanga,  his  son. 

Oct.  29.  The  Anglo-German  Con- 
vention, defining  the  boundaries  of 
Zanzibar,  is  signed  by  the  two  powers  at 
London.  Masai-land  is  allotted  to  Eng- 
land, by  a  convention  marking  "  spheres 
of  influence." 


662 


1885-189L 


BRITISH    EAST   AFRICA. 


EXPLORATIONS. 

1887  Jan.  21.  Henry  M.  Stanley 
starts  from  Londou  for  the  relief  of 
Emin  Pasha.  [June  2.  He  is  opposed 
by  the  Aruwiini  tribes.] 

Jan.  23.  Count  Telekis'  expedition 
starts  for  the  Masai  country. 

1888  May  25.  Stanley  starts  on  his 
return  journey. 

May  29.    Stanley  meets  Emin  Pasha 

on  the  Albert  Nyanza. 
July  19.    MaJ.  Barttelot  is  assassinated 
near  the  Aruwimi  Kiver  by  his  carriers, 
wjiile  conveying  supplies  to  Stanley  and 
Emin  Pasha. 


Uganda ;  they  meet  Henry  M.  Stanley 
at  Usagala. 

Dec.  31.  The  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  leases 
land  to  the  German  EvangeUcal  Mis- 
sion Society  of  East  Africa  on  which 
to  build  a  church  ajid  hospital. 

1889  Jan.  11.  Mwanga,  King  of 
Uganda,  has  overthrown  and  expelled 
his  elder  brother,  King  Kimewa ;  the 
English  and  French  missions  are 
destroyed  and  the  converts  mas- 
sacred. 

Jan.  11-13.  Eight  missionaries  are 
killed. 


Aug.  17.  James  S.  Jameson,  the  suc- 
cessor of  BurtteloC,  dies. 

Stanley  meets  Mr.  Bonney  with  71 

men,  the  remains  of  JIajor  Barttelot's 
party. 

Sept.  *  The  Royal  Geographical  Society 
sends  an  expedition  to  southwest  Zan- 
zibar under  J.  T.  Last. 

1889  Feb.  26.  Dr.  Carl  Peters  starts 
with  an  expedition  having  100  soldiers 
to  relieve  Ernin  Pasha. 

Apr.  3.  Stanley's  letteris  published  in 
England,  in  which  he  narrates  his  terri- 
ble suiferings. 

Nov.  4.  Stanley  reports  another  great 
lake,  called  Albert  Nyanza. 

CHURCH. 

1885  Jan.  *  Eng.  James  Hannington 
is  consecrated  as  bishop  of  Equatorial 
Africa,  and  sails  for  Uganda. 

»  *  Mwanga,  King  of  Uganda,  op- 
presses the  mission  ;  three  boys  who  had 
been  baptized  are  roasted  to  death. 

*  *  Bishop  Hannington  visits  Masai- 
land. 

Jidy  *  The  Church  of  England  Mission  in 
Uganda  reports  35  communicants. 

Oct.  29.  Martyrdom  of  Bishop  James 
Hannington  by  King  Mwanga. 

"  Go  tell  Mwanga  that  I  die  for  the  Ba- 
ganda,  and  that  I  have  purchased  the 
road  to  Uganda  with  my  life." 

1886  June  *  The  mission  in  Uganda 
Bufifers  persecution  ;  GO  or  00  Protestant 
and  Catholic  converts  are  tormented 
and  put  to  death,  yet  20  baptisms  take 
place  within  a  month. 

1887  July  20.  Tlie  Arabs  persuade 
the  King  of  Uganda  to  expel  Alex. 
M.  Mackay.  [He  goes  to  the  south  end 
of  the  lake,  and  remains  three  years  at 
Usambrioa.] 

1888  Apr.  •  Eev.  R.  H.  Walker  joins 
the  mission  of  the  Church  of  England 
in  Uganda. 

Oct.  *  The  Universities  Mission  is  warned 
to  retire  from  the  mainland  by  the  Brit- 
ish Government,  as  operations  against 
slave-traders  by  England  and  Germany 
imperil  their  stay. 

Oct.  »  The  English  and  French  Catholic 
missionaries    are    expelled     from 


1889  Jan.  19.  An  English  missionary 
named  Brooks  and  26  of  his  converts 
are  massacred  near  Saadani  in  German 
East  Africa. 

Feb.  8.  The  agent  of  East  Africa  Com- 
pany obtains  release  of  CathoUc  mis- 
sionaries held  by  the  native  insurgents. 

Mar.  12.  The  missionaries  captured  by 
native  insurgents  are  released  on  pay- 
ment of  $3,000  in  addition  to  ransom 
money ;  the  followers  of  Chief  Busheri 
retreat  into  the  interior. 

*  *  Islamism  is  checked  in  Uganda  hy 
the  laws  of  the  country,  which,  while 
they  permit  murder,  forbid  mutilation, 
thereby  excluding  circumcision. 

*  •  The  English  Universities  Mission  is 
established  at  Zanzibar. 

1890  Feb.  8.  Alex.  M.  Mackay,  mis- 
sionary of  the  Church  of  England  So- 
ciety, dies  of  fever,  aged  41  years. 

Mar.  7±.  Mwanga,  King  of  Uganda, 
conquers  the  native  rebels  with  the  aid 
of  the  missionaries,  and  proclaims  him- 
self a  Christian  ;  the  principal  posts  are 
given  to  the  Protestants  and  Catholics, 
between  whom  a  jealousy  exists. 

Apr.  *  Eng.  Alfred  E.  Tucker  is  con- 
secrated bishop  of  Equatorial  Africa. 

May  9.  King  MwangSi  and  the  mis- 
sionaries  are  again  expelled  from 
Uganda. 

July  25.  Missionary  Stokes  and  Bis- 
hop Tucker's  caravan  start  for 
Uganda  from  Saadani,  German  East 
Africa. 

July  27.  It  is  announced  that  King 
Mwanga  has  rejoined  the  Protes- 
tants, and  also  that  the  French  bishop 
urges  the  Catholics  to  continue  the  war 
against  the  Protestants. 

STATE  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

1885  May  *  The  Zanzibar  coast  is  the 
subject  of  territorial  disputes  with  the 
German  East  Africa  Company. 

1886  Aug.  19.  The  treaty  between 
England  and  Germany  respecting 
East  Africa  comes   into  force. 

1887  *  *  The  city  of  Zanzibar  has  a 
population  estimated  at  100,000. 

1888  Feb.  ♦-Mar.  »  Zanzibar  and 
Portugal  dispute  respecting  tlie  non- 
cession  of  territory.  "Wax  follows,  last- 
ing five  weeks. 


Mar.  26.  Sayid  Barghash-bin-Said, 
Sultan  of  Zanzibar,  dies,  aged  51. 

Mar.  27.  Sayid  Khalifa-bin-Said  be- 
comes sultan  of  Zanzibar. 

June  6.  The  cession  of  territories  by  the 
late  Sultan  occasions  a  dispute  with 
Italy. 

Sept.  3.  The  Imperial  British  East 
Africa  Company  is  chartered  by  the 
Crown. 

Sept.  7.  The  charter  of  the  Imperial 
British  East  Africa  Company  is  ga- 
zetted in  London. 

Sept.  23.  Germans  land  from  a  man- 
of-war  and  kill  about  100  natives  at 
Bagamoyo. 

Sept.  *  A  great  uprising  of  natives 
against  the  Germans  occurs  along  the 
coast  of  Zanzibar. 

Oct.  9.  The  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  signs  the 
concession  of  a  large  territory  on  the 
coast  to  the  British  East  Africa  Com- 
pany. 

Oct.  17.  liieut.  Cooper  captures  a 
dhow,  but  is  killed  in  the  action. 

Oct.  *  The  German  settlement  on  the 
coast  collapses ;  alleged  cause,  the  ac- 
tion of  the  Arab  slave-dealers. 

Dec.  2.  Germany  and.England  block- 
ade the  coast. 

Dec.  7.  The  chiefs  biun  Bagamoyo, 
and  retire  on  the  approach  of  a  German 
force. 

1889  Jan.  1.  One  hundred  slaves  are 
hberated  on  New  Year's  Day. 

Jan.  7.  The  agent  of  the  British  East 
Africa  Company  gives  hundreds  of 
slaves  their  freedom  at  Zanzibar. 

Jan.  11.  King  Mwanga  of  Uganda 
is  deposed  by  his  body-guard,  and  is  a 
prisoner.  Kiwiwa,  his  brother,  is  made 
king. 

[A  bloody  and  property-destroying  out-      f 
break  against  missionaries  follows,  and       ; 
efforts  are  put  forth  to  reestablish  Mo- 
hammedanism.] 

Jan.  11-13.  The  Arab  slave-dealers 
attack  some  of  the  German  stations  in 
Zanzibar,  and  carry  off  the  freed  slaves  ; 
four  missionaries  are  killed  and  three 
captured. 

Jan.  12.  A  letter  received  In  Zanzibar 
says  that  Stanley  had  landed  in  Decem- 
ber on  the  southeastern  shore  of  the 
Victoria  Nyanza ;  he  had  rejoined  Entdn 
Pasha  since  August  and  left  him. 

Jan.  14.  The  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  offers 
to  mediate  between  East  Africa  Com- 
pany and  natives  on  a  plan  suggested  by 
the  company's  general  agent. 

Jan.  10.  Sir  John  Kirk  starts  from 
London  on  a  special  mission  to  Zanzibar, 
for  the  settlement  of  diflBculties  in  East 
Africa. 

Jan.  24.  A  fresh  revolution  has 
broken  out  in  Uganda.  King  Kiwiwa 
has  been  deposed,  and  his  yoimger 
brother  is  raised  to  the  throne,  the 
former  having  poisoned  two  of  the  prin- 
cipal Arab  instigators  of  the  expulsion 
of  English  missionaries. 


BRITISH    EAST   AFRICA. 


1885-1891. 


563 


Feb.  4.  A  French  vessel  is  boarded 
by  tUi^  coimnaiuier  of  a  British  man-of- 
war  at  Zanzibar ;  measures  are  taken 
for  redress, 

Feb.  5.  A  body  of  Walsire  Arabs  sur- 
rounds the  Sultan's  palace  at  Zanzi- 
bar, and  demands  a  suspension  of  tlie 
blockade. 

Feb.  14.  A  hitch  occurs  in  negotiations 
for  release  of  missionaries  on  the  Zan- 
zibar coast. 

Apr.  5.  The  German  flag  is  raised  over 
the  consulate  at  Zanzibar,  and  Capt. 
Wissmann  assumes  command  of  Ger- 
man interests. 

May  8.  In  Zanzibar  Capt.  Wissmann, 
aided  by  200  (iermau  sailors,  defeats  a 
coast  Chief  Bushiri,  and  destroys  his 
camp,  with  little  loss;  the  natives  lose 
80  killed  and  20  prisoners. 

May  15.  Fever  ravages  the  crews  of 
English  and  German  vessels. 

June  7±.  Adm.  Deinhard  bombards 
Saadani,  and  Capt.  Wissmann  burns 
Wingi. 

June  12.  The  German  Bast  Africa 
Company  recalls  their  agent. 

July  8.  Wissmann  captures  Fangani 
on  the  coast. 

July  27  ±.  Mr.  Neilson,  an  ofBcer  of 
the  German  East  Africa  Company,  is 
murdered  by  Chief  Bushiri ;  Capt.  Wiss- 
man  offers  a  reward  for  his  arrest. 

July  *  Nearly  seven-eighths  of  the  popu- 
lation of  Zanzibar  are  slaves. 

Some  owners  have  1,000.  A  negro  boy 
costs  about  S20,  a  strong  workman  about 
$100  or  S120,  a  pretty  young  negress  from 
$M  to  SIOO,  Abyssinian  women  from  S200 
to  8,"i00,  while  the  women  from  Jeddiah, 
in  Arabia,  bring  very  high  prices. 

Sept.  2.  The  Sult.vn  of  Zanzibar  con- 
cedes the  Ijamu  Islands  and  Benan- 
ger  coast  line  to  the  British  East  Africa 
Company. 

Sept.  10.  Stanley  is  approaching  Mom- 
basa, British  East  Africa,  after  much 
lighting  with  hostile  tribes. 

Sept.  12.  Stanley  is  reported  to  be 
west  of  Victoria  Ny-anza,  and  his  ad- 
vance held  in  check  by  natives. 

Sept.  21±.  The  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  has 
issued  an  edict  empowering  Great 
Britain  jind  Germany  to  search  all 
Zanzibaresc  dhows  and  other  boats 
with  the  object  of  suppressing  the  slave- 
trade.  The  edict  also  declares  that  every 
person  entering  Zanzibar  after  Nov.  1 
shall  be  free. 

Sept.  **  The  Sultan  ^)f  Zanzibar  concedes 
the  government  of  the  Island  to  the 
British  East  Africa  Company. 

Oct.  19-.  The  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  gives 
a  written  promise  to  the  British  consul 
that  all  children  born  in  his  domains 
after  Jan.  1,  1890,  shall  be  free. 

Oct.  27.  Mr.  Stevens  of  the  New  York 
Woritl  returns  to  Zanzibar,  having 
failed  to  find  Stanley. 

Uov.  22.  Supplies  for  Stanley's  party 
arc  sent  from  Zanzibar  to  Bagamoyo 
on  the  coast. 


Deo.  2.    Dr.  Peters  and  Xdeut.  Lied- 
mann,  African  explorers,  are  reported 
in  Zanzibar  to  be  dead. 
Dec.  4.    Emin  Pasha  falls  from  a  bal- 
cony and  is  seriously  injured  at  Baga- 
moyo. 
Deo.  6.    H.  M.  Stanley  arrives  at  Zan- 
zibar.  [1890.  Jan.  2.  He  sails  for  Egypt.) 
Dec.  17.    Mwanga  reconquers  Uganda, 

and  regains  his  thi'one. 
Deo.  30.    At  Seilah,  two  French  mis- 
sionaries  and    their   escort    of    eight 
Greeks  are  reported  murdered. 
1890    Jan.  2.    Agent  McKenzie  of  the 
East  Africa  Company  dislodges  a  chief 
on  British  territory  at  Vitu ;  English 
post-offices   are  opened  at    Mombasa 
and  Eamu, 
Jan.  *  The    cable  from  Mombasa  to 

Zanzibar  is  completed. 
Feb.  1.    The  British  East  Africa  Com- 
pany hoist  the  British  flag  in  Manda 
and  at  Patta. 
Feb.  8.    England  and  Germany  consent 
to  submit  to  arbitration  their  respec- 
tive claims  to  the  islands  of  Patta  and 
Manda. 
Feb.  13.    The  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  dies 
of  sunstroke,  aged  43. 

Sayid  All,  a  brother  of  Seyjid  Kha- 

lifah,  becomes  sultan. 
Feb.  14.    Severe   fighting    occurs    in 
Uganda;    Mwanga,  assisted  by  Euro- 
peans, defeats  the  Arabs. 
Feb.  28.    The  new  Sultan  releases  pris- 
oners  who  have    been    imprisoned    18 
years  without  a  trial. 
Mar.  18.    Arab    masters    at    Momhasa 
unanimously  accept  the  terms  of  Agent 
Mackenzie,  by  which  3,000  runaway 
slaves  have  settled  in  FuUadoyo,  pro- 
cure their  freedom  by  doing  work  equiv- 
alent to  fifty  shillings  each. 
Mar.  23.    English  agents  seize  200  rifles 
and  a  ton  of  powder  at  Aden,  under  the 
prohibitory  law,  from  a  German  expedi- 
tion, which  was  to  found  a  settlement 
at  Laliete  on  the  Somali  coast. 
Apr.  6.    Capt.   Cafiati   leaves  Zanzibar 

for  Rome. 
Apr.  141;.    The  Sultan  has  canceled  the 
concession  of   the  islands  of  Manda 
and  Patta  to  the  British,  because  of 
German  threats. 
Apr.  30.    The  British  East  Africa  Com- 
pany's   expedition   to   Uganda    con- 
cludes a  treaty  with  Mwanga,  placing 
Uganda  exclusively  under  British  influ- 
ence. 
May  4.    All  natives  connected  by  treaty 
with  the  British  East  Africa  Company 
are  to  be  recognized  as  free  without 
payment  of  compensation. 
May9±.    Karema,  aided  by  Arabs,  recon- 
quers Uganda  and  dethrones  Mwanga. 
June  17.    The  Govenmient  sends  300 
Soudanese  and  300  Indian  troops, 
commanded   by  English    officers,  from 
Zanzibar  to  Mombasa  to  enter  the  ser- 
vice of  the  British  East  Africa  Com- 
pany. 


Germany  cedes  Somali  and  Vita 

to  England,  in  return  for  Heligoland, 
Europe,  which  is  ceded  to  Germany. 

June  24.  Lord  Salisbury  states  that  the 
Sultan  of  Zan2dbar's  dominion,  men- 
tioned in  the  Anglo-German  African 
agreement,  includes  a  large  portion  of 
the  mainland. 

June  27.  The  Anglo-German  agree- 
ment is  finally  concluded. 

July  1.  The  Anglo-German  agree- 
ment in  reference  to  Africa  is  signed  at 
Berlin  by  Chancellor  Von  Caprivi  and 
Dr.  Kranel  for  Germany,  and  Sir  E. 
B.  Malet  and  Sir  Percy  Anderson  for 
England. 

July  28.  All  foreigners,  except  Ger- 
mans, welcome  the  establishment  of  a 
British  protectorate  at  Zanzibar. 

Aug.  1.  Slavery  still  exists  on  the  Zan- 
zibar coast  as  before  the  Anglo-German 
agreement. 

Col.  Enan  Smith,  the  Sultan,  Issues 

a  decree  somewhat  ftntislavery  in  its 
character. 

Aug.  4.  A  mass-meeting  of  Arabs  at 
Zanzibar  approves  the  slavery  decree. 

Aug.  6.  The  agreement  between  France 
and  England  in  regard  to  Zanzibar  is 
signed. 

Aug.  26.  The  Mombasa  and  Nyanza 
Equatorial  Kailway  is  inaugurated  in 
the  presence  of  British  and  other  con- 
suls. 

Sept.  13.  Mwanga,  King  of  Uganda,  Is 
stripped  of  his  despotic  power;  the  prin- 
cipal ofiices  are  divided  amongst  Pro- 
testant and  Catholic  missionaries. 

Sept.  17.  An  Arab  is  pubUcly  hanged 
at  Zanzibar  for  slave-dealing. 

Sept.  27.  The  British  admiral  is  or- 
dered to  Witu  to  inquire  into  a  recent 
massacre  of  Germans.  [Oct.  20.  He  Is 
ordered  to  destroy  the  town  of  Witu 
unless  the  murderers  of  the  Germans 
be  delivered  to  German  authorities  for 
punishment.] 

Nov.  *  The  island  of  Pemba  Is  ceded  to 
the  British  East  Africa  Company  by  the 
Sultan. 

*  *  British  influence  is  established  by 
special  treaty  in  Uganda. 

*  *  The  District  of  Witu,  previously 
occupied  by  Germany,  is  ceded  to  the 
British  East  Africa  Company. 

1891  Feb.  10.  The  King  of  Uganda, 
under  French  Influence,  refuses  to  rec- 
ognize the  English  protectorate,  and 
the  East  Africa  Company's  agents  [tem- 
porarily] retire  from  the  neighboring 
country. 

Mar.  18.  The  Sultan  of  the  interior, 
Tippoo  Tib,  is  stricken  with  paralysis 
at  Zanzibar. 

He  Is  also  known  as  Hamidi  bin  Mu- 
hammad ;  he  rendered  valuable  assist- 
ance to  Verney  L.  Cameron's  exploring 
expedition  in  1874.  He  also  became  gov- 
ernor of  the  Stanley  Falls  district  of  the 
Kongo  State. 


564 


1891-1894. 


BRITISH    EAST    AFRICA. 


CHURCH. 

1893  June  17.  Europeans  in  Uganda 
are  in  great  danger  through  a  Moham- 
medan revolt,  favored  by  Selini  Bey. 
The  insurrection  is  suppressed  by  Cap- 
tain Macdonald,  and  Seliiu  is  taken 
prisoner  and  dies. 

STATE  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Aug.  31.  Zanzibar  is  declared 
by  its  Sultan  to  be  within  the  zone  of 
the  Brussels  spirit  non-importation 
act. 

Dec.  19.  Zanzibar,  except  tor  alcohol 
and  munitions,  is  to  be  a  free-trade 
port  after  next  February. 

1892  Jan,  24.  A  battle  for  British 
supremacy  is  fought  at  Mengo,  the 
native  capital ;  the  Catholics  side  with 
the  natives  and  the  Protestants  with  the 
British. 

*  *  The  defeated  Catholics  of  Uganda 
8ig;n  a  treaty  to  restrict  their  work  to 
the  district  of  Budu. 

Mar.  4.  £n<;.  The  House  of  Commons 
votes  £20,000  toward  a  railroad  from 
Mombasa  to  Victoria  Nyanza. 

May  28.  Seventeen  Arab  slave-tra- 
ders are  sentenced  to  be  hanged  at 
Zanzibar. 


June  13.  Captain  Lugard  makes 
terms  with  Mwanga  at  Uganda,  and  is 
ordered  to  remove  to  a  point  midway 
between  that  place  and  the  coast. 

July  1.  The  free-trade  zone  of  the 
Kongo  Basin  is  extended  to  the  coast. 

Oct.  1.  Lord  Roseberry  consents  to  the 
evacuation  of  Uganda  if  the  East 
Africa  Company  cannot  make  its  occu- 
pation pay. 

Oct.  30.  Great  Britain  decides  not  to 
retire  from  Uganda. 

*  *  Revenue  duties  for  the  year  are  about 
$100,000. 

1803  Jan.  26.  Commander  d' Han  is 
defeats  Arab  slave-dealers  led  by 
Tippoo  Tib's  son,  taking  500  prisoners 
and  600  rifles. 

Mar.  5.  All  Bin  Said,  Sultan  of  Zanzi- 
bar, dies. 

An  attempt  made  by  the  son  of  the 

dead  Sultan  to  seize  the  throne  is  de- 
feated by  the  British,  who  install  the 
Sultan's  nephew,  the  rightful  heir. 

Hamid-bin-Thwain  becomes  sul- 
tan of  Zanzibar. 

Apr.  *  The  expenses  of  the  East  Africa 
Company  to  date  are  £448,000. 

Apr,  10.  A  dhow  sailing  under  French 
colors,  having  on  board  60  enslaved 


children,  is  captured  by  a  British  crui- 
ser near  Zanzibar. 

Mar.  17.  Sir  Gerald  Portal  arrives  at 
Mengo. 

Apr.  7.  Catholics  in  Uganda  receive 
an  extension  of  mission  territory  and 
important  offices  near  t^he  king. 

July  5.  Somalis  are  routed  by  British 
marines,  and  50  Hottentots  and  their 
chief  killed  by  Portuguese  troops  dur- 
ing a  stubborn  fight. 

July  6.  African  slave-traders  are  de- 
feated iu  two  engagements,  leaving  their 
munitions  of  war  and  over  100  barrels 
of  gunpowder  in  the  hands  of  the  vic- 
tors, 

Aug.  7.  The  Zanzibar  troops  and  Brit- 
ish marines  storm  the  town  of  Witu 
and  capture  it. 

A\ig.  11.  Native  soldiers  revolt,  and 
join  the  tribesmen  at  Kismaya. 

1894  Jan.  14.  The  Protestant  na- 
tives in  Uganda  defeat  the  Mohamme- 
dan natives,  of  whom  30  are  killed  and 
1,500  taken  prisoners. 

Apr.  11.  King  Kabba  Rega,  rnling 
the  country  adjoining  Uganda,  has  been 
defeated  by  a  force  sent  out  under 
Major  Owen,  and  his  kingdom  may  be 
included  in  its  protectorate. 


BRITISH    HONDURAS. 


British  Hondcras  is  a  Crown  Colony  of  Great  Britain,  in  Central  America,  having  an  area  of  7,562  square  miles,  and  j 
population  in  1891  of  31,471.    The  capital  is  Balize. 


1667  *  *  English  settlers  arrive  from 
.Jamaica.  [They  are  often  disturbed, 
and  sometimes  expelled,  by  the  Span- 
iards.] 

1754  Apr.  *  The  Spaniards  send  a 
military  force  against  the  English  set- 
tlement at  Balize  ;  1,500  men  are  routed 
by  250  Englishmen. 

1779  Sept.  15.  A  sudden  attack  is 
made  by  the  Spaniards,  who  defeat  the 
English  settlers,  and  carry  them  away 
as  prisoners. 

1783  *  *  The  settlement  is  reestablished; 
the  British  settlers  cease  to  be  disturbed 
by  the  Spaniards. 


Sept.  3.  A  treaty  is  made  between 
Great  Britain  and  Spain,  providing  for 
peaceful  occupation  of  Honduras  by 
British  settlers. 

1786*  *  A  new  treaty  with  Spain  makes 
a  grant  of  additional  territory  between 
the  rivers  Sibun  and  Balize. 

1798  July  10.  A  Spanish  force  of 
2,000  men  arrives  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
stroying the  settlement  at  Balize  ;  it  is 
successfully  resisted  by  the  settlers. 

1814  *  *  A  new  treaty  with  Spain  re- 
vives the  provisions  of  1786. 

1836  *  *  Claims  of  additional  territory 
are  made  by  Great  Britain. 


1859  May  1.  A  treaty  respecting 
boundaries  is  signed  by  Great  Britain, 
and  Guatemala. 

1861  *  *  The  population  is  given  by  a 
census  at  25,635. 

1867  *  *  James  R.  Longden  is  governor. 
[1870,  William  W.  Cairns ;  1874,  Maj. 
Robert  Miller  Mundy;  1877,  F.  P.  Bar- 
lee  ;  1884,  Roger  Tackfield  Goldsworthy.] 

1881  *  *  Population,  27,452. 

*  *  Revenue  for  the  year,  £41,588. 

1889  *  *  Balize  is  a  mission-station  of 
the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Missionary 
Society,  having  two  missionaries  and  941 
church-members. 


BULGARIA.    120H.C. 


1877  Sept.  28.    565 


Bulgaria  ami  Eastern  Rninelia  form  a  principality  of  soutlieastern  Europe,  having  Sofia  for  its  capital.  Area,  37,860 
square  miles  ;  population,  3,309,816.  The  people  are  chiefly  Bulgarians  and  Turks,  and  commonly  speak  the  Servian  language. 
The  government  is  a  constitutional  principality  administered  by  an  elected  prince,  who  is  tributary  to  Turkey ;  the  legislative 
•chamber  is  called  the  Sobrauje.    The  religion  of  the  Greek  Church  is  approved.    Its  literature  is  meager  and  light. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

687  *  *  Justinian  II.  defeats  the  Bul- 
garians. 

1014  July  29.  The  Emperor  Basil 
defeats  the  Bulgarians  at  the  battle  of 
Zetiuiiiiin. 

He  takes  15,000  prisoners,  and  destroys 
the  eyes  of  all  but  150,  who  are  per- 
mitted to  have  one  eye  that  they  may 
guide  the  blind  Bulgarians  home. 

1018  *  *  After  a  long  struggle  Basil  sub- 
dues the  Bulgarians. 

1396  *  *  The  kingdom  is  conquered  by 
the  Turks  under  Bajazet. 

1444  Nov.  10.  Battle  near  Vema. 
Hungarians  under  King  Ladislaus  and 
John  Hunnlades  are  utterly  defeated 
by  the  Turks  under  Amurath  II. ;  the 
Hungarian  king  is  killed  and  the  brave 
general  is  captured. 

1876  May  1,  2.  The  Bulgarians, 
spurred  by  foreign  agitators,  revolt 
against  Turkish  rule. 

May  7.  Turkish  officials  and  troops  sub- 
due the  revolt  with  great  cruelty. 

Seventy-nine  villages  and  towns  are 
wholly  or  partially  burned,  including 
9,000  houses ;  72,000  persons  are  made 
shelterless,  $50,000,000  of  property  is 
destroyed  or  taken  away,  15,000  persons 
killed,  two-thirds  being  women  and  chil- 
dren,—  and  all  to  revenge  the  seizure  of 
15  villages  and  the  slaying  of  115  Tiu-kish 
officials  in  self-tlefense. 

1877  Apr.  24.    Russia  declares  war 

against  Turkey  for  the  suppression  of 
cruelty  in  Bulgaria  and  elsewhere, 
Apr.  *-78   Mar,*  Turko-Russian 
AVar. 

Bulgaria  is  the  chief  battlefield:  the 
Grand  Duke  Nicholas  is  commander  of 
the  Kussians,  and  Abdul-Kerim  com- 
mands the  Turks.    (See  p.  1158.) 

J'une  22.  Passage  of  the  Danube  on 
208  pontoons  by  a  Uussian  corps  under 
Gen.  Zimmerman.  The  Grand  Duke  oc- 
cupies Drobudsha  after  a  loss  of  289  men. 

June  27.  The  main  army  crosses  the 
Danube  at  Shistova. 

July  5  ± .   Biela  is  taken  by  the  Bnssians . 

July  6.  Plevna  is  occupied  by  the 
Russian  army. 

July  6,  7.  The  Russian  cavalry  general, 
Joseph  V.  Gourko,  captures  TMmova. 

July  12.    The  Turks  reoccupyBayazdd. 

July  13.  Mukhtar  Pasha  drives  the 
Russians  out  of  Kars. 

Gen.  Gourko  crosses  through   the 

Shipka  Pass  Into  RumeUa. 

July  15.  A  division  of  the  Russian  army 
captures  Nicopoli,  with  two  pashas, 
6,000  men,  two  monitors,  and  40  guns. 

July  17-19.  Russians  drive  the  Turks 
from  the  important  Shipka  Pass,  con- 
necting Bulgaria  and  Rumelia. 

•July  1&  Plevna  is  retaken  by  the 
Turks. 


July  19,  20.  Plevna  is  held  by  Osman 
Pasha  after  a  severe  struggle  with 
Schildner-Schuldner. 

July  21±.  Suleiman  Pasha  arrives  at 
the  Shipka  Pass. 

July*  Mehemet  Ala  assumes  su- 
preme command  of  the  Turkish 
troops.    The  Russians  retreat. 

July  26  or  28.  Aziz  Pasha  is  killed  at 
Esinje,  near  Rasgrad. 

July  29,  30.  Severe  fighting  occnrs  at 
Plevna;  Gen.  Krudener  defeats  the 
Russians,  who  lose  2,000  killed  and  4,000 
wounded. 

Aug.  ll±.  Russians  are  driven  out  of 
Rumelia ;  Gen.  Gourko  returns  to  the 
Shipka  Pass. 

Aug.  20-27.  Suleiman  Pasha  makes  a 
desperate  effort,  with  great  losses,'  to 
regain  the  Shipka  Pass,  which  is  held 
by  the  Russians. 

Aug.  21.  Gen.  Radetzky  reeuforces  the 
Russians  in  Shipka  Pass. 

Aug.  30+.  Osman  Pasha  makes  an 
unsuccessful  sortie  at  Plevna. 

Sept.  3.  Gen.  Skobeleff  captures  liOvatz 
from  the  Tiuks. 

Sept.  7±.  The  siege  of  Plevna  by  the 
Russians  under  Gen.  Bduard  Ivano- 
vitch  Todleben  begins  with  a  cannon- 
ade which  lasts  tliree  days. 

Sept.  11,  12.  A  general  assault  is 
made  at  Plevna  by  Russians  and  Ru- 
manians under  Todleben ;  the  strong 
entrenchments  at  Gravitza  are  taken 
and  held  with  a  loss  of  about  20,000 
men. 

Sept.  17.  Suleiman  Pasha  takes  Fort 
St.  Nicholas  in  Shipka  Pass,  but  is  un- 
able to  hold  it. 

Sept.  22+.  Chefket  Pasha  reeuforces 
Osman  Pasha  at  Plevna. 

Sept.  28.  Gen.  Todleben  is  promoted 
to  the  command  of  the  Russian  staff. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1847    Jan.  4.     Nicholas    of    Mingrelia, 

prince,  born. 
1857    Apr.  5.    Alexander   I..    Prince  of 

Bulgaria,  born. 
1861     Feb.  26.     Ferdinand    of    Saxe-Oo- 

burg-.  Prince  of  Itulgaria,  born. 

CHURCH. 

862  *  *  Christianity  is  introduced  by 
Boris  or  Bogoris  [864  ?]. 

1118  *  *  Basil}  a  physician,  is  burned 
alive  for  heresy.  He  rejected  the  Penta- 
teuch, the  eucharist,  and  baptism,  and 
taught  communism. 

1833  *  *  The  Bulgarians  ask  for  a  Bul- 
g:arian  bishop,  instead  of  two  Greek 
bishops,  and  are  denied. 

1840*  *A  Bulgarian  is  appointed 
bishop  of  Widdin. 

1857  *  *  A  mission  is  founded  north  of 
the  Balkans  by  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  U.  S.  A. 


1858  *  *  Rev.  Mr.  Morse  enters  the  Bul- 
garian mission-work  of  the  American 
Board  at  Adriauople. 

1859*  *  Sofia,  Stara-Zagora,  and 
Philippopolis  have  mission-stations 
established  by  the  American  Board. 

1862  *  *  The  American  Board  start  mis- 
sion-work in  Samokov. 

1870  Feb.  28.  The  Bulgarian  Church 
receives  an  independent  exarchate. 

1872  Feb.  *  Be  establishment  of  the 
Bulgarian  Church  under  a  Bulgarian 
exarch,  bishops,  and  clergy. 

1873  *  *  The  American  Board  start  mis- 
sion-work in  Monastir. 

STATE. 

120'^*B.c.  Bulgarians  are  first 
known,  as  a  band  under  the  leadership 
of  Chieftain  Voiuid,  which  takes  refuge 
in  Armenia.  

499*  *-676*  *A.i>.  A  Slavonic  tribe, 
called  Bulgarians,  harasses  the  East- 
ern Empire  and  Italy. 

660  *  *  A  kingdom  is  established  in 
modern  Bulgaria. 

Bulgarians  are  divided  into  several  di- 
visions ;  the  leading  one  imder,  Aspa- 
ruch,  settles  in  Mcesia  [now  Bosnia, 
Servia,  and  Bulgaria^,  and  subjugates 
the  Slavonic  population. 

803  *  *  -927  *  *  Reign  of  Simeon;  the 
most  prosperous  period  of  the  ancient 
kingdom. 

1018*  *  The  Byzantine  Fmperor  Basil 
n.  subdues  the  Bulgarians. 

1186  *  *  Insmrection  under  the  broth- 
ers Peter  and  Asan  or  Yusan ;  the 
Bulgarians  unite  with  the  Wallachs  in 
revolt  against  Byzantine  rule  ;  the  Bul- 
garian kingdom  is  reestablished. 

1396  *  *  After  subduing  the  kingdom, 
Bajazet  annexes  it  to  the  Turkish 
Empire. 

1827  *  *  Uprising  of  Bulgarians 
against  their  masters. 

1829  *  *  Varna  is  restored  by  the  Rus- 
sians, and  the  fortifications  dismantled. 

1848  *  *  The  Bulgarians  again  revolt 
against  the  Turks. 

1858  *  *  A  national  assembly  is  called 
to  consider  reform. 

1862  *  *  Another  uprising  breaks  out. 

1870  *  *  Another  uprising  occurs. 

1875*  *-76*  *  The  Bulgarians  support 
the  revolt  in  Herzegovina,  and  ask 
the  Porte  for  the  redress  of  grievances. 

1876  May  *  Young  Bulgarians  urge  a 
general  uprising. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1875*  *Fourteen  newspapers  are 

started  this  year. 
1876*  *  Fifty-one    newspapers    are 

published  in  Bulgaria. 


666     1876,  Oct.  2-1887,  Jan. 


BULGARIA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1876  Oct.  2,  3.  Suleiman  Pasha  suc- 
ceeds Meheinet  Ali  to  the  supreme  com- 
maud  of  tlie  Turks,  and  sends  Kaouf 
Fasha  to  Shipka  Pass. 

Oct.  8.  A  Turkish  monitor  in  the 
Danube  is  blown  up  by  torpedoes. 

Oct.  9fc,  Tlie  Turks  succeed  in  getting 
relief  and  suppUes  into  Plevna. 

Oct.  19,  20.  Rumanians  seize  and  soon 
lose  the  Gravltza  entrenchments  at 
Plevna. 

Oct.  24.  An  indecisive  battle  is  fought 
at  Gomij  Dubuik,  near  Plevna  ;  losses 
about  2,500  on  each  side. 

Oct.  28.  Indecisive  battle  of  Sofia 
Road,  near  Plevna  ;  Kussiaus  drive  the 
Turks  out  of  position  at  Telohe. 

Nov.  1±.  Mehemet  Ali  collects  an  army 
for  the  relief  of  Plevna,  where  the  Turks 
need  supplies.  AzU  Fasha  succeeds 
Suleiman  Pasha  to  the  supreme  com- 
mand, and  the  latter  is  given  command 
of  the  army  of  Rumelia. 

Nov.  8±.  A  Russian  army  120,000  strong 
invests  Plevna  for  30  miles  around. 

Nov,  12.  The  Russians  are  repulsed 
in  an  attack  at  Plevna. 

Nov.  15.  The  Turks  make  three  at- 
tacks on  the  Russians,  and  are  repulsed. 

Nov.  16^.  Osman  Fasha  declines  an 
invitation  to  surrender  Plevna. 

Nov.  21.  Rumanians  take  Rahova  on 
the  Danube,  above  Nicopili. 

Dec.  9,  10.  Osman  Fasha  attempts  to 
break  through  the  Russian  lines  at 
night  and  is  totally  defeated  ;  he  im- 
conditionally  sturrenders  Plevna  and 
his  army  of  30,000  men.  Losses  are 
very  heavy, 

Dec.  19.  Gen.  Todleben  assumes  com- 
mand at  Rustchuk. 

Dec.  31  +  .  Gen.  Gourko,  having  re- 
crossed  the  Balkans,  defeats  the  Turks 
at  Sofia. 

1879    Jan.  3.   Sofia  is  taken  by  Gourko. 

Jan.  8-10.  Gens,  Radetzky  and  Sko- 
beleff  defeat  the  Turks  at  Senova, 
near  Shipka  Pass,  and  the  w^ar  ends. 

*  *  The  army  law  compels  every  Bulga- 
rian to  serve  12  years  in  the  army, 
four  of  which  shall  be  in  the  active 
army. 

Jan.  9±.  Russians  under  Gen,  Radetzky, 
having  crossed  the  Balkans,  take  the 
Trojan  Pass. 

July  17  ±.     Russians  vacate  Bulgaria. 

Aug.  3.  The  evacuation  by  Russians  is 
complete. 

1885±  *  *"War  with  Servia  respecting 
rebel  refugees  and  boundaries. 

Nov.  14.  Bulgaria,  being  invaded  by 
Servia  at  four  points,  Prince  Alexander 
solicits  help  from  the  Ttu-ks. 

Nov.  15,  The  Bulgarians  defend  the 
Dragoman  Pass  against  40,000  Servi- 
ans, but  soon  retire. 

Severe    fighting  near    Raptcha ; 

the  Servians  enter  the  city,  and  the  Bul- 
garians retire  to  Slivnitza. 


Nov.  16.  Battle  of  Tm;  the  Servians 
are  repulsed. 

Nov.  17.  The  Bulgarians  are  de- 
feated in  northwestern  Bulgaria,  be- 
tween Kula  and  Widdin. 

The  Servians  renew  the  battle  at  Tm 

and  take  many  prisoners. 

Nov.  17-19.  Alexander  defeats  the 
Servians  under  Iving  Milan  at  Slivnitza. 

Nov,  19,  Alexander  orders  the  evacu- 
ation of  lElastem  Rumelia  on  the 
demand  of  Turkey. 

Nov.  21.  Complete  victory  of  the 
Bulgarians  in  engagements  near  the 
Dragoman  Pass. 

Nov.  23.  The  Servians  are  again  de- 
feated near  Zaribrod,  and  the  city  is 
occupied  by  the  Bulgarians. 

Nov.  24.  Servians  have  left  Bulgaria 
and  retreat  to  Pirot,  Servia. 

Nov.  26,27.  Prince  Alexander,  lighting 
his  way,  finally  occupies  Pirot. 

Nov.  27,  Servians  besiege  Widdin ;  a 
Bulgarian  rally  is  repulsed. 

Nov,  28.  Austria  procures  an  armistice. 

1886  Mar.  3.  Peace  is  signed  by  the 
two  Governments. 

Aug.  *  The  soldiers  revolt  in  favor  of 
the  provisional  Government. 

Sep.  8.  Sofia,  the  capital,  is  in  a  state 
of  siege  on  the  retirement  of  Prince 
Alexander. 

Oct.  28.  Sofia  is  again  in  a  state  of 
siege. 

Nov.  1,  2.  Russian  sailors  land  from 
the  war-ships  at  Yama. 

CHURCH. 

1878*  *The  Bulgarian  missions  of  the 
American  Board  report  recent  rapid 
progress. 

1881  *  *  Ijoftcha  becomes  a  mission  of 
the  American  Methodists. 

1883  A  Methodist  Episcopal  Girls*  High 
School  is  founded  in  Lioftcha. 

*  *  Methodist  Episcopal  Literary  and 
Theological  Institute  is  foimded  in 
Sistof. 

1884  *  *  Varna  becomes  a  mission-sta- 
tion of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
of  America. 

SOCIETY. 

1879  June  5.  Eng.  Prince  Alexan- 
der is  received  by  Queen  Victoria. 

1881  June  21.  Zancoff  and  other 
Liberals  are  arrested  for  insulting 
Alexander  in  their  election  addresses. 

July  23.  Zancoff  and  other  Liberals 
are  again  arrested. 

STATE. 

1876  Oct,  9.  Londcrn.  Zancoff  and  Ba- 
labanow,  Bulgarian  delegates,  are  re- 
ceived with  enthusiasm. 

Dec.  *  A  conference  of  great  powers 
at  Constantinople  vainly  seeks  pledges 
to  prevent  Turkish  atrocities  in  Bul- 
garia. 


1877.  Mar.  31,  London.  Representa- 
tives of  six  great  powers  sign  a  pro- 
tocol making  ineffective  demands  on 
Turkey  to  recede  from  its  cruel  course. 

1878  Mar.  3.  The  peace  of  San  Ste- 
fano,  on  the  Marmora,  near  Constanti- 
nople, is  concluded  between  liussia  and 
Turkey. 

It  provides  that  Bulgaria  shall  re- 
main a  principality  tributary  to  Turkey, 
but  to  have  a  Christian  prince  with  a 
separate  administration  and  militia,  and 
accept  a  Itussian  occupation  by  50,000 
men  for  two  years.  [It  is  much  modified 
by  the  Treaty  of  Berlin.] 

June  13 -July  13.  Congress  of  Berlin. 
The  ^jowers  limit  the  principality  of 
Bulgaria  to  the  country^  between  the 
Danube  river  and  the  Balkan  moun- 
tains, vet  including  Sofia  and  its  terri- 
tory, 'The  southern  portion  of  Bulga- 
ria, with  its  boundaries  reduced,  is  left 
under  the  immediate  rule  of  Turkey, 
with  the  title  Province  of  East  Ru- 
melia, and  is  to  have  a  separate  militia, 
and  adnnnistration  by  a  Christian  gov- 
ernor-general ;  only  in  specified  cases 
are  regular  Turkish  troops  to  enter  it. 
Tlie  Kussian  troops  to  evacuate  East 
Rumelia  and  Bulgaria  inside  of  nine 
months  and  Kumania  inside  of  a  year. 
(Ploetz.) 

Oct,  29.  A  petition  having  50,000  Bul- 
garian signatures  protests  against  the 
division  of  Bulgaria. 

Nov,  11.  A  meeting  of  Bulgarians  is 
held  at  Philippopolis  to  oppose  the  work 
of  the  commission  for  organizing  East- 
ern Kumelia. 

1879  Feb,  22+,  The  first  National 
Assembly,  or  Assembly  of  Notables, 
meets  at  Tirnova  by  adjournment ;  the 
new  Constitution  is  presented.  It  in- 
vests a  single  chamber,  called  the  So- 
branje,  with  tbe  legislative  power. 

Apr,  28.    The  Assembly  closes. 

Apr.  29,  The  Assembly  for  the  election 
of  a  prince  convenes.  Prince  Alexan- 
der of  Battenberg  is  elected  Prince 
of  Bulgaria  as  Alexander  I,  by  the 
Notables. 

July  5.  Alexander  visits  Constantinople, 
and  receives  the  berat  of  investure, 
and  then  saiLs  for  Varna. 

July  6,    Alexander  arrives  at  Varna. 

July  8.    Alexander  arrives  at  Tirnova. 

July  9.  Alexander  I.  takes  the  oath  to 
maintain  the  Constitution,  at  Tirnova. 

Aug.  15£.  The  Ministry  Issues  a 
manifesto,  in  which  it  proposes  to 
prevent  disorders  and  organize  internal 
government. 

Sept.  5±,  A  monster  meeting  at  Tirnova 
votes  a  want  of  confidence  in  the 
Ministers  because  of  their  unconstitu- 
tional acts. 

Nov.  2.  The  Prince  opens  the  As- 
sembly of  Notables. 

Nov,  3.  The  large  majority  of  Liberals 
in  the  Assembly  occasions  the  resig- 
nation of  the  Ministers, 

Dec.  18.  The  National  Assembly  is 
dissolved.  Alexander  appoints  a  Min- 
istry with  M.  Bourmof,  president. 

1880  Apr.  4.  Alexander  opens  the 
Assembly  of  Notables. 

Nov.  1.  The  second  Assembly  of  the 
Notables  opens. 


BULGARIA. 


1876,  Oct.  2-1887,  Jan.  *.   567 


1881     May  9.    Alexander    dissolves 

the  Assembly  of  Notables,  and  declares 
the  Constitution  is  superseded.  It  is 
an  arbitrary  and  irregular  procedure. 

June  27.  Elections  are  held  for  the  Na- 
tional Assembly, 

July  13.  The  National  Assembly 
meets,  and  accepts  the  proposals  of  Alex- 
ander, and  votes  to  give  him  arbitrary 
power  for  seven  years. 

Sept.  28+:.  An  amnesty  for  political 
offenses  is  offered. 

1883  Mar.  15.  Gen.  Skobeleff  and 
M.  Kypriak  organize  a  new  Ministry. 

•  *  Russian  influence  causes  a  lib- 
eral reaction  against  Alexander ;  it  is 
proposed  to  restrain  the  power  of  the 
Prince  by  a  new  Constitution. 

Sept.  16+.  The  National  Assembly  is 
iu  session. 

Sept.  20.  Alexander  issues  a  manifesto 
restoring  the  original  Constitution. 

Oct.  26.    Alexander   dismisses    Col. 
Redigher,  Minister  of  "War,  and  other 
Russian  officers. 
[;Nov.  15  ±.   The  strained  relations  with 
Russia  are  relaxed. 

Dec.  14.  The  amendment  to  the 
Constitution  is  adopted. 

1884  May  *  -June  *  Servia  complains 
against  the  reception  of  rebel  refugees 
by  Bulgaria,  and  disputes  the  national 
bomidary. 

July  13.  The  Zancoff  Ministry  re- 
signs; Karaveleff,  as  his  successor,  or- 
ganizes a  new  Ministry. 

Sept.  11.  Alexander  announces  a  com- 
mission to  elaborate  a  Constitution. 

Sept.  *  -Oct.  *  Bulgaria  protests  against 
the  Servian  raids. 

Sept.  18+.  The  reunion  of  Bulgaria 
with  Eastern  Rumelia  is  announced, 
Bulgarians  forming  the  chief  part  of 
the  population ;  they  rise  up,  and  over- 
throw the  Turkish  government. 

Oct.  27.  The  regular  session  of  the 
Sobranje,  or  popular  Assembly,  opens. 

1885  Sept.  17.  The  governor-general 
of  ^Eastern  Rumelia  is  deposed,  and 
the  union  of  that  province  with  Bulga- 
ria is  proclaimed. 

Oct.  15  ±.  Bulgaria  and  Rumelia  make 
preparations  for  war,  but  cease  their 
activity  by  advice  of  the  Great  Powers. 

Nov.  13.  Servia  issues  a  declaration 
of  war  against  Bulgaria,  alleging  cer- 
tain aggressions.    (See  Array.) 

Nov.  14.  Alexander  denies  the  allega- 
tions of  Servia,  in  a  circular  note  to  the 
powers. 

Nov.  19.  Alexander  yields  to  the  au- 
thority of  the  Sultan,  and  orders  the 
evacuation  of  Sastem  Rumelia  hy 
Bulgarian  troops. 

Nov.  28.  Austria  procures  the  suspen- 
sion of  hostilities. 

Dec.  2^.  Servia  makes  unacceptable 
proposals  of  peace. 

Dec.  21.  An  international  commis- 
aion  signs  a  protocol. 


1886  Jan.  12.  The  Powers  present  a 
collective  note  requiring  Greece,  Bul- 
garia, and  Servia  to  disarm. 

Jan.  16t.  A  collective  note  to  secure 
peace  in  the  Balkans  is  disregarded ; 
Greece  and  Servia  refuse  to  disarm. 

Jan.  *  The  Powers  sanction  a  nominal 
union  of  Eastern  Rumelia  with  Turkey, 
while  it  is  virtually  imited  with  Bul- 
garia;  Prince  Alexander  is  to  govern 
for  five  years  as  the  representative  of 
the  Sultan. 

Feb.  2.  The  decree  of  the  union  of 
Eastern  Rumelia  with  Bulgaria  is  pro- 
mulgated. 

Feb.  4.  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Italy 
approve  the  Tvurco-Bulgarian  agree- 
ment. 

Mar.  3.  A  treaty  of  peace  is  signed 
at  Bucharest  by  Bulgaria  and  Servia, 
yet  the  latter  refuses  to  enter  a  treaty 
of  friendship,  or  to  resume  diplomatic 
intercourse. 

The  Porte  ratifies  the  peace  be- 
tween Bulgaria  and  Servia. 

Mar.  15±.  Alexander  demands  the 
governorship  of  Eastern  Rumelia  for  life. 

Mar.  17.  The  National  Assembly 
ratifies  the  peace. 

Apr.  *  The  "Western  Powers  unite  in 
a  conference  at  Constantinople  for 
a  settlement  of  the  Turco-Bulgarian 
question. 

Apr.  6.  The  Powers  sign  a  protocol  of 
the  modified  agreement  concerning  the 
union  of  Bulgaria  and  Eastern  Kumelia. 
The  Po  wers  agree  to  nominate  Prince 
Alexander  as  governor  of  Eastern  Ku- 
melia for  a  term  of  five  years. 

Apr.  8.  Prince  Alexander  accepts  the 
proposed  governorship  conditionally. 

June  14  f.  The  National  Assembly 
convenes,  with  deputies  present  from 
Eastern  Rumelia. 

Aug.  7.  Alexander  renounces  the 
throne^  as  Kussian  influence  is  against 
him. 

Aug.  20.  The  Revolution.  Soldiers 
and  officers  occupy  the  palace  and  seize 
the  Prince  and  his  Ministers. 

It  is  a  movement  of  the  pro-Russian 
party.  The  chief  conspirators  are  ex- 
Minister  Zancoff,  Mai.  Grueff,  Clement 
the  Metropolitan,  and  Col.  Stojanoff. 

Aug.  21.  The  abdication  of  Alexander 
is  announced. 

Evening.  A  provisional  govern- 
ment is  announced  under  the  presi- 
dency of  Clement. 

Aug.  24.  Alexander  is  taken  out  of 
the  country. 

Aug.  28.  Alexander  starts  to  retiu-n, 
a  counter-revolution  having  opened  the 
way. 

Aug.  25.  The  officers  of  the  rebel  gov- 
ernment are  either  prisoners  or 
fugitives. 

Aug.  29.  Alexander  is  cordially  wel- 
comed on  his  return  to  Rustchuk ;  he 
issues  a  proclamation. 

Aug.  30.  Alexander  makes  his  last 
attempt  to  conciliate  the  Czar. 


Sept.  1.    Alexander  arrives  at  Philip- 

popolis. 
Sept.  3.    Alexander  arrives  at  Sofia. 
Sept.  4.    Ex-Minister    Zancoff     and 

other   conspirators   are    released  from 

prison. 
Alexander  is  forced  to  submit  to 

Russia,  and  announces  his  intention  to 

abdicate. 
Sept.  6.     A   regency    is    nominated, 

consisting    of    Stambuloff,    Mutkurotf, 

and  Karaveloff. 

Sept.  7.  Alexander  formally  re- 
nounces the  throne,  as  Russian  infiu- 
ence  is  against  him,  after  confiding  to 
a  regency  the  executive  power. 

Sept.  8.    Alexander  leaves  Sofia. 

Sept.  25.  Gen.  Kaulbars,  the  agent  of 
Russia,  arrives,  and  introduces  a  policy 
of  intimidation. 

Oct.  4.  The  Radoslavoff  Ministry  op- 
pose Gen.  Kaulbars. 

Oct.  *  Gen.  Kaulbars  fails  to  dominate 
the  Bulgarians. 

Oct.  10.  An  election  of  members  for 
the  National  Assembly  gives  a  majority 
for  the  Regency;  Vote,  400-20;  only  78 
membei's  favor  the  Zancotf  rebellion. 

Oct.  18.  The  unpopular  Russian  policy 
is  abandoned. 

Oct.  20.  The  Regency  resist  the  effort 
of  Gadban  EfFendi,  the  Turkish  envoy, 
to  secure  delay  by  impugning  the  elec- 
tions. 

Nov.  1.  The  National  Assembly 
opens,  and  the  rebel  officers  are  set  free. 

Gen.   Kaulbars   makes   threats ;    a 

small  force  of  Russians  lands  at  Varna. 

Nov.  4.  A  pro-Russian  insurrection 
is  attempted  at  ISourgas,  but  fails. 

Nov.  10.  The  National  Assembly 
elects  Prince  "Waldemar  of  Denmark 
as  Prince  of  Bulgaria. 

Regent    Karaveloff    resigns,    and 

Zifkoff  succeeds  him. 

Nov.  13.    "Waldemar  declines. 

Nov.  20±.  Gen.  Kaulbars,  having  re- 
ceived no  answer  to  his  ultimatum, 
leaves  Bulgaria,  and  the  Russian  con- 
suls also  depart. 

Dec.  23.  Stambuloflf  and  otliers  form 
a  loyal  provisional  government  at 
Tirnova,  and  issue  a  manifesto  in  the 
name  of  the  Prince,  Alexander  I. 

Dec.  *  Three  delegates  are  sent  to  visit 
the  Courts  of  great  Powers.  [They  are 
favorably  received  at  London  and  Paris, 
imofficially  received  at  Vienna  and  Ber- 
lin, but  not  received  at  St.  Petersburg.] 

Dec.  *  Russia  recommends  the  Prince 
Nicholas  of  Mingrelia  to  Bulgaria. 

Aug.  *  The  proclamation  of  the  provis- 
ional government,  under  Zancoff,  is  dis- 
avowed by  the  army  and  people  in 
various  towns. 

Dec.  *  The  rebel  soldiers  protect  the 
rebel  government  from  tbe  enraged 
people. 

1887  Jan.  18.  It.  The  i  nsur gents* 
delegates  are  received  at  Rome. 


668  1887,  Feb.  22-1894,  Jan.  30.  BULGARIA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1887  Mar.  1,  2.  The  military  revolt 
at  Silistria  in  northeast  Bulgaria. 

Mar.  3.  The  military  revolt  at  Rust- 
chuk  on  the  Danube.  Many  persons  are 
killed  in  the  upri.sing. 

Mar.  4.  The  people  assist  the  militia  in 
suppressing  the  revolt  at  Eustchuk. 

Sofia  is  again  in  a  state  of  siege. 

Mar.  6.  .Several  leading  insurrection- 
ists are  executed  at  Rustchuk. 

Mar.  8, 9.  Many  insurrectionists  are 
imprisoned  at  Rustchuk. 

Sep.  •  The  state  of  siege  at  Sofia  is 
closed. 

Nov.  16±.  E.  Rum.  Seventeen  soldiers 
are  killed  in  the  suppression  of  an  in- 
surrection at  Stara-Zagora. 

1880  July  20.  At  Dennrisch,  near 
Adrianople,  the  Russian  agents  are 
coUeoting  deserters  from  the  Bulga- 
rian army. 

Aug.  23.  Bulgaria  purchases  10,000,- 
000  cartridges  and  50,000  rifles. 

1890  Feb.  1.  Army  officers  are  ar- 
rested. 

Nov.  7.  Prince  Alexander,  formerly 
of  Bulgaria,  is  elevated  to  the  rank  of  a 
full  colonel  in  the  Austrian  service. 

1893  Deo.  1.  A  Bulgarian  ex-army 
officer  is  arrested  at  Sofia,  confessing 
that  he  had  been  engaged  by  Panslavists, 
Grujeif  and  Bendereflf,  to  kill  Prince 
Ferdinand. 


Sept.  *  The  Government  causes  a  retrac- 
tion to  be  published,  and  suppresses  the 
paper. 

Oct.  7.  Political  riots  occur  at  Plevna, 
with  10  deaths. 


ohetf,  is  conducted  with  great  pomp  at 
Sofia. 
Mar.  30.    Several  arrests  are  made  of 
suspected  complicity  in  the  killing  of 
the  Minister  of  Finance. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1889  July  O.  Prince  Nicholas,  once  can- 
didate for  the  throne,  A42. 

1893  Nov.  17.  Prince  Alexander,  of 
Battenberg,  ex-Prlnce  of  Bulgaria,  A36. 


CHURCH. 

1880  Jan.  *  The  Government  quar- 
rels with  the  Church. 

Jan.  *  The  Holy  Synod  meets  at  Sofia, 
and  its  members  refuse  to  call  on 
Prince  Ferdinand  or  the  Premier,  Stam- 
buloff. 

Jan.  *  The  Government  is  offended  at  the 
attitude  of  the  prelates,  and  declares 
the  Synod  illegal  because  of  irregular- 
ity in  the  election  of  some  of  its  mem- 
bers, and  orders  it  to  disperse. 

Jan.  11.  The  prelates  are  conducted  to 
their  homes  by  a  miUtary  guard. 

1890.  May  21.  Bishop  Theodosius 
is  expelled  from  Uskuto  for  trying  to 
effect  a  revolt  in  Macedonia. 

Aug.  30.    The  Exarch,  with  Premier 


.Stanibuloif's  approval,  appeals  to  the 

Czar  of  Russia  to  adopt  a  conciliatory    Mar.  27.    M.    Baltcheff,    Minister 


1888    July  8.    Macedonian  brigands    Apr.  4.    Prince  Ferdinand  and  his 
carry  off  two  railroad  officials  to  secure 
ransom  money. 

July  15.  The  Government  takes  pos- 
session x)f  the  Bellova-Vakarel  rail- 
road, for  the  alleged  purpose  of  pro- 
tecting it  from  brigands. 

1880  May  16.  Five  brigands  are 
hanged  at  Sofia. 

July±  *  Mohammedans  raise  disturb- 
ances in  Rasgrad. 

Oct.  21.  Eng.  Prince  Ferdinand 
visits  London. 

Nov.  22+ .  The  marriage  of  Prince 
Ferdinand  to  Princess  d'Alen9on  is 
abandoned. 

1800  Jan.  3.  All  of  the  persons  ac- 
quitted of  complicity  in  a  recent  Pa- 

nitza  conspiracy,  with  one  exception, 

are  expelled  from  Bulgaria. 
Feb.  5.    A  plot  is  discovered  among 

Bulgarian  officers,  inspired  by  Russians 

adverse  to  Prince  Ferdinand. 
Feb.  8.    Five  conspirators  implicated 

in  a  plot  to  kill  Prince  Ferdinand  are 

shot. 

Feb.  0.  A  Russian  is  under  arrest 
at  Rustchuk  for  complicity  in  the  con- 
spiracy. 

Feb.  20.  A  Russian  plotter  is  arrested, 
with  documents  in  his  possession  com- 
promising Gen.  Ignatieff  and  several 
Russian  consuls. 

Feb.  26.  The  birthday  of  Prince 
Ferdinand  is  celebrated  at  Sofia. 

Mar.  20.  Major  Panitza  confesses  to 
conspiracy  against  Prince  Ferdinand 
in  order  to  reconcile  Bulgaria  and 
Russia. 

May  15.  Trial  of  Major  Panitza  begins 
at  Sofia. 

May  21.  Major  Panitza  denies  that 
Russia  w.ls  implicated  In  the  plot  against 
Prince  Ferdinand. 

May  30.  Major  Panitza  is  sentenced 
to  death,  nine  others  to  varying  terms 
of  imprisonment. 

June  20.  The  Court  of  Cassation  con- 
firms the  sentences  passed  upon  Major 
Panitza  and  the  other  conspirators. 

June  28.  Major  Panitza,  the  conspira- 
tor, is  shot  at  Sofia. 

1891  Feb.  11.  Three  men  are  arrested 
at  Sofia  on  suspicion  of  plotting 
treason. 


mother,  Princess  Clementine,  receive 
letters  threatening  their  death  unless 
they  leave  the  country  ;  the  Minister 
of  Foreign  Affairs  is  threatened  with 
assassination. 

Apr.  7.  M.  Sochovnkopf,  the  Kavass  of 
the  Russian  Agency  at  Sofia,  is  expelled 
from  Bulgaria  for  sending  threaten- 
ing letters  to  Prince  Ferdinand  and 
others. 

Apr.  11.  It  is  reported  that  a  reward 
of  20,000  florins  has  been  paid  to  a 
Hungarian,  whose  name  is  not  revealed, 
for  detecting  the  murderers  of  the  .Min- 
ister of  Finance. 

July  15.  Two  students  are  arrested 
in  Sofia  who  confess  that  they  are  the 
murderers  of  M.  Baltcheff,  Minister  of 
Finance. 

They  accuse  Dr.  Tzatchefif,  Dr.  Moloff, 
and  Col.  KLssoff  of  hiring  them  to  com- 
mit the  deed  ;  these  three  are  also  placed 
under  arrest. 

1892  Jan.  14.  Plots  against  the  life 
of  Prince  Ferdinand  are  discovered. 

Feb.  25.  An  attempt  is  made  to  assas- 
sinate the  Bulgarian  agent  at  Con- 
stantinople. 

Apr.  24.  Fifteen  conspirators  against 
the  Government  are  arrested. 

Apr.  29.  Another  plot  is  discovered 
against  the  lives  of  Prince  Ferdinand 
and  Premier  StambuloflF. 

July  St.  The  trial  of  the  conspirators 
against  the  life  of  Prince  Ferdinand  and 
several  ofiicials  of  high  rank  takes  place  ; 
one  witness  confesses  the  details  of  the 
plot.    [July  27.    Four  are  hanged.] 

1803  Feb.  14.  Prince  Ferdinand  of 
Bulgaria  and  Princess  Marie  Louise, 
daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Parma,  are 
officially  betrothed. 

Apr.  20.  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Bul- 
garia and  Princess  Marie  Xjouise  of 
Parma  are  married. 

June  10.  Prince  Ferdinand  and  his 
bride  enter  Sofia  in  state. 


policy  toward  Bulgaria. 

SOCIETY. 

1887    Mar.  31.    An  assassin  shoots  M. 

Mantoff,  prefect  of  Rustchuk. 
Aug.  *  The  Bulgaria  publishes  a  Ubel 

concerning   the  German  Consul,  Herr 

LBper. 


of 
Finance,  is  shot  at  Sofia  by  an  unknown 
assassin,  while  walking  with  Premier 
Stambuloff. 

Mar.  28.  Thirty  persons  are  arrested 
in  Sofia  on  suspicion  of  complicity  in 
the  assassination  of  the  Minister  of 
Finance. 

Mar.  20.  The  funeral  of  the  assas- 
sinated Minister  of  Finance,  Balt- 


STATE. 

1887  Feb.  22.  The  Porte  accuses 
Zancoff  of  bad  faith,  and  refuses  to 
treat  with  him  ,iny  longer. 

Feb.  26.  The  insurrection  breaks  out 
prem.aturely  in  Silistria. 

Feb.  20.  Capt.  Krivandoff  refuses  to 
join  the  revolting  officers,  and  seizes  the 
fortress  in  Silistria  for  the  Govern- 
ment. 

Mar.  4.  The  Government  places  Sofia 
in  a  state  of  siege,  and  makes  many  ar- 
rests, including  the  ex-Regent  Karavel- 
olT,  and  the  present  Regent,  Nikoforoff. 

Mar.  *  At  Rustchuk  14  rebels  are  exe- 
cuted. 

Apr.  6.  The  regent  and  ex-regent  are 
released. 


BULGARIA.  1887,  Feb.  22-1894,  Jan. 30.   569 


June  12.  Prince  Alexander  positively 
declines  reelection. 

July  4.  The  Sobranje  opens  at  Tir- 
nova. 

July  7.  The  Sobranje  unanimouflly  electa 
Prince  Ferdinand  of  Saxe-Coburg 
and  Gotha  as  Prince  of  Bulgaria. 

July  9.  Ferdinand  conditionally  ac- 
cepts the  office. 

The  Ministry  resign. 

July  12.  The  Stoiloff  Ministry  is 
formed. 

July  14  i.  The  Regency  withdraws  its 
resignation. 

Aug.  11.  Ferdinand  assumes  office  as 
Prince  of  Bulgaria. 

Aug.  14.  Ferdinand  arrives  at  Tir- 
nova,  the  capital,  and  signs  the  Consti- 
tution, and  issues  a  proclamation. 

Aug.  15.  Russia  protests  against  the 
assumption  of  autliority  by  Ferdinand. 

Aug.  21.  Ferdinand  is  welcomed  at 
Philippopolis. 

Aug.  22.  Ferdinand  is  welcomed  at 
Sotia. 

Turkey  asserts  the  authority  of  Fer- 
dinand is  illegal,  being  contrary  to  the 
provisions  of  the  Treaty  of  Berlin. 

Aug.  31.  The  Stambuloff  Cabinet  is 
formed,  representing  both  the  Liberal 
and  Conservative  parties. 

Sept.  *  The  Government  publishes  a  con- 
tradiction to  the  libelous  statement  of 
the  Bulgaria  respecting  the  Gerraaij 
consul,  and  suppresses  the  paper. 

The  state  of  siege  at  Sofia  ends. 

Oct.  9.  The  elections  return  to  the 
Sobranje  a  majority  favorable  to  the 
Ministry  (2G0-32). 

1888  Feb.  \-*  Russia  issues  a  circular 
note  to  the  powers  concerning  the  ille- 
gality of  Ferdinand's  position. 
France  and  Germany  approve  ;  Austria, 
England,  and  Italy  are  non-committal. 

Mar.  6.  The  Porte  informs  the  Stam- 
bulotf  Ministry  that  Ferdinand's  posi- 
tion is  illegal. 

Apr.±*  Major  Popoff,  the  patriot  who 
distinguished  himself  in  opposing  the 
conspiracy,  is  arrested  with  four  other 
officers,  on  the  charge  of  malversation 
of  public  money. 

[^He  is  condemned  to  four  years  im- 
prisonment by  a  court  martial  for  the 
crime  of  his  subordinates.] 

June  12.    The  Liberals  in  the  Ministry 

with  Stambuloff  resign  because  of  the 

injustice  done  to  Popoff. 
June*  24.    Ferdinand  remits  the  pun- 

isbnient  of  Popoff,  and  the  Ministry 

resumes. 
July*  The  boundary  of  the  Servian 

frontier  is  settled. 
Dec.  22.    The  SUmbuloff  Ministry  is 

reconstructed. 

1889  Jan.  4.  The  treaty  with  Ser- 
via,  respecting  the  boundary  lines,  ia 
ratified. 

J"an.  *  The  Government  quarrels  with 
the  Church.    (See  Church.) 


Feb.  5,  6.  The  Premier  arrests  60 
prominent  citizens  for  petitioning  the 
Exarch  at  Constantinople,  as  construc- 
tively favoring  the  rebellion  of  ZancofiF. 

Mar.  12.  Prince  Alexander  of  Batten- 
berg  writes  to  the  Bulgarian  Govern- 
ment, claiming  a  million  francs  as  the 
purchase  price  of  his  estates. 

Apr.  13,  Bulgarian  exiles  are  plotting 
an  invasion  of  Bulgaria  from  liumania 
and  Kussia. 

Sept.  8.  The  Government  orders  33,- 
000  Berdan  rifles  and  2,000,000  car- 
tridges. 

Oct.  16.  The  Government  effects  a  loan 
of  25,000,000  francs. 

Nov.  3.  Rus.  At  St.  Petersburg  the 
Czar,  in  an  interview  with  the  Bulga- 
rian ambassador,  presses  his  right  to 
select  the  head  of  Bxdgarian  Gov- 
ernment. 

Prince  Ferdinand  delivers  a  speech 

at  the  opening  of  the  National 
Assembly. 

Nov.  12.  The  Sobranje,  in  reply  to  the 
speech  from  tlie  throne,  expresses  the 
hope  that  the  Suzerain  power  will 
take  the  initiative  in  recognizing  Prince 
Ferdinand  as  ruler. 

1890  Jan.*  Maj.  Panitza,  one  of 
Alexander's  favorites,  conspires  to  kill 
Prince  Ferdinand,  Stambuloff,  Mut- 
kuroff,  and  Col.  Pelroff,  chief  of  staff. 

Feb.  1.    Major  Panitza  is  arrested. 

Feb.  8.  Ferdinand  offers  to  abdi- 
cate, but  his  Ministers  oppose. 

Feb.  10.  Many  arrests  made  of  plotters 
against  Prince  Ferdinand. 

Feb.  20.  Russia  is  to  be  officially  rep- 
resented at  the  trial  of  Major  Panitza 
for  conspiracy  in  Sofia. 

Feb.*  Russia  demands  3,000,000 
roubles  from  Bulgaria  to  pay  for  the 
Russian  occupation  during  1878  and  1879. 

Apr.  2,  A  new  quarrel  between  Bul- 
garia and  Servia  breaks  out. 

Apr.  5.  Bulgaria  yields  to  Servians  de- 
mands, and  appoints  a  new  diplomatic 
agent  at  Belgrade. 

June  5.  The  charges  implicating  the 
Russian  Government  in  connection 
with  the  Panitza  conspiracy  are  with- 
drawn for  lack  of  proof. 

July  11.  The  Premier  emphatically 
denies  the  rumor  that  Prince  Ferdinand 
intends  to  abdicate. 

July  19.  Russia  is  stirring  up  strife 
in  Bulgaria. 

Aug.  9.  Great  preparations  are  mak- 
ing for  proclaiming  the  independence 
of  Bulgaria  and  electing  Prince  Ferdi- 
nand as  king  on  Aug.  15. 

Aug.  10.  Russia  is  still  opposed  to 
Prince  Ferdinand  as  the  ruler  of  Bul- 
garia. 

Aug.  12.  Bulgaria  refuses  to  pay  the 
total  amount  of  the  Russian  claims  for 
arms  and  ammunition  supplied  during 
the  war   witli  Turkey,  on  the  ground 


that  the  amount  due  is  100,000  rubles 

less  than  tbe  sum  demanded. 
Sept.  7.    The  elections  result  in  a  great 

triumph  for  the  Government. 
Oct.  9.    Russia   refuses  to  recognize 

the  right  of  Prince  Ferdinand  to  rule 

Bulgaria. 

Oct.  27.  Ferdinand  opens  the  So- 
branje in  person. 

He  says  that  the  Government  plans 
to  perfect  the  army,  construct  railways 
between  Sofia  and  Tirnova  and  Knsit- 
chan,  conclude  treaties  of  commerce 
and  fricjidship  with  the  Sultan,  grant 
berats  to  Bulgarian  bishops,  etc. 

1891  Mar.  27.  M.  Baltcheff,  the 
Minister  of  Finance,  is  assassinated  at 
Sofia. 

Mar.  31.  The  Government  offers 
$5,000  for  the  securement  of  the  assas- 
sins of  the  Minister  of  Finance. 

Nov.  21.  Russia  demands  that  Bul- 
garia arrest  13  alleged  Nihilists  now  in 
that  country. 

Dec.  14 .  The  Sobranje  passes  measures 
for  pensioning  of  Prince  Alexander. 

France  breakes  off  diplomatic  rela- 
tions with  Bulgaria.    (See  France.) 

1892  Jan.  5.  The  Government  re- 
fuses the  demand  of  France  that  it 
sliould  withdraw  the  decree  expelling 
M.  Chadourne. 

Jan.  17.  The  Government  has  agreed  to 
a  note  from  the  Porte  to  France,  closing 
the  Chadourne  affair  witli  France. 

Apr,  17.  The  Government  requests  the 
Porte  to  demand  of  Russia  the  extradi- 
tion of  the  alleged  assassins  of  Dr. 
Valkovitch. 

Apr.  24.  Fifteen  arrests  of  alleged 
conspirators  against  the  Government 
are  made. 

1893  Dec.  1.  The  Ministry  is  to  be 
reorganized. 

1894  Jan.  30.  The  brothers  Ivanoff, 
charged  with  conspiracy  to  murder 
Prince  Ferdinand  and  M.  Stambuloff, 
are  sentenced,  one  to  15  years,  the  other 
to  three  years'  imprisonment. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1888    May  18.    The  Salonica  railroad 

is  officially  opened. 
July  5.    The  Bulgarian  railroad  is 

opened  for  internal  trafti<!. 
Aug.  12.    The  Bulgarian  railroad  is 

opened  to  Constantinople,  with  festiv- 
ities. 
Aug.  14.     The    first   anniversary    of 

Prince  Ferdinand  is  celebrated. 
1890    June  1.    The    northern   part   of 

Sofia  is  wrecked  by  a  hurricane; 

many  lives  are  lost. 

Aug.  14.     The   third   anniversary  of 

Prince    Feniinand's    accession    to    the 

throne  is  celebrateti. 
1892    Apr.  21.    Russian    papers   are 

excluded  from  Bulgaria. 
Oct.  14.    Violent  shocks  of  earthquake 

occur  in  the  Balkans. 


570    1894,  Mar,  9-Dec.  21. 


BULGARIA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
1894    June  1.     Civil  war  breaks  out; 

the  troops  demand  the  reiustatement  of 
Stambuloff  as  premier. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  May  30.  A  riot  occurs  in 
Sofia,  in  consequence  of  the  resigna- 
tion of  the  Stambuloflf  Ministry. 

May  31.  The  rioting  in  Sofia  continues  ; 
the  mob  is  fired  on  l>y  the  militia. 

June  1.  A  bloody  conflict  occurs  in 
Sofia  between  the  police  and  part  of  the 
military  who  declared  for  Stambuloff, 
and  the  troops  that  stand  by  Prince 
Ferdinand, 

Sept.  6.  Ex-Premier  Stambuloff  is 
jostled  and  stoned  by  a  mob  in  Sofia. 


STATE. 

1894  Mar.  9.  M.  Stambuloff,  Prime 
Minister,  resigns. 

May  29.  The  Stambuloff  Ministry 
resigns,  and  M.  Grecoff  is  trying  to  re- 
construct the  Cabinet. 

May  30.  One  person  is  killed  and  over 
50  are  wounded  in  a  riot  in  Sofia,  pre- 
cipitated by  the  resignation  of  the  Stam- 
buloff ministry. 

June  2.  A  conspiracy  is  said  to  exist, 
having  for  its  object  the  deposition  of 
Prince  Ferdinand,  and  to  place  upon  the 
throne  the  four-year-old  son  of  the  late 
Prince  Alexander,  the  former  Prince  of 
Bulgaria. 

June  3.  Soldiers  are  patrolling  the 
streets  in  Sofia,  and  the  general  excite- 


ment is  somewhat  quieted.    The  doors 

of  the  public  offices  are  sealed. 
The  capital  is  peaceful ;  all  public 

meeting:s  are  prohibited. 
July  6.    Ex-Premier  Stambuloff  is  to 

be  indicted  on  the  charge  of  abuse  of 

power  at  Sofia. 

Aug.  27.  Ex-Premier  Stambuloff  in 
an  interview  says  that  he  had  an  offer 
of  half  a  million  rubles  from  St. 
Petersburg,  if  he  would  depose  Prince 
Ferdinand. 

Dec.  21.     The  Cabinet  is  reconstructed. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  July  27.  Earthquakes  are  felt 
in  Bulgaria. 


CANADA. 

The  Dominion  of  Canada  conslBts  of  a  confederation  of  the  British  Provinces  of  Quebec,  Ontario,  New  Brunswick,  Nova 
Scotia,  Prince  Edward  Island,  Manitoba,  British  Columbia,  and  the  Northwest  Territories.  Area,  3,406,542  square  miles ; 
population,  in  1891,  4,829,411.  Ottawa  is  the  capital,  and  the  Government  is  administered  by  a  Governor-General  appointed  by  the 
British  Crown,  aaaisted  by  a  Privy  Council ;  the  Parliament  consists  of  two  houses ;  a  Senate  having  life- members  appointed  by 
the  Governor-General,  and  a  House  of  Commons  having  members  elected  by  the  people.  Each  Province  has  its  own  Ministry  and 
Legislature. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1501*  *  Gasparo  Cortereal  captures  57 
Indians,  and  takes  them  to  Portugal 
to  be  sold  as  slaves. 

15Q8*  *Fr.  The  Marquis  de  la  Roche 
obtains  from  the  king  a  commission  to 
conquer  New  France. 

1607  *  *  -10  Spring.  .V.  S.  Port 
Royal  is  deserted. 

1614  *  *  N.  S.  The  English  from  the 
colony  of  Virginia  descend  in  force 
and  expel  the  French,  claimiug  the 
territory  by  right  of  discovery. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1497  *  *  John  Cabot  of  England  dis- 
covers Labrador  and  Newfoundland.  He 
is  the  first  to  land  on  the  mainland  [of 
America]. 

1498  *  *  Sebastian  Cabot  of  England 
sails  up  Davis  Strait,  seeking  a  North- 
west Pfissage  to  China. 

1500  *  *  Gasparo  Cortereal,  a  Portu- 
guese navigator,  visits  Newfoundland 
and  Labrador. 

*  *  Miguel  Cortereal  sails  in  search  of 
his  brother,  who  was  lost,  and  is  himself 
lost. 

1524  *  *  Estevan  Gomez,  a  Spaniard, 
sails  for  a  Northwest  Passage  to  the 
Maluccas. 

*  *  Giovanni  de  Verrazano  sails  along 
the  coast  of  North  America,  from  Caro- 
lina to  the  St.  Lawrence ;  and  visiting 
Newfoundland,  lays  the  basis  of  French 
claims  to  the  island. 

1527  *  *  Robert  Thome  of  Bristol  sails 
in  search  of  the  Northwest  Passsge  and 
is  lost. 

1534  *  *  -35  *  *  Jacques  Cartier  ex- 
plores the  St.  Lawrence  in  an  attempt 
to  reach  the  Pacific, 


1576  June  8.  £ng.  Frobisher's  ex- 
pedition of  discovery  sails  for  the  Arc- 
tic regions  in  the  Northwest. 

1577  *  *  Sir  M.  Frobisher,  seeking  the 
Northwest  Passage,  visits  Meta  Inco- 
gnita, at  the  entrance  of  Hudson  Bay. 

*  *  Sir  Francis  Brake  of  England  visits 

the  west  coast,  seeking  the  Northwest 

Passage  from  the  Pacific. 
1578*  *  Eng.    A  fleet  of    15   vessels 

sails  from  Harwich  for  Frobisher  Strait 

to  find  gold. 

1585  ♦  *  Eng.  John  Davis  sails  from 
Dartmouth  with  two  barks  to  discover 
a  Northwest  Passage. 

1586  *  *  John  Davis  again  explores  the 
Arctic  seas. 

1587  *  *  John  Davis  sails  again,  and 
reaches  N.  Lat.  72"  41'  in  Davis  Strait. 

1602  *  *  George  "Weymouth,  who  is 
sent  out  by  the  Muscovy  Company,  en- 
ters Hudson  Strait,  but  is  stopped  by  a 
mutinous  crew. 

1606  *  *  John  Knight  is  sent  out  by  the 
Muscovy  Company  to  find  the  Northwest 


1610  *  *  -11  *  ♦  Henry  Hudson  passes 
the  winter  in  the  north,  and  is  set  adrift 
by  his  mutinous  crew. 

Aug.  2.  Hudson  enters  the  strait 
which  bears  his  name,  and  thinks  he 
discovers  the  Pacific  [Hudson  Bay]. 

1611*  *  Sir  Thomas  Button  passes 
Hudson  Strait,  and  winters  at  Port 
Nelson. 

1612  *  *  Hull  and  "William  Baffin  en- 
ter Cockin's  Sound. 

1615  *  *  Ont.  Samuel  Champlain  vis- 
its Lake  Huron. 

»  *  Robert  Bylot  and  Baffin  are  sent 
out  to  examine  Hudson  Bay  in  search  of 
the  Northwest  Passage. 


1616  *  *  Bylot  and  Baffin  are  sent  up 
Davis  Strait ;  Wolstenholme's  Sound, 
Lancaster  Sound,  and  Baffin  Bay  are 
discovered. 

1618  *  *  Baffin  reaches  the  78°  of  lati- 
tude in  the  bay  which  bears  his  name. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1567*  *  Champlain.  Samuel  de.  explorer, 

founder,  governor,  born  in  France.    [1635. 
Dec.  25.    Dies.    A68.] 

CHURCH. 

1534  *  *  Jacques  Cartier  consecrates 
New  France  to  Christianity  by  the 
erection  of  a  great  wooden"  cross  on  an 
eminence  near  the  Baie  des  Chaleur,  as 
if  to  signify  a  religious  mission  in  his 
discovery. 

1578  *  *  Baffinland.  Master  Wolfall,  an 
Englishman,  celebrates  a  communion  on 
the  shores  of  Frobisher  Strait,  the  first 
communion  recorded  in  America. 

1605  *  *  It.  Leo  XI.  is  elected  pop© 
[later  Paul  V.]. 

1608  *  *  Recollect  and  Jesuit  mission- 
aries arrive  [and  later  explore  the  wil- 
derness in  all  directions  with  terrible 
hardships,  suflferings,  and  heroism]. 

*  *  2i.  B.  De  Monts  plants  his  first  Jes- 
uit mission  at  the  mouth  of  the  St. 
Croix,  on  Bonn  Island. 

1610  *  *  The  Order  of  the  Jesuits  is 
confirmed  in  certain  privileges  by  De 
Biencourt. 

1611  June  12.  N.  S.  Two  Jesuit 
missionaries  arrive  at  Port  Royal,  but 
their  work  among  the  Micmacs  is  frus- 
trated by  the  Government. 

1612  *  *  P.Q.  Franciscan  monks  come 
from  France,  and  preach  to  tlie  Indians. 

*  *  P.  Q.  De  Biencourt  ascends  the 
Kennebec  with  Father  Biart,  and  con- 
verts the  Indians. 


CANADA. 


1007,  **-1627, 


671 


1615  *  *  Out.  Jje  Caron,  a  Franciscan, 
curries  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  to 
the  Indians  of  eastern  Maine,  and  west- 
ward to  tlie  Hurous. 

1619  *  *  N.S.  Reformed  Franciscans 
liegin  mission-work  in  Acadia. 

1621  *  *  It.  Gregory  XV.  is  elected 
pope.    [1623.  Urban  VIH.] 

1626  *  *  Ont.  Fathers  Brebeuf  and 
Daniel,  Recollects,  begin  work  among 
the  Hurons. 

LETTERS. 
1603  *  *  Des  sauvageSt  a  work  on  the  In- 

<lian  tribes  of  America,  by  Samuel  de 
Champlain,  appears. 

1613  *  *  -32  *  *  Voyages,  by  Samuel  de 
Champlain,  appears. 

1625  *  *  P.  Q.  The  foundation  of  a  semi- 
nary is  laid  in  Quebec  by  the  Jesuits. 

*  *  Les  muses  de  la  Noavelle  France^  by 
Marc  Lescarbot,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1502  *  *  Fr.  Cortereal  sails  again  to 
capture  Indians  and  obtain  a  cargo  of 
slaves. 

1536  May  10.  Jacques  Cartier  de- 
coys nine  Indian  chiefs  on  board  his 
vessel,  and  sails  away  for  France. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 
1007  *  *  K.  S.    Colonies  are  planted  in 
Newfoundland  and  Nova  Scotia  by  the 
Norwegians,  but  are  soon  abandoned. 

1497  June  24.  N.  S.  Prima  Vista 
(Newfoundland  or  Cape  Breton)  and  the 
coast  of  Canada  are  discovered  by  John 
and  Sebastian  Cabot  in  the  English  ser- 
vice. It  marks  the  first  discovery  of 
the  American  continent. 

1498  *  *  Fr.    Louis  XII.  is  enthroned. 

1500  *  *  Labrador  is  visited  by  Gas- 
pare Cortereal,  a  Portuguese  ;  he  ex- 
plores the  shores  of  Canatla  for  600  or 
700  miles,  and  discovers  and  names  Con- 
ception Bay. 

1504  *  *  N.  F.  The  fisheries  are  much 
visited  by  French  and  Spanish  fisher- 
men. 

*  *  N.  S.  Cape  Breton  fisheries  are 
visited  by  Breton,  Norraau,  and  Basque 
sailors. 

1506  *  *  The  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  is 
examined  and  sketched  by  Jean  Denys 
of  Honfleur,  and  Camart  of  Rouen. 

1508*  *  P.  Q.  Thomas  Aubert  touches 
at  Newfoundland,  and  thence  carries 
the  French  flag  up  the  St.  Lawrence 
River.  lie  takes  captured  Indians  with 
him  on  his  return  to  France. 

1515  •  *  Fr.    Francis  I.  is  enthroned. 

1518  *  *  N.  S.  Baron  de  Leri  attempts 
to  plant  a  colony  on  Sable  Island, 
but  only  succeeds  in  introducing  cattle. 

1524  *  *  New  France  has  its  first  (tem- 
porary) settlement,  made  by  the  expedi- 
tion under  the  French  flag  by  Giovanni 
da  Verrazano. 

1525  *  •  iV.  S.  A  [short-lived]  Portu- 
guese colony  is  planted  at  Cape  Breton 
island. 


1534  June  *  -Aug.  *  Jacques  Car- 
tier,  a  French  navigator,  with  two 
vessels  and  61  men,  surveys  the  coast  of 
Newfoundland,  and  enters  the  mouth 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  on  the  banks  of 
which  he  plants  across  surmounted  with 
the  lilies  of  France. 

1535  *  *  P.  Q.  Cartier  brings  a  colony, 
and  founds  Montreal.  [It  is  soon 
abandoned.] 

Oct,  2.  P.  Q,  Cartier  arrives  at 
Hochelaga  (Montreal),  having  ex- 
plored the  great  river  to  this  point ;  in- 
formation is  received  of  the  Great  hakes. 

1536  *  *  Ont.  Cartier  again  explores 
the  upper  St.  Lawrence  country,  and 
takes  possession  t>f  it  for  France. 

1540  Jan.  *  P.  Q.  The  French,  hav- 
ing failed  with  two  colonies,  abandon 
the  colonization  of  the  southern 
coast,  and  turn  northward.  The  Mar- 
quis de  la  Iloque  obtains  a  commission  to 
establish  a  colony  on  the  St.  Lawrence. 
[A  colony  of  criminals  is  sent  out  and 
fails.] 

1541  *  *  -1627  *  *  New  France  is  a 
vice-royalty. 

May  22.  Fr.  Cartier  sails  from  St. 
Malo  with  five  ships  belonging  to  an 
expedition  of  I>e  la  Roque.  [Revisits 
the  St.  Lawrence,  and  foiinds  the 
fortj-ess  at  Charlesbourg.]  The  colonists 
are  chiefly  noblemen  and  amateurs,  and 
many  of  them  are  robbers,  swindlers, 
and  murderers. 

1542  June*  Fr.  Cartier  returns 
with  his  ships. 

1547  *  *  Fr.    Henry  H.  is  enthroned. 
1549  *  *  P.  Q.    Francis   de  la  Boque 

(Hoberval)  again  attempts  to  colonize 

Canada.     [Unsuccessful.] 

1559  *  *  Fr.    Francis  II.  is  enthroned. 

1560  *  *  Fr.  Charles  IX.  is  enthroned. 
1574  *  *  Fr.  Henry  III.  is  enthroned. 
1578    May  *    -Sept.  *    Frobisher 

makes  his  third  voyage,  having  a  fleet 

of  16  sail  and  100  colonists.     [Failure.] 
June  *  Eng.    Sir   Humphrey   Gilbert 

receives  his  charter  to  any  territory  he 

may  discover. 
1583     Aug.  5.     Sir   Humphrey  Gilbert 

takes  possession  of  Newfoundland 

for  Great  Britain. 

1586  *  *  Labrador.  John  Davis,  on 
his  second  voyage,  visits  Labrador. 

1587  *  *  Can.  Davis,  on  his  third  voy- 
age, discovers  the  Cumberland  Is- 
lands, London  coast,  Lumley's  Inlet 
(Frobisher  Strait). 

1589  *  *  Fr.    Henry  IV.  is  enthroned. 

1592  *  *  Spaniards  under  Juna  de 
Fuca  visit  the  northwest  coast  of  the 
American  Continent.  (?) 

1598*  *  Fr.  Henry  IV.  grants  the  Edict 
of  Nantes,  by  which  toleration  is  given 
to  Protestants. 

*  *  K.  S.  The  Marquis  de  la  Roche  se- 
cures a  patent  for  a  colony  in  New 
France  (Nova  Scotia)  from  Henry  IV. 

[La  Roche  establishes  a  colony,  chiefly 
taken  from  the  prisons  of  France,  on 
Sable  Island.] 


1600  *  *  Fr.  Chauvin  of  Rouen,  and 
Pontgrave  of  St.  Malo,  undertake  to 
establish  a  colony  of  500  persons  in  New 
France.  [They  are  driven  back  by  the 
severity  of  the  winter.] 

1603  *  *  Fr.  Samuel  Champlain  is 
commissioned  by  a  company  of  French 
merchants  of  Rouen  to  explore  the 
country  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  estab- 
lish a  trading-post. 

1605  Nov.  14.  N.  S,  De  Monts  es- 
tablishes the  first  permanent  French 
settlement  in  the  country  at  Port  Royal 
(Annapolis)  in  Acadia. 

It  is  the  only  active  settlement  except 
those  in  Central  and  South  America, 
after  100  years  of  exploration. 

1608  July  3.  P.  Q.  The  first  per- 
manent settlement  in  Canada  is  made 
at  Quebec,  a  semi-military  and  senii- 
religi«jus  enterprise,  led  by  Samuel 
Champlain. 

H  *  *X.S.  The  De  Monts  and  their 
successors  develop  the  island  and  the 
shore  of  the  mainland. 

1610  *  *  Fr.    Louis  Xm.  is  enthroned. 

1612*  *  Fr.  The  Protestant  Prince 
Cond6  becomes  viceroy  of  the 
French  Empire  in  North  America. 

*  *  P.  Q.  Champlain  visits  the  St.  Law- 
rence as  an  explorer  and  trader. 

1613  *  *  P.  Q.  Champlain  explores  the 
country  north  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

1614*  *N.S.  Virginia  colonists  break 
up  the  French  settlements.  (See  Amer- 
ica.) 

1615  *  *  Me.  The  French  under  De 
Saussaye  plant  a  mission-station  on 
Mount  Desert  Isle. 

*  *  Champlain  visits  Lake  Huron. 

1616  July*  P.Q.  Champlain  returns 
to  Quebec  from  his  explorations  north 
of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

1621  *  *  Sir  "William  Alexander  ob- 
tains from  the  crown  of  Scotland  a  pa- 
tent for  all  Acadia,  under  the  title  of 
Nova  Scotia.  [An  unsuccessful  attempt 
is  made  at  colonizing,] 

Only  48  French  settlers  remain  in 
Canada. 

1622  *  *  Samuel  Champlain  is  gov- 
ernor of  Canada. 

1623  *  *  .Y.  S.  Scotch  colonists  sent 
out  by  Sir  William  Alexander  arrive  in 
Nova  Scotia,  but  return  when  they  find 
French  adventurers  already  established 
there. 

*  *  N.  S.  The  French  frustrate  the  at- 
tempt to  plant  an  extensive  English 
colony. 

1627  *  *-e3  *  *  New  France  is  under 
the  rule  of  the  Hundred  Associates. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1611  June  21.  Henry  Hudson,  his 
sons,  and  five  others  are  sent  adrift  by 
his  mutinous  crew  [and  perish  in  Hu»I- 
son  Bay]. 

1615  *  *  X.  S.  Capt.  Argall  of  Va. 
bums  the  deserted  hamlet  of  Port 
Royal  in  Acadia;  he  destroys  every 
building  of  a  French  colony  at  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  Croix  River. 


•512    1627,*  * -1692,  Feb. 


CANADA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1628  *  *  Sir  David  Kirk,  with  an  Eng- 
lish squadron,  captures  tlie  first  shijis 
sent  with  stores  for   the  subsistence  of 
Champlain  and  the  French  settlers. 

*  *Samuel  de  Champlain  repulses 
David  Kirk  in  his  attempt  tu  capture 
Quebec  ;  Port  Royal  falls  into  the  hands 
of  the  English. 

1629*  *The  English  take  Quebec 
from  the  French.  All  Canada  is  surren- 
dered to  the  Kngiish. 

1632  *  *  Quebec  and  all  Canada  are  re- 
duced by  the  English. 

*  *  Canada,  Acmlia,  and  Cape  Breton  are 
restored  to  France. 

1636  *  *  Ont.  The  less  warlike  Hurona 
are  driven  from  the  peninsula  of  Upper 
Canada  by  the  Iroquois  Indians. 

1649  *  *  The  Huron  Indians  are  mas- 
sacred at  St.  Ignatius  by  the  Iroquois. 

1654 *  *  JV.  .S'.  Oliver  Cromwell 
sends  a  strong  force  against  the 
French. 

1659  July  26.  P.  Q.  Indians  mas- 
sacre more  than  1,000  people  at  Mon- 
treal. 

1666  Jan.  *  P.  Q.  The  French  ex- 
pedition of  Courcelles  and  Tracy  goes 
against  the  Mohawk  Indians. 

1668  *  *  P.  Q.  Peace  is  made  between 
the  French  and  the  Five  Nations. 

1671  *  *  Ont.  The  region  of  Lakes  Huron 
and  Superior  is  taken  for  France. 

1673  July  *  Ont.  Fort  Frontenac  is 
built. 

1681  *  *  ///.  La  Salle  erects  Fort  St. 
Louis,  on  the  Illinois  River. 

1682  *  *  Ont.  The  French  attack  and 
capture  all  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany's trading-posts. 

1684  *  *  A  long  war  begins  between 
the  Five  Nations  and  the  French,  chiefly 
on  the  upper  lakes. 

The  French  Jesuits  repeatedly  fail  to 
persuade  the  Five  Nations  to  break  their 
peace  with  the  Dutch  and  English. 

The  French  erect  a  fort  at  the  Falls  of 
Niagara.  Under  Ue  la  Barre  they  in- 
vade the  country  of  the  Iroquois,  but 
the  mighty  Mohawks  and  the  brave 
Oneidas  drive  them  hack  with  much 
slaughter. 
1687  June  13.  P.  Q.  Denonville 
leaves  Montreal  to  attack  the  Senecas 
in  New  York.     [Driven  back.] 

*  *  The  French  attempt  to  form  an  alli- 
ance with  all  Indians  as  far  as  tlie 
Mississippi. 

1689  *  *  -97  *  *  King  "William's  war 
with  the  French  ;  a  part  of  the  general 
war  against  Louis  XIV. 

.1689*  *  P.  Q.  Gomte  Louis  de  Buade 
Frontenac  assumes  the  offensive, 
and  makes  three  descents  upon  the 
Kngiish  settlements. 

One  party  of  110  under  De  Mantel, 
Sainte  H^Ifene,  and  D'lberville,  burns 
Schenectady,  N.  Y. ;  the  second  party 
of  52  are  under  Hertel  de  Rouville  at 
Salmon  Falls,  N.  H„  while  tlie  third 
devastate  Casco  Bay,  Me.  (See  Amer- 
ica.) 


Aug.  4,  6.  /'.  Q.  The  Iroquois  attack 
Ijachine. 

Aug.  25.  P.  Q,  The  Isle  of  Montreal 
at  Lachine  is  surprised  by  1,500  Iro- 
quois ;  200  inhabitants  are  mjvssacred, 
and  200  more  are  taken  captive. 

*  *  A'.  ¥.  Gov.  Donegan  is  ordered  by 
the  Kngiish  ^Ministry  to  protect  the 
Five  ^Nations  from  the  French. 

1690  Apr.  *A.  .s.  The  English  under 
Adm.  Phips  seize  Port  Royal  [Annapo- 
lisj. 

Oct.  16.  P.  Q.  A  Massachusetts  fleet 
of  34  vessels,  under  the  incompetent 
Phips,  arrives  before  Quebec. 

Oct.  21.  P.  Q.  The  invaders  reembark 
for  Boston  without  making  an  attack. 

Oct.  *  Part  of  the  returning  New  Kngland 
tieet  is  wrecked. 

Nov.  *  U.  S.  The  exhausted  and  debt- 
hurdened  colonies  of  England  content 
themselves  with  the  defense  of  their 
frontiers  against  the  French. 

1691  *  *  /*.  Q.  Maj.  Schuyler  makes  a 
raid  on  the  French  settlements  on 
the  Sorel.    (See  America.) 

1692  Feb.*  P.  Q.  The  French  go 
against  the  Mohawks. 

Frontenac  sends  300  French  with  In- 
dians against  the  hunting  parties  of 
Senecas  in  Upper  Canada,  and  under- 
takes to  subdue  the  Five  Nations. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  -  NATURE. 

163 1  *  *  Capts.  James  and  Fox  are  sent 
to  tlnd  the  Northwest  Passage  ;  Jjuke 
Fox  discovers  Fox  Channel ;  touches 
Cape  Peregrine.  James  discovers 
James's  Bay  and  "New  South  Wales." 

1663  Feb.  5.  A  remarkable  earth- 
quake occurs. 

It  continues  at  intervals  for  more  than 
six  months.  Mountains  and  rivers  di.s- 
appear,  and  new  lakes  are  formed. 

1669*  *  P.  Q.    Robert   de   la   Salle 

leaves  Montreal,  and  begins  his  explo- 
rations. 

*  ♦  Louis  Joliet  explores  the  Great  Lakes. 
1680*  *3Jouis  Hennepin  visits  the 

farthest  sources  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1661*  *  Iberville.  Pierre  le  Moyne  d", 
commander,  born.     [1706.     Dies.     A 15.] 

1688*  *  Vincennes.  de.  Jean  Baptiate 
BlsBOt.  Sieur.  born. 

CHURCH. 
1632*  *  The  conversion  of  the  heathen 

is  committed  solely  to  the  Jesuits. 

1633  P.  Q.  Jesuit  missionaries  resume 
work  in  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley. 

1634  *  *  Ont.  The  Jesuits,  Brebeuf  and 
Daniel,  join  the  barefoot  Hurons  on 
their  returning  from  Quebec  to  their 
own  country. 

*  *  -47  *  *  The  wilderness  is  visited  by 
42  Jesuit  missionaries  and  IS  assis- 
tants. 

1636  *  *  Fifteen  Jesuit  missionaries 
arc  among  the  Indians. 

1638  *  *  Eminent  French  Catholics  en- 
dow a  public  hospital  for  Indians, 
and  three  nuns  are  sent  to  serve  it. 


1639  *  *  An  Ursurline  convent  for  the 
education  of  girls  is  established  at  Que- 
bec. 

1640  ♦  *  Fr.  llev.  Jean  Jacques  Olier, 
priest  of  St.  Sulpice,  Paris,  forms  a  com- 
pany, with  Sieur  de  Maisonneuve  gov- 
ernor. 

It  purchases  ttfe  island  of  Montreal 
from  Associate  Lauson  for  a  mission- 
site.  [1641.  Forty  men  and  five  nuns 
are  sent  as  far  as  Quebec.  1G42.  May  17. 
Montreal  is  consecrated  by  Father  VI- 
mont  and  Madame  de  la  Peitrie  and 
Mile.  Mance  begin  their  work.] 

Ont.    Charles   Kaymbault   and 

Claude  Picart  labor  in  the  Huron  Mis- 
sions, and  carry  the  gospel  to  the  In- 
dians of  Michigan. 

1641  Oct.  4.  Ont.  Two  French  Jesu- 
its, Father  Charles  Raymbault  with 
Father  Isaac  Jogues,  are  sent  to  con- 
vert the  Chippeways  on  the  Great  Lakes. 

Starting  from  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  for  sev- 
enteen days  they  sail  westward  ;  and  on 
landing  they  are  met  by  two  thousand 
Chippeways,  who  welcome  them. 

1642  *  *  Father  Jogues,  the  French  Jes- 
uit, is  captured  by  the  Mohawk  Indians, 
and  made  their  slave ;  yet  he  opens  a 
mission,  in  which  he  has  70  converts 
when  rescued. 

1644  Ont.  Father  Francis  Joseph 
Bressani,  a  French  Jesuit,  is  captured 
and  tortured  by  the  Iroquois,  when  en 
route  to  the  Hurons. 

*  *  It.    Innocent  X.  is  elected  pope. 

1648  *  *  Ont.  The  Iroquois  burn  the  Hu- 
ron mission  at  St.  Joseph's,  on  Lake 
Simcoe,  and  kiU  Father  Daniel,  the 
missionary. 

1649  *  *  Ont.  The  Iroquois  sack  the 
mission  at  St.  Ignace,  on  Georgian 
Bay,  and  torture  the  pious  Father  Bre- 
beuf with  distressing  ingenuity ;  his 
companion,  Gabriel  Lallemand,  lingers 
for  17  hours  in  terrible  suiFerings. 

1655  *  *  It.  Alexander  VII.  is  elected 
pope. 

1656  *  *  Ont.  Two  French  mission- 
aries begin  work  among  the  Ottawas 
by  request  of  the  chiefs.  One  is  mor- 
tally wounded  in  an  attack  by  the  Iro- 
quois, and  both  are  captured. 

1658  *  *  P.  Q.  The  vicarate  apostolic 
of  Quebec  is  founded. 

Fran9ois  de  Laval-Montmorency  is 
consecrated  bishop  of  Petra  and  vicar- 
apostolic.   [1G74.   Translated  to  Quebec] 

1660  Aug.*  Ojif.  Father  Ken6  Me- 
nard, an  aged  man,  responds  to  the  re- 
quest of  the  Indians,  and  opens  a  mission 
near  Keweenaw,  where  he  is  neglected, 
persecuted,  and  finally  dies. 

1664  *  *  P.  Q.  The  Island  of  Mon- 
treal is  given  to  the  religious  Order  of 
St.  Sulpice  by  a  royal  grant. 

1665  Sept.*  Out.  Claude  All ouez 
goes  to  Jlontreal,  intending  to  return  to 
the  mission  left  vacant  by  the  death  of 
Mesnard.  [He  opens  a  mission  among 
the  Chippeways  on  the  shores  of  Lake 
Superior.] 

1667+  Aug.*  Father  Lewis  Nich- 
ols goes  to  the  Indians  of  the  northwest. 

*  *  It.    Clement  IX.  is  elected  pope. 


\ 


CANADA. 


1627,  *  *-1692,  Feb. 


573 


1668  *  *  OnL  The  [celebrated]  Father 
Marquette  leaves  Quebec,  in  company 
with  Father  Le  Boesme,  to  join  the 
Ottawa  mission. 

*  *  Ont.  Sault  Ste.  Marie  is  founded  by 
Father  Marquette  at  the  entrance  of 
Lake  Superior. 

1669  *  *  P.  Q.  A  mission  for  the  Iro- 
quois is  begun  opposite  Montreal  by 
French  Jesuits. 

1670*  *  Ont.  Father  Andr6  is  in 
charge  of  the  Ottawa  tribes  on  the  islands 
and  shores  of  Lake  Huron,  and  Father 
DniiUettes  enters  the  work  at  Sault 
Ste.  Marie. 

*  *  It.    Clement  X.  is  elected  pope. 

1671  *  *  07it.  Father  Henry  Nouvel 
enters  the  mission-work  at  the  Falls  of 
Ste.  Marie. 

1672  *  *  Ont.  Many  of  the  Ottawas 
settle  at  Marquette  mission. 

1674  *  *  P.  Q.  The  diocese  of  Que- 
bec is  founded. 

Francois  de  Laval-Montmorency  be- 
comes the  first  Roman  Catholic 
bishop  of  Quebec,  his  see  extending 
from  ilaine  to  Louisiana. 

1675  *  *  Ont.  The  Recollects  are  ac- 
tive, and  liouis  Hennepin  is  among 
them. 

1676  *  *  Rivalry  appears  between  the 
Jesuits  and  other  orders. 

*  *  It.    Innocent  XI.  is  elected  pope. 
1680*  *  Ont.    Father   Hennepin   is 

captured  by  the  Sioux,  and  attempts 

mission-work  among  them,  but  without 

success. 
1683  *  *  P.  Q.    Mission  of  St.  Francis 

de  Sales  is  established  at  the  Falls  of 

the  Chaudifere;   the  work  spreads  into 

Maine. 
1688  *  *  P.  Q.    Bishop   Laval    resigns  ; 

John  Baptist  de  la  Croix  Chevri^res  de 

St.  Vallier  is  consecrated  bishop  for  the 

R.  C.  diocese  of  Quebec. 
1689*  *  It.    AlexanderVm.  is  elected 

pope.    [IG9I,    Innocent    VH;    1700, 

Clement  XI.] 

LETTERS. 
1632  •  *  -72  *  *  Les    Helations    Jisuites 

are  issued. 
1641  *  *  P.  Q.    The  Ursuline  Convent  is 

founded  at  Quebec. 
1663  *  *  P.  Q.    Bishop  Laval  founds  a 

seminary  at  Quebec  for  training  young 

priests. 

SOCIETY. 
1639*  *  P.  Q.    The   Hotel   Dieu  is 

founded  in  Montreal  for  the  cure  of  the 

sick,  by  the  Duchess  of  AiguiUon. 

STATE. 
1627  *  *  Fr.  The  charters  for  planting 
colonies  in  New  France  are  revoked, 
and  the  French  Empire  in  America  is 
committed  to  the  One  Hundred  Associ- 
ates, with  Samuel  Champlain  governor. 
It  obtains  a  perpetual  monopoly  of  the 
fur-trade,  besides  the  commercial  con- 


trol for  16  years.    Cardinal  Richelieu  is 
the  ruling  spirit. 

*  *  P.  Q.  The  colony  of  Quebec  is 
transferred  to  the  One  Hundred  Asso- 
ciates under  Cardinal  Richelieu. 

1628  *  *  Fr.  The  Edict  of  Nantes  is 
again  confirmed,  to  the  great  joy  of 
Protestants. 

1629  *  *  P.  Q.  Quebec  falls  into  the 
hands  of  the  English  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I. 

*  *  N.  S.  James  Stewart  settles  a  small 
English  colony  at  Cape  Breton. 

1632  Mar.  29.  Canada,  Acadia,  and 
Cape  Breton  are  restored  to  the 
French  by  the  Treaty  of  St.  Ger- 
main-en-Laye. 

1635  *  *  P.  Q.  The  Island  of  Montreal 
is  given  to  M.  de  Lauson,  an  Associate. 

1637  *  *  M.  de  Montmagny  succeeds 
Champlain  as  governor  of  Canada. 

1643  *  *  Fr.    Louis  XIV.  is  enthroned. 

1647  *  *  M.  de  Ailleboust  is  apjiointed 
governor  of  Canada. 

1648*  *P.Q.  Theentire  Island  of  Mon- 
treal becomes  the  property  of  the  Sul- 
pioians  of  Paris  by  royal  grant. 

1649  *  *  JCnf/.  The  Commonwealth  is 
set  up. 

1651  *  *  M.  de  Lauson  is  appointed 
governor  of  Canada.  [Later,  M.  de 
Argenson  and  M.  de  Avaugour  succeed 
liim,  and  are  the  last  governors  for  the 
Hundred  Associates.] 

1654  *  *  N.  S,  Cromwell  sends  over  a 
a  strong  force  to  protect  the  colonists. 

1656  *  *  Fng.  Cromwell  grants  Aca- 
dia and  Nova  Scotia  to  St.  fetienne  and 
others. 

*  *  Fr.  The  seigniority  of  Montreal  is 
ceded  to  the  Seminary  of  St.  Sulpice  in 
Paris.  [1657.  It  takes  possession  ;  a  con- 
flict of  proprietors  ensues.] 

1658  *  *  Eng.    Kichard    Cromwell    is 

Protector. 
1660  *  *  Eng.    Charles  II.  is  enthroned. 

1663  Feb.  14.  Fr.  Tlie  Hundred  As- 
sociates surrender  their  charter,  and 
New  France  becomes  a  royal  prov- 
ince, with  De  Mesy  governor. 

*  * -1763  *  *  Canada  is  under  the  rule 
of  the  French  Crown. 

1664  *  *  CaJi.  Courcelles  becomes  gov- 
ernor of  New  France  ;  much  emigration 
and  rapid  growth  ensue. 

1665  *  *  Father  Claude  Allouez  car- 
ries the  gospel  among  the  Chippeways 
of  the  far  West,  and  claims  the  country 
for  France. 

*  *  P.  Q.  The  Marquis  de  Tracy  ar- 
rives at  Montreal  with  a  regiment  of 
French  soldiers,  to  protect  the  settlers. 

The  government  of  New  France  is  in 

the  hands  of  three  officers,  a  governor, 

a  bishop,  and  an  intendant. 

1667  July  25.   Holland.  By  the  Treaty 

of  Breda  Nova  Scotia  is  ceded  to  France. 

*  *  Zacharia  Gillam  passes  through  Hud- 
son Strait,  and  builds  a  fort  on  Prince 
Rupert  Kiver. 


1669  *  *  Ont.  Bobert  Cavelier,  Sieur 
de  la  Salle,  leaves  Montreal  and  begins 

his  explorations. 

*  *  Louis  Joliet  explores  the  Great  Lakes. 

1670  May  2.  The  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany is  chartered  ;  its  territory  is  as 
large  as  all  Europe. 

1671  June  *  The  French  hold  a  great 
congress  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Mary,  with 
Indian  envoys  from  distant  tribes,  and 
inform  them  that  they  are  under  the 
protection  of  the  French  flag. 

1672  *  *  P.  Q.  Comte  de  Frontenac, 
the  new  governor,  arrives  at  Quebec. 

1673  *  *  P.  Q.  Jacques  Marquette,  ac- 
companied by  a  few  Frenchmen  and  Al- 
gonquins,  sets  out  for  the  discovery  of 
the  Mississippi  River,  of  which  he  has 
received  some  rumors. 

1675  May  13.  Fr.  Louis  IV.  grants 
La  Salle  a  manor  at  Fort  Frontenac 
(Kingston). 

1676  *  *  Ont.  La  Salle  returns  as  pro- 
prietor of  a  large  tract  near  Fort  Fron- 
tenac. 

1678  *  *  Fr.  Comte  de  Frontenac,. 
is  appointed  governor  of  Canada. 

1681*  *  La  Salle  descends  the  Missis- 
sippi Kiver.  His  companions  are  Tonti,. 
an  Italian  veteran,  and  Louis  Hennepin, 
a  Franciscan. 

Apr.  9.  La  Salle  reaches  the  mouth 
of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  sets  up 
a  cross  and  the  arms  of  France,  having 
descended  from  the  confluence  of  the 
Illinois  River  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  he 
calls  the  great  valley  Louisiana.  [One 
of  the  most  remarkable  exploits  in  the 
history  of  America.] 

1682*  *Frontenac  is  recalled  to 
France ;  Barre  is  his  successor. 

1683  Nov.  *  La  Salle  returns  from  his 
explorations. 

1684*  *Fr.  The  Mississippi  Company 
is  established  in  favor  of  La  Salle, 

1685  *  *  Denonville  becomes  governor. 

*  *  Eng.    James  II.  is  enthroned. 

*  *  Fr.  The  Edict  of  Nantes  is  revoked, 
and  quickens  the  emigration  of  Protes- 
tants, yet  ruins  the  colonial  policy  of 
France. 

1687  *  *  French  diplomacy  aims  to  per- 
vade the  "West,  and  concerts  an  alli- 
ance with  all  Indians  to  the  Mississippi.. 

1688  *  *  The  French  census  shows  a  pop- 
ulation of  11,249  colonists;  the  Eng- 
lish colonies  have  20  times  as  many. 

1689  *  *  Eng.  "William  III.  and  Mary- 
are  enthroned. 

*  *  Frontenac  again  becomes  governor, 
and  decides  to  make  a  triple  descent 
upon  the  English  colonies. 

1690  *  *  The  English  colonists  meet  in- 
Congress  in  Rhode  Island  to  devise 
retaliation  and  protection  against  the 
French  ;  they  resolve  to  attempt  the 
conquest  of  Canada. 

1692  Jan.  26.  N.  S.  Acadia  (Nova. 
Scotia)  becomes  a  part  of  Massachusetts. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1679  May*  Ont.  The  Griffin  is- 
latmched  on  Lake  Erie,  the  first  vessel 
to  sail  the  Great  Lakes. 


574     1692,  July  2-1766,  Feb.  * 


CANADA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1692    Nov.  26.    .V.   S.    Port    Royal 
[Annapolis]  surrenders  to  a  French 
ship, 

•  •  Maj.  Schuyler  leads  a  successful 
war-party  of  Iroquois  against  the 
French  settlements  beyond  Lake 
Cbamplain. 

1693*  *  P.  Q.  Frontenac  leads  a 
French  expedition  against  the  Mohawks. 

1694  ♦  *  P.  Q.  Frontenac  conducts  his 
last  campaign  against  the  Iroquois. 

1696  July  28.  P.  Q.  The  French 
under  Frontenac  for  the  last  time 
invade  northern  New  York.  [They  are 
defeated  by  the  colonists  and  their  Iro- 
quois allies.] 

1700  Sept.  8.  P.Q.  Atreatyofpe.ice 
is  made  with  the  Iroquois  at  Montreal. 

1701  Aug.  4.  P.  Q.  Tlie  French  make 
a  treaty  with  the  Iroquois. 

1702  »  *  -13  *  *  Queen  Anne's  War, 
between  French  and  English ;  it  is  known 
in  Europe  as  the  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession. 

•  *  ///.  The  French  vacate  their  post 
on  the  Illinois. 

1707*  *X.S.  Massachusetts  attempts 
the  conquest  of  Acadia  by  a  costly 
expedition. 

May  *  Cr.  s.  Two  regiments  leave  Nan- 
tucket, Mass.,  to  attack  the  French  at 
Port  Royal  (Annapolis,  N.  S.  The  at- 
tempt to  bombard  the  fort  fails]. 

1708  *  *  /•.  Q.  A  war-council  at  Mon- 
treal resolves  to  invade  New  Eng- 
land. 

Aug.  30.  A'.  //.  The  French  and  Indi- 
ans surprise  Haverhill  on  the  Meiri- 
niac,  killing  40  and  carrying  away  100 
prisoners. 

1709  *  *  U.S.  The  English  colonies  pre- 
pare to  aid  a  British  fleet  in  the  con- 
quest of  Canada;  the  fleet  fails  to 
arrive. 

1710  Sept.  *  -Oct.  *  N:  S.  The  Con- 
quest of  Acadia  [Nova  Scotia]  by  the 
English.    (See  America.) 

Aug.  *  A  truce  is  effected  between 
England  and   France. 

1713  Mar.  31.  Belgium.  The  Peace 
of  Utrecht  ends  the  hostilities  with 
Canada. 

1719*  *'War  between  France  and 
Spain. 

1720  *  *  X.  S.  The  French  begin  the 
defenses  of  Louisburg. 

1726  •  •  (_hit.  The  French  retake  Fort 
Denonville,  near  Niagara  river. 

•  *  A'.  1'.  The  French  build  Fort  Niag- 
ara [at  Lewiston]. 

1731  *  *  A^  r.  The  French  establish  a 
fortress  at  Crown  Point.  (See  Amer- 
ica.) 

1735  Apr.+  *  .41a.  The  French  send 
one  expedition  from  the  South  and 
another  from  the  North  against  the 
brave  Chickasaws.  [Both  expeditions 
are  defeated.]    (See  America.) 

1744*  *-48*  *King  George's  War 
between  Great  Britain  and  France. 


Mar.  15.    France  declares  war  against 

Great  Britain. 
May  *  Me.    A  French  force  from  Cape 

Breton  surprises  the  garrison  at  Canso, 

and  destroys  the  fort. 

1745  June  17.  A'.  .S.  Louisburg,  the 
chief  stronghold  of  the  French  in  Amer- 
ica, is  taken  by  4,000  colonists  from 
New  England,  led  by  William  Pepperell, 
a  wealthy  merchant  of  Maine. 

Nov.  16.  A^  r.  The  French  and  In- 
dians surprise  the  village  of  Saratoga. 

1746  Aug.  20.  .Unas.  The  French  and 
Indians  take  Fort  Massachusetts;  a 
part  of  the  prisoners  are  massacred. 

*  *  A^.  .9.  A  French  fleet  having  arrived, 
the  English  colonists  abandon  their 
projected  conquest  of  Canada. 

1747  Jan.  31.  A".  S.  The  French  re- 
l)el  the  English  in  the  battle  of  Minas. 

Feb.  4.    A'.  .S.    Col.  Noble  is  surprised 

at  Grand  Pr6. 
June  *   />.  Q.    The  English  make  a  raid 

into  Montreal. 

1748  17.  The  Indians  are  defeated 
by  the  English  at  Marlborough. 

1749  *  •  Ont.  Fort  RouUle  [Toronto] 
is  built. 

1750  Apr.  *  A'.  S.  A  question  of  boun- 
daries excites  hostilities  between  the 
French  and  English  in  Acadia. 

1752  *  *  O.  The  French  destroy  the 
English  trading-post  at  Pickawillany. 

1754  Apr.  18.  Pa.  The  French  cap- 
ture the  Virginians  and  their  stockade 
[at  Pittsburg],  and  proceed  to  erect  Fort 
I>u  Quesne  on  the  same  site. 

May  28.  Pa.  Col.  George  Washing- 
ton with  a  force  of  Virginians  surprises 
a  French  force  under  M.  .Jumonvillo  at 
Great  Meadows ;  the  leader  and  10  of 
his  men  are  killed,  and  22  survivors  are 
capture<l. 

July  4.  Pa.  A  French  force  defeats 
Col.  Washington  at  Fort  Necessity ; 
the  Virginians  capitulate. 

Aug.  27.  A',  r.  The  French  and  In- 
dians break  up  all  the  English  settle- 
ments at  Hoosick  and  Sehaghticoke. 

1755  *  »  -63  *  *  The  French  and  In- 
dian War,  between  England  aiul 
France  —  a  part  of  the  seven  years'  con- 
flict in  Europe.  It  is  a  struggle  to  ac- 
quire supremacy  in  the  New  World. 
(See  America,  p.  (J8.) 

Sept.  5.  A^.  S.  The  exile  of  the  Aca- 
dians  is  announced.    (See  p.  68,  70.) 

1756  May  17.  IJng.  After  fighting  the 
French  for  two  years.  Great  Britain 
makes  an  open  declaration  of  war. 

June  9.  France  formally  declares  war 
against  Great  Britain.    (See  America.) 

*  *  /(/.  The  French  construct  a  system 
of  forts  in  the  interior,  westward,  near 
the  Illinois  River. 

1757  The  French  seem  triumphant 
everywhere. 

The  campaigns  of  the  last  two  years 
have  been  disgraceful  to  the  British 
flag;  imbecility  of  the  management  and 
cowardice  is  the  cause.  France  now  pos- 
sesses 20  times  as  much  American  terri- 
tory as  England. 


1758  Jvdy  26.  X.  .V.  England  takes 
Nova  Scotia. 

After  a  siege  of  a  few  weeks  Louisburg 
capitulates  to  Gens.  Wolfe  and  Amherst; 
Cape  Breton,  Prince  Edward  Island,  and 
nearly  6,000  prisoners  fall  to  the  British. 

Aug.  27.  Onf.  The  British  under  Col. 
•John  Bradstreet  take  Fort  Frontenac 
(Kingston),  also  46  cannon,  S  vessels  of 
war,  and  a  large  military  store. 

*  *  P.  Q.  Montreal  is  surrounded  by 
walls. 

1759  Jvme  21.  P.  Q.  The  English 
fleet  approaches  Quebec. 

June  27.  P.  Q.  Gen.  Wolfe  lands  an 
army  of  about  8.000  a  few  miles  below 
Quebec.  A  French  force  of  13,000  is  in 
the  city. 

June  30.  P.  Q.  Gen.  Wolfe  takes  pos- 
session of  Point  Levi,  where  he  pro- 
ceeds to  erect  batteries. 

July  18.  /'.  Q.  Some  of  Wolfe's  vessels 
pass  above  Quebec. 

July  25.  /'.  Q.  Fort  Niagara  capitu- 
lates to  the  British  under  Sir  William 
Johnson  after  a  bloody  battle. 

French  communication  between  Can- 
ada and  Louisiana  is  forever  broken  off. 
Gen.  Prideaux  is  killed  by  the  bursting 
of  a  gun  during  the  siege. 

July  31.    P.Q.  Gen.  W^olfe  is  checked 

in  an  impetuous  assault  on  the  French 
at  Quebec,  in  which  he  loses  400  men. 

A^.  r.    The   French   abandon   the 

important  fortress  at  Crown  Point,  and 
surrender  the  valley  of  the  Champlain 
without  a  battle. 

Sept.  13.  P.  Q.  l-he  first  battle  on  the 
Plains  of  Abraham. 

After  a  siege  of  69  days  Quebec  is  as- 
saulted and  the  French  defeated ;  Gen. 
Wolfe  falls  with  his  third  wound,  and 
the  equally  brave  French  general,  Mont- 
calm, is  mortally  wounded.  Great  Brit- 
ain wins  a  vast  empire  by  a  single  battle, 
"  one  of  the  most  momentous  victories 
in  the  aiaials  of  mankind."    (Bancroft.) 

Sept.  18.  /'.  Q.  Quebec  capitulates  to 
the  English. 

1760  Apr.  28.  P.  Q.  The  French 
(temporarily)  defeat  the  English  in  a 
second  battle  on  the  Plains  of  Abra- 
ham. 

May  16.  P.  Q.  English  reenforcenients 
arrive,  and  the  French  retire  from 
Quebec. 

Sept.  8.  /'.  Q.  Montreal  faUs  into  the 
hands  of  Gen.  Amherst,  at  the  head  of 
three  powerful  armies. 

Amherst  approached  the  city  from  up 
the  river,  while  Murray  ascended  from 
below,  and  liaviland  marched  from  the 
Lake  Champlain  region. 

1763  Feb.  10.  The  treaty  of  Paris 
closes  the  French  and  Indian  War,  by 
which  France  loses  the  greater  part  of 
the  American  continent. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1694  *  *  /'.  Q.  A  company  of  amateur 
actors  give  a  theatrical  performance  at 
Quebec. 

1719*  *  The  Hudson  Bay  Company  sends 
out  an  exploring  expedition  under 
James  Knight  and   Barlow,   to  dis- 


CANADA. 


1692,  July  2-1766,  Feb. 


575 


\ 


cover  copper-mines ;  it  is  lost  on  Marble 
Island. 
1731    May  19.    Mail.    Verendre   sets 
out  to  explore  the  far  "West,  and  yisits 
Manitoba. 

1741  *  *  Capt.  Christopher  Middleton 
visits  Wagner  Inlet  and  Ilepulse  Bay,  in 
the  Arctic  region. 

1742  *  *  -43  *  *  Verendre  and  his  sons 
discover  the  Kocky  Mountains. 

1746  *  *  Wagner  Bay  is  visited  by  Capts. 
Moore  and  Smith. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1708*  *  Lavftl-Montmorency,  Fran<;oi8  Xa- 
vier  de,  the  first  U.  C.  bp.  of  Quebec,  A86. 
1794  *   *  Carleton,  Sir  Ouy>  governor,  born. 

1736  *  *  Vincennes,  de.  Jean  Baptlste 
Bissot.  Sleur.  founder  of  Vincennes, 
Indiana,  A48. 

1759  Sept.  13.  Wolfe.  James,  general, 
victor  at  Quel>ec,  A32. 

Montcalm.  Gozon  de  Saint- Veran.  de, 

liOuis  Joseph.  Marquis,  general,  the  van- 
quished at  the  battle  of  Quebec,  A47. 

CHURCH. 

1701  June  *  Mich.  De  la  Motte  Car- 
dillac,  with  a  Jesuit  missionary  and  100 
French,  is  sent  from  Canada  to  occupy 
Detroit. 

*  *  Jesuits  try  to  live  with  the  Iroquois 
[remaining  eight  years], 

1710  *  *  The  Jesuits  have  become  tlie 
protectors  of  the  natives  against  the 
colonists. 

1714  *  *  Religious  liberty  is  granted 
to  Koman  Catholics  by  the  British. 

1717*  *  French  priests  have  flanked 
the  English  colonies  with  more  than  60 
missions  lying  between  Montreal  and 
New  Orleans  on  the  great  lakes  and 
rivers. 

1720  *  *  Pierre  Francois  Xavier  Charle- 
voix, the  Jesuit  missionary,  arrives. 

1721  *  *  Mich.  The  Mackinaw  mission 
is  reopened  by  the  Jesuits. 

*  *  It.  Innocent  XIII.  is  elected  po])e. 
[1724.  Benedict  XTTT.  IT.'JO.  Clem- 
ent XII.  1740.  Benedict  xrV.  1758. 
Clement  XIII.] 

1728  *  *  P.  Q.  Louis  Francis  Daplessls 
de  Mornay  is  consecrated  bishop  for 
the  R.  C.  diocese  of  Quebec. 

1734  *  *  P.  Q.  Pierre  Herman  Dosquet 
is  consecrated  bishop  of  the  B.  C.  dio- 
cese of  Quebec.  [1740.  Francis  Louis 
de  Pounoy  de  I'Auberiviere.  1741. 
Henry  Mary  Dnbreuil  de  Pontbriand.] 

1737  *  *  P.  Q.  The  Order  of  Grey  Nuns 
is  founded  at  Montreal. 

1752*  *  Latyrcul&r.  The  Moravian  mis- 
sionaries arrive. 

1755  *  *  X.  S.  About  7,000  Catholic 
Acadians  are  banished  and  scattered 
among  the  English  colonies,  for  refus- 
ing to  take  the  oath  of  supremacy  to 
the  King  of  England,  as  their  spiritual 
head. 

1763*  *  y.  Ji.  The  first  Baptist 
church  in  British  America  is  formed 
at  New  Brunswick. 


LETTERS. 
1744  •  *  JRstory    of    New    France,     by 

Pierre  Franjois  Xavier  de  Charlevoix, 

appears. 
1751*  *  K.  S.    The  Halifax   Gazette  is 

issued  at  Halifax. 
1764  *  *  P.  Q.    Th©  Gazette  is  issued  at 

Quebec. 

SOCIETY. 

1693  *  *  P.  Q.    The    general   hospital 

is  established  at  Quebec. 
1776  *  *  Loyalists  from  the  American 
Colonies  begin  to  arrive,  and  are  aided 
by  the  Government. 

STATE. 

1692    Nov.  26.    Nova  Scotia  is  again 

under  the  French  flag. 
1694*  *£wf/.     'William    m.    is    sole 

sovereign. 

1696  July  28.  X.  Y.  The  French 
\inder  Frontenac  for  the  last  time  in- 
vade northern  New  York.  [They  are  de- 
feated by  the  colonists  and  their  Iro- 
quois allies.] 

1697  *  *  Netherlands.  Treaty  of  Rys- 
wick;  France  is  to  retain  all  of  Hud- 
son Bay  and  the  places  held  at  the 
beginning  of  the  war. 

1699  *  *  Callieres  becomes  governor. 

1700  Sept.  8.  A  treaty  is  made  with 
the  Iroquois. 

1701  *  *  IberviUe  makes  his  third  voy- 
age from  France  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Aug.  4.  The  French  make  a  treaty  with 
the  Iroquois. 

1702  *  *  Eng.    Anne  is  enthroned. 

1703  *  *  Vaudreuil  becomes  governor. 

1708  *  *  A  war-council  at  Montreal  re- 
solves to  invade  New  England  with 
an  expedition  of  Indians  and  100  picked 
Canadians  led  by  French  oflicers. 

*  *  The  French  press  forward  their  great 
design  of  uniting  the  region  of  the  Great 
Lakes  with  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi 
by  means  o(  trading-posts  and  mis- 
sions. 

1712  *  *  Anthony  Crozart  secures  a 
monopoly  of  the  Mississippi  Company's 
business  for  five  years. 

1713  Apr.  11.  Netherlands.  ThePeace 
of  Utrecht  ends  hostilities  with  Canada. 

Hudson  Bay,  Newfoundland,  and  Nova 
Scotia  are  surrendered  to  the  English, 
the  French  retaining  only  the  valleys  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Mississippi. 
The  disputes  between  the  French  and 
English  colonies  continue. 

1714  *  *  Eng.    George  I.  is  enthroned. 

*  *  N.  S.    Gen.  Nicholson  is  governor. 

[1717,  Gen.  Philips  ;  1724,  Col.  Lau- 
rence Armstrong  ;  1740,  Capt.  Paul  Mas- 
carene ;  1749,  Lord  Cornwallis ;  1752, 
Peregrine  Thomas  Hopson;  1753,  Maj. 
Lawrence.] 

1715*  *  Fr.    Louis  XV.  is  enthroned. 
1721*  *  Pierre  Charlevoix  descends  the 
Mississippi. 

1726  ♦  *  Beauhamoia  is  appointed  gov- 
ernor. 

1727  *  *  Eng.    George  II.  is  enthroned. 


1742  *  *  Christopher  Middleton  and 
Moore  make  their  discoveries  in  Hud- 
son Bay. 

1746  *  *  Marquis  de  la  GaUissonnifere 
becomes  governor. 

1748  *  *  Ger.  By  the  treaty  of  Aix-la- 
ChapeUe,  Cape  Breton  is  restored  to 
the  French  in  exchange  for  Madras. 

1749  *  *  -52  *  *  Marquis  de  la  Jon- 
quiere  is  governor.  [1752,  Quesne ; 
1755,  Vaudreuil  again.] 

*  *  N.  S.  Great  Britain  seriously  at- 
tempts to  colonize  tliis  Province  in  or- 
der to  checkmate  the  French ;  more 
than  4,000  emigrants  with  their  families 
arrive.  Halifax  is  founded  by  Gov.  Corn- 
wallis. 

1753*  *  N.  S.  Lunenberg,  near  Hali- 
fax, is  settled  by  2,000  Germans. 

1756  May*  P.  Q.  Marquis  de  Mont- 
calm arrives  in  Quebec,  and  assumes 
command  of  the  French  forces.  [He  be- 
comes the  greatest  of  the  governors.] 

1758  *  *  N.  S.  Great  Britain  grants  a 
Constitution. 

1759  Sept.  18.  P.Q.  Bamezay  is  gov- 
ernor at  Quebec. 

1760*  *  Eng.    George  III.  is  enthroned. 
Sept.  8.  -74*  *  The  British  hold  all  Can- 
ada under  military  rule. 

*  *  N.  S.    Jonathan  Belcher,  governor. 

1762  ♦  *  N,  B.  The  French  gain  [tempo- 
rary] possession  of  St.  John, 

1763  Feb.  10.  The  Treaty  of  Paris 
closes  the  French  and  Indian  War  [one 
of  the  most  important  and  far-reaching 
in  its  results]. 

France  cedes  to  Great  Britain  all  of 
Canada,  Cape  Breton,  St.  John's  Island, 
and  all  the  islands  fringing  the  cuast 
except  Miquekm  and  St.  Pierre,  which 
the  French  are  to  hold  as  fishing-stations. 
The  65,000  French  Canadians  become 
British  subjects. 
Oct.  7.  N.  S.  Cape  Breton  is  annexed 
to  Nova  Scotia. 

*  ♦  Gen.  Murray  is  ai)pointed  governor- 
general. 

*  *  N.  S.    Col.  Wilmot  becomes  governor, 

[1766,  Lord  William  Campbell  ;  1773, 
Francis  I.<egge ;  1782,  John  Parr ;  1792, 
John  Weiitworth.] 

1764  *  *  N.  B.  A  body  of  Scotch  labor- 
ers and  farmers  arrive,  and  settle  in 
the  Miramichi  and  other  districts. 

1765  *  *  Labrador.  The  coasts  are  at- 
taclied  to  Newfoundland. 

Feb,  27,  Mar.  8.  Eng.  Passage  of  the 
Stamp  Act  by  Parliament,  by  which 
Americans  are  alienated.  [Mar.  22.  It 
becomes  a  law.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1734*  *  P.  Q.  The  population  of 
Quebec  and  its  suburbs  amounts  to 
4,G0;J. 

1749  *  *  Eng.  Emigrants  are  sent  to 
Nova  Scotia  at  the  expense  of  the  British 
government,  and  Halifax  is  founded. 

1763*  *  The  French  population  is 
about  65,000. 

1765  May  18.  P.Q.  A  fire  in  Montreal 
consumes  108  houses  ;  loss,  $464,000. 


576    1766,**-1818,* 


CANADA. 


ARMY  — STATE. 

1768  ♦  *  TV.  S.  Iiouisburg,  Cape  Bre- 
ton, is  evacuated  by  the  British 
troops. 

1775  Apr.  19-83  Nov.  30.  "War  of 
the  American  Revolution. 

Apr.  19.  Mass.  The  Battle  of  Ijexing- 
ton  begius  the  war;  13  colonies  rebel 
against  Great  Britain,  but  Canada  re- 
mains loyal. 

Sept.  24.  P.  Q.  Col.  Ethan  Allen, 
with  83  men,  attempts  to  take  Mon- 
treal; all  are  made  prisoners. 

Nov.  9.  P.  Q.  Gen.  Benedict  Ar- 
nold, with  1,000  men,  arrives  before 
Quebec  ;  they  are  deterred  from  taking 
the  city  by  the  want  of  boats. 

Nov.  12.  P.  Q.  The  Americans  under 
Gen.  James  Montgomery,  having  in- 
vaded Canada,  attempt  to  surprise  the 
British  and  take  Montreal. 

Dec.  1.    P.  Q.    Gens.  Arnold   and 

Montgomery  unite  their  forces  on  the 

St.  Lawrence. 
Dec.  8.    P.  Q.    The  siege  of  Quebec 

begins. 
Dec.  30.    P.  Q.    Gen.  Montgomery  is 

defeated  and  killed  before  Quebec  ; 

Gen.    Arnold    continues    the    fruitless 

siege. 

1776  Mar.  *  P.  Q.  The  Americans 
are  expelled  from  Canada  by  Sir  Guy 
Carleton. 

May  19.  P.  Q.  Gen.  Arnold,  with  900 
Americans,  captures  the  British  post  at 
the  Cedars,  releasing  500  American 
prisoners. 

May  *  P.  Q.  The  Americans  are  de- 
feated at  Three  Rivers. 

Gen.  Thomas  retreats  from  Quebec 
in  command  of  the  northern  army. 

June  2.  P.  Q.  Gen.  Thomas  dies  of 
smallpox. 

June  15.  /'.  Q.  The  British  retake 
Montreal  from  the  Americans. 

±*  *  N.  S.  Gen.  William  Howe  leaves 
Halifax,  and  sails  with  his  army  for 
New  York  Bay. 

June  18.  Canada  is  entirely  evacu- 
ated by  the  Americans,  **  defeated,  dis- 
contented, dispirited,  diseased." 

Oct.  11-13.  U.  S.  A.  Sir  Guy  Carleton 
defeats  Gen.  Benedict  Arnold  in  a  naval 
battle  on  Lake  Champlain.  (See 
America.) 

*  *  N.  S.  Col.  Graham  defends  Fort 
Cumberland. 

1777  Mar.  *  P.  Q.  Lieut.-Gen.  John 
Burgoyne,  the  successor  of  Sir  Guy 
Carleton,  arrives  at  Quebec  to  take  com- 
mand of  the  British  forces  in  Canada. 

He  proposes  to  cut  the  colonies  into 
two  sections,  by  an  expedition  moving 
through  Lake  Champlam  and  down  the 
Hudson  River. 

June  1.  aV.  r.  Gen.  Burgoyne,  with 
a  British  force,  enters  New  York  via 
Lake  Champlain.  [.Tune*  He  advances 
to  Crown  ''oint.  Oct.  17.  He  surren- 
ders his  army  to  the  Americans.]  (See 
America.) 


1812  June  18 -15  Feb.  15.   The  "War 

of  1812,  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States.    (See  America,  p.  118^-.) 
1814    Dec.  14.     Belgium.     The   war 
ends  —  on  paper,  by  the  signing  of  the 
treaty  of  Peace  at  Ghent. 

ART  —  SCIEWCE  —  NATURE. 

1769  *  • -72  *  *  A'.  W.  T.  Samuel 
Heame  visits  the  Arctic  Region;  ho 
catches  a  view  of  the  Polar  Sea,  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Coppermine  River. 

1771  *  ♦  A^  W.  T.  Hearne  follows  the 
Coppermine  River  down  to  the  Polar 
Sea. 

1776  *  *  Lieut.  Pickeragill  visits  the 
Polar  Sea,  to  cooperate  with  Capt.  Cook's 
Pacific  Expedition. 

*  *  -80  *  *  Capts.  Cook  and  Clark  ex- 
plore the  coast  of  Bering  Strait. 

1778*  *-79*  *  Capt.  James  Cook 
seeks  the  Northwest  Passage  by  way  of 
Bering  Strait. 

1783  Oct.  16.  A  strange  darkness 
occurs  about  two  o'clock  p.m.,  continu- 
ing about  40  minutes,  and  afterward  is 
repeated,  but  of  less  duration. 

1789  June  3.  N.W.T.  Sir  Alexander 
Mackenzie  leaves  Fort  Chippewyan  in  a 
birch  bark  canoe,  going  northward  to  the 
Polar  Sea. 

June  29.  N.  W.  T.  Mackenzie  discov- 
ers Mackenzie  River. 

Sept.  12.  A\  jr.  T.  Mackenzie  returns 
from  exploring  Mackenzie  River  to  Fort 
Chippewyan. 

1790*  ♦Capt.  George  Vancouver 
makes  explorations  along  the  Pacific 
coast. 

1792  Oct.  10.  Mackenzie  leaves  Fort 
Chippewyan  on  an  expedition  [during 
which  he  ascends  the  Peace  River, 
crosses  the  Rockies,  and  reaches  the 
Pacific]. 

*  ♦  Ore.  A  Boston  ship  enters  the  mouth 
of  the  Oregon  Biver,  and  the  captain 
names  It  the  Columbia. 

1793  July  22.  Mackenzie  arrives  at 
the  Pacific. 

Aug.  24.  Mackenzie  arrives  at  Fort 
Chippewyan. 

1818  *  *  Capt.  John  Boss,  in  the  Isa- 
bella, visits  Lancaster  Sound. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1780  *  *  Feller,  Henrietta,  philanthropist,  b. 
1787  *  *  Baptist,  John,  R.  C.  bishop  of  Que- 
bec, dies. 
Papineau,  Louis  Joseph,  politician  and  pa- 
triot, born. 
1791  *  *  Uobinson.  Sir  Jolm  li.,  jurist,  born. 
1793  *  *  Nelson,  Wolfred,  physician,  born. 
I>urhani,  J.  G.  Lanibtoii,  lord,  gov.-gen.,  b. 
1793*  *  Head,   Sir   Francis   llond,  traveler, 
lieut.-gov.  Upi>er  Canada,  born. 

1795  *  *  Mackenzie,  William  L.,in8urKent,  b. 

1796  *  *  Hallburton.   Thomas    Chandler. 
(Sam  Slick),  writer,  born. 

1798*  •  :\IacXab,  Sir  Allan  Napier,  Btates- 
inan,  born. 
Logan,  Sir  Wni.  Edmond,  geologist,  born. 

1799*  *  Faillon,  Michel  l^tienne,  Sulpician 
monk,  publisher,  born. 

1800*  *  Caron,  Uen6  Edouard,  statesman, 
born. 

1803*  *  Ryerson,  Adolphus   Egerton,   edu- 
cator, born. 

1804  *  *  Medley,  John  D.,  bp.  of  N.  B.,  b. 


1806  •  *  Head,  Sir  Edmnnd  Walker,  gov- 
ernor-general, born. 

Eerland,  Jean  Baptigte  Antoine,  historian, 
born, 

1807  •  *  Hincks,  £>ir  Francis,  statesman,  b. 

1808  *  *  Carleton,  Sir  Guy.  Lord  Dorches- 
ter, governor  of  Quebec,  A84. 

1809*  *  (iarneau,  Francois  Xavier,  histo- 
rian, born. 

1811  *  •  Elgin,  Earl  of,  James  Bruce,  gov- 
ernor-general, born. 

1813  Oct.  13.  Brock,  Sir  Isaac,  major-gen- 
eral, A  43. 

1814  *  *  Cartier,  Sir  George  Etienne,  states- 
man, born. 

1816  *  *  Heavysege,  ('harles,  poet,  born. 
1817*   *  Gait.  Sir  Alexander  TUioch. 
statesman,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1766  *  *  P.  Q,  John  Olivier  Briand  is 
consecrated  bishop. 

1769  *  *  N.  S.  The  Burgher  Presby- 
tery of  Truro  is  formed. 

*  *  It.    Clement  XIV.  is  elected  pope. 
1771*  *  Labrador.     Nain    becomes   a 

mission-station  of  the  Moravian  Breth- 
ren. 

1774  *  *  Religious  liberty  is  confirmed 
by  the  English  to  Roman  Catholics. 

1775  *  *  It.    Pius  VI.  is  elected  pope. 
1778    Oct.  29.    N.  S.    The  first  Bap- 
tist church  is  formed  at  Morton. 

1780  *  *  Methodism  is  introduced  by 
a  local  preacher. 

1781  *  *  Out.  .  On  the  death  of  the  two 
missionaries  at  Mackinaw  the  Jesuit 
missions  in  the  Northwest  come  to  a 
close. 

1782  *  *  Labrador.  Hopedale  becomes 
a  Moravian  mission-station, 

1784*  *  P.  Q.  Louis  Philip  Mariau- 
cheau  d'Ssglis  is  consecrated  bishop 
for  the  R.  C.  diocese  of  Quebec. 

1787  *  *  Nova  Scotia  is  erected  into  a 
bishopric  of  the  Church  of  England. 

*  * /*.  Q.  The  first  congregation  of  Pres- 
byterians is  formed  in  Quebec. 

1788  *  *  P.  Q.  John  Francis  Hubert 
is  consecrated  bishop  for  the  R.  C.  dio- 
cese of  Quebec. 

1790*  *  P.  Q.  A  Presbyterian  congre- 
gation is  formed  in  Montreal. 

1791*  *  Enff.  The  "Clergy  Ke- 
serves"  are  established  by  Parliament. 
(See  State.) 

1792*  *  P.Q.  St.  Gabriel  Street 
Presbyterian  church  is  erected  in 
Montreal,  [probably  the  oldest  Presby- 
terian church  in  America]. 

1793  *  *  P.  Q.  The  first  presbytery  is 
formed  in  Montreal. 

*  *  The  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop- 
ric of  Canada  is  established.        • 

*  *  P.  Q.  A  Protestant  bishop  of  Que- 
bec is  appointed  by  the  home  Govern- 
ment. 

1794*  *  P.  Q.  The  first  Baptist 
church  in  the  province  is  formed  at 
Cadwell's  Manor,  near  Vermont. 

1797  *  *  P-  Q-  Pierre  Denaut  is  conse- 
crated bishop  for  the  R.  C.  diocese  of 
Quebec. 

1798*  *  — 1841  *  *  (hit.  Robert  Mc- 
Dowell, a  Presbyterian  minister,  or- 
ganizes a  congregation  in  this  Province. 


CANADA. 


1766,  **-1818,* 


577 


1800  *  •  It.    Pius  VU.  is  elected  pope. 

*  *  A'.  S.  Organization  of  the  first  Bap- 
tist Association  in  Nova  Scotia  and 
New  Brunswick,  at  Granville. 

1803  *  *  P.  Q.  The  first  Baptist  Asso- 
ciation is  formed  in  this  province. 

1804  *  *  P.  Q.  A  Protestant  cathedral 
is  erected  at  Quebec. 

1806  *  *  P.  Q.  Joseph  Octave  Plessis  is 
consecrated  bishop  of  the  II.  C.  diocese 
of  Quebec. 

1817*  *  y.  S.  The  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Nova  Scotia  is  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  Burgher  and  Anti- 
Burgher  presbyteries. 

1818  *  •  An  attempt  to  unite  all  the 
Presbyterian  churches  into  one  body 
fails  of  success. 

*  *jr.  S.  The  Boman  Catholic  dio- 
cese of  Halifax  is  established. 

LETTERS. 

1778  *  *  P.    Q.    The    Weekly    Gazette    is 

issued  at  Montreal. 
1783  .*  *  X.   S.     The    Royal    Gazette    is 

issued  at  Halifax. 
1788  *  *  y.  S.    King's  College  is  founded 

at  Windsor. 
1797  •  *  Out.    A  grant  of  500,000  acres 

of  unoccupied  land  is  set  apart  for  the 

purpose  of  establishing  and  endowing  a 

imiversity  and  four    royal    foundation 

grammar  schools. 

1805  *  *  P.  Q.  The  Mercury  is  issued  at 
Quebec. 

1807  •  *  Jf.F.  The  Royal  Gazette  is  is- 
sued at  St.  Johns. 

1808  *  *  P.  Q.  Le  Canadien  is  issued  at 
Montreal. 

*  •  The  Weekly  Herald  is  issued  at  Mon- 
treal. 

1810  •  *  Out.  The  Weekly  Newt  is  is- 
sued at  Kingston. 

1813  *  *  -V.  S.  The  Acadian  Recorder  is 
issued  at  Halifax. 

*  *  P.  Q.  James  M'Gill  of  Montreal  dies, 
and  bequeaths  his  property  to  the  found- 
ing of  a  college. 

STATE. 

1763    Mar.  18.    £ng.    The  Stamp  Act 

is  repealed. 

*  •  Sir  Guy  Carleton  becomes  governor- 
general. 

1770  *  *  Tlie  government  of  Prince  Ed- 
ward  Island  is  separated  from  that  of 
Nova  Scotia.  Capt.  Walter  Patterson 
becomes  the  first  governor. 

[1775-80,  Calbeck  de  Brisay,  adminis- 
trator ;  1780,  Capt.  Patterson ;  1786,  Geo. 
E.  Fanning;  1805+ ,  Col.  J.  F.  W.  De 
Brisay;  1813,  C.  D.  Smith;  1824,  Col. 
Beady.  J 

1773  *  *  -V.  S.  A  legislative  assembly  is 
constituted. 

*  *  -V.  S.    Celtic  settlers  arrive. 

1774  »  •  -91  *  *  Canada  is  governed 
under  the  Quebec  Act. 

*  *  Eng.  The  Quebec  Bill  passes  Parli- 
ament ;  it  grants  unustial  concessions 
to  the  Catholics  of  Canada,  to  secure 


their  fidelity  during  the  revolt  of  the 

English  colonists. 

The  old  French  laws  are  declared  bind- 
ing in  respect  to  civil  rights  and  prop- 
erty, while  the  English  criminal  laws 
are  to  be  enforced,  and  the  Catholics 
are  secured  in  their  religion. 

1776  July*  Col.  Guy  Johnson  holds  a 
conference  with  the  Indians  at  Mon- 
treal ;  many  chiefs  agree  to  support  the 
king's  cause  against  the  colonists  [but 
accomplish  very  little]. 

1778  *  •  Br.  Col.  Nootka  Sound  (Van- 
couver Island)  is  discovered  by  Capt. 
James  Cook. 

*  *  Gen.  Frederick  Haldimand  be- 
comes governor-general. 

1781  *  *  Br.  Col.  Vancouver  Island, 
near  the  Pacific  coast,  is  first  settled. 

1783  May  18.  N.  B.  A  large  body  of 
liOyalist  settlers  from  the  United  States 
arrive.    [Total,  nearly  50,000.] 

Sept.  3.  Eng.  Great  Britain  acknowl- 
edges the  independence  of  the  United 
States. 

1784  *  •  Nova  Scotia  is  divided  into 
two  Provinces  by  the  erection  of  the 
Province  of  New  Brunswick,  with  Col. 
Thomas  Carleton  governor.  Cape  Bre- 
ton is  also  separated,  and  Sydney  be- 
comes its  capital. 

*  •  /'.  Q.  Gov.  Haldimand  sends  sur- 
veyors to  lay  out  in  great  lots  the  coun- 
try along  the  St.  Lawrence  and  bay  of 
Quints  and  near  Niagara  and  Amherst- 
burg,  for  the  occupation  of  Loyalist 
refugees  from  the  United  States. 

1786  *  *  Br.  Col.  A  British  settlement  is 
made  on  Vancouver  Island. 

*  *  Lord  Dorchester  becomes  governor- 
general  ;  later.  Gen.  Prescott. 

1788  •  *  A'.  B.  Fredericton  is  made  the 
capital  of  New  Brunswick. 

1789*  *  Br.  Col.  The  settlement  at  Van- 
couver is  seized  by  Spaniards. 

1791  *  •  -1840  *  *  Canada  is  governed 
under  the  Constitution. 

*  •  Canada  is  divided  into  two  govern- 
ments. Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  and 
a  Constitution  granted  providing  for  an 
elective  legislature.  Total  population, 
150,000  ;  only  20,000  in  Upper  Canada. 

*  *  P.  Q.  The  wild  lands  called  "  Clergy 
Beserves  "  are  set  apart  by  Parliament 
as  an  endowment  for  the  support  of  the 
Protestant  clergy.  The  Roman  Cath- 
olic clergy  are  already  endowed.  The 
lands  con8tit\ite  one-seventh  of  all. 
[Great  irritation  follows.] 

1792  lir.  Cot.  George  V.ancouver  goes 
to  British  Columbia  to  receive  the 
Spanish  possessions  at  Nootka  Sound. 

Dec.  17.  /'.  Q.  The  Parliament  of 
Lower  Canada  firsts  meets,  in  Quebec. 

*  *  Out.    York  [Toronto]  is  founded. 

*  ♦  John  Graves  Simcoe  becomes  the 
first  governor  of  Upper  Canada. 

[1796,  Peter  Russell  (administrator) ; 
1799,  Gen.  Peter  Hunter;  1806.  Francis 
Gore  :  1812.  Gen  Brock  ;  later  Gen. 
Shealfe,  Gen.  Murray,  and  Gen.  Robin- 
son, administrators.] 


1793  May  *  Ont.  The  second  session 
of  the  Parliament  of  Upper  Canada 
is  held  at  Newark. 

Aug.  *  Out.  The  seat  of  government 
is  transferred  from  Newark  to  York. 

1799  *  *  lower  Can.  Sir  R.  S.  Miles  be- 
comes governor.  [1808,  Absentee  gov- 
ernor;  1824,  Sir  F.  N.  Burton.] 

1800  *  *  A  great  company  of  Highland- 
ers arrives  at  Cape  Breton. 

1807  *  *  Sir  James  H.  Craig  becomes 
governor-general. 

1808  *  *  A'.  S.  Sir  George  Provost  be- 
comes governor. 

[1811,  Sir  John  Coape  Sherbrooke  (ad- 
ministrator) ;  1816,  Earl  of  Dalhousie ; 
1820,  Gen.  Sir  James  Kempt;  1828,  Sir 
Peregrine  Maitlaud.] 

1809  A^.  B.  Gen.  W.  Huntley,  adminis- 
trator. 

[1817,  Gen.  G.  S.  Smyth  :  1824,  Gen.  Sir 
Howard  Douglas  ;  1832,  (jeu.  Sir  Archi- 
bald Campbell.] 

1811  *  *  Scot.  Highlanders  under  the 
patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Selkirk  set  out 
for  the  Northwest  [Manitoba]. 

*  *  Gen.  Sir  George  Provost  becomes 
governor-general. 

1812  June  18.  The  United  States 
declares  war  against  Great  Britain. 

*  *  Man.  The  Highlanders  found  the 
Selkirk  settlement. 

*  *  Red  River  Settlement.  Capt.  Miles 
Macdonell  becomes  governor. 

[1815,  Alex.  Macdonell;  1822,  Capt.  A. 
Bulger ;  1823,  Robert  Pelley  ;  1825,  Don- 
ald McKenzie;  1833,  Alex.  Christie; 
18:J9,  Duncan  Finlayson  ;  ISM,  Alex. 
Christie ;  1846,  Col.  Crofton  ;  1847,  Maj. 
Griffiths  ;  1848,  Maj.  Caldwell ;  1855, 
Judge  Johnson ;  1858,  Wm.  McTavish.] 

1814  Dec.  24.  Belgium.  A  treaty  of 
peace  is  signed  at  Ghent. 

1815  *  *  Sir  Gordon  Drummond  is  ad- 
ministrator. 

*  *  Upper  Can.     Francis  Gore  becomes 

governor. 

[1818,  Sir  Peregrine  Maitland  ;  1828,  Sir 
John  Colborne;  1836,  Sir  Francis  Bond 
Head  ;  1838,  Sir  George  Arthur.] 

1816  •  *  Man.  Lord  Selkirk  arrives  with 
more  Highlanders. 

*  *  Sir  John  Coape  Sherbrooke  be- 
comes governor-general. 

1817  *  *  P.  Q.  Public  agitation  against 
the  "  Clergy  Reserves "  increases. 
(See  1791.) 

*  *  A^.  S.    TTfl.1ifn.-r  ig  declared  a  free  port. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1791*  *The  population  of  Lower 
Canada  is  about  130,000 ;  that  of  Upper 
Canada  about  60,000. 

1803  June  6.  P.  Q.  The  church,  Jes- 
uit college,  prison,  and  many  other 
buildings  at  Montreal  are  burned. 

1811**  Ont.  The  first  reliable  census 
is  taken ;  population,  77,000. 

1815  Sept.  P.  Q.  A  fire  in  Quebec 
destroys  imhlic  and  private  property  to 
the  value  of  81,300,000. 

1817  *  *  P.  Q.  The  Bank  of  Montreal 
and  the  Bank  of  Quebec  are  estab- 
lished, the  first  in  Canada. 


678     1819,  *  *-1846,  Mar. 


CANADA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1837  Nov.  6.  P.  Q.  The  Papineau 
anti-English  rebellion  breaks  out  at 
Montreal;  Louis  J.  Papineau  is  leader 
in  Lower  Canada,  and  William  L.  Mac- 
kenzie in  Upper  Canada ;  the  revolters 
call  themselves  Fils  de  la  LiberU. 

Dec.  *  Chit.  A  party  of  400  rebels  at- 
tempt to  surprise  Toronto  to  gain 
possession  of  arms,  but  are  thwarted. 

Dec.  14.  Ont.  The  insurgents  are 
defeated  at  St.  Eustace  by  the  loyal 
militia  under  Sir  Allan  McNab. 

1838  June  5.  Ont.  Sir  F,  B.  Head 
defeats  the  insurgents  near  Toronto. 

Nov.  3.  P.  Q.  The  rebellion  again 
breaks  out  at  Beauharnois. 

Nov.  6.  Oiit.  The  insurgent  Br.  Wol- 
fred  Nelson  and  his  followers  at  Na- 
pierville  are  routed,  and  many  killed. 

Nov.  17.  Ont.  The  insurgents  are  again 
defeated  at  Prescott,  and  the  insur- 
rection is  suppressed. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1819  *  *  Lieut.  Wm.  E.  Parry  enters 
Lancaster  Sound. 

1820  *  ♦  Capts.  John  Franklin,  Hood, 
Kichardson,  and  Sir  George  Back  de- 
scend the  Coppermine  River  to  Corona- 
tion Gulf,  and  explore  eastward. 

1821  *  *  -23  *  •  Parry  coasts  along  the 
eastern  shores  of  Melville  Peninsula. 

1824  *  *  -25  *  *  Parry  explores  Prince 
Regent's  Inlet. 

1825  *  *  -27  *  *  Sir  John  Franklin 
and  Sir  John  Kichardson  make  a  sec- 
ond journey  northward  from  Canada  to 
the  Polar  seas. 

1833*  *-34*  *Back  descends  the 
Great  Fish  or  Black  River,  from  Fort 
Reliance  to  its  mouth. 

1837*  *-39*  *Dease  and  Thomas 
Simpson,  officers  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company,  explore  the  northern  coast 
westward  from  Return  Reef  to  Gape 
Barrow,  and  eastward  from  Point  Turn- 
again,  north  of  Bathurst  Inlet,  to  the 
Castor  and  Pollux  River. 

1845  May  19.  Eng,  Sir  John  Frank- 
lin sails  with  the  Erebus  and  Terror  in 
search  of  the  Northwest  Passage  [he  is 
known  to  have  entered  Lancaster  Sound, 
but  never  returned]. 

[Thirty  vessels  have  searched  for  the 
discovery  of  Franklin,  or  traces  of  his 
presence.] 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1819*  *  Binney,    Herbert,    lord    bishop    of 

Nova  Scotia,  born. 
1620  *  *  Dawson,  John  WUliam,  geologist 
and  naturalist,  born. 
Canveau,  Pierre  J.  O.,  statesman,  born. 
Taschereau,  Elzear- Alexandre,  cardinal, 
archbishop  of  Quebec,  born. 
1824  *  *  Kirk,  John  Foster,  historian,  editor, 

born. 
1836  •  *  Lewis,  John  T.,  bishop  of  Ontario, 
born  in  Ire. 
Plessis,  Joseph  Octave,  R.  C.  archbishop  of 
Quebec,  dies. 

1826  ♦  •  Langevin,  Sir  Hector  Louis,  states- 
man, born. 

Duiferin,  Earl  of,  F.  T.  H.  B..  governor- 
general,  born. 
Douglas,  Geo.,  Metb.  el.,  Tonf.  pres.,  born. 
1882  *  ♦  Ross,  Alex.  Milton,  naturalist,  b. 


1833  •  *  Panet,  Bernard  Claude,  R.  C.  arch- 
bishop of  Quebec,  dies. 

1834  *  •  Cornish,  (Jeo.  H.,  Methodist  cl.,  b. 
Coughlan,  Lawrencie,  Meth.  pioneer  clergy- 
man in  Nova  Scotia,  A74. 

1836  *  *  Briggs,  Wni.,  M.  E.  clergyman,  b. 
1837*  ♦  De  Mille,  James,  novelist,  born. 

1839  *  *  Fr6clielte,  Louis  Honors,  poet,  born. 

1840  *  »  Durham,  Karl  of,  John  G.  Lambton, 
governor-general,  A 48. 

Vernor,  Henry  G.,  meteorologist,  born. 

1841  *  *  Dent,  Charles,  journalist,  historian, 
born. 

1844*  *  Rankin,  Arthur  McKee,  actor.  Sand- 
wich, born. 
Kiel,  Louis,  insurgent,  born. 

1846  *  ♦  Lorne.  Marquis  of.  John  Qeorge 
Edward  Henry  Douglae  Sutherland 
Campbell,  governor-general,  lK>rn. 

CHURCH. 
1819  *  *  P.  Q.    Joseph  Octave  Plessis 

is  elevated  to  the  archbishopric. 

*  *  Ont.  The  upper  Canada  Baptist  As- 
sociation holds  its  first  meeting. 

1821  *  *  The  Baptist  Association  di- 
vides into  the  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
Brunswick  Associations. 

1823  *  *  It.    Leo  XII.  is  elected  pope. 

1824  *  *  Ont.  The  Methodist  Confer- 
ence of  Upper  Canada  is  formed. 

*  *  The  Missionary  Society  of  the  Meth- 
oilist  Church  in  Canada  is  organized. 

1825  *  *  P.  Q.  Bernard  Claude  Panet  is 
consecrated  bishop  for  the  R.  C.  diocese 
of  Quebec. 

1826*  •3/an.  The  mission  of  the 
Church  (of  England)  Missionary  So- 
ciety is  started  on  the  Red  River. 

Jan.  27.  Ont.  The  Roman  Catholic 
diocese  of  King:ston  is  established. 

1827  *  *  The  Canada  Education  and 
Home  Mission  Society  is  organized. 

1828*  *The  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  of  Canada  is  organized. 

1829  *  *  It.    Pius  Vm.  is  elected  pope. 

*  *  P.E.  I.  The  Roman  Catholic  diocese 
of  Charlottetown  is  established. 

1830  *  ♦  Labradiyr.  Hebron  becomes  a 
Moravian  mission-station, 

*  *  P.  Q.  The  first  Baptist  Church  of 
Montreal  is  organized. 

*  *The  Synod  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Canada  is  formed,  in  con- 
nection with  the  Church  of  Scotland. 

1831  *  *  Two  missionaries  are  sent  from 
England  by  the  Bible  Christian  For- 
eigni  Missionary  Society. 

1833  *  *  P.  Q.  Joseph  Signay  is  con- 
secrated bishop  for  the  R.  C.  diocese  of 
Quebec. 

Oct.  2.  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
resolves  to  unite  with  the  "Wesley- 
ans. 

*  *  The  Ojibway  Methodist  missions 
are  placed  under  the  care  of  the  Wes- 
leyan  Missionary  Society. 

1834  *  *  The  Missionary  Presbytery 
of  the  Canadas  is  formed. 

*  *  -35  *  *  Revivals  prevail  in  Baptist 
chdrches  in  eastern  Canada. 

1836  May  13.  P.Q.  The  Roman  Cath- 
olic diocese  of  Montreal  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *  Mr.  "Wilkes,  missionary  of  the  Colo- 
nial Missionary  Society  of  England,  com- 
mences work. 


*  *  Ont.  The  iirst  meeting  of  the  Ottawa 
Association  of  Baptist  churches. 

1837  *  *  Canada  becomes  a  mission-tleld 
of  the  New  Connection  Methodists. 

*  *  Joyful  Te  Deums  are  sung  in  the 
churches  on  the  accession  of  Queen 
Victoria.  But  in  Lower  Canada  the 
French  Canadians  walk  out  of  church 
during  the  singing. 

1838  *  *  K.  S.  A  Baptist  society  for 
the  maintenance  of  foreign  missions 
is  organized  at  Chester. 

1839  *  *  Rev.  John  Addyman  of  Eng- 
land begins  organizing  church-exten- 
sion work. 

It  results  in  the  establishment  of  177 
churches,  having  more  than  4,000  mem- 
bers. [Tliey  become  connected  with  the 
Methodist  Church.] 

*  *  N.  F.  The  Roman  Catholic  diocese  of 
Newfoundland  is  established. 

1840  *  *  Ont.  The  United  Synod  of 
Upper  Canada  unites  with  the  Synod 
in  connection  with  the  Church  of 
Scotland. 

*  *  The  union  of  Methodist  bodies  with 
the  Wesley  ana  of  England  is  severed, 
forming  the  Wesleyan  Methodists  and 
British  Wesleyaus  [for  7  years]. 

1841  Dec.  17.  Ont.  The  Roman  Catho- 
lic diocese  of  Toronto  is  established. 

1842*  *2^.Ii.  The  Roman  Catholic  dio- 
cese of  St.  John  is  established. 

1843  *  *  The  Canada  Baptist  Union 
is  formed. 

1844  *  *  P.  Q.  The  Roman  Catholic 
archdiocese  of  Quebec  is  created; 
Joseph  Signay,  acting  archbishop. 

Sept.  21.  N.  S.  The  Roman  Catholic 
diocese  of  Arichat  is  established. 

*  *  Scotch  Presbyterians  are  divided, 
following  the  action  of  the  parent 
church. 

*  *  Ont.  llie  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  is  organized  in  London  by 
George  Williams,  a  junior  clerk  in  a  dry- 
goods  house. 

LETTERS. 

1820  *  *  JV.  S.  The  A^ova  Scotian  is  is- 
sued at  Halifax. 

1821  *  *  P.  Q.  M'Gill  College  (Prot.)  is 
founded  at  Montreal. 

*  *  N.  S.  The  corner-stone  of  Dalhousie 
College  (Prot.)  is  laid  in  Halifax. 

*  *  P.  Q.  The  Protestant  University  of 
Montreal  is  founded. 

1825*  *P.Q.  The  M*GiU  College  (Prot.) 
is  made  a  university. 

1826  *  *  Ont.  The  Journal  is  issued  at 
St.  Catharines. 

*  *  P.  Q.  La  Minen^e  is  issued  weekly  at 
Montreal. 

1827  *  *  Ont.  The  University  of  To- 
ronto (King's  College)  is  founded. 

*  *  A  movement  is  started  which  results 
in  the  issue  of  the  Baptist  Missionary 
Magazine. 

1828*  *N.n.  Klngr's  College  is 
founded  at  Fredericton. 

*  ♦  Ont.  The  Sentinel  Star  is  issued  at 
Cobourg. 


CANADA. 


1819,**-1846,  Mar.  *     579 


1820  *  *  Qnt.  The  Christian  Guardian 
(Meth.)  i»  issued  at  Toronto. 

•  *  Ont.  The  Upper  Canada  College 
is  founded  at  Toronto. 

1831  *  •  (hit.  The  Guide  is  issued  at 
Port  Hope. 

1832  »  *  N.  F.  The  Times  and  General 
Commercial  Advertiser  is  issued  at  St. 
Jolins. 

1833  *  *  P.Q.  The  Gazette  anil  Eastern 
Townships  Advertiser  is  issued  at  Quebec. 

•  *  Ont.  The  Intelligencer  and  The  Onta- 
rio are  issued  at  BelleTille. 

1834  •  *  Ont.  The  Weekly  British  Whig 
is  issued  at  Kingston. 

•  •  Ont.  The  Courier  Is  issued  at  Perth. 
1836*»0;i<.    The  Victoria  University 

is  founded  atCobourg,  and  supported  by 
Metliodists. 

•  *  Ont.  The  Upper  Canada  Academy 
(Metb.),  Toronto,  is  opened. 

1837  *  •  N.  B.  The  Carleton  Sentinel  is 
issued  at  Woodstoclt. 

•  *  The  Christian  Messenger  is  issued. 

•  *  Clockmaker,  or  the  Sayings  and  Doings 
of  Sam  Slick  of  Slickmlle,  first  series,  by 
Thomas  Chandler  Haliburton,  ap- 
pears. [1838.  Second  series.  1840.  Third 
series.  1839.  The  Bubbles  of  Canada. 
1843.  Sam  Slick  in  England,-  also  The 
Old  Judge,  or  Life  in  a  Colony.] 

1838+  *  *P.  Q.  The  Canada  Baptist 
College  is  founded  at  Montreal. 

•  »  Ont.  The  Albert  CoUege  (Meth.)  is 
founded  at  Belleville. 

1839*  *  P.  Q.  The  Congregational 
Theological  College  of  Canada  is 
foimded  at  Montreal. 

1841  *  •  Otil.  The  Queen's  Univer- 
sity of  Kingston  is  founded  and  sup- 
ported by  Presbyterians. 

1842  •  *N.B.  The  Royal  Gazette  is  is- 
sued at  Fredericton. 

1843  ♦  *  N.S.  The  Eastern  Chronicle  is 
issued  at  New  Glasgow. 

•  *  P.  Q.  Bishop's  College  (Prot.)  is 
founded  at  Lennoxville. 

1844  •  'A^.  .8.  The  Reporter  and  Freder- 
Kton  Advertiser  is  issued  at  Fredericton. 

•  *  Ont.    The  Globe  is  issued  at  Toronto. 

1845  '  *  P.Q.  The  Weekly  Witness  is  is- 
sued at  Montreal. 

•  *  -46  *  *  Bistoire  du  Canada,  by  Fran- 
90i8  Xavier  Garneau,  appears. 


islaiuls,  but  are  prohibited  the  liberty 
to  take,  cure,  or  dry  (ish  within  three 
marine  miles  of  coasts  not  thus  specified. 

*  *  The  Duke  of  Richmond  becomes 
governor-general. 

1810  *  »  Ont.  Sir  Peregrine  Maitland 
is  lieutenant-governor  of  Upper  Canada. 

1820  *  *  N.  S.  Cape  Breton  is  rean- 
nexed. 

*  *  Eng.    George  IV.  is  enthroned. 

*  •  The  Earl  of  Dalhousie  becomes  gov- 
ernor-general. 

1822  •  *  A  legislative  union  is  pro- 
posed for  Upper  and  Lower  Canada. 

1828  *  *  tf.  S.  Highlanders  arrive  at 
Cape  Breton. 

*  *  Sir  James  Kempt  becomes  adminis- 
trator. 

1829*  *Sir  John  Colborne  (Baron 
Seaton)  is  governor  of  Canada. 

1830 »  *  Eng.  William  IV.  is  en- 
throned. 


•  *  Gov.  Sir  John  Colbome  leaves  Can- 
ada in  haste,  resembling  a  flight. 

*  *  The  Hudson  Bay  Fur  Company 
monopolizes  the  government  of  a  vast 
territory. 

1830  Sept.  *  Chas.  Powlett  Thomp- 
son (Lord  Sydenham)  becomes  governor- 
general. 

He  is  commissioned  to  carry  out  the 
union  scheme  of  Lord  Durham. 

Nov.  4.  P.  Q.  Martial  law  is  pro- 
claimed at  Montreal  to  suppress  rebel- 
lion, etc. 


1840  *  *  -67  *  *  Canada  is  governed 
under  the  Union  Bill. 

Feb.  10.  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  are 
reunited  in  legislative  union,  after  a 
separation  of  49  years.  The  country  is 
called  the  Province  of  Canada. 

1841  June  13.  Ottawa.  The  first 
Parliament  of  Canada  opens  with  great 
ceremony. 

••  *  Lord  Aylmer  becomes  governor-gen-    Oct.  *  Sir  Charles  Bagot  becomes  gov- 
ernor-general. 


eral 

1831  •  *  P.E.  I.    Col.  A.  W.  Young  be- 
comes governor. 

[1836,  Col.  Sir  J.  Harvey:  1837,  Sir  C. 
A.  Fitzroy;  1841,  Sir  H.  V.  Huntley; 
1847,  Sir  Donald  Campbell ;  1851,  Sir  A. 
Bannerman  ;  1854,  Dominick  Daly  ;  1859, 
George  Dundas ;  1870,  W.  C.  F.  Kobin- 
son.] 

1834  *  *  N.  S.    Sir  Colin  Campbell  be- 
comes governor. 

[1840,  Viscount  Falkland;  1848,  Sir 
.lohn  Harvey  (administrator);  1852,  Sir 
J.  G.  Le  Marchant;  1858,  The  Earl  of 
Mulerave  (administrator) ;  1864,  Sir  R. 
G.  Macdonnell ;  1865,  Sir  Fenwick  Wil- 
liams.] 

1835  *  *  The  Earl  of  Gosford  becomes 
governor-general. 

1837    June  20.    Eng.     Victoria  suc- 
ceeds to  the  throne. 
•  *  N.B. 


SOCIETY. 

1822  •  *  P.  <?.  A  general  hospital  is 
founded  at  Montreal. 

1837  Nov.  6.  P.  Q.  Riots  oociir  in 
opijosition  to  the  Government,  at  Mon- 
treal. 

1841  Oct.  12.  M'Leod,  charged  with 
the  destruction  of  the  Caroline,  is  ac- 
quitted at  Utioa,  N.  Y.    (See  p.  148.) 

STATE. 

1818  *  *  A  convention  with  the  United 
States  is  made. 

It  provides  that  Americans  may  fish 
on  certain  coasts  of  Newfoundland,  of 
Labrador,  and  of  some  expressly  defined 


Gen.  Sir  John  Harvey  becomes 
governor. 

[1841,  Sir  William  Colebrook  ;  1848,  Sir 
E.  W.  Head;  1854,  J.  H.  Sutton;  1862, 
A.  Gordon  ;  1866,  Gen.  Doyle.] 

Nov.  6.  An  anti-English  rebellion 
breaks  out  under  liouis  J.  Papineau  in 
Lower  Canada  and  Dr.  William  L.  Mac- 
kenzie in  Upper  Canada.    (See  Army.) 

1838  Jan.  16.  Ijord  Durham  is  ar>- 
pointed  governor-general. 

*  *  Lord  Durham  makes  his  important 
report  on  the  state  of  Canada. 

He  recommends,  (1)  a  federal  union 
of  the  Provinces,  (2)  the  construction  of 
an  intercolonial  railroad,  (3)  the  organi- 
zation of  an  P'xecutive  Council  wliicli 
shall  be  responsible  to  the  Assembly. 

Apr.  12.  The  insurrectionists  Ijount 
and  Matthews  are  hanged. 

•  *  Ont.  Insurgent  Mackenzie  issues 
a  proclamation  declaring  Canada  a 
republic,  and  raises  a  flag  having  two 
stars,  one  for  each  Canada. 

Oct.  0.  Lord  Durham  resigns  the  ofiice 
of  governor-general. 

Deo.  *  Sir  John  Colbome  becomes  gov- 
ernor-general. 

Dec.  5.  P.  Q.  Lord  Gosford,  governor 
of  Lower  Canada,  offers  a  reward  of 
£1,000  for  the  apprehension  of  Papi- 
neau. 


1842  Aug.  0.  U.  S.  A.  The  Ash- 
burton  Treaty  is  signed  at  Washing- 
ton by  Lord  Ashburton  and  Daniel  Web- 
ster. 

It  settles  a  vexing  boundary  question 
respecting  12,000  square  miles  of  terri- 
tory between  Maine  and  New  Brunswick, 
and  allots  7,000  to  tlie  United  States  and 
5,000  to  Great  Britain. 

1843  Feb.  *  Sir  Charles  T.  Metcalfe 
(Lord  Metcalfe)  becomes  governor-gen- 
eral. 

1846  •  *  Br.  Col.  The  Hudson  Bay 
Company  select  Victoria,  on  Vancou- 
ver Island,  as  their  port  and  capital. 

Mar.  •  The  Earl  of  Cathcart  becomes 
governor-general. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1821  *  -  P.  <i.    The  Lachine  Canal  is 
commenced,  for  passing  the  rapids  of 
the  St.  Lawrence. 

*  *  Ont.  The  "WeUsnd  Canal  is  com- 
menced. 

1825  Oct.  7+.  JV.  B.  The  Miramichi 
fire  is  a  great  calamity.  Many  lives  and 
dwellings  are  lost.  [Aid  is  sent  to  the 
suflferers  from  the  United  States.] 

•  *  The  population  of  Canada  is  681,920. 
[1831.    Population  is  1,069,000.) 

1832  June  8.  P.  Q.  The  first  case 
of  cholera  in  America  occurs  at  Quebec. 
(It  sweeps  through  all  the  large  towns 
and  Tillages.] 

1834  »  •  Ont.  Name  of  the  city  of  York 
is  changed  to  Toronto. 

1836  July*  The  first  railroad  is 
opened. 

1837  *  *  The  commercial  crisis  in  the 
United  States  causes  a  crisis  in  Canada, 
especially  in  Lower  Canada. 

1844  *  •  There  are  only  14  miles  of 
railroad  in  the  country. 

1845  May  28.  P.Q.  A  fire  in  Quebec 
destroys  1,650  houses,  the  homes  of  12,000 
persons. 

June  20.  P.  Q.  A  second  fire  in 
Quebec  destroys  1,365  houses;  two- 
thirds  of  the  town  having  been  consumed 
by  the  two  fires. 

1846  Jan.  12.  P.  Q.  Fifty  lives  are 
lost  in  the  burning  of  a  theater  at 
Quebec. 


580    1846,  *  *-1864,  Oct.  19. 


CANADA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1858  *  *  A  regiment  is  raised  for  the 
British  Army,  and  called  the  100th  of 
the  line. 

1859  Jan.  10.  Eng.  The  Prince  of 
Wales  presents  the  colors  to  the  100th 
of  the  line  at  Shornclilfe  Ciirap. 

1861  Dec.  *  Eng.  The  British  govern- 
ment sends  3,000  soldiers  to  Canada, 
and  makes  other  warlike  preparations, 
because  of  the  seizing  of  Mason  and 
Slidell  on  the  Trent.  (See  U.  S.  p.  200.) 

1864  Oct.  19.  P.  Q.  A  force  of  Con- 
federate raiders  leave  Canada  and  at- 
tack St.  Albans,  Vermont.  They  rob 
the  bank,  steal  horses,  kill  one  man,  and 
wound  others.    [Oct.  21.    Arrested.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1846*  ♦-47*  *Dr.   John   Kae,   by 

sledge  journeys  of  more  than  1,200  miles, 
explores  Boothia. 
1848  *  *  N.  W.  T.    Dr.  John  Rae  makes 
a  journey  in  search  of  Franklin  from 
the  Mackenzie  to  the  Coppermine  River. 

1850  •  *  Br.  Col.  Gold  is  discovered 
near  Fraser  River,  and  coal  on  Vancou- 
ver Island. 

185 1  *  *  Rae  explores  the  southern  shores 
of  WoUaston  and  Victoria  Lands,  tra- 
cing 700  miles  of  coast. 

*  •  Sir  Robert  McClure  enters  Bering 
Strait,  and  crosses  to  Lancaster  Sound, 
thus  accomplishing  the  Northwest  Pas- 
sage, but  he  is  compelled  to  abandon  his 
ship. 

1853  •  •  Rae  explores  the  Quoich  River 
for  200  miles. 

1854  *  *  Rae  proves  by  exploration  that 
King  William's  Land  is  an  island. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1848  •  *  Allen,  Grant,  author,  born. 
1881  •  'Mackenzie,  ■William  Lyon, 
leader  of  insurgents,  A66. 

1862  '  '  .MacNab,  Sir  Allan  Napier,  states- 
man, A  64. 

1863  *  ■  Elgin,    Earl   of.    James    Bruce, 
statesman,  governor-general,  A52, 

Kobinson,  Sir  John  B.,  jurist,  A72. 

CHURCH. 

1846  *  •  Ore.  A  Roman  Catholic  see 
is  erected  in  Oregon,  dependent  on  Can- 
ada. 

*  *  /(.    Plus  rX.  is  elected  pope. 

1847  July  25.  Ont.  The  Roman  Cath- 
olic diocese  of  Ottawa  is  established. 

*  •  A'.  S.  The  Congregational  Confer- 
ence is  organized. 

*  *  The  ' '  United  Presbyterian  Synod 
in  Canada"  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  B.  The  Baptist  Association  di- 
vides into  Eastern  and  Western  Associ- 
ations. 

*  *  Man.  The  Roman  Catholic  diocese 
of  St.  Boniface  is  established.  J.  K. 
Provencher  is  its  first  bishop. 

*  »  The  Methodist  Union  with  the  Brit- 
ish Wesloyan  Conference  is  restored. 

*  *  Br.  Col.  The  diocese  of  Vancou- 
ver Island  is  established. 


1849  »  *  P.  Q.  The  Episcopal  bishopric 
of  Montreal  is  established. 

1850**  P.  Q.  Peter  riavianTurgeon 
is  consecrated  bishop  of  the  R.  C.  dio- 
cese of  Quebec. 

*  *  N.  B.  The  Southern  Baptist  Asso- 
ciation is  formed. 

1851  Nov.  23.  Alex.  A.  Tache  is  con- 
secrated Roman  Catholic  bishop. 

Dec.  9.  P.  Q.  Organization  of  the  Mon- 
treal Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation. 

1852  *  *  P.  Q.  St.  Peter's  Cathedral 
at  Montreal  is  projected  by  Bishop 
Bourget. 

*  *  P.  Q.  The  Roman  Catholic  diocese 
of  Three  Rivers  is  established. 

May  4.  X.  S.  The  archdiocese  of 
Halifax  is  created,  comprising  all  but 
three  counties  of  Nova  Scotia  proper, 
and  Bermuda  Islands. 

June  8.  P.  Q.  The  Roman  Catholic  di- 
ocese of  St.  Hyacinthe  is  established. 

1853  June  7.  Man.  Alexandre  Anto- 
nin  Tache  becomes  R.  C.  bishop  of  St. 
Boniface. 

*  *  The  Congregational  Missionary  So- 
ciety is  organized. 

*  *  The  Congregational  Conference  of 
Canada  is  organized. 

1854  *  *  The  Wesleyans  of  eastern  Can- 
ada and  of  the  Hudson  Bay  missionary 
work  are  incorporated  into  the  Metho- 
dist Church  of  Canada. 

1855  *  *  Several  Methodist  circnits  in 
Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  and  New- 
foundland are  formed  into  a  confer- 
ence. 

1856  •  *  Ont.  The  Roman  Catholic  dio- 
cese of  Hamilton  is  established. 

Feb.  21.  On(.  The  Roman  Catholic  di- 
ocese of  Ijondon  is  established. 

1859  Nov.  30.  Man.  V  i  t  a  1  i  b  J. 
Grandin  [Bishop  of  St.  Albert]  is  con- 
secrated bishop  of  Satala  and  coadjutor 
bishop  of  St.  Boniface. 

1860  Apr.  15.  N.  B.  John  Sweeny 
is  consecrated  R.  C.  bishop  of  St.  John. 

May  8.  N.  B.  The  Roman  Catholic  di- 
ocese of  Chatham  is  established. 

Aug.  15.  N.  B.  James  Rogers  is  con- 
secrated R.  C.  bishop  of  Chatham. 

P.  E.  I.  Peter  Mclntyre  is  conse- 
crated R.  C.  bishop  of  Charlottetown. 

*  *  N.S.  The  Presbyterian  Church  of 
Nova  Scotia  and  the  Free  Church 
unite. 

1861  •  *  The  Presbyterian  Church  and 
the  United  Presbyterian  Church  unite 
in  forming  "  The  Canadian  Presby- 
terian Church." 

*  •  The  Free  Church  and  the  United 
Presbyterian  Church  unite. 

1862  •  ♦  The  R.  C.  vicariate  apostolic  of 
Athabasca-Mackenzie  is  established. 

*  •  Br.  Col.  The  Christian  settlement 
of  Metlakahtla,  on  the  coast,  is  founded 
by  the  agent  of  the  Church  (of  England) 
Mission  Society. 


LETTERS. 

1846  »  •  Ont.  The  Citizen  is  issued  at 
Ottawa. 

1847  •  »  Ont.  The  Weekly  Free  Press  is 
issued  at  London. 

*  *  Ont.  TAc  Examiner  is  issued  at  Peter- 
borough. 

*  *  P.  Q,  The  Chronicle  is  Issued  at  Que- 
bec. 

*  *  P.  E.  I.  The  Examiner  and  Island 
Argus  is  issued  at  Charlottetown. 

1848  *  *  N.  S.  The  Presbyterian  Wit- 
ness and  Evangelical  Advocate  is  issued 
at  Halifax. 

*  *  Ont.  The  Freeholder  is  issued  at  Corn- 
wall. 

*  *  Ont.  The  Weekly  Spectator  is  issued 
at  Hamilton. 

*  •  Ont.  The  school  system  of  Upper 
Canada  is  remodeled. 

*  *    Baptists  start  the  Christian  Visitor, 

*  *  Oliver  Cromwell  and  the  Protectorate, 
by  Sir  Daniel  Wilson,  appears. 

1849  *  *  Ont.  The  title  of  King's  Col- 
lege, Toronto,  is  changed  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Toronto. 

1850  »  •  -V.  .S'.  The  Wesleyan  is  issued 
at  Halifax. 

1851*  »  Ont.  The  University  of 
Trinity  CoUege,  Toronto,  is  founded 
on  the  suppression  of  the  faculty  of 
King's  College. 

*  *  ArchsBology  and  Prehistoric  Annuls  of 
Scotland,  by  Sir  Daniel  Wilson,  appears. 

1852  »  *  N.  S.  The  Casket  is  issued  at 
Antigonish. 

*  *  Ont.  The  Weekly  Expositor  is  issued 
at  Brantford. 

*  *  P.  Q.  The  Laval  University  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  founded  at  Quebec. 

1853  •  •  Ont.  The  Christian  Messenger 
[  1854.  The  name  is  changed  to  the  Cana- 
dian Baptist]  is  started  at  Toronto. 

*  *  K.  B.  The  Religious  Intelligencer  is 
issued  at  Fredericton. 

*  *  Ont.  The  Review  is  issued  at  Peter- 
borough. 

1854  *  *  Ont.  The  Weekly  Beacon  is  is- 
sued at  Stratford. 

1855  *  *  P.  Q.  The  Advertiser  is  issued 
at  Waterloo. 

*  *  Nature  and  Human  Nature,  by 
Thomas  Chandler  Haliburton,  ap- 
pears. 

*  •  Ode  on  Shakespeare,  by  Charles  Heavy- 
sege,  appears  ;  also  Jephtha's  IJauyhter. 

*  *  Acadian  Geology,  by  John  William 
Dawson,  appears. 

1856  •  *  Ont.  The  Canadian  Baptist 
College  is  founded. 

1857  *  *  Ont.  The  Wesleyan  Female 
CoUege  of  Hamilton  is, founded  by 
Methodists. 

±  »  *  N.  B.  The  Mount  Allison  "Wes- 
leyan College  (Meth.)  is  founded  at 
.Sackville. 

»  *  Ont.  The  Tribune  is  issued  at  Wel- 
land. 


CANADA. 


1846,  *  *-1864,  Oct.  19.    581 


•  *  p.  Q.  Le  Courrier  du  Canada  is  is- 
sued at  Quebec. 

•  ♦  Saul  ■  A  Drama  m  three  Parts,  by 
Charles  Heavysege,  appears. 

1858  •  •  B.  C.  The  Colonist  is  issued  at 
Victoria. 

•  *  N.  S.  The  Colonial  Standard  is  is- 
sued at  Pictou. 

»  •  Ont.    The  Times  is  issued  at  Hamilton. 
»  *  Archala,  by  John  William  Dawson, 
appears. 

•  •  Helena's  Household,  by  James  Be 
MiUe,  appears. 

1850  *  *  If.  B.  The  Globe  is  issued  at 
St.  John. 

•  *  Ont.  The  Free  Press  is  issued  at  Lou- 
don. 

«  •  Ont.  The  Southern  Counties  Journal  is 
issued  at  St.  Thomas. 

•  *  N.  F.  The  Standard  Is  issued  at  Har- 
bour Grace. 

1860  *  '  P.  Q.  The  Witness  is  issued  at 
Montreal. 

1861  ♦  •  -65  •  •  Coitrs  d'histoire  du  Ca- 
nada, by  Jean  Baptiste  Antoine  Ferland 
and  Laverdlfcre,  appears. 

1862  •  *  A\  li.  Tlie  Telegraph  is  issued 
at  St.  John. 

•  •  Prehistoric  Man,  by  Sir  Daniel  Wil- 
son, appears. 

1863  *  *  Ont.  The  Advertiser  is  is.sued 
at  London. 

»  •  -68  *  •  History  of  Charles  the  Bold, 
by  John  Foster  Kirk,  appears. 


SOCIETY. 

1849  Apr.  25.  P.  Q.  The  Loyalists  of 
Montreal  enter  tlie  Parliament  House, 
d..ive  out  the  members,  and  set  fire 
to  the  building;  they  also  burn  the 
Library  of  the  Provinces  ;  the  disorder  is 
occasioned  by  dissatisfaction  concerning 
the  payment  for  losses  suffered  during 
the  rebellion. 

1853  June  6.  P.  Q.  Alessandro  Ga- 
vazzi,  the  Italian  priest  and  agitator, 
lectures  in  Quebec  against "  popery,"  and 
raises  a  riot. 

June  9.  P.  Q.  A  mob  attacks  Father 
Gavazzi  while  lecturing  at  Montreal ; 
military  tire  ;  10  killed  and  IG  wounded. 

•  •  The  Sunday  closing  of  liquor-shops 
is  enforced. 

1860  •  •  The  Prince  of  "Wales  visits 
Canada  to  take  a  part  in  laying  the  cor- 
ner-stone of  the  Government  buildings 
at  Ottawa,  and  to  honor  the  opening  of 
the  Victoria  Bridge  across  the  St.  Law- 
rence  at  Montreal. 

[July  30.  N.  S.  He  arrives  at  Hali- 
fax. Aug.  18.  He  arrives  at  Quebec. 
Aug.  25.  He  arrives  at  Montreal.  Sept. 
1.  lie  arrives  at  Ottawa.  Sept.20.  He 
leaves  Canada  for  the  United  States.] 

1864  June  8.  Many  Fenians  flee  be- 
cause of  the  suspension  of  the  Habeas 
Corpus  Act. 

STATE. 
1847  *  •  Kng.     The    Imperial    Govern- 
ment abandons  all   control   over  the 
customs  of  Canada. 


Jan.  30.  The  Earl  of  Elgin  takes  oath 
as  governor-general. 

1849*  *  Br.  Col.  The  Hudson  Bay 
Company  declines  to  refer  a  question 
respecting  their  trade  and  territory  to 
the  .ludioial  Committee  of  the  Privy 
Council.  The  B  r  i  t  i sh  Government 
grants  Vancouver  Island  to  the  com- 
pany ;  R.  Blaushard,  governor. 

»  •  The  Government  dismisses  17  ma- 
gistrates implicated  in  an  address  in 
favor  of  the  annexation  of  Canada  to 
the  United  States. 

1850  Feb.  ♦  A  movement  for  annex- 
ation to  the  United  States  is  made ; 
Earl  Grey,  Colonial  Secretary,  sends  a 
despatch  warning  against  the  movement 
as  an  act  of  high  treason. 

1851  Jan.  27.  Earl  Grey,  Secretary 
of  State  for  the  Colonies,  relinquishes  to 
the  Legislature  of  Canada  the  right  to 
dispose  of  the  Clerical  Reserves. 

•  *Tlie  Canadian  Post-offlce  Depart- 
ment is  received  from  the  British  Gov- 
ernment, and  a  uniform  postage  rate  of 
threepence  for  a  half-ounce  is  estab- 
lished. 

»  »  Vancouver  Is.  James  Douglas  be- 
comes governor.    [1864,  Capt.  Kennedy.] 

1853  May  9.  Fng.  Parliament  abol- 
ishes the  "Clergy  Reserves." 

1854*  *Sir  Edmund  Head  becomes 
governor-general . 

June  5.  The  Reciprocity  Treaty  with 
the  United  States  is  signed.  [It  lasts  10 
years.] 

1855  •  •  An  Act  is  passed  which  leads  to 
the  organization  of  the  first  volunteer 
force. 

1856  *  *  It  is  provided  that  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Upper  House  or  Legislative 
Council,  formerly  nominated  by  the 
Crown,  shall  be  chosen  hereafter  by  the 
votes  of  Canadian  electors. 

Apr.  17.  P.  Q.  Quebec  is  made  the 
seat  of  the  Government. 

1857  *  *  The  Hudson  Bay  Company 
is  restricted  by  the  Crown  in  estab- 
lishing monopolies  of  government  and 
trade. 

1858  »  »  A  constitutional  crisis  occurs. 
The  Queen  is  asked  to  decide  upon  a 

seat  of  government  in  Canada ;  and  five 
cities  claim  the  honor,  including  Quebec, 
Toronto,  Montreal,  and  Bytown  (Ot- 
tawa). 
Aug. »  Ont.  The  Queen  selects  Ot- 
tawa as  the  site  for  the  capital.  [The 
decision  is  unpopular.] 

1859  •  *  Br.  Col.  James  Douglas  be- 
comes governor. 

1861  Nov.  28.  Lord  Monck  assumes 
the  office  of  governor-general. 

1862  May  20-23.  Ottawa.  The  Min- 
istry of  Sir  George  E.  Cartier  is  de- 
feated on  a  Militia  Bill.  John  A. 
Macdonald  becomes  the  premier  of  a 
new  Ministry. 

July*  Ottawa.  The  Assembly  passes  a 
Militia  Bill  providing  ^,ooo  militia  and 
5,000  reserves.  [Knglish  complaint  is 
expressed  at  the  small  provision  made 
for  the  public  defense.] 

1863  May  20.  Ottawa.  Su-  John  A. 
Macdonald  is  again  appointed  premier. 


Sept.  *    Ottawa.    A  new   Militia   Bill 

passes  the  Assembly. 
Sept.  '   Peace  with  the  United  States  is 
threatened  by  the  belligerent  action 
of  two  Confederates. 

Confederates  seize  two  American 
steamboats,  the  Fhilo  Parsons  and  the 
island  Queen,  for  the  purpose  of  releas- 
ing Confederate  prisoners  on  .Johnson's 
island,  in  Lake  Erie. 

•  *  The  rights  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany are  sold  to  a  new  proprietary,  hav- 
ing Sir  Edmund  Head  for  chairman. 

1864  June  5.  The  United  States 
closes  the  Treaty  of  Reciprocity. 

The  alleged  reason  is  to  hasten  annex- 
ation by  the  commercial  depression  of 
Canada.  Canadians  claim  to  fall  back 
on  the  Convention  of  1818  respecting  the 
fisheries. 

Sept.  1.  The  governments  of  Nova 
Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  and  Prince  Ed- 
ward Island  are  represented  in  a  meet- 
ing at  Charlottetown  by  delegates,  which 
arranges  for  the  union  of  the  three 
Provinces. 

Oct.  10.  /'.  Q-  The  Quebec  Scheme 
of  Confederation  is  devised. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1847  *  «  The  Grand  Trunk  Railroad 
is  commenced. 

1850  *  *  P.Q.  Montreal  suiters  from  a 
great  flre. 

Nov.  11.  N.  B.  A  flre  at  Fredericton 
destroys  300  dwellings. 

1851  *  ♦  The  population  is  2,482,000. 

1852  July  8.  P.  Q.  Montreal  is  par- 
tially destroyed  by  flre;  the  loss  is 
estimated  at  a  million  sterling. 

1854  Feb.  1.  P.  Q.  The  splendid 
Parliament  House  at  Quebec  is  burned 
with  valuable  philosophical  apparatus. 

May  24.  P.  Q.  The  Victoria  Rail- 
road Bridge  at  Montreal  is  com- 
menced. 

*  *The  Great  Western  Railroad  is 
commenced. 

1855  Jan.  5.  P.  Q.  Much  damage  is 
done  to  the  Victoria  Tubular  Bridge 
at  Montreal  by  floating  ice. 

1856  Nov.  12.  Ont.  The  Grand 
Trunk  Railroad,  860  miles  long,  is 
opened  from  Quebec  to  Toronto. 

Dec.  10.  P.  Q.  The  cathedral  at  Mon- 
treal is  destroyed  by  flre. 

1858  *  *  y.  F.  The  Atlantic  Cable  is 
laid.    (See  U.  S.  A.) 

*  •  66  *  *  There  is  a  great  influx  of 
gold-diggers  into  British  America. 

1860  Aug.  25.  P.  Q.  The  Prince  of 
Wales  formally  opens  the  Victoria 
Railroad. 

1861  *  *  -65  *  *  Canada  is  commercially 
benefited  by  the  Civil  War  in  the  Uiiited 
States,  which  increases  the  demand  for 
farm  stock  and  provisions  at  abnormally 
high  prices. 

*  *  A'.  S.    Gold  is  discovered. 

*  •  The  population  numbers  3,090,661. 
1864    June  29.    P.  Q.    A  train  runs 

off  the  bridge  at  St.  Hilaire,  and  kills 
about  83  persons,  and  wounds  200. 


682    1864,  Oct.  20-1875,  Oct.  24. 


CANADA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1864  Oct.  20.  P.Q.  About  20,000 vol- 
unteers meet  at  Quebec  to  consider 
the  advisability  of  forming  a  Canadian 
Confederation.  The  basis  of  a  Con- 
federation is  agreed  upon. 

Dec.  *  Great  excitement  follows  Gen. 
Dix's  proclamation  threatening  repri- 
sals  if  Confederate  invasions  continue. 

1866  Mar.  9.  Fenians  threaten  an 
invasion  from  the  United  States. 

Mar.  15.  The  Government  calls  out 
10,000  volunteers  to  repel  the  Fe- 
nians. 

Jtme  1.  Ont.  A  force  of  1,500  Fenians 
under  Gov.  O'Neil  cross  the  Niagara 
near  Black  Rock  into  Canada. 

June  2.  Ont.  The  Fenian  raiders  are 
repulsed  by  the  volunteers,    (p.  252.) 

The  American  troops  capture  many 

returning  Fenians. 

June  7.  P.  Q.  Fenians  under  Spear 
enter  Canada  from  Vermont. 

June  S.  Canada  has  ahout  3  5,000 
men  under  arms. 

June  9.  P.  Q.  Many  Fenians  retiu^i 
to  the  United  States. 

1868  May  24.  P.Q.  The  Fenians 
make  another  raid  from  the  United 
States,  and  are  repelled. 

1860  July  23.  Man.  An  expedition 
of  1,200  men,  led  by  Col.  Garnet  Wolse- 
ley,  lands  at  Fort  Garry,  and  quiets 
the  settlers  by  a  proclamation. 

The  settlers  object  to  being  a  colony 
of  a  colony,  and  complain  that  they  were 
not  consulted  in  the  transfer  to  the  Do- 
minion. 

1870  Jan.  *  Man.  The  Kiel  rebellion 
occurs. 

1871  Oct.  12  f.  The  Fenians  pro- 
pose an  attack  on  Manitoba,  but  are 
frustrated  by  the  United  States  troops. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1866  Nov.  *  Ont.  Gold  is  discovered 
in  Hastings  County. 

1870  Oct.  20.  P.  Q.  An  earthquake 
does  much  damage  at  Quebec. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1865*  *  Haliburton,    ThomaB    Chandler 
(Sam  Slick) y  Nova  Seotian  humorist,  A69. 
Nelson,  Wolf  red,  physician,  A  73. 
I860*  ♦  Garneau,  FrangoisXavier, historian, 

A57. 
1867*  *  Turgeon,  Peter  Flavian,  R.  C.  arch- 
bishop of  Queliee,  dies. 
1868  *  ♦  Head.  Sir  Sdmund  Walker,  gov- 
ernor-general,  A63. 
Feller,  Henrietta,  Swiss  philan.,  A88. 
1870*  *  Faillon,   Michel   Etienne,  Monk  of 
St.  Siilpice,  publisher,  A71. 
Baillargeon,   Francis,  R.   C.  archbishop  of 
Quebec,  dies. 

1871  *  *  Paplneau.   liOuis  Joseph,  politi- 
cian, revolutionist,  A84. 

1873  *  ♦  Cartier,  Sir  George  Etienne,  states- 
man, A59. 

CHURCH. 

1864  Nov.  29.   Henri- Joseph  Faraud 

is  consecrated  vicar  apostolic  of  Atha- 
basca-Mackenzie. 

1865  *  *  Labrador.  Zoar  becomes  a  Mo- 
ravian mission-station. 


1866  Oct.  18.  Ont.  The  Auxiliary  to 
the  American  Baptist  Missionary 
Union  iu  Beanisville  is  organized. 

*  *  A^  A\  — jV.  B.  The  churches  of  Nova 
Scotia  and  New  Bnniswick  unite  to 
form  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  the 
liower  Provinces. 

1867  Jan.  15.  P.Q.  The  Roman  Cath- 
olic diocese  of  Rimouski  is  established. 

Feb.  25.  P.  Q.  Louis  F.  LaflSche  is 
consecrated  R.  C.  bishop  of  Three  Rivers. 

May  1.  P.  Q.  Jean  Langevin  is  conse- 
crated K.  C.  bishop  of  Rimouski. 

Aug.  15.  J.  Clut  Is  consecrated  coad- 
jutor vicar  apostolic  of  Athabasca-Mac- 
kenzie. 

Oct.  17.  Rev.  A.  V.  Trinpany  and  his 
wife,  with  Miss  June  Bates,  are  desig- 
nated the  fii«t  missionaries  to  the 
heathen  of  the  Ontario  and  Quebec 
Baptists. 

Nov.  10.  Ont.  John  "Walsh  is  conse- 
crated R.  C.  bishop  of  Sandwich  [arch- 
bishop of  Toronto]. 

*  *  P.  Q.  Charles  Francis  Baillargeon  is 
consecrated  R.  C,  bishop  of  Quebec. 

1868  *  *  X.  S.  ~  N.  B.  The  Presbyte- 
rian Synods  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
Bnuiswick  and  the  Church  of  Scotland 
unite  in  forming  one  synod. 

*  *  P.  E.  I.  The  Baptist  Association 
is  formed. 

1870  Mar.  18.  Ont.  The  Roman  Cath- 
olic archdiocese  of  Toronto  is  created. 

May  22.  N.  S.  John  Cameron  is  con- 
secrated bishop  at  Rome.  [Afterward 
translated  to  Antigonish.] 

*  *  The  first  General  Assembly  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  is  held. 

1871*  *  Labrador.  Kamah  becomes  a 
Moravian  mission-station. 

Mar.  19.  P.  Q.  Elzear-Alexandre  [Car- 
dinal] Taschereau  is  consecrated  R.  C. 
archbishop  of  Quebec. 

Sept.  22.  Alberta.  The  Roman  Catholic 
diocese  of  St.  Albert  is  established, 
with  Vitalis  J.  Grandin  as  bishop. 

Man.    The  Roman  Catholic  diocese 

of  St.  Boniface  is  made  an  archbish- 
opric and  Alexandre  Antonin  Tache  is 
nominated  archbishop. 

*  *  The  Woman's  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions  is  orgaitized. 

1873  May  1.  P.  Q.  Edward  C. 
Fabre  is  consecrated  R.  C.  bishop  of 
Montreal. 

*  *  The  Baptist  Convention  of  Ontario 
and  Quebec  surrender  their  organization 
to  an  independent  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions  under  their  Convention,  They 
send  out  seven  missionaries. 

1874  Oct.  25.  Ont.  Joseph  T.  Duha- 
niel  is  consecrated  Roman  Catholic 
bishop    of    Ottawa. 

*  *  P.  Q.  The  Roman  Catholic  diocese 
of  Sherbrooke  is  established. 

Oct.  18.  P.  Q.  Antoine  Racine  is  con- 
secrated R.  C.  bishop  of  Sherbrooke. 

*  *  The  "Wesleyan  and  New  Connec- 
tion Methodists  unite,  and  form  the 
Methodist  Church  of  Canada. 


*  *  Albert  Carman  is  elected  bishop  of 
the  Canada  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

1875  June  *  The  four  Presbyterian 
branches  meet  in  Montreal,  and  com- 
bine to  form  the  Presbyterian  Church 
of  Canada. 

Oct.  24.  Br.  Cot.  Paul  Durien  is  con- 
secrated R.  C.  bishop  of  New  Westmin- 
ster. 

LETTERS. 

1866  *  *  The  Dodge  Club,  by  James  De 
Mille,  appears, 

1867  *  *  Ont.  The  Gazette  is  issued  at 
Almonte. 

*  *P.Q.  Z.'^f^?ie7nen(  is  issued  at  Quebec. 

*  *  N.  S.  The  Hants  Journal  is  issued  at 
Windsor. 

*  *  La  voix  d'un  exile,  by  Louis  Honors 
Frechette,  appears. 

1869  *  *  Chattertm,  by  Sir  Daniel  Wil- 
son, appears. 

1870  *  *  Ont.  The  Packet  is  issued  at 
Orilla. 

*  *  The  American  Baron,  by  James  De 
Mille,  appears. 

1871  *  *  Man.  Le  Manitoba  is  issued  at 
St.  Boniface. 

*  *  N.  B.  The  School  Act  is  passed,  re- 
quiring trustees  to  provide  accommoda- 
tions for  all  persons  between  the  ages  of 
five  and  twenty,  free  of  charge. 

*  *  The  Comedy  of  Terrors,  by  James  De 
Mille,  appears  ;  also  The  Cryptogram. 

1872  *  *  Man.  The  Manitoba  Free  Press 
is  issued  at  Winnipeg. 

*  *  N.  S.  The  Advocate  is  issued  at  Syd- 
ney. 

*  *  Ont.     The  Mail  is  issued  at  Toronto. 

*  *  Story  of  the  Earth  and  Man ,  by  John 
William  Dawson,  appears. 

1873  *  *  Caliban,  the  Missing  Link,  by 
Sir  Daniel  Wilson,  appears. 

1874  *  *  Ont.  The  Echo  is  issued  at 
Amherstburg. 

*  *  Ont.  The  Ontario  Ladies'  College 
(Meth.)  is  founded. 

SOCIETY. 

1868  Apr.  7.  Ont.  Thomas  D*Arcy 
McGee,  M.  P.,  is  assassinated  when 
returning  from  Parliament.  Fenians 
are  suspected. 

Sept.±  *  Prince  Albert  is  in  Canada, 
and  visits  the  Provinces. 

1869  Feb.  *  Ont.  A  man  named 
W^helan,  convicted  of  the  murder  of 
Thomas  D'Arcy  McGee,  is  executed. 

1870  Mar.+  *  Man.  An  insurrection 
breaks  out  in  the  Northwest.  (See 
Army.) 

1873  *  ♦  Aug.  13.  Ont.  The  Ministry 
is  charged  with  corruption  in  connec- 
tion with  tlie  Pacific  Railroad. 

1875  Sept.*  P.Q.  The  attempt  to 
bury  Joseph  Guibord  in  consecrated 
ground,  while  under  the  censure  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  for  possessing 
forbidden  books,  causes  a  riot  in 
Montreal.  [His  right  to  burial  against 
the  decision  of  the  clerical  authorities 
is  maintained  by  the  judicial  committee 


CANADA.  1864,  Oct.  20-1875,  Oct.  24. 


583 


of  the  Privy  Council  after  much  liti- 
gation.] 

*  •  A  convention  of  temperance  men  is 
held  in  Montreal. 

[Out  of  this  Convention  has  grown 
"  The  Dominion  Alliance  for  the  Total 
Suppression  of  the  Liquor  Traffic.   J 

Sept.  26.    P.  Q.    A  riot,  in  which  one 
man  is  Itilled,  attends  a  Roman  Catholic 
memorial  procession  in  Montreal. 
STATE. 

1864  Dec.  14.  P.  Q.  The  Confed- 
erate raiders  into  St.  Albans,  Vt.,  are 
discharged  by  Judge  Coursol. 

1865  Feb.  *  P.  Q.  The  Legislatures  of 
Upper  and  Lower  Canada  meet  in  Que- 
bec, and  adopt  the  Union  Scheme  by 
a  large  majority. 

Mar.  7.    New  Brvmswick  rejects  the 

plan  of  Confederation. 
Mar.  23.    Eng.    Parliament  grants 
£50,000  for  the  defense  of  Canada. 
Mar.  30.    P.  Q-    The  St.  Albans  Con- 
federate raiders  are  finally  discharged 
by  the  court. 
Apr.  10.    Secretary    Seward    of    the 
United  States  abandons  the  eitort   to 
extradite  the  Confederate  raiders. 
Nov.  22.    Ottawa.    The  Executive  first 

meets  here. 
»  *  The  Dominion  allows  the  United  States 
the  temporary  use  of  the  fisheries  as 
under  the  Reciprocity  Treaty,  by  the 
payment  of  a  nominal  license  fee  of  50 
cents  a  ton. 
1866  June  8.  Ottawa.  The  Parlia- 
ment is  opened  for  the  first  time  by 
Lord  Monck,  Governor-General. 

•  •  The  Treaty  of  Eeciprocity  with  the 
United  States  is  abrogated. 

»  •  Br.  Col.  The  Province  of  British 
Columbia  is  formed  by  uniting  the 
immense  British  territory  in  the  north 
under  one  government. 

•  *  Canada  calls  on  the  United  States  to 
pay  its  expenses  in  repelling  Fe- 
nians; the  President  issues  a  procla- 
mation calling  upon  the  Fenians  to  dis- 
perse. 

1867  Mar.  29.  Em/.  Parliament 
passes  the  British  North  America 
Act. 

It  provides  for  the  voluntary  Imperial 
union  of  the  four  provinces,  Uutario, 
Quebec,  Nova  Scotia,  and  New  Bruns- 
wick- the  Confederation, is  to  be  called 
the  Dominion  of  Canada,  and  have  a 
Parliament  of  two  houses,  —  a  Senate 
and  a  House  of  Commons. 
Apr.  12.  Quebec.  Parliament  passes  the 
1  Railway  Loan  Act. 

July  1.  The  Act  of  Confederation 
takes  effect,  uniting  the  four  Prov- 
inces. 
July  2.  Ottawa.  Lord  Monck,  the 
Governor-General,  is  sworn  into  office 
as  Viceroy  of  the  Dominion. 
Nov.  6.    Ottawa.    The  new  Dominion 

Parliament  meets. 
•  *  y.  B.    Gen.  Doyle  is  appointed  admin- 
istrator. 

[1868,  L.  A.  Wilmot,  governor;  1873,  S. 
L.  Tilley;  1878,  E.  B.  Chandler;  1880, 
B.  D.  Wilmot ;  18S5,  Sir  S.  L.  Tilley.] 


*  •  Onf.  Gen.  Stisted  becomes  adminis- 
trator. [18C8,  W.  P.  Howland;  1873, 
,Iohn  Crawford  ;  1875,  D.  A.  Macdonald ; 
1880,  J.  B.  Robinson.] 

•  *  N.S.  Sir  Charles  H.  Doyle  is  lieu- 
tenant-governor. Gen,  Williams,  a(lmin- 
istrator. 

•  *  Que.  Sir  N.  F.  Belleau  becomes  gov- 
ernor. tl873,  R.  E.  Caron  ;  1876,  LetteUer 
de  St.  Just;  1879,  T.  Robitaille.] 

1868  *  *  N.  B.  Lemuel  A.  Wilmot  is 
lieutenant-governor. 

*  *  N.  S.    Gen.  Uoyle  becomes  governor. 
[1873,  Joseph  Howe;  later,  A.  G.  Ar- 


[1873,  josepn  xiowe  ;  later, 

chibald  ;  1883,  M.  H.  Riohey.] 
Dec.  29.     Ottawa.    Lord  Monck  having 
resigned.  Sir  John  Young  (Lord  Lis- 
gar)  is  appointed  governor-general. 

1869  Mar.  •  Newfoundland  declines 
to  enter  the  union  with  Canada. 

Deo.  1.  The  Hudson  Bay  Company 
parts  with  its  monopoly  of  government 
in  the  Northwest;  it  is  transferred  to 
the  Dominion  of  Canada. 

1870  Jan.  *  A  revolt  against  the  an- 
nexation of  the  Northwest  is  led  by 
Louis  Biel,  who  proclaims  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  people,  and  seizes  the 
funds  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company. 

May  12.  Man.  The  Province  of 
Manitoba  is  formed  of  Rupert  Land, 
with  Adams  G.  Archibald  governor ;  he 
is  also  appointed  governor  of  the  Red 
River  Settlement. 

Aug.  9.  The  Ijoan  Act  for  Canadian 
defenses  is  piissed. 

»  *  Br.  Col.  The  new  Province  of 
British  Columbia  is  added  to  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada. 

»  »  The  Hudson  Bay  Company  finally 
closes  its  ports  with  its  government  in 
the  Northwest. 

The  Northwest  Territory  is  transferred 
to  the  Dominion  for  £300,000  compensa- 
tion and  possession  of  its  ports  and  trade, 
with  a  right  to  the  twentieth  part  of 
liinds  surveyed  for  future  settlers  and 
for  protection  against  exceptional  taxa- 
tion. 

»  *  The  Manitoba  Act  passes ;  it  defines 
the  boundaries  of  the  Prairie  Province. 

•  •  Manitoba  is  created  a  province,  and 
Lepine  and  Louis  Kiel,  two  half- 
breeds,  rebel  against  the  authorities  of 
the  Dominion.  Louis  forms  a  provis- 
ional government,  confiscates  prop- 
erty, and  banishes  persons. 

*  *  The  Fisheries  Dispute  with  the 
United  States  is  limited  to  the  question 
of  the  three-mile  limit. 

Canada  claims  that  it  extends  directly 
across  from  headland  to  headland,  re- 
gardless of  bays  and  other  indents.  The 
United  States  claims  a  line  following  the 
sinuosity  of  the  coast. 

1871  May  8.  The  Treaty  of  Wash- 
ington is  signed. 

It  provides  for  the  settlement  of  four 
disputes  :  1,  the  San  Juan  ownership ; 
2  the  Alaslta boundary  line;  3,  the  sub- 
ject of  fisheries,  providing  an  arrange- 
inent  to  continue  for  12  years;  4,  Lx- 
penses  incurred  by  repelling  Fenians. 

Jtme  29.  Eng.  Parliament  passes  the 
British  North  American  Act  author- 
izing the  Parliament  of  Canada  to  estab- 
lish new  Provinces. 


June  *  Canadians  oppose  the  Treaty  of 
Washington  in  disapproval  of  the  fish- 
eries clause. 

Dec.  23.  Ottawa.  A  Liberal  Ministry 
is  organized,  with  Edward  Blake  pre- 
mier. 

»  *  British  Coltunbia,  Including  Van- 
couver Island,  is  admitted  into  federal 
relations  with  the  Dominion. 

*  *  -72  *  •  Man.  A  great  immigration 
of  Russian  Mennonites  enters  the  North- 
west. 

»  »  -72  *  •  Br.  Col.  The  San  Juan  Isl- 
and is  settled  by  British  herders  and  an 
American  squatter.  [The  shooting  of 
a  pig  raises  the  question  of  territorial 
rights,  and  invokes  the  Sa  n  Juan  dispute. 
See  p.  279.] 

*  *  Br.  Col.  J.  W.  Trutch  becomes  gov- 
ernor ;  also  governor  of  Vancouver 
Island.  [1876,  A.  N.  Richards ;  1881,  C.  F. 
Cornwall.] 

1872  •  *  P.E.I.  The  Province  of  Prince 
Edward  Island  is  admitted  into  the 
Confederation. 

May  22.  Eng.  Lord  Dufferin  is  ap- 
pointed governor-general. 

June  25.  Ottawa.  Lord  Dufferin 
(Earl)  is  inaugurated  governor-general. 

*  •  Bed  Biver  Settlement.  Alex.  Morris 
becomes  governor.  [1877,  Joseph  E.  Cau- 
chon ;  1882,  J.  C.  Aikins.] 

1873  June  1.  N.  S.  Joseph  Howe  is 
appointed  lieutenant-governor.  [He 
soon  dies.] 

*  *  N.  S.  Adams  George  Archibald 
becomes  lieutenant-governor. 

Aug.  13.  Ottawa.  Parliament  is  sud- 
denly prorogued ;  charges  of  corrup- 
tion in  connection  with  tlie  Canadian 
Pacific  Railroad  are  made  against  the 
Ministry  of  Sir  John  A.  Macdonald. 

Sept.  *  Premier  Macdonald  admits  to  the 
Commission  of  Inquiry  that  money  was 
received  from  Sir  Hugh  Allan. 

Oct.  23.    Ottawa.    Parliament  meets. 

Nov.  5.  Ottawa.  The  Macdonald 
Ministry  resigns. 

Nov.  7.  Ottawa.  A  new  Ministry  is 
formed,  with  Alexander  Mackenzie 
premier. 

1874*  *  Prince  Edward  Island  unites 
with  the  Dominion  of  Canada  under  cer- 
tain conditions. 

*  *  P.  E.  I.  Sir  R.  Hodgson  becomes 
governor.  [1879,  T.  H.  Haviland ;  1884, 
A.  A.  Macdonald.] 

1875  Feb.  4.  U.S.A.  The  Senate  re- 
jects the  new  Eeciprocity  Treaty  with 
Canada. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1866  Oct.  14.  P.  Q.  A  fire  in  the 
French  quarter  of  Quebec  destroys 
2,500  houses  and  17  churches,  leaving 
nearly  20,000  persons  homeless. 

*  *  N.  F.  The  Great  Eastern  steamship 
successfully  lays  another  cable. 

1870  May  24.  P.  Q.  A  fire  destroys 
600  houses  at  Quebec. 

1871**  The  population  numbers 
3,833,000. 


684    1875, **-1887,  May.* 


CANADA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1885*  *  Mail.  Riers  second  rebellion 
breaks  out.  Troops  are  hastened  for- 
Tvard  from  various  parts  of  the  Domin- 
ion. 

Mar.  25-27.  Saskatchewan.  Capt.  Cro- 
zier  attacks  the  rebels,  and  kills  many, 
yet  they  force  him  to  fall  back.  Col. 
Irvine  evacuates  and  burns  Fort  Carl- 
ton, and  falls  back. 

Apr.  1.  Saskatchewan.  Indians  be- 
siege Battlef  ord. 

Col.  Irvine  remains  at  Prince  Al- 
bert, unable  to  move  against  the  rebels. 

Apr.  24.  Saskatchewan.  Col.  Otter 
defeats  the  Indians  and  relieves  Bat- 
tleford.  Col.  Middleton  defeats  the 
rebels  in  a  fight  at  Fish  Creek. 

May  3.  Saskatchewan.  The  rebels  make 
a  determined  resistance  near  Battle- 
ford,  but  are  finally  defeated  by  Col. 
Otter. 

May  9.  Saskatchewan.  Gen.  Middleton 
carries  the  rebel  defenses  at  Batoche, 
aided  by  Capt.  Howard  of  the  United 
States. 

May  14.  Saskatchewan.  The  Indians, 
led  by  Poundmaker,  capture  a  supply 
train  of  31  waggons,  wliich  they  succeed 
in  retaining. 

May  15.  Saskatchewan.  Iiouis  Riel 
surrenders,  and  many  of  his  men. 

Big  Bear  and  Poundmaker,  with 
1,500  Indians,  refuse  to  surrender. 

May  26.  Saskatcheican.  Chief  Pound- 
maker  and  other  Indians  surrender. 

May  28-29.  Saskatchewan.  Gen.  Strange 
attacks  the  intrenched  camp  of  Big 
Bear,  near  Fort  Pitt,  and  drives  him 
out. 

June  7.  Saskatchewan.  Big  Bear's 
army  is  divided  and  pursued  by  Gens. 
Middleton  and  Strange,  who  report  his 
escape. 

July  3.  Saskatchewan.  Big  Bear  is 
captured. 

ART  ~  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1883  July  11.  12±.  Ont.  A  flood  in 
the  Thames  Valley  does  much  damage, 
and  causes  about  30  deaths. 

1886  Apr.  17,18.  P.Q.  An  ice-gorge 
at  Montreal  causes  an  inundation ;  dam- 
age, $1,500,000. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1875  *  *  Head,   Sir   Francis  Bond,  traveler, 
lieutenant-governor  of  Upper  Canada,  A82. 

*  *  Logan,  Sir    William    Edmond,    geologist, 
A77. 

1876  *  *  Caron,  Ren6  Edouard,  statesman, 
A76. 

Heavysege^  Charles,  poet,  A60. 
1880  *  *  De  Mille,  James,  novelist,  A43. 
1682  *  *  Kyerson,  Adolphus  Egerton,  educa- 

tionist,  A79. 
1886  *   *  HinckB,  Sir  Francis,  statesman,  A78. 
Sept.  30.     Glover,   Sir  John  H.,  governor 

of  Nova  Scotia,  dies. 
Nov.  16.    Kiel,  Louis,  Insurgent,  A40. 

CHUHCH. 
1876    Jan.  16.     P.  Q.  Iiouis  Z.  Mo- 
reau  is  consecrated  B.  C.  bishop  of  St. 
Hyacintbe. 


*  *  The  "Woman*8  Boards  of  the  Bap- 
tist Church  is  organized. 

*  *The  "Woman's  Foreign  Missionary 
Society  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  is 
organized. 

1877  *  *  Br.  Col.  Greenville  becomes 
a  mission-station  of  the  Methodist 
Church  of  Canada. 

1878  *  *  It.    Leo  XIU.  is  elected  pope. 
May  28.    P.    Q.    The    Roman   Catholic 

diocese  of  Chicoutimi  is  established. 

1880  Nov.  21.  Ont.  James  Vincent 
Cleary  is  consecrated  R.  C.  bishop  of 
Kingston,  at  Rome. 

1881  Nov.  *  Ont.  Organization  of  the 
"Woman's  Missionary  Society  of  the 
Methodist  Church,  at  Hamilton. 

*  *  The  Canadian  Foreign  Missionary 
Society  is  organized  ;  it  works  through 
the  channels  of  the  American  Board. 

*  *  Br.  Col.  "W.  Duncan  ceases  to  be 
a  missionary  of  the  Church  Missionary 
Society.  [H®  works  with  Americans  in 
Alaska.] 

1882  ♦  *  P.Q.  The  R.  C.  prefecture 
apostolic  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  is 
established. 

May  29.  P.  Q.  F.  X.  Bosse  is  nomi- 
nated R.  C.  prefect  apostolic  of  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence. 

July  11.  Ont.  "Vicariate  apostolic  of 
Pontiac  is  established. 

July  14.  Ont.  The  Roman  Catholic  di- 
ocese of  Peterborough  is  established. 

Sept.  21.  Ont.  Narcisse-Zephirih  Lor- 
rain  is  consecrated  vicar-apostolic  of 
Pontiac. 

*  *  The  Montreal  "Woman's  Mission- 
ary Society  is  organized. 

1883  Jan.  31.  .V.  5.  Cornelius 
O'Brien  is  consecrated  R.  C.  archbishop 
of  Halifax. 

*  *  The  Domestic  and  Foreign  Mission- 
ary Society  of  the  Church  of  England 
in  Canada  is  organized.  [Its  contribu- 
tions are  sent  to  other  societies.] 

*  *  Br.  Col.  Aiyonsh  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  English  Church  Mission- 
ary Society. 

1885  July  10.  P.  Q.  The  Roman 
Catholic  diocese  of  Nicolet  is  estab- 
lished. 

Aug.  2.  P.  Q.  Elphege  Gravel  is  con- 
secrated at  Rome  R.  C.  bishop  of  Nicolet. 

*  *  Br.  Col.  Albany,  in  Moosonee,  be- 
comes a  station  of  the  Church  Society 
(Eng.),  having  one  missionary  and  wife. 

1886  Jxme  7.  P.  Q.  Archbishop  El- 
zear- Alexandre  Taschereau  is  cre- 
ated cardinal. 

Jtme  8.  P.  Q.  Bishop  Fabre  is  made 
archbishop  of  Montreal. 

Ont.  The  Roman  Catholic  archdio- 
cese of  Ottawa  is  created. 

June  10.  Ont.  The  Canada  Congrega- 
tional Woman's  Board  of  Missions  Is 
organized  in  a  parsonage  at  Ottawa,  by 
four  ladies. 

*  *The  "Woman's  Auxiliary  to  the 
Board  of  Diocesan  Domestic  and  For- 
eign Missions  of  the  Church  of  England, 
in  Canada  is  organized. 


*  *  Ojit.  The  International  Missionary 
Union  meets  at  Thousand  Island  Park. 

*  *  Ont.  Bishop  Duhamel  is  made  Roman 
Catholic  archbishop  of  Ottawa. 

*  *  N.  S.  The  diocese  of  Arichat  is 
changed  to  Antigonish. 

1887  May  1.  Ont.  Thomas  J.  Dowling 
is  consecrated  R.  C.  bishop  of  Hamilton. 

LETTERS. 

1875  *  *  Man.  The  Manitoba  "Wes- 
leyan  Institute  is  erected  In  Winnipeg. 

*  *  A'^.  S.  The  Weekly  Herald  is  issued  at 
Halifax. 

*  *  Ont.  The  separate  Roman  Catho- 
Hc  schools  in  this  Province  number  170, 
with  22,073  names  on  the  rolls. 

*  *  The  Dawn  of  Life,  by  John  William 
Dawson,  appears.  [1877.  The  Origin  of 
the  World.] 

1876  *  *  Ont.  The  Evening  Telegram  is 
issued  at  Toronto. 

1877  *  *  N.  B.  The  Times  is  issued  at 
Moncton. 

*  *  The  Chien  d'or.  The  Golden  IJog,  by 
William  Kirby,  appears. 

1878  *  *  Reminiscences  of  Old  Edinburgh, 
by  Sir  Daniel  Wilson,  appears. 

1879  *  *  X.  W.  T.  The  Bulletin  is  issued 
at  Edmonton. 

*  *  Ont.    Le  Canada  is  issued  at  Ottawa. 

1880  *  *  Ont.  The  Evening  News  is  is- 
sued at  Toronto. 

*  *  Papineau,  and  Felix  Poutre,  by  Louis 
Honor^  Frechette,  appear. 

*  *  Louis  Honor6  Frechette  is  crowned  the 
poet  of  the  year  by  the  French  Academy 
for  his  Les  fleurs  bor^ales,  etc. 

*  ♦  The  Change  of  Life  in  Geological  Time, 
by  John  William  Dawson,  appears. 

1881  *  *  N.  B.  The  World  is  issued  at 
Chatham. 

*  *  Canada  since  the  Union  of  1841,  by 
John  Charles  Dent,  appears. 

1882  May  25.  The  Marquis  of  Lome 
founds  the  Society  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Xiiterature  and  Science. 

*  ♦  Man.     The  Sun  is  issued  at  Brandon. 

*  *  Man.  The  Nor*west  Farmer  is  issued 
at  Winnipeg. 

*  *  N.  F.  The  Evening  Herald  is  issued 
at  St.  Johns. 

*  *  N.  B.  The  Transcript  is  issued  at 
Moncton. 

1883  *  *  Man.  The  Register  is  issued  at 
Neepawa. 

*  *  Man.  The  Manitoba  Liberal  is  issued 
at  Portage  la  Prairie. 

*  *  A'.  W.  T.  The  Herald  is  issued  at  Cal- 
gary. 

*  *  N.S.  The  Tribune  is  issued  at  Wind- 
sor. 

1884  *  *  Man.  The  Review  is  issued  at 
Portage  la  Prairie. 

*  *  O^it.  The  War  Cry  is  issued  at  To- 
ronto. 

*  *  P.  Q.    £a  Pressc  is  issued  at  Montreal. 

*  *  Professor  Conant,  by  Lucius  Seth 
Huntington,  appears. 


CANADA. 


1875,*  *-1887,  May*.    585 


1885  *  •  Out.  The  Canadian  Freeman  is 
issued  at  Kingston. 

•  *  -86  *  *  The  Story  of  the  Upper  Can- 
ada Itebellion,  by  John  Charles  Dent, 
appears. 

1886  Oct.  22.  Baptists  lay  the  corner- 
stone for  a  college  building  at  Wood- 
stocl^. 

•  ♦  X.  W.  T.  The  Tribune  is  issued  daily 
at  Calgary. 

SOCIETY. 

1876  Nov.  16.  P.  Q.  Joseph  Gul- 
bord,  who  died  in  September,  is  finally 
buried  under  the  protection  of  the  mili- 
tary and  police  at  Montreal,    (p.  682). 

Dec.  17.  P.  Q.  Bread  riots  break  out 
in  Montreal, 

1877  July  12±.  /'.  Q.  Riots  are 
raised  by  Orangemen,  with  fatal  re- 
sults, at  Montreal. 

1878  Nov.  25.  A'.  S.  The  Marquis 
of  Ijorne  and  the  Princess  Louise 
arrive  at  Halifax. 

1881  July  ♦ -Oct.  *  The  Marquis  of 
Lome,  as  Governor-General,  is  enthusi- 
astically received  in  his  progress 
through  the  Provinces. 

Nov.  14.  Eng.  The  Marquis  of  Lome 
arrives  at  Birkenhead, 

1882  Jan.  •  The  Marquis  of  Lome 
returns  to  the  Dominion. 

1883  *  ♦  The  number  of  Indians  is  re- 
ported at  110,505,  and  their  condition  is 
progressive. 

Apr.  *  Ont.  The  Marquis  of  Lome  re- 
turns from  the  Northwestern  Provinces 
to  Ottawa. 

1884  Apr.  30.  Ont.  The  discovery  of 
dynamite  cartridges  under  the  Parlia- 
ment House  at  Toronto  causes  great 
excitement. 

Oct.  22.  P.  Q.  The  Marquis  of  Lans- 
downe  arrives  at  Quebec  as  the  Viceroy 
of  Canada. 

1885  July  20.  Assiniboia.  Louis  Kiel's 
trial  begins  at  Regina.  [Aug.  1.  Con- 
victed.   Nov.  16.    Executed.] 

Aug.  5.  At  Regina,  28  prisoners  plead 
guilty  of  treason  felony. 

Sept.  29.  Compulsory  vaccination 
causes  riots. 

Nov.  17.  P.  Q.  The  French  at  Mon- 
treal and  Quebec  make  demonstra- 
tions against  the  Government. 

Nov.  27.  Saskatchewan.  Eight  Indi- 
ans are  hanged  for  murder  at  Battle- 
ford. 

1887  May  11.  P.  Q.  William  O'Brien 
of  Dublin,  editor  ol  United  Ireland^  and 
a  conspicuous  agitator  for  Home  Rule, 
arrives  at  Montreal. 

May  •  'Wm.  O'Brien  makes  a  tour  of 
the  principal  cities,  and  is  received  with 
enthusiasm  by  Home  Rule  sympathizers, 
but  stoned  by  the  Orangemen. 

STATE. 

1877  June  15.  X.  S.  The  Canadian 
and  United  .States  Fishery  Commis- 
sion convenes  at  Halifax. 


The  members  are  Sir  Alex.  Gait  for 
Canada,  K.  T.  Kellogg  for  the  United 
States,  and  M.  Defloss  for  Belgium. 

Sept.  19±.  The  general  election  is 
held,  and  returns  an  anti-administration 
majority. 

Oct.  5.    Eng.    The  Marquis  of  Lome 

is  appointed  governor-general. 

Oct.  19±.  Ottawa.  The  Mackenzie 
Ministry  resigns,  and  a  Conservative 
Ministry  is  formed  under  Sir  John  A. 
Macdonald  as  premier. 

Nov.  23-24.  K.  S.  The  Fisheries 
Commission  awards  $.5,500,000  to  Can- 
ada, with  Mr.  Kellogg  dissenting. 

1880  *  *  N.  B.  Robert  Duncan  Wil- 
mot  is  lieutenant-governor. 

1881  Feb.  *  Ottaioa.  The  Assembly 
ratifies  the  Canadian  Pacific  Rail- 
road contract. 

1882  Apr.  20.  Ottawa.  The  Canadian 
Pacific  Railroad  Bill  is  passed. 

June  *  General  elections  are  held  ;  the 
majority  favor  a  protective  tariff. 

July  '  Ottawa.  An  Order  in  Council  di- 
vides the  vast  territory  beyond  Mani- 
toba into  four  territories,  called  As- 
siniboia, Saskatchewan,  Alberta,  and 
Athabasca. 

1883  Feb.  8.  Ottawa.  The  new  Par- 
liament meets. 

•  *  The  Marquis  of  Lansdowne  be- 
comes viceroy. 

1885  Feb.  *  Canada  offers  to  assist  the 
Imperial  government  in  the  Soudan 
campaign. 

Mar.  *  Saskatchewan.  The  Kiel  insur- 
rection breaks  out  in  the  new  territo- 
ries beyond  Manitoba,  because  the  in- 
habitants were  not  consulted  in  dividing 
the  territory. 

It  is  alleged  that  the  Government  has 
failed  to  give  the  political  and  social 
rights  it  had  promised. 

1886  May  8.  iV.  S.  The  U.  S.  flshing- 
schooner  David  J.  Adams  is  seized  at 
Digby  for  violating  the  flshing-laws. 

May:b  *  Canadians  send  out  an  armed 

fleet  to  enforce  the  fisheries  regulations 

on  the  Americans. 
May  30.    The  Americans  retaliate  by 

seizing  the  Canadian  vessel  Sisters  in 

American  waters. 

*  •  -87  *  •  A  total  of  35  vessels  are 
seized  by  the  two  Governments. 

July  9.  Saskatchewan.  A  general  am- 
nesty to  the  insurrectionists  is  pro- 
claimed, and  only  murderers  are  ex- 
cepted. 

1887  Jan.  17.  Ottawa.  The  Parlia- 
ment is  dissolved. 

Feb.  *  Eng.  Sir  Alex.  Campbell  is  ap- 
pointed high  commissioner  for  Canada. 

Feb.  23.  Elections  favor  the  govern- 
ment. 

Mar.  3.  U.S.  Congress  passes  the  Fish- 
eries Bill. 

Apr.  2.  Americans  seize  British  seal- 
ing-vessels  in  the  North  Pacific.  [Apr. 
9,  12,  17  others  are  seized.] 

Apr.  13.    Ottawa.    The  House  opens. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1876  June  18.  X.  D.  The  commer- 
cial district  of  St.  John  is  destroyed 
by  fire.  [Subscriptions  are  started  in 
Great  Britain.] 

1879  Sept.  27.  Ont.  Tlie  Marquis  of 
Lome  opens  the  Dominion  industrial 
exhibition  at  Ottawa. 

Dec.  1.  The  Borussia,  a  Dominion 
steamer,  from  Liverpool,  springs  a  leak 
in  the  Atlantic  after  leaving  Coruna, 
and  sinks. 

Dec.  2,  Ten  of  the  Borussia^s  crew  of 
over  300  are  saved  by  boats. 

1880*  *  Ont.  The  Canada  Facific 
Railroad  is  commenced. 

1881*  •The  population  numbers 
4,500,000. 

May  24.  P.  Q.  The  steamer  Victoria 
upsets  on  the  Thames,  and  several 
hundred  are  drowned. 

June  *  P.  Q.  Quebec  loses  600  small 
wooden  houses  by  fire. 

1882  Sept.  14.  Ont.  The  steamer  .,4«ta 
founders  between  Ontario  and  Sault 
Ste.  Marie ;  about  98  are  lost. 

Nov.  *  X.  S.  About  31  persons  per- 
ish in  the  burning  of  an  almshouse  at 
Halifax. 

1883  Jan.  23.  P.  Q.  The  ice  palace 
is  erected  at  Montreal,  and  a  carnival 
held. 

Feb.  8.  Ont.  The  opera  house  at  To- 
ronto is  burned. 

Apr.  19.  P.  Q.  An  Incendiary  burns 
the  Parliament  buildings  at  Quebec. 

Sept.  8.  The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad 
of  2,600  miles  is  opened. 

Sept.  12.  Ont.  An  industrial  exhibi- 
tion is  opened  by  the  Marquis  of  Lome 
at  Toronto. 

1884  Jan.  2.  Ont.  A  collision  occurs 
on  the  Grand  Trunk  Line,  near  Toronto, 
and  31  are  killed. 

Sept.  •  Famine  causes  much  distress  in 
Labrador. 

1885  Oct.  1.  P.  Q.  The  new  Parli- 
ament buildings  at  Quebec  are  de- 
stroyed by  dynamite  explosions. 

Oct,  *  Montreal  has  1,622  deaths  from 
smallpox  in  this  month. 

Nov.  6.  Eng.  The  Queen  sends  a  mes- 
sage of  congratulation  to  the  people  of 
Canada. 

Nov.  7.  The  Canadian  steamer  Algovia 
founders  in  Lake  Superior;  46  per- 
sons perish. 

Nov.  8.  Sir  Donald  Smith  drives  the  last 
spike  in  finishing  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railroad,  2,909  miles  west  from  Mon- 
treal. The  entire  length  of  the  Domin- 
ion road  is  2,569  miles. 

1886  »  *  -87  •  *  Statistics:  Revenue, 
£7,364,916;  expenditure,  £7,326,920;  im- 
ports, £23,197,035 ;  exports,  £18,393,660. 

1887  *  *  -88  *  *  P.Q.  Montreal  suffers 
from  great  fires. 

May  4,  Br.  Col.  A  mine  explodes  at 
Nanaimo,  Vancouver  Island ;  over  170 
persons  perish. 


586    1887,  July  6-1889,  June  4.  CANADA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1889    May  29.    N.  S.    The  Canadian 

cruiser  Vigilant  seizes  the  Gloucester 

schooner  Mattie  Winship  off  Cape  North. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1888  Aug.  16.  A  terrific  storm  dam- 
ages Ontario  and  Quebec  to  the  amount 
of  $1,500,000;  many  persons  are  killed 
by  lightning. 

1889  Jan.  18.  Br.  Col.  The  steamer 
Cariboo  Fly  returns  froni  an  exploring- 
trip  on  the  Skeena  River. 

Jan.  23.  Ont,  Natural  gas  in  paying 
quantities  is  struck  at  Kingsville. 

reb.  5.  P.  Q.  A  shock  of  earthquake 
is  felt  at  Grand  Metis. 

Apr.  e.  Out.  Petroleum  is  discovered 
at  Kingsville. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1888  Apr.  •  White,   Thomas,   minister   of 
the  interior,  ASS. 

1889  Jan.  22.    Hughes,  Joshua,  bishop  of 
St.  Asaph,  (lies. 

Feb.  20.  Stewart,  James,  senior  Presbyte- 
rian clergyman  in  Toronto,  dies. 

Feb.  26.  Young.  (Jeorge  Paxton,  professor 
of  mental  and  moral  science  at  the  Uni- 
versity College,  Toronto,  dies. 

Mar.  28.  Howard,  R.  P.,  dean  of  medical 
faculty  of  Mcdlll  College,  Montreal,  dies. 

Apr.  11.  Dunsmuir,  Robert,  president  of 
the  council  at  Victoria,  B.C.,  dies. 

June  4.  Hrompton,  F.,  general  manager  of 
Great  Western  Railway,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

1887  Aug.  12.  X.  S.  Charles  IngUs 
is  consecrated  at  Lambeth,  England, 
bishop  of  Nova  Scotia. 

1888  Oct.  28.  P.  Q.  L.  N.  Begin  is 
consecrated  Uoman  Catholic  bishop  of 
Chicoutimi. 

1889  Jan.  17.  Ont.  Eev.  Canon  Knox- 
Little  commences  a  series  of  mission- 
services  at  Toronto. 

Jan.  20.  Chicago.  Great  excitement 
is  caused  by  Father  Dowd's  denunciation 
in  Montreal  of  the  Illinois  Catholic  Or- 
der of  Foresters. 

Feb.  2.  Ont.  A  deputation  from  the 
Church  of  England  Defense  Associ- 
ation waits  upon  Bishop  of  Niagara  at 
Hamilton  to  protest  against  ritualistic 
practises. 

Feb.  9.  P.  Q.  The  incorporation  and 
endowment  of  the  Jesuits  cause 
great  excitement. 

Feb.  10±.  P.  Q.  The  ostensory  — in 
which  the  host  is  placed  —  recently 
given  by  Pope  Leo  to  Cardinal 
Taschereau,  arrives  in  Quebec.  It  is 
richly  ornamented  with  precious  stones. 

Feb.  17.  In  Protestant  churches  in 
Quebec  and  Ontario  Provinces  resolu- 
tions protesting  against  the  $400,000 
grant  made  to  the  Jesuits  at  the  last 
session  of  the  Quebec  Legislature  are 
read,  and  petitions  largely  signed  to  give 
effect  to  the  resolutions. 

Feb.  24.  Ont.  A  meeting  of  Catho- 
lics is  held  at  Ottawa  to  express  sym- 
pathy for  the  Pope,  and  demand  the  res- 
toration of  the  temporal  jiower. 


Mar.  *  P.  Q.  A  resolution  is  intro- 
duced in  the  Quebec  Legislature  by  the 
Ultramontanes,  asking  the  Queen  to 
use  her  influence  in  restoring  to  the 
Pope  his  temporal  power. 

May  1.  Ont.  Richard  A.  O'Connor 
is  consecrated  Roman  Catholic  bishop 
of  Peterborough. 

May  7.  Ont.  The  Toronto  Presby- 
tery nominates  Principal  Grant  for  the 
moderatorship. 

May  24.  N.  S.  Archdeacon  Gilpin  is 
promoted  to  be  dean,  and  Rev.  J.  A. 
Kaulback  of  Truro  is  made  archdeacon. 

LETTERS. 

1887  *  *  Man.  Den  Skandinaviake  Cana- 
dienaaren  is  issued  at  Winnipeg. 

*  *  Ont.  The  Weekly  Empire  is  issued  at 
Toronto ;  also  The  Saturday  Mght. 

*  *  La  ligende  d^un  peuple,  by  Louis  Ho- 
nor^ Frechette,  appears. 

1888  *  *  Ont.  The  Empire  (daily)  is  is- 
sued at  Toronto. 

*  *  Man.  The  Loegberg  (Icelandic)  is  is- 
sued at  Winnipeg. 

1889  Feb.  23.  The  Holy  See  re- 
fuses permission  to  the  Jesuits  in  Can- 
ada to  confer  university  degrees. 

Mar.  6.  Ont.  The  customs  authorities 
at  Toronto  seize  and  destroy  100  copies 
of  Zola's  novels,  as  they  are  said  to  be 
of  immoral  character. 

May  2.  Ont.  An  injunction  is  served  to 
restrain  the  federation  of  Victoria 
College  with  Toronto  University. 

May  14.  Ont.  The  senate  of  the  Vic- 
toria University  meets  at  Cobourg,  and 
considers  the  federation  with  Toronto 
University. 

SOCIETY. 

1888  May  23.  The  Marquis  of  Lans- 
downe  leaves  Canada. 

June  30.  The  average  consumption  per 
capita  of  all  intoxicating  liquors  is  4.61 
gallons  ;  of  malt  liquors,  3.76  gallons. 

1889  Jan.  11.  Sir  John  Macdonald 
receives  numerous  congratulations  on 
his  74th  birthday. 

Feb.  4.  P.  Q.  The  Montreal  ice  carni- 
val begins. 

07it.  The  Women's  Enfranchise- 
ment Association  is  formed  at  Toronto. 

Feb.  12.  07it.  The  order  of  the  Sons  of 
England  holds  a  convention  at  Ottawa. 

Feb.  14.  Ont.  Two  hundred  weavers  go 
out  on  strike  at  Cornwall. 

Feb.  15.  Man.  The  half-breeds  of  Da- 
kota resist  the  collection  of  taxes, 
and  the  militia  is  called  out. 

Feb.  20.  Ofit.  Peterborough  votes  to 
adopt  high  license. 

A   congress  of   jailers   is  held    at 

Toronto. 

Mar.  5.  Ont.  The  Jesuit  Fathers  bring 
a  libel  suit  for  $50,000  damages  against 
The  Toronto  Mail. 

Mar.  7.  Man.  Gov.  .Schultz  offers  a  site 
for  a  hospital  at  Selkirk. 


Ont.    'White   Caps  flog   an   alleged 

wife-beater  at  Georgetown. 
Mar.  14.    (Mt.   Black  Caps  organize  at 
Kingston,  and  warn  idlers  and  wife- 
beaters  to  beware. 
Mar.  19.    07it.    The  striking  weavers 

decide  to  return  to  work  at  Cornwall. 
Mar.  26.    Ont.    W.  H.  Harvey  is  ar- 
rested at  Toronto  for  shooting  his  wife 
and  two  children. 
Mar.  30.    Ont.    The    new   Surgical 
Hospital   for  MTomen   is   opened    at 
Toronto  by  the  Bishop  of  Toronto.    It 
is  under  the  control  of   the  Anglican 
sisterhood. 
Apr.  9.    Ont.    The  police  of  Berlin  are 
ordered  to  ring  the  town  bell  at  9  p.  m. 
daily,  and  arrest  all  children  under  15 
years  of  age  who  may  be  found  on  the 
streets  after  that  hour. 

A  convention  of  dairymen  meets  in 
Ottawa. 
Apr.  16.  N.  S.  The  Supreme  Court  de- 
clares the  wholesale  license  clause  of 
the  Provincial  law  to  be  ultra  vires  of  the 
local  legislature. 

Gabriel  Dumont,  Riel's  lieutenant 

in  the  late  rebellion  in  the  Northwest 
Territory,  and  but  lately  pardoned,  is 
stirring  up  the  half-breeds. 
May  18.  Ont.  Plasterers  of  Toronto 
demand  an  additional  two  and  a  half 
cents  an  hour,  and  being  refused,  go  out 
on  strike. 
May  21.  Ont.  Thomas  Johnson,  col- 
ored, is  arrested,  charged  with  beating 
his  child  to  death. 

The  Grand  Legion  of  the  Ancient 

Order  of  United  'Workmen  hold  the 
seventh  annual  conclave  in  Toronto. 
June  2.  Man.  Martin  Burke,  con- 
nected with  the  murder  of  Br.  Cronin, 
is  identified  by  a  Chicago  officer  at  Win- 
nipeg, and  arrested. 

STATE. 

1887  Aug.  30i.  Eng.  AJointCom- 
mission  is  appointed  by  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States  to  settle  the  fish- 
eries dispute. 

1888  Feb.  15.  /).  C.  The  Joint  Com- 
mission signs  the  Fisheries  Treaty  at 
Washington. 

Apr.  7.  Ottawa.  The  Assembly  defeats 
a  bill  for  trade  reciprocity  with  the 
United  States. 

May  1.  Eng.  Lord  Stanley  of  Preston 
is  appointed  governor-general. 

May  2.  Ottawa.  Parliament  approves 
the  Fisheries  Treaty. 

June  11.  Ottawa.  Lord  Stanley,  the 
successor  of  the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne, 
takes  the  oath  as  governor-general. 

Aug.  21.  D.  C.  Tlie  U.  S.  Senate  re- 
fuses to  ratify  the  Fisheries  Treaty. 

Sept.  *  Commissioners  report  to  the 
Government  the  attractions  of  the  basin 
of  the  Mackenzie  River  for  settlers. 

1880  Jan.  18.  Br.CoL  John  Grant  is 
elected  mayor  of  Victoria. 

Jan.  24.  Ont.  The  Ontario  Legisla- 
ture opens, 


CANADA. 


1887,  July  6-1889,  June  4.    587 


Jan.  31.    Ottawa,    Parliament  opens. 

Feb.  17.  Ottawa.  Sir  Richard  Cart- 
wright'a  resolution  in  favor  of  the  Do- 
minion assuming  treaty-making 
powers  is  rejected  by  the  House. 

Feb.  19.  Ottawa.  Notice  is  given  in  the 
Dominion  Parliament  of  the  introduc- 
tion of  a  resolution  in  favor  of  Home 
Rule. 

The  Dominion  Government  pardons 
Gabriel  Dumont,  Louis  Kiel's  first 
lieutenant  in  the  Northwest  rebellion. 

Feb.  26.  Ottawa.  The  Senate  passes 
bills  for  repealing  bills  of  lading,  to  per- 
mit the  suspension  of  sentence  in  the 
case  of  first  offenses,  and  for  amending 
the  Weights  and  Measures  Act. 

Mar.  2.  Ottawa.  The  Dominion  Parlia- 
ment rejects  a  continuation  of  the 
modus  Vivendi  in  force,  and  a  resolu- 
tion provi<ling  for  closer  trade  relations 
with  the  United  States.    Vote,  65-108. 

Mar.  15.  Ottawa.  Sir  John  A.  Macdon- 
ald  threatens  to  resign  the  premier- 
ship, and  go  before  the  country  on  the 
Jesuit  question,  if  the  anti-Jesuit  reso- 
lution promoted  by  the  Orangemen  is 
persevered  in. 

Mar.  23.  Ottawa.  The  Government  is- 
sues modus  Vivendi  licenses  to  sealing- 
vessels,  which  are  good  until  Dec.  31, 1889. 

Mar.  25,  Ottawa.  Stati.stical  returns 
strongly  reenforce  the  Reciprocity 
Party  in  House  of  Commons. 

Mar.  26.  Ottawa.  In  the  House  of  Com- 
mons a  resolution  is  moved  concerning 
the  action  of  the  Quebec  Legislature  in 
the  Jesuits*  Estates  matter. 

That  it  is  beyond  the  power  of  that 
House  to  enact  such  legislation  :  1.  Be- 
cause it  endows  from  public  funds  a  re- 
ligious organization,  thereby  violating 
the  unwritten  but  undoubted  constitu- 
tional principle  of  the  complete  separa- 
tion of  Church  and  State.  2.  Because 
it  recognizes  the  usurpation  of  the  right 
by  a  foreign  authority  —  the  Pope  of 
Rome  —  to  claim  that  his  consent  was 
necessary  to  empower  the  Provincial 
Legislature  to  dispose  of  a  portion  of 
the  public  domain,  and  also  because  the 
Act  is  made  to  depend  upon  the  will,  and 
the  appropriation  of  the  grant  thereby 
made  is  subject  to  the  control,  of  the 

J  same  authority.  3.  Because  the  endow- 
ing of  ttie  Society  of  flesuits,  an  alien, 
secret,  and  politico-religious  body,  is 
fraught  with  danger  to  the  civil  and  re- 
ligious liberties  oi  the  peoi)le  of  Canada. 

Mar.  28.  Ottawa.  The  debate  on  the 
Jesuits'  Estates  question  continues  In 
the  House  of  Commons. 

Mar.  29.  Ottawa.  The  O'Brien  Jesuits' 
DisaUowance  Amendment  is  defeated 
in  the  Dominion  Parliament. 

Apr.  1.  Queen  Victoria  is  asked  to  in- 
terfere concerning  the  Jesuits*  Estates 
matter, 

Apr.  5.  Br.  Col.  The  Provincial  Par- 
liament ends  its  business  of  session. 

Apr.  7.  P.  Q.  M.  Mercier,  the  pre- 
mier of  Quebec,  says  that  the  treasury 
of  Quebec  is  empty,  and  it  will  be  neces- 
sary to  pass  a  special  act  to  procure 
the  $400,000  to  be  handed  over  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  authorities  un- 
der the  Jesuits'  Estates  Act. 


Apr.  9.  Ont.  The  House  of  Commons 
passes  the  bill  to  amend  the  Fisheries 
Act,  which  prohibits  net-fishing  in  tidal 
waters. 

Apr.  26.  Ottaica.  The  Weldon  Extra- 
dition Bill  is  passed  by  the  Senate. 

Speeches  strongly  maintaining  the 
Canadian  claims  in  Bering  Sea  are 
made  in  the  Dominion  Parliament. 

Apr.*  Ottawa.  The  Senate  expresses  its 
views  on  unrestricted  reciprocity. 

"It  would  not  be  in  the  interest  of 
Canada  to  establish  an  entire  reciprocity 
of  trade  with  any  foreign  nation  upon 
any  condition  that  would  restrict,  with 
regard  to  others,  entire  freedom  of  ac- 
tion by  this  country  in  protecting  its 
own  industries,  in  dealing  with  its  own 
sources  of  revenue,  and  in  regulating  its 
own  foreign  trade,  or  that  would  make 
necessary  the  adoption  of  duties  discrim- 
inating against  imports  from  other  na- 
tions, and  more  especially  the  mother 
country." 

May  2.  Ottawa.  The  Parliament  is 
prorogued. 

May28±.  Ottawa.  The  Alaskan  boun- 
dary line  is  in  dispute.  The  Govern- 
ment seeks  a  settlement. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1887  JiJy  6,  7.  P.  Q.  A  fire  breaks 
out  in  the  citadel  at  Quebec ;  the  pow- 
der magazine  is  saved.  The  damage 
amounts  to  about  $150,000. 

July  16.  Ojit.  Petroleum  ignites  and 
explodes  at  St.  Thomas,  killing  and 
wounding  many. 

July  30.  P.  Q.  The  great  railroad 
bridge  over  the  St,  Lawrence  at  Lachine 
is  completed. 

Sept.  6.  Out.  An  industrial  exhibition 
is  opened  by  Lord  Lansdowne  at  Toronto. 

Sept.  *  Ottawa.  Government  sub- 
sidies are  pledged  for  the  support  of  a 
fortnightly  mail  service  from  London, 
Eng.,  to  the  East  by  the  Pacific  Rail- 
road. 

1888  Sept.  11.  Ont.  Lord  Stanley 
opens  an  exhibition  at  Toronto. 

1889  Jan.  3.  Br.  Col.  The  WeUing- 
ton  coal-mines  of  British  Columbia  are 
shut  down. 

Jan.  16.  P.  Q.  Typhoid  fever  is  epi- 
demic at  Bale  St.  Paul. 

Jan.  24.  Ont.  A  natural  gas-weU  is 
torpedoed  at  St.  Catharines. 

Jan.  28.  Man.  The  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides that  the  Manitoba  government  may 
extend  the  Red  River  Railroad  across 
the  Canada  Pacific  line. 

Jan.  28±.  Ottawa.  Parliament  re- 
fuses to  sanction  the  erection  of  the 
extension  of  the  Red  River  Railroad 
across  the  Pacific  Railroad,  as  an  in- 
fringement of  rights. 

Jan.  30i:.  Ottawa.  Canada  decides  not 
to  take  part  in  the  Paris  Exposition. 

Feb.  7.  Ont.  The  opera-house  at 
Napanee  collapses. 

Feb.  12.  Saskatchewan.  An  epidemic 
of  a  virulent  character  rages  among  the 
Chippeway  Indians  at  Fort  Pitt. 

Feb.  27.  Ont.  A  passenger-train  is 
wrecked  at  St.  George,  on  the  Great 


Western  Railroad ;  10  persons  are  killed 
and  many  seriously  injured. 
Feb.  *  /*.  Q.    Harbor  improvements  to 
cost  $4,000,000  are  commenced  in  Mon- 
treal. 

They  include  four  miles  of  wharfage,  a 
still-water  basin  of  six  square  miles,  and 
the  dredging  of  the  river. 

Mar.  4.  P.  Q.  Several  lives  are  lost  by 
the  fall  of  a  mill-roof  in  Montreal. 

Mar.  5.  P.  Q.  The  Montreal  Board  of 
Trade's  Council  approves  the  Extradi- 
tion Bill  introduced  into  Parliament, 
and  framed  so  as  to  include  American 
defaulters. 

Mar.  7i:.  Ont.  Many  cases  of  smallpox 
and  eight  deaths  occur  in  Fingal  and 
Southwold. 

Mar.  14.  iV.  S.  A  gold-mine  in  Duf- 
ferin,  Halifax  County,  sells  at  auction 
for  $145,000. 

Mar.  20.  N.  S.  The  British  war-ship 
Lily  arrives  at  Halifax  with  a  case  of 
yellow  fever  on  board. 

Mar.  21.  Customs  authorities  seize  the 
American  fishing-schooner  JF.  H. 
Foye. 

Apr.  11.  The  annual  report  of  the  De- 
partment of  Fisheries  shows  a  de- 
crease of  §967,593  in  the  value  of  the 
fisheries. 

Apr.  16.  Ont.  The  Welland  Canal  is 
opened  for  navigation. 

Thousands  of  seals  are  killed  in  the 
Lower  St.  Lawrence. 

Apr.  25  ±.  Ont.  The  Grand  Trunk  Rail- 
way decides  to  cease  running  freight- 
trains  on  Sunday. 

Apr.  28.  Ont,  The  limited  express  on 
the  Grand  Trunk  Railroad  from  Chicago 
to  Hamilton  runs  off  the  track  and 
takes  fire;  18  persons  are  burned  to 
death  and  about  20  injured.  The  train 
passengers  were  on  their  way  to  New 
York  City  to  participate  in  the  Centen- 
nial celebration. 

May  1.  N.  F.  Fourteen  lives  are  lost  in 
the  wrecking  of  the  schooner  Skiloh 
at  Grand  Banks. 

May  10.  Fnr).  The  House  of  Commons 
approves  the  cable  contract  for  Hali- 
fax and  Bermuda. 

May  14.  Ont.  Forest  fires  do  much 
damage  at  Belleville. 

The  steamer  Vyntkia  comes  in  col- 
lision with  the  steamer  Polynesian,  and 
sinks  in  the  St.  Lawrence  River  opposite 
Longue  Point ;  eight  sailors  lose  their 
lives. 

May  16.  P.  Q.  About  700  houses  are  de- 
stroyed by  fire  in  a  suburb  of  Quebec  ; 
property  worth  $600,000  is  burned,  one 
man  killed,  and  one  fatally  hurt. 

May  29.  A  Canadian  schooner  is 
wrecked  on  Gallos  Island,  in  Lake  On- 
tario, and  eight  sailors  are  missing. 

June  2.  A  train  of  the  Canadian  Pacific 
railroad  crosses  Maine  on  the  short 
line  to  the  Maritime  Provinces. 

June  3.  N'.  S.  The  steamer  Bessie  Mor- 
ris from  Montreal  for  Sydney  goes  ashore 
in  Aflpy  Bay. 


588     1889,  June  S-Nov.  13. 


CANADA. 


I 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1889  June  11.  Mart.  The  91st  Bat- 
talion is  organized  with  companies  at 
St.  James,  Kildonan,  Selkirk,  Spring- 
field, Stonewall,  and  Woodlands. 

Jline  14.  Ont.  The  formation  of  six 
companies  for  a  battalion  at  London 
is  ordered. 

July  3.  P.  Q.  The  5th  district  mili- 
tary camp  at  St.  Johns  is  inspected  by 
Sir  Frederick  Middieton. 

Aug.  4.  The  British  squadron  of  the 
Pacific  goes  to  protect  British  ships. 

Sept.  10.  P.  Q.  Artillery  competition 
opens  at  Isle  of  Orleans,  Quebec. 

Sept.  18.  P.  Q.  The  Charlottetown  bat- 
tery of  Prince  Edward  Island  takes  the 
first  prize  in  artillery  by  competition 
at  Grosse  Island. 

Sept,  19.  0}U.  Maj.  Todd  declines  the 
colonelcy  of  the  Governor-General's  foot- 
guards  at  Ottawa. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  July  17.  Br.CoL  Petroleum  ia 
discovered  at  Vancouver  in  the  center  of 
the  city. 

July  29.  N.S.  Two  seams  of  good  hard 
coal  are  discovered  near  Truro. 

Aug.  17.  Ont.  The  Canadian  College 
of  Music  is  established  at  Ottawa. 

Sept.  3 .  Ont.  The  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science 
closes  its  session  at  Toronto. 

Sept,  6.  A'.  S.  Gold  is  discovered  at 
Princess  Ledge,  near  Halifax. 

Sept.  19.  P.  Q.  Several  thousand  tons 
of  rock  slide  from  Cape  Diamond  to 
Charaplain  Street,  in  Quebec,  300  feet 
below,  demolishing  in  their  coxirse  seven 
dwellings,  and  killing  or  injuring  a 
number  of  persons. 

Oct.  2.  P.  Q.  A  large  piece  of  rock 
falls  at  Quebec,  near  the  scene  of  the 
former  disaster,  and  crushes  in  and 
wrecks  a  building,  but  without  loss  of 
life. 

Nov.  4,  iV.  S.  Coal  deposits  are  dis- 
covered, containing  millions  of  tons  of 
coal. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1880. 

June  5.  Gray,  John  Hamilton,  Justice  of 
Supreme  Court,  at  Victoria,  B.  C.  dies. 

June  6.  Jones.  W.  C,  editor  of  the  Star 
Transcript,  dies. 

June  12.  Cecil,  Lord  A.  P.,  is  drowned  at 
Adolplmstown,  Out. 

July  1.  Theresa,  Mother,  head  of  the  Order 
of  Our  Lady  of  Lorelto,  at  Toronto,  dies. 

July  18.  Ilarel,  Abb6  Telesithore,  chan- 
cellor of  arch(!iooe8e  of  Montreal,  dies. 

Aug:-  3.  McConnell,  F.,  Baptist  pioneer 
missionary,  dies. 

Aug.  13.  Miller,  Father,  vicar-general  of 
Montreal,  dies. 

Nov.  4.  St.  Louis,  Mother,  superioress  of 
(Jood  Shepherd  Convent,  Quebec,  dies. 

♦  *  Richards,  Sir  William  Buel,  jurist,  A74. 

CHURCH. 
1889    June  6.    P,  Q.   The  Conference 

of  the  Methodist  Church  of  Canada 

opens  its  sixth  annual  session  at  Sher- 

brooke. 
Ont.    The  Bay  of  Quinte  Methodist 

Conference  meeting  is  held  at  Belle- 

TlUo. 


The  Congregational  Union,  Brant- 
ford,  opens. 

June  11.  Ont,  The  Anglican  Synod 
of  Toronto  convenes. 

June  12.  Ont.  Lord  A.  P.  Cecil,  a 
noted  evangelist,  is  drowned  at  Adolph- 
ustown. 

June  13.  P.  Q.  The  Baptist  Church 
Eastern  Association  convenes  at  Sher- 
brooke. 

Ont.    The   Presbyterian   General 

Assembly  is  held  at  Toronto. 

June  18.  P.  Q.  The  Synod  of  Mon- 
treal convenes. 

Ont.    The  Ontario  Biocesan  Synod 

meets  at  Kingston. 

June  19,  K.  S.  The  Methodist  Con- 
ference meets  at  Liverpool. 

June  21.  Ont.  The  Toronto  District 
Baptist  Association  convenes. 

July  3.  Ont.  The  Presbytery  of  Kings- 
ton elects  M.  W.  Maclean  moderator. 

July  10.  ^hln.  The  Baptist  Conven- 
tion elects  J.  W.  Whitman  of  Emerson 
president. 

July  31.  Ont.  The  Canada  District  of 
the  Lutheran  Synod  closes  at  Ottawa. 

Aug.  17.  Ont.  The  Reformed  Epis- 
copal Synod  elects  its  officers  at  Ot- 
tawa. 

Aug.  21.  N.S.  The  Presbytery  of  Hali- 
fax meets. 

Aug.  26.  P.  Q.  The  petition  of  Louis 
Aronson  and  others  for  an  order  to  es- 
tablish a  Jewish  congregation  is  granted 
at  Montreal. 

Sept.  7.  P.Q.  CurtSSentenne  denounces 
Labor  Day  from  the  pulpit  in  Montreal. 

Sept.  11.  P.  Q.  The  Synod  of  the 
Church  of  England  in  Canada  opens 
in  Montreal. 

Sept.  12.  Ont.  Tlie  Privy  Council  re- 
fuses to  refer  the  Jesuits*  Estates  case 
to  the  Supreme  Court. 

Sept.  15.  Ont.  Bishop  John  "Walsh  is 
appointed  archbishop  of  Toronto. 

Sept.  18.  Father  Paradis  of  Quebec  is 
summoned  to  return  from  Kome. 

Oct.  3.  P.  Q.  Cardinal  Taschereau 
confirms  300  children  at  Quebec. 

Oct.  13.  /*.  Q.  The  ceremony  of  bless- 
ing the  amalgamation  of  Laval  and 
Victoria  Universities  is  celebrated  in 
Notre  Dame  Cathedral  at  Montreal. 

Oct.  14.  Ont.  The  census  of  attendance 
at  Protestant  churches  is  taken  at  Ot- 
tawa ;  attending  number,  7,328. 

Oct.  16.  Ont.  The  Baptist  Conven- 
tion is  held   at   Ottawa. 

Oct.  24.  Ont.  The  cloistered  nuns 
are  exempted  from  appearing  in  Court 
by  Justice  Mathieu,  in  "La  Banque 
Ville  Marie  vs.  Hotel  Dieu "  case  at 
MontreaL 

Oct.  30.  Man.  The  Anglican  Synod 
closes  at  Winnipeg. 

Nov.  2.  Ont.  Premier  Mercier  re- 
ceives papal  benediction  from  Rome. 

Nov.  12.  Ont.  The  eighth  annual 
meeting  of  the  Baptist  Congress  of 
America  is  held  at  Toronto. 


Md.    At  the   Baltimore    Catholic 

Congress,  Premier  Mercier  makes 
an  address  on  the  impartiality  of  French 
Canadians  in  the  treatment  of  Protes- 
tants and  Catholics. 

LETTERS. 
1889    Sept.  26,    The  Catholic  Board 
of  Public  Instruction  decides  to  re- 
duce the  grant  to  classical  colleges  by 
10  per  cent. 

Oct.  9.  P.  Q.  The  Laval  and  Victoria 
faculties  are  amalgamated  at  Montreal. 

Oct.  14.  P.  Q.  The  will  of  the  late  Mr. 
Workman  bequeathed  $120,000  to 
the  McGill  University  at  MontreaL 

Oct.  21.  Ont.  The  Minister  of  Educa- 
tion issues  an  order  that  English  shall 
be  the  language  of  instruction. 

Oct.  *  Ont.  The  foundation  stone  of  the 
new  public  library  is  laid  at  Hamilton. 

*  *  Ont.  The  Herald  is  issued  at  Hamil- 
ton. 

Nov.  12.  Man.  The  half-breeds  of  St. 
Laurent  hold  a  meeting,  and  condemn 
the  proposed  abolition  of  separate 
schools  and  a  dual  language. 

SOCIETY. 

1889  Jtme  11.  Ont.  The  second  an- 
nual Convention  of  the  Dominion 
"Womans'  Christian  Temperance 
Union   is  held   at  Toronto. 

.V.  B.     Luoian     Freeman     kills     his 

mother  and  John  Morgan  at  Meriden. 

Ont.     The   tenth  annual   meeting  of 

the  High  Court  of  the  Canadian  Or- 
der of  Foresters  is  held  at  London. 

June  12.  Alberta,  The  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment is  warned  that  the  Mormon 
colonists  are  practising  polygamy,  and 
will  soon  control  the  electorate. 

.V.  Ji.    A  convention  of  locomotive 

engineers  is  held  at  Moncton. 

Jvme  18.  N.  S.  The  carpenters  of  Hali- 
fax strike. 

June  25.  Ont.  Tlie  annual  session  of 
the  Canada  Grand  Xx>dge  of  Good 
Templars  ia  opened  at  Toronto. 

July  10±.  Man.  Martin  Burke  is  com- 
mitted at  Winnipeg  for  extradition,  as 
the  murderer  of  Dr.  Cronin. 

July  18.  Ont.  The  Canadian  Press 
Association  holds  its  annual  meeting 
at  Toronto. 

July  22.    X.  B.    The  carnival  opens. 

July  25.  Ont.  The  Brotherhood  of 
Brakemen  is  in  session  at  Ottawa. 

Aug.  4,  P.  Q.  The  corner-stone  of  a 
hospital  is  laid  at  Kimouski. 

Aug.  5.  ^V.  S.  The  carnival  opens  at 
Halifax. 

Aug.  7.  Ont.  The  tenth  convention  of 
the  American  Electric  Light  Associ- 
ation meets  at  Niagara  Falls. 

Aug.  21.  Ont.  The  sixth  annual  Con- 
vention of  Photographers  is  held  at 
Toronto. 

Aug.  23.  Ont.  The  Brooklyn  13th 
Kegiment  is  received  at  Ilamilton. 


CANADA. 


1889,June5-Nov.  13.    589 


Sept.  3.  P.  Q.  A  Ijabor  Congress,  con- 
sisting of  tlie  Knights  of  Labor  and  tlio 
Dominion  Trades  and  Labor  Congress, 
opens  in  Montreal. 

Sept.  S.  /'.  Q.  The  Dominion  Ijabor 
Congress  at  Montreal  adopts  resoln- 
tions. 

It  calls  on  the  Dominion  and  Provin- 
ci.il  Governments  to  abolish  the  system 
of  subsidizing  railways  by  land  and 
money  grants,  as  detrimental  to  the  in- 
terests of  the  country ;  recommending 
that  all  wage-earners  be  paid  weelilv, 
and  that  power  to  call  out  the  militia  in 
case  of  riots  be  vested  only  in  tlie  Adju- 
tant-General of  the  Province  and  may- 
ors of  cities. 

Sept.  11.  Ont.  Dancing  exhibitions 
cause  an  agitation  at  Toronto. 

Sept.  21.  r.  Q.  The  City  Council  of 
Quebec  votes  $5,000  toward  relieving 
the  sufferers  by  the  falling-rock  dis- 
aster. 

Oct.  2.  P.  Q.  The  sixth  annual  Con- 
vention of  the  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  opens  at  Montreal. 

Oct.  3.  Ont.  The  principal  members  of 
the  Cranboume  Club  at  London  are 
found  guilty  of  gambling,  and  fined. 

P.  Q.    The  First  Regiment  of  the 

Connecticut  National  Guard,  accom- 
panied by  Gov.  ISulkeley  and  Senator 
Hawley,  arrives  in  Montreal. 

Oct.  6.  Ont.  Father  Boyle,  a  priest, 
is  sentenced  to  death  for  an  assault  on 
a  young  woman. 

Oct.  30.    A  judgment  for  $500  is 

given  against  Le  Monde  for  styling  Mr. 
Noyes  an  Orangeman, 
Nov.  4.    A  Canadian  smuggler  returns 
$2,500  to  the  Government  by  Dwight 
L.  Moody,  the  evangelist. 

Nov.  5.  Ont.  A  great  Orange  demon- 
stration is  held  at  Ottawa. 


Aug.  3,  Br.  Col.  John  Robson  is  sworn 
in  as  premier  at  Victoria. 

Aug.  6.  Ottawa.  The  Minister  of  Cus- 
toms receives  official  report  of  the  seiz- 
ure of  the  Black  Diamond  in  Bering 
Sea,  but  no  demand  as  yet  for  compen- 
sation by  her  owners. 

Aug.  29.  Br.  Col.  Several  sealers  are 
seized  in  the  Bering  Sea. 

Aug.  *  British  Columbia  is  endeavoring 
to  establish  reciprocity  with  the  United 
States. 

The  rich  iron  deposits,  the  abundance 
of  timber,  the  large  supply  of  fish,  make 
reciprocity  desirable. 

Sept.  3.    Br.  Vol.  Asealer  with  prize  crew 
on  board  continues  sealing  despite  his 
protests,  and  after  securingSOO sea-otters 
sailed  for  and  arrives  safely  at  Victoria. 
Sept.  17.    Lord  Stanley,  the  Governor- 
General,  starts  on  a  tour  to  the  North- 
west. 
Oct.  14.     P.  Q.     It    is    announced    that 
payments  to  the  Jesuits  are  soon  to 
be  made  in  Quebec. 
Oct.  25.    Eng.    The    'Weldon  Extra- 
dition Act  is  disallowed  by  the  Imperial 
authority. 
Oct.  28.    X.S.  The  American  fishing- 
schooner  D.  Adams  is   confiscated  at 
Halifax  for  violating  the  treaty  of  1818. 
Oct.  29.    Ont.    The  People's  Political 

Party  is  organized  at  Kingston. 
Nov.  4i.  Ottawa.  Sir  John  A.  Mac- 
donald  resigns  the  Presidency  of  the 
Council,  and  takes  the  portfolio  of  Rail- 
ways and  Canals.  C.  C.  Colby,  Deputy 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  is 
chosen  to  succeed  him. 


Aug.  3.  Br.  Col.  The  schooner  Black 
Diamond,  seized  by  United  States  cut- 
ter Rush,  sails  into  the  harbor  of  Vic- 
toria. 

Aug.  4.  P.  Q.  The  Dominion  line 
steamship  Montreal,  from  Montreal  to 
Liverpool,  owing  to  icebergs  and  fog,  is 
totally  wrecked  at  Belle  Isle. 

Aug.  7.  Ont.  The  American  Electric 
Iiight  Association  opens  its  10th  con- 
vention at  Niagara  Falls. 

Aug.  23.  Ont.  An  English  syndi- 
cate purchases  a  Toronto  distillery  for 
$6,000,000. 

Aug.  28.  X.  S.  During  the  last  six 
months  13,626  ounces  of  gold  have  been 
mined. 

Aug.  30.  Br.  Col.  Two  of  the  sealers 
captured  in  Bering  Sea  arrive  at  Vic- 
toria, one  with  a  prize  crew  of  one  man 
on  board. 

Sept.  2.  The  Bering-Sea  schooner 
Minnie  arrives  at  ^'ictoria  after  being 
seized  and  sent  to  Sitka  by  the  United 
States  cutter  Rush. 

Sept.  5.  The  cable  telegraph  system 
connects  the  Canadian  Pacific  with  the 
Mackay-Beunett  line. 

Sept.  10.  Ont.  The  Annual  Exhibition 
in  Toronto  is  opened  by  Sir  John  A. 
Macdonald, 

Sept.  13.  A\  B.  Forest  fires  do  great 
damage. 

Ont.  Toronto's  millionaire  philan- 
thropist, Wm.  Gooderham,  drops 
dead  as  he  finishes  a  prayer  in  the 
House  for  Fallen  Women,  which  was  es- 
tablished by  him. 
Nov.  5.     /'.  Q.    Premier  Meroier  pays    Sept.  17.     Ottawa.    Lord  Stanley  starts 


over  $400,000  to  the  Jesuits'  Estates 
at  Montreal. 


STATE. 

1889    July  17.     .V.  .1.    The   Govern, 
ment  loan  of  $300,000  at  4  per  cent,    June  7. 
to  run  30  years,  is  taken  at  from  IJ  to  IJ       breaks 
per  cent,  premium. 

July  28.  The  law  officers  of  the  Crown 
decide  the  Jesuits'  Estates  Act  w  as  al- 
ready within  the  powers  of  the  Provin- 
cial Legislature,  and  that  there  is  no 
case  to  send  to  the  Judicial  Committee 
of  the  Privy  Council. 

July  30.  Man.  A  full  Court  at  Winni- 
peg agrees  in  an  order  committing  Mar- 
tin Burke  for  extradition. 

Canadians  are  indignant  at  the  seiz- 


MISCELLANEOUS. 
1889    June*  The    Canadian    Pacific 
New  Soo  line  is  opened. 

Ont.     A    great   jam    of    logs 
up  at  Belleville. 
June  9.    P.  Q.    The  Grosse  Isle  Cable 
is  laid,  and  goes  into  operation. 

June  21.  N.f^.  Halifax  celebrates  the 
140th  anniversary  of  its  settlement. 

June  30.  Ont.  The  largest  ferry 
steamer  on  the  Upper  St.  Lawrence 
goes  down  while  ferrying  railroad  cars 
from  Morristown  to  Brockville. 

July  6.  The  St.  Lawrence  Yacht 
Club  race  for  the  vice-coramodore's 
cup  is  won  by  the  Lulu. 


ure  of  the  Black  Diamond  in  Bering    juiy  9.     on<.    A  natural  gas-well  is  set 


Sea,  calling  it  an  American  outrage. 

July  31.  Ottawa.  The  Dominion  Minis- 
ter of  Justice  signs  the  extradition 
warrant  for  Martin  Burke. 

Aug.  2.  Ottawa.  The  (Jovernor-Gen- 
<iral,  in  reply  to  a  delegation  of  the 
Equal  Rights  Association,  states  that 
in  his  opinion  and  that  of  his  advisers 
there  are  no  grounds  either  for  disallow- 
ance of  the  act  of  the  Quebec  Legislature 
as  to  the  Jesuits'  Estates  Act  or  for 
the  dissolution  of  Parliament. 


on  fire  at  Ruthven. 

July  10.  Br.  Col.  The  Board  of  Trade 
favors  reciprocity  with  the  United 
States. 

July  *  Ont.  Col.  Hamilton  obtains  a 
grant  from  the  Government  to  set  up  an 
electric  generating  machine  under 
Niagara  Falls. 

Aug.  1.  Ont.  The  palace  steamer  St. 
Lawrence,  of  Thousand  Islands  Steam- 
boat Company,  is  wrecked  at  Hog  Island 
in  the  St.  Lawrence. 


on  a  tour  to  the  Northwest. 

Sept.  20.  P.  Q.  The  Hochelaga  Ex- 
hibition at  Montreal  is  opened. 

Sept.  *  P.  Q.  A  mass  of  rock  falls,  and 
many  are  killed  at  Quebec. 

Sept.  22.  P.  E.  I.  The  business  portion 
of  Kensington  is  burned. 

Oct.  17.  The  Northern  Pacific  Rail- 
road authorizes  the  issue  of  $160,000,- 
000  new  5  per  cent  bonds. 

Labrador.  Fishermen  are  suffer- 
ing, owing  to  failure  of  fisheries  at  Es- 
quimaux Point. 

Oct.  24.  Ont.  Four  lives  are  lost  and 
several  persons  are  injured  by  the  burn- 
ing of  the  steamer  Quinte,  near  Des- 
eronto. 

Oct.  26.  The  people  of  Current  Island, 
Belle  Isle  Strait,  are  starving,  owing 
to  the  failure  of  the  fisheries. 

Nov.  2.    A 
formed. 

Nov.  4.  JV^  S.  Many  families  in  Ter- 
ence Bay  are  starving  through  failure 
of  the  fisheries. 

P.  Q.    The  Montreal  pig-iron  boom 

collapses. 
Nov.  13.    Ont.    A   breaking    dam   at 

Alton   causes  much  disaster  to  mills, 

dwellings,  bridges,  etc. ;  several   lives 

are  lost. 


wrappmg-paper   trust  is 


590    1889,  Nov.  20-1890,  Nov.  26.        CANADA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1889  Deo.  4.    Lieut.  Eric  Streatfleld 

is  appointed  A.D.C.,  vice  Capt.  Wise. 
A.D.C. 

Ont.    Iiieut.  J.  A.  Moore  is  placed 

on  tlie  list  as  instructor  at  the  Royal 
Military  College  at  Kingston. 

1890  July  12.  Ont.  Xlie  Official  G(u 
zette  of  Ottawa  contains  Gen.  Middle- 
ton's  farewell  to  the  Canadian  mili- 
tia. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  Nov.  23.  Ont.  A  rich  find  of 
coal  is  made  near  Sbarbot  Lake. 

Dec.  5.  K.  S.  A  valuable  seam  of  red 
hematite  is  discovered  near  Maitland. 

1890  Apr.  •  P.  Q.  MUlet's  L'Angelus 
is  on  exhibition  in  Montreal. 

May  7.  The  Government  purposes  ex- 
ploring Mackenzie  Basin. 

June  5.    Disastrous  floods  occur. 

June  0.  Orders  are  issued  for  a  complete 
survey  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 
and  elaborate  observations  of  tidal 
movements. 

July  31.  Ont.  Natural  gas  is  struck  at 
Kingston. 

Aug.  3.  Man.  Much  damage  is  done  by 
storm. 

Sept.  14.  Atha.  Extensive  petroleum 
fields  are  discovered  along  the  Atha- 
basca River. 

Sept.  28.  P.  Q.  A  shock  of  earth- 
quake is  felt  in  Quebec. 

Oct.  7.  P.  Q.  A  fatal  landslide  occurs 
at  St.  Pierre  du  Sud,  Quebec. 

Nov.  24.  N,  S.  Lives  and  property  are 
lost  on  the  coast ;  cause,  violent  gales. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1890    Jan.  33.    Lemoinc,  G.,  Ahl)«,  chap, 
lain  of  ITrsuIine  Convent,  at  Quebec,  <lies. 
Feb.  23.    Oienden,   Ashton,  bp.    of   Mon- 
treal, and  metropolitan  of  Canada,  A  84. 
June  3.     D'Herbomez,  Joseph  Louis,  vicar 
apostolic  of  K.  C.  diocese  of  li.  C.  A68. 

CHURCH. 

1889  Nov.  21.  Otit.  The  Diocesan 
jubilee  is  celebrated  at  Toronto. 

Nov.  24.  P.  Q.  Rev.  E.  Owen  of  St. 
Bartholomew's  of  Montreal  resigns  on 
account  of  dispute  on  the  surplice 
question. 

Dec.  9.  It.  Pope  Leo  thanks  Cana- 
dian Boman  Catholics  for  their  pro- 
test against  the  usurpation  of  the  tem- 
poral power  of  the  papacy. 

Dec.  28.  Ont.  The  diocese  of  Kingston 
becomes  a  metropolitan  see. 

James  Vincent  Cleary  is  made  arch- 
bishop of  Kingston. 

1890  Jan.  21.  Ont.  The  Roman  Cath- 
olic diocese  of  .Alexandria  is  estab- 
lished. 

Apr.  10.  Ont.  Archbishop  Cleary  of 
Kingston  orders  that  all  those  who  re- 
fuse to  support  Roman  Catholic 
parochial  schools  shall  be  denied 
absolution  from  their  sins. 

June  *  Ont.  Alexander  MacDonneUis 
coii.sc'  rated  R.  C.  bishop  of  Alexandria. 


Sept.  7.  Jir.  Col.  The  Roman  Catholic 
diocese  of  New  'Westminister  is 
estaiilished. 

Sept.  10.  P.  Q.  The  third  General 
Conference  of  the  Methodist  Church 
of  Canada  meets  in  Montreal. 

Oct.  10.  /'-  Q.  Bishop  Lafleche  of 
Three  Elvers  issues  an  order  for  farm- 
ers to  pay  a  tithe  of  $7.50  per  1,000 
bundles  of  hay  to  their  cur«5,  or  be 
refused  the  sacrament  if  they  neglect 
to  do  so. 

Oct.  19.  Ont.  Dennis  O'Connor  is 
consecrated  R.  C.  bishop  of  London. 


LETTERS. 

1889  Nov.  20.  Man.  The  Indian 
Industrial  School  is  handed  over  to 
the  Church  of  England  authorities  at  St. 
Paul. 

Nov.  27.    P.  Q.    A  movement  is  nuide 

to  endow  Faculty  of  Applied  Science 

in  McGiU  University,  Montreal ;  cost, 

$100,000. 

Kight  schools  are  opened  in  Montreal. 

Dee.  27.  Man.  The  English-speak- 
ing Roman  Catholics  denounce  the 
Iiroposed  legislation  abolishing  the 
teaching  of  French  in  public  schools. 

1890  Mar.*  Man.  Roman  Catholics 
are  denied  the  right  to  have  sepa- 
rate schools,  and  all  chisses  are  re- 
quired to  patronize  the  national  schools. 

Apr.  7.  P.  Q.  Gifts  amounting  in  value 
to  $1,000,000  are  made  to  McGiU 
University,  Montreal. 

Apr.  26.  Ont.  The  Toronto  Univer- 
sity is  to  be  rebuilt  at  a  cost  of  822.000, 
exclusive  of  library  building,  which  is 
to  be  fireproof,  and  to  cost  $50,000. 

Oct.  3.  Ont.  A  memorial  signed  by 
10,000  Roman  Catholics,  including 
Archbishop  Tache,  of  AVinnipeg,  Mani- 
toba, is  presented  to  the  Governor-Gen- 
eral of  Canada,  asking  him  to  disallow 
the  acts  passed  by  the  Manitoba  Legis- 
lature abolishing  Roman  Catholic 
schools  and  the  dual  language. 

Nov.  24.  Man.  Judge  Killara  decides 
adversely  to  the  appeal  of  the  Roman 
Catholics  against  the  Act  of  the  last 
Legislature  abolishing  separate  schools. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  Jan.  6.  P.  Q.  Gov.  Angers  in- 
forms the  Legislature  on  its  opening 
that  a  bill  will  be  presented,  offering 
100  acres  of  land  to  the  parents  of 
every  family  of  12  children. 

Jan.  14.  P.  Q.  A  meeting  of  the  Pro- 
vincial Dominion  .Alliance  at  Quebec 
condemns  Alercier's  speech  on  the  pro- 
hibition question. 

Jan.  17.  Ont.  Lady  Stanley  refuses 
to  receive  a  divorced  lady,  the  wife  of 
an  American  Minister,  at  a  state  dinner 
at  Ottawa. 

Mar.  »  Br.  Col.  'Wild  Indians  in  the 
eastern  part  have  been  burning  and  rob- 
bing houses,  and  threatening  the  settlers. 


Mar.  *  Old.  A  Government  bill  is  intro- 
duced in  Parliament  making  polygamy 
a  crime. 

Mar.  *  P.  Q.  A  Canadian  Indepen- 
dence League  is  formed  in  Montreal 
to  make  a  determined  and  systematic 
movement  for  emancipation  from  Brit- 
ish rule  by  the  year  1892. 

Mar.  •  Ont.  A  bill  is  introduced  in  the 
Parliament  at  Ottawa  which  makes 
marriage  a  misdemeanor  if  con- 
trjicted  by  persons  related  by  consan- 
guinity nearer  than  the  fourth  degree. 

May  12.  Ont.  Gen.  Middleton  is  con- 
victed by  Parliament  of  looting  valu- 
able furs  while  commanding  the  militia 
in  the  Kiel  rebellion. 

May  13.  Canals  are  to  be  closed  on 
Sundays.    (Announced.) 

May  14.  A  new  secret  Irish  Associa- 
tion is  formed,  with  head  centers  in 
Montreal  and  Quebec. 

May  21.  B.C.  The  Duke  and  Duch- 
ess of  Connaught  arrive  at  Victoria. 

[May  22.  They  are  welcomed  at  Van- 
couver. May  27.  Man.  They  leave  Win- 
nipeg for  the  East.  June  12.  They  leave 
for  England.] 

June  12,  13.  Ont.  The"Women'sEn- 
franchisement  Association  convenes 
in  Toronto. 

July  24.  N.S.  "Jack  the  Ripper" 
is  said  to  be  in  jail  at  Halifax ;  he  is  a 
medical  student ;  information  given  by 
his  sister  was  the  cause  of  his  arrest. 

Aug.  5.  /'.  Q.  The  American  For- 
estry Association  closes  its  sessions  in 
Quebec. 

It  recommends  the  proper  manage- 
ment of  public  timber  lands,  and  that 
young  men  be  sent  to  Europe  to  study 
forestry. 

Sept.  6.  Chit.  The  Labor  Congress  at 
Ottawa  passes  a  resolution  demanding 
the  right  of  the  people  of  Canada  to 
elect  their  own  Governor-General,  in- 
stead of  having  this  official  appointed 
by  the  British  Government. 

Sept.  11.  Subscription  lists  are  opened 
in  several  (Janadian  cities  to  secure  funds 
for  the  relief  of  the  famine-threat- 
ened districts  in  Ireland. 

Sept.  22.  Ont.  The  trial  of  Reginald 
Birchall  for  the  murder  of  F.  C.  Ben- 
well  begins  at  Woodstock. 

Sept.  29.  Ont.  Birchall  is  convicted  of 
the  murder  of  Benwell,  and  sentenced 
to  be  hanged.    [Nov.  14.    Hanged.] 

Oct.  27+.  The  Comte  de  Paris  visits 
Canada. 

Nov.  6.  Thanksgiving  Day  is  observed. 

STATE. 

1889  Nov.  22.  Ont.  Miss  F.  Mer- 
cale,  an  Indian,  is  appointed  to  a  place 
in  the  department  of  Indian  Affairs  ;  it 
is  the  first  appointment  of  the  kintl. 

Dec.  4.  Ottawa.  A  new  extradition 
treaty  between  Canada  and  the  United 
States  is  submitted  by  the  British  Gov- 
ernment to  the  Canadian  Government. 

Dec.  *  The  sentiment  in  favor  of  annex- 
ation with  the  United  States  is  re- 


CANADA.        1889,  Nov.  20-1890,  Nov.  26.    591 


ported  to  be  growing  among  prominent 
men. 

1890  Jan.  8.  P.  E.  I.  The  liegisla- 
ture  is  dissolved. 

Jan.  15.  Ottawa.  The  Parliament 
opens  witli  a  speech  by  Gov.-Gen.  Lord 
'     Stanley. 

Jan.  20.  A^  B.  An  election  is  held  by 
which  the  Government  gains  22  ;  Opposi- 
tion, 17 ;  Independents,  2. 

Jan.  21±.  Ottawa.  An  effort  is  made  to 
bring  up  the  question  of  annexation 
in  the  House  of  Commons. 

p.  Q.    Mayor  Grenler  of  Montreal 

is  reelected  by  acclamation. 

Jan.  24.  E7ig.  Canada's  right  to  le- 
gislate on  questions  involving  the  royal 
prerogative  is  allowed  by  the  Crown. 

Jan.  25.  Ottawa.  Official  notice  is  given 
of  the  expiration  of  the  modus  vivenili 
on  Feb.  15  between  the  United  States 
and  Canada. 

Jan.  30.  Ont.  The  Ontario  Legisla- 
ture is  opened  at  Toronto. 

Man.    The  Legislature  opens. 

Jan.  *  Ottawa.  A  bill  is  introduced  in 
Parliament  to  repeal  the  act  authoriz- 
ing the  use  of  the  French  language 
in  the  Northwest  Territories. 

Feb.  13.  .Man.  The  Legislature  passes 
a  resolution  abolishing  the  use  of 
French  as  the  official  language  of  the 
Province. 

Feb.  15.  Ottawa.  The  House  of  Com- 
mons debates  the  Dual  Language  bUl. 

Feb.  17.  Br.  Cot.  A  judge  decides  that 
the  United  States  has  no  jurisdiction 
outside  the  marine  league  limit  in  Be- 
ring Sea. 

Feb.  22.  Ottawa.  Tlie  Dominion  Parli- 
ament refers  the  question  of  the  official 
use  of  French  to  the  Northwest  Assem- 
bly. 

Feb.  24.  C.  H.  Tupper,  Minister  of 
Marine  and  Fisheries,  starts  for  Wash- 
ington as  the  Canadian  representative 
at  the  pending  fisheries  negotiations. 

Feb.  *  P.  Q.  The  Club  National,  tlie 
leading  French  Canadian  political  club 
of  Canada,  repudiates  Parliament's  loyal 
address  to  the  Queen,  and  declares  for 
Canadian  independence. 

Feb.  *  Br.  Col.  The  various  American, 
English,  and  Canadian  trading-vessels 
seized  by  the  Columbian  authorities 
are  released. 

Mar.  7.  P.  Q.  A  resolution  opposing 
Imperial  federation  is  unanimously 
carried  in  the  Quebec  House  of  Assem- 
bly. 

Mar.  24.  Ottawa.  Minister  Tupper 
returns  from  the  Washington  confer- 
ence regarding  Bering  Sea. 

Mar.  •  Man.  The  Legislature  unani- 
mously adopts  a  resolution  praying  that 
steps  be  taken  by  the  Dominion  Parlia- 
ment to  negotiate  with  the  U.  S.  Govern- 
ment for  unrestricted  reciprocity  of 
trade  between  the  two  countries. 

Mar.  *  Canada  seelis  representation  in 
the  British  Parliament. 


Apr.  9.  The  Government  decides  to  re- 
new the  modus  Vivendi  with  the  United 
States  for  another  year. 

Ottawa,    The    Dominion    House    of 

Commons  defeats  an  amendment  to 
the  budget  favoring  reciprocity. 

Apr.  29.  Ottawa.  The  I>ominion  Sen- 
ate passes  a  bill  extending  the  modus 
Vivendi  with  the  United  States. 

Apr.  *  Ottawa.  The  Government  de- 
cides to  guarantee  the  interest  on 
$5,000,000  of  the  bonds  to  be  issued 
by  the  Winnipeg  and  Hudson  Bay  Rail- 
way and  Navigation  Company  for  the- 
construction  of  that  road. 

May  10.  /'.  Q.  The  Quebec  Legisla- 
ture is  dissolved. 

May  16.  Ottawa.  The  Dominion  Par- 
liament is  prorogued. 

May  25.  Ottawa.  The  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment informs  Canadian  sealers 
that  in  case  of  arrest  by  U.  S.  ships 
they  cannot  be  protected. 

May  28.  Ottawa.  The  Government  de- 
cides to  enforce  the  treaty  of  1818  in 
reference  to  the  Atlantic  fisheries,  ex- 
cept to  holders  of  modus  vivtndi  licenses. 

May  29.  Ottawa.  The  Government  or- 
ders the  whole  international  boundary 
line  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Mani- 
toba to  be  patroUed  by  mounted  po- 
lice in  order  to  prevent  smuggling. 

June  18.  P.  Q.  The  French  Nation- 
alists win  in  the  Quebec  elections. 

July  14.  N.  S.  M.  B.  Daly  is  sworn 
into  office  as  lieutenant-governor  in 
the  Legislative  Council  Chamber  at 
Halifax. 

Sept.  24.  Ottawa.  Tlie  Governor-Gen- 
eral is  petitioned  to  veto  the  Anti- 
French  Bill  passed  by  the  Manitoba 
Legislature. 

Oct.  10.  Ottawa.  Canada  has  issued  119 
licenses  to  U.  S.  vessels  under  the  mo- 
dus Vivendi,  as  against  78  last  year. 

Nov.  3.  Ottawa.  It  is  ofBcially  an- 
nounced that  the  Dominion  Government 
has  decided  to  reduce  the  rate  of  post- 
age to  a  two-cent  rate  tlirougbout  Can- 
ada and  to  the  United  States. 

Nov.  7.  Ottawa.  The  Dominion  Govern- 
ment refuses  to  interfere  with  the 
sentence  of  Birohall.  (See  Society, 
Sept.  22.) 
Nov.  26.  JV.  F.  Newfoundland  prom- 
ises not  to  enforce  the  Bait  Act  against 
the  Dominion. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889    Dec.  9.    />.  Q.   The  court-house 

at  Inverness  is  destroyed  by  fire. 
Dec.  22.    Ont.    Fire  destroys  property 

in  Petrolia   to   the   amount   of    about 

$100,000. 
Dec.  23.    Man.    The   Ogilvie  Milling 

Company  have  secured  a  comer  in  all 

the  wheat  in  this  Province. 
Dec.  27.    Br.  Col.     Many    buildings    in 

New  Westminster  are   destroyed  by 

fire. 


1890    Jan.  17.    Br.  Col.   The  total  pack 
of  salmon  during  1889  is  reported  to  be 
414,294  cases. 
Jan.  21.    Manitoba  Indians  are  dying 

from  the  grip. 
Jan.  25.    Ont.    The  gripcauses  the  high 

schools  of  Colborne  to  be  closed. 
Jan.  26.    P.  Q.    An    ice-bridge    is 

formed  in  the  river  at  Montreal. 
Feb.  10.    The  new  bridge  over  the  St. 
I^awrence  at  Coteau  Landing  is  opened ; 
it  is  a  mile  and  three-fourths  long. 
Feb.  14.    Ont.     Toronto    loses    by    the 
University   fire    $1,000,000,  which    in- 
cludes the  library,  valued  at  $100,000, 
and  all  its  equipment,  besides  records 
and  valuable  historical  and  other  docu- 
ments. 
Mar.  *   Ottawa.    Sir  John  A.  Macdonald 
has  promised  leading  men  from  all  parts 
of  the  Dominion  that  the  entire  system 
of  St.  Lawrence  canals  shall  be  deep- 
ened to  14  feet. 
Mar.  *   Ont.    The   Government   has   de- 
cided to  spend  $30,000  for  seed  wheat 
for  Northwest  farmers  ;   many  of    the 
farmers,  owing  to  their  heavy  indebted- 
ness, are  mortgaging  their  farms,  and 
leaving  for  the  United  States. 
May  6.    P.  Q.    The  Insane  Asylum  of 
St.  Jean  de  Dieu  at  Longue  Point,  near 
Montreal,  is  burned. 

Over  100  of  the  women  p.atients  and 
several  nuns  perish  in  the  flames  ;  many 
insane  men  and  women  escape  to  the 
woods ;  financial  loss,  about  $700,000. 
June  6.  Br.  Cot.  Beahng  poachers  in 
Bering  Sea  utilize  a  swift  steamer  to 
take  their  cargoes  from  the  Aleutian 
Islands  to  Victoria. 
June  29±.  N.  S.  Boston  capitalists  are 
developing  a  new  seaport  at  the  east 
end  of  the  Strait  of  Canso. 
June  30.  The  reports  of  the  Con- 
solidated Fund  of  the  Dominion  for 
the  fiscal  year  show  the  total  revenue 
to  have  been  $38,843,173.14,  and  the  ex- 
penditures $30,9.39,772.20,  leaving  a  sur- 
plus of  $7,903,400.88,  the  largest  since 
the  Confederation. 
Jtily  8.  Br.  Col.  Sailing-vessels  have 
gone  into  Bering  Sea  in  large  numbers 
from  Victoria  in  expectation  that  there 
will  be  no  seizures  this  year. 

The  cable   connecting   Bermuda 

with  Canada  and  the  rest  of  the  world 
is  completed,  and  there  is  much  con- 
gratulation over  the  fact. 
July  11.  A'.  *'.  A  drovsrning  disaster 
at  Dartmouth,  involving  a  great  loss  of 
life,  is  caused  by  the  collapsing  of  a 
ferry  landing-stage. 
July  17.    P.  Q.    Five  persons  are  burned 

to  death  at  Quebec. 
July  18.    An   American  syndicate 
buys  a  controlling  interest  in  all  the 
twine  factories  in  Canada,  save  one 
in  Ontario. 
Aug.±  *  An  Snglish  syndicate  is  buy- 
ing brewery  plants  in  Canada. 
Nov.  7.    Man.    Coal-pits  are  on  lire  at 
Fort  William. 


592    1890,  Nov.  *-1891,  Dec.  29. 


CANADA. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  Dec.  6.  ^V.  S.  A  heavy  snow- 
storm prevails  at  Halifax. 

1891  Apr.  18.  P.  Q.  Much  damage  is 
caused  by  inundation  in  the  Cbaudi^re 
Valley,  Quebec. 

July  12.  Br.  Col.  One  white  woman 
and  40  Indians  are  killed  by  a  landslide 
on  the  banks  of  the  Skeena  Uiver. 

Aug.  26.  JV.  B.  Two  pilots  and  three 
others  report  seeing  a  sea-serpent,  200 
feet  long,  off  the  Richibucto  shore. 

It  has  a  flat-shjiped  head,  with  eyes  on 
top  like  a  frog,  and  in  body  about  as 
thick  as  a  man. 

Sept.  8.  JV.  S.  A  destructive  gale  at 
Halifax  works  disaster  among  the  ship- 
ping. 

Sept.  9.  Ont.  Rich  gold-bearing 
quartz  ia  discovered  at  Port  Arthur. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1891  May  31.  Porion,  Sir  A.  A.,  chief 
justice  of  Queen's  liench  Court  in  Que.,  d. 

June  6.  Macdonald,  Sir  John  A.,  pre- 
mier, dies  at  Earnscliffe,  near  Ottawa,  A76. 

Nov.  30.  Murdoch.  Sir  Thomas  VTm. 
Clinton,  cliief  secretary  in  Canada,  dies. 

Dec.  29.  FutYoye,  (Jeo.,  lieut.-col.,  deputy 
minister  for  militia,  A83. 

CHURCH. 

1891  Feb.  25.  P.  Q.  Roman  Catholic 
priests  in  Quebec  are  instructed  to 
support  Sir  John  Macdonald  in  the 
coining  elections. 

June  17.  Out.  The  Methodist  Con- 
ference at  Toronto  suspends  the  Rev. 
James  Thompson  for  one  year  for 
preaching  the  heresy  that  "  there  is  no 
material  hell." 

LETTERS. 

1890  *  *Jf.B.  The  Globe  is  issued  at 
Fredericton. 

•  *  Man.  The  Tribune  is  issued  at  Win- 
nipeg. 

*  *  P.  Q.  Le  Samedi  is  issued  at  Mon- 
treal. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  Deo.  20.  Ont.  The  Toronto  City 
Council  decides  that  the  street-cars  shall 
not  run  on  Sundays  in  that  city. 

±  The  churches  in  Canada  take  action 

in  the  line  of  petitioning  the  House 
of  Commons  and  the  Senate  for  a  law 
prohibiting  the  manufacture,  importa- 
tion, and  sale  of  all  alcoholic  liquors 
for  beverage  purposes  in  Canada. 

1891  Feb.  2.  Man.  The  action  of  the 
Manitoba  Legislature  abolishing  sep- 
arate schools  is  sustained  by  a  full 
Court  on  appeal,  one  judge  dissenting. 

Mar.  7i.  ^.  S.  Ftmds  are  collected  to 
aid  sufferers  by  the  Spring  Hill 
mining  disaster. 

Mar.  14.  The  proposed  arbitration  con- 
cerning Newfoundland  is  limited  to  the 
lobster  fisheries  and  canning  factories. 

Mar.  23.  Ont.  Farmers  are  organiz- 
ing under  the  name  of  Ojitario  Farmers' 
Union. 


£r.  Col.    The  Chinese  administer 

punishment  according  to  their  own  civil 
and  criminal  code  in  British  Columbia, 
ami  this  unknown  to  the  authorities. 
Mar.  31.    Sir  Charles  Tupper  leaves 

Ottawa  for  Washington. 
May  8.    X.  S.    Woman  suffrage  is  de- 
feated. 
June  2.    Ont.    Sir  John   Macdonald, 
tlie  premier,  is  very  ill.     [June  6.    I>ies.] 
June  9.    Out.    Sir  John  Macdonald's 
body  hes  in  state  in  the  Senate  Cham- 
ber, Ottawa  ;   eulogies  upon  the  dead 
premier  are  pronounced  in  the  Domin- 
ion Parliament. 
June  10.     Ont.    The  funeral  of  Sir  John 
Macdonald  takes  place  at  Ottawa,  the 
largest  ever  seen  in  Canada. 
June  13:t.     The  Prince  of  Wales  is 
much  criticised  for  being  identified  with 
the  baccarat  scandal. 
June  30.    J^ng.   It  is  officially  announced 
in    London    that    Lady    Macdonald, 
widow  of  the  late  premier  of  Canada, 
has  been  raised  to  the  peerage. 
July  9.    -V.  B.    The  National  Division  of 
the  Sons  of  Temperance  of  North 
America  hold  their  47th  annual  session 
at  St.  John. 
July  10.    Ont.    The  National  Educa- 
tional  Association    is    in    session    at 
Toronto. 

The   Chief   Engineer   of   the   Public 
Works  Department  at  Ottawa  is  sus- 
pended for  accepting  a  present. 
July  14.     Ont.    The  annual  convention 
of  the  National  Educational  Associ- 
ation of  America  is  formally  opened 
in   Toronto  in   the  presence  of   about 
6,000  persons. 
July  19.    J'.  Q.    The  201st  anniversary 
of  the  Battle  of  the  Boyne  is  cele- 
brated by  the  Orangemen  of  Montreal ; 
at  a  mass-meeting  the  Rev.  Dr.  Justin 
Fulton  makes  an  address  bitterly  de- 
nouncing Catholicism. 
July  21.    Baroness  Macdonald  re- 
ceives   an    autograph    letter    from 
Queen  Victoria,  in  which  her  Majesty 
expresses  her  sympathy  with  Lady  Mac- 
donald in  her  bereavement. 
Aug.  14.    Ont.    Investigations  of   the 
scandals  concerning  public  officials  con- 
tinue at  Ottawa. 
Aug.  19.    Ont.    In   the    investigation 
of   corruption  Premier  Mercier  is 
further  implicated. 
Aug.  23.     Ont.    A  new  scandal  in  rela- 
tion to  alleged  jobbery  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  harbor  works  Is  announced 
at  Toronto. 
Sept.  1.     Ont.    Secretary  of  State  Chap- 
leau,  at  the   corruption   investigation, 
spirits  away  witnesses  and  documents, 
and  is  alleged  to  be  in  a  worse  position 
than  Sir  Hector  Langevin. 
Sept.  9.    P.  Q.    More  than  100  Hebrew 
exiles,  in  destitute  condition,  and  ut- 
terly unable  to  speak  in  French  or  Eng- 
lish, arrive  in  Montreal. 
Dec.  27.    P.  Q.    A  riotous  political 
meeting  is  held  in  Montreal. 


STATE.  ^ 

1891  Feb.  3.  Ottawa.  The  Govern- 
ment dissolves  Parliament,  and  will 
go  to  the  country  for  a  mandate  to  nego- 
tiate reciprocity  with  the  V.  S.  Govern- 
ment ;  the  election  will  take  place  on 
March  5. 
Feb.  4.    Ottawa.    Canada's  proposals 

for  reciprocity  are  made  public. 
Feb.  0.  Sir  John  A.  Macdonald  issues 
an  address  to  the  electors,  in  which  be 
defines  the  policy  of  his  party,  and  de- 
nounces unrestricted  reciprocity  with 
the  United  States. 

Ont.    A  great  Liberal  demonstration 

is  held  in  Toronto  ;  the  speakers  favor 
reciprocity  with  the  United  States. 
Feb.  14.     Ont.    The  Commercial  Union 
Club  of  Toronto  Issues  an  address  to  the 
people  favoring  reciprocity ;  the  ad- 
dress is  signed  by  Prof.  Goldwin  Smith 
and  G.  Mercer  Adam. 
Feb.  17.    Ottawa.    The  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment sends  a  protest  to  the  Impe- 
rial Government  against  the  conven- 
tion between    Newfoundland   and    the 
United  States. 
Feb.  28.   Br.  Col.    The  Legislature   re- 
solves to  make  the  Chinese  poU-tax 
$100,  abolishes  return  certificates,  and 
restricts  the  number  carried  inland  by 
steamships. 
Mar.  5.    The  general  elections  for  Par- 
liament give  a  majority  of  22  to  the 
Conservatives. 
Apr.  13.     Ottawa.    The  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment proposes  to  allow  American 
fishermen  the  same  privileges  in  the 
Maritime  Provinces  as  last  season. 

/*.  Q.    The  premier  and  treasurer  of 

Quebec  are  negotiating  a  new  loan  of 
$10,000,000. 
Apr.  19.     Ottawa.    Petitions  are  filed  to 
unseat  Sir  Adolphe  Caron,  Minister 
of  Militia,  and  Sir  Hector  Langevin, 
of  Public  Works,  for  corrupt  practises. 
Apr.  22.    P.  E.  I.    The    Ministry  re- 
signs. 
Apr.  29.     Ottawa.    The    Dominion 

Parliament  opens. 

May  11.    Ottawa.    Fraud  is  charged 

ag.ainst  the  Dominion  Minister  of  Public 

Works,  iuvolving  a  contract  of  $5,000,000. 

May  19.     A'.  S.    The    Legislature   is 

prorogued. 
May  23.    P.  Q-     The    negotiations    for 
the  Quebec  loan  are  not  successful. 
May  27.     Ottawa.     The    Senate   passes 
the  bill  renewing  the  modus  vivendi 
with  the  United  States  for  the  fishing 
season  of  1891. 
Jtine  13.    Ottawa.    Senator  J.  C.  Ab- 
bott, leader  of  the  late  Goverimient  in 
the  Senate,  is  summoned  to  form  a  new 
Ministry,  succeeding  Sir  John  A.  Mac- 
donald as  the  premier. 
June  16.     Ottatca.     Premier    Abbott 
forms  a  Cabinet;  all  the  members  of 
the    late    Ministry    retain    their    port- 
folios. 


CANADA.  1890,  Nov.  *-1891,  Dec.  29.     593 


Ministers :  Prfinier,  John  J.  C.  Ab- 
bot ;  Finance,  George  E.  Foster ;  Cus- 
toms, Mackenzie  Bowell ;  Militia,  Sir 
Adolphe  P.  Caron  ;  Postmasttr-General , 
Jolin  Haggart :  A{/ricutture,  John  Car- 
ling  ;  Inland  Jievenue,  John  Castigan ; 
Secretary  of  State,  Joseph  A.  Chapleau  ; 
Interior,  Jiiilgar  Dewduey ;  Juatif'e,  Sir 
John  S.  D.  Thompson  ;  Marine  and  Fish- 
eries, Charles  Tapper ;  Prlry  Council, 
John  J.  C.  Abbott ;  without  portfolios, 
Frank  Smith,  J.  A.  Ouimet,  and  George 
A.  Kilpatrick. 

June  18,  Ottawa.  It  is  announced  that 
the  policy  of  Sir  John  A.  Macdonald 
will  be  continued  by  the  government  un- 
der Premier  Abbott. 

June  25.  Ottawa.  The  House  of  Com- 
mons passes  an  amendment  in  favor  of 
a  commission  to  obtain  data  respect- 
ing the  working  of  the  prohibition  of 
the  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicants 
in  other  countries.    Vote,  107-88. 

June  30.  The  Dominion  debt  is  S289,- 
899,230. 

July  7.  Ottawa.  In  the  House  of  Com- 
mons the  motion  to  place  binding- 
twine  on  the  free  list  is  defeated.  Vote, 
80-100. 

July  10.  Ottawa.  Sir  George  Baden- 
Powell  and  Dr.  Dawson,  the  British 
Commissioners,  leave  for  Bering  Sea. 

July  18.  P.  Q.  Premier  Mercier  of  Que- 
bec arrives  from  Europe  ;  he  expresses 
himself  as  opposed  to  a  protective 
policy  in  Canada  against  American 
products,  and  in  favor  of  reciprocity. 

July  27.  Ottawa.  Sir  R.  Cartwrlght's 
unrestricted  reciprocity  resolution  is 
voted  down  in  the  Dominion  House. 
Vote,  88-114. 

Aug.  5.  Ottawa.  The  Dominion  trade 
policy  is  sustained  in  the  House  of 
Commons  by  a  majority  of  22. 

Aug.  11.  Ottawa.  After  a  denial  of 
alleged  charges  of  corruption  made 
against  him.  Sir  Hector  Langevin  re- 
signs his  position  as  Minister  of  Public 
Works. 

Aug.  19.  /'.  Q.  In  the  Corruption 
Investigation,  Premier  Mercier  is 
further  implicated  ;  Thomjis  McGreevy, 
member  for  Quebec,  tenders  his  resig- 
nation in  the  House,  and  the  Speaker 
issues  a  writ  for  a  new  election. 

Sept.  3.  P.  Q.  The  scandals  are  still 
under  investigation. 

Sept.  10.  Ottawa.  The  Railway  Com- 
mittee of  the  Senate,  in  its  report  on 
the  "  Act  Respecting  the  Bale  Chaleurs 
Railway  Company,"  finds  that  among 
those  who  profited  by  the  misapplication 
of  funds  was  Premier  Mercier  of  the 
Province  of  Quebec. 

Sept.  25.  Ottawa.  The  House  adopts 
the  majority  report,  exculpating  Sir 
Hector  Langevin  from  the  charge  of 
complicity  in  dishonest  practises.  Vote, 
101-86. 

Premier  Abbott  in  a  speech  asks  Great 
Britain  to  take  steps  to  place  Canada 
in  a  position  to  negotiate  a  reciprocity 
treaty  with  the  United  States. 

Sept.  30.  Ottawa.  The  seventh  Par- 
liament is  prorogued  by  Gov.-Gen. 
Stanley. 


Oct.  9.  Ottawa.  The  demands  of  Mr. 
Chapleau,  Secretary  of  State,  are  creat- 
ing much  trouble  in  the  Dominion 
Cabinet  ;  a  Ministerial  crisis  seems 
probable. 

Oct.  21.  Ottawa.  The  British  Bering 
Sea  agents  arrive. 

Oct.  27.  Ottawa.  Mr.  Chapleau  has 
tendered  his  resignation  to  Premier 
Abbott. 

Nov.  5±.  Ottawa.  The  Dominion  Cab- 
inet is  being  reconstructed. 

Dec.  2.  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick, 
and  Prince  Edward  Island  discuss  a 
project  for  union  as  one  province. 

Dec.  8.  Ottawa.  Canada  imposes  a 
duty  on  all  fish  imported  from  New- 
foundland. 

Dec.  16.  P.  Q.  The  Quebec  Cabinet 
is  dismissed  from  ofSce  by  Lieut.-Gov. 
Angers. 

Deo.  22.  P.  <}.  The  new  Quebec 
Ministry,  with  M.  de  Boucherville  as 
premier,  is  sworn  in. 

Dec.  24.  P.Q.  The  deficit  of  Premier 
Mercier's  Government  is  now  found 
to  be  82,223,000.  Another  royal  com- 
mission is  appointed  to  investigate 
further  irregularities. 

Dec.  25.  Ottaira.  The  authorities  de- 
cide to  enlarge  canal  facilities  in  the 
Dominion. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Nov.  *  P.  Q.  The  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment has  decided  to  expend  $2,000,000 
in  constructing  a  new  canal  on  the  north 
side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  Coteau,  in 
order  to  pass  the  Cedar  Rapids. 

Dec.  8.  Quebec.  An  ice-bridge  is 
formed  across  the  St.  Lawrence. 

1891  Jem.  1.  Canada's  total  exports 
for  1800  were  $97,748,149,  and  the  imports 
§128,858,241 ;  exports  to  United  States, 
$40,000,000 ;  imports  from  United  States, 
$52,000,000. 

Feb.  12.    Quebec.    A  worsted  factory 

boiler  explosion  kills  20  persons  and 

injures  a  number  of  others. 
Feb.  16.     Ilr.   Cot.     New    Westminster 

loses  $500,000  and  one  fireman  at  a  fire. 
Feb.  21.    X.  S.    An  explosion  in  the 

Spring  Hill   colliery  destroys    120 

lives. 
Mar.  2.     Prof.    Goldwin    Smith    de- 
nounces the  Canadian  Pacific  H.  R. 

in  a  letter  for  its  activity  in  behalf  of 

the  Conservatives. 
Mar.  4.    Silver  mines  in  Canada  are 

bought  by  a  syndicate  of  Englishmen 

and  Americans;  the  cost  is  about  ten 

million  dollars. 
Mar.  20.    Quebec.    Great    activity   is 

shown  at   the   Government   cartridge 

factory. 
Apr.  8.    The  Government  is  taking  steps 

to  abolish  the  use  of  the  purse-seine  in 

fishing. 
Apr.  23.    P.  Q.    A  company  is  organized 

at  Three  Rivers  to  ship  frozen  meat 

to  Ungland;  capital,  $2,000,000. 


May  11.  Onf.  A  train  Is  ditched  by  a 
burning  bridge  ;  one  man  killed. 

June  1.  Can.  Tlie  opening  of  the"  bac- 
carat trial"  in  England  arrestspublic  at- 
tention; it  involves  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

June  18.  £r.  Col.  The  North  Star  is 
seized  for  smuggling  Chinamen  into 
the  United  States. 

June  19.  Eight  cordage  works  in  Canada 
are  bought  by  the  National  Cordage 
Company  of  New  York  for  $3,000,000. 

June  20.    Bush  fires  are  raging. 

June  28.  Br.  Col.  Two  sealers  sail 
from  Victoria  for  Bering  Sea. 

June  29.  P.  Q.  A  Quebec  loan  of 
$10,000,000  is  floated  by  a  Belgian  and 
French  Syndicate. 

July  1.  Dominion  Day  is  celebrated 
throughout  Canada. 

The  new  Banking  Act  goes  into 

operation. 

July  6.  Ottawa.  The  Ontario  and  New 
York  Bridge  Company  is  incorporated, 
with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000,  to  bridge 
the  Niagara  Biver. 

July  8.  lir.  Col.  The  steamer  Danube 
arrives  at  Victoria  with  18,000  seal- 
skins on  board,  secured  outside  of  Be- 
ring Sea. 

July  12.  A\  S.  The  schooner  Oeorgi- 
ana,  while  being  towed  to  Halifax,  cap- 
sizes, and  the  captain  and  crew,  16  in 
number,  are  drowned. 

July  13.  Br.  Col.  The  sloop  J?toro,  with 
400  Chinamen  on  board,  is  seized  at 
Victoria,  charged  with  intending  to 
smuggle  them  into  the  United  States. 

July  14.  N.  B.  Eugene  Underbill  and 
Murray  Boocock  arrive  at  St.  John,  hav- 
ing traveled  in  a  canoe  from  Moose- 
head  Ijake  to  the  mouth  of  St.  John 
Biver,  a  distance  of  500  miles. 

July  17.  Br.  Col.  Sealers  at  Victoria 
relate  to  the  British  Bering  Sea  Com- 
missioners their  grievances. 

Aug.  15.  Br.  Col.  The  City  Council  of 
Victoria  decides  to  submit  to  the  vote 
of  the  people  the  question  of  approi>ri- 
ating  nearly  $3,000,000  for  railroad 
subsidies. 

Aug.  20.  The  wheat  crop  amounts  to 
03,000,000  bushels. 

Aug.  26.  The  census  gives  the  popu- 
lation as  4,823,344,  an  increase  of  11.62 
per  cent  in  ten  years. 

Sept.  8.  Ihit.  The  Toronto  Industrial 
Exhibition  opens. 

Sept.  18.  Labrador.  Thirteen  persons 
are  drowned  by  the  wrecking  of  fish- 
ing-vessels during  a  terrific  storm  off 
tlie  coast. 

Oct.  13. i  P.  Q.  A  branch  office  of  the 
Iioulslana  State  Lottery  Company 
has  been  established  by  its  agents  in 
Montreal. 

Nov.  10.  The  debt  of  Canada  to  date 
amounts  to  $235,000,000. 

Dec.  24.  P.  Q.  Last  year's  deficit  in 
the  Province,  placed  by  the  Mercier 
Government  at  $600,000,  is  found  to  be 
more  than  $2,200,000. 


694    1892,  Jan.  1-1893,  Nov.  20. 


CANADA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1892  Jan  1.  The  Dominion  militia 
numbers  36,618  men. 

It  includes  1,963  cavalry,  1,440  field 
artillery,  179  engineers,  and  31,123  in- 
fantry. 

Aug.  17.  The  French  war-ship  Are- 
thusa  enters  tlie  St.  Lawrence  on  her 
way  to  Montreal. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  Jan.  17.  Ont.  A  silver  cave  is 
discovered  near  Peterborough. 

June  18.  P.  Q.  A  storm  at  Quebec 
causes  the  loss  of  three  lives,  injuries  to 
eight  persons,  and  destruction  of  prop- 
erty. 

July  17.    ^.  B,    A  disastrous  storm. 

July  22.  N.  S.  Forest  fires  in  Cape 
Breton  threaten  farmhouses  and  vil- 
lages. 

July  29.  Man.  A  cold  wave  arrives, 
and  harvesting  is  not  yet  finished. 

Dec.  25.  Ont.  An  earthquake  shock, 
lasting  nearly  a  minute,  is  felt  at  Corn- 
wall. 

1893  Jan.  12.  Ont.  The  thermometer 
registers  40  degrees  below  zero  near 
Ottawa. 

May  8.    P.  Q.    Floods  prevail. 

July  15.  The /Vj/con,  carrying  the  expe- 
dition of  Iiieut.  Robert  Edwin  Peary, 
is  compelled  by  heavy  storm  to  put  back 
to  St.  Johns,  N.F. 

July  31.  Labrador.  Iiieut.  Peary  en- 
counters heavy  seas  and  bad  storms 
that  greatly  delay  his  progress. 

Aug.  14,  Labrador.  A  volcanic  erup- 
tion occurs  on  the  summit  of  Cape  Har- 
rison. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1893    Jan.se.   Langevin.Jean  P.  F.,  bishop 
of  Rimouslii,  archbp.  of  Leontopolis,  A70. 

Apr.  17.    Mackenzie.    Alexander,    pre- 
mier of  the  Dominion,  A70. 

May  24.    Campbell,  Sir  Alexander,  states- 
man, Toronto,  A70. 

Au?.  7.    Wilson,  Sir  Daniel,  President  of 
Toronto  University,  A76. 

Auff.  30.     Gisborne,    F.    N.,    electrician, 
Ottawa,  A68. 

Church,  Levi  Rnggles,  jurist,  A56. 

Sept.  9.    Medley,  John,  bp.  of  Fredericton 
(N.B.)  and  metropolitan  of  Canada,  A87. 
1893    Mar.  88.    Buck,  John,  head  chief  of 
the  Six  Nations,  dies. 

Sept.  14.    Belleau,  .Sir  Narcisse  Fortunat, 
the  first  lieut-governor  of  Quebec,  ASiS. 

Sept.  19.    Gait,  Sir  Alexander  T.,  states- 
man, .\76. 

CHURCH. 

1892  Aug.  23.  P.  Q.  The  fiftieth 
anniversary  of  Cardinal  Tasche- 
reau's  consecration  as  a  priest  is  cele- 
brated at  Quebec. 

Nov.  14.  P.  Q.  Archbishop  Fabre  of 
Montreal  forbids  Roman  Catholics  read- 
ing the  Canada  Revue  and  L'Echo  di 
Deux  M<mtagnes  on  pain  of  withholding 
the  sacrament ;  cause,  vigorous  agitation 
against  clerical  abuses. 

Nov.  15.  P.Q.  A.  Filietrault,  the  edi- 
tor of  the  Canada  Pemte,  who  was 
publicly  excommunicated  by  Arch- 
bishop Fabre  on  Suuday,  is  arrested. 


charged  by  Father  BaiUarge  with  crimi- 
nal libel. 

1893  June  8.  /'.  Q.  The  Convent 
Ville  Marie  near  Montreal  is  burned  ; 
loss,  over  $1,000,000 ;  two  firemen  are 
killed. 

July  5.  P.  Q.  Ten  thousand  delegates 
to  the  Christian  Sndeavor  Conven- 
tion arrive  in  Montreal. 

July  6.  /'.  Q.  The  Christian  En- 
deavor delegates  convene  in  Montreal. 

July  11.  The  Rev.  John  Campbell, 
Professor  of  Church  History  and  Apol- 
ogetics in  the  Presbyterian  College  of 
Canada,  is  put  on  trial  for  denying  the 
inerrancy  of  the  Scriptures. 

LETTERS. 

1892  Jan.  5.  Ont.  Toronto  votes  in 
favor  of  free  text-books  for  public- 
school  children. 

Jan.  7.  Ont.  In  Toronto  three  women 
are  elected  members  of  the  School 
Board;  the  first  instance  of  women 
holding  such  office  in  Canada. 

Jan.  14.  Man.  The  majority  have  voted 
against  separate  schools  in  the  recent 
election.    (Announced.) 

July  28.  The  French  Canadians  are 
indignant  at  the  opposition  in  Manitoba 
to  separate  schools. 

Nov.  7.  Man.  The  Roman  Catholic  mi- 
nority makes  appeal  to  the  Privy 
Council  as  to  parochial  school  rights  in 
that  Province. 

Nov.  30.  Ont.  Sir  John  Thompson, 
the  new  premier,  will  not  interfere  with 
the  Privy  Council's  decision  abolishing 
State  aid  to  Roman  Catholic  public 
schools  in  Manitoba.    (Announced.) 

Dec.  31.  Ont.  The  first  issue  of  tlie 
.Sun,  an  evening  paper  advocating  the 
annexation  of  Canada  to  the  United 
States,  appears  in  Toronto. 

*  ♦  Tke  Lost  Atlantis,  by  Sir  Daniel  Wil- 
son, appears. 

1893  Sept.  10.  P.Q.  The  college 
of  Mount  St.  liouis  at  Montreal  is 
burned;  loss,  $500,000. 

SOCIETY. 

1892  Jan.  11.  Ont.  Judge  Matbieu, 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  Donald  MacMas- 
ter,  Q.  C,  and  Dumane  Mason,  mer- 
chant, form  the  Royal  Commission  to 
investigate  the  charges  of  malfea- 
sance in  office  laid  against  the  Mercier 
Government. 

Feb.  6.  Ont.  The  Toronto  OInbe  pub- 
lishes serious  charges  of  "  boodllng" 
against  Sir  Adolpb  Caron,  Minister  of 
Militia,  and  M.  Tarte. 

Feb.  27.  Ont.  Latest  revelations  go  to 
prove  that  $100,000  had  been  re- 
ceived by  Mercier,  Ijangeher,  and 
Pacaud.    (See  Nov.  4.) 

Mar.  6.  Ont.  Several  opium  smug- 
glers are  arrested  at  Windsor. 

Mar.  20.  Pr.  Col.  The  strike  on  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Railroad  extends  to 
the  Pacific  Coast. 


Mar.  23.  Br.  Col.  The  Canadian  Pacific 
Railroad  strike  ends,  all  the  men  be- 
ing reinstated. 

May  4.  P.  Q.  The  Montreal  authorities 
are  prosecuting  venders  of  lottery 
tickets. 

Sept.  21.  Man.  Lord  Pagin,  an  Irish 
peer,  is  arrested  for  vagrancy  at  Win- 
nipeg ;  cause,  drink. 

Oct.  10.  P.  Q.  Ex-Premier  Mercier  is 
to  stand  trial  for  malfeasance  in 
office.    (Announced.) 

Oct.  26.  P.  Q.  The  trial  of  ex-Premier 
Mercier  and  Pacaud  begins  at  Quebec. 

Nov.  4.    P.  Q.    Mercier  is  acquitted. 

Dec.  28.  Ont.  The  Law  Society  of  To- 
ronto decides  to  allow  women  to  prac- 
tise in  the  courts. 

1893  Mar.  25.  Ont.  Magistrate  Bax- 
ter of  Toronto  fines  a  cab-driver  $2 
or  ten  days  in  jail  for  driving  a  lady 
along  the  public  streets  on  Sunday, 
the  19  inst. 

Apr.  9.  Man.  W.  A.  McDonald,  Oppo- 
sition leader  in  the  Legislature,  is  un- 
seated for  election  bribery. 

June  24.  P.  Q.  A  public  works  scan- 
dal is  unearthed  at  Montreal  in  connec- 
tion with  the  construction  of  two  iron 
bridges  across  the  Lachine  Canal. 

Julys.  P.  Q.  The  Christian  En- 
deavor delegates  assembled  in  inter- 
national convention  are  attacked  by  a 
Catholic  mob  in  Montreal. 

July  9.  P.  Q.  More  than  50  men  are 
arrested  in  Montreal  for  trying  to  de- 
stroy the  tent  of  the  Christian  En- 
deavor Convention. 

July  25.  Ont.  The  79th  anniversary 
of  the  battle  of  Lundy's  Lane  is  cele- 
brated on  the  old  battle-ground. 

Sept.  7.  Ont.  Car-running  on  Sun- 
days in  Toronto  is  defeated  for  the  sec- 
ond time  by  1,003  majority  out  of  a  total 
vote  of  27,311. 

Sept.  9.  P.  Q.  A  partially  successful 
attempt  is  made  to  blow  up  the  Met- 
ropolitan Turf  Commission  rooms  at 
Montreal ;  the  cause  is  said  to  be  re- 
venge for  gambling  losses. 

Sept.  15.  Eng.  Queen  Victoria  confers 
the  order  of  knighthood  on  the  Hon. 
C.  H.  Tupper,  Canadian  Minister  of  Ma- 
rine, for  services  rendered  in  connection 
with  the  Bering  Sea  question. 

Nov.  20.  P.  Q.  Several  prominent 
young  French  Canadians  are  arrested 
while  preparing  to  blow  up  with 
dynamite  the  Nelson  monument  in 
Montreal. 

STATE. 

1892  Jan.  1.  Total  militia,  38,618 
men. 

Jan.  15.  Ottawa.  The  Dominion  Par- 
liament is  summoned  to  meet  Feb.  18. 

Jan.  25.  Ottawa.  Three  places  in  the 
new  Cabinet  are  filled  ;  M.  Chapleau 
.accepts  the  Ministry  of  Customs. 

Feb.  10.  Br.  Col.  The  Victoria  Min- 
istry resigns,  and  W.  Shiels  is  forming 
a  new  cabinet. 


CANADA. 


1892,  Jan.  1-1893,  Nov.  20.    595 


Feb.  16.  The  Beciprocity  Commis- 
Bioners  return  from  Washington. 

Feb.  25.  Ottawa.  The  Dominion  Par- 
liament is  opened  with  a  speech  by 
the  Governor-General,  Lord  Stanley  of 
Preston. 

Mar.  7.  Hr.  Col.  A  motion  that  the  de- 
fenses of  Ssqulmalt  be  at  once  com- 
pleted is  debated  and  defeated  in  the 
House  of  Commons. 

Mar.  8.  P.  Q.  The  Quebec  election 
returns  indicate  a  Conservative  victory. 

Mar.  10,  P.  Q.  Mr.  Mercier  resigns 
his  seat  in  the  Legislature. 

Apr.  26.  Newfoundland  declines 
Canada's    suggestion  of    a  conference. 

May  2.  J^.  B.  —  N.  S.  Both  the  New- 
Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  Legislatures 
affirm  by  resolutions  the  desirability  of 
a  union  of  the  Maritime  l*rovince8. 

May  3.  N.  F.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
resolution  renewing  the  tariff  discrim- 
inating against  Canada. 

May  21.  P.  Q.  Ex-Premier  Mercier'a 
financiering  largely  increases  the  in- 
debtedness of  Quebec  Province;  a 
floating  indebtedness  of  $8,600,006  is  dis- 
covered. 

May  23.  N.  F.  It  is  reported  that  New- 
foundland and  Canada  have  reached  an 
agreement  upoh  the  tariff,  and  the 
tariff  war  will  end. 

May  28.  Ottawa.  Canada  by  proclama- 
tion revokes  the  duties  imposed  on 
Newfoundland  fisli  and  fish  products. 

Jxme  30.  The  Dominion  debt  is  $295,- 
333,274. 

July  5.  Ont.  An  annexation  party  is 
in  process  of  formation,  to  unite  the  Do- 
minion with  the  United  States. 

Aug.  12.  P.  Q.  An  Order  in  Coimcil 
has  been  passed  abolishing,  at  the  end  of 
the  present  season,  the  rebate  in  canal 
tolls  favoring  Montreal,  and  now  awaits 
the  signature  of  the  Governor-General. 

Aug.  25.  Man.  The  Provincial  Govern- 
ment is  defeated  in  a  "  want  of  confi- 
dence" vote  in  the  Northwest  Legisla- 
ture. 

Sept.  7.  P.  Q.  An  Order  in  Council 
prohibits  all  immigration  by  water  or 
land  to  Quebec. 

Sept.  13.  Ottawa.  The  Government 
orders  a  20  days'  quarantine  on  vessels 
carrying  immigrants  from  cholera-in- 
fected ports  to  Canada. 

Sept.  30.  Br.  Col.  Arrangements  are 
completed  for  planting  a  colony  of 
Scottish  crofters  on  Vancouver  Island. 

Oct.  24.  A'.  li.  At  the  Provincial  elec- 
tions the  Liberal  Administration  is 
sustained. 

Oct.  26.  P.  Q.  The  trial  of  Mercier 
and  Pacaud  is  begun  in  Quebec. 

Nov.  10.  Man.  Orders  for  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  Xjegislature  and  the  issu- 
ance of  a  writ  for  a  general  election  are 
sent  to  Lient.-Gov.  Koyal  of  the  North- 
west Territory. 

Nov.  25.  Ottawa.  Sir  John  C.  Abbott 
resigns  as  premier,  and  Sir  John 
Thomi)son  is  sworn  in  as  his  successor. 


Dec.  6.  Ottawa.  Sir  John  Thompson, 
the  new  premier,  completes  the  forma- 
tion of  his  Cabinet. 

Dec.  7.  Ottawa.  The  new  Ministry  is 
sworn  into  office. 

Ministers :  Prime  Minister  and  Ju.f- 
tice.  Sir  John  S.  D.  Thompson  ;  Public 
Works,  J.  A.  Ouimet ;  Trade  and  Com- 
merce. Mackenzie  Bowell ;  Jiailways  and 
(kinais,  John  Haggart ;  Militia,  J.  C. 
Patterson  ;  Agriculture,  A.  K.  Angers ; 
Secretary  of  State,  John  Costigan ;  Fi- 
nance, George  Foster  ;  Marine  and  Fish- 
eries, C.  H.  Tupper  ;  Postmaster-General, 
Sir  Adolphe  P.  Caron  ;  Inferior,  Thomas 
M.  Daly ;  President  of  Privy  Council^ 
W.  B.  Ives  ;  Comptroller  Inland  Revenue, 
John  I.  Wood :  Comptroller  Customs, 
N.  Clarke  Wallace;  Solicitor-General, 
J.  J.  Curran  ;  without  portfolios,  Frank 
Smith  and  John  Carling. 

Dec.  13.  P.  Q.  The  Quebec  Ministry 
resigns. 

Ottawa.    Justice  Strong  is  appointed 

Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  Dominion. 

Dec.  15.  P.  Q.  L.  O.  Taillon  accepts  the 
position  of  premier  in  Quebec,  with 
the  portfolio  of  President  of  the  Execu- 
tive Council. 

1893  Jan.  16+.  Ottawa.  The  Domin- 
ion Government  plans  the  establishment 
of  a  swift  line  of  ocean  steamers  be- 
tween Canada  and  Great  Britain,  and  to 
deepen  navigation  on  a  14-foot  basis 
from  Lake  Superior  to  the  ocean. 

Jan.  26.  Ottawa.  Lord  Stanley  opens 
the  third  session  of  the  Dominion 
Parliament  with  a  speech. 

Mar.  2.  N.  S.  Cape  Breton  coal-mines 
are  leased  by  legislative  action  to  the 
Wlutney  syndicate,  the  bill  being  signed 
by  the  Lieutenant-Governor. 

Mar.  4.  Br.  Col.  The  steamer  Haytien 
Republic  is  seized  by  the  Admiralty  offi- 
cials at  Vancouver. 

Mar.  27.  Ottawa.  The  Dominion  Par- 
liament pusses  the  bill  incorporating  the 
North  American  Canal  Company. 

It  is  to  construct  a  canal  from  Lake 
Erie  to  Lake  Ontario,  deepen  the  St. 
Lawrence  Canal,  cut  a  canal  from  Lake 
St.  Francis  to  Lake  Champlain,  and 
thence  to  the  Hudson  River. 

Apr.  1.    Ottawa.    Parliament  closes. 

Apr.  22.  P.E.I.  The  Legislature  passes 
a  bill  abolishing  both  the  Legislative 
Council  and  the  House  of  Assembly,  and 
providing  for  one  house  only,  half 
of  its  members  to  be  elected  by  real- 
estate  qualiiication  and  half  by  man- 
hood suffrage. 

May  11.  E7ig.  The  Earl  of  Aberdeen 
is  appointed  governor-general. 

May  27.  Ont.  The  Ontario  Parliament 
is  prorogued. 

Among  the  bills  passed  is  one  to  estab- 
lish a  national  park  of  twelve  thousand 
square  miles  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
Province,  and  another  providing  that  a 
plebiscite  be  taken  in  January  next  on 
the  question  of  prohibiting  the  importa- 
tion, manufacture,  or  sale  of  intoxicat- 
ing liquor  as  a  beverage. 

June  13.  Ottawa.  Tlie  Government  as- 
sents to  the  seal-fishery  agreement 
entered  into  between  Great  Britain  and 
Kussia. 


June  20.  Ottawa.  The  Liberal  Con- 
vention opens. 

June  27.  P.  Q.  The  International 
French  Congress,  in  session  at  Mon- 
treal, favors  political  union  between 
Canada  and  the  United  States, 

July  15.  Ottawa.  Ijieut.-Gen.  Moore 
is  sworn  in  as  administrator  of  the  Gov 
ernment  until  the  arrival  of  the  new 
governor. 

Sept.  18.  Ottawa.  The  Earl  of  Aber- 
deen is  sworn  in  as  governor-general. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Feb.  13.  Cotton-mills  are  in 
process  of  consolidation  by  a  syndicate. 

Feb.  21.  K.  S.  The  Xoo</iaMa  is  burned 
at  sea,  and  all  on  board  perish. 

Mar.  18.  Sealing  is  successfully  pur- 
sued in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

July  18.  /*.  Q.  A  fire  in  Montreal 
causes  a  loss  of  half  a  million  dollars. 

July  23.  Canada  secures  10,000  square 
feet  for  her  exhibits  at  the  "World's 
Fair  at  Chicago. 

Aug.  31.  Br.  Col.  The  American  bark 
Majestic  arrives  at  Victoria. 

It  brings  the  captains  and  crews  of 
four  schooners  flying  the  British  flag 
and  one  American  schooner,  which  were 
seized  by  the  Kussian  warship  Zabraka 
late  in  July,  and  sent  to  Petropaulovski 
to  be  sold,  the  captains  and  crews  being 
held  as  prisoners. 

Sept.  8.  P.  Q.  A  fire  at  Hedleyville,  a 
suburb  of  Quebec,  burns  400  houses. 

Sept.  17.  Ont.  Seven  men  are  killed  by 
a  boiler  explosion  at  Staples,  near 
Comber. 

Oct.  7.  The  Hamburg-American 
Packet  Company  decides  to  withdraw 
its  steamers  running  to  Montreal  on  ac- 
count of  stringent  quarantine  regula- 
tions at  that  port. 

1893  Jan.  5.  Indians  on  the  east  shore 
of  Lake  Winnipeg  are  attacked  by 
starving  wolves. 

Feb.  10.  Ont.  The  United  States 
Treasury  Agent  at  Smith's  Falls  is 
withdrawn. 

Feb.  11.  N.  S.  News  is  received  that 
flve  cabin  passengers  and  six  of  the  crew 
of  the  Allan  Line  steamer  Pomerania 
were  washed  overboard  and  drowned 
by  a  heavy  sea  that  swept  away  the  deck- 
saloon,  chart-house,  bridge,  and  boats; 
the  captain  was  fatally  crushed  ;  the 
disabled  vessel  returns  to  Greenock  un- 
der command  of  the  third  mate. 

Mar.  31.  P.  Q.  The  third  big  fire  in 
30  days  occurs  in  Montreal;  loss, 
$100,000. 

June  19.  P.Q.  The  Columbian  cara- 
vels arrive  at  Montreal,  and  are  escorted 
up  to  the  harbor  by  a  marine  procession. 

June  22.  N.  B.  Gibson  loses  $2,000,000 
by  fire. 

June  27.  Ont.  The  Columbian  cara- 
vels arrive  at  Toronto. 

Aug.  23.  N.  S.  Eighteen  persons  are 
drowned  by  the  sinking  of  a  steamer 
and  her  tow  near  Halifax  ;  many  small 
vessels  are  wrecked  on  the  Cape  Breton 
coast. 


596    1894,  Jan.  1-Dec.21. 


CANADA. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Apr.  30.  P.  Q.  Four  lives  are 
lost  and  half  a  million  dollars'  damage 
is  done  to  property  by  a  landslide 
which  fills  up  part  of  the  St.  Anne 
River,  near  Quebec. 

May  28.  Br.  Cot.  Great  destruction  of 
property  and  loss  of  life  by  floods  along 
the  Fraser  River  and  its  tributaries. 

June  4.  P.  Q.  Another  landslide  in 
Charlevoix  County  precipitates  ten 
houses  into  the  Red  River,  causing  great 
loss  of  life. 

June  5.  Br.  Col.  Great  devastation 
along  the  Fraser  River ;  steamers  are 
rescuing  people  from  housetops  and 
trees. 

Aug.  13.  P.  Q.  Archibald  Stuart  and 
an  Indian  guide  have  made  a  trip  from 
Lake  Saint  John  to  Mistassini,  the  in- 
land sea  in  the  far  north. 

They  have  discovered  large  areas  of 
merchantable  timber  and  large  tracts 
of  agricultural  land  where  it  had  been 
supposed  was  only  a  worthless  wilder- 
ness. 

Aug.  31.  Ont.  The  bronze  memorial 
statue  of  Sir  John  A.  Macdonald  is 
completed  at  Toronto  ;  it  is  nine  feet, 
eight  inches  high,  and  weighs  1,980 
pounds. 

Sept.  1.  Labrador.  Messrs.  Low  and 
Eaton,  of  the  Dominion  Geological  Sur- 
vey, discover  in  the  great  Ijabrador 
Peninsula  60,000  square  miles  of  iron- 
bearing  formation,  a  lake  100  miles  long 
by  30  to  40  miles  wide,  and  that  the  big 
falls  at  Hamilton  River  are  the  largest 
in  America. 

Dec.  12.  P.  Q,  Earthquake  and  vol- 
canic outbreaks  occur  at  Yamaska. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1894    June  32.     Tache,    Antoine.    R.    C. 

archbishop  of  Winnipeg,  A7I. 

Oct.  30.  Mercier.  Honore,  premier  of 
Quebec,  A54. 

Abbott.  Sir  John,  premier,  dies. 

Nov.  9.  Taschereau,  H.  E.,  judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Quebec,  A67. 

Dec.  12.  ThompsoB,  Sir  John,  pre- 
mier of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  A50. 

Dec.  21.  Bain,  Francis,  historian  and  bota- 
nist, at  Charlotte  town,  i'.  E.  I.,  A62. 

CHURCH. 

1894  Aug.  7.  P.  Q.  Protestant  mis- 
sion-houses   and    Salvation    Army 


barracks  in  Quebec  are  wrecked  by  a 
mob  of  rioters  in  three  different  parts 
of  the  city  ;  several  persons  are  injured  ; 
property  loss  is  heavy. 

LETTERS. 
1894  Apr.  10.  P.  Q.  The  Canada  Re- 
vue, of  Montreal,  begrins  a  suit  in  court 
against  Archbishop  Fabre  for  unlaw- 
fully acting  as  censor  of  that  publica- 
tion. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  Feb.  17.  Ont.  About  500  un- 
employed men  march  in  procession  to 
the  City  Hall,  Toronto,  and  request  the 
mayor  to  provide  work. 

Apr.  25.  Ont.  Dninken  militiamen 
pull  down  the  American  flag  at  the 
United  States  consulate  in  St.  Thomas ; 
an  investigation  is  ordered  by  the  Do- 
minion Government. 

Jime  29.  /*.  Q.  A  bomb  explosion  is 
the  cause  of  some  damage  in  The  Wit- 
ness  printing-office  at  Montreal ;  no  clew 
to  perpetrators. 

STATE. 

1894  Jan.  1.  Ont.  The  Province  votes 
prohibition  by  a  majority  of  two  to  one. 

Mar.  15.  Ottawa.  The  Parliament  is 
opened  with  a  speech  from  the  throne 
by  Gov. -Gen.  Lord  Aberdeen. 

Mar.  27.  Ottaioa.  Finance  Minister 
Foster  outlines  in  the  Dominion  Parlia- 
ment the  proposed  changes  in  the 
tariff. 

Apr.  21.  Ottawa.  A  decree  is  officially 
published  prohibiting  seal-catching 
within  a  10-mile  zone  on  all  the  Russian 
coasts  of  Bering  Sea  and  the  North  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  and  within  a  zone  of  30  miles 
around  the  Kormanborsky  Islands  and 
Robson  Island. 

June  28.  Ottawa.  The  Intercolonial 
Conference  opens. 

July  4.  About  700  islands,  of  the 
Thousand  Islands,  in  the  Saint  Lawrence 
River  are  sold  for  $40,000. 

July  20.  Ottawa.  Confidence  is  voted 
the  Government  in  the  Dominion  House 
of  Commons. 

July  23.  Ottawa.  The  Parliament  is 
prorogued. 


Aug.  11,  Man.  The  Dominion  Govern- 
ment proposes  to  set  apart  as  perma- 
nent timber  reserves  the  heavy  tim- 
bered lands  in  Manitoba  west  of  the 
Red  River. 

Sept.  8.  Ottaioa.  The  deficit  In  the 
Dominion  revenue  for  the  year  ending 
June  30  is  nearly  $2,000,000. 

Nov.  27.  Fr.  The  French  Chamber 
votes  in  favor  of  a  commercial  treaty 
with  Canada. 

Dec.  11.  Ottaioa.  The  official  figures 
show  an  increase  of  $10,800,000  in 
the  national  debt  during  the  month,  or 
$21,000,000  during  the  year,  making  the 
debt  $321,000,000. 

The  national  debt  of  Canada  has  in- 
creased 83  per  cent  since  the  present 
Government  came  in  power  in  1878. 

Dec.  13.  Ottatca.  Mackenzie  Bowell 
has  accepted  the  premiership. 

Dec.l9.  Ottawa.  The  new  Ministry 
is  completed. 

Dec.  21.  Ottawa.  The  new  Cabinet  is 
sworn  in. 

Ministers:  Premier  and  President  of 
Privy  Council^  Sir  Mackenzie  Bowell  : 
Public  Works,  J.  A.  Ouimet ;  Trade  and 
Commerce,  W.  B.  Ives;  Railways  and 
Canals,  John  G.  Haggart;  Militia  and 
Defence,  A.  U.  Dickie  ;  Agriculture,  Va- 
cant; Secretary  of  State,  W.  H.  Mon- 
tague; Finance,  Ge<iriie  E.Foster;  Ma- 
rine and  Fisheries.  John  Ostigan ;  Post- 
master-Getieral .  Sir  Atlolphe  P.  Caron  ; 
Interior  and  Indian  Affairs,  Thomas  M. 
Daly ;  Justice,  Sir  Charles  H.  Tupper  ; 
Comptroller  of  Inland  Jievenue,  John  F. 
Wood ;  Comptroller  of  Customs,  N.  Clarke 
Wallace;  Solicitor  General,  Vacant: 
without  portfolios.  Sir  Frank  Smith  and 
Donald  Ferguson. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Jxme  7.  Br.  Col.  Floods  cause 
damage  and  great  suffering  in  the 
Fraser  River  A'^alley. 

Large  loss  of  life  is  feared,  both  of  man 
and  beast ;  steamers  are  still  engaged  in 
rescuing  whole  families  from  floating 
houses  and  rafts,  and  many  are  nearly 
starved. 

June  10.  A  Canadian  Pacific  express- 
train  plunges  through  a  burning 
bridge  near  Fort  William  into  the  river 
Mattawa;  several  persona  are  injured 
and  missing,  one  being  drowned. 

Aug.  6.  Labrador.  Great  suffering  is 
prevalent  among  Indians  in  Ijabra- 
dor ;  many  are  dying  of  starvation. 


CAPE   COLONY.        1487,  *  *-1829,  Oct. 


597 


Cape  Colony  is  a  British  possession  in  SoutU  Africa,  and  includes  an  extended  protectorate  over  a  vast  region  of  country. 
The  area  of  Cape  Colony  proper,  including  KaflVariii.Tembuland,  and  East  Grlqualand,  is  estimated  at  221,311  square  miles,  and  its 
population,  in  1891,  at  956,485.  Cape  Town  is  the  capital.  The  Inhabitants  consist  of  British  settlers,  descendants  of  tlie  Dutch 
Boers  or  farmers,  and  the  native  colored  people,  called  Kafirs,  Hottentots,  and  many  Malays.  The  government  is  administered 
by  a  Governor  and  Council  appointed  by  the  British  Crown,  and  a  Parliament  of  two  houses,  —  a  Legislative  Council,  and  a  House 
of  Assembly  ;  the  members  of  both  houses  are  elected  by  the  people. 

NoTB.  —  The  parts  of  .South  Afrifa  designated  "by  the  following  names  are  here  included  as  parts  of  Cape  Colony,  they  being  British  posses- 
Blons  or  protectorates;  Basntoland,  Uechuanaland,  KaSraria,  Grlqualand,  Kbamas  Country,  Mambunbaland,  Matabeleland,  Natal,  Namaqua- 
land,  and  Zululand. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1795  Sept.  16.  Cape  Colony.  Tl>e  col- 
ony at  Cape  Town  is  captured  from 
the  Dutch  by  tl\e  English,  under  Sir 
George  Keith  Elphinstone  and  Gen. 
Clarke. 

1796  Aug.  17.  Adm.  Elphinstone  cap- 
tures, without  resistance,  a  Dutch 
nquadron  under  Adm.  Lucas  in  Sal- 
dauka  Bay. 

•  *  Godongwana,  the  Zulu  chief,  forms  a 
celibate  army. 

1806  Jan.  9.  Cape  Colony.  Cape 
Town  is  again  taken  by  the  British 
under  Sir  David  Baird  and  Sir  Home 
Popham. 

1811  ** -12  **  Cape  Colony.  War 
with  the  Kafir  tribes. 

1819  *  *  Another  war  is  waged  with 
the  Xafirs,  led  by  the  prophet  Mo- 
kanna  ;  they  attack  Graham's  Town,  and 
are  repulsed  with  great  loss. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  LETTERS. 

1820  *  *  The  Royal  Observatory  is  es- 
tablished near  Cape  Town. 

1824  *  •  The  first  newspaper  is  pub- 
lished in  Dutch  and  English. 

1827  *  *  The  Government  suppresses 
the  colonial  newspaper. 

1828  *  *  The  Colonists  secure  from  the 
king  the  boon  of  a  free  press. 

CHURCH. 

VJ3Q*  *  Kaffraria.    The  Moravians 

commence  their  missions  among  the 

Hottentots. 
1737  *  *  Cape  Colony.    Moravians  land 

at  Cape  Town.  They  begin  work  among 

the  Hottentots. 

•  *  Cape  Colony.  Gnadendal  becomes  a 
Moravian  mission-station. 

1792*  *  Cape  Colony.  The  Moravian 
mission  at  Gnadendal  is  resumed  after 
a  suspension  of  50  years. 

1798  *  *  Kaffraria.  The  London  Society 
begins  mission-work  among  the  Kafirs. 

1808  •  *  Cape  Colony.  Mamre  becomes 
a  Moravian  mission-station. 

1814  •  *  Cape  Colony  becomes  a  mis- 
sion-field of  the  'Wesleyans,  notwith- 
standing the  prohibition  of  the  governor. 

•  *  Cape  Colony.  The  Iiondon  Society 
begins  work  among  the  Bushmen. 

1816  Oct.  31.  Eng.  Robert  Moffat, 
the  missionary,  sails  for  South  Africa. 

1817  •  *  Katal.  Robert  Moffat  arrives 
at  Cape  Town  ;  the  governor  of  Natal 
refuses  him  permission  to  proceed  in- 
land. 


1818  Jan.  26.  Robert  Moffat,  mis- 
sionary of  the  London  Society,  arrives 
among  the  Africaner  men  beyond  the 
Orange  River. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  Enon  becomes  a  mis- 
sion-station of  the  Moravians. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  Kurman  becomes  a 
mission-station  of  the  London  Mis- 
sionary Society. 

1819  •  *  Cape  Colony.  Robert  Moffat 
returns  to  Cape  Town  from  his  inland 
work  on  a  visit,  bringing  Africaner  with 
him,  formerly  a  scourge,  now  a  Christian. 

1820  •  *  Cape  Colony.  Wesleyans  open 
a  mission  with  the  consent  of  the  gov- 
ernor. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  Robert  Moffat  and  his 
bride  leave  Cape  Town  for  Griqua  Town. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  A  chaplain  is  sent  out 
by  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of 
the  Gospel. 

1821  *  *  Kaffraria  becomes  a  mission- 
field  of  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  The  bishopric  of  Cape 
Town  is  founded,  and  Robert  Gray  is 
consecrated  its  first  bishop. 

1822  Jan.  *  The  Rev.  Mr.  Leitner  and 
his  English  wife  enter  upon  their  self- 
denying,  repulsive,  and  then  supposed 
perilous,  duties,  at  Hemel  en  Aarde, 
among  the  lepers  of  South  Africa. 

*  *  Bechuanaland  is  entered  by  Wes- 
ley an  missionaries  with  partial  success. 

1823  June*  Kaffraria.  The  Scotch 
missionaries  baptize  five  Kafirs,  their 
first  converts. 

*  *  Kaffraria.  W^esleyans  send  William 
Shaw  to  Kaffraria,  and  W^esleyvllle 
becomes  a  mission-station. 

1824*  *  Cape  Colony.  The  Moravians 
start  a  mission  at  Elim,  80  miles  south- 
east of  Gnadendal,  among  the  Hotten- 
tots. 

1825  *  *  Kaffraria.  W^esleyans  open  a 
second  station  at  Mount  Coke. 

1826  *  *  Cape  Colony.  King  W^iHiam's 
Town  beconies  a  mission-station  of  the 
London  Society. 

1827  *  •  Kaffraria.  Wesleyans  open  a 
third  station  at  Butterworth. 

1829  Easter.  Rev.  Mr.  Ijeitner, 
Moravian  missionary  to  the  lepers, 
dies  while  baptizing  a  convert. 

Oct.  *  Cape  Colony.  Tlie  first  Rhenish 
missionaries  arrive  for  South  Africa. 

SOCIETY. 

1652±  *  *  As  the  Dutch  extend  their 
settlements  inland,  they  reduce  the 
natives  to  serfdom,  taking  their  coun- 


try partly  by  so-called  contracts  and 
partly  by  force. 
i*  *  The    Dutch    introduce    Malays   or 
negroes  as  slaves. 

1819  *  *  Cape  Town.  Robert  Moffat, 
missionary,  marries  Mary  Smith. 

STATE. 

1487  *  *  The  Cape  of  Good  Hope  is  dis- 
covered by  Bartholomeu  Diaz,  and 
called  Tormentoso. 

1497  Nov.  19.  Vasco  da  Oama,  a 
Portuguese  navigator,  doubles  the  Cape, 
and  discovers  the  passage  to  India. 

Dec.  25.  Katal.  Gama  discovers  the 
bluff  headland  near  Durban. 

1652  *  *  Cape  Town  is  founded  by  the 
Dutch  under  the  auspices  of  the  Dutch 
East  India  Company. 

1721  *  *  Natal.  The  Dutch  attempt  a 
settlement. 

1740  *  *  The  Dutch  begin  to  pass  their 
boundary  in  the  Gamtoos  River,  and 
come  into  collision  with  the  Kafirs. 

1795  •  *  The  colonists  attempt  to  throw 
off  the  yoke  of  the  Dutch,  but  are  sup- 
pressed by  the  English  as  the  allies 
of  the  Dutch.  English  governors  fol- 
low. 

Sept.  11.  The  English  take  forcible 
possession. 

1802  Mar.  25.  Fr.  Cape  Colony  is  re- 
stored to  the  Dutch  at  the  Peace  of 
Amiens. 

1806  Jan.  9.  Cape  Colony  is  again 
taken  by  the  English  [and  hereafter 
continues  in  British  possession]. 

1812±  •  *  Zidnland.  Chaka  becomes 
king  and  grows  powerful ;  he  destroys 
the  males  of  Natal,  and  takes  the  women 
and  cattle  as  booty. 

+*  *  Natal.  The  Zulu  power  is  estab- 
lished. 

1814  Aug.  13.  Cape  Colony  is  finally 
ceded  to  the  English  by  the  King  of  the 
Netherlands. 

1820  *  •  About  5,000  British  immi- 
grants arrive. 

1823  *  ♦  Natal.  Ijieut.  Farewell,  with 
a  party  of  immigrants,  founds  a  settle- 
ment.   [It  is  broken  up  four  years  later.] 

1827  *  •  The  Board  of  IJandrost  and 
Heemraaden,  long  ago  established  by 
the  Dutch,  is  abolished. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1795  *  ♦  Scot.  Robert  Moffat,  the  mis- 
sionary traveler,  is  born  in  Ormiston. 

1827*  *  William  Immanuel  Bleek, 
writer,  is  born. 


698     1829,**-1867, 


CAPE   COLONY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1834  Oct.  *  The  Kafirs  raid  the  English 
settlements,  and  ravish  Graham's  Town. 

1835  »  ♦  A  third  war  with  the  Kafirs  is 
fought.  Sir  Benjamin  I)' Urban  advances 
the  boundary  line  to  the  River  Kei. 

1837  *  *  The  Boers,  under  Maritz  and 
Potgieter,  in  revenging  the  massacre  of 
some  immigrants,  attack  and  utterly  de- 
feat the  Zulus  under  Moselehatze. 

1838  Feb.  *  The  Boers  under  Pieter 
Ketlef  are  defeated  and  routed  by  the 
Zulus. 

Feb.  2.  Chief  Dingaan  massacres  70 
Boers  and  their  servants  who  had  recov- 
ered his  stolen  cattle. 

Sec.  *  Dingaan  massacres  about  800 
Boers,  who  are  saved  from  extermina- 
tion by  Andries  Pretorius. 

1840  Jan.  *  DiBgaan  is  crushingly  de- 
feated. 

1846  *  *  The  fourth  Kafir  war  occurs. 

1848  •  *  Sir  Harry  Smith  terminates 
the  war. 

1850  *  •  -53  *  •  The  fifth  Kafir  war  is 
carried  on  by  Gov.  Sir  Harry  Smith  and 
later  Gov.  Sir  George  Cathcart. 

1852  Feb.  26.  The  steamer  Birken- 
head, laden  with  troops,  is  wrecked  off 
Simon's  Bay,  and  454  out  of  658  soldiers 
and  crew  perish. 

l>ec.  20.  Gov.  Cathcart  attacks  and  de- 
feats the  Kafirs. 

1853  Mar.  9.  The  Kafirs  accept  condi- 
tions of  peace,  and  the  war  ends. 

•  •  Armed  and  mounted  police  are 
formed  for  the  frontier,  numbering  750 
men. 

1857  *  *  Andries  Pretorius,  the  Boer, 
invades  the  Orange  Free  State. 

June  1.  Peace  is  made  by  negotiation 
in  Orange  Free  State. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  LETTERS. 
1829  *  «  The  South  African  College  is 

founded  in  Cape  Town. 
1831    July  16.    Great  damage  is  done 
by  a  terrible  storm  at  Cape  Town. 

1860  *  *  A  public  library  with  40,000 
volumes  is  inaugurated  at  Cape  Town. 

1861  *  *  Two  collegiate  institutions 
are  endowed  in  Natal,  one  for  Pieter- 
maritzburg,  and  the  other  for  Durban. 

*  *  A  mission-college  is  founded  at  Gra- 
ham's Town. 

1865  *  *  The  Fducation  Act,  providing 
for  three  orders  of  schools,  is  passed. 

1867  *  *  Diamonds  are  discovered  in 
Transvaal,  and  gold-fields  in  the  inte- 
rior are  announced. 

Mar.  *  Cape  Colony.  Diamonds  are  dis- 
covered. 

CHURCH. 

1829*  »Kobert  Moffat's  first  church 
is  formed  at  Kruman. 

•  •  Kaffraria.  "Wesleyans  open  a  fourth 
station  at  Morley. 

*  *  Robert  Moffat  visits  the  Matabele 
tribes  so\ith  of  the  Zambesi,  and  starts 
a  mission. 


1830  *  *  Cape  Colmiy.  "Wupperthal  be- 
comes a  mission-station  of  the  Hhenish 
Society. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  Robert  Moffat  finishes 
the  translation  of  St.  Luke ;  it  is  printed 
at  Cape  Town. 

1833  *  *  Cape  Colony.  Morija  becomes 
a  mission  of  the  Paris  Svangelical  So- 
ciety. 

1834  *  *  Zululand.  Six  missionaries  and 
their  wives  establish  the  Zulu  mission 
of  the  American  Board  at  Umlazi,  near 
Port  Natal.  It  is  broken  up  by  the  war 
which  follows  with  the  Boers. 

*  •  West  Griqvaland.  Beaconsfield  be- 
comes a  mission-station  of  the  Berlin 
Missionary  Society. 

1835  *  *  Natal.  The  American  Board 
of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  iMissions 
opens  its  mission. 

1837  •  *  Kaffraria.  Kaffraria  becomes 
a  mission-station  of  the  Glasg:ow  Mis- 
sionary Society. 

1838  *  *  Zululand.  The  mission  of  the 
American  Board  to  the  Zulus  is  re- 
sumed. 

1839  *  •  Robert  Moffat  goes  to  England 
to  get  his  complete  translation  of  the 
New  Testament  printed. 

1840  Dec.  8.  Eng.  David  Living- 
stone sails  as  a  missionary  for  Cape 
Town. 

■►  *  Cape  Colony.  The  United  Presby- 
terian Church  of  Scotland  establishes 
a  mission  at  Glenthorn. 

1841  *  *  Natal  becomes  a  mission-field  of 
the  British  'Wesleyans. 

1842  *  •  Great  Namaqualand  and 
Damaraland,  in  Southwest  Africa,  are 
visited  by  missionaries,  chiefly  of  the 
Finnish  Lutheran,  the  Rhenish  So- 
ciety, and  the  English  "Wesleyans ; 
great  results  have  followed. 

1843*  *  Zululand.  The  treachery  of  the 
Zulu  king,  Dingaan,  occasions  the  sus- 
pension of  the  mission  of  the  American 
Board. 

1844*  *  Zululand.  TheNorwegian 
Society  start  a  Zulu  mission  at  Schreu- 
der. 

*  *  Zululand.  British  supremacy  permits 
the  resumption  of  the  Zulu  mission, 
and  the  first  convert,  an  old  woman,  is 
gained. 

1845  *  *  Natal  becomes  a  mission-field 
of  the  Norwegian  Society. 

1846*  *  Cape  Colony.  Graaf  Reinet 
becomes  a  mission-station  of  the  Society 
for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel. 

1847  *  •  A  bishop  of  Cape  Town  is  ap- 
pointed. 

*  *  Natal  becomes  a  mission-field  of  the 
BerUn  Society. 

*  *  Natal.  Emmaus  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  Evangehcal  Lutheran 
Society. 

1849  Aug.  1.  David  Livingstone  first 
beholds  Lake  Ngami,  South  Centr.il 
Africa. 

*  *  Zululand.  The  American  Board 
reports  nine  churclies  with  1*23  members. 


1850  *  *  Cape  Colony.  The  Moravians 
open  a  mission  at  Goshen. 

1851  *  •  Natal.  Pietermaritzburg  be- 
comes a  mission-station  of  the  Society 
for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel. 

1852*  *  Cape  Colony.  Umtwalume  be- 
comes a  mission  of  the  American 
Board. 

1853*  *  Natal  is  made  a  bishopric; 
John  "William  Colenso  is  the  first 
bishop. 

*  *  Kaffraria.  David  Xiivingstone  rep- 
resents the  London  Missionary  So- 
ciety. 

*  *  Namaqualand.  Hoachanas  becomes 
a  mission-station  of  the  Rhenish  So- 
ciety. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  Amalienstein  becomes 
a  mission-station  of  the  Evangehcal 
Lutherans. 

1854  *  *  Natal.  A  mission  is  begun  at 
Christianenburg  by  the  Berlin  Evan- 
gelical Lutheran  Society. 

1855  *  *  Kaffraria.  "Wartburg  becomes 
a  mission-station  of  the  Berlin  Evan- 
gehcal Lutherans. 

*  *  Namaqualand.  A  beautiful  stone 
chapel,  costing  £1,000,  is  erected  for  the 
"Wesleyan  mission  without  foreign  aid. 

1857  *  *  Cape  Colony.  Riversdale  be- 
comes a  mission-station  of  the  Society 
for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel. 

*  *  Natal.  Pinetown  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  Society  for  the  Propaga- 
tion of  the  Gospel. 

1858*  *  Cape  Colony.  Engolini  be- 
comes a  Moravian  mission-station. 

*  *  Natal.  Rock  Fountain  mission  is 
started  among  the  Kafirs. 

1859  *  *  Cape  Colony.  Laingsburg  be- 
comes a  mission-station  of  the  Berlin 
Evangelical  Lutheran  Society. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  Saint  Matthews,  Gra- 
ham's Town,  becomes  a  mission-station. 

*  *  Natal.  Ifumi  becomes  a  mission-sta- 
tion of  the  American  Board, 

*  •  Natal.  Ladysmith  becomes  a  Lu- 
theran mission-station. 

1860  *  *  Natal.  Emmaus  becomes  a 
Hermannsburg  mission-station. 

*  *  Natal.  Stendal  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  Berhn  Evangelical  So- 
ciety. 

1861  •  •  Bishop  Charles  F.  Macken- 
zie, leader  of  the  Universities  Mission, 
on  his  way  up  the  Zambesi ,  meets  a  gang 
of  shaves.  He  liberates  them,  settles 
them  at  Magomero,  on  Lake  Shirwa, 
north  of  the  Zambesi  River,  and  begins 
their  education  and  conversion. 

*  *  Natal.  "Wesleyans  open  a  mission  to 
cooUes. 

1862  Oat.i*  Natal.  Bishop  Colenso 
j>ublishes  his  work  on  The  Pentateuch. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  King  "WiUiam's  Town 
becomes  a  mission-station  of  the  Soci- 
ety for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel. 

1863  Apr.  27.  Livingstone's  wife 
dies  at  Shapunga  on  the  Zambesi. 

May  20.  The  English  House  of  Bishops 
condemns  Bishop  Colenso's  work  on 
The  Pentateuch. 


CAPE   COLONY. 


1829,  **- 1867, 


599 


*  »-65*  *The  bishop  of  Natal  aiul  the 
bishop  of  Cape  Town  have  an  earnest 
dispute. 

1864  Apr.  16.  Bishop  Colenso  of 
Natal  is  deposed  by  his  metropolitan, 
Dr.  Gray,  bishop  of  Cape  Town. 

*  *  Kaffraria.  Enidiseni  becomes  a  mis- 
sion-station of  the  Berlin  Evangelical 
Ijutheran  Society. 

1865  *  *  Natal.  Fietermaritzburg  be- 
comes a  mission-station  of  the  Free 
Church  of  Scotland. 

1866  Jan.  5.  Bishop  Colenao  of  Natal 
is  excommunicated  by  Bishop  Gray, 
the  metropolitan,  at  Cape  Town. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  «'  The  Church  of 
South  Africa,"  independent  of  the 
Church  of  England,  is  organized  by 
Bishop  Gray.  He  is  unwilling  to  accept 
the  decision  of  the  Privy  Council  of 
England,  declaring  his  excommunication 
of  Bishop  Colenso  null  and  void. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  Massitissi  becomes  a 
mission-station  of  the  Paris  Evangeli- 
cal Society. 

1867  Apr.  *  Livingstone  first  beholds 
Lake  Tanganyika,  in  Central  Africa. 

SOCIETY. 
1834  *  ♦  The  emancipation  of  slaves  by 
British  authority  is  much  opposed  by  the 
Dutch  Boers. 

1838  Mar.  22.  Bechuanaland.  Chief 
Moroka  prohibits  the  introduction  of 
ardent  spirits  because  of  its  ill  effects, 
and  authorizes  confiscation,  with  all 
other  property  of  the  transgressor. 

1839  *  •  A  scheme  of  public  schools  is 
drawn  up  by  Sir  John  Herschel. 

1849  Sept.  19.  The  colonists  are  ex- 
asperated by  the  arrival  of  the  Neptitne 
with  289  British  convicts,  among  whom 
is  John  Mitchel ;  the  Anti-Convict 
Society  is  formed.  [The  convicts  are 
withdrawn,  and  sent  to  Van  Diemen's 
Land.] 

1854*  •  Herman  Potgieter  and  family 
are  murdered  in  Transvaal  by  the  na- 
tives. [The  massacre  is  avenged  by 
Pretorius  at  Makapan's  Cave.] 

Nov.  8.  Basutolantl.  The  liquor-traf- 
fic is  prohibited  by  Chief  Moshesh. 

"  Whereas,  the  strong  drink  of  the 
whites  was  unknown  to  the  progenitors 
of  our  tribe,  Matie,  Motlomi,  up  to  Bo 
Monageng ;  and  our  father  Mockachane, 
now  advanced  in  years,  never  used  any- 
thing for  his  drink  save  water  and  milk  ; 
and  inasmuch  as  we  are  of  opinion  that 
a  good  chief  and  judge  who  uses  any- 
thing to  intoxicate  him  is  not  in  a  proper 
state  to  act  as  in  duty  bound  ;  and  since 
strong  drink  causes  strife  and  dissension 
and  is  a  cause  of  destruction  of  society 
(the  strong  drink  of  the  whites  is  nothing 
else  but  fire) : 

"  Be  it  hereby  made  known  to  all  that 
the  introduction  and  sale  of  the  said 
drink  into  the  country  of  the  Basutos  is 
forbidden  from  this  forward  ;  and  if  any 
one,  white  or  colored,  shall  act  in  op- 
position to  this  interdict,  the  drink  will 
be  taken  from  him  and  spilled  on  the 
ground,  without  apology  or  compensa- 
tion. Mo.sHESH,  Chief." 

1856*  *  The  apprentice  law  estab- 
lishes a  disguised  slavery  in  Trans- 
vaal, the  natives  being  its  victims. 


•  *  The  national  suicide  of  about 
50,000  Kafirs  takes  place. 

They  are  deluded  by  the  prediction 
that  all  the  great  men  and  warriors  of 
their  nation  would  rise  in  new  strength 
on  a  certain  day  if  they  would  make  a 
complete  sacrifice  of  themselves  and 
their  property ;  about  one-third  of  the 
tribe  perishes. 

1858*  *The  Fundamental  Law  in 
Transvaal  draws  the  color-line  against 
the  natives. 

1860  July  +*  Prince  Alfred  of  Eng- 
land visits  Cape  Colony. 

1867  Aug.  17+.  The  Duke  of  Edin- 
burgh visits  Cape  Colony. 


STATE. 

1834  *  •  The  Dutch  Boers  become  dis- 
affected because  of  the  emancipation 
of  slaves. 

1835  May  5.  Zululand.  King  Chaka 
is  assassinated ;  his  brother  Dingaan  is 
his  successor. 

May  6.  Natal.  Captain  Allen  Gardiner 
signs  a  treaty  with  the  Zulus. 

*  *  -36  ♦  *  Kaffraria.  The  Boers  re- 
move in  large  numbers  beyond  the 
limit  of  the  colony,  cross  the  Orange 
Kiver,  and  enter  the  Kafir  country. 

Some  of  the  Boers  under  Peter  Retief 
enter  Natal,  and  establish  a  republican 
government. 

*  *  British  forces  advance  the  boundary 
to  the  Eiver  Kei  [but  it  is  soon  brought 
back  to  the  Keiskamma]. 

1837  *  *  Cape  Town.  The  entire  gov- 
ernment of  Cape  Colony,  which  is  a 
Governor  and  Council,  is  changed,  and 
a  Legislative  Council  is  established. 

1840  *  »  Dingaan,  king  of  the  Zulus,  Is 
killed,  and  his  brother  Umpanda  suc- 
ceeds him. 

1842  May  12.  Natal.  The  Republic 
of  the  Boers  yields  to  the  British  au- 
thority, and  is  called  Natalia  (Natal). 
The  Boers  retire  across  the  Drakenburg, 
and  settle  in  [Orange  Free  State]. 

1843  Aug.  2.  Natal  is  annexed  to  the 
British  possessions  as  a  district  of  Cape 
Colony. 

\S4ri  **  Natal.  Sir  Henry  G.  W. 
Smith  is  appointed  governor. 

1848  Feb.  3.  Cape  Town.  The  Gov- 
ernment proclaims  its  authority  over 
the  Orange  River  sovereignty. 

*  *  The  Boers  beyond  the  Orange  River 
are  unable  to  maintain  their  inde- 
pendence, but  yield  to  the  governor  of 
Cape  Colony. 

»  •  -58  *  *  The  Basutoland  is  under  a 
British  protectorate. 

1849  Sept.  19.  The  colonists  succeed 
in  preventing  the  establishment  of  a 
penal  colony. 

1851  Mar.  •  The  Orange  River  ter- 
ritory is  annexed  to  Cai>e  Colony. 

1852  Jan.  17.  Tlie  British  sign  the 
Sand  River  Convention,  establishing 
the  virtual  independence  of  the  Trans- 
vaal. 

Dec.  31.  Cape  Town.  Gov.  Smith  pro- 
claims martial  law,  and  orders  all  the 


inhabitants  to  hasten  to  the  frontier  for 
the  defense  of  the  colony. 
•  *  Cape  Town.    An  armed  police  is  or- 
ganized for  the  protection  of  the  fron- 
tier. 

1853  July  1.  Cape  Town.  Represen- 
tative government  is  established; 
the  Colonial  Constitution  is  promul- 
gated with  general  rejoicing. 

It  is  modeled  after  that  of  Great  Bri- 
tain. The  Legislature  consists  of  the 
governor  appointed  by  the  colonial  ofli- 
cers,  and  two  chambers  elected  by  the 
people ;  the  right  of  suffrage  is  limited 
to  British  subjects  who  are  property 
owners  and  enjoy  a  stated  income, 
thereby  excluding  the  immense  major- 
ity of  the  aborigines. 

1854  Jan.  30.  Tlie  colonial  jurisdic- 
tion over  the  Orange  River  territory 
is  abandoned  because  of  the  difliculty 
in  maintaining  government. 

Mar  *  The  Orange  Eiver  territory  is 
formed  into  the  Orange  Free  State. 

July  1.  Cape  Town.  The  members 
elected  to  the  first  Parliament  meet. 

1856  ♦  *  Natal  is  separated  from  Cape 
Colony  and  becomes  an  independent 
colony,  having  a  Constitution  of  its 
own. 

*  *  Basutoland,  no  longer  under  a  Brit- 
ish protectorate,  suffers  greatly  from 
wars  with  the  Boers. 

Aug.i*  The  Kafirs  are  deluded  by  a 
prophet  named  Aniaxosa,  who  foretells 
a  resurrection  of  all  their  dead  warriors 
and  heroes  on  condition  that  the  Kafirs 
sacrifice  their  lives  and  property ;  Gov. 
Grey  succeeds  in  quieting  them  after 
about  50,000  have  perished. 

*  *  About2,OOOimmigrant8fromNorth 
Germany  occupy  the  Kafir  lands,  which 
were  depopulated  by  a  national  suicide. 

1858  *  *  The  Dutch  African  Republic 
becomes  the  South  African  Republic. 

1859  *  *  Andries  Pretorius  is  elected 
president  of  Orange  Free  State  as  well 
as  Transvaal. 

1861*  *  Cape  Town.  Sir  Philip  E. 
Woodhouse  is  appointed  governor. 

1863  *  *  Transvaal.  Pretorius  returns 
to  Transvaal. 

1865  ♦  *  The  provinces  of  British  Kaffra- 
ria are  incorporated  with  the  colony 
as  King  WlUiam's  Town  and  East 
London. 

*  *  Little  Namaqualand,  lying  south  of 
the  Orange  River,  is  incorporated  with 
Cape  Colony. 

MISCELLAHEOOS. 

1859  *  *  Cupe  Town.    The  first  railroad 

is  begun. 

1860  Dec.±  *  The  railroad  from  Cape 
Town  to  Wellington,  a  distance  of  58 
miles,  is  opened. 

*  *  Work  is  begun  on  the  great  break- 
water at  Table  Bay,  near  Cape  Town. 

1865  *  *  About  187,000  Europeans 
are  in  the  colony,  and  constitute  33  per 
cent  of  the  entire  population. 

1867  *  *  -70  *  *  The  discovery  of  dia- 
monds leads  to  disputes  between  the 
free  States  and  the  natives. 


600    1867,  ** -1880,  May*.  CAPE   COLONY. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1872  Oct.  *  Cetewayo  improves  his 
army,  which  is  styled  by  Sir  Henry 
Frere,  "  the  celibate  man-slayiug  war- 
machine."    [Zululand.] 

1873*  *  Cape  Colony.  Two  British 
regiments  of  iufantry,  besides  detach- 
ments of  artillery  and  engineers,  are  here 
quartered. 

Nov.  '-Deo.*  Jfatal.  The  Kafirs, 
under  Langalibalele,  their  chief,  rise  in 
an  insurrection,  and  are  suppressed. 

1875  *  *  Transvaal.  The  Boers  are  at 
war  with  Sikokuni,  chief  of  the  Bahedi. 

1877  Sept.  24,  29.  Kaffraria.  Kreli, 
chief  of  Galekas,  is  repulsed  in  an  at- 
tacls  upon  the  Pingoes  and  their  Brit- 
ish protectors,  at  Ibeka. 

Oct.  9.  Kaffraria.  Chief  Kreli  is  de- 
feated and  his  kraal  burned. 

Deo.  2.  Kaffraria.  The  Galekas  are 
defeated  by  the  British,  and  driven 
from  their  lands. 

Dec.  30±.  Kaffraria.  The  Galekas 
again  rise  under  Chief  Sandilli. 

1878  Jan.*  Kaffraria.  Cetewayo, 
King  of  the  Zulus,  disturbs  the  English 
colonists,  and  England  is  asked  to  send 
reenforcements  to  the  colony. 

Jan.  *  Kaffraria.  The  90th  Regiment 
and  a  battery  of  artillery  are  sent  to 
aid  the  British. 

Jan.  24-26.  Kaffraria.  The  rebels  un- 
der Sandilli,  one  of  their  chiefs,  are  de- 
feated, 

Feb.  7.  KaffYaria.  The  natives  are 
again  defeated  at  Quintana. 

Mar.  12.  Zitlnlaml.  The  Zulus  capture 
a  convoy  and  supply-train  near  the 
Itombi  River,  and  kill  Capt.  David  Mo- 
riarty. 

Mar.  18.  Zululand.  Oham,  a  brother  of 
King  Cetewayo, is  announced  as  a  British 
ally  ;  he  has  600  warriors  with  him. 

Mar.  18,  19.  Kaffraria.  The  natives 
are  again  defeated  by  Gen.  Thesiger, 
losing  400  killed  ;  Capt.  Donovan,  Lieut. 
Ward,  and  Capt.  Shaw  are  also  killed. 

Mar.  28.  Zululand.  Col.  Evelyn 
"Wood  has  an  engagement  with  the 
Zulus  among  the  Zoblani  Mountains, 
and  suffers  a  he.ivy  loss. 

Mar.  29.  Zululand.  Col.  Wood  de- 
feats the  Zulus  at  Kambula,  near  the 
Blood  River. 

Reenforcements  advance  to  relieve 
the  besieged  British,  who  are  entrenched 
at  Ekowe,  not  far  from  the  coast. 

Mar.  •-May  •  Kaffraria.  Frequent  in- 
decisive actions  occur. 

Apr.  2.  Zululand.  The  British  defeat 
the  natives  at  Ginghilovo. 

Apr.  2,3.  Zululand.  The  siege  of 
Ekowe  is  raised,  and  Col.  Pearson 
marches  out. 

May  •  Eng.  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  sails 
for  Cape  Colony,  as  governor  of  Natal 
and  commander  of  the  British  forces. 

May  27.  Zululand.  The  British  report 
a  total  loss  of  1,186  killed,  and  86  who 
have  died  of  disease. 


June  *  Kaffraria.  Sandilli  is  reported 
dead,  and  his  sons  are  captured  by  the 
British. 

July  2±.  KaffYaria.  Amnesty  is  pro- 
claimed to  all  Kafir  rebels  who  surren- 
der. 

*  *  KaffVaria.    The  Kafir  war  ends. 

1879  Jan.  11.  Zululand.  The  time 
elapses  for  Cetewayo  to  surrender  the 
leaders  of  the  raid,  and  avoid  war. 

Jan.  12.  Zululand.  The  Zulu  war  be- 
gins. It  is  brought  on  by  raids  into  Brit- 
ish territory.  Lord  Chelmsford,  with 
12,000  British,  crosses  the  river  Tugela 
into  Zululand. 

Jan.  21.  Zululand.  British  under  Col. 
Pearson  defeat  Zulus  under  Cetewayo, 
and  enter  Ekowe. 

Jan.  22.  Zululand.  The  Zulus,  15,000 
strong,  surprise  the  British  en- 
trenched camp  at  Isandurla,  on  the 
Blood  River,  and  kill  about  837  men  ; 
about  2,000  Zulus  are  killed.  Lieuts. 
Chard  and  BromUead  finally  repulse  the 
natives  at  Rorke's  Drift. 

Jan.  24.  Zululand.  Col.  Evelyn  Wood 
repulses  an  attack  of  Zulus  at  Inkan- 
yana. 

Feb.  19 1.  Eng.  Troops  hastily  em- 
bark to  reenforoe  the  British  troops 
in  fighting  the  Zulus. 

Feb.  *  Basutoland.  Chief  Moiroso  at- 
tacks the  settlers  in  predatory  sallies 
from  his  entrenchment  in  the  mountain. 

Mar.  11.  Natal.  Reenforcements  800 
strong,  by  the  Tamar,  arrive  at  Pieter- 
raaritzburg  from  England. 

Jime  *  Eng.  The  Stafford  House  South 
African  Aid  Committee  is  organized. 

June  1.  Zululand.  The  Zulus  surprise 
a  British  reconnoitering  party,  under 
Capt.  J.  Brenton  Carey,  with  Prince 
XjOuIs  Napoleon  acting  as  commander, 
at  Imbabani.    The  Prince  is  killed. 

June  12.  Zululand.  The  time  m  e  n- 
tioned  in  the  British  ultimatum  sent 
to  Cetewayo  expires  ;  it  requires  him  to 
surrender  cannon,  and  yield  a  full  sub- 
mission to  British  authority. 

June  23.  Cape  Colony.  Sir  Garnet 
Wolseley  arrives. 

July  4.  Zululand.  About  23,000  Zulus 
are  totally  defeated  by  Lord  Chelms- 
ford at  Ulundi,  the  capital ;  they  lose 
about  1,500,  and  the  British  lose  27 
killed  and  about  53  wounded.  [The  war 
virtually  ends.  Cost  of  the  war,  £4,- 
922,141.] 

Aug.  28.  Zululand.  M.\jor  Richard 
Marter  captures  the  fugitive  Cete- 
wayo. 

Nov.  20.  Basuioland.  Moiroso's  en- 
trenchments are  captured,  and  the  chief 
is  killed. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  LETTERS. 

1869  *  *  Diamonds  are  found  at  Kim- 
berly,  West  Griqualand. 

1870  Sep.  *  Griqualand.  Rich  dia- 
mond-fields are  discovered. 


1872  *  •  By  Act  of  Parliament,  a  public 
university  like  that  of  London  is  es- 
tablished. 

1878  *  *  A  council  of  education  is  cre- 
ated in  Natal. 

1880  Feb.  12.  A  great  diamond  is 
found  at  Kimberley,  weighing  150  carats, 
and  worth  $300,000. 

Feb.  18.  A  new  comet  is  seen  at  the 
Cape  observatory. 

CHURCH. 

1867  *  •  Natal.  Impolweni  becomes  a 
mission-station  of  the  Free  Church  of 
Scotland. 

1868  Nov.*  Livingstone  discovers 
Lake  Bangweolo,  or  Bemba,  north  of 
the  Zambesi  River. 

Dec.  *  Natal.  The  clergy,  having  failed 
to  depose  Bishop  Colenso  for  unsound 
doctrine,  "W.  R.  Macrorie  is  sent  out 
as  bishop  to  act  with  the  clergy  opposed 
to  Colenso. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  Riversdale  becomes  a 
mission-station  of  the  Berlin  Evangel- 
ical Society. 

Dec.  31.  Cape  Colony.  Ovambo  be- 
comes a  mission  of  the  Finland  Society. 

*  *  Kaffraria.  The  Free  Church  of 
Scotland  start  a  mission  in  Cunning- 
ham, Transkei. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  Mbulu  becomes  a  mis- 
sion-station of  the  United  Presbyteri- 
ans of  Scotland. 

*  •  Natal.  Hoffenthal  becomes  a  mis- 
sion-station of  Berlin  Evangelical 
Iiutherans. 

1869  *  *  Cape  Colony.  East  Somerset 
becomes  a  mission-station  of  the  United 
Presbyterians  of  Scotland. 

1870  *  *  East  Griqualand.  Missionary 
Dower  of  the  Iiondon  Society  comes 
to  Koskstad,  and  they  love  him  so 
much  that  they  refuse  to  let  him  go. 

1871  Nov.  *  H.  M.Stanley  finds  Liv- 
ingstone near  Lake  Tanganyika  (Ger- 
man East  Africa). 

*  *  Zululand.  A  bishop  of  Zululand  is 
appointed. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  Port  Elizabeth  be- 
comes a  mission-station  of  the  Primi- 
tive Methodists  of  England. 

1872  *  *  Transvaal.  Ha  Tsevase  be- 
comes a  mission-station  of  the  Berlin 
Lutherans. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  Herbertsdale  becomes 
a  mission-station  of  the  Berlin  Evan- 
gelical Lutherans. 

1873  May  1.  David  Livingstone  dies 
at  Ilala,  near  Lake  Bangweolo,  and  is 
found  kneeling  by  his  bed. 

1874  •  *  Blantyre,  near  Lake  Shirwa, 
becomes  a  mission  of  the  Established 
Church  of  Scotland. 

*  *  Bishop  Colenso  goes  to  England  to 
advocate  his  case. 

*  *  Natal.  The  Gordon  Memorial,  a 
station  of  the  Free  Church  of  Soot- 
land,  is  established  by  means  of  funds 
given  by  the  Countess  of  Aberdeen  as  a 
memorial  to  her  son,  Hon.  J.  H.  Gordon. 


CAPE  COLONY. 


1867,  *  *-1880,  May 


601 


1875  *  *  The  Livingstonia  Mission  of 
the  Free  Chtirch  of  Scotland  is  sent 
to  open  a  mission-Held  aronnd  Lake 
Nyaasa  and  half  way  north  to  Lake 
Tanganyika. 

*  •  Oriqualantl.  Kimberley  becomes  a 
mission-station  of  the  Evangelical 
Iiutherans. 

*  •  Cape  Colony.  The  State  churches 
are  disendowed  by  law. 

1876*  *  ZuMand.  Chief  Cetewayo 
opposes  the  missionaries. 

1877  Dec.  13±.  A  mission-camp  is 
attacked,  and  all  but  one  of  the  members 
killed,  at  Iiake  Nyassa. 

*  *  East  Oriqualarul.  The  Society  for 
the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  estab- 
lishes a  mission-station  in  Koskstad. 

1879  *  •  Cape  Colony.  Mossel  Bay  be- 
comes a  mission-station  of  the  Berlin 
Evangelical  Society. 

*  *  Natal.  The  Swedish  State  Church 
founds  a  mission  at  Aangeleken,  to  do 
its  chief  work  among  the  Zulus. 

*  *  Natal.  Bock  fountain  becomes  a 
mission-station  of  Mr,  and  Mrs.  E.  S. 
Clarke  (Friends). 

SOCIETY. 
1872  *  •  A  great  robbery  of  diamonds, 
valued  at  over  £35,000,  occurs. 

*  *Diamond  seekers  shamefully  op- 
press the  natives. 

1878  Aug.  1.  The  colonists  celebrate 
the  restoration  of  peace  with  Kafirs  by 
a  day  of  thanksgiving. 

1879  Aug.  22.  The  sentence  declared 
against  Capt.  Carey,  for  his  connection 
with  the  death  of  Prince  Napoleon 
by  Zulus,  is  quashed. 

Sept.  15.  Cape  Town.  Cetewayo,  the 
Zulu  chief,  arrives  on  his  way  to  Eng- 
land. 

1880  Mar.  20±.  The  post-office  at 
Cape  Town  is  robbed  of  diamonds 
valued  at  £50,000. 

STATE. 

1867  *  *  The  discovery  of  diamonds 
leads  to  territorial  complications ; 
the  tribes  disputing  the  claims  of  the 
government. 

*  *  Natal.  Bobert  William  Eeate  is 
governor. 

1868  *  •  Transvaal.  Pretorius  enlarges 
the  boundaries  to  Lake  Ngami  and  Del- 
agoa  Bay.  [Disputes  with  Portugal  fol- 
low.] 

1870  Aug.  *  Sir  Henry  Barkly  is  ap- 
pointed governor  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope. 

1871  **  Transvaal.  The  southwest 
boundary  disputes  are  settled  by  arbi- 
tration. 

*  *Basutoland  is  annexed  to  Cape 
Colony.  Population,  378  whites  and  127,- 
223  natives. 

*  *  Qriqualand  is  annexed. 

Oct.  27.  The  colony  of  West  Qriqua- 
land is  constituted,  with  Kimberley  for 
Us  capital. 


Nov.  17.  The  diamond-miners  luiil  the 
unfurling  of  the  British  flag  with  great 
rejoicing. 

1872  Oct.  1.  Zulttland.  Encouraged 
by  the  English,  Cetewayo,  son  of  Um- 
panda.  King  of  the  Zulus,  kills  his 
brothers. 

*  *  Cape  Tovm.  A  responsible  govern- 
ment is  established. 

1873  Nov.  *  -Dec.  »  A  slight  insur- 
rection of  Kafirs  under  Laugalibalele 
is  easily  suppressed. 

*  *  Zululand.  Cetewayo  is  recognized  as 
the  heir  of  Umpanda,  and  enthroned. 

*  *  Natal.  Anthony  Musgrave  is  ap- 
pointed governor. 

1874  Aug.  4.  Natal.  IiangaUbalele, 
the  revolting  chief  of  Natal,  is  sent  to 
Robber  Island  after  a  trial  alleged  to  be 
unjust ;  others  are  sentenced  to  impris- 
onment for  participating  in  the  insur- 
rection. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  The  colony  is  divided 
into  seven  provinces  for  convenience  in 
government. 

*  •  Natal.  Sir  Benjamin  C.  C.  Pine  is 
governor  of  Natal. 

1875  Feb.*  Natal.  Sir  Garnet 
Wolseley  is  made  temporary  governor. 

July  *  The  Belagoa  Bay  coimtry  is 
awarded  to  Portugal  by  Marshal  Mac- 
Mahon,  the  arbitrator, 

Aug.  *  Natal.  Laugalibalele  is  released 
from  captivity. 

Aug.  *  Natal.  Gov.  Wolseley  retires 
from  the  governorship. 

Oct.  22.  The  Karl  of  Carnarvon,  the 
Colonial  Secretary,  makes  the  proposal 
that  the  Cape  Parliament  transfer  the 
conference  respecting  a  South  African 
Confederation  to  England. 

Nov.  11  ±.  Cape  Town.  The  Cape  Par- 
liament debates  the  proposition  for  a 
Confederation. 

Nov.  26.  Cape  Town.  The  Cape  Par- 
liament is  prorogued. 

»  •  Kaffraria.  The  Transkei  and  Fin- 
goland,  with  other  parts  of  Kaffraria, 
are  annexed. 

*  *  Natal.  The  Constitution  is  modified. 

1876  Aug.  5.  London.  The  delegates 
to  the  conference  respecting  a  South 
African  Confederation  meet  with  the 
Earl  of  Carnarvon. 

*  *  Zululand.  Cetewayo  organizes 
armed  resistance  against  the  British. 

1877  Feb.  »  Cape  Town.  The  Molteno 
Ministry  is  dismissed. 

Feb.  12±.  Cape  Town.  J.  Gordon 
Sprigg  forms  a  colonial  Ministry. 

Apr.  12.  The  Transvaal  Republic  is 
annexed  to  Cape  Colony  by  the  procla- 
mation of  Sir  Theophilus  Shepstone. 

Sept.  *  Kaffraria.  Disputes  between  the 
Fingoes  and  Galekas  lead  to  war. 

Oct.  *  Kaffraria.  The  lands  of  the  de- 
feated chiefs  of  Kaffraria  are  annexed 
by  the  British. 

Nov.  *  Sir  H.  Bartle  E.  Prere  is  appointed 
governor  and  lord  high  commissioner  for 
South  Africa. 


*  *  Transvaal.  Anarchy  follows  a  war 
with  the  Kafirs  until  England  inter- 
venes. 

*  •  Transvaal.  Sir  W.  Owen  Lanyon 
is  appointed  British  administrator. 

1878  July  2.  Cape  Toion.  The  Kafir 
war  having  ended,  the  governor  an- 
nounces that  amnesty  will  be  granted 
to  ex-rebels. 

JtUy  *  Zulus  make  a  raid  into  British 
territory. 

Sept.  *  Natal.  Sir  H.  Ernest  Bulwer 
is  governor. 

Dec.  *  Zululand.  Cetewayo,  King  of  the 
Zulus,  refuses  to  give  up  the  principal 
raiders.  Gov.  Bartle  Frere  sends  an 
ultimatum,  demanding  the  surrender  of 
the  offenders  within  30  days.  (The  Zulu 
war  follows.) 

*  *  Natal.  The  laws  of  the  Zulus  are 
modified,  and  reduced  to  writing. 

1870  May*  Natal  —  Transvaal.  Sir 
Garnet  W^olseley  is  governor. 

June  28±.  Natal.  Governor  Wolseley 
is  sworn  in  as  high  commissioner  at 
Pietermaritzburg,  the  capital. 

July  12 ±.  Natal.  Governor  W^olseley 
receives  the  Zulu  chiefs. 

Sept.  1.  Natal.  A  treaty  is  signed  with 
the  Zulu  chiefs,  by  which  Natal  is 
divided  into  13  districts,  over  each  of 
which  a  chief  is  appointed,  with  a  gov- 
ernor resident  over  all,  and  a  local  resi- 
dent in  each ;  the  lands  are  to  be 
reserved  for  the  British,  and  John 
Dunn  is  to  be   chief. 

*  *  Natal  has  representative  government. 
Dec.  *   Transvaal.      A  u     insurrection 

breaks  out  against  the  British. 
1880  May*  Natal.  Sir  George  Pome- 
roy  Colley  becomes  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1869  Feb.  *  Fire  sweeps  over  a  large 
territory. 

1870  Mar.  11.  Moshesh,  chief  of  the 
Basutos,  dies. 

July  12.  Cape  Toum.  The  Duke  of  Ed- 
inburgh inaugurates  the  new  harbor, 
breakwater,  and  docks. 

1872  *  *  The  diamond-mines  are  re- 
markably productive. 

Sept.  1.  Robert  Gray,  bishop  of  Cape 
Town,  dies. 

Sept.  11.    Makomo,  a  Kafir  chief,  dies. 

1876  *  •  Cape  Town.  The  Government 
votes  to  appropriate  £5,000  sterling 
for  the  construction  of  four  trunk- 
lines  of  railroads. 

1877  Apr.  5.  Cape  Town.  Sir  H. 
Bartle  E.  Frere  opens  an  exhibition. 

1879  Aug.  23.  Telegraph  connec- 
tion is  made  with  Europe  by  way  of 
Natal  and  Mozambique. 

Dec.  25.  Cape  Town.  The  first  tele- 
gram is  received  by  the  new  line  which 
completes  connection  with  England.  It 
is  sent  by  the  Queen  to  Sir  H.  Bartle 
E.  Frere. 

Dec.  29.  Cape  Town.  The  telegraph 
line  is  opened  for  the  public. 


602    1880,  June  20-1890,  **         CAPE   COLONY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1880  June*  Basutoland.  War  ia 
waged  against  the  Basutos  near  tbe 
head  waters  of  the  Orange  River,  be- 
cause they  have  attacked  the  settlers, 
and  refuse  to  give  up  their  arms. 

June  *  Basutoland.  The  chiefs  who  sur- 
render are  attacked  by  those  who  re- 
bel against  the  colonists. 

Sept.  13.  Basutoland.  The  chiefs  carry 
the  war  against  the  colonists. 

Sept.  21.  Basutoland.  Col,  Carrington 
defeats  the  rebel  chief  Lerothodi  in  an 
attack  on  Mafeling. 

Oct.  19.  Basutoland.  Col.  Clarke  re- 
lieves the  colonists  besieged  at  Mafe- 
ling, after  a  hot  fight. 

Oct.  22.  Basutoland.  The  colonists 
storm  the  village  of  Chief  Xierotholdi, 
and  scatter  his  army. 

Oct.  31.  Basutoland.  Col.Clarkestorms 
the  defenses  of  Moletsane. 

Oct.  *  Basutoland.  Magistrate  Hope  is 
treacherously  murdered  by  Chief  Um- 
hlonhlo,  with  other  colonists, 

Wov.  12,  Basutoland.  The  defeat  of 
Umhlonhlo  is  announced. 

Dec.  21.  Basutoland.  The  natives  are 
utterly  defeated  by  colonists  under 
Baker. 

1881  Jan.  10-14+.  Basutoland.  Col. 
Carrington  defeats  the  natives  in  sev- 
eral engagements. 

Feb,  18-24.  Basutoland.  The  colonists 
grant  an  armistice. 

Mar.  26.  Basutoland.  The  war  is  re- 
newed, and  Col.  Carrington  is  wounded. 

Apr.  16 1.  Basutoland.  The  Basutos  are 
severely  defeated.  [May*  Makepeace.] 

Jtlly  30i.  Zululand.  John  Dunn  sup- 
presses a  revolt. 

Sept.*  Basutoland.  Chief  M.a8Upha 
submits  to  the  colonists. 

Dec.  *  Zululand.    Order  is  restored. 

1882  Oct.*  Basutoland.  Chief  Masu- 
pha  again  vexes  the  settlers. 

*  *  Basutoland.  Gen.  Charles  G.  Gor- 
don (Chinese  Gordon)  resigns  his  mil- 
itary appointment  to  South  Africa. 

Dec.  *  Basutoland.    Order  is  restored. 

1883  Apr.  25,  Zululand.  It  is  re- 
ported that  King  Cetewayo  has  a  con- 
flict with  the  chiefs. 

May  16.  Zululand.  It  is  announced 
that  Cetewayo  is  defeated  by  Chief 
Ohara  with  the  aid  of  others. 

May  *  Basutoland.  The  fighting  chiefs 
finally  subside. 

July  20.  Basutoland.  Chief  Usibepu 
attacks  Cetewayo  at  Ulundi,  and  defeats 
him. 

Aug.  16.  Zululand.  Cetewayo  defeats 
Usibepu  in  a  great  battle. 

Nov.  *  Zululand.  Chief  Usibepu  is  de- 
feated by  the  other  chiefs. 

1884  Jan.  31±.  Zululand.  Chief 
Zibedu  defeats  Chief  Usutus. 

Mar.  15,  16.  Basutoland.  Jonathan 
defeats  Joel  in  a  bloody  battle. 


Mar.  23.  Basutoland.  Chiefs  Khelisa, 
Alasuplia,  and  Lerothodi  fight  each 
other. 

Mar.  *  -May  *  Zululand.  Natives  con- 
tinue their  fighting. 

June  14.  Basutoland.  The  Boers  de- 
feat Chief  Usibepu,  and  Chief  Usutus 
becomes  a  fugitive. 

Nov.  ♦  Bechuanaland.  A  force  is  organ- 
ized to  subdue  the  Dutch  freebooters. 

1886  Oct.  20.  Cape  Colony.  The  Pon- 
dos  invade  Xesibeland. 

Dec.  9,  Cape  Colony.  Order  is  restored 
in  Xesibeland. 

1888  June  2.  Zululand.  The  police 
and  military  punish  the  cattle  thieves. 

July  2.  Zululand.  The  revolt  led  by 
Ishingana  is  suppressed  by  a  severe 
conflict. 

July  11.  Zululand.  The  revolt  of 
Dinizulu  is  announced. 

Aug.  1,  Zululand.  It  is  announced  that 
Somkeli,  the  revolting  chief,  submits. 

Aug.  10.  Zululand.  Chief  Dinizulu 
leads  about  1,000  revolting  natives  with 
their  cattle  into  the  Transvaal  Territory. 

Aug.  29.  Zululand.  It  is  announced 
that  the  revolt  of  Dinizulu  is  ended. 

Sept.  *  Transvaal.  Dinizulu  sturen- 
ders  to  the  authorities. 

Sept,  19.  Zululand.  Chief  Undabuko. 
the  uncle  of  Dinizulu,  surrenders. 

Sept.  27.  Zululand.  Undabuko  is 
brought  to  trial. 

Nov.  12.  Zululand.  Ishingana,  a  re- 
volting chief,  surrenders. 

Nov.  *  Zululand.  Dinizulu  surrenders 
to  the  British. 

Nov.  22.  Zululand.  Somhlolo,  con- 
victed of  high  treason,  is  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  and  hard  labor  for  five 
years. 

Dec.  1.  Zululand.  Other  chiefs  are 
convicted  of  high  treason,  and  sentenced. 

1889.  Apr.  27.  Zululand.  The  re- 
volting chiefs  are  sentenced  to  im- 
prisonment,—  Dinizulu  10  years,  Unda- 
buko 15  years,  Ishingana  to  12  years. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  LETTERS. 

1883  *  *  Zululand.  The  translation  of 
the  Scriptures  into  the  Zulu  language 
is  completed  by  the  missionaries  of  the 
American  Board. 

1884  Mar.  27.  Gri^wa/anr/.  The "  Vic- 
toria" diamond,  weighing  302  carats,  is 
found  at  Kimberley. 

1886  Sept.  26.  A  new  comet  is  discov- 
ered at  the  Cape  observatory  by  Mr. 
Finlay. 

CHITRCH. 

1881  Aug.  20.  Natal.  John  Mer- 
cer arrives  at  Durban,  and  proceeds  to 
the  Garenganze  mission  in  Central  Af- 
rica, having  a  climate  favorable  to  Eu- 
ropeans. [A  station  at  Bih€  is  also 
maintained.] 

*  *  Fr.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  ColUard  organize 
tbe  Evangelical  Mission  of  the  Paris  So- 
ciety on  the  Upper  Zambesi. 


1882*  *  Zululand.  Amission  is  opened 
at  Bhlobane  by  the  Herxnannabiu^ 
Missionary  Society. 

*  *  Kaffraria.  Malan  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  United  Fresbyterianaof 
Scotland. 

1883  *  *  Cape  Colony.  I*aingsburg  be- 
comes a  mission-station  of  the  Berlin 
Evangelical  Lutherans. 

*  *  Zululand.  The  Scriptures  are  trans- 
lated into  Zulu. 

1884  *  *  Cape  Colony.  Somervitte  bo- 
comes  a  mission-station  of  the  Free 
Church  of  Scotland. 

1885  *  *  Cape  Colony,  "Worcester  bo^ 
comes  a  mission-station  of  the  Society 
for  the  Propagation  of  the  GospeL 

*  *  Mambunda  Country.  Mr.  and  Mrs, 
CoiUard  start  an  evangelical  mission  at 
Sesheke,  Upper  Zambesi. 

1886*  *  Mambunda  Country.  The  Evan- 
gelical Mission  open  a  station  at  Sefulu, 
Upper  Zambesi. 

1888  *  *  Cape  Colony.  Goederwacht 
becomes  a  mission-station  of  the  Mora- 
vians. 

SOCIETY. 

1882*  *Aug.  3.     E7ig.     Cetewayo 

arrives. 
Aug.  9.    Eng.    Cetewayo  visits  TV.  E. 

Gladstone,  the  premier. - 
Aug.  14.    Eng.    Cetewayo  is  received 

by  the  Queen.' 
Aug.  16.    Eng.    Cetewayo  is  received 

by  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  The  half-castes  are 
called  Griquas,  and  are  active,  vigor- 
ous, enterprising,  and  courageous,  and 
much  superior  to  the  aborigines. 

*  *  CapeCotony.  Hottentots  are  but 
slightly  civilized,  and  preserve  tribal  re- 
lations in  the  remote  western  sections 
where  they  abound. 

*  *  Cape  Colony.  Bushmen  are  a  dimin- 
utive people  of  light  yellowish-brown 
complexion,  and  inhabit  the  western 
part  of  the  country. 

1886  *  *  Gold-seekers  outnumber  the 
Boers  in  Transvaal. 

1890*  *  Kaffraria.  "The  social  con- 
dition of  the  natives  is  very  bad,  owing 
to  their  poverty  and  their  use  of  intoxi- 
cating liquors."    (Encyc.  of  Missions.) 

Sept.  17.  Cape  Colony.  A  Portuguese 
steamer  loaded  with  kidnapped  na- 
tives arrives  at  Cape  Town  on  its  way 
from  Mozambique  to  the  west  coast. 

*  *  Bechuanaland.  Great  changes  have 
been  produced  by  the  missionaries  in 
the  costume,  houses,  customs,  and  re- 
ligion of  the  people. 

*  *  Bechuanaland.  The  Bechuanas  are 
a  people  of  fine  physique,  which  is  main- 
tained by  getting  rid  of  the  feeble  and 
sickly. 

*  *  Bechuanaland.  Young  men  and 
women  are  subjected  to  severe  physi- 
cal tests  before  they  are  declared  *'  men  " 
and  "  women;'*  the  dead  are  buried  with 
their  face  due  north,  whence  came  their 
ancestors. 


CAPE  COLONY. 


1880,  June  20-1890, 


603 


*  *  Natal.  Tlie  Zulus  believe  in  witch- 
craft, demons,  and  ancestral  spirits. 

*  'Polygamy  prevails  in  Central  Afrio.i, 
there  being  no  limit  to  the  number  of 
wives. 

There  is  no  law  to  forbid  the  marriage 
of  near  relatives.  Women  are  really 
servants,  and  with  the  slaves  do  all  the 
domestic  labor,  leaving  the  men  free  for 
feats  of  arms. 

STATK. 

1880  June  24±.  Cape  Town.  The  As- 
sembly rejects  the  Government's  plan 
for  a  conference  of  delegates  to  promote 
confederation. 

Aug.  1.  Sir  Bartle  E.  Frere,  Governor 
and  Lord  High  Commissioner,  is  re- 
called. 

Aug.  21.  London.  Sir  Hercules  G.  R. 
Hobinson  is  appointed  high  commis- 
sioner. 

1881  Feb.  27.  Natal.  Sir  George 
Pomeroy  Colley,  the  governor,  is  l^illed 
in  battle  at  Majuba  Hill. 

Mar.  21.  Transvaal.  A  treaty  of 
peace  is  signed. 

May  6, 7.  Cape  Town.  The  Sprigg 
Ministry  resigns ;  another  Ministry  is 
formed  by  Messrs.  Scanlen  and  Mol- 
teno. 

July  11±.  Eng.  Tlie  Queen  refuses  the 
petition  of  Cetevirayo,  as  king,  to  be  re- 
stored to  his  dominion. 

Aug.  8.  Trannvaal.  A  republic  is  es- 
tablished by  IJoens,  by  ;i  vote  of  the 
Volksraad  ;  Feter  J.  Joubert  i.s  the  first 
president. 

Sept.*  Zululand.  Gen.  Sir  Evelyn 
"Wood  makes  impcrtant  changes. 

Nov.  •  Natal.  Walter  J.  Sendall  is 
appointed  governor. 

Nov.  *  Natal.  The  colonists  are  disaf- 
fected toward  the  governor. 

T)60.*  Natal.  Sir  Henry  E.  G.  Bulwer 
is  nominated  governor, 

1882  Mar.  4.  Natal.  Governor  Bul- 
wer arrives. 

Aug.  *  Eng.  The  Government  consents 
to  Cetewayo's  partial  restoration  to 
authority. 

Oct.  *  Basutoland  is  again  disturbed  by 
Chief  Masupha. 

Dec.  •  Basutoland.    Peace  prevails. 

1883  Jam.  20.  Zululand.  The  resto- 
ration of  Cetewayo  as  king  of  the 
Zulus  is  proclaimed  at  UUnuii. 

Feb.  *  Basutoland.  The  Government 
gra»ts  self -government  to  the  natives. 

Junei  •  Basutoland .  The  British  re- 
sume a  conditional  government  over 
the  Basutos. 

July  27.  Cape  Town.  The  Parliament 
approves  the  agreement  made  by  the 
Ministers  with  the  Basutos. 

*  •  Transvaal.  S.  J.  Paul  Kruger  is 
elected  president  of  Transvaal,  now  a 
republic  under  the  "  suzerainty "  of 
Queen  Victoria. 

Oct.  16.    Natal.    Cetevirayo  surrenders 


himself  to  the  British,  and  is  taken  to 
Durban. 

Nov.  5.  Natal.  Cetewayo  is  removed 
to  Ekowe  in  Zululand. 

Dec.  8.  Basutoland.  The  Basuto 
chiefs,  with  the  exception  of  Joel,  ac- 
cept the  British  proposal. 

1884  Jan.  27,  28.  Zululand.  Cete- 
wayo escapes,  and  is  recaptured. 

Feb.  27.  London.  Aconventionis 
held  which  recognizes  the  South  Afri- 
can Republic  as  a  State,  and  restricting 
the  Queen's  suzerainty. 

May  7,  Captt  Town.  A  Ministerial  crisis 
ensue.s :  the  Ministry  resigns,  and  an 
Upington  Ministry  succeeds  it. 

May  21.  The  Boers  crown  Dinizulu 
king  of  the  Zulus  ;  he  pledges  his  fidel- 
ity to  the  British. 

Aug.*  Bechuanaland.  The  Dutch 
party  force  Mr.  Mackenzie,  the  British 
resident,  to  resign,  and  he  is  succeeded 
by  CecU  Rhodes. 

Sept.  *  Filibustering  Boers  seize  [and 
hold  for  a  short  time]  tiie  British  terri- 
tory of  Montsioa. 

Oct.  *  The  Ministry  is  committed  to  the 
use  of  Imperial  troops  in  suppressing 
the  Boers. 

Oct.  *  Bechrtanaland.  The  Imperial  gov- 
ernment appoints  Sir  Charles  "Warren 
as  special  commissioner. 

Dec*  Zululand.  The  British  raise  the 
flag  of  Great  Britain  in  St.  Lucia's  Bay. 

•  *  Namaqualand,  with  the  only  harbor 
on  the  neighboring  coast  at  Walfisch 
Bay,  is  annexed  to  Cape  Colony. 

1885  Jan.  29.  Bechuanaland.  Com- 
missioner Warren  comes  to  an  agree- 
ment with  President  Kruger, 

Feb.  24+.  Bechuanaland.  Commis- 
sioner Warren  establishes  military 
government. 

Mar.  23.  Bechuanaland.  The  British 
protectorate  is  proclaimed. 

Jtme  •  Stellaland.  The  Republic  of  Stel- 
laland  becomes  a  crown  colony. 

1886  Oct.  22±.  Natal.  Tlie  Legisla- 
tive Council  of  Natal  offers  to  admin- 
ister and  sustain  the  government  of 
Zululand  as  a  barrier  against  the  Boers. 

Oct,  27 ±,  Cape  Town.  The  British  Gov- 
ernment declines  the  offer  of  Natal. 

Nov.  4.  The  Boer  Republic  agrees  to 
the  projected  South  African  Repub- 
lic. 

Nov.  *  Cape  Town.  A  British  protec- 
torate over  Zululand  is  proposed. 

Nov.  25i.  Cape  Town.  A  new  Ministry 
is  formed,  with  Sir  J.  Gordon  Sprigg 
premier. 

1887  June  21.  Natal.  The  annexa- 
tion of  Zululand  by  Great  Britain  is 
proclaimed  at  Durban. 

Aug.*  Cape  Toivn.    The    Parliament 

passes  a  new  registration  Act,  which 

disfranchises  many  natives. 
Nov,  5±.    Natal.  Dinizulu,  king  of  the 

Zulus,  creates  disturbances, 
Nov,  7±.    Natal.    Many  of  the  Zulus 

submit  to  the  British. 


Nov,  13±.  Natal.  King  Dinizulu  sub- 
mits to  the  British, 

1888  Feb,*  Cape  Town.  Delegates 
from  Cape  Colony,  Natal,  and  the  Orange 
Free  State  meet  in  conference,  and 
discuss  measures  for  a  customs  union, 

Feb,  18,  Cape  Town.  The  conference 
of  delegates  closes. 

Oct.±*  Bechuanaland  opposes  annex- 
ation to  Cape  Colony  by  an  adverse  vote. 

Nov.  15.  Undabuko,  the  king's  uncle, 
and  Somkeli,  a  Zulu  rebel  chief,  are 
brought  to  trial  for  treason, 

1889  June  3,  Cape  Town.  Sir  Her- 
cules Robinson  retires  from  the  com- 
missionership  of  South  Africa. 

Jime  22,  Sir  Henry  Brougham  Iiock 
accepts  the  governorsiiip  of  Cape  Colony, 

July  20.  Cape  Town.  The  TJ,  S,  Con- 
sul charges  the  Government  with  im- 
prisoning American  citizens, 

Oct,  29,  Cape  Tmm.  The  British 
South  African  Company  receives  its 
charter. 

1800  Mar,  IS,  The  British  consul  at 
Mozambique  is  reported  to  have  raised 
and  saluted  the  British  flag  in  the 
Shire  district, 

*  »  An  Anglo-German  agreement  de- 
fines the  sphere  of  British  influence, 

July  16,  Cape  Town.  A  new  cabinet  is 
formed,  with  Cecil  Rhodes  premier, 

July  28,  Cape  Town.  In  the  Legisla- 
tive Assembly,  Premier  Rhodes  gives  no- 
tice of  a  motion  expressing  regret  that 
the  Colony  has  not  been  consulted 
on  the  Anglo-German  agreement,  so 
far  as  it  relates  to  the  territory  south  of 
the  Zambesi  river. 

Aug.  1.  Cape  Tovm.  The  Franchise 
Bill  passes  the  Legislative  Assembly. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1883  June  20.  Natal.  John  Wm. 
Colenso,  bishop  of  Natal,  dies. 

Aug,  0,  Robert  Moffat,  Scottish  mis- 
sionary, dies. 

1884  Feb,  8,  Cetewayo,  a  Zulu  chief, 
dies. 

1885  Nov.  28,  The  railroad  to  Kim- 
berley  is  opened. 

1886  *  •  Cape  Colony  has  a  population 
of  1,252,347, 

1887  Deo,  15,  Sir  Hercules  Robinson 
opens  the  South  African  Jubilee  Ex- 
hibition at  Graham's  Town. 

1800  Feb.  26.  Immigrants  by  the 
hundred  are  pouring  into  Nyassaland 
and  southeastern  Africa. 

*  *  One-third  of  the  population  of  Cape 
Colony  are  breeders  of  stock, 

July  30,    Zululand.    Famine  prevails. 

Aug.  26,  London.  A  company  is  organ- 
ized to  develop  the  country  south  of 
Iiake  Tanganyika. 

Sept.  6.  Premier  Rhodes  announces  that 
connection  will  be  made  with  the  Dela- 
goa  Bay  railroad  line  at  Vaal  River. 

Sept.  20.  Cape  Town.  The  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  Bank  stispends  payment. 


604      1890,*  * -1894,  Dec.  13.         CAPE   COLONY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1891  July  2.  Mashonaland.  Armed 
Boers  begin  the  *'  big  trek,"  but  are 
driven  out  by  British  troops  and  police. 

1893    Jan.  15.    The  Umzizi  tribe  in 

Pondoland  defeats  Chief  Sigeau  in  battle, 
killing  250  of  bis  men. 

Oct.  3.  The  Matabele  warriors  attack 
the  police  of  the  South  African  Char- 
tered Company.  Sir  Henry  I^ock,  com- 
missioner at  Victoria,  is  preparing  to 
repel  their  attacks. 

Oct.  4,  The  Matabeles  under  King  Lo- 
beiigula  are  inarching  on  Fort  Victo- 
ria ;  a  strong  force  is  sent  to  meet  them. 

Oct.  6.  Fightingoccurs  in  Mashonaland 
between  the  Matabeles  and  the  British 
South  African  Company's  forces. 

Oct.  20.  The  Matabeles  are  twice  de- 
feated by  the  British  forces,  with  a  loss 
of  100  warriors. 

Oct.  24.  Gov.  Sir  Henry  liock,  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  notifies  the  Chair- 
man of  the  British  South  African  Com- 
pany that  sole  control  of  the  operations 
against  the  Matabeles  has  been  placed 
in,  his  hands  by  the  home  Govern- 
ment. 

Oct.  27.  In  a  battle  between  the  Mat- 
abeles and  the  troops  of  the  British 
South  African  Company,  the  former  are 
severely  defeated  with  300  killed. 

Nov.  1.  The  British  forces  defeat  the 
Matabeles  with  heavy  loss,  and  cap- 
ture Buluwayo,  their  capital. 

Nov.  2.  The  Matabeles  are  defeated 
with  a  loss  of  five  hundred  warriors,  and 
the  British  forces  are  in  pursuit  of  King 
Lobengula. 

Nov.  8.  A  Matabele  attack  is  repulsed 
by  a  British  force,  sixty  of  the  former 
being  killed. 

Nov.  9.  The  British  forces  are  in  pos- 
session of  Buluwayo,  King  Loben- 
gula's  capital,  after  a  battle,  in  which 
over  a  thousand  Matabele  warriors  are 
killed  or  wounded.  An  ultimatum  is 
offered  by  the  British. 


Nov.  20.  liObengula,  King  of  the 
Matabeles,  declares  that  he  is  ready  to 
surrender,  but  that  his  young  warriors 
will  not  give  their  consent. 

Nov.  22.  The  Matabeles  under  King 
Lobengula  are  again  defeated,  and  run 
away  after  the  battle. 

Nov.  23.  The  Matabele  army  la  dis- 
persed, and  Lobengula  is  a  fugitive. 

Nov.  26.  It  is  announced  that  the  Mat- 
abeles are  completely  subjugated; 
that  King  Lobengula  has  fled,  and  liis 
men  are  ready  to  lay  down  their  arms. 

Nov.  27.  Loiufon.  Reports  are  received 
of  the  massacre  of  Capts.  "Wilson  and 
Barrow  and  their  entire  forces  by  the 
Alatabeles. 

Dec.  13.  Part  of  Major  Forbes's  com- 
mand is  attacked  by  Lobengula's  war- 
riors, and  forced  to  retreat. 

1894  Jan.  13.  The  tidings  that  Capt, 
AVilson  and  his  command  were  mas- 
sacred by  the  Matabeles  is  confirmed. 

Jan.  20.  King  Lobengula  with  a  few 
of  his  followers  is  entrenched  close  to 
the  Zambesi  River ;  quietness  rules  else- 
where.   [Jan.  23.    He  dies  of  fever.] 

Aug.  16.  So.  Af.  Republic.  Kafirs  still 
continue  to  devastate  the  Boer  farms, 
and  kill  the  farmers  and  their  families  ; 
Government  troops  are  on  the  way  to 
the  scene  of  trouble. 

Aug.  17.  So.  Af.  Republic.  A  force  sent 
by  the  Boers  against  the  Kafirs  in  the 
Transvaal  is  defeated,  and  the  outrages 
on  the  part  of  the  Kafirs  continue. 

Aug.  24.±,  So.  Af.  Republic,  Kafir  Chief 
Malaboch  and  seven  companions  sur- 
render to  the  Boers. 

Sept.  25.  A  large  force  of  Kafirs,  led 
by  Chief  Mahazula,  is  marching  to  at- 
tack the  town  of  Lourenco  Marquez  in 
Portuguese  South  Africa  on  Delagoa 
Bay ;  the  streets  of  the  town  are  barri- 
caded, and  defended  with  Nordenfeld 
guns,  the  British  residents  and  other 
foreigners  forming  a  volunteer  garrison, 
[Sept.  26.  The  town  is  besieged  by 
7,000  Kafirs.  Oct.  13.  The  Kafirs  have 
captured  part  of  the  town.] 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  LETTERS. 

1890  *  *  KaffraHa.  The  Dutch,  Eng- 
lish, and  Kafir  languages  are  spoken. 

*  *"Kajfraria.  The  Bible  and  many 
other  books  have  been  given  to  the 
people  in  their  native  language. 

1894  Apr.  4.  Maiabeleland.  Ancient 
Roman  coins  are  foiuid. 

STATE. 

1892  May  3.  Cape  Totcn.  A  new- 
Ministry  is  formed,  with  Cecil  Rhodes 
premier. 

May  11.  Natal.  The  Legislative 
Council  establishes  responsible  govern- 
ment. 

June  20.  Cape  Colony.  The  Cape  Par- 
liament opens. 

July  1.  Bechuanaland .  The  Bechua- 
naland  Protectorate  enters  into  a  cus- 
toms union. 

*  *  Cape  Colony  and  South  Africa  have 
2,250  miles  of  railroads. 

1893  July  4.  Natal,  Sir  Charles  Mit- 
chell, the  governor,  proclaims  the  new 
Constitution. 

Aug.  25.  Matabeleland .  Xiobengula, 
the  King  of  the  Matabele,  demands  that 
Mashonaland  should  be  given  up  to 
him  by  the  British. 

*  *  A  petition  signed  by  10,000  Malays  is 
sent  to  the  Imperial  Government  against 
an  Asiatic  influx  from  the  Orient. 

1894  Jan.  6.  Cape  Town.  The  Gov- 
ernment has  appointed  a  committee  to 
inquire  into  the  leprosy  question. 

Feb.  22.  Nyassaland  district  becomes 
"The  British  Central  Africa  Pro- 
tectorate." 

Apr.  25.  Matabeleland.  Thecountryis 
thrown  open  to  people  of  every  na^ 
tion  under  the  general  land  and  mining 
laws. 

*  *  Matabeleland.  Buluwayo  rapidly  ad- 
vances in  population  and  importance. 
Salisbury  suffers  a  corresponding  de- 
pression. A  telegraph  line  is  extended 
into  the  region  beyond  Buluwayo. 


CHILE. 

Chile  ia  a  republic  extending  along  the  west  coast  of  South  America,  having  Santiago  for  its  capital.  Area,  about  250,000 
square  miles  ;  population  in  1891,  estimated  at  2,817,552. 

The  government  is  administered  by  a  President  and  a  Congress  that  consists  of  two  houses,  a  Senate  and  a  Chamber  of 
Deputies.  The  senators  are  elected  by  twenty-three  provinces,  and  the  deputies  by  the  departments.  The  popular  language  is 
Spanish,  and  the  prevailing  religion  is  Homan  Catholic. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1450  *  *  The  Peruvian  Inca  Yupanqui 
leads  an  army  into  Northern  Chile,  and 
either  wins  or  conquers  the  Indians. 

1535  *  *  (or  1536)  Diego  de  Almagro 
leads  the  first  Spanish  invasion  in 
search  of  gold  and  glory,  and  is  driven 
back  with  much  loss,  chiefly  because  of 
the  climate  and  starvation. 

1535+  •  *  'War  with  the  Arauoanians 
begins. 


1540:):  *  'Don Pedro deValdivia leads 
an  army  which  is  driven  back  by  the 
brave  Araucauians. 

1541  *  »  Valdivia,  with  Indian  allies,  con- 
quers nearly  all  of  Chile,  under  order 
of  Pizarro.  [1543.  Indians  besiege  Val- 
divia, till  relieved  by  reenforcements.] 

1547  *  *  Valdivia  goes  to  Peru  as  an 
ally  of  Gasca. 

1549  •  ♦  The  assaults  of  the  Arauoa- 
nians imperil  the  very  existence  of  the 
Spaniards. 


1550  *  •  Valdivia  returns  with  a  fresh 

army,  and  is  resisted  by  Arauoanians 

under  the   brave  I^autaro,  an  escaped 

captive. 
1554    Jan.  1.    Valdivia  is  defeated  and 

killed   by  the  Indians  at  the  battle  of 

Tucapel. 
1556  *  *  Count    Garcia    Hurtado  de 

Mendoza  succeeds  to  the  command  of 

the  Spaniards. 

The  Indians  are  finally  repulsed  [and 
a  doubtful  war  of  conquest  Is  continued 
by  the  Spaniards  for  nearly  50  years  J. 


CHILE. 


1450,  **-1808, 


605 


1557  *  • -65* 'Mendoza  gathers  a 
force  of  Spaniards,  and  leads  them 
against  the  Indians  under  Caupolican  ; 
several  battles  are  fought,  and  the  Span- 
iards are  finally  victorious. 

1586  *  *  Three  ships,  commanded  by  Sir 
Thomas  Cavendish,  land  in  Quintero 
Bay,  and  attempt  to  subjugate  the 
country  to  British  rule. 

1723*  *'War  begins  between  the 
Spaniards  and  the  Indians  [continu- 
ing interraittingly  tor  50  years], 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1500+  *  *  Chileans  practise   weaving 

and  agriculture. 
1570  ♦  *  An  earthquake  destroys  2,000 

lives  at  Concepcion. 
1712  *  *  Am^de    Francois  Fr^zier,  the 
French    military  engineer,  visits    the 
coast. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1654  Jan.  1.  Valdlvia.  Pedro  de.  com- 
mander, A54±. 

1610  Aue.  lO.  Kamon,  Garcia,  eminent 
for  his  ability,  humanity,  and  public 
worth,  dies. 

1620  Nov.  20.  UUoa,  Lopez  de,  governor, 
dies. 

1778  *  *  Infante.  Jos6  Miguel,  statesman, 
born. 

1800  *  •  Perez,  Jo86  Joaquin,  president,  b. 

CHURCH. 

1553  *  *  The  Dominicans  and  Fran- 
ciscans arrive,  and  establish  settle- 
ments. 

1563  »  *  Pope  Pius  IV.  appoints  Fr.  Bar- 
tolem^  Boderigo  Gonzales  Marmolejo 
first  bishop  of  Santiago. 

1567  *  *  Fr.  Fernando  Banloneuvo  is 
elected  bishop. 

1570  *  *  A  bishopric  is  established  in 
the  city  of  Imperial ;  Fr.  Antonio  de 
San  Miguel  y  Solier,  a  Franciscan,  is 
appointed  the  first  bishop. 

1593  •  *  The  Jesuits  arrive  with  Loyola, 
a  nephew  of  the  founder  of  the  -order. 

1595  *  *  The  Augustines  arrive. 

1615  *  •  The  Hospitallers  of  St.  John 
of  God  arrive. 

1767  *  *  The  Jesuits  are  expelled  from 
the  country. 

SOCIETY. 
1690  *  •  Janequeo  determines  to  avenge 
the  death  of  her  husband,  and  leads 
an  army  against  the  Spanish. 

STATE. 
1450  *  *  The  Peruvians  acquire  terri- 
tory from  the  Indians  Inhabiting  Chile. 
1516  *  •  Sp.    Charles  I.  is  enthroned. 

1533  *  •  The  Peruvian  dominion  in 
Chile  ceases. 

1534  Jan.*  Diego deAlmagro receives 
his  commission  as  governor  of  New  Cas- 
tile (Chile). 

Nov.  13.  Francisco  Pizarro  and  Alma- 
gro  make  a  fruitless  effort  to  settle 
their  disputed  boundaries. 

1538  *  *  Pedro  de  Valdivia,  an  officer 
of  Pizarro,  explores  the  west  coast  of 
South  America  to  40"  South. 


1541  Feb.  12.  Valdivia  founds  San- 
tiago. 

*  *  The  conquests  of  Almagro  make 
Chile  a  Spanish  province. 

1544  Sept.  3.  Valdivia  founds  Valpa- 
raiso. 

1547  i  *  *  The  appointment  of  Francisco 
de  Villagran  as  captain-general  marks 
the  close  of  the  period  of  conquest. 

1550  *  •  The  Spanish  under  Pedro  de 
Valdivia  found  the  city  of  Coneepeion. 

1553  *  *  The  Indians  destroy  Concep- 
cion. 

1556  *  *  Sp.    PhiUp  n.  is  enthroned. 

1557  Apr.  *  Garcia  Hurtado  de  Men- 
doza  arrives  in  the  Bay  of  Concepcion 
as  captain-general. 

1568  *  *  Philip  II.  detaches  Chile  from 
Peru,  and  a  Royal  Audencia  is  estab- 
lished. 

1575  *  *  The  court  of  Spain  becomes  dis- 
satisfied with  the  condition  of  affairs, 
and  dissolves  the  Koyal  Audencia, 
and  orders,  its  members  back  to  Peru. 

*  *  Eodrigo  de  Quiroga  is  appointed  gov- 
ernor. 

1580  *  *  Martin  Euiz  de  Gamboa  is  ap- 
pointed governor. 

1583  *  *  Alonso  de  Sotomayor  is  ap- 
pointed governor. 

1593  *  *  Martin  Garcia  Oflez  de  Iioyola 
is  appointed  governor. 

1598*  »-1600*  •Holland  sends  five 
war-ships  to  the  coast. 

*  *  Sp,    Philip  111.  is  enthroned. 
1599*  *  Francisco    Quinones  is  ap- 
pointed governor. 

1600+  •  *  Alonso  Garcia  Bamon  is  ap- 
pointed governor;  later,  Alonso  de  Ri- 
vera. 

1610  *  *  Luis  Merlo  de  la  Puenta  is  ap- 
pointed governor. 

1612  *  *  Alonso  de  Rivera  is  again  ap- 
pointed governor. 

1617  *  *  Fernando  Talaveranno  is  ap- 
pointed governor ;  ten  months  later, 
Lopez  de  UUoa. 

1620  •  *  Cristoval  de  la  Cerda  is  ap- 
pointed governor. 

1621  *  *  Sp.    Philip  rV.  is  enthroned. 

*  *  Pedro  Sorez  de  UUoa  is  appointed 
governor. 

1624  *  *  Francisco  de  Alva  y  Nomena 

is  appointed  governor  ;  six  months  later, 

Luis  Fernandez  de  Cordova  y  Arce  is 

appointed. 
1629  *  *  Francisco  Laso  de  la  Vega  is 

appointed  governor. 
1641    Jan.  6.    A  treaty  of   peace  is 

entered  between  the  Spaniards  and  the 

Araucanians. 
1645  *  *  Martin  de  Muzica  is  appointed 

governor. 

*  *  *  Alonso  de  Cordova  y  Figuerva  is 
governor. 

*  *  *  Antonio  de  Acuna  y  Cabrera  is 
governor. 

1655  •  *  -65  *  *  Pedro  Portale  Casanate 
is  appointed  governor ;  later,  Diego  Gon- 
zales Montero,  Angel  de  Pereda,  and 
Francisco  de  IVleneses. 


1665  *  »  After  vainly  trying  for  100  years 
to  drive  the  Indians  south  of  the  Biobio, 
the  Spaniards  make  a  treaty  of  peace. 
*  •  Sp.    Charles  II.  is  enthroned. 

1667i  *  *  The  Marquis  of  Navamor- 
quende  is  appointed  governor. 

1670  *  *  -1717  *  *  The  governors  are  ; 
Montero,  a  second  time,  Juan  Henu- 
quez,  Jose  de  Gano,  Torads  Martin  de 
Poveda,  Francisco  Ibanez  de  Peralta, 
Juan  Andres  de  Ustariz,  and  Jos^  de 
Santiago  Concha. 

1700  *  *  Sp.    PhUlp  V.  is  enthroned. 

1707*  *-17*  *  The  French  blockade 
all  the  ports  of  Chile,  and  take  possession 
of  the  commerce. 

1720+  *  *  Gabriel  Cano  de  Aponte  is 
governor. 

1722  *  *  After  a  struggle  of  180  years 
the  Chileans  make  a  treaty  with  the 
Spaniards,  separating  a  part  of  the  coun- 
try to  form  Spanish  Chile. 

1724  *  •  Sp,  Louis  I.  is  enthroned ; 
later  in  the  year  Philip  V.  is  again  en- 
throned. 

1735  *  *  The  governors  are  :  Francisco 
Sanchez  de  la  Baneda,  Manuel  de  Sala- 
manca, and  Jos6  de  Manso. 

1742  *  •  Manso  founds  nine  cities  by 
order  of  the  king  to  collect  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  country  in  urban  societies. 

+*  *  Francisco  de  Obando  is  governor ; 
later,  Domingo  Ortiz  de  Rosas. 

1746*  *  Sp.  Ferdinand  VI.  is  en- 
throned. 

1753+ *  *  Manuel  Amat  is  appointed 
governor. 

1759  *  *  Sp.    Charles  III.  is  enthroned. 

*  *  *  Antonio  de  Guill  y  Gonzaga  is  ap- 
pointed governor. 

*  •  *  Francisco  Xavier  de  Morales  is  ap- 
pointed governor. 

1773  *  *  Agustin  de  Jauregui  is  ap- 
pointed governor. 

1778  *  *  The  ports  of  Spain  are  thrown 
open  to  the  colonies,  and  free  com- 
merce with  the  French  is  permitted. 

1781  *  *  Ambrosio  de  Benavides  is  ap- 
pointed governor. 

1787  Nov.  21.  Ambrosio  O'Hlggins 
is  appointed  governor-general.  [He 
proves  to  be  a  superior  governor.] 

1788  *  *  Sp.  Charles  IV.  is  enthroned. 
1796    Sept.  18.    Gen.GabrieldeAviles 

is  appointed  governor. 

1799  Mar.  15.  Joaquin  del  Pino  is 
appointed  governor. 

1802  Jan.  30.  Luis  MuBoz  de  Guz- 
man is  appointed  governor. 

1808  *  *  Francisco  Antonio  Carrasco  is 
appointed  governor. 

*  *  Sp.  Ferdinand  VII.  is  enthroned  ; 
and  later  in  the  year,  Joseph  Bona- 
parte. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1747  *  «  The  University  of  San  Felipe 
Is  established  at  Santiago. 


606    1810,  **-1889,  **. 


CHILE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

WAR  OF  THE  KEVOLUTION. 

1811  Apr.*  The  patriots  rout  a 
body  of  Spaniards  in  Santiago,  with 
much  loss  on  both  sides,  aud  thus  shed 
the  first  blood  for  independence. 

1813  *  *  Gen.  Paroja  brings  a  powerful 
Spanish  army  ;  they  are  twice  defeated 
by  the  patriots,  but  being  reenforced, 
are  finally  victorious. 

1817  *  *  The  patriots  are  reenforced 
from  Buenos  Ayres. 

1818  Feb.  12.  The  Spaniards  are 
suddenly  attacked  by  Gen.  O'Higgins  at 
Chacabuco,  in  the  plains  of  Maipo,  an<l 
defeated  with  heavy  loss,  while  the  pa- 
triots thereby  secure  the  independence 
of  Chile. 

*  *  The  Chileans  send  a  force  to  aid  the 
Peruvians  against  the  Spanish. 

Feb.  19.  The  patriots  under  Jos^  de 
San  Martin  are  defeated  at  the  battle 
of  Chanch  Rayada  with  great  loss. 

Apr.  5.  The  patriots  under  San  Martin 
win  a  decisive  battle  at  the  Maipo. 

*  *  *The  Cumberland  is  purchased  in 
London,  and  renamed  San  Martin. 

Oct.  28.  The  San  Martin  captures  the 
Maria  Isabel  from  the  Spanish.  She  is 
taken  to  Valparaiso,  reraoimted,  and  re- 
named the  O'Higgins. 

±  *  *  The  navy  is  greatly  strengthened 
by  the  adding  of  the  Galvarino^  Arau- 
cano,  Intrepid,  and  the  Independencia. 

1820  Feb.  2,  3,  4.  Naval  battle; 
Lord  Cochrane  in  the  0*IIi(/gins  takes 
Valdivia. 

1851  Apr.  ♦  Battle  between  the  Gov- 
ernment troops  and  insurrectionists  ; 
Col.  Urriola  and  200  or  300  others 
are  killed. 

Sept.  *  Insurrectionists  under  Gen. 
Jos6  Maria  de  la  Cruz  resist  the  Gov- 
ernment ;  4,000  lives  are  lost  in  the  series 
of  conflicts. 

Dec.  8.  The  revolt  is  crushed  by  the 
defeat  of  Gen.  Cruz  at  the  battle  of 
Longamilla. 

1858  Dec*  The  insiurrection  of  Pedro 
Gallo  breaks  out. 

1859  Apr.  *  The  insurrection  is  com- 
pletely suppressed. 

Oct.  *  The  war  is  renewed  under  Presi- 
dent Perez. 

1866  Mar.  31.  "War  with  Spain;  a 
Spanish  force  bombards  Valparaiso. 

Apr.  14.  The  blockade  by  Spain  is 
ended. 

1878  Dec.  *  Chileans  seize  the  Boliv- 
ian forts. 

1879  *  *  A  long  war  with  Peru  and 
Bolivia.  Cause,  dispute  concerning  a 
strip  of  coast  territory,  rich  in  guano 
and  nitrate  of  soda,  and  because  of  a 
secret  treaty  between  Peru  and  Bolivia. 

Feb.  14.  Chileans  imder  Col.  Soto- 
mayor  occupy  the  Bolivian  port  of 
Antofjigasta. 


Mar.  23.  An  indecisive  engagement  is 
fought  at  Calama  on  the  banks  of  the 
Ijoa. 

Apr.  5.    Chileans  blockade  Iquique. 

Apr.  18.    Chileans  bombard  Pisaqua. 

May  21,  23.  In  a  naval  action  near 
Iquique,  the  Peruvian  iron-clad,  tnr- 
reted  steam-ship  Uuancar  rams  the 
Chilean  wooden  corvette  Esmeralda,  in 
which  about  110  men  perish,  and  the 
Peruvian  iron-clad  Independenvla  is  run 
on  a  rock  while  chasing  the  Covadonr/Oy 
and  becomes  a  total  wreck.  The  block- 
ade is  raised. 

July  29.  The  Huascar  captures  two 
Chilean  vessels  in  the  port  at  Iquique, 
and  raises  the  liloekade. 

Oct.  8.  The  Chilean  fleet  of  six  vessels 
captures  the  Peruvian  ironclad  IIu- 
ascar  off  jMejilloncs ;  the  admiral  and 
many  others  are  killed. 

Nov.  2^ .  Gen.  Escala  lauds  10,000  Chile- 
ans, bombards  Pisagua,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Tarapaca,  and  takes  the  city 
from  Gen.  Buendia. 

Nov.  19.  The  Chileans  defeat  the  allies 
at  San  Francisco, 

Nov.  22.  Battle  of  San  Francisco  ; 
Iquique  surrenders  to  5,000  Chileans, 
who  liave  defeated  the  combined  armies 
of  Peru  and  Bolivia,  11,000  strong,  near 
the  city. 

Nov.  27  ir.  The  allies  are  again  de- 
feated near  Tarapac&,  and  the  town 
is  taken  by  the  Chileans;  both  sides 
suffer  heavy  losses. 

Dec.  18.  The  retreating  Peruvians 
arrive  at  Arica. 

1880  Feb.  27.  An  indecisive  naval  en- 
gagement takes  place  near  Arica. 

Apr.  18.  The  Cliileans  blockade  Cal- 
lao,  Peru,  and  alarm  Lima. 

Apr.  22+.  The  Chileans  bombard  Cal- 
lao. 

May  10.  The  Chileans  again  bombard 
Callao. 

May  26.  The  allies  are  defeated  in  a 
bloody  battle  at  Tacna,  Chile,  by  the 
Chileans,  and  the  town  surrenders. 
Chilean  loss,  2,128  killed  and  wounded  ; 
Peruvian  loss,  2,500  killed  and  wounded ; 
Bolivian  loss,  not  estimated. 

June  7.  The  Chileans,  under  Gen.  Man- 
uel Baquedano,  take  the  port  of  Arica 
by  assault. 

July  3.  Peruvians  sink  the  Chilean 
transport  Loa  by  means  of  a  torpedo  or 
infernal  machine. 

*  *  Extended  negotiations  for  peace  ar- 
rest the  military  movements. 

Sept.  14.  While  bombarding  Callao,  the 
Peruvians  blow^  up  the  Covadonga, 
near  Chancay,  by  means  of  torpedoes 
concealed  in  a  captured  gig. 

Oct.  9.  The  Peruvians  attempt  to 
blow  up  Chilean  ironclads  by  means 
of  a  sunken  boat  filled  with  powder,  but 
fail  in  the  attempt. 

Dec.  30+.  The  Chileans  send  a  force  of 
2,500  men  to  Peru. 


1881  Jan.  4.  The  Chileans,  23,000 
strong,  storm  Lurin,  which  is  defended 
by  33,500  men  and  200  cannon. 

Jan.  13.  The  Chileans  again  defeat  the 
Peruvians  in  a  severe  battle  at  Chorri- 
Uos.  Chilean  loss,  2,000  to  3,000  ;  Peru- 
vian, loss  over  4,000,  besides  many  more 
taken  prisoners. 

Jan.  15.  Peru.  The  Chileans  again  de- 
feat the  Peruvians  at  Miraflores  in  a 
bloody  battle.  The  Peruvian  army  is 
routed,  and  the  fleet  is  now  annihilated. 

Jan.  17:t.  Peru.  The  victorious  Chile- 
ans enter  Lima,  and  Pierola  flees. 

Jan.  23.  Peru.  The  Chileans  take 
Callao,  and  the  war  virtually  ends. 
Total  loss  to  the  Chileans,  10,000  men  in 
killed  and  wounded.  The  Chileans  have 
not  lost  a  battle  during  the  entire  cam- 
paign, 

1882  July  *  The  war  is  resumed  be- 
cause of  the  interference  of  outside  par- 
ties, and  several  indecisive  engagements 
favor  the  Chileans. 

1883  July  10.  Peru.  Tlie  Peruvians 
are  defeated  in  a  severe  battle  at  Hu- 
anuco. 

July  13.  Peru.  The  Peruvians  are  de- 
feated by  Gen.  Grostiago.  Peruvians 
lose  900  killed  and  as  many  wounded ; 
Chileans  lose  56  killed  and  104  wounded. 
[July  15.  Tiie  Peruvians  defeated. 
July  16.  Again  defeated.  July  19.  Col. 
Grostiago  defeats  the  Peruvians  at 
Huanuco.] 

Oct.  23.    Peru.    Chileans  evacuate  Lima. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1822  Nov.  19.  Santiago  suffers  from 
an  earthquake;  the  coast  of  Chile  is 
permanently  raised. 

1829  *  *  Santiago  is  again  damaged  by 
an  earthquake. 

1835  Feb.  20.  An  earthquake  does 
immense  damage ;  not  a  house  left  stand- 
ing in  the  City  of  Concepcion. 

1851  Apr.  2.  An  earthquake  wrecks 
nioie  than  400  houses  at  Valparaiso. 

1858  *  *  The  first  issue  of  the  lievista 
Medica-Quirurjica,  the  lievista  del  Pa- 
cijicoy  and  the  Correo  Literario. 

*  *  Prominent  newspapers  are  the  El 
Mercurio  de  Proinncias  and  El  Mercuric 
del  Vapor  and  the  lievista  de  Ciencias 
y  Lctras,  a  superior  literary  paper. 

1871  Oct.*  Gold-mines  are  discov- 
ered near  Iquique. 

1880  Sept.  13.  An  earthquake  at 
Illapel  near  Valparaiso  kills  about  200 
people. 

1889  Jan.  14.  A  great  storm  rages 
at  Valparaiso. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1826  *  *  Raqnedano,  Manuel,  gpneral.  born. 
1630  *   *  Sotomayor  y  Vald^s,  Katiion,  jour- 
nalist, born. 
1844*  *  Infante f  Job6  Miguel,  statesman. 

Am. 

1850  *  *  f'arey,  Eleanor,  actor,  born. 

1873    Nov.  S3.    I'ruz,  Jose   Maria    de   la, 

weneral.  A72. 
1886*  *  VuMina,    Benjamin     Vicuna     M.-io- 

kenna,  tiistorian,  A55. 


CHILE. 


1810,  **-1889,  **.    GOT 


CHURCH. 

1854  *  *  The  second  chamber  rejects  the 
resolution  of  the  Senate  to  readmit  the 
Jesuits. 

1861  *  *  liOta  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  South  American  Missionary- 
Society;  is  opened  by  Captain  Allen 
Gardiner  of  London. 

1863  Dec.  8.  The  Jesuits'  church  at 
Santiago  is  consumed  by  fire  on  the 
feast  of  the  Immaculate  Conception  of 
tlie  Virgin  Mary,  when  brilliantly  il- 
luminated, and  having  many  combus- 
tible ornaments  ;  more  than  2,000  persons 
perish. 

Dec.  20.  The  Government  orders  the 
church  of  the  Jesuits  at  Santiago  to  bo 
razed  to  the  ground;  public  indigna- 
tion at  the  fanaticism  of  the  priests. 

1865  July  *  An  act  of  toleration  in 
religion  is  passed. 

1880  *  *  Concepcion  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
(North)  of  U.  S.  A. 

SOCIETY. 
1882  *  *  Two  men  are  killed  and  seven 
wounded  in  the  elections. 

1885  *  *  In  the  elections  17  men  are 
killed  and  165  wounded. 

1886  *  *  In  the  elections  46  men  are 
killed  and  IGO  are  wounded. 

1889  Mar.  18.  The  Government  issues 
a  decree  prohibiting  the  immigration 
of  Chinese  laborers,  but  offering  free 
passage,  board,  and  lodging  to  Euro- 
peans. 

STATE. 

1810  *  *  AH  the  Spanish  rulers  have 
treated  the  Chileans  with  injustice  and 
exasperating  selfishness,  which  prepares 
them  for  revolution. 

REVOLUTION  BEGINS. 
July  *  Spain  being  helpless  under  the 
feet  of  France,  the  Chileans  assert  in- 
dependence by  deposing  the  Spanish 
president. 
Sept.  10.  Chileans  declare  their  in- 
dependence of  Spain. 

The  executive  power  is  entrusted  to 
a  committee  of  seven  men. 

1811  Dec.  20.  A  triumvirate  is  ap- 
pointed to  conduct  the  government. 

1813*  *  The  sovereignty  of  Spain  is 
finaUy  reestablished  by  the  army  of 
Paroja  [and  continues  three  years]. 

1818  Feb.  12.  Chile  is  again  declared 
independent  of  Spain  ;  Gen.  O'Higgins 
is  dictator. 

1823*  *A  popular  uprising  compels 
O'Higgins  to  resign,  and  a  provisional 
triumvirate  holds  the  government  for 
a  few  weeks. 

1826  *  *  -30  *  *  The  government  is  ad- 
ministered by  six  different  directors 
in  addition  to  a  second  provisional 
triumvirate. 

1827  *  *  Gen.  Fuere  is  elected  first 
president. 

1828  May  8.  Gen.  Francisco  Anibal 
Pinto  is  elected  president. 


*  *  A  constitution  is  promulgated,  which 
temporarily  reconciles  contending 
parties. 

1830  Mar.  31.  Tom&s  Ovalle  is 
elected  president. 

1831  *  *  Gen.  Pueto  is  elected  president. 

*  *  A  convention  is  called  to  revise  the 
Constitution. 

1833  May  22.  The  Constitution  is 
established  [and  continues] ;  good  gov- 
ernment and  general  prosperity  follow. 

1841  *  *  Gen.  Bulnes  is  elected  presi- 
dent.   [He  is  reelected.] 

1851  Apr,  *  An  insurrection  is  led  by 
Col.  Urriola. 

May  8.    A  new  tariff  is  introduced. 
Oct.  18.    Manuel  Montt  is  elected 

president.     [He  is  afterward  reelected.] 
Sept.  *  An  insurrection  is  led  by  Gen. 

Cruz,  the  defeated  candidate  at  the  last 

election  ;    it   conies    perilously   near   a 

revolution. 

1852  June  30.  A  treaty  with  Prance 
is  concluded. 

1856  Apr.  30.  A  treaty  with  the 
Argentine  Republic  is  concluded. 

Nov.  *  A  treaty  with  Great  Britain, 
and  one  with  Ecuador,  and  another  with 
Peru  are  made. 

*  *  Treaties  are  made  with  the  United 
States  and  with  Sardinia. 

1861  ♦  *  Josfi  Joaquin  Perez  is  elected 
president. 

1864  Mar.  1.  A  rupture  occurs  be- 
tween Chile  and  Solivia  respecting 
the  valuable  guano  islands. 

May  20.  The  Spanish  Minister  settles 
the  dispute  between  Chile  and  Spain 
respecting  Peru. 

July  25.  Sp.  The  Government  disap- 
proves of  the  settlement  made  respect- 
ing Peru. 

Sept.  17.  Satisfaction  is  claimed  by 
the  Spanish  admiral  Jos^  Manuel  Pa- 
reja  y  Septien  at  Valparaiso  for  Chilean 
interference  in  the  war  with  Peru. 

Sept.  21.  The  Chileans  refuse  the 
satisfaction  demanded  by  Spain. 

Sept.  24.  Adm.  Septien  declares  a  block- 
ade. 

Sept.  29.  "War  is  declared  by  Chile 
against  Spain. 

1865  July  1.  The  act  of  religious 
toleration  is  passed. 

Dec.  5.    Chile  joins  Peru. 

1866  Jan.  14.  An  offensive  and  defen- 
sive treaty  between  Peru  and  Chile 
against  Spain  is  formally  announced. 

1871  *  *Pederico  En6.ziu:is  is  elected 

president. 
1873    Feb.  6.    Bolivia  and  Peru  enter 

into  a  secret  treaty  to  guarantee  the 

independence  of  each  other.     [Later  it 

causes  war  with  Chile.] 
1874*  * -79  *  *Dispute9    respecting 

boundaries  and  niter  beds  lead  finally 

to  war,   with   Chile   against   Peru  and 

Bolivia. 
187^    Sept.  18.    Anibal  Pinto   is   in-/ 

augurated  president.  / 

( 
\ 


1879  Feb.  *  The  Government  orders 
the  towns  in  territory  claimed  by  IJo- 
Itvia  to  be  garrisoned,  and  the  coast 
blockaded. 

Mar.  1.  Bolivia  declares  war  against 
Chile ;   it  has  Peru  as  an  ally. 

Apr.  5.    Chile  declares  war. 

Cause  of  the  war ;  disputes  respect- 
ing a  strip  of  coast  territory,  very  rich 
in  guano  and  nitrate  of  soda.  It  was 
originally  supposed  to  be  barren  and 
worthless. 

1880  June  28.  Peru,  Perseverance 
in  the  war  is  declared  by  Nicolas  de 
Pierola,  the  dictator,  who  proceeds  to 
enforce  a  levy  en  masse. 

Sept.  *  U.  S.  A.  The  United  States  of- 
fers to  mediate  between  the  three  coun- 
tries ;  and  her  services  are  accepted,  but 
ineffective. 

1881  Jan.  30,f .  The  Chileans  de- 
mand of  Peru  the  cession  of  valuable 
territory,  the  payment  of  $750,000,000  in- 
demnity, and  propose  to  occupy  Callao 
and  work  the  mines  till  the  indemnity 
is  paid. 

Feb.  *  Pent  solicits  the  intervention  of 
England. 

July  23.  By  treaty  with  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  Chile  gains  about  57,000 
square  miles  of  territory. 

Sept.*  Spain  confirms  the  treaty  made 
with  Chile. 

Sept.  18.  Santa  Maria  Domingo,  a 
Liberal,  is  elected  President. 

Oct.  23.  A  dispute  respecting  the 
boundary  of  Patagonia  is  settled  by 
a  treaty  between  Chile  and  the  Argen- 
tine Republic. 

1882  Jan.  25.  A  treaty  of  peace  is 
made  with  Bolivia,  who  surrenders 
her  coast  territory,  and  breaks  her  alli- 
ance with  Peru. 

Mar.  *  Chile  and  Peru  agree  to  a  peace 

protocol. 
Sept.  28.    Poliria.    Peace   is    reported, 

and  Tarapaca  and  Tacna  are  ceded 

to  Chile. 
Oct.  8±.    The  peace  negotiations  fail. 
Oct.  20.    The  treaty  of  peace  is  signed 

by  Chile  and  Peru  at  Ancon  ;  Tacna  and 

Arica  are  ceded  to  Chile  for  10  years. 

1883  *  *  The  civil  marriage  law  is 
passed.  It  is  bitterly  opposed  by  the 
clergy  and  the  women.  Twenty-three 
per  cent  of  all  children  born  are  illegiti- 
mate. 

1884  Apr.  4.  The  final  treaty  with 
Peru  is  signed. 

1885  Mar.*  The  general  e'lectionrj 
gi ve    the   Xiiberals   an    i nc reased   ma« 

jority. 

1886  Sept.  18.  Jos6  Manuel  Balma- 
ceda  is  elected  president  by  the  Liberal 
party. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1874  *  *  The  Tacua,  an  overloaded 
vessel,  sinks  soon   after  leaving  Val- 

^  paralso,  and  19  lives  are  lost. 

1875  Oct.  31.  The  International  Ex- 
hibition is  opened  to  the  public. 


608     1890,  Mar.  *.- 1894,  Apr.  8. 


CHILE. 


ARMY  — NAVY 
1880    July  16.    Forty  riotous  ChUe-       sMU :»  P'ot  to  ^Jestroy  the  Government 

ana  are  shot  in  a  conflict  with  the  troops.       ^qnadron  at  Valparai.so  has  been  foiled. 
1891    Jan.  7.    A  part  of  the  Chilean    ^.!^:.-^?;,  .^''"^  <^o^«™'»ent  troops  re. 

navy  revolts   against   the  Balniaceda 


Government,  and  favors  that  of  the  Con 
gress. 
Jan.  12.    The  Chilean  navy  declares 

against  President  lialmaceda. 
Jan.  13.    The  Chilean  army  is  loyal 

to  the  Government. 
Jan.  16.    Two  Chilean  insurgent  war- 
ships blockade  the  ports  of  the  country. 
Jan.  19.    The  garrison  of  Pisagua  re- 
volts. 
Jan.  20.    Fr.    French  men-of-war  are 

ordered  to  Chile. 
Jan.  21.    The  revolt  is  spreading;  a 
number  of  Government  troops  join  the 
insurgents  at  Valparaiso. 
Jan.  23.    The  insurgents   are  de- 
feated at  Izpiza  Hospicio. 
Jan.  24.    The  insurgents  continue  to 
gain    strength     and     confidence,    their 
forces   being  greatly  increased  by  the 
worltmen  of    Valparaiso ;    the  Govern- 
ment has  declared  the  large  towns  to  be 
in  a  state  of  siege. 
Jan.  26.    The    insurgents    bombard 

Coronet  until  it  surrenders. 
Jan.  30.    Iquique  is  recaptured  by  the 

Government  troops. 
Feb.  2.    A  ChUean  war-ship  defeats 

one  of  the  insurgent  ships. 
Feb.  5.    The  Government  troops  near 
Fisaqua  shoot  their  officers  and  join  the 
insurgents. 
Feb.  7.    The   insurgents   are  seizing 
ships,  and  threaten  an  attack  on  Val- 
paraiso. 
Feb.  15.    The  town  of  Pisaqua  is  bom- 
barded and  burning ;   it  surrenders  to 
the  insurgents. 
Feb.  17.    The  insurgents  are  gaining 
strength,  only  a  few  towns  being  loyal 
to  the  Government. 

The  Government  troops  have 
been  defeated  at  Coquimbo  and  Qui- 
llota,  and  the  insurgent  forces  are  rapid- 
ly increasing  in  numbers,  and  are  ad- 
vancing upon  Santiago. 


Mar.  11.    The  revolution  is  at  a  stand-    July  14.    Two  Government  vessels  are 

nearly  destroyed  in  an  engagement 
with  the  insurgent  cruiser  Maije- 
Itanes. 
July  26.  The  insurgent  forces  are  mass- 
ing at  Huasco,  and  an  attack  upon 
Coquimbo  is  expected. 


take  Pisagua. 

Mar.  16.    The   Government  troops 
are  routed,  their  leader  killed,  after 

having  massacre<l  their  general  officers  Aug.  4.    Balmaceda's  forces  are  mobil- 

on  March  G.    The  rebel  loss  is  heavy.  ized  near  SantLigo,  and  a  sham  battle  is 

Mar.  20.    The  insurgents  occupy  Tal-  fought  near  that  city. 

tal,  Iquique,  and  Pisagua,  and  the  Aug.  23.    Heavy  fighting  is  reported, 

rest  of  the  country  is  reported  quiet.  with  contradictory  reports  as  to  results. 

Mar.  22.    The  insurgents  are  bombard-  Aug.  26.    A  battle  is  progressing  at 


ing  Autofagasta. 
Apr.  4.    Important  insurgent  suc- 
cesses are  reported. 

The    Chilean    ironclad    Pilcamayo 

joins  the  insurgents,  giving  them  an 

effective  force  of  40  vessels  of  all  grades. 

Apr.  5.    Ger.    A  German  squadron  is 

ordered  to  Chile. 
Apr.  11.    Further  successes  of  the  in- 
surgents are  rejjorted. 
Apr.  16.    The  insurgents  defeat  a  Gov- 
ernment force  at  Caldera. 
Apr.  23.    The    Government   troops    are 
defeated  by  the  insurgents  at  Iquique. 
Apr.  25.    A  torpedo  destroys  the  iron- 
clad Blanco  Encatada,  recently  captured 
by  the  insurgents,  causing  the  loss  of  180 
lives. 
Apr.  27.    The  Chilean  insurgents'  tur- 
reted  ironclad  Huascar  is  sunk  by  a 
torpedo. 
May  14.     The  Chilean  war-ship  Esme- 

raUfa  leaves  Acapulco. 
May  17.    An  engagement  between 
Chilean  torpedo  boats  and  the  insurgent 
fleet  occurs  at  Pisagua. 
May  23.    The  Esmeralda  is  at  Acapulco, 

unable  to  obtain  coal, 
June  4.  The  Chilean  insurgent  trans- 
port Itata  surrenders  to  Acting  Rear- 
.Vdm.  McCann,  U.  S.N.,  in  the  harbor 
of  Iquique,  turning  over  all  the  arms 
brought  from  San  Diego,  consisting  of 
5,000  rifles  and  2,000,000  rounds  of  ammu- 
nition. 
June  10±.  The  Itata  leaves  Iquique  for 
California,  accompanied  by  the  Charles- 


Valparaiso  between  the  insurgents  and 
the  Government  troops. 
Aug.  28.  Balmaceda's  army  is  routed 
at  Vina  del  Mar,  and  Valparaiso  is  sur- 
rendered to  the  insurgent  army ;  the 
American,  German,  French,  and  English 
admirals  preserve  order. 
Decisive  battle  of  Concon. 

The  insurgents  land  at  Quintero  a 
force  of  8,000  infantry,  600  cavalry,  and 
800  men  of  the  naval  brigade,  with  3 
batteries  of  field  artillery,  and  a  battery 
of  Gatling  guns.  Gen.  Alzerreca,  witu 
a  force  of  about  equal  numbers,  attacks 
them  at  Concon,  and  is  routed.  Balnia- 
.  ceda  loses  between  2.000  and  3,000  killed 
and  wounded  ;  the  insurgents  lose  aljout 
1,000  men. 

Aug.  31.  The  insurgents  take  San- 
tiago. 

Nov.  4.  Chile  is  preparing  for  war  by 
strengthening  the  forts  at  Santiago. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  May  4.  Fifteen  craters,  throw- 
ing out  masses  of  mud,  in  a  Chilean 
valley,  carry  ruin  in  every  direction,  and 
sweep  away  houses,  cattle,  and  people. 

1893  Apr.  16.  A  total  eclipse  of  the 
sun  is  visible  in  Chile  and  other  South 
American  States. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1891    Sept.  18.    Balmaceda,  Josi   Ma- 
nuel, ex-president,  commits  suicide,  A49. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  Mar.  •  The  native  laboring 
class  threatens  the  Government  with  a 
revolution  unless  foreign  immigration 
is  checked. 

June.  *  The  Araucanian  districts  are  in- 
fected with  bandits. 


ton  (U.S.N), 
Feb.  25"    The  Government  troops  after    "^^^  ^^'-    ^^s^gua  and  Iquique  are 

hard  fighting  suffer  defeat  at  Dolores.       bombarded  by  Government  war-ships. 

Iquique  surrenders,  after  being  partly    •'^""^  21.    A  number  of  the  crew  of  the 

burned,  to  the  insurgent  fleet.  Chilean  war-ship  Esmeralda,  landing  at    j„jy  7     Rioting  is  reported  at  Iquique ; 

Feb.  26.    In  the  ruins  at  Iquique  200       *^^  ^"'"'^   '"""'<''  ^°'  provisions,  are       commercial  and  shipping  operations  are 

women  and  children  perish,  and  the       "'"*"'  ^^  ""^  working-men.  suspended. 

principal  houses  are  aU  pillaged  by  the    J"ne  22.    The  insurgent  army  is  in-    j^iy  ig.    A  strike  of  7,000  men  occurs 

insurgents,  creasing  gradually,  and  will  soon  assume       j.^  j,,^  „jj^_,jj^  districts, 

Feb.  28.    President  Balmaceda  is  trying       ^^^  oSfensive,  j^^  2^     ^  ^^^  ^  Santiago  sacks  a 

to  buy  a  fast  cruiser  from  Argentine.    ^^^  23.    President    Balmaceda   is  in-       „u,„ber  of  stores:  quelled  by  the  mili- 

creasing  his  army. 

July  1±.  Heavy  fighting  between  the 
Government  and  insurgent  forces  on 
both  land  and  sea  is  reported. 


His   force  now   consists   of   30,000   ill 
equipped  men. 

Mar.  3.  Part  of  the  Government  troops 
shoot  their  officers,  and  join  the  in- 
surgents. 

Mar.  6.  The  insurgents  are  short  of 
ammunition. 

Mar.  7.    The  insurgents  gain  an  im- 
portant victory  over  thp  Government    July  12.    A  plot  to  destroy  the  Govern- 
troops  near  Pozo  Almonte.  ment  squadron  at  Valparaiso  is  foiled. 


tary, 
1891    Apr.  30.    A  dynamite  bomb  is 

thrown  at  the  palace  of  President  Bal- 
maceda, but  does  no  damage. 


July  2.    The  insurgent  army  occupies    May  8.    An  unsuccessful  attempt  is  made 
Huasco,  and  Balmaceda's  army  flees,  to  assassinate  the  leading  members  of 

Julys.  Balmaceda's  army  is  defeated       the  Cabinet, 
by  the  insurgent  forces,  July  4.    Balmaceda  is  still  cruelly  perse- 

cuting the  families  of  the  officers  of  the 
insurgent  army  and  others. 


CHILE. 


1890,  Mar.  * -1894,  Apr.  8.    609 


I 


Sept.  17*  At  Valparaiso  all  the  business 
houses  are  closed  and  great  festivities 
are  in  prog^ress  during  the  national 
holidays. 

Sept.  23.  The  restoration  of  peace 
festivities  is  celebrated  without  politi- 
cal disturbances. 

Oct.  16.  A  znob  attacks  eight  sailors  of 
the  cruiser  Baltimore  (U.  S.  A.)  in  the 
streets  of  Valparaiso ;  two  die  of  their 
injuries.  [The  assailants  are  sentenced 
to  punishment.] 

Nov.  1.  Troops  guard  the  U.  S.  Xiega- 
tion  in  Santiago,  on  account  of  appre- 
hensions that  an  attempt  might  be  made 
by  a  mob  to  capture  the  refugees  shel- 
tered there. 

Wov.  27.  The  American  and  Spanish 
Ijegations  at  Santiago  are  still  guarded 
by  Chilean  troops. 

STATE. 

1890  Aug.  2.  Popular  opposition  is 
made  to  the  effort  to  establish  commer- 
cial reciprocity  with  the  United  States. 

Aug.  4.  Political  relations  between 
the  Executive  and  Congress  are  some- 
what strained. 

Aug.  12.  Sefior  Belisario  Prat  is  to 
form  a  new  Cabinet. 

Oct,  17.  Balmaceda  closes  the  session 
of  the  Congress. 

1891  Jan.  1.  Balmaceda  Issues  a 
manifesto  declaring  his  purpose  to  ob- 
serve the  Constitution.  It  starts  a  revo- 
lution, 

Jan,  7.    Civil  war  begins. 

Jan.  15.  The  dictatorship  is  assumed 
by  President  Balmaceda. 

To  interrupt  the  nitrate  trade,  the  in- 
surgents declare  the  ports  to  be  block- 
aded. 

Jan.  16.  The  Government  is  taking 
active  measures  against  the  insur- 
gents. 

Jan.  17.  The  revolt  is  spreading  rap- 
idly. 

Jan.  23.  The  insurgents  are  masters  of 
the  situation. 

Jan.  24.  The  President  declines  to 
resign,  and  the  trouble  spreads.  Fac- 
tories and  railroads  are  at  a  standstill. 

Jan.  31.  President  Balmaceda  is  willing 
to  open  negotiations  with  the  insur- 
gents. 

Feb.  5.  Tlie  Government  prohibits  the 
export  of  xiitrates. 

Mar.  10.  The  convention  in  Santiago 
nominates  Senor  Vicuna  for  the 
presidency. 

Apr.  1.  The  elections  have  resulted  in 
a  Xiiberal  triumph. 

Apr.  St.  The  Government  seizes  the 
German  steamship  Itomulus;  the  Hoviu- 
lus  was  loaded  with  nitrate,  and  paid 
export  duty  on  it  to  the  revolutionists. 

May  2.  The  insurgents  establish  a  pro- 
visional junta  for  the  provinces  in 
their  hands. 

May  7.  President  Balmaceda  rejects 
the  proposition  from  the  insurgents  for 


a  peace  conference ;  [an  unsuccessful 
attempt  is  made  to  assassinate  the 
leadingmembersof  the  Chilean  Cabinet]. 

May  30.  Bolivia  formally  recognizes 
the  insurgents. 

June  1.  The  newly  elected  Congress 
meets;  it  favors  Balmaceda. 

June  18.  The  House  of  Deputies  author- 
izes a  forced  loan  of  $20.000,000 ;  all 
the  gold  and  silver  {metallic  reserves)  in 
the  treasury  are  sold  at  auction. 

June  27.  A  new  Cabinet  is  organized, 
to  work  primarily  for  the  restoration  of 
internal  order. 

July  6.  The  Peruvian  Government 
seizes  a  steamer  chartered  by  Balma- 
ceda. 

July  25.  Claudio  Vicuna,  the  candi- 
date of  Balmaceda,  is  elected  to  the 
presidency  [but  not  inaugurated]. 

July  28.  The  election  of  Claudio  Vi- 
cuBa  to  the  presidency  is  contirmed 
by  the  Electoral  College. 

July  29.  The  Congressional  party  is- 
sues a  statement  to  the  effect  that  the 
election  of  Vicuna  as  president  is  null 
and  void. 

Aug.  16.  The  Governor  of  Fisagua, 
reinstated  by  Balmaceda's  troops,  puts 
to  death  many  of  the  dictator's  oppo- 
nents in  that  city,  and  locks  up  the 
grain ;  the  people  are  starving. 

Aug.  22,  President  Balmaceda  is  said 
to  have  seized  $1,000,000  in  silver 
bullion  sent  by  a  British  war-ship  to 
Montevideo.    (See  Miscellaneous.) 

Aug.  29.  Chile  claims  heavy  dam- 
ages from  Mexico  for  permitting  the 
Eamtralda  to  leave  Acapulco  on  May  14. 

Aug.  30.  The  insurgent  party  is  in  pos- 
session of  Santiago.  Balmaceda  re- 
signs in  favor  of  Gen.  Baquedano,  and 
the  country  is  tranquil. 

Sept.  4.  Patrick  Egan,  U.  S.  Minister 
to  Chile,  recognizes  the  Provisional 
Government  formed  by  the  Congress 
party. 

Sept.  9.  The  Junta  begins  legal  pro- 
ceedings in  England  to  recover  the 
$1,000,000  in  silver  shipped  on  the  British 
gunboat  Espu'f/ie  at  Balmaceda's  re- 
quest. 

Sept.  19.  Ex-president  Balmaceda 
shoots  himself  in  his  room  at  the  Ar- 
gentine Legation  in  Santiago. 

Oct.  18.    A  general  election  is  held. 

Oct.  21.  In  the  general  elections  the 
Liberals  defeat  the  Clerical  Party  over- 
whelmingly. 

Oct.  26,  Pursuant  to  instructions  from 
the  U.  S.  Government,  Minister  Egan 
demands  reparation  for  the  assault 
upon  U.  S.  seamen.     (See  Society.) 

Oct.  28.  The  Government  replies 
pertly  and  arrogantly  to  Minister  Egan. 

Nov.  6.  Adm.  Montt  accepts  the  presi- 
dency. 

Wov.  7±.  A  Liberal  majority  is  ob- 
tained in  the  Congress. 

Nov.  11.  The  Congress  assembles, 
and  the  Junta  formally  surrenders  its 
power  to  that  body. 


Nor,  12.  The  Cabinet  appointed  by  the 
Junta  resigns, 

Nov.  19.  Adm.  Jorge  Montt  is  unan- 
imously elected  president  of  Chile. 

Dec.  26.  Adm.  Montt  is  inaugurated 
as  president. 

1892  Jan.  24.  The  Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs  informs  Minister  Egan  that  the 
Santiago  Government  would  reply  at 
once  to  the  ultinsatum  of  the  United 
States.    (See  United  States.) 

Feb.  5.  In  Santiago,  Minister  Egan*s 
house  is  guarded  by  the  police  ;  the 
sentences  of  the  assailants  of  the  Balti- 
mort's  men  are  made  more  severe. 

Feb.  26.  Chile  declines  to  participate 
in  the  World's  Fair  at  Chicago  be- 
cause of  the  expense  involved. 

Mar.  14.  A  new  Cabinet  is  announced; 
it  is  composed  of  Liberals. 

July  19.  The  Government  agrees  to  pay 
$75,000  to  the  families  of  the  American 
sailors  murdered  by  the  mob  in  Val- 
paraiso in  October  last. 

July  27.  The  Senate  favors  the  pas- 
sage of  a  General  Amnesty  Bill,  but 
there  is  much  opposition  in  the  House 
of  Deputies. 

Aug.  11,  Chile  agrees  to  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Claims  Commission,  to  meet 
at  Washington,  for  the  settlement  of 
claims  growing  out  of  the  Baltimore 
affair. 

Oct.  8,  A  new  agreement  is  entered 
into  between  Chile  and  Peru  concerning 
the  guano  beds. 

Nov.  6.    The  Ministry  resigns. 

Nov.  12.  President  Montt  has  induced 
his  Cabinet  to  remain  in  office. 

1893  Mar.  16.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties passes  a  law  compelling  the  Presi- 
dent to  sell  in  three  years  the  famous 
nitrate  lands  which  Chile  acquired  by 
conquest  from  Peru. 

1894  Apr.  5.  A  new  Cabinet  is 
formed. 

Apr.  6.     The  new  Cabinet  resigns. 
Apr.  8.    A   new  Liberal   Cabinet   is 
formed,  with  Seflor  Borgono  as  premier. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  May  24.  A  $2,000,000  fire  oc- 
curs in  Iquique,  and  only  two  war-ships 
are  left  to  the  Government. 

July  6.  A  fire  in  Santiago  destroys, 
among  other  buildings,  the  one  occupied 
by  the  British  Legation  ;  loss,  from 
$2,000,000  to  $3,000,000. 

Sept.  16.  The  Moselle  arrives  at  South- 
ampton with  $800,000  in  silver 
shipped  by  President  Balmaceda. 

Oct.  4.  Tlie  Cliilean  steamer  Itata  starts 
from  San  Diego,  U.  S.  A.,  for  Val- 
paraiso. 

Nov.  13.  The  whale  back  steamer 
Charles  T.  Wetvmre,  from  U.  S.  A., 
arrives  at  Valparaiso. 

1892  Jan.  19.  The  mail  steamer  JoArz 
Elder  is  wrecked  iu  the  Straits  of  Ma- 
gellan. 


610    2700B.C.-126  A.D. 


CHINA. 


China  is  a  great  empire,  comprising  five  divisions,  Manchuria,  Mongolia,  Turkestan  (Eastern),  Tibet,  Dzungaria,  and  China 
proper ;  the  area  of  the  latter  is  1,336,841  square  miles,  and  its  population  numbers  386,853,029 ;  area  of  the  whole  Empire, 4,218,401 
square  miles;  and  the  population,  402,680,000.  The  government,  an  absolute  monarchy,  is  administered  by  the  Emperor's  Court 
at  Peking  and  by  the  viceroys  of  the  provinces.    The  principal  religions  are  Sinism,  Buddhism,  and  Taoism. 

Note.— The  chronology  of  emperors  aii<i  dynasties  which  follow  is  after  V.  C.  Iloulger's  Short  History  of  China.  The  period  of 
semi-mythical  history  begins  in  2367  b.  c.    Some  Chinese  authors  claim  an  antiquity  extending  many  thousands  of  years  before  this  date. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

936  *  *  B.  c.  The  Tartars  invade  the 
Empire,  and  are  driven  back  by  the  Em- 
peror. 

246  *  *  -210  ♦  *  B.  c.  Tsin  Ching 
"Wang  raises  an  armyof  300,000  men,  antl 
drives  the  Tartars  who  survive  his  at- 
tacks from  the  borders  of  the  Empire. 
He  is  the  first  to  organize  what  may  be 
called  a  standing  army. 

201  *  *  n.  c.  The  Emperor  begins  the 
Great  "Wall,  to  protect  Northern  China 
from  the  incursions  of  the  Tartars. 

211  *  *  -206  *  *  B.  c.  Civil  war  pre- 
vails ;  Lew-Pang  and  Ileang  Yu  are  the 
leaders  of  two  parties. 

121  *  *  B.  c.  The  Emperor  Vouti  sends 
an  expedition  which  subdues  the 
Heung-noo,  and  annexes  their  territory. 

*  *  *B.  c.  The  general,  Wei  Tsing,  de- 
feats the  Tartars,  takes  15,000  prisoners 
and  the  spoil  of  their  camp. 

73+-  *  *  B.  c.  Emperor  Sieunti  sends  an 
expedition  against  the  Tartars,  and 
drives  them  westward  to  the  country  be- 
tween Turkestan  and  the  Caspian  Sea. 

*  *  *  The  Emperor's  war  of  50  years 
with  the  Tartars  ends  in  defeat. 


1*  *  A.  D.    The  rebellion   of  Wang 

Mang  partly  succeeds. 
23  *  *  The  rebels  are  defeated  by  the  army 

of  Lew  Sew. 

*  *  *  Fauchow,  Mingti's  great  general, 
subdues  the  Huns,  and  distinguishes  this 
reign.  '\ 

90±  *  *  Pauchow  drives  back  the  Huns 

as  far  as  the  Caspian  Sea. 
93  *  *  The  Heung-noo  rebel,  and  are 

driven  completely  out  of  Eastern  Asia  by 

the  army  of  the  Emperor. 

ART  —  LETTERS  —  NATURE. 

2700  *  *  B.  r.  The  Chinese  claim  to  be- 
gin their  first  cycle. 

2650  *  *  B.  c.  Fohi,  the  founder  of  the 
Empire,  teaches  the  art  of  writing.  He 
also  introduces  the  divisions  of  the  year. 

*  *  *  The  EmperorSliunNung,  thesucces- 
sorof  Fohi,  invents  the  plow,  and  intro- 
duces agriculture  and  medical  science. 

2400±  *  *  B.  c.    The  magnet  is  known. 

2207  **  B.  c.  The  records  become 
more  or  less  reliable. 

1200  *  *  B.  c.    Umbrellas  are  known. 

10S4±  *  *  B.  c.  The  art  of  stamp-cut- 
ting is  known. 

*  *  *  Emperor  Wangti  invents  weapons, 
wagons,  ships,  clocks,  musical  instru- 
ments, and  introduces  coins,  weights, 
and  measures  (?). 


*  *  •  The  Emperor  Tikou  establishes 
schools. 

651  *  *  B.  c,  Se-ma-tsien  fixes  the  first 
dates  of  his  history. 

644  *  *  B.  c.  A  remarkable  display  of 
meteors  is  mentioned. 

600  *  *  B.  c.  Jupiter  is  known  as  a 
planet,  and  inserted  in  a  chart  of  the 
heavens,  in  which  1,460  stars  are  accu- 
rately described. 

551±  *  *  B.  c.  Confucius,  the  philoso- 
pher, is  born. 

400±  *  *  B.  0.  The  Chinese  wall  is 
built  (?). 

246*  *-210*  *  B.  c.  The  Emperor 
Ching  Wang  erects  a  magnificent  pal- 
ace, builds  roads,  and  erects  the  great 
wall. 

221+ *  *  B.  r.  Tsin  Chi  Hwangti 
builds  palaces. 

He  builds  the  royal  palace  within  the 
walls,  and  Palace  of  Delight  beyond  the 
walls.  The  Hall  of  Audience  he  orna- 
ments with  12  great  statues. 

211  *  *  B.  c.  The  great  walls  are  com- 
pleted after  10  years  of  labor. 

Ching  Wang  orders  the  destruction 
of  all  the  books  in  the  Empire,  because 
the  schoolmen  oppose  his  reforms  by 
lauding  the  feudal  system  and  the  men 
of  former  times. 

206  *  *  B.  c.  Kaou-te  dreads  the  influ- 
ence of  the  schoolmen,  and  continues 
the  law  requiring  books  to  be  burned, 
while  he  repeals  all  others  made  by 
Ching  Wang. 

202^  *  *  B.  c.    Literature  and  the  art 

-— ^printing  are  encouraged. 

X§0+  *  *  B.  c.  Emperor  Wenti  restores 
j^Hd  encourages  literature. 

160  *  *  B.  0.  Paper  is  made  from  the 
inner  bark  of  trees  (bast). 

160±  *  *  B.  c.    Cotton  paper  is  used. 

1414-  *  •  B.  c.  Emperor  Vouti  becomes 
a  patron  of  art  and  science. 

120  *  *  B.  c.    The  theory  of  eclipses  is 

known. 
108±  *  *  B.  c.    Porcelain  is  known. 

60±  *  *  A.  D.  Mingti  constructs  a  dyke 
30  miles  long  for  the  relief  of  Hoang- 
Ho  from  inundations. 

89+  *  ♦  The  Emperor  Hoti  introduces  the 
CTilture  of  the  grape. 

95rt  *  *  Linen  paper  is  invented. 

107  *  *  The  first  credible  historian  ap- 
pears among  the  Chinese. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

666+  *  •  B.  c.    Lao-tse,  or  Iao  Tseu,  the  phi- 
losopher, born. 
661  *  •  B.  c.    OonfuclUB  b.  [479.  Dies.  A72.] 


370+  *  *  B.  0.    Mencius,  the  philosojiher,  b. 
289  *  *  B.  r.    Mencius.  iihilosophtr,  AHli:. 
S50  *   *  B.  c.     Chow  Siang  Wang,  emperor,  d. 
346  *   *  B.  c.     ChwangSiang  Wang,  emperor, 

dies. 
aiO  *  *  B.  c.    Chins'  Wanyr,  emperor,  dies. 


CHURCH. 

665±  *  *  B.  0.  Laotze  the  sage  is  born 
in  the  province  of  Honan.  His  followers 
(Taose)  are  called  "  Tlie  Disciples  of 
lleason." 

[His  religious  teachings  affirm  the  ex- 
istence of  a  Supreme  Being  (Tao),  com- 
mend universal  benevolence,  and  predict 
the  final  absorption  of  all  pure  and  en- 
lightened souls  into  the  supreme,  eternal 
Spirit.] 

350+  *  *  B.  c.    The  use  of  the  tablet 

begins,  for  the  souls  of  ancestors. 
202  *  *  B.  c.    Katosou  (Lew  Pang)  comes 
to  the  throne,  and  exchanges  the  wor- 
ship of  the  gods  of  the  soil  of  Thsin  for 
that  of  Han,  his  native  state. 


68+*  *A.  D.  Ho-Shung,  a  Buddhist 
priest  from  India,  introduces  Bud- 
dhism, and  [the  Armenians  allege  that] 
the  Apostle  Thomas  introduces  Chris- 
tianity. 

70+*  *  Buddhism  is  officially  intro- 
duced by  envoys  who  had  been  sent  to 
India  to  study  it. 

SOCIETY. 

2650i  *  *  B.  c.  Fohi  introduces  mar- 
riage. 

2285+  *  *  B.  c.  The  Emperors  are  radi- 
cally opposed  to  intemperance,  and 
banish  an  inventor  of  an  alcoholic 
beverage,  which  he  obtained  from  rice. 

2200±  *  *  B.  c.  Yao  the  Great  is  an  ab- 
stainer from  wine.  [Mencius  says],  "  Yu 
hated  the  pleasant  wine." 

During  the  reigns  of  Yao  and  ('hun 
virtue  pervades  the  land,  and  crime  is 
unknown,  while  prosperity  ahouads. 

1770±  *  *  B.  c.  Kia,  the  tyrant,  is  also 
a  voluptuary. 

To  gratify  his  favorite  concubine,  he 
provided  "  her  with  a  splemlid  palace, 
and  in  the  park  that  surrounded  it  a 
lake  of  wine  was  formed  at  which  '  three 
thousand  men  drank  at  the  .sound  of  a 
drum,'  while  the  trees  hung  with  dried 
meats,  and  'hills  of  flesh'  were  piled 
up."    (Cyc.  of  Tenii)erance.) 

479  *  *  B.  c.  After  devoting  his  life  to 
virtue  and  good  government,  Confucius 
dies  a  retired,  neglected,  and  disap- 
pointed man. 

2464^  *  *  B.  c.  Ching  "Wang  is  a  re- 
former, and  unpopular  with  the  ujiper 
classes. 

202  *  *  B.  r.  Near  the  beginning  of  the 
Han  dynasty  [and  afterwards],  a  fine  of 
four  omices  of  silver  is  put  on  all  guilty 


CHINA, 


2700b.c.-126a.  D.      611 


i 


of  meeting  together  and  drinking  in 
companies  of  more  than  three  per- 
sons. 
179±  *  *  II.  c.  The  Emperor  Wenti  orders 
that  all  old  men  shall  be  provided 
with  corn,  meat,  and  wine,  besides  eilk 
and  cotton  for  wearing-apparel. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Wenti  abolishes  punishment 
by  mutilation. 

98  *  *  B.  c.  Liquors  can  be  made  and 
sold  only  by  the  Government.  (Cyc. 
of  Temperance  and  Prohibition.) 

STATE. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  mythical  Fohi,  a  pred- 
ecessor of  Hwangti,  according  to  native 
writers,  founds  the  Empire,  introduces 
cattle-raising,  teaches  writing,  intro- 
duces divisions  of  the  year,  and  insti- 
tutes marriage. 

2637  *  *  B.  c.  Hwangti  (the  Heavenly 
Emperor)  is  enthroned. 

2577  *  *  B.  c.  Chaohow  is  enthroned. 
[^57,  Chwenhio ;  2397,  Tikou ;  2366, 
Tichi.] 

2357  *  *  B.  c.  Yao  is  enthroned  [and 
becomes  the  most  famous  of  the  early 
rulers]. 

The  brilliant  period  of  the  early  his- 
tory begins.  The  theory  of  government 
is  based  on  the  popular  will. 

Yao  organizes  the  political  system  of 
the  country,  builds  canals  and  roads, 
and  fosters  agriculture  and  commerce. 
He  establishes  the  capital  at  Ke-choo 
and  Shan-tung. 

History  is  somewhat  evolved  from  its 
mists  [by  the  dates  furnished  by  Con- 
fucius]. 

2285  *  *  B.  c.  Chun  becomes  associate 
emperor. 

2257  *  *  B.  c.    Chun  is  sole  emperor. 
The  golden  age  of  national  felicity 
is  enjoyed. 

2224  *  *  B.  c.    Yu  is  associate  emperor. 

2208  *  *  B.  c.  Yu  the  Great  is  sole  em- 
peror. 

He  founds  the  dynasty  of  Hia.  [He 
is  the  first  to  unite  the  supreme  ecclesi- 
astical power  with  the  temporal  power.] 

2207  *  *  B.  c.  The  legendary  history 
ends. 

2200  ±  *  •B.C.  The  Chinese  settle 
around  the  bend  of  the  YeUow  River. 

The  Hia  dynasty  rules  the  Empire. 

2197  *  ♦  B.  c.  Tiki  seizes  the  throne  of 
the  deceased  emperor,  his  father,  and 
[becomes  the  first  of  17  emperors], 

2188  *  *  B.  c.  Taikang  is  enthroned. 
[2159,  Chungkang;  2146,  Siang;  2118, 
Chokang;  2057,  Chou;  2040,  Hoai ;  2014, 
Mang;  1996,  Lie;  1980,  Poukiang ;  1921, 
Kiung;  1900,  Kin;  1879,  Kukiang;  1848, 
Kao;  1837,  Fa.] 

1818  ♦  •  B.  c.  Kia  is  enthroned.  He  is 
licentious,  cruel,  faithless,  and  disso- 
lute. 

1776*  *  B.  c.  The  Chang  dynasty 
rules  the  Empire. 


A  revolution  by  popular  uprising 
overthrows  the  dynasty  of  Kia,  and  re- 
stores that  of  Chang  or  Yin  [which 
gives  28  rulers,  most  of  whom  are  vicious 
and  cruel,  but  otherwise  unworthy  of 
note]. 

+*  *  B.  c.  Chang  is  enthroned,  and  by 
wise  rule  prosperity  in  large  measure 
returns. 

1753**  B.C.  Taikia  is  enthroned.  [1720, 
Wouting;  1691,  Taikeng  ;  1666,  Siaokia  ; 
16i9,  Yungki ;  1637,  Taiwou ;  1562,  Chung- 
ting  ;  1549,  Waijen  ;  1534,  Hotankia  ;  1525, 
Tsouy ;  1506,  Tsousin ;  1490,  Woukai ; 
1465,  Tsouting ;  1433,  Nankeng ;  1408, 
Y'angkia;  1401,  Pankeng  ;  1373,  Siaosin  ; 
1352,  Siaoy  ;  1324,  Wouting ;  1225,  Linsin  ; 
1219,  Kengting;  1198,  Wouy ;  IIM,  Tail- 
ing; 1191,  Tiy;  1154,  Chousin.] 

11224-  *  *  B.  c.  The  Chao  dynasty,  of 
873  years,  is  the  longest  recorded  in  his- 
tory. 

1122*  *  B.  c.  A  popular  revolution, 
led  by  'Wou-'Wang,  overthrows  the  ef- 
feminate Chang  dynasty  and  establishes 
that  of  Chow.  [It  regenerates  the  Em- 
pire, and  continues  873  years,  abounding 
with  revolutions,  usurpations,  and  wars 
with  the  Tartars.] 

*  *  B.  c.    Wou-Wang  is  enthroned. 

["Wang  divides  the  country  into  72 
feudal  states.] 

1115*  *  B.  c.  Ching  "Wang  is  enthroned. 
[1078,  Kang  Wang ;  1052,  Chao  Wang ; 
1001,  Mou  Wang  ;  946,  Kung  Wang  ;  934, 
Y  Wang  ;  909,  Hiao  Wang  ;  894,  I  Wang  ; 
878,  Li  Wang;  827,  Siuan  Wang;  781, 
Yeou  Wang;  770,  Ping  Wang ;  719,  Hing 
Wang;  696,  Chwang  Wang;  681,  Li 
Wang ;  676,  Hwei  Wang ;  651,  Siang 
Wang;  618,  King  Wang;  612,  Kwang 
Wang;  606,  Ting  Wang;  585,  Kien 
Wang ;  571,  Ling  Wang ;  544,  King 
Wang;  519,  Keng  Wang;  475,  Youan 
Wang ;  468,  'Chingting  Wang ;  440,  Kao 
Wang;  425,  Weill  Wang;  401,  Gan 
Wang ;  375,  Lie  Wang ;  368,  Hien  Wang ; 
320,  Chintsen  Wang ;  314,  Nan  Wang.] 

255  *  *  B.  c.  The  Emperor  is  deposed 
by  one  of  his  powerful  vassals,  and  re- 
duced to  an  humble  position. 

The  Tsin  dynasty  rules  the  Empire. 

255  *  *  B.  c.  Chow  Siang  is  enthroned. 
He  subdues  the  independent  vassal 
states,  and  unites  the  Empire. 

250  *  *  B.  c.    Hiao  Wang  is  enthroned. 

249  *  *  B.  c.  Chwang  Siang  Wang  is  en- 
throned. 

246*  *  B.  0.  Ching  Wang  is  en- 
throned. He  assumes  the  title  emperor, 
instead  of  king.  [He  is  the  first  '*  uni- 
versal emperor."] 

221  *  *  B.  c.  Tsin  Chi  Hwangti  is  en- 
throned at  the  age  of  13  years. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  fame  of  the  dynasty 
reaches  its  highest  point. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  Emperor  divides  the 
Empire  into  36  provinces,  and  or- 
ders by  special  decree  that  roads  be 
made  in  all  parts  of  his  dominion. 


The  Emperor  adopts  a  civil  service 
requiring  the  non-employment  of  the 
officials  in  their  native  provinces. 

211  *  *  -206  *  *  B.  (;.  Civil  war;  Lew- 
Pang  and  Heang  Yu  struggle  against 
each  other  to  secure  the  throne  of  the 
effeminate  emperor. 

209  *  *  B.  c.  Eulchi  Hwangti  is  en- 
throned. 

206  *  *  B.  c.    Tsoupa  Wang  is  enthroned. 

The  Han  dynasty  rules  the  Empire. 

202  *  *  B.  c.  Katosou  (Lew-Pang)  is  en- 
throned. 

194  *  *  B.  c.    Hiao  Hweiti  is  enthroned. 

187  *  *  B.  c.  Kaohwang  is  enthroned. 
The  Empress  Liuchi  rules  as  regent. 

179  *  *  B.  c.  Wenti  is  enthroned ;  he  is 
friendly  to  literature. 

156  *  *  B.  c.    Kingti  is  enthroned. 

140*  ♦B.C.  Vouti  is  enthroned;  he 
favors  the  arts  and  sciences. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  He  has  an  unsuccessful  war 
with  the  Tartars. 

*  *  *  B.  c.    He  annexes  Szchuen. 

86  *  *  B.  c.  Chaoti  is  enthroned  at  the 
age  of  eight  years. 

73  *  *  B.  c.  Sieunti  is  enthroned  ;  he 
punishes  the  Tartars,  and  drives  them 
westward  as  far  as  the  Caspian  Sea. 

48  *  *  B.  c.    Yuenti  is  enthroned. 

32  *  *  B.  c.    Chingti  is  enthroned. 

6  *  *  B.  c,    Gaiti  is  enthroned. 

1  *  *  A.  D.    Pingti  is  enthroned. 

*  *  Wang  Mang  leads  a  successful  rebel- 
lion against  Pingti,  the  infant  heir  to  the 
throne. 

6  *  *  The  usurper,  Wang  Mang,  is  en- 
throned, but  gains  only  a  slender  follow- 
ing- 

23  *  *  IjOW  Sew  leads  a  revolt  against 
Wang  Mang,  and  defeats  him.  Ti  Yuen 
is  enthroned. 

25  *  *  Kwang  Vouti  (Lew  Sew)  is  en- 
throned. 

58  *  *  Mingti  is  enthroned. 

*  *  *  The  states  of  Shen  Shen,  Khoten, 
Kuche,  and  Kashgar,  are  annexed  as 
appanages  of  the  Empire. 

76  *  *  Changti  is  enthroned. 
89  *  *  Hoti  is  enthroned  at  the  age  of  10 
years. 

106  *  *  Changti  II.  is  enthroned. 

107  *  *  Ganti  is  enthroned.  The  widow 
of  Hoti  is  regent. 

126  *  *  Chuuti  is  enthroned.  [Several 
rebellions  occur.  145,  Chungti ;  146, 
Chiti;  147,  Hiuenti;  168,  Lingti.  The 
Empire  rapidly  declines.     190,  Hienti.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
2357*  * -2258*  *B.  c.  During  the  reign 
of  Emperor  Yao  roads  and  canals  are 
built,  and  commerce  is  fostered.  He  es- 
tablishes marts  and  fairs  throughout 
the  land. 

*  *  *  Chun  the  Great  labors  nine  years  in 
draining  the  flooded  lands  of  north- 
em  China. 

200  *  *  n.  <".    Canton  is  foujided. 


612    129,**-1230,** 

AEMT  — NAVY. 

129  »  *  The  Chinese  aid  the  Scythians 
in  a  battle  with  the  Pliraates,  and  ravage 
the  coasts  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 

220±  *  »  Chang  Keo,  the  impostor,  is 
defeated  by  Tsaou  Tsaou. 

222  *  *  -264  *  *  War  prevails  between 


CHINA. 


1230  •  *  War  with  the  Kins  continues,    569±  *  ♦  Taonism  declines, 
and  Segan-Foo  and  60  important  posts    625  •  *  -57  *  •  The  Taonists  having  be- 
come insolent  are  banished  to  the  prov- 


are  taken. 


ART  —  LETTERS  —  NATURE. 

166  *  *  Tschang  Heng  studies  astron- 
omy. 


the  three  kingdoms  ;  power  slips  from    2dCentu,ry.    Porcelain  is  manufactured 
the  hands  of  the  rival  emperors  into  the       ''■°™  earth,  kaolin. 


hands  of  their  generals. 
*  *  •  The  Emperor  Sui  is  at  war  with  the 

Tartars  and  Koreans. 
310  •  *  Tartars    under   linsong,    the 

Han  chief,  invade  Cliina,  and  capture 

Loyang  and  the  Emperor. 
610+* 


449±  •  *  The  Chinese  claim  the  discov- 
ery of  America. 

589+  *  *  The  Emperor  Soui  'promotes 
science  and  education. 

*  •  *  The  Emperor  Soui  adds  5,000  vol- 
umes to  the  10,000  volumes  in  the 
^Imperial  library. 


*  The  usurper  Tangti  sends  expe- (.o„T  .  _,     ,        .   ^. 
ditions  against  the  Tartars,  and  leads  ^f??/  *  Block  pnntmg  is  mvented. 

605+  *  *  The  Kmperor  Yangti  increases 


one  against  the  Ouigours. 

627^*  *  Taitsong  raises  a  standingarmy 

of  900,000  men,  and  provides  for  the  train- 
ing in  arms  of  more  than  250,000  men, 

658*  *-670*  *  China  is  at  war  with 
Korea  on  botli  land  and  sea.  The  Ko- 
reans are  aided  by  the  Japanese. 

713*  *-756*  *The  Emperor  Yuen- 
Tsung  reigns ;  he  sends  an  army  to  aid 
the  king  of  Kholand,  and  has  an  unsuc- 
cessful war  with  \\\q  Khitans. 

757  *  *  Artillery  is  said  to  have  been 
iised  at  the  defense  of  Taiguen,  by  a 

lieutenant  of  the  Emperor. 

9th  Century  — 12th  Century.  The  Tar- 
tars ravage  the  Empire. 

907±  *  *  Taitsou  defeats  the  Prince  of 
Han,  and  captures  the  fortress  of  Loo- 
chow. 

♦  *  *  Taitsou  subdues  the  revolting  gov- 
ernor of  Szchuen  by  entering  his  prov- 
ince with  60,000  men. 

*  *  *  Taitsou  subdues    the  province   of    960+  *  *  Taitsou 
Kiangnan    by   defeating   the  revolting       and  sciences. 
Princes  of  Tang. 

960  *  *  Gen.  Chaou  Kwang-yin  prose- 
cutes tlie  war  against  the  Tartars  with 
varying  success. 

1139  *  *  The  Kins  are  defeated  in  battle 

by  the  M<ji>gol8  under  Kabul  Khan. 
1161+  *  *  "War  with  the  Kins. 
1206  *  *  Tibet  is  subdued   by  Genghis 

Khan. 

1213+  *  *  Genghie  Khan,  with  three 
armies,  overruns  Northern  China,  com- 
pletely defeating  the  Kins. 

•  *  *  Genghis  Khan  divides  his  army 
into  four  divisions,  and  advancing  south- 
ward sweeps  the  country,  destroying 
more  than  90  cities,  and  desolating  the 
country. 

1215  *  *  Genghis  Khan  with  his  Mon- 
gols sacks  Peking. 

1216  *  *  The  invaders  take  the  impor- 
tant mountain  pjiss  between  Eastern 
iind  Western  China  at  Tung-Kwan. 

1220*  *  The  Mongols  take  Tse-nanFoo, 
the  capital  of  Shan-tung. 

1225  *  *  Genghis  Khan  marches  an 
army  into  Hea,  which  completely  con- 
quers the  Kins  forces. 


the  Imperial  library  to  54,000  vol- 
umes. 

Yangti  attempts  to  make  Honan  the 
most  magnificent  city  of  the  world, 
and  employs  2,000,000  people  to  embellish 
it,  and  causes  50,000  merchants  to  make 
it  their  residence. 

Yangti  completes  nearly  5,000  miles 
of  canals  in  his  brief  reign. 

The  Grand  Canal,  40  yards  wide,  is  lined 
with  stone,  and  its  banks  bordered  with 
Ims  and  willows. 

18*  *-907^  *The  Golden  Age    of 
iterattH»os   placed   during  the  Tang 
dynasty. 
627+  *  *  The   Empress   Changsunchi 
is  a  patron  of  letters ;  and  the  Imperial 
Ubrary  and  college  at  the  capital  are 
established  by  her  influence, 
713+  *  *  The  Emperor  Jouitsong  encour- 
ages literature  and  learning. 
757  *  *  The  Chinese  claim  to  have  first 
used  artillery  at  the  defense  of  Taiguen. 
encourages    the    arts 
is. 

10th  century.  The  Peking  Gazette  is  tradi- 
tionally said  to  be  issued.  [Unsupported 
by  evidence.] 

1040+  *  *  Jintsong  promotes  educa- 
tion and  patronizes  literature. 

He  restores  the  colleges  founded  dur- 
ing the  Tang  dynasty,  builds  a  school  or 
acatlemy  in  every  town,  and  directs  that 
the  examinations  shall  be  frequent  and 
impartial. 

*  *  *  Szemakwang  writes  an  important 
history  of  the  Tangs,  and  an  idyl  called 
the  Garden  of  Szemakwang. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 


604 
617 
650 
684 


*  A.  D.    Yang  Keen,  emperor,  dies. 

*  Yangti,  the  usurper,  is  assassinated. 

*  Taitsong,  emperor,  dies. 

*  Kaotsong,  emperor,  dies. 
705  *  *  Woo  How,  empress,  dies. 
763  *  *  Soutsimg,  emperor,  dies. 

*  Taitsou,  emperor,  dies. 

*  Genghis  Khan.  Mongol  emperor. 


976 
1162 


born.     [1227.     Dies.     A65.] 


CHURCH. 

505*  *  Nestorian  missionaries  intro- 
duce the  Christian  rehgion, 

566  *  *  The  Emperor  abolishes  both  Bud- 
dhism and  Taonism  because  of  their 
jealousies  and  strifes. 


inces  of  Kwangtung  and  Kwangsi. 

627*  *-640*  *The  Nestorian  mis- 
sionaries are  welcomed  by  the  Emperor. 

835  *  *  O-lo-peen,  a  Nestorian  priest, 
arrives  from  Home,  and  soon  builds  a 
church  and  has  20  priests  in  service. 

845  *  *  Emperor  Woutsong  abolishes  all 
temples,  closes  monasteries,  nunner- 
ies, and  other  ecclesiastical  etstablish- 
ments,  orders  their  inmates  to  return  to 
their  families,  and  foreign  Christians, 
Buddhist  and  Magi  teachers,  to  leave 
the  Empire. 

860*  *-874*  *  Reign  of  Ytsong;  he 
discovers  a  bone  of  Buddha,  and  brings 
it  to  the  capital  in  great  state. 

905  *  *  Buddhism  is  dominant  in  Tibet. 

060+  *  *  Under  the  Sung  dynasty 
Taonist  priests  are  forbidden  to  marry. 

SOCIETY. 

180+  *  •  A.  D.  Chang  Keo,  a  Taonist 
priest,  claims  to  cure  the  long  prevail- 
ing plague  by  magic,  and  thereby  se- 
cures the  control  of  the  northern  prov- 
inces. 

459+  *  *The  Emperor  of  the  Northern 
Wei  dynasty  makes  a  very  severe  pro- 
hibitory law.  All  liquor-makers,  liq- 
uor-vendors, and  liquor-drinkers  are  to 
be  beheaded. 

601+  *  *  Yangti,  the  second  son  of  Soui, 
reaches  the  throne  by  compelling  his 
brother  to  strangle  himself. 

*  *  Yangti  levies  a  laborer  from  each 
family,  and  also  employs  the  army  in 
the  construction  of  public  works. 

617  *  *  Yangti  is  murdered  by  a  fa- 
natic. 

618  *  *  -908  *  *  China  is  the  most  civi- 
lized country  in  the  world. 

*  *  The  Emperor  Kungti  is  murdered. 

620*  *  Taitsong  gains  the  throne  by 
poisoning  his  predecessor. 

660±  *  *  The  Emperor  Kaotsong  mar- 
ries "Woo  How,  one  of  his  father's 
widows. 

683  *  *  Notwithstanding  the  common  dis- 
regard for  women,  "Woo  How  gains  su- 
preme influence,  and  usurps  the  throne. 

710  *  *  Chungtsong,  the  rightful  heir  of 
the  throne,  is  poisoned  by  his  wife. 

781*  *  Tetsong  invents  a  peculiar 
scheme  of  prohibition. 

All  the  liquor-shops  are  divided  into 
three  grades,  to  pay  a  monthly  tax  to 
the  government  according  to  size,  and 
then  all  persons,  officers,  and  people 
are  strictly  forbidden  t*)  buy  or  drink. 

821  *  •Hientsong  is  poisoned  by  the 
chief  of  the  eunuchs. 

1160+  *  *  The  law  requires  that  all  offi- 
cials who  drink  intoxicants  shall  be 
beheaded. 

STATE. 

220*  *-265*  *  The  Empire  is  di- 
vided into  three  kingdoms,  and  ruled 


CHINA. 


129,  **-1230, 


613 


by  various  minor  princes,  chief  among 
whom  are  Tasou  Pei,  hew  Pei,  and  Sun 
Keuen  Khan. 

The  Later  Tsin  dynasty  rules  the 

Empire. 
265  ♦  •  Vouti  proclaims  himself  emperor 

and  is  enthroneii.    The  Kmpire  is  again 

united. 
284  *  *  Homan  ambassadors  from  Theo- 

dosius  arrive. 
290*  *Hwaiti  is  enthroned.  [307,  Hoaiti ; 

313,  Mingti.] 
315*  *-582*  *  Nanking  is  the  capital 

of  China. 
317*  *Tuangti    is    enthroned.      [323, 

Mingti;  32G,  Chingti ;  343,  Kangti ;  345, 

Mouti ;  362,  Gaiti ;  366,  Tiy ;  371,  Kian 

Wenti ;  373,  Hiao  \'outi ;  397,  Ganti ;  419, 

Kungti.] 

The  Song  djmasty  rules  the  Empire. 
[Discord  and  confusion,  domestic 
wars  and  religious  dissensions  and  pal- 
ace intrigues,  prevail  for  nearly  200 
years,  with  scarcely  more  than  a  sem- 
blance of  united  authority.] 
420  *  ♦  Vouti  is  enthroned. 

423  *  *  ying  Wang  in  enthroned. 

6th  Century.  The  Turks  conquer  the 
provinces  of  Tchao  and  Northern  Liang. 

424  *  *  Wenti  is  enthroned.  [454,  Vouti ; 
465,  Mingti ;  473,  Gou  Wang ;  477,  Chunti.] 

The  Tsi  dynasty  rules  the  Empire. 

■479  *  *  Koti  is  enthroned.     [4S3,  Vouti ; 

4M,  Mingti ;  499,  Paokwen  ;  501,  Hoti.] 

The  Ijcang  djmasty  rules  the  Em- 
pire. 
502  *  *  Vouti  is  enthroned.    [550,  Wenti ; 
552,  Yuenti ;  555,  Kingti.] 

The  Chin  dynasty  rules  the  Empire. 
556  *  *  Vouti  is  enthroned.     [564.    Vouti 
is  dethroned,  and  succeeded  by  Wenti. 
5G7,  Petsong;  5C9,  Suenti.] 

The  Soui  dynasty  rules  the  Empire. 
Yang  Keen,  a  prince  Soui,  having 
subjected  the  Tartar  kingdom,  over- 
turns the  southern  kingdom,  and  re- 
unites the  Empire  [and  proves  a  wise 
And  able  ruler]. 

Conunerce  and  industry  are  encour- 
aged. 

A  new  and  improved  code  of  laws  is 
instituted, 

580  *  *  Wenti  (Tang  Keen)  is  enthroned. 

601*  *  Vouti  is  enthroned.  [He  trans- 
fers the  capital  from  Nanking  to  Honan.J 

605  *  *  Yangti  is  enthroned,  after  for- 
cing the  heir  to  strangle  himself.  [The 
usurper  givcH  himself  up  to  debauchery 
and  afterward  to  conquests.] 

*  *  ♦  Yangti  annexes  Lew  Kew  Island  to 
the  Empire. 

617*  *  Kungti,  the  rightful  heir,  is  en- 
throned. 

The  Tang  dynasty  rules  the  Empire, 
[The  Golden  Era.] 
618  *  *  Kaotsou  (Liyuen)  Is  enthroned. 


627*  *Taitsong  (Lichimin)  Is  en- 
throned on  the  abdication  of  his  father. 

+  *  *  Taitsong  raises  a  standing  army  of 
900,000  men. 

+  *  *  Taitsongpurchasesanalliance  with 
the  powerful  Turks. 

+  *  *  Taitsong  recovers  the  Empire  in 
Central  Asia  and  in  Ouigour, 

643±  *  *  The  fame  of  China  brings  am- 
bassadors from  Nepaul,  Magadha, 
Persia,  and  Rome  to  pay  court  to  the 
Emperor, 

650  *  *  Kaotsong  is  enthroned. 

670±  *  *  The  kingdom  of  Siulo,  Korea, 
becomes  a  province  of  China  [for  60 
years]. 

683  *  *  "Woo  How,  wife  of  the  deceased 
emperor,  excludes  the  rightful  heir, 
Chungtsong,  and  seizes  the  throne. 

[She  rules  with  discretion  and  reestab- 
lishes imperial  authority  in  the  west,  and 
recovers  territory  from  the  Tibetans.] 

704  *  *  Woo  How,  the  usurper,  80  years 
of  age,  is  compelled  to  abdicate. 

710*  *  Jouitsong  is  enthroned. 

712*  ♦Mingti  (Yuen-Tsung)  is  en- 
throned. 

[He  introduces  reforms,  rules  with  dis- 
cretion, but  is  finally  driven  from  the 
throne  by  a  rebellion,  and  the  Empire  is 
brought  near  the  brink  of  ruin.] 

756  *  *  Soutsong  is  enthroned.  [Aided 
by  allies  he  suppresses  a  rebellion.] 

763  *  *  Taitsong  II.  is  enthroned. 

[He  is  harassed  by  the  incursions  of 
the  Tibetans,  and  purchases  assistance 
of  the  Ouigours.] 

*  *  *  The  eimuchs  of  the  palace  have 
great  power,  and  abound  in  intrigues. 

780  *  *  Tetsong  is  enthroned.  [He  is 
greatly  assisted  by  Kwo  Tsey,  his  able 
general  and  best  adviser.  805,  Chunt- 
song  ;  806,  Hientsong;  821,  Moutsong ; 
825,  KingtBong;  827,  Wentsoug ;  841, 
Woutsong.  He  turns  the  government 
against  Christians  and  other  religious 
teachers,  and  orders  their  expulsion.] 

847  *  *  Hiuentsong  is  enthroned. 

860  *  *  Ytsong  is  enthroned. 

[The  repressive  measures  against  re- 
ligion are  abandoned,  and  Buddhism, is 
favored.] 

874  *  *  Hitsong  is  enthroned. 

*  *  *  Hitsong  is  driven  from  the  capital 
by  Hwang  Chao,  a  rebel.  The  Emperor 
finds  an  ally  in  the  Turkish  chief  Like- 
yong  (Tungani),  who  commands  40,000 
Mohammedans,  called,  from  the  color  of 
their  uniform,  "  The  Black  Crows." 

889  *  *  Chaotsong  is  enthroned. 

905  *  *  Chao  Hiuenti  is  enthroned. 

907  *  *  -954  *  *  Five  small  dynasties 
rule  the  Emi)ire. 

Tliree  Leangs,  later  four  Tang,  two 
Later  Tsin,  two  Later  Han,  and  two 
Later  Chow. 

[These  brief  dynasties  have  nominal 
power  over  the  Empire,  but  real  power 
only  within  narrow  limits,  and  govern- 
ment is  greatly  disorganized.] 


907  *  *  Prince  Leang  profits  by  dissen- 
sions in  the  Empire,  and  gains  the  throne 
as  Taitsou. 

*  *  *  Taitsou  annexes  the  rich  province 
of  Szchuen,  and  adds  40,000,000  subjects 
to  the  Empire. 

913  *  *  Choucbing  is  enthroned.  [916, 
Ching;  923,  Chwangtsong;  926,  Mingt- 
8ong  ;  934,  Minti ;  and  later  in  the  same 
year,  Lou  Wang ;  936,  Kaotsou  ;  943,  Tsi 
Wang ;  947,  Kaotsou ;  948,  Ynti ;  951, 
Taitsou;  954,  Chitsong.] 

The  Sung  dynasty  rules  the  Empire. 
960  *  *  Taitsou  is  enthroned.    [976,  Tait- 
song; 998,  Chintsong  I.] 

1023  *  *  Jintsongis  enthroned  at  13  years 
of  age.  His  mother  conducts  the  gov- 
ernment [for  ten  years]. 

1064  *  *  Yngtsong  is  enthroned. 

1068*  *  Chintsong  II.  is  enthroned. 

*  *  *  The  Minister  Wangauchi  fails  in  his 
socialistic  reform. 

1086  *  *  Chutsong  is  enthroned  at  the  age 
of  10  years.  The  government  is  con- 
ducted by  tlie  Empress  Tefei. 

*  *  The  Mongols  begin  to  invade  the 
northwestern  frontier.  Hitherto  they 
have  been  vassals  of  the  Kin  Tartars,  but 
now  are  independent  and  strong. 

1101*  *  Hweitsong  is  enthroned. 

Hweitsong  invites  the  Tartars  to 
come  and  expel  the  Khitans  froTti  Leaou- 
tung;  they  drive  out  the  enemy,  and  then 
occupy  the  country  themselves. 

1115*  *  The  Kin  dynasty  rules  the 
northern  part  of  the  Empire  beyond  the 
Hoang-Ho,  while  the  Sung  dynasty  con- 
tinues to  rule  the  southern  part. 

*  *  Taitsou  is  enthroned  in  the  north. 
1123*  *  Taitsong   is    enthroned    in   the 

north. 
1126  *  *  Kingtsong  is  enthroned. 
1127*  ♦  Kaotsong  is  enthroned. 

*  *  *  The  Tartars  overrun  several  prov- 
inces, and  advance  their  conquests  to  the 
line  of  the  Yang-tse-Kiang. 

1135*  *  Hitsong  is  enthroned  in  the 
north.  [1149,  Chuiiang;  1161,  Chitsong; 
1163,  Hiaotsong.] 

1185*  *Ogdai  succeeds  his  father, 
Genghis  Khan,  as  head  of  the  Mongols. 
He  forms  a  code  of  laws,  and  establisheB 
custom-houses. 

1190  *  *  Changtsong  is  enthroned  in  the 
north ;  Kwaiigtsoug  in  the  south.  [1195, 
Ningtsong;  1209,  Choo  Yungki  in  the 
north  ;  1213,  Hiuentsong;  1224,Gaitsong; 
1225,  Litsong.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

173  *  *  A.  D.  A  virulent  pestilence  pre- 
vails throughout  the  country,  and  con- 
tinues for  11  years. 

610ir  *  *  The  usurper  Yangti  erects  a 
magnificent  palace  at  Lo-yang. 

807±  *  *  Paper  money  is  used. 


614    1232,**-1692,  **. 

ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1232  *  *  Mongols  under  Too-le  take 

Fung-tseaiig  Foo  and  Han-chung  Foo ; 

100,000  citizens  of  the  latter  perish  in 

their  flight. 

[He  continues  his  victories  along  the 
River  Han,  destroying  140  towns  and 
fortresses.] 

*  *  The  Mongols  secure  the  army  of 
Sung  as  an  ally,  and  prosecute  tlie  war 
against  Kin  vigorously. 

The  Kin  emperor  retreats  from  Kai- 
fungFuu,  and  burns  himself  in  his  palace 
at  the  fall  of  Joo-ning  Foo. 

1234+ *  *  Ogdai  sends  300,000  Mongols  to 
ravage  the  country  bordering  the  Cas- 
pian Sea,  and  600,000  more  into  Sze- 
chuen  to  subdue  it. 

1235  *  *  The  Mongols,  with  three  ar- 
mies, comprising  halt  a  million  men, 
attempt  the  complete  destruction  of  the 
Sung  power. 

1274  •  *  Chitsou  jends  an  expedition 
against  the  Japanese,  which  is  de- 
feated. 

1294  *  *  Kublai  Khan  dies,  after  con- 
quering Burma,  Cochin  China,  and 
Tongking. 

1356*  *  Choo  Yuen-Chang  captures 
Ifanking  from  the  Mongols. 

1366  *  *  Choo  sends  two  great  armies  to 
drive  the  Mongols  out  of  the  provinces 
north  of  the  Yang-tse-Kiang,  the  only  ter- 
ritory remaining  in  their  possession.  The 
main  army  has  250,000  men,  under  Suta. 

1367  *  *  Suta's  army  crosses  the  Hoang- 
Ho,  and  soon  completes  the  overthrow 
of  the  Mongols. 

1368  (  *  *  The  Emperor  subdues  the 
Mongol  power  in  Tartary  and  later  in 
Leaou-tung. 

1401  *  *  Went!,  with  600,000  soldiers,  for 
several  continuous  days  fights  a  battle 
at  Techow  with  the  Prince  of  Yen,  and 
is  finally  defeated  and  his  army  routed. 

1506*  *  22*  *In  this  reign  Prince 
Ning  rebels,  and  is  defeated  with  the 
loss  of  30,000  men. 

1522  *  *  The  invasion  of  the  Manchu 
Tartars  begins. 

1542  «  •  Yen-ta  the  Manchu  lays  waste 
the  province  of  Shen-se,  and  threatens 
the  capital.  [Latera  Jap.anese  fleet  dev- 
astates the  littoral  provinces.] 

1573  ** -1620*  *  In  this  reign  the 
Japanese  under  Fashiba  (Taiko  Sama) 
invade  and  then  claim  Korea,  but  are 
defeated,  and  compelled  to  sue  for  peace. 

1597  *  *  The  Japanese  again  invade 
Korea  and  defeat  the  army  and  navy 
sent  against  them. 

1616  *  *  Goaded  by  injustice,  the  Man- 
chu Tartars  invade  China,  and  defeat 
the  army  sent  against  them. 

1619  *  *  The  Manchus  are  again  victo- 
rious. 

1626  Sept.*  The  Manchus  under 
Noorhachu  are   repulsed  at  Ningyuen. 

1635*  * -44  *  *  Bloody  internecine 
wars  occur. 

The  Tartars   side  with  the  Imperial 
party,  defeat  the  usurper  Li  Tsechiug, 


CHINA. 


aiul  enter  Peking,  and  establish  them 
selves  in  power. 

1642*  *  The  rebel  army  cuts  the  dikes 
of  the  Yellow  liiver  in  the  siege  of  Kaig- 
f  img  Foo,  and  the  cjty  becomes  a  heap  of 
ruins,  while  200,000  inhabitants  perish. 

1656  *  *  The  Manchiis  defeat  an  expe- 
dition sent  against  them  under  Kosbinga 
at  Nanking. 

1671±  *  *  "Wou  Sankwei  leads  a  rebel- 
lion in  the  southwest,  and  prolongs  the 
struggle  for  nine  years. 

1678  *  *  Galdan,  a  prince  of  .langaria, 
conquers  Kashgaria,  and  becomes  the 
ruler  of  Central  Asia.  [He  strains  the 
military  power  of  China  for  many  years.] 

1679  *  *  The  rebellion  of  "Wou  Sankwei 
ends  with  his  death. 

1689  *  *  Galdan  is  checked  by  Kang-lii. 

ART  —  LETTERS  —  NATtTRE. 

1275  *  *  Marco  Polo,  the  Venetian, 
visits  the  "Great  Khan,"  Kublai. 

1380*  *Nicolo  Zeno,  a  Venetian, 
makes  a  voyage  to  China. 

1400+  *  *  The  Yu  Ho  canal  is  com- 
pleted. 

1403*  *-1425*  *The  Emperor 
Yonglo  encourages  literature  and  the 
fine  arts. 

1430  *  *  The  Porcelain  Tower  at  Nan- 
king is  completed,  after  19  years  are 
spent  in  its  construction. 

1470±  *  *  The  canal  from  Peking  to  the 
Pee-Ho  is  made,  for  the  transportation 
of  grain. 

*  *  *  The  Emperor  employs  50,000  soldiers 
in  repairing  the  Great  "Wall. 

1511  *  *  Raphael  Perestralo  sails  from 
Malacca  to  China. 

1662  *  *  -1721  *  *  The  Emperor  orders 
the  printing  of  a  cyclopedia  of  C109 
volimies,  containing  all  the  valuable 
books  of  the  times. 

** -1723**  The  Emperor  establishes 
schools  and  colleges,  and  promotes  lit- 
erature and  science. 

*  *  An  earthquake  visits  Peking,  and 
400,000  people  perish. 

*  *  Emperor  Tung-Ching  expels  the 
quarreling  missionaries  from  the 
schools. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1341  *  •  Ogdai,  Mongol  prince,  A56. 

1248*  *  Kwei-yew,  Mongol  prince,  dies. 

1359  *  *  Mangu,  Mongol  emperor,  dies. 

1894  •  *  Kublai-Khan.  founder  of  the 
Mongol  dynasty,  <iie8- 

1308  ♦  *  Chingtsong,  emperor,  dies. 

1331  *  *  Jintsong,  emperor,  dies- 

1398  *  *  Hongwoii,  emperor,  dies. 

1435  *  *  Yonglo,  emperor,  dies. 

1567  *  *  Kea-tsing,  emperor,  dies. 

1606  *  *  Martinez,  Francis,  Jesuit  martyr,  d. 

1610*  *  Rioci.  Matteo,  the  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary, dies. 

1630  *   *  Wanleh,  emperor,  dies. 

1631  *  *  Kvvantsoiig,  emperor,  dies. 
1627*  •  Teen-ke,  emperor,  dies. 
1661  *  *  Clmntche,  emperor,  dies. 


1292  *  *  The  first  Roman  Catholic 
missionaries,  led  by  Cardova,  enter 
China. 

1294  *  *  John  de  Monte  Corvino  is 
sent  by  the  Pope  to  Peking. 

1368+  *  *  Hongwou,  as  a  quondam  Bud- 
dhist priest,  favors  Buddhism  to  the 
exclusion  of  Taonism,  wliose  priests 
were  held  in  contempt  by  intelligent 
people  for  their  pretended  magical  arts 
and  their  search  after  the  philosopher's 
stone. 

1403+  *  *  Yonglo  revives  the  law  pro- 
hibiting Buddhism. 

1552  *  *  Francis  Xavier,  an  inten- 
tional missionary  to  the  Chinese,  dies 
on  Sancian  Island  near  Macao,  after 
crying,  out  "Rock,  rock,  when  wilt 
thou  open?" 

1575  *  *  Jesuit  missionaries  are  sent 
from  Rome  by  Popo  Gregory  XIII.  [and 
are  successful  for  a  season]. 

1580  *  *  Michael  Ruggiero,  of  the 
Jesuits,  arrives  at  Macao. 

1582  *  *  Michael  Roger,  a  Jesuit,  be- 
gins mission-work. 

1583  *  *  Matteo  Ricci,  an  Italian  Jesuit, 
arrives. 

1584  *  *  The  Roman  Catholic  mission- 
aries baptize  their  first  convert. 

1598  *  *  Matteo  Ricci  becomes  the  head 
of  the  Jesuit  mission  in  Shanking. 

1600  *  *  Ricci  is  admitted  to  Peking,  and 
finds  favor  with  the  Emperor. 

He  conforms  Christianity  to  agree  in 
man^  respects  with  the  traditions  of 
"  "  ■    gains    many    converts, 


CHURCH. 

1275±  *  *  Mohammedanism  is  intro- 
duced into  Yunnan. 

1280+ *  •Kublai  Khan  favors  Bud- 
dhism. 


Confucius,  and 

some  of  whom  are  mandarins 

1606  *  *  The  Jesuit  Francis  Martinez, 
missionary  and  first  martyr,  <iies. 

1618  *  *  The  Emperor  banishes  all  mis- 
sionaries except  those  following  the 
Jesuit  teachings  of  Ricci,  favoring  an- 
cestral worship. 

1630*  *  Hainan  becomes  a  Roman 
Catholic  mission-station. 

1645  *  *  Pope  Innocent  X.  issues  a  de- 
cree condemning  and  prohibiting  the 
idolatrous  worship  of  ancestors,  a 
practise  concerning  which  the  Jesuits 
and  Dominicans  were  divided  in  opinion. 

1648  *  *  The  Dominican  Francis  de 
Capillas  is  beheaded. 

1650  *  *  Jesuits  claim  150,000  converts. 

1656*  *  Pope  Alexander  VII.  approves 
the  Jesuits,  and  tolerates  the  worship 
of  ancestors  by  Chinese  Christians,  as 
a  civil  rather  than  a  religious  rite. 

1661*  *-62*  *  The  Jesuits  enter 
Tibet. 

1664  *  •  The  Jesuits  claim  257,000  con- 
verts. 

1665  *  *  Five  Christian  mandarins  are 
beheaded. 

*  *  The  Emperor  issues  an  edict  against 
the  Jesuit  missionaries  because  of 
their  interference  in  affairs  of  state. 

1671  *  *  The  Emperor  Kangi  restores 
the  Christian  churches  to  the  mission- 
aries. 

1680  *  *  Strife  divides  the  Jesuits  from 
the  Dominicans  respecting  the  attitude 


CHINA. 


1232,**-1692, 


615 


of  the  Church  toward  the  worship  of  Con- 

fuciiis,  deceased  aiioestors,  and  heaven. 
1692  *  *  The  Tribunal  of  Rites  decides 
that  foreigners  may  publicly  practise 
their  religion.  [This  decision  is  called 
the  Great  Charter  of  Christianity  in 
China.] 

*  *  The  French  missionaries  save  the 
life  of  the  Kmperor  after  his  own  doc- 
tors have  abandoned  hope  of  his  recovery . 

SOCIETY. 

1279  *  *  The  Mongol  emperor  has  a  law 
that  all  liquor-makers  shall  be  ban- 
ished and  enslaved,  and  all  their  prop- 
erty and  children  shall  come  under  the 
control  and  care  of  the  government. 

1323  *  *  Yngtsong  is  murdered  by  con- 
spirators. 

1621  *  *  At  the  siege  of  Leaoutung,  by 
the  Manchus,  the  pigtail  is  enforced 
on  the  Chinese  as  a  badge  of  subjuga- 
tion, and  the  one  condition  of  immu- 
nity from  massacre. 

1642  *  *  Rebellion  brings  want ;  human 
flesh  is  sold  for  food  in  the  besieged 
city  of  Kaifung  Foo. 

1650  *  *  The  shaved  head  and  pig- 
tail, the  symbol  of  Tartar  sovereignty, 
become  more  and  more  imiversally 
adopted. 

STATE. 
1232  *  *  The  Mongols  enter  an  alliance 

with  the  State  of  Sung  against  the  Kins. 
1234  *  *  The  dynasty  of  the  Kins  comes 

to  an  end. 

1241  *  *  Cheliemen  succeeds  Ogdai,  his 
grandfather,  as  nominal  head  of  tlie 
Mongols. 

*  *  Toliekona,  a  woman,  seizes  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  Mongols,  and  rules  for 
four  years. 

1245  *  *  Toliekona  places  her  son  Kwei- 
yew  on  the  throne  as  great  khan. 

1248  *  *  Mangu,  the  eldest  son  of  Too-le, 
is  proclaimed  emperor  by  the  Mongols. 

1255  *  *  -1720  *  *  Tibet  is  gradually 
subdued  and  annexed. 

The  Mongols  are  supreme. 

The   Mongol   or   Yuen   (Original) 
dynasty  rules  the  Empire. 
1260  *  *  Chitsou  (Kublai  Khan)  is  en- 
throned. 

*  *  Nanking  becomes  the  capital. 

*  *  *  Kublai  Khan  assumes  complete 
jurisdiction  as  Emperor  of  China,  on 
the  subjugation  of  Sung;  he  executes 
public  works  and  befriends  the  poor,  yet 
is  regarded  with  animosity  as  an  alien. 

The  nation  becomes  more  illustrious, 
and  its  power  is  more  widely  felt,  than 
ever  before. 

1265  *  *  Toutsong  is  enthroned.  [1275, 
Tihien;  1276,  Touantsong;  1278,  Tiping.] 

1280  *  *  -1368  *  *  Peking  is  the  capi- 
tal of  China. 

1294  *  *  Timur  succeeds  his  grandfather, 
Kublai,  with  the  title  Yuen-Ching. 

1295  *  *  Chingtaong  is  enthroned.  [1308, 
Woutsong;  1312,  Jintaong.  He  pays 
honors  to  both  Chinese  and  Mongols.] 


1320  *  *  Three  years  of  disorder  fol- 
low the  death  of  Jintsong. 

1321*  *  Yngtsong  is  enthroned.  [1320, 
Taitingti ;  1328,  Wentsong  ;  1333,  Chunti 
(Johan  Timour).] 

*  *  *  Disorders  and  confusion  increase, 
till  Chunti   is  compelled  to  fly  before 
Choo   Yuen-Chang,  a  Chinese  laboring 
man. 
The  Chinese  regain  supremacy. 

1355  *  *  Choo  Yuen-Chang,  having  re- 
volted and  captured  Nanking,  proclaims 
himself  the  I>uke  of  Woo  [aiul  remains 
master  of  the  Empire  for  13  years]. 


The  Ming  dynasty,  the  first  native 
line  of  emperors,  rules  the  Empire. 
1368*  *-1403*  *  Nanking  is  again  the 
capital  of  China. 

*  *  Hongwou  (Choo)  is  enthroned. 
1398  *  *  Kien  Wenti  is  enthroned. 

*  *  *  Successful  rebellion  of  the  Prince 
of  Yen. 

1403  *  *  Tonglo  (Prince  of  Yen)  is  en- 
throned. [He  annexes  Cochin  China  and 
Tongking.] 

1410  *  *  Peking  is  again  made  the  capi- 
tal of  China. 

1425  *  *  Gintsong  is  enthroned. 

1426  *  *  Suentsong  is  enthroned. 

*  *  *  Cochin  China  rebels,  and  becomes 
independent. 

1428  *  ♦  Tongking  ceases  to  be  a  Chinese 
province,  and  becomes  a  tributary  State. 
1435  *  *  Yngtsong  is  enthroned. 

1450  *  *  Yngtsong  is  captured  by  Yesien 
the  Tartar  [and  finally  liberated ;  while 
a  captive,  his  brother  Kingti  administers 
the  government]. 

1458*  *  Yngtsong  is  restored  to  the 

throne. 

1465  *  *  Hientsong  is  enthroned. 

*  *  *  Hientsong  creates  the  Grand  Coiin- 
cil  of  !Eiunuchs  as  a  star  chamber. 

1488*  *  Hiaotsong  is  enthroned.  [He 
builds  granaries  for  storing  100,000  bush- 
els in  every  district  of  ten  villages.] 

1506  *  *  Woutsong  is  enthroned. 

1517*  *  Don  Ferdinand  Perez  D'An- 
dradC}  a  Portuguese,  sails  with  a  squad- 
ron into  the  Canton  Kiver. 

1522  *  *  Chitsong  is  enthroned. 

1523  *  *  D'Andrade  is  arrested  and  exe- 
cuted for  the  depredations  of  Portu- 
guese. 

1567  *  *  Moutsong  is  enthroned. 
1573  *  *  Wanleh  is  enthroned  at  six  years 
of  age. 

*  *  *  He  purchases  peace  by  making  Yen- 
ta,  the  invading  Tartar,  a  prince  with 
certain  commercial  privileges. 

*  *  *  Popai,  the  Turk,  leads  an  unsuccess- 
ful revolt. 

["Wanleh  grants  land  in  Shen-se  to 
Yen-ta.] 
1592  *  *  The  Japanese  invada  Korea, 
and  are  driven  away  ;  Korea  is  annexed 
to  China. 

1596  ♦  *  The  British  send  an  unsuccess- 
ful expedition  to  China. 

1597  *  *  The  Japanese  make  a  second 
and  successful  invasion,  yet  voluntarily 
retire. 


1601  *  *  Hicci,  the  Italian  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary, is  received  at  court,  where  he 
wins  favor,  and  becomes  the  scientific 
adviser  of  the  Emperor. 

1604  *  *  The  Dutch  arrive  in  three  ves- 
sels, but  are  not  admitted. 

1616  *  *  The  oppressed  Manchu  Tar- 
tars successfully  invade  the  empire,  and 
soon  defeat  two  armies  and  possess  Le- 
aou-tung. 

1620  *  *  The  Emperor  dies  of  grief. 

*  *  Kwantsong  is  enthroned. 

1621*  *  Kwantsong  drinks  of  "the 
liquor  of  immortality,"  by  advice  of  his 
doctors,  and  dies. 

*  *  Teen-ke  is  enthroned. 

*  *  Chiti  is  enthroned. 

1622  ♦  *  The  Dutch  attempt  to  enter  by 
force  and  are  defeated.  They  establish 
themselves  on  one  of  the  Pheng-hoo  Isl- 
ands.    [1653.    Again  repulsed.] 

1624  *  *  Hitsong  is  enthroned. 

1628  *  *  Hoaitsong  is  enthroned. 

[Troubles  abound,  rebellions  nmltiplVj 
and  the  Government  is  paralyzed.  Li 
tseching  leads  a  strong  rebellion,  is  de- 
feated by  aid  of  the  Manchu  Tartars, 
who  enter  Peking,  and  establish  the  pres- 
ent Manchu  dynasty.] 

The  Manchu,  or  Tatsing,  dynasty 

rules  the  Empire  [till  the  present  time]. 
1644*  *Chuntche,  or  Chitsou,  is  en- 
throned. 

Having  been  educated  by  Adam  Schaal, 
a  German  Jesuit,  he  makes  him  nominal 
president  of  the  board  of  mathemati- 
cians, but  in  fact,  prime  minister. 

1656  *  *  The  Hussians  arrive,  but  the 

envoy  refuses  to  kotow  before  the  Em- 
peror, and  is  sent  back  without  an  audi- 
ence. 
1661  *  *Kang-hi  is  enthroned  at  eight 
years  of  age,  with  four  co-regents  to 
conduct  the  government. 

[He  consolidates  the  Empire,  surveys 
the  provinces  by  aid  of  Europeans,  and 
encourages  education  and  religion.  His 
reign  is  glorious.  Formosa  and  Tibet 
are  conquered  and  annexed.] 

1671±  *  *  "Wou  Sankwei,  having  su- 
preme authority  in  southwest  China, 
rebels  against  Kangi. 

1672  The  Kalmuck  Tartars  are  ex- 
pelled, and  settle  in  the  region  of  the 
Volga. 

1692  *  *  The  Tribunal  of  Rites  passes 
a  decision  in  favor  of  foreigners  who 
wish  publicly  to  practise  their  religion. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1278*  *  Marco  Polo  visits  Tibet. 
1342  *  *  A    famine    destroys    13,000,000 

people. 
1517*  *  Europeans  visit  Canton. 

*  *  *  Chinese  porcelain  is  introduced 
into  England,  and  is  in  great  demand. 

1536  *  *  Macao  is  granted  to  the  Portu- 
guese merchants. 

1660  *  *  England  first  receives  tea  from 
China. 

1680  *  *  Trade  with  the  East  India 
Company  begins,  and  an  English  fac- 
tory is  established  at  Canton. 


616    1695,  *  *-1843»  Oct.  9. 


CHINA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1695  *  *  G^dan  is  totally  defeated  by 
the  Emperor's  army  at  Chowmodo. 

1736  r  *  *  An  army  subdues  Hi,  and  it  is 
annexed  ;  twice  Surma  is  invaded  with- 
out conquest.  The  Mussulmans  are  de- 
feated in  Kansuh. 

1755 1  *  *  Keen-Iiune  subdues  Davatsi 
and  bis  opponent,  Araursana,  in  Central 
Asia. 

1792  *  *  The  war  against  the  Goorkhaa 
extends  tbe  triumphs  of  Keen-Lung 
within  60  miles  of  British  frontiers. 

1808  *  *  The  English  occupy  Macao, 
and  are  peremptorily  ordered  to  retire. 

1831  *  *  The  British  opiiun-trade  being 
destroyed  by  tbe  laws  prohibiting  its  use, 
a  mlhtary  expedition  is  sent  to  Canton. 

*  *  England  sends  men-of-war  to  Canton, 
and  arms  the  lorchas  of  the  opium- 
smugglers. 

1834  *  *  The  British  send  another  expe- 
dition to  Canton. 

Sept.  5.  A  battle  between  two  British 
ships  and  the  natives  begins  the  war  ; 
several  Chinese  are  killed. 

1838  July  12.  Admiral  Maitland  ar- 
rives at  Macao. 

1839  Aug.  23.  Hong-Kong  is  taken 
by  the  British  under  Capt.  Elliot. 

Aug.  24.  Tbe  British  boat  Black  Joke  is 
attacked,  and  the  crew  murdered. 

Nov,  3.  The  British  frigates  Volage 
and  Hyacinth  are  attacked  oif  Chuen- 
pee  by  29  armed  junks,  four  of  which 
are  sunk. 

1840  *  *  The  British  declare  war.  The 
first  opium-war  begins. 

Feb.  28.  The  Chinese  fire-ships  unsuc- 
cessfully attack  tbe  British  fleet. 

May  22.  Armed  jtmks  attack  the  Brit- 
ish ship  Hellas. 

June  28.  A  British  fleet  of  15  men-of- 
war  and  25  transports  arrives  at  Canton, 
and  the  blockade  begins.  Sir  Gordon 
Bremer  commands  tbe  first  part  of  tbe 
expedition. 

July  2.  Tlie  Chinese  fire  on  a  flag  of 
truce  at  Amoy. 

July  5.  The  British  under  Capt.  Bremer 
occupy  the  island  of  Chu-san. 

July  10.  The  British  proceed  to  block- 
ade tbe  coast. 

Nov.  6.  Capt.  Elliot  enters  into  a  truce 
with  the  Chinese  Commissioner  Kesben. 

1841  Jan.  6.  The  British  cease  to  ne- 
gotiate, owing  to  a  breach  of  faith  by 
Chinese. 

Jan.  7.  The  Bogue  forts  at  Cbuenpee 
and  Taikok,  with  their  armaments,  173 
guns,  are  taken  by  the  British. 

Jan.  9.  A  preliminary  treaty  of  peace 
is  signed.  [It  proves  unsatisfactory  to 
both  parties.] 

Feb.  23.  The  British  resume  hostili- 
ties, as  the  Emperor  disapproves  tbe 
terms  of  peace. 

Feb.  24.  The  British  evacuate  the 
island  of  Chusan. 


Mar.  2.  Sir  Hugh  Gough  assumes 
command  of  tbe  British  army  at  Canton. 

Mar.  3.  Hostilities  are  suspended  at 
the  request  of  the  Chinese, 

Mar.  6.    Fighting  is  renewed. 

Mar.  IB.  Tbe  British  forces  destroy  an 
armed  flotilla. 

May  21.  Capt.  Elliot  advises  all  for- 
eigners to  leave  Canton  immediately. 
At  night  the  Chinese  batteries  open  on 
the  British. 

May  23.  The  British  destroy  the  Chi- 
nese batteries  and  40  war-jmiks. 

May  25.  Tbe  British,  4,000  strong,  take 
the  heights  behind  Canton. 

May  31.  Canton  is  ransomed  for 
$G,000,000,  and  hostilities  cease. 

June  1.  British  forces  withdraw  from 
Canton. 

July  5.    Tbe  British  bombard  Tinghai. 

Aug.  10,  Tbe  British  resume  offensive 
operations  on  the  eastern  coast.    [Aug. 

27.  They  take  Amoy,  after  a  brief  re- 
sistance. Sept.  4.  Destroy  the  Bogue 
forts.  Oct.  1.  Take  Ting-hai,  and  cap- 
ture 136  guns ;  Chusan  is  taken  the  sec- 
ond time  and  reoccupied.  Oct.  10.  Sir 
Hugh  Gough  takes  Chinhai.  Oct.  13. 
Take  Ning-po ;  the  inhabitants  shut 
themselves  in  their  houses,  and  write  on 
their  doors  "  Submissive  People."    Dec. 

28.  Take  Yu-yaou ;  most  of  the  garri- 
son drown  themselves  to  escape  capture.] 

1842  Mar.  10.  The  Chinese  suddenly 
attack  Ning-po  and  Chinhai,  and  are 
repulsed  with  great  U)ss. 

Mar.  15.  Tbe  British  rout  8,000  Chi- 
nese near  Tze-kee. 

May  17.  The  British  attack  the  port  of 
Chapoo,  rout  2,000  soldiers,  and  destroy 
the  defenses. 

Jiine  13.  The  British  squadron,  sailing 
for  Nanking,  enters  the  Kiang  Biver. 

June  16.  Tbe  British  capture  "Woo- 
sung,  the  port  of  Shanghai,  and  take 
230  guns.  [July  19-  Take  Shanghai. 
July  6,  Ascend  the  Yang-tse-Kiang. 
July  21.    Take  Chin-Keang  by  storm.] 

Aug.  5.  The  entire  British  fleet  arrives 
oif  Nanking. 

Aug.  29.    The  war  ends.    (See  State.) 

ART  —LETTERS  —  NATURE. 

1719    Jtme  11.    An  earthquake  occurs  ; 

1,000  people  buried  in  the  ruins. 
1731    Nov.  30.  A  terrible  earthquake 

overwhelms  100,000  persons  at  Peking, 

destroys  the  palace,  and  lays  the  suburbs 

in  ruins. 
1736+  *  *  Emperor  Keen-Lung  is  fond 

of  art,  and  embellishes  Peking;  he 

writes    poetry  and  prose,  and  collects 

libraries. 
1750  *  *  An  observatory  is  erected  at 

Peking. 
1830    May  26,  27.   Earthquakes  near 

Canton  cause  the  death  of  more  than 

6,000  persons. 
1833     Oct.  *  At    Canton    10,000    houses 

and  1,000  lives  are  destroyed  by  a  flood. 


A  like  calannty  visits  other  parts;  all 
caused  by  incessant  rains. 
1841  *  *  The  Ho7ig-Kmig  Gazette  is  first 
published.     [1860.    The  Daily  I'ress,] 


1710* 

1722* 

1732  • 

1735 

1799 

1813 

1820 

1835* 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

*  Kien-Luiig,  emperor,  born. 

*  Kang-i.  emperor,  dies. 

*  Boves,  Joach,  Jesuit  missionary,  d. 
Oct-  7.     Yung-Ching,  emperor,  dies. 
Feb.  8.     Kien-Lungr,  emi)eror,  A88. 

*  Hung-tsiuen,  rel>el  h'ader,  horn. 
Sept.  2.     Klaking,  emperor,  dies. 

*  Kung:,  Prince,  born. 


CHURCH. 


1700  *  *  The  Emperor  Kangi  informs  the 
missionaries  that  the  worsliip  of  Tien 
(heaven)  is  tbe  worship  of  tbe  true  Cod, 
and  the  other  rites  are  merely  civil. 

1715  *  *  The  Roman  Catholic  missions 
have  great  success,  and  claim  1,100 
churches  in  Kiangnan  and  Kiangsi 
alone,  and  100,000  converts. 

1718+  *  *  Pope  Clement  XI.  decrees  that 
Tien  does  not  mean  the  true  God, 
and  tbe  rites  are  idolatrous  ;  this  decis- 
ion turns  the  Emperor  from  tbe  Chris- 
tians to  Confucius. 

1722±  *  *  Emperor  Yung  Ching  expels 
the  missionaries  from  tbe  schools  in 
consequence  of  their  quarrels  among 
themselves. 

1735*  *-96*  *Tlie  Emperor  perse- 
cutes the  Christians  during  a  part  of 
his  reign. 

1736  *  *  The  Jesuits  are  expelled  by 
an  edict  of  the  Emperor. 

1742  *  *  The  Jesuits  are  commanded 
by  the  Pope  to  make  no  accommodations 
with  paganism. 

1792±  *  *  A  great  famine  is  charged 
against  the  missionaries. 

1805  *  *  Cruel  persecution  of  Catholic 
Christians  prevails. 

1807  Sept.  7.  Robert  Morrison  of 
England,  the  first  Protestant  mission- 
ary, arrives. 

*  *  The  London  Society  begins  work  in 
China. 

*  *  *An  edict  against  Christianity  is 
published. 

1813  *  *  "William  Milne  from  England 
arrives  in  Canton  to  aid  Morrison. 

1816  Sept.  3.  The  Emperor  Kaiking  is 
dethroned  because  of  religious  differ- 
ences. 

*  *  The  Catholic  Christians  are  perse- 
cuted. 

1820  *  *  Catholic  Christians  are  perse- 
cuted, and  many  killed,  including  tbe 
vicar  apostolic  and  bishop  in  partibus. 

1830  Feb.  25.  EHjah  C.  Bridgman 
and  David  Abul,  missionaries  of  the 
American  Board  of  Commissioners  for 
Foreign  Missions,  arrive  in  Canton. 

1831  *  *  Missionary  Bridgman  issues  tbe 
first  number  of  the  Chinese  Repository. 

1833  *  *  Baptist  missions  for  the  Chi- 
nese begin  by  establishing  a  station  at 
Bangkok,  Siam,  for  its  Chinese  popula- 
tion. 

1836*  *  An  American  Baptist  mis- 
sion-post is  established  on  tlte  Island  of 
Macao.    [1842.    Moved  to  Hong-Kong.] 


CHINA. 


1695,**-1843,  Oct.  9.     617 


1840  *  *  Amoy  becomes  a  mission-sta- 
tion of  tlie  Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 

+  *  •  The  opimn-war  suspends  mission* 
:iry  labor. 

1842  *  *  David  Abul  establishes  a  mis- 
sion of  the  American  Board  at  Amoy. 

*  *  Amoy  becomes  a  mission-station  of 
the  Ueformed  Church  (U.  S.  A.). 

1843  Oct.  8.  A  supplementary  treaty 
is  signed  giving  all  foreigners  at  treaty 
ports  the  same  rights  as  British  subjects. 

*  *  The  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society 
begin  work  at  Shanghai. 

SOCIETY. 

1730i  *  *  In  order  to  check  the  growth 
of  the  population  beyond  the  means  of 
subsistence,  rewards  are  offered  by  the 
Government  to  certain  classes  of  persons 
who  remain  single. 

1754  *  *  Keen-Lung  orders  that  every 
Mussulman  above  15  years  of  age  in 
Kansuli  be  put  to  deaths  in  order  to 
prevent  another  war. 

1767  *  *  The  importation  of  opium 
amounts  to  about  1,000  chests  annually, 
and  the  traffic  is  wholly  in  the  hands  of 
the  Portuguese. 

1781  *  *  The  East  India  Company  (Brit- 
ish) takes  charge  of  the  opium-trade 
[and  the  importation  is  about  1,000  chests 
a  year]. 

1785  Feb.  14.  The  Emperor  Keen- 
Lung  makes  a  feast  to  the  ancients  of 
his  kingdom. 

Ancients  <)f  100  years  receive  50 bushels 
of  rice  and  two  pieces  of  silk  :  those  of  90 
years,  30  bushels  of  rice  and  two  pieces 
of  inferior  silk  ;  and  others  in  same  pro- 
portion down  to  50  years. 

1800*  *  The  Government  becomes 
greatly  alarmed,  and  an  edict  is  issued 
forbidding  the  importation  of  opium 

by  anyjKirson  for  any  purpose  whatever. 
The  severest  penalties  are  prescribed 
for  those  violating  the  law, —nothing 
less  than  the  confiscation  of  the  vessel, 
the  destruction  of  the  opium,  and  the 
capital  execution  of  the  smugglers. 

1832  *  *  Strangling  is  the  penalty  for 
selling  opium;  and  an  offender  is  thus 
executed  at  Macao,  in  tlie  presence  of  a 
crowd  of  foreigners. 

1839  *  *  The  Imperial  Commissioner  Lin 
writes  to  Queen  Victoria  imploring 
her  to  put  an  end  to  the  traffic. 

1841  ±  *  *The  Emperor  Taoukwang,  in 
reply  to  Sir  Henry  Pottinger's  demand 
for  the  legalization  of  the  opium-trade, 
said  :  "  True,  I  cannot  prevent  the  intro- 
duction of  the  poison ;  but  nothing  will 
induce  me  to  raise  a  revenue  from  the 
vice  and  misery  of  my  people."  The 
Emperor,  himself  a  reformed  opium- 
smoker,  has  tost  three  sons  by  the  vice. 

±  *  *  The  secret  society  called  The  Green 
"Water  Inly  becomes  formidable  and 
turbulent  in  Hoonan. 

STATE. 

1719  *  *  Peter  the  Great  of  Russia 
sends  a  splendid  embassy  to  Peking, 
which  is  opposed  by  ministers  but  re- 
ceived by  tt^  Emperor.    Russia  Is  ad- 


mitted to  commercial  intercourse,  while 
other  European  nations  remain  ex- 
cluded. 

1722  *  *  Yung  Ching  is  enthroned. 

1735  *  *  Keen-Lung  is  enthroned. 

[He  extends  the  empire  over  the  great- 
er portion  of  Central  Asia.] 

1793  Sept.  14.  Lord  Macartney,  the 
British  ambassador,  arrives  at  Peking. 

Oct.  7.  The  Emperor  orders  him  to  de- 
part. 

1795  *  ♦  The  Dutch  send  an  embassy  to 
Peking,  which  is  treated  with  contumely. 

1796  Feb.  6.  Keen-Lung  abdicates 
the  throne. 

*  •  Kaiking  (a  son)  is  enthroned. 

[He  is  voluptuous  and  cruel.  Many 
rebellions  and  audacious  pirates  and  dis- 
sensions disturb  the  empire. 

1805  *  *  Kussia  sends  an  imposing  em- 
bassy to  Peking. 

1816  *  *  Lord  Amherst,  the  British  am- 
bassador, is  dismissed  from  Peking  be- 
cause he  refuses  to  kotow  before  the 
Emperor. 

1821  *  *  Taoukwang  is  entlironed. 

[He  distinguishes  his  reij^n  by  his  en- 
deavor to  keep  out  the  npiuin-trade  of 
Englantl;  many  insurrections  occur, 
which  cannot  be  quelled  by  the  army.] 

1826+  *  *  Insurrections  arise  against 
Chinese  authority  in  Kashgar. 

1828  *  *  Severe  prohibitory  law^s  against 
the  use  of  opium  destroy  the  perni- 
cious trade  and  exasperate  the  British 
merchants. 

1832  *  *  The  oppressed  Miaotze  rise  In 
a  formidable  rebellion. 

1833  Dec.  *  Rnu-  Lord  Napier  is  ap- 
pointed chief  superintendent  of  trade 
with  China,  with  John  Davis  as  one  of 
his  two  assistants. 

July  15.  Lord  Napier  arrives  as  super- 
intendent of  British  commerce. 

1834  July  *  Lord  Napier  reaches 
('anton.  [The  Chinese  refuse  to  have 
dealings  with  him,  and  interdict  all 
trade  with  those  associated  with  him.] 

Oct.  11.  Lord  Napier  dies  at  Macao, 
and  is  succeeded  by  [Sir]  John  Davis. 

Nov.  *  The  British  dispute  with  the  Chi- 
nese respecting  the  opium-trade,  which 
the  Emperor  prohibits. 

1836  Dec.  14.  Capt.  George  Elliot 
is  appointed  superintendent  of  trade  by 
the  British  Government. 

1837  Mar.  *  The  opposition  is  relaxed, 
and  Elliot  establishes  himself  at  Canton. 

1839  Jan.  *  The  Emperor  appoints  Tiin 
Tishseu  special  conmiissioner  to  visit 
Canton,  and  break  up  the  opium-trade. 

Mar. *- June*  Capt.  Elliot  agrees  that 
all  the  opium  in  the  hands  of  the  Eng- 
lish shall  be  given  up,  on  con<iition  that 
the  native  trade  in  it  shall  stop. 

M^r.  18.  Governor  Lin  concentrates  a 
military  force  near  Canton,  and  orders 
the  seizure  of  British  opium  to  prevent 
its  being  smuggled  into  the  Empire. 

Mar.  19.  The  British  residents  and  other 
foreigners  of  Canton  are  forbidden  to 
leave.     [May  24.    Tlie  British  leave.] 

Apr.  3.  The  Chinese  seize  20,283 
chests  of  Britisli  opium,  valued  at  more 
than  $20,000,000,  and  destroy  it.    [This  is 


regarded  by  the  British  Government  as 
casus  beili.] 
Aug.  19-21.    The    English   at  Macao 
seek  refuge  on  the  shipping  off  Hong- 
Kong. 
*  *  The  Chinese  demand  the  entire  aban- 
donment of   the  opium-trade,  which 
the  British  refuse  to  promise- 
Dec.  6.    British  trade  is  interdicted. 

1840  Jan.  5.  The  Emperor  issues  an 
edict  prohibiting  all  trade  and  inter- 
course with  England  forever. 

Sept.  16.  Imperial  Commissioner  T'I'ti  is 
finally  degraded,  and  Keshen  appointet^l 
in  his  place. 

Nov.  20.  The  British  Plenipotentiaries 
arrive. 

1841  Jan.  20.  Commissioner  Keshen 
cedes  Hong-Kong  to  the  British,  and 
promises  an  indemnity  of  $6,000,000 
within  10  days. 

Jan.  20.  Hong-Kong  is  declared  a  Brit- 
ish possession. 

Feb.  11.  The  Emperor  refuses  to  ap- 
prove the  preUminaries  of  peace. 

Mar.  12.  Commissioner  Keshen  is  de- 
graded, and  Eleang  takes  his  place. 

Apr.  14.  New  commissioners  meet 
the  British  at  Canton. 

July  16.  British  trade  is  reopened  at 
Canton. 

July  *  The  Canton  Convention  is 
signed  by  the  Imperial  commissioners. 

Aug.  10.  Sir  Henry  Pottinger  arrives 
at  Macao,  as  British  Minister  Plenipo- 
tentiary, and  issues  a  proclamation  stat- 
ing his  aims. 

1842  Aug.  12.  The  Chinese  Peace 
Commissioners  arrive  at  Nanking. 

Aug.  29.  The  Treaty  of  Nanking  is 
signed. 

Terms:  (1)  Canton,  Amoy,  Shanghai, 
Ning-po,  and  Fuchau  are  to  be  opened  to 
British  trade ;  (2)  Hong-Kong  is  ceded 
to  England ;  (3)  the  Chinese  to  pay  an 
indemnity  of  $21,000,000 ;  (4)  a  regular 
tariff  to  be  fixed  ;  (5)  official  intercourse 
is  to  be  on  the  basis  of  equality. 

1843  July  22.  The  ratifications  of  the 
Treaty  of  Nanking  are  formally  ex- 
changed. 

July  27.  The  port  of  Canton  is  opened 
to  the  British. 

Oct.  9.  By  a  supplementary  treaty  the 
British  are  permitted  to  own  real  es- 
tate in  the  treaty-ports,  and  to  travel  a 
certain  distance  into  the  interior;  also 
all  foreigners  are  to  havethe'same  rights 
as  British  subjects. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1771  *  *  The  Kalmucks  return  to  Mon- 
golia from  the  Volga  region,  and  thou- 
sands perish  on  the  journey. 

1822  *  *  Canton  loses  15,000  houses  by  fire. 

1834  Apr.  22.  The  East  India  Com- 
pany's monopoly  ends,  and  trade  be- 
comes free. 

1835  Jan.  31.  The  ^r^^y/e  is  seized  by 
the  Chinese,  and  her  crew  held  in  cap- 
tivity. 

Feb.  23.  The  Chinese  fire  the  con- 
demned opium  at  Canton. 


618    1843,**-1858,* 


CHINA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1847  Apr.  3.  The  British  capture  the 
Bogue  forts,  near  Canton. 

1849  »  *  Pirates,  led  by  Shapuntsai, 

control  a  large  fleet  and  well-equippetl 
force,  which  levies  hlackmail  from  Foo- 
chow  to  the  Gulf  of  Tongking. 

1850  Mar.  4.  The  British  steamship 
Medea  destroys  13  pirate  junks. 

Aug.  •  The  Tai-ptng  KebeUion  breaks 
out  in  Kuang-si,  Southern  China. 

The  leader,  Hung-tsiuen,  calls  himself 
Tien-teh,  "  Celestial  Virtue,"  claiming 
to  have  a  heavenly  commission  as  a  polit- 
ical and  religious  reformer.    (See  State.) 

1852  Apr.  •  Tien  AWang,  Hung-tsiuen, 
with  the  Triad  chiefs  as  allies,  begins  his 
northern  march. 

June  19.  The  rebels  defeat  the  Im- 
perialists under  Commissioner  Leu,  and 
destroy  a  large  part  of  his  army. 

Dec.  23.  The  rebels  sack  the  city  of 
Han- Yang  and  the  commercial  em- 
porium of  Han-Keu. 

1853  Jan.  12.  The  rebels  take  the 
fortress  of  Hu-Kuang  by  storm. 

Mar.  •  -Apr.  *  The  European  powers 
refuse  to  aid  the  Emperor  against  the 
rebels. 

Mar.  19,  20.  The Tai-pings  take  Nan- 
king, and  massacre  nearly  20,000  Man- 
chus ;  they  proclaim  the  inauguration 
of  the  Tai-ping  dynasty. 

May  19.    The  rebels  take  Nanking. 

May  •  The  Tai-ping  army  is  increased 
to  80,000  men. 

Sept.  7.    The  rebels  take  Shanghai. 

Oct.  *  The  Tai-pings  are  besieged  in 
their  fortitied  camp  at  Tsingliai. 

Nov.  *  The  rebel  army  is  checked  by 
two  Imperial  army  corps. 

1854  July  19.  The  rebels  are  com- 
pelled to  retreat  toward  Nanking. 
Nanking  is  taken  by  the  Imperialists. 

July  *  Another  rebellion,  chiefly  for 
plunder,  breaks  out  in  Canton. 

Aug.  *  -Nov.  *  The  rebels  besiege  Can- 
ton without  success. 

1855  Jan.  *  The    European    powers 

undertake  to  suppress  rebellion  in  the 
seaports,  and  the  French  Admiral  La- 
guerre  makes  two  attacks  on  Shanghai, 
which  the  rebels  repulse. 

Feb.  15.  The  British  and  Americans 
unite,  and  drive  the  rebels  from  Shang- 
hai. 

Mar.  *  The  rebels  retire  from  the  siege 
of  Canton. 

*  *  The  Imperialists  retake  many  impor- 
tant places. 

*  *  The  rebels  fail  in  an  attack  on  Pe- 
king. 

1856  *  *  The  rebels  suffer  from  dissen- 
sions. 

The  "  King  of  the  North  "  massacres 
the  "King  of  the  East"  with  all  his 
men  ;  afterward  the  former  and  his  ad- 
herents are  destroyed. 

May  19.  The  Panthay  rising  occurs 
in  the  southwest. 

The  Mohammedans  of  Yunnan  rise 
against  the  Chinese,  who  have  planned 
their  destruction  en  masse. 


Oct.  8+,  The  Chinese  capture  the 
Chinese  crew  of  the  Chinese  lorcha  Ar- 
row, when  flying  the  British  flag,  and 
engaged  in  smuggling  British  goods. 
The  British  consul  demands  satisfac- 
tion for  the  "  outrage." 

Oct.  23.  The  British  take  the  forts  near 
Canton. 

Nov.  3,  4.  Sir  Michael  Seymour  bom- 
bards Canton; 

Nov.  6.  The  defeated  Imperialists  re- 
tire from  Shanghai. 

Nov.  12,  13.  Sir  Michael  Seymour  cap- 
tures the  Bogue  forts  on  both  sides  of 
the  river,  at  Canton. 

Nov.  15.  The  Chinese,  of  the  Barrier 
Fort,  fire  on  an  American  boat  "  by 
mistake." 

Nov.  21,  22.  Com.  Armstrong  of  the 
U.  S.  frigate  Portsmouth  avenges  the 
attack  on  an  American  boat  by  destroy- 
ing four  forts,  mounting  165  guns. 

Nov.  25.    The  rebels  capture  Kuriking. 

Dec.  •  The  British  capture  more  forts. 

Dec.  14.  The  anti-foreigner  mob  burns 
the  property  of  Europeans. 

Dec.  30.  The  crew  of  the  British  vessel 
Thistle  is  murdered  by  Chinese. 

*  *  The  rebels  are  hemmed  in  and  ac- 
complish little,  yet  repelling  the  Impe- 
rial army  in  the  direction  of  Su-chao. 

*  *  A  bloody  feud  exists  between  the  lead- 
ers of  the  rebellion,  and  horrible  massa- 
cres occur. 

1857  •  *  -60  *  »  War  with  Great  Brit- 
ian  allied  with  France. 

Mar.  *  British  reenforcements  arrive 

from  England  and  Madras. 
May  26,  27.    Destruction  of  the  Chinese 

fleet  of  40  armed  juriks  by  the  British 

under  Com.  Elliot. 
June  1.    Sir  M.  Seymour  and  Com. 

Keppel  complete  the  destruction  of  the 

Chinese  fleet  of  72  junks,  near  Hyacinth 

Island. 
July  16.    The  British  are  diverted  from 

China  by  the  Sepoy  KebeUion ;  Lord 

Elgin  departs  for  India. 
July  *  Canton  is  declared  to  be  in  a  state 

of  siege  by  the  British. 
Aug.  *  The  British  blockade  Canton. 
Sept.  12.    The    Chinese  declare   war 

against  England. 
Sept.  20.    Lord    Elgin   returns    from 

India  to  Hong-Kong. 
Oct.  19.    Gen.    Straubenzee    assumes 

command  of  the  British  forces. 
Dec.  15.    The  allies  occupy  the  Island 

of  Do-dar,  opposite  Canton. 
Dec.  28,  29.    The  allies  bombard  Can- 
ton, and  take  the  city. 

1858  Jan.  5.  The  allies  enter  the  city 
of  Canton  in  three  detachments. 

Jan.  *  Y'eh,  the  governor-general  of 
Canton,  is  taken  prisoner,  and  sent  to 
India. 

Feb.  10.  The  blockade  of  Canton  is 
raised. 

May  20.  The  English  and  French  forces 
move  up  the  Pei-Ho  River  towards 
Peking,  and  take  the  Taku  forts,  mount- 
ing 138  guns. 


May  20.  The  expedition  arrives  at  the 
city  of  Tien-Tsin,  90  miles  from  Pe- 
king ;  the  Emperor  sues  for  peace. 

June  *  The  rebels  make  an  unsuccessful 
attack  on  Soochoo,  and  then  march  on 
the  city  of  Y'ou-Kiang. 

Jime  *  War  is  renewed  because  of  In- 
fraction of  the  treaty  by  the  Chinese. 

Aug.  *  -Sept.  *  The  British  liestroy  about 
130  armed  junks  manned  by  pirates. 

*  *  The  Mohammedan  rebels  under 
Ma  Sien  are  repulsed  in  an  attack  on 
the  city  of  Yunnan. 

*  *  Ma  Sien  is  again  repulsed  at  Linan. 

ART  —  LETTERS  —  NATURE. 

1853  *  ♦  The  Porcelain  Tower  at  Nan- 
king is  destroyed  by  the  Tai-pings. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1847    Aug.   19.     I.owrie,   Waller    M.,    ml»- 

Bionary,  murdered. 
1848*  *  C:apillas,  Francis  de,  Dominican,  be- 

lieaded. 

1849  Jan.  6.     Pohlnian,    John    William, 
martyr,  A  37. 

1850  Feb.  24.    Taonkwang.  emperor,  A69. 

1851  AxLg.  9.    (iutzlaff,  Karl,  missionary, 

1856    Apr.  37.    Ki-tsiang,  emperor,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1843  *  *  The  American  Baptists  com- 
mence a  mission  at  Ning-po  and  three 
substations, —  Sbaohing,  Kinhwa,  and 
Huchau. 

1844  *  *  The  treaty  rights  of  mission- 
aries are  first  secured.  (Also  see  State, 
1845,  Aug.  25.) 

*  *  Ning-po  becomes  a  mission-station  of 
the  American  Presbyterians  (North). 

1845  *  *  The  Church  of  England  opens  a 
mission  at  Shanghai. 

*  *The  American  Baptists  (South)  begin 
work  in  Canton. 

*  *  Canton  becomes  a  mission-station  of 
the  Presbyterian  Board. 

*  *  Ning-po  becomes  a  mission-station  of 
the  Presbyterian  Board. 

1846  *  *  The  first  converts  in  the  mis- 
sion of  the  American  Board  at  Amoy 
are  baptized. 

*  *  The  first  Protestant  Episcopal  con- 
vert is  baptized  on  Easter  Day.  [He 
becomes  a  clergyman.] 

*  *  The  Rhenish  Society  sends  a  mission- 
ary to  Canton. 

*  *  The  Basle  Missionary  Society  begins 
work  in  Hakkas,  province  of  Canton. 

1847  Aug.  19.  "Walter  M.  liowrie, 
American  Presbyterian  missionary,  is 
murdered  at  sea,  aged  28. 

Sept.  4.  The  first  Methodist  missiona- 
ries, Collins  and  White,  enter  Fuchau. 

*  *  The  mission  of  the  American  Board  is 
opened  In  Fuchau. 

*  *  The  American  Presbyterians  open  a 
mission  at  Canton. 

*  *  The  Rhenish  Mission  at  Canton  is 
organized. 

*  ♦  The  Basle  Missionary  Society  sends 
two  missionaries  to  Hong-Xong,  who 
proceed  to  the  mainland.. 


CHINA. 


1843,  **-1858,**.    61& 


*  •  The  English  Presbyterians  starta  inis- 
eion  in  Hong-Kong  and  vicinity. 

*  *  The  American  Seventh-day  Baptists 
start  a  mission  at  Shanghai. 

*  •  Kucheng  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  English  Church  Society. 

1848  Sept.  *  Shanghai  becomes  a  mis- 
sion-station of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  (South),  IT.  S.  A. 

*  *  The  American  Baptists  (South)  begin 
woric  in  Shanghai. 

*  *  The  (Eng.)  church  mission  at  Shang- 
hai is  enlarged  to  include  Xing-po. 

1849  Jan.  5.  John  WUliam  Pohl- 
man,  missionary  and  martyr,  dies, 
aged  37. 

1850  *  *  The  American  Presbyterians 
(North)  open  a  mission  in  Shanghai. 

*  *  The  (Eng.)  church  mission  is  opened 
in  Fuchau. 

*  •  The  (Eng.)  church  mission  is  opened 
in  Fuhkien. 

*  *  The  Berlin  Foundling  Asylum  is 
started  by  Berlin  ladies  at  Canton. 

*  *  Presbyterians  open  the  first  successful 
day  mission-school  in  China  at  Can* 
ton. 

*  *  The  Tai-ping  rebellion  assumes  a 
semi-religious  character,  and  evinces 
some  knowledge  of  Christianity. 

1851  *  *  Tlie  mission  of  the  English  Pres- 
byterians is  removed  from  Hong-Kong 
to  Amoy. 

1852  *  *  The  (Eng.)  Wesleyan  Methodists 
begin  a  mission  at  Canton. 

*  *  The  Basle  Missionary  Society  form  a 
station  at  XjI  Ijong. 

*  *  Mr.  Piercy,  who  had  labored  for  some 
time  at  his  own  expense,  becomes  an 
agent  of  the  Wesleyans,  and  establishes 
their  first  China  n\ission  at  Canton. 

1853*  *  Boys'  and  girls'  boarding- 
schools  are  established  by  the  Ameri- 
can Board  at  Fuchau, 

*  *  Hung-tsiuen  claims  to  be  the  second 
born  Son  of  God,  and  the  legitimate 
ruler  of  the  world ;  that  his  new  reli- 
gion is  modified  Christianity. 

1854  *  *  Civil  war  interrupts  the  mission- 
work  in  Canton. 

*  *  The  property  of  the  Southern  Baptists 
(U,  S.  A.)  at  Canton  is  destroyed  during 
the  rebellion. 

*  *  Missionaries  Blodget  and  Aitchison 
join  Mr.  Bridgman  at  Shanghai,  and  or- 
ganize a  mission  of  the  American  Board. 

1855  *  *  The  first  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  edifice  is  erected  at  Fuchau. 

1856  May  19.  The  Chinese  fix  upon 
this  day  for  a  general  massacre  of  Mo- 
hammedans in  Yunnan,  but  are  only 
partially  successful, 

*  *  War  with  England  interrupts  mission- 
work. 

*  •  The  American  Reformed  (Dutch)  mis- 
sionaries assume  the  work  of  the  Amer- 
ican Board  in  Amoy. 

*  *  Kyelang,  Little  Tibet,  becomes  a  Mo- 
ravian mission-station. 

1857  Jtily  14.  Ting  Ang,  the  first 
Methodist  convert,  is  baptized. 


*  *  The  Basle  Missionary  Society  begins  a 
mission  at  Hong-Kong. 

*  *  Ning-po  becomes  a  station  of  the  In- 
land Mission. 

*  *Thefir8t mission churchoftheAmer- 
ican  Board  is  organized  in  Fuchau,  con- 
sisting of  four  members. 

SOCIETY. 

1845  *  *  The  treaty  concessions  to  for- 
eigners are  partly  neutralized  by  the 
intense  hostility  of  the  people. 

1848*  *-49*  *  Numerous  bands  of 
robbers  infest  the  provinces  of  Jvuang-si 
and  Kuang-tung;  the  execution  of  1,500 
robbers  at  Canton  alone  does  not  check 
their  increase. 

1853-1- *  *  Over  100,000  persons,  most 
of  whom  are  innocent,  are  executed  in 
blood  at  the  capture  of  Canton  from  the 
rebels. 

1856  Dec.  14.  An  anti-foreigners 
mob  burns  all  the  dwellings  and  store- 
houses of  Europeans  at  Canton,  and  takes 
the  lives  of  some. 

1856  *  *  A  Chinese  smuggler,  bearing  the 
British  flag  and  manned  by  a  Chinese 
crew,  is  tired  on  by  the  Chinese ;  and 
this  insult  to  the  British  flag  is  made 
the  pretext  for  bombarding  Canton, 
while  England  uiid  France  advance  to- 
gether up  the  Pei-Ho  toward  Peking. 
[The  Emperor  is  compelled  to  legalize 
the  opium  trade  by  British  opium.] 

1858  *  *  The  murder  and  assassina- 
tion of  Europeans  is  common  in  Canton 
because  of  the  rage  of  the  inhabitants. 

STATE. 

1844  Feb.  16.  Sir  John  Davis  be- 
comes British  Minister. 

July  3.  Caleb  Cushing,  the  U.  S.  Com- 
missioner, negotiates  a  treaty  with  China 
wliich  is  more  liberal  than  the  British 

treaty. 

Oct.  23.    A  treaty  is  made  with  France. 

1845  Jan.  16.  U.  S.  A.  The  Govern- 
ment at  Washington  ratifies  the  treaty 
with  China. 

Aug.  25.  France  negotiates  a  treaty  by 
which  Christianity  is  to  be  tolerated 
in  the  five  ports. 

[All  the  treaty  concessions  are  wrested 
from  the  Government  in  opposition  to 
the  strong  feeling  of  the  Chinese  people, 
who  hate  the  foreigners.] 

1846*  *Simmerings  of  disaffection 
among  the  Mohammedans  are  noted 
in  Yunnan. 

r847  Apr.  2.  "Warlike  demonstra- 
tions are  used  to  compel  the  Govern- 
ment to  respect  the  stipulations  of  the 
treaties  made  with  foreign  governments. 

Dec.  *  "Warlike  demonstrations  are  re- 
peated by  the  foreign  powers. 

1849i:  *  *  The  Government  is  held  in 
popular  contempt  because  of  its  inabil- 
ity to  exclude  the  foreigners. 

1850  Feb.  25.  Hienfung  (Prince  Yih- 
choo)  is  enthroned ;  he  styles  himself 
Tien-te. 


Aug.*  In  Kwangsi,  Hung-tsiuen  (Tien 
"Wang)  leads  the  great  Tai-ping  re- 
bellion. 

He  aims  at  the  overthrow  of  the  exist- 
ing dynasty,  and  professes  to  be  commis- 
sioned of  God,  by  whom  he  is  instructed 
in  visions;  "general  peace"  is  written 
on  his  banners. 

*  *  A  special  commissioner  is  sent  to 
Kwangsi  and  then  two  generals. 

1851  *  *  The  Government  becomes  anx- 
ious, and  sends  the  Prime  Minister  to 

Kwangsi. 

*  *  The  IVIohammedans  in  the  province 
of  Yunnan  take  advantage  of  the  rebel- 
lion, and  successfully  strike  for  inde- 
pendence. 

1852  *  *  Dr.  John  Bowring  becomes 
British  Minister. 

1853  *  *  Hung-tsiuen  is  proclaimed 
emperor;  he  takes  the  name  Tien  Wang 
(Heavenly  King). 

Apr.  *  The  Emperor  appeals  to  the  rep- 
resentatives of  European  powers  for 
help  against  the  rebels,  and  is  flatly  re- 
fused. 

May  *  Sir  G.  Bonham  goes  to  Nanking 
to  obtain  friendly  assurances  from  the 
rebels. 

Sept.  *  A  successful  insurrection  breaks 
out  at  Shanghai. 

1854  *  *  The  successes  of  the  Emperor 
lead  the  representatives  of  England  and 
the  United  States  to  proffer  him  aid, 
which  he  declines. 

1856  May  19.  The  persecuted  Mo- 
hammedans in  the  province  of  Yunnan 
rebel  [and  achieve  a  temporary  inde- 
pendence]. 

1857  Mar.  *  Lord  Elgin  is  appointed 
British  envoy.  [June  3.  Arrives  at  Sin- 
gapore.   July  *  Arrives  at  Hong-Kong.] 

Nov,  7.  Minister  Reed  of  the  United 
States  arrives,  and  with  Russia  unites 
in  a  pacific  policy  against  that  of  force 
adopted  by  England  and  France. 

1858  *  *  -59  *  *  Diplomatic  complica- 
tions arise  between  France  and  China ; 
the  former  attempts  the  conquest  of 
Cochin  China,  and  the  latter  claims  a 
suzerainty  over  it. 

May  28.  The  Bussians  secure  a  treaty 
ceding  all  the  country  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Amoor  to  Kussia. 

June  13.  Bussia  secures  a  commercial 
treaty. 

June  18.  William  B.  Reed  also  secures 
a  commercial  treaty  for  the  United 
States. 

June  26,  28,  29.  A  treaty  is  concluded 
with  Great  Britain. 

It  provides  for  freedom  of  trade,  in- 
cluding the  importation  of  opium,  and 
residence  of  ambassadors  at  Ijoth  courts, 
toleration  of  Christianity,  and  China  to 
pay  the  war  expenses,  $l6,8O(),0()0  to  Eng- 
land and  $6,000,000  to  France  ;  the  tariff 
revised,  and  Europeans  no  longer  to  be 
called  "  barbarians."  It  also  opens  four 
more  ports,  provides  for  free  navigation 
of  rivers,  ana  permits  foreigners  to  travel 
in  China. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1850  *  *  Chinese    emigration    to    the 
United  States  Legins. 


620     1859,  May  * -1870,  Sept.  15. 


CHINA. 


July  •  The  Europeans  assist  the  Impe- 
rialists against  the  rebels. 

Oct.  *  Capt.  Sherard  Osborii  organizes 
a  small  fleet  of  gunboats  to  aid  the  Im- 
perialists. 

Oct.  ♦  The  Imperialists  take  Kah-sing 
and  other  towns. 

1863    Mar.  24.    Mai.  Charles  Gordon 

of  the  British  Koyal  Kngineers  enlists 
with  the  Imperialists  [and  transforms 
the  army  in  a  short  time]. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1859  June*  The  British  envoy,  James 
Bruce,  is  fired  on  by  the  Taku  forts 
wlien  on  his  way  to  Peking. 

June  25.    Admiral  Hope  is  repulsed 

in  attempting  to  force  a  passage  past 
the  Taku  forts  ;  he  loses  81  killed  and 
390  wounded. 

*  *  Yunnan  Fu  capitulates  to  the  Mo- 
hammedans on  terms  which  secure  a 
temporary  peace  to  tlie  province. 

Oct.*  A  joint  expedition  against  China    ^a^  1- 2-    Maj.  Gordon  captures  Tait- 
is  arranged  by  the  English  and  French.         ^"  '''■'""  "'«  Tai-ping  rebels. 

1860  Mar.  *  Sir  Hope  Grant  arrives    ^^^  ^^-    '^°'^<^<"^  'a^es  Quinsan. 
at  Hong-Kong,  and  takes  command. 

Mar.  19.  Rebels  under  Chung  Wang 
capture  Hangchow. 

May  3.  The  Tal-plngs  attack  the  Im- 
perialists at  Nanking,  and  compel  them 
to  raise  the  siege. 

July±  *  Frederick  Ward,  an  Ameri- 
can, enters  the  service  of  the  Empire. 

Aug.  1.  The  allies  land  above  Taku, 
on  the  Pei-IIo. 

Aug.  12.  The  British  under  Sir  Hope 
Grant  and  the  French  under  Gen.  Mon- 
tauban  defeat  the  Chinese  in  a  skir- 
mish. 

Aug.  18-20.  The  Tai-ping  rebels  at- 
tack Shanghai,  and  are  repulsed  by 
the  allies  and  volunteers. 


July  27±.    Gordon  takes  Kahpoo. 
July  28.    Gordon  receives  the  surrender 

of  Wokong. 
Oct.  *  The  Tai-pings  under  Burgevine 
are  defeated  by  the  Imperialists  under 
Maj.  Gordon. 
Nov.  27.    Gordon  fails  in  a  night  attack 

on  Soochoo. 
1864  Mar.  21.  Gordon  is  repulsed 
in  an  attack  on  Kintang.  He  is  dis- 
gusted with  the  conduct  of  the  Chinese 
in  treacherously  murdering  the  rebel 
chiefs. 
Apr.  23.     Gordon    takes  the  stockades 

near  the  "west  gate  of  Changchow. 
May   11.    Gordon  takes  Changchow  by 
storm. 
Aug.  21.     The    allies    take   the   Taku    "'^"'^  ^^-    Gordon  recaptures  Nanking 
forts  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pei-IIo ;  the 
Tartar  general,  San-ko-lin-sin,  retreats. 
Sept.  8.     The   allies  send  an  advance 

force  forward  from  Tien-Tsin. 
Sept.  18-21.    Advancing  on  Peking,  the 
allies  defeat  the  Chinese  at  Chan-chia- 
wan  and  Pa-li-kao. 
Sept.  21.    S.an-ko-lin-sin,   by    treachery, 
captures  Capts.  Anderson  and  Bra- 
bazon  and  10  others,  while  arranging 
for  a  meeting  of  the  ministers. 
Oct.  6.    The  French  ravage  the  Empe- 
ror's summer  palace  near  Peking. 
Oct.  8.    The  Chinese  restore  those  of  the 
captives  who  have  not  died  of  ill  usage. 
Oct.  12.    Peking  is  surrendered  to  the 

allies. 
Oct.  18.    The  British  bum  the  summer 

palace. 
Oct.  24.    Peace  is  restored.  (See  State.) 
Nov.  6.    The  allies  evacuate  Peking, 
leaving  it  in  a  desolate  state  and  its  in- 
habitants scattered  and  indigent. 

1861  »  ♦  A  British  and  French  force  oc- 
cupy Tien-Tsin. 

Dec.  •  Tlie  rebels  lay  waste  Ning-po 
and  Hangchow. 

1862  Jan.*  The  rebels  advance  on 
Shanghai  ;  it  is  fortified  by  the  English 
and  French  as  allies  of  the  Emperor. 

Jan.  *  The  rebellion  begins  to  wane. 

Apr.  *  The  rebels  are  twice  defeated  by 
the  allies. 

May  10.  Ning-po  is  retaken  by  aid  of 
the  allies. 

May  17.  The  rebels  are  attacked,  and 
the  French  admiral,  Protet,  is 
killed. 

*  *  Gen.  "Ward  gives  great  aid  by  reor- 
ganizing the  army. 


from  the  rebels,  after  exploding  40,000 
pounds  of  powder  uinier  the  walls ;  the 
rebel  generals,  Chang-wang  and  Kan- 
wang,  are  executed.  This  practically 
ends  the  rebellion. 

1865  Jan.  *  -Mar.  *  The  Tai-ping  rebels 
hold  Mingchow. 

May  23.  The  rebels  eviicuate  Ming- 
chow. 

July  *  The  Nien-fei  rebels  in  the  north 
threaten  Peking. 

July  *  The  distinguished  Tartar  general, 
San-ko-Un-ain,  is  defeated  and  killed. 

1866  Mar.±  *  The  Nien-fei  rebels  in 
the  northwest  are  defeated. 

*  *  The  Tungani  of  Kashgaria  revolt, 
and  ^Mohammed  Yakoob  Beg  assumes 
8uj>reme  oltice  and  independence  of 
China. 

1868  Oct.  *  Ning-po  is  occupied  by  the 
reltels. 

Nov.  8.  The  British  send  a  squadron 
to  Nanking  to  enforce  a  demand  for 
redress  of  injuries  to  missionaries  at 
Yang-Chow. 

1870  May±  •  The  Mohammedans  un- 
der Suleiman  rebel  in  Yunnan  and  in 
Kausuh. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1861    Aue.  sa.    HienfunK,  emperor,  d. 

*  *  Uridgman,  KUjah  C,  missionary,  .\60. 
1862*  *  Culbertson.MatthewS.,  missionary, 

A  43. 

1863  July  3.    Kankin,  Henry,  missionary, 
A38. 

1864  June  30.    Hunfr-tsluen.   rebel   em- 
peror, commits  suicide. 

July  17.  Boone,  William  Jones,  American 
Episcopal  ndssionary  bishop,  .\59. 

Bonney,  Sanuiel  W.,  missionary,  .\4i). 

Aug.  7.  Chung  Wang,  Tal-piiig  leader,  be- 
headed. 


CHURCH. 

1850  *  *  To-Cheng  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  American  Methodists. 

[Also  Formosa  of  the  Roman  Catho- 
lics. Shanghai  of  the  New  Connection 
Methodists  of  England.  Hangchow  of 
the  Presbyterian  Board.] 

*  *  Methodist  Episcopal  Women's  and 
Girls'  High  School  is  founded  in  Fu- 
chau. 

*  *  Eev.  S.  L.  Baldwin  and  others  reen- 
force  the  Methodist  missions. 

1860*  *  Tien-Tsin  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  American  Board. 

*  *  The  Methodist  New  Connection  (Eng.) 
begins  work  in  Tien-Tsin. 

*  »  The  American  Baptist  Union  opens  a 
mission  at  Double  Island,  at  the  en- 
trance of  tlie  bay  leading  to  Swatow. 

*  •  The  American  Protestant  Episcopa- 
lians start  a  mission  in  the  interior  at 
■Wuchang. 

*  *  Poklo  becomes  a  mission-station  of 
the  London  Society.  Also  Chefu  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 

*  *  The  English  Baptists  open  a  mission 
in  Chefu. 

*  *  Tung-Chow  becomes  a  mission-sta- 
tion of  the  (Am.)  Southern  Baptists. 

*  *  Shantung  becomes  a  mission-field  of 
the  Southern  Baptists. 

*  •  American  Presbyterians  in  Shanghai 
baptize  their  first  convert. 

*  *  The  American  Board  changes  the  loca- 
tion of  their  mission  from  Shanghai  to 
Tien-Tsin  [and  its  name  is  changed  to 
North  China  Mission  two  years  later]. 

1861  *  *  The  American  Baptists  com- 
mence a  mission  at  Swatow. 

Mar.  •  Two  converts  are  baptized  in  the 
Fuchau  mission. 

*  *  The  American  Methodists  (North)  start 
a  printing-press  at  Fuchau.  [It  pub- 
lishes each  year  1,000,000  pages  of  Scrip- 
ture.] 

*  •  The  (Eng.)  Wesleyan  Methodists  start 
a  mission  in  "Wuchang. 

*  *  Ching-king  becomes  a  mission-sta- 
tion of  the  London  .Society. 

*  *  The  American  Presbyterians  (North) 
start  missions  at  Hangchow  and  Tung- 
Chow. 

*  *  American  Baptists  (South)  begin  work 
in  Tung- Chow. 

*  *  Hankow  becomes  a  mission-station  of 
the  London  Society. 

1862  Jan.*  The  First  Presbyterian 
church  in  Canton  is  organized  with 
seven  members. 

*  *  The  Basle  Missionary  Society  begins 
work  in  Chiuig  Tsun. 

*  *  The  Church  of  Engl.and  opens  a  mis- 
sion at  Hong-Kong  and  Peking. 

*  *  Hankow  becomes  a  mission-station  of 
the  Wesleyans.  Also  Chiang  Chin  of 
the  London  Society.  Chefu,  in  the 
northeast,  of  tlie  American  Presbyte- 
rian church. 

*  *  The  Tungani,  Mohammedans,  revolt, 
and  massacre  the  Buddhists  in  Central 
Asia. 


CHINA. 


1859,  May  * -1870,  Sept.  15.    621 


1863  *  *  The  American  MethodietB  suc- 
ceed in  opening  a  station  within  the 
walls  of  Fuchau. 

*  *  The  American  Presbyterians  start  a 
successful  mission  in  Peking. 

*  *Thc  American  Baptist  Union  opens  a 
mission  at  Kak  Chieh,  on  the  mainland. 

*  *  Formosa  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Kngland. 

1864  *  *  Wing-po  becomes  a  mission-sta- 
tion of  the  (Eng.)  Methodifit  Free 
Churches. 

*  *  The  Khenish  mission  at  Fa  Men  is 
begun. 

*  •  The  Bridgman  School  is  established 
in  the  North  China  Mission  of  the  Amer- 
ican Board. 

*  *  Severe  persecution  by  the  natives  is 
firmly  endured  by  the  conTerts  at  Fu- 
chau. 

*  *  A  mob  destroys  property  of  Metho- 
dists in  Fuchau,  and  Kev.  Carlos  R. 
Martin,  wife,  and  children  have  a  mar- 
velous escape. 

1865  Jan.  *  -Mar.  *  The  Mohamme- 
dans in  Huran  rebel. 

*  *  Tlie  Church  of  England  opens  a  mis- 
sion at  Hangchow. 

*  *  The  English  Presbyterians  begin  work 
in  Formosa.    [Great  success  follows.] 

*  *  Kargan  becomes  a  mission  of  the 
American  Board.  Also  "Wuchang  of 
the  London  Missionary  Society. 

*  *  The  Basle  Missionary  Society  begins 
work  at  Nyeu  Hang  Li. 

*  *  The  United  Presbyterian  church  of 
Scotland  begins  medicinal  work  at 
Ning-po. 

1866  *  *  Shaohing  becomes  a  mission- 
station. 

*  *  The  China  Inland  Mission  at  Ning-po 
is  organized. 

*  *  Tlie  American  and  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Boards  publish  the  first  edition  of 
the  New  Testament  in  the  Fuchau  di- 
alect. 

*  *  The  English  New  Connection  Metho- 
dists begin  work  at  Xiao  Xiing,  in  tlie 
province  of  Shantung. 

1867  *  *  "Wuchang  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  London  Society. 

*  *  This  is  a  revival  year  in  the  American 
Methodist  mission ;  451  members  are  re- 
ported. 

*  *  Hangchow  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  (South),  U. 
S.  A. 

*  *  The  English  New  Connection  Metho- 
dists begin  work  at  Chu  Chia  Tsai. 

*  *  Tai-chair  becomes  a  station  of  the 
Inland  Mission.  Also  Tung-Chow  of 
the  American  Board.  Kiukiang  of  the 
American  Methodists.  "Wuchang  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  church. 

1868  Aug.  22.  The  Protestant  mission- 
homses  at  "Vang-Chau  are  destroyed  by 
persons  who  are  incited  by  the  "  literati." 

*  *  The  Central  China  Mission  is  estab- 
lished by  American  Methodists  (North). 

It  includes  the  districts  of  Kiukiang, 
Nanking,  Chinkiang,  and  Wuhu,  with  a 


total  of  11  missionaries  and  339  church. 
members. 

*  *  Yang-Chau  becomes  a  mission-sta- 
tion of  the  Methodist  Inland  Mission. 
Also  Kiukiang  of  the  American  Metho- 
dists. Newchwang  of  the  Irish  Pres- 
byterians. 

*  *  The  National  Bible  Society  of  Scot- 
land begins  work  in  China. 

*  *  The  United  Methodist  Free  Churches 
(Eng.)  begin  work  in  Ning-po. 

*  *  Tlie  f*resbyterian  Church  (South)  be- 
gins work  in  Hangchow. 

1869  *  *  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
U.  S.  A.,  organizes  the  North  China 
Mission,  including  the  districts  of  Pe- 
king, Tien-Tsin,  Shantung,  Tsunhua, 
and  Lanchou,  with  15  missionaries  and  a 
church-membership  of  782. 

*  *  The  China  Inland  Mission  opens  its 
first  station  in  the  Gan-hwuy  prov- 
ince. 

*  *  The  American  Methodists  begin  their 
mission  in  Peking. 

*  *  The  American  Board  set  up  the  only 
press  controlled  by  Protestant  missions 
iu  Northern  China. 

*  *  The  Presbyterians  of  Ireland  begin 
work  at  "STingtse. 

1870  June  21.  A  mob  massacres  the 
French  consul  at  Tien-Tsin,  Roman 
Catholic  priests,  21  Sisters  of  Mercy, 
and  many  children  from  the  orphanage. 
Their  Chinese  enemies  allege  that  the 
missionaries  have  kidnapped  the  chil- 
dren. 

SOCIETY. 

1868  *  *  An  anti-foreigners'  riot  breaks 
out  in  Yangchow,  in  which  missionaries 
are  maltreated  and  their  houses  burned 
down. 

1870  June  31.  Rioters  at  Tien-Tsin 
brutally  murder  21  foreigners  and  an 
unknown  number  of  Christian  converts. 
The  French  and  Itussian  missionaries 
are  among  the  dead. 

July*  The  hatred  of  foreigners  in- 
creases, and  the  Government  proceeds 
against themurderers  of  Europeans  with 
remarkable  deliberation. 

Aug.  22±.  Ma,  the  viceroy  at  Nanking, 
is  assassinated  because  of  his  regard 
for  foreigners. 


STATE. 

1859  May  *  Lord  Elgin  returns  to 
England. 

July  29.  The  Chinese  violate  the 
treaty,  in  refusing  to  permit  the  U.  S. 
Minister  Reed  to  meet  the  Emperor  with- 
out submitting  to  degrading  ceremonies. 

Nov.  24.  The  United  States  secures  a 
commercial  treaty. 

1860  Oct.  24.  Lord  Elgin  and  Prince 
Kung  sign  a  Convention  in  Peking. 

Tlie  Chinese  ratify  the  treaty  of  Tien- 
Tsin,  and  agree  to  pay  a  large  indemnity 
immediately ;  also  to  give  a  cash  com- 
pensation to  the  families  of  the  British 
cai>tives  who  were  murdered  by  the 
Chinese.  » 


Nov.  14.  China  makes  a  treaty  grant- 
ing territories  and  free  trade  to  Russia. 

1861  Mar.  *  England  and  France  es- 
tablish embassies  at  Peking.  Sir  Fred- 
eric Bruce  represents  England. 

Oct.  21.  Canton  is  restored  to  the  Chi- 
nese by  the  British. 

Nov.  *  Several  Chinese  Ministers  are 
put  to  death  in  a  Ministerial  crisis. 

*  *  Tungche  is  enthroned. 

Dec.  13.  Prince  Kung  is  appointed 
regent. 

1862  *  *  The  preat  uprising  in  the 
northwest  begins  in  a  quarrel  between 
the  Chinese  and  Mohammedan  militia 
in  the  province  of  Shensi.  It  spreads 
into  the  province  of  Kansuh. 

1863  Jan.  14.  A  commercial  treaty 
with  Prussia  is  ratified  by  China. 

1864  June  30.  Hung-tsiuen,  the  rebel 
emperor,  commits  suicide. 

1865  Apr.  2.  Prince  Kung  is  de- 
graded by  the  two  Regent- Em  presses, 
charged  with  arrogance. 

May  8.  Prince  Kung  is  reinstated  in 
all  his  offices  except  that  of  President  of 
the  Council. 

Nov.  26.  Sir  Rutherford  Alcock  Is  ap- 
pointed British  Minister  to  Peking. 

*  *  A  successful  rebellion  in  Kashgar  is 
led  by  Yakoob  Beg. 

1866  July  *  Li  Hung  Chang  and  Tseu- 
kwo-fan,  the  rival  leaders,  struggle  for 
political  power. 

1868±  *  •  Anson  Burlingame.  U.  S.  A., 
is  appointed  tlie  representative  of  the 
Chinese  Government  to  eleven  of  the 
principal  countries  of  the  world  :  Chin 
Kang  and  Sun  Chia  Su,  two  mandarins, 
and  a  certain  number  of  Chinese  stu- 
dents, are  to  accompany  him  as  members 
of  the  embassy. 

July.  4.  U.  S.  A.  The  Chinese  Embassy 
enter  a  treaty  with  the  United  States 
at  Washington. 

Oct.  28.  A  treaty  with  the  tJnited 
States  is  negotiated.     [1869.     Ratified.] 

Nov.  14.  The  British  demands  for  re- 
dress are  acceded  to,  and  the  viceroy  is 
superseded. 

*  *  Mohammed  Yakoob  Beg  is  recog- 
nized as  ruler  of  Kashgar  by  the  govern- 
ments of  Europe. 

*  *  The  Government  declines  to  redress 
the  outrage  committed  against  the  Prot- 
estant missions  at  Yang-Chau. 

1869  Oct.  24.  A  commercial  supple- 
ment to  the  Treaty  of  Tien-Tsin  is 
signed. 

1870  May  *  The  Mohammedans  re- 
bel in  Yunnan  and  Kansuh. 

June+  *  A  wave  of  anti-foreign  preju- 
dice sweeps  over  the  country.  (See  So- 
ciety.) 

Sept.  26.  The  Government  refuses  to 
accept  the  ultimatum  of  the  French, 
respecting  the  murderers  of  the  nuns. 

Sept.  15±.  In  punishment  for  outrages 
15  coolies  are  belieaded  and  more  are 
exiled.  [The  Government  offers  a  cash 
indemnity  ;  France  is  afg>ea6ed.] 


622    1870,  *  *-1884,  Dec.  * 


CHINA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1870  *  *  Most  of  the  towns  in  the  south 
and  north  of  Yunnan  are  recovered 
from  the  Mohammedan  rebels. 

1872  *  *  The  Government  is  aroused 
to  a  vigorous  prosecution  of  the  war  by 
Suleiman's  etfort  to  secure  the  recogni- 
tion of  England. 

1873  Feb.*  The  Mohammedan  capital, 
Talif  oo,  is  recaptiired  by  the  Imperial- 
ists, and  thousands  of  rebels  are  mas- 
sacred. 

+  *  *  War  is  prosecuted  against  the  Mo- 
hammedans in  Ka^hgar. 

•  *  The  Mohammedan  rebellion  is 
suppressed. 

1875  Feb.  21.  The  Chinese  attack  a 
British  exploring  expedition  under 
Col.  Horace  Browne  at  Manwyne,  and 
kill  one  Englishman  and  five  Chinese 
employees. 

Feb.  22.  Col.  Browne  is  compelled  to 
retire  to  Rangoon. 

1876  *  •  War  is  waged  against  the 
Tuugani. 

Nov.  6.     Manas    is    surrendered    by 

Haiyen,  the  Mohammedan  leader,  and 
many  rebels  are  killed. 

1877  Mar.i  *  The  Kasgarians  are 
driven  out  of  Pidjam. 

May  •  Yakoob  Beg  of  Kashgar  is  assas- 
sinated, after  being  totally  defeated  by 
the  Chinese  under  Tso-tsung-tang. 

Deo.  *  The  taking  of  Kashgar  and  other 
rebellious  towns  ends  the  war. 

1879  Jan.  *  Li-Yang-tsai,  the  leader  of 
the  rebels  in  Hainan  Island,  invades 
Annam. 

July  *  Maj.  Gordon  meets  Li  Hung 
Chang,  governor  of  the  metropolitan 
provinces. 
.July  15.  It  is  announced  that  the  pro- 
posed war  with  Russia  respecting  ter- 
ritory is  abandoned. 

1884  *  *  War  with  France  in  the  de- 
fense of  Tongking.    (See  p.  482.) 

June  23.  TheChinese,in  violation  of  the 
Treaty  of  Tien-Tsin,  attack  the  French 
while  marching  to  occupy  Langson  in 
Tongking.    (See  Annam.) 

Aug.  5,  6.  Adm.  Lesp^s  bombards  Ke- 
lung,  Formosa,  because  of  alleged 
treachery,  and  destroys  the  forts. 

Aug.  10.  The  French  Adm.  Courbet 
arrives  at  Fuchau. 

Aug.  23.  Adm.  Courbet  sails  up  the  Min 
River,  and  destroys  the  Chinese  fleet. 

Aug.  26-28.  Adm.  Courbet  bombards 
the  defenses  at  Fuchau,  and  destroys 
those  at  Mingan  and  Kimpai. 

Sept.  16±.  The  French  defeat  the  Chi- 
nese at  Kimpai  Pass. 

Oct.  1.    The  French  take  Kelimg. 

Oct.  2.  Adm.  Lesp^s  bombards  Tam- 
sin. 

Oct.  23.  The  French  blockade  For- 
mosa on  the  north  and  west. 

Nov.  2.  The  French  defeat  1,000  Chinese 
near  Tamsin. 


Nov.  12±.  The  French  are  repulsed  in 
an  attack  on  Kelung. 

ART  —  LETTERS  —  NATURE. 

1874  Sept.  22.  A  typhoon  at  Macao 
and  Hong-Kong  does  great  damage. 

1881  Oct.  8.  About  300,000  people  per- 
ish by  a  typhoon  at  Haif  ong. 

1882  *  *  A  translation  of  the  United 
States  Constitution  into  Chinese  is 
completed. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1871  Aug.  14.  Kwangsu  (Tsaitten),  em- 
peror, liorn. 

1873  •  •  Tsenee  Kwofan.  statesman,  dies. 

1873  Jan.  15.  Tu  Wensin  (Sultan  .Sull- 
inan)  dies  by  self-poisoning. 

1875  Jan.  12.     Tungche.  emperor,  A18. 
1878    May  81.     Hall,  WlUlara  N.,  mission- 
ary, AM. 

May  29.    Hunt,    Phineas   R.,   missionary, 
dies  at  Peking. 
1881  •  »  Tsze-Au,  tlie  elder  of  the  two  em- 
presses, dies. 


CHURCH. 

1870  *  *  Ning-po  becomes  a  mission-sta- 
tion of  the  United  Scotch  Presbyterians. 

*  *  The  English  Baptists  open  a  mission 
in  Ching  Cho  Fu. 

*  *  The  Church  of  England  opens  a  mis- 
sion at  Shaou-hing. 

1871  *  *  Soochoo  becomes  a  mission-sta^ 
tion  of  the  Presbyterian  Board. 

*  *  Eng.  Wilham  Murray,  the  remark- 
able colporteur,  sails  for  China  as  agent 
of  the  National  Bible  Society  of  Scot- 
land [where  he  learns  2,000  Chinese 
characters  in  four  months  and  enters  his 
work]. 

1872  •  *  Newchwang,  Haichung,  and 
Ijiaoyang  become  mission-stations  of 
the  United  Scotch  Presbyterians. 

*  *  The  second  (Am.)  Presbyterian  church 
is  organized. 

*  *  Che-nan-foo  becomes  a  mission-sta- 
tion of  the  (Am.)  Presbyterian  Board. 

*  *  Soochoo  becomes  a  mission  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  (South). 

*  *  Kinchau  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  Inland  Mission, 

*  *  The  American  Methodists  open  a  mis- 
sion at  Tien-Tsin,  and  found  a  Biblical 
Institute  in  Fuchau. 

*  *  Formosa  becomes  a  mission-field  of 
the  Canadian  Presbyterians. 

1873  *  *  Ta-ku-tang  becomes  a  station 
of  the  Inland  Mission. 

*  *  The  Inland  Mission  (Eng.)  opens  Its 
first  station  in  the  Kiang-si  province. 

*  *  The  work  of  the  Scotch  Presbyterians 
is  transferred  to  Manchuria. 

1874  *  *  "Wuchang  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  Inland  Mission. 

»  *  The  North  China  Mission  is  estab- 
lished by  the  Society  for  the  Propagation 
of  the  Gospel.  Chefu,  Northeast  China, 
becomes  a  mission-station. 

1875  *  *  Kinhwa  becomes  a  mission-sta- 
tion of  the  Inland  Mission. 

*  *  Tiding,  Kajyereu,  and  Saiping- 
Kow  become  mission-stations  of  the 
United  Scotch  JPresbyterians. 


*  ♦  Chi-nan-fu  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  American  Presbyterians. 

*  *  The  American  Bible  Society  enters 
China. 

*  *  C.  W.  Mitohil,  an  English  Wesleyan 
layman,  engages  in  mission-work  at  his 
own  cost. 

1876  *  *  The  Inland  Mission  opens  its 
first  station  in  the  Ho-nan  province. 

*  *  Moukden  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church. 

*  *  Nanking  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  American  Presbyterian  Board. 

1877  Feb.  1.  The  decree  of  equal 
rights  to  native  Christians  is  issued. 

*  *  ITie  English  Baptists  finally  succeed 
in  establishing  a  mission  in  China. 

*  *  The  Inland  Mission  opens  its  first  sta- 
tion in  the  Shan-si  province. 

*  *  Tai-yuen  and  Yuh-shau  become  sta- 
tions of  the  Inland  Mission. 

*  *The  Fuchau  Conference  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  U.  S.  A., 
is  formed. 

It  comprises  the  mission  districts  of 
Fuchau,  Hokchiang,  Hinghwa,  Ing- 
chung,  Kucheug,  Yongping,  and  Hai- 
tang,  under  the  care  of  six  missionaries, 
and  with  a  church-membership  of  2,441. 

*  *  The  American  Baptists  open  a  mission 
at  Bhamo,  Southwestern  China. 

*  *  The  Inland  Mission  opens  its  first  sta- 
tion in  the  Kwei-chau  province. 

*  *  The  Inland  Mission  opens  its  first  sta- 
tion in  the  Sz-chuen  province. 

*  *  The  society  for  spreading  Christian 
Literature  throughout  China  is  organ- 
ized at  Shanghai. 

*  *  A  new  college  building  nearly  com- 
pleted is  destroyed  by  a  mob  at  Fu- 
chau, and  the  missionaries  are  driven 
out  of  the  city. 

1878  Aug.  30.  A  mob  destroys  the 
mission  property  at  "Wu-slish-shan ; 
the  mandarins  are  indifferent. 

*  *  A  mission  is  begun  at  Ichang  by  the 
Established  Church  of  Scotland. 

*  »  Fau-Cheng  becomes  a  station  of  the 
Inland  Mission. 

*  *  The  Inland  Mission  opens  its  first  sta- 
tion in  the  Kan-suh  province. 

*  *  "Wen-Chau  becomes  a  mission-sta- 
tion of  the  United  Free  Methodists. 

1879  *  *  The  Inland  Mission  opens  in  the 
Shen-si  province. 

*  *  Manchuria  becomes  a  mission-field 
of  the  Irish  Presbyterians. 

*  *  The  "Woman's  Association  of  the  Eng- 
lish Presbyterian  Church  begins  work 
in  Amoy. 

*  "*  Plng-yang  becomes  a  station  of  the 
Inland  Mission. 

*  *  Taishan-fu  is  opened  as  a  mission- 
station  by  the  Society  for  the  Propaga- 
tion of  the  Gospel. 

*  *  The  -American  Presbyterians  open  a 
mission  at  Chi-nan-fu,  300  miles  inland 
from  Cheefu. 

*  *  Chefu,  Northeast  China,  becomes  a 
mission-station  of  the  Inland  Mission. 

1880  *  *  Pang-chuang  becomes  a  mis- 
sion-station of  the  American  Board. 


CHINA. 


1870,  *  *-1884,  Dec. 


623 


1881  *  *  A  Methodist  Episcopal  Anglo- 
Chinese  College  is  founded  in  Fucliau. 

*  *  The  Female  College  of  the  Fuchau 
mission  is  dedicated  by  the  American 
Board. 

*  *  Chentu-fu  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  Inland  Mission. 

*  *  The  American  Methodists,  of  the  West 
China  Mission,  with  a  station  at  Chxui- 
kinu.  where  still  two  missionaries  are 
holding  the  outpost,  is  established. 

*  *  The  Church  of  England  opens  a  mis- 
sion in  Canton. 

*  *  The  Chinese  Inland  IVIission  opens  its 
first  station  in  the  Yunnan  province. 

*  ♦  The  American  Methodists  start  a  suc- 
cessful hospital,  under  lady  physicians, 
at  Tien-Tsin. 

*  *  The  third  American  Presbyterian 
church  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the 
Gospel  receives  the  work  of  tlie  (Eng.) 
Church  Missionary  Society  in  Peking. 

*  *  Mr.  Jeremiassen,  an  independent 
self-supporting  missionary,  begins 
Protestant  mission-work  on  the  island 
of  Hainan. 

1882  *  *  ITvuman  becomes  a  mission-sta- 
tion of  the  Inland  Mission.  Also  Tsun- 
huaof  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
U.  S.  A. 

*  •  "Wei-Hien  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  American  Presbyterians. 

^  *  A  mission  is  opened  at  Canton  by  the 
Berlin  Missionary  Society. 

*  *  The  American  Board  opens  the  Shansi 
mission. 

*  *  The  American  Baptists  begin  an  inter- 
esting work  among  the  Hakka  people. 

1883  *  *  Tai-ku  becomes  a  mission-sta- 
tion of  the  American  Board. 

*  *  Kinhwa  becomes  a  mission-station  of 
the  American  Baptists. 

*  •  The  American  Board  opens  the  Hong- 
£long  mission. 

*  *  The  London  Missionary  Society  opens 
a  station  at  Hong-Kong. 

*  *  Kaying-chau  becomes  a  station  of 
the  Basle  Missionary  Society. 

*  *  Chinkiang  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  (South). 

*  *  The  American  Baptists  (South)  begin 
work  in  Chinkiang. 

*  *  Methodist  Episcopal  Training- School 
for  Bible  Women  is  founded  in  Tien- 
Tsin. 

*  *  Metliodist  Episcopal  tTniversity  is 
founded  in  Peking. 

SOCIETy. 

1872  Oct.  16.  Ki-tsiang  marries  Ah- 
liita,  a  Manchu  lady. 

1873  June±  *  The  Government  pro- 
hibits female  infanticide. 

1875  Feb.  21.  Mr.  Margary,  a  British 
officer  with  Col.  Browne's  expedition 
into  Western  China,  is  massacred,  with 
others,  at  Manwyne.     (See  Army.) 

1877  Aug.*  The  Government  an- 
nounces that  opium-smoking  will  be  pro- 
hibited after  three  years. 


1883  Oct.  *  Great  excitement  against 
foreigners  prevails  in  Canton. 

STATE. 

1871  *  *  Hussia  annexes  Kulja  [until 
China   establishes   her   power   in    that 

region]. 

1872*  *  Suleiman  sends  Prince  Hassan 
to  London  to  secure  the  recognition  of 
England  for  his  rebellion ;  this  arouses 
the  Emperor  to  a  vigorous  prosecution 
of  the  war. 

1873  Feb.  23.  The  Emperor  Tungche 
reaches  his  majority,  and  asstmies  the 
government. 

Feb.  *  The  Fmpresses  as  regents  resign 
the  government  of  the  country,  which 
they  have  controlled  since  the  death  of 
Hien-fung. 

June  29.  Tiie  Ministers  of  the  principal 
powers  urge  the  right  of  audience, 
and  are  received  by  the  Emperor 
Tungche. 

1874  July+  *  China  enters  a  dispute 
with  Japan  because  of  the  massacre  of 
Japanese  sailors  on  the  Island  of  For- 
mosa. 

Oct.  31,    A  treaty  is  made  with  Japan. 
Dec.  18.    An  edict  orders  the  Empress 

Dowager  to  assume  the  administration 

of  government. 

1875  Jan.  12.  The  Emperor  Fimg- 
che  dies,  leaving  no  offspring. 

Jan.  13.  Kwangsu  (Tsai  Tien),  acousin, 
is  chosen  by  the  Empress ;  he  is  three 
years  of  age. 

*  *  Kwangsu  is  enthroned. 

Feb.  4.  The  succession  of  Kwangsu  is 
proclaimed. 

Oct.  4.  An  edict  announces  liberty  of 
intercourse  between  Ministers  of  foreign 
governments  and  the  chiefs  of  depart- 
ments. 

1877  Apr.  1.  Four  additional  ports 
are  open  to  trade. 

Aug.  *  The  Government  announces  that 
opium-smoking  will  be  interdicted  after 
three  years. 

1879  Sept.  *  Chung-How  signs  a  boun- 
dary and  indemnity  treaty  with  Russia, 
at  Lavadia.  It  cedes  to  Russia  Western 
Kulja  for  a  payment  of  5,000,000  rubles. 
[It  produces  great  excitement  and  indig- 
nation in  China.] 

Dec.  2±.  The  rebel  chief,  Li-yang-tsai, 
is  taken  prisoner. 

1880  Jan.  27.  Chung-How,  the  Am- 
bassador to  St.  Petersburg,  is  cashiered 
for  exceeding  his  powers  in  ceding  the 
Kulja  territory  to  Russia.  [It  is  not  rati- 
fied by  China.] 

July  15.  It  is  reported  that  Chung-How 
is  released  and  threatened  war  averted. 

1881  Aug.  19.  A  treaty  with  Russia, 
negotiated  by  Marquis  Tseng,  is  signed. 

*  *  A  treaty  with  the  United  States  is 
negotiated  by  James  B.  Angell. 

1862  *  *  A  threatened  war  with  Japan 
is  avoided  by  Chinese  diplomacy. 

1883*  *-84*  *France  conquers 
Tongking  in  disregard  of  China's 
olaims. 


Sept.  *  A  dispute  occurs  with  the  French 

concerning  Tongking. 

Nov.  *  Annam  is  claimed  as  a  depen- 
dency of  China  in  a  circular  note. 

1884  Apr.  11.  Prince  Chun,  the  fa- 
ther-in-law of  the  Emperor,  becomes 
dictator  by  a  coup  d^Hat  at  Peking,  and 
Prince  Kung  is  dismissed  from  all  his 
posts  and  consigned  to  obscurity. 

May  11.  A  treaty  is  signed  with  France 
at  Tien-Tsin  by  Capt.  Fournier  and  Li 
Himg  Chang. 

China  recognizes  the  French  protecto- 
rate in  Annam  and  Tongking, and  opens 
to  commerce  three  southern  provinces. 

June  23.  The  Chinese  disregard  the 
treaty  with  France,  and  attack  the 
troops  en  route  for  Laiigson,  in  Tong- 
king. The  ratification  of  the  treaty  of 
May  11  is  denied  by  the  Chinese. 

July  30.  It  is  reported  that  the  Chinese 
consent  to  surrender  the  frontier 
towns,  but  refuse  to  pay  the  indemnity. 

July  *  The  Regent  Empress  and  the  Vice- 
roy, Li  Hung  Chang,  are  unpopular  with 
the  war  party. 

July  *  France  demands  the  evacuation 
of  the  Tongking  forts  by  the  Chinese  and 
an  indemnity  of  $50,000,000. 

Aug.  17.  France  declines  the  media- 
tion of  the  powers  in  the  Tongking  mat- 
ter, and  issues  a  circular  note. 

Aug.  19,  France  reduces  its  claim  for 
indemnity  to  $16,000,000;  China  declines 
to  pay  it. 

Aug.  21.  The  French  Minister,  Se- 
mall(i,  leaves  Peking.     [War  follows.] 

Aug.  28 -t.  The  viceroy,  la  Hung  Chang, 
is  degraded  from  his  highest  offices. 

Sept.  6±,  China  officially  declares  war 
against  France. 

Sept.  24+.  Iji  Hung  Chang  is  restored 
to  the  office  of  viceroy. 

Dec.  *  The  English  Minister,  the  Earl  of 
<3ranville,  fails  in  an  effort  to  mediate 
with  Marquis  Tseng. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1876  Mar.  16.  A  train  of  cars  first 
runs  from  Shanghai  to  Woosung,  a  dis- 
tance of  11  miles. 

June  13.  The  first  railroad  in  China 
is  opened  for  public  service  (one-half  of 
the  line). 

*  *-78*  *  A  terrible  famine  afflicts  the 
provinces  of  Honan,  Shansi,  and  most 
of  Northern  China. 

*  *  The  Chinese  emigrate  to  America 
in  great  numbers,  chiefly  males,  and 
commonly  imder  the  control  of  the  "  Sii 
Companies,"  viz.,  Sam  Yup,  Yung  Wo, 
Kong  Chow,  W^ing  Yeung,  Yan  Wo,  and 
Hop  Wo. 

Oct.  31.    The  opposition  to  the  railroad 

from  Shanghai  causes  the  suspension  of 

operations. 
Dec.  *  The  running  of  ralh-oad  trains  is 

resumed. 
1878  *  *  The  long-continued  famine  in 

North  China  is  reported  to  have  caused 

9,500,000  deaths. 

*  *  The  railroad  plant  is  removed  from 
Shanghai  to  Formosa. 


624    1884,  **-1891,Nov.  30. 


CHINA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1885  Jan.  25.  The  French  assault  and 
carry  the  Chinese  works  near  Kelung. 

Mar.  2.    The  French  bombard  Chinhai. 

Mar.  2,3.  The  French  besiege  Tuyen 
Q,uan. 

Mar.  4-12.  Tlie  French  capture  several 
forts  at  Kelung. 

Mar.  30,  31.  The  French  capture  the 
Pescadores  Islands  near  Formosa. 

June  23  i:.  The  French  evacuate  For- 
mosa. 

1887  *  *  The  Chinese  fleet  is  strength- 
ened by  the  purchase  of  five  ironclads 
in  Europe,  which  are  placed  under  the 
command  of  Adni.  Lang. 

1890  Jan.  3.  Fighting  occurs  between 
Chinese  and  Formosans  ;  100  of  the  for- 
mer and  400  of  the  latter  are  killed. 

Feb.  6.  Chinese  troops  subdue  For- 
mosa, and  destroy  its  strongholds,  with 
heavy  loss. 

June  16±.  Adm.  Xiang,  of  the  Chinese 
fleet,  resigns. 

1891  July  27.  In  the  Fukien  province 
the  rebels  are  several  thousand  strong, 
and  have  captured  one  city. 

Oct.  20.  China  sends  40,000  troops  to 
Pamir. 

Nov.  4.  Three  thousand  insurgents  cap- 
ture Tebhau ;  Imperial  troops  are  on 
the  way  to  quell  the  disturbance. 

Nov.  14.    The  insurgents  sack  Tehwei. 

Nov.  27.  The  rebels  are  moving  south- 
ward and  towards  Peking. 

Nov.  29.  The  defeat  of  4,000  Impe- 
rial troops  by  the  rebels  is  announced. 

Nov.  30.  Several  thousand  Imperial 
troops  march  to  meet  the  rebels  who 
are  approaching  Peking ;  the  mission- 
aries are  alarmed. 

ART  —  LETTERS— NATURE. 

1884*  *The  Peking  Gazette,  originally 
an  official  organ,  becomes  political  and 
popular. 

1887  Sept.  *  -Oct.  *  The  Hoang-Ho 
River  overflows,  and  destroys  about 
1,500  villages,  and  the  city  Chuhsien 
narrowly  escapes  ;  millions  of  persons 
are  reported  drowned,  and  famine  is 
imminent. 

1888  May  8± .  The  Canton  River  over- 
flows, and  3,000  people  are  drowned. 

1889.  June  2.  A  waterspout  over- 
whelms the  Chang  Ping  and  Ping  Quen 
districts,  and  several  villages  are  de- 
stroyed with  a  loss  of  6,000  lives. 

June  4.  A  hurricane  at  Hong-Kong 
causes  the  loss  of  10,000  lives,  and 
does  great  damage  to  property. 

July  26.  The  Hoang-Ho  again  over- 
flows its  banks,  inundating  10  large  gov- 
ernmental districts,  causing  immense 
loss  of  life  and  property. 

Sept.  27.  Gold  is  discovered  near  Can- 
ton. 

1890  Feb.  *  One  hundred  people  are 
reported  drowned  by  a  cloud-burst  in 
Tsin  Li  Chow. 


Aug.  4.  Peking,  Tung-Chow,  and  Tien- 
Tsin,  are  submerged,  and  business  is 

paralyzed. 

*  *  Shanghai  is  the  literary  center  of  the 
foreigners  in  China. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1886    Jan.  23.     Parker.   Sir  Henry,   am- 
bassador, dies. 
Sept.  •  Tso  Tsung-'Tang:,  statesman,  dies. 

1888    Apr.    1.      Mackenzie,  J.  Kenneth, 
iniesionary  of  the   London  Society,  d. 

1890  Jan.  1.  Chun,  I'nntre,  statesman,  il. 
Apr.  IS.     Chitchze  Tzeng.  statesman  and 

minister  to  London,  I'aris,  and  St.  I'eters- 
burg,  A56. 
Aug-.  38.     Williamson,  Alexander,  mission- 
ary, A61. 

1891  Oct.  5.    Boone,  \Vm.  J.,  missionary 
bishop,  A 42. 

CHURCH. 

1884*  *The  Christian  Society  begins 
mission-work. 

*  *  The  English  New  Connection  Method- 
ists begin  work  in  Kai  Ping  and  Yung 
Ping. 

*  *  Wuliu  becomes  a  mission-station  of 
the  American  Methodists. 

*  *  Chau-Kia-Keo,  Northeast  China,  be- 
comes an  Inland  Mission  station. 

*  *  Chin-hua  becomes  a  station  of  the 

Inland  Mission, 

*  *  The  Book  and  Tract  Society  of  China 
is  organized. 

1885  July  14.  The  Pope  appoints  M. 
Agliardi  internuncio. 

July  *  The  French  constrain  the  Km- 
peror  to  receive  an  agent  from  the 
Pope  for  the  protection  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  missionaries.  ' 

Sept.i  *  The  Pope's  scheme  is  op- 
posed by  the  French,  and  deferred. 

Nov.  •  Tlie  French  yield  to  the  Empe- 
ror's request  for  the  removal  of  the 
Fehtang  cathedral  from  a  site  near 
his  palace. 

Nov.  *  The  French  protectorate  over 
all  Christians  is  annulled  by  the  Chinese. 

*  *  The  Central  China  Wesleyan  Lay 
Mission  is  started,  seeking  unoccupied 
territory. 

*  *  Xjan-chau  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  American  Methodists.  Also  Ning- 
hia  of  the  Inland  Mission. 

*  *  ITie  American  Presbyterians  open  a 
mission-station  in  Formosa. 

*  *The  English  Bible  Christian  Society 
sends  two  missionaries  to  Yunnan,  u!i- 
der  the  auspices  of  the  China  Inland 
Mission. 

*  *Ijeh,  Lesser  Tibet,  becomes  a  Mora^ 
Tian  mission-station. 

1886  *  *  A  Methodist  Episcopal  liay 
Training-School  is  founded  in  Fuchau. 

*  *  The  Southern  Methodists  in  China 
organize  their  work  into  a  conference. 

*  *  The  American  Presbyterian  Board 
sends  two  missionaries  to  the  island  of 
Hainan. 

*  *  Kwei-hwa-cheng  becomes  a  station 
of  the  Inland  Mission.  AlsoHunchung 
of  the  English  Friends. 


*  *  Xiin-ching  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  American  Board. 

*  *  Chung-king  Mission  is  assaulted, 
and  all  the  residents  are  driven  out  of 
the  mission-houses.    [1888.  They  return.] 

*  *  The  Church  of  England  opens  a  mission 
at  Pakhoi. 

*  *  The  American  Disciples  of  Christ  enter 
work  in  Nanking. 

*  ♦  Ta-tung  becomes  a  station  of  the  In- 
land Mission. 

*  *  The  Book  and  Tract  Society  of 
China  begins  work. 

1887  *  *  Cheng  Ku,  North  China,  be- 
comes a  mission-station  of  the  Inland 
Mission.  Also  Tsing-kiang-pu  of  the 
American  Presbyterian  Church  (South). 
Nankang  of  the  Inland  Mission.  Lu- 
gan  of  the  Church  Society. 

*  *  The  English  Baptists  open  a  mission 
in  Chi  Nan  Fu. 

*  *  The  Inland  Mission  commences  its 
itineracy  in  the  Kwang-si  province. 

1888  Dec.  8.  The  new  Roman  Catholic 
cathedral  at  Peking  is  consecrated. 

*  *  An  undenonnnational  Christian  col- 
lege is  started  in  Canton,  and  is  under 
the  care  of  American  Presbyterians. 

*  *  Tien-Tsin  becomes  a  station  of  the 
Inland  Mission. 

*  *  The  Canadian  Presbyterians  start  a 
mission  at  Honan. 

*  *  The  translation  of  the  Old  Testament 
into  the  Fuchau  dialect  is  completed. 

*  *  The  Canadian  Presbyterians  enter 
Tang  Chuang,  in  Shantung. 

1889  Feb.  21±.  Missionaries  are  at- 
tacked by  rioters  in  Chefu. 

Dec.  5.  A  presbytery  is  founded  at  Ho- 
nan by  Canadian  Presbyterians. 

*  *  The  American  Presbyterian  Mission 
at  Shanghai  issues,  during  this  year, 
6,178,806  pitges  from  its  mission-press. 

*  *  The  A  merican  Reformed  Church  opens 
a  hospital  in  Sio  Khe. 

*  *  The  English  Baptists  open  a  mission 
in  Chow  Ping. 

*  *  Kin-Kiang  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  Inland  Mission.  Chining  Chow 
and  Tchowfoo  of  the  Presbyterian 
Board. 

*  *  The  Roman  Catholic  Christiana  in 
China  are  reported  at  483,403  ;  European 
priests,  471  ;  native  priests,  281 ;  schol- 
ars, 25,219. 

*  *  The  number  of  missionaries  in 
China  is  1,295,  belonging  to  42  different 
organizations. 

The  increase  of  1869  over  1888  was  172. 
The  number  of  native  communicants 
was  37,287,  an  increase  of  more  than  286 
per  cent,  since  1876.  The  contributions 
of  the  native  Christians  (()nly)  for  the 
year  is  $36,884.54,  an  average  "of  nearly 
one  dollar  a  member  for  all  the  native 
communicants  in  the  Empire. 

1890  May  7-17.  A  missionary  con- 
ference is  held  at  Shanghai,  with  400 
representatives  present. 

1891  May  26.  Natives  at  Nanking  pil- 
lage Christian  mission  buildings  and 
burn  them. 


CHINA. 


1884,  *  *-1891,  Nov.  30.     625 


June  23.  Missionaries  at  Wu  llu  and 
other  places  are  attacked  by  the  na- 
tives. 

July  3±.  Pagan  societies  are  making 
riotous  attacks  on  Christian  missions. 


SOCIETY. 

1889  Feb.  4,  5.  Rioters  burn  the 
British  consulate  and  the  houses  of  for- 
eigners at  Ching-Kiang-Fu. 

Feb.  22±.  In  Chee-Foo  famine  prevails, 
and  riots  occur  daily ;  missionaries  are 
attacked  by  Chinese  mobs  led  by  man- 
darins. 

Feb,  25.  The  marriage  of  the  Em- 
peror to  Yeh-ho-na-la,  a  Manchu  lady,  is 
announced. 

Mar.  4.  The  English  consulate  at  Shang- 
hai is  burned  by  a  mob,  and  damage  is 
done  to  the  American  consulate. 

Aug.  18.  Rioters  in  the  Fokien  prov- 
ince, after  murdering  between  400  or  500 
men,  women,  and  children,  flee  before 
approaching  soldiery. 

Nov.  *  It  is  decreed  that  drowning  of  girl 
babies  by  their  parents  is  to  be  punished 
by  fiO  blows  of  the  bamboo. 

1890  Aug.  6.  A  mob  destroys  the  rail- 
road to  Lutai  on  the  pretense  that  the 
road  caused  the  recent  floods  in  the  Pei- 
Ho  River.  . 

1891  Jan.  6.  The  murderers  of 
Christians  at  Szechuen  are  brought  to 
justice. 

Mar.  Hi.  Three  hundred  pirates 
and  robbers  are  beheaded. 

May  13.  An  anti-European  riot  takes 
place  in  Woo  Hoo. 

June  12,  More  anti-foreign  rioting  oc- 
curs ;  a  number  of  missionaries  flee  for 
their  lives.     [Aug.  1.    More  rioting.] 

Aug.  27±.  Chinese  pirates  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Weuchow  are  burning  villages 
and  murdering  the  residents;  they  also 
hold  some  captives  for  ransom. 

Sept.  4.  Foreigners*  houses  are 
burned  by  Chinese  at  Ichang,  on  the 
Yang-ste-Kiang. 

Sept.  11.  Rioters  at  Hankow  are  cowed 
by  British  blue  jackets  without  fighting. 

Oct.  9.  The  disorder  in  Amoy  is  sup- 
pressed ;  several  mandarins  and  other 
officials  are  killed  by  rioters. 

Nov.  12.  Cheu  TCin  Lung,  leader  of 
Kowao  Hui,  a  secret  society  that  had 
much  to  do  in  causing  the  uprising  in 
Hoonan,  is  captured  ;  but  despite  torture 
he  refuses  to  make  any  disclosures. 

STATE. 

1885    Jan.  23.   The  Foreign  Enlistment 

Act  is  proclaimed  at  Hong-Kong. 
Apr.  5.    The  preliminaries  of  peace  with 

France  are  signed. 
June  9.  The  treaty  with  France  is  signed. 

China  recognizes  the  French  control  of 

Annam. 


July  19.  London.  A  convention  is  signed 
to  regulate  customs- duties  on  the  ex- 
port of  opium  from  China. 

July  24.  A  convention  is  signed  at  Pe- 
king with  England,  respecting  trade  and 
Burmese  frontiers  ;  a  tribute  mission 
from  Burma  is  to  be  received  once  in 
ten  years. 

Aug.i*  The  Government  changes  its 
policy  respecting  the  introduction  of 
railroads,  and  authorizes  their  con- 
struction. 

Aug.i*  China  and  Japan  come  to  an 
agreement  respecting  alfairs  in  Formosa. 

Nov.  28.    The  French  treaty  is  ratified. 

Nov.  *  The  Chinese  annul  the  protecto- 
rate over  all  Christians  held  by  the 
French. 

1887  Jan.  *  The  Government  proclaims 
protection  for  all  missionaries  and  con- 
verts, and  excludes  foreign  protection. 

July  24.  A  convention  with  Great  Brit- 
ain is  signed ;  it  relates  to  Burma  and 
Tibet. 

Aug.  *  A  commercial  treaty  is  made 
with  France. 

1888  Mar.  14.  U.  S.  A,  A  treaty  is 
signed  allowing  immigration  from  China 
for  20  years,  with  certain  exceptions. 
[Sept.    China  refuses  to  ratify  it.] 

July  27.  The  Empress  Regent  announces 
the  resignation  of  the  administration  of 
the  government,  preparatory  to  its  as- 
sumption by  the  Emperor. 

Dec.  *  Italy  and  Germany  enter  conven- 
tions to  secure  protection  for  their  mis- 
sionaries. 

1889  Jan.  5.  China  demands  tUat  Ko- 
rea depose  Its  king,  and  declare  its  de- 
pendence. 

Feb.  *  The  Empress  Regent  resigns. 
Oct.  19.    The  Ked   River  is  declared 
open  for  trade. 

1890  Feb.  15.  It  is  announced  that 
China  is  to  have  a  system  of  silver  coin- 
age for  the  whole  country. 

1891  Apr.  22.  The  Rajah  of  Sikkim 
renounces  British  "protection,"  and 
flees  to  Tibet. 

June  9.  French  and  American  Minis- 
ters at  Shanghai  demand  of  the  Impe- 
rial authorities  protection  for  Euro- 
pean and  American  residents. 

Aug.  17.  The  foreign  Ministers  in  China 
threaten  a  naval  demonstration  unless 
the  Government  makes  speedy  repara- 
tion for  recent  attacks  on  foreign  resi- 
dents in  China. 

Sept.  30.  The  governor  of  "Wuhu, 
whei'e  outrages  on  foreigners  took  place, 
has  been  removed  from  his  oftice. 

Oct.  13.  China  asks  of  Russia  an  ex- 
planation in  regard  to  her  intentions 
respecting  the  Pamir  expedition. 

Oct.  15.  The  relations  with  the  Euro- 
pean powers  are  becoming  harmonious. 

Oct.  21.  The  Government  forbids  the 
selling  of  land  outside  of  treaty  ports 
to  foreigners,  the  seller  to  be  severely 
punished. 

Nov.  4+ .  A  revolution  Is  reported  in  the 
province  of  Fukien. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1886  *  *  The  Decanville  railroad  is 

opened. 

1888  Nov.  *  The  railroad  from  Tien- 
tsin to  Taka,  a  distance  of  86  miles,  is 
opened.  It  is  the  first  railroad  for  pas- 
senger service  in  China. 

1889  Jan.  13.  Ten  thousand  people 
are  said  to  have  lost  their  lives  in  a  fire 
at  Soochow,  an  inland  town, 

Feb.  14.  A  famine  prevails  in  Anhoui 
and  Kiangsu  ;  several  millions  of  people 
are  suffering. 

Mar.  *  The  number  of  deaths  caused  by 
the  great  famine  in  Shantung  is  ap- 
palling. 

Many  of  the  inhabitants  are  commit- 
ting suicide  through  despondency,  there 
being  still  three  months  to  wait  for  the 
harvest. 

Apr.  *  The  famine  is  spreading,  and  the 

death-rate  is  increasing. 
Apr.  11.    France   and   China   agree   to 
connect  the  China  and  Tongking  tele- 
graph-lines, and  thus  establish  com- 
munication between  Saigon  and  Peking. 

July  15.  The  Emperor  decides  to  issue 
an  edict  for  the  construction  of  the 
Lung-Chow  railroad ;  the  Marquis 
Tseng  is  appointed  general  director  of 
railroads. 

July  23±.  A  fire  in  Soochow  destroys 
87,000  dwellings  ;  over  1,200  persons  per- 
ish in  the  flames,  and  400  others  killed, 
(ireat  destitution  prevails,  and  many 
are  perishing  from  want  and  exposure 
daily. 

Aug.  31.  Tenders  for  the  constructioii 
of  the  first  section  of  a  railroad  from 
Peking  to  Chinkiang  have  been  re- 
ceived, the  rails  and  plant  to  cost 
$70,000,000. 

Oct.  30.  It  is  decided  to  light  Peking 
with  electricity. 

Nov.  21.  The  Government  refuses  to 
grant  a  concession  for  a  telegraph-line 
from  Siberia  to  Peking. 

Dec.  3.  The  platform  of  a  theater  at 
Wienhen,  in  Shantung,  collapses  dur- 
ing a  performance,  and  500  persons  are 
killed. 

1890  May  5.  The  port  Chan-King  is 
opened. 

May  *  The  telegraph-line  connecting 
Tongking  and  China  is  completed. 

Aug.  15.  A  syndicate  begins  to  lay  rails 
from  Hankow  to  Peking. 

Sept.  26.  The  Temple  of  Heaven  at 
Peking  is  destroyed  by  fire. 

Oct.  13.  Buring  the  performance  in  a 
theater  at  Hauting,  the  whole  wall 
gives  way,  precipitating  the  audience 
from  a  high  terrace  to  the  street  below. 
Two  hundred  bodies  have  been  taken 
from  the  ruins. 

Nov.  26.  The  Government  consents  to 
the  erection  of  a  telegraph-line  con- 
necting Peking  and  the  Siberian  town 
of  Kiachta. 

Dec.  8.  Apowder  explosion  and  flame 
destroys  one-half  of  the  city  of  Pa  Chow. 


626     1891,  Dec.  3-1894,  Dec.  30. 


CHINA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1801  Deo.  3±.  The  instirgents  have 
been  defeated  in  two  engagements, 
with  a  loss  of  over  600  killed. 
Deo.  6.  Insurgents  meet  with  a  orush- 
ing  defeat  by  Imperial  troops  near 
Chaoyang. 

Deo.  9.    Imperial   troops    again    defeat 

the  Insurgent  forces. 
1892    Mar.  27  ±.    Ifumerous  engage- 
ments between  Imperialists  and  rebels 
take  place ;  over  8,000  of  the  latter  have 
been  killed. 

1884  June  25.  A  revolutionary 
army,  armed  with  spears,  bows,  and 
slings,  and  about  15,000  strong,  is  on  the 
border  of  Korea. 

June  29.  China  is  preparing  for  war 
with  Japan. 

July  23.  Japanese  troops  repulse  an 
attack  made  by  Koreans  and  Chinese 
at  Seoul. 

July  25.  Chinese  troops  occupy  the  Las 
Chas  Islands,  and  12,000  Chinese  sol- 
diers are  said  to  have  landed  in  Korea. 

July  25.  The  Chinese  war-ship  Tsao- 
Kiang  is  captured  by  a  .Japanese  vessel 
after  a  light,  in  which  the  former  loses 
100  men  killed  and  wounded ;  nearly  1,000 
lives  are  lost  with  the  Chinese  troop-ship 
fCow-Sking. 

July  31.  The  Chinese  battle-ship  CAfB- 
)'««?(  is  sunk  by  the  .Japanese,  and 
nearly  1,000  lives  are  lost;  two  cruisers 
are  also  captured  by  Japan. 

Aug.  2.  The  Emperor  issues  a  manifesto 
accepting  war  with  Japan,  and  throw- 
ing the  blame  for  bloodshed  upon  that 
coiuitry. 

Aug.  3.  The  Emperor  puts  the  entire 
military  power  of  the  Empire  in  the 
hands  of  Li  Hung  Chang. 

Aug.  4.  The  Chinese  fleet  returns  to 
Chefu. 

Aug.  5±.  Another  engagement  oc- 
curs off  the  Korean  coast,  in  which  three 
Chinese  war-ships  are  captured  by  the 
Japanese. 

Aug.  6.  Li  Hung  Chang  remains  in 
command  of  the  Chinese  army,  though 
divested  of  the  yellow  jacket ;  mob  vio- 
lence is  feared  by  foreigners  in  China. 

Aug.  9±.  Both  China  and  Japan  are 
hurrjrtng  troops  to  Korea,  the  Cliinese 
Emperor  levying  a  war  tribute  upon  the 
viceroys  of  the  different  provinces. 

Aug.  10±.  Twenty  thousand  Japa- 
nese troops  are  concentrating  upon 
Korea's  capital  from  the  north  and 
south. 

Aug.  11+.  Several  encounters  take 
place  between  Chinese  and  Japanese  on 
both  land  and  water ;  heavy  losses  re- 
ported. 

Aug.  13+ .  A  Chinese  fleet  sails  to  in- 
tercept Japanese  transports  carrying 
troops  to  Korea. 

Aug.  17.    A  Japanese  cruiser  of  the 

first  class  is  sunk  by  the  Chinese  war- 
ship Tsi-Yuen. 

Aug.  18.  The  Chinese  fleet  is  cruis- 
ing in  search  of  .Japanese  war-ships  in 


the  Gulf  of  Pe-Chi-l,i. 


Aug.  20.  Chinese  gunboats  and  war- 
ships are  guarding  the  coast  to  prevent 
the  landing  of  Japanese  troops. 

±  The  Chinese  forces  in  Korea  defeat 

the  Japanese  in  several  engagements. 
Aug.  21.    In  two  battles  at  Ping- Yang 
and  Chung-Ho  the  Japanese  are  de- 
feated with  heavy  losses. 
Aug.  24.    An  Imperial  edict  orders  100,- 
000  Manchus  and  Pekingese  to  hold  them- 
selves in  readiness  for  war  service. 
Aug.  25±.    The  Chinese  are  putting  to 
death  many  Japanese  spies. 

In   a  conflict  between   Japanese  and 
Chinese  forces,  the  loss  of  Japanese  is 
reported  at  over  1,300  men. 
Aug.  26.    Gen.  Yeh  has  effected  a  junc- 
tion with  the  main  body  of  the  Chinese 
army  at  Ping-Y'ang. 
Aug.  27.    lii  Y"una  is  made  commander- 
in-chief  of  tjie  Chinese  forces. 
Aug.  29  ±.    The  Chinese  forces  in  Korea 
defeat  the  Japanese  in  several  engage- 
ments. 
Aug.  31±.    Japanese     war-ships    are 

bombarding  Port  Arthur. 
Aug.  *  The    viceroy    of    Kwangtung 
has   engaged   5,000    Black   Flags   to 
strengthen    the    fortifications    in     the 
neighborhood  of  Canton. 
Sept.  3.    Skirmishes   between   Chinese 
and  Japanese  are  occurring  at  several 
points  in  Korea;  Gen.  Yeh  is  rewarded 
for  his  last  victory  by  an  edict  of  the 
Chinese  Emperor. 
Sept.  4.    The  Chinese  in  Japan  and  the 
Japanese  in  china  are  under  the  pro- 
tection of  American  consuls. 
Sept.  5.    The  Chinese  are  strengthening 
the  defenses  of  Wei-Hai-Wei  to  resist 
expected  Japanese  attacks. 

Two  Japanese   spies  are  beheaded 
at  Shanghai. 
±*  *  Heavy  Chinese  losses  occur  at  Seik- 

wan  and  Gazan. 
Sept.  6.  A  strong  Japanese  force  oc- 
cupies an  island  40  miles  from  Port 
Arthur. 
Sept.  9.  The  Chinese  Adm.  Ting  has 
been  degraded  for  incapacity  and  cow- 
ardice ;  troops  .are  drafted  from  the  in- 
terior for  the  coast  garrisons. 

Chinese  and  Japanese  troops  are  hur- 
ried to  the  northern  part  of  Korea. 
Sept.  13.    Chinese  troops  are  ordered  to 
Tien-Tsin,  a  Japanese  invasion  being 
feared. 
Sept.  15+.    Two  battles  are  fought  in 
Korea ;    in  one  the  Japanese  advance 
guard  is  defeated,  and  in  the  other  a 
Chinese  fortress  is  captured. 
Sept.  16.    Twenty-one  transports    leave 
Japan  to  invade  China ;  China  is  mass- 
ing troops  at  Heijo  for  a  decisive  battle. 
Fifty  thousand  Japanese  troops  have 
been  landed  in  Korea. 

+  The  Japanese  defeat  the  Chinese 

at  Ping-Y'ang,  Korea,  after  a  battle  of 
two  days'  duration,  and  take  the  city ; 
2,600±  Chinese  are  killed,  wounded,  and 
made  prisoners. 


Sept.  17.  Four  Chinese  warships  de- 
stroyed and  three  Japanese  damaged 
in  a  naval  battle  at  the  mouth  of  the 
YalooKiver;  Japanese  loss,  115  killed, 
1,034  wounded;  Chinese  loss,  nearly  1,000 
killed  and  wounded. 

Sept.  17±.  Li  Hung  Chang  is  further 
degraded  for  mismanagement  of  the 
campaign. 

Sept.  20+.    The  Japanese  army  is 

marching  toward  the  Chinese  frontier. 
Sept.  23.    Tlie  missing  Chinese  trans- 
ports reach  Ta-ku,  on  the  Gulf  of  Pe- 
Chi-Li.     The    Chinese    are    fortifying 
Moiikden.    The  Kow-Sltung  affair  has 
been  settled  by  the  Japan  Government 
apologizing,  and  paying  an  indemnity 
of  $75,000. 
Sept.  24.  The  Chinese  transports  land  7,000 
troops  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yaloo  River. 
Sept.  26.    The  British  steamer  Pathan 
is  seized  by  a  Chinese  war-ship  on  suspi- 
cion of  carrying  contraband  of  war ;   a 
Japanese  army  of  30,000  men  is  em- 
barking at  Hiroshima. 
Oct.  6.    Two  thousand  Chinese  soldiers 

desert  their  colors. 
Oct.  7.    The  Japanese  forces  are  rapidly 
nearing   Moukden;    all   the   Chinese 
troops  have  been  withdrawn  from  Korea. 
Oct.  9.    Puchau,  a  treaty  port,  is  closed 
by  China's  act  in  blocking  the  mouth  of 
the  River  Min. 
Oct.  11.    The  Japanese  succeed  in  cap- 
turing "Wi-Ju,    routing   its    force   of 
2,000  Chinese  soldiers. 
Oct.  18  +  .    The  Chinese  are  hastily  for- 
tifying 'Wei-Hai-Wei;  a  revolt  has 
broken  out  near  Fuchau. 
Oct.  28.    The  Chinese  fleet  is  gathering 
in    Kinchow    Bay   to    defend    Port 
Arthur;  the  Russian  fleet  is  at  Chefu, 
and  a  Japanese  squadron  at  Port  Arthur. 
Oct.  30.    The  Japanese  capture  a  fort  at 

Port  Arthur. 
M"ov.  1.    Li  Himg  Chang  offers  to  pur- 
chase four  British  war-ships  now  in 
commission. 
Nov.  5.    Li   Hung  Chang  is  removed 
from  the  viceroyalty  of  Chi-li,  and  Vi- 
ceroy Lutal,  of  the  Liang-Kiang  prov- 
inces, is  summoned  to  succeed  him. 
Nov.  7.    China's  fleet  is  shut  up  in  Port 
Arthur ;  the  Japanese  are  vigorously 
attacking  the  place  by  land  and  sea. 
Nov.  15.    The   Chinese    have   retaken 
Kin-Chow,  and   are  in   possession  of 
tw^o  forts  at  Talien-Wan. 
Nov.  16.    The   Japanese    garrison  at 
Feng-Huang  defeats  a  Chinese  force 
numerically  superior  to  it. 

+  The  Chinese  generals  Yeh  and  Kieh 

have  been  degraded. 
Nov.  18.  England  and  Russia  agree  to 
prohibit  attacks  by  the  Japanese  upon 
Nanking  or  Shanghai. 
Nov.  21.  The  Japanese  troops  capture 
Port  Arthur  and  massacre  practically 
the  entire  population  in  cold  blood. 

The  foreign  correspondents,  horrified 
by  the  spectacle,  leave  the  army  in  a 
body.    (Cor.  of  New  York  World.) 


CHINA. 


1891,  Dec.  3-1894,  Deo.  30.    627 


Nov.  22.  The  Chinese  war-ship  Chen- 
Yxten  is  damaged  by  striking  a  rock ; 
her  captjiin  ooiuiiiits  suicide. 

Nov.  27.  The  Chinese  evacuate  New- 
chwang.  ^ 

Nov.  28.  A  great  number  of  Tonghaks 
attack  Koshin,  but  are  defeated  by 
the  Japanese  with  great  slaughter  ;  two 
rebel  chiefs  are  killed. 

Dec.  10.  The  Japanese  under  Gen.  Oya- 
ma  have  advanced  as  far  as  Furantuen, 
and  fears  are  entertained  for  Fuchau. 
I  Dec.  12.  The  Japanese  have  effected  a 
landing  at  Shanhaikwan  and  near 
Taka,  and  number  about  25,000  men. 

A  detachment  of  the  second  Japanese 
army  has  occupied  Fuchau,  75  miles 
north  of  Port  Arthur ;  the  Chinese  are 
retreating  in  a  northeasterly  direction 
towards  New-chwang. 

Dec.  14.  Part  of  Marshal  Oyama's  army 
has  arrived  within  16  miles  of  New- 
chwang. 

Chinese  Gen.  Wei  is  beheaded  by 

proxy. 

Dec.  15.  lii  Hung  Chang  is  reinstated 
as  a  possible  peacemaker. 

Dec.  16.  A  large  Chinese  force  is  de- 
feated by  the  Japanese  garrison  at 
Feng-Huang. 

Deo.  21.  The  Emperor  grants  plenipo- 
tentiary powers  to  Chang  Yin  Huan 
to  make  peace  with  Japan. 

Dec.  22.  The  Mohammedans  of  Man- 
churia are  uprising. 

Deo.  23.  A  fugitive  Chinese  garrison  is 
defeated  after  a  fierce  five-hour  battle 
by  a  .Japanese  force  under  Gen.  Katsura. 

Deo.  30.  Liu  Kun  Yi,  viceroy  of  Li- 
ang-Kiang,  is  appointed  commander- 

I     in-chief  of  the  Chinese  forces,  super- 
seding Li  Hung  Chang. 
ART — LETTERS — NATURE. 
1891    Deo.  31±.    Thousands  of  lives  are 
lost  in  a  gale  at  Hong-Kong. 
,        1892    Sep.  23.    The  Hoang-Ho  (Yel- 
W        low    Iliver)   overflows    its    banks ;    12 
towns  are  inimdated  and  many  lives  lost. 

1893  July  6.    Disastrous  floods  occur. 

1894  Jan.  18.  An  earthquake  in 
■  Tibet  destroys  the  Grand  Llama's  raon- 
*         astery  and  over  800  houses  ;    over  200 

lives  are  lost. 
Sept.  1.    Disastrous  floods  occur  at  Pe- 
king ;    many  people  are  homeless  and 
starving. 

CHURCH. 

1891  Deo.  21.    A   retired   Taotal  of 

Changsha    is  circulating    thous<ands  of 
books  vilely  assailing  Christianity. 

1892  May  23.  Fresh  anti-Christian 
disturbances  occur  in  Manchu  and  in 
districts  bordering  on  Tongking. 

Jime  3.  Manyanti-Christian  placards 
are  posted  in  certain  districts. 


SOCIETY. 

Dec.  4.  The  foreign  consuls  at  Tien-Tsin 
ask  naval  protection. 

1892  Jan.  1.  Iiawlessness  in  North 
China  is  renewed. 

June  20.  The  English  residents  in  the 
Yang-tse  valley  are  attacked  by  Chi- 
nese. 

STATE. 

1892  Aug.  8.  The  Chinese  withdraw 
from  the  Pamirs. 

Aug.  15.  China  protests  against  Rus- 
sian occupancy  of  the  Pamirs  as  a 
breach  of  the  Treaty  of  Livadia. 

1893  Dec.  3.  It  is  announced  that 
China  is  to  rule  the  "  buffer  state  "  be- 
tween the  English  and  French  posses- 
sions at  Siam. 

1894  Aug.  1.  The  Japanese  Govern- 
ment formally  declares  war  upon 
China;  Chinese  victories  in  a  land  en- 
gagement in  Korea  are  reported. 

Aug.  3.  England,  Germany,  Italy,  and 
the  United  States  enter  into  an  agree- 
ment to  neutralize  the  treaty  ports  of 
China  and  Japan;  the  degradation  of 
Li  Hung  Chang  by  the  Emperor  causes 
great  excitement  in  China. 

Aug.  7.  Great  Britain  declares  neu- 
trality in  the  Korean  war;  Russia 
threatens  to  interfere  if  her  trade  suf- 
fers. 

Aug.  22.  The  King  of  Korea  declares 
himself  independent  of  China. 

Aug.  *  Efforts  to  bring  about  peace 
between  Japan  and  China  fail,  the  lat- 
ter positively  refusing  to  resign  from  its 
suzerainty  of  Korea. 

Aug.  25.  A  treaty  of  alliance  is  signed 
by  Japan  and  Korea ;  Cliinese  soldiers 
are  reported  to  be  suffering  from  starva- 
tion, the  .Japanese  maintaining  a  strict 
blockade  of  the  coast. 

Sept.  9.  .\dm.  Ting  is  degraded  for  in- 
capacity ;  China  i.s  drafting  troops  from 
the  interior  for  the  coast  garrisons. 

Oct.  11.  Japan  is  said  to  have  rejected 
China's  proposals  for  peace  as  inade- 
quate. 

Oct.  14.  Germany  rejects  England's  pro- 
posal to  join  the  powers  in  interven- 
tion in  the  war  in  the  East. 

Oct.  31.  Tlie  Emperor  caUs  together 
his  viceroys  and  governors  at  Peking, 
to  learn  why  they  have  failed  to  crush 
Japan. 

Nov.  20.  Negotiations  for  peace  be- 
tween China  and  Japan  are  proceeding 
satisfactorily  through  the  American 
Ministers  at  Peking  and  Tokio. 

Nov.  24.  China  sends  a  special  agent  to 
Japan  with  instruction  to  accept  any 


terms  of  peace  except  the  cession  of  any 
portion  of  China  proper. 

Dec.  4.  Japan  informs  China  that  no 
peace  proposals  will  be  received  except 
through  a  regularly  accredited  am- 
bassador. 

The  foreign  consuls  at  Tien-Tsin  ap- 
ply for  naval  protection. 

Dec.  6.  The  Imperial  Council  for  For- 
eign Affairs  has  decided  to  send  a  spe- 
cial ambassador  to  Tokio,  with  full 
authority  to  negotiate  a  treaty  of  peace. 

Dec.  13.  Prince  Kung  has  been  ap- 
pointed President  of  the  Grand  Council, 
and  thereby  the  virtual  dictator  of  the 
Empire. 

Dec.  15±.  The  Government  communi- 
cates to  the  foreign  Ministers  its  ob- 
jections to  receiving  military  guards 
for  the  Ministers  in  Peking,  and  gives 
assurance  of  their  efficient  protection. 

Dec.  28.  The  United  States  is  reported 
to  have  demanded  satisfaction  from 
China  for  violation  of  its  promise  re- 
garding the  surrender  of  the  two  (stu- 
dents ?)  Japanese  spies. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Feb.  6.  Flood,  flre,  and  fam- 
ine work  great  destruction  of  life  and 
property. 

June  13.    The  grip  prevails  with 

severity. 
Nov.  3.     Hankow,  a  treaty  port,  is  in 

flames;  many  lives  are  lost.    Fifteen 

hundred  houses  are  burned. 

1892  June  13.  The  steamer  Nainchow 
sinks  in  the  China  Seas ;  414  persons 
drowned. 

Sept.  4.    A  terrific  fire  occurs  among  the 

shipping  at  Ichang,  Hong-Kong ;  over 

150  lives  lost. 
Nov.  1.    Cholera  is  raging. 
1894    Jan.  2.    There  are  700  deaths  from 

the  black  plague  in  Hong-Kong  in  one 

week. 
Apr.  4.    A  thousand  buildings  are 

burned  in  Shanghai. 
June  12.    A   plague    in    Hong-Kong 

causes  about  one  hundred  deaths  a  day. 
June  17.    Nearly  two  thousand  deaths 

have  occurred   from  the  plague  in 

Hong-Kong  up  to  this  date. 
July  6.    The   epidemic    of    "  Bubonic 

Plague  '*    at    Hong-Kong   has   caused 

2,500  deaths. 
Aug.  31.    At  least   1,000  lives  are   lost 

by  a  flre   among  the   flower-boats 

moored  in  the  Canton  River. 
Sept.  14.    A  flre  in  Shun-Klng  causes 

a  loss  of  100  lives,  over  2,000  buildings, 

and   a   loss    of    10,000,000   taels   (about 

$15,000,000). 


628    1499,**-1894,Dec,30.  COLOMBIA. 


The  Republic  of  Colombia  (formerly  called  New  Granada)  lies  iu  the  uortUwesteru  part  of  South  America,  and  includes 
the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  Bogota  is  the  capital.  Area,  504,776  square  miles  ;  population,  4,178,000.  The  government  is  admiius- 
tered  by  a  President,  with  a  Congress  consisting  of  a  Senate  and  Chamber  of  liepresentatives  ;  the  members  are  elected  by  nine 
Departments. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
1526  *  *  Panama.     Framcisoo   Pizsirro 

sails  on  his  second  expedition  to  Peru. 

[He  makes  five  starts.]     (See  pp.  18,  20.) 
1536*  •-37*  *Spaniards     under 

Ximenes   de   Quesada   conquer    New 

Granada  [Colombia]. 

1546  Nov. »  Panama.  Pedro  de  la 
Gasca  gains  possession  of  the  fleet  in 
the  interest  of  the  Spanish  crown. 

1547  Apr.*  Panama.  Gasca  sails 
with  a  considerable  force  to  maintain 
royal  authority  in  Peru. 

1696  *  *  Cartagena  on  the  north  coast 
is  taken  by  buccaneers. 

1719  *  •  Panama.  The  Indians  de- 
stroy several  towns  which  the  Catholic 
missionaries  had  established. 

1739  Nov.  22.  Panairui.  Adm.  Ed- 
ward Vernon,  with  six  English  men-of- 
war,  takes  Porto  Bello  from  Spain. 

1740  Mar.  24.  Adm.  Vernon  attacks 
San  Lorenzo  Castle.    (See  p.  64.) 

181 1  *  *  -24  •  ♦  Colombia  is  at  war 
with  Spain  for  independence. 

Dec.  *  Civil  war  follows  the  declarar 
tion  of  independence. 

1821  June  24.  The  royalists  are  de- 
feated by  the  patriots  at  Carabobo. 

1840  *  *  -41  *  *  Civil  war  follows  the 
election  of  Marquez  to  the  presidency, 
who  defeats  his  enemies. 

1859  *  *  Civil  war  grows  out  of  an  in- 
surrection fostered  by  ex-President  Mos- 
quera  and  the  Liberal  party. 

1861  July.  »  The  Liberal  partizans  cap- 
ture Bogota. 

1863  Nov.  20.  War  follows  the  re- 
fusal of  Ecuador  to  join  the  Union. 

Dec.  6.  The  Ecuadorians  are  de- 
feated by  the  troops  of  the  United 
States  of  Colombia.    [Dec.  30.    Peace.] 

1864  *  *  Rebellions  disturb  the  State. 
1868    Nov.  12.     President    Correoso 

defeats  the  partizans  of  his  opponent. 

1885  Mar.  2.  The  insurrection 
breaks  out  afresh  at  Barranquilla,  and 
the  Government's  force  is  defeated. 

July  13t.  Tlie  Government  troops  de- 
feat the  insurgents. 

July  31±.  Peace  is  restored,  and  order 
prevails. 

1890  Jan.  2.  The  gunboat  La  Popa 
seizes  two  American  vessels. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
LETTERS. 
1797    Feb.  4.    An    appalling    earth- 
quake destroys  the  country  from  Santa 
F^  to  Panama  ;  the  cities  of  Cuzco  and 
Quito  are  ruined,  and  40,000  people  are 
entombed  in  a  second  of  time. 
1843  *  •  Education  is  fostered  by  the 
Government. 


1870  *  *  Congress  takes  the  management 
of  public  instruction,  which  is  organ- 
ized on  the  German  systems,  and  places 
it  in  the  hands  of  the  State;  it  adopts 
compulsory  education. 

1871*  *  Educational  reforms  take 
place. 

1875  May  16-18.  A  series  of  earth- 
quakes destroy  San  Jos^  de  Cucuta  and 
other  towns  ;  about  14,000  lives  are  lost. 

1882  Sept.  7,  9,  10.  Panama.  A  se- 
ries of  earthquakes  partly  destroy  the 
Panama  Railroad. 

1880  June  21.  Panama.  An  earth- 
quake destroys  the  town  of  Guanere. 

1893  Mar.  24.  Much  loss  of  life  and 
destruction  of  property  are  caused  by  an 
earthquake. 

1894  Dec.  30.  Great  floods  cause  a 
loss  of  50  lives  and  great  damage  to 
property  on  the  coast. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1783    July  *  Bolivar.  Simon,  general,  b. 

1793  *  •  Santander,  Francisco  de  Taula,  gen- 
eral, politician,  born. 

1793  *  *  .Sucre,  Antonio  J.  de,  general,  horn. 

1798  *  *  Lopez,  J086  liilario,  President,  1). 

1816  •   •  MuriUo-Toro,    Manuel,    President, 
born.     [1880.     Dies,  A65.) 

1830    Dec.  17.    Bolivar.  Simon,  deliverer, 
A53. 
Perez,  Santiago,  President,  born. 
Sucre,  .Vntonio  J.  de,  general,  A  37. 

1835  *  •  Miro,  Gregorio,  President  of  Pana- 
ma, born. 

1840    May  26.    Santander,    Francesco    de 
Paula,  general,  politician,  A48. 

1869  *  *  Lopez,  Jos6  Hilario,  President,  A71. 

1 880  *  *  M  iro  Gregorio,  Pres.  of  Panama,  A46. 

1883  Dec.*   Zaldna,  President,  dies. 
1894    Sept.  18.    Nunez,  Kafael,  Pres.,  A61. 

SOCIETY. 

1852  Jan.  *  Slavery  is  entirely  abol- 
ished. 

1889  Feb.  *  Panama.  There  is  a  strong 
military  force  along  the  line  of  the 
canal  to  maintain  order. 

Apr.  9.  Panama.  Tlie  British  consul 
distributes  bread  among  the  distressed 
negroes  along  the  canal  works. 

1893  Jan.  23.  Fatal  rioting  occurs 
in  Bogota. 

Feb.  4.  Rioters  defeat  the  police  in 
Bogota,  but  are  subdued  by  troops,  23 
rioters  being  killed  and  66  wounded  ;  the 
leaders  are  arrested  and  some  are  exiled. 

1894  June  8±.  Panama.  Ex-Presi- 
dent Ezeta  of  Salvador  visits  Panama- 

STATE. 

1499*  *  New  Granada  [Colombia]  is  dis- 
covered by  Alonzo  de  Ojeda,  a  Span- 
ish cavalier. 

1502  *  *  Columbus  visits  the  coast. 

1508  *  'Ojeda  obtains  from  the  Spanish 
crown  a  grant  of  the  coast  westward 
from  Cape  Vela  to  the  Gulf  of  Darien, 
and  Diego  de  Nicuessa  receives  the  rest 
of  the  country  from  the  gulf  to  Cape 
Gracias-a-Dios. 


1514  ♦  *  The  two  grants  are  united, 
forming  Tierra-Firme. 

1536  *  *  The  Spaniards  settle  in  the  in- 
terior of  New  Granada. 

1538  *  *  Belalcazar  is  at  Bogota. 

1539*  *  Nicholas  Federmann,  the 
traveler,  visits  Bogota. 

1690  *  *  JJarien.  About  1200  Scots, 
besides  women  and  children,  establish 
a  colony.  [They  are  driven  away  by 
the  Spaniards  the  following  year.] 

1695  *  *  Eny.  A  company  for  coloniz- 
ing Darien  is  formed. 

1700  Mar.  30.  Darien.  The  English 
settlements  are  surrendered  to  the 
Spaniards. 

1718  *  *  The  province  of  New  Granada 
becomes  a  Spanish  vice-royalty. 

1719*  *  To  reduce  expenses  the  prov- 
ince becomes  a  simple  presidency. 

1739  *  *  The  new  Kingdom  of  Gra- 
nada is  reestablished  as  a  vice-roy- 
alty, and  also  includes  Venezuela  and 
Ecuador. 

1777  *  *  Several  provinces  are  separated 
to  form  Venezuela. 

1790  *  *  Panama.  Spaniards  make  a 
treaty  of  peace  with  the  Indians, 
and  abandon  all  their  forts. 

1811*  *  An  insurrection  against 
Spain  commences  ;  New  Granada  forms 
a  republic,  having  Bogota  as  its  capital. 

1819  Dec.  17.  Under  Simon  Bolivar, 
the  national  hero,  the  province  unites 
with  Venezuela,  and  forms  the  Repub- 
lic of  Colombia. 

June  30.  Colombia  and  Mexico  enter 
into  an  alliance. 

1825*  *  Spain  recognizes  the  indepen- 
dence of  Colombia. 

1826  Aug.  *  Bolivar  is  nominated  for 
the  presidency  by  the  Congress  at  Lima. 

Nov.  23.  Congress  nominates  Bolivar 
as  dictator. 

1828  Feb.  10.  Bolivar  becomes  dic- 
tator. 

Apr.  9.    An  insurrection  is  led  by  Pa- 

dilla. 
Sept.  25.    The  Liberals'  conspiracy 

against  the  life  of  Bolivar  fails. 

1829  Nov.  *  Venezuela  withdraws 
from  the  republic. 

1830  Apr.  4.  Gen.  Bolivar  resigns  the 
dictatorship.    [Dec.  17.    Dies.] 

1831  Nov.  21.  The  Republic  of  New 
Granada  is  formed. 

1832  •  *  A  Constitution  is  promulgated, 
and  the  territory  divided  into  18  prov- 
inces, each  haying  control  of  its  local 
affairs. 

Mar.  9.    Francisco  de  Paula  Santander  Is 

elected  1st  President  for  a  term  of  four 

years. 
1837  *  *  3oa6  Ignacio  de  Marquez  is 

elected  the  2d  President.    1 1840.    The  op- 

pitsitioii  brings  on  civil  war.] 


COLOMBIA. 


1499,  *  *-1894,  Dec.  30.    629 


1840  •  *  The  province  of  Cartagena  se- 
cedes. 

1841  May*  Pedro  Alcantara  Herran 
is  elected  the  3ii  President. 

*  *  Panama  and  Veragua  secedei  but 
goon  return  to  the  Union. 

1843  *  *  The  Constitution  is  remod- 
eled, and  a  treaty  concluded  with  Eng- 
lish creditors  of  the  republic. 

1845  *  *  Gen.  Mosquera  is  elected  the 

4th  President. 

1849  *  *  Gen.  Jos6  Hilario  Xjopez  is 
elected  the  5th  President. 

1853  *  *  Gen.  Jos6  Maria  Obando  is 
elected  the  Cth  President ;  Vice-Presi- 
dents Obaldia  and  Mallariuo  complete 
his  term. 

*  *  An  important  alteration  is  made  in 
the  Constitution,  by  which  every  prov- 
ince has  the  right  to  govern  its  own 
affairs,  and  to  hold  merely  federal  con- 
nection with  the  central  republic. 

1856  *  *  -57  *  *  Antioquia  and  Pana- 
ma become  federal  States  by  legal  en- 
actment. 

1857  *  *  Mariano  Ospina  is  elected  the 
7th  President. 

1858  June  15.  The  Republic  of 
New  Granada  becomes  the  Grana- 
dine  Confederation,  including  Boli- 
var, Antioquia,  Panama,  Cundinamarca, 
Boyac^,  Cauca,  Santander,  and  Magda- 
lena. 

1861  Jan.  *  The  Conservatives  strug- 
gle to  retain  the  old  Government;  the 
Xiiberals,  headed  by  Mosquera,  organ- 
ize a  new  one. 

July  18.  After  capturing  Bogota,  Gen. 
Mosquera  and  his  Liberal  partizans  de- 
pose President  Ospina  and  seize  the  Gov- 
ernment. 

Sept.  20.  A  Congress  of  the  several 
States  is  held  at  Bogota,  which  deter- 
mines to  form  a  Union  to  be  called  the 
United  States  of  Colombia;  a  new 
Oonstitution  is  adopted,  and  Mosquera  is 
made  dictator. 

Julio  Arboleda,  leader  of  the  Conser- 
vatives, is  successful  in  the  west,  and 
forms  an  alliance  with  the  President  of 
Ecuador. 

Nov.  1.  Arboleda  being  assassinated. 
Canal  succeeds  him,  and  makes  terms 
with  the  President. 

1863  Dec.  30.  Ecuador  maintains 
its  independence  against  Colombia. 

*  *  The  Constitution,  modeled  in  some 
respects  after  that  of  the  United  States, 
is  formulated. 

May  8.  The  new  Constitution  is  estab- 
lished, and  Gen.  Mosquera,  having  re- 
signed as  dictator,  is  elected  President. 

Aug.  *  Gen.  Mosquera  invites  Venezuela 
and  Ecuador  to  rejoin  the  Confedera- 
tion. 

Nov.  *  Ecuador  declines  to  join  the 
Union. 

1864*  *Manuel  Murillo  Tore  is 
elected  President.    Rebellions  follow. 


1866  Mar.  11.  Ex-President  Mos- 
quera is  elected  President  for  the  third 

time. 

He  enters  into  a  struggle  with  the 
majority  of  Congress,  and  finally  arbi- 
trarily arrests  ^  Kepresentatives  and 
Senators.  To  avoid  impeachment  he  de- 
clares himself  dictator. 

1867  May  23.  Santos  Acosta  deposes 
Gen.  Mosquera,  and  becomes  provisional 
President. 

Nov.  1.  Gen.  Mosquera  is  sentenced 
to  exile  for  two  years. 

1868*  *  Gen.  Santos  Gutierres  is 
elected  President. 

Aug.  29.  Gen.  Ponce,  who  had  made  a 
revolution  in  Panama,  is  succeeded  by 
Correoso.  Rebellions  abound,  and 
Panama  is  quite  disorganized. 

1871  *  *  Gen.  E.  Salgar  is  elected  Presi- 
dent. 

*  *  A  treaty  is  made  with  the  United 
States  respecting  an  interoceanic 
canal. 

1872  Apr.  1.  Manuel  Murillo-Toro 
again  becomes  President. 

[1874,  Apr.  1,  Santiago  Perez;  1876, 
Apr.  1,  Aquileo  Parra  ;  1878,  Apr.  l. 
Gen.  Trujillo;  1880,  Apr.  1,  Rafael 
Nunez;  1884,  F.  J.  Zaldua;  1882,  Dec. 
2*2,  J.  E.  Otalora;  1884,  Apr.  1,  R.  Nu- 
nez; 1886,  Aug.  7,  R.  Nunez  again  ;  1892, 
Aug.  7,  R.  NuneZj  with  M.  A.  Caro  as 
Vice-President,] 
1890  Feb.  24.  American  and  British 
vessels  seized  for  contravention  of  cus- 
tom laws  are  now  released. 

Aug.  19.  The  Government  grants  an  ex- 
tension of  the  concession  to  the  Pan- 
ama Canal  Company  for  12  years,  un- 
der the  conditions  that  the  Company  is 
entirely  reorganized,  and  actively  at 
work  within  18  months. 

Oct.  1.  The  Colombian  Congress  unani- 
mously approves  the  American  Inter- 
national Railroad  Conference,  and 
appoints  three  commissioners. 

1892  Aug.  7.  Miguel  A.  Caro,  elected 
Vice-President,  assumes  the  Presidency : 
President-elect  Nunez  declining. 

The  President  declines  to  receive  more 
than  5il2,(XXJ  as  salary,  instead  of  $36,000 
per  annum  set  apart  for  that  office,  dis- 
penses with  the  services  of  a  private  sec- 
retary, renounces  tlie  use  of  the  guard  of 
■  honor,  and  will  reside  in  a  private  resi- 
dence instead  of  in  San  Carlos  palace. 

1893  Feb.  20.  Panama.  The  Govern- 
ment grants  a  temporary  extension 
of  the  Panama  Canal  concession.  [Mar. 
31.  Another  month.  Apr.  5.  Twenty 
months  in  which  to  resume  work.] 

Apr.  7 .  Panama.  The  terms  of  a  new 
contract  between  the  Government  and 
the  liquidator  of  the  Panama  Canal 
Company  are  published. 

Apr.  8.  Panama.  The  Government  has 
given  to  the  Panama  Canal  Company  an 
extension  of  ten  years  in  which  to 
complete  the  work. 

Sept.  3.  Several  leaders  of  the  Xiiberal 
party  are  under  arrest, 

1894  Aug.  17.  Colombia  reestab- 
lishes her  legation  in  Costa  Rica. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 
1748  *  *  Panama.    Porto  Bello   is   the 

great  commercial  mart  for  the  rich  com- 
merce of  Chile  and  Peru. 

1833  *  *  Steamboats  begin  to  make  reg< 
ular  trips  on  the  Magdalena  Biver  be- 
tween Honda  and  Barranquilla. 

1855  Jan.  28.  Panama.  The  first 
train  passes  over  the  Panama  railroad. 

*  ♦  Aspinwall  [Colon)  is  founded  by  W. 
H.  Aspinwall  (U.  S.  A.). 

1856*  *  The  American  Presbyterians 
(North)  open  a  mission  at  Bogota. 

1870  *  *  Panama.  Hydraulic  appli- 
ances are  introduced  iu  some  of  the 
mineral  workings. 

1875*  *The  Republic  has  over  1,000 
miles  of  telegraph  and  two  lines  of 
railroad ;  Panama  line,  46  miles  long, 
and  Barranquilla  Hue,  17  miles  long. 

1881  *  *  Panama.  The  Panama  Canal 
Company  is  formed  in  France. 

1888  Dec.  25.  Panama.  "Work  is 
abandoned  for  the  present  on  the 
Panama  Canal. 

1889  Jan.  8.  Panama.  Two  large  con- 
tractors stop  construction  work  on  the 
Panama  Canal,  and  4,000  laborers  are 
idle. 

Jan.  10.  Panama.  Contractors  on  the 
Culebra  section  of  the  Panama  Canal 
offer  to  continue  work  at  their  own 
expense  until  January  15. 

Feb.  13.  Panama.  .Less  than  3,000 
men  are  at  work  on  the  Canal. 

Feb.  19.  Panama.  Canal  laborers  are 
lessening  in  number.  A  strong  nuli- 
tary  force  is  kept  on  the  line  of  the 
canal  to  maintain  order. 

Mar.  7.  Panama.  The  British  vessel 
El  Dorado  passes  through  the  canal 
from  Aspinwall  to  Chagres,  a  distance 
of  15  miles. 

Mar.  18.  Fr.  The  Company  announces 
in  Paris  that  a  further  extension  of 
provisional  contract  has  been  arranged 
with  contractors. 

Mar.  *  Fr.  The  attempt  to  f«rm  a  new 
canal  company  has  failed. 

July  17.  Panama.  Yellow  fever 
breaks  out  at  Colon  (Aspinwall). 

Nov.  ♦  Fr.  The  Panama  Canal  Com- 
pany has  been  ordered  by  the  Civil  Tri- 
bunal, through  its  liquidator,  to  pay  off 
the  discharged  workmen. 

1890  Sept.  23.  Panama.  Three-quar- 
ters of  Colon  are  destroyed  by  fire ;  loot- 
ers are  fired  upon  by  soldiers,  and 
several  killed. 

1894  Feb.  12.  Panama.  The  steam- 
ship City  of  Para  arrives  at  Colon  with 
the  officers  and  crew  of  the  wrecked 
Ktarsatje  of  the  U.  S.  N,  on  board. 

Apr.  4.  Fr.  A  new  company  to  com- 
plete the  Panama  Canal  is  planned  by 
persons  holding  722,000  shares,  and  pro- 
viding a  subscription  at  once  of  twenty 
million  francs.    (See  France.) 

June  13.  Panama.  Property  valued  at 
nu>re  than  $1,000,000  is  destroyed  by  fire* 


630    1502,  Oct.  5-1894,  May  8.       COSTA    RICA. 


Costa  Rica  is  the  southernmost  republic  of  Central  America  ;  San  Job^  is  the  capital.  Area,  19,985  square  miles  ;  population 
in  1892,  243,205.  The  government  is  administered  by  a  President,  with  a  Congress  consisting  of  a  single  house.  The  language  is 
Spanish,  and  the  religion  is  Roman  Catholic. 


ARMY  — STATE. 

1502  Oct.  5.  Costa  Rica  is  discovered 
by  Columbus. 

*  *  The  first  Spanish  settlement  is 
made.  (?) 

1509  *  *  Diego  de  Ificuesa  is  appointed 
governor,  and  plants  a  colony  near  the 
coast. 

1522  *  *  Gil  Gonzalez  de  Avila  traverses 
the  territory  of  Costa  Rica. 

1523  *  *  Francisco  Hernandez  founds 
the  city  of  Bruselas,  the  first  colony  es- 
tablished. 

1526  *  *  Pedrarias  de  Avila  takes  posses- 
sion of  the  Isle  of  Chira. 

1530  *  *  George  de  Alvarado  subdues 
the  Indian  tribes. 

1539  Apr.  30±.  He  man  Sanchez 
de  Badajoz,  the  governor,  arrives,  and 
founds  the  city  of  Sadajoz. 

1540  *  *  The  province  is  called  New 
Carthage. 

1541  *  *  Diego  Gutierrez  is  governor. 

1542  ♦  *  Fra  Pedro  Alonzo  de  Betan- 
zos  comes  to  America,  and  becomes  the 
founder  of  the  Convent  of  San  Francisco 
at  Cartago. 

1561  Jan.  *  Juan  de  CavaUon  is  gov- 
ernor. 

1562  Apr.  *  Juan  Vasquez  de  Coro- 
nado  is  appointed  alcalde  mayor  of  the 
provinces  of  Cartago  and  Costa  Rica. 
On  his  arrival  he  proceeds  to  conquer 
the  country. 

*  *  P.  Juan  de  Estrada  Ravago  is  gov- 
ernor. [Nov.  20,  Juan  Vasquez  de 
Coronado ;  1564,  Miguel  Sanchez  de 
Guido ;  1566,  Pedro  Venegas  de  los  Bios ; 
1568,  Perafau  de  Rivera.] 

1568  *  *  Perafau  de  Rivera  founds  the 
port  of  Rivera  on  the  west  coast. 

1569  *  *  Antonio  Pereira  is  governor. 
[1574,  Alonso  de  Anguciana  de  Cam- 
boa.] 

1574  *  *  The  colony  completes  its  organ- 
ization. 

1576  July  *  Diego  de  Artieda  Cherino 
is  governor.  [1578.  Cherino  founds 
Esparza.] 

1579  *  *  Francis  Brake,  the  English 
seaman,  visits  the  Pacific  Coast. 

1586  *  *  Padre  Juan  Pizarro  is  attacked 
by  Indians  while  preaching  to  them,  and 
tortured  to  death. 

1590  *  *  Velasquez  Ramirez  is  governor. 
[1591,  Capt.  Antonio  Pereira ;  later, 
Capt.  Bartolom^  de  Lences ;  1595,  Capt. 
Gonzalo  de  Palma;  later,  Fernando 
de  la  Cueva;  1600,  Gonzalo  Vasquez 
de  Coronado;  1605,  Juan  de  Ocon  y 
Trillo.] 

1605  Oct.  10.  Diego  de  Sojo  y  Pena- 
randa  founds  the  city  of  Talamanca. 

1610  July*  The  Indians  bum  San- 
tiago. 

1611  *  *  The  Talamanca  Indians  rise, 
and  massacre  their  cruel  Spanish  task- 
masters. 


1612  *  *  Gonzalo  Vasquez  de  Coronado 
is  governor.  [1615,  Juan  de  Medraiio  y 
Mendoza;  1622,  Alonso  de  Guzman  y 
CasiUa ;  1628,  Fray  Fuan  de  Chauz.] 

1630  *  *  George  de  Alvarado  subdues 
the  Indian  tribes,  and  founds  ajcolony. 

1637  *  *  Gregorio  de  Sandoval  is  gover- 
nor.   1647,  Juan  de  Chaves.] 

165 1  *  *  Juan  Fernandez  Salinas  y  Cerda 
is  governor, 

1656  *  *  Governor  Vasquez  drives  away 
the  pirates. 

1659  *  *  Andres  Arias  Maldonado,  Mtre. 
Cpo  is  governor. 

1660  *  *  Spaniards  reappear,  and  again 
subdue  the  rebellious  Indians. 

*  *  Rodrigo  Arias  Maldonado  y  Velazco 
is  governor. 

*  *  The  Spaniards  resubject  the  Tala- 
manca Indians,  and  reopen  the  mines. 

1665  ♦  ♦  The  depredations  of  pirates 
cause  great  disguietness  among  the  colo- 
nists. 

*  *  Juan  de  Obregon  is  governor  ;  later, 
Juan  Lopez  de  la  Flor. 

1666  *  •  The  English  buccaneers  Mor- 
gan and  Mansfelt  arrive  with  a  strong 
force,  and  enter  the  interior. 

1674  Apr.  26.  Juan  Francisco  Saenz 
Vasquez  is  governor.  [1G79,  Francisco 
Antonio  de  Rivas  Contrera;  1681,  July 
24,  Miguel  Gomez  de  Lara.] 

±*  ♦  Pirates  maraud  the  coasts,  and  sack 
and  burn  the  city  of  Sagaces. 

1684  *  *  The  pirates  are  defeated  at 
Wicoya. 

1693  Apr.  *  Manuel  de  Bustamante  y 
Vivero  is  governor.  [1698,  May  28,  Fran- 
cisco Bruno  Cerrando  de  Rejrna ;  1705, 
May  8,  Diego  de  Herrera  Campuzano ; 
1707,  Lorenzo  Antonio  de  Granda  y 
Balbin.] 

1709  *  *  A  second  massacre  of  Span- 
iards by  Indians  enslaved  in  the  gold- 
mines paralyzes  the  colony. 

1713  *  *  Jos^  Antonio  Lacayo  de  Balbin 
is  governor.  [*  *  *  Pedro  Ruiz  de  Bus- 
tamante; 1718,  Nov.  26,  Gen.  Diego  de 
la  Haya  y  Fernandez.] 

1727  May  *  Baltazar  Francisco  de  Val- 
derrama  is  governor. 

1734  *  *  The  port  of  Caldera  is  re- 
opened, and  the  province  revives. 

1736  *  *  Antonio  Vasquez  de  la  Cuadra 
is  governor.  [1738,  Francisco  Antonio 
Carrandi  y  Menan;  1739,  Francisco  de 
Olaechea;  1740,  June  22,  Juan  Gemmir 
y  Leonard.] 

1743  *  *  The  fort  of  San  Fernando  is 
built  in  Matina. 

1747  Dee,  *  Luis  Diez  Navarro  is  gov- 
ernor. [1750,  Jan.  *  Cristobal  Ignacio 
de  Soria.] 

1750  *  *  The  alcaldia  mayor  of  Nicoya 
is  suppressed,  and  that  district  is  an- 
nexed. 


1755  *  *  Francisco  Fernandez  de  la  Pas- 
tora  is  governor.  [1758,  Manuel  Soler; 
1762,  Francisco  Xavier  Oreamuno ;  1771, 
Jos^  Joaquin  de  Nava;  1773,  Juan  Fer- 
nandez de  Bovadillay  Cradi ;  1778,  June  * 
Jos6  Perie;  1780,  Aug.  *  Juan  Fernan- 
dez de  Bovadilla  y  Cradi;  1781,  Apr.  * 
Juan  Florez;  1785,  Jos6  Perie;  1789, 
Jose  Antonio  Oreamuno;  1790,  Juan 
Pinillos;  Jos^  Vazquez  y  Tellez;  1797, 
Apr.*  Tomas  de  Acosta.] 

1797  *  *  A  period  of  prosperity  begins 
with  the  new  governor. 

1810  Oct.  *  Juan  de  Dios  de  Ayala  is 
governor. 

1812  *  *  The  Spanish  Constitution  is 
promulgated. 

*  *  The  abuses  of  Giiatemala  incense 
the  people. 

1813  Aug.  14.  A  petition  for  the  re- 
moval of  restrictions  on  the  commerce 
with  Panama  is  denied  by  the  captain- 
general  of  Gautemala. 

1819  *  *  Ramon  Jimenez  is  governor ; 
later,  Juan  Manuel  de  Canas. 

1821  Sept.  15.  A  declaration  of  in- 
dependence is  made  by  all  the  provinces 
of  the  kingdom  of  Gautemala. 

Two  parties  ap^jear;  the  Imperialists, 
who  advocate  union  with  Mexico,  under 
the  dynasty  of  Iturbide,  and  those  who 
favor  an  independent  republic. 

Nov.  12.  The  Superior  Gubemative 
Provisional  Union  is  installed. 

Dec.  1.  The  Compact  or  Constitutive 
La'w  is  subscribed  to  by  deputies  of  all 
the  peoples. 

1822  Jan.  10.  Union  with  Mexico  is 
formally  proclaimed. 

Apr.  5.    A  civil  war  begins. 

1823  Apr.  5.  A  revolt  of  the  Impe- 
rialists is  quelled  in  the  plains  of 
Ochomogo. 

July  1.  Costa  Rica  unites  with  other 
republics  to  form  the  federation  of  the 
Central  American  States. 

*  *  The  seat  of  government  is  changed 
from  Cartago  to  San  Jos^. 

1824  Sept.  8.  Juan  Mora  is  Presi- 
dent. 

The  first  Congress  meets. 

1825  Jan.  22.  The  first  political  Con- 
stitution of  the  State  is  decreed. 

1833  Mar.  9.  Jose  Rafael  de  Gallegos 
is  President.  [1835,  May  5,Braulio  Car- 
rillo;  1837,  April  7,  Manuel  Aguilar 
[deposed] ;  1838,  May  27,  Braulio  Car- 
rillo.] 

1840  *  *  The  union  of  Central  Ameri- 
can Republics  is  dissolved ;  Costa  Rica 
becomes  an  independent  state. 

1841  *  *  The  Deputation  of  Costa  Rica 
attempt  to  withdraw  from  the  guar- 
dianship of  Guatemala. 

1842  Apr.  11.  Invasion  of  Gen.  Mo- 
razan  to  reestablish  the  federation  of 
Central  America  by  force.  [He  is  warmly 
welcomed  for  a  time,  and  then  opposed.] 


COSTA    RICA.         1502,0ct.5-1894,May8.    631 


Apr.  12.  Gen.  Francisca  Moranza  is 
president.  [Sept.  27,  Jos^  Maria  Alf aro ; 
1844,  Nov.  29,  Francisco  Maria  Orea- 
mvmo ;  1846,  J  une  7,  Jos4  Maria  Alf  aro ; 
1847,  May  8,  Dr.  Jose  Maria  Castro  ; 
1849,  Nov.  23,  Juan  Rafael  Mora.] 

1856  •  *  Costa  Rioadeclares  war  against 
Wm.  Walker,  the  American  filibuster. 

Mar.  11.  President  Rivas  of  Nicaragua 
declares  war  against  Costa  Rica. 

1859  Aug.  14.  President  Juan  Mora 
Is  suddenly  deposed. 

Dr.  Jos^  Maria  Montealegre  is  Pres- 
ident. 

Dec.  27.    The  Constitution  is  adopted. 

1863  May  8.  Jesus  Jamenez  is  Presi- 
dent. [1866,  May  8,  Dr.  Jose  Maria  Cas- 
tro; 1868,  Nov.  1,  Jesus  Jamenez;  1870, 
Apr.  27,  Bruno  Carranza;  Aug.  8,  Gen. 
TomAs  Guardia]. 

1871  Mar.  12.  Vicente  Quadra  is  pro- 
claimed President. 

*  *  J.  M.  Guardia  is  elected  President ; 
term,  1872-1876. 

♦  •The  seventh  Constitutionis  adopted. 

1876  May  8.  Aniceto  Esquivel  is 
President.  [July  30,  Dr.  Vicente  He- 
rrera;  1877,  Sept.  17,  Gen.  TomAs  Guar- 
dia by  a  revolution.] 

1882  Apr.  26.  The  Constitution  is 
adopted. 


July  20.  Gen.  Prospero  Fernandez  is 
Presideut. 

1885  Mar.  12.  Bernado  Soto  is  Presi- 
dent. 

1889  Apr.  •  It  is  reported  that  the  five 
Central  American  Republics,  Costa 
Rica,  Guatemala,  Nicaragua,  Salvador, 
and  Honduras,  have  agreed  upon  a 
treaty. 

1890  June  17.  The  President  agrees 
to  accept  the  draft  of  the  resolutions 
regulating  the  Central  American 
Union. 

He  will  send  a  commission  to  each  of 
the  republics  to  arrange  concerning  the 
liberty  of  the  press,  a  regular  succession 
of  the  executive,  and  the  sanctity  of 
human  life  —  omitted  by  the  conference. 

Feb.  15.  Costa  Rica  declares  against  a 
Central  American  confederation. 

Mar.  *  The  Government  invites  immi- 
gration. 

May  8.  Joa6  J.  Bodriguez  enters  the 
presidency. 

July  22.  The  Ministers  of  Costa  Rica 
and  Nicaragua  sign  a  treaty  of  alliance 
with  Guatemala. 

1891  Apr.  31.  A  revolution  brealcs 
out,  and  is  immediately  suppressed  by 
the  Government. 

May  6.    A  revolution  breaks  out. 
1893    Mar.  •  The  rebellion  hsis  been 

suppressed  by  the  prompt  action  of  the 

Government. 


1894    Mar.  6.     Another    revolution 

breaks  out. 
May  8.     Rafael  Iglesaias    enters   the 
presidency. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1722    Feb.  16±.    The  volcano  Irazu 

commences  a  memorable  eruption. 
1819  *  *  The  coffee-tree  is  introduced. 
1841  »  *  Cartago  is   destroyed   by  an 

earthquake. 
1850  *  *  The   Pope   erects   Costa  Rica 

into  an  independent  see. 
1871  •  •  The  railroad  from  Alajuela  to 

the  capital  is  commenced. 
1873    Dec.  •  The  railroad  is  opened  for 

42  miles. 
1875*  *  Two  hundred  miles  of  telegraph 

line  are  opened. 
1885    Mar.  •  Prospero  Fernandez,  the 

President,  dies. 

1888  Dec.  30.  Earthquakes  in  differ- 
ent parts  cause  great  destruction  of  life 
and  property.  The  damage  is  estimated 
at  85,000,000. 

1889  Jan.  3.  Earthquakes  visit  San 
Jos^  de  Costa  Rica ;  several  persons  are 
killed,  much  damage  is  done  to  property. 

Nov.  7.    An   uprising  occurs  between 

rival  political  factions. 
1893    Aug.  4.    A   financial  panic, 

caused  by  the  condition  of   the  silver 

market,  prevails. 


CUBA. 

Cuba  is  the  largest  of  the  West  India  Islands,  being  760  miles  long,  and  having  an  average  width  of  sixty  miles  ;  area,  41 ,650 ; 
population,  1,631,687,  including  489,249  colored  people.  Cuba,  together  with  its  dependencies,  forms  a  captain-generalcy  of  Spain, 
with  Havana  for  its  capital.  It  sends  deputies  to  the  Cortes  at  Madrid,  and  its  government  is  administered  hy  a  captain-general 
sent  from  Spain.  The  population  consists  of  Spaniards,  Negroes,  Chinese,  and  Europeans ;  the  language  is  Spanish,  and  the 
religion  is  Roman  Catholic  ;  freedom  of  worship  is  permitted.    [1898.    Surrendered  to  the  United  States.] 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1511  *  *  Don  Diego  Velasquez  leads 
300  Spaniards  from  Haiti  to  conquer 
Cuba. 

1638  *  •  Havana  is  burned  by  a  French 
privateer ;  this  leads  to  the  erection  of 
a  fortress  to  protect  the  town. 

1554  *  *  The  Frehch  again  attack  and 
destroy  Havana. 

1589±  *  *  Two  other  fortresses  are 

built  for  the  defense  of  Havana  —  Moro 

Castle  and  La  Punta. 
1665  j:  *  *  The  walls  of  Havana   are 

commenced. 
1669  *  *  Morgan,  the  buccaneer,  takes 

Havana. 
1741    July  20 -Nov.  20.    A  British 

expedition  is  at  Cuba. 
•  *  The   English   colonies  in  America 

participate  in  an  attack  upon  this  island. 

1762  June  6.  An  English  squadron 
of  32 men-of-war  and 200  transports,  with 
20,000  men,  under  the  command  of  the 
Duke  of  Albemarle  and  Adm.  Pocock, 
appears  off  Havana. 

July  30.  The  English  take  Moro  Castle 
by  storm. 


Aug.  13.    The  governor  of  Havana  ca- 
pitulates. 

The  English  gain  nine  ships  of  the  line 
and  four  frigates,  and  14,000  prisoners, 
besides  spoil  valued  at  $10,000,000. 


SOCIETY. 

1524  *  *  Negro  slaves  are  introduced. 

1534  •  *  Cuban  ofHcials  apply  to  the  King 
of  Spain  for  "  7,000  negroes,  that  they 
might  become  inured  to  labor  before 
the  Indians  ceased  to  exist." 

1553  *  •  Not  one  Indian  is  said  to  be 
left  on  the  island  after  this  date. 

1763*  *-89*  *  About  1,000  slaves 
are  yearly  introduced. 


STATE. 

1492    Oct.  28.     Columbus  discovers 
Cuba  on  his  first  voyage. 

1494    June  12.     Columbus  again  vis- 
its this  island. 

He  signs  a  document,  drawn  by  a  no- 
tary, attesting  the  discovery  of  continu- 
ous land,  —  the  coast  of  Cuf)a. 


1502  *  *  Columbus    makes   his    third 

visit. 
1508  *  *  Sebastian  de  Ocampo  discovers 

the  harbor  of  Havana. 
1511  •  •  Don  Diego  Velasquez,  the  son 

of  Columbus,  arrives  with  300  men,  and 

makes  a  settlement  at  Baracoa. 

1514  *  *  The  Spaniards  found  Santiago 
and  Trinidad. 

1515  July  *  They  found  San  Cristoval 
de  la  Havana  [a  name  later  given  to 
the  capital].  « 

1550+  *  *  The  capital  is  removed  from 

Santiago  to  Havana. 
1763    Feb.  10.    The  Peace  of  Paris  is 

signed,  restoring  Havana  to  Spain  in 

exchange  for  Florida. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1506  ±  *  *  Sugar-cane  is  transported  to 
the  West  Indies. 

1580  *  »  The  settlers  generally  begin  to 
raise  tobacco,  instead  of  cattle  as  here- 
tofore. 

1761  Simimer.  Yellow  fever  first  ap- 
pears at  Havana. 


632     1768,  Oct.  5-1886,  May 


CUBA. 


1 


-  MAVY. 


ARMY 

1781  *  *  A  force  of  13,000  men  leave 
Havana  to  aid  the  French  In  attacking 
Jamaica. 

1833  Manuel  Quesada  is  general-in- 
chief  of  the  Cuban  patriot  forces. 

1850  May  10.  Gen.  Narciso  Lopez, 
with  a  company  of  600  American  **  fili- 
busters," lauds  at  Cardenas  with  a  view 
to  liberate  the  island  from  the  dominion 
of  Spain.    [He  is  defeated.] 

*  *  II.  S.  Another  Cuban  expedition  is 
agitated. 

1851  Aug.*  Lopez  again  invades 
Cuba  at  Playitas,  30  miles  west  of  Ha- 
vana, with  500  men.  [They  are  defeated. 
Sept.  1.    Lopez  is  garroted  at  Havana.] 

1855  Jan.i  *  The  leaders  of  a  revolu- 
tionary movement  are  betrayed,  and 
thrown  into  prison. 

1868  Sept.  *- Nov.  *  Carlos  Manuel 
de  C^spedes  leads  an  insurrection  of 
Creoles  which  aims  to  expel  the  Span- 
iards. Lersundi,  the  governor,  raises 
a  volunteer  force. 

Oct.  18.    The  Creoles  take  the  town  of 

Bayamo. 
Oct.  28.    The  di.strict  of  Holguln  revolts. 
Nov.  4±.    The  Creoles  defeat  a  force  of 

Spaniards. 

1869  May  17.  A  filibusters'  attaclt  is 
repelled. 

1871  Jan. '-Nov.  *  Insurrections 
abound  ;  a  reign  of  terror  exists. 

1872  Dec*  The  war  continues;  great 
cruelty  is  shown  to  the  Cubans  ;  no  quar- 
ter is  given. 

1873  Oct.  31.  The  American  steamer 
Virginius,  with  regular  papers,  is  cap- 
tured.    (See  p.  283.) 

•  •  The  campaign  in  Eastern  Cuba,  un- 
der Gen.  Calixto  Garcia,  is  the  most 
active  of  the  war.  He  is  known  as 
Marques  de  Santa  Lucia. 

Nov.  4r-7.  The  captured  "  filibus- 
ters" are  taken  to  Cuba,  where  53  are 
killed,  and  others  delivered  only  by  the 
timely  arrival  of  the  British  sloop-of- 
war  Niobe. 

1874  Feb.  *  Ex-President  C6spedes 
is  surprised  when  alone  in  the  moun- 
tains of  San  Lorenzo,  resists  capture, 
and  fights  till  he  falls  lifeless. 

Feb.  *  The  Marquis  Santa  Lucia  and 
5,000  insurgents  are  defeated  by  Basco- 
nes  at  Naranjo. 

1876  Nov.  *  Sp.  It  is  declared  in  the 
Cortes  that  Spain  has  sent  145,000  sol- 
diers to  Cub«during  the  last  eight  years. 

1877  Apr.  *  Gen.  Campos  opens  ne- 
gotiations with  the  Cubans  for  peace. 
The  Sp.aniards  are  reenforced  by  25,000 
troops  from  Spain. 

Summer.  The  struggle  continues,  but 
with  less  success  for  the  Cubans. 

Deo.  23,  24.  Many  insurgents  surren- 
der. 

*  *  Gen.  Martinez  Campos  is  sent  out 
from  Spain  to  conduct  the  war  against 
the  Cubans. 

1878  Jan.i  •  An  armistice  is  agreed 
to  in  CamagUey,  the  seat  of  the  Cubans' 
government. 

Feb.  10.  The  surrender  of  Lanjon  ter- 
minates the  struggle  of  10  years  against 


Spain,  costing  about  200,000  lives  and 
$700,000,000  of  treasure. 

1879  Sept.  19.  Spain  declares  a  state 
of  siege. 

Dec.  3.  The  insurgents  are  totally  de- 
feated at  Placeta. 

1880  *  »  Sp.  The  strength  of  the  per- 
manent army  of  Cuba  is  40,000  men. 

May  *  Calixto  Garcia  disembarks  near 
Santiago  de  Cuba  with  15  men. 

*  *  The  Spanish  losses  during  the  war 
amount  to  8,000  officers,  200,000  pri- 
vates, besides  others  not  recorded  in  the 
war-offlce  at  Madrid.  The  number  of 
Cubans  killed  in  battle  is  estimated  at 
from  40,000  to  50,000,  and  the  outlay  on 
both  sides  is  estimated  at  $300,- 
000,000. 

1882  Deo.  *-83  Mar.  *  Gen.  Maceo 
and  the  insurgents  surrender  to  the 
Spanish  at  Gibraltar. 

1883  •  *  Sp.  The  strength  of  the  Span- 
ish forces  in  Cuba  is  fixed  at  25,653 
men. 

1884  Spring.  American  filibustering 
expeditions  are  unsuccessful. 

Apr.  *  Gen.  Aguerro  is  at  the  head  of 

the  forces  in  Cienf uegoes. 
Apr.  23  +  .    A  party  of  insurgents  are 

defeated. 
*  •  A  band  of  18  Cuban  revolutionists 

land  near  Cardenas. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
LETTERS. 

1768  Oct.  5.  A  great  cyclone  strikes 
Havana  ;  4,048  houses  and  1,000  lives  are 
destroyed. 

1791  June  21.  A  flood  near  Havana 
sweeps  away  3,000  persons. 

1842*  *  Education  begins  to  make 
great  progress. 

1846  Oct.  11.  A  hurricane  at  Ha- 
vana wrecks  100  vessels  and  1,275  houses. 

1852  Mar.  *  Hail  falls  at  Havana,  the 
first  known. 

1853  *  *  A  severe  earthquake  visits 
Santiago  de  Cuba. 

1856  Deo.  24,  25.  Snow  falls  at 
Havana  for  the  first  time  on  record  ;  the 
mercury  drops  to  43°  F. 

1857  *  •  Forty  newspapers  are  pub- 
lished. 

1870    Oct.  14.    A  hurricane  destroys 

about  2,000  lives. 
1886    May  •  A   botanical    garden    is 

begun. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1799  ♦  •  Lopez,  Narciso,  revolutionist,  born. 

1803  *  ♦  Heredla,  .los^  Maria,  poet,  born. 

1819  ♦  *  Cfispedes.  Carlos  Manuel  de,  pa- 
triot, born. 

1830*  'Quesada.  Manuel,  gen.-in-chief 
patriot  forces,  born. 

1839  •  *  Heredia,  ,I086  Maria,  poet,  A36. 

1851  *  *  Lopez.  Narciso,  revolutionist,  .\52. 

1874  Feb.*  cAspedes.  Carlos  Manuel  de. 
I'resident  of  the  revolutionary  republic  of 
Cuba,  A55. 

CHURCH. 

1787  *  *  The  Roman  Catholic  see  of  Ha- 
vana is  erected. 


1880  Aug.  3.  The  anniversary  of  the 
founding  of  the  Order  of  Jesuits  is  cel- 
ebrated in  the  province  of  Guipuzcoa 
with  great  ceremony. 

1882  *  *  U.  S.  A.  The  American  Bible 
Society  sends  llev.  E.  T.  11.  Fripp  to  Ha- 
vana as  a  colporteur. 

1883  *  *  -84  •  *  Bible  colporteurs  are 
engaged  to  canvass  many  towns  by  the 
American  Bible  Society.  [Their  work 
has  been  continued.] 

1884  Dec.  *  Rev.  A.  J.  McKim  begins 
a  house-to-house  visitation  as  colpor- 
teur of  the  American  Bible  Society,  and 
visits  the  extreme  parts  of  the  island. 

±  *  *  Sunday-schools  are  opened  in  Ha- 
vana. 

SOCIETY. 

1780  *  *  The  Spanish  slave-code  is  pub- 
lished, and  its  monopoly  in  the  slave- 
trade  ended ;  the  trade  is  free. 

1809  Mar.  20.  The  French  are 
plundered  by  the  populace  of  Havana. 

1810  *  *  -20  *  *  Average  yearly  impor- 
tation of  slaves  is  11,500. 

1817  *  *  -42  *  *  Tlie  average  importation 
of  slaves  rises  to  13,000  yearly. 

1844  *  »  An  insurrection  of  the  black 
population  breaks  out. 

1845  *  *  By  the  energy  of  Gov.-Gen.  Con- 
cha the  slave-trade  is  nearly  suppressed. 

1847  *  *  Importation  of  coolies  com- 
mences. 

1848  *  *  The  Lone  Star,  a  secret  so- 
ciety, is  formed  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  United  States  for  the  acquisition 
of  Cuba. 

1853  ±  *  *  Indians  are  introduced  from 
Yucatan  on  the  *'  contract  plan." 

1854  *  »  The  law  forbidding  the  inter- 
marriage of  blacks  and  whites  is  ab- 
rogated. 

1860  *  *  About  40,000  slaves  are 
landed. 

1870  July  4.  The  Spanish  government 
issues  a  decree,  declaring  that  every 
child  bom  of  a  slave  mother  after 
this  date  is  to  be  free ;  also  all  slaves 
who  had  aided  the  Spaniards  against 
the  Cubans. 

1871  Nov.  25.  Don  Gonzalo  Castanon 
is  murdered  by  the  Cubans ;  medical 
students  desecrate  his  tomb. 

Nov.  27.  Students  are  shot.  (See 
State.) 

1880  Feb.  13.  The  gradual  emanci- 
pation of  slaves  is  proclaimed. 

1883  Sept.  26±.  Aguerro  calls  upon 
the  Cubans  to  revolt. 

STATE. 

1771  *  *  The  port  of  Havana  is  no  longer 
monopolized  by  Seville  and  Cadiz,  but 
is  open  to  all  niitions  for  certain  articles 
of  trade. 

1790  *  *  Las  Casas,  the  captain-general, 
conducts  a  brilliant  administration. 

1705  ♦  *  French  emigrants  arrive  from 
San  Domingo. 

1808  July  *  News  is  received  of  the  de- 
position of  the  royal  family  by  Nai«>- 
leon  ;    every   member   of   the   Cablldo 


CUBA. 


1768,  Oct.  5-1886,  May 


633 


swears  to  preserve  the  island  for  the 
deposed  sovereign. 

1809*  *-ll*  •The  island  becomes  prac- 
tically open  to  foreign  vessels. 

1825  May  28.  A  royal  decree  au- 
thorizes the  governor-general  of  Cuba 
to  exercise  unlimited  power  in  the  ad- 
ministration of  government.  [This  de- 
cree continues  the  fundamental  law  till 
this  time.] 

1829  *  *  The  ••  Black  Eagle  "  conspir- 
acy is  formed  against  the  Spaniards. 

1834  *  *  Gen.  Tacon  is  governor-gen- 
eral. He  persecutes  Cubans,  and  favors 
Spaniards. 

1836  *  *  Cuba  is  deprived  of  the  privilege 
of  being  represented  in  the  Cortes. 

1844  *  *  An  insurrection  of  negroes 
takes  place. 

1845  *  *  A  law  is  passed  making  it  a 
criminal  offense  to  import  slaves. 

1848  *  *  The  conspiracy  of  Lopez  is 
suppressed. 

*  *  President  Polk  (U.  S.  A.)  proposes 
the  purchase  of  Cuba  for  the  sum  of 
5100,000,000.    [Declined.] 

1849  Aug.  11.  U.S.A.  President 
Taylor  issues  a  proclamation  denoun- 
cing the  object  of  the  filibusters. 

1852  *  *  President  Filmore  declines  to 
join  with  England  and  France  to  guar- 
antee Cuba  to  Spain. 

1854  May  31.  f/.S.  .4.  President  Pierce 
issues  a  monitory  proclamation  against 
the  organization  of  expeditions  against 
Cuba. 

Oct.  *  Fr.  The  "  Ostend  Manifesto" 
is  issued  by  the  U.  S.  Ministers,  James 
Buchanan,  John  Y.  Mason,  and  Pierre 
Soul^.     (See  p.  177.) 

1867  *  *  Cuban  commissioners  return 
from  Spain  with  the  promise  of  the 
redress  they  seek.    [War  follows.] 

1868  Sept.  *  -Nov.  *  A  formidable  in- 
surrection of  Creoles  breaks  out  in 
the  east. 

Oct.  10.  Carlos  Manuel  de  CSspedes 
of  Bayamo  starts  an  insurrection  at 
Yara,  in  Eastern  Cuba.  [In  a  few  weeks 
his  128  followers  become  an  army  of 
15,000,  but  wretchedly  armed.] 

1869  Apr.  10.  The  insurrectionists 
proclaim  a  constitution  at  Guaimaro. 

1870  June*  U.S.A.  President  Grant 
declines  to  recognize  the  Insurgents  as 
belligerents. 

Dec.  *  Capt.-Gen.  De  Rodas  resigns. 

1871  Nov.  *  Forty-three  medical 
students  of  the  University  of  Havana 
are  tried  by  court-martial  for  the 
alleged  crime  of  scratching  the  glass 
plate  of  a  vault  containing  the  remains 
of  a  volunteer. 

Nov.  26.  The  court-martial  condemns 
8  students  to  death  and  31  others  to 
imprisonment  for  six  months. 

Nov.  27.  The  eight  condemned  students 
are  shot.  [An  outbreak  of  indignation 
follows.] 

1872  Dec.  9.  f/.5.^.  TheGovernment 
sends  F.  Delano  to  report  the  actual 
condition  of  the  struggle  in  Cuba. 


ors  to  secure  justice  in  Spain  for  the 
30,000  slaves  illegally  held  in  bondage 
since  1870. 
1884  Mar.  1.  A  new  commercial  ar- 
rangement with  the  United  States 
comes  into  force. 

June  7.  A  commission  of  inquiry  on 
the  condition  of  Cuba  arrives  from 
Madrid. 

June  11.  The  Tribunal  of  Havana  sen- 
tences the  El  Tri/uno  to  20  days  sus- 
pension for  printing  an  article  respect- 
ing the  sale  of  Cuba. 

Oct.  6.  Sp.  A  new  sugar  tariff  is 
signed  by  King  Alfonso. 

1886  *  *  Don  Emilio  CaUeja  €  Isasi  is 
commander-in-chief  and  captain-gen- 
eral. 

Apr.  26.  Sp.  A  reciprocity  treaty 
with  Great  Britain  is  signed  at  Madrid. 


1873    Feb.  ♦  Sp.    The  establishment  of    Nov.  *  The  new  captain-general  endeav- 
the  Spanish  republic  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Castelar  [temporarily]  suspends 
hostilities. 

Nov.*  The  Cuban  Chamber  deposes 
President  C6spedes,  and  he  is  suc- 
ceeded ad  interim  by  Salvador  Cisne- 
ros. 

Dec.  19.  The  Virginius  is  stirrendered 
to  the  Americans  after  much  corre- 
spondence. 

1876  Oct.*  Sp.  Gen,  Martinez  Cam- 
pos is  appointed  governor-general  with 
plenary  powers.  [He  succeeds  in  pacify- 
ing tbe  revolting  Cubans.] 

Sept.  *  U,  S.  A.  A  Cuban  League  is 
formed  to  obtain  from  the  American 
government  recognition  of  the  insur- 
gents as  belligerents. 

1878  Feb.  21.  The  insurgents'  gov- 
ernment surrenders,  and  the  insin:- 
rection  is  officially  declared  at  an  end. 

Mar.  2.  A  royal  decree  is  published 
at  Havana,  announcing  that  Cuba  shall 
have  its  own  deputies,  municipalities, 
and  council-general. 

Mar.  *  Amnesty  is  declared  by  the 
Government;  slaves  presenting  them- 
selves before  March  31  will  be  freed. 

June  9.  A  royal  decree  is  issued,  per- 
mitting Cuba  to  elect  to  the  Spanish 
Cortes  one  representative  for  every 
40,000  white  and  free  colored  inhabitants. 
The  island  is  divided  into  six  prov- 
inces. 
June  14.    Gens.  Campos  and  Jovellar 

enter  Havana. 
Aug.  *  The  Liberal  party  is  organized, 

*  *  Marshal  Martinez  Campos  assumes 
command  as  captain-general. 

*  *  Captain-General  Martinez  Campos  is- 
sues a  decree,  virtually  suspending  spe- 
cie pasnnents. 

1879  Aug.  *  A  fresh  rising  is  quelled, 
chiefly  by  public   opinion  and  the  atti- 

'  tude  of  the   Liberal  Autonomist  party. 

June*  Sp.  Cuba  is  represented  in  the 
Chambers  of  the  Cortes  by  12  senators 
and  40  deputies. 

Aug.  27.  A  new  rebellion  breaks  out  In 
the  districts  of  Holguin  and  Santiago. 

Dec.  21.  Sp.  Tlie  Senate  at  Madrid 
passes  a  bill  for  the  gradual  emanci- 
pation of  Cuban  slaves. 

1880  Jan.  21.  Sp.  The  Chamber  of 
Deputies  at  Madrid  passes  the  Fmanci- 
pation  BiU.    Vote,  230-10. 

Feb.  18.  Sp.  The  new  law  for  the  grad- 
ual abolition  of  slavery  in  Cuba  is 
proclaimed. 

Apr.  li.  Amnesty  has  been  granted  to 
382  persons,  including  several  leaders. 

Dec.  *  A  plot  is  discovered  to  create  dis- 
turbances among  the  Creoles. 

Dec.  15.    It  is  planned  that  a  general 
uprising  of  free  blacks  and  mulattoes 
shall  take  place  in  the  mountains  near 
Santiago  de  Cuba, 
made.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1796  Jan.  19.  The  brass  coffin  con- 
taining the  bones  and  chains  of  Colum- 
bus is  brought  from  Santa  Domingo  to 
Havana. 

1801  *  *  The  commercial  monopoly  of 
Spain  is  broken. 

1802  *  *  Jesu  Maria,  a  populous  suburb 
of  Havana,  is  burned,  and  11,400  people 
are  made  homeless. 

1818  *  *  The  port  of  Havana  is  opened 
to  foreign  commerce. 

1830  *  *  Copper-mines  are  reopened  by 
Englishmen  after  being  closed  for  100 
years. 

1833  Feb.  26.  Spasmodic  cholera 
appears  ;  7,000  deaths  follow  in  30  days. 

1837  *  *  The  first  railroad  is  opened 
from  Havana  to  Bejucal,  15  miles. 

1838  *  *  A  railroad  is  opened  from  Ha- 
vana to  Guines,  45  miles. 

1852  *  *  The  telegraph  is  introduced. 

1853  *  *  Only  one-nineteenth  of  the  isl- 
and is  under  cultivation. 

1857  Jan.  *  The  first  issue  of  paper 
money  is  made. 

1867*  *  Population:  833,157  whites; 
248,703  free  colored;  344,615  colored 
slaves;  total,  1,426,475. 

*  *  The  Virginius  founders  on  her  way  to 
New  York. 

1877  *  *  Total  population,  1,434,747. 

1883  Oct.  8.  An  important  meeting  is 
held  at  Santiago  de  Cuba  for  advancing 
the  immigration  of  Europeans. 

1884  Wov.  *  Planters  of  ManzanlUo 
hold  a  meeting,  and  arrange  the  prices 
to  be  paid  for  labor.  Field  and  factory 
laborers  are  to  receive  65  cents  a  day, 
and  cartmen  73  cents. 

*  *  The  first  sugar  refinery  in  Cuba  is 
built  at  Cardenas,  costing  $673,258. 

1885  Mar.  16.  The  branch  line  of 
railroad  between  Santa  Domingo  and 
La  Esperanza  is  opened  to  traffic, 

[Many  arrests  are    June  *  A  new  daily  mail  line  is  estab- 
lished between  New  York  and  Havana, 
1883    Sept.  28.    Don   Ignacio   Maria       "i<x  Tampa  and  Key  West, 
del  Castillo,  the    commander-in-chief    Nov.  6.    The  railroad  between  Holguin 
and  captain-general,  arrives.  and  Gibara  is  opened. 


634     1886,  Oct.  6-1884,  Nov.  16. 


CUBA. 


ARMY  -  NAVY. 

1889  ♦  ♦  The  navy  consists  of  one  crui- 
ser, the  Jorge  Juan,  and  one  torpedo- 
boat,  13  canonni^res,  and  two  gunboats. 

1891  *  *  The  armed  force  maintained 
by  Spain  is  26.540  men. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
LETTERS. 

1887  Sept.  23.  An  earthquake  visits 
Santiago,  doing  little  harm. 

1888  Sept.  4»  5.  A  cyclone  sweeps 
the  island,  and  destroys  property  valued 
at  millions  of  dollars  and  1,000  lives. 

1890  Jan.  16.  A  tanner  of  Havana 
discovers  an  electrical  process  for  tan- 
ning hides  in  00  hours. 

Mar±.  *  A  long  and  severe  drought  in 
Havana  causes  great  damage  to  sugar- 
crops,  cattle-feed,  and  water.  Many  of 
the  cattle  are  dying,  and  nearly  a  third 
of  the  sugar-cane  has  been  destroyed  by 
fires. 

May  29.  Villages  are  submerged,  and 
much  damage  is  done  by  floods  resulting 
from  excessive  rains. 

1892  June  18.  Matanzas  loses  about 
§900,000  by  floods. 

July  4.    Floods  are  raging. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1886*  *  Qnesada,    Manuel,    commander    of 
Cuban  patriots,  A56. 

1891  Jan.  38.     Poey,    Felipe,   philosopher, 
naturalist,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

1890*  *A  Presbyterian  mission 
church  is  organized  in  Havana  and  an- 
other in  Santa  Clara  by  the  Presbyte- 
rian Church  (South),  U.  S.  A. 

SOCIETY. 

1886  Oct.  6.  The  queen's  decree  abol- 
ishes the  last  vestige  of  slavery. 

Oct.  7.    Sp.    A  royal  decree  abolishes 

the  *•  patronato,"  or  semi-slavery. 
Oct.  *  A   cigar- makers'  strike  throws 

20,000  operatives  out  of  employment  at 

Havana. 
Nov.  18.    The  cigar-makers  return  to 

work  under  an  arbitration  agreement. 

1887  Aug.  18.  Sxtensive  frauds, 
with  the  connivance  of  custom-house 
officials,  are  discovered. 


1889  Feb.  3.  Lawlessness  is  preva- 
lent. 

Mar.  23.  Sefior  Francisco  Cardoso,  a 
planter,  is  kidnapped  by  bandits  near 
Santa  Clara,  and  released  only  on  pay- 
ment of  $4,000  in  gold. 

Apr.  *  Martial  law  is  declared  in  five 
provinces  to  suppress  brigandage  and 
kidnapping. 

May  22.  Cuba  makes  Spain  an  offer  of 
$100,000,000  in  20  annual  instal- 
ments for  independence,  and  as  a 
token  of  sincerity  offers  to  submit  to  a 
protectorate  of  the  United  States  until 
said  amount  is  paid. 

1890  Jan.  3.  The  bandits  release 
their  prisoners  ;  the  amount  of  ransom 
paid  is  unknown. 

May  10.    Tliree   men    are    executed   in 

Matanzas  for  kidnapping. 
June  1.    Victor  Maelin,  a  brigand 

chief,  is  executed  at  Havana. 
July  4.    Manuel  Ramos,  the  kidnapper, 

is  captured. 
Aug.  8.      Garcia's    band    of    insurgents 

creates  a  reign  of  terror. 
*  *  A  reign  of  terror  prevails  on  account 

of  bandits. 

1891  Jan.  2.  Sixto  Verela,  a  famous 
bandit,  is  killed,  and  several  of  his  band 
are  wounded  in  an  encounter  with  troops. 

Aug.  13.  SeBorSardina  pays  $12,000 
in  gold  to  bandits  as  ransom  for  being 
released. 

1893  May  15.    The  Infanta  Eulalie 

and  her  husband  sail  from  Havana  for 
New  York,  on  their  way  to  the  World's 
Fair. 

1894  Nov.  16.  The  streets  of  Ha- 
vana are  patrolled  by  soldiers  armed 
with  Winchester  rifles,  and  the  police 
are  heavily  armed. 

,  STATE. 

1887  *  *  The  commander-in-chief  and 
captain-general  is  Don  Saba  Marin ; 
and  the  segundo  cabo,  Sefior  Sanchez 
Mira. 

1888  Mar.  *  The  port  of  Mariel  is 
made  a  port  of  entry. 

June  12.  The  Modus  Vivendi  treaty 
respecting  differential  duties  is  siguetl 
by  Spain  and  the  United  States. 

1889  Mar.  13.  Don  Manuel  de  Sala- 
manca y  Uegrete  is  commander-in- 
chief  and  captain-general. 


1890  Feb.  7.  Gen.  J.  ChinchiUa  is 
appointed  to  succeed  Salamanca  as  cap- 
tain-general. 

June  10.  Gen.  Polavieja  is  appointed 
captain-general.  (Aug.  28.  He  enters 
office.] 

1891  Jan.  26.  Sp.  Areciprocity 
treaty  between  Spain  and  the  United 
States  is  signed  at  Madrid. 

Sept.  1.  The  reciprocity  treaty  with 
the  Uniteii  States  goes  into  force. 

1892  May  31.  Gen.  A,  R.  Arias  is 
appointed  captain-general  in  place  of 
Gen.  Polavieja,  resigned. 

July  *  Sp.  The  Ministry  approves  the 
project  of  farming  out  the  Cuban  cus- 
toms revenue. 

1894    May  4.    An  insurrection  occurs. 

[As  soon  as  one  is  put  down  another 
breaks  out.] 

May  5.    The  rebellion  is  suppressed. 
Aug.  10.    Gen.  E.  Calleja  is  apix)inted 
captain-general. 

Sept.  19.    The  election  is  held,  electing 

Reformists,  22;  Autonomists,  18;  Anti- 
Reformists,  10;  Independents,  1. 

Nov  12.  The  revolt  is  declared  to  have 
been  quelled. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1886  Dec.  7.  The  Government  decrees 
assistance  to  societies  for  promoting 
free  immigration. 

1887  July  2.  The  mortal  remains  of 
Christopher  Columbus  are  remove<l 
from  the  cathedral  of  Havana  to  be 
taken  to  Genoa. 

1889  Nov.  22.  The  Government 
awards  the  contract  for  the  new  water- 
works to  an  American  firm,  which  is  to 
receive  S2,0lK),(KK). 

1890  Feb.  9.  The  funeral  services  of 
Gen.  Salamanca  take  place  at  Havana. 

May  19.  A  powder  explosion  in  Ha- 
vana kills  34  persons,  and  wounds  over 
100. 

Oct.  10.  The  funeral  of  the  Count  of 
Casa  More,  the  leader  of  the  Conser- 
vative party,  takes  place  in  Havana. 

1892  Apr.  11.  A  bomb  explodes  in  a 
church  in  Havana. 

*  *  Cuba  has  about  1,000  miles  of  rail- 
road. 

1893  Jan.  15.  Sixteen  persons  are 
killed  by  a  railroad  accident. 

Apr.  15.  The  Columbian  caravels,  Santa 
Maria  and  Pinta^  leave  Havana  for  the 
United  States. 


DENMARK. 

Denmark  is  a  kingdom  in  Northern  Europe,  having  an  area  of  15,289  square  miles,  and  a  population  in  1890  of  2,185,335,  be- 
sides 114,229  more  in  its  colonies.  It  is  divided  into  seven  provinces,  besides  its  foreign  possessions  in  the  Faroe  Islands,  Ice- 
land, Greenland,  and  the  islands  of  Santa  Cruz,  St.  Thomas,  and  St.  John,  in  the  West  Indies  ;  the  capital  is  Copenhagen.  The 
government  is  a  constitutional  hereditary  monarchy ;  the  legislative  branch  consists  of  a  Rigsdag,  having  an  upper  house,  called 
the  Landsthing,  of  66  members,  and  a  lower  house,  called  the  Folkething,  of  102  members.  The  established  religion  is  Lutheran, 
and  it  embraces  almost  tlie  entire  population  ;  but  complete  toleration  is  enjoyed. 


ARMY  —  NAVY.  the  Swedes  are  victorious,  and  obtain  787  *  *  Eng.    The  Danes  land  near  Pur- 

8th  Century^.    Battle    of    Bravalla,    be-  ^'^^  supremacy.  beck,  Dorsetshire.    (See  Great  Britain 

tween  Sigurd  Ring,  King  of  Sweden,  and  783*  *  The  Danes  first    invade    Eng-  for  Danish  invasions.) 

Harald  Hildetand,  King  of  Denmark;  land.  794    Jan.  8.    Eng,    The  Danes  invade 


DENMARK. 


60B.C.-A.D.  1241.     635 


Northumberland,  and  destroy  a  church 
at  Lindisfarne;  they  are  repulsed,  and 
afterwanl  perish  by  shipwreck. 

795  *  *  -796  *  *  Scot.  —  Ire.  Danish  in- 
vaders land. 

895*  *  Fr.  TheDanesJed  by  RoUo,  re- 
ceive presents  under  the  walls  of  Paris. 

896  *  *  The  Danes  ravage  the  French 
territories  as  far  as  Ostend. 

903  *  *  It.    The  Danes  attack  Italy. 

985  *  *  Ger.  (?)  The  tributary  Wends 
successfully  revolt. 

1028  ♦  *  Canute  conquers  Norway. 

1047  *  *  -64  *  *  The  l>anes  are  at  war 
for  17  years  with  Harold  Hardrada, 
King  of  Norway. 

1069  *  *  Ger.  The  Danes  are  at  war 
with  the  Wends. 

1134*  *-57*  *  Civil  war  over  the  suc- 
cession occurs. 

1160±  *  ♦  Ger.  (?)  The  Danes  complete 
the  subj  ugation  of  the  troublesome 
Wends. 

*  *  Waldemar  captures  Ancona  on  the 
island  of  Rugen. 

*  *  Waldemar  suppresses  a  revolt  in 
Skaania,  caused  by  the  severity  of  Arch- 
bishop Absalon,  the  primate. 

1184*  *  A  naval  expedition  of  the 
Wends,  aided  by  the  emperor,  is  de- 
feated by  Archbishop  Absalon. 

*  *  Ger.  War  occurs  with  tlie  Count  of 
Holstein  and  other  German  princes. 

*  *  Ger.  Lubeck  and  Hamburg  are 
taken  by  the  Danes. 

*  *  Ger.    Adolf  of  Holstein  is  captured. 
1210±  *  *  Ger.    Waldemar  II.  conquers 

Oesel,  a  large  part  of  Prussia. 

1219  *  *  liussia.  Waldemar  II.  over- 
runs and  conquers  Bsthonla,  and  con- 
verts the  conquered  pagans. 

Waldemar  11.  first  unfurls  the  na- 
tional standard,  a  white  cross  on  a 
blood-red  field. 

1223  *  *  Waldemar  II.  sails  with  a  fleet 
of  1,000  boats,  and  makes  extensive 
conquests. 

1227  *  *  Ger.  Waldemar  II.  is  defeated 
in  the  battle  of  Bomhoeved,  while 
seeking  to  regain  Holstein. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

994+  *  *  Canute  the  Great,  born. 

1014  t-  ♦  •  Sweyn,  king,  father  of  Canute  the 
<ireat.  -Iips. 

1035  *  '  <  iiiiiitetlie  fireat,  King  of  Denmark, 
Norway,  and  Knglantl,  A40. 

11S8  *  *  Absalon,  or  Axel,  statesman,  war- 
rior, archbishop  of  I^und,  born.    [1201  d.j 

1130+  *  *  Aagesen,  Svend,  earliest  historian, 
born. 

1131+  *  •  Waldemar  I.,  the  (Jreat,  king,  b. 

1134+  *  *  Saxo  (Irammatioiis,  historian,  b. 

1181  *  *  Waldemar  I.,tbe  C.reat,  king,  A60+. 

1208*  *  Saxo  Granmiattcus,  historian,  .\74. 

1341  *  *  Waldemar  H;.  king,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

822  *  *  Christianity  is  preached  in  Den- 
mark by  Ebbo,  archbishop  of  Kheims. 

823  *  *  Frankish   monks   are   sent    by 

Louis  le  Debonnaireto  preach  Christian- 
ity ;  little  more  is  accomplished. 

826*  *  Anscarius,  the  "Apostle  of  the 
North,"  fails  to  convert  the  inhabitants. 


827  *  *  Christianity  Is  again  intro- 
duced into  Denmark  under  Harold. 

860  *  *-935  *  *  Gorm  the  Old,  a  devout 
heathen,  persecutes  the  Christians 
[till  forced  to  refrain  by  Henry  1.  of 
Germany], 

878  *  *  Guthrum  leads  his  followers  to 
England,  and  becomes  a  Christian. 

1012  *  *  The  Danes  murder  Archbishop 
Alphege. 

1026  *  *  Canute  the  Great  makes  a  pil- 
grimage to  Kome. 

1219  *  *  Russia.  "Waldemar  conquers 
and  forcibly  converts  the  pagans  of 
Ksthonia. 

SOCIETY. 

783+  *  *  For  more  than  200  years  the 
Danes  terrorize  the  nations  of  North- 
ern Europe. 

STATE. 

60  *  *  B.  c.  (?)  Reign  of  Skiold,  the  al- 
leged first  king. 

8tk  Century.  A.  D.  Predatory  maritime 
expeditions  of  the  Danes  to  England 
and  Scotland.    (See  Great  Britain.) 

794  *  *  Sigurd  Snogoje  is  enthroned. 

803  *  *  Hardicanute  is  enthroned. 

850  *  *  Eric  I.  is  enthroned. 

854  *  *  Eric  II.  is  enthroned. 

878  *  *  Many  Danes  emigrate  to  Eng- 
land. 

883  *  *  1042  *  *  The  Gorm*s  line  of 
monarchs  occupies  the  throne. 

*  *  Gorm  the  Old  is  enthroned. 

He  is  the  first  king  of  all  Denmark, 
and  reigny  5.'i  years;  with  him  the  true 
history  begins. 

*  *  *  Gorm  enlarges  his  kingdom ;  it  in- 
cludes Schleswig,  Holstein,  Skaania,  and 
some  provinces  in  Norway,  with  con- 
quests in  Russia  and  others  in  Germany. 

10th  Century.  Authentic  history  com- 
mences. 

911  *  *  The  King  of  France  grants  Neus- 
tria  to  RoUo  and  his  Normans  [hence 
the  name  Normandy  appears], 

946  *  *  Harold  the  Blue  Tooth  is  en- 
throned. 

091  *  *  Suenon,  or  Sweyn,  the  Twy- 
beard,  is  enthroned. 

1014  *  *  Harold  is  enthroned  in  Den- 
mark. 

Feb.  *  Eng.  The  Danish  peers  elect  Ca- 
nute U.,  the  Great,  King  of  England. 

1016  *  *  -28  *  *  Canute  the  Great  con- 
quers Norway. 

1017  *  *  Canute  becomes  sole  King  of 
England  after  fcldmund's  death. 

1035  *  *  Canute  III.,  from  England,  is 

enthroned. 
1042  *  *  Eng.    The    Danish    dynasty 

ends. 

*  *  -47  *  *  Magnus  of  Norway  is  en- 
throned. 

Denmark  is  subject  to  Norway.  Ca- 
nute III.  ends  his  war  with  Magnus  by 
an  agreement  that  he  who  survives  the 
other  shall  inherit  his  kingdom. 

1047  *  *  1412  *  *  The  House  of  Es- 
tridsen  reigns. 


*  *  Suenon  Estridsen  (or  Sweyn  II.)  is 
enthroned  as  King  of  Denmark. 

1073  *  *  Interregnum. 

1076  *  *  Harold  Heju,  the  Simple,  is  en- 
throned. 1080,  Canute  IV.,  the  Saint ; 
1086,  Glaus  rV.,  the  Hungry;  1095, 
Enc  Eigod  I.,  the  Good ;  1105,  Nicho- 
las I. ;  1134,  Eric  H. ;  1137,  Eric  III., 
the  Lamb. 

12th  Century.  The  feudal  system  is  in- 
troduced. 

1147  *  *  Suenon  III.,  or  Sweyn,  is  en- 
throned. The  sovereigns  struggle  with 
the  barons  for  supremacy. 
Canute  V.  is  enthroned. 

1157*  *-81*  *"Waldemar  I.,  the 
Great,  is  elected.  [He  conquers  the 
country  north  of  the  Elbe.] 

*  *  Waldemar  builds  Copenhagen. 
1182*  *  1202*  *Canute    VI.,    the 

Pious,  is  enthroned. 

Canute  VI.  refuses  to  recognize  the 
suzerainty  of  Frederic  Barbarossa,  as 
his  father  had  done. 

1200  *  *  Philip  Augustus  of  France  di- 
vorces Ingebord  of  Denmark,  and  a 
quarrel  ensues  between  those  countries. 

1202*  *^1*  *  "Waldemar  II.,  the 
Conqueror,  reigns. 

The  early  part  of  his  reign  is  the  most 
brilliant  period  of  Danish  history ;  after- 
ward he  becomes  unfortunate. 

*  *  Adolph  of  Holstein  is  released  after 
conceding  all  Holstein  to  Waldemar, 
who  gives  it  as  a  fief  to  his  nephew, 
Albert  of  Orlaraund. 

*  *  "Waldemar  unsuccessfully  interferes 
in  Norway  and  Sweden. 

1213  *  *  Frederick  II.  cedes  to  Walde- 
mar all  conquests  in  Germany  north 
of  the  Elbe  and  the  Elde,  in  return  for 
his  recognition  as  emperor  over  his 
rivals. 

12204  **  "Waldemar  n.  loses  his 
power  more  rapidly  than  he  gained  it. 

1223  *  *  Ger.  The  king  and  his  son 
are  captured  by  treachery,  and  impris- 
oned [three  years]  by  Henry,  Count  of 
Schwerin,  in  Hanover. 

1225  *  *  Waldemar  II.  cedes  Holstein  to 
Adolf  the  Young. 

1226*  *  Ger.  Waldemar  II.  is  re- 
leased on  condition  of  renouncing  all 
his  conquests  south  of  the  Elbe  and 
those  in  Slavic  countries. 

1227  *  *  Waldemar  II.  fails  in  an  effort 
to  regain  Holstein  by  arms,  after  the 
Pope  annuls  his  renunciation  of  it. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

8th  Century.  (?)  With  the  battle  of  Bra- 
valla  ends  the  purely  msrthical  age. 

1012*  *  Eng,  The  Danes  receive  £48.000 
as  tribute,  and  murder  Alphege,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury. 

1018  *  *  Canute  changes  his  chief  resi- 
dence from  Denmark  to  England. 

1109  *  *  Toll  is  first  paid  by  vessels  pass- 
ing the  Stade  on  the  Elbe. 

1124*  *  The  historian  Saxo  Grammati- 
cus  mentions  skating  on  ice. 


«36     1241,  **-1699,  **. 


DENMARK. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1248*  *Tlie  people  of   LUbeck  attack 

Copenhagen. 
3.252+  *  *  Ger.    "War     occurs     with 

Schleswig  concerning  the  succession. 
King  Abel  declares  it  is  only  an  heredi- 

itary  flef ;  the  king  claims  it  is  a  personal 

one. 

*  *  Abel  has  a  conflict  with  the  arch- 
bishop, Jacob  £lrlandsen. 

1259*  *  Prince  Yarimar  of  Riga  at- 
tacks Copenhagen. 

1306*  *  The  Norwegians  attack  Copen- 
hagen, and  are  repelled. 

1332  *  *  Ger.  War  occurs  with  Geert, 
Count  of  Holstein,  who  invades  the 
kingdom,  and  is  assisted  by  discontented 
nobles. 

1362  *  *  Copenhagen  is  captured  by  the 
opponents  of  Waldemar  Atterdag. 

1363  *  *  A  general  war  occurs  with 
Sweden, Mecklenburg, and  the Hanseatic 
League,  etc.,  without  decisive  results. 

1368  *  *  The  war  is  renewed  against 
Denmark ;  Copenhagen  is  again  cap- 
tured by  the  opponents  of  Waldemar. 

1370*  *The  war  ends  with  loss  to 
Denmark. 

1389*  *  SiP€.     Battle   of  Falkoping; 

Albert,  King  of  Sweden,  is  defeated  and 
captured  by  Margaret ;  be  obtains  his 
liberty  by  renouncing  his  crown. 

1523+ *  *  Copenhagen  holds  out  against 
Frederick  I.  for  more  than  a  year. 

1536  *  *  Copenhagen  yields  to  Christian 
III.  after  a  siege  of  one  year. 

1618*  *  Ger.  Denmark  sends  reenforce- 
ments  to  the  Protestant  cause  in  the 
Kuropean  religious  war  between  Pro- 
testants and  Catholics. 

1626  *  *  The  Danes  are  compelled  to 
flee  before  the  Invading  army  of  Wal- 
lenstein. 

1637  *  * -45  *  *  "War  occurs  with 
Sweden;  it  is  incited  by  jealousy. 

1643  Sept.*  Ger.  Gen.LennartTor- 
stenson,  the  Swede,  by  forced  marches 
speedily  conquers  Holstein  and  Schles- 
wig, and  invades  Jutland  with  a  German 
army. 

•  *  The  French  allies  are  surprised  and 
defeated  by  the  Austrians  and  Bavarians 

at  Duttlingen. 

1644  *  *  The  Danes  are  hard  pressed  both 
by  land  and  sea  by  the  field-marshal, 
Count  Gustav  "Wrangel. 

1645  Jan.  *  Ger.  The  Imperial  force, 
sent  for  the  relief  of  the  Danes,  is  re- 
pulsed by  Torstenson  and  Count 
Konigsmark  and  pursued  into  Germany 
and  nearly  annihilated  at  Magdeburg. 

Mar.  6.  Aust.  Brilliant  victory  of  Swedes 
under  Torstenson  over  Imperialists  at 
Jankau  in  Bohemia.  [Moravia  is  soon 
conquered  and  Vienna  approached.] 

May  *  Ger.  The  French  marshal,  Tu- 
renne,  is  defeated  at  Mergentheim  in 
Franconia  by  Imperialists  under  John 
of  "Werth. 

Aug.  *  Turenne  defeats  the  Bavarians  at 
Allerheim.    (See  Germany.) 
Peace  is  made  with  Sweden. 

1652  *  *  Denmark  is  an  ally  of  England 
in  the  war  with  Holland. 


1658*  *-60*  *  Invasion  of  Charles 
Gustavus. 

The  Kingof  Sweden  overruns  Holstein, 
invades  Denmark,  and  imsuccessfully 
besieges  Copenhagen. 

1659  Feb.  *  The  Swedes  try  to  take 
Copenhagen  by  storm  and  fail,  but  a 
blockade  continues. 

*  *  Another  war  with  Sweden  ends. 

1699  ♦*  Frederick  IV.  invades  Hol- 
stein, which,  being  the  ally  of  Sweden, 
is  defended  by  the  Swedish  king,  Charles 
XII.  [Copenhagen  is  invested, hiit  peace 
is  obtained  by  a  money  payment  to  the 
Swedes.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1460*  *  Horse  passengers  cross  from 
Denmark  to  Sweden  on  the  frozen 
Baltic. 

1571  *  *-1601  *  *Tycho  Brahe,  hav- 
ing built  an  observatory,  makes  impor- 
tant astronomical  discoveries.  [1577.  He 
demonstrates  that  comets  are  extrane- 
ous to  our  atmosphert-.] 

1609i:  *  *  Jansen  invents  a  telescope. 

1650+  *  *  Thomas  Bartholin  discovers 
the  lymphatic,  an  absorbent  vessel  con- 
nected with  the  digestion. 

1657*  *The  astronomical  tower   is 

erected  at  Copenhagen. 
1658  *  *  The   Belts    are   frozen   over  ; 

Charles  X.  of  Sweden  crosses  with  his 

army  on  the  ice. 

1662  *  *  Steno  discovers  "  Steno's  duct." 
[He  studies  fossils  and  petrifactions.] 

1669  *  *  Bartholin  explains  double  re- 
fraction. 

1675  *  *  Discovery  by  R5mer  of  the  ve- 
locity of  light. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1269  *  *  Christopher  I.,  king,  dies. 

1376*   •  Christopher  1 1.,  khig,b.  [1333.  Dies.] 

1353*   *  Margaret,    queen,    "  Semiramis    of 

the   North,"   born.     [1412.    Dies.    A59.] 
1375  *   *  Waldemar  III.  or  IV.,  king,  dies. 
1426  *  •  rhristiaii  I.,  king,  b.    [I4H1.     Dies.] 
1481  •*  Christian  II.,  king,  b.    [I55».    Dies.] 
1503  *  *  Christian  III.,  king,  b.     [1559.     D.] 
1635*  *  Kaas,  Nikolaus,  statesman,  regent, 

born.    [1.559.    Dies.    A59.] 
1646  *  •  lirahe,  Tycho,  astronomer,  born. 

1663  Longomontanus,    Christian,     astrono- 
mer, born. 

1677  *  *  Christian  IV.,  king,  born. 

1686  *  •  liartliolin,  Kaspar,  phys.,  schol.,  b. 

1687  *  *  Arreboe,  Anders,  poet,  born. 

1688  *  *  Worm,  Olaus,  pliyslcian,  author,  b. 
1601  *  *  Ilrahe,  Tycho,  astronomer,  A56. 
1603*  ♦  Japix,  Gysbert,  poet,  born. 
1609  *  *  Frederick  III.,  king,  born. 

1613  »  *  Lauridsen,  Niels,  scholar,  born. 
Aagaard,  Niels,  poet,  scholar,  born. 

1616  *  *  hartliolin,   Thomas,    pliysiciaii, 
scholar,  writer,  born. 

1617  *  *  Heliring,  Vitus,  poet,  historian,  b. 
1630*  *  Pontoppidan,  Eric,  bishop  of  Dron- 

theim,  poet,  born. 
1633*  *  Adelaar,  Cord  Sivertsen,  admiral, 

born  in  Norway. 
1639  •  *  .luel.  Nicholas,  admiral,  l>orn. 

Itarttiolin,  Kaspar,  physician,  scholar,  A44. 
1630  •  *  Cibber,  ('aius  (Jabriel,  sculptor,  b. 
1634*  *  Kingo,   Thomas,  bishop  of  Funen, 

I>oet,  born. 
1635  *  *  (iriffenfeld.  Count  of,  Peter  8chuh. 

macher,  statesman,  born. 

1637  *  *  Arrebocj  Anders,  poet,  A50. 

1638  *  *  Steno,  Nicolas,  anatomist,  born. 
1644*  *  Homer,  Olaf,  astronomer,  born. 
1646  *  •  Christian  V.,  king,  born. 

1647*  *  Longomontanus,  Christian,  astrono- 
mer, A  85. 

1648*  *  Christian  IV.,  king,  ATI. 

1654  *  *  Worm,  Olaus,  physician,  au.,  A66. 

1657  *  *  Aagaanl,  Niels,  poet,  scholar,  A45. 

1666  *  *  Japix,  (;v8hert,  poet,  A63. 

1670*  *  Frederick  III.,  king,  A6I. 

1671  *  *  Frederick  IV.,  king,  born. 


1676  *  *  liehrlng,  Vitus,  poet,  historian^  A5«. 

Adelaar,  Cord  Sivertsen,  admiral,  A53. 
1678  *   *  I'ontoppidan,  Kric,  bishop  of  Dron- 

theim,  poet.  A68. 
1680*   •Bartlioiin.    Thomas,    physician, 
scholar,   writer,  A64. 
lieliring,  Vitus,  navigator,  born. 
1664  *  •  Holberg^,  Ludwig:,  baron,  scholar, 
poet,  dramatist,  born. 

1685  *  •  Gram,  Johan,  or  Hans,  philologist, 
born. 

1686  *  •  Egede,    Hans,    founder    of    Danish 
missions  in  (ireenland,  born. 

1687  *  •  Steno,  Nicolas,  anatondst,  A49. 
1691  *  *  Tordenskjold,  I'eter,  admiral,  born. 
1697  *  *  Juel,  Nicholas,  admiral,  A68, 
1698*  *  Pontoppidan,    Erik,    bishop,    histo- 
rian, born. 

1699  *  *  Griffenfeld,  Count  of,  Peter  Schuh- 
macher,  statesman,  A54. 
Christian  V.,  king,  A53. 
Christian  Vi.,  king,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1320  *  *  -34  *  *  The  privileges  of  the 
clergy  are  confirmed  in  this  reign. 

No  ecclesiastic  can  be  tried  in  a  secu- 
lar court,  nor  the  tenants  of  ecclesias- 
tical foundations ;  no  bisliop  be  impris- 
oned without  the  consent  of  the  Tope ; 
no  taxation  of  ecclesiastics  or  their  prop- 
erty ;  the  king  cannot  declare  war  with- 
out the  consent  of  the  nobles  and  the 
clergy. 

1521  *  *  The  Reformation  begins  to 
spread  in  Denmark. 

1525  *  *  Frederick  I.  becomes  a  Prot- 
estant; the  inhabitants  are  both  Cath- 
olic and  Protestant  in  faith,  and  the 
religion  of  both  classes  is  tolerated, 

1527  *  *  Lutheranism  is  introduced. 

1536  *  •  XjUtheranism  is  established  by 
Christian  III.,  who  annexes  the  church 
lands  to  the  Crown. 

*  *  *  The  National  Assembly  authorizes 
free  preaching,  ami  permits  the  mar- 
riage of  ecclesiastics. 

*  *  *  Abbeys,  convents,  and  monaste- 
ries decline  in  importance  and  success. 

1618*  *  The  great  religious  war 

breaks  out  in  Europe,  and  Clirifftian  \\ . 
sends  an  army  to  .aid  the  Protestants  of 
Germany, 

LETTERS. 

13th  Century.  A  treatise  on  medicine  by 
Henrik  Harpestring  appears. 

1300  *  *  -1500  *  *  The  KJoempeviser,  or 
Banisb  ballads,  appear,  —  about  500  epic 
and  lyrical  poems. 

1386  *  *  The  first  royal  edict  written  in 
Danish  appears. 

1397  *  *  The  Act  of  Union  at  Calniar  is 
written  in  Danisb. 

1479  *  *  The  University  of  Copen- 
hagen is  founded. 

1490  *  *  The  first  printing-press  is 
set  up  in  Copenhagen  by  Gottfried  of 
Ghemen. 

1495  *  *  The  [famous]  Biimkriinike,  a  his- 
tory of  Denmark  in  rhymed  Danish 
verse,  attributed  to  Niels,  a  monk,  ap- 
pears. 

1500*  *-54*  *  Karl  Maqmis  and  Holger 
Danskey  by  Christian  Peuersen,  appears. 

1506  *  *  Gottfried  of  Ghemen  publishes 
a  collection  of  proverbs,  attributed  to 
Peder  LoUe. 

1514*  *  The  Rose-Garland  of  the  Virgin 
Mary,  The  Creation^  and  Human  Ltfe^ 
by  Mikkel,  priest  of  St.  Alban's  Church 
iii  Udeuse,  appear. 

*  *  Fr.  Gesta  IJanorum,  by  Saxo  Gram- 
maticus,  is  published  at  Paris  by  Chris- 
tian Pedersen. 


DENMARK. 


1241,  **-1699, 


637 


1520  *  *  The  Book  of  Pmlms  and  the  New 
Testament  are  published. 

1533  vt  •  *The  Koyal  library  is  founded 
at  Copenhagen  by  Christian  III. 

1550  *  ♦  The  Bible  is  published  in  Danish 
language. 

1555  *  *  Iteinecki  Fuchs,  in  Danish,  ap- 
pears. 

1550  *  *  The  first  authorized  Psalter  ap- 
pears. 

1575  *  •  A  translation  of  Saxo-Oermma- 
ticus  appears. 

1591  •  *  Kjoempeviser,  to  the  number  of 
100,  are  collected  and  published  by  A.  (i. 
Vedel. 

1595*  *-1604*  *  Chronicle  of  the  Kin;/- 
riom  of  Denmark,  by  Arild  Hirlfeld,  ap- 
pears. 

1633±*  *A  translation  of  Snorri-Stur- 
hison's//eimsirinr/ia,  byPederClaussen, 
appears. 

1641  *  *  Hexaemeron,  by  Anders  Arreboe, 
appears. 

1663  *  *  Europdische  Zeitung  is  issued. 

1666  *  *  Danske  Meravims  is  issued. 

1668  *  *  Gramatica  Danica,  by  Bishop 
Erili  Poutoppidan,  appears. 

1689  •  *  Winter  Psalter,  by  Thomas 
Kingo,  appears. 

1699  *  *  Kingo's  Psalter,  by  Thomas 
Kingo,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

IBth  Century.  The  sovereigns  endeavor, 
with  only  partial  success,  to  prevent  the 
plundering  of  merchantmen  wrecked 
on  the  coast. 

1513  •  *  Christian  II.,  the  Nero  of  the 
North,  causes  the  nobility  an<J  senators 
of  Stockholm  to  be  killed,  though  inno- 
cent of  crime. 

[1522    He  is  dethroned  for  his  tyranny, 
and  for  27  years  confined  in  a  dungeon.] 

1521±  *  *  Even  the  bishops  unite  with  the 
people  in  plundering  wreolced  vessels. 

±  •  •  A  law  enacted  to  prevent  the  plun- 
dering of  wrecked  vessels  is  publicly 
burned. 

1660  *  *  The  unpopvJaxity  of  the  no- 
bility enables  the  king  to  make  radical 
changes  in  the  government  and  the  suc- 
cession. 

STATE. 

1241  •  *  Waldemar  H.  dies,  and  few  of 
all  his  conquests  remain  to  Denmark. 
[He  divides  his  kingdom  among  his  sons 
at  his  death  ;  disputes  follow.] 

»  *  -50  *  *  Eric  IV.  reigns. 

1250  *  •  -52  *  *  Abel  reigns. 

•  •  Abel  gains  the  throne  by  assassinat- 
ing his  elder  brother  Eric. 

•  •  The  towns  begin  to  send  representa- 
tives to  the  Council. 

1252  »  *  Abel  is  killed  in  an  expedition 
against  the  Friesians. 

•  *  -59  •  •  Christopher  I.  reigns. 
1259  *  *  Christopher  is  poisoned. 

J3th  Century.  The  struggle  between 
the  sovereigns  and  the  barons  con- 
tinues. 

•  »  -68  *  *  Eric  V.  reigns. 

•  •  The  towns  obtain  charters  by  whicli 
they  are  exempt  from  the  control  of  the 
barons. 


1286  *  *  -1319  *  •  Eric  VI.  reigns. 
1319*  »Regenoy   of  the    queen 
mother. 

Denmark  is  in  a  deplorable  condition. 
I^anish  and  German  nobles  are  granted 
the  larger  part  of  the  kingdom. 
1320  *  •  -33  *  *  Christopher  II.  is  en- 
throned. 

The  crown  is  weakened  by  the  capitu- 
lations which  the  nobles  and  clergy  ex- 
tort from  the  king.  [These  concessio5is 
continue  for  340  years.] 

*  *  *  Confirmation  of  the  privileges 
of  the  clergy.    (See  Church.) 

The  nobles  are  not  obliged  to  follow 
the  king  beyond  the  limits  of  the  king- 
dom ;  if  captured,  are  to  be  ransomed  by 
the  king  within  a  year,  and  if  he  fails  to 
do  so,  will  lose  the  right  of  demanding 
their  military  service.  The  king  can  de- 
clare war  only  with  the  consent  of  the 
nobles  and  the  clergy. 

14th  Century.  Many  struggles  with  the 
Hanse  Towns  because  of  the  toll  de- 
manded at  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic. 

1332  •  *  Christopher  II.  is  driven  from 
his  kingdom  by  the  invaders  from  Hol- 
stein  and  the  discontented  nobles. 

*  ♦  -40  *  *  Anarchy  prevails. 

*  *  *  Skaania,  Halland,  and  Bleking 
annex  themselves  to  Sweden. 

1340  *  •  -75  *  *  "Waldemar  III.,  Atta- 
dag,  the  youngest  son  of  Christopher, 
reigns. 

He  devotes  himself  to  the  recovery  of 
the  Crown  lands  by  purchase  or  by 
force. 

1341  *  •  The  Danes  first  demand  tolls 
of  vessels  passing  the  Sound. 

1359  *  •  The  kingdom  regains  Skaama, 
Halland,  and  Bleking  from  the  king 
of  the  Swedes. 

1370  *  *  The  war  ends  ;  Denmark  is 
forced  to  sign  a  treaty  securing  to  her 
rivals  most  extensive  commercial  privi- 
leges. 

1372  *  *  Waldemar  III.  accepts  the  peace 
of  Stralsund. 

1376  *  *  -87  *  *  Olaus  V.,  five  years  of 
age,  the  son  of  the  late  king's  youngest 
daughter,  reigns. 

1380  *  *  Olaus  V.  succeeds  his  father 
Hakon  as  king  of  Norway,  and  his  mother 
Margaret,  as  regent,  governs  both  lands 
well. 

1387  *  •  Olaus  dies,  and  Margaret  is 
elected  queen  of  botli  countries. 

1388  *  *  Sweden  rebels  against  King 
Albert.and  offers  the  crown  to  Margaret ; 
"  the  Seniiramis  of  the  North,"  is  en- 
throned queen  of  Sweden,  Norway,  and 
Denmark. 

1307  •  *  Denmark,  Norway,  and  Swe- 
den united. 

The  three  kingdoms  are  united  by  the 
Union  of  Calmar,  each  having  its  own 
parliament  and  laws,  and  the  monarchy 
is  made  elective.  [The  Union  lasts  till 
1522.] 

1412  *  *  -40  *  *  Eric  VII.,  a  nephew  of 
Margaret,  reigns. 

1440*  *-48*  *  Christopher  m.,  king 
of  Sweden,  reigns  as  king  of  Norway  and 
Denmark. 

1443  *  *  Copenhagen  becomes  the  capi- 
tal. 


1448  »  *  -1863  *  *  The  House  of  Ol- 
denburg reigns. 

*  *  Christian  I.,  count  of  Oldenburg,  is 
elected  king  of  Denmark. 

1457  *  *  Christian  I.  is  elected  king  of 

Sweden. 
1481  *  *  John  succeeds  Christian  I.,  his 

father. 
1400  *  *  The  English  agree  to  pay  sound 

dues  on  all  vessels  entering  or  leaving 

the  Baltic. 
1513*  *-23*  *  Christian    II.,  the 

Cruel,  succeeds  John,  his  father. 

1522  *  •  The  Union  of  Calmar  is  dis- 
solved by  the  insurrection  of  the 
Swedes ;  Denmark  and  Norway  remain 
united.  * 

1523  *  *  Christian  II.  is  deposed  be- 
cause of  his  tyranny,  and  is  confined  in 
a  dungeon  27  years. 

DENMAIIK  AND  NORWAY. 

*  «-33*  *  Frederick  I.,  Duke  of  Hol- 
stein,  son  of  Christian  I.,  nephew  of 
Christian  II.,  reigns ;  he  rules  wisely. 

1533+  *  *  The  feuds  of  the  counts  arise. 

*  •  Christian  III.  is  enthroned.  [By  his 
good  rule  he  becomes  known  as  the 
Father  of  his  People.] 

1559  *  *  Frederick  II.  is  enthroned. 

1588  •  *  Christian  TV.  is  enthroned. 

1612  *  *  The  Danish  East  Indian  Com- 
pany is  established. 

1620  *  *  The  Protestant  league  chooses 
Christian  IV.  as  their  leader  against 
the  German  emperor. 

*  *  Ger.  The  Danes,  having  sent  an  un- 
successful army  to  aid  the  Protestant 
cause,  sue  for  peace,  which  is  signed  at 
Liibeck,  binding  them  to  non-interfer- 
ence with  the  affairs  of  Germany,  and 
recognizing  Wallenstein  as  Duke  of 
Mecklenburg. 

1643*  *  Negotiations  for  peace  with 
Sweden  are  opened  in  Osnabriick. 

1645  *  *  Prus.  Peace  of  Bromsebro. 
Peace  is  made  with  Sweden  after  a  war 
of  eight  years,  occasioned  by  jealousy  of* 
the  growing  power  of  Denmark  ;  Chris- 
tian is  obliged  to  surrender  the  islands 
of  Gottland  and  Oesel. 

1648  *  *  Frederick  m.  is  enthroned. 
1652  *  *  Denmark  aids  England  in  the 

war  with  Holland. 

1660  *  *  Peace  is  made  with  Sweden 
by  the  treaty  of  Copenhagen,  ceding  to 
it  certain  islands  and  free  passage 
through  the  Sound. 

*  *  Lex  Regia.  Frederick  III.,  being 
popular  with  the  mi<ldle  classes,  unites 
with  the  clergy  in  extending  the  royal 
prerogative,  and  changes  the  Consti- 
tution from  that  of  an  elective  to  a 
hereditary  monarchy. 

1670  *  *  Christian  V.  is  enthroned. 
1670  *  *  A  treaty  of  peace  with  Sweden 

is    signed,    whi'cli    nearly    restores    the 

ante-bellum  conditions. 

1600  *  *  Frederick  IV.  is  enthroned. 

*  *  Frederick  IV.  invades  the  territory 
of  the  Duke  of  Holstein  ;  he  is  com- 
pelled to  make  i)eace  by  the  siege  of 
Copenhagen,  by  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,, 
who  comes  to  the  aid  of  his  ally. 


<)38     1700,**-1839, 


DENMARK. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1700  *  *  Copenhagen  is  bombarded  by 

the  combined  fleets  of  Kngland,  Hollaud, 
and  Sweden.  [Peace  is  obtjiiiied  by  a 
money  payment  to  the  Swedes.] 

17124-  *  *  Holstein,  Schleswig,  and  the 
fortresses  of  Tonningen  and  Stralsund, 
are  taken  by  Frederick  rV.;  Weisman 
is  conquered,  and  the  Swedes  are  driven 
out  of  Norway. 

1801  Apr.  2,  Because  of  Denmark's 
alliance  with  the  Armed  Neutrality,  the 
British  under  Lord  Nelson  and  Adm. 
Parker  bombard  Copenhagen  and  take 
18  Danish  ships  of  the  line.  [The  colo- 
nies in  the  East  and  West  Indies  are 
temporarily  lost.] 

1807  *  *  England  opens  another  war  to 
get  possession  of  the  Danish  navy, 

July  26.  The  British,  under  Admiral 
Gambler  and  Lord  Cathcart,  take  18 
ships  of  the  line,  15  frigates,  and  31  brigs 
and  gunboats.    (See  State.) 

Sept.  7.  The  Danish  fleet  surrenders 
to  Adm.  Gambler  and  Lord  Cathcart, 
after  three  days*  bombardment  of  Co- 
penhagen. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1717  *  *  A  part  of  Zealand  overflows,  and 
1,300  Inhabitants  are  drowned. 

1819*  *  Electro-magnetic  action  is  dis- 
covered by  Hans  Christian  Oersted  of 
Copenhagen. 

1820  ♦  ♦  Oersted  discovers  the  deflection 
of  the  magnetic  needle  by  the  voltaic 
current. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1700  *   *  Cibber,  Cauis  Gabriel,  sculptor,  A70. 
1710  *  *  Kiiiner,  Olaf,  astronomer,  Ati6. 
1713  •  *  liernstorff,  Johann    Hartwig  Ernst 

von,  count,  statesman,  horn. 
1730  •   *  TordenskjoUi,  Peter,  admiral,  A29. 

1733  *  *  Fredericrli  V.,  king,  born. 

Kingo,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Fiineii,  poet,  A89. 
1738  *  *  Suhm,  Peder  Frederik,  historian,  b. 
1730  *  •  Miiller,  Otto  Frederik,  naturalist,  b. 

Frederick  IV.,  king,  A59. 

1734  •  •  Host,  (Jeorg,  traveler,  statesman,  b. 

1735  *  *  lladen,  Jakob,  philologist,  l)orn. 
1737*  *  Struensee,  Johann    Friedricli,    von 

count,  physician,  statesman,  born. 
1740*  *  Bugge,  Thomas,  astronomer,  geog- 
rapher, born. 
Callisen,  Hendrik,  surgeon,  born. 
Abildgaard,  Peter  Christian,  physician,  b. 
1741  •   •  Behring,  Vitus,  navigator,  Attl. 

1743  •   *  Kvald,  Joliannes,  poet,  born. 

1744  *   •  Abildgaard,  Nikolai  A.,  painter,  b. 
Abrahamson,  Werner  Hans   Friedrich,  au- 
thor,  born. 

1746  •   •  Christian  VI.,  king,  A47. 

1748  ♦   •  Gram,  Jolian  or  Hans,  philologist, 
A  63. 

1749  ♦  *  Thaarup,  Thomas,  poet,  born. 
Christian  VII.,  king,  born. 

1750*  *  Christian,     David,    missionary      to 

Greenland,  dies  at  Herrnhut. 
1754*   *  Carstens,  Asmus  Jakob,   historical 

painter,  born. 
Holberg'.  Lud^vle,    baron,   scliolar,  poet, 

dramatist^  A70. 

1755  •  •  Zoega,  Georg,  archeologist,  born. 
Adler,  Jacob  Georg,  orientalist,  born. 

1756  '  *  Pram,    Christian    Henrtksen,    poet, 
journalist,  mis.  writer,  born. 

1758*   •  Heiberg,  Peder  Andreas,  poet,  dram- 
atist, born. 
Egede,  Hans,  founder  of  Danish  missions  in 
Greenland,  A72. 
1769*   *  Nyerup,    Nasmus,    historian,    anti- 
quary, born. 
1760  *  •  Kahbek,  Knud  Lyne,  au.,  critic,  b. 
1764  *  *  Baggesen,  Jens  Iniinanuel,  poet,  b. 
Pontoppidan,  Erik,  bishop,  historian,  At>6. 


1766  *  *  Fre<lerick  V.,  king,  A43. 
1768  ♦  *  Frederick  VI.,  king,  born. 
1770  *  *  Thorvaldsen,  Allien,  sculptor,  b. 
1773*  *  Bernstorflf,  Johann   Hartwig  Krnst 
von,  count,  statesman,  A60. 
Struensee,    Johann     Friedrich   von,    states- 
man, A  35. 
Berger,  Johann  Eric,  scientific  writer,  born. 
Host,  Jens  Kragh,  historian,  born. 
Brandt,  Count,  l)eheaded. 
1773*  *  Gyllembourg-Ehrensvard,  Thomas- 

ine  Christine  Buntzen,  novelist,  born. 
1775  *  *  Malte-Brun,  Conrad,  geographer, 
"  writer,  born. 
Matilda,  queen,  A24. 
1777*  *  Oersted,    Hans    Christian,   electro- 

magnetist,  born. 
1778*  *  Oersted,    Anders     Sandbe,     Jurist, 

statesman,  writer,  born. 
1779  *  *  Jorgenson,  Jorgen,  adventurer,  au- 
thor, born. 
Oehlenschlager,  Adam  Gottlob,  poet,  bom. 
1780*   *  Schumacher,    Hendrick    (Christian, 

astronomer,  born. 
1781  *  *  Brondsted,   Peter   Olaf,   archa^olo 
gist,  born. 
Evald,  Johannes,  poet,  A38. 
1783  *  *  Blicher,  Steen  Steeusen,  poet,  novel- 
ist, born. 
1783  *  *  Molbech,  Christian,  historian,  born. 
Eckersberg,  Christopli  Wilhelm,  painter,  b. 
(Jrundtvig,  Nicolai  Fredrik  Severin,  clergy- 
man, poet,  author,  born. 
1784*  *  Miiller,    Otto   Frederik,   naturalist, 

A  54. 
1786*  *  Callisen,  Adolf  Karl  Peder,  physi- 
cian, born. 
Christian  VIII.,  king,  born. 
1787  *  *  Rask,  Itasums  Christian,  orientalist, 

philologist,  born. 
1789*   •  Ingemann,  Bernhard  Severin,  poet, 
novelist,  born. 
Schouw,  Joachim  Fredric,  botanist,  born. 

1790  *  *  Hauch,  Johannes  Carsten  von,  poet, 
born. 

1791  *  *  Abildgaard,  Sdren,  naturalist,  A60±. 
I'etersen,  Niels  Matthias,  liistorian,  Imrn. 
Heil>erg,  Johann  Ludvig.  ix>et,  draniati.st,  b. 

1793  *  *  Clausen,    Hen<irik    Nicolai,    theolo- 
gian, statesman,  born. 
1794*  *  Forchhanmier,    Johann,    mineralo- 
gist, chemist,  geologist,  born. 
1795  *  *  Rafn,  Karl   Christian,  arch.,  born. 
1797  ♦  *  I'ssing,  Tage  Algreen,  jurist,  born. 
Bille,  Steen  Andersen,  rear-admiral,  born. 
Bang,  Peder  Georg,  Jurist,  statesman,  born. 
1798*  ♦Carstens,   Asmus  Jakob,  historical 
painter,  A  34. 
Hertz,  Hendrik,  poet,  novelist,  born. 
Suhm,  Peder  Frederik,  historian,  A70. 
Bernhard,  Karl  (jiseud.  of  Andreas  Nicolai 
St.-Aubain),  novelist,  born. 

1800  *  * Aarestrup,  Carl  Ludvig  Emil,  poet,  li. 

1801  *  *  Abildgaard,  Peter  Christian,  physi- 
cian, A61. 

1803*  *  Irminger,    Carl  Ludwig  Christian, 
admiral,  born. 

1804  *  *  Madvig,  Johann  Nikolai,  statesman, 
philologist,  born. 

Kopi>en,  Adolph  Louis,  scholar,  author,  b. 
Baden,  Jakob,  philologist,  A69. 

1805  *  *  Andersen.  Hans  Christian,  poet, 
novelist,  wr.  of  fairy  tales  and  travels,  b. 

Engelstoft,    Cliristian    T.,   theologian,    reli- 

fious  historian,  born, 
ler,  Jacob  Georg,  orientalist,  A50. 
1808  *   *  Christian  VI L,  king,  A59. 
Jan.  SO.    Frederick  VII..  king,  born. 
Martensen,  Hans  Lassen,  bisliop.  tlieol.,  b. 
1809*   *  Hanunerich,  Frederik  Peder  Adolf, 
clergyman,  poet,  mis.  writer,  born. 
Abildgaard,  Nicholas  A.,  painter,  A65. 
I'alndan-MuUer,  Fre<ieric,  poet,  born. 
Zoega,  t;eorg,  archeologist,  A64. 
1811  •  *  Barfod,  Paul  Frederik,  historian,  b. 

Hoist,  Hans  Peter,  poet,  born. 
1813  *   *  Abrahamson,  Werner  Hans  Freder- 

ich,  autlior,  A68. 
1813*   *  Petersen,  Carl,  explorer,  born. 
1815  *  *  Bugge,  Thomas,  astronomer,  geog- 
rapher, A75. 
Westergaard,  Niels  Ludwig,  orientalist,  b. 

1817  *  *  Gade,  Niels  Wilhelm,  composer,  b. 

1818  *  *  Christian  IX.,  king,  born. 
1819*  *  Goldschmidt,  Meyer  Aaron,  novel- 
ist, born. 

1831  *  *  Worsaae,  Jens  Jacob  Asmuasen,  an- 
tiquary, born. 
Pram,  Christian  Henriksen,  poet,  journalist, 

nils,  writer,  A65. 
Thaarup,  Thomas,  poet,  A72. 
1834  *   •  Callisen,  Hendrik,  surgeon.  A84. 
1836*  *  Baggeseu,    Jens    Immanuel,    poet, 
AG2. 
Malte-Brun,  Conrad,  geographer,  wr.,  A5I. 
1839  *   *  Nyerup,    Nasmus,    historian,    anti- 
quary, A70. 


1830*   *  llahlwk,  Knud  Lyne,  au.,  critic,  A70. 

Jorgenson,  Jorgen,  adventurer,  an.,  A21  +  . 
1833*  *  Hask,  liasmus  Christian,  orientalist, 

philologist,  A45. 
1833  *  *  Berger,     Johann      j;ric,     scientifl*- 

writer,  A61. 
1885  *  *  Bergsoe,  Wilhelm,  naturalist,  poet, 

novelist,  born. 
1839  *   *  Frederick  VI..  king,  A7L 


CHURCH. 

1710  *  *  Hans  Egede  publishes  his 
mission  pamphlet,  A  Proposition  /or 
Greenland's  Coiwersion  and  Enlighten- 
ment;  great  opposition  follows. 

1714  *  ♦  The  Koyal  CoDege  of  Mis- 
sions, for  training  misaionaries,  is 
opened  in  Copenhagen. 

1721  May  3.  Hans  Bgede,  with  a  few 
colonists,  leaves  Denmark  to  open  the 
first  mission  in  Greenland. 

1814  *  *  The  Danish  Bible  Society  is 
organized. 

1821  June  17.  The  "Danish  Mis- 
sionary Society"  is  formed  by  Bone 
Falck  Ronne,  priest,  with  the  motto, 
"  Be  not  fearful,  only  believe." 

1823*  *  Priest  Ronne  has  mission- 
boxes  hung  up  in  the  parsonages,  fur 
which  Bishop  Plumb  Indicts  him  in  the 
court  of  chancery ;  Bonne  is  rebuked, 
and  the  boxes  taken  down. 

LETTERS. 

1719  *  *  Peder  Paars,  by  Ludvig  Hol- 
berg,  appears. 

1720  *  *  A'ye  Tidender  is  issued. 

1722  *  •  Den  Voegelsindede  (The  Wa- 
verer),  Jean  de  France,  Jeppepaa  Jtjergtt, 
and  Gert  the  Westphalian,Dy  Ludvig 
Holberg,  appear. 

1723*  *  Bnrselstuen  (The  Lying-in 
Koom),  T/n'  Eleventh  of  Julv,  Jakob  von 
Tkyboe,  J)en  Bundelose  (The  Figet),  Eras- 
mus Montanns,  Doji  Hanudo,  Ulysses  of 
Ithaca,  Without  Head  or  Tail,  Witch- 
craft, and  Alelampe,  by  Ludvig  Holberg, 
appear. 

1724  *  *  Henrik  and  Pernille,  by  Ludvig 

Holberg,  appears. 
1729  *  *  Description    of    Denmark    and 

Norway,  by  Ludvig  Holberg,  appears. 
1731*  *The  acted  comedies,  with  five 

others,  of  Ludvig  Holberg,  appear. 
1737  *  *  Description  of  Bergen,  by  Hol- 
berg, appears. 
1740  *  *  A  great  Psalm  Book,  by  Hans 

Adol  Brorson,  appears. 
1741*  *  Nicolai  Klinii  Iter  Subterra- 

neum,  by  Ludvig  Holberg,  appears. 
1742  *  *  The  University  of  Copenhagen 

is  reopened  after  the  conflagration. 

1744  *  *  Tlie  society  for  improving  the 
Danish  Language  i's  founded  by  Lunge- 
bek. 

1749  *  *  Berlingske  Tidende  is  issued  in 
German. 

1764  *  *  Lykkens  Tcmpel  (The  Temple  of 
Fortune),  by  Johannes  £wald,  ap- 
pears. 

1766  *  *  Three  Elegies,  by  Johannes 
Ewald,  appear. 

1767  *  *  Adam,  og  Eva,  by  Johannes 
Ewald,  appears. 

1770  *  *  Rolf  Krage,  by  Ewald,  appears; 
also  Philet. 


DENMARK. 


1700,  **-1839,  * 


639 


1771  *  *  J)e  r.rufule  Klappers,  by  Ewald, 
appears. 

1772*  *  Philemon  and  Baucis  tT^n^\sXQ^f 
and  Harlequin  Patriot^  by  Ewald,  ap- 
pear. 

1773  *  *  Ptbersvenden^  (Old  Bachelors), 
by  Ewald,  appears. 

1774  *  *  Haider's  Dod  (The  Haider's 
Death),  by  Ewald,  appears. 

1779*  *  Fis kerne  (The  Fishers),  by 
Ewald,  appears. 

1785  *  *  -1819  *  *  The  Mineri'n  is  is- 
sued. 

1786±:  •  *  Comical  Tales,  by  Jens  Im- 
manuel  Baggesen,  appears. 

1789i  *  *  Jtpenliedy  in  German,  by  Bag- 
gesen, appears. 

1790  *  *  Labyrinth,  by  Baggesen,  ap- 
pears. 

1798  *  *  -1803  *  *  Skandinavisk  Mita*-- 
urn  is  issued. 

1799*  *-1810*  *  Lmrde  Kfferretninijfr 
is  issued. 

1802  •  *  Gnldhomene,  by  Adam   Gott- 

lob  Oehlenschlager,  appears. 
1803*  *  Sanct  Ifansaften-Spil,hyAdaxn 

Gottlob  Oehlenschlager,  appears. 

*  * -05  *  *  Thors  Peise  til  Jolunheim, 
Lantfelaiulsreisen  and  Alladin's  Lanipt, 
by  Oehlenschlager,  appear. 

1805  *  *  Ilakon  Jarl,  by  Oehlenschla- 
ger, appears. 

*  *  Litteratur-Selskabs  5A-n/^<'r  is  issued. 

1807  *  *  Baldur  hin  Gode  and  Paluatoh-, 
by  Oehlenschlager,  appear. 

1808  *  *  Nordens  Mytholotjie  (Mythology 
of  the  North),  by  Nicolai  F.  S.  (irund- 
tvig,  appears. 

*  *  Uxel  og  Valborg,  by  OehlenschlSger, 
appeal's. 

1809  *  *  Cnrreggio^  in  (4erinjin,  by  Oeh- 
lenschlager, appears. 

1811*  *-36*  *  Litteratur-Tidende  \9.  U- 
sued  (the  continuation  of  Lutrde  Efter- 
rttninger). 

*  *  />t_9/e,byBernhardSeverin  Ingemann, 
appears. 

*  *  AH  og  Gulhyndi,  by  Oehlenschlager, 
appears. 

1812  *  *  Stterkodder,  by  Oehlenschla- 
ger, appears. 

1813  *  *  -17  ♦  *  The  Athene  is  issued. 

1814  *  *  Z>e  S<yrte  Riddere  (The  Black 
Knights),  by  Beruhard  S.  Ingeniann,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Htlye,  by  Oehlenschlager,  appears. 

1815  *  *  Masaniello,  by  B.  S.  Ingemann, 
appears. 

1822  ♦  *  Geography  of  Plants,  by  Joa- 
chim Frederic  ScUouw,  appears. 

1826  *  *  Waldemar  the  Victor,  by  Inge- 
maun,  appears. 

1827  *  *  Love  and  Policy,  by  llenrik 
Hertz,  appears. 

1828  *  *  Flyttedagen,  by  Henrik   Hertz, 

appears. 

*  *  Two  volumes  of  dramas,  including:; 
Tiberina,  Iktjazft,  aiul  Hamailryaden,  by 
Johannes  Carsten  von  Ilauch,  appear. 

1829  *  *  -38  *  *  Maanedaskrtft  for  Lit- 
terature  is  issued. 

*  *  ffrolf  KrakCy  by  Oehlenschlager,  ap- 
pears. 

1830  *  *  Ajnor'3  Strokes  of  Genius,  by 
Henrik   Hertz,  appears. 

*  *  Gjeiigangerbrevene,  by  Henrik  Hertz, 
appears. 

1832  *  *  -42  *  *,  1843  *  *  TUlsskrift  for 
Litterature  og  Kritick  is  issued. 


*  *  Nature  and  Art  and  Four  Poetical 
Epistles,  by  Henrik  Hertz,  appear. 

*  *  Cupid  at  Court,  by  Frederik  Paludan- 
Miiller,  appears. 

1833  *  *  Dandserinden  (The  Danseuse), 
by  Frederik  Faludan-MUller,  appears. 

1834  *  *  Gamle  og  Nye  Noveller  af  For- 
fatteren  til  eii  Hverdags  Historie  (Novels 
Old  and  New,  etc.),  by  Thomasine  Chris- 
tine Buutzen  Gylleinbourg-Ehreusvard, 
appears. 

*  *  -38  *  ♦  History  of  Denmark  in  the 
Heathen  Times,  by  Niels  Matthias  Pe- 
tersen, appears. 

1835**  The  Improvisator,  by  Hans 
Christian  Andersen,  appears. 

*  *  The  Only  Fault,  by  Henrik  Hertz, 
appears. 

*  *  The  first  collection  of  Fairy  Tales,  by 
Hans  Christian  Andersen,  appears. 

*  *  Prince  Othoof  l}enm<irk,hy  lngGH\va\n, 
appears. 

1836  *  *  The  Savings  Bank,  by  Henrik 
Hertz,  appears. 

1837  *  *  -43  *  *  Figyelmezo  is  issued. 

*  *  Svend  r>yring''s  House,  by  Henrik 
Hertz,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1746  *  *  Frederick  V.  marries  Prin- 
cess Louisa,  daughter  of  George  II.  of 
England. 

1766  *  Christian  VII.  abolishes  slavery. 

1772  Jan.  18,  Matilda,  the  queen 
dowager,  to  save  the  life  of  her  supposed 
lover,  Struensee,  confesses  a  plot 
against  the  Ministers,  and  is  condemned 
to  imprisonment  for  life  in  the  castle 
of  Zell. 

1784  *  *  Prince  Frederick  becomes  re- 
gent, and  becomes  the  leader  of  Europe 
in  opposing  the  African  slave-trade, 
and  begins  the  gradual  emancipation 
of  peasants  living  on  crown  lands. 

1837  Sept.  *  Frederick  VI.  separates 
from  his  lirst  wife. 


STATE. 

1720  *  *  A   treaty  is   made   between 
Denmark  and  Sweden,  in  which  the 
latter  is  spoiled. 
Denmark  restores  all  her  conquests, 

and  Sweden  in  return  pays  600,000  rix 
dollars,  gives  up  its  freedom  from  cus- 
toms duties  in  the  Sound,  and  abandons 
the  I>uke  of  Holstein-Gottorp,  whom 
Denmark  depri  ved  of  his  share  of 
Schleswig.     (Ploetz.) 

1730  *  *  -46  *  *  Christian  VI.  succeeds 

liis  father  to  the  throne  of  Denmark  and 

X()rway,  and  reigns  in  peace. 
1746  *  *  -66  *  *  Frederick  V.  reigns. 
1760*  *  Denmark    finally    joins    Russia 

and  Sweden    in    declaring    the    Baltic 

neutral  for  commerce. 
1766  *  *  Christian  VII.  is  enthroned. 
1772*  *  Counts  Struensee  and  Brandt, 

after  introducing  reforms,  are  beheaded 

through  a  conspiracy. 
*  *  Andreas  Peter  Von  Bemstorff ,  "  tlie 

Oracle    of    Denmark,"    first    becomes 

lilinister. 


1780*  *Denmark  has  a  contention 
with  Elngland  regarding  the  northern 
trade  in  hemp  by  neutral  vessels. 

1784  *  *  The  increasing  imbecility  of 
the  kingf  requires  the  appointment  t>f 
his  son  as  regent. 

*  *  Prince  Frederick  is  declared  regent. 
1801  *  *  War    with    Eng:land    results 

from  a  defensive  alliance  with  Kussia, 
Prussia,  and  Sweden. 

1807  *  *  An  alliance  with  France  is 
entered. 

*  *  England  demands  the  surrender 
of  the  Danish  navy  upon  the  condition 
of  its  being  restored  at  the  close  of  the 
war  with  Napoleon,  fearing  its  capture 
and  use  against  herself  by  him ;  the 
crown  prince  refuses,  and  England  sends 
a  fleet  and  army  to  take  it. 

Sept.  6.  The  Danes  secure  peace  by  sur- 
rendering the  fleet  to  England. 

Sept.  *  The  Danes  are  exasperated  by 
the  seizure  of  their  fleet,  and  declare 
war  against  £}ngland,  and  become  an 
ally  of  France. 

1808  *  *  Frederick  VT.  is  enthroned. 

1814  Jan.  14.  A  treaty  of  peace  is 
signed  with  Sngland  and  the  allied 
sovereigns. 

Denmark  is  to  surrender  Norway  to 
S%veden,  and  to  receive  Pomerania,  or  as 
a  substitute  a  sum  of  money  and  a  dis- 
trict in  Lauenburg,  and  also  the  return 
of  its  colonies  in  the  East  and  West 
Indies. 

DENMARK  ALONE. 

Nov.  3.  By  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  the 
King  of  Denmark  is  declared  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Germanic  body  on  account 
of  Holstein  and  Lauenburg,  and  invested 
with  three  votes  in  the  Diet ;  he  is  to 
have  the  tenth  place  in  rank.  Sweden 
retains  Norway,  and  Denmark  is  indem- 
nified with  the  transfer  of  Lauenburg. 
(See  p.  521.) 

*  *  Pomerania  and  Riigen  are  annexed 
to  Denmark  and  Norway. 

1815  *  *  Denmark  cedes  Pomerania 
and  Hiigen  to  Prussia  for  a  small  dis- 
trict of  Lauenburg  adjoining  Holstein. 

1824  *  *  A  treaty  of  commerce  is  en- 
tered with  England. 

1831  *  *  A  new  Constitution  is  granted 
by  Frederick  VI. 

1839  *  *  Christian  VHI.  is  enthroned. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1728  *  *  Great  fire  in  Copenhagen  ;  more 

than   70  streets   and   3,785   houses    are 

burned. 
1736  *  *  The  Bank  of  Copenhagen  is 

formed. 
1785    May  14.    The  canal  is  opened 

between  the  Baltic  and  North  Seas. 

1794  Feb.  *  The  palace  at  Copenhagen 
is  burned;  loss,  £4,000,000 and  100 lives. 

1795  June*  Fire  in  Copenhagen; 
the  arsenal,  admiralty,  and  50  streets 
are  destroyed. 

June  9.  One-fourth  of  Copenhagen  is 
burned. 


640     1840,  **-1864,  **. 


DENMARK. 


ARMY  — HA  VY. 
1848  •  *  -51  *  ♦  Three  wars  of  Scliles- 
wig-Holstein  against  Denmark. 

Mar.*  The  first  war  with  the  duchies  of 
Schleswiganci  Jlolstein  occurs  ;  they  rise 
in  rebellion  against  Fredericlc  VII. 

Mar.  24.  Ger.  The  fort  of  Kendsburg 
iu  Holsteiu  is  seized  by  the  rebels. 

Apr.  9.  Ger.  The  rebels  are  defeated 
near  Flensburg  in  Schleswig. 

Apr. 4^  »  Ger.  The  Prussians  and  Ger- 
man confederacy  send  an  army  to  the 
aid  of  Schleswig. 

Apr.  23.  Ger,  The  Prussians  under 
Gen.  Wrangel  defeat  the  Danes  near 
Danewerk.  [They  advance  into  Jut- 
laud.] 

Aug.  1.  Denmark  blockades  the  North 
Sea. 

Aug.  26.  .Sire.  A  truce  is  signed  at 
Malnio  by  the  influence  of  the  European 
Powers. 

1849     Mar.  25.— July*  The  second 

war  with  the  duchies  begins  on  the  ex- 
piration of  the  truce  of  Malmo. 

Apr.  5.  Ger.  The  ship  of  the  line  CAris- 
tian  Vm.  is  iire»i  by  cannonade  at  Kck- 
ernforde  iu  Schleswig,  and  the  frigate 
GeJioH  is  captured. 

Apr.  10.    The    Danes    defeat    the   Hol- 

steiuers  and  Prussians. 
Apr.  13.     Ger.    Bavarian    and    Saxon 

troops  storm  the  redoubts  of  Duppel  in 

Schleswig. 

Apr.  20.  The  Danes  are  defeated  at 
Kolding,  Jutland,  by  the  Schleswig- 
Holstein  army  led  by  Gen.  Bonin,  a 
Prussian. 

•  *  Indifferent  conduct  of  German  and 
Prussian  troops  is  caused  by  the  threat- 
ening attitude  of  England,  France,  and 
Russia. 


the  death  of  Frederick  VII.,  Austrian 
and  Prussian  troops  occupy  the  duchies 
of  Holsteiu-Schleswig. 

Dec.  *  Ger. 


The  Danes,  to  avoid  en- 
countering the  Federal  troops,  with- 
draw from  Holstein. 

Dec.  31.     Ger.     Eendsburg, 
is  evacuated  by  the  Danes. 

1864  Jan.  21.  Ger.  Federal  troops 
under  Marshall  Von  Wrangel  invade 
Holstein. 

Feb.  *  -Oct.  •  War  occurs  with  Aus- 
tria and  Prussia. 

Expecting  the  aid  of  England  and 
France,  Denmark  declares  war  against 
Germany. 

Feb.  •  The  Danes  send  Gen.  de  Meza 
with  40,000  men  to  defend  the  Danne- 
werk,  the  trans-peninsular  defenses  in 
Schleswig. 

Feb.  1.  Ger.  The  Prussians  under  Mar- 
shal Von  Wrangel  and  Prince  Frederick 
Charles  take  Eckernforde,  in  Schleswig. 

Feb.  2,  3.  Ger.  Missunde,  Schleswig, 
is  bombarded  and  burned  by  the  Prus- 
sians. 

Feb.  5.  Ger.  The  Danes,  being  out- 
flanked, abandon  the  Dannewerk  to 
save  their  army. 

Feb.  6.  The  .Austrian  advance  under 
Gen.  Von  Wrangel  defeats  the  Danes  at 
Over-see,  Schleswig  ;  Schleswig  is  taken 
after  an  obstinate  resistance. 

Feb.  7.  Ger.  Plemsburg,  Schleswig,  is 
occupied  by  the  Federal  allies. 

Feb.  13.  Ger.  The  allies  begin  their 
attack  on  Dtippel,  Schleswig. 

Feb.  18.  The  Prussians  enter  Jutland, 
and  take  Kolding.  [The  Danes  fortify 
the  island  of  Alsen.] 

Mar.  1.     Gen.  Gertach  succeeds  Gen. 
de  Meza  as  commander  of  the  Danes, 
whose  conduct  of  operations  causes  much 
dissatisfaction. 
*  At  the  siege  of  Fredericia,  Jutland,    Mar.  8.    The  Danes  are  defeated  by  the 


July  *  Alsen  is  taken,  and  Jutland  occu- 
pied by  the  allies. 

July  18.    Another  armistice  is  accepted. 
ART- 


Prussians  at  Sonderbygaard  and  Veill. 

Mar.  15.    The  siege  of  the  entrenchments 

of  Diippel  by  the  Prussians  commences. 

Mar.  17.  The  Prussian  squadron  obtains 
a  naval  victory. 

Ger.  Diippel,  Schleswig,  is  bom- 
barded and  taken  by  the  Prussians. 

Mar.  20.  Ger.  The  Prussians  bombard 
Fredericia,  Schleswig. 

Mar.  28.  Ger.  The  Prussians  are  re- 
pulsed in  an  attack  on  the  fortress  of 
Fredericia. 

Apr.  18.  Ger.  The  Prussians  capture 
the  fortress  of  Diippel. 

Schleswig  is  occupied  by    Apr.  29.     Ger.     The   Danes   withdraw 

from    Fredericia  and    other  fortresses, 

and  retreat  to  Alsen,  Prussia. 

May  e+.     Jutland,  refusing  to   pay  a 

war  tribute  to  the  Prussians,  is  pillaged. 

May  9.  An  armistice  is  agreed  to  for 
one  month,  commencing  on  May  12 
[while  a  peace  conference  assembles  at 
London]. 

Ger.    The  Danes  defeat  the  allies  in 

a  sea-fight  off  lleliogoland. 

Jime  9.    The  armistice  is  prolonged  for 

two  weeks. 

June  26.  Ger.  The  conference  in  Lon- 
don having  failed  to  secure  peace,  hos- 
tiUties  are  resumed.  [The  Prussians 
bombard  Alsen.] 

Jirne  29.  Ger.  The  Alsen  batteries  are 
captured,   and  2,400  Danes  made  pris- 


the  Danes  inflict   much  damage  by  a 
sortie. 

July  10.  Oer.  The  truce  of  Berlin  be- 
tween Prussia  and  Denmark  is  signed. 

1850  Jan.  — 51  July*  The  third  war 
with  the  duchies. 

[It  is  conducted  by  Schleswig-Holstein 
alone,  with  Gen.  Willisen,  formerly  of 
the  Prussian  army,  commander.] 

July  24,  25.  Ger.  Battle  of  Idstedt, 
Schleswig-Holstein  ;  the  Danes,  with  an 
army  of  38,000,  defeat  the  Schleswig- 
Holsteiners  under  Gen.  Willisen  with 
27,000  men  ;  7,000  are  killed  and  wounded 
on  both  sides. 

July  *  Ger. 
the  Danes, 

Sept.  12.  Ger.  The  Danes  again  defeat 
the  Schleswig-Holstein  troops  at  Mis- 
sunde, in  Schleswig. 

Sept.  29-Oct.  4.  Ger.  The  Holsteiners 
bombard  Friedrichstadt,  Schleswig, 
and  almost  destroy  the  town.  Kepulsed 
with  heavy  loss. 

Dec±.  *  The  German  Confederacy  en- 
forces the  cessation  of  hostilities. 

1851  *  *  Ger.  Holstein  is  occupied  by 
Atistrian  troops  with  the  consent  of 
Prussia,  and  delivered  to  the  Danes. 

1852  Mar.  2.  Ger.  Holstein  is  evac- 
uated by  the  Austrians. 

1863  Dec.  *  Ger.  The  succession  to 
the  Danish  throne  being  in  dispute  on 


SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1862    Oct.  21.    The  planet /-reia  is  dis- 
Holstein,        covered  by  Heinrich  Ludurg  d'Arrest. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1841  •  •  Ilelberg,  Peder  Andreas,  dramatist, 
poet,  A«3. 

1843  »  •  lirandes,  Georg  Morris  Cohen,  lec- 
turer, critic,  mis.  writer,  born. 
Brondsted,  Peter  Olaf,  archseologist,  A61. 

1843  June  3.     Frederick,  son  of  the  Duke 
of  Schleswig-Holstein,  born. 

1844  *  *  Host,  .Jens  Kragh,  historian,  A72. 
Tliorvahisen,  Ailicrt,  8culi)tor,  A74. 

1848  *   *  lilirljer,  8teen  Stcensen,  poet,  A66 

Christian  VIII..  king,  A62. 
1850*  •  Oelilenschliiger,  Adam  Goltlob,  poet, 

Schumacher.  Hendrick  Chris.,  aslron.,  A70. 
1851  •  'Oersted,    Hans    Christian,    eleclro- 

magnetist,  A74. 
1 853  *  *  .Schouw,  Joachim  Fredric,  botanist. 

A63. 
1863«  •  Kckersberg,      Christoph     Willlaui, 
painter,  A  70. 

1856  *  *  Aarestrup,  Carl  Ludvig  Emil,  poet, 
A56. 

Gyllembourg-Ehrensvaril,  Thomaslne  Chris- 
tine Itimtzeu,  novelist,  A83. 

1857  •  •  (ijellerup,  Karl  Adolf,  novelist,  b. 
Molbech,  Christian,  historian,  A74. 

I860*  ♦  Heiberg,     Johann     Ludwig,    poet, 
dramatist,  A  69. 
Oersted,  .\nders  Sandoe,  jurist,  statesman. 
A82. 
1881  •  •  Bang,  I'eter  C.eorg,   jurist,   states- 

man,  A64. 
1863  *  *  Ingemann,  Bernhard  Severin,  poet, 
novelist,  .473. 
Petersen,  Niels  Matthias,  historian,  A71. 

1863  June  39.      Frederick -Ferdinand, 
crown  prince,  uncle  of  Frederick  VII.,  d. 

Nov.   15.     Frederick  VII..  king,  A55. 

1864  •  *  liafn,  Karl  Christian,  arch.,  A59. 

CHURCH. 

1857  *  *  Methodist  Episcopal  preach- 
ers from  U.  S.  A.  begiu  mission-work  in 
Denmark. 

1860  June  *  It  is  decided  at  a  meeting 
held  in  Nyburg,  that  hereafter  the  Da- 
nish Society  shall  take  the  lead  in  all 
mission-work,  and  that  local  unions  be 
formed. 

1862  June*  A  Danish  mission-school 

is  founded  near  Copenhagen  for  mission- 
workers. 

1863  •  »  A  Greek  Danish  Missionary 
Society  is  formed  by  Victor  Block. 


LETTERS. 

1840  *  *  Ninon,    by    Henrik    Hertz,   ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Ulstorisk  Tidsskrift  is  issued. 

1841  •  •  -48  •  •  Adam  Homo,  by  Fred- 
erik  Paludan-Mliller,  appears. 

1842  *  *  r.yriske  IHgle  (Lyric  Poems),  by 
Johannes  Carsten  von  Hauch,  appears. 

*  *  Dina,  by  Oehlenschlager,  appears. 
1845  *  *  Fern  og  tyre   Fabler  (Five-and- 

twenty  Fables),  by  Christian  Winthti. 
appears. 

*  *  King    Ileini '«    Daughter,    by    Henrik 
Hertz,  appears. 

1848  *  •  -49  *  *  Nord  og  Syd  is  issued 
[still  published  as  Vde  og  Hjemme]. 

1853  *  *  Hohert  Fulton,  by  Johannes  Car- 
sten von  Hauch,  appears. 

*  *  A  Saerijice,  by  Henrik  Hertz,  appears. 

1854*  * -64  *  *  Nordisk     Universitets 
Tidsskrift  is  issued. 

*  *  The   Youngest,  by  Henrik  Hertz,  ap- 
pears. 

1858  *  *  Dansk  Maandesskrift  is  issued. 


DENMARK. 


1840,**- 1864,**.    641 


SOCIETY. 

1842  May  26.  Duke  of  Schleswlg-Hol- 
steiu-Sonderburg-GHicksburg  [afterward 
Christian  IX.]  marries  Princess  Louisa 
of  Hesse-Cassel ;  both  are  desoenUed 
from  George  II.  of  England. 

1846  Sept.  *  Frederick  II.  separates 
from  his  second  wife. 

1850  *  *  Frederick  II.  marries  mor- 
ganaticaliy  Louisa,  Countess  of  Danner. 

1863  Mar.  10.  Erig.  The  Prince  of 
Wales  marries  Princess  Alexandra  of 
Denmark,  at  Windsor. 

1864  Feb.  24.  A  subscription  is  started 
in  London  for  the  relief  of  wounded 
Danes. 

STATE. 

1846  July  8.  An  "open  letter"  of 
King  Christian  VIII.  arbitrarily  de- 
crees the  union  of  the  duchies  of 
Schleswig  and  Holstein  with  Den- 
mark, in  spite  of  the  different  laws  of 
inheritance  in  the  two  states.  [This 
leads  to  war.] 

1848  Jan.  20.  Frederick  VH.  is  en- 
throned. 

Jan.  28.  A  revolutionary  movement  by 
the  ('asino  party  at  C<»penhagen  compels 
the  king  to  proclaim  a  new  Constitution. 

Mar.  23.  Insurrections  arise  in  the 
duchies,  especially  in  Holstein ;  a  pro- 
visional government  is  established  at 
Kiel,  with  Prince  Frederick  of  Augus- 
tenburg  at  the  head.    (See  Germany.) 

1840  June  5.  A  new  liberal  Consti- 
tution is  sanctioned  by  the  king. 

July  10.  Prussia  signs  an  armistice, 
which  is  converted  into  a  peace. 

By  its  terms  Schleswig  is  to  be  occu- 
pied by  Swedish  troops  in  the  north,  in 
the  south  by  those  of  Prussia,  and  to 
receive  a  new  administration.    (Ploetz.) 

1850  July  2.  A  separate  peace  is 
concluded  with  Prussia. 

July  4.  The  great  powers,  England, 
France,  Prussia,  unite  with  Sweden  to 
guarantee  the  integrity  of  Denmark. 

Aug.  23.  En/f.  To  solve  the  question 
concerning  the  succession  to  the  throne, 
a  protocol  is  signed  in  London  by  all 
the  Ministers  of  the  great  powers. 

Nov.  28,  29.  Moravia.  Conference  at 
Olmiitz.    (Seep.  523.) 

1851  Jan.  10.  Ger.  The  rights  of  the 
country  are  placed  imder  the  protec- 
tion of  the  Germanic  Confederation 
by  a  proclamation  of  the  Stadtholders  of 
Schleswig-Holstein. 

1852  May  8.  Ger.  Hanover,  Saiony, 
and  Wiirtemberg  recognize  the  treaty 
of  London  granting  the  throne  to 
Christian  of  Sonderburg-GlUcksburg, 
Frederick  VII.  having  been  childless, 
and  the  female  line  next  in  succession 
withdrawing  their  claim.  Christian, 
Duke  of  Augustenburg-Holatein,  con- 
sents to  surrender  his  rights  in  the 
duchies  lor  a  sum  of  money. 

1854  July  29.  Frederick  \^I.  promul- 
gates a  new  Constitution. 

1855  Oct.  1.  The  new  Constitution 
set  forth  by  the  king  is  adopted. 

1857  *  •  The  Sound  dues  are  abol- 
ished. Great  Britain  paying  £1,125,206 
as  her  share. 


Oct.  *  -62  •  *  Dissensions  arise  be- 
tween the  Government  and  the  duchies  ; 
the  family  pretensions  of  the  Duke  of 
AuguKtenburg  to  the  rule  of  tlie  duchies 
is  agitated  at  home  and  abroad. 

1858  Mar.  27.  The  Government  de- 
crees the  erection  of  fortifications 
about  Copenhagen. 

1860  Feb.  11.  Ger.  The  Assembly  of 
Schleswig  alleges  that  the  promise  of 
equahty  of  national  rights,  pledged 
by  the  Treaty  of  London  in  1852,  has  not 
been  recognized.  [Mar.  1.  It  formally 
protests  against  being  united  to  Den- 
mark.] 

1861  Jan.  •  Tlie  Government  announces 
that  a  declaration  of  war  will  be  made 
if  Prussian  soldiers  enter  the  duchies. 

Feb.  •  Active  preparations  for  war  are 
made. 

June  *  The  Rigsdag  adopts  a  decimal 
coinage. 

1863  Mar.  30.  Frederick  VII.  grants 
independent  rights  to  Holstein,  but 
annexes  Schleswig  to  Denmark. 

Apr.  17.  Austria  and  Prussia  protest 
against  the  annexation  of  Schleswig. 

Jtine  6.  Frederick  VII.  accepts  the 
crown  of  Greece  for  Prince  William 
George. 

July  9.  Ger.  The  Diet  threateningly 
demands  the  annulment  of  the  action 
of  Frederick  Vll.,  on  March  30,  granting 
independent  rights  to  Holstein  and  an- 
nexing Schleswig.    (See  p.  526.) 

Aug.  1.  Preparations  are  made  to  in- 
crease the  army. 

Aug.  27.  Frederick  Vll.  replies  that  an 
armed  occupation  of  the  duchies  by 
Germany  will  be  accepted  as  a  declara- 
tion of  war. 

Aug.  *  Sweden  declines  to  enter  an 
alliance  with  Denmark. 

Oct.  1.  Ger.  Tlie  Diet  of  the  German 
Confederation  demands  the  immediate 
execution  of  its  decree  to  support  Prince 
Frederick  as  Duke  of  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein. 

IToT.  13.  The  new  Constitution  is  af- 
firmed by  the  Rigsdag. 

Nov.  15.  The  House  of  Gliicksburg 
begins  to  reign. 

Christian   IX.  is  enthroned  accord- 
ing to  the  Treaty  of  Loudon. 

Nov.  16.  Ger.  Prince  Frederick  of 
Augustenbuig  claims  the  government  of 
Schleswig  and  Holstein,  although  his 
father  had  renounced  them  for  a  com- 
pensation.    (See  1852,  May  8.) 

Nov.  18j  Christian  IX.  signs  the  Con- 
stitution.   [Dec.  1.    It  is  published.] 

Nov.  21.  Ger.  The  announcement  of 
Prince  Frederick's  claim  causes  great 
excitement  in  Holstein  ;  public  officials 
refuse  to  take  oath  to  the  new  king. 
Christian  IX. 

Nov.  26.  Ger.  Prince  Frederick  is 
supported  by  several  German  States  ; 
they  proceed  to  send  troops  into  the 
duchies. 

Dec.  *  The  Austrian  and  Prussian 
Ministers  prepare  for  their  departure 
from  Copenhagen  if  the  Constitution  is 
not  annulled. 


Dec.  10.  Denmark  protests  against  the 
proposed  occupation  of  the  duchies  by 
the  German  States. 

Dec.  21.  Ger.  The  representatives  of 
German  States,  to  the  number  of  MO, 
assemble  at  Frankfort,  and  agree  to  sup- 
port the  claims  of  Prince  Frederick 
against  those  of  Denmark. 

Dec.  24.  Ger.  The  Saxons,  as  repre- 
sentatives of  the  F'ederal  authority,  en- 
ter Aitona  in  Schleswig-Holstein. 

Dec.  25.  Ger.  The  Federal  Commis- 
sioners attend  the  army  of  occupation, 
and  assume  administrative  powers  in 
Schleswig-Holstein. 

Dec.  30.  Ger.  Prince  Frederick  at 
Kiel,  in  Holstein,  claims  authority  as 
Duke  of  Schleswig  and  Holstein. 

1864  Jan.  16.  Austria  and  Prussia 
unite  to  demand  the  abrogation  of  the 
Constitution  of  Nov.  18,  imiting  Schles- 
wig with  Denmark,  within  two  days. 

Jan.  18.  Denmark  asks  for  six  weeks 
to  act  on  the  peremptory  demand  of 
Austria  and  Germany. 

Jan.  21.  Ger.  Holstein  is  Invaded  by 
German  troops. 

Feb.  •  War  with  Germany. 

Cause;  Austria  and  Prussia  demand 
the  repeal  of  the  November  Constitution, 
which  conflicts  with  the  agreement  of 
Denmark  "  to  respect  the  rights  of  the 
duchies,"  which  implied  that  Schleswig 
should  not  be  incorporated  as  a  part  of 
Denmark.  The  latter  refuses  the  joint 
demand. 

Feb.  6.  Ger.  Prince  Frederick  Charles 
is  proclaimed  Duke  of  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein. 

Feb.  13.  Ger.  The  Commissioners  of 
the  German  States  protest  against  the 
occupation  of  Aitona  by  Prussia. 

Feb.  23.  England,  having  proposed  a 
conference  on  Danish  affairs,  the  allies 
accede  to  it.  [Apr.  25,  meets.  June  22, 
ends.] 

Mar.  22.  The  Kigsdag  adjourns,  after 
resolving  to  support  the  king. 

*  *  It  seems  as  if  Denmark  must  cease  to 
exist  as  a  nation  in  consequence  of  its 
reverses. 

*  *  Prussia  and  Austria  secede  from  the 
London  Protocol ;  the  war  is  renewed. 

July  9.  The  administration  of  Jutland 
is  assumed  by  Prussian  officers. 

The  Government  sends  Prince  John 
to    Berlin    to    make   negotiations  for 
peace. 
July  26.    Anst.    A  conference  for 

peace  opens  at  Vienna. 
Oct.  30.    Auat.    Peace  of  Vienna. 

Terms :  the  King  of  Denmark  re- 
nounces all  his  rights  to  the  duchies  of 
Schleswig,  Holstein,  and  Lauenburg  in 
favor  of  tlie  Emperor  of  Austria  and  the 
King  of  Prussia  ;  he  agrees  to  recognize 
whatever  disposition  these  nionarclis 
shall  make  of  these  states.    (Ploetz.) 

Nov.  16.  King  ChristianlX.  by  proc- 
lamation releases  the  inhabitants  of 
Schleswig-Holstein  and  Lauenburg  from 
their  allegiance  to  Denmark. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1847  Sept.  26.  A  great  fire  at  Copen- 
hagen ;  valuable  Icelandic  literature  is 
destroyed,  including  over  2,000  unpub- 
lished MSS. 


642     1865,  *  *-1894,  Oct.  27. 


DENMARK. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1872  Oct.  18.  The  new  theater  at  Co- 
penhagen is  foimdeil  by  the  king. 

1873  Oct.  6.  A  statue  of  Frederick 
VII,,  erected  at  Copenhagen,  is  un- 
veiled. 

1884  Aug.  10.  The  8th  International 
Medical  Congress  is  held  in  Copenhagen. 

1889  May  21.  Dr.  Nansen  and  Ms 
companions  arrive  at  Copenhagen  on 
their  return  from  an  exploring  expedi- 
tion to  Greenland. 

1892  Sept.  2.  An  exploring  expedi- 
tion starts  for  Greenland  and  Iceland. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1865  *  *  Forclilianimer,  .loliann  Georg,  min- 
eralogist, chemist,  geologist,  A51. 
Bernhar<I,  Karl  (pseud,  of  Andreas  Nicolai 
St.  Aubain),  novelist,  A65i;. 
1866*  *  Callisen,  Adolf  Karl  Peder,  physi- 
cian, A  80. 
1870    Sept.  27.    Christian,  crown  prince,  b. 

Hertz,  Hendrik,  poet,  novelist,  A72. 
1873  *  *  Ussing,  Tage  Algreeii,  jurist,  A75. 
Grundtvig,  Nicolai  Frederik  Severin,  clergy- 
man, poet,  mis.  writer,  A89. 
Hauch,  Johannes  Carsten  von»  poet,  A71. 
1875  *  ♦  Andersen.  Hans  Christian,  poet, 

novelist,  wr.  of  fairy  tales,  travels,  A70. 
1876*  *  Paludan-Miiller,  Frederik,  poet,  A61. 

1877  *  *  Hamnierich,  Frederik  Peder  Adolf, 
clergyman,  poel,  mis.  writer,  A68. 

Clausen,  Henrik  N.,  theolo.,  statesman,  A48. 

1878  *  *  Westergaard,  Niels  Ludwig,  orien- 
talist, A63. 

1880  *  *  Petersen,  Carl,  explorer,  A67. 
1883  *  *  Bille,  Steen  Anderson,  rear-admiral, 

A86. 
1684    July  27.     Ludvlgsen,  AnnaKristiane, 

author  of  patriotic  songs,  A90. 
Martensen,  Hans  Lassen,  bishop,  theol.,  A72. 

1885  *  *  Worsaae,  Jens  Jacob  Asmussen, 
antiquary,  A 64. 

1886  •  •  aiadvig,  Joliann  Nikolai,  philologist, 
A  82. 

1887*  *  Goldschmidt,  Meyer  Aaron-  novel- 
ist, A68. 

1888*  *  Irminger,  Carl  Ludwig  Christian, 
admiral,  A86. 

1889    July  16.    Augusta,  Princess,  sister  of 
(niueen  of  Denmark,  dies. 
July  23.     Sparre,  Count,  dies. 

1690  Bee.  22.  Gade,  Niels  Wilhelm,  com- 
poser, conductor.  A73. 

1894  Oct.  27.  Plong,  Carl,  poet,  politician, 
journalist,  A81. 

CHURCH. 
1866    Jan.  6.    The  first  Methodist 
£]plscopal  church  in  Denmark  is  dedi- 
cated. 

1872*  *Lorenthal's  Mission  is 
founded.     Motto,  "Be  born  again." 

1874  *  *  The  Danish  Mission  Society 

founds  two  seminaries  for  the  training 
of  missionaries.    [1875.     United.] 

1876  *  *  The  mission  to  the  Danes  is  be- 
gun by  the  Christian  Society,  U.S.A. 

1884  Aug.  30.  The  Evangelical  Al- 
liance holds  its  8th  meeting  in  Copen- 
hagen. 

1887  *  *  The  American  Baptists  set  off 
the  Denmark  mission  from  the  German 
mission. 

1888  *  *  A  Methodist  Episcopal  theo- 
logical school  is  founded  in  Copen- 
hagen. 

SOCIETY. 

1866    Nov.  9.     Prince  Alexander  of 

Itussia  marries  Princess  Dagmar. 

1869  July  28.  The  Crown  Prince 
Frederick  marries  Princess  Louisa  of 
Sweden. 

1874  July  *  -Aug.  *  Christian  IX.  vis- 
its Iceland. 


1878  Dec.  11.  The  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land marries  Princess  Thyra. 

1888  Nov.  15.  The  25th  anniversary 
of  the  accession  of  the  king  to  the  throne 
is  celebrated. 

1889  June  24.  Christian  IX.  confers 
the  knighthood  of  the  Order  of  Danne- 
brog  upon  Capt.  Hamilton  MurreU. 

The  people  present  him  with  an  oil 
painting  of  the  scene  of  the  transfer  of 
the  passengers  and  crew  of  the  sinking 
steamer  Danmark.    (See  Miscellaneous.) 

1890  Mar.  25.  The  Minister  of  War 
announces  that  no  Socialist  workmen 
will  be  employed  in  State  workshops. 

May  26.  The  crown  princess  gives  birth 
to  a  daughter. 

Nov.  8.    A  son  is  bom  to  Prince  Wal- 

demar. 
1892    May  23.    The  celebration  of  the 

golden   wedding   of    King   Christian 

begins  at  Copenhagen. 
May  29.    A  procession  of  100,000  people 

marches  from  Copenhagen  to  the  castle 

to  do  honor  to  the  king  and  queen. 

STATE. 

1866  July  19,  27.  A  new  Constitu- 
tion is  approved  by  both  Chambers  of 
the  Rigsdag. 

July  28.    The  king  sanctions  the  new 

Constitution. 

1867  Oct.  25,  Proclamations  are  is- 
sued, proposing  to  sell  the  Danish 
islands  in  the  "West  Indies,   St. 

Thomas  and  St.  John,  to  the  United 
States  for  $7,500,000.  [Approved  by  the 
colonies,  but  not  carried  out  by  the 
United  States.] 

1868  Jan.  30.  The  Assemblj;  approves 
of  the  proposed  sale  of  two  islands  in 
the  West  Indies. 

1870  Aug.  *  Denmark  decides  to  re- 
main neutral  in  the  Franco-Prussian 
war. 

1874  Mar.  29.  The  Folkething  de- 
feats the  Government  on  the  question 
of  fortifications  ;  the  Assembly  is  dis- 
solved. 

Oct.  *  Continued  contests  occur  between 
the  king  and  the  Landsthing  and  Folke- 
thing. 

Dee.  *  A  crisis  is  reached  respecting  the 

supplies. 

1877  Apr.  4.  The  Rigsdag  closes 
without  settling  the  budget. 

Apr.  12.  The  king  makes  provision  for 
the  budget  in  harmony  with  the  pro- 
vision of  the  Constitution. 

1881  May  lOi:.  The  king  dismisses 
the  Folkething,  alleging  its  ineffi- 
ciency. 

*  *  -84  *  *  Legislation  is  obstructed 
by  the  Opposition  members  of  the  Folke- 
thing. 

1884  June  *  The  elections  return  to 
the  Folkething  82  Liberals  and  Opposi- 
tion, besides  20  Conservatives. 

1885  Mar.  21.  The  king  refuses  to 
dismiss  the  Ministry. 

May  5.  The  Government  prohibits  the 
importation  and  possession  of  arms,  and 
forbids  drilling. 


Oct.  16.    The  budget  is  rejected  by  the 

Folkething. 
Dec.  21.    The  laws  restraining  the  lib- 
erty of  the  press  are  condemned  by 
the  Kigsdag. 

1886  Jan.  *  M.  Berg,  presiiient  of  the 
Folkething,  obstructs  the  police  at  a 
meeting ;  he  is  condemned,  and  sentenced 
to  six  months'  imprisonment. 

Jan.  26.    The  budget  is  rejected  by  the 

Folkething. 
Feb.  8.     The  Rigsdag  is  discordant, 

and  the  session  closes. 
Oct.  26.    The  two  parties  in  the  Rigsdag 

unite  in  opposing  the  Government. 

1887  Jan.  8.  The  Folkething  is  dis- 
solved. 

Apr.  1.    The  budget  is  rejected. 

1888  Apr.  1.    The  budget  is  rejected. 
Apr.  8.     The     political     prisoners     are 

granted  amnesty  on  the    king's  70th 
birthday. 

1889  Feb.  11.  The  regulations  relat- 
ing to  Greenland  coast  fisheries  forbid 
trading  with  the  inhabitants,  and  fish- 
ing is  prohibited  within  one  Danish  mile 
from  the  coast. 

Mar.  6.  The  Rigsdag  announces  that 
the  British  Minister  at  Athens  has  been 
selected  as  an  arbitrator  in  the  Butter- 
field  claim  between  the  United  States 
and  Denmark. 

Apr.  1.  The  budget  is  rejected  ;  the 
Government  collects  the  revenue  by  a 
royal  decree. 

1890  Jan.*  The  elections  result  in  91,159 
votes  for  the  Ministerial  party,  139,854 
for  the  Opposition,  and  17,232  for  the 
Socialists. 

Feb.  4.  The  arbitrators  decide  in  favor 
of  Denmark  in  the  dispute  with  the 
United  States  respecting  damages  for 
vessels  lost  near  St.  Thomas,  W.  I. 

1891  Jan.  6.  The  Government  official- 
ly recognizes  the  Republic  of  Brazil. 

July  10.  The  Minister  of  State,  Baron 
Akerheilm,  resigns,  and  is  succeeded 
by  Baron  Bostrom. 

Sept.  8.  Denmark  removes  the  prohibi- 
tion of  the  importation  of  American 
pork. 

1894  Apr.  2.  Premier  Estrup  tenders 
his  resignation  to  the  king. 

Aug.  7.  The  Cabinet  is  reconstructed, 
with  Baron  Reedtz-Mott  as  Premier. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1868  Aug.  31.  The  Anglo-Danish  tele- 
graph from  Newbiggin  to  Copenhagen  is 
completed. 

1888  May  18.  The  King  of  Denmark 
opens  the  Scandinavian  Exhibition  in 
Coi>enhagen. 

1889  Apr.  6.  The  steamer  Danmark 
sinks  about  800  miles  from  Newfound- 
land ;  Capt.  MurreU  of  the  Missouri 
rescues  all  on  board,  about  735  persons. 

Apr.  12.  The  steamer  Danmark,  of  the 
Thingvalla  line,  is  seen  fioating  in  a 
wrecked  condition,  without  a  person  on 
board,  600  miles  off  the  coast  of  Ireland. 


DOMINICAN     REPUBLIC.     1844,  Feb.  27-1887, 


648 


This  Republic  occupies  the  eastern  and  greater  part  of  the  island  of  Santo  Domingo,  or  Haiti,  West  Indies.  Its  area  is  esti- 
mated at  18,(M5  square  miles,  and  its  population  at  610,000.  The  capital  is  Santo  Domingo.  Tlie  government  is  under  a  Constitu- 
tion, its  President  is  elected  every  four  years  by  universal  suffrage,  and  its  Congress  of  23  members  by  restricted  suffrage.  The 
peoi>le  are  chiefly  of  mixed  blood,  —  Spaniards,  Indian,  and  negro,  with  only  a  few  whites.  Spanish  is  the  language  of  the  people ; 
and  Roman  Catholicism  is  the  state  religion,  but  all  religions  are  tolerated. 

For  the  early  history  of  the  island,  and  the  struggles  between  the  two  republics,  see  Haiti. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 
1844  Feb.  27.  Following  the  revolu- 
tion in  the  west  against  President  Boyer, 
the  inhabitants  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  island  assert  their  independence 
of  the  Haitian  Republic,  and  form  a 
State  called  the  Dominican  Kepublic. 

•  *  A  Constitution  is  adopted. 

Apr.  9.  An  army  of  20,000  Haitians  is 
defeated  near  .Santiago,  and  forced  to 
abandon  its  effort  to  subdue  the  Do- 
minicans, led  by  Pedro  Santaua,  the 
"  liberator." 

1848  Oct.  22.  Prance  recognizes  the 
independence  of  the  Republic,  and  en- 
ters a  treaty  of  commerce. 

1849  Apr.  22.  At  Las  Carreras  400 
Dominicans,  under  Santana,  defeat  the 
invading  Haitian  army,  20,000  strong, 
under  Soulouque. 

•  •Jimenes,  of  Caucasian  blood,  is 
elected    President.     [He   secretly  con- 


spires with  President  Soulouque  of  Haiti, 
who  invades  the  country.] 
Apr.  *  Jimenes  abandons  his  office,  and 
flees  to  Haiti. 

♦  *  Buenaventtira  Baez  is  elected  con- 
stitutional President. 

1850    May*  Great  Britain  recognizes 

the  independence  of  tiie  Republic,  and 
enters  a  treaty  of  amity,  commerce,  and 
navigation. 

*  *  Soulouque  again  leads  an  invasion, 
and  is  defeated. 

1853  *  *  Baez,  having  favored  the  Cler- 
ical party,  is  rejected  by  the  people,  and 
Gen.  Santana  is  chosen  his  successor. 

1854  Oct.  5,  President  Baez  signs  a 
treaty  with  President  Pierce,  U.  S.  A., 
secretly  stipulating  for  the  cession  of 
the  Bay  of  Samana  to  the  United 
States.  [It  fails  of  ratiflcation  at  Wash- 
ington.] 


1857  Feb.  *  By  the  influence  of  French 
and  British  agents,  Baez  is  reelected 
president. 

Sept.  *  Gen.  Santana  successfully  leads 
a  revolutionary  movement  against 
President  Baez. 

1858  •  *  President  Baez  is  overthrown 
by  the  Revolutionists,  and  Liberal  rule  is 
established. 

1862  *  •  -65  *  *  The  Dominion  is  held 

by  Spain. 
1865  *  *  The  Constitution  is  modified. 

1869  Nov.  29.  President  Baez  and 
President  Grant  sign  a  treaty  for  the 
annexation  of  the  Dominican  Repub- 
lic to  the  United  States. 

1870  June  30.  U.  S.  A.  The  Senate 
at  Washington  rejects  the  annexation 
treaty. 

1886  Sept.  1.  Gen.  Ulisea  Heureaux 
is  elected  President. 

1887  *  *  A  new  Constitution  is  adopted. 


ECUADOR. 


Ecuador  is  a  republic  of  South  America,  bordering  the  Pacific,  and  lying  nearly  under  the  equator.  Area  claimed,  275,964 
square  miles,  of  which  about  155,000  are  in  jurisdiction ;  population,  estimated  at  1,260,000.  Capital,  Quito.  The  government  is 
republican  in  form  ;  the  executive  is  a  President  elected  for  a  term  of  four  years  ;  the  Congress  consists  of  an  upi)er  and  a  lower 
house.  The  inhabitants  are  whites  of  Spanish  descent,  Indians,  and  people  of  mixed  blood ;  the  language  chiefly  spoken  is  Span- 
ish ;  and  the  only  religion  tolerated  is  the  Roman  Catholic,  the  religion  of  the  state. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1460  ±  *  *  During  the  reign  of  ITualcopo 
Duchisela  the  conquest  of  Quito  is 
undertaken  by  Tupac  Yupanqui,  the 
Inca  of  Peru. 

•  *  *  Huaina-Capac,  his  son,  completes  the 
conquest  of  Quito  by  a  great  victory 
in  the  battle  of  Haluntaqm. 

1531  *  *  Atahualpa,  King  of  Quito,  de- 
feats an<l  imitrisons  his  brother  Huascar, 
King  of  Peru,  in  his  capital,  and  rules 
the  two  kingdoms. 

1809  *  *  A  revolution  is  attempted  by 
the  colonists,  who  are  defeated  in  five 
or  six  battles. 

1821*  *~24*  *  War  with  Spain.  Gen. 
Bolivar  aids  the  colonists  to  indepen- 
dence. Under  Antonio  Jos6  de  Sucre 
they  defeat  the  Spaniards. 

1822  May  22.  The  Spaniards  are  de- 
feated in  a  battle  fought  on  Mount 
Piehincha,  10,200  feet  above  the  sea. 

May  24.    The  Spaniards  capitulate. 

1824  Dec.  *  A  decisive  battle  is  fought 
at  Ayacucho ;  the  Spaniards  are  de- 
feated by  tlie  Colombian  troops. 

1828  *  *  -29  *  *  War  with  Peru ;  the 
Colombians  defeat  8,000  Peruvian  in- 
vaders. 

1860    Aug.  *  G€n.  Flores  defeats  G^n. 

Franco  in  a  battle. 
1861+  *  *  The  army  under  Gen.  Flores 

la  completely  routed  by  that  of  New 

■Granada. 


1875  Sept.  *  Quito  is  declared  in  a 
state  of  siege  after  the  assassination  of 
the  President. 

1876  Dec.  14.  The  revolutionary  army 
under  Gens.  Vientemilla  and  Urbino,  at 
Galte,  defeats  the  constitutional  army 
under  Gen.  Aparicio. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1755  Apr.  *  Quito  is  destroyed  by  an 
earthquake. 

1796    Feb.  4.   An  earthquake  destroys 

the  entire  country  between  Santa  F6 
and  Panama  ;  40,000  persons  in  the  cities 
of  Cuzco  and  Quito  are  killed  in  one 
second. 

1859    Mar.  22.     An    earthquake    at 

Quito  kills  about  5,000  persona,  and  does 
great  damage  to  property. 

1868  Aug.  *  An  earthquake  kills  30,- 
000  people,  ruins  the  public  buildings  of 
Quito,  and  completely  destroys  many 
towns. 

1877  June  26.  The  most  notable  erup- 
tion of  Cotopaxi  occurs.  Quito  is  in 
complete  darkness  from  the  showers  of 
ashes. 

1883  Dec.  13.   Cotopaxi  is  in  eruption. 

1884  Dec.  13.  An  earthquake  at 
Guayaquil  does  much  damage. 

1885  July  23.  Cotopaxi  is  in  a  state 
of  eruption,  and  a  portion  of  Chimborazo 
at  foot  of  Chimborazo  is  overflowed  with 
lava ;  Quito  is  in  darkness  for  eight 
hours. 


*  *  A  placer  gold-mine  is  di.scovered 
between  Chordeley  and  Gualaceo  ;  this 
gives  a  great  impulse  to  gold-mining. 

1886  Jan.  11-16.  The  volcano  Ttin- 
gurahua  is  active;  ashes  cover  the 
neighboring  country  a  decimeter  in 
depth. 

1889  Mar.  4.  Several  earthquake 
shocks  are  felt  at  Guayaquil. 

LETTERS. 

1874  May  4.  The  Academy  of  Ecua- 
dor is  inaugurated.  (Colleges  arc  in  the 
larger  towns.) 

1876  *  *  Public  instruction  is  Htill  en- 
tirely under  tlie  control  of  the  clergy  and 
the  Christian  lirotliers. 

1890  *  *  Primary  education  is  gratui- 
tous and  compuLsory. 

SOCIETY. 
1845+  *  *  A  convention  is  entered  into 

with  England  for  the  suppression  of  the 

slave-trade. 
1854  *  *  Slavery  is  abolished, 

1875  Feb.  *  The  Government  orders 
$12,000  to  be  paid  to  the  bitthop  of  Guay- 
aquil in  compensation  for  his  trouble 
and  expense  in  erecting  an  orphan  asy* 
lum  and  free  schools. 

Aug.  6.  President  Moreno  is  assassi- 
nated in  the  corridor  of  the  Public 


644     280,  *  *  -1892,  Aug.  30. 


ECUADOR. 


Treasury  in  Quito  by  three  men,  one  of 
whom  is  shot  ou  the  spot. 
1886    Feb.  6.     An  unsuccessful  attempt 
is  made  to  assassinate  the  President ;  a 
riot  ensues  at  Guayaquil. 

CHURCH. 

1850  *  *  President  Diego  Noboa  recalls 
the  Jesuits. 

1867  *  *  By  great  concession,  Protes- 
tants are  permitted  to  have  a  burial- 
ground  at  Quito 

1870  *  *  President  Moreno  subordinates 
the  authority  of  the  Government  to 
that  of  the  church. 

1872  Dec.  *  A  day  is  set  apart  for 
thunksgiving  and  prayer  for  the  Roman 
CathoHc  Church. 

1874  *  *  Ten  per  cent  of  the  revenue  of 
the  church  belonging  to  the  State  is 
made  an  offering  to  the  Pope,  in  spite 
of  the  depressed  condition  of  the 
finances. 

*  *  *  The  oath  of  a  Protestant  has  no 
force  in  a  court  of  justice. 

STATE. 

280  *  *  A  foreign  tribe  is  said  to  have 
forced  its  way  inland  along  the  valley  <if 
the  Ksmeraldas,  and  established  aking- 
dom  at  Quito  ^which  lasts  for  about 
1,200  years].        '    ^ 

1460+  *  *  Quito  is  conquered  by  Peru- 
vians. 

1475  *  *  Huaina  Capac  the  Great  rules 
the  two  kingdoms  38  years. 

1525  *  *  The  kingdom  of  Huaina  Capac 
is  divided  between  his  two  sons;  Ata- 
hualpa  takes  tlie  kingdom  of  Quito,  and 
Huascar  all  that  remains  beside  it. 

1530  *  *  War  breaks  out  between  the 
two  brothers, 

1532  *  *  Huaacar  is  defeated  and  cap- 
tured by  .Vtaliualpa,  who  rules  both 
kingdoms. 

Nov.  16.  Atahualpa  meets  Pizarro. 
(See  p.  20.) 

1533  Aug.  29.  Pizarro  executes 
Atahualpa.    (See  p.  20.) 

*  *  -  34  *  *  Pizarro  gains  possession  of 
the  country. 

1534  *  *  Pedro  de  Alvarado,  governor 
of  Guatemala,  beads  an  expedition  of 
400  men  against  Quito.  [Near  Riobamba 
he  is  met  by  forces  under  Pizarro*8  lieu- 
tenants, Almagro  and  Benalcazar,  and 
is  induced  to  retire.] 

1539  *  *  Gonzalo  Pizarro  is  appointed 
to  command  the  province  of  Quito.  (See 
p.  21.) 

Dec.  25.  Gonzalo  Pizarro  explores  the 
interior.    (See  p.  21.') 

1710*  *  The  colony  is  attached  to  the 
Spanish  vice-royalty  at  Santa  F6. 

1718*  *The  province  of  Quito  is  de- 
tached from  Peru,  and  annexed  to 
New  Granada. 

1722  *  *  The  colony  is  restored  to  Peru. 
[For  many  years  the  colony  lan- 
guishes.] 


*  *  An  insurrection  of  Indians  breaks 
out ;  the  insurgents  kill  the  proprietors, 
and  destroy  all  traces  of  the  mines. 

1809  *  *  The  colonists  make  an  unsuc- 
cessful effort  for  freedom  from  Span- 
ish rule. 

1821  July  *  The  Republic  of  Colom- 
bia is  formed  by  the  union  of  Ecuador, 
New  Granada,  and  Venezuela, 

1831  *  *  Ecuador  withdraws  from  Co- 
lombia, following  the  example  of  Ven- 
ezuela; Gen.  Juan  Jos^  Flores  is  the 
first  President. 

*  *■—  1852  *  *  History  becomes  a  series 
of  prnnunciamentoit  and  attempted  rev- 
olutions. 

1835  *  *  Vicente  Rocafuerte  becomes 
President. 

1839  *  *  Gen.  Flores  regains  the  presi- 
dency. 

1843  *  *  The  Constitution  is  adopted. 

*  *  Gen.  Flores  is  elected  President  for 
the  third  time. 

He  soon  accepts  the  title  generalis- 
simo  and  a  sum  of   20,000  pesos,  and 
leaves  the  country  to  his  rivals. 
1845  *  *  Gen.  Roca  is  elected  President. 

A  period  of  great  confusion  follows. 
1850  *  *  Diego  Noboa  is  elected  Presi- 
dent. 

A  rupture  occurs  with  New  Granada 
respecting  the  harboring  of  refugees. 

*  *  Urbina»  a  Democrat,  becomes  a  prac- 
tical dictator. 

1852  *  *  The  Constitution  is  modified. 
1856*  *  Gen.    Francisco   Robles   is 

elected  President. 
[He  secures  the  adoption  of  the  French 

system  of  coinage,  weights,  and  inea,s- 

ures.] 

1859  Aug.  21.  President  Robles  abdi- 
cates after  refusing  to  sign  the  treaty 
with  Peru. 

*  *  Gen.  Franco  becomes  President. 

1861  Jan.  *  Dr.  Gabriel  Garcia  Mo- 
reno is  elected  President  by  the  Conser- 
vative party. 

1864  *  *  President  Moreno  resigns,  but 

his  resignation  is  unaccepted. 

1865  May*  The  Democrats  imder  Ur- 
biuo,  Franco,  and  Robles  lead  an  in- 
surrection, and  seize  a  government 
war-steamer  at  Guayaquil. 

June  *  President  Moreno  seizes  a  mail- 
steamer  sailing  under  the  British  flag, 
and  captures  three  small  steamers  of 
the  insurgents,  and  quells  the  rebellion ; 
20  of  the  captured  rebels  are  shot,  among 
whom  are  the  leaders. 

Aug.  4.  Geronimo  Carrion  is  elected 
President. 

1866  Jan.  *  Ecuador  unites  with  Chile 
and  Peru  in  an  alliance  for  the  banisb- 
ment  of  all  Spanish  subjects. 

1867  Nov.  *  President  Carrion  re- 
3ig:ns  because  of  a  vote  of  censure  hav- 
ing been  passed  upon  him  by  Congress. 

*  *  Pedro  Jo86  de  Arteta,  Vice-Presi- 
dent, assumes  control  of  the  Govern- 
ment, and  the  old  Cabinet  is  recon- 
structed. 

Dec.  15.  A  new  election  is  called,  and 
Carrion  is  reelected. 


*  *  Congress  revokes  the  extraordinary 
powers  of  the  President,  by  which  he 
was  allowed  to  imprison  any  person  con- 
sidered dangerous  to  public  order. 

1868  Jan.*  XavierEspinosa  is  elected 
President. 

1869  *  *  Ex-president  Moreno  heads  a 
revolution,  and  seizes  the  government. 

1873  *  *  Copper  money  becomes  legal 
tender. 

1875  Aug.  6.  President  Moreno  is 
assassinated. 

*  *  -Dec.  8.  Dr.  Borreo  is  elected  Pres- 
ident. 

1876  Sept.  f  *  Vientemilla,  military  com- 
mandant at  Guayaquil,  leads  a  success- 
ful revolt  against  the  Government.  [He 
becomes  President.] 

1877  *  *  Tlie  Conservatives  are  over- 
thrown by  the  "Terrorists  of  the 
North,**  led  by  Gen.  Yepez. 

*  *  Political  nuitters  are  in  a  state  of  an- 
archy. 

1878  ♦  *  Two  Vice-Presidents  are  ap- 
pointed to  replace  the  President  should 
circumstances  require  it. 

1882  Aug.  *  Vientemilla  provokes  a 
revolution  to  enable  liim  to  again  be 
appointed  Supreme  Chief,  an  office  which 
he  had  filled  for  six  years. 

1883  Jan.  *  The  revolutionary  move- 
ment having  become  general.  Gen.  Sa- 
lazai  leads  a  successful  attack. 

Jan.  *  Gen.  Alfaro  becomes  dictator. 

1884  Feb.  12.  Jos§  Maria  Placido 
Caamans  is  elected  President. 

Nov.  6.  Gen.  Alfaro  leaves  the  Bay  of 
Panama  at  the  head  of  a  rebel  force. 

1885  July  *  Congress  passes  a  new  tar- 
iff bill,  raising  the  import  and  export 
dues. 

*  *  liighthouse  dues  are  levied. 

1885  Dec.  *  The  Government  sends  a 
colonizing  expedition  to  the  Galapa- 
gos Archipelago. 

1889  Sept.  22.  The  Government  issues 
an  order  prohibiting  Chinese  immi- 
gration. 

Oct.  30.  A  new  ministry  is  formed, 
and  consists  of  Carlos  K.  Tabor,  of  Inte- 
rior and  Foreign  Affairs ;  Francisco  Cam- 
po,  of  Finance ;  Elias  Lazo,  of  Public 
Instruction  and  Justice  ;  and  Gen.  Julio 
Saenz,  of  War. 

1890  Oct.  13.  The  Government  de- 
crees that  in  future  all  profits  realized 
from  the  sale  of  gunpowder  (a  Gov- 
ernment monopoly)  shall  be  devoted  to 
the  furtherance  of  missionary  work  in 
the  eastern  and  almost  unknown  regions 
of  the  Republic. 

1892  Aug.  30.  President  Cordera's 
Cabinet  is  announced,  with  Sefior  Vi- 
cente Lucio  Salazar  as  Minister  of  Inte- 
rior and  Foreign  Affairs. 


MISCEtLAHEOUS. 

1495±  *  •  Atahualpa,  Inca.,  is  born. 

1525  Nov.*  Huyana  Capac,  the 
Great,  dies. 

1859  *  *  The  first  carriage  is  intro- 
duced into  Quito. 


EGYPT. 


5004  B.C.-3633  b.c.      645 


EkivPT  is  a  country  in  Northeastern  Africa,  tributary  to  Turkey,  but  under  the  control  of  England.  Egypt  proper  consists  of 
the  fertile  valley  of  the  Nile,  a  territory  averaging  eight  miles  wide  in  its  fertile  part,  with  the  desert  beyond,  and  extending  850 
miles  to  Wady  Haifa,  at  the  Second  Cataract.  There  are  14  provinces,  with  Cairo  as  the  capital ;  area,  10,698  square  miles  ;  popu- 
lation, 6,817,2(S.  The  ruler  is  a  hereditary  despot,  called  the  Khedive;  the  inhabitants  are  a  mixture,  —  Egyptians,  Nubians, 
Abyssinians,  Ijevautines,  Turks,  Negroes,  Armenians,  Jews,  and  European  races  ;  the  common  language  is  Arabic,  though  many 
use  the  Coptic  or  native  Egyptian  tongue,  and  the  Mohammedan  religion  chiefly  prevails. 

The  prosperity  of  the  country  has  ever  dependwl  on  the  inundation  of  the  Nile,  which  begins  about  the  middle  of  June  at 
Cairo,  and  subsides  about  the  middle  of  November. 

The  chronology  favored  by  Mariette  is  followed  until  the  time  of  the  conquest  by  Alexander  the  Great ;  many  important 
events,  however,  have  additional  dates,  approved  by  other  authorities.  *'  The  chronological  riddle  [of  ancient  Egypt]  is  unsolv- 
able.  The  list  of  early  kings  furnished  by  Mantheo,  who  wrote  2,000  years  after  their  time,  has  no  certain  value."  (Kawlinson.) 
Many  of  the  kings  have  two  names,  a  throne  and  a  personal  name.  Nearly  all  dates  have  an  uncertain  value  until  the  Fourth 
Dynasty,  b.  c.  4235,  when  the  monuments  afford  dates  for  Egyptian  events. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
3733±  •  *  B.  c.    Khufu  is  exceptionally 
a  warrior  king. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

4300±  *  *  B.  c.  The  first  recorded  fam- 
ine occurs,  during  the  reign  of  the  fourth 
king. 

4133  *  *  B.  c.  An  earthquake  destroys 
many  lives. 

3766  *  •  B.  c.  The  history  of  Egyptian 
monument-building  begins  with  Sene- 
feru,  who  appears  to  be  the  same  as 
Soris. 

3733*  *B.c.  Khufu  (Cheops)  builds  the 
Great  Pyramid  for  his  tomb. 

It  is  the  most  prodigious  construction 
ever  erected  by  the  hands  of  man  ;  He- 
rodotus says  it  required  the  labor  of  100,- 
000  men  for  20  years  in  its  construction  ; 
10  years  were  previously  employed  in 
making  the  road  from  the  quarry  to  the 
selected  site,  a  distance  of  3,051  feet,  and 
constructed  of  highly  polished  stone 
with  figures  engraved  upon  it. 

3666  *  *  n.c.  Two  statues  of  this  pe- 
riod [remain],  representing  King  Khaf- 
Ra;  they  are  in  green  basalt. 

*  *  B.  c.  Khaf-ra  builds  the  second  pyra- 
mid. 

*'  It  is  probable  that  Khaf-Ra built  the 
small  temple  behind  the  Sphinx,  which 
he  adorned  with  his  statues.  The  stones 
are  polished,  and  fit  to  ahair's  breadth." 
(Kawlinson.) 

The  pyramids  are  placed  with  astro- 
nomical exactness. 
3633  *  *  B.  c.    Men-kau-Ra     builds     a 
modest  tomb.    [Succeeding  moiuirchs 
follow  his  example.) 

Art  in  Egyptian  statuary  never  sur- 
passed this  period,  yet  it  in  exceedingly 
inferior  to  that  of  archaic  Greek. 

Men-kau-Ra  builds  the  third  pyra- 
mid at  Gizeh. 

Monuments  cease  to  reveal  the  history 
of  Egypt  [for  more  than  400  years]. 

CHURCH. 
Note.  —  The  relig^ion  of  Egypt  may  natu- 
rally divide  its  history  into  three  periods,- 
the  heathen.  Christian,  and  Mohamme- 
dan. 

Tlie  following  descriptions  of  the  reli- 
gion of  the  early  Egyptians  are  chiefly 
taken  from  Rawlinaon. 
4100  *  *  B.  c.  Ka-Kau  (Kaiechos)  intro- 
duces the  worship  of  the  bulls  of  Apis 
at  Memphis;  the  worship  of  Minerva 
is  observed  at  Memphis  near  the  I>elta. 

The  real  practical  religion  of  the 
primitive  period  is  the  worship  of 
ancestors. 

The  sepulchral  chambers  are  the 
true  temples  for  worship  in  the  earliest 


period ;  here  hymns  are  sung,  offerings 
made,  and  services  conducted,  from 
which  both  the  dead  and  the  living  are 
expected  to  derive  advantage. 

The  early  Egyptians  "  viewed  their 
ancestors  as  still  living,  and  as  inter- 
ested in  the  condition  and  prospects  of 
their  descendants  ;  they  regarded  them 
as  invested  with  a  quasi-divinity." 

There  appears  "  at  the  root  of  the 
Egyptian  religion  the  belief  in  a  future 
life,  and  of  happiness  or  misery  beyond 
the  grave.'* 

Embalming  is  practised  long  before 
the  construction  of  the  pyramids. 

The  composition  of  the  Book  of  the 
Dead  '*  was  ascribed  to  the  gods." 

3666*  *B.  c.  The  queen  of  Khaf-Ra 
is  high-priestess  of  Thoth. 

36331  *  *  B.  c.  In  the  reign  of  Men- 
kau-Ra  religion  no  longer  regards  the 
souls  of  the  just  **  as  retaining  their 
individuality  in  the  other  world,  but  as 
identified,  each  and  all,  with  Osiris  him- 
self, and  were  thought  to  be  at  any  rate 
temporarily  absorbed  into  his  divine 
being.'* 

*  *  B.  c.  King  Men-kau-Ra  pays  special 
attention  to  religion,  and  dedicates 
himself  to  Ra,  the  sun-god,  and  cares 
for  the  temples. 

LETTERS. 

*  *  •  B.  c.  The  records  of  the  first  dy- 
nasties of  Egypt  exhibit  a  literature 
already  existing  and  elaborated. 

The  walls  of  the  interior  of  sepulchral 
chambers  are  covered  with  long  inscrip- 
tions which  gave  the  titles  and  employ- 
ments, honors,  and  possessions  or  the 
deceased.  "  The  different  kinds  of  hier- 
oglyphs, symbolic,  determinative,  pho- 
netic, are  all  in  use."    (Rawllnson.) 

4366  ♦  ♦  B.  c.  King  Athothis,  a  physi- 
cian, writes  anatomical  books. 

3766±  *  *  B.  c.  Seneferu,  the  first  of  the 
pyramid  kings,  ''is  the  first  Egyptian 
monarch  who  has  left  behind  him  an  in- 
scription"—  the  tablet  at  Wady  Ma- 
gharah.    (Kawlinson.) 

SOCIETY. 

4066*  *B.  c.  In  the  reign  of  Ba-en- 
neter  (Binothris)  a  law  is  passed  per- 
mitting women  to  hold  the  sovereign 
power. 

3733i:  *  *  B.  c,  Egyptian  society  is  di- 
vided into  classes.  Intolerable  bond- 
age is  caused  by  the  labor  of  building 
the  pyramids. 

3633+  *  *  B.  c.  Men-kau-Ra  selects  a 
youth  named  Petah-ases  from  among 


the  common  people,  and  rears  him  in 
the  palace  with  his  own  children. 

STATE. 
5004±  *  *-3064±*  *B.c.     The   An- 
cient Empire:  it  lasts  1,940  years. 

The  foundation  of  the  Egyptian  mon- 
archy begins.    (Mariette.) 

I,  Dynasty :  It  is  established  at  Thinis  In 
Upper  Egypt. 

4400  *  *  B.  c.  Mena  is  the  first  authen- 
tic king. 

Mena,  or  Misraim,  the  half  mythical 
founder  of  the  nation,  is  said  to  have 
conquered  lower  Egypt,  and  built  his 
capital  at  Memphis.  (Biickh,  B.  c.  5702  ; 
linger,  5613;  Lenormant,  5004;  Brugsch- 
Bey,  4455;  Lauth,  4157.  Lepsius,  3892; 
Bunsen,  3G2S;  Poole,  2717;  Wilkinson, 
2691 ;  Kawlinson,  2700.) 

4366  *  *  B.  c.  Teta  reigns.  He  founds 
the  palace  at  Memphis.  [4333,  Atet : 
4300,  Ata;  4266,  Hesep-ti ;  4233,  Mer-ba- 
pen;  4200,  Semen-Ptah ;  4160,  Qebh.] 

n.  Dynasty:  Established  at  Thinis  in 
Upper  Egypt. 

4133  *  *  B.C.  Neter-bain(Boethosor  Bu- 
tan)  reigns.    [4100,  Ka-Kau  (Kaiechos).] 

4066  *  *  B.  c.  Ba-en-neter  (Binothris) 
reigns.  A  law  is  passed  decreeing  that 
women  mav  hold  the  sovereign  power. 
[4033,  Uat,  -nes  ;  4000,  Senta.] 

m.  Dynasty:  Established  at  Memphis 
in  Middle  Egypt,  south  of  Cairo,  on  the 
Nile. 

3966  *  *  B.  c.    T'at'ai  reigns. 

5933  *  *  B.  c.  Neb  -  Ka  (Necherophes) 
reigns.  The  Libyans  revolt,  and  then 
return  to  their  allegiance.  [3900,  Ser; 
3866,  Teta  ;  3833,  Set'es ;  3SO0,  Nefer-ka- 
Ra  and  Hunl  reign.] 

3766  *  *  B.  c.  Seneferu  (Senoferu,  or 
Soris)  reigns.  Prosperity  attends  this 
good  and  beneficent  king. 

rV.  Dynasty:  Established  at  Memphis 
in  Middle  Egypt ;  it  has  been  called  the 
pyramid  dynasty,  and  is  the  culminat- 
ing period  of  the  Ancient  Empire. 

*  *  B.  c.  Egyptian  history  now  emerges 
from  the  mists  of  obscurity,  and  discloses 
a  genuine  and  progressive  civilization. 

3733*  *  B.  c.  Khufu  (Suphisl,  or 
Cheops)  reigns. 

He  is  the  greatest  kin^  of  this  period, 
and  distinguishes  lii.s  reign  by  building 
the  Great  Pyramid  ;  he  holiia  )iis  people 
in  a  condition  of  intolerable  bondage 
while  building  his  monuments. 

3700  *  *  B.  c.    Tat-f-Ra  (Ratatf)  reigns. 
3666  *  *  Khaf-Ra  (Shafra)  reigns. 

[He  is  the  first  of  the  kings  who  has 

given  to  modern  times  his  statue ;  two 

of  the  statues  are  known.] 


646 


3633  B.C.-1700  B.C. 


EGYPT. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

3533 ±  *  *  B.  c.  King  Sahu-Ra  leads  a 
military  expedition  into  the  Sinaitic 
region  of  Avabia. 

*  *  The  kings  of  this  period  are  disin- 
clined to  war. 

34331  *  *  II.  c.  User-en-Ra  leads  a  mil- 
itary expedition  into  the  Sinaitic  pe- 
ninsula. 

3233  b  *  *  n.  0.  A  martial  spirit  is  first 
seen  in  the  VI.  Dynjvsty  ;  Una,  the  com- 
manding general  for  King  Pepi  I.,  con- 
ducts five  military  expeditions  against 
the  Herusha,  who  dwell  in  the  desert 
east  of  lower  Egypt. 

3166+ *  *B.  c.  Pepi  II.  is  the  first 
Egyptian  king  given  to  war. 

He  leads  an  expedition  into  the  Sina- 
itic peninsula  against  Mentuoh  and  an- 
other against  tlie  Anui  and  the  Herusha  ; 
he  also  subdues  the  negroes,  and  gathers 
an  innnense  army  for  liis  expeditious ; 
the  war  spirit  inspires  his  people. 

2466  *  *  -2266  *  *  b.  c.  The  Egyptian 
kings  carry  on  military  operations 
against  the  troublesome  Ethiopians  ;  the 
fortresses  of  Kumneh  and  Semneh  are 
hnilt  on  either  side  of  the  Nile  to  protect 
the  realm  from  invaders. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

3566*  *  B.  c.  User-ka-f  builds  a  small 
pyramid,  and  calls  it  Uab-asu,  "the 
most  holy  of  all  places." 

±  Dancing  of  a  solemn  and  formal 
movement,  with  the  sexes  apart  from 
each  other,  is  practised ;  the  harp, 
flute>  and  pipe  are  employed  at  ban- 
quets. 

3533  *  *  B.  c.  King  Sahu-Ra  erects  a 
pyramid,  and  calls  it  Sha-ba,  or  "the 
rising  of  the  soul." 

3500  *  *  B.  c.  Kakaa  begins  the  tomb 
of  Ti,  "the  marvel  of  Succarah." 

3433  *  *  B.  c.  User-en-Ra  builds  the 
Pyramid  of  Abousir,  the  smallest  of 
the  three  great  pyramids,  the  base  be- 
ing only  274  feet  square,  and  the  eleva- 
tion 171  feet  and  four  inches.  Many 
magnificent  tombs  are  erected  in  his 
reign. 

3400±  *  *  B.  c.  Representations  of  King 
Men-kau-Hor  are  cut  in  relief  on  the 
walls  of  the  great  Serapeum  near  Mem- 
phis. 

3166  *  *  B.  c.  King  Pepi  builds  a  pyra- 
mid tomb  which  he  calls  Mennefer, 
"  the  good  abode ; "  he  repairs  the  Tem- 
ple of  Athor  at  Denderah  and  Ham- 
man  at. 

3066  *  *  -2630  *  *  b.  c.  For  a  period  of 
436  years  the  monuments  are  almost 
silent  respe.cting  the  history  of  Egypt. 

2433  *  *  n.  o.  Usertsen  erects  the  obe- 
lisk of  pink  granite  [which  still  stands], 
66  feet  high,  upon  the  site  of  Heliopolis  ; 
"  the  earliest  monument  of  the  kind  pos- 
sessing any  considerable  grandeur.'* 
(Rawljnson.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Usertsen  constructs  temples 
at  Tanis,  at  Abydos,  and  Eileithyia, 
"■which  were  adorned  with  sculptures, 
inscriptions,  and  colossal  statues.'* 

2400  *  *  B.  c.    Indigo-dyeing  is  known. 


2300*  *-22e6*  *B,C.  Amen-era-hat 
111.  is  famous  for  his  engineering  works ; 
he  buildsa  dam  27  miles  long,  averaging 
30  feet  high,  by  which  the  artificial  lake 
called  Moeris  is  formed;  it  is  14  miles 
long,  6  to  H  wide,  and  covers  40  square 
miles ;  it  is  constructed  for  storing 
water.  He  also  builds  the  famous  Laby- 
rinth, a  large  palace  for  ceremonial  acts 
and  sacrifices. 

±  *  *  B.  c.  The  Temple  of  Ajnmon  is 
commenced  by  Amen-em-hat,  at  Karnak, 
opposite  Thebes. 

He  also  builds  a  palace  adorned  with 
gold,  having  a  roof  of  blue,  and  walls 
of  stones  fastened  together  with  iron 
clamps  ;  he  said  it  was  made  for  eternity 
[but  it  has  disappeared]. 

2240  *  *  B.  c.    Glass  is  known  and  used. 

2000  *  *  B.  c.  XV.  and  XVI.  Dynasties  : 
The  Hyksos  arrest  tlie  production  of 
art;  no  monument  exposes  this  miser- 
able period  of  Egyptian  history.  (Mari- 
ette.) 

Glass  and  pottery  increase  in  ele- 
gance ;  the  Egyptians  brew  beer  from 
barley ;  tanning  is  known. 

1700*  *-1400*  *B.c.  Egyptianarch- 
itecture  reaches  its  highest  perfection 
under  the  XVIII.  and  XIX.  Dynasties. 

The  arts  of  life  are  much  developed; 
costumes  are  more  elaborate ;  houses 
more  artistic  and  increased  provision 
for  comfort  appear.  Horses  are  intro- 
duced from  Asia ;  the  chariot  takes  the 
place  of  the  palanquin.  "The  young 
dandy  prided  himself  on  the  strength 
and  lightness  of  his  vehicle,  the  perfect 
shape  and  condition  of  his  carriage 
horses,  the  beauty  of  their  trappings ,  and 
his  owTi  skill  in  driving  them."  (Raw- 
linson.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Aahmes  is  a  liberal  patron 
of  art;  his  colossi  are  immense. 

XVIII.  Dynasty  :  Monuments  are 
erected  along  the  Nile  in  both  Upper 
and  Lower  Egypt. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  hypogea  of  Beni-Hasan 
and  of  Siut  are  erected  during  the  time 
of  the  Middle  Empire ;  also  the  Colo^ 
of  San  and  of  Abydos  and  the  obe- 
lisks of  Materiyeh  and  Beyig. 

XVIII.  Dynasty :  Queen  Hatshepsu 
commences  the  two  great  obelisks  at 
Kamak,u3ne  of  which  is  completed  and 
crowned  with  pyramidions  of  pure  gold 
taken  from  conquered  foes;  she  also 
builds  the  Temple  of  Der-el-Bahari, 

CHURCH. 

3533  *  *  B.  c.  Sahu-Ra  announces  him- 
self on  his  sculpture  as  "  the  great  god 
who  strikes  down  all  nations." 

Sahu-Ra  names  the  pyramid  he  erects 
Sha-ba,  "the  rising  of  the  soul,"  to 
mark  his  belief  in  the  resurrection  of 
the  dead. 

3466  *  *  B.  c.  Nefer-f-Ra  builds  a  pyra- 
mid tomb  called  Menaukh,  "  the  abode 
of  life." 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  Egyptians  divide  their 
gods  into  two  classes,  the  universal 
and  the  local. 

3433*  *  B.  c.  User-en-Ra  takes  the  titles 
of  divinity,  the  great  god,  lord  of  the 
two  lands,  king  of  Egypt,  king  of  the 


upper  and  lower  countries  conquering 
Horus,  and  son  of  the  sun. 

*  *  *  n.  c.  During  the  V.  Dynasty  the 
ancient  gods  are  worshiped,  including 
Ra,  Set,  Thoth,  Hor,  Osiris,  Isis-Athor, 
Phthah,  and  Anabis ;  there  are  traces 
of  the  worship  of  Nut,  Seb,  Khen,  Kiiepli^ 
Keith,  Ma,  Saf,  and  Heka. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  ""prophets"  include 
persons  of  both  sexes.  The  passage  of 
souls  through  the  lower  world  is  plainly 
taught.  Osiris  is  worshiped  as  the 
great  ruler  of  the  dead.  Animal  wor- 
ship is  practised ;  a  white  bull  and  a 
sacred  heifer  are  regarded  as  possessing 
a  divine  character. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  Sothiac  festival  is  first 
discovered  during  the  XI.  Dynasty ; 
feasts  are  held  at  stated  periods  in 
honor  of  tlie  gods  Khem,  Phthah-Sokari, 
and  Thoth. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Ammon,  the  great  god,  is 
worshiped  ;  his  chief  temple  and  oracle 
is  at  Thebes. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  XII.  Dynasty  :  Religion  is 
modified  by  the  elevation  of  Amnion 
to  the  headship  of  the  Pantheon, 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Sabak  is  advanced  "  from  a 
local  or  subordinate  position  to  0!ie  of 
high  rank  among  the  universal  divini- 
ties of  the  country."    (Rawlinson.) 

*  *  *B.  c.  The  kings  are  more  absolutely 
worshiped  than  in  previous  dynasties. 

2876±  *  *  B.  c.  Abraham  visits  Egypt. 
(Wilkinson.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Joseph,  the  Hebrew  slave, 
is  elevated  to  the  oflice  of  jirinie  minister 
under  one  of  the  Shepherd  kings,  prob- 
ably Apepi ;  and  being  of  a  kindred  race, 
it  more  easily  explains  his  remarkable 
promotion. 

Apepi  introduces  the  worship  of  Set, 
or  Sutekh,  into  the  Delta,  and  sends  a 
message  to  Sakenen-Ra,  a  native  prince, 
to  give  up  the  worsliip  of  Amen-Ra,  and 
honorthe  new  divinity  alone;  his  refusal 
brings  on  general  war  and  the  expulsion 
of  the  Hyksos. 

2754  *  *  B.  c.  The  Israelites  migrate 
from  Canaan  to  Egypt.    (Wilkinson.) 

*  *  *  B.  C.  Tlie  Hyksos  are  monotheists, 
and  hate  polytheism,  therefore  they 
destroy  the  temples  indiscriminately  and 
with  them  the  records  they  contain  ; 
they  also  forbid  the  worship  of  the 
native  gods. 

ITOOi:  *  *  B.  c.  Aahmes  restores  the 
temples  wlilch  had  been  thrown  down 
by  the  Hyksos. 

LETTERS. 
3366±  *  *B.C.    A  papyrus  is  written  dur- 
ing  the  reign   of   Tat-Ka-ra  by  Ptah- 
hotep,    "  probably   the   most    ancient 
manuscript  in  the  world." 

"  Its  subject  is  the  proper  conduct  of 
life,  and  tne  advantages  to  be  derived 
from  right  behavior ;  it  is  called  the 
book  of  the  Prince  Ptah-hotep.  The 
writer  says  he  is  110  years  old  when 
writing."    (Rawlinson.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.    '^Ijiteratvire  grows  in  repute 

as  a  profession."    (Rawlinson.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  birth  of  history  occurs 
in  the  form  of  a  lengthy  biographical 
memoir  of  an  official,  which  is  in- 
scribed on  his  tomb. 


EGYPT. 


3633  B. C.-1700  B.C. 


647 


SOCIETY. 

3566  »  *  B.  c.  During  the  VI.  Dynasty 
simplicity  of  dress  yields  to  ornamenta- 
tion ;  wine  becomes  an  important  prod- 
uct of  the  land ;  both  wine  and  beer 
are  drunk  by  the  Egyptians. 

3066 1  *  »  I),  c.  Queen  Nitocrls  avenges 
the  assassination  of  her  brother  by  in- 
veigling his  murderers  into  a  subterra- 
nean gallery,  where  they  are  drowned  by 
flooding  the  passage. 

*  •  •n.  c.  During  the  XI.  Dynasty  Egypt 
is  the  only  country  in  the  world  that 
is  both  cultivated  and  civilized ;  bar- 
barism abounds  elsewhere. 

24661:**  B.C.  During  the  XII.  Dynasty 
civilization  advances  in  all  of  its 
branches,  especially  during  the  reign  of 
Usertsen  III. 

*  *  *  B.  c.    The  second  civilization  of 

Egypt  occurs. 

Unlike  the  first,  which  "  was  egoistic, 
self-seeking,  stately,  cold,  cruel, "^  it 
"  was  utilitarian,  beneficent,  appealing 
less  to  the  eye  than  to  the  mind,  but  ju- 
dicious, far-sighted  in  its  aims,  and  most 
successful  in  the  results."    (Kawlinson.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Productive  pursuits  sup- 
plant monument  building;  the  welfare 
of  subjects,  instead  of  the  glorification 
of  rulers,  becomes  the  aim  of  civilization. 

*  *  •  n.  0.  Luxury  increases ;  "  Pal- 
aces are  painted,  and  adorned  with  gold." 

Bracelets  are  worn  by  both  men  and 
women  and  anklets  by  the  latter  exclu- 
sively; men  sometimes  wear  artificial 
beards  attached  to  their  wigs  ;  grandees 
are  carried  in  highly  ornamented  lit- 
ters. (Itawlinson.) 
2240i:**B.  c.  XV.  and XVI. Dynasties: 
The  invading  Hyksos  massacre  the  peo- 
ple, and  pillage  and  destroy  the  temples 
with  their  records  ;  after  a  time  they 
adopt  tlie  ways  and  dress  of  the  Egyp- 
tians. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  civilization  of  Egygt  is 
annihilated  by  the  Hyksos,  but  an  im- 
proved civilization  follows.  (Rawlinson.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  In  the  XVIII.  and  XIX.  Dy- 
nasties indecency  of  dress  is  common. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Punishment  is  inflicted  by 
the  bastinado  on  both  men  and  women 
stripped  naked. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Captives  are  subject  to  sla- 
very or  death. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  To  keep  the  fealty  of  the 
slaves,  their  bodies  are  systematically 
mutilated. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Polygamy  is  introduced,  and 
honored  by  royal  prestige. 

STATE. 

3633  *  *  B.  0.  Men-kau-Ra  (Mencheres), 
the  founder  of  the  third  pyramid,  reigns ; 
he  is  a  just  ruler  and  a  kind  man. 

3600  •  *  B.  c.    Shepses-ka-f  reigns. 

v.  Dynasty :  Established  at  Elephan- 
tine, near  the  First  Cataract. 

3566  *  •  B.  c.  User-ka-f  reigns.  [3533, 
Sahu-Ba ;  3500,  Kakaa.] 

3466  •  *  B.  c.  Nefer-f-Ra(Shepses-ka-Ra) 
reigns.  He  has  a  double  name,  both  a 
throne  and  personal  name,  like  many 
following  kings. 

3433  *  *  User-en-Ra  and  An  reign. 


3400  *  *  B.  c.  Men-kau-hor  reigns.  He 
is  enthroned  while  yet  a  youth. 

3366  *  *  B.  c.  Tat-Ka-Ea  (Assa)  reigns. 
[3333,  Unas.] 
VT.  Dynasty:  Established  atMemphis. 
A  new  family  succeeds  to  the  throne, 
having  its  origin  at  Memphis.  History 
begins  to  assume  greater  importance, 
and  Egypt  begins  to  appear  as  a  united 
monarchy. 

3300  *  *  B.  c.  Teta  reigns.  [3266,  User- 
ka-Ra  (Ati) ;  3233,  Meri-Ra  (Pepi  I.) ;  he 
has  a  long  and  successful  reign.] 

3200  *  *  n.  c.  Mer-en-Ba  (Hor-em-sa-f ) 
reigns,  succeeding  his  father  in  a  short 
reign.  Una  is  made  governor  of  Upper 
Egypt. 

3166  *  •  B.  c.  Nefer-Ka-Ra  (Pepi  II.,  or 
Apappus)  succeeds  his  older  brother ; 
he  reigns  20  years,  and  is  described  as  a 
giant.  [Many  believe  that  his  mother 
was  associated  with  her  son.] 
3133**  B.C.     Mer-en-se(?)-em-sa-f 

reigns. 
3100*  •B.C.  Neter-ka-Ra  reigns. 
3066  *  *  B.  c.  Men-ka-Ra  (Nit^aqert,  or 
Queen  Nitocris)  reigns.  [She  is  the  only 
queen  having  a  sole  reign ;  she  is  cele- 
brated for  her  beauty  and  nobility  of 
mind.] 

[3000-2600  B.  c.  The  monuments  give 
scarcely  any  information.] 

Vn.-XI.  Dynasties:  Egypt  is  disin- 
tegrated. 

The  kingdoms  of  Memphis,  Heracle- 
opas,  and  Thebes  are  mentioned ;  and 
the  latter  becomes  a  free  city  of  much 
importance,  and  the  seat  of  sovereign 
power. 

Civilization  appears  arrested,  and 
Egypt  seems  to  disappear  from  the  na- 
tions for  436  years. 
3033*  *  B.  c.  Nefer-ka-Ra  reigns. 
[3000,  Nefer-ka-Ra-nebi ;  2966,  Tat-ka- 
Ra-Maat  ;  2933,  Nefer-ka-Ba-khentu ; 
2900,  Mer-en-Hor  ;  2866,  Se-nefer-ka-Ba ; 
28.33,  Ka-en-Ra  ;  2800,  Nefer-ka-Ra-terer  ; 
2766,  Xefer-ka-Hor ;  2733,  Nefer-ka-Ra- 
Pepi-senb ;  2700,  Nef  er-ka-Ra-annu ;  2666, 
Nefer-kau-Ra.J 

*  *  The  Middle  Kingdom :  Extending 
from  the  XI.  Dynasty  to  the  XVIII.  It 
lasts  1,361  years. 

2600  *  ♦  B.  c.    Nefer-kau-Hor  reigns. 

2566  *  *  B.  c.    Nefer-ari-ka-Ka  reigns. 

2533  *  *  B.  c.  Neh-kher-Ra  (Mentu-ho- 
tep  V.)  reigns.  He  sinks  wells  in  the 
desert  for  the  use  of  caravans,  and  ex- 
tends commerce. 

*  *  *  Many  immigrants  arrive  in  fertile 
Egypt. 

2500  *  *  B.  0.  Se-ankh-ka-Ra  reigns  at 
Thebes. 

Xn.  Dynasty :  Established  in  Upper 
Egypt. 

Thebes  is  chosen  for  the  first  time  the 
seat  of  sovereign  power  ;  the  nation 
awakes  from  its  long  [slumbers  ;  great 
changes  take  place,  so  that  old  family 
names,  the  titles  of  oflicials,  the  writ- 
ing, and  even  the  religion  seem  new. 
»  *  *  B.  c.  A  brilliant  epoch  follows  the 
long  night  of  436  years.  ITie  Usertsens 
and  Amen-em-hats  become  forever  fa- 
mous. 
2466  *  *  B.  c.  Se-hotep-ab-Ra  (Amen- 
em-hat  I.),  the  founder,  rules  with 
great  energy  and  success,  and  probably 
extends  the  power  of  Egypt  up  the  Nile 
and  over  a  part  of  Nubia. 


2433  *  *  B.  c.  Kheper-ka-Ra  (Usertsen 
1.)  succeeds  his  father,  after  being  asso- 
ciated with  him  for  a  few  years. 

One  of  a  famous  line  of  energetic  kings, 
he  reigns  for  35  years  after  his  father's 
death ;  the  Empire  is  in  the  highest  pros- 
perity since  the  IV.  Dynasty;  he  con- 
tinues the  conquests  of  Amen-em-hat  I., 
and  erects  obelisks. 

2400  *  •  B.  <:.  Nub-kau-Ra  (Amen-em- 
hat  n.)  succeeds  his  father,  after  being 
associated  with  him  for  six  years,  and 
reigns  alone  for  13  years:  the  Empire 
flourishes. 

2366  *  *  Kha-kheper-Ra  (Usertsen  II.) 
reigns,  and  prosperity  continues. 

2333  *  *  B.  c.  Kha-kau-Ra  (Usertsen 
TTT-)  reigns.  [He  is  one  of  the  most 
famous  kings  of  this  dynasty.] 

He  introduces  a  settled  government  in 
Nubia,  and  annexes  Northern  Nubia ; 
Egyptian  civilization  is  probably  at  its 
hig'hest  point. 

2300*  *Maat-en-Ra  (Amen-em-hat 
m.)  reigns  for  43  years,  and  builds  the 
famous  Labyrinth,  and  constructs  Lake 
Meoris.    (See  Art.) 

2266  *  *  n.  c.  Maat-Khern-Ra  (Amen- 
em-hat  rV.)  reigns.  His  sister  Sabak- 
nefrn-Ea  reigns  conjointly  with  him 
for  the  last  four  years. 

Xin.  Dynasty:  Established  at 
Thebes.    [Time,  4iJ3  years.] 

The  Ne-fer-hoteps  and  Sebek-hoteps 
are  preeminent ;  the  prosperity  of  Egypt 
continues. 

2240  *  *  B.  c.  (Wilkinson's  date.)  Prob- 
able invasion  of  Lower  Egypt  by  the 
Hyksos,  or  Shepherd  kings,  about 
the  close  of  the  XIII.  Dynasty.  They 
are  wandering  tribes  of  Semitic  descent. 
(Mariette.) 

*  *  B.  c.  (Wilkinson's  date.)  Salatis,  the 
first  of  the  Shepherd  kings,  reigns  ;  he  is 
followed  by  Been,  then  Apachnse  Apo- 
phis,  Janlas,  and  Assis,  the  founders  of 
the  line. 

XTV.  Dynasty :  Established  at  Xoite 
in  the  Delta.  [Time,  184  years.]  "We 
know  absolutely  nothing  of  the  XIV. 
Dynasty."    (Mariette.) 

XV.  Dynasty:  Established  at 
Thebes ;  a  sudden  decline  of  the  glory 
of  Egypt  ensues. 

Civilization  is  brought  to  a  standstill 
by  the  invading  Hyksos,  who  subdue 
northern  Egypt  for  four  centuries,  while 
the  kings  are  banished  into  the  Thebaid, 
with  the  invaders  for  neighbors  and 
probably  for  masters. 

XVI.  Dynasty:  Established  at 
Thebes ;  rival  sovereigns  in  Upper  and 
Lower  Egypt  continue. 

XVn.  Dynasty:  Sekenen-Ra  reigns  ; 
rival  sovereigns  continue  ;  Upper  Egypt 
is  a  thoroughly  civilized  state,  and  Lower 
Egypt  is  recovering ;  a  fresh  dynasty  of 
the  Hyksos  (Khetas)  begins  in  Lower 
Egypt,  at  Tanis  ;  the  barbarous  Hyksos 
become  in  a  measure  civilized  through 
the  reaction  of  Egyptian  civilization 
upon  them. 
2240±  *  *  B.  c.  The  Hyksos  Invaders 
take  Memphis,  and  establish  a  garrison 
in  Egypt  of  240,000  men. 


648 


1700  B. c.-llOO  B.C. 


EGYPT. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

*  *  •  B.  c,  Thothmes  III.  invades  Asia, 
subdues  Syria,  and  enters  Mesopotamia. 
(See  State.) 

*  *  *  Thothmes  III.  defeats  the  Hittites 
iu  a  great  battle  at  Megriddo  [in  Pales- 
tine] ;  he  takes  5,900  prisoners,  924  char- 
iots, and  great  booty. 

1566 1  *  '*'  B.  c.  AmeuophisII.  captures 
Nineveh. 

1366 1  *  *  B.  c.  Seti  I.  invades  and  con- 
quers Northern  Syria,  defeats  the 
Hittites,  and  leads  military  expeditions 
into  Arabia  and  Ethiopia. 

1333  ±  *  *  B.  c.  Uamses  II.  engages  in 
war  on  land  and  sea,  and  has  many 
brilliant  victories;  he  subdues  tlie  re- 
volting negroes  and  the  Ethiopians  in 
the  south,  tights  the  Khetas  (Hittites)  in 
Asia  for  18  years,  and  then  makes  a 
treaty  of  peace  with  them. 

1300*:  *  * 'Libyans  having  fair  hair  and 
blue  eyes  invade  the  desert  west  of 
the  Delta. 

±  *  *  B.  c.  The  army  of  Egypt  is  over- 
whelmed In  the  Red  Sea  while  pur- 
suing the  fugitive  Hebrews. 

1200 1  *  *  B.  c.  Ramses  III.  engages  in 
many  wars  on  sea  and  land. 

He  defeats  the  Shashu,  of  the  Pales- 
tine desert,  called  the  Bedawin  plunder- 
ers of  the  monuments,  the  Libyans  of 
Africa,  and  the  confederate  nations  of 
Asia  Minor;  he  also  repels  the  invasion 
of  the  Mashuasha  of  North  Africa. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1500  i  *  *  B.  c.  Amenophis  III.  raises 
monuments  unsurpassed  in  grandeur 
and  perfection  of  finish. 

He  erects  the  Temple  of  Gebcl-Barkal 
In  Sudan  and  that  at  Soleb  near  the 
third  cataract,  also  a  part  of  the  temple 
at  Luxor. 

He  erects  one  of  the  most  important 
edifices  on  the  Nile.  [Now  destroyed, 
and  only  two  colossi  remaining.] 

Amenophis  III.  as  a  builder  "may 
claim  a  place  among  the  most  distin- 
guished Egyptian  monurchs."  (Rawlin- 
son.) 

He  erects  magnificent  palaces  ;ind 
temples  at  Thebes ;  two  gigantic  statues 
representing  the  king  in  sitting  posture 
which  were  nearly  70  feet  high  [yet 
remain]. 

1461 1  *  *  B.  c.  Thothmes  III.  becomes 
"  one  of  the  greatest  of  Egyptian  build- 
ers and  patrons  of  art.'*  (Rawlinson.) 
He  erects  immense  obelisks,  two  of 
which  are  162  feet  higli,  two  others  of 
105  feet.  [One  of  these  now  stands  in 
Rome  before  the  Church  of  St.  John 
Lateran ;  one  of  his  monoliths,  which 
originally  adorned  the  entrance  to  the 
Temple  of  the  .Sun  at  Heliopolis,  has 
been  removed  to  London,  and  another 
to  Central  Park,  New  York.] 

1400 1  *  *  B.  c.  The  arch  is  used  in  ar- 
chitecture. 

1366d:  *  *  B.  c.  Seti  I.  erects  the  great 
hypostyle  hall  at  Karnak,  called  the 
Hall  of  Columns,  a  masterpiece  of  ar- 
chitecture, also  the  grand  Temple  of 
Abydos;  and  during  his  reign  the  sub- 
terranean tomb  of  the  king  is  excavated 
at  Bab-el-Moluk.    (Mariette.) 


Seti  is  the  first  to  join  the  Red  Sea 
and  the  Nile  by  a  canal ;  he  sinks  an 
artesian  well  on  the  caravan  roa<l  to 
Gebel-Atoki.  (Mariette.) 
1333i:  *  *  B.  c.  Kamses  IF.  is  the  neat- 
est of  all  the  builders. 

Among  his  works  are  the  tw(j  temples 
of  Abu-Simbel}  the  Ramesseum  at 
Thebes,  the  small  temple  at  Abydos,  and 
many  large  buildings  elsewhere.  (Ma- 
riette.) 

[He  builds  obelisks,  statues,  and  co- 
lossi ;  one  of  his  monoliths  now  stands 
on  the  Place  de  la  Concorde  in  Paris  ;  it 
is  a  pink  syenite  granite  shaft  exqui- 
sitely carved,  and  is  8*2  feet  high,} 

Ramses  II.,  by  slave-labor,  builds  the 
**  Great  WaU,**  90  miles  long,  extend- 
ing from  Pelusium  to  Heliopolis  ;  he  cov- 
ers Egypt  with  magnificent  buildings, 
and  constructs*' the  House  of  Ramses,** 
south  of  Karnak,  and  the  Temple  of  Am- 
mon ;  also  the  **  Great  Canal"  from 
the  Nile  to  the  Ked  Sea. 
1200i  *  *  B.  c.  Ramses  III.  constructs 
the  magnificent  temple  at  Medinet- 
Habu. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1600  B.  c.    Sesostris,  king,  born  and  dies. 
1492  B.  c.    Ramses  1.,  king,  born. 


CHURCH. 

*  •  'B.  c.  Thothmes  H.,  of  the  XVIU. 
Dynasty,  is  a  devotee  of  the  god  Amraon, 
whose  temple  he  improves. 

1600±  *  *  B.  c.  The  Israelites  live 
peaceably  in  Egypt  under  the  reign  of 
Thothmes  III.  of  the  XVIII.  Dynasty. 

1466  *  *  B.  c.  Amenophis  IV.  introduces 
the  Semitic  religion. 

*  *  B.  c.  A  religious  revolution  occurs; 
Amenophis  IV.  becomes  a  heretic. 

He  advocates  the  substitution  of 
monotheism  in  sun  worship  for  the 
ancient  worships,  and  is  bitterly  opposed 
by  the  priests  of  the  old  religion  ;  he 
proscribes  the  worship  of  Amen,  the 
supreme  deity  ;  Amenoph  is  substituted, 
and  the  temples  are  despoiled  which 
are  dedicated  to  Amen. 

1433±  *  *  B.  c.  King  Horus  restores  the 
old  Egyptian  polytheistic  worship. 
(1364,  Rawlinson.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  In  the  XX.  Dynasty,  it  ap- 
pears, from  the  calendar  of  feasts,  that 
during  the  first  five  months  of  the  year 
one  day  in  five  is  observed  as  sacred. 

1400+  *  *  B.  c.  *'  Ramses  I.  names  his 
eldest  son  Seti,  a  name  commonly  writ- 
ten with  the  figure  of  the  god  .Set,  and 
implying  a  dedication  of  his  first-born 
to  that  divinity."    (Rawlinson.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  About  40  deities  are  wor- 
shiped by  the  Egyptians. 

1366+  *  *  B.  c.  Seti  favors  the  old  poly- 
theistic religion,  as  policy  requires  him 
to  do. 

1333+  *  *  B.  c.  Ramses  II.  surpasses 
other  kings  in  fostering  king-worship 
by  associating  himself  with  Phthah  dur- 
ing his  lifetime,  and  also  with  Amnion 
and  Horus,  claiming  equally  religious 
regards  from  his  subjects. 

1300±  ♦  *  B.  c.  Moses  appears  at  the 
court  of  Meneptah  II.,  the  son  of 


Ramses  the  Great,  and  intercedes  for 
the  Hebrews. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Sacrilege  becomes  fashion- 
able ;  the  bodies  of  the  dead  are  treated 
with  ill-usage  and  contempt. 

1100+  *  *  B.  c.  The  priest-order  in- 
creases in  power,  and  finally  dominates 
the  throne,  and  claims  royal  honors  and 
authority. 

LETTERS. 

1670+  *  *  B.  c.  A  galaxy  of  writers  ap- 
pears in  the  XVIII.  and  XIX.  Dynasties. 
Among  them  is  Pentaour  the  "  epit* 
poet,"  who  celebrates  the  victories  of 
Ramses  II.  "  History,  divinity,  practi- 
cal philosophy,  poetry,  epistolary  cor- 
respondence, novels,  or  tales,  occupies! 
the  attention  of  numerous  writers." 
(Rawlinson.) 

'*A  public  library  is  established  at 
Thebes,  xmder  a  director  named  Amen- 
em-au  "  (Rawlinson).  Copies  of  earlier 
writings  are  made,  such  as  'J'/it  Instruc- 
tors of  Amenem-hat,  The  Talfo/the  Ttoo 
Brothers,  The  Praise  of  J^eartt in g,  and 
the  larger  part  of  The  liook  of  the  Dead. 

1600±  *  *  B.  c.  A  chronology  of  the 
kings  of  Egypt  is  arranged  by  Thothmes 
III. 


SOCIETY. 

1633±  *  *B.  c.  Thothmes  Lis  "married 
to  a  wife,  Aahmes,  who  is  thought  to 
have  been  his  sister." 

1566+ *  *  B.  c.  Queen  Hatshepsu  as- 
sumes male  apparel,  and  the  style  and 
title  of  a  king. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Slave-labor  enables  Thoth- 
mes III.  to  accomplish  his  numerous 
great  creations  in  architecture,  as  shown 
by  the  figures  and  writings  of  monu- 
ments.   (Rawlinson,  1461.) 

1500±  *  •  B.  c.  Female  influence  is 
conspicuous  in  the  reign  of  Amenophis 

*  *  *  B.  0.  Bricks  are  made  by  slave- 
labor  for  erecting  temples  and  otlipr 
buildings,  while  overseers  with  stick  in 
hand  look  on. 

1333  *  *  B.  c.  Ramses  II.  marries  a  Hit- 
tite  princess. 

He  takes  many  captives  in  his  African 
war,  who  become  slaves ;  slave-hunting 
expeditions  are  organized. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Ramses  II.  becomes  the  fa- 
ther of  59  sons  and  60  daughters. 
[He  was  probably  a  polygamist.] 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Ramses  II.  becomes  the  en- 
emy of  his  royal  father's  fame,  and 
erases  his  name  from  many  monu- 
ments, and  substitutes  his  own. 

1230+  *  *  B.  c.  A  thieves*  society  is 
organized  for  robbing  royal  tombs  ;  some 
of  its  members  belong  to  the  priest- 
class. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  grossest  social  inde- 
cency is  manifested. 

*  *  *  B.  c.    Monkeys  are  kept  as  pets. 
1200  •  *  B.  r.    Ramses  III.  plants  trees 

and  shrubs  over  the  whole  land  of  Kgypt 
to  give  the  inhabitants  shade. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Public  safety  is  accomplished 
by  good  government;  "The  weakest 
woman  could  travel  unmolested  whither- 
soever she  wished."    (Rawlinson.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  A  belief  in  the  power  of  magic 
prevails. 


EGYPT. 


1700  B.C. -1100  b. c. 


649 


It  is  tbuught  possible  to  compass  the 
deatli  of  iiuother,  lo  bewitch  his  mind,  or 
to  paralyze  his  limbs,  by  the  use  of  wax 
figures  aud  a  traditioual  formula. 

*  *  *B.c.  Female  conspirators  against 
Ramses  III.  are  '*  coudemned  to  the 
penal  servitude  of  keeping  a  beer- 
house, which  is  thought  sutlicieut  pun- 
ishment for  ladies  of  delicacy  aud  refine- 
ment."   (Rawlinson.) 

*  *  B.  c.  Society  ia  classified  as  priests, 
warriors,  herdsmen,  artificers,  husband- 
men, interpreters,  huntsmen,  and  boat- 
men. 

STATE. 
X700±  *  *  B.  V.  The  Hyksos  King  Apepi 
picks  a  quarrel  with  the  native  Prince 
Ra-Sekenen,  rulerof  Upper  Egypt,  which 
results  in  a  general  Egyptian  uprising 
against  the  Hyksos,  and  finally  in  their 
expulsion. 

*  *+  B.  c.  Aahmes  carries  on  war  for 
five  years  against  the  Hyksos,  both  by 
land  and  water. 

He  leads  a  military  expedition  against 
the  negroes  of  the  south,  and  eventually 
subdues  them  ;  he  also  leads  an  army 
into  Palestine,  and  later  forces  his  way 
into  Nubia. 

XVIII.  Dynasty:  The  New  Em- 
pire (lG70-5*25,  hepsius;  1525,  Rawlinson) ; 
established  at  Thebes ;  it  lasts  1,371  years. 

The  Empire,  reunited,  revives  and 
prospers  ;  the  losses  of  five  centuries 
are  soon  regained ;  viceroys  are  sent 
into  the  Sudan. 

Egyptian  garrisons  are  stationed  on 
the  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  and  also  in 
Mesopotamia. 

*  *  B.  c.  Neb-peli-tet-Ra  (Aahmes  I., 
Amosis,  or  Amasis  I.)  reigns. 

Ho  advances  t^ypt  to  the  zenith  of 
her  fame,  after  driving  out  the  Hyksos. 
[His  cottin  and  mummy  are  now  in  the 
museum  of  Gizeh.J 

Aahmes  marries  the  black  Ethiopian 
princess,  who  takes  the  name  of  Nefert- 
ari-Aahmes,  or  "'the  beautiful  compan- 
ion of  Aahmes."    (1499,  Rawlinson.) 

1666  *  *  B.  c.  Ser-ka-Ra  (Amen-hotep 
I.,  or  Araenophis  1 .)  succeeds  his  father ; 
he  enlarges  the  northern  and  southern 
frontiers  of  Egypt. 

Taxation  is  heavy  during  the  XVIII. 
and  XIX.  Dynasties. 

1633  *  *  B.  c.  (1478,  Rawlinson.)  Aa- 
kheper-ka-Ra  (Tehuti-mes  I.)  reigns  ; 
Amenset  regent;  he  reigns  21  years; 
Egypt  becomes  a  conquering  nation. 

±*  *  B.  c.  Thothmes  I.  invades  Asia, 
and  ravages  Syria  and  Mesopotamia,  and 
makes  conquests  in  Nubia  and  Assyria. 

1600*  *B.  <\  Aa-kheper-en-Ra  (Tehuti- 
mes  H.  or  Thothmes  U.)  and  his  sister 
Makara  reign ;  he  succeeds  his  father, 
and  subdues  the  country  above  the  Cata- 
racts, and  annexes  it. 

»  *  *B.  c.  Maat-ka-Ra  (Kat-fihepset- 
khnem-Amen,  or  Queen  Hatshepsu) 
reigns. 

She  is  the  guardian  of  her  brother,  the 
young  king,  and  rules  as  nominal  regent, 
but  actually  an  usurper  for  17  years,  in 
which  she  has  a  brilliant  reign.  Hat- 
shepsu is  the  daughter  of  Thothnjes  I., 
and  the  wife  of  Thothmes  II. ;  she  enters 
into  notable  commercial  relations  with 
Punt,  a  country  bordering  the  Gulf  [of 
Aden]. 


*  *  *  B.  C.  The  New  Empire  rapidly  rises 
to  power,  and  extends  its  territory. 

***B.  c.  (1461,  Rawlinson;'  1438-1388, 
Lepsius.)  Men-kheper-Ra  (Tehuti-mes 
11.  or  Thothmes  III.)  reigns. 

He  succeeds  his  brother  when  prob- 
ably a  mere  child,  and  reigns  47  years; 
on  his  accession  his  sister  Hatshepsu  con- 
tinues to  take  a  part  in  public  atl'airs; 
after  her  death  he  becomes  the  greatest 
of  Egyptian  monarchs  ;  order  aud  prog- 
ress prevail ;  I'^gypC  is  expanded  ;  "  she 
placed  her  frontier  where  she  would  ;  " 
tribute  is  exacted  of  Rabylon.  Egypt 
includes  Abyssinia,  the  Sudan,  Nubia, 
Syria,  Mesopotamia,  Irak-Arabia,  Kur- 
distan, and  Armenia. 

Thothmes  III.  gathers  enormous  trib- 
ute or  booty  from  subject  countries ; 
"above  11,(XX)  captives,  1,670  chariots, 
3,639  horses,  4,491  larger  cattle,  more 
than  35,000  goats,  silver  to  the  amount 
of  3,940  pounds,  and  gold  9,054  pounds." 

1666*  *  B.  c.  Aa-kheperu-Ra  (Amen- 
hotep-neter-haq-Aiinu  II,,  or  Ameno- 
phis  II.)  succeeds  his  father,  and  reigns 
ten  years. 

1533  *  *  B.  c.  Men-kheperu-Ra  (Tehuti- 
mes  IV.,  or  Thothmes  IV.)  reigns  31 
years,  and  preserves  the  vast  empire  se- 
cured by  Thothmes  the  Great. 

1500  *  *  B.  c.  (1400,  Rawlinson.)  Maat- 
ueb-Ra  (Amen-hotep-haq-Uast,or  Am,e- 
nophis  III.)  reigns. 

He  consolidates  the  vast  Empire,  and 
makes  successful  expeditions  against 
the  Syrians  and  against  the  Ethiopians. 

1466*  *  B.  C,  Nefer-kheperu-Ra-ua-en- 
Ra  (Araen-botep-haq-Uast,  or  Khun- 
Aten,  also  Amen-hotep  IV.,  or  Ameno- 
phis  rV.)  reigns. 

He  has  three  names,  the  third  by  his 
change  of  religion  ;  being  opposed  be- 
cause of  his  religious  innovations,  he 
builds  the  new  city  of  Khu-aten,  and 
there  establishes  his  court. 

1433  *  *  B.  c.  Ser-kheperu-Ra-sotep-en- 
Ra  (Amen-meri-en-Hor-em-heb,  or  Ho- 
rua)  reigns. 

He  is  a  wise  and  able  ruler,  and  main- 
tains the  unity  of  the  great  Empire  ;  one 
generation  of  heretic  kings. 

XIX.  Dynasty:  Established  at  Thebes 

in  Upper  Egypt. 
1400  *  *  B.  c.    (1424,  Rawlinson.)     Men- 

pehtet-Ra    (Ra-messu,    or   Ramses   I.) 

reigns. 
1366  *  •  B.  c.    (1438-1388,  Lepsius  ;    1322, 

Rawlinson.)    Men-Maat-Ra  (Araen-meri- 

en-Seti,  or  Seti  I.,  also  called  Meri-en- 

Ptah,  or  Meneptah  I.)  reigns. 

*  *  *  Repeated  revolts  break  out  against 
Egypt  in  Western  Asia. 

1333*  *B.  c.  a388-22,  Lepsius;  1311, 
Rawlinson.)  User-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Ra 
(Ra-messu-meri-Araen,  or  Ramses  II. 
the  Great)  succeeds  Seti,  his  father ; 
he  is  the  greatest  of  all  the  Egyptian 
builders,  and  the  probable  oppressor  of 
the  Hebrews. 

*  *  *  Revolts  occur  in  the  Sudan  and  in 
Syria;  expeditions  are  necessary  to.sup- 
press  them,  and  they  are  not  successful 
in  Asia  ;  he  concludes  an  alliance  offen- 
sive and  defensive  with  the  Hittites 
(Khetas).  after  a  great  battle  ;  he  reigns 
67  years,  and  has  170  children.  [Tradi- 
tion transforms  him  into  a  military  hero, 
known  to  the  Greeks  as  Sesostris,  or 
Sesoosis,  making  fabulous  expeditions 
to  Thrace  and  uidia.] 


1300  *  *  B.  c.  (1323-02,  Lepsius  ;  1246 
Rawlinson.)  Ba-en-Ra-meri-e  n  -  A  ni  e  n 
(Ptah-meri-en-hotep-her-Maat,  or  Me- 
neptah II.),  the  13th  son,  succeeds  his 
father,  and  has  a  troubled  reign,  Moses, 
the  appointed  leader  of  Israel,  appears 
at  court  to  intercede  for  the  Hebrews. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  Israelites  escape  from 
Egypt,  and  the  king  perishes  in  the  Red 
sea. 

1280  ** -1100  **  B.  c.  During  this 
period  Egyptian  history  is  almost 
wholly  a  blank.    (Rawlinson.) 

1266*  *  B.  c.  Khu-en-Ra-sotep-en-Ka 
(Ptah-meri-en-se-Ptah,  or  Meneptah 
III.)  reigns. 

1233  *  *  B.  c.  User-khau-Ra-meri-Amen 
(Ra-meri-Amen-merer-Set-uekht,  or  Set- 
nekht)  reigns. 

XX.  Dynasty:  Established  at  ThebeB. 
1200  *  *  B.  c.  (1269,  Lepsius  ;  1219,  Raw- 
linson.) User-Maat-Ra-meri-Amen  (Ra- 
meses-haq-Annu,  or  Ramses  HI.)  reigns 
31  years,  and  divides  the  officials  in  five 
classes. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Revolts  in  Asia  and  the 
Sudan  ;  the  unity  of  the  Empire  weak- 
ens. Egyptian  authority  in  Syria  is  only 
nominal. 

1166*  *  B.  c.  User-Ra-sotep-en-Amen 
(Ka-meses-meri-Amen-Ra-haq-Maat  or 
Ramses  IV.)  reigns. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  collapse  of  Egypt  com- 
mences after  a  glorious  period  of  more 
than  three  centuries. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Use  r-M  a  a  t-R  a-s  o  t  e  p-e  n- 
kheper-Ra  (Ra-meses-meri-Amen-Amen- 
suten-f,  or  Ramses  V.,  the  usurper) 
reigns.  [*  ♦  *  Ra-Amen-Maat-meri-neb 
(Ra-Amen-meses-neter-Annu,  or  Ramses 
VL)  (Rawlinson,  1280);  *  *  *  Ra-user- 
Amen-meri-sotep-en-Ra  (Ra-Amen- 
meses-ta-neter-haq-Annu,  or  Ramses 
VII.) ;  *  *  *Ra-user-Maat-khu-en-Amen 
(Ra-Amen-meses-meri-Amen,  or  Ramses 
VIII.) ;  *  *  *  Se-kha-en-Ra-Meri-Amen 
(Ra-meses-se-Ptah,  or  Ramses  IX.) ;  *  *  * 
Nefer-kan-Ra-sotep-en-Ra  (Ra  -  meses  - 
merer-Amen-kha-Uast  (?),  or  Ramses  X.) ; 
*  *  *  Ra-kheper-Maat-8otep-en-Ra  (Ra- 
mes-suten-Amen,  or  Ramses  XI.) ;  ♦  *  * 
User-Maat-Ra-sotep-nu-Ra  (Amen-mer- 
Ra^meses,  or  Ramses  XII.)  reigns  for  3;i 
years.] 

1133*  *B.  c.  Men-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Ra 
(Ra  -  meses-merer-Amen-kha-Uast-neter- 
haq-Aimu,  or  Ramses  XIH.)  reigns  26 
years. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  high  priests  forcibly 
appropriate  the  crown  of  the  Pharaohs. 

*  *  *  B.  c.    The  Empire  is  reduced  to 

the  smallest  limits,  the  conquered  ter- 
ritories having  fallen  off  one  by  one. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Egypt  is  surrounded  by  ene- 
mies more  powerful  than  herself. 

XXI.  Dynasty:  Estaldished  at  Tanis 
in  the  Delta. 

The  Empire  is  divided:  the  self-made 
sacerdotal  kings  reign  at  Thebes  and  the 
legitimate  dynasty  at  Tanis  ;  the  former 
choose  Semitic  names  for  their  sons ; 
Asiatic  influence  locates  the  capital  in 
the  Delta.  . 


I 


650     1100  B.C. -300  B.C. 


EGYPT. 


ARMY— NAVY. 

966+  *  *  B.  c.  Sheshonk  I.  invades  Sy- 
ria, captures  Jerusalem,  plunders  the 
temple  of  the  Jews  during  the  reign  of 
Rehoboam,  the  son  of  Solomon,  and  re- 
quires him  to  pay  tribute  to  Egypt. 
{9i9,  Lepsius.) 

939+  *  *  B.  c.  Zerah  the  Ethiopian,  king 
of  Upper  Egypt,  invades  Palestine  with 
a  million  men  to  subdue  the  revolting 
Israelites,  and  is  defeated  by  King  Asa 
at  Mareshah. 

730+  *  *  B.  c.  The  Ethiopians  under 
Shabak  (Sabaco)  conquer  Egypt,  and 
[hold  it  for  58  years]. 

725+*  *  B.  c.  Piankhi.Kingof  Ethiopia, 
in  a  single  brilliant  campaign,  defeats 
all  rivals,  and  captures  both  Middle 
and  Lower  Egypt. 

720+ *  *B.  c.  Sennacherib,  the  Assyrian, 
defeats  an  Egyptian  army  near  Ekron» 
in  Palestine. 

668+*  *  B.  c.  Tirhakah  is  vanquished 
by  Assyrians,  and  flees  to  Napata,  Ethio- 
pia ;  Memphis  and  Thebes  fall. 

Tirhakah  returns  and  defeats  the  As- 
syrians, oapturing  Memphis. 

The  Assyrians  again  invade  Egypt, 
and  defeat  L'rdamen,  sack  Tliebes,  and 
carry  the  entire  population  into  captivity. 

666+  *  *  B.  c.  Psammetichus  attempts 
the  conquest  of  Asia  ;  he  invades  Pales- 
tine, and  besieges  Ashdod  [for  29  years]. 

652+  *  *  B.  c.  Psammetichus,  aided  by 
Carian,  PluTinician,  and  Ionian  allies,  and 
the  King  of  Lydia,  succeeds  in  a  war  for 
independence  of  the  Assyrians,  (Lep- 
sius.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  A  great  mutiny,  because  of 
jealousy  concerning  Greek  mercenaries, 
breaks  out  in  the  army  of  Psammeti- 
chus ;  240,000  men  march  into  Ethiopia, 
and  receive  lands  from  its  king. 

650+  *  *  B.  c.  Urdamen,  son-in-law  of 
Tirhakah,  captures  Pharaoh  Necho, 
the  vassal  king,  and  puts  him  to  death. 

*  *  -527  *  *  B.  c.  Thebes,  for  many  ages 
the  most  magnificent  city  In  the  world, 
falls  into  decay;  cause  —  war  and  po- 
litical confusion. 

612i:  *  *  B.  c.  Under  Necho  I.,  the  vas- 
sal king,  fortresses  are  garrisoned  with 
Assyrian  troops. 

609  *  *  B.  c.  Necho  attempts  to  recon- 
quer Eastern  Asia,  and  kills  Josiah, 
King  of  Judah,  in  a  battle  at  Megiddo, 
the  key  to  the  route  to  the  Euphrates. 

605  *  *  B.  c.  Nebuchadnezzar,  King  of 
Babylon,  defeats  the  Egyptians  under 
Necho  at  the  battle  of  Carchemish ; 
Egypt  losses  all  her  possessions  in  Asia 
and  much  of  her  prestige. 

595+  *  *  B.  0.  Psammetichus  U.  con- 
ducts an  expedition  against  Ethiopia 
[but  without  success].     (Lepsius.) 

691+  *  *  B.  c.  Apries  energetically  at- 
tacks Syria  by  sea  and  land  ;  his  fleet 
defeats  the  King  of  Tyre,  and  a  land 
force  attacks  Sidon. 

589*  *-570*  *B.  c.  WarwithBaby- 
lon;  Apries  fights  Nebuchadnezzar  and 
the  tribes  of  Libya  without  important 
results.    (Lepsius.) 


572*  *  B.  c.  TherevoltingnativeEgyp- 
tian  troops  defeat  the  mercenary  force 
of  Apries  and  dethrone  him.  (569,  Kaw- 
linson.) 

570  *  *  B.  c.  The  army  of  Apries  re- 
volts, and^  he  is  captured  and  slain  by 
Carian  and  Ionian  mercenaries. 

568*  *B.  c.  Nebuchadnezzar  invades 
Egypt. 

532±  *  *  B.  c.    Cambyses    IH,    meets 

with  military  disasters  ;  one  expedition 
is  defeated  by  Carthaginians. 

627  *  *  B.  c.  Egypt  carries  on  a  war 
with  Cyprus,  and  compels  the  pay- 
ment of  tribute. 

527  *  *  B.  c.  Battle  near  Pelusium  in 
the  Delta ;  Psammetichus  III.  is  de- 
feated by  the  Persians  under  Cambyses 
III.,  losing  50,000  men  ;  Egypt  is  made  a 
province  of  Persia.  Persian  loss,  7000. 
[Memphis  is  also  taken.] 

Cambyses  loses  an  army  corps  de- 
spatched against  the  Temple  of  Jupiter 
Animou  in  the  Great  Oasis,  not  one 
man  returning  from  the  desert. 

378  *  *  B.  c.  An  immense  Persian  army 
under  Phamabazus  the  satrap  invades 
Egypt ;  it  is  defeated  in  a  battle  near 
Mendes  and  retreats. 

322  *  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  H.  conquers  the 
Cyrenaica,  in  Northern  Africa. 

321  *  *  B.  c.  Egypt  is  invaded  by  Per- 
diccas,  the  regent  of  the  Greek  Empire 
for  a  brief  time.  ' 

306  *  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  is  defeated  in  a 
sea-fight  off  Salamis  by  Demetrius. 

305  *  *  -304  *  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  aids  the 
Rhodians  when  besieged  by  Demetrius, 
King  of  Macedonia. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

666+  *  *  B.  c.  The  Saite  kings  erect  at 
Sais  wonderful  porticoes. 

653  *  *  B.  c.  Sais,  the  new  capital,  is 
built  in  the  Delta,  where  Psammetichus 
I.  erects  a  magnificent  palace. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Necho  builds  fleets  on  both 
seas. 

605+  *  *  B.  c.  Necho  attempts,  by  a 
ship  canal,  to  connect  the  Nile  with 
the  Red  Sea  by  the  Arabic  Gulf.  [The 
enterprise  fails,  after  the  loss  of  120,000 
lives.] 

Necho  sends  Phoenician  mariners  on 
a  voyage  of  discovery. 

They  leave  the  Red  Sea,  round  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  return  through 
the  Strait  of  Gibraltar  and  the  Mediter- 
ranean to  Egypt. 

600J:  *  *  B.  c.  "Writing  by  demotic 
character  is  invented. 

550  *  *  B.  c.  Ama.sis  II.  erects  numerous 
Grecian  temples  in  Naucratis ;  also 
magnificent  buildings,  especially  at 
Sais. 

400+  *  *  B.  c.  An  areometer  is  in- 
vented in  Alexandria. 

4th  Century,  b.  c.  Helena  depicts  the 
Battle  of  Issus  in  mosaic. 

300  *  *  B.  c.  The  first  observatory  re- 
corded in  authentic  history  is  erected  at 
Alexandria. 

300  ^  *  *  B.  c.  Euclid,  the  geometri- 
cian, is  a  citizen  of  Alexandria. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

505  B.  c.  Amasis,  king,  born. 

367  B.  c.  Ptolemy  I.,  Soter,  king,  bom. 

316  B.  c.  Arsiuoe,  daughter  of  Ptolemy  I., 

born. 

309  B.  c.  Ptolemy  II.,  PhUadelphus,  king,  b. 


CHURCH. 

10th  Century,  b.  c.  Jeroboam^  King  of 
the  ten  tribes  of  Israel,  has  Sheshonk, 
King  of  Egypt,  for  his  ally. 

Tirhakah  responds  to  the  appeal  of 
Hezekiah,  the  king  of  Judah,  for  aid 
against  Assyria,  whose  army  is  destroyed 
by  the  interposition  of  God. 

535  *  *  B.  c.  Pytbagoras,  the  Greek 
philosopher,  comes  from  Samos,  and  is 
instructed  in  the  mysteries  of  Egyptian 
theology. 

350  *  *  B.  c.  The  temples  of  Egypt  are 
pillaged  by  the  Persian  conquerors. 

LETTERS. 

666**B.C.  XVI.  Dynasty:  Liberal 
ideas  prevail ;  letters  and  scholars 
from  Greece  are  welcomed. 

323f*  *  B.  €.  Ptolemy  I.,  Soter,  founds 
[the  famous]  library  and  museum  at 
Alexandria;  he  cultivates  letters  him- 
self. 

*  *  XX.  Bynasty :  Ijiterature  declines 
greatly. 

*  *  B.  c,  XXII.  Dynasty :  No  enduring 
literature  is  created. 

*  *  XXVI.  Dynasty :  The  enchorial  or 
demotic  writing  is  invented ;  this  easier 
written  form  soon  supersedes  the  more 
complex  hieratic. 

314*  *  B.  r.  Ptolemy  Soter  is  said  to 
have  founded  an  academy  at  Alexan- 
dria. 

SOCIETY. 

1100+  *  *  B.  c.  The  Prince  of  San  sends 
an  Egyptian  princess  to  the  harem  of 
Solomon. 

653±  *  *  B.  c.  Egypt  is  open  to  foreign- 
ers, who  are  favored  in  the  army,  and 
settle  at  various  points. 

525  *  ♦  B.  c.  Cambyses  puts  the  chil- 
dren of  prominent  people  to  death, 
both  male  and  female,  and  makes  the 
country  a  waste. 

Cambyses  sends  50,000  men  across 
the  desert  to  destroy  the  Temple  of  Jupi- 
ter Ammon;  they  all  perish  in  the  burn- 
ing sands. 

STATE. 

1100  *  *  B.  c.  (1091,  Lepsius  ;  1085,  Raw- 
linson.)  Neter-hen-hotep-en  -Amen 
(Her-Hor-se-Amen  or  Smendes)  reigns. 

He  is  a  high  priest  of  a  foreign  family 
from  the  eastern  frontier  of  the  Delta  ; 
Egypt  loses  supremacy  over  Ethiopia, 
where  the  kingdom  of  Napata,  or  Meroe, 
is  founded. 

*  *  *  B.  C.    Pai-net'em  I.  reigns. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Kheper-kha-Ra-sotep-en- 
Amen,  also  called  Ameu-meri-Pai-net'em 
II.,  reigns. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  A  great  influx  of  foreigners 
appears  during  this  dynasty. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  An  alliance  is  made  between 
Solomon  and  Pharaoh. 


EGYPT. 


1100  B.  C.-300B.C.       651 


980*  *  B.  c.  XXII.  Dynasty:  Estab- 
lished at  Biibastis. 

966  *  *  K.  <:,  Kheper-sekliet-Ra-8otep-en- 
Rji  (Amen-meri-Sliaslianq  I.),  or  She- 
shouk  I.,  reigns.  [The  Shishak  of  the 
Bible.] 

Having  welcomed  Jeroboam,  the  con- 
spirator and  fugitive,  he  invades  and 
plunders  Palestine  to  establish  Jero- 
boam as  king  of  Israel,  bringing  the 
treasures  of  the  temple  at  Jerusalem 
into  Kgypt ;  he  reigns  21  years. 

*  *  *  It.  c.  Kherp-kheper-Ra-Sotep-en- 
Ra,  also  called  Amen-meri-Uasarken 
(Osorkon  1.),  reigns  15  years. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Het'-kheper-Ra-sotep-en-Ra, 
also  called  Amen-meri-Auset-meri-tha- 
keleth  (Takeleth  I.),  has  a  short  reign. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  User-Maat-Ra-sotep-eu-Amen, 
also  called  Amen-meri-Uasarken  (Osor- 
kon 11. ),  reigns  'J2  years. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Kheper-sekhem-Ra-Sotep-en- 
Amen,  also  called  Ameii-meri-Shash 
[anq]  11.  (Sheshonk  11.),  has  a  short 
reign. 

*  *  *  H.  c.    Takeleth  II.  reigns. 

*  *  *B.  c.  User-Maat-Ra-Sotep-en-Araen, 
also  called  .-Vmen-meri-se-Bast-Shashanq 
111.,  reigns. 

*  *  *  B.  o.  User-Maat-Ra-sotep^n-.\men, 
also  called  Amen-ineri-Pa-mai,  reigns. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Aa-kheper-Ra,  also  called 
Sh;ush  [anq]  IV.,  reigns.  Under  She- 
shonk IV.  Egypt  is  disintegrated  by  in- 
ternal dissensions,  with  rival  dynasties. 

XXIII.  Dynasty:  Established  at 
Tanis. 

Northern  Egypt  is  divided  into  several 
pettv  states  ;  the  Sudan  becomes  inde- 
pendent in  the  South. 

766*  *  B.C.    Amen -meri-Peta-se- Bast 

reigns. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Aa-kheper-Ra-sotep-en-Amen, 
also  called  Ra-Amen-meri-Uasarkena, 
(Osorkon  III.),  reigns. 

XXrV.  Dynasty:  Established  at  Sais 
in  the  Delta.  [Time,  six  years.] 
733*  *B.  c.  Bakenranf  (Bocchoris) 
reigns  six  years  ;  he  is  captured  by  Sa- 
baco,  the  invader,  who  burns  him  alive, 
and  occupies  the  country  as  far  as  the 
Mediterranean. 

XXV.  Dynasty:  It  is  Ethiopian. 
[Time,  50  years.] 

*  *  *  B.  r.  Pa-ankhi  (Piankhi)  and  his 
queen,  Amoniritis,  reigning  at  Thebes, 
become  tributary  to  the  Sudan. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pa-ankhi,  having  defeated  all 
rival  claimants  to  the  throne,  permits 
the  small  princes  to  rule  as  vassals. 

700  *  *  B.  c.  Nefer-ka-Ra,  also  called 
Sliabaka,  or  Sabaco,  reig^ns;  he  is  an 
Ethiopian  who  first  conquers,  and  then 
rules  Egypt  as  a  conquered  province, 
(704,  Rawlinson.) 

Sabaco  i»  called  So  in  the  Bible ; 
Hosea,  King  of  Israel,  sends  him  pres- 
ents by  an  embassy,  and  a  treaty  is 
made ;  Hosea  is  promised  assistance 
against  Assyria  (but  the  promise  is  not 
kept).  He  loses  a  great  part  of  Egypt 
when  defeated  by  tne  Assyrians. 

*  *  *  B.  r.  Tat-kau-Ra,  also  called  Sha- 
bataka  (Sebicus,  or  Shabatok),  reigns. 

He  8uccee<ls  his  father  in  Upper  Egypt, 
and  loses  Ethiopia ;  and  is  slain  by  Tirha- 
kah,  the  Ethiopian  king,  after  a  reign 
of  14  years. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Ra-nefer-tem-khu,  also  called 
Taharaqa  (Tirhakah,  Farcus). 


After  reigning  2(i  years,  12  Egyptian 
chiefs  unite  their  forces  to  expel  the 
Ethiopians  from  the  Northern  provinces, 
and  then  asume  royal  authority  over  the 
12  kingdoms  into  winch  they  divide  the 
country  ;  they  rvile  for  15  years.  (Some 
authorities  discredit  this  account.)  ((KH), 
Rawlinson.) 

672*  *  B.  c.  The  Assyrians,  under 
Esarbaddon  and  his  son  Sardanapaliis, 
capture  Memphis  and  Thebes,  and  en- 
tirely destroy  Ethiopian  rule,  and  ap- 
point 20  governors,  who  are  chiefly 
natives,  to  administer  the  government ; 
they  rule  for  three  years.    (Lepsius.) 

XXVI.  Djmasty :  Established  at  Sais 
in  the  Delta  ;  time,  38  years. 

The  Empire  is  prosperous,  but  its  mili- 
tary fame  is  almost  extinguished. 

666  *  *  B.  c.  Uah  -  ab  -  Ra,  also  called 
Psamthek  (Fsanunetichus  I.),  reigns. 

(653,  Lepsius  ;  CG4,  Rawlinson.) 

He  dethrones  two  kings  [according  to 
some  authorities],  overthrows  the  Ethi- 
opians, and  reconquers  Egyptian  terri- 
tory as  far  south  as  the  First  Cataract. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  By  the  aid  of  allies,  Uah-ab-Ra 
overthrows  the  Assyrian  rule,  and  he- 
comes  independent  sovereign.  The 
Greeks  settle  in  Egypt,  and  the  country 
revives.  Jerusalem  pays  tribute  :  em- 
igrants settle  along  the  Nile  as  tar  as 
Ethiopia.    (Lepsius.) 

612*  *B.  0.  Nem-ab-Ra,  also  called 
Nekau  (Necho,  or  Nekul),  reigns.  (610- 
595,  Lepsius  ;  610,  Rawlinson.) 

He  pays  tribute  to  Assyria,  fails  in  his 
attempt  to  reopen  the  canal  of  Seti  I. 
between  the  Red  Sea  and  the  Nile;  he 
sends  a  fleet  manned  by  Phoenician  sea- 
men by  way  of  the  western  coast  and 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  around  the  con- 
tinent of  Africa. 

596*  *B.c.  Nefer-ab-Ra,  also  called 
Psammetichus  II.,  [reigns  five  and  a 
half  years].    (594,  Rawlinson.) 

591  *  *  B.  c.  Haa-ab-Ra,  also  called 
Uah-ab-Ra  (Apries,  or  Hophra),  reigns. 
(588,  Rawlinson.) 

He  is  the  Pharaoh  Hophra  of  the 
Bible ;  has  war  with  Babylon.  Zede- 
kiah,  King  of  Jiidah,  enters  an  alliance 
with  Hophra,  then  revolts  against  Baby- 
lon, and  the  Jewish  captivity  follows. 

572i  *  *  B.  c.  Khnem-ab-Ra,  also  called 
Ahmes-se-Nit  (Amasis  H.),  reigns  44 
years.    (569,  Rawlinson.) 

He  is  an  Egyptian  of  low  origin,  whom 
the  army  elects  after  overthrowing 
Apries ;  he  legitimates  his  claim  by 
marrying  the  granddaughter  of  Psam- 
metichus I.;  Egypt  flourishes,  yet  con- 
tinues the  tribute  to  Babylon  ;  immigra- 
tion is  encouraged,  especially  that  of 
the  Greeks. 

538  *  *  B.  c.    The  fall  of  Babylon  brings 

independence  to  Egypt. 
528  *  *  B.  c.    Ankh-ka-en-Ra,  also  called 
Psamthek  (Psammetichus  m.),  rf  Igns 
six  months,  as  successor  to  his  /ather. 
(525,  Rawlinson.)  / 

He  is  conquered  by  Cai>»^yses,  King  of 
Persia.  .    X 

PERSLA^  RULE. 

XXVU.  DyjTiasty :  Persian. 
527*  *  B.  c.    )bambyses  defeats  the 
Egryptiana^at  the  battle  of  Pelusium, 
and  Egypt  becomes  a  Persian  province. 
(525,  RaWlinson.) 

Kamljathet  the  Persian  reigns. 

[He  mVrders  the  last  of  the  Pharaohs, 
and  ruUs  with  severity  ;  five  years  of 
prosper?  y  are  followed  by  military  re- 
verses;/disaster  enrages  the  King,  and 


he  pillages  the  temples  and  the  tombs 

of  the  kings.] 

486  *  *  B.  c.  Khashaiarsha  (Xerxes  the 
Great)  reigns ;  the  Egyptians  revolt, 
but  are  soon  subdued. 

465  *  *  B.  c.  Artakhshashas  (Artaxer- 
xes)  reigns  ;  the  Egyptians,  led  by  Am- 
yrtaius  and  Inarus,  maintain  a  revolt 
against  the  Persians  for  six  years. 

421  *  *  B.  0.  Ra-meri-Amen,  also  called 
Antherirutsha  (Darius  Xerxes,  Darius 
Hystaspes),  reigns. 

XXVIII.  Dynasty:  Established  at 
Sais  in  the  Delta. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Independence  of  Persia  is 
obtained  by  Amyrtjeus,  aided  by  the 
Greeks.     Native  rulers  hold  authority. 

*  *  *B.c.  Amen-rut(Amyrt8eus)  reigns. 
(460,  Rawlinson.) 

XXIX.  Dynasty:  Established  at 
Mendes  in  the  I>eUa. 

399  *  *  B.  c.    Niafaaurut  reigns. 

393  *  *  B.  c.    K  h  n  e  m-M  a  a  t-R  a,     also 

called  Haker  (Hakor,  Achorls),  reigns. 

(399,  Rawlinson.) 
380  *  *  B.  c.    User-Ra-sotep-en-Ptah,al80 

called  Psamut  (Psammuthis),  reigns. 

XXX.  Dynasty:  Established  at  Se- 
bennytus,  in  the  Delta. 

378*  *  B.  c.  S-net'em-ab-Ra-sotep-en- 
Amen,  also  called  Nekht-Hor-hebt-nieri- 
Amen  (Nectanebo  I,),  reigns.  (Rawlin- 
son, 384.) 

He  is  called  to  the  throne  to  repel  a 
threatened  invasion  from  Persia. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Kheper-ka- Ra,  also  called 
Nekht-neb-f  (Nectanebo  II.),  reigns. 

351  *  *  B.  c.  Artaxerxes  HI.  (Ochus) 
comes  to  the  throne  after  defeating  and 
deposing  Nectanebo  II. 

340  (?)  *  *  B.  c.  The  ancient  Empire 
falls  easily  before  the  Persians  under 
King  Artaxerxes  HI.  (Ochus). 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  Egyptians  welcome 
Alexander  the  Great  as  a  deliverer 
from  the  Persian  yoke,  [and  Egypt  be- 
comes Greek], 

XXXI.  Dynasty :  Persian.  Egypt  is 
again  for  a  short  time  a  province  of 
Persia. 

GRECIAN  RULE. 

332  *  *  B.  c.  XXXn.  Dynasty:  Mace- 
donian. 

Alexander  the  Great  overthrows  the 
Persian  rule,  and  subjects  ^^ypt  to  his 


authority. 

his  capital; 
circuit. 


Alexandria    is  founded 
its  walls  are  six  miles  in 

XXXTTT.  Dynasty :  Ptol- 


323  *  *  B.  0.    X2 
emaic. 

Ptolemy  I.,  son  of  Lagns,  also  called 
Soter,  one  of  Alexander's  generals,  re- 
ceives Egypt  in  the  division  of  tlie 
Macedonian  empire  [and  rules  for  38 
years  with  ability  and  wisdom]. 

306  *  *  B.  c.    Ptolemy  assumes  the  title 
of  king. 

301±  *  *  B.  c.    Ptolemy  loses  Cyprus  by 
his  defeat  in  the  battle  of  Ipsus. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
322  *  *  B.  c.    Alexander  the  Great  is 
buried  at  Alexandria. 


652     298  B.c.-A.D.  27a 


EGYPT. 


ARMY— NAVY. 

250  *  *  B.  <■.  Antiochus  II.  concludes 
a  peace  with  Kgypt. 

245  *  *  B.  r.  Ptolemy  IH.,  Euergetes, 
makes  war  on  Syria  to  avenge  the  inju- 
ries of  his  sister  Berenice. 

He  returns  from  the  invasion  of  Syria 
laden  with  spoils,  including  250  statues 
and  vessels  of  gold  and  silver  that  Cani- 
byses  had  obtained  by  despoiling  the 
Egyptian  tentples. 

243*  *  B.  r.  Ptolemy  III.  captures 
Babylon ;  a  revolt  in  Egypt  occasions 
his  recall. 

217*  •B.C.  PtolemylV-.Philopator,  by 
the  aid  of  Arsinoe,  his  sister,  defeats 
Antiochus  III.  the  (ireat,  King  of 
Syria,  at  Kaphia,  in  Palestine. 

171*  *-l68*  *B.c.  Antiochus  IV., 
Epiphanes,  makes  war  on  £]g:ypt. 

He  invades  Egypt,  reduces  several 
cities,  and  captures  the  young  King  Ptol- 
emy Philometor,  and  takes  the  disputed 
provinces  in  Asia  Minor. 

168  *  *  B.  c.  Antiochus  returns  from 
Egypt  by  the  peremptory  demand  of 
Propillius  the  Koman. 

154  *  *  B.  c.  Philometor  defeats  his 
brother  Euergetes,  and  leaves  him  only 
the  kingrdom  of  Cyrene. 

151  *  *  B.  c.  War  occurs  with  Deme- 
trius Soter,  King  of  Syria;  Ptolemy  sub- 
dues the  country,  and  is  hailed  as  the 
deliverer  of  Syria. 

150*  *  B.  r.  Philometor  favors  the 
usurper,  Alexander  I.  (Balas),  and 
gives  his  daughter  Cleopatra  to  him  in 
marriage. 

128*  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  Vll.,  Euergetes, 
defeats  the  Sgsrptians,  and  recovers 
his  throne. 

122*  *  B.  c.  War  with  Demetrius  H., 
in  support  of  Alexander  11.,  the  usurper, 
against  whom  Ptolemy  turns,  and  defeats 
him,  and  puts  him  to  death. 

82  *  *  B.  c.  A  revolt  occurs  in  Upper 
Egypt.  [Thebes  is  ruined  by  the  siege 
which  follows  for  three  years.] 

*  *  Cleopatra  atlvances  from  Syria  to  re- 
gain the  throne. 

48  *  *  B.  c.  Civil  war  occurs  between 
[the  famous]  Cleopatra  VI.  and  Ptolemy 
XII. 

Caesar  intervenes,  and  besieges  Alex- 
andria with  a  small  army.  Cajsar  defeats 
the  king,  who  is  drowned  while  attempt- 
ing to  escape. 

32*  *  B.  c.  Octavius  [Csesar  Augustus] 
declares  war  against  Cleopatra. 

31  Sept.  2.  *  *  B.  c.  Greece.  Octavius 
defeats  Mark  Antony  in  a  naval  battle  ; 
Cleopatra  flees.  [Antony  follows  her  to 
Egypt,  and  both  commit  suicide.] 

24  *  *  A.  D.  Candace,  the  queen  of  Me- 
roe,in  UpperNubia,  invades  Egypt,  but 

is  repulsed  by  JElius  Gallus,  the  Roman 
prefect. 

194  *  *  Niger,  the  iistuTJer,  is  defeated 

by  Severus,  and  slain. 

270  *  *  Zenobia,    Queen    of    Palmyra, 

conquers  Egypt. 
273  *  *  The  Emperor  Aurelian  defeats 

Zenobia  at  Edessa,  and  carries  her  cai>- 

tive  to  Rome. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  KATURE. 

298+  *  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  I.  Soter  adorns 
Alexandria  by  erecting  the  Museum, 
Serareum,  Pharos,  and  other  tine  edi- 
tices  ;  he  also  begins  the  library. 

284  ±  *  *  B.  c.  Heron  of  Alexandria  con- 
structs (?)  the  seolipile  (a  toy  sugges- 
tive of  the  steam-engine). 

283*  *-222*  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  Philadel- 
phus  and  Ptolemy  Euergetes  complete 
many  of  the  works  begim  by  Ptolemy 
Soter. 

The  Pharos  is  a  tower  built  of  white 
marble,  and  [it  was  regarded  as  one  of 
the  seven  wonders  of  the  world],  A  per- 
petual fire  on  its  top  serves  as  a  beacon 

for  sailors. 

247  *  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  III.  rebuilds  many 
of  the  old  temples,  andfoands  new  ones. 

222  *  *  -205  *  *  B.  c.  Galaton  of  Alex- 
andria paints  a  picture  to  cast  ridicule 
on  the  epic  poets  of  that  city. 

100*  *-170*  *  A.  i>.  Ptolemy  dis- 
courses on  geography. 

He  founds  the  Ptolemaic  system  of 
astronomy,  and  discovers  the  places 
and  distances  of  the  planets. 

120±  *  *  Ptolemy  writes  a  treatise  on 
optics. 

139  *  *  The  Sothiac  cycle  begins. 

150  *  *  Claudius  Ptolemy  teaches  that 
the  major  tone  shall  be  below  the 
minor  ;  [the  principle  that  now  directs 
the  intonation  of  the  scale]. 

BIRTHS  ~  DEATHS. 

."Jrrf  Century  B.  c.    Ammonius,  Lithotomus,  Al- 
exandrian physician,  born  and  dies. 
Manetho,  historian,  horn  and  dies. 

aeSi:  B.  v..     Ptolemy  I.,  king,  A84. 

24?     B.  c.    Ptolemy  11.,  Fhiladelphus,  khig, 
Ati'2. 

'^d  Century,    b.  c.    Aristobulus,  Jewish  phi- 
losopher, born. 

181  B.  c.    Ptolemy  V.,  king,  dies. 

174  B.  c.    Cleopatra  I.,  regent,  dies. 

146  B.  <;.    Ptolemy  VI.,  Philometor,  king,  d. 

117  B.  c.     I'tolemy  VII.,  Kuergetes  II.,  d. 

81  B.  o.    Ptolemy  VIII.,  Lothyrus,  dies. 

69  B.  c.     Cleopatra,  queen,  born. 

39+  B.  r.    Didymus,  grammarian,  author,  d. 

30  B.  c.    Cleopatra,  queen,  A39. 

1st  Century,     a.  d.     Apion,  grammarian,  b. 
I'tolemy,  Claudius,  astron.,  geographer,  b. 

161  *   *  Antoninus  Titus,  Pius,  emperor,  dies. 

176  *   *  Avidius  Cassiiis,  general,  diea. 

180  *  *  Marcus  Aureliiis  Antoninus,  em.,  d. 

185  *  •  Origen.  Adamantius.  Christian  Fa- 
ther, theological  Avriii-r.  born. 

2d  or  Hd  Century.     Clement  of  Alexandria. 
Christian  Father,  autlior,  born. 

304  *  *  Plotinus,  (Jreek- Kgypt ian  philos.,  b. 

341  *  •  Ammonius,  Saccas,  philosopher,  dies. 

361  *  *  Anthony.  St..  Mr.  of  asceticism, b. 

254  *  *  Orlg-en,  Adamantius,  Christian  Fa- 
ther, theological  writer,  A69. 

266  •   *  Arius.  presbyter  of  Alexandria,  fdr. 
of  Arianism,  born. 

CHURCH. 

283  *  *  B.  c.    Jews  are  very  numerous 

at  Alexandria. 
222  *  *  B.  c.    Ptolemy  IV.  proves  a  cruel 

persecutor  of  the  Jews  ;  he  founds  the 

temple  of  Edfoo. 


37  *   *  A.  D. 

secution. 


The  Jews  suffer  bitter  per- 


60  *  *  Christianity  is  introdu  ed  by  St. 
Mark. 


231*  * -633  *  *  Alexandria  becomes  the 

seat  of  17  church  councils. 
204  *  *  An  edict  is  issued  against  Jews 

and  Christians. 

230*  *The  Neo-Platonists  arise  at 
Alexandria,  and  attempt  to  combine  the 
good  of  all  philosophical  systems  with 

Christianity. 

254  *  *  Origen,  a  distinguished  presby- 
ter of  Alexandria  and  a  Greek  Father, 
suffers  martyrdom  at  Tyre. 

263  *  *  Persecution :  Diocletian's  edict 
against  Christians  is  rigorously  executed 
in  Egypt. 

LETTERS. 

284**B.r.  Ptolemy  Philadelphus 
founds  a  public  library  at  Alexandria. 

283  ♦  *  -274  *  *  B.  c.  In  the  reign  of 
Ptolemy  Philadelphus  the  Septuagint 
version  of  the  Hebrew  Scriptures  is 
written. 

Manetho's  history  of  ancient  Egyp- 
tian kings  is  written. 

Demetrius  Phalerius  is  librarian  at 
Alexandria. 

Suclid  is  at  the  head  of  the  mathe- 
matical school  at  Alexandria. 

The  poets  Theocritus,  Calliniachus, 
and  Philsetus  flourish  in  Egypt ;  Alex- 
andria is  made  the  heart  of  the  learning 
of  Greece. 

246  *  *  B.  c.    Artists  and  authors  are 

patronized  by  Ptolemy  III. 
230  *  *  B.  <■.     Ptolemy    III.    revises    the 

Egyptian  calendar. 
47  *  *  B.  c.    Julius  Cjesar  besieges   and 

bums    Alexandria;    the    remarkable 

library  of  400,000  manuscript  books  is 

consumed. 
36  *  *  B.  c.    Antony  replaces  the  burnt 

library    of    Alexandria    with    another 

brought  from  Pergamus,  Asia  Minor, 

80  *  *  A.  I).  The  Coptic  alphabet  is  in- 
vented. 

180  *  *  254  *  *  A  catechetical  school 
flourishes  at  Alexandria. 


SOCIETY. 

285*  *B.  c.  Ptolemy  Philadelphus 
marries  his  full  sister,  Arsinoe  II. 

247  *  *  B.  c.  Berenice  II.  is  the  first 
Egyptian  queen  to  have  the  same  regal 
style  as  her  husband. 

222  *  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  Philopator  puts 
his  mother  Berenice  and  others  of  his 
nearest  kin  to  death,  and  abandons 
himself  to  luxury. 

216  *  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  IV.  puts  his  wife 
Arsinoe  to  death,  after  winning  the 
victory  at  Raphia  largely  by  her  courage. 

146  Nov.  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  A'll.,  Euer- 
getes, marries  his  brother  Philometor's 
queen  on  the  day  of  her  husband's 
death;  on  the  day  of  his  nuptials  he 
murders  the  infant  son  of  Philometor 
while  in  its  mother's  arms. 

*  *  *  Incest  is  not  uncommon  among 
Egyptian  sovereigns. 

51  *  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  Auletes  at  his  death 
leaves  his  kingdom  to  his  son  Ptolemy 
XII.  and  his  daughter  [the  famous]  Cleo- 
patra ;  he  directs  that  they  marry  each 
other. 


EGYPT. 


298B.C.-A.D.  273.    653 


43  *  *  B.  c.  Queen  Cleopatra  poisons 
her  brother,  14  years  of  age. 

41  *  *  u.  r.  Cleopatra  appears  before 
Mark  Autouy  to  answer  for  the  crime  of 
imirUering  her  brother  [he  is  so  fasci- 
nated by  her  beauty  that  he  follows  her 
into  Egypt].  

70  *  *  A.  D.  The  Emperor  Vespasian 
visits  Egypt- 

215  *  *  The  Emperor  Caracalla  massa- 
cres the  youth  of  Alexandria  to  revenge 
an  insult. 

STATE. 

295  *  ♦  B.  c.  Ptolemy  seizes  and  holds 
the  island  of  Cyprus.  [It  becomes  a 
valuable  possession.] 

285  *  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  abdicates,  and 
is  succeeded  by  his  son,  Ptolemy  II., 
Philadeiphus,  who  reigns  38  years. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Greek  genius  and  energy 
contribute  much  to  the  prosperity  and 
glory  of  Ef^ypt ;  tlie  period  of  its  high- 
est prosperity  culminates. 

269  *  *  B.  c.  Ambassadors  are  first  sent 
to  Home. 

266  *  *  B.  c.  Egypt  recovers  PlKcnicia 
and  Coele-Syria. 

247*  *B.c.  Ptolemy III.,Euergetes, 
reigns  [for  25  years]. 

[He  reunites  CyrenaTca  to  his  realm, 
malces  extensive  but  transient  con- 
quests in  Asia  Minor,  and  retains  his 
conquests  in  Abyssinia.] 

243  *  *  B.  c.    Ptolemy  m.  is  recalled 

by  a  revolt  in  Egyjit  from  his  campaign 
in  Babylon. 

222  *  *  B.  r.  Ptolemy  IV.,  Pbilopator, 
reigns  with  incompetence  and  cruelty. 
The  decline  of  the  Empire  begins. 

217**  B.C.  Antiochus  the  Great, 
King  of  Syria,  makes  an  attempt  to  seize 
all  the  eastern  provinces,  and  is  defeated 
by  Ptolemy  near  Kaphia,  in  Palestine. 

205  Nov.  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  V.  comes 
to  tlie  throne  at  the  age  of  13  or  14  years  ; 
M.  yEmiiius  is  regent. 

200  *  *  B.  c.  The  regent  is  sent  on  an 
embassy  to  Home  to  seek  aid  against 
Philip  V.  of  JVIacedon  and  Antiochus  of 

Syria. 

199*  *  B.  c.  Aristomenes  is  Roman 
regent  in  Egyjjt. 

185  *  *  B.  c.  A  revoltin  Lower  Egypt  is 
suppressed  with  great  cruelty. 

181  Oct.  *  Ptolemy  VI.,  Philometor, 
succeeds  his  father  ;  Cleopatra  is  regent. 

169*  *  B.  c.  Philometor  reigns  con- 
jointly with  his  brother  Physcon. 

170  *  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  is  captured  by 
Antiochus  Epiphanes,  and  his  brother 
Physcon  proclaims  himself  king. 

164  *  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  Euergetes  drives 
Philometor  from  Alexandria;  he  seeks 
aid  at  Home ;  the  SenaUe  decides  to  re- 
instate him. 

146*  *  B.  r.  Ptolemy  VH.  (Physcon,  or 
Euergetes  II.)  usurps  the  throne. 

[He  is  a  depraved  and  cruel  king,  the 
w<-)r8t  of  all  the  Ptolemies  ;  he  marries 
Cleopatra,  his  brother's  widow,  and  puts 
her  young  son,  the  heir  apparent,  to 
death.  The  pro8F>erity  of  Egypt  declines.] 

130  *  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  VII.  is  expelled 
from  Alexandria,  his  capital,  by  the  en- 


raged populace.  Cleopatra  H.  becomes 
queen. 

127  *  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  VH,  recovers 
his  throne,  and  has  a  more  peaceful 
reign. 

117*  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  Vm,  (Soter, 
Lathyrus)  reigns  conjointly  with  Cleo- 
patra, his  mother. 

107  *  *  B.  c.  Cleopatra  expels  Ptolemy 
VIII.,  and  elevates  her  favorite  son  Ptol- 
emy IX.,  Alexander. 

89  *  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  Lathyrus  governs 
Cyprus  as  a  separate  kingdom. 

*  *  B.  c.  Alexander  gains  supremacy  and 
causes  his  mother's  death ;  dissensions 
follow. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  Vm..  King  of  Cy- 
prus, is  restored  to  the  throne  of  Egj-pt. 

82*  *  B.  <-.  Upper  Egypt  revolts. 
[Thebes  la  besieged  for  three  years,  and 
destroyed.] 

81  *  *  B.  c.  Berenice  HI.,  daughter  of 
Lathyrus,  succeeds  him;  she  soon  mar- 
ries her  step-son,  Alexander  II.,  who  or- 
ders her  death. 

80*  *  B.  €.  Ptolemy  XI.,  sumamed 
Auletes  and  Neus  Dionysius,  the  illegiti- 
mate son  of  Ptolemy  VIII.,  succeeds  to 
the  throne  on  the  extinction  of  the  line 
of  Ptolemies. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  A  popular  tnnmlt  avenges 
the  murder  of  Berenice  III.,  in  the 
death  of  Alexander. 

58  *  *  B.  c.    Ptolemy  XI.  is  expelled 

by  his  subjects  because  of  oppressive 
taxation. 

Cleopatra  V.,  his  wife,  and  Berenice 
IV.,  his  daughter,  reign  together. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Cyprus  becomes  a  Koman 
province  by  conquest. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  On  the  death  of  Cleopatra, 
Berenice  reigns  alone. 

55  *  *  B.  c.  Supported  by  Gablnius,  pro- 
consul of  Syria,  Ptolemy  XI.,  Auletes, 
regains  the  throne ;  he  punishes  his 
daughter  Berenice   with  death. 

51  *  *  B.  c.  Ptolemy  XI.  leaves  his  king- 
dom to  Ptolemy  XII.,  surnaraed  Dio- 
nysius n.,  and  to  Cleopatra  his  [fa- 
mous] daughter. 

48  *  *  B.  c.  Dionysius  II.  expels  Cleo- 
patra, and  she  flees  into  Syria. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Cleopatra  gains  the  interest 
of  Caesar. 

47  *  *  B.  c,  Ptolemy  XH.  is  drowned 
while  crossing  the  Nile  after  his  defeat. 

46*  *  B.  c.  Cleopatra  marries  her 
younger  brother,  Ptolemy  Xecteros,  and 
reigns  conjointly  with  him  ;  he  is  only 
a  phantom  king. 

45  *  *  B.  c.  Cleopatra  goes  to  Rome 
with  her  brother  and  young  Ptolemy 
Csesar,  her  son,  wishing  to  be  acknowl- 
edged Caesar's  wife,  and  their  son  to  be 
his  heir.    [He  is  rejected.] 

43*  *  B.  r.  Cleopatra  poisons  her 
brother  in  his  14th  year,  and  reigns  alone. 

41  *  *  B.  c.  Cleopatra  visits  Antony, 
the  ruler  of  the  Eastern  world,  at  Tar- 
sus, in  Syria,  and  immediately  capti- 
vates him. 

36  *  ♦  B.  c.  Antony  deserts  his  wife  Oc- 
tavla,  and  hastens  to  Cleopatra. 


•  *  *  B.  c.  Cleopatra  secures  from  the 
infatuated  Antony  the  grant  of  PhoBui- 
cla,  Cyrene,  and  Cyprus. 

34  *  *  B.  c.  Antony  gives  to  Cleopatra 
all  Asia,  from  the  Mediterranean  Sea 
to  the  Indus  River. 

31  Sept.  2.  B.C.  Octavius  [Augustus] 
appears  with  a  Roman  army  against 
Antony  and  Cleopatra,  who,  being  de- 
feated at  the  battle  of  Actium,  kill 
themselves  ;  and  Egypt  becomes  apolit- 
ical province  and  the  great  granary 
of  the  Homan  empire. 

27  *  *  B.  c.  Cornelius  Gallus,  the  Ro- 
man prefect,  governs  Egypt. 

14*  *A.  D.  Tiberius  is  emperor  at 
Rome. 

[37,  Caligula  ;  41,  Claudius  ;  54,  Nero  ; 
68,  Galba  ;  69,  Otto,  Vltellius,  Vespasian  ; 
79,  Titus;  81,  Domitian  ;  96,  Nerva;  98, 
Trajan.] 

70  *  *  Vespasian  visits  Egypt. 

98  *  *  Agreat  Jewish  revolt  is  followed 
by  the  withdrawal  of  many  privileges 
formerly  enjoyed  by  the  Jews. 

117  *  *  Hadrian  is  emperor  of  Rome. 

130  *  *  The  Emperor  visits  Egypt,  and 
renews  the  old  privileges,  besides  grant- 
ing new  ones. 

134  ♦  *  Hadrian  again  visits  Egypt. 

138*  *  Antoninus  Plus  is  emperor  of 
Rome.     [161,  M.  Aurclius.] 

175  *  *  Avidius  Cassius  is  prefect  of 
Egypt ;  having  suppressed  a  revolt,  he 
usurps  the  purple,  and  is  acknowledged 
by  the  armies  of  Syria  and  Kgypt.  [Slain 
by  his  adherents.] 

180  *  *  Commodus  is  emperor  of  Rome. 

[193,  Pertlnax,  D.  Julianus,  Septimus 
Severua.  'ill.  M.  Aurelius  Antoninus 
(Caracalla). J 

193  •  *  Prescennius  Niger,  the  Roman 

general  in  Egypt,  is  proclaimed  emperor. 

194  *  *  Niger  is  defeated  and  slain  by 
Sever  us. 

200*  *  The  Emperor  Severus  visits 
Egypt. 

217  *  *  Macrinus  is  emperor  of  Rome. 
[218,  Elagftbalus  ;  222,  Alexander  Sev- 
erus ;  235,  Maximln  ;  238,  Gordian  111.  ; 
244,  Philip ;  249,  Becius ;  251,  Gallus  ; 
253,  ^^2mlllan,  by  the  action  of  the  troops 
at  Alexandria,  valerian  ;  260,  Gallicuus ; 
268,  Claudius  II.  ;  270,  Aurelian.] 

270  *  *  Zenobia,  Queen  of  Palmyra,  af- 
ter failing  in  a-  former  invasion,  again 
invades  and  conquers  Egypt  [but 
holds  it  for  only  a  short  time]. 

273*  *  Atn:elian  takes  Egjrpt  by  defeat- 
ing Zenobia  ;  a  revolt  in  Egypt  Is  also 
suppressed. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

31  *  *  A.  D.  Industrious  Egypt  becomes 
the  fi^ranary  of  indolent  Rome. 

41  *  *  Egyjit  is  on  the  Roman  highway 
to  India. 

122*  *  Alexandria  is  restored  by 
Hadrian. 

128  *  *  The  pestilence  prevails. 

252  *  *  A  devastating  plague  prevails. 


654    275,  **-1517, 


EGYPT. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

297  *  *  Alexandria  is  taken  by  Diocle- 
tian after  a  long  siege,  and  AcUilleus, 
the  usurper,  is  put  to  death. 

450  *  *  Upper  Egypt  is  overrun  by  the 
Nubians,  led  by  Silco. 

491  *  *  The  Persians  invade  Egypt. 

600  *  *  Arabs  overrun  Egypt. 

*  *  *  The  monasteries  are  used  as  for- 
tresses. 

616  *  *  Chosroes  III.,  King  of  Persia,  in- 
vades and  captures  Alexandria ;  he 
holds  the  country  for  ten  years. 

638  June  *  The  invasion  of  the  Sara- 
cens begins. 

641  Dec.  10.  The  Saracens,  led  by 
Califf  Omar's  successful  general,  Amrn, 
capture  Alexandria,  and  conquer 
Egypt. 

908  *  *  The  Fatimite  Arabs  invade  [and 
conquer]  Egypt. 

1062  *  *  Civil  war  breaks  out  in  Lower 
Egypt  between  the  Blacks  and  the  Turks. 

1099  July  15.  The  Crusaders  cap- 
ture Jerusalem  from  the  Saracens. 

Aug.  12.  The  Crusaders  under  Godfrey 
of  Bouillon  defeat  the  Egyptian  army  at 
Ascalon,  in  Palestine. 

1160  *  *  Egypt  is  at  war  with  Noored 
Deen  of  Aleppo,  North  Syria,  and  also 
with  Amalric,  King  of  Jerusalem. 

1166  *  *  The  citadel  of  Cairo  is  founded 
by  the  Saracens. 

1186  *  ♦  War  begins  between  Saladin 
and  the  Crusaders. 

1187  *  *  Battle  at  Nazareth,  Palestine  ; 
130  Knights  Hospitallers  and  Templars 
and  a  few  liundred  foot-soldiers  are  over- 
whelmed by  superior  numbers,  and  only 
the  Grand  .Master  and  two  knights  es- 
cape. 

*  *  Saladin,  with  80,000  men,  totally  de- 
feats the  Crusaders  near  Lake  Tibe- 
rias; it  is  a  heavy  blow  to  the  invaders. 

1189  *  *  Acre  is  besieged  by  the  Cru- 
saders. 

1191  *  *  Saladin  is  defeated  by  heavy  re- 
enforcements  to  the  Crusaders,  at  the 
siege  of  Acre ;  2,700  Mussulmans  are 
massacred  in  cold  blood,  after  surren- 
dering. 

1204  *  *  El  Adiel  defeats  the  Crusa- 
ders, and  drives  the  newly  arrived  King 
of  Jerusalem  back  to  Europe. 

1219  *  *  The  Saracens  defeat  the  Crusa- 
ders at  Mansurah,  in  the  Belta. 

1249  June  5.  The  Crusaders,  invad- 
ing Egypt,  capture  Damietta,  with 
stores,  by  the  treachery  of  the  com- 
mander :  54  principal  officers  are  put  to 
death  by  the  Sultan. 

1250  *  *  The  Crusaders  under  Louis  IX. 
of  France  are  overwhelmed  and  defeated, 
and  the  King  is  captured  at  Mansurah 
by  the  Moslems.  [St.  Louis  soou  sur- 
renders his  army.] 

*  *  St.  Lonis  ransoms  himself  and  army 
by  promising  the  payment  of  400,000 
livres  and  the  evacuation  of  Egypt. 

1259  *  *  Mozuffer  conquers  Syria. 

1260  *  *  Mozuffer  commences  a  series  of 
campaignl^  against  the  Christians.  £z 
Zuiier  Beybars  conquers  Armenia. 


1279  *  *  El  Mansoor  Kalaoon  takes  Trip- 
oli from  the  Christians,  slaughtering  the 
people. 

1291  *  *  Ashrof  Khaleel  takes  Acre,  the 

last  stronghold  of  tlie  Crusaders  in 
.Syria ;  many  tliousands  of  tiie  inhabi- 
tants are  massacred. 

1294  *  *  Tlie  Ketbogha  insurrection  is 

defeated  by  El  Mansoor  Lageen. 

1399  *  *  The  calif  is  at  war  with  the 
Tartars  under  Tamerlane,  and  is  <le- 
feated  at  Aleppo. 

1424  *  *  The   calif   takes   Cyprus   and 

Jeddah,  the  port  of  Mecca,  from  John 
III. 
1468  *  *  Successful  expeditions  are  sent 
against  the  Turks  under  Bajazet. 

1508  *  *  An  luisuccessful  expedition  is 
sent  against  the  Portuguese. 

1516*  *The  Saracens  are  defeated  at 

Aleppo,  Palestine,  and  annexed  by  the 

Turks  under  Selim  I. 
1517  *  *  Cairo  is  taken  by  tlie  Turks 

from   the  Egyptian   sultans  ;  Egypt  is 

subdued  by  Selim  I. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

642±  *  *  The  Mosque  of  Amro  at  Cairo 

is  erected. 
710  *  *  The  nilometer  is  erected  on  the 

Island  of  Rhoda ;  it  Jiotes  the  rise  and 

fall  of  the  Nile. 
813  *  *  The  Great  Pyramid  is  opened. 
879  ±  *  *  The  Mosque  of   Tooloon  at 

Cairo  is  erected. 
1058^  *  *The  inundation  of  the  Nile 

fails  for  seven  successive  seasons. 
1300+:  *  *  An  earthquake  half  destroys 

Cairo ;  Alexandria  and  other  towns  also 

suffer. 
1351*  *  The   Mosque    of    Hassan   is 


erected. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

292  *  *  Pat'honiins,  Saint,  one  of  the  foiuicl- 
ers  of  nionasticisiii,  horn. 

296  *  *  Athanasius,  Saint,  Patriarch  of  Al- 
exander, Christian  Father,  controversialist, 
author,  horn. 

307  ♦  *  Catherine,  Saint,  of  Alexandria,  mar- 
tyr, dies. 

309  *  *  Pidymus,  the  "  Blind  "  scholar,  theo- 
logian, born. 

336  *  *  Arius,  presbyter  of  Alexandria,  fdr. 
of  Ariauism,  A80. 

348  *  *  I'aclioniius,  Saint,  one  of  tlie  foumlers 
of  inonasticisni,  A57. 

356  *  *  Anthony,  Saint,  founder  of  asceti- 
cism, A 105.  (?) 

370  *  *  Hypatia.  of  Alexandria,  mathemati- 
cian, philosopher,  horn. 

376  *  •  Cyril,  bishop  of  Alexandria,  horn. 

395  •  *  Didynius,  the  "IJlind  "  scholar,  theo- 
logian, A8ti. 
Athanasius,  Saint,  Patriarch  of  Alexandria, 
Christian  Father,  controversialist,  an.,  A77. 

416  *  *  Hypatia.  of  Alexamlria,  mathemati- 
cian, philosopher,  A45. 

5th  Century.  Achilles,  Tatius,  rhetorician  of 
Alexandria,  born. 

444  *   *  Cyril.  .Saint,  of  Alexandria,  A68. 

884  *  *  Ahmed  Ibn  y  Xooloon,  founder  of 
the  Tooloonide  dynasty,  A48±. 

892  *  *  Saadia,  Hen  Joseph  Saadias-Gaoii, 
Jewish  philosopher,  horn. 

933  *  *  Tekeen  El  Gezeree,  c<yiq«eror,  dies. 

941  ±*  *  Saadia,  Ben  Joseph  Saadiaa-Ciaon, 
Jewish  philosopher,  A49+. 

1021  ♦  *  Hakim,  founder  andmessiahof  the 
Druses,  dies. 

1137*  *  Saladin,  siUtan  of  Egypt  and  Syria, 
born. 

1193  *  *  Saladin.  sultan,  AS6. 

1238  *  •  El  Kamil,  anltait,  dies. 

IS67  *  *  Aibek-Azad-ed-liin,  sultan,  dies. 

1294  *  •  El  Ashrof  Khaleel,  sultan,  is  assassi- 
nated. 


CHURCH. 

284  *  *  The  Coptic  writers  date  the  era 
of  the  martyrs  from  the  accession  of 
Diocletian. 

303  *  *  A  savage  i>ersecution  of  Chris- 
tians occurs. 

305  *  *  Monachism  begins  in  Egypt ;  St. 
Anthony  of  Thebes  is  its  founder. 

311  *  *  An  edict  of  toleration  is  issued 
by  the  emperor. 

324  *  *  The  Emperor  Constantine  ad- 
vises all  subjects  to  become  Christians, 
as  he  had  become  one. 

*  *  The  Christian  Church  is  divided  into 
two  Greek  churches,  the  first  schism  in 
Egypt. 

326*  *Athanasius,  the  opponent  of 
Arius,  is  made  archbishop  of  vVlexaii- 
dria.  [335.  Athanasius  is  exiled  by 
the  Arians.    342.    Athanasius  returns.] 

354  *  ♦  George  of  Cappadocia  is  made 

(Arian)  arclibi.shop  of  Alexandria. 

355  *  *  Athanasius  is  aj;ain  exiled. 

362  *  *  George  of  Cappadocia  is  killed 
by  a  mob  wliile  awaiting  trial. 

363  *  *  Athanasius  is  finally  restored. 
389  *  *  The   temple  and  worship  of 

Serapis  are  destroyed  by  nietKiosius  I. 
Christians  triumph  over  the  pagans ; 
the  old  Egyptian  religion  is  proscribed^ 
yet  most  at  the  learned  and  scieutittc 
classes  remained  pagans. 

412  *  *  Cyril  becomes  bishop  of  Alex- 
andria; he  is  one  of  the  most  intemper- 
ate of  the  church  Fathers. 

He  persecutes  the  Jews,  plunders  their 
possessions,  and  one  day  expels  every 
one  of  them  from  the  city. 

415±  *  *  Hypatia,  the  pagan  philoso- 
pher, is  murdered  by  monks  through 
the  alleged  instigation  of  St.  Cyril. 

*  *  Jews  are  massacred  in  Alexandria. 

428  *  *  Cyril  opposes  the  doctrines  of 
Nestorius. 

431  *  *  Cyril  presides  over  the  Council  of 
Ephesus. 

451*  *The  4th  General  Council  of 
Chalcedon  denounces  the  doctrines  of 
the  Coptic  or  Egyptian  Church  as 
heretical;  this  causes  its  separation 
from  the  orthodox  church. 

754  *  *  El  Mansoor  becomes  a  cruel  per- 
secutor of  Christians  in  Syria  and 
Egypt. 

1048  *  *  The  Calif  of  Egypt  permits  the 
Knights  of  Malta  to  build  a  pilgrims* 
house  at  -Jerusalem. 

1299  *  *  Jews  and  Christians  are  severely 
persecuted. 

1303*  *Christians  are  compelled  to 
wear  blue  turbans,  and  Jews  to  wear 
yellow,  and  both  are  forbidden  to  ride 
on  horses  or  mules,  or  to  receive  any  gov- 
ernment emijloyment ;  many  churches 
are  destroyed  and  all  closed. 

1322+  *  *  Christians  are  again  perse- 
cuted; the  principal  churches  are  de- 
stroyed by  the  Moslems;  Christiana 
retaliate  by  burning  the  mosques. 

The  threats  of  the  mob  induce  the 
sultan  to  consent  to  the  mtirder  and 
plunder  of  any  Christians  met  in  the 
streets. 


EGYPT. 


275,**-1517, 


655 


LETTERS. 

312  •  *  The  Coptic  Bible  is  written. 

389  *  *  Tlie  pagan  temple  of  .Serapis  pos- 
sesses 700,000  volumes;  a  mob  de- 
stroys them  with  the  temple.  (?) 

640  •  *  Calif  Omar  takes  Alexandria,  and 
destroys  its  library  of  700,000  vol- 
umes; tliese  supply  tlie  baths  with  fuel 
fur  six  months  ;  learning  is  banished  for 
a  Unw". 

754  •  *  El  Mansoor  is  a  patron  of  liter- 
atute. 

800±  •  *  The  Augustinian  Age  of  Sar.-i- 
cenic/literature  appears. 

813*  *E1  Mamoon  patronizes  litera- 
ture./ 

975  *  *  El  Azeez  patronizes  literature  ; 
ho  founds  the  University  of  Cairo. 

SOCIETY. 

321  *  *  Keligious  feuds  between  the  or- 
thodox Atlianasians  and  tlie  heterodox 
Arians  disturb  Alexandria. 

884  *  *  Ahmed  dies,  leaving  a  costly  es- 
tablishment. 

It  consists  of  7,000  mounted  Mame- 
lukes, 300  picked  horses  for  his  own  use, 
a  body-guard  of  24,000  slaves,  besides 
(5,000  asses  and  mules,  10,000  camels,  and 
100  wherries. 

*  *  The  prisons  contain  18,000  prisoners. 

1257  *  *  Sultan  Eybek  is  put  to  death 
by  his  wife ;  she  in  turn  is  beaten  to 
death  by  the  wooden  clogs  of  the  female 
slaves  belonging  to  another  wife  of 
Eyl)ek. 

STATE. 

275  *  •  Tacitus   is   emperor   of  Kome. 
[276,  Probus,  after  serving  as  governor 
of  Egypt ;  282,  Carus,  Numerian  is  co- 
regent  ;  later,  Carinus ;  284,  Diocletian  ; 
28G,  Maximian.] 

292  *  *  A  formidable  revolt  breaks  out ; 
Achilletjs  assumes  the  title  of  Emperor 
Domitus  Domitanus. 

296*  •Diocletian  enters  Egypt,and 
takes  Alexfindria. 

297  *  *  Domitanus,  sustaiiied  by  the 
Egyptians,  again  revolts,  and  captures 
Alexandria ;  the  emperor  rotin-ns,  and 
takes  the  city,  and  puts  his  rival  to 
death. 

305*  *  Constantius  and  Galerius  are 
emperors. 

[306,  Maxentius  ;  307,  Severus,  Lici- 
nius,  and  Constautine  ;  323,  Constantine  : 
337,  Constantine  11.,  Constantius  and 
Constans  coregents  ;  353,  Constantius  ; 
361,  Julian;  363,  Jovian;  364,  Valcntin- 
ian  ;  Valenscoregent ;  367,  Gratian  ;  .375, 
Valentinian  II.;  379,  Theodosius;  383, 
Maximus  ;  3S)2,  Eugenius ;  394,  Theodo- 
sius.] 

395  *  *  Egypt  becomes  a  part  of  the 
Byzantine  Empire  on  the  iinal  division 
of  the  Koman  Empire. 

639  *  *  Egypt  is  invaded  by  the  Mos- 
lems ;  'Amr-Ibu-Ei-As  with  4,000  men 
enters  .Syria. 

641  *  *  Grand  Cairo  is  founded. 

*  *-868*  *  Moslem  rule.  (Seep.  485+.) 
Egypt  is  governed  by  a  sticcession  of 
viceroys  appointed  by  the  califs  of  Bag- 
dad and  Damascus. 

644  *  *  Othman-ibin-Aifan,  a  descendant 
of  the  Prophet,  reigns.  [He  is  killed  by 
conspir.ators.] 


646  *  *  Cyprus  is  regained. 

648  *  *  Cyprus  is  retaken  by  the  Greek 
emperor. 

656  *  •  Ali-Ib-Abu-Taleb  is  calif. 

[601,  Moawiyeh  I.,  the  founder  of  the 
Ommiade  dynasty  ;  680,  Yezeid  I. ;  683, 
Moawiyeh  11. ;  684,Merwan  1. ;  later,  Abd- 
el-JIelek,  who  discontinues  tribute  to 
Constantinople ;  705,  El  Weleed  ;  741, 
Merwau.J 

714  ±  *  *  Seven  califs  have  brief  and 
unimportant  reigns. 

750  *  •  -1258  *  *  The  dynasty  of  the 
Abbassids;   IJagdad  is  the  capital. 

•  *  Abul  Abbas  is  calif,  and  fotuids  the 
dynasty. 

754  *  •  Al  Munsur  reigns  ;  he  is  a  cruel 
persecutor,  yet  a  patron  of  learning  and 
science. 

[776,  Mahdi ;  later,  Hadee ;  786,  Harnn- 
al-Raschid,  brave,  benevolent,  and  a  pa- 
tron of  science ;  809,  El  Ameen  ;  813,  El 
Mamoon,  a  patron  of  learning ;  840,  El 
Mantussin;  847,  El  Motawukkel ;  861, 
El  Muntusser  ;  868,  El  Mostain  ;  later.  El 
Mantuz  ;  later,  Alimed  Ihn  y  Tooloon  as 
viceroy  of  the  calif,  and  founder  of  the 
Tooloonide  dynasty.] 

868  *  *  Ahmed  throws  off  allegiance  to 
the  calif,  and  establishes  indepen- 
dence for  Egypt  [lasting  37  years]. 

884  *  *  Kh.amarii,weeyeh  reigns.  [890, 
Asaker,  llaroon,  Maghazee.] 

*  *  *  Long  period  of  anarchy. 

906  *  *  Muktuffee  is  calif,  and  indepen- 
dence is  lost,  and  the  Abbassid  dynasty 
is  restored. 

908  *  *  Muktuddir  reigns. 

*  *  The  Mahdee,  or  Arabian  Patimites, 
invade  Egypt. 

•  *  -1171  *  *  The  Patimite  dynasty 
reigns  over  Egypt,  part  of  Northern 
Africa,  and  Syria. 

932  *  •  El  Kaher  is  calif. 

[9.36,  El  Eadee,  Mohammad  el  Alkh- 
sbeed,  founder  of  the  Alksheed  dynasty  ; 
948,  Abool  ;  967,  Abool  Kasem  ;  later, 
Kafoor ;  969,  Abool  Fowaris,  later.  El 
Moez,  founder  of  the  Fatimite  dynasty 
of  califs ;  the  Fatimites  come  from  North- 
ern Africa.] 

973  *  *  Cairo  is  founded  by  the  Fati- 
mites. [It  causes  the  decay  of  Alex- 
andria.] 

975  •  *  El  Azeez  is  calif. 

996  *  •  El  Hakim  is  calif ;  the  founder 
of  the  sect  of  the  Druses. 

1021  •  *  Ez  Zahir  is  calif. 

[1036,  El  Mustiinsir  ;  1094,  El  Mustalee  ; 
1101,  J:1  Amer  ;  1132,  El  Hafuz  ;  1152,  El 
Dhafer ;  1157,  El  Fiygez.] 

1171  *  *  Salah  ed  Deen  [the  famous  Sa- 
ladin]  is  proclaimed  sultan ;  he  founds 
the  Ayoobite  dynasty. 

1192  *  *  Saladin  is  forced  by  the  Cru- 
saders to  accept  a  truce  for  three  years. 

1193  *  •  Saladin  dies,  and  his  dominions 
are  divided. 

»  *  Melek  El  Azeez  is  sultan  ;  his  sons 
soon  disagree. 

1200  *  *  El  Adiel   is  sultan.      [1218,  El 

Kamiel ;  1239,  Es  Salih. 
1229*  *  El   Kamil   cedes   Jerusalem, 

Bethlehem,  Nazareth,  and  other  parts 

of  Palestine,  to  Frederick  II.,  Emperor 

and  Crusader. 

1249 »  *  Sheger-ed-Durr,  widow  of  the 
sultan,  a-ssumes  the  regency.    [El  Moez- 

zen  is  sultan.] 


1250  *  *  1517  *  *  The     Mamelukes, 

having  usurpe<i  the  supreme  power,  rule 
Egypt  [for  207  years]. 

♦  *  El  Moez  is  sultan,  and  fomider  of 
the  Baharite  Mameluke  dynasty.  The 
Mamelukes  were  originally  Moslem 
slaves. 

1256  *  *  El  Mansoor  is  sultan;  soon  put 
to  death,  and  succeeded  by  Eybek. 

[1257,  Eybek  is  assassinated  by  order 
of  his  wife ;  1259,  FA  Mozuffer  ;  1260,  Ez 
Zaher  Beybars  ;  1279,  El  Mansoor  Kala- 
oon  ;  1290,  El  Ashrof  Khaleel ;  1293,  El 
Nasr  Mohannned,  who  is  soon  exiled.] 

1294  *  *  An  insurrection  breaks  out 
under  Ketbogha,  the  regent. 

1299  *  *  El  Nasr  Mohammed  is  restored 
to  the  throne. 

1308  •  *  The  sultan  abdicates.  El  Mo- 
zuffer Bayleers  is  his  successor. 

1310  *  *  El  Nasr  is  again  restored. 

1341  *  *  The  seven  sons  of  Nasr  follow 
in  succession  ;  [reigns  are  chiefly  short 
and  troubled  :  the  sultans  are  exiled 
or  put  to  death]. 

1348  *  *  Hassan  is  deposed  from  author- 
ity by  Es  Saleh,  his  brother. 

1351  *  *  Hassan  is  restored. 

1361  *  *  El  Mansoor  Mohammed  reigns 

a  few  months. 
1363  *  *  El  Ashraf  Shaban,son  of  Hassan, 

is  sultan.     [He  is  finally  strangled.] 
1377  *  *  Es   Salah  is  sultan  ;    later  his 

brother.  El  Mansoor  All. 
1382*  *EzZahirBerkook,theu8urper, 

is  sultan. 
He  founds  the  Circassian  Mameluke,  or 

Borgite,  dynasty,  and  rules  with  ability 

and  justice ;    he  also  favors  learning. 

These  sultans  were  originally  Circassian 

slaves. 
1399  *  »  En  Nasr  Fareg  of  Berkook  is 

sultan. 

*  *  *  A  revolt  in  Syria  is  overcome. 
1412  *  •  El  Moaiyud  begins  a  prosperous 

reign. 
1422  *  *  El  Ashraf  Bnrsabey,  a  sultan  of 

virtue,  reigns  with  ability. 
1438  •  *  Gekmeh    reigns  ;    later    Abdel 

Azeez,  who  is  deposed. 

1453  *  *  Eenal  reigns  ;  later  Othmau 
[who  is  overthrown  by  intrigue]. 

1461  *  *  Khoshkadem  Moaiyud  Ahmed, 
a  Greek  by  birth,  is  sultan. 

1467  *  *  Turar  Bogha  reigns. 

1468  *  *  El  Ashrof  Kaitbey  reigns  ;  he  is 
successful  in  military  enterprises. 

1496  *  *  Mohammed  reigns  ;  he  is  weak 
and  barbarous  ;  later,  Kansooh  Nasr 
reigns  live  months,  and  abdicates. 

1500  *  *  Gambalat  reigns  six  montlis  ; 
Toman  Bey  reigns  a  few  mouths,  and  is 
killed. 

1501  *  *  El  Ghoree  Kansooh  reigns. 
1517  *  *  El  Ashrof  Toman  Bey  reigns. 

*  *  The  Mamelukes  are  overthrown. 
Cairo  is  taken  by  Turks  under  Selim 
I.,  and  Egypt  is  reduced  to  a  Turkish 
pashalio. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

491  *  *  The  invasion  of  the  Persians  is 
followed  by  a  famine. 

684  *  *  The  first  Arab  coin  is  issued. 

1062 j:  *  *  A  famine  lasts  for  seven 
years, 

1424  •  *  The  Indian  trade  is  monopo- 
lized by  the  Egyptians. 


656      1543,  *  *-1868,  Mar.  18. 


EGYPT. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1767*  *Ali  Bey,  the  Mameluke,  con- 
quers Arabia  and  Syria  by  an  army 
under  Molianimed  Bey. 

1788  *  *  Cairo  is  captured  by  Turks 
under  Hassan  Pasha. 

1798  *  *  -1801  *  *  The  French  send  an 
expedition  against  Egypt,  having  for 
its  ultimate  object  the  overthrow  of  the 
British  empire  in  the  East. 

July  5.  Napoleon,  with  an  army  of 
30,000  men,  takes  Alexandria  by  as- 
sault. 

July  21.  Battle  of  the  Pyramids ;  Ka- 
poleon  defeats  and  nearly  annihilates 
the  Mamelukes,  60,000  strong;  15,000 
men  fall. 

July  22.    Napoleon  captures  Cairo. 

1799  Apr.  16.  Napoleon  defeats  the 
Turks  at  Mt.  Tabor,  Palestine.  [Pesti- 
lence breaks  out  in  the  French  army, 
and  it  returns  to  Egypt.  Gen.  Kleber 
succeeds  Napoleon  as  commander  of  the 
French.] 

July  25.  Gen.  Murat  with  5,000  French 
defeats  15,000  Turks  at  Aboukir,  near 
a  mouth  of  the  Nile. 

Aug.  1,2.  Battle  of  the  Nile;  the 
French  fleet  is  destroyed  by  the  British 
fleet  under  Adm.  Nelson  in  Aboukir 
Bay ;  the  French  lose  13  out  of  17  ves- 
sels, and  9,000  men. 

1800  *  *  Gen.  Kleber  defeats  a  force  of 
70,000  Turks  under  the  grand  vizier  at 
Heliopolis,  in  the  Delta. 

June  14.  Gen,  Kleber  is  assassinated 
at  Cairo;  Gen.  Meuou  assumes  command 
of  the  French. 

1801  Mar.  2.  A  British  army,  under 
Gens.  Abercromby  and  Hutchinson,  ar- 
rives in  Aboukir  Bay. 

Mar.  8.  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby  defeats 
the  French,  and  captures  Aboukir. 
[Mar.  21.  He  defeats  the  French  under 
Gen.  Menou  at  Alexandria.] 

Mar.  25.  The  British  army  is  reen- 
forced.by  the  Turks. 

Mar.  28.    Gen.  Abercromby   dies   of 

his  wounds  at  Alexandria. 

Apr.  19.  The  French  are  defeated  at 
Bosetta,  a  town  in  the  Delta. 

June  27.  Cairo  is  taken  by  the  British 
and  Turks  ;  60,000  French  capitulate. 

Sept.  2.  Gen.  Menou  and  10,000  French 
surrender  to  Gen.  Hutchinson  at  Alex- 
andria. 

Sept.  *  The  French  rule  ends  in  the 
evacuation  of  Egypt, 

1802+  *  *  A  Turkish  force  of  14,000  men 
is  defeated  by  a  small  force  of  Mame- 
lukes in  Demenhoor,  who  also  secure 
guns  and  ammunition. 

1803  Mar.*  The  British  evacuate 
Egypt. 

May*  The  Egyptian  troops  revolt 
against  Kliusruf  Pasha,  who  is  com- 
pelled to  flee. 

'*  *  Mehemet  Ali,  with  a  force  of  Alba- 
nians and  Mamelukes,  takes  Damietta, 
in  the  Delta,  after  an  obstinate  resist- 
ance ;  Khusruf  Pasha  is  captured. 

1805  May  *  Civil  war  occurs  between 
the  adherents  of  Mehemet  All  and  Kur- 


sheed   Pasha,  the   rivals   for   supreme 

power. 

May  19.  Ali  besieges  Kursheed,  the 
Mameluke  chief,  in  the  citadel  of  Cairo. 

Aug.  17.  Tlie  first  massacre  of  the  Ma- 
melukes in  Cairo  by  the  Turks  occurs, 

1806  July  1.  The  Porte  sends  3,000 
troops  to  subdue  the  beys. 

1807  Mar.  17.  A  force  of  5,000 British 
troops  arrives  to  aid  the  beys  against 
the  Sultan. 

Mar.  20.  Alexandria  is  taken  by  a  Brit- 
ish force  under  Gen.  Frazer. 

Sept.  14.  The  British  under  Gen.  Fra- 
zer evacuate  Alexandria  after  failing 
in  their  unfortunate  enterprise. 

1811  Mar.  1.  Mehemet  Ali  invites  the 
Mamelukes  to  the  citadel,  and  massa- 
cres about  470  of  them,  and  destroys 
their  power. 

*  *  Mehemet  Ali  sends  8,000  men,  includ- 
ing 2,000  horse,  under  Toosoon  Pasha, 
against  the'Wahabis,  who  repulse  them. 

1812  *  *  -15  *  *  Toosoon  Is  reenforced, 
and  renews  the  campaign ;  he  takes 
Medina  after  a  siege,  also  Jiddah  and 
Mecca. 

1816*  *A  successful  expedition  is  sent 
to  Arabia  by  Mehemet  Ali.    (See  p.  488.) 

1820  *  *  Mehemet  Ali  sends  several  thou- 
sand men  into  Southern  Egpyt  to  ob- 
tain captives  to  form  the  nucleus  of  a 
new  army. 

1821  •  *-22  *  *  Ali  sends  7,000  or  8,000 
men  to  aid  the  Turks  in  subduing  the 
the  Greek  insurrection. 

1822*  *  Mehemet  All's  youngest  son, 
Ismail,  and  his  retinue,  are  put  to 
death  by  Nimr,  an  Arab  chief. 

*  *  An  army  composed  chiefly  of  slaves  is 
organized  by  French  officers  into  dis- 
ciplined troops. 

1824  *  *  The  regular  army  is  raised  to 
24,000  men. 

*  *  Insurgents  numbering  20,000  or  30,000, 
led  by  the  false  prophet,  are  subdued. 

1831  *  *  -33  *  *  "NATar    with    Turkey  ; 

Mehemet  Ali  revolts,  invades  [and  soon 
subdues]  Syria. 

*  *  Tn  a  battle  near  Gaza,  Egyptians 
under  Ibrahim  Pasha  defeat  the  Chris- 
tians ;  30,000  Christians  and  Moslems 
fall ;  the  former  retreat.  [1832.  Jeru- 
salem is  captured  by  the  Egjptians 
under  Es  Salih  ;  they  also  take  Damas- 
cus.] 

1832  July  8.  "With  16,000  discii-lined 
Egyptian  troops,  Ibrahim  Pasha,  son  of 
Ali,  defeats  30,000  Turks  at  the  battle 
of  Hims. 

May  27.    Ibrahim  takes  Acre  from  the 

Turks  after  a  long  siege. 
Dec.  2 1 .    Ibrahim  defeats  60,000  Turks  at 

Konich,  and  captures  the  grand  vizier. 

1833  Apr.  3.  Ibrahim  advances  on 
Constantinople,  which  is  entered  by 
Russian  auxiliaries. 

May  4.  The  war  with  the  Turks  ends 
with  the  convention  of  Rutayah. 

1839  *  *  Mehemet  Ali  again  revolts 
against  the  Sultan,  claiming  hereditary 
powers. 

Jime  24.  Ibrahim  Pasha  defeats  the 
Turks  at  Nezib  on  the  Euphrates. 


1 

icers  the     ■ 

1  Q  n  H  c     t\f         ^* 


*  *  Through  tlie  treachery  of  officers  the 
Turkish  fleet  falls  into  the  hands  of 
the  viceroy  of  Egypt. 

1840  Oct.  10.  Adm.  Napier  bombards 
Beyrout. 

Nov.  3.  The  British  and  Austrian  fleets, 
under  Adm.  .Sir  Robert  Stopford,  take 
Acre. 

Nov.  21  ±.  Ibrahim  is  expelled  from 
Syria  by  the  action  of  the  powers,  Eng- 
land, Austria,  Russia,  and  Prussia  hav- 
ing agreed  to  hold  .Syria  for  the  Sultan. 

1864  May  *  The  pasha  sends  a  force  to 
repress  insurgents  in  Arabia. 

May  10.  [Sir]  Samuel  "W.  Baker  is  ap- 
pointed commander  of  a  military  expe- 
dition to  ascend  the  Nile,  and  suppress 
the  slave-trade. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATtXRE. 
1754    Sept.  *  An   earthquake  engulfs 
half  of  the  houses  in  Grand  Cairo  ;  40,000 
persons  perish. 

1815*  *  Giovanni  Battisa  Belzoni,  the 
autiquurian,  arrives. 

1816  ^  *  Belzoni  removes  the  colossal 
statue  of  Memnon  from  near  Thebes  to 
Alexandria. 

1817  *  *  Belzoni  explores  temples,  and 
opens  tlie  pyramid  of  Cephren. 

1820  *  *  The  Mahmoud  canal  is  opened, 
connecting  Alexandria  with  the  Nile. 

1829  Nov.  26.  The  water  of  the  Nile 
rises  to  2Q  instead  of  22  feet. 

1834  *  *  Burnt  bricks  are  found  in  the 
Nile  that  are  believed  to  be  20,000  years 
old. 

1852  *  *  Ferdinand  de  Lesseps  pro- 
jects a  canal  for  connecting  the  Bay  of 
Pelusium  with  the  Red  Sea. 

He  proposes  to  cut  a  canal  90  miles 
long,  create  ports,  and  deepen  shallow 
waters. 

1858  *  *  The  Suez  canal  is  begun  by 
French  engineers. 

1861  *  *  The  Bulak  Museum  is  estab- 
lished. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1728  *  ♦  AH  Bey,  revolutionist,  bom. 
1735±  *  *  Ibrahim  Bey,  Mameluke  ehief^b. 
1769+  *  *  Mehemet  Ali  Faslia  born. 
1773*  *  Ah  liey,  revolutionist,  A45. 
1789  *   *  Ibrahim  Pasha,  vl<'»roy,  born. 

1806  ♦   *  El  Bardeesee  Paslia  dies. 

1807  Jan.  30.     Kl-elfee  Bey  ilies. 
1813  »  *  Abbas  Pasha,  viceroy,  born. 
1816*  *  Ibrahim    Bey,     Mameluke    chief, 

A81  +  , 

1830  Dec.  31,     Ismail  Pasha  bom. 

1848  Nov,  10.     Ibrahim  Pasha  dies. 

1849  Auf?.  3.     Mehemet  All  Paslia  dies. 
1854  July  14.     Abbas  I'aaba,  A41. 
1863  Jan.  18.     Said  Pasha,  viceroy,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

1808  *  *  The  Bible  is  translated  into 
Amharic  language  by  an  Abyssinian 
monk  called  Abu  Runii,  assisted  by  the 
French  consul,  Asseline. 

1854  Nov.  15.  The  United  Presbyte- 
rian Church  of  U.  S.  A,  starts  a  mission 
in  Cairo. 

1862  *  *  Miss  Whately,  daughter  of  Arch- 
bishop Whately  of  Dublin,  starts  a 
school  at  Cairo  for  the  children  of 
Copts  and  Mohammedans. 

1863*  *  The  first  native  Protestant 
church  is  organized  at  Cairo  by  the 
United  Presbyterians. 


EGYPT. 


1543,  *  *-1868,  Mar.  18.    657 


1865  *  *  Aasiout  and  Koos  become  mis- 
sion-stations of  the  United  Presbyterians 
of  U.  S.  A. 

(186C,  Modeenet,  El  Fayoom,  and 
Mansura,  in  the  Delta;  1868,  Sinoris 
El  Fayoom ;  1SC9,  Mooteea  and  Na- 
khaileh,  near  Assiout ;  1873,  Bagore, 
Fahta,  Rhoda,  Suft  Meedoom,  and 
Iiuzor;  1874,  El-JawUy,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Assiout,  North  Kgypt,  Goorneh, 
near  Luxor ;  1875,  Ahnoob,  near  Assi- 
out, and  Sinhore,  on  the  Fayoom  ;  1876, 
Esneh  and  Erment,  south  of  Luxor, 
Kosair,  on  the  lied  Sea,  and  Zerabi, 
near  Assiout ;  1877,  Dweir,  Moosera, 
Beezadeeza,  Marees,  ami  Bulak ;  1878, 
Beni-Adi  and  Manfaloot ;  1879,  Sana- 
lio,  Akhmeem,  on  the  east  banltof  the 
Nile,  province  of  Girgeh,  and  El  Baya- 
deeyya,  province  of  Assiout,  Upper 
Kgypt ;  1880,  Deir  Aboo-Hinnis,  and 
Tanta;  1881,  Azaimeh,  near  Flsneh, 
Ejnneh,  Tameeyah,  and  El  Kome 
El  Akhdar;  1882,  Wasta,  Molr, 
Tanda,  and  Benisouef;  1883,  Tima, 
Abooteeg,  and  Furkus ;  1884,  Edfos, 
Aboo-Kerkaa,  and  Daminhoor;  1885, 
Deir  El-jenadily,  Kome-es-paht, 
Busra,  Menharg,  Mahalla,  Kafr- 
Bilmisht,  Zagazig,  and  Mist  Eharar; 
1886,  Deir-Birsha,  Nezlet-Rooman, 
Pesh,  Gerobeea ;  1887,  Assouan  at  the 
First  Cataract,  Hammam,  Serokina, 
Nezlet-Nahkly,  Dakoof,  Tanbody, 
Safaneezah,  and  Atf-Haider.] 


SOCIETY. 

1801  *  *  On  the  departure  of  Frencli 
troops  from  Egypt,  many  of  the  Moslem 
women  whom  they  had  married,  or 
bought  as  concubine  slaves,  are  forth- 
■irith  tied  up  in  aacka  and  drowned. 


STATE. 
1543  *  ♦  -1798  *  *  Turkish     rule     in 

■S^     Egypt. 

By         The  title  calif  is  assumed  by  the  sov- 

^^K    ereigns  of  Turkey. 

^^B  *  Sgypt  is  divided  by  the  Turks  into 
^^»24  districts. 

^^H  Each  is  under  a  Mameluke  bey,  the 
^^Hchief  of  whom  is  sheikh  el-beled ;  over 
^^K  the  24  beys  is  a  council  of  seven  Turkish 
chiefs,  and  superior  to  all  a  supreme 
pasha. 
1763  *  *  Ali  Bey,  the  Mameluke,  is  pro- 
moted to  the  office  of  sheikli  el-beled. 
1767*  ♦Ali  Bey  usurps  authority, 
and  becomes  supreme  pasha;  he  declares 
B^ptian  independence,    [He  is  poisoned 
after  four  years.] 

1772  *  *  Mohammed  Aboo  Dahab  re- 
bels, and  contends  for  the  office  of  su- 
preme pasha  [is  recognized  by  the  Sultan 
of  Turkey]. 

1773  *  *  Supreme  authority  divided  by 
Murad  Bey  and  Ibrahim  Bey.  [Con- 
fusion and  civil  war  follow  for  many 
years.] 

1786  *  *  Murad  and  Ibrahim  are  de- 
throneil :  Ismail  is  made  supreme  pasha. 

1791  ♦  *  Murad  and  Ibrahim  are  re- 
stored to  their  former  office  on  the  death 
of  Ismail. 


1708  Aug.  *  -1801  Sept.  *  French 
rule. 

1799*  *Napoleon  Bonaparte  leaves 
Gen.  Kleber  in  authority. 

1801  *  *  The  French  invaders  are  dis- 
possessed by  the  British  invaders  un- 
der Gens.  Abercromby  and  Hutchinson. 

Sept.  *  The  French  evacuate  and  aban- 
don Egypt. 

*  *  Turkish  rule  is  restored. 

*  *  The  Turkish  government  gives  orders 
to  the  Turkish  high-admiral  to  ensnare 
and  put  to  death  the  principal  beys ; 
this  begins  the  struggle  between  the 
Mamelukes  and  the  Turks ;  civil  war 
ensues. 

*  *  Gen.  Menou  concludes  a  treaty  with 
the  English  at  Cairo. 

Egypt  is  to  be  restored  to  Turkey,  and 
the  French  army  transported  to  France 
by  the  English  lieet. 

*  *  Mohammed  Khusruf  is  pasha. 
1803    Mar.  *    The    British    evacuate 

Egypt. 
May  *  Khusruf  Pasha  is  driven  out  of 
Cairo  by  a  revolt  of  unpaid  soldiers. 

*  *Tahir  Pasha  is  pasha.  lie  is  killed 
in  23  days  for  refusing  to  pay  the  Turk- 
ish troops. 

*  *  Confusion  and  anarchy  ensue. 
1805    May  *  Mehemet   Ali  is  chosen 

pasha. 

Jime  *  (?)  Ali  receives  a  firman  as  pasha 
from  the  Sultan,  and  the  struggle  in 
Cairo  ceases. 

Aug.  17.  Mehemet  All's  first  massacre. 
(See  Army.) 

1806*  *  Mehemet  Ali  is  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  Upper  Egypt ;  he  claims  su- 
preme power. 

July  1.  A  successor  of  Ali  arrives,  accom- 
panied with  3,000  regular  troops,  yet  he 
only  succeeds  in  retaining  his  position 
by  paying  4,000  purses  to  the  Porte. 
[He  greatly  develops  tlie  country.] 

1811  Mar.  1.  Mehemet  Ali's  second 
massacre.    (See  Army.) 

1822  *  *  The  territory  of  ancient  Nubia 
is  added  by  conquest. 

1831*  *  Mehemet  Ali  declares  Egypt 
independent,  invades  Syria,  and  threat- 
ens Constantinople. 

1833  May  14.  By  the  intervention  of 
European  powers  a  treaty  is  concluded 
between  Mehemet  Ali  and  the  Porte; 
Syria  and  Adneh  are  ceded  to  Ali  on 
condition  of  his  paying  tribute  to  Turkey. 

1839  *  *  Mehemet  Ali,  encouraged  by 
France,  demands  of  the  young  Sultan, 
Abdul-Medjid;  the  hereditary  investi- 
ture of  all  lands  under  Ali's  government. 

1840  *  *  In  opposition  to  the  demands  of 
Ali,  England,  Austria,  Prussia,  and 
Russia,  to  the  exclusion  of  France,  con- 
clude an  alliance  favorable  to  the  Porte, 
which  threatens  the  pe.ace  of  Europe. 

Nov.i  *  Ali  withdraws  from  Syria. 

1841  July  15.  By  the  Convention  of 
Alexandria  peace  is  restored. 

By  the  demand  of  Great  Britain,  Me- 
hemet All  relinquishes  Syria,  but  is  con- 


firmed by  the  Sultan  in  hereditary  rule 
of  Egypt. 

1848  *  *  Ibrahim  Pasha  is  viceroy  ;  he 

is  the  adopted  son  of  Ali. 

*  *  Abbas  Pasha,  son  of  Toosoon,  suc- 
ceeds his  uncle  Ibrahim  ;  retrogression 
begins. 

1851  May  27.  The  Porte  confirms  the 
hereditary  succession  to  the  pashalic  of 
Egypt,  and  concedes  the  right  of  coining 
money,  but  increases  the  tribute  from 
£400,000  to  £750,000. 

1854*  *Said  Pasha  is  viceroy;  he  is 
the  fourth  son  of  Mehemet  Ali.  [Fa- 
vorable to  reforms.] 

1863  *  *  Ismail  Fasha,  the  commandant 
of  the  army,  becomes  viceroy. 

Apr.  7.  The  Sultan  of  Turkey  arrives 
in  Egypt. 

1867  May  14.  Ismail  Pasha  secures  a 
firman  from  the  Porte  at  great  cost, 
which  grants  the  title  Khedive,  and 
removes  the  chief  restrictions  imposed 
by  the  treaty  ;  the  office  i8alsoconfirme4l 
to  the  line  of  direct  succession. 

June  9.  The  sultan  designates  the  Khe- 
dive as  sovereign. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1791  *  *  The  plague  appears. 

1792  *  *  The  plague  prevails  ;  about 
800,000  people  perish. 

1820  *  *  Khartum,  at  the  confluence  of  *^ 
the  Blue  and  White  Nile,  is  built  by 
Mehemet  Ali. 

1831  *  *  Cholera  prevails. 

1851  *  *  A  railway  from  Cairo  to  Alex- 
andria is  opened. 

1858*  *  The  dredging  of  the  Suez  Canal 
is  commenced  by  Daniel  Lange  of  Eng- 
land ;  estimated  cost,  £8,000,000. 

1859  May*  A  telegraph  line  is 
opened  between  Aden  an<l  Suez. 

1862  *  *  Mediterranean  waters  are  ad- 
mitted into  a  channel  communicating 
with  Lake  Tiinsah. 

1863  Mar.  4.  The  name  of  the  new 
town  is  changed  from  Tinisah  to  Ja- 
mailia. 

Aug.  *  The  Egyptian  Government  com- 
pels the  Canal  Company  to  abandon 
compulsory  labor. 

*  *  -67  *  *  The  war  in  America  stimu- 
lates the  cultivation  of  cotton, 

1865  Feb.*  M.  de  Lesseps  reports  the 
passage  of  a  vessel  containing  30  per- 
sons through  the  entire  canal. 

June  *  Cholera  rages  in  Alexandria, 

Aug.  15.  A  part  of  the  Suez  Canal  is 
opened. 

The  waters  of  the  Nile  are  admitted 
into  the  smaller  canal,  and  a  vessel 
passes  from  the  Mediterranean  to  the 
Ked  Sea. 

1867  Feb.  17.  The  first  ship,  named 
the  Primo,  passes  through  the  canal 
from  sea  to  sea. 

Nov.  *  A  loan  is  raised  in  France  for  the 
Suez  Canal. 

1868  *  *  The  canal  is  used  by  both 
French  and  English  vessels. 

Mar.  18.  The  Mediterranean  waters 
are  admitted  to  the  salt  lakes. 


658    1868,  *  *-1884,  Peb.  11. 


EGYPT. 


ARMY -NAVY. 

1870  Feb.  8.  x  a©  Baker  expedition 
leaves  Khartum. 

[1871.  Apr.  25.  It  arrives  at  Gondokoro, 
later  called  Ismailia.  July  *-Sept.  * 
It  has  engagements  with  the  Baris  of 
Belinian.  1872.  Mar.  6.  It  arrives  at  Fa- 
liko.  Apr.  25.  It  arrives  at  Masindi  in  Un- 
yoro.  June  8.  The  treachery  of  Kaba 
Kega  toward  the  liaker  expedition  is  pun- 
ished by  burning  Masindi.  July  18.  It 
arrives  at  PVweera,  and  is  well  received. 
Aug.  2.  It  suppresses  an  insurrection 
of  slave-dealers.] 

1875  *  *  -76  *  *  "War  with  Abyssinia. 
Ismail  Pasha  makes  a  disastrous  attempt 
to  conquer  territory.     (See  p.  2.) 

1877    June  *  Negotiations  for  peace  are 

entered. 

1879  May  5.  A  rebellion  of  slave- 
dealers  in  the  Sudan  is  suppressed  by 
Lieut.  Gessi  of  Col.  Gordon's  commantl. 

1881  July  *  Sheik  Mohammed  Ahmed 
proclaims  himself  a  Mahdi,  and  raises 
an  insurrection. 

Nov.  *  The  Mahdi  defeats  the  Eg3rptian 

troops. 
Deci.  *  Ahmed  the  Mahdi  is  defeated 

in  the  Sudan,  retires  up  the  Blue  Nile, 

and  gathers  a  large  army  beyond  the 

"White  Nile. 

1882  June  11.  Arabi  Pasha  begins  a 
rebellion  of  the  national  party  against 
the  Anglo-French  control  of  Egypt. 

Alexandria  suffers  from  a  riot,  the 
town  is  ravaged,  and  about  60  Europeans 
are  killed  ;  the  Egyptian  troops  suppress 
the  rioters. 

Jime  14.  The  Mahdi  overwhelms  and 
massacres  about  6,000  Egyptian  troops 
in  the  Sudan.    (Reported.) 

July  4.  The  English  and  French  admi- 
rals formally  protest  against  the  erec- 
tion of  fortifications  at  Alexandria  by 
Arabi  Pasha.  [July  9.  Adm.  Seymour 
threatens  to  bombard  the  city.] 

July  6.  The  subjects  of  Great  Britain 
are  warned  to  leave  Egypt, 

July  11.  Adm.  Seymour  bombards 
Alexandria  for  the  preservation  of  his 
fleet  from  Arabi's  batteries  ;  British 
loss,  six  killed,  and  28  wounded. 

July  12.  The  Sultan  protests  against 
the  bombardment. 

±  The  British  send  1,000  marines 
from  Malta  to  Alexandria.  [July  17. 
About  5,000  soldiers  land.] 

Arabi  Pasha  and  part  of  the  Egyptian 
army  abandon  Alexandria,  and  retreat 
into  the  interior ;  a  mob  fires  the  city  ; 
it  plmiders  and  massacres  Europeans 
and  Christians. 

July  20±.  Arabi  Pasha  cuts  off  the 
water  supply  from  Alexandria,  and  calls 
upon  the  people  to  rise. 

July  24.  Sir  A.  Alison  has  a  skirmish 
with  the  rebels  ;  he  captures  Kamleh. 

±    Arabi  proclaims  a  holy  war. 
July  25±.    The  British  bring  troops 
from  England  and  India. 

July  31.    The    French    Government 

orders  the  withdrawal  of  its  fleet. 

Aug.  3.  The  British  troops  occupy  the 
tovrn  of  Suez. 

Aug.  10.  The  Duke  of  Connaught 
and  officers  arrive  at  Alexandria. 

Aug.  19.  The  Mahdi  is  defeated  at 
Bara  in  the  Sudan. 


Aug.  19,  20.    The  British  occupy  Port 

Said,  Isniailia,  and  Kantara,  positions 
which  control  the  canal. 

Aug.  21.  Gen.  Macpherson  arrives  at 
Suez  with  the  Indian  troops. 

Aug.  25.  The  advance  from  Ismailia  has 
a  slight  cavalry  and  artillery  engage- 
ment ;  Egyptians  are  routed. 

Aug.  26.  Gen.  Graham  occupies  Kassas- 
sin  with  2,000  troops. 

Sept.  13.  After  several  skirmishes  the 
British  capture  Tel-el-Kebir,  losing  52 
killed,  380  wounded ;  Egyptian  loss, 
3,000. 

Sept.  14.  The  British  enter  Cairo ; 
Arabi  Pashi  with  about  10,000  men  sur- 
renders to  the  British. 

Sept.  17.  The  Khedive  dissolves  the 
Egyptian  army. 

Oct.  24.  The  Iffahdi  defeats  the  Egyp- 
tians in  the  Sudan. 

Nov.  4.  The  British  defeat  the  Mahdi 
at  Bara. 

Dec.  16.  Col.  Stewart  arrives  at  Khar- 
tum. 

Dec.  22.    Sir  Henry  Evelyn  Wood, 

commander  of  the  new  Egyptian  army, 
arrives  at  Cairo. 

1883  Jan.  *  The  Mahdi  repulses  the 
British  in  the  Sudan  three  times. 

[Jan.  5.  The  Mahdi  captures  Bara 
and  Obeid.  Feb.  2;j  K  The  Mahdi  is  re- 
pulsed. Apr.  *  Gen.  Hicks  defeats  the 
Mahdi  at  Sennaar.] 

Mar.  *  Col.  Hicks  Pasha  starts  for  Kor- 
dofan  with  an  army. 

[Apr.  29.  He  totally  defeats  the 
Mahdi  near  Berber.  !BIay  14i:.  Again 
near  Khartum.  Sept.  20.  He  advances 
up  the  Nile  to  Duem.] 

Nov.  3,  6.  Battle  of  Kashgal,  near 
El-Obeid ;  Col.  Hicks  is  overwhelmed 
in  adefile  by  11,000  Mahdists,  and  the  en- 
tire Egyptian  force  is  exterminated. 

Nov,  6.  The  Mahdi  surprises  and  de- 
feats an  Egyptian  detachment  at  Tokar 
near  Suakim  ;  it  loses  150  men. 

Nov.  *  Col.  Coetologon  gathers  an  Egyp- 
tian army  at  Khartum. 

Nov.  *  A  general  uprising  against  the 
British  takes  place. 

Nov.  26.-Dec.  2.  The  Mahdists,  com- 
manded by  Osman  Digna,  an  impover- 
ished slave-dealer,  attack  the  forts  at 
Suakim ;  a  force  of  720  Egyptians  is  al- 
most totally  destroyed. 

1884  Jan.  18.  London.  Gen.  (Chi- 
nese) Gordon  is  ordered  to  the  Sudan 
to  assist  the  Khedive  in  withdrawing  his 
troops,  they  being  overpowered  by  the 
Mahdists. 

Feb.  4.  The  Mahdists  defeat  Baker 
Fasha  near  Tokar. 

Feb.  7±.  Adm.  Hewitt  assumes  com- 
mand at  Suakim;  the  town  is  besieged. 

Feb.  8.  Tewfik  Bey  makes  a  desperate 
sortie  from  Sinkat ;  the  entire  force  is 
killed,  and  the  town  taken. 

Feb.  11.  Gen.  Gordon  arrives  at  Ber- 
ber, and  proclaims  the  Mahdi  sultan  of 
Kordofan.    [Feb.  18.    At  Khartum.] 

ART— SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1876  Jan.  1.  The  Gregorian  style  of 
the  calendar  is  adopted. 


CHURCH. 

1868  *  *  The  Apostelstrasse  ("  the  Ave- 
nue of  the  Apostles  ")  missions  are  with- 
drawTi  from  the  interior,  and  devoted  to 
the  successful  school  at  Alexandria. 

1881  Nov.  *±  Mohammed  Ahmed,  call- 
ing himself  El  Mahdi,  the  prophet,  ai>- 
pears  in  Sudan  with  1,500  followers, 
declares  a  holy  war,  and  defeats  the 
Egyptian  forces. 

1882  July  24+.  A  Mohammedan  reli- 
gious war  against  unbelievers  is  pro- 
claimed by  Arabi  Pasha. 

*  *  The  strength  of  the  various  religions 
is  shown  by  the  census  returns  : 

Mohammedans 6,051,625 

Christians  (Copts,  Roman  Catho- 
lics, Greeks,  Protestants,  and 

Arminians) 514,521 

Jews 15,796 

SOCIETY. 

1880  July*  The  Khedive  decrees  the 
abolition  of  slavery.  [Slaves  are  to  be 
emancipated  by  July  31,  1881.] 

1882  Apr.  *  The  trial  of  43  persons  con- 
victed of  uniting  in  a  conspiracy  to  kill 
Arabi  Pasha,  and  dethrone  the  Khedive, 
ends  with  the  sentence  of  exile ;  sentence 
confirmed  by  the  Khedive. 

May  29.  Anarchyprevails;  Europeans 
are  leaving  Egypt. 

1882  June  11.  Savage  riots  and 
massacre  of  Europeans  occur  at  Alex- 
andria. 

June  15±.  A  state  of  panic  prevails 
because  of  the  rebellion  ;  great  emigra- 
tion of  Europeans  from  Alexandria  en- 
sues.   [20,000  leave  Egypt.] 

June  28±.  Arabi  Pasha  is  decorated 
by  the  sultan. 

Nov.  *  The  trial  of  Arabi  Pasha  begins 
with  the  secret  examination  of  wit- 
nesses. 

Dec.  3.  Arabi  Pasha  pleads  guilty  of 
rebellion ;  he  is  first  sentenced  to  death, 
then  the  sentence  is  -commuted  to  bau- 
isbment  for  life. 

Dec.  9.  Arabi  Pasha  and  others  are  to 
be  sent  to  Ceylon  for  exile. 

1883  June  9.  Suleiman  Sami  is  con- 
victed of  the  firing  and  plundering  at 
Alexandria  and  inciting  the  massacre 
[and  hanged  on  June  11]. 

STATE. 

1869  Apr.  1.    Sir  Samuel   Baker    is 

commissioned  to  assume  authority  for 
four  years  from  this  date  in  the  country 
south  of  Gondokoro ;  he  is  to  extend  the 
boundaries  of  Egypt. 

1871  May  26.  Baker  arrives  at  Gon- 
dokoro, names  it  Ismailia,  and  formally 
annexes  the  country  to  Egypt. 

1872  Apr.  1.  Baker  returns  to  Gon- 
dokoro. 

1873  *  *  "  Chinese"  Gordon  is  ap- 
pointed  the  successor  of  Sir  Samuel 
Baker  in  the  Sudan. 

Jime  8.  The  Sultan  issues  a  firman, 
making  Egypt  practically  indepen- 
dent; the  Khedive  is  prohibited,  bow- 
ever,  from  making  treaties  with  foreign 


EGYPT. 


1868,  *  *-1884,  Feb.  11.      659 


powers,    coining    money,    or    building 
armored  vessels. 

1875  June  28,  The  Khedive  opens  an 
international  court  of  justice. 

Nov.  *  It  is  announced  that  the  Khe- 
dive's shares  in  the  Suez  Canal  have 
been  purchased  by  Great  Britain. 

Dec.  *  Great  Britain  sends  Stephen 
Cave  to  Egypt  on  a  special  mission  re- 
specting the  finances.  [He  reports  a 
bad  condition,  owing  to  extravagance 
and  waste.] 

1876  Jan.  1.  The  mixed  courts  are 
first  opened. 

Jan.  4.  Nubar  Fasha,  the  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs,  resigns. 

May  14,  25.  The  Khedive  signs  the  de- 
crees consolidating  the  debt  of  £91,- 
000,000  at  7  per  cent,  and  providing  for  a 
sinking-fund. 

July  *  The  international  law  court  is 
closed  by  M.  llaaknian,  in  consequence 
of  the  Government's  refusal  to  accept 
its  decisions. 

Oct.  14.  George  J.  Goschen  of  Eng- 
land and  M.  Joubert  of  Fiance  arrive 
at  Cairo  to  devise  a  scheme  to  protect 
the  creditors  of  the  Khedive.  [Egyp- 
tian bankruptcy  is  imminent.] 

[They  i)ropose  a  plan  for  reducing  the 
debt  of  £91 ,000,000  to  £59,000,000,  andrate 
of  interest  from  7  per  cent  to  (J  per  cent.  ] 

Nov.  *  Ismail  Sadyk,  the  Finance  Min- 
ister, is  banished. 

1877  Feb.  *  Col.  Gordon  returns  to 
England.  [He  is  made  governor  of  the 
Sudan  and  the  equatorial  provinces  of 
Egypt.     Oct.  *  He  resigns.] 

June  *  Col.  Gordon  negotiates  peace 
with  Abyssinia. 

1878  Aug.  15.  Nubar  Pasha  is  again 
appointed  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

Sept.  *  England  and  France  partici- 
pate in  the  Government  under  an  agree- 
ment of  joint  control;  Rivers  Wilson 
is  appointed  Minister  of  Finance  and 
[M.  de  Blignitres  Minister  of  Works], 

1879  Feb.  18.  The  dissatisfied  officers 
make  a  riotous  attack  on  the  European 
members  of  the  council  and  Nubar 
Pasha. 

Feb.  19.    Nubar  Pasha  resigns. 

Feb.  *  A  definitive  peace  is  announced 
with  Abyssinia. 

Mar.  5±.  Prince  Tewfik  Pasha  is  ap- 
pointed President  of  the  Council,  and 
Nubar  Paslia  Foreign  Minister. 

Apr.  7.  The  Khedive  issues  a  new 
financial  scheme,  and  dismisses  Tewfik 
Pasha  and  the  European  members  of 
his  council  because  of  the  jealousy  of 
the  natives  ;  Clierlf  Pasha  forms  a  new 
Ministry. 

May  5±.  England  and  France  in  a  joint- 
note  demand  the  appointment  of  Euro- 
pean Ministers  in  the  council. 

June  20ir.  The  powers  recommend  the 
Khedive  to  resign. 

June  26.  The  Sultan  deposes  the  Khe- 
dive, and  appoints  Prince  Tewfik,  his 
son,  to  the  califate.  [Aug.  8.  He  as- 
sumes office.] 


June  30.  The  Khedive  sails  for  Na- 
ples. 

Sept.  4.  The  Khedive  appoints  Sir  Eve- 
lyn Baring  and  M.  de  Bligni^res 
comptrollers-general. 

Sept.  9.  The  Riaz  Pasha  Ministry  is 
announced. 

1880  June  30.  Peace  is  signed  with 
Abyssinia. 

Aug.  18.  A  new  ministry  is  appointed, 
with  the  IChedive  as  President  of  the 
Council. 

1881  *  *  The  revolt  in  the  Sudan  by 
Ahmed,  called  El  Mahdi,  begins. 

He  claims  to  be  the  predicted  prophet 
of  Islam,  whose  coming  was  foretold  1,300 
years  ago. 

Sept.  9.  Cherif  Pasha  is  again  ap- 
pointed Minister. 

Oct,  7.  The  Khedive  receives  the  en- 
voys of  the  Sultan.  [This  awakens 
the  jealousy  of  England  and  France, 
and  the  envoys  soon  depart.] 

1882  *  *  It  is  alleged  that  the  Khedive  is 
controUed  by  the  army,  which  num- 
bers 15,000  men.  Arabi  Bey,  the  favo- 
rite of  the  army,  is  appointed  under- 
secretary of  war. 

Jan.  27 1.  The  deputies  demand  the  en- 
tire control  of  the  Ministry. 

Feb.  2.  Cherif  Pasha  retires  from  the 
council. 

Feb.  3.  Mahmoud  Pasha  forms  a  new 
Ministry. 

Mar.  *  M.  Bligni^res  resigns  the  joint 
comptrollership. 

Apr,  lOi.  An  alleged  conspiracy  of 
Circassian  officers  is  formed  to  assassi- 
nate Arabi  Pasha.    [It  fails.] 

May  23.  Arabi  Pasha  refuses  to  com- 
ply with  the  demand  of  Great  Britain 
and  France,  that  he  resign  from  the 
council. 

May  25.  Great  Britain  and  France  send 
war-vessels  to  Egypt;  they  arrive  at 
Alexandria. 

Arabi  yields  to  the  ultimatum  of  the 
consuls  and  resigns.  They  demand  the 
resignation  of  the  Ministry  and  the  ban- 
ishment of  Arabi ;  the  Khedive's  author- 
ity is  restored  so  as  to  protect  European 
interests. 

May  27,  28.    Arabi  Pashi  is  restored 

to  his  office,  and  anarchy  follows. 

June  11.  Jealousy  of  Europeans 
causes  a  general  uprising  against  them 
in  Alexandria. 

June  24,  A  Conference  of  the  powers 
opens  at  Constantinople. 

July  *  Great  Britain  alone  undertakes 
to  suppress  the  rebellion  of  Arabi 
Pasha,  after  failing  to  secure  the  coop- 
eration of  France. 

July  23.  The  Khedive  proclaims  Arab! 
Pasha  a  rebel. 

July  18.  Tlie  powers  issue  an  identical 
note,  inviting  the  Porte  to  support  the 
Khedive. 

Aug.  14  ±.  The  powers  agree  to  the  in- 
ternational protection  of  the  Suez 
Canal. 


Aug.  *  The  Khedive  stirrenders  au- 
thority to  the  British  commanders  tem- 
porarily to  preserve  order. 

Dec.  1±.  A  proclamation  of  general 
amnesty  is  issued ;  the  release  of  po- 
litical prisoners  is  promised. 

*  *  Arabi  Pasha's  sentence  of  death  Is 
commuted  to  banishment  for  life. 

1883  Jan.  11.  The  joint  control  of 
Egyptian  affairs  by  Great  Britain  and 
France  is  abolished. 

Jan.  24.  Sir  Auckland  Colvin  is  ap- 
pointed British  financial  adviser  to  the 
Khedive. 

Jan.  27±.  All  the  powers  except  France 
and  Turkey  accept  the  proposals  of  the 
British  circular  note  respecting  inter- 
ference in  Egyptian  affairs. 

Great  Britain  proposes  to  make  the 
canal  free  with  certain  restrictions  in 
time  of  war,  and  defines  its  relation  to 
the  Egyptian  army. 

Apr.  30.  The  Egyptian  Constitution  is 
signed  by  the  Khedive. 

May  4.  The  Constitution  is  promul- 
gated. 

Oct.  10±.  The  Khedive  grants  general 
amnesty  to  political  offenders. 

1884  Jan.  6.  The  British  Government 
requires  a  change  in  the  line  of  defense 
respecting  the  Sudan. 

Jan.  24.    "Chinese"  Gordon  arrives 

at  Cairo  on  a  peaceful  mission  to  the 
Sudan  ;  he  goes  alone. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1869  Nov.  23.  The  canal  is  for- 
mally opened  to  the  commerce  of  the 
world  in  the  presence  of  the  Emperor 
of  Austria,  the  Empress  of  France,  and 
the  Khedive  of  Egypt. 

1871  May  15.  Work  is  begun  on  the 
new  port  of  Alexandria. 

1872  Aug.  *  A  French  company  com- 
pletes a  bridge  over  the  Nile  at  Cairo; 
length,  more  than  1,300  feet. 

1873  Apr.*  The  Canal  Company  raises 
its  toll  charges  one-half. 

1875  Nov.  26.  It  is  announced  that 
the  British  Government  has  pur- 
chased the  Khedive's  shares  in  the 
Suez  Canal ;  £4,080,000  are  paid  for  176,- 
G02  shares  out  of  the  entire  issue  of 
400,000. 

1877  May  * -J^me  ♦  Great  Britain 
claims  the  neutrality  of  the  canal. 

1878  Aug.  *  On  the  report  of  a  British 
Commission  respecting  the  bad  condi- 
tion of  the  finances,  the  Khedive  and 
his  family  give  up  real  estate  to  the 
State. 

1880  Apr.  4.  An  international  com- 
mittee on  the  State  debt  is  appointed. 

*  *  Postal  privileges  are  increased. 

1882  June  29.  It  is  reported  that 
30,000  Arabs  are  starving  in  Alex- 
andria. 

*  *  Only  20,000  to  30,000  Turks  are  re- 
ported to  be  in  Egypt. 

1883  June  23±.  Cholera  breaks  out 
in  Damietta  [and  at  various  towns  soon 
after] . 


660      1884,  Feb.  21-1894,  Sept.  10.  EGYPT. 


ARMY— NAVY. 
1884    Feb.  21.    Tokar  surrenders  to 

the  Malnlists  after  a  siege.  [Mar.  1.  Re- 
taken by  the  lJriti^5h.] 

Feb.  *  Osman  Digna  besieges  Kassala. 

Feb.  20.  Battle  of  El-Teb  in  Eastern 
Sudan;  Gen.  Gerald  Graliain  defeats 
Osmau  Digna ;  Britisli  loss,  24  killed 
and  142  wounded. 

Mar.  13.  Battle  of  Tamanieb;  Gen. 
Graham  defeats  the  Mabdists  near  Sua- 
kim  ;  British  loss,  86killed,  111  wounded, 
and  19  missing. 

Mar.  15+ .  Gen.  Gordon  defeats  the 
Mabdists,  and  relieves  the  garrison  at 
Haifa. 

Mar.  16.  Gen.  Gordon's  1,.''jOO  troops 
are  defeated  by  the  Mabdists  through 
treachery.  [Mar.  23.  The  Turko-Egyp- 
tian  generals,  Hassan  and  Said  Pasha, 
are  tried  and  shot.] 

Apr.  *  The  Mabdists  invest  Khartum ; 
Gen.  Gordon  and  Col.  Stewart  are  the 
only  British  officers  in  the  city. 

May  27-June  10.  The  Mabdists  make 
many  unsuccessful  attacks  at  Suakim. 

May  28.  Gen,  Gordon  makes  a  success- 
ful sally  from  Khartum. 

June  10±.  BerberfaUs  to  the  Mabdists. 

July  12.  Assouan  is  occupied  by  the 
British. 

July  24+.  Gen.  Gordon  defeats  the 
Mabdists  at  Khartum. 

Aug.  12.  Gen.  Gordon  repulses  an  at- 
tack of  the  Mabdists  in  strong  force  at 
Khartum. 

Aug.  23.  British  troops,  advancing  to 
reUeve  Gen.  Gordon,  begin  to  arrive 
at  Wady  Haifa,  Gen.  Earle  in  command. 

Aug.  30.  Gen.  Gordon  again  defeats 
the  Mabdists. 

Sept.i*  Preparations  are  made  to  as- 
cend the  Nile  in  800  flatboats  navi- 
gated by  Canadian  Indians. 

Sept.  *  Gen.  Gordon  by  telegraph  urges 
the  Government  to  send  him  assistance. 

Sept.  17  +  .  Suakim  is  relieved  by  the 
aid  of  friendly  native  tribes. 

Sept.  24.  Lord  John  Hay  and  the  Brit- 
ish fleet  arrive  at  Alexandria. 

Oct.  5.  [Lord]  Wolseley  arrives  at 
Wady  Haifa.    [Dec.  1,1.    At  Korti.] 

Oct.  6.    The  British  take  Shendy. 

Col.  Stewart  and  40  men  in  a  steamer 
are  wrecked  near  the  Fifth  Cataract, 
and  are  massacred  through  the  treachery 
of  Arabs. 

Nov.  1±.  Gen.  Gordon  defeats  the  reb- 
els near  Khartum,  and  returns  to  tbat 
city,  total  British  force  in  Egypt  and 
the  Sudan,  16,000  men. 

Nov.  3.  [Lord]  'Wolseley,  commander 
of  the  relief  expedition,  arrives  at  Don- 
gola. 

Nov.  3,  4.  The  British  repel  attacks  at 
Suakim.    [Again  on  Dec.  3  and  8.] 

Nov.  18±.  The  rebels  have  disabled 
two  steamers. 

Deo.  28.  The  advance  on  Khartum 
begins. 


Dec.  29.  Gen.  Gordon  writes  a  mes- 
sage stating  tbat  be  can  hold  out  for  a 
year. 

Dec.  30.  Gen.  Stewart  starts  from 
Korti  with  1,000  men  to  make  rapid 
marches  across  the  desert  to  Metemneb. 
[Gen.  Earle  advances  also,  by  ascending 
the  Nile.) 

1885  Jan.  17.  Gen.  Stewart,  with  1,. loo 
men,  defeats  G,000  Arabs  near  Abu-Klea 
■Wells,  120  miles  from  Khartum  ;  Brit- 
ish loss,  65  killed  and  85  woimded. 

Jan.  19.  The  British  square  repels  an 
assault  with  very  heavy  loss. 

Jan.  24.  Communications  are  opened 
with  Khartum ;  Gen.  Sarle  marches 
for  Beber. 

Jan.  26.  Col.  Wilson  attempts  to  com- 
municate with  Khartum  by  means  of 
three  steamers  found  at  Metemneb. 

Kharttun  is  stormed  and  taken  by 
the  Mabdists  through  the  treachery  of 
the  garrison,  and  Gen.  Gordon  is  killed 
with  his  faithful  followers. 

Jan.  28+ .  Col.  Wilson  sails  up  the 
Nile,  and  reaches  the  outskirts  of 
Khartum.  [In  his  retreat  bissteamers 
are  wrecked  by  Arab  pilots.  Feb.  9. 
Col.  "Wilson  returns  to  Korti. J 

Feb.  10.  The  British  force  under  Gen. 
Earle  repels  an  attack  of  Arabs  at  Kir- 
bekan. 

Feb.  17.  Tlie  Arabs  are  defeated  at 
Abu-Klea  by  Maj.  Wardrop.  Sir  Eve- 
lyn "Wood  arrives  at  Gakdul,and  takes 
command. 

Feb.  22.  The  Kassala  garrison  repel  a 
severe  attack  of  Arabs. 

Mar.  12.  Lord  Wolseley's  army  is 
chiefly  concentrated  at  Korti. 

Mar.  22.  Gen.  McNeil's  brigade  is  sur- 
prised, yet  defeats  the  Arabs  near  Sua- 
kim ;  British  loss,  100  killed. 

Mar,  *  The  British  evacuate  Korti,  and 
descend  the  Nile.  [June  15.  They 
evacuate  Dongola.] 

Apr.  1.  Gen.  Grenfell  succeeds  Sir 
Evelyn  Wood  as  commander-in-chief. 
[July  6.    Sir  E.  Stephenson.] 

May  2.  Lord  'Wolseley  arrives  at  Sua- 
kim. 

June  15,  16.  The  garrison  at  Kassala 
repels  an  attack  of  the  Arabs,  in  which 
many  rebels  are  killed. 

Aug.  10.  The  rebels  are  defeated  at 
Suakim. 

Aug.  16.  The  rebels  surprise  and  take 
Sennaar. 

Dec.  12.  The  attack  of  3,000  Arabs  is 
repulsed  at  Mograkeh,  near  Kosbch. 

Dec.  30.    The  attack  of  6,000  Arabs  is 

repulsed  at  Giniss,  near  Kosheb. 
1886    Feb.  11.    The  rebels  attack  Sua- 
kim, and  are  repulsed.   [May  10±.   The 
British  evacuate  the  town.] 
Apr.  •  The  Sudan   country  south   of 
Wady  Haifa  is  abandoned  to  the  Mab- 
dists by  the  Egyptian  Government. 
Oct.  7.    A  combination  of  Arabs  over- 
throws  Osman   Digna;     T,amai,   bis 
stronghold,  having  large  military  stores, 
is  captured. 


1887  Jan.  21.  Henry  M.  Stanley 
leaves  Ix)ndon  with  a  small  force  to  re- 
lieve Emin  Pasha  in  the  Sudan. 

Apr.  29.  The  Egyptians  under  Col 
Chermside  defeat  the  dervishes  at 
Sarras,  near  Wady  Haifa.  [Many  skir- 
mishes follow.] 

Oct.  25.  An  Arab  attack  at  Wady  Haifa 
is  repulsed. 

Dec.  29.    Osman  Digma  is  defeated  by 

Arabs  who  are  friendly  to  the  Egyptians. 

1888  Jan.  *  The  rebels  attack  Suakim, 
and  are  repulsed. 

A^r.  *  Osman  Digma's  forces  are  dispers- 
ing. 

JiUy  20.  The  dervishes  are  defeated 
near  Wady  Haifa. 

Aug.  27.  The  dervishes  are  severely 
repulsed  in  an  attack  on  Fort  Khor- 
moussa. 

Sept.  *  -Oct.  *  Suakim  is  invested  by 
Arabs,  and  fighting  frequently  occurs. 

Oct.  30.  An  attack  of  Arabs  in  strong 
force  is  repulsed  at  Suakim.  [Nov. 
5.  The  town  is  reenforced  by  Gen.  Gren- 
fell. Dec.  20.  He  puts  the  Arabs  to 
flight.] 

1889  Jan.  4.  Gen.  Grenfell  and  part  of 
his  army  leave  Suakim. 

Jan.  19.  The  Mahdi's  forces  are  de- 
feated on  the  White  Nile  by  Emin 
Pasha's  troops.  [Feb.  27.  They  defeat 
dervishes  in  Bahr-el-Gazel  province.] 

Feb.  11.  Handoub  is  taken  and  burned 
by  the  Mahdi's  forces. 

Feb.  26.  Dr.  Carl  Peters,  with  an  ex- 
pedition including  100  soldiers,  starts  to 
relieve  Emin  Fasha. 

Mar.  li.  On  the  White  Nile  Emin 
P:isba  defeats  an  expedition  sent  against 
him  by  Kbalepa  Abdullah. 

Mar.  23  +  .  Emin  Pasha  routs  6,000  der- 
vishes at  Bor,  capturing  their  steamers 
and  ammunition.  [Apr.  19,  June  2,  19, 
and  July  4.  The  dervishes  are  repulsed 
by  the  British.] 

July  10.  Gen.  Grenfell  arrives  at  As- 
souan to  prosecute  the  campaign  against 
the  Sudanese  dervishes. 

The  invading  force,  under  British  offi- 
cers, consists  of  6,000  men  and  800  cam- 
els :  more  troops  are  ordered  from  Malta 
to  Egypt. 

July  16.  Gen.  Grenfell  assumes  com- 
mand in  the  field. 

July  26.  The  British  forces  shell  the 
dervish  camp. 

Aug.  3.  Gen.  Grenfell  defeats  the  der- 
vishes near  Toski,  killing  and  wound- 
ing l^M  and  capturing  1,000  men. 

The  dervish  army  is  completely  broken 
up.  every  emir,  save  one,  being  killed  in 
the  battle. 

Aug.  5.  Egyptian  troops  occupy  Sar- 
ras; 2,000  of  Nad-el-Imin's  followers 
submit. 

Aug.  6.    Gen.  Grenfell  returns  to  Cairo. 

1890  Jan.  17.  The  Mahdi  releases  his 
European  prisoners. 

1891  Feb.  19.  The  Egyptians  defeat 
Osman  Digna  at  Tokar.  [Feb.  20.  Tokar 
is  occupied  by  Egyptian  troops.  Feb.  22. 
Osman  Digma  flees  toward  Kassala.] 

1892  Feb.  15.  Civil  war  is  raging  in 
and  around  Khartum. 


EGYPT.  1884,  Feb.  21-1894,  Sept.  10.     661 


1S93  Jan.  2.  The  derrisbes  are  re- 
pulsed by  Egyptians,  after  a  fierce  fight 
near  Wady  Haifa,  with  considerable  loss. 

Jan.  5.  The  dervishes  repulse  an 
Egyptian  attack  near  Ainbigol ;  the 
Egyptian  loss  is  heavy. 

1894  Apr.  2±.  An  invading  army  has 
a  battle  with  Bomu  troops  in  the  Su- 
dan ;  thousands  are  killed  or  wounded. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —NATURE. 

1886  Feb.*  Gen.  Grenfell  discovers  the 
ancient  necropolis  at  Assouan. 

Mar.  *-Apr.  24.  Petroleum  is  discov- 
ered at  Jebel  Zeit,  on  the  Red  Sea. 

1890  Jan.  10.  The  tomb  of  Cleo- 
patra is  discovered. 

1894  June  16.  The  tomb  of  a  prin- 
cess is  discovered,  wliicb  yields  many 
treasuresof  ancient  jewelry  hidden  away 
in  two  boxes. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1885  June*    Ahmed,  Kl  Mahdi,  dies. 

1887  Nov.  17.    Baker.  Valentine,  pasha, 
general,  A*>2. 

1888  Mar.  23.     Hassan,  prince,  dies. 
1892    Jan.  7.     Tewfik    Mohammed    Pasha, 

Khedive,  A39. 
1894    Sept.  10-^.     Brug'sch  Pasha.  Egyp- 
tologist, dies. 

4 

CHURCH. 

1886  *  *  The  Church  (of  England)  Mis- 
sionary Society  opens  a  medical  mission 
at  Aden,  Arabia  [which  is  later  removed 
to  Egypt]. 

LETTERS. 

1892  Dec.  6.  A  Greek  manuscript  of 
the  Gospel  of  Peter,  etc.,  is  found  in  a 
tomb  in  Upper  Egypt. 

STATE. 

1884  May  *  Great  Britain  proposes  a 
conference  of  the  powers   respecting 


the  disorder  in  the  finances  of  Egypt ; 
Germany,  Austria,  Italy,  France,  Russia, 
and  Turkey  accept. 

June  28.  The  conference  of  the  Pow- 
ers meets  in  Ix>ndon.  [Aug.  2.  It  ad- 
journs—  no  results.] 

Sept.  9,  liord  Iforthbrook  as  high 
commissioner,  and  Xiord  "Wolseley  as 
commander-in-chief,  arrive  at  Cairo. 

1885  Feb.  15.  Prince  Hassan,  the 
Khedive's  brother,  is  appointed  commis- 
siuner  in  the  Sudan. 

Oct.  24.     A    Turkish    convention    is 

signed  with  Sir  H.  Drummond  WolflT ;  it 
is  agreed  that  the  departure  of  the 
British  from  Egypt  shall  bo  deferred 
till  their  occupation  is  no  longer  needed. 

1886  May  28.  An  Anglo-Turkish 
convention  respecting  Egyptian  affairs 
is  signed  at  Constantinople. 

By  its  terms  the  British  are  to  evacu- 
ate Egypt  after  three  years  ;  if  necessity 
arises  the  Turkish  troops  will  preserve 
peace  in  Egypt  or  British  troops  will  re- 
turn ;  the  Suez  canal  will  remain  neu- 
tral. 

July  15.  The  British  commissioner 
leaves  Constantinople  without  the 
Sultan's  assent  to  the  convention. 

1888*  *-89*  *  The  retirement  of 
Emin  Fasha  from  the  equatorial  prov- 
inces causes  their  loss  to  Egypt. 

1889  Feb.  20.  Suakim  is  declared 
open  to  commerce. 

Aug.  6.  Documents  found  in  the  der- 
vish camp  prove  the  existence  of  wide- 
spread treason  among  native  leaders  of 
Egyptian  society. 

Dec.  12.  The  corv6  is  abolished,  and 
the  land-tax  is  substituted. 

1891  Feb.  13.  The  Khedive  accepts 
the  resignation  of  the  Ministry. 

Feb.  18.  The  revenue  of  the  last  year 
is  announced  as  $53,750,000,  an  advance 
on  previous  years. 


Mar.  8.  The  Khedive's  proclamation  of 
amnesty  is  read  to  the  assembled  sheiks 
in  the  Sudan. 

1892  Jan.  7.  Tewfik  Pasha  dies  ;  Ab- 
bas Pasha,  the  hereditary  prince,  suc- 
ceeds liim. 

Apr.  14.  The  investiture  of  the  Khe- 
dive takes  place  at  Cairo. 

1893  Jan,  17.  The  Khedive  expresses 
regret  for  having  dismissed  his  X*remier 
and  Ministers  without  consulting  the 
British  Government,  on  receiving  a  de- 
spatch from  Lord  Rosebery  ;  he  substi- 
tutes Kiaz  Pasha  for  Fakri  Pasha,  the 
recent  appointee. 

1894  Apr.  14.    The  Cabinet  resigns. 
Apr.  15.    Nuhar  Pasha  constructs  a  new 

Cabinet. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1885  Feb.  5.  Plans  for  widening  the 
canal  are  adopted. 

1889  May  23.  The  British  steamer 
Curfew  sinks  in  the  Suez  Canal  by  col- 
lision with  the  British  steamer  Nyanza. 

Aug.  25.  A  famine  prevails  at  Khar- 
tum and  other  Nile  towns. 

Dec.  7.  The  Egyptian  cotton-crop  is 
reported  at  318,500,000  pounds. 

1890  May  *  An  appalling  famine  pre- 
vails in  the  Sudan. 

People  are  eating  dogs,  cats,  rats,  and 
snakes  to  keep  from  starving ;  hundreds 
are  dying  daily.  The  British  Govern- 
ment aifords  some  relief. 

July  31.  The  cotton-worm  is  ravaging 
in  the  Nile  districts. 

Aug.  17.  The  cholera  continues  in 
Cairo,  Mecca,  and  Jeddah. 

1891  May  21.  Fire  destroys  a  cotton 
warehouse  in  Alexandria,  loss,  §2,500,000. 

July  23.    The  Khedive's  palace  at  Cairo 

is  burned. 

July  24.  The  tower  of  the  Munaier 
Mosque,  in  Alexandria,  collapses  dur- 
ing a  religious  service,  killing  several 
hundred  people. 


FRANCE. 

France  is  a  country  of  Western  Europe,  baring  Paris  as  its  capital.  It  is  one  of  the  Great  Powers  of  Europe.  Its  coast- 
line borders  the  English  Channel  on  the  north  and  the  Mediterranean  Sea  on  the  south.  This  state  is  a  republic  ;  and  it  is 
politically  divided  into  87  departments,  including  Corsica.  The  executive  is  a  President,  having  a  term  of  seven  years  ;  the 
legislature  consists  of  two  houses,  a  Senate  having  300  members  and  a  Chamber  of  Deputies  having  584  members.  About  78  per 
eent  of  the  people  adhere  to  the  Koman  Catholic  faith.  The  principal  colonial  possessions  and  protectorates  are  14  in  number. 
In  Africa:  Algeria,  Senegal,  and  its  dependencies,  French  Sudan  and  Ivory  Coast,  French  Kongo  or  Gabun  Reunion,  Mayotte, 
Noissi-Be,  Sante-Marie,  Obock,  French  Sahara,  and  Madagascar.  Tunis,  and  the  Comoro  Islands,  are  protectorates  only.  In  Asia : 
Pondicherry,  Tongking,  Cochin-China,  Annam,  and  Cambodia,  the  last  two  being  protectorates.  In  Oceanica :  New  Caledonia, 
Tahiti,  Marquesas  Islands,  Tuamotu  Islands,  Wallis,  Raiatea.  In  America :  French  Guiana,  Martinique,  Guadeloupe  and  depen- 
dencies, St.  Pierre,  and  Miquelon.  Area:  204,092  square  miles:  population  in  1896,  38,342,948.  Area  of  colonial  possessions, 
2,600,747  square  miles  ;  their  population,  41,949,800. 


STATE. 

1100  *  *  B.  c.  The  Fbenicians  found  a 
colony  at  Nimes,  on  the  shore  of  the 
Mediterranean. 

615*  *B.c.  Tolosa  [Toulouse]  is 
founded. 

600+ •  •B.C.  Greeks  from  Phocsea 
found  a  colony  at  Marseilles.  [360, 
Cyrrus  (Corsica);  5th  Century,  Nice.] 


400±  •  *  n.  c.  [France]  is  known  to  the 
Romans  as  Gallia  Transalpina.  It  has 
1,200  cities  and  a  dense  population. 

218*  *  B.  c.  Marseilles  becomes  an 
ally  of  Rome. 

191  *  •  B.  c.  Gallia  Cisalpina,  south  of 
the  Alps,  becomes  a  province  of  Rome. 

2d  Century.     Cyrrus  [Corsica].    Two  Ro- 


man colonies  are  founded  ;  Aleria  by 
Sulla,  and  Mariana  by  Marius. 

123  *  *  B.  c.  The  Romans,  under  the 
proconsul  Cains  Sextius  Calvinus,  col- 
onize Aiz  ;  they  gradually  extend  their 
territory,  forming  Provenyia, 

118  •  •  n.  c.  The  Romans  found  a  col- 
ony at  Narbonne  (or  116).  [It  becomes 
the  capital  of  Narbonensis.] 


662     550,  B.C.-A.  D.  496. 


FRANCE. 


1 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

550i  *  *  B.  c.  [Cisalpine]  Gaul  is  set- 
tled by  the  Bituriges,  wlio  enter  as  in- 
vading armies. 

390  Jiilyl6.±  B.C.  It.  TheSenonian 
Gauls,  under  tlieir  Brennus,  or  chief, 
defeat  the  Romans  at  the  river  Allia, 
near  Kome  [and  sack  the  city  ;  they  are 
expelled  by  Marcus  Furius  Camiilus]. 

295  *  *  B.  c.  It.  The  Gauls  and  Sain- 
nites  are  decisively  defeated  at  Senti- 
num  [Seutino]  by  the  Romans  under 
Fabius  Maximus  and  Decius  Mus. 

284+  *  *  B.  c.  It.  The  Senonian  Gauls 
and  Italian  Confederacy  defeat  the  Ro- 
mans at  Arretium  [Etruria],  where 
MetuUus  is  killed. 

283  *  *  B.  c.  It.  At  the  Vadimonian 
Lake,  the  Gauls  and  Etruscans  are 
totally  defeated  by  the  Romans  under 
Dolabella. 

282  *  *  B.  c.  It.  The  Gauls  are  again 
defeated  by  the  Romans  at  Populonia. 

280  *  *  B.  c.  Gr.  The  Gauls  invade 
Greece,  and  are  defeated  under  their 
Brennus  at  Delphi  [Kastri]  in  Phocis. 

231*  *  B.  c.  Corsica.  The  Romans  ex- 
pel the  Carthaginians. 

225  *  *  B.  c.  It.  Battle  of  Telamon  :  the 
invading  Gauls,  70,000  strong,  are  al- 
most annihilated  by  the  Romans  under 
the  Consul  Regulus. 

222*  *  B.  c.  The  Insubrian  Gauls,  under 
Viridomar,  are  totally  defeated  at  Clas- 
tidum  by  the  Romans  under  Marcellus. 

218  *  *  B.  0.  Many  of  the  Gauls  follow 
Hannibal  into  Italy. 

202  *  *  B.  c.  N.  Afr.  Scipio  Africanus 
defeats  the  army  of  Hannibal  at  Zama. 
(See  Italy.) 

121*  *-158*  *B.  c.  The  Romans  gain 
many  victories  over  the  Gauls  in  Gal- 
lia Cisalpina  and  Gallia  Transalpina. 
[102.  Marius  totally  defeats  the  Cim- 
brian  Gauls  of  Central  Europe  at  Aquae 
Sextiae  (Aix).  lOI.  He  annihilates  the 
Cimbrians  at  Vercell8B(Vercelli),  Italy.] 

*  *  B.  c.  INimes  is  conquered  by  the  Ro- 
mans. 

113  *  *  B.  c.  The  Cimbrians  and  Teu- 
tons invade  Gaul,  and  attack  the  Ro- 
mans. 

60  *  *  B.  c.  Gaul  is  invaded  by  the  Ger- 
mans under  Ariovistus. 

69  *  *  B.  c.  Julius  Caesar  is  given  com- 
mand of  the  Romans  in  Gaul  and  lllyr- 
ium  for  five  years. 

58  *  *  -50  *  *  B.  c.  In  eight  campaigns 
Caesar  subdues  the  whole  of  Gaul. 

*  *  B.  c.  Ger.  Caesar  defeats  Ariovistus 
in  a  great  battle  in  Alsace ;  50,000  Ger- 
mans are  slain. 

57  *  *  B.  c.  Belg,  Csesar  subdues  the 
Belgian  Gauls,  defeating  the  Nervii  in 
a  great  battle  on  the  Sambre.  [56.  He 
subdues  Brittany  and  most  of  Aqui- 
tania.  53.  He  suppresses  an  insurrec- 
tion led  by  Ambiorix,  and  subdues  the 
tribe  of  the  Eburones.] 

52  *  *  B.  c.  The  Gauls  revolt  under 
Vercingetorix,  the  chief  of  the  Arvenni ; 


Caesar  lays  waste  their  coimtry,  and  be- 
sieges and  captures  Avaricum  f  Bourges] 
and  Alesia  [Alise] ;  Vercingetorix  sur- 
renders [and  is  put  to  death  in  Rome]. 
49  *  *  B.  c.  Caesar  besieges  and  takes 
Marseilles.         

40  *  *  A.  D.  The  Roman  Emperor  Calig- 
ula leads  an  expedition  into  Gaul. 

69*  *-7l*  *'l'he  Batavians  and  Gauls 
led  by  Claudius  Civilis  unsuccessfully 
revolt  against  Rome.  [70.  He  is  de- 
feated by  Cerealis.] 

197  *  *  The  Emperor  Severus  defeats  his 
rival,  Clodius  Albinus,  near  Lyons. 

253±  *  *  The  Franks  [freemen],  a  Ger- 
man tribe,  invade  Gaul.  [271 1.  They 
are  defeated  by  the  Emperor  Aurelian 
in  Unibria,  Italy.  276.  By  the  Emperor 
Probus.  281.  By  the  Emperor  Maxi- 
mian. 

287  *  *  Maximian  suppresses  a  general 
insurrection  of  the  peasants  of  Gaul. 

306  *  *  The  Emperor  Constantius  de- 
feats invading  Franks. 

355*  *-59*  *The  Emperor  Julian, 
"the  Apostate,"  wins  great  victories 
over  the  invading  Franks  and  Alemanni 
[Germans].  [357.  He  defeats  them  at 
Argentoratum  (Strasburg).] 

368  *  *  The  Gauls  are  surprised,  defeated, 
and  dispersed  by  Romans  under  Jovin- 
ius. 

383  *  *  Maximus  leads  revolting  sol- 
diers from  Britain  into  Gaul,  and  de- 
feats the  Emperor  Gratian  at  Lyons. 
Gratian  is  killed  in  flight. 

406*  *  Vandals  and  Burgtmdians 
penetrate  Germany  ;  they  invaile  and 
desolate  Gaul.  [RheimsJ  is  sacked  and 
ravaged,     [407.    Mimes  is  plundered.] 

419  *  *  Tolosa  [Toulouse]  is  taken  by 
Wallia,  King  of  the  West  Goths. 

428  *  *  Belg.  Belgic  Gaul  is  conquered 
by  Clodion,  chief  of  the  Salian  Franks. 
[447.  He  is  defeated  by  Aetlus  the  Ro- 
man governor  at  Lutchia  (Paris).] 

451  *  *  The  Huns  under  King  Attila,  the 
"  Scourge  of  God,"  invade  and  ravage 
the  country.  Attila  is  defeated  by 
Aetins  at  Aurelani  [Orleans]  and  near 
Catalaunum  [Chalons], 

456  *  *  Corsica.  The  "Vandals  gain  pos- 
session. 

458  *  *  Childeric  conquers  the  country 
as  far  as  the  Loire,  and  takes  Lutchia 
[Paris]. 

470+*  *  Massilia  [Marseilles]  and 
Aries  are  taken  by  Euric. 

486  *  *  Clovis  defeats  the  Roman  gover- 
nor Syagrius  at  Soissons,  and  destroys 
the  Roman  power  in  Gaul. 

496  *  *  Prus.  Clovis  defeats  the  Ale- 
manni with  great  slaughter  at  Tolbia- 
cum  [Ziilpich]  near  Cologne.  [500.  He 
attacks  and  defeats  the  Burgundians 
at  Dijon.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

*  *  *  The  early  Gauls  live  in  round  wat- 
tled huts,  which  are  clay-plastered 
within,  ami  thatched  with  straw  over- 
head ;  they  are  ignorant  of  the  art  of 
raising  walls  and  cementing  masonry. 


*  *  *  The  arts  of  the  (Jauls  are  chiefly 
those  that  minister  to  their  vanity. 

They  make  brilliant  dyes,  and  weave 
gaily  plaided  cloths.  They  plate  metals, 
veneer  woods,  make  embroidered  car- 
pets, and  garments  decorated  with  orna- 
ments wrought  in  silver  and  gold. 

539  *  *  B.  0.  The  rudiments  of  civiliza- 
tion are  introduced  by  Greek  and  Phe- 
nician  colonists. 

The  arts  of  writing,  mining,  and  work- 
ing of  metals,  the  planting  of  the  olive 
and  the  vine,  are  traceable  to  them. 

280  *  ♦  The  Emperor  Probus  reintroduces 
the  culture  of  the  vine,  which  had 
been  torn  up  and  destroyed  by  order  of 
Domitian. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

197  *  *  Albinus,  Decimus  Clodius,  governor 

of  Gaul,  dies. 
SOS  *  •  Iren«u8,  Saint.    Greek   bishop    of 

Lyons,  A78. 
205  •  *  Denis.  Saint,  patron  saint  of  France, 

born.     [272.     Dies.     A67.] 
300  *  *  Hilary,  Saint,  bishop  of   Poitiers, 

writer,  born.    [367.     Dies.     A67.] 
316  *  *  MEirtin,  Saint,  bishopof  Tours,  born. 

[400.     Dies.    A84.] 
358  *   *  Germain,  Saint,  bishop  of  Auxerre, 

preacher,  born.     [448.     Dies.    A90.] 
390  *  *  Drepanius,  Lalimus  Paeatus,  poet,  d. 
406  *   *  Hilary,  or  Hilarius,  Saint,  bishop  of 

Aries,  born.     [449.     Dies.     A43.] 
411  *  *  MerovEBus,  founder  of  Merovingian 

dynasty,  born.     [449.     Dies.    A46.] 
433  *   *  Qenevi6ve,  Saint,  patron  saint  of 

Paris,  born.     [512.     Dies.    A90.] 
439±  *  •  Kemy,  or  Remi,  St.,  bp.  of  Reims,# 

apostle  of  the  Franks,  b.   [533.  Dies.  A94.] 
460  *  *  Avitus,  Saint,  poet,  born. 
466  **  Clovis  I.,  king,  b.     [511.     I>.    A45.] 
475  *  *  t'lotiUle,Sainte,  wife  of  Clovis  I.,  born. 

[545.     Dies.    A70.J 
481  •  *  Chlld6ric  I.,  king,  dies. 
497*  *ClQtaireI..  king,  b.    [560.    D.    A63.] 

CHURCH. 

40*  *  The  Emperor  Claudius  proscribes 
the  religion  of  the  Druids. 

100*  *-150*  *  Christianity  is  intro- 
duced. 

160±  *  *  Pothinua  is  bishop  of  Lyons. 
[177.   Irenaeus.] 

177  *  *  Christians  suffer  persecution  in 
Lyons  and  Vienue. 

Many  Christians  are  barbarously  tor- 
tured in  the  amphitheater.  Pothinus 
and  Blandina  suffer.  [197.  Martyrdom 
is  renewed  in  Lyons.  202.  Again  re- 
newed. Irenaius,  one  of  the  Fatliers  of 
the  Church,  suffers.] 

3d  Century.  Massilia  [Marseilles]  is 
Christianized. 

287  *  *  Crispin  and  Crispinianus,  two 
brothers,  are  [legendary]  saints. 

They  travel  to  propagate  religion,  and 
support  themselves  by  making  shoes. 
[Crispin  is  the  patron  saint  of  shoe- 
makers. Oct.  25,  Crispin  is  put  to  death 
by  being  thrown  into  a  caldron  of  melted 
lead.] 

300  *  *  Rouen  becomes  a  bishopric. 

314  *  *  An  important  church  council  is 
held  at  Aries. 

345  *  *  -500  *  *  The  churches  are  dis- 
turbed by  the  Arian  controversy. 

353  *  *  [St.]  Hilary,  an  anti-Arian 
leader,  becomes  bishop  of  Poitiers. 

257  *  *  Christians  suffer  persecution. 
[286,  288.    Persecution  is  renewed.] 

360i:  *  *  [St.]  Martin  founds  a  convent 
near  Poitiers,  and  labors  to  complete  the 
conversion  of  the  Western  Gauls. 


FRANCE. 


550,  B.C-A.D.  496.   663 


371  *  *  [St.]  Martin  is  consecrated  bishop 

of  Tours. 
402  *  *  Itome,    St.  Innocent  1.  is  pope. 

406  *  *  The  church  at  Reims  has  been 
erected  before  this  date. 

407  ±  *  *  Many  thousand  Christians  are 
massacred  in  the  church  at  Mentz  by 
the  invading  Vandals  and  Burgundians. 

417  *  *  Home.    St.  Zosemus  is  pope. 

[418,  St.  Boniface  I.;  423,  St.  Celestine  I.; 
432,  St.  Sixtus  Ul.;  440,  St.  Leo  the  Great. J 

*  *  Gondlcar,  King  of  the  Burgundians, 
is  converted  to  Christianity. 

483  *  *  Home.    St.  Felix  III,  is  pope. 

[492,  St.  Gelasius  I. ;  4»6,  St.  AnasUsius  II.] 
496  *  *  The   fleur-de-lis   becomes    the 
emblem  of  France. 

It  is  alleged  to  have  been  brought  to 
Clovis  from  heaven  by  an  angel,  as  a  sig- 
nal of  divine  favor,  after  he  had  vowed 
to  embrace  Christianity  if  favored  in 
battle  with  the  Alemanni. 

Dec.  25.  Clovis  is  baptized  in  the  ca- 
thedral at  Reims,  chiefly  through  the 
influence  of  Clotilde  his  wife.  [He  be- 
comes a  patron  of  the  church.]  More 
than  3,000  Franks  are  baptized  the  same 
dav. 

LETTERS. 

40 J:  *  *  B.  c.  Maasilia  [Marseilles],"  the 
Athens  of  Gaul,"  is  celebrated  for  its 
excellent  schools. 

320±  *  *  A.  D.  Lactautius  writes  Divine 
Institutions,  Anger  of  Ood,  Death  of  Per- 
secutorSf  and  many  other  works. 

340  *  *  -380  *  *  Decimus  Magnus  Auso- 
nius  writes  Ordo  Nobilium  Urbium,  an 
historical  work,  Actio  ad  Gratianum,  Pe- 
riochm  in  Iliadem  et  Odysseam,  Idpltia, 
Epistolse,  Play  of  the  Seven  Sages,  etc. 

358i  *  *  The  Emperor  Julian  writes  an 

account  of  his  campaigns  in  Gaul,  after 
the  style  of  Caesar's  Commentaries. 

359  *  *  -360  *  *  St.  Hilary,  bishop  of 
Poitiers,  writes  12  books  on  the  Trinity, 
against  Arianism. 

393±  *  *  St.  Paulinus of  Nola writes £'pis- 
toife  CamiiTia,  Passio  S.  Genesii,  etc. 

403+ *  *Vigilantius  writes  a  work 
against  relic  worship,  saint  worship,  and 
the  celibacy  of  the  clergy. 

425 ±  *  *Joannes  Eremita  Cassianus 
writes  Institutions  of  Monasteries,  Dia- 
logues, The  Incarnation,  etc. 

430±  *  *  Prosper  of  Aquitaine  writes  a 
poem,  Adversus  Jngratos,  against  the 
Pelagians. 

465±  *  *  Porsper  of  Aquitaine  writes  a 
Chronicle,  a  poem  on  Grace,  Epigrams, 
and  other  works. 

465±  *  *  ApoUinaris  Sidonius  writes  Let- 
ters, Poems,  Panegyrics  on  different  em- 
perors, and  other  works. 

486*  *-1495*  *  Period  of  the  Middle 
Ages. 

So-called  *' Dark  Ages,"  '*  Might  of  a 
Thousand  Years."  Scholastic  learning 
chiefly  prevails. 

SOCIETY. 

*  *  *  In  the  earliest  times  the  Gauls 
dress  in  skins,  tattoo  their  flesh,  drink 
out  of  the  skulls  of  their  foes,  and  treat 
all  strangers  as  their  natural  enemies. 

IllOOi  *  *  B.  c.  Tlie  Phenicians  elevate 
the  rude  society  of  Gaul,  and  the  advent 
of  Greek  colonists  marks  the  begin- 


*  *  *  The  Gauls  are  of  large  stature,  fair 
complexion,  usually  having  yellow  hair 
and  tterce  mustaches. 

They  have  descended  from  a  Celtic 
race,  as  a  branch  of  the  Indo-European 
family  of  nations. 

277±  *  *  The  Emperor  Probus  puts  to 
death  400,000  barbarian  invaders  of 
Gaul. 

287  *  *  Their  insurrection  having  failed, 
the  peasants  of  Gaul  are  for  the  most  part 
reduced  to  a  condition  of  servitude. 

They  suffer  from  the  complicated  tyr- 
anny of  the  barbarians,  the  Roman  sol- 
diers, and  the  collectors  of  the  revenue. 

406  f*  *The  Confederated  Suevi,  Van- 
dals, Alani,  and  Burgundians  cross  the 
Rhine,  and  ravage  peaceful  and  pros- 
perous Gaul. 

"  The  barriers  which  had  so  long  sepa- 
rated the  savage  from  the  civilized  na- 
tions of  the  earth  were  from  that  fatal 
moment  leveled  with  the  ground."  (Gib- 
bon.) 

493  *  *  Clovis  espouses  Clotilda,  a  Bur- 
gundian  princess. 

STATE. 

113  *  *  n.  c.  The  Gallic  natives  form  a 
league  against  the  Komans.  [112.  Dis- 
solved after  defeat.] 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Cimbri  and  Teutons  aid 
the  Gauls  against  the  Romans. 

60  *  *  B.  c.  Invading  Germans  imder 
Ariovistus  overrun  Eastern  Gaul. 

59*  *  B.  c.  Lugdunum  [Lyons]  is 
founded  by  a  colony  of  Greeks. 

58*  *B.  c.  Julius  Caesar  is  proconsul 
of  Gallia  Narbonensls  and  Gallia  Cisal- 
pina.  He  proceeds  to  subdue  the  Gauls. 
(See  Army.) 

49  *  *  B.  c.  Lugdunum  [Lyons]  is  devel- 
oped by  Romans  under  Munatius  Plan- 
cus.    [59  A.  D.    Burned  In  one  night.] 

27  *  *  A.  D.  Augustus  divides  Transal- 
pine Gaul  into  four  provinces,  — Nar- 
bonensis  [Narbonne],  Aquitania  [South- 
west France],  Lugdunensis  [valley  of 
the  Loire  and  lower  valley  of  the  Seine], 
and  Belgica  [Belgium], 

68  *  *  C.  Julius  Vindex,  who  represents 
the  Romans  in  Gaul,  rebels,  and  pro- 
claims Galba  emperor ;  Galba  ascends 
the  throne. 

120  *  *  The  Emperor  Hadrian  visits 
Gaul  on  a  tour  of  inspection,  and  con- 
fers many  benefits  on  the  people.  [He 
is  called  the  restorer  of  the  Gauls.] 

193  *  *  The  Roman  armies  in  Gaul  and 
Britain  proclaim  Clodius  Albinua  em- 
peror. 

238  *  *  The  name  Franks  [Freemen]  is 
first  mentioned. 

lliey  are  a  confederation  of  Germanic 
tribes,  and  are  among  the  most  danger- 
ous enemies  of  Rome.  ["The  powers  of 
learning  and  ingenuity  have  been  ex- 
haustecT in  the  discovery  of  their  unlet- 
tered ancestors."    (Gibbon.)] 

242  *  *  Vandals  settle  [in  Burgundy. 
254-481.  Gaul  Is  overrun  by  barbari- 
ans]. 

292  Mar.  1.  Diocletian  and  Maximian 
divide  the  Homan  Empire  into  four 
governments,  and  give  Gaul  to  Con- 
stantinet  who  bears  the  title  of  Csasar. 


306  *  *  Constantine  is  proclaimed  em- 
peror of  Gaul  by  his  soldiers. 

357  *  *  Julian  arrives  to  relieve  GauU 
which  has  been  desolated  by  barba- 
rians ;  he  assigns  lands  in  Northern. 
Gaul  to  the  Salian  Franks. 

361  *  *  Paris.  Julian  is  proclaimed  em- 
peror. 

392  May  15.  The  Emperor  Valentin- 
ian  n.  is  put  to  death  at  Vienne  by  Ar- 
bogast,  the  Frankish  general. 

406  *  *  The  invading  Vandals,  Burgundi- 
ans, and  Franks  ravage  the  opulent 
provinces  of  Gaul. 

*  *  The  Kingdom  of  Burgundionum 
[Burgundy]  is  established  under  King 
Gondicar. 

412+  *  *  King  Atawulf  leads  the  West 
Goths  from  Italy  into  Gaul ;  they  settle 
in  Aquitania  [Southwest  France]. 

418*  *  The  Emperor  Honorius  first  as- 
sembles [annually]  the  representatives 
of  the  seven  provinces  of  Gaul  at  Aries. 

*  *  -500  *  *  The  Franks,  under  Phara- 
mond,  from  the  lower  Rhine,  settle  in 
Gaul. 

419  *  *  Tolosa  [Toulouse]  is  the  capital 
of  the  West  Goths. 

423  *  *  Aetius  the  Roman  drives  the 
Franks  beyond  the  Rhine, 

424  *  *  The  Salic  Law,  by  which  females 
are  excluded  from  inheriting  the  crown 
of  France,  is  instituted  by  Pharamond. 

428  *  *  -448  *  ♦  Clodion  the  Hairy  is 
king  of  the  Salic  Franks. 

432  *  *  Vienne  is  the  capital  of  Bur- 
gundy.   [436.    Gunderic  is  its  king.] 

448  *  *  Merovaeus,  or  M^rovf^e,  son-in-law 
of  Clodion,  becomes  king  of  the  Franks. 
[He  reigns  10  years.] 

458  *  *  Child6ric  I.,  son  of  M^rov^e, be- 
comes king  of  the  Franks. 

[He  is  driven  from  his  throne  for  his 
infamous  conduct,  and  ^gidius,  the 
Roman  commander,  is  voluntarily 
chosen  by  the  Franks  to  be  their  sove- 
reign. 464.  .^gidius  is  murdered,  and 
Child^ric  recalled.] 

466  *  *  Euric  is  king  of  the  West  Goths 
in  Aquitania.  [475.  AU  Gaul  west  of 
the  Rhone  is  ceded  to  the  West  Goths.] 

476*  *  The  Roman  Empire  of  the  West 
comes  to  an  end,  and  the  kingdom  of 
the  Franks  is  established. 

481  *  *  -751  *  *  The  Merovingian  Dy- 
nasty.   The  scepter  is  a  golden  rod- 

481  *  *  Clovis  the  Great,  aged  15,  tho 
founder  of  the  dynasty,  becomes  king 
of  the  Merovingian  Franks. 

He  is  chosen  by  the  Franks  living  in 
and  around  the  city  of  Tournay  [Bel- 
gium]. 

486  *  *  The  Franks  become  supreme  by 
the  victory  at  Soissons. 

496  *  *  Clovis  is  converted  to  Christl* 
anity. 

All  the  bishops  of  Gaul  aid  in  extend- 
ing his  authority  and  consolidating- 
his  kingdom.  He  is  crowned  by  Remi- 
gius,  Archbishop  of  Reims.  [Reims  is 
thenceforth  the  crowning-place  of  the 
French  kings  till  1830.J 


664    498,**-796, 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

507  *  *  Clovis  defeats  the  Visigoths  un- 
der Alaric  II.  at  Vougl^  uear  Poitiers  ; 
Alaric  is  Itilled,  and  Clovis  gains  nearly 
all  Aquitania  [Southwest  France].  He 
captures  Toulouse. 

510*  •  Clovis  is  defeated  at  Aries  by 
Theodoric  the  Great,  Kiug  of  the  East 
Goths  and  of  Italy,  who  acquires  Pro- 
vence. 

562  *  •  -584  *  •  The  Avars  and  Lom- 
bards make  frequent  incursions. 

567  *  *  -613  •  *  Bloody  civil  wars  oc- 
cur ;  they  are  caused  by  the  division  of 
the  kingdom. 

687  *  •  Battle  of  Testri. 

P^pin,  palace  mayor  of  the  Austrasian 
Franks,  defe-'its  Berthar,  palace  mayor 
to  Thierry  HI.,  King  of  the  Neustrian 
Franks.  The  struggle  between  the  two 
kingdoms  is  ended,  and  P^pin  becomes 
'•duke  and  prince  of  all  the  Fi'anks." 

689  *  *  6er.    The  Franks  are  supreme. 

720  •  *  The  Saracens  under  Zama  in- 
vade Gaul  from  Spain. 

728  *  *  The  first  French  navy  is  formed. 

8th  Century.  Lyons  is  plundered  by  the 
Saracens. 

732  *  *  Charles  Martel  defeats  the  Sara- 
cens under  Abd-er-Rahman  in  a  great 
battle  between  Poitiers  and  Tours. 

The  victory  averts  from  Christian  Eu- 
rope the  danger  of  Mohammetiau  con- 
quest ;  it  is  one  of  the  decisive  battles  of 
the  world. 

755**  It.  P6pin  the  Short  enters 
Italy. 

He  brings  an  army  to  aid  Pope  Stephen 
against  Aistulf,  King  of  the  Lombards, 
who  had  taken  Ravenna.  Aistulf  is  de- 
feated, and  P^piu  makes  a  gift  to  the 
Pope  of  Ravenna,  Bologne,  Ferrara,  and 
other  Italian  territory ;  it  is  known  as 
the  '*  donation  of  Pepin,"  and  is  the 
origin  of  the  temporal  dominion  of  the 
papacy 

759  *  *  P^pin,  after  fighting  for  several 
years,  compels  the  Saracens  to  surren- 
der Narbonne,  their  capital,  and  last 
stronghold  in  Gaul. 

772*  *-803*  *  Ger.  Charlemagne 
subdues  the  Saxons  after  many  bat- 
tles. 

774  *  *  Charlemagne  conquers  Desi- 
derius,  the  last  king  of  Lombardy,  who 
had  invaded  the  dominions  of  the  Pope. 

778  *  •  Sp.  Battle  of  Koncesvalles. 
On  Charlemagne's  return  from  an  ex- 
pedition in  aid  of  the  Spanish  Arabs,  his 
rear-guard  is  attacked  and  aimihilated 
by  the  Basques  or  the  Moors ;  Roland, 
Charlemagne's  nephew,  is  among  the 
killed. 

788  *  *  -796  *  *  Pannonia.  C  h  a  r  1  e- 
magne  conquers  the  kingdom  of  the 
Avars,  and  captures  their  camps  or 
rings,  gaining  great  treasure  from  these 
storehouses  of  plunder. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

6th  Century.  Worms  are  brought  from 
India  to  introduce  the  manufacture  of 
Bilk. 

600±  *  *  St.  Eloi  of  Limoges  is  famous 
as  a  worker  in  the  precious  metals. 


628  *  *  King  Dagobert  builds  the  church 
of  St.  Denis  [near  Paris,  the  burial- 
place  of  the  French  Kings.  [He  is  first 
of  all  buried  here]. 

*  *  Pans.  The  Louvre  is  the  residence  of 
the  king. 

757  *  *  The  Emperor  Constantine  sends 
an  organ  to  France. 

760  *  *  The  only  clock  in  the  world  [so 
far  as  now  known]  is  sent  to  P6pin  by 
Pope  Paul  I.    (Haydu.) 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

626  *  *  Avitus,  .Saint,  Alciraus-Ecdicius,  arch- 

bishop  of  Vienne,  Latin  poet,  A65. 
539*  »  Ohllp6rlc  I.,  king,  b.    [584.    I).  A45.] 
540  *  *  Gregory,  hisliop  of  Tours,  historian, 

born.    [594.    Dies.    A55  +  .J 
646  *   *  Fr^d6gonde,  wife  of  Chilp^ric  I.,  born. 

[697.     Dies.     .\51.] 
B54»  •  Theodebald,  king,  dies. 
658  •  »  Chlldebert  I.,  king,  A70. 
670*  •  Childebert   n.,    king,   bom.     [596. 

Dies.    A26.] 
684*  'Clotalrell..  king,b.    [628.  D.  A44.] 
588  *  *  Kloy,  or  Eligiue.  bishop  of  Tournay 

and  Noyon,  born.  [6.')0.  Dies.  A62.] 
693  ♦  *  Fredegaire,  author,  b.  [660.  D.  A68.] 
593  *  *  (lontran,  King  of  llurgnndy,  dies. 
633  »•  Clovis  II.,  king,  b.  [6.55.  D.  A22.) 
649  •  •  ChUd6ricII.,  king,b.  [673.  D.  A24.) 
670»  •ChUpArlcIl..  klng,b.  [720.  D.  A50.: 
682'  *  Clovis  III.,  king,  b.  [695.  D.  A13.] 
683*  •Chlldebert  III.,   king,   born.    [755. 

Dies.     A72.] 
7X4  »  •  pgpm  the  Short,  king,  born.    [768. 

Dies.    A54.: 
780  •  •  Clotalre  IV..  king,  dies. 
743  ♦  *  Charlemaene.    Charles  the   (Jreat, 
Emperor  of    the    West,   King  of  France, 
born.    [814,  Jan.  28.    Dies.    A72.: 
771  *  ♦  Carloraan,  joint  ruler,  dies. 
Eginhard.  or  Einliard,  secretary  of  Charle- 
magne, born.     [1844.     Dies.    A73.] 

778  *  *  Louis  I.,  king.  Emperor  of  the  West 
of  France,  born.    [840.    Dies.    A62.] 

779  *  *  Agobard,  arclibishop  of  Lyons,  born. 
[840.    Dies.    A61.] 

CHURCH. 

498*  *  Home.    St.  Symmachus  is  pope. 
[514,  .St.  Hormlsdas;  623,  St.  John  I.;  526, 
St.  Felix  IV.;  530,  lionilace  II.;  532,  John 
II.;  .535,  St.  Agapetus  I.;  536,  St.  Sylverius; 
538.  Vigilius;  565, 1'elagius  I.] 

543  *  *St.Maur,  ofthe  Benedictine  Order 
of  monks,  introduces  the  monastic  life 
into  Western  Europe. 

[This  order  reforms  the  monkish  clergy, 
and  becomes  famous  for  extent,  wealth, 
members  of  note,  and  transmission  of 
ancient  literature  through  the  Dark 
Ages.] 

550  *  *  Bells  are  Introduced. 
560  *  •  Rome.    John  III.  is  pope. 

[574.  Benedict   I.;  678,  Telagius  II.;    .590, 

St.  Gregory  I.  the  Great;  604,  Sabinianus; 

607,  Boniface  III.;  608,  St.  Boniface  I V. ;  615, 

St.  Adeodatus   I.;   619,   Boniface   V.;   625, 

Honorius  l.J 
572  •  •  Gregory   is    elected   bishop    of 

Tours. 
588  *  •  659  *  *  St.  Eloi  lives,  the  patron 

of  smiths  and  artists. 
ei3±  ••  Paris.    The  church  of  St.  Denis 

is  foimded  by  Dagobert  I. 

628  *  *  638  *  *  Dagobert  I.  fills  France 
with  ohtirches  and  convents,  and 
makes  enormous  gifts  to  the  clergy. 

640  *  *  Home.  Severiuus  is  pope  ;  later 
.John  IV. 

[642,  Theodoras  1.;  649,  St.  Martin  I.;  6.55, 
St.  Eugenins  I.;  657,  St.  Vltallanus;  672, 
Adeodatus  II.;  676,  Donus  1.;  678,  St.  Aga- 
tlion;  682,  St.  I,eoII.;  684,  .St.  Benedict  II.; 
685,  John  v.;  686,Conon;  687,  St.  .Sergius  I.; 
701,   John   VI.;    708,  Sisinnius,  later  Con- 


stantine; 715,  St.  Gregory  II.;  731,  St.  Greg- 
ory III.;  741,  St.  Zachary;  752,  St.  Stephen 
II.,  later  Stephen  III.;  757,  St.  Paul  I.;  768, 
Stephen  IV.] 

720  *  *  Charles  Martel  confiscates  the 
enormous  accumulation  of  clerical 
property  for  the  benefit  of  his  success- 
ful soldiers  ;  he  appoints  his  officers  to 
the  high  dignities  of  the  Church. 

*  *  Priests  for  the  most  part  are  grossly 
illiterate,  and  live  in  open  concubinage. 

732  Oct.  10.  Charles  Martel  rescues 
Christianity  from  overthrow  by  the 
Mohammedan  power.    {See  Army.) 

743  *  ♦  Adelbert,  a  Gaulish  pretender, 
deludes  the  people. 

He  claims  to  possess  a  letter  from  the 
Redeemer,  which  was  received  from 
heaven  at  .Jerusalem ;  numerous  fol- 
lowers dwell  in  the  woods  with  him  in 
imitation  of  John  the  Baptist.  [745.  He 
is  condemned  at  Rome.] 

744  *  *  A  Church  Council  is  held  at 
Soissons. 

752  *  *  P^pin  favors  religion,  and  de- 
rives great  aid  from  the  Pope ;  he  places 
himself  at  the  head  of  the  national 
church. 

755*  •"The  Donation  of  Pepin  "lays 
the  foundation  of  the  temporal  power 
of  the  popes.    (See  Army.) 

771  *  *  Home.    Adrian  I-  is  pope. 
[795,  St.  Leo  in. ;  816,  Stephen  V.J 

774  *  * -806  •  ♦  ffer.  Charlemagne 
fights  the  Saxons  till  they  accept  Chris- 
tianity ;  he  becomes  the  eminent  pro- 
tector of  the  Holy  See.  [779.  He  com- 
pels them  to  submit  by  thousands  to 
the  army  of  priests  who  attend  him,  and 
receive  baptism.  They  choose  baptism 
rather  than  annihilation.] 

779  *  *  Charlemagne  imposes  tithes  for 
the  support  of  the  clergy,  churches, 
schools,  and  the  poor. 

782  *  *  The  revolting  Saxons  repudiate 
their  Christian  faith,  and  drive  priests 
and  missionaries  out  of  the  country. 

785  *  *  WitUdnd,  King  of  the  Saxons, 
finally  submits  to  receive  baptism. 

787  *  *  Asia  Minor.  The  8th  Coimcll .  d 
the  Church  is  held  at  Nice  to  establish 
the  worship  of  images.  [794.  Charle- 
magne convenes  a  counter  synod  at 
Frankfort,  Germany.] 

*  *  *  Agobard  is  archbishop  of  Lyons. 


LETTERS. 

600+  *  *  The  Lex  GundibalMa,  or  Loi 
Gombette,  a  codification  of  the  Burgun- 
gian  law,  is  published  by  Gundibald. 

570  *  *  -591  •  •  St.  Gregory  of  Tours 
writes  History  of  the  Franks,  on  Mira- 
cles, and  many  other  treatises. 

600+  *  *  Fortunatus,  bishop  of  Poitiers, 
writes  Poems. 

7th  Century.  The  Lingua  Romana  is  men- 
tioned as  distinguished  from  the  Teutonic 
dialects.  A  short  song  celebrating  the 
martyrdom  of  St.  Eulalia,  probably  the 
first  in  merit  of  the  very  early  French 
writings,  appears. 

760+  *  *  Fredegaire  writes  a  biography 
of  Bishop  Gregory  of  Tours. 


FRANCE. 


498, 


796, 


6G5 


782  i:  *  *  Charlemagne  establislies  a 
school  of  the  palace. 

A  course  of  study  for  royal  students 
embraces  the  seven  liberal  arts  ;  Alcuin 
is  its  head. 

7S9±  *  *  Charlexnag:ne  requires  bishops 
to  establish  elementary  schools. 

They  are  for  gratuitous  instruction  of 
the  children  of  freedmen  and  the  labor- 
ing classes  in  cathedral  cities. 

796  *  •  Alcuin  is  appointed  head  of  the 
Abbey  of  St.  Martin's  at  Tours  by  Char- 
lemagne. 

•  *  *  Transcribing  manuscripts  be- 
comes a  fashionable  occupation. 


SOCIETY. 

545i:  *  *Chilp^ric  marries  Fr6d6gonde, 
■who  was  formerly  a  mistress  and  a  slave ; 
she  leads  him  into  infamy. 

645+  *  *  Outside  of  Komanlzed  cities, 
horrible  barbarism,  license,  drunken- 
ness, and  cruelty  abound;  among  the 
kings  and  nobles  many  wives  are  taken 
by  one  man. 

660  *  *  Clotaire  condemns  one  of  his  own 
sons,  with  his  wife  and  daughters,  to  be 
burned  alive,  because  the  son  stirred 
up  rebellion. 

566*  *  Sigebert  of  Austrasia  marries 
Brunehaut,  a  Visigoth  princess. 

675  *  *  King  Sigebert  is  murdered  by 
emissaries  of  Fr^d^gonde. 

•  *  Chilp^ric  publicly  acknowledges  Fr^ 
d^gonde  his  mistress,  and  takes  her  to 
Ms  palace.  His  wife  is  soon  strangled, 
and  his  mistress  becomes  queen. 

584  *  *  Chilperic,  King  of  Neustria,  is 
assassinated. 

597*  *Fr6d€gonde  dies  a  natural 
death,  after  her  brother-in-law,  her  step- 
son, and  her  own  husband  have  succes- 
sively fallen  by  the  daggers  of  her  emis- 
saries. 

613  *  *  Brunehaut,  the  Gothic  queen  of 
Sigebert  of  Austrasia,  of  refined  educa- 
tion and  queenly  dignity,  is  lashed  to 
the  tail  of  a  w^ild  horse,  and  kicked  to 
death.    Clotaire  II.  ordered  her  death. 

628 1  *  *  King  Dagobert  I.  has  three 
queens-consort,  besides  numerous  mis- 
tresses. 

673  •  *  Child^rio  II.,  his  wife,  and  child, 
are  all  assassinated.  A  younger  son 
escapes  by  the  aid  of  a  vassal. 

760  *  *  Society  begins  to  recover  from 
the  ignorance  and  misery  of  the  age 
of  confusion  which  preceded  Charle- 
magne. 

768  *  *  Charlemagne,  born  in  Bavaria, 
is  a  German  in  blood,  speech,  and  man- 
ners. 

He  Is  described  as  a  giant  seven  feet 
hi^h  ;  an  athlete,  and  gifted  with  a  noble 
presence.  After  death  his  body  is  sepul- 
chred sitting  on  a  marble  throne,  under 
the  dome  of  the  church  at  Aix-la^Ch;u 
pelle,  in  royal  robes,  with  the  crown  on 
his  head,  and  his  horn,  sword,  and  book 
of  the  Gospels  on  his  knee  [where  it 
remains  for  more  than  350  years]. 

778*  *Rise  of  chivalry;  Eoland  the 

Frank,  one  of  the  paladins  of  Charle- 
magne, is  its  romantic  hero. 


*****  Nine-tenths  of  the  population  of 
Gaul  are  slaves."    (Fisher.) 

*  *  *  Feudalism  prevails  in  the  social 
state. 

STATE. 

600  *  *  The  kingdom  of  Burgundy  be- 
comes tributary  to  Clovis. 

605  *  *  The  Eastern  Emperor  Anastasius 
creates  Clovis  a  patrician. 

507  *  *  Clovis  imites  his  conquests  from 
the  Loire  to  the  Pyrenees. 

908  *  *  Clovis  fixes  his  court  at  Paris. 
He  makes  a  treaty  of  peace  with  Theo- 
doric  in  Italy. 

511    Nov.  27.    Pans.    Clovis  dies. 

*  *  The  kingdom  is  divided  among  the 
four  sons  of  Clovis. 

Childebert  has  Paris,  Clotaire  I.  has 
Soissons  [Neustria],  Clodomir.  Aureli- 
ani  [Orleans],  and  Frederic  Thierry  has 
Mentz. 

523  *  *  -534  *  *  The  sons  of  Clovis  con- 
quer the  Burgundians. 

658*  *  His  brothers  dying,  Clotaire  I., 
fourth  son  of  Clovis,  becomes  sole  king 
of  the  Franks ;  he  reunites  the  several 
parts  of  the  kingdom. 

561*  *  Clotaire  1.  dying,  the  kingdom 
is  again  divided  among  his  four  sons. 

Charibert  becomes  king  of  Paris  ;  Gun- 
tram,  king  of  Orleans  and  Burgundy ; 
Chilpt^ric  I.,  king  of  Neustria,  Soissons  ; 
and  Sigebert,  king  of  Mentz. 

667  ♦  *  Charibert  dies. 

The  kingdom  is  redivided  into  three 

parts,  Austrasia  [West  Germany  ?],  capi- 
tal, Reims ;  Neustria  [North  France 
and  Flanders],  capital,  .Soissons;  Bur- 
gundy [valleys  of  the  Saone  and  lower 
Khone,etc.],  capital,  Orleans.  Guntram 
acquires  Aquitaine  [.Southwest  France.] 

584  *  *  Chilp6ric  I.,  King  of  Neustria, 
is  assassinated  ;  Clotaire  II.,  infant  son 
of  Chilperic,  becomes  king.  [He  rules 
till  628,  reunites  the  kingdom,  and  se- 
cures tranquillity.] 

588  *  »  Paris  is  destroyed  by  fire. 

593  *  *  Guntram,  King  of  Burgundy, 
dies. 

696  *  *  Thierry  II.  is  king  of  Austrasia 
and  Burgundy,  these  divisions  being 
united,  and  leaving  the  kingdom  divided 
into  Austrasia  and  Neustria. 

613  *  *  P6pin  the  Elder  becomes  mayor 
of  the  palace,  or  major-domus.  [G32. 
He  exercises  the  power  of  the  govern- 
ment.]   Thierry  II.  dies. 

615  *  *  Paris.    A  great  council  is  held. 
It  is  enacted  that  all  benefices  of  fiefs 

shall  be  hereditary  an4l  irrevocable,  that 
clergj?-  and  people  have  the  right  of 
electing  to  ecclesiastical  offices,  and 
that  bishops  and  nobles  may  appoint 
judges  and  tribunals  in  their  jurisdic- 
tions without  reference  to  the  Crown. 

616  *  *  Clotaire  II.  holds  a  kind  of  mov- 
able parliament  called  placita  [whence 
comes  the  word  pleas]. 

622  *  *  Clotaire  II.  cedes  Austrasia  to 
his  son  Dagobert.  [628.  He  becomes 
King  of  the  Franks.    638.    Dies.] 

631*  *-761*  *  The  Dukes  of  Aquitaine 
reign  at  Toulouse. 

633  *  *  Sigebert  I.  becomes  king  of  Aus- 
trasia. 


*  *  The  kingdom  of  the  Franks  is  again 
divided  between  Clovis  II.  (five  years 
of  age),  and  Sigebert  II.  (18  years  of  age), 
two  sons  of  Dagobert. 

Clovis  takes  Neustria,  and  Sigebert 
Austrasia.  [Clovis  and  his  two  succes- 
sors are  the  "lazy"  or  "do-nothing" 
kings;  in  their  reigns  the  whole  ruling 
power  is  in  the  hands  of  the  palace- 
mayors]  . 

656  *  *  Elbroin,  a  despot,  is  palace- 
mayor  of  Neustria. 

676  *  *  P6pin  of  H^ristal  becomes  ma- 
jor-domus of  Austrasia. 

687  *  *  714  *  *  P6pin,  as  sole  major- 
domus  of  all  the  Franks,  rules  kings 
and  subjects  of  both  divisions. 

691  *  *  Clovis  III.  is  nominal  king  under 
Pepin.  [695.  Childeric  III.  714.  Dago- 
bert m.  P^pin  dies.  715.  Chilperic 
II.] 

714  »  *  -741  *  *  Charles  Martel,  Duke 
of  Austrasia,  son  of  P(5pin,  becomes 
palace-mayor.  [719.  He  exercises  kingly 
power.] 

719  *  *  -732  *  *  Charles  Martel  distrib- 
utes lands  on  condition  of  personal 
military  service  by  the  vassal  when  re- 
quired by  his  superior  (feudalism). 

720*  ♦Thierry  IV.  is  nominal  king; 
Charles  Martel,  the  real  ruler. 

741*  *Pope  Gregory  IH.,  being  in 
fear  of  the  Lombard  kings,  places  him- 
self under  the  protection  of  Charles 
Martel. 

741  Oct.  22.  Charles  Martel  dies, 
after  assigning  his  kingdom  to  his  three 
sons. 

[Grifton  is  seized  by  his  brothers,  and 
placed  in  a  convent ;  Carloman  resigns 
after  reigning  five  years,  and  enters  a 
monastery,  leaving  all  France  to  P6pin 
the  Short.] 

752-987  The  Carlovingian  Dynasty. 
Paris  is  ruled  by  counts. 

*  *  Pope  Zacharias  authorizes  PSpin  to 
assume  the  crown, 

[Pepin  reestablishes  his  authority  in 
Aquitania,  and  extends  it  by  the  con- 
quest of  Septimania,  a  province  lying 
between  the  Rhone  and  the  Pyrenees, 
which  had  been  held  by  the  Saracens.] 

759  *  *  Septimania  is  taken  from  the 
Saracens,  and  annexed  to  the  Fren<'h 
Crown. 

768  Sept.  24.  P6ptn  dies,  leaving  the 
kingdom  to  his  two  sons,  Carloman  and 
Charles. 

The  former  obtains  Austrasia,  Swabia 
[South  Germany],  and  Thuringia  [Cen- 
tral Germany]  ;  the  latter  has  the  re- 
maining part.  Charles  usurps  the 
power,  and  becomes  king  of  all  France 
on  the  death  of  his  brother  Carloman. 

768-814  Charlemagne,  or  Charles  I., 
reigns. 

774*  *  Having  annexed  Lorn  hardy, 
Charlemagne  assumes  the  iron  crown 
of  Italy,  as  King  of  the  Franks  and  Lom- 
bards. [796.  Prus.  He  makes  Alx-la- 
Chapelle  the  capital.] 

778  *  *  Toulouse  county  is  created  out 
of  Aquitaine,  • 


6G6     800,  *  *-1016,  *  *. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
839  *  *  The  Saracens  sack  Marseilles. 
841    June  25.    Battle   of   Fontenailles 
[Fontenay]. 

Lothaire,  claiming  nearly  the  entire 
realm,  is  defeateil  by  his  brothers,  Louis 
the  German  and  Charles  the  Bald. 

»  *  Northmen,  Vikings,  enter  the  Seine 
■\Tith  120  galleys,  and  capture  and  pillage 
Rouen. 

[Finally  it  becomes  the  capital  of 
Normandy.  MS.  They  take  possession 
of  Paris,  which  is  abandoned  to  them. 
856.  They  invadeil  Neustria  (Northwest 
France),  and  lay  waste  the  country.] 

843  *  »  -876  *  »  Louis  the  German  is  at 
■war  with  the  .Slavs,  with  his  brother 
Charles  the  Bald,  and  with  invading 
Scandinavi.'in  Vikings. 

852  *  *  Corsica  is  conquered  by  Pisaus. 

857*  *  Paris.  The  Northmen  again 
enter  Paris,  and  butcher  many  thou- 
sands of  the  inhabitants. 

859  *  *  Saracens  pillage  Nice.  [Again 
in  880.] 

862  *  *  Robert  the  Strong  vigorously  op- 
poses the  Northmen. 

875*  *  Charles  II.  invades  Italy,  to  pos- 
sess the  dominions  of  his  deceased 
brother,  whose  army  he  defeats. 

885*  *-886*  *  Paris  is  besieged  by 
Northmen   under  Kollo. 

It  is  bravely  defended  by  the  citizens, 
led  by  Bishop  Gozlin  and  Count  Eudes 
(or  Odo,  Count  of  Paris).  [King  Charles 
the  Fat,  consenting  to  buy  off  the  North- 
men, is  deposed.] 

890  *  *  Alan,  Count  of  Vannes,  defeats 
the  Northmen. 

891  *  *  Louis  III.  defeats  the  Northmen 
at  Saucourt. 

911  Aug.  *  The  Northmen  are  routed 
with  great  loss  before  Chartres  by  Rich- 
ard of  Burgundy,  and  Robert,  Duke  of 
France. 

923  June  *  Battle  of  Soissons :  Robert 
ITis  killed  by  his  brother ;  King  Charles 
seeks  safety  in  flight. 

940  *  *  Civil  war.  The  barons  conspire, 
and  fight  the  king. 

978*  »  Otho  II.,  Kingof  the  Bohemians, 
invades  France  with  00,000  men  ;  after 
remaining  for  three  days  before  Paris  he 
retires  without  a  battle. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

800  *  *  Charlemagne  encourages  agri- 
culture and  horticulture.  Heraldry 
as  an  art  is  first  ascribed  to  him. 

801  *  *  An  earthquake  occurs,  which  is 
also  felt  in  Germany  and  Italy. 

802  *  *  Harun-al-Raschid,  the  Calif  of 
Bagdad,  seeking  an  alliance  with  Charle- 
magne, presents  him  with  an  artistic 
striking  clock,  having  automatic  fig- 
ures which  mark  the  hour  by  playing  on 
musical  instruments. 

873  *  *  Swarms  of  locusts  die,  putrefy, 
and  occasion  great  mortality. 

950  *  *  Belg.  Flanders  has  great  manu- 
factories of  linens  and  woolens. 

996  *  *  'Wheel-clocks  are  invented  by 

*  Abb6  Gerbert. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

806  *  *  Hincraar,  archbishop  of  Reims,  born. 

[«82.    Dies.     A76.] 
814 »  'Angllbert,  writer,  friend  of  Charle- 
magne, dies. 
823*  •Charles  n.,  the  Bald,  king,  born. 

[877.     Dies.    AM.] 
839  •  •Charles  III.,  the  Fat,  born.     r888. 

Dies.    A49.] 
9th  Century.    Abbo  Cernuus,  monk,  au.,  b. 
860  •  •  Kollo,    Duke    of   Normandy,   born. 

[il30.    Dies.    A70.] 
877  •  •  Baldwin,  first  count  of  Flanders,  d. 
894  •  •  Flovard,   canon   of    Reims,  author, 

born.     [966.     Dies.     A72i.] 
983  •  »  Bernard  de  Menthon.  Saint,  filr. 

the  hospices,   Great  and   Little  Bernard, 

born.    [1008.    Dies.    A85.] 
940  •  •  Capet,  Hush,  king,  b.  [996.  D.  A56.] 
945  *  •  Abbo  Floriacensis,  abbot  of  Fleury, 

born.    [1004.     Dies.    A59.] 
958  ♦  •  Hugh  the  Great.  Comte  de  Paris,  d. 
987  •  •  Louis  v..  king,  dies. 
998  *  *  Berenger  de  Tours,  ecclesiastic,  born. 

[1088.     Dies.    A90.] 
1005  •  •  Henry  L.  king,  b.    [1060.  D.  A55.: 


CHURCH. 

800*  *Charlemagne  reforms  the 
Church  as  well  as  the  State. 

817  *  *  Home.  St.  Paschal  I.  is  pope. 
[824,  Eugenius  II.;  827,  Valentinus,  later 
Gregory  IV.;  844,  Sergius  II.;  847,  St.  Leo 
IV.;  855,  Benedict  III.;  858,  .St.  Nicholas  L, 
the  Great;  867,  Adrian  II.;  872,  John  VIII.; 
882,  Marianus  I.;  884,  Adrian  III.;  886, 
•Stephen  VI. ;  891,  Formosus :  896,  Boniface 
VL] 

828  *  *  Missionaries  are  sent  to  Sweden 
from  France. 

833  Nov.  11.  The  bishops  condemn 
Louis  I.  to  perpetual  penance,  and  give 
him  a  penitent's  dress  to  wear. 

849  •  *  Gottschalk,  a  monk  of  Soissons, 
advocating  absolute  predestination  and 
reprobation,  is  condemned  by  a  coun- 
cil at  Kiersy. 

897  *  *  Home.    Stephen  VII.  is  pope. 

[898,  Romanus,  Thcodorus  II.,  Jolm  IX.; 
900,  Benedict  IV.;  903,  Leo  v.,  Cliristopher; 
904,  Sergins  III.;  911,  Anastasius  III.;  913, 
Lando;  915,  John  X.;  928,  Leo  VI.] 

912  *  *  Rollo  the  Dane  is  baptized  as 
Robert  of  Normandy.  The  Normans 
in  France  embrace  Christianity. 

929  *  *  Rcmie.  Stephen  VIII.  is  pope. 
[931,  JohnXI.;  Leo  VII.;  939, Stephen  IX.; 
943,  Marinus  II.;  946,  Agapetus  II.;  9.50, 
John.XII.;  964,  Benedict  V. ;  965,  John  .XIII.; 
972,  Benedict  VI.;  973,  Donus  II.;  97.5,  Ben- 
edict VII.;  984,  John  XIV.;  98S,  Boniface 
VII.,  later  John  XV.;  996,  John  XVI.,  later 
Gregory  V.] 

998  *  *  King  Robert  H.  is  excommuni- 
cated by  the  Pope,  and  his  kingdom  put 
under  an  interdict.    (See  Society.) 

999  *  *  Rome.    John  XVII.  is  pope  ;  later 

Sylvester  11. 

[1003,  Jolm  XVIIL,  later  John  XIX.;  1009, 
Sergius  IV.;  1012,  Benedict  VIII.;  1024, 
John  XX.) 

1000  *  *  Public  excitement  is  caused  by 
the  expectation  of  the  second  coming 
of  Christ. 

LETTERS. 

800±  *  *  Charlemagne  patronizes  learn- 
ing. 

He  gathers  learned  men  at  his  palace 
from  many  countries ;  he  tries  to  learn 
to  write  in  his  old  age ;  attendants  read 
to  him  while  at  his  meals.  Learning  has 
a  temporary  revival. 

804  *  »  Schools  are  established  at  Tours 
by  Aleuin. 


*  *  Sginhard,  the  historian,  is  secretary 
of  Charlemagne. 

829±  *  *  Turpin,  archbishop  of  Reims, 
writes  De  Vtta  Caroli  Magni  at  liolantli. 
Life  of  Charlemagne,  and  Itoland. 

842  *  *  The  record  of  the  oaths  between 
Charles  the  Bald  and  Louis  the  German 
are  written  in  French. 

843  *  *  -877  *  *  John  Scotus  Erigena 

writes  JM  Divtna  I'redestimitwnr.  Com- 
mentary on  Marcianus  Capelle,  Transla- 
tion oj  Dionysius  the  Areopagile,  De 
Divisione  Naturse,  etc. 

9th  Century.  The  poem  on  Bathius  and 
a  Commentary  on  the  prophet  Jonah  ap- 
pear. 

loth  or  11th  Century.  The  poems  Passion 
and  The  Life  of  St.  Leyer  appear  in  the 
Proven9al  language. 

1000  *  *  -50  *  *  The  date  of  a  fragment 
of  257  decasyllabic  verses  is  written  by 
Eaynouard  in  his  Choix  de  poisies  ori- 
ginales  des  Troubadors.  It  is  the  oldest 
literary  monument  of  the  Provenfal  lan- 
guage. 

*  *-1300»  *  Period  of  the  Trouba- 
dours ;  the  Provencals,  or  minstrels  of 
the  south  of  France. 

They  are  the  first  European  authors  to 
employ  their  native  tongue  for  composi- 
tion ;  their  poetry  consists  of  chanzos,  or 
poems  of  love  and  gallantry,  and  sirven- 
tes,  or  lays  of  chivalry  and  war. 

SOCIETY. 

819  *  *  Louis  I.  marries  Judith  of  Ba- 
varia, who  gains  unbounded  ascen- 
dency over  her  feeble-minded  husband. 

986  *  *  Louis  v.,  the  last  of  the  Carolin- 
gians,  is  poisoned  by  his  queen  (or  by 
his  mother). 

890±  *  *  Jouists,  or  Tournaments,  be- 
come frequent. 

995  *  *  Robert  the  Piotis  turns  from 
his  wife,  and  marries  Bertha,  his  cousin, 
daughter  of  Conrad,  King  of  Aries  and 
Burgundy;  she  is  the  mother  of  six 
children. 

[998.  The  Pope  commands  him  to  sepa- 
rate from  Bertha,  because  of  their  tem- 
poral and  spiritual  affinity.  But  Robert 
holds  out  seven  years  against  the  mis- 
eries of  the  Pope's  interdict.] 

1000±  *  *  The  commons  of  France  are 
oppressed. 

With  their  wives  and  children  they  are 
mere  "chattels"  of  their  master,  and 
can  acquire  no  property,  contract  no 
marriage,  make  no  bequest,  or  inherit 
any  possession  without  their  lord's  con- 
sent. 

1005±  *  *  The  king  marries  Constance, 
daughter  of  the  Comte  de  Toulouse  and 
Quercy. 

1016  *  *  Excitement  and  indignation 
widely  prevail  over  the  destruction  of 
the  Holy  Sepulcher  at  Jerusalem  by 
Hakim,  Calif  of  Egypt. 

Many  Jews  are  put  to  death  with 
great  cruelty  ;  they  are  everywhere  per- 
secuted, .as  the  alleged  inciters  to  the 
destruction  of  the  Holy  Sepulcher, 

STATE. 

800  *  *  The  Empire  of  Charlemagne. 

Deo.  28.    Rome.    Charlemagne    is 

crowned  by  Leo  III.  as  Emperor  of  the 


FRANCE. 


800,  *  *-1016, 


667 


f 


I 


West,  using  the  words  '*  coronato  a  Deo," 

"crowned  by  God."  [He  regards  himself 

as  the  rightful  successor  of  the  Koman 

emperors.] 
±  *  *  Charlemagne  introduces  couriers,  or 

mail-posts. 
814    Jan.  28.    Charlemagne  dies, 

leaving  the  empire  to  his  sons. 
Charles  becomes  regent  of  France  and 

Germany;  P^pin,  regent  of  Italy  ;  Louis, 

fovernor  of  Aquitaiue,  Gascony,  and  the 
panish    Marches.    All    are  weak   and 
worthless  rulers. 

814-840  IjOui8l.(Debonnaire),theAmi- 
able,  is  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Koman 
Empire. 

817  *  *  Louis  establishes  an  order  of 
succession. 

Lothair,  his  eldest  son,  is  to  inherit  the 
imperial  title,  with  Austrasia  and  the 
greater  part  of  Germany;  Pt^pin  and 
Louis,  the  younger  sons,  will  receive  the 
remainder  of  the  empire. 

818  *  *  Bernhard,  King  of  Italy,  nephew 

of  Charlemagne,  revolts.     [He  is   sub- 
dued and  killed.] 

822*  *  Louis  I.  submits  to  canonical 
penance  for  the  crime  of  murdering  his 
nephew  Bernhard.  [He  loses  the  respect 
of  his  people;  confusion,  disgrace,  and 
misery  mark  his  reign.] 

829  *  *  Louis  makes  a  new  division  of 
the  realm  to  provide  for  Charles,  a  son 
by  Judith,  his  second  wife. 

[His  other  sons  revolt,  and  consign 
Judith  and  Louis  I.  (830)  to  a  cloister; 
he  is  soon  restored  ;  Louis  is  permitted 
to  remain  nominal  ruler,  while  his  son 
Clotaire  wields  the  power.] 

833  June  24.  Louis  I.  is  again  de- 
throned, 

Nov.  II,  liouis  I.  is  condemned  by 
the  bishop  to  perpetual  penance  for  his 
crimes. 

834  Mar,  *  Ixsuis  I.  is  again  restored 
by  the  efforts  of  his  sons,  P^pin  and 
Louis  of  Germany. 

835  *  *  Louis  I.,  solicited  by  his  wife, 
again  divides  the  empire. 

837  *  *  A  redivision  of  the  empire  is 
made.    [838.     Dec.  *   Rescinded.] 

839  *  *  Louis  I.  again  divides  the  em- 
pire between  his  sons  Lothaire,  Louis, 
and  Charles ;  Charles  receives  all  of 
France  lying  west  of  the  Rhone,  and 
Louis  the  German  rebels. 

840  June  20.    IjOuIs  I.  dies. 

840-987  Carolingiau  kings  of  the 
Franks. 

840-877    Charles  I.,  the  Bald,  reigns. 

Charles  the  Bald,  son  of  Louis  le  Be- 

bonnaire,  becomes  King  of  France,  and 

as  Charles  IL,  Emperor  of  the  Romans. 

Aug.  *  The  Treaty  of  Verdun  is  con- 
cluded between  the  three  sons.      (843.) 

It  divides  the  empire  among  them ; 
Charles  gets  the  territory  west  of  the 
Rhone— the  West  Frankish  lands  [and 
the  beginning  of  modern  France!;  Louis 
the  German  gets  the  East  Frankish 
lands— the  region  between  the  Rhine 
and  the  Elbe  [the  beginning  of  modern 
Germany] ;  Lothaire  receives  the  title  of 
emperor,  with  Italy  and  the  territory  be- 
tween the  Rhine  and  Rhone  —  the  center 
Frankish    lands.      Aquitaine    (Central 


France),  Septimania  (South  France,  on 
the  coast),  and  Brittany  (Northwest 
France),  defy  and  resist  the  authority 
of  Charles  the  Bald. 

*  *  The  Northmen  invade  and  ravage 
France ;  they  pillage  Paris. 

845  *  *  Paris.  Charles  II.  pays  the 
Northmen  7,000  pounds  of  silver  to  re- 
tire from  France. 

848  *  *  Brittany  becomes  an  indepen- 
dent kingdom. 

866  *  *  Charles  II.  again  buys  off  the 
Northmen. 

He  pays  them  4,000  pounds  of  silver  and 
compensation  for  every  Norman  killed 
by  the  Franks. 

870  Aug.  9.  By  the  Treaty  of  Mer- 
sen,  Charles  II.  and  Loxiis  the  German 
divide  between  them  Lotharingia  [Lor- 
raine], the  dominion  of  their  deceased 
nephew. 

875  Dec.  25.  Home,  Charles  H.  is 
crowned  Emperor  of  the  Romans. 

876  Aug.  28.  liOuis  H.,  the  German, 
dies. 

877  Oct.  6.  Charles  dies,  leaving  the 
empire  to  his  son,  Louis  II. 

877-879    Louis  the  Stammerer  reigns, 

Louis  becomes  King  of  France,  and 
Emperor  of  Italy.  [879.  Apr.  10.  He 
dies.  He  is  succeeded  by  two  sons  of 
Louis  the  German.] 

879-882    Louis  HI.  reigns  in  the  North. 

*  *  -884  *  *  Carloman  II.  reigns  in 
Aquitaine. 

*  *  -933  *  *  Vienne  is  again  the  capital 
of  Burgundy,    Boso,  its  duke,  revolts. 

882    Aug.  *  Louis  III.  dies;  Carloman 

n.  is  sole  emperor. 
884    Dec.  *  Carloman  II.  dies  of  injuries 

received  from  a  wild  boar. 

884-887    Charles  II.,  the  Fat,  reigns. 

884  *  *  Charles  the  Fat,  son  of  Louis  the 
German,  becomes  king  or  regent  of 
France  during  the  minority  of  Charles 
the  Simple. 

[Tlirough  his  imbecility  the  kingdom 
goes  to  pieces,  forming  France,  Italy,  and 
Germany,  and  the  lesser  States  of  Lor- 
raine, Burgundy,  and  Navarre,] 

886  Sept.  *  Charles  11.  concludes  a  hu- 
miliating treaty  with  the  Northmen. 

887  *  ♦  Paris.    Charles  H.  is  deposed 

by  his  subjects,  led  by  Arnulf. 

They  are  indignant  because  of  the  pay- 
ment of  800  pounds  of  silver  to  the  North- 
men who  retire  from  Paris.  [888,  Jan. 
13.    He  dies.] 

888-898    Eudes  reigns. 

*  *  Eudes,  or  Odo,  Count  and  defender  of 
Paris,  is  elected  king  by  the  nobles,  in 
opposition  to  Charles  the  Simple,  son  of 
Charles  the  Fat. 


893-923    Charles  m.,  the  Simple. 
Charles  the  Simple  is  elected  king  by 
his  partizans  in  opposition  to  Eudes. 
898  *  *  Charles  HI.,  the  Simple,  son  of 
Charles  the  Fat,  becomes  sole  king  of 
France  by  the  death  of  Eudes. 

[911.    He  purchases  peace  from  the  in- 
vading Northmen,   and   cedes   part  of 


Neustria  [Normandy]  to  Rollo,  their 
chief.  It  becomes  one  of  the  most  pros- 
perous and  best^reeulated  provinces  of 
France ;  Rouen  is  the  capital.] 

920  *  *  Robert,  r>uke  of  France,  brother 
of  Eudes,  revolts  against  Charles. 

922  June  29.  Robert  is  proclaimed 
king, 

[923.  Robert  is  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Soissons.] 

923  July*  *  Rudolf,  son-in-law  of  Rob- 
ert, Duke  of  France,  is  elected  king. 
[936.    Jan,  *  He  dies  without  issue.] 

929  Oct.  7.  Charles  HI.  dies  in  cap- 
tivity at  the  castle  of  Peronne. 

936-954    Louis  IV.,  from  beyond  the 

seas  (England). 

Louis,  son    of    Charles    III.,  reigns. 
Hugh  the  Great,  Count  of  Paris,  is  the 
real  ruler. 
942±  *  *  France  is  ruled  by  many  pow- 
erful barons. 

They  assume  the  authority  of  sover- 
eigns in  their  respective  domains,  wliilo 
the  royal  authority  is  often  limited  to 
the  city  in  wh^ch  the  court  resides. 

950  *  *  Civil  strife  prevails. 

Hugh  the  (ireat,  son  of  Robert,  Duke 
of  France,  revolts  [and  afterwards  makes 
peace  witli  the  king]. 

954  *  *  Louis  IV.  dies. 

954-986  Lothair  reigns.  He  is  son  of 
Louis  IV. 

956  June  16.  Hugh  the  Great,  a  no- 
bleman more  powerful  than  the  king, 
dies;  he  is  succeeded  by  his  son  Hugh, 
surname d  Capet. 

960*  *  Dunkirk  is  founded  by  Bald- 
win, Count  of  Flanders. 

980  *  *  Lothair  renounces  his  claim  to 
Lorraine,  contrary  to  the  advice  of  Hugh 
Capet. 

986    Mar.  2.    Lothair  dies. 

986-987    Louis  V.  reigns. 

986  Mar.  2.  Louis  V.,  "  Le  Faineant " 
(the  do-nothing),  son  of  Lothair,  be- 
comes king.  [He  reigns  one  year,  and 
is  the  last  of  .the  Carlovingian  dynasty. 
9S7.     May  *  He  dies.] 

987-1328    The  Capetian  Dynasty. 

987  July  1-996*  *  Hugh  Capet  reigns. 

He  is  elected  by  the  nobles  and  clergy, 
to  the  exclusion  of  Charles  of  Lorraine, 
uncle  of  Louis  V.  Each  of  the  great 
dukes  and  the  counts  surpass  the  king 
in  military  power  and  extent  of  domin- 
ions. [He  becomes  the  founder  of  the 
Capetian  dynasty.  996.  Oct.  24.  He 
dies.] 

988  *  *  Paris  again  becomes  the  capital 

of  all  France. 

996-1031    Robert  the  Pious,  son   of 

Hugh,  reigns  ;  the  royal  power  is  a  mere 
shadow. 

997  *  *  The  oppressed  peasants  in  Nor- 
mandy revolt  against  the  nobles. 

1000+  *  *  The  king  is  almost  destitute 
of  power;  the  feudal  system  grows 
stronger,  and  the  influence  of  the  mon- 
archy weaker. 


'6t38    1022,**-1150,  * 


P^RANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1032*  *  Henry  I.,  aided  by  Robert, 
Duke  of  Normandy,  defeats  his  brother 
Kobert,  whose  claims  to  the  throne  are 
supported  by  Constance,  his  mother. 

1047  *  *  William,  Duke  of  Normandy, 
defeats  Guido  of  Macon  at  Val  de 
Dunes. 

1058  *  *  Henry  I.  and  Count  Geofifrey  of 
Anjou,  invading  Normandy,  are  de- 
feated at  Varaville  by  Buke  "William 
[the  Conqueror,  of  England]. 

1063*  *  Duke  William  conquers  Maine 
in  Northern  France. 

[1066.  He  becomes  king  of  England 
by  his  victory  at  the  battle  of  Hastings.] 

1071  *  *  Philip  I,  is  at  war  with  Robert, 
Count  of  Holland. 

[1076.  He  becomes  the  ally  of  William 
the  Conqueror's  revolting  vassals  in  Brit- 
tany ;  they  compel  William  to  raise  the 
siege  of  Dol.] 

1077  *  *  Robert  II.  raises  a  rebellion 
against  his  father  in  Normandy ;  he  is 
aided  by  his  mother  Matilda.  [1080. 
War  follows  ;  William  is  wounded  while 
besieging  Gerberoi,  and  is  compelled  to 
raise  the  siege.] 

1087  *  *  "William  invades  "Vexin,  and 
fires  the  town  of  Mantes,  where  he  is 
killed  by  the  plunging  of  his  horse 
through  the  burning  cinders. 

1095  *  *  Pope  Urban  11.  preaches  at  Cler- 
mont In  favor  of  the  First  Crusade. 

1096*  •-99*  *  Robert  II.,  Duke  of 
Normandy,  joins  the  First  Crusade. 
Hugh,  Count  of  Vermandois,  and  Ray- 
mond of  Toulouse  also  join  the  move- 
ment. 

1099  July  15.  The  Crusaders,  mainly 
French,  storm  and  capture  Jerusalem, 
after  a  siege  of  five  weeks. 

1101*  *Eng.  Robert,  Duke  of  Nor- 
mandy, lands  with  an  army  to  claim  the 
throne  of  his  father  William  ;  he  resigns 
his  claim  in  favor  of  his  brother  Henry. 

1106  Sept.  28.    Battle  of  Tinchebray, 

Henry  I.  of  England  defeats  his  brother 

Robert  [and  takes   possession  of   Nor- 

manay ;  he  detains  Robert  in  prison  for 

life]. 

1119  Aug.  20.  Louis  VI.  is  defeated  at 
the  battle  of  Brenneville  by  Henry  I. 
Louis  had  aided  W^illiam  Clinton,  Duke 
Robert's  son,  in  seizing  Normandy. 

1143*  *Thibaut  rebels  against  Louis 
VII. 

The  king  attacks  and  sets  fire  to  the 
count's  Castle  of  Vitry ;  the  flames 
spread  to  the  town,  and  1,300  persons  are 
burned  to  death. 

1148  Asia  Minor.  The  Crusaders  win  a 
brilliant  viotory  at  Nicsea. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

.1033.  June  29.  A  memorable  eclipse 
of  the  sun  is  observed  in  France ;  it  is 
dark  at  noonday. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1030  ♦  *  Ko]>ert  of  Normandy  dies. 
104O  *  *  Bruno.  Saint,  founder  of  Carthu- 
sian order,  born.    [1101.    Dies.    A61.J 


RoBBlln,  canon  of  Compi^gne,  fdr.   Nomi- 
nalist school,  born.     [1120.     Dies.    A80.J 
Kastu,  Uabbtiuu  Shelonioli  Yashakl,  greatest 

rabbi  of  Middle  Ages,  Hib.  and  Talmiidic 

scholar,  writer,  born.  [1103.  Diej.  A63.J 
1045  *  *  liayniond  IV.,  Comte  de  Toulouse, 

born.     CH05.     Dies.     A60.] 
1050  *  *  Peter  the  Hermit,  preacherof  First 

Crusade,  born.     [1115.     Dies.    A650 
An8elme,or  AnseI,of  Laon,  tljeologian,  born. 

[1117.     Dies.    A67.] 
Balderic,hp., chronicler, b.  [1130.  D.  ASO-t:.] 
1052*   •  Philip  I.,  king,  b.     [1108.   I).   A56.] 
1053  *  *  Champeaux.   Guillaunne  de.  fdr. 

of  Realists,  born.  [1129.  Dies.  ATb.J 
1058  *  *  aodlrey  de   Bouillon,  hero   First 

Crusade,  liorn.     [1100.     Dies.    A42.] 
1060*   ♦  lloliemond  1.,  Marc,  prince  of  An- 

tioch.  crusader,  born.  [1111.  Dies.  A55.] 
1070  *  *  Gilbert  de  la  Porr6e,  bp.  of  I'oitiers, 

theol.,  phil.,  born.  [1154.  Dies.  A84.] 
1078 1  *  •  liouis    VI..   le  Gros,  king,  born. 

[1137.    Dies.    A69.] 
Tancred,  crusader,  born.    [1112.   Dies.  A  34.] 
1079  ♦  *  Ab^lard.  Pierre,  pbUosopher,  born. 

[1142.     Dies.     A63.] 
1082  *   •  Suger,  abb6  of  St.  Denis,  minister, 

writer,  born.     [1152.     Dies.    A70.] 
1091*  'Bernard.    Saint,   abb6   of    Clair- 

veaux,  teacher,  wr.,  b.  [1153.  D.  A62.] 
1100*   *  H61oi8e,  abbess,  lover  of  Ab^lard, 

born.    [1164.     Dies.    At>4.] 
Lombard,  Pierre,  scholar,  theologian,  born. 

[1164.     Dies.     A64.] 
1 1 1 4  *  *  Alain    de    I.ille,   theologian,    born. 

[1203.     Dies.    ASft.] 
1120*  *  Waldo,  Pierre,  reformer,  fdr.  of 

Waldenses,  born.  [1179.  Dies.  A5!).] 
1122  •  *  Koscehn,  Jean,  philosopher,  dies. 
1137  ♦  *  Felix  of  Valois,  Saint,  hermit,  born. 

[1212.    Dies.     A85.] 
1134*  *  Harding,  Stephen,  abbot  of  Citeaux, 

reformer,  born. 
1160*  'Chretien  de  Troyes,   poet,  born. 

[1191.    Dies.    A41-.] 
Montfort,  Simon  de,  crusader,  born.     [1218. 

Dies.    At»8.  ] 
Rigord,  historian,  born.    [1207.    Dies.    A57.] 

CHURCH. 

1022  *  *  The  persecution  of  the  Albi- 
genses  begins. 

*  *  The  heretics  of  Orleans  suffer. 

A  church  council  held  at  Orleans,  to  ex- 
tirpate heresy  ;  two  priests  and  eleven 
others  are  condemned  and  burned.  The 
first  to  suffer  death  for  religion  since  the 
days  of  heathen  supremacy.] 

1027  *  *  A  synod  at  KoussUlon  decrees 
that  enemies  at  war  should  not  make 
an  attack  between  Saturday  evening 
and  Monday  morning. 

1033  *  *  Home.    Benedict  IX.  is  pope. 
[1044,  Gregory  VI.  ;    1046,  Clement    11.; 
1048.  Damasus  II.  ;  1049,  St.  Leo  IX.  ;  1055, 
Victor  II.;  1057,  Stephen  X,;  1058,  Benedict 
X.;  1059.  ilicolas  II.J 

1035  ■*  *"The  Peace  of  God"  is  es- 
tablished by  council  and  is  very  popu- 
lar, but  practically  inoperative  for  the 
lack  of  a  power  to  enforce  its  provisions. 

*  *  Robert  the  Norman  makes  a  pilgrim- 
age to  the  Holy  Sepulcher. 

1041+  *  •  "The  Truce  of  God"  is  in- 
troduced by  the  Church  to  take  the  place 
of  *'  the  Peace  of  God." 

It  provides  that  private  feuds  shall 
cease  on  the  more  important  church  fes- 
tivals and  fasts;  that  there  shall  he  no 
attack  upon  an  enemy  between  Wednes- 
day evening  and  Monday,  during  every 
week,  leaving  but  80  days  for  war  during 
the  year.  Laoorers  in  the  fields  are  to  be 
undisturbed* 

1060  *  *  [St.]  Anselm  assumes  the  mo- 
nastic habit  at  Bee,  near  Brionne. 

[1063.  He  becomes  prior  of  Bee.  1078. 
Its  abbot.  1093.  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, Eng.] 

1061  *  *  Home.    Alexander  II.  is  pope. 

[1073,  St.  f;reBorv  VIT.;  1087,  Victor  III.: 
1088,  Urban  II,;  1099,  Taschal  II. J 


1066  *  *  The  edifice  Abbaye  aux  Dames, 
or  Trinity,  at  Caen,  is  founded  by 
Queen  Matilda. 

IJth  Century.  The  cathedral  of  P6ri- 
gueux  is  erected. 

1070±  *  *  Philip  I.  provides  revenue  to 
indulge  in  gross  licentiousness. 

He  sells  bishoprics  and  other  ecclesi- 
astical preferments  to  the  highest  bidder, 
[1073.  The  Pope  remonstrates  and  threat- 
ens. 1094.  He  exconinumicates  Philip 
I.  and  Bertrada,  and  puts  the  realm  tm- 
der  the  ban.  1095.  Again  anathema- 
tized, and  interdict  is  laid  on  all  places 
where  they  may  sojourn.] 

1076±  *  *  Stephen  Anvergne  establishes 
in    Limousin   the   Grandmon tines,    a 

monastic  order. 

1077  *  *  The  edifice  Abbaye  aux  Hommes, 
or  St.  ^tienne,  at  Caen,  is  founded  by 
William  the  Conqueror. 

1080  *  *  All  Jews  are  banished. 

It  is  alleged  agsiinst  them  that  in  the 
celebration  of  thePassover  at  Paris,  they 
s;icrjficed  a  youth,  the  son  of  a  rich  mer- 
chant, for  which  the  criminals  are  exe- 
cuted. 

1092  *  *  A  church  council  is  held  at 

Soissons. 
1095  *  *  A  church  council  is  convened 
by  Pope  Urban  II.  at  Clermont. 

Present  :  four  archbishops,  225  bishops, 
and  an  immense  number  of  the  lower 
clergy.  It  proclaims  the  First  Crnsade, 
forbids  the  investiture  of  the  bishops  by 
laymen,  opposes  cleigymen  assuming 
feudal  obligations  to  la5''men,andexpom- 
municates  Philip  I.  for  repudiating  his 
wife  Bertha,  and  marrying  Bertrade,  the 
wife  of  Fulc,  Count  of  Anjou. 

*  *  Peter  the  Hermit  preaches  the  First 
Crusade. 

1096*  *  Peter  the  Hermit,  and  "Walter 
the  Penniless,  a  French  knight,  secure 
the  support  of  the  nobility. 

Godfrey  de  Bouillon,  Hugh  of  Ver- 
mandois, Robert  of  Normandy,  Kobert  of 
Flanders,  Stephen  of  Chartres,  Raymond 
of  Toulouse,  with  Bohemond.  son  of 
Robert  Guiscard,  and  Tancred,  son  of 
Otto  the  Good,  lead  600,000  infantry  juid 
100,000  cavalrv  toward  the  East  in  the 
First  Crusa<ie.  [1099.  July  15.  Jeru- 
salem is  taken  by  assault.] 

1098+  *  *  Robert,  a  Benedictine  abbot  of 
Molesme,  establishes  the  Cistercian 
Order  of  monks. 

Tlieir  name  comes  from  Citeaux,  the 
site  of  the  first  convent  in  France.  The 
monks  observe  silence,  abstain  from  eat- 
ing flesh,  sleep  on  straw,  and  wear  jjeither 
shoes  nor  shirts. 

1104  *  •  Philip  luidergoes  public  pen- 
anceforhis  sins,  yet  retains  Bertrada  as 
queen-consort.  [1108.  He  assumes  the 
habit  of  a  Benedictine  monk.] 

1108** -1116*  *  The  prelates  assist  the 
king  in  suppressing  the  brigandage  of 
the  barons. 

1115  *  *  [St.]  Bernard  founds  the  mon- 
astery of  Clairvaux. 

1118  *  *  Home.    Gelasius  II.  is  pope. 

rill9,CalLxtii8lI.:  1124.  HonoriusII.;  1130, 
InnocentU.;  1143,  Ceiestine  II.;  lI44,Lucm8 
II.;  1145,  Eugenius  III.j 

1120+ *  *  Pierre  AbSlard  a  theologian 
of  Breton,  teaches  doctrines  savoring 
of  heresy,  and  is  opposed  for  many  years 
by  St.  Bernard.  [1121  Ab61ard  is  cited 
before  a  councU  at  Soissons  and  there 


FRANCE. 


1022, 


1150,  * 


669' 


condemned  to  burn  his  treatise  called 
Intrtxhtctimi  to  Theology.  1133.  Ab6- 
lard  is  confuted  and  condemned  by  the 
Pope,  and  then  retires  to  a  convent.] 

*  •  The  White  Canons,  or  Praemonstra- 
tensian  order,  is  founded  by  St.  Norbert, 
a  monk,  at  Pr6  Montre,  near  Laon. 

*  *  The  cathedral  of  Angoul^me  is 
erected, 

1123*  *  Rome.  The  10th  Church 
Council,  first  Lateran,  is  convened  to 
settle  the  dispute  concerning  investiture. 

1128  *  •  [St.]  Bernard  draws  up  the  stat- 
utes of  the  newly  founded  order  of 
Templars. 

1130*  *  Pierre  de  Bruys,  a  reformer,  is 
burnt  as  a  heretic  at  St.  Gilles,  Langue- 
doc.  His  followers  are  called  Petro- 
Prusiancs. 

1139  *  *  Rome.  The  llth  Council,  the 
second  Lateran,  is  held  to  condemn  the 
errors  of  Arnold  of  Brescia  and  others. 

1144*  *  Louis  seeks  absolution  of  the 
Pope. 

1146*  *-49*  *  Second  Crusade ;  100,- 
000  soldiers  follow  the  king. 

1147  *  *  liouis  Vn.  joins  in  the  Crusade 
to  atone  for  his  sins. 

LETTERS. 

1060±  *  *  La  Vie  de  Saint  Alexia  appears. 

IJih  Century,  (.'hanson  de  Roland  is  writ- 
ten. Le  Hoi  Louis  and  Le  jj^lerijiage  de 
Charlemagne  appear. 

1100*  *-1500*  *  Period  of  the  Trou- 
v6res  of  Normandy. 

They  write  in  the  old  French  language, 
the  Walloon,  or  langue  d'oU ;  their  pro- 
ductions consist  of  satires  and  romances, 
tales  of  knavery  and  adventure,  legends 
aud  historical  anecdotes. 

1100^^*  *The  poems  of  William  IX., 
Count  of  Poitiers,  written  in  Proven- 
cal, Assises  de  Jerusalem  of  (iodfrey  de 
Bouillon  and  La  Vie  de  Saint  Grigoire 
appear. 

*  *  Montpellier's  school  of  medicine  be- 
gins to  acquire  f.ime. 

1125Hr  *  *  Le  Voyage  de  Saint  Brendan, 
by  Benedict,  appears. 

1135  *  *  -48  *  *  Marcabrum  the  trouba- 
dour writes  about  40  poems  of  much 
merit. 

SOCIETY. 

1031  *  *  -32  *  *  Famine  produces  de- 
moralization. 

Tlie  famine  is  caused  by  deranged  sea- 
sons, and  tlie  neglect  of  tillage  by  second- 
advent  expectations.  Human  flesh  is 
sold  in  the  public  market  at  Tournus; 
children  are  decoyed  and  killed  to  fur- 
nish food  for  the  starving.  Corpses  are 
left  unburied  in  the  streets  because  of 
the  great  mortality.  Troops  of  wolves 
prey  upon  the  smitten  people.  [1034.  A 
prodigious  harvest  is  gathered.] 

1035  ♦  *  The  Peace  of  God  is  com- 
manded by  the  clergy ;  it  aims  to  prevent 
private  Wixs  and  personal  feuds ;  its  en- 
forcement is  impossible,  as  it  prohibits 
all  war. 

1041 1  *  *The  Truce  of  God  is  estab- 
lished.   (See  Church.) 

1051  *  *  Henry  marries  Anne,  daugh- 
ter of  the  grand-duke  of  Muscovy,  in 
Russia. 


1070±  *  *  Philip  I.  is  given  to  habitual 
licentiousness  and  debauchery;  he  ob- 
tains money  by  simony  to  pay  the  ex- 
penses of  vice. 

1092*  *  Philip  I.,  having  imprisoned 
Bertha,  his  wife,  elopes  with  Bertrade 
de  Montfort,  wife  of  Comte  de  Anjou, 
and  bribes  a  bishop  to  bless  the  union. 
[Both  are  excommunicated.] 

1100+  *  *  Domestic  comforts  multiply. 
All  houses  are  covered  with  thatch, 
neither  tiles  nor  slate  are  used;  window- 
glass  and  carpets  are  not  wholly  un- 
known ;  floors  of  common  houses  are 
strewn  with  clean  rushes  every  morning. 

1108*  * -16  *  *  Contests  arise  between 
the  king  and  the  barons. 

They  pillage  travelers,  or  confine 
them 'in  dungeons  for  ransom,  plunder 
churches  and  monasteries,  and  destroy 
public  order  and  government. 

STATE. 

1028*  *-35  *  *Robert    I.,    "The 

Devil,"  is  Duke  of  Normandy. 
1030  *  *  Lille  is  founded  by  Baldwin  TV. 

of  Flanders. 

1031-1060  Henry  I.,  son  of  Robert  I., 
reigns. 

Henry's  brother  Robert  contends  for 
the  throne;  he  is  encouraged  by  his 
mother  Constance  ;  the  rebellion  is  sup- 
pressed by  the  aid  of  Robert,  Duk'e  of 
Normandy. 

1032*  *  Provence,  in  Southeastern 
France,  is  reunited  to  the  German  Em- 
pire by  Conrad  II. 

1035  July  22.  Robert  I.  dies  at  Ni- 
ciea. 

1041*  *The  Truce  of  God  is  intro- 
duced.   (See  Church.) 

1044  *  *  Touraine  is  ceded  to  Geoffroy, 
Comte  d'Anjou. 

Henry  I.  marries  Anna,  daughter  of 
Yaroslaf,  Duke  of  Russia. 

1046  *  *  "William  [the  Conqueror]  con- 
tends with  William  of  Arques  for  the 
duchy  of  Normandy. 

1060    Aug.  4.    Henry  I.  dies. 

1060-1108  Philip  I.,  aged  eight  years, 
son  of  Henry,  reigns  ;  Baldwin  V.,  Count 
<jf  Flanders,  is  guardian  and  regent 
(IOGO-67). 

1066  Eng.  "William  I. ,  Duke  of  Nor- 
mandy, obtains  the  Crown  of  Eng- 
land by  the  defeat  of  Harolil  at  the 
battle  of  Ujistings,  and  transfers  his 
capital  from  Rouen  to  London.  [Reigns 
until  1087.] 

1075+  *  *  Robert  Curthose,  Duke  of 
Normandy,  son  of  William  the  Con- 
queror, rebels  against  his  father  for 
several  years. 

1087  Sept.  9.  "WiHiam  I.,  the  Con- 
queror, dies  near  Rouen. 

1092  *  *  Philip  I,  deserts  his  wife  [and 
is  excommunicated  by  the  Pope]. 

1099  July  23.  Godfrey  de  Bouillon, 
Duke  of  Lorraine,  is  made  Kingof  Jeru- 
salem by  the  Crusaders.   [1100.   He  dies.] 

*  *  The  sovereignty  of  France  reaches  its 
lowest  degree  of  power. 


+  *  *  There  Is  a  notable  growth  of  town 
liberties. 

1100*  *  Philip  I.,  fearing  his  excom- 
munication may  lead  t(»  dethronement, 
crowns  his  son  XjOuIs,  hut  becomes 
jealous  and  persecutes  him. 

±*  *  Provence  passes  to  the  counts  of 
Barcelona  [later  to  Aragon]. 

1106*  *  Henry  I.  of  England  takes 
possession  of  Normandy  after  defeating 
his  brother,  Duke  Robert,  at  the  battle 
of  Tinchebray. 

1108    July  29.    Philip  I.  dies. 

1108-1137  liOuis  "VI.,  the  Fat,  son  of 
Philip  I.,  reigns. 

He  is  an  able  sovereign,  of  tireless  ac- 
tivity and  great  bravery ;  he  secures 
much  support  from  the  clergy  and  laity 
of  the  cities,  and  forces  many  nobles  into 
submission  ;  .Suger,  Abbot  of  St.  Denis,. 
is  Minister. 

Several  cities  obtain  charters  by  which 
they  are  erected  into  communes  with 
self-government;  and  on  payment  of 
a  tax  are  freed  from  court  interfer- 
ence. 

*  *-16*  *  Contests  occur  with  the 
nobles.    (See  Society.) 

1110*  *  Maine,  in  Northern  France,  is 

united  with  Anjou. 
1112*  *  Marseilles  becomes  a  republic 

[but  soon   passes   under  the  rule  of  a 

bishop]. 
1119   Aug.  20.    Normandy  is  secured 

to  the  Crown  of  England  by  Henry  I. 

on  the  defeat  of  Louis  VI.  at  the  battle 

of  Brennville. 
1129*  *  Ix>uis    crowns    his    eldent    son 

Philippe  as  joint  king.    [1131.    Killed 

by  a  fall  from  his  horse.] 

*  *  Geoffrey  Plantagenet  of  Anjou  mar- 
ries Matilda,  daughter  of  Henry  I.  of 
England. 

1135  *  *  Charters  are  granted  to  cities- 

and  towns  by  Louis  VI. 
1137    Aug.  2.    The    king's    son    Louis 

marries  Eleanor,  daughter  of  William 

of  Aquitaine,  and  heiress  of  Poitou,  Gui- 

enne,  and  Gascony. 

*  *  Louis  VI.  dies. 

1137-1180  Louis  "VXI.,  the  Young,  son 
of  Louis  VI.,  reigns. 

He  is  enthroned  at  the  age  of  17; 
Suger  is  Minister. 

1142  *  *  The  Pope  lays  the  kingdom  un- 
der interdict  because  of  the  opposition 
of  Louis  to  the  papal  nomination  of  an 
archbishop  of  Bourges. 

1143  *  *  Louis  sets  fire  to  the  castle  of 
the  rebel  Thibaut,  Count  of  Champagne, 
at  Vitry.  The  flames  spread  to  the 
church,  to  which  the  inhabitants  of  the 
town  had  fled  for  refuge,  and  J,300  per- 
sons are  burned  to  death. 

1144  *  *  Louis  invests  Geoffrey  Plan- 
tagenet with  the  duchy  of  Normandy, 
for  which  he  had  waged  war  against 
Stephen  of  Blois. 

1147*  *  Louis  VII.  joins  the  Second 
Crusade,  and  goes  to  the  East.  [1149.. 
He  returns.] 


670    1150,**-1245,^ 


FRANCE. 


AHMY  — NAVY. 

1187*  *  -^sia  Minor.  Guy  of  Lusignan 
is  defeated  and  captured  by  Saladin,and 
the  kingdom  of  Jerusalem  is  over- 
turned. 

1189*  *  Philip  II.  creates  the  first  mili- 
tia; they  are  called  Ribalds. 

1190  *  *  Philip  II.  sets  out  on  the  Third 
Crusade. 

[1191.  Syria.  Acreistaken.  Philip 
returns,  and  attacks  Xormandy  in  the 
absence  of  Kichard  of  England.] 

1194  •  *  Philip  n.  is  defeated  at  Fre- 
teval  by  Richard  of  England,  who  re- 
covers Normandy.  [1199.  Five  years 
truce  with  Englai^I.] 

1202  *  *  Philip  II.,  espousing  the  claim 
of  Prince  Arthur  to  the  crovra  of  Eng- 
land, is  at  war  with  the  reigning  King 
John.  [Aug.  1.  King  John  captures  the 
Castle  of  Mirabeau,  near  Poitiers.] 

1203*  *  Philip  II.  invades  Normandy ; 
his  pretext  is  revenge  for  tlie  killing  of 
Prince  Arthur. 

[1204.  He  besieges  and  captures  the 
fortress  of  Chateau  Gaillard,  on  the 
Seine ;  he  conquers  and  annexes  to 
the  crown  of  France  the  greater  part  of 
Normandy,  together  with  Anion,  Maine, 
Touraine,  and  a  portion  of  Poitou;  he 
enters  Rouen,  the  Norman  capital,  in  tri- 
umph.] 

1208*  *-29*  *A  crusade  of  perse- 
cution, under  the  leadership  of  Simon 
de  Montfort,  is  carried  on  against  the 
Jews  and  Albigenses. 

[1209.  July22.  He  storms  and  captures 
B^ziers,  in  which  the  Albigenses  had 
taken  refuge ;  he  massacres  the  inhabi- 
tants by  the  thousand,  and  burns  the 
city.  *  *  He  takes  Carcassone  on  the 
Aude ;  450  of  the  Albigenses  are  burned. 
*  *  The  whole  of  Ijangruedoc,  except  the 
county  of  Toulouse,  submits  to  the  per- 
secuting Crusaders,  [1211.  He  defeats 
Raymond  VT.,  Count  of  Toulouse  (and 
the  county  of  Toulouse  is  conquered).] 

1213  Sept.  12.  De  Montfort  totally  de- 
feats the  Albigenses  under  Raymond  VI., 
Count  of  Toulouse,  and  Pedro  II.,  King 
of  Aragon,  at  Muret ;  Pedro  is  killed. 

1214  Aug.  29.    Battle  of  Bouvines. 
Philip    II.    defeats    150,000   Germans, 

Saxons,  and  English  under  the  Emperor 
Otto  IV.,  who  is  in  alliance  with  Ferrand 
of  Flanders  and  flohn  of  England,  against 
France.    Loss  of  Otto,  30,000. 

1216  May  30.  Eng.  Louis,  son  of 
Philip,  lands  with  an  army  in  England 
on  the  invitation  of  disaffected  barons, 
who  oflfer  him  the  English  crown.  (See 
State.) 

[*  *  Entj.  Dover  resists  the  French. 
1217.  May  20.  Tlie  French  invaders  are 
defeated  at  the  battle  of  Lincoln.  Aug. 
24.  A  French  fleet  is  sent  from  Calais 
to  aid  Prince  Ix)uis  in  England ;  later, 
It  is  defeated  by  Hubert  de  Burgh,  and 
the  expedition  to  England  becomes  hope- 
less.] 

1217  Sept.  13.  Raymond  enters  Tou- 
louse [and  is  there  besieged  by  Simon 
de  Montfort.  1218.  June  23.  Simon 
de  Montfort  is  killed  by  a  stone  at  this 


*  *  Philip  H.  sends  his  son  Prince  Louis 
with  30  counts  and  10,000  archers  against 
the  Albigenses. 


1219  *  *  The  Prince  Louis  joins  Amaury 
Montfort  at  the  siege  of  Marmande 
on  the  Garonne,  and  the  inhabitants  are 
massacred  after  surrendering. 

1223*  *-26*  *  Another  crusade  is  car- 
ried on  against  Raymond  VI.,  Count  of 
Toulou.se,  whose  lands  are  declared  for- 
feited by  Louis  VIII. 

1224*  *  Louis  invades  Poitou,  and 
takes  Ilochelle. 

1226*  *  Louis  besieges  Avignon  on  the 
Rhone,  which  surrenders  after  heroic 
resistance  ;  many  of  the  inhabitants  are 
massacred. 

1241  *  *  Louis  IX.  attempts  to  make  his 
brother  Alphonse  Lord  of  Poitou  and 
Auvergne ;  the  barons  resist,  and  are 
aided  by  Henry  III.  of  England. 

1242  July  20.   Battle  of  Taillebourg. 
Louis  defeats  Henry  111.  of  England 

and  the  revolting  Baron  Hugh  de  Lusi- 
gnan, Comte  de  La  Marche.  [July  21. 
Defeated  again  with  La  Marche  at  the 
battle  of  Saintes;  later,  a  five  years 
truce  with  England  is  concluded.] 

1244  *  *  The  war  with  the  Albigenses 
ends  by  their  extermination. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1156  *  *  Raymond  VI..  Comte  de  Toulouse, 

defender  of  Albigenses,  born.    [  1222.    Dies. 

A  66.] 
1165*  *  VlUehEirdouin,  Geoffrey  de,  his- 

lorian,  diplomatist,  b.  [1213.  1).  A48.J 
Philip  II..  king,  born.  [1223.  I>.  A58.] 
William  the  Breton,  historian,  born.    [1220. 

Dies.     A  55.] 
1169*  *  John  de  Matha,  Saint,  Provencal 

monk,  born.     [1213.     Dies.    A44.] 
1183    Aug-.  3.     Arnoul,  bishop  of  Lisieux, 

writer,  dies. 
1301  *  *  Tbibaut.    Comte    de    Champagne, 

troubadour,  born.  [1253.  Dies.  A52.] 
Foulques  de  Neuilly,  clergyman,  orator,  d. 
SorV»on,  Kol>ert  de,  theologian,  fdr.  Sorbonne 

College,  born.     [1274.     Dies.    A73.] 
1209  *  *  Aiiialric  of  Bene,  heretic,  dies. 
1315  *  *  Auvergne,  IMerre  d',  troubadour,  d. 
Louis  IX.,  Saint  Louis,  king,  born.     [1268. 

Aug.  25.     Dies.    A55.] 
1334*  *  Joinville,  Jean.  Sire  de,  chroni- 
cler, born.     [1319.     Dies.     A95.] 
1335  *  *  Lorrls,  Guillaume  de.  poet,  born. 

[1265.     Dies.    A30.] 
Amoldus,  Villa  Nova  de,  phys.,  theol., 

astrol.,  alchemist,  b.     [1314.     D.    A79.] 
1340*  *  Kanichi    (Klinhi),   David,    Hebrew 

scholar,  dies. 
1344*   *  Molay,  or  Molai,  Jacques  de,  last 

grand  master  of  the  Templars,  born.    [1314. 

Dies.    A70.] 

CHURCH. 
1153  *  *  Borne.    Anastasius  TV.  is  pope. 
[1154,  Adrian  IV.;    1169,  Alexander  111.; 
1181,   Lucius   111.;    1185,     Urban  III.;    1187, 
Gregory  VIII.;  later,  Clement  III.] 

1167  *  *  The  word  •*  transubstantia- 
tion"  is  first  used  by  Peter  of  Blois. 

1170*  *  Archbishop  Becket  returns  to 
England. 

*  *  The  advance  guard  of  Protestant- 
ism appears. 

Tlie  Waldenses  appear,  chiefly  at  Albi- 
geois  and  Toulouse.  They  derive  their 
name  from  Peter  Waldo,  a  merchant  re- 
siding in  Lyons ;  they  spread  over  the 
valley  of  Piedmont,  and  circulate  the 
Scriptures. 

1174  *  *  [St.]  Bernard  is  canonized  by 

the  Pope. 
1179    Mar.  5-10.    Home.    The    12  th 

Church  Council. 
It  is  the  third  Ijateran ,  and  is  convened 

to  condemn  the  "  errors  and  impieties" 

of  the  Waldenses  and  Albigenses. 


1182  *  *  Philip  II.  banishes  the  Jews 
from  France,  and  confiscates  their  prop- 
erty. 

1189*  *-02*  *The  Third  Crusade; 
Itichard  Coeur-de-Lion,  leader.  (See 
Great  Britain.) 

1190  *  *  King  Philip  joins  the  Crusade. 

1191  *  *  Home.  Celestine  III.  is  pope. 
[1198.    Innocent  III.] 

1198±  *  *  John  de  Matha  and  Felix  de 
Valois  found  an  order  of  the  Trinity, 
called  Mathurins. 

*  *  Matha  founds  the  Order  of  Mercy 
for  the  redemption  of  captives  held  by 
the  Saracens. 

1200  Jan  *  The  Pope  excommunicates 
Philip  II. 

He  issues  an  interdict  against  him  for 
rejecting  his  lawful  wife  ;  the  churches 
are  closed  for  eight  months,  and  the 
offices  of  religion  are  for  the  most  part 
suspended. 

1202  *  *  -04  *  *  The  Fourth  Crusade. 
It  is  instigated  by  Pope  Innocent  III., 

and  chietiy  directed  against  Egypt;  the 
l)Owerful  French  barons,  assisted  by 
Baldwin,  Count  of  Flanders,  and  Bom- 
face,  Marquis  of  Montferrat,  are  leaders. 

1203  *  *  Innocent  III.  sends  two  legates 
to  extirpate  heresy  among  the  Albi- 
genses. 

*  *  Paris.  A  Cistercian  convent  [Port 
Royal  des  Champs]  is  founded  by  Bishop 
Odo. 

1208  *  *  By  the  proclamation  of  Innocent 
III.  the  massacre  of  the  Albigenses  and 
Waldenses  at  Toulouse  begins. 

[Simon  de  Montfort  is  the  merciless 
leader ;  thousands  fall  by  the  sword  and 
thousands  more  by  the  gibbet.  1223. 
The  crusade  continues.] 

1215  *  *  7?o»ie.  The  13th  Church 
Council,  It  is  the  fourth  Lateran,  and 
asserts  and  confirms  the  dogma  of  tran- 
substantiation  and  the  necessity  for  the 
reformation  of  abuses  and  the  extirpa- 
tion of  heresy, 

1216  *  *  Home.  Honorius  III.  is  pope, 
[1227.    Gregory  IX.] 

*  *  The  Dominicans  in  France  are  called 
Jacobins  because  their  first  convent  is 
a  hospital  for  the  pilgrims  of  St.  James 
(Jacobus)  at  Paris. 

1225  *  *  A  church  council  is  held  in 

Bourges ;  Louis  is  charged  to  extirpate 

the  heretics. 
1228*  *-29*  *  Frederick  II.,  Emperor 

of  the  West,  leads  the  Fifth  Crusade; 

Jerusalem  is  regained  for  a  short  time. 
1229  *  *  The  inquisition  is  established 

in  Toulouse  as  a  regular  tribunal.    [1233. 

In  Aragon.] 

*  *  The  Council  of  Toulouse  forbids  the 
laity  to  have  in  their  poss'jssion  any 
copy  of  the  Old  or  New  Testaments 
except  the  Psalter. 

1241  *  *  Home.  Celestine  IV.  is  pope. 
[1243.    Innocent  IV.] 

LETTERS. 

1150*  *-1350*  *  Period  of  the  Fa- 
bliaux. 

The  Fabliaux  poetf  are  wandering 
minstrels,  chiefly  of  the  North,  vho  earn 


FRANCE. 


1150,  *  *-1245, 


671 


their  living  by  song:  they  write  many 
hundreds  of  short  fables  or  tales  in  verse. 
[The  best  known  of  their  productions 
are]  :  Les  deux  Bordeors  Jiibaux,  Le 
Vair  Palefroi,  La  Mousse  Partie,  Sire 
Hain  et  Dame  Anieuse,  Brunain  la  Vache 
au  Prestre,  Le  Dit  des  PerdriXy  Le  sot 
Cfievatier,  The  Two  Enfjiishmen  and  the 
Lamb,  The  Boy  and  the  Mantle,  Le  Vi- 
lain  Afire,  Le  f  ilain  qui  conquist  Paradis 
par  PlaiHt,  Flore  la  Courtisane,  Landri, 
and  the  severfil  versions  of  the  German 
fable,  Reynard  the  Fox. 

1157  *  *  Ille  et  Galercm^  by  Gautier  d*Ar- 
ras,  appears. 

1158±  *  *  Paris  has  colleges  of  theology, 
philosophy,  and  law. 

*  •  *  The  lays,  Daniel,  the  Ten  Virgins^ 
Adam,  and  St.  Nicholas,  appear. 

»  *  *  Alexandre,  by  Lambert  the  Short 
and  Alexandre  of  Bernay,  appears. 

*  *  *  Benoist  de  Sainte  Maure  writes  His- 
toire  des  Dues  de  Normandie,  Le  Roman 
d^kneas,  Roman  de  Troie,  etc. 

*  *  *  Le  Charroi  de  Nimes  appears ;  also, 
LaChevalerie  Vivien;  the  chansons,  Gi- 
rardle  Roussillon  and  Huon  de  Bordeaux; 
the  Horn,  a  tale,  and  the  chansons, 
RaoiU  de  Cambrai,  Amis  et  Amiles,Jour- 
dain  de  Blaie,  Roman  des  LoherainSy 
Aliscans,  and  Couronnement  de  Louis. 

*  *  *  Offier  le  de  Dan-marche,  by  Baim- 
bert  of  Paris,  appears. 

*  *  *  Guinqlain,  by  Kenaud,  appears. 
1160  *  *  Montpellierhas  a  school  of  law. 

[1180.  The  University  is  founded  ; 
1181.  William  VIIL,  Lord  of  Montpel- 
lier,  proclaims  the  Montpellier  school 
one  of  free  resort.] 

*  *  Paris.  The  Sentences,  compiled  by 
Peter  Lombard,  appear. 

1170+ *  *Chrestien  de  Troees  writes 
Chevalierau  lion,  Lancelot  en  lacharette, 
Perceval  le  Gallois  ;  author  of  a  trans- 
lation of  Ooid,  Tristan,  Erec,  Cliges,Gtc. 

1180*  *-82*  *Quesnes  de  Bethune 
writes  ten  songs. 

1185i  *  *  La  Chanson  de  Jerusalem,  by 
Graindor  de  Douai,  appears. 

1200 i  *  *  Paris.  The  University  of 
France  is  founded. 

±  *  *  The  chansons,  Le  Chevalier  au 
Cyffiie,  La  Prise  d^  Orange,  Le  Moniage 
Guillaume,  Garin  de  Loherain,  Hugues 
Capet,  Flerabras,  and  Macarie,  appear. 

±  *  *  ConquHede  Constantinople,  hj  Geof- 
froide  Villehardouin,  appears. 

±  *  *  Jean  Bodel  writes  Chansondes  Sax- 
ons,  Jeu  de  Saint  Nicolas,  etc. 

±  *  *  Audefroi  le   Bastard  writes   Belie 

Idoine,  etc. 
1205  *  *  -89  *  *  L'Histoire  de  Baudmiin 

appears, 

1208*  *  Paris.  [The  University] 
founded  by  William  Champeaux,  as  a 
school  of  dialectics  receives  its  first  writ- 
ten statutes. 

1212*  *-25*  *Bertrand  d*Alamanon 
writes  Aimeri  de  Narbonne,  Girard  de 
Vienne,  and  other  poems  and  legends. 

1220ir  *  *  Marie  de  France  is  the  author 
of  poems,  Gugemer,  tlquitan,  Le  Frhie, 
Le  Biscloveret,  Jjanval,  Les  Deux  A- 
mants,  Ywenec,  Le  Laustic,  Afilun,  Le 
Chaitivel,  Le  Chevre/euilUt  Eliduc, 
Graelent,  and  L'^pine. 

1223  *  *  Pans.    The  schools  of  Paris 

are   incorporated    into   one  body,  and 

take  the  title  of  university. 
1229+  *  *  A  university  is  established  at 

Toulouse.    [1333.    It  receives  from  the 

Pope  its  full  privileges.] 


1237  *  *  Guillaume  de  Lorris  writes  the 
Roman  de  la  Rose. 

SOCIETY. 

1152*  *  The  king  divorces  Eleanor  be- 
cause of  her  disgraceful  conduct.  (See 
State.)  She  marries  Henry  II.  [of  Eng- 
land, and  inspires  the  revolt  of  his  sons]. 

1183  July  20.  The  7,000  fanatical  mer- 
cenaries who  were  employed  to  extermi- 
nate the  Albigenses  are  massacred  at 
Chkteaudun  by  "  capuchons." 

1193  *  *  -05  *  *  The  people  suffer  from 
a  severe  famine  followed  by  pestilential 
fever. 

1198  Jan.  1-1438*  *  Paris.  The  Fes- 
tival of  Fools  is  celebrated  by  acts  of 
buffoonery  and  a  variety  of  absurdities. 

1223  ±  *  *Wood  platters  and  pewter 
trenchers  are  employed  for  plates,  and 
drinking- vessels  are  of  silver,  horn,  or 
earthenware. 

1224  *  *  Louis  VIII.  gives  freedom  to 
his  serfs.  [12G1.  He  suppresses  private 
wars  and  judicial  combats.] 

STATE. 

1152*  *  Abbot  Suger,  of  St.  Denis,  the 
king's  minister,  dies. 

Mar.  *  Louis  divorces  his  wife,  Elea- 
nor of  Poitou. 

*  *  Eleanor  marries  Henry  of  Anjou. 

Henry  thereby  obtains  possession  of 
Poitou,  Guienne,  Gascony,  and  Maine 
[until  1152;  they  are  added  to  the  do- 
minions of  England  on  his  accession  in 
1154]. 

1154*  *  Bordeaux  is  held  by  the  Eng- 
lish kings. 

1156  *  *  Henry  II.,  King  of  England, 
does  homage  to  Louis  at  Rouen  for  the 
English  possessions  in  Aquitaine. 

1159*  *  Thomas  £l  Becket  comes  to 
France  as  an  ambassador  from  England 
to  affiance  King  Henry's  sou  to  the 
daughter  of  Louis. 

1174*  *  The  principality  of  Orange  is 
ruled  by  the  house  of  Giraud  Adhemar. 
[1182.    By  the  house  of  Baux.] 

1180    Sept.  18.    Louis  VII.  dies. 

1180-1223    Philip  H.,  Augustus. 

Philip,  son  of  Louis  VIL,  becomes 
king. 

[He  is  enthroned  at  the  age  of  15,  and 
is  the  most  sagacious  prince  of  his  time  ; 
he  consolidates  and  nearly  doubles  the 
extent  of  the  dominion  of  France.] 

1184*  *1648*  *  Besan9on  is  a  free 
imperial  city. 

13th  Century.  Paris  has  a  remarkable  de- 
velopment during  the  reigns  of  Philip 
Augustus  and  St.  Louis. 

1 186  *  *  Vermandois  is  united  to  France 
by  Philip  II. 

*  *  Guy  of  liUsig^nan  succeeds  to  the 
throne  of  Jerusalem  at  the  death  of 
Baldwin  V.  [1187.  He  is  conquered  by 
Saladin,  and  released  after  surrendering 
his  right  to  the  throne.] 

1191  *  *  Artois  is  annexed  to  France. 

1192  *  *  Philip  II.  marries  Ingeburga, 
sister  of  the  King  of  Denmark. 


[He  divorces  her,  and  marries  Agnes  de 
Meranie ;  but  the  Pope,  by  laying  France 
under  interdict,  compels  him  to  discard 
the  latter,  and  reinstate  Ingeburga.] 

*  *  Guy  of  Lusignan,  after  surrendering 
his  claim  to  the  kingdom  of  Jerusalem 
to  Saladin,  transfers  his  right  to  Richard 
I.  of  England  in  exchange  for  Cyprus. 

1195*  *-1222*   *  Raymond  VI.  is 

Count  of  Toulouse. 
1200  *  *  Louis  [VIIL]  marries  Blanche, 

granddaughter  of  Henry  11.  of  England. 

1202  *  *  Philip  supports  Prince  Ar- 
thur's right  to  the  throne  of  England. 
[1203.  Apr.  3.  Arthur  is  murdered, 
probably  by  orders  of  his  uncle,  King 
John,  in  the  castle  of  Kouen.] 

1203  *  *  Touraine  is  seized  by  Philip 
Augustus.  [1204.  He  conquers  all  Nor- 
mandy except  the  Channel  Islands.] 

*  *  Philip  summons  John  to  answer  for 
the  murder  of  Arthur. 

John  failing  to  appear,  Philip  declares 
his  possessions  in  France  forfeited  to 
the  French  Crown,  and  he  seizes  Nor- 
mandy, Anjou  and  Poitou,  Maine  and 
Aquitaine. 

*  *  Philip  rejects  the  Pope's  claim  to  ar- 
bitrate between  France  and  England. 

1210*  *  Gr.  Geoffrey  Villehardouin 
obtains  the  Frankish  principality  of 
Achaia. 

1213  *  *  The  Pope  invites  Philip  II.  to 
make  war  upon  England,  then  under 
the  ban  of  the  Church  ;  Philip  prepares 
an  expedition,  but  King  John  meanwhile 
makes  peace  with  the  Pope. 

1214*  *  A  league  formed  against  France 
by  Otho,  the  German  emperor,  is  joined 
by  John  of  England. 

*  *  Marseilles  becomes  a  republic.  [1251. 
It  becomes  subject  to  the  counts  of 
Provence.] 

1215  *  *  Vermandois  is  again  incorpo- 
rated with  the  monarchy. 

1216  *  *  Louis,  son  of  Philip,  is  invited 
to  England  by  the  barons. 

He  is  crowned  at  London ;  but  the 
English  refusing  to  support  him  after 
King  John's  death,  he  is  obliged  to  aban- 
don the  expedition  and  return  to  France. 

1223    July  14.    Philip  U.  dies. 

1223-1226    Louis  VHI.,  the  Lion,  son 

of  Philip  II.,  reigns. 
1226    Nov.  8.     Louis   VIH.   dies    at 

Montpensier. 

1226-1270  Louis  IX.  [St.  Louis],  aged 
11  years,  son  of  Louis  VIIL,  reigns  ;  his 
mother,  Blanche,  is  regent  during  his 
minority. 

1229  *  *  Part  of  the  county  of  Toulouse 
is  annexed, 

1234  May  27.  Louis  IX.  marries  Mar- 
guerite, daughter  of  the  Count  of  Pro- 
vence. 

Chartres  (purchased),  Blois,  and  San- 
perre  are  ceded  to  the  Crown.  [1239. 
Macon  is  purcheised.] 

1245  *  An  edict  is  issued  that  fiefs 
shall  not  be  held  under  both  the  King  of 
England  and  the  King  of  France. 


672    1245,**-1320,' 


FRANCE: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1248*  *  Louis  undertakes  Hie  Sixth 
Crusade. 

[iat9.  Egypt.  He  captures  Damietta 
on  the  Nile.  12,00  Apr.  6.  He  proceeds 
against  Cairo,  and  is  defeated  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Mansurah  on  the  Nile,  hy  the 
Sultan  ToorAnshah  (.Mmoaden) ;  he  sur- 
renders his  entire  army  to  the  Saracens  ; 
later,  for  his  ransom  he  pays  a  sum  of 
money,  and  restores  Damietta  to  the 
Turks.] 

1259  *  *  Peace  is  concluded  with  Eng- 
land. 

1266  Feb.  26.  It.  Charles  ol  Anjou, 
brother  of  Louis  IX.,  defeats  Manfred, 
King  of  Sicily,  at  Benevento  [and 
makes  himself  King  of  Naples  andSicily]. 

1267  *  *  -70  ♦  *  Jfr.  Louis  carries  on  a 
crusade  against  the  Moslems  in  Tunis, 
but  fails  ;  he  dies  of  fever. 

1282  *  *  France  is  involved  in  the  war 
between  Charles  of  Anjou  and  Pedro  of 
Aragon,  both  of  them  claiming  the 
throne  of  Naples  and  Sicily. 

A  holy  crusade  is  organized  against 
the  Aragonese  and  the  rebellious  Sicil- 
ians ;  the  French  are  expelled  from 
Sicily.    (See  Society,  Sicilian  Vespers.) 

1284  •  *  The  first  French  admiral  ia 
appointed. 

1285  Sept.  7.  Sp.  Gerona  capitu- 
lates to  the  French  after  a  siege  of  three 
months  [but  the  campaign  is  luisuccess- 
ful]. 

1291  •  •  The  war  with  Araeon  is  con- 
cluded by  a  treaty. 

1297  *  *  The  French  Buoceesf  ally  invade 
Flanders. 

1299*  * -1304  *  *  Belg.  The  French 
besiege  Ghent,  as  an  ally  of  tlie  Flem- 
ings against  tlieircount,  Guy  Dampierre  ; 
Ghent  surrenders,  and  a  French  governor 
occupies  Flanders. 

1302  Mar.  •  Belg.  A  revolt  breaks 
out  against  the  oppression  of  the  French 
governor  ;  3,000  French  are  massacred. 

1302  July  11.  £e!g.  Battle  of  Cour- 
trai. 

The  Flemings,  20,000  strong,  defeat 
40,000  French  under  Robert  of  Artois. 
[It  is  called  the  "  Battle  of  the  Spurs," 
4,000  gilt  spurs  having  been  captured.] 

1304  Aug.  18.  King  Thilip  VI.  de- 
feats the  Flemings  at  Mons-en-PS- 
vSle.     [He  concludes  peace.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1253  *  *  Paris.  The  Academy  called  the 
Sorbonne  is  established  by  Louis  IX., 
Kobert  Sorbon,  and  Guillaume  de  Saint 
Amour. 

♦  •  *  Arts  multiply. 

Paper  is  manuf.ictured  from  linen  rags, 
the  art  of  silk  weaving  and  dyeing  is  in- 
troduced. Windmills  are  set  up,  cane- 
sugar  and  Turkey  wheat  are  brought  in. 

1270  *  *  Paris.    The  church  of   Notre 

Dame  is  built. 
1278*  *  Paris.     Philip    III.    authorizes 

the  confraternity  of  surgeons,  formed 

by  Jean  Pitard. 
1317  *  *  Paris.     Entry  nf  Henri  IV.   is 

exhibited    by  Franfois    Giirard  in  the 

Salon. 
1320  ♦  *  Delicate  lace  Is  manufactured. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1345  *  *  Philip  m..  the  Bold,  king,  born. 

[1285.     Dies.    A40.] 
1250    Feb.  7.     Robert,   Count    of    Artois, 

killed  at  Mansurah. 
1268  •  *  Philip  IV..   the   Fair,  king,  born. 

C1314.     Dies.    A46.] 
1280*  *  Meung,  Jean  de.  romancer,  born. 

[1330.     Dies.    A50.3 
inirand,  Guillaume  de,  St.,  Pourcaln,  bishop, 

born.    [1332.     Dies.    A52i.] 
1293*  •PhlUp  v..  king,  b.   [1322.   D.   A29.] 

Philip  VI..  king,  born.     [1350.     I).    A.57.] 
1294*  *  Charles  IV..  the  Fair,  born.    [1328. 

Dies.    A34.] 
1296  *  ♦  lieanmanoir,  Philippe  de.  Jurist,  d. 
1300  *  *  Cervolle,  Arnaurl   de,  adventurer, 

born.    [1366.    Dies.    A66.] 
131 1  »  *  Coucy,  Kobert  de,  architect,  dies. 
1315*  *  Buridan,  Jean,  philosopher,  born. 

[H.58.-   Dies.    A430 
1320  *  *  Duguesclin.  Bertrand,  constable, 

horn.     [1380.     Dies.    A66.: 


CHURCH. 

1245  June  28.  The  14th  Church 
Council. 

Itisthefirst  ecumenical  synod  of  Lyons; 
it  convenes  to  promote  the  Crusades,  re- 
store ecclesiastical  discipline,  etc. 

1248  *  ♦  -54  *  *  Louis  IX.  leads  the  un- 
important Sixth  Crusade. 

ISth  Century.  Several  religious  orders 
commence  alms-begging. 

1251  *  *  Uprising  of  the  Pastoureaux. 
Multitudes  of  ignorant  peasants,  led  by 

an  adventurer,  "  le  Maitre  de  Hongrie," 
overrun  the  provinces,  clamoring  against 
the  Church,  the  bishops,  and  the  monas- 
tic orders,  and  occasionally  sacrificing 
lives.  At  Orleans  the  whole  populace 
rise  against  the  priests,  and  twenty-five 
are  massacred.  It  is  put  down  by  force, 
and  the  leaders  killed. 

1252  *  *  Paris.  Robert  de  Sorbon  founds 
the  Sorbonne  society  of  ecclesiastics. 
The  members  live  in  community,  devote 
themselves  to  study  and  to  teaching  with- 
out pay. 

1254  *  *  Rome.  Alexander  IV.  is  pope. 
[12G1,  Urban  IV ;  12G5,  Clement  VI.] 

1269 »  » [St.]  Louis  IX.  confirms  the 
rights  of  the  n.ation  and  safeguard  of 
the  Gallican  Church  by  the  Pragmatic 
Sanction. 

1270  *  *  Paris.  The  church  of  Notre 
Dame  Is  built. 

*  *  Louis  IX.  leads  the  Seventh  [and  last] 
Crusade ;  he  goes  to  Tunis,  where  h© 
and  most  of  his  army  perish  by  sickness. 

1271**i?ome.    Gregory  X.  is  pope. 

[1276,  Innocent  v.;  later,  Adrian  V.;  later, 
.lolin  ,\.\1.  ;  1277,  Nicholas  111.  ;  1281.  Mar- 
tin IV.  ;  1285,  Honorius  IV.  ;  1288,  Nicholas 
IV.  ;  1294,[St.]Cele8tineV.;  later,  Boniface 
Vlll.] 

1274  May  7-June  17.  The  15th  Coun- 
cil of  the  Church. 

It  is  the  second  ecumenical  synod  of 
Lyons,  convenes  to  promote  the  union 
of  the  Greek  and  the  Latin  Churches  ;  a 
temp<)rary  union  is  eil'ected,  members 
being  present  from  the  East. 

The  council  reduces  the  numerous 
mendicaht  friars  to  four  orders,  Domin- 
icans, Franciscans,  Carmelites,  and 
Augustines. 

1296  *  *  The  Pope  has  a  contention  with 
Philip  IV.    (See  State.) 

1297  *  *  It.    Louis  rX.  is  canonized. 

1301  *  *  It.  Pope  Boniface  VIII.  issues 
his  anathema  .against  the  king. 

1302  *  *  The  three  estates  convene  in 
general  diet. 


They  unanimously  maintain  the  inde- 
pendence of  France  against  the  as- 
sumptions of  Pope  Boniface,  who  d&. 
Glares  every  one  a  heretic  who  does  not 
believe  in  the  temporal  subjection  of  the 
king  and  people  to  the  Pope.  [France 
is  placed  under  an  interdict.] 

1303  *  *  Philip  IV.  seizes  th^  person  of 
the  Pope. 

*  »  Benedict  XI.  is  pope.  [1304-05.  The 
Holy  See  is  vacant  two  years.  1305. 
Clement  V.] 

1307*  *-08*  »  The  Knights  Templars 
are  persecuted  and  suppressed. 

1309  *  *  The  Holy  See  is  removed  from 
Borne,  and  established  at  Avignon, 
South  France.    [It  remains  for  70  years.] 

»  *  Paris.  Many  Templars  are  burned 
for  witchcraft. 

1311  Oct.  16-12,  Apr.  3,  May  6.  The 
ICth  Coiuicil  of  the  Church,  the  synod 
of  Vienne,  convenes  to  suppress  the 
Knights  Templars,  etc. 

1314  *  *  Tlie  immense  property  of  the 
Knights  Templars  is  confiscated  to  the 
State. 

1316*  *  John  XXn.  is  pope. 

Nicholas  V.,  the  anti-pope,  is  nomi- 
nated by  Louis  IV.,  who  holds  his  court 
at  Rome,  wliere  he  is  seized  by  Pope 
John  and  imprisoned. 

1317  *  *  A  papal  bull  condemns  a  sect  of 
strict  Franciscan  monks  called  Fratri- 
celli,  or  Little  Brethren ;  they  suffer 
persecution. 

1318  *  *  ITie  king  joins  in  the  persecu- 
tions of  the  Franciscan  mendicants. 

Under  the  title  of  Spirituals  they  vig- 
orously attack  the  corruptions  of  the 
papacy,  and  are  denounced  as  heretics ; 
many  are  burned  at  the  stake  in  Langue- 
doo  and  Provence.  [1319.  More  Fran- 
ciscans are  burned.] 

1320  *  *  A  second  uprising  of  the  Paa- 
toureaux  occurs. 

They  roam  the  country  witlt  arms,  and 
commit  frightful  excesses,  especially 
against  the  Jews  ;  they  are  excommuni- 
cated by  the  Pope,  surrounded  near 
Aigues  Mortes,  and  massacred  by  him- 
dreds  and  thousands. 

LETTERS. 

1245  *  *  Gautier  de  Metz  translates  vari- 
ous Latin  works  into  verse,  and  forms  a 
sort  of  cyclopaedia. 

1247  *  *  The  first  concordance  to  the 
Bible  is  made  by  monks,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Hugo  de  St.  Caro  ;  it  is  based  on 
one  compiled  by  St.  Anthony  of  Padua. 

1250±  *  »  The  TTniversity  of  Orleans 
is  a  "  studium  generale." 

[1305.  It  is  endowed  with  new  privi- 
leges. 14th  Century.  It  becomes  emi- 
nent for  its  faculty  of  arts.] 

*  *  *  The  University  of  Angers  receives 
its  charter. 

•  *  *  The  lienaud  de  Montauban  appears. 

*  *  •  Roman  de  Renart,  Le  Couronnement 
de  Renart,  Re.nart  le  Nom'.l,  Renart  le 
Contrefait,  Renart  le  Bes(oK»e,  and  other 
versions  of  the  German  epic,  Reynard 
the  Fox,  appears. 

•  *  *  The  Roman  de  la  Poire  appears  ;  also 
De  Venus  la  Diesse  d' Amors,  Livres  de 
Raison,  Huon  de  Bordeaux,  Audigier,  Au- 
cassin  et  Nicolette.  • 

»  *  *  The  Lay  of  the  Honeysuckle,  tradi- 
tionally assigned  to  S;  .  Tristan,  appears. 


FRANCE. 


1245,  **-1320, 


673 


23tk  Century.  Jeu  de  la  Feuille  and  Jeu  de 
Robin  et  Marion,  by  Adam  de  la  Halle, 
the  Hunchback  of  Arras,  appear. 

1252*  *  Paris.  RobertdeSorbon  founds 
the  college  called  the  Sorbonne,  for 
secular  ecclesiastics  to  study  theology. 

1253  *  *  Tliibaut  de  Champagne,  King  of 
Navarre,  author  of  70±  chansons  and 
jeux-partis,  dies. 

1260*  *  The  CAro7iig«erfe -Reims  appears. 

1275+  *  *  Adans  lo  Roi  writes  versions 
of  the  Chansons  de  Gestes  —  Les  enfances 
Ogier,  Berte  aux  grans  Pies,  and  Bueves 
de  Commarckis. 

1277i  *  *  Roman  de  la  Rose  (continuar- 
lion),  by  Jean  de  Meung,  appears. 

1285  ±  *  *  Ruteboeuf  the  trouvfere  is  the 
author  of  many  works. 

La  PauvreM  Rutebceuf,  La  Mariage 
Ruteb(Buf,  Renart.  de  Bestoume,  Le  IJit 
des  Cordeliers,  Frcre  Denise,  Le  Dit  de 
rErbSrie,  Complainte  d^Outremer,  Com- 
plainte  de  Constantinople ^  I^it  de  la  Vote 
de  Tunes,  TUbat  du  Croisi  et  du  Decroisi, 
La  Repentanre  Rutebosuf,  Le  Vole  de  Pa- 
radis,  Thhiphile,  a  miracle  play,  etc. 

1289    Oct.  26.     The     University    of 

Montpellier  is  raised  by  Pope  Nicholas 
IV.  to  the  rank  of  "studium  generale." 
1300  *  *  The    University  of   Lyons   is 
founded. 

1303  *  *  The  University  of  Avignon  is 
first  recognized  as  a"  studium  generale." 
[1421.  Its  faculty  of  theology  is  recog- 
nized by  the  Pope.] 

1304  *  *  Guillaume  Guiart  writes  a  poet- 
ical chronicle  of  the  tliirteenth  century. 

*  *  -09  *  *  Histoire  de  Saint  Louis,  by 
Jean  de  Joinville,  appears. 

1310±  *  *  Baudoin  de  S4bourg  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1273  *  *  King  Philip  III.  grants  his  first 
patent  of  nobility  to  his  goldsmith,  as 
an  attack  upon  the  feudal  barons  and 
all  the  aristocracy. 

1282  Mar.  30.  Sicily.  Sicilian  Ves- 
pers ;  the  French  are  massacred  at  Pa- 
lermo and  throughout  the  island. 

1291  May  1.  Philip  IV.  causes  all  the 
Italian  money-lenders  in  France  to  be 
imprisoned,  so  as  to  obtain  ransom 
money. 

*  *  *  The  Crusades  have  unexpected, 
valuable,  and  far-reaching  results. 

The  spirit  of  adventure  is  stimulated, 
literature  is  revived,  the  arts  and  sciences 
promoted,  and  free  thought  and  liberal 
ideas  are  increased  in  the  world. 

1305  *  *  Duelling  by  civilians  is  pro- 
hibited. 

1310  May  10.  Paris.  Fifty-four 
Knights  Templars  are  burned  alive ;  the 
king  covets  their  property. 

1312  Mar.  23.  Pope  Clement,  under 
the  pressure  of  Philip,  abolishes  the 
order  of  Knights  Templars  througli- 
out  Europe. 

Their  property  is  to  go  to  the  Knights 
Hospitallers,  and  two-thirds  of  their 
movable  property  to  France.  The  cu- 
pidity of  the  French  kings  is  the  cause 
of  their  suppression. 

1314  Mar.  18.  Paris.  Jaquea  de 
Molay,  the  last  grand  master  of  the 
Knights  Templars,  is  burned  alive. 


I 


*  *  Sumptuary  laws  enacted. 

The  size  of  the  cloak  and  robe,  the 
breadth  of  the  trimming,  and  the  num- 
ber of  suits  possessed  by  each  person,  are 
regulated  by  law.  Also  the  diet,  in- 
cluding the  hour  of  meals  and  the  num- 
ber of  dishes.  It  is  genteel  to  eat  from 
each  other's  plates. 

*  *  Marguerite,  wife  of  Louis  X.,  is  con- 
victed of  adultery,  imprisoned,  and 
strangled.  She  is  an  obstacle  to  the 
king,  but  her  crime  is  unproved. 

1315*  *-16*  *A  terrible  famine  oc- 
curs ;  the  people  devour  the  flesh  of 
horses,  dogs,  cats,  and  vermin. 

STATE. 

1245  *  *  The  gradual  introduction  of  Ro- 
man law,  and  the  regular  constitution 
of  the  Parliament,  forming  a  high  court 
uf  justice,  greatly  aids  royal  power  in 
suppressing  feudal  jurisdiction. 

1246  *  *  Charles  of  Anjou  founds  the 
Angevin  line  of  comits  of  Provence. 

1248  Aug.  25.  The  king  sails  for  the 
Holy  Land.  [1250.  Apr.  5.  The  king  is 
taken  prisoner  in  Egypt  ;  later,  he  ran- 
soms himself  by  restoring  Damietta  to 
the  Turks.  1254.  Sept.  7.  He  returns  to 
Paris.] 

1255  *  *  Louis  limits  feudal  jurisdic- 
tion, and  establishes  the  right  of  appeal 
to  the  king  from  feudal  courts. 

1257  *  *  Perche  is  annexed  by  escheat. 
[1258.  (iuienne  is  ceded  to  England. 
1259.  Nimes  is  united  to  France.  1261. 
Burgimdy  is  acquired,  and  annexed  to 
France.  1262.  Aries,  Forcalquier,  Foix, 
and  Cahora  are  annexed.] 

1264  Jan.  23.  The  Mise  of  Amiens  is 
aunounced  by  Louis  IX.,  concerning  the 
obligation  of  Henry  III.  to  observe  the 
Provisions  of  Oxford. 

1265  *  *  Charles,  Count  of  Anjou,  is 
appointed  king  of  the  two  Sicilies  by  the 
Pope. 

1268  *  •  The  Pragmatic  Sanction  of 
Louis  IX,  is  promulgated. 

It  forbids  papal  exactions  of  money 
without  permission  of  the  State,  and 
provides  for  an  appeal  in  certain  cases 
from  the  ecclesiastical  to  the  State 
court. 

1270  July  1.  Hjouis  sails  at  the  head 
of  the  Seventh  Crusade. 

Aug.  25.  Iiouis  IX.  dies  of  the  plague 
at  Tunis. 

1270-1285  Philip  III.,  the  Hardy,  son 
of  Louis  IX.,  reigns. 

1271  *  *  Toulouse  is  again  united  to  the 
French  monarchy.  [1272±.  The  province 
of  Xjanguedoc  is  annexed  to  the  Crown 
territory.  1277.  Dijon  is  acquired. 
1286.  Chartres  is  annexed  to  the  Crown 
by  purchase.] 

1284*  *  Philip    IV.   marries    Joanna, 

heiress  of  Navarre. 
1285    Oct.  5.    PhiHp  HI.  dies  at  Per- 

pignan. 

1285-1314    Philip  IV.,  the  Fair,  son  of 

Philip  III.,  reigns. 
Mar.  30.    Sicily.    Sicilian  Vespers.    (See 

Society.) 


1287  *  *  Ecclesiastics  are  removed  from 

parliament. 
1296    Feb.  12.     Pope  Boniface  VIII. 

issues  "  Clericis  Laicos," 

He  forbids  the  clergy  to  pay  to  the 
civil  power  taxes  on  ecclesiastical  prop- 
erty without  papal  approval ;  Philip  re- 
taliates by  forbidding  his  subjects  to 
export  money  or  valuables  without  his 
permission. 

1299    June  19,    A  treaty  of  peace  is 

signed  by  France  and  England  at  Mon- 
treuil-sur-Mer,  on  the  basis  of  mutual 
retention  of  present  possessions. 

Sept.  *  Philip's  eldest  sister,  the  Princess 
Marguerite,  is  married  to  Ed"ward  I., 
King  of  England,  and  his  daughter  Isa- 
bella to  the  Prince  of  Wales  [Edward  II.J. 

1302*  *The  bull  "  Ausculta  Fill," 
claiming  for  the  Pope  supremacy  over 
all  kings,  is  burned  by  Philip. 

Apr.  10.  Paris.  The  States-General 
—  nobles,  clergy,  and  burghers  —  first 
meet ;  they  sustain  the  king  against 
the  Pope. 

Wov.  18.  Rome.  The  Pope  issues  the 
bull  "  Unam  Sanctam,"  claiming  supe- 
riority of  the  spiritual  power. 

*  *  Belg.  Another  revolt  against  the 
French  breaks  out  in  Flanders. 

1303  Apr.  13.  The  Pope  excommu- 
nicates the  king. 

[The  king  holds  a  second  council  at  the 
Louvre,  and  presents  an  act  of  in<lict- 
ment  against  the  Pope,  charging  him 
with  scandalous  crimes.] 

Sept.  7.  It.  The  Pope  is  seized  at 
Anagni  by  Nogeret,  the  chancellor  of 
Philip.    [He  is  released  by  the  people.] 

1305  *  *  Philip  secures  the  election  of  a 
Frenchman  as  pope  (Clement  V.). 

June  5.  Belg.  Philip  recognizes  the  in- 
dependence of  Flanders. 

1307  Oct.  13.  The  Knights  Templars 
are  arrested  by  orders  of  Philip,  who 
charges  them  with  heresy  and  other 
offenses.     (See  Society.) 

*  *  Part  of  Lyonnaise  is  added  to  the 
Crown  by  conquest. 

1309  *  *  The  residence  of  the  Pope  is 
changed  from  Kome  to  Avignon  on  the 
Rhone. 

1312  *  *  Tiille  is  ceded  to  France. 

1314    Nov.  29.    Philip  IV.  dies. 

1314-1316  Louis  X.,  the  Quarrelsome, 
son  of  Philip  IV.,  reigns. 

*  *  Sp.  Navarre  is  united  to  France 
[until  1328]. 

1316  June  5.    Louis  X.  dies. 

1316-1322    Philip  V.,  the  Tall. 

Pliilip  is  the  brother  of  Louis  X.  He 
first  rules  as  regent  for  the  queen,  who 
is  with  child;  the  queen's  son  dies  soon 
after  birth,  and  Philip  declares  himself 
king. 

Nov.  11.  John  I.,  son  of  Louis  X.,  dies  ; 
aged  eight  days. 

1317  Jan.  9.  Philip  V.  is  crowned  at 
Reims. 

*  *  The  States-General  issues  a  formal  de- 
cree declaring  females  incapable  of 
inheriting  the  crown  of  France. 


674    1321,  *  *-1382,  Nov.  27. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1328  Aug.  28.  Pliilip  VI.  defeats  the 
Flemings  near  Cassel,  and  restores  the 
authority  of  Louis,  Count  of  Flanders. 

1339  *  *  -1453  *  *  There  are  frequent 
wars  with  England. 

War  is  caused  by  the  English  king, 
Edward  III.,  who  claims  the  French 
Crown  in  right  of  his  mother  Isabella, 
sister  of  the  late  king  of  France.  (The 
Hundred  Years'  War.) 

1340  *  *  \eth.  The  240  ships  of  Edward 
III.  defeat  and  nearly  annihilate  a 
French  fleet  of  400  ships  at  the  battle  of 
Sluis ;  30,000  Frenchmen  perish.  [A 
truce  is  sigued  for  two  years.] 

1342  •  *  Edward  III.  conducts  a  campaign 
in  Brittany. 

1346  July  12.  Edward  III.  and  his 
son,  the  Black  Prince,  invade  Nor- 
mandy with  an  army  of  30,000  men. 

Aug.  26.  Battle  of  CrSoy,  in  Northern 
France. 

Philip  VI.,  commanding  about  80,000 
men,  is  defeated  by  M.OOO  to  40,000  Eng- 
lish under  Edward  III.  Philip  is  twice 
wounded;  p'rench  loss, 30,000;  his  allies, 
the  kings  of  Bohemia  and  Majorca,  the 
Due  d'Alen^on,  commander-in-chief,  11 
princes,  80  nobles,  and  12,000  knights  are 
among  the  killed. 

1347  *  *  Calais  capitulates  to  the  Eng- 
lish. After  a  distressing  siege  of  11 
months,  Eustache  de  St.  Pierre  and  oth- 
ers present  themselves  with  ropes  round 
their  necks  and  the  keys  of  the  city  in 
their  hands,  as  a  ransom  for  their  fellow- 
townsmen  ;  Edward  spares  their  lives  at 
the  intercession  of  his  queen,  Phllippa. 
A  truce  for  six  years  is  soon  concluded. 

1355  *  •  Carcassonne  is  sacked  by  the 
Black  Prince. 

1356  Sept.  19.    Battle  of  Poitiers. 
The  Black  Prince,  with  8,000  men,  de- 
feats 60,000  French  under  ,Tohn  II.,  who 
is  taken  prisoner  [and  conveyed  to  Eng- 
land]. 

*  *  P6rigueux  is  taken  by  the  English. 

1357  Easter.  A  truce  of  two  years  is 
made  with  England. 

1359  Oct.  *  Edward  again  invades 
France  with  an  English  army.  [13(10. 
He  unsuccessfully  besieges  Reims.] 

1364  May  16.    Battle  ol  Cooherel. 
Bertrand  Duguesclin  defeats  the  Eng- 
lish and  the  rebels  in  Navarre,  under 
Charles  the  Bald. 

Sept.  29.    Battle  of  Auray. 

Charles  de  Blois,  claimant  to  the  duke- 
dom of  Brittany,  and  Duguesclin,  who 
supports  his  claim,  are  defeated  by  .lean 
v.,  Duke  of  Brittany,  and  .lohn  de  Mont- 
fort.  DuKuesclin  is  made  prisoner. 
[Moutfort  takes  possession  of  the  duchy.] 

1365  Nov.  *  Duguesclin  leads  the  law- 
less bands  of  Grand  or  Free  Companies 
into  Spain  to  flght  against  Don  Pedro  the 
Cruel,  on  behalf  of  the  latter's  brother, 
Henry  of  Trastamare. 

1367  Apr.  13.  Sp.  Battle  of  Nojara ; 
Edward  the  Black  Prince  and  Pedro  the 
Cruel  defeat  and  capture  Duguesclin. 

1370  Apr.  22.  Paris.  Charles  V.  be- 
gins the  erection  of  the  Bastile  to  de- 
fend the  city  against  the  English.  [1383, 
completed.] 

*  *  Ijimoges,  on  the  Vienne,  is  captured 
and  pillaged  bv  the  Black  Prince  ;  more 
than  3,000  citizens  are  massacred. 


*  *  "War  is  declared  against  England, 

*  *  Duguesclin  is  made  constable  of 
France. 

1372  *  *  Duguesclin,  by  brilliant  move- 
ments, recovers  for  France  the  territory 
between  Loire  and  Gironde.  Rochelle 
surrenders  to  Duguesclin,  and  is  restored 
to  France. 

1373  *  *  Duguesclin  and  Olivier  de 
Clisson,  the  Butcher,  are  successful  in 
Brittany  ;  most  of  the  Breton  fortresses 
are  taken,  and  De  Montfort  driven 
across  the  Channel. 

1375  June  *  A  timce  for  two  years  is 
made  with  England  by  the  Interposition 
of  the  Pope. 

1377  *  *  The  war  with  England  is  re- 
newed ;  the  tleets  of  Castile  and  France 
ravage  the  English  coasts. 

1378  *  *  Charles  V.  possesses  the  strong- 
holds of  Charles  the  Bad  in  Normandy, 
with  the  exception  of  Cherbourg. 

1382  Nov.  27.  Jlelf/.  Battle  of  Boose- 
beke. 

Tlie  Flemings,  wlio  revolt  against  their 
count,  are  defeated  by  the  French  under 
Charles  VI. ;  Phili|ipe  Van  Artevelle, 
their  leader,  is  killed.  [The  towns  in 
Flanders  are  pillaged  and  the  inhabi- 
tants massacred.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1346  Aug.  26.  Cannon  and  fire-arms 
are  first  used  at  the  battle  of  Cr(!cy. 

1364  •  *  Paris.  The  iKJUvre  palace  is 
occupied. 

1370i  *  *  Paris.  A  perfect  clock  is 
made  by  Vick ;  three  clocks  are  placed 
on  public  buildings. 

±  *  *  Theatrical  performances  are  in- 
troduced.   Spectacles  are  invented. 

1380  *  *  The  Mysteries  are  played. 

Chiefly  Tlie  Passion,  the  Resurrection, 
the  Incarnation,  and  St.  Catherine.  The 
Moralities  are  also  played,  being  ab- 
stract alleogrlcal  characters,  as  Youth, 
Despair,  Great-heart,  etc. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1330*  *  Flamel,  Nicolas,   alchemist,   bene- 
factor, iKJrn.     [1418.     Dies.     A88.] 

1333*  ♦  Froissart,  John,  poet,  chronicler, 
l)orn.     [1410.     Dies.     A73.] 

1337  •  •  Charles  V..  the  Wise,  king,  born. 
[1380.    Dies.    A43.] 

1360  •  '  .^illy,  Pierre  d",  cardinal,  theologi- 
cal writer.     [1425.     Dies.     A75.J 
nasselin,  Olivie,  jmpt,  h.     [1419.    D.    A6n.] 

1352*   *  Armagnac,  Comte  d',   Bernard, 
constable,  born.     [1418.    Dies.    A66.] 

1368  *  •  Caillet,  (;uillauine,  insurgent,  dies. 

1360  *  *  riamenges,  Matheiu  N.  de,  tlieolo- 
Kian,  bom.    [1440.    Dies.    A80.] 

1363  •  ♦  Gerson,  John  (iharlier  de,  ecclesi- 
astic, author,  born.    [1429.    Dies.    A66.: 
Christine   de   Plsan.    poet,  born.     [1415. 
Dies.    A52.: 

1364*  •  John  n..  king,  dies. 

1378  •  *  Dabentone,  Jean,  prophetess,  mar- 
tyr, dies, 

CHURCH. 

1321  *  *  Persecution  continues. 

Ijepers  are  tortured  and  many  of  them 
burned.  At  Chinon,  in  Touraine,  160 
.lews  of  both  sexes  are  hurled  into  a 
huridng  pit.  while  the  richer  class  are 
imprisoned  till  their  property  is  discov- 
ered, and  a  sum  of  150,000  llvres  trans- 
ferred to  the  king. 


1324  *  •  The  Cathedral  of  Perpignan 
is  founded  by  Sancho  II.,  King  of 
Majorca. 

1334*  *  limne.    Benedict  XII.  is  pope. 
[1342,  Clement  VI.  ;    13.52,  Innocent  VI.  ; 
1362,   rrbau   V.;    1370,  GreRory  XI.;    1378, 
Urban  VI.  ;  1389,  Boniface  I.\.  ;  14U4,  Inno- 
cent VII.  ;  1406,  Gregory  XU.] 

1350+ *  *The  Flagellants  wander 
about  the  streets  half  naked,  macerating 
themselves  with  whips,  to  appease  the 
anger  of  God  because  of  their  sins. 

1360±  *  *  TTie  Jews  unite  with  any  one 
annoying  the  Christians,  to  avenge  the 
injuries  they  have  received  from  them. 

1378  *  •  -1447  *  *  The  Great  Schism 
of  the  "West. 

A  contest  occurs  between  French  and 
Italian  cardinals,  in  the  election  of 
popes.  A  rival  line  of  popes  reside  at 
Avignon  [until  1824.  Anti-popes :  Clem- 
ent VII. ;  Benedict  XIII.]. 

1380  *  *  The  Passion,  Kesurrection,  In- 
carnation, and  St.  Catherine  are  intro- 
duced as  theatrical  plays  on  the  Sab- 
bath, as  means  of  religious  instruction. 

LETTERS. 

1325  *  *  Roi  Modus  appears. 

1332  June  *  The  University  of  Cahors 
receives  ful]  powers  from  the  Pope  as  a 
"  studium  generale."  [1307.  It  receives 
civil  privileges.] 

1339  *  *  The  University  of  Grenoble 
receives  its  charter. 

1349  *  •  The  first  University  of  Perpi- 
gnan is  founded.    (Or  1379.) 

1350  *  ♦  Paris.  The  Royal  IJbrary  is 
founded  by  King  John. 

14th  Centuri/.    Minagier  de  Paris  appears. 

1363  *  *  -64  *  *  Lirre  du  Voir-Dit,  by 
Guillaume  de  Machaut,  appears. 

1364  •  *  Paris.  A  coUege  of  medicine 
and  astrology  is  founded  by  Charles  V. 

1365  *  •  The  University  of  Orange  is 
founded  by  Charles  V. 

1369  *  *  Prised' Alexandrie,\>yQw.\\!mma 
de  Machaut,  the  author  of  80,000  verses, 
appears. 

1370  •  *  A  translation  of  Aristotle's 
£'(/(ir.i,  by  Nicole  Oresnie.  appears.  [1371, 
of  Aristotle's  Economics.^ 

1376  *  *  -78  *  *  Le  Songe  du  Vergier  ap- 
pears. 

1377  *  *  A  translation  of  St.  Augustin's 
De  civitate  Dei,  by  Raoul  de  Presles, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1348  *  *  The  people  are  smitten  with  the 
Plague  of  Florence,  or  the  Black  Vomit. 
It  destroys  one-fourth  of  the  people  of 
France  ;  the  ignorant  people  accuse  the 
Jews  of  poisoning  the  waters,  and  de- 
stroy thousands  of  them. 

1350±  *  *  Much  courtesy  is  shown  to 
men  of  gentle  blood,  and  scarcely  any 
to  those  without  it. 

1358+  *  *  Guillaume  Caillet  assumes  the 
name  Jacques  Bonhomme. 

He  leads  bands  of  peasants,  who  revolt 
against  their  oppressors,  and  ravage  the 
countrv  during  the  imprisonment  of 
King  .lohn ;  they  are  suppressed  with 
much  bloodshed.  Few  peasants  venture 
to  Bleep  in  their  cabins  for  fear  of  rob- 
bers, but  such  as  can  do  so  sleep  in 
boats  anchored  in  the  water. 


I 


FRANCE. 


1321,  *  *-1382,  NoY.  27.    675 


1361  *  *  -62  *  *  Paris.  An  appalling 
mortality  is  oaused  by  the  Black  Pes- 
tilence. [13G7-G9.  A  frightful  mortal- 
ity prevails.] 

1364  *  *  Wretchedness  abounds. 

The  country  is  laid  waste  by  fire  and 
sword  of  contending  barons,  wandering 
outlaws,  and  insurgents.  Fields  are  nn- 
tilled,  hou»es  in  ruins,  and  Paris  itself  is 
forlorn  and  desolate. 

♦  *  Paris  Only  a  few  of  the  main  streets 
are  paved,  and  the  by-streets  are  tilled 
with  ordure  and  filth. 

1380 1  *  *  Manners  are  rude. 

Gentlewomen  scamper  in  the  streets, 
turn  and  stare  at  passers-by,  peep  into 
windows  of  private  houses,  and  giggle  at 
mjiss.  Ladies  are  told  to  wipe  their  lips, 
not  their  noses,  on  the  table-cloths, and 
never  to  steal  or  tell  wilful  falsehoods. 

1381  *  *  Paris.    Riots  break  out. 

Tlie  soldiers  demand  their  pay,  and  the 
citizens  rise  against  illegal  taxes  and  for 
restored  liberties. 

STATE. 
1322    Jan.  3.    Philip  V.  dies. 

1322-1328     Charles   IV.,  the   Fair, 

brother  of  Philip  V.,  reigns. 

*  *  Many  towns  are  independent. 

1328  Jan.  31.    Charles  IV.  dies. 

1328-1498  <1589)  The  House  of  Valois 
is  enthroned. 

1328-1350  Philip  VI.,  son  of  Philip 
IV.'s  brother,  Charles  of  Valois,  reigns. 

1329  *  *  Edward  of  England  does  feu- 
dal homage  to  Philip  for  his  duchy  of 

,  Guienne  in  Southwest  France. 
1330*  *Bobert  of  Artois,  ill-treated 
by  Philip  VI.,  takes  refuge  in  England. 
Philip  becomes  Edward's  enemy,  de 
stroying  English  merchant-ships,  foster- 
ing pirates,  and  encouraging  the  Scots  to 
war  with  England. 

1337  **  Em/.  Edward  claims  the 
French  crown  in  right  of  his  mother, 
Isabella,  sister  of  Charles  IV. ;  the  Flem- 
ings acknowledge  and  proclaim  him 
King  of   France. 

1339*  *-1453*  *TheHundredyear8' 
War.    (See  Army.) 

1341  *  *  John  deMontfort  and  Charles 
of  Blois,  nephew  of  Philip,  contend  ft-)r 
the  dukedom  of  Brittany.  [Montfort 
has  the  aid  of  Edward  of  England,  whom 
he  recognizes  as  King  of  France.] 

1343  Nov.  29.  Paris.  Fifteen  bar- 
ons of  Brittany,  invited  to  a  tourna- 
ment, are  seized  by  order  of  Philip,  and 
put  to  death  without  trial,  on  suspicion 
of  favoring  the  English.  [War  with 
England  follows.] 

1347  *  *  Calais  becomes  an  English  pos- 
session. [1349.  Montpellier  is  acquired 
from  Spain.] 

1349  *  *  The  province  of  Dauphin^  is 
sold  to  Philip  on  condition  that  the  eld- 
est son  of  the  King  of  France  be  called 
the  dauphin. 

1350  *  *  Philip  enforces  the  gabelletax, 
under  which  the  sale  of  salt  is  made  a 
government  monopoly. 

Aug.  22.    Philip  VI.  dies. 


1350-1364  John  II.,  the  Good,  son  of 
Philip  IV.,  reigns. 

He  is  unworthy  of  his  surname  ;  for 
four  years  he  debases  the  coinage,  con- 
fiscates the  goods  and  securities  of  for- 
eign merchants,  and  stops  payment  of 
his  debts. 

♦  *  Comte  D*Eu,  Constable  of  France, 
is  beheaded  by  order  of  John,  on  sus- 
picion of  designing  to  surrender  his  cas- 
tle to  the  English. 

1354  Jan.  19.  La  Cerda,  the  Consta- 
ble of  France,  is  assassinated  by  Charles 
the  Bad,  King  of  Navarre,  King  John's 
son-in-law.  [A  feud  between  the  king 
and  Charles  follows.] 

1355  *  *  Edward  of  England  becomes 
the  ally  of  Charles  the  Bad  against 
John  II. 

1356  Apr.  *  King  John  seizes  Charles 
of  Navarre,  while  a  guest  at  a  banquet 
given  at  Rouen  by  the  dauphin,  and 
sends  him  to  prison  ;  he  seizes  four  other 
guests,  and  orders  them  to  be  beheaded. 

Sept.  19.  King  John  is  taken  prisoner 
by  the  English  at  the  battle  of  Poitiers. 
[He  is  conveyed  to  England,  and  Charles 
the  Dauphin  becomes  regent.] 

1357  Feb.  *  Paris.  The  States-Gen- 
eral meet,  and  demand  reforms  in  tlio 
government. 

They  include  the  appointment  of  a 
coxmcil  or  commission  of  36  delegates 
fr<mi  the  three  estates  — prelates, 
knights,  and  burgesses  —  to  direct  pub- 
lic affairs.  [The  reforms  are  reluctantly 
conceded  by  the  request  of  Charles,  but 
the  concession  is  afterwards  annulled  by 
the  king.] 

Aug.  *  The  dauphin,  Charles,  dismisses 
the  36  commissioners,  and  takes  the 
reins  of  government  in  his  own  hands. 

Nov,  *  Paris.  The  populace  revolt  un- 
der the  leadership  of  Stephen  Marcel 
and  Charles  the  Bad,  who  is  released 
from  prison. 

1358  Feb.  22.  Paris.  A  number  of 
the  revolters  headed  hy  Marcel  march 
to  the  palace. 

In  the  presence  of  the  dauphin  they 
kill  two  marshals  who  have  been  pro- 
scribed by  the  States,  but  retained  by 
the  regent ;  they  compel  Charles  to  pub- 
licly declare  his  approval  of  the  act, 

*  *  Anarchy  prevails ;  the  throne  is  en- 
dangered by  the  mercenary  troops  and 
adventurers,  who  ravage  the  provinces 
and  oppress  the  peasantry. 

May  *  The  peasants  begin  a  war  of  ex- 
termination against  the  nobles. 

They  organize  into  an  army  of  20,000, 
and  go  through  the  country,  pillaging 
and  demolishing  castles,  and  massa- 
cring the  inmates  ;  their  leader  is  Guil- 
laume  Caillet,  who  gets  the  name  of 
Jacques  Bonhomme  [hence  the  terra 
Jacquerie].    (See  Society.) 

July  31.  Paris.  Jean  Maillart,  a  par- 
tizan  of  the  dauphin,  surprises  and  kills 
Marcel. 

1359  May  25.  Paris.  The  States-Gen- 
eral reject  a  treaty  agreed  to  by  their 
king  in  England. 

He  ceded  to  the  English  the  western 
half  of  France,  from  ('alais  to  Bayonne, 
and  proposing  4,000,000  crowns  as  John's 
ransom. 


1360    May  8.    The  Peace  of  Bretigny 

is  concluded  with  the  English. 

The  treaty  gives  Edward  Poitou,  Gui- 
enne,  and  Gascony  in  full  sovereignty; 
he  renounces  his  claim  to  the  crown  of 
France  ;  John's  ransom  is  fixed  at  3,000,- 
000  crowns,  to  be  pai<l  in  six  years ;  'V) 
hostages  are  given  to  England  to  be  held 
pending  payment. 

July  8.  Eng.  King  John,  liberated 
from  imprisonment,  returns  to  France. 

1363*  *  Burgundy  is  occupied  by  John, 
and  given  to  his  son,  Philip  the  Bold 
[who  becomes  founder  of  the  Burgun- 
dian  line  of  the  House  of  Valois]. 

1364  *  *  Enff.  The  king's  sons,  IiOUis 
and  John,  hostages  for  their  father, 
break  their  parole,  and  flee  to  Paris; 
King  John,  to  save  his  honor,  surren- 
ders himself  to  the  English  king,  who 
treats  him  with  great  courtesy. 

*  *  Charles  V.  reforms  the  current  coin, 
Apr.  8.    John  II.  dies  in  England. 

1364r-1380  Charles  v.,  the  Wise,  son  of 
John  II.,  reigns. 

He  is  a  ruler  of  ability,  patronizes 
learning  and  literature,  and  by  his  wise 
and  vigorous  administration  quells  the 
disorders  arising  fron  the  war  of  the 
jacq^ierie. 

*  *  Bertrand  Duguesclin,  Constable  of 
France,  retakes  nearly  all  the  territory 
ceded  to  England  by  the  captive  King 
John. 

1365  Dec.  *  Sp.  Don  Pedro  (Peter 
the  Cruel)  is  driven  out  of  Castile  by 
Duguesclin. 

1367  Apr.  3.    Sp.    Pedro  is  restored 

by  the  victory  at  Najara. 

1368  Jime  30.  The  lords  of  Gascony 
and  Guienne  make  complaint  to 
Charles  against  the  money  exactions  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  they  appeal  to 
him  to  redress  their  grievances. 

1369  Jan.  25.  Charles  summons  ^Ed- 
ward of  England  to  appear  to  answer 
the  complaint  of  his  vassals  of  Gascony 
and  Guienne.  [The  Prince  of  Wales  re- 
plies that  he  will  appear  "with  60,000 
men."] 

*  *  Charles  V.  gives  XiiUe  to  Louis  de  Male. 
[It  passes  to  Burgundy  and  finally  to 
Austria  and  Spain.] 

*  *  Sp.  Peter  the  Cruel  is  killed  by  his 
brother  Henry. 

1379*  *  Bely.  The  Flemish  towns  re- 
volt, and  expel  Louis  their  count. 

1380  *  *  The  maladministration  of  the 
Duke  of  Anjou  causes  a  revolt  in  Lan- 
guedoc,  Southern  France. 

*  *  Paris  suffers  from  civil  strife. 
Sept.  16.    Charles  V.  dies. 

1380-1422    Charles   VI.,   11   years  of 

age,  son  of  Charles  V.,  reigns  ;  his  uncle, 
the  Duke  of  Anjou,  is  regent  during  his 
minority. 

1381  *  *  Duke  of  Anjou  becomes  re- 
gent. [He  seizes  the  public  treasure  to 
help  to  secure  for  himself  the  kingdom 
of  Naples.] 


676    1382,*  *-1440, 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1386  *  *  Charles  threatens  to  invade 
Ehigland,  but  abandons  the  expe<iition. 

1388  *  *  Dunkirk  is  burned  by  the  Eng- 
lish. 

1408  Sept.  23.  Battle  of  Hasbaiu ; 
John,  Duke  of  Burgundy,  is  victorious. 

1410  *  *  Civil  war  occurs  between  the 
factions  of  the  Dukes  of  Orleans  and 
Burgundy. 

1415  Aug.  14.  War  with  England. 
Henry  V.  of  England,  making  claim  to 
the  French  crown,  lands  with  an  army 
of  30,000  men  at  Havre.  [Sept.  22.  Har- 
fleur,  after  a  brief  siege,  surrenders  to 
Henry. J 

Oct.  25.    Battle  of  Agincourt. 

About  50.0(X)  French  under  Constable 
d'Albret  are  defeated  by  about  15,000 
English  under  Henry  V.  of  England. 
The  chivalry  of  France  is  decimated  ; 
the  Dukes  of  Orleans  and  Bourbon  are 
captured,  and  10,000  French,  including 
the  Constable  of  France  and  six  dukes 
or  princes,  are  killed.    English  loss,  1,600. 

Nov.  *  Henry  reembarks  for  England. 

1417  Aug.  1.  Henry  returns,  and  lands 
at  Touques,  near  Honfleur,  [He  cap- 
tures Caen,  Bayeux,  Falaise,  fivreux, 
Coutances,  Laigle,  Saint-L6,  and  Cher- 
bourg.] 

1419  Jan.  13.  Rouen  capitulates  to 
Henry  after  a  siege  of  five  months.  The 
city  is  spared  on  the  payment  of  300,000 
golden  crowns. 

1420  *  *  Paris.  The  English  occupy 
the  city. 

1421  *  *  Many  soldiers  from  Scotland 
enter  the  French  military  service. 

1423  June  11.  Battle  of  Cravant. 
The  allied  English  and  Burgundlans 
under  the  Duke  of  Bedford  defeat  the 
allied  French  and  Scotch  who  tight  for 
Charles  VII.  [14'24.  Aug.  17.  He  defeats 
them  again  at  the  battle  of  Verneuil.] 

1428  Oct.  12.  The  English  under  the 
Earl  of  Salisbury  commence  the  siege  of 
Orleans. 

1429  Feb.*  "Battle  of  the  Her- 
rings.** 

The  besieged  at  Orleans  make  a  sortie 
and  attack  a  contingent  conveying  a 
supply  of  herrings  to  the  English  ;  they 
are  driven  back  with  great  slaughter. 

Mar,  9.  Joan  of  Arc  [the  Maid  of  Or- 
leans] announces  her  mission  to  King 
Charles  at  Chimon. 

Apr.  *  Charles  puts  Joan  of  Arc  in  com- 
mand of  French  troops. 

[Apr.  29.  Joan  crosses  the  Loire,  and 
enters  Orleans  without  opposition  from 
the  English,  who  are  besieging  the  town. 
May  7.  Joan  captures  from  the  English 
the  bastile  of  Toumelles  before  Or- 
leans; she  is  wounded  in  the  attack. 
May  8.  The  English  retire ;  the  siege 
of  Orleans  is  raised.  Joan  is  called  the 
Maid  of  Orleans.  { 

June  12.  The  French,  encouraged  by 
Joan  of  Arc,  storm  and  capture  Jargeau. 

June  18.    Battle  of  Patay. 

The  French  under  Jean,  Comte  de  Du- 
nois,  making  the  attack  on  the  advice  of 
Joan  of  Arc,  defeat  the  English  led  by 
Lord  Talbot. 

July  10.  Troyes  capitulates  to  the 
French  under  Joan  of  Arc. 


Sept.  8.  Paris.  The  French  make  an 
assault  against  the  English  [and  are 
repulsed]. 

1430  May  24.  Joan  of  Arc  is  cap- 
tured in  a  sortie  from  Compi^gne,  while 
the  town  is  besieged  by  the  Duke  of 
Burgundy. 

1436  Apr.  13.  Paris.  TheEngllshare 
forced  to  evacuate;  the  city  is  occu- 
pied by  Constable  de  Kichemont. 

1439  *  *  Charles  VIZ.,  with  the  approval 
of  the  States-General,  establishes  a 
standing  army  of  22,000  foot  and  900 
horse  ;  it  is  the  first  standing  army  on 
record. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1391*  *  Paris.    The    Academy    of 

Painting  is  established. 
1392  *  *  Cards  are  invented  to  amuse 

Charles  VI. 

1404  *  *  Paris.  Hats  are  first  made  by  a 
Swiss. 

1414  *  *  Muskets  are  used  by  Burgun- 
dlans at  Arras. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1385+ *  *  Ch artier.  Alain,  poet,  b.    [1449. 
Dies.    A64'-.] 

1390  *  *  Aleman,  Louis,  cardinal,  archbp.  of 
Aries,  statesman,  h.     [1450.     Dies.    A60.] 

Monstrelet,  Knguerrand  de,  chronicler,  born. 
[1463.     Dies.    A63.] 

1391  *  *  Charles  Due  d'Orl^ns,  soldier,  poet, 
born.     [H«6.     Dies.     A75.] 

1400  *  *  CoQur,  JacQues.   gold   and   silver 

smith,  born.     [1461.     Dies.     A61.] 
1403  *  *  Basin,     Thomas,    historian,    born. 

[1491.     Dies.     A89.] 
Dunois,  Jean,  Comte  de,  le  B&tardd'Ort^ans, 

general,  born.     [1468.     Dies.     A66.: 
1403  *  *  Charles  "VTI.,  the  Victorious,  king, 

born.     [1461.     Dies.     A58.] 

1405  *  *  L'Ermite,  Tristan,  courtier,  born. 

1406  *  *  Rals,  or   Retz,  Gilles  de  Laval  de, 
marshal,  horn.     [1440.     Dies.     A34.] 

1410±  *  *  Chabannea,  Antoine  de,  Comte  de 
Dammartin,  gen.,  b.     [1488.     Dies.    A78.] 

1411  *  *  Joan  of  Arc.  the  Maid  of  Orleans, 
heroine,  born.     [I43I.     Dies.     A20.] 

1415*  *Fouquet,   Jehan,   painter,  born. 
[1475.     Dies.     A60.] 

1420  *  *  Dain,  Olivier  le,  Comte  de  Meulent, 
favorite,  l>orn.     [1484.     Dies.     A64.] 

143S  *  ♦  Baluc,  Jean  de  la,  cardinal,  born. 

1433  *  *  Aubusson,  Pierre  d*,  general,  states- 
man, born.     [1503.     Dies.     A  80.] 

1434*  *  Louis  XI..  king,  born.  [1483.  Dies. 
A60.] 
Laudini,  Christoforo,  savant,  born.    [1504. 
Dies.    A80.] 

1425  *  *  Bethencourt,  Jean  de,  chamberlain 
to  Charles  VIL,  conq.  Canary  Islands,  d. 

1438*  *Jan8on,  Nicolas,  printer,  inventor, 
born.     [1481.     Dies.     A53.] 

1429  *  *  Margaret  of  Aniou.  wife  of  Henry 
Vl.of  p:ngland,born.     [1481.    Dies.    A.^2.] 

1433  *  *  Barbazan,  Arnauld  O.  de,  general, 
dies. 

1433  *  *  Charles  the  Bold,   Duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, born.    [1477.     Dies.    A44.] 

1440*  »Malllard,  Olivier,  pulpitorator, bom. 
[1502.    Dies.    A62.] 


CHXTRCH. 

1407  *  *  France  is  laid  under  an  inter- 
dict by  the  Pope. 

1409  *  *  Rome,    Alexander  V.  is  pope. 
[1410,  John  XXIIL  :  1417,  Martin  V.  ;  1431, 
Eugenius  IV.  ;  1447,  Nicholas  V.  ;  1455,  Ca- 
lixtus  III.  ;  1458,  ViU8  II. ;   1464,  Paul  II.  ; 
1471,  Sixtns  VI.  ;  1484,  Innocent  VIII.] 

1414*  *  Sioitz.    The  17th  Council  of 
the  Church  is  convened  at  Constance. 

It  asserts  the  authority  of  an  ecumen- 
ical council  over  the  Pope,  and  con- 
demns the  doctrines  of  John  Huss  and 
Jerome  of  Prague.    It  is  attended  by  the 


western  churches,  and  continues  in  ses- 
sion four  years. 

1431  July  31^9  May  7.  Stcitz.  The 
18th  Council  of  the  Church  is  convened 
at  Basel. 

It  attempts  a  reformation  of  discipline 
and  in  the  constitution  of  the  Koman 
Catholic  Church.  [All  its  acts  are  re- 
garded null  and  void  by  the  Ultramon- 
tanes.] 

*  *  Joan  of  Arc  is  condenmed  by  the 

Church.    (See  Society.) 

1438*  *  Charles   VU.   publishes    the 

Pragmatic  Sanction. 

This  ordinance  asserts  the  rights  of  the 
Church  in  France,  and  declares  tlie  authority 
of  a  general  council  superior  to  the  dictuni 
of  a  pope.  It  forbids  the  clergy  to  appeal  to 
Korae  on  any  point  affecting  the  seciUar  con- 
dition of  the  nation,  also,  the  appropriation 
of  any  vacant  benefice  by  tlie  Pope,  who  is  in 
no  (>ase  to  appoint  any  to  a  bishopric  or  a 
parish  church. 

LETTERS. 

1386  *  *  -1410  *  *  .Jean  Froissart  writes 
his  Chronicles. 

*  *  -92  *  *  Mvre  des  Cent  Ballades,  a  col- 
lection of  poems  by  different  authors, 
appears. 

1387  *  *  Deduits  de  la  Chasse,  by  Gaston 
de  Foix,  appears. 

1390  *  *  Livre  des  fails  du  Marichal  de 
Jioucicaut,  appears. 

1392  *  *  Art  de  Dieter,  by  Eustache  Des- 
champs,  author  of  1,500  ballads,  etc., 
appears. 

1394  *  *  Trissor  de  Venerie,  byHardouJn, 
appears. 

1409  *  *  The  University  of  Aix  is 
founded  by  Pope  Alexander  V. 

1415  *  *  -40  *  *  Prince  Charles  of  Or- 
leans, a  prisoner  in  England,  writes  400 
rondeaux,  100  ballads,  and  100  chansons. 

±  *  *  Livre  des  Quartre  Dames,  by  Alain 
Chartier,  appears. 

1426  *  *  Belle  dame  sans  merci,  by  Alain 
Chartier,  appears  ;  also  author  of  Bre- 
viaire  des  nobles,  Le  Curial,  etc. 

1429  *  *  Christuie  de  Pisan  composes  a 

national  song  on  Joan  of  Arc. 
1431  *  *  The  University  of  Poitiers  is 

instituted  by  Charles  VII. 

1435*  *-89*  *  M ^.moires,  by  Olivier 
de  la  Marche,  appears. 

1437    May  *  The  University  of  Caen 

is  founded  under  English  auspices.  [1452. 
Oct.  30.    Receives  a  new  charter.] 

SOCIETY. 

1382  *  *  Paris.  The  insurrection  of  the 
Maillotins  against  taxes  on  bread  and 
produce  occurs. 

±  *  *  The  Scotch  archers  are  formed  into 
the  king's  bodyguard,  because  he  dare 
not  trust  his  life  to  the  care  of  French- 
men. 

1407  Nov.  23.  I.ouis  Valois,  Duke  of 
Orleans,  is  assassinated  by  the  king's 
brother,  the  Duke  of  Burgundy. 

[1410.  Nov.  23.  An  illusory  treaty  of 
peace  is  made  between  the  two  parties 
after  the  army  of  the  Armagnacs  had 
ravaged  the  country  up  to  the  gates  of 
Paris  without  a  battle.] 

1412*  *  Paris.  Cabochiens,  or  ruffians, 
led  by  Simonet  Caboche,  a  butcher,  from 
the  dregs  of  the  population,  reform  (?) 
the  government. 


FRANCE. 


1382,**-1440, 


677 


i 


1416  *  *  Queen  Isabella  is  exiled  to 
Tours. 

Because  of  her  disgraceful  vices  she 
and  her  pjiramour  are  enclosed  in  a 
leathern  sack,  and  cast  into  the  river. 

1418  June  12.  Paris.  The  massacre 
of  the  Arinagnacs  begins  by  direction  of 
John,  Buke  of  Burgundy  [3500  persons 
are  killed  in  three  daysj. 

1420  *  *  Philip  the  Good  of  Burgundy 
institutes  the  military  Order  of  the 
Golden  Fleece. 

1430 ±  *  *Gipsies,  or  Bohemians,  a 
class  of  public  vagrants,  appear. 

*  *  Misery  prevails  in  city  and  in  country ; 
poverty,  neglect,  and  despair  abound ; 
tillage  is  neglected,  and  buildings  are 
unrepaired. 

*  *  Feudatories  commit  the  wildest  ex- 
cesses ;  300  nobles  in  Auvergne  live  in 
habitual  incest,  rapine,  and  violence. 

1431    Feb.+  *  Trial  of  Joan  of  Are. 

[Revelations  are  drawn  from  her  by  a 
priest,  under  the  seal  of  the  confessional, 
and  taken  down  by  concealed  notaries ; 
these  are  used  by  the  prosecution.] 

(Feb.  21.)  Joan's  trial  commences  at 
Kouen,  before  Oauchon  and  the  vicar  of 
the  Inquisitor-General  of  France,  with 
50  doctors  as  assessors,  and  the  Maid  is 
without  an  advocate. 

(  Apr.  18.)  The  revelations  of  Joan  are 
pronounced  to  have  come  from  the  Evil 
Cue;  she  is  found  guilty  of  blasphemy, 
imposture,  indecency,  and  of  schismati- 
eal  opinions  upon  the  unity  and  author- 
ity of  the  church. 

(*  *)  Joan  is  overcome  by  threats  of 
death  by  fire,  and  signs  a  confession  of 
deliberate  deception,  and  is  condemned 
to  the  penance  of  perpetual  imprison- 
ment, with  bread  and  water  diet. 

(*  *)  Alleged  scandalous  means  are 
used  to  induce  Joan  to  retract  her  abju- 
ration. 

(*  *)  Joan  resumes  her  male  attire, 
Jind  communicates  fresh  visions. 

<May  30.)  After  being  condemned  as  a 
witch,  Joan  is  burned  at  the  stake  at 
Rouen,  as  a  relapsed  penitent,  but  witJi 
her  last  breath  declaring  the  voices  had 
not  deceived  her. 

*  *  Thomas  Conecte,  a  popular  preach- 
er, employs  boys  to  run  after  ladies,  and 
upset  the  absurd  horns  worn  on  their 
heads,  against  which  he  preaches. 

1436  Siunmer.  Paris.  Brigandage 
and  disorders  are  created  by  "  Les  i^o.or- 
cheurs"  (Flayers). 

They  desolate  France  and  Belgium, 
stripping  their  victims  to  their  shirts, 
and  flaying  the  cattle. 

1437  July  3.  The  nobility  attend  the 
sacred  play  called  The  Passion^  in  the 
Park  of  Vexmeil. 

il438  *  *  Paris.  The  Festival  of  Pools 
ceases  to  be  celebrated. 

*  *  A  famine  occurs ;  bread  is  made  from 
fern-roots.  [1453.  Another  famine  oc- 
curs.] 

1440±  *  *  The  "  Praguerie,"  companies 

of  disorderly  soldiery,  appear,  and  fo- 

^H     ment  rebellion. 

I 


STATE. 

82  *  *  Paris.  The  populace  revolt 
against  a  bread  tax;  with  maillotinH 
(iron  mallets)  they  kill  the  tax-gather- 
era  ;  hence  they  are  called  malleteers. 


The  malleteers,  though  promised  am- 
nesty and  repeal  of  the  tax,  are  cruelly 
punished  without  trial ;  some  are  sewn 
in  sacks,  and  thrown  into  the  Seine. 

1384  *  *  The  king's  uncles  confiscate 
the  wealth  of  the  great  cities,  Rouen, 
Reims,  Chjilons,  Troye's,  Seris,  and  Or- 
leans, but  squander  it  on  themselves, 
leaving  the  treasury  empty. 

*  *  Douai  is  transferred  from  Flanders 
to  Burgundy.  [1388.  Nice  is  annexed 
to  Savoy.] 

Sept.  20.  Louis  of  Anjou  dies  in  Italy 
[and  Philip  of  Burgundy  becomes  re- 
gent]. 

1385  July  17.  Charles  VI.  marries 
Isabella,  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Ba- 
varia. 

1388  Oct.  *  Charles  assumes  the  gov- 
ernment. 

1392  Aug.  5±.  Charles  becomes  in- 
sane. The  Dukes  of  Burgundy  and 
Berry  are  made  regents.  [1393.  Jan.  * 
Again  made  insane  by  the  tragic  ending 
of  a  masked  ball.] 

1396  *  *  A  treaty  of  i>eace  is  made  with 
England. 

1404  Apr.*  The  Duke  of  Burgundy 
dying,  the  Duke  of  Orleans  becomes 
regent. 

1407  Nov.  23.  Paris.  The  Duke  of 
Orleans  is  assassinated  by  order  of 
John  the  Fearless,  the  Duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, a  brother  of  the  king. 

1408  Mar.  *  The  Duke  of  Burgundy, 
liaving  brought  an  army  to  Paris,  ac- 
quires almost  supreme  authority  in  the 
government. 

Nov.  *  Paris.  Fearing  to  see  the  king  in 
the  power  of  the  Duke  of  Burgundy, 
the  queen  and  princes  persuade  him  to 
depart ;  the  royal  family  retreat  to 
Tours. 

1409  Mar.  9.  An  illusory  treaty  of 
peace  is  concluded  at  Chartres  between 
the  royal  family  and  the  Burgundians; 
the  king  grants  the  duke  a  full  pardon 
for  the  murder  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans. 

1410  *  *  Charles  of  Orleans,  son  of  the 
murdered  duke,  marries  the  daughter  of 
the  powerful  Count  Bernard  d*Ar- 
magnac,  who  becomes  head  of  the  Or- 
leans party  against  the  Burgundians. 

*  *  -15  *  *  Civil  war  prevails  between 
the  Burgundians  and  the  Armagnacs. 

The  Armagnacs  are  favored  by  the 
royal  family  and  the  nobility  ;  the  Bur- 
gundians are  favored  by  the  populace  of 
Paris,  their  principal  allies  being  the 
butchers. 

1412  *  *  PaHs.  The  Cabochiena,  allies 
of  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  led  by  the 
butcher,  Simonet  Caboche,  commit 
atrocities,  plundering  and  murdering  all 
who  oppose  them. 

1413  *  *  Paris.  The  Armagnacs,  led 
by  the  dauphin,  gain  supremacy,  and  put 
an  end  to  the  rule  of  the  Cabochiens. 

1414  Aug.  *  Henry  v.  of  England  de- 
mands Normandy,  Anjou,  and  Maine, 
and  Charles  VI.'s  daughter  Catherine 
in  marriage,  with  a  dowry  of  2,000,000 
crowns.    [War  follows  a  refusal.] 


1415  Dec.  *  The  Dauphin  Louis  dies  ; 
his  brother  John,  Duke  of  Touraine,  be- 
comes dauphin. 

1416*  *The  Dauphin  John  dies;  the 
king's  youngest  son,  Charles,  14  years  of 
age,  becomes  dauphin. 

1417*  *  Queen  Isabella  is  banished  to 
Tours  on  a  charge  of  secret  communica- 
tion with  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  and  for 
other  offenses.  [Nov.  1.  She  is  rescued 
by  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  and  escapes 
with  the  duke  to  Chartres.  Nov.  12. 
She  announces  herself  regent.] 

1418  May*  Paris.  The  Burgundians 
again  become  masters,  one  of  the  gates 
of  the  city  being  treacherously  opened 
to  an  army  of  their  partizans. 

June  10-13.    Paris.    The  Armagnacs 

are  brutally  massacred  by  the  Burgun- 
dians ;  3,000  persons  are  killed. 

1419  Sept.  10.  John  the  Fearless, 
Duke  of  Burgundy,  while  in  conference 
with  the  daupliin  on  the  bridge  of  Monte- 
reau,  is  assassinated  by  Tanneguy 
Duchatel  and  other  Orleanists,  of  the 
dauphin's  attendants. 

1420  May  21.  The  Treaty  of  Troyes 
is  signed  after  being  approved  by  the 
insane  king,  at  the  prompting  of  the 
Burgundian  enemies  of  the  dauphin. 

It  gives  the  Princess  Catherine  in  mar- 
riage to  Henry  V. ;  also  the  crown  and 
kingdom  of  France  to  Henry  and  his 
heirs,  after  the  death  of  Charles  VI. ;  it 
makes  Henry  regent  during  the  life  of 
Charles. 

Jime  2.  Henry  V.  of  England  is  mar- 
ried to  the  Princess  Catherine. 

1422  Aug.  31.  Henry  V.  dies  at  Vin- 
cennes. 

Oct.  21.    Charles  VI.  dies. 

Oct.  29.  Paris.  Henry  VI.,  infant  son 
of  Henry  V.  of  England,  is  recognized 
by  the  parliament  of  Paris  as  King  of 
France  and  England ;  the  Duke  of  Bed- 
ford is  regent. 

1422-1461  CharlesVU.,  the  victorious. 

Oct.  30.  Charles,  son  of  Charles  VI.,  as- 
smnes  the  title  of  king  in  the  castle  of 
Mehun-sur-Yevre,  near  Boarges  ;  he  is 
derisively  called  "  King  of  Bourgcs." 

1429  JtUy  17.  Charles  VU.  is  crowned 
at  Reims. 

Joan  of  Arc  assists  in  the  ceremony, 
dressed  in  full  armor,  and  holding  in  her 
hands  the  sword  of  state. 

1434  *  *  -51  *  *  England  loses  all  her 
possessions  in  France  except  Calais. 

1435  Aug.  *  A  peace  congress  is  held 
at  Arras. 

Sept.  21.  The  Treaty  of  Arras,  between 
Charles  VII.  of  France  and  Philip  the 
Good  of  Burgundy,  is  signed. 

Philip  the  Good  agrees  to  re<^ognize 
Charles  as  king,  on  condition  of  receivii;g 
Auxerre,  Macon,  P^ronne,  Montdidier, 
and  the  towns  on  the  Sonmie,  and  ex- 
emption from  rendering  feudal  homage. 

1436  *  *  Paris  is  recovered  from  the 
English. 

1438*  *  Charles  VII.  publishes  thePrag- 
matic  Sanction,    (See  Church.) 

1439  Oct.*  The  States-General  meet 
in  Orleans.  Instead  of  "free  com- 
panies," it  begins  a  standing  army. 
(See  Army.) 


678    1440,^*-1507,** 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1444  Aug.  26.  The  French  defeat  the 
Swiss  at  the  battle  of  St.  Jacob. 

*  *  A  five  years'  truce  is  made  with  Eng- 
land. 

1449  *  *  Another  war  with  SIngland 
begins ;  it  is  caused  by  the  invasion  of 
Brittany  by  English  adventurers. 

Wov.  10.  Charles  VII.  enters  Rouen, 
the  English  under  the  Duke  of  Somerset 
and  Gen.  Jotin  Talbot  being  compelled 
to  evacuate  the  town. 

1450  Apr.  15.  The  Constable  deRiche- 
inont  defeats  the  English  at  For- 
migny;  the  English  lose  3,700  men. 

*  *  Caen  is  retaken  from  the  English. 

1451  Jwae  29.  Comte  de  Bunois  occu- 
jiies  Bordeaux  in  the  name  of  King 
Charles.  [1452.  Oct.  22.  Reoccupied  by 
Gen.  Talbot.] 

1453  July  17.  Gen.  Talbot  is  defeated 
and  killed  in  an  attempt  to  raise  the 
siege  of  Castillion;  the  town  surrenders 
to  King  Charles. 

Oct.  17.  Bordeaux  capitulates  to  King 
Charles. 

The  only  English  possessions  now  in 
France  are  Calais  and  Guines  j  the 
Hundred  Years'  War  is  over. 

1464  *  *  Civil  war  begrins,  the  nobles 
fighting  against  the  king. 

1465  July  16.  At  Montlh^ry  the 
King  and  Comte  de  Charolais  are  de- 
feated by  Charles  the  Bold,  Duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, leader  of  the  League  of  the  Public 
Good. 

M"ov,  *  Louis  takes  Rouen  with  little 
opposition. 

1467  Oct.  30.  Li^ge,  having  rebelled, 
is  captured  and  pillaged  by  Charles  the 
Bold.     [1468.    He  agaip  sacks  Li^ge.] 

1472  *  *  The  Burgundians  pillage  the 
town  of  Nesle. 

Jtuie  *  Charles  the  Bold  besieges  Beau- 
vais;  women  aid  in  its  defense,  led  by 
Jeanne  Hachette.  [July  12.  The  siege 
is  raised.  1474.  He  makes  war  on  the 
Swiss.] 

1475  June  22.  Edward  TV.  of  Eng- 
land lands  at  Calais  with  a  large  army. 

*  *  Louis  XI.  takes  Perpignan. 

1476  Mar.  3.  Suntz.  Charles  the  Bold 
(40,000  to  50.000)  is  defeated  by  the  Swiss 
(20,000)  at  the  battle  of  Granson.  [June 
22.  They  defeat  him  at  Morat.  1477,  Jan. 
5.  He  is  defeated  and  killed  by  the 
Swiss  at  Nancy.] 

1477  *  *  -82  *  *  France  is  at  war  with 
Austria  over  the  territories  of  the  Duke 
of  Burgundy,  whose  daughter  Mary  be- 
comes the  wife  of  the  Austrian  Arch- 
duke Maximilian. 

1479  Aug.  7.  Louis  is  defeated  by 
Maximilian,  Archduke  of  Austria,  at 
Quinegate>  between  St.  Omer  and  The- 
rouanne. 

1484  *  *  Regent  Anne  vanquishes  the 
prmces  who  had  antagonized  her  re- 
gency ;  she  is  victorious  in  Guienne, 
Picardy,  and  Brittany. 


1488  July  28.  The  Confederates 
against  the  Kegent  Anne  are  defeated 

at  Aubin-du-Cormier  ;  tlie  Duke  uf  Or- 
leans and  many  other  French  nobles  are 
made  prisoners. 

1494  Sept.  *  It.  Charles  VIII.  enters 
Italy  with  an  army  of  50,000  men.  [Nov. 
17.    He  enters  Naples.] 

1495  May  20.  It,  Charles,  having 
conquered  Italy,  leaves  Naples  for 
France.  [July  6.  At  Pomovo  he  de- 
feats 35,000  Italians  under  Gen.  Gonzaga, 
with  10,000  French,  and  secures  a  safe 
retreat  into  France.] 

1499  *  *  It.  Louis  invades  Italy,  and 
conquers  the  Milanese.  [Sept.  *  The 
French  enter  Milan  without  firing  a 
shot.l 

1501  *  *  Sicily.  The  Two  Sicilies  are 
conquered  by  France  and  Spain  ;  they 
quarrel  and  finally  go  to  war  over  the 
partition. 

1503  Apr.  21.  It.  The  Spaniards  un- 
der Gen.  Andrada  defeat  the  French 
under  Gen.  D'Aubry  at  Seminara. 

Apr.  28.  The  Spaniards  (6,300)  under 
Gen.  Gonzalvo  de  Cordova  defeat  the 
French  (6,000)  under  Gaston  de  Foix, 
the  Duke  of  Nemours,  at  Cerignola. 
French  loss,  over  3,000.  [Dec.  28.  They 
defeat  and  rout  the  French  under 
Francis,  Duke  of  Mantua,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Garigliano,  driving  them  out  of 
Naples.  1504.  Jan.  1.  The  French  sur- 
render the  fortress  of  Ga6ta.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1483±  *  *  The  arquebus  comes  into  use. 

*  *  *  Transfusion  of  blood  begins  to  be 
practised  for  the  purpose  of  prolonging 
life.  Louis  XI.,  when  dying,  drinks  the 
warm  blood  of  Infants.    (Henault.) 

1489+  *  *  Paris.  The  monks  of  St.  Vic- 
tor erect  for  their  cloister  a  Gothic 
church  [Pantheon]. 

1499  Oct.  25.  Paris.  The  bridge  of 
Notre  Dame  falls. 

1500±  *  *  Descharges,  a  ship-builder  at 
Brest,  first  provides  war-vessels  with 
port-holes. 

±  *  *  Glass-painting  is  executed  at  Mar- 
seilles ;  it  soon  attains  great  perfection. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1443  *  *  Cauchon,  Pierre,  bishop  of   Beau- 
■vais,  judge  of  Joan  of  Arc,  dies. 

1445  •   •  Comines.    Philippe    de,  Seigneur 
d'Argenton,  statesman,  historian,  born. 

1450  *  *  Sorel,   Agnes,  beauty,   mistress  of 
Charles  VII.,  dies. 
Faber,  Jacobus,  poet,  b.    [1536.    D.    A86i.] 
Seyssel,  Claude  de,  bp.  of  Marseilles,  au.,  b. 

1455  •  *  Lefevre  d'Etaples,  Jacques,  theolo- 
gian, polygrapher,  born.     [1537.    I>.    A82.] 

1460  »  •  Amboise,  George  d',  cardinal,  states- 
man, born.     [1510.     D.    A50.] 

1463  *  *  Duprat.   Antoine,  cardinal,  states- 
man, b.     [1535.     Dies.    A72.] 

1464  ♦  *  Isaure,  C16mence,  poet,  born.    [  1500. 
Pies.     A  36.] 

1467*  *  Bud6,  Guillaume,  Hellenist,  author, 

born.     [1540.    Dies.    A73.] 
1470i  •  •  Etienne,  Henry,  printer,  b.    [1520. 

Dies.    A  50.] 
1472  •  *  Chamapier,  Syniphoren,  physician, 

born.     [1539.    Dies.    A67.J 
1475*   •Guillaunie,   de  Jumi^ges  Fr6re, 

painter  on  glass,  born.     [1537.     I>.    A62.J 


Bayard.  Pierre  du  Terrail,  general,  "le 

Chevalier  sans   peur  et  sans  reproche," 

born.     [1524.     Dies.    A49.} 
1482  *  *  Jufla,  Leo,  I'rotestant  clergyman,  b. 

[1542.     Dies.     A60.] 
1487  •  *  Ijambert,  Francois,  reformer,  born. 
1489  *  *  Farel,  (luillaume,  reformer,  born. 
1490*   *  Bourbon,  Charles,  Due  de,  general, 

born.     [1527.     Dies.    A37.] 
Longueil,     Cliristophe,    de,    Latin    scholar, 

writer,  born.     [1522.     Dies.    A32.] 
Gilles,  Pierre,   naturalist,  traveler,  writer, 

born.     [1555.     Dies.    A65.] 

1491  *  *  Balue,  Jean  de  la,  cardinal,  A69. 

1492  *  ♦  Margaret,  Queen  of  Navarre,  author, 
born.     [  1549.     Dies.    A  57.  ] 

Montmorency.  Due  de.  Anne,  first  consta- 
ble, Ijorn. 

1493  *  *  I/Erniite,  Tristan,  courtier,  A78. 
1494*  *  Cartier.  Jacques,   navigator,   ex- 
plorer, born.     [hW5.    Dies.    A6i.] 

Fine,  Oronce,  math.,  mech.,b.  [1555.  D.  A61.] 
Francis  I.,  king,  born  Sept.  12. 
Parmentier,  Jean,  nav.,  b.  [1.W0.    D.    A36.] 
1495  *  *  Marot.  C16nient.  poet,  born. 
Rabelais.  Francois,  physician,  philosopher, 
satirist,  born. 
1497*  *  Fernel,  Jean,  physician,  writer,  born. 

[1558.     Dies.     A61.] 
1499  *  *  Diane  de  Poitiers,  mistress  of  Henri 

II.,  born. 
1600  *  *  Cousin,  Jean,  painter,  born. 
Dumoulin,  Charles,  jurist,  born. 
Dorat,  Jean,  poet,  born. 

1503  *  *  6tlenne.  Robert,  printer,  schol.,  b. 
Nostradamus,  Michel  de,  astrologer,  physi- 
cian, born. 

1504  *  *  L'llopital,  Michel  de,  chancellor,  b. 

1505  *  *  Cosse,  Charles  de,  Comte  de  Brissac, 
marshal,  born. 

Hry,  Thierry  de,  surgeon,  born. 
1507  *  ♦  Chevalier,    Antoine    de    Bodolphe, 
Hebraist,  writer,  born. 
Eondelet,  William,  savant,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1492  *  *  Pome.    Alexander  VI.  is  pope. 
[1503,  Pius  111.;  later,  Julius  11.;  1513, 
Leo  X.] 

LETTERS. 

1441  *  *  The  University  of  Bordeaux 
is  founded. 

1445  *  *  Salade,  bv  Antoine  de  la  Salle, 
appears.  [1448.  Les  Qulnze  joies  de  ma- 
riage ;  1459,  Le  Petit  Jean  de  Samtri ; 
1461 ,  Cent  A'ouvelles  Houvelles^  Romances 
in  prose.] 

1450  *  *  The  Passion,  by  Amoul  Greban, 
appears ;  also  Actes  des  Apdtres,  and  Les 
BlaspMinateurs. 

1452  *  *  The  University  of  Valence  is 

founded. 

±  *  *  The  Siege  of  Orleans  and  The  De- 
struction of  Troy,  by  Jacques  Millet,  ap- 
pear. 

1456  *  *  Le  Petit  Testament,  by  Fran9ois 

Villon,  appears. 

1457 ±  *  *  Georges  Chastellain  writes 
Chronigue  de  Messire  Jacques  de  La- 
laing, 

1458±  *  Le  Vieux  Testament  appears. 

±*  *  Paris.    The  University  has  a  Greek 

professor. 

1460  *  *  -63  *  *  A  translation  of  Jo- 
sephus,  by  GuiUaume  Coquillart,  ap- 
pears. [1477.  Plaidoyer  d^entre  la  simple 
et  la  ruse  and  Les  Droits  nouveaxi-x,  etc.] 

*  *  The  Grand  Testament,  by  Villon,  ap- 
pears. 

1463  *  *  The  University  of  Nantes  is 
founded.  [1465.  The  University  of 
Bourges.] 

J5th  Century.  Chronique  ScandaleusCt  by 
Jean  de  Troyes,  appears. 

1470±  *  *  The  comedy,  L^Avocat  Patelin^ 
appears. 

1486  •  *  The  Passion,  by  Jean  Michel, 
appears. 

1500±  *  *  Mimoires  et  Letireset  N^ocia- 
tions,  by  Philippe  de  Comines,  appears. 


FRANCE. 


1440,  ♦*-1507,  *•     679 


±  *  *  Martial  de  Paris,  or  d'Auvergne, 
writes  Danse  Macabre  desfemmes,Amant 
rtm/u  cordelier  d  I'observance  d  'amour ^ 
Arrets  d'Amour^  etc. 

SOCIETY. 

1440  *  *  Hats  and  caps  begin  to  take  the 
place  of  chaperons  and  hoods. 

1461  *  *  The  style  •*  Your  Majesty  "  is 
first  given  to  Louis  XI.  He  succeeds  iu 
humbling  the  nobles. 

1470  *  *  Post-houses  are  first  estab- 
lished by  the  king,  through  liis  eagerness 
to  obtain  news. 

1483  *  *  -98  *  *  Queen  Anne  gathers 
about  her  person  a  company  of  beautiful 
young  ladies,  called  *  *  maids  of  honor." 
"  1492  *  *  -04  *  *  Many  Jews  are  ban- 
ished. 

1498  Apr.  7.  Anne  of  Brittany,  widow 
of  Charles  VIII.,  is  the  first  to  wear 
black  iu  mourning,  instead  of  white. 

1499  May*  A  bull  is  hanged  for 
homicide  after  a  formal  trial  and  con- 
viction, near  the  Abbey  of  Beauprfes. 

•  *  *  It  is  commonly  believed  that  there 
are  many  witches  in  France. 

STATE. 
1440  *  *  The  Pragueri  rebellion  is  sup- 
ported by  the  dauphin. 

It  is  an  organization  of  the  nobles 
against  a  standing  army ;  their  head- 
quarters are  at  Prague,  and  they  propose 
to  make  the  dauphin  king ;  the  rebellion 
is  suppressed. 

1444  *  *  Peace  is  made  with  England. 

1445  Apr.  22.  Henry,  King  of  Eng- 
land, marries  Margaret  of  Anjou,  a 
niece  of  the  queen  of  France. 

1449*  *  War  with  England  is  renewed. 

1450  Aug.  12,  Cherbourg  is  retaken 
from  England. 

1451*  *  Gaacony  is  recovered  from 
the  English  after  three  centuries  of  pos- 
session. [1452.  A  revolt  against  France 
is  suppressed.] 

1461  July  22.    Charles  YII.  dies. 

1461-83  liOuis  XI.,  son  of  Charles 
VII.,  reigns. 

Kov.  27-  Paris,  Louis  abrogates  the 
Pragmatic  Sanction  defining  iLe  liber- 
ties of  the  Church  in  France ;  the  par- 
liament refuses  to  ratify  its  abolition. 
(See  Church,  p.  676.) 

1462  *  *  Roussillon  and  Cerdagne  are 
acquired  by  mortgage ;  Amiens,  Abbe- 
ville, and  St.  Quentin  are  redeemed  from 
Burgundy.  [1466.  Sept.  27.  Kouen  is 
ceded.] 

1464i:  *  *  The  League  of  the  Public 
Weal  is  formed. 

It  is  a  conspiracy  of  the  Dukes  of  Brit- 
tany. Bourbon.  Lorraine,  AIen9on.  Berry, 
and  Comte  de  Charolais  against  the  king, 
its  alleged  object  being  *'to  remonstrate 
with  the  king  upon  the  bad  order  and  in- 
justice he  kept  in  his  kingdom." 

1465  *  *  XiOuis  breaks  up  the  Iieague 
of  the  Public  Weal  by  bribes  and  prom- 
ises of  concessions  [which  are  never  exe- 
cuted]. 

1466  Jan.  *  Lonis  extends  his  away  over 
the  duchy  of  ITormandy. 


1467  Jime  15.  Charles  the  Bold  suc- 
ceeds his  father  Philip  as  Duke  of  Bur- 
gundy. [He  commences  a  struggle  of 
ten  years  with.  Louis.] 

1468  Sept.  10.  A  treaty  of  peace  is 
signed  at  Aucenis  between  Louis  and 
the  Duke  of  Brittany,  whom  the  Duke 
of  Burgundy  had  persuaded  to  join  him 
against  the  king. 

Oct.  *  Louis  visits  Charles  of  Burgundy 
at  Peronne. 

During  the  visit  Charles  hears  that 
Louis  has  instigated  the  people  of  Li^ge 
to  rebel ;  he  resolves  to  kill  the  king, 
but  releases  him  on  Louis  agreeing  to 
abandon  hia  suzerainty  over  the  territo- 
ries of  Burjjimdy,tocede  to  his  brother, 
Charles  of  France,  the  province  of  Cham- 

Sagne,  and  to  march  with  the  Burgun- 
iaus  against  the  rebels  of  Liege. 

1470  July  26.  Paris  has  its  first  post- 
ofiice. 

1472  *  *  Charles  of  Burgundy  and  Ed- 
ward rV.  of  England  agree  to  join 
forces,  conquer  France,  and  divide  the 
territory  between  them. 

June  2.  TlieDukeofBurguudydeclares 
war  against  France. 

1474  *  *  Louis  instigates  the  Swiss  Re- 
public to  attack  Burgundy, 

Brisach  revolts  with  Swiss  aid,  and 
murders  the  Burgundian  governor; 
Charles  retaliates  hy  invading  Cologne, 
but  is  driven  back. 

1475  Aug.  20.  The  Peace  of  Pic- 
quigny  is  signed  by  Louis  and  Edward 
IV. 

A  truce  for  seven  years  is  concluded; 
Edward  agrees  to  withdraw  his  army 
from  France ;  Louis  agrees  to  pay  Ed- 
ward 75,000  crowns  and  50,000  crowns 
annually  during  the  lives  of  both,  a»d 
that  his  eldest  son  Charles  shall  marry 
Edward's  daughter  Elizabeth  when  they 
are  of  age. 

1477  Jan.  5.  Charles  is  killed  in  bat- 
tle ;  the  duchy  of  Btu-gundy  is  imited 
to  the  Crown  of  France. 

*  *  Alen9on,  Perche,  and  Guienne  are 
united  to  France. 

1478  *  *  Douai  becomes  a  part  of  the 
Spanish  Netherlands. 

1481  *  *  Maine,  Provence,  and  Mar- 
seilles are  united  to  France. 

1482  *  *  Anjou  is  united  to  France  on 
the  extinction  of  the  house  of  Anjou. 

*  *  Treaty  of  Arras. 

Louis  XL  receives  Artois,  Burgundy, 
and  otlier  territories  from  Maximilian  1. 

1483  Aug.  30.    Louis  XI.  dies. 

1483-08  Charles  Vm.,  the  Affable, 
reigns. 

Charles,  son  of  Louis  XL,  becomes 
king  at  the  age  of  14  ;  his  sister,  Anne 
of  Beaujeu,  is  his  guardian,  and  acts  as 
regent. 

1484  Jan.  *  Paris.  The  States-Gen- 
eral is  convoked  to  meet  at  Tours. 

It  relaxes  oppressive  ordinances  of 
Louis  XL,  and  releases  many  of  his  im- 
prisoned victims. 

1488  *  *  The  Dukes  of  Brittany  and  Or- 
leans, jealous  of  the  power  of  Anne,  re- 
solve to  revolt. 

Sept.  9.  On  the  death  of  the  Duke  of 
Brittany  [Anne  resolves  to  seize  the 
duchy]. 


1400  *"  *  Anne  of  Brittany  is  espoused 
by  proxy  to  Maximilian  of  Austria,  King 
of  the  Komans. 

1491  Dec.  13.  Anne  of  Brittany  mar- 
ries Charles  Vm. ;  Brittany  becomes 
a  part  of  the  realm  of  France, 

1402  Nov.  0.  The  Treaty  of  Staples 
is  made  with  England  ;  Charles  receives 
a  large  indemnity  for  the  cost  of  the  war 
in  Brittany. 

1403  Jan.  10.  By  a  treaty  concluded 
at  Barcelona,  Charles  VIIX.  restores 
Roussillon  and  Cerdagne  to  Ferdinand, 
King  of  Arragon. 

May  23.  By  a  treaty  concluded  at  Sen- 
lis,  Charles  VIII.  cedes  Franche-Comt^, 
Artois,  and  Charolais  to  Austria,  to  ap- 
pease the  Emperor  Maximilian  for  fail- 
ing to  give  his  daughter  Anne  in  mar- 
riage after  her  espousal. 

*  *  Arras  is  acquired  by  Austria. 

1404  Sept.  *  It.  Charles  enters  Italy 
and  invades  Naples,  which  he  claims  by 
inheritance  from  Charles,  Count  of 
Maine  and  Provence. 

Nov.  25.  It.  Charles  Concludes  a 
treaty  with  Florence,  which  permits 
him  free  passage  through  its  territory, 
and  gives  him  120,000  florins  to  help  his 
expedition  against  Naples. 

1495  Mar.  31.  A  league  is  concluded 
against  Charles  by  the  Pope,  the  Aus- 
trian Emperor,  the  Duke  of  Milan,  Ven- 
ice, and  the  King  of  Spain ;  Charles 
abandons  his  conquest  of  Naples. 

1408  Apr.  7.  Charles  VIII.  dies,  leav- 
ing no  children. 

1408-1589.  Houses  of  Orleans  and 
AngoulSme  enthroned. 

1408-1515.  liOUis  XH.,  Duke  of  Or- 
leans, reigns. 

Louis,  grandson  of  Louis  of  Orleans, 
brother  of  Charles  VL,  is  king.  He  is 
known  as  the  Father  of  the  People ; 
he  is  fond  of  knowledge,  laborious,  and 
estimable. 

1400  *  *  liouis  divorces  his  deformed 
wife,  and  marries  Anne  of  Brittany, 
widow  of  Charles  VIII.,  thus  securing 
Brittany  to  his  realm. 

Feb.  0.  The  Treaty  of  Blois  is  signed ; 
it  provides  for  an  alliance  of  France 
and  Venice  against  Milan.  [Lou is 
sends  an  army  to  Milan  to  enforce  his 
claims  to  the  dukedom  ;  the  usurper, 
Ludovico  the  Moor,  is  driven  out.] 

1500  Jan.  25.  It.  The  Milanese  re- 
volt against  Trivulzio,  the  oppressive 
French  viceroy. 

Nov.  11.  A  treaty  is  concluded  at 
Granada  with  Ferdinand  of  Arragon  for 
the  conquest  of  Naples  and  its  partition. 

1501  *  *  It.  The  Two  Sicilies  are  con- 
quered by  France  and  Spain  ;  they  dis- 
agree concerning  the  division ;  war 
follows. 

1504    Mar.  31.    A  three  years*  truce  is 

concluded  with  Spain. 
Sept.  22,    An  alliance  is  formed  with 

the  emperor  and  Pope  Julius  II.  against 

Venice. 


680     1508,**-1547,  **. 


FRANCE, 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1509  May  14.  It,  "War  with Vemce: 
Battle  of  Agnadello. 

The  French  under  I^ouis  XII.  defeat 
the  Venetians,  and  thereby  end  the 
campaign ;  Brescia,  Bergamo,  Crema, 
and  Cremona  surrender. 

1512  Feb.  *  Gaston  de  Foix,  Due  de 
Nemours,  relieves  Bologna  from  its 
siege  by  the  Pope. 

Feb.  19.  Ga»ton  de  Foix  takes  Brescia 
by  storm,  massacres  the  inhabitants 
[and  pillages  the  city  for  seven  days ; 
the  French  army  is  demoralized  by  its 
excesses]. 

Apr.  11.    It.    Battle  of  Uavenna. 

The  French,  under  Gaston  de  Foix, 
defeat  the  united  Spanish  and  papal 
armies,  and  take  many  prisoners  of 
rank.     Do  Foix  is  Icilled. 

1513  June  6.    It.    Battle  of  Navara. 

The  Swiss  defeat  the  French,  who  re- 
tire from  Lombardy  with  the  loss  of 
their  cannon  and  half  their  army. 

July  *  The  £!nglish  invasion. 

Henry  VIII.  lands  at  Calais  with  30,000 
men.  [The  Emperor  Maximilian  arrives 
with  a  corps  of  horse  and  some  foot  sol- 
diers, ile  serves  as  a  vtdunteer  in  the 
ranks,  receiving  100  crowns  a  day.] 

Aug.  16.    Battle  of  the  Spurs. 

Teroiianne  being  besieged  by  the  Eng- 
lish and  Swiss  under  Henry  VIII.,  the 
Due  de  Longueville,  marching  to  its 
relief,  is  defeated  at  Guinegate;  the 
French  use  their  spurs  more  than  their 
Bwords.  [Aug.  22.  Terotianne  capitu- 
lates.] 

1515  *  *  The  war  in  Italy  is  renewed. 

Sept.  13-14.  It.  Francis  I.  defeats  the 
Swiss  at  Melegnano,  in  the  Battle  of 
Giants. 

Oct.  4,  It.  Milan  is  surrendered  to  the 
French. 

1521  Apr.  *  "War  begins  with  Charles 
V.  in  the  liOw  Countries. 

1522  Apr.  27.  It.  The  French  and 
Swiss  under  Marshal  Lautrec  are  de- 
feated at  Bicocca  by  the  emperor's 
army  under  Prospero  Colonna. 

1523  *  *  -24  *  *  It.  A  disastrous  cam- 
paign in  Italy  forces  the  French  to 
retire. 

1524  Apr.  30.  It.  Chevalier  de  Bay- 
ard, "  the  knijjjht  without  fear  and  with- 
out reproach,"  is  slain  at  the  river  Sesia 
in  the  retreat  from  Italy. 

Aug.  19,    Siege  of  Marseilles. 

It  commences  after  Frejus,  Toulouse, 
and  Aix  have  been  reduced  by  the  army 
of  the  Emperor  Charles  V.,  mider  the 
Constable  Bourbon.  [Sept.  28.  Raised  ; 
the  Imperialists  hasten  over  the  border, 
pursued  by  the  French.] 

Oct.  26.    It.    Francis  enters  IMilan. 

1525  Feb.  24.  It.  Francis  I.  is  de- 
feated by  Gen.  Charles  Lannoy  at  Pa- 
via,  taken  prisoner,  and  carried  to 
Madrid,  All  the  most  distinguished 
generals  of  France  are  killed  on  the 
spot. 

1527  Jan.  *  It.  Jacques  de  Bourbon 
leads  the  Germans  against  the  Pope. 

May.  6.  Rome  is  taken  by  assault. 
Bourbon  is  killed  in  the  battle  [and  Pope 
Clement  VII.  is  imprisoned  by  the  em- 
peror]. 


•  *  -29  *  *  It.  Second  war  with  Charles 
V. ;  Francis  alleges  the  peace  of  Madrid 
was  void  because  extorted  by  force. 

1528  Apr.  29.  It.  A  French  army  un- 
der Marshal  Lautrec  appears  before 
Kaples.  [The  Pope  escapes  from  the 
Castle  of  St.  Angelo.] 

*  *  The  French  army,  decimated  by 
disease,  returns  to  France. 

1536  July  25.  Charles  V.  invades 
Provence  with  50,000  men. 

[Francis  wastes  the  country  before  the 
invaders,  and  the  Imperialists  retire 
after  a  few  months  with  a  decimated 
army.] 

1538    June  15.    The  Truce  of  Nice  is 

signed  for  ten  years. 
1544    Apr.  14.    The  French  under  the 

Due  d'Enghien  [Prince  de  Cond^]  defeat 

the  Imperialists  and  Spaniards   under 

the  Marquis  of  Guasto,  at  CSrisoles; 

Imperial  loss,  12,000. 
July  *  The  English  land  30,000  men  at 

Calais;    [they  take  Boulogne.  1550.     It 

is  restored.] 
Sept.  18.    Peace  is  made  at  Crespy.  (See 

State.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
15 15  ±  *  *  Period  of  the  Renaissance. 
1520*  *  Silk  is  manufactured  in  Lyons. 
1527  *  *  Knitting  becomes  known. 

1529  *  *  -41  *  *  Francis  begins  to  con- 
struct palaces. 

He  secures  the  most  learned  men  and 
celebrated  artists  of  the  world,  and  be- 
comes a  muniiicent  patron  of  art. 

1533  *  *  Paris.  The  Hdtel  de  Ville  [a 
historic  building  of  great  size]  is  begun 
by  an  Italian,  Domeuico  da  Cortona, 

1536  *  *  Paris.  The  boulevards  are 
commenced. 

1541  *  *  Paris.  The  Louvre,  begun  in 
the  13th  century,  is  improved  by  new 
buildings,  and  [the  existing  palace  is 
begun]. 

1543  *  *  Paris.  The  Academy  of  Mu- 
sic is  founded. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1509  *  •  Calvin,  John,  theol.,  reformer,  b. 

Dolet,  Ktieime,  scliolar,  bom. 

Comines,  Philippe  de,  statesman,  hist.,  A64. 
1510*  •  Lescot.  Pierre,  architect,  born. 

Pallssy,  Bernard,  enameler,  potter,  born. 

Birague,  Ren6  de,  canliual,  statesman,  born. 

I'ostel,  CJuiUanine,  orientalist,  visionary,  h. 

1512  *  *  Turnebus,  Adrianns,  8<'holar,  born. 
Brusquet,  "  buffon  de  conrt,"  born. 

1513  *  *  Amyot,  Jacques,  bishoj),  anthor,  b. 
Dalechanips,  Jacques,  phys.,  botanist,  born. 
Adrets,  Francois  de  Beaumont,  baron.  Hu- 
guenot leader,  b. 

1515  *  *  Castalio,  Sebastien,  theologian,  b. 
donjon,  Jean,  sculptor,  born. 
Ramus.  Peter,  or  Pierre  de  la  Itani^e,  phi- 
losopher, scholar,  born. 
1517  *  *  Itelon,  I'ierre,  naturalist,  trav.,  b. 
Gollg-nl.  Qaspard  de,  aUni.,  leader  of  Hu- 
guenots, born. 
Granvelle,  Antoine  de  Perrenotde,  cardinal, 

statesman,  born. 
Par6,  Ambroise,  surg.,  father  of  Fr.  surg.,  b. 
1618  *  *  Delorme.  Philibert,  architect,  b. 
Henry  II.,  king,  born. 
Languet,  Hubert,  political  writer,  Iwrn. 
Beze,    Theodore    de,    reformer,    Calvlnlsiic 

theologian,  born. 
Catherine deM^dicls.  wife  of  HenrylL.b. 
1519*  *  Ouise.  Due  de,  Francis  of  Lor- 
raine, general,  siatesnian,  born. 


1520  *  *  BuUant,  Jean,  architect,  born. 
Castelnau  de  la  Mauvissi^re,  Michel,  diplo- 
matist, horn. 

Guillenieau,  Jacques,  surgeon,  born. 

Ribault,  or  Kibaut,  ,Jean,  navigator,  Iwrn. 

Seyssel,  Claude  de,  bishop  of  Marseilleft,  au- 
thor, A70. 
1531  ♦  *  Benoit,  Ken6,  theologian,  l>orn. 

Tyard,  Pontus  de,  bishop,  poet,  born. 
1522  *  *  Aumont,  Jean  d',  gen.,  marshal,  b. 

Cujas,  Jacques,  jurist,  l)orn. 
1524  *  •  Bellay,  Joachim  du.  poet,  born. 

Hotnian,  Fran(;oi8,  jurist,  publicist,  born. 

Roneard,  Pierre  de,  poet,  born. 
1025  *  *  Aumale,  Due  d'.  Clau<ie  II.,  gen.,  b. 

Lorraine,  Charles  de,  cardinal,  statesman,  b, 

1526  *  *  Lab6,  Louise,  poet,  born. 
L^cluse,  Carolus,  botanist,  born. 

1527  *  *  Doneau,  Hughes,  writer,  born. 
1528*   *  Belleau.  Remi,  poet,  born. 

Boissard,  Jean  Jacques,  antiquary,  poet,  b. 
Etienne,  Henry,  printer,  born. 
Foix,  Paul  de,  jurist,  archbp.  Toulouse,  b. 
Jeanne  d'  Albret,  Queen  Navarre,  born. 

1529  *  *  Pasgnier,  Etienne,  hist.,  lawyer,  b. 

1530  *  *  Bodin,  Jean,  lawyer,  polit.  wr.,  b. 
Boetie,  Etienne  de  la,  writer,  born. 
Cond6,  Louis  de  Bourbon  de,  general,  b. 
Lambert,  Francois,  refortner,  A4a. 
Nicot,  Jean,  diplomatist,  litterateur,  born. 

1531  *  *  Brisson,  Ilarnal>6,  lawyer,  phiIol.,b. 
La  None,  Krancjois  de,  general,  born. 

1532  *  *  IJaif,  Jean  Antoine  de,  poet,  born. 
Jodelle,  Etienne,  poet,  horn. 

1533  *  *  Montaigne,  Michael  Eyqueznde, 
essayist,  born. 

Qarnler.  Robert,  dramatist,  born. 
1536  *  *  Ayrault,  Pierre,  jurist,  born. 

Harlay,  Achille  de,  jurist,  born. 
1638  *  *  Baillou,  GuiUaume  de,  med.  wr.,  b. 
1539  *  *  Pithou,  Pierre,  jurist,  satirist,  born. 
1540*   *  BrantSme,    Pierre    de    Bourdeilles, 
historian,  born. 
Cbastelard,  Pierre  de  Boscosel  de,  poet,  born. 
Jeannin,  I'ierre,  statesman,  born. 
Scaliger,  Joseph  J.,  philologist,  born. 
Vieta,  Franciscus,  mathematician,  born. 
1541  *  *  Charron,  Pierre,  philosopher.  l)om. 
Bauhin,  Jean,  botanist,  physician,  born. 
Chrestien,  Florent,  poet,  satirist,  born. 
Crillon,  Louis  des  Balbes  de  Berton  de.  Due, 
de  Quiers,  general,  horn. 
1543*  *  Chahot,    Pbilipi>e    de,    "  Adm.    de 
Brion,"  general,  A63±. 
Lesdiguieies,  Due  de,  Francois  de  Bonne, 
constable,  general,  born. 
1544  *  *  Bartas,    Ouillaume    de    Sailuete 
du,  poet,  born. 
Marot,  Clement,  poet,  A49. 

1645  *  •  Desportes,  Philippe,  abbot,  poet,  b. 
Junius,  Franciscus.  I'rot.  theologian,  born. 

1646  *  *  Dolet,  Etienne,  scholar,  A35. 

CHURCH. 

1510  *  *  The     Pope     excommunicates 

Louis  XII. 
1512  *  *  The  Reformation  spreads  into 

France. 

1516  Aug.  18.  Francis  signs  the  con- 
cordat with  the  Pope,  by  which  be  sur- 
renders many  important  liberties  of  the 
Gallic  Church.    (See  State.) 

1517  *  *  The  attention  of  the  Church  is 
arrested  by  the  preaching  of  Martin 
JjUther,  a  monk  in  Germany. 

1521  Apr,  15.  Paris.  The  heresy  of 
Luther  is  condemned  by  the  Faculty  of 
Theology. 

*  *  The  first  Protestant  congregation  is 
formed  at  Meaux  near  Paris,  the  bishop 
of  the  city  being  a  convert. 

1522  *  ♦  Home.    Adrian  VI.  is  pope. 
[1523,  Clement  VII.] 

1529  *  *  The  Reformation  spreads  rap- 
idly, chietiy  among  the  higher  classes. 

1530  *  *  The  persecution  of  Protestants 
begins. 

1532  *  * /*aris.  John  Calvin,  the  Re- 
former, preaches. 

[1533.  Calvin  flees  for  his  life,  and  finds 
shelter  at  length  in  Angouleme.  with 
Louis  du  Tallet.  *  *  *  lie  is  recognized 


FRANCE. 


1508,  **-1547, 


681 


as  the  champion  of  the  Reformation  in 

France.] 

•  *  John  Stephens  prints  a  Xjatin  Bible. 

1534  Axis.  15.  Paris.  Ignat iiis  liOy- 
ola  lays  the  foundation  of  the  Society 
of  Jesus  [Jesuits]. 

Having  returned  from  a  pilgrimage  to 
the  Holy  Land,  and  prosecuted  a  course 
of  study,  he  organizes  a  society  to  wage 
a  relentless  warfare  against  the  powers 
of  darkness;  his  six  followers  take  the 
vows  of  chastity  and  poverty. 

*  *  Paris.  The  walls  are  covered  with 
placards  against  the  mass  and  trau- 
substantiation  ;  one  is  posted  in  the 
king's  bedchamber. 

•  *  Home.    Paul  HI.  is  pope. 

1535  Jan.  *  Paris.  The  king  presides 
at  a  ceremonial  of  expiation. 

Protestants  are  lowered  into  the  fire 
by  a  machine,  and  then  withdrawn  to 
prolong  their  sufferings,  [Cruelties  con- 
tinue several  months.] 

*  *  Persecution  drives  Calvin  out  of 
France  ;  he  joins  the  German  reformers 
at  Basel,  Switzerland. 

[1536.  His  Institutes  of  the  Christian 
lieligion  are  published  in  Latin  at  Basel. 
He  goes  to  Geneva.    (See  Switzerland.)] 

1543  Feb.  14.  Paris.  The  parliament 
orders  Calvin's  Institutes  to  be  publicly 
burned. 

1545  *  *  Aust.  The  Council  of  Trent, 
in  the  Tyro!,  is  called  to  secure  the  peace 
of  the  Church  ;  only  Italian  and  Spanish 
prelates  are  present. 

Jan.  ♦  Barbarous  persecution. 

Francis  attempts  to  extirpate  heresy 
among  the  Albigenses  with  cruelty  un- 
paralleled. Three  towns  and  22  hamlets 
are  totally  destroyed,  3,000  unresisting 
men,  women, and  children  are  butchered. 
[1546.    Persecution  arises  in  Meaux.] 


LETTERS. 

1508*  *  Jfistoirr  SinguHcreofLouisXn., 
by  Claude  de  Seyssel,  the  *'  Father  of 
Modern  French  Literature,"  appears. 
[1519,  Oreat  Monarchy  of  France.] 

1512  *  *  Prince  des  Sots,  L* Homme  just  et 
I'komme  mondaiu,  by  Pierre  Gringore, 
appear.  [1514,  The  Mystere  de  Saint- 
Louis;  1527,  Xotables  ^nseignemeiits.] 

1525±  *  *Guillaume  Cretin  writes  a 
chronicle  in  rhyme. 

1529  *  *  Francis  1.  founds  the  College  of 
France. 

1530  *  *  V Adolescence  Clementine,  by 
Clement  Marot,  appears. 

1531  *  *  A  royal  printing-press  is  estab- 
lished. 

1532  *  *-64*  •Panfof/rtwi,  by  Rabe- 
lais, appears.     [1535,  'Gargantaa.] 

1536*  *  huftitnfion  of  the  Christian  lieli- 
gioii,  by  John  Calvin,  appears. 

1537  *  *  The  Cjimhalum  Mundi,  by  Jean 

Bonaventure,  "appears. 

1539±  *  *  The  use  of  the  French  lan- 
guage in  legal  procedure  is  enjoined. 

1542  *  *  The  University  of  Grenoble 
is  reorganized  by  Francis  of  Bourbon, 

1545  *  ♦  The  Pleiade  is  organized. 

It  is  a  society  for  the  reformation  of 
the  French  language  and  literature  by 
study  and  imitation  of  the  ancients:  i's 
formed  by  Pierre  du  Ronsard,  iJu  Bellay, 
Belleau,  Baif ,  Daurat,  Jodelle,  and  Poh- 
tos  de  Tyard. 


1546*  *-48*  *  Contre  un,  or  Discours 
de  (a  servitude  rolontairc,  by  li^tieuuede 
la  Bo^tie,  appears. 

1547  *  *  The  University  of  Keims  is 
founded  by  Cardinal  Lorraine. 

*  *  Marguerites  de  la  Marguerite,  by  Mar- 
garet of  Navarre,  appears. 

*  ♦  Propos  Pustiques  et  FacHieux,  by  Noel 
du  Fail,  appears.  [1548,  Jialivemeries, 
or  Co7Ue8  n&uveaux  d'Futrapel.] 

SOCIETY. 

1528  *  *  Francis  I.  challenges  the  Em- 
peror Charles  V.  to  tight  a  duel. 

1535±  *  *  "Wheel-breaking  is  a  punish- 
ment ordered  for  robbers  by  Francis  I. 

1546  Aug.  3.  fitienne  Dolet,  a  learned 
man,  is  burned  at  Lyons  on  the  false 
charge  of  atheism. 

STATE. 

1508  Dec.  10.  The  League  of  Cam- 
brai  is  formed  against  Venice. 

Maximilian,  Louis  XII.,  Pope  Julius 
II.,  and  Fer<linand  '-the  Catholic,"  of 
Spain,  enter  the  coalition,  [Maximilian 
takes  a  part  of  the  territory  of  Venice 
the  next  year ;  the  Pope  withdraws  in 
1511.] 

1510  *  *  A  council  of  clergy  is  held  at 
Tours  to  support  the  king. 

1511  Oct.  9,  Pope  Julius  II.  forms  the 
Holy  liCague  with  Spain,  Switzerland, 
and  Venice,  against  Louis  XII.,  to  depose 
bim  in  Italy.  [1512.  England  Joins  the 
Holy  League.] 

1513  Mar.  14.  France  signs  at  Blois 
an  alliance  offensive  and  defensive  with 
Venice.  [1514.  Aug.  7.  A  like  alliance 
with  Henry  VIIL] 

1515  Jan.  1.    Louis  XH.  dies. 

1515-1547    Francis   I.,  Count  of  An- 

gouleme,  reigns. 

Francis,  the  husband  of  Claude,  the 
daughter  of  Louis  XII.  and  Anne,  be- 
comes king ;  he  is  great-great-great 
grandson  of  Charles  V.  [an  able,  pop- 
ular, and  brave  king,  and  styled  patron 
of  literature]. 

July  *  The  king  makes  his  mother  re- 
gent while  he  is  absent  in  the  Italian 
campaign. 

Nov.  7.  A  treaty  of  peace  is  made  with 
Switzerland. 

1516  Aug.  13.  France  and  Spain  unite 
in  a  treaty  of  peace  and  alliance  at 
Noyon.     [Nov.  29.     Another.] 

Aug.  18.  A  concordat  is  signed  with 
Leo  X. 

The  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  1438  is  re- 
scinded, the  kingistocboose  the  bishops 
and  abbots  of  France,  and  the  Pope  to 
receive  the  annates,  or  the  revenue  of 
every  ecclesi mistical  benefice.  Francis 
also  abandons  the  claim  that  the  Pope  is 
subordinate  to  an  ecumenical  co'uncil. 

*  *  Henry  d'Albret  rules  Lower  Na- 
varre. 

1517  July  24.  Paris.  The  Parliament 
refuses  to  ratify  the  concordat.  [1518. 
Mar.  22.    It  accepts  under  protest.] 

1519  June  18.  The  ambition  of  Fran- 
cis is  thwarted  by  the  election  of  Charles 
of  Spain  as  King  of  the  Romans  and  Em- 
peror of  Germany,  with  the  title  Charles 
V. 


1520  June  7-25.  Magnificent  inter- 
views take  place  near  Calais,  on  the 
"Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,"  be- 
tween Francis  I.  and  Henry  VIII.  of 
England. 

The  nobility  of  both  kingdoms  are 
present,  and  each  one  seeks  to  rival  the 
magnificence  of  the  other. 

1522  May*  Henry  VIII.  becomes  an 
ally  of  the  emperor,  and  declares  war 
against  France. 

1523  Aug.*  Louise   of   Savoy,  the 

king's  mother,  ruins  the  Constable 
Charles,  Buke  of  Bourbon,  and  be  joins 
the  emperor. 

1525  Aug.  30.  Henry  Vm.,  alarmed 
at  the  increased  power  of  the  emperor, 
concludes  a  treaty  of  alliance  with 
France. 

*  *  Sp.  Francis  undergoes  a  tedioas  cax>- 
tivity  at  Madrid. 

1526  Jan.  14.  Sp,  Francis  signs  a  hu- 
miliating treaty  at  Madrid. 

He  resigns  all  claim  to  Milan  and  Na- 
ples, and  cedes  to  Charles  Burgundy, 
Flanders  [and  Artois,  and  gives  his  two 
sons  as  hostages.    1527.    Repudiated]. 

Mar.  18.  King  Francis  returns  to 
France.  [Together  with  Leo  X.  he  inau- 
gurates the  Great  Kenaissance.] 

1529  Aug.  5.  The  Ladies'  Peace  of 
Cambray. 

It  is  made  by  Louise  of  Savoy,  mother 
of  Francis  and  Marguerite  of  Austria,  the 
emperor's  aunt ;  it  surrenders  Italy  to 
Charles  V.  ;  the  latter  surrenders  Bur- 

fundy,  and  agrees  to  release  the  sons  of 
'rancis  for  a  ransom    of    two  million 
crowns. 

1530  *  *  Tlie  House  of  Chsllons  and  the 
House  of  Nassau  rule  the  principality  of 
Orange. 

1533  Oct.  28.  Francis's  second  son, 
Henry,  marries  Catherine  de  M^dicis, 
daughter  of  the  l>uke  of  Urbino,  a  niece 
of  Pope  Clement  VII. 

1541  *  Francis  declares  war  against 
Charles  V. 

1543  *  *  Francis  concludes  an  alliance 
with  the  Sultan  Soliman  II.  against 
the  emperor,  and  thereby  gives  great 
offense  to  his  subjects. 

Feb.  11.  Henry  VIH.  of  England  con- 
cludes an  alliance  with  the  emperor 
against  Francis  and  the  Turks. 

1544  Sept.  18.  Peace  is  signed  with 
the  emperor  at  Crespy. 

Francis  renounces  his  claims  to  Naples 
and  the  sovereignty  of  Flanders ;  the 
emperor  renounces  his  claims  to  Bur- 
gundy. 

1546  June  6.  Peace  is  signed  with 
England  ;  England  is  to  restore  Boulogne 
within  eight  years,  and  to  receive  two 
million  crowns  indemnity. 

1547  Mar.  31.    Francis  L  dies. 

1547-1559    Henry  U.  reigns. 

Henry,  son  of  Francis  L,  becomes 
king.  He  is  much  under  the  intluence 
of  his  mistress,  Diane  of  Poitiers,  and 
the  Constable  de  Montmorency.  [1548. 
He  secures  the  hand  of  Mary  Stuart  as 
queen-dauphin.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1529  *  *  -35  *  *  Francis   I.    builds    the 
town  of  Havre. 


682      1547,  *  *-1572,  July  9. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1552  *  *  "War  is  begun  against  Charles 
V.  Henry  II.  invades  Germany ; 
Toul,  Metz,  and  Verdun  are  taken. 

Oct.*  Ger.  The  Imperialists, 60,000strong, 
under  the  Duke  of  Alva  and  the  Mar- 
quis of  Mariguano,  besiege  Metz.  [Dec. 
26.    Raised.] 

1553  June  20.  Teroiianne,  after  a 
siege,  surrenders  to  the  Imperialists. 

1554  Aug.  3.  Jt.  The  French  are 
defeated  by  the  Florentines  at  Marci- 
ano. 

1557  May  15,  It.  The  Duke  of  Guise 
is  forced  to  raise  the  siege  of  Civitella. 

Aug.  10.  The  Spaniards  under  Philibert 
Emmanuel,  Duke  of  Savoy,  defeat  the 
French  under  the  Constable  de  Mont- 
morency, at  St.  Quentin. 

1558  Jan.  8.  Calais,  after  a  week's 
siege,  capitulates  to  the  French  under 
the  Duke  of  Guise.  [Jan.  *  Guines 
and  Ham  surrender  to  him.] 

June  23.     Thionville  is  taken  by  the 

Duke  of  Guise. 
July  13.     The    French   under   Marshal 

Seigneur  de  Thermes  are  defeated  by 

Lamoral,  Count  of  Egmont,  at  Grave- 

Uneg. 

1562  *  *  -98  *  *  "Wars  against  the  Hu- 
guenots. 

Religion  divides  the  French  into  two 
parties ;  both  strive  for  the  control  of 
the  government.  Cruel  persecutions 
compel  the  Huguenots  to  take  up  arms  ; 
their  army  is  conspicuous  for  severe 
di8cipline,'every  man  is  ready  for  martyr- 
dom, no  games  of  chance,  or  oath,  or 
licentious  habits  are  allowed  ;  troops 
are  mcned  with  the  singing  of  psalms, 
and  public  worship  led  by  a  Calvinistic 
minister  precedes  a  battle. 

Mar.  1.   The  FirsfWar  begins. 

An  attack  is  made  by  the  attendants 
of  the  Duke  of  Guise  on  Protestants 
while  at  worship  in  the  town  of  Vassy ; 
60  stain,  200  wounded.  [Spain  sends 
6,000  troops  to  reenforce  the  Catholics, 
and  ^England  sends  the  same  number 
in  aid  of  the  Protestants.] 

Oct.  *  Rouen  is  besieged  by  18,000  men 
under  the  King  of  Navarre  and  the 
Duke  of  Guise.  [Oct.  26.  It  is  taken 
by  storm,  sacked,  and  pillaged  for  eight 
days  with  great  fury.] 

Dec.  19.  The  Catholics  defeat  the 
Protestants  at  Dreux. 

St.  Andr^  is  killed  and  Montmorency 
taken  prisoner  by  the  Protestants,  whose 
commander,  de  Cond^,  is  captured  by  the 
Catholics.     [1563.    He  is  liberated.] 

1563  Feb.  *  The  Duke  of  Guise  be- 
sieges Orleans. 

Mar.  19.  Peace  of  Amboise.  (See 
State.) 

1567  Sept.  29.  Protestants  massacre 
Catholics  at  Nimes.  [Being  on  St.  Mich- 
aers  Day,  it  is  called  the  Michaelade.] 

Sept.  *  The  Second  "War. 

It  is  renewed  by  the  Huguenots,  the 
religious  liberty  of  Protestants  having 
been  violated  by  the  king's  party. 

Nov.  10.  The  Huguenots  are  de- 
feated at  St.  Denis,  but  the  Constable 
Montmorency  is  killed. 


1568  Mar.  23.  The  Peace  of  Longju- 
meau.    (See  State.) 

1569  Mar.  13.    The  Third  "War  begins. 
The   Huguenots    under  Prince  de 

Cond^  and  Gen.  Gaspard  de  Coligny  are 
defeated  at  Jamac  by  the  Duke  of  An- 
iou,  and  de  Cond6  is  murdered  after  the 
battle. 
Oct.  2,  3.  The  Huguenots  under  Co- 
ligny are  defeated  by  Catholics  under 
Duke  of  Anjou,  at  Moncontour. 

1570  Aug.  8.  The  Peace  of  St.  Ger- 
main-en-Laye.    (See  State.) 

1572  *  *  -73  *  *  The  Massacre  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew leads  to  the  Fourth  Civil 
"War.    (See  Church.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1551  *  *  Paris.    The  Fountain  of  the 

Innocents  is  erected. 
1553  *  *  Orohce  Fine,  a  mathematician, 

begins  his  planetary  clock. 
*  *  Bernard  Palissy  begins  his  experi- 
ments in  enamels. 
1558  *  *  Musical  notes  are  printed  with 

movable  type  by  J.  Sanlique. 
1566    July  12.    Paris.  Thefirststoneof 

the  walls  of  the  Palace  of  the  Tuile- 

ries  is  laid. 
1570±  *  *  Paris.    Bernard  Palissy  makes 

Faience  ware, 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1547*   *  Francis  I.,  king,  A-W. 

1548  *  *  Desjaniins,  Jean,  physician,  dies. 

Godefroi,  Denis,  jurist,  born. 

Mornay,   Philippe  de,   SeiRneur  du  Plessls, 
statesman,  Protestant  tlieol.,  historian,  b. 

1550  *  *  Certon,  Salomon,  poet,  born. 
Charles  IX..  king,  born. 

Guise,  Henri  de  Lorraine  de,  gen.,  Btman.,  b. 
Itobin,  .lean,  botanist,  born. 
Aubien^,  Theodore  A^ippad*.  historian, 
satiric  poet,  born. 

1551  *  *  Henry  III.,  king,  born. 

1553*  *  Conde.    Prince    de.    Henry   I.   de 
Bourbon,  born. 
Duchatel,  Pierre,  bp.  of  Orleans,  traveler,  d. 

1553  *  *  Marguerite  de  Valols.  queen,  b. 
Chicot,  court  jester,  born. 

Thou,  JacQuea  Auguste  de.    statesman, 

historian,  born. 
Henry  IV.,  king,  born. 
Rabelais,  Frau<joi8.  phys.,  satirist,  A5S. 

1554  •  ♦  Aumale,  Due  d',  Charles  de  L.,gen., 
born. 

Mayenne,  Due  de,  Charles  de  L.,  gen.,  b. 

1555  *  *  Malherbe.  Francois  de.  poet,  b. 
Bouillon,  Henri  de  la  Tour  d'  A .  de,  marshal, 

born. 
1556*  *  Duvair,   GuUlaunie,  moralist,    wr., 
born, 
Duperron,  Jacques,  !>.- cardinal,  archbishop 
of  Sens,  diplomatist,  litterateur,  born. 
1557*  *  Fr^minet,  Martin  de,  painter,  "Fr. 

JMchael  Angelo,"  born. 
1558  *  ♦  Morel,  Fr6d6ric,  litterateur,  printer, 

born. 
1669*  'Casaubon,   Isaac,   commentator, 
Greek  scholar,  critic,  born. 
6tienne.  Robert,  printer,  scholar,  A53. 
Henry  II.,  king,  A41. 
1600  ♦  *  Arnauld,  Antoine,  orator,  born. 
Bauhin,  Gaspanl,  naturalist,  born. 
Bellay,  Joachim  du,  poet,  .\36. 
Sully.   Due    de.   Maxiniilien  de    B^thune, 

Baron  de  Kosny,  general,  born. 
Jlonts,  Pierre  du  Guast,de,  colonizer  of  Aca- 
dia, born. 
1563  *   •  Emmanuel  I..  Charles  the  Great, 
Due  de  Savoy,  bom. 
BruBQuet,  "buffon  de  court,"  A50. 
1563  *  *  BocJtie,  Ktienne  de  la,  writer,  A33. 
Castalio,  Sebastien,  theologian,  A48. 
Chastelard,  Pierre  de  Boscosel  de,  poet,  .\23. 
Cosse,  Charles  de,  Conite  de  Brissace,  mar- 
shal, A  58. 
Guise,  I>uc  de,  Fran<:ois  de  Lorraine,  gen- 
eral, Btatesman,  A44. 
1564*  •  Calvin,  John,  theol.,  reformer.  A55. 
Cotton,  Pierre,  Jesuit,  confessor  of  Henry 
IV.,  born. 


1665  *  *  Farel,  Guillaume,  reformer,  A76. 
Fourier,  Pierre,  religious  reformer,  born. 
Kibault,  or  Kibaut,  -lean,  navigator,  A45. 

1566  •  *  Diane  de  Poitiers,  mistress  of  Henry 
II.,  A67. 

DumouUn.  Charles,  jurist,  A66. 
(lournay,  Maria  le  Jars  de,  writer,  born. 
Labe,  Louise,  poet,  A40. 

Nostradamus,  Michel  de,  astrol.,  phys.,  A63. 
Kondelet,  Guillaume,  savant,  A59. 

1567  *  *  Champlain,  Samuel  de,  navigator, 
explorer,  founder  of  Canada,  born. 

Francis  de  Sales.  Saint,  bishop  of  Geneva, 
orator,  writer,  born. 

Gonibauld,  -lean  O.,  poet,  born. 

Montmorency,  Anne  de.  constable,  mar- 
shal, A74. 

t'rfe,  Honor^  d',  writer,  born. 
1669  *  *  Audiguier,    Vital,    Seigneur   de    la 
Menor  d',  poet,  born. 

Cond6.  Prince  de,  Louis  I.  de  Bourbon, 
general,  A39. 

1570  ♦  *  Bertaut,  Jean,  bp.  of  Seez,  poet,  b. 
Chamier,  Daniel,  Protestant  theologian,  b. 

1571  *  »  Estrees,    Gabrielle    d',  mistress  of 
Henry  IV.,  born. 

I^esoot,  Pierre,  architect,  A6I. 
157S*  *  Chantal,  Jean,  F.  F.  de,  baroness, 
devotee,  born. 

Chevalier,  Antoine  Rodolphe  de,  Hebraist, 
A  65. 

Colig-nl,  Gaspard  de.  admiral,  leader  of 
Huguenots,  A55. 

Jeanne,  d'  Albert,  Queen  of  Navarre,  A44. 

Ramus,  Peter,  or  Pierre  de  la  Pamee,  phi- 
losopher, scholar,  A57i:. 

Goujon,  John,  sculptor,  A57. 


CHURCH. 

1550  *  *  Jiome.    Julius  III.  is  pope. 

[1555,  MarcellnsII.;  later,  Paul  IV.;  1559, 
Plus  IV.] 

1552  *  *  Aust.  The  Councn  of  Trent 
breaks  up  in  alarm  because  of  the  ad- 
vance of  Luther's  doctrines. 

1554*  *  Paris.  The  Sorbonne  condemns 
the  Jesuits. 

1555  **  Paris.  The  first  Protestant 
church  in  the  city  is  established. 

1558f*  *Theilef ormationmakes 
rapid  progress. 

About  2,000  places  are  dedicated  to 
Protestant  worship,  having  400,000  at- 
tendants. 

1559  *  *  The  Protestants  hold  a  synod. 

*  *  A  royal  edict  is  issued,  making  heresy 
punishable  with  death;  judges  are  for- 
bidden to  remit  or  to  mitigate  the  pen- 
alty. 

1560  Feb.  1.  The  Huguenots  aim  at 
revolution. 

With  Louis  ComM  as  leader,  they  decide 
to  address  a  petition  to  the  king,  and  in 
case  of  its  rejection  to  put  down  the 
Guises  by  force  of  arms,  take  the  king 
prisoner,  and  make  Cond^  ruler  of  the 
realm.     [The  conspiracy  is  discovered.] 

May  *  Paris.  The  king  issues  an  edict 
giving  to  parliament  the  right  of  decid- 
ing questions  of  faith,  but  reserves  to 
the  bishops  the  discovery  of  heretics. 

1561  Sept.  9.  The  Poissy  Conference 
is  called  by  Catherine  de  Medicis. 

It  is  composed  of  the  leading  ilerfry  of 
the  two  Churches,  and  is  desijimd  to 
effect  a  reconciliation  ;  great  di^nilarifs 
and  a  brilliant  audience  listen  to  dit-cns- 
sions  of  doctrines,  which  fail  to  unite  the 
Churches. 

*  *  The  Reformers  take  up  arms  against 
their  persecutors. 

1562  Jan.  1.  A  measure  of  religious 
liberty  is  extended  to  the  Huguenots. 

An  edict  of  pacification  permits  the 
exercises  of  the  Reformed  religion  near, 
but  outside,  all  the  cities  and  towns  in 
France. 


FRANCE. 


1547,  *  *-1572,  July  9.     683 


Jan.  17.  An  edict  is  issued  guarantee- 
ing to  the  Protestants  liberty  of  wor- 
ship. 

Mar.  1.  The  Duke  of  Guise  massacres 
Protestants  at  Vassy  in  disregard  of 
t  he  edict  of  toleration ;  GO  are  killed  and 
•_'(K)  wounded. 

■  *  -98  *  *  Religious  wars  with  some 
intermission  devastate  France  till  the 
Edict  of  Nantes. 

1663  Mar.  19.  Reformed  worship  is 
permitted  in  the  houses  of  the  nobility. 
(See  State.) 

1566  *  *  Home.    [St.]  Pius  V.  is  pope. 

1567  Sept.  29.  The  Huguenots, 
alarmed  at  the  preparations  for  exter- 
minating heresy,  again  resolve  to  secure 
the  person  of  the  Doy-king,  and  defeat 
Catherine. 

1568  *  *  The  edicts  of  pacification  are 
revoked,  and  the  Reformed  ministers 
are  given  15  days  to  leave  France. 

1570  Aug.  8.  Peace  of  St.  Germain. 
(See  State.)  The  Government  guaran- 
tees the  protection  of  Protestant  liber- 
ties. 

1571  *  *  The  General  Synod  of  the 
Reformed  Church  is  held  by  permission 
of  tlie  king. 

LETTERS. 

1548  *  *  Art  PoStique,  by  Thomas  Sibilet, 

appears. 

1549*  *  Defense  et  illustration  tie  la 
lanqiie  fraii^alse,  the  manifesto  of  the 
Pleiade,  by  Joachim  DuBellay,  appears  ; 
also  Olive. 

*  *  Pont  us  de  Tyard  writes  Erreurs 
ainoureuses. 

1550*  *  Odes,  by  Ronsard,  appe'ars. 
[155"2,  Les  Amours  de  Cassandre ;  1553, 
Hymnes,  leBocage  Royal,  Les  Amours  de 
i\Iarie.] 

*  *  *  Mignardises  ammireuses  de  l*Ad- 
miree,  6y  Jacq^ues  Tahureau,  appears. 

1551  *  *  Abraham  Sacrifiant,  by  Theo- 
dore de  B^ze,  appears,  [lie  also  writes 
a  Life  of  Calvin  and  a  Histoire  eccUsias- 
iique  des  ^glises  reforvUes.] 

1552  *  *  Cl^opatre  and  Eugene,  by  t.ti- 
enne  Jodelle,  appear.  [1558,  Argotiautes  ; 
later,  J)idon.] 

1555  *  *  A  treatise  on  Logic,  by  Pierre 
de  la  Ram6e,  appears ;  it  is  the  first 
philosophical  work  in  the  vernacular. 
[He  writes  also  IHalectique,  and  works 
against  Aristotle,  59  in  all,] 

*  *  Prophetical  Centuries,  by  Michel  de 
Xostredame,  or  Notredame  (Nostrada- 
mus), appears. 

1556  *  *  D^bat  de  la  folie  et  de  I'amour, 
by  Louise  Lab6,  appears. 

1657  ♦  *  A  translation  of  Anacrion  and 
Petites  Jnventimis,  by  Remi  Belleau, 
appear.  [1565-72,  Tlie  Bergeries ;  1566, 
Pierres  pricieuses.] 

1558  *  *  Nouvelles  Recreations  et  Joyeux 
Devis,  by  Bonaventure  des  Periers,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  HeptamSron,  by  Margaret  of  Na^ 
varre,  appears. 

*  *  Antiquity sde  Home  and  JeuxRustiqueSf 
by  Du  Bellay,  appear.  [1559,  Les  Re- 
grets; later,  Vanneur,  Po^te  Courtisan.] 

*  *  Trisoriere,  by  Jacques  Grevin,  ap- 
pears. [1560,  Juort  de  C4sar  and  Les  Es- 
tKthis.^ 

1559  *  ♦  Sonnets  and  Odes,  by  Oliver  de 
Magny,  appear. 

1560  *  ♦  Recherches  de  la  France,  by  l-^ti- 
eniie  Pasquier,  appears. 


1562  *  *  SaiU  Furieux  and  Corrivaux,  by 
Jean  de  la  Taillo,  appear.  [1573,  Ga- 
baonites ;  later,  Courtisan  retire.  Mar- 
guerite, and  Le  ySgromante.'] 

*  *  A  Roman  Catholic  university  is 
founded  at  Douai  by  Philip  II. 

1563  *  *  Recetfe  Veritable,  by  Bernard 
Palissy,  appears. 

1565  La  Traits  de  la  conformity  dufran- 
Qais  avec  le  grec,  by  Henry  Estienne,  ap- 
pears. [1566,  Apologia  pour  Herodote, 
1572,  Thesaurus  Grsecse  Linguse.] 

*  *The  University  of  Grenoble  is 
united  with  that  of  Valence. 

1568  *  *  Porcie,  by  Robert  Gamier,  ap- 
pears. [157'S,  Jfippolyte ;  1574,  Conmie  ; 
1578,  Marc  Antoine  and  the  Troade.] 

1570  *  *  Le  but  de  la  guerre  et  de  lapaix, 
by  Michael  de  L'Hospital,  appears. 

*  *  Commentaires,  by  Blaise  Montluc,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Histoire  de  France,  by  Bernard  de  G^ 
rard  du  Haillan,  appears. 

*  *  The  Vaux  de  Vire,  by  Jean  Le  Houx, 
appears. 

1572  *  *  The  Fran^iade,  by  Ronsard,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *The  Pope  confirms  a  university 
founded  at  Pont-a-Mousson  by  Cardinal 
Lorraine  and  Due  Charles  III. 


SOCIETY. 

1559  June  29±.  Tournaments  are 
abolished  after  Henry  II.  has  his  eye 
knocked  out  in  a  tilt,  causing  his  death. 

1562  *  *  A  massacre  of  Huguenots. 
(See  Church  for  massacres  of  Protes- 
tants.) 

1563  Feb.  *  The  Duke  of  Guise  is  aa- 
sassinated. 

STATE. 

1548  *  *  Bordeaux  revolts  against  the 
the  salt-tax,  and  receives  severe  punish- 
ment. 

1549  Jan.  1.  Paris.  The  Emperor 
Charles  V.  visits  France. 

1550  Mar.  24.  Peace  is  concluded  be- 
tween England,  Scotland,  and  France. 

England  agrees  to  accept  the  reduced 
sum  of  400,000  crowns  for  the  restoration 
of  Boulogne. 

1551  *  *  Henry  H.  Joins  the  Confed- 
eracy against  the  Emperor  Charles  V. 

1552  Apr.  13.  Toul  is  taken,  and  re- 
united with  France. 

*  *  Metz,  Verdun,  and  all  of  XiOrraine 
are  annexed. 

1555  *  *  Jeanne  d'Albret  and  her  hus- 
band, Antoine  de  Bourbon,  are  sover- 
eigns of  Lower  Navarre. 

1556  Feb.  5.  A  truce  for  five  years  is 
concluded  at  Vauyelles  between  France 
and  Spain  [but  is  broken  soon  after]. 

1558  Jan.  8.  Calais  is  lost  to  England 
after  holding  it  210  years.    (See  Army.) 

Apr.  24.  The  dauphin,  King  Henry's 
son,  Francis,  marries  Mary  Stuart, 
the  Queen  of  Scots. 

1559  Apr.  2,  3.  The  Peace  of  Cha- 
teau-Cambrfisis  is  concluded  between 
France  and  England,  and  between 
France  and  Spain. 

The  French  restore  most  of  their  con- 
quests except  Calais,  Metz,  Toul,  and 
Verdun. 
July  10.  Henry  H.  dies  11  days  after 
being  accidentally  injured  at  a  tourna- 
ment. 


1559-1560    Francis  II.  reigns. 

Francis,  son  of  Henry  II.,  16  years  of 
age,  and  husband  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  becomes  king.  The  Duke  of  Guise 
and  the  queen-mother,  Catherine  de  M^ 
dicis,  are  the  power  behind  the  throne. 
Protestants  are  persecuted,  The  two 
Guises,  at  first  rivals  of  Catherine  and 
later  allies,  conduct  all  affairs  of  state, 
and  seek  the  overthrow  of  the  Protes- 
tant princes,  Antoine,  King  of  Navarre, 
and  Louis  Cond^. 

*  *  Corsica  comes  under  the  rule  of 
Genoa. 

1560  *  *  The  Axnboise  Plot  is  formed. 
The  Huguenots  form  a  conspiracy  to 
seize  the  King  at  Amboise,  and  compel 
the  dismissal  of  the  Duke  of  Guise  and 
his  brother,  who  are  the  persecutors  of 
the  Protestants. 

Mar.  18.  In  the  riot  at  Amboise  the 
Protestant  leader  Bari  Is  killed  ;  the  re- 
volt against  the  Guises  is  suppressed 
by  the  merciless  execution  of  1,200  Prot- 
estants. 

1560    Dec.  5,    Francis  H.  dies. 

1560-1574    Charles  IX.  reigns. 

Charles,  brother  of  Francis  IL,  ten 
years  of  age,  becomes  king.  Catherine 
de  M^dicis  is  regent. 

1562  Jan.  *  The  edict  of  January. 
Delegates  from  the  several  parliaments 

of  France  meet,  and  grant  the  Huguenots 
liberty  of  conscience  except  in  certain 
districts.  The  two  religious  factions  be- 
come two  political  parties ;  the  leaders 
of  the  Catholic  party,  the  "Triumvi- 
rate," are  the  Duke  of  Guise,  the  Mar- 
shal St.  Andre,  and  the  Constable  of 
France,  Count  de  Montmorency ;  the 
Protestant  leaders  are  Louis,  Prince  of 
Cond^,  and  Adm.  Coligny. 

*  •  -98  *  *  "Wars   of   the    Huguenots. 

(See  Army.) 

*  *  The  Huguenots  transfer  Havre  to  the 
English  [but  it  is  besieged  and  captured 
during  the  following  year  by  Charles IX.]. 

1563  Feb.  18.  Francis,  Duke  of 
Gtiise,  is  waylaid  and  shot  near  Orleans 
by  John  Poltrot,  a  Huguenot.  [Feb.  24. 
The  duke  dies.] 

Mar.  19.  The  peace  of  Amboise  is  con- 
cluded between  the  Catholics  and  Prot- 
estants. 

The  Reformed  worship  is  authorized  in 
the  houses  of  the  nobility,  in  the  do- 
mains of  the  justiciary  nobles,  and  in 
one  city  of  each  bailiwick. 

1568  Mar.  23.  The  peace  of  Long- 
jumeau. 

It  is  signed  by  Catholics  and  Protes- 
tants ;  it  partly  restores  religious  free- 
dom to  the  Protestants.  [It  lasts  only  a 
few  months.] 

1570  Aug.  8.  The  conditional  Peace 
of  St.  Germain- en-Lay e  is  concluded, 
giving  the  Huguenots  concessions  of  re- 
ligious liberty,  and  four  fortified  cities 
for  security. 

1572  July  9.  Paris.  Jeanne  of  Na- 
varre suddenly  dies,  soon  after  being 
invited  to  court.  [Huguenots  are  sus- 
picious of  treachery,  and  many  escape 
by  leaving  Paris.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1547 1*  *  Stockings  of  silk  are  first 
worn  by  Henry  II. 

1559*  *  Paris.  Coaches  are  intro- 
duced; also  forks  for  eating. 

1570  *  *  Turkeys  and  guinea-fowls  are 
introduced. 


€84     1572,  Aug.  24-1597,*  * 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1573  Feb.  26-Junel3.  La  Rochelle 
is  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Duke 
of  Anjou. 

1574  *  *  Fifth  Civil  •War. 

1577  *  *  Sixth  Civil  "War.  The  Hugue- 
nots are  defeated. 

♦  *  Seventh  Civil  War. 

1580  *  *  Henry  of  Navarre  seizes  the 
city  of  Cahors,  it  being  a  part  of  his 
wife's  portion ;  war  follows  for  a  short 
time. 

Ifov.  26.    Treaty  of  Fleix. 

1582  *  *  Belg.  The  Duke  d'Alen^on  at- 
tempts to  seize  Antwerp,  but  is  de- 
feated. 

1585  *  *  -89  *  *  Eighth  Civil  "War. 
The  war  of  the  three  Henrys,  —  King 
Henry    TIL,    Henry    of    Navarre,    and 
Henry,  Duke  of  Guise. 

1587  Oct.  20.  The  Huguenots  un- 
der Henry  of  Navarre  defeat  the  Holy 
League  under  the  Due  de  Joyeuse,  at 
Coutras. 

1589  July*  Paris  is  besieged  by 
Henry  III.  and  the  King  of  Navarre. 
[July  31.    Henry  III.  is  assassinated.] 

Sept.  21.  Henry  IV.  defeats  the  Duke 
of  Mayenne  at  Arques. 

Oct.  31.  Paris.  Henry  carries  part  of 
the  suburbs,  but  retires  at  the  approach 
of  the  Duke  of  Mayenne. 

1590  Mar.  14.  Henry  defeats  the 
Catholic  Leaguers  xuider  Mayenne,  at 
Ivry-la-Bataille. 

May  7.  Paris.  Henry  besieges  the  city 
[and  occupies  the  suburbs]. 

Aug.  23.  Paris.  Henry  raises  the 
siege  on  the  arrival  of  the  Duke  of 
Parma  with  a  large  Spanish  army  to  aid 
Mayeiiue. 

1591  "Nov.  11.  Henry  besieges 
Rouen.  [1592.  Apr.  21.  He  retires  on 
the  approach  of  the  Duke  of  Parma.] 

1595  Jan.  17.  "War  with  Spain  is  de- 
clared. 

Oct.  5.    Battle  of  Fontaine-Fran  false. 

1596  Apr.  24.  Calais  is  taken  by  the 
Spaniards.  [1598.  Evacuated.  1597. 
Mar.  11.  They  take  Araiens.  Sept.  25. 
Retaken  by  Henry.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1578*  *  Paris.    The   Pont   Nevd   over 

the  Seine  is  begun. 
1595  *  *  Pans.    The  Hdtel  des  Inva- 

lidea  is  erected. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1673*.  *  Auraale,  Due  d',  Claude   II.,    sol- 
dier, A48i. 
Jodelle,  ^tienne.  dramatist,  A41. 
Marie  de  M6dici8,  wife  of  Henry  IV.,  born. 
L'HSpital,  Michel  de,  chancellor,  A68. 
Regnier,  Mathurin,  poet,  born. 
1574*  *  Charles  IX..  king,  A24. 
Guise,  Charles   de,   cardinal   de    Lorraine, 
statesman,  A49. 

1575  *  *  B6ruUe,  Pierre,  cardinal,  founder 
Carmelite  order  in  France,  born. 

Chatel,  Jean,  fanatic,  born. 

Schomberg,  Comte  de,  Henri,  marshal,  born. 

1576  *  *  Cans,  or  Caux,  Salomon  de,  engi- 
neer, born. 

Vincent  de  Paul,  Saint,  R.  C.  reformer, 
founder  Sisters  of  Charitv.  born. 

1577  »  *  Belleau.  Remi.  poet,  A49. 
Delorme.  Philibert.  architect,  A59. 


1578  *  *  Albert,  Charles  d',  Due  de  Luynes, 
Constable  of  France,  born. 
IJullant,  .lean,  architect,  A.^84:. 
1579*  *  liassonipierre,    Francois,    marshal, 
author,  born. 
Kavaillae,  Francois,  regicide,  born. 
Rohan,  Due  de,  Henri,  Huguenot,  geo.,  b. 
1581  *  *  Duvergier  de  Hauranne,   Abb^     de 
Saint-Cyran,  Jansenist,  theologian,  born. 
Languet,  Hubert,  political  writer,  A63. 
Postel,  Guillaume,  orientalist,  visionary,  ATI. 
1583*   *  Barclay,  Jean,  writer,  born. 
1583*  ^  Birague,  de  Ren6,  cardinal,  states- 
man, A  7  3. 
Caussin,  Nicholas,  Jesuit,  author,  born. 
Petau,  Denis,  chronologist,  born. 
Soubise,  Benjamin  de  K.,  Seigneur  de.  Hu- 
guenot, soldier,  l)orn. 

1584  *  *  Duchesne,  Andr^,  geog.,  hist.,  born. 
Foix,  Paul  de,  jurist,  archbishop  of  Toulouse, 

A56. 

1585  *  *  Cappel,  Louis,  theologian,  born. 
Richelieu,  Due  de,  A.  J.  Dupleasia,  cardi- 
nal, statesman,  born. 

Ronsard,  Pierre  de,  poet,  A61. 
Vaugelas,  Claude  Favre  de,  grammarian,  b. 

1586  *  *  Granvelle,  Antoine  de  I'errenot  de, 
cardinal,  statesman,  ABO. 

1587*  *  Ad  rets,    Franijois   de    Beaumont, 
baron,  Huguenot  leader,  A74. 
Garrissoles,  Antoine,  Trot,  cl.,  poet,  born. 

1588  *  *  Arnauld  d'Andilly,  Robert,  wr.,  b. 
Dalechamps,  Jacques,  phys.j  botanist,  A76. 
Cliilflet,  Jean  Jacques,  physician,  born. 
Conde,  Prince  de.  Henry  I.  de  Bourbon,  A36. 
Guise,  Due  de.  Henry  I.  de  Lorraine,  gen- 
eral, statesman,  A  38. 

Mersenue,  Marin,  philosopher,  born, 
liambouiliet,  Marq.  de,Cath6riue  de  Vivonne, 

leader  of  society,  born. 
Salniasius,  Claudius,  scholar,  born. 

1589  *  *  Baif,  Jean  Antoine  de,  poet,  A57. 
Cath6rine  de  M^dicis,  wife  of  Henry  II., 

A70. 
Consin,  Jean,  painter,  A89. 
F^nelon,  Marquis  de  la  Mothe,  Bertrand  de 

Salignac,  diplomatist,  litterateur,  dies. 
Henry  III.,  king,  A38. 
Falissy,  Bernard,  enameler,  potter,  A79. 

1590  *   *  Par6.  Ambroise,  father  of  French 
surgery,  A63  +  . 

Bartas,  Guillaume  de  Salluste  du.  poet, 

A  46. 
Cujas,  Jacques,  jurist,  A70. 
Gamier.  Robert,  dramatist,  A56. 
Hotman,  Francois,  jurist,  publicist,  A66. 
Vouet,  Simon,  painter,  born. 

1591  *  *  Bri88on,Barnab6,lawyer,phil.,  A60. 
Caseneuve,  Pierre  de,  philologist,  born. 
Chicot,  conrt  jester,  A38. 

Doneau,  Hughes,  legal  writer,  A64. 

P^spagne,  Jean  d',  Protestant  theologian,  b. 

La  None,  Francois  de,  general,  AGO. 

Morin,  Jean,  Biblical  critic,  born. 
1692*   *  Boisrobert,   Fran<;oi8   le  Metal  de, 
writer,  wit,  born. 

Castelnau  de  la  Mauvissifere,  Michel  de, 
diplomatist,  A72 >. 

Gassendi,  Pierre,  philosopher,  born. 

Montaigne,  Michael  Eyquem  de,  essay- 
ist, A  58. 
1593  *  *  .\myot,  Jacques,  bishop,  au.,  A80. 

Callot,  Jacques,  engraver,  etcher,  born. 

Lalemant,  Jt5r6me,  Jesuit  missionary  in  Can- 
ada,  born. 
1594*  *  Chatel,  Jean,  fanatic,  A19±. 

Belon,  Pierre,  naturalist,  traveler,  A77. 

Dailie,  Jean,  Protestant  clergyman,  born. 

Marca,  Pierre  de,  archbishop  of  Paris,  born. 

PouBSin,  Nicolas,  painter,  born. 

Tnrnebus,  Adrianus,  scholar,  A82. 

1595  *  *  Aubertin,  Kdmond,  cler.,  author,  b. 
Aumont,  Jean  d',  marshal,  A73. 

Avaux,  Comte  d',  Claude  de  Mesmes,  diplo- 
matist, born. 

Chapelain,  Jean,  poet,  critic,  born. 

Drelincourt,  Charles,  Protestant  cler.,  born. 

Erlach,  Jean  Louis  d',  marshal,  born. 

Montmorency,  Due  de,  Henri  II.,  marshal, 
born. 

1596  ♦  *  Amyraut,  Moise,  Protestant  cl.,  b. 
Bodin,  Jean,  lawyer,  jjolitical  writer,  A66. 
Chrestien,  Florent,  poet,  writer,  A55. 
Descartes,  Ren6,  philosopher,  born. 
Pithou,  Pierre,  jurist,  satirist,  A57. 

1597  *  *  Balzac.  Jean  Louis  Guez  de.  au- 
thor, born. 

CHURCH. 

1572  Aug.  24-!-.  The  massacre  of 
Protestants  begins  on  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Day,  to  exterminate  Protestant- 
ism. 

Aug.  *  Pome.  The  Pope  and  cardinals 
go  In  state  to  return  thanks  to  Heaven 


for  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew ; 

medals  are  struck  in  its  honor,  and  can- 
non tired. 

*  *  Sp.  Philip  II,  of  Spain  extols  the 
massacre  of  the  Protestants  as  a  mem- 
orable triumph  of  Christianity. 

*  *  The  Court  of  England  receives  tlie 
French  ambassador  with  all  its  members 
clothed  in  mourning. 

*  *  Pome.    Gregory  XIII.  is  pope. 

1573    Jiily  8.    The  Edict  of  Boulogne 

closes  the  war  favorably  to  the  Protes- 
tants. 

1576  May  6.  The  Peace  of  Mon- 
sieur.   (See  State.) 

*  *  «*The  Holy  Catholic  League"  is 
established  for  the  protection  of  the 
Komau  Catholic  cause. 

Apr.*  Paris.  Henry  III.  issues  an  edict 
of  pacification.  [Dec.  *  It  is  revoked. 
1577.    Oct.  *  It  is  renewed  for  six  years.] 

1577  Sept.  17.  Peace  of  Poitiers. 
(See  State.) 

1578  *  *  The  New  Testament  is  pub- 
lished at  Reims. 

1585  July  7.  The  Edict  of  Nemours 
is  issued. 

All  modes  of  worship  except  that  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church  are  forbid- 
den in  France ;  Huguenot  ministers  are 
given  one  month,  and  laymen  six  months, 
to  leave  France.    (See  State.) 

*  *  Rome.    Sixtus  V.  is  pope. 

[ISnO,  Urban  VII.;  later,  Gregory  XIV.; 
1591,  Innocent  IX.;  1592,  Clement  VIU.] 

1593  July  25.     Paris.    Henry  abjures 

Protestantism.    (See  State.) 

1594  *  *  The  Jesuits  are  expelled  from 

France. 

1595*  *  Rome.  The  Pope  grants  absolu- 
tion to  Henry  IV.  for  his  former  heresy. 


LETTERS. 

1573*  *  Judith,  an  epic  poem,  by  Guil- 
laume de  Salluste  Du  Bartas,  appears. 
[1579,  La  Semaine.] 

*  *  -74  *  *  Franco-Gallia,  by  Fran9oi8 
Hotman,  appears. 

1574  *  *  Amadis  Jamyn  writes  a  Pohne 
de  la  chasse. 

*  *-1611*  * Pigistres-joumauXfhy'PiGTTo 
de  I'Kstoile,  appears. 

1575  *  *  The  Ars  Poetique,  by  Jean  Vau- 
quelin  de  la  Fresnave,  appears.  [Later, 
Ji'oresteries,  Satires.] 

*  *  Discours  sur  la  vie  et  la  mort,  bv  Du- 
plessis-Mornay,  appears.  [1581,  'JVait^. 
de  la  v^ritS  de  la  religion  chritietute.] 

1577*  *94*  *Xes  Traf/igwes,  by  Agrippa 

d'Auhigu^,  appears. 
1578  *  *  De  la R^publique,'by  Jean  Bodin, 

appears. 

*  *  Les  deux  dialogues  du  nouveau  Ian- 
gage  fran^ais  italianis^,  by  Henry  Es- 
tienne,  appears.  fl579,  The  Projet ;  De 
la  Prlccellence  de  la  langue  fraii^aise.} 

1579*  *  E sprits,  by  Pierre  Larivey,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Antigone,  by  Garnier,  appears.  [1580, 
Brandamante ;  1583,  Sedecie.] 

*  *  -1601  *  *  Les  Antiquit^s  gauloises 
j'rayigoises,  by  Claude  Fauchet,  appears. 

1580  *  *  Discours  Admirables,  by  Bernard 
Palissy,  appears. 

*  *  Apofogieet  Foya^cs,  by  Ambroise  Par4, 
appears, 

*  *  Discovrs  poiifiques  et  militaires,  by 
Francois  de  la  None,  appears. 

*  *  -88  *  *  Essays,  by  Michael  du  Mon- 
taigne, appears. 


FRANCE. 


1572,  Aug.  24-1597,  *  *     685 


1581  *  *  Ifintmre.  de  France,  by  Lancelot 
de  la  Popelini6re,  appears. 

*  *  ^fim€8,  by  Jean-Antoine  de  Baif,  ap- 
pears. 

*  •  The  Jiecueil  de  I'Origine  de  la  Lang^ie 
et  J\^esie  fran^oise,  by  Claude  Faucuet, 
appears. 

1583  *  *  De  emendatume  temporum,  by  J. 
J.  Scaliger,  appears. 

1584  t  *  *  Pierre  de  Boiirdeilles,  abbot  of 
Br;mt«^nie,  writes  Vits  dts  kommes  iUus- 
treA,  i'ies  des  da/ites  illustn's,  J'ies  des 
danits  f/alanfest  and  other  works. 

1585  *  *  Contcs  et  discours  d'Eutrapel, 
by  Xoel  du  Fail,  appears. 

*  •  Esther  and  Aman,  by  Pierre  Mathieu, 
appear.  [1580,  Clytemnestre,  and  the 
Guisadc,'] 

1687  *  *  Lamies  de  Saint  Pierre, by  Fraii- 
9018  de  Malherbe,  appears. 

1603  •  •  Guillanine  Du  Vair's  oration  in 
defense  of  the  S:tlic  liiw  appears.  [Later, 
Sainfe  i'kiloso})hie  and  the  Philosophic 
Morale  des  Stotqites.} 

1694  •  •  The  Satyre  Menippie,  a  power- 
ful satire  on  the  League,  the  work  of  sev- 
eral eminent  lawyers  and  churchmen, — 
Leroy ,  Gillot,  Pasgerat,  Rapin,  Chrestien, 
Pithon,  and  Durant,  —  appears. 

1595  *  *  The  TTniversity  of  Paris  is  re- 
habilitated by  Henry  IV. 

1596  *  •  Sophonisbe^  by  Antoine  de  Mon- 
chrestien,  appears.  [1699^  Lacenes,  or 
Conatajice,  and  L'Ecossaise,  or  Mary 
Stuart:  IROO,  Darid,  or  Adultkre;  1601, 
Aman,  or*  Vanii^ ;  1603,  Hector;  1615, 
Traits  d''eronomie'\. 

1597  *  *  tjendnrd  de  la  croix,  by  St. 
Francis  de  Sales,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1572    Aug.  24.    Paris.    Massacre    of 
St.  Bartholomew.    (See  State.) 

1577^*  *The  king  abandons  himself 
to  a  life  of  debauchery  ahnost  unparal- 
leled; the  ('ourt  is  given  over  to  frivol- 
ity, prostitution,  duels,  and  assassina- 
tions. 

1580*  *~95*  *  Alleged  witches  are 
burned ;  900  in  Lorraine  alone. 

1588  Dec.  23.  Henry,  Duke  of  Guise, 
is  assassinated  by  order  of  Henry  III. 
[Dec.  24.  Also  Louis  of  Guise,  Cardinal 
of  Lorraine.] 

1589  Aug.  1.  Henry  HI.  is  assas- 
sinated.   (See  State.) 

1593  July  25.  Henry  IV.  changes  his 
faith  to  escape  assassination. 

1594  Dec.  27.  .lean  Ch^tel  fails  in  an 
attempt  to  assassinate  Henry  IV. 

STATE. 
1572    Aug.  24.     Paris.     Massacre  of 
St.  Bartholomew. 

By  onlers  of  the  king,  instigated  by 
his  mother  and  brother,  Protestant  men, 
women,  and  children  are  murdered  in 
Paris  on  the  feast  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
at  the  signal  of  the  bell  of  St.  Germain, 
at  two  o'clock  in  the  morning;  Coligny 
is  among  tlie  killed  ;  neither  age  norsex 
is  spared  ;  in  other  cities  Protestants  are 
massacre*! ;  about  30,000  Huguenots  are 
killed  in  the  whole  kingdom. 

*  •  Henry  TV.  [king  in  1589]  is  sovereign 
of  Lower  Navarre. 

Aug.  26.  Paria.  King  Charles  holds  a 
•*  bed  of  justice  "  in  the  parliament. 

He  avows  and  justifies  the  massacre  of 
St.  Bartholomew,  which  he  declared  weis 
necessary  to  preserve  the  royal  family 
and  the  State  from  a  conspiracy  of  the 
Huguenots. 


1573    June  24.    The  Peace  of  La  Bo- 

chelle  is  signed. 

It  grants  to  the  Protestants  liberty  of 
conscience  in  La  Rochelle,  Nimes,  and 
Montauban,  and  the  recovery  of  seques- 
tered estates,  offices,  and  honors. 

*  *  Henry,  Duke  of  Anjou,  is  elected 
king  of  Poland. 

1674    May  30.    Charles  IX.  dies. 

1574-1589    Henry  m.  reigns. 

Henry,  King  of  Poland,  brother  of 
Charles  IX.,  a  debauched  weakling,  is 
king. 

1575  Feb.*  The  Compact  of  MU- 
haud. 

It  is  a  league  signed  by  the  Huguenots 
with  the  young  Prince  de  Cond6  as  their 
head,  and  the  Politiques  or  liberal  Cath- 
olics led  by  Marshal  de  Damville  and 
others,  thus  forming  a  new  party. 

*  *  Paris.  TheDucd'Alenyonjtheking's 
younger  brother,  abandons  the  court, 
and  joins  the  Huguenots  as  the  head  of 
their  party. 

1576  *  *  Henry  of  Navarre  escapes 
from  court,  and  rejoins  the  Calvinists. 

May  6.    The  Peace  of  Monsietu:. 

It  is  signed  at  Cliastenay  by  tlie  king's 
brother,  through  thecotnliined  influence 
of  three  j)arties.  Protestant  worship  is 
authorized  in  all  France  except  Paris. 

*  *The  Holy  League  of  violent  Catho- 
lics is  formed. 

It  aims  at  the  elevation  of  the  Guises 
to  the  throne  and  the  annihilation  of  the 
Huguenot  party  ;  its  head  is  Henry,  Duke 
of  Guise. 

Dec.  *  The  Statea-Gteneral  meets  at 
Blois;  under  the  influence  of  the  Holy 
League,  they  revoke  the  "Peace  of 
Monsieur,"  and  the  Huguenots  fly  to 
arms. 

1577  Sept.  17.  The  Peace  of  Ber- 
gerac,  or  Poitiers. 

It  is  favorable  to  the  Huguenots,  yet 

firohibiting  all  political  confederations  ; 
t  is  concluded  by  the  king.  [Entirely  ig- 
nored by  the  king,  who  revokes  all  con- 
cessions, and  pledges  the  Holy  League 
to  expel  the  Protestants ;  the  Protes- 
tants renew  the  war.] 

1580    Nov.  26.    The  Treaty  of  Fleix 

is  concluded,  confirming  the  favorable 
conditions  of  former  treaties. 
1582  *  *  The   calendar  is   changed   to 
new  style. 

1584  June  10.  Francis,  Buke  of  An- 
jou, formerly  Due  d'Alen^on,  the  king's 
brother,  dies. 

*  The  Council  of  Sixteen  is  formed 
by  the  Holy  League. 

Itaims  to  promote  the  claim  of  Charles, 
Cardinal  de  Bourbon,  uncle  of  Henry  of 
Navarre,  to  the  throne  as  successor  to 
the  reigning  monarch. 

Dec.  31.  A  secret  convention  is  con- 
cluded at  Joinville  between  Philip  of 
Spain  and  the  Guises. 

It  is  agreed  that  heresy  shall  be  exter- 
minated, and  that,  on  the  death  of  Henry, 
the  crown  shall  pass  to  the  Cardinal  of 
Bourbon. 

1585  July  7.  Henry  signs  the  Treaty 
of  Nemours  with  the  leaders  of  the 
Holy  League,  who  favor  the  Duke  of 
Guise,  of  whom  Henry  is  jealous  because 
of  his  great  popularity.    (See  Church.) 


1588  May  9.  Paris.  The  Duke  of 
Guise  enters  Paris  in  spite  of  the  king's 
prohibition,  and  is  enthusiastically  wel- 
comed by  the  people.  * 

May  12.   Paris.  Popular  insurrection, 
Tlie  people  rise  against  the  king  and 
in  favor  of  the  Duke  of  Guise;  barri- 
cades are  erected  in  the  streets.    [May 
13.    Henry  UI.  flees  to  Chartres.] 

July  19.  Henry  III.  issues  at  Rouen  the 
Edict  of  Union. 

It  makes  the  Duke  of  Guise  lieutenant- 
general  and  supreme  in  the  war  with  the 
Huguenots,  aiui  pndubits  the  successiuii 
of  a  Protestant  to  the  throne. 

Oct.  16.    The  States-General  meet  at 

Llois ;    the    members    are    exclusively 
Catholics. 

Henry  III.  is  compelled  to  observe  and 
enforce  the  Edict  of  Union,  and  renew 
the  sentence  of  exclusion  from  the 
throne  against  the  Bourbons. 

Dec.  23.  Paris.  The  Duke  of  Guise 
is  murdered  by  assassins  employed  by 
the  king,  who  has  failed  to  obtain  aid 
from  the  States-General.     [His  brother 

also.]    (See  Society.) 

1589  Jan.*  Paris.  Explosiolf  of  popu- 
lar fury  against  the  king. 

The  people  of  Paris  and  other  towns 
declare  against  the  royal  murderer ;  even 
the  Catholic  party  detest  him,  and  the 
Sorbonne,  being  consulted,  deciiles  that 
Frenchmen  are  released  from  their  oath 
of  allegiance  to  Henry.  [A  provisional 
government  is  formed  witli  tlie  Duke  of 
Aumale  at  its  head.] 

Jan.  5.    Catherine  de  M^dicis  dies. 

Feb.  15.  Paris.  The  Duke  of  May- 
enne,  brother  of  the  Duke  of  Guise,  ar- 
rives, is  received  with  enthusiasm  by  the 
people,  and  takes  control  of  the  govern- 
ment. 

Apr.  3.  The  king  makes  an  alliance 
with  Henry  of  Navarre  against  the  Holy 
League. 

July  31.  Henry  m.  is  assassinated  at 
St.  Cloud  by  Jacques  Clement,  a  monk. 

1589-1792  (1830)     House    of   Bourbon 

enthroned. 

1589-1610    Henry  IV.  reigns. 

He  becometji  the  pride  and  glory  of 
France. 

Aug.  2.  Henry  of  Navarre  is  acknowl- 
edged king  by  the  Protestants  and  some 

Catholic  leaders. 

Aug.  4.  Henry  IV.  issues  a  manifesto 
promising  to  maintain  equal  freedom 

for  Catholics  and  Protestants. 

Aug.  7.  The  Duke  of  Mayenne,  of  the 
Holy  licague,  proclaims  Cardinal  de 
Bourbon  king,  as  Charles  X. 

1590  Mar.  5.  Paris.  The  parliament 
issues  a  decree  recognizing  Charles  X. 
as  lawful  king. 

1593  July  25.  Paris.  Henry  abjures 
Protestantism . 

His  Protestant  faith  is  the  chief  ob- 
stacle to  his  acceptance,  and  he  is  re- 
ceived into  the  Catholic  Church  by  the 
Archbishop  of  Bourges  at  the  Church  of 
St.  Denis. 

1594  Feb.  27.    Henry    is    anointed 

king  at  Chartres.     [Due  de  Sully  is  min- 
ister.   Mar.  22.    Henry  enters  J?*aris.] 

1595  Jan.  15.    Henry   declares  war 

against  Spain. 

1596  *  *  -98  *  *  The  Spaniards  hold  pos- 
session of  Calais. 


686     1598,  *  *-1629,  Apr.  24. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1598    May  2.    The  Peace.    (See  State.) 
1600  *  *  flenry  IV.  declares  war  against 

the  Duke  of  Savoy,  who  claims  disputed 

territory. 

1621  Aug.  18.  Montauban,  a  Hugue- 
not stronghold,  is  besieged  by  tlie 
Duke  of  Mayenne.     [Oct.  26.    Raised.] 

1622  Sept.*  Montpellier  is  surren- 
dered by  the  Huguenots. 

Wov.  *  The  peace  of  Montpellier.    (See 

State.) 

1624  Nov.  *  If.  The  French  seize  the 
Valtelline. 

1627*  *-28*  *  "War  with  the  Hugue- 
nots, who  are  supported  by  England. 

1627  July  22.  The  English  under  the 
I>uke  of  Buckingham  attack  the  Isle 
of  11^. 

1628  Oct.  28.  LaEochelle,"  the  last 
bulwark  of  religious  liberties,"  surren- 
ders to  Due  de  Richelieu  after  a  siege  of 
15  months,  during  which  English  fleets 
had  made  three  unsuccessful  attempts 
to  relieve  the  town. 

1629  Jan.  *  Jt.  Louis  goes  to  aid  the 
Duke  of  Nevers  against  Spain.  [Mar. 
18.  He  is  compelled  to  raise  the  siege  of 
Mantua.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1606*  *  Paris.    The    Hdtel  Dieu  is 

founded. 

*  *  Tapestry  is  made  by  Flemings. 

1610±  *  *  Paris.  The  Palais  Royal  is 
built, 

1611  *  *  -20  *  *  Paris.  The  Palace  of 
the  Luxembourg  is  begun  by  Jacques 
Debrosse  for  Marie  de  Mddicis.  [1616. 
The  magnificent  porch  is  erected.] 

1612±  *  *  A  steam-apparatus  is  in- 
vented by  Solomon  de  Caus.  [1615.  He 
publishes,  at  Heidelberg,  a  work  on  mo- 
tive power  which  advances  a  theorem  on 
the  expansion  and  condensation  of 
steam.] 

1617  *  *  Muskets  with  flint-locks  and 
battery  are  invented. 

1621  *  *  Paris.  Pastel-painting  is  in- 
vented by  Bouet. 

1622  *  *  Paris.  Rubens  decorates  the 
Luxembourg  Palace  with  21  great 
paintings  representing  events  in  the  life 
of  Marie  de  M^dicis. 

1629+  *  *  Paris.  The  French  Acad- 
emy is  founded  by  the  inforinal  meet- 
ing of  eight  men  of  letters.  [1635.  Jan, 
2.  It  is  formally  established  by  Cardinal 
Richelieu  ;  it  consists  of  40  members.] 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1598  *  *  CoUetet,  Guillaume,  poet,  born. 

Ktieniie,  Henry^  printer,  A70. 

Mansard,  or  Maneart,  Frangois.  archi- 
tect, born, 

Mellan,  Claude,  designer,  engraver,  born. 

Voiture,  Vincent,  poet,  born. 
1699*  *  Baron,  Pierre,  polemical  writer  in 
England,  dies. 

Bochart,  Samuel,  scholar,  Prot.  tbeol.  born. 

Estr^es,  Gabrielle  d',  mistress  of  Henry  IV., 
A28±. 

H6ry,  Thierry  de,  surgeon,  A94. 
1600  ♦  *  Barcos,  Martin  de,  clergyman,  born. 

Chevreuge.  Duchesse  de,  Marie  de  K.  M., 
beauty,  intriguer,  born. 


Nicot,  Jean,  diplomatist,  litterateur,  A70. 

Claude  liorrain,  painter,  born. 

Sanson,  Nicolas,  geographer,  born. 
1601  *  *  lieaune,  Floriniond  de,  math.,  born. 

Fermat,  Pierre  de,  geometrician,  poet,  born. 

Louis  XIII.,  king,  born. 

Tristan  I'ilennite,  Fran<;.ois,  poet,  born. 
1602*  *  Anne  of  Austria,   wife  of   Louis 
XIII.,  born.     (Or  1601,  Sep.  22.) 

Boissard,  Jean  Jacques,  antiq.,  poet,  A74. 

Junius,  I-'ranciscus,  I'rotestant  theol.,  A57. 

Mazarin.  Jules,  cardinal,  statesman,  born. 

Rol)erval,  Giles  Personne  de,  matli.,  born. 
1603  *   *  Charron,  Pierre,  pliilosopher,  A(j2, 

Vi^te,  Frantjois,  matliematician,  A63. 
1604*  *  A  yranlt,  Pierre,  jurist,  A(>8. 

Baron,  Vincent,  Dominican  theol.,  writer,  b. 

Malret.  Jean,  dramatist,  born. 

Pagan,  Comte  de,  Blaise  Fran(;ois,  military 
engineer,  born. 
1605  *  *  Beza,  Theodore,  Calvinistic  theolo- 
gian, poet,  historian,  diplomatist,  A8ti. 

P6r6llxe,  Harilouin  de  Beauuiout  de,  hist,,  b. 

Tavernier,  Jean  Baptiste,  traveler,  A83. 

Tyard,  Pontus  de,  bisliop,  poet,  A84. 
1606*  *  Ablancourt,Xicoias-Perrotd',wri.,b. 

Barrelier,  Jacques,  botanist,  born. 

Corneille,  Pierre,  poet,  dramatist,  born. 

IJesportea,  Philippe,  abbot,  poet,  ABl. 

Knard,  Charles,  painter,  architect,  born. 

1607  *  *  Estrades,  Comte  d',  Godefroi,  gen- 
eral, statesman,  born. 

Flacour,  Etienne  de,  com.  at  Madagascar,  b. 
Jogues,  Isaac,  Jesuit  missionary  in  Am.,  b. 
Labb6,  Pliilippe,  Jesuit  polygrapher,  born. 
Scud6ry,  Madeleine  de.  author,  born. 

1608  *  *  Benoit,  Ren6,  theologian,  A87. 
Olier  de  Veriieuil,  Jean  Jacques,  <;lergyman, 

fdr.  of  the  Order  of  Saint  Sulpice,  born. 
Orleans,  Due  d',  Jean  Baptiste  Gaston,  son 

of  Henry  IV.,  born. 
Lemaistre,  Antoine,  jurist,  born. 
1608  *  *  Gassion,  Comte  de,  Jean,  marshal,  b. 
L^cluse,  Carolus,  botanist,  A83. 
Rotrou,  Jean  de,  dramatic  poet,  born. 
Scaliger,  Joseph  Justus,  philologist,  A69. 
1610*  *  I^a  CalprenSde,  Gautier  de  Costes 

de.  Seigneur,  novelist,  born. 
Certon,  Salomon,  poet,  AGO.t. 
Dn  Cange,  Charles  du  Fresne,  hist.,  philol.,  b. 
Duquesne,  Abrahaui,  admiral,  born. 
Henry  IV.,  king,  assassinated  May  14,  A57. 
Labadie,  Jean  de,  uiystic,  born. 
Maimbourg,  Louis,  historian,  born. 
M6zeray,  Francois  Eudes  de,  historian,  born. 
Misnard,  Pierre,  painter,  born. 
Kavaillac,  Francois,  regicide,  A31+. 
Scarron,  Paul,  poet,  satirist,  born. 
1611*  *  Bertaut,   Jean,  I'Abbe,    bishop   of 

S^ez,  poet,  A59. 
Chaumonot,  Pierre  M.  J.,  Jesuit  missionary 

in  Canada,  born, 
Dufresnoy,  Charles  Alphonse,  paint.,  poet,  b. 
Mayenne,  Due  de,  Charles  de  Lorraine,  gen- 
eral, Abl. 
Monts,  Sieur  de,  Pierre  du  Guast,  colonizer 

of  Acadia,  ASlt. 
Turenne.  Vicomte  de,  Henri  de  la  Tour 

d'Auvergne,  marshal,  born. 
1618  *  *  Arnauid,  Antoine,  philosopher,  b. 
Benserade,  Isaac  de,  court  poet,  born. 

1613  *  *  Bauhin,  Jean,  botanist,  phy.,  A72. 
Chevreau,  Urbain,  author,  born. 
Dughet,  Gaspard,  painter,  born. 
Guillemeau,  Jacques,  surgeon,  A93i:. 
Lenotre  Andr6,  artist,  garden  designer,  b. 
Menagre,  Gilles.  critic,  born. 
Perrault.  Claudius,  architect,  born. 
Regnier,  Mathurin,  poet,  A41). 
Rochefoucauld,    Due    de    la.    Frangois. 

moralist,  born. 
Sacy,  Louis  Isaac,  Jansenist,  tr,  of  Bible,  b. 
Saint  :£vremond,  Charles  de  M.  de  St.  Denis 

de,  wit,  born. 

1614  BrantSrae,  Pierre  de  Bourdeilles.  histo- 
rian, A74. 

Casaubon,  Isaac,  critic,  commentator,  Greek 

scholar,  A  55. 
Retz,  Jean  Francois  Paul  de  Gondi  de. 

cardinal,  statesman,  burn. 
1616  *  *  Crillon,  Louis  des  Balbes  de  Berton 

de,  general,  A74. 
Fouquet,    Nicolas,   Marquis    de    Belle-Isle, 

financier,  born. 
Lancelot,  Dom  Claude,  grammarian,  born. 
Leffevre  Tannegui,  critic,  scliolar,  born. 
Marguerite  de  Valois,  queen,  A63. 
L'Enclos,  Anne  de  Ninon  de,  courtesan,  b. 
Pasquier,  l^tienne,  historian,  lawyer,  A86. 
1616  *  *  Aut>ery,  Antoine,  historical  writer,  b. 
Baillou,  Guillaume  de,  medical  writer,  A78. 
Beaufort,   Due   de,  Francois  de  Veuddme, 

soldier,  born. 
Bourdon,  S^bastien,  painter,  born. 
1617*  *  Ancre,  Concini  Concinto  (Italian), 

marshal,  dies. 
Blondel,  Frangols,  architect,  military  eng.,b. 


Lesueur,  Eustache,  painter,  bom. 
Thou,  Jacques  A.  de,  statesman,  hist.,  A64. 
1618*  *  iiussy-Ilabutin,    Comte    de,    Roger, 
satirist,  born. 
Charas,  Moise,  chemist,  pharmacist,  born. 
Duperron,  Jacques   Davy,  cardinal,  archbp, 
of  Sens,  diplomatist,  litterateur,  A62. 
1619  *   *  Arnauid,  Antoine,  orator,  A59. 
Claude,  Jean,  Protestant  leader,  born. 
Colbert,  Jean  Baptiste,  Marquis  de  Seigne- 

lay,  financier,  statesman,  born. 
Felibien,  Andr6,  arcliitect,  writer,  born. 
Harlay,  AchiUe  de,  jurist,  A83. 
Lebrun,  Charles,  painter,  born. 
Longueville,  Duchesse  de,  Anne,  Genevifeve 
de  Bourbon  Cond6,  political  agitator,  b. 
1600  *  *  Allouez,  Claude  Jean,  explorer,  b. 
Bergerac,   Savinien    Cyrano  de,  dramatist, 

novelist,  duelist,  born. 
Charpentier,  Franijois,  author,  born. 
Cinq-Mars,  Marquis  de,  Henri  de  Ruz6  de, 

conspirator,  born. 
Furetiers,  Antoine,  philosopher,  born. 
Mariotte,  Edme,  physicist,  born. 
Picard,  Jean,  astronomer,  born. 
Th^venot,  Melchisedech,  compiler,  author,  b. 

1631  *  *  Albert,  Charles  d'.  Due  de  Luynes, 
constable  of  France,  A43. 

Barclay,  Jean,  writer,  A3!). 

Chamier,  Daniel,  I'rotestant  theol.,  ASW-. 

Cond6,  Prince  de.  Louis  11.  de  Bourbon, 
Due  d'Enghien,  general,  born. 

Duvair,  Guillaume,  moralist,  writer,  A65. 

Frontenac,  Comte  de,  Louis  de  Bua<Ie,  gov- 
ernor of  Canada,  born. 

CourtoiSj  Jacques,  painter,  bom. 

Godefroi,  Dennis,  jurist,  A72. 

Gramont,  Comte  de,  Philibert,  courtier, 
author,  born. 

La  Fontaine,  Jean  de,  poet,  fabulist,  bom. 

Rapin,  Ren6,  Jesuit  Latin  poet,  born. 

1632  *  *  Francis  de  Sales,  saint,  bishop  of 
Geneva,  orator,  writer,  A65. 

Jeannin,  Pierre,  statesman,  A82. 
Moli^re,  Jean  Baptiste  Poquelln. dram.,  b. 
±  Pecquet,  Jean,  anatomist,  discoverer,  b. 
Puget,  Pierre,  sculptor,  painter,  arch.,  b. 
Savary,  Jacques,  financier,  born. 

1633  *  *  Boudlon,  Due  de,  Henri  de  la  Tour 
d'Auvergne,  marshal,  A68. 

Mornay,   Philippe  de,  Seigneur  du  Plessis- 

Marl'y,  sta,tesman,  Prot.  theol.,  hist.,  A71. 
Pascal,  Blaise,  philosoplier,  author,  born. 

1634  *  *  Arnauid,  Ang^li(iue,  nun,  writer,  b. 
Bauhin,  Gaspard,  naturabst,  A64. 

Cr6qui,  Francois  de  Bonne  de.  Due  de  Left- 
digui^res,  marshal,  born. 

La  Chaise,  Francois  d'Aix,  P6re,  Jesuit  con- 
fessor of  Louis  XV.,  born. 

1635  *  *  Cassini.  Jean  Dominique,  astr.,  b. 
Corneille,  Thomas,  dramatist,  born. 
Domat,  Jean,  jurist,  born. 

Fremont  d'Ablancourt,  Nicolas,  litterateur, 
diplomatist,  born. 

Herbelot,  Barth6Iemy  d',  orientalist,  born. 

Nicole,  Pierre,  novelist,  born. 

Urf6,  Honors  d*,  writer,  A58. 
1636*  *  Caus,orCaux,  Salomande, engineer, 
A51. 

Cotton,  Pierre,  confessor  of  Henry  IV.,  A62. 

Chapelle,  Claude  E.  L.,  poet,  born. 

Lesdiguieres,  Due  de,  Fran*;oi8  de  Bonne, 
constable,  general,  .\83. 

Quintinie,  Jean  de  la,pomologi8t,  born. 

Ranc6,  Armand  Jean  le  Bouthillier  de,  re- 
former of  monastery  of  La  Trappe,  born. 

S6vigne,  Marie  de  Rabutin-Chantal  de,  wr.,  b. 

1637  *  *  Cousin,  Louis,  historian,  born. 
Cotelier,  Jean  Baptiste,  Greek  scholar,  bom. 
Bossuet,   Jacques    B..   bishop  of  Meaux, 

pulpit  orator,  born. 
Montpensier,  Duchesse  de,  Anne  M.  L.  d'O., 
author,  born. 

1638  *  *  Bouhours,  Dominique,  Jesuit  crlt.,  b. 
Cambert,  Robert,  composer,  born, 
Courtois,  Guillaiune,  painter,  born. 
Girardon,  Francois,  scidjitor,  born. 
Malberbe.  Francois  de,  poet,  A73. 
Parrault,  Charles,  author,  born. 
Luxembourg,  Due  de.  Francois  Henri  de 

Montmorency-Bouteville,  marshal,  born. 

1630  *  *  Barbeyrac,  Charles,  physician,  born. 

B6rulle.  Pierre,  cardinal,  founder  Carmelite 

order  In  France,  A54. 
Robin,  Jean,  botanist,  A79. 

CHURCH. 
1598    Apr.  15.    Henry  IV.  grants  to  the 

Protestants  the  Edict  of  Wantes  [which 

brings  brighter  days].    (See  State.) 
*  *  Henry  IV.  devises  a  fantastic  plan  to 

establish  a  universal   Christian  re- 

pubHo. 


FRANCE. 


1598,**-1629,  Apr.  24.     687 


It  proposes  six  hereditary  monarchies, 

—  France,  Ejigland,  Spain,  Denmark, 
Sufiien,  and  Lorn  bard  y ;  five  elective 
monarchies,  —  the  Empire,  Papacy,  Hun- 
ijary,  Poland,  and  Bohemia;  four  repub- 
lics", —  Switzerland,  Italy,  Venice,  and 
Belgium. 

1603  *  *  Henry  IV.  recalls  the  Jesiiits 

by  the  advice  of  the  Pope.  [1(>04.  Jan. 
2.    They  are  reinstated.  ] 

1605  *  *  Home.  Leo  XI.  is  pope  ;  later 
Paul  V. 

1608  *  *  Paris.  Anfrelica  Arnauld  re- 
vises and  reforms  the  ('istercian  Con- 
vent [Port-Royal  des  Champs]. 

1610  *  *  The  English  (Roman  Catholic) 
version  of  the  Bible  is  printed  at  Doual, 
■where  priests  are  educated  for  service  in 
England. 

1619  Feb.  19.  Lucilio  Vanini,  an 
Italian  philosopher  and  skeptic,  is  burned 
at  Toulouse  as  an  atheist. 

1621*  *  liomf,    fTregory  XV.  is  pope. 
[1G23,  Urban  Vlll.] 

1622  Sept.  5.  Marie  de  Medicis  com- 
pels the  king  to  grant  Kichelieu  a  car- 
dinal's hat. 

1625  *  ♦  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  a  reformer, 
founds  the  congregation  of  the  Laza- 
ristSa  the  Priests  of  the  Mission,  who  de- 
vote themselves  to  education. 

*  *  Richelieu  attempts  the  reduction  of 
Protestants,  and  the  Huguenots  revolt. 

*  *  Paris.  The  Cistercian  convent  is 
removed  from  the  suburb  into  the  city. 

1626  Feb.  *  Richelieu  receives  the  in- 
vectives of  the  Catholic  world  because 
of  his  leniency  toward  defeated  Hugue- 
nots. 

1628  Nov.  *  The  Huguenot  cause  is 
ruined  in  the  surrender  of  La  Rochelle. 
Huguenots  are  no  longer  an  armed 
political  party,  but  a  tolerated  sect. 
[Protestantism  is  utterly  prostrate.  It 
numbers  only  about  one-half  its  num- 
ber preceding  the  massacre  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew.] 

July  14.  The  Pacification  of  Nimes 
is  issued ;  it  gives  toleration  to  the 
Huguenots. 

LETTERS. 

1600  ♦  *  Traits  de  la  Sagase,  by  Pierre 
Charron,  appears. 

'^  *  The  Letters  of  Cardinal  d'Ossat  ap- 
pear. 

j     *  •-SO*  *  Alexandre  Hardy  produces  700 
*         plays. 

1601*  *-05*  *  Stances  d.  Du  PerHer  stir 
la  mort  de  sajille,  by  Malherbe,  appears. 

1606  *  *  Thesaurus  temporum,  by  J.  J. 
Scaliger,  appears.  [1610,  Opuscula  va- 
ria.\ 

*  *  Jean  Passerat  writes  Catin,  J^ai  perdu 
ma  tourterelle. 

1608  *  *  Introduction  A  la  vie  devote,  by 
,  St.   Francis    de    Sales,  appears.     [1614, 

j  Traits  de  I'amour  de  IHeu.] 

,      ±  *  *  Historia  mei  temporis,  by  Jacques- 
j  Auguste  De  Thou,  appears. 

*  ♦  -13  *  *  Satires,  by  Mathurin  Regnier, 
appears. 

1610*  *-27*  *^a?i^e,  by  Honors  D'Ur- 
f<^,  appears. 

1611  *  *  FideUe,  by  Larivey,  appears. 

1612  *  *  JjC  Moyen  de  Parvenir,  by  Bero- 
aUle  de  Verville,  appears. 

1616*  *-20*  *  Histoire  UniverseUe, 
2550-1601,  by  Theodore  A.  D'Aubign^, 
appears. 


1617  *  *  Amours  tragiques  de  Pyrami  et 
TkisbS,  by  Theophiie  de  Viau,  appears. 

1619  *  *  The  Jierfteries,  l>y  Honorat  de 
Bueil,  Marquis  of  Racan,  appears. 

1620 1  *  *  The  Netjotiations  of  the  Presi- 
dent Jeannin  appear. 

1622  *  *  La  CaHfie,  by  Marin  Le  Boy  de 
Gomberville,  appears.  [1632-37,  Polex- 
andre;  1639,  Cythirie.] 

1624*  *  A  collection  of  letters  by  Jean- 
Louis  Guez  de  Balzac  appears.  [1631, 
7'ke  PHiice.] 

*  *  Endymioriy  by  Jean  Ogier  de  Gom" 
bauld,  appears.     [1G31,  Amaranthe.] 

*  *  Pierre  Comeille  takes  the  oaths  as 
advocate  four  years  before  the  regular 
time. 

*  *  Pierre  Gassendi  begins  his  Exeercita- 
tiones  Paradoxicae  ad  versus  Aristote- 
laeos. 

1628  *  *  Tyr  et  Sidon,  by  Jean  de  Sche- 
landre,  appears. 

*  *  Les  MSmoires  de  Margiterite  de  Valois 
appears. 

1629  *  *  Paris.  The  French  Academy 
is  founded. 

*  *  Melite,  bv  Comeille,  is  acted.  [1632, 
entendre ;  163.'},  La  Veuve ;  1634,  Galerie 
du  Palais  and  La  Suivante ;  1635,  La 
Place  lioyale  and  Midie.] 


SOCIETY. 

1605+  *  *  Henry  IV.  is  extremely  Ucen- 
tious  even  in  his  old  age;  he  is  infatu- 
ated to  possess  the  wife  of  Henry,  Prince 

of  Cond^. 

1610  May  14.  Ravaillac  assassinates 
Henry  IV. 

[He  is  terribly  punished  by  burning,  by 
hot  pincers,  pouring  hot  lead  into  gaping 
wounds,  and  finally  pulled  by  horses  to 
tear  him  asunder.] 

1616  *  *  Paris.  The  people  rise  against 
Concini ;  his  palace  is  plundered  and  de- 
stroyed. 

Apr.  *  Paris.    The  populace  is  brutal. 

It  is  delighted  with  the  overthrow  of 

Concini ;  men  disinter  his  body,  drag  it 

through  the  streets,  tear  it  to  pieces,  and 

burn  it. 

1617  *  *  The  queen-mother  is  exiled  to 
Blois,  and  Be  Luynes,  the  king's  favo- 
rite, is  in  full  control  of  public  affairs. 

*  *  The  wife  of  Concini,  Leonora  de  Gali- 
gai,  is  executed  for  exercising  sorcery 
on  the  queen-mother,  and  her  vast  es- 
tates are  confiscated. 

1621  Apr.  *  Louis  XII.  takes  the  field, 
and  disgusts  the  nation  by  making  his 
weak  favorite  the  constable  of  France ; 
his  incapacity  defeats  the  army. 


STATE. 

1598  Apr.  13.  Henry  IV.  signs  the 
Edict  of  Nantes. 

It  gives  partial  religious  liberty  to  cer- 
tain Protestant  nobles  and  the  citizens  of 
a  certain  number  of  cities  and  towns,  but 
proliibits  Protestant  worship  in  episco- 
pal cities  and  within  20  miles  of  Paris; 
it  stipulates  for  the  State  payment  of  the 
Protestant  clerfu'  and  makes  Protestants 
eligible  for  public  office,  they  having 
equal  political  rights.  Their  buildings 
are  restored. 

May  2.    The  Treaty  of  Vervins  with 

Spain.   Conquestsare  mutually  restored. 

1599  Dec.  17.  Henry  is  divorced 
from  bis  wife.  Marguerite  de  Valois. 
rieoo.  Oct.  5.  He  marries  Marie  de 
Medicis  of  Tuscany.] 


1600  *  *  The  Duke  of  Savoy  refuses  to 
surrender  the  marquisate  of  Saluzzo, 
and  HeniT  declares  war.  [1601.  Jan. 
17.  By  treaty  the  duke  surrenders  lia 
Bresse  and  other  territory.] 

1602  *  *  Charles  de  Gontault,  Duke  of 
Biron,  admiral  of  France,  enters  into  a 
conspiracy  with  Spain  and  the  Duke 
of  Savoy,  to  dethrone  Henry.  [June  * 
-July  *  Biron  istriedj  and  convicted  of 
treason.    July  31.    He  is  executed.] 

1606  *  *  Bouillon  is  compelled  to  admit  a 
royal  garrison  into  bis  tower  of  Sedan. 

1608  *  *  Can.    Quebec  is  colonized. 

1610  May  13.  The  Queen  Marie  de 
Medicis  is  crowned. 

May  14.  Henry  IV.  is  killed  by  an  as- 
sassin, Francois  Ravaillac. 

1610-1643  Louis  XIII.  the  Just, 
son  of  Henry  IV.,  reigns. 

His  mother,  Marie  de  Mt^dicis  is  regent ; 
she  is  controlled  by  Concini  and  his  wife, 
two  Italian  adventurers. 

1610  May  22.  The  Edict  of  Nantes, 
favoring  Protestants,  is  confirmed  by 
Louis  XIII. 

1611  Jan-  *  Due  de  Sully  resigns  his 

office  of  "  Superintendent  of  the  Fi- 
nances," because  of  the  cabals  of  Con- 
cino  Concini,  the  chief  Minister,  and 
others. 

1614  Sept.  28.  The  Kmg  asatunes the 
government,  having  attained  his  ma- 
jority (14  years). 

Oct.  20.  Paris.  The  session  of  the 
States- General  is  opened  by  the  king. 
[Armand  John  Duplessis  de  Richelieu 
is  a  member.] 

1615  Mar.  24.  Paris.  "The  Great 
Revolution ; "  the  Assembly  is  dis- 
solved. [It  is  not  convoked  again  for 
174  years.] 

Oct.  18.  Lotus  XIIL,  15  years  of  age, 
marries  Anne  of  Austria,  daughter  of 
Philip  III.  of  Spain. 

1616  Aug.  31.  Prince  Henry  of 
Cond6  is  imprisoned  in  the  Bastile  by 

advice  of  Kichelieu. 

*  *  Albert  de  Luynes  becomes  the  king's 
favorite. 

1617  Apr.  14.    Concino    Concini, 

Marshal  d'Ancre,  resisting  arrest,  is  as- 
sassinated. 

1620  *  *  Navarre  is  annexed  to  France. 

1622  Wov.  17.  The  Peace  of  Mont- 
pellier. 

The  Huguenots  are  deprived  of  all 
their  fortified  towns  except  La  Kochelle 
and  Montauban. 

1624*  *-42*  ♦Administration  of 
Cardinal  (and  Due  de)  HicheUeu.  He 
controls  the  king,  rules  the  people 
harshly,  but  displays  ability. 

1625  *  *  The  Huguenots  revolt  under 
the  Dukes  of  Rohan  and  Soubise,  because 
of  Richelieu's  attempts  against  the  Prot- 
estant party. 

1626  Mar.  5.  The  Treaty  of  Monpon 
is  concluded  between  France  and  Spain. 

July  31.  Ijouis  issues  an  edict  for  the 
demolition  of  castles. 

1629  Apr.  24.  England  concludes  a 
peace  with  France  mthout  any  stipula^ 
tion  in  favor  of  the  Protestants. 


688      1629,  June  28-1650,  *  *. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1630  Mar.  20.  It.  Richelieu  besieges 
the  fortress  of  Pignerol.  [J[t  surren- 
ders after  three  days;  the  passes  into 
Italy  are  soon  taken.] 

1632  June*  Gaston  d' Orleans,  the 
king's  brother,  and  the  Duke  of  Mont- 
morency raise  a  revolt  in  Xjanguedoc. 

Sept.  1.  Gaston  d'Orl^aus  and  Mont- 
morency are  defeated  by  the  king's 
troops,  under  Comte  de  Schomberg,  at 
Castelnaudary. 

1634  Dec.  23.  Ger.  The  French  com- 
pel the  Germans  to  raise  the  siege  of 
Heidelberg. 

1635  *  *  -48  *  *  "War  with  Austria. 

Richelieu  raises  four  large  armies,  and 
sends  them  to  Flanders,  Milan,  Valtel- 
line,  and  to  the  Kliine;  little  glory  and 
no  advautiige  is  gained  for  France. 

1636  *  *  Gascony  is  invaded  by  Spain, 
and  Picardy  by  Imperialists. 

Aug.  15.  Corbie  surrenders  to  the 
Spaniards.  [1C37.  Nov.  14.  Corbie  sur- 
renders to  Richelieu.] 

1640  Sept.  24.  //.  Turin  surrenders 
to  the  French  under  Gen.  D'llarcourt. 

1641  July  6.  Louis  de  Bourbon, 
Comte  de  Soissons,  joins  Spain  in  a  plot 
against  Richelieu ;  he  utterly  defeats 
the  royal  army  at  Sedan. 

July  16.  Comte  de  Soissons  is  de- 
feated and  killed  at  La  Marfee,  near 
Sedan. 

1642  Sept.  9.    Perpignan  surrenders 

to  the  French  after  a  siege  of  two  years. 
*  ♦  France    takes   possession    of    Rous- 
sillon. 

1643  May  19.  The  Spaniards  are  de- 
feated by  the  French  under  the  Buc 
d'Enghien,  son  of  the  Prince  of  Cond6, 
at  Rocroi. 

Aug.  10.  Ger.  Thionville  [Dieden- 
hofeii]  is  taken  by  the  French  after  a 
siege  of  four  mouths. 

Nov.  *  Sp,  The  French  are  driven  from 
Aragon  by  Philip  IV. 

1644  July  28.    Gravelinesistaken  by 

the  French. 

Aug.  3-5.  Ger.  The  Due  d'Enghien, 
Prince  of  Cond^,  and  Marshal  Turenne 
defeat  the  Bavarians  under  Baron 
Mercy  at  Freiburg. 

1645  May  5.  The  French  under 
Marshal  Turenne  are  defeated  at  Ma- 
riendal. 

Aug.  7.  Ger.  The  French  under  Tu- 
renne and  d'Enghien  [the  Great  Cond^] 
defeat  the  Spaniards  at  Nordlingen,  in 
Bavaria. 

Nov.  9t.    Prus.    Turenne  takes  Treves. 

1646  June  29.  Belg.  Coiu:trai  sur- 
renders to  the  French. 

Oct.  12.  The  French  under  the  Due 
d'Enghien  [Cond^],  aided  by  the  Dutch 
Adm.  Van  Tromp,  take  Dunkirk  from 
Spain  after  a  siege. 

1648  Aug.  20.  Cond^  utterly  defeats 
the  Germans  and  Spaniards  under  the 
Archduke  Leopold  William,  at  Lens. 

1649  Jan.*  Paris  is  blockaded  by 
Cond(i. 


Feb,  8.    The  Royalists  under  Cond6  at- 
tack  and   defeat  the  Frondeurs  at 

Charenton,  and  put  3,000  of  them  to  the 
sword. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

163 1    Nov.  7.    Pierre  Gassendi  observes 

the  transit  of  Mercury. 
1640  *  *  The    bayonet  is   invented    at 

Bayonne. 
+  *  *  Umbrellas  are  in  use. 

1645  *  *  Paris.    The  Val-de-Grace  is 
built. 

1646  *  *  Blaise  Pascal  proves  that  the  at- 
mosphere bus  weight. 

*  ♦  The  first  French  opera,  Akehar,  Roi  de 
Mogul,  is  composed  by  Abb^  Mailly. 

1648  *  *  Paris.    [The  Academy  of  Fine 

Arts],  which  originated  in  an  association 
of  painters  in  the  14th  century,  is  recog- 
nized as  the  Academy  of  Painting  and 
Sculpture. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1630*  *  Aubi^n6,  Theodor6  Agrrippa  d*. 
historian,  satiric  poet,  ABO. 

Auzout,  Adrian,  mathematician,  born. 

Audiguier,  Vital  d',  Seigneur  de  la  M^nor, 
poet,  A6I. 

Baluze,  Ktienne,  historian,  born. 

Bernier,  Francois,  traveler,  physician,  b. 

Charles  Emmanuel  I.  the  Great,  Due  de 
Savoy,  A68. 

Cosnac,  Daniel  de,  archliisliop  of  Aix,  horn. 

Huet,  I'ierre  D.,bp.  of  Avranehes,  sclioL,  b. 

Morel,  Fr^d^ric,  printer,  litterateur,  A72. 

NauteuU,  Kobert,  painter,  engraver,  born. 

Kousaeau,  Jacques,  painter,  born. 

Santeul,  Jean  de,  poet,  born. 
1631*  *  Aumale,  Due  d*,  Charles  de   Lor- 
raine, a  cliief  of  the  League,  A77. 

Coulanges,  Marquis  de,  Philippe  Emmanuel, 
song-writer,  i)orn. 

Millet,  Pierre,  missionary  in  Canada,  born. 
1632*  *  Bourdaloue,  Louis.  Jesuit,  pulplt 
orator,  horn. 

Fl^ehier,  Ksprit,  pulpit  orator,  born. 

Lauzun,  Antoine  Nompar  de  Caumont  de, 
general,  courtier,  born. 

MabiUon,  Jean,  lienedictine,  author,  horn. 

Montmorency,  Due  de,  Heuri  II.,  marshal, 
A  37. 

Schomberg,  Comte  de,  Henri,  marshal,  A57. 

Gallois,  Jean, critic,  journalist,  born. 
1633*  *  Lulli,  or  Lully,  Jean  Baptiste,  Ital- 
ian-Frencli  composer,  l)orn. 

Thevenot,  Jean  de,  traveler,  composer,  b. 

Vauban,  S^bastien  L.  de,  military  engi- 
neer, marshal,  born. 
1634*  *  Amelot  de  la  Houssaye,  Abraham 
Nicolas,  author,  liorn. 

Deshoulieres,  Antoinette,  poet,  born. 

Mascaron,  Jules,  preacher,  author,  born. 

.Lafayette,  Comtesse  de,  Marie  M.  P.  de  la  V., 
author,  born. 

1635  *   *  Arvieux,  Laurent  C.  d',  oriental.,  b. 
Champlain,    Samuel   de.    navigator,    ex- 
plorer, founder  of  Canada,  A68. 

Callot,  Jacques,  engraver,  etcher,  A  42. 
Maintenon,  Frances  d'Aubign^,  queen,  born. 
Piles,  Roger  de,  dip.,  iiainter,  author,  born. 
Monnoyer,  Jean  Baptiste,  painter,  born. 
Quinault,  Philip,  dramatic  poet,  born. 

1636  *  *  Baume,  Nicholas  A.  de  la  marshal, 
born. 

Boileau-Despreaux.  Nicolas,  poet,  sati- 
rist, critic,  born. 

Chamilly,  Marquis  de,  Noel  Boiiton,  gen.,  b. 

Le  Pays,  Rene  de,  Sieur  Plessis-Villeneuve, 
poet,  born. 

Masson,  Antoine,  engraver,  born. 

1637  *  *  Catinat,  Nicolas  de.  general,  born. 
Jurieu,  Pierre,  Protestant  theologian,  author, 

born. 

Marquette.  Jacques,  explorer  of  Missis- 
sippi, born. 

Tillemonl,  S^'baslien  Lenain  de,  hist.,  cl.,  h. 
1638*  *  llegon,  Michel,  antiquary,  born. 

Malebranche.  Nicolas,  philosopher,  born. 

Louis  XIV.,  king,  born. 

Rohan,  Due  de,  Henri.  Huguenot  gen.,  A59. 

Siinon,  Ricliard,  ptiilos.,  Biblical  critic,  born. 
1639*  *  Chaulieu,  Guillaume,  Amfrye  de, 
poet,  born. 

Ferrifere,  Claude  de,  jurist,  born. 


Louvois,  Marquis  de,  Francis  L.  M.,  states- 
man, born. 
Racine,  Jean,  dramatic  poet,  born. 

1 640  *  *  Audran,  Gerard,  hist,  engrav.,  born. 
Boullougne,  Bon,  painter,  bom. 
Chauvin,  Ktienne,  Protestant  cL,  bom. 
Coysevox,  Antoine,  Span,  sculptor  in  Fr.,  b. 
Desjardins,  Marie  Catherine,  author,  born. 
Duchesne,  Andr^,  geograplier,  hist.,  A65. 
Fleury,  Claude,  L'Abb^,  autlior,  born. 
Fourier,  Pierre,  religious  reformer,  A75. 
Hubert,  Matthieu,  preacher,  born. 
Jardins,  Marie  Catherine  des,  author,  born. 
Lahire,  Philippe  de,  geometer,  Ijorn. 
L^fosse,  Charles  de,  liistorical  painter,  born. 
Philip,  Due  d'Orleans,  son  of  Loins  XllL,  b. 

1641  *  •  Allix,  Pierre,  Protestani  theol.,  b. 
Arnaud,  Henri,  past.,  leader  of  Wal(iense8,b. 
Chantal,  Baronne  de,  Jeanne  Frangoise  Fr6- 

miot,  devotee,  A69. 
Montespan,  Marquise  de,  Franijois  Ath^na'is 

de  Itoehechouart,  mistress  Louis  XIV.  b. 
Sully.  Due  de.  Maximilien  de  B^thune. 

Baron  de  Kosny,  statesman,  A8L 
Vaudreuil,  Marquis  de,  Philippe  de  Rigaud, 

govern  or- general  of  Canada,  born. 
Vieussens,  Raimond,  anatomist,  born. 
1643*  •  Cinq-Mars,  Henri  de  Ruz^  de,  con- 
spirator, A22. 
Marie  de  M^dicis,  wife  of  Henry  IV.,  A75. 
Richelieu,  Due  de,  Armand  Jean  Duplessis, 

cardinal,  statesman,  A57. 
Soubise,  Seigneur  de,  Benjamin  de  Rohan, 

Huguenot  soldier,  A59. 
Tourville,  Anne  H.  de  C.  de,  marshal,  born. 

1643  *  *  Collet,  Philibert,  writer,  born. 
lia  Salle,  Robert  de,  cavalier,  explorer,  b. 
liOuis  XIII..  king,  A42. 

Mor6ri,  Louis,  clergyman,  historian,  born. 

Pontcliartrain,  Louis  P.  de,  statesman,  born. 

1644*  *  Boufflers,   Marquis  de,  Louis  Fran- 

(jois,  marshal,  born. 
Champmesl^,  Marie  Desmares,  actor,  born. 
Chardin,  .lean,  mereliant,  traveler,  born. 
Choi^y,  Fran(;ois  Timolton  de,  autlior,  born. 
D'Orleans,  Pierre  J.,  liistorian,  born. 
Lamoignon,  Chretien  Francois,  statesman,  b. 
Valliere,  Ducliesse  de  la,  Fran50ise  L.  de  la 

B.  La  Blanc,  favorite  of  Louis  XIV.,  born. 
Villeroi.  Due  de,  Francois  de  NeufvlUe, 

marshal,  born. 

1645  •  •  Calli^rea,   Francois   de,  statesman, 
author,  born. 

Gournay,  Maria  le  Jars  de,  writer,  A79. 
Joliet,  Louis,  one  of  the  discoverers  of  the 

Mississippi,  born. 
Letnery,  Nicholas,  chemist,  bom. 
Mansard,  Jules  Hardouin,  architect,  bom. 
1646*  *  Bassompierre,    Francois,   marshal, 

author,  A  67. 
Bruydre,  Jean  de  la,  author,  moralist,  b. 
Galland,  Antoine,  antiq.,  orientalist,  born. 
Hamilton,  Count  Anthony,  courtier,  writer, 

born  in  Ireland. 
Hardouin,  Jean,  writer,  born. 
Jogues,  Isaac,  Jesuit  missionary  in  Am.,  A39. 
Plumier,  Charles,  botanist,  born. 
1647  •  *  Alacoque,  Marguerite,  nun,  prophet- 

ess,  born. 
Bayle,  Pierre,  philosopher,  critic,  born. 
Papin,  Denis,  natural  philosopher,  born. 
Gassion,  Comte  de,  Jean,  marshal,  A3B. 
Hautefeuille,  Jean  de,  mechanician,  au.,  b. 
Jouvenet,  Jean,  historical  painter,  liorn. 

1646  *  *  Charon,  Elizabeth  S.,  artist,  poet,  b. 
Dufresny,  Ciiarles  Rlvi6re,  dramatist,  born. 
Guyon,  Jeanne,  M.  B.  de  la  Motte,  mystic, 

autlior,  born. 

Mersenne,  le  P6re  Marin,  philosopher,  A60. 

Voiture,  Vincent,  poet,  A50. 
1649  *  *  Vouet,  Simon,  painter,  A59. 

Baillet,  Adrien,  scholar,  author,  bom. 

Daniel,  Gabriel,  Jesuit,  author,  born. 

PZdelinck,  Gerard,  Flemish  engraver  in  Fr.,  b. 

1650*  *  Annoy,   or    Auhioy,   Comtesse    de, 

Marie  Catherine  J.  de  B.,  author,  born. 

Avaux,  Comte  d',  Claude  de  Jlesnies,  diplo- 
matist, AS5^:. 

Descartes,  Ren6,  philosopher,  math.,  A54. 

Dumont,  Jean,  historian,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1634  *  *  The  Order  of  Sisters  of  Charity 
is  organized  at  Chatillon  by  Vincent  do 
Paul,  for  service  to  the  sick  poor. 

1644  *  *  Rome.  Innocent  X.  is  pope. 
ri655.    Alexander  VII.     1667.    Clement 

Ix.] 

LETTERS. 

1631  *  *  Conjuration  de  Fiesgue,  by  Jean 
Franyois  Paul  de  Gondi,  appears. 


FRANCE. 


1629,  June  28-1650,  *  *.    089 


*  *  Gazette  de  France  is  issued  by  Th(So- 
phraste  Uenundot.  [1635-42,  Bureau  d'- 
Adresse.] 

1634  *  *  Corneille  Is  selected  as  the  com- 
poser of  a  Latin  elegy  to  Kichelieu. 

*  * -62  *  *  M<' moires,  by  Maxiinilien  de 
IJt^thune,  J>uke  of  Sully,  appears. 

1635  *  *  Afort  df  Mithridate,  by  Gautier 
de  Ooates,  Knight  of  La  Calprenfede,  ap- 
pears. [16;i.9,  ( 'omfe  d*ICssex ;  1642-45, 
Ckissandre;  1047,  Cleopdlre.] 

*  *  Marianne,  by  Tristan  I'Hermite,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  ComMie  dcs  Tuiferies,  by  Claude 
de  L'Rstoile,  15<»isrobert,  Colletet,  Cor- 
neille, and  Kotrou,  appears. 

1636  *  *  Snsies,  by  Jean  Rotrou,  appears. 
(Iti37,  Laure  I'ersecut^e ;  1616,  Saint  Ge- 
nest:  1617,  Venceslas  and  Don  Bernard 
de  Vabrere.] 

*  *  Le  Cid  and  L^Hfusian  cmnique,  by  Cor- 
neille, appear.  [1639-40,  Horace  and 
Cinna;  IGW,  Polyeucte :  \&\2,  La  Mart  de 
Poinp^e  and  Le  Mntfeur;  1(>44,  Jiodo- 
(/une;   1647,  Iftraclius.] 

1637  *  *  Discourse  on  the  method  of  rea~ 
soninff  well  and  invent if/fitht(;  scientific 
/ru//i'.  by  Ken*^  I>esoartes".  appears.  [1641, 
Mcditaiiones  de  prima  p hit osop Ida. \ 

1638  *  *  Uranie,  by  Vincent  Voiture,  ap- 
pears. 

1639  *  *  AlcyotUe,  by  Pierre  Du  Ryer,  ap- 
pears.    [1647,  Sc&vo)e.] 

*  *  PhUandre,  by  Fran9oi8  de  Maynard, 
appears. 

*  *  Job,  by  Isaac  de  Benserade,  appears. 
1641  *  *  Ihraham,  by  Madeleine  Scudery, 

appears.  [  164J>-5;i,  Arfamhne,  or  the  Grand 
i'l/ras;  1660,  A/mahifle.] 

*  *  The  Guirtamle  de  Julie,  by  19  poets, 
appears. 

*  *  Corneille  appears  as  a  contributor  to 
the  Guirlande  de  Julie. 

1643 1  *  *  Les  Comedies  Acad^miciennes 
and  the  ConUdie  des  Operas,  and  the  es- 
says, Sur  la  morale  d  '£:piciire,  Jiejiections 
sur  les  diversg^nies  du peujyle  romain,  by 
Charles  de  Saint-Denis,  appear. 

*  *  Moli^re  plays  with,  and  helps  in  the 
management  of,  the  Theatre  Illustre. 

*  ♦  -51  *  *  Ifistoire  de  France,  by  Fran- 
cois Kudes  de  M»'zerai,  appears. 

1644  *  *  Tifphcm,  by  Paul  Scarron,  ap- 
pears. [164.''>.  Jixlelef,  on  le  mattre  valet  ; 
1648,  Virtfile  Trnvesti ;  \Q\Q,  Mazarinade ; 
1651,  Hainan  Comique.] 

*  *  Discoura,  by  J.  L.  Q.  de  Balzac,  ap- 
pears. 

1645*  *-54*  *  PPdant  JoiU  and  Mort 
d\4<irippine,  by  Cyrano  de  Bergerac,  ap- 
pear. 

1646  *  *  M^moires  of  Francois  de  la 
Rochefoucauld  appear. 

*  *  Moli^re  leaves  Paris  with  the  Th^Atre 
Illustre. 

1647  Jan.  22.  Corneille,  after  having 
twice  been  rejected,  on  frivolous  pleas, 
is  admitted  to  the  Academy. 

*  *  f)e  Vita,  \TorihuR,ef  Dortrina  Epimiri, 
lihri  octo,  by  Oasseuili,  appears.  [1649, 
Syntagma  Philosophite  £picnri.] 

*  *  The  Court  grants  Descartes  a  pen- 
sion of  3,000  livres. 

1649  *  *  Cosroes,  by  Rotrou,  appears. 

*  *  The  Traits  des  Passions  de  I'dme,  by 
Ijescartes,  appears. 

*  *  Racine  is  sent  to  the  College  de  Beau- 
vats  at  Beauvais. 

1650  *  *  Oriffines  de  la  Langue  franqaise, 
by  Gilles  Menage,  appears'. 

*  *  Androm^de  and  I)on  Sanche  d^Aragon, 
bv  Corneille,  appear.  [Ift'Jl,  Nicomede; 
1653,  Pertkarite.] 

*  *  Histoire  cnmigue,  mi  Voyage  dans  la 
lane,  by  Savinien  Cyrano  de  Bergerac, 


appears.     [I653±,  Histoire  comique  des 
Hats  et  empires  du  soleiL] 
1650±  *  *  Mois-SauvK  and  other  poems, 
by    Marc-Antoine    de     Gerard    (Saint- 
Amant),  appear. 

*  *  -65  *  *  Muse  Hisforique,  by  Jean  Lo- 
ret,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1630  *  *  A  desolating   plagrue  destroys 

22,000  lives. 
1644    Jan.  1.    Paris.    MichobAder.the 
"Wandering  Jew^,  appears,  and  creates 
a  great  sensation  ;  he  claims  to  speak  all 
languages,  and  to  be  1,600  years  old. 

1648  *  *  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  establishes 
a  foundling  hospital. 

STATE. 

1629  June  28.  The  "Edict  of 
Grace"  terminates  the  religious  wars. 

The  Protestant  leader,  the  Duke  of 
Hohan,  having  submitted  to  the  king,  a 
treaty  is  signed  at  Alais  granting  reli- 
gious liberty,  amnesty  for  all  acts  of 
rebellion,  aiid  reestablishing  Catholic 
worship  in  "  reformed  towns." 

1630  Oct.  30.  Bavaria.  The  Treaty 
of  Hatisbon  is  concluded  between 
France  and  the  German  Emperor. 
[Richelieu  soon  after  declares  it  null 
and  void.] 

Nov.  12.     Richelieu's    dismissal,    on 

which  the  king  had  apparently  resolved 
at  the  instigation  of  Marie  de  M^dieis, 
Gaston  d'Orleans,  and  others,  is  an- 
nulled [and  the  influence  of  the  Cardi- 
nal becomes  greater  than  ever  ;  hence  it 
is  called  the  Day  of  Dupes]. 

1631  Jan.  25.  The  Treaty  of  Bem- 
wald  is  concluded  between  France  and 
Sweden  against  Germany. 

Apr.  6.  The  first  Treaty  of  Cherasco, 
between  Richelieu  and  the  Emperor  Fer- 
dinand IL,  ends  the  Italian  expedition. 
France  gives  up  conque-iits  in  Italy. 
[By  a  second  treaty  made  by  Kichelieu 
with  Amadeus,  Duke  of  Savoy,  France 
secures  Pignerol.] 

1632  Jan,  6.    By  the  Treaty  of  Vie 

Lorraine  is  made  subject  to  France. 

1633  *  *  Tlie  French  take  Nancy  from 
Burgundy.     [1061.    They  restore  it.] 

Oct.  30.    Due  de  Montmorency,  Henri 

II.,  is  executed  at  'i'oulouse  lor  rebellion. 

1634  *  *  Lorraine  is  annexed  to  France. 
Nov.  *  A  treaty  is  concluded  between 

the  French  and  Swedes  against  Ger- 
many. 

1635  Feb.  *  *  An  alliance  is  formed  be- 
tween France  and  Holland  against  Spain 
for  the  partition  of  Flanders. 

May  10.  France  declares  war  against 
Spain. 

*  *  Martinique  is  settled  by  the  French. 
1638  ♦  *  Marie  de  M€dicis  takes  refuge 

in  England,  having  been  dismissed  from 
court  through  the  influence  of  Riche- 
lieu. 

1642  Sept.  12.  The  Marquis  de  Cinq- 
Mara  is  beheaded,  after  trial  and  con- 
demnation, for  treasonable  compact  with 
Spain  aiming  at  the  overthrow  of  Riche- 
lieu. 

Dec.  3.  Cardinal  Mazarin,  an  Italian, 
is  made  prime  Minister. 

Dec.  4.  Paris.  Richelieu  dies ;  bonfires 
express  the  people's  joy. 


During  his  administration  he  destroyed 
the  power  of  the  nobles,  restored  French 
influence  in  Italy,  the  Netherlands,  and 
Germany,  establishing  it  in  Sweden,  and 
raised  Fx'unce  to  the  highest  eminence. 

*  *  Perpignan  is  annexed  to  France. 
1643    May  14.    Louis  XTTT.  dies. 

1643-1715    Louis  XTV.  reigns. 

Louis,  son  of  Louis  XIII.,  five  years 
old,  becomes  king  ;  his  mother,  Anne  of 
Austria,  daughter  of  Philip  III.,  King  of 
Spain,  is  regent. 

1645*  *  Paris.  The  parliament  of 
Paris  refuses  to  register  taxes  proposed 
by  the  queen  ;  they  are  enforced  by  royal 
edict, 

1647*  *The  Treaty  of  Ulm.  (See 
Austria,  p.  512.) 

1648  *  *  Paris.  The  four  courts,  the 
parliament,  the  grand  council,  the  cham- 
ber of  exchequer,  and  the  court  of  aids, 
unite  for  resistance  to  the  despotic 
measures  of  the  regent  and  Mazarin, 
and  for  the  reform  of  abuses  in  the 
government. 

Aug.  26.  Paris.  Broussel  and  other 
members  of  the  parliament  are  arrested 
by  order  of  the  queen. 

Aug.  27.  Paris.  The  Civil  "War  of  the 
Fronde  begins. 

The  people  take  up  arms,  barricade  the 
streets,  and  attack  the  royal  guards,  de- 
manding tlie  release  of  Broussel ;  they 
are  called  frondeurs  (slingers)  as  if  they 
were  school-boys  flghting  with  slings; 
their  cause  is  espoused  by  Be  Godi.  coad- 
jutor bishop  of  Paris  [Cardinal  de  Ketz], 
the  prince  of  Conti  (brother  of  Cund6), 
Marshal  Turenne,  the  Duke  de  Longue- 
ville,  and  several  other  nobles. 

Oct.  24.    Prus.    The  Peace  of  "West- 
phalia is  concluded    between   France, 
Germany,  and  Sweden. 
It  ends  the  Thirty  Years'  War ;  France 

receives  the  feudal  overlordship  of  the 
empire,  and  gets  Ijower  Alsace  ;  Sweden 
gets  the  greater  part  of  Pomerania ;  the 
religious  and  political  rights  of  the  Ger- 
man States  are  establishe<i ;  and  the  in- 
dependence of  the  Swiss  Confe(ieration 
is  recognized  by  Germany.    (See  p.  513.) 

*  *  Belfort  is  annexed  to  France ;  Besan- 
9on  is  ceded  to  Spain. 

1649  Jan.  7.  Paris.  Anne  secretly  de- 
parts with  the  young  king,  and  retires  to 
St.  Germain, 

Jan.  8.  Paris.  Parliament  proclaims 
Mazarin  an  enemy  to  the  king  and  the 
State,  and  orders  him  to  leave  the  king- 
dom. 

Mar.  4.  A  deputation  from  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  headed  by  the  president, 
Mathieu  Mole,  confers  with  the  queen  at 
Ruel,  and  a  temporary  peace  is  ef- 
fected. 

1650  Jan.  18.  Prince  Cond€,  having 
insulted  the  queen-regent,  is  arrested 
with  his  brother  Conti  and  his  brother- 
in-law  Longueville. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1632  *  *  Louis  XIII.  provides  a  hunting- 
seat  at  Versailles,  which  is  a  small  vil- 
lage in  a  great  forest. 

*  *  Uncommon  mortality  prevails 
throughout  France ;  60,000  people  per- 
ish in  Lyons. 

*  *  *  Paris  is  occasionally  lighted  by 
means  of  burning  pitch  aud  other  com- 
bustibles in  pans. 

1640  *  *  Paris.  The  first  louis  d'or 
pieces  are  struck. 

1649  *  *  The  plagrue  ravages  Marseilles. 


690     1650  **-1669, 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1650  Dec.  15.  Marshal  Turenne  is 
defeated  by  the  royal  troops  at  Rhetel. 

1652  Apr.*  Spaniards  luider  Cond6 
defeat  the  Hoyalists  under  Turenne  at 
Bl^neau. 

July  2.  Paris.  Cond€  is  defeated  at 
the  Forte  St.  Antoine  by  Turenne,  who 
has  gone  over  to  the  Royalists  ;  at  the 
last  moment  the  gates  are  opened  to 
Cond»i,  and  closed  against  Turenne. 

1653  *  »  The  Spaniards,  led  by  Cond6, 
continue  the  war  in  Picardy;  Turenno 
checks  his  progress. 

1654  Aug.  25.  Turenne  defeats  the 
Spaniards  imder  Cond6  at  Arras. 

1656  *  *  Cond^  routs  a  division  of  Tu- 
renne's  army  at  the  siege  of  Valen- 
ciennes. 

1658  June  14.  Turenne  defeats  the 
Spaniards  under  Cond^  on  the  Dunes, 
near  Dunkirk.    (N.  S.  June  4.) 

June  23.  Dunkirk  surrenders  to  the 
French  [who  give  it  up  to  the  English]. 

1662  *  *  War  is  declared  against  the 
Pope,  and  the  city  of  Avignon  is  seized 
by  French  troops. 

1667*  *~68*  *  Belg.  First  war  of 
Conquest.    (See  State.) 

May  *  The  French  under  Louis  and  Tu- 
renne cross  the  Flemish  frontier,  and 
take  Armentiferea,  Charleroi,  Douai,  and 
Tournay. 

Aug.  27.  Louis  enters  and  takes  posses- 
sion of  XiiUe  after  a  brief  siege. 

*  *The  Grenadier  corps,  armed  with 
hand-grenades,  is  established. 

*  *  Louis  sends  a  fleet  against  the  Bar- 
bary  pirates. 

1668  Feb.  *  Louis  and  Cond^  conquer 
Franche-Comt§,  capturing  the  towns 
of  Besan^on,  Salins,  Dole,  and  Gray 
within  22  days. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1650  *  ♦  First  attempts  at  stenography 

are  made. 
±  *  *  Passage  of  the  Granicus  is  painted 

by  Charles  Lebrun. 
1651*  */^    Blind  Men  of  Jericho  is 

painted  by  Nicolas  Poussin  at  Rome. 

1655  *  *  Cassini  de  Thury,  director  of  the 
observatory,  draws  his  meridian  line  of 
Paris,  after  Dante. 

1662±  *  *  Paris.  Louis  XIV.  purchases 
the  house  of  Jean  Gobelin,  a  tapestry- 
maker,  for  a  factory  in  which  adorn- 
ments of  palaces  should  be  made. 

±  *  *  Abb^  Jean  Claude  R.  de  Saint-Nou 
invents  aquatinta,  hy  which  a  soft  ef- 
fect is  given  to  engravings. 

1663  *  *  Paris.  The  Academy  of  In- 
scriptions and  Belles-Lettres  is  estab- 
lished by  Jean  Baptiste  Colbert. 

1666  *  *  Paris,  The  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences is  established  by  Colbert.  [1669. 
It  is  approved  by  Louis  XIV.] 

1667*  *  Paris.  The  Royal  Observatory 
is  established. 

1669  *  *  Robert  Cambert,  the  composer, 
and  hia  librettist,  Abb4  Perrin,  obtain 
a  patent  for  the  Acadimie  Royale  de  Mu- 
sique,  which  they  had  instituted. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1650  *  *  Erlach,  Jean  Louis  d%  marshal,  A55. 
Rotrou,  Jean  de.  dramatic  poet,  A4I. 
Vaugelas,  Claude  Favre  de,  gram.,  A65. 

1651  *  *  Bart,  Jean,  seaman,  born. 
Caussin,  Nicolas,  Jesuit,  author,  A68. 
Chamillard,  Michel,  minister,  born. 
Dacier,  Andr^,  scholar,  critic,  born. 
F^nelon.  Francois  de  Salignae  de  la  Mothe 

de,  archbishop  of  Cambrai,  author,  born. 
Garis80les,  Antoine,  Prot.  cl.,  poet,  A64. 
La  Salle,  Jean  Baptiste  de.  cl.,  edu.,  b. 
Pourchot,  Edme,  philosopher,  born. 
1653*  *  Anselme,    Antoine,  pulpit  orator, 

poet,  born. 
Aubertin,  Edmonde,  clergyman,  writer,  A57. 
Beaune,  Florimond,  mathematician,  A51. 
Caseneuve,  Pierre  de,  philologist,  A61. 
Petau,  Denis,  chronologist,  A69. 

1653  *  *  Al^gre,  d'Vves,  Marq.,  marshal,  b. 
Aviler,  Augustin  Charles  d',  architect,  born. 
Basnage  de  Beauvul,  Jacques,  historian,  b. 
Fleury,  Andr^  Hercule  de,  cardinal,  states- 
man, born. 

Duvergier  de  Hauranne,  L'Abb6  de  Saint- 

Cyran,  Jansenist,  theologian,  A72. 
Salmasius,  Claudius,  scholar,  A65. 
Villars,  Due  de,  Claude  L.  H.,  general,  born. 

1654  *  *  Balzac.  Jean  Louis  Ouez  de,  au- 
thor, A  60. 

Dorigny,  Louis,  painter,  engraver,  born. 
Fontenay,  Jean  liaptiste  Blainde,  painter,  li. 
Harcourt,  Due  d',  Henri,  general,  dip.,  born. 
Abbadie,  Jacques,  Prot.  clergyman,  born. 
Imbert,  Joseph  cabriel,  painter,  born. 
Varignon,  Pierre,  mathematician,  born. 
Vendome,  I>uc  de,  Louis  Joseph,  gen.,  b. 

1655  *  *  Baden-Baden,   Margrave    of,    Lud- 
wig  W.,  general,  born. 

Bergerac,  Savinieu    Cyrano    de,  dramatist, 

novelist,  duelist,  A35. 
Gassendi.  Pierre,  philosopher,  A63. 
Lesueur,  Eustache,  painter,  A38. 
Montfaucon,  Bernard  de,  critic,  antiquary, 

philologist,  born. 
Reenard,  Jean  Fran9oi8.  comic  poet,  b. 
Tristan  I'Hermite,  KranQois,  poet,  A54. 
Vertot,  Ken^  Aubertde,  historian,  born. 

1656  •  *  Basnage  de  Beauval,  Henri,  clergy- 
author,  born. 

Campiatron,  Jean  Galbertde,  dramatist,  b. 
Dubois,  Cuillauine,  cardinal,  statesman,  b. 
Forbin,  Claude,  admiral,  born. 
Tournefort.  Joseph  Pitton  de,  botanist,  b. 

1657  •  *  Chazelles,  Jean  de,  physicist,  born. 
Dorigny,  Sir  Nicolas,  engraver,  born. 
Dupin,  Louis  Ellies,  theologian,  historian,  b. 
Fontenelle,  Bernard  le  Bovier  de,  advo- 
cate, philosopher,  poet,  mis.  writer,  born. 

Olier  de  Verneutl,  Jean  Jacques,  clergyman, 
founder  of  Order  of  St.  Snlpice.  A49. 

1 658  *  *  Boulainvilliers,  Comte  Henri  de,  his- 
torian, critic,  born. 

Cappel,  Louis,  theologian,  A73. 

Saint-Pierre,  Charles  Ir^n^e  Castel  de,  cler- 
gyman, author,  born. 

Coustou,  Nicolas,  sculptor,  born. 

Lemaiatre,  Antoine,  advocate,  jurist,  A50. 

Rale,  S^bastien,  Jesuit,  missionary  to  Aben- 
aki Indians,  born. 
1659*  *  BeauBobre,    Isaac    de,    Protestant 
clergj'man,  theologian,  born. 

CoUelet,  Guillaume,  poet,  A61. 

Eapagne,  Jean  d',  Prot.  theologian,  A68. 

Morin,  Jean,  Biblical  <;ritic,  A68. 

Rigand,  Hyacinthe,  painter,  born. 

1660  *  *  Campra,  Andr6,  composer,  born. 
Chifflet,  Jean  Jacques,  physician,  A72. 
Estrees,    Due   d',   Victor   Marie,    admiral, 

statesman,  born. 

Flaoour,  Etienne  de,  commander  at  Mada- 
gascar, A  53. 

Feuillet,  Louis,  naturalist,  geog.,  astron.,  b. 

Mothe-Cadillae,  Antoine  de  la,  explorer, 
founder  Detroit  (U.  S.),  born. 

Orleans,  Due  d',  Jean  Baptiste  Gaston,  son 
of  Henry  IV.,  A52. 

Scarron,  Paul,  poet,  satirist,  A50. 

Vincent  de  Paul.  Saint,  R.  C.  reformer, 
founder  *'  Sisters  of  Charity,"  A84. 

1661  *  *  liuffier,  Claude,  philosopher,  born. 
Coypel,  Antoine,  painter,  born. 
Dancourt,  Florent  Carton,  comedian,  born. 
Hecquet,  Philippe,  physician,  author,  born. 
Lenfant,  Jacques,  Protestant  cl.,  hist.,  born. 
L'Hdpital,    Guillaume    F.    A.,   Marquis  de 

Saint-Mesme,  geometrician,  born. 

Mazarln.  Jules,  cardinal,  statesman,  A59. 

Polignac,  Melcbior  de,  cardinal,  states- 
man, born. 

Rollin,  Charles,  historian,  born. 

Rapin,  Paul  de,  Sieur  de  Thoyras,  hist.,  b. 

1662  *  *  Aymar,  Jaques,  impostor,  born. 
Marca,  Pierre  de,  archbishop  of  Paris,  A68. 
Bolsrobert,  Francois  le  Metel  de,  writer,  wit, 

A70. 


Pascal,  Blaise,  philosopher,  author,  A39. 
1663  *  *  Amontons,  Guillaume,  physicist,  b. 

Calpren6de,    Seigneur    de    la,    Gautier    de 
Costes,  novelist,  A53. 

Eu^dne,  Prince.  Fran<;ois  Eugfene  de  Savoy, 
general,  born  in  Paris. 

Laba,  Jean  Baptiste,  monk,  missionary,  au- 
thor, born. 

Massillon,  Jean  Baptiste,  pulpit  orator, 
born. 
1664*  *Ablancourt,    Nicolas- Perrot   d' 
writer,  A58. 

A  inyraut,  Moses,  Protestant  clergyman,  A68. 

Boyer,  Abel,  lexicographer,  born. 

Conti,  Prince  de,  Francis  Louis  de  Bour- 
bon, general,  born. 

Vani6re,  Jacques,  Latin  poet,  born. 
1665  ♦  *  Dufreanoy,  Charles  Alphonse,  paint- 
er, poet,  A54. 

Kermal,  Pierre  de,  geometrician,  poet,  A64. 

Lelong,  Jacques,  cl.,  bibliographer,  born. 

Pagan,  Comtc  de,  Blaise  Fran^-ois,  military 
engineer,  A61. 

Poussin,  Nicolas,  painter,  A71. 

llambouillet.  Marquise  de,  Catherine  de  Vi- 
vonne,  leader  of  society,  A77. 

Ilegis,  Jean  Baptiste  de,  geographer,  born. 
1666*  *  Anne  of  Austria,   wife  of  Loula 
XIIL,  A64. 

Beaniaiseaux,  Pierre,  scholar,  author,  born. 

Gombauld,  Jean  Ogier  de,  poet,  A99. 

Mansart,  or  Mansard,  Francois,  arch.,  A68. 

Victor  Aniadeus  II.,  Due  de  Savoie,  King  of 
Sardinia,  born. 

1667  *  *  Audran,  Jean,  engraver,  born. 
Bochart,  Samuel,  scholar,  Prot.  tbeol.,  A68. 
Denioivre,  Abraham,  mathematician,  born, 
(iacon,  Francois,  poet,  satirist,  born. 
Sanson,  Nicolas,  geographer,  A(i7. 
Th^venot,  Jean  de,  traveler,  composer,  A26. 

1 668  *  *  Aguesseau,  Henri  Francois  d',  chan- 
cellor, orator,  author,  born. 

Le  Sa^e,  Alain  Ren6,  romancer,  dram.,  b. 

1669  *  *  Beaufort,  Due  de,  Francois  de  Ven- 
d6me,  soldier,  A53. 

Drelincourt,  Charles,  Prot.  clergyman,  A74. 
Folard,  Jean  C.  de,  soldier,  tactician,  bom. 
VaiUaut,  Sebastien,  botanist,  author,  born. 

CHURCH. 
1652  *  *  Louis  XIV.  confirms  the  Edict 

of  Nantes. 
1658  *  *  Antoinette    Bourignou    founds 
the  Bouriguonist  sect. 

Its  members  claim  to  restore  the  true 
church,  wear  the  Augustine  liabit,  and 
travel ;  it  teaches  that  religion  is  chiefly 
a  matter  of  inward  feeling. 

1667  *  *  Jiome.    Clement  IX.  la  pope. 

LETTERS. 

1651  *  *  Alcidiane,  by  GomberviUe,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Racan  writes  amorous  lyrics,  and  par- 
aphrases of  the  Psalms. 

1652  *  *  Socrate  Chritien,  by  J.  L.  G.  de 
Balzac,  appears.     [1657,  Les  Entretiens; 

1G58,  Aristippe.] 

1653  *  *  Rivales,  by  Philippe  Quinault, 
appears.     [1656,  Mort  de  Cyrus.] 

*  *  Histoire  de  I' Academic  Frangaise,  by 
Paul  PelUson,  appears. 

*  *  r>om  Japhet  d'Armenie,  hy  Scarron,  ap- 
pears. 

1654  *  *  Alaric,  by  Georges  de  Scud^ry, 
appears. 

*  *  Treatise  on  the  Truth  of  the  Christian 
Religion,  by  Jacques  Abbadie,  appears. 

*  *  Lives  of  Tycho  Brahe,  Copernicus, 
and  other  astronomers,  are  published  by 
Pierre  Gassendi. 

*  *  Eunuchus  of  Terence  is  translated  by 
Jean  de  La  Fontaine.  [1658,  Adonis; 
1659,  Clymeiie;  XQ&l,  Eligie  aux  nymphes 
de  Vaux.] 

1655  May  30.  Paris.  The  Journal  des 
Savans  is  published  by  Denis  de  Sallo, 
ecclesiastical  councillor  in  the  parlia- 
ment of  France.  [It  is  the  earliest  peri- 
odical critical  work  in  French.] 

*  *A  translation  of  Lucan*s  PharscUia^ 
by  Guillaume  de  Br^beuf,  appears. 


FRANCE. 


1650,**-1669,* 


691 


*  *  L'^tourdi,  Molifere's  first  finished  play, 
is  given  at  Lyons.  [1^6,  Le  IJipit  Amou- 
reux.] 

1656*  *  rimocrafc,  by  Thomas  Corneille, 
has  the  longest  run  on  the  stage  of  any 
play  of  the  century.  [He  writes  16  other 
tragedies.] 

*  ♦  Pucelle,  by  Jean  Chapelaln,  appears. 

*  *  Paris.  The  Port-Royal  des  Champa 
becomes  the  retreat  of  the  ArnauUls, 
Tilleniont,  Pascal,  Lancelot,  and  other 
eminent  Jansenists,  who  devote  them- 
selves to  education,  and  produce  the 
Port-Royal  grammars,  logic,  and  other 
works. 

±  *  ♦  Corneille  writes  a  verse  translation 
of  the  Imitation  of  Christ,  Discourses  07i 
Dramatic  Poetry,  and  the  Examens. 
(1658,  (Edipe;  1660,  La  Toisson  d'Or; 
1{)&2,  Sertorius;  166."*,  Sophanisbd;  1664, 
Othnn;  IGGG,  AgdsUas ;  1667,  Atilta.] 

*  *  -57  *  *  Praviiwial  Letters,  by  Pascal, 
appears. 

1657  *  *  Clovis,  by  Jean  Desmarets,  ap- 
pears.    [He  writes  also  Visioiinaires.] 

1668*  *  Nouvelle  AU^origue,  by  An- 
toiue  Furetifere,  appears.  [1666,  Roman 
Bourgtois.] 

Hr  Oct.  24.    Moli^re's  troupe  appear  for 
It^       the  first  time  before  Louis  XIV. 

1659  Nov.  1 8.  Les  Pr^cieuses  Ridi- 
cules, by  Moli^re,  appears. 

1660  *  *  Grammaire  Ghi^rale,  by  An- 
toine  Arnauld,  appears.  [He  writes  also 
Art  de  peJiser.] 

*  *  Mademoiselle  de  Montpensier  and  Com- 
tesse  de  Tende,  or  La  Princesse  de  Cleves, 
by  Marie  Madeleine,  Comtesse  de  Lafa- 
yette, appear. 

*  *  Adieu  of  a  Poet  to  the  City  of  Paris, 
by  Boileau,  appears. 

*  *  Sqanarelle,  ou  le  coeur  imaginaire,  by 
Molifere,  appears. 

1661  Feb.  4.  Don  Garcie  de  Navarre, 
a  tragi-comedy,  by  MoUfere,  appears  and 
falls. 

June  24.    L'^cole  des  Maris,  by  Molifere, 

appears. 
Aug.  15-20,    Les  Fdcheux,  by  Molifere, 

is  played  before  the  king  at  Vaux-le- 

Viconite. 

*  *  Histoire  du  Roi  Henri  le  Grand,  by 
Hardouin  de  Beaumont  de  Perefixe,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  -63  *  *  Faramond,  by  La  Calpren^de, 
appears. 

1662  Dec.  26.  Vtcole  des  Femmes,  by 
Molifere,  appears. 

*  *  -79  *  *  Memoires,  by  Jean  Fran9oi8 
Paul  de  Gondi,  Cardinal  de  Ketz,  ap- 
pears, 

1663  *  *  The  Society  of  Four  is  estab- 
lished by  Boileau,  La  Fontaine,  Moli6re, 
and  Uacine. 

*  *  Portrait  du  Peintre,  by  Edme  Bour- 
sault,  appears.  [1670,  C'Htiqne  des  Sa- 
tires.] 

1664  Feb.  15.  Le  Mariage  Forc^,  by 
Moliere,  appears. 

June  20.  Le  77i^6a'irfe,  by  Racine,  is  pro- 
duced by  Molifero's  company  at  the  Pa- 
lais Koyale  Theatre. 

Aus:.  22.  Racine  receives  a  pension 
from  Ix)uis  XIV. 

*  *  Princesse  d'&lide,  and  the  first  three 
acts  of  Tartufe,  by  Molifere,  appear. 
Tartufe  offends  many  persons  among 
the  clergy  and  nobility,  and  it  is  sup- 
pressed. 

k*  *  Astrate,  by  Qulnault,  appears.     [1665, 
La  Mkre  Coquette.} 
1665    Sept.  22.    L'Anumr   Midedn,  by 
Molifere,  appears. 
\ 


*  *  Histoire  amoure^ise  des  Oa/ules,  by 
Roger  de  Rabutin,  appears. 

*  *  Festin  de  Pierre,  or  Don  Juan,  by  Mo- 
litre,  appears. 

*  *  Maxims,  by  La  Rochefoucauld,  ap- 
pears. [1665-78,  R^Jlections  sur  les  sen- 
tences et  maximes  iiiorales.] 

*  *  -66  *  *  Co7ites  et  Nouvelles,  by  La 
Fontaine,  appears. 

1666  June  4.  Le  Misanthrope,  by  Mo- 
lifere,  appears. 

*  *  Paris.  The  Academy  of  Sciences  ia 
founded. 

1667  Aug.  5.  Tartufe  is  played  [but 
stopped  after  the  first  night]. 

*  *  Les  neuf  Epttres,  by  Boileau,  appears. 

*  *  Mathilde,  by  Scudery,  api>ears. 

1668  Jan.  13.  Amphitryon,  by  Moli- 
ere, appears.  [Sept.  9,  L'Avare;  later, 
George  Dandin^ 

Dec.  5.  Les  Plaideurs,  by  Racine,  is 
printed. 

*  *  The  first  six  books  of  Fables,  by  La 
Fontaine,  appear. 

*  *  Abrege  Chronologigue,  by  Mezeral,  ap- 
pears. 

1669  Feb.  5.  Tartufe  is  at  last  played 
with  extraordinary  success. 

Sept.  17.  M.  de  Pourceaugnac,  by  Moli- 
fere,  appears. 

Dec.  13.  Britannicus,  by  Racine,  ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1654  *  *  Twenty  women  are  put  to  death 
as  witches, 

1655  ♦  *  The  forms  of  etiquette  are  ex- 
tremely majestic,  but  cumbrous. 

The  license  of  manners  among  the  no- 
bility is  very  great,  and  the  greater  part 
of  the  court  is  affected. 

1660+  *  *  The  nobles  have  lost  political 
influence,  and  all  their  privileges  consist 
in  waiting  on  the  king  at  court,  being 
exempt  from  taxation,  and  absorbing  all 

military  commissions. 

STATE. 

1651  Feb.  *  The  queen  is  obliged  to 
liberate  Cond6  and  the  other  princes. 

Mar.  *  Mazarin  flees  from  France,  the 
parliament  having  issued  orders  for  his 

arrest. 

*  *  Marshal  Turenne  and  de  Retz  join 
the  court  party,  and  the  Parisians  are 
forced  to  submit ;  Cond^,  accused  by  the 
queen  of  treasonable  intrigues  with 
Spain,  flees  to  Guienne,  where  he  raises 
an  army. 

1652  Jan.  *  Mazarin  returns  to  power. 
[The  parliament  becomes  merely  the 
recorder  of  royal  decrees.] 

Aug:.  19.  Mazarin  is  removed  from 
power  by  Louis'  at  the  demand  of  the 
people  [and  a  general  amnesty  is  pro- 
claimed]. 

Oct.  15.  Paris.  Cond^  departs  in  dis- 
gust [and  enters  the  service  of  Spain  un- 
der the  Duke  of  Lorraine,  for  which  he 
is  proclaimed  a  traitor]. 

1653  Feb.  *  Mazarin  again  returns  to 
power, 

1655  Oct.  24.  A  treaty  of  alliance  is 
formed  between  France  and  England. 

1657  Mar.  23,  A  treaty  of  alliance, 
offensive  and  defensive,  is  concluded  at 
Paris  between  France  and  England. 

1658  *  *  Dunkirk  is  ceded  to  England. 


1659  Nov.  7.  The  Peace  of  the  Pyr- 
enees ia  signed  between  France  and 
Spain. 

France  gains  a  great  part  of  Artois, 
most  of  Koussillon,  and  several  places 
in  Flanders,  llaiuault,  and  Luxemburg; 
Spain  gains  territory  held  by  France  m 
Catalonia  and  Franche-Comt6 ;  Louis 
XIV.  is  to  marry  Maria  There8a,daughter 
of  Philip  IV.,  she  renouncing  all  claim 
to  the  Spanish  throne ;  Coiid6  is  par- 
doned, and  restored  to  his  honors  and 
dignities. 

1660  June  2.  Louis  XIV.  marries 
Maria  Theresa,  eldest  daughter  of  the 
King  of  Spain. 

*  *  Marseilles  loses  its  ancient  privileges. 

1661  Mar.  9.    Cardinal  Mazarin  dies. 
Mar.  *  Xjouis  takes  the  reins  of  power 

into  his  own  hands. 

1662  *  *  Jean  Baptiste  Colbert  is  made 

controller  of  finance.  [He  makes  exten- 
sive and  beneficial  reforms  in  the  finan- 
cial and  commercial  affairs  of  the  king- 
dom]. 

Nov.  *  Dimkirk  is  sold  to  France  by 
Charles  II.  of  England  for  five  millions 
of  livres. 

*  *  The  Treaty  of  Montmartre  is  signed  ; 
it  gives  to  the  king  the  right  of  succes- 
sion to  the  dukes  of  Lorraine. 

1664  Feb.  22.  The  Treaty  of  Pisa  is 
concluded  between  the  Pope  and  France. 

1666  Jan.  16.  Louis  declares  war 
against  !E]ngIand  in  aid  of  Holland. 

1667  May  *  Belg.  Louis  invades  the 
Spanish  Netherlands. 

The  Spanish  King  Philip  VI.  being 
dead,  Louis  <^aims  Flanders  and 
Franche-Comt6  in  ri^ht  of  his  wife. 
Philip's  daughter  by  his  first  marriage  ; 
he  bases  his  claim  on  the  Hainault  law 
of  devolution,  which  entitles  children  hy 
a  first  marriage  to  inherit  certain  terri- 
tory to  the  exclusion  of  children  by  a 
subsequent  marriage. 

July  21.  The  Peace  of  Breda  is  con- 
cluded between  England,  France,  Hol- 
land, and  Denmark.  Acadia  [Nova 
Scotia]  is  restored  by  England  and  con- 
firmed to  France. 

1668  Jan.  23.  Keth.  The  Triple  Al- 
liance of  England,  Holland,  and  Swe- 
den, against  France,  is  signed  at  The 
Hague. 

Jan.  *  A  secret  treaty  is  concluded  be- 
tween Louis  and  the  German  Emperor 
Leopold,  regulating  the  future  partition 
of  the  Spanish  monarchy. 

Feb,  *  Cond(5  occupies  the  free  county  of 
Burgundy  with  astonishing  success. 

May  2.  Prus.  The  Peace  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle  is  concluded. 

Louis  restores  Franche-Comt^  to  Spain 
after  dismantling  the  fortresses,  and  re- 
tains 1*2  fortified  towns  on  the  border  of 
the  Spanish  Netherlands  ;  they  include 
Lille,  Touruay,  and  Oudenarde. 

*  *  The  first  embassies  are  received  from 
Russia. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1662±  *  *  The  invention  of  the  omni- 
bus [is  ascribed  to  Pascal]. 

1664  *  *  -81  *  *  The  Languedoc  canal 
is  constructed  ;  it  joins  the  IVIediterra- 
nean  and  the  Atlantic. 

*  *  The  French  East  India  Company  is 
formed. 


692 


1669, 


1685, 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1672*  *-78*  *  The   second   war  of 

conquest. 
It  is  directed   against   Holland   as  a 

member   of    the   triple  alliance   and  a 

refuge  for  political  and  abusive  writers 

against  Louis. 
Apr.  28.    Paris.    "War   with   Holland 

begins ;   Louis  leaves  with  an  army  of 

100,000  men. 
May  28.    JCng.    Battle  of  Southwold. 
The  French  and  English  fleets  under 

Count  D'Estrties  and  the  Duke  of  York 

[James  II.]  tight  the  Dutch  luuler  Adm. 

kuyter  off  Norfolk  ;  result  indecisive, 

June  *  Xeth.  Anheim  and  Deventer 
surrender  to  Turenne.  The  Prince  of 
Orange  abandons  Utrecht,  which  is  occu- 
pied by  the  French. 

June  12.  The  French  under  Louis  and 
Cond^  cross  the  Rhine  between  the 
Wahal  and  the  Yssel ;  the  Dutch,  taken 
by  surprise,  make  but  slight  resistance  ; 
the  Duke  of  Longuevilie  is  killed. 

1673  June  30.  Xeth.  Louis  takes 
Maestricht  after  a  siege  of  20  days. 

Sept.  8.  Prus.  Treves  is  taken  for 
France  by   iVIarshal  Vauban. 

Nov.  12.  Prm.  Bonn  is  taken  by  Wil- 
liam of  Orange. 

1674  May* -June*  Louis  invades 
Franche-Comt6,  which  he  overruns, 
and  subdues  in  a  six  weeks'  campaign. 

June  16.  Ger.  Marshal  Turenne  de- 
feats the  Imperialists  at  Sinsheim  [and 
devastates  the  Palatinate]. 

Aug,  11.  Belg.  Prince  Cond6  and  Wil- 
liam of  Orange  engage  in  an  indecisive 
but  sanguinary  battle  at  Seneffe. 

Oct.  4.  Ger.  Marshal  Turenne  defeats 
the  Imperialists  at  Entzheim.  [Dec. 
31.    And  again  at  Miilhausen,  in  Alsace.] 

1675  Jan.  5.  Ger.  The  Elector  of 
Brandenburg  and  the  Imperialists  are 
defeated  by  the  French  under  Mar- 
shal Turenne  at  Turkheim,  in  Alsace. 

July  27.  liaih'ii.  Marshal  Turenne  is 
killed  in  a  skirmish  at  Sasbach;  the 
French  retreat  across  the  Rhine. 

1676  Jan.  7.  Adm.  Duquesne  de- 
feats the  Dutch  under  Adm.  De  Kuyter 
in  a  naval  battle  in  the  Mediterranean, 
off  Stromboli. 

Apr.  22.  Sicily.  Adm.  Duquesne  de- 
feats the  Dutch  and  Spanish  fleets  under 
Adm.  De  Ruyter  off  Syracuse;  De  Kuy- 
ter is  mortally  wounded. 

1677  *  *  Louis  captures  Valenciennes, 
Cambrai,  and  St.  Omar. 

Apr.  11.  Prus.  The  Prince  of  Orange 
is  defeated  by  the  Duke  of  Orleans  at 
Cassel. 

Nov.  18.  Switz.  Freiburg  is  captured 
by  the  Frencli. 

1678  Mar.  9.  Ghent  is  taken  by  the 
French. 

Mar.  *  Belg.  "  Ypres    surrenders    to    the 

French. 
Aug.  10.    A   treaty   of  peace,    (See 

State.) 

1681  Sept.  30.  Ger.  Strasburg  is 
seized  by  Louis. 

1682  Aug.  *  -Sept.  *  Alg.  Algiers  is 
bombarded  by  the  French  under  Adm. 
Duquesne.    (See  Algiers.) 


1683  Nov.  *  Belg.  The  French  enter 
Flanders,  and  capture  Courtrai  and  Dix- 
mude. 

1684  June  4.  Belg,  Luxembtu-g  is 
taken  by  Marshal  Cr^qui. 

Aug.  15.  Ger.  A  truce  for  24  years 
is  signed  at  Ratisbon  by  France,  Spain. 
and  the  Empire,  the  two  latter  acquies- 
cing in  Louis's  new  conquests. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1671  *  *  Jean  Picard  measures  the  size 
of  the  earth. 

*  *  Paris.  The  Academy  of  Architec- 
ture is  established. 

*  ♦  Paris.  Robert  Cambert  composes  the 
opera  Pomone :  he  is  the  first  French 
musician  to  compose  one. 

*  *'72*  *  Paris.  Giovanni  Domenico 
(.'jissini,  at  the  Observatory,  discovers 
four  of  the  satellites  of  Saturn. 

1672  *  *  Paris.     The  arch  of  St.  Denis 

is  erected. 

*  *  Paris.  The  opera  Pomone  is  sung  un- 
der the  patronage  of  Louis  XIV^. 

1674  *  *  Jean  de  Hautefeuille  displays 
talent  in  regulating  watches.  (The  in- 
vention of  the  spiral-spring  watch  is 
more  justly  claimed  by  Huggens.J  [1G78. 
lie  suggests  a  heat-engine,  using  an 
explosion  of  giuipowder  to  move  the 
piston.] 

1680  Aug.  18.  Paris.  The  National 
Theater  is  founded  by  a  royal  decree. 
[Aug.  25.  The  first  performance  is  given 
by  27  actors,  12  of  whom  are  women.] 

*  *  The  Venus  de  M^dicis,  found  near 
Tivoli,  is  removed  to  France. 

1681  *  *  Denis  Papin  invents  "  Papin'a 
digester,"  applicable  to  the  steam- 
engine.  [1687.  He  presents  his  first 
hydraulic  wheel  to  the  Royal  Society  of 
London.] 

1684  *  *  Paris.  Giovanni  DomenicoCas- 
sini  discovers  two  other  satellites  of 
Saturn. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1670  *  *  Beauplan,  Gulllaume  Levasseur  de, 

geographer,  dies. 

Berwick,  Duke  of,  James  Fitz-James,  mar- 
Bhal,  born. 

CerQeau,  Jean-Antoine  du,  Jesuit,  poet,  his- 
torian, born. 

Coigny,  Due  de,  P'rauqois  de  Franquetot, 
marshal,  born. 

Datll<^,  Jean,  Protestant  clergyman,  A76. 

Dubus,  Jean  Baptiste,  publicist,  critic,  born. 

(Jagnier,  Jean,  orientalist,  born. 

Kousseau,  Jean  Baptiste,  poet,  born. 

1671  *  •  liourdon,  S^baatien,  painter,  A55. 
rapperonnier,  Claude,  linguist,  critic,  born. 
Per^rtxe,  Hardouin  de  Beaumont  de,  histo- 
rian, A66^. 

Valois,  Charles  de,  antiquary,  born. 
1673*  *  (^almet,  A  uguatin,  Benedictine 
monk,  lliblical  scholar,  born. 

Lef6vre,  Tannegui,  critic,  scholar,  A57. 
1673*   •  Harrelier,  Jacques,  botanist,  A67. 

Cavlna,  Marquise  de,  Martha  Marguerite  de 
Villette  de  Murcay.  woman  of  fashion,  b. 

Courtois,  Jacques,  painter,  A52. 

Duguay-Trouin,  Rend,  adiuiral.  born. 

Lallemant,  Jerome,  Jesuit  missionary  in 
Canada,   ASO. 

Molidre,  Jean  Baptiste  Poquelin.  drama- 
tist, A5!. 

Philip  II.,  Due  d*  Orl(ians,  son  of  Philip,  b. 

I'icart,  Bernard,  designer,  engraver,  born. 
1674*  *  ATnauld,UolK'rtit'AU(Uny,au.,  AR6. 

Baron,  Vincent,  Dominican  theol.,  an.,  AlO. 

Barbeyrac,  Jean,  jurist,  historian,  born. 

<'aron,  Francois,  director-general  in  India,  d. 

Chapelain,  Jean,  poet,  critic,  A79. 

Cr6biUon.  Prosper  Jolyot  de.  dram.,  b. 

Dnhalde,  Jean  Baptiste,  Jesuit  geog.,  born. 

Labadie,  Jean  de,  mystic,  A64. 

Pecquet,  Jean,  anatoniist,  disi-overer,  A51. 

Petit,  Jean  Louis,  surgeon,  born. 


1675  *  •  Auvrigny,  Hyacinthe  Robillard,  d', 

historian,  born. 

Bonnevai,  Conite  de,  Claude  Alexandre,  ad- 
venturer, horn. 

Dughet,  (Jaspard,  painter,  A62. 

lielisle,  (juillaunie,  geographer,  born. 

Marquette,  Jacques,  explorer  of  Mississippi, 
A  38. 

Boberval,  de,  <;ile8  P.,  mathematician,  A73. 

Turenne.  Marshal  de.  Henry  de  la  Tour 
il'Auvergne,  A()4. 

1676  •  *  Brinvilliers,  Marquise  de.  Marie 
Marguerite  d'Aubray.  jjoisoner,  A25i. 

Courtois,  Jacques,  painter,  A.'iS. 

La  (irange,  Josejth  de  Chancel  de,  poet,  b. 

1677  *  *  Cambert,  ltol>ert.  composer,  A49. 
Cassini,  Jat^ques,  astronomer,  born. 
Cirard,  (iabriel,  grammarian,  born. 
Sanrin,  Jacques,  Protestant  pulpit  orator,  b, 

1678  *  *  Barcos,  Martin  de.  clergyman,  A78. 
Bourguet,  Louis,  antiquary,  naturalist,  b. 
BondeSaint-Hilaire,  Francois  Xavier,  writer, 

scholar,  born. 
Coustou,  (Jnillaume,  sculptor,  born. 
Nanteuil,  Robert,  painter,  engraver,  A48. 
NoaiUes,  Due  4le,  Adrien  Maurice,  marshal, 

statesman,  born. 
1679*  *  Abanzit,  Firmin,  mathematician,  b. 
Cavalier,  Jean,  leader  of  Camisards,  born. 
Chevreuse,  Duchesse  de,  Marie  de  Bohan, 

A79. 
Conrttiis,  Guillaume,  painter,  A5l. 
L'Angeli,  last  of  titled  court  fools,  A59. 
Longuevilie,  Duchesse  de.  Anne  Cenevi^vede 

Bourbon  ('on<i<i,  political  agitator,  A60. 
Retz.  Cardinal  de,   J.  F.   P.   de  Gondl. 

statesman,  AM. 
Psalmanazer.  <;eorge.  literary  impostor,  b. 
1680*  *  Destouches,   Philippe    N6ricault, 

dramatist,  born. 
Fouqnet,    Nicolas,    Marquis    de    Belle-Isle, 

financier,  A  65. 
I*errin,  Pierre,  first writerof  Fr.  operas,  (?)  d. 
Moreri,  Louis,  clergyman,  historian,  A37. 
Rochefoucauld,  Due  de  la,  Fran<;ois,  mor- 
alist, A()7. 

1681  *  *  Courayer.  Pierre  Kram^ois  le,  R.  C, 
clergyman,  author,  born. 

1682*  *  Claude  Lorrain,  painter,  AR2. 
Charlevoix,  Pierre  F.  X.,  Jesuit,  historian, b. 
Freiiier,  Amedce  Fran<;ois,  eng.,  traveler,  b. 
Olivet,  L'Abb6  d',  Joseph  Thoulier,  author, 

critic,  born. 
Picard,  Jean,  astronomer,  A62. 

1683  *  *  Colbert.  Jean  Baptiste,  Marquis  de 
Seiguelay,  financier,  statesman,  A64. 

Furetrere,  Autoine,  philosopher,  A63. 
Fourmont,  Ltfenne,  orientalist,  author,  bom. 
Desjardins,  Marie  Catherine,  author,  A43. 
Itameau,  Jean  Philippe,  composer,  author,  b. 
Mezeray,  Francois  Kudes  de,  historian,  A73. 
B^aumur,  Bene  de,  natural  j)hil.,entoniol.,b. 

1684  *  *  Arnauhl,  Angelique,  nun,  wr.,  A60. 
Astruc,  Jean,  medical  writer,  teacher,  born. 
Comellle,  Pierre,  poet,  dramatist,  A78. 
Slariotte,  Kdma,  physicist,  A  64. 
Watteau,  Antoine,  painter,  born. 

Sacy,  Louis  l8aac,Jan8enist,  tr.  of  Bible,  ATI. 
Vanloo,  Jean  Baptiste,  painter,  born. 

1 685  *  ♦  Chauvelin,  Germain  Louis  de,  states- 
man,  born. 

Desfontaines,  Pierre,  Fran.  C.uyot,  critic,  b. 
Henault,  Charles  Jean  Francois,  historian, 
poet,  born. 

CHURCH. 

leiO*  *  Home.  Clement  X.  is  pope.  [1676, 
luuoceut  XI,] 

1675*  *  Paris.  Phre  Lachaise  be- 
comes the  king's  confessor,  iinil  oV>talns 
great  inttuence  with  him ;  he  is  partly 
responsible  for  the  revocation  of  the 
Kdlct  of  Nantes. 

1678  Sept.  17.  Religious  liberty  is  con- 
firmed to  the  Lutherans  by  the  Peace 
of  Kiraeguen ;  they  are  numerous  in 
Alsace. 

1682  *  *  Ijouis  convokes  an  assembly  of 
the  clergy,  which  provokes  a  quarrel 
with  the  Pope. 

It  strongly  asserts  that  the  Pope  has 
no  right  to  meddle  with  the  State  in 
matters  temporal ;  that  his  power  must 
be  limited  by  the  ecclesiastical  canons  ; 
that  his  decrees  are  not  authoritative  or 
infallible  without  the  assent  of  a  gen- 
eral council ;  that  he  cannot  ordain  any- 
thing contrary  to  the  constitutions  and 
liberties  of  the  French  church. 


FRANCE. 


1669, 


*  *  _ 


1685^ 


693 


1686  Oct.  22.  Paris.  The  Edict  of 
Nantea  is  revoked  by  the  sole  authority 
of  Louis. 

The  Uoformed  religion  Is  entirely  pro- 
scribed (except  in  Alsace),  the  churches 
to  be  leveleil,  and  the  ministers  to  quit 
France  in  15  days,  and  private  worsnip 
prohibited;  laymen  are  forbidden  to 
leave  under  pain  of  contiscation  of  goods 
and  condemnation  to  the  galleys  for  life ; 
and  the  children  of  Protestants  to  be 
baptized  henceforth  by  the  parish 
priests,  and  to  be  educated  in  the  Itoman 
Catholic  religion.  [Te  JJeums  a.resnugin 
Rome,  and  tlie  Pope  sends  congratula- 
tions to  Louis.  Terrible  suffering  and 
prolonged  miseries  are  caused  by  en- 
forcing the  king's  requirements ;  50,000 
families  are  driven  out  of  f^iauce.] 

LETTERS. 

1669  *  *  L^ Exposition  tie  la  doctrine  ca- 

tholiquef  by  Hossnet,  appears.  [1669-79, 
VHistoire  abriyte  <le  la  France,  La 
Politique  tirh  (te  V^criture  saiiite,  and 
Traite  tie  la  co7inaissance  de  Dieu.  et  de 
soim^rne.] 

»  *  _74  *  *  Art  PoHiqite,  by  Boileau,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  -93  *  *  Marie  de  Rabutin-Chantal, 
Marquise  de  Sevigne,  writes  over  1,500 
Lttters. 

1670  Feb.  10.  Les  Amanta  Magni- 
Jiques,  by  Moiifere,  appears.  [Oct.  33. 
Le  Bourgeois  Gentithomine.'\ 

*  *  Zaidi,  by  Madame  de  Lafayette,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Pensies  de  Pascal  appears. 

*  •  Birinice,  by  Racine,  appears. 
±  *  *  Titers,  by  Gui  Patin,  appear. 
±  •  *  ffistoriettes,  by  G^d^n  Tallemant 

des  R^aux,  appears. 
±  *  *  Conspiration  de  JValstein,  by  J.  Sar- 
rasin,  appears. 

1671  May  7.    Psyche  appears. 
Moli^re  and  Pierre  Comeille  collab- 
orate in  the  dialogue,  while  Quinault 
composes  the  words  for  the  music  by 
LuUi. 

*  *  Exposition  de  la  Doctrine  de  V&glise 
catholiqtie  sur  lesmati^res  de  controverse, 
by  Bossuet,  appears. 

*  *  Several  Fables,  by  La  Fontaine,  ap- 
pear. 

*  *  Les  Fourberies  de  .Sra/jiTi,  by  Moli^re, 
appears. 

*  *  Conversations  of  Aristes  and  Eugenius 
and  Remarks  and  JJoubts  on  the  P  rench 
language,  by  Dominique  Bouhours,  ap- 
pear. 

*  *  -86  *  *  Quinault  writes  14  librettos 
for  Lulli. 

*  *  -95  *  *  Essais  de  morale,  by  Pierre 
Nicole,  appears. 

1672  Jan.  4.  Bajazet,  by  Racine,  ap- 
pears. 

Feb.  2.  La  Comtease  d^Escarbagnas,  by 
Moli^re,  appears.  [Feb.  11,  Les  Femmes 
Savantes.] 

*  *  Conjuration  des  Espagnols,  by  L'Abb^ 
de  St.  Real,  appears. 

*  *  Paris.    J/ercurc  Ga/ajiMs  issued, 

*  •  Journal  du  Palais  is  issued. 

*  *  -83  *  *  Lutrin,  by  Boileau,  appears. 

1673  Jan.  13.  Mitkridate,  by  Racine, 
appears.     [1674,  Iphighiie.] 

Feb.  10.  Le  malade  Imaginaire,  by  Mo- 
li^re,  appears. 

*  *  Louis  Morerl*s  Dictionnaire  historique 
appears. 

*  *  Observations,  by  Mt^nage,  appears. 

1674  *  *  De  la  recherche  de  la  virit^,  by 
Nicolas  de  Malebrauche,  appears. 

*  *  An  academy  is  established  at  Sois- 
sons. 


*  *  -96  *  *  The  Delphin  Classics,  pre- 
pared by  order  of  Louis  XIV.,  under  the 
direction  of  Bossuet  and  Huet,  appear. 

1677  Jan.  1.  /*A^rfre,by  Racine,  "the 
greatest  tragedy  of  the  classical  French 
school,  is  all  but  driven  from  the  stage 
ou  its  presentation.*' 

Oct.  *  Racine  and  Boileau  are  made  his- 
toriographers-royal, with  a  salary  of 
2,000  crowns. 

*  *  Phidre  et  Hippolyte,  by  Nicolas  Pra- 
doii,  appears. 

1679  *  *  Com^die  sans  Titre,  by  Bour- 
sault,  appears. 

*  *  Nouvelles  D^couvertes  dans  toutes  les 
Parties  de  la  Medecine  is  issued. 

1680  *  *  Paris.  Courses  in  French  civil 
law  are  given  for  the  first  time  in  the 
University  of  Paris. 

*  *  Traits  de  Veducation  des  jilles  and 
Traits  de  la  nature  et  de  la  grace,  by 
Fi'anyois  de  La  Mothe  F^nelou,  appear. 

*  *  Proserpine,  by  Quinault,  appears. 
[1G85,  7^o/am/ ;  IGSG,  Armidc.] 

*  *  Gensiric,  by  Antoinette  Deshouliferes, 
appears. 

*  *  Journal  EccUsiastique  is  issued. 

±  *  *  Memoires,  by  Mme.  de  Motteville, 
appears. 

1681  *  *  Discours  sur  VHistoire  univer- 
selle,  by  Bossuet,  appears. 

*  *  Moeitrs  des  Israelites,  by  Claude  Fleury, 
appears.  [1686,  JJu  clioix  et  de  lam^thode 
d'itudes.] 

1683  *  *  Dialogues  des  morts,  by  Bernard 
le  Bovier  de  Fontenelle,  appears.  [1686, 
Entretien  sur  la  IHuraliti  des  Motiaes.] 

1684  *  *  Traits  de  morale,  by  Nicolas  de 
ZNIalebranche,  appears. 

*  *-1718*  *  Koux^elles  de  la  P^publique 
des  Letters  is  issued  by  Bayle. 

SOCIETY. 

1676  July  16.  Paris.  Marie  Mar- 
gruerite  de  BrinviUiera  is  executed  for 
her  intrigues  and  crimes. 

1679  *  *  The  prisoner  called  the  man 
with  the  iron  mask  is  closely  confined 
at  Pignerol.  [1703.  Nov.  19.  He  dies 
in  the  Baatile  ;  five  different  persons  are 
alleged  to  have  been  the  mysterious 
prisoner.] 

1681  May  22.  Paris.  Female  dancers 
are  first  introduced  on  the  Paris  stage, 
in  the  opera  Le  Triomphe  de  V Amour. 

1685  Oct.  18.  The  Edict  of  Nantea 
ia  revoked. 

More  than  50,000  families,  including 
military  leaders,  men  of  letters,  and 
most  of  the  artificers  of  France,  are  com- 
pelled to  emigrate  to  foreign  countries 
by  this  act.    (See  Church.) 

*  *XjOuis  marries  Madame  deMaintenon. 

STATE. 
1670    May  *  A  secret  treaty  between 
the  kings  of  France  and  England,  signed 
at  Dover,  is  negotiated  by  Henrietta, 
Duchess  of  Orleans. 

Charles  engages  to  openly  join  the 
Catholic  ChurcD,  Louis  to  aid  Charles 
by  2,000,000  livres ;  the  two  kings  a^ree 
to  de<dare  war  against  Holland,  TjOuis  to 
pay  Charles  3.000,000  livres  every  year, 
to  carry  ou  the  war. 

Nov.  1.  A  convention  is  secretly 
signed  between  Louis  and  the  German 
emperor,  binding  each  not  to  help  the 
other's  enemies. 

1672  Feb,  12.  A  pubUc  treaty  is 
concluded  between  France  and  Knglaud. 


Mar.  *  -Apr.  *  France  and  England  de- 
clare war  againat  HoUand. 

Apr.  14.  Swe.  The  Treaty  of  Stock- 
holm is  concluded  between  France  and 
Sweden. 

Sweden  engages,  for  an  annual  subsidy 
from  France  of  600,000  livres,  to  take 
arms  against  any  of  the  German  princes 
who  should  support  Holland. 

1673  Mar.*  France  declarea  war 

against  Holland. 

June  6.  Ger.  ThePeaceof  Voaaemis 
concluded  between  Frederick  William, 
Elector  of  Brandenburg,  and  Louis,  who 
agrees  not  to  aid  the  Dutch  against  the 
elector. 

Aug.  15.  Xeth.  The  League  of  The 
Hague  is  formed  against  France  by  the 
Dutch,  the  Spaniards,  and  the  German 
emperor. 

1674  Feb.  9.  Charles  IL  of  England, 
compelled  by  Parliament,  makes  peace 
with  Holland. 

*  *  Germany,  Spain,  Denmark,  and  Hol- 
land unite  in  a  quadruple  alliance 
against  France, 

June  *  The  Emperor  Leopold  I.  declares 
war  against  France. 

*  *  Alaace  is  united  to  France  by  con- 
quest. 

1676  Feb.  17.  A  secret  treaty  for 
annual  pension  is  signed  between  Louis 
and  Charles  II.  of  England. 

1678  May  12.  Robert  Cavelier  de  La 
Salle  receives  a  grant  for  the  construc- 
tion of  forts,  taking  lands,  and  holding 
a  monopoly  of  trade,  in  the  M'est 
[Canada  —  Michigan], 

May  17.  Another  secret  treaty  be- 
tween Louis  and  Charles  II.  of  England 
is  signed. 

Aug.  10.  At  the  Congress  of  Nimeguen 
a  treaty  of  peace  is  signed  between 
France  an<i  Holland.  [Sept,  17.  Be- 
tween France  and  Spain  ;  1679.  Feb.  6. 
Between  France  and  Germany.  It  paci- 
fies Europe.] 

French  conquests  in  Holland  are  re- 
stored to  the  Dutch;  France  gains 
Franche-Comt^  and  Valenciennes, 
Coml^,  Bouchain,  Maubeuge,  Cambrai, 
St.  Omer,  Aire,  Ypres,  and  Cassel. 

1679  June  29.  A  treaty  is  concluded 
at  St.  Germain-en-Laye  between  France, 
Sweden,  and  the  Elector  of  Branden- 
burg, who  is  obliged  to  cede  most  of  his 
conquests  in  Pomerania  to  Sweden. 

Sept.  2.  The  Treaty  of  Fontainebleau 
is  concluded  between  France  and  Den- 
mark. 

*  *  Louis  XTV.,  the  Great  Monarch,  Is 
at  the  height  of  his  power  and  glory, 

*  *  Louis  establishes  "  Chambers  of  Re- 
union" for  the  purpose  of  asserting 
claims,  through  old  feudal  titles,  to  ter- 
ritories on  the  German  frontier, 

1681    Sept.  30.    Strasburg  is  annexed 

to  France. 

1684  Aug.  15.  The  Truce  of  Ratis- 
bon.    (See  .Army.) 

Aug.  25.  Strasburg  and  its  district  are 
formally  ceded  to  France,  also  the  prov- 
ince of  Luxemburg. 

1685  *  *  Louis  persecutes  the  Protes- 
tants.   (See  Church.) 


694     1685,**-1702,Aug.l9. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1688  *  ♦  -97  *  *  Ger.  The  third  war  to 
obtain  the  Palatinate.     (See  State) 

Oct.  29.  Ger.  Philippaburg  surren- 
ders to  Louis.  [Mannheim,  Speyer, 
Worms,  and  other  towns  are  rapidly 
taken.] 

1689  *  *  Ger.  Ruthless  devaatation  of 
the  Palatinate.    (See  Society.) 

Mar.  *  Louis  sends  a  French  squadron  of 
13  vessels  with  troops  to  Ireland,  to  aid 
James  II.,  who  seeks  to  recover  the 
throne  of  England. 

1690  June  30.  South  Eng.  In  a  naval 
battle  off  Beachy  Head  the  French  un- 
der the  Comte  de  Tourville  defeat  the 
Dutch  and  English  fleets  under  Adm. 
Torrington, 

July  1.  Belg.  The  Due  de  Luxem- 
bourg defeats  the  allies  under  the 
Prince  of  Waldeck  at  Fleurus. 

1691  Apr.  8.  Belg.  The  French  under 
Louis  take  Mons. 

Apr.  13.  Nice  surrenders  to  the 
French  under  Marshal  Catinat. 

*  *  Louis  sends  Oen.  St.  Ruth  with  a  force 
to  Ireland  to  aid  James  II.  (See  Great 
Britain.) 

1692  May  19.  Vice-Adm.  Tourville  is 
decisively  defeated  by  the  English 
and  Dutch  fleets  under  Adm.  Russell  off 
La  Hogue. 

June  5.    Belg.    Namur  capitulates  to 

the  French. 
Aug,  3.     Belg.      Marshal     Luxembourg 

defeats  the  allies  under  William  III. 

at  Steenkerke. 

1693  June  29.  Port.  Vice-Adm.  Tour- 
ville defeats  the  English  fleet  under 
Adm.  Rooke  off  Cape  St.  Vincent. 

July  29.  Belg.  The  allies  under  Wil- 
liam III.  are  defeated  by  Marshal  Lux- 
embourg at  Neerwinden,  or  Landen. 

Oct.  4.  Marshal  Catinat  defeats  the 
Duke  of  Savoy  at  Marsaglia. 

Nov.  29.  St.  Malo  is  unsuccessfully 
bombarded  by  the  English. 

1694  July  *  Dieppe  and  Havre  are  un- 
successfully bombarded  by  the  English 
and  Dutch. 

Sept.  *  Dunkirk  and  Havre  are  unsuc- 
cessfully bombarded  by  the  English. 

1695  Aug.  26.  Belg.  Namur  is  taken 
by  William  III. 

1696  June*  //.    Peace  of  Turin. 

1697  Sept.  20.    Peace  of  Ryswick. 

1701  *  *  -14  *  *  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession. 

June  *  It.  Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy 
commences  the  war  by  invading  Italy 
with  an  Austrian  army;  he  resents  the 
rejection  of  his  proffered  services. 

July  9.  It.  The  allies  under  Eugene 
defeat  the  French  under  Marshal  Cati- 
nat at  Carpi,  Lombardy. 

Sept.  1.  It.  The  Austrians  under  Eu- 
gene defeat  the  French  under  Marshal 
Villeroi  at  Chiari,  Lombardy. 

1702  July  26.  //.  The  French  win  at 
the  battle  of  Santa  Vittoria, 

Aug.  14.  Ger.  The  French  under  Gen. 
Villars  defeat  the  Germans  at  Fried- 
lingen. 


Aug.  19.  Sp.  The  French  under  Capt. 
Du  Casse  are  defeated  in  a  naval  battle 
off  Cartagena  by  the  British  under 
Adm.  Beubow. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1688*  *Cast  mirrors  are  invented. 

*  *  *  Enameled  pottery  is  made  at  St. 
Cloud. 

*  *  Denis  Papin  invents  a  heat-engine. 
[1698.  He  attempts  to  construct  an  en- 
gine.] He  devises  a  steam-engine  while 
residing  in  Germany, 

*  *  Guillaume  Amontons  invents  a  system 
of  telegraphy  by  means  of  signals  from 
station  to  station. 

1692*  *  Paris.  Giovanni  DomenicoCas- 
sini  executes  a  chart  of  the  full  moon. 

1694  *  *  Paris.  Joseph  Pitton  de  Tourne- 
fort  publishes  a  botanical  system. 

1700±  ♦  *  Jean  Louis  Petit  explains  the 
structm-e  of  the  eye. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1686  *  *  Chapelle,  Claude  E.  L.,  poet,  A60. 

Itlondel,  Francois,  arch.,  military  eng.,  A69. 

Cond6.     Louis    II.    de     Bourbon    de,    Due 
d'Enghien,  general,  AtW. 

Catelier,  Jean  liaptiste,  Greek  scholar,  A59. 

Estrartes,  Comte  d',  CJodef roi,  general,  states- 
man, A  79. 

Leroy,  Julien,  horologist,  author,  born. 

Mairet.  Jean,  dramatist,  A82. 

Maimbourg,  Louis,  historian,  A76. 
1687*  *  Aubery,   Louis,   Sieur  du  Maurier, 
historical  writer,  dies. 

Claude,  Jean,  Protestant  leader,  A68. 

La  Salle,  Sieur  de,  Robert  cavalier,  explorer, 
A44.  ' 

Cr^qui,  Francois  de  Bonne  de.  Due  de  Les- 
diguieres,  marshal,  A63±. 

Rapin,  Uen6,  Jesuit  Latin  poet.  A66. 

LnUi,  Jean  Baptiste,  It.-Fr.  corap.,  A54. 
1688*  *Bernier,  Francois,  trav.,phy8.,A58±. 

Cast  el,  Louis  Rertrand,  mathematician,  born. 

Bromoy,  Pierre,  classical  scholar,  A58±. 

Ceillier,  Dom  R6mi,  theologian,  born. 

Delisle,  Joseph  >'tcolas,  astronomer,  born. 

Uu  Cange,  Charles  du  Fresne,  historian,  phi- 
lologist, A78. 

Duquesne,  Abraham,  admiral,  A78. 

Fr6ret,  Nicolas,  antiquary,  historical  critic,  b. 

Lemoine.  Francois,  historical  painter,  b. 

Marivaux,  Pierre  Carlet  de  Chamblain  de, 
dramatist,  born. 

Mellan,  Claude,  designer,  engraver,  d. 

Perrault,  Claude,  architect,  A75. 

Quinault,  Philippe,  dramatic  poet,  A  53. 

Quintinie,  Jean  de  la,  poinologist,  A62.      . 

Tavernier,  Jean  B.,  Baron  d'Aubonne,  trav- 
eler, A83. 

1689  ♦   •  Errard,  Charles,  painter,  arch.,  A83. 
Montesquieu,  Baron,   Charles  de   Secon- 

dat,  jurist,  philosopher,  born. 
Piron,  Alexis,  dramatist,  poet,  wit,  born. 

1 690  *   *  Alacoque,  .Marguerite,  nun,  prophet- 
ess, A43. 

Allouez,  Claude  Jean,  Explorer,  A70. 

Le  Brun.  Charles,  painter,  A78. 

Lecouvreur,  Adrienne,  actor,  born. 

Le  Pays,  Ren6  de,  Sieur  Plessis-Villeneuve, 

poet,  A54. 
Savary,  Jacques,  financier,  A6fi. 

1691  •  *  Benserade,  Isaac,  court  poet,  A69. 
Louvois,  Marquis  de,  Frangois  L.  M.,  states- 
man, A50. 

1692  *  *  Aiguebere,  John  Dumas,  dram.,  b. 
Auzout,  Adrien,  matlieniatician,  Ab2±. 
Burigny,  Jean  I>evesque  de,  author,  born. 
Caylus,  Comte  de,  Anne  C.  F.  de  Tubi^res, 

antiquary,  author,  born. 
Chauss^e,  Pierre  Claude  NIvellede  la,  dram- 
atist, born. 


Fremont  d'Ablancourt,  Nicolas,  litterateur. 

diplomatist,  A68±. 
Montpensier,  Duchesse  de,  Anne  M.  L.  I>'0., 

Rousseau,  James,  painter,  A63. 

1694  •  •  Arnauld,  Antoine,  philosopher,  A82. 
Boissy,  Louis  de,  litterateur,  born. 
Deshouli^res,  Antoinette,  poet,  A60^ . 
Quesnay.  Fran<^ls,  economist,  born. 
Voltaire.  Francois  M.  A.  de.  poet,  dram- 
atist, historian,  mis.  writer,  born. 

1695  •  •  Aubery,  Antoine,  hist,  writer.  A79. 
Duval,  Valentin  Jameray,  antiquary,  born. 
Doniat,  Jean,  jurist,  A70. 

Felibien,  Amlr^,  architect,  writer,  A76. 
Herbelot,  Barth^lemy  d',  orientalist,  A70 
La  Fontaine.  Jean  de.  poet,  fabulist,  A74. 
Lancelot,  Dom  Claude,  grammarian,  A80. 
liUxembourp,  Duo  de.  Francois  Henri  de 

Montmorency-Bouteville,  marshal,  A67. 
Meissonier,    Justus   A.,    painter,    sculptor* 

architect,   born. 
Mignard,  Pierre,  painter,  A85. 
Nicole,  Pierre,  novelist,  A70. 
I'uget,  Pierre,  sculjitor,  painter,  arch.,  A73. 
Roubiliac,  Louis  Francois,  sculptor,  born. 

1696  »  *  Bruy6re.  Jean  de  la,  author,  mor- 
alist, A  50. 

Daviel,  Jacques,  oculist,  born. 

Richelieu,  Due  de.  Louis  Fran<;oia  Armand 

Emmanuel  Duplesais,  courtier,  born. 
Saxe,  Hermann  Maurice,  general,  bom. 
S^vign^,   Marie    de    Rabutin    Chantal    de, 

writer,  A70i. 

1697  *  •  A  nville,  Jean  Baptiste  Bourguignon 
d',  geographer,  born. 

Carpentier,  Pierre,  antiquary,  author,  born. 
Deflfand,    Marquise    du,    Marie    de    V'ichy- 

Chamrond,  author,  born. 
Drevet,  Pierre,  engraver,  born. 
Dupleix,  Marquis,  Joseph,  general,  born. 
Morand,  Sauveur  Francois,  surgeon,  born. 
Provost  d'Exiles,  Antoine  FYan(;ois,  au.,  b. 
Santeul,  Jean  de,  clergyman,  poet,  A67. 

1698  *  *  Bouchardon,  Edme,  sculptor,  bom. 
Bouguer,  Pierre,  matlieniatician,  born. 
Bourne,  Vincent,  scholar,  writer,  born. 
Champmesle,  Marie  Dcsmares,  actor,  A44. 
Charas,  Moise,  chemist,  pharmacist,  A80. 
Dufay,  Charles  Franijois  de  Cisternay,  phy- 
sician, born. 

D'Orl^ans,  Pierre  J.,  historian,  A54. 

Frontenac,  Comte  de,  Louis  de  Buade,  gov- 
ernor of  Canada,  A77. 

Maupertuis.  Pierre  Louis  Moreau  de^ 
mathematician,  born. 

Tillemont,  Sd'bastien  le  Nain  de,  clergyman^ 
historian,  A71. 

1699  »  *  Barbeyrac.  Charles,  physician,  A70. 
Camus,  Charles  I-!tienne  Louis,  math.,  born. 
Calien,  Joseph,  physician,  philosopher,  born, 
Jussieu,  Bernard  de,  Ijotanist,  Iwrn. 
Labourdonnais,  Bertrand  Francois  Mahe  de^ 

naval  conmiander,  born. 
Monnoyer,  Jean  Baptiste,  painter,  A64. 
Pothier,  Robert  Joseph,  jurist,  born. 
Racine,  Jean,  dramatic  poet,  A60. 

1700  *  *  Adam,  Lambert  Sigisbert,  sculptor,, 
born. 

Allainval,  Lienor  J.  C.  S.  d',  dram,  poet,  b. 
Aviler,  Angustin  Charles  d',  architect,  A47. 

Bourcet,  Pierre  Joseph,  tactician,  mil.,  wr.,  b. 

Lenotre,  Andr^,  artist,  garden  design.,  A87. 

Duhaniel  du  ]\Ioncean,  Henri  Louis,  econo- 
mist, botanist,  born. 

Joliet,  Louis,  one  of  the  discoverers  of  Mi*- 
sissippi,  A65. 

Masson,  Antoine,  engraver,  A64. 

NoUet,  Jean  Antoine,  L'Abb^,  natural  phi- 
losopher, born. 

Ranc^,  Armand  Jean  le  Bouthillier  de,monk,, 

reformer  of  monastery  of  La  Trappe,  A74. 

1701*  *  Bridaine,  Jacques,  pulpit  ora.,  born.. 

Condamine,  Charles  Marie  de  la,  traveler^ 
geographer,  scientist,  writer,  born. 

Chevreau,  Urbain,  author,  A88.     ■ 

Daran,  Jacques,  surgeon,  born,  A88. 

Philip,  Due  d'Orleans,  son  of  Louis  XIII., 
A  61. 

Maurepas,  Comte  de,  Jean  Frederic  Philip- 
peaux,  politician,  born. 

Scud^ry,  Madeleine  de,  author,  A94. 

Sourville,  Anne  H.  de  C.  de,adm.,mar.,  A59.. 


1 


Menage,  Oilles.  critic,  A79. 

Racine.  Louis,  poet,  born.  CHURCH. 

Th^venot,  Melchisedech,  compiler,  au.,  A72. 
1693*  •  Bussy-Rabutin,    Comte   de,  Roger,    1685  ♦*  Louis  persecutes  the  Huguenots.. 
satirist,  A75. 

Belidor,  Bernard  Forest  de,  engineer,  mili- 
tary writer,  born. 


Cartouche,  Louis  D.,  bandit,  born. 
Chaumonot,  Pierre  M.  J.,  Jesuit,  missionary 

in  Canada,  A82. 
Crevier,  Jean  Baptiste  Louis,  historian,  b. 
Lafayette,  Comtesse  de,  Marie  M.  P.  de  la 

v.,  author,  A59. 


They  are  excluded  from  all  public 
functions,  from  the  liberal  professions, 
the  universities,  and  from  engaging  in 
various  branches  of  commerce  and  in- 
dustry; also  forbidden  to  marry  Cath- 
olics, and  children  seven  years  of  age 
are  to  be  permitted  to  choose  the  Catho- 
lic religion. 


FRANCE. 


1685,  *  *-1702,  Aug.  19.    695 


*  *  The  king's  soldiers  in  Languedoc  are 
quartered  among  ilugueuots,  and  create 
a  reigrn  of  terror.  Brutal  violence  and 
excesses  abound. 

*  *  Sixty  thousand  "  converts  "  to  Cathol- 
icism in  Guienne  are  reported  in  a  single 
month. 

*  *  *  Monasticism  reaches  the  climax  of 
literary  culture  in  some  congregations 
of  Benedictines  and  Oratorians. 

1689  *  *  Home.  Alexander  VIII.  is  pope. 
[1691.    Innocent  XII.] 

1691  July  12.  It.  The  Pope  condemns 
Ffinelon. 

*  *  Louis  XIV.  sends  an  embassy  to  Siam 
for  the  purpose  of  converting  its  king. 

1693  *  *  The  JanseniBt  dispute  is  re- 
vived. 

1694  June  3.  The  Duke  of  Savoy,  at 
the  instance  of  England  and  Holland, 
decrees  freedom  in  religion  to  the 
Vaudois. 

1695  *  *  Paris.  Madam  Guyon  is  sent 
to  the  Bastile  in  punishment  for  writing 
devotional  books.  [1705.  She  is  re- 
leased.] 

1699  Mar.  *  F^nelon's  hook,  Maximes 
des  SaintSf  is  condemned  by  the  Pope. 

1700  *  *  Rome.    Clement  XI.  is  pope. 

LETTERS. 

1685  Oct.*  The  Protestant  University 
at  Sedan  is  abolished  after  the  revoca- 
tion of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 

*  *  Andronic  and  Alcibiade^  by  Jean  Gal- 
bert  de  Campistron,  appear.  [1691,  Ti- 
ridate.] 

1686  *  *  -93  *  *  Bibdotkkque  Universelle 
ft  Historique  is  issued. 

1687  *  *  Siecle  de  Louis  le  Grand,  by 
Charles  Perrault,  appears.  [1688-93, 7'a- 
rallkle  des  Anciens  et  des  Moflemts.] 

*  *  Ckevader  d  la  mode,  by  Florent  Carton 
Dancourt,  appears. 

*  *  Caractkres,  by  Jean  de  La  Bruyfere, 
appears. 

*  *  -1704  *  *  Ilistoire  des  Ouvrages  des 
Savants  is  issued. 

1688  *  *  Divforce,  by  Jean  Fran9oi8  R^ 
guard,  appears. 

*  *  L' ffistoire  des  Variations  des  ^glises 
Prote.stanfes,  by  Bossuet,  appears.  [He 
writes  also  Notes  and  Annotations  of  the 
Books  of  Scripture,  Defense  de  la'  doc- 
trine dit  clergS  de  France,  and  Funeral 
Orations.] 

1689  *  *  Esther,  by  Racine,  appears. 

*  *  Histoire  des  revolutions  de  Portugal, 
by  L*Abb^  Renne  Aubert  de  Vertot 
d'^Aubert,  appears.  [1696,  ffistoire  des 
revolutions  de  Suede.] 

1690  *  *  AUmoires  sur  la  cour  d*Espagne 
and  Aventures  d'ffippolyte,  Ctmite  de 
Douglas,  by  Marie  Catherine  D'Aulnoy, 
appear.    [1698,  Coxites  des  FSes.] 

*  *  Dictionary  of  the  French  Language,  by 
Antoine  Fureti6re,  appears. 

±  *  *  Le  Mercure  galant,  &sope  d  la  ville, 
and  tlsope  d  la  cour,  by  Edme  Boursault, 
appear. 

*  *-17l2*  *  AUmoires  pour servird  I' his- 
toire ecclisiastique  des  six  premiers  sii- 
cles,  by  S^bastien  le  Nain  de  Tillemont, 
appears.  [1690-1738,  ffistoire  des  empi- 
rears  et  des  aatres  princes  quiont  r4gn^. 
pendant  les  six  premiers  siecles  de 
r^'ijlise.'] 

1691*  *  GrmwfcurLhy  David  Augustin  de 
Brueys  and  Jean  Palaprat,  appears. 

*  *  Athalie,  Racine's  last  drama,  appears. 
[1695,  History  of  Port-Royal.] 

*  *  -1720  *  *  ffistoire  Ecclisiastique,  by 
Claude  Fleury,  appears. 


1602  ** -1724*  *Jottewse,  EspHt  de 
Contradiction,  Double  feuvage,  IMsin, 
and  14  other  plays,  by  Charles  Rivifere 
Dufresny,  apjiear. 

1693  *  *  -1703  *  *  Boileau  writes  his 
tliree  last  Satires.  [1695,  his  three  last 
Epitres.] 

1694  *  *  Thomas  Corneille's  Dictionnaire 
des  Arts  appears. 

*  *  Joueur,  by  Regnard,  appears.  [1697, 
IHstrait ;  1700,  Ddmocrite  Am,oureux.] 

1696*  *-1710*  *  ffommes  Klustres,  by 
Perrault,  appears.  [1697,  ffistoires  ou 
Contes  du  temps  passi.] 

1607  *  *  Exptiration  des  maximes  des 
saints,  by  Ft^nelun,  appears. 

*  *  Historical  and  Critical  Dictionary,  by 
Pierre  Bayle,  appears. 

1699  *  *  Les  Aventures  de  THimaque,  by 
F^nelon,  appears.  [1710,  Examen  de  la 
conscience  d'un  roi.] 

1700  *  *  Bourgeoises  de  quafitS,  by  Dan- 
court,  appears.  [1710,  Comidiedes  Com^- 
diens.] 

*  *  tpttres,  and  other  poems,  by  Guil- 
laume  Amfrye,  appear. 

*  *  Panth4e,  and  several  poems,  by  Charles 
Auguste,  -Marquis  of  La  Fare,  appear. 

1701  *  *  -67  *  *  Afemoires  pour  servir  A 
I' ffistoire  des  Sciences  et  des  Arts  is  is- 
sued. 

SOCIETY. 

1689  *  *  The  Palatinate  is  devastated. 
Louis  orders  it  to  he  burned,  as  he  can- 
not hold  his  conquests  ;  cities,  towns, 
farm-buildings,  crops,  trees,  etc.,  are 
burned.  Europe  Is  exasperated  by  the 
brutality. 

1693  *  *  The  Order  of  St.  Louis  is  in- 
stituted. 

1700±  •  *  Pans.  The  court  of  Louis 
XIV.  is  conspicuous. 

It  is  the  most  formal  and  brilliant  of 
any  in  the  liistory  of  France ;  it  abounds 
in  magniticence,  luxury,  and  mistresses. 

*  *  *  Courtiers  show  contempt  for  mar- 
riage, abound  in  licentiousness,  have  a 
rage  for  gambling,  and  flimsily  veil  reli- 
gious hypocrisy  with  courtly  polish  and 
address. 

*  *  *  Women  have  remarkable  influence 
in  high  society. 

As  favorites  of  the  Crown,  they  rule 
the  state,  also  the  realm  of  letters  and 
fine  arts.  Ministers  and  generals  rise 
and  fall  to  their  wishes ;  members  enter 
the  Academy  or  fail,  and  books  are  read 
or  unread  at  their  words.  Society  was 
never  more  decorous  or  more  corrupt. 

*  *  *  Paris.  During  the  national  re- 
verses, vigils,  fasts,  and  penances 
take  the  place  of  revels  in  court  society. 


STATE. 

1686    July  9.    The  League  of  Augs- 
burg is  formed. 

It  is  a  confederation  of  the  German 
States  with  Holland,  Sweden,  Spain,  and 
Savoy,  to  compel  France  to  observe  the 
Treaties  of  Westphalia  and  Nimegueu. 

1688  *  *  Lower  Rhine.    The   French   in- 
vade and  devastate  the  Palatinate. 

Louis  claims  most  of  the  country  for 
the  Duchess  of  Orleans,  sister  or  the 
late  elector  palatine  ;  he  also  resents 
the  election  of  a  Bavarian  prince  to  the 
electorate  of  Cologne,  in  opposition  to 
his  choice. 

1689  May  2.    The   Grand   Alliance. 

(See  Austria.) 
[The  campaign  Is  principally  waged  in 

the  Netherlands.] 

1695i  *  *  France   la    in    a  deplorable 
state  because  of  continuous  wars. 


1696  Jvme  *  It.  A  separate  treaty  of 
peace  is  concluded  at  Turin  between 
France  and  Savoy. 

A''ictor  Amades.  Duke  of  Savoy,  recov- 
ers Savoy,  Susa,  Kice,  and  Pignerol ;  he 
fuarantees  to  France  the  neutrality  of 
taly,  and  his  daughter,  Mary  Adelaide, 
is  to  marry  the  eldest  son  of  the  dauphin, 
Louis's  grandson.  Savoy  promises  to  re- 
main neutral. 

1697  Sept.  20.  Neth.  The  Peace 
of  Ryswick  is  signed  by  France,  Eng- 
land, Spain,  and  Holland.  [Oct.  30.  Also 
by  the  Empire  and  the  emperor.] 

It  conflmis  tlie  peace  made  with  Savoy; 
Louis  restores  all  places  won  by  him  since 
the  Feace  of  Kimeguen  from  Lngland  and 
Holland,  also  those  taken  from  Spain  with 
tlie  exception  of  ^2  places  ;  lie  recognizes 
WIlliaTn  III.  as  King  of  England  and  Anne  as 
his  successor,  and  agrees  not  to  aid  William's 
enemies.  The  chief  fortresses  in  tlie  Span- 
ish Netherlands  are  to  be  a  barrier  l>etween 
France  and  Holland  by  receiving  Dutch  gar- 
risons; Lorraine  is  restored  to  its  German 
duke,  and  the  claims  of  the  princess  pala- 
tine to  the  lower  I'alatinate  are  commuted 
for  money. 

1698  Oct.  11.  The  First  Partition 
Treaty  is  signed  by  England,  France, 
and  Holland. 

It  divides  the  Spanish  realm  among  three 
claimants,  in  view  of  the  expected  death 
without  issue  of  Charles  II.,  the  Sjianish 
king,  the  Electoral  Prince  of  liavaria, 
Joseph  Ferdinand,  grandson  of  the  Kmpress 
of  Germany,  sister  of  the  Spanish  King 
Charles,  to  receive  the  American  dependen- 
cies and  the  Spanish  Netherlands;  the  dau- 
phin (nephew  of  Charles  of  Spain)  to  have 
Naples,  Sicily,  certain  seajjorts  in  Tuscany, 
and  the  province  of  Guipugeoa;  the  Arch- 
duke Charles  of  Austria,  nephew  by  mar- 
riage of  Charles  of  Spain,  to  have  the  duchy 
of  Milan. 

1700  Mar.  13.  The  Second  Partition 
Treaty  is  signed  by  Louis  XIV.  and 
William  III. 

The  Archduke  Charles  to  have  Spain 
and  the  Indies ;  the  dauphin  to  have 
Naples,  Sicily,  and  the  duchy  of  Lor- 
raine ;  The  Duke  of  Lorraine  to  have 
Alilau  in  exchange  for  the  duchy. 

Oct,  2.  Charles  II.  of  Spain  signs  a 
will  making  Philip  of  Anjou,  son  of 
the  Dauphin  of  France,  his  heir. 

Nov.  16.  The  Duke  of  Anjou,  grand- 
son of  Louis,  is  proclaimed  at  Foutaine- 
bleau  King  of  Spain  as  Philip  V.,  the 
Spanish  King  Charles  having  died  with- 
out issue. 

[This  causes  the  war  of  the  Spanish 
Succession,  the  proclamation  of  Philip 
as  King  of  Spain  beiiig  a  violation  of  the 
Partition  Treaty  of  March  13,  and  the 
great  naval  powers,  England  and  Hol- 
land,arejealousof  the  increaseof  French 
power  by  the  union  of  the  two  crowns.] 

1701  Feb.  6.  Xeth.  The  barrier 
towns  of  the  Spanish  Netherlands  open 
their  gates  to  the  French  on  an  order 
from  the  King  of  Spain  ;  thus  the  Peace 
of  Ryswick  is  violated. 

Sept.  7.  The  Second  Grand  Alliance 
is  formed  between  William  III.,  the  Em- 
peror Leopold  I.,  and  the  Dutch  Re- 
public. 

The  object  is  to  secure  the  possessions 
of  Philip  V.  in  the  Netherlands  and  It- 
aly for  the  Austrian  House,  to  restore 
the  barrier  towns  to  Holland,  to  secure 
an  indemnity  to  Austria  because  of  the 
exclusion  of  the  Archduke  Charles  from 
the  Spanish  throne,  and  to  secure  the 
definite  severance  of  the  crowns  of 
France  and  Spain. 

Sept.  *  Eng.  On  the  death  of  James  II., 
his  son,  "the  Pretender,"  is  recognized 
as  King  of  England  by  Loais. 


696    1702,  Aug.  *  -1718,  *  * 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1702  Aug.  *  Sp.    Cadiz  is  attacked  by 

the  English  aud  Dutch  under  Sir  George 
Kooke. 

Oct.  12.  The  French  fleet  is  nearly 
destroyed  iu  the  Bay  of  Vigo  by  the  Eng- 
lish and  Dutch  fleets  under  Sir  George 
Rooke. 

Oct.  23.  Belg.  JA6ee  is  taken  by  the 
English  under  Gen.  Marlborough. 

1703  Sept.  20.  Ger.  The  French  and 
Bavarians  under  Marshal  Villars  de- 
feat the  Imperialists  at  Hochstadt. 

1704  July  2.  Ger.  The  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough defeats  the  French  at  Donau- 
wdrth. 

July  24.  Sp.  Adm.  Rooke,  without 
warning,  takes  Gibraltar  from  the  Span- 
iards. 

Aug.  13.  Ger.  Battle  of  Blenheim  in 
Bavaria. 

The  English,  German.  Dutch,  and 
Dane  allies  under  Marlborough  and 
Prince  Eugfene,  numbering  r>2,{)00  men, 
defeat  and  rout56,000Frenclian<l  Bavari- 
ans under  Marshals  Tallard  and  Margin  ; 
the  P>ench  and  Bavarians  lose  40,000± 
men  ;  the  allies  lose  11,000  to  12,000. 

Marshal  \'illar8  suppresses  the  revolt 
of  the  Protestant  Camisards  among  the 
C^vennes  Mountains. 

1705  July  18.  Belg.  Marlborough  de- 
feats the  French  at  Tirlemont. 

Aug.  16.  Jt.  The  Imperialists  under 
Prince  Eugfene  are  defeated  by  Gen. 
Vendome  at  Cassano. 

Oct.  4.  Sp.  Barcelona  surrenders  to 
the  English  Adm.  Peterborough. 

1706  Apr.  *  Gen.  Vendome  routs  the 
Imperialists  at  Calcinato. 

May  23.  lielg.  The  French  and  Ba- 
varians under  Marshal  Villeroi  are  de- 
feated by  Marlborough  at  Ramillies  in 
Flanders ;  the  French  lose  13,000  men, 
and  the  allies  over  3,500. 

Sept.  7.  //.  The  French  are  defeated 
by  Imperialists  under  Prince  Eugene  at 
Turin. 

1707  Mar.  *  The  French  by  a  conven- 
tion agree  to  abandon  North  Italy, 

Apr.  25,  Sp.  The  French  and  Spanish 
under  the  Duke  of  Berwick  defeat  the 
British,  Dutch,  and  Portuguese  allies 
under  Lord  Galaway  at  Almaiiza. 

June  30.  France  is  invaded  by  the 
allies  under  Prince  Eugfene  and  the 
Duke  of  Savoy  [who  bombard  Toulon, 
but  are  forced  to  raise  the  siege]. 

Nov.  11.  Sp.  The  French  capture  Le- 
rida. 

1708  July  11.  Belg.  Battle  of  Oude- 
narde. 

The  allies  under  Marlborough  and 
Prince  Eugene  defeat  100,000  French  un- 
der Gen.  Vend5me  and  the  Duke  of  Bur- 
gundy at  Oudenarde ;  the  French  lose 
3,000  killed  and  7,000  prisoners. 

Oct,  25.  Belg.  Lille  is  taken  by  Prince 
Eugene  and  Marlborough.  [Ghent  and 
Burges  surrender.] 

1709  Sept.  11.  The  English,  Dutch, 
and  Austrians  (120,000),  under  Prince 
Eugene  and  Marlborough,  defeat  the 
French  (90,000)  under  Marshal  Villars  at 


Malplaquet;  allies'  loss, 20,000±, French 
11,000  to  14,000.     Villars  is  wounded. 
Oct.  25.    Belg.    Mons  surrenders  to  the 

allies. 

1710  July  17.  Sp.  The  allies  under 
Count  Starhemberg  and  Earl  Stanhope 
defeat  the  Spaniards  at  Almenara. 

Aug.  20.  Sp.  The  Austrians  defeat 
Philip  V.  at  Saragossa. 

1711  Aug.  5.    Marlborough  forces  the 

French  lines  at  Arleux. 

*  *  *  Marlborough  crosses  the  fortifica- 
tions extending  from  Arras  to  Bouchain 
on  the  Schelde. 

Sept.  13.  Marlborough  captures  Bou- 
chain. 

[He  is  now  recalled  to  England  through 
the  influence  of  tlie  Tories.] 

1712  July  27.  The  French  under  Mar- 
shal Villars  defeat  the  allies  under 
Prince  Eugene,  at  Denain ;  [they  recap- 
ture Douai,  Le  Quesnoy,  and  Bouchain.] 

1713  Apr.  11.    Peace  of  Utrecht. 
Nov.  7.     Switz.    The  P'rench  untler  Vil- 
lars take  Freiburg. 

1714  Mar.  6.    Peace.    (See  State.) 


L'Encloa,  Anne,  Ninon  de,  courtesan,  A90. 
Vanloo,  Charles  Andre,  painter,  horu. 
1706*  •  Ainelot  de  la  Iloussaye,  Abraham 
Nicolas,  author,  A72. 
Baillet,  Adrian,  sdiolar,  autlior,  A57. 
Bayle,  Pierre,  critic,  philosopher,  A.59. 
•Chastclet,  Marquise  du,  Gabrielle,  scientific 
author,  burn. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1708  *  *     A  remarkably  severe  winter 
causes  the  Khone  to  freeze  over. 

*  ♦  *  Paris.    Reign  of  liOuia  XIV. 

Many  works  of  art  are  produced,  among 

which  is  the  arch  of  St.  Martin  and  St. 

Denis.     Great  additions  are  made  to 

the  Tuileries  and  Louvre. 
Tlie  gardens  of  the  Tuileries,  like  those 

of  Versailles,  are  laid  out  by  Andr^  Le- 

n6tre. 
Among  the  palaces  completed  are  the 

Place  du  Carrousel,  the  Place  des  Vic- 

toires,  and  the  superb  Place  Vendome. 

The  quays  are  also  built. 
The  Champs  i^lys^es  are  converted 

into  a  public  promenade.    [1S28.    Ceded 

to  the  city.] 
1715*  *  The  French  Opira  Comigue  np- 

pears. 
1716*  *  Paris.    Marius  submits  plans  for 

an  instrument  with  hammer  action  to 

the  Academic  lioyale  des  Sciences. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 


,  ori- 


1702  •  *  Arvieux,  Laurent  Chevalier  d 
entalist,  A67. 

Bart.  Jean,  naval  hero,  commander,  A51. 
Bouhonrs^  I)omini<iue,  Jesuit,  critic,  A74. 
Charjientier,  Fran(;ois,  author,  A82. 

1703  •  *  Co8me,Jean  liaseilhac,  surgeon,  litli- 
otomist,  born. 

Deparcieux,  Antoine,  mathematician,  horn. 
The  man  with  the  iron  mask  dies  at  the 

Bastile,  Nov.  19. 
Louis,  l>uc  d'Orl^ans,  son  of  Philip  II.,  born. 
Mascaron,  Jules,  pulpit  orator,  author,  AG7. 
Parrault,  Chark-s,  author,  ATS. 
Saint  ^vremond.   Charles  de.  M.  de  St. 

Denis  de,  wit,  author.  AHO. 
1704*  •  Argens,  Marquis  d',  Jean  Raptlste 

d',  soldier,  writer,  born. 
Bourdaloue,  Louis.  Jesuit,  pulpit  ora.,  A72. 
Bossuet,   Jacques   B.,   bishop  of    Meaux, 

pulpit  orator,  author,  A74. 
r)u<;los,  Charles  I'iueau,  author,  born. 
Jauconrt,  Louis  Chevalier  de,  author,  born. 
L'lldpital,  or  L'Hospital,  (iuiltaums  F.  A., 

de.  Marquis  de  Saint-Mesme,  geometrician, 

A  43. 
Plumier,  Charles,  botanist,  A58. 
1706  *  *  Aniontons,      (iulllaume,    physicist, 

A  42. 
A  unoy,  or  A  ulnoy,  Comtesse  de,  Marie  Cathe- 
rine Jumelle  de  lierneville,  autlior,  A.W±, 
Chedel,  Quentin  Pierre,  engraver,  horn, 
Fontaine,  Alexis,  geometer,  born. 


1707  *  •  Baden- liaden.  Margrave  of,  Ludwig 
Willielin,  general,  A52. 

Button,  Comte  de.  Georges  Louis  Le- 
clerc,  naturalist,  philosopher,  born. 

Cousin,  Louis,  liistorian,  AHO. 

Edeiinck,  (i^rard,  Flemish  engraver  in 
France,  A. 58. 

Gallois,  Jean,  critic,  journalist,  A75. 

Grammont.  Comte  de.  Phillbert.  courtier, 
author,  A  86. 

Jouvenet,  Jean,  painter,  A60. 

Mabillon,  Jean,  Benedictine  monk,  an.,  A75. 

Montespan,  Marquise  de,  I'^rancoise  Athena'ia 
de  Rocliechouart,  mistress  of  Louis  XIV.. 
A  66.  * 

"Vauban.  S^bastien  L.  de,  military  engi- 
neer, marslial,  A74. 
1708*  *  Cosnac,  Daniel  de,  archbishop   of 
Aix,  A7yt. 

Gravier,  Janques,  missionary  In  America,  d. 

Mansart,  or  Mansard,  Jules  Ilardouin,  archi- 
tect, Afi3. 

Per^onet,  Jean  Rodolpbe,  engineer,  horn. 

Tournefort,  Joseph  Pitton  de.  bota.,  A52. 
1709-*  *  Barheu-Dubourc  Jacques,  scien,,  b. 

Brosses,  Cliarlesde,  antiiiuary,  horn. 

Colie,  Charh's,  jwet,  song-writer,  born. 

Conti,  Prince  de,  Francois  Louis.  ceneraL 
A  45. 

CorneiUe,  Tliomas,  dramatist,  A84. 

Dupuy,  Louis,  journalist,  writer,  horn. 

Gresset,  Jean  Baptiste  Louis,  poet,  drama- 
tist, born. 

Mably,  L'Abb6  de,  Gabriel  Bonnot,  publi- 
cist, born. 

Lacliaise,  l'6re,  Francois  d'Aix,  Jesuit  con- 
fessor of  Louis  XIV.,  A86. 

La  Mettrle,  Julien  Offray  de,  philosopher,  b. 

Lamoignon,  Chretien  Francois  de,  states- 
man,  A  65. 

Lepaute,  Jean  Andr6,  horologist,  horn. 

Piles,  Roger  de,  diplomatist,  paint.,  wr.,  A74. 

Ree:nard,  Jean  Francois,  coinir  iioet,  A54. 

Silhouette,  Ktienne  de,  financier,  liorn. 

Vaucanson,  Jacques  de,  meclianician,  horn. 
^-i740    Feb.    15.    Louis  XV.,  king,  born. 

Auvigny,  Jean  du  Castre  d',  wr.,  b. 

Basnage  de  IJeauval,  Henri,  cl.,  author,  A54. 

Begon,  ftlicliel,  antiquary,  A72. 

Boccage,  Marie  Anne  Le  I'age  liu,  [i*>ft,  b. 

Chazelles,  Jean  Mathieu  de,  pliysicist,  A53. 

Favart,  Charles  Simon,  draniatist,  l)orn. 

Fl6chier,  Esprit,  pulpit  orator,  A7ft. 

Gabriel,  Jacques  Ange,  engineer,  arch.,  born. 

Valli6rre,  Durhesse  de  la,  Francoise  L.  de 
la  B.  L.  B.,  favorite  of  Louis  XIV.,  A66. 
1711  *  *  Bolleau-Desprdaux,  Nicolas,  poet, 
satirist,  critic,  A75. 

Bouitlers,  l>uc  de,  Louis  Francois,  marshal, 
A67. 

Cheron,  F.lizabeth  S.,  artist,  poet,  A63. 

Millet,  Pierre,  ndssionary  in  Canada,  A80. 
1713*  *  Cassini,  Jean   Dominique,  astrono- 
mer A  87. 

Catinat,  Nicolas  de,  general,  A75. 

:^p^e,  Charles  Micliel  de  1',  philan.,  born. 

Fournier,  Pierre  Simon,  engraver,  type- 
founder, horn. 

Montcalm.  Marquis  de.  liCuis  Joseph. 
general,   born. 

Papin,  Denis,  natural  philosopher,  A65. 

Rousseau,  Jean  JacQues,  philosopher, 
writer,  born  in  Geneva. 

Simon.  Ricliard,  philosopher.  Bib.  critic,  A74. 

Vendome,  Due  de.   Louie    Joseph,  gen- 
eral, A58. 
1713*  *  Battens,  Charles,  rhetorician,  mis. 
writer-,  born. 

Benezet,  Anthony,  philanthropist,  born. 

Caille,  Nicolas  Louis  de  la,  astronomer,  b. 

Chardin,  Jean,  merchant,  traveler,  A70. 

Clairaut,  Alexis  Claude,  geometrician,  born. 

Diderot.  DenlB,  philosoi)her,  journalist, 
mis.  writer,  born. 

Ducarel,  Andr^  Colt^e,  antiquary,  born. 

Jurieu,  Pierre,  Protestant  clergyman,  A7ti. 

Ray  n  al,    L'Abbfe    Guillaume    Thomas 
Fran<;ol8.  historian,  philosopher,  born. 
1714  •  *  Cassini,  Thury,  C^sar  F.  de,  astron- 
omer, typographer,  born. 

Clement,  Frant^ois,  historian,  born. 

Damiens,  Itol)ert  F.,  regicide,  born. 

Ferri^re,  Claude  de,  jurist,  A75. 

Montalembert,  Marquis  de,  Alarc  R.,  mili- 
tary engineer,  horn. 

Pigalle,  Jean  Baptiste,  sculptor,  born. 

Soutflot,  Jacques  Germain,  architect,  born. 

Veruet,  Claude  Joseph,  painter,  born. 


FRANCE. 


1702,**-1718,  **.    G97 


1716  •  *  A,vin;ir.  Jacques,  imjiosUtr,  A.W  * . 

llal^clinu, ".lean  Joseph  Nicolas,  eiigr..  b. 

Chamilly,  .Marq.  <ie,  Noel  liouton,  geii.,  A7ft. 

Cochin,  Charles  Nicolas,  engraver,  writer,  b. 

Condillac,    ^tlenne   B.   de,  philosophet, 
metaphysician,   born. 

F6aelOQ.   Francois   de   la  Mottae.  arch- 
bishop of   (^aniliray,  author,   A(i4. 

Konteuay,  Jean  Baptiste  lilain  de,  painter, 
A61. 

Foulon,  Joseph  Fran<;oi8,  financier,  politi- 
cian, born. 

Oalland,  .\ntoine,  antiq.,  orientalist,  A69. 

Girardon,  Krangois,  sculptor,  A87. 

(JueltArd,  Jean  Ktienne,  botanist,  mineralo- 
gist, born. 

Helv6tiuB,  Claude  Adrian,  philos.,  born. 

Lemonnier,  I'ierre  I'harles,  astronomer,  b. 

L^inery,  Nicolas,  chemist,  A70. 

Louis  "XIV.,  King.  A77. 

Malebranche,  Nicolas,  philosopher,  A77. 

Vieussens,  Kaymond,  anatomist,  A74. 
1716  "  "  Barth61emy,  Jean  J..arclieologi8t, 
author,  born. 

Baume,  Nicolas  A.  de  la,  marshal,  A80. 

Coulanges,  Marquis  de,  Thilippe  Kmmauuel, 
song-writer,  AS5. 

Coustou,  (luillaume,  sculptor,  born. 

Oaubenton,  Louis  J.  JI.,  naturalist,  born. 

Lafosse,  Charles  de,  historical  painter,  A76. 

Loriot,  Antoine  .losepb,  mechanician,  born. 

Vien,  Joseph  .Marie,  historical  painter,  born. 
1717*  *  AJembert.  Jean  leRond  d*.  geom- 
etrician, philosopher,  author,  born. 
.      AUU,  I'ierre,  I'rotestant  theologian,  A76. 
I      Beauzee,  Nicolas,  granunarian,  born. 

BouUongne,  Iton,  painter,  A77f . 

(^allieres,  Francois  de,  statesman,  au.,  A72. 

Carmontelle,  Louis  Carrogis,  dram,  wr.,  b. 

Chaniousset,  Chevalier  de,  Claude  Humbert 
Piarron,  pliilanthropist,  born. 

(Juyon,  .Jeanne  Marie  liouvier  de  la  Motte, 
Madame,  mystic,  author,  A69. 

Hubert,  Mathieu,  pulpit  orator,  A77. 

Mothe-Cadillac,  Antoine  de  la,  explorer,  fdr. 
of  Detroit,  U.  S.  A.,  A57. 

CHURCH. 

1703  *  *  -10  *  *  The  Protestant  Cami- 
sards,  among  the  C^vennes  Mountains, 
revolt. 

1704  *  *  The  surviving  remnant  of  the 
Camisards  are  sent  into  exile. 

*  *  *  The  two  millions  of  Reformed  gather 
no  congregations,  except  as  they  as- 
semhle  in  the  wilderness. 

1709  *  ♦  Paris.  Louis  authorizes  the 
suppression  and  demolition  of  the  con- 
vent of  Port  Royal  des  Champs. 

1713  Sept.  8.  Jiome.  PopeClementXI. 
issues  the  bull  '*  Unigenitus,**  con- 
demning propositions  from  lieflexiones 
Morales  of  the  Jansenists;  the  church 
and  realm  are  convulsed  thereby. 

•  *  The  Jesuits  are  agitated  because  of 
the  influence  of  Madame  Guyon  and 
other  mystics,  called  Quietists. 

1715  *  *  Cardinal  de  Noailles  is  placed 
at  the  head  of  ecclesiastical  atfairs. 


LETTERS. 
1701  *  *  Mdnechmes,    by      Regnard,    ap- 
pears.   [1708.  lAgatalre  Universel.  Later 
^pitres,  La  Provem^ale,  and  Voyages.] 

1703  *  *  -14  *  *  Bibliothi'que  Choisie  is 
issued. 

1704  *  •  -06  *  *  La  Clef  du  Cabinet  des 
Princes  de  I* Europe  is  issued. 

*  *  -08  *  *  The  Thousand  and  One  Nifjhts, 
or  Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments, 
translated  from  Arabian  and  Turkish 
M.S.S.,  by  Antoine  Gallaud,  appears. 

1706  *  *  The  Avocat  Patkeltn,  by  Brueys 
and  Palaprat,  appears. 

1707  *  *  Atr^  €t  Thyeste,  by  Prosper 
Jolyot  de  Cr^billon,  appears. 

-*  *  Crispan  rival  de  son  maitre,  and  Le 
diable  boiteux,  by  Le  -Sag^  appear. 
1 1709,     Tv/rcaTet,\ 


*  *  -16  *  *  Commentary  on  the  Bible,  by 
Bom  Augustine  Calmet,  appears. 

1708*  *-17*  *  L'HistoirederAcadimie 
des  sciences  and  the  &loges  des  acadimi- 
ciens,  by  Fontenelle,  appear.  [Later, 
I'astorales  and  a  Vie  de  Corneille.] 

1711  *  *  lihadamiste  et  Zenobie,  by  Pros- 
per Jolyot  de  Crt^billon,  appears. 

YJIZ*  *  Vlrr^solu,  by  Philippe  N^ri- 
cault  Destouches,  appears. 

*  *  Mimoires  du  Comte  de  Grammont,  by 
Anthony,  Count  of  Hamilton,  appears. 

*  *-22*  *  1729*  *-36*  *  Journal  Lit- 
teraire  is  issued. 

*  *  Histoire  de  France ^  by  Gabriel  Daniel, 
appears. 

1714  *  *  Lettre  d  M.  Dacier  sur  les  occu- 
pations de  C Academic  franqaise,  by  F^- 
nelon,  appears.  [Later,  three  IHalogues 
de  V eloquence.  Fables,  JHalogues  des 
marts,  and  Lettres  spiritiieltes^ 

*  *  -27  *  *  Jiibliotheque  Ancienne  et  Mo- 
derne  is  issued. 

1715  *  *  -31  *  *  an  Bias  de  Santillane, 
by  XjO  SagCj  appears. 

±  *  *  Memoires,  by  Mme.  de  Maintenon, 
appears. 

1716*  *-28*  *  Bibliothkque  Anglais  is 
issued. 

1718  Nov.  18.  Paris.  (Edipe,  h^  Vol' 
taire,  is  acted  at  the  Theatre  Fran^ais. 

SOCIETY. 

1712  July  27.  Neth.  A  disgraceful 
quarrel  occurs  between  the  French  and 
Dutch  plenipotentiaries  at  Utrecht. 

1715  *  *  Paris.  Philip,  the  regent,  is 
shamelessly  dissolute,  and  his  example 
most  pernicious  to  society. 

The  doors  of  the  Bastile  are  opened, 
and  prisoners  released,  many  of  whom 
were  confined  for  unknown  causes. 

+  *  *  Paris.  The  Duchess  of  Berry  ob- 
tains notorious  preeminence  in  profli- 
gate society. 

1716*  *  Paris.  John  Law,  a  Scotchman, 
with  others,  founds  the  Banque  G6n6- 
rale,  which  issues  paper  currency. 

*  *  Paris.  The  Government  prosecutes 
its  creditors  for  fraud,  and  demands 
heavy  ransoms. 

STATE. 

1703  Oct.  25.  The  Duke  of  Savoy 
withdraws  from  France,  and  joins  the 

allies. 

*  *  Portugal  joins  the  allies. 

1704  *  *  The  Archduke  Charles  is  pro- 
claimed King  of  Spain  as  Charles  HI. 
by  the  allies.  [1706.  Sept.  24.  He  is  pro- 
claimed at  Madrid.    Sept.  4.    At  Milan.] 

1706  *  *  Belg.  By  the  victory  at  Ramil- 
lies,  Brabant  is  won  from  Spain. 

Sept.  *  it.  Hy  the  victory  of  the  Austri- 
ans  at  Turin,  Spain  loses  Lombardy. 

1708  *  *  Louis  negotiates  for  peace,  but 
the  allies  demand  that  he  dethrone  his 
grandson  Philip  V'.,  and  that  the  Bour- 
bons be  forever  excluded  from  the  suc- 
cession. 

1709*  *  Neth.  Prance,  humbled  by 
many  defeats,  opens  negotiations  for 
peace  at  Gertruydenburg. 

Ivouis  consents  to  the  dethroning  of 
Philip  in  Spain,  but  the  allies  insist  he 
shall  send  his  own  armies  to  do  this ; 
Louis  refuses,  and  the  war  is  renewed. 


1710  Dec.  10.  Sp.  By  the  victory  of 
Villaviciosa  Philip  "V.  of  France  re- 
gains the  throne  of  Spain. 

1711  Apr.  *  The  dauphin,  the  king's 
only  legitimate  son,  dies. 

1712  Jan.  29.  Neth.  The  Peace  Con- 
gress opens  at  Utrecht. 

Sept.  14.  Antony  Crozat  is  granted  a 
monopoly  of  trade  and  50,000  francs 
annually  for  settling  the  Southwest. 
[Louisiana,  U.  S.  A.] 

1713  Apr.  11.  The  Treaty  of 
Utrecht  is  signed  by  France  and  Spain, 
and  by  England,  Savoy,  Portugal,  Prus- 
sia, and  Holland. 

Philip  V.  of  France  is  acknowledged 
King  of  Spain,  but  he  is  not  to  succeed 
to  the  crown  of  France.  Prussia  is  rec- 
ognized as  a  kingdom.  Sicily  is  given  to 
the  Duke  of  Savoy,  whose  possessions 
are  made  a  kingdom.  France  abandons 
its  conquests  in  Holland,  gives  New- 
foundland, Nova  Scotia,  and  Hudson  Bay 
to  England,  with  iiermission  to  hold  Gi- 
braltar and  Minorca,  and  also  to  have 
the  contract  for  supplying  African  slaves 
for  the  Spanish  colonies;  it  also  ap- 
proves the  Protestant  succession  to  the 
British  throne.  [Germany,  refusing  to 
sign  the  treaty,  continues  the  war.] 

*  *  Douai  is  annexed. 

1714  Mar.+  *  Aust.  The  Peace  of 
Radstatt  is  concluded  between  France 
and  the  German  Empire. 

Naples,  Sardinia,  Milan,  and  Nether- 
lands, taken  from  Spain,  are  given  to 
Germany ;  the  frontiers  of  France  are 
preserved,  but  her  pride  is  humiliated, 
and  her  people  burdened  with  debt. 

1715  Sept.  1.    liouis  XIV.  dies. 

1715-74    Louis  XV.  reigns. 

Louis,  the  great-grandson  of  Louis 
XIV.,  becomes  king.  Philip,  Duke  of 
Orleans,  is  made  regent ;  his  favorite  is 
Cardinal  Dubois,  who  panders  to  the 
king's  pleasures. 

1716  May*  John  liaw,  a  Scotchman, 

projects  the  Mississippi  Scheme. 

Its  proposed  object  is  to  develop  the 
resources  of  the  regions  along  the  Mis- 
sissippi, believed  to  abound  in  the  pre- 
cious metals,  and  by  the  profits  of  the 
enterprise  to  pay  off  the  national  debt. 

*  *  With  permission  of  the  regent,  John 
IJaw  opens  a  bank  for  the  issue  of  paper 
money;  the  national  finances  are  in  a 
deplorable  condition. 

1717  Jan.  4.  A  triple  alliance  is 
formed  between  England,  France,  and 
Holland,  to  check  the  ambition  of  Spain. 
[The  King  of  Spain  claims  the  regency, 
as  uncle  to  the  King  of  France.] 

Sept.  *  The  Western  XiOuisiana  Com- 
pany obtains  its  grant.  [Illinois  is  an- 
nexed,] 

1718  Aug.*  By  the  adherence  of  the 
Emperor  Charles  VI.,  the  triple  alliance 
becomes  the  Quadruple  Alliance. 
(See  Great  Britain.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1703  Nov.  19.  The  man  with  the  iron 
mask  dies  in  the  Bastile  after  an  im- 
prisonment in  various  prisons  of  24  years. 

1709  *  *  Famine  prevails. 

1718*  *  Shares  in  Law's  Mississippi 
Scheme  rise  from  £500  to  £18,000. 


698     1718, 


1737,**. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1710  Jan.  10.  "War  is  declared  against 

Spain. 
Jan.  *  Sp.    Marshal  Berwick  with  40,000 

men    invades   Spain;    England   joins 

France. 
June  18.    Sp.    Fontarabia  capitulates 

to  Marshal  Berwick. 
Aug.  19.    Sp.    Marshal  Berwick  takes 

St.  Sebastian. 
Dec.  11.     Sp.    Gen.   Vendome   defeats 

the    Imperialists    under   Charles   and 

Count  Starhemberg  at  Villaviciosa. 

1733  Oct.  10.  France  declares  war 
against  Austria  in  support  of  the  claim 
of  Stanislaus  Lesczynski  to  the  Polish 
throne. 

Oct.  19.     Ger.    Kehl  is   captured  by 

Marshal  Berwick. 
*  *  It.    The  French  conquer  Milan. 

1734  May  8,  Prus.  Treves  is  taken 
by  the  French. 

May  13.  Ger.  Fhili'iMburg  is  invested 
by  Marshal  Berwick.  [July  18.  Sur- 
rendered.] 

June  12.  Marshal  Berwick  is  killed  by 
a  cannon-ball  before  Philipsburg. 

Jtm.e  29.  The  French  and  Imperialists 
fight  an  indecisive  battle  near  Parma, 

Sept.  19.  It.  The  French  defeat  the 
Austrtans  at  Guastalla. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1718  *  *  Paris.  Jean  Louis  Petit  invents 
the  screw  tourniquet  for  suppressing 
the  flow  of  blood  in  surgical  operations. 

1721  *  *  Paris.  Rameau's  L^JEndriaque 
appears. 

1722*  *  Paris.  The  Palace  of  the 
Deputies  is  erected. 

1729  Aug.  10.  Paris.  The  bronze 
equestrian  statue  of  Louis  XTV.,  in 
the  Place  Vendome,  the  largest  ever 
made,  is  demolished. 

1731  *  *  Paris.  The  Academy  of  Sur- 
gery is  established. 

1732*  *  Paris.  Charles  Francois  DuFaye 
discourses  on  two  kinds  of  electricity, 
the  vitreous  and  the  resinous. 

1735*  *-36*  *Two  expeditions  are 
sent  out  to  ascertain  the  figure  of  the 
earth. 

Pierre  Bouguer  and  Charles  de  la  Con- 
damine  go  to  Peru  to  measure  a  degree 
of  latitude ;  while  Pierre  Louis  de  Mavi- 
pertuis  and  others  go  to  Lapland. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1718  *   *  Arnaud,  Francois  T.  M.  de  Eaculard 
d*,  mis.  writer,  born. 
Ainiot,  or  Amyot,  Joseph,  Jesuit  missionary, 
born.  ^ 
Baluze,  Etienne,  WTiter  of  histories,  dies  in 
Paris,  A88. 

Collet,  PhUibert,  writer,  A75. 
Harcourt,  Due  d',  Henri,  gen.,  diplo.,  A64. 
Lahire,  Philippe  de,  geometrician,  A78. 
1719*  *  Auvrigny,  Hyaeinthe  Kobillard  d', 
historian,  A44. 
Bilieron,  Marie  C,  anatomist,  born. 
Cholseul.    Due   de.    ^tienne    Francois, 

statesman,  born. 
Dupin,  Louis  EUies,  theol.,  historian,  A62. 
Fr^ron,  :^lie  Catherine,  critic,  born. 
Leroy,  i^ierre,  watchmaker,  born. 
La  Salle,  Jean  Baptiste  de,  cl.,  edu.,  A63. 
Maintenon,    FrauQOise    d'Aubign^,    queen, 
A84. 


1720  •  *  Algulllon,  Due  d',  Armand  Vignerot 
Diiplessis  Kichelieu,  born. 

Aublet,  Jean  Baptiste  Christophe  F.,  bota- 
nist, born. 

Cardonne,  Denis  Dominique,  orientalist,  b. 

Chaulieu,  Ouillaume  Amfrye  de,poet,A81. 

CoysevoK,  Antoine,  Sp.  sculp,  in  Fr.,  A80. 

Favier,  Jean  Louis,  autlior,  born. 

Montbeillard,  (iueneau  de,  naturalist,  an.,  b. 

Hamilton,  Count  Anthony,  courtier,  writer, 
A74±. 

Levis,  Due  de,  Fran<;oi8,  marshal,  born. 
1731  *  *  Arnaud,  Henri,  clergyman,  leader 
of  Waldenses,  A80. 

Cartouche,  Louis  Dominique,  bandit,  A28. 

Chamillard,  Michel,  statesman,  A70. 

Guignes,  Joseph  de,  orientalist,  born. 

Huet,  Pierre  Daniel,  bishop  of  Avranches, 
scholar,  A91. 

Lelong,  Jacques,  cl.,  bibliographer,  A56. 

Malesherbes,  Chretien  de.  G.  de  Lamoi- 
gnon,  judge,  philantliropist,  born. 

Pompadour.  Madame  J.  de,  mistress  of 
Louis  XV.,  born. 

Watteau,  Antoine,  painter,  A37. 
1 733  ♦  *  Bordeu,  Th^ophile  de,  nied.  wr.,  b. 

Boulainvilliers,  Comte  Henri  de,  historian, 
critic,  A64. 

Coypel,  Antoine,  painter,  A61. 

Dacier.  Andr6,  scholar,  critic,  A71. 

Forbonnais,  Francois  Veron  de,  financier,  b. 

Varignon,  Pierre,  mathematician,  A68. 

Vaillant,  H^bastien,  botanist,  A63. 
1723*  *  Basan,  Pierre  Francois,  author,  en- 
graver, born. 

Basnage  de  Beauval,  Jacques,  theol.,  A70. 

Brotier,  Gabriel,  classical  scholar,  born. 

Brisson,  Mathurin  Jacques,  naturalist,  bom. 

Caffleri,  Jean  Jacques,  sculptor,  born. 

Campistron,  Jean  Gal!tertde,dramatist,  A67. 

Chabert,  Joseph  B.  de,  navigator,  astrono- 
mer, geograplier,  born. 

Ch^nier,  Louis  de,  historian,  born. 

Clairon,  Claire  Joseph  L.  de  L.,  actor,  born. 

Dubois,  Guillamne,  cardinal,  statesman,  A67. 

Fleury,  Claude,  L'  Abb6,  author,  AaS. 

Grasse,  Francois  Joseph  Paul  de,  Marquis 
de  Grasse-Tilly,  admiral,  born. 

Holbacli,  Paul  Thiry  d*,  philosopher,  born. 

Lauzun,  Antoine  Nompar  de  Caumont  de, 
general,  courtier,  A91. 

Marmontel,  Jean  Fran9ois,  critic,  miscel- 
laneous writer,  born. 

Phihp  II.,  Due  d'Orl^ans,  A50. 
1734*  *  Choisy,  Francois  Timol^on  de,  au- 
thor, A  80. 

Dufresny,  Charles  Rivifere,  dramatist,  A76. 

Hautefeuille,  Jean  de,  mechanician,  writer, 
A77. 

Rale,  RSle,  or  Rasles,  S^bastien,  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary to  the  Abenaki  Indians,  A66. 

1725  *  *  Chauvin,  Etienne,  Prot.  cler.,  A85. 
Court  de  Gebelin,  Antoine,  author,  born. 
Dancourt,  Florent  Carton,  comedian,  A64. 
Epinay,  Louise  d*,  mistress  of  Kousseau,  au- 
thor, born. 

Gacon,  Francois,  poet,  satirist,  A58. 

Louis  Philippe,  Due  d^Orleans,  son  of  Louis, 

born. 
Latude,  Henri  Masers  de,  prisoner  of  state,  b. 
Montucla,  Jean  Etienne,  matliematician,  b. 
Rochambeau,  Marquis  J.  B.  Douatien  de 

Vimeur,  marshal,  born. 
Rapin,  Paul  de,  Sieur  de  Tlioyras,  hist.,  A64. 
Vaudreuil,  Marquis  de,  Philippe  de  Rigaud, 

governor  of  Canada,  A83±. 

1726  *  *  Abbatucci,  Giacomo  Pietro,  Corsi- 
can  general,  born. 

Beaumelle,  Laurent  Angliviel  de  la,  au.,  b. 
Clerc,  Nicolas  G.,  physician,  historian,  born. 
Danican,  Francois  Andr^,  "Philidor,"  com- 
poser, chess-player,  born. 
Dumont,  Jean,  historian,  A76i. 
Gaillard,  Gabriel  Henri,  hist.,  mis.  wr.,  b. 
Greuze,  Jean  Baptiste,  painter,  born. 
Lisle,  GuiUaume  de,  geographer,  A5L 
Millot,  Claude  Francis  Xavier,  historian,  b. 
PaoU.  Pasquale  de,  Corsican  general,  b. 

1737  *  *  Abbadie,  Jacques,  Prot.  cler.,  A69. 
Adansou,  Jlicliel,  botanist,  born. 
Coramerson,  Philibert,  botanist,  born. 
Darcet,  Jean,  physician,  chemist,  born. 
Fabre,  Jean,  '*  the  honest  criminal,"  born. 
Favart,  Marie  Justine  Benoite,  actor,  born. 
Lhomond,  Charles  Francois,  educator,  born. 
Pontchartrain,  Comte  de,  Louis  P.,  states- 
man, A  85. 

Turgot.  Anne  Robt.  J..  Baron  de  PAulne, 
financier,  born. 

1738  *  *  Baum6,  Antoine,  chemist,  born. 
Charost,  Armand  J.  de  B.  de,  philanthro- 
pist, born. 

Daniel,  Gabriel,  Jesuit,  author,  A79. 
Eon  de  Beaumont,  Charles  L.  A.  A.  T.  d',  di- 
plomatist, born. 
Lekam,  Henri  Louis  Cain,  actor,  born. 


Lenfant,  Jacques,  Protestant  cl.,  hist.,  A67. 

Leroy,  J  alien  David,  architect,  born. 
1739  *  *  Boyer,  Abel,  lexicographer,  A62. 

Bougainville,  Louis  Antoine  de,  navigator^ 
discoverer,  born. 

Brunck,  Richard  Francois  Philippe,  scholar, 
critic,  born. 

Caylus,  Marquise  de,  Martlie  Marguerite  de 
Villett*  de  Murcay,  woman  of  fashion,  A&6. 

Coster,  Joseph  Francois,  economist,  finan- 
cier, born. 

Estaing,  Comte  d',  Chas.  Hector,  adm.,  b. 

Hardouin,  Jean,  Jesuit,  writer,  A83. 

X-ebrun,  Ponce  D.  ^..  poet,  bom. 

Vestris,  Gaetano  A.  Baldassare,  dancer,  b. 

"Wailly,  Cliarles  de,  architect,  born. 

1730  *  *  Aboville,  Francois  M.,  general,  b. 
Ameilbon,  Hubert  Pascal,  antiquary,  born. 
Bezout,  iLtienne,  mathematician,  born. 
Bossut,  Charles,  mathematician,  born. 
Cerceau,  Jean  Antoine  du,  poet,  ABO. 
Chabanon,l\Iicliel  Paul  Guy  de,  writer,  bom. 
Cossigny  de  Palma,  Joseph  Francois  Char- 

pentier,  naturalist,  born. 
D  Agincourt,  Jean  B..  archeologist,  born. 
Didot,  Francois  A.,  printer,  type-founder,  b. 
Lecouvreur,  Adrienne,  actor,  A40±. 
Messier,  Charles,  astronomer,  born. 
Pajou,  Augustin,  sculptor,  born. 
Palissot  de  Montenoy,  Cliarles,  satirist,  b. 
Saurin,  Jacques,  Prot.  pulpit  orator,  A53. 
Villeroi,  Due  de.  Frau90is  de  NeufviUe, 

marshal,  A86. 

1731  *  *  Anquetil-Duperron,  Abraham  Hya- 
einthe, orientalist,  born. 

Aubert,  L'Abbe,  Jean    Louis,  poet,  critic, 

fabulist,  born. 
Cadet  de  Gassicourt,  Louis  Claude,  chem.,b. 
Dejoux,  Claude,  sculptor,  born. 
Julien,  Pierre,  sculptor,  born. 

1732  *  *  Beaumarchais,  Pierre  A.  C.  de» 
dramatist,  born. 

Feuillet,  Louis,  naturalist,  geog.,  astro.,  A72. 

lialande.  Joseph  J6rdme  Le  Fran^ais  de, 
astronomer,  born. 

Lespinasse,  Julie  Jeannie  El^onor  de,  letter- 
writer,  leader  of  society,  born, 

Necker,  Jacques,  financier,  statesman, 
born   in   Geneva. 

Victor  Amadeus  II..  Duke  of  Savoy  and 
King  of  Sardinia,  A66. 

1733  *  *  Alegre,  Jlarquis  d',  Yves,  marshal, 
A80±. 

Antoine,  Jacques  Denis,  artist,  born. 

Arcon,  Jean  Claude  Eleonore  le  Michaud  d', 
engineer,  born. 

Borda,  Jean  C,  mathematician,  astron.,b. 

Coustou,  Nicolas,  sculptor,  A75. 

Duels,  Jean  F.,  poet,  dramatist,  born. 

Forbin,  Claude,  admiral,  A77. 

Montyon,  J.  B.  Robert  Augier  de,  philan.,  b. 

Picart,  Bernard,  designer,  engraver,  AbO. 

Robert,  Hubert,  painter,  born, 

Tott,  Baron  de,  Franyois,  diplomatist,  born. 
1734*  *  Auger,  L'Abbe,  Athanase,  classical 
scholar,  translator,  born, 

Barthez,  Paul  Joseph,  physician,  born. 

Berwick,  Duke  of,  James  Fitz-James,  mar- 
shal, A64. 

Chastellux,  Marquis  de,  Francois  Jean,  gen- 
eral, author,  born. 

Dionis  du  Sejour,  Achille  P.,  geometrician,  b. 

Dorat,  Claude  Joseph,  poet,  born. 

Lantier,  Etienne  Francois  de,  author,  born. 

Pourchot,  Ednie,  philosopher,  A8-3. 

Roland  de  la  Plati6re,  Jean  Marie,  states- 
man, born. 

Villars,  Due  de,  Claude  Louis  Hector,  gen- 
eral, A81. 
1735  *  *  Cr^vecceur,  Hector  Saint  Jean  de, 
agriculturist,  born. 

Kellermann,  Fran<;oi8  Christophe,  Due  de 
Vahny,  marshal,  born. 

Vertot,  Ken6  Aubert  de,  historian,  A80. 
1736*  *  Bailly,  Jean    Sylvain,  astronomer, 
philosopher,  statesman,  born. 

Boissieu,  Jean  Jacques  de,  engr.,  born. 

Coulomb,  Charles  Augustin  de,  phil.,  born. 

Dnguay-Trouin,  Rene,  admiral,  A63. 

Eugfene,  Prince,  Francjois  Eugene  de  Savoie, 
general,  A  73. 

Houel,  Jean  P.  L.  L.,  painter,  engraver,  b. 

Levesque,  Pierre  Charles,  historian,  trans- 
lator, bom. 

liaeran^e,  Joseph  Louis,  geometrician,  b. 

Linguet,  Simon  N.  H.,  advocate,  polemical 
writer,  born. 
1737*  *  Anselm,     Antoine,    pulpit    orator, 
poet,  A  85. 

Buffler,  Claude,  philosopher,  A76. 

Estr^es,  Due  d',  Victor  Marie,  admiral, 
statesman,  A77. 

Guyton  de  Morveau,  Louis  p.ernard,  chem- 
ist, scientific  writer,  born. 

Hecquet,  Pliilippe,  physician,  author,  A76. 

Lemoine,  Fraii9olB.  painter,  A4d. 


FRANCE. 


1718,**-1737,**     699 


Kegis,  Jean  Uaptiste  de,  geographer,  A'Si. 
Saint  Pierre.  Jacques  Henri  BernardiQ  de, 
author,  LK)rn. 

CHURCH. 

1721  *  *  Home.     Innocent  III.  is  pope. 
[\m,  Benedict  XI  n.;  1730,  Clement  XII.; 
1740,  lltMiedict  XIV.] 

1724  May  14.  Paris.  Louis  XV,  pro- 
claims [the  last]  severe  law  against  the 
Protestants.  It  attempts  to  force  them 
Into  the  Catholic  Church. 

July  25.  The  violent  persecution  of 
Protestants  hegins. 

1725  **  The  •*  Appellants,"  led  by 
Cardinal  de  Noailles,  appeal  from  the 
Pope's  bull  "Unigenitus"  to  a  general 
council,  but  without  success. 

1730±  *  *  The  bishop  of  Senez  is  sus- 
pended, and  banished  from  his  diocese, 
for  opposing  the  bull  Unigenitus. 

*  *  Paris.  Persecution  of  the  Jansenists. 

A  struggle  occurs  between  Louis  XV. 
and  the  parliament  concerning  the  en- 
forcement of  a  second  registration  of 
the  papal  edict. 

»  •  _44  *  *  Tlie  Protestants  enjoy  com- 
parative quiet. 

1732  Aug.  8.  Paris.  A  royal  order 
forbids  the  magistrates  to  receive  ap- 
peals respecting  the  matter  in  dispute. 
[They  return  a  positive  refusal,  and  are 
exiled  from  Paris.] 

*  *  Paris.  Many  miracles  are  alleged  to 
occur  at  the  cemetery  of  St.  M^dard, 
a  Jansenist  saint.  The  archbishop  of 
Paris  attributes  them  to  Satan. 

Extravagances  and  excesses  are  al- 
leged against  the  **  Convulsion- 
naires"  in  their  nocturnal  meetings. 

The  Government  closes  the  gates  of 
the  cemetery  of  St.  M^dard  against 
the  Jansenists. 

LETTERS. 

1718  ♦  *  Petit  Camere  of  ten  sermons, 
by  Jean  Baptiste  Massillon,  appears. 
[1723-42,  Discours  si/nodaux.] 

*  *  Doctrine  of  ChanceSy  a  translation  by 
Abraham  de  ISIoivre,  appears. 

*  *  -20  *  *  U Europe  Savante  is  issued. 

1719  *  *  P^flcxions  critiques  sur  lapodsie 
et  lapeinture,  by  Jean  Baptiste  Dubos, 
appears. 

*  *  Histoire  des  revolutions  de  la  r^pii- 
bliqite  ro7nainej  hy  Vertot  d'Aubert,  ap- 
pears. [1726.  Htstoire  des  chevaliers  de 
Afalte.] 

1720  *  *  Dictionary/  of  the  Pible,  by  Dom 
Augustine  Calmet,  appears. 

*  *  -40  *  *  Biblioth^que     germanique    is 

issued. 

*  *  -24  *  *  Mimoires  Litt^raires  de  la 
Grande  Bretagne  is  issued. 

i  *  *  M4moires,  by  Mme.  La  Duchesse 
D'Orl^ans,  appears. 

1721  *  *  Les  Letfres  Persanes^  by  Mon- 
tesquieu, appears. 

1722  *  *  Spectateur  Fran^ais  is  Issued  by 
Marivaux. 

1723  *  *  Dies  de  Castro,  by  Antoine  Hou- 
dart  de  la  Motte,  appears. 

*  *  -40  *  *  Le  Pour  et  le  Contre  is  issued. 

*  *  History  of  England  from  the  Roman 
Conquest  to  the  Death  of  Charles  /.,  by 
Paul  de  Rapin,  appears. 

1724  Mar.  4.  Marianne,  by  Voltaire, 
appears.     [Later,  La  Henriade.] 

1726*  *-31*  *7Vni/^  des  ttudes,  by 
Charles  Kollin,  appears. 


1727  *  *  Philosophe  Marie,  by  Philippe 
N^ricault  Destouches,  appears.  [1732, 
Glorieux.} 

*  *  Histoire  de  Vancien  gouvemement  de  la 
France  and  Vtltat  de  la  France,  by 
Comte  Henri  de  Boulainviliiers,  appear. 
[1731,  Histoire  des  Arabes.^ 

1728*  *Tbe  old  Mercure  Galant  [now 
Soitveau  Mercurel  is  changed  to  Mercure 
de  France. 

*  *  -30  *  *  La  Spectatrice  is  issued. 

*  *  -58  *  *  Bibliotheque  Raisonnie  des 
Ouvrages  des  Savants  is  issued. 

1730  *  *  Jeu,  de  I'amour  et  du  hasard,  by 
Marivaux,  appears.  [1731-42,  Marianne ; 
1735j  Paysan  Parvenu;  1736,  Faussea 
conjidences  and  Le  Legs.] 

*  *-38*  *  Ancient  History,  by  Charles 
RoUin,    appears.     [1738-41,    History    of 

Rome.] 

1731  *  *  Charles  XII.,  by  Voltaire,  ap- 
pears. [1732,  Aug.  13,  Zaire.  1733,  Let- 
tres  Philosophiques  sur  les  Anglais  and 
Temple  du  Goiit :  1736,  Alzire.] 

*  *  Lettres  de  la  marquise,  by  Claude  Pros- 
per Jolyot  de  Cr^billon,  appears.  [1736, 
flgare    du    cceur    et    de    Vesprit;    1745, 

Sophia.] 

1733  *  *  Histoire  Littiraire  de  la  France 
is  begun  by  the  Benedictines. 

*  *  Fausse  antipathie,  by  Pierre  Claude 
Nivelle  de  la  Chausse,  appears. 

*  *  Manon  Lescaut,  by  L'Abb6  Provost, 
appears. 

*  *  -34  *  *  BibliotJieque  Britannique  is  is- 
sued. 

1734  *  *  Considerations  sur  les  causes  de 
la  grandeur  dts  Romaiiis  et  de  leur  ddca- 
deiice,  by  Montesquieu,  appears. 

*  *  Usage  des  remains,  by  Lenglet  du 
Fresnoy,  appears. 

*  *  Histoire  critique  de  I'establissement  de 
lamonarchiefran^aise  dans  les  Gaules, 
by  Dubos,  appears. 

*  *  Vert- Vert,  by  Jean  Baptiste  Louis 
Gresset,  appears. 

*  *  -48  *  *  Supplement  des  Nouvelles  Ec- 
clesiastiqiies  is  issued. 

1735  *  * /*r^^"(tffed /a  morfe,  by  le  Chausse, 
appears.  [1741,  Milanide;  1744,  ilcole 
des  Meres.] 

*  *  -43  *  *  Observations  sur  les  Merits 
Modemes  is  issued. 

1736  *  *  Les  pohmes  de  la  Pucelle,  by  Vol- 
taire, appears. 

*  *-59*  *  Essay  on  Moral  Philosophy, 
The  Balistic  Arithmetic,  The  Measure  of 
the  Northern  Degree,  Discourse  on  the 
Figure  of  the  Stars,  and  several  treatises 
on  geometry,  by  P.  L.  M.  de  Maupertuis, 
appear. 

SOCIETY. 

1719*  *  Paris.  Avarice,  corruption,  and 
licentiousness  abound.  John  Iiaw's 
"Mississippi  Scheme,"  for  the  coloniza- 
tion of  Louisiana,  becomes  popular  as 
a  short  cut  to  wealth.  [Thousands  of 
families  are  involved  in  financial  ruin.] 

1720  ♦  *  Paris.  John  Law,  hooted  and 
imperiled,  is  driven  out  of  France. 

STATE. 

1718  *  *  The  conspiracy  of  the  Prince 

of  Cellamare,  the  Spanish  ambassador, 
the  Duchess  of  Maine,  and  others,  to  de- 
pose the  regent,  Orleans,  is  discovered, 
ahd  the  conspirators  are  punished. 

*  *  Liaw's  bank  is  made  the  Royal  Bank 
of  France,  with  exclusive  authority  to 
coin  money,  the  privileges  of  the  old 
East  India  Company,  the  trade  of  Loui- 
Biana  and  the  Mississippi,  the  tobacco 


monopoly,  and  the  right  of  receiving  all 
taxes  and  government  imposts. 

It  issues  notes  to  the  extent  of  3,000,- 
000,000  francs,  based  on  the  land  of  the 
kingdom;  its  shares  rise  to  twenty-fold 
the  original  value  —  more  than  80  times 
the  amount  ot  the  specie  of  France. 

1719  Jan.  10.  France  declares  war 
against  Spain. 

Dec.  *  Spain  sues  for  peace ;  the  allies 

demand  the  dismissal  of  Alberoni. 

1720  Jan.  25.  Spain  accepts  the  terms 
of  the  Quadruple  Alliance. 

May  *  An  edict  practically  acknowledges 
the  insolvency  of  the  Royal  Bank. 

July  *  The  Mississippi  Scheme  fails, 
the  Royal  Bank  suspends  payment; 
panic  and  financial  disaster  follow, 

1722  *  *  The  king  assumes  the  govern- 
ment. 

1723  *  *  The  Duke  of  Bourbon  (Louis 
Henri)  becomes  prime  minister. 

1725  Sept.  4.  Louis  XV.  marries 
Marie  Leszcynski,  a  daughter  of  Stan- 
islaus, the  exiled  King  of  Poland. 

1726  June  *  The  Due  de  Bourbon  is 
dismissed,  and  Cardinal  Fleury  be- 
comes prime  minister. 

1728  June  14.  At  the  Congress  of 
Soissons  a  [temporary]  arrangement  is 
made  of  points  in  dispute  between  Aus- 
tria and  Spain,  France  and  England. 

1729  Nov.  9.  Sp.  A  treaty  of  peace 
is  signed  by  France,  Great  Britain,  and 
Spain  at  Seville,  to  end  the  war  between 
England  and  Spain.  England  retains 
Gibraltar,  and  the  three  powers  unite  in 
close  alliance.    (See  Great  Britain.) 

1733  *  *  -35  *  *  The  war  of  the  Polish 
succession  follows  the  death  of  Augus- 
tus II. 

It  is  caused  by  rival  claimants  for  the 
throne;  a  majority  of  the  nobles  elect  Stan- 
islaus Leszcynski,  the  father-in-law  of  Louis 
XV.  of  France,  whose  influence  is  exerted 
in  the  election;  a  minority,  under  the  influ- 
ence  of  Kussia  and  Austria,  elect  Augustus 
III.,  Elector  of  Saxony,  and  provide  an 
armed  force  to  sustain  the  election  against 
France,  Spain,  and  Sardinia. 

Oct.  19.    A  treaty  of  alliance  is  formed 

between  France,  Spain,  and  Sardinia. 

1735  Oct.  3.    Preliminaries  of  peace 

are  signed  at  Vienna  between  France 
and  Austria. 

It  ends  the  war  of  the  Polish  succes- 
sion ;  Stanislaus  I.  abandons  his  claim 
on  Poland,  and  receives  the  duchies  of 
Lorraine  and  Bar,  which  after  his  de- 
cease fall  to  France. 

1736  *  *  Corsica.  Revolutionists  over- 
throw the  authority  of  Genoa,  and  es- 
tablish a  kingdom,  with  Theodore  Neu- 
hoff  as  king.  [He  soon  goes  to  England 
for  aid,  and  dies  there.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1720*  *  The  gold-fields  on  the  banks  of 
the  Mississippi  are  found  to  be  a  myth, 
and  every  shareholder  is  anxious  to  sell. 
[Shares  worth  £160,000  a  year  ago  are 
now  sold  for  a  sovereign.] 

*  *-26**  More  than  80.000  victims  to  the 
plague  fall  at  Marseilles;  the  disease 
was  brought  from  Syria  in  a  vessel. 

1734  June  24.  The  A  nzi  n  coal-mines, 
near  Valenciennes,  North  Franco,  are 
first  opened. 


700    1737,  *  *-1754,  Jan.  *. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1741  Sept.  *  Aust.  The  Frencli  with 
the  Bavarians  invade  Austria. 

Nov.  26.  Bohemia.  Prague  is  taken 
by  the  French  and  liavarians.  [174'J. 
Dec.  *  The  French  under  Marshal  Belle 
Isle  retreat.] 

1743  June  27.  Ger,  The  French  un- 
der Marshal  Noailles  and  the  Due  de 
Grammont  are  defeated  at  Dettingen 
by  the  British  and  German  allies  of 
Maria  Theresa  under  George  II.  of  Eng- 
land and  the  Earl  of  Stair, 

1744  Feb.  11.  The  French  and  Span- 
ish fleets  defeat  the  British  off  Toulon. 

Mar.  15.  AVar  is  declared  against  Great 

Britain. 
Oct.  16.    Ger.    The    French   capture 

Munich. 

1745  May  11.  lielg.  The  French  un- 
der Louis  XV.  and  Alarshal  Saxe  defeat 
the  allies  at  Fontenoy.  [Several  of  the 
principal  cities  of  Flanders  surrender.] 

1746  May  10.  Belg.  Antwerp  ia 
taken  by  Marshal  Saxe. 

June  4.  It.  The  French  and  Spaniards 
are  defeated  at  St.  I^azaro  by  the  Sar- 
dinians and  Imperialists. 

June  16.  It,  The  Imperialists  and  Sar- 
dinians under  Prince  Lichtenstein  de- 
feat the  French  and  Spaniards  at  Pia- 
cenza. 

Sept.  19.  Belg.  Marshal  Saxe  takes 
Namur. 

Sept.*  E.I.  The  French  attack  Madras 
with  a  force  of  3,500±  men. 

Oct.  11.  Belg.  Marshal  Saxe  defeats 
the  Austrians  and  their  allies  under 
Charles  of  Lorraine  at  Kaucoux.  [1747. 
Saxe  is  made  marshal-general  of  France.] 

*  *  The  British  unsuccessfully  attack 
Lorieut. 

1747  Apr.  17.  Louis  declares  war 
against  Holland.  [Marshal  Saxe  and 
106,000  men  cross  the  frontier,  and  take 
the  fortresses  lining  the  Scheldt  from 
Antwerp  to  the  sea.] 

May  13.  The  French  fleet  of  38  sail 
is  captured  off  Cape  Finisterre  by  the 
British  Adm.  Anson. 

June  16.  The  French  West-India  fleet 
is  captured  by  the  British  Commodore 
Fox. 

July  2.  Neth.  Saxe  defeats  the  Duke 
of  Cumberland  with  a  loss  of  8,000  men 
at  Xiaffeldt. 

July  19.  The  Sardinians  defeat  the 
French  at  Exilles. 

Sept.  15.  Neth.  Bergen-op-Zoom  is 
taken  by  Saxe. 

Oct.  14.  The  British  Adm.  Ilawke  de- 
feats the  French  fleet  off  Belle  Isle. 

1748  May  7.  Neth.  Maestricht  sur- 
renders to  the  French  under  Saxe. 

Apr.  *  Suspension  of  hostilities. 
Oct.  18.    Peace.     (See  State.) 

1750  Nov.  30.    Marshal  Saxe  dies. 

1751  *  *  Paris.  The  Mihtary  Acad- 
emy is  established. 

*  *  -54  *  *  E.  I.    "War  with  the  English. 

*  *  E.  I.  Col.  Robert  Clive  captures  and 
defends  Arcot  against  the  French.  The 
French  are  victorious  at  Trlchinopli. 


ART  — SCIENCE  — NATURE. 

1738  *  *  Bouguer  makes  the  first  attempt 
to  measure  the  earth's  density. 

1747  *  *  Turkey-red  dye  is  introduced. 

1749  *  *  Georges  Louis  Leclerc  Buffou's 
Natural  History  appears.  (It  is  trans- 
lated into  all  the  languages  of  Europe.] 

1750*  *  Louis  Daubenton'a  Anatomy 
appears. 

*  *  Paris.  Machines  for  making  cards 
are  invented  by  a  Bavarian. 

1751  *  *  Lelande  is  sent  to  Berlin  to 
make  observations  on  the  distance  of 
the  nK>on  from  the  earth. 

1752  *  *  Jeroboam,  painted  by  Jean  Ho- 
nor6  Fragonard,  receives  the  grand 
prix  de  Kome. 

1753*  *  Paris.  Bouguer  invents  the 
hehometer  for  meapuring  small  angles. 

±  *  *  Encatistic  painting  is  perfected  by 
Count  Caylus. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1738*  *  Beausobre,  Isaac  de,Prote8tantcler- 
gvman,  theologian,  A79. 

lUanchard,  Kran(;oi8,  aeronaut,  born. 

DelUle.  L'Abb6.  Jacques,  poet,  born. 

Fleurieu,  Comte  (if,  ('harles  Pierre  Claret, 
navigator,  hydrograplier,  statesman,  born. 

GiuUotin,  Joseph    Ignatius,    physician,    In- 
ventor of  guillotine,  born. 

Labat,  .lean  liaptiate,  monk,  missionary,  au- 
thor, A  75. 
1 739  ♦  *  Aulnaye,  Francois  H.  S.  de  1',  wr.,  b. 

llouill6,  Franrols  Claude  Amour  de,  gen- 
eral, writer,  born. 

Chalgrin,  Jean  F.  T.,  architect,  born. 

Uufay,  Cbailes  Fran<;oi8de  Cisternay,  phyai- 
ciflt,  A  41. 

Diunouriez,  Charles  Francois,  general,  born. 

Drevet,  Pierre,  engraver,  A42. 

Lutrecasteaux,  Joseph  A.  li.  d',  admiral,  b. 

La  Harpe.  Jean   Francois  de,  dramatist, 
critic,  born. 

Lebrun,  Due  de,  Charles  Franqois  Piacenza, 
statesman,  author,  born. 

Vani6re,  Jacques,  Latin  poet,  A75. 
1740*  ♦  Camus.  Armand  Gaston,  legislator, 
writer,  born. 

Carrere,  Joseph  B.  F.,  physician,  born. 

Cavalier,  Jean,  leader  of  Camisards,  A61±. 

Charriere,  Madame  de  Saint-IIyacintbe  de, 
IsabeUe  Agnes  Van  T uyel,  novelist,  born. 

Custine,  Comte  de,  Adam  Philippe,  born. 

Gagnier,  John,  orientalist,  A70. 

Imbert,  Joseph  Gabriel,  painter,  A86. 

Lafltau,  Joseph  F..  Jesuit  missionary,  dies. 

Montgolfier,  Joseph    Michel,   mechanician, 
inventor,  born. 

Oberlin,  Jean  Fr^d^rie,  philan.,  reformer,  b. 
1741  *   *  Barth^lemon,    Francois    H..    musi- 
cian, born. 

Cham  fort  (Champfort),    S6bastien    Roch 
Nicolas,  poet,  litterateur,  born. 

Coste,  Jean  Fran«;ots,  physician,  writer,  b. 

Grelny,  Andre  Krnest  Modeste,  composer, 
born. 

Iloudon,  Jean  Antoine,  sculptor,  born. 

Laclos,  Pierre  A.  F.  C.  de,  revolutionist,  au- 
tlior,  born. 

La  Peronse,  Comte  de,  Jean   Francois  de 
(Jalaup,  navigator,  l)orn. 

Luzerne,  Anne  C^sar  de  la,  diplomatist,  b. 

Montfaucon,  Bernard  de,  antiquary,  critic, 
philologist,  A86. 

Rollin,  Charles,  historian,  A80. 

Kousseau.  Jean  Bapliste,  poet,  A71. 
1743*   *  Bourguet,    Louis,   antiquary,  natu- 
ralist, A  64. 

Brumoy,  Pierre,  classical  scholar,  A.54. 

I>oml)ey,  Joseph,  botanist,  traveler,  born. 

I)origny,  Louis,  painter,  engraver,  A88:t . 

Dubos,  Jean  Baptlste,  publicist,  critic,  A72. 

l>upuis,  Charles  Frantjois,  philosopher,  sa- 
vant, born. 

Massillon,  Jean  Baptlste,  pulpitora.,  A79. 

Portal,  Antoine,  Baron,  physician,  born. 

Sicard.  L'Abb6,  Roch  A.  C,  teacher  of  deaf 
nmtes,  born. 
1743  *  *  Auvigny,  Jean  du  Castre  d',  writer, 
ASH  4-. 

CondorcBt.  Marquis  de.  Marie  J.  A.  N.  C, 
metaphysician,  born. 

Duhalde,  Jean  Baptlste,  Jesuit,  geographer, 
A69. 


Fleury,  Andr6  Ilereule  de,  cardinal,  states- 
man, A  90. 

Geoffrey,  Julien  Louis,  critic,  editor,  born. 

Guibert,  Comte  de,  Jacques  A.  U.,  autiior, 
soldier,  born. 

Haiiy,  L'.Vbbe,  Ren6  Just,  mineralogist,  b. 

Latour  d'  Auvergne,  Theophile  M.  C.  de, 
army  officer,  born. 

Lavoisier,  Antoine  L.,  chemist,  born. 

Legrand,  .Jatviues  Guillaume.  architect,  b. 

Rigaud,  ilyacinthe,  portrait  painter,  A81. 

Saint- I'ierfe,  Charles  Irtnee  C'astel  de, 
clergyman,  writer,  A85. 

1744  *  *  Avril,  Jean  Jacques,  engraver,  b. 
Barbeyrac,  Jean,  jurist,  historian,  A7I. 
Bertrand  de  MoUeville,  Marquis  de,  Antoine 

Francois,  statesman,  born. 
BosquUlion,  I^douard  F.  M.,  physician,  b. 
C'allf't,  Jean  Francois,  niatlieinaticiau,  born. 
Canipra,  Andr^,  composer,  A84. 
Capperonnier,  t'laude,  linguist,  critic,  A73. 
Hesanlt,  Pierre  Joseph,  surgeon,  born. 
Duvoisin,  Jean  Baptlste,  bishop  of  Kantes, 

theological  writer,  born. 
Jjamarck,  Chevalier,  Jean  B.,  P.  A.  de  M., 

naturalist,  born. 
Marat,  Jean  Paul,  revolutionist,  born. 
Meohain,  Pierre  Frantjois,  astronomer,  born. 

1745  *  *  Auguis,  Pierre  Jean  B.,  revolution- 
ist, born. 

Desfontaines,  Pierre  Fran9oiB  Ouyot. 
critic,  AGO. 

Desmaiseaux,  Pierre,  scholar,  author,  A79. 

Fourmont,  Etlenne,  orientalist,  author,  A62. 

Freteau  de  Baint-Just,  Emmanuel  M.  M. 
P.,  politician,  born. 

Kergu^len-Tri^marec,  Vves  J.  de,  navigator, 
born. 

Montgolfier,  Jacques  Etlenne,  inventor  of 
balloon,  born. 

Pinel,  Philipi)e,  physician,  alienist,  born. 

Portalis,  Jean  E.  i'l.,  jurist,  siatesmau,  bora. 

Yanloo,  Jean  Baptlste,  painter,  A(il. 
1746*   *  Bauldelocque,  Jean  Louis,  surg.,  b. 

Charles,  Jacques  Alexandre  C<^sar,  electri- 
cian, born. 

Chaussier,  Francois,  anatomist,  born. 

Coustou,  (JuiUaunie,  8Culi)tor,  AbM. 

Dorignv,  Sir  Nicolas,  engraver.  A89. 

Genlis,'Comtesse  de,  Stephanie  Felicite,  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  born. 

L'Heritier  de  Brutelle,  Charles  Louis,  bota- 
nist, born. 

Maury,  Jean  Siffrein,  cardinal,  pulpit  orator, 
politician,  born. 

Michaux,  Andr6,  botanist,  born. 

Monge,  Gaspard,  Comte  de  Peluze,  geome- 
trician, born. 

Roland,  Philip,  sculptor,  born. 
1747*   *  Biron,  Due  de,   Armand   Loula  de 
Gontaut,  Due  de  I>auzun,  gen.,  jml.,  born. 

Bonneval,  Comte  de,  Claude  Alexandre,  ad- 
venturer, A72. 

Bourne,  Vincent,  scholar,  writer,  A49. 

Clermont-Tonnerre,  Comte  de  Stanislas, 
statesman,  born. 

Denon,  Dondnique  V.,  Baron,  archeol.,  born. 

Fouquier-Tinville,  revolutionist,  public 
prosecutor,   born. 

La  Rochefouoauld-Liancourt,  Due  de,  Fran- 
cois Alexandre  Frederic,  pliilan.,  pel.,  b. 

Le  Bage.  Alain  Ken6,  romancer,  drama- 
tist, A79. 

Orleans,  Due  d*,  Louis  PIdlippe  Joseph, 
Philippe  Kgalit6,  statesman,  born. 

1748  ♦  *  Agler,  Pierre  Jean,  judge,  l>orn. 
Bausset,  Louis  Francois  de,  rardlnal,  au.,  b. 
BerthoUet,  Clau4ie  Louis,  chemist,  born. 
Chandjon  de  Montaux,  Nicolas, physician, b. 
David,  Jacques  Louis,  painter,  born. 
Gingnene,  Pierre  Louts,  critic,  author,  bom. 
Girard,  Gabriel,  grammarian,  A71±. 
Juasleu,  Antoine  Laurent,  botanist,  born, 
Siey&s,  L'Abbe,  Enunanuel Joseph, publicist, 

born. 
Vicq-d'Azyr,  F61ix,  anatomist,  born. 

1749  *  *  Berquin,  Arnaud,  writer,  bom. 
Bousmard,  Henri  J.  B.  de,  military  eng.,  b. 
Cerisier,  Antoine  Marie,  historian,  born. 
Chastelet,  Marquise,  Gabrieile,  scientific  au- 
thor, A43. 

Delambre,  Jean  Baptlste  Joseph,  astron.,  b. 
Fr^ret,  Nicolas,  antiq.,  historical  critic,  A6l. 
Garat,  Dominique  Josepli,  revolutionist,  b. 
Laml>ane,Princessede,  Marie  Tln^rfese Louise 

de  Savoie-t'arignan,  born. 
Laplace,  Pierre  Simon,  astron.,  math.,  b. 
Mirabeau,   Comte  de.   Honore  (.-abriel  de 

Rlquettl,  orator,  statesman,  l)orn. 

1750  *  •  Abrail,  Joseph  Andr6,  statesman, b. 
Allan,  Marv  t;av,  novelist,  born. 
Arnould,  Ambrose  Marie,  political  econo- 
mist, born. 

Aubry,  Francois,  revolutionist,  born. 
Baert,  Baron,  Alexamire  Baltbasar  Fraugols 
de  Paule,  senator,  author,  born. 


FRANCE. 


1737,  **-1754,  Jan.  *     701 


liergasse^  Nicolas^  jnristf  writer,  born. 

I'.onaparte,  Letitia,  mother  of  Napoleon,  b. 

lirueys,  Frain;ois  I'aul,  admiral,  born. 

Cliopart,  Fnuii^ois,  surgeon,  born. 

Collot  d'  Herbcls,  Jean  Marie,  revolution- 
lat,  born. 

Cornet,  Comt«  de,  Matbleu  Aogustin,  states- 
man, born. 

Doloinieu,   l>6odat  G,  S.  T.  de  Gratet  de, 
Reolocist,  born. 

Kerrami,  Count,  Antoine  Francois  CUamle, 
author,  born. 

Frani;ois  <le  Neufchateau,  N.  L.,  writer,  poli- 
tician, born. 

(;irard,  Stei)lien,  merchant,  banker,  million- 
aire, born. 

Meissonier,  Justus  A.,  painter,  sculptor, arch- 
itect, A  55. 

i't'tit,  Jean  Louis,  surgeon,  A76. 

savary,  Nicolas,  traveler,  autlior,  born. 

Villoison,  Jean  Baptiste  Gaspard  d'Anssa  de, 
Greek  scholar,  born. 

Nov.  30.     Saxe,  Comte  de.  Hermann 
Maurice,  general,  A54. 
1751*  •  ABueaaeau.  Henri  Fran<^i8  d'. 
chancellor,  orator,  legislator,  author,  A83. 

liilbert,  Nicolas  J.  I-.,  poet,  born. 

I.;itTetelIe,  I'ierre  Louis  de,  lawyer,  writer,  b. 

l.ally-'I'oUendal,  Marquis  de,  Trophime  G., 
politician,  born. 

La  Mettrle,  Julien  Offray,  de,  philos.^  A42. 

Sonnini  de  Manoncourt,   Charles  Nicholas 
Sigisbert,  naturalist,  l>orn. 
1753  *  *  Athenas,  rural  economist,  born. 

Beumonville,  Marquis  de,  Pierre  de  Knel, 
marslial,  slatesinan,  born. 

Cabarrus,  Frani^ois,  merciiant,  born. 

Campan,  Jeanne   Louise  Henrietta  Genest, 
teacher,  autlior,  iMirn. 

Choiseul-Goumer.  Cojnte  de,  Marte  Gabriel 
F.  A  ,  traveler,  autlior,  born. 

Folard,  Jean  Charles  de,  soldier,  military 
writer,  A  83. 

Gulllard,  Nicolas  Francois,  lyric  poet,  born. 

Jacquard,  Joseph   M.,  inventor  JacQuard 
loom,  born. 

lioeondre.  Adrlen  Marie,  math.,  born. 

Louis,  Duo  d'Orleans,  .\49. 
1753  »  *  Allainval,   Leonor  J.  C.  8.  d',  dra- 
matic poet,  A  33  •- . 

Berthier,   Loins  Alexandre,  Prince  of  Wa- 
gram,  marshal,  born. 

Carnot,  Lazare  Nicolas  Marguerite,  mathe- 
matician, strategist,  born. 

Chardon  de  la  Kochette,  Simon,  philologist, 
Hellenist,  born. 

Dalayrac,  Nicolas,  musical  composer,  born. 

Dumas,  Comte  Mathieu,  general,  author,  b. 

Parny,  Evariste  I>6sir6  De  Forges  tie,  poet,  b. 

Pigault-Lebrun,  Cliarles  Antoine  i;uillaunie, 
novelist,  born. 

Segur,  Comte  de,  Louis  Philippe,  statesman, 
author,  born. 

Vaillaut,  Francois  Le,  traveler,  naturalist,  b. 

CHURCH. 
1744  *  *  Tlie  Protestants  hold  their  first 
public  National  Synod,    (See  1559.) 

*  *  Protestants  enjoy  external  peace,  but 
the  Reformed  Church  declines,  chiefly 
for  the  lack  of  trained  and  educated  pas- 
tors ;  fanaticisin  disturbs  its  peace. 

1749  *  *  Paris.  An  edict  of  mortmain 
is  issued,  prohibiting  the  foundation  of 
new  religious  establisbments,  and  order- 
ing a  survey  of  all  ecclesiastical  property 
for  the  purpose  of  taxation ;  the  clergy 
are  exasperated. 

*  *  Paris.  Archbishop  Beaumont  renews 
the  persecution  of  the  Jan.senists,  wlio 
are  supposed  to  be  the  authors  of  the 
obnoxious  edicts. 

*  *  Cur^s  are  ordered  not  to  absolve  the 
dying  unless  they  have  attested  their 
acceptance  of  the  bull  Unigenitus; 
society  is  shaken  by  the  struggle  of  all 
orders  and  parties. 

i  *  *  Paris.  Freethinkers,  headed  by 
Voltaire,  scoif  at  religion,  and  plot  for 
the  overthrow  of  established  ideas. 

LETTERS. 

1737  *  *  Treatise  on  the  Attack  of  Places, 
and  Treatise  on  the  Defense  of  Places^ 
by  S^bastien  Le  P.  de  Vauban,  appear. 


1738  *  *  Mitromanie,  by  Alexis  Piron,  ap- 
pears. 

1740  *  *  Parall'Ue  des  liomains  et  des 
Fran^ais,  by  Gabriel  Bonnet  Mably,  ap- 
pears. 

ir  *  *  Memoires,  by  Louis  de  Rouvray,  Due 
de  Saint-Simon,  appears. 

1741  *  *  Mahomet,  by  Voltaire,  appears 
at  Brussels.  [1742,  Merope  appears  at 
Paris.] 

*  *  Memoir  on  the  Integral  Calculus,  by 
Jean  le  Rond  d'Alembert,  appears. 
[1743,  Treatise  on  J) ynamics ;  11  ^Q, On  the 
General  Theory  of  the  Winds.^ 

1742  *  *  Confession  Hit  Comte  de ,  by 

Charles  P.  i>uclos.  appears.     [1749,  Con- 
siderations sur  les  mceurs  de  ce  siecle.] 

1744  *  *  Compendium  of  the  History  of 
France^  by  Charles  C.  J.  Heuault,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  -48  *  *  M4moires  Secrets  de  la  Ii4pu- 
blique  des  Ltttres  is  issued. 

1745  *  *  Dialogue  de  Sylla  et  d'JSucrate, 
by  Montesquieu,  appears. 

*  *  Account  of  a  Vnyofje  in  South  America^ 
by  Charles' M.  La  Condamine,  appears. 
[1749,  The  Figure  of  the  Earth  deter- 
mined.^ 

*  *  Sur  le  mirite  et  la  vertu,  by  Diderot, 
appears.  [1746,  Philosophic  Doubts; 
1747,  Sceptics*  Walk;  1749,  Lettre  sur  lea 

aveugles.] 

*  *  Histoire  naturelle  de  I'Ame,  by  Julien 
Offrayde  de  Laniettrie,  appears.  [1747, 
La  faculte  vengde ;  1748,  L* Homme  ma- 
chine and  V  Homme  pi  ante.'] 

1746  *  *  Introduction  to  the  Knowledge  of 
the  Human  Mind,  by  Marquis  de  Vau- 
venargues,  appears. 

*  *  Essay  on  the  Origin  of  Human  Knotcl- 
edge,  by  Condillac,  appears.  [1749, 
Traits  des  Systemes.] 

*  *  -59  *  *  Nonvelle  Bibliotheque  Britan- 
nique  is  issued. 

1747  *  *  Gouvemante,  by  La  Chausse,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  M^chant,  by  Jean  Baptiste  Louis  Gre.s- 
set,  appears. 

*  *  Memoires  sur  la  vie  de  Jean  Rapine,  by 
Louis  Racine,  appears.  [Later,  a  trans- 
lation of  Paradise  Lost.] 

1748  *  *  Droit  pubtique  de  I'Europe,  by 
Mably,  appears.  [1751,  Observations  sur 
les  liomains.] 

*  *  L^'Histoirf.  du  Stathoud^rat^hy  L'Abb6 
liaynal,  appears. 

*  *  Esprit  des  Lois,  by  Montesquieu,  ap- 
pears. 

1749  *  *  -52  *  *  Observations  sur  la  Lit- 
tdrature  Modeme  is  Issued. 

*  *  -54  *  *  Letters  on  Certain  Contempo- 
rary Writings  is  issued  by  tlVie  C.  Frti- 
ron. 

*  *  -85  *  *  Histoire  naturelle,  ginerale,  et 
particuliere,  by  Jean  Louis  Leclere, 
Count  of  Buffon,  appears. 

*  *  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau  takes  the 
prize  offered  by  the  Academy  of  Dijon 
for  an  essay  on  the  eflfect  of  the  progress 
of  civilization  on  morals. 

1750  *  *  li  ijle  xions  philosophiques  sur 
Vorigine  des  animaux  and  Les  animaux 
phts  que  machines,  by  Lamettrie,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  -57  *  *  Journal  liritanniqv^  is  issued. 

1751  *  *  Journal  of  an  Expedition  made 
by  Order  of  the  King  to  the  Equator,  by 
La  Condamine,  appears. 


*  *  -77  *  *  The  Encyclopaedia  appears ; 
it  is  first  conducted  by  Diderot  and 
D*Alembert,    afterwards    by    Diderot 

alone. 

1752  *  *  The  Gazette  is  changed  to  the 
Gazette  de  F'rance. 

*  *  Diatribe  du  Docteur  Akakia^  by  Vol- 
taire, appears. 

*  *  The  operetta  Devin  du  Village,  by 
Jean  Jacques  Housseau,  appears. 
[1753,  Sur  la  Musi(jue  frauQaise  and  Dis- 
cours  sur  I'economie  politique;  1755,  Dis~ 
cours  sur  Vorigine  et  les  fondemenis  de 
I'in^galite parmi  les  hommes.} 

*  *  Pieces  fugitives,  by  Michel  Jean  Se- 
daine,  appears. 

1753  *  *  Histoire  de  la  pairie  de  France  et 
du  parlemtnt  de  Pans,  by  Boulainvil- 
liere,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1745  *  *  -64  *  *  Paris.  The  Marquise 
de  Pompadour,  the  king's  mistress,. 
has  a  remarkable  inltuence  over  him. 

When  her  attractions  wane,  she  main- 
tains her  empire  by  sanctioning  the  infa- 
mous seraglio,  called  Pare  aux  Cerfs,. 
in  her  beautiful  retreat  at  Marseilles. 


STATE.       ,     • 
1738    Nov.  18.   The  Treaty  of  Vienna - 

is  signed  between  France  and  Austria. 

It  ratifies  tbe  preliminaries  of  peace; 
Lorraine  is  ceded  to  France ;  France  re- 
signs Milan  and  Mantua  to  the  emperor ; 
Austria  cedes  the  Two  Sicilies  to  Don 
Carlos  of  Spain,  as  a  secundogeniture ; 
he  cedes  Parma  and  Piacenza  to  Aus- 
tria ;  the  J)uke  of  Lorraine  receives 
Tuscany, 

1740*  *  France  aids  Charles  Albert, 
Elector  of  Bavaria,  in  his  claim  to  the 
throne  of  Austria  on  the  death  of  the 
Emperor  Charles  VI. 

1743  Jan.  29.  Cardinal  Fleury  dies,, 
and  the  king  takes  the  government 

into  his  own  hands  ;  Marquise  de  ChA- 
teauroux  is  the  power  behind  the  throne. 

1744  Mar.  15.  France  declares  war 
against  Great  Britain. 

May*  Neth.  Louis  XV.  invades  the 
country. 

June  5.  A  secret  treaty  is  formed  be- 
tween Frederick  II.  and  France. 

An  alliance  is  formed  at  Frankfort,, 
uniting  France,  Prussia,  tbe  Emperor 
Charles  VIL,  Jind  Sweden,  against  Aus- 
tria. 

1745  *  *  -64  *  *  Madame  de  Pompa- 
dour, the  king's  chief  mistress,  rises  to 
power  and  influence  in  public  affairs. 

1747  Apr.  17.  Louis  declares  war- 
against  Holland. 

1748  Oct.  18.  The  Treaty  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  between  France,  Great  Brit- 
ain, Holland,  Germany,  Spain,  and 
Genoa,  is  signed.    (See  Austria.) 

1749  *  *  A  tax  is  levied  of  one-twentieth 
of  all  incomes,  including  those  of  the- 
privileged  orders. 

A  struggle  occurs  between  the  Church,, 
the  Parliament,  and  the  Crown  relating 
to  taxes  and  billets  de  confession. 

1753  *  *  The  Boyal  Chamber  is  estab- 
lished to  do  the  work  of  refractory  ma- 
gistrates.   [1754,  Suppressed.] 

1754  Jan.i*  Disputes  arise  with  Eng- 
land concerning  territory  in  America, 
and  trading-posts  in  the  East  Indies. 


702    1754,  May  *-1768,  *  * 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1754  May*  U.S.A.  The  English  send 
Maj.  George  Washington  of  Virginia 
to  Ohio  to  stop  the  erection  of  French 
forts, 

1755+  *  *  The  struggle  for  supremacy 
in  the  New  World  begins  ;  France  and 
England  engage  in  the  Seven  Years' 
"War,  called  the  French  and  Indian  war 
in  America.    (See  America.) 

July  9.  U.  S.  A.  The  British  Gen. 
Braddock  is  defeated  and  killed  by  the 
French  near  Fort  Du  Quesne.  (See 
America.) 

*  *  Corsica.    Pasquale  de  Paole  is  chosen 

generalissimo  of  the  Corsicans.  [For 
ten  years  he  sustains  conflicts  with  in- 
surrectionists and  the  Genoese.] 

1756  May  17.  England  declares  war 
against  France. 

July  *  The  French  attack  and  take  the 
Island  of  Minorca  from  the  English. 

1757  *  *  Oer.  Hanover  is  invaded  by 
the  French. 

Nov.  5.  Pnts.  Frederick  the  Great, 
commanding  22,000  Prussians,  utterly 
defeats  tt^  united  armies  of  the  French 
under  Marshal  Soubise  and  the  Impe- 
rialists under  the  Prince  of  Saxe-Hild- 
burghausen  at  Kossbach;  Prussian 
loss,  5,000±  ;  allies,  1,700  killed  and  7,000 
prisoners. 

1758  June  23.  Pnts.  The  Prussians 
under  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick  defeat 
the  French  under  the  Comte  de  Cler- 
mont at  Krefeld.  [After  several  small 
battles  the  French  are  forced  to  retreat 
from  the  Elbe  to  the  Rhine,] 

June*  Tlie  British  burn  over  100  French 
vessels  in  Cancale  Bay. 

Oct.  4.  £.  I.  Arcot  is  taken  by  the 
French. 

*  *  The  fortifications  of  Cherbourg  are  de- 
stroyed by  the  English. 

1750  Jan.  2.  Pnts.  The  French  sur- 
prise and  capture  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main. 

Apr,  13.  Prus.  The  allies  are  defeated 
at  Bergen.    (See  Germany.) 

Aug.  1 .  Ger.  The  French  are  defeated 
at  Minden.    (See  Germany.) 

Sept.  1 3.  Can.  The  French  are  defeated 
in  Canada.  France  loses  an  empire  in 
the  New  World  by  the  fall  of  Quebec, 
(See  p.  574.) 

*  *E,L  The  British  Adm.  Pocock  de- 
feats the  French  fleet. 

Nov.  20.  Adm.  llawke  with  23  English 
vessels  annihilates  a  French  fleet  of 
21  vessels  under  Comte  de  Conflans  off 
Belle  Isle,  in  Quiberon  Bay. 

*  *  E.  I.  The  French  lose  nearly  all 
their  military  power  in  the  success  of 
the  British.    (See  India.) 

1760  Feb.*  Ire.  Com.  Thurot  with 
1,800  men  invades  Ireland;  is  unsuc- 
cessful and  retreats.  [Feb.  21.  He  is 
met  at  tlie  Isle  of  Man  by  British  ships, 
defeated,  and  killed.] 

July  31.  Prm.  Ferdinand  defeats  the 
French  at  Warburg. 

1761  June  7.    Belle  Isle  is  captured 

by  the  English. 

1763    Feb.  10.    Peace.    (See  State.) 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1756    Feb.  4.    A   mummy   is   disin- 
terred near  Auvergue. 

*  *  The  St.  Cloud  porcelain  manufactory 
is  removed  to  Sevres. 

1761*  *The  sun*s  distance  is  first 
measured  by  the  transit  of  Venus ;  Jo- 
seph Delisle's  method  is  introduced. 

1763  *  *  Paris.  Aquatinta  is  greatly 
improved. 

1764  *  *  Paris.  The  [Panthfion]  is  com 
menced  as  the  Church  of  St.  Genevi6ve ; 
it  takes  the  form  of  a  Greek  cross,  and 
Louis  XV.  supplies  the  funds. 

*  *-80*  *  Paris.  Joseph  Louis  Lagrange 
investigates  the  libration  of  the  moon. 

*  *  Paris.    Claude    Francois    Joseph, 

Comit  of  Auxiron,  [is  said  to  have]  sailed 
a  little  steamboat  on  the  Seine.  [1775. 
Jacques  Perier  said  to  have  done  the 
same.  Claude  Fran^iois  Dorothee,  Mar- 
quis de  Jouifroy,  repeats  the  same  ex- 
periment on  the  Boubs.] 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1754*  •  Brlssot  de  Warville,  Jean  P.,  Gi- 
rondist, writer,  born. 

Chauss^e,  Pierre  Claude  Nivelle  dela,  drama- 
tist, A  62. 

Demoivre,  Abraham,  mathematician,  ART. 

DeBtouches,  Philippe  N^rlcault,  drama- 
tist, A74. 

Halle,  Jean  Noel,  pliysiclan,  born. 

Jotibert,  JosepJi,  moralist,  born. 

El6ber,  Jean  Baptiste,  general,  born. 

Moncey,  lion  Adrien  Jeannot  de,  l»uc  de 
Conegliano,  niarslial,  born. 

P^rignon,  Jlartiuia  de,  Dominique  Catherine, 
marshal,  born. 

Feb.  13.  TaUeyrand-P^rig-ord,  Charles 
Maurice  de,  sUitesrnan,  born. 

Mar.  17.  Roland,  Madame  Marie  Jeanne 
Phillpon,  (lirondist,  autlior,  born. 

Aug'.  S3.    Louis  XVI.,  king,  born; 

1755  *  *  Aignebere,  John  l)nnia8,4lram.,  A63. 
Barras,  Paul  Francois  J.  N.  de,  states- 
man, born. 

Bar^re  de  Vieuzac.  Bertrand.  revolu- 
tionist, born. 

Casablanca,  Louis,  naval  captain,  born. 

Cont^,  Nicolas  Jacipies,  painter,  mechani- 
cian, born. 

Dulaure,  Jacques  Antoine,  historian,  born. 

Fabre  d'^glantine,  Philipiw  Fran<;oi8  Ja- 
cobin, Ijorn. 

Florian,  Jean  Pierre  Claris  de,  author,  born. 

Fonrcroy,  Antoine  Francois,  clieniist,  born. 

Gail,  Jean  Baptiste,  Hellenist,  author,  born. 

Hubert,  Jacques  Ren6,  demagogue,  born. 

Humbert,  Joseph  Ainaiiie,  general,  born. 

Labounlonnais,  Bertrand  Francois  Mali^  de, 
admiral,  5(>l. 

Lefebvre,  Prangols  J.,  Due  de  Dantzig,  mar- 
shal, born. 

Narbonne-Lara,  Comte  de,  Louis,  general,  di- 
plomatist, l)orn. 

Noel,  Fran(;oi8  Joseph  Michel,  gram^  born. 

Prony,  Baron  de,  (Jaspard  Clair  Francois 
Marie  Kiclie,  engineer,  matbeinatician,  b. 

Feb.  10.  Montesquieu.  Baron.  Charles 
de  Secondat,  jurist,  plillosopher,  A(ii>. 

Nov.  3.  Marie  Antoinette,  wife  of  Louis 
XVI.,  born. 

Nov.  17.    liOuls  XVHI..  king,  born. 

1756  ♦  *  Audran,  Jean,  engraver,  A89. 
Carrier,  Jean  Baptiste,  demagogue,  born. 
Cassas,  Louis  Fran<:oi8,  painter,  architect,  b. 
Cassnii,  .laeques,  astronomer,  A79. 
Dampierre,  Marquis  de,  Auguste  Henri  JVIarie 

Picot,  general,  born. 

Gallait,  Jean  Pierre,  author,  bom. 

Laniotte,  Jeanne  de  Valois,  adventuress,  b. 
1757*  *  Angerean,    Pierre,    Due    de   Castl- 
glion6,  marshal,  born. 

Blissot,  Jean,  revolutionist,  author,  born. 

Boyer,  Alexis,  surgeon,  born. 

Cai)ani9,  Pierre  J.  <i.,  phys.,  phllos.,  au.,  b. 

Calmet,  Augustin,  Benedictine  monk.  Bibli- 
cal scholar,  AS.'i. 

Cartellier,  Pierre,  sculptor,  born. 

Castel,  Louis  Bertrand,  mathematician,  A70. 

Fontanes,  ilarquia  de,  Louis,  author,  born. 

Fontenelle,  Bernard  le  Bouvier  de.  advo- 
cate, philosoplier,  poet,  misc.  writer,  A 100. 

Frocliot,  ('onite,  Nicolas  Therese  Beuoit,  ad- 
ministrator, born. 


Feb.  3.  Volney,  Oomta  de.  ConBtanttn 
Francois  ChasBeboBuf,  scholar,  author, 
born. 

Sept,  6.  Ijafayette.  Marquis  de,  Marie 
Jean  Paul  Koch  Vves  Gill)ert  Motier,  stateft- 
man,  b. 

Oct.  9.    Charles  X..  king,  born. 
1758*  *  .\ljancourt,  Cliarles   Xavier  Joseph 
Franqueville,  minister,  born. 

Boissy,  Louis  de,  litterateur,  A64. 

Bouguer,  I'ierre,  mathematician.  A60. 

Cazalt^s,  Jacques  Antoine  Marie  de,  politi- 
cian, born. 

Ebl6,  Jean  Baptiste,  general,  born. 

Ganiib,  Charles,  economist,  born, 

Gensonne,  Armand,  statesman,  Girondist 
leader,  born. 

Hnlln,  Comte,  Pierre  Augustine,  general,  b. 

La  Grange,  Joseph  de  Chancel  de,  poet,  AH2. 

Mass^na,  AndrS.  Prince  d'Essling,  Ducde 
Klvoli,  marshal,  born. 

Wounier,  Jean  Joseph,  statesman,  born. 

Proudhon,  Jean  Baptiste  Victor,  jurist,  bom. 

Sacy,  Baron  de  Antoine  Isaac  Silvestre,  ori- 
entalist, born. 

Vernet,  Antoine  C.  Horace,  painter,  bom. 

May  6.     Robespierre.  Maximilien  Marie 
Isidore,  revolutionist,  born. 
1759  *  *  Adam,  Lambert,  sculptor,  A59. 

Arbogast,  Louis  F.  A.,  mathematician,  born. 

Aubert  du  Bayet,  Jean  B.  A.,  general,  born. 

Audebert,  Jean  B.,  naturalist,  engraver,  b. 

Augustin,  Jean  B.  J.,  miniatnre  painter,  b. 

Bonchamp,  Marquis,  Charles  Melcbior  Artug^ 
general,  born, 

Bosc,  Louis  Augustin  Guil.,  naturalist,  born. 

Chery,  I'liilippe,  historical  painter,  born. 

Coigny,  Dnc  de,  Fran^jois  de  Franquetot, 
mafslial,  A89. 

Danton,  George  Jacques,  revolutionist^ 
born. 

Leroy,  .Tulien,  horologist,  author,  A73. 

MlUin,  Aubln  Louis,  antiquary,  naturalist,  b. 

Montcalm,  Marquis  de,  Louis  Joseph,  gen- 
eral, A47. 

Maupertuis,  Pierre  Louis  Moreau,  matli< 
ematiclau,  Atil. 

Vergniaud,  Pierre  Victurnien,  orator,  states- 
man, born. 
1760*  *  Assas,  Chevalier  d',  Nicolas,  cap- 
tain regiment  of  Auvergne,  dies, 

Avrigny,  Cbas.  J.  Loeulllard  d%  poet,  bom. 

Carron,  Guy  Toussaint  Julien,cl.,  writer,  b. 

Durand,  Jean  Nicolas  Louis,  architect,  bom. 

Guillen,  L'Abb^,  Marie  Nicolas  Silvestre, 
author,  bom. 

Lameth,  Comte  de,  Alexander  Th^odor  Vic- 
tor, revolutionist,  born. 

Landon,  Charles  Paul,  painter,  writer  on 
art,  born. 

Le  Sueur,  Jean  Francois,  musical  comp.,  b. 

Louvet  de  Couvray,  Jean  Baptiste,  revolu- 
tionist, born. 

Kouget  de  I'lsle,  Claude  Joseph,  poet,  born. 

Oct.   17.    Saint-Simon,  Comte  de,  Claude 
Henri,  socialist,  philosopher,  born. 
1761*   *  Andreossi.  Antoine  Francois,  mili- 
tary engineer,  born. 

Barnave,  Antoine  Pierre  J.  M,,  revolutionist, 
born. 

Beltdor,  Bernard  Forest  de,  engineer,  mili- 
tary writer,  A68. 

Bon  de  Saint- Hilaire,  Francois  Xavier,  wr., 
scholar,  A83. 

Broussonnet,  Pierre  Augnste,  naturalist,  b, 

Cellier,  Dom  R6mi,  theologian,  A73. 

Charlevoix,  Pierre  F.  X.,  Jesuit,  liist.,  A79. 

Daunou,  Pierre  C.  F.,  statesman,  author,  b. 

Joly,  Maria  Elizabeth,  actor,  born. 

Moreau.  Jean  Victor,  general,  born. 

Pelletier,  Bertrand,  chemist,  born. 

Plchegru.  Charles,  general,  born. 

Pons,  Jean  Louis,  astronomer,  born. 

Raynouard.  Francois.  J.  M.,  misc.  wt.,  b. 
1763  *  *  Allemand,  Zacliarie  J.  T.,  adm.,  b. 

Bessieres,  Jean  Baptiste,  Due  d'  Istria,  uiar- 
sJial,  born, 

Boucbardon,  Edm6,  sculptor,  A64. 

Caigniez,  Louis  Charles,  dramatist,  born. 

Caille,  L'Abb^,  Nicolas  L.  de  la,  astron.,  A49. 

Cavaignac,  Jean  Baptiste,  revolutionist,  b. 

Championnet,  Jean  E.,  general,  born. 

Chauvelin,  Germain  Louis  de,  statesman, 
A77. 

Chedel,  Quentin  Pierre,  engraver,  .\57. 

Cr6bIUon.  Prosper  Jolyot  de.  poet,  dram- 
atist, ASS. 

Daviel,  Jacques,  oculist,  A66. 

Desmoulins,  Camille.  revolutionist,  an.,  b, 

Fontaine,  Pierre  Francois  Leonard,  arch.,  b. 

Jourdan,  Jean  Baptiste,  marshal,  bom. 

Latrellle,  Pierre  Andr^,  naturalist,  born. 

Poniatowskl,  Josef  Anton,  Polish  general, 
marshal,  born. 

Ronl)illiac,  Louis  Francois,  sculptor,  A67. 

Villenave,  Mathieu  Guillaume  Tb^rese,  au- 
thor, bom. 


FRANCE. 


1754,  May  *-1768,  *  *      703 


Oct.  80.    Cheater,  Andrd  Marie  de,  poet, 
born. 
J. 763  •  •  Adet,  Pierre  AuguBte,  envoy,  cliem- 
Istf  born. 

Bnine,  (iuillamiie  Marie  Anne,  marshal,  b. 

Cliaumelle,  I'ierre  Gaspard,  Jacobin  dema- 
gogne,  born. 

Cbaiidet,  Antoine  Denis,  Bculptor,  born. 

Chappe,  (Maude,  Inventor  of  a  telegrapb,  b, 

Drouais,  Jean  (iennain,  painter,  born. 

Dupleix,  Marquis  Joseph,  general,  A66. 

Fesch,  Joseph,  cardinal  archbp.  of  Lyons,  b. 

Foucb6,  Joseph,  Due  d'Otrante,  minister  of 
police,  born. 

Haret,  lluguea  B.,  Due  de  Bassano,  states- 
man, born. 

Marivanx,  I'terre  Carlet  de  Chamblain  de, 
dramatist,  ATS. 

Mehnl,  l^^tienne  Henri,  comjwser,  born. 

Prevost  d'Kiiles,  Antoine  Frangoi8,au.,  A66. 

Racine,  Lonls,  poet,  ATI. 

Royer-Cullard,  Pierre  Paul,  statesman,  born. 

Talma,  Francois  Joseph,  actor,  born. 

Vauqnelin,  Louis  >'.,  chemist,  born. 

Villeueuve,  Pierre  C.  J.  Jl.  S.  de,  adm.,born. 

June  23.    Josephine,  Marie  Josephe  Kose 
Tascher  de  la  Pagerie,  wife  of  Napoleon  I., 
born. 
J.764*  *  Babeuf,  Fran<;oiB  Uoel,  revolution- 
ist, born. 

Beauregard,  Charles  Victor,  general,  born. 

Chenier,  Maria  Joseph  de,  poet,  dram.,  b. 

Danias,  Francois  Etienne,  general,  born. 

Didot,  Firmin,  publisher,  typographer,  born. 

Jouy,  Victor  Joseph  E.  de,  author,  born. 

Legouve,  Ciabriel  Marie  Jean  Baptiste,  dra- 
matic poet,  born. 

Maistre,  Comte  de,  Xavier,  novelist,  born. 

Percler,  Charles,  arcliitect,  born. 

Prevost,  Pierre,  painter  of  panoramas,  born. 

Rameau,  Jean  Philippe,  composer,  au.,  A81. 

Victor,  or  Vlctor-Perrln,  Claude,  Due  de 
Beltuno,  marshal,  born. 

Apr.  16.    Pompadour.  MarQulse  de, 
Jeanne  Antoinette,  mistress  of  Louis  XV., 
A43. 
1766  •  *  Balechou,  J.  J.  Nicolas,  engr.,  A50. 

Barbier,  Antoine  A.,  bibliographer,  born. 

Berchoux,  Joseph,  poet,  born. 

Clairaut,  Alexis  Claude,  geometrician,  A42. 

Crevier,  Jean  Jiaptiste,  historian,  AT2. 

Curauilau,  Francois  R.,  chemist,  inventor,  b. 

Dutens,  Joseph  Michel,  polit.  economist,  b. 

Dufrcnoy,  Adelaide  (Jillette  Billet,  poet,  b. 

Freron,  Louts  Stanislas,  revolutionist,  born. 

Genet,  Edinond  ('harles,  diplomatist,  born. 

Lacroix,  Sylvestre  Francois,  math.,  born. 

Macdonald.  Etienne  Jacques  J.  A.,  Due 
de  Tarcnte,  marshal,  born. 

Nlepce,  .loseph  Xicephore,  chemist,  one  of 
the  inventors  of  i)hotography,  born. 

Thihaiideau,  Comte,  Antoine  Claire,  revolu- 
tionist, historical  writer,  born. 

Vanloo,  Charles  Andre,  painter,  A60. 

VlUera,  Charles  F.  1).  de,  philosopher,  horn. 

1766  *  •  Alhert,  Jean  Louis,  physician,  boru. 
AlUer,  Louis,  numismatist,  born. 
Arnault,  Vincent  Antoine,  author,  born. 
Astruc,  Jean,  medical  writer,  teacher,  A82. 
Azais,  I'ierre  Hyacintlie,  philosopher,  born. 
Bertin,  Lools  Francois,  journalist,  born. 
Cfaaussard,  Pierre  Jean  Baptiste,  author,  b. 
Chanvelin,  Francois  Bernard  de,  pol.,  born. 
Fonfrfecie,  Jean  B.  IS.,  politician,  born. 
■Grouchy,  Marquis,  Emmanuel,  marshal,  b. 
Lacretelle,  Jean  Charles  de,  historian,  born. 
Larrey,  Baron,  Dominique  Jean,  surgeon,  b. 
Las  Cases,  Marquis  de,  Emmanuel  A.  D.  M. 

J.,  companion  of  Napoleon,  born. 

Lescure,  Marquis  de,  Louis  Marie  de,  Ven- 
dean  chief,  born. 

Maine  de  Hiran,  Marie  F.  P.  G.,  metaphysi- 
cian, born. 

Noailles,  Due  de,  Adrien  Maurice,  marshal, 
ASS. 

Apr.  22.  Btael-Holsteln.  Madame  de. 
Baronne,  Anne  Louise  Germaine,  author,  b. 

1767  •   *  Abauzit,  Firmin,  matli.,  \^H. 
Barbarous,  Charles  Jean  Marie,  revolution- 
ist, l)orn. 

Barraband,  Pierre  Paul,  artist,  born. 

Beauchamp,  Alphonse  de,  autlior,  born. 

Bouvart,  Alexis,  astronomer,  born. 

Brldaine,  Jacques,  pulpit  orator,  A66. 

C'arpentier,  Pierre,  antiquary,  author,  A70. 

Constant  de  Kebecque,  H.  B.,  orator,  states- 
man, writer,  born. 

Daru,  Comte,  Pierre  Antoine,  statesman, 
writer,  born. 

Duval,  Alexandre  Vincent  Plneu,  drama- 
tist, born. 

Flev^,  Joseph,  litterateur,  born. 

Girodet-Trioson,  Anne  L.,  j)ainter,  born. 

Isabey,  Jean  Baptiste,  miniature  painter,  b. 

Micbaud,  Joseph,  historian,  born. 

Oudinot.  Nicolas  Charles,  Due  de  Iteggio, 
marshal,  born. 


Pasquler,  Due  Etienne  D.,  statesman,  bom. 
Saint-Just,  Antoine  Louis  L.,  revolutlonlsti 

bora. 
1768  *  *  Alm^^ras,  Louis,  general,  born. 
Bonaparte,  Joseph,  brother  of  Napoleon  I., 

King  of  Naples  and  Spain,  born. 
Camus,  Charles  Etienne  Louis,  math.,  A69. 
Cheverus,  Jean  Louis  A.  M.  L.,  cardinal,  b., 
Corday,    d'Armans  Marie  Anne  O.  de, 

heroine,  born. 
Delisle,  Joseph  Nicolas,  astronomer,  A80. 

CHURCH. 

1758  *  •  Home.    Clement  XIII.  is  pope. 

1760t  *  *  The  principles  of  toleration 
begin  to  prevail ;  the  school  of  Voltaire 
encourages  their  diffusion. 

1762  Aug.  6.  Paris.  The  parliament 
decrees  the  abolition  of  the  Society  of 
Jesus,  secularizes  its  members,  and  con- 
fiscates its  enormous  property. 

1764  Nov.  26.  Paris.  A  royal  edict 
confirms  the  suppression  of  the  Jesu- 
its. 

*  *  The  corrupt  state  of  the  church 
multiplies  infidels. 

LETTERS. 

1754  *  *  TraiU  dea  Sensatums,  by  Condil- 
lac,  appears. 

*  *  -56  *  *  Researches  on  Various  Impor- 
tant Points  of  the  System  of  the  Universe, 
by  D'Alembert,  appears. 

*  *  -62*  *i/ei/t)«r*ia/ ^fran^er  is  issued. 

*  *-74*  *  AUmoires  politiques  de  ['Eu- 
rope, by  L'Abb6  Itaynal,  appears. 

*  *  -80  *  *  Bibliotheque  des  Sciences  et 
des  Beaux  Arts  is  issued. 

*  *  -90  *  *  The  Literary  Year  is  Issued. 

*  *  Orphelin  de  la  Chine,  by  Voltaire,  ap- 
pears.    [1759,  Candide.] 

1756  *  *  Philosophical  and  Literary  Re- 
flections on  the  Poem  of  Natural  Religion, 
by  Antoine  L.  Thomas,  appears. 

*  *  Fables  and  Stories  of  the  French  Poets 
from  the  11th  to  the  16th  Centuries,  by 
Etienne  Barbazan,  appears. 

1757  *  *  Fits  naturel,  by  Diderot,  ap- 
pears.   [1758,  Pkre  defamille.] 

1758  *  *  Economic  Picture,  by  Franfois 
Quesnay,  appears. 

*  *  On  tfie  Mind,  by  Helv^tius,  appears. 

*  *  Lettre  A  d'Alembert  centre  les  Specta- 
cles, by  Rousseau,  appears.  [1760,  La 
Nouvelle  JUloise :  1762,  Contrat  Social, 
and  tlmile ;  17tJ3,  Lettres de  la  Montagne ; 
1767,  Dictionary  of  Music.'] 

*  *-61*  *  L^Observateur  Litteraire  is  is- 
sued. 

1759  *  *  Compendium,  of  the  History  of 
Spain  and  Portugal,  by  Charles  C.  J. 
Henault,  appears. 

*  *  Milanges  de  Littirature  et  de  la  Philo- 
sophie,  and  Elements  of  Philosophy,  by 
D'Alembert,  appears. 

*  *  Journal  de  Commerce  is  issued. 

*  *  -78  *  *  Journal  des  Dames  is  issued. 

*  *  -89  *  *  Merc ariales instructions,  and 
other  works,  by  Henri  Franfois  D'Agues- 
eeau,  appears. 

*  *  Courrier  de  la  Mode  is  issued. 

*  *  Philosophes,  by  Charles  Palissot  de 
Montenoy,  appears. 

*  *  Claude  Joseph  Dorat  writes  /rfrfe  de  la 
poHie  allemande. 

1761  *  *  Contes  mnraux,  by  Marmontel, 

appears.   [1763,  Poitiqu£  Fran^aise ;  1767, 

Jielisaire.] 
1762*  *-87*  *M4moiresdeBachaumont 

is  issued. 
1763*  *  ^rarwic*, by  JeanF.de laHarpe, 

appears. 

*  *  Entretiens  de  Phocion,  by  Mably,  ap- 
pears. 


1764  •  *  Considerations  sur  le  goxiveme- 
ment  de  la  France,  by  Marquis  K.  L.  V. 
D'Argenson,  appears. 

*  *  -OQ  *  *  Gazette  Litt^raire  is  issued. 

*  •  -82  *  *  N4crologe  des  Hommes  CHebres 
de  France  is  issued. 

1765  *  *  ^phhnhrides  du  Citoyen  is  is- 
sued. 

*  *  Philosophe  sans  le  savoir,  by  Sedaine, 
appears. 

*  *  ^t^^e  de  Calais,  by  Pierre  Lau.  de 
Belloy,  appears. 

*  *  Obsen^atioyts  sur  Vhistoire  de  France, 
by  Mably,  appears. 

*  *  EugSnie,  by  Beaumarchais,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1757  Jan.  5.  Parts.  Robert  Francois 
Damiens,  a  servant,  attempts  to  assas- 
sinate the  king,  and  wounds  him  with  a 
dagger. 

[Damiens  is  tortured ;  his  right  hand 
is  burned  with  a  slow  tire ;  he  is  torn 
with  hot  pincers,  and  burned  with  hot 
lead  in  open  wounds,  and  his  body  torn 
apart  by  four  horses.] 

1762  Mar.  9.  Jean  Galas  is  broken  on 
the  wheel  at  Toulouse  on  the  charge  of 
having  put  his  son  to  death  to  prevent 
him  from  becoming  a  Catholic. 


STATE. 

1754  Sept.  4.  Paris.  Parliament  re- 
enters, having  triumphed  over  the  court, 
and  is  welcomed  by  the  people. 

1756  *  *  An  alliance  of  Russia  and  Aus- 
tria to  recover  Silesia  for  the  latter  is 
joined  by  France;  the  Seven  Years* 
"War  follows. 

*  *  Paris.  The  parliament  opposes  the 
clergy  and  the  court. 

Dec.  *  Paris.  Louis  enforces  the  regis- 
tration of  edicts,  and  forbids  parlia- 
ment to  interfere  with  ecclesiastical 
disputes  ;  he  orders  that  members  must 
serve  10  years  before  they  have  the  right 
to  vote;  180  members  resign,' and  the 
court  yields, 

1757  Jan.  5.  Robert  Damiens  attempts 
to  assassinate  the  king  with  a  penknife. 

1760  Sept.  8.  Call.  The  French  gov- 
ernor, the  Marquis  of  Vaudreuil,  signs 
a  convention  at  Montreal  surrendering 
Canada  to  the  British  Crown. 

1761  Aug.  15.  The  "Family  Com- 
pact" is  formed  by  Louis  XV.  and  the 
king  of  Spain.  It  is  a  mutual  guaran- 
ty of  support  against  all  enemies. 

1763  Feb.  10.  The  Peace  of  Paris  la 
concluded  between  France,  Great  Brit- 
ain, Spain,  and  Portugal. 

It  ends  tlie  Seven  Years'  War.  France  sur- 
renders to  England  Cape  Breton,  all  ('anada, 
all  Louisiana  lying  east  of  the  Mississippi, 
Grenada,  Tobago,  St.  Vincent,  Dominique, 
Senegal  (West  Africa),  and  Minorca;  France 
receives  Martinltiue,  St.  Lucia,  Belle  Isle,  her 
factories  in  tbe  Kaat  Indies,  the  ri^ht  of 
fishing  on  the  coast  of  Newfoundland,  with 
the  islandsof  St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon.  Spain 
cedes  Florida  to  England,  and  receives  the 
western  part  of  Louisiana,  Havana,  and  other 
British  conquests  in  Cuba. 

1766  *  *  Nancy  is  acquired. 

1767  May  15.  Corsica.  The  Genoeee, 
despairing  of  their  ability  to  maintain 
authority,  sell  the  entire  island  to 

France. 


704     1768,**-1783, 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1769*  *  Corsica.  A  French  force  of 
20,000  under  Count  Vaux  lands,  and  at- 
tacks and  completely  defeats  Gen.  PaoU 
[who  barely  succeeds  in  cutting  his  way 
through  the  enemy  and  escaping  to  Eng- 
land on  board  an  English  frigate.] 

1777  Apr.  *  Marquis  de  liafayette 
joins  the  Americans  in  the  War  of  Inde- 
pendence.    (See  America.) 

1778  June  16.  Two  frigates,  the  Ziconie 
and  lielle  Poule,  are  captureii  in  the  Eng- 
lish Channel  by  the  British  under  Adm. 
Keppel. 

July  10.  France  declares  war  against 
England. 

July  27.  A  French  fleet  of  32  vessels, 
having  left  Brest  to  aid  Americans,  is 
driven  back  by  a  British  tleet. 

1779  *  *  -82  *  *  Gibraltar  is  unsuccess- 
fully besieged  by  the  French  and  Spanish. 

1781  Sept.  10.  U.S.A.  Comte  de 
Grasse  with  a  French  fleet  arrives  in 
Chesapeake  Bay.  [Assisted  by  an  Amer- 
ican naval  force  he  blockades  Lord 
Cornwallis  at  Yorktown.  Oct.  19.  Corn- 
wallis  surrenders  to  Gen.  Washington.] 

1782  Feb.  4.  The  French  and  Spanish 
fleets  under  Due  de  Crillon  capture 
Minorca  from  the  English  after  a  siege 
of  five  months. 

Feb.  *  E.  I.  The  British  under  Sir  Ed- 
ward Hughes  defeat  the  French  in  a 
series  of  naval  battles. 

Apr.  12.  ]V.  /.  Adm.  Rodney  defeats 
the  French  fleet  under  Adm.  de  Grasse 
off  Dominique. 

1782  Sept.  21.  The  English  defeat 
the  Spanish  and  French  fleets  in  the 
Bay  of  Gibraltar. 

1783  Sept.  3.  Peace.    (See  State.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1775  *  *  Laplace  investigates  and  ex- 
plains the  tides. 

1776*  *  Paris.  Lagrange  proves  the  sta- 
bility of  the  planetary  orbits. 

1778  *  *  Antoine  Laurent  Lavoisier  over- 
throws the  theory  of  "  phlogiston"  by 
proving  the  action  of  oxygen. 

1779  July  27.  Paris.  A  description  of 
the  celerifere,  invented  by  Francois 
Blanchard,  appears  in  the  Journal  de 
Paris. 

1780.  A  steamboat  is  sailed  on  the 
Sa6ne,  at  Lyons,  by  the  Marquis  of  Jouf- 
froy.  [1783.  Marquis  de  Jouflfroy  pro- 
pels a  boat  (pyroscaph^)  on  the  Saone  by 
means  of  a  steam-engine.] 

•  *  Celestial  inequalities  are  found  by 
Lagrange. 

1782  Nov.  *  Joseph  Michel  Montgol- 
fier  makes  the  first  balloon;  it  is  a 
silken  bag,  which  ascends  at  Annonay 
by  heated  air. 

1783  June  5.  Joseph  and  Stephen 
Montgoltier  ascend  and  descend  safely 
by  means  of  a  fire-balloon  35  feet  iu  di- 
ameter at  Annonay,  near  Lyons. 

Aug.  27.  Paris.  A  balloon  filled  with 
hydrogen  makes  an  ascent. 

•  *  Francois  Blanchard,  the  aeronaut, 
constructs  and  uses  the  parachute. 

•  *  Paris.  Lavoisier  decomposes  water 
into  oxygen  and  hydrogen  gases. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1768    Deaaix  de  Veygom,  Louts  Charles  An- 
toine, general,  born. 
JDeparcieuE,  Antoine,  mathematician,  A65. 


Fourier,  Baron,  Jean  Uaptiste  Joseph,  sa- 
vant, born. 

Soche,  Lazare,  general,  born. 

Lafltte,  Jacques,  banker,  statesman,  born. 

Lauriston,  Marquis  de,  Janques  Alexandre 
Bernard  Law,  marshal,  born. 

Mortier,  lidouard  A.  C.  J.,  l>uc  de  Tervlse, 
marshal,  born. 

Olivet,  L'Abb^,  Joseph  Tboulier  d\  author, 
critic,  A  86. 

Tlssot,  rierre  F.,  author,  born. 

Sept.   14.     Ch&teaubriand,     Vicomte    de, 
Fran<;oi8  Auguste,  author,  born. 
1769*  *  IJelliard,  Couite,  Augustin  D.,  gen- 
eral, diplomatist,  born. 

Cadet  de  (iassicoiirt,  Charles  L.,  chemist, 
philosopher,  born. 

Cadoudal,  Georges,  Breton  royalist,  born. 

ChftneUolle,  Charles  de,  poet,  born. 

Esmenard,  Joseph  Alphonse,  poet.  born. 

Joubert,  Barthfilemy  C'atherine,  gen.,  b. 

Keratry,  Auguste  Hilarion  de,  author,  born. 

Lannes,  Jean,  Durde  Montebello,  marslial,b. 

Lavalette,  Comte  de,  Marie  Chamana,  min- 
ister of  Napoleon,  born. 

Ney.  Michel.  l>uc  d'  Klchingeu,  Prince  de 
la  ilosKowa,  marshal,  born. 

Plcard,  Louis  Benoit.  <iraniatist,  born. 

Boult.  Nicolas  J.  de  Dieu.  Due  de  Dal- 
matic, marshal,  statesman,  born. 

Tallien,  Jean  Lambert,  revolutionist,  born. 

Aug-.  15.  Bonaparte,  Napol6on.  em- 
peror, greatest  general  of  modern  tunes, 
born  in  Corsica. 

Au?.  23.     Cuvler,  Baron  Oeor^es  C.   L. 
F.  Dagobert,  naturalist,  born. 
1770  *  *  Cambronne,  Baron  de,  Pierre  J.  E., 
general,  bom. 

Davout,  Louis  Nicolas,  Prince  d'Eckmiihl, 
Due  d'  Auerstadt.  marshal,  born. 

Gerard,  liaron,  Frani;ois  Pascal  Simon, 
painter,  born. 

Henault,  Charles  Jean  Fran<;ois,  historian, 
poet,  A  85. 

Jacotot,  Joseph,  educational  writer,  born. 

Lamarque,  Comte  Maximilien,  general,  poli- 
tician, born. 

Lobau,  Comte  de,  Geoi^es  M..  marshal,  born. 

Michaus,  Francois  Andr^,  botanist,  born. 

NoUet,  L'Abbe,  Jean  Antoine,  natural  phi- 
losopher, A  70. 

Senancour,  Etienne  Pivert  de,  author,  born. 

Suchet,  Louis  Gabriel,  Ducd'Albuf^ra,  mar- 
shal, born. 

Vandamnie,  Comte,  Dominique,  general,  b. 
1771*  •  Baillot,   Pierre  aiarie    Fraui;oi8  de 
Sales,  violinist,  born. 

Bignon,  Louis  Pierre  Kdouard,  historian, 
statesman,  born. 

Chavigny,  Theodore,  diplomatist,  dies. 

Choron,  Alexandre  Ktienne,  musician,  born. 

Creuze  de  Lesser,  Auguste  F.,  dramatist, 
poet,  born. 

Dupaty,  Louis  M.  C.  H.  BL,  sculptor,  born. 

Fontaine,  Alexis,  geometer,  A66t. 

Gros,  Baron,  Antoine  Jean,  painter,  born. 

Junot,  Andoche.  Due  d'Abrantes,  mar- 
shal, born. 

liemercler.  Louis  Jean  N^pomucdne. 
dramatist,  born. 

Murat,  Joachim.  King  of  Naples,  marsh.,  b. 

Salverte,  Anne  J.  E.  B.,  miscellaneous  \vr.,  b. 

Walckenaer,  Chas.  Athanase,  author,  born. 

Dec.  26.    Helv6tiuB,     Claude     Adrian. 
philosopher,  A56. 
1773  *  •  Auger,  Louis  Simon,  critic,  writer,  b. 

Beauvais,  Charles  Theodore,  general,  born. 

Broussals,  Frant;ois,  Joseph  Victor,  pbys.,  U. 

Campcnon,  Vincent,  ptwt,  born. 

Castellan,  Antoine  Louis,  painter,  arch.,  b. 

Courier  de  M^r<;,  I'aul  Louis,  poet,  satirist,  b. 

Duclos.  Charles  Pineau,  author,  A6S. 

Duroc.  G6rard.C.  M.,  Ducde  Friuli,gen.,b. 

Fauriei,  Claude  Charles,  philologist,  hist.,  b. 

Favart,  Jlarie  Justine,  actor,  A4S. 

G^rando,  Joseph  Marie  de.  philosopher,  b. 

I^clerc,  Victor  Emmanuel,  general,  born. 

Pothier,  Kotiert  Joseph,  jurist,  A73. 

Apr.  7.  Fourier.  Francois,  C.  M.. 'social- 
ist, born. 

Apr,  15.     Geoffrey  Saint-HIlaire. 
Etienne,  naturalist,  born. 
1773*  •  Aubry,  Comte  d',  Claude  Charles, 
general,  born. 

Bertrand,  Comte  de,  Ilenrl  Gratien,  gen.,  b. 

Bonpland,  Aim6,  botanist,  traveler,  born. 

Bourmont,  Louis  A.  V.,  marshal,  born. 

Boivin,  Marie  A.  V.  G.,  physician,  au.,  b. 

Catel,  Charles  Simon,  musical  composer,  b. 

Caulalncourt,  Armand  A.  L.  de,  Due  de 
Vicence,  officer,  di[»lomatlst,  bom. 

Chabrol  de  Volvic,  GUbert  J.  G.,  politician, 
writer,  born. 

Chamousset,  Chevalier  de,  Claude  Humbert 
Plarron,  philanthropist,  A66. 

Ch6zy,  Antoine  Leonard  de,  orientalist,  born. 


Chimay,  Princesse   de,  Jeanne  Marie,  I.  L 
de  Cabarrus,  born. 

('ottin,  Sopliie  Kistand,  novelist,  born. 

Comnierson,  IMiilibert,  botanist,  A46. 

Cuvier,  Frtideric,  naturalist,  born. 

Delessert,  lienjauiin.  financier,  naturalist,  b. 

Droz,  Fran(;<)is  Xavier  Joseph,  litstorian,  b. 

Francctur,  Louis  Benjamin,  geometrician,  b. 

Gerard,  Etienne  Maurice,  marshal,  born. 

Hat)ert,  Baron  I'ierre  J.,  general,  horn. 

Morand,  Sauveur  Fran(;ois,  surgeon,  A76. 

Piron,  Alexis,  poet,  dramatist,  wit,  AH4. 

Rey,  Jean,  manufacturer,  writer,  born. 

ViUele,  Comte  de,  Jean  B.  S..I.,sLat«i9nian,b. 

Oct.  6.    Louis    Philippe,   Due   d'urliians, 
king,  born. 
1774  •  •  Biot,  Jean,  mathematician,  phil.,  b. 

Boissonade,  .lean  Frant;ois,  philologist,  h. 

Daudin.  Frani;oi8  Marie,  naturalist,  born. 

Dum^ril,  Andrd  Marie  Constant,  naturalist,, 
born. 

Laborde,  Comte  de,  Alexandre  Louis  Joseph, 
antiquary,  littt^rateur,  burn. 

Lalleniand.  Baron,  Charles  Francois  A.,  gen- 
eral, born. 

Marmont,  Auguste  F.  L.  V.  de.  Due  de 
Raguese,  marshal,  born. 

May  10.    Louis  XV..  king,  A64. 

Dec.   16.     Quesnay,  Francois,  economist, 
A80. 
1775*  *  Ampere.   Andr6  Marie,  mathemati- 
cian, natural  philosopher,  born. 

Bertln,  Jean  Louis,  painter,  born. 

Boieldieu,  Francois  Adrien,  composer,  born. 

Bonaparte,  Lucien,  brother  of  Napoleon  1., 
Prince  de  Canino,  born. 

Courvoisier,  Jean  Joseph  Antoine,  politl..  b. 

Duval,  Valentine  .lameray.  antiquary,  A82. 

Foy.  Maximilien  s6baBtien,  general,  born. 

Mains,  Etienne,  engineer,  physicist,  born. 

Manuel,  Jaques  .\.,  jjolilician,  orator,  born. 

Sebastian!,   Comte,    Horace    Fran(;ois,   mar- 
shal, statesman,  born. 

Vidocq,  Eugene  F.,  chief  detective  police,  b. 

Vlrey,  Jullen  J.,  physician,  medical  writer,  b. 
1776*  *  Ballanche,  I'ierre,  .S.,  philosopher,  b. 

Bordeu,  Th^ophile  de,  medical  writer,  A&4. 

Courayer,  Pierre  Fran<;oi8  le,  U.  C.  clergy- 
man, author,  A95. 

Dugas-Montbel,  Jean  Baptlste,  Hellenist,  b. 

Fr^ron,  Elie  Catherine,  critic,  A57. 

Gay,  Marie  F.  S.  N.  de  Lavalette,  novelist,  b. 

Lespinasse,  Julie  Jeannie  El^onore  de,  letter 
writer,  leader  of  society,  A44. 

Marcel,  Jean  Joseph,  orientalist,  hist.,  bom. 

Martignac,  Jean  B.  S.  (i.  de,  statesman,  b. 

Mirbel,  Charles  Francois  B.  de,  naturalist,  b. 
1777  *  *  Adelaide,  Eugenie  Louise,  sister  of 
Louis  I'hllippe,  born. 

Blainville,  Henri  de,  zoologist,  pbys.,  born. 

(Wordier,  I'ierre  Louis  A.,  mineralogist,  born. 

Coustou,  (Juillaume,  sculptor,  Atil. 

Daumesnil,  I'ierre,  general,  born. 

Duvernoy,  (ieorges  Louis,  anatomist,  born. 

Edwards,  GulUaume  Fr»;d6rlc,  ethnologist,, 
physiologist,  born. 

Cresset,  Jean  Baptiste  L.,  poet,  dram.,  A68. 

Jussieu,  Bernard  de,  botanist,  A7H. 

P6rier,  Casimir.  statesman,  born. 

Thenard,  liaron  Louis  Jacques,  chemist,  b. 

Viennet,  Jean  ron<'8  G.,  politician,  au.,  born.- 

Dec.  3.  R6caniier,  Madame  Jeanne 
Frangols  Julie  Adelaide  Bernard,  leader 
of  society,  born. 
1778*  *  .\  ngoul»?me,  Ducbesse  d*.  Marie 
Th^rese  Charlotte,  daughter  of  LouisXVL 
and  Marie  Antoinette,  born. 

Aublet,   Jean    Baptiste    Christophe    Fusee, 
botanist,  A  58. 

Bertrand,  Comte  de,  Henri  G.,  general,  born. 

Bonaparte,  Louis,   brother  of  iJapol^on   I., 
King  of  Holland,  born. 

Berry,  or  Berri,  Due  de,  Charles  F.  d'ArtolB, 
son  of  Charles  [X.],  born. 

Dupuytren,  Baron,  GuUlaume,  surgeon,  an- 
atoiiust,  horn. 

Etienne,  Charles  Guillaume,  dram,  poet,  b. 

Gay-Luasac,  Joseph  Louis,  chemist,  born. 

Haussez,  Baron  d',  Charles  L.  de  Longpr^, 
minister,  natural  philosopher,  traveler,  b. 

Lekain,  Henri  Louis  Cain,  actor,  A60. 

Mars,  .\nne  F.  II.  Boutet  Monvel.  actor,  b. 

Peyronnet,  Comte,  Charles  Ignace,  pol.,  b. 

Portalis,  Comte,  Joseph  M.,  jurist,  states.,  b. 

May  30,    Voltaire,  Francois  M.  A.  de. 
poet,  dramatist,  historian,  writer,  A84. 

July  3.    Rousseau.    Jean    Jacques,  phi- 
losopher, author,  A66. 
1779  *  •  Barbeu-Dubourg,  Jacques,  scientist, 
A70,  ,    «       w 

Desnoyers,  Baron,  Augnste  G.  L.  Boucher, 
engraver,  born. 

Du  Sommerard,  Alexandre,  antiquary,  bom. 

Freycinet,  Louis  Claude  D.  de,  navigator,  b. 

Jaucourt,  Louis  de,  scholar,  A7S. 

Jominl,  Baron,  Henri,  military  author,  born. 


FRANCE. 


1768,  **-1783, 


705 


1780  •  •  Ilaltoux,  Charles,  -wTiter,  A67. 
B6rane:er.  Pierre  Jean  de,  lyric  poet,  b. 
Bory  lie  Saint  Vincent,  Jean  Itaptiste  (J.  M., 

naturalist,  geographer,  born. 

Boureet,  I'ierre  .1.,  tactician,  mil.  wr.,  A80. 

Brunei,  JatMiues  Charles,  bibliographer,  b. 

Deffan<l,  Marquise  du,  Marie  de  Vichy-Cham- 
roud,  author,  .\83. 

Deoazes,  I>nr,  Klie,  statesman,  bom. 

Dorat,  C'lauile  -loseph,  poet,  A4t). 

tiilbert,  Nicolas  .lusepli  L.,  poet,  A31. 

I..afltte,  Jean,  i)rivateer,  born. 

FoUenac,  Prince.  Auerusta  J.  A.  M.  de. 
statesman,  born. 

S6gur,  Comt«  de,  Philippe  Paul,  historian,  b. 

Auar.  3.  Condillac.  iltlenne  B.  de.  phi- 
losopher, ni('tai)hysiciaii,  AtiS, 

1781  *  *  Beauharnais,  Eugene  de,  stepson  of 
Napoleon  I.,  born. 

Cosine,  Jean  Ba9eilhac,8ur.,ttthotoniiat,  A78. 

Hal>eueck,  Antoiue  Francois,  musician,  b. 

InRres,  Jean  l>ominl<iue  Anguste,  painter,  b. 

Laeuneo,  Ken^  Theodore  Hyaclnthe,  physi- 
cian, born. 

Martin,  I.ouis  .\im6,  author,  bom. 

.Manrepas,  Conite  de,  Jean  Fr6d^rlc  Ph^lip- 
I)eaux,  i>olitician,  A><0. 

Mol6,  Cornte,  Louis  -Mathien,  statesman,  b. 

Poisson,  .Simeon  I).,  mathematician,  born. 

S<jutliot,  Jacques  Germain,  architect,  A(>7. 

Max.  20.    T^irgrot.  AnneRobertJEicqueB. 
flnancler,  statesman,  AS4. 
1783  *  *  Adelon,  Nicolas  Philibert,pbys.,  b. 

Anvllle,  Jean  Baptiste  Bourguignon  d',  geog- 
rapher, A85. 

Argout,  Antoine  M.  A.  d',  financier,  born. 

Barante,  Baron  de,  AimableCiuillaume  Pros- 
jwr  Briigi6re,  statesman,  historian,  born. 

Duhaniel  du  Moiu-eate,  Henri  Louis,  econo- 
mist, botanist,  AS'Z. 

Gabriel,  Jac(ines  Ange,  eng.,  arcbeol.,  A72 ':. 

Galien,  Josejih,  physician,  philosopher,  A»3. 

Lamennals,  Hugues  de,  author,  born. 

Loriot,  Antoine  Josejih,  mechanician,  A66. 

Marie  Am^lie,  wife  of  Louis  Philippe,  born. 

Millevoye,  Charles  Hul>ert,  poet,  born. 

Paixhans,  Henri  Joseph,  general,  inventor,  b. 

Qnatrem^re,  l^tienne  Marc,  orientiilist,  born. 

Swetchine,  Anne  Sophie,  au.,  b.  tn  Ilussia. 

Vaiicanson,  Jacques  de,  mechanician,  A73. 

Villerni^,  Louis  Ken6,  author,  born. 
1783    Oct.  39.    Alembert,  Jean  le  Rend 
d'.  geometrician,  philosoither,  writer,  A(>ti. 

Beauhamais,  Hortense  Eugtiuie  de,  wife  of 
Louis  Bonaparte,  V»orn. 

Btfyle,  Marie  Henri,  writer,  born. 

B^rard,  Auguste  Sinton  Louis,  statesman, 
director-general  of  mines,  born. 

Bezout,  Ktienne,  mathematician,  A53. 

Canlonne,  Denis  Dominique,  orientalist,  A63. 

Chambray,  Marquis  de,  Georges,  general, 
historian,  born. 

Coll^,  Charles,  jioet,  song-writer,  A74. 

Dupin,  Andr6,  M.  J.  J.,  lawyer,  politician, b. 

^plnay,  Louise  Florence  Pr^tronille  de  la 
Lived*,  mistress  of  llousseau,  an.,  A58±. 

Gastmrln.  Coinle  Adrien  E.  P.,  statesman,  b. 

4iourgau<t,  Baron  (iaspard,  general,  an.,  b. 

Magendie,  Fran(;oi8,  pliysiologist,  l)orn. 

Montholon,  Martinis  de,  Chas.  T.,  gen.,  born. 

Nodier,  Charles,  poet,  litterateur,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1769  *  •  Home.  Clement  XTV.  is  pope. 
[1775.    Pius  VI.] 

1773*  *  Itome.  Pope  Clement  XIV.  abol- 
ishes the  order  of  Jesuits. 

LETTERS. 

1768  *  *  Jourrtal  d  'tdiication  is  Issued. 

•  *  Gageure  ImprivtiCt  by  Sedainej  ap- 
pears.   [Later,  Richard,  Cceur  de  Lum.] 

•  *  -78  *  *  Le  JmirnaX  des  Sciences  et  det 
Beaux  Arts  is  issued. 

1769  ♦  ♦  The  Georgicsof  Vergil  are  trans- 
lated into  Frencli  by  Jacques  Deiille. 

•  *  Shakespeare's  Hamlet^  by  Jean  F, 
Duels,  appears. 

•  *  Les  Saisons,  by  Jean  Franpois  de  Saint 
Lambert,  appears. 

•  *  tloge  de  Moliere,  by  S.  R.  M.  Cham- 
fort,  appears.  [1770,  Le  Marchand  de 
Smyme  ;  1776,  Mustapha  et  Zeanger.} 

1770  *  *  System  of  Xature,  by  P.  H.  T, 
Holbach,  ai)[)ears. 

•  *  Le  Journal  des  Th^dtres  is  is.'^nert. 

•  *  Le  Journal  de  Musique  is  issued. 


*  *  Deux  Amis,  by  Beaumarehais,  appears. 

1771  *  *  Voyage  Around  the  World,  by 
Louis  Antoine  de  Bougainville,  appears. 

1772  *  *  Man,  his  Faculties  and  his  Edu- 
cation, by  Helv^tius,  appears. 

*  *  Diable  Amoureux,  by  Jacques  Cazotte, 
appears. 

*  *  Shakespeare*8  Homeo  and  Juliet,  by 
Ducis,  appears. 

*  *  Women  in  All  Ages,  by  A.  L.  Thomas, 
appears.     [1773.    P^ssay  on  Eulogies.] 

*  *  -1818  *  *  L' Esprit  des  Joumaux  is 
issued. 

1773  *  *  Voyage  A  I' Isle  de  France,  by 
Bernardin  de  Saint-Pierre,  appears. 

±  *  ♦  Memoir  on  Differtntlitl  Equations 
and  the  Secular  Inequalities  of  the  I'lan- 
ets,  by  Pierre  Simon  Laplace,  appears. 

1774*  *-93*  *  Correspondence  LittS- 
raire  Secrete  is  issued. 

1775  *  •  Barhier  de  Seville,  by  Beaumar- 
ehais, appears, 

*  *  Le  liadoteur  is  issued. 

*  * Dix-huiiu'mc  sikcle, by  Nicolas  Joseph 
Laurent  Gilbert,  appears. 

*  *  On  Errors  and  on  Truth,  bj'  Marquis 
Jj.  C.  do  Saiut-Martin,  appears.  [1782. 
Xatural  View  of  the  Relations  which  ex- 
ist between  God,  Man,  and  the  Universe.] 

*  *-89*  *  Bibliofheque  universelle  des 
romansj  by  La  Vergue  de  Tressau,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  -84  *  *  Voyaae  en  HoUande,  Projet 
d'une  U7iiversitf  pour  la  Ilussie,  Le  reve 
d*Alemhirt,  The  Hfun,  Jamts  the  Fatal- 
ist, and  Essay  o7i  the  Reigns  of  Claudius 
and  Nero,  by  Diderot,  appear. 

1776  *  *  Perpendicular  Fortification,  or 
the  Defensive  Art  superior  to  Offensive, 
by  Marquis  M.  R.  de  Moutalembert,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  A  version  of  Homer*s  Iliad,  by  Le 
Brun,  appears. 

*  *-83*  *JoMma/rfe  3/onsteMr  is  Issued. 

1777  Jan.  1.   Journal  de  Paris  \sisB\XQiX. 

*  •  Incas,  by  ^Marmontel,  appears. 

*  *  Analysis  of  Chess,  by  Franyois  Andr6 
Danican  (Philidor),  appears. 

*  *-92*  *  Ajinales  Politiques,  CivHes,  et 
Littiraires  is  issued. 

1778  *  *  Journal  de  Marine  is  issued. 

*  *  -79  *  *  Le  BaUllard  is  issued. 

*  *-1821  *  *  Forest  of  Navarre  and  The 
Orchard,  by  Comte  Louis  de  Fontanes, 
appear. 

1779  *  *  Mois,  by  Jean  Antoine  Roucher, 
appears. 

*  *  La  Noiivelle  Revue  is  issued. 

*  ♦-82  *  *  Le  Journal  de  Littirature,  des 
Sciences,  et  des  Arts  is  issued. 

*  *  Paris.  Gluck's  opera  Iphiginie  en 
Tauride  appears. 

1780  •  *  Les  Jardins,  by  Deiille,  appears. 

*  *  Researches  on  the  Nature  of  Animal 
Substances,  by  Comte  C.  L.  Berthollet, 
appears. 

1782  ♦  *  Adele  et  Thiodore^  ou  lettres  sur 
I'iducation,  by  Comtesse  de  Genlis,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Coi^essions,  by  Rousseau,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1769  *  *  -74  ♦  *  Unparalleled  immoral- 
ity and  extravagance  of  the  court. 

The  king  comes  under  the  dominating 
influence  of  the  shameless  prostitute, 
Jeanne  Vaubernier,  who,  having  been 
married  by  the  king's  command  to  a 
superannuated  courtier,  is  introduced 
as  the  Comtesse  Du  Barry. 

1770  *  *  The  dauphin  marries  Mario 
Antoinette,  daughter  of  Francis  I.  and 
IMaria  Theresa  of  Austria. 


±  *  *  Among  the  great,  all  pretense  to 
morality,  religion,  and  decency  is 
abandoned. 

A  dissolute  frivolity  and  supercilious- 
ness are  commonly  att'ecteil.  Ladies 
married  and  single  indulge  in  tlie  most 
indecent  jokes,  and  swear  profane  oaths 
in  nearly  every  sentence.  "Women  of 
position  amuse  themselves  by  breaking 
plates  and  glasses;  men  by  embroidery 
or  card-painting,  or  playing  with  dan- 
cing paper  figures. 

1771*  *  Comte  de  Provence  [IiOuiB 
XVm.]  marries  Marie  Josephine  Lou- 
ise de  Savoie. 

1772  *  *  The  *'  Pacte  de  Famine"  hold  a 
monopoly  of  the  corn. 

They  artificially  produce  an  immense 
rise  in  its  price;  the  king  is  a  sbare- 
ludder  ;  no  one  dares  to  speak  against 
it. 

1778  Mar.  13.  The  Due  de  Bourbon 
woimds  the  Comte  d'Artois  in  a  duel. 

1780  Aug.  21.  Torture  to  extort  con- 
fession is  abolished. 


STATE. 

1770  May  16.  The  danphin,  Louis,  is 
married  to  Marie  Antoinette,  daugh- 
ter of  Maria  Theresa  uf  Austria. 

*  *  Paris.  Louis  has  a  contest  with  the 
parliament;  the  administration  of  jus- 
tice ceases. 

Dec.  29.  Paris.  The  contest  results  In 
the  dismissal  of  the  Minister  de  Choi- 
seiil  at  the  solicitation  of  Madame  du 
Barry  and  the  Jesuits. 

1771  Jan.  19.  Paris.  Louis  exiles 
the  parliament. 

Jan.  23.  The  parliament  is  abolished 
by  the  Chancellor  Maupeou,  and  super- 
seded by  a  grand  council. 

1774    May  10.    Louis  XV.  dies. 

1774-1792    Louis  XVI.  reigns. 

Louis,  grandson  of  Tjouis  XV.,  becomes 
king.  [Aug.  *  Ct»mte  de  Maurepas  be- 
comes prime  minister,  with  Anne  Ro- 
bert Jacques  Turgot  as  comptroller-gen- 
eral of  finance.] 

1776  Dec.  12.  Paris.  Benjamin 
Franklin,  Silas  Dean,  and  Arthur  Lee, 
ambassadors  for  the  American  Colonies 
at  the  court  of  FVance,  are  publicly  re- 
ceived. 

1780  June  17.  The  States-General  of 
France  form  themselves  into  the  Na- 
tional Assembly. 

*  *  Marshal  Rochambeau  sends  a  force 
of  6,000  men  to  aid  the  struggling  Amer- 
icans to  attain  independence. 

1781  *  *  Jacques  Necker,  director-gen- 
eral of  the  finances,  publishes  his 
•*  Compte  Rendu,"  the  first  public 
exposition  of  the  revenue  and  expenses 
of  the  State. 

May  *  Maurepas,  fearful  of  the  dissen- 
sions caused  by  Necker's  reforms, forces 
him  to  resign.    [1788.    Recalled.] 

*  *  Comte  de  Vergennes  becomes  the 
king's  favorite. 

1783  Jan.  20.  The  preliminaries  of 
peace  are  signed  at  Versailles. 

Sept.  3.  A  treaty  of  peace  is  concluded 
between  Great  Britain,  France,  and 
Spain. 

*  *  France  recovers  her  former  posses- 
sions, Tobago,  Senegal,  and  Gor^e. 


706      1783,*  *-1790,  **. 


FRANCE. 


1 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1785  *  *  Napol6on  Bonaparte  la  abeu- 
tenant  in  the  artillery. 

1789  July  14.     Pari.<i.     The   Bastile 

fortress  and  prison  are  pulled  down  by 
the  mob,  who  thus  inaugurate  the  Revo- 
lution. 

July  *  Paris,  The  National  Guard  ia 
organized  by  Lafayette,  its  commander. 

1790  *  *  An  unsuccessful  military  sedi- 
tion occurs  at  Naucy. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1784  ♦  *  Oath  of  the  Horatii  is  painted 
by  Louis  l>avid. 

*  *  The  exploring  expedition  of  Jean 
Francois  de  La  P^rouse  sails  in  two 
vessels.  [1788,  It  is  shipwrecked  off  the 
island  of  Vanikoro  ;  all  perish.] 

1786  *  *  Paris.  Berthollet  invents  mu- 
riatic powder. 

1787  May  18.  The  first  attempt  to  en- 
grave on  glass  is  made  at  Toulouse. 

*  *  Machinery  is  first  used  in  France  to 
^  spin  cotton. 

1788  *  *  Paris.  Fulminating  silver  is 
discovered  by  Berthollet. 

1789*  *  Paris.  Antoine  Laurent  dejus- 
sieu  founds  the  national  system  of 
plants. 

*  ♦  *  Gabriel  Honor^  Riquetti  Mirabeau 
is  the  leading  orator  in  France. 

1790  May  8.  The  French  system  of 
measures  is  established  by  decree. 

*  *An  optical  telegraph  is  made  by 
Claude  Chappe. 

*  *  Paj-is.  Claude  Chappe  establishes  the 
first  telegraph-line  from  Paris  to  Lille. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1784*  *  Auber,  Daniel  F.  E.,  composer,  h. 

Baudin  des  Ardennes,  Charles,  vice-adm.,  b. 

Benezet,  Anthony,  philanthroi)ist,  A71. 

Bonax>arte,  Jerome,  King  of  Westphalia,  b. 

Bugeaud  de  la  I'iconnerie,  Thomas,  Due  de 
Toly,  marshal,  born. 

Careme,  Marie  Antoine  A.,  chef  de  cuisine,  b. 

Casslni,  Cesar  Francois  de  Thury,  astrono- 
mer, topographer,  A70. 

Court  de  Gebelin,  Antoine,  author,  A59. 

Daran,  Jacques,  surgeon,  A83. 

Dupin,  Baron,  Fran<;oi8  Pierre  Charles, geom 
etrician,  statistician,  politician,  born. 

Favier,  Jean  Louis,  author,  Ab4. 

Junot,  JIadaine,  Laure  reniion,  Diichesse 
d'Abrantes,  author,  born. 

July  31.  Diderot,  Denis,  philosopher, 
journalist,  miscellaneous  writer,  A71. 

1785  *  *  Berenger,  Alplionse  M.  M.  F.,  jurist, 
magistrate,  horn. 

Bonchet,  Claude  Antoine,  surgeon,  born. 

Broglie,  Due  de,  Achille  C.  L.  Victor,  states 
man,  born. 

Burigny,  Jean  L^vesque  de,  historian,  A93. 

Cboiseul.  i^tienne  Francois  de.  statesman, 
A  66. 

Clerc,  Laurent,  teacher  of  deaf  mutes,  born. 

Ducarel,  Andr^^  lloltee,  antiquary,  A72. 

Flahant  de  la  Billarderie,  Conite  de,  Auguste 
C.  J.,  general,  born. 

Koechlin,  Daniel,  chemist,  manufacturer,  b. 

Lebrun,  iMerre  Antoine,  poet,  dramatist,  b. 

Leroy,  I'ierre,  watchmaker,  .\66. 

Louis  Philipiw.  Due  d'Orl^ans,  A60. 

Louis  XVII.,  dauphin,  born. 

Mably,  L'Abb6,  Cabriel  Bonnot  de,  publicist, 
A76. 

Millot,  Claude  Francis  Xavier,  historian,  A59. 

i'igalle,  Jean  Baiitiste,  sculptor,  A7L 

Pujol,  Alexandre  Denis  Abel  de,  painter,  b. 
1786*  *  ArapTO.  Dominique  Francois,  as- 
tronomer, natural  philosopher,  born. 

Binet,  Jacques,  mathematician,  astro.,  I>. 

Biheron,  Marie  C,  anatomist,  A67. 

Chevreul,  Michel  Kugene,  chemist,  born. 

(Jalin,  Pierre,  musician,  born. 

Ouettard,  Jean  Etienne,  botanist,  A71. 

Duperrey,  Louis  Isiilor,  navigator,  born. 

Lab^doy^re,  Cumte  de,  Charles  Ang^lque 
Huchet,  general,  born. 


Naudet,  Joseph,  scholar,  historian,  born. 
>JicolIet,  Jean  N.,  astronomer,  geologist,  b. 
Serres,  Etienne  R.  A.,  physiologist,  born. 
Vicat,  Louis  Joseph,  engineer,  born. 

1787  •  •  Audiffret,  Marquis  d*,  C.  L.  (Jaston, 
Hiiancier,  senator,  born. 

Beudant,  Franijois  Sulpice,  physicist,  born. 
Cailliaud,  Frederic,  traveler,  born. 
Chapsal,  Charles  Pierre,  grammarian,  born. 
Clinchamp,  Francois  E.  V.,  painter,  au.,  b. 
Cloquet,  Hyppolite,  anatomist,  born. 
Cortot,  Jean  Pierre,  sculptor,  born. 
Delalande,  Pierre  A.,  naturalist,  traveler,  b. 
Letronne,  Jean  Antoine,  antiquary,  critic,  b. 
Levis,  Due  de,  Franrois,  marshal,  A67. 
Louis,  Pierre  Charles  Alexandre,  phys.,  b. 
Orflla,  Mateo  Jos6  B.,  chemist,  born. 
Prevost,  Louis  Constant,  geologist,  l>orn. 
Oct.  4.    Ouizot,    Francois    Pierre    Guil- 
laume,  historian,  statesman,  born. 

1788  *  *  Aiguillon,  Ducd',  Arraandde  Vlgne- 
rot  Dnplessis  Richelieu,  statesman,  A68. 

Becquerel,  Antoine  Cesar,  physicist,  born. 

Boucher  de  Perthes,  Jacques,  archeologist,  b. 

Buffon.  Oeorg^es  Louis  Xieclerc,  natural- 
ist, philosopher,  A8I. 

Cabet,  Fltienne,  socialist,  born. 

Cbastellux,  Marquis  de,  Francois  Jean,  gen- 
eral, author,  A64. 

Chomel,  Auguste  Frant;ois,  physician,  born. 

Cornieiiin,  Vicomte  de,  Louis  M.  de  la  llaye, 
jurist,  writer,  born. 

Drouais,  Jean  Germain,  painter,  A25. 

Engelniann,  (iodefroy,  manufacturer,  an  in 
ventor  of  lithography,  born. 

Fresnel,  Augustin  Jean,  optician,  born. 

Gatteaux,  Jacques  Edouard,  artist,  born. 

Grasse,  Francois  Joseph,  Paul  de.  Marquis  de 
Grasse-Tilly,  admiral,  A65. 

Guiraud,  Baron,  Pierre  Marie  Th6rfese  Alex- 
andre, dramatist,  born. 

La  P6rouse,  Comte  de,  Jean  Francois  de 
Galaup,  navigator,  A47+. 

Pelletier,  Pierre  Joseph,  chemist,  born. 

Poncelet,  Jean  Victor,  geometrician,  born. 

Richelieu,  Due  de,  Louis  F.  A.  E.  Duplessis, 
courtier,  A92. 

R^musat,  Jean  Pierre  Abel,  orientalist,  b. 

Savary,  Nicolas,  traveler,  author,  A3S. 

1789  *  *  Arlincourt,  Vicomte  d',  Victor,  ijoet, 
novelist,  born. 

Beauz^,  Nicolas,  grammarian,  A72. 
Brotier,  Gabriel,  classical  scholar,  A66. 
Caucby,  Augustin  L.,  mathernatictan,  poet,  b. 
Da&ruerre,  Louie  Jacques  Mand6,  painter, 

inventor  dagtierreotype  process,  born, 
David,  Pierre  Jean,  sculptor,  born. 
Ep6e,  Charles  Michel  de  1*,  philan.,  A77. 
Fee,  Antoine  Laurent  Apollinaire,  bota.,  b. 
Foulon,  .loseph  Fran<;oi8,  financier,  pol.,  A74. 
Hautponl,  Marq.  d',  Alplionse  Henri,  gen.,  b. 
Holbach.  Paul  Thierry  d*.  pbil.,  A66. 
Lepaute,  Jean  Andre,  horologist,  A80. 
Vernet,  Claude  Joseph,  painter,  A75. 
Vernet,  Emile  Jean  Horace,  painter,  born. 
1790**Arago,    Jacques    I^tienne    Victor, 

writer,  traveler,  born. 
Berger,  Jean  Jactiues,  senator,  born. 
Berryer,  Antoine  Pierre,  pol.  ora.,  leader,  b. 
Cloquet,  Baron  Jules  Germain,  phys.,  b. 
Cochin,  Charles  Nicolas,  engraver,  wr.,  A75. 
Couder,  Louis  Charles  Auguste,  pabi.,  b. 
Didot,  Ambroise  Firmin,  print.,  publisher,  b. 
Dubufe,  Claude  Marie,  portrait  painter,  b. 
Dumonl  d't'rville,  Jules  S.  C,  navigator,  b. 
F'iescbi,  Joseph  Marie,  conspirator,  born. 
G^rlcault,  Jean  Louis  Th(^o.  Andre,  born. 
Guibert,  Contte  de,  Jacques  A.  H.,  author, 

soldier,  A47. 
Lallemand,  Claude  Francois,  phys.,  Burg.,b. 
Rochette,  Jt^sir^  liaoul,  archeologist,  born. 
Vaillant,  Jean  Baptiste  Pbilibert,  marshal,  b. 
Villemain.  Abel  F.,  hist.,  educationist,  horn. 
Oct.  31.     Lamartlne,    Alphonse    Marie 

Louis  de,  poet,  ora.,  hist.,  statesman,  b. 

CHURCH. 

1788  Nov.  *  Paris.  Louis  XVI.  pub- 
lishes an  edict  of  toleration. 

1789  *  *  Paris.  The  National  Assembly 
gives  to  all  religious  denominations 
equal  rights  and  privileges. 

May  20.    The    clergy    renounce    their 

privileges. 
Nov.  2.    The  property  of  the  clergy  is 

ordered  to  be  coutiscated. 

1790  *  *  Paris.  Tlie  Port  Royal  and 
other  monasteries  are  suppressed, 
also  the  abbeys. 


Nov.  27.  Parig,  The  National  Assem- 
bly decrees  that  all  ecclesiastical  oflicers 
shall  take  an  oath  subscribing  to  the 
civil  constitution  of  the  clergy,  or  lose 
their  offices  as  a  penalty. 

LETTERS. 

1783  *  *  Galat^e,  by  Jean  Pierre  Claris 
de  Florian,  appears. 

*  ♦  Philoctiite,  by  J.  F,  de  La  Harpe,  ai>- 
pears. 

*  *-94*  *  SucoUgues,  Hermes,  Invention, 
Amiriqu€y^Ugie8y  ^pitres,  Odes^lambes, 
etc.,  by  Andre  Marie  de  Ch^nier,  appear. 

1784  *  ♦  Shakespeare's  Macbeth  and  King 
Lear,  by  Duels,  appear. 

*  *  Essay  on  the  Universality  of  the  French 
language  and  a  translation  of  Dante's 
Inferno,  by  Antoine  Rivarol,  appear. 
[17S8.     Little  Almanac  of  Great  Mtn.\ 

*  *  Mariage  de  Figaro,  by  Beaumarchais, 
appears. 

*  *  Etudes  de  la  Nature,  by  Bernardin  de 
Saint-Pierre,  appears. 

*  *  Paris.  The  first  public  school  for 
the  blind  is  established  by  Valentin 
Haliy. 

*  *  Paris.  The  Abb^  de  Pfip^e  estab- 
lishes an  institution  for  the  deaf  and 
dumb. 

1786  *  ♦  /jioons^n/,  by  J.  F.Collin  d'Har- 
leville,  appears. 

*  *  Numa  Pompilius,  by  Florian,  appears. 

1787  *  *  ttourdis,  by  Francois  G.  An- 
drieux,  appears. 

*  *  ^Uinents  de  liitirature,  by  Marmontel, 
appears.  [Later,  Sur  la  langue  fran- 
gaise.] 

1788  *  *  Analytical  Mechanics,  by  Joseph 
L.  Lagrange,  appears. 

*  *  Lettres  sur  le  cara^tcre  et  les  icrits  de 
J.  J.  Rousseau,  by  Madame  De  Stael,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Voyage  dujeune  Anarcharsis,  by  Jean 
Jacques  Barth^lemy,  appears. 

1789  May  2.  Paris.  Lettres  d  ses  Com- 
mettants  ia  issued.  [It  shortly  afterwards 
becomes  Courrier  de  Provence.] 

May  5.  Le  Moniteur  is  issued  [and  tl 
years  later  becomes  the  official  organ  of 
the  Government]. 

May*  Paris.  Journal  des  £tats-G^neraux 
is  issued  ;  also  the  bulletin  dts  Usances  de 
V AssenibUe  Rationale. 

June*  Paris.  Patriate  Franqais  is 
issued. 

July  *  Paris.  lUvolutions  de  Paris  is  is- 
sued; also  the  t'ourrier  de  Versailles, 

Aug.  *  Paris.  Journal  des  Dibats  ia  is- 
sued; also  Ami  dn  Pcupfe,  by  Marat;  it 
is  first  called  Le  Publicist  Parisien. 

Nov.  24.  Paris.  Le  Moniteur  Univer- 
selle  is  issued. 

Nov.  *  Rh^olutlons  de  France  et  de  Bra- 
bant is  issued. 

*  *  Paris.  The  Society  of  the  Sorbonne 
is  broken  up. 

*  *  Chdteaux  en  F.apaqne,  by  Jean  Fran- 
cois Collin-<rHarlevi"lle,  appears.  [1702, 
Old  Bachelor  and  Vieux  cSlibataire.] 

*  *  Paul  et  Virginie,  by  Saint-Pierre,  ap- 
pears.   [1790,  La  Ckaumiere  Indienne.] 

*  *  Charles  IX.,  by  Marie  Joseph  de  Che- 
nier,  appears.  [\"9\,  Henry  VIII.;  1792, 
Caius  Gracchus:  1794,  Timoleon.] 

1790  June  *  Ami  du  Poi  is  issued. 

*  •  The  University  of  Reims  is  sup- 
pressed. 

*  *  tll^ents  de  Vartdelapeinture,hjBeT- 
thoUet,  appears. 


FRANCE. 


1783,**-1790, 


707 


SOCIETY. 

1785  Feb.  24.  Corsica.  Charles 
Bonaparte,  father  of  Napoleon,  dies, 
leaviug  his  family  poor. 

1789  July  14.  Paris.  A  great  riot  oc- 
curs; the  mob  storms  the  Bastilc ;  it 
is  finally  surrendered  to  the  as.sailants. 

Aug.  4.  Paris.  Tlie  privileged  cUssea 
are  abolished  by  law. 

Oct.  5,  6.  Paris.  Tcnrifying  mobs  visit 
the  palace  at  Versailles,  and  attend  the 
king  on  the  way  to  Paris. 

Oct.  19.  Paris.  Fran9ois,  a  Parisian  ba- 
ker, is  murdered  by  a  mob  because 
the  return  of  the  king  had  not  reduced 
the  price  of  bread. 

Oct.*  Paris.  About  40  gentlemen  and 
men  of  letters  meet  in  the  hall  of  the 
Jacobin  friars  to  discuss  political  and 
other  questions,  and  thus  originate  the 
[Jacobin]  "  Club  Breton."  [Jacobin 
cdulM  spring  up  in  all  important  townis.] 

*  *  The  Republican  leaders  are  derisively 
called  Sansculottes,  because  of  their 
negligence  in  dress.  [Later  they  assimie 
the  title  with  pride.] 

1790  June  20.  Paris.  Titles  of  no- 
bility and  feudal  right  are  abolished. 

July  14.  Paris.  The  F6te  of  the  Fed- 
eration is  celebrated  on  the  anniversary 
of  the  taking  of  the  Bastile. 

*  ♦Paris  has  several  prominent  cluba; 
the  Regency  club  [the  oldest  In  Paris] 
is  established. 

The  Jacobins,  who  rapidly  increase 
and  dominate  the  State,  led  by  Robes- 
pierre ;  Cordeliers,  led  by  Banton,  Ma- 
rat, Camille  Desmoulins ;  Feuillants, 
moderate  monarchists,  who  had  with- 
drawn from  the  Jacobins,  led  by  Lafar 
yette  and  Bailly. 

STATE. 

1784  Oct.  30.  Charles  Alexandre 
de  Calonne  becomes  comptroller  of 
finance.  [He  is  extravagant,  and  con- 
tracts enormous  debts.] 

1785  *  *  Public  indignation  is  [unjtistly] 
excited  against  Queen  Marie  Antoinette 
by  the  diamond  necklace  transac- 
tion; the  court  ia  discredited. 

The  Comtesse  De  La  Motte  persuades  Car- 
dinal de  Rohan  to  negotiate  the  purchase  in 
the  queen's  name  of  a  necklace  for  ]p296,000, 
which  the  Comtesse  receives  and  applies  to 
her  benefit;  a  trial  follows  the  jewelers' 
demand  on  Marie  Antoinette  for  payment, 
and  results  in  the  condemnation  and  pun- 
ishment of  De  La  Motte,  the  banishment 
of  the  cardinal,  and  much  scandal  in  con- 
nection with  the  queen. 

1787  Jan.  29.  An  Assembly  of  No- 
tables, called  by  the  king,  meets  at  Ver- 
sailles. [It  rejects  Calonne's  proposal 
to  tax  ecclesiastical  property.] 

*  ♦  Calonne  is  dismissed,  and  Arch- 
bishop de  Brienne  is  appointed  min- 
ister of  finance. 

*  *  Paris.  The  Assembly  of  Notables 
sanctions  a  land  and  stamp  tax,  but 
the  parliament  of  Paris  refuses  to  regis- 
ter the  edict  embodying  them. 

*  *  The  Parliament  of  Paris  is  sum- 
moned to  Versailles,  and  the  king  in  a 
bed  of  justice  registers  the  tax  edict 
on  his  own  authority;  the  parliament 
protests,  and  is  banished  to  Troyes. 

May  25.    The  Aasembly  of  Notables 

is  dismissed. 


*  •  Brlenno  makes  a  compromise  with 

the  parliament,  the  tax  edict  being  with- 
drawn, and  a  progressive  loan  substi- 
tuted. 
Sept.  20.  Paris.  The  parliament  is 
recalled  and  assembles ;  several  mem- 
bers, including  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  ob- 
jecting to  the  loan,  it  is  registered  by 
royal  authority. 

*  *  The  Duke  of  Orleans  is  banished,  and 
two  other  members  of  the  parliament 
are  imprisoned  for  resistance  to  the 
king's  edict. 

1788  Jan,  4.  Paris.  The  parliament 
passes  a  decree  annulling  arbitrary  ar- 
rests, and  recalling  its  exiled  members. 

*  *  The  ilinistry  and  parliament  com- 
promise ;  the  parliament  returns  to 
Paris. 

Jan.  *  Parliament  presents  to  the  king  a 
statement  of  grievances;  its  obnoxious 
leaders  are  arrested. 

*  *  The  king  abolishes  the  parbament, 

1789  May  6-1701  Sept.  30.  The 
Constituent  National  Assembly. 

May  5.  Puris,  The  States-General 
meet  at  Versailles;  1,145  members  are 
present,— 291  clergy,  '-"0  nobility,  584  of 
the  Tiers-Etat  (third  estate,  or  com- 
mons). 

June  17.  Paris.  The  Tiers-fetat  assume 
the  title  of  National  Assembly,  and 
invite  the  other  orders  to  join  them. 

Jime  20.  Paris.  The  meetings  of  the 
National  Assembly  are  suspended  for 
three  days  by  proclamation  under  the 
pretext  of  preparing  the  hall. 

The  members  take  oath  in  a  tennis- 
court  not  to  separate  until  they  have 
given  a  constitution  to  Franco. 

June  22.  Paris.  In  spite  of  the  Court's 
efforts  to  prevent  it,  the  meeting  of  the 
National  Assembly  takes  place  in  a 
church,  149  deputies  of  the  clergy  also 
attending  it. 

June  23.  Paris.  The  royal  sitting  of  all 
the  orders  is  held  without  results,  the 
king  coninianding  the  three  orders  to 
sit  separately. 

June  27.  Paris.  The  three  orders 
unite  at  the  special  entreaty  of  Louis, 
who  weakens  under  opposition.  Comte 
de  Mirabeau  is  the  chief  orator  of  the 
Tier8-£tat. 

July  11.    Paris,    Necker  is  dismissed. 

July  14,  Paris.  Rumors  of  the  king 
using  the  army  against  the  people  pre- 
vail ;  a  mob,  wearing  the  tricolor,  after 
a  struggle  of  five  hours  captures  the 
Bastile,  murdering  Do  Launay,  the  gov- 
ernor, and  three  of  his  officers. 

July  15.  Paris.  The  king  promises  to 
yield  to  the  popular  demands  to  dismiss 
foreign  troops  and  recall  Necker. 

A  provisional  government  is  formed 
at  the  H6tel  de  Ville. 

Marquis  de  Lafayette  is  made  comman- 
der of  the  newly  established  National 
Guard.    The  nobles  begin  to  emigrate. 

July  22.+  Paris.  The  mob  becomes 
uncontrollable,  and  Iiafayette  is  unable 
to  rescue  Minister  Foulon  from  death. 
Paris  is  subject  to  mob  law. 

*  *  Revolts  occur  in  the  proviQcea  against 
tbe  feudal  lords. 


Aug.  4.    Paris.    The  Assembly  votes  a 

general  immolation  of  tlie  Constitution. 

The  nobles  voluntarily  surrender  all 

feudal  rights  and  privileges  for  their 

order.    Tithes  are  abolished. 

Aug.  27.  Paris.  The  Assembly  makes 
a  declaration  of  the  Bights  of  Man; 
the  veto  power  is  discussed. 

Sept.  7.  Paris.  A  deputation  of  the 
wives  of  artists  makes  a  present  of 
jewels  for  the  State,  and  patriotic  gifts 
for  the  national  debt  and  the  poor. 

Oct.  5.  Paris.  A  furious  mob,  being 
pressed  by  hunger,  and  shouting 
"Bread,  bread,"  marches  to  Ver- 
sailles, led  by  frantic  women. 

Oct.  6.  Paris.  Lafayette,  with  the  Na- 
tional Guard,  delivers  the  royal  family 
from  tbe  mob,  but  is  compelled  to  return, 
and  conduct  royalty  back  to  Paris. 

Oct.  16.  Paris.  The  Assembly  decrees 
that  the  title  of  Louis  XVI. ,  "King  of 
France,"  should  be  changed  to  "King 
of  the  French."  [Nov.  1.  It  decrees 
the  abolition  of  lettres  de  cachet. 
Nov.  3.  It  suspends  the  parliament  of 
Paris ;  about  200  members  resign  from 
the  Assembly.] 

Dec.  *  Paris.    A  national  bank  is  estab- 
lished. 
1790  *  *  A  monarchical  democratic  Con- 
stitution is  adopted. 

It  provides  one  chamber  having  legis- 
lative power,  sole  right  of  initiation  of 
laws,  declaring  war  and  making  peace, 
and  signing  treaties. 

Feb.  4.  Paris.  Ix>uis  XVI.  takes  the 
oath  to  maintain  the  new  Constitution. 

Feb.  13.  Paris.  The  Convention  abol- 
ishes  monastic   establishments,  and 

confiscates  their  lands. 

Mar.  *  Ecclesiastical  property  is  con- 
■    fiscated  to  the  State. 

Assignats,  notes  of  the  Government 
secured  by  the  confiscated  public  lands, 
are  issued ;  the  clergy  are  to  be  sup- 
ported by  the  State. 
July  14.    Paris.   National  Federation, 

The  king  takes  an  oath  to  support  the  new 
Constitution  before  an  inuneiine  assembly  of 
350,000  persons  at  Clianip  de  Wars. 

The  old  divisions  of  France  are  abolished, 
and  the  country  is  divided  Into  83  depart- 
ments, named  aft4>r  rivers  and  mountains  ; 
these  are  divided  into  374  rlistrlcts  and  can- 
tons, with  conunnnes  remaining  as  before. 

Each  departnipnt  is  to  iiave  a  local  assem- 
bly ;  nobility  titles  and  ecclestastlcal  oniera 
are  abolislieil,  excejtt  sucli  orders  as  are  edu- 
cational or  humanitarian  ;  pastors  arc  to  be 
chosen  by  the  voters  of  the  districts,  and  the 
bishops  by  those  of  the  departments. 

[Two-thirds  of  the  ecclesiastics  decline  to 
accept  the  Constitution  by  taking  the  re- 
quired oath.] 

*  *  The  rights  of  primogeniture  are  abol- 
ished. 

Sept.  *  Necker,  having  lost  his  Influence, 
retires  to  Switzerland. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1786  July  31.  AboothatMontpelller 
falls  during  a  play;  500  persons  are 
killed. 

1789  *  *  A  famine  produces  wide  dis- 
tress. 

1790+  *  *  Trees  of  Liberty  are  planted 
in  Paris  and  many  parts  during  the  Kev- 
olutionary  Era. 


708     1791,  Max.  3.-1793,  Aug.  28.         FRANCE. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1792  *  *  -97  *  *  War  of  the  first  coali- 
tion against  France.    (See  p.  518.) 

Apr.  28.  The  French  are  repulsed  at 
Quievrain. 

June  20.  Paris.  The  mob,  following 
the  red  cap  of  liberty,  march  to  the 
Tuileries  to  make  demands  on  the  king. 

Aug.  10.  Paris.  The  Swiss  Guards 
retained  to  defend  the  king  are  mas- 
sacred by  the  mob  in  the  Tuileries  ;  5,000 
are  killed. 

Aug.  20.  The  invading  Prussians  in- 
vest lK>ngwy  [which  soon  capitulates]. 

A\ig.  *  The  "War  of  the  Vendue  breaks 
out  against  the  Ko]mbI)c.  [It  is  chiefly 
confined  to  \'endee  and  Hrittany.] 

*  *  Lafayette  withdraws  from  the 
French  nrmy,  and  takes  refuge  with  the 
Austrians  [by  whom  he  is  held  in  prison 
five  years], 

Sept.  *  Verdun  is  taken  by  the  Prus- 
sians.    [Soon  surrendered.] 

Sept.  20.  The  French  under  Marshal 
Kellerman  and  Gen.  Duniouriez  defeat 
the  troops  of  the  coalition  under  the 
Duke  of  Brimswick  at  Valmy. 

Sept.  30.  The  Duke  of  Brunswick  re- 
treats from  France. 

Sept.f  *  Ger.    The  French  Gen.  Custine 

takes  Speyer  (Sept.  30),  Mentz  (Oct.  23), 

and  Frankfort-on-the-Uhine. 
Wov.  6.     lielg.    Battle   of  Jemappes. 

(See  p.  518.) 
Nov.  14.    Belg.    Gen.  Dumouriez  takes 

Brussels. 

*  *  The  Austrians  unsuccessfully  besiege 
liille. 

*  *  Nice  is  conquered.    [1814.    Restored.] 

1793  Feb.  1.  War  is  declared  against 
Sngland  and  Holland.  [Feb.  *  Eng- 
land declares  war  against  France.] 

Mar.  18.    Jielg.    French  defeat  at  Neer- 

winden.    (See  p.  518.) 
MsLj  8.    The  English  defeat  the  French 

at  St.  Amand. 

May  23,  July  26.  The  Austrians  and 
English  under  the  Count  of  Ferraris  and 
the  Duke  of  York  defeat  the  French 
at  Valenciennes,  and  capture  the  city. 

June  9.  The  Vendeans  defeat  the  Re- 
publicans, and  capture  Samur. 

July  *  Valenciennes  is  captured  by  the 
Austrians  and  English  under  Ferraris 
and  the  Duke  of  York. 

Aug.  18.  iXeth.  The  English  under  Gen. 
Lake  defeat  the  French  at  Lincelles. 

Aug.  23.  Marseilles,  having  rebelled 
against  the  Convention,  is  reduced. 

E.  Ind.    Pondicherry  is  again  taken 

from  the  British  by  the  French. 

Aug.  27.  Toulon  surrenders  to  the 
British  and  allies  under  Adm.  Lord 
Hood. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1792  Sept.  21.  At  midnight  a  new 
calendar,  established  on  philosophical 
principles,  fixes  the  first  year  of  the  Era 
of  the  Republic.  [1793.  Nov.  24.  Estab- 
lished by  decree.] 

*  *  The  hydraulic  ram  is  greatly  im- 
proved by  Joseph  Michel  Montgolner. 

*  *  Paris.  Philippe  Pinel  treats  luna- 
tics at  the  Bic^tre  iu  an  enlightened 


and   humane  manner,  and  with   great 

success. 

1793  July  1 2.  The  first  official  trial  is 
made  of  the  Claude  Chappe's  optical 
telegraph ;  despatches  are  successfully 
transmitted  48  leagues  tn  13  minutes  and 
40  seconds. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1791*  *  Abbatucci,  Jacques  Pierre  Charles, 

diplomatist,  born. 
Barrot,  Caniille  Hyacinthe  Odlllon,  states.,  b. 
Berquin,  Arnand,' writer,  A42. 
Champollion.  Jean  Fran^oiB,  P2gyptot.,  b. 
Harold,  Louis  Jos.  Kerdinand,  coinp.  born. 
Lauioite,  Jeanne  deValois, advent.,  A36±. 
Luzerne,  Anne  C^sar  de  la,  diplomatist,  A50. 
Magnan,  Bernard  1'..  marshal,  born. 
.Matter,  Jacques,  philosopher,  historian,  b. 
I'ouillet,  Claude  Servais  M.,  physicist,  b. 
Scribe,  Augnstin  Knj,'ene,  dramatist,  born. 
Apr.   13.     Mlrabeau.  Comte  de,  Honore 

Gabriel  de  Uii|uetti,  orator,  slatesman,  A42. 
Dec.   12.     Marie   LouiBe,   second  wife  of 

Napoleon  I.,  born  in  Vienna. 
1782*  •  Abancourt,  Charles  Xavier  Joseph 

Franqueville,  minister,  A  34. 
Ancelotj  Marguerite  V.  ('.,  author,  born. 
Auger,  L'Abbe,  Atlianase,  elas.  scholar,  A58. 
(.'affleri,  Jean  .lacques,  sculptor,  A68. 
Chabanon,  Alirliel  Paul  (Juy  de,  writer,  A62. 
('liarlet,  Nicolas  Toussaint,  pahiter,  eugr.,  b. 
(nerinont-Tonnerre,    Conite    de,    .Stanislas, 

statesman,  A45. 
Civiale,  Jean,  physician,  born. 
Couein.  Victor,  metaphysician,  phil.,  born. 
Despretz,  Cdsar  .Mansuete,  savant,  born. 
Dufr^noy,  Pierre  Armand,  geologist,  born. 
Duvaucel,  Alfred,  naturalist,  born. 
Favart,  Charles  Simon,  dramatist,  A82. 
Genoude,  Antoine  K,,  journalist,  historian, b. 
Isambert,  Francois  A.,  politician,  jurist,  b. 
Lamballe,  Prlncesse  de,  Marie  Th^r^se  Louise 

de  Savoie-Carignan,  A42. 
Pradier,  Jacques,  sculjttor,  born. 
Richer,  Kdouard,  author,  l>orn. 
1793  *  *  Affre,  Denis  Auguste,  archbishop  of 

Paris,  born. 
Bailly,  Jean  Sylvain,  astron.,  phllos.,  A57. 
Barnave,  Antoine  Pierre  J.  M.,  revolu.,  A32. 
Biron,  Dnc  de,  Armand  Louis  de  Gontaui, 

Due  de  Lauzun,  general,  politician,  A4fi. 
Bonchamp,    Marquis  de,  Charles  Melchior 

Artns,  general,  A34. 
Brissot  de  Warville,  Jean  Pierre,  Girondist 

leader,  writer,  A39. 
Changarnier,  Nicolas  A.  T.,  general,  born. 
Chaslea,  Michel,  geometrician,  born. 
Chazal,  Antoine,  artist,  born. 
Chevallier,  Jean  li.  A.,  chemist,  born. 
Clement,  Franc^ois,  historian,  A59. 
Cordayd' Annans, Charlotte,  heroine,  A25. 
Custine,  Comte  cle,  Adam  Philippe,  gen.,  A53. 
Dampierre,  Marquis  de,  A  uguste  Henri  Marie 

Picot,  general,  AST. 
Delavlene.  Jean  Fram^oie  Gasimlr.  dram- 
atist, born. 
Entrecasteaux,  Joseph    Antoine    Bruni  d*, 

admiral,  explorer,  A54. 
Fonfr^de,  Jean  Baptiste  Boyer,  pol.,  A27. 
Gensonne,  Armand,  Girondist  leader,  A35. 
Hittorf,  Jacques  Ignace,  arcli.,  antiq.,  born. 
Lescure,  Marquis  de,  Louis  Marie,  Vendean 

chief,  A27. 
Marat,  Jean  Paul,  revolutionist,  A4i". 
Orleans.  Due  d*.  liouis  Philippe  Joseph, 

statesman,  A46. 
Roland.  Madame  Marie  Jeanne  Phlipon, 

iJiroiidist,  author,  A39. 
Roland  de  la  Plati6re,  Jean   Marie,  states- 
man, A  59. 
Tott,  Baron  de,  Francois,  officer,  Tur.,  A60. 
Vergnlaud,  Pierre  Victnrnien,  states.,  A34. 
Jan.  21.    iKJuis  XVI..  king,  A39. 
Oct.  16.    Marie  Antoinette,  queen,  A38.    . 


CHURCH. 

1791  Mar.  3.  Paris.  The  churches' 
plate  is  sent  to  the  mint  for  coinage. 

Apr.  13,  It.  The  Pope  declares  it  is 
impossible  for  the  clergy  to  take  tlie 
prescribed  oath.  [Bishops  are  chosen 
in  accordance  with  the  new  law,  and  con- 
secrated without  confirmation  by  the 
Pope.] 

May  4.  Paris.  The  Pope  is  burned  in 
effigy. 

1792  Aug.  26.  Paris.  The  decree  nf 
the  National    Assembly  against   the 


priests    [drives  40,000  of   them  out  of 
France]. 

Sept.  2-5.    Paris.    In  the  massacre  of 

1,200   persons   taken   from   prison,   10& 
priests  are  killed. 

Oct.  16.  Paris.  The  Convention  de- 
clares death  an  eternal  sleep. 

*  *  Paris.  The  French  Bible  Society  ia 
formed. 

LETTERS. 

1791  *  *  M4moires  secrets  des  rignes  de 
jA)uis  XIV.  et  de  Louis  XV.,  by  Duclos^ 
appears. 

*  *  Gonzalve  de  Cordove^  by  Florian,  i^ 
pears.     [1792,  Fables;    1794,   GuiUaume 

Tell.] 

1792  June  25.  The  records  of  the  no- 
bility, 600  volumes,  are  burned. 

*  *  The  Marseillaise  Hymn  is  composedly 
an  engineer  officer  named  Rouget  d© 
Lille,  or  L'lsle,  at  Straeburg.  [It  be- 
comes universally  popular.] 

*  *  TAe  J\'cw  Man,  by  Saint-Martin,  ap- 
pears. 

Sept.  *  La  Quotidienne  is  issued. 

*  *  L^ Enfant  du  Carnival,  by  Pigault  Le- 
brun,  appears. 

*  *  Shakespeare's  Othello,  by  Duels,  ajfH 
pears.  [1795,  Abufar,  or  the  Arab  Fam- 
tly.] 

SOCIETY. 

1791  Apr.±  *  Paris.  The  royal  fam- 
ily is  imprisoned  in  its  own  palace^ 
and  subject  to  daily  insults. 

May  31.  Paris.  Punishment  by  the 
wheel  is  abolished. 

Aug.  26,  Paris.  A  decree  of  the  Ka- 
tional  Assembly  occasions  the  exile  of 
40,000  priests,  who  are  forbidden  to 
exercise  the  offices  of  worship. 

1792  Sept.  2-5.  Paris.  Prison* 
crowded  with  adherents  of  aristocracy 
are  burst  open,  and  12,487  massacred  by 
Jacobins. 

Sept.  3.  Paris.  Princess  de  Ijam- 
balle,  the  superintendent  of  the  royal 
household,  having  refused  to  take  the 
oath  against  the  monarchy,  is  literally 
torn  into  pieces  by  the  mob. 

1793  Mar.  * -94  July*  The  Reign 
of  Terror. 

It  is  preceded  by  great  confusion  and 
disorder,  and  begins  with  the  Revolu- 
tionary Tribunal  and  ends  with  the  over- 
throw of  Maximilien  Robespierre  and 
his  associates. 

July  13.  Paris.  Charlotte  Corday, 
the  heroine,  mortally  stabs  Jean  Paul 
Marat,  the  bloody  leader  of  the  Jaco- 
bins.   [July  17.    She  is  guillotined.] 

STATE. 

1791  Apr.  2.  Mirabeau,  the  presi- 
dent of  the  Assembly,  dies. 

May  21.  Paris.  The  Commune,  a 
municipal  council,  is  definitely  consti- 
tuted. 

June  20,  Paris.  The  royal  family 
flees  at  midnight,  the  king  being  in  dis- 
guise. 

June  21.  The  king  ia  captured  at  Va- 
rennes,  and  brought  back  to  Paris  amid 
the  hooting  of  the  mob ;  guards  are 
placed  in  the  rooms  of  the  royal  family 
day  and  night. 

*  *  Paris.  The  Girondiata  become  con- 
spicuous. 


FRANCE.       1791,  Mar.  3-1793,  Aug.  28.      709 


July  17.  Paris.  The  Assembly  makes 
au  unprovoked  and  murderous  assault 
on  a  meeting  iu  the  Champs  de  Mars; 
Lafayette,  Mayor  Bailly,  and  the  As- 
sembly are  brought  into  discredit. 

Aug.  *  Ger.  Declaration  of  Pilluitz. 
The  Emperor  Leopold  and  Frederick 
■William,  King  of  Trussia,  uiute  in  a  dec- 
laration that  all  the  sovereigns  of  Eu- 
rope have  a  common  interest  in  the  con- 
dition of  the  King  of  France. 

Sept.  *  Avignon  is  aimexed. 

Sept.  *  Paris.  The  king  is  reinstated 
as  sovereign  by  the  moderate  party. 

Sept.  15.  Paris.  Tlie  king  accepts  the 
revised  and  completed  Constitution. 

Sept.  30.  Paris.  The  president  dis- 
solves the  National  Assembly,  its 
work  being  completed. 

Oct.  1.— 92  Sept.  21.  Paris.  The 
Legislative  Assembly. 

Oct.  1.  Paris.  A  meeting  takes  place 
of  745  representatives,  mostly  from  the 
middle  class. 

They  form  three  parties  :  the  Conserva- 
tives, who  prefer  to  stop  where  they  are  ; 
the  Clirondisis,  virtuous,  upright  men,  who 
favor  a  feii<lal  republit; ;  and  the  .Jacobins, 
like  Robespierre,  Danton,  and  Marat,  who 
are  Itadicals,  and  advocates  of  a  united  and 
Indivisible  republic. 

*  *  Paris.  Acts  are  passed  depriving  the 
emigrants  T\ho  leave  France  of  their 
property,  and  placing  the  clergy  under 
surveillance  ;  the  king  vetoes  these  acts, 
and  thereby  enrages  the  people. 

1792  Feb.  *  An  alliance  is  formed  be- 
tween Austria  and  Prussia  against 
France. 

Har.  *  Paris.  A  change  of  Ministry  oc- 
curs ;  the  conservative  Girondists  are 
in  power. 

Apr.  20.    Paris.    France  declares  war 

against  Austria. 

Three  armies  are  on  the  frontier,  —  Ro- 
chambeau  (48,000),  Lafayette  (52,000), 
Luckner  (42,000).    (See  Army.) 

June  12.  Paris.  The  Ministry  of  Jean 
Marie  Koland  is  dismissed. 

June  18.    Paris.    TheJacobinClubde- 

clares  its  sittings  permanent. 

June  20.  Paris.  A  mob  invades  the 
Tuileries,  and  compels  the  king  to  put 
on  his  head  a  redcap,  the  emblem  of  the 
revolution ;  it  is  dispersed  by  the  mayor. 

July  25.    The  Duke  of  Brunswick,  the 

commander-in-chief  of  the  allied  armies, 
issues  athreateuing  and  impolitic  mani- 
festo. 

Aug.  *  Paris.  The  Assembly  becomes 
the  instrument  of  the  Commime. 

Aug.  3.  Paris.  The  sections  of  the  city, 
with  Mayor  P*^tion  as  leader,  demand 
that  the  Assembly  depose  the  king. 
[Aug.  8.  The  Assembly  by  a  large  ma- 
jority vote  against  it.] 

Aug.  9-10.  Paris.  Municipal  author- 
ity is  usurped. 

The  Commune  of  Paris  is  expelled 
from  otfice,  and  its  place  filled  by  com- 
missioners named  by  the  48  sections  of 
the  city,  thus  forming  a  new  commune 
of  288  members. 

Aug.  10.  Paris.  "The  Tenth  of  Au- 
gust."   Downfall  of  the  monarchy. 

The  mob  storms  the  Tuileries,  and 
is  driven  back  by  the  fire  of  the  Swiss 
troops;  the  king  and  his  friends  escape 
to  the  Legislative  Assembly,  and  he  or- 
•ders  the  Swiss  to  cease  tiring,  thus  leav- 


ing these  brave  followers  of  his  at  the 
mercy  of  the  enraged  mob  by  whom  they 
are  massacred  ;  the  Assembly  is  forced 
to  suspend  the  king  provisionally. 

Aug.  13.  Paris.  A  great  number  of 
suspected  persons  are  arrested. 

*  *  The  Jacobins  have  everything  their 
own  way. 

Aug.  16.  The  royal  family  is  impris- 
oned in  the  gloomy  fortress  of  the  Tem- 
ple, and  is  subject  to  rigorous  treatment. 

Aug.  19.  Paris.  The  new  Municipality 
is  sworn  in  ;  it  becomes  the  Revolution- 
ary Tribunal.  It  is  established  to  take 
cognizance  of  all  attacks  directed  against 
the  Republic,  the  Revolution,  or  the 
public  good. 

Aug.  20.  Paris.  Being  impeached  and 
proscribed  by  the  Assembly,  Lafayette 
flees  to  the  camp  of  the  allies,  and  is  de- 
tained as  a  prisoner  of  war  at  OlmUtz. 

Aug.  30.  Paris.  The  barriers  are  closed, 
and  3,000  persons  are  arrested  and 
imprisoned,  being  suspected  of  hostility 
to  the  Revolution. 

Sept.  2-4.  The  Prussian  army  enters 
France  in  the  interest  of  the  royal  fam- 
ily, to  the  consternation  of  the  nation. 

Sept.  2-7.  Paris.  A  jail  delivery  and 
massacre  of  Hoyalists  takes  place  un- 
der the  Jacobins. 

The  imprisoned  Royalists  and  Consti- 
tutionalists are  delivered  by  Georges 
Jacques  Danton,  the  minister'of  justice, 
to  Millard  and  his  paid  cutthroats,  and 
cruelly  m\irdered.  Similar  atrocities 
take  place  at  Versailles,  Lyons,  Reims, 
M^aux,  Orleans,  and  other  places. 

Sept.  21.  — 179b  ,  Oct.*  Pans.  The 
Ifational  Convention  is  in  session. 

It  is  composed  of  749  members,  all  Re- 
publicans, and  is  divided  into  two  par- 
ties :  the  Right,  led  by  Robespierre,  the 
Duke  of  Orleans,  Danton,  and  Collot 
d'Herbois  ;  and  the  Left,  led  by  Ver- 
gniaud,  Brissot,  and  others. 

Sept.  21.  Paris.  The  Convention  votes 
to  abolish  the  monarchy,  and  France 
is  declared  a  Kepublic. 

Sept.  22.  Paris.  Tlie  Convention  makes 
this  day  the  first  of  the  Year  One  of 
the  French  Republic.  [Nov.  24.  Estab- 
lished as  the  Revolutionary  Era.] 

The  Convention  decrees  that  the  fugi- 
tive emigrants  be  perpetually  banished  ; 
that  the  usual  titles  of  courtesy  {Mon- 
sieur and  Madame)  be  suppressed,  and 
the  title  Citizen  be  used. 

Nov.  19.  Paris.  A  declaration  of 
fraternity  is  made  with  all  nations  that 
desire  to  be  free,  and  they  are  offered 
help. 

Nov.  *  Nice  and  Savoy  are  annexed  to 
France. 

Dec.  11.  Paris.  Trial  of  I*ouis  XVI. 
The  Committee  of  Safety  arraigns  the 
king  for  tyranny,  and  for  attempting  to 
destroy  the  liberty  of  the  French  ^)eople 
by  inviting  foreign  powers  to  invade 
France, 

Dec.  20.  Paris.  A  decree  of  perpetual 
banishment  against  the  Bourbon  fam- 
ily is  promulgated. 

Dec.  26.  Paris.  liOuis  XVT.  appears 
before  the  Convention  for  the  last  time  ; 
Barrfere  is  prosecutor ;  Chretien  de 
Malesherbes  and  two  others  are  ad- 
vocates for  the  king. 


The  Assembly;  debates  and  adjourns 
day  after  day  without  arriving  at  a  de- 
cision. The  Girondists  propose  au  ap- 
peal to  the  people,  which  shall  decide 
the  king's  fate,  but  it  is  rejected. 

1793  Jan.  16.  Paris.  The  Conven- 
tion decides  that  the  king  is  guilty  of 
treason  against  the  sovereignty  of  the 
people,  and  for  conspiracy  against  the 
State.     Vote,  683  out  of  721. 

The  majority  includes  the  Duke  of  Or- 
leans (Philippe  ^galit^),  his  nearest  kins- 
man and  the  first  prince  of  the  blood  ; 
the  minority  vote  is  divided  for  impris- 
onment, banishment,  or  death  with  a 
respite.  [Jan.  16.  He  is  condemned  to 
unconditional  death  by  a  majority  of 
one  vote  (361) ;  a  formal  rupture  with 
European  powers  follows.] 

Jan.  21.  Paris.  Louis  XVI.  is  be- 
headed. 

*  *  Ix>uis  XVn.  is  proclaimed  by  the 
emigrant  army. 

Feb.  1.  Paris.  lATar  is  declared 
against  Great  Britain,  Holland  [and 
later  against  Spain],  they  having  entered 
an  alliance  against  France. 

*  *  Belgiiun  is  annexed. 

Mar.  *  A  Hoyalist  insurrection  breaks 
out  against  the  Republicans  in  Vendue 
and  Brittany  in  Northwest  France. 

Mar.  9-10.  Paris.  The  Revolution- 
ary Tribunal  is  established. 

A  life-and-death  struggle  occurs  in  the 
Convention  between  the  Girondists  and 
the  Mountain  party,  or  extremists.  The 
Orleanists  of  the  Mountain  party  en- 
deavor to  make  the  Duke  of  Orleans 
(Philippe  Egalite)  protector,  but  they 
are  not  successful. 

Apr.  6.  Paris.  In  consequence  of  the 
coalition  against  France  the  Commit- 
tee of  Public  Safety  is  appointed ;  it 
consists  of  nine  members,  with  Barrfere 
and  Danton  as  leaders.  [Later  three 
more  are  added.] 

June  2.  Paris.  Fall  of  the  Girondists. 
An  arme<l  mob  (80,000),  organized  by 
the  Commune,  having  artillery,  demand 
an  immediate  decree  for  the  arrest  of 
the  Girondist  members  ;  the  Convention 
votes  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  and 
32  are  arrested.  The  Comm  une,  ruled  by 
a  commission  of  12,  are  the  real  power 
of  the  State. 

June  2-94  June*  Paris.  Reign  of 
Terror.  [So  called  because  obnoxious 
persons  are  executed,  regardless  of  age, 
condition,  or  sex.] 

July  13.  Paris.  Jean  Paul  Marat,  the 
President  of  the  Commune,  is  assassi- 
nated by  a  young  provincial  girl  named 
Charlotte  Corday.  "  One  man  have  I 
slain  to  save  a  hundred  thousand." 
[July  17.    She  is  executed.] 

July  *  Paris.  Robespierre,  Antoine  St. 
Just,  and  Georges  Couthon  are  added 
to  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety, 
which  dictates  the  government ;  Robes- 
pierre becomes  the  head  of  the  State. 

Terrible  atrocities  are  committed  in 
the  large  cities  by  the  agents  of  tho 
Committee  of  Public  Safety. 

Aug.  10.  Paris.  Tlie  new  Constitu- 
tion is  inaugurated  by  a  national  celo- 
bration. 

Aug.  23.  A  levy  en  masse  of  all  citi- 
zens capable  of  bearing  arms  is  decreed, 
and  soon  14  armies  are  organized. 

Aug.  28.  Paris.  Gen.  Adam  Philippe 
de  Custine  is  guillotined. 


710     1793,  Sept.  7-1795,  * 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1793  Sept.  7,  8.  The  French  under 
Gen.  Hoche  defeat  the  Duke  of  York  at 
his  siege  of  Dunkirk.  The  Knglish  re- 
treat, abandoning  their  heavy  artillery 
and  ammunition. 

Sept.  11,    Aiistriaus  take  Quesnoy. 

Sept.  14.  Bavaria,  The  rrussiaus  under 
the  Duke  of  Brunswick  defeat  the 
French  under  Gen.  Moreau  at  Piriua- 
sens. 

Oct.  9.  Liyons,  having  revolted  against 
the  Convention,  is  taken  by  the  Repub- 
licans after  70  days  siege  under  Marshal 
Kelleniiaun;  pillage  and  bloodshed  fol- 
low. 

Oct.  15,  16.  The  French  under  Marshal 
Jourdan  defeat  the  Austrians  under  the 
Prince  of  Coburg  and  Gen.  Clerfayt  at 
Wattiguies. 

Oct.  25,  The  Vendean  insurrectionists 
mider  Laroche  defeat  the  Republicans 
under  Westerniann  near  Laval. 

Nov.  15.  Toulon  is  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish. 

Dec.  12.  The  Vendeans  under  Comte 
llenri  de  La  Rochejacquelein  are  de- 
cisively  defeated  at  Le  Mans  by  Re- 
publicans under  Qens.  Westermann  and 
Marceau. 

Dec.  19.    Toidon  is  taken. 

It  having  received  an  Anglo-Spanish 
fleet,  is  besieged  and  taken  by  the  French 
chiefly  through  the  skilful  action  of 
Colonel  of  Artillery  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte ;  it  his  first  distinguished  service. 
[He  is  made  a  brigadier-general.] 

1794  Jan.  *  Union  of  allies  against 
France.    (See  p.  518.) 

IVlar.  16.  IV.  I.  Martinique  is  taken 
from  the  French  by  the  British. 

Apr.  18.  Neth.  Gen.  Pichegru  defeats 
the  allies  at  Turcoing.  [May  18.  Again 
defeated  by  Gen.  Moreau.] 

Apr.  24.    The  French  are  defeated  at 

Canibrai. 

Apr.  26.     Belg.     Gen.  Pichegru  leads  an 

invasion. 
Apr.  30.  lielg.    The  allies  capture  Trois- 

ville.    [May  22.    They  take  Vespierre. 

The  French  are  repulsed  at  Toumay.] 

(See  p.  518.) 
June  1 .    Lord  Howe  defeats  the  French 

fleet  off  the  Isle  of  Ushant. 
June  26.    Belg.    Austrians  defeated  at 

Fleunis.     (See  p.  518.) 
July  28.    The  Vendeans  are  defeated 

at  Misdon. 
Aug.  17.    Valenciennes  is  retaken  by 

the  French  under  Gen.  Scherer. 
Sept.  14.    The  French  defeat  the  Duke 

of  York  at  Bois-le-Duc.    [Sept.  17.    At 

Bortel.] 

Oct.  28.  Neth,  The  French  defeat  the 
British  under  the  Duke  of  York  at 
Nimeguen.  [Nov.  3,  The  French  are  de- 
feated.   Nov.  8.    They  regain  the  town.] 

1795  Jan.  *  Allies  of  Austria  with- 
draw.    (See  p.  518.) 

Jan.  18.  A'e(/i.  The  French  enter  Am- 
sterdam without  a  battle. 

Mar.  8.  Sir  Edward  Pellew  with  a  Brit- 
ish fleet  takes  15  French  ships  and 
nuuia  seven  out  of  a  fleet  of  35, 


Mar.  14.  Lord  Hotham  defeats  the 
French  fleet  in  the  Mediterranean,  and 

captures  two  ships. 

Apr.  5.    Peace.    (See  State.) 

June  23.  Lord  Bridport  with  a  British 
fleet  defeats  the  French  fleet  off  L'Orient. 

June  27.  English  and  emigrants  land 
at  Quiberon  under  Count  de  Puisaye  to 
assist  the  Royalists  of  Chouans  oil'  Brit- 
tany. [Julys.  Quiberon  is  taken.  July 
20.  Retaken  by  Gen.  Hoche  ;  many  emi- 
grants are  executed.] 

Sept.  6.    Prtis.    Allies  repulsed  at  Dus- 

seldorf.     (See  p.  518.) 

Sept.  20.  Ger.  The  French  under  Gen, 
Pichegru  bombard  and  take  Mann- 
heim. [Oct.  23,  29.  Retaken  by  Mar- 
shal Wurmser.] 

Oct.  5.  Paris.  Napoleon  Bonaparte 
suppresses  the  insurrection  of  the  Sec- 
tions. 

Oct.  11.    Prus.    Jourdan  is  defeated  at 

Hochst.     (See  p.  518.) 
Nov.  23,  24.     It.     The    French    under 

Marshal  Mass^na  defeat  the  Austrians 

at  Loano. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1795  Apr.  7.  Paris.  The  meter  is 
made  the  legal  unit  of  length  and  the 
base  of  the  metric  system.  It  ia  one  ten- 
millionth  part  of  the  distance  between 
the  poles,  and  equal  to  3.2808  English^f  eet. 

Oct.  25.  Paris.  All  the  five  Koyal 
Academies  are  combined  in  one  body, 
called  •*  Institut  National"  [later, 
Royal,  Imperial,  and  National]. 

*  *  Paris.  The  *'  Conservatoire  des  Arts 
et  Metiers"  is  established. 

*  *  Paris.  The  Academy  of  Natural 
Philosophy  is  established. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1794  *  *  Amiot,  Joseph,  Jesuit  miss.,  A76. 
Ancelot,  Jacques  A.   P.   F.,  poet,  novelist, 

dramatist,  born. 
Artaud,  Nicolas  Louis,  wr.,  Greek  scholar,  b. 
Babinet,  Jacques,  natural  philosopher,  b. 
Barbaroux,  Clias.  Jean  Marie,  revolu.,  A27. 
Carrier,  Jean  Baptiste,  demagogue,  A38- 
Chanifort  (Champfort),  S^bastien  Roch-Nl- 

colas,  poet,  litterateur,  A53. 
Chaumette,  Pierre  (ia8i)ard,  Jacobin,  A31. 
Ch^nier,  An(ir<§  Marie  de,  poet,  A32. 
Condorcet,  MarquiB  de,  Marie  Jean  An- 

toine  Nicolas  Caritat,  metaphysician,  A51. 
Damiron,  Jean  P.,  eclectic  pliilosopher.  b. 
Banton,  Georg-es  Jacques,  revolu.,  A35. 
Desnioullns,  Camllle.  revolutionist,  A32. 
Bionis  du  Sejour,  Anliille  I'.,  geometri.,  AfiO. 
Estaing,  Comte  d',  Charles  Hector, adni.,  A65. 
Fabre    d'Eglantine,   Philippe    Francois   N. 

Jacobin,  A39. 
Florian,  Jean  Pierre  Claris  de,  author,  A39. 
Floiirens,  Marie  Jean  Pierre,  physiol.,  born. 
Freteau    de    Saint-Just,    Ktninanuel    Marie 

Michel  Philippe,  politlrian,  A49. 
Guigniaut,  Joseph  I)aniel,  scholar,  antiq.,  b. 
Hubert,  Jacques  Ren6.  demagogue,  A39. 
Kock,  Charles  Paul  de,  novelist,  dram.,  b. 
Ijavolsier,  Antolne  Laurent,  chemist,  A5I. 
Linguet,  Simon  N.  H.,  polemical  writer,  AftS. 
Lhomond,  Charles  Francjois,  educator,  A67. 
Malesherbes,  Chretien  de,  G.  de  Lanioi- 

gnon,  Judge,  philanthropist,  A73. 
P^Iissier,  Aimable  J.  J.,  Due  de  Malakoff, 

marshal,  born. 
Perronet,  Jean  Rodolphe,  engineer,  A86. 
Piorry,  Pierre  Adolphe,  physician,  born. 
Raspail,  Frani^ois  Vincent,  revolutionist,  b. 
La  Rochejacquelein,  Comte  de.  Henri  du 

Verger,  Vendean  general,  A22. 
Saint-Just,  Antoine  Louis  L^on  de,  revolu- 
tionist, A  27. 
Say,  Horace  l^mlle,  political  economist,  b. 
Vicq  d'Azyr,  F^lix,  anatomist,  A46. 
July  28.    Robespierre.  Maximilien  Marie 

Isidore,  revolutionist,  A36. 

1795  *  *  Baraguey  d'Hilliers,  Achille,  mar- 
Blial,  born. 


Barthfilemy,  Jean  Jacques,  archeol.,  A80. 

Barye,  Antoine  Louis,  sculiitor,  born. 

Beaufort,  Louis  de,  lustorical  writer,  dies. 

Caussiii  de  Perceval,  Armand  P.,  orient.,  b. 

Caventou,  Joseph  B.,  chennst,  born. 

Choimrt,  Fran<;oi8,  surgeon,  A45±. 

Clot-Bey,  Antoine,  Egyptologist,  pliys.,  bom. 

Coquerel,  Anthanase  Laurent  Ctiarles,  Prot- 
estant clergyman,  horn. 

Danican,  Frau<;oi8  Andr6,  composer,  chess- 
player, A  68  ±. 

Desault,  Pierre  Joseph,  surgeon,  A5I. 

Dupuy,  Louis,  journalist,  writer,  AS6. 

Fouquier-Tinville.  Antoine  Queulin,  rev- 
olutionist, prosecutor,  A48. 

Payen,  Anselme,  chemist,  born. 

Kavignan,  (Uistave  F.  X.  D.  de,  Jesuit,  pul- 
pit orator,  born. 

Salvandy,  Comte  de,  Naroisse  Achllle,  au- 
thor, born. 

Thierry,  Jacques  Nicolas  Augustin,  his- 
torian, born. 

Troplong,  Kaymond  Theodore,  jurist,  bom. 

Velpeau,  Alfre<l  A.  L.  M.,  surgeon,  bom. 

Mar.  27.     Louis  XVn.,  dauphin,  AlO. 

CHURCH. 

1793  Nov.  10.  Pans.  The  Conven- 
tion declares  Christianity  abolished. 
The  worship  of  the  Goddess  of  HeasoiL 
is  establislied  as  a  substitute. 

17G4  Mar.  31.  Paris.  The  National 
Convention  decrees  the  announcement 
that  there  is  no  God. 

May  7.    Paris.   Robespieire  in  Conven- 
tion becomes  the  champion  of  the  Su- 
preme Being,  and  favors  the  restora-      * 
tion  of  the  acknowledgment  of  God,  who 
had  been  abolished  by  a  decree. 

The  National  representatives  vote  that 
"the  French  people  acknowledge  the 
existence  of  the  Supreme  Being  and  the 
immortality  of  the  soul." 

June  8.    Parts.    The    "  F^te   de    I'fetr© 
Supreme,"  Robespierre  as  high  priest. 
The  festival  dedicated  to  the  Supreme 
Being. 

LETTERS. 

1793  Sept.  16.  The  Convention  issues 
an  order  suppressing  throughout  the 
Republic  the  faculty  of  theology,  medi- 
cine, law,  and  arts.         ^ 

1794  *  *  Adele  de  Setianges,  by  Marquise 
A.  M.  E.  F.  Souza-Botelho,  appears 

*  *  Journey  rmmd  my  Jioom,  by  Count 
Xavier  de  Maistre,  appears. 

*  *  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Human  Alind^ 
by  Condorcet,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1793  Oct.  16.  Paris.  Queen  Marie 
Antoinette,  condennied  at4A.  m..  Is  be- 
headed by  the  Jacobins,  amid  scoffs  and 
insults. 

Nov.  6j.  Paris.  King  Iiouis  XVI.  is 
guillotined.      ^ 

Nov.  8.    Paris.    Madame  Roland  is 

guillotined.    Last  words,  "O  Liberty! 
whatcrimes  are  committed  in  thy  name." 

Nov.  10.  Paris.  The  Festival  of  Rea- 
son is  celebrated  in  Notre  Dame. 

Nov.  15.  Paris.  Tlie  National  Conven- 
tion decrees  the  suppression  of  all  lot- 
teries. 

*  ♦  _94  *  *  Divorces  are  frequent ;  7,000 
are  legalized  in  Paris  alone. 

1794  Apr.  5.  Paris.  Georges  Jacques 
Danton,  who  led  the  attack  on  the  Tui- 
leries,  a  member  of  the  Committee  of 
Public  Safety  overthrown  by  Robes- 
pierre, is  guillotined ;  others  also  suffer 
with  him. 

May  10.    Paris.    Madame  Elizabeth, 

sister  of  Louis  XVI.,  is  guillotined. 


FRANCE. 


1793,  Sept.  7-1795,  **.     711 


July  9,    Paris.    Seventy-one  persons  are 

SuiUotined. 
July  28.    Paris.     Robespierre,  after 

having  put  to  death  2,774  pergons,  whoso 

ages  ranged    from  14  to  97,  is  himself 

guillotined. 

Nov.  9.  Paris.  The  mob  attacks  the 
Jacobin  Society. 

Nov.  H.  Moravia.  Lafayette  escapes 
from  the  prison  at  Olmiitz.  [Hecaptured. 
1796.    Aug.  25.     Released.] 

*  *  Paris.  The  Convention  decrees  the 
abolition  of  the  slave-trade. 

1795  May  20.  Paris.  Bread  riots 
occur. 

The  populace  unsuccessfully  rise 
against  the  Convention,  and  are  subdued 
by  the  use  of  artillery. 

June  8.  Paris.  Ijouis  XVH.  dies  in 
prison,  in  consequence  of  a  series  of  bar- 
barities practised  by  his  jailers ;  only 
the  emigrants  acknowledged  him  as 
king. 

STATE. 

1793  Sept.  17.  Paris.  A  maximum 
price  for  a  great  number  of  Commo- 
dit^s,  and  the  rate  of  wages,  are  estab- 
lished. 

•  *  All  persons  suspected  of  being  un- 
friendly to  the  Republic  are  impris- 
oned. 

Oct.  12.  Paris.  The  Convention  decrees 
the  demolition  of  Lyons,  because  of 
its  opposition  to  the  Government,  and 
three  commissioners  are  sent  to  carry 
out  the  decree. 

Oct.  16.  Paris.  Queen  Marie  Antoi- 
nette is  beheaded. 

Oct.  30,  31.  Parts.  The  Revolutionary 
Tribunal  execute  21  Girondists  in  the 
night. 

Dominance  of  the  Revolutionary  Tri- 
bunal and  the  guillotine ;  Fouquier- 
Tinville  is  public  prosecutor ;  legal 
forms  are  set  aside,  and  60  persons  are 
executed  in  one  month. 

Nov.  6.  Paris.  Louis  Philippe  Joseph 
(^g:alit€),  Duke  of  Orleans,  is  executed 
by  the  Jacobins. 

Nov.  8.  Paris.  Madame  Roland  is  be- 
headed because  her  husband  is  obnox- 
ious to  the  Jacobins. 

Nov.  *  Paris.  Christianity  is  pro- 
scribed. 

The  worship  of  God  is  abolished  ;  the 
Goddess  of  Reason  (from  the  Opera 
House)  is  enthrone<l  In  Notre  Dame  ; 
*'  Death  is  an  eternal  sleep  "  is  written 
on  the  entrance  of  the  cemeteries. 

Nov.  24.  Paris.  The  Revolutionary 
Era  (see  1792,  Sept.  22)  is  established  in 
place  of  the  Gregorian  Calendar.  Sept. 
22, 1792,  beginning  the  Year  One. 

1794  Feb.  3.  Paris.  The  Convention 
receives  three  deputies  from  St.  Do- 
mingo ;  two  are  blacks  and  one  white. 

Mar.  24.  Paris.  Nineteen  Ultra-Revo- 
lutionists, including  Herbert,  their 
leader,  are  executed  by  the  Jacobins  for 
attempting  to  organize  an  insurrection 
of  the  Sections. 

Mar.  29.  Pans.  The  Dantonists  are 
condemned. 

Apr.  6.  Paris.  Danton,  Benoft  Camilla 
Desmoulins,  a  pamphleteer,  with  several 
associates,  are  executed. 


Apr.  19.    The  Treaty  of  The  Hague  is 

signed  by  Kngland  and  Prussia;  it  pro- 
vides sub.sidies  for  60,000  men  to  carry 
on  the  war  against  Franco. 

Apr.  +  *  Paris.  The  Committee  of 
Safety  has  unchecked  domination. 

Robespierre  abolishes  tlie  worship  of 
reason,  and  causes  the  Convention  to 
pass  a  resolution  acknowledging  the  ex- 
istence of  a  Supreme  Being. 

*  *  Corsica.  Pasquale  PaoU  organizes  a 
successful  revolt ;  he  is  elected  gene- 
ralissimo, and  president  of  the  council 
of  Carte. 

June  10.  Paris.  Additional  and  fright- 
ful powers  are  granted  by  the  Conven- 
tion to  the  Revolutionary  Tribunal. 

Witnesses  are  not  required;  juries 
convict  without  evidence  or  argument, 
and  death  is  the  sole  penalty  for  all 
offenses ;  executions  increase  to  354  a 
month. 

June  17.  Corsica.  Paoli,  despairing  of 
the  success  of  the  revolution  in  main- 
taining independence,  agrees  to  a  union 
with  Great  Britain;  George  III.  is  ac- 
knowledged king. 

June  •  Paris.  The  Mountain  party  (Rad- 
icals) and  the  Moderates  organize  a  con- 
spiracy against  Robespierre, 

*  *  Bordeaux  revolts  against  the  Con- 
vention. 

July  27.  Paris.  Robespierre  falls. 
The  two  Robespierres,  Couthon,  St. 
Just,  Lebaa,  and  Henriot,  members  of 
the  Commune,  are  arrested  by  order 
of  the  Convention  ;  they  are  released  by 
the  Commune,  but  they  are  surprised 
and  rearrested  in  the  night  at  the  H6tel 
de  Ville. 

July  28.    Paris.    Robespierre    and    71 
others  are  beheaded;  the  Commune  Is 
nearly  extinct. 
The  Reign  of  Terror  ends. 

*  *-95*  *  Paris.  The  Moderates  con- 
trol the  National  Convention. 

The  Committees  of  Public  Safety  and 
General  Security  are  remodeled,  and 
political  suspects  are  released  from 
prison. 

Nov.  9.  Paris.  An  association  of  young 
men  attacks  the  hall  of  the  Jacobin 
Club,  and  drives  out  its  members. 

Nov.  12.  Paris.  The  Jacobin  Club  is 
closed,  and  the  Society  is  dissolved  by 
the  Convention. 

Dec.  8.  Paris.  The  surviving  Giron- 
dists are  readmitted  to  their  seats  in 
the  Convention. 

Dec.  16.  Jean  Baptiste  Carrier  is  con- 
demned and  executed  for  cruelty  to  in- 
surrectionists at  Nantes,  32,000  of  whom 
he  had  massacred  in  a  few  weeks,  500  of 
whom  were  orphaned  children  of  mur- 
dered parents. 

Dec.  24.  The  maximtuii,  fixing  the 
prices  of  commo<lit4s,  is  repealed. 

1795  Jan.*  The  depreciation  attending 
the  increased  issues  of  the  Assignats 
causes  much  public  misery. 

Feb.  5.  The  Vendean  insurgents  sign 
a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  Convention. 

Apr.  *  Paris.  An  insurrection  breaks 
out  against  the  Government. 

The  Convention  Hall  is  invaded  by  a 
mob  which  demands  bread  ;  it  is  dis- 
persed by  the  troops.  The  Terrorists, 
Collot,  Billaud,  Barrfere,  and  Vaudier, 
are  sentenced  to  transportation. 

Apr.  5.  Switz.  Peace  is  signed  at 
Basel  with  Prussia,  Saxony,  Hanover, 
and  Hesse-Cassel. 


France  is  to  hold  the  left  bank  of  the 
Rhine  imtil  peace  shall  be  concluded 
with  the  empire;  a  line  of  demarcation 
fixes  the  neutrality  of  Northern  Ger- 
many. 

A  secret  article  is  signed  by  which 
Prussia  absolutely  cedes  the  left  bank 
of  the  Rhine  to  France  on  the  assurance 
of  a  recompense  through  secularization. 

May  7.  Paris.  Antoine  Quentin  Fou- 
quier-Tin ville,  the  public  prosecutor 
imder  Robespierre,  is  guillotined. 

Neth.  The  Batavian  Republic  is  es- 
tablished by  France.  (1795-1800.  See 
Netherlands.) 

It  makes  an  alliance  with  France,  to 
whom  It  surrenders  Dutch  Holland. 

May  20.  Paris.  Unsuccessful  Prairial 
insurrection  by  the  populace. 

A  mob  of  30,000  attacks  the  Conven- 
tion, demanding  the  enforcement  of  the 
Constitution  of  1793,  the  release  of  im- 
prisoned "patriots,"  and  the  restoration 
of  the  Jacobins;  it  is  dispersed  after 
much  bloodshed,  and  the  ringleaders 
are  executed. 

June  *  The  Vendean  insurgents  again 
assemble  under  Charette  and  Stofflet. 

They  are  suppressed  [and  their  leaders 
executed.  1796,  Feb.*  Stofflet  is  exe- 
cuted.   Mar.  29,  Also  Charette.] 

June  8.  The  dauphin,  son  of  Louis  XVI, 
and  Marie  Antoinette,  styled  by  the  Roy- 
alists Louis  XVII.,  dies,  aged  ten  years. 

July  *  Switz.  The  Peace  of  Basle  is 
concluded  with  Spain. 

Spanish  St.  Domingo  is  ceded  to 
France,  which  restores  all  other  Span- 
ish conquests. 

Aug.  22.  The  Convention  accepts  the 
new  (third)  Constitution  establishing 
a  Directory. 

The  legislative  power  is  to  be  vested 
in  two  councils,  the  Council  of  Elders 
(250),  and  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  ; 
the  executive  is  to  consist  of  a  board  of 
five  directors  called  a  Directory.  Two- 
thirds  of  the  number  are  to  be  taken 
from  the  present  Convention. 

1795-1799  Government  of  the  Di- 
rectory. 

Aug.  23.  Paris.  The  Convention  orders 
the  suppression  of  all  clubs. 

Sept.  23.  Paris.  The  Convention  an- 
nounces the  acceptance  of  the  new 
Constitution  in  the  provinces  ;  much 
hostility  is  manifested  in  Paris  to  the 
limitation  of  membership. 

Oct.  *  Paris.  Royalists  stimulate  insur- 
rection in  the  Sections.  The  Conven- 
tion appoints  Barras  chief-in-command, 
Lieut. -Gen.  Bonaparte  second. 

Oct.  5.  Paris.  *'Day  of  the  Sections,** 
13th  Vend^niiaire. 

Bonaparte  crushes  the  revolt  of  the 
Sections  with  artillery  in  the  Rue  St. 
Honors,  before  the  Church  of  St.  Roche ; 
300  are  killed ;  and  again  at  Pont  Neuf ; 
time  one  hour  and  a  half. 

Oct.  26.  The  Convention  ends  after 
three  years  duration. 

Nov.  *  Mandats,  representing  a  specific 
amount  of  land,  substitute  the  assi- 
gnats, which  have  become  almost  value- 
less, 45,000,000,000  francs  having  been 
issued. 

*  *  Corsica.  The  British  viceroy.  Sir  Gil- 
bert Eliott,  opens  parliament. 


712      1796,Mar.  9-1799,  **. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1706  *  •  Three  French  armies  raised. 
(See  p.  518.) 

Apr.  12.  It.  Bonaparte,  beginning  bis 
first  Italian  campaign,  defeats  tbe  Aus- 
trians  under  Gen.  B'Ageuteau  at  Mon- 
tenotte. 

Apr.  14.  It.  Bonaparte  is  victorious  at 
Millesimo. 

Apr.  22.  It.  Bonaparte  defeats  tbe 
Piedmontese  under  Gen.  Colli  at  Mon- 
dovi. 

May*  Tbe  French  cross  tbe  lower 
Khine. 

May  10.  It.  Bonaparte,  tbe  "Little 
Corporal,"  witb  6,000  men,  charges  and 
defeats  I6,000(?)  Austrians  at  the  Bridg;e 
of  Xjodi.  Austrian  loss,  2,500 ;  French 
loss,  estimated  at  2,000.  [May  15.  Milan 
falls.] 

June  3.  It.  The  French  under  Mar- 
shal Mass^na  take  Verona. 

June  4.  Pru$.  Tbe  French  defeat  the 
Auatrians  at  Altenkircben.  [June  16. 
The  French  are  forced  bacit.] 

July  5.  Aust.  Gen.  Moreau  defeats  the 
Austrians  at  Radstadt.  [July  *  Bona- 
parte besieges  Mantua.] 

Aug.  3.  It.  Victories  of  Iionato  [and 
Castiglione  and  Medola].    (See  p.  618.) 

Aug.  10.  (ier.  Gen.  Moreau  defeats 
the  Austrians  under  tbe  Archduke 
Charles  at  Nereaheim.  [Aug.  24.  Jour- 
dan  defeated  at  Amberg.  Sept.  3.  At 
■Wiirzburg.]    (See  p.  518.) 

Sept.  4.  Aust.  Bonaparte  defeats  tbe 
Austrians  under  Marshal  Wurniser  at 
Eoveredo.  [Sept.  8.  Again  at  Baa- 
sano.  It.] 

Sept.  16.  Prua.  Tbe  Austrians  defeat 
the  French  at  Altenkircben. 

Oct.  2.  Ger.  The  French  defeat  the 
Austrians  at  Biberacb.  [Oct.  20.  Mo- 
reau driven  across  the  Rhine.]  (See 
p.  518.) 

JSSav.  12.  It.  Bonaparte  repulsed  at 
Caldiero.    (See  p.  518.) 

Nov.  15-17.  It.  Austrians  defeated  at 
Areola.    (See  p.  518.) 

Nov.  21.  Aust.  Bonaparte  defeats  the 
Auatrians  at  Oastelnuovo. 

*  *  Revolts  are  suppressed  in  Brest  and 
Corsica. 

1797  Jan.  14,  15.  It.  Austrians  de- 
feated at  EivoU.    (See  p.  518.) 

Feb.  2.  It.  Marshal  'Wurmser  and 
20,000  Austrians  capitulate  to  Bona- 
parte at  Mantua. 

Feb.  9.    It.    Ancona  capitulates. 

Feb.  *  W.  Tbe  French  invade  'Wales ; 
they  soon  surrender. 

Feb.  14.  The  Spanish  fleet  of  27  vessels 
is  defeated  by  a  British  fleet  of  14  vessels 
under  Adm.  Jervis  off  Cape  St.  Vin- 
cent; tbe  Spaniards  lose  four  ships. 

Mar.  16.  It.  Bonaparte  defeats  tbe 
Auatrians  at  Tagliamento. 

Mar.  *  -Apr.  *  It.  Bonaparte  crosses 
tbe  Alps.  (See  p.  618.)  [Sept.  17.  War 
ends.] 

May  12.  War  is  declared  against  Ven- 
ice ;  the  Republic  is  occupied  by  French 


troops,  the  Senate  abdicates,  and  a 
democratic  government  is  proclaimed. 

Aug.  23.  Prus.  The  Archduke  Charli's 
defeats  Gen.  Bernadotte  at  Neunuirk. 
[Sept.  3.  He  defeats  Marshal  Jourdan 
at  Wiirzburg.] 

1798  Feb.  19.  Rome.  Marshal  Maa- 
s€na  is  made  commander  of  tbe  army  of 
occupation. 

Apr.  *  Switz.  Conquest  of  Switzer- 
land.   (See  State.) 

May  19.  Bonaparte  sails  from  Toulon 
for  Egypt  witb  30,000  men  and  20  war- 
ships. [June  12.  He  takes  tbe  Island 
of  Malta.  July  2.  He  takes  Alexan- 
dria, Kgypt.] 

July  21.  Egy.  At  tbe  battle  of  the 
Pyramids  Bonaparte  defeats  the  Mame- 
lukes under  Murad  Bey.  [July  22.  He 
captures  Cairo.] 

Aug.  1,  2.    Battle  of  the  NUe. 

The  British  Adm.  Nelson  defeats  tbe 
French  Adm.  Brueys,  who  is  killed;  tlie 
French  lose  13  out  of  17  vessels  and  9,000 
men.    (See  Great  Britain.) 

Aug.  27.  Ire.  The  French  auxiliaries 
under  Gen.  Jos.  A.  Humbert  (15,000)  with 
Irish  insurgents  compel  the  British  un- 
der Gen.  Lake  to  retreat  at  Castlebar ; 
tbe  French  and  Irish  occupy  the  town. 
[Sept.  8.  Defeated  at  Ballinamuck  Ijy 
the  British  under  the  viceroy,  Lord  Coru- 
wallis.] 

Oct.  12.  Ire.  Tbe  British  take  five 
French  ships  sent  to  help  tbe  Irish. 
(See  Great  Britain.) 

Oct.  22.  Egii.  A  revolt  breaks  nut  in 
Cairo  against  the  French  ;  5,000  natives 
are  massacred. 

1799  *  *  -1801  *  *  'Wta  of  the  second 
coalition.  Kussia,  Austria,  England, 
Portugal,  Naples,  and  Turkey  are 
united  against  France. 

Feb.  9.    The  British  capture  the  La  Pru- 

dtnte.    (See  Great  Britain.) 
Feb.  18.    Asia  Minor.    Bonaparte  takes 

El  Arisch,  the  frontier  fortress  of  Syria. 

[It  is  soon  retaken.} 

Mar.  13.  France  again  declares  war 
against  Austria. 

Asia  Minor.    Bonaparte  takes  Jaiia 

by  assault ;  he  [is  accused]  of  tbe  mas- 
sacre of  1,200  Turkish  prisoners.  [Mar. 
18.    He  besieges  Acre.] 

Mar.  25.  It.  The  French  defeated  at 
Stockacb.    (See  p.  518.) 

Mar.  28-30.  It.  The  Austrians  defeat 
the  French  at  Verona. 

Apr.  5.  It.  The  Auatrians  under  Baron 
von  Kray  defeat  the  French  Gen. 
Scht^rer  at  Magnano. 

Apr.  16.  Asia  Minor.  Bonaparte  de- 
feats the  Turks  at  Mount  Tabor. 

Apr.  27.  It.  French  defeat  at  Cassano. 
(See  p.  618.) 

May*  Gr.  A  Russian-Turkish  fleet  takes 
tlie  Ionian  Islands  from  France. 

May  20.  Asia  Mimw.  After  a  desper- 
ate assault,  Bonaparte,  repulsed  by  Sir 
Sydney  Smith,  abandons  the  siege  of 
Acre,  and  departs  for  Egypt. 

June  5.  Switz.  The  French  un.lcr 
Marshal  Massf^na  are  defeated  at  Zu- 
ricli  by  the  Austrians  under  tbe  Arch- 
duke Oharles. 


Jnne  17-10.    It.    Battle  of  Farma. 

(See  p.  518.) 
July  21.    It.    The  French    are   driven 
from  Alessandria,  the  capital  of  a  de- 
partment, by  the  Russians  mider  Suva- 
roif. 

July  25.  Egy.  The  French  under  Mar- 
shal Murat  defeat  the  Turks  at  Aiiou- 
kir. 

Aug.  15.    It.    Battle  of  Novi.    (See  p.  * 
518.) 

Aug.  22.  Egy.  Bonaparte  transfers  tbe 
command  to  Gen.  K16ber. 

Sept.  9.  \eth.  The  French  are  de- 
feated at  Zuyper  Slays. 

Sept.  19.  Neth.  Tbe  French  under  Mar- 
shal Brune  defeat  the  allies  at  Bergen. 

Sept.  25,  26.  Switz.  Marshal  Mas8(;na 
defeats  the  Russians  under  Marshal 
Suvarolf  at  Zurich. 

Oct.  6.  Neth.  The  Ihike  of  York, 
commanding  tbe  Anglo-Russian  army, 
capitulates  to  tbe  French  at  Alkmaar. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1798  *  •  Chromium  and  beryl  are  dis- 
covered by  Louis  Nicolas  Vauquelin. 

1799  *  *  A  weaving-machine  is  made 
by  Joseph  Marie  Jaequard,  near  Lyons. 

*  *  Endless  paper  is  invented  by  Robert 
at  Essonnes. 

*  *  Paris.  Laplace's  M^canigjie  Celeste 
appears. 

*  *  *  Paris.  Georges  Cuvier  introduces 
an  approved  system  of  anatomical  clas- 
sification. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

170e*  •  Bautaln,  L'Abbe,  Louis  E.  5!.,  phi- 
losopher, born. 

Barth^leniy,  Auguste  Marseille,  poet,  bom. 

Bourdon,  Isidore,  physician,  autlior,  t)orn. 

liucliez,  I'Iiilipi)e  J.  B.,  ptiilosopliicnl  wr.,  1>. 

CoUot  d'Herbois,  Jean  Marie,  revolutiuii- 
ist.  A46'-. 

Creniieux,  Isaac  Adolpbe,  politician,  born. 

Demetz,  Fr6d6ric  Auguste,  pliilan.,  born. 

Dombey,  .losepb,  botanist,  traveler,  .\S4. 

Enfantin,  Itartb^leuiy  I'rusi^r,  socialist,  1». 

Jouffroy,  Theodore  s.,  philosophical  wr.,  b. 

Alignet,  Kran<;oi8  Auguste  Marie,  hist.,  born. 

Mirbel,  Lizinska  A.  Z.  K.  de,  miniaturist,  b. 

Raynal,  AI)1>^,  Guillaunie  Tiionias  Fran<;oiB, 
historian,  pliilosopher,  AS3. 

Saint-Arnaud.  .lacques  Achille  Leroy  de, 
marshal,  born. 
1797  *  *  Aiulral,  Gabriel,  physician,  born. 

Aubert  du  Hayet,  Jean   lia'ptiste  ,4iuiibal, 
general,  A  38. 

Audouin,  Jean   Victor,  entomologist,  com- 
parative anatonust,  born. 

Auger,  Ilippolyte  Nicolas  Just,  novelist,  b. 

Auzoux,  Theodore  Louis,  physician,  born. 

Babeuf,  Kran<;oi8  Psoel,  revolutionist,  A34. 

Basan,  I'ierre  Fran(:ois,  an.,  engraver,  A74. 

B6rard,  I'ierre  Honors,  surgeon,  born. 

Bertln,  Icdouard  Francois,  Jonrn.,  artist,  b. 

Carlowitz,  Baromie,  Aloise  Christine,  au.,  b. 

Cannoiu'he,  I'ierre  Frt^d.,  Adolplie,  <irain.,  b. 

Dejacet,  Marie  Virginie,  actor,  t)oni. 

Delaroche.    Paul    tHyppolyte),   historical 
painter,  born. 

Fabre,  Antoine  F.  H.,  medical  writer,  born. 

Fabre.  .lean,  "the  hottest  critniiml,"  A70. 

Fanche,  Hippolvte,  .Sanskrit  scliolar,  born. 

Henriquel-Dnpont,  Louis  I'ierre,  engraver,  b. 

Hoche,  Lazare.  general,  A29. 

Kergnflen-Tretnarec,  Yves  Joseph  de,  navi- 
gator, A52. 

Leuret.  Fratn.-oi8,  physician,  author,  born. 

Louvet  de  Couvray,  Jean  Rapt.,  rev.,  A37. 

Pelletier,  Bertrand,  chemist,  A  Sti. 

Querard,  Joseph  Marie,  bil>Iiograi)ber.  born. 

Reinusat,  C'onite  de,  Clias.,  V.  M.,  pbiloa.,  b. 

Robert-FIeurv.  Joseph  N.,  hist,  jiainter,  b. 

Thiers.  Louis  Adolphe,  hist..  President,  b. 

Thierry.  Aiuedi^e  -Simon  I)oniini<iiie,hi8t.,b. 

Vtgny,  Comte  de,  Alfred  Victor,  poet,  born. 


FRANCE. 


1796,  Mar.  9-1799,*  *.     713 


1798*  *  Bertlnl,  Henri   J^rOme,   composer, 

pianist,  born. 

lUatiqui,  .J6r6nie  A.,  political  eoonomist,  b. 

Hoiiifare.  Joseph  Xavler  (Salntine),  an.,  b. 

Hrueya  tl  vVigalliers,  Kranrois  P.,  aain.,«V4«. 

Oallet,  Jean  Krauyoia,  niatheniatlcian,  A.M. 

Casablanca,  Louis,  naval  captain,  A43^:. 

Olerc,  Nicolas  (labnel,  physician,  hist.,  A72. 

Jan.  19.  Oomte.  Isidore  AugruBte  M.  F. 
X..  philosopher,  foun.ter  positivism,  born. 

Duvergier  de  HaursJine.  Prosper,  states- 
man, born. 

iUaire,  Jean  Hapt.,  theol.,  orientalist,  born. 

Henry.  Etienne  Ossian,  chemist,  born. 

Jasmin,  Jacques,  poet,  born. 

Jolv,  Marie  Klizabetli,  actor,  A38. 

Leroux,  Tierre,  socialist,  writer,  born. 

Lerov  (i'KtioUes.  .lean,  snrgeon,  born. 

Marbciin,  .lean  liaptiste  Kirmin,  philan.,  b. 

M^ry,  .ioseph.  anthor,  born. 

Micbelet.  Jules,  historian,  born. 

Orsay,  Conite  d'   Alfred  (i.  G.,  artist,  born. 

V'eron,  Ivouis  Desire,  journalist,  born. 

Vuillauine,  Jean  Haptiste,  violin-maker,  b. 

WaUly,  Charles  de,  architect,  A69. 

CHURCH. 

1796*  *  Pope  Pius  VI.  makes  submis- 

Bion  to  the  French  Republic. 
1798    Feb.  *  It.    The  Pope  is  taken  a 

prisoner  by  the  French,  and  removed  to 

Florence ;   [later,    is    ordered  to  Paris, 

and  dies  on  the  journey.] 

LETTERS. 

1796  *  *  TfUorie  du  pouvoir  civil  et  reli- 
gieux,  by  L.  G.  A,  de  Bonald,  appears. 

*  *  Considerations  snr  la  rioolution  fraiv- 
faise,  by  Joseph  M.  Maistre,  appears. 

*  *  Exposition  of  the  System  of  the  Uni- 
vtrse,  by  Laplace,  appears.  [1799-1825, 
Treatise  on  Celestial  Mechanics.'^ 

1797  *  *  A<iamemnon,  by  Louis  J.  A.  Le- 
niercier,  a'i>pears.  [Later,  Tartu ff Rirohi- 
tumnaire,  Ophis,  CkaT'letnafjne,  JlaitdoiUy 
St.  Louis,  Columbus,  and  other  plays.] 

*  *  Des  Plantes,  by  Reu^  R.  L.  Cartel,  ap- 
pears ;  [I^ater  Forest  of  Fontaineblean.] 

*  *  Anecdotes  of  the  Revolution  in  Russia, 
by  Claude  Carloman  Rulhiere,  appears. 
[1798i: ,  Histoire  de  I'  Anarchie  de  Pologne.] 

*  *  Essay  on  the  Revolutions,  by  Ch^teau- 
brian<l,'  appears. 

*  *  -1800  *  *  Le  Catechisme  universel,  by 
.Sal lit- Lambert,  appear-s. 

1798  *  *  Treatise  on  Afembranes.hy  M.  F. 
X.  Hicbat,  appears.  [1800,  Rtsearohcs 
on  Life  and  Death;  1801,  General  Anat- 
omy applied  to  Physiology  and  Medi- 
cine.'] 

*  *  La  dot  de  Suzette,  by  Joseph  Fiev*^e, 
appears. 

*  *  -1800  *  *  Flora  Atlantica,  by ,  Ren6 
Ijouiche  Desfontaines,  appears. 

*  *  -1805  *  *  youpelle  biblwfheque  des 
romans,  by  La  Vergne  de  Tressan,  a[i- 
pears. 

1799  *  *  Frkiiric,  by  Joseph  Fiev^e.  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Th&orie  des  fonctions  analytiques,  by 
Lagrange,  appears. 

*  *  Guerre  des  Dieux.  anciens  et  modemes, 
by  ViBcount  Parny,  appears.  [Also, 
Pohnes  Pratiques.] 

SOCIETY. 
1796    Mar.  9.    Napoleon    Bonaparte 
marries  Josephine,  widow  of  Vicomte 
de  Tteauharnais. 

STATE. 

1796  May  12.  A  conspiracy  against 
the  Directory,  composed  of  Socialists, 
Anarchists,  and  Jacobins,  under  the 
leadership  of  Francois  Noel  Baheuf  and 
others,  is  discovered  and  suppressed. 

May  *  Sardinia  makes  a  separate  peace 
with  France. 


Bonaparte  requires  Victor  Amadeus  to 
cede  Savoy  and  Nice  to  France,  and  to 
Kutter  the  French  to  garrison  the  Pied- 

niontese  fortresses. 

May  *  Spain  enters  into  alliance  with 
France,  and  declares  war  with  England. 

Oct.  22.  Corsica.  The  people  having 
declared  for  the  French,  the  British 
leave  the  island. 

1797  Feb.  19.  Jt.  The  Pope  signs  the 
humiliating  Treaty  of  Folentino. 

He  cedes  to  Fraiu^e  Hologna,  Ferrara, 
and  the  Komagna  and  Avignon  with  its 
territory ;  15,0<W,(XX»  francs,  and  100  valu- 
able works  of  art  treasures  are  also  ex- 
acted. 

Apr.  18.  Anst.  Preliminary  Peace  of 
Leoben. 

A  Congress  to  mediate  for  peace  with  the 
empire  on  the  basis  of  its  undivided  terri- 
tory. Austria  cedes  to  France  the  Belgian 
provinces  and  Die  region  beyond  theOgUo; 
in  return,  Austria  is  to  receive  the  greater 
part  of  tlie  mainland  of  Venice,  including 
the  territory  between  the  Oglio,  Po,  and 
Adriatic,  after  she  has  conquered  it;  also 
Venetian  Dalmatia  and  Istria,  with  the  for- 
tresses of  Mantua  I'eschiera  and  Palnio 
Novo.  She  is  to  n-cognize  the  ('Isalpine  Re- 
public of  Northern  ItJily  when  formed  by 
llonaparte.  Venice  to  receive  Romagna, 
Bolognat'and  Ferrara. 

May  *  Bonaparte  declares  war  against 
Venice  because  of  the  massacre  of  a 
French  garrison  at  Verona,  Italy. 

May  *  It.  Bonaparte  establishes  popu- 
lar governiuent  in  Venice  ;  aristocracy 
is  abolished. 

*  *  Royalists  elect  more  than  200  mem- 
bers to  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred. 

May*  It.  Bonaparte  organizes  the  Cis- 
alpine Republic,  with  Milan  for  its 
capital.  (Milan,  Modena,  Ferrara,  Bo- 
logna, and  Romagna.) 

May*  It.  Bonaparte  erects  Genoa  with 
part  of  .Sardinia  into  the  Xdgurian  Re- 
public, with  French  control. 

July  15.  The  exiled  French  ministers 
are  permitted  to  return  on  taking  an 
oath  to  support  the  Constitution. 

Sept.  4.  Paris.  The  Coup  d'Etat  suc- 
ceeds. 

The  Republicans  are  victorious  over 
the  Royalists  in  the  Council  of  Five 
Hundred,  the  Council  of  Ancients,  and 
in  the  Directory.  Lazare  Nicolas  Carnot 
and  Francois  "Rartht^lemy  are  deposed 
from  the  Hirectory  by  ai(l  of  the  army. 
Members  from  53  departments,  includ- 
ing Harth(ilomy  and  Gen.  Pichegru,  the 
president  of  the  Five  H  undred.  are  trans- 
Iiorted  for  conspiracy.  Carnot  contrives 
to  escape. 

Oct.  17.  ft.  The  Peace  of  Campo 
Formio  i«  concluded  between  France 
and  Austria.    (See  Austria-Hungary.) 

Dec.  10.  Paris.  Bonaparte  returns, 
and  receives  a  public  ovation  from  the 
Directory. 

1797  Dec.  8  99  Apr.  8.  Ger.  The 
Congress  of  Rastadt  meets  to  treat  of 
the  general  peace  witli  the  Germanic 
powers,  and  fails  through  disagreement. 
(See  Germany.) 

1798  *  *  Bonaparte  persuades  thelMrec- 
tery  to  send  him  on  an  expeiiition 
against  Egrypt. 

Feb.  *  ft.  The  French  under  Marshal 
Rerthier  occupy  Rome,  and  proclaim 
the  Roman  Republic. 

Pope  Pius  VI.  is  taken  prisoner,  and 
removed  to  Florence ;  he  is  ordered  to 
Paris,  and  dies  on  the  road. 


Apr.  *  Switz.  Solicited  by  the  oppressed 
Waldenses,  the  French,  enter  and  con- 
quer Switzerland. 

Apr.  12.  Switzerland  is  formed  into 
the  Helvetian  Republic,  after  the  model 
of  France ;  Geneva  is  annexed  to  France. 

May  11.  Paris.  The  elections  having 
disappointed  the  Government,  another 
cotip  d^Hat  follows,  and  many  radical 
deputies  are  expelled. 

Augr.  *  It.  The  Power  of  France  is 
diminished  by  many  military  disasters. 

1799-1801  Apr.  *  Second  coalition 
against  France. 

Great  Britain,  Germany,  Russia,  Naples, 
Portugal,  and  Turkey  enter  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Paul  l.,Emi)erorof  Russia  and  Grand 
Waster  of  the  Knights  of  Malta. 

The  allies  propose  an  English  army  under 
the  Duke  of  York  to  operate  in  the  Nether- 
lands; an  Austrian  army  under  the  Arch- 
duke Charles  for  Germany  and  Switzerland; 
a  Kussian- Austrian  army  under  Marshal 
Suvaroflf  for  Italy. 

1799  Spring.  The  elections  are  hostile 
to  the  Directory,  and  a  cabal  is  formed 
for  the  overthrow  of  the  Government. 

June  18.  Paris.  Revolution  of  the 
30th  Prairial  against  the  Convention. 

The  Republicans,  under  Abb^  Siey^s, 
having  forced  the  retirement  of  Director 
Count  Treilhard  for  Louis  J^r6me  Go- 
hier,  now  dismiss  Larevelil^re  and  Phi- 
lippe Antoine  Merlin,  who  are  succeeded 
by  Roger  Ducos  and  Gen.  Moulin. 

Aug.  23.    Bonaparte  returns  from 

Egypt. 

*  *  Paris.  Bonaparte  offers  his  services 
to  the  new  Directory. 

Nov.  9.  Paris.  The  legislative  body 
called  the  Ancients  is  persuaded  to  re- 
move to  St.  Cloud,  as  a  place  of  greater 
freedom. 

A  bloodless  revolution  occurs: 
downfall  of  the  RepubUc. 

The  Coup  d*Etat  of  the  18th  Brn- 
maire.  Bonaparte  dissolves  the  Cotm- 
cil  of  the  AjQcients  as  incompetent. 

Nov.  10.  Paris.  Bonaparte  expels  the 
Council  of  Five  Hundred  by  the  aid 
of  the  army,  and  assumes  control  of  the 
Government. 

1790  *  *  -1804  *  *  Government  of  the 
Consulate. 

Bonaparte  is  chosen  First  Consul  for 
ten  years  ;  he  selects  Jean  .laccjues  Regis 
de  Cambac^r^s  and  Charles  Franvois 
I.ebrun  for  his  two  consultation  col- 
leagues. 

Dec.  13.  Paris.  The  new  (fourth)  Con- 
stitution is  promulgated.  [Ratified ; 
vote,  3,000,000-1,567.] 

There  are  to  be  three  consuls,  for  terms  of 
ten  years  and  reeligible;  the  first  to  hold  all 
the  power,  and  the  other  two  for  consultation. 

Legislation  fs  to  be  initiated  by  a  Council 
of  State,  appointed  by  the  First  (.'onsul.  Its 
laws  are  to  be  discussed  by  a  Tribunate  of 
One  Hundred,  who  are  then  to  pass  tlieni  on 
to  be  discussed  before  the  Legislative  Body 
(300)  by  three  orators,  and  then  by  three 
Counsellors  of  State  nominated  by  the  Gov- 
ernment, and  to  be  finally  ratified  or  re- 
jected by  a  secret  ballot,  without  debate. 
A  Senate  of  SO  life-niend)er8,  to  confirm  or 
annul  all  acts  sent  to  it  on  constitutional 
grounds.  Senators  to  name  the  Consuls,  Tri- 
bunes, and  Legislative  liody,  choosing  them 
from  5.000  jiersons  whoare  chosen  by  univer- 
sal suffrage.  Senators  to  be  elected  to  va- 
cancies by  joint  action  from  a  list  of  three 
candidates  presented  l>y  tlie  Legislative  Body, 
the  Tribunate,  and  the  First  Consul. 

Napoleon  Bonaparte  rapidly  in- 
creases his  popular  influence. 


714    1799,  *  *-1805,  Oct.  14. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1800  Mar.  20.  Egy.  Gen.  Kl^ber  de- 
feats the  Turks  at  Heliopolis.  [The 
French  are  again  dominant  in  Egypt.] 

Apr.  *  Jt.  The  French  under  Marshal 
Mass^na  are  defeated  at  Voltri. 

May  3.  Ger.  Gen.  Moreau  defeats  the 
Austrians  at  Bngen.  [May  4.  Again  at 
Stoekach.  (See  p.  518.)  May  6.  Again 
at  Biberach.] 

*  •  Napolt^on  completes  the  subjugation 
of  the  Royalist  insurrectionists  in  Ven- 
due. [May  15-20.  He  crosses  the  Alps 
into  Italy.    June  2.  He  enters  Milan.] 

June  4.  It.  Marshal  Mass^na  surren- 
ders Genoa  to  the  English  and  Aus- 
trians. 

June  9.  It.  The  French  under  Marshal 
Lannes  defeat  the  Austriaus  under  Gen. 
Ott  at  Montebello. 

June  14.  Efjy.  Gen.  Kl^ber  is  assas- 
sinated at  Cairo  by  Suleynian,  a  fanatic. 
Gen.  Menou  assumes  command. 

It.    Battle  of  Marengo. 

Bonaparte  <]efeats  the  Austrians  un- 
der Gen.  Melas.  French,  28,000±  ;  loss, 
7,000i:;  Austrians,  33,000±  ;  loss,  10,000 
to  12,000.    Bonaparte  gains  Upper  Italy. 

June  19.  Ger.  Gen.  Moreau  defeats  the 
Austrians  at  Hochstadt.  [July  2.  He 
enters  Munich,    July  15.    Armistice.] 

Sept.  5.    Malta  surrenders  to  the  British. 

Dec.  3.  Saxony.  Battle  of  Hohenlin- 
den. 

Gen.  Moreau  defeats  and  routs  the 
Austrians  under  the  Archduke  John ; 
Austriiui  loss,  8,000  killed  and  wounded, 
and  I2,0(K)  prisoners.  [Dec.  15.  He  takes 
Salzburg.] 

Dec.  25,  26.  It.  Battles  on  the  Min- 
cio.    (See  p.  518.) 

1801  Feb.  9.    Peace  of  Lun^ville. 
Mar.  8.    Egy.    The  English  under  Sir 

Kalph  Abercromby  defeat  the  French  at 
Aboukir,  and  capture  the  town.  [Mar. 
21.  He  defeats  Gen.  Menou  at  Alexan- 
dria; Abercromby  is  fatally  wounded. 
Mar.  28.  Dies.] 
May  22,  Egy.  The  French  army  at 
Cairo  capitulates  to  the  English  [and  is 
conveyed  to  France  in  English  vessels]. 

1802  Feb.  *  jr.  /.  An  army  of  40,000 
men  is  sent  to  Santo  Domingo  to  sup- 
press the  revolt  of  the  blacks  under 
Toussaint.  [May  7.  W.  I.  Toussaint 
L'Ouverture  surrenders.] 

1803  May*  The  English  seize  all 
French  vessels  in  their  harbors;  Bona- 
parte retaliates  by  making  English 
travelers  in  France  prisoners  of  war. 

May  *  The  French  under  Marshal  Mor- 
tier  invade  Hanover  ;  Naples  is  occupied 
by  another  French  army  under  Marshal 
Laurent  Gouvion-Saint-<!;yr. 

*  *  Napoleon  forms  a  great  encamp- 
ment at  Boulogne,  and  makes  prepa- 
rations to  invade  England. 

Nov.  *  W.  I.  The  French  army  in  Santo 
Domingo  capitulates  to  the  English. 

1805  Sept.*  "The  army  of  Eng- 
land" is  transferred  from  Boulogne  to 
Germany. 

Oct.  14.  Ger.  The  French  under  Mar- 
shal Ney  defeat  the  Austrians  at  El- 
chingen,  Bavaria. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1800  *  *  Paris.  Baron  George  Chretien 
L,  F.  D.  Cuvier  lectures  at  the  College 
of  France  on  anatomy. 

1801  *  *  Abb^  Ren^  Just  HaUy  publishea 
his  Treatise  on  Mineralogy. 

1802  Sept.  4.  Andre  Jacques  Garnerin, 
the  aeronaut,  descends  8,000  feet  in  liis 
parachute. 

*  *i!tienne  Geoffrey  Saint- Hilaire 

brings  zoological  collections  from  Egypt. 

1803  Aug.  9.  Paris.  Robert  Ful- 
ton's steamboat  Clermont  sails  on  the 
Seine. 

*  *  Narcotin  is  discovered  by  Charles 
Derosne.  ^ 

1804±  *  *  The  Plague  of  Jaffa  is  painted 

by  Autoiue  Jeau  Gros. 

Aug.  *  Joseph  Louis  Gay-Lussac  and 
Jean  Baptiste  Biot  ascend  in  a  balloon 
to  ascertain  tlie  intensity  of  the  mag- 
netic force,  and  reach  a  height  of  13,000 
feet ;  it  is  the  first  ascent  made  for  scien- 
tific purposes.  [Sept.  *  (iay-Lussac  a.s- 
ceuds  alone  to  the  height  of  four  and 
one-third  miles  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.] 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS- 

1799    May  20.     Balzac.  Honor6  de,  nov- 
elist, born. 

Barrande,  Joacliim,  geologist,  born. 

Beaumarchais,  Pierre  Au^uste  Caron  de. 
dramatist,  A67. 

Borda,  Jean  Charles,  math.,  astron.,  A66. 

Bourdon,  Louis  Pierre  Marie^nath.,  born. 

Cadet  de  (Jassiconrt,  L.  Claude,  chemist,  ,\68. 

Callle,  Ken6,  traveler,  bom. 

Chasles,  Victor  E.  Phllar^te,  critic,  au.,  b. 

Delacroix,  Ferdinand  V.  E.,  painter,  born, 

G^ruzey,  Eugene,  litterateur,  born. 

Grand-Pierre,  .lean  Henry,  Protestant  cl.,  b. 

llal^vy,  .Jacques  Kran(,'oi8  E.  E.,  comp.,  b. 

Joubert.  Barth6lemy  Catherine,  general, 
A30. 

JuJien,  Stanislas,  orientalist,  born. 

Lemonnier,  Pierre  Charles,  astronomer,  A84, 

Montucla,  Jean  Etienne,  math.,  A74. 

Montgoifier,  Jacques  Etienne,  balloonist,  A54. 

Quicherat,  Louis,  lexicographer,  born. 

Reybaud,  Marie  Koch  Louis,  author,  born. 

Sainte-Hilaire,  August  de,  botanist,  born. 

Vanlabelle,  Achille  Tenaille  de.  writer,  born. 

Dec.  31.    Marmontel.   Jean  Frangois, 
critic,  mis.  writer,  A7I. 
1800*  *  Agoult,  Marie  de  Flavigny  d',  au- 
thor, born. 

Ampere,  Jean  Jacqaes,  author,  born. 

Arcon,  Jean  Claude  l^ldonor  le  llichaud  d', 
engineer,  A67. 

Aubry,  Francois,  revolutionist,  A50+. 

Audebert,  Jean  Baptiste,  natural., engT.,A41. 

Audrein,  Yves  Marie,  politician,  writer,  d, 

Auvray,  E6Ux,  painter,  born. 

Bastide,  Jules,  journalist,  politician,  born. 

Biard,  Fran<;oi8  Augnste,  painter,  born. 

Billard,  Charles  Michel,  pliysician,  born. 

Botta,  Paul  Emile,  archeologist,  born. 

Bouillf^,  Marquis  de,  Kran<;oi8  Claude  Amour, 
general,  writer,  A6I. 

Carrel,  Nicolas  Arniand,  political  wr.,  born. 

Chaix  d'Est-Ange,  Gustave  L.  A.  V.  C.,  ad- 
vocate, born. 

Championnet,  Jean  Etienne,  general,  A38. 

Charost,  Arniand  Joseph  de  B^thune  de,  phi- 
lanthropist, A72. 

Dantan,tlean  Pierre,  sculptor,  born. 

Daubenton,  Louis  Jean  Marie,  natural.,  A84. 

Desaix  de  Veygoux,  Louis  Charles  Antoine, 
general,  A32. 

Ilunias,  Jean  Baptiste,  chemist,  born. 

Forbonnais,  Fran<,'0is  V^ron  de,  flnan.,  A78. 

Fould,  Achille,  financier,  statesman,  l>orn. 

Gay,  Claude,  botanist,  historian,  born. 

(.uignes,  Joseph  de,  orientalist,  A7M. 

Johannot,  Alfred,  engraver,  painter,  bom. 

Kldber,  Jean  Baptiste.  general,  A46:H. 

Latour  d'Anvergne,  Th^ophile  Malo  C.  de, 
soldier,  A.'i7. 

L'H^ritier  de  Brutelle,  Charles  Louis,  bota- 
nist, A54. 

Leraaitre,  Fr^d^rlc,  actor,  bom. 

Migne,  L'Ablt^,  .lacques  Paul,  editor,  born. 

Milne-Edwards,  Henri,  naturalist,  born. 

Monod.  Adolphe,  I'rot.  (clergyman,  born. 

Montaiemtwrt.  Marquis  de.  Marc  lie d^,  mil- 
itary engineer,  A-S(>. 


Pereire,  Emile,  financier,  a  fdr.  of  Credit 
Mobilier,  born. 

Poujoulat,  Jean  Joseph  Francois,  author,  b. 

Pouchet,  Felix  Archimede,  physiologist,  b. 

Rit^rd,  Philippe,  physician,  born. 

Sofflie,  Melchoir  Fr6d6ric,  novelist,  born. 

Soyer,  .\lexi8,  cooli,  writer,  born. 
1801  *  •  Antoine,  Jacques  Denis,  artist,  AGS. 

Barchon  de  Penhoen,  Baron,  Auguste  T.  H., 
wrder,  Ijorn. 

Bastlat,  Fr6d6ric,  political  economist,  b. 

Berlin,  Louis  Marie  Arniand,  journalist,  b. 

Bonnechuse,  I''ran<;oi8  P.  E.  B.  de,  historian, 
writer,  Itorn. 

Buniouf,  Eugfene,  orientalist,  born. 

Carnot,  Lazare  Hippolyte,  politician,  writer, 
born. 

Cavaignac,  El^onore  Louis  G.,  journalist,  b. 

Chevalier,  Sulpice  G.  P.,  caricaturist,  born. 

Cournot,  Antoine  Augustin,  math.,  horn. 

Darcet,  Jean,  physician,  cliemist,  A74^. 

Dolomieu,  D6odat  O.  S.  T.  Gratet  de,  geolo- 
gist, ASl*. 

Duin^ril,  Edelestand  Pontas,  scholar,  bom. 

Dumont,  Augustin  Alexandre,  sculptor,  b. 

Fournet,  Victor,  geologist,  born. 

Garnier,  Adolphe,  jibilosopher,  born. 

Jacqueniont,  Victor,  naturalist,  born. 

Lartet,  lidouard,  archeologist,  born. 

Xilttr6,  Maximilien  Paul  Emile,  phdologlst, 
philosopher,  born. 

Marrast,  Arniand,  journalist,  politician,  b. 

Pauthler,  Jean  P.  G.,  Cliinese  scholar,  born. 

Saint-Marc  Girardin,  Francois  Auguste,  au- 
thor, politician,  born. 

Taschereau,  Jules  A.,  biographer,  critic,  b. 

Trousseau,  Armand,  physician,  born. 

1803*  *  Arago,  Etienne,  poet,  dram.,  journal- 
ist, born. 
Balard,  Antoine  J.,  chemist,  born. 
Beaumont  de   la  Bonniere,  Gustave  A.  de, 

writer,   born. 
B^rard,  Auguste,  surgeon,  born. 
Bescherelle,  Louis  Nicolas,  grammarian,  lex- 

icograplier,  born. 
Bichat,   Marie   Francois  Xavier,  anatomist, 

physiologist,  A3I. 
Boccage,  Marie  Anne  Le  Page  du,  poet,  A92. 
Bonssingault,  Jean  B.  J.  1).,  chemist,  born. 
Capeflgue,  Jean  Baptiste  Honors  Raymond, 

historian,  born. 
Carrfere,  Joseph  Barth^lemi  Francois,  physi- 
cian, A62. 
Caumont,  Arcisse  de,  antiquary,  born. 
Cavaignac,  Louis  E.,  general,  born. 
^Dumas.  Alexandre,  pere,  novel.,  dram.,  b. 
Dupanloup,  F^lix  A.  P.,  bishop  of  Orleans,  b. 
Fr^ron,  Louis  Stanislas,  revolutionist,  A37. 
Foiuneyron,  Benoit,  inventor  turbine^  iwrn. 
Giraud,  Charles  Josepli  Barth61emi,  jurist,  b. 
Guibert,  .loseph   Hippolyte,  cardinal,  arch- 
bishop of  Paris,  born. 
Gudin,  .lean  Antoine  Theodore,  marine  paint- 
er, bom. 
Halevy,  Leon,  poet,  born. 
Hug-o.  Victor  Marie,  novelist,  poet,  bom. 
Lacordaire.  Jean  B.  H.,  R.  C.  clergyman, 

orator,  author,  born. 
Leclerc,  Victor  Emmanuel,  general,  A30. 
Lecoq,  Henri,  naturalist,  born. 
Lenorraant,  Charles,  archeologist,  hist.,  bom. 
Luynes,  Due  de,  Honor6,  archeologist,  born. 
Michaux,  Andr*^,  botanist,  A56. 
Niel,  Adolphe,  marshal,  minister  of  war,  b. 
Orbigny,  Alcide  !>.,  naturalist,  born. 
Texier,  Charles  F^lix  Marie,  archeologist,  b. 
TJhrich,  Jean  Jacques  Alexis,  general,  born. 
1803*  *  Adam,   Adolphe    C.y  musical    com- 
poser, born. 
Arbogast,  or  Arhogaste,  Louis  Francois  An- 
toine, mathematician,  A44. 
Berlioz,  Hector,  musical  composer,  born. 
Bonaparte,  Charles  Lucien  J.  L.,  writer  on 

natural  philosopliy,  born. 
Brunck,  Richard  ¥.  P.,  scholar,  critic,  A74. 
Chenot,  Claude  Bernard  Adrien,  engineer,  b. 
Clairon,  Claire  Jos6phe  Leyris  de   Latude, 

actor,  A  80. 
Conneau,  Henri,  physician,  born. 
Cont^,  Nicolas  Jacques,  painter,   mechani- 
cian, A  48. 
Daumas,  Melchior  J.  E.,  general,  writer,  b. 
Decamps,  Alexandre  (iabriel,  painter,  liorn. 
Duchatel,  Charles  Marie  Tanneguy,  states- 
man,  author,  born. 
^"©umas,  Alexandre,  p6re,  novelist,  b. 

Faucher,  L6on,  economist,  statesman,  bom. 
Fauveau,  K61icie  de,  sculptor,  born. 
Foucher,  Victor  A.,  jurist,  born. 
Garnier- Pag^s,  Louis  Antoine,  polit.,  b. 
Gerard,  Jean  Ignace    Isidore,  artist,  carlcn* 

turist,  born. 
HIppeau,  C^lestin,  educationist,  author,  b. 
Johannot,  Tony,  painter,  wood  engraver,  b. 
Jollivet,  Pierre  Jules,  painter,  born. 
La<-los,  Pierre  A.  F.  C.  de,  revolu.,  au.,  A62. 


1 


FRANCE. 


1799,  *  *-1805,  Oct.  14.     715 


La  Harm,  Jean  Frar)i;oi9,  dram.,  critic,  A64. 
Leroy,  Jiilien  Davki,  architect,  A77i:. 
Libri-Carut'ci,  ('ount,  G.  11.  1.  T.,  Italian- 

Kreticl)  niatheinatician,  born. 
Lucas,  Charles  .lean  Marie,  refonner,  bom. 
M6rim6e.  Prosper,  novelist,  born. 
Quluet,  KdK.ir.  philosopher,  author,  bom. 
Vvan,  Melciiior,  traveler,  born. 
1804  ♦  •  Aiurelle  tie  I'aladUies,  Claude  Michel 

Louis,  geueml,  born. 
Bauui^,  Antoine,  chemist,  A76. 
Cadoudal,  (ieorges,  llreton  royalist,  A35. 
Camus,  Armand  Gaston,  legislator,  wr.,  A64. 
Comu,  S^lMistien  Meichior,  painter,  born. 
Daudin,  Frani;oi8  Marie,  naturalist,  A3l)±. 
]>idot,  Francis  A.,  printer,  type-founder,  A74. 
Duret,  Francis<ine,  sculptor,  bom. 
Forey,  Slie  Fr^dOric,  marshal,  born. 
Girardin,  Delphine  de,  author,  bom. 
isabey,  Eugene  Louis  <Jabriel,  painter,  bom. 
Janin,  Jules  Gabriel,  critic,  born. 
Julien,  Pierre,  sculptor,  A73. 
Lavall^e,  Th^ophile  S^liastien,  historian,  b. 
Molgno,  Fran<;oi8  X.  M.,  scientist,  born. 
Moqnin-Tandon,  Horace  II.  A.,  botanist,  h. 
Meeker.  Jacques,  linancier,  statesman,  A72. 
PichegTu,  Charles,  general,  A43. 
Regnter,  Jacques  A.  A.,  philologist,  born. 
Sand,  Georse.  Armantine  Lucile  Aurore 

Dupin,  liaroness  Dudevaiit,  novelist,  b. 
Bue.  Marie  Joseph  Sus&ne,  novelist,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1800  *  *  Home.    Pius  VH.  is  pope. 

1801  July  15.  Paris.  A  concordat  is 
signed  hy  Bonaparte  and  Pius  VII.  for 
the  reestablishment  of  religion. 

1802  Apr.  *  Agreeable  to  the  terms  of 
the  concordat,  the  Christian  religion 
is  reestablished  by  Bonaparte  as  the 
religion  of  a  majority  of  Frenchmen, 

LETTERS. 

1799  *  *  Principles  of  General  Grammar, 
by  Baron  A.  J.  S.  de  Sacy,  appears. 

*  *  Retteries  mi  the  Primitive  Nature  of 
Alan,  by  ^tienne  P.  de  Senancour,  ap- 
pears.   [1804,  pberm,an.] 

*  *  -1805  *  *  Cmirse  de  TAtt4rature  aw- 
ciemie  et  m^derne,  by  Jean  F.  de  La 
Harpe,  appears.  [1801-07,  Correspondance 
litteraire.] 

1800  *  *  Homme  des  Champs,  by  Delille, 
appears. 

*  *  On  the  Spirit  of  Things,  by  Saint-Mar- 
tin, appears. 

*  *  Researches  on  the  Laws  of  AMnity,  by 
Berthollet,  appears.  [1803,  Essay  on 
Chemical  Statics.^ 

*  *  Treatise  on  Mineralogy,  by  Ren^  Just 
Haiiy,  appears.  [1803,  i^lemejitary  Trea- 
tise on  Physics.] 

*  •The  "Universities"  are  reorgan- 
ized. 

Higher  education  is  made  dependent 
upon  the  Government.  The  Institut 
National  and  its  division  are  reorgan- 
ized into  the  four  [afterwards  five]  acad- 
emies. 

*  •  Atala,  by  ChS,teaubriand,  appears. 
[1802,  Ghiiedu  Christianisme ;  [1809,  Xes 
Marty  rs.'\ 

*  *  Entomolofjical  Jiihliography ,  by 
Charles  Nodier,  appears.  [1808i, 
Painter  of  Saltzburg,  The  Exiles,  and 
La  NapoUone;  1808",  Dictionary  of 
French  Onomatopceia.] 

*  •-IS*  *  ^/^men^arf'irf^o/of/ie, byComte 
A.  L.  C.  Destutt  de  Tracy,  appears. 

1802  •  *  Legislation  primitive,  by  de 
Bonald,  appears. 

*  *  Mad^oiselle  de  Clerrnont,  by  Comtesse 
de  Genlis,  appears. 

*  •  Delphine,  by  Madame  de  Stafel,  ap- 
pears. [1807,  Corinne;  1810,  De  L'AUe- 
mand.] 

*  *  Rapports  du  pMsique  e.t  dn  m^yrale  de 
VHomme,  by  Pierre  J.  J.  Cabanis,  ap- 
pears. 


*  *  Jeremy  Bentham's  TraU6  de  la  Legis- 
lation, edited  by  Pierre  Etieune  Louis 
Dumont,  appears. 

1803  *  *  Treatise  on  Political  Ecmuymy, 
by  Jean  Baptiste  Say,  appears. 


SOCIETY. 

1800  Jan.  20.  Paris.  Bonaparte  gives 
his  sister  in  marriage  to  Gen.  Murat. 

Oct.  10.    Attempted  assassination. 

The  life  of  Bonaparte  is  saved  by  the 
fast  driving  of  an  intoxicated  coachman  ; 
an  infernal  machine  explodes  a  half- 
minute  late,  killing  20  persons  and 
wounding  53  others. 

[Again  Bonaparte's  life  is  imperiled  by 
an  infernal  machine  when  on  his  way 
to  the  theater  ;  52  persons  are  killed  by 
its  explosion.] 

1802  May  19.  Paris.  The  Legion  of 
Honor,  for  rewarding  distinguished  ser- 
vices to  the  State,  military,  civil,  and 
scientific,  is  instituted. 

1803  Dec.  24.  U.  S.  A.  J6r6me  Bo- 
naparte marries  Elizabeth  Patterson, 
an  American  lady.  [Marriage  annulled 
in  France.] 

1804  July  25.  Paris.  Georges  and  11 
of  his  companions  are  guillotined  as 
conspirators  against  Napoleon. 

STATE. 

1800  Jan.  1.  Napoleon  sends  over- 
tures of  peace  to  the  King  of  England. 

Feb.  19.  Paris.  The  First  Consul  takes 
the  Tuileries  for  his  official  residence. 

Dec.  24.  Chevalier  attempts  to  assassi- 
nate Napol6on. 

1801  Feb.  9.  The  Peace  of  Ltm^- 
ville.    (See  Austria-Hungary.] 

Mar.  18.  It.  The  Peace  of  Florence 
is  made  with  Naples. 

The  harbors  are  to  be  closed  to  British 
and  Turkish  vessels.  Neapolitan  pos- 
sessions in  Central  Italy  and  the  island 
of  Elba  are  to  be  ceded  to  France. 
French  garrisons  are  to  occupy  several 
Italian  towns. 

Prussia  joins  the  Convention  of  the 
North  against  England. 
July  15.    The  concordat  is  signed  by 
Napoleon  and  Pius  VII. 

The  Roman  Catholic  religion  Is  declared  to 
be  that  of  the  state;  10  French  archbishops 
and  50  bishops  are  to  be  appointed  by  the 
Government,  and  confirmed  by  the  Pope, 

The  Pope  sanctions  the  previous  confisca- 
tion of  Church  property;  the  Government  is 
to  make  adequate  provision  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  the  clergy.  Tlie  Pope  is  to  be  recog- 
nized In  the  possession  of  the  Papal  States, 
excluding  Ferrara,  Bologna,  and  Komagna. 

Aug.  31.  The  French  army  in  Egypt  en- 
ters a  convention  with  the  English ; 
it  agrees  to  withdraw  from  Egypt,  and 
is  to  be  transported  in  English  ships  to 
France. 

1802  Jan.  25.  It.  Napoleon  is  elected 
president  of  the  Italian,  late  Cisalpine, 
Republic. 

Mar.  27.  The  Peace  of  Amiens  is  con. 
eluded  with  England,  Spain,  and  Hol- 
land. ' 

England  surrenders  all  her  conquests 
except  Trinidad,  W.  I.,  which  is  ceded 
by  Spain,  and  Ceylon  is  ceded  by  the 
Batavian  Republic  to  England.    France 


recognizes  the  Republic  of  the  Seven 
Ionian  Islands.  Malta  to  be  restored  to 
the  possession  of  the  Knights  of  Malta. 

Apr.  *  Paris.  An  amnesty  is  granted 
to  the  emigrants. 

May  8.    Paris.     Napoleon    is    elected 

consul  for  ten  years. 
Aug.  2.    Paris.    Napoleon  is  elected 

First  Consul  for  life  by  a  national 

vote  of  3,568,885  ;  he  is  also  to  name  his 

own  successor. 

*  *The  new  (fifth)  Constitution  is 
adopted. 

Sept.  *  It.  Piedmont  is  formally  an- 
nexed to  France. 

*  *  Peace  is  made  with  Turkey. 

*  *  -07  *  *  The  Simplon,  a  mountain 
road,  leading  over  the  Alps  from  Switz- 
erland into  Italy,  is  constructed  by  Na- 
polt^on  for  army  use. 

It  winds  up  passes,  crosses  cataracts, 
and  passes  by  galleries  through  solia 
rock,  and  has  eight  principal  bridges. 
From  30,000  to  40,WX)  men  were  employed. 

1803  Mar.  21.    The  Code  Napol6on, 

a  digest  of  national  law,  is  completed 
and  promulgated, 

*  *  A  dispute  arises  with  Great  Britain 
respecting  the  non-evacuation  of  Malta 
by  the  British.    (See  Great  Britain.) 

Apr.  1.  The  Bank  of  France  is  estab- 
lished. 

May  13.  Paris.  Lord  Whitworth,  the 
British  ambassador,  demands  his  pass- 
ports. 

May  22.  War  is  declared  against  Eng- 
land in  connection  with  the  Malta  dis- 
pute, 

1804  Jan.  1.  W.I.  The  Haitians  an- 
nounce their  independence  of  France. 

Feb.  15.  Paris.  Gen.  Charles  Piche- 
gru,  the  leader,  and  40  others,  includ- 
ing Gen.  Moreau,  are  arrested  for 
conspiracy  against  the  life  of  Napoleon. 

Mar.  21.  Paris.  Napoleon  puts  the 
Bouibon  Due  d*Enghien  to  death 
after  an  alleged  trial  at  Vincennes. 

Apr.  6.  Paris.  Gen.  Pichegru  is  found 
strangled  in  prison. 

1804-1814  (1815).  Napolfion  I.,  heredi- 
tary emperor. 

May  18.  Paris.  The  Tribunate  and 
Senate  proclaim  Napoleon  I.  Em- 
peror of  the  French,  and  the  throne 
hereditary  in  his  family. 

May  28.  Gen.  Moreau  is  sentenced  to 
two  years'  imprisonment ;  Napoleon 
commutes  it  to  exile  in  the  United 
States. 

Dec.  2.  Paris.  The  emperor  is 
crowned  at  Notre  Dame,  Pope  Pius 
VII,  officiating ;  Napoleon  takes  the 
crown  out  of  the  hands  of  the  Pop&,  and 
places  it  on  his  own  head ;  he  then 
crowns  the  empress. 

1805  May  26.  It.  Napoleon  is 
crowned  King  of  Italy  at  Milan ;  his 
stepson,  Eugene  de  Beauharnais,  is  made 
viceroy  of  Italy. 

June  30.  /(.  Genoa  is  incorporated 
with  France. 

Aug.  *  The  third  coalition  is  formed 
against  France ;  England,  Russia,  Aus- 
tria, and  Sweden  unite  for  the  restora- 
tion of  the  balance  of  power  in  Europe. 
Spain  joins  France. 


716    1805,  Oct.  17-1809,  Feb.  21. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1805  Oct.  17.  Ger.  Ney  is  victorious 
at  Ulm.  [Oct.  23-31.  Mass^na  at  Caldi- 
ero.]    (See  p.  518.) 

^    Oct.  21.    Battle  ofTrafalgar. 

Off  Cape  Trafalgar,  Spain,  the  British 
Adm.  Nelson  destroys  the  Freuch- 
Spauish  fleet  under  the  French  Adm. 
Villeneuve,  and  the  Spanish  Adms.  Gru- 
Vina  and  Alava.  British  fleet,  27  ships  of 
the  line  and  four  frigates.  French- 
Spanish  fleet,  33  ships  of  the  line  and 
Ave  frigates.  Nelson  and  Gravina  are 
killed.    The  allies  lose  19  ships. 

Nov.  13.    Aust.    Napoleon  enters  Vi- 
enna. 
,     Dec.  2.    Aust.    Battle    of    Austerlitz; 
\J         "Battle  of  the  Three  Emperors." 

Napoleon  with  60,000±  French  defeats 
the  Riisso-Austrian  army  of  80,000±  men 
under  Marshal  Kutusotr.  French  loss, 
12,000 ;  allies  loss,  over  30,000. 

Dec.  26.    Huuff.    Peace.    (See  p.  519.) 

1806  July  4.  It.  The  British  under 
Sir  John  Stuart  defeat  the  French  un- 

I  der  Gen.  Reynier  at  Maida. 

/        *  *  _07  «  ♦  MTar  with  Prussia. 

Causes  :  The  erection  of  the  Confed- 
eracy of  the  Rhine,  the  annexation  of 
Wesel  to  France,  the  seizure  of  Essen 
and  Verden,  and  the  placing  of  French 
troops  in  the  garrisons  of  ■  Germany  ; 
also  the  bitterness  of  Prussians  hecause 
of  the  execution  of  Palm  of  Nuremberg, 
who  published  strictures  upon  Napoleon . 

Oct,  10.  Ger.  The  French  under  Mar- 
shal Lannes  defeat  the  Prussian  advance 
at  Saalfeld  [in  Saxe-Meiuingen]  under 
Prince  Louis  Ferdinand,  who  is  killed. 

Oct.  14.    Ger.    Battle  of  Jena. 

Napoleon  with  100,000  troops  defeats 
the  00,000  Prussians  and  Saxons  under 
Prince  Hohenlohe  ;  Prussian  loss,  12,000 
killed  and  wounded,  and  15,000  prisoners. 

Battle  of  Auerstadt,  near  Jena. 

Here  35,000  French  under  Marshal  Da- 
vout  defeat  50,000  Prussians  under  the 
Duke  of  Brunswick,  losing  7,500  men  ; 
Prussian  loss,  10,000,  including  the  com- 
mander. King  Frederick  WiHiam  III, 
is  present. 

Oct.  17.  Saxony.  The  French  storm 
Hallej  defeating  the  Prussian  reserve 
under  the  Prince  of  Wiirteniberg. 

Oct.  27.    Prus.    French  occupy  Berlin. 

Oct,  28.  Prus.  Prince  Hohenlohe  with 
12,000  Prussians  surrenders  to  tlie 
French  under  Marshal  Murat  at  Prenz- 
lau. 

Nov.  6.    Ger.    French  occupy  Liibec. 

Nov,  8.  Saxony.  The  French  occupy 
Magdeburg.  [Erfurt,  Spandau,  Stet- 
tin, Kiistrin,  and  Hameln  are  speedily 
given  up  to  the  French.] 

Nov.  14.  Vienna.  Napoleon  enters  as 
conqueror. 

Nov.  30.  Prus.  Napoleon  advances 
into  Poland  to  meet  the  Russians. 

Dec,  26.    Jius.    Battle  of  Pultusk. 

The  French  under  Marshal  Lannes 
fight  the  Russians  and  Prussians  under 
Gen.  Bennigsen  ;  result  indecisive.  [The 
Russians  retreat  after  the  battle.] 

1807  Jan.  25.  Prus.  Battle  of  Moh- 
runsen. 

The  French  under  Bemadotte  narrowly 
escape  destruction  by  the  Russians  and 
Prussians,  whom  they  defeat. 

■Jan.  *  Poland.  Brealau  is  taken  by  the 
French . 


Feb.  7,  8.  Prus.  Indecisive  battle  of 
Eylau. 

Napoleon  with  70,000  troops  engages 
80,000  Russians  and  Prussians  under  Gen. 
Bennigsen  and  Gen.  l^estocq.  French 
loss,  20,000 ;  Russian  and  Prussian,  18,000. 

Feb.  16.  Pus.  The  French  under  Mar- 
shal Oudinot  defeat  the  Russians  un- 
der Count  Essen  at  Ostrolenka,  Poland. 

Mar.  *  Invasion  of  Spain. 

Marshal  Murat  enters  with  a  Frencli 
army  of  occupation,  20,0008trong,  to  fore- 
stall the  English,  [Mar.  23.  He  occupies 
Madrid.] 

May  24.  Prus.  Danzic  is  captured  by 
the  French  under  Marshal  Lefebvre. 

*  *  Ger.  Kolberg  and  Gaudenz  continue 
to  resist  the  French. 

June  14.    Prus.    Battle  of  Friedland. 

Here  75,000+:   under  NapoItVui  defeat 

55,000  to  70,000  Russians  and  Prussians 

under  Gen.    Bennigsen.      French    loss, 

7,500 i:  ;  allies,  25 ,000 >. 

July  7,  9.    Peace. 

Nov.  30.  Port.  The  French  under  Gen. 
Junot  enter  Lisbon. 

1808  *  *  -14  *  *  Sp.  Napoleon  is  at  war 
with  Great  Britain  in  Spain  and  Por- 
tugal. ("Peninsula War."  SeeGreat 
Britain.) 

May  27.  Sp.  The  "Sicilian  Vespers" 
are  reenacted  in  Spain  ;  the  French  gar- 
rison at  Madrid  is  murdered  without 
mercy. 

July  14.  Sp.  The  French  imder  Mar- 
shal Bessiferes  defeat  the  Spaniards  un- 
der Gen.  Cuesta  at  Medina  de  Rio  Seco. 

July  21.    Sp.    Battle  of  Baylen. 

The  Spaniards  under  Gen.  CastaHos 
defeat  the  French  under  Gen.  Dupont ; 
20,000  men  lay  down  their  arms.  [The 
French  are  allowed  to  leave  Spain,  but 
tlie  capitulation  is  rejected  by  the  Junta 
of  Seville,  and  all  but  the  superior  offi- 
cers are  sent  to  the  galleys  at  Cadiz.] 

Aug.  21,  Port.  Sir  Arthur  Wellesley, 
commanding  the  British,  defeats  the 
French  under  Gen.  Jimot  at  Vimeiro. 

Nov.  23.  Sp.  The  French  under  Mar- 
shal Lannes  defeat  the  Spaniards  at 
Tudela. 

Dec*  Sp.  Napoleon  a^igments  his 
army  to  250,000  men. 

*  *  -13.  Sp.  The  French  occupy  Ma- 
drid. 

1809  Jan.  *  Sp.  The  British  army 
retreats  into  Galicia. 

Jan.  16.  Sp.  The  British  under  Sir 
John  Moore,  while  retreating  from  Ma- 
drid, defeat  20,000  French  under 
Marshal  Soult  at  Corunna ;  Sir  John  is 
killed.     [Jan.  17.    The  British  embark.] 

Feb.  21.    Sp.    Saragossa  taken. 

After  a  prolonge<l  siege  and  an  obsti- 
nate defense,  the  French  under  Marshal 
Lannes  take  the  city  from  the  Spaniards 
under  Gen.  Palafox. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1806  Nov.  *  Berlin.  Napoleon  removes 
pictures  from    the    royal   galleries  to 
France. 

*  *  Paris.  Pont  deslnvalides  is  erected. 
1808    May  3.     Paris.     M.  de  Granpr^ 

and  M.  Le  Pique  ascend  in  balloons  near 
Paris,  and  the  latter  is  killed. 
±*  *  :fitienne  Louis  Mains  discovers  polar- 
ization of  light  by  reflection. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1805  *  *  Anquetil-Duperron   Abraham    Hy^. 
einthe,  orientalist,  A74. 

Amaud,  I-'ranyois  T.  M.  de  Baculard  d',  mi«, 
writer,  A87. 

Itattard,  Victor,  architect,  bom. 

Harbier,  Henri  Auguste,  poet,  bom. 

liarth^leniy  Salnt-Hilaire,  Jules,  statesman, 
Iihilosopher,  orientalist,  ))orn. 

liertin,  Louise  Ang^lique,  singer,  comp.,  b. 

Hillault,  Auguste  Adolphe  Marie,  states.,  b. 

Btanqui,  Louis  Auguste,  socialist,  born. 

Itrasi^assat,  .Jacques  Rayiiioii<i.  painter,  bom. 

Cazal^s,  Jacques  Antoine  Marie  de.pol.,  A47. 

Chaliert,  Marquis  de,  Joseph  Bernard,  naTi- 
gator,  astronomer,  geograplier,  A78. 

Charriere,  Madame  Saint-Hyacinthe  de,  nov- 
elist, A65i:. 

Chappe,  Claude,  Inventor  of  a  telegraph,  A42. 

Christotle,  Charles,  manufacturer,  born. 

Clement,  Ambroise,  economist,  born. 

Oonsid^rent,  Victor,  socialist,  bom. 

Dronyn  de  Lbuys,  Edouard,  statesman,  b. 

(Jabourd,  Ani^d^e,  historian,  born. 

Gratry,  Auguste  Jos.  Alplion8e,theol.,  wr.,b. 

Creuze,  Jean  Itaptiste,  painter,  A79. 

Iloudin,  Robert,  prestidigitat^iu,  born. 

Jacqu^id,  Claudius,  painter,  born. 

Latude,  Henri  Masers  de,  prisoner  of  state, 
A80. 

Lesseps,  Vicomte  de,  Ferdinand,  diplo- 
matist, engineer  of  the  Suez  canal,  born. 

Maret,  Henri  Louis  Cliarles,  tlieologian,  bom, 

Mechain,  Pierre  Fran(;ois  Andr6,a8tron.,  A61. 

Niepce  de  .Saint- Victor,  Claude  F^Iix  AbeL, 
chemist,  inventor  photog.  on  glass,  bom., 

Schneider,  Eugene,  manufacturer,  politician, 
born. 

TocQuevllle.  Alexis  C.  H.  Cl6rel  de, 
statesman,  political  philosopher,  writer,  b. 

Villoison,  Jean  Baptiste  Gaspardd'Anssede, 
scliolar,  A55+. 

1806  *  *  Adanson,  Michel,  botanist,  A79. 
Anicet-Boiu-geois,  Auguste,  dram,  author,  b. 
Barthez,  Paul  Joseph,  pliysician,  .\72. 
Bassanville,  Conitesse  de,  Anais  L.,  au.,  b. 
Brissou,  Mathurin  Jacques,  naturalist,  A83. 
Carmont^Ue,  Louis  Carrogis,  dram,  wr.,  A89. 
Chevalier,  Michel,  political  economist,  born. 
Coulomb,  Charles  Augustin  de,  phil.,  A72t. 
Didron,  Adolphe  Napoleon,  arclieologist,  b. 
Duprez,  (;iU>ert  Louis,  tenor  singer,  comp.,  b. 
Gaillard,  <;abriel  Henry,  historian,  mis. 

wTitcr,  A  80. 
Girardin,  Emile  de,  journalist,  bom. 
Gozlan,  Leon,  dramatist,  botn. 
Lamoriciere,  Christophe  Louis  de,  gen.,  b. 
Mounler,  Jean  Joseph,  statesman,  A48. 
Nisard,  Jean  Marie  Napoleon  I)68ir6,  critic, 

litt^rateiu",  bom. 
Souvestre,  Emile,  journalist,  author,  born. 
P^reir,  Isaac,  financier,  one  of  the  founders 

of  the  Credit  Mobilier,  born. 
Villeneuve,   Pierre    Charles  Jean   Rapttste 

Silvestre  de,  admiral,  A43. 

1807  *  *  Bousmard,  Henri  J.  B.  de,  military 
engineer,  A58. 

Broussonnet,  Pierre  Auguste,  naturalist,  A46. 

Charton,  Edouard,  litterateur,  born. 

Coste,  Jean  Jacques  Cyprien  Victor,  natural- 
ist, born. 

Cottin,  Sopliie  Ristand,  novelist,  A34. 

Farochon,  Jean  Baptiste  Eugene,  artist,  born. 

l-'rossard,  Cliarles  Anguste,  general,  bom. 

Gr6vy,  Franc^ois  Paul  Jules,  President,  b. 

(iuilmetb,  Alexandre  Auguste,  arched.,  b. 

l^ahorde,  Comte  de,  L^on  Emmanuel  Simon 
Joseph,  traveler,  writer,  bom. 

Lacroix,  Paul,  novelist,  mis.  writer,  bom. 

liRlande,  Jos.  J.  le  Francis  de,  astrono- 
mer, A75. 

Lebrun,  Ponce  D.  E.,  poet,  A78. 

Legrand,  Jacques  Guillaume,  architect,  .464. 

Mallet,  Charles  Auguste,  philosopher,  bom. 

Nelaton,  Auguste,  surgeon,  born. 

Paoll,  Pasquale  di,  Corsican  general,  A81. 

I'elouze,  Tht^oi>hile  Jules,  chemist,  bom. 

Portalis,  Jean  Etienne  Marie,  jurist,  states- 
man, A62. 

Rochambeau,  Marquis  de,  J.  B.  Dona- 
tion de  Vimeur,  marshal,  A82. 

Saulcy,  Louis  F^licien  Jos.  Caignart  de, 
arcbcologist,  born. 

Ternaux,  Henri  (Ternaux-Campansl,  au.,  b. 

1808  *  *  Barth^lemon,  F'rancis  H.,  musician, 
composer,  A67. 

CalMinis,  Pierre  Jean  G.,  physician*  philoso- 
pher, author,  A51. 

Chenavard,  Paul,  painter,  bom. 

Chenn,  Jean  Charles,  naturalist,  bom. 

Colloml>et,  Eran<;oi8  Z^non,  author,  born. 

Etex,  Antoine,  sculptor,  born. 

(iranier  de  Cassagnac,  Adolphe  Bernard, 
journalist,  politician,  historian,  liorn. 

Jactjuemart,  Albert,  hist,  of  ceramics,  bora. 


FRANCE.  1805,  Oct.  17-1809,  Feb.  21.     7lt 


Karr,  Jean  Itaptiste  A Iplionse,  novelist,  bom. 
Leiirn-ltoUiii,  Alexandra  Augusta,  socialist,  b. 
M:»lil>i-aii,  Maria  Fi^Ueit^,  singer,  aotor,  born. 
MacMahon,  Comte  de,  Marie  Kdnie  I'atrit^e 

Maurice,  J>uc  de  Magenta,  I*resident,  bom, 

in  Sully,  June  13. 
Apr.  80.     Napol6on  m.,   Charles   Louis 

Kapol^on  Honaparte,  emperor,  born. 
reraigny,  Jean  Gilbert  Victor  de  Fiatiu  de, 

statesman,  born. 
Planche,  Jean  liaptiste  G.,  Uttdralew,  bom. 
Robert,  Hubert,  painttr,  A75. 


CHURCH. 

1806  May  30.  Napoleon  decrees  an  as- 
sembly of  Jewish  deputies  for  the  pur- 
pose of  forming  a  Sanhedrin.  [July  23. 
They  meet.] 

1807  *  *  A  Methodist  society  of  70  per- 
sona has  been  established  at  Arras. 

1808  Feb.  2,  //.  The  French  subvert 
tlie  papal  government  at  Rome. 

I>ec.  4.  Napoleon  abolishes  the  inquisi- 
tion. 

LETTERS. 

1805  *  *  Achilles  at  Scyros,  by  Luce  de 
LiaxiciTal,  appears. 

*  *  THbkre,  by  M.  J.  de  Ch^nier,  appears. 

*  *  The  Templars,  by  Fran9ois  J.  M.  Ray- 
nouard,  appears. 

*  *  Ode  d  la  grande  armie,  by  Pierre  An- 
toine  Lebrun,  appears. 

*  *  Elementary  Treatise  on  Physical  As- 
tronomy, by  Jean  B.  Birot,  appears. 

1806  *  *  Heyiry  I V.  of  France,  by  I.e- 
gouv^,  appears. 

*  *  Chrestomathie  arabe,  by  Baron  A.  J. 
S.  de  Sacy,  appears.  [1810,  AraUc  Gram- 
mar.] 

*  *  Elizabeth,  ou  les  ExiUs  de  Sib4rie,  by 
Madame  S.  R.  Cottin,  appears. 

1807  *  *  The  Genius  of  Afan,  by  C.  J.  P. 
de  Chenedolle,  appears. 

*  •  Introduction  to  the  Scientijic  Labors  of 
the  19th  Century,  by  Claud  li.  Saint- 
Simon,  appears.  j,18^4«  ^'**  Jieorganiza- 
tion  of  European  Society.] 

1808  *  *  Theory  of  Four  Movements  and 
General  Destinies,  by  F.  M.  C.  Fourier, 

appears.  * 

*  *  Picture  of  French  Literature  in  the 
18ih  Century,  by  A.  G.  P.  B.  de  Barante, 
appears. 

*  *  Eughie  de  Rothelin,  by  Marquis  A.  M. 
E.  F.  Souza-Botelho,  appears. 

*  *  Napolton  gives  attention  to  public  in- 
struction, and  revives  education. 

He  establishes  the  General  University 
to  superintend  national  education. 

SOCIETY. 

1806  Nov.  *  Napoleon  exhibits  coarse 
behavior  toward  Louisa,  the  high-spir- 
ited queen  of  Prussia. 

*  •  The  Conseils  de  Prud*honunea  are 
organized  as  trade  tribunals,  comivosed 
of  employers  and  workmen,  to  arbitrate 
trade  disputes. 

1807  Aug.  12.  J^rdme  Bonaparte 
marries  Catherine  of  Wiirtemberg. 

1808  Mar.  1.  PaHs.  The  new  nobil- 
ity of  France  is  created.  [Many  of  the 
old  families  decline  the  titles.] 

STATE. 

1805  Dec.  26.  Hung.  The  Peace  of 
Presburg.    (See  p.  CI9.) 


Deo.  *  Jt,  ifiapoldon  by  proclamation 
dethrones  the  Bourbons  in  Naples  for 
violating  the  treaty  of  neutrality  with 
France. 

1806  Jan.  1.  Napoleon  repeals  the 
Republican  Calendar,  and  restores  the 
Gregorian  Calendar  and  the  Christian 
Era. 

Feb.  *  It.  A  French  army  in  Naples 
compels  the  court  to  withdraw  to  Sicily  ; 
Napolt^on  appoints  his  elder  brother, 
Joseph,  King  of  Naples. 

*  *  Napol<^on's  brotlier  Xjouis  Napo- 
leon is  made  King  of  Holland,  now 
called  the  Batavian  Republic  ;  Joachim 
Murat,  his  brother-in-law,  is  created 
Grand-duke  of  Berg,  and  Marshal  Ber- 
thier.  Prince  of  Neuchiltel. 

July  12.  The  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine  is  established. 

Napoleon  dissolves  the  ancient  Ger- 
manic body,  and  unites  14  princes  of  the 
South  and  West  into  the  Confederation 
of  the  Rhine,  with  himself  as  protector. 
The  Confederation  is  tinally  joined  by 
ail  the  German  princes  except  Austria, 
Prussia,  Brunswick,  and  the  electorate 
of  Hesse. 

Aug.  6.  The  Confederation  of  the  Rhine 
terminates  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 
(See  Germany.) 

Sept.  *  Frederick  of  Prussia  is  deeply  in- 
censed at  the  slanderous  language  of 
Naix>16on  respecting  his  queen. 

Oct.  1.  Paris.  The  Prussian  minister 
peremptorily  demands  tliat  all  French 
troops  shall  immediately  evacuate  Ger- 
many [and  war  follows ;  France  is 
ready,  and  Prussia  ill-prepared].  (See 
Army.) 

*  *  Napoleon  improves  all  branches  of  the 
public  service. 

Nov.  21.  Napoleon  issues  the  Berlin 
decree. 

It  announces  a  (pajier)  blockade  of  the 
British  Isles,  tlie  interdiction  of  all  trade 
with  England  under  Iieavy  penalties,  and 
prohibits  vessels  wliiirh  had  touched  at  Hrit^ 
ish  ports,  at  or  from  its  colonies,  entering 
France.  All  trade  in  English  goods  unlaw- 
ful, and  its  merchandise  a  lawful  prize.  Its 
trade  to  be  shut  out  from  the  Continent. 
(This  "Continental  .System"  is  soon  found 
to  be  impracticable.) 

Dec.  11.  Ger.  The  Elector  of  Saxony 
signs  a  separate  peace  with  Napoleon, 
and  enters  the  Confederacy  as  king  of 

Saxony. 

1807  June  25.  E.  Prus,  Napol<5on 
holds  an  interview  with  the  czar  at  Til- 
sit, on  a  raft  moored  in  the  middle  of 
the  River  Niemeu. 

July  7.    Prus.    Peace  of  Tilsit  between 

France  and  Russia. 
July  9.    Prus.    Peace  of  Tilsit  between 
France  and  Prussia. 

1.  Russia  recognizes  tlie  newly  formed 
duchy  of  Warsaw,  formed  out  of  parts  of 
I'nissia,  under  the  king  of  Saxony.  2.  Dan- 
zig to  be  a  free  city  again.  3.  Part  of  New 
East  Prussia  is  ceded  to  Itussla,  and  a  small 
portion  to  Saxony.  4.  To  recognize  .loseph 
lionaparteasKingof  Naples.  Louis  lionaparte 
as  King  of  Holland,  and  J6rfime  Bonaparte  aa 
King  of  Westphalia,  when  the  kingdom  is  cre- 
ated; also,  to  recognize  the  Confederation  of 
the  Rhine,  which  is  to  include  the  region  west 
of  the  Kll>e  ;  to  ac<'ept  the  mediation  of  Napo- 
leon with  the  Turks,  an<I  Alexander  to  medi- 
ate with  England  in  behalf  of  France.  A 
secret  article  hinds  the  two  emperors  in  an 
alliance  against  Englaml  if  peace  Is  refused. 


1.  Prussia  cedes  to  Napoleon  for  hfs  dis- 
posal the  territory  between  the  Khine  and 
Elbe;  to  Saxony  the  circle  of  Cottbus,  and 
for  the  creation  of  tlie  grand  duchy  of  War- 
saw; to  cede  the  lainls  taken  from  Poland 
since  1772,  also  to  cede  the  city  and  territory 
of  Danzig.  2.  Also,  to  recognize  the  sov- 
reignty  of  Napoleon's  brothers.  3.  To  close 
all  I'russian  harbors  and  lands  to  British 
commerce  and  trade  until  she  makes  peace 
with  France.  4.  The  Prussian  army  is  lim- 
ited to  42,000  men.  Large  indemnities  are 
also  to  be  paid.  Prussia  becomes  a  second- 
class  power,  with  its  territory  reduced  from 
89,120  to  46,032  square  niiies. 

July  12.    Prtis.    Treaty  of  Konigsberg- 

with  Prussia. 

The  Prussian  provinces  and  fortresses  to 
be  restored  and  evacuated  when  war  indem- 
nities are  paid,  which  by  Prussian  calcula- 
tions amount  to  19,000,000  francs,  but  are 
llxed  by  the  French  at  120,000,000.  [liaised 
in  1808  to  140,000,000.] 

Aug.  *  Ger.  The  kingdom  of  West- 
phalia is  founded  by  the  decree  of  Na^ 
poison, — one-half  the  domain  is  reserved 
for  himself. 

Sept.  *  Den.  The  British  take  possession 
by  force  of  the  Danish  fleet,  to  prevent 
its  use  by  France.    (See  p.  639.) 

*  *  Denmark  enters  an  alliance  with 
France. 

Oct.  27.  The  secret  Treaty  of  Fontaine- 
bleau  for  the  partition  of  Portugal  is 
signed. 

Nov.  *  Portugal  refuses  to  join  the  Con- 
tinental System,  and  is  invaded  by 
France. 

Dec.  13.  France  and  Spain  unite  to  pro- 
claim the  deposition  of  the  House  of 
Braganza. 

Dec.  17.  It.  Napoleon's  Milan  decree 
is  issued  against  British  commerce. 

1808  Feb.  1.  Port.  Gen.  Junot  pro- 
claims that  Portugal  is  to  be  governed 
henceforth  by  France  as  a  conquered 
kingdom. 

A  French  army  (100,000)  enters  Spain 
on  the  pretext  of  guarding  the  coasts 
against  the  attacks  of  the  British, 

May  1.  Sp.  Charles  TV.  of  Spain  ab- 
dicates in  favor  of '*  his  friend  and  ally," 
Napoleon. 

Napoleon  is  at  the  height  of  his 
glory,  nearly  all  of  Western  Europe 
dominated  by  him. 

May  27.  Sp.  In  consequence  of  the 
royal  abdication  in  favor  of  Napoleon, 
an  insurrection  arises. 

June  12.  Sp.  Joseph  Bonaparte  en- 
ters Madrid  as  King  of  Spain.  [Gen. 
Murat  takes  the  vacated  throne  of 
Naples.] 

*  *  The  indignant  Spaniards  uprise  against 
the  French  intruders. 

July  29.  Sp.  Joseph  Bonaparte  re- 
tires from  Madrid  after  the  French  de- 
feat at  Bayleu. 

Aug.  30.  Port.  The  Convention  of 
Cintra  is  entered  by  the  French  and 
English;  Gen.  Junot  agrees  to  evacuate 
Portugal  immediately. 

Sept.  27.  Prus.  Napoleon  meets  the 
assembly  of  princes  at  Erfurt. 

Four  kings  and  34  princes  and  other 
German  rulers  do  him  reverence.  He 
strengthens  his  alliance  with  the  czar, 
who  undertakes  to  subdue  Sweden,  and 
promises  to  support  Napoleon  against 
every  hostile  power. 

Dec.  4.    Sp.    Napoleon  enters  Madrid. 


718     1809,  Apr.  6-1813,  Apr.  13. 


FRANCE. 


AKMT  — NAVY. 

1809  Apr.  *  Aiist.  If  apol^on  is  at  war 
with  Austria  for  French  supremacy ; 
England  is  an  ally  of  Austria. 

Austria  puts  nearly  400,000  men  in  the 
field.  Archduke  Charles  commands  in 
Bavaria,  and  the  Archduke  John  in 
Italy.  The  German  people  are  sum- 
moned to  aid  in  breaking  the  yoke  of 
France ;  Tyrol  alone  responds,  under 
Andreas  Hofer. 

Apr.  20.  Bavaria.  Napoleon  defeats 
the  Austriaus  under  Charles  at  Abens- 
berg.  [Apr.  21.  And  again  at  Ijand- 
shut.] 

Apr.  22,  Bavaria.  Battle  at  Eckmiihl. 
Marshal  Davout  defeats  the  Austrians 
under  Cliarles,  taking  20,000  prisoners, 
all  the  artillery,  and  15  standards. 

Apr.  23.  Bavaria.  The  French  drive 
the  Austrians  from  Ratisbon;  ITapo- 
l€on  receives  his  slight  and  only  wound 
in  the  heel. 

Apr.  *  Sp.  The  French  under  Marshal 
Soult  occupy  Oporto. 

May  4,  A^ist.  The  French  defeat  the 
Austrians  at  IBbehsberg. 

May  11.  Aust.  WapoMon  takes  Vi- 
enna for  the  second  time.  [May  13. 
He  enters  the  city,] 

May  12.    Sp.    Battle  of  Douro. 

"Wellesley  with  a  British  and  Portu- 
guese army  (35,000)  takes  Oporto  from 
the  French  under  Marshal  Soult,  Duke 
of  Dalmatia. 

May  21,  22.  Aust.  Battles  of  Aspem 
and  Bssling.    (See  p.  518.) 

Ji^y  5,  6.  Aust.  Battle  of  "Wagram. 
(See  p.  518.) 

July  27,  28.  Sp.  Battle  of  Talavera 
de  la  Heina. 

Sir  Arthur  Wellesley  and  Gen.  Cuesta 
with  64,000  English  and  Spanish  troops 
defeat  the  French  under  Marshal  Victor 
and  King  Joseph. 

July  28.  ViscounfWellington  (Sir  Ar- 
thur Wellesley)  is  made  British  com- 
mander-in-chief in  Spain. 

Oct.  14.    Peace.    (See  State.) 

Nov.  14.  Paris.  Napolfion  is  con- 
gratulated for  his  victories. 

Nov.  19.  Sp.  Marshal  Mortier  defeats 
the  Spaniards  at  Ocafia. 

*  *  -10  *  *  Aust.  The  brave  Tyrolese 
continue  the  war  alone  with  France. 
[Andreas  Hofer,  the  Tyrolese  patriot, 
is  shot.]    (See  p.  519.) 

1810*  *  Sp.  Napoleon  increases  his  army 
in  Spain  to  280,000  men. 

*  *-ll*  *  Port.  "Wellington  and 
Mass6na  struggle  for  victory. 

July  10.  Port.  Marshal  Mass^na  cap- 
tures the  fortress  of  Ciudad  Kodrigo. 

Sept.  27.    Sp.    Battle  of  Busaco. 

"Wellington,  with  40,000  British  and 
Portuguese  troops,  repulses  65,000 1 
French  under  Marshal  Massena. 

Oct.  9.  Port.  'Wellington  retreats  to 
the  fortified  lines  of  Torres  Vedras, 
which  he  successfully  defends  against 
the  Fi'ench  under  Marshal  Massena. 

1811  Mar.  5.  Sp.  The  British  under 
Gen.  Graham  defeat  Marshal  Victor  at 
Barosa. 


Mar.+  *  Port.  Massena  makes  a  mas- 
terly retreat  before  "Wellington  into 
Spain. 

Mar.  11.  Port.  Badajoz  is  taken  hy 
the  French  under  ^^larshal  Soult. 

*  *  Port.  "Wellington  besieges  Almeida, 
and  recaptures  it  from  the  French. 

May  3-5.  Port.  Wellington,  at 
Fuentes-de-Onoro,  checks  Massena, 
who  soon  retreats  into  Spain. 

May  16.    Sp.    Battle  of  Albuera. 

Gen.  Beresford,  commanding  30,000  al- 
lies, defeats  Marshal  Soult,  commanding 
20,000  French. 

Sept.  10.  Sp.  The  Spaniards  defeat 
French  at  Xinaena. 

Oct.  28.  Sp.  Gen.  Rowland  Hill  de- 
feats French  at  Merida. 

1812  Jan.  4.  Sp.  Marshal  Suchet  de- 
feats the  Spaniards  at  Albufera. 

Jan.  9.  Sp.  Valencia  is  taken  by  the 
French  under  ^Marslial  Suchet,  with  its 
garrison  of  16,000  men  and  immense 
stores. 

Jan.  19.  Sp.  "Wellington  surprises 
Ciudad  Rodrigo,  and  takes  it  by  storm. 
(Jan.  8.     Invested.) 

Jan.  27.  Prus.  Marshal  Davout  with 
20,000  French  invades  Swedish  Pom- 
erania  without  any  previous  declaration 
of  war.  Sweden  had  offended  by  disre- 
garding the  Continental  System. 

Apr.  6.  Sp.  Wellington  takes  Bada- 
joz after  a  siege. 

Apr.  11.  Sp.  Gen.  Cotton  defeats  Mar- 
shal Soult  at  liilerena. 

*  ♦  W^ar  with  Bussia. 

Napolt^on  provides  for  an  army  of  420,- 
000  men  [later  incrcfised  to  553,000], 

June  6.    Napol6on  crosses  the  Vistula, 

and  enters  West  Russia.     [June  22. 

He  arrives  on  the  Niemen.] 
June*    jr.  Pus.    Vilna     is     occupied. 

Russians    under   Marshal    Barclay    de 

ToUy  retreat. 
July  16.    jr.  Pus.    The  advance  of  the 

French  army  begins. 
July  22.    Sp.    W^ellington   completely 

defeats  the  French  under  Marshal  Mar- 

mont  at  Salamanca. 
July  23.    Pus.    The  French  defeat  the 

Russians  under  Prince  Peter  Bagration 

at  Mohilow. 

July  30,  31.  Pus.  A  battle  occurs  be- 
tween the  French  and  Russians  at  Po- 
lotzk. 

Aug,  17-18.  Pus.  Battle  of  Smo- 
lensk. 

The  whole  army  assaults  Smolensk ; 
during  the  night  the  Russians  under 
Marshal  Barclay  de  Tolly  and  Prince 
Peter  Bagration  fire  the  city  and  retreat. 

Aug.  *  Sp.  King  Joseph  Bonaparte, 
commander  of  the  French,  evacuates 
Madrid.    [Aug.  12.    The  British  enter.] 

Sept.  7.  Bus.  Battle  of  Borodino. 
The  Kussians  under  Marshal  Mikhail 
KutusofP  are  forced  to  retire  at  Borodino 
and  Mozhaisk,  on  the  Moskva;  each 
side  has  140,000  men  and  sniTers  terrible 
losses.  The  French  lose  30.000  - ,  the  Rus- 
sians, 50,000+  ;  the  latter  retreat  in  good 
order. 

Sept.  14,  Pus.  The  Russian  army  re- 
tires from  Moscow,  followed  by  most 


of  the  inhabitants ;  the  French  army, 
95,000  strong,  enters. 

Sept.  15.  Pus.  Ifapol^on  establishes 
headquarters  in  the  Kremlin. 

Sept.  16-19.  Pus.  Burning  of  Mos- 
cow. 

The  Russian  patriots  sack  and  bum 
7,000  houses  to  deprive  the  French  army 
of  shelter. 

Sept.  *  Bus.  Napol^n  proifers  a  truce, 
which  is  held  back  and  finally  refused. 

Oct.  19.  Bus.  Retreat  from  Moscow. 
After  a  halt  of  five  weeks  Xapol<^n 
commences  his  disastrous  retreat  with 
120,000  men  ;  swarms  of  Cossacks  and 
the  Russian  main  army  under  Kutusoff 
follow  in  pursuit. 

Oct.  19,20.    Bus.    The  Russians  retake 

Polotzk. 
Oct.  24.    Bus.    A  desperate  and  succees- 

ful  contest  of  one  corps  of  the  French 

army  occurs  at  Yaroslavez. 

Nov.  3.  Pus.  One  corps  of  the  French 
army  has  a  hard  tight  with  the  Russians. 

Nov.  6.  Pus.  Cold  weather  com- 
mences :  much  snow  falls,  and  terrible 
sutierings  follow. 

Nov.  12.  JV.  Btis.  The  French  army 
arrives  at  Smolensk. 

Nov.  14.  }f'.  Bus.  The  Russians  defeat 
the  French  at  "Vitebsk. 

Nov.  17.  ir.  Btis.  Napoleon  delivem 
the  remnant  of  his  army  from  60,000 
Russians  at  Krasnoi. 

Nov.  26-28.  jr.  Pus.  The  French 
make  a  disastrous  passage  of  the  Be- 
resina,  near  Studianka. 

Two  bridges  are  constructed ;  one  gives 
way  under  the  artillery.  Marshals  Ney 
and  Oudinot  with  8,500  men  force  a  pas- 
sage against  25,000  Russians.  The  re- 
treat becomes  a  rout  and  wild  tlight; 
the  Russians  take  16,000  prisoners. 

Dec.  6.  Bus.  Napoleon  transfers  the 
conmiand  to  Marshal  Murat,  and  de- 
parts for  Paris. 

Dec.  13.  JV.  Bus.  The  French  army, 
100,000  strong,  Crosses  the  Niemen, 
having  lost  100,000  as  prisoners.  [Total 
loss  of  the  French  an<l  their  allies, 
300,000±.] 

1813  *  *  -14  *  *  War  of  Liberation. 
The  powers  of  Europe  unite  in  an  alli- 
ance against  Napolt^on.    The  allies  are 
commanded  by  Prince  Karl  Philip  von 
Schwarzenberg,  an  Austrian  general. 

Jan.i  *  Napol6on  raises  another  army 
of  300,000  men. 

Feb.  13.  JV.  Bus.  The  Saxons  are  de- 
feated by  the  Russians  at  Kalisz. 

Mar.  11.  Ger.  The  Russian  troops  en- 
ter Berlin,  and  are  welcomed. 

Mar.  27.  Oer.  Prussians  under  Mar- 
shals Wittgenstein  and  Bliicher  occupy 
Dresden. 

The  French  army  is  concentrated,  and 
its  contingents  occupy  Franconia,  Tha- 
ringia,  and  the  bank  of  the  Elbe. 

Apr.  5.  Prus.  Prince  Eugtine  defeats 
the  Russians  at  Mbckem. 

Apr.  13,  Sp.  Sir  J.  Murray  defeats  Mai^ 
shal  Suchet  at  Castalla. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1809  *  *  Jean  Baptiste  P.  A.  de  M 
Xiamarck  propounds  a  theory  that  all 


FRANCE. 


1809,  Apr.  6-1813,  Apr.  *.     719 


animals  have  been  developed  from  '*  mo- 
nads," living  minute  particles. 

*  *  (Edipus  and  the  Sphinx  is  painted  by 
.lean  Auguste  Dominique. 

1812  *  *  Paris.  Iodine  is  discovered  by 
M.  Do  Courtois,  a  manufacturer  of  salt- 
peter. 

*  •  Paris.  Former  periods  of  life  on 
the  globe  are  proved  by  Cuvier  in  his 
DiHcourse  on  the  Jievolution  of  the  Sur- 
face of  the  Globe ;  he  also  restores  the 

fossil  animals  of  Paris. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1808  *   *  Barrabaiid,  Pierre  Paul,  artist,  A40. 

Ulaiichard,  Krain;oi9,  aeronaut,  A71. 

('anroljerl,  Frain;ois  Certain,  marshal,  sen.,  b. 

Clapisson,  Louis,  composer,  l>orii. 

Oossigny  de  Palma,  Josepli  Fram-ois,  natur- 
alist, A79. 

Dalayrac,  Nicolas,  musical  coinjKJser,  AM. 

])ouay,  Charles  Al>el,  general,  philosopher,  1>. 

Dupuis,  Charles  Krau<;oi8",  savant,  A67. 

Favre,  Jules  (i.  C,  orator,  8ta.tesmau,  born. 

Flantlin,  Eugene  NapoltSon,  painter,  archeol- 
ogisl,  born. 

Flandrin,  Jean  Illppolyte,  hist,  painter,  b. 

Franck,  Adolphe,  i>hilosopher,  born. 

Fourcroy,  Antolne  l'"ran<;ois  <le,  chemist,  A54. 

iJigoux,  Jean  Fran<:oi8,  painter,  born. 

Haussmaun.  Baron  (ieorges  Kug6ne,  pol.,  b. 

Jeanron,  Phillp|>e  Auguste,  painter,  born. 

Lacroix,  Jules,  bibliograi>her.  antiquary,  b. 

Lannes,  Jean,  Due  de  Montel>ello,  marshal, 
A40. 

Xeboeuf.  Edmond.  marshal,  born. 

Mannler,  Xaviet-,  traveler,  litterateur,  born. 

Michel,  FraniMscpie  Xavier,  archeologist,  b. 

Pajou,  Augustln,  sculptor,  A79. 

Peyrat,  Napoleon,  poet,  historian,  born. 

Proudhon,  Pierre  Joseph,  socialist,  born. 

Vacherot,  Etienne,  philosopher,  born. 

Vien,  Joseph  Marie,  historical  painter,  A93. 
1810*  *  Abbadie,  Antoine  Tom  son  d,'    trav- 
eler, born. 

Auguis,  Pierre  Jean  Haptlste,  revolu.,  A65:t. 

llarges,  Jean  Joseph  Leandr^,  orientalist,  b. 

IJoifisieu,  Jean  Jacques  lie,  eiiKraver,  A74. 

Haudelocque,  Jean  Louis,  surgeon,  AG4. 

Beauregard,  (Charles  Victor,  general,  A46. 

Bostpiet,  Pierre  F.  Joseph,  marshal,  born. 

Cabarrus,  Fran<;ol8,  merchant,  ASS. 

Chaudet,  Antoine  Denis,  sculj'tor,  A47. 

Charraa,  Jean  itaptlstc  A.,  military  writer,  b. 

Colet,  Louise,  r(^e  Kevoil,  novellst,'poet,  born. 

David,  F^licien  Ct^sar,  niu8i<'al  composer,  b. 

Eon  de  Beaumont,  Charles  Genevieve  Louis 
Auguste  Andr^  Timothee  d'.  dtplo..  A82. 

FaiUy.  Pierre  Louis  Charles  AclUUe  de,  gen- 
eral, born. 

Faugere,  Armand  Prosper,  author,  born. 

Felix,  C^lestin  Joseph,  pulpit  oralor,  born. 

Ferdinand  Philipjte,  Du<^  d'  Orh'atts,  liorn. 

Fleurleu,  Comte  de,  Charles  I  ii'ire  Claret, 
navigator,  hyilroprapher,  stiitesnian,  A72. 

Gasparin,  Agt^nor  E.  de,  Protestant  reformer, 
author,  born. 

Maisonneuve,  Jules  G.  F.,  surgeon,  bom. 

Uartin,  Bon  Louis  Henri,  historian,  born. 

Mlnie,  Claude  Ktienne,(ilini^ rifle-bullet),  b. 

Montalembert,  Comte  de,  Charles  Forbes, 
Btatesnmn,  orator,  author,  bom. 

Montgoltier,  Joseph  Michel,  mechanician, 
inventor,  A70. 

Moreau,  H6gesipi)e,  poet,  born. 

Museet,  LouIb  Charles  Alfred  de,  poet,  b. 

Quatrefages  de  Br^au,  Jean  L.  A.,  nat.,  bom. 

KeguauU,  Henry  Victor,  chemist,  bom. 

Walewski,  Comte,  Alexandre  Florian  Joseph 
C,  natural  son  of  Napoleon  1.  {?),  states- 
man, writer,  born. 

Wolowski,  Louis  Francois  M.,  economist,  b. 
1811  *  •  Ameilhon,  Hubert  Pascal,  antiquary. 
Ml. 

.Mtaroclie,  Marie  Michel,  humorist,  born. 

Bazalne,  Framjois  Achiile,  marshal,  tx)rii. 

Uonaparte,  Napoleon  II.,  or  Napol«?on  Fran- 
»;ols  ('harles  Joseph,  son  of  Napoleon  I.  and 
Maria  Louisa,  born. 

Kravais,  Auguste,  scientist,  born. 

Chanter,  Marie  Joseph  de,  poet,  (ham.,  A47. 

Chalgrin,  Jean  Fran<;ois  Therese,  arch.,  A72. 

Clairville,  Louis  Francois  Nlcolaie,  dramat- 
ii-  writer,  born. 

Delsarte.  Franijois  A.  N.  C.  singer,  elocu- 
tionist, born. 

Duruy,  Victor,  historian,  statesman,  born. 

Esmenanl,  Joseph  Alphonse,  i>oel,  A44. 

Falloux,  Vi«:omte,  fr'r^deric  Alfred  Pierre, 
Malesnian,  writer,  born. 


Fortoul,  Hippolyte  Nicolas  Honors,  writer,  b. 

(Jalois,  Kvariste,  matlieniati<;iun,  born. 

Gautier,  Th^oplitte,  autlior,  poet,  born. 

Laboulaye,  Edouard  Ren6  Lefebvre,  ju- 
rist, hi8tori<sil  writer,  born. 

Leverrier,  Crbain  Jean  Jos.,  astronomer,  b. 

Longet,  Francois  A.,  physician,  born. 

Melssonier.  Jean  Louis  Ernest,  iiainter,  b. 

IMorny,  Comte  ('harles  Augiisle  L. .).,  pol.,  b. 

Pt^rler,  Casimir,  financier,  statesman,  born. 

Sandeau,  LtSoiiard  Sylvain  Jules,  novelist,  b. 

Wiuipffen,  Emmanuel  F*;lLx  de,  general,  b. 
1813*   *  .\bbatucci,  (ilacomo  Pletro,  Corsiean 
general.  Am. 

AIl)itte,  Antoine  Loins,  Jacobin,  dies. 

Arago,  Frani;oi8  Victor  Enunanuel,  lawyer, 
diplomatist,  bom. 

Arnould,   Ambrose    Marie,    political    econo- 
ndst,  author,  .\li'J. 

Autran,  Josephj  poet,  bom. 

Breton,  [-"ranyois  P.  11.  Ernest,  artist,  bom. 

Cabat,  Nicolas  Louis,  land8cai)e  jialnter,  b. 

Cissey,  Ernest  L.  O.  C.  de,  gen.,  politician,  b. 

Cochet,  L'Abb^,  Jean  Baptiste  D6sir6,  anti- 
quary, l>om. 

Coniltes,  Edmotid,  traveler,  wTlter,  born. 

Dum^ril,  .\uguste  Henri  Andr^,  naturalist,  b. 

Ebl6,  Jean  Baptiste,  general,  A54. 

Favre,  Pierre  l^tienue  Lazare,  linguist,  bom. 

Feuillet,  Octave,  novelist,  dramatist,  born. 

Haur^au,  Jean  Bartli^lend,  historian,  publi- 
cist, bom. 

Jullien,  Louis  Georges,  musician,  born. 

Legouv6,  (iabriel  Marie  J.  B.,dram.  poet,A48. 

Levesque,  Pierre  (.'harles,  historian,  A7tt. 

Malus,  Etienne  Louis,  eng.,  physicist,  A37. 

Mirecourt,  Eugene  de,  novelist,  writer,  bom. 

Pitra,  Jean  liaptiste,  cardinal,  scholar,  born. 

Segnin,  Edouard,  physician,  alienist,  born. 

Sonnini  de  Manoncourt.  Charles  Nicolas  Sl- 
gisbert,  naturalist,  A6l. 

Wallon,  Henri  Alexandre,  historian,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1809  May  17.  Paris.  Napoh^on  issues 
a  decree  abolisliing  the  temporal  au- 
thority of  the  Pope. 

June  10.  liome.  Pope  Pius  VII.  excom- 
municates Wapol6on. 

July*  -14*  *  Napoleon  deposes  the 
Pope,  and  holds  him  in  captivity.  (See 
State.) 

July  7.  Pome.  French  soldiers  surround 
the  Quirinal  at  midnight,  capture  the 
aged  Pope,  and  transport  him  under 
guard  across  the  Alps  to  Grenoble.  He  is 
later  placed  on  prisoner's  allowance,  and 
lived  nearly  three  years,  almost  entirely 
upon  alms. 

1811  *  *  Paris.  A  synod  convoked  by 
Napol(5on  refuses  to  make  the  French 
Church  independent  of  Home. 

1812  June*  Napoleon  fixes  the  Pope's 
residence  at  Fontainebleau.  [After  the 
Peace  of  Paris  the  Pope  returns  to 
Rome.] 


LETTERS. 

1809  *  *  Lettres,  by  Mile,  de  Lespinasse, 
appears. 

*  *  Hector,  by  Luce  de  Lancival,  appears. 

1810  *  *  Essai  sur  le  principe  gSnSrateur 
des  instUutiims  humaine8,\ij  Joseph  M. 
Maistre,  appears. 

1811  Mar.  25.  Every  newspaper  oh- 
noxious  to  Bonaparte  is  suppressed. 

*  *  Les  Dei^iches,  by  Augustine  Eugene 
Scribe,  appears. 

*  *  Jeremy  Bentham's  Th^orie  des  peinea 
et  des  JUcompeii.ies,  edited  by  I>umont, 
appears.  [1815,  Also  7'actique  des  As- 
sembles ligislaiives.] 

*  *  Peckerches  pJiysico-ckimigues,  by  Gay- 
Lussac  and  Th^nard,  appears. 

*  *  -10  *  *  Commentaire  sur  Vesprit  des 
lois,  by  Comte  A.  L.  C.  Destutt  de  Tracy, 
appears. 

*  * -40  *  *  Biographie  Universelle^Xiy 
Joseph  F.  Michauu  and  Louis  G.  Mi' 
chaud,  appears. 


1812  *  *  Le  Upreux  de  la  cit6  d^Aoste-,  by 
Count  X.  de  Maistre,  appears.  [1816, 
Lajeune  Sib&rienne  and  Prisonniers  du 
Caucase,] 

*  *  The  Analytic  Theory  of  Probabilities^ 
by  Laplace,  appears.  [1814,  Philosophic 
Essay  on  Prooabilitits!) 

SOCIETY. 

1809  Nov.  25.    Louis  Philippe  [king] 

marries  Marie  Aniclie,  daughter  ol  Fer- 
dinand I\'.,  King  of  Naples. 

Dec.  16.  Napoleon  is  divorced  from 
Josephine  by  the  Senate.  [1810.  Apr.  2. 
He  marries  Alaria  Louisa  of  Austria.] 

1810  Jan.  9.  Paris.  The  marriage 
of  Napoleon  to  Josephine  is  declared  a 
nullity  by  the  Diocesan  Court. 

STATE. 

1809  Apr.  9.  The  fifth  coalition  against 
France  by  England  and  Austria. 

July  6.-14  *  *  The  Pope  is  held  a 
captive. 

The  Pope  having  refused  to  recognize  the 
Continental  System  or  recognize  Murat  as 
King  of  Italy,  Napoleon  annexes  the  Pontifi- 
cal States  to  France,  and  assigns  to  the  de- 
posed Pope  two  millions  of  francs  as  an 
annual  revenue,  and  the  enjoyment  of  hia 
palaces.  The  Pope  excommunicates  Napo- 
leon and  his  counsellors. 

Oct.  14.  Just.  PeaceofVienna(p.519j. 

1810  Jan.  6.  Sweden  joins  the  "  Con- 
tinental System." 

*  *  Aitst.  Southern  Tyrol  is  annexed  to 
the  kingdom  of  Italy. 

Apr.  2.  IfapoMon  marries  Maria  Lou- 
isa, Archduchess  of  Austria,  19  years  of 
age. 

July*  Neth.  Ijouis  Bonaparte,  King 
of  Holland,  refuses  to  ruin  his  country 
by  joining  the  "  Continental  System," 
and  is  forced  to  abdicate,  and  fiy  to 
England. 

July  11.  Neth.  Napoleon  annexes 
Holland  as  the  **  alluvial  deposit  of 
French  rivers."  [The  empire  contains 
130  departments  and  50,000,000  of  sub- 
jects.] 

1811  Jan.  1.  Ger.  Hamburg  is  for- 
mally annexed  to  France. 

Mar.  20.  Queen  Maria  Louisa  gives 
birth  to  a  son  [Napoleon  II. J,  who  is 
styled  King  of  Italy. 

1812  Mar.  10.  NapoU'on  denatlonal. 
izes  all  flags  that  submit  to  the  British 
orders  in  council. 

Apr.  14.  Napoleon's  overtures  of 
peacQ  are  rejected  by  England. 

June  ^2.  France  declares  war  against 
Hussia. 

Causes  :  Russia's  failure  to  strictly 
carry  out  the  Continental  System,  which, 
had  ruined  her  commerce,  ott'ends  the 
master  of  the  European  continent. 

1813  Feb.  3.  Prus.  Frederick  William 
III.  appeals  to  the  patriotism  of  the 
Prussians,  and  the  young  men  enlist 

en  masse. 

Feb.  28.  Alliance  of  Kalish;  Russia 
and  Prussia  unite  against  France. 

Mar.  3.  England  and  Sweden  enter  a 
treaty;  the  latter  furnishes  the  allies 
30,000  men. 

Mar.  16.    Prussia  declares  war  against 

France. 

Mar.  *  Ger.  A  revolt  breaks  out  against 
France  in  Hamburg.  The  Bukes  of 
Mecklenburg  withdraw  from  the  (Con- 
federacy of  the  Rhine. 


720     1813,  May  2-1815,  Mar.  29.         FRANCE. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1813  May  2.  Saxony.  The  allied  Rus- 
sians and  Prussians,  70,000i:  strong,  at- 
tack Napolt^on,  115,000  strong,  and  are 
defeated  at  Xjiitzen. 

May  *  Saxony.  The  allies  withdraw  to 
Lusatia. 

May  18.  Prus.  Swedish  troops  under 
the  Crown  Prince  Bernadotte  laud  in 
Pomerania. 

May  20,  21.  Saxony.  Battle  of  Baut- 
zen. 

Napolt^on  with  140,000t  men  (40,000  ab- 
sent on  the  first  day)  defeats  90,000i 
Russians  and  Prussians  at  Bautzen  and 
Wurschen,  V)ut  they  retire  in  good  order  ; 
French  loss,  20,000±,  including  Napo- 
16>n's  favorite  general,  Marshal  Duroc ; 
allies,  13,000±. 

May  21+-.  Prus.  The  allies  retreat  to 
Silesia. 

May  22.  Saxony.  The  French  defeat 
the  Aiistrians  and  Russians  at  Hoch- 
kirchen. 

May  30.  Ger.  The  French  under  Mar- 
shal Davout  occupy  Hamburg,  and 
brutally  maltreat  the  people. 

June  4.  An  armistice  for  eight  weeks  is 
signed.     [Later  prolonged  to  Aug.  10.] 

June  21.    Sp.    Battle  of  Vittoria. 

"Wellington,  commanding  the  allies, 
routs  Kinj;  Joseph  and  Marshal  Jour- 
dan  (7".,000) ;  the  French  lose  151  cannon 
and  all  their  baggage,  provisions,  and 
treasure.    Tliey  now  abandou  Spain, 

July  28.  Sp.  Wellington  defeats  Mar- 
shal Soult  in  the  Pyrenees.  [Aug.  2. 
He  again  defeats  him.] 

Aug.  10.    Ger.   Hostilities  are  renewed. 

Aug.  12.  Austria  joins  the  allies.  (See 
p.  521.) 

Aug.  *  English  subsidies  enable  the  allies 
to  place  three  great  armies  (370,000)  in 
the  field. 

(1)  The  Bohemian  army  under  Marshal 
Schwarzenberg.  (2)  The  Silesian  army 
under  Marshal  Blueher.  (3)  Tbe  North- 
ern army  under  Marshal  Bernadotte, 
Crown  Prince  of  Sweden. 

Aug.  23.     Prus.     Battle    of    Gross- 
beeren. 
Tlie  Prussians  under  Gen.  Marshal  Von 

BUlow  defeat  the  French  army  under 
Marshal  Oudinot,  and  check  its  advance 
on  Berlin,  and  drive  it  back  to  the  Elbe. 

Aug.  26.  Priis.  The  allies  (90,000)  un- 
der Gen.  Bliicher  defeat  the  French 
(100,000)  under  Marshal  Macdonald  on 
the  Katzbach  near  "Wahlstatt.  French 
loss,  12,000  killed  and  wounded. 

Aug.  26,  27.  Saxony.  The  allies  are 
defeated  at  Dresden.    (See  p.  520.) 

Aug.  30.  Bohemia.  The  allies  are  vic- 
torious at  Kulm.    (See  p.  520.) 

Aug.  31.  Sp.  Gen.  Graham  takes  San 
Sebastian  by  storm ;  the  British  sol- 
diers commit  excesses  and  atrocities. 

Sept.  6.    Prua.    Battle  of  Dennewitz. 
The   allied   Prussians,  Russians,  and 
Swedes  under  Gen.  Von  Biilow  and  Gen. 
Tauenzein  defeat  the  French  under 
Marshal  Ney. 

Sept.  17.  Jiohemia.  Repulse  at  Nol- 
lendorf. 

Gen.  Schwarzenburg  repulses  Napo- 
16on  ;  Gen.  Vandamme  is  defeated  by 
the  Prussians  under  Marshal  Kleist. 


Oct.  3.     Pru8.     The   allies  are  reen- 
forced  by  60,000  Russians  under  Gen. 
Bennigsen. 
Battle  of  "Wartenburg;    the  allies 

against  Gen.  Bertrand  defeat  the  French. 

Oct.  7.    The  British  enter  France. 

Oct.  8.  Ger.  The  King  of  Bavaria 
withdraws  as  an  ally  oi  the  French. 

Oct.  *  Prus.  NapolSon  retreats  to  pre- 
vent the  allies  concentrating  in  his  rear. 

Oct.  16.  Marshal  Bliicher  defeats  the 
French  under  Marshal  Marraout  at 
Mockem. 

Oct.  16,  18,  19.  Battle  of  liCipsic, 
called  the  Battle  of  the  Nations.  Allies 
army  combined,  200,000,  and  later  300,- 
000+  ;  French  130,000. 

(Oct.  16.)  Indecisive  action  between 
Napoleon  and  the  Russians  and  Prus- 
sians under  Gen.  Schwarzenberg  at 
Washau. 

(Oct.  17.)  Napoleon  makes  offers  of 
peace  with,  extravagant  conditions. 

(Oct.  18.)  The  allies  win  a  great  vic- 
tory after  fighting  nine  hours.  The 
troops  of  Saxony  and  Wurtemberg  go 
over  to  the  allies  in  the  heat  of  the 
battle. 

(Oct.  19.)  The  allies  storm  Leipsic, 
and  capture  the  King  of  Saxony,  Tho 
French  retreat  with  a  loss  of  30,000  men, 
and  many  troops  are  drowned  by  the  pre- 
mature blowing  up  of  the  bridge  over  the 
Elster,  with  Marshal  Poniatowski  among 
them. 

Oct.  30,  31.  Prus,  Napoleon  (70,000+) 
defeats  the  Bavarian  army  (30,000) 
under  Marshal  Wrede  at  Hanau. 

Oct.  31.  Sp.  Pamplona  is  surrendered 
to  the  Spaniards  by  the  British. 

Nov.  2.  Ger.  Napol6on  gains  the  bat- 
tle of  Hochheira,  and  crosses  the  Rhine 
at  Mentz,  with  his  army  reduced  to  70,000 
men. 

Nov.  11.  Ger.  Dresden  fails  into  the 
hands  of  the  allies. 

Nov.  15.  Neth.  A  revolt  against  the 
French  breaks  out  in  Holland. 

Dec.  21  +  .  The  Austrian  army  crosses 
the  Rhine,  and  advances  to  hangres. 

1814  Jan.  1'.  The  army  of  BlUcher 
crosses  the  Rhine,  and  occupies  Nancy. 
A  third  army  of  the  allies  finally  estab- 
lishes itself  on  the  road  to  Paris  by 
Laon  and  Soissons. 

Jan.  16.  Xiangrea  submits  to  tho  Aus- 
trians. 

Jan.  *  The  allies  in  France  are  nearly 
200,000  strong. 

Jan.  26.  The  French  defeat  the  allies 
at  St.  Dizier. 

Jan.  29.  Napoleon  defeats  Marshal 
Bliicher  at  Brienne,  and  drives  him 
back. 

Feb.  1.  Marshal  BlUcher  and  the  Prince 
of  Wiirtemberg  with  100,000+  men  de- 
feat Napoleon  and  45,000  French  at 
La  Rothifere,  and  drive  him  across  the 
River  Aube. 

Feb.  8.  Tt.  Eugene  de  Beauhamais 
defeats  the  Austriana  in  an  engagement 
on  the  banks  of  the  Mincio. 

Feb.  10-12.  Napoleon  defeats  the  al- 
lies under  Prince  Osten-Sacken  at 
Champaubert. 

Feb.  11,  Napoleon  defeats  the  allies 
under  the  Duke  of  York,  and  drives 
them  across  the  Marne  at  Montmirail. 


Feb.  14.  Marshal  Marmont  defeats  the 
Prussians  under  Marshal  Bliicher  at 
Vauchamps. 

Feb.  17.  Marshal  Marmont  defeats  the 
main  army  of  the  allies  at  Fontaine- 
bleau. 

Feb.  18.  Napoleon  defeats  the  allies 
under  the  Crown  Prince  of  Wiirtemberg 
at  Montereau. 

Feb.*  The  allies  retreat  to  Troy  es. 

Feb.  27.  The  allies  under  Gen.  Schwarz- 
enberg  defeat  Marshal  Oudinot  and 
Gen.  Macdonald  at  the  battle  of  Bar-sur- 
Aube. 

"Wellington  defeats  Marshal  Soult  at 
Orthez  in  the  south  of  France. 

Mar.  7.  Napoleon  checks  the  advance 
of  the  allies  at  Craonne. 

Mar.  9-10.  The  united  armies  of  the 
allies  under  Marshal  Bliicher  defeat 
Napoleon  at  X>aon,  inflicting  heavy 
loss. 

Mar.  12.    The  allies  occupy  Bordeaux. 

Mar.  13.  Napoleon  defeats  the  Rus- 
sians under  Comte  de  Saint-Priest  at 
Reims,  and  retakes  the  city. 

Mar.  20.    "Wellington    defeats    the 
French  under  Marshal  Soult  at  Tarbes. 
Napoleon  throws  himself  in  the  rear 
of  the  allies  to  cut  off  their  communica- 
tions. 

Mar.  25.  The  allies  defeat  Marshals 
I\Iarmont  and  Mortier  at  Ffere  Champe- 
noise. 

Mar.  28.  Napoleon  is  defeated  at  St. 
Dizier. 

Mar.  30.  Paris.  The  allies  defeat 
Marshals  Marmont  and  I^lortier,  who 
capitulate.    Moutmartre  is  stormed. 

Mar.  31.  Paris.  Gen.  Marmont  evacu- 
ates thecity,  and  the  allies  enter,  230,000 
strong. 

Apr.  10.    Battle  of  Toulouse. 

"Wellington  defeats  Marshal  Soult  at 
Toulouse  in  the  last  battle  of  the  Pe- 
ninsular War ;  Soult  is  forced  to  retreat ;    ' 
British  loss,  4,500  ;  French  loss,  10,000. 

*  *  Chalons  is  taken  by  the  allies. 

1815  Mar.  21.  Paris.  Napol^onen- 
ters  the  city. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1814  *  *  Joseph  Nic^phore  Niepce  begins 
his  researches  on  the  action  of  lighten 
prepared  surfaces. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS.  j 

1813  *  *  Aubry,  Claude  Charles.  8:eneral,  A40. 

Bernard,  Claude,  physiologist,  born. 

Bessidres,  Jean  Baptiste,  Due  d'Istria, 
marshal,  A45. 

Blanc,  Jean  Joseph  Louis,  author,  politi- 
cian, born. 

Cahours,  A  uguste,  chemist,  bom. 

Coster,  Joseph  Francois,  eeononiist,  Anan- 
cier,  A84. 

Cr^vecoeur,  Hector  Saint-Joan  de,  agricul- 
turist, A78. 

CuraudaUf  Francois  Rent*,  chemist,  inventor, 
A48. 

Darboy,  Georges,  archbp.  of  Paris,  born. 

Delllle,  Ii*Abb6  Jacques,  poet,  A75. 

Duroc,  06rard  C.  M.,  I>uc  de  Friuli.  gen- 
eral. A4I. 

Duvoisin,  Jean  IJaptlste,  bishop,  author,  A69. 

(ialiniard,  Nicolas  Auguste.  paluter,  bom. 

Junot,  Andoche,  I>uc  d*  Abrant6St  general, 
A42. 


FRANCE. 


1813,  May  2-1815,  Mar.  29.     721 


Gr^try,  Andr^  Ernest  Modeste,  conip.,  A72. 
Hue,  L'Abl)^  Kvariste  R»^k1s,  missionary,  b. 
Houel,  .lean  P.  L.  L.,  painter,  engraver,  A77. 
Lafcraugre,  Joseph  Louie,  geoinet.,  A77. 
Levlzat',  Abb^,  .Jean  P.  V.  L.  de,  gram.,  dies. 
Maqiiet,  Augusta,  noTellBt,  born. 
Moreau,  Jean  Victor,  general,  A52. 
Napott^on  Victor,  Prince,  son  of  Prince  Napo- 
leon J(^r6me  and  Princess  Clotilde,  bom 

July  16. 
><arlK>nne-[<ara,  Comte  de,  Louis,  statesman, 

soldier,  A58. 
Pelletan,  Pierre  Clement  Eugene,  litterateur, 

born. 
Poniatowskl,    Prince,   Josef    Anton,    Polish 

general,  marshal,  A51. 
Troyon,  Constant,  painter,  l»om. 
Veiiillot,  Louis,  journalist,  author,  bom. 
1614*  •  Aubert,   L'Abb^    Jean   Louis,  poet, 

critic^  fabulist,  A83. 
Bernardin  de  Saint  Pierre,  Jacques  Henri, 

author,  A77. 
BoBsut,  Cliarles,  mathematician,  A84. 
Bougainville,  Louia  Antolne  de,  navigator, 

discoverer,  A85.  , 

Brasseur  de  liourhourg,  Charles  E.,  archeol- 

oglst,  born. 
Caveller,  Pierre  Jules,  sculptor,  bom. 
Chardon  de  la  Koebette,  Simon,  philologist, 

Hellenist,  A6I. 
Cl^siuger,  J.  II.  Angnste,  sculptor,  bom. 
D'Aglncourt,  Jean    Baptlste   Louis   Georg^ 

Seroux,  archeologist,  AH4. 
Salnte-Clalre-Devllle,  Charles,  geologist,  b. 


Aug.  12.  ATistria  declares  war  against 
France. 

Sept.  9.    Austria  coDcludes  an  alliance 

with  Russia  and  Prussia.    (See  p.  521.) 

Oct.  8.  Aust.  Treaty  of  Ried.  (See 
p.  521.) 

Oct.  19.  iSoxony. -The  defeat  of  Napo- 
leon at  Leipsic  has  important  political 
results. 

King  J^r5me  flees  from  Cassel ;  the 
kingdom  of  Westphalia  and  the  duchies 
of  Frankfort  and  Berg  are  abolished, 
while  Cassel,  Brunswick,  Hanover,  and 
Oldenburg  are  restored  to  their  former 
rulers. 

Nov.  6.    Napoleon  arrives  at  St.  Cloud. 
Nov,  8.    The  allies  propose  peace,  with 

the  Alps  and  the  Hhine  for  boundaries ; 

but  distrusting  Napoleon,  they  resolve 

to  press  the  war,  and  cross  the  Rhine. 
Nov.  *  The  Confederacy  of  the  Rhine 

vanishes. 


Wurtemberg,  Hesse- Darmstadt, 
Baden,  and  remaining  members  of  the 
Confederacy  of  the  Rhine,  withdraw. 

Ebelmen,  Jacques  Joseph,  chemist,  born.  ifov.  15.    Neth.    Holland   is    detached 

EsquiroB,  Henri  Alphonse,  novelist,  bora.  /  ^  France  bv  the  exnnlsion  of  French 

Faye,  Hervt^  Auguste  E.  A.,  astronomer,  b.    /    ^^""^  *  ranee  oy  ine  expulsion  oi  n  rencn 
Flsch,  George,  Swiss  Protestant  clergyman,  !>/      o 
Fremy,  Edmond,  cliemist,  born. 


Geoffroy,  Julien  I-K)ui8,  critic,  editor,  A71. 

GulUard,  Nicolas  Francois,  lyric  poet,  A62. 

Gulllotin,  Josepti  Ignace,  pliysician,  inventor 
guillotine,  A76. 

Jos6pfalne,  Marie  J.  R.  T.  de  la  Pagerle, 
empress,  A5i.  , 

La  lit^dolliere,  Emlle  GIgault  de,  litterateur, 
born. 

Nemours,  Due  de,  Lonis  Cliarles  Philippe  t»-_  o«  ti,« -m.^^  .,««««^o 'z-,™^^™  -mi^a 
KaphaSl  d'OrWns,  son  of  [King]  Louis  ^f.^'  26.  The  allies  possess  Zamosc,  Mod- 
Philippe,  born.  ^^  '!»'  find  Torgau. 


officials,  and  is  restored  to  the  House  of 
Orange. 

Nov.  21.    Prus.    The  allies  possess  Stet- 
tin. 

Nov,  *  Paris.    The  Senate  grants  the  em- 
peror a  fresh  levy  of  300,000  men. 
Dec.  5.    Ger.    The  allies  possess  XiUbec. 


Palissot  de  Montenoy,  Charles,  satirist,  A84. 
Pamy,  Evarlste  D68ir6  Desforges  de,  poet, 

A6L 
Ponsard,  Francois,  dramatist,  born. 
Roulier,  Eugene,  statesman,  born. 
Saisset,  Eniile  Edmond,  philosopher,  born. 
Simon,  Jules,  statesman,  born. 
Vlollet-le-Duc,  Eug6ne  E.,  architect,  bora. 

CHURCH. 

1813  *  ♦  Napoleon  extorts  important  con- 
cessions from  the  Pope  in  a  new  con- 
cordat. [Mar.  24.  Revoked  by  the 
Pope,    ;^^ar.  2'}.    Published  as  law.] 

1814  June  *  Louis  XVIII.  proclaims 
the  Roman  Catholic  religion  as  the 
religion  of  the  .State,  but  promises  toler- 
ation for  all  religions. 

LETTERS. 


Dec.  30.    The  allies  possess  Danzic. 

Paris.    Tlie  Legislative  Assembly  is 

prorogued  sine  die  because  of  a  petition 
for  political  rights. 

*  *  Sp.  The  French  are  nearly  all  driven 
out. 

1814    Jan.  12.    Saxoni^.    "Wittenburg 

is  possessed  by  the  allies  under  Tauen- 
zeiu. 

Jan.  25,  Paris.  Napoleon  departs,  after 
making  the  empress  his  regent. 

Feb.  5-Mar.  19.  Congress  of  Chatil- 
lon  on  the  Seine. 

The  allies  propose  to  make  the  boun- 
daries of  France  the  same  as  in  1792. 
The  discussion  is  made  fruitless  by  the 
dubious  and  haughty  conduct  of  Napo- 
leon. 
Mar.  12.  The  royal  banner  of  the  Bour- 
bons is  raised  at  Bordeaux. 
.  1813  *  *  On  the  Spirit  of  Conquest  and    Mar.  29.    Paris.  The  empress,  with  her 


Usurpation,  by  Benjamin  Constant  de 
Rebecque,  appears. 
1814*  *  Geographical  Descriptionof 
Egypt   under    the    Pharaohs,    by    Jean 
Fran9oi8  Champollion,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1814  May  4.  Napoleon  arrives  at 
Elba. 

*  *  The  term  Legitimists  is  applied  to 
those  who  support  the  royal  claims  of 
the  elder  branch  of  the  Bourbon  family. 

1815  Mar.  29.  Nai>ol^n  abolishes  the 
slave-trade. 

STATE. 
1813    June  15.    England  concludes  a 
subsidy  treaty  with  Prussia  and  Russia 
at  Keichenbach. 


infant  son,  flees  to  Blois. 

Apr.  2.  Paris.  The  Senate  decrees  that 
Napoldon  Bonaparte  has  forfeited  his 
throne  by  violating  the  rights  and  liber- 
ties of  the  people  and  the  laws  of  the 
Constitution. 

Apr.  6.  Napoleon  abdicates  in  favor 
of  his  son,  at  Fontainebleau,  naming  tlie 
empress  as  regent. 

The  Senate  founds  a  limited  monar- 
chy on  the  basis  of  the  French  and 
American  Constitutions,  with  Louis 
XVIII.  king. 

Apr.  11.  NapoWon  abdicates  uncon- 
ditionally. 

The  allies  give  him  the  sovereignty  of 
the  Island  of  Elba,  with  an  annual  in- 
come of  two  million  of  francs. 

July  5+,     Bohemia.     Fruitless   negotia-    Apr.  12.    Comte  d'Artois,  as  Ueutenant- 
tions  for  peace  are  made  at  Prague.  general,  enters  Paris, 


Apr.  28.  Napoleon  embarks  at  Frejus 
for  Elba.    [May  3.    He  arrives.] 

House  of  Bourbon  restored. 
May  3.    Paris.    Louis    XVI.'s    brother, 

Uomte  de  Provence,  first  appoints  his 
younger  brother,  the  Comte  d'Artois, 
vice-regent,  and  then  enters  Paris ;  he 
assumes  the  title  Louis  XVIII. 

1814-1824    Louis  XVm. 

May  30.  First  Peace  of  Paris  between 
France  and  the  allies,  including  Great 
Britain,  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia. 

Terms  :  France  to  resume  the  boundaries 
of  1792,  with  some  additions.  To  recognize 
the  independence  of  the  States  of  the  Seth- 
erlands,  as  enlarged,  also  all  German  and 
Italian  States,  and  Switzerland.  England 
restores  to  France  the  colonies  of  Tobago, 
St.  Lncia,  and  Isle  de  France,  but  to  re- 
tain Malta.  The  allies  remit  all  claims  for 
moneys  in  payment  of  supplies,  advances, 
etc.  France  promises  England  to  abolish 
the  slave-trade. 

June  4.  Paris.  The  king  proclaims  a 
liberal  Constitution. 

The  Senate  is  replaced  by  the  Chamber 
of  Peers,  who  are  nominated  by  the  king. 
Religious  liberty,  the  freedom  of  the 
press,  responsible  ministers,  and  non- 
removable judges  are  guaranteed;  the 
lower  house  is  to  be  elected  by  the  peo- 
ple. 

Sept.  *  -15    June  *   Aust.    Congress  of 

Vienna. 

Acts:  France  Is  reduced  to  the  boundaries 
of  1790,  and  restores  the  Austrian  and  Prus- 
sian monarchies.  The  Itingdoni  of  tlie  Neth- 
erlands is  formed,  comprising  tlie  former 
kingdom  of  Holland  and  Austrian  Helgiuiu. 
A  German  confederacy  is  created  to  suljsti- 
tute  the  Old  Empire;  it  comprises  y9  sover- 
eign States,  and  includes  four  free  cilies,  and 
to  be  under  the  leadership  of  Austria.  Rus- 
sia receives  the  greater  part  of  the  grand- 
duchy  of  Warsaw,  as  the  kingdom  of  Poland ; 
England  retains  Malta,  Heligoland,  part  of 
the  French  and  Dutch  colonies,  and  assumes 
the  protectorate  of  the  Kepubllc  of  tlie  Seven 
Ionian  Islands;  Sweden  retains  Korway,  and 
cedes  Lauenburg  to  indemnify  Denmark. 
The  cantons  of  .Switzerland  are  increased  to 
22.  The  old  dynasties  are  restored  in  Spain 
and  Sardinia  (the  latter  receives  Genoa), 
in  Tuscany,  in  Modena,  and  in  the  Papal 
States. 

*  *  Nice  is  tranferred  to  Sardinia. 

*  *  Corsica  is  finally  annexed  to  France. 
1815    Feb.  26.    Napoleon  escapes 

from  Elba. 
Mar.  1.    Napol6on  again  appears  in 
France:  he  lands  at  Cannes  with  1,500 
men. 

[He  marches  in  haste  to  Paris,  and  is 
welcomed  by  the  citizens  of  Lyons ; 
troops  are  sent  against  him,  but  they 
join  him.] 

Mar.  6.  Paris.  Louis  XVIII.  pro- 
claims Napoleon  to  be  a  traitor  and  a 
rebel,  entering  France  by  force  of  arms. 

Mar.  10.    Napol6on  enters  Lyons. 

Mar.  13.  A  ban  against  Napoleon  is 
proclaimed  by  the  sovereigns  of  Austria, 
Great  Britain,  Prussia,  Russia,  France, 
Spain,  Portugal,  and  Sweden. 

Mar.  19.  Paris.  Iiouis  XVUI.  leaves 
the  Tuileries  'at  the  approach  of  Napo- 
leon, and  fiees  to  Ghent. 

Mar.  20.  Paris.  Napol6on  enters  in 
triumph.  The  "Hundred  Days" 
commence. 

Mar.  25.  Aust.  The  powers  unite  in  an 
alliance  at  Vienna.    (See  p.  521.) 


I 


722    1815,  May  3-1821,^ 


FRANCE. 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1815  May  3.  It.  NeapolitansnnderMar- 
shal  Murat  are  defeated  at  Tolentino 
by  Austrians  uiider  Marshal  Bianchi. 

May  9.  Marshal  Soult  is  made  cqm- 
mander  of  the  whole  army.  [June  2. 
He  is  made  a  peer  of  France.] 

May  22.    Naples  is  captured. 

June  1,  In  seven  weeks  Napolfion  has 
reorganized  the  army,  and  secured 
217,000  men  under  arms,  besides  a 
superb  body  of  cavalry,  in  addition  to 
the  National  Guard  of  150,000  men. 

June  14.  Napoleon  crosses  the  Bel- 
gian frontier  with  115.500  men.  to  at- 
tack Wellington  and  Marshal  Blucher. 

June  16.  Belg.  Napol6on  defeats  the 
Prussians  under  Blucher  at  Ligny ;  Prus- 
sian loss,  12,000;  French,  8,000. 

The  Prince  of  Orange  repulses  the 
French  under  Marshal  Ney  at  Quatre 
Bras.  [Both  of  these  battles  are  pre- 
liminary to  Waterloo.] 

June  18.  BeJg.  Decisive  battle  of 
"Waterloo. 

NapoU'ion  commands  72,000t  French ; 
"Wellington,  67,000±  British,  Dutch,  and 
German  troops;  Marshal  Blucher,  50,- 
000±  Prussians,  who  appear  near  the 
close  of  the  battle  and  participate  in  it 
and  in  the  pursuit.  The  battle  lasts 
from  11.30  a.  m.  till  evening,  when  the 
allies  repel  the  charge  of  the  Old  Guard, 
and  the  combined  armies  advance 
against  the  French.  The  rout  is  com- 
plete. The  allies  lose  22,000±,  and  the 
French  2:1,000+,  besides  many  prisoners. 

Jtuie  25.  Napoleon  makes  his  fare- 
well address  to  his  soldiers. 

July  1.  Paris.  The  allies  arrive  before 
the  city.  [July  7.  It  is  surrendered  and 
entered.] 

July  15.  Napoleon,  having  failed  in  his 
attempt  to  escape  to  America,  surren- 
ders to  the  British.  Capt.  Maitland  of 
the  Bellerophnn  otf  Rochefort. 

Aug.  8.  Eng.  The  British  transfer  Na- 
poleon to  the  Northumberland  at  Tor- 
bay,  and  he  sails  for  St.  Helena. 

Aug.  18.  Valenciennes  is  surrendered 
to  the  Prussians. 

Oct.  13.  It.  Marshal  Murat  is  shot  at 
Pizzo,  after  trial  by  court-martial. 

Oct.  15.  Napoleon  arrives  at  St.  Helena 
[and  is  left  in  exile  for  life]. 

Paris.  The  Imperial  Guard  is  dis- 
solved by  Ijouis  XVUI. 

Dec.  7.  Paris.  Marshal  Ney  is  shot  as 
a  traitor  after  condemnation  by  tlie 
House  of  Peers,  in  a  trial  lasting  from 
Nov.  21  to  Dec.  6. 

*  *  Bandits  burn  Wimes,  plunder  and 
massacre  Bonapartists  and  Protestants 
alike. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

ISUQ**  Paris.  Rene  Theodore  Hya- 
cintheLaennec  invents  the  stethoscope, 

or  "  breast-explorer,"  the  principle  of 
which  is  now  termed  "  auscultation." 

1817  *  *  Baron  Cuvier's  Animal  King. 
(lorn  is  published. 

1818  Nov.  26.  «*Encke'8"  Comet  is 
discovered  by  Jean  Louis  Pons,  director 
of  the  Observatory  at  Marseilles  [but 
named  by  astronomers  after  Prof.  Jo- 
hann  Franz  Encke  of  Berlin  for  his 
success  in  detecting  its  orbit,  motions, 
and  perturbations]. 


*  *  A  Velocipede  is  invented  by  Joseph 
Nicephore  Niepce. 

*  ♦  Paris.  The  *'  dandy-horse,  or  Drai- 
sena,"  is  patented  for  the  Baron  von 
Bade,  commonly,  Drais  von  Sauerbron. 

1819  *  *  Andr^  Marie  Ampfere  conceives 
the  idea  of  applying  electro-magnetism 
to  the  telegraph. 

[1820.  He  invents  his  telegraphic 
arrangement,  employing  the  maj^netic 
needle  and  coil  and  the  galvanic  bat- 
tery.] 

1820  *  *  The  daguerreotyx>e,  a  picture 
formed  on  a  metallic  plate  by  the  chem- 
ical action  of  light,  is  invented  by  Louis 
Jacques  Mand4  Daguerre. 

*  *  Paris.  Percussion-cai)s  are  invented 
by  Bellot. 

*  *  Sloping  tramways  are  used. 

*  *  Quinine,  an  alkaloid,  is  discovered 
by  Pierre  Joseph  Pelletier  and  Joseph 
Bienaim^  Caventou. 

*  *  Francois  J.  D.  Arago  and  Pierre  Louis 
Dalong  experiment  on  the  elastic  force 
of  steam  at  different  temperatures. 

±  *  *  Dominique  F.  Arago  magnetizes  a 
needle  by  the  electric  current,  and  at- 
tracts iron  filings  by  the  connecting  wire 
of  a  galvanic  battery. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1815*  *  Abbadie,  Arnaud    Michel  d',  trav- 
eler, born. 

Rerthet,  Elie  Rertrand,  novelist,  horn. 

Berlhier,  Louis  Alexandre,  Prince  of  Wa- 
gram,  marshal,  A62. 

Blanc,  Auguste  Alexandre  Cbas.,  art  critic,  b. 

llrune,  Guillaunie  Marie  Anne,  marshal,  A52. 

Cahnon,  Marc  Antoine,  ecoiioiniBt,  born. 

Couture,  Thomas,  painter,  born. 

Flenry,  Emile  F.,  general,  statesman,  born. 

Krere,  Charles  Theodore,  painter,  born. 

Houssaye,  ArsiJne,  author,  born. 

l^l)6doyere,   Comte  de,  Cliarles   Angt^Iique 
Huchet,  general,  A2y. 

Millet,  Jean  Francois,  painter,  born. 

Miiller,  Charles  Louis,  painter,  born. 

Murat,  Joachim,   King^  of  Naples,  mar- 
shal, executeii  Oct.  13,  A44. 

Ney,  Michel,  Prince  de  la  Moskwa,  Due 
d'Elchingen,  marshal,  executeii,  A-16. 

Pape-Carpentier,  Marie,  educator,  born. 

Pliilipl)oteaux,  F*^lix  Emmanuel  Henri,  his- 
torical painter,  born. 

8ch6rer,   Edniond   Henri  Ailolphe,  Protes- 
tant clergyman,  critic,  statesman,  born. 

Trochu,  Louis  Jules,  general,  born. 

ViUers,  Charles  Francois  Dominique  de,  phi- 
losopher, A50t. 
1816*  *  Augereau,    Pierre,    Due    de    Casti- 
glione,  marshal,  A59.  , 

Beaumont-Vassy,  Vicomte  de,  Edouard  F.  de 
la  Bonniere,  historian,  born. 

Bosquillon,  Edouard  Francois  IMarie,  physi- 
cian, scholar,  A72. 

Bourbaki,  Charles  Denis  Sauter,  general,  b. 

Dejoux,  Claude,  sculptor,  AS5. 

Delauny,  Charles  E.,  astronomer,  bom. 

De  Trobriand,  Philip  K^gis,  French  colonel 
U.  S.  A.,  born. 

Ducis,  Jean  Francois,  poet,  dramatist,  A83, 

Gerhardt,  Charles  Fr^d^ric,  chemist,  born. 

Gervais,  Paul,  naturalist,  born. 

Glgnoux,  Fran»,-oi8  Kegis,  painter,  bom. 

Ginguen^,  I'ierre  Louis,  critic,  author,  A68. 

Guyton  de  Morveau,  Louis  Bernard,  chemist, 
scientific  wTiter,  A79. 

T^farge,  Marie  C.,  poisoner,  bom. 

La  Gu^ronniere,  Arthur  de,  Bonapartist, 
political  writer,  born. 

Millevoye,  Charles  Hubert,  poet,  A34. 

Millet,  Aim^,  sculptor,  born. 

Roland,  Philip,  sculptor,  A70. 
1817  *  *  Abovill^,  Fran<;oi8  M.,  general,  AH". 

Chabas,  Franc  Joseph,  Egvptologist,  born. 

Cboiseul-Gouftter,  Conite  de,  3i.  t^iabriel  F., 
traveler,  author,  A65. 

Daubigny,  Charles  Francois,  painter,  born. 

Ducrot,  Auguste  Alexandre,  general,  born. 

Dupr6,  (iiovanni,  Franco-Italian  sculptor,  b. 

Feval,  Paul  Henri  Corenlin,  novelist,  b. 

Gerard,  Jules  Cecile  Hasile,  '*  Lion-Killer," b. 

Larousse,  Pierre,  editor,  author,  born. 

Lef6bUFe-W61y,  Louis  J.  .\.,  composer,  bora. 


UassSna,  Andr^,   Due  de  Rivoll,   Prince 

d'Essling,  marshal,  A59. 
Maury,  Louis  Ferdinand  Alfred,  antiq.,wr.,b. 
Waury,  Jean  Siffrein,  cardinal,  poL,  A7L 
M6hnl,  Etienne  Henri,  composer,  A52. 
Messier,  Charles,  asironomer,  A«7. 
Mocquard,  private  sec.  to  Kai)olet»n,  d,  Dec.  9. 
Stael-Holstein,  Baronne  de,  Anne  Loulaa 

Gennaine,  author,  ASl. 
Koc'het,  Louis,  sculptor,  bom. 
Taillandier,  Ken6  G.  E.,  philosopher,  critic, b. 
Wurtz,  Cliarles  Adolphe,  chemist,  born. 
Yvon,  Adolphe,  liistorical  painter,  burn. 
Zaecoue,  Pierre,  novelist,  born, 

1818  *  *  Beaurepaire-Kohau,  Ueuri  de,  trav- 
eler, horn. 

Bertnmd  de  Molleville,  Marquis,  Antoine 
Frani^ois,  statesman,  A74. 

Brown-Stiquard,  Edouard,  physiologist,  b. 

Deville,  Henri  Etieime  Sainte-Claire,  chemist, 
bom. 

Douay,  F^lix  Charles,  general,  bora. 

Faldherbe,  Louis  L.  C,  general,  writer,  bOHL 

Fanniere,  Fram^ois  Auguste,  engr.,  carver,  b. 

Janet,  Ange  Louis,  painter,  born. 

Joinville,  I*rince  de,  Fran<;oi8  Ferdinand 
I'liilippe  Louis  Marie  d'OrU^ans,  adni.,  b. 

Levgqiie,  Jean  Charles,  philosopher,  born. 

Lom^nie,  Louis  Leonard  <le,  author,  born. 

Millin,  Aubin  Louis,  anti(iuary,  natural.,  A59. 

Monge,  Gaspard,  Comte  de  Pt-luze,  geometer, 
A72. 

Pf^rignon,  Marquis  de,  Dominique  Catherine, 
marshal,  A64. 

Roumauille,  Joseph,  Provencal  poet,  bora. 

Thouvenel,  Edouard,  Antoine,  politician,  di- 
plomatist, born. 

T'bicini,  Jean  Henri  Abdolonyme,  author,  b, 

June  17.  Oounod.  Charles  Fran(;oi3,  musi- 
cal composer,  born. 

1819  *  *  Billaud-Varennes,  Jean  N.,  Jacobin, 
A63. 

Carre,  Michel,  author,  bom. 
Cost6,  Jean  F.,  physician,  WTiter,  A78. 
Courbet,  Gustave,  painter,  born. 
Fizeau,  Hippolyte  Louis,  mathematician,  b. 
Figuier,  Louis  Guiliaume,  author,  born. 
Foucault,  L^on,  natura.1  philosopher,  born. 
Fournier,  :^douard,  litterateur,  born. 
Frere,  Pierre  Edward,  painter,  born. 
Gramont,  Due  de,  Antoine  A.  A.,  states.,  b. 
Jalabert,  Charles  Francois,  painter,  bora. 
Lenoir,  L'Abb6,  Charles  P61age,  author,  b. 
Offenbach,  Jacques,  comp.  of  comic  operas,  b. 
Vacquerie,  Auguste,  dramatist,  poet,  bora. 
Vapereau,  Louis  Gustave,  biographer,  bom. 

1820  *  •  Augier,  Guiliaume  V.  E.,  dramatist, 
poet,  born. 

Bachelet,  Jean  Louis  Theodore,  historian,  b. 

Becquerel,  Alexandre  Edmond,  physicist,  b. 

Berry,  or  Berri,  Due  de,  Charles  F.  d'ArtoU, 
son  of  Charles  X.,  A42. 

Castille,  Charles  Hlppolyte,  novelist,  politi- 
cal writer,  bom. 

Chambord,  Comte  de,  Henri  C.  F.  M.  D. 
d'Artoia,  head  of  elder  brunch  of  Bourbon 
dynasty,  born. 

Coquerel,  Athanase  Josu^,  rationalistic  cl.,b. 

Dubufe,  Edouard,  portrait  painter,  born. 

ForcAde-Laroquelte,  Jean  L.  L.  D.  de,  states- 
man, born. 

Foucli6,  Joseph,  Due  d'  Otranto,  miuister  of 
police,  A57. 

Fromentin,  Eugene,  painter,  bora. 

Gallait,  Jean  Pierre,  author,  A64. 

Kellermann.  Due  de  Valuiy,  Franijoia 
Christojilie,  marshal,  A85. 

Leconte  de  Lisle,  Charles  Marie,  poet.  b. 

]Leiebvre  Francois  J.,  Due  de  Dautzic, 
marshal,  A65. 

Montyon,  J.  B.  Robert  Auget  de,  phUan- 
thropist,  A87. 

Merode,  Frant;ois  de,  R.  C.  prelate,  philan.,b. 

Rachel,  Elisabeth  Rachel  Felix,  tnxg.  actor,  b. 

Tallien,  Jean  Lambert,  revolutionist.  ASl. 

Tb^nard,  Arnould  I'aul  Edmond,  chemist,  b. 

Vechte,  Antoine,  goliisniith,  born. 

Volney.  Comte  de.  Constant  in  Francois 
Chassebff'uf,  philosopher,  trav.,  au.,  A(i3. 

Zeller,  Jules  Svlvain.  historian,  born. 

1821  *  *  Allart',  Mary  Gay,  novelist,  A7l. 
Baudrillart,  Henri,  economist,  bora. 
Baudelaire,  Charles,  jioet,  born. 
Beuraonville,  Marquis  tie,  Pierre  de  Ruel, 

marshal,  statesman,  Aij9. 
May  5.    Bonaparte.  Napol6on.  em]>eror, 

greatest  general  of  motlern  times,  Ah2. 
Broglie,  Due  de.  J.  V.  Albert,  author,  born. 
Cadet    de   (Jassicoiu-t,   Charles   L.,  chemist, 

philosopher,  A52. 
Carron,  Gui  Toussaint  Julien,  cL,  writer,  Abl. 
Feydeau,  Ernest  Aim^,  author,  bora. 
Flaul»ert,Gustave,noveli8l,  born. 
Fonlanes,  Marquis  de,  Louis,  author,  A64. 
Hauiou,  Jean  Louis,  pabiter,  bom. 


FRANCE. 


1815,  May  3-1821,**.    723 


CHURCH. 

1815  May  5-14.  The  Catholics  mas- 
sacre the  Protestants  at  Niiues  for  nine 
days. 

1816  Nov.  15.  Paris.  The  bells  of 
Notre  Dame  are  formally  baptized  by 
the  uame  of  the  Duke  of  Angouleme. 

*  *  The  Waldensian  Bible  Society  is  or- 
ganized at  La  Tour. 

1817  *  *  The  Apostolic  Congregation  ob- 
tains a  concordat  from  the  Pope,  revok- 
ing that  of  ISOl,  and  substituting  that 
of  1516  for  it. 

1818  *  *  Paris.  The  Protestant  Bible 
Society  is  organized. 

1820  *  *  A  great  revival  commences  in 
the  Protestant  churches. 

LETTERS. 

1815  *  *  L' Independent  is  Issued  [which 
shortly  becomes  Le  Constitutionnet], 

*  *-18*  *  Le<;onsdephilo8ophie,  by  Pierre 
Laromiguieri,  appears. 

*  *  -33  *  *  Songs,  by  Pierre  J.  de  Beran- 
ger,  appear. 

1816  *  ♦  -21  *  *  Elements  de  la  gram- 
maire  romaine,  and  La  Choix  des  poisies 
originales  des  Troubadours,  by  Hay^ 
uouard,  appear. 

*  *  Annates  de  Chimie  et  de  Physique, 
a  monthly  journal  of  science,  is  com- 
menced by  Francois  J.  D.  Arago  and 
Joseph  Louis  Gay-Lussac. 

*  *  Treatise  on  Experimental  Physics  and 
Mathematics,  by  Birot,  appears. 

*  *  Une  Xuit  de  Garde  Nationale  and 
Flore  et  Ziphire,  by  Scribe,  appear. 
[1817,  The  Solicitor.] 

*  *  Paris.  The  French  Academy  is  re- 
organized. 

It  is  composed  of  40  members,  elected 
for  life,  after  personal  application  and 
the  submission  of  their  nomination  to 
the  head  of  the  State.  It  is  "  the  high- 
est autliority  on  questions  relating  to 
language,  grammar,  rhetoric,  and  po- 
etry, and  the  publication  of  the  French 
classics." 

1817  *  *  History  of  Painting  in  Italy,  and 
Lives  of  Haydn,  Mozart,  and  Metas- 
tasio,  by  Marie  Henri  Beyle,  appear. 

*  *-23*  *  Essay  on  Indifference  in  the 
Matter  of  Religion,  by  Lamennais,  ap- 
pears. [1819-35,  Essays  on  Jieligion  and 
Philosophy.] 

1818  *  *  MHanges  de  LittSrature,  and 
Philoftophy  of  the  ISth  Century,  by  An- 
dr(^  Morellet,  appear. 

*  *  Mhnoires  et  correspondance  de  Ma- 
dame de  la  Live  d'Epinay,  appears. 

*  *  Considerations  sur  la  revolution  fran- 
Qaise,  by  Madame  de  Stael,  appears. 
[1821,  Dix  Annies  d^exil  and  Essais 
dramatigues.] 

*  *  Selmours  et  Florian,  and  La  Tour  de 
Faveur,  by  Emile  Deschamps,  appear. 

*  ♦  Jean  Sbogar,  by  Nodier,  appears. 
[1819,  Th^rHe;  1820,  Picturesque  and  Ro- 
mantic Travels  in  Ancient  Frajice.] 

*  *  -20  *  •  La  Minerve  Fran^aise  is  is- 
sued. 

*  *  -20  *  *  liibliotheque  Historique  is  is- 
sued. 

*  *-22*  *  Anatomical  Philosophy, \\yf^t\- 
enne  Geolfroy  Saint-IIillaire,  appears. 

*  *  23  *  *  Rorgnis'  Dictionnaire  Meca- 
nique  appliquSe  aux  Arts,  appears. 

1819  *  *  Le  Conservateur  Litth-aire  is 
founded  by  Victor  Hugo. 

*  *  Free  Meditations  of  a  Recluse,  by  Se- 
nancour,  appears. 

*  •  Du  pape,  bv  J.  M.  Maistre,  appears. 
[1821,  De  Vegiiae  gallicane  and  Soirees 
de  Saint  petersbourg .] 


*  *  Panhypocrisiade,  by  L.  J.  N.  Lemer- 
cier,  appears.     [Later,  the  Atlantiade.] 

*  *  Les  V&prcs  siciliennes,  by  J.  F.  C.  De- 
lavigne,  appears.  [1821,  Le  Paria^  Les 
Comiditns,  and  La  Varsovienne.] 

1820  *  *  Researches  into  the  Tartar  Lan- 
guages, by  Jean  P.  A.Remusat,  appears. 
[1^2,  Elements  of  the  Chinese  Grammar.] 

*  *  L'Ours  et  le  Pacha,  by  Scribe,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Georgette,  by  Charles  Paul  de  Kock, 
appears. 

*  ♦  Marie  Stuart,  by  Le  Brun,  appears. 
[1821,  Po^me  lyrique  sur  la  mort  de  Na- 
poUon;  1828,  Voyage  en  Grcce.] 

*  *  Meditations,  by  Lamartine,  appears. 

1821  *  *  Giisfavp,  on  le  mauvais  sujet, 
by  Charles  Paul  de  Kock,  appears.  f)S22, 
Mon  voisin  Raymond  ;  1825,  Andre  le  Sa- 
voyard:  1826,  J^e  barbier  de  Paris.] 

*  *  -44  *  *  Histoire  des  Franqais,  by  Sis- 
mondi,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1815  June  20.  Paris.  Napoleon 
returns  from  Waterloo  after  his  defeat. 
[Julys.  He  arrives  at  Rochefort, seek- 
ing passage  to  America.] 

Dec.  20.    Count  Lavalette,  condemned 

to  death  for  joining  Napoleon,  escapes 
from  prison  disguised  in  his  wife's 
clothes.    [His  wife  loses  her  reason.] 

1816  Jan.  21.  Twenty-three  years  after 
his  execution  public  mourning  is  gen- 
erally observed  on  account  of  the  death 
of  Louis  XVI. 

*  *  Paris.    A  peace  society  is  formed. 
1820    Feb.  13.     Paris.     The  Due  de 

Berry,  second  son  of  the  Comte  d'Ar- 
tois,  is  assassinated  by  Louvel,  an  anti- 
Bourbon  Radical. 

STATE. 

1815  May  21.  Paris.  K"apol€on  pub- 
lishes "  An  Act  Additional  to  the  Consti- 
tutions of  the  Empire,'*  being  a  conces- 
sion to  the  Liberal  party. 

June  22 .  Napoleon  abdicates  in  favor 
of  his  son. 

June  29.  Napoleon  at  Rochefort 
vainly  seeks  to  escape  to  America. 

July  3.  Paris.  A  convention  is  signed 
at  St,  Cloud,  by  which  Paris  is  to  be 
surrendered  to  the  allies  within  three 
days. 

July  7.  Paris.  The  French  army  (150,- 
000)  withdraws,  and  the  allies  enter. 

July  8.  Paris.  Second  Hestoration 
of  the  Bourbons.  Louis  XV  ill,  re- 
enters Paris ;  Talleyrand  is  chief  min- 
ister. 

July  15,  Napoleon  throws  himself  on 
the  generosity  of  England  by  placing 
himself  in  its  power ;  he  surrenders 
himself  to  Capt.  Maitland  of  the  Jielle- 
rophon. 

July  *  The  troops  of  the  allies  are  dis- 
persed through  the  provinces. 

Aug.  19,  Gen.  Labedoy^re  is  shot  as  a 
traitor, 

Sept.  *  Paris.    Talleyrand  resigns   his 

office. 
Sept.  15-18    Dec.  29.    Paris.    Ministry 

of  the  Due  de  Richelieu. 

Sept.  26.  The  Holy  Alliance  is  found- 
ed.   (Seep.  521.) 

Oct.  15.  //.  Gen.  Murat,  a  brother-in- 
law  of  Napoldon,  and  the  ex-king  of  Na- 
ples, is  shot  for  treason,  after  trial  by  a 
court-martial. 


Oct.  16.  Napoleon  arrives  at  St.  He- 
lena, an  island  of  the  South  Atlantic, 
1,200  miles  west  of  Africa  and  1800  miles 
east  of  South  America  [where  he  re- 
mains in  exile  the  remainder  of  bis  life 
—  five  and  a  half  years]. 

Nov.  20.    Second  Peace  of  Paris, 

Terms:  France  is  reduced  nearly  to  the 
limits  of  17f*0;  it  surrenders  four  frontier 
fortresses  to  the  German  Confederation  and 
Saarbriicken  to  Prussia.  Her  possession  in 
Savoy  is  ceded  to  Sardinia.  The  fortress  of 
Huningen  to  be  demolished.  Seventeen  for- 
tresses on  the  northern  frontier  are  to  be 
garrisoned  for  Ave  years  by  the  allies  at  the 
expense  of  France.  An  indemnity  of  700,- 
000,000  francs  is  to  be  paid  to  the  allies,  for 
the  expenses  of  the  war.  Also  the  art  treas- 
ures requisitioned  by  Napoleon  from  various 
countries  are  to  be  restored. 

Dec.  7.  Paris.  Marshal  Ney  Is  shot  as 
a  traitor,  he  having  deserted  to  Napo- 
leon. 

1816  Jan.  12.    PaHs.    The  law  of 

amnesty  is  passed,  forever  excluding 
the  family  of  NapoMon  from  the  terri- 
tory of  France. 

1817  *  *  A  new  election  law  places  the 
elective  power  chiefly  in  the  hands  of 
the  small  proprietors  and  the  bour- 
geoisie. 

*  *  The  people  are  divided  into  numerous 

parties. 

The  Court  party  advocates  the  old  mon- 
archical, government,  and  it  is  led  by  Riche- 
lieu; the  I>octrinaires  advocate  a  constitu- 
tional monarchy  with  a  strong  administra- 
tion, they  are  led  by  (iuizot;  the  Legitimists 
hold  to  the  Bourbon  line,  and  are  led  by  I>e- 
cazes;  the  Liberals,  whose  leaders  are  F^rier 
and  Lafayette;  and  Republicans  who  cling 
to  the  Bonapartes. 

1818  Oct.  0.  The  Congress  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle. 

The  great  powers  resolve  to  with- 
draw the  army  of  occupation  from 
France. 
Dec.  29-19  Nov.  *  Paris.  The  Minis- 
try of  Dessoles-Decazes.  [1819,  Nov. 
10  to  1820.    Feb.  *    Decazes.J 

*  *  *  Kise  of  the  Independents  (Liber- 
als and  Anti-Bourbons). 

*  *France  joins  the  **  Holy  Alliance." 

1820  Feb.  13.  Paris.  Charles  Ferdi- 
nand, Due  de  Berry,  the  second  nephew 
of  Louis  XVIIL,  is  assassinated  by  Lou- 
vel, an  anti-Hourbon  radical. 

Feb.  20.  Decazes  retires  from  the  Min- 
istry. 

He  is  succeeded  by  the  Due  de  Riche- 
lieu, an  Ultra-Royalist,  as  premier.  The 
restriction  of  the  freedom  of  the  press 
and  of  elections  follows. 

Sept.  20.  Birth  of  Henry  Charles  Ferdi- 
nand, Comte  deChambord,  Due  de  Bor- 
deaux, posthumous  son  of  the  Due  de 
Berry.   "  Henry  V.  *' ;  "  Europe's  Child.'* 

Nov.  *  The  new  laws  secure  a  large  ma- 
jority for  the  government  (Ultra-Royal- 
ists) in  the  general  election. 

1821  J&n,  *  Aust.  The  Laibach  Con- 
gress meets.     (See  p.  521 .) 

May  5.  Napoleon  I.  dies  at  Longwood, 
St.  Helena. 

Dec.  13-28  Jan,  4.  Paris.  The  Due 
de  Richelieu  resigns  his  office  [and  is 
succeeded  by  Comte  de  Villfele,  an  Ul- 
tra Royalist,  as  premier]. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1819*  *  Paris.    Gaslight  is  introduced 


724    1821,**-1830,  Dec.  21. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1823  Apr,  7.  An  army  of  100,000  men 
under  the  Due  d'Angoul^me  enters 
Spaiu  to  suppress  the  Constitutional 
party.    [May  24.    Arrives  at  Madrid.] 

Aug.  31.  Sp.  The  French  defeat  the 
Spaniards  at  Cadiz.  [Oct.  *  Cadiz  is 
surrendered.] 

1827  Apr.  13.  The  National  Guard  is 
dissolved  by  the  king. 

Oct.  *  France  unites  with  Qreat  Britain 
and  Russia  in  sending  a  squadron  against 
the  Turkish  fleet  for  the  protection  of 
Greece. 

Oct.  30.  Gr.  The  Turkish  fleet  is  an- 
nihilated at  the  battle  of  Navarino  by 
the  allied  fleet  under  Sir  Edward  Cod- 
rington. 

18284- *  ♦'War  with  Algeria.  (Algeria, 
p.  8.) 

*  *  Spring,  Gr.  The  Turks  evacuate 
the  Idorea,  and  the  French  army  occu- 
pies it. 

1830  July  27-29.  Pans.  The  war  of 
the  barricades  occurs. 

July  29.  Charles  X.  reestablishes  the 
National  Guard ;  Lafayette  becomes 
its  commander,    [Nov.  26.    He  resigns.] 

July  31.  Louis  Philippe,  Due  d'Or- 
l^ans,  is  made  lieutenant-general. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1822  *  *  The  diorama  is  invented  by 
Louis  Jacques  Mand^  Daguerre  ana 
Bouton. 

1826  *  *  Bromin  is  discovered  by  An- 
toine  J^rArne. 

*  *  The  Death  of  Queen  Elizabeth  is 
painted  by  Paul  Delaroche. 

*  *  Apotheosis  of  Homer  is  painted  by  Jean 
Auguste  Dominique  Ingres. 

1827  *  *  Jean  Civiale  receives  a  prize  of 
6,000  and  10,000  francs  for  liis  method  of 
operation  in  lithotrity.  [1829.  He  re- 
ceives another  prize  of  10,000  francs.] 

*  *  A  turbine  is  invented  by  BenoitFour- 
neyron. 

±  *  *  Joseph  Nic^phore  Niepce  gives  spe- 
cimens of  photogalvanography,  the  art 
of  producing  engravings  by  the  action  of 
light  and  electricity. 

1828  Feb.  29.  Daniel  Auber's  opera, 
Muette  di  I'orticij  is  produced  at  the 
Grand  Opera. 

Apr.  11±.  Paris.  The  use  of  the  omni- 
bus is  revived. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1831*  *  Jobb6-Duval,    Armand    M.    F^lix, 

painter,  b. 
Rock,  Henri  de,  novelist,  bom. 
Marietta,   Auguste    Edoiiard,  archeologist, 

Egyptologist,  born. 
M6ryon,  (Charles,  etcher,  bom. 
Plcard,  Krnest,  statesman,  bom. 
Robin,  Charles  I'hilippe,  anatomist,  micro- 

seopist,  bom. 
Viardot,  M  ichelle  Pauline  Garcia,  actor,  bom. 
Ziem,  Felix,  painter,  bom. 

1823  •  *  Aumale,  Due  d',  Henri  E.  P.  L.  d' 
Orli^ans,  general,  son  of  Louis  Philippe^  b. 

Barbier,  Paul  Jules,  dramatist,  bom. 
Barrias,  Ftilix  Joseph,  artist,  bom. 
Berthollet,  Claude  Louis,  chemist,  A74. 
Bonaparte,  Napoleon  Joseph  Charles  Paul, 

son  of  Jt'tdme,  bom. 
Bonheur,  Uosalie,  painter,  bom. 
Calraels,  Anatole  C^lestin,  sculptor,  bpm. 
Campan,  Jeanne  L.  H.  J.,  educa.,  au.,  A70. 
Clement,  F^lix,  composer,  bom. 
Delambre,  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph,  astron.,  ATS. 
Dn  Camp,  Maxime,  critic,  author,  bom. 


Erckmann,  Emlle,  lltt^rateiu",  bom. 

Fanniere,  Fram.-ois  Joseph,  engr.,  carver,  b. 

Fauvelet,  Jean  Haptiste,  painter,  bom. 

Galin,  Pierre,  musician,  A36. 

Got,  Francois  Jules  Edmond,  comedian,  b. 

Gouvy.  Thtiodore,  musical  composer,  bora. 

Halle,  Jean  Noel,  physician,  .\68. 

Hauy,  Ken^  Just,  mineralogist,  A79. 

Masst^,  Victor,  composer,  bom. 

Pasteur,  Louis,  biologist,  bom. 

Perrens,  Frasi^is  Tommy,  historian,  bom. 

Sicard,  Roch  Ambroise  Cucuiron,  deaf-nmte 
teacher,  A80. 

Zier,  Victor  (.'asiniir,  painter,  bom. 
1823  *  *  Agier,  Pierre  Jean,  judge,  .\75. 

Alm^ras,  Baron,  liOuis,  general,  A55. 

.\vrigny,  Charles  Joseph  Lteuillard  d',  A63. 

BanviUe,  Th^oilore  Faullam,  poet,  l>orn. 

Cahanel,  Alexandre,  historical  pa.inler,  born. 

Carnot.  Lazare  Nicolas  Marguerite,  military 
administrator,  strategist,  A 70. 

Chanzy,  Antoine  E.  A.,  general,  bom. 

Charles,  Jacques  Alexandre  C^sar,  electri- 
cian, A77. 

Chaussard,  Pierre  Jean  B.,  author,  A57. 

Cluseret,  Gustave  Paul,  soldier,  bom. 

Davout,  Louis  Nicolas,  Prince  d'Eckmiihl, 
Due  d'Auerstadt,  marshal,  AdS. 

Delalande,  Pierre  Antoine,  naturalist,  trav- 
eler, A  36. 

Dumouriez.  Charles  Fran^oiB,  republican 
general,  A 84. 

Humbert,  Joseph  Amable,  general,  A68t. 

Janet,  Paul,  philosopher,  born. 

Morin,  Fr^d^ric,  writer,  born. 

Prevost,  Pierre,  painter  of  panoramas,  A59. 

Renan.  Joseph  Bmeete.  orientalist,  critic, 
philosopher,  born. 
1834*  *  Bausset,  Louis  F.  de,  cardinal,  au- 
thor, A  7  6. 

Beauhamais,  Eugene  de,  stepson  of  Napo- 
leon 1.,  A43. 

Boiste,  Pierre  Claude  Victoire,  lexicog.,  A59. 

Cambae^r^s,  Due  de,  Jean  Jacques  Regis, 
statesman,  jurist,  A67. 

Chabrillan,  C.  V.  de,  Comtesse  de  Moreton, 
circus  rider,  author,  born. 

Ch6ri,  Rose  Marie  Cizos,  actor,  bom. 

Colani,  Timoth6e,  Protestant  cl.,  critic,  bom. 

Dumas,  Alexandre,  fls,  novelist,  dram.,  b. 

Duvaucel,  Alfred,  naturalist,  .\32. 

Fremiet,  Emmanuel,  sculittor,  horn. 

G6r6me,  Jean  Leon,  painter,  bom. 

G6ricauit,  Jean  Louis  Theodore  Andr6,  pain- 
ter, A  34. 

Girodet  Trioson,  Anne  Louis,  painter,  A57. 

Joubert,  Joseph,  moralist,  A70. 

Lacretelle,  Pierre  Louis  de,  lawyer,  %vr.,  A73. 

Lebrun,  Due  de.  Charles  Fran90ls  Fia- 
c«nza,  statesman,  author,  A85. 

Louis  XVIII..  king,  A69. 

Maine  de  Biran,  Marie  Francois  Pierre  Gon- 
thter,  metaphysician,  A58. 

Montpensier,  Due  de,  A.  M.  P.  L.  d'Orl^ans, 
5th  son  of  Louis  Philipi)e,  bom. 

Picou,  Henri  Pierre,  painter,  bom. 

Pressensti,  Edmond  I),  de,  Protestant  theo- 
logian, orator,  statesman,  bom. 

VaiUant,  Fran<;oi8  I^,  traveler,  natural.,  A71. 

1835  *  *  Baert,  Baron  de,  Alexandre  Baltha- 
sar  Francjois  de  Paule,  senator,  author,  A75. 

Barbier,  Antoine  Alexandre,  bibliog.,  ABO. 

Courier  de  M^r«5,  Paul  Louis,  polit.  wr.,  A63 1. 

David,  Jacques  Louis,  painter,  A77. 

Denon,  Dominique  Vlvant,  artist,  au.,  A78. 

Dufrenoy,  Adelaide  Gillette  Billet,  poet,  A60. 

Dupaty,  Charles  Mercier,  sculptor,  A64. 

Ferrand,  Comte,  Antoine  Frant;ois  Claude, 
author,  A74. 

Foy,  Maximilien  S^bastien,  general,  A50. 

Garnier,  Jean  L.  C,  architect,  born. 

Habert,  Baron,  Pierre  Joseph,  general,  A52. 

Lac6p6de,  Comte  de,  Bernard  G.  S.  de  la 
Ville,  naturalist,  A69. 

Monselet,  Charles,  novelist,  born. 

Ollivier,  ^mile,  advocate,  politician,  born. 

Oppert,  Jules,  orientalist,  Iporn. 

Salnt-Sixnon,  Comte  de,  Claude  Henri,  so- 
cialist, philosopher,  A63. 

1836  •  *  AUemand,  Zacharie  J.  T.,adm.,  A64. 
ISeUot,  Joseph  Ren^.  naval  officer,  born. 
Beule,  Charles  Ernest,  archeologist,  pol.,  b. 
Boissy  d'Anglas,   Francois  Antoine,  states- 
man, A70. 

Chambon  de  Montaux,  Nicolas,  phys,,  A78. 

Chatrian,  Alexandre,  litterateur,  born. 

S^ug^nie,  empress,  wife  of  Napoleon  III.,  b. 

Godefroy,  Fr^d^ric,  lexicographer,  born. 

Joubert,  Leo,  critic,  author,  born. 

Laenn^c,  Ren^  Theodore  Hyacinthe,  physi- 
cian, A  45. 

Latitte,  Jean,  privateer.  A46i:. 

Landon,  Charles  Paul,  painter,  writer  on  art, 
A  66.       , 

Lantier,  Etienne  Frantjois  de,  author. 

Oberlin,  Jean  Fr6d6rlc,  philanthropist,  re- 
former, A  86. 


Pinel,  Philippe,  physician,  alienist,  A81. 

Suchet,  Louis  Gabriel,  Due  d'Albufera,  mar- 
shal, A. 56. 

Talma,  Fran(;ois  Joseph,  actor,  A63. 

Waddington,  William  Henri,  archeologist, 
statesman,   born. 

1837  *   *  AUier,  Louis,  numismatist,  A61. 
Bail,  Charles  Joseph,  statist,  A50. 
Breton,  Jules  A.  A.  L.,  painter,  l)om. 
Cassas,  Louis  Fran(;ot8,  painter,  arch.,  A71. 
Caulaineourt,  Armand  Augustin  Louis  de, 

otficer,  diplomatist,  A54. 

Fresnel,  Augustin  Jean,  optician,  geonietri- 
cian,  A  39. 

Gidel,  Charles  Antoine,  author,  born. 

Laplace,  Pierre  Simon,  astronomer,  math- 
ematician, A78. 

La  Rocbefoucauld-Liancourt,  Due  de, 
Fran<;ols  A.  F.,  philanthropist,  AnO. 

Loyson,  Charles,  Pere  Hyacinthe,  pulpitora- 
tor,  born. 

Manuel,  Jacques  Antoine,  pol.,  ora.,  AS2. 

1838  *  *  About,  Edmond  Francois  Valen* 
tin,  author,  born. 

Abrail,  Comte,  Andre-Joseph,  lawyer,  A78. 

Andreossi,  Comte,  Antoine  Frati(,-ots,  mili- 
tary engineer,  A  67. 

Baudry,  Paul  Jacques  Aime,  painter,  born. 

Bosc,  Louis  Augustin  GuUiaume,  natural- 
ist, A  69. 

Cerisier,  Antoine  Marie,  historian,  A79. 

Chanssier,  Fran(;oia,  anatomist,  A  82. 

Damas,  Fran(;ois  Etienne,  general,  A64. 

Faure,  Constance  C.  Lefebvre,  vocalist,  b. 

Frant^ois  de  Neufchateau,  Comte,  Nicolas 
Louis,  writer,  politician,  A78. 

Frochot,  Comte,  Nicolas  Therese  Benoit,  ad- 
ministrator, A71±. 

Houdon,  Jean  Antoine,  sculptor,  A82. 

Lanfrey,  Pierre,  historian,  born. 

Lauriston,  Martjuis  de,  Jacques  Alexandre 
Bernard  Law,  marshal,  A60. 

Picard,  Louis  Benoit,  dramatist,  A59. 

Taine,  Hippolyte  Adolphe,  historian,  phi- 
losopher, critic,  born. 

Verne,  Jules,  author,  born. 

1839  *  *  Athenas,  Pierre  Louis,  rural  econo- 
mist, A77. 

Auger,  Louis  Simon,  critic,  writer,  A67. 

Barras,  Paul  Fran9ois  J.  N.  de,  states- 
man, A74. 

Cavaignac,  Jean  Baptiste,  revolutionist,  A67. 

i>aru,  Comte  Pierre  Antoine  Noel  Bruno, 
statesman,  writer,  A62. 

Dubois-Plgalle,  Paul,  sculptor,  born. 

Gail,  Jean  Baptiste,  Hellenist,  author,  A74. 

Lamarck,  Chevalier  de,  Jean  Baptiste 
Pierre  Antoine  de  Monet,  natural.,  A85. 

Lameth,  Comte  de,  Alexandre  Theodore  Vio- 
tor,  revolutionist,  A69. 

Monnier,  Marc,  litterateur,  born. 

Ponson  du  Terrail,  Pierre  Alexis  de,  noveL,b. 

Prevost-Paradol,  Luclen  Anatole,  orator, 
journalist,  diplomatist,  born. 

Saux,  Sophie  de,  genre-painter,  bom. 

Vauquelin,  Louis  Nicolas,  chemist,  A66. 

Vogue,  Charles  Jean  Melchior,  archeologist, 
diplomatist,  bom. 

CHURCH. 

1822  Nov.  *  Paris.  The  Evangelical 
Society  is  organized. 

1823  *  *  Rome.  Leo  XTI.  is  pope.  [1829, 
Pius  VIll. ;  1831,  Gregory  XVI.] 

1827  *  *  The  bishops  and  Jesuits  are 

incensed  with  the  ordinance  transferring 
the  direction  of  the  Academies  from 
the  Jesuits  to  the  University  of  Paris. 

1828  June  16.  A  royal  ordinance 
closes  the  schools  of  the  Jesuits. 

LETTERS. 

1822  *  *  Odes  el  poesies  diverses,  by  Vic- 
tor Hugo,  appears.  [1823,  Han  dHslande ; 
1824,  Noiivelles  odes;  1826,  Odes  et  Bal- 
lades and  liufi-Jart/al ;  1827,  Cromwell; 
1829,  Le  de.riiier  jour  d^un  condamne. 
Amy  Robsart,   a.uti  Les  Orientales.] 

•  *  M^moires  sur  la  vie  priv^e  de  Marie 
Antoinette,  by  Madame  Campan,  ap- 
pears. 

•  *  Treatise  on  Crystallography,  by  Ren6 
Just  Hauy,  appears. 

•  *  Clytemnesfra  and  Saul,  by  Alexandre 
.Soumet,  appear.  [Later,  Le  Divine 
Epopee  and  Joan  of  Arc.^ 


FRANCE. 


1821,  *  *-1830,  Dec.  21.    725 


*  *  Treatheon  /yomestirand  JfjricuJhtral 
Association,  by  F.  M.  C.  Fourier,  appears. 

*  *  Th^orie  analytique  de  la  Chaleur^  by 
J.  B.  J.  Fourier,  appears. 

*  *  Si/stem  of  Positive  Politics,  by  Au- 
gUBte  Comte,  appears. 

1823  *  *  Tablettes  dxi  Jul/  Errant^  by 
Kdgar  Quiuet,  appears. 

*  *  La  mort  de  Socrate^hy  Lamartine,  ap- 
pears. [1825,  Le  Dernier  chant  du  pUe- 
rinage  de  Childe  Harold;  1829,  Harmo- 
nies poitiques  et  religieuses.] 

*  *  Jeremy  Bentham's  Preuves  Judici- 
airesj  etfited  by  Duraont,  appears. 

'  *  IHscours  et  Melanges  litth'aires,  by 
Abel  F.  Villemain,  appears. 

^  *  Chemical  Researches  on  Fat  Sub- 
stayices  of  Animal  Origin,  by  Michel 
Eug^ue  Cuevreul,  appears. 

*  *-27*  *  Histoire  de  la  R^oolution  fran- 
^aise,  by  Louis  A.  Thiers,  appears. 

1824  *  *  Essais  po^tiques,  by  Madame  D. 
G.  de  Girardin,  appears. 

*  *  Apology  for  the  Romantic  School,  by 
A.  P.  Paris,  appears. 

*  *  Summary  of  the  Hieroglyphic  System 
of  the  Ancient  Egyptians,  vy  Jean  F. 
Cham  pel  Hon,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  French  Revolution  from 
1789  to  1814,  by  Francois  A.  M.  Mignet, 
appears. 

*  *  Rome,  Naples,  and  Florence  in  1817, 
and  Life  of  Rossini,  by  Beyle,  appear. 

*  *  History  of  NapoUon  and  the  Grand 
Army  in  1812,  by  Philippe  P,  S6gur,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Pamphlet  des  Pamphlets^  by  Courier, 
appears. 

1825  *  *  La  Revue  Britannique  is  issued. 

*  *  M&moires,  by  Comtesse  de  Genlis,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Charivari,  by  Jacques  Jasmin,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  New  Christianity ,  by  Saint-Simon,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Histoire  de  la  conqiiPte  de  VAnqleterre, 
by  Jacques  Nicolas  Augustine  Thierry, 
appears.  [1827,  Lettres  sur  I'histoire  de 
France.] 

1826  *  *  Cinq-Mars,  or  a  Conspiracy 
under  Louis  XII L,  by  De  Vigny,  ap- 
pears.  [1827,  Ancient  and  Modern  Poems.] 

*  *  Philosophic  Fragments,  by  Victor 
Cousin,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  Dukes  of  Burgundy,  by 
A.  G.  P.  B.  Barante,  appears. 

*  •  Les  Natchez,  by  Chateaubriand,  ap- 
pears. 

1827  *  *  -56  *  *  History  of  the  Revolu- 
tion in  England,  by  Guizot,  appears. 

1828  June  13.  A  royal  ordinance  sup- 
presses the  educational  institutions 
of  the  Jesuits,  ami  places  all  academies 
under  the  direction  of  the  University 
of  Paris. 

*  *  French  and  Foreign  Studies,  by  ^hnile 
Deschamps,  appears. 

*  *  Essay  on  the  History  of  Philosophy  in 
France  in  the  19th  Century,  by  Jean  P. 
Damiron,  appears. 

*  *  Historical  and  Critical  Picture  of 
French  Poetry  and  the  French  Theater 
in  the  16th  Century,  by  Charles  Augus- 
tin  Sainte-Beuve,  appears.  [1829,  Life, 
Poetry,  and  Thoughts  of  Joseph  Delorme ; 
1830,  Consolations :  1832-39,  Literary  Por- 
traits.] 

*  *  Jeremy  Bentham's  Organisation  judi- 
ciaire  et  Codification,  edited  by  -Dumont, 
appears. 

*  *  Princesse  Aurilie,  by  Delavigne,  ap- 
pears.    [1829,  Marino  Faliero.] 

*  *  -30  *  *  La  Revue  Frangaise  is  issued. 

*  *  -38  *  *  Lectures  on  French  Literature, 
by  Villemain,  appears. 


1829  *  *  Ledemier  Cluman,  by  Balzac,  ap- 
pears. [1830,  La  physiologic  dumariage 
and  the  first  of  the  C(yntes  drolatiqxtes ; 
1831,  La  peau  de  chagrin  and  La  femme 
de  trente  ans;  1831-60,  La  Com^riie  hu- 
maine.] 

*  *  -45  *  *  Paris.  La  Revue  de  Paris  is 
issued. 

1830  Feb.  25.  Hernani,  ou  VHonneur 
Castiiian,  by  Victor  Hugo,  appears. 

July  25.  Charles  X.  orders  that  the  lib- 
erty of  the  press  be  suspended. 

Oct.  18,  L'Avenir  is  issued  by  Lamen- 
nais. 

SOCIETY. 

1828  Dec.  10.  Paris.  Pierre  Jean  de 
B^ranger,  the  poet,  is  fined  10,000  francs 
and  imprisoned  [for  five  months]  for 
writing  political  songs. 

1830  July*  Paris.  The  mob  sacks 
the  Tuileries.    (See  State.) 

STATE. 

1823  Apr.  *  France  interferes  against 
liberal  government  in  Spain  with  mili- 
tary force. 

Oct.  Sp.  French  arms  liberate  Ferdi- 
nand VIX,,  and  reestablish  an  odious 
despotism.  [A  cruel  reaction  and  numer- 
ous executions  follow.] 

1824  Apr.±  *  The  Government  secures 
a  Chamber  of  Deputies  with  only  19 
Liberal  membera,  by  corruption, 
fraud,  and  intimidation. 

*  *The  election  laws  are  changed  so 
as  to  elect  a  new  House  every  seven 
years,  instead  of  one-fifth  part  of  tlxe 
Chamber  each  year. 

Sept.  16.  The  king  dies  at  the  Tuile- 
ries ;  he  is  succeeded  by  his  brother, 
Charles  Philippe,  Comte  d'Artois. 

1824-1830    Charles  X. 

1825  Mar.  *  Returned   refugees  are 

paid. 

Theyreceive  a  grant  of  a  milliard  francs 
($200,000,000)  as  compensation  for  their 
estates,  which  have  been  confiscated  by 
the  Government  of  the  Revolution. 

May  29.  Charles  X.  is  crowned  in  the 
cathedral  at  Reims. 

1827  Apr,  *  A  popular  outcry  prevails 
against,  the  Jesuits;  the  National 
Guard  participates.  [Apr.  30.  It  is  dis- 
banded by  royal  ordinance.] 

July  6.  France  joins  Great  Britain  and 
Russia  to  stop  hostiUties  between  the 
Porte  and  the  revolting  Greeks. 

Nov.  5.  Paris.  The  Government  creates 
76  new  peers. 

1828  Jan.  4-29  Aug.  8.  Paris.  De 
Villfele  resigns  his  Ministry,  and  is  suc- 
ceeded by  M.  de  Martignac,  a  Liberal- 
Royalist,  as  premier, 

June  13.  The  Ministry  make  conces- 
sion to  public  opinion  bvabill  suppress- 
ing the  educational  establishments  of 
the  Jesuits,  and  giving  the  control  of 
all  seminaries  to  the  University  of  Paris. 

1829  Aug.  8-30  J\ily  *  Paris.  The 
Martignac  Ministry  is  dismissed,  and 
Prince  Polignac,  an  Ultra-Royalist, 
succeeds  as  premier.  [The  Ministry  vio- 
lently suppresses  the  liberty  of  the 
press.] 

1830  Mar.  18.  Paris.  An  address  Is 
voted,  plainly  declaring  a  want  of  con- 


fidence in  the  Ministry.  Vote,  221-181. 
[May  IC.     The  Chamber  is  dissolved.] 

Mar.  *  Paris.  Charles  X.  declares  his 
purpose  to  firmly  sustain  his  ministers 
against  the  Chamber  ;  "No compromise, 
no  surrender,"  his  motto. 

*  *  A  new  election  for  the  Chambers  is 
held. 

The  Liberals  gain  an  increased  major- 
ity by  tlie  election  ;  202  of  the  221  voting 
against  the  Ministry  are  elected. 

July  *  Algiers  is  conquered  with  an  im- 
mense spoil,  valued  at  48,000,000  francs, 
and  permanently  annexed  as  a  province. 
(See  p.  9.) 

July  27-29.  PaHs.  The  July  Hevo- 
lution,  "The  Three  Days'  Revolution," 
"  The  Great  Week." 

The  populace  rises  Jn  fury  against  the 
king;  Charles  X.  and  his  family  flee  before 
it.  Tlie  revolt  is  caused  by  tlie  publication  of 
the  three  (five)  ordinances  on  July26:  (I)  de- 
claring the  recent  elections  illegal;  (2)  chan- 
ging the  electoral  system  arbitrarily  so  as 
limit  the  right  of  suffrage  to  rich  land-own- 
ers, who  are  cliiefly  Koyalists;  (3)  the  prohi- 
bition of  newspapers  and  pamphlets  not 
having  the  permit  of  the  king. 
A  popular  revolt  occurs. 
Barricades  appear  in  the  streets,  and 
fights  with  the  troops  occur. 

July  28.  Paris  is  declared  in  a  state  of 
siege. 

The  bourgeoisie,  or  middle  class,  join 
the  revolt ;  and  the  troops,  badly  led,  be- 
come infected,  and  part  of  them  join  in 
the  popular  cause.  The  Hotel  de  ViUe 
is  captured,  every  house  becomes  a  for- 
tress, and  the  victory  is  complete. 

July  29.    Paris.    The  Iiouvre  is  taken, 

and  the  troops  retire. 

The  Tuileries  is  sacked,  and  wild 
excesses  abound. 

When  too  late,  Charles  dismisses  his 
ministers,  revokes  the  obnoxious  ordi- 
nances, and  reestablishes  the  National 
Guard. 

A  provisional  government  is  formed. 
Gen.  Lafayette  is  placed  in  command  of 
the  National  Guard,  and  Louis  Thiers 
and  Francois  Mignet  urge  the  transfer  of 
the  crown  to  the  Due  d'  Orleans. 

July  30.    Paris.    The  Due  d' Orleans, 

of  the  yoimger  line  of  Bourbons,  accepts 
the  ofhce  of  lieutenant-general  of  the 
kingdom,  on  the  invitation  of  the  peers 
and  deputies. 

Aug.  2.  Charles  X.  and  his  son  ab- 
dicate in  favor  of  the  Buc  de  Bordeaux. 

The  House  of  Orleans. 
1830-1848    Louis  Philippe  I.  reigns. 
Aug.  9.    Paris.    XjOuis    Philippe,  Due 
d'Orl^ans,  accepts  the  tendered  crown 
from  the  Legislature. 

In  this  act  he  rejects  the  doctrine  of 
the  "  divine  right  of  kings,"  and  ac- 
knowledges the  people  as  tlie  source  of 
sovereign  power. 

Aug.  11-36  *  *  Paris.  The  Ministry 
of  Achille  C.  Broglie,  Franyois  P.  Gui- 
zot, and  Marquis  de  Lafayette. 

Aug.  17.  Charles  X.  retires  to  Eng- 
land. 

Nov.  2-31  Mar.  13.  Paris.  Ministry 
of  Jacques  Ijaffitte. 

l^ec.  21.  Paris.  Prince  Jules  A,  de 
Polignac  and  other  ministers  are  tried 
for  high  treason,  and  sentenced  to  per- 
petual imprisonment. 


726     1830,  **-1838, 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1832  Feb.  22.  It.  Frencli  troops  re- 
occupy  Ancona. 

"Nov.  *  Keth.  Under  a  treaty  with  the 
Englisli,  the  French  army  of  50,000  men 
under  Marshal  Gerard  besieges  the 
citadel  of  Antwerp.  [Dec.  23.  The 
Dutch  capitulate,  and  surrender  the 
fortress.] 

1834*  *  Algeria.  The  French  incorpo- 
rate the  Turkish  cavalry,  called  Spa- 
his,  in  the  army. 

1835*  *  Algeria.  Abd-el-Kader,  the 
religious  enthusiast,  opposes  the  French 
[for  15  years],     (p.  8.) 

Nov.  23.  Algeria.  The  Arabs  under 
Achinet  Bey  defeat  two  assaiilts,  and 
the  French  retire. 

1838  Nov.  27.  Mex.  The  French 
bombard  St.  John  of  Ulloa ;  after  four 
hours  the  Mexicans  surrender.  [Vera 
Cruz  is  also  bombai-ded.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1830i*  *  Raised  printing  for  the  blind 

is  invented  by  Charles  Barbier. 

±  *  *  Psy chrome ter,  an  apparatus  for 
measuring  the  amount  of  elastic  vapor 
in  the  atmosphere,  is  invented  by  .Joseph 
Louis  Gay-Lussac.  [1848,  It  is  moditied 
by  Ilegnault.] 

1832^*  *Narcein  is  discovered  by 
Pierre  Joseph  Pelletier. 

*  *  Cromwell  gazing  on  the  Corpse  of 
Charles  I.  is  painted  by  Paul  Delaroche. 

1834  *  *  A  sewing-machine  is  [said  to 
have  been]  invented  by  Thimonnier. 

*  *  Execution  of  Lady  Jane  Grey  is  painted 
by  Paul  Delaroche. 

*  *  Martyrdom  of  St.  Symphorian  is 
painted  by  Jean  Auguste  Dominique 
Ingres. 

1835  *  *  Assassination  of  the  Duke  of 
Guise  is  painted  by  Paul  Delaroche. 

1836  *  *  Battle  of  Jena  is  painted  by 
Horace  Vernet. 

*  *  Paris.    The  Luxor  obelisk  is  erected. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1880  *  *  Anlnaye,  Fran(;oi8  Henri  Stanislas, 
de  r,  writer,  A9I. 

Beauvais,  Cliarles  Theodore,  general,  A58. 

Cat«l,  Charles  Simon,  musical  comp.,  A57. 

Constant  lie  Kebectiue,  Henri  lienjaniin,  ora- 
tor, statesman,  writer,  A63. 

Faure,  Jean  Ilaptiste,  singer,  bom. 

Fourier,  Baron,  Jean  Baptists  Joseph, 
savant,  A  (12. 

Genlis,    Couitesse    de,   Stephanie    F^llcite, 
mis.  writer,  A74. 

Lally-Tollendal,  Marquis  de,  Trophirae  Ge- 
rard, politician,  A79. 

Laurel,  Antoine  Anguste,  author,  horn. 

Lavalette,  Comte  de,  Marie  Cliamans,  officer, 
minister  of  Napoleon,  .\61. 

Mistral,  Fr^dt^ric,  Proven(:al  poet,  bom. 

KecUia,  Jean  Jacques  Klia^e,  geographer,  b. 

S6gur,  Comte   tie.  Louts   Philippe,  author, 
statesman,  A77. 

Vanclamme,  Dominique  Ren^,  general,  A60. 
1831  *   *  Aiguebelle,  Paul  A.  N.  d',  French- 
Chinese  admiral,  born. 

Cartellier,  Pierre,  sculptor,  A74. 

Girard,  Stephen,  merchant,  banker,  million- 
aire, A8I. 

Pons,  Jean  Louis,  astronomer,  A70. 

Rood,  Ogden,  naturalist,  horn. 

Sardou.  Vlctorlen.  dramatist,  born. 
1833  *  *  Adet,  Pierre  Auguste,  envoy,  chem- 
ist, A69. 

Augustin,  Jean  Baptiste  Jacques,  miniature 
painter,  A73. 

Avril,  Jean  Jacques,  engraver,  A88. 

Baudrillart,  Jacques  Joseph,  agriculturist, 
author,  A58. 

Beauchamp,  Alphonse  de,  author,  A65. 


Belliard,  Comte  Augustin  D.,  general,  di- 
plomatist, A«3. 

Bergasse,  Nicolas,  jurist,  writer,  A82. 

Billard,  Charles  Mifihel,  physician,  A32. 

Bonaparte,  Napolt^on  IL,  or  Is'apol^on  Fran- 
cois Cliarles  Josepii,  son  of  Napol6on  \. 
and  Marie  Louisa,  A2L 

Champollion,  Jean  Francois,  Egyptol.,  A4L 

Chaptal,  Jean  Antoine,  Connie  de  Chante- 
loup.  cliemist,  statesman.  A76. 

Cliauvelin,  Francois  Bernard  de,  pol.,  A66. 

Cherbullez,  Victor,  novelist,  born. 

Ch^zy,  Antoine  Leonard  de,  orientalist,  A59. 

Comet,  Comte  de,  Mathieu  Augustin,  states- 
man, A  82. 

Cuvier.  Baron,  Georges  Chretien  Leopold 
Fr6d6ric  Dagobert,  naturalist,  A63. 

Daumesnil,  Pierre,  general,  A55. 

I)elpech,  Jacques  M.,  phya.,  surg.,  wr.,  A57. 

Dor6,  Paul  Gustave.  artist,  born. 

Droz,  Antoine  GusUive,  novelist,  bom. 

Galois,  Evariste,  mathematician,  A20. 

Jacquemont,  Victor,  naturalist,  A31. 

Lamarque,  Comte  Maximilien,  general,  poli- 
tician, A62. 

Martignac,  Vicomte  de,  Jean  B.  S-  G.,  states- 
man, A56. 

Meilhac,  Henri,  dramatist,  born. 

i*6rier,  (^asimir,  statesman,  A55. 

Portal,  liaron,  Antoine,  physician,  A90. 

Kemusat,  Jean  Pierre  Abel,  orientalist,  A44. 

Rochefort.  Henri  (Victor  Henri), Comte  de 
Hocli('fort-Lud(;ay,  journalist,  politician, b. 

Say,  Jean  Baptiste,  political  economist,  A66. 

Apr.  6.    Ferry,  Jules,  statesman,  born. 

1833  *  *  Anvray,  F61ix,  painter,  A33. 
Boyer,  Baron  Alexis,  surgeon,  A76. 
Bracquemond,  Joseph  F61ix,  artist,  born. 
Cargme,  Marie  Antoine,  cook,  A49. 
Chassepot,  Antoine  A.,  inv.  of  gun,  b. 
ChenedoU^,  Charles  J.  Pioult  de,  poet,  A64. 
Favart,  Marie,  actor,  born. 

Garat,  Dominique  Joseph,  revolutionist,  A84. 
Harold,  Louis  J.  F.,  musical  composer,  A41. 
Jourdan,  Jean  Baptiste,  marshal,  A7L 
Latreille.  Pi«rre  Andr^,  naturalist,  A71. 
Legendre,  Adrien  Marie,  math.,  A81. 
Niepce,  Joseph  Xict3pIiore,  chemist,  one  of 

inventors  of  photography,  A68. 
Schneider,  Hortense  Catherine,  actor,  born. 

1834  *  *  Arnault,  Vincent  Antoine.  au.,  A68. 
Bartholdl.  Fr6d6ric  Auguste,  sculptor,  b. 
Boieldieu,  Frain;ois  Adrien.  composer,  A59. 
Bonrrienne,  Louis  Antoine  Fauvelet  de,  di- 
plomatist, author,  A65. 

Choron,  Alexandre  Ktienne,  musician,  A63. 

Duga.s-Montbel,  Jean  Baptiste,  Hellentst,A58. 

Durand,  Jean  Nicolas  Louis,  architect,  A74. 

Gaboriau.  jfemile,  author,  born. 

Genest  (Genet),  Edmond  Charles,  diploma- 
tist, A69. 

Hal^vy,  Ludovic,  dramatist,  librettist,  born. 

Jacquard,  Joseph  M.,  inventor  of  Jacquard 
loom,  A82. 

Naquet,  Alfred  Joseph,  physician,  author,  b. 

Pailleron,  Edouard,  poet,  dramatist,  born. 

Bicher,  Edouard,  author,  A42. 

May  20.  Lafayette,  Marquis.  Marie  Jean 
Paul  Koch  Yves  Gilbert  Motier,  statesman, 
A77. 

1835  *  ♦  Chimay,  Princesse  de,  Jeanne  Marie, 
society  leader,  A62. 

Cladel,  L6on,  novelist,  born. 
Courvoisier,  Jean  Joseph  Antoine,  pol.,  A60. 
Du  ChaiUu,  Paul  B.,  traveler  in  Africa,  b. 
Dulaure,  Jacques  Antoine,  historian,  A81. 
Dupuytren,     Baron     Guillaume,     surgeon, 

anatomist,  A57. 
Gros,  Baron.  Antoine  Jean,  painter,  A64. 
Lenormant,  Francois,  arclieologist,  born. 
Mortier,  Edouard  Adolphe  Casimir  Joseph, 

Due  de  Tr^vise,  marshal,  A67. 
Pigault-Lebrun,  Charles  A.  G.,  novelist,  A82. 

1836  *  *  Ampere,  Andr^   Marie,  mathemati- 
cian, natural  philosopher,  A6I. 

Carrel.  Nicolas  Armand,  political  writer.  A36. 

Cheverus,  Jean  Louis  A.  M.  L.  de,  cardinal, 
A68. 

Didot,  Firmin,  publisher,  typographer,  A72. 

Fieschi,  Joseph  Marie,  Corsican  conspirator, 
regicide,  A  46. 

Ganilh,  Charles,  economist,  A78. 

Jussieu,  Antoine  Laurent  de,  botanist,  A88. 

Mahbran,  Marie  F61icit6  (Garcia),  singer, 
actor,  A28. 

Raynouard,  Francois  Juste  Marie,  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  A75. 

Rougpt  de  I'lsle,  Claude  Joseph,  poet,  A76. 

Sieves,  Emmanuel  Joseph,  puljlicist,  A88. 

Tracy,  Comte  de,  A.  L.  C.  Destutt,  philos- 
opher, author,  A80. 

Vernet,  .\ntoine  C,  Horace,  painter,  A78. 

Nov.  6.     Charles  X..  king,  A79. 
1837*  *  Alibert,  Jean  Louis,  physician.  A7L 

Beauharnais,  Hortense  Eugenie  de,  wife  of 
Louis  Bonaparte,  ijueen  of  Holland,  A54. 


Carnot,  Marie-Francois  Sadi.  President,!!, 
Dumas,  Coniie  Matliieu,  general,  au.,  A84. 
Fourier,  Francois  Charles  Marie,  socialist, 

Ab5. 
G6rard,  Baron  Fran(:ois  P.  S.,  painter,  A67, 
Jactiueinart,  Jules  F.,  autlior,  horn. 
Johannot,  Alfred,  engraver,  painter,  A37. 
Le  Sueur,  Jean  Francois,  musical  comp.,  A77. 
Louis,  Baron  Louis  Dominique,  tlnan.,  A82. 
Uosny,  L6on  de,  orientalist,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1830  *  *  By  the  Revolution  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  loses  the  prerogative 
of  being  the  religion  of  the  State. 

*  *  The  Abb6  Ch^tel  fails  in  an  attempt 
to  found  a  new  French  Catholic 
Church,  in  the  spirit  of  liberalism,  but 
without  a  basis  of  Christian  doctrine. 

1831  *  *  The  Jesuits  are  expelled. 
Nov.  *  About  64  English  and  Irish  Trap- 

pists  are  transported  to  Cork,  Ireland, 
on  the  charge  of  rebellion  and  conspir- 
acy. [The  order  is  noted  for  the  auster- 
ity of  its  discipline,  and  for  keeping  a 
perpetual  silence.] 

1832  *  *  The  American  Baptists  begin 
a  mission. 

*  *The  Soci^te  ]6vang61ique  de 
France  is  founded. 

1833  Apr.  23.  The  foundation  is  laid 
of  the  first  Protestant  Episcopal 
church  erected  in  France. 

*  *  Paris.  The  French  and  Foreign  Bible 
Society  ia  organized. 

*  *  The  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  Charitable 
Society  is  founded  by  12  young  men. 

*  *The  Roman  Catholic  Church  assails 
the  proposed  plan  to  put  popular  edu- 
cation under  the  superintendence  of 
the  University. 

LETTERS. 

1830  *  *  Kemiock  le  Pirate,  by  Eugfene 
Sue,  appears.  [1831,  Plicf:  et  Plock  and 
Atar  Gull;  1832,  J.a  Salamandre;  1833^ 
La  Vigie  de  Koatven.'] 

*  *  Fra  Diavolo,  by  Augustine  E.  Scribe, 
appears. 

*  *  ('antes  d^Espaqne  et  d^Italie  and  Nuit 
JV»*7ien7j*',  by  Alfred  DeMusset,  appear. 
[1831,  Poesies  diverses;  1832,  Le  spectacle 
dans  un  fauteuil ;  1833,  Andri  del  Sarta 
and  Les  Caprices  de  Afarianne;  1834,  On 
ne  badine  pas  avec  raniour.] 

*  *  ihi  Religion  considered  in  its  Source^ 
its  Forms,  (tnd  its  Developments,  by  Ben- 
jainin  Constant  de  Kebecque,  appears. 

*  *  La  Gr^ce  Modeme,  by  Quinet,  appears. 
[1833,  Ahasvh^us,  NapoUon,  and  Pro- 
m^th4e.] 

*  *_36*  *  Lettres  rf'wn  voyageur,  by 
George  Sand,  appears.  [1832,  Indiana 
and  Valentine:  183S,L^lia:  1834,  Ze  Se- 
cretaire intime  and  J^icques."] 

1831  Feb.  *  Notre  Dame  de  Paris,  by 
Victor  Hugo,  appears.  [Later,  Les 
Feuilles  d'Automne:  1832,  Nov.  22,  Le 
Roi  s'amiise;  1833,  Feb.  2,  Lucrt-.ce  Bor- 
gia; Nov.  6,  Marie  Tudor;  ISM,  lAtth-a- 
ture  et  philosophic  m^Ues  and  Claude 
Gueux;  1835,  Apr.  28,  later,  Les  Chants 
du  Cr^puscule;  1830,  Esmeralda;  1837, 
Les  Voix  Inthrieures;  1838,  Nov.  8,  Ruy 
Bias.] 

*  *  Le  Rouge  et  le  Noir,  by  Beyle,  appears. 
[1838,  Memoirs  of  a  Tourist.] 

*  *  liamare,  by  Jules  G.  Janin,  appears. 

*  *  Rose  et  Blanche  is  written  by  Jules 
Sandeau  in  conjunction  with  George. 
Sand. 

*  *  La  Revue  des  L>e\tx  Mondes  appears. 


FRANCE. 


1830, 


1838, 


727 


*  *  lambes,  by  Auguste  Barbier,  appears. 
1S32  *  *  Marie,  by  J.  A.  P.  Brizeux,  ap- 
pears. 

*  •  The  Qjiiz,  by  Madame  D.  G.  de  Girar- 
din,  appears.  [Later,  La  C'annc  de  M, 
de  Balzac.} 

*  *  Louis  XL,  by  Delavigne,  appears. 
[18.'J3,  Les  En/ants  d'&douard;  1835, 
lion  Juan  d^Auiricke.l 

*  *  -39  *  *  History  of  the  French  fr<ym  the 
Time  of  the  Gauls  'to  1830,  by  Theophile 
S.  Lavallee,  appears. 

1833*  *  MAlange s  philosopkiques,  by 
Tht^odore  S.  Jouffroy,  appears. 

*  *  Eugene  Orandet,  Le  midecin  de  cam- 
pnijne,  and  L'llistoire  des  Treize,  by 
Honor^  de  Balzac,  appear.  [1835,  S^ra- 
phita.  La  recherche  de  Vabsolu,  and  Pere 
Goriot;  1S36,  Le  lys  dans  la  valUe;  1837, 
Illusions  perdues.} 

*  *  A  Double  Jlistake,  by  Prosper  M^ri- 
niee,  appears.  [1835,  Notes  of  a  Journey 
in  the  South  of  France ;  183G,  Notes  of  a 
Journey  in  the  JFest  of  France.} 

*  *-36*'  *  I^'Histoire  de  France,  by 
Henri  Martin,  appears. 

1834  *  *  Vicomte  de  Biziers,  by  Melchior 
F.  Soulie,  appears.  [1836,  La  Magneti- 
seur  and  Diane  et  Louise;  1838,  The 
Man  of  Letters.} 

*  *  Le  Bulletin  Monumental  is  issued. 

*  *  Considerations  on  the  Philosophic  Sys- 
tem of  Lamennais,  by  Jean  Baptiste 
Henri  Lacordaire,  appears.  [1835-50, 
Sermons  at  Notre  Jjavie :  1838,  Letter  on 
the  Holy  See.} 

1835  *  *  Mile,  de  Maupin,  by  Gautier, 
appears. 

*  *  La  Nuit  de  Mai  and  La  Confession 
d'un  Enfant  du  Sikcle,  by  De  Alusset, 
appear.  [1838,  I^e  Poete  dechu;  1839, 
Caprice  and  Nouvetles;  1840,  Comidies 
et  proverbes.] 

*  *  Le  voyage  en  Orient,  by  Lamartine, 
appears.  [1S36,  Joce I y?i;  lS:iH,  Chute  d'un 
Ange ;  1839,  Becueillements  poitiques.} 

*  *  Cours  de  droit  naturel,  by  Jouffroy, 
appears. 

*  ♦  Stella,  or  the  Blue  Devils  and  Cliat- 
terton,  by  De  Vigny,  appear. 

*  *  Commentaries  on  the  Yacua,  by  Eu- 
gfene  Burnouf,  ai>pears. 

*  *  Destruction  of  Paganism  in  the  West, 
by  Arthur  A.  de  Beugnot,  appears. 

*  *  Papillotes,  by  Jacques  Jasmin,  ap- 
pears. \183G,  The  Blind  Girl  of  Cast  el- 
CiiilU ;  1840,  Fianconnetto.} 

*  *  -40  *  *  On  Democracy  in  America,  by 
A.  C.  H.  C.  de  Tocqueville,  appears. 

*  *  -45  *  *  Monuments  of  Egypt  and  Nu- 
bia, Egyptian  Grammhr,  and  a  Hiero- 
glyphic IHctionary,  by  Jean  P.  Cham- 
pollion,  appear. 

1836  *  *  Picciola,  by  Xavier  Boniface,  or 
Sain  tine,  appears. 

July  1.    La  Presse  is  issued. 

*  *  Le  Sikcle  is  issued. 

*  *  Mauprat,  by  George  Sand,  appears. 
[1839,  Spiridion.] 

*  *  lAfe  of  St.  Elisabeth  of  Hungary,  by 
Comte  0.  F.  de  Montalenibert,  appears. 

*  *  (Euvres  inidites,  by  Madame  de  Stael, 
appears. 

*  *  -50  *  *  Trisor  de  numismatique  et  de 
glyptique,  by  Charles  Lenormant  and 
otners,  appears. 

1837  *  *  Modem  Slavery,  The  Book  of 
the  People,  Politics  for  the  People,  and 
other  works,  by  Laniennais,  appear. 

*  *  La  Soci6t6  dea  Gens  de  Iiettres  is 
founded  by  Balzac,  Laniennais,  Dumas, 
and  George  Sand. 

*  *  /-ffl^reaumoni,  by  EugfeneSue,appears. 
[1838,  Arthur:  1839,  La  marquise  de  lA- 
toriere  and  Deleytar ;  1840,  Jean  Cava- 
lier •And  Deux  htst aires ;  \M\,  Mathilde 
and  Le  commandeur  de  Malte.} 


*  *  History  of  Political  Economy,  by  J^ 
r6me  A.  Bliinqui,  appears. 

*  *  Sacred  Biography,  by  A.  L.  C.  Coque- 
rel,  appears.    [1842,  Modern  Orthodoxy.] 

*  *  -67  *  *  History  of  France,  by  Jules 
Michelet,  appears. 

1838  *  *  Id^es  NapoUoniennes,  by  Prince 
Louis  Napoleon,  appears. 

*  *  On  the  Material  Interests  of  France, 
by  Michel  Chevalier,  appears. 

*  *  Sports  for  the  Winds,  by  Joseph  Au- 
tran,  appears. 

*  *  Treatise  on  the  Metaphysics  of  Aris- 
totle, by  Cousin,  appears.  [183i8-^,  A 
new  series  of  Philosophic  Eragmtnts ; 
1840,  Course  of  Moral  Philosophy ;  1842, 
Lectures  on  Jvant.} 

*  *  Gerfaut,  by  Charles  de  Bernard,  ap- 
pears! [1839,  Paravent;  1841,  Peau  du 
Lion.} 

*  *  Le  capitaine  Paul,  by  Dumas,  phre, 
appears.  [1839,  Acte :  1840,  Aventures  de 
John  Davy,  Le  capitaine  Pamphile, 
Mattre  Adam  le  Catabrais,  and  Othon 
V  arc  her ;  1841,  Praxede;  1842,  Aven- 
tures de  Lyderic.} 

*  *  -44  *  *  Dictionary  of  the  Language 
of  the  Troubadours,  by  Raynouard,  ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1831  Dec.  31.    Paris.    Election  riots 

occur,  in  which  barricades  are  made,  and 
several  persons  killed. 

1832  June  *  Paris.  A  collision  occurs 
between  the  military  and  the  people  be- 
cause of  the  Republican  demonstration 
at  the  funeral  of  Gen.  Lamarque. 

Sept.  18.  Scot.  Charles  X.  leaves  Holy- 
rood  Palace  for  the  Continent. 

Nov.  21.  Lyons  is  at  the  mercy  of  a 
mob;  a  strike  for  higher  w^ges  throws 
out  of  employment  30,000  persons. 

1833  May*  The  Duchess  of  Berry 

gives  birth  to  a  daughter,  and  the  scan- 
dal ruins  her  cause.  [It  is  alleged  that 
the  scandal  was  invented  by  jealous  en- 
emies.] 

1834  Apr,  *  Paris.  The  Government 
indicts  the  "  Society  of  the  Rights  of 
Man"  and  the  "Society  of  Prog- 
ress.'* 

Apr.  12-14.  Paris.  The  insurrection- 
ists are  brutally  suppressed ;  persons  of 
all  ages  and  both  sexes  are  massacred, 
eyen  in  their  own  homes. 

1835  July  28.  Paris.  Joseph  Marie 
Fieschi  attempts  to  assassinate  the 
king  while  reviewing  40,000  troops  on 
the  Boulevards. 

An  infernal  machine  is  discharged; 
the  king  and  his  sons  escape,  but  Mar- 
shal Mortier,  Buke  of  Treviso,  and  three 
others  are  killed,  and  more  than  40  in- 
jured. [1836.  Jan.  31.  Fieschi,  with  four 
others,  is  brought  to  trial.  Feb.  12. 
Fieschi,  Morey,  and  Pepin  are  convicted 
and  sentenced  to  be  executed ;  one  is  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment,  and  the  other  is 
acquitted.  Feb.  19.  Fieschi,  Morey,  and 
Pepin  are  executed.] 

1836  .  une  26.  Louis  Alibund  attempts 
to  assassinate  the  king  with  a  walking- 
stick  gun,  but  misses  his  aim.  [1840. 
Oct.  15.  Another  by  Darm^s  with  an 
overloaded  rifle,  which  kills  himself.] 

Nov.  23.  Prince  Polignac  and  others  are 
set  at  liberty  from  Ham,  and  they  are 
sent  out  of  France. 

Dec.  27.  Paris.  Meuniers  fires  at  the 
king  when  on  his  way  to  open  the  Cham- 
bers. 


1837  *  *  Th/^Duc  d'Orl^ans  (heir  ap- 
parent) Tci&rries  the  Princess  Helena  of 
Meckleftliurg. 

*  *  Paris.  Gaming-houses  are  no  longer 
licensed, 

STATE. 

1831  Feb.  17.  The  Crown  of  Bel- 
gium is  offered  to  the  king's  son,  the 
Due  de  Nemours,  and  declined  by  his 
father. 

Mar.  13-32  lHay*  Paris.  Ministry 
(Conservative)  of  Casimir  P6rier. 

Dec.  27.  Paris.  .The  abolition  of  the 
hereditary  peerage  is  decreed  by  both 
Chambers ;  the  peers  concur.  Vote, 
103-70. 

1832  Jan.  *  The  Duchess  of  Berry  and 
the  Legitimists  attempt  a  rebellion  in 
favor  of  her  son,  the  Comte  de  Chambord. 
An  insurrection  breaks  out  in  Lyons. 
[Nov.  30.    The  duchess  is  imprisoned.] 

Mar.  22.  Paris.  The  peers  pass  a  bill 
banishing  the  families  of  Napoleon  and 
Charles  X.    Vote,  80-^. 

June  5,6.  Paris.  The  A,B.C.(abaiss^s) 
insurrection  is  suppressed. 

Oct.  11.-36.  Feb.*  Paris.  The  Min- 
istry of  Marshal  Soult,  Thiers,  Guizot, 

and  Broglie. 

1833  June  9.    The  Duchess  of  Berry 

is  sent  to  Palermo,  after  giving  birth  to 
a  female  child  and  asserting  her  secret 
marriage  to  Prince  Lucchesi-Palli,  an 
Italian. 

Sept.  11.  Republican  insurrection  in 
Lyons.    [Oct.  14.    Another  in  Paris.] 

1834  Apr.  24.  France  joins  with  Eng- 
land, Spain,  and  Portugal,  in  a  quadruple 
alliance,  to  put  down  the  Carlists  in 
Spain. 

July  15.  Paris.  Marshal  G6rard  be- 
comes minister  of  war. 

1835  Feb.  *  The  Duo  de  Broglie  be- 
comes foreign  minister. 

May*  Paris.  Republicans  renew  the  dis- 
turbances. 

Sept.  *  The  freedom  of  the  press  is  lim- 
ited by  "  the  laws  of  September." 

1836  Jan.*  Paris.  The  Ministry  is 
defeated  in  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  on 
the  question  of  the  budget. 

Feb.  22.  Paris.  Guizot  and  Broglie 
retire  from  the  Ministry;  the  Ministry 
of  Thiers,  a  Progressionist,  follows. 

Sept.  6.  Paris.  The  Ministry  of  Count 
Mol€;  Guizot  is  minister  of  public  in- 
struction. 

Oct.  30.  Ijouis  Napol6on,  nephew  of 
Napoleon  1.,  makes  a  venturesome  at- 
tempt to  get  himself  proclaimed  emperor 
by  the  soldiers  at  Strasburg;  the  con- 
spiracy fails. 

Nov.  15.  NapoI€on  is  taken  on  board  a 
frigate  to  be  sent  to  America  by  the 
French  Government ;  he  is  to  receive 
15,000  francs  annuity  from  the  king's  pri- 
vate purse. 

1837  Apr.  15.  Paris.  The  Ministry 
of  Mol6  without  Guizot  begins. 

May  8.  Paris,  Amnesty  is  granted  for 
political  offenses. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1832  *  *  Paris.  Cholera  has  18,000  vic- 
tims during  one  summer  month. 


r28    1838,  *  *-1847,  Dec.  * 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1840  *  *  Paris.  Fortificationa  are  con- 
structed for  the  defense  of  the  city. 

1841*  *G«n.Bugeaudi88ent  to  Algeria, 
and  territies  the  Ajabs  into  submission. 

1842  May  1.  So.  Pacific.  Adm.  I>u- 
petit-Thouars  occupies  the  Marquesas 
Islands. 

*  *  Algeria.  Abd-el-Kader  is  defeated 
and  routed. 

1843  *  *  So.  Pacific.  A  French  force  oc- 
cupies Tahiti,  of  the  Society  Islands. 

1844  May*  War  with  Morocco. 
[Sept.  10.  Peace  follows,  and  Abd-el- 
Kader  is  banished.] 

June  *  Morocco.  Prince  de  Joinville, 
with  a  naval  squadron,  bombards  and 
takes  the  fortified  town  of  Mogador. 

Aug.  14.  Algeria.  Marshal  Bugeaud 
defeats  the  Moors  on  the  banks  of  the 
Isly  River. 

1845  June  18.  Algeria.  Gen.  Pelissier 
suffocates  nearly  1,000  Arabs  in  the 
Caves  of  Dahra.    (See  Algeria.) 

1847  Sept.  26.  Marshal  Soult  suc- 
ceeds Marshal  Oudinot,  deceased,  as 
general  of  France. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1839  *  *  Paris.  Louis  Jacques  Mand6 
Daguerre  publishes  his  method  of  mak- 
ing daguerreotypes.  [A  life  pension 
of  6,000  francs  is  awarded  him  by  the 
Government.] 

*  *  Stratonice  is  painted  by  Jean  Augusta 
Dominique  Ingres. 

1840  Aug.  15.  A  bronze  statue  of 
Napoleon  is  placed  on  the  column  of 
the  Grande  Arm^e,  Boulogne. 

Oct.  31-Nov.  4.  A  great  inundation 
occurs. 

The  Saone  pours  its  waters  into  the 
Khone,  breaks  through  its  banks,  and 
covers  60,000  acres  ;  Lyons  is  inundated  ; 
in  Avignon  100  houses  are  swept  away  ; 
218  houses  are  carried  away  at  La  Guil- 
lotifere  ;  and  upwards  of  300  at  Vaise, 
Marseilles,  and  Nimes ;  the  Saone  had 
not  attained  such  a  height  for  238  years. 

*  *  Napolion  at  Fontainebleau  is  painted 
by  Paul  Delaroclie. 

1843  *  *  Payns,  Illusions  Lost  is  exhib- 
ited by  Gabriel  Gleyre,  at  the  Salon. 

*  *  Arabia.  Paolo  E mil io  Bo tta  com- 
mences his  explorations  at  Khorsabad. 

1845*  *-46*  *Urbain  Jean  Joseph 
Leverrier  works  out  the  position  of 
Neptunt,  and  finally  discovers  it  on  Sept. 
23, 1846 ;  Johann  G.  Galle  of  Berlin  finds 
the  planet  on  the  same  night. 

1846  Oct.  22.    An  inundation  occurs. 
In  the  center,  west,  and  southwest  of 

France  numerous  bridges,  with  the  Or- 
leans and  Vierzon  viaduct,  swept  away  ; 
the  latter  had  cost  $1,200,000.  Thedam- 
ages  exceeded  $20,000,000.  The  Loire 
rises  20  feet  in  one  night. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1 838  *  *  Broussais,  FranQois  J.  V.,  physl.,  A66. 
liutin,  Ulysse,  painter,  born. 
Caille,  or  C!alllie,  lien^,  traveler,  A39. 
Castellan,  Antoine  Louis,  painter,  arch.,  A66. 
Ch6ry,  Philippe,  painter,  A79. 
Cuvier,  Fr6d6ric,  naturalist,  ASS. 
Junot,   Madame,   Laure   IVrmon,   Ducliesse 

d'Abrant^a,  author,  A54. 
Lecoq  de  Boisbaudran,  Paul  Emile  Frani^is, 

chemist,  boru. 


Lobau,  Comte  de,  Georges  M.,  marshal,  A68. 

Moreau,  H^g^slpije,  poet,  A28. 

Paris,  Comte  de.  !Louis  Philippe,  Orleans 

prince,  born. 

Percier,  Charles,  architect,  A74. 

Picot,  Georges  Marie  Iten^,  historian,  publi- 
cist, born. 

Proudhon,  Jean  Baptiste  Victor,  jurist,  A80. 

Sacy,  Baron  de,  Autoine  Isaac  Silvestre,  ori- 
entalist, A80. 

May  17.  Talleyrand-P^rleord,  Prince 
de,  Charles  iMaurice,  statesman,  A84. 

Oct.  30.  Oambetta.  Z.6on  Michel,  states- 
man, born. 

1839  *   *  Berchoux,  Joseph,  poet,  A74. 
Bonaparte,  Letizia,  mother  of  Napoleon,  A89. 
Itouchet,  Claude  Antoine,  surgeon,  A55. 
Creuz6  de  Lesser,  Baron  Auguste  Francois, 

, dramatist,  poet,  A68. 
Emerie-David,  Toussalnt  Bernard,  arcbeolo- 

gist,  A  84. 
Engelmann,  Codefroy,   manufacturer,   one 

of  inventors  of  lithography,  A51. 
Fi6v6e,  Joseph,  litterateur,  A72. 
Fesch,  Joseph,  card.,  arrhbp.  of  Lyons,  A76. 
Gamier,  Marie  Joseph  Fran<;oi8,  explorer,  b. 
Lallemand,  Bartfti,  Charles  Francois  Antoine, 

general,  A 65. 
Maret,  Ungues  Bernard,  Due  de  Bassano, 

statesman,  A76. 
Michaud,  Joseph  FranQOia.  historian,  A72. 
I'rony,   Baron   de,   Gaspard   Clair   Fran<;oi8 

Marie  Kiche,  engineer,  mathematician,  A84. 
Salverte,  -\nne  J.  E.  B.,  mis.  writer,  A6H. 
Wiirtemberg,  Duchess  of,  daughter  of  Louis 

Pliilippe,  sculptor,  dies. 

1840  *  *  Bonaparte,  Lucien,  brother  of  Napo- 
leon I.,  Prince  de  Canino,  A65. 

Chartres,  Due  de,  Kobert  PhUippe  L.  E.  F., 
prince,  born. 

Claretie,  Jules  A.  A.,  author,  critic,  bom. 

Daudet,  Alphonse,  humorist,  novelist,  b. 

Daunou,  Pierre  C.  F.,  statesman,  au.,  A79. 

Duveyrier,  Henri  Darmy,  exi)lorer,  born. 

Esquirol,  Jean  Ktlenne  Dominique,  physi- 
cian, alienist,  A68. 

Jacotot,  Jean  J.,  educational  writer,  A70. 

Lemercier,  Louis  Jean  >'.,  dramatist,  A69. 

Macdonald,  ^tienne  Jacques  Joseph 
Alexandre,  Ducde  Tarente,  marshal,  .\75. 

Meyer,  Slarie  Paul  Hyacinthe,  paleog.,  born. 

I'oisson,  Slm6on  Denis,  geometrician,  A69. 

Zola,  ^mile,  novelist,  born. 

1841  *  *  Audouin,  Jean  Victor,  entomologist, 
comparative  anatomist,  A44. 

Bacciocohl,  Felice  Pasquale,  consort  of  Nax>o- 
ItJon's  sister,  Marie  Elisa,  A79. 

Bardre  de  Vieuzac,  Bertrand,  revolution- 
ist, A  86. 

Berlin,  Jean  Louis,  painter,  A66. 

Bertin,  Louis  Francois,  journalist,  A75. 

Bignon,  Louis  Pierre  Edouard,  historian, 
statesman,  A70. 

Boivin,  Marie  Anne  Victoire  Gillain,  physi- 
cian, author,  A68. 

Cldmenceau,  Eugdne.  politician,  born. 

Coquelin,  Benoit  Constant,  actor,  born. 

Hulin  (Hullin),  Comte  Pierre  Augustin,  gen- 
eral, A83. 

Noel,  Frantjois  Joseph  Michel,  grammarian, 
A86±. 

Victor  (Victor-Perrin),  Claude,  Due  de  Bel- 
luno,  marshal,  A77. 
1843  *  *  Baillot,  P.  M.  Fran^oisde  Sales,  vio- 
linist, A71. 

Beyle.  Marie  Henri,  writer,  A59. 

Caigniez,  Louis  Charles,  drainatist,  A80. 

Cambronne,  Pierre  J.  Ktienne  de,  gen.,  A72. 

Copp6e,  Francois  Edouard  J.,  poet,  born. 

Deg^rando,  Joseph  Marie,  metaphysical  i)hi- 
losopher,  A7I). 

Duuiont,  Charles  Albert  Eug6ne  Auguste, 
arclieologlst,  born. 

Duniont  d' I'rvllle,  J  ules  S.  C,  navigator,  A52, 

Du  .Sommei-ard,  Alexandre,  antiquary,  A63. 

Duval,  Alexandre  Vincent  Pineu,<.lram.,A75. 

Edwards,  Guillaume  Fr^d^ric,  ethnologist, 
physiologist,  A65. 

Ferdinand  Philippe,  son  of  Kmg  Louis  Phi- 
lippe, A  32. 

Flammarion,  Camille,  astronomer,  born. 

Freycinet,  Louis  Claude  Desaulses  de,  navi- 
gator, A  63. 

G6rando,  Joseph  Marie,  philosopher,  A70. 

Jouffroy,  Th»5odore  S.,  philosophical  writer, 
A46. 

Laliorde,  Comte  Alexandre  de,  antiquary, 
litterateur,  A68. 

Larrey,  Baron,  Dominique  Jean,  surg.,  A76. 

Las  Cases,  Marquis  de,  Emmanuel  A.  D. 
M.  J.,  soldier,  A76, 

Moncey,  Bon  Adrien  Jeannot  de.  Due  de 
Cone^liano,  marshal,  AK8. 

Pelletier,  Pierre  Joseph,  cliemist,  AM. 
1843  *   *  Houvart,  Alexis,  astronomer,  A76. 

Campenon,  Vincent,  poet,  A7I. 


Chabrol  de  Volvic,  Comte  Gilbert  Joseph 
Gaspard,  civil  orticer,  politician,  wr.,  A70. 

Cortot,  Jean  Pierre,  sculptor,  d. 

Delavigne,  Jean  Fran<;ois  Casimlr,  poet, 
dramatist,  A  50. 

Granier  de  Cassagnac,  I'aul  A.  M.  P.  de, 
journalist,  born. 

Lacroix,  Sylvestre  Fran«:ol8,  math.,  A78. 

Nicollet,  Jean  Nicolas,  astion.,  geol.,  A57. 
1844*  *  Agar,  Jean  Antoine  Michel,  tlnan- 
cier,  A  7  3. 

Bernhardt.  Sajrah,  actor,  born  In  Paris. 

Bertrand,  Comte  de,  Henri  G  ratien,  gen.,  A71. 

Bonaparte,  Joseph,  brother  of  Napoleon  1., 
King  of  Naiiles  and  Spain,  A76. 

De  Belleville,  Frederick,  actor,  born. 

Fauriel,  Claude  Charles,  philol.,  hist.,  A72. 

Oeoftroy  Saint-Hilaire.  ktienne,  natu- 
ralist, A72. 

Grousset,  Paschal,  journalist,  cominnnlBt.  b. 

liafitte,  JacQuea,  banker,  statesman,  A76. 

Nodler,  Charles,  poet,  litterateur,  A61±. 

Raynaud,  Antoine  Andre  Louis,  math.,  A73. 

Wyse,  L.  N.  Bonaparte,  hydrog.,  poet,  born. 

1845  *  *  Azais,  Pierre  Hyaciiitlie,  phil.,  A79, 
Becker,  Georges,  painter,  born. 
Cavaignac,  E16onore  Louis  Godefroy,  jour- 
nalist, A44. 

Charlet,  Nicolas  Toussalnt,  paint.,  engr.,  A53. 
Ktienne,  Charles  Guillaume,  dram,  poet,  A67. 
Koyer-CoUard,  Pierre  Paul,  statesman,  A82. 

1846  *  *  B^rard,  Auguste,  surgeon,  A44. 
Bonaparte,  Lonis,  brother  of  Napoleon  I., 

King  of  Holland,  A68. 

Bory  de  Saint  Vincent,  Jean  Baptiste  George 
Marie,  naturalist,  geographer,  A66. 

Bourniont,  t^onite  Louis  A.  \'.,  marshal,  A73. 

Jouy,  Victor  Joseph  E.  de,  author,  A82. 

Roze,  Marie,  actor,  born. 

Senancour,  Etienne  Pivart  de,  author,  A76. 

Vlllenave,  Mathieu  Guillaume  Th^rese,  au- 
thor, A  84. 

Virey,  Julien  Joseph,  physician,  medical 
writer,  A71. 

CHURCH. 

1840  *  *  Tlie  English  Baptist  missionary 
society  sends  a  nussionary  to  Breton. 

1845  *  *  The  Jesuits  are  expelled. 

1846  *  *  Miracles  are  alleged  to  be 
wrought  at  La  Salette.  [Apr.  *  Impos- 
tors are  prosecuted.] 

*  *  Rome.    Pius  IX.  is  pope. 


LETTERS. 

1839  *  *  New  Literary  Tales  and  Jour- 
ney in  Italy  f  by  Janin,  appear. 

*  *  The  Carthusian  Nun  of  Parma,  by 
Beyle,  appears. 

*  *  The  Literary  History  of  Prance  before 
the  12th  Century,  by  Jean  J.  Ampere, 
appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Washington,  by  Guizot,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  San  Mariana,  by  Sandeau,  appears. 

*  *  Biblioth^que  de  V&cole  des  Chartes  is 
issued. 

*  *  History  of  Landed  Property  in  Europe, 
by  fedouard  It.  L.  de  Laboulaye,  appears. 

1840  *  *  lUcits  des  temps  mh'ovingiens^ 
by  Thierry,  appears. 

*  *  Studies  on  the  Theodicea  of  Plato  and 
Aristotle,  by  Jules  Simon,  appears. 
[1844-45,  History  of  the  School  of  Alex- 
andria.] 

*  *  Life  of  St.  Dominic,  by  Lacordaire, 
appears.' 

*  *  Poesies  completes,  by  femile  Des- 
champs,  appears. 

*  *  ;rAn(  is  ^ro/jeWj/?  by  Pierre  J.  Proud- 
hon, appears.  [1&46,  Syst^me  des  contra- 
dictions ^conomtques.] 

*  *  Les  rayons  et  les  ombres,  by  Victor 
Hugo,  appears.  [1842,  lihin ;  1843,  Les 
Bur  graves.] 

*  *  Vautrin,  by  Balzac,  appears. 

*  •-43  *  *  Studies  on  Modern  lieformers 
or  Socialists,  by  Marie  R.  L.  lieybaud, 
appears. 

*  *  -62  *  *  History  of  Port  Royal,  by 
Sainte-Beuve,  appears. 


FRANCE. 


1838,*  *-1847,  Dec. 


729 


1841  Mar.  30.  A  law  ia  made  fixing 
the  duration  of  copyright  to  30  years 
after  the  author's  death. 

*  *  The  Rhm  Allemand,  by  De  Musset, 
appears. 

*  *  C'Olomba,  by  M^rim(^,  appears.  [1844, 
Studies  in  lioman  History  and  the  Con- 
spiracy of  Catiline.] 

*  *  Theory  of  Universal  Unity, hyT. CM. 
Fourier,  appears. 

*  *  Ifisfpry  of  the  Crusades,  by  J.  F. 
Michaiid,  appears. 

*  •  Docteur HerbeaUfhj Sandean, appears. 

*  *  The  Crown  Diamonds,  by  Augiistin 
E.  Scribe,  appears.  [1M2,  The  Glaus  of 
Water  and  Bertraud  et  liaton.] 

*  •-46*  *  Sketch  of  a  PhilosopJiy,  hy  La- 
niennais,  appears. 

*  *  -46  *  *  History  of  the  Ten  Years, 
1830-1840,  by  l^ouis  Blanc,  ai)pears. 

*  •  -48  *  *  La  Revue  Independante  is  is- 
sued. 

1842  *  ♦  Ghiie  des  Religions,  by  Quinet, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Mysteries  of  Paris,  Therl-se  Du- 
noyer,  and  Le  mortie  au  diable,  by  Kug^ne 
Sue,  appear. 

*  *  Memoirs  of  the  Devil,  by  Soult5,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Two  Angels,  by  Pierre  Bupont, 
appears. 

*  *  Les  Cariatides,  by  Theodore  de  Ban- 
ville,  appears. 

*  *  Travels  in  Icaria,  by  ^fctienne  Cabet, 
appears. 

*  *  Practical  Exercises  of  Chinese  Syntax 
and  Lexicography,  by  Stanislaus  Julien, 
appears. 

*  *  Consuelo,  by  George  Sand,  appears. 
[1846,  La  mare  au  diable  and  Franqois 
l€  Champi:  1846-48,  La  petite  Fadette; 
1851,  Claudie.] 

*  *  Pens^es,  maximcs,  et  correspondance 
de  Josej}h  Joubert,  by  Paul  Kayiial,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  -48  *  *  La  revue  de  r Empire  is  issued. 

1843  *  *  Tras  lot  Monies,  by  Gautier,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Zc  Correspondant  is  issued. 

*  •  Jirdme  Paturot,  by  Keyland,  appears. 

*  •  La  Religion  de  V  Univers  is  issued. 

*  *  Georges,  Ascanio,  and  Le  chevalier 
tTHarmental,  by  Dumas,  phre,  appear. 
(1844,  The  Three  Musketeers,  C4cile,Fer- 
nande,  Amaury,  Gabriel  Lambert,  and 
Le  chdteau  tPEppstein;  1846,  Twenty 
Tears  After,  Lesfrkres  corses,  Une  jille 
du  regent,  and  /."a  reine  Margot ;  1845- 
46, 'La  guerre  des  femmes ;  18^,  Le  che- 
valier de  Maison-Rouge ,  La  Dame  de 
Monsoreau,  and  Le  bdiard  de  MauUon; 
1846-48,  Mhnoire  d'un  medecin.] 

*  *  Lucrece,  by  Frau9ois  Ponsard,  ap- 
pears. 

*  •  Recherches  sur  la  condition  civile  et 
politique  des  femmes,  by  E.  li.  L.  de  La- 
Doulaye,  appears. 

*  •  -63  *  *  Cours  de  litt^rature  drama- 
tique,  by  Francois  A.  Saint-Marc  Girar- 
din,  appears. 

1844  *  *  History  of  the  Two  Restorations 
to  the  Fall  of  Charles  A'.,  by  Achille 
Teuaille  de  Vaulabelle,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  Romans,  by  Victor  I>u- 
ruy,  appears. 

*  *  Discours  sur  V Esprit  positive  and 
Philosophic  Treatise  on  Popular  Astron- 
omy, by  Conite,  appear. 

*  •  Les  mysteres  de  Londres,  by  Paul  H. 
C.  F<^val,  appears.  [1847.  Le  fils  du, 
diable.'] 

*  *  Marthe  la  Jille,  by  Jasmin,  appears. 
[1845,  Les  deux  frkres  jumeaux;  1849, 
La  semaine  d'un  Jils.) 

*  •  -45  •  *  The  Count  of  Monte  Crista,  by 
Dumas,  pere,  appears. 


*  *  -47  •  *  Funeral  Orations,  by  Lacor- 
daire,  appear.  [1845,  Sermons  at  Lyons 
and  Grenoble.] 

*  *  -50  *  *  Gallery  of  Portraits  of  the 
18th  Century,  by  Houssaye,  appears. 
[1846.  History  of  Flemish  and  Dutch 
Painting.] 

*  *  -57  *  *  fllite  des  monuments  ciramo- 
graphiques,  by  Charles  Lenormaut  and 
others,  appears. 

1845  *  *  II  faut  qu'une  porte  soit  ouverfe 
ouferm^.€,oy  De  Musaet,  appears.  [1848- 
51,  liettine  and  Carmosine;  18dOf  Poesies 
A^ouvelles.] 

*  *  History  of  Civilization,  by  Guizot,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Biography  of  Jacqueline  Pascal,  by 
Cousin,  appears. 

*  *  Introduction  to  the  History  of  Bood- 
hism,  by  Eugene  Burnouf,  appears. 

*  *  Voyage  au  tour  de  monjardin,  hy  J.  S, 
A.  Karf,  appears. 

*  *  -63  *  *  History  of  the  Consulate  and 
the  Empire,  by  Ihiers,  appears. 

1846  *  *  Studies  of  Ancient  and  Foreign 
Literature,  by  ViUemain,  appears. 

*  *  The  Wandering  Jew,  by  Sue,  appears. 

*  *  Essay  on  the  History  of  Philosophy, 
by  Jean  P.  Daniiron,  ap]>ears. 

*  *  History  of  Provencal  Literature,  by 
Claude  Charles  Faunel,  appears. 

*  *  Histoire  des  Chdteaux  de  France,  by 
M.  Bailly,  appears. 

*  *  Les  Stalactites,  by  De  Banrille,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  -50  *  •  Critical  HiMory  of  the  Alex- 
andrian School,  by  Etienne  Vacherot, 
appears. 

1847  May  15.  Lacordaire  pro- 
nounces, in  the  Cathedral  of  Nancy, 
[the  famous]  funeral  oration  on  Gen. 
Drouot.    [Lacordaire'8  masterpiece.] 

SOCIETY. 

1839*  *The  Reformatory  School  at 
Mettray,  near  Tours,  ia  founded  by  31. 
de  Metz,  for  the  reformation  of  juvenile 
delinquents. 

1840  Oct.  15.  St.  Helena.  The  re- 
mains of  Napoleon  I,  are  removed  from 
the  tomb  for  transference  to  France, 

[Oct.  16.  They  are  placed  aboard  the 
French  frigate  Belle  Poule,  commanded 
by  Prince  de  JoinviUe.  Nov.  30.  The 
Belle  Poule  arrives  at  Cherbourg.] 

Dec.  15.  Paris.  The  remains  of  Na- 
poleon I.  are  solemnly  reinterred  under 
the  dome  of  the  chapel  of  the  Hotel  dea 
Invalides. 

The  obsequies  are  witnessed  by  1 ,000,000 
people,  including  160,000  soldiers  and  the 
royal  family,  and  all  the  high  person- 
ages of  the  realm.  The  family  of  Na- 
poleon are  absent,  being  in  exile  or  in 
prison. 

1841  Sept.  13.  An  attempt  is  made  to 
assassinate  the  king's  son,  the  Due 
d'Auniale,  on  his  return  from  Africa. 

1844  i  *  *  Paris.  Cr^ches  are  estab- 
lished for  the  temporary  care  of  the 
young  children  of  working  mothers. 

1846  Apr.  16.  Lecompte  attempts  to 
assassinate  the  king  at  Fontaiuebleau. 

July  29.  Joseph  Henri  makes  the 
seventh  attempt  to  assassinate  the 
king. 

Oct.  10.  Don  Francis  d'Assisi  marries 
his  cousin,  Isabella  II.,  Queen  of  Spain. 

The    Due    de    Montpensier    marries 

Maria  Louisa,  the  infanta  of  Spain. 

1847  Aug.  18.  Paris.  The  Due  de 
Praslin  murders  his  wife,  the  daughter 


of   Marshal   Sebastiani.      [lie   commits 
suicide  on  the  eve  of  his  trial.] 

Oct.  10.  J6r6me  Bonaparte  returns 
from  exile,  having  been  abseut  32  years. 

STATE. 

1839  May  12.  Paris.  A  Republican 
iusm-rection  is  led  by  Armand  Barb^s, 
Bernard,  and  others. 

May  12.-40  Mar.  1.  Paris.  The  Min- 
istry of  Marshal  Soult;  Guizot,  Thiers, 
and  Odillon-Barrot  are  excluded. 

*  *  Peace  is  made  with  Mexico. 

1840  Mar.  1-Oct.  29.  Paris.  The 
Ministry  of  Thiers  (second  time  pre- 
mier). 

May  12.  Paris.  The  removal  of  Napo- 
leon's remains  from  St.  Helena  to  France 
is  decreed  by  the  Chambers. 

July  15.  England,  Austria,  Prussia,  and 
Kussia  make  a  quadruple  treaty  of  al- 
liance with  Turkey  to  the  exclusion  of 
France,  the  assumed  ally  of  Mehemet 
AU,  the  viceroy  of  Egypt. 

Aug.  6.  Louis  Napoleon  and  Gen. 
Montholon  with  50  followers  ineffec- 
tively attempt  an  insurrection  at  Vime- 
reux  near  Boulogne.  [Oct.  6.  Napolt^on 
is  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  life.] 

Oct.  *  Paris.  The  Government  deserts 
the  cause  of  the  viceroy  of  Egypt. 

Oct.  29-48  Feb.  24.  Paris.  Fall  of 
Thiers;  the  Ministry  of  Soiilt  and 
Guizot. 

*  *  Trouble  with  England  arises  respecting 
the  arrest  of  Mr.  Pritchard,  its  consul  at 
Tahiti,  by  Capt.  D'Aubigny ;  redress  is 
demanded  and  granted. 

1842  July  13.    The  Due  d'Orlfians, 

the  king's  eldest  sou,  dies. 

*  *  The  chief  political  parties  are  the 
Legitimists,  led  by  Comte  de  Chambord, 
Orleanists,  Bonapartists,  and  Republi- 
cans. 

1843  *  ♦  -46  *  *  Trouble  occurs  respect- 
ing the  Spanish  marriages.  (See  So- 
ciety.) 

*  *  An  extradition  treaty  with  England 

is  signed. 

1844  *  *  The  Due  de  Nemours  Is  ap- 
pointed regent  in  the  event  of  a  va- 
cancy by  death. 

1846  May  25.  Louis  Napoleon  es- 
capes from  imprisonment  at  Ham  in  the 
disguise  of  a  mason. 

1847+ *  *The  Socialists  agitate  the 
country. 

*  *  Popular  clamor  cries  for  reform, 
electoral,  parliamentary,  and  adminis- 
trative. The  prime  minister  refuses  to 
grant  the  reforms  asked  for. 

Dec.  28.  Paris.  The  Legislative  Cham- 
bers meet,  but  promise  no  reforms,  and 
refuse  all  concessions. 

Dec.i  *  Paris.  The  Government  prohib- 
its a  proposed  reform  banquet. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1842    July  13.    The  Due  d'Orl6ans, 

heir  to  the  throne,  is  killed  by  a  fall 
from  his  carriage. 

1847  July  8.  The  canal  from  Durana 
to  Marseilles  is  completed. 


730      1847,  *  *-1852,  Jan.  10. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1848  Feb.  *4-  Paris,  Inaurrections 
arise.    (See  State.) 

1849  Jan.  29.  Paris.  Gen.  Changar- 
nier  makes  amilitary  demonstration  to 
forestall  an  anticipated  insurrection  of 
the  Kepublicans. 

Apr.  25.  It.  The  French  expedition  to 
Home,  comprising  three  divisions  of 
infantry  and  a  brigade  of  cavalry,  lands 
at  Civita  Vecchia. 

Apr.  30.  Garibaldi  repulses  the  advance 
at  Rome.  [May  1-JuIy  3.  Siege  of 
Rome.  May  17.  An  armistice.  June 
3.  Hostilities  are  resumed.  July  4.  The 
garrison  surx'enders  unconditionally  to 
the  French.] 

1850  Jan.  1.  The  President  creates  Ms 
uncle  Jerome  a  marshal  of  France. 

1851  Jan.  9.  Xapol^on  deprives  Gen. 
Changarnier  of  the  command  of  the 

National  Guard. 

Dee.  3-4.  Paris.  The  troops  are  at- 
tacked, and  defeat  the  rioters. 

1852  Jan.  10.  Paris.  The  National 
Guard  is  disbanded,  reorganized,  and 
placed  under  the  control  of  the  Presi- 
dent. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1847*  *  Paris.    Saccharometer,  an 

instrument  for  deternuuing  the  amount 
of  sugar  in  solutions,  is  invented  by  Jean 
Baptiste  Francois  Soleil.  [It  is  after- 
wards improved  by  Jules  Duboscq.] 

1848  *  *  The  Golden  Age  is  painted  by 
Jean  Auguste  Dominique  Ingres. 

1849  Apr.  12.  The  planet  Hygeia  is 
discovered  by  A.  de  Gasparis. 

*  *  The  velocity  of  light  is  measured  by  a 
method  invented  by  Hippolyte  Louis 
Fizeau. 

1850  May  11.  The  planet  Parthenope 
is  discovered  by  A.  de  Gasparis. 

Nov,  2.  The  planet  Egeria  is  discovered 
by  A.  de  Gasparis. 

•  *  Bonaparte  at  Saint  Bernard  is  painted 
by  Paul  Delaroche. 

±  *  *l.^on  Foucault  and  Hippolyte  Louis 
Fizeau  make  important  improvements 
in  photography,  and  develop  the  the- 
ory of  light. 

1851  July  29.  The  planet  Eunomia  is 
discovered  by  A.  de  Gasparis.  [1852, 
Sept.  IQ^Massilia;  Apr.  5,  Themis;  1861, 
Feb.  10,  Ausonia;  1865,  Apr.  26,  Beatrix.} 

Sept.  13.  A  statue  of  Joan  of  Arc  by 
Marie  d'Orleans  (M.  C.  C.  A.  F.  L.  de  Va- 
lois)  is  inaugurated  at  Orleans. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1847*  'Adelaide,  Eugenie  Louise,  sister  of 
Louis  I'hihppe,  A70. 

Aim6-Martin,  Louis,  author,  A66. 

Ballaiiche,  Pierre  Simon,  philosopher,  A71. 

Brongniart,  Alexander,  chemist,  naturalist, 
A77. 

Delessert,  Benjamin,  financier,  natural.,  A74. 

Dutrochet,  Ken6  Joachim  Henri,  physiolo- 
gist, natural  philosopher,  A7I. 

Gerard,  Jean  I.  1.  Grandeville,  artist,  cari- 
caturist, A44. 

Grouchy,  Marquis,  Emmanuel,  marslial,  A81. 

Guiraud,  Baron,  Pierre  Marie  Th^rese  Alex- 
andre, dramatist,  A59. 

Guillon,  Abb6,  Marie  Nicolas  Sllvestre,  au- 
thor, A87. 

Maria  Louisa,  second  wife  of  Napol6on  I., 
A66. 

Mars,  Mademoiselle  Anne  F.  H.  Boutet 
Monvel,  actor,  A69. 

Ondinot,  Nicolas  Charles,  Due  de  Kegglo, 
marshal,  A80. 


Poliernac.  Prince  de.  Auguste  Jules  Ar- 
maud  Marie,  statesman,  A67. 

Roll,  Albert  Philippe,  painter,  born. 

Soulie,  Melchior  Fr^d^ric,  novelist,  A47. 
1848  •  *  Affre,  Denis  Auguste,  archbishop  of 
Paris,  A55. 

Bastien- Lepage,  Jules,  painter,  born. 

Chateaubriand,    Vlcomte   de   Francois, 
Auguste,  author,  A80. 

Dutens,  Joseph  Michel,  pol.  economist,  A83. 
1849*  *  Bugeaud  de  la  I'iconnerie,  Thomas 
Robert,  marshal,  At>5. 

FranccEur,  Louis  Benjamin,  geomet.,  A76. 

Genoude,  Antoine  Eugene,  journalist,  histo- 
rian, A57. 

Habeneck,  Antoine  Francois,  musician,  A68. 

Mirhel,  Lizinska  A.  Z.  K.  de,  miniaturist,  A53. 

Quatrem6re    de    Quincy,  Antoine   Chrysos- 
tome,  art  critic,  archeologist,  A94. 

K6camier,  Madame  Jeanne  F.  J.  A.  B., 
accomplished  lady,  A7L 

Rey,  Jean,  manufacturer,  ■writer,  A76. 
I860*  *  Ancelot,  Jacques  A.  F.  P.,  drama- 
tist, poet,  novelist,  ASti. 

Balzac,  Honore  de.  novelist,  A51. 

Bastiat,  Fr6d6ric,  political  economist,  A49. 

Blainville,  Henri  Marie  Ducrotay  de,  zoolo- 
gist, physician,  A73. 

Clianibray,  Jlarquis  de,  Georges,  hist.,  A67±. 

Droz,  Joseph,  historian,  A77. 

Gautier,  Judith,  author,  born. 

Gay-Lussac,  Joseph  Louis,  chemist,  natural 
philosopher,  A72. 

Aug.  26.    liOuiB  Philippe,  Due  d'Orlt^ans, 
king,  at  Claremont,  Eng.,  A77. 

Planquette,  Robert,  composer,  born. 

Vidocq,  Eugene  Francois,  chief  of  detective 
police,  A76. 
1851  *  *  Angoul&me,  Buchesse  d',  Marie  Tb6- 
rese  Charlotte,  daughter  of    Louis  XVI. 
and  Marie  Antoinette,  A73. 

Bailly,  Antoine,  historian,  dies. 

Daguerre,  Louis  J.  M.,  artist,  A62. 

Golenibeski,  Jean,  centenarian,  A 126. 

Leuret,  Fran(;ois,  physician,  author,  A54. 

Sebastiani,  Horace  Francois,  marshal,  states- 
man, A76. 

Silvestre,  Baron  de,  Augustin  Francois,  rural 
economist,  A89. 

Soult.  Nicolas  J.  deD.,  Due  de  Dalmatie, 
marshal,  statesman,  A82. 


CHURCH, 

1848  Jtine  26.  PaHs.  The  arch- 
bishop of  Paris  is  killed  by  the  Red  Ke- 
publicans  -while  attending  the  dying. 

Nov.  24.  Rome.  The  Pope  leaves  in 
disguise,  and  takes  refuge  from  the  pop- 
ulace in  Gaeta,  in  the  Neapolitan  terri- 
tory. 

1850  Apr,  *  Pome.  The  Pope  returns, 
having  his  authority  restored  by  the 
army  of  France. 

LETTERS. 

1847  *  *  Aventures  de  guatre  femmes  et 
d'unperroquety  by  Dumas,  ^/s,  appears. 
[1848,  C^sarine  and  La  Dame  aux  Cam^~ 
lias;  1849,  Le  docteur  Servan,  Anto- 
nine,  and  Tristan  le  Roux;  1850,  Trois 
Bommes,  and  Henri  de  Ifavai^e.} 

*  *  Carmen,  by  M^rim^e,  appears.  [1848, 
History  of  Don  Pedro  /.,  Kijiy  of  Cas- 
tile.} 

*  *  La  Belle  Rose,  by  Louis  A.  E.  Achard, 
appears. 

*  *  Histoire  des  Girondins,  by  Lamartine, 
appears.  [1849,  Histoire  de  la  revolution 
defevrier;  1852,  Graziella.} 

*  *  Chien-Callon,  by  Champfleury,  ap- 
pears.   [1852,  Les  Oles  de  NoeL] 

*  *  Monuments  of  Nineveh,  by  Paolo  E. 
Botta  and  others,  appears. 

*  *  -  53  *  *  History  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion, by  Michelet,  appears. 

*  *  -62  *  *  History  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion, by  Louis  Blanc,  appears. 

1848  Aug.  24-28.  La  Gazette  de 
France  is  suspended. 

Aug.  30.  La  Gazette  de  France  resumes 
as  Le  Peuple  Franf;ais;  Journal  de  I'Ap- 
pel  d  la  Nation  is  issued. 


*  *  Mile,  de  la  Seigliere,  by  Sandeau,  ap- 
pears.   [1851,  Sacs  et  Parchemms.} 

*  *  Vie  de  Boh^me,  by  Murger,  appears. 
[1851,  Claude  et  Marianne;  1852,  Pays 
latin;  1853,  Adeline  Protat ;  1854,  Bv^ 
veurs.] 

*  *  The  Daughter  of  ^schylus,  hy  Joseph 
Autran,  appears. 

*  *  L'^vinement  is  founded  by  Victor 
Hugo. 

*  *  Histoire  de  Vesclavage  dans  Vanti* 
quite,  by  Henri  Alexandre  Wallon,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  T^es  Revolutions  d*Ualie,  by  Quinet, 
appears.  [1853,  Les  Esclaves;  1854, 
Marnix  de  Ste.  Aldegonde.] 

*  *-50  *  *  Dix  ans  plus  tard,  ou  le  Ti- 
comte  de  Bragelonne,  by  Dumas,  ph'e, 
appears.    [IMd,  Les mille  et  unfantomes ; 

1851,  La  femme  au  collier  de  velours; 

1852,  Olympe  de  Clh^es,  Un  Gil  Bias  en 
Californie,  and  Isaac  Laqiiedem:  1853, 
Ze  pasteur  d'Ashbourn,  El  Salteador, 
and  Conscience  Vinnocent.'] 

1849*  *  Gabrielle  3i.ryA  L^Aventuriere,\ij 
Emile  Augier,  appear. 

*  *  Harmonies  £conomiques,  by  Fr^4ric 
Bastiat,  appears. 

*  *  Adrienne  Lecouvreur,  by  Scribe,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Histoire  de  la  jeune  Allemagne,  by 
Ren6  G.  E.  Taillandier,  appears. 

*  *  -50  *  *  La  Chasse  Royale,  by  L.  A.  E. 
Achard,  appears. 

1850  Sept,  26.  The  Government  adopts 
measures  restricting  the  liberty  of  the 
press. 

*  *  La  Critique  et  la  Foi,  by  Edmond  H, 
A.  Scherer,  appears.  [185i3,  Alexandre 
Vintt.} 

*  *  The  Nun  of  Toulouse,  by  Janin,  ap- 

Sears.     [1851^7,   History    of  Dramatic 
iterature.] 

*  *  Charlotte  Corday,  by  Franyois  Pon- 
sard,  appears.    [1853,  Honor  and  Money.] 

1851  *  *  Histonj  of  Mary  Stuart,  by 
Mignet,  appears. 

*  *  Les  deux  Frondes,  and  Diane  de  Lys, 
by  Dumas, ,^7s,  appears.  [1852,  Le  regent 
Mustel;  1853,  Conies  et  nouvelles:  1.^4, 
Un  cas  de  rupture  and  La  Dame  aux 

perles.] 

*  *  Mercadet,  by  Balzac,  appears. 

*  *  -54  *  *  Systeme  de  Politique  positive, 
ou  Traite  de  Sociologie  instituant  la  Re- 
ligion de  I'Humanite,  by  Comte,  appears. 

*  *  -57  *  *  Causeriesde  iwnrfi, by  Sainte- 
Beuve,  appears. 

*  *  -63  *  *  Histoire  de  la  restauration,  by 
Lamartine,  appears.  J 


SOCIETY. 

1848  Feb.  *  Paris.  The  mob  sack  the 
Tuileriea.  About  16,000  citizens  are 
killed  or  wounded  during  the  riots. 
(See  Army  and  State.) 

Mar.  3.    Eng.    The  ex-king  and  his  wife 

arrive  at  Xewhaven. 

Mar.  4.  Paris.  A  grand  funeral  pro- 
cession commemorates  the  victims  of 
the  Revolution. 

Slavery  is  abolished  in  all  the 
French  colonies,  chiefly  through  the 
agency  of  Victor  Schoelcher,  after 
the  labor  of  20  years. 

1849  Aug.  22.  Paris.  A  peace  con- 
gress is  opened ;  representatives  are 
present  from  all  parts  of  the  world. 

1850  Aug.  15.  A  Grand  banquet  is 
given  to  Iiouis  Napoleon  at  Lyons. 

1851*  *-52*  *Tlie  Monts  de  PiSt6 
are  regulated  by  law. 


FRANCE. 


1847,  *  *-1852,  Jan.  10.    731 


1852  Jan.  1,  The  Prince-President  is 
installed  at  Notre  I)ame,  and  the  day  is 
observed  as  a  national  holiday. 

STATE. 

1848  Jan.  *  Paris.  It  is  resolved  to 
hold  a  reform  banquet  notwithstanding 
the  prohibition. 

Banquets  are  held  in  Strasburg,  Char- 
ires,  an<l  elsewhere.  It  is  proposed  to 
hold  one  on  the  22d  of  February ;  but  it 
is  again  prohibited,  and  abandoned. 

*  *  The  Socialists  are  called  Commu- 
nists, and  become  a  powerful  political 
body. 

Feb.  4.  Paris.  A  great  debate  takes 
place  on  the  Reform  Bill. 

Feb.  22-24.  Paris.  The  Revolution 
of  February.  Cause:  the  spirit  of  dis- 
content, and  contempt  for  the  existing 
government. 

Feb.  22.  Paris.  Mobs,  chiefly  directed 
by  Socialists,  come  into  conflict  with 
municipal  guards,  which  are  defeated. 

Feb.  23.  Paris.  The  National  Guard  is 
called  out,  barricades  thrown  up,  the 
Tuileries  ransacked,  tbe  prisons 
opened,  and  frightful  disorders  com- 
mitted ;  a  partial  defection  of  the  guards 
occurs ;  Guizot  resigns  [and  Count  MoM 
succeeds  him  as  premier,  but  later  gives 
way  to  Thiers]. 

Feb.  24.  Paris.  The  king  abdicates 
the  crown  in  favor  of  his  grandson,  the 
Comte  de  Paris. 

Tlie  Duchess  of  Orleans  and  her  two 
sons  in  the  Chamber  of  the  Deputies. 
An  armed  mob  rush  in  and  proclai^n  a 
Republic  :  "  No  more  Bourtx^ns  !  '*  "  No 
regency  ! "  **  The  Republic  forever !  " 

A  Provisional  Government  is  ap- 
pointed having  U  members  ;  Lamartiue 
is  president. 

Feb.  26.  Paris.  A  Republic  is  pro- 
claimed from  tbe  steps  of  the  Hotel  de 
Ville. 

1848*  *-51*  *  The  Second  Republic. 

Feb.  *  National  workshops  (Ateliers 
Nationaiuc)  are  established  by  the  Pro- 
visional Government. 

[Private  trade  is  thereby  deranged ; 
100,000  workmen  demand  the  govern- 
ment work  and  pay.  June  *  The  shops 
are  abolished.] 

Feb.  *  Paris.  Louis  Blanc,  the  journal- 
ist and  Socialist,  is  placed  at  the  head  of 
a  commission  of  laborers,tfvith  a  view  to 
the  ** organization  of  labor"  by  the 
Provisional  Government. 

Mar.  4.  Paris.  A  grand  funeral  pro- 
cession marches  in  honor  of  the  victims 
of  the  Revolution. 

The  National  Assembly  meets.  [It 
is  no  longer  called  the  Chamber  of  Dep- 
uties.] 

May  7.  Paris.  The  Provisional  Govern- 
ment yields  to  an  Executive  Com- 
mission elected  by  the  National  As- 
sembly. 

Members ;  Dupont  de  I'Eure,  Arago, 
Garnier-Pag^s,  Marie.  Lamartine,  Le- 
dru-Rollin,  and  Cr^mieux. 

May  15.  Paris.  The  people's  attack  on 
the  Assembly  is  suppressed. 


May  26.  Pans.  A  decree  of  perpetual 
banishment  is  issued  against  XjOuIs 
Philippe  and  his  family. 

June  13.  Louis  Napol6on  is  elected  to 
the  Assembly  for  the  department  of  the 
Seine  and  three  other  departments. 

June  22.  The  Assembly  decrees  that  a 
certain  number  of  workmen  shall  join 
the  army,  or  be  excluded  from  the  na- 
tional workshops  if  they  refuse. 

June  23-26.    **  The  Days  of  June." 
A   popular    insurrection    breaks    out, 
with  much  bloodshed  in  Paris,  because 
of  the  closing  of  the  government  work- 


(JuNE  23.)  Rise  of  the  Red  Repub- 
licans. Fighting  with  the  National 
Guard  continues  all  night  in  Paris  ;  more 
than  300  barricades  are  erected  in  the 
streets. 

Gen.  Cavaignac  is  nominated  as  dic- 
tator.   The  executive  committee  resigns. 
(JuxE  25.)    Paris  is  declared  to  be  in 
a  state  of  siege. 

(Junk  27.)  Affre,  the  archbishop  of 
Paris,  is  killed  by  a  random  shot  while 
attempting  a  pacification. 

(June  28.)  Tbe  last  barricade  is 
stormed  by  the  troops,  and  the  insur- 
rection ends,  and  order  is  restored. 

June  28.  Paris.  Gen.  Cavaignac  sur- 
renders the  dictatorship,  and  is  ap- 
pointed president  of  the  coujicil. 

July  4.  Paris.  Cavaignac  orders  the 
national  workshops  closed. 

Sept.  26.  Paris.  Xjouis  Napoleon 
takes  his  seat  in  the  National  Assembly. 

Oct.  20.  Paris  is  relieved  from  a  state 
of  siege,  after  being  shut  up  for  four 
months. 

Nov.  4,  Paris,  A  new  Constitution  is 
adopted,  it  provides  for  a  single  legis- 
lative chamber  of  750  members.  [Nov. 
12.    Promulgated.] 

Dec.  1.  Louis  Napol(^on  publishes  an  ad- 
dress announcing  himself  as  a  candidate 
for  the  presidency. 

Dec.  11.  Paris.  XjOuIs  Napoleon,  the 
nephew  of  Napoleon  I.,  is  elected  Pres- 
ident of  the  French  republic.  [Dec.  20. 
Proclaimed  for  four  years.] 

1848-1871    Louis  Napoleon  in  power. 

Dec.  20.  He  is  proclaimed  President  of 
the  Republic.  Vote:  Napoleon, 5,327 ,345; 
Cavaignac,  1,474,687;  Ledru-RoUin,  381,- 
026;  Raspail,  37,121  ;  Lamartine,  21,032; 
and  Changaruier,  4,975. 

1849  Apr.  *  Louis  Napoleon  sends  an 
exx>edition  to  Rome  to  restore  the 
authority  of  the  Pope. 

June  11.  Paris.  Great  excitement  pre- 
vails, and  an  impeachment  of  the  Presi- 
dent is  proposed,  because  of  his  aiding 
the  cause  of  the  Pope. 

June  15,  An  insurrection  in  Lyons  !s 
suppressed  by  the  military. 

Oct.  31.  Paris.  The  President  changes 
his  Ministry,  and  nominates  ministers 
favorable  to  his  aims. 

1850  May  31.  Paris.  The  Assembly, 
alarmed  by  tbe  Socialists,  restricts  the 
suffrage  to  citizens  domiciled  for  three 
years  in  tbe  same  commune. 

June  24.  Paris.  A  donation  bill  is 
passed,  giving  the  President  2,160,000 
francs  per  annum. 


Sept.  26.  Xiiberty  of  the  press  is  re- 
stricted. 

1851  Jan.  3.  Paris.  The  Ministry 
resign. 

Jan.  *  Paris.  The  President  by  a  decree 
deprives  Gen.  Changamier  of  the  com- 
mand of  the  garrison.  [July  14-19.  'J'he 
Assembly  warmly  debates  this  removal.] 

July  19.  Paris.  The  majority  in  the 
Assembly  who  vote  for  tbe  revision  of 
the  Constitution  is  97  less  than  the  three- 
fourths  required. 

Nov.*  Paris.  Tbe  Assembly  makes  fac- 
tious opposition  to  the  Government; 
alleged  plots  are  announced. 

Dec.  2.  Paris.  Coup  d*:^tat  of  Louis 
Napol€on.  Tbe  President  becomes  dic- 
tator. 

In  complicity  with  Saint-Arnaud,  Perslgny, 
Mauras,  De  Moray,  and  others,  he  faiises  t)ie 
arrest  before  daylight  of  leading  Kepublicans 
and  Orleanisls  ;  Cavaignac,  Changamier, 
Charras,  Lanioriciere,  Iledeaus,  Thiers,  Vic- 
tor Hugo,  and  several  otliera  are  imprisoned. 
He  dissolves  tlie  National  Assenibly,  annuls 
the  Constitution,  and  restores  universal  suf- 
frage. He  appeals  to  the  people  to  elect  hlra 
President  for  ten  years.  Paris  is  occupied  by 
troops. 

A  new  Ministry  is  announced. 

Members  :  Count  Morny,  minister  of 
the  interior;  Gen.  Saint-Arnaud,  minis- 
terof  war;  M.  Fould.ministerof  finance  ; 
and  M.  Rouher,  minister  of  justice. 

Dec.  18.  Paris.  The  Napoleon  succes- 
sion, in  default  of  issue  from  the  em- 
peror, is  determined  in  favor  of  Prince 
Jerome-Napoleon  and  his  heirs  male. 

Napoleon  arrests  180  members  of 
the  National  Assembly  who  attempt  to 
meet. 

Dec,  3,4.  Paris.  Partial  Insurrections 
are  suppressed. 

Dec.  12.  Paris.  A  Consultative  Com- 
mission is  founded. 

Dec.  20,21.  Paris.  Louis  Napoldon  is 
elected  President  for  10  years  by  a  na- 
tional vote  (7,473,431-641,351). 

He  is  clothed  with  monarchical  power, 
and  permitted  to  issue  a  Constitution  for 
France. 

1852  Jan.  1,  Paris.  Louis  Napoldon 
is  installed  President  in  the  Cathedral 
of  Notre  Dame,  and  the  day  is  made  a 
holiday.  Tbe  Prince-President  resides 
in  the  Tuilieries. 

Jan.  9.  The  President  arbitrarily  ban- 
ishes his  most  powerful  opponents,  in- 
cluding Changarnier,  Lamorici^re ;  they 
are  conducted  to  tbe  Belgian  frontier. 

Jan.  10.  The  President  banishes  83 
members  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  ; 
575  persons  are  also  arrested  for  making 
resistance  to  the  coup  d'etat,  and  taken 
to  Havre  for  transportation  to  Cayenne. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1848  *  *  Paris.    Trees   of  liberty  are 

1)1  an  ted. 

1850*  *The  vine  diseaae  reaches  the 

trellised  vines,  and  many  vineyards  lose 

the  entire  crop,  at  Versailles. 
1851    Nov.  13.    An  electric  telegraph 

is  opened  between  France  and  England. 
*  *  Louis  Napoleon  makes  the  Tuileries 

his  residence,  and  [greatly  renovates  it]. 


/ 


732    1852,  Jan.  14-1857, 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1852  Mar.  28.  The  Departments  are 
released  from  a  state  of  siege. 

1853  Mar.  20.  The  fleet  is  sent  into 
Turkish  waters,  and  joins  that  of  Eng- 
land. 

Sept.  *  A  military  camp  is  established  at 

Satory,  near  Paris. 
■Oct.  4.    Turk.   The  Anglo- French  fleet 

enters    the    Dardanelles.    [Nov.   15.    It 

enters  the  Bosporus,] 
1854*  *-56*  *The  Crimean  "War. 

(For  events,  see  Great  Britain.) 
Sept.  20.    Rus.    Battle  of  Alma.    (See 

Great  Britain.) 

1856  Mar.  30.  Peace  is  made  with 
Russia. 

July  5.  Hus.  The  French  leave  the 
Crimea. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1852  Nov.  15.  The  planet  Lutetia  is 
discovered  by  Hermann  Goldschmidt. 
[1864,  Oct.  26,  Pomona  ;  1856,  May  22, 
Daphne;  1857,  Sept.  9,Melete;  Sept.  19, 
Doris f  also  Pales;  Sept.  10,  Alexandra; 
1860,  Sept.  9,  Danae;  1861,  May  6,  PaTU}- 
psea,] 

*  *  *  Paris.  The  Horse  Fair^  painted  by 
Hosa  Bonheur,  is  exhibited  at  the  Salon. 

1853  Apr.  6.  The  planet /*Aoc«a  is  dis- 
covered by  Jean  Chacornac.  [1855,  Apr. 
Q,  Circe;  1856,  Apr.8,  ias^ifia/  1860, Sept. 
12,  Olympia.] 

Dec.  7.  Paris.  A  bronze  statue  of 
Max^hal  Ney,  by  M.  Rude,  is  erected 
on  the  spot  where  he  fell  38  years  before. 

1854  Oct.  28.  The  planet  Poly phymnia 
is  discovered  by  M.  Chacornac.  [1856, 
Jan.  12,  Led  a.] 

*  •  Joan  o/  Arc  is  painted  by  Jean  Auguste 
Dominique  Ingres. 

1855  *  *  Paris.  Ernest  Wilfred  Gabriel 
Baptiste  Legouv^  is  elected  a  member  of 
the  Academy.  [1862,  Jacques  Victor 
Albert,  Due  de  Broglie ;  1865,  Charles  Ca- 
mille  Doucet ;  1870,  firaile  OUivier  and 
Xavier  Marmier:  1871,  Henry  Eugfene 
Orleans,  Duo  d'Aumale ;  1874,  Jan.  30, 
Alexandre  Dumas,  ^^5.] 

*  *  The  Girondists  in  /Vison  is  painted  by 
Paul  Delaroche. 

1856*  *  Paris.  Jules  Duboscq's  electric 
lamp  is  exhibited. 

May  *  -June  *  Disastrous  inundations 
occur  near  Lyons  and  elsewhere  in  the 
south  ;  whole  villages  are  swept  away. 

1857  *  *  Small  photograpliic  portraits, 
called  carte-de-visite,  are  first  taken 
by  M.  Ferrier  at  Nice.  [The  Duke  of 
Parma  has  his  portrait  placed  on  his 
visiting-cards  ;  the  custom  soon  becomes 
fashionable.] 

Aug.  14.  Paris.  The  magnificent  build- 
ings of  the  new  liOUvre,  begim  by  Napo- 
leon 1.,  are  opened  with  splendid  cere- 
monies by  Napoleon  III. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1863*  *  Beudant,  Francis  Sulpice,  physi- 
cist, A65. 

Burnouf,  Eugene,  orientalist,  A51. 

Ebelmen,  Jawiues  Joseph,  cliemist,  ASS. 

Fayolle,  Fran(;.oL8  Joseph  Marie,  musician, 
critic,  litterateur,  A78. 

-Gerard,  Count,  Ktienne  Maurice,  marshal, 
A79. 


Gay,  Marie  F.  S.  N.  de  Lavalette,  novelist, 
A76. 

Ciourgaud,  Gaspard,  general,  author,  A69. 
Graux,  Cliarles,  philoloKist,  born. 
Joliannot,  Tony,  painttr,  wood  engr.,  A49. 
I^afarge,  Marie  C,  iioisoiier,  A36. 
Maistre,  Conite  Xavier  de,  novelist.  A88. 
Marrast,  Ariiian<l,  jnurnahst,  politician,  A51. 
Mariiiont,  Auguste  F.  L.  V.,  Due  de  Kaguse, 

marslial,  A78. 
Orsay,  Comte  d',  Alfred  Guillaurae  Gabriel, 

artist,  leader  of  fasliion,  A54. 
Pradier,  Jaeqnes,  8ciU])tor,  AttO. 
Walcikenaer,  liaron   Charles  Athanase,  au- 

tlior,  A81. 

1853  *  *  Arago,  Dominique  Franijois,  astron- 
omer, natural  philosopher.  A67. 

Arrighi,  Due  de  I'adoue,  marshal,  dies. 

Itellot,  Joseph  Ken^,  Artie  navigator,  A27. 

('oUombet,  I''ran<;oi8  Z^non,  author,  A4.^. 

Falire,  Antoine  F.  H.,  medical  writer,  A56. 

Fontaine,  Pierre  Franc;ois  Leonard, architect, 
A  91. 

Montholon,  Comte  Charles  Tristan  de,  gen- 
eral, author,  A70. 

Ortila,  .Mateo  Josi5  IJonaveutura,  chem.,  A66. 

Saiut-Hilaire,  Auguste  de,  liotanist,  A54.     > 

1854  *  *  liaudin  des  Ardennes,  Charles,  vice- 
admiral,  A70. 

Heautemps-Beaupr^,  Charles  Francois,  hy- 
drographer,  ASS. 

Berlin,  Louis  Marie  Arinand,  journalist,  A53. 

Blanqui,  J*5r6me  Adolplie,  political  econo- 
mist, A56. 

Bourdon,  Louis  Pierre  Marie,  math.,  A55. 

Chazal,  Antoine,  artist.  Abl. 

Fauclier,  L6on,  economist,  statesman,  A51. 

Hau88t;z,  Charles  L.  de  Longprti  d',  minister, 
natural  philosopher,  A76. 

Lallemand,  Claude  Frani,'ois,  physician,  sur- 
geon, A64. 

Lamennais,  L'Abb^,  Hugues  F^liclt^  Robert 
de,  religious  and  political  writer,  A72. 

Marcel,  Jean  Joseph,  orientalist,  hist.,  A78. 

Mirbel,  Charles  F.  B.  de,  naturalist,  A78. 

Paixhans,  Henri  Jusepti,  general,  inventor 
of  guns,  author,  A72. 

Peyronnet,  Charles  Ignace.  lawyer,  pol.,  A76. 

Rochette,  I>6sir6  Itaoul,  archeologist,  A64. 

Saint-Arnaud,  Jacques  Achllle  Leroy  de, 
marshal,  A  58. 

Souvestre,  Emile,  journalist,  author,  A48. 

Thibaudeau,  Comte  Antoine  Claire,  revolu- 
tionist, historical  writer,  A89. 

Tissot,  Pierre  Francois,  author,  A86. 

Vill^le,  Comte  de,  Jean  Baptiste  S^raphin 
Joseph,  minister  of  finance,  A81. 
1865  *  *  Arago,JacquesEtienne  Victor,trav- 
eler,  writer,  A65. 

Barchou  de  Penhoen,  Baron  Auguste  T.  H., 
writer,  dies. 

Chenot,  Claude  Bernard  Adrlen,  eng.,  A52. 

l)uvernoy,  Georges  Louis,  zoologist,  anato- 
mist, A  78. 

Girardin,  Delphine  Gay  de,  author,  A51. 

Isabey,  Jean  Baptiste,  miniature  paint.,  A88. 

Lacretelle,  Jean  Charles  de,  historian,  A89. 

Magendie,  Francois,  physiologist,  A72. 

Michaux,  Francois  Andre,  botanist,  A85. 

Mol^,  Comte,  Louis  Mathieu,  statesman,  A74. 
1856*  *  Adam,    Adolphe    Charles,    musical 
composer,  A53. 

Arlincourt,  Vicomte  d',  Victor,  poet,  novel- 
ist, A67. 

Blnet,  Jacques  Philippe  Marie,  mathemati- 
cian, astronomer,  A70. 

Cabet,  Etienne,  8o<;ialist,  A68. 

David,  Pierre  Jean,  sculptor,  A67. 
•Delaroche,  Paul  (Hyppolyte),  historical 
painter,  A69. 

Fortoul,  Hippolyte  Nicolas  Honors,  wr.,  A45. 

Gerliardt,  Cliaries  Frederic,  chemist,  A40. 

Monod,  Adolphe,  Protestant  cler.,  A.56. 

Napoleon,  Eugene  Louis  Jean  Joseph,  son  of 
Kapolfion  III.,  born. 

Prevost,  Louis  Constant,  geologist,  A69. 

Salvandy,  Comte  de,  Narcisse  Achille,  au- 
thor, A61. 

Thierry,  Jacques   Nicolas   Augustin,  histo- 
rian, A6L 
1857  *  *  Abbatucci,  Jacques  Pierre  Charles, 
diplomatist,  A66. 

Bt^ranger,  Pierre  Jean  de,  lyric  poet,  A77. 

Boissonade,  Jean  Fran(;ois,  philologist,  A83. 

Bonaparte,  Charles  Lucien  Jules  lAurent, 
writer  on  natural  philosophy,  A54. 

Cauchy,  Augustin  Louis,  math.,  poet,  A68. 

Cavaignac,  Louis  Eugene,  general,  A55. 

Comte,  AugruBte,  phil.,  fdr.  positivism,  A59. 

Dufr^noy,  Pierre  Armand,  geologist,  A65. 

I )esnoyers,  A uguste  G. L.  Boucher,  engr.,  A78. 

Isambert,  Kran(;ois  A.,  politician,  jurist,  A66. 

MuBset.  liouis  CbEirles  Alfred  de.  poet, 
A47. 

Orbignv,  Alcide  Dessalines  d',  natural.,  A55. 

Blanche,  Jean  Baptiste  Gustave,  litterateur, 
critic,  A  49. 


Quatremere,  Etienne  Marc,  orientalist,  A75. 
Sue.  Marie  Joseph  SuRdne,  novelist,  ASS. 
Swetchine,  or  .SvetcJiin,  Anne  Soi)lile,  au- 
thor, A75. 
Th^nard,  Louis  Jacques,  chemist,  A80. 


CHURCH. 

1852  Mar.  26.  Louis  Napoleon  decrees 
the  reestablishment  of  the  law  of 
1802.    (See  p.  715.) 

1853  Jan.  3.  Paris.  The  Panth^n  is 
reopened  as  the  Church  of  St.  Gene- 
vieve. 

July  17.  Sacred  relics  are  exhibited  at 
Aix-la-Chapelle ;  60,000  pilgrims  view 
them. 

Aug.  19.  Paris.  The  first  meeting  is 
held  of  the  World's  Conference  of 
Yotuig  Men's  Christian  Association 
Societies. 

1855  *  *  Paris.  The  Evangelical  Alli- 
ance holds  its  third  meeting. 

1856  *  *  The  mission  of  the  American 
Baptists  is  left  in  the  bands  of  French 
pastors.  The  theological  seminary  at 
Douai  is  closed. 

1857  Feb.  11.  Miracles  are  alleged 
to  take  place  at  Xiourdes. 

LETTERS. 

1852  *  *  History  of  Ancient  Greece,  and 
History  of  France t  by  Victor  Duruy,  ap- 
pear. 

*  *  Cat^chisme  positiviste,  ou  Sommaire 
Exposition  de  la  Religion  uJiiverselle, by 
Comte,  appears. 

*  *  Les  Illumines,  ou  les  Pricurseurs  du 
Socialisme,  by  Gerard  de  Nerval,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Pokmes  antiques,  by  C.  M.  Leconte  de 
Lisle,  appears.  [1854,  Poemes  et poesies; 
1859,  Le  chemin  de  la  croix.] 

*  *  Le  regent  Musfelyhy  Alexa.ndreT)\iinASj 
fils,  appears.  {\?5^^,^ 7>ian&  de  lys ;  1855, 
Le  iJemi-Monde ;  1857,  La  question  d'ar- 
gent ;  1858,  Lejils  naturel;  1859,  Unpert 
prodige.] 

*  *  La  Revue  Contemporaire  is  issued. 

*  *  Napoleon  le  Petit,  by  Victor  Hugo,  ap- 
pears. [1853,  Les  ckdtiments ;  1856-67, 
Les  contemplations.] 

*  *-54*  *  Tard's  Dictionnaire  de  Hy- 
giene is  published. 

1853  *  *  Essays  on  Literary  History,  by 
Eugfene  Gerusez,  appears. 

*  *  Le  Tiers-£tat,  by  Thierry,  appears. 

*  *  The  True,  the  Beautiful,  and  the  Good, 
by  Cousin,  appears. 

*  *  Essay  on  the  Fables  of  La  Fontaine, 
by  Hippolyte  Adolphe  Taine,  appears. 
[1854,  Essay  oil  Titus  Livius;  IS55,  A 
Tour  Throuqh  the  Pyrenees;  1856,  The 
French  Philosophers  of  the  19th  Gen- 
tury.] 

*  *  Le  pressoir,  Moliere,  and  Les  matfres 
sonneurs,  by  George  Sand,  appear. 
[1854,  Lucie  and  Histoire  de  ma  lie; 
1855,  Afont  RevSche;  1858,  Elle  et  lui; 
1859,  L' Homme  de  neige.} 

*  *  Les  faux  D^mifrius:  Episode  de  I' Hit* 
toire  <ie  Russie,  by  Merim^e,  appears. 

*  *  Le  Mercure  de  France^  begun  in  1672, 
ceases  to  appear. 

*  *-55*  *  La  comtesse  de  Chamy,  by 
Dumas,  pere,  appears.  [1854,  Cathhrive 
Blum  and  Inghiue :  1854-68.  Les  Mohi- 
cans de  Paris:  1855-59,  Salvator;  1857, 
Les  compagnons  de  J6hu ;  1859,  Les  lotives 
de  3facnecoul.] 

1854  *  *  Les  bourgeois  de  MoUvchart,  by 
Champfleury,  appears.  [1857,  La  Succes- 
sion de  Cannis.] 


FRANCE. 


1852,  Jan.  14-1857,  *  *.    733 


*  *  -66  *  *  Caugeries  litt^aires,  by  Ar- 
maiid  A,  J.  M.  F.  Foutmartin,  appears. 
[1857-81,  Causeriea  du  SametU:  18GI-63, 
Sttnaines  littSraires;  1862,  Les  Jtudts 
de  Mme.  CharbonneauJ\ 

1855  *  *  Le  Cabinet  Historique  is  issued. 

*  *  Tolla^  by  About,  appears.  [1856,  Le 
JRoi  des  Montagnes;  1857,  Germaiue  ; 
1858,  Trente  et  Quarante;  1862,  Homme  A 
Voreille  casui  aiid  the  Nez  d'un  notaire; 

1863,  Madelo7i.] 

•  *  ^fHange,8  historigues  et  litiiraires^  by 
M^rim^e,  appears. 

•  *  La  /amille,  by  Paul  Janet,  appears. 
[1^8,  His/oire  de  la 2)hilosopkie  morale  et 
politique ;  1860,  Etudes  sur  la  dialectique 
dans  Platon  et  lUgel;  1862,  La  philoso- 
phie  da  bonheur.] 

•  •-56*  *  Political  History  of  the  United 
States,  by  fe.  R.  L.  de  Labouliiye,  ap- 
pears.    [1862,  United  States  and  France; 

1864,  Paris  in  America.] 

1856  •  *  lievue  Critique  d'Histoire  et  de 
Litth-ature  is  issued. 

*  *  The  Old  Regime  and  the  Revolution,  by 
De  Tocqueville,  appears. 

•  *  Natural  Religion,  by  Jules  Simon,  ap- 
pears. 

•  *  L^Allemag'ne  et  la  Russie,  by  Taillan- 
dier,  appears.     [1865,  Maurice  de  Saxe.] 

*  *  Symphonies,  by  P.  M.  V.  R.  de  Paprade, 
appears. 

•  *  Les  OdMettes,  by  Theodore  FauUain 
de  Banville,  appears. 

*  *  ^maux  et  Camies,  by  Gantier,  appears. 

1857  *  *  L'liistnire  des  Gaulois,  by  A. 
Thierry,  appears. 

*  *  TAe /Voirers  o/£'ri/,  by  Charles  Baude- 
laire, appears. 

*  *  Memoir  on  the  Rural  Economy  of 
France^  by  L.  G.  L.  G.  Lavergne,  ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1852  Jan.  •  Paris.  The  Government 
inaugurates  a  reaction  against  republi- 
canism. 

The  {nscription,  '*  Liberty,  Fraternity, 
Equality,"  is  proscribed  and  to  be 
everywhere  erased;  "trees  of  liberty" 
are  cut  down  and  burned ;  old  names  of 
public  buildings,  places,  and  streets  are 
restored. 

July  1.  Paris.  A  plot  for  the  assassi- 
nation of  the  Prince-President  is  dis- 
covered, 

Aug.  15.  The  birthday  of  Napoleon  I. 
is  celebrated  as  the  only  national  holi- 
day. 

Sept.  23.  The  police  discover  and  seize 
an  infernal  machine  at  Marseilles, 
prepared  against  Louis  Napoleon. 

•  *  Napoleon  III.  restores  the  hereditary 
peerage. 

1853  Jan.  30.  Napoleon  m.  mar- 
ries Eugenie  Marie  de  Montijo  de  Guz- 
man. 

Feb.  2.  More  than  4,000  political  pris- 
oners are  pardoned. 

Mar.  13.  Paris.  An  immense  Social- 
istic demonstration  occurs  at  the  fu- 
neral of  Madame  Raspail ;  40,000  persons 
march  in  the  procession. 

Mar.  28.  A  peace  address,  signed  by 
40,000  Englishmen,  is  presented  to  Na- 
poleon III.  by  Englishmen. 

July  7.  Paris.  A  plot  to  assassinate  the 
emperor  while  on  his  way  to  the  opera  is 
discovere<I.  [Nov.  *  Ten  persons  are 
transported  for  life.] 

Sept.  *  Paris.    Bread  riots  break  out. 
1855    Apr.  28.    Pianori  unsuccessfully 
attempts  to  3dll  the  emperor. 


*  *  Paris.  An  International  Statistical 
Congress  meets. 

1856  Mar.  16.  Paris.  Napoleon  Eu- 
gene Louis  Jean  Josex^h  Bonaparte, 
prince  imperial,  is  born.  Amnesty 
is  granted  to  1,000  political  prisoners. 

1857  Jan.  3.  Jean  Verger,  a  priest, 
assassinates  Sibour,  the  archbishop  of 
Paris. 

July  11.  Paris.  A  conspiracy  to  assas- 
sinate the  emperor  is  detected.  [Aug. 
6,  7.  The  conspirators  are  sentenced  to 
transportation.] 

STATE. 

1852  Jan.  14.  Paris.  A  new  Consti- 
tution is  published ;  it  resembles  that 
of  the  first  empire. 

The  Senate  is  reestablished  in  place 
of  the  Chamber  of  Peers. 
Jan.  22.  Paris.  A  decree  confiscating 
their  appanages,  and  obliging  the  Or- 
16ans  family  to  sell  all  their  real  and 
personal  property  in  France  within  a 
year,  is  issued. 

Napoleon  issues  anotlier  decree. 

It  annuls  the  settlement  made  by  Louis 
Philippe  upon  his  family  in  1830,  and  an- 
nexes the  property  to  the  public  domain. 

Mar.  29.  Paris.  The  Legislative 
Chambers  are  installed. 

Aug.  8.  Louis  AdolpheThiersandothers 
are  permitted  to  return  from  exile. 

Sept.  13.  Paris.  The  Senate  prays  for 
*'  the  reestablishment  of  the  hereditary 
sovereign  power  in  the  Bonaparte 
family." 

Sept.  16.  Paris.  Napoleon  commences 
a  tour  through  Southern  France. 

[Sept.  19.  He  is  welcomed  at  Lyons. 
Sept.  27.  Visits  Toulon.  Oct.  7.  Visits 
Bordeaux.    Oct.  16.    Returns  to  Paris.] 

Oct.  10.  The  President  releases  Abd- 
el-Kader  after  an  imprisonment  of  five 
years  (p.  9). 

Oct.  19.  Paris.  Napoleon  convokes  the 
Senate  to  deliberate  on  the  restoration 
of  the  empire,  when  a  senatus  consul- 
turn  will  be  proposed  for  the  ratifica- 
tion of  the  French  people. 

Oct.  25.  Comte  de  Chambord  makes  a 
protest. 

Nov,  4.  Paris.  Napoleon  announces  in 
his  message  to  the  Senate  the  contem- 
plated restoration  of  the  empire,  and 
orders  the  people  to  be  consulted  upon 
this  change. 

Nov.  7.  Napoleon  is  proclaimed  em- 
peror by  a  senatus  consultum,  subject 
to  ratification  by  the  people. 

Nov.  21,  22.  Tlie  action  of  the  Senate 
is  ratified  by  a  public  vote;  for  the 
empire,  7,854,189;  opposed,  253,145  j  null, 
63,326. 

Dec.  2.  Paris.  Louis  Napolt^on  is  pro- 
claimed Emperor  of  the  French,  un- 
der the  name  of  Napoleon  TTT.,  at  the 
HAtel  de  Ville. 

Dec.  2.-70  Sept.  2.  The  NapoMon 
Dynasty  restored. 

1853  Jan.  11.  Russia,  Austria,  and 
Prussia  iinally  acknowledge  Napo- 
leon in.  as  Emperor  of  the  French. 


Jan.  30.  Amnesty  is  granted  to  4,312 
political  prisoners  and  exiles. 

Feb.  5.    Paris.    Gen.  Saint-Priest  and 

many  other  Legitimists  are  secretly  ar- 
rested, under  charges  of  communicating 
with  the  Comte  de  Chambord ,  or  for  sen(f 
ing  false  news  to  foreign  newspapers. 

Feb.  17.  Application  is  made  to  Great 
Britain  for  possession  of  Napol6on 
Bonaparte's  will.    [Granted.] 

May  28,  Paris.  A  bill  is  passed  restor- 
ing capital  punishment  for  attempts 
on  the  life  of  the  emperor,  or  to  subvert 
the  imperial  government. 

Nov.  17.  The  two  branches  of  the  Bour- 
bon family  become  reconciled  to  each 
other. 

The  Due  de  Nemours,  on  behalf  of 
the  entire  Orleans  House,  makes  peace 
with  the  Comte  de  Chambord. 

1854  Mar.  28.  Paris.  "War  is  declared 
against  Russia  by  France  as  an  ally 
of  Turkey,    (See  Great  Britain.) 

1855  July  9,  Paris.  A  bill  is  passed' 
to  effect  a  loan  of  750,000,000  francs  on 
account  of  the  war  with  Russia. 

[On  the  30th  the  total  sum  subscribed 
amounted  to  3,652,591,985  francs,  nearly 
live  times  the  amount  required;  2,533,- 
888,450  francs  were  from  Paris  ;  the  num- 
ber of  subscribers  was  310,864.] 

1856  Feb,  25.  Paris.  A  peace  con- 
ference is  opened. 

Mar.  16.  Paris.  Napoleon  Eugene  Louis 
Jean  Joseph,  son  of  Napoleon  IIL,  is 
born,  and  styled  Prince  Napoleon. 

Mar.  30.  Paris.  The  tripartite  treaty , 
a  treaty  of  peace  with  Russia,  is  signed. 

Apr,  16,  Paris.  The  treaty  of  Paris. 
It  is  signed  by  the  representatives  of  Great 
Britain,  France,  Austria,  HuBsia,  rriissia, 
Turkey,  and  Hardinia.  Tlie  powers  affree 
that  privateering  shall  be  al)oli8lie(l  ;  that 
neutrals  may  carry  an  enemy's  goods  not 
contraband  of  war;  that  neutral  goods  not 
contraband  are  free  even  under  an  enemy's 
flag;  and  that  blockades  to  be  binding  must 
be  effective.  [I86I.  The  Tnited  States  ac- 
cedes to  these  provisions.] 

±*  *  The  empire  is  at  the  zenith  of  its 
glory. 

1857  June  21-22.  General  elections 
are  held  ;  3.000,000  voters  elect  257  <iepu- 
ties.  Gen.  Cavaignac  is  elected  a  deputy, 
but  declines  to  take  the  oath. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1852  Nov.  18.  Paris.  The  Credit 
Mobilier,  a  joint-stock  company,  is  es- 
tablished by  Isaac  and  ^^ile  Pereire, 
and  others. 

It  undertakes  trading  enterprises  of 
all  kinds,  applying  to  them  the  principle 
of  limited  lialulities  ;  and  is  authorized 
to  use  its  own  scrip  to  replace  the  sliares 
or  bonds  of  any,  and  also  to  carry  on 
the  ordinary  business  of  banking. 

1853  Aug.  *  The  site  of  a  Roman  cir- 
cus of  great  size  is  discovered  at  Tours. 

±*  *  A  disease  breaks  out  among  the  silk- 
worms which  reduces  the  value  of  the 
silk  crop  to  about  one-third.  [1858.  A 
commission  of  inquiry  is  appointed.] 

1854  June  9.  Paris.  The  emperor 
and  empress  attend  the  first  agricul- 
tural exhibition  held. 

Nov.  *  A  telegraph-line  is  opened  be- 
tween Paris  and  Bastia. 

1857  Mar.  12.  Manv  persons  are  killed 
in  a  railroad  accident  at  the  bridge  of 

Les  Jardins  canal. 


734     1857,  *  *-1862,  Nov. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1857  *  *  -60  *  *  A  French  and  Eng- 
lish expedition  visits  China. 

The  war  is  caused  by  the  Chinese,  who 
disregard  the  treaty  of  1842,  and  hostili- 
ties are  assumed  by  the  English  in  Octo- 
ber, 1856,  at  Canton.  The  l^ench  sup- 
port the  English  to  secure  alterations 
in  their  commercial  treaty  with  China. 
(See  p.  618.) 

*  *  Paris.  Napoleon  lays  out  the  camp 
of  Chalons.  C^t  is  later  used  for  ma- 
neuvers.] 

1858  Feb.  *  The  Government  divides 
France  into  five  military  depart- 
ments. 

June  26.  Treaty  of  Tien-Tsin  with 
China.    (See  p.  619.) 

*  *  France,  cooperating  with  Spain,  be- 
gins a  war  with  Siam. 

1859  Apr.  *  -July  *  //.  France  is  at 
war  with  Austria. 

May*  It.  The  Austrian  invasion  of  Sar- 
dinian territories  causes  France  to  de- 
clare war,  and  the  French  enter  as  allies 
of  Sardinia ;  the  empress  is  appointed 
regent. 

May  12.  It.  The  emperor  arrives  at 
Genoa,  and  assumes  the  chief  command. 
[May  20.  The  Austrians  are  driven 
back  at  Montebello.  June  4.  Battle  of 
Magenta.  June  24.  Battle  of  Solferino. 
July  12.     Peace  (p.  524).] 

June*  China.  The  Chinese  violate 
the  Treaty  of  Tien-Tsin,  and  turn  back 
the  ambassadors  of  England,  France, 
and  America. 

Oct.  *  -60  Oct.  24.  Chiiia.  The  French 
and  English  are  at  w^ar  mth  China. 
[They  capture  Peking.]    (See  p.  620.) 

Nov.  10.     Peace  of  Zurich. 

*  *  The  French  navy  consists  of  51  ships 
of  the  line  and  398  other  vessels,  includ- 
ing those  recently  ordered  to  be  built. 

1860  May  *  China.  The  French  under 
Gen.  Montauban  and  the  English  under 
Gen.  Grant  land  and  storm  the  camp 
of  the  Chinese  near  Shanghai,  while 
the  united  fleet  sails  up  the  Pei-Ho  river. 

Au£.  5.  Asia  Minor.  French  troops  are 
sent  to  Syria  to  punish  the  murderers 
of  Christians. 

Sept.  18.  It.  The  Italians  under  Gen. 
Caldini  defeat  the  Papal  army  under 
]VIarshal  Lamoriclfere  at  Castelfidardo. 

*  *  The  ironclad  La  Gloire  is  completed. 

1861  Mar.  *  The  army  numbers  687,000 
men. 

June  *  The  ironclads  Solferino  and  J/o- 
genta  are  launched. 

Aug.  18.  Switz.  A  conflict  occurs  be- 
tween French  and  Swiss  soldiers  at 
Ville-la-Grande. 

Oct.  27.  Switz.  French  troops  enter 
the  valley  of  Dappes  to  prevent  an  ar- 
rest. 

Oct.  3 1-67    Mar.  *  Mex.    A     French 

force  aids  the  revolution  in  Mexico. 

The  allies  [fail  in  an  attempt  to  secure 

the  throne  to  Maximilian  of  Austria]. 

(See  Mexico.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1857  *  *  Jules  A.  A.  L.  Breton  paints  the 
Blesting  the  Harvest, 


*  *  Paris.  Tfie  Gleaners  is  exhibited  at 
the  Salon  by  Jean  Franyois  Millet.  [1859, 
Angel  us.] 

*  *  Marc  Antoine  Gaudin  makes  artificial 
sapphires  out  of  equal  parts  of  alum  and 
sulphate  of  potash  heated  in  a  crucible. 

1858  Jan.  22.  The  planet  A'ejnausa  is 
discovered  by  Laurent. 

1859  Mar.  19.  Paris.  Charles  Fran- 
cois Gounod's  Faust  is  produced. 

Mar.  26.  The  planet  Vulcan,  having  its 
orbit  between  Mercury  and  the  sun,  is 
said  to  be  discovered  by  M.  Lescarbault, 
a  physician.    [Not  seen  since.] 

*  *  The  Recall  of  the  Gleaners  is  painted 
by  Jules  Breton. 

1860  ♦  *  Paris.  The  great  aquarium  at 
the  Jardiu  d'Acclimatation  is  built. 

1861  Mar.  4.  The  planet  Anr/elinn  is 
discovered  hy  M.  Tempel.  [Mar.  8,  Max- 
imilia,  later  called  Cubicle  :  Aug.  29, 
Galatea;  18G4,  Sept.  30,  Terpsichore; 
1868,  Feb.  17,  Clot  ho ;  Sept.  13,  Clymhie.] 

1862  Sept.  8.  Paris.  An  electric 
safety  lamp  for  miners,  made  by  ]VLM. 
Dumas  and  Benolt,  is  exhibited. 

Nov.  *  Paris.  A  daily  international 
meteorological  bulletin  of  the  Impe- 
rial Observatory  is  first  published. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1858*  *  Argout,  Comte  d',  Antoine  M.  A., 
financier,  A76. 

Berard,  Pierre  Honors,  surgeon,  A61. 

Bonpland,  Aimt^,  botanist,  traveler,  A85. 

Chapsal,  Charles  Pierre,  grainmarian,  ATI. 

Chomel,  Auguste  Frant^ois,  physician,  ATO-f:. 

Portalis,  Comte  Joseph  Marie,  jurist,  states- 
man, A80. 

Rachel,  Elisabeth  Rachel  F^lix,  actor,  A38. 

Kavignan,  (Justave  Frant;oi8  Xavier  Dela- 
croix de,  Jesuit,  pulpit  orator,  A63. 

Soyer,  Alexia,  cook,  author,  A58. 

Stanhope,  .\delaide,  a^-^tor,  born. 
1858  *  *  Berger,  Jean  Jacques,  senator,  A69. 

Bernard,  Auguste  Simon  Louis,  statesman, 
director-general  of  mines,  A76. 

Keratry,  Auguste  Hilarion  de,  author,  A90. 

Lenormant,  Cliarles,  arclieologist,  A57. 

Tocqueville,  Alexis  C.  H.  Clerel  de,  states- 
man, political  philosopher,  writer,  A54. 

1860  *   *  Bonaparte,  J6r6me.  King  of  West> 
phalia,  A76. 

Decamps,  Alexandre  Gabriel,  painter,  A57. 
Decazes,  Klie,  Due,  statesman,  .\80. 
DumtSril,  Andr^  Jlarie  Constant,  natn.,  A86. 
Jullien,  Louis,  musician,  A48. 
Leroy  d'EtioUes,  Jean  Jacques  Joseph,  sur- 
geon, A62.  , 
Say,  Horace  Emile,  political  economist,  A66. 

1861  *   •  Artaud,  Nicolas  Louis,  writer,  Greek 
scholar,  A67. 

Bourdon,  Isidore,  physician,  autlior,  A65. 

Cheri,  Rose  Marie  Cizas,  actor,  A37. 

Cordier,  Pierre  Louis  Antoine,  geologist, 
mineralogist,  A84. 

Lacordaire,  Jean  B.  H.,  clergyman,  theolo- 
gian, orator,  author,  A.W. 

Pujol,  Alexandre  Denis  Abel  de,  paint.,  A76. 

Scribe,  Augustin  Eugene,  dramatist,  A70. 

Vicat,  Louis  Joseph,  engineer,  A75. 

1863  *  *  Adelon,  Nicolas  Philiberl,  physician, 
wTiter,  A  80. 

Biot,  Jean  li.,  mathematician,  phiL,  A88. 

Bosquet,  Pierre  Fran<;ois  Jos,,  marslial,  A52. 

Clement,  Ambroise,  economist,  A57. 

Damiron,  Jean  Philibert,  eclectic  phil.,  A68. 

Gasparin,  Comte  de,  Adrien  E.  P.,  states- 
man, A79. 

Hal^vy,  Jacques  Frangois  Fromental  Elie, 
composer,  A 63. 

Pasquier,  Due,  l^tienne  Denis,  states.,  A95. 


CHURCH. 

1857  *  *  -75  *  *  Pilgrimages  are  made 
to  Boulogne  to  adore  an  image  of  the 
Virgin  and  Child,  said  to  have  been 
miraculously  brought  in  a  boat  in  633. 

1858  Feb.  14.  The  Virgin  is  said  to 
have  appeared  to  two  girls  at  Lourdes, 
in  the  Pyrenees. 


1860  Mar.  9.  Home.  The  Pope  vir- 
tually excommunicates  the  emperor, 
together  with  the  King  of  Sardinia,  bo- 
cause  of  the  annexation  of  Bomagna  by 
Sardinia. 

Nov.  *  The  public  levying  of  Peter'c 
pence  on  behalf  of  the  Pope  is  forbid- 
den, and  the  free  issue  of  pastoral  letters 
is  checked. 

Dec.  31.  The  emperor  advises  the  Pope 
to  surrender  bis  revolted  Italiiin  prov- 
inces [and  is  severely  condemned  by  the 
clergy  of  the  Koman  Catholic  church]. 

1861  Feb.  15.  La  France,  Home,  et 
I'ltalie,  relating  to  the  Pope's  temporal 
power,  is  published.  [Feb.  27.  The 
bishop  of  Poitiers  sharply  replies,  and 
compares  the  emperor  to  Pilate.] 

Mar.  1,  Prince  Napoleon  makes  a  speech 
against  the  Pope's  temporal  power. 

Apr.  11.  A  circular  is  issued  forbidding 
the  priests  to  meddle  with  politics. 

Oct.*  Paris.  The  St.  Vincent  de  Paul 
(charitable)  Society  excites  the  jealousy 
of  the  Government,  vrhich  suppresses  Its 
central  committee. 

LETTERS. 

1857  *  *  La  tentation  de  Sainte  Antoine 
and  Madame  de  Bovary,  by  Flaubert, 
appear. 

*  *  -60  *  *  Le  Seraphim  de  Memphis,  by 
Auguste  fedouard  Mariette,  appears. 

*  * -61  *  *  Histoire  des  usages  fuiuhres, 
by  Feydeau,  appears.  [1658,Fanfu/ :  1861, 
Silvie  ;  1863.  Cn  dibut  d  I'opira ;  1864,  Le 
Secret  du  Bonhcur.] 

1858  Mar.  11.  Kapoli&n  III.  et  VAn- 
gleterre  is  published. 

Oct.  *  The  pamphlet  Un  DAbatsur  Tlnde, 
eulogizing  English  institutions,  by  Comte 
de  Montalembert,  appears. 

*  *  La  maison  de  Penarvan,  by  Sandean, 
appears. 

*  *  La  Revue  germanigue  is  issued. 

*  *  Roman  dUin  jeune  homme  pauvre,  by 
Feuillet,  appears.  [1862,  The  Story  of 
Sybille;  1863,  Montjoye.] 

*  *  ie  Bossu,  by  F^val,  appears. 

*  *  Histoire  de  mes  Id^es,  by  Quinet,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Le  Roi  Voltaire,  by  Houssaye,  appears. 
[1860,  Histoire  de  I'artfran^ais.] 

*  *  -78  *  *  Memoirs  to  illustrate  the  His- 
tory of  My  Time,  hy  Guizot,  appears. 

1859  Feb.  *  KapoUon  III.  et  Vltalie  la 
published. 

Dec.  *  Le  Pape  et  le  Congres  is  published. 
[50,000  are  sold  in  a  few  days.] 

*  *  Illustre  docteur  Matheus,  by  Erck- 
mann-Chatrian,  appears.  _ri862,  Le  Fou 

Yogof;  1863,  Madame  ThSrese ;  1864, 
L^Aml  Fritz  and  Histoire  d'u7i  conscrit 
de  1813.] 

*  *  The  first  part  of  La  L^gende  des  StecleSt 
by  Victor  Hugo,  appears. 

*  *  La  Revue  Europienne  is  issued. 

*  *  Gazette  des  Beaux  Arts  is  issued. 

*  *  The  Z>emocrar^?/,hyVacherot,  appears. 

*  *  Le  testament  de  C4sar  Girodot,hj 
Belot  and  Villetard,  appears.  '' 

*  *  MirHo,  hy  Frederic  Mistral,  appears. 

1860  Jan.  29.  Paris.  L'Univers,  an 
Ultramontane  journal,  is  suppressed 
for  publishing  the  Pope's  letter  to  the 
emperor. 

Apr.  7.  The  press  is  censured  for  its 
attacks  on  England. 

*  ♦  La  Reime  Xationale  is  issued. 

*  *  Le   Tour  da  Monde  is  issued. 


FRANCE. 


1857,  **-1862,  Nov.  *.     735 


*  *  La  Kevue  archiologique  is  isaxied, 

*  *  Le  lioman  d^une  Nuit,  by  Catulle 
Meiides,  appears. 

*  •  Jeanne  D'Arc,  by  Wallon,  appears. 

*  *  Jean  de  la  Jioche,  Constance  Verrier, 
and  Flavii,  by  George  Sand,  appear, 
[1861,  'J'amarLt  And  Antonia  ;  ISM,  Mile, 
de  la  Quintinie  and  Laura.] 

*  *  Milanaes  de  critique  reliqieuse,  by  E. 
H.  A.  Scherer,  appears.  [1863-78,  Etudes 
critiques  snr  la  litterature  contempo- 
raine:  1864,  Milanges  d'histoire  reli- 
yieuse.} 

*  *  The  Half  Open  Pomegranate^  by  Jo- 
seph M.  J.  B.  Aubanel,  appears, 

*  *  Un  cheval  de  Phidias,  by  Cberbuliez, 
appeai-s.  [1863,  Le  Comte  Kostia;  1864, 
Pau  I  Mere,  Le  roman  d'u  n  honn^te 
femme,  and  Le  prince  V'ltale.] 

*  *  Les  Cotillions  calibres,  by  Gaboriau, 
appears.  [1861,  Le  13me  Hussarda;  1862, 
Les  Gens  de  Bureau.] 

*  *  Paris.  The  Royal  Ijibrary  is  said  to 
contain  815,000  volumes,  84,000  MSS. 

fr  *  -61  *  *  M.  Girat  and  Les  pres  Saint- 
Gerimis,  by  A''ictorien  Sardou,  appear. 
Also  Xns  Intimes  and  Les  pattes  de 
mouche.  [1862,  Acs  Gamaches;  1865,  La 
Famille  Benoiton;  1866,  Les  tons  villa- 
geois,  and  Maison  neuve.1 

*  *  -68  *  *  The  Monks  of  the  West,  by 
ISIontalembert,  appears. 

1861  Jan.  6.  Itojne  et  les  £v^ques  is 
published. 

*  *  L'l/nivers  Religieux  is  changed  to  Le 
Morale. 

*  *  Les  MisSrables,  by  Victor  Hugo,  is  is- 
sued simultaneously  in  Paris,  Brussels, 
London,  New  York,  Milan,  Leipsic,  Anl- 
werpj  Madrid,  Warsaw,  Pesth,  and  Kto 
Janeiro. 

*  *  History  of  (he  French  Language^  by 
Littr^,  appears.  [1863-73,  Dictionary  of 
the  French  Language;  18G7,  La  Philosb- 
phie  Positive.] 

*  *  Merlin  I  'Enchanteur,  by  Quinet,  ap- 
pears. 

*  ♦  Pokmes  barbares,  by  C.  M.  Leconte  do 
Lisle,  appears. 

*  *  Satdmmbo,  by  Flaubert,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1858  Jan.  14.  Felix  Orsini,  an  Italian, 
with  other  conspirators,  attempts  to  as- 
sassinate the  emperor;  three  shells  are 
exploded,  two  persons  killed,  and  many 
wounded. 

1859  Jan.  30.  It.  Prince  Napol6on 
marries  Clotilde  of  Savoy  at  Turin. 

Jan.  *  The  conveying  of  free  negroes 
from  Africa  to  the  French  colonies 
ceases. 

1861  Jan  25-Feb.  15.  Jerome  Bo- 
naparte, son  of  Jerome  Bonaparte  and 
Elizabeth  Patterson,  an  American  lady, 
fails  in  his  suit  claiming  his  legitimate 
rights. 

1862  Oct.  *  Paris.  Buc  de  Grammont, 
angered  by  a  newspaper  attack,  kills  Mr. 
Dillon  in  a  duel. 

STATE. 

1868  Feb.  19.  Paris.  A.  public  safety 
bill  is  passed  by  the  Assembly,  allowing 
the  Government  to  arrest  and  banish 
persons  in  certain  cases  without  trial ; 
^mile  Ollivier  makes  a  bold  protest 
against  it. 

Mar.  9.  A  Republican  outbreak  at 
Chalons  is  suppressed. 

Aug.  19,  Parts.  A  conference  respect- 
ing the  Danublan  principalities  closes. 


Oct.  23.  A  dispute  with  Portugal  re- 
specting the  condemned  slaves,  Cliarles 
et  Georges,  is  settled. 

1859  Jan.  1.  The  emperor's  address  to 
the  Austrian  ambassador  causes  a  war 
sensation.   (See  p,  525.) 

*'  I  regret  that  our  relations  with  your 
government  are  not  as  good  as  formerly, 
but  1  beg  of  you  to  tell  the  emperor  that 
my  personal  sentiments  for  him  have  not 
changed." 

May  12.  Austria  having  invaded  the 
territory  of  Sardinia,  France  declares 
war  in  behalf  of  her  ally. 

It.    The  emperor  arrives  at  Genoa. 

May  *  Paris.  The  empress  is  appointed 
regent  during  the  absence  of  the  em- 
peror in  the  Austrian  war.  [July  17. 
lie  returns.] 

May  21.  A  war  loan  of  20,000,000  francs 
is  raised.  (Only  500,000  were  proposed.) 
Number  of  subscribers,  525,000. 

June*  China.  The  ambassador  to  Peking 
is  turned  back.    (See  Army  and  Navy.) 

July  11.  The  preliminaries  of  peace  are 
signed.    (See  p.  525.) 

Aug.  8-Nov.  *  Switz.  A  conference 
of  Austrian  and  French  envoys  is  held 
at  Zurich,    (See  p.  525). 

Aug.  17.  Paris.  Kapol<5on  grants  am- 
nesty to  political  ofTeuders  after  his  vic- 
torious campaign  in  Italy. 

Sept.  22.  Jap.  A  treaty  with  Japan  is 
ratified  at  Jeddo  [Tokio]. 

Nov.  21.  The  ratifications  of  the  Treaty 
of  Zurich  are  exchanged. 

Dec.  31.  The  emperor  advises  the 
Pope  to  cede  Romagna  to  Sardinia. 

1860  Jan.*  Paris.  Count  Walew- 
ski,  the  foreign  minister,  resigns.  [Jan. 
24.  Sdouard  Antcine  Thouvenel 
succeeds  him.] 

Jan.  5.  Paris.  The  emperor  announces 
a  free-trade  policy. 

Jan.  11.  A  treaty  with  Nicaragua  is 
ratified. 

Jan.  23.  A  commercial  treaty  with 
England  is  signed  by  Richard  Cobden 
and  the  French  ministers. 

Mar.  24.  It.  A  treaty  is  entered  with 
Victor  Emmanuel  for  the  annexation 
of  Savoy  and  Nice  to  France;  It  is 
signed  at  Turin.  [Switzerland  protests.] 
[June  12.  Vote  of  Savoy  on  annexa- 
tion, 131,744  for,  and  23:i  against ;  vote  of 
Nice,  24,448  for,  and  160  against.] 

Oct.  1.  The  new  tariff  becomes  effec- 
tive. 

Nov.  24.  Paris.  A  decree  is  issued  al- 
lowing greater  liberty  of  speech  to  the 
Chambers  by  permitting  address  to  the 
throne. 

Dec.  11.  The  severity  of  the  restric- 
tions on  the  press  are  relaxed  by  Min- 
ister Persigny  [but  soon  restored]. 

Dec.  16.  Paris.  It  is  announced  that 
passports  for  Englishmen  are  to  cease 
after  Jan.  1,  1861. 

*  *  Cochin-China.  The  French  establish 
a  colony  at  Saigon,  after  defeating  the 
Chinese. 

*  *  Ijes  Alpes  Maritimes  are  ceded  to 
Italy. 


1861  Feb.  2.  One-third  of  the  terri- 
tory of  the  principality  of  Monaco  is 
purchased  by  France  for  4,000,000  francs. 

Feb.  4.  A  commercial  treaty  with 
Great  Britain  is  ratified. 

It  provides  for  the  admission  of  a  large 
portion  of  the  manufactures  of  each 
country  into  the  other  free  of  duty,  and 
nearly  all  the  remainder  at  a  greatly 
reduced  tariff. 

Feb.  *  -Mar.  *  The  struggle  in  Italy, 
between  the  Pope  for  temporal  sover- 
eignty and  Victor  Emmanuel,  Gari- 
baldi, and  others  for  a  "kingdom  of 
Italy,"  causes  great  excitement. 

The  emperor  decides  to  remain  neu- 
tral ;  and  his  action  is  approved  of  by 
the  majority  of  parties,  but  is  fiercely 
denounced  by  the  clergy. 

Mar.  1.  A  liberal  commercial  treaty  is 
entered  with  Belgium. 

Apr.  11.  The  criticism  of  the  Govern- 
ment by  the  clergy  having  become  abu- 
sive, the  minister  of  justice  orders  the 
strict  enforcement  of  the  law  punishing 
censture  of  the  Government  by  ministers 
of  religion. 

Apr.  13.  Paris.  The  Due  d'Aumale's 
severe  letter  to  Prince  Napolt^on,  who 
favors  Italian  unity,  is  published.  [May  * 
The  printer  and  publisher  are  fined  and 
imprisoned.] 

June  11.  Paris.  A  declaration  of  neu- 
trality in  the  conflict  between  the 
United  States  of  America  and  the  Con- 
federate States  is  issued. 

June  24.  Paris.  The  kingdom  of  It- 
aly is  officially  recognized. 

June*  France  withdraws  her  troops 
from  Syria,  which  she  had  occupied  to 
suppress  the  insurrection  and  bloody 
massacres  of  1860. 

Oct.  *  The  Society  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul 
is  suppressed  for  aiding  the  clergy 
against  the  Government. 

*  *  The  Orders  of  the  Redemptorist  Fa- 
thers of  Doujiy  and  the  Capuchins  of 
Hasbrouck  are  dissolved  by  the  (iov- 
ernment,  and  their  members  are  expel  led 
from  the  country,  having  been  charged 
with  gross  immorality. 

1862    June  5.    E.  I.    A    treaty    of 

peace  with  Annam  is  signed.  (See  p.  481.) 
Aug.  2.    A  new  commercial  treaty  with 

Prussia  is  signed. 
Sept.  *  Paris.    The  emperor  disclaims 

any  intention  of  imposing  a  government 

on  Mexico. 

Sept.  12.  A  commercial  treaty  is  en- 
tered with  Madaguscar. 

Oct.  15.  Paris.  Edouard  Drouyn  de 
Lhuys  succeeds  Edouard  Antoine  Thou- 
venel as  foreign  minister. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1857  *  *  liOngwood,  the  residence  of 
Napoleon  I.  at  St.  Helena,  is  bought 
for  180,000  francs. 

1861  Mar.  31.  Paris.  The  body  of  Na- 
poleon I.  is  finally  placed  in  its  crypt  at 
Les  Invalides. 

*  *The  canal  of  Languedoc  (Canal  du 
Midi),  connecting  the  Atlantic  with  the 
Mediterranean,  148  miles  long,  is  com- 
pleted. 


736    1862,  Dec.  7-1867,  Nov.  *. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY —  NAVY. 
1862  *  *  Cochiiv-Ckina.    "War   with   the 
natives.    France  is  eager  for   Eastern 
possessions.     [Jan.  20.    The  province  of 
Bienhoa  submits.]    (P.  481.) 

1866  *  *  France  intervenes,  and  causes 
the  cessation  of  war  between  Prussia, 
Italy,  and  Austria. 

Dec.  2-12.  It.  The  French  troops  quit 
Rome. 

*  *The  Chassepot  rifle,  a  modified 
needle-gun  and  breech-loader,  is  adopted 
by  the  Government. 

1867  Feb.  5.  Mex.  The  French  army 
finally  evacuates  the  country. 

Oct.  30.  It.  The  French  troops  again 
enter  Rome  to  aid  the  Pope  against  the 
insurgents. 

Nov.  5.  It.  The  Italian  insurgents  un- 
der Garibaldi  are  defeated  at  Mentana 
by  the  French  under  Gen.  Failly  ;  French 
loss,  l,000i:. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1862  *  *  Paris.  L^on  Forcault  exhibits 
a  reflecting  telescope,  the  mirror  of 
which  is  31J  inches  in  diameter ;  the 
focal  length,  17J  feet. 

1863  Mar.  *  A  human  jaw  is  said  to 
have  been  found  in  the  drift  at  Moulin 
Quignon,  near  Abbeville. 

*  *  Paris.  Nadar's  balloon,  the  largest 
ever  made,  raises  35  soldiers. 

*  *  M.  Villeme's  employment  of  photo- 
graphs in  the  formation  of  sculpture 
is  announced. 

*  *  Paris.  The  sphygmograph,  an  in- 
strument for  investigating  disease  by 
sbowing  the  state  of  the  pulse,  is  in- 
vented by  M.  E.  J.  Marey. 

*  *  _74  *  *  paHs.  The  Grand  Opera 
House  is  erected  under  the  supervision 
of  Jean  Louis  Charles  Garnier. 

1865*  *  Paris,  Joan  of  Arc  ia  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  by  Jules  Bastieu- 
Lepage, 

1866  Mar.  16.  Paris.  At  the  Royal 
Institution,  M.  Baudre  plays  on  a  stone 
pianoforte,  formed  of  a  series  of  flints 
and  other  stones  of  various  sizes,  col- 
lected in  France,  and  arranged  by  him- 
self. 

Aug.  6.  The  planet  Julia  is  discovered 
by  M.  Stephau. 

Sept.  14.  A  slight  earthquake  occurs 
near  Tours  and  Blois. 

Wov.  4.  The  planet  ^gina  ia  discovered 
by  Alphonse  Borelly.  [1868,  May  28, 
Dike;  1870,  Apr.  19,  Lydia;  1871,  Sept. 
12,  Lomia  ;  1872,  Apr.  10,  Lachesis.l 

*  *  Paris.  The  use  of  nitroua  oxide  gas 
(laughing-gas)  is  introduced. 

*  *  Paris.  A  steel  bridge  is  constructed 
by  M.  Joret. 

*  *Inundationa  cause  1,702  communes  to 
b©  flooded  ;  loss,  $10,000,000. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1863  •  *  Billault,   Auguste    Adolphe    Marie, 
statesman,  A58. 
Bravais,  Anguste,  scientist,  A52. 
Carlowitz,  Baronne  de,  Aloise  Christine,  au- 
thor, A66. 
Chrlstofle,  Charles,  manufacturer.  A58. 


Delacroix,  Ferdinand  Victor  Eugene,  paint- 
er, A  64. 

Despretz,  Ct^sar  Mansuete,  savant,  A71. 

Moquin-Taiulon,  Horace  B.  A.,  botanist,  A59. 

Saisset,  !^mile  Edmoiul,  philosopher,  A49. 

Vernet,  'knxWe  Jean  Horace,  painter,  A74. 

Vigny,  Comte  de,  Alfred  Victor,  poet,  novel- 
ist, A  66. 

Villerin6,  Louis  Ren6,  author,  A81. 

1864  *  *  Ampere,  Jean  Jacques,  author,  A64. 
Dubufe,  Claude  Marie,  portrait  painter,  A74. 
Dupetit^Thouars,  Abel  Aubert,  rear-admiral, 

A71. 
Enfantin,  Barth6lemy  Prosiier,  socialist,  A68. 
Flandrin,  Jean  Hippolyte,  historical  painter, 

dies,  A  55. 
G6rard,  Jules,  "the  Lion-Killer,"  officer,  A47. 
Garnier,  Adolphe,  philosopher,  A63. 
Jasmin,  Jacques,  "  the  barber-poet  of  Agen," 

A66. 
Haehette,  Louis  Christophe  Francois,  libra- 
rian, editor,  A64. 
Matter,  Jacques,  philosopher,  historian,  A73. 
Pelissier,  Aimable   J.  J.,  Due  de  Malakoff, 
marshal,  governor  of  Algeria,  A  72. 

1865  *  *  ISoniface,  Joseph  Xavier  (Saintine), 
author,  A67. 

Buchez,  Philippe  J.  B.,  philosoph.  wr.,  A69. 

Charras,  Jean  Baptiste  Adolphe,  military 
writer,  A65. 

Duperrey,  Louis  Isidor,  navigator,  A79. 

Dupin,  Andr^  Marie  Jean  Jacques,  jurist, 
statesman,  A82. 

Duret,  FranQisque,  sculptor,  A61. 

G^ruzey,  Eugene,  litterateur,  A66. 

Hautpoul,  Marquis  d',  Alphonse  Henri,  gen- 
eral, A76, 

Lamoriciere,  Christophe  Louis  L^on  Ju- 
cliault  de,  A59. 

Magnan,  Bernard  Pierre,  marshal,  A74. 

Marie  Am61ie,  daughter  of  Louis  Philippe,  b. 

Morny,  Comte  de,  Charles  Auguste  L.  J., 
politician,  A 54. 

Proudhon,  Pierre  Joseph,  socialist,  A56. 

Qu^rard,  Joseph  Marie,  bibliographer,  A68. 

Troyon,  Constant,  painter,  A52. 

1866  *   *  Barante,    ISaron   de,   Aimable   Gui- 
Uaume  Prosper  Brugi^re, states.,  hist.,  A84. 

Beaumont  de  le  Bonniere,  Gustave  A.  de, 
publicist,  A64. 

B6renger,  Alphonse  M.  M.  F.,  jurist,  A81. 

Chevalier,  Sulpice  Guillamne  Paul,  carica- 
turist, A65.  . 

Clapisson,  Louis,  composer,  A57. 

Foucher,  Victor  A.,  jurist,  Ati3. 

Gozlan,  L^on,  dramatist,  A60. 

LavaU6e,  Th^ophUe  Sc^bastien,  historian,  A 62. 

Marie  Am^lie  de  Bourbon,  wife  of  Louis 
Philippe,  A84. 

M6ry,  Joseph,  poet,  novelist,  A68. 

Thouvenel,  Edouard  Antoine,  pol.,  dip.,  A4fi. 

1 867  *  *  Barth^lemy,  Auguste  Marseille,  poet, 
satirist,  A7I. 

Bautain,  Louis,  philosopher,  clergyman,  A7I. 

Baudelaire,  Charles,  poet,  A46. 

Brunei,  Jacques  Charles,  bibUographer,  A87. 

Champollion-Figeac,  Jacques  Joseph,  arche- 
ologist,  A89. 

Civiale,  Jean,  physician,  A75. 

Cousin.  Victor,  jiiiilos.,  metaphysician,  A7.'). 

Duchatel,  Cliarles  Marie  Tanneguy,  states- 
man, author,  A64. 

Didron,  Adolplie  Kapol^on,  archeol.,  A61. 

Flourens,  Marie  Jean  Pierre,  physiol.,  A73. 

Fould,  Achille,  financier,  statesman,  A67. 

Fourneyron,  Kenoit,  inventor,  A65. 

Gabourd,  Amed^e,  historian,  A62. 

Hittorf,  Jacques  Ignace,  arch.,  antiq.,  A74. 

Ingres,  Jean  Donnnique  Auguste,  paint.,  A86. 

Lnynes,  Due  de,  Honor<5  Th6odoric  Paul  J. 
d'Albert,  A65. 

Pelouze,  Tb^ophile  Jides,  chemist,  A60. 

Poncelet,  Jean  Victor,  geometrician,  A79. 

Ponsard,  Francois,  dramatist,  A.'iS. 

Trousseau,  Armand,  physician,  A66- 

Yelpeau,  Alfred  A.  L.  M.,  surg.,  anato.,  A'2. 

Veron,  Louise  Desire,  journalist,  AG9. 

CHURCH. 

1863  *  *  Charles   M.  A.  Lavigerie  is 

consecrated    bishop    of    Nancy.      [1867. 
Archbishop  of  Algiers  and  Carthage.] 

1864  *  *  The  Bible  Society  of  France  is 
organized. 

1865  Jan.  5.  The  archbishop  of  Besan- 
9on  and  other  prelates  read  the  pro- 
hibited papal  encyclical  of  Dec.  8  in 
the  churches;  great  excitement  prevails. 

1866  *  ♦  The  Jesuits  in  France  number 
2  422 


Dec.  3-11.    Rome.    The    French  troops 

depart. 

LETTERS. 

1863  *  *  La  Revue  des  Cours  Litt&raires 
is  issued, 

*  *  Contes  d.  Ninon.,  by  Zola,  appears. 

*  *  Madame  de  Chamblay,  by  Dumas,  jj^rc, 
appears.  [1864-65,  La  San  FUice ;  1867- 
68,  Les  Blancs  et  les  Bleus.'] 

*  *  Life  of  Jesus,  by  Ernest  Kenan,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Victor  Hugo, raconti pa/run  t&moinde 
sa  vie,  appears. 

*  ♦  Les  dieux  et  les  demi-dieux  de  la  peinr- 
ture,  by  St.  Victor,  Gautier,  and  Hous- 
saye,  appears. 

*  *  Five  Jfeek's  in  a  Balloon,  by  Jules 
Verne,  appears.  [18G4,  Journey  to  the 
Centre  of  the  Earth ;  1865,  A  Trip  to  the 
Moon.'\ 

*  *  -65  *  *  A  Sanskrit-French  Diction- 
«'*yi  by  E.  L.  Burnouf,  Lenpol,  and 
others,  appears. 

1864  *  *  L'Ami  desfemmeSfhy  Alexandre 
Dumas, ,^/s,  appears.  [1866,  The  Clhnen- 
ceau  Case  ;18G7,  Les  idiesdeMme.Aubray,} 

*  *  Wiltiam  Shakespeare,  hy  Victor  Hugo f 
appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Jesus,  by  Wallon,  appears. 

*  *  Le  Catholiclsme  et  le  Protestantisms ^ 
by  A.  J.  Coquerel,  appears.  [1867,  Libres 
Etudes.] 

*  *  History  of  English  Literature,  by 
Taine,  appears.  [1865,  Philosophy  of  Art ; 
1866,  Philosophy  of  Art  in  Italy  and  Tour 
through  Italy  ;  1867,  Notes  on  Paris ;  1868, 
Philosophy  of  Art  in  the  Netherlands.] 

*  *  Le  mutSrialisme  confemporain  en  At' 
lemagne,  by  Paul  Janet,  appears. 

1865*  *  Paris.  The  publication  is  begun 
rf'une  Histoire  ghi^rale  de  Paris,  a  col- 
lection of  original  documents. 

*  *  Chansons  des  Rues  et  des  Bois,  by  Victor 
Hugo,  appears.  [1866,  The  Toilers  of  the 
Sea.] 

*  *  Histoire  de  la  caricature,  by  Champ- 
fleury,  appears. 

*  *  Waterloo  and  Histoire  d'un  homme  du 
peupie,  by  Erckmann-Chatrian,  appear. 
[18^,  La' guerre  and  La-  maison  foresti- 
^re;  1867,  Blocus.] 

*  *  Histoire  de  la  Campagne,  by  Quinet, 
appears. 

*  *  Stances  et  Pottmes,  by  R.  F.  A.  SuUy- 
Prudhomme,  appears. 

*  *  La  Revue  qermanique  is  changed  to 
La  Revue  mo^erne. 

*  *  La  Confession  de  Claude,  by  Zola,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Grand  LHctionnaire  Universel  du  XIX* 
SikcUy  15  vols.,  by  Pierre  Larousse,  ap- 
pears. 

1866*  *Xc  Pamasse  Contemporain,  a 
collection  of  poems  by  diiferent  authors, 
appear.  [A  siuiilar  collection  appears 
in  1869  and  1876.] 

*  *  Gringoire  and  Les  Exiles,  hy  de  Ban- 
ville,  appear.  \lj&teT,IdyUesprussiennes 
and  Trente-six  Ballades.] 

*  *  Histoire  poMique  de  Charlemagne,  by 
G.  B.  P.  Paris,  appears. 

*  *  La  Reliquaire,  bv  Francis  E.  J. 
Copp^,  appears.  [IHGS,  Intimitis  ;  1869, 
Po^mes  moderne.] 

*  *  RScit  d'nne  5ffi«r,  by  Pauline  Craven, 
appears.    [1868,  Anne  Sh^irin.] 

*  *  M(msieur  Sylvestre,  by  George  Sand, 
appears.  [1869,  Pierre  qui  rottle  ;  1870, 
Le  Beau  Lawrence ;  1872,  Nanon.] 

*  *  Monsieur,  Madame  et  Bibe,  hy  Droz, 
appears.  [1867,  Entre-^nous ;  1872,  Babo- 
lein.] 

*  *  The  Apostles,  by  Renan,  appears. 
[1867,  Saint  Paul  and  his  Mission.] 

1867  Nov.  *  NapoUon  III.  et  P Europe 
en  1867  appears. 


FRANCE. 


1862,  Dec.  7-1867,  Nov.  *      737 


*  •  Paris.  An  international  congress  for 
treating  prehistoric  subjects  meets. 

'  *  J/,  de  Cajiu^s,  by  Feuillet,  appears. 

'  •  File  iVo.  JJ.i,  Lintl  The  Mystery  of  Orci- 
ya/,  by  Gaboriau,  appear.  ['l8G9,  iVonsiewr 
Lecog :  1S70,  Ln  Vte  in/ernaie ;  1871,  Xa 
ilSgringolade ;  1873,  La  cortle  au  cou,] 

*  Odos  FunambulesqueSyhy  de  Banville, 
appears. 

*  Caleiidau,  I'ouemo  nmiveau,  and  Tfte 
(iolden  Shoes,  by  Fr^^ric  Mistral,  ap- 
pear. 

*  History  of  Julius  Cmsar,  by  Napol^n 
111.,  appears. 

*  Homnies  el  dieu.r,  by  Paul  de  St.  Victor, 
appears.     [1861>,  T he  ^W'omen  of  Goethe. 1 

*  Miss  Mutton,  by  Belot  and  Engine 
Xua,  appears. 

*  -76  *  *  History  of  NapoUon  /.,  by 
Pierre  Lanfrey,  appears. 


SOCIETY. 

1864  Jan.  3.  Grego  and  other  conspir- 
ators to  assassinate  the  emperor  are 
arrested.  [Feb.  27.  They  are  sentenced 
to  transportation  and  imprisonment.] 

Apr.  24.  An  attempt  is  made  to  assas- 
sinate the  secretary  of  the  Russian  em- 
bassy. 

May  3-27.    Algeria.     The   emperor 

makes  a  visit. 

Aug.  15+.  The  French  entertain  the  of- 
ficers of  the  British  fleet  at  Cherbourg 
and  Brest.  [Aug.  29r.  The  British  re- 
turn the  compliment  to  the  French  at 
Portsmouth.] 

Dec.  18.  Paris.  Republican  students 
create  a  riot.  [Several  are  expelled 
from  the  College  of  Medicine.] 

1866  Aug.  8.  Paris.  Charlotte,  Em- 
press (?)  of  Mexico,  arrives. 

1867  Mar.  7.    :^mile  de  Gir-ardin  is 

fined  for  a  libel  published  in  La  Liberti. 

June  6.  Paris.  Berezowski  attempts  to 
assassinate  the  Czar  of  Russia. 

STATE. 

1863  Jan.  9.  France  offers  to  mediate 
between  the  United  States  and  the 
Southern  Confederacy. 

Jan.  17.  A  treaty  of  commerce  with 
Italy  is  signed. 

Feb.  26.  E.  I.  The  revolt  in  Annam 
against  the  assumption  of  the  French  is 
suppressed. 

Feb.  27.  A  convention  regulating  the 
French  and  Spanish  frontiers  is  con- 
cluded. 

May  20.  A  convention  between  France 
an<t  .Japan  is  signed. 

May  ♦   Minister  Persigny  issues  arbitrary 

injunctions  to  electors. 
May  31-June  1.    An  election  for  a 

new  legislature  takes  place. 
Paris  elects  Thiers,  Oilivier,  Favre,  and 

four  other  opposition  candidates. 

June  23.  The  elections  cause  a  change 
in  the  Cabinet. 

The  Due  de  Persigny  resigns,  and  is 
succeeded  by  M.  Billault;  M.  Baroche 
becomes  niinister  of  justice  and  worship; 
M.  Kouher,  president  of  the  council  of 
state ;  M.  Boudet,  minister  of  the  in- 
terior; M.  Behic.  of  public  labors;  and 
M.  Duruy  of  public  instruction. 

Oct.  13.  Paris.  Gustave  Billault,  the 
"  speaking  minister,"  dies.  [Oct.  18. 
Succeeded  by  Eugene  Rouher.] 

Nov.  9.  Paris.  Thiers  and  his  friends 
form  a  new  opposition  in  the  Assem- 


bly ;  it  consists  of  Jules  Favre,  Jules 
Simon,  Thiers,  Borryer,  Emile  Oilivier, 
and  many  others. 

1864  Jan.  *  A  conspiracy  against  the 
emperor's  life  is  discovered.  [Feb.  26. 
Four  Italians  charged  with  the  crime 
are  sentenced  to  imprisonment.] 

June  20.  Paris.  A  convention  be- 
tween France  and  Japan  is  signed  by  the 
Japanese  ambassadors. 

June  30.  Paris.  A  convention  of 
commerce  between  France  and  Switzer- 
land is  signed. 

Sept.  15.  A  convention  between  France 
and  Italy  respecting  the  evacuation  of 
Rome  is  signed  ;  the  former  agrees  to 
withdraw  her  troops  in  two  years. 

Dec.  7.  Paris.  Xiouis  Antoine  Gur- 
nier-Pagds  and  1*2  others  who  bad  met 

at  his  residence  for  election  purposes 
are  convicte*!  as  members  of  a  society 
"  of  more  than  20  members." 

1865  Feb.  14.  A  treaty  with  Sweden 
is  signed. 

Apr.  *  Napoleon  agrees  to  withdraw  his 
army  from  Mexico  between  November, 
18C6,  and  November,  1867,  under  the  ac- 
tion of  the  United  States. 

Aug.  * -66  Feb.*  The  United  States 
protests  against  French  intervention 
in  Mexico.  [A  pr(jlonge<l  correspond- 
ence ensues.]    (See  Mexico.) 

1866  May  26.  A  treaty  is  signed  with 
Spain  at  Bayonne  concerning  the  defi- 
nite regulation  of  the  frontier  of  the 
Pyrenees. 

July  4.  The  Emperor  of  Austria  cedes 
Venetia  to  France,  and  invites  the  em- 
peror's intervention  with  Prussia. 

Aug.  8.  Paris.  The  Smpresa  Char- 
lotte of  Mexico  arrives  on  a  mission 
to  Napoleon  III.  anti  Pope  Pius  IX.,  to 
secure  assistance  for  her  luisband,  Maxi- 
milian, who  is  sorely  pressed  by  the  Re- 
publicans in  Mexico.  [She  is  unsucces- 
fui.] 

Aug.  *  A  note  to  the  Prussian  govern- 
ment, desiring  rectification  of  the 
French  frontier  to  what  it  was  in 
1814,  is  declared  by  Prussia  to  be  inad- 
missible. 

Sept.  2.  ifedouard  Drouyn  de  Lhuys, 
minister  of  foreign  affairs,  resigns. 
[He  is  succeeded  by  the  Marquis  de 
MotLstier.] 

Dec.  1.  Paris.  A  gold  medal,  sub- 
scribed for  by  40,000  persons,  is  placed 
in  the  hands  of  the  American  minister 
for  presentation  to  Mrs.  Abraham 
Lincoln.  [1867.  Jan.  3.  Received  by 
Mrs.  Lincoln.] 

Dec.  11.    A    commercial    treaty    with 

Austria  is  signed. 
Dec.  29.    Paris.    A     decree    is    issued 

abolishing  tonnage  dues  in  French 

ports  except  for  vessels  whose  nations 
impose  differential  duties  upon  French 
vessels  in  their  own  ports.  [1867.  Jan. 
1.    Operative.] 

1867  Jan.  19.  Paris.  An  imperial 
decree  is  published. 

It  suppresses  the  discussion  by  the 
Legislature  of  the  address  in  reply  to 
the  speech  from  the  throne,  and  grants 
the  right  of  interpellation  to  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Senate  and  Chamber  ;  re- 
striction on  the  press  is  modified. 

The  Ministry  resigns. 


Eug6ne  Rouher  becomes  minister  of 
finance ;  Adolphe  Niel,  minister  of  war ; 
Rtgault  de  G^noully,  navy;  and  M.  de 
Forcade  la  Eoquette,  of  agriculture, 
commerce,  etc. 

Mar.  18.  Paris.  Thiers  severely  ar- 
raigns the  Government's  foreign  policy 
in  the  Assembly. 

Mar.  *  Prussia  strongly  opposes  Napo- 
pol^on's  desire  to  purchase  Luxem- 
burg, as  that  province  had  formed  a 
part  of  the  extinct  Germanic  Confede- 
ration. 

Mar.  29.  Paris.  CountWale wski, 
president  of  the  Chamber,  resigns. 
[Apr.  11.  Joseph  Eugene  Schneider 
succeeds  him.] 

May  7-11.  London.  In  consequence  of 
a  diplomatic  contest  between  France 
and  Prussia  for  possession  of  Luxem- 
burg, a  conference  of  the  Powers 
guarantees  its  neutrality  and  its  evac- 
uation by  Prussia. 

June  17~July  9.  Paris.  An  interna- 
tional monetary  conference  is  held. 
The  adoption  of  the  gold  standard  is  ad- 
vocated and  agreed  upon. 

June  25.  E.  I,  Three  provinces  in  An- 
nam are  annexed  to  the  French  empire- 
(See  p.  481.) 

July  15.  Paris.  The  Siamese  ambassa- 
dors sign  a  treaty  recognizing  the  French 
protectorate  over  Cambodia. 

July  18.  Paris.  A  law  abolishing  im- 
prisonment for  debt  is  adopted  by  the 
Senate. 

Aug.  18-21.  Aust.  The  emperors  of 
France  and  Austria  meet  at  Salzburg. 

*  *  Intervention  in  Italy  is  proposed  in 
behalf  of  papal  rule. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1862  Dec.  7.  Paris.  The  emperor 
inaugurates  the  Boulevard  Prince 
Eugene. 

Dec.+  *  Great  distress  is  caused  in  the 
manufacturing  districts  throut;li  the  cot- 
ton famine  caused  by  the  civil  war  in 
America. 

1863*  *Thegrape-vinediseasei3much 

abated. 

1864  May  16.  A  convention  is  made 
between  France,  Brazil,  Italy,  Portugal, 
and  Haiti,  for  laying  a  telegraphic  ca- 
ble between  Europe  and  America. 

1865  July  *  -Oct.  *  Cholera  is  preva- 
lent at  Marseilles,  Paris,  Madrid,  and 
Naples.  [Sept.  30.  It  continues  its  rav- 
ages in  Marseilles  and  Toulon.] 

*  ♦  A  new  grape-vine  malady  caused  by 
the  phylloxera  vastatrix  is  observed  in 
South  France. 

1866  July  9.  Paris.  An  establish- 
ment for  the  sale  of  horse-flesh  as 
human  food  is  opened  with  success;  its 
use  as  food  is  strongly  advocated. 

1867  Apr.  1.  Paris.  The  Interna- 
tional Exhibition  is  opened. 

June  17-July  9.  Paris.  An  Interna- 
tional Conference  res^iecting  coinage 
and  monetary  currency  is  held. 

Oct.  *  fimile  and  Isaac  Pereire,  origina- 
tors of  the  Cr6dit  Mobilier,  withdraw 
from  the  management;  the  company 
fails,  and  the  capital  is  alleged  to  have 
disappeared. 


738     1867,  Dec.  5-1870,  Aug.  11. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1868  Jan,  1.  Paris.  The  Legislature 
passes  a  new  army  bill.  Vote,  206-60. 
It  provides  for  an  annual  addition  of 
100,000  men  to  the  army,  the  reorgani- 
zation of  a  National  Guard,  and  raising 
the  total  m.ilitary  force  to  1,200,000  men. 

Mar.  20+.  Enlistments  for  the  new  Na- 
tional Guard  provoke.riots  in  Bordeaux 
and  other  towns. 

1870  July  19-71  Mar.  3.  The 
Franco-Prussian  war.    (See  State.) 

July  23.  Baden.  The  bridge  across 
the  Rhine  at  Kehl  is  blown  up  by  the 
Prussians. 

July  26.  Alsace.  A  Bavarian  officer  is 
killed  in  a  skirmish  at  Nierderbronn. 

July  29.  Lorraine.  The  emperor  as- 
sumes the  chief  command  of  the  French 
at  Metz ;  Marshal  Edmund  Leboeuf, 
chief  of  the  general  staff. 

The  French  arrange  for  an  advance  of 
four  corps  :  one  under  Marshal  Mac- 
Mahon  from  Strasburg ;  another  under 
Gen.  De  Failly  from  Bitsch  in  Lorraine  ; 
another  under  Marshal  Bazaine  from 
Metz ;  another  under  Gen.  Ladmirault 
at  Thionville  (Diedenhofen)  in  Lorraine. 
The  reserve  of  320,000  men  consists  of  the 
corps  of  Marshal  Canrobert  at  Ch41ons, 
of  Gen.  Felix  Charles  Douay  at  Belfort, 
and  the  National  Guard  under  Gen. 
Charles  Bourbaki  at  Nancy. 

Aug.  2.  Pnis.  The  first  action  of  the 
■war  occurs  at  Saarbriick;  a  battalion 
of  Prussians  is  driven  out  with  small  loss 
by  three  divisions  of  the  French. 

Aug.  4.  Alsace.  Battle  of  "Weisaen- 
berg. 

The  Germans,  with  a  numerically 
stronger  force  under  the  the  Crown 
Prince  of  Prussia,  defeat  the  French  un- 
der Gen.  Douay,  who  falls  in  battle.  It 
is  the  first  battle  of  the  war  ;  the  French 
fight  with  obstinate  courage. 

Aug.  6.  Alsace.  Battle  of  "Worth. 
The  Crown  Prince  of  Prussia  defeats 
the  French  under  Marshal  MacMahon  ; 
German  loss,  10,000+:  ;  French  loss, 
8,000i:,  besides  9,000±  prisoners.  [Mac- 
Mahon retires  to  Saveme  [Zaberne]  to 
cover  Nancy.] 

Lorraine.    Battle  of  Forbach  [Spi- 

cheren]. 

The  Germans  imder  Gens.  Von  Goeben 
and  Von  Steinmetz  defeat  the  French 
under  Gen.  Charles  Auguste  Frossard ; 
the  French  retire,  ubandonini^  Saar- 
bruck.    Loss  on  both  sides,  4,000. 

Aug.  7.  The  Germans  advance,  and  oc- 
cupy Forbach  and  SaargemUnd  in  Lor- 
raine, and  Hagenau  in  Lower  Alsace. 
[The  first  army  advances  on  Metz  ;  the 
second  army  upon  Pont  k  Mousson,  to 
cut  off  the  French  from  Paris.] 

Aug.  8.  Marshal  Bazaine  is  appointed 
to  command  the  army  at  Metz,  130,000t 
strong.  [Aug.  9.  He  assumes  command.] 
Marshal  MacMahon  commands  50,000.fc 
near  Saverne,  and  Marshal  Canrobert 
50,000±  at  Nancy. 

Aug.  9.  The  Ciermans  occupy  St.  Avoid ; 
they  also  invest  Pfalsburg. 

Aug.  10,  Alsace.  The  Germans  under 
Gen.  Von  Werder  invest  Strasburg. 

[Aug.  11.  Communication  witli  the 
besieged  is  cut  olf.  Aug.  16.  They  re- 
pulse a  sally.  Aug.  244-.  They  bombard 
the  city.] 

Prus.    liichtenburg  [Sankt-Wendel] 

capitulates  to  the  Germans. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1867  *  *  Paris.  The  first  International 
Medical  Congress  is  held. 

±  *  *  A  machine  for  converting  spher- 
ical into  rectilinear  and  other  motions, 
and  for  producing  perfectly  parallel 
motion,  is  discovered  by  M.  Peaucellier, 
an  engineer  officer. 

1868  Feb.  *  The  siderostat,  an  appa- 
ratus for  observing  the  light  of  stars 
in  precisely  the  same  way  in  which  the 
light  of  the  sun  may  be  studied  in  the 
camera  obscura,  is  constructed  by  L^on 
Foucault. 

Feb.  17.  The  planet  jEgte  is  discovered 
by  M,  Coggia. 

July  27.    Paris.    The  nephoscope,  an 

apparatus  for  measuring  the  velocity  of 
clouds,  invented  by  Karl  Braun,  is  re- 
ported to  the  Academy  of  Sciences. 

1869  June  17.  The  European  end  of 
the  French  Atlantic  cable  is  laid  at 
Brest  (p.  267). 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1868  ♦  *  Berryer,   Antoine    Pierre,   political 

orator,  leader,  A78. 

lioucher  de  Pertlies,  .Jacques,  archeol.,  ABO. 

Carmouche,  Pierre  Frederic  Adolphe,  dram- 
atist, A71. 

Clot.  Antoine  Barth^lemy  (Clot-Bey) .  Egyp- 
tologist, physician,  A73. 

Coquerel,  Atbanase  L.  C,  Protestant  cl.,A73. 

Cormenin,  Vicomte  de,  Louis  Marie  de  la 
Haye,  jurist,  writer,  A80. 

Foucault,  L^oii,  natural  philosopher,  A49. 

M^ryon,  Charles,  etcher,  A47. 

Pouillet,  Claude  Servais  M.,  physicist,  A77. 

Serres,  !^tienne  R.  A.,  physiologist,  A82. 

Vechte,  Antoine,  goldsmith,  A48. 

Viennet,  Jean  Pons  G.,  j)olilician,  au.,  A91. 

Walewski,  Cointe  Alexandre  Florian  Joseph 
Coioiina,  statesman,  writer,  A58. 
1868  *  *  lierlioz.  Hector,  musical  comp.,  A66. 

Cailliaud,  Fr6d6ric,  traveler,  A82. 

Clerc,  Laurent,  teacher  of  deaf  mutes,  A84.   . 

Dantan,  Jean  Pierre,  sculptor,  A69. 

Fauche,  Hippolyte,  Sanscrit  scholar,  A72. 

Foumet,  Victor,  geologist,  A68. 

Jomini,  Baron  Henri,  military  author,  A90. 

Liamartine,  Alphonse  Marie  ZjOuIb  de, 
poet,  orator,  historian,  statesman,  A79. 

Labortie,  Comte  de,  L^on  Emmanuel  Simon 
Joseph,  wTiter,  traveler,  A62. 

Lef^bure-W^ly,  Louis  J.  A.,  composer,  A52. 

Libri-Carrucci,  Comte,  Guillaume  Brutus 
Icile  Timol^on,  Italian-French  math.,  AtiG. 

Niel,  Adolphe,  marslial,  minister  of  war,Ati7. 

Troplong,  Kaymond  Theodore,  jurist,  states- 
man, A74. 

1870  *  *  Botta,  Paolo  Emilio,  archeol.,  A70. 
Broglie,  Due  de,  Achille  C.  L.  V.,  states.,  A8S. 
Cornu,  S6bastien  Melcliior,  painter,  A66. 
Douay,  Charles  Abel,  general,  A61. 
Dumas,  Alexandre,  p^re,  novelist,  dram- 
atist, A  68. 

I>um6ril,  Auguste  Henri  Andr^,  natu.,  A58. 

Flahaut  de  la  Billarderie,  Comte  de,  Au- 
gust G.  J.,  general,  A85. 

M6rim«ie,  Prosper,  novelist,  historian,  A67. 

Montalembert,  Charles  Forbes,  statesman, 
orator,  author,  A60. 

Niepce  de  Saint- Victor,  Claude  F61ix  Abel, 
inventor  photography  on  glass,  AtiS. 

Pr^vost-Paradol,  Lncien  Anatole,  orator, 
journalist,  diplomatist,  A41. 

Villemain,  Abel  Fran(;ois,  historian,  educa- 
tionist, A80. 

CHURCH. 

1867*  *0.  P.  Place,  archbishop  of 
llennes,  is  consecrated  cardinal  priest. 

*  *  It.  France  intervenes  in  behalf  of  the 
Pope's  sovereignity  over  the  States  of 
Italy,  and  defeats  the  invaders  at  Monte 
Kotundo,  near  Kome. 

*  *  Paris.  The  "Bible  Stand"  at  the 
exhibition  gives  away  2,338,968  portions 
of  Scripture  in  17  languages.  The  ex- 
penses ($60,000)  are  met  hy  the  dona- 
tions of  6,000  Christian  people. 


1869  Sept.  20.  Paris.  Charles  Loy- 
son,  known  as  Pdre  Hyacinthe,  a  Car- 
melite preacher,  protests  against  papal 
infallibility  and  encroachments,  and 
resigns  by  letter  from  his  order. 

LETTERS. 

1868  Mar.  20.  Les  Tifres  de  la  Dy- 
nastie  imp&riale^  appears. 

Aug.  *  Rochefort's  weekly  satirical  pam- 
phlet. La  Lanterne,  is  suppressed,  and 
he  and  his  printer  are  condenineil  to 
tine  and  imprisonment.  [They  escape  to 
Belgium.] 

*  *  La  petite  chose,  by  Alphonse  Daudet, 
appears.  [1871,  Lettres  (i  un  absent; 
1872,  The  Strange  Adventures  of  Tartarin 
of  Tarascon  and  Les  Peiits  Robinson 
cave.'] 

*  *  Manuel  d'hisfoire  ancienne  de  V  Orient^ 
hy  Francois  Lenormant,  appears. 

*  *  La  Religion,  hy  Vacherot,  appears. 
[1870,  Science  and'^ Conscience.] 

*  *  The  Countess  of  Chalis,  hy  Feydeau, 
appears. 

*  *  Le  Cahier  bleu  de  Mademoiselle  Cabot, 
hy  Droz,  appears. 

*  *  Prosper  Randoce,  hy  Cherhuliez,  ap- 
pears.  [1869,  L'Aventure  de  Ladislns 
Jiolski ;  1872,  La  revanche  de  Josejfh 
Noirel.] 

1869*  *  Kain,  by  Leconte  de  Lisle,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Man  who  laughs,  by  Victor  Hugo, 
appears. 

*  *  Hesperus  and  Le  Soleil  de  Minuit,  hy 
Catulle  Mendes,  appear. 

*  *  Lions  et  Renards,  by  £mile  Augier, 
appears. 

*  *  L^ tlducation  sentimentale,  by  Flau- 
bert, appears. 

*  *  Abydos,  hy  Mariette,  appears. 

1870  July  ♦    The    publication    of    the 

Marseillaise  of  Rochefort  ceases.  [Sept. 
8.  It  reappears  ;  Rochefort  resigns  the 
editorship,  disclaiming  connection  on 
account  of  a  violent  article  ;  it  ceases  to 
appear  soon  after.] 

SOCIETY. 

1868  June  9.  Paris.  Election  riots 
occur, 

June  11.  Paris.  The  emperor  and  em- 
press publicly  appear,  and  bravely  ride 
through  the  Boulevards. 

Aug.  1.  Tlie  Pereires  and  other  direc- 
tors of  the  Credit  Mobilier  are  held 
liable  for  claims  by  the  High  Court  of 
Appeal ;  it  decides  that  damages  should 
be  given  to  the  shareholders. 

Sept.  4.  Paul  Granier  de  Cassagnac,  a 
Bonapartist,  and  M.  Lissagaray,  jour- 
nalists, light  a  duel;  the  latter  is  run 
througii. 

1869  Aug.  15.  The  centenary  of  the 
birth  of  Napoleon  I.  is  celebrated ;  am- 
nesty is  granted  to  political  prisoners, 
and  pensions  increased  to  war  veterans. 

Sept.  19±.  Paris.  Great  excitement 
follows  the  discovery  of  the  murder  of 
the  Kinck  family  at  Pantin  by  Trop- 
mann.  [1870.  June  19.  The  murderer 
is  executed.] 

1870  Jan.  *-Mar.  *  Iron  and  steel 
workers  at  Creuzot  strike. 

Cause,  a  quarrel  about  a  benefit  fund 
and  the  dismissal  of  an  obnoxious  work- 
man by  the  employers.  The  military 
suppress  the  workmen. 

Jan,  10.    Pierre  Bonaparte  kills  Victor 

Noir.a  journalist,  at  Auteuil,  when  inter- 
viewed respecting  a  challenge  sent  by 


FRANCE. 


1867,  Dec.  5-1870,  Aug.  11.     739 


M.Kooliefort.    [Mar.  27.   Acquitted,  but 
sentenced  to  pay$5,000toNoir'sfamily.] 

Jan.  22.  Painn.  Henry  Rochefort,  editor 
of  the  Marseillaise,  is  sentenced  to  a  fine 
and  imprisonment  for  publishing  a  libel. 
The  populace  is  greatly  excited  during 
the  trial. 

Mar.  12.  Sp.  Due  de  Montpensier  kills 
Prince  Henry  (Don  Knrique)  in  a  duel, 
near  Madrid,  under  great  provocation. 

Mar.  21.  Paris.  The  insurgents  levy 
requisitions  on  the  shopkeepers. 

Mar.  22.  Paris.  The  Friends  of  Or- 
der make  an  unarmed  demonstration, 
and  are  tired  upon  by  insurgents  ;  10  are 
killed  and  20  womided. 

Apr.  20+.  A  young  man  named  Baurie 
is  arrested  at  Blois  as  a  conspirator 
against  the  life  of  the  emperor.  [Aug. 
8.  Several  conspirators  are  sentenced 
to  long  imprisonment.] 

STATE. 

1867  Dec.  5.  Paris.  Minister  Rouher 
announces  to  the  Legislative  Assembly 
the  policy  of  the  State,  "We  declare 
that  Italy  shall  never  seize  upon  Rome." 
[The  Government  is  sustained ;  vote 
238-17.] 

1868  Jan.  *  Ten  newspapers  are  fined 
for  printing  comments  on  legislative  de- 
bates. 

Jan,  29.  Paris.  Pierre  Magne  an- 
nounces a  deficiency  in  the  budget ; 
be  also  announces  a  loan  for  £17,600,000. 

Jan.  30.  Paris.  An  army  bill  passes 
the  Senate.  Vote,  125-1.  [Jan.  30.  The 
bill  becomes  law.] 

June  *  Paris.  A  new  law  giving  greater 
freedom  of  the  press  is  introduced  in 
the  Legislature.  [Feb.*  The  "Arcadi- 
ans," a  new  ultra-conservative  party, 
strongly  oppose  it.  Mar.  *  It  is  passed. 
Vote,  242-1.  June  *  It  becomes  opera- 
tive.] 

Mar,  17.  Paris.  The  Claims  of  the  Na- 
poleonic Dynasty,,  a  pamphlet,  is  pub- 
lished at  the  imperial  printing-press. 

Its  principal  object  is  to  show  that  the 
empire  was  established  with  almost  the 
unanimous  sanction  of  the  people. 

Dec.  *  Marquis  de  la  Valette  succeeds 
De  Moustier  as  foreign  minister ;  For- 
cade  la  Roquetto  becomes  minister  of 
the  interior. 

*  *  A  law  on  the  right  of  meeting  is 


1869  Jan.  1.  Paris.  Tlie  Moniteur  is 
replaced  by  the  Journal  officiel. 

May  23-27.  A  general  election  takes 
place. 

Although  the  Opposition  carries  Paris, 
Lyons,  Marseilles,  and  other  large  cities, 
the  Government  obtains  a  complete  vic- 
tory.   Vote,  4,455,287-3,&43,271. 

June  28.  Paris.  The  new  Legislative 
Chamber  meets,  having  an  increase  of 
Kepul)lican  members,  making  the  Op- 
position to  the  (lovernment  threefold 
stronger  than  in  the  last  Assembly. 
[Riotous  demonstrations  follow.} 

July  13.  Paris.  A  message  from  tlie 
emperor  announces  political  changes 
Introducing   ministerial    responsibility, 


and  making  concessions  toward  con- 
stitutional government. 

The  ministers  resign. 
July  17.    A  new  Ministry  is  formed. 

It  consists  of  .1.  li.  M.  Duvergier  (justice 
and  of  worship),  Prince  de  la  Tonr  d'Au- 
vergne-Lauranguais  (foreign  affairs),  M.  De 
Forcade  la  Uoquette  (interior),  M.  Magne 
(tlnance),  Adm.  Kigault  de  Genouilly  (navy 
and  colonies),  I-.  O.  Xlourbeau  (public  in- 
stniction),  M.  (iressier  (public  works),  M. 
Le  Roux  (agriculture  and  commerce),  M.  Le- 
boeuf  (war).  Marquis  J.  N.  S.  P.  Chasseloup- 
Laubat  (jtresident  of  council  of  state),  and 
Marslial  Vaillant  (imperial  house  and  fine 
arts). 

July  20.  Paris.  M.  Rouher  is  made 
president  of  the  Senate. 

Oct.  *  -Dec.  *  Agitation  against  free 
trade  occurs. 

Nov.  8,  Paris.  An  imperial  decree  is 
issued.  The  principle  of  personal  gov- 
ernment is  relinquished,  and  it  is  pro- 
posed to  introduce  gradually  that  of 
constitutional  government. 

Wov.  16±.  Paris.  The  Left  (Ultra-Re- 
publicans) of  the  Chambers  issue  a  firm 
and  temperate  manifesto  in  opposition 
to  the  Government. 

Nov.  22.  Paris  elects  Henri  Roche- 
fort,  the  journalist,  a  deputy. 

Dec.  27.  Paris.  The  resignation  of 
the  ministers  is  announced. 

*  *  Paris.  The  censorship  respecting 
foreign  newspapers  is  removed. 

*  *  The  **  livrets,"  or  service-books  of 
working-men,  are  abolished. 

1870  Jan.  3.  Paris.  A  new  (Liberal) 
Ministry  is  formed. 

Memljers:  Kmile  OUivier  (justice  and  re- 
ligion), (.'ount  Napoleon  Daru  (foreign), 
Chevandier  de  Valdronie  (interior),  Louis 
Josepti  Buffet  (tlnance).  Marshal  Edmund 
Lebajuf  (war),  Kegault  de  Genouilly  (Ma- 
rine), Kmile  Alexis  Legris  (public  instruc- 
tion). Marquis  de  Talhouet  (public  works), 
Eaquirou  de  I'arieu  (president  council  of 
state),  Charles  Louvet  (agriculture  and  com- 
merce), and  Maurice  Richard  (fine  arts). 

Jan.  6.t  Paris.  Georges  Sug^ne 
Haussmann,  prefect  of  the  Seine,  is 
dismissed. 

He  had  greatly  embellished  Paris,  and 
improved  its  sanitary  condition,  water 
supply  and  sewer  system. 

Feb.  22.  Paris.  Jules  Favre  makes 
an  attack  on  the  Ministry  in  the  Cham- 
ber, and  is  defeated.    Vote,  236-18. 

Mar.  28.  Paris.  A  senatus  consul- 
turn,  relating  to  the  modification  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  Senate,  is  communi- 
cated to  the  Senate.  [Apr.  20.  Adopted.] 

Apr.  10.  Paris.  A  ministerial  crisis 
occurs;  Ministers  Darn  and  Buffet 
oppose  a  proposed  general  election  re- 
specting changes  in  the  Constitution, 
[They  resign.] 

Apr.  13.  Paris.  The  OUivier  Ministry 
is  reconstructed. 

May  8.  The  people  approve  the  con- 
stitutional changes.  Vote,  7,527,379- 
1,530,909. 

May  9,  10,  Paris.  Rioting  occurs  and 
barricades  are  erected.  [May  14.  About 
100  rioters  are  arrested:  many  are  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment.] 

May  15.  Paris.  The  Due  de  Gram- 
mont  becomes  foreign  minister. 

June  19.  Paris.  The  Orleans  princes 
address   the   Legislative  Assembly,  de- 


manding their  right  to  return  to  France. 
[July  2,  Refused.    Vote,  173-31.] 

July  5-7.  France  is  offended  because 
of  the  nomination  of  Prince  Leopold  for 
the  throne  of  Spain. 

It  causes  great  excitement,  being  re- 
garded as  a  Prussian  intrigue  endanger- 
ing the  safety  of  France.  Count  Vincent 
Benedetti,  the  French  ambassador,  re- 
quests William  I.  to  forbid  its  accept- 
ance, but  be  refuses.  The  ministers 
make  warlike  speeches. 

July  12.  Prince  Leopold  withdraws 
his  acceptance. 

France  demands  guaranties  from 
Prussia,  "  never  Hgain  to  permit  the 
candidacy  of  a  German  prince  for  the 
Spanish  throne."  King  William  refuses 
to  discuss  the  matter,  and  refers  the  am- 
bassador to  the  regular  course  through 
the  Ministry  at  Berlin.  This  refusal 
is  telegraphed  as  Prussia's  Insult  to 
France. 

July  13.  Paris.  France  decides  to  de- 
clare war  against  Prussia,  anticipating 
the  neutrality  of  South  Germany ;  the 
Left  oppose  the  war.  [July  17.  The  de- 
claration is  signed.] 

July  19-71  Mar.  3.  The  Francv.- 
PruBsian  "War. 

Its  actual  cause  is  the  desire  of  the 
French  nation  to  repossess  the  territory 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  and  their 
jealousy  of  the  greatly  increasing  power 
of  Prussia  among  the  German  States 
since  the  war  of  1864  and  1866. 

July  20.  Ger.  The  States  of  Wurteni- 
berg,  Bavaria,  Baden,  and  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt declare  war  against  France,  and 
provide  military  support  for  Prussia. 

July  23.  Paris.  Emperor  Napoleon  is- 
sues a  war  proclamation.  The  empress 
is  appointed  regent. 

July  25.  Prus.  King  William  issues  a 
proclamation  of  war  against  France. 

July  28.    The  emperor  joins  the  army. 

Aug.  3.  Paris.  The  Due  de  Grammont, 
foreign  minister,  publishes  a  reply  to 
Bismarck's  charges  against  France. 

Aug.  6.  Gen.  Turr  publishes  statements 
of  Bismarck's  proposals  for  the  annex- 
ation of  Luxemburg  and  Belgium  by 
France  in  18«C  and  1867. 

Aug.  8.  Paris.  The  Government  appeals 
to  France  and  Europe  against  Prussia. 

Aug.  9.  Paris.  The  OUivier  Ministry 
is  forced  to  resign. 

Aug.  10.  Paris.  A  new  Ministry  is  or- 
ganized. 

Members:  Gen.  Cousin-Montauban,C!omte 
de  I'alikao  (war),  M.  Ch^vereau  (interior)^ 
Pierre  Magne  (llnance),  Clement  Duvernois 
(commerce  and  agriculture),  Adni.  ]{igault 
de  Genouilly  (marine).  Baron  Jerome  David 
(public  works),  Prince  de  la  Tour  d'Au- 
vergne  (foreign  affairs). 

The  Government  declares  against  any 
negotiations  contemplating  peace. 
Aug.  11.  France  signs  a  treaty  with 
Great  Britain  guaranteeing  the  neu- 
trality of  Belgium,  as  Germany  had 
done  on  Aug.  9. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1868  July  8.  The  French  Atlantic 
Telegraph  Company  is  formed  to  lay 
a  cable  to  America. 

The  Government  grants  a  concession 
for  20  years  to  Julius  Renter  and  Baron 
Kmile  d'Erlangcn. 


740     1870,  Aug.  13  -  Oct.  8. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1870  Aug.  13.  The  emperor  appoints 
Marshal  Bazaine  to  command  the 
French  Army  of  the  Khine. 

Aug.  14.  Ger.  The  Germans  begin  the 
bombardment  of  Strasburg. 

±  Many  French  sharpshooters  join 
the  army.  [Tlie  Germans  refuse  to  rec- 
ognize tliem  as  soldiers.] 

Toul  is  besieged.  Tlie  emperor  es- 
tablishes his  headquarters  at  Verdun. 

Lorraine.     The   first  German    army 

under  Gen.  Von  Steinmetz  attacks  Mar- 
shal Bazaine  at  Colonibey-Nouilly,  and 
checks  the  union  of  the  French  armies. 
German  loss,  4,900;  French  loss,  3,G08. 
(Battle  of  Courcelles.) 

Aug.  15.  Ger.  Nine  French  ironclads 
blockade  the  German  ports  on  the  Bal- 
tic coast. 

Aug.  16.  Lorraine.  Drawn  battle  of 
Vionville  (Mars-lar-Tour),  12  miles  west 
of  Metz. 

Prince  Frederick  Charles,  with  67,0001: 
Germans  of  the  second  army,  and  Mar- 
shal Bazaine  with  120,000  to  128,000 
French,  engage  in  a  terribly  bloody  bat- 
tle ;  it  prevents  the  retreat  of  the  French 
from  Metz  to  Verdun.  German  loss, 
16,000  killed  and  wounded  ;  French  loss, 
17,000  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners. 

The    French  repulse   an   attack    on 

Pfalsburg.    MacMahon's  army  reaches 
Chalons-sur-Marne.      [Aug.    20.     It    is 
joined  by  the  emperor.] 
Aug.  18.    Lorraine.    Battle  of  Grave- 
lotte  (Mzonville). 

The  first  and  second  armies,  number- 
ing 200,0fl0±,  under  King  William,  deci- 
sively defeat  120,000±  French  under  Mar- 
shal Bazaine,  seven  miles  west  of  Metz  ; 
the  French  aredriven  into  Metz.  French 
loss,  12,000  to  15,000  ,  German  loss,  20,156. 

±  Paris.    Gen.  Trochu  fortifies  the 

city. 
Aug.  19.     Alsace.    The  Germans  fiercely 

bombard  Strasburg. 
Aug.  20.     The    emperor,  with  between 
130,000  and  150,000  men,  unites  his  army 
with  the  Army  of  the  Rhine  under  Jlac- 
Mahon  at  ChAlons-sur-Marne. 

±  The  Army  of  the  Khine,  300,000i 
strong,  retreats  before  the  advancing 
Prussians,  500,0003=  strong,  under  King 
William  and  the  Crown  Prince  Freder- 
ick Charles. 

Marshal  MacMahon  aims  to  relieve 
Marshal  Bazaine  by  a  circuitous  march 
to  the  northeast.    [He  fails.] 
Aug.  23.     The  combined  French  army  at 
Reims  advances  to  join  the  army  of 
Marshal    Bazaine,  which  the  Germans 
have  shut  up  in  Metz. 
Aug.  23-26.    Ahace.    The  Germans  vig- 
orously bombard  Strasburg. 
Aug.  24.    The  Germans  under  the  Crown 
Prince  and  the  Prince  of  Saxony  pursue 
the  French. 

The  Prussians  establish  headquar- 
ters at  Bar-le-])uc,  only  125  miles  from 
Paris. 
Aug.  25.  The  French  repulse  an  attack 
on  Verdun.  [Nov.  *  Tliey  capitulate.] 
The  Germans  capture  800  national 
guards  at  St.  Mfinehould ;  they  occupy 
Ch^lons-sur-Marne. 

,  The  French  surrender  the  small  for- 
tress at  Vitry-le-Fran9ois. 


Aug.  26.  Lorraine.  The  Germans  re- 
pulse a  sortie  of  the  French  in  strong 
force  at  Metz,  frustrating  Marshal  Ba- 
zaine's  desperate  attempt  to  escape. 

±  Ger.  Three  armies  of  the  reserve  are 
formed,  and  a  fourth  to  aid  In  opera- 
tions against  Paris. 

Aug.  27.  Lorraine.  The  Germans  in- 
vest Thionville  (I)iedenhofen).  [Nov. 
24.    Bombarded  ami  taken.] 

The  Germans  nearly  destroy  a  regi- 
ment of  French  Chasseurs  at  Busancy. 

Aug.  28.  The  two  German  armies,  220,- 
000  strong,  advance  on  Paris,  driving 
the  French  before  them.  They  meet  re- 
sistance at  Dun,  Stenay,  and  Mouzon. 

Aug.  29.  The  Germans  storm  Vrizy, 
between  Vouz^ire  and  Attig. 

Aug.  30.  The  army  of  MacMahon  (150,- 
000 i)  retreats  northward. 

The  Germans  surprise  and  defeat  Gen. 
de  Failly  near  Beaumont,  enabling 
them  to  cut  otf  the  retreat  of  MacMa- 
hon ;  the  French  suffer  in  other  actions. 

Aug.  31.  The  Germans  repulse  the 
French  at  Carignan. 

They  attack  the  French  at  Douzy,  and 
finally  defeat  them.  The  French  retreat 
to  Sedan. 

Aug.  31,  Sept.  1.  Lorraine.  The  army 
of  Marshal  Bazaine  attempts  to  break 
through  the  German  lines,  and  is  de- 
feated at  Noisseville,  five  miles  from 
Metz. 

Sept.  1.    Battle  of  Sedan. 

The  Germans,  250,000  ^  strong,  under 
the  personal  command  of  William  1.,  de- 
feat the  French,  140,000+  strong,  under 
Napoli5on  III.,  Marshal  MacMahon,  and 
Gen.  Kmmanuel  F^lix  de  Wiuipffen ; 
MacMahon  is  wounded,  and  Wimptfen 
assumes  command.  At  three  o'clock  the 
French  are  surrounded.  Napoleon  III. 
gives  his  sword  to  William  I.,  and  be- 
comes a  prisoner. 

Sept.  2.    The  French  capitulate  at  Sedan. 

Their    army   comprises    39    generals, 

2,300  officers,  84,000  men,  besides  25,000 

captured  in  battle  ;  10,000  French  escape 

to  Belgium. 

Alsace.  The  Germans  direct  a  vigor- 
ous artillery  flre  on  Strasburg,  and  re- 
pel a  sortie  of  the  French. 

Sept.  5.  King  William  I.  establishes  his 
headquarters  at  Reims. 

Sept.  7.  Paris.  Gen.  Vinoy  arrives 
with  a  corps  which  was  sent  too  late  to 
aid  MacMahon.  The  Germans  occupy 
St.  Dizier. 

Sept.  8.  The  Germans  investStrasburg 
with  60,000  men.  The  French  vigorously 
resist  the  Germans  at  Verdun. 

Sept.  9.    Five  corps  of  the  Germans  ad- 
vance on  Paris. 
Xiaon  surrenders. 

The  explosion  of  the  powder-magazine 
by  a  soldier  causes  the  death  of  95  Ger- 
man riflemen  and  300  French  soldiers. 

Sept.  10.  The  French  repulse  an  attack 
by  the  Germans  on  Toul.  [Sept.  23.  It 
capitulates.] 

Sept.  12.  The  French  blow  up  the 
bridge  over  the  Oise,  at  Creil,  30  miles 
north  of  Paris. 

Sept.  14.  Atsaee.  The  Germans  occnpy 
Colmar. 

Sept.  15.  Paris.  The  Germans  begin 
the  investment  of  the  city ;  permits  are 
required  of  those  who  enter  or  leave  it. 


Sept.  18.  The  Prussians  fix  their  head- 
quarters at  .Meux,  20  miles  from  Paris. 

Sept.  18,  19.  The  French  sink  vessels 
in  the  Seine  and  the  Marne  rivers  against 
the  approach  of  the  Germans. 

Sept.  19.  King  William  fixes  his  head- 
quarters at  Ferriferes  near  Lagny,  fifteen 
miles  east  of  Paris. 

Gen.  Vinoy  with  three  divisions  at- 
tacks the  Prussians  on  the  heights  of 
Sceaux,  and  is  repulsed  with  the  loss 
of  seven  guns  and  2,500  prisoners. 

The  French  troops  at  Versailles  sur- 
render. [Sept.  20.  The  Crown  Prince 
of  Prussia  enters.]  • 

Sept.  10-71    Jan.  28.    Siege  of  Paris 

by  the  Germans. 
Sept.  20.    /(.    The    French    troops    are 
withdrawn  from  Rome;  the  Italians 
capture  the  city,  and  abolish  the  tem- 
poral power  of  the  Pope. 
Sept.  21.     Lorraine.    Prince  Frederick 
Charles  assumes  chief  command  Ijefore 
Metz. 
Sept.  22.    Sfevres,  two  and  a  half  miles 
from  Paris,  surrenders  to  the  Germans. 
Sept.  23,  24,  27.    Lorraine.  The  French 
are  repulsed  in  desperate  sallies  from 
Metz. 
Sept.  23.    Paris.    Three    actions  take 
place  in  the  suburbs,  at  Drancy,  Pierre- 
fitte,  and  Villejuif. 

A  levy  en  masse  of  all  men  under 
twenty-five  years  is  ordered  by  the  Gov- 
ernment. 
Sept.  25.    The  Germans  invest  Verdun. 

[Nov.  *    It  capitulates.] 
Sept.  26.    The  Germans  occupy  all  the 
departments  of  the  Seine  and  Marne. 

The  crown  prince,  standing  beneath 
the  statue  of  Louis  XIV.  at  Versailles, 
bestows  the  iron  cross  on  thirty  soldiers 
as  a  reward  for  bravery. 
Sept.  27.  Clermont  is  ?ubd\ied  and  oc- 
cupied by  the  Germans. 

Alsace.    Strasburg  capitulates. 

Sept.  28.    Alsace.    Strasburg  formally 
surrenders. 

The  Germans  having  made  a  breach  in 
the  wall  preparatory  to  an  asBault,  Gen. 
Uhrich  surrenders  nearly  18,000  men  to 
Gen.  Von  Werder.  German  loss,  906 
men  and  43  officers. 

The  Germans  attack  Soissons.  [Oct.  ♦ 
It  capitulates.] 
Sept.  30.  Paris.  Gen.  Vinoy  sends  out 
a  sortie,  which  is  repulsed  by  the  Ger- 
mans after  fighting  two  hours.  The  Na- 
tional Guards  in  the  city  are  said  to 
number  375,000. 

The  French  are  defeated  in  an  action 
at  Rouen,  losing  1,200  killed  and 
wounded  and  300  prisoners. 

The  Germans  take  Beauvais,  forty- 
three  miles  northeast  of  Paris.  [Oct.  1. 
Mantes  is  taken.] 
Oct.  5.  Paris.  King  William  removes 
his  headquarters  to  Versailles ;  Bis- 
marck and  Von  Moltke  are  with  him. 
Gen.  Treskow  commands  an  army 
which  is  ordered  into  Southern 
France. 

Gen.  Ef'gan,  with  the  advance  guard 
of  the  Army  of  the  Loire,  defeats  the 
Germans  near  Thoiuy. 


FRANCE. 


1870,Aug.  13-Oct.  8.      741 


Oct.  6.  Gen.  Dupre,  commanding  part  of 
the  Army  of  Lyons,  is  defeated  by  the 
Germans  at  St.  Remy;  German  loss, 
450 ;  French  losii,  150U±  and  6tiO  prisoners. 

Oct.  7.  Lorraine.  A  sortie  of  40,000 
French  is  made  from  Metz ;  after  four 
hours  of  hard  fighting  the  French  are 
driven  back,  with  the  loss  of  2,000  men  ; 
German  loss,  GOO. 

Oct.  8.  The  Germans  bombard  Neu 
Bziesach. 

The  French  repulse  an  attack  on  St.- 
Quentin.    [Oct.  21.    Taken.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1870  Sept.  28.  The  planet  .^c/ia  is  dis- 
covered by  Prosper  Henry.  [Sept.  11, 
Liberatrix;  Noy.  5,  Johanna.^ 

SOCIETY. 

1870  Sept.  ♦  Eng.  The  <5mpre8S  and 
prince  imperial  reside  at  Camden  House, 
Chiselhurst,  Kent. 

STATE. 

1870  Aug.  17.  Paris.  Qen.  Louis 
Jules  Trochu,  an  Orleanist,  is  ap- 
pointed governor  of  the  city,  and  charged 
with  its  defense. 

Aug.  21.  Paris.  The  GoTernment  for- 
bids the  exportation  of  food.  A  loan 
of  750,000,000  francs  is  announced. 

Aug.  2e±.  Paris.  M.  Thiers  is  placed 
on  the  Defense  Committee. 

Aug.  28.  Paris.  Gen.  Trochu  issues  a 
decree  for  the  expulsion  of  all  foreign- 
ers not  naturalized. 

Aug.  30,  31.  Cer.  Protests  against 
foreign  intervention  for  peace  are 
passed  at  municipal  meetings  at  Berlin, 
Konigsberg,  and  other  cities. 

Aug.  30,  Ger.  Count  Bismarck- 
Bohlen  is  installed  governor  of  Alsace 
at  Haguenau. 

Sept.  2.  The  emperor  becomes  a  pris- 
oner of  war  at  Sedan.    (See  Army.) 

Sept.  3.  Paris.  A  deputation  from  10,000 
persons  calls  on  Gen.  Trochu  to  asstime 
the  government  of  the  country ;  he 
declines. 

Sept.  4.  Paris.  The  surrender  at  Sedan 
is  announced  to  the  Legislative  Assem- 
bly. 

•lules  Favre  proposes  the  uprising  of 
the  nation  for  its  defense,  attacks  the 
imperial  dynasty,  and  proposes  to  give 
the  chief  command  to  Gen.  Trochu.  On 
the  motionof  M.Thiers,  the  chamber  ap- 
points a  commission  of  government 
and  national  *iefense,  and  orders  the 
convocation  of  a  constituent  assembly, 
and  adjourns. 

Revolution.  The  empire  is  at  an 
end. 

The  Assembly  resumes  its  sitting,  and 
'  is  invadedby  a  disorderly  crowd,  who  de- 
mand a  republic. 

A  few  Liberal  deputies  remain,  and 
proclaim  the  deposition  of  the  imperial 
dynasty  and  the  establishment  of  the 
Republic  of  France. 

The  Senate  meets  for  the  last  time, 

kand  upholds  the  imperial  government. 
A  government  of  defense  is  pro- 


Members:  Gen.  Lonis  Troehii,  president; 
L6on<Jamlietta (interior),  Jules  Simon  (pub- 
lic instruction),  Jules  Favre  (foreign),  Isaac 
Adolphe  ('r6niieux  (justice),  Ernest  Picard 
(finance),  tien.  Le  F16  (war),  Martin  Fouri- 
clion  (marine),  M.  Maynin  .(aKriculture), 
M.  Dorian  (public  works),  Ktienne  Arago 
(mayor  of  Paris). 

The  empress,  the  Comte  de  Palikao, 
and  other  ministers  secretly  leave,  and 
hasten  to  Belgium. 

Sept.  5.  Parts.  The  Legislative  Cham- 
ber is  dissolved  ;  the  Senate  is  abolished  ; 
the  regular  troops  and  National  Guard 
fraternize  with  each  other. 

Henri  Rochefort  is  added  to  the  pro- 
visional government. 

Jules  Favre  callson  the  United  States 
of  America  for  moral  support. 

Pnis.     The    ex-emperor    Napoleon 

arrives  at  Wilhelmshohe,  near  Cassel. 
—~  Sp.    The  Republican  deputies  in  the 
Spanish  Cortes  give  greeting   to    the 
French  Republic. 

The  Red  Republican  flag  is  raised  at 
Lyons. 
Sept.  6.     Paris.     Jules   Favre  issues  a 
circular. 

He  informs  French  diplomatic  repre- 
sentatives at  foreign  courts  that  France 
desires  peace,  but  "will  not  cede  either 
an  inch  of  our  territories  or  a  stone  of 
our  fortresses." 

Gen.  Trochu  issues  a  proclamation 
assuring  the  safety  of  Paris. 

The  police  are  replaced  by  National 
Guards  for  the  preservation  of  order. 

The  Government  again  declines  the 
proffered  services  of  the  Orleans 
princes. 

Victor  Hugo  and  Louis  Blanc  arrive  in 
the  city. 
Sept.  7*r.    The  Prussians  seize  imperial 
correspondence    of    much    impoi'tance. 
[Oct.  *  Published.] 

Paris.   The  Provisional  Government 

proclaims  that  to-day,  as  in  1792,  the 
Republic  signifies  the  hearty  union  of 
the  army  and  people  for  the  defense  of 
the  country. 
Sept.  8.  The  United  States  of  America 
and  Spain  recognize  the  Republic. 
[Sept.  9.    Switzerland.] 

Paris.  The  Defense  Committee  sum- 
mons the  King  of  Prussia  to  retire  im- 
mediately from  French  territory. 

A  decree  is  issued  convoicingthe  Con- 
stituent Assembly,  to  be  composed  of 
750  members. 

Sept.  13-16.  Paris.  Bismarck  issues 
circular  letters. 

He  recounts  French  aggressions  on 
Germany  in  the  past,  ana  asserts  the 
necessity  of  obtaining  material  guaran- 
ties for  the  future  safety  of  Germany, 
and  for  removing  the  frontiers  and  point 
of  attack  farther  west. 

Sept.  16. i:  Bismarck  consents  to  receive 
Jules  Favre. 

[Sept.  19.  They  meet  at  Chateau  de  la 
Haute  Maisou.  Sept.  20.  They  meet  at 
King  William's  headquarters  near 
Lagny.     Both  interviews  are  fruitless.] 

Sept.  17.  Paris.  Jules  Favre  issues  a 
diplomatic  circular. 

He  asks  that  France  be  left  to  the  free 
action  of  the  Constituent  Assembly,  and 
it  will  repair  the  wrong  she  has  done  by 
a  measure  of  justice. 


Sept.  18,  A  Government  delegation  nn- 
der  Isaac  A.  Cr^mieux,  minister  of  jus- 
tice, meetatTours;  the  foreign  ambas- 
sadors proceed  there. 

Sept.  18.  i  Paris.  The  Red  Republicans 
issue  a  manifesto  signed  by  Gustave 
Paul  Cluseret ;  it  is  placarded  through- 
out the  city. 

Sept.  19.  Pans.  The  struggle  for  the 
military  possession  of  the  city  begins. 
The  first  siege  of  Paris  is  begun  by  the 
Prussians. 

Sept.  21.  Jules  Favre  reports  Bis- 
marck's demands. 

Terms:  The  cession  of  the  department  of 
the  Upper  and  Lower  Rhine  and  part  of  5Io- 
selle,  with  Metz,  Chateau  Salins,  and  Sois- 
sons;  France  must  surrender  Strasburg, 
Toul,  and  Verdun  (or  Pfalzburg  according 
to  Favre), and  MontVal^rien;  If  the  Assem- 
bly  meets  at  Paris,  an  armistice  may  be 
agreed  to,  in  order  that  the  French  Constitu- 
ent Assembly  may  meet.  The  French  Govern- 
ment positively  rejects  these  terms  of  peace. 

Sept.  26+.  All  citizens  of  France  be- 
tween 20  and  25  years  of  age  are  prohib- 
ited from  leaving  the  country. 

Sept.  28.  The  National  Guard  suppresses 
an  insurrection  of  the  Red  Republicans 
at  Lyons :  Gen.  Cluseret,  the  war  min- 
ister of  the  Commune,  flees  [into  exile]. 

Paris.  The  National  Guard  main- 
tains order. 

Sept.  29-Oct.  1.  The  delegates  assem- 
bled at  Tours  order  elections  of  753 
members  for  the  Constituent  Assembly, 
to  take  place  on  Oct.  16. 

Oct.  1.  Paris.  The  Government  for  de- 
fense orders  the  elections  deferred  till 
they  can  be  carried  out  throughout  the 
whole  extent  of  the  Republic. 

Gen.  Ambrose  E,  Bumside,  TJ.  S.  A ., 
visits  Minister  Favre.  [Oct.  7.  He  vis- 
its  Bismarck.] 

Bismarck  issues  a  circular  letter,  dis- 
claiming any  intention  of  reducing 
France  to  a  second-rate  power. 

Oct.  2.    The   conquered  country,   in 

addition  to  Alsace  and  Lorraine,  is 
placed  under  the  grand  dukes  of  Meck- 
lenburg at  Reims. 

Oct.  3.  Isaac  A.  CrSmieux  succeeds 
Adm.  Fourichon  as  delegate  minister  of 
war  at  Tours,  remaining  minister  of 
marine, 

Oct.  6.  The  diplomatic  mission  of 
XjOuIs  a,  Thiers  to  foreign  courts  is 
reported  a  failure. 

Oct.  7.  li^on  Gambetta  escapes  from 
Paris  in  a  balloon. 

[Oct.  8.  He  arrives  at  Rouen.  Oct.  9. 
He  arrives  at  Tours,  an<l  bt'comes  min- 
ister of  war  as  well  as  of  the  interior.] 

Oct.  8.  The  Government  prohibits  all 
Frenchmen  under  60  years  of  age  from 
leaving  France. 

*  *  Gambetta  becomes  the  virtual  dicta- 
tor of  France. 

Aust,    M.  Thiers  again  appeals  to 

Vienna  for  aid  against  Germany.  [Oct. 
14,    He  arrives  at  Florence,  Italy.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1870  Sept.  23.  Paris.  M.Duroufina 
post-balloon  ascends  with  mail-bag.s  ; 
he  arrives  at  fivreux,  and  reaches  Tours. 


742     1870,  Oct.  8.-1871,  Jan.  9. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1870  Oct.  8.  Garibaldi  1  s  received 
with  grejit  enthusiasm  jit  Tours  ;  he  re- 
views the  National  Guard. 

Oct.  10.  The  Germans  bum  Albis  near 
Paris  in  retaliation  for  treachery,  sleep- 
ing soldiers  having  been  killed. 

Bavarians  under  Gen.  Von  der  Tann 
defeat  part  of  the  Army  of  the  Loire  at 
Artenay,  near  Orl&ms,  and  capture 
2,000  prisoners.  [Germans  occupy  Or- 
l<^ans.] 

The  French  repulse  an  attack  on 
Cherizy. 

Oct.  11.  The  French  fleet  appears  off 
Heligoland  in  the  North  Sea. 

Paris.    The    Germans  fire   the  first 

three  shots  into  the  suburbs  of  the  city. 
Gen.  Von  der  Tann  captures  Orleans 
and  4,000  prisoners. 

After  nine  hours  fighting  (3S,000±  on 
each  side),  the  defeated  Army  of  the 
'      Loire  under  Gen.  La  Motte  Roug^  re- 
tires behind  the  Loire  River.     [The  city 
pays  a  war  contribution  of  S300,000+.] 

The  French  garrison  at  Montm^dy 
captures  Stenay. 

Oct.  12.  Gen.  Bourbaki  takes  command 
of  tlie  French  at  Tours  ;  Gen.  D'Aurelle 
de  Paladines  takes  command  of  the 
Army  of  the  Loire. 

Garibaldi  is  appointed  commander  of 
French  irregular  troons. 

Germans  capture  Epinal.  They  also 
take  Breteuil  after  a  sharp  resistance. 

Oct.  13.  Neu  Breisach  is  wholly  in- 
vested by  tlie  Germans. 

The  French  surprise  the  Prussians, 
and  make  a  successful  attack  at  Ba- 
STieux,  near  Paris. 

Oct.  13,  14.  Paris.  St.  Cloud  is  fired 
on  and  burned  by  the  French. 

Oct.  14 1- .  Lorraine.  Frequent  sorties 
are  made  from  Metz. 

Oct.  14.  A  sharp  fight  takes  place  at 
£couis;  the  French  elude  an  attempt 
to  surround  them. 

Gen.  Boyer,  aid-de-camp  to  Marshal 
Bazaine,  commander  at  Metz,  meets 
Bismarck  at  Versailles. 

Oct.  16.  Soissons  surrenders  to  the 
Germans  under  the  Grand  Duke  of  Meck- 
lenburg, having  been  invested  three 
weeks  and  bombarded  four  days.  The 
French  lose  99  oflloers,  4,633  men,  and  128 
guns. 

Oct.  17.  Gen.  Bourbaki  is  appointed 
to  command  the  Army  of  the  North ; 
Gen.  Mazi&re  to  that  of  the  Loire. 

The    Germans   attack    Montdidier, 

and  capture  150  Mobile  Guards. 

Oct.  18.  The  Germans  defeat  4,000 
French  near  Chateaudun,  in  a  10  hours* 
fight ;  the  barricaded  town  is  stormed 
and  burned.  Gen.  Von  Werder  takes 
Nuit,  near  Dijon. 

Oct.  21.  Paris.  The  French  make  a 
vigorous  sortie  against  Versailles  and  at 
Malmaison ;  they  are  forced  to  retire 
after  fighting  three  hours  and  losing  400± 
killed  and  100  prisoners. 

Chartres,  48  miles  southwest  of  Paris, 
'a  taken  by  the  Oermana.  Vesoul  is 
also  captured. 

—  Germans  attack  and  take  St.-Quen- 
tin  after  cannonading  for  half  ant  hour. 
[Oct.  23.    They  eracnate.] 


Oct.  22.  Alsace.  Schlettstadt  is  bom> 
barded  by  the  Germans.  [Oct.  24. 
Taken,  with  120  guus  and  2,400  prison- 
ers.] 

The  French  "Army  of  the  East" 
is  defeated  in  the  Vosg:es. 

Gen.  Cambriels  repulses  an  attack 
by  the  Germans  on  Chatillon  le  Due ; 
M.  de  Keratry  assumes  command  of  the 
French  army  in  Brittany. 

Oct.  26.  Paris.  The  Imperial  Guard 
is  suppressed. 

Oct.  27.  Marshal  Biizaine  surrenders 
Metz  and  his  army. 

Gen.  Von  Werder  defeats  the  French 
near  Gray,  Haute  Saone,  northeast  of 
Dijon. 

Oct.  28.  The  French  recapture  Le 
Bourget  near  Paris.  [Oct.  30.  Retaken 
with  1,200  prisoners,  by  the  Germans.] 

The  French  defeat  Badenese  troops 
near  Bascon  ;  they  repulse  an  attack  by 
the  Prussians  on  Formerie  on  the  Oise. 

Oct.  29.  Tlie  crown  prince  and  Prince 
Frederick  Charles  are  created  field- 
marshals. 

Oct.  31.  The  Germans  capture  Dijon 
after  bombardment.  The  Wiirtemberg- 
ers  defeat  the  francs-tireurs  between 
Montereau  and  Naiigis. 

It  is  estimated  that  856,000  Ger- 
mans are  in  France  and  223,000  French 
in  German  prisons. 

Oct.  31-Dec.  27.    The  Germans  occupy 

and  hold  Dijon. 
Nov.  1.    The    Germans    invest   Thion- 

ville.    [Nov.  7.    Bombarded.] 

Nov.  3±.    Garibaldi  issues  a  proclama- 
tion appealing  to  other  nations  to  help 
France. 
The  Germans  besiege  Belfort. 

Nov.  4.  Paris.  The  Government  orders 
the  mobilization  of  all  able-bodied  men 
between  20  and  40  years  of  age. 

Nov.  6.  The  French  recapture  Cha- 
teaudim.    [Nov.  18.    Indecisive  action.] 

Nov.  7.  The  French  repulse  an  attack  on 
the  Army  of  the  Loire  at  Marchenoir. 

Nov.  8.  Verdun  capitulates  to  the 
Germans  with  4,000  men. 

Ger.    The  French  fleet  appears  off 

Heligoland. 

Nov.  9.  The  Germans  enter  MontbS- 
Hard,  Doubs,  near  the  Swiss  frontier. 
[Nov.  10.    The  French  are  repulsed.] 

The  French  defeat  Gen.  Von  der 
Tann  between  Coulmiers  and  Baccon, 
near  Orleans  ;  they  retire  to  Thoury. 

Nov.  10.  The  French  under  Gen.  D'Au- 
relle de  Paladines  retake  Orleans. 
French  loss,  2,000;  German  loss,  700± 
and  2,000  prisoners.  The  Germans  take 
Neu  Breisach,  with  6,000  prisoners  and 
100  guns. 

Jfov.  13.  The  Germans  occupy  Cole, 
near  Dijon. 

Nov.  14.  Prince  Frederick  Charles 
and  the  Grand  Duke  of  Mecklenburg 
are  put  in  command  of  the  armies  in 
Central  France. 

Nov.  15.  The  Germans  completely  in- 
vest Montm^dy. 

The  Germans  repulse  French  sorties 
from  M^zidres. 


Nov.  16.  The  Germans  repulse  sorties 
from  Belfort. 

Nov.  17.  The  Griuid  Duke  of  Mecklen- 
burg  repulses  the  French  Army  of  the 
Loire  near  Dreux;  the  army  is  cap- 
tured by  Gen.  Von  Treskow. 

The  French  make  a  successful  sortie 
from  MSzi^res;  German  loss,  500  men. 

Nov.  18.  The  National  Guard  repulses 
the  Germans  at  !6vreux. 

Nov.  20±.  Paris.  The  Germans  engir- 
dle the  city  with  a  second  line  of  in- 
vestment. 

The  Germans  repulse  the  French  at 
La  F6re,  14  miles  from  Laon;  the 
French  suffer  heavy  loss.  [Nov.  27. 
Surrendered  by  the  French  with  70  guns 
and  2,000  men,  after  two  days'  bombard- 
ment.] 

Nov.  21.  The  Germans  defeat  the  Mo- 
bile Guard  at  Bretoncelles. 

Nov.  22.  The  Germans  begin  the  bom> 
bardment  of  Thionville.  [Nov.  24. 
The  French  capitulate  ;  2,000  prisoners 
taken.]    The  Prussians  occupy  Ham. 

The  Germans  are  repulsed  near  Ami* 
ens  and  also  near  Stagil. 

Nov.  27.  The  Germans  under  Gen.  Von 
Werder  defeat  the  Garibaldians  near 
Fasque,  Cote  d'Or. 

The  Prussians  under  Gen.  Mauteuffel 
defeat  the  Army  of  the  North  near 
Amiens.  [Nov.  28.  The  city  surren- 
ders. Nov.  30.  The  citadel  is  taken.] 
Nov.  28.  Battle  near  Beaune-la-Bo- 
lande,  Loiret. 

The  French  Army  of  the  Loire  under 
Gen.  d'Aurelle  de  Paladines  has  a  severe 
engagement  with  the  Prussians  under 
Gen.  Voigts  Rhetz.  Prince  Frederick 
Charles  arrives  during  the  battle,  and 
turns  the  day;  the  French  retire  with 
the  loss  of  6,700±  ;  the  Germans  suffer  a 
heavy  loss. 

Nov.  29-Dec.  4.  The  army  in  Paris  and 
the  Army  of  the  Loire  make  unsucceas-. 
f ul  efforts  to  unite. 

Nov.  29.  Gen.  Charles  Denis  Sauter 
Bourbaki  is  appointed  to  command  the , 
6th  Army  Corps. 

Paris.  The  Prussians  repulse  sor- 
ties from  various  parts  of  the  city. 

Nov.  30.    Pans.   A  grand  sortie  is  made. 

The  French  (120,000)  take  Champigny 

and  Brie.     [Dec.  2.     They  are   driven 

back  by  the  Germans.    Losses  on  both 

sides  are  heavy.] 

Dec.  2.  The  Army  of  the  Loire  under 
Gen.  Chanzy  is  defeated  at  Bazoche  des 
Hautes  by  the  Grand  Duke  of  Mecklen- 
burg. 

Dec.  3.  The  Germans  begin  the  bom- 
bardment of  Belfort.  [The  siege  con- 
tinues.] 

Dec.  4.  Orleans  again  surrenders  to  the 
Germans  ;  Gen.  D'Aurelle  de  Paladines 
retreats  with  100,000±  men,  losing  10,000 
prisoners,  77  guns,  and  4  gunboats. 

Dec.  5-71  July  22.  Marshal  Manfeuf- 
fel,  commanding  the  Prussian  Army  of 
the  North,  occupies  Rouen. 

Dec.  7.  The  Grand  Duke  of  Mecklen- 
burg attacks  the  French  Army  of  the 
Loire  at  Beaugency,  without  decisive 
result.  [Dec.  8.  The  Germans  take  the 
town  and  1,100±  prisoners.] 


FRANCE. 


1870,  Oct.  8-1871,  Jan.  9.    743 


I 


Dec.  8.  Marshal  Manteuflfel  advances 
on  Havre  with  a  part  of  his  army,  and 
with  the  remainder  occupies  Cherbourg. 

Bee.  9,  10.  The  Army  of  the  liOire 
ia  defeated  hy  the  Germans  in  severe 
engagements,  and  retreats. 

Dec.  12.  The  Germans  occupy  Dieppe. 
They  bomhard  Montm^dy.  [Dec.  14. 
It  surrenders.]  The  siege  of  Pfalzburg 
in  Ijorraine  ends  by  Ha  surrender  be- 
cause of  famiuo. 

Dec.  13.    The  Germans  occupy  ^vreux 

and  Blois. 
Dec.  14.    The  Germans  take  and  later 

abandon  Fr6teval. 
Dec.  18.    The  Germans  under  Gen.  Von 

Werder  defeat  the  French  under  Gen. 

Cremer  at  Nuits,  14  miles  from  Dijon. 
Dec.  21.    Tours  is  partly  shelled  by  the 

Germans,   and   submits ;    the  Germans 

fail  to  occupy  the  city. 
Dec.  23.    Indecisive   battle  at  Pont- 

Noyelles. 
The  Germans  are  under  Marshal  Man- 

teufifel,  and  the  French  under  Gen.  Faid- 

herbe  ;  the  latter  retreats. 

Dec.  27.  The  Germans  besiege  P6- 
ronne.  [1871.  Jan.  10.  Itcapitulatea.] 
Gen.  Bourbaki  forces  the  Germans  un- 
der Gen.  Von  Werder  to  evacuate  Dijon. 

Dec.  29.  Paris.  The  French  at  Mont 
Avron  are  bombarded  and  driven  out. 

•  *  Nancy  and  Chalons  are  taken  by  the 
Germans. 

1871  Jan.  1,  2.  MSzi^res  with  2,000 
men  and  106  guns  is  surrendered  by  the 
French. 

Jan.  2,  3.  The  Germans  imder  Marshal 
Manteuffel  defeat  the  French  tmder 
Gen.  Von  Goeben,  near  Bapaume;  the 
French  retreat. 

Jan.  4.  Paris.  The  Germans  bombard 
the  eastern  front  of  the  city  and  the 
southern  forts. 

Jan.  5.  The  Germans  take  the  fortress 
of  Rocroi,  near  the  Belgian  frontier. 

Jan.  6.    nte  French  under  Gen.  Chanzy 
have    an    indecisive    engagement    with 
Prince  Frederick  Charles,  near  Dijon 
leMans. 
The  Germans  storm  Daujoutin. 

Paris.    The   Germans    silence  Forts 

Issy  and  Vanves. 

Jan.  7.  The  Germans  defeat  Gen.  Roy 
near  JumiSges,  on  the  Seine. 

Jan.  9,  10.  Paris.  The  Germans  bom- 
bard the  city,  injuring  many  buildings 
and  killing  many  citizens.  [Jan,  10-13. 
Sorties.] 

Gen.  Von  Werder  defeats  the  French 
at  Villersexel. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1870  ♦  *  Gulliver  and  the  Lilliputians  is 
painted  by  Georges  Jean  Vibert. 


CHURCH. 

1870  Oct.  8.  Tlie  suppression  of  the 
schools  of  the  ••  Brethrenof  the  Chris- 
tian Doctrine  "  by  the  Republicans 
causes  much  dissatisfaction. 


LETTERS. 

1870  Nov.  4.  London.  Campagne  de 
1870,  par  un  offlcier  attachi  d.  l^etat 
major-ghi^rale.  [a  pamphlet  ascribed  to 
the  Kniperor  Napoleon  III.]  appears  in 
the  Daily  Telegraph. 

Dec.  *  A  pamphlet  [attributed  to  the 
Emperor  Napoleon]  is  published  under 
the  name  of  the  Marquis  de  Grincourt, 
throwing  the  blame  of  the  war  upon  the 
French  nation. 

*  *ia  (7r^a/io?t,  by  Quinet^ppears.  [1871, 
Le  Si^ge  de  Paris  et  la  Defense  Nation- 
ale;  1872,  La  Pipubliqtte.] 

*  *  Mademoiselle  Giraud  ma  femme,  by 
Adolf  Belot,  appears.     [1871,  Article  47.] 

*  *  Tiaenty  Leagues  under  the  Sea  and 
The  Mysterious  Island^  by  Jules  Verne, 
appear, 

*  *  -75  *  *  History  of  France.,  by  Guizot, 
appears. 

*  *  -76  *  *  Apercu  de  I  'histoire  d*£gy]}te 
and  DendSrah,  by  Mariette,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1870  Oct.  12.  The  people  at  Honfleur 
oppose  the  embarkation  of  cattle  for 
England:  a  riot  breaks  out.  [Oct.  16. 
Like  riots  at  St.  Malo.] 

Dec.  20.  The  mob  murder  Gen.  Ar- 
naud,  the  commander  of  the  National 
Guard  at  I^yons,  after  an  alleged  trial, 
for  resisting  them. 

*  *  Statistics  show  the  consumption  of 
wine  to  be,  per  capita,  37.90  gallons ;  of 
distilled  spirits.  0.5S  gallons. 


STATE. 

1870  Oct.  10,11.  Paris,  The  Red 
Bepublicans,  led  by  Louis  Auguste 
Blanqui,  Gustave  Flourens,  Alexandre 
Auguste,  Ledru-Rollin,  F^lix  Pyat,  are 
defeated  in  their  attempts  to  overthrow 
the  present  government  and  establish  the 
Commune.  [Oct.  14+.  Henri  Rochefort 
effects  a  reconciliation.] 

Oct.  10.  Direct  mediation  is  declined 
by  Russia,  Spain,  and  Great  Britain. 

L^on  Gambetta  issues  a  proclama- 
tion from  Tours. 

He  says  Paris  has  560,000  troops,  that 
cannon  are  cast  daily,  women  help  the 
cause  by  making  cartridges,  and  urges 
cooperation  and  devotion  everywhere 
in  maintaining  the  struggle. 

Oct.  12.  Aries  Du  Four,  from  Lyons,  ap- 
peals to  the  British  public  for  active 
sympathy  in  endeavoring  to  obtain 
peace. 

Paris.  Auguste  de  K^rartry,  as  for- 
eign envoy,  leaves  in  a  balloon.  [Oct. 
19,  20.  He  fails  to  obtain  assistance  from 
Gen.  Prim,  premier  at  Madrid] 

Oct.  18.  Jules  Favre  issues  a  circular 
from  Tours  against  Prussia, 

"  She  coldly  and  systematically  pursues 
her  task  of  anniliilatiiig  us.  France  has  now 
no  illusions  left.  For  her  it  is  now  a  ques- 
tion of  existence.  We  prefer  our  present 
suflferings,  our  i)eril8,  and  our  gacrifices  to 
the  consequences  of  the  inflexible  and  cruel 
ambition  of  our  enemy.  France  needed  per- 
haps to  pass  through  a  supreme  trial;  she 
will  issue  from  it  transfigured." 

Oct.  19,  Marseilles  ia  disturbed  by  Red 
Kepublicans. 

Oct.  21.  The  British  Government,  sup- 
ported by  the  neutral  powers,  inter, 
venes  for  an  armistice  that  France  may 
elect  a  National  Assembly.  [Oct.  28. 
Bismarck  replies  that  overtures  must 
come  from  France,  and  will  be  accepted.] 


Oct.  24.  M.  Thiers  undertakes  to  nego- 
tiate with  Bismarck  for  an  armistice. 
[Oct.  28.  He  is  given  a  safe  conduct. 
Oct.  30.  He  enters  Paris,  bringing  news 
of  the  surrender  of  Metz.] 

A  girl  who  claims  to  be  successor  of 
Joan  of  Arc  appears  at  Tours. 

Oct.  25.  Paris.  The  Government  issues 
a  decree  for  a  loan  of  250,000,000  francs. 

Oct.  28,  L^on  Gambetta  issues  a  circu- 
lar condemning  the  surrender  of 
Metz  as  a  crime.  [Nov.  1.  He  calls  on 
the  army  to  avenge  tlie  dishonor.] 

Oct.  30-Nov.  1.  Paris.  Louis  Thiers 
receives  autliority  from  the  Provisional 
Government  to  treat  with  the  Prussians 
for  an  armistice,  and  has  Interviews 
with  Bismarck. 

Oct.  31.  Paris.  The  Commtme  rise 
against  the  Government,  and  temporar- 
ily overthrow  it. 

The  Defense  Government  is  impris- 
oned in  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  and  Ledru- 
Rollin,  Victor  Hugo,  and  Gustave  Flou- 
rens are  made  a  Committee  of  Safety 
under  Louis  Picard.  The  National 
Guard  succeeds  in  restoring  order. 

Prus.     The  ex-empress  joins   the 

ex-emperor  at  AVilhelmshohe.     [Nov.  3. 
She  returns  to  Chiselhurst,  England.] 

Nov.  1.  Paris.  A  popular  vote  is  or- 
dered to  be  taken  on  Nov.  3,  to  learn  if 
the  people  support  the  National  Defense 
Government.  [Nov.  3,  Vote,  557,976  for 
it;  62,G38  against  it.] 

Kov.  2.  Marshal  Bazaine  publishes  a 
letter  repelling  the  charge  of  treason  in 
the  surrender  of  Metz. 

Paris.    Henri  Rochefort  resigns  as 

a  member  of  the  Defense  Committee. 

Nov.  3.  Count  Bismarck  offers  an  ar- 
mistice of  25  days  for  the  election  of  a 
National  Assembly.  [Nov.  7.  The  French 
decline  the  offer] 

Paris.     Revolutionists     attempt     to 

overthrow  the  Government,  but  are  de- 
feated. 

The  Government  orders  the  mobiliza. 
tion  of  all  able-bodied  men  between  the 
ages  of  20  and  40. 

Nov.  6.  Paris.  The  negotiations  for  an 
armistice  fail. 

Count  Bismarck  refuses  to  permit  food 
to  enter  Paris  during  the  armistice  with- 
out any  military  equivalent  therefore ; 
Louis  Thiers  is  ordered  to  cease  negotia- 
tions. 

Nov.  7.  Jules  Favre  issues  a  circtilar 
defending  the  course  of  the  French  in 
the  armistice  negotiations.  [Nov.  8. 
Count  Bismarck  gives  the  German  side 
in  like  manner.] 

Nov.  10.  Paris.  The  Government  de- 
crees the  melting  of  some  of  the 
church-bells  into  cannon. 

Dec.  10.  The  Delegate  Government 
is  transferred  from  Tours  to  Bordeaux  ; 
it  also  becomes  the  seat  of  the  National 
Assembly. 

Dec.  19.  Due  d'Aumale  and  the  Prince 
de  Joinville  are  permitted  to  take  their 
seats  as  members  of  the  National  As- 
sembly at  Bordeaux. 

1871  Jan.  9,  10.  The  Government  ap- 
peals to  f  oreigTi  powers  because  of  the 
bombardment  of  Paris. 

MISCELLAI7E0US. 

1870  Oct.  12.  Balloons  bring  favora- 
ble intelligence  from  Paris. 


744     187 1,  Jan.  11  -  June  26. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — HA  Vy. 

1871  Jan.  11,  12.  The  Germans  under 
Prince  Frederick  Charles  defeat  the 
Army  of  the  Loire  under  Gen.  Chanzy 
in  attempting  to  raise  the  siege  at  Le 
Hans;  the  French  lose  20,000±  prisoners. 
[The  French  retreat.] 

Jan.  13.  Paris.  The  French  malce  vig- 
orous sorties,  and  are  repulsed. 

Jan.  15,  16.  The  Germans  defeat  Gen. 
Chanzy  near  the  Vosges.  [Jan.  18. 
He  retreats  southward.] 

Jan.  15-17.    Battle  of  Belfort. 

Gen.  Bourbaki  forces  the  besieging 
Prussiiins  under  Gen.  Von  Werder  to 
change  their  position  without  raising 
the  siege  ;  the  French  are  finally  forced 
to  retreat.  [Feb.  13.  Belfort  capitu- 
lates with  military  honors.] 

Jan.  17.  The  Germans  begin  the  bom- 
bardment of  Longwy,  in  Northeastern 
France.  [Jan.  25.  It  capitulates,  sur- 
rendering 4,000  prisoners  and  200  guns.j 

Jan.  10.  Gen.  Von  Goeben  defeats  the 
French  under  Gen.  Faidherbe  at  St.- 
Quentin,  on  the  Somme.  German  loss, 
3,100;  French  loss,  15,000i:,  including 
4,000  prisoners. 

Paris.    Gen.  Trochu  with  100,000  men 

makes  [the  last]  grand  sortie ;  he  is  re- 
pulsed with  the  loss  of  1,000  killed  and 
6,000  wounded. 

Communication  with  the  outside  is 
maintained  <luring  tlie  siege  by  the  use 
of  pigeons  and  balloons. 

Jan.  20-Feb.  1.  Gen.  Manteu£Pel 
drives  80,000  French  underGen.  Bour- 
baki into  Switzerland  near  Pontarlier, 
after  losing  6,000  prisoners. 

Jan.  22.  Paris.  Tlie  Germans  refuse 
an  armistice  for  two  days. 

The    Germans    bombard    St.    Denis 

and  Cambrai. 

Jan.  23.  Paris.  Gen.  Trochu  reaig;ns 
as  governor.  [Jan.  24.  Gen.  Vinoy  suc- 
ceeds him  as  governor  and  commander.] 

Jan.  28.  Paris.  Capitulation  of  the 
French;  an  armistice  for  21  days  is 
signed  by  Jules  Favre  and  Count  Bis- 
marck. 

Jan.  29.  The  Germans  occupy  the  forts 
roimd  Paris. 

Jan.  30.  The  advance  of  German 
troops  into  France  is  suspended. 

Feb.  1.    The    Germans    occupy  Dijon 

after  a  sie^e  in  which  Garibaldi  makes 
an  ineifective  defense. 

The  army  of  Gen.  Bourbaki  takes 
refuge  in  Switzerland,  after  failing  to 
break  through  the  German  lines. 

Feb.  16.  The  Belfort  garrison  marches 
out,  and  the  war  terminates. 

Mar.  1.  German  loss  during  the  war, 
killed  or  dying  soon  after  the  war,  17,570  ; 
died  of  wounds  eventually,  10,707  ;  total 
killed  and  wounded,  127,867. 

Paris.    The  Emperor  William  reviews 

100,000  troops  at  Ix)ngchamps,  a  race- 
course near  Paris.    Paris  is  entered. 

Mar.  1-3.  Paris.  About  30,000  Ger- 
mans  enter  the  city,  and  remain  48 
hours. 

Mar.  10.  Paris.  A  meeting  of  the 
National  Guard  is  suppressed. 


The  German  army 
TTprising  of  the 


Mar.  12.    Paris. 
leaves  Versailles, 

Mar.  18.    Paris. 
Commune. 

It  rises  against  Gen.  Vinoy,  the  com- 
mander of  the  city,  when  he  attempts 
to  take  possession  of  defenses  and  can- 
non held  by  the  workingmen,  at  Mont- 
martre  and  Belleville,  in  the  northeast- 
ern part  of  the  city.  [The  Germans 
remain  in  the  forts,  and  observe  a  strict 
neutrality.] 

Paris.  Several  regiments  of  the 
National  Guard  join  the  Communists. 
They  shoot  Gens.  Iiecomte  and 
Thomas.  Barricades  are  erected  in  the 
streets,  and  Gen.  Vinoy,  commanding 
the  gendarmerie,  retires  from  the  insur- 
gents across  the  Seine. 

Apr.  2.  Paris.  The  troops  of  the  Na- 
tional Assembly  engage  the  insurgents  at 
Courbevoie,  one  and  a  half  mile  north- 
west of  the  fortifications  of  Paris. 

Gustave  Flourens  leads  the  armed 
mob  called  the  National  Guard  to  Ver- 
sailles.    [It  ends  in  a  disorderly  retreat.] 

Apr.  3.  Paris.  The  insurgents  occupy 
Forts  Issy,  Vanves,  and  the  castle  at 
Meudon,  live  miles  southwest  of  Paris. 
[Apr.  4.  They  shoot  Gen.  Duval,  a  pris- 
oner.] 

Marshal  MacMahon  is  appointed 
commander-in-chief  of  the  National 
forces. 

Apr.  6.  — May  22.  Paris.  The  second 
siege  of  the  city  by  the  National  troops, 
under  Marshal  MacMahon  ;  the  insur- 
gents make  a  vigorous  defense. 

Apr.  9.  Paris.  The  insurgents  attempt 
to  take  Chatillon,  and  are  repulsed  ; 
they  bombard  the  southern  forts  and 
Paris  itself  from  the  parallels  con- 
structed by  the  Germans. 

Apr.  11.  Paris.  Marshal  MacMahon 
invests  Fort  Issy,  southwest  of  the 
city. 

Apr,  14.  Paris.  Theinsurgentscapture 
the  redoubt  of  Gennevilliers. 

Apr,  17.  Paris.  Theinsurgentscapture 
the  Chateau  de  B€con,  a  post  of  im- 
portance. 

Apr.  20.    Paris.    The  insurgents  occupy 

Bagneux. 
Apr.  26.    Paris.    The    insurgents    keep 

up  a  severe  fire  from  their  batteries 

against  the  Federal  forts. 
Apr.  27.     Paris.    The   National    troops 

capture  lies  Moulineaux,  an  outpost 

of  the  insurgents. 

Apr.  29.  Paris.  The  insurgents  take  the 
cemetery  and  park  of  Issy  in  the  night. 
[Apr.  30.  They  demand  the  surrender 
of  the  fort,  and  are  refused.] 

May  1.  Paris.  The  insurgents  take  the 
station  of  Clamart  and  the  Chateau  of 


May  8.  Paris.  The  battery  of  Mon- 
tretout,  mounting  70  guns,  opens  fire. 
The  insurgents  evacuate  the  Fort  Issy. 

May  12.  Paris.  The  troops  occupy  the 
Convent  des  Oiseaux  at  Issy,  and  tlie 
Lyceum  at  Vanves.  [May  13.  Fort 
Vanves  is  taken.] 

May  14.  Paris.  The  batteries  of  Cour- 
bevoie, B^con,  Asni^res,  open  a  vigorous 
fire  on  the  villages,  Xjevallois  and  Cli- 
ohy. 

May  21.  Paris.  The  National  troops, 
under  Marshal  MacMahon,  enter  the 


city,  and,  fighting  their  way,  take  10,000^ 
prisoners. 

May.  23.  Paris.  The  troops  underGen. 
Charles  F«^lix  Douaytake  Montmartre 
from  the  insurgents. 

May  25.  Paris.  The  insurgents  evacu- 
ate Forts  Moutrouge,  Uautes-Bruy&res, 
Bicetre. 

May  27.  The  Government  troops  take 
Pfere  La  Chaise  from  the  Communists. 

May  28.  Paris.  The  troops  under  Gen. 
MacMahon  take  the  Buttes  Chaumont, 
invest  and  capture  Belleville,  and  the 
insurrection  is  suppressed. 

Total  losses  in  seven  days'  fighting: 
regular  troops,  877  killed,  545  wounded, 
and  183  missing;  insurgents,  50,000± 
killed,  25,000  prisoners.  All  the  leaders 
are  killed  or  captured,  and  about  one- 
fourth  of  Paris  is  destroyed. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1871  Feb.  2.  Dupuy  de  L6me,  at  Vin- 
cennes,  ascends  with  13  persons  in  his 
navigable  balloon. 

CHURCH. 

1871  Apr.  5.  Paris.  Archbishop 
Georges  Darboy  is  arrested  by  the 
Commune  while  ministering  to  the  dy- 
ing. [May  24.  He  is  executed  in  the 
prison  of  La  Koquette  with  G4  others.] 

May  17.  Silver  ornaments  in  the 
churches  are  seized  by  the  Commune. 

June  7.  Paris.  The  funeral  of  Arch, 
bishop  Darboy  is  celebrated. 

LETTERS.  I 

1871  Mar.  11.  Paris.  Le  Vengeur 
and  four  other  violent  journals  are  sup- 
pressed by  Gen.  Vinoy. 

SOCIETY. 

1871  Jan.  *  A  short  strike  of  10,000 
miners  occurs  at  Le  Creuzot,  Burgundy. 

Mar.  18.  Paris.  Gen.  Claude  Martin 
Leconite  is  shot ;  Gen.  Thomas  is  assas- 
sinated at  the  same  time. 

Feb.  •  Four  workmen,  members  of  the 
Workingmen's  International  Congress, 
are  elected  members  of  the  National  As- 
sembly. 

Apr.i  *  Paris.    The   reign  of  terror 

suspends  the  liberty  of  the  press,  of 
public  meeting,  of  conscience,  and  of 
person. 

Apr.  6.  Paris.  The  Guillotine  is 
burned  on  the  Place  Voltaire. 

Apr.  29.    Paris.    The  Freemasons 

make  an  ineffective  attempt  at  recon- 
ciliation with  the  Commune. 

May  6.  Paris.  The  newspapers  are 
suppressed.  [May  16.  The  Colonne 
Venddme  is  overthrown  by  the  Com- 
mune.] 

May  *  Paris.  Henri  Rochefort  is  ar- 
rested.   (See  Sept.  21.) 

May  30.  Pelff.  Victor  Hugo,  an  exile, 
is  expelled. 

Paris  is  put  under  martial  law; 

50,000  insurgents  commit  disorders. 
Many  prisoners  are  executed. 

STATE. 

1871  Jan.  19.  Paris.  The  Prussians 
refuse  to  permit  foreigners  to  leave  the 

city. 


FRANCE. 


1371,  Jan.  11  -June  26.     745 


Jan.  23.  Paris.  Disturbances  arise,  but 
they  are  suppressed  by  the  army. 

Jan.  24.  Paris.  Jules  Favre  opeus  ne- 
gotiations with  Bismarck. 

Jan.  28.  Paris.  The  Capitulation  of 
Paris  is  signed  by  Jules  Favre  in  the 
Convention  of  Versailles. 

Conditions:  The  forts  and  munitions  of 
war  to  l>e  surrendered,  and  the  cily  wall  to  be 
disarmed.  All  the  soldiers  in  I'aris  become 
prisoners  of  war,  except  12,000  left  to  aid  the 
National  Guard  in  preservmg  order.  The 
city  to  be  provisioned  by  French  officials, 
and  to  pay  5  milliards  of  francs.  A  truce  will 
include  all  France  except  the  departments 
of  l>onl>a,  .Jura,  and  ('6te  d'Or,  and  con- 
tinue fortliree  weeks,  during  which  time  a 
free  election  of  members  to  the  National 
Assembly  is  to  l»e  held,  by  which  the  ques- 
tion of  peace  or  war  will  be  decided. 

Jan.  31.  L6on  Gambetta  disavows  the 
armistice,  at  Bordeaux.  [Feb.  6.  He 
resigns  as  minister  of  the  interior  and 
member  of  the  Government  of  Defense.] 

Feb.  1.  The  Due  d'  Aumale,  the  son 
of  Louis  Philippe,  issues  a  manifesto  in 
favor  of  a  coostitutioual  monarchy. 

Feb.  3.  Paris.  Food  given  by  the  con- 
tribution of  the  English  people  arrives. 

Feb.  4,  Paris.  The  Defense  Govern- 
ment justifies  the  capitulation  by  an- 
nouncing that  provisions  for  only  ten 
days  were  left  for  2,000,000  of  people. 

It  annuls  a  decree  issued  by  Gam- 
betta for  the  continuance  of  the  struggle. 

Feb.  8.  Prtts.  The  ex-emperor  issues  a 
proclamatiuu. 

He  condemns  the  overthrow  of  the 
Napoleon  dynasty,  and  affirms  that  his 
government  was  four  times  confirmed 
in  20  years. 

Feb.  12.  The  National  Assembly 
meets  at  Bordeaux,  and  [Feb.  15]  elects 
Franpois  Gr^vy  its  president.  Vote, 
519  out  of  538. 

Feb.  15.  Paris.  The  supplemental  ar- 
mistice is  signed. 

Feb.  16.  A  provisional  government 
is  formed  at  Bordeaux.  [Feb.  17,  Xx)uis 
Thiers  is  elected  chief.  Feb.  18.  Rec- 
ognized by  the  great  powers.] 

Members:  .Jules  I>ufaure  (justice),  Jules 
Favre  (foreign),  .)o8ei)h  Picard  (interior), 
Jules  Simon  (public  instruction),  M.  Lam- 
brecht  (couunen^e),  (leu.  Adolphe  Le  F15, 
(war),  Adm.  Pothuan'  (marine),  M.  De 
Larcy  (public  works). 

Feb.  22  24.  Louis  Thiers  and  ^  Count 
Bismarck  negotiate  for  peace. 

Feb.  25.  Thiers,  Favre,  and  15  delegates 
of  the  National  Assembly  meet  at  Ver- 
sailles, and  accept  the  preliminaries  of 
peace. 

It  includes  the  ceding  of  parts  of 
Lorraine,  including  Metz  and  Thionville 
and  Al.sace  less  Belfort;  also  the  pay- 
ment of  five  milliards  of  francs  ($1,000,- 
000,000). 

Feb.  26.  The  treaty  is  signed  at  Ver- 
sailles.   (See  Germany.) 

Mar.  1.  The  treaty  is  accepted  by  the 
National  jVssembly  at  Bordeaux.  Vote, 
54C-107. 
The  third  Republic. 
The  National  Assembly  unanimously 
confirms  the  setting  aside  of  the  Napo- 
leonic empire  for  the  Republic. 

Mar.  6.  Paris.  The  party  of  the  Left, 
led  by  Victor  Hugo,  Louis  Blanc,  and 


Edgar  Quinot,  demand  the  impeachment 
of  the  Defense  Government. 

Prus.     The  ex-emperor   protests 

against    the  overthrow  of   his  govern- 
meut. 

Mar.  10.  The  National  Assembly  vote 
to  remove  the  seat  of  government 
from  Bordeaux  to  Versailles. 

Mar.  12.  ,16r6me  Adolphe  Blanqui, 
Marie  Flourens,  and  others  are  con- 
demned fur  participating  in  the  insur- 
rection of  Oct.  31,  1870. 

Mar.  15.  The  Central  Committee  of 
the  republican  confederation  of  the 
National  Guards  (termed  "  The  Govern- 
ment of  the  Buttes  ")  meet,  depose  Gen. 
Vinoy,  general-in-cbief,  and  appoint 
Garibaldi  as  his  successor. 

Mar.  18.  Paris.  The  Commune  re- 
volts against  the  Government. 

It  nominates  a  Central  Committee  of 
the  armed  mob  called  the  National 
Guard,  with  workman  Assy  as  chief.  It 
takes  possession  of  the  public  offices. 
Two  governments  hold  authority  ;  one, 
the  Commune  in  Paris,  and  the  regular 
authority  at  Versailles.    (See  Society.) 

Mar.  19.  Paris.  The  Central  Commit- 
tee orders  a  communal  election.  [Mar. 
20.  It  liberates  about  11,000  political 
prisoners.] 

Mar.  20.  The  National  Assembly  meets 
at  Versailles.  [Propose  conciliatory 
measiU'CS  to  the  Commune,  and  appoint 
a  committee  to  support  the  Government.] 
±  The  Communists  exact  '*  advances," 
amounting  to  several  million  of  francs, 
from  the  Bank  of  France,  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  National  Guard. 

The  Journal  des  D&bata  and  other 
newspapers  denounce  the  Commune's 
Central  Committee. 

Mar.  21.  The  National  Assembly  ap- 
peals to  the  nation  and  the  army. 

Mar.  22,  Paris.  The  Communists  fire 
on  a  parade  of  the  unarmed  Friends  of 
Order ;  10  are  killed  and  20  wounded. 

Mar.  23.  Paris.  Adm.  Saisset  is  ap- 
pointed commander  of  the  National 
Guard  for  the  Assembly. 

Mar.  26.  Paris.  In  a  municipal  elec- 
tion a  majority  of  two-thirds  of  the  vo- 
ters favor  the  Communists.  Only  200,000 
out  of  500,000  votes  are  polled. 

Mar.  28-May  22.  Paris.  The  Social- 
istic Commune  rules  the  city. 

Mar.  28.  Paris.  The  Government  of 
the  Commime  is  proclaimed  at  the 
Hotel  de  Ville. 

Mar.  29.  Paris.  The  Communistic 
leaders,  Gustave  Flourens,  Jerome 
Xdolph  Blanqui,  and  Felix  Pyat,  pro- 
pose a  republic  after  the  pattern  of  the 
Italian  republics  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

The  Communfe  orders  the  remission 
of  a  part  of  the  rents  due  from  tenants. 

Apr.  4.  The  Communists  at  Marseilles 
are  suppressed. 

Apr.  5.  Paris.  The  Communists  arrest 
the  archbishop  of  Paris. 

Apr.  5-16.  Thiers,  Picard,  Favre, 
and  others  are  impeached  and  their 
property  confiscated  ;  34  anti-communis- 
tic newspapers  are  suppressed. 


Apr.  e-May  22.    Second  siege  of  Paris 

by  the  National  trooj>s. 
Apr.  14.    The  National  Assembly  pass 

the  new  municipal  bill.    Vote,  419-18. 

Apr.  16.  Paris.  A  court-martial  is  or- 
ganized under  Col.  Kossel. 

Apr.  19.  Paris.  The  Communists  ap- 
peal to  the  nation  against  the  National 

Assembly. 

Apr.  29.  Paris.  The  Commune  exacts 
a  sum  of  2,000,000  francs  from  the 

railway  companies. 

May  8.  Paris.  The  Commune  organ- 
izes a  Committee  of  Public  Safety. 

May  10.  Ger.  A  definite  treaty  of 
peace  with  Germany  is  signed  at  Frank- 
fort. [May  12.  Laid  before  the  Assem- 
bly and  ratified.  Vote,  440-98.  May 
18.    liatified  by  the  National  Assembly.] 

Paris.    Xiouis  Charles  Delescluze  is 

appointed  delegate  of  war  by  the  Com- 
mune. 

May  11,  Louis  Thiers  is  opposed  in 
the  Assembly,  and  offers  to  resign  ;  a 
vote  of  confidence  is  given  him.  Vote, 
495-10. 

May  17.  Paris.  The  Communists  are 
divided  by  a  secession ;  a  central  club 
is  formed,  and  a  battalion  of  women 
is  formed. 

The  Communists  enforce  a  stringent 
conscription  in  Paris. 

May  21.    Paris.    Henri  Rochefort   is 
brought  a  prisoner  to  Versailles. 
The  Commune  holds  its  last  sitting. 

May  24,  The  Commune  executes  in 
prison  the  archbishop  of  Paris  ;  also 
L'Abb^  Deguerry  and  President  Bon- 
jeau  with  64  others,  all  held  as  hostages. 

May  29.  Premier  Thiers  issues  a  decree 
for  disarming  Paris,  and  alKtlishing  the 
Irrational  Guard  of  the  Seine. 

Jime  8.  The  laws  of  proscription  are 
abrogated  by  the  National  Assembly. 
Vote,  484-103 ;  the  elections  of  the  Due 
d'Aumale  and  the  Prince  de  Joinville 
are  declared  valid.     [Dec.  19.     Seated.] 

June  26.  Paris.  The  loan  of  two  mil- 
liards of  francs  ($400,000,000)  is  decreed. 
[June  27.  Subscriptions  are  opened. 
June  28.  About  four  milliards  are  sub- 
scribed for  in  France  alone.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1871  Feb.  3,  Paris,  The  distress  is 
relieved  by  the  arrival  of  food  from 
Loudon. 

Mar.  20.  Eng.  Napoleon  HI.  arrives 
at  Dover. 

May  17.  Paris.  Silver  ornaments  are 
seized  in  churches. 

A  cartridge  factory  explodes  near  the 
Champ  de  Mars  ;  100  persons  are  killed. 

May  24.  Paris.  The  Palais  Royal 
buildings  are  much  injured  by  the  Com- 
munists, who  partly  burn  them. 

[Estimated  loss  of  property  through 
the  insurrection  is  $160,000,000±.] 

May  25-27.  Paris.  Petroleum  be- 
comes a  destructive  weapon  in  the  hands 
of  the  insurgents. 

June  20 ±.  Paris.  Theaters  and  public 
places  are  reopened. 


746     1871,  July  14-1873,  Aug.  5. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1873  June  3.  Paris.  Gen.  Ladmi- 
rault  succeeds  Gen.  MacMahon  at  Ver- 
sailles as  the  military  governor. 

July  10.    Paris.    A  grand   review  of 

the  renovated  army  is  given. 

Aug.  2.  The  Germans  complete  the 
evacuation  of  France,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Verdun.  [Sept.  16.  Total  evac- 
uation accomplished.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1872  Apr.  22.  Paris.  The  Frencli  As- 
fiociation  for  the  advancement  of  the 
sciences  is  established  by  the  General 
Assembly. 

Har.  26.  The  skeleton  of  a  man,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  a  contemporary  of 
the  mammoth  and  cave-bear,  is  found, 
also  ])oIishe(l  flint  iniplemeuts,  by  M. 
Kivifjre  in  the  Cavillin  cavern,  near 
Men  tone. 

Nov.  5.  Tlie  planet  Velleda  is  discov- 
ered by  Paul  Henry. 

*  *  Paris.  Idyl,  painted  by  Jean  Jacques 
Henner,  is  exhibited  in  the  Salon. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1871*  ♦  Auber,  Daniel  F.,  musician,  com- 
poser, A87. 

Berlin,  Kdouard  Francois,  Journ.,  au.,  A74. 

liourgeois,  Augnste,  draniatic  author,  A65. 

Darboy,  Georgres.  archbishop  of  Paris,  A5S. 

Daumas,  Meicliior  Joseph  Eugene,  general, 
writer,  A6S. 

Delsarte,  Fraufjols  A.  X.  C,  singer,  A60. 

Dum^ril,  PMelestand  Pontas,  scholar,  A70. 

Farochon,  Jean  liaptiste  Eugene,  artist,  A64. 

Gasparln,  Comte  de,  Ag^nor  Etienne,  Prot- 
estant reformer,  autlior,  A61. 

Houdin,  Robert,  prestidigitateur,  mech.,  A66. 

JolUvet,  Pierre  Jules,  painter,  A68. 

Keck,  Charles  Paul  de.  novel.,  dram.,  A77. 

Koechlin,  Daniel,  chem.,  cotton  nianuf.,  A86. 

Lecoq,  Henri,  naturalist,  A6!). 

Leroux,  Pierre,  socialist,  writer,  A73. 

Longet,  Fran(;oi8  Achille,  physician,  A60. 

Payen,  Anselme,  chemist,  A76. 

Fonson  du  Terrail,  Vicomte  de,  Pierre  Alexis, 
novelist,  A42. 

Texier,  Charles  F^lix  Marie,  areheol.,  A69. 

1873  *  •  Ilal>inet,  Jacques,  natural  phiL,  A78. 
Capeflgue,  Jean  Jtaptiste  Honors  Kayuiond^ 

historian,  A7y. 

Carre,  Michel,  autlior,  A 53. 

Caussin  de  I'erceval,  Armand  Pierre,  orien- 
taUst,  A77. 

Combes,  Edmond,  traveler,  Avriter,  ABO. 

Delaunay,  Cliarles  Eugene,  astronomer,  A56. 

Diifour,  Aries,  of  Lyons,  St.  Siraoniau,  free- 
trader, dies. 

Forey,  lulie  Fr^d^rlc,  marshal,  A68. 

Cautier,  Th^opliile,  aiUlior,  poet,  A61. 

Gratry,  Auguste  Joseph  Alphonse,  theolo- 
gian, writer,  A67. 

Janet,  Auge  Louis,  painter,  A54. 

Louis,  Pierre  Charles  Alexandre,  phys.,  A85. 

Persigny,  Jean  Gilbert  Victor  de  Fialin  de, 
statesman,  A64. 

Pouchet,  F^lix  .Vrchimede,  physiologist,  A72. 

Valllant,  Jean  liaptiste  Philibert,  marshal, 
A  82. 
1873  ♦  *  Barrot,  Camille  Hyacinthe  Odillon, 
statesman,  A82. 

Couder.  Louis  Charles  Auguste,  historical 
painter,  A83. 

Caumout,  Arcisse  de,  antiquary,  ATI. 

Coste,  Jean  J.  ('.  V.,  naturahst,  A66. 

Chasles,  Victor  E.  Pliilarete,  critic,  au.,  A74. 

Denietz,  Fr^d6ric  Auguste,  philan.,  A77. 

Dupin,  Fran(;o's  P.  C.,  geometrician,  statis- 
tician, politician,  A89. 

Freydeau,  Ernest  Aim6,  author,  A52. 

Gaborlan,  Emile,  novelist,  A30. 

Gamier,  Marie  Jos.  Francjois,  explorer,  A34. 

Gay,  Claude,  botanist,  historian,  A73. 

Saint-Marc  (Jlrardin,  Franijois  Auguste,  jour- 
nalist, A72. 

Henry,  Etienne  Ossian,  chemist,  A75. 

Jullen,  Stanislaus,  orientalist,  A74. 

Lebrun,  Pierre  Antoine,  poet,  novelist,  A88. 

Kapoleon  III..  Charles  Louis  l>apol6on 
liouaiiarte,  emperor,  A65. 


N^laton,  Auguste,  surgeon,  Afi6. 
Pautliier,  Jean  P.  (J.,  Cliinese  8(;holar,  A72. 
S^gur,  Comte  de,  PIdlii)i>e  Paul,  liist.,  A!):t. 
Ysabeau,  Victor   Frtid^ric  Alexandre,  rural 

economist,  A80. 
Yvan,sMelchior,  traveler,  A70. 


CHURCH. 

1871  *  *  Paris.  Miss  He  Broen  bepins 
the  Belleville  Mission  in  behalf  of  the 
widows  and  orphans  of  executed  Com- 
munists. 

1872  Jan.  17.  Paris.  The  McAll 
Mission  is  opened  at  Belleville  by  Dr. 
Robert  W.  McAll ;  it  aims  to  dissemi- 
nate a  religion  of  freedom  and  earnest- 
ness. 

Feb.  *  Paris.  The  Abb6  Michaud  begins 
the  Old  Catholic  movement  in  this 
city. 

June  7^-.  Paris.  The  Reformed  Church 
of  France  meets  in  General  Synod  to 
propose  a  return  to  early  doctrine  and 
discipline. 

(.June  20)  The  Synod  approves  a  con- 
fession of  faith,  acknowledging  the  au- 
thority of  tlie  Bible,  the  divinity  and 
the  resurrection  of  Christ,  amid  strong 
opposition  from  the  "Liberal  party." 
Vote,  61-45. 

Aug.  *  The  apparition  of  our  Xiady  of 
Salette  is  alleged  to  have  been  wit- 
nessed. 

Oct.  6.  The  grotto  of  the  Virgin  Mary 
at  Lourdes  is  visited  by20,000±  pilgrims, 
who  are  drawn  thither  by  reports  of  al- 
leged miracles. 

LETTERS. 

1871  *  *  Une  visite  de  voces  and  Lapriv- 
cesse  Georges,  by  Alexandre  Dumas,  yj7s, 
appear.  [1873,  )^a  femme  de  Claude  and 
Monsieur  Alpkonse;  187G,  L'^trangere.] 

*  *  -72  *  *  Lettres  assyriologiques  et  ipi- 
graphigues,  by  Francois  i-,enormaut,  ap- 
pears. [1874-75,  Les  Sciences  occultes  en 
Asie.'\ 

1872*  *  Julie  de  Tricceur,  by  FeuiUet, 
appears.    [1878,  Diary  of  a  Lady.} 

*  *  Problems  of  the  Nineteenth  Century, 
by  Paul  Janet,  appears.  [1875,  Philoso- 
phie  de  la  revolution  fran(;aise;  1876, 
Les  causes  Jinnies;  18*8,  Saint  Simon, 
etc. :  1879,  La  philosophic  franqaise  con- 
temporaine.] 

*  *  L'AnnSe  terrible,  by  Victor  Hugo,  ap- 
pears. [1872-76,  Actes  et  paroles;  1878, 
Le  Pape ;  1878,  La  pitie  supreme;  1880, 
L'Ane,  and  Les  religions  et  les  irrMi- 
gions.] 

*  *  Round  the  World  in  Eighty  Days,  hy 
Jules  Verne,  appears.  [187G,  Michel 
Atrogoff.] 

*  *  Notes  on  England,  hy  Taine,  appears. 

*  •  Pabagas,  by  Sardou,  appears.  [1875, 
Ferreoi:  1877,  Dora;  1878,  Une  Page 
d*Amour.'\ 

SOCIETY. 

1871  Sept.  *  The  Soci6t6  de  Pr6voy- 
ance,  established  to  counteract  the  In- 
ternationale, becomes  permanent. 

Sept.  2.  Paris.  Tht^ophile  Charles 
Ferre  and  Lullier,  leaders  of  the  Com- 
mune, are  sentenced  to  death.  [Nov. 
28.  Executed.]  Others  are  sentenced 
to  transportation  or  imprisonment. 

Sept.  5.  Paris.  Three  women  are  sen- 
tenced to  execution  for  setting  houses 
on  fire  with  petroleum. 

Sept.  21,  Paris.  Henri  Kochefort, 
editor  of  La  Lanferne,  is  sentenced  to 
life  imprisonment.     [1872.     He  is  ban- 


ished to  New  Caledonia.  1874.  He  es- 
capes to  England.  1880.  He  returns  to 
Paris.] 

Nov.  18.    Eight  of   the   murderers  of 

(ieus.  Lecomte  and  Thomas  are  sen- 
tenced to  death. 

Dec.  23.  Joseph  Lemettre  is  con- 
demned to  death  for  many  brutal  mur- 
ders.    [1872.    ilar.  5.    Executed.] 

1872  Jan.  23.    Paris.    The    assassins 

of  Archbishop  Darboy  are  convicted,  ami 
one  is  sentenced  to  death. 

Feb.  1.    Paris.    The  Radicals  are  much 

excited  over  Sardou's  new  play, /^a/>af/ai(^ 
which  satirizes  them. 

Feb.  *  The  League  for  Commercial  Lib- 
erty is  formed. 

Feb.  17.  Paris.  Five  Communist  mur- 
derers of  Dominicans  on  May  25,  1870, 
are  sentenced  to  death. 

i  liOuis  Auguste  Blanqui,  a  Social- 
istic agitator,  is  sentenced  to  transpor- 
tation and  confinement  in  a  fortified 
prison. 

Mar.  14.  Paris.  The  Assembly  pro- 
scribes the  proposal  of  Spain,  that  the 
"Workingmen's  International  Asso- 
ciation be  crushed  by  combined  govern- 
ment action. 

Apr.  2.  Paris.  The  publishers  of /'i*7aro 
are  convicted  of  libeling  Gen.  Trochu, 
and  receive  a  light  sentence. 

May  25.  Paris.  Three  condemned 
Communists  are  shot. 

[July  25.  Three  murderers  of  hostages 
are  executed  at  Satory.  Sept.  15.  Tliree 
more  Commvuiists  are  shot  at  Satory. 
1873.    Jan.  22.    Also  three  more.] 

Dec.  23.  Poitevin,  a  traitor,  is  exe- 
cuted. 

*  *  Paris.  Sir  Richard  Wallace,  an  Eng- 
lishman, presents  to  the  city  50  drink- 
ing fountains  for  the  especial  use  of 
the  poor, 

1873  July  5.  Pans.  The  Shah  of 
Persia  arrives. 

July  7.  Paul  de  Cassagnac  and  3\I.  Ranc 
fight  a  duel;  de  Cassagnac  is  wounded. 

STATE. 

1871  July  14^.  France  pays  500,000,000 
francs  of  the  indemnity  due  Germany. 

July  15.    Prince  J6rome  Napoleon  is 

expelled  froux  Friuice. 

July  23Ji.  Jules  Favre,  minister  of 
foreign  affairs,  resigns.  [Aug.SJr.  Suc- 
ceeded by  Charles  de  R€musat.] 

Aug.  8.  Paris.  The  trial  of  Commu- 
nist prisoners  begins. 

Aug.  24.  Great  dissensions  occur  in 
the  National  Assembly  between  the 
Monarchist  and  Republican  parties. 
The  Assembly  dissolves  the  National 
Guard. 

Aug.  31.  Premier  Thiers's  powers  are 
prolonged,  and  he  is  nominated  Presi- 
dent of  the  French  Republic  by  the 
vote  of  the  Assembly  ;  he  is  to  continue 
in  office  till  the  Assembly  shall  termi- 
nate its  sessions. 

Sept.  6.  A  bill  is  adopted  hy  the  Na- 
tional Assembly  for  making  the  whole 
nation  bear  the  war  losses  of  the  in- 
vaded provinces.  A  loan  of  350,000,000 
francs  for  Paris  is  ratified. 


FRANCE. 


1871,  July  14-1873,  Aug.  5.     747 


Sept.  8.  Oen.  Bossel,  a  Communist,  is 
senteuced  tc»  death.  [Sept.  *  Otliers 
are  also  trieil  by  court-martial.  Many 
leaders  are  shot,  and  many  transported 
to  New  Caled<>nia.] 


Sept.  12.  The  Assembly  authorizes  the 
President  to  conclude  a  treaty  with 
Germany,  to  hasten  the  evacuation  of 
several  departments  by  the  German 
troops  in  exchange  for  reduced  import 
duties. 

Sept.  25.  A  "permanent  commit- 
tee "  of  25  different  parties  is  appointed 
by  the  National  Assembly  to  watch  over 
the  course  of  the  Uovernment  during 
the  recess. 

Oct.  8.    General  elections  are  held  for 

the  Council  General. 
Xjambrecht,  minister  of  the  interior, 

dies.    [Oct.  10.     Succeeded  by  Casimir- 

Pfirier.] 
Oct.  12,  13.    A  convention  is  signed 

with  Germany  for  the  evacuation  of  six 

departments. 
Oct.  25t.     Tu7iis.    The   dispute   with 

Tunis  is  settled. 
Nov.  *  Algeria.   The  Anti-French  insur- 
rection ends. 

Nov.  28.    liossel,  Ferre,  and  Bourgeois. 

condemned  Communist  leaders,  are  shot 
at  Satory  in  presence  of  3,000  soldiers. 

Nov.  30.   Gaston  Crfimieux  is  executed 

at  Marseilles. 

Dec.  4.  The  territory  held  by  Germans 
is  put  into  a  state  of  siege. 

Dec.  28.  An  income  tax  is  proposed, 
and  negatived  by  the  National  Assem- 
bly. 

•  *  Belfort  is  retroceded  to  France. 

1872  Jan.  0.  Berlin  —  Paris.  The 
French  and  the  German  ambassadors 
each  meet  with  a  friendly  reception. 

Jan.  19.  President  Thiers  urges  upon 
the  National  Assembly  the  necessity  of 
a  new  tariff. 

After  much  discussion,  a  resolution  is 
passed  providing  only  for  the  taxation 
of  raw  materials.  Vote,  376-307.  [Jan. 
20.  The  President  and  ministers  resign, 
but  resume  their  posts  at  the  earnest 
and  unanimous  request  of  the  Assem- 
bly. Mar.  *  The  proposal  to  tax  raw 
materials  is  aban<loned,  other  means  of 
raising  revenue  having  been  found.] 

Feb.  2.  The  National  .Assembly  passes  a 
bill  abrogating  the  conunercial  treaties 
with  Great  Britain  and  Belgium  ;  it  also 
opposes  a  proposed  return  of  the  body 
to  Paris.    Vote,  377-318. 

Feb.  5.  Paris.  M.  Casimir-P^rier, 
minister  of  the  interior,  resigns.  [Feb. 
6.  He  is  succeeded  by  Victor  Lefranc. 
M.  Goulard  is  made  minister  of  com- 
merce.] 

Feb.  21i.  Paris.  About  280  members 
of  the  "  Itight"  sign  a  manifesto  in  favor 
of  a  constitutional  monarchy. 

Feb. »  Universal  subscriptions  begin 
to  be  taken  for  the  early  payment  of  the 
indemnity  due  to  Germany. 

Mar.  7.  Two  milliards  of  the  war  in- 
demnity, with  interest  to  date  on  the 
remaining  three  milliards,  are  paid  at 
Strasburg. 

Mar.  14.  A  bill  providing  for  the  pun- 
ishment of  any  one  joining  the  Inter- 
national Society  or  any  similar  organ- 


ization is  passed  by  the  Assembly.  Vote, 
501-lOi.  [Apr.  22.  The  law  is  placarded.] 
May  12.  Eng.  The  ex-emperor  in  a 
letter  assumes  for  himself  all  the  re- 
spousibillty  for  the  surrender  at  Sedan. 

June  22.    Paris.    The  Assembly  passes 
a  bill  for  the  reorganization  of  the 
army. 
Jime  26±.    Paris.    President  Thiers  ad- 
vocates a  duty  on  raw  material,  and 
opposes  an  income  tax. 
June  29,    A  new  convention  is  signed 
between  Germany  and  France,  respect- 
ing the  speedy  payment  of  the  indem- 
nity and  the  evacuation  of  territory. 
July  26.    Paris.    A  loan  of  3,000,000,000 
francs  at  G\  per  cent  is  announced  for 
the  speedy  payment  of  the  indemnity 
and  the  evacuation  of  the  provinces  held 
by  the  Germans.    [Nearly  12  times  the 
amount  of  the  loan  is  subscribed,  chiefly 
in  France.] 
July  •  The  majority  in  the  National  As- 
sembly support  Marshal  MacMahou 
as  President  and  to  displace  Thiers. 
Sept.  *  Paris.    President   Thiers  and 
the  Ministry  are   established   in   the 
city. 
Oct.  9.    Paris.    The   supreme  council 
of  war  is  appointed,  and  meets.    Mem- 
bers ;  Marshal  MacMahon,  Marshal  Can- 
robert,  Due  d'Aumale,  and  several  other 
distinguished  generals. 
Oct.  13.     Prince   NapolSon  and  his 
wife,  visiting  France,  are  ordered  to 
quit  French  territory  ;  they  depart  un- 
der protest. 
Oct.  *  Nov.  *  The    Germans   evacuate 
Haute-Marne   and  some  other  depart- 
ments. 
Nov.  6.     London.     A   new   commercial 

treaty  with  Great  Britain  is  signed. 
Nov.  11.    The  Assembly  reopens  at 
Versailles.  [Nov.  12.  M.  Gr^vy  is  chosen 
President.] 
Nov.  13.    President  Thiers  in  his  inau- 
gural address  declares  that  the  whole 
available  capital  of  the  commercial 
world  has  been  offered  to  France. 
Nov.  18.  A  motion  censuring  the  violent 
Grenoble  speech  of  Gambetta  (Sept.  26), 
and  proposing  a  vote  of  confidence  in 
the  Government,  is  passed  by  the  As- 
sembly.   Vote,  267-117. 
Nov.  21.    The  Assembly  passes  a  trial- 
by-jury  biU.    Vote,  4IG-178. 

It  intrusts  the  task  of  drawing  up  the 
jury-lists  to  a  committee  of  justices  of 
the  peace  and  mayors. 

Nov.  26-29.  The  General  Assembly 
adopts  the  proposal  making  changes  in 
the  Constitution  providing  for  a  re- 
sponsible Ministry,  and  excluding  the 
President  from  participation  in  the  dis- 
cussions.   Vote,  370-334. 

Nov.  30.  A  vote  of  censure  on  Lefranc, 
the  home  minister,  prevails.  Vote,  305- 
299.    He  resigns. 

Dec.  5.  The  appointment  of  a  commit- 
tee of  thirty,  proposed  by  M.  Dufaure, 
to  prepare  a  project  for  a  Constitution, 
causes  much  agitation  ;  it  consists  of  19 
for  the  Right,  11  for  the  Government. 
[1873.    Feb.  20.    Reports.] 


Dec.  9.  Paris.  M.  Goulard  is  ap- 
pointed minister  of  the  interior,  Lfen 
Say  minister  of  finance,  and  M.  Four- 
tou  minister  of  public  works. 

*  *  The  territory  of  Belfort  on  Haut- 
Bhin  is  formed. 

1873  Jan.  9.  Eng.  The  ex-emperor, 
Xapol&)n  III.,  dies  at  Chiselhurst. 

Feb.  28-Mar.  13.  Paris.  The  new 
Constitution  proposed  by  the  commit- 
tee of  thirty  is  discussed  by  the  Assem- 
bly. Thiers  speaks  in  favor  of  it,  Gam- 
betta against  it;  it  is  finally  adopted. 
Vote,  411-234. 

Mar.  1<5.  Oer.  A  convention  for  the 
total  evacuation  of  the  departments  by 
the  Germans  in  September  on  the  pay- 
ment of  the  indemnity  is  signed  at  Ber- 
lin. 

Mar.*  Germany  is  notified  that  the 
fourth  milliard  of  the  war  indemnity 
would  be  paid  on  May  6,  1873,  instead 
of  Mar.  1,  1874,  and  that  the  last  would 
be  paid  before  the  end  of  1873. 

Apr.  1.  Francois  M.  Gr^vy  resigns  the 
presidency  of  the  National  Assembly 
on  account  of  the  disrespectful  conduct 
of  the  party  of  the  Right.  [Apr.  4. 
Succeeded  by  M.  Buffet.] 

May  18.  Paris.  M.  Caslmir-P^rier  suc- 
ceeds M.  De  Goulard  as  minister  of  the 
interior,  "W.  H.  "Waddlngton  of  Cam- 
bridge (Eng.)  succeeds  Jules  Simon  as 
minister  of  public  instruction,  and  M. 
Fortoul  is  made  minister  of  public  wor- 
ship. 

May  19.  The  National  Assembly  meets. 
[May  21.  The  Government  introduces 
its  constitutional  bills.] 
May  24.  The  Government  is  defeated, 
in  a  discussion  in  the  Assembly  relating 
to  its  administration,  by  the  coalition  of 
the  Legitimists,  Orleanists,  and  Bona- 
partists.    Vote,  362-348. 

President  Thiers  and  his  Ministry 
resign;  the  resignations  are  accepted. 
Vote,  368-339. 

Marshal  MacMahon,  Due  de  Ma- 
genta, is  elected  President  of  the  Re- 
public by  390  votes  of  the  National  As- 
sembly ;  the  Left  refrains  from  voting. 
May  26.  Paris.  The  new  ministry  is 
completed. 

Members;  Rue  de  Broglle  (foreign  affairs 
and  vice-president  council  of  ministers),  M. 
Ernoul  (justice),  M.  lioul^  (interior),  M. 
Magne  (finances),  Gen.  de  Clssey  (war), 
VIce-Adm.  de  l>anipierte  d'Harnoy  (navy), 
M.  Batbie  (public  instruction),  M.  Uesseil- 
legny  (public  works),  and  M.  be  la  Boull- 
lerie  (agriculture  and  conmierce).  [May  29. 
Gen.  de  Clssey  resigns,  and  Is  succeeded  by 
Gen.  du  Barail.] 

Aug.  5.  The  Legitimist  and  Orlean- 
ist  parties  unite  ;  Comte  de  Chambord 
is  recognized  by  the  Comte  de  Paris  as 
the  head  of  the  Bourbon  family,  and  the 
only  legitimate  claimant  of  the  throne ; 
homage  is  offered  to  him  as  Henry  V. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1872  Jan.  24.  A  train  is  thrown  Into 
the  river  Brague,  on  the  Antibes  rail- 
way, between  Nice  and  Cannes  ;  12  per- 
sons are  killed. 

Feb.*  A  universal  subscription  begun 
to  pay  the  indemnity  to  the  Germans. 


748     1873,  Aug.  15-1875,  Dec.  9. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1873  Oct.  6+.     Marshal   Bazaine   is 

tried  for  surrendering  Metz  in  1870  with 
170,000  men. 

[Dec.  10.  He  is  condemned  to  death. 
Due  d'Aumale,  president.  Dec.  12.  The 
sentence  is  commuted  to  imprisonment 
for  20  vears.  1874.  Aug.  9.  He  escapes 
to  Madrid.] 

Oct.  8^^.  Annam.  A  naval  expedition 
subdues  Tongking  (p.  480). 

1874  June  28.  Paris.  A  grand  re- 
view of  60.000  troops  takes  place  at 
Longcliamps. 

1875  Aug.  31.  The  iron-clad  frigate 
Magenta  is  destroyed  by  fire. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1874  Apr.  18.  Coggia's  comet  is  dis- 
covered at  Marseilles  by  M.  Coegia. 
[Aug.  1.  It  gradually  increases  in  bright- 
ness, and  passes  out  of  sight  in  Europe 
in  a  few  weeks.  Aug.  1.  It  appears 
brilliant  at  Melbourne.] 

May  19.  The  planet  Totosa  is  discovered 
by  M.  Perrotin.  [1875,  Sept.  21,  Medusa; 
1876,  Apr.  26,  Eriyone ;  1877,  Jan.  10,  Ma- 
ria, or  My  rr  ha;  1878,  Jan.  29,  Garumna; 
1885,  Oct.  27,  Clemvntina.] 

Aug.  31.  Paris.  The  Venddme  col- 
umn is  restored. 

Sept.  7.  Paris.  An  exhibition  of  in- 
sects, illustrating  their  structure,  food, 
and  habits,  is  opened  in  the  garden  of 
the  Tuileries. 

*  *  Cornu's  improved  tooth-wheel  appara- 
tus for  measuring  the  velocity  of  light 
gives  300,400  kilometers  in  a  second  of 
mean  time. 

•  *  Paris.  Homer  and  his  Guide  is  exhib- 
ited by  William  Adolphe  Bouguereau  at 
the  Salon. 

♦  *  Alfred  Jean  Francois  M^ziferes  is 
elected  a  member  of  the  Academy. 
[1875,  John  ^mile  hemoiune  ;  1876,  Jules 
Francois  Simon  and  Maria  Louis  Antoine 
Boissier;  1877,  Victorien  Sardou  ;  1878, 
Joseph  Ernest  Henan,  Hippoljrte 
Adolphe  Taine,  and  Edmond  Armand, 
Due  d'Audiifret-Pasquier.] 

1875  Jan.  5.  Paris.  The  Grand 
Opera  House  is  opened  with  elaborate 

A     ceremonies. 

■Jan.  13.  The  planet  iumen  is  discovered 
by  Paul  Henry.  [Nov.  2,  Atala;  1876, 
Jan.  26,  £'mi/ia;  Apr.  21,  Laurentia ;  July 
12,  Kva;  1877,  Nov.  5,  Irma.] 

Mar.  2.  Paris.  A  diplomatic  confer- 
ence on  the  metric  system  is  held ;  20 
ambassadors  are  present. 

Apr.i  *  M.  De  la  Bastie  invents  the  pro- 
cess for  tempering  or  toughening 
glass  by  plunging  it  when  heated  into  a 
hot  bath  of  oleaginous  or  alkaline  com- 
pounds. 

June  8.  The  planet  Lucina  is  discovered 
by  A.  Borelly.  [Dec.  1,  Dtianira;  1877, 
Jan.  13,  Ophelia;  Feb.  5,  Baucis:  Aug. 
2,  Ino;  1879,  June  13,  Ampella;  1883, 
May  11,  Asterope ;  1884,  Aug.  24,  Vana- 
dis;  1887,  June  9,  Adorea.] 

June  23.  A  large  part  of  Toulouse  is 
destroyed  by  an  inundation  of  the  Ga- 
ronne ;  St.  Cyprien  is  like  a  sepulcher ; 
about  1,000  lives  are  lost. 

Aug.  1.  Paris.  An  international  Con- 
gress of  Geographers  is  held. 

Aug.  7.  The  planet  Gallia  is  discovered 
by  Prosper  Henry.  [Nov.  6,  Bertha;  1878, 
Apr.  6,  Cetuta.l 


*  *  Urbain  J,  J.  Leverrier  analyzes  the 
orbits  of  the  planets. 

*  *  Gpniceum  is  painted  by  Gustave  Bou- 
1  anger. 

*  *  Paris.    Ciaale  et  Fourmi  is  exhibited 
at  the  Salon  by  Jehan  Georges  Vibert. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1874  *  •  Ballard,  Victor,  architect,  A69. 

Beule,  Charles  Ernest,  politician,  A48. 

llrasseur  de  Ilourbourg,  Cliarles  Etienne, 
clergyman,  ethnologist,  author,  A60. 

F6e,  Antoine  Laurent  ApoUinaire,  beta.,  A85. 

For^aiie-Laroquette,  Jean  L.  h.  A.  de,  states 
man,  Ad3. 

Grand-Pierre,  Jean  Henri,  Protestant  el.,  A75. 

Gulzot.  FranQOis  Pierre  OuiUaume.  his- 
torian, statesman,  A87. 

llamon,  Jean  Louis,  painter,  A53. 

Janin,  Jules  G.,  mtic,  A70. 

Ledru-Koltln,  Alexandre  Auguste,  socialist, 
A  66. 

Lucas,  Charles  Jean  Marie,  reformer,  ATI. 

Hlchelet.  Jules,  historian,  A76. 

Morin,  Fr^d^rie,  writer,  A61. 

Taschereau,  Jules  Antoine^  biographer,  A73. 

Vuillaume,  Jean  Haptiste,  violin-iuaker,  A76. 


CHURCH. 

1873  Aug.  21.  The  13th  biennial  meet- 
ing of  the  synod  of  the  Union  of  Evan- 
gelical Churches  in  Prance  is  held 
at  St.  Jean-du-Gard ;  Thtiodore  Monod, 
preacher,  and  M.  Bersier  of  Paris,  presi- 
dent.    Members  reported,  2,551. 

Nov,  20.  Pans.  The  synod  of  the  Ke- 
formed  Church  of  France  meets  in 
the  Church  du  Saint-Esprit.  The  reor- 
ganization of  the  church  on  an  ortlio- 
dox  basis  is  completed. 

±  *  *  Pilgrimages  become  popular. 

1874  *  *  Paris.  A  medical  mission  for 
the  poor  is  opened  by  Miss  De  Broen. 

1875  May  *  Petitions  both  for  and 
against  the  opening  of  museums  on 
Sunday  are  sent  to  the  Government. 

Sept.  *  Belgium  and  German  pilgrims 
visit  Xiourdes. 

LETTERS. 

1873*  *»/canrfc  TAommcray, by  Sandeau, 

appears. 

*  *  Lettres  a  une  inconnue,  by  M^rim^e, 
appears. 

*  *  Antichrist^  by  Renan,  appears. 

*  *  La  Terreitre,  by  Wallon,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  Gregory  VU.,  by  Villemain, 
appears. 

*  *  JlAe^a /foMenis,  by  Cherbuliez,  appears. 

[1876,  Le  flanc^  de  Mile.  Saint-Mam- : 
\%11,  Samuel  Brohlet  Cie.;  187S,  L' Idee  de 
Jtan  T&ierol.] 

*  *  Lesgredins  and  Le  chevalier  Casse  Con, 
by  Fortune  Abraham  Boisgobey,  appear. 

*  •  Contes  du  Lundi  and  Conti-s  et  rAcits, 
by  Daudet,  appear.  [1874,  Hohert  Hel- 
mon  t,  Lesfemmes  d'artistes,  and  Fromont 
jeune  et  liisler  aiiU ;  1816,  Jack;  1877,  Le 
nabob.] 

1874    Nov.*  St.    Genest's  pamphlet, 

L' Assembl^e  et  la  France,  appears. 

*  *  Le  Chevalier  de  Keramour,  by  F^val, 
appears.  [1879,  Lcs  merveilles  du  Mont 
St.  Michel.] 

*  *  Quatre-vingt-treize,  by  Victor  Hugo, 
appears.  [1877,  L'Art  d'etre  grand-pPre 
and  the  second  series  of  La  Ligende  des 

sii^cles.] 

*  *  Le  Mot  de  V&nigme,  by  Craven,  ap- 
pears.   [1877,  Le  Travail  d^une  Ame.] 


*  *  Spectres  lumineux.  Spectres  prisma- 
tiques,  by  Paul  E.  F.  Lecoq  de  Boisbau- 
dron,  appears. 

1875  July  11.  Paris.  The  Figaro  is 
suspended  for  15  days  for  attacking  the 
Assembly. 

Aug.  *  Les  Jiesponsabilifes,  a  pamphlet 
recommending  the  Comte  de  Chanibord 
to  resign  his  rights  to  the  crown,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  National  Assembly  passes  an  Act 
enabling  Roman  Catholics  to  establish 
free  universities  of  their  own. 

*  *  L'Art  is  issued. 

*  *  Le  Livre  de  VExile,  by  Quinet,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Les  tltangs,  by  Droz,  appears. 

*  *  Karnak,  by  Mariette,  appears. 

*  * -90  *  *  Origins  of  Contemporary 
France,  consisting  of  Ancient  lUgime, 
French  Revolution,  and  Modem  lUgtme, 
by  Taine,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1873  Nov.  7.  Conspirators  are  con- 
victed of  planning  at  Autun  to  seize  the 
Marchioness  MacMahon. 

Nov.  27.  Prince  Soutza  kills  N.  Ghllka 
at  Fontainebleau  in  a  duel. 

1874  Mar.  16.  Eng.  Louis  Napo- 
leon IV.  comes  of  age  (18  years;,  and 
6,000  Frenchmen  unite  in  a  demonstra- 
tion at  Chiselhurst  in  his  honor. 

Mar.  25.  Gabriel  Hugelmann,  a  po- 
litical spy  and  swindler,  is  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  for  five  years. 

±  Contractor  Ferrand,  who  ac- 
cumulated $400,000  during  the  war,  is 
fined  and  imprisoned. 

1875  Apr.  14.    Clement  Duvemois, 

ex-minister  and  politician,  is  arre.sted 
for  alleged  fraud.  [Nov.  25.  Sentenced 
to  imprisonment  for  two  years.] 

June  6.    The    Communist    Bonnard. 

condemned  for  murder,  is  shot- 
Sept.  6.    Paris.    An  International  Peace 

Congress  meets. 

Sept.  17.  Col.  Villette  and  others  are 
sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  aiding 
Marshal  Bazaine  to  escape. 

Sept.  29.  The  murderer  Poirier  is  exe- 
cuted at  Chartres  for  five  murders. 

Dec.  3,  E7ig.  Queen  Victoria  re- 
ceives four  ornamental  volumes,  convey- 
ing thanks  for  British  relief  furnished 
during  the  war-famine,  and  having 
12,000,000  signatures. 

STATE. 

1873  Aug.  15.  At  the  celebration  of 
the  fPte  NapoMon,  the  Imperial  Prince 
Napoleon  declares  the  policy  of  his 
family  to  be  *'  Everything  by  the  people, 
for  the  peoi)le." 

Sept.  5.  The  last  instalment  of  250,000 
francs  of  the  indemnity  of  five  milliards 
of  francs  i.<-  i)aid  to  (Germany. 

Sept.  26.  Prince  J6r6me  Napol6on 
joins  the  Republican  party. 

Sept.  30.  The  Republic  is  divided  into 
18  new  military  regions,  and  18  gen- 
erals are  appointed  to  command. 

Oct.  18.  Paris.  The  Monarchists  is- 
sue a  manifesto. 

It  proposes  the  restoration  of  the  mon- 
archy under  Comte  de  Chanibord  as 
Henry  V.,  a  grandson  of  Charles  X., 


FRANCE.  1873,  Aug.  15-1875,  Dec.  9.     749 


and  pledging  the  preservation  of  all  ne- 
cessary tributes.    [The  movement  fails.] 

Nov,  5.  The  National  Assembly 
meets. 

Marsha!  MacMahon  asks  for  increased 
power,  to  be  continued  10  years  ;  this  is 
referred  to  a  committee  of  fifteen,  and 
voted  urgent.  Vote,  360-350.  M.  Bu£fet 
is  reelected  president  of  the  National 
Assembly. 

Nov,  13.  Kight  of  the  committee  of 
fifteen  vote  for  prolongation  of  Mar- 
shal MacMahon's  presidency  for  five 
years,  beginning  with  the  date  of  the 
meeting  of  the  next  Legislative  Assem- 
bly ;  the  others  vote  for  10  years'  ex- 
tension. 

Nov.  19.  The  National  Assembly  pro- 
longs the  presidency  of  Marshal  Mac- 
Mahon for  Seven  years,  with  the  title, 
"  President  of  the  Repubhc."  Vote, 
383-317.     [Nov.  20.     Decreed.] 

Nov.  20.  Paris.  The  ministers  resign 
[but  remain  in  office  until  the  reconstruc- 
tion of  the  Cabinet]. 

Nov.  25.  Paris.  The  Ministry  is  re- 
constructed. 

Most  of  the  members  of  the  old  Cabinet 
retain  their  positions.  The  Due  de  De- 
cazes  becomes  minister  of  foreign  af- 
fairs;  M.  Depeyre,  justice;  and  M.  de 
Larcy,  public  works. 

1874  Jan.  9.  Pans.  The  Ministry 
resigns  because  the  Assembly  postpones 
the  discussion  of  the  Nomination  of 
Mayor's  Bill.  Vote,  268-226.  [Jan.  12. 
Vote  of  confidence,  379-329.  Jan.  13.  The 
Ministry  resumes  office.] 

Jan.  17-20.  The  Assembly  passes  the 
Nomination  of  Mayor's  Bill.  Vote, 
361-324. 

It  gives  the  Government  absolute 
power  to  name  the  mayors  in  all  the 
36,000  communes  of  the  country. 

Mar.  11.  In  the  Assembly  a  new  elec- 
toral law  is  introduced  ;  it  will  disfran- 
chise about  three  millions  of  citizens. 

Mar.  27.  The  Assembly  negatives  a  Le- 
gitimist's proposal  that  on  June  1  the 
Assembly  should  vote  for  either  a 
monarchy  or  repubhc.    Vote,  330-256. 

May  16.  The  Assembly  defeats  the  Min- 
istry on  the  electoral  law.  Vote,  381- 
317.    The  Ministry  resigns. 

May  23.  Paris.  A  new  Ministry  is 
formed. 

Members  :  Gen.  Cissey  (war  and  vice- 
president  of  council),  M.  Decazes  (foreign), 
M.  Fourlou  (interior),  M.  Magne  (finance), 
M.  Caillaux  ( public  works) ,  M.  Grivart 
.(commerce),  M.  Camons  (public  instruc- 
tion), M.  Taflhaud  (justice),  and  M.  Mon- 
tagnac  (navy). 

Prince  Hohenlohe,  the  new  German 

ambassador,  is    received    by  President 
MacMahon. 

June  1.  The  National  Assembly  passes 
the  Electoral  Bill  to  a  second  reading. 
Vote,  393-318.  [June  10.  It  fixes  the 
ages  of  electors  at  21  years  instead  of 
25,  in  opposition  to  the  Ministry.] 

Jime  14,  15.  M.  Casimir-P^rier,  the 
leader  of  Left  Center  in  the  National  As- 
sembly, moves  for  the  recognition  of 
the  Republic,  with  Marshal  MacMahon 
President  till  Nov.  20,  1880,  and  for  a 
revision  of  the  Constitution  ;  urgency  is 
voted.     Vote,  345-341. 


June  15.  In  the  National  Assembly  the 
Due  de  Rochefoucauld-Bisaccia's  mo- 
tion for  the  restoration  of  the  legiti- 
mate monarchy  is  negatived.  [June29. 
Negatived  by  the  committee  of  thirty.] 

June  *  Paris.  The  legislative  fusion  be- 
tween Legitimists  and  Orleanists  ends  ; 
the  Republicans  and  Bonapartists  strug- 
gle for  supremacy. 

July  4.  Paris.  The  Ministry  suspends 
L'Unimi,  a  Legitimist  paper,  for  pub- 
lishing a  Legitimist  manifesto  by  Comte 
de  Chambord. 

July  8.    The  Ministry  is  defeated  on 

a  motion  referring  to  the  suspension 
of  L'  Unimi.  Vote,  368-331.  [Their  resig- 
nations are  declined  by  the  President.] 

July  13.  TheNational  Assembly  rejects 
M.  Casimir-P^rier's  motion  to  proclaim 
the  Republic  as  the  definite  form  of 
government.     Vote,  375-333. 

July  15.  Paris.  The  constitutional 
committee  of  thirty  lays  before  the  As- 
sembly a  draft  of  new  laws. 

Nov.  30.  The  National  Assembly  con- 
sists of  six  parties. 

Extreme  Right,  the  Legitimists  who 
adhere  to  Henry  V. ;  Moderate  Right, 
Monarchists  ;  Right  Center,  Septen- 
nates,  Imperialists,  or  Bonapartists ; 
Left  Centre,  Moderate  Republicans,  hav- 
ing Louis  Thiers  as  leader;  Left,  more 
pronounced  Republicans  ;  Extreme  Left, 
Radicals,  having  L^on  Gambetta  as 
leader. 

Dec.  5.  A  bill  for  freeing  superior 
education  from  State  control  passes 
its  second  reading  in  the  Assembly. 
Vote,  553-133. 

1875  Jan.  6.  The  National  Assembly 
passes  a  motion  against  constituting 
a  Senate,  which  the  President's  mes- 
sage had  recommended.  Vote,  420-250. 
The  Ministry  resigns.  [Jan.  7.  The 
President  refuses  to  accept  the  resigna- 
tion of  the  ministers.] 

Jan.  21,  22.  Paris.  The  Assembly 
passes  to  a  second  reading  the  Trans- 
mission of  Bower»Bill.  Vote,  538-145. 
It  provides  that  the  public  power  be 
vested  in  a  National  Assembly,  a  Sen- 
ate, and  the  Marshal  President,  and  the 
executive  power  be  transferred  to  the 
successor  of  Marshal  MacMahon  by  a 
Congress  consisting  of  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies  and  the  Senate. 

Feb.  2.  An  amendment  to  the  constitu- 
tional laws,  providing  for  the  election 
of  "  the  President  of  the  Republic  " 
by  the  Senate  and  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties is  adopted.     Vote,  449-249. 

Feb.  11.  The  Assembly  passes  an 
amendment  to  the  constitutional  laws 
providing  for  the  election  of  a  Senate 
by  the  same  electors  as  those  who  are 
to  choose  the  Chamber  of  Deputies. 

Feb.  12.  A  motion  to  dissolve  the 
National  Assembly  is  negatived,  after 
rejecting  the  third  reading  of  the  Con- 
stitutional Bill  by  a  vote  of  357-345. 
Vote,  407-266. 

Feb.  24.  The  National  Assembly  passes 
the  bill  to  provide  for  a  Senate,  by  the 
union  of  Republicans  and  the  mod- 
erate Monarchists,  and  in  opposition 


to    the   Legitimists   and   Bonapartists. 
Vote,  448-241. 

It  will  consist  of  300  members,  75  to  be 
life  senators,  elected  by  tlie  National  As- 
sembly and  afterward  by  the  Senate  itself; 
225  senators  will  be  elected  for  a  term  of 
nine  years  by  electoral  colleges.  The  Presi- 
dent will  possess  the  executive  power;  and 
he  is  to  be  elected  by  the  Senate  and  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies,  in  joint  session,  for  seven 
years,  and  then  to  be  eligible  for  reelection. 
The  President  will  govern  through  a  respon- 
sible Ministry,and  be  liable  to  impeachment 
by  the  ('liamber  of  Deputies  before  the  Sen- 
ate for  high  treason. 

Feb.  25.  The  National  Assembly  passes 
the  new  Constitution,  thereby  estab- 
lishing the  Republic.  Vote,  436-2G2. 
[Feb.  28.    The  new  law  is  promulgated.] 

Mar.  10.  Paris.  A  new  Ministry  is 
organized. 

Members:  M.  Buffett  (interior),  Jules  Du- 
faure  (justice),  L6on  Say  (finance),  Henri 
Wallon  (instruction),  M.  de  M^aux  (agri- 
culture and  commerce),  Ernest  Cissey 
(war),  Louis  Decazes  (foreign),  M.  Mon- 
tagnac  (marine) ,  M.  Caillaux  (public 
works). 

Mar,  11.  The  Due  d'Audiffret-Pas- 
quier  is  elected  President  of  the  Na- 
tional Assembly. 

May  18.  Part  of  the  committee  of 
thirty  resign  because  of  the  rejection  of 
a  bill  regulating  the  relations  between 
the  public  powers.  [May  26.  New  mem- 
bers are  elected  for  this  committee ; 
they  are  mostly  Republicans.] 

June  21.  The  Assembly  unanimously 
votes  $120,0(X)  to  procure  a  worthy  rep- 
resentation at  the  United  States  Cen- 
tennial ^Exhibition.  The  Public 
Powers  Bill  is  reintroduced  and  dis- 
cussed.    [July  7.    Passed.] 

Aug.  2.  The  bill  constituting  the  Sen- 
ate passes  the  Assembly.    Vote,  559-73. 

Nov.  10.  Paris.  The  National  Assembly 
passes  a  new  election  law.  Vote,  357- 
326. 

It  adopts  the  scrutin  d^arrondissement, 
restricting  the  right  to  ballot  for  a  can- 
didate residing  in  the  district  for  which 
he  wishes  to  stand,  instead  of  scrutin  de 
liste,  permitting  votes  to  be  cast  for  any 
Frenchman. 

Dec.  9.  The  Due  d'Audiffret-Pas- 
quier  is  elected  by  the  National  Assem- 
bly senator  for  life ;  the  first  one  so 
elected.  [Dec.  21.  The  entire  75  senators 
have  been  elected,  of  whom  52  are  Re- 
publicans.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1873  Sept.  *  Paris.  Cholera  rages  se- 
verely. 

Nov.  22.  The  Ville  de  Havre  sinks  in 
nud-ocean. 

This  mailsteamer,  of  5,1(X)  tons,  running 
from  New  York  for  Havre,  is  run  into 
near  midnight  by  a  Glasgow  clipper, 
Lochearn,  and  sinl^  in  12  minutes  ;  226 
out  of  313  persons  perish.  [1870,  Jan.  * 
On  judicial  examination,  the  Lochearn 
is  exonerated  in  Kngland,  but  censured 
in  France.] 

1875  June  *  A  large  part  of  Toulouse 
is  destroyed  by  the  overflow  of  the 
Garonne  ;  1,(X)0  lives  are  lost  and  much 
property  destroyed. 

July  *  Paris.  An  International  Mari- 
time Exhibition  is  held. 


L 


750    1875,  Pec,  27-1879,  Mar. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1875  Dec.  29.  The  state  of  siege  is 
raised  except  in  Paris,  Versailles,  Lyons, 
and  Marseilles.  The  Assembly  votes 
against  raising  it  in  Paris.   Vote,  369-279. 

1876  Sept,  *  Paris.  The  new  fortifi- 
cations are  nearly  completed. 

1878  Jan.  10.  11.  Gen.  Ducrot  is 
dismissed  from  command  of  the  8th 
Corps  for  suspected  connection  with  pro- 
jected coup  d'etat. 

Sept.  15.    A  review  of  50,000  soldiers 

takes  place  at  Vineennes. 

1879  Mar.  19.  The  iron-clad  battery 
Arrogante  sinks  off  Hy^res  Islands;  47 
men  are  drowned. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1875  Dec.  27.  Paris.  The  statue  of 
Napoleon  I.  is  replaced  on  the  top 
of  the  Vendome  column. 

1876  Aug.  22.  The  Observatory  at 
Pay  de  B6me,  near  Clermont,  is  inaugu- 
rated. 

Oct.  *  Paris.  Paul  Jablochkoff's  inven- 
tion of  an  electric  candle  is  reported  to 
the  Academy  of  Science  by  M.  Dena- 
vrouse. 

It  is  an  electric  current  passed  through 
two  carbons  side  by  aide  with  a  slip  of 
kaolin  between  them,  producing  a  soft, 
steady,  noiseless  light ;  the  carbons  burn 
like  wax. 

1877  Dec.  *  A  steam-hammer  is  made 
at  Schneider's  works,  Creuzot;  weight 
between  75  and  80  tons. 

*  *  Pans.  The  Gleaner  is  exhibited  by 
Jules  Breton  in  the  Salon. 

1878  Apr.  11.  The  planet  Lamberta 
is  discovered  by  Coggia.  [1879,  Feb.  28. 
Ambrosia;  1880,  Apr.  10,  Cleopatra.] 

*  *  Paris.  Hay  Harvest  is  exhibited  at 
the  Salon  by  Jules  Bastien-Lepage. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1875*  *  AiRuehelle,  Paul  A.  N.  d',  French- 
Chinese  adiutral,  A44. 

Ancelot,  Marjjuerite,  author,  A83. 

Barye,  Antoine  Louis,  8culj)tor,  A80. 

Beaumont- Vaasy,   Vlcouite  de,  Ertouard   F. 
de  la  Honnlere,  historian,  A59. 

Bonnerhose,  Francois  I'aul  Kmile  Boisnor- 
niand  de,  historian,  mis.  writer,  A74. 

Breton,  Frangois  P.  H.  Ernest,  artist,  an.,  A63. 

Cochet,  L'Abb6,  -lean  Baptiste,  D6sir6,  anti- 
quary, A(i3. 

Coquerel,  Athanase  Josue,  rational,  cl.,  A65. 

D6jazet,  Mari(i  Virginie,  actor,  A78. 

JacqueTnart,  Albert,  historian,  A67. 

La  (iueronniere,  Vicomte  Arthiu-,  Bonapart- 
Ist,  A  59. 

Larousse,  Pierre,  editor,  author,  A58. 

Marheau,  .Jean  Baptiste  Firniin,  philan.,  A77. 

Migne,  L'Abb6,  Jacques  Paul,  publisher,  A75. 

Pereire,  Etnlle,  financier,  a  founder  of  Credit 
Mobilier,  Alh. 

Quiupt,  Edgar,  philosopher,  author,  A72. 

Kemusat,  Conite  de,  Charles  Francois  Marie, 
philosoplier,  statesman,  A78. 

Schneider,  Eugene,  nianuf.,  politician,  A70. 

Waldeck,  Count  .lean  Fred,  Bohemian  paint- 
er, dies  at  Paris,  A 109. 
1876  *  •  ArouU,  Marie  C.  S.  de  Flavigny  d', 
author,  A76. 

Andral,  (iabriel,  physician,  A79. 

Italanl,  Antoine  .T^r'Sme,  cliemist,  A74. 

Bertinl,  Henri,  Eng.-Fr.  couip.  pianist,  A78. 

Broglie,  Due  de,  J.  V.  Albert,  antlior,  A55. 

Brongnlart,  A<lolphe  Th^ophile,  botanist,  A75. 

C'haix  d'Est-Ange,  Gustave    Louis   Adolph 
Victor  Charles,  advocate,  A7(i. 

Colet,  Louise  (Hevoll),  novelist,  A66. 

David,  F^lh'len  C^sar,  musical  comp.,  A66. 

Didot,  Ainbroise  Firnnn,  publisher,  AS6. 

Esquiros,  Henri  Alphonse,  novelist,  A62. 

Flandin,  Eugene  Napoleon,  painter,  archeol- 
ogist,  A67. 

Fronientln,  Eugene,  painter,  A66. 

Guigniaut,  Joseph  Daniel,  8Chol.,antiq.,  A82. 

Leniaitre,  Frederic,  actor,  A76. 


Mallet,  Charles  Auguste,  philosopher,  A69. 

P6rler.  Caaimir.  financier,  slateanian,  AM. 

Sand,  Oeoree  (A.    L.   A.    Dupin,   Madame 
Uudevant),  novelist,  A72. 

Sainte-Claire-Deville,  Charles,  geologist,  A(i2. 

Wolowski,  L.  F.  M.  Kayniond,  econ.,  A(i6. 
1877*   •  Aurt-lle    de    I'aladines,  Claude    Mi- 
chel Louis,  general,  A73. 

Autran,  Josepli,  poet,  A65. 

Berlin,  Louise  Aiig^lique,  singer,  conip.,  A72. 

Caveniou,  Josepli  Bienaune,  cherniat,  A82. 

Changarnier,  Nicolas  Anne  Th^odule,  gen- 
eral, A84. 

Conneau,  Henri,  pliysician,  A74. 

Courhet,  Gustave,  paniter,  A58. 

Cournot,  Antoine  Augustin,  math.,  A76. 

Jeanron,  Philippe  Auguste,  painter,  .\)>8. 

Lanfrey,  Pierre,  historian,  A49. 

Leverrier.  Urbain  Jean  Joseph,  astron 
omer,  A76. 

Picard,  Ernest,  statesman,  AS6. 

Sept.  4.    Thiers.   Louis  Adolpbe,  histo- 
rian, President,  A8U. 
1878  •  *  Audiffret,  Marquis  d',  Charles  Louis 
(iaston,  financier,  senator,  A9i. 

Baraguey  d'Hilliers,  Achille,  marshal,  A83. 

Becquerel,  Antoine  C^sar,  physician,  A9y. 

Bernard,  Claude,  physiologist,  A65. 

Charton,  Edouard,  litt^rateiu-,  A7L 

Daul)igny,  Charles  Francois,  paniter,  A61. 

Dupanloup,  F^lix  A.  P.,  bishop  of  Orleans, 
writer,  A76. 

Freniy,  Edmond,  chemist,  A64. 

Garnier- Pages,  Louis  Antoine,  financier,  A75. 

Jaequand,  Claudius,  painter,  A73. 

Lomenie,  Louis  Leonard  de,  autlior,  A60. 

Naurtet,  Joseph,  scholar,  historian,  A92. 

Pape-Carpentier,  Marie,  educator,  Ati3. 

Baspail,   Frangois  Vincent,  chemist,  revolt! 
tionist,  A  84. 

Kegnault,  Henri  Victor,  chemist,  born. 

Rochet,  Louis,  sculptor,  A6L 

CHURCH. 

1876  Jtme  1.  Paris.  The  Midmay 
Mission  to  the  Jews  is  founded  by  Rev. 
John  Wilkinson. 

1877  *  *  A  society  of  Catholic  young  peo- 
ple called  the  Militia  of  Jesus  is  organ- 
ized to  support  the  papal  cause  by  moral 
agencies. 

1878  *  *  Rome.    Leo  XIII.  is  pope. 

1879  Mar.  *  Paris.  M.  Ferry  intro- 
duces education  bills  to  check  clerical 
influences,  abolishing  Jesuit  colleges, 
etc. 

*  *J.  F.  Desprez,  archbishop  of  Tou- 
louse, is  consecrated  cardinal  priest. 

*  *  Rome.  The  miracles  claimed  for  the 
shrine  of  La  Salette  are  discredited  by 
the  Pope. 

*  *  Paris.  P6re  Hyacinthe  founds  a 
Gallican  congregaCion, 

LETTERS. 

1876  Jan.  10.  Paris.  The  new  Catho- 
lio  university  is  inaugurated. 

*  *  Paris.  The  National  Library  is  said 
to  contain  1,700,000  volumes  and  MSS. 

*  *  Flamarande,  by  George  Sand,  appears. 

*  *  La  Pasquet,  by  Champfleury,  appears. 

*  *  La  Revue  Philosophique  is  issued. 

*  *  La  Revue  Historique  is  issued. 

*  *  Le  Divorce,  by  ifemile  Augier,  appears. 

*  *  Monuments  divers,  by  Mariette,  ap- 
pears. [1877,  Deir-el-hahari;  later, 
Itin^raire  de  la  Haute-igypte  and  Mas- 
tabas.] 

1877  *  *  Le  luthier  de  Crhnone^  by  F. 
E.  J.  Copp^e,  appears. 

Apr.  *  Rochefort's  Lanteme  is  repub- 
lished. 

*  ♦  Trois  ConteSf  by  Flaubert,  appears. 

*  *  L'Assommoir,  bv  Zola,  appears.  [1880, 
A'ana;  1882,  Pot-liouHle.] 

*  *  Le  dhni-monde  sous  la  Terreur,  by 
Boisgobey,  appears.  [1880,  La  main 
couple.] 

*  *  _78  *  *  History  of  a  CVimc,  by  Victor 
Hugo,  appears. 


1878  June  17.  Paris.  An  Interna- 
tional Literary  Congress  meets,  with 
Victor  Hugo  presiding.  [June  28.  The 
members  form  themselves  into  an  In- 
ternational Literary  Association.] 

*  *  Justice  and  Jionheur,  by  Sully-Pru- 
dhomme,  appear. 

1879  July  9.  Paris.  M.  Ferry's  law 
of  superior  public  instruction  is  passed 
by  the  House  of  Deputies. 

*  *  Les  rois  en  exil,  and  Contes  choisis,  la 
fantaisie  et  Vhistoire,  by  Daudet,  appear. 

{\?i&\,NumM  Roumestan;  1883,  Les  cigo- 
gnes,  and  V &vangUiste.] 

*  *  The  Christian  Church,  by  Renan,  ap- 
pears. [1880,  Marc-Aurele  et  la  jin  du 
vionde  antique.] 

*  *  La  phifosophie  franqaise  conlempo- 
raine,  oy  Paul  Janet,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1875  Dec.  27.  Total  Communists 
convicted  to  date,  9,596:  sentenced  to 
death,  110. 

1876  Jan.  1.  France  adopts  the  pos- 
tal system  approved  by  the  Interna- 
tional Postal  Convention. 

June  28-Dec.  2.  Paris.  Many  Com- 
munists are  pardoned ;  others  have 
their  sentences  commuted. 

1877  Apr.  6.  Paul  de  Cassagnac  is 
fined  and  imprisoned  for  publishing  a 
libel  against  the  Chamber  of  Deputies 
in  the  Pays. 

Aug.  25:b.  L^on  Gambetta  and  editor 
Murat  are  prosecuted. 

The  Rh)ublique  Fran^aise  having  pub- 
lished Gambetta's  remark,  that  the 
Marshal  "  must  submit  or  resign  "  [Sept. 
11.  Gambetta  is  sentenced  to  three 
months'  imprisonment  and  a  fine  of 
3400.  Sept.  22.  Sentence  reatlirmed  on 
appeal]. 

Oct.  12.    Paris.    L€on    Gambetta  is 

convicted  for  placarding  his  address,  and 
sentenced  to  pay  ?750,  and  imprisonment 
for  three  months. 

1878  Apr.  7.  Paris.  The  International 
Postal  Congress  meets. 

July  *  -Aug.  *  Brief  strikes  of  working- 
men  take  place. 

Sept.  3.  Paris.  The  death  of  Thiers  is 
solemnly  commemorated  at  Notre  L>anie. 

Sept.  4.  Paris.  The  International  Con- 
gress on  Weights  and  Measures  meets. 

Nov.  16.  Leon  Gambetta  ami  De  For- 
tou  fight  a  harmless  duel. 

1879  Jan  26.  Paris.  The  drawing  of 
the  Great  Lottery  begins  :  total  value  of 
prizes,  $1,150,000 ;  tickets  sold,  12,000.000. 

The  Lottery  was  organized  to  raise  a 
fund  to  pay  prizes  to  International  Fair 
exhibitors,  and  the  expenses  of  work- 
ing-meu  as  visitors. 

STATE. 
1875    Dec.  29.    The  National  Assembly 
passes   a  new    press-law,    introduced 
Nov.  12. 

By  its  provisions  the  state  of  siege  is 
to  be  raised  exceptin  Algiers  and  thede- 
partments  of  the  Seine,  Rhone,  Bouches- 
du-Rh6ne,  and  Seine-et-Oise.  It  also 
provides  that  numerous  press  offenses, 
such  as  insults  to  the  authorities,  false 
intelligence,  and  instigation  to  crime, 
shall  be  tried  by  the  correctional  tri- 
bunals, instead  of  by  a  jury. 


1 


FRANCE. 


1875,  Dec.  27-1879,  Mar.  *.     751 


1876   Jan.  17.    The  election  of  senators    May  20i:.    Iiouis  Thiers  becomes  the 
in  the  Depiirtments  conimeuces.    [Jan.       le.ider  of  the  liepuhlicaiis. 
30.    Louis  Thiers  and  Victor  Hugo  are    June  1.    Paris.   Bonnet Duverdier,  the 

chief  of  the  municipality,  i.s  arrested  for 


elected. 

I"eb.  20-Mar.  5.  General  election  of 
deputies ;  Republicans  have  a  large 
majority.     [Also  in  the  Senate.] 

Feb.  21.  /"(iris.  M.  Buffet,  having 
been  defeated  In  four  districts,  resigns 
his  office. 

Mar.  8.  The  Senate  and  the  Assembly 
meet. 

<.)ne  half  of  the  Senatoi-s  are  Republi- 
cans, and  the  other  half  belong  to  the 
three  .Monarchical  parties.  The  Repub- 
licans liave  a  decisive  majority  of  the 
Ueputies. 

Mar.  9.  Pans.  Jules  Dufaure  is  ap- 
pointed premier. 

Cabinet :  Louis  Decazes (foreign),  .Jean 
Baptiste  Say  (tinance),  Krnest  de  Cissey 
(war),  and  others. 

Mar.  13.  The  Duo  d'Audiffret-Paa- 
quier  is  elected  president  of  the  Senate, 


Jan.  28.     Paris.     President  MacMahon 

refuses  to  change  oHicers  of  the  four 

army  corps  in  the  ministerial  attempt  to 

displace  officials  who  are  opposed  to  the 

Republic.    President  MacMahon  escapes 

from  his  contlict  with  the  Chambers  by 

resigning  the  presidency. 

The  Deputies  vote  against  the    Jan.  30.    Jules  Gr6vy  is  elected  Presi- 

int.     vote,  isoil— loo.  j_ .  _«  ..      .-.,         ...        .,  .^^ 

dent  of  the  Republic  of  France,  by 


otfensive  remarks  concerning  President 
MacMahon.  [June  8.  Fined  and  im- 
prisoned.] 

June  19. 

Ciovernment, 

June  22.  The  Senate  votes  for  the  dis- 
solution of  the  Chambers.  Vote,  150-130. 
[June  25.     Decreed.] 

Oct.  14.  The  Republicans  defeat  the 
Bonapartist  and  clerical  parties  in  a 
general  election.  Deputies  elected  : 
325  Republicans,  112  Bonapartists,  96 
Monarchists. 

Nov.  10.  F.  Paul  Jules  Grfivy  is  re- 
elected president  of  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies. 

Nov.  19.  The  Senate  votes  for  a  resolu- 
tion indirectly  reflecting  on  the  minis- 
ters.   [Nov.  20±.    They  resign.! 


and  Paul  Jules  Gr6vy,  president  of    Nov.  23.   Paris.   Gen.  Rochebouet  forms 


the  Assembly, 
Mar.  21,    Both  Chambers  unanimously 
vote  urgency  on  Victor  Hugo's  motion 
proposing  a  general  amnesty  for  all  acts 
committed  during  the  reign  of  the  Com- 
mune.   [May  18.    Rejected  by  Deputies. 
Vote,  3!M-52.] 
May  18.    Paris.  Gen.  de  Cissey,  minister 
of  war,  is  dismissed  at  his  own  request, 
and  is  succeeded  by  Gen.  Berthaut. 
Aug.  17.    Paris.    Pardon  is  granted  to 
68  Communists.    [Dec.  2.    Pardon  and 
commutations    are    granted    to    many 
more.] 
Dec.  2.    Paris.    The  Ministry  resigns, 
having  been  defeated  in  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies  on  the  question  of  giving  mili- 
tary honors  to  civil  legionaries,  and  in 
the  Senate  on  a  bill  for  the  cessation  of 
prosecutions  of  the  Communists. 
Deo.  12.    Paris.     A  new  Ministry  is 
organized  under  Jules  Simon  (interior), 
Iiouis  Joseph  Martel  (justice),  other 
members  same  as  before. 
1877    Feb.  5.    The  severe  Press  Decree 

of  Jan.  17,  1852,  is  repealed. 
Feb.  22.    Paris.    The  Ministry  removes 
53  sub-prefects  who  are  hostile  to  the 
Eepublic.    [May  22.    Sixty-two  more.] 
Apr.  4-7.     Paris.     A    Catholic    Con- 
gress meets. 
May  16.     Paris.    The  Jules  Simon  Min- 
istry is  displaced  by  Marshal  MacMa- 
hon, because  it  allows  the  repeal  of  a  se- 
vere press  law  passed  two  years  before. 
May  17.     Paris.     The  Due  de  Broglie 
forms  a  Ministry  of  combined  Royal- 
ists and  Imperialists,  representing  the 
minority  in  the  Chambers. 

Memlwrs:   M.  De  Fourtou  (Interior),  M. 
CaUloux  (finance),  M.  Paris  (piilillc  works), 
Brunet  (in. 


M.  De  Miiaux  (agriculture),  11. 


structlon),  Louis  Decazes  (foreign),  M.  Ber- 
thaut (war). 

The  Deputies  pass  a  resolution  offered 
by  Lfcn  Gambetta  favoring  parlia- 
mentary government.  Vote,  355-1&J. 
[May  18.  A  protest  against  the  arbitrary 
act  of  the  President  is  signed  by  363  Lib- 
eral deputies.] 


a  Koyahst  Cabinet. 

Its  members  not  connected  with  either 
Chamber,  and  in  disregard  of  the  senti- 
ments of  the  majority  in  the  Chambers, 
it  is  termed  a  "Ministry  of  Affairs." 
[Nov.  24.  The  Deputies  vote  no  confi- 
dence in  the  Ministry.  Vote,  323-208. 
Dec.  7.    The  Ministry  resigns.) 

Dec.  13.  Paris.  After  repeated  failures 
in  fonning  Ministries  opposed  to  tlie 
Chambers,  Marshal  MacMahon  submits 
to  the  majority. 

Dec.  14.  Paris.  Jules  Dufaure  is  made 
premier,  and  forms  a  Republican  Min- 
istry. 

Members:  Dufaure  (justice),  M.  De  Mar- 
cere  (interior),  William  H.  Wadilington,  a 
Protestant  (foreign  affairs),  ,\genor  Hardoux 
(Instruction),  (Jen.  Jean  Louis  Borel  (war), 
Vice-Adin.  Pothnau  (marine),  Leon  Say  (fi- 
nance), Telsserenc  de  Sort  (commerce), 
Charles  Louis  de  Freyeinet  (pubUc  works). 

Dec.  15.  The  Ministry  remove  restric- 
tions on  the  press. 

•  •  »»'./.  The  Island  of  .St.  Bartholomew, 
ceded  to  Sweden  in  1784,  is  restored  to 
France. 

1878  Jan.  24.  The  Assembly  adopts  a 
bill  granting  amnesty  for  press  offenses 
from  May  16  to  Dec.  14,  1877. 

Feb.  8.  The  Chamber  passes  a  bill  de- 
claring that  a  state  of  siege  cannot  be 
proclaimed  without  its  consent, 

June  13-July  13.  William  H.  Wad- 
dington  represents  France  in  the  Berlin 
Conference. 

Aug.  16.  Paris.  The  first  International 
Monetary  Congress  meets.  [1881. 
Apr.  19.    Meets  again.] 

•  *  The  Court  of  Cassation  decides  that 
the  marriage  of  a  priest  is  illegal,  and 
that  the  children  of  priests  have  no  legal 
rights. 

1879  Jan.  13.  Paris.  Gen.  Borel, 
war  minister,  is  forced  to  resign,  and  is 
succeeded  by  Gen.  Gresley. 

Jan.  15.  Louis  Joseph  Martel  is  elected 
president  of  the  Senate. 

Jan.  17.  Paris.  The  President  issues  a 
decree  for  the  pardon  of  2,245  Com- 
munists. 

Jan.  26.  Pans.  The  drawing  of  the  Na- 
tional Lottery  begins.    (See  Society.) 


the  Senators  and  Deputies  assembled  in 
joint  meeting  as  "The  National  As- 
sembly." Vote,  503  for  Grevy,  Repub- 
lican ;  99  for  Gen.  Antoine  Eugfeue  Alfred 
Chanzy,  Monarchist. 

Jan.  31.  L4on  Gambetta,  a  Republi- 
can, is  elected  president  of  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies.  [Feb.  1.  Jules  Dufaure, 
the  premier,  resigns.] 

Feb.  4.  Par{s.  WiUiam  Henry  Wad- 
dington  is  made  premier,  and  forms  a 
new  Ministry. 

Members :  M.  le  Royer  (Justice),  Jules  Ferry 
(instruction),  M.  Lepere  (agriculture),  Ailm. 
JaurSguiberry  (marine),  Leon  Say  (finance), 
M.  de  Marcere  (interior),  M.  de  Freyeinet 
(public  works).  Gen.  Gresley  (war). 

Feb.  21.  The  Chamber  of  Deputies 
passes  an  amnesty  bill  in  behalf  of 
Communists.  [Feb.  28.  Passed  by  the 
Senate.] 

Mar.  3.  Paris.  Owing  to  a  police  scan- 
dal, M.  de  Marcfere,  minister  of  the 
interior,  resigns.  [Mar.  4.  Succeeded 
by  M.  Lepfere.] 

Mar.  15.  Jules  Ferry  introduces  in  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  two  educational 
bills. 

One  relates  to  higher  education  and 
the  other  to  the  Supreme  Council  of 
Public  Instruction.  [1880.  Jan.  30.  The 
latter  is  passed  by  the  Senate.  Feb.  21. 
By  the  Deputies.]  Their  object  is  to 
secularize  education,  and  limit  the  in- 
fluence of  religious  orders  in  institutions 
of  learning. 
Mar.  19.  The  Chamber  of  Deputies 
passes  a  bill  providing  that  within  four 
years  normal  schools  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  primary  schoolmasters  and 
schoolmistresses  should  be  established 
in  every  department  of  France. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1876  Jan.  *  General  prosperity  pre- 
vails ;  the  Government's  revenue  for 
the  past  year  has  not  been  surjiassed. 

Jime  9.  The  bodies  of  King  Ijouis  Phi- 
lippe and  others  of  his  family,  having 
been  removed  from  England,  are  buried 
in  the  mausoleum  at  Dreux. 

July  *  A  great  destruction  of  vines 
occurs  by  disease ;  $60,000  reward  is 
offered  for  a  remedy. 

1877  Nov.  8.  The  census  announces 
the  population  as  30,905,788,  being  an  in- 
crease of  802,867  over  1872. 

1878  May  1.  Paris.  President  Mac- 
Mahon opens  the  International  Exhi- 
bition. 

*  ♦  Many  embarrassed  subsidiary  railway 
lines  are  purchased  by  the  Government 
for  $55,000,000. 


752     1879,  Apr.  8-1883,  Jan.  28. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY, 

1880  Aug.  19.  The  great  irouclad  De- 
vastation is  launched. 

1881  Mar.  *  -Apr.  *  Algeria.  An  ex- 
pedition is  sent  to  chastise  the  Kru- 
mirs ;  it  invades  Tunis  (p.  10). 

May  12.  A  treaty  with  the  Bey  of  Tunis 
is  signed  at  Bardo  (p.  10). 

1882  *  *  France  seuds  a  force  to  occupy 
Tongking  (p.  481). 

ART-  SCIENCE  — NATURE. 

1880  Oct.*  Ozone  is  liquefied  by  Haute- 
feuille. 

*  *  Paris.  Maxtme  du  Camp  and  Aim^ 
Joseph  Edmond  Hoiisae  are  elected  mem- 
bers of  tlie  National  Academy.  [1881. 
Renti  Francois  Armaiid  Siuly-Prud- 
homme.  Louts  Pasteur,  (^liarles  Victor 
Clierbuliez,  Adolphe  Louis  Albert  Per- 
raud,  tldouard  .lules  Henri  Pailleron, 
and  Louis  ChaHes  de  Alazade-Percin ; 
1884,  Francois  Edotiard  Joachim  Cop- 
p^e,  Ferdinand  Marie  de  Lesseps,  Jean 
Victor  Duray,  Joseph  Louis  Fran\;ois 
Bertrand,  and  Ludovic  Hal^vy ;  1886, 
Charles  Marie  Leconte  de  Lisle,  Aim6 
Marie  Edouard  Herv^,  Vallery  Clement 
Octave  Greard,  and  Jean  Buptiste  Leon 
Say.] 

*  *  Paris.  Diamonds  are  artificially 
made. . 

*  *  Paris.  A  prehistoric  and  Gaul  mu- 
seum is  established. 

1881  May  *  Paris.  The  electric  ac- 
cumulator, or  secondary  battery,  a 
modification  by  M.  Faure  of  Gaston 
Plante's  powerful  lead  battery  of  1860,  is 
exhibited. 

Aug.  *  Paris.  An  electric  tramway  ia 
set  up. 

Sept.  22.  Paris.  An  Electrical  Con- 
gress is  held. 

Oct.  1.  Paris.  Louis  Pasteur  has  suc- 
cessfully vaccinated  68,000  sheep  up 
to  this  date. 

Oct.  11-15.  A  Phylloxera  Congress  is 
held  at  Bordeaux. 

*  *  Paris.  Herrulan^nm  is  exhibited  in 
the  Salon  by  Hector  Leroux. 

1882  Aug.  12.  The  planet  Philoso- 
phia  is  discovered  by  Paul  Henry. 

Sept.  4.  Fourth  International  Congress 
of  Geographers  is  held  at  Bordeaux. 

*  *  Paris.  El  Jafto  is  exhibited  at  the 
Salon  by  John  S.  Sargent. 

*  *  Rosa  Bonheur  paints  the.  Lion  at 
Home. 

*  *  Ensilage,  a  system  of  preserving  corn 
and  green  fodder  for  cattle  in  pits  made 
air  and  water  tight,  comes  into  practise. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1870*  *  Uastiiie,  .Jules,  Journalist,  A79. 

Chenu,  Jean  Charles,  naturalist,  A71. 

Chevalier,  Michel,  economist,  A73. 

Chevalier,  J.  B.  Alphonse,  chemist,  A86. 

Clairvllte,  Louia  Francois  Nicolale,  drama- 
tist, A«8. 

Couture,  Thomas,  painter,  A64. 

Douay,  F61ix  Charles,  general,  A61. 

<ilaire,  Jean  Ilapliste,  theol.,  orientalist,  A8I. 

(iervaise,  Paul,  naturalist,  A63. 

Le  Moyne,  Julius,  advocate  of  cremation,  d. 

Minl6,  Claude  K.,  Inv.  Mini6  rifle-bullet,  A69. 

Napoleon,  Engine  Louis  Jean  Joseph,  son  of 
Napoleon  III.,  A23. 

Piorry,  Pierre  Adolphe,  physician,  A85. 

Reyhaud,  Marie  Rorh  Louis,  author,  A80. 

Talllandier,  lient*  Gaspard  Ernest,  pliiloso- 
plier,  critic,  A62. 

VfoUet^Le-Duc,  Eugfene  E.,  architect,  A&5. 


Vaulabelle,  AchlUe  TenalUe  de»  Journalist, 

statesman,  AHO. 

1880  *  ■■  Auzoux,  Theodore  Loiu8,pIiyB.,  A83. 
Chasles,  Michel,  geometrician,  AIS7. 
Clinohamp,  Krantjuis  K.  V.,  paint.,  au.,  A93. 
Cremieiix,  Isaac  Adolphe,  advocate,  A84. 
Favre.  Jules  G.  C.  orator,  statesman,  A71. 
Flaubert,  Gustave,  novelist,  A69. 
Fournier,  K<louard,  litterateur,  A61. 
CJaliniard,  Nicolas  Auguste,  painter,  A67. 
Granier  de  Cassaffnac,  Adolphe  Bernard, 

journalist,  politician,  historian,  A72. 
Gutlin,  Jean  A.  T.,  marine  painter,  A78. 
Gramont,  Due  de,  Antoine  Agenor  Alfred, 

statesman,  A61. 
Jacquemart,  Jules  F.,  author,  A43. 
Mirecourt,  Eugfeue  de,  novelist,  writer,  A68. 
Offenbach,  Jacques,  composer   of   comic 

operas,  A61. 
Poujoulat,  Jean  Joseph  Fran<;oi8,  au.,  A80. 
P^reir,  Isaac,  linancier,  a  founder  of  Credit 

Mohilier,  A74. 
Saulcy,  Louis  F.  J.  de  Caignart  de,  archeol- 

ogist,  A73. 
Seguin»  I^douard,  physician,  alienist,  A68. 

1881  •   *  Anger,  llippolyte  Nicolas  Just,  nov- 
elist, A84. 

IJlanqm,  Louis  Auguste,  socialist,  A76. 

Drouyn  de  Lhuys,  Edouard,  statesman,  A76. 

Deville,  Henri  Etienne  Sainte-Claire,  chem- 
ist, A  63. 

Duver^ier  de  Hauranne,  Prosper,  states- 
man, A83. 

Fisch,  George,  Swiss-Fr.  Protestant  cl.,  A67. 

(Jatteaux,  Jacques  Edouard,  artist,  A93. 

Girardin,  ifmile  de,  journalist,  A75. 

Giraud,  Cliarles  J.  11.,  jurist,  A79. 

Graux,  Charles,  philologist,  A  39. 

Littrd,  Mazlmillen  Paul  £:mile,  philolo- 
gist, A  80. 

Mariette,  Auguste  Edouard,  Egyptolo- 
gist, A  60. 

Uhrich,  Jean  J.  A.,  general,  A79. 

1882  '  •  Barhier,  Henri  Auguste,  poet,  A77. 
Biard,  Francois  Auguste,  painter,  A82. 
Blanc,  Auguste  Alexandre  Charles,  art-critic, 

A67. 
Blanc,  Jean  Joseph  Louis,  pol.,  author,  A69. 
Cissey,  Ernest  L.  O.  C.  de,  general,  pol.,  A70. 
Ducrot,   Auguste  Alexandre,  general,  AfiS. 
Dupre,  Giovanni,  Franco-Italian  sculp.,  A65. 
Gambetta,  L^on  Michel,  statesman,  A44. 
Gignoux,  Francois  Regis,  painter,  A66. 


CHURCH. 

1880  Mar.  29.  Benedictine  monks 
with  other  orders  are  expelled.  A  de- 
cree is  issued  dissolving  the  Order  of 
Jesuits;  it  also  abolishes  many  con- 
vents. 

[Apr.  *  Many  bishops  protest  against 
the  expulsion  l»ills.] 
June  30.    The  expulsion  of  the  Jesuit 
Order  is  eflfected.    [Oct.  IG  h.    The  Car- 
melites and  other  orders  are  expelled.] 

*  *-82  *  *  The  American  Baptist  theo- 
logical school  is  reopened. 

1881  Oct.  1.  Home.  The  Pope  releases 
the  Capuchins  from  their  monastic 
vows. 

1882  *  *  Charles  Martial  Allemand  La- 
vigerie,  archhishop  of  Carthage,  is  con- 
secrated cardinal  priest. 

LETTERS. 
1880  *  *  Le  Livre  is  issued. 

*  *  Le  roman  d'un  brave  homme,  by  About, 
appears. 

*  *  Daniel  Rockat  and  DivorQons,  by  Sar- 
dou,  appear.    [1885,  Georgette.^ 

*  *  3/o/iere,  by  Houssaye,  appears.  [1885- 
91,  Confessions.^ 

*  *  Amours  fragUes,  by  Clierbuliez,  ap- 
pears. [1881,  Xoirs  et  rouges;  1883.  Ln 
ferme  du  Choquart;  1885,'OHvier  Mau- 
gant.] 

*  *  -82  *  *  L^Histoire  du  tribunal  rSvoln- 
tionnaire  de  Paris,  by  Wallon,  appears. 

*  *  -82  Les  origines  de  /'  /( i  stoire  d^apr^s  la 
Pible,  by  Fraufois  Leuormant,  appears. 


188X  Feb.  27.  Paris.  Victor  Hugo 
is  f?:ted  by  a  number  of  his  admirers ;  a 
procession  of  children  assemble  at  his 
residence  in  the  Avenue  d'Eylau. 

*  ♦  La princesse  de  Bagdad ^hy  Alexandre 
Dumas,  Jils.  appears.  [1885,  JJenise; 
1887,  Fran^illon.] 

*  *  Petit  Traits  de  Versificati&ii  Fran- 
^aise,  by  de  Banville,  appears. 

*  *  Les  quatre  vents  de  t'esprit,  by  Victor 
Hugo,  appears. 

*  *  Madame  de  Maintenon,  by  F.  E.  J. 
Copp^e,  appears. 

*  *  Serge  Panlne,  by  Georges  Ohnet,  ap- 
pears. [1882,  Le  mattre  de  forges;  1883, 
Lacomtesse  Sarah;  1884,  Lise  Fleuron; 
1885,  La  grande  mariniere ;  1886,  Les 
dames  de  Crolx-Mort.] 

*  *  La  maison  Tellier,  by  Henri  R.  A. 
Guy  de  Maupassant,  appears.  [1882, 
Mademoiselle  Fiji;  1883,  Contes  de  la 
ft^casse,  and  Unevie;  ISM,  Miss  Harriet, 
Les  sopurs  Pondoli,  Au  soleil,  Clair  de 
lune,  and  Yvttte,] 

1882  Oct.  2.  The  Compulsory  Skiu- 
cation  Act  goes  into  operation. 

*  *  La  liibliographie  artistique^  hlstorique, 
et  litt^raire  de  Paris  avant  1789,  by 
L'Abb^  V.  Dufour,  appears. 

*  *  La  revanche  de  Femande,  by  Boisgo- 
bey,  appears. 


SOCIETY. 

1879  Apr.  20.  Blanqui,  a  convict,  is 
elected  to  the  Assembly,  for  Bordeaux. 
[June  11.    Pardoned.] 

Jime  1.  So.  Afr.  Napol6on  IV.  is 
killed  by  natives  in  Zululand  while 
serving  under  the  British  flag.  [July  12. 
His  remains  are  buried  beside  his  father 
at  Chiselhurst.] 

1880  July  14.  Paris.  The  first  Grand 
Republican  national  ffete  is  celebrated. 
The  fall  of  the  Bastille  is  celebrated  with 
elaborate  ceremonies. 

Oct.  19.  Paris.  F^lix  Pyat,  editor  of 
i\iQ  ('nmmune,  convicted  of  justifying 
regicide,  is  fined  and  imprisoned. 

Oct.  21+.  Paris.  The  200th  anniversary 
of  the  establishment  of  the  Com^die 
Fran9aise  is  celebrated. 

1881  Jan.  15.  London.  The  French 
National  Society  is  organized  for  social, 
commercial,  and  artistic  purposes. 

May  13  t.  Much  excitement  prevails 
at  Marseilles  following  the  signing  of  a 
treaty  with  the  Bey  of  Tunis. 

[June  22.  Dissensions  and  conflicts 
occur  between  the  French  and  Italians; 
several  deaths  occur  and  200  arrests.] 

Aug.  15-Nov.  15.  Paris.  The  Inter- 
national Flectrical  Congress  meets, 
and  holds  an  exhibition.  [1882.  Oct.  11. 
Another  opens.  Oct.  16.  An  Interna- 
tional Submarine  Conference  meets.] 

1882  Aug.  *  An  organization  of  an- 
archists is  discovered. 

It  is  alleged  to  have  been  originated  in 
Geneva  by  Prince  Krapotkin ;  tracts 
are  used  to  disseminate  their  doctrines. 

Oct.  27.  A  mob  creates  a  panic  at 
Lyons;  business  and  amusement  places 
are  closed.  [Oct.  28+.  The  troops  restore 
order.] 

Nov.  23.  Paris.  Crown  jewels  valued 
at  $500,000  are  stolen  from  the  Cathedral 
of  St.  Benis. 

Nov.  27.  Ii6on  Gambetta  is  acciden- 
tally shot  by  a  revolver  which  he  was 


FRANCE. 


1879,  Apr.  8-1883,  Jan.  28.     753 


handling;    the  wound  is  fatal.      [1883. 
Jan.  G.     A  Btate  funeral  is  given.] 

Dec.  20.  Two  directors  of  the  Union 
G6n6rale  are  imprisoned  for  gross 
frauds,  which  caused  great  distress. 

This  financial  company  was  patronized 
bv  Legitimists,  the  clergy,  and  the  mid- 
dle clitsses. 

Dec.  21 1.  Prince  Peter  Krapotkin,  a 
Russian  Socialist  and  Anarchist,  is  ar- 
rested under  the  law  directed  against 
the  InternationalLsts. 

[1883.  Jan.  8i-.  He  is  tried  at  Lyons 
with  50  others.  Jan.  19.  He  is  sentenced 
to  imprisonment  for  five  years  and  to 
pay  a  fine.     18S6.     Released.] 

STATE. 

1879  Apr.  8.  Paris.  The  pardon  of 
252  Communists  is  decreed.  [May  24. 
Also  400  more.    J  uue  5.    Also  288  more.] 

June  4.  The  Chamber  of  Deputies  an- 
nuls the  election  of  liouis  Auguste 
Blanqui,  a  Socialist  and  convict,  elected 
tor  Bordeaux.  [June  11.  He  is  par- 
doned.] 

June  29.  The  Congress  of  Senate  and 
Deputies  vote  for  the  return  of  the 
Legislature  to  Paris.  Vote,  626-249. 
[Nov.  27.     It  meets  in  Paris.] 

July  9.  Paris.  The  Deputies  pass  the 
^erry  Bill  for  superior  public  instruc- 
tion.   (See  Mar.  15  and  19.) 

July  20.  Prince  Napoleon  J6r6me  is 
coldly  accepted  by  the  Bonapartists  as 
their  leader. 

Dec.  21.  Paris.  The  Waddington  Min- 
istry resigns. 

Dec.  28,  29.  Paris.  M.  de  Freycinet 
forms  a  new  Ministry ;  it  includes  Jules 
Ferry  (instruction)  and  Lep6re  (interior) 
[Gen.  Farre  (War)]. 

*  •  The  Government  sends  out  an  expe- 
dition to  Central  Africa;  a  fort  is 
built  at  Bafoulahc.  thus  bringing  the 
French  frontier  nearer  the  Niger. 

1880  Jan.  30.  Paris.  A  proclamation 
Is  issued  disbanding  the  Jesuits. 

S*6b.  12.  Paris.  The  Chambers  reject 
plenary  amnesty  for  Communists. 

Uar.  9.  Paris,  The  clause  of  the  Lib- 
erty of  Education  Bill  abolishing  Jesuit 
schools  is  rejected  by  the  Senate.  Vote, 
149-129.  [Mar.  15.  Passed.  Mar.  16. 
Passed  by  the  Deputies.] 

Mar.  29.  Paris.  Under  the  Ferry  Edu- 
cational Bill  a  decree  is  issued  dissolv- 
ing the  Order  of  Jesuits  and  other 
religious  orders. 

[Apr.  *  Many  bishops  and  other  per- 
sons protest  against  it.  May  1.  M.  Le- 
pfere,  minister  for  the  interior,  resigns. 
May  18.    M.  Constan    succeeds  him.] 

May  25.  Paris.  Gen.  Martel,  president 
of  Senate,  resigns,  and  is  succeeded  by 
Lten  Say. 

Jnne  21.  Paris,  The  Chambers  pass 
the  biU  granting  amnesty  for  political 
offenses  committed  since  1870,  incen- 
diaries and  assassins  excepted.  Vote, 
33^140.  [July  3.  Passes  the  Senate. 
Vote,  143-138.] 

June  29.  Tahiti,  the  largest  island  of 
the  Society  group,  lying  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  is  annexed  to  France. 

June  30.  The  Jesuit  Order  is  expelled 
amid  much  opposition. 


July  10.  President  Gr^vy  grants  a  gen- 
eral amnesty  to  Communists. 

July  12.  Paris.  Henri  Kochefort  is 
warmly  received  on  his  return  from 
exile. 

Aug.  1.  The  Republicans  obtain  a  great 
majority  at  the  elections  held  by  the 
councils  general  on  anti-clerical  and 
anti-Bonapartist  issues. 

Sept.  20.  Paris.  Premier  de  Freyci- 
net resigns  because  of  his  disapproval 
of  the  Jesuit  exclusion  decree. 

A  new  Ministry  is  formed. 

Members  :  Jules  Ferry  ^premier  and 
instruction),  Adm.  Cloute  (marine),  Ma- 
rie Sadi  Carnot  (^public  works),  Barth^ 
lemy  Saint-Hilaire  (foreign);  other  of- 
fices imchanged. 

Oct.  9.    Paris.   The  International  Postal 

Congress  meets. 
Nov.  *  Paris.    The  Senate  approves  of  a 

bill  establishing  a  high  school  for  girls, 

which  had  been  previously  passed  by  the 

Deputies. 

1881  Feb.  15.  Paris.  A  bill  extend- 
ing the  liberty  of  the  press  is  passed 
by  the  Deputies. 

Mar.  *  An  expedition  is  sent  to  Tunis 
ostensibly  to  enforce  the  claims  of  the 
Soci€t§  Marseillaise  to  certain  lands 
in  Tunis  ;  it  ends  in  an  attempt  to  estab- 
lish a  protectorate. 

May  12.  A  treaty  is  signed  with  the 
Bey  of  Tunis  establishing  a  French 
protectorate.  [May  23.  The  Chamber 
ratifies  a  treaty.  Vote,  453-1.  Nov.  9. 
Confirmed  by  Deputies.] 

May  18.  Paris.  A  bill  for  the  scrutin 
de  llste  urged  by  Gambetta  is  adopted 
by  the  Chamber  of  Deputies.  Vote,  243- 
235.  [June  9.  Rejected  by  the  Senate. 
Vote,  148-114.] 

Aug.  21+:.  The  Republicans  make 
great  gains  in  the  general  elections. 

Nov.  3.  Paris.  M,  Brisson  is  elected 
president  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies. 

Nov.  10.    Paris.    The  Ministry  resign. 

Nov.  13,  Paris.  A  new  Ministry  is 
formed. 

Members:  L^on  Gambetta  (premier,  and 
foreiRn  affairs),  Marie  SadI  Carnot  (justice), 
Waldeck-Roasseau  (interior),  FranQols  Ren^ 
Allain-Targa  (finance),  Gen.  Campenon 
(war),  M.  Gougeard  (marine),  Paul  Bert 
(education  and  worship),  M.  Kaynal  (public 
works),  Maurice  Kouvier  (commerce  and 
colonies),  M.  Cochery  (posts  and  telegraphs), 
-  M.  Dev^s  (agriculture),  and  M.  Proust  (arts). 

1882  Jan.  9,  Paris.  Republicans  pre- 
dominate in  the  Senate;  it  now  stands 
207  Republicans  and  93  opposition. 

Jan.  26.    Paris.    The  Government  is  de- 
feated by  the  Deputies,  who  reject  the 
scrutin  de  liste.    Vote,  305-119. 
Premier  Gambetta  resigns. 

Jan.  30.     Paris.    A    new  Ministry   Is 

formed. 

Members  :  Charles  Louis  de  Freycinet 
(president  of  the  council  and  foreign  affairs), 
L^on  Say  (finance),  Jules  Ferry  (instruction), 
M.  Goblet  (interior  and  worship),  M.  Hum- 
bert (justice),  Gen.  ISillot  (war),  Adm.  Jau- 
r6guil>erry  ( mari  ne ) ,  M .  Varroy  ( public 
works) ,  Pierre  Kmmanuel  Tlrard  (com- 
merce), M.  Mahy  (agriculture),  M.  Cochery 
(posts  and  telegraphs). 

Mar.  31,  Paris.  A  new  education  bill 
is  passed,  notwithstanding  the  interfer- 
ence of  the  Government. 

May  *  Paris.  The  Deputies  pass  a  bill 
establishing  a  law  of  divorce. 


June  1.     Paris.     The    Government   re- 
ceives a  vote  of  confidence.    Vote,  298-  - 
70.    [July  20.    Again  respecting  Egypt. 
Vote,  286-105.] 

July  29.  Paris.  Tlie  Deputies  negative 
the  vote  of  credit  for  the  protection  of 
the  Suez  Canal  on  motion  of  M.  C16- 
menceau.  Vote,  416-75.  The  Ministry 
resigns. 

Aug.  7.  Paris.  A  new  Ministry  is  or- 
ganized. 

Members:  M.  Duclerc  (president  of  the 
council  and  foreign  affairs),  1*.  Paul  Emman- 
uel Tirard  (finance),  M.  Deves  (justice),  M. 
de  Fallieres  (interior),  Pierre  Legrand  (com- 
merce and  public  works),  Gen.  llillot  (war), 
Adm.  Jaurr^gui berry  (navy),  M.  Cochery 
(posts  and  telegraphs),  M.  de  Mahy  (agricul- 
ture), M.  Buvaux  (instruction). 

Aug.  31+.  The  Bonapartists  select 
Prince  Victor  as  leader  of  their  party. 

Aug.  *  An  attempted  insurrection  by 
Anarcbists  at  Montceau-les-Mines  is 
suppressed.  [Many  are  arrested  and 
some  convicted.] 

July*  Paris.  The  Ministry  defends  the 
claims  of  France  to  a  pmtectorate  over 
the  northwest  part  of  Madagascar,  in 
diplomatic  corrcFpondeneo  with  Great 
Britain ;  tlie  cl.iim  is  founded  on  a 
treaty  made  in  1841  with  rebel  chiefs. 

Nov.  21.  The  treaty  negotiated  with 
the  King  of  [Frencli]  Kongo  by  Count 
Pierre  Braganza  is  ratified. 

*  *  Nickel  is  ordered  to  be  substituted 

for  bronze  coinage. 

1883  Jan.  18.  Prince  Napoleon,  hav- 
ing published  a  manifesto  against  the 
Government,  is  arrested.  [Feb.  9.  In- 
dictment quashed,  and  the  prince  re- 
leased.] 

Paris.    M.  Floquet  introduces  a  bill 

for  the  expulsion  of  the  Bourbons  and 
the  Bonapartes.  A  Government  bill  is 
introduced  to  effect  the  same  end. 

Jan.  28.  Paris.  The  expulsion  bill 
having  been  adopted  by  the  committee, 
the  Duclerc  Ministry  resigns.  [J*"-  29. 
It  is  reconstituted  under  M.  Fallieres. 
Feb.  13.    It  resigns.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1879  June  *  The  new  French  trans- 
atlantic cable  to  be  laid  from  Brest  to 
St.  Pierre  leaves  by  the  Faraday.  [Oct.  * 
It  connects  with  Halifax  ;  1880.  June  1. 
The  line  from  Paris  to  New  York  is 
opened.] 

*  ♦  Seven  vessels  sail  with  emigrants  for 
Port  Breton,  an  isle  near  New  Cale- 
donia, South  Pacific  ;  they  meet  with 
misery,  disease,  and  to  a  large  extent 
with  death. 

1880  Mar.  3.  Paris.  The  Panama 
Canal  Company  is  organized. 

Nov.  24.  L^Oncle  Joseph,  a  French 
steamer,  is  sunk  by  collision  with  the 
Ortigia,  an  Italian  steamer,  off  Spezzia ; 
about  250  lives  are  lost. 

1881  Sept.  5.  A  collision  occurs  on 
the  Lyons  railway  at  Charenton  ;  20  per- 
sons are  killed. 

1882  Jan.  1.  Paris.  Over  speculation 
causes  a  panic  on  the  Bourse.  [Jan.  SO. 
The  Union  G^n^rale  Company  fails,  and 
the  panic  is  renewed.] 

Dec,  *  Paris.  The  Ex-Empress  Eugenie 
presents  the  Fharo  Chateau  and  Park 
to  the  city.    [1883,    July  •  Accepted.] 


754     1883,  Feb.  1-1887,  Mar.  14. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1883  *  *  Madagascar.  The  French  fleet, 
under  Adm.  Pierre,  bombards  Tama- 
tave.    (See  Madagascar.) 

1884  *  *  Gen.  Georges  Ernest  J.  M.  Bou- 
langer  commands  the  army  of  occupa- 
tion  in  Tunis. 

*  *  Open  war  occurs  with  China  resjject- 
ing  Tongking  (p.  482). 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1883  July  14.  Paris.  A  colossal 
statue  of  the  Republic  is  unveiled. 

1884  Feb.  *  Messrs.  Goupil's  process  of 
photogravure,  rivaling  mezzotint,  is 
reported  highly  successful. 

Apr.±*-May*  Paris.  An  International 
Conference  on  electrical  units  is  held. 

Apr.  14.  A  statue  of  Gambetta,  by 
Falqui^res,  erected  at  Cahors,  is'  im- 
veiled  by  Jules  Ferry. 

July  4.  Paris.  A  colossal  statue  of 
Liberty,  made  by  Fr^d^ric  Augusta 
Barthold^,  to  he  given  to  the  United 
States,  is  unveiled  by  Jules  Ferry. 

Aug.  *  Louis  Pasteur  discovers  a  method 
for  mitigating  the  effect  of  hydro- 
phobia, analogous  to  vaccination.  He 
experiments  successfully  upon  dogs. 

Dec.  14.    Louis  Pasteur  inoculates   40 

persons  against  hydrophobia. 

*  *  Massacre  of  Marchicoul  is  painted  by 
Fran9ois  Flameng  Flaurenc. 

1886  Feb.  *±  Paris.  Volapiik,  an  at- 
tempt at  a  universal  commercial  lan- 
guage, is  invented  by  L'Abb^  Schlever. 

May  *  Paris.  An  international  hospi- 
tal [afterwards  termed  the  Pasteur  In- 
etitui^e]  is  opened  by  President  Carnot. 

Aug.  10.  A  violent  storm  occurs  in  the 
northeast ;  much  damage  is  done  at 
Beims,  Nancy,  and  other  places. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1883  *  *  Rarrande,  Joachim,  geologist,  A84. 

Bescherelle,  Louis  Nicolas,  grammarian,  lex- 
icographer, A81. 

Chambord,  Comte  de,  Henri  C.  F.  M.  D., 
head  of  the  chief  elder  branch  of  Bourbon 
dynasty,  A63. 

Clianzy,  Antoiue  Eugene  A.,  general,  A60. 

CI6singer,  J.  B.  Augnste,  sculptor,  A69. 

Cloqnet,  Baron  Jules  Germain,  physician, 
surgeon,  A93. 

Bor6,  Paul  Gustave,  artist,  A51. 

Dubufe,  Edouard,  portrait-painter,  A63. 

Gigault,  Emile  de  la  Bedolli6re,  author,  A7I. 

Hal6vy,  L6on,  poet,  A81. 

Hippeau,  C^lestin,  educator,  A80. 

liaboulaye,  Eldouard  Ken6  Lefebre,  jurist, 
historical  writer,  A72. 

Lagrange,  Comte,  Fr^d^ric,  horseman,  A67. 

Lenormant.  Frangois,  archeologist,  A46. 

Martin,  Bon  Louis  Henri,  historian,  A73. 

Sandeau,  Jules  L6onard  Sylvain,  novel- 
ist, A72. 

Veuillot,  Louis,  journalist,  author,  A70. 
1884*  *  Altaroche,  Marie  Michel,  humorist, 
A73. 

Bastien-Lepage,  Jules,  painter,  A36. 

Damont,  Charles  Albert  Eugene  Auguste, 
archeologist,  A42. 

Dumas,  Jean  liaptiste,  chemist,  A84. 

Dumont,  August! n  Alexandre,  sculptor,  A83. 

Fleury,  Emile  F.,  general,  statesman,  A69. 

Lacroix,  Paul,  novelist,  mis.  writer,  A77. 

Masst^,  Victor,  composer,  A62. 

Mlgnet,  Francois  Auguste  Marie,  histo- 
rian, A  87. 

Moigno,  L'Abb^,  Francois  Napoleon  Marie, 
scientist,  A  80. 

Pelletan,  Pierre  Clement  Eug6ne,  litterateur, 
A71. 

Philippoteaux,  F61ix  E.  H.,  hist,  painter,  A69. 

Quicherat,  Louis,  lexicographer,  A86. 


Regnier,  Jacques  Auguste  Adolpbe.  philolo- 
gist, A  80. 

Thenard,  Arnould  Paul  Edmond,  chemist, 
A64.  '  ' 

Ul)icini,  Jean  H.  A.,  author,  A66. 

Wimpffen,  Emmanuel  F61ix  de,  general,  A73. 

Wurtz,  Charles  Adolphe,  chemist,  A67. 

1885  May  22.     About,  Edmond,  novelist, 
dramatist,  journalist,  A56. 

Clement,  F^lix,  composer,  ASS. 

Huero,  Victor  Marie,  novelist,  poet,  A83. 

Milne-Edwards,  Henri,  naturalist,  A85. 

Monnier,  Marc,  litterateur,  A56. 

Robin,  Charles  Philippe,  anatomist,  A64. 

1886  *   *  Baudry,  Paul  Jacques  Aim6e,  paint- 
er, A  58. 

Castille,  Charles  Hippolyte,  novelist,  politi- 
cal writer,  A66. 

Falloux,  Vicomte  de,  Fr6d6ric  Alfred  Pierre, 
statesman,  writer,  A 75. 

Frere,  Pierre  Edouard,  painter,  A67. 

Guibert,  Joseph  Hippolyte,  cardinal,  arch- 
bishop of  I'aris,  A84. 

Isabey,  Eugene  Louis  G.,  painter,  A82. 


CHURCH. 

1883  June  23.  President  Gr^vy  re- 
ceives a  letter  from  the  Pope  censuring 
the  hostility  of  the  Government  toward 
religious  orders.  [Aug.  8.  Rome.  A  firm 
reply  is  returned.] 

1884  Feb.  11.     A  papal  encyclical 

urges  the  bishops  to  increased  vigilance 
against  heresy  and  infidelity. 

1886  Apr,  1.  Paris.  Archbishop  Gui- 
bert protests  by  letter  against  President 
Gr^vy  prohibiting  monks  and  nuns 
from  teaching  in  the  schools. 

*  *  Pome.  V.  F.  Bernardow,  archbishop 
of  Sens,  and  B.  M.  Lang^nieux,  arch- 
bishop of  Reims,  are  consecrated  car- 
dinal priests. 

LETTERS. 

1883  *  *  M.  Pasteur's  Vhistoire  d'un  Sa- 
vant appears. 

*  *  Third  series  of  La  Ugende  des  aikclea, 
by  Victor  Hugo,  appears. 

*  *  Les  maitres  de  la  pensie  modeme  and 
ies  oriffines  du  sociafismecontemporain, 
by  Paul  Janet,  appear.  [1885,  Victor 
Cousin.] 

*  *  My  Reminiscences,  by  Renan,  appears. 

1884  Mar.  *  An  Anti-Clerical  Educa- 
tional BiU  passes.    (See  State.) 

*  *  Trisfesses  et  sourires3i,ndL*£!nJ'ant,'by 
Droz,  appear. 

*  *  Sappho,  by  Daudet,  appears. 

*  *  Pokmes  tragiqites,  by  Leconte  de  Lisle, 
appears. 

1885  *  *  Tartarin  in  the  Alps,  hyDAndet, 
appears. 

*  *  Bel-Ami,  Contes  du  jour  et  de  la  nuit, 
and  Contes  et  nouvelles,  by  Maupassant, 
appear.  [1886,  M.  Parent,  La  petite 
Rogue,  and  Toine :  1887,  Contes  cnoisis, 
Mont  Oriol,  and  Le  fforla.] 

1886  Apr.  6.  Avant  la  Bastille,  by  M. 
Barthelemy,  advocating  the  reconquest 
of  Alsace  and  Lorraine,  appears. 

Oct.  26.    Paris.    The  Education  Bill 

permitting  lay  teachers  only  is  passed 
by  the  Chamber. 

*  *  La  Jin  de  Satan,  and  Le  tMdtre  en 
liberty,  by  Victor  Hugo,  appear.  [1887, 
Choses ;  1888-93,   Tout  la  lyre ;  1889,  Les 

Jumeaux;  1890,  En  Voyage:  Alps  et  Py- 
rHies;  1891,  Uieu.l 

*  *  La  bande  rouge,  by  Boisgobey,  appears. 

*  *  Xa  belle  Nivemaise,  by  Daudet,  ap- 
pears. [1887,  Trente  ans  de  Paris ;  1888, 
L'Jmmortelle;  lS90,Port  Tarasc&n ;  1S&2, 
Rose  et  Ninette ;  1894,  Lapetite  Paroisse.'] 

SOCIETY. 

1883  Mar.  9.  Paris.  Louise  Michel, 
the  anarchist,  and  others  incite  unem- 


ployed artisans  to  violence.  [Many  ar^ 
rests  are  made.  Mar.  30.  Michel  is 
arrested.  June  23.  Imprisoned  for  a 
term  of  six  years.] 

Sept.  29.  Paris.  The  President  receiTM 
Alfonso  XII.,  King  of  Spain;  the  mob 

hoot  him  in  the  streets. 

Oct.  29.  Paris.  An  International  Con- 
ference of  Workmen  meets. 

1884  Oct.  10.  Capt.Fournier  and  Henri 
Rochefort  because  of  an  attack  in  the 
Iniransig^anl  fight  a  duel;  both  are 
slightly  wounded. 

1885  June  1.  Victor  Hugo  is  buried 
in  the  Pantheon ;  the  fmieral  proces- 
sion is  three  miles  long,  all  Paris  being 
spectators. 

July  21.  Paris.  The  Fourth  Interna- 
tional Monetary  Conference  meets. 

Oct.  29.  Paris.  Minister  de  Freycinet 
is  shot  at  in  the  Place  de  la  Concorde. 

1886  Jan.  13.  M.Barr^me,  the  prefect 
of  Eure,  is  assassinated  in  a  railway 
carriage. 

Jan.  26.  a  reduction  of  wages  causes  a 
strike  at  the  Decazeville  iron  mines  and 
works  in  Aveyron. 

Watrin,  the  engineer  in  charge,  is 
trampled  to  death  by  the  strikers,  who 
number  3,000.  [June  10.  It  ends  by  a 
compromise.  June  20.  Four  of  the  mur- 
derers of  Watrin  are  sentenced  to  eight 
or  more  years  imprisonment.] 

*  *  The  reports  show  the  average  con- 
sumption of  wine  per  capita  to  be  26.74 
gallons  ;  distilled  spirits,  1.24  gallons. 

Aug.  *  -Oct.  *  Labor  distiu*bances  oc- 
curring in  Paris  and  in  Vierzou  are  sup- 
pressed by  the  military. 

STATE. 

1883    Feb.  1.    PaHs.     M.  Fabre*8  bill 

permitting  the  Bourbon  and  Bonaparte 
princes  to  remain  in  France,  but  with 
the  loss  of  civil  rights,  passes  the 
Chamber.     Vote,  343-163. 

Feb.  12.  Paris.  The  Senate  rejects 
the  expulsion  bill,  but  adopts  an 
amendment  of  MM.  Say  and  Wadding- 
ton  providing  for  expulsion  after  trial 
and  conviction.    Vote,  165-127. 

Feb.  15.  I^aris,  The  Deputies  adopt 
the  Barbey  BiU,  giving  the  President 
power  to  expel  the  princes  when  they 
become  dangerous  to  the  State.  [Feb. 
17.    Rejected  by  the  Senate.] 

Feb.  21.  Paris,  Jules  Ferry,  Oppor- 
tunist,or  Moderate  Kepublican,forms  a 
new  Ministry. 

Members:  Jides  Ferry  (premier  and  in- 
struction), Pierre  Marie  Paul  Aniand  Cbal- 
lemel-Lacoiir  (foreign  affairs),  M.  Waldeck- 
Rousseau  (interior),  K^lix  Martin  Feuiil6 
(justice),  (.ien.  Thibaudin  (war),  Charles 
Marie  Brun  (marine),  I'aul  Emniannel  Ti- 
rard  (finance),  David  Raynal  (public  works), 
F^lix  .Jules  Meline  (agriculture),  Louis  Co- 
chery  (posts  and  telegraphs),  Anne  Charles 
H^risson  (commerce).  [Nov.  I7i:.  Challe- 
mal-Lacour  retires;  other  changes  follow.] 

Feb.  24,  Paris.  The  Deputies  approve 
the  decree  for  the  retirement  of  the 
Orleanist  princes  from  the  army. 
Vote,  295-103.  It  aims  at  the  Due  d'Au- 
male,  the  Due  de  Chartres,  and  the  Duo 
D*Alenpon. 

Sept.  20.  Paris.  A  great  Royalist  meet- 
ing is  held. 


FRANCE. 


1883,  Feb.  1-1887,  Mar.  14.    765 


Oct.  5.  Paris.  Geu.  Thibaudin  resigns 
as  minister  of  war.  [Oct.  9.  Succeeded 
by  Gen.  Campenon.] 

Oct.  27-31.  Paris.  The  Deputies  give 
the  ministers  a  vote  of  conttdence  re- 
specting Tonskinfc»  the  French  protec- 
torate being  threatened  by  the  presence 
of  Taiping  refugees  and  Black  Flags. 
[Dec.  10,  18.    Also  again.] 

Dec.  28.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties votes  to  postpone  the  Algerian  col- 
onization scheme,  appropriating  tribal 
lands  for  French  colonists. 

*  *  The  Chambers  pass  a  bill  for  the  re- 
form of  the  judicature. 

It  proposes  to  reduce  the  excessive 
number  of  judges,  increase  the  salaries, 
and  recruit  the  bench  entirely  from  tlie 
legal  profession. 

1884  Feb.  4.  Pans.  A  committee  of 
investigation  to  inquire  into  the  condi- 
tion of  the  w^orking  class,  who  are  suf- 
fering from  the  commercial  crisis,  is  ap- 
pointed by  the  Deputies.  Vote,  254-249. 
Mar.  27.  Paris.  The  Chambers  vote  to 
support  French  honor  in  Madagascar. 
Vote,  450-32. 
Mar.  *  Paris.  The  Chambers  pass  a  bill 
establishing  boards  of  arbitration  to 
settle  future  disputes  between  mine- 
owners  and  workmen. 
Mar.  *  The  Deputies  pass  a  bill  debarring 
the  clergy  and  members  of  religious  or- 
ders from  the  direction  of  primary 
t  schools  as  teachers,  inspectors,  mem- 
bers of  the  educational  councils,  or  of 
the  officially  appointed  scliool  boards. 
June  *  Prince  Victor  is  acknowledged 
■  the  leader  of  the  Bonapartist  party.  His 
i  father  publishes  a  painful  correspon- 
I  dence. 
July  31.  Paris.  The  Deputies  accept  a 
modified  Senate  bill  for  the  revision  of 
the  Constitution. 
Aug.  4+.  Paris.  Tlie  Senate  and  Depu- 
ties meet  as  a  Congress.  [Aug.  13.  The 
Congress  accepts  the  revision  of  the 
Constitution.    Vote,  509-172.] 

The  Congress  provides  for  the  gradual 
abolition  of  Senator  for  life  as  vacancies 
occur.  New  Senators  are  to  be  elected 
for  nine  years  by  the  departments. 

Aug.  *  The  Senate  passes  a  bill  to  pro- 
vide for  the  transportation  to  Cayenne 
of  recidivists,  or  persons  convicted  of 
repeated  offenses  of  a  certain  class. 

Oct.  4.  Paris.  A  decree  is  issued  creat- 
ing a  staff  of  French  civilians  for  Tunis, 
thus  establishing  the  protectorate  over 
that  country. 

Nov.  4.  Paris.  A  bill  is  introduced  in 
the  Senate  for  revising  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Senate.  [Dec.  15.  Passed 
by  both  Chambers.] 

It  merges  the  75  life-senatorships  as 
they  fall  vacant  with  the  225  department- 
al senatorships.  The  scale  of  senatorial 
«lectors  is  to  be :  one  elector  to  com- 
munes with  10  municipal  councillors,  2 
for  12  councillors,  3  for  15,  6  for  21,  9  for 
23,  12  for  27,  15  for  30.  18  for  32,  21  for  34, 
24  for  36,  and  30  for  Paris. 

Nov.  28.  Pans.  The  Deputies  vote  a 
credit  for  the  war  in  Tongking.  Vote, 
282-187.  [Dec.  11.  Passed  by  the  Sen- 
ate.] 


1885  Jan.  4.  Paris.  Gen.  Campenon 
resigns  as  war  minister,  and  is  suc- 
ceeded by  Gen.  Lewal. 

Mar.  24.  Paris.  The  Deputies  pass  a 
bill  for  the  election  of  all  the  deputies 
of  each  department  on  a  single  ticket 
(the  ^'■scrutin  de  liste").  Vote,  402-91. 
[It  is  amended  and  passed  by  the  Sen- 
ate. June  8.  Passed  again  by  the  Dep- 
uties.] 

Mar.  28.  Paris.  The  Senate  votes  a 
duty  on  foreign  grain  and  meal. 

MsLT.  30.  Paris.  The  Perry  Ministry, 
defeated  in  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  on 
a  vote  of  credit  for  the  Chinese  war,  re- 
signs. Vote,  308-161.  [Mar.  31.  A  credit 
of  50,000,000  francs  is  voted.  Apr,  7. 
Also  150,000,000  more.] 

Apr.  5.    Paris.    A  new  Ministry  is 

formed  by  Henri  Brisson. 

Members:  Henri  Brisson  (president  and 
justice^,  M.  de  Freycinet  (foreign),  Allain- 
Targ6  (interior),  M.  Goblet  (instruction  and 
worship).  Gen.  Campenon  (war),  Adni.  Gali- 
ber  (marine),  M.  Clamageran  (finance),  Sadi- 
Carnot  (public  works),  Pierre  Legrand  (com- 
merce), Herv^-jVlangon  (agriculture), M.  Sar- 
rien  (posts  and  telegraplis). 

Apr.  *  Paris.  The  Government  is  in- 
censed by  the  suppression  by  the  British 
on  Feb.  29,  1884  of  the  Cairo  newspaper 
Posphore  ^gi/ptien.  [A  dispute  with 
Great  Britain  follows,  but  ends  ami- 
cably.] 

May  12.  Paris.  Bills  for  the  depor- 
tation of  relapsed  criminals  and  mis- 
demeanants and  for  abolishing  public 
executions  are  passed  by  the  Senate. 

May  24.  Paris.  Anarchists  make  a 
demonstration  at  Pcre  La  Cliaise,  which 
is  suppressed  by  the  police. 

June  9.  Peace  between  France  and 
China  is  declared. 

July  17.  Paris.  The  Deputies  pass  a 
bill  imposing  a  duty  of  50  per  cent,  on 
imports  from  Koumania. 

Oct.  4.    The   parliamentary  elections 

are  held,  returning  200  Conservatives, 
230  Moderates  or  Opportunists,  150  Radi- 
cals. [Oct.  6.  The  ministers,  Herv^- 
Mangon  and  Legrand,  not  being  elected, 
resign. 

M.  Gomot  becomes  minister  of  com- 
merce.] 

Dec.  28.  F.  P.  Jules  Gr^vy  is  elected 
President  of  the  Republic  of  France  for 
seven  years.  Vote,  Qr^vy,  457 ;  M.  Bris- 
son, 68. 

Dec.  29.  Paris.  Tlie  Brisson  Ministry 
resigns. 

Dec.  *  Peace  between  France  and  Mada- 
gascar is  declared. 

1886  Jan.  7.  A  new  Ministry  is 
formed. 

Members:  Charles  Louis  de  Saulces  de 
Freycinet  ( president  and  foreign  aflfairs) , 
Charles  Etienne  Demdle  (justice),  Jean  L. 
F.  Sarrien  (interior),  Ken^  Goblet  (instruc- 
tion), Marie  Fran<;oi8  Radl-Carnot  (finance). 
Gen.  Boulanger  (war),  Adni.  Aul>e  (marine 
and  colonies),  M.  Baihaut  (public  works), 
M.  Develle  (agriculture),  Kdouard  E.  A.  S. 
Lockroy  (commerce),  Etienne  A.  F.  Granet 
(posts  and  telegraphs). 

Jan.  14.    Paris.    Amnesty  is  granted  to 

political  prisoners. 

Feb.  8.  Paris.  The  Senate  passes  a 
new  school  law  forbidding  the  employ- 


ment of  members  of  religious  orders  as 
teachers  in  the  State  schools.  It  will 
deprive  J^0,000  monks  and  nuns  of  em- 
ployment. [Oct.  28.  Passed  by  the  Dep- 
uties.] 

Feb.  16±.  Paris.  The  Republican 
majority  is  increased  by  new  elections. 
Republican  Deputies,  400  ;  the  Right, 184. 

June  11.  Paris.  The  Deputies  pass  a 
bill  providing  for  the  immediate  expul- 
sion from  France  of  the  heads  of  fami- 
lies and  the  heirs  of  former  dynasties. 
[Jime  22.  Passed  by  the  Senate.  Vote, 
137-122.] 

June  23.  The  Bonapartists  leave 
France.  [June  24.  The  Comte  de 
Paris  and  family  leave.  July  23.  The 
Due  d'Aumale  is  exiled.] 

Dec.  3.  Paris.  The  Deputies  having 
passed  an  amendment  to  the  budget, 
abolishing  sub-prefects,  the  sninisters 
resign. 

Dec.  12,  Paris.  A  new  Ministry  is 
formed. 

Members:  Ren6  Goblet  (president  of  coun- 
cil and  interior),  Leopold  Emile  Flonrens(for- 
eign),  H.  Albert  Dauphin  (finance),  M.  Ber- 
theIot(instruction),M.  Sarrien  (justice),  Gen. 
Boulanger  (war),  Adm.  Aube  (marine),  M. 
Granet  (posts  and  telegraphs),  Edouard 
Lockroy  (commerce),  Edouard  B.  P.  Millaud 
(public  works),  Jean  Paul  Denelle  (agri- 
culture). 

1887  Mar.  14.  Paris.  The  Deputies 
adopt  a  bill  for  increasing  the  duty  on 
imported  com.  Vote,  318-248.  [Mar. 
25.  It  is  adopted  by  the  Senate.  Later, 
the  duty  on  imported  meat  is  raised.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1883  Jime  20.  A  museum  of  Revolu- 
tionary relics  is  established  at  Mar- 
seilles. 

4 

*  *  „84  *  *  The  phylloxera  is  checked  in 
West  France,  and  vintages  prosper. 

1884  June  14.  The  cholera  appears 
at  Toulon.  [June  28.  Deaths  to  date, 
45.  June  27.  It  appears  at  Marseilles. 
Sept.  15.  Total  deaths  at  Marseilles, 
1,G71.  July  6.  A  cholera  panic  occurs 
at  Toulon.  Sept.  15.  Total  deaths  by 
cholera  are  5,000.  Oct.  26.  Registered 
deaths  at  Toulon,  880  since  June  18.] 

*  *  Paris.    A  crematory  is  established. 

1885  Apr.  *  -May  *  Paris.  The  Inter- 
national Commission  sits ;  English  and 
French  schemes  regarding  the  Suez 
Canal  are  discussed.  [May  *  A  treaty 
is  prepared.  1886.  June  13.  The  Com- 
mission adjourns.] 

Aug.  1.  Cholera  rages  at  Marseilles ; 
1,250  deaths  are  reported.  [Aug.  20.  A 
slight  outbreak  appears  at  Toulon  ;  six 
deaths  occur;  it  soon  diminislies.] 

Dec.  *  Great  commercial  depression 
occurs ;  it  is  attributed  to  Government 
prodigality. 

1886*  *  Paris.  An  International 
Trade-Union  Congress  is  held.  Inter- 
national legislation  for  the  protection  of 
laborers  is  discussed. 

Feb.*  Paris.  Telephonic  communica- 
tion is  established  with  Brussels  by 
means  of  Dr.  Cornelius  Herz's  micro- 
telephone. 


756     1887,  Apr.  16-1889,  Mar.  15.  FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1887  Aug.  31.  The  17th  Army  Corps 
is  mobiUzed  near  Toulouse.  * 

1888  Mar.  15.  Gen.  Boulanger  is 
deprived  of  his  commaud  for  insubor- 
dination in  visiting  Paris  against  orders. 

[Mar.  *  He  is  tried  by  a  court  of  five 
generals.  Mar.  26.  He  is  sentenced  to 
retirement.  Mar.  27.  The  sentence  is 
confirmed.] 

*  *  The  navy  numbers  256  vessels. 

1889  Jan.  14i.  The  construction  of 
two  iron-clad  cruisers  and  15  torpedo- 
boats  is  authorized. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1887  Apr.  16-26.  Paris.  An  Astro- 
nomical Congress  is  held ;  it  makes  ar- 
rangements for  photographing  charts  of 
the  heavens  at  different  observatories. 

May  27.  The  planet  Tirsa  is  discovered 
by  Charlois.  [1888,  Feb.  4,  Antonia; 
May  3,  Elvira;  1889,  Jan.  4,  Clarnula; 
Jan.  29,  Emma;  Feb.  8,  Amelia;  May 
29,  Regina.] 

June  27.  Paris.  A  British  commission 
for  inquiry,  consisting  of  Sir  .James 
Paget,  Dr.  Burdon  Sanderson,  and  oth- 
ers, arrives  to  investigate  Louis  Pas- 
teur's method  of  treating  hydro- 
phobia.   [Its  report  is  highly  favorable.] 

Aug.  13.  Paris.  MM.  Jovia  and  Mallet 
report  that  they  reached  the  altitude  of 
7,000  meters  in  a  balloon  ascent. 

Oct.  12.  Paris.  The  Astronomical 
Society  of  France  is  inaugurated. 

*  *  Nice  is  severely  damaged  by  an  earth- 
quake. 

1888  July  13.  Paris.  A  monument 
to  Gambetta  is  unveiled  by  President 
Carnot. 

A  central  laboratory  of  electricity 
is  inaugurated  at  Grenelle  by  the  Inter- 
national Society  of  Electricians. 

Oct.  14.  Paris.  A  statue  of  Shake- 
speare is  unveiled  in  the  Boulevard 
Haussmann. 

*  *  Oth^nin  Paul  de  CMron  (Comte  d'Haus- 
sonville).  Jeanne  Pierre  Jurien  de  la 
Gravi^re,  Jules  Arnaud  Arsfene  Claretie 
Henri  Meiliac,  and  Eugene  ^Marie  Mel- 
chior  (Vicomte  de  Vogu^),  are  elected 
members  of  the. \cadeniy.  [1890,  Charles 
Louis  de  Saulces  de  Freycinet ;  1891, 
Louis  Marie  Julien  Viand  (Pierre  Loti): 
1892,  Ernest  Lavisse  ;  1893,  Mar.  23,  Paul 
Challemel  I^acour;  later,  Vicomte  Henri 
de  Barnier,  Paul  Louis  Thureau-Dangin, 
and  Marie  Ferdinand  Brunetifere ;  1894, 
Feb.  22,  M.  de  Heredia;  May  31,  Paul 
Bourget  and  Albert  Sorel. 

1889  Jan.  3.  Floods  in  the  southern 
departments  of  France  cause  enormous 
damage. 

Jan.  7.  A  violent  storm  does  muchdam- 
age  in  Pyr^n^es  Orlentales. 

Feb.  5.  Paris.  Two  professors  of  the 
Pasteur  Institute  succeed  in  identifying 
the  generative  microbe  of  diphtheria. 
[Mayl.  The  Institute  hasinoculated  1,673 
patients  for  hydrophobia  in  one  year.] 

Feb.  24.  The  villages  of  Nivollet  and 
St.  Michel  in  Savoy  are  destroyed,  and 
four  persons  are  killed  by  avalanches. 

BIRTHS  -  DEATHS. 

1887*  *   Bousaingault,  Jean  B.  J.  D.,  chem- 
Istf  A83. 
Fang^re,  Armand  Prosper,  author,  A77. 


F6val,  Paul  Henri  Corentin,  novelist,  A70. 

Michel,  Fran4;i8que  Xavier,  arched.,  A78. 

Oudlne,  Eugene  Andr^,  sculptor,  A77. 
1668    Sept.  23.    Bazaine,    Francois 
Achille,  marshal,  A77. 

Baron,  F^lix  I'latel,  writer,  A55. 

Carnot,  Lazare  Ilippolyte,  politic,  wr.,  A87. 

Colanl,  Tiinothtie,  Protestant  cl.,  critic,  A64. 

Etex,  Antoine,  sculptor,  A80. 

Pr6re,  Charles  Theodore,  painter,  A73. 

Labiche,  Eugene  Marin,  dramatic  au.,  A73. 

Leboeuf,  Edmund,  general,  marshal,  A79. 

Maquet,  Auguste,  novelist,  A75. 

Monselet,  Charles,  novelist,  A63. 

Nisard,  Jean  Marie  Napoleon  D^sir6,  critic, 
litterateur,  A82. 
1889    Jan.  39.    Marianf,  M.,  diplo.,  dies. 

Jan.  23.     Cabanel,  Alex.,  painter,  Abti. 

Mar.  14.    Jaures,  admiral,  minister  of  ma- 
rine, A66. 

CHURCH. 

1887  *  *  Paris,  A  mission  to  the 
Jews  is  founded  by  two  English  ladies. 

1888  Feb.  14.  The  French  Society 
for  the  Evangelization  of  Israel  is 
founded. 

LETTERS. 

1887  *  *  Studies  respecting  Napoleon  /., 
by  Taine,  appears. 

*  *  La  Tosca,  by  Sardou,  appears.  [1889, 
La  Marquise,  and  Jielle-Maman;  1890, 
CUopdtre;  1891,  Thennidor.] 

*  *  History  of  Philosophy,  by  Paul  Janet 
and  G.  SeaiUes,  appears. 

*  *  La  Terre,  by  Zola,  appears.  [1888,  The 
Dream;  1890,  La  JiHe  Humaine ;  1891, 
L' Argent;  1892,  La  DebOcle;  1893,  Lt 
Docteur  Pascal ;  1894,  Lourdes.] 

*  *  Xoir  et  Rose,  by  Ohnet,  appears.  [1888, 
Volonte  and  hocteitr  Rameau;  1890,  Le 
dernier  ammir  and  L'dme  de  Pierre ; 
1891,  J)ette  de  haine  ;  189*2,  Nemrodet  Cie. ; 
1893,  Le  Lendemain  des  amours.] 

*  *  La  BHej  by  Cherbuliez,  appears.  [1888, 
La  vocation,  du  Comte  Chislain;  1890, 
line  gageure."] 

*  * -94  *  *  History  of  the  People  of  Israel , 
by  Kenan,  appears. 

1888  May  8.  Boulanger^s  (alleged) 
German  invasion  No.  1  appears ;  it  has 
a  great  circulation  at  first  [but  soon  falls 
off]. 

*  *  Pierre  et  Jean,  Sur  Veau,  and  Le 
rosier  de  Mme.  Husson,  by  Maupassant, 
appear.  [1889,  Fort  comme  la  mort  and 
La  main  gauche;  1890,  Histoire  d'une 
Jille  de  ferme.  La  vie  errante,  L''Inutile 
beauti,  and  Notre  cmur.] 

1889  Feb.  *  Paris.  An  enterprising 
newspaper,  on  the  day  of  the  Boulanger 
election,  engages  250  special  re- 
porters, each  of  •whom  it  provides  with 
a  cab,  and  30  bicyclists,  to  bring  in  the 
results  In  each  section  with  the  greatest 
possible  speed. 

SOCIETY. 

1887  July  31±.  Pranzini,  a  profligate, 
is  convicted  of  the  murder  of  Marie 
Kegnault  and  two  other  women.  [.Aug. 
31.    Executed.] 

Nov.  14.  Gen.  Count  D'Andlau  and 
Mme.  Rattazzi  are  fined  and  imprisoned 
for  selling  decorations,  pvi.  Wilson, 
the  son-in-law  of  President  Gr6vy,i8  Im- 
plicated.] 

1888  Mar.  1.  M.  "Wilson  is  fined  3,000 
francs,  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for 
two  years,  and  the  loss  of  civil  rights  for 
five  years,  for  trafficking  in  decorations. 
[Mar.  26.  The  Court  of  Appeal  quashes 
the  sentence.] 

Apr.  29.  Paris.  M.  Habert  kills  M. 
F^lix  Bupuis,  an  artist,  in  resentment 
for  satirical  verses. 


May  27.  Paris.  Anarchists  and  Com- 
munists figfht  at  an  annual  celebration 
of  the  Communist  insurrection  of  Pfere 
La  Chaise.  [They  are  stopped  by  the 
police.] 

July  13.  Gen.  Boulanger  and  M.Floquet 
fight  in  a  duel ;  the  former  is  seriously 
and  the  latter  slightly  wounded. 

July  25-Aug.  20.  Paris.  Laborers  in 
the  building-trade,  numbering  10,000,  un- 
successfully strike. 

Aug.  *  Unsuccessful  strikes  occur  at 
Amiens,  Besst^ges,  and  Calais. 

1889     Jan.  14.      Paris.     Henri  Koche- 

fort,  editor  of  L'lntransigiajit,  and  M. 

Lissagaray,  editor  of  La  Bataille,  fight 

in  a  duel. 
Jan.  15.    Paris.    M.  Euhrussl  gains  the 

§120,000  Panama  Canal  lottery  prize. 

Jan.  19.  The  Freemasons  issue  a  pro- 
nunciamento  against  Gen.  Boulangur. 

Jan.  23.  Paris.  The  National  exposes 
Gen.  Boulanger's  private  life. 

Jan.  24.  Paris.  Deputy  Comudett  fights 
in  a  duel  with  editor  Chabrouillaud. 

Jan.  25.  Paris.  The  "Woman's  Con- 
gress opens  with  an  oration  by  M.  d© 
Raismes. 

Feb.  14.  Strikes  increase  in  northern 
France. 

Feb.  24±.  The  Socialists  in  many  parts 
of  France  are  dispersed  by  the  police. 
They  are  not  allowed  to  hold  meetings. 

Feb.  28.  Paul  de  Boulfede,  president  of 
the  Patriotic  League,  and  others  are 
arrested  for  signing  the  Atchlnoff  mani- 
festo, disapproving  of  the  Government. 

Mar.  4.  Paris.  The  police  seize  5,000 
letters  in  the  offices  of  the  Patriotic 
liCag^ue.  [Mar.  17.  They  earch  the 
residences  of  members.] 

STATE. 

1887  May  17.  Paris.  The  Ministry  i» 
defeated  on  the  Budget  Bill.  Vote,  275- 
257.    It  resigns. 

May  30.  Paris.  Maurice  Rouvier  forms 
a  Moderate  Ministry. 

Meml)era:  M.  Rouvier  (finance,  posts,  and 
telegraplis),  Leopold  £.  Floureiis  (foreign 
affairs),  M.  Bousquet  (justice),  SI.  Falliere* 
(interior  and  worship),  M.  Spuller  (instruc- 
tion), M.  Barbey  (marine  and  colonies),  Gen. 
Ferron  (war),  M.  de  Heredta  (public  works), 
M.  Barbe  (agriculture). 

Oct.  13.  Paris.  A  scandal  is  brought 
to  light  in  the  war-office. 

Gen.  Caffarel  is  convicted  by  a  mili- 
tary court  of  dishonorable  conduct  in 
selling  decorations.  [Nov.  7.  His  trial 
ends  in  acquittal.] 

Oct.  14.  Gen.  Boulanger  is  under  ar- 
rest [for  30  days]  because  of  offensive 
remarks  relating  to  the  traffic  in  dec- 
orations. 

Oct.  24.  Paris.  Conventions  respect- 
ing the  Suez  Canal  and  the  New  Hebrides 
are  signed. 

Dec.  1.  Paris.  President  Gr^vy  refus- 
ing to  resign  when  opposed  by  a  com- 
bination of  parties,  caused  by  the  action 
of  Daniel  Wilson,  son-in-law  of  Presi- 
dent Gr^vy,  the  Chamber  of  Deputies 
immediately  adjourn.    Vote,  531-3. 

President  Grfivy  resigns  the  presi- 
dency. 
Dec.  3.    Paris.    The  Deputies  and  Senar 
tors  meet  as  a  Congress  at  Versailles,  and 


1 


FRANCE.         1887,Apr.  16-1889,  Mar.  15.    757 


elect  Marie  Fran9ois  Sadi-Camot, 
Presi<lent  of  the  Republic  of  France. 
Vote,  Carnot,  a  Moderate  Independent, 
616 ;  Gen.  Saussier,  183. 

Dec.  10.  Paris.  An  unsuccessful  at- 
tempt is  made  to  kill  Jules  Ferry. 

Dec.  12.  Paris.  Pierre  Emmanuel Ti- 
rard,  as  premier,  forms  a  new  Ministry. 
Membors:  M.  Tirard  (finance),  M.  Flou- 
rena  (foreign  affairs),  M.  Fallieres  (justice), 
M.  .Sarrien  (interior),  Etienne  Leopold  Faye 
(education  and  worship),  Krant^ois  C.  de 
Mahy  [later,  Adni.  Krantzj  (marine  and  col- 
onies), Emile  Loubet  (public  works),  Lneien 
Dantresnie  (coniinerce),  M.  Viette  (agricul- 
ture), Gen.  Logerot  (war). 

Dec.  18.  Paris,  Tlie  parliamentary 
session  of  the  Chambers  closes.  [1888. 
Jan.  10.     It  opens.] 

1888  Mar.  15,  Gen.  Boulanger  is  ar- 
rested.   (See  Army.) 

Mar.  30.  Paris.  The  Tirard  Minis- 
try resigns,  being  defeated  by  the  Depu- 
ties when  opposing  urgency  for  a  revision 
of  the  Constitution.    Vote,  268-234. 

Apr.  3,  Paris,  Charles  Floquet,  as 
premier,  forma  a  new  Ministry. 

Meml>er3:  Cbarles  Floquet  (president  and 
Interior),  M.  de  Freycinet  (war),  M.  Goblet 
(foreign  affairs),  Adm.  Krantz  (marine  and 
colonies),  M,  Peylral  (tlnance,  posts,  and 
telegraphs),  M.  Edouanl  Lockroy  (Instruc- 
tion, fine  arts,  and  worship),  M.  DeUina 
Montaud  (public  works),  M.  Ferrouillat 
(Justice),  M.  Pierre  Legrand  (commerce  and 
industry),  M.  Viette  (agriculture). 

Apr.  8.  Gen.  Boulanger,  an  advocate 
of  the  revision  of  the  Constitution,  is 
elected  a  deputy  for  the  Dordogne. 
Vote,  59,500-35,750.  [Apr.  15.  For  the 
Nord.    Vote,  172,528-75,901.] 

Apr.  19.  Paris.  The  Deputies  give  the 
Ministry  a  vote  of  confidence.  Vote, 
379-177. 

The  Ministry  Is  defeated  on  the  ques- 
tion of  revising  the  Constitution.  Vote, 
340-215. 

Apr..  28.  Paris.  The  Chambers  agree 
to  ttie  Panama  Canal  Xioan  BUI. 

May  8.  The  circular  attributed  to  Gen. 
Boulanger,  entitled  German  Invasion 
No.  1,  is  in  immense  demand. 

July  12,  Paris.  Gen.  Boulanger 
creates  an  excitement  in  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies. 

He  demands  dissolution  ;  and  during 
the  debate  which  follows  he  accuses 
Premier  Floquet  of  falsehood,  resigns 
his  seat,  and  leaves  the  Chamber.  [A 
duel  follows.]    (See  Society.) 

July  17.  Paris.  The  Chambers  vote 
67,000,000  francs  for  the  military  de- 
fense of  Toulon,  Cherbourg,  and  Brest, 
and  pass  the  army  bill  reducing  the 
term  of  military  service,  but  making 
the  obligation  to  serve  universal. 

Aug.  19.  Gen.  Boulanger  is  returned 
to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  by  three 
departments,  the  Nord,  Somme,  and 
Charente. 

Aug.  *  France  has  a  diplomatic  dispute 
with  Italy  respecting  Massowah,  Abys- 
sinia. 

Sept.  *  France  takes  possession  of  the 
Marquesas  Islands,  previously  a 
French  protectorate, 

*  •  The  League  of  the  Bose  is  formed, 
to  promote  the  reestablishment  of  the 
monarchy. 


Oct.  15.  Paris.  Premier  Floquet  intro- 
duces a  bill  for  the  revision  of  the 
Constitution,  for  v^hich  urgency  is 
voted. 

Oct.  *  Tlie  public  demonstrations  in  favor 
of  Gen.  Boulanger  multiply.  [Oct.  30. 
The  police  seize  Boulangist  pictures.] 

Dec.  *  The  Government  receives  1,218,000 
francs  by  tlie  termination  of  a  tontine 
begun  in  1791  to  diminish  the  national 
debt. 

1889  Jan.  14.  Paris.  The  Senate 
passes  the  bankruptcy  bill  as  desired 
by  the  Panama  Canal  Company,  to 
enable  it  to  judicially  liquidate  its  obli- 
gations. 

Jan.  18.  Paris.  The  Senate  approves 
the  scheme  for  the  utilization  of  the 
sewage  of  the  city.  [Mar.  25.  It  is 
passed  by  the  Deputies.] 

Jan,  27.  Paris.  Gen.  Boulanger  is 
elected  deputy  in  the  department  of 
the  Seine  over  M.  Jacques,  an  advanced 
Republican.    Vote,  245,230-162,000. 

Feb.  2,  Paris.  Premier  Floquet  discov- 
ers that  the  Patriotic  League  has  ar- 
senals well  sujiplied,  and  is  ready  to 
equip  with  arms  100,000  men. 

Feb.  4.  Paris.  M.  Ferrouillat,  minis- 
ter of  justice,  resigns.  [Feb.  5.  He  is 
succeeded  by  M.  Gulot-Dessagen.] 

Feb.  11.  Paris,  The  Deputies  adopt  a 
bill  for  replacing  the  scrutin  de  liste 
by  the  scrutin  d^arrondissement.  Vote, 
268-222.  [Feb.  13.  The  Senate  approves. 
Vote,  228-54.] 

Feb.  14.  Paris.  The  Deputies  reject 
the  scheme  of  the  ministers  for  a  revis- 
ion of  the  Constitution.  Vote,  307-218. 
The  Ministry  resigns 

Feb.  16.  Paris.  The  Senate  passes  a 
bill  providing  that  press  offenses  be 
punished  by  correctional  police  tribu- 
nals.   [Keject'ed  by  the  Chamber.] 

Feb.  19.  The  Government  expresses  its 
determination  to  take  possession  of  the 
liceward  Islands  of  the  Society  group, 
although  stoutly  opposed  by  the  natives. 

Feb.  21.  Paris.  M. Tirard  forms  anew 
Ministry  of  mixed  parties. 

]Vreml>era;  M.  Tirard,  Premier  (commerre 
and  agriculture),  M.  Coustans  (interior),  M. 
.SpiiUer  (foreign  affairs),  M.  de  Freycinet 
(war),  M.  M.  Kouvier  (finance).  M.  Tl»6venot 
(justice),  Adm.  Jaur6s  [later  Adui.  Krantz] 
(marine),  M.  Fallieres  (education),  Yves 
Guyot  (public  works),  M.  Kaye  (agriculture), 
M.  De  Courcel  (foreign  affairs). 

Feb.  25.  Paris.  A  bill  providing  for 
the  freedom  and  secrecy  of  the  baUot 
is  passed  in  the  Chamber. 

Feb.  27.  Paris.  The  Assembly  Room 
of  the  League  of  Patriots  is  searched, 
and  proceedings  are  begun  against  MM. 
Dermlede  and  Richard,  signers  of  the 
call  for  subscriptions. 

Feb.  28.  Paris.  The  League  of  Pa- 
triots, numbering  240,000  members,  is 
suppressed  because  of  its  devotion  to 
Gen.  Boulanger  and  its  seditious  spirit. 
[Mar.  2.     Deputies  approve.] 

Mar.  7.  Paris.  The  decree  for  the  ex- 
pulsion of  the  Due  d'Aumale  is  re- 
voked by  the  Ministry. 

Mar.  8,  Paris.  The  Court  of  Appeals 
declares  that  the  Panama  Canal  Com- 
pany is  a  civil  asuociatioit,  and  not  a 
commercial  society  as  decided  by  the 
Tribunal  of  Commerce. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1887  May  12-23.  Paris.  The  crown 
jewels  aresold  for  nearly  7,000,000  francs. 

May  25,  26.  Paris.  The  Op6ra  Co- 
mique  is  destroyed  by  fire  ;  131  persons 
perish. 

Oct.  24.  Pans.  A  convention  is  signed 
for  England  and  France,  neutralizing 
the  Suez  Canal,  and  placing  it  under  a 
joint  commisiiiiun. 

1888  Jan.  9.  Eng.  The  remains  of 
Napoleon  HI.  and  son  are  removed 
from  Chiselhurst  to  the  mausoleum  at 
Farn  borough. 

Mar.  1.  The  Panama  Canal  share- 
holders resolve  to  issue  bonds  for  340,- 
000,000  francs  to  complete  the  canal. 

June*  Much  indignation  is  caused  by 
the  German  Government's  adoption  of 
vexatious  passport  regulations  for  the 
purpose  of  making  the  entrance  into 
Alsace-Lorraine  very  difficult  to  French- 
men. 

Aug.  6.  Paris.  Communication  by  tele- 
phone with  Marseilles  is  opened. 

Sept,  13.  The  La  France  and  the  Svd 
-■im^r/ra  (Italian)  collide  otf  tlie  Canary 
Islands  ;  87  lives  are  lost. 

Nov.  3.    A  mine  explosion  occurs  at 

Averyron ;  40  lives  lost. 

Wov.  10.  Turk:  The  first  through  ex- 
press-train from  Paris  arrives  at  Con- 
stantinople. 

1889  Jan.  7.  A  meeting  of  the  bond- 
holders of  the  Panama  Canal  otfers  M. 
de  Lesseps  the  chairmanship  of  the  new 
canal  company. 

Jan.  14.  Paris.  An  agreement  is  signed 
with  the  Banque  Parisienne  for  a  fresh 
issue  of  60.000.000  shares  for  sustaining 
work  on  Panama  Canal. 

Jan.  17.    Paris.    A  Bussian  loan  of 

$100,000,000  is  announced. 

The  Banque  Parisienne  assumes  the 
entire  cost  of  the  issue  of  the  bonds  and 
construction  of  tlie  new  Panama  Canal 
Company. 

Jan,  22.  Paris.  M.  de  Lesseps  issues 
circulars  inviting  subscriptions  for  sixty 
thousand  500-franc  Panama  Canal 
shares. 

Feb.  4+.  The  dissolution  of  the  old 
Panama  Canal  Company  is  decreed, 
and  M.  Brunet  is  appointed  the  o^cial 
liquidator. 

Feb,  6.  Paris.  F.  de  Lesseps  announces 
tliatthe  Panama  Canal  enterprise  must 
be  abandoned  if  the  sixty  thousand  500- 
franc  bonds  isaue<l  through  the  Banque 
Parisienne  are  not  taken. 
Panama  Canal  shares  close  at  60. 

Feb.  11.  Pans.  Leading  financial 
houses  are  trying  to  form  a  combina- 
tion to  complete  the  Panama  Canal. 

Feb,  18.  Paris.  The  Tribunal  of  Com- 
merce decides  the  Panama  Canal  Com- 
pany to  be  a  commercial  company.  [Re- 
versed.] 

Feb.  *  Paris.  A  fall  occurs  in  the  shares 
of  the  Comptoir  d'Escompte  through 
speculations  in  copper. 

Mar.  8.  Paris.  A  financial  panic  occurs. 
The  Bank  of  France  advances  100,000,000 
francs  to  the  Comptoir  d*£]scompte  to 
meet  the  withdrawal  of  deposits. 

Mar.  15.  Six  men  are  injured  and  14 
killed  by  a  fire-damp  explosion  in  a 
mine  in  JSimes. 


758    1889,  Mar.  15-1890,  Feb.* 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1889  Mar,  23.  A  torpedo-boat  foun- 
ders off  Cherbourg ;  the  captain  and  14 
of  the  crew  are  drowned. 

Aug.  20.  Fifty-nine  army  officers  are 
adjudged  guilty  of  participation  in  po- 
litical offenses,  and  suffer  punishment. 

Oct.  19.  Paris.  The  Cabinet  expels 
Xiaisant,  a  Boulan^st,  from  the  army. 

Dec.  *  The  Government  orders  three  new 
ironclads,  to  cost  $2,400,000  each  ;  two 
will  be  cruisers,  each  carrying  eight 
guns. 

1890  Feb.  *  -Oct.  5.  W.  Afr.  War 
with  the  King  of  Dahomey.  (See  North 
Guinea.) 

It  is  caused  \jfi  large  measure  by  the 
arrogance  of  the  new  kin^,  a  young  man 
who  takes  slaves  from  adjoining  French 
territory. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  Mar.  15.  Paris.  Belle  Maman, 
by  Sardou  and  Bes  Landes,  is  produced 
at  the  Gymnase. 

Mar.  28.  Paris.  The  Chamber  grants 
credit  of  20,000.000  francs  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  memorial  of  the  Revolution. 

Apr.  17.  Paris.  The  French  version  of 
Phillips's  As  in  a  Looking  Glass,  under 
title  of  Lena,  is  produced  by  Sarah 
Bernhardt,  at  the  Variety  Theater. 

May  30.  Paris.  An  earthquake  shock 
is  felt  on  left  bank  of  the  Seine.  [June 
7-    Another  at  Brest.] 

June  *  Severe  storms  have  been  raging, 
doing  immense  damage ;  in  many  places 
the  country  is  almost  devastated. 

July  1.  Paris.  At  a  sale  of  M.  E.  Secre- 
tan's  famous  collection  of  paintings, 
Jean  Fran9ois'  Millet's  The  Angelus  is 
purchased  for  $111,000  by  Proust. 

Aug.*  Paris.  A  colossal  statue  of 
Coligny  is  unveiled. 

Sept.  21.  Madame  Pommery  of  Keims 
purchases  Millet's  Les  Glarieuses,  and 
presents  it  to  the  French  nation  for 
preservation  in  the  Louvre. 

Oct.  12.  A  monument  commemorat- 
ing Gambetta's  escape  from  Paris  in 
a  balloon  during  the  siege  in  1870-71  is 
unveiled  at  Epiuouse. 

Oct.  16.    Paris.    A  new  statue  of  The 

Republic  is  placed  on  the  Place  de  Na- 
tion. 

1890  Jan.  *  Paris.  The  Pasteur  Insti- 
tute has  treated  850  patients  for  hydro- 
phobia without  a  single  death, 

Feb.  *  Sarah  Bernhardt  is  announced 
to  appear  in  anew  Passion  Play  as  the 
Virgin  Mary.  [In  response  to  public 
sentiment  the  authorities  prohibit  the 
production.]  » 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1889  Mar.  16.  Sch^rer,  Edmond  Henri 
A.,  Protestant  clergyman,  critic,  statesman, 
A74. 

Ulbach,  Louis,  journalist,  A67. 

Apr.  2.  Jobbe-Duval,  Armand  M.  F61ix, 
painter,  A68. 

Apr.  lO.  Chevreul,  Michel  Eugene,  chem- 
ist, A 103. 

Sept.  38.  Faidherbe,  Louis  L^on  C^sar, 
general,  writer,  A71. 

Sept.  *  Coulanges  Numa,  Denis  Fustel  de, 
historian,  A59. 

Oct.  6.    Melingue,  Gaston,  painter,  dies. 

Oct.  7.    Dupr6,  Jules,  painter,  dies. 

Oct.  31.     Ricord,  Philippe,  pliysieian,  A89. 


Oct.  25.    Augier,  Guillaume  V.  E.,  drama- 
tist, author,  A69. 

Dec.  6.    I'olfrey,  T.  W.,  gen.,  historian,  d. 

MiazeroUe,  Alexis  .Joseph,  painter,  A(j3. 

I'itra,  Jean  Baptist*,  cardinal,  schol.,  A77. 

Pyat,  K61lx,  agitator,  dramatist,  A79. 

Ysaheau,  Alexandre  Clement,  army  officer, 
author,  A69. 
1890    Feb.  4.     Montpensier,  Due  de,  A.  M. 
P.  L.  d'Orl^ans,  5th  son  of  Louis  Philipue, 
A65. 

Feb.  30.    Daru,  Comte   Napoleon,  states- 
man, A83. 

CHURCH. 

1889  Nov,  20.  Paris.  The  papal 
nuncio  is  instructed  by  the  Vatican  to 
favor  adhesion  to  the  Conservative  Re- 
publican party  by  Catholics. 

Dec.  15,  Home.  Pope  Leo  approves 
Cardinal  Lavigerie's  policy  of  uniting 
Church  and  State. 

Dec.  31±.  Paris.  The  Government 
prosecutes  300   priests   for   meddling 

with  politics. 

*  *  J.  A.  Foulon,  F.  JI.  Richard,  and  G. 
D'Annibile,  prefect  of  the  Sacred  Con- 
gregation, are  consecrated  cardinal 
priests. 

LETTERS. 

1889  June  20.  Paris.  The  Interna- 
tional liiterary  Association  meets. 

Jvme  28.  The  first  Protestant  semi- 
nary is  created  at  Nimes. 

*  *  Ceiitenaire  de  1789,  by  Paul  Janet, 
appears.  [1890,  La  pkilosophie  de  La- 
mennais  and  Lectures  varices,  eic] 

*  *  The  French  Army  in  Germany  ^  by  M. 
Galli,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  French  Society  during  the 
Revolution,  by  De  Goncourt,  appears. 

*  *  France  and  Ireland  during  the  Revo- 
lution, Hoche  and  Humbert,  by  M.  E. 
Guillon,  appears. 

*  *  La  Clievre  d'Or,  by  Paul  Arfene,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  Talley- 
rand from  1791-1834  appears. 

*  *  The  Journal  (1810-14)  of  Stendhal 
appears. 

*  *  A  Chancellor  under  the  Old  Regime,  by 
Charles  de  Mazade,  aj>pear8.  [1893, 
L'Europe  et  les  Neutralitis.] 

*  *  Ma  Vocation,  by  Ferdinand  Fabre, 
appears. 

*  *  Biography  of  the  Emperor  Frederick, 
by  M.  E.  Simon,  appears. 

*  *  Cousin  Babylas,  by  Gaston  Bergeret, 
appears. 

*  *  Heiiriette,  by  Francois  Copp^e,  ap- 
pears. [1892,  Les  vrais  riches;  iS94, 
Contes  tout  simples.] 

*  *  Three  Emperors  of  Germany,  by  Er- 
nest Lavisse,  appears.  [1890,  Vue  Ghi&- 
rale  de  VHisioire  Politique  de  V Europe ; 
1893,  Le  Grand  Fr4d4nc  avant  I'avene- 
ment.] 

*  *  Passionn&ment,  by  Albert  Delpit,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Life  and  Manners  on  the  La  Plata, 
by  M.  Daireaux,  appears. 

*  *  Autobiography  of  Michelet  the  Histo- 
rian, with  his  Journal  and  Letters,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  iVorks  and  Correspondence  of 
D'Alembert,  edited  by  M.  Chi  Henri, 
appears. 


Apr.  11.  Dock-workers  strike  at  Mar- 
seilles. 

May  11.  Ten  thousand  cotton-weavers 
strike  at  Thizy,  Department  of  the 
Rhone. 

June  1.  Paris.  Minister  Reid  assem- 
bles the  Americans  to  express  their  sym- 
pathy for  the  sufferers  in  Pennsylvania 
by  the  Johnstown  flood.  [The  U.  S. 
Legation  subscribes  $10,000;  the  Paris 
Municipal  League,  5,000  francs,} 

June  12-18.  Paris.  The  cabmen 
strike,  and  greatly  incommode  citizens 
and  visitors. 

June  13.  Paris.  Buffalo  Bill's  "Wild 
West  Show  gives  a  benetit  performance 
for  the  Johnstown  sufferers.  [$'2,000 
contributed.] 

June  25.  Paris.  The  International 
"Council  of  Women,"  advocating 
"women's  rights,  meets. 

June  30.    The  dock-laborers  of  Mar- 


SOCIETY. 

1889  Mar.  19,  Paris.  Senator  Naquet 
and  Deputies  Laguerre  and  Turquet  of 
the  Patriotic  League  are  arraigned  be- 
fore a  magistrate.  [Apr.  2.  Also  one 
senator  and  four  deputies  are  lined  100 
francs  each.] 


seilles  strike. 

Paris.    Deputy  Fouquier  wounds  the 

editor  of  the  Matin  in  a  duel. 

June  *  Paris.  The  International  Elec- 
tricity Congress  meets. 

July  5.  Paris.  Six  Nihilists  are  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment  for  three  years. 

July  9.  Paris.  BuU-fights  at  the  Ex- 
position are  stopped  by  the  police, 

July  14.  Forty  journals  are  fined  for 
publishing  the  indictment  against  Gen. 
Boulanger. 

July  18.  Paris.  The  International 
Ijabor  Congress  meets. 

It  demands  a  universal  maximum  of 
eight  hours  for  a  day's  labor,  one  holiday 
a  week ,  and  the  non'-employmeut  of  chil- 
dren under  14  years  of  age. 

The  centennial  anniversary  of  the 
Fall  of  the  Bastille  is  celebrated. 

Aug.  26.  Paris.  The  names  of  Gen, 
Boulanger  and  Count  Dillon  are  erased 
from  the  roll  of  the  Ijegion  of  Honor. 

Sept.  9.  Paris.  The  municipal  author- 
ities give  a  banquet  to  Thomas  A. 
!Edison,  the  American  scientist.  [Mr. 
Edison  gives  10,000  francs  for  the  relief 
of  the  poor.] 

Sept.  16.  Paris.  The  International 
Commercial  Congress  opens. 

Sept.  27.  Paris.  A  Sunday  Observ- 
ance Congress  is  in  session. 

It  advises  that  when  Sunday  observ- 
ance is  impossible,  that  employees  be 
given  a  weekly  holiday  and  that  pay-day 
be  other  than  Saturday  or  Sunday. 

Nov.  26.  Paris.  About  500  employees 
of  the  Western  Railway  Company  strike 
for  higher  wages. 

STATE. 

1889    Mar.  17.     Gen.    Boulanger    is 

enthusiastically  greeted  while  journey- 
ing from  Paris  to  Tours. 

Mar.  18.  Gen.  Boulanger  issues  a 
manifesto  to  the  Department  of  the 
Nord  against  the  Government. 

Mar.  29.  Paris.  The  Senate  passes  a 
bill  constituting  itself  a  high  court 
of  justice  in  cases  of  plots  against  the 
State.    Vote.  207-63. 

Apr.  1.  Gen.  Boulanger.  Henri  Roche- 
fort,  and  M.  Dillon  avoid  arrest  by  a 
sudden  departure  in  the  night  for  Brus- 
sels. 


FRANCE. 


1889,  Mar.  15-1890,  Feb.  *.    759 


Apr.  4.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties, at  the  Government's  request,  votes 
to  sanction  the  prosecution  of  Gen. 
Boulanger  for  treason. 

Apr.  10.  Paris.  Warrants  are  issued 
for  the  arrest  of  Gen.  Boulanger  and 
his  companions  in  exile,  (JoiuiC  Dillon 
and  Henri  Rochefort. 

Apr.  12.  Paris.  Tlie  Senate  meets  as  a 
liigh  court  of  j  ustice,  and  begins  the  trial 
of  Gen.  Botilanger  for  treason  against 
I  the  State  and  the  embezzlement  of  252,000 
francs.  [He  pronounces  the  charges  to 
be  falsehoods.] 

Apr.  24.  lielg.  Warned  by  the  author- 
ities, Gen.  Boulanger  leaves  Brussels 
for  London. 

Apr.  27.  Paris.  A  law  is  passed  regu- 
lating the  diflfereut  methods  of  binrial. 

May  6.  Paris.  The  centenary  of  the 
meeting  of  the  States-General  is  cel- 
ebrated; President  Caruot  delivers  a 
eulogium  on  the  Revolution  before  a 
grand  assembly.  [On  his  way  to  Ver- 
sailles a  lunatic  named  Perrin  attempts 
to  assassinate  hira.  May  28.  Perrin  is 
sentenced  to  fuur  months*  imprison- 
ment.] 

June  11.  Paris.  The  Senate  passes  the 
Panama  Canal  BiU.  [June  28.  The 
Chamber  of  Deputies  passes  it.] 

It  empowers  the  liquidator  of  the  company 
to  place,  un  the  beat  conditions  jmssible  and 
regardless  of  the  legal  lltnit  as  to  price,  the 
800,000  franca  of  the  bonds  which  have  not 
yet  been  subscrihed  for.  It  also  authorizes  a 
subscription  of  34,000,000  francs  to  cover  the 
expenses  necessary  for  the  maintenance  of 
the  works  pending  an  inquiry  into  the  ques- 
tion of  the  completion  of  the  canal. 

July  4i,  Paris.  The  Government  gives 
a  final  refusal  to  assent  to  the  Egyptian 
Conversion  scheme. 

July  7.  Paris.  The  indictment  against 
Gen.  Boulanger  is  presented. 

It  charges  him,  wiien  director  of  Infantry  in 
1882,  witli  courting  popularity  by  corruption 
and  other  means,  and  when  Minister  of  War 
In  1886  with  malversation  of  public  money, 
and  plotting  against  the  State,  with  Count 
I)illon,  H.  Rochefort,  and  others;  they  are 
dted  to  appear  on  Aug.  6,  or  else  suffer  the 
loss  of  civil  rights  and  seciuestration  of  prop- 
erty. 

July  9.  Paris.  Tlie  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties passes  a  new  army  bill. 

It  reduces  the  term  of  service  from  five 
years  with  exemptions  to  three  years, 
nominally  without  exemptions. 

Jtlly  10.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Dep- 
uties passes  a  bill  providing  for  the 
purchase  of  telephones  by  the  Gov- 
ernment. [July  28.  It  takes  formal 
possession  ;  protests  are  unheeded.] 

July  15.  Paris.  The  Senate  passes  the 
Multiple  Candidate  BiU.  The  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies  approves  the  bill  provid- 
ing for  a  credit  of  58.000,000  francs, 
spread  over  five  years,  for  building 
war-ships. 

July  29.  Mection  of  Councils-Gen- 
eral. 

Out  of  1,344  cantons  the  Boulangists 
carry  only  12;  049  Republicans  and  489 
Conservatives  are  elected. 

Aug.  7.  Paris.  The  Senate,  as  a  high 
court  of  justice,  begins  the  trial  of 
Gen.  Botilanger. 

[Aug.  14.  It  finds  him  and  his  con- 
freres guilty  of  a  "  felonious  attempt 


against  the  safety  of  the  State  and  of 
embezzling  public  funds."  Coimt 
Dillon  and  Henri  Rochefort  are  guilty 
as  accomplices,  and  all  are  sentenced  to 
be  deported  to  a  fortified  prison.] 
Sept.  1.  The  telephones  throughout  the 
country  become  the  property  of  the 
Government  by  law. 

France  declines   to  annex  the  New 
Hebrides  Islands. 

Sept.  6.  Gen.  Boulanger  demands  of 
the  Prime  Minister  Tirard   a  trial  by 

court-martial. 

Sept.  11.  Paris.  An  International  Bi- 
metallic Congress  opens. 

Sept.  22.  The  general  elections  are 
held.  Results:  Republicans,  158;  Oi>- 
position,  89,  elected  ;  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties, 365  Republicans  and  211  Opposition. 

Sept.  23,  Paris.  It  is  claimed  that 
Gen.  Boulanger  is  elected  Deputy  from 
Montniartre.  [Nov.  27.  The  electoral 
bureau  decides  that  he  is  not  elected.] 

Oct.  12.  Paris.  A  committee  of  five  — 
four  Frenchmen  and  one  Belgian  — is 
appointed  by  the  Government  to  inspect 
and  report  on  the  condition  of  the  Pan- 
ama Canal. 

Nov.  12.  Paris.  A  Boulanger  dem- 
onstration is  made.  [The  police  arrest 
150  participants.] 

Nov.  11.  Eng.  Gen.  Boulanger  issues 
a  manifesto  to  the  French  people  from 
the  Isle  of  Jersey. 

Nov.  25.  Paris.  Deputy  Farrail  moves 
a  resolution  to  grant  750,000  francs  to 
assist  the  striking  miners. 

Nov.  28.  Paris.  The  Senate  rejects  an 
amendment  to  a  bill  supported  by  Pre- 
mier Tirard  and  the  Chamber,  to  pro- 
hibit the  employment  of  working-women 
in  factories  at  night.    Vote,  125-110. 

Dec.  25.  Paris.  The  Government  no 
longer  insists  upon  the  evacuation  of 
Egypt  by  England  as  a  condition  to  the 
conversion  of  the  Egyptian  preference 
loan  from  five  to  four  per  cent  stock, 

Dec.  *  Paris.  The  Senate  agrees  to  a 
law  by  which  tlie  Government  assumes 
the  monopoly  of  the  manufacture  of 
matches. 

*  *  A  law  is  passed  providing  for  the  re- 
sponsibihty  of  employers  for  acci- 
dents and  the  insurance  of  laborers. 

1890    Jan.  14.    Paris.    M.  Floquet  is 

elected  President  of  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies.  [The  Senate  choses  M.  Lo 
Roger  president.] 

Feb.  7.  Paris.  Louis  Philippe  Robert, 
Duke  of  Orleans,  son  of  the  Comte  de 
Paris,  applies  for  admission  into  the 
army ;  he  is  arrested  for  entering  the 
country  in  violation  of  the  law  forbid- 
ding the  territory  of  the  Republic  to 
royalist  princes.  [Feb.  12.  He  is  tried, 
and  sentenced  to  two  years  imprison- 
ment. Feb.  24.  He  is  removed  to  Clair- 
vaux  prison,  June  3.  He  is  pardoned 
by  the  president,  and  conducted  across 
the  Swiss  frontier.] 

Feb.  20.  Paris.  A  Ijibel  Law  is  passed 
in  the  Senate.    Vote,  178-107. 

Feb.  24.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties defeats  a  motion  to  grant  amnesty 
to  convicted  strikers. 

Feb.  *  Paris.  A  bill  to  tax  foreigners 
and  employers  of  foreign  labor  passes 
the  first  reading  in  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies. 


1890  Feb.*  Paris.  Editor  Dreyfus  is 
wounded  in  a  duel  with  the  Marquis  de 
Mores. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  Mar.  16.  Paris.  Financialpanic; 
76,000,000  francs  are  taken  out  from  Bank 
of  France ;  in  addition,  100,000,000  francs 
are  advanced  to  Comptoir  d'Escompte. 

Mar.  18.  Paris.  TheSoci^t^desM^taur 
stops  payment,  the  Comptoir  d'Fs- 
compte  18  in  the  hands  of  a  receiver, 
and  copper  drops  heavily  in  Paris,  Lon- 
don, and  New  York. 

Mar.  24.  Paris.  Twenty  million  francs 
are  subscribed  to  the  Comptoir  d'Es- 
compte  on  the  condition  that  the  Bank 
of  France  subscribes  a  million. 

Mar.  31.  Paris.  The  Eiffel  Tower  is 
inaugurated  ;  Premier  Tirard  delivers 
an  oration.     [May  15.    Opened.] 

Mar.  *- May*  The  Comptoir  d'Es- 
compte,  supported  by  Messrs.  Roth- 
schild and  other  bankers,  is  successfully 
reorganized. 

Apr.  21i:.  Paris.  Tlie  liquidator  of  the 
Panama  Canal  Company  makes  an 
unsuccessful  attempt  to  borrow  $3,000,- 
000  in  London  to  continue  the  work. 

May  6.  Paris.  President  Carnot  for- 
mally declares  open  the  Universal  Ex- 
hibition in  France. 

May  19 ±.  Paris.  The  daily  attendance 
at  the  Exposition  averages  71,000  per- 
sons. 

May  22.    Two  French  fishing- vessels, 

with  175  fishermen  on  board,  are  lost. 

May  26,  Paris.  In  the  Machinery  De- 
partment of  the  Exposition,  the  Amer- 
ican exhibit  occupies  one-third  the 
space. 

June  3.  Tlie  new  harbor  at  Calais  is 
opened  by  President  Carnot. 

July  3.  An  explosion  of  fire-damp  in 
a  coal-pit  at  St.  £tienne  causes  the  death 
of  200  miners  and  60  horses. 

July  27.  Paris.  The  issue  of  Panama 
Canal  bonds  to  the  amount  of  8,935,000 
francs  at  105  has  been  fixed  for  July  27. 

Aug.  1.  PaHs.  M.  Brunet,  the  liquida- 
tor, informs  the  shareholders  that  a  fi- 
nancial syndicate  has  taken  the  whole 
amount  of  the  new  lottery  bonds  of 
the  Panama  Canal  Company. 

Aug.  4.  Paris.  The  bodies  of  Carnot, 
Merceau,  D'Auvergne,  and  Baudin  are 
deposited  in  the  Pantheon  with  impos- 
ing ceremonies. 

Aug.  20.  Paris.  Lightning  strikes  the 
Eiffel  Tower  without  injuring  it. 

Sept.  30.  Paris.  Although  the  day  is 
rainy,  307,000  tickets  are  taken  in  at  the 
Exposition ;  the  highest  record  of  the 
season. 

Nov.  6.  Paris.  The  Exposition  is 
closed.  Total  number  of  visitors  about 
25,000,000. 

Dec.  27.  Paris.  At  a  meeting  of  4,000 
Panama  Canal  bond-holders,  they  ex- 
press unshaken  confidence  in  De  Lesseps 
and  the  canal. 

1890  Jan.  27.  Paris.  The  Panama 
Canal  Commission  reports  that  it  will 
take  20  years  and  a  cost  of  1,737,000,000 
francs  ($347,400,000)  to  complete  the 
canal. 


760     1890,  Feb.  *-1891,  July  26.  P^RANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1891     Jan.  18+.     The    French    troops 

rout  the  Sultan  of  Ahmadon'e  forces, 

and  take  1,500  prisoners,  including  the 

sultan's  wives. 
Mar.  12.    E.  I.    A  French   garrison    in 

Tongkiug  is  overcome  by  natives,  who 

sack    the  town,   and   kill    the   French 

officials. 
May  7.    A  torpedo-boat  collides  with  a 

cruiser,  and  goes  down  off  Cherbourg. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  May  *  Paris.  Jean  Louis  Ernest 
Meissonier's  original  picture,  1814^  is 
bought  by  M.  Conchard  for  $170,000. 

May  *  Paris.    The  new  Salon  is  opened. 

June  29±.  A  statue  of  Joan  of  Arc, 
by  Emmanuel  Fremist,  presented  by  the 
city  of  Paris,  is  unveiled  at  Nancy. 

July  31.  A  comet  is  discovered  at  Mar- 
seilles by  M.  Coggia. 

Aug.  17.    A   monument   to   Admiral 

'    Courbet  is  unveiled  at  Abbeville. 

Aug.  22.     Paris.     St.  Cloud  is  struck  by 

a  violent  wind-storm,  which  wrecks  20 

houses,  and  kills  and  injui'es  a  number 

of  the  residents. 

Nov.  13.  Paris.  Announcement  is  made 
that  The  Angeius  has  been  sold  to  the 
Government  for  $150,000. 

Nov.  *  A  scientific  expedition  to  explore 
Central  Asia  has  been  organized. 

*  *  The  planets  Nenetta,  Brasilia,  Felicia, 
Phsetusa,  Csecilia,  and  Clarissa  are  dis- 
covered by  Charlois.  [1891,  Gordonia, 
Nike,  Margarita,  Claudia,  Pierretta, 
Rosalia,  Goberta,  Roxana,  and  two 
others  ;  1892,  Dembowska,  Columbia,  and 
10  others ;  1893,  twenty  more  (xui- 
named).] 

1801  Jan.  9.  Paris.  The  Committee 
of  Physicians  appointed  to  inquire  into 
the  Koch  system  of  inoculation  report 
that  injurious  effects  sometimes  follow 
the  injection  of  the  lymph. 

Jan.  26.  Paris.  The  Chamber  votes 
500,000  francs  for  excavations  in 
Delphi. 

Jan.  27.    Paris.    The    performance    of 

Sardou's  Thermidor  is  suppressed  by  the 
Government.  [Jan,  29.  Sharply  debated 
in  the  Chambers.] 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1880  Sept.  30.  Karr,  Jean  Baptiste  Al- 
phonse,  novelist,  A82. 

Oct.  13.  Calmon,  Marc  Antoine,  econo- 
mist, politician,  ATS. 

Dec.   18.    Helot,  Adolphe,  dram.,  nov.,  A61. 

Dec.  SB.    FeuiUet,  Octave,  nov.,  dram.,  A78. 

Chatrian,  Alexandre,  litterateur,  A64. 

Robert-Fleury,  Joseph  Kicolas,  historical 
painter,  A93. 

1891  Jan.  2.  Peyret,  Alphonse,  senator, 
author,  A78. 

Jan.  6.    Leuchtenberg,   Duo   de,   Nicolas, 

A48. 

Montaland,  C61ine,  actor,  A48. 

Jan.  10.    Careil,  Comte,  Louis  S.  F.,  sena- 
tor, author,  dies. 
Jan.  11.    Haussmann,    Georges    Eugfene, 

magistrate,  A82. 
Jan.  14.     Millet.  Aiin6,  painter,  sculptor, 

A75. 
Jan.  31.     Meissonier,  Jean  L.  S.,  paint- 

er,  A76. 
Feb.   1.     Berthet,  Elle  11.,  novelist,  A76. 
Feb.  36.     Boisgobey,  Fortune  du,  novelist, 

A70. 
Mar.  12.    BanviUe,  Theodore  FauUain  de, 

poet,  A  68. 
Mar.  16.    Campenon,  J.  B.  M.  E.,  general, 

statesman,  A72. 


Mar.  17.  Bonaparte,  Napoleon  Joseph 
Charles  Paul,  Prince  Napoleon,  son  of 
J(5r6me,  A69. 

Bonaparte,  Marianne,  princesse,  dies  in 

Corsica. 

Apr.  2.    Pouyer-Quertier,A.T.,  states.,  A71. 

Apr,  8.  Presaenss^,  Edmond  D.  de,  Prot- 
estant theologian,  orator,  statesman,  A67. 

Apr.  21.    Chapu,  Henri  M.  A.,  sculp.,  A58. 

May  13.  Becquerel,  Alexandre  Edmond, 
physicist,   A7J. 

May  19.  Weiss,  Jean  Jacques,  author, 
statesman,  A62. 

July  6.  F611X,  ceiestin  Joseph,  pulpit  ora- 
tor, A81. 

CHURCH. 

1890  Feb.  *  Paris,  A  new  semi-reli- 
gious order  is  formed,  called  •*  Brothers 
of  the  Cross ;  **  object,  to  propagate  re- 
ligious socialism. 

1891  Feb.  5.  Pope  Leo  declines  to 
address  the  bishoi)s  as  to  their  attitude 
toward  the  Kepublic. 

LETTERS. 

1890  *  *  Histoire  de  la  chanson  populaire 
en  France,  by  Julian  Tiersot,  appears. 

*  *  Six  Ans  Soldat,  by  Ch.  Mismer,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  La  Cadet,  by  Richepin,  appears. 

*  *  Les  Souvenirs  des  Comte  de  Roche- 
chouart  appears. 

*  *  Letters  of  the  Duke  of  Or /ean.9jed  it  ed 
by  the  Comte  de  Paris  and  the  Due  de 
Chartres,  appears. 

*  *  Question  d' Alsace  appears. 

*  *  L^Inde  frangaise  avant  Thipleix,  by 
Castonnet  des  Fosses,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Jesus,  by  Pfere  Didon,  appears. 

*  *  H&lene  and  La  maison  de  I'ogre,  by  J. 
B.  A.  Karr,  appears. 

*  *  The  Purchase  of  the  North  Pole,  by 
Jules  Verne,  appears. 

1891  Apr.  6.  ^mile  Zola  is  elected 
president  of  the  Soci*5t^  des  Gens  de 
Lettres. 

*  *  Memoirs  of  Prince  Talleyrand,  by  the 
Due  de  Broglie,  appears. 

*  *  Le  Regne  du  Silence,  by  M.  Rodenbach, 
appears. 

*  *  Un  Casur  de  Femme,  by  Paul  Bourget, 
appears.  [1892,  La  Terre  Promise  and 
Cosmopolis ;  1894,  Qutre-Mer.] 

*  *  Hallali,  by  Henri  Rabusson,  appears. 

*  *  Monsieur  Rien-Aimi,  by  Paul  Foucher, 
appears.     [1894,  Rechain  Avare.] 

*  *  La  Peine  Jeanne,  by  M.  F.  Mistral, 
appears. 

*  *  Parliamentary  History  of  the  Second 
Republic,  by  M.  E.  SpuUer," appears. 

*  *  Romance  of  the  Prince  Imperial  and 
Man-Hunting,  by  Comte  d'H<^ris8on,  ap- 
pear. [1892,  Les  Responsabilit^s  de  I'An- 
7iie  Terrible.} 

*  *  Les  RiprSsenfantsdu  Peupleen  Misson, 
et  la  Justice  R&iioiutionnaire,  by  Henri  A. 
Wallon,  appears. 

*  *  Diplomatic  History  of  Europe,  by  M. 
Debidour,  appears. 

*  *  La  Politique  franqaise  en  Tunise  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  R^ves  et  Impressions,  by  Ch.  No,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Xavih'e,  by  M.  F.  Fabre,  appears. 

*  '*'  Le  Thidtre  des  Marionnettes  de  No- 
hantf  by  M.  Sand,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  Apr.  24.  Paris.  Employers  no- 
tify workmen  that  they  will  be  dismissed 
on  May  1st  if  absent  from  their  work. 

May  2,  3.  Strikes  and  labor  disturb- 
ances occur  in  the  North,  40,000  men 


leaving  work  in  Roubaix,Turcoing,  Lan- 
noy,  Croix,  and  other  places.  [Louise 
Michel  and  the  Marquis  de  Mores  are 
arrested  for  inciting  disturbances ;  the 
latter  is  sentenced  to  three  months*  Im- 
prisonment.] 
May  5.  Paris.  M,  Secretin  and  other 
directors  of  the  Comptoir  d'Escompte 
de  Paris  are  tried  for  fraud  in  connec- 
tion with  the  copper  "  corner  "  of  last 
year. 

[May  23.  M.  Secretin  is  sentenced  to 
six  months'  imprisonment  and  to  a  tine 
of  10,000  francs;  others  receive  lighter 
sentences.] 

May  16.  Paris.  An  International  Tele- 
graph Conference  opens. 

May  21.    Cuba.    E3rTaud,  the  m  urderer, 

is  arrested  in  Havana,  [.June  16.  De- 
livered to  French  authoritie.*!.  July  2. 
He  confesses  the  murder  of  Notary 
Goulf^.  Aug.  7.  He  fails  in  an  attempt 
to  commit  suicide.  Dec.  20.  He  is  con- 
demned to  be  executed,  and  Mile.  Boni- 
pard  is  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for 
20  years.] 

May  28.  Paris.  Many  Nihilists  are  ar- 
rested as  conspirators  against  the  Czar ; 
15  are  charged  with  manufacturing  ex- 
plosives. [Junes.  Another  plot  is  dis- 
covered.] 

Sept.  21.  Paris.  Cardinal  Lavigerie 
opens  the  Antislavery  Conference. 

He  says  that  he  does  not  desire  the  im- 
mediate abolition  of  slavery,  as  it  would 
entail  the  starvation  of  slaves,  but  that 
man-hunting  must  be  suppres.-^ed. 

Sept.  28.  Paris.  About  3,000  lace-work- 
ers in  Calais  strike. 

Oct.  9.  Madame  Bonnet,  who  confessed 
that  she  was  a  spy  employed  by  the  Ger- 
man Government,  is  sentenced  to  imjjris- 
onment  for  five  years  at  Nancy. 

Oct.  14.    Paris.    The    Americanist 

Conference  opens. 
Nov.  19.     Paris.     Gen.    Seliverskolf,    a 

Russian  agent,  is  killed  by  Nihilists. 

1891      Feb.  19.      Paris.      Anarchists 

meet  at  St.  Denis,  and  denounce  the  con- 
scription law ;  they  resist  the  police,  and 
20  are  arrested. 

Feb.  28.  Paris.  Tlie  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties decides  to  suppress  immediately 
every  kind  of  betting  on  races. 

Mar.  31,  Paris.  The  International 
Miners'  Conference  meets.  [It  decides 
to  organize  a  general  strike  on  principle 
only.] 

Apr.  22.  Paris.  The  j>olice  arrest  45 
Anarchists. 

Apr.  24.  Gen.  de  Negrier,  of  the  7th 
Army  Corps,  is  wounded  in  a  duel  with 
Gaston  le  Grand. 

May  25.  Paris.  The  stage-drivers 
strike.  [May  26.  The  strike  is  settled 
in  favor  of  the  men.] 

June  22-24.  Horse-car  employees  in 
Bordeaux  successfully  strike. 

June  23.  Paris.  Charles  and  Victor  de 
Lesseps  are  examined  before  a  magis- 
trate in  regard  to  tlie  Panama  Canal 
charges. 

June  25±.  Paris.  About  6,000  bakers 
strike. 

July  1.  Paris.  The  strikers  do  not  al- 
low the  omnibuses  to  run. 

July  15.  Paris.  About  4,000  railrond 
employees  order  an  immediate  strike 


FRANCE. 


1890,  Feb.  *-1891,  July  26.     7G1 


aloug  the  line  of  the  five  great  railroads 
•entering  Paris. 

[July  16.  Seven  thousand  men  on  the 
Northern  Kailroad  strike.  July  18.  Six 
thousand  strikers  resolve  to  lay  griev- 
ance before  the  Clianiber  of  JJeputies. 
Jujy  23.  The  police  of  Paris  disperse 
riotous  mobs.] 

July  25.  Paris.  An  explosive  powder 
is  sent  to  Mme.  Coustans,  wife  of  the 
^linister  of  the  Interior. 

July  26.  Paris,  Anarchists  rout  4,000 
Boulangiats  who  attempt  a  demongtra- 
tiou. 

STATE. 

1890  Mar.  2.  Paris.  Minister  Con- 
stans  resigns,  and  is  succeeded  by  L^on 
liourgeois. 

Mar.  13.  Paris.  The  Government  de- 
cides to  occupy  "Whydah,  a  province 
of  Dahomey  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa. 

Mar.  14.  A  modus  riveiitli  is  agreed  to 
between  France  an<I  Great  Britain  re- 
garding the  Newfoundland  fisheries. 

Paris.    The  commercial  treaty 

with  Turkey  having  expired  on  March 
13,  a  temporary  arrangement  is  made, 
to  last  till  1802. 

The  deputies  from  wine  districts  pro- 
test; the  Government  is  defealeiJ  in  the 
Senate,  and  the  Ministry  resigns. 

Mar.  17.  Paris.  A  new  Ministry  is 
formed. 

Members:  Cliarles  de  Freycinet  (president 
of  council,  war),  M.  Ribot  (foreign),  M. 
Rouvler  (finance),  A.  Fallieres  (public  wor- 
ship), M.  Bourgeois  (instruction  and  fine 
arts),  M.  Constans  (interior),  ,M.  Yves  Guyot 
(public  works),  .Iiiles  Roche  (commerce),  M. 
Develle  (fmjriculture).  Vice  Adiu.  Barbey 
(marine). 

Apr.  27.  Paris.  The  Boulangists  are 
totally  defeated  in  the  municipal  elec- 
tions. 

Apr.  28-May  2.  Paris.  The  Marquis  de 
Mores,  Louise  Michel,  and  300  others  are 
arrested  on  suspicion  of  being  engaged 
in  an  Anarchist  plot. 

Apr.  30.  The  discovery  of  the  plot  to 
proclaim  the  Duke  of  Orleans  King  of 
France  leads  to  the  flight  of  the  Duke 
of  Luynes. 

May  14.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties passes  a  bill  imposing  a  penalty  of 
three  months' imprisonment  on  employ- 
ers for  dismissing  unlawfully  members 
of  trades-unions. 

May  18.  Gen.  Boulanger  publishes  a 
letter  deprecating  any  further  agitation 
in  favor  of  his  views. 

■June  3.  France,  Germany,  Russia,  and 
Switzerland  sign  a  treaty  for  the  re- 
pression of  anarchy. 

July  16.  A  French  vessel,  white  tak- 
ing bait,  is  fired  on  by  the  Newfound- 
land bait-cruiser  Fiona. 

Aug.  2.  Paris.  The  Government  issues 
a  decree  of  partial  or  complete  amnesty 
to  persons  convicted  of  offenses  con- 
nected with  labor-strikes, 

Aug.  5.  London.  The  Anglo-French 
Agreement  respecting  Africa  is  signed 
by  Lord  Salisbury  and  Ambassador  Wad- 
dlngton. 

Tlie  British  protectorate  over  Zanzibar 
and  tlio  French  protectorate  over  Mada- 
gascar are  recoj^nized  ;  and  the  delimitn- 
tion  of  territories  in  Africa,  subject  to 


the  influence  of  France,  is  to  be  settled 

by  two  commissioners  at  Paris.     [1893. 

,  J uly  *  A  delimitatiou  couveutiou  is 

*  signed.] 

Aug.  20.  The  Government  establishes  a 
protectorate  over  the  Society  Islands, 
after  subduing  the  natives  and  killing  a 
number  who  refuse  to  submit  to  the  in- 
vaders. 

Oct.  5.  A  treaty  of  peace  is  concluded  be- 
tween France  and  the  King  of  Dahomey, 
France  to  have  possession  of  Kotonou, 
and  a  protectorate  over  Porto  Navo. 
[Jan.  27.  Rejected  by  Committee  of 
Deputies.] 

Oct.  20.  Paris.  A  General  CustomsHigh 
Tariff  Bill  is  introduced  in  the  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies. 

It  contains  a  clause  empowering  the 
Government  to  retaliate  against  all 
countries  which  discriminate  against  the 
products  of  France. 

Oct.  *  Paris.  The  Union  for  the  Promo- 
tion of  Free  Trade  in  Raw  Material, 
etc.,  is  formed. 

Nov.  11.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Dep- 
uties passes  the  Secret  Service  Vote. 
A'ote,  310-120. 

1891  Jan.  4.  Elections  for  the  Senate 
are  held  ;  Premier  Freycinet  receives 
579  votes  out  of  a  total  of  605,  and  Jules 
Ferry  723  votes  out  of  a  total  of  997  ;  in 
the  first  ballots  the  Republicans  gain  ten 
seats. 

Jan.  13.  Paris.  The  Senate  and  Cham- 
ber meet ;  M.  Floquet  is  reelected  presi- 
dent of  the  Chamber. 

Jan.  22.  Paris.  A  Supreme  Council 
of  Xtabor  is  created  by  law. 

Mar.  14.  Paris.  President  Carnot  signs 
the  agreement  by  which  England  and 
France  undertake  to  submit  to  arbitra- 
tion the  Newfotmdland  dispute. 

[Mar.  16.  The  arbitrators  chosen  by 
France  are  :  Prof.  Martens  of  the  St. 
Petersburg  University ;  M.  River,  the 
Swiss  Consul  at  Brussels  ;  M.  Gram,  ex- 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Norway.] 

Mar.  16.  Paris.  The  Government  ac- 
cedes to  the  request  of  the  Chilean  revo- 
lutionists that  the  Chilean  warships, 
recently  built  at  Toulon  for  the  service 
of  President  Balmaceda,  should  be  al- 
lowed to  depart. 

Mar.  17.  ft.  Prince  Napoleon,  son  of 
Jerome  dies  ;  his  will  designates  Prince 
Xiouis,  his  second  son,  as  the  head  of 
the  Bonaparte  house,  Prince  Victor  be- 
ing disowned. 

Mar.  25  :t.  A  formal  treaty  of  alliance 
is  concluded  between  France  and  Rus- 
sia. 

May  4.  Paris.  The  Government  is  sus- 
tained by  a  vote  of  confidence.  Vote, 
356-33. 

In  the  debate  on  the  May-day  tragedy 
at  Founnies,  M.  Rouche  calls  M.  Con- 
stans,  minister  of  the  Interior,  a  mur- 
derer, and  is  removed  from  the  Chamber 
by  force. 

May  13.  Paris.  Race-tracks  are 
placed  under  Government  supervision, 
and  betting  on  horses  is  regulated  by 
law. 

May  27.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties passes  a  bill  providing  for  the  sto- 
rage of  grain  in  every  fortified  town  of 


France,  sufficient  to  feed  Us  people  for 

two  months  in  time  of  siege. 
May  28,    Paris.    The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties passes  the  high  Tariff  Bill  recom- 
mended by  the  Committee. 

May  30.    The  Czar,  as  the  arbitrator  in 

the  dispute  between  Holland  and  France 
regarding  the  Guiana  boundary,  de- 
cides in  favor  of  Holland. 

June  3.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties adopts  a  motion  to  limit  the  hours 
of  labor  of  employees  of  public  com- 
panies to  12  daily.    Vote,  40G-3. 

June  8.  Paris.  The  Senate  passes  the 
bill  reducing  the  duties  on  corn. 
Vote,  208-49. 

June  9.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties decides  that  cocoons  and  raw  silk 
shall  be  admitted  free  of  duty,  but 
that  manufactured  silks  shall  be  subject 
to  a  duty  of  300  francs. 

June  26.  Paris.  An  injunction  is  is- 
sued ordering  the  sequestration  of 
Chilean  cruisers  built  in  the  shipyards 
at  La  Seyne,  near  Toulon. 

July  8.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties adopts  a  bill  to  establish  a  Govern- 
ment Xjabor  Btu*eau. 

July  17.  Paris.  Senate  passes  a  bill  to 
regulate  the  w^orking  of  women  and 
children  in  factories,  establishing  a  ten- 
hour  working-day,  forbids  night  duty, 
and  prescribes  one  rest-day  in  seven. 

July  18.  Paris.  The  Deputies  pass  a 
protectionist  customs  tariff  bill.  Vote, 
385-111. 

July  26+ .  Paris.  France  annexes  Ta- 
hiti on  the  death  of  King  Pomare,  and 
placates  the  heir-apparent  by  the  pay- 
ment of  12,000  francs. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1800  Apr.  *  Paris.  The  Eiffel  Tower 
is  opened  again  for  the  season.  On  the 
first  day  10,000  persons  ascend. 

May  6.  Paris.  The  report  of  the  Special 
Committee  on  Panama  Canal  estimates 

that  the  total  cost  of  completion  would 
be  900,000,000  francs.  Work  done  and 
material  valued  at  470,000,000.  Time  re- 
quired, eight  years. 

May  11.  Panama  Canal  shares  fall  17 
francs  in  consequence  of  the  report  of 
the  Commission. 

July  29.    A  fire-damp  explosion  at  St. 

fetienne  causes  the  death  of  120  men  and 
a  number  injured. 

Aug.  *  Paris.  The  final  report  of  the 
Panama   Canal   Company's   affairs 

shows  that  its  total  expenditures  amount 
to  $262,000,000,  and  that  its  assets  on 
March  3  were  §3,200,000. 

1891  Jan.  15.  Paris.  It  is  announced 
that  a  new  Panama  Canal  scheme  has 
obtained  the  approval  of  the  Govern- 
ment, but  the  Bourse  is  not  favorably 
disposed  to  the  plan- 
Mar.  18.  Telephone  commiuiication 
is  effected  between  Paris  and  London, 

Apr.  19.     Paris.    Lieut.  Wyse  makes  a 

report  to  the  liquidator  of  the  Panama 
Canal  Company,  in  which  he  says  that 
the  canal  can  be  completed  in  five  years, 
at  a  cost  of  $120,000,000. 

July  24.  The  official  census  report  is 
made;  population  of  38,095,150,  an 
increase  of  208,684  since  last  census. 


762    1891,  Aug.  5-1892,  Nov.  18. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1891  Aug.  21.  Eng.  The  French  and 
British  fleets  are  reviewed  by  Queen  Vic- 
toria oif  Spithead. 

Sept.  *  Another  expedition  sails  against 
the  Dahomeans,  West  Africa.  (SeeNortli 
Guinea.) 

1892  Jan.  19 ±.  W.  Afr.  A  native 
force  is  repulsed  by  a  French  garrison 
in  Dahomey;  250  natives  are  killed. 

Jan.  22±.  Algeria.  A  French  force  in 
the  Sudan  defeats  a  hostile  tribe,  kill- 
ing himdreds  of  natives.  [Feb.  5±.  It 
routs  the  native  forces.] 

May  4±.  The  King  Samadou,  in  the 
French  Sudan,  recaptures  two  towns 
from  the  French,  taking  81  French  pris- 
oners and  a  number  of  Senegal  natives. 

May  18±.  E.  I.  The  French  capture  a 
pirate  stronghold  in  Tongking,  losing  58 
men  and  the  pirates  125. 

[July2±.  In  another  battle  with  pi- 
rates at  Thanhoa,  the  French  carry  tne 
pirates'  position.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  Sept.  16.  Paris.  Lohengrin  is 
successfully  performed  for  the  tirsttime. 

Oct.  4.  The  Mayor  of  Nice  unveils  a 
monument  to  Garibaldi  in  the  pres- 
ence of  a  representative  of  the  Govern- 
ment. 

1892  Apr,  24.  A  statue  of  Rouget  de 
risle  is  unveiled  at  Choisy-le-Roi. 

July  12.  St.  Gervais-les-Bains  is  de- 
stroyed by  an  avalanche  from  Mont 
Blanc :  200  bodies  are  taken  from  the 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1891     Aue.  5.     Vitu,  Auguste,  dram,  critic, 
Ati8. 

Sept.  8.     Bundy,  Jonas  M.,  journalist,  A56. 

Sept.  9.    Gr6vy,   Franijols    Paul   Jules. 
President,  A84. 

Sept.  12.     Kibot,  Augustin  T.,  painter,  A68. 

Sept.  30.    Boulang-er.    Georges    Ernest 
Jean  Marie,  general,  politician,  A54. 

Dec.  32.     Wolff,  All>ert,  dram,  critic,  A56. 

Dec.  25.     I'omineray,  Henridela,crit.,  A52. 

Koumanille,  Joseph,  Provencal  jioet,  A73. 
1893    Jan.  5.     Cainbriels,  Albert,  gen.,  A76. 

Jan.   13.   Quatrefagesde  Br6au,  Jean  Louis 
Armand  de,  naturalist,  A82. 

Jan.  20.     Dupoiit,  Henrique  N.,engr.,A94. 

Jan.  23.    Midler,  Charles  Louis,  historical 
painter,  A77. 

Jan.  24.     Haudrillart,  Henri  J.  L.,  political 
economist,  A7l.  , 

Feb.  9.     Arago,  Ktienne,  dram.,  pel.,  A90. 

Feb.  13.    Maixrv,  Louis  i-'erdinand,  arche- 
ologist,  librarian  of  the  Tuileries,  A75. 

Mar.  6.     De  la  Craviere,  J.  ii.   E.  Jurien, 
vice-admiral,  A 79. 

Apr.  14,    Kock,  Henri  de^  novelist,  dram- 
atist, ATI. 

Apr.  33.     Duveyrier,    Henri    Daring,    ex- 
plorer, A52. 

May  7.     (iuiraud,  Ernest,  composer,  A55. 

May  20.    De  Laveaunoupet,  M.,  gen.,  A83. 

May  26.    Martin,  Joseph,  explorer  in  Asia, 
dies  at  Khokand. 

July  15.     De  la  Valette,  Marquis,  ASK, 

July  39.    Bort  de  Teisserenc,  Pierre,  states- 
man, A  78. 

Aug.  17.    Trebelli-Bettinl,  Zella,   opera- 
singer,  A.'j4. 

Sept.  34.    De  Bourbon,  Prince  Franqois  de 
Paule,  Comte  de  Trapani,  A65. 

Sept.  39.    Cr^mieux,  Hector  J.,  dram.,  A64. 

Sept.  30.     fiiraud,  (Charles,  artist,  A73. 

Oct.  1.     Krlanger,  Michael,  financier,  dies. 

Oct.  2.    Renan.  Joseph   Ernesto,  critic, 
philologist,  historian,  A69. 

Oct.  1 1 .    Marmier,  Xavier,  litterateur,  A83. 

Oct.  30.     KouBset,  Camille  F.  M.,hl8t.,  A7L 

Nov.  5.    Herv6,  Florimond,  composer,  A67. 

Nov.  16.     Fatlly,  Pierre  L.  C.  de,  gen.,  A82. 

Nov.  18.    Relnach,  Baron  J.,  financier,  A56. 


CHURCH. 

Aug.  16.  The  exhibition  of  a  ••Holy 
Coat"  at  Argenteuil  attracts  crowds  of 
pilgrims. 

Sept,  10.  Rome.  The  Pope  receives 
the  first  contingent  of  the  pUgiimage 
of  French  workmen,  whom  he  addresses 
on  the  labor  question. 

Sept.  29.  Dr.  Dreyfus  is  installed  chief 
rabbi  of  France. 

Oct.  5.  Borne.  French  pilgrims,  num- 
bering 1,200,  attend  low  mass  celebrated 
by  the  Pope  in  St.  Peter's. 

Nov.  24.  The  Archbishop  of  Aix  is 
fined.  (See  State.)  [Nov.  30.  The  prel- 
ate is  congratulated  by  the  Right.] 

"Nov.  25.  The  Government  sends  a 
friendly  note  to  the  Pope. 

Dec.  9.  Paris.  The  Senate  pledges  the 
Government  to  avail  itself  of  its  rights 
to  compel  the  clergy  to  respect  the  Re- 
public, and  to  submit  to  its  laws.  Vote, 
211-57. 

Dec.  10.  Paris.  Notice  is  given  in  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  of  a  motion  de- 
manding the  Government  to  Introduce 
a  bill  as  a  prelude  to  the  separation  of 
Church  and  State. 

Dec.  26.  Paris.  The  Senate  passes  a 
resolution  accusing  the  clergy  of  jeop- 
ardizing social  peace,  and  of  violating 
the  rights  of  the  state.    Vote,  211-57. 

1802  Jan.  2.  Paris.  Minister  Fail- 
lieres  stops  the  salary  of  the  bishop  of 
Carcassone  because  he  left  his  diocese 
without  first  obtaining  legal  permission. 

Feb.  19.  Paris.  The  Catholic  papers 
publish  an  encyclical  from  Pope  Leo  to 
the  clergy,  saying  that  the  Government 
must  be  obeyed. 

May  7.  Six  bishops  are  cut  off  from 
treasury  stipends  for  interfering  in  elec- 
tions. 

May  13.  Paris.  Pope  Leo  calls  upon 
the  French  Catholic  Congress  to  comply 
with  the  monitions  in  his  encyclical  en- 
joiidng  obedience  to  the  constituted 
government. 

July  20.  The  Roman  Catholic  episco- 
pate asks  Pope  Leo  to  arrange  for  the 
canonization  of  Joan  of  Arc. 

*  *  Home.  B.  L.  Thomas,  archbishop  of 
Rouen,  J.  C.  Ernest  Bournet,  archbishop 
of  Kodez,  Victor  L.  Lecot,  archbishop  of 
Bordeaux,  and  G.  Ren^  Meignan,  arch- 
bishop of  Tours,  are  consecrated  cardi- 
nal priests. 

LETTERS. 

1892  *  *  Souvenirs  du  Ghikral  Jarras  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Autmtr  de  Bonaparte,  by  L.  Xavier  de 
Ricard,  appears. 

*  *  TAfe  of  Mirabeaity  by  A.  M^ziferes,  ap- 
pears. 

*  ♦  Correspondence  of  Madame  Jckerman, 
edited  by  Comte  d'Haussonville,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  EnquHe  mr  Vtvolution  LittSraire,  by 
Jules  Huret,  appears. 

*  *  Histoire  AnecdoHque  des  Marionnettes 
Modemes,  by  Lemercier  de  Neuville,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Le  Oulte  du  Jfoi,  by  Maurice  Barres, 
appears. 

*  *  Feuilles  ditachies,  by  Renan,  appears. 

*  *  Le  Lait  d'un  Autre^  by  Alexandre 
Hepp,  appears. 


*  *  Le  Theatre,  by  Octave  Feuillet,  Fran- 
cois Copp(ie,  Ferdinand  Bugue,  Gondi- 
net,  and  Jean  JuUien,  apjjears. 

•  *  Michel  Lando,  by  Maurice  Bonchor, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1891  Aug.  11.  Paris.  The  Grand 
Duke  Alexis  is  received  with  enthusi- 
astic demonstration. 

Aug.  29.  Paris.  The  May-day  Anar- 
chists are  sentenced  —  Descamps  to  im- 
prisonment for  five  years,  an<i  Darcare 
to  three  years  —  for  firing  at  the  police. 

Sept.  30.  Belgium.  Gen.  Boulanger 
commits  suicide  at  Brussels. 

Oct.  12.  About  3,500  coal-miners  Strike 
in  Lens. 

Oct.  25.  A  league  to  establish  a  Social- 
ist Republic  is  formed. 

1892  Feb.  7.  A  Congress  of  Labor 
Elxchanges  agrees  to  federation. 

Feb.  18.  Edwin  Parker  Deacon,  an 
American,  shoots  and  kills  his  wife's 
lover,  M.  Abeille,  at  Cannes. 

[May  20.  He  is  sentenced  to  imprison- 
ment for  one  year.  Sept.  21.  He  is  par- 
doned by  President  Carnot.  Oct.  13.  He 
brings  an  action  against  his  wife  for  a 
divorce.  Nov.  21.  The  Court  of  Appeal 
gives  a  judgment  in  favor  of  Mrs.  Dea- 
con.] 

Feb.  27.  Paris.  An  explosion  of  dyna- 
mite occurs  in  the  Rue  deClichy ;  several 
persons  are  injured. 

Feb.  28.  Paris.  The  destruction  of 
property  by  dynamite  is  made  a  capital 
offense  by  th^  Chamber. 

Feb.  29.  Paris.  A  dynamite  explo- 
sion>  attributed  to  Anarcliists,  (u-curs  in 
the  house  of  the  Princess  of  Sagan. 

Mar.  4.  Paris.  An  attempt  is  made  to 
blow  up  a  police-station. 

Mar.  12.  Paris.  An  attempt  is  made  to 
wreclc  the  house  of  a  judge  with  dyna- 
mite. 

Mar.  15.  Paris.  A  sensational  duel  is 
fought  between  M.  Isaac,  sub-prefect  of 
Foumiies,  and  the  Marquis  de  Mor^s; 
the  latter  champions  the  cause  of  the 
Socialists;  the  former  is  severely 
wounded. 

Mar.  27.  Paris.  Seven  persons  are  se- 
riously injured  by  a  dynamite  explo- 
sion. 

[Mar.  *  An  Anarchist  named  Ravacbol 
Is  supposed  to  bave  caused  the  recent  explo- 
sion, anil  is  arn-sted;  40  foreign  Anarchists 
are  to  be  expelled  from  Vrancv.  Mar.  31. 
Several  AnarchiBts  under  arrest  confess  to 
participation  in  two  recent  explosions,  and 
turn  Informers  against  Ravacliol,  who  admits 
the  commission  of  several  crimes.  Apr.  2. 
Anarcliista  are  leaving  the  city  in  haste.  Apr. 
3.  Ravachol  makes  a  full  confession  concern- 
ing the  explosion.  Apr.  13.  He  and  his  five 
accomplices  are  indicted.  Apr.  26.  He  and 
another  are  founrl  guiltv,  and  sentenced  to 
penal  servitude  for  life;  the  other  Anarcliists 
are  acquitted.  ] 

Apr.  6.  Anarchists  blow  up  the  police- 
station  at  Angers.  [Apr.  7.  Another 
explosion  occurs  in  Roubaix.] 

Apr.  22.  Paris.  The  police  arrest  45 
Anarchists,  also  a  large  number  in 
other  cities.  [Apr.  23.  They  arrest  200 
more.] 

Apr.  25.  Paris.  Caf^  V^ry  is  destroyed 
by  dynamite  in  revenge  for  Ravachol's 
arrest;  six  persons  are  injured. 

May  13.  The  house  of  a  miner  overseer 
at  Lens  is  wrecked  by  dynamite. 


FRANCE. 


1891,  Aug.  5-1892,  Nov.  18.     763 


May  21.  Paris.  A  dynamite  car- 
tridge is  found,  iu  tlie  house  of  the  public 
prosecutor. 

ICay  23.  Paris.  Madame  Keymond,  in 
her  husband's  presence,  shoots  aud  theu 
stabs  his  paramour  to  death. 

May  28.    A  dynamite  explosion  occurs 

at  Comuientry. 

June  23.  Paris.  The  Marquis  de  Mortis 
fights  a  duel,  wounding  his  opponent, 
Capt.  Mayer,  fatally,  [June  24.  The 
Marquis  de  Mor^s  is  arrested.  Aug.  2. 
He  is  tried.    Aug.  30.    Acquitted.] 

June  25.  Paris.  Tlie  plans  of  the 
French  defenses  are  sold  to  Germany 
and  Italy. 

The  criminal  is  M.  Grenier,  a  clerk  in 
the  office  of  the  Keeper-General  of  the 
National  Archives  ;  Capt.  lienry  Borup, 
attached  to  the  American  Legation,  is 
accused  of  being  an  accomplice.  [Sept. 
6.  Grenier  is  sentenced  to  20  years'  penal 
servitude  and  20  years'  banishment.] 

July  16.  Paris.  Daniel  Wilson,  son-in- 
lawof  President  Grevy,  is  found  guilty 
of  using  illegal  means  to  secure  his  elec- 
tion, and  is  hned,  1,000  francs. 

July  26.  Sixteen  Anarchists  are  con- 
victed at  Li^ge ;  Moirean  is  sentenced 
to  25  years'  penal  servitude,  Wolf  and 
Beaujean  to  20  years  each. 

Jiily  28.  Paris.  Four  Anarchists  are 
convicted  at  Versailles  of  procuring  dy- 
namite for  the  May-day  explosion. 

Sept.  3.  Three  sacks  of  registered  let- 
ters, valued  at  $3,500,  are  stolen  from  a 
train  between  Paris  and  Lyons. 

Sept.  12.  Paris.  The  Social  Congress 
is  in  session. 

Sept.  22.  The  Centennial  of  the  First 
Hepublic  is  celebrated  throughout 
France ;  brilliant  ceremonies  and  illu- 
minations take  place  in  Paris. 

Oct.  13.  Striking  miners  at  Carmaux 
tear  down  the  prefect's  decree  forbid- 
ding public  meetings ;  a  large  force  of 
troops  ia  present  to  preserve  the  peace. 

[Oct.  20.  The  Carmaux  miners  decide  to 
BUbmU  their  dispute  to  arbitration.  Oct.  26. 
The  President  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  as 
arbitrator  decides  that  M.  Calvtgnae,  whose 
discharge  caused  the  tronl)le8,  shall  be  rein- 
stated, and  that  all  strikers  except  those  con- 
Ticted  of  rioting  shall  be  taken  back.  Oct. 
29.  Ten  of  the  rioters  are  pardoned..  Oct.  31. 
The  strike  at  Carmaux  is  ended,  the  miners 
returning  to  work,  and  the  rioters  are  released 
ftom  prison.  J 

Nov.  8.  Paris.  A  dynamite  bomb  is  ex- 
ploded at  the  police-office  in  Bois  de 
Boulogne. 

STATE. 

1891  Oct.  30.  Paris.  The  bill  impos- 
ing a  duty  on  salted  meats  ia  passed 
by  the  Senate;  the  prohibition  against 
American  pork  is  removed. 

Its  entry  is  limited  to  four  ports,  Bor- 
deaux, Dunkirk,  Havre,  and  Marseilles. 
[Dec.  5.    Decreed.] 

Oct.*  W.  Afr.  The  Senegambians  con- 
cede new  territorial  rights. 

Nov.  24.  Archbishop  Xavier  Gouthe 
Soulard  of  Aix  is  fined  3,000  francs  for 
writing  an  insulting  protest  against  a 
a  circular  of  M.  Falli^res  respecting  pil- 
grimages. 

Dec.  11-13.  Paris.  The  Government's 
support  of  the  Concordat  is  approved 
after  a  stormy  debate  in  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies.    Vote,  243-223. 


Dec.  14.  France  severs  diplomatic  re- 
lations with  Bulgaria  on  account  of  its 
expulsion  of  M.  Chadonine,  a  French 
journalist. 

Dec.  17.  Paris.  The  Senate  passes  a 
new  Tariff  Bill.  [Dec.  27.  Passed  by 
the  Chamber  of  Deputies.  1892.  Jan. 
27.  Approved  by  President  Car  not. 
Feb.  1.    Becomes  operative,] 

Dec.  22±,  Kuptured  relations  exist  be- 
tween France  and  Madagascar. 

Dec.  26.  Paris.  The  Senate  passes  the 
Commercial  Treaties  Bill. 

Dec.  *  Paris.  The  Chamber  passes  a  res- 
olution indirectly  censuring  the  clergy 
for  their  political  activity.  Vote,  243- 
223. 

1892  Jan.  5.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of 
Deputies  passes  a  resolution  demanding 
that  energetic  measures  be  taken  against 
those  responsible  for  the  condition  of 
the  Panama  Canal  Company, 

Jan.  7.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties passes  a  tariff  bill,  introducing  high 
protection.    Vote,  394-114. 

Jan.  9.  A  reconciliation  between 
France  and  Bulgaria  is  effected  by  Italy. 
[Jan.  21.  The  Government  accepts  Bul- 
garia's note  of  apology.] 

Jan.  12.  Paris,  The  Senate  and 
Chamber  meet;  M.  Floquet  is  again 
reelected  president  of  the  Chamber. 

Jan.  13.  A  new  customs  convention 
is  made  with  Norway  and  Sweden. 

Jan.  15.  A  commercial  treaty  is  con- 
cluded with  Holland. 

Jan.  26-Feb.  19.     The  declaration  of 

Cardinal  Lavigerie  and  four  other  cardi- 
nals recognizing  the  Kepublic  is  accepted 
by  7G  bishops. 

Feb.  16.  Pope  Leo's  encyclical  to  the 
French  bishops  enjoining  submission 
to  the  Eepublic  is  published. 

France  and  the  Sultan  of  Morocco 
reach  an  agreement  touching  the  sov- 
ereignty of  the  Touat  Oasis,  in  a 
measure   favoring  the  former. 

Feb.  18,  Paris.  The  Deputies  discuss 
the  Associations  Bill,  abolishing 
licenses  as  requisite  for  associations. 

M.  de  Freycinet  denies  that  it  is  aimed 
at  religious  confraternities  ;  his  request 
for  a  vote  of  confidence  is  refused.  Vote, 
282-210.    The  Ministry  resigns. 

Feb.  19.  The  Pope  issues  an  encycli- 
cal in  which  he  takes  exception  to  the 
attitude  of  the  cardinals  and  arch- 
bishops, 

Feb.  28.  Paris.  A  new  Iffinistry  is 
formed  by  M.  Loubet,  after  Maurice 
Rouvier  declined  to  take  office. 

Members:  M.  Lonbet  (interior),  M.  de 
Freycinet  (war),  M.  Kibot  (foreipn  affairs), 
M.  Rouvier  (finance),  M.  Bourgeois  (public 
instruction),  M.  Kicard  (justice  and  public 
worship),  M.  Cavaignac  (marine),  M.  Develle 
(agriculture),  Jules  Roche  (commerce),  M. 
Viette  (public  works). 

Feb.  29.  France  and  the  United  States 
come  to  an  agreement  for  a  commer- 
cial treaty.  [Mar.  15.  It  is  signed  by 
President  Camot.] 

Mar.  10.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties adopts  a  bill  to  give  women  the 
right  to  vote  for  members  &€  the  Con- 
seils  des  Prudhommes,  but  disallows 
their  election  thereto  as  members. 


Mar.  31,  Paris.  An  anti-dynamite 
bill  passes  the  Senate. 

Apr.  11,  Paris.  The  Budget  Committee 
passes  a  credit  of  300,000,000  francs  for 
an  expedition  against  Dahomey. 

Apr.  22.  Paris.  Orders  are  issued  for 
the  prosecution  of  the  archbishop  of 
Avignon  and  four  other  bishops  for  in- 
citing Catholic  electors  against  the 
State. 

May  10.  Paris.  The  Cabinet  votes  300,- 
000  francs  to  pay  for  indemnity  for  loss 
from  dsmamite  outrages. 

May  25.  Spain  and  France  arrange  a 
commercial  modus  vivendi. 

June  9.  Paris.  The  Due  de  la  Roche- 
foucauld's letter  to  Pope  Leo  declar- 
ing submission  in  matters  of  faith,  but 
not  in  state  alfairs,  is  signed  by  40  of  the 
70  Royalist  deputies. 

July  11.  Paris.  Minister  Godefroy  Ca- 
vaignac  resigns  because  of  censure  in 
relation  to  Dahomey;  he  is  succeeded 
by  M.  Burdeau. 

July  13.  Paris.  A  decree  is  signed  for 
the  Universal  Exhibition,  1900,  May 
6-Oct.  31.  .  »        J 

Aug.  1.    The  triennial  elections  held  in 

the  provinces  for  members  of  tiie  Coun- 
cils General  show  a  Republican  gain  of 
150  seats.  [Aug.  8.  By  supplementary- 
elections  increased  to  195.] 

Aug.  23  ±.  France  takes  possession  of 
Gloriosa  Island  near  Madagascar,  also 
St.  Paul  and  Amsterdam  Islands,  be- 
tween Madagascar  and  Australia. 

Oct.  27.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties rejects  a  motion  to  grant  amnesty 
to  the  Carmaux  rioters. 

Oct.  29.  Paris.  A  bill  regulating  the 
labor  of  women  and  children  in  fac- 
tories, first  introduced  in  1879,  is  passed. 

Nov.  15.  Paris.  A  bill  abolishing  the 
duty  on  wine,  beer,  eider,  and  other 
"hygienic"  drinks,  and  increasing  tlie 
spirit  duties,  is  introduced  in  the  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies.  [Dec.  21.  Passed.  1893. 
June  26.    Passed  by  Senate.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Dec.  6.  In  a  mine  in  St.  f:tienne, 
73  miners  are  killed  by  an  explosion  of 
fire-damp, 

1892  Feb.  18.  The  21  st  anniversary  of 
the  Commulne  is  celebrated. 

July  9.  Paris.  Cholera  has  recently 
appeared ;  several  new  cases  are  re- 
ported. [July  16+.  More  deaths  are 
reported.] 

July  13.  Paris.  President  Carnot  signs 
a  decree  providing  for  the  holding  of  a 
Universal  Exhibition  in  Paris  in  1900, 
from  May  5  to  Oct.  31. 

1892  Sept.  3.  Paris.  Physicians  report 
59  new  cases  of  cholera,  and  42  deaths. 
[Oct.  8.  Cholera  appears  at  Marseilles. 
Nov.  11.  An  alarming  increase  of  cholera 
in  France  is  reported.  1893.  Feb.  8. 
Choleraic  disease  causes  44  deaths  tiiis 
day  in  Marseilles.  Feb.  12.  Eight  more. 
Aug.  3.  It  is  reported  that  826  deaths 
have  occurred  in  the  last  four  weeks 
from  cholera.  Sept.  11.  An  alarming  in- 
crease of  cholera  is  reported  In  Kantes.] 


764     1892,  Nov.  15-1893,  Sept. 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  Apr.  4.  E.  I.  The  French  take 
possession  of  Knone  Island,  in  the  Me- 
kong River,  the  Siamese  withdrawing 
without  offering  resistance. 

May  17i.  E.  I,  A  battle,  with  consid- 
erable loss  of  life,  is  reported  between 
the  French  and  Siamese. 

June  25  ±.  E.  I.  Siamese  islands  are 
occupied  by  the  French  without  re- 
sistance. 

July  17±.  E.  I.  French  marines  cap- 
ture two  Siamese  forts  on  the  Upper 
Mekong  River  ;  a  Siamese  force  is  re- 
pulsed with  great  loss  by  Anuamite 
militia. 

July  24.  France  gives  notice  to  the  pow- 
ers of  her  intention  to  blockade  the  Si- 
amese coast.     [Aug.  4.     Raised.] 

Aug.  2.  Paris.  It  is  announced  that 
Gen.  Dodds  will  lead  another  expedition 
against  the  King  of  Dahomey  in  Septem- 
ber. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  Dec.  27.  Paris.  The  gold  medal 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  is  given  to 
Loula  Pasteur  on  his  70th  birthday  in 
tlie  presence  of  a  large  company. 

1893  Apr.  *  Paris.  By  the  will  of  M. 
Meissonier  the  State  receives  many  valu- 
able painting:8. 

June  4.  Paris.  A  statue  of  Th^ophraste 
Renaudot,  the  first  editor  of  the  Gazette 
de  France^  is  unveiled. 

June  11.  Paris.  A  statue  of  the  phi- 
losopher D.  F.  Arago  is  unveiled. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1883    Nov.  36.     Lavigerie,     Charles    Alle- 
mand,  cardinal,  archbp.  of  Carthage,  A67. 

Dec.  14.    Lemoinne,  John   EniUe,   states- 
man, A77. 
1893    Jan.  4.     Delpit,     Albert,     dramatist, 
poet,  A  44. 

Mar.  6.    Taine.   Hippolyte   Adolphe. 
philosopher,  critic,  historian,  A65. 

Mar.   17.    Ferry,  Jules,  statesman,  A61. 

July  8.     Maupassant,  Guy  de,  novelist,  A43. 

Aug:.   18.     Charcot,    Jean    Martin,    physi- 
cian, A  68. 

Sept.  12.    Miribel,  Marie  Francois,  general, 
A62. 

Sept.  *  Yvon,  Adolphe,  hist,  painter,  A76. 

LETTERS. 
1893  *  *  The  total  number  of  publica- 
tions for  the  year  is  11,076. 

*  *  NapoUon  iutimct  by  Arthur  Levy,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  NapoUon  et  les  Femmes  and  NapoUon 
chez  (ui,  by  Fr^^ric  Masson,  appears. 

*  *  Memoirs  of  General  Thiebault  appears. 

*  *  Memoires  du  Chanceiler  Pasquier,  ed- 
ited by  the  Buke  d'Audiffret-Pasquier, 
appears. 

*  *  Souvenirs  du  G^airal  du  Barail  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Histoire  du  Cardinal  de  RicJielieu,  by 
Gabriel  Hanoteaux,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Madame  de  Lamballe, hyQeoTgG 
Bertun,  appears. 

*  *  Lamartinet  by  £nule  Deschanel,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Victor  Hugo  apr^s  1852  (vol.  iv.),  by 
Edmond  Bire,  appears. 

*  *Le  Masque:  Con/e  mi^sien,  by  Gilbert 
Augustin-Thierry,  appears. 

*  *  Les  Trophies,  by  J.  M.  de  Heredia,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Jacqueline,  by  Th.  Bentzon,  appears. 

*  ♦  DilHtrak,  by  Count  Stanislaus  Kze- 
wuski,  appears. 


SOCIETY. 

1892  Nov.  15.  A  general  strike  of 
miners  is  declared  in  the  north. 

[Nov.  16.  Sixteen  thousand  go  out.  Nov. 
17.  In  tlie  department  of  Pas-de-Calals  33,- 
000  miners  are  out  on  strike;  some  rioting 
occurs.  Nov.  18.  Strong  bodies  of  troops 
are  at  the  8<-ene  of  the  strike.  Nov.  Ift.  The, 
Chamber  of  Deputies  considers  the  strike,  and 
appoints  an  Arbitration  Commission.  Nov. 
20.  Disorderly  strikers  in  Pas-tie- Calais  come 
in  contact  with  the  poh<^e  who  are  guarding 
the  miners,  and  are  repulsed.  Nov.  23.  The 
striking  miners  refuse  to  accept  the  Govern- 
ment Arbitration  JJoard.  Nov.  29.  The  strik- 
ing miners  capture  a  mine  at  Kive  de  Gier. 
Nov.  30.    The  strike  is  ended.] 

Nov.  25".  Paris.  The  committee  ap- 
pointed by  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  to 
investigate  the  workings  of  the  Pan- 
ama Canal  Company,  which  failed  in 
September,  1891,  is  in  session. 

(Dec.  10.)  Several  witnesses  testify;  a 
sub-committee  isappointetl  to  examine  docu- 
ments. Charles  de  Kesseps  test ilies  concern- 
ing the  blackmail  levied  on  the  Panama 
Canal  Company. 

(Dec.  16.)  Cliarles  de  Lesseps,  Fontaine, 
and  Sans-Leroy  are  arrested  for  alleged  con- 
nection with  the  canal  frauds  ;  the  jiolice 
search  many  houses,  and  secure  14  van-loads 
of  documents  bearing  on  ttie  scandal. 

(I)KC.  17.)  Bail  is  refused  in  the  case  of 
Charles  de  Lesseps  and  the  other  Panama 
Canal  officers  imder  arrest. 

(Dec.  18.)  Druinont's  paper  says  the  ag- 
gregate amount  of  tlie  Panama  Canal  Com- 
pany's bril>e8  is  20.000,000  francs.  Letters  in- 
criminating senators  and  ileimties  are  found 
in  the  Panama  Canal  Company's  office. 

(Dec.  24.)  M.  Castelhon,  who  was  on  the 
Thierry  list  as  having  had  a  check  for  20,000 
franca,  testiHes  tliat  lie  handed  back  15,000 
francs  to  Senator  Deves,  who  cashed  the 
check. 

(1893,  Jan.  20.)  M.  Andrieux  refuses  to  say 
whose  name  he  cut  out  of  tlie  list  of  104 
Deputies  which  he  showed  when  he  was  ex- 
amined in  December;  Dr.  Herz  is  arrested 
in  Kngland. 

(Jan.  21. 1  M.  Cl^menceau  denies  all  knowl- 
edge of  bribery  by  Dr.  Herz  or  any  other 
person. 

(Jan.  23.)  It  is  said  that  the  comndttee's 
sub-comndttee  has  discovered  enormous 
frauds  among  the  records  of  syndicates  which 
helped  to  tioat  the  Panama  loans. 

(Jan.  24. )  M.  St^phane  rei>eats  his  cliarges 
against  M.  Cl^menwau. 

(Jan.  25.)  it  is  announced  that  the  Par- 
liamentary Commission  of  Inquiry  has  ended 
its  investigations  of  the  Panama  Canal  s<-an- 
dal. 

Nov.  25.  Paris.  The  International 
Emigration  Congress  opens. 

Dec.  23.  Paris.  MM.  Cl^inenceau  and 
Deroulede  fight  a  harmless  duel  with 
pistols. 

Dec.  30.  Paris,  Anti-Socialist  and  An- 
archist manifestoes  are  issued. 

1893  Jan.  6.  Paris.  M.  de  Mor^s,  at 
a  great  anti-Semitic  meeting  held  at  the 
Tivoli  Vauxhall,  bitterly  assails  the  He- 
brews, and  holds  them  as  primarily  re- 
sponsible for  the  Panama  scandal. 

Jan.  7.  Paris.  The  persons  implicated 
in  the  Panama  frauds  are  tried. 

MM.  Haihout,  IJlondin,  Fontaine,  Cotta, 
and  Charles  de  Lesseps  are  examined  to- 
gether. Cliarlesde  Lesseps  and  M.  Fontaine 
make  full  statements  to  the  <TOvernment. 

(Jan.  12.)  Charles  de  Lesseps  admits  hav- 
ing bribed  public  functionaries. 

(Jan.  14.)  Kx-minister  Baihaut  confesses 
the  bribery  charges. 

(Jan.  27.)  M.  Franqueville,  magistrate. 
returns  true  bills  of  accusation  against  14 
persons,  among  tliem  ex-ministers  Konvier 
and  Haihout,  and  Senator  Albert  (Vrt^vy  and 
Charts  de  Lesseps,  for  connection  with  Pan- 
ama frauds. 

(Feb.  9.)  The  judges  arrive  at  a  decision. 
M.  F.  de  Lessei>s  an<l  M.  (".  de  Lesseps  eacli 
is  sentenced  to  live  years*  imjirisoimient, 
and  to  pay  a  tine  of  3,000  francs;  M.  Fon- 
taine and  M.  Cotta  each  three  years,  and  a 


fine  of  3,000  francs;  M.  Eiffel,  two  years, 
and  a  fine  of  20,000  francs. 

(Feb.  10.)  MM.  C.  de  Lesseps,  Baihaut, 
Blondin,  Cotta,  and  others  are  arraigned  on 
an  indictment  charging  corruption  in  the 
matter  of  the  Lottery  Bonds  Bill. 

(Feb.  15.)  M.  Le  Ouay  and  M.  Prevost 
are  convicted  of  complicity  in  the  frauds,  and 
sentenced,  the  llrst  to  imprisonment  for  five 
years,  and  to  pay  a  line  of  3,000  francs,  and 
the  latter,  for  tiiree  years,  and  a  fine  of  100 
francs. 

(Mak.  8.)  The  trial  of  those  accused  is 
begun  in  tlie  Assize  Court;  Charles  de  Les- 
seps testifies  at  length. 

(Mak.  W.)  M.  Baitiaut,  ex-minister  of  pub- 
lic works,  confesses  his  guilt. 

(Mar.  10.)  MM.  Floquet,  C16meneeau, 
and  Freycinet  testify. 

(Mak.  11.)  Sensational  disclosures  are 
made  by  M.  Andiienx  and  Mme.  Cotta;  M. 
Bourgeois,  minister  of  justice,  resigns;  there 
is  much  excitement. 

(.Mak.  21.)  In  the  Assize  Court,  the  Pan- 
ama trials  culminate  in  the  sentence  of  M. 
Baihaut,  ex-minister  of  public  works,  to  im- 
prisonment for  live  years,  to  pay  a  tine  of 
750,000  francs,  and  to  a  forfeiture  of  civil 
rights;  M.  Blondin  ("go-between "  in  the 
bribery  of  Baihaut),  imprisonment  for  two 
years;  M.  Charles  de  Lesseps  (who  bribed 
Baihaut),  imprisonment  "  to  run  coJieur- 
rently  with  tlie  five  years'  sentence  already 
imposed  ; "  the  other  defendants  are  ac- 
quitted. 

Jan.  28.    By  decree,  the  name  of   Dr. 

Cornelius  Herz  has  been  expunged  from 
the  roll  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

Feb.  2.  Serious  bread  riots  occur  in 
Marseilles.  [May  1.  More  serious  riot- 
ing-] 

Feb.  21.  The  centenary  of  the  execu- 
tion of  Louis  XVI.  is  celebrated  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  France,  both  by  lioyalists 
and  Republicans. 

Feb.  22.  Paris.  The  police  seize  large 
parcels  of  revolutionary  proclama- 
tions imported  by  local  Anarchists. 

Mar.  14.  The  President  of  Haiti,  sail- 
ing for  Monte  Cristo  with  $0*2,000  ptir- 
loined  from  the  French  Bank,  is  cap- 
tured by  French  cruisers. 

Mar.  22.  Paris.  The  State  funeral  of 
Jules  Ferry,  late  president  of  the  Sen- 
ate, takes  place  at  the  Luxembourg. 

Mar.  28.  Paris.  Otto  Brandes,  the 
Paris  correspondent  of  the  Berliner 
Taqeblatt,  is  mobbed  while  leaving 
witn  his  family. 

Apr.  1.  Paris.  M.  A  n  d  r  i  e  u  x  and  M. 
Henry  Moret,  editor  of  the  Jiadical, 
tight  a  ^uel ;  neither  is  hurt. 

Apr.  11.  Paris.  The  Bering  Sea  Court 
of  Arbitration  holds  a  secret  session  of 
six  hours.    (See  Index.) 

Apr.  13.  Paris.  The  Court  of  Cas.sation 
rejects  the  appeal  of  Charles  de  Les- 
seps from  his  last  sentence  to  imprison- 
ment and  fine. 

Apr.  28.  At  the  navy-yard  in  Nantes, 
8,000  workmen  strike. 

June  15.  Paris.  In  the  Court  of  Cassa- 
tion, the  sentences  of  the  Panama  defen- 
dants are  set  aside  ;  MM.  Eilfel  and 
Fontaine  are  liberated,  but  C.  de  Lesseps 
has  to  serve  out  a  concurrent  sentence 
for  bribery.    [Sept.  1.    Released.] 

July  4.  Paris.  The  streets  are  barri- 
caded, and  many  injured  on  both  sides 
by  collisions  between  the  cavalry  and 
rioters. 

[July  5.  Troops  occupy  Paris.  Several 
stubborn  fights  occur  between  soldiers, 
police,  and  rioters.  July  7.  BJotingis 
renewed  ;  bitter  speeches  are  made  con- 
cerning the  Government's  action  in  clos- 
ing the  Labor  Exchange.     July  8.     A 


/ 


FRANCE. 


1892,  Nov.  15  - 1 8  9  3,  Sept.  *.    765 


large  number  of  rioters  are  under  arrest, 
and  quietness  is  gradually  restored.] 

Jul7  13.  Paris.  Smile  Zola,  the  novel- 
ist, is  appointed  an  otlieer  in  tlie  Legiou 
of  Honor. 

July  14.  Paris.  M.  Buloz,  editor  of  the 
Revue  des  Deux  Mondts,  disappears  after 
having  paid  1C,'J5U,000  franca  to  black- 
mailers. 

Aug.  5,  6.  Paris,  fidouard  Ducret  is 
sentenced  to  one  year's  iniprisonnient, 
and  a  mulatto  named  Norton  to  three 
years,  for  concocting  the  '*Cocarde** 
foi^eries.    (See  State,  June  22.) 

Auk*  5.  Paris.  President  Camot  con- 
fers the  Cross  of  tlie  Legion  of  Honor  on 
Baron  Usedom. 

Au^.  17.  Ten  men  are  Icilled  in  a  fight 
between  Frencli  and  Italian  working- 
men  in  Aigues-Mortes. 

[Aug.  20.  Anti-French  demonstra- 
tions occur  in  liome.  They  are  caused 
by  the  Aigues-Mortes  massacre  of  Ital- 
ians; mobs  attack  a  seminary,  and 
threaten  the  French  Embassy. 

Aug.  21.  The  French  government  de- 
cides that  ail  foreign  residents  in 
France  must  be  registered. 

STATE. 

1892  Nov.  19.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties, after  an  exciting  debate,  passes  a 
Press  Bill  to  check  anarchical  publi- 
cations. 

Nov.  21.  Paris.  Deputies  unanimously 
Tote  for  a  parliamentary  inquiry  into 
the  Panama  Canal  Company's  af- 
fairs, after  a  stormy  debate. 

Nov.  25.  Paris.  A  motion  of  urgency 
on  a  proposition  to  enlarge  the  powers 
of  the  Panama  Canal  £iveatigating 
Committee  is  defeated  by  the  Deputies, 
the  Goverumeut  opposing  it. 

Nov.  28.  Paris.  The  Chambers  censure 
the  Government  for  neglecting  an  au- 
topsy on  the  body  of  Baron  Jacques,  a 
ftuicide,  and  director  of  the  Panama 
Canal  Company,  also  for  neglecting  to 
seal  his  papers.  Vote,  304-219.  The  Min- 
istry resign. 

Dec.  5.  Paris.  M.  Ribot  forms  a  new 
Ministry. 

Members:  M.  Rlbot  (foreign  affairs),  M.  <le 
Freycinet  (war),  M.  Kouvier  (linance),  M. 
Loiibet  (interior),  Charles  Sarrien  (public 
Insiriictioii),  M.  Hourgeois  (public  worship 
and  justice),  M.  Burdeau  (marine),  M.  Sar- 
rien (commerce),  M.  Develle  (agriculture), 
M.  Viette  (public  works). 

Dec.  8.  Paris.  The  new  Cabinet  states 
its  policy,  and  the  Deputies  pass  a  vote 
of  confidence.    Vote,  30(>-l04. 

Dec.  15.  Paris.  M.  Bouvier,  Finance 
Minister,  resigns,  and  is  succeeded  by 
Pierre  Emmanuel  Tirard, 

Tlie  Chamber  of  Deputies  decides 
against  a  proposal  to  invest  the  Panama 
Investigating  Committee  with  judicial 
powers.     Vote,  271-2tJ5. 

Dec.  23.  Paris.  After  a  stormy  debate, 
the  Chamber  of  Deputies  votes  confi- 
dence in  the  Government.    Vote,  353-91. 

•  *  A  commercial  treaty  is  made  with 
Switzerland. 

The  minimum  tariff  on  watches, 
cheese,  embroideries,  silks,  and  other 
Swiss  products,  is  lowered. 

*  *  Tlie  Government  and  the  United 
States  of  America  make  reciprocal  tariff 
arrangements. 


1893  Jan.  8.  A  formal  friendly 
agreement  is  signed  by  France  and 
Russia  at  the  instigation  of  Pope  Leo 
and  others. 

Jan.  10.    Paris.    The  Ministry  resigns. 

Jan,  12.  Paris.  The  Kibot  cabinet  is 
reconstructed. 

Members  :  A.  F^lix  J.  Kibot  (premier, 
interior),  Jules  Develle  (foreign  affairs), 
Pierre  Emmanuel  Tirard  (tiuaiice),  L6ou 
Bourgeois  (justice),  Gen.  J.  L.  Loizellou 
(war),  CharlesDupuy  (education),  Albert 
Vigor  (agriculture),  J  ules  Siegfried  (com- 
merce), Francois  Viette  (public  works), 
Adm.  Kieuuier  (marine  and  colonies). 

Casimir  Pdrier  is  elected  president 
of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  place  of 
M.  Floquet.     Vote,  408-253. 

Ti\e  Chamber  of  Deputies  sustains  the 
Government's  course  In  expelling 
Nihilists. 

Jan.  25.  Paris.  News  of  the  occupa- 
tion of  Timbuctu  by  a  French  expe- 
dition arrives. 

Jan.  26.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties votes  the  Secret  Service  Fund. 
Vote,  303-182. 

Feb.  3.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties passes  tlie  bill  for  punishing  authors 
of  baseless  attacks  on  savings-banks. 

Feb.  7.  Paris.  The  Deputies  sustain 
the  Cabinet's  refusal  to  interfere  di- 
rectly in  getting  an  extension  of  the 
Panama  concessions.    Vote,  374-34. 

Feb.  8.  Paris.  Tlie  Deputies  adopt  M. 
Cavaignac's  nnjtion  for  sustaining  prose- 
cution of  official  corruption,  and  order 
their  action  to  be  placarded  throughout 
France.     Vote,  44G-3. 

Feb.  9.  Paris.  A  treaty  for  reciprocal 
trade  with  Canada  is  signed. 

Feb.  24.     Paris.    Jule^  Ferry  is  elected 

to  succeed  i'liilippe  Elie  de  Rover  as 
president  of  the  Senate.  [Mar.  17.  He 
dies.  Mar.  27.  He  is  succeeded  by  M. 
Chailemel-Lacour.  ] 

Mar.  6.  Paris.  The  Deputies  sustain 
the  Cabinet  by  pas.sing  a  bill  directed  at 
libelous  attacks  on  ambassadors. 

Vote,  257-188. 

Mar.  12.  Paris.  M.  Bourgeois  resigns 
as  minister  of  justice,  and  is  succeeded 
by  M.  Develle. 

Mar.  29.  Paris.  The  Deputies  vote  an 
annual  pension  of  0,000  francs  to  £mst 
Kenan's  widow. 

Mar.  30.  Paris.  The  Deputies  decide 
to  retain  the  Iiiquor-Law  Amend- 
ment Bill  as  part  of  tlie  budget,  though 
opposed  by  tlie  tlovernment.  Vote,  247- 
242.    The  Cabinet  resigns. 

Apr.  4.  Paris.  Charles  Dupuy  forms  a 
new  Ministry, 

Members:  Charles  Hupuy  (hiterlor),  Jules 
Develle  (foreign  atfaira),  Paul  Louis  Peytrol 
(finance),  Kugijne  Gu^rln  (justice),  Kay- 
niond  Poincare  (insti'iiction),  (Jen.  Loizellon 
(war),  A<]tn.  Kieunier  (marine  and  colonies), 
Louis  Terrier  (commerce),  Fran(;oi8  Viette 
{public  works),  Albert  Viger  (agriculture.) 

Apr.  28.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties votes  to  separate  the  liquor  tax 
from  the  budget  at  the  request  of  the 
Government. 

May  4.  Paris.  Tlie  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties passes  a  bill  to  abolish  the  octroi 
duties  on  articles  of  food  and,  drink 
brouglit  into  towns,  and  empowering 
the  municipal  authorities  to  levyotlier 
taxes  to  make  good  the  consequent  loss. 


June  11.  Albert  Ferry  is  elected  sena- 
tor to  succeed  the  late  Jules  Ferry. 

June  22.  Paris.  \i\  the  House  of  Depu- 
ties, M.  MiUevoye,  a  Boulangist,  ac- 
cuses M.  Clemeuceau  and  others  of  com- 
plicity in  the  publication  in  tlie  Cocarde 
of  forged  documents  alleged  to  have 
been  stolen  from  the  British  embassy. 
They  consist  of  pretended  letters  from  Eng- 
lish diplomats,  in  wliich  certain  French  pol- 
iticians are  sjKJken  of  as  hired  spies  and 
intriguers,  an<i  gives  a  list  of  bribes  piiiil  by 
the  liritisli  Goverimient  to  the  Journal  des 
DH/ats,  MM.  IJurdeau,  Ciemenceau,  Koelie- 
fort,  and  Edwards. 

The  Deputies  indignantly  reject  tlie  docu- 
ments as  spurious.     Vote, ^89-4. 

July  8.  J'aris.  A  Franco-Russian  com- 
mercial convention  is  decreed.  [July 
12.    Becomes  effective.] 

July  19.  Paris.  The  Government  sends 
an  ultimatiun  to  Siam  demanding  repa- 
ration for  alleged  outrages,  and  requir- 
ing an  answer  within  48  hours. 

July  22.  Paris.  The  reply  of  Siam  is 
given;  M.  Develle  refuses  the  request 
of  the  Siamese  minister  for  an  extension  * 
of  time. 

July  24.  Paris.  The  reply  of  Siam  be- 
ing unsatisfactory,  France  gives  notice 
to  the  powers  of  her  intention  to  block- 
ade the  Siamese  coast;  tlie  F'rench 
minister  at  Bangkott  informs  the  Siam- 
ese Government  that  he  will  leave  the 
city.     [Aug.  8.    Returns.] 

July  29.  Paris.  Siam  at  last  consents 
to  surrender  territory  and  pay  indem- 
nity according  to  the  French  ultimatum. 
[July  30.  Answer  accepted.  Aug.  1. 
Siam  gives  guaranties.] 

Aug.  6.  Paris.  The  Franco-Siamese 
agreement  is  ratified. 

Aug.  20-Sept.  3.  A  general  election. 
is  held ;  292  Government  candidates,  35 
"Rallied"  Republicans,  and  68  Mon- 
archists are  elected. 

Aug.  24.  Siam.  The  demands  of  the 
French  special  envoy  exceed  those  of 
the  ultimatum. 

[Aug.  29.  France  demands  immediate 
acceptance.  Aug.  30.  The  envoy  pre- 
sents for  acceptance  the  draft  of  a 
treaty  superseding  the  convention  pre- 
viously submitted,  saying  it  must  be  ac- 
cepted without  alteration  within  48 
hours.  Oct.  1.  Siam  yields,  and  the 
trouble  is  ended.  Oct.  3.  The  treaty  is 
signed.] 

The  Government  agrees  to  call  a  con- 
ference of  the  members  of  the  Latin 
Union  to  decide  the  question  of  the 
nationalization  of  fractional  silver 
currency. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Feb.  25.  Paris.  The  Panama 
Canal  report. 

The  Government  account.int  reports 
that  the  total  amount  received  by  con- 
tractors for  real  or  supposed  work  and 
supplies  was  462.620,064  francs,  of  which 
102,358,444  represent  labor  said  to  have 
been  paid  for,  and  77,747,504  profits  of 
contractors 

Apr.  4.  Paris.  The  Bering-Sea  Court 
of  Arbitration  begins  its  sessions.  Argu- 
ments are  made  by  counsel  on  both 
sides.    [Apr.  25.    It  adjourns  foraveek.} 


766     1893,0ct.  13-1894,  Dec.  22, 


FRANCE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  Oct.  27.  The  war-ship  Jauregui- 
berry  is  launched  at  Toulon. 

1894  Jan.  2±.  W.Afr.  KingBehan- 
zin  surrenders  to  the  French  com- 
mander in  Dahomey,  and  will  be  sent  to 
Senegal. 

Jan.  8±.  Fr.  Sudan.  The  French  are 
badly  defeated  at  Timbuctu  by 
Tuaregs.  Col.  Bonnier,  commander  of 
the  force,  is  killed  by  the  Tuaregs,  with 
78  officers  and  soldiers.    (See  p.  10). 

Jan.  21.  E.  I.  A  French  force  at  Tong- 
kiiig  is  attacked  from  ambush  by  pi- 
rates, and  loses  20  men  killed  and 
wounded.         • 

Apr.  15.  The  new  ten-thousand-ton  war- 
ship, the  Mayenta,  is  declared  to  be  vir- 
tually worthless  by  M.  Lockroy,  who 
was  sent  to  make  an  examination  of  the 
fortifications,  etc.,  at  Toulon;  the  find- 
ings not  yet  accepted. 

*  *  The  estimated  strength  of  the  French 
army,  with  its  various  reserve  and  ter- 
ritorial forces,  is  4,375,000  trained  men. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Apr.  4.  Paris.  An  International 
Sanitary  Congress  meets  to  adopt  anti- 
cholera  measures. 

Deo.  6i:.  Henry  Houssaye  is  elected  a 
member  of  the  Academy. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1893  Oct.  17.     MacMahon,  Marie  Edme 

Patrice  Maurice  de,  marshal,  Pres.,  A85. 

Oct.   18.     Gounod,  C'harles,  composer,  A75. 

Nov.  4.  Tirard,  Pierre  E.,  statesman,  finan- 
cier, A  66. 

1894  Jan.  13.  Waddington,  WiUiam 
Henri,  statesman,  A68. 

Feb.  8.  Sax,  Adolph,  inventor  of  musical 
instruments,  A8U. 

Feb.  9.     Du  Camp,  Maxlme,  author,  A72. 

Mar.  38.     Darmeister,  James,  scholar,  A45. 

Apr.  m.  IJrown-S^quard,  Charles,  Edouard, 
physiologist,  A6ti. 

June  24.  Camot,  Marie  Francois  Sadl, 
President,  A  57. 

July  17.  Leconte  de  Lisle,  Charles  Marie 
Ren6,  poet,  A74. 

Auff.  7.    Cain,  Auffuste,  sculptor,  A72. 

Sept.  8.  Paris,  Comte  de,  Louis  P.  A.d'Or- 
l^ans,  pretender,  A56.        , 

Oct.  16.    Jacque,  Charles  Emile, artist,  A81. 

Nov.  8.  Figuier,  Guillaume  Louis,  writer, 
A75. 

Nov.  18.  Magnard,  Francois,  editor  Ft- 
garo^  A  57. 

Nov.  35.     Duruy,  Victor,  states.,  hist.,  A83. 

Nov.  38.     Thierry,  Kdouard,  dram.,  A81. 

Dec.  7.  Ijesseps,  Ferdinand  de.  finan- 
cier, diplomatist,  A89. 

Dec.  10.  Gigoux,  Jean  Franijois,  painter, 
A86. 

Dec.  13.   Burdeau,  Auguste,  politician,  A43. 

LETTERS. 

1894  Feb.  2.  The  lievue  de  Paris,  ed- 
ited hy  MM.  Gander,  Long,  and  Darmes- 
teter,  first  appears. 

*  *  Hisfoire  (fhi&rale  du  Second  Empire,  by 
M.  de  la  Gorce,  appears. 

*  *  Histoire  milltaire  du  Siege  de  Paris  par 
les  Prussiens,  hy  Alfred  Duquet,  appears. 

*  *  Combats  constitutionnels,  and  other 
works,  by  J.  J.  Weiss,  appear. 

*  *  Souverainet^  du  Peuple  etdu  Gouveme- 
ment,  by  Eugfene  d'Eichthal,  appears. 

*  *  L'Annh  phUosophique,  by  MM.  Beau- 
nais  and  Binet,  appears. 

*  *  Histoire  de  I* Art  dans  V Antiquity,  vol. 
vi.,  by  MM.  Perrot  and  Chipiez,  appears. 

*  *  Histoire  ancienne  des  Peuples  de  I' Ori- 
ent classique,  by  G.  Maspero,  appears. 


*  *  Histoire  de  I' Art  pendant  la  lienais- 
sance  italienne,  by  M.  Muntz,  appears. 

*  *  Pleureuses,    by    Henri    Barbuase,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Les  Demi-  Vierges,  by  Marcel  Provost, 
appears. 

*  *  Z-e  Lys  rouge,  by  Anatole  France,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  V Armature,    by   Paul    Hervieu,    ap- 
pears. 

*  *  L'^ducation  du  Prince,  Maurice  Dou- 
nay,  appears. 

*  *  Marionnettes,  by  Henri  Lavedan,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Annies  d'Aventures,  by  Alfred  Capus, 
appears. 

*  *  Les  MorticoleSt  by  Lton  Daudet,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Myrrha,  by  Jules  Lemattre,  appears. 

*  *  La    Silence    and    liochesblanches,    by 
^ouard  Rod,  appear. 


SOCIETY. 

1893  Oct.  13f.  ThevisitoftheRussian 
war-ships  is  enthusiastically  welcomed. 

(Oct.  13.)  The  Russian  war-ships  arrive 
at  Toulon. 

(Oct.  17.)  The  aehniral  and  officers  of  the 
Russian  fleet  are  enthusiastically  welcomed 
at  Paris;  a  dinner  and  ball  are  given  in  the 
evening  at  the  Elys^e  In  tlieir  lionor. 

(Oct.  19.)  The  .Ministry  of  Marine  enter- 
tains the  Russian  naval  officers  at  a  lunch- 
eon in  Paris,  and  at  night  a  large  torchlight 
procession  passes  tlirougli  ttie  streets. 

(Oct.  21.)  They  are  entertained  by  Pre- 
mier Dupuy;  the  Czar  and  President  Camot 
are  toasted. 

(Oct.  23.)  They  are  guests  at  a  luncheon 
at  the  War  Office,  at  a  banquet  on  the 
Champ  de  Mars,  and  at  a  supper  at  the  Mili- 
tary Club;  also  at  river  fetes  and  a  fine  dis- 
play of  fireworks. 

(Oct.  24.)     They  leave  Paris  for  Lyons. 

(Oct.  26.)  They  are  enthusiastically  wel- 
comed at  Marseilles. 

(Oct.  29. )  The  Russian  fleet  leaves  Toulon 
for  Ajaccio. 

(Nov.  I.)    It  arrives  at  Ajaccio,  Corsica. 

Oct.  22.  Paris.  The  public  funeral  of 
Marshal  MacMahon  is  held  ;  Premier 
Dupuy  pronounces  the  eulogy. 

Nov.  8.  Serious  riots  occur  at  Mar- 
seilles. 

Nov.  16.  An  infernal  machine  is  ex- 
ploded at  the  residence  of  Gen.  Mathe- 
lin  of  the  15th  Army  Corps,  at  Marseilles ; 
the  houses  adjoining  suffer,  all  the  win- 
dows being  broken. 

Dec.  9.  Paris.  A  dynamite  explosion 
occurs  in  the  Chamber  of  Deputies ; 
seven  Deputies  are  hurt,  one  said  to  be 
dying  ;  the  usher  is  killed. 

[Dec.  10.  Augruste  Valllant.  the  Anar- 
chist who  threw  the  bomb  in  tJie  Chamber, 
is  arrest^'d,  and  confesses  he  wanted  to  kill 
M.  Dupuy ;  he  himself  is  badly  injured. 
Dec.  17.  A  package  is  found  in  the  street 
containing  len  dynamite  cartridges,  and 
papers  threatening  reprisals  in  case  Vaillant 
is  put  to  death.] 

Dec.  15.  Paris.  The  Government  de- 
clares that  it  does  not  favor  an  inter- 
national league  against  Anarchists. 

Dec.  18.  Paris.  Jacques  Merigeau,  an 
Anarchist,  tries  to  murder  the  leader 
of  a  body  of  police-officers  who  arrested 
him  ;  a  large  quantity  of  explosives  are 
found  in  his  room  ;  220  supposed  Anar- 
chists are  to  be  expelled. 

1894  Jan.  1.  Paris.  The  police  have 
searched  10,000  houses  occupied  by  sup- 
posed Anarchists,  and  made  many  ar- 
rests. 


Jan.  4.  Paris.  The  appeal  of  Vaillant, 
the  bomb-thrower,  for  postponement  of 
his  trial,  is  rejected  by  the  Court  of  Cas- 
sation. 

[Jan.  9.  The  Vaillant  jurors  are  espe- 
cially guarded,  both  at  home  and  to  and 
from  court.  Jan.  10.  ^'aillant  is  con- 
victed and  sentenced  to  death  in  the  As- 
size Court.     Feb.  5.    He  is  guillotined.] 

Feb.  5.  Paris.  Nine  more  Anarchists 
are  arrested. 

Feb.  12.  Paris.  E.  Henry,  an  Anar- 
chist, throws  a  bomb  in  the  cafe  of  the 
Hotel  Terminus,  wounding  20  persons; 
he  is  captured  after  shooting  a  police- 
man. 

Feb.  13.  Paris.  Paul  Bernard,  an  An- 
archist leader,  is  arrested. 

Feb.  20.  Paris.  A  bomb  left  in  a  hotel 
explodes,  and  injures  several  persons. 

Feb.  23.  Paris.  An  Anarchist  who 
stabbed  the  Servian  envoy  is  sentenced 
to  penal  servitude  for  life,  [May.  4. 
Thirteen  Anarchists  are  arrested.  May 
5.    Nine  more  Anarchists  are  arrested.] 

Apr.  4.  London.  The  Anarchist  Meu- 
nier,  whose  bomb  destroyed  a  ca/S  in 
Paris  two  years  ago,  and  killed  the  pro- 
prietor, is  recognized  by  the  police  and 
arrested. 

Paris.    Three  persons  are  injured  by 

a  bftmb  explosion. 

Apr.  5.  Paris.  A  bomb  explodes  in 
the  Place  du  Luxembourg,  near  the 
Senate  Chamber. 

Apr.  26.  Paris.  A  bureau  chief  of  the 
War  Department,  F^lix  F^neon,  is  ar- 
rested on  suspicion  of  being  an  Aliar* 
chist. 

Apr.  27.  Paris.  The  trial  of  ]6mile 
Henry,  the  defiant  Anarchist,  who 
threw  a  bomb  in  the  ca/i  of  the  Hotel 
Terminus,  is  begun. 

[Apr.  28.  He  is  found  guilty,  and  it 
sentenced  to  death.  The  members  of 
the  jury  receive  letters  threatening  their 
lives.    May  20.     Guillotined.] 

May  24.  Editor  Hinault,  in  Dijon,  Is 
sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  two 
years,  and  to  pay  a  flue  of  2,000  francs, 
for  defaming  the  army. 

June  5.  Paris.  The  Suez  Canal  Com- 
pany reelects  Charles  de  Lesseps  a 
director,  and  grants  a  pension  of  16,000 
francs  annually  to  Madame  de  Lesseps, 
and  the  same  amount  to  the  13  de  Left* 
seps  children. 

June  24.    While  visiting  the  Lyons  Ex-    , 
hibition,  President  Camot  is  assassi- 
nated by  a  young  Italian  named  Santo 
Caserio,  who  is  believed  to  be  an  Anar- 
chist ;  intense  excitement  prevails. 

[.June  25.  The  body  of  President  Carnot 
leaves  Lyons  for  Paris;  anti-Italian  riots 
occur  in  Lyons  and  Paris.  June  26.  Anti- 
Italian  riots  continue  throughout  France;  a 
caucus  of  senators  and  deputies  at  Paris,  on 
the  election  of  a  new  President,  degenerate* 
into  a  free  fight.  Jnne  29.  Investigation 
shows  that  Caserio  drew  the  lot  to  kill  Presi- 
dent Carnot  at  a  meeting  of  conspirators  in  ^ 
Crete.] 

July  1.  Paris.  The  funeral  of  Presi- 
dent Camot  takes  place  with  imi)osing 
ceremonies. 

Premier  Dupuy  and  MM.  Challemel- 
Lacour  and  de  Mahy  pronounce  orations 
at  the  Pantheon ;  services  are  held  in  sev- 
eral European  capitals. 


FRANCE. 


1893,  Oct.  13-1894,  Dec.  22.     767 


July  13.  An  Anarchist  attempts  to  burn 
the  ironclad  Lazare  Caniet  as  she  is  be- 
ing launched  at  Toulon. 

July  20.  Paris.  Placards  are  posted 
throughout,  threatening  bomb-explo- 
sions in  retaliation  for  the  Anti-Anar- 
chist Law. 

July  26.  Paris.  Meunier,  the  Anar- 
chist, is  found  guilty  of  having  blown 
up  Caf^  V»^ry,  and  is  sentenced  to  penal 
servitude  for  life. 

^uly  27.  MM.  Cl^menceau  and  Dascha- 
nel  fight  a  sword  duel;  the  latter  is 
wounded. 

Aug.  2.  The  trial  of  Santo  Caserio, 
the  murderer  of  President  Carnot,  be- 
gins at  Lyons.  [Aug.  3.  He  is  found 
guilty,  and  sentenced  to  death.  Aug.  16. 
He  is  guillotined.] 

Aug.  30.  Abb^  Bruneau  is  guillotined 
at  Laval  for  murder,  robbery,  and  arson. 

Oct.  1.  Eight  Anarchists  are  arrested 
in  Marseilles. 

Oct.  12.  Paris.  Casimir  P^rier  deco- 
rates Verdi  with  the  Qrand  Cordon  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor. 

Oct.  16.  Paris.  The  Government  con- 
fers the  Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor 
upon  Captain  von  Susskind,  the  German 
military  attachi. 

I>ec.  10.  The  Emperor  of  Germany  tele- 
graphs a  message  of  condolence  to 
M.  de  Lesseps. 

Deo.  22.  Pans.  Capt.  Albert  Dreyfus 
is  found  guilty  by  the  court-martial,  and 
sentenced  to  life  imprisonment  in  a  for- 
tress, and  to  degradation  from  all  mili- 
tary rank  and  honors,  foB  stealing  mili- 
tary documents,  and  selling  military 
secrets. 

STATE. 
1893  Nov.  26.  Paris.  The  Cabinet 
resigns  because  of  differences  with 
President  Carnot ;  violent  attacks  are 
made  upon  the  Government  in  the  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies. 

Dec.  2.  Paris.  Casimir  P^rier  forma  a 
new  Ministry. 

Members:  Casimir  Pfaier  (premier  and 
foreign  affairs),  David  Cayiial  (interior),  M. 
Dubost  (justice),  Augu8teHuriieau(ti nance). 
Gen.  Mercier  (war),  Adin.  I'efore  (marine), 
M.  .Marty  (commerce),  Tlieopliile  DelcassiS 
(coloniea),  Eugfeae  SpuUer  (public  instruc- 
tion), M.  Viger  (agriculture),  M.  Jonnart 
(public  works). 

'  Paris.    To  check  undesirable  inuni- 


pass  the  Kentes  Conversion  Bill,  to 
convert  the  four  and  a  half  per  cent 
Kentes  into  three  and  a  half  per  cents. 
[Jan.  17.    Adopted  by  the  Senate.] 

Feb.  8.  Paris.  The  Cabinet  decides  to 
impose  an  additional  duty  on  wheat 
imported  from  other  countries  than 
those  of  Europe. 

Feb.  27.  Paris.  The  Senate  approves 
of  the  bill  passed  by  the  Deputies  levy- 
ing a  duty  on  com  of  seven  francs  per 
quintal. 

Mar.  19.  Paris.  The  Senate  approves 
the  creation  of  the  Ministry  of  the 
Colonies.  [Mar.  21.  Senator  Boulan- 
ger-Bernet  is  appointed  minister.] 

Apr.  19.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties rejects  the  bill  to  abolish  capital 
punishment  and  the  bill  for  private 
executions. 

May  11.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties passes  a  motion  of  urgency  regard- 
ing the  method  of  executing  criminals. 
Vote,  252-242. 

May  17.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties sustains  the  Government's  course  in 
regard  to  the  papal  nuncio's  circular 
to  the  bishops.     Vote,  334-142. 

May  23.  Paris.  The  ministers  resign 
because  of  defeat  on  a  labor  question. 

May  29.  Paris.  M.  Dupuy  forms  a  new 
Ministry. 

Members:  Charles  Dupuy  (premier,  inte- 
rior, public  worship),  M.  Poincar^  (finance), 
M.  Guerin  (justice),  Georges  Leygues  (pub- 
lic instruction),  M.  Ilanotaux  (foreign  af- 
fairs). Gen.  Mercier  (war),  F61lx  Faur  (ma- 
rine), M.  Delcass^  (colonies),  M.  Barthou 
(public  works),  M.  Lourtles  (commerce), 
Albert  Viger  (agriculture). 

June  2.  Paris.  Ex-Premier  Casimir 
P6rier  is  elected  president  of  the  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies. 

June  8.  Paris.  Fiance  enters  a  protest 
against  the  concession  of  226  square 
miles  in  the  rubber  district  on  the  south 
coast  of  Madagascar,  granted  to  J.  L. 
Waller,  ex-United  States  Consul  at 
Tamatave,  and  declares  that  without 
her  permission  concessions  shall  not  be 
made  to  foreigners  in  that  region. 

June  9.  Paris.  Tlie  Deputies  approve 
of  the  bill,  passed  by  the  Senate,  creat- 
ing pensions  for  miners. 

June  12.  Paris.  The  Senate  votes 
1,900,000  francs  for  African  reenforce- 
ments. 

Jime  14.  France  and  Italy  consent  to 
act  with  Spain  in  averting  civil  war  in 
Morocco. 

gration,  it  Is  enacted  that  all  foreigners  June  21.    Paris.    The  Deputies  uphold 

entering  France  for  work  or  business  ^^^  Government  in  its  treatment  of  So- 

shall  declare  themselves  within  a  week  oiallstic  professors  in  State  colleges, 

of  their  entry.  Vote,  389-71. 

Deo.  5.    Paris.    Ex-Premier  Dupuy  is  June  24.    President  Carnot  is  assas- 

"'     '   " stnated.    (See  Society.) 


1894   Jan.  16.    Paris.    The   Deputies    July  13.    Pons.    The  Board  of  Pardons 


elected  president  of  the  Chamber'  of 
Deputies  to  succeed  M.  Casimir  Perler. 

Deo.  9.  Paris.  Vaillant  throws  a  bomb 
into  the  Chamber.    (See  Society.) 

Dec.  11.  Paris.  The  Senate  passes  a 
restrictive  press  law  against  Anarchists. 
Vote,  413-63. 

Dec.  15.  Paris.  The  Government  dis- 
favors an  international  league  against 
Anarchists ;  the  Chamber  passes  three 
anti-anarchist  bills. 

♦  *  •  France  occupies  Kerguelen  Island  in 
the  Indian  Ocean. 


confirms  the  death  sentence  of  Santo 
Caserio,  the  murderer  of  President  Car- 
not. 

July  15.  Paris.  On  the  anniversary  of 
the  taking  of  the  Bastlle,  President 
Casimir  Pi5rier  signs  1,314  pardons 
and  conunutations. 

July  26.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties passes  an  Anti- Anarchist  Bill  after 
final  protests  by  Radical  and  Socialist 
Deputies.  Vote,  368-163.  [July  27.  It 
is  passed  by  the  Senate.    Vote,  205-27.] 

Sept.  11.  France  sends  an  ultimatiun 
to  the  Madagascar  Government. 

Sept.  14.  France  makes  her  demands 
of  Madagascar. 

She  claims  the  Bay  of  Diego-Suarez 
and  the  whole  peninsula  between  that 
part  of  the  coast  and  Cape  Amber,  to- 
gether with  privileges  that  are  to  be  free 
to  Frenchmen,  but  to  no  others  except 
by  consent  of  the  French  Resident  Gen- 
eral. 

A  French-Kongo  treaty  is  signed. 

The  French  territory  will  extend  to 
the  Kongo  and  Nile  basins.  The  treaty 
modifies  the  Anglo-Kongo  State  treaty, 
the  Kongo  State  renouncing  the  lease 
Great  Britain  granted. 

Oct.  17.  France's  ultimatum  to  Mada- 
gascar is  given,  to  be  decided  in  eight 
days. 

France  claims  to  exercise  an  exclusive 
protectorate  over  the  country,  and  de- 
mands that  there  shall  be  a  permanent 
French  garrison  stationed  at  Antanana^ 
rivo.  [Nov.  5.  The  natives  decide  to 
resist.] 

Nov.  10.  Diplomatic  relations  between 
France  and  Madagascar  are  sus- 
pended. 

Nov.  13.  Paris.  The  Government  asks 
the  Chamber  to  vote  65,000,000  francs 
for  the  proposed  campaign  against 
Madagascar.  [Nov.  26.  Voted  by  the 
Deputies.  Dec.  6.  Approved  by  the 
Senate.] 

Nov.  27.  Paris.  The  Chamber  of  Dep- 
uties adopts  a  commercial  treaty  with 
Canada. 

Nov.  29.  Paris.  The  Malagasy  Govern- 
ment replies  to  the  French  ultima- 
tum. 

It  agrees  that  the  French  Resident 
shall  become  intermediary  between 
Madagascar  and  other  powers,  and  that 
France  shall  effect  such  public  works  as 
the  Malagasy  authorities  shall  deem 
necessary ;  alsoproviding  that  the  boun- 
daries of  the  French  territory  around 
Dlego-Snarez  shall  be  definitely  settled. 
[Dec.  7.  France  begins  hostilities.] 
Dec.  17.  Paris.  Tlie  Ministry  escapes 
defeat  by  a  majority  of  five  on  the  ques- 
tion of  depriving  the  Panama  swin- 
dlers of  their  decorations. 


June  27.  Paris.  M.  Casimir  PSrier 
is  elected  President  of  France  by  the 
National  Assembly  at  Versailles.  Vote, 
451  out  of  a45  votes. 

Order  is  restored  in  Lyons.  More  than 
2,000  arrests  are  made  of  those  who  par- 
ticipated in  the  recent  riots. 

July  1.  Paris.  M.  Dupuy  and  his  Cabi- 
net agree  to  remain  in  office. 

July  5.  President  Casimir  P^rier  par- 
dons 374  political  and  other  prisoners  in 
recognition  of  his  being  chosen  Presi- 
dent of  France. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Apr.  29.  The  Lyons  Exhibition 
of  Arts,  Sciences,  and  Industries  is  for- 
mally opened. 

Sept.  22.  Paris.  New  Panama  Canal 
shares  to  the  amount  of  30,000,000  francs 
are  issued.  [Oct.  10.  The  new  company 
for  the  completion  of  the  canal  is  defi- 
nitely constituted.] 

Oct.  19.  Paris.  Ijafayette's  grave  is 
decorated  by  Americans. 


768     340b.c.-500a.d. 


GERMANY. 


Germany  is  a  country  of  Central  Europe.  The  government  is  a  constitutional  monarchy,  and  the  kiifg  of  I'russia  the  hered- 
itary emperor.  The  imperial  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  Parliament  of  two  houses,  free  from  veto,  — the  Bundesrath,  or 
federal  council,  of  58  members,  and  the  Reichstag,  consisting  of  397  members,  who  are  elected  for  five  years  by  universal  suffrage 
and  ballot.  It  has  possessions  in  New  Guinea,  Bismarck  Archipelago,  the  Solomon  Islands,  and  the  Marshall  Islands.  It  has  a 
protectorate  called  Cameroona,  oIbo  Damara-land,  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  ami  a  section  of  the  Zanzibar  coast  in  East  Africa. 
The  language  chiefly  spoken  is  German  ;  but  Toles,  l^ithuanians,  Wends,  Czechs,  T>anes,  French,  and  Walloons  are  numerous, 
and  use  their  own  tongues.  The  predominating  religion  is  Protestant ;  but  about  35  per  cent  of  the  population  are  Roman  Catli- 
olics,  who  are  numerous  in  the  Southern  States.    Area,  208,738  square  miles  ;  population  in  1890,  49,428,470. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
225  *  *  B.  c.  It.  The  Komana  under 
^milius  defeat  200,000  InvadingGermans 
luider  Britomar,  near  the  River  Tela- 
mon.  (See  Italy  for  German  contests 
with  Romans.) 

31  *  *  B.  c.  Augustus  makes  the  first 
serious  attempt  to  conquer  Germany, 

in  order  to  give  his  legiuns  employment. 

13  *  *  -9  *  *  B.  c.  The  Homan  attempt 
at  conquest  is  defeated. 

Drusus,  stepson  of  A  ugustus,  con- 
ducts several  exi)editions  into  Germany. 
He  defeats  the  natives  in  many  battles, 
builds  fortresses,  and  constructs  a  canal 
from  the  Rhine  to  the  Yssel,  but  makes 
no  lasting  conquests. 

13  *  *  B.  c.  Hesse.  Drusus  erects  a  for- 
tified camp  [Mentzj. 

21  *  *  A.  D.  Saxony.  The  Romans  hav- 
ing been  driven  away,  several  tribes 
revolt,  and  Arminius,  the  liberator 
of  Germany  from  the  Romans,  is  killed 
by  a  confederacy  of  German  chiefs. 

69** -71**  The  Batavians  revolt 
(p.  662). 

90±  *  *  The  Romans  build  a  line  of  for- 
tifications. 

It  extends  from  Aschaffenburg  on  the 
Maine  to  Regensburg  on  the  Danube, 
following  cliietiy  the  line  of  the  great 
rivers ;  soldiers  are  settled  on  bordering 
lands  for  its  defense. 

238  *  *  Fr.  A  confederation  of  German 
tribes,  called  Franks,  invade  Gaul. 

250  *  *  The  Goths  from  the  Lower  Dan- 
ube and  Ostrogoths  from  South  Russia 
invade  and  ravage  Germany. 

376  *  *  Hung.  Hermanric,  King  of  the 
East  Goths,  is  defeated  by  the  Huns. 

451  *  *  Fr.  Attila,  King  of  the  Huns, 
*'  the  Scourge  of  God,"  invades  and  rav- 
age*! Gaul. 

With  700,000  men  he  destroys  Mentz, 
besieges  Orleans,  but  fails  to  subdue  it. 
He  is  defeated  by  Aetius.  the  Roman  gen- 
eral, on  the  Oatalauuian  Fields  at  Troyes, 
near  Chillons-sur-Marue. 

476  *  *  Odoacer,  the  leader  of  Herulian 
and  other  German  bands,  overthrows 
the  Western  Roman  Empire  (p.  663). 

496  *  *  Clovis  I.  defeats  the  Alemanni 
(p.  662). 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

*  *  *  The  chief  employments  of  the  an- 
cient Germans  are  hunting,  caring  for 
cattle,  and  the  use  of  arms. 

276  *  *  The  Emperor  Probus  reintroduces 

the  grape-vine. 
330  *  *  Sawmills  are  set  up.    (Haydn.) 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

2$t  Century,  a.  d.  Civilis,  Claudius,  Bata- 
vian  hero,  born  and  dies. 

20*  •  ArminlUB,  soldier,  patriot,  A37. 

»30»  *TertullIan.  Q.  8.  F..  Christian  Fa- 
ther, theological  writer,  .\70. 


388  •  *  XTimas,  bishop  of  the  Arlan  Goths, 

scholar,  author,  A  70. 
477  *  *  Gonserlc.  King  of  Vandals,  A71. 


CHURCH. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  ancient  Germans  believe 
in  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  and  wor- 
ship or  fear  gods,  demigods,  or  giants  ; 
they  have  non-professional  priests, 
bards,  and  sacred  groves,  and  believe 
in  fairies,  elves,  and  dwarfs,  and  use 
images  in  worship. 

Woden  and  his  wife  Fria,  or  Friga, 
Ziu,  and  Fro  are  the  principal  divinities. 

Woden,  the  "  All-Father,"  is  the  su- 
perior divinity,  and  the  god  of  the  air 
and  the  sky,  the  giver  of  the  fruits  of 
the  earth,  and  one  who  delights  in  war  ; 
and  is  represented  as  an  imposing  figure 
in  a  large  white  mantle,  mounted  on  a 
white  horse. 

Donar  (Thor)  is  armed  with  a  hammer 
and  a  thunderbolt,  and  presides  over 
thunder  and  the  weather.  Thiu  (Tur) 
answers  to  the  Roman  Mars,  the  god  of 
war.  Fro  (Freyr)  is  the  god  of  love; 
Frauna  (Freya)  is  his  sister. 

Worship  consists  in  the  formal  repeti- 
tion of  invocations,  and  the  olfering  of 
sacrifices. 

Particular  days  [from  which  we  have 
the  modern  names  for  the  days  of  the 
week]  are  set  apart  for  the  worship  of 
each  deity ;  festivals  are  held  in  honor 
of  the  gods  ;  sacrifices  consist  of  domes- 
tic animals,  including  horses;  human 
sacrifices,  especially  prisoners  of  war, 
are  sometimes  offered.  The  will  of  the 
gods  is  known  by  the  chance  of  a  lot, 
the  neighing  of  wild  horses,  and  by  the 
movements  of  birds  in  their  flight. 

Lofty  trees  are  esteemed  sacred  to  the 
gods,  and  the  oak  an<i  the  red  ash  are 
set  apart  to  Donar  ;  trees  are  decorated 
with  wreaths  of  flowers  and  lighted 
candles.  • 

1st  Century  (?)  a.  d.  Jih.  Prus.  The 
bishopric  of  Treves  is  foimded, 

3d  Century.  Lorraine.  Christianity  is 
introduced  at  Metz. 

283  *  *  Rome.  [St.]  Gains  becomes  pope. 
(For  following  popes  see  Italy.) 

284-305  Bavaria.  Christianity  is  in- 
troduced  into  South  Germany  by 
Bishop  Narcissus. 

314  *  *  Rh.  Prus.  Agricius  is  bishop  of 
Treves.    Cologne  is  a  bishopric. 

366  *  *  Pome.     St.  Damascus  is  pope. 

385*  *  Ph.  Prus.  A  council  of  the 
church  is  held  at  Treves. 

4th  Century.  Ph.  Prus.  The  Church  of 
St.  Simeon  is  founded  at  Treves. 

480  *  *  Persecutions  of  the  Christians. 

Hunerich,  son  of  Geiserich,  persecutes 
the  Catholics,  and  condemns  lodocas, 
patriarch  of  Carthagtf,  to  be  burned  alive 
in  the  market-place;  he  closes  all  the 
monasteries  and  Catholic  churches,  and 
sentences  the  priests,  monks,  and  nuns 
to  be  broken  on  the  wheel,  or  driven 
naked  from  the  country. 

500  *  *  Graitis,  King  of  the  Heruli,  re- 
ceives Christian  baptism,  and  is  con- 
sequently murdered  by  his  subjects. 


LETTERS. 

4ih  Century.  Bishop  Ulfilas  prepares  a 
clear,  faithful,  and  simple  rendering  of 
the  Scriptures  for  the  Goths. 

SOCIETY. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  ancient  Germans  have 
fair  hair  and  blue  eyes;  they  are  taller 
than  the  Romans,  and  seem  to  them  as 
giants ;  they  pay  great  respect  to  women 
and  aged  people ;  they  honor  chastity  in 
women  as  they  do  bravery  in  men  ;  the 
women  are  the  companions  and  subjects 
of  their  husbands,  and  work  while  their 
husbands  are  idle,  or  absent  in  war  or 
the  chase. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  Germans,  with  their  cat- 
tle, live*  together  in  rude  huts  built  of 
wood,  are  fond  of  social  gatherings,  and 
indulge  in  the  vices  of  gambling  and  in- 
toxication. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  people  are  divided  into 
three   classes,    nobles,    freemen,    and 

serfs. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  people  are  chiefly  free- 
men and  land-owners  ;  they  carry  arms, 
and  own  serfs,  later  consisting  cliiefly  ot 
prisoners  taken  in  war,  with  their  off- 
spring. The  nobles  are  men  of  higher 
birth,  but  witHout  special  prerogatives; 
an  intermediate  class,  called  the  litif 
hold  land  under  some  superior. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Courts  are  held  in  the  open 
air;  judges,  assessors,  or  jurymen  try 
causes. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Private  injuries  are  avenged 
by  the  person  injured  or  his  family. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  "Tlie  Germans  are,  above  all, 
distinguished  by  a  strong  sense  of  i»er- 
sonal  independence.  In  their  faithful- 
ness, courage,  and  personal  purity  they 
are  emphatically  contrasted  with  other 
barbarous  peoples."    (Fisher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  land  surrounding  the  vil- 
lages is  held  in  common,  the  remainder 
being  chiefly  forests. 


353  *  *  A.  D.  Magentius,  on  the  eve  of 
the  great  battle  of  Mursa.  entreats  the 
gods  for  victory,  after  sacrificing  a 
maiden  on  the  altar,  and  mixing  her 
blood  with  wine,  which  the  army  drank. 

408  *  *  The  Vandal  Stilichs  is  murdered 
by  command  of  the  Emperor  Houorius, 
whom  he  had  defamed. 


STATE. 

340  *  *  B.  0.  TTie  Greek  Pytheas  gives 
to  Southern  Europe  the  first  authentic 
account  of  the  Germans  wh'»  dwell  on 
the  Baltic  coast.  [222  B.  c.  First  men- 
tioned in  the  Capitoline  records.] 

320+  *  *  B.  c.  Prussia  is  inhabited  by 
the  Venedi.  [They  are  conquered  by  the 
Borussia.] 

*  *  *The  German  freemen  elect  their 
chiefs,  who  are  often  called  kings  by  the 
Romans. 


GERMANY. 


340,  B.C. -500,  A. D.      769 


113  *  *  B.  c.  The  German  nations,  Cim- 
bri  and  Teutons,  begin  a  great  migra- 
tory movement. 

37i:  *  *  B.  c.  Oppidum  TTbiornm  [Co- 
logne], the  chief  town  of  tlie  Ubii,  is 
founded  on  the  Rhine. 

27  *  *  B.  c.  The  Roman  provinces  of 
Upper    and    Lower    Germany    are 

formed  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Elbe. 

21  B.  C.-14  A.  D.  Csesar  Octavianus 
Augustus  is  emperor  of  the  Romans. 

15  *  *  B.  c.  Bavaria.  Augusta  [Augs- 
burg] is  built  by  Augustus. 

13  *  *  B.  c.     Lorraine.     Moguntiacum 

[Metz]  is  built. 

4  *  *  B.  c.  Tiberius  establishes  the  Ro- 
man pow^er  over  a  part  of  the  Germanic 
tribes  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Kibe. 

0  *  *  A.  D.  Quintilius  Varus  is  Roman 
governor. 

14-37    Tiberius  is  Roman  emperor. 

He  settles  40,000  of  the  subdued  Sicam- 
bri  tribe  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rhine. 

15  *  *  The  Romans  nominally  subdue 
the  country. 

Tiberius  begins  the  construction  of 
fortresses  and  the  planting  of  colonies. 

*  *  *  The  folly  of  Varus  alienates  the 
Germans,  and  provokes  a  revolt. 

*  *  *  The  Romans  being  driven  away, 
Arminius  is  recognized  as  chief  of  the 
the  tribes.     [21.    Assassinated.] 

*  *  *  Augustus  abandons  the  attempt  to 
subjugate  the  Germans. 

37-41    Rome.     Caligula  is  emperor. 
[41-54,  Claudius  (Tiberius  Claudius  Nero).] 

50*  *C51?)  lih.Prus.  Claudius  Agrip- 
pa  plants  a  Roman  colony  on  the  Rhine 
[Cologne],  at  the  suggestion  of  Agrip- 
pina,  his  wife. 

54-68    Home.    Nero  is  emperor. 

[6^69,  Galba;  69,  Otho  and  Vitellius;  6!l- 
79,  Vespasian;  79-81,  Titus;  81-89,  Doinitian; 
96-98,  Nerva  ;  98-117,  Trajan;  117-138,  Ha- 
drian; 138-161,  Antoninus  Pius;  161-180, 
Marcus  Aurellus;  180-190,  Commodus.] 

88  *  *  The  Romans  are  forced  to  pay 
tribute  to  the  Germans. 

101*  *  IS.  Hang.^  Decebal,  the  de- 
feated king  of  the  Dacians,  agrees  to 
become  a  dependent  prince  under  the 
suzerainty  of  Rome. 

105  *  *E.  Hung.i-  The  Dacians  revolt, 
but  are  soon  subdued  or  destroyed  by 
Trajan. 

107  *  *  E.  Hung.  Dacia  is  made  a  Ro- 
man province  by  Trajan.  [It  includes 
Wallachia,  Moldavia,  Eastern  Hungary, 
and  Transylvania.] 

*  *  *  Roman  towns  are  founded. 

*  *  *  lih.  Prus.  Treves  is  founded  [and 
becomes  one  of  the  most  important 
citiesof  the  Roman  Empire,  and  at  times 
the  residence  of  its  emperors]. 

150  *  *  The  Saxons  dwell  north  of  the 
Elbe  estuary. 

167  *  *  The  German  tribes  enter  a  con- 
federacy [and  struggle  against  the 
Romans  for  16  years]. 

180*  ♦  Commodus  purehasesi)eace  with 
the  Germans  by  the  payment  of  tribute. 

*  *  *E.Hung.   The  Goths  invade  Dacia. 
193-284    Home.    Imperators  rule  the 

empire ;  they  are  for  the  most  part  ap- 
pointed by  the  soldiers. 

ri93,  Pertinaxiaimperator;  he  is  murdered 
after  three  months,  and  followed  by  Didius 
Julianus.    193-211,  Septimus  Serverus;  211- 


217,  Caracalla;  217,  Macrinus;  218-222,  Ela- 
gabalus.  222-235.  Severus  Alexander;  he  is 
killed  by  his  mutinous  troops  on  the  Rhine. 
236-238.  Maxiniinus  Thrax  is  imperator;  he 
devastates  the  German  townships.  237,  Gor- 
dianus  is  imi>erator;  Gordianus  II.,  his  son, 
is  co-regent;  238-244,  Gordianus  II.;  244- 
249,  PhUip  "the  Arabian";  249-251,  Decius; 
251-253,  GaUus;  253,  jEniilianus;  253-260, 
Valerianus;  268-270,  Claudius  11.;  270-275, 
Aurelianus.] 

251  *  *  A  confederacy  of  the  Franks 
is  formed,  extending  from  the  Rhine  to 
the  Elbe. 

274  *  *  E.  Hung.  Aurelianus  abandons 
Dacia  to  the  Goths  and  Vandals,  who 
thereby  have  complete  possession  of  the 
region  north  of  the  Danube. 

*  *  *  A  period  of  almost  unbroken 
peace  between  Goths  and  Romans  pre- 
vails for  90  years. 

276-282    Pome.    Probus  is  imperator. 

Probus  drives  out  of  Gaul  the  Bur- 

gundians,  Franks,  Alemanni,  and  Van- 
dals ;  he  enters  Germany,  and  strength- 
ens the  line  of  fortifications  connecting 
the  Rhine  and  the  Danube.  He  enrolls 
many  generals  in  his  army,  rescues  70 
towns,  destroys  400,000  invaders,  and 
exacts  tribute  in  money  from  the  Ger- 
mans, besides  16,000  recruits. 

[282-283,  Carus ;  282-284,  Numerian,  co- 
regent;  282-285,  Carlanus,  co-regent.  284-305, 
Diocletian  is  imperator;  his  residence  is  at 
Milan.  286,  Maximian.  co-regent;  293,  Con- 
Btantjus  and  Qalerius.  Caesars;  306,  Con- 
stantiusand  Galerius,  August!;  307,  Severus, 
Licinius,  and  Constantine,  Augusti;  six  per- 
sons wear  the  title  augustus  at  the  same  time ; 
313-333,  Constantine  and  Licinius  alone.] 

287  *  *  The  Saxons  aid  the  rebellion  of 
the  Roman  general  Carausius. 

300  *  *  Hang.  Hermanric,  King  of  the 
East  Goths,  subdues  the  country  from 
the  Danube  to  the  Baltic. 

323-337  Pome.  Constantine  the  Great 
is  sole  emperor. 

[337-340,  Constantine  II.  rules  the  West; 
337-361,  ConstantiuB  rules  the  East;  337- 
350,  Constane  rules  lUyricum  and  a  part  of 
Africa.  361-363.  Julian  is  emperor.  363-364, 
Jovian;  364-375,  Valentinian,  with  his  court 
at  Milan;  364-378,  V'^alens  is  co-regent;  367- 
383,  Gratian  is  co-regent;  375-392,  Valentiu- 
ian  is  co-regent.] 

330  *  *  Constantine  the  Great  makes 
Constantinople  the  capital  of  the 
Roman  Empire. 

350  *  *  -409  *  *  Fr.  Julian  drives  the 
German  invaders  back  from  Gaul,  and 
restores  the  fortresses  which  had  been 
erected  against  them. 

354  *  *  The  city  of  Borbetomagus 
["Worms]  is  plundered  by  the  Alemanni. 

357  *  *  Julian  utterly  defeats  the  seven 
chiefs  of  the  Alemanni  near  Argentora- 
tum  [Strasburg]. 

375  *  *  The  Teutonic  tribes  begin  to 
migrate  westward. 

376  *  *  The  Huns,  a  Mongolian  race, 
drive  the  (Joths  across  the  Danube,  and 
about  200,000  of  them  are  permitted  to 
settle  in  Germany  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  Romans. 

*  *  *  The  Emperor  Valens  permits  the 
Christian  Goths  to  settle  in  Moesia, 
with  some  others,  when  driven  before 
the  Huns. 

378  *  *  The  Goths  revolt  against  their 
Roman  protectors,  and  Valens  is  slain. 
[Theodosius  purchases  jjeace.] 

379-395  Pome.  Theodosius  the  Great 
becomes  co-regent. 


[383-388,  Clemens  Maximus,  co-regent;  394- 
395,  Theodosius  becomes  sole  ruler;  395-423, 
Honorius.  424.  Raveitna,  John  the  Usur- 
per rules  a  short  time,] 

395  *  *  On  the  death  of  Theodosius  the 

Roman  Empireis  [permanently]  divided. 

Arcadius  rules  the  East,  and  Honorius 

the  West. 

400  *  *  Alsace.  Strasburg:  is  governed 
by  the  Alemanni. 

406-413  Hesse.  A  Gothic  tribe,  of  Ger- 
man origin,  called  Burgundians,  settles 
on  the  middle  Rhine  [near  Worms]. 

413  *  *  The  Burgundians  enter  Gaul,  and 
found  the  first  kingdom  of  Burgun- 
dy. [It  lasts  till  534,  when  it  is  absorbed 
by  the  Franks.] 

419  *  *  Theodoric  I.,  King  of  the  West 
Goths,  settles  the  region  along  the  Dan- 
ube. 

425-455     Ravenna.    Valentinian  III.  is 

imperator. 

[455.  Ravenna.  Pretonius Maximus;  456- 
456,  Avitus;  467-461.  Majorian;  461-465,  U- 
bius  Severus;  466-467,  Interregnum;  467-472, 
Anthemius;  472,  Olybriua;  473,  (jlycerius; 
473-476,  Julius  Nepos;  47&-476,  Romulus  Au- 
gustus. ] 

443  *  *  Alsace.  The  Alemanni  settle  in 
the  Roman  province  of  Gerniaiiia  Supe- 
rior [Alsace  and  part  of  Switzerland.] 

445  *  *  Attila,  *•  the  Scourge  of  God," 
becomes  King  of  the  Huns  [and  extends 
his  dominion  over  the  Germanic  tribes]. 

449  *  *  The  Britons  secure  the  aid  of 
the  piratical  Angles  and  Saxons,  who 
dwell  on  the  coasts  of  the  German  ocean, 
to  repel  the  incursions  of  Northern  rob- 
bers, called  Picts  and  Scots.  [Hengist 
and  Horsa  found  eight  states  in  Britain.] 

450  *  *  Germanic  tribes  migrate  to  Gaul 
in  great  numbers. 

451*  *  Hesse.    Borbetomagus  ["Worms] 

is  plundered  by  Attila. 
453  *  *  Theodosius  II.  is  King  of  the 

East  Goths  on  the  death  of  Attila;  the 

German  tribes  become  free. 

475*  *  Hesse.  "Worms  is  rebuilt  by 
Clovis  I. 

476  *  *  The  line  of  the  Western  emperors 
comes  to  an 'end  by  the  overthrow  of  the 
empire  by  Odoacer,  the  German  general, 
who  rules  as  the  vicar  of  the  Eastern 
emperor,  under  the  title  of  patrlcius. 

477*  *  Enq.  iEUe,  a  Saxon,  with  his  three 
sons,  laniis  in  the  southwest,  and  con- 
quers the  country  south  of  the  forest  of 
Andred's  weald. 

484  *  *  Alaric  H.  is  king  of  the  West 
Goths. 

486  *  *  Betg.  The  Merovingian  mon- 
archy of  the  Salian  Franks  of  the  lower 
Rhine  region  is  established  by  Clovis  I., 
who  becomes  sole  ruler. 

490±  *  *  Alsace.  Strasbiu-g  passes  into 
the  hands  of  the  Franks. 

493  Feb.  27.  Ravenna.  Peace  is  made 
between  Odoacer  and  Theodoric  the 
Great. 

Theodoric  gains  the  throne  as  joint 
king  over  the  East  Goths  in  Italy ; 
Odoacer  is  to  be  Tbeodoric's  military 
subordinate.  [Mar.  Odoacer  is  slain, 
and  Theodoric  becomes  sole  ruler.] 

*  *  The  Pranks  become  the  founders  of 
the  German  and  French  kingdoms. 

495  *  *  Eng.  Cedric  and  Cynric,  the 
Saxons,  settle  on  the  southwest  coast. 


770      511,= 


-800, 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

520  *  *  Eng.  The  Saxon  invaders  are 
repulsed  by  Arthur,  King  of  the  Silures, 
in  the  battle  of  Mons  Badonicus. 

596  *  *  Prus.  The  Avars  from  the  Dan- 
ube region,  and  also  the  Saxons,  invade 
Thuringia. 

687  *  *  Fr.    Battle  of  Testri  (p.  G(H). 

716  *  *  Charles  Martel  leads  the  Aus- 
trasians  against  the  Frisii  [Friesians]. 

719*  *  Fr.  Charles  Martel  defeats  the 
Basques  and  Goths,  under  Eudes,  Buke 
of  Aquitania,  at  Soissons.  [725.  He  sub- 
.      dues  the  Bavarians.] 

732  *  *  Fr.  Charles  Martel,  at  the  head 
of  the  German  Austrasians,  completely 
defeats  the  Saracens,  and  delivers  Eu- 
rope (p.  6G4). 

738  *  *  Fr.  Charles  Martel  defeats  the 
Goths  and  Arabs  at  Narbonne. 

745  *  *  Carlonian  gains  victories  over 
the  Saxons.  ' 

746  *  *  Carlonian  defeats  the  Alemanni, 
and  executes  Theudewald  and  many 
noted  prisoners  with  great  cruelty. 

772-804  The  Franks  subjugate  the 
Saxons. 

772  *  *  "War  with  the  Saxons  is  re- 
solved upon  in  the  May-field  Assem- 
bly at  Worms. 

*  *  The  Franks  capture  Eresburg,  and 
cast  down  the  Irminsul.  Saxons  west 
of  the  Elbe  are  subdued. 

776  *  *  The  Franks  capture  Sigiburg:. 
778  *  *  Charlemagne    is    at   war  with 
Spain. 

*  *  The  Saxons  are  again  subdued  by 
the  army  of  the  East  Franks  and  the 
Alemanni. 

779*  *  Westphalia.  Charlemagne 
gains  a  complete  victory  over  the  Saxons 
at  Bocholt  on  the  Aa. 

782  *  *  The  Frankish  army  is  defeated 
by  the  revolting  Saxons  while  crossing 
the  Sandel  mountains.  Charlemagne 
takes  the  field  against  the  rebels.  (See 
State.) 

783  *  *  Charlemagne  defeats  the  Sax- 
ons, led  by  "Wittekind,  at  Detniold ; 
again  at  Hase  in  a  general  engagement. 

788  *  *  The  Franks  are  at  war  with  the 
Scandinavian  Germans,  called  North- 
men, and  with  the  Slavs. 

789  *  *  Prus.  Charlemagne,  at  war  with 
the  Slavs,  defeats  the  Wiltzi,  and  ad- 
vances to  the  river  Peene. 

791-799  Charlemagne  engages  in  wars 
with  the  Avars  of  the  Danube  region, 
the  allies  of  the  Duke  of  Bavaria  ;  Char- 
lemagne's son  P^pin  is  commander-in- 
chief. 

793-804  "War  occurs  with  the  Danes 
for  receiving  Saxon  refugees  ;  Gottfried, 
King  of  Denmark,  invades  the  Frankish 
mark. 

796  *  *  Hung.  Duke  Erich  storms  the 
chief  circular  camp  of  the  Avars  (The 
King's  Hing)  between  the  Danube  and 
the  Theiss  (p.  502). 

799  *  *  Charlemagne  undertakes  a  naval 
expedition  against  the  Moors  in  Spain, 
but  is  called  into  Saxonv. 


ART  —  SCIENCE —NATURE. 

800*  *  Heraldry  is  introduced  by 
Charlemagne.  He  encourages  agricul- 
ture and  horticulture. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

533  ♦  *  Reniy,  or  Remi,  Saint,  apostle  of  the 
Franks,  bishop  of  Iteinis,  A58. 

626  *  *  Tlieodelinda,  Bavarian  princess,  wife 
of  Autharic,  dies. 

657  *  *  Wilbrord,  or  Williltrod,  Saint,  apos- 
tle of  the  Frisians,  b.     C*38.     I).     A81  +  .] 

680  *  *  Boniface,  Wilfrid.  Saint,  apostle  of 
(jermany,  born.     [755.     Dies.     A76i.] 

694  *  *  Charles  Martel,  Duke  of  Auatrasia, 
King  of  the  Franks,  grandfather  of  Char- 
lemagne, horn.     [741.     Dies.    A47.] 

714*  *  I'epin  le  (ires,  or  I*6pin  of  Heristal, 
Duke  of  Auatrasia,  fatlier  of  Charles  Mar- 
tel, (lies. 

74S  Apr.  a.  Charleraae>ne,  King  of 
France,  Emperor  of  the  West,  born.  [814, 
Jan.  28.     Dies.     A72.] 


CHURCH. 

579  *  ♦  li.  The  Iiangobardi  surrender 
their  idols,  and  embrace  Cliristianity, 
at  the  request  of  their  favorite,  Queen 
Theodolinda. 

590-604  Pome.  [St.]  Gregory  I.  the 
Great  is  bishop  and  pope. 

He  is  a  great  statesman  as  well  as 
churchman,  builds  schools  and  churches, 
sends  out  missionaries  to  many  jands, 
and  increases  the  numbers  and  wealth 
of  the  church,  and  lays  the  foundation 
of  the  great  power  of  the  papacy. 

717  *  *  St.  Boniface  [Winfried],  an  Eng- 
lish missionary,  begins  the  successful 
work  of  converting  the  Germans  to 
Christianity.  [Apostle  to  the  Ger- 
mans.] 

He  preaches  in  the  country  of  the 
East  Franks  in  Thuringia,  Hesse,  and 
Friesland.  [723.  He  is  consecrated 
bishop.] 

731  *  *  Pome.  [St.]  Gregory  III.  becomes 
pope.    [741.     [St.]  Zachary.] 

732  *  *  "Winfried  is  consecrated  arch- 
bishop, and  named  Boniface,  and  be- 
comes the  apostle  to  the  Germans. 

*  *  Fr.  By  the  victory  of  Charles  Martel 
at  Tours,  over  the  Saracens,  the  liberties 
and  religion  of  Europe  are  saved. 

742  *  *  Germany  recognizes  the  Pope 
as  the  head  of  the  church  (Concilium 
Germanicum). 

745  *  *  Hesse.  Mentz  becomes  the  seat 
of  an  archbishopric. 

746  *  *  The  Apostles*  Creed  is  trans- 
lated into  the  Saxon  tongue. 

752  *  *  Pome.    St.  Stephen  II.  becomes 

pope. 

[752,  8t.  Stephen  III.;  757,  St.  Paul  I.;  768, 
Stephen  IV.;  771,  Adrian  I.] 

755*  */^  The  Popes*  temporal  power 

begins  in  the  government  of  the  exar- 
chate of  Ravenna. 

June  5.  Neth.  Bishop  Boniface  is  mur- 
dered [in  Friesland]. 

779  ♦  *  Charlemagne  imposes  tithes  for 
the  support  of  the  clergy,  churches, 
schools,  and  the  poor. 

782  *  *  Hanover.  Charlemagne  massa- 
cres 4,500±  Saxons  at  Verden,  who  liad 
rebelled,  and  lapsed  into  idolatry. 

785  *  *  Saxony.  The  Saxons,  after  a 
fruitless  contest  of  32  years,  submit  to 
Charlemagne,  and  become  Christians. 


787*  "^  Asia  Minor.    Council   of   Nice 

(p.  664). 

794  Prus.  The  Council  of  Frank- 
fort meets  at  FrankfortKni-tht-Maiu 
under  the  presidency  of  Charlemagne. 

It  is  attended  by  300  bishops  from  Ger- 
many, Gaul.  Italy,  Spain,  an<l  England, 
and  condemns  Adoptionism  and  the  wor- 
ship of  images. 

795  *  *  Po7ne.  St.  Leo  III.  becomes  pope. 
[709.  He  is  attacked  by  a  band  of  con- 
spirators, and  driven  out  of  Eome. 
Later  he  is  restored  by  Charlemagne.] 

800  *  *  Saxony.  Bishoprics  are  estab- 
lished. 

Osnabriick,  Verden,  Bremen,  Pader- 
born,  Minden,  Miinster,  Hildesheim.  and 
Halberstadt  become  bishoprics. 

*  *  The  Eastern  Empire  is  separated 
from  the  Western,  and  the  Pope  is  rec- 
ognized as  supreme  bishop  of  the  later. 

LETTERS. 

689  *  *  The  Teutonic  language  is  in- 
troduced. 

709  *  *  The  Saxon  laws  of  Ina  are  pub- 
lished. 

*  *  *  Charlemagne  revives  learning  to 
some  extent.  {See  France.)  [800.  His 
HomilaTmim  api)ears.] 

782**Alcuin,  the  Anglo-Saxon 
scholar,  and   Paul,  the  Xiangobard, 

are  called  to  Charlemagne's  court. 

796 ±  *  *Einhard,  the  historian,  be- 
comes secretary  to  Charlemagne. 

SOCIETY. 

524  *  *  Sigismund,  his  wife  and  child,  are 
drowned  in  a  "well  because  of  his  cru- 
elty in  murdering  his  son,  Siegerieli,  for 
mocking  tlie  awkward  walk  of  the  queen, 
Ids  stepmother. 

*  ♦  *  Under  Charlemagne,  freemen  are 
liable  at  any  moment  to  be  ordered  to  a 
distant  part  of  tlie  empire  to  fight,  leav- 
ing their  lields  neglected  and  tiieir  fami- 
lies in  direst  poverty. 

*  *  *  "Wealthy  freemen  buy  exemption 
from  military  service  from  the  counts,  so 
that  the  hardships  of  the  wars  fall  on 
the  poorest  people. 

*  *  *  Vitiges,  having  conquered  Milan, 
spares  the  garrison,  but  puts  300,000 
of  the  inhabitants  to  the  sword,  and 
yields  the  city  a  prey  to  his  Burgundian 
auxiliaries. 

*  *  *  Theodobert  of  Austrasia  offers  a 
sacrifice  of  young  children  (Gotl»s)  to 
the  river  god,  casting  them  into  the  Po. 

539*  *  The  Gothic  women,  indig- 
nant at  the  treachery  and  folly  of  the 
men,  sjiit  in  their  faces  with  contempt. 

*  *  *  Ildebard  is  killed  by  a  jealous 
Goth,  who  severs  his  head  with  one 
stroke  at  a  banquet,  and  rolls  it  upon 
the  table. 

552  *  *  Tejas,  leader  of  the  Goths,  marches 
through  Italy  murdering  every  Koman 
that  crosses  lii.s  path  ;  Marses.  the  Ro- 
man general,  murders  the  Goths  in  like 
manner. 

*  *  *  The  Langobardi  p\it  all  their  old 
men  to  death,  and  the  widows  volun- 
tarily burn  themselves  alive. 

572  *  *  Aiboin  conquers  the  Romans  in 
the  country  of  the  Po,  and  reduces  them 
to  servitude,  to  which  they  submit 
without  a  struggle. 

573  *  *  Beautiful  Rosamunda,  formerly 
wife  of  Aiboin,  i)oisons  her  later  hvia- 


GERMANY. 


511, 


800, 


771 


band*  Helmichia  ;  he  discovers  her 
crime  in  time  to  compel  her  to  drink  the 
dregs  of  the  cup,  and  share  his  painful 
fate. 

575*  *Kleph,  King  of  the  Laiigobardi, 
is  killed  by  one  of  his  subjects. 

576  *  *  Sigebert  I.,  made  King  of  Paris,  is 
assassinated  by  the  tools  of  his  brother. 

*  *  *  Prince  Childebert,  three  years  of 
age,  is  saved  from  murderers  by  the 
act  of  his  nurse,  who  secretes  him  in  a 
grain-bag. 

*  *  *  Brunehilde,  the  Visigoth  princess, 
is  aprisoner  in  the  haiuisof  Freuegunda, 

579  *  *  Queen  Theodolinda  gains  sucli  in- 
fluence over  the  people  taut  they  sur- 
render their  favorite  g<Mls,  !in<l  embrace 
Christianity  at  her  request. 

*  *  *  Queen  Fredegunda  has  licentious 
relations  with  Landerlch,  her  husband's 
major-<lomus.  [584.  Chilp^ric  discovers 
her  infi^delity,  but  dares  not  punish  it.] 

591  ♦  *  The  Langobardi  permit  the  beau- 
tiful Theodolinda,  the  widow  of  the 
king,  to  select  his  successor,  as  king  and 
husband. 

*  *  *  Fredegunda  is  celebrated  alike  for 
her  beauty  and  ferocity. 

*  *  *  Chilp^ric  marries  Galaswintha;  se- 
curing her  rich  dower,  he  soon  murders 
her,  and  in  a  few  days  proclaims  Frede- 
gunda, his  mistress,  to  be  his  wife. 

*  *  Chilp^ric  is  put  to  death,  while  fol- 
lowing the  chase,  by  the  queen's  tools. 

*  *  *  Brunehilde,  Queen  of  Austrasia, 
takes  bloody  revenge  on  her  nobles, 
who  have  deprived  her  of  her  husband. 
Merowich,  and  separated  her  from  Lu- 
pus, her  faithful  attendant.  [Later,  Fre- 
degunda attempts  to  assassinate  her, 
but  fails.] 

*  *  *  Brunehilde  causes  the  .^gila  Aus- 
trasian  major-domus  to  be  murdered, 
and  his  office  given  to  her  paramour. 

*  *  *  Brunehilde  causes  the  Bishop  De- 
siderius  to  be  stoned  to  death  for 
preaching  repentance  to  her,  and  drives 
Coiuniban,  the  Irish  saint,  out  of  the 
country,  for  reprobating  her  crime. 

•600+ *  *  Brunehilde  introduces  car- 
riages. 

■611*  *  Romilda,  widow  of  the  grand 
duke  of  Gisulph,  offers  to  betray  the 
city  of  Frioul  into  the  hands  of  Cacan, 
Khan  of  the  Avari,  the  murderer  of  her 
husband,  on  condition  tliat  he  ntake  her 
his  wife;  the  agreement  is  kept,  and  he 
takes  her  to  Hungary,  wJien  the  marriage 
is  celebrated,  and  the  following  morning 
he  causes  her  to  be  impaled  alive. 

612  *  *  Brunehilde  causes  her  grandson 
Theudebert  to  be  contined  in  a  monas- 
tery, where  he  is  murdered  by  his 
brother  Theuderich,  and  the  brains  of 
his  little  son  are  dashed  out  on  a  rock. 

*  *  *  Brunehilde  revenges  herself  upon 
her  son  Theuderich  by  administering 
poison  to  him. 

*  *  *  Brunehilde,  alarmed  at  the  general 
revolt  at  her  feuds  and  crimes,  flees  to 
Metz,  and  attempts  to  murder  her  ma- 
jor-domus because  of  his  wavering  fidel- 
ity. [She  is  entirely  deserted  by  her 
followers  near  Chalons,  and  she  is  deliv- 
ered up  to  Clotaire,  her  adversary.] 

■613  *  *  Clotaire  punishes  Brunehilde,  80 
years  of  age,  by  having  her  suffer  ex- 
cruciating tortures. 

For  three  days  she  is  tortured,  then 
paraded  through  the  camp  on  a  camel's 
back  ;  finally  he  ties  her  bv  one  arm  and 
one  foot  to  the  tail  of  a  wild  horse,  and 
ends  her  miserable  life. 


*  *  Sigebert  and  Coroua  are  murdered 
by  order  of  Clotaire,  as  descendants  of 
Brunehilde. 

*  *  Adalulf's  criminal  advances  to  the 
^ueen  of  Lombardy  are  scornfully  re- 
jected ;  and  he  revenges  himself  by  ac- 
cusing Tafo  of  illicit  intercourse,  and 
he  is  put  to  death.  [Her  innocence  is 
afterwards  fully  proved.] 

750  *  *  Profligacy  and  misery  chaxac- 
terize  the  people. 


STATE. 

511  *  *  Clovis  I.,  King  of  the  Franks, 
dies ;  his  kingdom  is  divided  (p.  6^). 

512  *  *  Lorraine.  Metz  is  the  capital  of 
Austrasia  under  Thierry,  or  Theodoric 
II. 

630  *  *  The  German  confederations 
are  nominally  subject  to  the  successors 
of  Clovis,  but  are  practically  free  ;  eacli 
is  ruled  by  its  own  duke,  and  the  office 
becomes  hereditary  in  certain  families. 

530-632  Thuringia.  Theodoric,  the 
eldest  son  of  Clovis,  conquers  the  king- 
dom of  Thuringia,  and  the  two  younger 
sons  subdue  the  Burgundians. 

536  *  *  Fr.  Provence  is  ceded  by  the 
Burgundiaiis  to  the  Franks. 

547  *  *  Scot.  The  Angles,  under  Ida, 
"the  flame-bearer,"  settle  in  the  Low- 
lands. 

550-600    En<j.    The  Saxons  settle  the 

country  north  of  the  Thames  [Essex]. 

553*  *  It.  The  kingdom  of  the  East 
Goths  in  Italy  falls ;  Teja,  the  king,  is 
killed  in  the  battle  at  Mount  Lactarius. 
[556,     Narses  terminates  the  kingdom.] 

558-561  The  whole  kingdom  of  the 
Franks  is  again  reunited.  [561  and  567. 
Again  divided.  613.   Reunited.]    (P.  665.) 

560-788  Bavaria  is  governed  by  dukes 
of  the  Agilo- Finger  family. 

577±  Eng.  The  Angles  of  North  Ger- 
many [Schleswig-Holstein]  settle  in  the 
west  [Norfolk,  Suffolk]. 

•603  •  *  "Witteric,  the  usurper,  takes  the 
throne  of  the  West  Goths. 

610  *  *  Gundemar  becomes  King  of  the 
West  Goths. 

622-678  The  kingdom  of  the  Franks 
is  divided  into  two  parts  ;  Austrasia  and 
Neustria,  together  with  Burgundy,  are 
p^epled  chiefly  by  Germans  (p.  665). 

625  *  *  Paris.  A  general  assembly  is 
convoked  to  establish  peace. 

631  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Slavs  break  out 
in  revolt. 

638  *  *  Lorraine.    Sigebert  I.  becomes 

King  of  Austrasia  ;  Metz  is  the  capital. 

[674.    Dagobert  H.     676.    P6pin  of 

Heristal  becomes  major   domus,  or 

mayor  of  the  palace.] 

680*  *Pepinof  Heristal,  Duke  of  Aus- 
trasia, compels  the  German  dukes  to  re- 
turn somewhat  to    their  allegiance  as 

subjects  of  the  Frankish  kings  (p.  565). 
7X4*  *  Lorraine.    Charles    Martel     is 
practically    king.      [725.      He    becomes 
mayor.    741.    He  dies.]    (P.  665.) 

*  *  *  The  Saxons  are  independent,  and 
unsubduable  by  the  Franks. 

741-987    The  Carlovingian  line  of 

French  kings  (p.  665). 
752  *  *  It.    Pdpin     compels     A^tolphus, 

King  of  the  Lombards,  to  cede  Bavenna 


and  the  PentapoUs,  the  territory  of  Bo- 
logna and  Ferrara,  to  the  Pope,  thus 
founding  the  Papal  States.  The  city 
of  Home  is  not  included  in  the  gift. 
With  the  Pope's  consent  P^pin  assumes 
the  title.  King  of  the  Franks. 
764  *  *  It.  Pope  Stephen  anoints  Pepin 
and  his  sons  Charles  and  Carlonian  as 
kings  of  the  Pranks.  P^pin  com- 
mences the  style  "  By  the  grace  of  God.** 

768-771  Charlemagne  [Charles  the 
Great],  with  his  brother  Carloman, 
reigns  over  the  Franks  [France  and 
Germany,  etc.].    (P.  665.) 

768-814  lih.  Prus.  Aachen  [Aix-la- 
Chapelie],  the  northern  capital  of 
Charlemagne,  is  a  free  imperial  city. 

771  ♦  *  On  the  death  of  his  brother  Carlo- 
man,  Charlemagne  becomes  sole 
ruler  of  the  Franks,  by  usurping  the 
government. 

772  *  *  Saxony.  A  rebellion  breaks  out 
against  Charlemagne.  [It  lasts 30 years; 
he  subdues  it  seven  times.] 

*  *  Hesse.  A  May-field,  or  national  as- 
seml)ly,  held  at  Worms  unanimously 
votes  for  war  with  the  Saxons. 

773-774  It.  The  kingdom  of  the  Lom- 
bards is  destroyed  by  Charlemagne  be- 
cause Desideriu's,  its  king,  threatens  the 
Pope,  and  favors  the  succession  of  Carlo- 
man's  sons. 

774  *  *  Charlemagne  becomes  King  of 

Northern  Italy. 
776-777    The  Franks  again  subjugate 

the  Saxons. 
776  *  *  Westphalia.     The    first    May- 

field,  or  national  assembly,  in  the  land 

of  the  Saxons  assembles  at  Paderborn. 

778*  *  The  Saxons  again  revolt  against 
the  Franks  on  receiving  the  news  of 
Charlemagne's  defeat  in  the  Pyrenees ; 
Wittekin(l  of  Westphalia,  their  leader, 
wastes  the  country  of  the  Franks  as  far 
as  Cologne. 

780  *  *  Westphalia.  A  general  revolt 
of  the  Saxons  subject  to  Charlemagne 
breaks  out  under  Wittekind. 

The  Saxon  part  of  his  army  revolts,  and 
suddenly  cuts  down  the  French  part 
while  crossing  the  Sandel  Mountain. 
[782.  He  miissacres  45.000  armed  Saxons 
on  the  AUer  in  revenge,  ami  this  pro- 
vokes a  new  and  mad  revolt.] 

785  *  *  "Wittekind,  the  leader  of  the  re- 
volting Saxons,  submits  to  Charlemagne, 
and  embraces  Christianity. 

788  *  *  Bavaria.  Tassilo  II.,  the  revolt- 
ing Duke  of  Bavaria,  is  deposed  by 
Charlemagne,  and  the  margravate  is 
established. 

*  *  Bremen  is  founded  by  Charlemagne. 

791  *  *  Hung.  The  Avars  are  subdued 
after  a  war  lasting  live  years  (p.  50.'i). 

The  country  between  the  Kms  and  the 
liaab  is  annexed  to  the  Frankish  Em- 
pire, and  settled  by  German  colonists, 
chietly  Bavarians. 

793  *  *  New    revolts    occur    among    the 

.Saxons. 

794  *  *  Frankfort   is   the  residence  of 

Charlemagne, 

799  *  *  Westphalia.  The  Pope,  being 
expelled  from  Rome  by  the  relatives  of 
his  predecessor,  finds  refuge  in  the  camp 
of  Charlemagne  at  Paderborn.  [Charle- 
magne restores  the  throne  to  the  Pope.] 

800  Dec.  25.  Rome.  Charlemagne  ia 
crowned  (p.  667). 


772     802,**-962,^ 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

808  *  *  The   Danes   are   defeated   by 

Charles,  son  of  the  emperor ;  they  retire 
beyond  the  Eider.  [810.  Charlemagne 
himself  takes  the  field  against  the 
Banes  under  King  Gottfried.] 

833  June  29.  Alsace.  Iiouis  is  de- 
serted by  all  his  troops  in  the  night,  on 
the  Field  of  Lies,  near  Colmar. 

841  June  25.  Fr.  Battle  of  Fonte- 
nay  in  Uurgundy. 

The  Emperor  Lothaire,  claiming  the 
imperial  title,  is  defeated  by  his  broth- 
ers, IjOuIs  the  German  and  Charles  the 
Bald;  100,000  men  fall. 

843  *  *  With  ferocious  energy  the  Scan- 
dinavian sea-warriors  (Vikings)  simul- 
taneously attack  the  Franks. 

845  *  *  The  Northmen  attack  all  three 
of  the  Frankish  kingdoms. 

848  *  *  The  Slavs  invade  the  Frankish 
lands.  ' 

858  *  *  Fr.  Louis  the  German  invades 
France,  but  is  compelled  to  retire. 

876*  *Iih.Pru3.  Battle  of  Andernach; 
Charles  the  Bald  is  defeated  by  the  sons 
of  Louis  the  German. 

884  f*  *  Itung.  The  Magyars  conquer 
Hungary. 

891  *  *  Belgium.  Arnuf  of  Bavaria  de- 
feats the  Northmen  on  the  river  I)yle 
at  Louvain. 

893  *  *  By  an  alliance  with  the  Magyars, 
a  nomadic  Finnish  tribe,  Arnulf  defeats 
gvatopluk  n.,  the  founder  of  the  king- 
dom of  Moravia.  [896  Arnulf  takes 
Kome.] 

899  *  *  Germany  is  furiously  invaded 

by  the  Magyars  of  Hungary.    [908.    They 

overrun   Bavaria  and  Fra'nconia,  enter 

Thuringia    and  Saxony,  desolating  the 

country.] 
910  *  *  Bavaria.      Iiouis  the  German  is 

defeated  by  the  Magyars  in  the  vicinity 

of  the  river  Lech. 
910±  *  *  Internecine  feuds  break  out 

in  Franconia. 
The    Conradines    defeat    Adalbert  of 

Babenberg,  and  execute  him  before  his 

castle. 
91 1-9 18    Conrad  is  constantly  at  war. 
He  repels  the  invasions  of  the  Danes, 

Slavs,  and  Magyars;    his  own  subjects 

resist  his  sovereignty. 

924  *  *  The  Magyars  renew  their  inva- 
sions. 

Henry  buys  them  off  from  Saxony  and 
Thuringia  by  agreeing  to  the  payment 
of  tribute  for  nine  years. 

929  Sept.  4.  Brandenburg.  Henry  de- 
feats the  "Wends  (Slavs)  at  Lenzen. 

933  *  *  The  Magyars  renew  their  inva- 
sions ;  a  great  victory  is  won  on  the 
Uustrut  by  Henry.  [934.  The  Danes, 
Vandals,  and  Bohemians  also  defeated.] 

937  *  *  Bavaria.  Hordes  of  Hungarians 
cross  Franconia.     (See  Austria.) 

938*  *Otho  defeats  the  rebellious 
dukes  of  Bavaria  and  of  Franconia. 

939  *  *  King  Otho's  younger  brother, 
Henry,  leads  a  rebellion  and  is  sub- 
dued. 

946-950  Otho  interferes  in  the  French 
warSj  protecting  King  Louis  IV.  against 
Hugo,  Count  of  France,  — all  three  are 
brothers-in-law. 


951*  * //.  Otho  invades  Italy  nominally 
in  support  of  Queen  Adelaide,  widow  of 
Lothaire,  but  really  for  conquest.  [952. 
July  29.  Berengar  II.  is  defeated  in  the 
battle  of  Firenzuola,] 

*  *  War  occurs  with  the  Wends. 

Margrave  Gero  commands  the  Ger- 
mans ;  another  war  with  the  Danes,  Otho 
in  command  ;  and  another  with  Boleslav, 
duke  of  Bohemia. 

953-954  Civil  war  shakes  the  throne 
of  Otho,  until  the  appearance  of  the 
Hungarians  alarms  and  unites  the  peo- 
ple. 

954  *  *  The  Magyars  sweep  through 
Germany  to  France,  an<i  become  allies  of 
the  rebel  dukes,  who,  after  a  severe 
struggle,  are  reconciled  to  the  king. 

956  Aug.  10.  Battle  of  Lechfeld  [Augs- 
burg] ;  Otho  I.  utterly  defeats  the  Mag- 
yars. Conrad  is  killed.  [*  *  He  defeats 
the  Wends  on  the  Rekenitz.] 

957  *  *  It.  Berengar  II.  rebels,  and 
Lindolf,  son  of  Otho,  is  killed  in  the  ef- 
fort to  sub4iue  him.  Otho  defeats  the 
Slavonian  invaders  in  Saxony. 

961  *  *  Second  expedition  to  Italy. 
Otho  defends  the  Pope  from  Berengar 
II.  [963.  He  captures  Kome.  9G4.  He 
captures  Rome  the  second  time,  de- 
poses Pope  Benedict,  and  restores  Pope 
Leo.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

802  *  *  Charlemagne  is  presented  with  a 
striking  clock  by  Harun-al-Raschid  the 
[famous]  calif  of  Bagdad. 

820  *  *  Hop-gardens  flourish. 

925  *  *  The  first  dyers'  guild  is  estab- 
lished. 

BIRTHS —  DEATHS. 

Uth  Century.     Otfried,  monk,  poet,  horn,  dies. 

806  *  *  lK}uiB  I..  King  of  Bavaria  and  Cler- 
manv,  born.     [876.     Dies.     A70.] 

808*  •  Gottschalk,  monk,  theologian,  born. 
[8ti0.     Dies.     A52i:.] 

856  *  ♦  Rabamis     Maurus,     archbishop     of 
Mentz,  scliolar,  author,  A80. 

876  •  *  Henry    I.,    Emperor    of    Germany, 
born.     [936.     Dies.     A60.] 

883*  *  Louis  II.,  or  HI.,  King  of  Bavaria 
and  Germany,  dies. 

890*  *  Ulrich,  Saint,  l)i8liop  of  Augsburg, 
statesman,  born.     [973.     Dies.     A83.1 
Otho  I.,  emperor,  born.     [973.    Dies.    A61.] 

900*  *  Louis  m.,  or  IV.,  King  of  Bavaria 
and  Germany,  A7. 

918  *  *  Conrad,  or  Konrad  T.,  Duke  of  Fran- 
conia, King  of  Germany,  dies. 

930  *  *  Adalbert.  Saint,  apostle  of   Prus- 
sians, born.     [997.     Dies.     A58.]  ^ 


CHURCH. 

*  *  *  Beign  of  Charlemagne. 

The  king  rules  the  Church,  setting  up 
and  putting  down  archbishops,  bishops, 
and  abbots;  he  begins  a  reformation. 

*  *  *  Bishoprics  and  many  monasteries 
are  founded  by  the  king,  and  enriched 
by  gifts  of  land. 

*  *  *  Prelates  are  invested  with  some  of 
the  authority  pertaining  to  civil,  but 
not  criminal  courts. 

816  *  *  Rome.    Stephen  V.  becomes  pope. 
[817,  St.  Pasclial  T.;  824,  EiigeniuB  11.;  827, 

Valentlus;  827,  Gregory  IV.;  844,Sergiu8  Tl.; 

847,St.  1^0  IV.;  SSS,  Benedict  III.;  8.')8,Nic. 

olasl.  the  Great;  867,  Adrian  II.;  872,  John 

VIII.] 
825  *  *  Louis  the  Pious  reintroduces  the 

worship  of  images  and  pictures  which 

Charlemagne  had  prohibited. 

834r-1223    Hamburg  is  the  seat  of  an 

archbishopric. 


836*  *  Westphalia,  The  rehcs  of  St. 
Anthony  Vitus  are  removed. 

They  are  borne  in  solemn  procession 
from  Paris  to  the  monastery  of  Corvey. 
Parisians  weep  at  their  departure. 

9th  Century.  Bh.  Prus.  The  archbish- 
opric of  Treves  is  founded.  [It  is  the 
oldest  in  Germany.] 

873  *  *  Bh.  Prus.    The  Miinsterkerche 

of  Essen  is  consecrated. 

882  *  *  Boint.    Marinus  I.  becomes  pope. 
[884,  Adrian  III.;   886,  Stephen  VI.;   891, 
Formosns  and  .Sergius,  anti-pope;  8W6,  Boni- 
face VI.;  897,  Stephen  VII.;  898,  Konianus, 
Theodorus  II.,  and  John  IX.] 

899  *  *  Frequentconflictsoccur between 
the  bishops  and  the  nobles. 

900  *  *  Borne.    Benedict  IV.  is  pope. 

[903,  Leo  V.  and  Christopher;  904,  Sergius 
III.;  »1I,  Anastasius  III.;  913,  Lando;  Ui6 
John  X.] 

*  •  *  Veneration  for  saints  abounds ; 
the  passion  for  relics  becomes  very 
general. 

921  *  *  The  Bohemians  are  converted 

to  Christianity. 
928  *  *  Borne.    Leo  VI.  becomes  pope. 
[929,  Stephen  VIII.;   931,  John  XI.;   936, 
Leo  VII.] 

936-973  *  *  Prus.  Otho  I.  founds  the 
bishoprics  of  Havelberg  and  Bran- 
denbiirg. 

937  *  *  Saxony.  Otho  the  Great  estab- 
lishes a  monastery  at  Magdeburg. 

939  *  *  Rome.    Stephen  IX.  is  pope. 

[Marinus  II.;  946,  Agapetiis  IL;  956.  John 
XII.  iHJcoroes  pope;  he  contends  with  the 
emperor  respecting  investiture.] 

*  *  *  Monks  have  great  influence. 

LETTERS. 

822-847  He sse- Nassau .  Rabanus  M-iu- 
rus  is  abbot  of  the  monastery  of  Fulda ; 
he  makes  Fulda  "  the  first  and    most 

esteemed  school  of  Germany." 

830  *  *  The  Heljand,  a  religious  didactic 
poem,  appears. 

9th  Century.  The  Bilde  brand  si  ied  ap- 
pears. 

9th  Centiiry.  Bavaria.  The  Muspilla  a.\>- 
pears. 

870i:  *  *  A  poetical  version  of  tlie  Cos- 
pels,  by  Otfried,  a  monk  of  Weissenburg, 
appears. 

890+  *  *  iMrfH'(*(7s?icrf,apoem  celebrating 
the  victory  of  Louis  111.  over  the  Nor- 
mans, appears. 

B^fP^  *  The  first  Grerman  book  appears. 
"^0  *  *  The  poem,  Walter  of  the  Strong 
Hand,  appears. 

10th  Century.  The  Merseburger  Gedichte 
appears. 

10th  Century.  Brunswick.  Roswitha,  a 
nun  of  Gandersheim,  the  first  German 
poetess  and  dramatist,  writes  Life  of 
Otho  the  Great,  Sacred  Legends,  and 
GaUicanus,  JJulcitius,  Abraiiam,  Calli- 
machus. 

SOCIETY. 

850  *  *  Roman  and  common  law  are 

gradually  introduced. 

009  *  *  The  growth  of  feudalism  is 
promoted  by  the  havoc  caused  by  invad- 
ing Magj'ars,  while  Germany  is  ruled  by 
a  child  king,  as  the  people  are  obliged  to 
protect  themselves. 

*  *  *  The  feudal  tenure  of  land  prevails. 
925  *  *  King  Henry  constructs  fortresses 

and  walled  towns  for  defense. 

To  build  them  he  requires  the  labor  of 
every  ninth  man,  and  the  eight  men  re- 


GERMANY. 


802,**-962,**.    773 


malning  in  his  group  to  till  his  fields ; 
they  are  also  to  store  one-third  of  their 
harvests  for  days  of  trouble. 

041  *  *  Henry,  Otho's  youngest  brother, 
fails  in  a  murderous  assault  uix>ii  the 
monarch,  after  having  been  forgiven  his 
rebellion  ;  he  is  forgiven  the  second  time. 

051  *  *  Otho  leads  an  army  into  Italy  to 
release  Queen  Adelaide,  widow  of 
Lothaire,  who  is  imprisoned  by  the  King 
of  Lombardy  because  she  refused  to 
marry  his  sou.  [Otho  himself  soon  mar- 
ries the  fascinating  widow.] 


STATE. 

802  *  *  Charlemagne  adds  a  second  head 
to  tlie  eagle  to  show  that  the^mpires  of 
Italy  and  Germany  are  united  in  liim. 

806*  *  Lorraine.  The  Diet  of  Dieden- 
hofen.Thionville,  is  held. 

*  *  Charlemagne  distributes  the  admin- 
istration of  the  empire  among  his  three 
sons  as  tiis  lieutenants,  each  having  the 

title  of  Icing. 

808  *  *  Prtis.    Hamburg  is  founded  by 

Charlemagne. 

813-1531  lift.  Prus.  Aachen  [Aix-la- 
Chapelle]  is  the  crowning-place  of  the 
German  emperors,  and  also  the  seat  of 
numerous  diets  and  councils. 

814  June  28.  Jlh.Prus.  Charlemagne 
dies  at  [Aix-la-Chapelle]  [succeeded 
by  Ludwig,  his  son.]    (P.  G67.) 

814-840  Louis  I.  le  D^bonnaire  is  em- 
peror. 

817  *  *  Louis  shares  the  realm  with 
his  three  sons  (p.  667). 

820  *  *  A  new  division  among  his  four 
sons.     [Revolt  and  civil  war.]    (P.  667.) 

833  June  20.  Alsace.  Louis*s  fol- 
lowers to  a  man  desert  him  during  the 
night  near  Colmar  on  the  Field  of  Lies. 

[  He  is  deposed  by  three  sons.  834.  Re- 
stored. 835.  A  redivision.  837.  Redi- 
vision.  838.  Redivision  rescinded.]  (P. 
667.) 

838  *  *  Hpsse-Xassau.  Frankfort  is  en- 
closed with  walls  by  Louis. 

830  *  *  Pepin,  one  of  the  sons  of  Louis  I., 
dies,  and  his  part  of  the  empire  is 
divided  between  Lothaire  and 
Charles;  Ludwig,  the  other  brother, 
rebels. 

840  Jime  20.  Hesse.  Louis  I.,  em- 
peror, dies,  near  Meutz. 

*  *  IjOthaire  I.  assumes  the  imperial 
power.  [He  is  defeated  by  his  brothers 
at  Fontenay.]     (P.  066.) 

*  *  Poland.  The  Slav  dynasty  is  estab- 
lished. 

842  Feb.  14.  Alsace.  Louis  and 
Charles  take  the  federation  oath,  which 
is  repeated  by  their  armies,  at  Strasburg. 

843  Aug.*  Fr.  Treaty  of  Verdtm; 
the  Empire  is  divided  by  the  two  sons 

t      of  Louis  I.  into  France,  Germany,  and 
Italy  (p.  667). 
843-011    The  Carolingian  dynasty 
reigns. 

843-876    Louis  the  German  reigns. 
Germany  for  the  first  time  is  ruled  by 
a  king  who  rules  nowhere  else. 

B43  *  *  Hesse- Nassau .  Frankfort  is 
made  a  capital  city. 


850  *  *  Saxony.  The  duchy  is  estab- 
lished. 

±*  *  Pr.  Saxony.  Magdeburg  is 
founded. 

855  Sept.  *  Prus.  liOthaire  1.  dies  in 
a  monastery  at  Prum.  Xiotharingia  is 
divided  among  his  three  sous. 

±  *  *  Xx>rraine  becomes  a  kingdom  under 
Lothaire,  son  of  the  Kmperor  Lothaire. 

856  *  *  Louis  II,,  son  of  Louis  the  Ger- 
man, has  Italy  with  imperial  dignity. 
He  establishes  his  court  at  Pavia  in 
Lombardy. 

861  **  Lorramc.  Brunswick  is  founded 
by  Bruns,  Archt>ishop  of  Cologne. 

870  *  *  Ijorraine  is  divided  by  the  treaty 
of  Mersen  (p.  C67). 

The  (ierman  portion  (Friesland,  Lor- 
raine) is  ceded  to  the  East  Franks 
(France) ;  the  Romance  portion  (Bur- 
gundy, Provence)  is  ceded  to  the  West 
Ih'ranks  (Germany). 

875  Dec.  25.  Charles  II.,  the  Bald, 
King  of  France,  invades  Italy,  and  is 
crowned  by  the  Pope  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire,  comprising  the  na- 
tions of  western  and  central  Europe,  be- 
ing chiefly  German-speaking  peoples. 
[877.     Poisoned.] 

876  Aug.  23.  Louis  IL,  the  German, 
dies,  and  is  succeeded  by  his  brother. 

877-887  Charles  III.,  the  Fat,  son  of 
Louis  11.,  reigns. 

He  is  emperor  conjointly  at  first  with 
his  brothers  Carloman  and  Louis.  His 
claims  are  successfully  resisted  on  the 
Rhine  and  in  Italy. 

881  *  *  Charles  HI.,  the  Fat,  becomes 
sole  emperor,  and  is  crowned. 

[884.  Fr.  He  is  elected  King  of  the 
West  Franks  with  exception  of  a  part  of 
Burgundy ;  thus  the  Smpire  is  again 
united.] 

*  *  Germany  is  still  called  Bast  Francia. 

887  *  *  Charles  III.  is  deposed  by  the 
great  Diet  at  Tribur  for  cowardice  in 
yiehling  to  the  Northmen  at  the  siege  of 
Paris  ;  lie  abdicates  the  throne. 

887-899    Fr.    Amulf  reigns. 

AmuJf,the  illegitimate  son  of  Carlo- 
man  and  grandson  of  Louis,  is  elected 
King  of  Germany  by  tlie  East  Franks. 
r8i)6.  Crowned  at  Rome.  897.  Dec.  3. 
Dies  at  Ratisbon.] 

895  *  *  Bavaria.  Tlie  Margrave  Leopold 
is  styled  the  first  duke. 

899-911  Louis  *'the  Child,"  son  of 
Arnuf,  six  years  of  age,  succeeds  to  the 
empire. 

He  is  dominated  by  Hatto,  Archbishop 
of  Mentz,  The  Magyars  invade  Ger- 
many, and  devastate  tlie  country.  A 
period  of  national  weakness  and  gloom 
follows.  Tlie  monarchy  is  ready  to  fall 
to  pieces,  and  form  separate  duchies,  as 
Saxony,  Franconia,  Bavaria,  Swabia, 
Lotharingia. 

900 1  *  •  Silesia.    Breslau  is  founded. 

*  *  *  The  empire  becomes  elective. 
911*  *Otho    the    Illustrious,  Duke  of 

Saxony,  is  offered  the  crown,  but  declines 
it  because  of  old  age. 
912    Nov.  8.     The  German  princes  de- 
clare theirindependence,  and  elect  Con- 
rad I.,  Duke  of  Franconia,  their  king. 

His  authority  is  strongly  resisted  by 
the  Franks  and  by  many  of  his  own  sub^ 
jects. 


919-1024    The  Saxony  Dynasty. 
919-^36   Henry!.,  "the Fowler, "son 

of  Otho,  Duke  of  Saxony,  is  founder  of 

the  German  monarchy. 
He  subdues  the  revolting  Saxon  lords, 

and  abolishes  the  prevailing  anarchy. 

924  *  *  Henry  prudently  agrees  to  pay 
tribute  to  the  H  ungariaiis  for  nine  years, 
and  thus  secures  peace. 

925  *  *  Lorraine.  Lotharingia  is  re- 
gained by  Henry  I. 

*  *  The  margraves,  or  military  gover- 
nors, are  first  appointed. 

*  *  *  Germany  is  virtually  a  federal 
state.  The  growth  of  towns  is  pro- 
moted by  Henry  I. 

930  *  *  Prus.  The  North  Mark  of  Sax- 
ony is  established  by  the  Emperor  Henry 
I.,  and  forms  the  beginning  of  the 
Prussian  State. 

933  *  *  Henry  I.  refuses  to  pay  tribute 
to  the  Magyars;  they  renew  their  in- 
vasions. 

936  July  2.  Saxnny.  Henry  I.  dies 
at  Menleben  [and  is  succeeded  by  his 
eldest  son  by  Matilda]. 

936-973  Otho  I.,  "the  Great,"  is 
elected  by  the  Saxons  and  Franks  King 
of  Germany. 

*  *  The  four  court  officers  first  appear. 
The  Duke  of  Lotharingia  as  chamber- 
lain; Duke  of  Franconis,  steward  ;  Duke 
of  Swabia,  cup-bearer ;  and  Duke  of  Ba- 
varia, marshal.  • 

940  *  *  Burgundy  becomes  a  fief  of  the 
empire. 

941  *  *  Henry,  the  king's  brother  and 
an  ex-rebel,  is  forgiven  and  becomes 
Otho's  chief  supporter.  [946.  Otho  makes 
him  Duke  of  Bavaria.] 

944  *  ♦  Lorraine.    Otho  gives  Xjotharin- 

gia  to  Conrad  the  Red. 
946-950    Otho  interferes  in  the  French 

wars,  and  protects  Iiouis  TV.  against 

Hugh,  Count  of  Paris. 
948  *  *  Baden.     Otho    appoints    his   son 

Xiindolf  duke  of  Swabia. 

950  *  *  The  Bohemians  pay  tribute  to 
Otho  ;  Bolesluv  becomes  the  vassal  of 
Germany. 

*  *  Saxony  is  governed  by  the  House  of 
Billing. 

952*  *  It.  Tlie  defeated  king,  Berengar 
II.,  accepts  Otho  as  his  suzerain. 

953-954    Civil  war  prevails. 

953  *  *  Bruno,  archbishop  of  Cologne 
and  Duke  of  Lorraine,  becomes  a  chosen 
counsellor  of  Otho. 

*  *  Otho's  son  Lindolf,  and  Conrad, 
Duke  of  Lotharingia,  the  king's  son-in- 
law,  rebel. 

954  *  *  Hungarians  cross  the  country  in 
their  invasion  of  France  an<i  ravHge  it; 
they  become  the  allies  of  the  rebellious 
dukes. 

955  Aug.  10.  Bavaria.  The  East 
Mark  [duchy  of  Austria]  is  reestal)- 
lished  (p.  503). 

lOtk  Century.  If.  Prus.  Danzig  is 
founded. 

957  *  *  lih.  Pni.t.  Cologne  becomes  an 
imperial  city. 

962  Feb.  2.  Beginning  of  the  continu- 
ous union  of  Germany  with  the  Holy 
Koman  Empire.    (9G2-I80e.) 

Otho  by  conquest  includes  Italv  in  his 
dominions,  and  is  crowned  empieror  at 
Rome  by  the  Pope.  (Germany  alone  does 
not  become  an  empire.] 


774    963,** -1076,  Oct. 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

966-967  Otho  leads  a  third  expedition 
to  Italy. 

978*  *  Fr.  Lothaire,  King  of  France, 
surprises  Otho,  who  escapes  with  diffi- 
culty;  Otho  reconquers  Lotharingia 
[Lorraine],  invades  France,  and  makes 
an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  take  Paris. 

080-983    "Wars  in  Italy. 

Otho  crosses  the  Alps,  and  advances  on 
Rome,  and  into  Southern  Italy.. 

981  *  *  It.  Otho  defeats  the  Saracens 
and  Greeks  at  Colonne. 

■  982  July  13,  //.  The  German  army 
under  Otho  is  annihilated  by  the  Sara- 
cens and  Greeks  in  an  ambuscade;  he 
escapes  only  because  of  the  swiftness  of 

his  horse. 

983  *  *  The  Danes  and  Wends  rise  in  re- 
bellion. 

Tliey  successfully  invade  Germany; 
the  bishoprics  of  Brandenburg  and  Ha- 
velberg  are  destroyed. 

996  *  *  Otho's  first  Expedition  goes  to 
Rome. 

998-999  Otho's  second  expedition 
against  Rome. 

999  Apr.  29.  It.  Crescentius,  the 
usurper,  is  defeated  at  St.  Angelo. 

He  attempted  to  throw  off  the  (Jerman 
yoke,  and  reestablish  the  ;uicient  Roman 
Republic  ;  he  is  executed. 

1001*  *  Otho's  third  expedition  against 
Rome.  The  Romans  revolt  against  tlie 
Germans. 

1002  *  *  Lorraine.  Civil  war  prevails 
[for  ten  years]. 

1003  *  *  Henry's  first  expedition-  tlie 
emperor  defeats  the  Margrave  Henry 
and  Henry  Count  of  Luxemburg  at 
Creusen. 

1004  *  *  It.  Ardoin  of  Ivrea,  King  of 
Italy,  and  a  rival  for  the  empire,  is  de- 
feated by  Henry. 

1004-18  Henry  II.  is  at  war  with  Bo- 
leslavj  King  of  Poland  ;  he  is  compelled 
to  surrender  Bohemia,  but  retains  Lusa- 
tia.    [1015.    Henry  II.  is  defeated.] 

1014  *  *  It.  Henry  conducts  a  second 
expedition  to  Italy,  to  surprise  the  up- 
rising under  Ardoin. 

1016-18  Fr.  Henry  II.  leads  an  army 
to  secure  his  inheritance  in  Burgundy, 
which  had  been  resigned  in  his  favor  by 
Rudolf  III.  before  his  death. 

1022  *  *  It.  Henry's  third  expedition 
to  Italy. 

He  attacks  the  Greeks  in  Lower  Italy, 
and  is  aided  by  the  Norman  settlers  in 
subduing  them. 

1026  f  *  It.  Conrad  II.  leads  an  expe- 
dition into  Italy. 

He  is  crowned  King  of  Italy  at  Milan, 
and  maintains  his  sovereignty  by  force 
of  arms  in  Pavia  and  Ravenna. 

1029  *  *  The  Poles  invade  Germany, 
and  carry  into  captivity  10,000  prisoners. 

They  ravage  the  country  as  far  as  the 
Saale.  [1031.  Conrad  attacks  the  Poles, 
rescues  prisoners,  and  restores  Lusatia 
to  the  Empire.j 

1030  *  *  Conrad  makes  an  unsuccessful 
attack  on  the  Hungarians. 

1041-44  Henry  III.  conquers  the  Bo- 
hemians in  three  campaigns,  wasting  the 
country  with  fire  and  sword. 

1044*  *  Hung.  Henry  defeats  the  Hun- 
garians at  Menfew.    (See  State.) 


1046  *  *  //.  Henry  III.  makes  his  first 
expedition  to  Rome  to  suppress  the 
rival  popes. 

1049  *  *  A  protracted  war  ensues  with 
Godfrey  the  Bearded,  Duke  of  Upper 
Lotharingia,  for  the  succession  of  the 
dukedom. 

1052  *  *  Hung.  Henry  III.,  after  a  ten 
months'  siege  of  Presburg,  is  obliged 
to  retreat  in  haste  because  of  the  dis- 
aifection  of  some  of  his  nobles. 

1055*  *  It.  Henry's  second  expedition 
goes  to  Italy. 

1075  *  *  Henry  IV.  defeats  the  revolt- 
ing Saxons  on  the  Unstrut. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1000*  *  Glass-painting  is  invented. 

*  *  Brunswick:  The  Karzburg  mines  are 
opened. 

1007*  *  Alsace.    The   cathedral   at 

Strasburg,  built  by  Clovis,  is  destroyed 
by  lightning. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

966  *  *  Bruno    the    Great,    archbishop    of 

Cologne,  scholar,  statesman,  dies. 
973*  *  Henry    II.,   emperor,    born.     [1024. 

Dies.    A.-iO.] 
JOtfi  Century.     Hrotsvitha,  nun,   Latin  poet, 

born,  dies. 
1000*  *  Adalbert,  archbishop   of   Bremen, 

born.     ri072.     Dies.    A72.] 
1009*  *lJruno,    Saint,   sometimes   called 

Apostle  of  Prussia,  dies. 
1017*  *  Henry  III.,  emperor,  born.    ri056. 

Dies.     A  39.] 
1040*  •  llrimo,  Saint,  founder  of  Carthu- 

sians,  born.     [llOi.     Dies.    A61.] 

1050  •   •  Henry  rv.,  emperor,  born.     [1106. 
Dies.     A56.] 

1076  *  *  Adam  of  Bremen,  church  hist.,  d. 
11th   Century.     Franco,  or  Francon,  scholar, 

writer  on  music,  born  and  dies. 

CHURCH. 

963  *  *  It.  Pope  John  flees  from  Rome 
when  it  is  taken  by  Otho. 

*  *  It,  The  Romans  are  compelled  to 
promise  never  to  elect  another  pope 
without  the  consent  of  the  Emperor 
of  Germany. 

*  *  Rome.  Pope  John  is  deposed  by  a 
synod,  and  Leo  VIII.,  the  anti-pope,  is 
elected. 

964  *  *  Rome.  Benedict  V.  is  elected 
pope  by  a  council  of  Romans. 

[96.5,  John  XIII.  becomes  pope;  his  crimes 
and  scandals  cause  his  banishment.] 

967  *  *  Saxony.  The  archbishopric  of 
Magdehurg  is  founded. 

972  *  *  Rome.     Benedict  VI.  is  pope. 

[973,  Donns  II.;  974,  Benedict  VU.;  984, 
John  XIV.;  985,  Bonifac^e  VI 1 ,  John  X  V. ;  996, 
John  XVI.,  Gregory  V.;  '^9%  Sylvester  II.; 
1003,  John  XVII.;  later,  John  XVIII.;  1009, 
.SergiusIV.;  1012,  Benedict  VIII.;  1024,  John 
XIX.;  1033,  Benedict  IX.,  aged  10  years.} 

975  *  •  Hesse.    The  Cathedral  of  Mentz 

is  founded. 

993*  *  Rome.    Saints  are  first  canonized. 

996  *  *  Prus.  St.  Adalbert,  bishop  of 
Prague,  devotes  himself  to  missionary 
work  among  the  Prussians.  [997.  Apr. 
23.     W.  Prus.     He  is  murdered.] 

1000  *  *  Prus.  The  emperor  makes  a 
pilgrimage  to  the  bones  of  St.  Adalbert 
at  Gnessen,  Poland  ;  he  founds  the 
archbishopric  of  Gnessen. 

1007  *  *  Bavaria.  The  bishopric  of 
Bamberg  is  founded. 

*  *  Alsace.  The  cathedral  of  Strasburg 
is  destroyed  by  lightning.     [It  is  recon- 


structed, and  more  than  four  centuries 

are  required  to  complete  it.] 

1009  *  *  The  monasteries  are  refornied. 

*  *  Benedict  IX.  demands  and  receives  ten 
times  as  much  as  was  previously  paid 
for  the  confirmation  of  German  prel- 
ates. 

Archbishops  and  bishops  buy  their 
places  at  public  auction  at  the  papal 
court,  and  in  their  jurisdiction  sell  the 
ecclesiastical  offices  to  others. 
1038*  *  Home,  The  Pope  is  driven 
from  the  city  because  of  his  vices,  but 
is  restored  by  Conrad. 

1039  *  *  Morality  among  the  clergy  is 

at  its  lowest  ebb,  while  simony  is  uni- 
versally i»ractised. 

*  *  *  The  ^papacy  is  despised  because 
of  the  character  of  successive  popes,  and 
the  rivalries  of  three  contemporaneous 
popes,  who  excommunicate  each  other. 

1042  *  *  Henry  III.  claims  the  right  of 
deposing  and  appointing  popes.  [He 
appoints  successively  Damascus  II.,  Leo 
IX.,  and  Victor  II.] 

1044  *  *  Rome.  The  Pope  is  again  de- 
throned, and  followed  by  Sylvester  HI. 
as  anti-pope.    Gregory  VI.  is  also  pope. 

1046  *  *  Rome.  Clement  II.,  bishop  of 
Bamberg,  becomes  pope. 

The  emperor  enters  with  his  army,  and 
deposes  the  three  contemporaneous 
popes,  each  of  whom  is  accused  of 
simony. 

*  *  It.  The  Council  of  Sutri  gives  the 
emperors  the  right  to  nominate  the 
popes. 

1048-49  Rome.  Damascus  II.  is  pope 
for  23  days,  and  followed  by  [St,]  Leo  IX., 
who  is  the  first  Pope  to  provide  himself 
with  a  regular  army. 

1052*  *  Prus.  Breslau  is  made  the 
seat  of  a  bishopric. 

1054  *  *  Pope  Leo  is  defeated  by  the  Nor- 
mans, and  taken  prisoner. 

*  *  *  Rome.  The  papal  throne  is  vacant 
for  one  year. 

1055  *  *  Rome.    Victor  II.  becomes  pope. 
[1057,  Stephen  X.;  1058,  Giovanni  de  Vel- 

letri  is  pope  for  nine  months;  lie  is  called 
"Benedict  X."  [by  some  anti-poi>e]:  1059, 
Nicholas  II.  A  conclave  of  cardinals  first 
electa  pope.] 

The  church  improves  in  piety  and  pu- 
rity under  the  intiuence  of  Hildebrand, 
its  real  head. 

1061  *  *  Rome.    Alexander  II.  is  pope. 
The  papacy  is  at  the  summit  of  its 
power  ;     it    claims  supreme  dominion, 
temporal  and  spiritual,  over  every  Chris- 
tian state. 

1072  *  *  Rome.  The  emperor  is  sum- 
moned before  the  Pope  for  selling  the 
investiture  of  bishops;  he  regards  the 
summons  with  contempt.  [1073.  Sum- 
moned the  second  time.] 

1073  *  *  Rome.  [St.]  Gregory  (Hilde- 
brand)  is  elected  pope. 

His  chief  endeavors  are  directed 
towards  the  establishment  of  the  su- 
premacy of  the  papacy  within  the 
church,  and  the  supremacy  of  church 
over  state,  the  strict  celibacy  of  the 
clergy,  and  the  abolition  of  simony  and 
lay  investiture. 

1074  Mar.  *  Rome.  A  synod  is  held  at 
which  simony  is  condemned,  and  the 
old  stringent  laws  of  celibacy  ordered 
to  be  enforced. 

1075  Feb.*  Rome.  A  synod  con- 
demns lay  investiture,  and  approves 


GERMANY. 


963, 


-1076,  Oct.  *       775 


the  decrees  of  the  first  synod,  and 
threatens  excommunication  to  those 
who  diaobey  them. 

1076  Jan.*  Home.  The  Pope  sum- 
mons the  Emperor  Henry  IV.  to  Rome 
to  answer  to  charges  of  simony,  sacri- 
lege, and  oppression  ;  Henry  dismisses 
the  Pope's  legates  with  insults. 

Jan.  24.  Hesse.  Henry  IV.  holds  a  Diet 
at  Worms,  and  declares  Pope  Gregory 
deposed  on  charges  of  tyranny,  magic, 
and  adultery.  [The  Pope  excommuni- 
cates Henry.] 

Feb.  22.  Ifome.  The  Pope  excommu- 
nicates all  the  bishops  who  attended 
the  Diet  of  Worms,  and  deposes  and  ex- 
communicates the  emperor. 

Sept.  *  Hesse.  At  a  Diet  at  Tribur  all 
the  clergy  withdraw  from  alliance  with 
Henry,  signify  their  contrition  to  the 
Pope,  and  discuss  the  election  of  a  new 
emperor. 


LETTERS. 

895+  *  *  The  Emperor  Otho  HI.,  be- 
cause of  his  great  intellectual  endow- 
ments, is  called  the  "  Wonder  of  the 
World." 

1020±  *  *  Notker  Xiabeo  -writes  several 
philosophical  works,  and  translates  JJe 
Consolatione  of  Boethius  and  twoof  Aris- 
totle's works  into  German. 

1050^  *  *  Jiudlieb,  a  Latin  poem,  ap- 
pears. 

1065i:  *  *  Bavaria.  A  song  on  the  Life 
of  Christ  is  composed  by  Eggo  and  Willo, 
two  priests  of  Bamberg. 

*  *  *  A  prose  translation  and  paraphrase 
of  the  Hong  of  Solomon^  by  WiUiram,  ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1016*  *The  people  of  Europe  are  dis- 
tressed by  a  severe  famine. 

1030  *  *  Hesse.  Polygamy  in  Christian 
countries  is  prohibited  by  the  Jewish 
synod  at  Worms. 

STATE. 

963  *  *  Otho,  having  captured  Home, 

requires  the  Romans  to  promise  never 
to  elect  another  pope  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  emperor. 

964  *  *  It.  The  Romans  rise  in  a  re- 
volt; it  is  speedily  suppressed. 

973  May  7.  J^r.  Saxony.  Emperor 
Otho  I.  dies  at  Menleben  [and  is  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son]. 

973-983  Otho  II.  is  emperor  (already 
crowned  during  the  reign  of  hla  father). 

976*  *  Bavaria.  A  conspiracy  is 
formed  by  Henry,  Duke  of  Bavaria,  the 
Quarrelsome,  against  Otho  his  cousin ; 
he  is  subdued  and  deposed.  Bavaria  is 
given  to  Otho  of  Swabia,  son  of  Lindolf ; 
Garinthia  is  taken  from  Bavaria,  and 
made  a  duchy  ;  and  the  Kast  Mark  (Bava- 
rian) is  given  to  Luitpold  of  Babenberg. 

978*  *  Lorraine.    Lothaire,  King   of 

France,  is  compelled  to  surrender  to 

Otho  all  claim  of  Lorraine. 
10th  Century.     Alsace    is    incorporated 

with  the  German  empire. 
983    Dec.  7.    7?ome.    Otho  H.  dies  [and 

is  succeeded  by  his  son,  three  years  of 

age]. 

983-1002  Otho  111.18  King  of  Germany 
and  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

983  *  *  Bavaria,  without  Carinthia,  is 
returned  to  Henry  the  Quarrelsome. 


*  *  The  king's  Grecian  mother,  Theo- 
phano,  is  regent  in  Germany,  and  his 
grandmother,  Adelheid,  regent  in  Italy. 

985  *  *  Lorraine.  Metz  is  made  a  free 
imperial  city. 

±  *  *  Prus.  The  victorious  Wends  com- 
pel the  Germans  to  confine  themselves 
to  the  North  Mark. 

991*  *  Theophano,  the  regent,  dies  ;  and 
"WiUigris,  Archbishop  of  Mentz,  and 
Adelheid  conduct  the  Government. 

995*  *Otho  m.,  15  years  of  age,  as- 
sumes control  of  the  Government.  [996. 
Crowned  emperor  by  Gregory  V.  at 
Rome.] 

999  *  *  Young  Otho  III.  cherishes  a 
scheme  to  make  a  world-wide  empire, 
with  '*  Golden  Rome  "  for  its  center  and 
imperial  residence.  [This  visionary  and 
impracticable  ruler  is  called  the  "  won- 
der of  the  World."] 

1001  Jan.*//.  Otho  m.  dies  at  Rome, 

and  is  succeeded  by  the  son  of  Henry 
*'  the  Quarrelsome." 

1002-24  Henry  II.,  "  the  Saint,"  Duke 
of  Bavaria,  is  elected  king  at  Mentz,  and 
crowned  at  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

He  is  the  great  grandson  of  Henry  the 
Fowler,  and  is  called  the  Holy  and 
Lame. 

Hermann  of  Swabia,  his  competitor, 
disputes  the  sovereignty. 

1002  *  *  It,  Ardoin,  margrave  of  Ivrea, 
is  elected  King  of  Italy,  and  disputes 
the  realm  with  Henry. 

1004  *  *  It.  Henry  II.  is  invited  into 
Italy  by  the  German  party;  Ardoin  re- 
signs after  losing  most  of  the  realm, 

1005  *  *  H.  Henry  is  crowned  King  of 
Italy  at  Pavia.  [7014.  Home.  Crowned 
emperor.] 

1014  *  *  U.  Ardoin  ceases  to  resist 
Henry. 

1015  *  *  Henry  receives  from  Poland  an 
annual  tribute. 

1018*  *  Prus.  Boleslav  of  Poland 
avenges  the  murder  of  St.  Adalbert  by 
terrible  ravages  in  Prussia. 

*  *  Saxony.  Henry  makes  peace  with 
Poland  at  Bautzen. 

1024  July  15.  Henry  dies;  he  is  the 
last  of  the  Saxon  house. 

1024-1125  House  of  Franconia,  or 
Salian  emperors. 

1024^39  ** /Tme.  Conrad  II..  the  Sa- 
lic, is  emperor. 

He  is  elected  at  Oppenheim ;  the  first 
election  in  which  all  the  princes  and 
tribes  participate. 

1025-30  Ernst,  Duke  of  Swabia,  re- 
volts; he  claims  to  be  the  heir  of  Henry 
II.  in  Burgundy.     [1030.    Dies  in  battle.] 

1026  *  *  It.  Conrad  H.  is  crowned 
King  of  Italy  at  Milan.  [And  maintains 
his  sovereignty  by  force  of  arms.  1027. 
Crowned  emperor.] 

*  *  The  Eider  is  fixed  as  the  boundary 
between  (Germany  and  Denmark,  and 
Schleswig  is  surrendered  thereby  to  the 
Danes. 

1032  *  *  Fr.  Burgrmdy  is  annexed  to 
the  empire,  it  having  been  bequeathed 
to  Conrad  by  Rudolf  III.,  whose  niece 
Gisela  is  Conrad's  wife. 

*  *  Mieczealav,  Duke  of  Poland,  becomes 
the  vassal  of  the  German  emperor. 

1036  July  4.  Conrad  returns  from 
his   expedition  to    Italy,    and  dies  at 


Utrecht.    [He  is  succeeded  by  his  son, 
who  had  been  crowned  in  his  boyhood.] 

1039-56  Henry  HI.,  "the  Black,"  is 
emperor. 

*  *  *  The  imperial  power  attains  its 
greatest  height. 

1042f  *  *The  Bohemians  struggle  for 
independence,  but  are  conquered  by 
Henry  111.;  Peter,  King  of  Hungary, 
becomes  a  vassal  of  the  empire. 

*  *  Bavaria.  The  Bavarian  Sast  Mark 
is  extended  to  the  river  Leitha. 

1043  Fr.  Henry  suppresses  a  revolt  in 
Burgundy. 

1046*  *  Home.  Henry  goes  to  Rome  to 
remove  the  scandal  of  three  reigning 
popes,  and  to  cleanse  the  Church. 

Dec.  1^5.  liome.  Henry  is  crowned 
emperor  by  Clement  II. 

*  *  It.  Henry  creates  Drogo,  son  of  Tan- 
cred  of  Hauteville,  duke  of  Apulia.  [It 
results  in  the  revolt  of  the  Lombards.] 

1050  *  *  The  last  yearsof  Henry  Ill.form 
a  turning-point  in  German  history ; 

direct  and  absolute  authority  diminishes 
henceforth ;  feudalism  develops. 

Henry  favors  the  "  Truce  of  God," 
and  proclaims  a  general  king's  peace 
throughout  the  empire. 

11th  Century.  Bavaria.  Nuremberg  is 
founded. 

Oldenburg  begins  to  be  ruled  by 
counts. 

1056  Oct.  28.  Brunsivick.  Henry  TTT 
dies  at  Gozlar  [and  is  succeeded  by  his 
son,  six  years  of  age,  and  already 
crowned.] 

1056-1106  Henry  IV.  is  emperor ;  the 
Empress  Agues  is  regent. 

*  *  *  The  regent  gives  Bavaria  to  Otho 
the  Saxon,  Graf  of  Nordheim  ;  Carinthia 
to  Berthold  of  Zahringen,  and  Swabia, 
with  Burgundy,  to  Rudolf,  Graf  or 
Rheinfeld,  her  son-in-law. 

1062  *  *  Bk.  Prtis.  The  young  king  is 
abducted  from  Kaiserswert  to  Cologne 
by  Archbishop  Anno;  his  distressed 
mother  resigns  the  regency. 

1065  *  *  Adalbert,  archbishop  of  Bre- 
men, a  rival  for  the  regency,  compels 
Archbishop  Anno  to  yield  the  admmis- 
tration  to  him. 

*  *  The  Saxon  princes  through  jealousy 
form  a  conspiracy  against  Adalbert, 
the  favorite  of  the  emperor. 

1066*  *  Hesse.  An  imperial  diet  is  held 
at  Tribur.  [Adalbert  is  in  seclusion  for 
three  years.     1072.    Dies.] 

*  *  Bavaria.  Count  Otho  is  accused  of 
conspiracy ;  Bavaria  is  taken  from  him 
and  given  to  Welf,  son  of  the  Margrave 
Azzo  of  Este,  who  becomes  its  duke. 

*  *  The  Saxons  revolt  because  of  the 
erection  of  fortresses  by  Henry  IV. 

1073  *  *  Hesse.  Henry  IV.  secretly  flees 
from  Harzburg  to  escape  the  enraged 
Saxons,  who  besiege  and  take  it;  he  is 
forced  to  agree  to  a  humiliating  peace. 

1073-1123  The  emperor  has  disputes 
with  the  Popes  relating  to  ecclesiasti- 
cal investitures. 

1076  *  *  Pope  Gregory  VH.  forms  an 
alliance  vith  Robert  Guiscard,  Duke  of 
the  Normans,  and  with  certain  disaf- 
fected  princes  in  Germany. 

*  *  The  Pope  excommtmicates  and  de- 
thrones the  emperor,  and  releases  his 
subjects  from  their  oath  of  allegiance 
[the  boldest  step  ever  taken  by  a  pope]. 

Oct.  *  Hesse.  The  Diet  of  Tribur  sus- 
pends Henry  IV.  from  the  imperial  office, 
and  refers  the  final  decision  of  his  caso 
to  a  future  Diet  [Augsburg,  February, 
1077]. 


776     1076,  Dec.  20-1159,  *  *. 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1078  Aug,  7.  -/•>.  A  jutched  battle  ia 
fought  at  Melridestadt  in  Fraucouia, 
between  the  papal  aiui  anti-papal  fac- 
tions ;  it  is  bloody  but  indecisive. 

1080  Jan.  27.  Thur'mgia.  Henry  IV. 
again  attacks  Rudolf,  the  rival  king, 
near  MUhlhausen,  and  is  defeated. 

Oct.  15.  Saxony.  Henry  IV.  invades 
Saxony,  and  is  again  defeated  by  Kudolf 
of  Swabia  at  Molsen ;  Kudolf  is  mortally 
wounded. 

1081  May  21.  Rome.  Henry  TV.  ap- 
pears witli  a  besieging  army.   (See  Italy.) 

1083  June  3.  Home.  After  a  siege  of 
seven  months,  Henry  takes  a*  part  of 
Rome  by  storm.  Pope  Gregory  VH.  is 
besieged  by  Henry  in  the  castle  of  St. 
Angelo.  [He  ia  released  by  Robert 
Guiscard.] 

1086    Aug.  11.    Henry  is  defeated  at 

'  Bleichfeld  by  Eckbert,  Welf,  and  Ber- 
thold. 

1089-97  Henry  goes  on  a  third  expe- 
dition to  Italy. 

He  attempts  the  overthrow  of  the  sup- 
porters of  the  papal  power  with  only 
small  success.  Mantua  surrenders  after 
a  siege  of  eleven  months. 

1097  *  *  Henry  returns  from  Italy. 
Germany  is  crossed  by  armed  biuids 
of  the  first  Crusaders  under  Walter  of 
Perejo  and  Peter  the  Hermit. 

1109  *  *  Poland.  Henry  V.  is  defeated 
by  Boleslav. 

1113  *  *  Saxony.      The     emperor      sur- 
prises his  revolting  subjects  and  defeats 
them  near  Warmstadt. 
1115  *  *  The  Saxons  are  victorious  over 
the  rebellious  Wends  at  Kothen. 
Battle  of  "Welfesholze. 
The  imperial  army  is  defeated  by  the 
Saxons  on  the  same  day ;  the  emperor 
seeks  safety  by  tlight. 

1122  *  *  The  Saxons  march  against  the 
emperor,  whose  situation  is  full  of  peril. 
[Sept.  23.    Peace.l    (See  State.) 

1140^  "War  of  the  Ghibellines  and 
the  Guelf s  (Welfs)  —  the  Papal  and  Im- 
perial parties ;  each  contends  for  the 
possession  of  the  crown. 

*  •  Wurtemberg.    Battle  of  "Weinsberg. 

Conrad  III.  defeats  Count  Welf,  and 

the  city  surrenders  to  him  ;  the  faithful 

women  save  the  men  by  carrying  theiu 

on  their  backs  out  of  the  city  (p.  504). 

1147-48  Conrad  III,,  induenced  by  St. 
Bernard,  leads  an  army  which  joins 
the  Second  Crusade  [and  is  destroyed 
by  Greek  treachery]. 

1154-77  Wars  in  Italy  between  Fred- 
erick and  the  cities  and  the  Pope. 

Frederick's  campaign  is  against  the 
powerful  Republican  cities  of  Lombardy 
and  Pope  Alexander  III.;  ho  restores 
imperial  rights,  which  have  become 
much  impaired  by  neglect ;  six  expedi- 
tions are  made. 

1154-55  Frederick's  first  expedition 
to  Italy;  it  maintains  imperial  author- 
ity in  the  cities. 

1157  *  *  Frederick  I.  conducts  a  cam- 
paign against  the  Poles. 

1158-62  Frederick's  second  expedi- 
tion to  Italy  ;  it  subdues  Milan  and 
other  Lombard  cities.  [1159.  July  *  He 
attacks  Grema.] 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1138-1208    Magnificent  churches  in 

Gothic   style    gratify   and  develop   the 
feeling  for  art. 

1150*  *  Bavaria.  The  [modern]  method 
of  gold-beating  is  invented  in  Nurem- 
berg.   Here  glass-cutters  flourish. 

12th  Century.  lift.  Prus.  Franco  of  Co- 
logne codifies  the  uses  of  measured 
music. 

1152*  *  Frederick  Barbarossa  intro- 
duces or  improves  the  art  of  heraldry. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

i093*  'Conrad    III.,    king,    born.       [1152. 
Dies.    A59.] 

1 106  *  *  Adolphus,  Count  of  Holstein,  born. 
[1131.     Dies.     A25.J 
Albert  I.,  the  Bear,  Margrave  of  Branden- 
burg, fonnder  of  House  of  Brandenburg, 
born.     [1170.     Dies.    A640 

liai*  'Frederick    I..    BarbarosBa,    em- 
peror, born.     [1190,  June  10.     Dies.    A*>il.] 

1139*   *  Henry  "  The  Lion,"  Duke  of  Saxony 
and  Bavaria,  born.     [1195.     Dies.     A.  66.] 

1137*  'Adalbert,  archbishop    of    Ment?., 
statesman,  dies. 


CHURCH. 

1076  Dec.  20.  Henry,  finding  resist- 
ance useless,  sets  out  to  make  his  sub- 
mission to  the  Pope.    (See  State.) 

1077  Jan.  25-27.  Home.  The  Pope 
humbles  the  emperor. 

He  compels  Henry  to  stand  three  days, 
in  the  depth  of  winter,  barefooted,  at  the 
gate  of  the  castle  of  Canossa,  to  implore 
pardon,  and  then  only  gives  him  condi- 
tional absolution. 

*  *  It.  Matilda  of  Tuscany  makes  a  re- 
visionary  grant  of  her  vast  estates  in 
Northern  Italy  to  the  Church  of  Rome. 

1078  *  *  Rome.  The  Pope  sets  up  Ru- 
dolf as  emperor  of  Germany. 

1080*  *  Rome.  Henry  IV.  is  excom- 
municated the  second  time;  Clement 
III.  becomes  anti-pope. 

1084*  *The  Order  of  Carthusian 
Monks  is  founded  by  St.  Bruno  of  Ct)- 
logne  at  Chartreuse. 

*  *  *  The  "War  of  Investitures,  between 
the  emperor  and  the  Pope,  lasts  for  over 
200  years,  and  is  a  prominent  feature  of 
medieval  history. 

1085  May  25.  //.  Pope  Gregory  dies 
in  exile  at  Salerno. 

1087  *  *  Rome.    Victor  III.  is  pope. 

[1088,  Urban  II.  becomes- pope ;  1099,  Pas- 
cal II.;  AlV>ertana  Theodoric,  anti-popes.] 

1095  *  *  Peter  the  Hermit  preaches  the 
Crusade  for  the  recovery  of  the  Holy 
Sepulcher. 

1097*  *The  First  Crusade,  (See 
Army.) 

1106  *  *  RoTTie.  Henry  V.  is  excommu- 
nicated by  the  Pope.  [1112.  Again  by 
a  second  council  at  Vienna.] 

*  *  Rh.  Pnis.  The  Empress  Helena  is 
said  to  have  brought  the  seamless 
**Holy  Coat'*  of  Christ  to  Treves. 

1109*  *  Rmne.  Henry  V.  makes  the 
Pope  a  prisoner. 

1111*  *  Emperor  Henry  V.  determines 
to  separate  the  church  from  the 
state. 

He  forces  Pope  Pascal  II.,  his  prisoner, 
to  acknowledge  the  imperial  right  of  in- 
vestiture. 


*  *  Rome.  The  Later  an  Council  de- 
clares the  concessions  to  Henry  V.  in- 
valid because  extorted  by  force. 

1118  *  *  Rome.    Gelasius  II.  is  pope. 

[1119,  Oaliatus  II.;  1124,  Honoring  II.;  1130, 
Innocent  II.,  Anacletus  II.,  anti-pope;  1143, 
Celestin  II.;  1144,  Lucius  II.;  114.^,  Kugenius 
III.;  1154,  Adrian  IV.;  1159,  Alexander  HI.; 
he  Is  opposed  by  four  anti-popes;  in  1159  by 
Victor  IV.,  in  1164  by  Pascal  lll.,in  1164  by 
Calistus  III.,  in  1178  by  Innocent  111.] 

1122    Sept.  23.    Hesse.    The    disputes 

regarding  investiture  are  compromised 

by  the  Concordat  at  "Worms. 

The  election  of  (ierman  bishops  and  abbots 
is  to  take  place  in  the  presence  of  the  empe- 
ror or  his  representatives;  investiture  by  the 
emperor  must  precede  consecration,  and  to 
be  conferred  by  the  scepter  instead  of  the 
ring  and  the  staff. 

In  Italy  and  Uurgundy  investiture  is  to 
follow  elections  and  consecration,  and  all 
ecclesiastics  possessing  secular  bcneflees  are 
to  perform  the  feudal  duties. 

1125-37  Sax.  Prus.  The  "Wends  are 
converted  to  Christianity  in  increasing 
numbers. 

1146*  *  Rome.  Arnold  of  Brescia 
preaches  the  deposition  of  the  Pope,  and 
the  restoration  of  the  ancient  republic. 

1147-49  The  Second  Crusade;  it  is 
conducted  by  Conrad  III.  of  Germany 
and  Louis  VII.  of  France  [without  re- 
sult]. 

1155  *  *  Rome.  Arnold  of  Brescia,  a 
scholar  of  the  schoolman  Ab<''lard,  a  pop- 
ular preacher,  opposed  to  the  notorious 
corruption  of  the  clergy,  and  an  advo- 
cate of  civil  and  religious  reform,  is  con- 
demned and  burned. 

1159-77    Schism  in  the  Church. 

A  majority  of  cardinals  elect  Alexan- 
der III.;  a  "minority,  influenced  by  the 
emperor,  elect  Victor  IV.,  who  is  recog- 
nized by  the  council  held  at  Pavia  and 
by  the  Emperor  Frederick. 

*  *  The  CarmeUte  Order  is  instituted. 


LETTERS. 

1120±  *  *  The  Alexander  lied,  by  Lam- 
brecht,  appears. 

1135-37  The  poem,  King  Rather,  ap- 
pears. 

1139+  *  *  The  Rolandslied,  by  Conrad,  a 
priest,  appears. 

1140  *  *  Bishop  Otto  von  Freising  intro- 
duces the  peripatetic  philosophy.  ('.') 

1 143-46  Th e  Universal  History ,  by 
Bishop  Otto  von  Freising,  appears. 
[1157.  The  Life  of  Frederick  Barba- 
rossa.'] 

12th  Century.  The  Nibelungenot,  or  Nibtl- 
ungenlied,  an  epic  poem  composed  of 
various  ancient  mythical  poems,  termed 
sagas,  appears. 

1157>  *  *  The  Latin  drama.  Antichrist, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1077*  *Poi)e  rJregory  VTI.  excommu- 
nicates the  Emperor  Henry  IV.,  and 
absolves  his  subjects  from  their  alle- 
giance. [His  excommunicated  body  lies 
for  five  years  above  ground  after  death, 
no  one  daring  to  bury  it.] 

1089  *  *  Matilda  of  Tuscany  marries 
Guelf  v.,  son  of  Guelf,  Duke  of  Bavaria. 

1105*  *  Henry  IV.,  the  deposed  em- 
peror, is  forced  to  sell  his  boots  to  ob- 
tain food. 

1150*  *  Chivalry,  having  much  in  its 
nature  that  i.s  fantasti*'  and  insincere, 
keeps  alive  a  grand  ideal  of  manliness, 
courtesy,  and  generosity. 


GERMANY. 


1076,  Dec.  20-1159,  *  *.     777 


*  ♦  *  The  Crusades  awaken  the  intellect 
and  arouse  the  genius  of  the  people. 

*  •  *  Women  never  held  a  higher  place 
or  received  greater  honor  than  during 
this  period. 

*  *  *  The  population  is  divided  into 
classes,  —  prolate.s,  dukes,  palsgraves, 
margraves,  landgraves,  counts,  knights, 
freemen,  and  serfs. 

STATE. 

1076  Dec.  20i:.    Bavaria.    HeiurylV. 

secretly  leaves  Speier  with  his  wife,  son, 
and  a  solitary  knight,  and  makes  a  pain- 
ful journev  across  the  Alps  in  a  severe 
winter  to  placate  thePope.  (SeeChurcb.) 

1077  Mar.  *  Bavaria.  At  the  instiga- 
tion of  the  Pope  the  emperor,  Henry  IV., 
is  deposed  by  some  of  the  German  princes 
at  Forchheim  ;  they  elect  Rudolf,  Duke 
of  Swabia,  as  his  successor. 

1078  *  *  Fr.  Franconia  is  the  seat  of 
war  between  the  emperor's  party  and 
the  party  of  St.  Peter. 

1079  *  *  Swabia  is  fortified,  and  given  to 
Frederick  of  Hohenstaufeuj  Henry's  son- 
iu-law. 

1080  Mar.  7.  Borne.  Henry  IV.  is  ex- 
communicated for  the  second  time  by 
the  Pope. 

*  *  Rudolf  of  Swabia,  the  rival  king,  ia 
mortally  wounded  in  battle. 

1081  Aug.*  Hermann,  son  of  the 
Count  of  Luxemburg,  is  elected  by  tlie 
dissatisfied  Saxon  princes  as  a  rival  king 
at  the  suggestion  of  the  Pope.  [1088. 
Abdicates  and  dies.] 

1089  ♦  *  Egbert,  Margrave  of  Meissen, 
'Who  had  been  set  up  as  a  rival  king, 
dies. 

*  *  Saxony.  The  Saxons  submit  to 
Henry,  and  are  assured  of  the  preserva- 
tion of  their  ancient  privileges  and  es- 
tates. 

*  *  It.  Matilda  of  Tuscany  marries 
Welf  V.  (Guelf),  son  of  Duke  Welf  of 
Bavaria. 

1092  *  *  Conrad,  son  of  the  emperor,  is 
encotiraged  by  the  Pope  to  rebel  against 
his  father.    fl095.    He  Is  crowned  at 

Mihin.] 

1100-1637  Pnm^irania.  Stettin  is  the 
Beat  of  the  dukes  of  Pomerania. 

1101  *  *  Bavaria.    Guelf  II.  is  duke. 

1104  *  *  Henry,  tlie  emperor's  youngest 
and  beloved  son,  under  encouragement 
by  the  Pope,  rebels  against  his  father, 
whom  he  imprisons. 

1105  *  *  Henry  IV.  is  betrayed  by  his 
followers,  flees  from  his  son  Henry,  and 
is  forced  to  abdicate.  [1106.  Aug.  7. 
Belg.  He  dies  at  Liittich  [Li(5ge],  and 
is  succeeded  by  his  son  Henry.] 

1106-25    Henry  V.  is  emperor. 

1111  •  *  Borne.  Henry  V.  forces  Pope 
Pascal  n.,  his  prisoner,  to  perform  his 
coronation,  and  acknowledge  the  emper- 
or's right  of  investiture. 

1112  *  *  Aust.  The  Synod  of  Vienna  ex- 
communicates Henry  V.  because  he 

refuses  to  give  up  the  right  of  investi- 
ture.   [1122.     Kestored.] 

1114  *  *  Lothaire  and  Louis,  the  rebel- 
lious princes,  beg  for  mercy. 

*  *  Ife.HSfi.  The  emperor  marries  Ma- 
tilda, daughter  of  Henry  I.  of  England, 
at  Mentz,  with  ceremonies  of  great 
splendor. 


1116  *  *  Borne.  Henry  V,  is  crowned 
by  a  Portuguese  archbishop,  Pope  Pascal 
being  a  fugitive. 

*  *  Henry  V.  takes  possession  of  the 
lands  of  the  Countess  Matilda  in  the 
name  of  the  empire. 

1119*  *  Pope  Calixtus  II.  is  enthroned, 
and  iniitiediutely  renews  the  alliance 
with  Adalbert  and  the  enemies  of  the 
emperor  in  Saxony. 

1120*  *  Bavaria.    Henry  the  Black  is 

duke. 

1121  *  *  Westphalia.  Miinster,  having 
sided  with  the  emperor's  party,  and  ex- 
pelled its  bishop,  is  besieged  and  burned 
by  the  Saxons. 

1122  Sept.  23.  The  Concordat  of 
"Worms  is  agreed  to,  and  settles  the 
trouble  with  the  Pope  concerning  inves- 
titure.   (See  Church.) 

1125    May  23.    Neth.    Henry  "V.  dies 

at  Ninieguin. 

1125-37  Lothaire,  Duke  of  Saxony,  is 
King  of  Germany. 

1126*  *  Bavaria.  Henry  the  Proud, 
son-in-law  of  Lothaire,  is  duke.  [Later, 
Duke  of  Saxony.] 

1128-58  Lippe  is  governed  by  Bernard, 
the  founder  of  the  [present]  reigning 
family. 

*  *  *  The  decay  of  royal  power  pro- 
gresses. 

1130*  *The  title  landgrave  com- 
mences with  Louis  III.  of  Thuringia. 

1132-33  Lothaire  II.  visits  Italy  on 
his  first  expedition. 

1133-37    liOthaire  EE.  is  emperor. 

He  is  elected,  but  the  Hohenstaufens, 
Frederick,  Duke  of  Swabia,  and  Conrad, 
nephew  of  Emperor  Henry  V.,  reject 
his  authority. 

1133*  *Bome.  IiOthaire  H.  is  crowned 
by  Pope  Innocent  II. 

He  consents  to  restore  to  the  Pope  all 
the  property  confiscated  to  the  empire 
by  Henry  V.,  and  to  receive  them  back 
as  fiefs  from  the  Pope.  As  a  vassal  of 
the  Pope  he  receives  the  investiture  of 
Matilda's  heritage  with  his  crown. 

1134*  *  Prus.  liOthaireH.  invests  Al- 
bert the  Bear  with  the  North  Mark 
[Margrave  of  Brandenburg.  1136.  Al- 
bert conquers  most  of  Mittelmark,  and 
its  name  is  changed  to  Brandenburg, 
from  its  chief  city]. 

1136-37  Lothaire  H.  revisits  Italy  on 
his  second  expedition. 

He  curbs  the  insolence  of  Roger  the 
Norman,  and  drives  him  out  of  Italy  to 
.Sicily,  he  having  claimed  to  be  King  of 
the  Two  Sicilies. 

1137  Dec.  3.  Bavaria.  The  Emperor 
XjOthaire  H.  dies  at  Breilenwang. 

1138-1254  House  of  Hohenstaufen, 
or  the  Swabian  Dynasty,  reigns. 

1138  Mar.  13.  Conrad  m.,  Duke  of 
Franconia,  is  chosen  king  by  an  irregu- 
lar election  of  the  anti-Saxons. 

1138-52    Conrad  HI.  is  emperor. 
Oct.  20.    Conrad    III.    puts    Henry    the 

Proud,  of  Bararia,  under  the  ban  of  the 

empire. 

*  *  Germany*8  political  power  gradually 
diminishes. 

*  *  Bavaria.  XiCOpold,  Margrave  of  Aus- 
tria, is  duke. 

*  *  Saxony.  Conrad  III.  ^ves  Saxony 
to  Albert  the  Bear. 


1139*  *  Bavaria.  Henry  the  Proud 
dies,  but  the  claims  of  his  young  son  to 
Saxony  are  maintained  by  his  relatives. 

*  *  "Welf  VI.,  brother  of  Henry  the 
Proud,  claims  Bavaria. 

*  *  Saxony.  Henry  the  Lion,  of  Saxony 
and  Bavaria,  becomes  duke. 

1140*  *The  Guelf  8  and  the  Ghibel- 
lines  begin  their  bitter  contentions  for 
the  crown. 

Otho  of  Saxony  and  the  Papal  party 
belong  to  the  former,  and  Philip  of 
Swabia,  the  Imperialists,  and  the  Aristo- 
cratic party  belong  to  the  latter.  [For  300 
years  they  desolate  Germany  and  Italy. J 

*  *  The  Hajiseatic  League  is  formed  by 
the  port  towns  for  protection  against  the 
piracies  of  the  Swedes  and  the  Danes. 

1141  *  *  Bavaria  by  inheritance  falls  to 
Henry  Jasomirgott  of  Austria. 

1142*  *  Saxony.  Duke  Albert  the 
Bear  abdicates;  the  Mark  of  Branden- 
burg, an  imperial  fief,  and  his  other  pos- 
sessions, are  restored  to  him  from  his 
enemies. 

1147-48  Conrad  III.  engages  in  the  Sec- 
ond Crusade. 

1152  Feb.  11.    Conrad  m.  dies  [and 

is  succeeded  by  his  nephew  Frederick  of 
Swabia]. 

1152-90  Frederick  I.,  Barbarossa,  is 
King  of  Germany. 

He  is  elected  without  opposition,  and 
becomes  one  of  the  most  heroic  persons 
in  the  history  of  the  Middle  Ages,  and 
one  of  the  greatest  sovereigns  of  Ger- 
many. He  carries  on  wars  against  the 
German  nobility,  and  leads  six  expedi- 
tions into  Italy. 

1152*  *  Den.  Sven  becomes  king  of 
Denmark,  and  a  vassal  of  the  German 
Empire. 

1153  *  *7iaf7eH.  Frederick  and  the 
Papal  See  hold  a  convention  at  Con- 
stance. 

1154*  *  Bavaria  is  restored  to  Henry 
the  Lion,  son  of  Henry  the  Proud,  the 
ancestor  of  the  Brunswick  family. 

1155  *  *  Rome.  Frederick  is  crowned 
emperor  by  Pope  Adrian  IV.,  who  had 
solicited  his  aid  against  the  Komans. 

*  *  Liibeck  is  founded. 

*  *  Austria  is  separated  from  Bavaria, 

and  made  an  hereditary  duchy  in  both 
the  male  and  female  line. 

1156*  *  Frederick  holds  the  Diet  of 
Hatisbon,  and  gives  the  duchy  of  Saxony 
to  Henry  the  Lion. 

12th  Century.  Brunswick  flourishes  un- 
der the  rule  of  Henry  the  Lion.  Hesse 
is  ruled  by  the  landgraves  of  Thuringia. 

1157  *  *  Bavaria.  The  Diet  of  "Wiirz- 
bmrg  assembles. 

It  has  representatives  from  nearly  all 
the  German  States  of  the  West ;  the 
nobles  do  homage  to  the  emperor  of  the 
Holy  Koman  Empire. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Frederick  I.  confers  the 
kingly  crown  on  Ladislaus,  son  of 
Belas  I. 

1158  Nov.  11.  It.  A  Diet  meets  on 
the  Eoncaglian  Plains. 

The  emperor's  rights  as  against  the 
cities  are  defined,  and  their  jurisdiction 
transferred  from  the  consuls  to  an  officer 
of  the  empire;  the  cities  are  prohibited 
from  the  right  of  private  war  between 
each  other. 

*  *  Bavaria.  Munich  is  founded  by 
Henry  the  Lion. 


778      1160,  Jan.  27-1225,  Nov. 


GERMANY. 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1160  Jan.  27.  It.  After  a  terrible 
siege  Frederick  takes  Crema,  the  ally 
of  Milan ;  the  20,000  burghers  receive 
permission  to  depart  with  their  wives 
and  children. 

1162  Mar.  6.  It.  After  a  resistance 
for  three  years,  famishing  Milan  sur- 
renders to  Frederick.  [Mar.  19.  He 
orders  all  the  inhabitants  to  leave 
Milan  within  eight  days.] 

Mar.  26.  It.  Frederick  proclaims  the 
utter  destruction  of  Milan ;  the  tow- 
ers and  walls  are  pulled  down  ;  the 
neighboring  cities  of  Lombardy  finish 
the  destruction. 

1163  *  *  Frederick  makes  a  third  ex- 
pedition to  Italy,  without  an  army. 

1164*  *  Wurtember(i.  Frederick  defeats 
the  "Welfs  at  Tubingen. 

1165  *  *  It.  Pope  Alexander  HI.  re- 
volts ag;iinst  Frederick,  and  enters 
Koine  in  triumph. 

1166-68  Frederick's  fourth  expedition 
to  Italy  to  subdue  the  Pope  is  disastrous. 

1167  *  *  /(.    Frederick  captures  Rome, 

but  loses  25,000  soldiers  in  eight  days  by 
disease. 

Aug.  *  -Sept.  *  It.  The  Lombards  are 
masters  of  Upper  Italy ;  they  occupy  the 
Alpine  passes  ;  the  fragments  of  Fred- 
erick's army  retreat  through  by-roads 
beyond  the  Alps  to  Pavia. 

1172  *  *  Frederick  restores  German  in- 
fluence in  Poland,  Bohemia,  and  Si- 
lesia by  a  single  campaign. 

1174-77  Frederick's  fifth  expedition 
to  Italy,  by  passing  over  Mont  Cenis, 
ends  in  disaster.  1174.  He  unsuccess- 
fully besieges  Alessandria.  Henry  the 
Iiion  deserts  the  emperor,  and  returns 
to  (Jermany. 

1176  May  29,  It.  The  Lombard  League 
utterly  defeats  Frederick  at  the  battle 
of  Xiegnano.  [An  armistice  with  the 
cities  and  the  Pope  follows.] 

1184-86    Frederick's  sixth  expedition 

goes  to  Italy  without  a  military  force. 

1189  May*  Frederick  joins  the  Third 
Crusade  at  the  head  of  an  army  num- 
bering 150,000±  men,  and  having  20,000i: 
knights. 

1190  *  *  King  Henry,  son  and  yice- 
gerent  of  the  emperor,  takes  the  field 
against  Henry  the  Iiion,  who  prema- 
turely returns  from  exile. 

*  *  The  vicegerent  makes  peace  with 
him,  granting  a  full  amnesty  and  part 
of  Liibeck. 

1191  *  *  The  first  expedition  of  Henry 
VI.  goes  to  Italy  to  overthrow  Tancred, 
the  usurper.  [He  destroys  Tusculum, 
and  besieges  Naples  unsuccessfully  for 
three  months,  when  sickness  drives  the 
army  out  of  Italy.  1192-^.  He  subdues 
the  Two  Sicilies.] 

1192  *  *  War  is  again  waged  against 
Henry  the  Lion  for  breaking  the  first 
treaty  ;  it  ends  in  a  compromise. 

1 194  *  ♦  Henry  conducts  a  second  expe- 
dition to  Italy,  where  he  prosecutes  a 
successful  war  with  the  widow  and  son 
of  Tancred, 

1197  *  *  A  third  expedition  is  sent  to 
Italv  :  a  conspiracy  agninst  the  emperor 
is  suppressed  with  great  cruelty. 


1198-1215  Civil  war  breaks  out  be- 
tween the  Hohenstaufen  party  and  the 

Welfs. 

1199*  *  Alsace.  Strasburg  is  besieged 
by  Philip  :  Otho  IV.,  with  an  army  of  re- 
lief, is  defeated. 

1214  July  27.  Fr.  Battle  of  Bou- 
vines  (p.  670). 

1221    Apr.*  Battle  of  Bomhceved. 
The  Danes  are  utterly  defeated  by  the 
princes  of  North  Germany,  assisted  by 
German  Crusaders. 

1221-26  It.  Frederick  subdues  the 
Saracens  in  Sicily. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1200  *  *  A  kind  of  gunpowder  is  used 
for  blasting   in   the  Hartz  mountains. 

*  *  *  Bavaria.  Augsburg  has  many  brew- 
eries. The  Minnesingers,  lyric  poets 
or  love  singers,  flourish. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1165*  *  Henry  "VT.,  emperor,  born.  [1197. 
Dies.    A52.] 

1170*  *  Waltlier  von  der  Vogelweide,  min- 
nesinger, born.     [1228.     Dies.    A58i.] 

1177  *  *  Philip,  Duke  of  Swabia,  king,  born. 
[1208.     Dies.     A31.] 

1193*  *  Albertus  Magnus,  theologian,  phi- 
losopher, born.     [1280.     Dies.    A87.] 

1194*  *  Frederick  II.,  Emp.  of  Germany, 
K.  of  Naplesand  Sicily,  b.    [1250.   D.  A56.] 

12th  Century.  Ofterdingen,  Heinrich  von, 
minstrel,  born  and  dies. 

1018*  *  Rudolf  of  Hapsburg,  emperor, 
born.     [1291.     Dies.     A73.] 

1230*  *  Kschenbach,  Wolfram  von,  minne- 
singer, dies. 

CHURCH. 

1160  *  *  Hesse.  Arnold,  Archbishop  of 
Mentz,  is  killed  by  the  citizens  for  hav- 
ing expelled  his  predecessor. 

1164*  *  Frederick     I.  quarrels  with 

the  Pope.     fU77.    Reconciliation.] 

1165  *  *  lih.  Prus.  Charlemagne  is 
canonized  by  Pascal  III.  at  Aix-la- 
Chapelle. 

1172*  *  Henry  the  Lion  undertakes  a 
pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem. 

1181  ♦  *  Home.    Lucius  HI.  is  pope. 
[1185,   rrban    III.;    1187,   Gregory  VJII.; 
later.  Clement    III.;    1191,  Celestine    III.; 
1198,  Innocent  III.] 

1182±  *  *  Westphalia.  The  Vehmic 
Tribunals  flourish,  and  possess  great 
power. 

The  secret  tribunals  are  established  to 
maintain  religion  and  the  public  peace; 
they  have  their  origin  in  the  time  of 
Charlemagne.  Persons  of  exalted  rank 
are  subjected  to  their  decisions,  being 
frequently  seized,  tried,  and  executed. 
[The  emperors  are  unable  to  suppress 
them  until  the  16th  century.] 

1189-92  The  Third  Crusade.  Fred- 
erick II.  leads  an  expedition  from  Re- 
gensburg  [Ratisbon]. 

*  *  *  Home.  Henry  VI.  is  threatened 
with  excommunication  for  withhold- 
ing the  vast  estates  of  the  Countess 
Matilda  of  Tuscany  from  the  Pope. 

1198  *  *  The  Order  of  the  Holy  Trin- 
ity is  established. 

1202-04  The  Fourth  Crusade;  it 
ends  in  the  establishment  of  the  Latin 
Empire  at  Constantinople. 

1210  Nov.  18.  Home.  The  Pope  ex- 
communicates Otho  IV.  [1212.  De- 
posed.] 

1215  *  *  Home,  The  Lateran  Council 
is  held. 


Members  :  71  prelates  and  archbish- 
ops, more  than  400  bishops,  and  800  ab- 
bots and  priors,  8  kings,  and  countless 
princes  and  envoys  from  cities  (p.  670). 

1216*  *  Home.     Honorius  III.  is  pope. 
[1227,   (iregory   IX.;    1241,   Celestine   IV.: 
1243,   Innocent    IV.;    1254,   Alexander   IV.: 
1261,  Urban  IV.;  1265,  Clement  IV.J 

1220  *  *  Frederick  promises  the  Pope  to 
enter  a  crusade. 

*  *  *  Laymen  are  forbidden  to  read  the 
Scriptures, 

*  *  *  The  Order  of  Teutonic  Knights, 
aided  by  the  Knights  of  the  Sword,  con- 
quer Poland  in  rescuing  it  from  hea- 
thenism, 

1225  *  *  Frederick  again  promises  to  en- 
ter a  crusade. 

Mar.  29.  Prus.  Henry  Minike,  pro- 
vost of  Goslar,  condemned  as  a  heretic, 
dies  at  the  stake  for  saying  in  his  ser- 
mons and  poems  "  that  the  wisdom  of 
God  surpassed  that  of  the  Virgin  Mary." 

LETTERS. 

1160±  *  *  A  satirical  poem  on  the  life  of 
priests,  and  other  satires,  by  Heinrich 
von  Molk  appear. 

1170*  *  The  oldest  German  poem  on 
Reinclce  Fucks  is  written  by  Heinrich. 
der  Glichezarl. 

*  *  The  poems  Ctmnt  Itudofy  Floris,  and 
Tristant  appear. 

1173±  *  *  Ilerzog  Ernst  &nd  the  Anegenge 

appear. 

1184*  *The  jEneid,  by  Heinrich  von 
Veldeke,  appears. 

1187±  *  *The  poem.  King  Orendel,  ap- 
pears. 

1192-1202  Hartmann  von  Aue  writes 
Ereck,  GregoHus,  liucklein,  Armer,  Nein^ 
rich,  Iwein,  and  other  poems. 

1205-20  Wolfram  von  Eschenbach 
writes  Parziral  Tagelieder,  IVUlehalm 
Titurel,  and  other  poems. 

1210  *  *  The  epic  poem,  Tristan  and 
Isolde,  by  Gottfried  of  Strasburg,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  A  translation  of  Ovid's  Metamorphoses 
is  begun  by  Albrecht  von  Halberstadt. 

*  *  The  epic  of  Gudrum  and  the  Wigaloit 
of  Wirent  von  Grafenberg  appear. 

1215+  *  *  Welsche  Gast,  by  Thomasin 
Zerklar,  appears. 

1220-75  The  Sachsenspiegel  and  the 
Schipabenspiegel ,  two  great  collections 
of  local  laws)  the  earliest  prose  works^ 
appear. 

SOCIETY. 

1191  *  *  The  Teutonic  Order  of  mili- 
tary knights  is  established  in  the  Holy 
Land  by  the  Germans  (Teutones). 

They  minister  to  the  sick  and  wounded 
of  the  Christian  army,  under  Guy  of 
Lusignan,  before  Acre.  [On  their  return 
the  knights  are  invited  to  subdue  and 
Christianize  the  Prussians.] 

STATE. 

1160*  *  Home.  Pope  Alexander  IIL 
puts  the  emperor  and  all  his  adherents 
under  the  ban.    (See  Church.) 

1163*  *  Silesia.  Breslau  becomes  tlie 
capital  of  the  duchy. 

*  *'Berlin  is  founded  by  the  Margrave 
Albert  the  Bear,  who  brings  a  colony 
from  the  Netherlands. 


GERMANY. 


1160,  Jan.  27-1225,  Nov.  *.    779 


1164  May  *  It.  Padua,  Veroua,  Vi- 
cenza,  aiul  other  cities  of  the  March  of 
Verona,  unite  in  a  league  for  mutual 
defense  [the  precursor  ot  the  Lombard 

League]. 

*  *  Feuds  and  devastation  afflict  West- 
phalia on  the  Uhiiie  and  Swabia ;  princes 
and  lords  are  arrayed  against  each  other. 

*  *  Hang.  Saxon  emigrants  found  Her- 
manns tadt. 

1166*  ♦A  feud  arises  between  Henry 
the  Lion  and  liis  enemies,  the  archbishop 
of  Bremen  and  of  Magdeburg,  with  Al- 
bert the  IJear  and  others. 

*  *  New  disturbances  arise  iu  Italy. 

12tk  Century.  Brunswick.  The  city  is 
enlarged  and  fortified  by  Henry  the 
Lion,  and  becomes  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant cities  of  Northern  Germany. 

1167  Apr.  7.  It.  The  League  of  the 
Xiombard  cities  is  formed. 

Cremona,  Bergamo,  Mantua,  and  Fer- 
rara,  together  with  the  cities  of  the 
Veronese  March,  —  Verona,  Vicenza, 
Padua,  Treviso,  —  conclude  a  defensive 
alliance  against  the  emperor. 

Dec.  1.     It.    The  cities  sign  another  and 

t    greater   league   of   all    the    cities   of 
Northern  Italy.     [The  emperor  at  Pavia 
I  soon  proclaims  the  cities  of  the  Lom- 
l.hard  League  in  outlawry.] 
►  *  It.    The  Guelfs  and  Ghibellines  unite 
and  rebuild  Milan  on  a  handsome  scale, 
and  also  the  city  of  Alessandria. 
1168  *  *  Bavaria.    Diet   of   Bamberg ; 
peace  is  made  between  Henry  the  Lion 
and  his  enemies. 
1169*  *  The   emperor    causes    his    son 
Henry,  five  years  of  age,  to  be  elected 
and  crowned  king  of  Germany. 

1176  Nov.  *  The  emperor  and  the 
League  sign  the  proclamations  of 
peace. 

1177  June  22.  Venice.  A  peace  ia 
signed  by  the  emperor,  Pope  Alexander 

ftIII.,  and  the  Lombard  League  for  six 
I    years  ;  and  by  Frederick  and  the  king  of 
Sicily  for  15  years. 

1180  Jan.  15.  Bavaria.  Henry  the 
Lion,  failing  to  appear  at  four  Diets  to 
which  he  had  been  summoned,  is  put 
under  the  ban  of  the  empire. 

1180-1212  Saxony.  Bernard  of  As- 
cania  is  duke ;  Anhalt  and  Wittenberg 
become  parts  of  Saxony. 

1180  *  *  Bavaria  is  taken  from  Henry 
**  the  Lion  "  by  Frederick,  and  granted  to 
Otto,  Count  Wittelsbach,  Henry  having 
refused  aid  in  the  war  in  Italy  against 
the  Pope. 

•  *  Saxony.  Duke  Henry  is  overthrown 
by  Frederick,  and  the  electorate  is  di- 
vided. 

1181  Wov.  30.  Henry  the  Iiion,  of 
Bavaria,  throws  himself  at  the  emperor's 
feet  at  the  Diet  of  Erf  urth. 

Frederick  refuses  to  restore  the  old 
right,  but  permits  Henry  to  hold  the  al- 
lodial estates  of  Braunschweig  [Bruns- 
wick] and  Liineburg. 

1183  June  25.  Baden,  A  perpetual 
peace  by  a  diet  at  Constance  is  made 
between  the  emperor  and  the  Lombard 

cities. 

The  emperor  renounces  his  regalian  claims 
on  the  cities  of  the  League,  and  consents  to  the 
reestahlishment  of  tlie  inrtepenrlence  of  the 
repnbUcs  of  Italy,  ack  now  led  King  their  right 
to  levy  armies,  erect  fortifications,  and  exer- 
cise civil  and  criminal  Jurisdiction,  and  also 
to  extend  their  confederation.  The  cities  are 
to  maintain  all  just  rights  of  the  emperor 


and  to  acknowledge  his  overlordship  by  the 
payment  of  a  sum  of  money,  and  each  is  to 
accept  an  Imjierial  judge. 

*  *  Bavaria.    XjOuIs  becomes  duke. 

1184*  *  Hesse.  A  great  imperial  festi- 
val is  held  at  aientz  in  celebration  of 
unity  and  peace  between  Germany  and 
Italy. 

1184-86  Frederick's  peaceful  expedi- 
tion visits  Italy. 

1186  Jan.  27.  It.  Frederick's  son  and 
hei r,  Henry,  marries  Constance, 
daughter  of  Roger  II.,  aunt  and  heiress 
of  William  IL,  the  last  of  the  Norman 
kings  of  Naples  and  Sicily. 

1189  Nov.*  William  II.,  Norman 
King  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  dies,  andPrince 
Henry  inherits  the  kingdom. 

1190  May  *  Bavaria.  Frederick  leaves 
Ratisbou,  and  joins  the  Third  Crusade ; 
his  son  Henry  is  vicegerent  in  his  ab- 
sence. 

June  10.  The  Emperor  Frederick 
Barbarossa  is  drowned  in  the  Saleph 
[Calycadnus]  in  Syria.  [He  is  succeeded 
by  his  son.] 

1190-97  Henry  VI.  is  King  of  Ger- 
many. 

1191  Apr.  15.  Borne.  Henry  VI.  re- 
ceives the  imperial  crown  of  Germany, 
Italy,  and  the  Two  Sicilies,  after  surren- 
dering Tusculum  to  the  Romans. 

He  besieges  Naples  in  vain  to  rescue 
bis  inheritance  by  Constance  his  wife, 
from  Tancred  of  Lecce,  the  usurper,  who 
had  been  elected  king  by  the  natives  of 
Palermo. 

1193  Mar.  23.  Henry  secures  the  sur- 
render of  the  captive  Richard  the 
Lion-Hearted,  by  paying  Duke  Leo- 
pold of  Austria  50,000  marks.    (P.  50ry.) 

July  29.  Hesse.  Hichard  the  Lion- 
Hearted  signs  a  treaty  at  Worms  fixing 
his  ransom  at  100,000  marks  of  silver 
with  other  conditions.  [1194.  Feb.*  He 
is  liberated.] 

*  *  It.  Henry  VI.  is  crowned  King  of 
Naples  and  Sicily  at  Palermo. 

1 195     Aug.  6.      Brunswick.     Henry 

the  Xiion  dies. 
1106    Apr.*  Bavaria.    The  Diet   of 

"Wiirzburg. 

Henry  fails  to  secure  the  approval  of  his 
plan  to  make  Germany  and  the  Sicilies  a 
great  hereditary  monarchy  by  allowing  the 
great  flefs  of  the  crown  to  be  annexed  by  in- 
heritance to  the  crown  lands,  also  to  make 
the  monarchy  hereditary  through  either  the 
male  or  female  line.  It  is  opposed  by  the 
Saxon  princes  and  the  lesser  nobility,  to  whom 
he  vainly  offered  concessions  for  the  sur- 
render of  the  right  of  electing  a  sovereign. 

Dec.  *  Hesse-N^assau.    The  princes  of  the 

empire  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main  unani- 
mously elect  Frederick's  son,  Freder- 
ick Roger,  two  years  of  age,  the  emper- 
or's successor. 

1197  Sept.  28.  It.  Henry  VT.  dies 
at  Messina  when  contemplating  grand 
plans  of  conquest  in  the  Eastern  Empire. 

1198-1208    Rival  kings. 

The  princes  elect  and  recognize  Philip 
of  Swabia,  youngest  son  of  Frederick 
Barbarossa,  as  King  of  Germany. 


They  ignore  the  pledges  of  r>ecember, 
1196, "  made  to  a  child  still  unbaptized,'* 
and  elect  Philip  of  Hohenstaufen. 

The  Welfic,  or  Guelfic  party,  of  inferior 
numbers,  chiefly  from  Low  Germany, 
elect  Otho  IV.,  son  of  Henry  the  Lion, 
as  King  of  Germany. 

1198-1208    Philip  of  Swabia  reigns. 


1198-1215  (1218)    Otho  IV.  reigns. 

1198-1215  Civil  war  prevails  between 
the  Hohenstaufen  party  and  the  Welfs. 
The  two  parties  divide  the  towns  and 
homes  of  Germany.  The  former  is  up- 
held by  the  bishops  of  North  Germany 
and  the  princes  of  Bavaria,  Austria,  etc. ; 
the  latter  by  a  very  weak  faction  in  Ger- 
many, having  England  and  Denmark  as 
allies,  and  is  favored  by  the  Pope. 

I2tk,  J3th  Centuries.  Prussia  is  largely 
repeopled  by  colonies  of  Germans. 

1201  Mar.  1.  Borne.  Pope  Innocent 
III.  acknowledges  Otho  as  the  lawful 
head  of  the  empire,  and  releases  high 
and  low  from  their  allegiance  to  the 
Holienstaufen. 

1208    June  21.  Bavaria.   King  Philip 

is  assassinated  at  Bamberg  by  the  Count 
Palatine,  Otho  of  Wittelshach. 

Oct.  4.  Borne.  Otho  IV.  ia  crowned 
epiperor  by  the  Pope,  after  renewing 
his  former  concessions  to  the  Holy  See, 
which  include  the  surrender  of  the  es- 
tates of  Matilda  of  Tuscany. 

*  *  Cities  rise  to  new  importance,  and 
form  leagues  against  the  exactions  of 
nohles. 

1210  Nov.  18.  Otho  IV.  withholds 
Tuscany,  and  is  excommunicated  by 
Pope  Innocent  111.    [1212.    Deposed.] 

1212  *  *  The  Pope  puts  forward  hisy^ro- 
t^pS,  Frederick,  King  of  Naples  and 
Sicily,  son  of  Henry  VI.,  as  an  anti- 
emperor. 

Apr.  *  It.  t'rederick  H.  leaves  Sicily 
to  take  possession  of  the  crown  of  Ger- 
many, 

1212-50  Frederick  II.,  son  of  Henry 
VI.,  is  elected  King  of  Germany  by  the 
Ghibelline  party  (Hohenstaufen).  [He 
is  the  most  brilliant  of  all  the  German 
emperors.] 

1214*  *  The  Palatinate  falls  to  Bavaria. 

1216  Dec.  9.  B.  Prus.  Frederick  II. 
is  crowned  King  of  Germany  at  Aachen 
f  Aix-la-Chapelle]  by  Archbishop  Sieg- 
fried of  Mentz. 

Nov.  30.  Borne.  Innocent  III.,  as  presi- 
dent of  a  great  council  and  "  lord  over 
kings  and  peoples,"  confirms  the  deposi- 
tion of  the  Emperor  Otho  IV.  [1218. 
May  19.  Otho  dies  at  Harzburg,  Bruns- 
wick.] 

1217  *  *  S.  Ger.  Frederick  XL  gives 
Swabia  to  his  young  son  Henry. 

1218  Apr.  15.  Switz.  Berne  is  made 
a  free  imperial  city. 

1219  *  *  Bavaria.  Nuremberg  is  made 
a  free  imperial  city. 

1220*  *FrederickII.hashi88onHenry 
elected  King  of  Rome. 

*  *  Frederick  leaves  Germany  [and  is 
absent  for  15  years]. 

Nov.  22.  Borne.  Frederick  II.  is 
crowned  emperor  by  Honorius  III., 
after  pledging  himself  to  support  the 
feudal  supremacy  of  the  Holy  See  over 
his  hereditary  lands,  which  should  ever 
be  kept  separate  from  Germany. 

1222  *  *  Rh.  Prus.  Henry,  son  of  the 
emperor,  is  crowned  king  at  Aachen 
[Aix-la^Chapelle]  ;  Archbishop  Engel- 
hert  of  Cologne  is  his  royal  adviser. 

1225  Nov.  *  If.  Frederick  marries 
lolanthe,  daughter  of  John  of  Brienne, 
and  heiress  of  Lombardy. 


780    1225,*  *-1290,**. 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1227  Sept.  9.  Frederick  embarks  an 
army  of  40,000  Crusaders. 

1229  Sept.  *  It.  Papal  troops  invade 
his  realm,  and  Frederick  drives  them 
out. 

1230-40  Prussia  is  conquered  by  the 
Order  of  Teutonic  Knights,  aided  by 
tlie  Knights  of  the  Sword,  the  object 
being  to  convert  it  to  Christianity. 

1234  *  *  About  -Wi.OOtJ  Crusaders  attack 
the  Frisian  Stedingers  as  heretics,  and 
nearly  annihilate  thi.s  tribe  of  peasants, 
which  numbers  11,000. 

*  *  Hesse.  Henry  rebels  against  Frede- 
rick, his  father,  and  is  repulsed  at 
"Worms  by  loyal  Imperialists. 

1236  *  *  It.  The  lK»mbards  are  de- 
feated by  Frederick,  supported  by  the 
Ghibellines,  in  a  brilliant  campaign. 

1237  Nov.  27.  It.  Battle  of  Corte- 
nuova. 

The  Ixjmbards  are  again  decisively 
defeated  and  routed.  The  Pope  inter- 
feres, his  claims  on  Sardinia  being 
threatened. 

1239-50    It.      Frederick  is  at  war  with 

the  popes. 
1239  *  *  It.     Ancona  is  taken  by  King 

Knzio,  a  natural  son  of  Frederick. 

1241  Apr.  *  //.  King  Snzio  gains  a 
great  naval  victory  near  Meloria  over 
the  Genoese  fleet.  [1249.  Mar.  28.  He  is 
captured  at  the  battle  of  Fossalta,  and 
imprisoned  in  a  dungeon  33  years,  till 
death.] 

*  *  Germany  is  threatened  with  an  in- 
vasion of  Mong:ols.  Breslau  (in  Sile- 
sia) is  burnt  by  the  Mongols  (p.  50i.) 

1242  *  *  Civil  war  breaks  out  on  the 
Lower  and  Middle  Rhine  between  the 
Imperial  and  Papal  parties.  [It  ends  in 
favor  of  the  emperor.] 

1246  *  *  Frankfort.  Henry  Kaspe,  the 
anti-king,  defeats  the  young  King 
Conrad. 

1247  Jan.  *  Wiirtemberq.  Baspe  be- 
sieges Ulm,  until  driven  "by  Conrad  into 
Thuringia. 

June  16.    It.    The  Papal  party,  here 

the  Aristocratic  party,  by  the  aid  of  the 
Lombard  League,  captures  Parma  from 
Frederick.  rAug.2.  He  besieges  Parma. 
1248.  Feb.  18.  He  is  repulsed  before 
Padua.] 

*  *  Hordes  of  Mongols  from  the  East 
appear  on  the  Eastern  frontier,  and  are 
bravely  resisted  by  Henry,  Margrave  of 
Leignitz. 

1253  Oct.  10.  It.  Ifaples  atirren- 
ders  to  Conrad,  and  the  revolters  beg 
for  mercy. 

1254  Dec.  2.    It.    Battle  of  Foggia. 
Manfred  defeats  the  Papal  party,  and 

drives  it  out  of  Sicily. 

1255  *  *  Pr\is.  Ottocar  II.  of  Bohemia 
conducts  a  crusade  against  the  heathen 
Prussians.    [1467.    Another.]    (P.  504.) 

1262  Mar.  11.  Alsace.  The  Stras- 
burgers  defeat  Bishop  Geroldseck   at 

Hausberg. 

1266  Feb.  26.  It.  Battle  of  Bene- 
vento  (p.  672). 

*  *  Prussia  is  nearly  depopulated  by  the 
barbarity  of  the  Teutonic  Knights. 

1267  Oct.  *  *  It.  Conradin,  Duke  of 
Swabia,  the  heir  of   Conrad   IV.,  sup- 


ported by  an  army,  appears  in  Italy,  and 
is  welcomed  as  its  liberator. 

1268  Aug,  23.  //.  Conradin  is  de- 
feated by  the  French  Tagliacozzo  on 
Sago  di  Celano  [and  soon  captured  and 
beheaded  at  Naples  — the  last  of  the  Ho- 
henstaufen  line]. 

1274  ♦  *  Rudolph  I.  is  at  war  with  Otto- 
car II.  (p.  504). 

1276    Nov.  21.    Peace.    (See  State.) 

1278  Aug.  26.  Au8t.  Battle  of 
Marchfeld  (p.  601). 

*  *  Rudolph  conquers  the  Austrians. 

1285  July  *  Rudolph,  with  a  strong 
force,  marches  against  the  false  Fred- 
erick. [Captures  him  by  trickery,  and 
burns  him  as  a  heretic  near  Wetzlar.] 

1286*  *  Wurtembery.  Rudolph  reduces 
Swabia,  Eberhardof  WUrtemberg,  Ru- 
dolph of  Baden,  and  sixteen  other 
counts,  who  burn  the  castle  of  Stuttgart. 

1289  *  *  Fr.  Rudolph  conducts  a  cam- 
paign in  Burgundy.  [Also  in  Swabia, 
where  by  his  direction  the  oppressed 
cities  rise  against  Count  Eberhard  I.  of 
WiJrtemberg.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1248  Aug.  15.  lih.PrtLS.  The  cathe- 
dral of  Cologne  is  founded  by  Arch- 
bishop Conrad  von  Hochstade ;  the 
architect  is  Gerhard  von  Riehl,  or  Bile. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1325  *  *  Engell)ert,  Saint,  archbishop  of 
Cologne,  dies. 

1228  *  *  Conrad  IV..  Emperor  of  Germany, 
King  of  Italy,  born.     [1254.     Dies.     A26.] 

1350*  *  Kckhart,  Meist^r,  Father  of  Ger- 
man mysticism,  born.     [1.328.     1>.    A78+.] 

1252  *  •  Adolphns  of  Nassau,  emperor,  born. 
[1298.     Dies.     A  46.] 

1263*  •  Henry  Vll.,  emperor,  born.  [1313. 
Dies.    A51.] 

1286  •  *  Louis  rv..  or  V.,  King  of  Bavaria, 
Emperor  of  Germany,  b.    [1347.    D.    A62.] 

1390*  *  Tauler,  Johann,  mystic,  preacher, 
bom.     [1361.     Dies.     A71.] 


CHURCH. 

1228-45  The  Pope  excommunicates 
Frederick  II.  four  times.  [The  ban  is 
removed.] 

1228-29  The  Fifth  Crusade;  it  is 
conducted  by  Frederick  II.  A  conta- 
gious disease  in  the  army  compels  him 
to  relinquish  the  expedition. 

1231  *  *  Hesse.  Tlie  cathedral  of  Mar- 
burg is  founded. 

1234  Feb.  *  Hesse-Nassau.  Heretical 
offenses  are  assigned  to  secular  courts. 
(See  .State.) 

1237*  *  Frederick  IT.  is  accused  of 
heresy  by  the  Pope,  and  is  excommuni- 
cated again. 

1240  *  *  Rh.  Prtts.  The  cathedral  of 
Wetzlar  is  finished. 

1243  *  *  Innocent  IV.  abandons  Italy 
to  Frederick  II.,  and  fixes  his  residence 
at  Lyons.  France. 

*  *  The  Flagellant  sect  appears. 

1245  June  28.  Fr.  Innocent  IV. 
calls  a  council  at  Lyons,  and  renews  the 
ban  against  Frederick,  and  formally  de- 
poses him,  and  provides  for  the  election 
of  his  successor  (p.  672). 

1248  Aug.  15.  lif).  Prus.  The  [great] 
cathedral  of  Cologne  is  commenced. 


1248-50  The  Sixth  Crusade ;  it  is  con- 
ducted by  Louis  of  France.    (Fruitless.) 

1255*  *  Bavaria.  The  cathedral  at  liat- 
isbon  is  begun  by  Andrew  Egl. 

1262  *  *  Hesse.  St.  Catherine's  cathe- 
<^al  at  Oppenheim  is  begun.  [1317. 
Finished.] 

*  *  *The  monastic  orders,  by  their 
strict  discipline,  great  numbers,  wealth, 
and  popular  influence,  greatly  aid  the 
Popes  in  accomplishing  their  purposes 

*  *  *  Clement  IV.  succeeds  in  his  long 
struggle  for  the  dominion  of  Italy,  and 
places  Charles  of  Anjou  on  the  throne 

of  Naples. 

1268-71  Home.  The  papal  throne  ii 
vacant. 

1270-71  The  Seventh  Crusade;  it  is 
conducted  by  Louis  IX.  of  France. 
(Fruitless,  p.  672.) 

1271  *  *  Pome.  Gregory  X.  is  pope. 
[1276,  Innocent  V.,  four  montlis;  Adrian 
v.,  one  niontb;  John  XXI.,  eight  months; 
1277,  Nicholas  III.;  he  introduces  nepotism, 
and  enriches  his  family;  1281,  Martin  IV.; 
1285,  HonoriuBlV.;  12H8,  Nicholas  IV.,  a  dis- 
tinguished patron  of  literature  and  art;  St. 
Celestine  V. ;  be  soon  abdicates ;  later,  Boni- 
face VIII.] 

LETTERS. 

1225+  *  *  Ortnit  and  Wol/dietrich  ap- 
pear. 

1225-54  Kudolph  of  Eras  writes  Guter 
Gerhard,  Barlaam  and  Josaphat,  and 
other  poems,  and  Wilhelm  von  Orfeans, 
Alexander,  Trqjan  }Var,  Un  i  versal 
Chronicle,  and  other  prose  works. 

J3th  Century.  The  first  systematic  expo- 
sition of  Aristotle  is  produced  by  Al- 
bertus  Magnus. 

13th  Century.  The  Saxon  Chronicle,  a 
universal  history,  appears. 

*  *  *  Bescheidenheit,  by  Freidank,  ap- 
pears. 

1260-70    The  later  7'i(urc/,byAlbrecht, 

is  written. 
1275*  *The -/^ra?tf«rfiens^,byUlrichTon 

Lichenstein,  appears. 

1276  *  *  Bruno  von  Schonebeck  trans- 
lates the  Song  of  Solomon. 

1290+  *  *  Bavaria.  A  poem  on  the  Le- 
gend of  Lohengrin  is  written. 

SOCIETY. 
1236  *  *  Engelbert,    archbishop   of   Co- 
logne, is  murdered. 

1249  *  *  Enzio,  the  king's  natural  son,  is 
taken  prisoner  by  the  Bolognese  [and 
kept  in  a  dungeon  23  years]. 

STATE. 

1225  *  *  Anhalt  becomes  an  indepen- 
dent principality. 

1226  *  *  It.  Frederick  summons  a  Diet 
at  Cremona  for  support  against  the 
cities  of  the  Lombard  League. 

*  *  Pome.  Frederick  is  placed  under  the 
ban  of  the  church  for  abandoning  the 
crusade;  Frederick  in  return  lays  the 
ban  of  the  empire  on  all  the  cities  of 
the  Lombard  League. 

±  *  *  Liibeck  becomes  a  free  town  and 
one  of  the  leading  cities  of  the  Hanseatic 
League. 

1227  *  *By  their  defeat  at  Bornhoeved, 
the  Danes  [permanently]  lose  the  prov- 
inces of  Holstein,  Liibeck,  Hamburg, 
Mecklenburg,  and  Pomerania. 

1228  Mar.  *  Pome.  The  Pope  repeats 
the  promulgation  of  the  ban  aprainst 
Frederick.    [1230.    He  is  released.] 


GERMANY. 


1225,** -1290,**.     781 


June  *  it.  Frederick  sails  as  a  Crusa- 
der from  Brindisi  for  Palestine.  [1229, 
June  10.    Jt.    Keturns.] 

1229  Feb.  *  Frederick  signs  a  treaty 
with  Kl  Kernel,  ceding  to  Christians 
the  Holy  Land,  including  Jerusalem, 
Hethleheni,  Joppa,  Nazareth,  and  Sidon. 

Mar.  18.  Palestine.  Frederick  crowns 
himself  King  of  Jerusalem. 

*  *  Wilrteml>erg .  Stuttgart  is  first  men- 
tioned. 

1230 f  *  ♦  Prussia  is  conquered  for 
Christianity  and  civilization. 

*  *  Frederick  restores  the  office  of  grand 
chancellor  of  the  empire,  and  appoints 
Bishop  Siegfried  of  Katisbon  to  till  it. 

*  *  *  Swiiz.  To  this  period  is  assigned 
the  legend  of  'William  Tell  in  tlie  up- 
rising against  tlie  House  of  Ilapsburg. 

1231  *  *  It.  A  great  diet  is  held  at 
Capua. 

*  *  W.  Pnts.  Thorn  is  founded  by  the 
Teutonic  Knights. 

*  *  Bavaria.  Otho  II.  becomes  duke  ;  he 
is  soon  assassinated. 

1234  Feb.  *  Hesse-Nassau.  The  Diet 
of  Frankfort. 

it  decrees  that  offenses  against  the 
faith  shall  be  tried  in  the  secular  courts 
and  according  to  regular  judicial  pro- 
cedure. Ilomr.  [Gregory  IX.  I)ubli8he3 
ecclesiastical  laws  opposing  the  codes 
of  Frederick.] 

*  *The  young  King  Henry  revolts 
against  Frederick,  his  father. 

The  lower  German  nobility  and  the 
Lombard  cities  support  him  as  allies  ; 
he  aims  at  the  separation  of  Italy  from 
Germany.  [Henry  is  taken,  ancl  placed 
in  close  confinement  till  his  death  in 
1241.] 

*  *  Hesse.  Henry  marries  his  fourth  wife, 
Isabella,  the  sister  of  Henry  III.  of 
England,  at  Worms. 

1235  Aug.  * //esse.  The  Diet  of  Mentz 
sustains  the  war  of  the  empire  against 
the  Italian  cities. 

*  *  BrttnswwL:  Otho,  grand.son  of  Henry 
the  Lion,  becomes  first  duke. 

*  *  It.  Frederick  draws  up  the  Consti- 
tutions of  Melfi  for  legislation  in  Lower 
Italy  ;  the  feudal  system  is  repressed, 
and  the  power  of  the  throne  is  exalted. 

1237  June  *  Bavaria.  At  the  Diet  of 
Speier,  the  princes,  by  request  of  Fred- 
erick, elect  Conrad,  his  son,  as  succes- 
sor to  the  throne  of  Germany. 

1239  *  *  Borne.    The  Pope  again  excom- 
municates Frederick. 
1241  *  *  The  Hanseatic  Iieague  is  fully 

established. 

LUbeck,  Cologne,  Brun.swick,  and 
Danzig,  and  other  towns  on  the  Baltic 
coasts,  unite  for  the  protection  of  com- 
merce against  the  exactions  of  the 
nobles.  (1370.  The  League  Is  composed 
of  6G  cities  and  44  confederates.] 

1245  *  *  lik.  Prus.  Frankfort  is  made 
an  Imperial  city. 

*  *  Fr.    Frederick  II.  is  deposed  by  the 

Council  of  Lyons,  and  his  subjects  urged 
to  revolt.     (See  Church.) 

1246  May  22.  Henry  Raspe,  Lan<i- 
grave  of  Thuriiigia,  is  ineffectively  set 
up  by  the  Papal  party  as  emperor. 

He  is  nicknamed  "  the  parson.s*  king." 
[The  pope  sends  Raspe  10,000  marks,  and 
latter  15,000  more.  1247.  Feb.  16.  Henry 
Raspe,  the  auti-king,  dies  at  Wart- 
burg.] 


May  •  Rome,  The  Pope  issues  a  severe 
edict  against  Frederick  ;  his  supporters 
are  not  to  give  testimony  in  court,  aifti 
are  denied  the  right  of  asylum,  and  pro- 
hibited from  trade. 

Oct.  3.  Ilk.  Prus.  William,  Count  of  Hol- 
land, 20  years  of  age,  is  elected  a  secoiul 
anti-king  at  Worriugen  by  the  Pai>al 
party,  but  he  has  ^  small  following  in 
Germany.  [1256.  Jan.*  He  falls  in  battle 
in  Friesland.J 

1249  Feb.  *  If.  Frederick  IT.  causes 
the  arrest  of  Peter  de  la  Vigne,  the 
chancellor  at  Cremona,  cliarged  with  at- 
tempting to  poison  the  emperor ; 
Frederick  alleges  that  Peter  is  the  tool 
of  the  Pope. 

*  *  *  Period  of  national  splendor. 

Frederick  possesses  six  crowns,  —  the 
Imperial,  German,  Burgundian,  Lom- 
bard, Sicilian,  and  the  crown  of  Jerusa- 
lem. 

1250  Dec.  *  7^    Frederick  dies  at 

Florentino  [and  is  succeeded  by  his  son 
Conrad]. 
1250-54    Conrad   IV.    reigns ;    he   re- 
mains in  Italy,  as  did  his  father,  and 
rarely  visits  Germany  during  his  reign. 

*  *  *  Germany  is  torn  by  the  factions 
supporting  the  rival  kings,  Conrad  and 
William. 

1252  *  *  Conrad  abandons  the  struggle 
for  the  crown  of  (lermany,  and  retires 
to  his  Sicilian  kingdom. 

1253*  *  Bavaria.  Louis  H,,  the  Severe, 
becomes  duke. 

1254  Mar.  *  //.  The  Pope  confers  the 
kingdom  of  Sicily  on  Sdmund,  son  of 
Henry  III. 

May  27.  It.  King  Conrad  dies  at  La- 
vello,  perhaps  by  poison. 

July  13.  Hesse.  The  first  great  meeting 
of  the  Hhenish  League  of  the  cities  Is 
held  at  Mentz,  the  head  of  the  League. 

1255  *  *  E.  Prus.  Konigsberg  is  found- 
ed by  the  Teutonic  Knights. 

*  *  Bavaria.  Munich  becomes  the  capi- 
tal. 

I3tk  Century.  Saxony.  Dresden  is 
founded. 

1256-73  The  Great  Interregnum  occurs  ; 
club-law ;  only  the  right  of  the  strongest 
prevail. 

1257  Jan.  13.  Richard  Plantagenet, 
Earl  of  Cornwall,  younger  son  of  King 
John  of  England,  is  elected  king  by  five 
of  the  princes.  [He  is  crowned  at  Aachen 
(Aix-la-Chapelle),  and  bis  sovereignty 
recognized  along  the  Khine.] 

Apr.  1.  Bh.  Prus.  The  elector  of  Treves 
secures  the  election  of  Alphonso  X.  of 
Castile  at  Cologne. 

*  *  The  Electoral  College  first  appears. 

It  comprises  the  persons  of  seven  pow- 
erful princes,  who  claim  complete  ex- 
clusive power  to  elect  whom  tney  will. 
The  nation  takes  little  interest  in  king 
or  anti-king. 

1258  Aug.  *  It.    Manfred,  brother  of 

Conrad,  as  iLsurper,  assimies  the  crown 
of  Sicily.  Conradin,  son  of  Conrad  IV., 
claims  it  [and  struggles  to  gain  it]. 

1260  *  *  Saxony  is  divided  into  two 
duchies,  Saxe-Lauenburg  and  Saxe-Wit- 
tenberg ;  they  are  ruled  by  Duke  Ber- 
nard's two  grandsons,  John  and  Albert, 

1262  *  *  Ahare.  Strasburg  is  made  a 
free  Imperial  city. 

1263  *  *  Hesse.  Henry  of  Brabant  be- 
comes landgrave  and  prince. 


1265  Feb.  *  ft.  The  Pope  transfers  the 
kingdom  of  Sicily  to  Charles  of  Anjou, 
the  brother  of  Louis  IX.  of  France. 

*  *  Wiirtemberg  is  set  apart  from  Swa- 
bia,  and  made  a  county. 

1266  Feb.*  It.  King  Manfred  of  Si- 
cily falls  at  the  battle  of  Benevento. 

1268    Oct.  29.    It.    Conradin,  the  last 

of  the  HolieustHufen  House,  being  cap- 
tured, iji  beheaded  at  Naples. 

1272  Aug.  *  The  spiritual  princes  and 
the  Pope  unite  in  offering  the  crown 
of  Germany  to  Ottocar  H.,  Iving  of 
Bohemia. 

1273  Sept.  29.  Rudolph  I.,  Count  of 
Hapsburg  and  Ryburg,  is  elected  (p.  505). 

•1273-1740    The  House  of  Hapsburg. 

1273-1291    Rudolph  I.  reigns. 

Oct.  24.  Rudolph  is  crowned  by  Engel- 
bert  II.,  archbishop-elector  of  Cologne. 

1276  Nov.  21.  Ottocar,  King  of  Bo- 
hemia, and  Rudolph  agree  to  a  [brief] 
treaty  of  peace. 

Ottocar  acknowledges  Rudolph  as  king 
of  Germany,  agrees  to  abandon  Austria, 
Styria,  Carinthia,  and  Carniola,  but  to 
hold  Bohemia  and  Moravia  as  fiefs  of 
the  empire.  [Nov.  26.  He  does  homage 
to  Rudolph.] 

*  *  The  free  cities,  Frankfort,  Freiberg, 
and  Oppenheim,  revolt,  and  raze  tlie 
castles  which  Rudolph  had  erected  with- 
in their  precincts  as  threatening  their 
freedom. 

*  *  Baiyaria.  Augsburg  becomes  a  free 
Imperial  city.  -»^ 

1282  Dec.  25.  Bavaria.  Dietof  Augs- 
burg. 

Rudolpli  proposes  to  raise  his  sons  Al- 
bert and  Rudolph  to  the  rank  of  princes, 
and  to  invest  them  with  Austria,  Carni- 
ola, Styria,  the  Wendish  Mark,  and 
Parleuau.  [The  nobles  consent.]  Thus 
Rudolph  becomes  the  founder  of  the 
House  of  Hapsburg-Austria. 

*  *  It.  Peter  of  Aragon  is  King  of  Si- 
cily. 

Charles  of  Anjou  is  King  of  Naples. 

1283-85  A  false  Frederick  deceives 
the  people,  and  maintains  himself  in 
Western  Germany  agaiust  Rudolph.  He 
is  approved  by  the  malcontents. 

1283  *  *  Rudolph  makes  Albert  his  son 
sole  duke  of  Austria  by  promising 
valuable  considerations  to  his  brother 
Rudolph, 

1285  *  *  The  Papal  See  grants  the  tithes 
revenues  of  four  German  bishoprics 
to  the  King  of  France  as  a  "contribu- 
tion for  a  war  against  the  King  of 
Aragon." 

1286*  *  Prus,  The  new  city  of  Konigs- 
berg becomes  the  capital  of  Prussia. 

1288*  *Bh.Prus.  Diisseldorf  is  raised 
to  the  rank  of  a  town. 

*  *  Fr.  Philip  IV.,  the  French  king, 
takes  advantage  of  Rudolph's  weakness, 
and  annexes  the  city  and  bishopric  of 
Verdim. 

1289*  *Fr.  Burgundy  is  again  forcibly 
united  to  Germany. 

1290*  *  Fr.  Philip,  King  of  France, 
takes  Lyons,  belonging  to  the  German 

Kmpire,  under  French  protection. 

*  *  The  defection  of  the  cities  from 
Rudolph  increases  because  of  oppressive 
subsidies  demanded  in  the  style  of  an 
absolute  monarch. 


782     1291,.  June  20-1373,^ 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

/294  *  *  Saxofiy.  Adolf,  with  mercena- 
ries, enters  Meissen,  and  suppresses 
the  revolt  against  confiscation  to  the 
empire  by  wasting  the  country. 

1298  Apr.  *  Albert  of  Austria  with  all 
his  forces  marches  through  Bavaria,  to 
the  Rhine,  tor  the  overthrow  of  Adolf. 

July  2.    lih.  Prus.   Battle  of  Gollheim. 

Albert  of  Austria  defeats  Adolf,  and 
kills  liini  on  the  field. 

1301  *  *  Albert  defeats  the  allied  eccle- 
siastical electors  of  Mentz,  Treves,  and 
Cologne,  with  the  Count  Palatine,  who 
conspire  against  him. 

1307  May  31.  Thurniqia.  Albert's 
army  is  defeated  at  Luca  by  the  Thn- 
ringians  under  Philip  of  Nassau  ;  the  in- 
heritances of  Frederick  and  Dieznion 
are  preserved  for  the  emperor. 

1310-13  Henry  VII.  conducts  an  expe- 
dition to  Italy. 

He  goes  to  restore  order  and  peace 
in  the  cities  between  the  contending 
Guelfs  and  Ghibellines. 

1313  May  *  //.  Henry  marches  with 
a  great  force  against  Naples,  where  the 
Guelfs  rule. 

*  *(I314?)  A  German  monk  first  discov- 
ers the  use  of  cannons. 

1314-47    Civil  war  (p.  504). 

1315  Nov.  15.  Sicitz.  Battle  of  Mor- 
garten  (p.  504). 

1322  Sept.  28.  Battle  of  Ampfing.  The 
flower  of  the  Austrian  nobility  is  left 
dead  or  wounded  on  the  field  (p.  504). 

1326  Jan.  *  Prns.  At  the  Pope's  sug- 
gestion, Wladi-sliiw  the  Short,  of  Poland, 
with  liealhcn  allies,  attacks  the  Mark  of 
Brandenburg.  [More  than  6,000  Chris- 
tians are  killed  or  taken  prisoners.] 

1327-30    Italian  expedition  of  Louis. 

1327  Oct.  11.  It.  Pisa  admits  Louis 
after  a  siege  of  five  weeks,  promising  to 
pay  60.000  gold  pieces  of  Florence  as  in- 
demnity, and  to  lose  none  of  its  liber- 
ties.    [The  king's  promises  are  broken.] 

1341*  *  It.  The  Bohemians  are  driven 
out  of  Tyrol  by  Margaret  and  the  no- 
bility. 

1347  *  *  War  occurs  with  the  Bavarian 
party. 

1354-55  Charles  makes  his  first  expe- 
dition to  Rome. 

1361  •  *  "War  between  the  Hanseatic 
League  and  Denmark. 

John  Wittenborg  of  the  Hansa  invade.^ 
Denmark,  and  captures  Copenhagen,  but 
is  finally  defeated  before  Helsingborg  by 
Waldemar  IV.  [  and  is  executed  at  Lii- 
beck]. 

1367  ±-70  Second  w^ar  between  the 
Hanseatic  League  and  Denmark. 

The  Hansa  compels  Waldemar  IV.  to 
fly;  conquers  several  cities,  including 
Copenhagen  and  Elsinore.  [The  war 
ends  with  an  advantageous  peace  for  the 
League.]    (P.  630.) 

1368  *  *  Charles  makes  his  second  ex- 
pedition to  Italy  as  the  ally  of  the  Pope 
against  John  Galeazzo  Viscontl,  Duke 
of  Milan. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1296*  •Sulfureous  carbon  is  produced 
by  Lampadius. 

1299  *  *  "Windmills  first  appear. 


1320-40  Brunswick.  Gunpowder  is 
invented  (?)  by  Bertholdus  or  Michael 
Schwartz,  a  Cordelier  monk  of  Goslar 
[but  many  authorities  maintain  that  it 
was  known  long  before  in  various  parts 
of  the  world]. 

1322*  *  Saxe- Weimar- Eisenach.  The  play 
of  The  Wise  and  Foolish  Virgins  is  pro- 
duced at  Eisenach. 

*  *  Bavaria.  Sawmills  are  introduced 
at  Augsburg.   [14"27.    In  Breslau,  Silesia.] 

1324  *  *  Lorraine.  Firearms  are  used 
in  the  defense  of  Metz. 

1325  *  *  Stoves  are  first  used. 

1337  *  *  Bavaria.  A  parchment  fac- 
tory is  established  at  Nuremberg. 

1340  (?)  *  *  Bavaria.  A  process  of  wire- 
drawing is  invented  by  Rudolph  at  Nu- 
remberg.   [1410  (?).  Bytirawingtbeiron.] 

1350  *  *  Refining- house 8  are  built. 

1365  *  *  Bavaria.  Pins  are  invented  at 
Nuremberg.  [1370.  Needlemakers  are 
here  incorpor;ileii  iiml  their  sales  are 
rapidly  extended.] 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1318*  *  Erwln  von  Steinbach,  archeologist, 
arcliitect,  dies. 
Frauenlob,  Heinricb  von  Meissen,  poet,  d. 
1366  •  •  Jerome  of   Pragrue,  religious   re- 
former, comp.  of  IIuss,  b.    [UK).  I>.  ASI.] 
1368*  *  SlKismund,  emperor,  born.     [J437. 
Dies.     A6it.j 


CHURCH. 
1298  July*  The Jewsarehorriblyper- 
secuted  throughout  South  Germany, 
chiefly  through  the  lust  of  blood  and 
plunder,  but  their  enemies  alleging  "it 
is  God's  will." 

1300*  *  Saxon;/.  The  cathedral  of 
^leissen  is  finished. 

1303*  *  Rome.     Benedict  XI.  is  pope. 

[130.^,  Clement  V.;  1314,  Arig/ton,  The 
papal  throne  is  vacant.  1316.  Atuffnon.John 
XXII.;  1334,  ^r»f/HOH,  Benedict  XII.;  1342, 
Avignon^  Clement  VI.;  1352,  Innocent  VI. J 

1308  *  *  Fr.  The  Pope's  residence  is 
removed  from  Kome  to  Avig:non. 

1311  ♦  *  Fr.  The  6th  General  Coun- 
Cilat  Vienne.  (Synod  of  Vienne  in  Gaul, 
p.  672.) 

1316*  *The  Pope  informs  Louis  IV. 
that  he  cannot  wear  the  German  crown 
without  papal  sanction. 

1324  *  *  Louis  IV.  is  excommunicated 
by  the  Pope,  and  his  supporters  inter- 
dicted ;  he  appeals  to  a  general  council. 

1337*  *  Wilrtembert;.  The  cathedral  at 
Vim  is  begun. 

1338  *  *  Jews  are  persecuted. 

Mayer  Bon,  a  Jew,  accused  of  forgery 
and  swindling,  is  condemned  and  burned; 
Archbishop  Walram,  his  creditor,  is 
thereby  freed. 

*  *  The  Diet  of  Frankfort  declares  that 
the  Pope  has  no  temporal  power  in  the 
empire. 

*  *  *"A  gay  enjoyment  of  the  world  as 
it  is  existed  side  by  side  with  almost 
superhuman  spirituality." 

*****  All  classes,  clerical  as  well  as  lay, 
looked  upon  resistance  to  papal  preten- 
sions as  a  necessity  imposed  by  national 
honor." 

1348  *  *  Alsace.  The  Jews  are  accused 
of  causing  tbe  Black  Death  by  poison- 
ing the  wells ;  the  mobs  in  Strasburg 
burn  1300  of  these  people  before  their 
synagogue. 


1350  *  •  The  Flagellants  cruelly  abuse 
their  bodies  for  the  comfort  of  their 
souls  (p.  674). 

1354  *  *  Borne.    Rienzi,  the  reformer,  is 

killed. 

1362  *  *  Avignon.     Urban  V.  is  pope. 

[1370,  Gregory  XL;  1389,  Boniface  IX.;  he 
resides  at  Itome;  1394,  Benedict  XIIL;  1404, 
Innocent  VII.;  1406,  tiregory  XII. J 

LETTERS. 

1293  *  *  The  Legend  of  St.  Martin,  by 
Hugo  von  Langenstein,  appears. 

1300  *  *  Benner,  by  Hogo  von  Trimberg, 
appears. 

±  *  *  Ulrich  Boner,  a  Dominican  monk  of 
Bern,  writes  the  Jewel,  the  oldest  Ger- 
man Table-book. 

*  *  *  Der  Winsbecke  and  Krieg  auf  der 
Wartburg  appear. 

1314  *  *  Wilhelm  von  Oeslerreich,  by  Jo- 
hannes von  Wurzburg,  appears. 

1336-08  Hesse-Nassau.  The  Limburg 
Chronicle  appears. 

1340i:  *  *  THe  Jagd,  an  allegory,  is  writ- 
ten by  Hadamar  von  Laber. 

1348  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Emperor  Charles 
IV.  founds  a  University  at  Prague. 

1352  *  *  Rulmann  Merswin  writes  the 
Book  of  the  Nine  Rocks. 

SOCIETY. 
1298  *  *  Adolf  of  Nassau,  the  King  of 
Germany,  falls  in  a  personal  conflict 
with  Albert  I.  of  Austria.  [1308.  May  1. 
Albert  is  assassinated  by  his  nephew 
John.] 

1313  Aug.  24.  Henry  VTI.  is  poi- 
soned by  a  priest  by  the  consecrated 
wafer. 

1348  *  *  Europe.  Massacre  of  1,500,000 
Jews  as  the  supposed  cause  of  pesti- 
lence. 

1350  *  *  The  people  are  distressed  by  the 
black  plag;ue. 

STATE. 

1291  June  20.    Rudolph's  despotism 

towards  A'alenciennes  [occasions  a  revolt 
of  the  citizens,  who  reiioimce  the  Ger- 
man Empire,  and  seek  the  protectioo  of 
France]. 
July  15.  King  Rudolph  I.  dies, 
Aug.  1.  Switz.  The  men  of  the  Helve- 
tian cantons  meet  to  throw  off  the  yoke 
of  Hapsburg  despotism,  and  they  form 
'*a  perpetual  league."  [It  is  the  first 
authentic  movement  towards  a  Swiss 
confederacy.] 

*  *  Interregnum. 

1292  May  5.  Adolf,  Count  of  Nasaan, 
a  relative  of  the  archbishop  of  Mentz, 
is  elected  king,  excluding  Albert,  son  of 
Rudolph. 

1292-98  Adolf  reigns;  he  is  poor  in 
possessions,  in  movables,  and  in  preroga- 
tives. [1298.  He  is  deposed.  July  2. 
Killed  at  the  battle  of  Golleim.] 

1294  *  *  Bavaria.  Louis  HI,  becomes 
duke. 

1206  *  *  Hamburg  becomes  a  free  Im- 
perial city  by  i)ermission  of  the  Dukes 
of  Holstein. 

1298  July  27.  Rh.  Prus.  Albert  of 
Austria,  son  of  Rudolph,  is  unani- 
mously elected  by  tlie  electors  at  Frank- 
fort [and  crowned  king  of  Germany  at 
Aix-la-Chapelle]. 


GERMANY. 


1291,  June  20-1373, 


783 


1298-1308    Albert  I.  is  emperor. 

1299  Dec.  *  Albert  enters  an  alliance 
with  Philip  the  Fair  of  France  against 
the  Poi>e. 

1300  Oct.  14.  The  three  ecclesiastical 
electors  anil  the  Count  I'alatine  form 
an  alliance  against  the  king,  whose 
election  was  not  contirmed  by  the  Pope. 
[They  are  defeated.] 

1301  *  *  Wenceslaus  becomes  King  of 

Poland,  Hungary,  and  Bohemia. 

1307*  ♦'William  Tell  (?)  shoots  the 
tyrant  Gesler,  and  the  Swiss  revolt. 

1308  May  1.  Baden.  King  Albert  is 
killed  (J).  505). 

*  *  Henry,  Count  of  Luxemburg,  a  half- 
Frenchman,  is  elected  king. 

1308-13    Henry  VII.  reigns. 

*  *  W.  I'rus.  Danzig:  passes  under  the 
rule  of  the  Teutonic  Knights. 

1309  Jan.  6.  1th.  Prus.  Henry  VH. 
is  crowned  kingat[Aix-la-Chapelle.] 

*  *  SiHtz.  A  confederation  of  three 
cantons  is  formed,  consisting  of  Schwyz, 
Uri,  and  Unterwalden. 

1310  *  *  fiohemia.  Henry's  son,  [Blind! 
John,  is  enthroned  by  the  National 
Assembly. 

1311  Jan.  6.  It.  Henry  VII.  is  crowned 
King  of  Lombardy. 

1312  June  29.  R(yme.  Henry  is  crowned 
King  of  Italy,  and  Emperor  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire. 

1313  Aug.  24.  It.  Henry  VH.  dies 
near  Sienna,  probably  poisoned  by  the 
Guelfs. 

1314  Oct,  19.  Hesse-Nassau.  The  elec- 
tors being  unable  to  agree,  those  of 
Cologne,  the  Rhenish  Palatinate,  elect 
Frederick,  Duke  of  Austria,  son  of 
Albert,  in  the  suburb  of  Frankfort. 

Oct.  20.  Hesxe-Nassau.  The  electors  of 
Mentz,  Treves,  Brandenburg,  and  Bohe- 
mia elect  XiOuis  of  Bavana  at  Frank- 
fort. The  votes  of  electors  are  sold  at 
high  prices  in  both  elections. 

1314-47    Louis  IV.  of  Bavaria  reigns. 

1314-30    Frederick  of  Austria  reigns. 

Nov.  25.  Rh.  Pnis.  Louis  IV.  is 
crowned  King  of  Germany  at  Aix-la- 
Chapelle ;  Frederick  is  crowned  at 
Bonn. 

*  *  With  two  kings  [civil  war  prevails 
for  eight  years]. 

1315  Dec.  9.  Switz.  The  confederated 
cantons  of  U  ri,  Schwyz,  and  Unterwalden 
renew  their  league  forever  at  Brim- 
nen. 

1316*  *  Sicifz.  King  Louis  IV.  con- 
firms the  confederation,  and  recog- 
nizes the  immediate  dependence  of  the 
cantons  on  the  empire  ;  Austrian  power 
is  broken  in  Switzerland. 

1322  Sept.  28.  Bavaria.  Frederick 
of  Austria  is  captured  by  Louis  at  the 
battle  of  Ampting  [and  imprisoned. 
1325.    Released].    (P.  505.) 

1323  Mar.  *  Brandenburg.  Louis  IV. 
gives  the  Mark  of  Brandenburg,  one  of 
the  great  fiefs,  to  his  son  Louis  [who 
later  marries  Margaret  Multasch,  the 
heiress  of  Tyrol  and  Carinthia]. 

Oct,  8.  Fr.  Fope  John,  at  Avignon, 
summons  King  Louis  IV.  to  lay  down 
**  his  a«sume<I  government  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire,"  as  he  had  not  obtained 


papal  contirmatiou  ;  excommunication 
is  threatened. 

1324  Mar.  23.  Fr.  The  Pope  at  Avi- 
gnon excommunicates  Louis  IV. 

May  22.  Louis  IV.  issues  a  protest 
against  excommunication,  and  makes 
a  statement  of  the  sins  of  the  Pope. 

July  11.  Fr.  The  Pope  at  Avignon  de- 
clares Louis  IV.  deposed,  and  his  ad- 
herents and  territories  under  the  curse 
of  the  church. 

1327  Jan.  17.  liovie.  Louis  IV.  is 
crow^ned  emperor.  [May  *  Crowned 
King  of  Lombardy  at  Milan.] 

1328  Apr.  18.  Borne.  Louis  IV.  de- 
poses Pope  John  for  heresy  and 
treason. 

Aug.  4.  Borne.  Louis  IV.,  becoming  un- 
popular because  of  his  greediness  and 
despotic  acts,  is  driven  out  of  the  city  by 
an  insurrection  of  the  people. 

1329  *  *  The  Palatinate  is  separated  from 
Bavaria ;  yet  a  part  of  Bavaria,  the 
Upper  Palatinate,  goes  with  it. 

*  *  Saxony.  The  margrave  obtains  pos- 
session of  Altenburg. 

1330  Jan.  13.  Frederick,  the  rival  of 
Louis  IV.,  dies. 

1332  Jan.  *  Baden.+    Nine  free  cities 

of  Swabia  petition  the  Elector  Baldwin 
of  Treves  that  Germany  resiune  its 
original  right  to  elect  an  emperor, 
whether  the  Pope  be  for  or  against  him. 
[Nothing  more  is  done  for  six  and  a  half 
years.] 

*  *  Alsace.  The  guilds  are  admitted  to 
a  share  in  the  government  of  Strasburg. 

1333  Nov.  14.  To  ease  his  conscience, 
and  secure  the  removal  of  the  papal  ban, 
Louis  secretly  signs  a  renunciation  of 
the  crown.  [He  denies  it  when  aroused 
by  the  electors.] 

1335  *  *  Silesia.  Breslau  passes  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  Bohemian  crown. 

1338  July  16.  Electoral  meeting  at 
Rense. 

Six  electors  sign  a  declaration  of  Ger- 
many's independence  of  the  Holy 
See,  the  emperor  deriving  his  authority 
alone  from  the  votes  of  a  majority  of 
the  electors ;  it  denies  the  Pope's  tem- 
poral power  in  the  empire. 

*  *  Louis  rv.  sides  with  the  Engliah  in 
the  struggle  with  France. 

1342  Feb.  10.  Tyrol.  Louis  IV.  mar- 
ries his  son  Louis  to  the  divorced  Mar- 
garet of  Tyrol,  thereby  gaining  to  his 
House  this  province. 

Apr.  25.  Fr.  Pope  Benedict  XII.,  the 
enemy  of  Louis  IV.,  dies. 

1344  Sept.*  Hesse-Nassau.  A  national 
Diet  is  lield  at  Frankfort  to  consider  the 
concessions  to  his  temporal  power  de- 
manded by  the  Pope. 

1346  Jan.  15.  Louis  IV.  invests  his 
wife,  the  sister  of  the  deceased  Count 
AViUiam  of  Holland,  with  the  Iatter*s 
estates,  thus  alarming  the  electors  by 
the  increase  of  family  power.  [It 
provokes  the  setting  up  of  an  anti-king.] 

July  11.  Charles  of  Luxemburg, 
•*  Tlie  Parson  King,"  is  elected  anti- 
king  by  tive  electors  at  Rense  (p.  507). 

They  had  revolted  against  Louis  IV. 
because  of  his  violence  in  increasing  his 
power.  The  electors  are  paid  a  nigh 
price  for  their  votes. 

1346-78    Charles  IV.  is  emperor. 

1347  Sept,  2.  Bohemia.  Charles  IV. 
is  crowned  King  of  Bohemia. 


Oct.  11.  Bavaria.  Louis  IV.  dies  at 
Munich. 

*  *  The  imperial  crown  Is  offered  to 
Edward  IH.  of  England. 

*  *  Bavaria.    Stephen  I.  is  duke. 

1348  *  *  Bohemia.  The  city  of  Prague 
is  rebuilt  by  the  Emperor  Charles  IV., 
who  makes  it  his  capital. 

*  *  Mecklenburg  is  made  a  duchy. 

*  *  Bratulenburff.  The  false  Waldemar 
appears  in  opposition  to  Louis,  and  fa- 
vorable to  Charles  IV. 

1349  Jan.  1.  Hesse-Nassau.  Giinther, 
C<mnt  of  Schwarzburg,  is  elected  em- 
peror at  Frankfort  by  the  Bavarian 
party  ;  Charles,  King  of  Bohemia,  bribes 
his  friends  to  desert  Gunther,  [June  14, 
Giinther  dies,  alleged  to  have  been  poi- 
soned.] 

May  26.  King  Giinther  sells  his  claim 
to  Charles  IV.  for  20,000  marks  of  silver 
for  himself  and  men,  besides  deliverance 
from  debt. 

July  25.  Rh.Prus.  Charles  is  crowned 
emperor  at  Aix-Ia-Chapelle,  having 
been  elected  by  all  the  electors. 

1350*  *The  league  of  the  cities 
greatly  prospers.  Town  markets  are 
established. 

1355  Apr.  5.  Rome.  Charles  IV.  is 
again  crowned  emperor  by  two  car- 
dinals acting  in  the  Pope's  name. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Silesia  and  Lower  Lusa- 
tia  are  united  witii  Bohemia. 

1356  *  *  Hesse-Nassau.  Frankfort-on- 
the-Main  is  recognized  as  the  seat  of 
imperial  elections. 

*  *  Charles  IV.  issues  the  [famous]  Golden 
Bull  to  regulate  the  election  of  sover- 
eigns ;  it  becomes  t^ie  fundamental 
law  of  the  empire. 

The  election  is  entrusted  to  seven  electors, 
three  ecclesiastics  and  four  seculars,  namely, 
tlie  archbishop  of  Mentz  as  arch-chancel- 
lor of  Germany;  tlie  archbishop  of  Treves 
as  arch-chancellor  of  Italy;  the  arclibisliop 
of  Cologne,  arch-chancellor  of  Ilurgnndy; 
the  King  of  Bohemia,  as  arch-seneschal; 
Count  Palatine,  as  arch-steward;  Ituke  of 
Saxe- Wittenberg,  as  arch-marshal;  and  the 
Margrave  of  Brandenburg  as  arch-chaniljer- 
lain.  Practically  the  same  electors  as  here- 
tofore.   [It  continues  in  force  till  1806.] 

With  this  edict  commences  the  Diet 
of  the  German  ^Empire;  it  is  com- 
posed of  three  colleges;  viz.,  the  elec- 
tors, the  princes,  and  the  imperial  towns. 

*  *  Saxony.  The  dispute  between  the 
two  Saxon  duchies  regarding  electoral 
privileges  is  decided  by  the  Golden 
Bull  in  favor  of  Wittenberg. 

1363  June  15.  Bohemia.  "Wences- 
laus, son  of  Charles,  is  crowned  Kin^  of 
Bohemia.  [1376.  June  12.  Elected  King 
of  the  Komans.    Price  of  votes,  100,000 

gulden.] 

*  *  Aust.    Tyrol  acquired  (p.  507). 
1365+  *  *  A  League  of  the  Rhine  cities, 

with  some  others,  is  formed  to  insure  a 
stricter  enforcement  of  the  public  peace. 

1370  *  *  Peace  is  made  with  Denmark 

by  the  Treaty  of  Stralsund. 

±*  *Saxovy.  Rudolph  H.  of  Wittenberg 
is  the  first  duke  to  style  himself  elector. 

1373  *  *  Brandentmrg.  Treaty  of  Fiir- 
stenwalde. 

Otho  *'  the  Lazy,"  in  return  for  an  an- 
nuity, transfers  to  Charles  IV.  the  Mark 
of  Brandenburg. 


784     1375,  *  ^-1450,  June  22. 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1377±  *  *  "Wars  between  the  nobles 
and  the  cities  comnience. 

1377    May  21.    Uattle  of  Reutlingen. 
The  Swabian  Leiigue  severely  defeats 
Uirich,  son  of  Eberhard,  Count  Eber- 
hard  '*  the  Grumbler  ;  "  86  noble  knights 
fall. 

1386  July  9.  Switz.  Battle  of  Sem- 
pach. 

The  South  German  cities  withdraw 
their  aid  from  Switzerland  ;  the  Austri- 
aus  under  Leopold  are  defeated  by  the 
Swiss  peasants  (p.  506). 

1388  Apr.  9.  Switz.  Battle  of  Naf els. 
Duke  Albert,  brother  of  Leopold, 
with  German  princes  as  allies,  is  de- 
feated by  a  small  body  of  Swiss,  losing 
2.000  men,  including  188  knights  and 
squires. 

Aug.  24.  Wiirtemberg.  Battle  of  Dof- 
flngen,  between  the  aristocrats  and  the 
citizens. 

Eberhard  of  Wurtemberg  defeats  the 
army  of  the  Swabian  cities  at  DoflQ.ng- 
en ;  Count  Uirich  is  mortally  wounded. 

1401  Oct.  24.  It.  Battle  of  Brescia. 
Visconti  defeats  Rupert. 

1410  July  16.  E.  Prus.  Battle  of  Tan- 
nenberg. 

The  Teutonic  Order  is  disastrously 
defeated  by  tlie  Poles ;  200  knights  and 
40,000  warriors  fall. 

1419-36  Bohemia.    Hussite  war  (p.  506). 

1420  July  14.  Bohemia.  Ziska  de- 
feats the  emperor  at  the  siege  of  Prague, 
and  drives  bim  into  Hungary.  [1422.  The 
imperial  troops  enter  Bohemia,  but  are 
soon  driven  out.] 

1422  Jan.  8.  Bohemia.  Battle  of 
Deutsch-Brod  (p.  506). 

1431  Aug.  14.  Bohemia.  The  impe- 
rial army,  having  40,000  cavalry  and 
90,000  infantry,  is  defeated  and  routed  by 
the  Hussites  near  Riesenbuig. 

1434  May  30.  Bohemia.  Battle  of 
Bohmisch-Brod  (p.  506). 

1438*  *  Bohemia.    Civil  war  rages. 

1439  *  *  Alsace-Lorraine.  The  Count  of 
V  a  u  d  e  ni  o  n  t,  with  French  A  rmagnac 
hirelings,  is  at  war  with  the  bishop  of 
Metz. 

1440-46  Switz.  Zurich  enters  a  treaty 
with  Frederick  III.,  and  civil  war  pre- 
vails. 

Zurich,  allied  with  Austria,  oppresses 
the  Swiss  Confederation  ;  Zurich  troops 
are  defeated,  and  the  city  is  besieged. 

1442  *  *  Westphalia.  The  city  of  Soest 
resists  the  oppressive  exactions  of  Arch- 
bishop Dietrich  11.  of  Cologne,  and  war 
follows. 

1443  May  23,  Switz.  Battle  of  Frien- 
bach. 

Itel  Roding,  commanding  the  Swiss 
Confederates,  defeats  the  Zurich-Aus- 
trian allies.    [May  24.     Again  at  Hirzel.] 

1444  July  *  Sivitz.  The  King  of  France 
sends  Frederick  24,000  ArmagnacSj  ac- 
companied by  20,000  other  ruffians,  to 
subdue  the  Swiss  Confederates. 

[Aug.  26.  The  Armagnacs,  30  times  as 
strong,  cut  down  1.600  heroic  Confeder- 
ate soldiers  at  St.  Jacob.  Aug.  *  The 
French  army  under  the  dauphin  sur- 
prises Mompelgard,  and  abuses  the  cit- 
izens.] 
*  *  Lorraine.  Metz  undergoes  a  seven 
months'  siege  by  King  Charles  VII.  of 


France.    [The  siege  is  raised  on  the  pay- 
ment of  a  ransom  of  100,000  florins.] 

1446  *  *  Sioitz.  The  Swiss  defeat  the 
Germans  at  Hagaz,  and  become  practi- 
cally independent. 

*  *  Caslmir  IV,  of  Poland  aids  the  na- 
tives of  Prussia  in  an  uprising  against 
the  oppression  of  the  Teutonic 
Knights. 

*  *  "War  with  Hungary.  Cause,  its  re- 
fusal to  surrender  the  young  prince  Wa- 
ladislas. 

1447  Jtily  2.  Westphalia.  The  arch- 
bishop of  Cologne  besieges  Soest  with 
60,000  men.  [They  ravage  the  country, 
and  fail  of  provisions  for  their  own  sup- 
port. July  20.  The  last  assault  is  made 
and  repelled.] 

1449 ;  *  *  A  second  great  war  between 
the  cities  and  the  princes  breaks  out, 
and  lasts  seven  years  ;  many  counts  and 
barons  side  with  the  German  princes 
against  civil  liberty. 

1450  Max.  11.  Bavaria.  TheWiu-em- 
bergers  severely  defeat  the  Margrave 
of  Pillenreut. 

Apr.  14.  Bavaria.  Albert  defeats  the 
citizens  of  Nuremberg  and  part  of  their 
allies. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1375*  *  Bavaria.   Diamond-cuttersply 

their  trade  in  Nuremberg. 

1381  *  *  yUtgsbiirg.  The  gun  as  a  fire- 
arm is  known. 

1390  *  *  The  first  ^111  for  making  linen 
paper  is  established. 

1403*  *  Bavaria.  Ribbon  and  lace 
workers  thrive  at  Augsburg. 

1413*  *  Pr.Saxoiiv.  Fulminating  gold 
Is  discovered  by  Valentine,  a  monk,  at 
Erfurt. 

1419*  *  Bavaria.  File-cutters  ply  their 
trade  in  Nuremberg. 

1423  *  *  Bavai-ia.  The  art  of  engrav- 
ing on  wood  for  printing  pictures  is 
invented  by  Kepler  at  Nordlinger. 

1430  *  *  Batmria.  Gester  invents  an 
air-gun  at  Nuremberg. 

1436  *  *  Hesse.    The   art  of  printing 

from  movable  type  is  invented  by  Jo- 
hannes Gutenberg  at  Mentz. 

1439  *  *  Jlsare.  The  lofty  tower  of  the 
Strasburg  cathedral  is  completed. 

1440  *  *  The  art  of  copper-plate  en- 
graving is  invented  by  Kuprecht  Kiist. 

1444 ±  *  *  Bavaria.  Bleaching  -  works 
are  established  in  Nuremberg. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1376  *  *  Hues,  John,  religious  reformer, 
born.     [1416.     Dies.     A40.] 

1380*  *  Kempis.  Thomas  h.  monk,  as- 
cetic, "WTiter,  born.    [1471.    Dies.    A91.] 

1400*  *  Gutenbere:.  Johann,  or  Henne. 
inventor  of  printing,  b.     [I4t>8.     D.    Ati8.] 

1414*  *  Albert,  F-lector  of  Brandenburg, 
born.     [14R6.     Dies.     A72.] 

1423  *  ♦  Purbacb,  Georg,  astronomer,  bom. 
[1461.     Dies.     -US.] 

1434  *  *  Wohleremutb,  Michael,  painter,  b. 

1435  *  *  ScbofTer,  Peter,  impr.  of  printing,  b. 

1436  *   *  ISeliaini,  Martin,  navigator,  geog.,  b. 
Reprlomontanus.  Johann  M.,  astronomer, 

born.    [1476.    Dies.    A40.] 

CHURCH. 

1378  *  *  "  The  Schism  of  the  "West." 
England  and  the  empire  acknowledge 
Urban  VI.  as  pope,  while  France,  Spain, 
and  Scotland  acknowledge  Clement  VII. 
Rival  popes  reciprocally  excommunicate 
each  other  (p.  674). 


*  *  *  Mysticism  awakens  in  many  minds 
an  aspiration  which  the  church  in  its 
corrupt  state  could  not  satisfy.  Mystics 
are  much  opposed,  and  charged  with  im- 
morality, pantheism^  communism,  and 
maintaining  private  inspiration. 

1386  *  *  Christianity  is  introduced  into 
Lithuania. 

1409  *  *  It.    The  Council  of  Pisa. 

It  deposes  Popes  Gregory  and  Bene- 
dict, and  elects  Alexander  V.  ;  as  neither 
of  the  deposed  Popes  will  yield,  there  are 
three  Popes  (p.  506). 

1410  *  *  liom^:.    John  XXIII.  is  pope. 
1412*  *  Bohemia.    The  Kef  ormation  is 

begun. 

John  Hubs  denounces  the  bull  of  Pope 
John  XXlll.  against  King  Ladislaus  of 
Naples,  and  together  with  J*?r6me  of 
Prague  opposes  the  sale  of  indulgences. 

1414-18  Baden.  The  Council  of  Con- 
stance. 

It  is  a  council  of  the  empire,  yet  having 
prelatical  visitors  from  Italy,  France,  Kng- 
land,  and  Spain,  besides  numerous  princes 
with  their  imposing  trains.  The  great  A  ssem- 
bly  includes  Pope  John  XXI H-,  five  patri- 
archs, 33  cardinals,  200  archbishops  and  bish- 
ops, and  80,000  laymen. 

Its  objects  are  to  suppress  the  Itohemian 
heresy,  heal  tlie  papal  schism,  and  reform 
the  churcli.  It  jiroclaims  its  superiority  over 
the  Pope,  condemns  the  doctrines  of  John 
Huss,  deposes  Pope  .John  XXIII.,  and  pre- 
vails on  Pope  Gregory  XII.  to  abdicate, and 
later  deposes  Pope  Benedi<-t  XIII.  It  is  pro- 
posed to  reform  the  church,  but  by  the  ac- 
tion of  Spain,  the  effort  fails;  Martin  V.  is 
elected  pope;  the  council  adjourns  without 
accomplishing  any  effective  reformation  of 
abuses  (p.  506). 

(Mab.  20.)  Pope  John  XXTTT.  a  fugi- 
tive. 

In  disguise  of  a  stable-boy  he  tlees  from 
Constance  when  it  is  proposed  that  tlie  coun- 
cil investigate  his  crimes;  many  prelates  and 
cardinals  follow  him,  but  they  do  not  break 
up  the  council.  [  He  is  captured,  imprisoned, 
and  deposed.] 

{JiNE  15.)  Communion  In  one  kind 
only  ts  authoritatively  sanctioned  by  the 
council. 

(1417.  Mar.  16.)  The  T'niversityof  Tragne 
demands  the  communion  in  both  kinds  for 
both  clergy  and  laity. 

{1418*  *)  The  council  suspends  all  the 
privileges  of  the  university  because  of  its  de- 
mand. 

(Apr.  22.)  Pope  Martin  V.  leaves  the 
council. 

1420  Mar.  17.  Bohemia.  Sigismund 
btims  Crasa  at  the  stake,  after  having 
dragged  him  through  the  streets  of 
Prague. 

1421  July*  Bohemia.  The  emperor 
and  the  Crusaders  against  the  heretics 
attack  the  city  of  Prague.  (See 
Army.) 

1423  *  *  Bk.  Prus.  A  church  council 
is  held  at  Treves. 

1429*  *  Rome.  "The  Schism  of  the 
"West"  is  ended  by  the  resignation  of 
Clement  VIII. 

1431*  *  Home.  Engenius  IV.  becomes 
p(tpe.     [Felix  is  anti-pope.] 

July  23-49  May  7.  Suyitz.  The  Gen- 
eral Council  of  Basel  is  held  ;  Julian 
is  president. 

(July  23.)  It  meets  to  effect  the  union 
of  the  Greek  and  Roman  cburches.  recon- 
cile the  Protestants,  and  promote  the 
reformation  of  the  church. 

(1433*  ♦)  Ttie  council  settles  the  Bo- 
hemian controversv  by  the  Compact  of 
Prague,  by  which  the  Hussites  are 
granted  the  use  of  the  cup  in  the  Eu- 
charist. 

(1439.    Oct.  29.)  Eugenius,  refusing  to 
recognize  its  authoritv,  is  deposed.   (Oct. 
30.)    Felix  V.  is  elected  (anti-pope). 
[Its  decisions  are  in  part  recognized 


1 


GERMANY. 


1375,  *  *-1450,  June  22.    785 


by  the  Gallican  Church,  but  rejected  by 
llie  Ultraiuontanes.] 

14.38  ** -39  **  It.  TheCouncilof 
Ferrara- Florence. 

It  decrees  the  Seven  Sacramenta  ;  viz., 
baptism,  confirmation,  the  eucbarist, 
penance,  extreme  unction,  holy  orders, 
and  matrimony.  It  proclaims  the  union 
of  the  Greek  and  lloman  churches. 

•  *  *  The  spiritual  princes  have  all  the 
faults  of  the  secular  princes,  besides  spe- 
cial defects  of  their  own. 

Simony  universally  prevails  ;  the  scan- 
dalous social  life  of  the  inferior  clergy, 
with  cold  and  unimpressive  services, 
weakens  the  hold  of  the  church  on  the 
public  mind. 

1445  *  •  The  emperor  attempts  to  frus- 
trate the  efforts  made  to  reform  the 
church,  and  compels  the  German  bisli- 
ops  to  quit  their  antagonism  to  Rome ; 
he  receives  100  prebends  and  other  con- 
siderations from  the  Pope. 

1446  Mar.  *  Hesse-Xassau.  A  league 
is  formed  at  Frankfort  by  the  Diet. 

It  proposes  general  resistance  of  the 
attacks  of  the  emperor  and  pope  on  the 
rights  of  the  leaguers,  and  to  compel  a 
recognition  of  the  reforms  of  the  Coun- 
cils of  Constance  and  Basel.  [The  league 
is  broken  up  by  bribery.] 

•  •  Vienna.    The  Concordat  of  Vienna 

is  concluded  with  the  Pope,  who  aban- 
dons tlie  reforms  promised  in  the  Coun- 
cil of  Basel. 

1447  *  *  Home.      Nicholas  V.  is  pope. 

1448  *  *  liavaria.  The  Concordat  of 
Aschaffenberg  is  signed  by  Frederick, 
thus  perpetuating  the  evils  in  the  church 
which  had  been  partly  reformed. 

LETTERS. 

1379  Sept.  16.  Pr.  Saxony.  The  Uni- 
versity of  Erfurt  receives  its  charter 
from  the  anti-pope,  Clement  VII.,  as  a 
"  Studium  generale  "  in  all  the  faculties. 

1385  Opt.  23.  Baden.  The  Univer- 
sity of  Heidelberg  receives  its  charter 
from  Pope  Urban  VI.  [1386.  Oct.  19. 
Opened.] 

1388  May  21.  Rh.  Prus.  The  Uni- 
versity of  Cologne  is  chartered  as  a 
"Studium  generale,"  by  Pope  Urban 
VI. ;  it  is  under  the  influence  of  the 
Dominicans. 

1389  May  4.  Pr,  Saxony.  The  Uni- 
versity of  Erfxxrt  is  founded  afresh  by 
Pope  Urban  VI.  without  any  recognition 
of  the  former  action  of  the  anti-pope, 
Clement  VII.  It  Is  under  Franciscan 
influence. 

1398  *  *  Bohemia.  John  Huss  becomes 
a  professor  in  the  University  of  Prague. 

1399  *  *  Bohemia.  Ackermann  aus  Boh- 
men,  by  Johannes  Ackermann  of  Saaz, 
appears. 

1400-1500  Bavaria.  Nuremberg  is  a 
great  center  of  literature. 

1409  Sept.  9.  Saxony.  The  Univer- 
sity of  liCipsic  is  founded  as  a  *'  Stu- 
dium generale,"  by  Pope  Alexander  V. 

•  *  Bohemia.  The  Hussite  troubles  in 
Prague  and  a  change  in  the  university 
statutes  oi'casion  the  withdrawal  of  all 
German  professors  and  students  from 
the  university  ;  they  go  to  Leipsic. 

1419  Feb.  13.  Mecklenfmrg-Schwerin. 
The  University  of  Rostock  is  founded 
and  authorized  by  the  Pope's  bull. 


1430+  *  •  The  Thuringian  Chronicle,  by 

liothe,  appears.    (?) 

1432  *  *  Mecklenburg-Schwerin.  The  fac- 
ulty of  theology  is  added  to  the  Univer- 
sity of  Koatock. 

1433  *  *  The  History  of  the  Emperor  Sigis- 
mund,  by  Eberhard  Windeek,  appears. 

1442  *  *  Hesse.  Johann  Fust  estab- 
lishes a  printing-office  at  Mentz,  and 
prints  the  Tractatus  Petri  Hispani. 

15th  Century.  TheHeld€iibuchsippQa.T9.  (?) 


SOCIETY. 

1400  *  *  Frederick  (III.)  is  assassinated 
immediately  after  bis  election.  [He  is 
seldom  plaeed  in  the  list  of  emperors.] 

*  *  Nuremberg  is  the  center  of  art, 
trade,  and  intelligence. 


STATE. 

1376  *  *  Bavaria.    John  becomes  duke. 

*  *  Wiirtemberg.i-  The  Swabian  city 
league  is  formed  for  mutual  defense 
against  the  nobility.  [1377.  Recognized 
by  the  emperor.] 

♦  *  The  Association  of  Nobles  (middle 
nobility)  is  organized  to  oppose  the 
league  of  the  cities. 

The  imperial  knights  of  Swabia,  Fran- 
conia,  and  on  the  Khine,  with  others, 
unite  to  maintain  their  independence 
against  the  higher  nobility,  and  espe- 
cially the  princes  of  the  empire  who 
were  ambitious  for  territorial  sover- 
eignty. 

The  Martinsvogel,  Schlegler,  and  Lo- 
welbund  Associations  are  formed. 

1378  Nov.  29.  Prague.  Charles  IV. 
dies. 

He  had  already  given  his  lands  to  his 
three  sons,  Bohemia  and  Silesia  to  Wen- 
ceslaus,  lirandenburg  to  Sigismund.and 
Lusatia  to  John. 

1378-1400  "Wenceslaus,  King  of  Bo- 
hemia, is  also  King  of  Germany. 

1381  *  *  The  Swabian  licague  of  the 
cities  unites  with  that  of  the  Rhine. 

1384  *  *  Tlie  emperor  proclaims  a  new 
public  peace,  called  the  Heidelberg 
Statlung,  for  four  years.  [The  king  re- 
turns to  Bohemia.] 

1385*  *  Rh.  Prus.  Dusseldorf  is  chosen 
as  a  place  of  residence  by  Count  Adolf 
of  Berg. 

1389  May  2.  Bohemia.  A  council  of 
the  princes  meets  at  Eger. 

A  new  public  peace  for  eight  years 
is  proclaimed  by  Wenceslaus  ;  ne  orders 
the  dissolution  of  the  Swabian  League 
and  all  union  of  cities. 

1393-94  Bohemia.  "Wenceslaus  is  im- 
prisoned by  the  nobles  at  Prague  be- 
cause of  his  cruelty  and  indolence. 

1397*  *  Bavaria.  Ernest  becomes  duke. 

1400*  *  Brunswick.  Wenceslaus  is  de- 
posed by  a  section  of  the  Khenish  elec- 
tors. [1410.  German  crown  renounced. 
1419.  Aug.  IG.  Dies.]  After  much  in- 
trigue the  crown  is  given  to  Rupert, 
Count  Palatine. 

1400-10  Rupert,  Connt  Palatine,  is 
King  of  Germany.  His  authority  is 
feeble.  He  fails  in  his  attempt  to  reach 
Rome. 

1405  Sept.  14.  Alsace.  The  Iicague 
of  Marbach  is  formed  of  17  Swabian 
cities  and  Strasburg,  for  the  purpose  of 
resisting  the  oppressions  of  Rupert. 


1409  *  *  Brun8%oick.  Henry  I.  becomes 
duke  of  Brunswick-LUneburg. 

1410-37  Sigismund  reigns.  [1419.  In 
Bohemia.]    (p.  507.) 

1410  May  18.  Hesse.  King  Rupert 
dies  at  Oppenheim. 

Sept.  20.  Three  electors,  including  the 
candidate,  who  \9.  represented  by  proxy, 
elect  Sigismund,  the  brother  of^  Wen- 
ceslaus. King  of  Germany. 

*  *  Jossus,  Marquis  of  Moravia,  is  chosen 
emperor  by  a  partv  of  the  electors. 
[1410.  He  dies.  July  21.  At  a  second 
election  his  two  votes  are  given  to  Sigis- 
mund.] 

1415  *  *  The  Swiss  Republic  is  formed. 

*  *  Sigismund  sells  to  Frederick  IV.  of 
Nuremberg  the  Margravate  of  Branden- 
burg. 

1416  *  *  Brunswick.  William  I.  and 
Henry  H.  become  dukes  of  Brunswick. 

1419*  *  Prus.  Frederick  I,  of  Nurem- 
berg, of  the  House  of  Hohenzollern,  be- 
comes elector. 

1420-60  Westphalia.  Period  of  the 
greatest  power  of  the  secret  tribunals. 

1422*  *  Saxony,  The  Ascanian  line 
becomes  extinct  at  the  death  of  Albert 
III.,  [and  (1428)  the  Emperor  Sigismund 
confers  the  electorate  and  <lucny  upon 
Frederick,  Margrave  of  Meissen]. 

1431*  *  It.  Sigismund  is  crowned  King 
of  Italy.  [1433.  He  is  crowned  em- 
peror by  Pope  Eugenius  IV.] 

1437  *  *  Sigismund  is  driven  from  the 
throne  ;  and  Albert  II.,  his  son-in-law, 
Duke  of  Austria  and  King  of  Hungary 
and  Bohemia,  is  elected  emperor.  [Bee. 
9.    Sigismund  dies] 

1438-1740  The  Hapsburg  Dynasty: 
the  House  of  Austria  reigns. 

1438-39    Albert  H.  reigns. 

1438  *  *  Bohemia.    Albert  I.  is  duke. 

1439  Oct.  27.    Albert  II.  dies,  and  is 

succeeded  by  Frederick,  Duke  of  Styria, 
his  cousin,     [Destructive  feuds  follow.] 

*  *  The  Pragmatic  Sanction  is  issued 

(p.  509). 

1440-93  Frederick  HI.  {or  IV.)  reigns. 
[1442.  June  1.  Crowned  king.  1452. 
Crowned  emperor  at  Rome,  the  last  Ger- 
man ruler  so  honored.] 

Feb.  2.  Frederick  HI.  is  elected  em- 
peror. 

He  is  a  physical  weakling  of  inferior  in- 
tellect, and,  unfortunately  for  his  auhjects, 
remains  longer  than  any  of  liis  i)rede('essor8; 
he  is  powerless  both  in  Germany  and  in  his 
own  lands.  [1449, July*  Piocoloniini  (later 
Pope  Pius  III.)  is  his  adviser.] 

Feb.  20.  JF.  Prus.  The  estates  of  Prus- 
sia form  a  union,  called  the  Frtissian 
League,  against  the  domination  of  the 
Teutonic  Knights.  [Confirmed  by  the 
emperor.] 

1445*  *  Saxon tj.  Thurlngia  is  sepa- 
rated from  Saxony.     [1482.    Reunited.] 

1446  *  *  Prus.  Caaimir  IV.  of  Poland 
assists  the  native  Prussians  in  resisting 
the  oppressions  of  the  Teutonic 
Knights. 

1448  *  *  Den.  Oldenbxu'g  is  annexed  to 
Denmark  (p.  637). 

1449  Apr.  2.  Westphalia  Peace  is 
made  between  the  archbishop  of  Co- 
logne and  the  city  of  Soest,  which  re- 
tains its  independence. 

1450  June  22.  Bavaria.  The  Peace 
of  Bamberg  is  concluded  ;  earh  party 
is  to  restore  all  it  has  seized,  and  to  for- 
get the  past. 


786     1450,**-1514,** 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1451  *  *  //.  Frederick  leads  an  expedi- 
tion to  Rome. 

*  *  *  The  discovery  of  gunpowder  leads 
to  the  custom  of  depending  on  hired 
troops,  a  few  of  whom  outmatch  many 
who  are  armed  in  the  former  Btyle. 

1458  ♦  *  Frederick  I.  of  the  Palatine 
defeats  eighteen  princes  and  counts  at 
Pfeddersheim. 

1460  *  *  Frederick  III.  is  at  war  with 

Albert. 
1462    June   30.    Baden.     Battle    of 

Seckenheim. 
Frederick  I.  of  the  Palatine  severely 

defeats  the  allied  forces  of  Baden  and 

Wiir  tern  berg. 

*  *  Vienna.  The  emperor  is  besieged 
(p.  508). 

1468*  *  Belg.  Charles  the  Bold,  Duke 
of  Burgundy,  destroys  lA^ge,  massa- 
cres the  male  citizens  who  surrender,  and 
throws  several  thousand  women,  tied 
back  to  back,  into  the  Meuse. 

1469-80  The  Turks  invade  the  realm 
in  aid  of  the  Hungarians.    (See  Austria.) 

1474  *  ♦  "War  with  Charles  the  Bold, 
who  demands  the  title,  King  of  Bur- 
gimdy. 

1475  ♦  *  Switz.  Charles  the  Bold  mas- 
sacres the  garrison  of  Granson  after  its 
surrender  under  the  promise  of  protec- 
tion. 

1476  Mar.  3.  Switz.  Battle  of  Gran- 
son. 

An  army  of  20.000  Confederate  Swiss 
utterly  defeats  40,000+:  of  the  army  of 
Burgundy,  who  lose  420  cannon  and  im- 
mense treasures. 

June  22.  Switz.  Charles  the  Bold  is 
again  defeated  and  routed  by  the  Swiss 
Confederates  at  Morat.  [1477.  Jan.  5. 
He  is  defeated  and  killed  by  the  Swiss 
and  Alsatians  near  Nancy.] 

1485  *  ♦  Frederick  III.  is  driven  out  of 
Austria  by  Matthias  Corvinus,  King  of 
Hungary. 

1494  *  *  It.  The  emperor  enters  the 
war  in  Italy  (p.  678). 

1498-99  Switz.  The  emperor  engages 
in  war  against  the  Swiss;  tlie  immedi- 
ate cause  is  a  dispute  regarding  land- 
marks ;  he  is  sustained  by  the  Swabian 
League. 

1499  *  *  It.  Louis  XIL  of  France  in- 
vades Italy  (p.  678). 

1500  *  *  Uolstein.  The  Ditmarshes  en- 
ter a  serious  war  with  Denmark. 

1502  Mar.  15.  The  Peasants'  "War 
begins  in  South  Germany  ;  it  is  caused 
by  the  oppressions  of  the  clergy  and  no- 
bles. [May- June.  Cruelly  suppressed,] 

1504  *  *  Bavaria.  The  emperor  is  in- 
volved in  a  petty  war  of  succession. 

1509*  *  It.  Maximilian  vainly  besieges 
Padua,  after  taking  part  of  Venetian 
lands. 

1510*  *  It.  Vicenza  is  taken  by  the 
imperial  troops. 

1511  *  *  Holstein.  An  invading  army 
of  Danes  is  cut  to  pieces  by  the  Ditmarsh 
peasants. 

1512  *  *  It.  The  Swiss  join  the  emperor 
and  Pope,  and  drive  the  French  out  of 
MUan. 

1513  *  *  Fr.  The  emperor  joins  Henry 
Vm.  in  the  Battle  of  the  Spurs  (p.  630). 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1450  *  *  Bavaria.  A  large-sized  para- 
bolical burning  reflector  is  made  by 
Johann  Regie montan us. 

1457  Aug.  14.  Hesse.  Johann  Fust 
and  Schoeffer  of  Mentz  make  the  first 
book  with  a  printed  date ;  it  is  the  Book 
of  Psalms. 

1460  *  ♦  Printing  in  dyes  is  invented. 
The  decimal  system  in  arithmetic  is 
worked  out  by  Juhaua  Kegiomontanus. 

1467  *  *  Maps  are  made  by  wood-en- 
graving by  the  monk  Donis. 

1477  *  *  Bavaria.  "Watches  are  first 
made  at  Nuremberg.  [1510.  Here  Philip 
Hele  invents  pocket  watches.] 

1486  *  *  Bavaria.    Diirer  studies  under 

Michael  Wohlgemuth. 

1490  *  *  Chiaroscuro  engraving  is  first 
practised. 

1498*  *  Sax<my.    The    rifled    gun    is 

first  used  at  Leipsic. 

1506  *  *  Bavaria,  Diirer  paints  Christ 
on  the  Cross,  also  The  Feast  of  Hoses,  and 
Garchiis  in  Italy. 

1509  *  *  lih.  Prus.  The  building  of  the 
cathedral  of  Cologne  is  suspended. 

1511*  *  Bavaria.  Albert  Diirer  paints 
the  Trinity.  [1512.  He  invents  etching. 
1515.  Nuremberg  gives  him  a  yearly 
pension  of  100  gulden.] 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1465  •  *  Reuchlin,  Johann,  philologist,  Hel- 
lenist, Hebraist,  born. 

1458  *  *  Brandt,  Sebastian,  poet,  born. 

1459  ♦  *  Celtes,  Conrad,  poet,  scholar,  born. 

1460  *  *  Fust,  Johann.  an  inv.  printing,  d. 
Froben,  Johann,  i>rinter,  born. 
Maximilian  I.,  emperor,  born. 

1461  ♦  *  Zasius,  lUric,  jurist,  born. 

1465  *  *  I'entinger,  Conrad,  archeologtst,  b. 

1466  *  *  Aventinua,  Johannes,  historian,  b. 
1470*  •  Baldung,  Hans,  artist,  born. 
1471  *  *  Diirer.  Albert,  painter,  engr.,  b. 
1473  ♦  *  Cranach,   or   Kranach,  Lucas  von, 

painter,  engraver,  born. 
1473  *  *  Burgkmair,  Hans,  engr.,  paint.,  b. 
Feb.  19.    Copernicus,  Nicholas,  astron- 
omer, born. 
1475  *  *  Faber,  Johann,   I>ominlcan    monk, 
theologian,  adversary  of  Luther,  born. 
Murner,  Thomas,  satirist,  controversialist,  b. 

1478  *  *  Pellican,  Conrad,  scholar,  reformer, 
Biblical  critic,  born. 

1479*  *  Cochlaus,  Johann,  Catholic  theolo- 
gian, controversialist,  born. 
Folz,  or  Volz,  Hans,  poet,  reformer,  born. 
1480  *  *  Berliehingen,Gotz,  or  Gottfried  von, 
soldier,  born. 
Capito,  Wolfgang  F.,  theol.,  reformer,  born. 
Faust,   or  Faustus.   Dr.   Johann,    necro- 
mancer, born. 
Margaret  of  Austria,  daughter  of  Maximil- 
ian I.  and  Mary  of  Burgundy,  born. 
1481*  *  Sickingen,  Franz  von,  general,  re- 
former, born. 
1483*  *  Oecolampadius,  Johannes,  reformer, 

born. 
1483  *  *  Amsdorf,  Nicolans  von,  reformer,  b. 
Carlstadt,  Andreas,  reformer,  born. 
Nov.   10.    Luther.  Martin,  monk,  leader 
of  German  reformation,  born. 
1485  *  *  liugenhagen,  Johann,  reformer,  b. 
14864:  *  *  Agrippa,    Heinrich  C,   physician, 
theological  writer,  born, 
F.ck,  or  Eckius,  Johann  von,  theologian,  b. 
1487*  *  Gonthier,  Johann,  physician,   Hel- 
lenist, born. 

1488  *  *  Alt<lorfer,  Alhrecht,  paint.,  engr.,  b. 

1489  *  »  Albert,  archbp.  of  Magdeburg,  born. 
Aquila,  Casper,  theologian,  born. 

Hutten,  I'lrich  von,  poet,  theologian,  born. 

1490  *  *  Agricola,  Georg,  mineralogist,  born. 
Aericola,  Johann.  reformer,  founder  An- 

tinomians,  born. 

Albert  of  Brandenburg,  first  Duke  of  Prus- 
sia, born. 

Friedland,  Valentin,  educator,  born. 

Schwenckfeld,  Kaspar,  religionist,  born. 

1491  *  *  Bncer,  Martin  K.,  reformer,  born. 

1494  *  *  Sachs,  Hans,  shoemaker,  poet,  born. 

1495  *  *  Apian,  I'eter,  math.,  astronomer,  b. 
LufCt,  Hans,  printer,  bookseller,  born. 


1496  *  *  Beham,  Bartbolomaus,  painter,  b. 
Menno  Bimons,    reformer^   fdr.   Mennon- 

ites,  born. 

1497  *  *  Holbein,  Hans,  painter,  born. 
Melanchthon.  Philip,  reformer,  born. 

1498  *  *  Althammer,  Andreas,  reformer,  b. 
Osiander,  Andreas,  reformer,  born. 

15th  Century.    Alkmar,  Henry  von,  poet,  b.,d. 
1500  *  *  Beham,  Hans  S.,  engraver,  born. 
Camerarlus,  Joachim,  classical  scholar,  b.        ' 
Charles  I.  (V.),  King  of  Spain,  Emperor  of 
Gennany,  born. 
1601  ♦  *  Fuchs,  or  Fuchsius,  Leonhard  von, 

botanist,  born. 
1503*  *  Sehoeflfer,Peter,  impr.  printing,  A67. 

1503  *  *  Ferdinand  I..  eini>eror,  born. 

1504  *  •  Fagius,  Paul,  reformer,  born. 
1506  *  *  Behaim,  Martin,  nav.,  geog.,  A70. 

Sleidan,  Johann,  historian,  born. 
1507*  •Sturm,  Johann,    classical    scholar, 

teacher,  born. 
1508  •  •  Celtes,  Conrad,  poet,  scholar,  A49. 
1511  •  *  Eber,  Paul,  clergyman,  Hebraist,  b. 
1513*  ♦  Aurifaber,  Andreas  G.,  physician, 

teacher,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1455±*  *  Hesse,  The  Bible  is  first 
printed.    (See  Letters.) 

1455  *  *  Rome.  Calixtus  III.  is  pope. 
[1458,PiU8n.;  1464, Paul  II.;  1471,  Slxtus 
IV.;  1484,  Innocent  VIIL;  1492,  Alexander 
VI.  (Borgia),  a  tyrannical  ruler  and  moral 
monster.  1603.  Pius  III.  ispope  for  26  days; 
he  is  succeeded  by  Jxilius  II.,  a  military  pou* 
tiff,  by  whom  Europe  is  embroiled  in  war, 
the  church  discipline  neglected,  and  the 
si)irlt  of  religion  discredited.]* 

1483  Nov.  10,  Pr.  Saxony.  Martin 
XiUther  is  born  at  Eisleben. 

[1507.  Becomes  a  priest.  1508.  The 
vicar-general  of  the  Augustinian  monks 
sends  Martin  Luther  from  Erfurt  to 
Wittenberg  to  be  a  professor  of  philoso- 
phy. 1510.  Sent  to  Rome  on  the  busi- 
ness of  his  order.  Here  he  ascends 
Pilate's  staircase  on  his  knees  with  beg- 
gars and  peasants,  pausing  to  weep  and 
pray  when  a  voice  seems  to  cry  within 
him,  "The  just  shall  live  by  faith." 
1512.  He  takes  the  degree  of  a  doctor  of 
divinity.] 

1485*  *  Rh.  Prtts.  The  Jews  are  ex- 
pelled from  Cologne. 

1502*  *  John  Diez  (Tetzel),  begins  the 
selling  of  absolutions.  Tetzel's  rates; 
witchcraft,  two  ducats  ;  polygamy,  six ; 
murder,  eight;  sacrilege  and  perjury, 
nine. 

1511  *  *  It.  A  council  is  called  at  Piaa 
by  some  of  the  cardinals,  the  French 
king,  and  the  emperor,  to  restrain  the 
ambitious  Pope,  and  reform  religion. 
[Its  labors  are  fruitless.] 

1512  *  *  Rome.  A  cotincil  is  called  at 
the  Lateran  palace,  composed  chiefly 
of  Italian?,  which  condemns  the  council 
of  Pisa;  Julius  dies  before  the  work  is 
completed. 

1513  *  *  Rome.    Leo  X.  becomes  pope. 
[He  needs  much  money  for  artists,  scholarB, 

the  splendor  of  his  court,  for  building  St. 
Peter's,  and  as  many  allege,  for  the  dowry 
of  his  favorite  sister;  lie  attempts  to  obtain 
money  by  "  a  voluntary  tax  of  the  (iernians," 
collected  by  the  sale  of  absolutions.] 
*  *  *  Tlie  general  state  of  religion  is  de- 
plorable ;  public  worship  is  ceremonious 
and  heartless,  sermons  are  often  mere 
theological  quibbles,  warnings  of  i)ur^a- 
tory,  and  expositions  of  the  utility  of  in- 
dulgences. 

*  *  *  Many  of  the  bishops  are  Inxuriooa 
and  prodigal,  and  buy  and  sell  sacred  olflres; 
priests  are  indolent,  unchaste;  monks  are 
numerous  and  indolent;  thelienedictinesare 
wealthy  and  forgetful  of  their  rules;  the 
mendicants  add  ignorance  to  lax  observance 
of  rules;  the  Dominicans  preside  over  the 
terrible  tribunal  of  the  Inquisition. 

LETTERS. 
1450  *  *  Rh.  Prus.    The  University  of 
Treves  receives  its  charter. 


GERMANY. 


1450,** -1514,**.    787 


1450*  *-55*  *The  earliest  book 
printed  with  movable  type,  a  Vul- 
gate Bible,  set  up  by  Gutenberg  and 
Fust,  appears  at  Meutz. 

1451-53  Hermann  vou  Sacksensbeira 
writes  Spiegel,  Mokrin,  and  otber  poeuis. 

1455  Apr.  20.  Baden.  The  Univer- 
sity of  Freiburg  is  chartered  by  a  papal 
bull. 

1456  May.  29.  Pomerania.  The  XTni- 
versity  of  Greifswald  is  established 
by  the  bull  of  Pope  Calixtus  III. 

1457  *  *  Bavaria.  The  Gazette  appears 
at  Nuremberg;  it  is  the  first  newspaper 
printed  from  metal  type. 

1459  Apr.  7.  Bavaria.  The  Univer- 
sity of  Ingolstadt  receives  a  papal 
charter. 

1460  *  •  Baden.  The  University  of 
Freiburg  opens  its  first  session. 

*  *  Hesse.  The  "  CathoUcon"  an  attempt 
at  a  Latin  lexicon,  by  Friar  Jobaunes 
Balbus  Januensis,  is  printed  at  Mentz. 

1463*  *  Hesse.  Cicero  de  Officiis  is 
printed  by  Fust  at  Mentz. 

1472  *  *  Bavaria.  The  University  of  In- 
golstadt is  founded. 

±  *  •  Albrecht  von  Eyb  translates  the 
Menchtemi  and  Baccides  of  Plautus. 

*  *Rh.Pnis.  The  University  of  Treves 
opens  its  first  session. 

1476  Nov.  9.  Wiirtemberg.  The  Uni- 
versity of  Tubingen  receives  a  papal 
charter. 

Nov.  23.  Hesse.  The  University  of 
Mentz  receives  a  papal  charter. 

*  *  The  German  ballads  appear,  —  war- 
songs  of  Veit  Weber. 

1480  *  *  Theodorich  Schemberg  writes 
his  play,  Fran  Jatte. 

±  *  *  Btich  der  Abentetter,  by  Ulrich 
Futrer,  appears. 

1483  *  *  The  stories  of  Till  Eulenspiegel 
appear. 

*  *  Bavaria.  A  Bible  in  the  German 
language  is  printed  at  Nuremberg. 

1486  *  *  De  Imitatione  CAris^i,  by  Thomas 
a  Kempis  (?),  appears. 

1494*  *  Skip  of  Pools,  by  Sebastian 
Brandt,  appears. 

1498  *  *  Lxibeck.  lieynard  the  Fox,  a 
Low-German  version  of  the  Flemish  poet 
Willem's  /teinatrt,  by  Hermann  Bark- 
husen,  appears. 

1602  Feb.  2.  Pr.  Saxony,  The  Uni- 
versity of  Wittenberg  is  constituted 
a*'Studium  generate  "  in  all  the  facul- 
ties by  the  papal  legate. 

July  6.  Pr.  Saxony.  The  University 
of  Wittenberg  receives  its  charter  from 
Maximilian  I.  by  imperial  rather  than 
papal  decree. 

*  *  Amores,  by  Konrad  Celtis,  appears. 
1505  *  *  Jacob    Wimpfeling    writes    in 

Latin  the  first  history  of  Germany. 

*  *  Pr.  Saxony.  Martin  Iiuther  is  made 
a  master  of  arts  and  instructor  at  Er- 
furt. 

1606  Mar.  15.  Rrandenhnrg.  The 
University  of  Frankfort-on-the 
Oder  is  chartered  by  a  papal  bull. 
[Oct.  16.  It  receives  an  imperial  char- 
ter.] 

1508  *  *  Pr.  Saxony.  Martin  Luther 
becomes  a  professor  in  Wittenberg. 

1612  *  *  Exorcism  of  Fools,  bv  Thomas 
Murner,  appears. 


W.  Prus.    Danzig  is  ceded  to 


SOCIETY. 

1458±  *  *  Hieipsic  becomes  celebrated 
for  its  fairs. 

1514-24  Hands  of  revolting  peasants, 
termed  the  lUind,  or  league,  ot  Poor 
Conrad,  appear ;  about  100,000  lives  are 
sacrificed  ;  the  insurrection  of  the  Ana- 
baptists is  incited.    (See  State.) 

STATE. 

1450  *  *  Frederick  111.  is  forced  to  give 
up  portions  of  Austria  to  his  brother 
and  cousins. 

1452  Dec.  1.  W.  Prus.  The  emperor 
dissolves  the  Prussian  Iieague.  [l>ec. 
22.  He  is  bribed  with  5,400  gulden,  and 
again  recognizes  the  League.] 

1453  Dec.  1.     IF.  Prus.    The  bribes  of 

the  Teutonic  order— 80,000  gulden  — se- 
cure a  new  order  from  the  emperor  for 
the  immediate  dissolution  of  the  union 
of  Prussian  estates. 

1454*  *  Wilrtemberg.  Fsslingen  p  u  t  s 
itself  under  the  protection  of  Baden  for 
60  years  to  escape  taxation  in  the  league 
of  cities. 

1455  *  * 

Poland. 

1457  *  *  Hungary  and  Bohemia  elect  na- 
tive kings,  wliora  Frederick  is  forced  to 
recognize  (p.  50!>). 

1457-1525    E.  Prus,   Konigsbergis  the 

residence  of  the  Grand  Masters  of  the 
Teutonic  Order. 

1460*  *  Bavaria.  John  II.  and  Sigis- 
mund  become  dukes. 

1462*  *  Vienna,  The  emperor  be- 
sieged, and  delivered  (p.  508). 

1464  *  *  Saxony  is  divided  between  Al^ 
bert  and  Ernest,  sons  of  Frederick  II. 

Thus  originate  the  Albertine  and  Er- 
nestine lines.  Albert  receives  Meissen 
and  the  remaining  parts  of  eastern  Sax- 
ony ;  and  Ernest  retains  the  electoral 
duchy,  Thuringia,  half  of  Osterland,  and 
Naumberg. 

1465  *  *  Bavaria.    Albert  H.  is  duke.'' 

1466  Oct.  19.  W.Prus.  The  Teutonic 
Order  is  forced  to  conclude  a  treaty  at 
Thorn  ceding  West  Prussia  to  the  crown 
of  Poland  ;  East  Prussia  is  left  with  the 
order. 

1470  *  *  Brandenlmrg.  Albert  HI.  be- 
comes margrave.    [1476.    John  HI.] 

1474  May  9.  Peter  von  Hagenbach, 
governor  of  Burgundy,  is  beheaded.         . 

1477  Aug.  19.  Belg,  Maximilian 
marries  Mary  of  Burgundy  at  Ghent ; 
he  thereby  acquires  for  his  House  Bur- 
gundy and  the  Netherlands. 

1482*  *  Brunswick.  Frederick  and 
William  H.  become  dukes  of  Bruns- 
wick-Wolfenbiittel.  [Henry  TTT,  and 
Eric  in  1495.] 

*  *  Wilrtemberg.  Stuttgart  is  made  the 
capital. 

1485  *  *  Saxony.  Dresden  becomes  the 
residence  of  the  Saxon  sovereign.s, 

1486-1525     Saxony.     Frederick  TTT  ^ 


lingen,  consisting  of  princes,  nobles,  and 
towns,  for  the  establishment  of  peace. 
1493    Aug.  14.    Frederick  III.  dies.   ^ 
1493-1514    Maximilian  I.  reigns.  X 

Maximilian  I.  is  elected  emperor  of 
the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  and  crowned 
at  Aix-la-Chapelle  ;  one  of  the  best  and 
most  popular  emperors. 

1493  *  *  Aust.     All   the   Austrian   lands  ^ 
are  now  in  possession  of  Maximilian  I. 

1494  *  *  "Wilrtemberg  is  made  a  duchy 
for  Duke  Eberhard  I. 

1495  Aug.  *  Ph.  Prus,  Imperial  Diet 
of  Worms. 

Public  and  perpetual  peace  is  pro- 
claimed; the  right  of  feud  is  abolished 
under  the  protection  of  the  Swabian 
League. 

1496*  *  Wilrtemberg.  Eberhard  II. 
becomes  duke. 

*  *  Hesse-Nassau.  Maximilian  establishes 
the  imperial  chamber  at  Frankfort. 

1498*  *  Alsace.   The  first  extensive  con-    ^ 
spiracy  of  the  peasants  is  formed  at 

Schettstadt. 

*  *  Wilrtemberg.    Ulric  becomes  duke. 

1499  *  *  Prus.    Joachim  I.  is  elector. 

±  *  *  Switzerland,  being  practically  in- 
dependent, becomes  gradually  detached 
from  the  empire. 

1500*  *  Saxony.  George  becomes  elec- 
tor of  a  part  of  the  duchy. 

1501  *  *  The  Imperial  Aulic  CouncU 
is  established  by  Maximilian  I.  Ger- 
many is  divided  into  six  circles  for  the 
administration  of  justice  (p.  509). 

1504  *  *  //.  Maximilian  I.  is  forced  to 
invest  Louis  XII.  of  France  with  the 
duchy  of  Milan  by  treaty,  for  200,000 
francs. 

1508  *  *  Maximilian  I.  goes  to  Italy  to   J^ 
be  crowned  by  the  Pope ;  Archbishop 
Lange    of   Salzburg    takes    the    Pope's 
place.  y 

*  *  Maximilian  joins  the  League  of 
Cambrai  against  Venice  (p.  681). 

*  *  Bavaria.    William  I.  becomes  duke. 

1510  *  *  Hamburg  is  acknowledged  as  a    * 
free  town. 

1511  *  *  The  Pope  withdraws  from  the 
League  of  Cambrai,  and  enters  the  Holy 
Hieague  with  Venice  and  Ferdinand 
against  France, 

1512  *  *  /(.  The  French  are  driven  out, 
and  Max  Sforza  is  restored  to  the 
ducal  throne  of  Milan. 

*  *  The  Diet  of  Cologne  increases  the 
divisions  of  Germany  to  ten  circles  for 
the  better  maintenance  of  public  peace. 

The  ten  circles  Include  (1)  Austria,  (2)  Ba- 
varia, (3)  Swabia,  (4)  Franconia,  (5)  the 
Upper  Rhine,  (6)  the  Lower  Khine,  or  tlie 
three  electorates  of  Mentz,  Treves,  and  Co- 
logne, (7)  Burgundy,  (8)  Westphalia.  (9) 
Lower  Saxony,  (10)  I'pper  Saxony;  Bohe- 
mia, Moravia,  Silesia,  Lusatia,  Prussia,  and 
Switzerland  are  not  included  in  the  circles. 


{."i^j^^ll^'J^  ^^''i'^.  **^.  *.f*^^^i*!  ^H**"^'    1513  **  Maximilian    joins    the    Holy 

XjCagrue  against  France. 
1514*  *  Wilrtemberg.  The  "  Poor  Con- 
rad" conspiracy. 


he  is  an  imperial  elector,  and  a  cham- 
pion of  the  Reformation.  . 

1486*  *  Hesse- Nassau.  Maximilian, 
son  of  Frederick  III.,  is  elected  King  of 
the  Romans  by  the  Diet  of  Frankfort. 

'  ■■-i-r  * 

*  *  Prus.  John  111,  becomes  an  imperial 
elector. 

1488     Feb.  *    WUrtemberg.     The  great 

Swabian  League   is  formed   at   Ess- 


It  throws  oflF  the  mask  of  a  society  for 
the  amusement  of  peasants  who  suffer 
from  oppression  of  the  lords.  [July  31. 
Suppressed.] 

'  *  Henry  IV.  becomes  duke  of  Bruns- 
wick-Wolfenbiittel. 


788     1515,**-1527, 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1515*  *  The  revolting  peasants  attack 

the  fortresses  of  Maichaii,  take  the  no- 
hles  prisoners,  and  behead  the  two  lords 
of  Mundorf. 

1521*  *-26*  *War  in  the  Low 
Countries. 

First  war  of  Charles  V.  with  Francis 
I,  of  France,  in  supporting  his  claims  to 
Milan  and  the  duchy  of  Burgundy. 

1522  Apr.  27.  /(.  Battle  of  Bicocca 
(p.  680). 

Aug.  27.  Rk.  Prus.  The  war  of  the 
nobles  begins  against  the  oppression  of 
spiritual  priucipalities ;  it  is  conducted 
by  Baron  Franz  von  Sickingen  and  Ul- 
rich  von  llutten.  [1523.  They  are  de- 
feated.] 

•  *  lih.  Prus.  Sickingen  vainly  besieges 
Treves.  [1523.  May  *  Besieged  and 
killed  at  Laudatuhl.J 

1523-24    If.     Disastrous  French  inva- 
sion under  Seigneur  de  Bonuivert  (p. 
680). 
1624-25    The  Peasants'  War. 

It  is  occasioned  by  the  oppression  of 
the  nobles  and  the  clergy ;  terrible  de- 
vastation and  outrages  occur  in  Swabia 
and  Franconia.  In  Saxony  it  becomes  a 
religious  war. 

(1525,  Fkb.  24.)  Decisive  battle  of 
Pavia  (p.  GSO). 

(Apr.  18.)  Wurtemherg.  The  peas- 
ants utterly  defeat  Count  Louis  II  elf  rich 
at  AVeinaburg;  "The  Kevenge  of 
Weinsburg. 

(*  *)  Thiiringla.  Thomas  Munzer, 
a  preacher,  leads  8,000  insurgent  peas- 
ants against  the  nobility  and  clergy  at 
Muhlhausen. 

(May  *)  Prus.  The  peasants  besiege 
Frauenburg.  [May  15.  Their  assault  is 
repulsed.] 

(May  12.)  Wiirtemberg.  The  peas- 
ants are  defeated  at  Boblingen  by  the 
Steward  of  the  Swabiau  League. 

(May  15.)  Miinzer  is  defeated  at 
Frankenhausen,  and  captured  in  flight. 
May  30.     Executed. 

(June  9.)  Hesse-Kassau.  Florian 
Gayer,  leader  of  the  Black  Band,  is 
killed  near  Vellburg. 

(June  25.)  Prus.  Twenty-three  thou- 
sand peasants  are  defeated  in  Upper 
Swabia  by  the  Steward  of  the  Swabian 
League. 

(July  2.)  Prm.  The  peasants  are 
defeated  at  Konigshof en  by  the  Stew- 
ard of  the  Swabian  League. 

(Julys.)  Aiist.  The  peasants  sur- 
prise and  defeat  the  nobles  near  Salz- 
burg, killing  3,000  men. 

(*  *)  Battle  of  Miihlhausen.  The 
German  princes  defeat  the  peasants, 
4,000  of  whrnn  are  killed.  The  war  ends 
after  ISO.OiX)  lives  have  been  lost  in  the 
struggle  of  the  people  against  the 
princes. 

1526  May  *Aust.  The  Salzburg  peas- 
ants besiege  Radstadt.  [May  4.  Mi- 
chael Geismayer  raises  the  siege.] 

July  5.  Aust.  Geismayer  escapes  from 
the  Leaguers  at  Radstadt  by  a  retreat  in 
the  night,  having  disbanded  the  cMef 
part  of  the  peasant  army. 

1526-32  Hmig.  AVar  with  the  invad- 
ing Turks,  who  favor  John  Zapola  (p. 
508). 

*  *  Travsylvavia.  Zapola,  aided  by  the 
Turks,  defeats  the  emperor  and  estab- 
lishes his  independence  (pp.  508.  500). 

1527  May  6.  It.  Rome  is  assaulted 
and  taken  by  Spanish  and  German  mer- 
cenaries (p.  680). 

1527-29  Second  war  with  Francis  I. 
(p.  680). 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1516  *  *  Saxony.    Encaustic    painting 

is  introduced  by  Lukas  Cranach. 

15n  **  Bavaria.  The  matchlock 
musket  is  invented  at  Nuremberg. 

1518*  *  Bavaria.  Fire-engines  are 
flrst  made  at  Augsburg. 

1520  ♦  *  Saxony.  Lace-making  is  in- 
troduced into  Anuaberg  by  Barbara 
Uttlman. 

*  *  Pr^is.  Copernicus  at  Frauenburg  de- 
scribes attraction  as  an  appetence  or  ap- 
petite which  the  Creator  impressed  upon 
all  parts  of  matter. 

1521  *  *  The  musket  is  commonly  em- 
ployed in  the  armies  of  the  Kmperor 
Charles  V. 

1526  *  *  Ilanaver.  Broiham,  a  kind  of 
beer,  is  invented  by  Cord  Broiham. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1519  *  *  Aurifaber,  Johann,  clergyman,  pul- 
pit orator,  editor,  born. 

Maximilian  I.,  eni[ieror,  A60. 

Wohlgemuth,  Michael,  painter,  A85. 
1580  *   *  Faber,  Kasil,  scholar,  born. 

Klacius,  Matthias  (Illyricus),  theologian,  b. 
1521  •   *  lirandt,  Sebastian,  poet,  A63. 

Maurice.  Elector  of  Saxony,  born. 
1523*  *  Chemnitz,  Martin,  tlieologlan,  bom, 

Reuchlin,  Johann,  philologist,  Hellenist,  He- 
braist, A67. 

Waldseeiniiller,  Martin,  compiler,  A.^2  '- . 
1503  *  *  Hiitten,  Ulrich  von,  poet,  theologian, 
A  3.5. 

Sickingen,  Franz  von,  general,  reform.,  A42. 
1525  *   •  Frederick  IH..  "the  Wise,"  Elec- 
tor of  Saxony,  A62. 
1626  *  •  Berg,  Joachim  von,  phllan.,  bom. 
1527  •   •  Froben,  Johann,  printer,  A57. 

Maximilian  n.,  emperor,  born. 

Ortelius,  or  Oertel,  Abraham,  geographer,  b. 


CHURCH. 

1516*  *  Bavaria.  Balthazar  Hub- 
meyer,  an  Anabapti.st,  preaches  to 
great  crowds  in  the  cathedral  at  Katis- 
bon. 
1517  f  *  *  The  Reformation  begins  and 
rapidly  advances. 

(1.517.  Oct.  31.)  Pr.  Saxony.  Martin 
XjUther  nails  to  the  church  door  at  Wit- 
tenberg his  thesis  containing  95  propo- 
sitions. 

He  condemns  as  wicked  the  traffic  in 
indulgences  by  which  John  Tetzel.  a 
Dominican  friar,  the  bishop's  agent,  col- 
lected money,  and  all  his  accomplices; 
also  the  doctrine  which  lay  at  the  root 
of  the  offense. 

(*  *)  Sylvester  Prierias,  the  general 
of  the  order  of  Dominican  monks,  James 
Hoogstrat  of  Cologne,  and  John  Eckins 
of  Ingolstadt  furiously  assail  Luther. 

(*  *)  Luther  writes  modest  letters  to 
the  Pope  to  show  the  justice  of  his  cause. 

(1518*  *)  Bavaria.  Luther,  sum- 
moned before  the  Diet  of  Augsburg,  re- 
fuses to  abjure,  but  appeals  to  the 
Pope. 

(Oct.*)  Bavaria.  Luther hoUls three 
interviews  at  Augsburg  with  Gajetan, 
the  Pope's  legate,  who  requires  submis- 
sion without  argument. 

(Nov  *)  Rome.  The  Pope  issues  a 
bull  condemning  the  attacks  on  indul- 
gences. He  as.serta  that  he  has  the  power 
of  deli\'ering  sinners  from  all  punish- 
ments due  to  every  sort  of  transgression. 

(Xov.  25.)  Pr.  Saxony.  Luther  at 
Wittenberg  appeals  from  the  Pope  to  a 
council  of  the  whole  church. 

(1519.  Jan.  *)  Karl  von  Miltitz,  the 
Pope's  legate,  prevails  upon  Luther  to 
write  a  very  submissive  letter  to  the 
Pope. 

(Mar.  3.)  Luther  writes  a  letter  to 
the  Pope.  He  promises  silonce  if  the 
same  be  observed  by  his  adversaries. 

(*  *)  Rome.  The  Fope  writes  a  kind 
letter  to  Luther. 


(J[7NE  26.-JULY  16.)  Saxonp.  Luther 
and  his  friend,  Andrew  Kouenstein  of 
Carlstadt,  have  a  public  disputation  at 
JjCipsic  with  fJohn  Eck  at  1'leis.senburg 
Castle.  The  controversy  takes  a  new 
shape;  Luther  attacks  not  only  indul- 
gences, but  the  authority  of  the  church 
and  of  the  Pope. 

(*  *)  /Y.  Saxony.  Luther  continues  his 
preaching,  lecturing,  and  writing,  at 
Wittenberg,  gaining  many  thousands  of 
adherents. 

(1520.  June  26.)  Pr.  Saxony.  Luther 
issues  an  address  to  the  German  nobles. 
He  attacks  church  corruption  and  the 
authority  of  the  Pope,  and  advocates 
"  Germany  for  the  Germans,'*  civil  gov- 
ernment uncontrolled  by  ecclesiastics,  a 
married  elergy,  and  a  national  system  of 
education. 

(July  15.)  Rome.  Tlie  Pope  issues  a 
bull  condemning  41  of  Luther's  tenets. 
He  adjudges  his  writings  to  the  tiames, 
and  commands  his  submission,  with  sup- 
plication of  papal  clemency,  within  68 
days,  on  peril  of  being  cast  out  of  the 
church. 

(Oct.  6.)  Pr.  Saxony.  Luther  issues 
his  work,  the  Babylonian  Captivity  of  the 
Church,  in  which  he  argues  that  faith 
alone  is  sufficient  for  salvation. 

(Oct.  12.)  Rh.  Prus.  The  papal  legate. 
Miltitz,  has  another  interview  with 
Luther,  who  expresses  his  willingness  to 
test  the  questions  in  dispute  by  appeal 
to  a  council. 

(Oct.  *)  Saxony.  The  Pope's  bull 
is  published  at  Leipsic  by  John  Eck, and 
also  posted  up  in  the  various  German 
towns  [where  it  is  torn  down  by  the 
students]. 

(Dec.  10.)  At  Leipsic  Luther  publicly 
bums  the  Pope's  bull,  with  a  copy  of 
the  canon  law,  thus  signifying  his  with- 
drawal from  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church. 

(Dec.  17t)  Saxony.  Luther  draws  up 
a  solemn  protest  at  Leipsic,  appealing 
from  the  Pope  to  a  council. 
1518*  *  Pr.  Saxony.  Philip  Melanch- 
thon  becomes  professor  of  Greek  at  Wit- 
tenberg. [1519.  Switz.  Ulrich  Zwingli 
inaugurates  the  Reformation.] 

1520  *  *  Rovie^  The  Pope  appeals  to  the 
new  emperor,  Charles  V^  to  crush  the 
reform  movement ;  Frederick  of  Sax- 
ony advises  caution  and  a  regard  for 
German  laws  ;  it  is  resolved  to  summon 
Luther  to  a  Diet  at  Worms.  [Mar.  6. 
Summoned,) 

1521  Jan.  28+.    The  Diet  of  "Worms. 
(Jan.  25:)    Hesse.    The  Diet  is  opened 

by  the  emperor. 

The  suggestion  of  the  papal  nuncio, 
Hieronymus  Alexander,  that  Luther  be 
condemned  and  punished  without  a 
hearing,  is  rejected ;  and  a  list  of  100 
grievances  of  the  German  nation 
against  Rome  is  presented. 

(Apr.  5.)  Saxony.  Luther  starts  from 
Wittenberg,  though  strongly  advised  not 
to  go. 

(Apr.  16.)  Hesse.  Luther  arrives  at 
W^orms,  and  is  met  by  more  than  2,000 
people. 

(APR.  27.)  Hesse.  Luther  appears 
before  the  Diet. 

The  distinguished  assembly  includes 
the  emperor,  the  Archduke  Ferdinand, 
six  electors,  24  dukes,  seven  margraves. 
30    bishops    and    prelates,    and    many 

Erinces,  counts,  lords,  and  ambassadors ; 
uther  acknowledges  his  writings  and 
opinions,  and  refuses  to  recant.  "  Here 
I  stand;  J  cannot  do  otherwise.  God 
help  me.  Amen."  The  emperor  despoti- 
cally declares  liis  purpose  to  proceed 
against  Luther  as  an  open  heretic. 

(Apr.  20.)  The  Diet  condemns 
Luther,  and  places  him  under  the  ban 
of  the  empire. 

(Apr.  2.").)  lAither  receives  the  impe- 
rial order  to  leave  'Worms,  proceed  to 


GERMANY. 


1515,*  *-1527,* 


789 


Wittenberg,  and  cease  to  disturb  people 
by  preacliing  or  writing. 

(.Vi'K,  26.)  Hesse.  Bfe  rides  out  of 
"Worms  accompanied  by  tlie  imperial 
lierald  and  many  Franconian  knigbts. 
[He  is  secretly  bid  in  the  castle  of  Wart- 
burg.] 

*  *  Melanchthon  publishes  Loci  Catti- 
rmDtes,  his  principal  theological  work 
[which  passes  through  60  editions  in  his 
lifetime,  and  greatly  advances  the  Ref- 
ormation]. 

*  *  Saxonij.  Anabaptists  first  appear  at 
Zwickau. 

*  *  Thomas  Miinzer  [organizer  of  *he 
Anabaptist  movement]  becomes  an  eTan- 
gellcal  preacher. 

1522*  *  Saxony.  XiUther  translates  the 

Xew  Testament  into  the  popular  tongue. 

Mar.  *  Pr.  Saxony.  Luther  leaves  the 
castle  of  Wartburg,  and  appears  before 

his  adherents  at  Wittenberg. 

*  *  Rome.  Adrian  VI.  becomes  pope. 
[He  reigns  13  months.  1523.  Clement 
VII.] 

*  *  The  German  princes,  in  the  absence 
of  the  emperor,  demand  a  free  council, 
and  pass  a  decree  forbidding  further  in- 
novations in  religion  till  the  council 
should  determine  what  ought  to  be 
done. 

1524  *  *  Au8t.    Ferdinand  of  Austria  is 

hostile  to  the  Reformation. 

*  *  The  Reformation  spreads  in  Prussia. 

*  *  The  Emperor  Charles  joins  in  the 
Pope's  demand  for  the  execution  of  the 
decree  of  the  Diet  of  Worms,  which 
the  princes  engaged  to  enforce. 

*  *  The  Reformation  gains  strength 
daily  throughout  all  Europe. 

*  *  The  Sacrament  controversy  dis- 
turbs the  reformers. 

*  *  Luther  prepares  the  G«rman  Cate- 
chism. 

*  *  The  Anabaptists  are  active  in  Thu- 
ringia. 

*  *  Bavaria.  Hans  Kock  and  Iieonard 
Meyster,  the  first  martyrs  of  the  Ref- 
ormation, sutfer  death  at  Augsburg. 

1525  May  5.  Saxony.  Frederick  III., 
the  Wise,  Elector  of  Saxony,  Luther's 
powerful  friend,  dies. 

June  11.  Luther  marries  Katharina 
von  Bora,  an  ex-nun. 

*  *  Brandenburg.  Albert  of  Branden- 
burg, gran<I-master  of  the  Teutonic 
order,  renounces  Catholicism,  embraces 
Lutheranism,  and  is  acknowledged 
duke  of  East  Prussia,  a  fief  of  Poland. 

*  *  Tfiurin/jia.  Thomas  Miinzer  becomes 
preacher  in  Mlihlhausen. 

He  makes  himself  master  of  the  city, 
deposes  the  city  council,  and  introduces 
a  democratic  communistic  form  of  gov- 
ernment.   (See  Army.) 

*  *  Bavaria.  Nuremberg  is  the  first 
Imperial  city  to  accept  the  Reformation. 

1526*  *  Saxmiy.  The  Alliance  of 
Torgau  is  formed  by  the  Protestants. 
(See  State.)' 

June  26- Aug.  27.  Bavaria.  A  diet  is 
held  at  Speyer. 

It  grants  the  German  princes  the  con- 
trol of  religious  matters  in  their  own 
dominions  till  a  general  coimcil  as- 
sembles. 

1527*  *  Michael  Setler.  an  Anabaptist, 
formerly  a  monk,  has  his  tongue  cut 
out,  his  flesh  torn  with  red-hot  pincers, 
and  his  body  finally  burned. 

*  *The  Pope's  war  on  the  emperor 
helps  the  reformers'  cause. 

*  *  King  Ferdinand  declares  death  the 
penalty  for  Anabsptism. 


LETTERS. 

1515*  *  Pr.  Saxony.  Epistolm  Obscuro- 
riim  virorum,  a  collection  of  41  letters 
denouncing  the  ignorance  and  corrup- 
tion of  the  clergy,  the  work  of  Ulrich 
von  Hutten,  Crotus  Rubianus,  and  other 
scholars  of  the  University  of  Erfurt, 
appear.  [1517.  Kpistolm  Obscurorum. 
virorum,  second  part.] 

1517*  *  Martin  Luther's  95  Theses 
against  hululyences  appear.  [1520,  fl  une  * 
Address  to  tlie  Christian  Nobility  of  the 
German  Nation  on  the  Reformation  of 
Christendom :  Oct.  *  The  Babylonian  Cap- 
tivity of  the  Church;  1521,  Passional 
Christi  und  Antichrist;  1522,  Sept.  22, 
translation  of  the  New  Testament ;  1534, 
Old  Testment.\ 

*  *  Hans  Sachs  writes  his  first  carnival 
play. 

*  *  Theuerdank,  by  Melchlor  Pfinzig,  ap- 
pears. 

1517-21  Hutten  writes  JcA  hat* s  geioagt 
mit  Sinnen,  J)ialogi,  and  several  songs 
and  dialogues. 

1520  *  *  Ecciiis  dedolatus,  by  Willibald 
I'irkheimer,  appears. 

1521  *  *  Funfzehn  Bundgenos-ien,  essays 
on  the  Reform  movement,  by  Kberhn 
von  Gunsberg,  appears. 

REVIVAL  OF  LEARNING. 

1522  *  *  The  Great  Lutheran  Fool,  aaatirQ 
on  the  Reformation,  by  Thomas  Murner, 
appears. 

*  *  Jesting  and  Seriousness^  a  collection 
of  medieval  anecdotes,  by  Johannes 
Pauli,  appears. 

1522-23  Luther  writes  Contra  IFenri- 
cum  regem  Anglise,  and  more  than  200 
other  treatises.     [1530,  ^sop's  Fables.] 

1523  *  *  Wittenberg  Nightingale,  a  de- 
fense of  Luther,  by  Hans  Saclis,  appears. 
[1524,  IHalogues  ;  1527,  Lucretia.'] 

1524  *  *  Luther,  in  conjunction  with  his 
friend  Walther,  issues  a  collection  of 
poems  for  choral  singing. 

1526  *  *  Barmria.  Tlie  Gymnasium  ^i- 
dianuni  of  Nuremberg,  the  i)recur8or  of 
Altdorf  University,  is  founded. 

1527  May  30.  f/esse- Nassau.  Mar- 
biu-g  University,  the  first  Protestant 
university  in  Germany,  is  founded 
by  Philip  the  Magnanimous. 

*  *  A  German  translation  of  the  New 
Testament,  by  Hleronymus  Emser,  ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1525  *  *  The  peasantry  revolt  under 
Thomas  Miinzer.    (See  Church.) 

*  *  The  Grand  Master  of  the  Teutonic 
Order  is  made  a  prince  of  the  empire, 
and  the  order  much  weakened. 


STATE. 

1515-1798  Alsace.  Mlihlhausen  is  in 
close  alliance  with  the  Swiss  Confedera- 
tion. [1798.  It  is  annexed  to  the  French 
Republic.  1871.  Annexed  to  Germany, 
with  Alsace-Lorraine.] 

*  *  £a«tem  Friesland  submits  to  the 
emperor. 

1519  Jan.  12.  Aust.  The  Emperor 
Maximilian  I.  dies  at  Wels  ;  Francis  I. 
of  France  and  Charles  I.  of  Spain  become 
competitors  for  the  empire. 

July  29.  Charles,  son  of  the  archduke 
Philip  of  Austria,  and  grandson  of  Max- 
imilian I.  and  Mary,  Duchess  of  Bur- 
gundy, is  elected  emperor. 

1619-56    Charles  V.  reigns. 


1520  Oct.  22.  Rh.Prus.  The  emperor 

visits  Germany  for  the  first  time,  and  ar- 
rives from  Spain  at  Aiz-la-Chapelle 
for  coronation. 

1521  Jan.  28.  Hesae.  The  emperor  at- 
tends the  Diet  at  "Worms. 

[Apr.  28.  The  Diet  opens.  Later, 
Luther  is  condemned.] 

May  8.  The  young  emperor  makes  a 
secret  treaty  with  the  Pope,  agreeing  to 
have  the  same  friends  and  the  same 
enemies. 

*  *  Brandenburg  incorporates  a  large 
part  of  the  possessions  of  the  Teutonic 
Knights. 

*  *  The  archduke  Ferdinand  of  Austria, 
the  emperor's  brother,  marries  Anne, 
sister  of  Louis,  thus  bringing  Bohemia 
and  Hungary  to  the  House  of  Haps- 

burg. 

1522  *  *  Prus.  Franz  von  Sickingen 
becomes  the  head  of  a  league  for  the 

'forcible  introduction  of  the  Reforma- 
tion and  the  overthrow  of  the  bishops 
and  princes. 

1523  *  *  Meclclenbtirg.  The  Landes- 
Union  of  prelates,  nobility,  and  burgh- 
ers is  formed. 

1524  Aug.  24.  Saxony.  The  12  arti- 
cles of  Mlihlhausen  are  drawn  up  by 
Henry  Pfeiffer,  defining  the  rights  of  the 
peasants  as  being  the  true  rights  of  man 
in  a  constitutional  state. 

*  *  Bavaria.  A  Boman  Catholic 
League  is  formed  at  Ratisbon  to  ex- 
terminate Lutheranism, 

*  *  Ferdinand  of  Austria,  entrusted  with 
the  Hapsburg  lands  in  Germany,  at  the 
instigation  of  the  papal  legate  Campeg- 
gio,  enters  an  alliance  to  oppose  the 
religious  changes. 

1525-1618  E.Prus.  Konigsberg  is  the 
residence  of  the  dukes. 

*  *  Aust.  A  popular  uprising  of  the 
peasants  against  the  nobles  occurs  in 
Swabiaand  Franconia;  a  great  struggle 
ends  in  failure. 

Apr.  17.  Baden.  The  treaty  of  Wein- 
g^arten  is  signed  by  the  Steward  of  the 
Swabian  League  with  the  armed  peas- 
ants whose  leaders  are  bribed. 

Sept.  1.  Aust.  The  Salzburg  peasants 
enter  a  compact  with  Cardinal-Arch- 
bishop Lange. 

The  cause  of  the  people  against  the 
princes  is  everywhere  defeated,  and  the 
nobles  are  jubilant. 

*  *  E.  Prus.  Albert  of  Brandenburg, 
Grand-Master  of  tlie  Teutonic  <>rder, 
having  freed  the  land  from  the  suprem- 
acy of  the  Poles,  renoiuices  the  Roman 
Catholic  religion,  embraces  Lutheran- 
ism, and  makes  the  land  a  temporal 
dukedom  for  himself,  to  be  held  as  tief 
of  Poland. 

*  *  Saxony.  John  becomes  elector  of  a 
part  of  Saxony. 

1526  Jan.  14.  Sp.  The  Peace  of 
Madrid  (p.  681). 

*  *  Charles  V.  marries  Isabella  of  Portu- 
gal. 

*  *  Pr.  Saxony.  An  alliance  is  formed 
at  Torgau  by  Saxony,  Hesse,  and  other 
Protestant  powers  against  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church. 

1527-29  The  conoespions  of  the  Peace  of 
Madrid  being  forceti,  and  therefore  in- 
valid, Francis  renews  the  war  with 
Charles  V.    ' 

An  alliance  is  formed  at  Cognac  against 
the  emperor  ;  Francis,  the  Pope,  Venice, 
and  Francisco  Sforza  unite  against  him. 


790    1527,**-1548,** 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1527*  *The  Pope  unites  with  the 
French  and  Venetians  against  Charles 
V. 

1529  ♦  *  The  Turks  invade  Germany 
(p.  510). 

*  *  It.  The  French  army  is  driven  out 
of  Italy  by  the  plague. 

1534  Easter.  Westphalia,  The  Ana- 
baptists, led  by  John  of  Leyden  (Bockel- 
son),  seize  Munster,  and  behead  their 
opponents. 

1535  June  25.  Westphalia.  Miinater 
is  carried  by  storm  after  a  siege  of  14 
months,  by  the  bishop  and  neighboring 
princes;  the  Anabaptists  are  utterly 
defeated. 

*  *  The  emperor  sends  an  expedition 
against  Tunis;  the  city  is  taken,  the 
pirates  subdued,  ^d  the  Christian  slaves 
are  liberated. 

1536-38  It.  The  third  war  between 
the  emperor  and  Francis  I. 

After  the  death  of  Francesco  Sforza  II. 
without  issue,  Francis  1.  claims  the  duchy 
of  Milan,  and  Charles  resists.  Charles  in- 
vades Provence;  and  Francis  enters  Savoy 
and  Piedmont,  and  finds  an  ally  in  Solyman 
II.  the  Turk,  who  appears  in  Hungary,  and 
sends  his  fleets  to  ravage  the  coast  of  Italy; 
it  ends  by  the  truce  of  Nice  (p.  680). 

1541*  *Unsucce8sful  expedition 
against  the  pirates  of  Algiers  (p.  8). 

1542-44  The  fourth  war  between  the 
emperor  and  Francis  I.  Charles  V. 
gathers  an  army  of  32,000  infantry  and 
8,000  cavalry. 

1543  *  *  The  allied  Turkish  and  French 
fleets  bombard  and  pillage  Nice. 

1544*  *Charles  V.  finds  an  ally  in 
Henry  VIII.  of  England,  and  subdues 
the  Duke  of  Cleves. 

*  *  Solyman  invades  Hungary  and  Aus- 
tria as  the  ally  of  France. 

1540+  *  *  War  with  Protestants. 

June  26.  "War  occurs  between  the  em- 
peror and  the  Protestant  princes  united 
in  the  League  of  Schmalkald  ;  its  leaders 
are  John  Frederick,  Elector  of  Saxony, 
and  Philip,  Landgrave  of  Hesse. 

Dec.*  Saxony,    The  Elector  of  Saxony , 

at  the  head  "of  20,000  men,  completes  the 
expulsion  of  the  Imperialists  under  his 
cousin  Maurice. 

*  *  The  allies  conduct  the  war  with  ir- 
resolution in  Northern  Germany,  and 
finally  the  elector  and  landgrave  retire 
each  to  his  own  land. 

*  *  The  emperor  places  a  Spanish  garri- 
son in  the  cities  that  submit. 

*  *  John  Frederick  reconquers  his  elec- 
torate from  Maurice  of  Saxony. 

1547  Apr.  24.  Pr.  Saxony.  Battle  of 
Miihlberg. 

Charles  V.  defeats  the  Protestants, 
and  takes  prisoner  the  Elector  of  Sax- 
ony. 

*  *  Philip  of  Hesse  throws  himself  on 

the  mercy  of  Charles,  and  is  detained  a 
prisoner  in  violation  of  pledges. 

ART  -  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1530±  *  *  Brunswick.  The  spinning- 
wheel  is  invented  by  JUrgem  at  Wolfen- 
buttel. 

*  *  Saxony.  The  first  mineral  system  is 
laid  down  by  Georg  Agrioola. 

1532  *  *  Bavaria.  A  striking  machine 
ram  is  invented  by  Weber  at  Nurem- 
berg. 


1533  *  *  Bavaria.  Brass  is  made  from 
copper  and  zinc  by  Elner  at  Nuremberg. 

1540  *  *  Bavaria.  The  padlock  is  in- 
vented by  Beecher  at  Nuremberg. 

*  *  Prus.  The  first  meridional  instru- 
ment is  invented  by  Copernicus, 

1543  *  *  Ptus.  The  Copemican  sys- 
tem of  astronomy  is  published. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1528  *  *  Andrea,  Jakob,  Lutheran  theol.,  b. 
Purer,  Albert,  painter,  engraver,  A67. 
Lotich,  Peter,  poet,  born. 
1530  •  *  Chytraus,  David  K.,8chol.,  theol.,  b. 
Margaret  of  Austria,  daughter  of  Maximil- 
ian I.  and  Mary  of  Burgundy,  A50. 
1531*  *  tEcolampadius,  Johannes,  reformer, 
A48. 

1532  *  *  Xylander,  Wilhelm,  classical  schol- 
ar, translator,  born. 

1533  »  *  Caseliua,  Johannes,  philol.,  wr.,  b. 
1534*  *Aventinus,  Johannes,   Bavarian 

historian,  A68. 
Camerarius,  Joachim,  botanist,  born. 
Ursinus,  Zachariaa,  el.,  controversialist,  b. 
1535  ♦  *  Agrippa,  Heinrich  C,  physician,  the- 
ologian, writer,  A  49. 
Zasins,  Ulric,  jurist,  A74. 
1536*  *  KnipperdoUing,  Bernhard,fanat.,d. 
Murner,  Thomas,  satirist,  conlrover.,  A61. 

1537  *  *  Clavius,  Christoph,  Jesuit,  math.,  b. 

1538  *  *  Altdorfer,    Albrecht,   painter,   en- 
graver, A  50. 

Faust,  Johann,  necromancer,  A58. 

1540  *  •  Alberti,  Salomon,  anatomist,  born. 
Beham,  Bartholomaus,  painter,  engr.,  A44. 
Scapula,  John,  phQologist,  born. 

1541  *  *  Capito,  Wolfgang  F.,  theologian,  re- 
former, A61. 

Carlstadt,  Andreas,  reformer,  A58. 
Faber,  Johann,   Dominican    monk,  theolo- 
gian, adversary  of  Luther,  A66 
1543*  'Copernicus.     Nicholas,    astrono- 
mer A70. 
Eck,  or  Eckius,  Johann  M.  von,  theol.,  A57. 
Holbein,  Hans,  painter,  A46. 

1545  *  *  Albert,  archbp.  of  Magdeburg,  A56. 
Fischart,  Johann,  satirist,  born. 

1546  *  *  Don  Juan,  or  John,  of  Austria,  gen- 
eral, statesman,  born. 

liUther,  Martin,  leader  German  Reforma- 
tion, A63. 
1647*  *  FrischUn,    Nicoderaus,    philologist, 
poet,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1527*  *  Prus.  The  Reformation  flour- 
ishes. 

1528  Mar.  10.  Aust.  Balthazar  Hub- 
meyer,  Anabaptist,  having  been  taken 
to  Vienna,  is  burned. 

*  *  WUrtemberg.  Leonard  Schooner,  an 
Anabaptist,  formerly  a  barefooted 
monk,  is  beheaded  and  burned  at  Rot- 
tenburg. 

1529  Mar.  13-Apr.  22.  Savaria.  A 
Diet  is  held  at  Speyer. 

The  Catholics,  being  in  the  majority, 
declare  that  the  doctrines  of  Luther 
must  not  be  spread ;  the  minority, 
headed  by  the  Elector  of  Saxony,  the 
Landgrave  of  Hesse,  and  Melanchthon, 
protest  against  this  decision.  [Hence 
they  receive  the  name  PROTES- 
TANTS.] The  r>iet  ordains  the  pun- 
ishment of  death  for  Anabaptists. 
(See  State.) 

Oct.  *  Prus.  Luther  and  Zwingli,  and 
other  Swiss  reformers  who  hold  to  a 
free  interpretation  of  the  Bible,  have  a 
fruitless  conference  for  union  at  Mar- 
burg. 

*  *  Baden.  Louis  Hetzer,  Anabaptist,  is 
beheaded  at  Constance. 

*  *  Hesse.  At  Alzei  350  Anabaptists  are 
executed  as  fast  as  the  executioner  can 
put  them  to  death. 

1530  June  20-No-v.*  Bavaria.  A  Diet 

is  held  at  Augsbtu*g. 

(June  20.)  It  meets  at  the  call  (Apr.  3)  of 
the  emperor  to  hear  the  reasons  advanced 
by  the  reformers  for  breaking  away  from  the 
Catholic  Church.  A  statement  of  their  doc- 
trines, drawn  up  by  Luther,  Melanchtlion, 


and  other  reformers,  and  called  The  (Confes- 
sion of  Augsburg^  is  read  (June  26)  by  Chris- 
tian Bayer  (and  becomes  the  reformers' 
standard  of  doctrine];  the  iMet  breaks  up 
with  the  decision  that  the  Protestants  should 
have  till  the  following  spring  to  consider 
whether  they  should  return  to  the  Catholic 
Church,  or,  being  obstinate,  measures  shall 
betaken  for  their  extermination.  (8ee  State.) 

1531  Feb.  27.  The  Alliance  of 
Schmalkald  is  formed. 

It  is  a  defensive  alliance,  composed  of 
nine  Protestant  princes  and  11  imperial 
cities,  who  unite  for  protection  against 
the  edict  of  Augsburg.  [Later  five  other 
ptinces  and  10  imperial  cities  join  the 
league.] 

*  *  Sicke  Snyde,  an  Anabaptist,  is  be- 
headed. 

Oct.  11.  Swits.  Huldreich  Zwingli 
falls  in  the  battle  of  Kappel. 

1532-35  Westphalia.  The  Anabaptists 
attempt  to  establish  a  theocracy. 

Fanatical  persons  announce  a  commis- 
sion to  set  up  a  holy  empire  on  the 
ruins  of  all  human  institutions,  and  place 
John  Bockhold  a  tailor  of  Leyden,  at 
the  head  of  their  new  commonwealth  in 
the  city  of  Miinster. 

(1534.  Feb.  * )  They  drive  out  of 
Miinster  the  bishop,  Count  Waldeck, 
together  with  all  other  evangelical  or 
Roman  Catholic  opponents. 

(Apr.  *)  Count  Waldeck  lays  siege  to 
the  city. 

(Apr.*)  The  fanatic  Mathieson 
makes  a  sally  from  Miinster  with  30 
followers,  but  is  annihilated. 

(1535.  June  24.)  The  Anabaptists 
surrender  Munster  to  Count  Waldeck. 

(1536.  Jan.  *)  Bockhold  and  other 
Anabaptists  are  cruelly  tortured  and 
executed  at  Miinster. 

1534*  *  Rome.    Faul  III.  becomes  pope. 

1535  *  *  Fr.  John  Calvin  is  exiled  be- 
cause of  his  religion,  and  goes  to  Basel, 
Switzerland.  [  1536-38.  He  abides  in  Ge- 
neva.   1538-41.    He  abides  in  Strasburg.] 

*  *The  emperor  issues  an  edict  against 
the  Anabaptists. 

1536  *  *  The  empire  is  about  equally 
divided  between  Catholics  and  Frotes- 
tants. 

1537  *  *  Menno  Simons,  formerly  a 
Catholic  priest,  becomes  a  teacher  and 
leaderof  the  Anabaptists.  [His  followers 
are  known  as  Mennonites.] 

1539  *  *  Tiaeart  Keynerts   is   put   to 

death  for  sheltering  and  refusing  to  re- 
veal the  hiding-place  of  Menno,  his 
brother. 

1540*  *  Pome.  The  Pope  approves  of 
the  establishment  of  the  Society  or 
Company  of  Jesus  by  Ignatius  Loy- 
ola, who  proposes  the  conversion  of  in- 
fidels and  the  checking  of  Frotestantism. 

±  *  *  A  sect  of  Lutherans  called  Ubiqua- 
rians,  teaching  that  the  natural  body  of 
Christ  is  everywhere,  is  founded  by 
Brentius. 

1541-64  Switz.  John  Calvin  is  head 
of  the  state  in  Geneva,  where  he  intro- 
duces the  Reformation,  from  whence  it 
spreads  to  France  and  Scotland. 

1541  *  *  Bavaria.  A  Diet  is  held  at 
Ratisbon  for  uniting  the  Protestants 
to  the  Chtirch  of  Rome. 

Melanchthon  and  John  Eckius  and 
others  discuss  without  agreement  the  22 
articles  of  faith  drawn  up  by  the  Prot- 
estants. The  emperor  orders  the  con- 
troversy to  be  referred  to  a  general 
council,  the  Protestants  in  the  meantime 
being  allowed  to  retain  their  religion. 


GERMANY. 


1527,**-1548, 


791 


1542  •  •  Sajcony.  The  first  consistory 
for  regulating  ecclesiastical  discipline 
and  worship  in  the  churches  is  estab- 
lished at  Wittenberg. 

1545  Deo.  13-63  •  •  Axist.  The  Coun- 
cil of  Trent  meets  (p.  510). 

1546  Jan.  17.  Saxony.  Martin  Lu- 
ther preaches  his  final  sermon  at  Witten- 
berg. [Feb.  18.  He  dies  at  Eislebeu, 
his  native  town.] 

•  *  Bavaria.  A  second  diet  is  held  at 
Batisbon. 

None  of  the  Protestant  princes  being 
present,  the  Catholic  majority  resolves 
to  abide  by  the  decision  of  the  Council 
of  Trent. 

July  20.  The  Emperor  places  the  Pro- 
testant Confederates  under  the  ban  of 
the  Empire.    [They  declare  war.] 

July  26.  The  Emperor  and  Pope  Paul 
111.  enter  into  a  secret  leag:ue  against 
the  Protestants. 

1547  *  •  Protestantism  is  apparently 
ruined  by  the  success  of  Charles  V. 

1548  May  15.  Bavaria.  The  Interim 
of  Augsburg. 

A  compromise  composed  of  26  articles 
of  faith,  for  uniting  the  Catholics  and 
Protestants,  is  drawn  up  by  order  of  the 
Emperor.  [It  is  rejected  by  both  parties.] 

LETTERS. 


1527  *  *  Fables,  in  imitation  of  ^sop,  by 
liurkard  Waldis,  appears.  [1548,  .JSsop's 
Fables.] 

1528  »  *  Proverbs,  by  .Tohann  Agricola, 
appears.    [1537,  Johann  Huss.] 

1531  *  *  A  Universal  History,  by  Sebas- 
tian Franck,  appears.  [1532,  Proverbs; 
l'>34,  A  History  of  the  People  of  Ger- 
many.] 

1532  *  *  Susanna,  by  Sixt  Birck,  appears. 

1533-39  Fiershras,  Haimotiskinder,  Kai- 
ser Octavianus,  Dieschone  Magelone,  and 
Hitter  Gnlmy,  appear ;  they  are  among 
the  first  German  novels. 

1534  *  •  A  translation  of  the  Bible,  by 
Johann  Dietenberger,  appears. 

1537  *  *  A  transljvtion  of  the  Bible,  by 
Johann  Eck,  appears. 

1538  *  »  Pammachlus.  bv  Thomas  Nao- 
georg.  appears.  [15W,  'Mercatar;  1541, 
Iiicendia:  1.M3,  Hemanus ;  1551,  Hiere- 
mias;  15&2,  Jiuias  Iscariotes.] 

1540  ♦  *  Verlorner  Sohn,  by  Jorg  TViek- 
ram,  appears.  [1550,  Tobias;  1.551,  Oa- 
briotto  unit  Remhard:  15.54,  Knabenspieqel 
and  Goldfaden :  1,555,  Rotlwoflenbuchlein; 
1656,  Gitte  und  bose  Nachbahi.] 

1543*  *  Bavaria.  Copernicus  publishes 
atNuremberg  his  Itevolutionofthe  Heav- 
enly Bodies,  and  revives  the'  true  doc- 
trine of  the  planetary  bodies,  and  lays 
the  foundation  of  modern  astronomy. 

1544    Aug.  17.    E.  Prus.    The  Lu- 
theran University  of  Kbnigsberg  is 
founded    by  Albert   III.,  Margrave  of    1532-47 
Brandenburg. 

•  "  Hofteufel,   by  Johann  Chryseus 
pears. 


STATE. 

1529  Mar.  13+.  Bavaria.  The  second 
Diet  of  Speyer  meets  for  the  settlement 
of  the  disturbances  of  the  Empire. 

The  recent  victories  of  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.  in  Italy  and  Ferdinand  [the 
King  of  the  Romans]  make  the  Catholic 
party  more  aggressive,  and  decide  on  a 
more  strict  execution  of  the  decree  of 
the  Diet  of  Worms. 

(Ai'tt.  19.)  The  minority  in  the  Diet 
of  Speyer  favoring  the  Reformation  — 
the  Elector  of  Saxony,  the  princes  of 
Hesse,  Liineberg,  Anbalt,  Brandenburg, 
and  14  imperial  cities  —  present  a  pro- 
test.   (See  Church.) 

Aug.  5.    Fr.    The  Peace  of  Cambrai. 

(p.  681). 
1529-32    "War  with  the  Turks. 

The  Hungarians  are  divided  into  two 
parties,  each  seeking  the  vacant  king- 
ship, one  under  Ferdinand,  brother  of 
the  emperor,  and  the  other  under  John 
Zapolya,  who  is  aided  by  the  Turks. 

1530  < 
emperor  at  Bologna  by  the  Pope ;  the 
last  of  the  German  emperors  crowned  by 
the  pontiff. 

Aug.  7.  Bavaria.  Diet  of  Augsburg. 
The  Landgrave  of  Hesse  leaves  the 
Diet  of  Augsburg  after  the  emperor  has 
demanded  submission  and  threatened 
the  Protestants,  to  prepare  for  defense. 
[The  Catholic  party  assumes  a  gentler 
tone.] 

(Sept.  23.)  The  Protestant  princes 
declare  that  they  cannot  conform  to 
the  emperor's  demand,  as  it  is  contrary 
to  their  consciences ;  they  leave  the  city 
at  noon  :  their  representatives  remain. 

(Oct.  17.)  Sixteen  free  cities  have  now 
united  in  a  refusal  to  pay  the  "  Turk- 
ish tax"  unless  they  are  assured  of  a 
general  peace  in  their  own  country. 

(Nov.  11.)  The  decision  of  the  Diet 
is  again  read  to  the  members ;  the  Prot- 
estants object  that  the  emperor  has  no 
right  to  give  orders  in  matters  of  faith, 
and  leave  the  city. 

(Nov.  19.)    The  decision  of  the  Diet    _  ,     ^ 
against  Protestants  is  proclaimed ;  the    "  uJy  4, 


1534  *  *  Tlie  Protestants  consent  to  rec- 
ognize Ferdinand  as  King  of  the  Ro- 
mans on  condition  that  lie  renounces  his 
claim  on  Wiirtemberg,  which  had  been 
given  him  by  the  emperor. 

1535  *  *  Brandenburg.  Joachim  II.  be- 
comes margrave. 

1536+ *  *  Difficulty  with  France.  (See 
Army.) 

1538  June  18.  Fr.  The  Council  of 
Nice  assembles. 

The  Pope,  emperor,  and  King  of  France 
meet.  Peace  is  concluded  for  10  years 
on  the  basis  of  present  possession. 

1539  *  *  Saxony.  Henry  becomes  elec- 
tor of  a  part  of  Saxony.  [1541.  Mau- 
rice.] 

1542*  *-44*  *The  fourth  war  be- 
tween the  emperor  and  Francis  I.  occurs. 
It  is  caused  by  the  investiture  of  Phil- 
ip, son  of  Charles,  with  Milan  ;  its  pre- 
text is  the  killing  at  Milan  of  two  secret 
agents  sent  there  by  Francis  to  Solyman 
the  Turk,  who,  with  the  Duke  of  Cleves, 
becomes  the  ally  of  the  French. 

*  It.    Charles    V.    is   crowned    1544    Sept.  18.    The  Peace  of  Crespy. 

The  difliculty  between  the  emperor 
and  Francis  is  settled  by  the  proposed 
marriage  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans  to  a 
princess  of  the  imperial  family,  who  will 
receive  Milan.  [T'he  duke  dies,  and  the 
emperor  retains  Milan,  but  gives  it  nom- 
inally to  his  son  Philip  as  a  fief.]   (P.  681.) 

*  A  truce  of  five  years  is  signed  with 
the  Turks,  and  the  emperor  turns  towards 
the  Protestants. 


Diet  adjourns. 
1531     Feb.  27.     Hesse-lSTassau.     Nine 
Protestant  princes  and  II  imperial  cities 
enter  the  Leagrue  of  Schmalkald. 


•  *  The  emperor  prepares  for  a  struggle 
with  Francis  I.  in  Italy. 

The-crown  of  France  disputes  with  the 
House  of  Hapsburg  for  possession  of 
Milan,  Piedmont,  Naples,  Flanders,  and 
Artois. 

1546.  June  17.  The  emperor  gives  as- 
surance that  he  does  not  aim  at  a  reli- 
gious war. 

June  26.  The  emperor  makes  an  alli- 
ance with  Pope  Paul  for  a  religious  war. 
He  pledges  himself  to  compel  the 
submission  of  the  Protestant  princes 
to  the  Holy  See,  the  Pope  having  prom- 
ised 200,000  scudi  for  the  expenses  of  the 
war,  and  12,000  foot  and  500  horse. 

Itome.  The  Pope  astonishes 
the  Protestants  by  announcing  his  alli- 
ance with  the  emperor  (June  26)  for  a 
new  crusade  to  extirpate  heresy. 

July  20.  Charles  places  the  Protestant 
leaders  under  the  ban  of  the  empire, 


It  is  a  defensive  alliance  against  the    July  29.    Home.    The  Pope  announces  a 


emperor  for  nine  years  i  n  his  attack  upon 
religion.  [Later  five  other  princes  join, 
also  10  other  imperial  cities.] 

The  Elector  of  Saxony  and  the  Land- 
grave of  Hesse  are  appointed  its  chiefs. 


ap- 


SOCIETY. 

1529  •  »  The  sweating  sickness  afflicts 
North  Germany. 

*  •  •  The  Levelers  appear. 

They  are  fanatics  headed  hy  Muncer 
and  Storck,  who  teach  that  all  distinc- 
tions of  rank  are  usurpations  on  the 
rights  of  mankind.  Muncer,  with  a 
force  of  40,000  men,  commands  the  sov- 
ereign princes  of  Germany  and  the 
magistrates  of  cities  to  resign  their 
autliority. 


•  The  Emperor  causes  his  brother  Ferdi- 
nand of  Austria  to  be  elected  King  of 
the  Homans,  and  to  be  crowned  at 
Aachen  [Aix-la-Chapelle] ;  the  Elector 
of  Saxony  protests  in  the  name  of  the 
Protestants. 

Saxony.     John  Frederick 
*'  The  Magnanimous  "  is  duke. 

He  is  defeated  in  the  Schmalkald  war, 
and  captured  by  the  emperor  Charles  V., 
who  compels  him  to  sign  the  capitulation 
of  Wittenberg,  by  which  the  electorate 
and  various  territories  are  transferred 
to  Maurice,  of  the  Albertine  line. 

July  23.    Jiavaria,    The  religious  Peace 
of  Nuremberg  is  signed. 

The  Turks  and  their  French  allies 
threatening  war,  it  is  deemed  prudent 
to  revoke  tlie  edict  of  Augsburg,  sus- 
pend all  processes,  and  permit  freedom 
of  worship  to  the  Protestants,  until  the 
meeting  of  a  new  council  to  be  held 
within  a  year. 


sentence  of  outlawry  against  the  Protes- 
tant leaders,  —  the  Elector  of  Saxony 
and  the  ljandg:rave  of  Hesse.  [The 
Protestants  prepare  for  war.] 

1547  *  •  Altenburg  is  assigned  to  the 
Ernestine  line  of  the  House  of  Saxony. 

*  *  Bavaria.  The  emperor  holds  a  Diet  at 
Augsburg. 

1548  Mar.  15.  Bavaria.  Charles  V. 
publishes  an  imperial  decree  from  Augs- 
burg, "  how  religion  and  church  prop- 
erty were  to  be  treated  till  the  decision 
of  a  general  council" —  called  the  In- 
terim Law.  [It  is  disregarded  by  most 
of  the  Protestant  princes.] 

*  *  Saxony.  Duke  Maurice  of  the  Al- 
bertine line  is  made  elector  in  place  of 
John  Frederick  the  Protestant ;  he  sus- 
tains the  emperor ;  the  Ernestine  line 
retains  Weimar,  Jena,  Eisenach  Gotha, 
etc. 

*  *  Even  the  Catholic  princes  are  alarmed 
at  the  success  and  domination  of 
Charles  V. 

*  •  Pr.  Saxony.  Magdeburg  is  placed 
under  the  ban  of  the  empire. 

*  *  Saxony.  Dresden  becomes  the  capi- 
tal. 


792    1549,**-1612,**. 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

166G-51  Pr.  Saxony.  Magdeburg  is 
besieged  and  takeu  by  Maurice  of  Sax- 
ony. 

1552-56  Fr.  "War  between  Henry  II. 
of  France  and  tbe  emperor. 

*  *  Maurice  of  Saxony  witb  an  army 

suddenly  marches  southward,  captures 
Augshurg,  is  repelled  at  Ulin,  hastens  to 
Allgau,  defeats  Imperialists  posted  at 
Keiti,  and  forces  the  Pass  of  Ehrenberg, 
opening  the  road  to  Innsbruck,  nearly 
captures  the  emperor,  who  flees  secretly 
in  disguise. 

Oct.  31-53  Jan.  15.  Lorraine.  Metz 
is  suc(!e8sf  uUy  defended  by  the  Buke  of 
Guise  (p.  G82). 

1553  July  9.  I'rus.  Maurice  of  Sax- 
ony defeats  the  predatory  Albert, 
Margrave  of  Hr;uuienburg-Oulmbach,at 
Sievershausen,  but  is  mortally  wounded. 
[Henry,  Duke  of  Brunswick,  continues 
tbe  war.] 

Oct.  18    Fr.    Terouanne  surrenders  to 

the  Imperialists  after  a  siege. 

1560  *  *  Hang.  Constant  war  prevails. 
[15&4.  King  Ferdinand  is  finally  forced 
to  abandon  Hungary  in  great  part  to  tbe 
Turks.     1566.    A  truce.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE." 

1550  *  *  Bavaria.  The  sextant,  con- 
taining 60  degrees  of  the  sixth  part  of  a 
circle,  is  invented  by  Tycbo  Brahe  at 
Augsburg. 

*  *  Saxony.    The  madder  is  cultivated. 
1557  *  *  Saxony.     The  first  treatise  on 

the  art  of  surveying  is  published  by 
Agricola. 

1560  *  *  liavaria.  A  press  for  stamp- 
ing leather  is  invented  by  Hans  J^ob- 
singer  at  Nuremberg;  also  an  air-gun. 

16tk  Century^  Germany  is  visited  by  a 
band  of  English  comedians,  who 
travel  about,  acting  in  their  own  lan- 
guage. 

1561*  Hesse-Nassau.  The  first  observa- 
tory is  established  at  Cassel. 

1565  *  *  Veneer-mills  are  invented  by 
Keener  at  Augsburg. 

1580  *  *  Saxony.  Serpentine  is  first 
worked  by  Hrendel. 

1594  *  *  Aust.  Johann  Kepler  studies 
the  planets. 

1597  *  *  Bohemia.    Kepler  joins  Tycho. 
1598*  *  Aust.     Kepler  first  satisfactorily 
explains  the  theory  of  the  tides. 

1599  *  *  Aust.  Kepler's  Rudolphine 
tables  are  begun. 

1602  *  *  Hesse.  The  measuring-com- 
pass is  invented  by  Jost  Bing. 

1603  *  *  liavaria.  The  pantagraph,  an 
instrument  for  cojtying,  reducing,  or  en- 
larging plans,  is  invented  by  Christopher 
Scheiner. 

*  *  The  areometer  is  used  for  determin- 
ing the  density  of  cold  water. 

1609  *  *  Kepler's  first  two  laws  con- 
cerning planetary  motions  appear.  [1618. 
Bohemia.    Kepler's  third  law.] 

1611  *  *  Bohemia.  Kepler  makes  a  tele- 
scope. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1660  ♦  •  Baldung,  Hans,  artist,  A80. 
Beliam,  Hans  S.,  enfiraver,  A50. 
Fagius,  Paul,  reformer,  A46. 

1561  *  *  Apian,  Pet^r,  matli.,  astron.,  A56. 
Biicer,  Martin,  reformer,  A  60. 

1563  ♦  *  Cochlaus,  Johann,  K.  C.  theol.,  A73. 
Gaultier,  Leonbarti,  engraver,  born. 
Oslander,  Andreas,  reformer,  A54. 
Kudolph  II.,  euiperor,  boru. 


1553  *  *  ARTicola,  Georji,  mlneraloKist,  A63. 
Alber,  Erasmus,  preacher,  jjoet,  dies. 
Cranacb,  or  Krauacli,  Lucas  von,  painter, 

engraver,  A81. 
Maurice,  Klector  of  Saxony,  A32. 

1555  *  *  Arnd,  Johann,  Lutberan  cl.,  an.,  b. 

1556  *  *  Calvisiua,  Sethus,  cbronologist,  b. 
Krledland,  Valentin,  eilucator,  A66. 
Pellican,  Conrad,  scholar,  reformer,  Bilili- 

cal  critic,  A78. 
Sleidan,  Johann,  historian,  A50. 
1558*  *  liugenliaj!en,Johaim, reformer,  A73. 
Charles  I.  (V.).  K.  of  Spain,  Emp.  Get.,  A58. 
1659*  *  Aurifaber,   Andreas  G.,  physician, 
teacher,  A47. 
Burgkniair,  Hans,  painter,  A86. 
Tilly.  Count  of,  Johann  Tserclaes,  gen.,  b. 

1560  *  *  Albertinus,  jEgidius.  satirist,  born. 
Aquila,  Casper,  theologian,  A71. 

Lotich,  I'eter,  jKM^t,  A32. 
Melanchthon,  Philip,  reformer,  A63. 
S<:hwen<ikfeld,  Kaspar,  religionist,  A70. 

1561  *  *  Menno  Simons,  reformer,  foundei 
Mennonites,  A65. 

1562*  *  IJerlichingen,Gotz,  or  Gottfried  von, 

soldier,  A82. 
1564  *  *  AUhammer,  Andreas,  reformer,  A66. 
Buxtorf,  Johann,  Hebraist,  born. 
Ferdinand  1.,  emperor,  A61. 
1565*  *  Amsdorf,  Nikolaus  von,  reformer, 

A82. 
1566*  *  Agricola,  Joliann,  reformer,  founder 
of  Antinomians,  A76. 
Fuchs,  or  Fuchsius,  Leonhard  von,  hot.,  A65. 
Sigismnnd  111.,  King  of  Poland,  born. 

1567  •  *  Acidalius,  Valens,  scliolar,  born. 

1568  *  *  Albert,  first  I>uke  of  Prussia,  A78. 
Aurifaber,  Johann,  Lutheran  ci.,  A5l. 
Christian,  Prince  of  Anhalt-Bernburg,  gen- 
eral, born. 

1569  *  *  El)er,  Paul,  cl.,  Hebraist,  A58. 
Vorstius,  Conrad,  cl.,  controversialist,  born. 

1571  *  *  Kepler.  Johann.  astronomer,  born. 

Prretorius,  Michael,  composer,  born. 
1573  *  *  Bayer,  Johann,  pul.  ora.,  astron.,  b. 
1674*  *  Camerarius,    Joachim,    classical 
scholar,  A74. 

Elsheimer,  Adam,  painter,  born. 

Gonthier,  Johann,  pliysician,  Hellenist,  A87. 
1675*  *  Aurifaber,  Johann,  cl.,  era.,  ed.,  A66. 

Bohme,  or  Bohm,  Jakob,  mystic,  born. 

Fatier,  Basil,  scholar,  A55. 

Flaeiua  Matthias  (Illyricus),  theol.,  A55. 
1576  *  *  Maximilian  II.,  emperor,  A49. 

Sachs,  Hans,  shoemaker,  poet,  A82. 

Scioppius,  Caspar,  scliolar,  born. 

Xylander,  Wilhelm,  class,  scliol.,  trans.,  A44. 
1577*  »  Ferdinand  of   Bavaria,  archbishop 
of    Cologne,   prince-bishop   of    Li6ge  and 
Munster,  born. 

Kirsten,  Peter,  physician,  orientalist,  born. 

Vossius,  or  Voss,  Gerard  .1.,  philol.,  au.,  b. 

1678  *   *  Don  Juan,  or  John  of  Austria,  gen- 
eral, statesman,  A  32. 

Ferdinand  II.,  emperor,  born. 

1679  •  *  Kilian,  Lucas,  engraver,  born. 
Ludwig,  Prince  of  Anbalt-Coethen,  classical 

scholar,  soldier,  born. 

1580  *  *  Cluver,  Philijip,  linguist,  geog.,  b. 

1581  *  *  Arnheim,  Johann  G.  von,  diploma- 
tist, general,  born, 

Helvieus,  Christopher,  ptiilol.,  chronolo.,  b. 
1583*  *  Alting,   Heinrich,  Calvinistic   theo- 
logical writer,  born. 

LufEt,  Hans,  iirinter,  bookseller,  A88. 

T'rsinus,  Zacharias,  cl.,  controversialist,  A49, 

WallenBtein.  Count  of,  Albrecht  Eusebius 
von,  general,  born. 

1585  *  *  Mansfeld,  Count.  Ernest,  gen.,  b. 

1586  *  *  Andrea,  Johann  von,  satirist,  burn. 
Caliitus,  (Jeorgius,  Lutberan  cler..  au.,  b. 
Chemnitz,  Martin,  theologian,  A64. 

1587  *  *  Jung,  Joachim,  philosopher,  born. 
Heinesius,  Thomas,  physician,  philologist,  b. 

1588  *  *  Alsted,  Johann  H.,  author,  born. 
1589*  *  Sturm,   Johann,   classical  scholar, 

teacher,  A  82. 
1590  *  ♦  Andrea,  Jakob,  Luth.  theol.,  A62. 

Fischart,  Johann,  satirist,  A45. 

Friscblin,  Nicodemus,  philol.,  poet,  A43. 
1595  *  *  Acidalius,  Valens,  scholar,  A28. 

Carpzov,  Benedict,  jurist,  author,  born. 

Scultetus,  Johannes,  surgeon,  born. 

1597  *  *  OpitE,  Martin,  poet,  born. 

1598  *  *  Camerarius,  Joachim,  botanist.  A64. 
Ortelius.  or  Oertel- Abraham,  geog.,  A7i. 

1599  *  •  Buxtorf,  .Johann,  Hebraist,  born. 
Olearius,  or  Olschlager,  Adam,  orientalist,  b. 

1600  *  ♦  Alberti,  Salomon,  anatomist,  A60. 
Busembaum,  Hermann,  Jesuit,  author,  born. 
Chvtraus,  David  K..  scholar,  theol.,  A70. 
Galen,  Cliristopher  B.  von,  prince-bishop  of 

Miinster,  general,  born. 

Scapula,  John,  philologist,  ABO. 
1602  *  *  Berg,  Joachim  von,  philan.,  A76. 

Guericke,  Otto  von,  natural  philosopher.  In- 
ventor of  air-pump,  born. 

KuTcher,  Athanasius,  Egyptologist,  phil.,  b. 


1605  *  •  Balde,  Jakob,  Jesuit,  poet,  liorn. 
1604*   *  Bernhard,  duke    of    Saxe-Weimar, 

general,  born. 
Glauber,  Johann  K.,  chemist,  born. 

1 606  *  *  Ayrer,  or  Eyer,  Jacob,  dram,  poet,  d. 
1606  *  *  Gerhardt,  Paul,  clergyman,  poet,  b. 
ie07*  *  Hollar,  Wencelaus,  engraver,  born. 

1608  *  *  Friensheim,  Johann,  scholar,  born. 

1609  *  *  Flemming,  Paul,  poet,  born. 

1610  *  *  Schneider,  Conrad,  anatomist,  bom. 

161 1  •  *  Hevelius,  Johannes,  astronomer,  b. 
1613  *  *  Calov,  Abraliani,  Lutheran  cl.,  born. 

Clavius,  Christoph,  Jesuit,  math.,  A75. 
Dietrich,  Johann  C,  philol.,  historian,  born. 
Rudolph  II..  emperor,  AGO. 
Zwicker,  l>aniel,  syncretist,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1550  *  *  Borne.    Julius  111.  is  pope. 

[1555,  MarceUuB  II.;  15S9,  Piua  IV. ;  1566, 
Pius  V.J 

1552  July  31.  Bavaria.  The  Peace 
of  Passau  (p.  510). 

1555  Sept.  25.  Bavaria.  The  Eeli- 
gious  Peace  of  Aug^sburg  is  agreed,  to 
by  the  Catholics  and  Lutherans. 

All  accepting  the  Augsburg  Confession 
are  declared  exempt  from  the  jurisdi*;- 
tion  of  the  Holy  See,  and  guaranteed 
equal  rights  in  everything  with  the 
Catholics. 

1556*  *  Lippe.     Bernard   VUI.,  who 

styles  himself  Count  of  Li|)pe,  embraces 
the  tenets  of  the  lieforniation. 

1564  *  *  The  emperor  favors  the  with- 
drawal of  the  state  from  religious  dis- 
putes, and  Protestantism  flourishes. 

*  *  New  quarrels  occur  over  the  ecclesi- 
astical reservation. 

1571*  *  Atist.  Maximilian  grants  liberty 
of  conscience  to  his  subjects. 

1572  *  *  Jiome.    Gregory  XIII.  is  pope. 
[1585,  Sixtus  v.;  be  displays  activity,  and 
corrects  abuses  in  the  church.    15!)0, 1'rban 
VIL;    Gregory  XIV.;    I59I,    Innocent    IX. 
reigns  two    months;    1592,  Clement  VIIL;  , 
1605,  Leo  XL  reigns  25  days;  later  I'aul  V.  ; 
(Borghese).] 

1576  *  *  The  Jesuits  gain   ascendancy 

over  the  new  emperor. 

1576-1612  An  anti-Protestant  reac- 
tion occurs  as  the  successful  result  of 
the  labors  of  the  Jesuits. 

1578*  *  The  concessions  made  to  Prot- 
estants are  revoked  by  the  throne. 

1585  *  *  Jik.  Prus.  The  electorate  of 
Treves  becomes  subject  to  the  arch- 
bishop. 

1594*  *  Wiirtemberg,  Protestants 
unite  in  a  defensive  league  at  Heilbronn. 

1608  May  4.    The  Protestant  Union. 

(See  State.) 

1609  *  *  The  Bohemians  receive  reli- 
gious Uberty.    (See  State.) 

*  *  The  Catholic  Ijeague.    (See  State.) 

LETTERS. 

1549  *  *  Grobianvs,  by  Friedrich  Pedo- 
kind,  appears. 

1550  *  *  Bavaria.  The  Koyal  Xjibrarjr 
is  founded  at  Munich  by  Albert  III. 

1555  *  *  The  History  of  the  Reformation 
and  of  Charles  V.,  by  Johannes  Sleida- 
uus,  appears. 

1556  *  *  Carriage- Book,  by  Jacob  Frey, 
appears. 

*  *  Menno  Simons,  founder  of  the  Men- 
nonites, publishes  his  True  Christian 
Belief. 

1557  *  •  Jotimey-Shortener,  by  Monta- 
nus,  appears. 

*  *  Humen-Seufrid,  a  tragedy,  by  Hans 
Sachs,  appears. 


GERMANY. 


1549,**-1612,' 


793 


1558  Feb.  2.  Saxe-lVeimar- Eisenach. 
The  Lutheran  University  of  Jena, 
founded  by  John  Frederick  the  Magnan- 
imous, Elector  of  Saxony,  is  opened. 

1559  *  *  Nachtbuchlein,  by  Valentino 
Schumann,  appears. 

1561  Sept.  27.  E.  Prus,  King  Sigis- 
niund  of  Poland  gives  a  charter  to  the 
University  of  Kdnigsberg,  aa  both  the 
imperial  and  papal  sanction  are  with- 
held. 

1563  *  *  Cheer  for  Low  Spirits,  by  Kercli- 
hof ,  appears. 

1566  *  *  Life  of  Luther,  by  Johann  Ma^ 
thesiua,  appears. 

*  *  Specul iim  vitxaulirse  (ReinekeYuaha), 
by  Hermann  Schopper,  appears. 

1572*  *A  version  of  Till  Eulenxpiegel, 
by  Johann  Fischart,  appears ;  also,  The 
Grandmother  of  all  Prognostication,  a 
satire  on  prophetical  calendars.  [1573, 
Fl'dhhatz  (Flea-hunt) ;  1575,  History  of 
Ganjantua;  1576,  Fortunate  Ship;  1577, 
Book  of  Comfort  in  Gout  and  Susanna; 

1578,  Marriage-Book ;  1579,  Beehive ;  1580, 
Jesuit  Nat.] 

1576  Mays.  Brunswick.  The  Lu- 
theran University  of  Helmstadt  re- 
ceives its  charter  from  Maximilian  II. 

*  *  Bavaria.  The  Gjrmnasium  ^gidi- 
anum  of  Nuremberg  is  i-emoveil  to  Alt- 
dorf,  and  is  the  nucleus  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Altdorf . 

1576  *  *  lieheoca,  by  Nicodemns  Frisch- 
lin,  appears.  [1578,  Priscianus  vapulaus ; 

1579,  Hildegardis  magna  and  Fraii  Wen- 
delgard;  1580,  Phasma;  1584,  Julius  re- 
divivus.] 

1578  *  *  *  Hans  Sachs,  poet,  dramatist, 
novelist,  miscellaneous  writer,  dies  ;  his 
works  number  more  than  6,000. 

*  *  A  Grammar  of  the  German  Language, 
by  Johannes  Clajus,  appears. 

*  *  Bavaria.  The  University  of  Altdorf 
receives  its  charter  from  the  emperor 
Rudolph  II.     [1580.     Opened.] 

1589  *  *  Pr.  Saxony.  John  E.  Avenar's 
JHctionarium  Hettraicum.  appears  at  Wit- 
tenberg, 

1595  *  *  Froschmauseler,  by  Georg  Rol- 
lenhagen,  appears. 

1596  *  *  Mysterium  cosmographicum,  by 
Johann  Kepler,  appears. 

1605-12  On  True  Christianity  and  Das 
Paradies-Garttein  voU  chHstlicher  Tu- 
genden,  by  Johann  Arnd,    appear. 

1607  May  19.  Hesse.  The  Univer- 
sity of  Giessen  receives  its  charter  from 
the  emperor, 

*  *  Ganskonig,  by  Wolfhart  Spangenberg, 

appears. 

1609  *  *  Antronomia  Nova,  by  Kepler,  ap- 
pears.    [1611,  JJioptrice.] 

1612  *  *  Aurora,  or  the  Morning  Redness, 
by  Jacob  Boehme,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1563  *  *  Bavaria.  The  imperial  knight, 
Wilhelm  Grumbach,  has  a  feud  with 
the  Bishop  of  Wiirzbnrg,  and  plunders 
the  city.  [15G4.  Grumbach  is  pro- 
tected by  John  Frederick,  Duke  of 
Saxony.    1567.    He  is  cruelly  executed.] 


STATE. 

1550  »  *  Bavaria.    Albert  III.  becomes 
duke. 

*  *  Wiirtemberg.     Christopher   the   Pa- 
cific becomes  duke. 

1551  Oct.  1.    HesMC.    The  Treaty  of 
Friedewald. 


It  Is  secretly  agreed  to  by  Henry  II.  of 
France,  the  League  of  Schinalkald,  and 
Maurice  of  Saxony,  whereby  an  alliance  is 
formed  against  the  emperor ;  nominally  to 
release  I'hiUp,  Landgrave  of  Hesse,  really  to 
advance  German  Ubertiea  and  the  Protestant 
rehgion. 

1552  July  16.  Bavaria.  The  Treaty 
of  Fassau. 

It  is  signed  by  King  Ferdinand  for  the 
empire,  with  Maurice  of  Saxony  and  the 
other  five  electors  ;  it  grants  freedom  of 
religion  to  the  Lutherans  until  the  next 
Diet. 

1553  Mar.  3.  Saxony.  Duke  Mau- 
rice dies.    [Augustus  becomes  elector.] 

*  *  Predatory  nobles  disturb  the  peace, 
and  create  wild  disorder. 

1555  Sept.  25.  The  religious  peace 
of  Augsburg  is  established.  (See 
Church.) 

Oct,±  *  Charles  V.,  made  despondent  by 
ill-success,  resolves  to  abdicate  his 
two  thrones,  Germany  and  Spain,  giv- 
ing the  former  to  his  brother  Ferdi- 
nand [later  King  of  Hungary  and  Bohe- 
mia], and  the  latter  to  his  son  Philip. 

Qpt.  25.  Brussels.  Charles  V,  resigns 
the  Netherlands  to  his  son  Philip. 
[1556.  Jan.  *  He  cedes  to  Philip  the 
kingdoms  of  Spain  and  Naples.] 

1556  Aug.  27.  Charles  V.  signs  a 
deed  resigning  the  German  Empire  to 
his  brother. 

Sept.  7.  The  abdication  of  Charles  V. 
is  announced  to  the  estates. 

Oct.±  The  ex-emperor  resolves  to  retire 
to  a  monastery. 

1556-64    Ferdinand  I.  reigns. 

The  Hapsburg  lands  go  with  the  impe- 
rial dignity  ;  but  the  crowii  of  Spain  and 
the  colonies  —  Naples,  Milan,  Franche 
Comte,  and  the  Netherlands  —  go  to 
Philip,  son  of  Charles  V. 

*  *  Coronation  by  the  Pope  is  relinquished 
by  the  emperor. 

1557  Feb.  27.  Sp.  The  ex-Emperor 
Charles  V,  enters  the  monastery  of  St. 
Justus,  not  as  a  monk,  but  as  a  private 
individual,  with  only  i2  domestics. 

1558  Feb.  25.  Hesse-Nassau.  The 
electors  at  Frankfort  formally  transfer 
the  imperial  dignity  to  Ferdinand  I. 

Sept.  21.  Sp.  Charles  V.,  ex-empe- 
ror, dies. 

*  *  Hung.  Ferdinand  is  confirmed  (p. 
511). 

1559  *  *  Hohtein.    The  Ditmarsh  men 

submit  to  the  rule  of  the  King  of  Den- 
mark. 

1562  *  *  Maximilian  II.  is  elected  King 
of  the  Romans.  [1563.  King  of  Hun- 
gary.] 

1563 1*  *  Bavaria.  The  imperial  knight 
Grumbach  is  under  the  ban  of  the  em- 
pire for  plimdering  "Wiirzburg. 

1564    July  25.    Ferdi  nand  I.  dies. 

[Succeeded  by  his  son.]     (I*.  511.) 

*  *  Maximilian  H.,  King  of  Hungary 
and  Bohemia  and  the  Komans,is  elected 
emperor. 

1564-76    Maximilian  H.  reigns. 

1566  *  *  A  truce  is  entered  with  the 
Turks  ;  Selim  II.  and  the  emperor  agree 
that  ea<'h  shall  retain  his  possessions. 

1567  *  *  Hesse  is  divided  into  Hesse- 
Cassel  and  Hesse^Darmstadt. 


1568*  *  Wiirtemberg.  Louis  "The  Pi- 
ous" becomes  duke. 

*  *  Brujiswick.  Julius  becomes  duke  of 
Brunswick-Wolf  enbiittel. 

1571*  *  Brandenburg.    John-George 

becomes  elector. 

1576  Oct.  12.  Maximilian  II.  dies. 
[He  is  succeeded  by  his  son  Kudolph.] 

Oct.  *  Rudolph  H.,  King  of  Bohemia 

and  Hungary,  is  elected  emperor. 

1576-1612    Rudolph  II.  reigns. 

1579*  *  Bavaria.  "William  H.  becomes 
duke. 

*  *  *  The  princes  disregard  imperial  au- 
thority, and  war  among  themselves. 

1586  *  *  Saxony.  Christian  I.  becqmes 
elector. 

1589*  *  Brunsirick.  Henry  Julius  be- 
comes duke  of  Bruiiswick-Wolfenbiittel. 

1591  *  *  Saxony.  Christian  H.  becomes 
elector. 

1593  *  *  Wiirtemberg.  Frederick  I.  be- 
comes duke. 

1594*  *  Prus.  The  dukedom  of  Prussia 
is  annexed  to  the  electorate  of  Bran- 
denburg. 

1596*  *  Bavaria.  Maximilian  the 
Great  becomes  duke. 

1597  *  *  Hesse-Homburg  is  separated 
from  Hesse-Darmstadt,  and  established 
as  a  landgraviate. 

1598  *  *  Brandenburg.  Joachim-Fred- 
erick becomes  margrave. 

1603-72  Altenburg  is  an  independent 
state. 

1606*  *  Baden.    Mannheim  is  founded. 

1608  May  4.  The  first  meeting  of  the 
princes  is  lield  as  the  Protestant  Union 
of  Germany,  with  Frederick  IV.,  Elec- 
tor-Palatine, as  leader ;  its  object  is  mu- 
tual defense  for  ten  years. 

*  *  Brandenburg.  John  Sigismund  be- 
comes elector,  and  duke  of  Prussia. 

*  *  Wiirtemberg.  John  Frederick  be- 
comes duke. 

1609  *  *  The  Catholic  League  is  formed 
in  opposition  to  the  Protestant  Union, 
with  Maximilian  and  the  Buke  of  Ba- 
varia leaders,  *'  to  see  that  the  old,  true 
religion,  which  alone  could  save,  was 
not  extirpated." 

*  *  Rudolph  II.  conciliates  the  Bohemians 
by  granti  ng  them  a  royal  charter, 
which  permits  the  free  exercise  of  reli- 
gion by  the  three  estatesof  lords,  knights, 
and  royal  cities  (p.  511). 

*  *  The  elector  of  Brandenburg  and  the 
Prince  of  Neuburg  are  claimants  for 
the  succession  to  the  duchy  of  Jiilich- 
Cleves  ;  a  quarrel  ensues. 

1610  Oct.  29.  The  Protestant  Union 
concludes  a  peace  with  the  Catholic 
Iieague. 

1611*  *  Saxony.  John-George  I.  be- 
comes elector. 

*  *  Rudolph  n.  is  forced  to  abdicate  the 

crown,  of  Bohemia. 

1612    Jan.  20.    Rudolph  II.  dies.    [He 

is  succeeded  by  his  brother.] 

June  13.  Matthias  is  elected  emperor. 
[Crowned  June  24.] 

1612-19    Matthias  reigns. 

He  is  strongly  anti-Protestant,  and 
secures  for  ln.«  Catholic  cousin,  Fertli- 
nand,  Buke  of  Styria,  Corintbia  and  Car- 
niola,  the  succession  of  Bohemia  and 
Hungary,  though  much  opposed  by  the 
Protestant  estates. 


794       1613,  *  *-1635,  May  30. 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1618  *  *  -48  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Thirty 
Years'  "War.  The  emperor  aims  to  de- 
stroy Protestantism  (p.  510). 

Nuremberg,  Saxony,  and  WUrtem- 
berg  suffer  greatly  during  the  war.  Gus- 
tavus  Adolphus  is  besieged  in  Nurem- 
berg by  Wallenstein  ;  about  10,000  of 
the  inhabitants  die  of  want  or  disease 
during  the  blockade ;  Saxony  changes 
sides  frequently. 

Leipsic  is  besieged  and  taken. 

1618-23    The  "War  in  Bohemia  and 

County  Palatine. 
Aug.  *  Bohemia.    The  imperial  troopsen- 

ter.    [lOtO.    Subdued.] 

*  *  Tinhemia.  The  Margrave  John 
George  of  Jagerndorf  brings  300  troops 
from  Silesia  and  Lusatia  to  aid  the  re- 
volt. 

1619  *  *  Aust.  Count  Thurn  marches  on 
Vienna.    [1619.    Nov.  *  Again.]    (P.  510.) 

*  *  Bohemia.  Counts  Mansfeld  and  Thurn 
defeat  the  imperial  Army  at  PUsen. 

1620  *  *  Bohemia.  Catholic  invasion 
(p.  510). 

Nov.  8.  Bohemia.  Battle  Of  "White 
Mountain  (p.  510). 

1622  *  *  The  seat  of  war  is  transferred 
from  Bohemia  to  the  Palatinate,  which 
is  soon  subdued. 

Apr.  29.  Mansfeld  defeats  the  Impe- 
rialists under  Tilly  at  Wiesloch. 

May  6.  Hesse.  Tilly  defeats  the  Mar- 
grave of  Baden-Durlach  at  Wimpfen. 

June  10.  Hesse-Nassau.  Tilly  defeats 
Christian  of  Brunswick  at  Hochst. 

1623  Aug.  6.  Westphalia.  Tilly  again 
defeats  the  Administrator  Christian  of 
Halberstadt  at  Stadtlohn. 

1625-29  Saxony.  The  seat  of  war  is 
in  Lower  Saxony  (Danish  Period) ;  allies 
aid  the  Protestants  (p.  512). 

*  *  Prince  "Wallenstein  becomes  com- 
mander of  the  imperial  army,  which 
he  recruits  himself,  and  then  provisions 
by  a  system  of  robbery. 

1626  *  *  Anhalt.  "Wallenstein  defeats 
Count  Mansfeld  at  the  Bridge  of  Des- 
sau, and  then  pursues  him  through 
Silesia  to  Hungary,  where  Mansfeld 
joins  Bethlen-Gabor. 

Aug.  27.  Brunswick.  Tilly  utterly  de- 
feats Christian  IV.  of  Denmark  at 
Lutter, 

1627  *  *  Hoistein.  Tilly  and  "Wallen- 
stein conquer  Hoistein. 

*  *N.Ger.  "Wallenstein  alone  conquers 
Schleswig  and  Jutland.  The  Dukes  of 
Mecklenburg  flee  the  eountrj;,  and  the 
Duke  of  Pomerania  makes  his  submis- 
sion. 

1628  *  *  Prris.  "Wallenstein  vainly  be- 
sieges Stralsund  for  lO  weeks,  while  its 
heroic  citizens  defend  themselves. 

1629  ♦  *  Magdeburg  is  blockaded,  and 
successfully  resists  Wallenstein. 

May  *  Peace  of  Liibeck  (p.  637). 
1630-35*  *  Swedish  period  of  the 
Thirty  Years'  War. 

1630  June*  Gustavus  Adolphus, 
King  of  Sweden,  becomes  an  ally  of  the 
Protestants  (p.  512;. 

July  *  "Wallenstein  is  dismissed  from 
imperial  service. 

1631  Apr.  *  Tilly  opposes  Gustavus. 

[Gustavus    captures    Frankfort-on-the- 
Oder ;  later  he  takes  Spaudau.] 


May  20.  TUly  takes  Magdeburg  (p. 
512),  [May  21.  Only  5,000  of  35,000  in- 
habitants remain  alive.] 

*  *  Fr.  Gustavus  takes  Mentz.  [*  *  N, 
Prus.  He  drives  the  imperial  forces 
from  Pomerania,  and  proceeds   up  the 

Oder.] 

*  *  Tilly  takes  and  burns  Halle,  Eisleben, 
Merseburg,  and  other  cities. 

Sept.  7(o.8.).  Saxony.  Gustavus  with 
the  Saxons  wins  a  brilliant  victory  over 
Tilly  at  the  battle  of  Leipsic. 

Imperial  loss,  6,000  killed,  besides  the 
wounded  and  prisoners,  and  all  their  ar- 
tillery ;  allies' loss,  Saxons,  2,000,  Swedes, 
700  (p.  512). 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  Saxons  invade  Bo- 
hemia. 

*  *  Gustavus  marches  to  the  Rhine 
through  Thuringia  and  F  r  a  n  c  o  n  i  a. 
[Hesse.  He  crosses  the  Rhine  at  Oppen- 
heim,  and  goes  into  winter  quarters  at 
Mentz.j 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  Saxons  under  Arnim 
capture  Prague. 

1632  *  *  Bavaria.  Gustavus  marches 
for  the  Danube  by  way  of  Nuremberg, 

Apr.  15.  Bavaria.  Gustavus  is  vic*>- 
rious  at  Rain  (p.  512). 

*  ♦'Wallenstein  is  recalled,  and  by  re- 
quest of  Ferdinand  collects  an  army  and 
receives  imcontroUed  commana. 

*  *  Bohemia.  "Wallenstein  recaptures 
Prague,  and  drives  the  Saxons  out  of 
Bohemia. 

*  *  Bavaria.  Gustavus  vainly  besieges 
Maximilian  in  Ingolstadt ;  "WaUenstein 
hastens  to  his  relief.  [Gustavus  forces 
Munich  to  surrender.] 

July  *-Sept.  *  Bavaria.  Gustavus  and 
'Wallenstein  face  to  face  in  a  fortified 
camp  near  Nuremberg,  the  latter  de- 
clines a  battle. 

*  *  The  Swedes  receive  reenforcements, 
and  attack  \Vallenstein*s  entrench- 
ments, but  are  repulsed  with  fearful 
loss. 

*  *  Gustavus  advances  to  the  Danube, 
and  Wallenstein  enters  defenseless  Sax- 
ony, and  fearful  depredations  are  com- 
mitted. 

*  *  Schivarzhurg-Sondershausen,  Gusta- 
vus hastens  b'ack  at  the  call  of  the  elec- 
tor of  Saxony,  an<l  joins  forces  with 
Bernhard  of  Saxe- Weimar  in  Arnstadt. 

Nov.  16.    Battle  of  Liitzen  (p.  512). 

1633  **  Bavaria.    Gen.    Bernhard, 

having  succeeded  Gustavus,  leads  an 
expedition  to  Franconia  ;  he  takes 
Bamberg  and  Hochstadt,  and  drives 
back  the  Bavarians  under  Coiuit  Al- 
dringer. 
Feb.  *  Bohemia.  Wallenstein  tries  and 
punishes  many  of  his  officers  with  death 
while  at  Prague. 

*  *  Silesia.  "WaUenstein,  having  re- 
cruited his  army,  marches  into  Silesia, 
and  tights  the  troops  of  Saxony,  Bran- 
denburg, and  Sweden. 

Oct.  *  Hunff.  A  Swedish  corps  is  cap- 
tured at  Steinam-on-the-Oder. 

*  *  Wallenstein  invades  Brandenburg, 
sends  raiders  to  Berlin,  and  plunders 
Lusatia. 

Nov.  *  Bavaria.  Gen.  Bernhard  cap- 
tures Regensburg  [Batisbon]. 

1634  Feb.  25.  Bohemia.  Wallenstein 
is  assassinated  (p.  512). 


Aug.  17.    BavaHa.    Swedes  defeated  at 

Nordlingen  (p.  512). 
Dec.  23.    Siege   of  Heidelberg  raised 

(p.  512). 

*  *  Hesse.  Mentz  is  taken  by  the  Impe- 
rialists. 

1635    May  30.    Bohemia.    Peace. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1617  *  *  Bohemia.  Beacon  telegraph  is 
invented  by  Kepler. 

1625  *  *  Bavaria.     The   helioscope,    a 

telescope  for  observing  the  sun  without 
injury  to  the  eye,  is  invented  by  Christo- 
pher Scheiner. 

1627*  *  Saxony.  Heinrich  Schultz 
writes  music  to  a  translation  of  Perie 
JJaftil,  which  is  performed  for  a  court 
wedding  at  Torgau. 

Apr,  13.  Saxony.  Daphne,  by  Opitz, 
the  first  German  opera,  is  produced  at 
the  court  of  the  Elector  John  George  1. 

1628  *  *  Bohemia.  Kepler  completes  his 
Rudolphine  tables,  and  foretells  the 
transits  of  "Venus  and  Mercury. 

1633  *  *  Bavaria.  The  Passion  of  Christy 
a  miracle-play,  is  performed  at  Ober- 
Ammergau. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1613*  •  Caselins, Johannes, philol.,wr.,A80. 

1614  *  *  Fischart,  Johann,  satirist,  A69. 

1615  •  *  Calvisius,  Sethus,  clironologist,  A59. 

1616  *  *  Grvphius,  Andreas,  poet,  dram.,  b. 

1617  *  •  Heivicus,  Christoplier,  philol.,  A36. 

1618  •  •  Alting,  Jacob,  theol.,  Hebraist,  b. 
Itacliel,  Joacliini,  satirical  poet,  born. 
Vossius,  Isaac,  classical  scholar,  mis.  wr.,  b. 

1619*  *  Rupert.  Prince,  gen.  in  Kng.,  born. 
Struve,  Georg  A.,  jurist,  born. 

1620  *  •  Albertinus,  ^gidius,  satirist,  A60. 
Eisheimer,  Adam,  painter,  A46. 

Feb.  16.  Frederick  W^iUiam.  "the Great 
Elector,"  of  Brandenburg,  founder  Prus- 
sian monarchy,  born. 

1621  *  *  Arnd,  Johann,  Luth.  cl.,  au.,  A66. 
Prajtorius,  Michael,  composer,  A50. 

1622  •  •  Adam,  Melchior,  biographer,  dies, 
Clauberg,  Johann,  philosopher,  born. 
Vorstius,  Conrad,  clergjnian.  A55. 

1623  *  *  Cluver,  Thilipp,  linguist,  geog.,  A43, 
Meninski,  Francis  M.,  orientalist,  born. 

1624  *  *  Bohme,    or  Bohm,  Jakob,  mystic, 
A  49. 

1626  *  *  Mansfeld.  Count,  Ernst  von,  gen- 
eral, A41. 
Seckendorf,  Veit  Ludwig  von,  scholar,  theo- 
logian, statesman,  born. 

1629  *  *  Buxtorf,  Johann,  Hebraist,  A55. 

1630  *  *  Becber,  Johann  J.,  chemist,  born. 
Christian,  Prince  of  Anhalt-Bernburg,  gen- 
eral, A62. 

Kepler,  John,  astronomer,  A59. 
1632  *  *  Gravius,  Johann  G.,  scholar,  born. 
Puffendorf,  Baron,  Samuel,  jurist,  born. 
Sigismund  III.,  King  of  Poland,  A66. 
TUly,  Count  de,  Johann  Tserclaes,  general, 
A73. 
1634  *  *  Amman,  Paul,  botanist,  born. 
'Wallenstein,  Count  of,  Albrecht  Euse- 
blue  von,  general,  A51. 


CHURCH. 

1618  *  *  Ph.  Prus.  The  Protestants  are 
expelled  from  Cologne. 

1620  Wov.  8.  Bohemia.  The  disastrous 
battle  of  Prague  ruins  the  Protestant 
Union ;  Protestantism  is  extirpated  in 
Bohemia  (p.  510).  | 

1621*  *  Pome.    Gregory  XV.  is  pope.       ■ 
[1623,    Urban  VIII.;    1644,   Innocent  X.; 
1655,  Alexander  VU.;    1667,  Clement   IX.; 
1670,  Clement  X.;   1676,  Innocent  XI.;  1689, 
Alexander  VIII.] 

1627  *  *  Bohemia.  An  edict  of  the  em- 
peror requires  the  Protestants  to  apos- 
tatize. 

1629  Mar.  6.  The  Edict  of  Bestitu- 
tion  (p.  512 ;  see  State). 

1635  May  30.  The  Peace  of  Prague. 
(See  State.) 


GERMANY. 


1613,  *  *-1635,  May  30.    795 


LETTERS. 
1615  *  *  Frankfurter  Journal  is  issued. 
*  The  Coii/essio  Hosese  Crueis  appears. 


^^H  [Attributed  to  Valentine  Andreas. 
^^F  The  Hosicrucians  swear  fidelity,  prom- 
^Hf  ise  secrecy,  and  write  hieroglyphically, 
^Vf  and  attirm' that  the  ancient  philosophers 
^         of  Egypt,  the  Chaldeans,  Magi  of  Persia, 

and  Gymnosophists  of  the  Indies  taught 

the  same  doctrine. 

1616  *  *  Germania  Antigua,  by  Philip 
Cluverius,  appears. 

*  *  The  Frankfurter  Ober  postants  ZeU 
tung  is  issued,  alleged  to  be  the  first 
daily  paper  in  the  world. 

1617  Aug.  24.  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. 
The  Fruchtbringende  Society  for  the 
advancement  of  the  arts,  sciences,  and 
literature,  is  formed  at  "Weimar. 

1618-19  Oden  und  Gesange,  by  Rudolf 
Weekherliu,  appears. 

1619  *  *  ITarmonice  mundi,  hy  Kepler, 
appears. 

*  *  A  newspaper  is  issued  at  Hildesheim. 
1621    July  17.    Jfesse-Xassau.   The 

University  of  Rinteln  is  founded  by 
the  emperor. 

*  •  Alsace- Lfrrraine.  The  University  of 
Strasburg  is  founded. 

1623  *  *  Jiavaria.  The  University  of 
Altdorf  is  authorized  to  create  doctors 

I'      of  law  and  medicine. 

1624  *  *  Opiccii  Teutuche  Poemata,  by 
Julius  W.  Zincgref,  appears. 

*  *  Book  of  the  German  Art  of  Poetry,  by 
Martin  Opitz,  appears. 

1625*  *  Hesse.  The  University  of 
Qiessen  is  transferred  to  Marburg. 

1627  *  *  TabulsB  Rudolphinse,  by  Kepler, 

appears. 
1630  *  *  Westphalia.    A    newspaper    is 

issued  at  Herford. 

*  *  An  Encyclopedia,  in  seven  volumes, 
by  Johann  H.  Alsted,  appears. 

1634  *  *  Musa  teutonica,  by  Johann  Rist, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

161S-48    The  Thirty  Years'  War  reduces 
the  population  from  20,000,000  to  7,000,000, 
whole  towns  are  laid  in  ashes,  and  fertile 
„.  districts  become  deserts. 

■f  1627-29     liavaHa.    At  W  iirzburg  157 

^M  witches  are  burned  ;  all  classes  are  rep- 

^B  resented,  old  and  young,   learned  and 

H  ignorant. 

H  1631    May  20.    Saxony.    Magdeburg  is 

^K  captured,  and  the   unbridled  soldiers 

^B  massacre  the   people,  sack  and  bum 

^■.  the  city. 

K  STATE. 

V 


1613*  Brunswick.   Frederick-Ulric  be- 
comes duke  of  Br uns wick- Wolf enbiittel. 

*  liippe  is  divided  among  the  three 
sons  of  Simon  VI. 


1618  *  *  Pnts.    Tlie  duchy  of  Prnssia  is 
united  with  Brandenburg. 

t*  *  Bohemia.    The  irritation  of  the  Pro- 
testants is  increased  hy  changing  the 
administration  of  the  country,  giving 
it  to  ten  governors,  seven  of  whom  are 
Catholics. 
May  23.    linhemia.    The  Protestants 
revolt  (p.  Cll). 
•  *  Tlie  Protestant  Union  sends  Count 
...... 


1619  May  20.  Matthias  dies,  [lie  is 
succeeded  hy  his  cousin  Ferdinand, 
King  of  Hungary.] 

Aug.  18.  Bohemia.  The  Assembly  of 
Prague  declares  Ferdinand  the  heredi- 
tary enemy  of  the  evangelical  religion, 
and  to  have  forfeited  the  throne  of  Bo- 
hemia. [Sept.  5.  Deposed.]  The  Thirty 
Years'  War  follows. 

*  *  The  Bohemians  elect  young  Fred- 
erick V.,  Elector  Pal  itine  and  head  of 
the  Protestant  Union,  as  king;  he  is  a 
son-in-law  of  James  I.  of  England. 

Aug.  28.  Ferdinand  is  elected  em- 
pei"or  by  six  electors,  three  of  whom  are 
Protestants.  [Sept.  9.  Crowned  at 
Frank  fort-on-t  he-M  ai  u .  ] 

1619-37    Ferdinand  U.  reigns. 

He  seeks  to  extirpate  Protestantism 
by  energetic  measures  ;  the  Bohemians 
refuse  allegiance,  and  elect  Rudolph  V. 
in  opposition., 

*  *  Ferdinand  II.  enters  a  league  with 
Maxizailian,  Duke  of  Bavaria,  the  head 
of  the  Catholic  I^eague,  who  becomes  hia 
ally  in  subduing  the  Austrian  estates. 

*  *  Ferdinand  II.  enters  a  league  with 
Spain.  Also  with  the  Lutheran  Elec- 
tor of  Saxony. 

*  *  Prus.  G  e  o  r  g  e  -  William  becomes 
duke. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  elector  Frederick  V. 
of  the  Palatinate  accepts  the  tendered 
crown  of  Bohemia. 

1620  July  3.  WUrtemberg.  A  treaty 
of  peace  is  signed  at  Ulmj  by  which 
Frederick  V.  of  the  Palatinate  loses 
Bohemia. 

Nov.  8.  The  Protestant  Union  is  prac- 
tically ruined  by  the  disastrous  battle 
of  Prague. 

Bohemia  becomes  Catholic,  its  royal 
charter  destroyed,  and  the  country 
nearly  ruined  by  losing  two-thirds  of 
its  population. 

Nov.  *  Frederick,  Count  Palatine,  is 
put  under  the  ban  of  the  empire,  and 

his  lauds  coutiscated. 

1621  Feb.  21,  22.  Bohemia.  Fred- 
erick arrests  43  illustrious  Bohe- 
mians ;  27  of  them  are  executed  on  the 
scaffold  at  Prague. 

May*  The  Protestant  Union  of  princes 

holds  its  last  meeting. 

1622*  *The  Protestant  Union  is  dis- 
solved. 

1623  Feb.  25.  Bavaria.  Maximilian 
H.  receives  the  electoral  vote  belonging 
to  Frederick  V.  and  the  Rhine  Palati- 
nate, the  electoral  dignity  being  trans- 
ferred to  Bavaria  by  the  Catholic  elec- 
tors at  Ratisbon. 

*  *  Wallenstein  becomes  a  prince  of  the 
empire.  [1624,  Duke  of  Friedland;  1628, 
Duke  of  Mecklenburg.] 

1625  *  *  Christian  IV.,  King  of  Den- 
mark and  Duke  of  Holstein,  is  leader  of 
the  Protestants  of  the  Lower  Saxon 
Circle. 

1628  *  *  Bavaria.  The  restoration  of 
the  Upper  Palatinate  is  secured. 

*  *  Wiirtemberg.  Eberhard  UI.  becomes 
duke. 

1629  Mar.  29.  Ferdinand  II.  issues 
the  Fdict  of  Restitution. 

The  adherents  of  the  Augsburg  con- 
fession alone  are  to  have  free  exercise 
of  religion,  all  other  sects  to  be  exter- 
minated.   (Mar,  6?)    (P.  512.) 


May  22.    The  Peace  of  liiibeck. 

Christian  IV.  receives  his  conquered 
lands  back  from  the  emperor,  and  prom- 
ises to  abandon  his  allies,  and  abstain 
from  interference  in  German  affairs. 

May  25.  King  Christian  of  Denmark 
makes  a  separate  peace  with  Wallen- 
stein,  leaving  his  allies  in  the  lurch. 

*  *  The  Dukes  of  Mecklenburg  are  put 
under  the  ban  of  the  empire,  and  their 
lands  bestowed  upon  Wallenstein.  [1630. 
Kestored.] 

1630  June  5.  Bavaria.  An  electoral 
assembly  meets  at  Ratisbon. 

Wallenstein*8  enemies,  chiefly  from 
Bavaria,  and  in  the  Catholic  League,  are 
alarmed  at  his  power  ;  they  successfully 
demand  his  dismissal  and  the  disbanding 
of  a  large  part  of  the  army,  because  of 
the  terrible  extortion  and  cruelty  prac- 
tised upon  Catholics  and  others. 

Oct.  13.  Bavaria.  The  emperor  con- 
cludes the  Peace  of  Ratisbon  with 
France,  thus  terminating  the  war  for 
the  Mantuan  succession  (p.  689). 

1631  Apr.  6.  It.  The  Peace  of 
Cherasco  (p.  689). 

*  *  Saxony.  The  elector  John-George 
forms  an  anti-imperialist  alliance  with 
Gustavus  Adolphus  of  Sweden, 

1633  *  *  Wiirtemberg.  The  League  of 
Heilbronn. 

The  Swedes  and  German  Protestants 
form  an  alliance  for  the  prosecution  of 
the  war  against  the  imperialists. 

*  *  "Wallenstein  loses  favor  with  the  im- 
perial court,  where  the  Spanish  party 
seeks  his  overthrow. 

*  *  Treason  of  "Wallenstein. 

He  negotiates  secretly  with  the  Snxons, 
the  Swedes,  and  the  French  ;  he  pro- 
poses to  use  the  army  to  secure  independ- 
ent action  for  himself,  and  deliver  the 
emperor  from  the  Spanish  party,  and 
compel  a  peace,  if  necessary,  and  then 
reorganize  the  empire :  the  court  suc- 
ceeds in  detaching  his  leading  generals 
from  his  cause.  [16.34.  Jan.  24.  The 
conspiracy  is  proclaimed.  Feb,  18.  H© 
is  deposed.] 

1634  Feb.  24.  Bohemia.  Wallenstein 
goes  to  Eger,  expecting  to  meet  Bernhard 
Saxe-Weiniar  and  Arnim. 

Feb.  25.  Bohemia.  Wallenstein  is  as- 
sassinated. 

He  is  killed  hy  Capt.  Devereaux,  at 
the  instigation  of  the  Irish  Gen.  Butler, 
and  with  the  evident  approval  of  the 
emperor,  but  without  his  command. 
(The  assassins  of  the  great  general  and 
his  friends  are  rewarded  with  riches  and 
honors.] 

*  *  Brunswick.  Augustus  becomes  the 
Duke  of  Br  uns  wick-Wolf  enbiittel. 

1635  May  30.    The  Peace  of  Prague 

ends  the  war  between  the  emperor  and 

the  Elector  of  Saxony. 

(1)  The  elector  receives  I^usatia  and  t'-e 
archbishopric  of  Mapcleburg;  the  latter  fur 
his  son  August,  only  for  life. 

(2>  Confiscated  ecelesiastiral  estates  to  re- 
mainwith  the  possessor, if conliscateii before 
the  convention  of  I'assau;  if  after,  it  then  to 
be  held  by  the  possessor  for  forty  years,  and 
In  certain  cases  forever;  those  estates  held 
immediately  of  the  emperor  excepted. 

(3)  Amnesty  is  granted,  except  to  those 
guilty  of  (listurban<'os  in  ISoheniia  and  the 
Palatinate;  Saxony  is  t^>  aid  the>  emperor 
against  Sweden;  the  Lutherans  (alone)  are 
to  have  freedom  In  religion.  The  peace  is 
accepted  by  most  of  the  Protestant  States. 


796     1635,  *  *-1681,  Sept  28. 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1636-48    Swedish-French   period   of 

the  Thirty  Years'  War  (p.  512). 
Sept.  24  (o.  s.).  Brandenburg.     Battle  of 
"Wittstock  (p.  512). 

*  *  Gallas  defeats  the  Swedes. 

1638  Mar.  3.  Sivitz.  Duke  Bernhard 
of  Saxe- Weimar  defeats  the  army  of 
the  Imperialists  and  the  Bavarians  at 
Rheinfeldeu. 

1639*  *  Saxony.  The  Swedish  Gen. 
Ban^r  defeats  the  Imperialists  in  the 
battle  of  Olsnitz  and  Brandiez. 

1641  *  *  Gen.  liennart  Torstenson  be- 
comes commander  of  the  Swedes. 

1642  Nov.  2.  Saxony.  Second  battle 
of  lieipsic. 

The  Imperialists  under  Leopold  of 
Austria  and  Gen.  Piccolomini  are  de- 
feated by  the  Swedes  under  Count  Tors-< 
ten6on. 

1643-45  "War  between  Denmark  and 
Sweden ;  it  is  caused  by  envy  at  Swe- 
dish success  in  Germany  (p.  G36). 

Sept.  *  Schleswig-Holstein  is  conquered 
by  Swedes.  The  Danes  are  compelled 
to  desert  Austria  (p.  (>36). 

*  *  Wiirtemberff.  The  French  advance  to 
Rottweil. 

*  *  Battle  of  Duttlingen. 

The  French  under  Count  Rantz  are 
surprised  and  defeated  by  an  Austro- 
Bavarian  army  under  Gens.  Mercy  and 
Werth. 

*  *  Marshal  Turenne  and  the  Duke  of 
Bnghien,  21  years  of  age,  are  appointed 
to  command  the  French  troops. 

1644  *  *  The  French  force  the  Bavarians 
under  Gen.  Mercy  to  retreat. 

*  ♦  Baden.  The  Duke  of  Enghien  takes 
Mannheim,  Speyer,  and  Philippsburg. 

*  *  Hesse.  Count  Turenne  takes  Worms, 
Oppenheim,  Mentz,  and  Landau. 

*  *  Gen.  Gallas  with  an  Imperial  army 
goes  to  the  relief  of  the  Danes  against 
the  Swedes  (p.  636). 

*  *  Hung.  Prince  Rakoczy  invades 
Hungary.  [*  *  Hesse.  The  French  cap- 
ture Mentz.] 

1645  Jan.  *  Battle  of  Magdeburg  (p. 
636). 

Mar.  6.  Bohemia.  Battle  of  Jankau(p. 
512). 

Mar.*  A%ist.  Count  Torstenson  and 
Prince  Rakoczy  conquer  the  whole  of 
Moravia,  and  threaten  Vienna. 

May  *    Wurtemberg.    Battle  of  Mergen- 

theim  (p.  636). 
Aug.  3.   Bavaria.  Battle  of  Allerheim. 
The  French  under  Prince  Cond^  and 

Hessians  under  Marshal  Turenne  defeat 

the  Imperialists  under  Gen.  Mercy,  who 

is  killed. 

Aug.  7.  Bavaria.  Battle  of  Nordlingen 
(p.  512). 

*  *  Peace  is  concluded  between  Sweden 
and  Denmark. 

*  ♦  Bohemia.  The  plague  occasions  the 
retreat  of  the  Swedes  from  Bohemia 
after  an  ineffective  siege  of  Brunn. 

*  *  Gen.  "Wrangel  succeeds  Count  Tors- 
tenson (ill)  in  command  of  the  Swedes, 

1646*  *  Bavaria.  The  French  and 
Swedish  armies  are  joined  at  Giessen  ; 
they  invade  Bavaria  (p.  512). 

1647  *  •  Bavaria.    Truce  of  Ulm  (p.  512). 


1648*  *  Bavaria.  Maximilian  having 
broken  the  truce  of  Ulm,  the  French 
and  Swedes  make  a  second  invasion, 
committing  terrible  ravages. 

May  17.  Bavaria.  Marshal  Turenne 
and  Gen.  "Wrangel  defeat  the  Imperial- 
ist and  Bavarian  army  under  Gen.  Hol- 
zapfela-Susmarshausen  ;  it  is  the  last 
pitched  battle  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War. 

Oct.  24.  Westphalia.  Peace  of  West- 
phalia.    (See  State.) 

Uov.  2.  Bohemia.  The  Swedes  begin 
the  bombardment  of  Prague, 

Nov.  3.  Bohemia.  Messengers  bring  tid- 
ings of  peace ;  the  Thirty  Years*  "War 
ends. 

1658+ *  *Holstein  is  overrun  by  Gus- 
tavus.   [1659.   By  Frederick  IV.]  (P.  636.) 

1661-64  The  first  war  with  the  Turks. 
Cause  (p.  513). 

1664*  *  Hungary  is  invaded  by  the 
Turks. 

Aug.  1.  Hung.  Battle  of  St.  Gothard. 
[A  truce  for  20  years  which  favors  the 
Turks  follows.]    (P.  512.) 

1673  *  *  War  between  France  and  Aus- 
tria (p.  692). 

1674*  *War  with  France.  (Quad- 
ruple Alliance.) 

June  16.  Baden.  Battle  of  Sinsheim 
(p.  692). 

Oct.  4.  Defeat  at  Entzheim.  [Dee.  31. 
At  Miihlhausen.]    (P.  692.) 

1675  Jan.  5.  Alsace.  Battle  of  Turk- 
heim  (p.  692). 

June  18.  Brandenburg.  Frederick  Wil- 
liam, elector  of  Brandenburg,  surprises 
and  defeats  the  Swedes  at  Fehrbellin, 
near  Berlin. 

*  *  The  French  under  Gen.  Crequi  are 
defeated  by  Gen.  Consarbruck, 

*  *  Fr.    Treves  is  taken  by  the  Austrians. 
July  27.     Baden.     Action   at   Sasbach 

(p.  692). 

1680*  *  Alsace.    A  great  part  of  Alsace 

is  seized  by  the  French. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1640*  *  It.  AthanasiusKircher  invents 
the  magic  lantern. 

1643  *  *  Hesse.  Mezzotinto,  a  kind  of 
copper  engraving,  is  invented  by  Col. 
Ludwig  von  Siegen. 

1647*  *  )V.  Prus.  A  map  of  the  moon's 
surface  is  first  drawn  at  Danzig. 

*  *  Saxony.  Otto  von  Guericke  of  Magde- 
burg constructs  the  first  electrical  ma- 
chine, —  a  globe  of  sulphur. 

1648  *  *  Mezzotinto- engyaving  is  im- 
proved by  Prince  Rupert. 

1650  *  *  Saxony.  Guericke  invents  the 
air-pump. 

[He  is  the  inventor  also  of  the  air- 
balance,  and  the  anemoscope,  a  species 
of  weather-cock,  and  is  said  to  have  dis- 
covered the  property  of  electro-repul- 
sion.] 

*  *  The  pearl-barley  mill  is  invented. 

1652  *  *  It.    The  speaking-trumpet  is 

improved  by  Athanasius  Kircher.    [1660. 
He  invents  the  eolian  harp.] 

1661*  *  Saxony.  The  barometer, for  use 
as  a  weather-glass,  and  the  manometer, 
are  invented  by  Otto  von  Guericke. 

1667  *  *  Phosphorus  is  discovered  by 
Brandt  of  Hamburg. 


1670  *  *  Bavaria.  Fluoric  acid  is  used 
for  etching  by  Schwanhard  at  Nurem- 
berg. 

1674  Feb.  5.  W.Prus.  A  parhelion, 
or  mock  sun,  appears  on  the  horizon  be- 
neath the  material  sun;  it  is  seen  near 
JIarienburg. 

1678  *  *  Bavaria.    An   observatory  is 

established  at  Nuremberg. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1635  *  •  Kirchmaier,  Georg  K.,  chemist,  b. 
Spener,  Philipp  J.,  theologian,  born. 

1636  *  •  Adelgreif,  Johann  A.,  fanatic,  dies. 

1637  *  *  Ferdinand  II.,  emperor,  A59. 
Kilian,  Lucas,  engraver,  A58. 

1638  *  *  Alsted,  Johann  H.,  d.,  author,  A50. 
Ceilarius,  Christoph,  critic,  geograplipr,  b. 
Eimmart,  Georg  C,  artist,  astronomer,  liorn. 

1639  *  *  IJernliard,  Duke  of    Sase-Weimar, 
general,   A35. 

Marhof,  Daniel,  scliolar,  born. 
Netscher,  Gaspar,  or  Kaspar,  painter,  born. 
Opltz,  Martin,  poet,  A42. 
1640*  *  llohni,  Joliann,j)hysician,aut]ior,  b. 
Flemming,  I'aul,  poet,  A3I. 
Kirsten,  I'eter,  physician,  orientalist.  A63. 
Leopold  I.  the  Great,  emperor,  born. 

1641  *  *  Arnheim,  Johann  G.  von,  diploma- 
tist, general,  AftO. 

1642  *  *  Abraliam  a  Sancta-Clara,  Augustin- 
ian  friar,  orator,  author,  born. 

1643*  *  Bach.  Johann   C.  composer,  or- 
ganist, born. 

1644  •   *  Alting,  Heinrioh,  tlieol.,  an.,  A61. 

1646  *  *  ScuUetus,  Johannes,  surgeon,  A50. 
Wedel,  Georg  W.,  physician,  writer,  born. 

1646*  *  Leibnitz.  Gottfried  W.  von,  phi- 
losopher, born. 

1648  *  *  Kneller,  Sir  Godfrey,  painter,  b. 

1649  *  *  Vossius,  or  Voss,  Gerard  J.,  philol- 
ogist, author,  A72. 

Scioppius,  Casjiar,  scholar,  A73. 
1660*  *  Ferdinand  of  Bavaria,  archbishop 
of  Cologne,  prince-bishop  of  Jliinster  and 
Li^ge,  A73. 
Fischer  von  Erlach,  Baron  Johann  B.,  archi- 
tect, born. 
Ludwig,  Prince  of  Anbalt-Coethen,  classical 
scholar,  soldier,  A7L 
1651  *  *  Kampfer,  Engelbrecht,  botanist,  b. 
1653*  *  Gunther,  Anton,  Prince  of  Aniialt, 

general,  born. 
1654  *  *  Andrea,  Johann  V.,  satirist,  A68. 
Dautz,  or  Danz,  Johann  A .,  orientalist,  born. 

1666  *  *  Callxtus,  tieorgius,  Lutheran  cler- 
gyman, author,  A70. 

1667  *  *  Frederick  I..  Sist  k.  of  Prussia,  b. 
Jung,  Joachim,  pliilosopher,  A7?. 

1660*  *  Bayer,  Johann,  preacher,  astrono- 
mer, A88. 
Freinsheim,  Johann,  scholar,  A52. 
Hardt,  Hermann  von  der,  philologist,  born. 
IIofTiiiann,  Friedrich,  physician,  born. 
StalU,  <;eorg  E.,  chemist,  born. 
1661  *  *  Schulembourg,  Johann  M.,  gen- 
eral, born. 

1663  *  *  Francke,  August  H.,  cL,  philan.,  b. 

1664  *  *  Buxtorf,  Johann,  Hebraist,  A6&. 
Grypliius,  Andreas,  poet,  drani.,A48. 

1665  *  *  Clauberg,  Johann,  philosopher,  A43. 
Camerarius,  Rudolf  J.,  phys.,  botanist,  b. 

1666  *  *  Carpzov,  Benedict,  jurist,  au.,  A71. 
Frisch,  Johann  L.,  naturalist,  philol.,  born. 

1667  *  *  Buddfluus,  Joliann,  Lutli.  tlieol.,  au., 
born. 

Canslein  Baron  Carl  H.  von,  philan.,  horn. 
Ileinesius,  Thomas,  physician,  philol.,  A80. 
1668*   •  Balde,  Jakob,'jesuit,  poet,  Att5. 
Busenbaum,  Hermann,  Jesuit,  author,  A68. 
Glaul)er,  Johann,  chemist,  A64. 

1669  *  *  Dietrich,  Johann,  philologist,  histo- 
rian, A57. 

1670  *  *  Augustus  I.,  Frederick,  King  of  Po- 
land, born. 

1671  *  •  Olearius,  or  Olschlager,  Adam,  trav- 
eler, orientalist,  A72. 

Struve,  Burkhard  G.,  jurist,  born. 
1673  *  *  .Schmoik,  Benjamin,  hymn-wTiter,b. 

1673  *  *  Reiser,  Keinhard,  composer,  born. 
Seckendorf,  Count   Friedricli  Heinricli  von, 

general,  diplomatist,  lx)rn. 
Wachter,  Johann,  scholar,  arclieologist,  b. 

1674  *  •  Eckhart,  Johann  G.  von,  antiquary, 
historian,  born. 

1675  *   •  Gerhardt,  Paul,  cl.,  poet,  A69. 
Hederick,  Benjamin,  philol.,  lexicog.,  born. 

1676*  *  Leopold,  Prince  of  Anhalt-Dessau, 

general,  born. 
1677'*  *  Hollar,  Wenceslaus,  engraver,  A70. 
1678  *   *  Galen,  Christoph  von,  i)rince-biahop 

of  Miinster,  general,  ATS. 
Zwicker,  Daniel,  syncretist,  A66, 


1 


GERMANY. 


1635,  *  *-1681,  Sept.  28.    797 


1679  •  •  Alting,  Jacobs  theol.,  Hebraist,  A61. 

Wolf.  Johann  von,  phlloaoplier,  born. 
1680*   *  Kircber,    Athanaaius,  KgyptologiBt, 
pbilosopher,  A78. 

Schneider,  Conrad  V.,  anatomist,  A70. 


CHURCH. 

1644  *  *  The  peril  of  invasion  forces  the 
emperor  to  concede  the  demands  of  the 
I^otestants. 

1648  *  *  The  Peace  of  'Westphalia  es- 
tablishes the  principle  of  toleration  in 
religious  belief.    (See  State.) 

*  ♦  *  The  Cocceians,  a  small  sect  be- 
lieving in  a  visible  reign  of  Christ  in  this 
world  after  a  general  conversion  of  the 
jews  and  all  other  people  to  the  Chris- 
tian faith,  is  founded  by  John  Cocceius 
of  Bremen. 

LETTERS. 

1638  *  *  Melpomene,  by  Philipp  von 
Zesen,  appears.  [1&45,  Adriatische  Hose- 
mund.] 

*  *  De  Vanitate  Afimdi,  by  Jacob  Balde, 
appears.    [1643,  Caiinina  lyi^a.] 

1640  *  *  Geschichte  Philanders  t^on  Sitte- 
walt,  by  Hans  M.  Moscherosch,  appears. 

1642  *  *  Spiritual  and  Secular  Poems,  by 
Paul  Flemming,  appears. 

1643  *  *  History  of  Arminius,  by  Hagel- 
gan,  appears. 

1648  Sept.  1.  Bavaria.  The  Univer- 
sity of  Bamberg  is  opened. 

1649  *  *  Guldenes  Ttigendbuch  and  Trutz 
NachtigaU,  by  Friedrich  Spee,  appear. 

1650  *  *  Leo  Arminius,  by  Andreas  Gry- 
pliius,  appears.  [1657,  Kafkarina  voii 
Ge.orgien,  Cardeniound  Cellnde,  Carolus 
Stuardus,  and  Peter  Squenz;  1659,  Papi- 
nianus :  1660,  Die  Gelieote  JJomrose ;  16(33, 
Horriqilicribr  i/'ax.  ] 

*  *  Hesse.    The  University  of  Giessen 

is  removed  back  to  Giessen  from  Mar- 
burg. 

1652  *  *  Four  Comic  Poems,  by  Johann 
Lauremberg,  appears. 

1654  *  *  Sinngedichte,  a  collection  of  epi- 
grams, by  Friedrich  von  Logau,  appears. 

1657  *  •  Cherubimiscker  Wandersmann 
and  Heiliqe  Seelenlust,  by  Johann  Schef- 
fler,  appear. 

1659  *  *  Simplicissimus,  by  Chrlstoffel 
Grimmelshausen,  appears. 

1660  *  *  Saxony.  A  newspaper  is  issued 
at  Leipsic. 

1663  *  •  Gottkofd's  Occasional  Medita- 
tions, by  Christian  Sc river,  appears. 
11675-91,  Soul's  Treasure.] 

*  *  Justus  G.  Schottelius  writes  a  gram- 
mar and  history  of  the  German  language. 

*  *  Erbauliche  Monafsunterredungen  is  is- 
sued by  Johann  Kist. 

1664  *  *  Satiriscke  GedichtCj  by  Joachim 
Kachel,  appears. 

1665  *  *  The  Gothic  Gospels  of  Bishop 
Ulfilas  are  published  by  Franciscus  Ju- 
nius. 

*  *  Srhleswig-Hol stein.  The  University 
of  Kiel  is  founded. 

1666  *  *  De  Arte  Combinatoria,  by  Gott- 
fried W.  Leibnitz,  appears.  [1671,  The- 
ory of  Concrete  Motion  and  Theory  of 
Abstract  Motion."] 

1667  *  *  One  hundred  and  twenty  jffymns, 
by  Paul  Gerliardt,  appear. 

1668  *  *  Uberflusaige  Gedanken  der  gril- 
nenden  Jngeiid,  by  Christian  Weise,  ap- 
pears. [1671,  Die  drei  Hnuptverderber ; 
1672,  Die  drH  klugsten  Leute.] 

1670-1704  Miscellana  curiosa  medico 
physica  is  issued. 


1675  *  ♦  Sinnliche  lietrachtung  der  vier 
letzten  JHnge,  by  Johann  Scheftler,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Pia  desideria,  by  Spener,  appears. 

1679  *  *  Bundeslieder  und  Dankpsalmen, 
by  Joachim  Neander,  appQ^rs. 

*  *Merks  Wien,  by  Father  Abraham 
Sancta  Clara,  appears. 

1680  *  *  Anni  Franciscanorum  is  issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1660  *  *  The  Order  of  Concord  is  in- 
stituted by  Christian  Ernest,  l>uke  of 
Prussia,  to  commemorate  the  important 
part  he  had  taken  in  restoring  peace  to 
Europe. 

1662  *  *  Bai'aria.  The  citizens  of  Passau 
are  distressed  by  the  burning  of  the 
greater  part  of  the  town,  including  the 
cathedral. 

STATE. 

1637    Feb.  16.    Ferdinand  II.  dies. 

[He  is  succeeded  by  his  son  Ferdinand.] 
1637-57    Ferdinand  HI.  is  emperor. 

*  *  Pomerania.  The  ducal  house  becomes 
extinct. 

1640*  *  Brandenburg.  Frederick  Wil- 
liam of  Prussia,  "The  Great  Mec- 
tor,"  succeeds  his  father. 

1640-88  Prus.  Keign  of  Frederick 
"William. 

Brandenburg-Prussia  is  raised  to  the 
head  of  the  German  States,  and  becomes 
recognized  as  a  European  power ;  its 
territonf'  is  increased  to  43,000  square 
miles,  its  revenue  multiplied  fivefold, 
and  its  small  army  nowhere  surpassed 
in  efficiency. 

*  *  Saxe- Weimar.  The  principality  is 
foun<led  by  William,  brother  of  Ernest 
the  Pious. 

*  *  Schaumbnrg-Lippe.  Philip,  the  young- 
est son  of  Simon  VI.,  inherits  a  large 
part  of  the  countship  of  Schaumburg, 
including  Biickeburg,  and  adopts  the 
title  of  Count  of  Schaumburg-Lippe. 

1641  *  *  Hamburg.  Preliminaries  of 
peace  are  discussed,  and  a  Congress  is 
agreed  upon. 

1643*  *  Hanover.  Negotiations  for 
ipe&ce  begin  at  Osnabriick  between  the 
Swedes  and  the  emperor.  [1644.  Also 
in  Munster  with  the  French.] 

1644  *  *  The  emperor  is  forced  to  yield 
to  the  demands  of  the  Protestants. 

*  *  Fisenach  is  annexed  to  Saxe-Weimar. 
1648  Oct.  24.    Westphalia.  The  Peace 

of  Westphalia  is  signed  at  Munster. 

Switzerland  and  The  Netherlands  are  recog- 
nized as  indet>endent  States;  Sweden  receives 
territory  including  Stettin,  three  vote's  in  the 
Imperial  Diet,  and  a  money  indemnification ; 
France  receives tlie lower  partof  Alsace,  and 
is  confirmed  in  tlie  possession  of  the  cities  of 
Metz,  Ton],  and  Verdun;  Brandenburg  re- 
ceives three  bishoprics  and  the  archbishopric 
of  llagdeburg  as  a  duchy;  Hesse-Cassel  a 
part  of  Minden  and  money;  Mecklenburg 
receives  two  bishoi)ricsa8  principalities;  and 
Brunswick  receives  alternate  presentation  to 
the  bishopric  of  Osnahruck. 

Catholics  and  I'rotestants  stand  on  an 
equality  before  the  law;  tlie  "  balance  of 
power  "  is  secured;  the  Thirty  Years'  War  Is 
ended  (p.  513). 

*  *  The  Bhine  Palatinate  is  restored  by 
Bavaria  to  its  former  rulers,  and  an 
eighth  electoral  dignity  is  created  for  it ; 
the  Upper  Palatinate  is  not  detached 
from  Bavaria. 

*  *  Bremen  is  acknowledged  a  free  city. 
1651  **  Bavaria,    Ferdinand    Mary 

rules  the  duchy. 


1656  *  *  Saxony.  John  George  II.  be- 
comes elector. 

1657  Apr.  2.    Ferdinand  m.  dies. 

*  *  Poland  isconstraineil  to  acknowledge 
Prussia  as  an  independent  state  under 
Frederick  William,  the  Great  Elector. 

1658  July  18.    licopold  of  Austria, 

son  of  Ferdinand  III.,  is  elected  empe- 
ror. 
1658-1705    Leopold  I.  reigns. 

1663*  *  Bavaria.    The  Imperial  Diet 

becomes  a  permanent  body,  meeting  at 
Katisbon.  Corpus  Catholicorum  and 
Corpus  Evangelicormn. 

1664  *  *  Prus.    Altona  is  made  a  city. 

1665  *  *  It.    The  Tyrol  is  annexed  to 

Austria. 

*  *  Germany  becomes  a  maze  of  little 
despotisms,  with  a  few  larger  States  as 
Prussia  and  Austria. 

*  *  Brunswick.  Rodolph  Augustus  be- 
comes duke  of  Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel. 

1666*  *The  quarrel  concerning  the 
succession  of  Cleves-Julich  is  settled. 

Brandenburg  receives  Cleves,  Mark, 
Ravenstein,  and  half  of  Ravensburg. 
[Later,  all  of  Ravensburg  in  place  of 
Ravenstein.] 

1667  *  *  Oldenburg  passes  under  tno 
rule  of  Denmark. 

1672  *  *  Altenburg  is  divided  between 
(Jotha  and  Weimar. 

*  *  Saxe-Weimar  is  divided  into  Saxe- 
Weimar  and  Saxe-Eisenach. 

Apr.  26.  Prits.  Frederick  William,  the 
elector,  concludes  an  armed  alliance 
with  Holland  against  France. 

1673  June  6.  Peace  of  Vossem  (p.  693). 
July  10.    Prus.    Frederick  William  signs 

a  treaty  of  neutrality  with  France. 
Aug.  15.    League  of  The  Hague. 

1674  May  28.  The  German  Empire 
unites  in  the  quadruple  alliance,  and  de- 
clares war  against  France  (p.  693). 

*  *  Wuriemberg.  William  Louis  be- 
comes duke. 

*  *  The  Palatinate  and  Bavarian  lands 
are  again  united. 

1676  *  •  The  Hungarians,  led  by  Em- 
eric,  unite  in  a  widespread  revolt. 

1677  *  *  WUrtemberg.  Fberhard  Louis 
becomes  duke. 

1679  Feb.  6.  The  emperor  signs  a 
peace  with  France,  ending  the  Seven 
Years'  War. 

June  29.  Brandenburg.  Frederick 
William  is  forced  to  sign  a  peace  with 
France  (p.  G93). 

*  *  Baden.  Charles  William  becomes 
margrave  of  Baden-Dourlach. 

*  *  Bavaria.  Maximilian  Emanuel  be- 
comes duke. 

1680  *  *  Saxony.  John  George  HI.  be- 
comes elector. 

*  *  Magdeburg  is  annexed  to  Branden- 
burg.   Alsace  is  seized. 

*  *  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  The  elder  line 
of  Saxe-<yoburg  is  founded  by  Albert, 
second  son  of  Ernest  the  Pious. 

*  *  Saxe-Meiningen.  The  duchy  is  founded 
by  Bernhard,  third  son  of  Ernest  the 
Pious. 

1681  Sept.  28.  Alsace.  Louis  XIV. 
seizes  Strasburg. 

He  also  takes  most  of  Alsace,  claiming 
that,  in  gaining  Austrian  lands  in  Alsace, 
he  shouTil  liave  all  that  had  belonged  to- 
those  lands.  [1671.  Ck)nlirmed  by  thfr 
Peace  of  Ryswick.J 


798    1681,**-1721,^ 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1681  *  *  Alsace.    Strasburg  is  seized  by 

Louis  XIV.  of  France. 
1682-99    Second  war  with  the  Turks. 
1683    July  14.    Vienna  is  besieged  by 

the  Turks  with  an  army  of  270,000  nieu 

(p.  512). 
Sept.  12.     Vienna.    Siege  raised  (p.  512). 

1686  Sept.  2.  Hung.  Buda  is  stormed, 
and  the  Turks  driven  out. 

1687  Aug.  12.  Hung.  Battle  of  Mo- 
hacs  (p.  512). 

1688-97  Third  war  with  France ;  it 
aims  to  obtain  the  Palatinate  (p.  694). 

1688  *  *  Hesse.  Mentz  is  again  captured 
by  the  French. 

Sept.  30.  Jih.  Prus.  French  troops  un- 
der Gen.  Melac  suddenly  appear.  [They 
occupy  Cologne  and  Treves,  Mentz  and 
"Worms.  The  French  devastate  the  Pa- 
latinate to  make  it  a  desert ;  400,000  are 
made  homeless.] 

Oct.  29.     Baden.    Philippsburg  is  taken 

by  Louis. 

1690*  *  Imperial   troops    defeat   the 

Turks. 
1691     Aug.  19.     Slavonia.     Battle  of 

Slankamen  (p.  512). 

1693  *  *  Louis  of  Bavaria  assumes  the 
chief  command  of  the  forces  brought 
against  the  French  invaders. 

1697  Sept.  11.  Hung.  Battle  of  Zenta 
(p.  512). 

Sept.  20.    Xeth.    Peace.    (See  State.) 

1699  Jan.  26.  Hung.  The  Turks  con- 
clude a  peace  (p.  513). 

1701-14  "War  of  the  Spanish  Succes- 
sion. 

The  most  of  the  German  princes  grad- 
ually come  to  the  support  of  the  em- 
peror.   Cause :  (p.  695.) 

Battles:  1703,  Sept.  20,  Hochstadt; 
1704,  July  2,  Donauworth,  Bavaria ;  1708, 
July  11,  Oudenarde,  Belg. ;  1709,  Mai- 
plaquet,  Fr. ;  1712,  July  27,  Denain,  Fr. 
(pp.  694,  69G). 
1702  Aug.  15.  n.  At  Luzzara  a 
drawn  battle  is  fought  by  the  Imperial- 
ists under  Prince  Eugene  and  the 
French  and  Spanish  allies  under  Due 
de  Vendome. 

Sept.  9.  Wilriemberg,  Maximilian  of 
Bavaria,  an  ally  of  France,  captures 
the  Imperial  city  of  Ulna. 

1707  Sept.  24.  Baden.  The  Imperial- 
ists under  ^Marshal  Mercy  defeat  the 
French  at  Off enburg. 

1713    Apr.  11.    Xeffi.    Peace  (p.  697). 

Sept.  *  Wdrfemberg.  The  French  under 
Marshal  Villars  cross  the  Rhine  and 
threaten  Ulm.    [Peace  is  negotiated.] 

*  *  Schleswig-Holstein.  Altona  Is  burned 
by  the  Swedes. 

1714-18  "War  of  the  Turks  with  Venice 
and  after  1716  with  Germany  (p.  514). 

1716  Aug.  5.  Hung.  Battle  of  Peter- 
wardein  (p.  514). 

1717  Aug.  15.  Servia.  Prince  Eugene 
defeats  the  Turks  at  Wisnetza  near 
Belgrade. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1681  *  *  Nitric  ether  is  discovered  by 
Kunkel. 


1685  *  *  Andreas  Cassius  describes  the 
l)reparation  of  gold  purple  used  by 
Kunkel  to  make  red  glass,  and  for  other 
purposes. 

1687  *  *  Cinnebar  is  prepared  in  the 
fluid  state  by  Schultze. 

1690  *  *  Bavaria.  The  clarionet  is  in- 
vented by  fjohann  C.  Beuner  of  I^eipsic 
at  Nuremberg. 

*  *  Saxony.  Telescopes  with  a  Bingle 
lens  are  invented  by  Ehrenfried  W. 
Tschirnhausen. 

*  *  Saxony.  August  Q.  Rivinus  proposes 
to  give  two  names  to  each  plant. 

1698-99  Pr.  Saxony.  The  orphano- 
tropheon  at  Halle  is  established  by 
August  Francke. 

1700  *  *  Saxony.  The  first  European 
porcelain  [Dresden  china]  is  made  at 
I>resden,  by  Johann  F.  Bottcher. 

1702  *  *  Berlin.  The  Academyof  Sci- 
ences is  established. 

1709  *  *  Prussic  acid  is  accidentally 
discovered  by  Biescach,  a  chemist  [and 
first   obtained   in   a  separate   state   by 

Scheele]. 

1710*  *  Saxony.  Spoons  are  forged  out 
of  iron  plate  iii  the  Erz-Gebirge. 

1711*  *  Berlin.  The  observatory  is 
erected  under  Leibnitz's  direction. 

1717  *  *  Saxony.  Christoph  G.  Schroter, 
the  inventor,  presents  a  model  of  his 
pianoforte  to  the  court  of  Saxony. 

1720  *  *  Paper  is  made  from  asbestos. 

*  *  Saxony.  Hose  without  seam  is  in- 
vented ^y  Bok  at  Leipsic. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1681  •  *  Heineccius,  Johann,  jurist,  born. 

1683  *  *  Rupert.  Prince  of  the  Palatinate, 
general  in  Kngland,  A63. 

1683*  *  Uflfenbaeli,  Zackarlas  C.  von,  schol- 
ar, born. 

1684  *  *  Haas,  Johann,  bistorian,  born. 
Kobler,  or  Koehler,  Joliann  D.,  historian,  b. 
IS'etsclier,  Gaspar,  or  Kaspar,  painter,  A  45. 

1685  *  *  Bach.  Johann  S.,  composer,  musi- 
cian, born. 

Becher,  Johann  .T.,  cliemist,  AS."). 

Denner,  Balthasar,  painter,  born. 

Klein,  Jacob,  naturalist,  born. 

Handel,  Georg  Frederick,  composer, born. 

1686  *  *  Fahrenlieit,  (ialiriel  !>.,  pliysicist,  b. 
Calov,  Abraham,  Lutlieran  clergyman,  A74. 
Guericke,  Otto,  natural  philosopJier,  inventor 

of  air-pump,  A84. 
Neubof,  liaron,  Thedor  von,  adventurer,  b. 

1687  ♦  *  Bengel,  Jobann  A.,  theol.  wr.,  born. 
HeveliiiB,  Johannes,  astronomer,  A76. 

1688*  *  Frederick    William,    "the    Great 
Elector "  of  Brandenburg,  fdr.  of  Prus- 
sian monarchy,  AtiK. 
Vosstus,  Isaac,  classical  scholar,  miscellane- 
uus  writer,  A70. 

1690  •  *  Bogatzky,  Karl  H.,  theol.  writer,  b. 
Canz,  Israel  G.,  philosopher,  born. 
Sclnnauss,  Johann  J.,  legal  writer,  born. 

1691  ♦  *  Amman,  Paul,  botanist,  A57. 
(iesner,  Joliann  Si.,  philologist,  born. 
Morhof,  Daniel  G.,  scbolar,  A52. 

1692  •  *  Hahn,  Simon,  historian,  publicist,  b. 
I'ollnitz,  Karl  von,  advenlnrer,  hist,  wr.,  b. 
Seckendorf,  Veit  L.  von,  scholar,  theologian, 

statesman,  A66. 
Struve,  Georg  A.^  jurist,  A73. 

1693  *  ♦  Biltinger,  (ieorg  B.,  phys.,  math.,  b. 

1694  *  *  Bayer,  Gottlieb  S.,  orientalist,  born. 
Hartzheim,"  Joseph,  Jesuit  historian,  born. 
Mosbeim,  Johann  L.  von,  eccles.  historian,  b. 
l*uffendorf.  Baron  Sauuiel,  jurist,  At)2. 
Riemarus,  Hermann  S.,  philologist,  born. 
Sehopflin,  Johann  1).,  historian,  born. 

1695  *  *  Kiedinger,  Johann,  designer, engr.,  b. 
Trew,  Christoph  .1.,  botanist,  anatomist,  t). 

1696  *  *  Albinns,  Bernard  S.,  anatomist,  b. 
Bruckner,  Johaim,  el.,  schol.,  historian,  b. 
Keith,  James,  ileld-inarshal,  horn. 

Saxe,  Count  of.  Hermann  Maurice,  gen.,  b. 

1697  *  *  Charles  VTI..  Charles  Albert,  em- 
igre r,  horn. 

Hamberger,  Georg  E.,  physician,  born. 
Tersteegen,  Gerhard,  poet,  mystic,  born. 

1698  *  *  Foque,  Henri  A.,  Baron  de  la  Motte, 
general,  born. 

Meuiski,  Francis  M.,  orientalist,  A75. 


1699*  *  Daman,  Christian,  classical  schol.jb. 
Hasse,  Johann,  composer,  born. 
Ziethen,  Hans  J.  von,  general,  born. 

1700  •  *  (lOttsched,  Johann,  critic,  born. 
Kirchmaier,  Georg  K.,  chemist,  A6.5. 
Zinzendorf  und  I'ottendorf,  Count  von,  Ni- 

kolaus  Ludwlg,  founder  (or  restorer;  of 
Moravians,  born. 

1701  •  *  Hontheim,  Johann  N.  von,  jurist,  b. 
Moser,  Johann  J.,  jurist,  born. 

1703  *  *  Oetinger,  Friedrich  ('.,  theol.,  Iwrn. 
1703  *  ♦  Bach,  Johann  C,  composer,  organ- 
ist, A60. 
Gravius,  Joliann,  scholar,  A71. 
1704*  *  Cartheuser,  Johann  F.,pliy8ician,b. 
Spangenberg,  August  G.,  founder  flloravian 
church  in  America,  born. 
1705    May  6.    Xjeopold  I.,  the  Great,  em- 
peror, A  65. 
Eimniart,  Georg  C-,  artist,  astronomer,  A67. 
Spener,  Philipp  J.,  theologian,  A70. 
1706*  *  Baumgarten,  Sigismnnd  J.,theol..b. 

1707  *  *  Cassel,  Johann  P.,  philologist,  born. 
Cetlarius,  Christoph,  critic,  geog.,  A69. 
Ernesti,  Johann  A.,  critic,  born. 

1708  *  *  Engau,  Joliann  R.,  jurist,  writer,  b. 
Hagedon,  Friedrich  von,  poet,  born. 

1709  *   •  Abraham  a  Sancta-Clara,  Augustin- 
ian  friar,  puli)it  orator,  author,  Atj7. 

Gmeliii,  Johann  G.,  botanist,  born. 
Holzer,  Johann,  fresco- pa  inter,  engr.,  bom. 
Ludwig,  Christian  G.,  botanist,  born. 
Warggraf,  Andreas,  chemist,  born. 
18th  Ce7}tury.     Balthasar,  Theodor,  inventor 
of  solar  microscope,  born. 

1710  *  *  Bach,  Wilhelm  F.,  organist,  born. 
Breitkopf,  Johann  G.  E.,  typographer,  bom. 

1711  *  *  Miihlenberg,  Henry  M.,  founder  of 
Lutheran  church  in  America,  born. 

1713    Jan.  24.    Frederick  II..  the  Great. 
King  of  Prussia,  born. 
Dietrich,  Christian  W.,  painter,  b. 

1713  Feb.  25.     Frederick  I.,  lirst  king  of 
Prus.,  A 56. 

Hagedorn,  Christian  L.,  art  critic,  wr.,  born. 

1714  *  *  Bach,  Karl  P.  E.,  composer,  born. 
Baumgarten,  Alexander  (i.,  philosopher,  b. 
Daries,  Joachim  (J.,  jurist,  philosopher,  b. 
Gleditsch,  Johann  G.,  botanist,  horn. 
Gluck,  Johann  C.  von,  composer,  born. 
Gunther,  Anton,  Prince  of  Anhalt,gen.,A61. 
Meckel,  Johann  F.,  anatomist,  born. 
Trench,  Baron  Franz  von  der,  general,  b. 

1715  *  *  Crusins,  Christian  A.,  theol.,  born. 
Gellert,  Christian  F.,  poet,  niis.  wr.,  born. 
Kleist,  Ewald  C.  von,  poet,  born. 

WUle,  Johann  G.,  engraver,  horn. 

1716  Nov.  14.     Leibnitz.   Gottfried   W, 
von,  philosopher,  A70. 

Hasenclever,  Peter,  merchant,  manuf.,b. 
Kampfer,  Engelbrecht,  botanist,  A66. 
Relske,  Johann  J.,  Arabic  scholar,  born. 

1717  May  13.     Maria  Theresa,   Empress 
of  Germany,  Queen  of  Hungary,  born. 

Michaelis,  Juhaiin,  orientaKst,  Bib.  critic,  b. 
Oeser,  or  Oser,  Adam  F.,  jiaint.,  modeler,  b. 
Winrkelmiuin,  Johann  J.,  archeologist,  b. 

1718  *   *  Bohn,  Johann,  physician,  au.,  A78. 
Fink,  Friedrich  A.  von,  general,  born. 

1719  *  *  Achenwall,  Gottfried,  statistician,  b. 
Canstein,  Baron  Karl  H.,  philan.,  A52. 
Kantner,  Abraham,  poet,  math.,  born. 
Lichtwer,  Magnus  G.,  poet,  fabulist,  born. 

1720  *  •  Eckhof,  Conrad,  *'  the  German  Gar- 
rick,"  actor,  born. 

Eisenhart,  .lohann,  F.,  jurist,  born. 
Haberlin,  Franz  D.,  historian,  born. 
Miinchhausen.    Baron,    Karl    Friedrich 
Hieronymus  von,  soldier,  romancer,  born. 
T7z,  Johann  P.,  lyric  poet,  born. 

1721  ♦  *  Baratier,  Johann  P.,  linguist,  bom. 
Brunswick,  Duke  of,  Ferdinand,  general,  b. 
Camerarius,  Itudolf  J.,  botanist,  phys.,  A66. 
Semler,  Johann  S.,  theologian,  born. 
Wedel,  Georg  W.,  physician,  writer,  A76. 


CHURCH. 

1689±  Saxmiy.  The  Pietists,  a  Lu- 
theran sect,  is  foun<led  in  Leipsic  by 
Philip  James  Spener,  a  professor  of 
theology. 

Thev  assert  that  the  church  is  corrupt, 
the  ministry  unfaithful,  and  the  people 
cursed  with  spiritual  death.  [1760.  He 
establishes  "colleges  of  pietists."] 

1691  *  *  Pome.    Innocent  XII.  is  pope. 
[1700,  Clement  XI.;  1721,  Innocent  XIII.; 
1724,   Benedict   XIII.;    1730,   Clement   XII.; 
1740,  Benedict  XIV.;    1768,  Clement  XIII.; 
1769,  Clement  XIV.] 

1706  *  *  A  Danish  Protestant  mission  is 
planned  by  Frederick  IV, 


GERMANY. 


1681,**-1721,^ 


799 


LETTERS. 

1682  *  *  Acta  Erudiiorum  lApsiensium  is 
issued  under  the  editorsbip  of  Leibnitz. 

1686  *  *  Ephemetncles  Litterarix  is  is- 
sued at  Hamburg. 

1688  *  *  The  Asiatic  Banise,  by  Anselm 
von  Zeigler,  appears. 

*  *  Monatsf/esprdche  is  issued  by  Chris- 
tian Tbomasius. 

1689  *  *  Monatliche  Erzahlungen  is  is- 
sued. 

*  *  Arminius  und  Thusnelda,  by  Lohen- 
Btein,  appears. 

*  *  -98  *  *  Monatliche  Unterredungen  Is 
issued. 

1691  *  *  Life  of  Jesus,  by  Father  Martin 
of  Cocbem,  appears. 

1693  Oct.  19.  7*.  Saxotuj.  The  Uni- 
versity of  Halle  is  chartered  by  the 
emperor. 

1694  *  *  Thesaurus  AntiquHatum  Bnma- 
norum,  by  Johann  G.  Grtevius,  appears. 

1697  *  *  Bavaria.  The  University  of 
Altdorf  is  authorized  to  create  doctors 
of  theology. 

*  ♦  A  volume  of  epigrams  by  Christian 
AVernicke  appears. 

1698-1708  Xova  Litteraria  Maris  Bal- 
thici  et  Septentrionis  is  issued. 

1700  •  *  Xebenstunden  unterschiedener 
Gedichte,  by  Freiherr  von  Cauitz,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Observationes  selecta  ad  rem  littera- 
riam  is  issued. 

1701  *  *  Mortatlicher  Anzug  is  issued. 

1702  *  *  Neue  Unterredungen  is  issued. 
1703-09    Nova  Litteraria  Germanise  col- 

lecta  Hamburgi  is  issued. 

1704  *  *  Curieuse  Bibliothek  is  issued 
(the  continuation  of  Monatliche  Unterre- 
dungen.) 

1705  *  *  GeistUche  Cantaten,  by  Erdmann 
Neumeister,  set  to  music  by  Johann 
Sebastian  Bach,  appears. 

1709  *  ♦  Electa  Juris  Publici  is  issued. 

1710  *  *  Saxo?ig.  The  Rostocker  Zeitung 
is  issued  at  Leipsic. 

*  ♦  Neuer  Vorrath  is  issued  at  Mecklen- 
burg. 

*  *  Theodicee,  by  Leibnitz,  appears. 

1711  *  *  Works,  by  Johann  von  Besser, 
appear. 

1712*  *  Oratorio  of  the  Passion,  an  opGTA 
by  Ilarthold  H.  Brockes,  appears.  [1721- 
48,  Earthly  Pleasures  in  God.] 

*  *  Thoughts  on  the  Power  of  the  Human 
Mind,  by  Christian  Wolf,  appears.  [1713- 
15,  Elements  of  Universal  Science.'] 

*  •  Teutscke  Acta  Entditorum  is  issued. 

1714  *  *  Hamburg.  Der  I'emunftler,  the 
first  German  weekly  newspaper,  appears. 

*  *  Holsteinische  Zeitung»- Correspondent 
is  issued.  [1716.  Changed  to  Hamburg- 
ischer-  <  'orresponden  t.  ] 

1715-23    Neue  Acerra  Philologica  is  is- 
sued. 
1715-32    Grundlingiana  is  issued. 

1715  *  *  Neue  Zeitungen  von  gelehrten 
Sachen  is  issued. 

1715-27    Ada  Philosophorum  is  issued. 
1718*  *  WUrttembergische  Nebenstunden 

is  issued. 
1718-20   Literarische  Analekten  is  issued. 

Pr.   Saxong.     Vermischte    Bibliothek   is 

issiiett  at  Halle. 
1718-21     Pr.  Saxony.     BiUiotheca    No- 

vissima  is  issued  at  Halle. 
1721  *  *  Die  Discxtrse  der  Mailer  \%i»&\iQi\. 


SOCIETY. 

1702  *  *  Prus.    Serfdom  is  abolished  by 
Frederick  L 


STATE. 

1683  *  *  The  Treaty  of  The  Hague  is 

concluded  against  the  French. 

1686  July  9.  The  League  of  Augs- 
burg is  signed. 

The  emperor,  kings  of  Sweden  and 
Spain,  the  electors  of  Bavaria,  Saxony, 
and  the  Palatinate,  unite  in  a  league  to 
maintain  the  treaties  of  Miinster  and 
Nimeguen  against  France. 

*  *  Hung.  Buda  istaken  from  theTurks 
after  possession  for  145  years. 

1687  *  *  Hung.  Joseph  I.  receives  the 
crown  of  Hungary. 

*  •  Hung.    The  Diet  of  Pressburg  (p.  513), 

1688  Apr.  19.  Prus.  Frederick 
William,  the  Great  Elector,  dies. 
Frederick  HI,  becomes  duke  of  Prus- 
sia. 

1689  *  *  The  French  send  a  ravaging 
array  into  South  Germany  which  rouses 
some  of  the  princes.    (See  France.) 

May  12.  Vienna.  The  grand  alliance 
is  formed  (p.  513). 

1690  *  *  Bavaria.  The  Bietof  Augsburg 
elects  Joseph  I.  King  of  the  Romans. 

1691*  *  Saxony.  John  Georg  IV.  be- 
comes elector.  [1694.  Frederick  Augus- 
tus II.] 

1692  Dec,  19.  Hanover  becomes  the 
ninth  electorate. 

1697-1763  Saxony.  The  electors  are 
kings  of  Poland. 

1697  Sept.  20.  Neth.  The  Peace  of 
Ryswick  is  signed  (p.  095). 

Oct.  30.  Neth.  The  Treaty  of  Rys- 
wick is  ratified  by  the  empire  and  the 
emperor  (p.  513,  695). 

*  *  Saxony.  Frederick  Augustus  I., 
elector,  becomes  the  king  of  Poland  ;  he 
adopts  the  Catholic  faith. 

*  *  Schwarzburg  -  Sondershausen  is 
made  a  principality. 

1699  Jan.  26.  Ausf.  Peace  of  Kar- 
lowitz  is  signed  by  Austria,  Poland, 
Russia,  Venice,  and  Turkey  (p.  513). 

*  *  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  Albert  dying 
childless,  John  Ernest,  seventh  son  of 
Ernest  the  Pious,  succeeds  as  ruler. 

1701-14  "War  of  the  Spanish  Succes- 
sion.   Cause  (see  p.  512). 

1701  Jan.  18.  Prus.  Prussia  first 
becomes  a  kingdom. 

Frederick  III,,  Elector  of  Branden- 
burg, in  an  assembly  of  the  States  at 
Konigsberg,  crowns  himself  and  his  wife, 
and  is  proclaimed  King  of  Prussia  by  the 
name  of  Frederick  I. 

*  *  Mecklenburg  is  divided  into  Meck- 
lenburg-Schwerin  and  Mecklenburg- 

Strelitz.    [Their  later  history  is  gener- 
ally the  same.] 

*  *  "Waldeck-Pyrmont  is  made  a  prin- 
cipality. 

Sept.  7,  Second  grand  alliance  against 
France  (p.  695). 

1702  *  *  Crefeld  is  transferred  from  the 
House  of  Nassau  to  Prussia. 

*  *  Neth.  Gelderland  is  seized  by  the 
Prussians. 

1703  Apr.*  Bavaria.  The  Elector 
Maximilian,  as  an  ally  of  France,  de- 
clares war  against  the  emperor. 

1704*  *  Brunswick.  Anthony  Ulric 
becomes  duke  of  Brunswick-Wolfenbiit- 
tel.  [1714.  Augustus  William;  1731, 
Lewis  liudolf ;  1735,  Charles.] 


1705  May  5.  Vienna.  The  Emperor 
Leopold  I.  dies.  [His  son  Leopold, 
King  of  Bohemia,  succeeds  him.] 

1705-11    Joseph  I,  is  emperor. 

1707  *  *  Switz.  Neuch&tel,  orNeu- 
burg,  and  Valengia  are  seized  and  an- 
nexed by  Frederick  I. :  the  principality 
of  Tecklenburg  is  purchased. 

1709  June  28,  Saxony.  Saxony  and 
Denmark  and  Russia  enter  an  alliance 
at  Dresden. 

1710  *  *  The  Treaty  of  The  Hague  is 
signed  by  England,  Holland,  and  the 
Empire,  to  push  the  war  away  from  Ger- 
man boundaries. 

1711  Apr.  17.  The  Emperor  Joseph 
I,  dies.  [Dec.  *  His  brother  Charles  is 
elected  emperor.] 

1711-40  Charles  VI.  is  emperor, 
[Count  Linzendorf  is  his  minister.] 

*  *  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt  is  made  a 
principality. 

1712*  *  lik.  Prus.  The  principality  of 
Meurs  is  annexed  to  Prussia. 

*  *  Bremen  is  taken  into  the  possession 
of  Denmark. 

1713-40    Prus.    Frederick  "William  I. 

is  king. 

He  lays  the  foundation  of  Prussian 
greatness,  acquires  great  influence  in 
Europe,  and  leaves  a  well-disciplined 
army  of  70,000  men  at  his  death. 

1713  Apr.  11.  Neth.  Peace  of 
Utrecht  (p.  697). 

Apr.  19.  Charles  VI.  issues  the  Prag- 
matic Sanction  (p.  514). 

*  *  Neth.  Gelderland  is  ceded  in  great 
part  to  Prussia. 

1714  Mar.  Q.  Baden.  The  prelimina- 
ries of  peace  with  France  are  signed  at 
Kastatt  (pp.  514,  697). 

Sept,  17,  Su'itz.  Treaty  of  Baden  be- 
tween the  German  Empire  and  France 
(p.  514). 

*  *  Bavaria.  Maximilian  Emanuel  is  re- 
stored to  his  dominions. 

*  *  Berlin.  The  five  districts  of  Berlin 
are  united  under  one  magistracy. 

1717*  *  Spain  seizes  Sardinia. 

Jan.  17.  Neth.  At  The  Hague  a  treaty 
is  signed  by  Spain,  Savoy,  and  Austria. 

1718  July  22.  Peace  of  Passarowitz 
(p.  515). 

July  26.  London.  The  Quadruple  Al- 
liance is  formed  against  Spain.  [1719. 
Holland  joins.]    (P.  697.) 

*  *  Spain  seizes  Sicily, 

1720  *  *  Prus.  Vompomem  and  Stet- 
tin are  annexed  to  Prussia. 

*  *  The  Treaty  of  Stockholm  is  signed 
by  Sweden  and  Prussia. 

Sweden  cedes  Hither  Ponierania  with 
Stettin  and  the  islands  of  Usedom  and 
Wolliu  to  Prussia,  and  Bremen  and  Ver- 
den  to  Hanover,  and  receives  a  payment 
of  money. 

*  *  The  Pragmatic  Sanction  is  ratified 
by  the  estates  of  the  Austrian  Empire 
and  many  of  the  states  of  Europe. 

Lands  belonging  to  the  House  of  Aus- 
tria are  to  be  indivisible ;  the  inheri- 
tance of  these  lands  shall  devolve  on 
the  daughters  of  Charles  in  the  absence 
of  male  heirs,  according  to  ijrimogeni- 
ture ;  if  the  line  of  Charles  become  ex- 
tinct, the  daughters  of  Joseph  I.  and 
their  descendants  shall  inherit. 


800    1722,**-1749,**. 


GERMANY. 


ASMY  — HAVY. 

1733-35  'War  of  the  Polish  Sucoes- 
Bion  (p.  514). 

1734*  *  jr.  Prus.  Danzig,  liaviug  de- 
clared in  favor  of  Stanislas  Leszczyn- 
ski,  is  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Rus- 
sians and  Saxons. 

1736-39  War  with  Turks  and  Kus- 
sians  (p.  514). 

1738  Nov.  18.  rienna.  The  Peace 
of  Vienna  ends  the  war  of  the  Polish 
Succession  (p.  701). 

1740-48  Prus.  'War  of  the  Austrian 
Succession  (p.  514). 

1740-42  The  First  Silesian  War. 
Saxony  is  au  ally  of  Prussia  (p.  514). 

1741  Apr.  10.  Silesia.  Battle  of 
Mollwitz  (i>.  514). 

•  *  Silesia.  Glogau  is  captured  by  Prus- 
sians. 

•  *  Silesia.  Frederick  II.  captures 
Breslau  from  Austria. 

1742  May  17.  Moravia.  Battle  of 
Chotusitz  near  Czaslau  (p.  514). 

•  *  Sohemia.    The  French  are  driven  out. 
June  11-J-uly  28.    Peace  of  Breslau 

and  Berlin  (p.  515). 

1743  *  *  The  allies  are  driven  out  of 
Bavaria  by  the  Austrians. 

June  27.  Bavaria.  Battle  of  Det- 
tingen  (pp.  5M,  700). 

•  *  The  French  are  compelled  to  recross 
the  Rhine. 

•  *  Prus.  Frederick  introduces  flying 
horse  artillery,  and  improves  military 
tactics. 

1744-45    Second  Silesian  War. 

Battles:  1745,Mayn,Fontenoy,Belg. ; 
June  4,  Hohenfriedburg,  Silesia ;  Sept. 
30,  Soor,  Bohemia  ;  Dec.  15,  Kesselsdorf , 
Saxony  (pp.  514,  515). 

1744  *  •  Saxony.  Frederick  with  80,000 
men  forces  his  way  through  Saxony  and 
invades  Bohemia.    [Takes  Prague.] 

1745  Jan.*  Bavaria.  Munich  is 
taken  by  the  French  and  Bavarians. 

Dec.  25.    Saxony.    Peace.    (See  State.) 

1746  Oct.  11.  Belg.  Marshal  Saxe 
defeats  the  allies  of  Austria  at  Eo- 
ooux,  and  completes  the  conquest  of 
the  Austrian  Netherlands. 

•  *  War  in  Italy  between  Spain,  France, 
and  Austria. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1722  *  *  E,  Prus.  Denis  Papin's  steam- 
engine  is  used  for  raising  water  by 
Weber  and  Potter  at  Konigsberg,  near 
Chemnitz. 

1723  *  *  Saxony.  Muslin  is  first  made 
in  Dresden. 

1726*  *  A'p/A.     Gabriel    D.    Falirenheit 

invents  his  thermometer. 
1729  *  *  Prus.    Genrg  E.  Stalil  founds  a 

system  of  chemistry  on  tlie  theory  of 

phlogiston. 
1731-63    Saxony.    Johann  A.  Hasse  pro- 
duces many  operas,  cliiefly  at  Dresden. 
1732  *  *  Re^iss-Cera.    The  French  lock 

is  invented  by  Freytag  at  Ciera. 
*  *  Martin,  a  snuffbox  maker,  is  said  to 

have  learned  the  art  of  making  papier- 

mach€  from  one  Leftvre. 


1746  *  *  Bavaria.     The  pedal  harp  is 
invented  by  J.  P.  Vetters  at  Nuremberg. 

1747  *  *  Beet-root  sugar  is    first    pro- 
duced by  Andreas  Marggraf,  the  chemist. 


BIKTHS  — DEATHS. 


,  brother 


1732*  *  Augustus  Wilhelm,  prince, 
of  Frederick  the  Great,  born. 

1723  Oct.  19.    Kneller.    Sir  QodJrey. 
painter,  A75. 

Basedow,  Johann  B.,  teacher,  educational 

reformer,  born. 
Blocli,  Markus  E.,  Jewish  pliys.,  natural.,  b. 
Cramer,  Johann  A.,  tlieolopian,  poet,  born. 
Cranz,  David,  hist.,  Moravian  missionary,  b. 
Grimm.  Baron  Friedrich  M..  wit,  critic, 

author,  born. 
Wayer,  .lohann  T.,  astronomer,  born. 
Moser,  Friedrich  K.  von,  jurist,  born. 

1724  Apr.  33.    Kant.  Immanuel,  meta- 
physician, philosopher,  horn. 

jlipinuB,  Franz  M.  U.  T.,  electrician,  b. 
Buschlng,  Anton  F.,  gcoRrapher,  horn. 
Fischer  von  Erlach,  Baron  Johann  B.,  archi- 
tect, A74. 
Guischard,  Karl  Gottlieb,  colonel,  author,  h. 
Klopstock.  Friedrich  G.,  poet,  born. 
1736  •  *  Dusch,  Johann  J.,  poet,  born. 
Putter,  Johann  S.,  ])Ublici8t,  born. 

1726  ♦  *  Chodowieclii,  Daniel  N.,  engr.,  b. 
Schwarz.  Christian  F.,  missionary,  horn. 
Trench,  Haron  Friedrich  von  der,  gen.,  b. 
Walch,  Christian  W.  F.,  eci'lcs.  hist.,  born. 
Welsse,  Christian  F.,  poet,  dram.,  mia.  wr.,  b. 
Zacliaria.  Just  F.  W.,  poet,  satirist,  born. 

1727  *  *  Dantz,  or  Danz,  Johann  A.,  orien- 
talist, A73. 

Francke,  -August  11.,  cl.,  philanthropist,  A64. 

(iatterer,  Johann  C.,  geog.,  historian,  l». 
1738  *  •  Mengs,  Anton  II.,  painter,  author,  b. 

Ocder,  Georg  L.,  botanist,  liorn. 
1729    Jan.  22.    Lessing,  GottholdEphra- 
im.  dramatist,  critic,  ttorn. 

Buiidaeus,  Johannes,  Lutheran  theologian, 
historian,  .\62. 

Forster,  Johann  It.,  naturalist,  traveler,  b. 

Fiirstenberg,  Baron  Friedrich  W.  F.,  states- 
man, born. 

llahn,  Simon,  historian,  publicist,  A37. 

Ileyne,  Christian  (i.,  philologist,  born. 

Mendelssohn,  Moses,  philosopher,  born. 

Panzer,  (Jeorg  Wolfgang,  cl.,  blbliog.,  born. 
1730*   *  Chemnitz,  Johann,  cl.,  naturalist,  b. 

Kckharrt,  John  (i.,  antiq.,  historian,  A.^6. 

Hamaim,  Johann  G.,  philosopher,  born. 

Hedwig,  Johann,  botanist,  born. 

Knyphausen,  Baron  William  von,  general  of 
Hessians  in  America,  born. 

Steuben,  Frederick  W.  A.,  general,  born. 

1731  *  *  Dathe,  Johann  A.,  theol.,  orient.,  b. 

1732  *  *  Adelung,  Johann  C,  philologist,  b. 
Bach,  Johann  C,  composer,  born. 
Haydn,  Joseph,  composer,  born. 

1733  *  *  .\ugustus  1.,  Frederick,  King  of  Po- 
land, A63. 

Mesmer.  Friedrich  A.,  founder  of  mesmer- 
ism.  born. 

Nicolai,  Christoph  F.,  litterateur,  born. 

Niebulir,  Karstens,  traveler,  born. 

Wleland,  Christopher  Martin,  poet,  novel- 
ist, nils,  writer,  I)orn. 

1734  •   *  Stalil,  Georg  F..,  (•liemist,  A74. 
Tychsen.  Olaus  G.,  orientalist,  philologist,  b. 
Uffenbach,  Zachariaa  von,  scliolar,  A61. 

1735  *  *  Musaus,  .lohann  K.  A.,  mis.  wr.,  b. 
.Schlozer,  .\ugust  L.  von,  historian,  born. 
Walter,  Joliann  G.,  physician,  anatomist,  b. 

1736  •  *  Fahrenheit.  Gabriel  D..  physicist, 
A50. 

Rosenmiilipr,  Johann  G.,  theologian,  born. 
■Sclimldt,  Micliael  I.,  historian,  born. 

1737  *  *  Hackert,  I'liilipp,  painter,  born. 
Koch,  Christoph  W.  von,  historical  wr.,  b. 
•Schmolk,  Benjamin,  hymn-writer,  AW. 

1738  •  *  Ahbt,  Thomas,  mis.  writer,  horn. 
Ualdinger,  Ernst  llottfried.  phys.,  au.,  born. 
Bayer,  Gottlieb  S.,  orientalist,  A44. 
Klotz,  Christian  A.,  scholar,  critic,  horn. 
Riedesel,  Friedrich  A.  von,  general  in  Amer- 
ica in  Britisli  service,  born. 

.Struve,  Burkbard  (J.,  jurist,  A67. 

1739  *  *  Amalie,  Anna,   Duchess  of   Saxe- 
Welraar,  born. 

Beckmann,  Johann,  naturalist,  agricultural 

writer,  born. 
Eberhard,  Johann  A.,  philosopher,  wr.,  b. 
Hahn,  Philipp  M.,  mechanician,  inventor,  b. 
Reiser,  Reinbard,  comjioser,  Afi6. 
Wrisberg,  Heinrich  .\.,  anatomist,  born. 

1740  •  •  Baratier,  Joliann  P.,  linguist.  All). 
Holzer,  Joliann,  fresco-painter,  engr.,  A31. 
Jacobi,  Johann  G.,  poet,  scholar,  born. 
J  ung-Stllling,  Johann  H.,  mystic,  born. 
Oberlln,  Jean  F.,  social  reformer,  philan.,  b. 
Sturm,  Christopher  C. , moralist,  preacher,  b. 


1741  Mar.  13.    Joseph  H..  emperor,  b. 
Archenliolz,  Johann  W.,  historical  writer,  b. 
Balirdt,  Karl  F.,  theologian,  horn. 
Kbeling,  Cliristoph  D.,  scholar,  historian,  b. 
Engel,  Johann  J.,  critic,  nils,  writer,  born. 
Heineccius,  Johann  O.,  jurist,  AbO. 
Jsauniann,  Joliann  G.,  composer,  born. 
Pallas,  Peter  .'*.,  naturalist,  traveler,  born. 

1742  Dec.  16.    Bliicher,    Gebhard  I,. 
von,  field-marshal,  born. 

Esper,  Eugen  J.  C.,  entomologist,  born. 
Haas,  Johann  M.,  historian,  A68. 
Hoffmann,  Frieilrich,  pliysician,  A82. 
Lichtenherg,  Georg  (,:.,  physicist,  born. 

1743  ♦  *  Claudius,  .'ilatthias,  poet,  born. 
Eschenhurg,  Johann  J.,  litterateur,  born. 
Fabricius,  Johann  C,  entomologist,  born. 
Frisch,  Joliann  L.,  pliilol.,  naturalist,  A77. 
Jacobi,  Friedrich  11.,  novelist,  plidosopher, 

mis.  writer,  born. 

Klaproth,  Jlartin  H.,  chemist,  born. 

Planer,  Johann  J.,  botanist,  physician,  born. 

KothEchild.  Mayer  A.,  lianker,  born. 

Zimmerman,  Eberhard  A.  W.  von,  natural- 
ist, author,  tiorn. 

1744  Sept.  25.    Frederlcfc  ■William  II.. 
King  of  I*russia,  born. 

Bauer,  FeriiliiaiHl,  botanical,  painter,  born. 
Bogatzky,  Karl  H.,  theological  writer,  A54. 
Dalberg,  Karl  Tlieodor  Anton  Maria  von, 

archhp.  of  Mentz,  schol.,  writer,  born. 
Erxleben.  .loliann  C.  P.,  naturalist,  born. 
Gmelin,  Samuel  G.,  botanist,  traveler,  born. 
Herder,  Johann  G.  von,  phllosoplier,  au.,  b.    . 
Knebel,  Karl  b.  von,  litterateur,  born. 
1746  *  *  Charles  VII.,  Charles  Albert,  em- 
peror, A4S. 
Frank,  Johann  P.,  physician,  horn. 
Griesbach,  Johann  J.,  theologian,  phuol.,  b. 
Schulemboure.  Johann  M..  general,  A84. 

1746  *  *  Campe,  Joachim  H.,  philanthropist, 
mis.  writer,  liorn. 

Hardt,  Hermann  von  (ier,  philologist,  A86. 
Zauner,  Franz,  sculptor,  liorn. 

1747  May  6.  Leopold  II. .  emperor,  born. 
Bertuch,  Friedrich  J.,  journalist,  mis.  writer, 

born. 
Bode,  Johann  E.,  astronomer,  born. 
Denner,  Baltbasar,  painter,  A  62. 
Leopohi,  I'rince  of  Anhalt-Dfssau,  gen.,  A73. 
Weiners,  Christoph,  historian,  born. 
Schultzp,  Johann  A.  P.,  poet,  composer,  b. 

1748  •  •  Burger,  Gottfried  A.,  poet,  born. 
Fiorlllo,  Johann  I).,  painter,  art-writer,  b. 
Hedericli,  Benjamin,  philol.,  leiicog.,  A73. 
Holty,  Ludwig  H.  C,  poet,  born. 
Weigel,  Christian  E.  von,  naturalist,  born. 
Welshaupt,  Adam,  jurist,  philosopher,  born. 

1749  Aue.  28.  Goethe.  Johann  WToU- 
gang  von.  poet,  dramatist,  novelist,  phi- 
losopher, born. 

Forkcl,  Johann  N.,  composer,  born. 
Trench,  Baron,  Franz  von  der,  general,  A36. 

CHURCH. 

1722  June  17.  Saxony.  The  town  of 
Hermhut  is  commenced  by  refugee 
Moravians. 

1724*  •  W.Prxis.  Several  Protestants 
are  put  to  death  at  Thorn  under  a  pre- 
tended legal  sentence  of  the  chancellor 
of  Poland,  for  being  concerned  in  a 
tumult  occasioned  by  a  Konian  Catholic 
procession. 

1727*  •The  Moravian  Church  in 
North  Germany  consists  of  f>00  persons. 

1730  Aug.  30.  Siritz.  The  German 
Christian  Society  is  organized  at  Basel 
on  tlie  Upper  Khjne;  it  is  a  mission- 
society. 


LETTERS. 

1722  *  *  Bavaria.  Parnassus  Boieus  is 
issued  at  Munich. 

*  *  Gelehrtes  Prenssen  is  issued. 
1724*  *  Hamburg.     Der  Patriot  \s\sSMcA. 

*  *  Erlautertes  Preussen  is  issued. 
1724^25    Poems,  by  Christian  Gunther, 

appear. 
1725  •  *  Tlie  Vemunftige  Tadlernnenia 
issued  by  Johann  X;.  Gottsched.    [l.-'7. 
Continued  as  Biedermann.] 

*  •  Der  musikalische  Patriot  is  issued. 

*  *Nora  Litteraria  is  issued  in  Franconia. 

*  *  Thesaurus  Antiquitatum  et  Histoncum 
Italim,  Su-itie,  e^c,  by  Johann  (i.  Grae- 
vius  and  P.  Burmannus,  appears. 


GERMANY. 


1722,**-1749,' 


801 


*  *  Htsse.    Knrze  Higtoire  is  issued. 

*  *  Dtr  patriotiache  Meriikus  is  issued. 
1728  *  *  Die  Matrone  is  issued. 

*  *A  rreaftsemi /.«/(c,  byCliristian  Wolf, 
appears.  [1730.  I'rlmitive  Philosophy  or 
Ontolmiy :  1732,  Moral  Pliilosophy  or 
Ethics  ;  1734,  national  Psycholoqij  ;  1738- 
39,  Uninersal  Practical  Philosophy: 
1740-49,  The  Law  of  Nature  and  The 
Laws  of  Nations.^ 


SOCIETY. 


1725  Nov.  *  Hanover.  Peter,  the 'Wild 
Boy,  is  found  in  tlie  Harzwald  by  liing 
George  I.  of  Kngland  and  some  friends 
wlliie  liunting  ;  he  is  found  wallting  on 
his  baniis  and  feet,  climbing  trees  like  a 
squirrel,  and  feeding  on  grass  and  moss. 

V14S  *  *  Bararia.  Maria  Renata  is 
burned  at  VVUrzburg  for  witchcraft. 


*  *  Artoflthetnric,  by  Gottsched,  appears. 
[1730,  Crilische  Dichtkunst :  1732,  Cato, 
and  essays  on  literary  history  and  the 
German  language  ;  1734,  tVcyrld- IViadom  ; 
1T36,  Poems.] 

1720  *  *  I'ersuch  einigen  Gedichte,  by 
Friedrich  von  Hagedorn,  appears. 

*  »  Bararia.  The  University  of  Bam- 
berg adds  a  faculty  of  theology. 

1730-32  Ada  Borussica  is  issued  in 
Prussia. 

1731-36     Hamburg.    Afedicinische  Nach- 

ricltlen  is  issued. 

1731-50  The  Universal  Lexicon  of  Sci- 
en-ce  and  Arts,  64  vols.,  by  Johaiin  H. 
Zedler,  appears. 

1732  *  *  Versuch  schweizerischer  Ge- 
dichte, poems  by  Albrecht  von  Haller, 
appear. 

1736  Deo.  7.  Hanover.  The  Univer- 
sity of  Gottingen  is  endowed  by  George 
II.  of  England,  Elector  of  Hanover. 
[1737,  Sept.  17.     Opened.] 

*  *  Frankfurter  gelehrte  Zeitung  is  is- 
sued. 

1738*  *  Fabeln  und  Erzahlunqen,  by 
Hagedorn,  appears.  [1747,  Odes  and 
.Songs :  1750,  Moral  Poems.] 

*  *  Considirations  sur  I'itat  prisent  du 
corps  poliligue  de  I' Europe,  hy  Frederick 
II.  (the  Great)  of  Prussia,  appears.  [1740, 
L'  Antimac.hiavet )  llblfMinwiresde Bran- 
delbourg.] 

1739  •  »  Zeitungen  von  gelehrte  Sachsen 
is  issued  at  Gottingen. 

1740-58  Zuverlassige  Nachrichten  (the 
continuation  of  Teutsche  Acta  Erudi- 
toram)  is  issued. 

1740-45  German  Stage,  by  Gottsched, 
appears.  [1745-54,  A'euer  Buchersaal  : 
1748,  Deutsche  Sprachkanst.] 

1742  *  •  Spring,  by  J.  P.  Uz,  appears. 

1743  Feb.  21.  Bavaria.  The  Uni- 
versity of  Erlangen  is  chartered  by 
the  emperor. 

1744  *  *  Essays  in  Humorous  Poetry,  by 
J.  W.  L.  Gleira,  appears. 

*  *  Bremen  Contributions  is  issued  by  Ma- 
giste  Schwabe  and  other  Leipsic  poets. 

1746  *  »  Fables  and  Tales  and  The  Life 
of  the  Swedish  Countess  G.,  by  Christian 
F.  Gellert,  appear.  [1657,  Sacred  Odes 
and  Songs.] 

*  *  The  Anacreon  is  translated  by  Uz  and 
I.  N.  Gotz. 

*  *  Gelehrte  Zeitung  is  issued. 

1747  .  *  Theatrical  Works,  by  Elias 
Schlegel,  appears. 

1748  *  *The  Young  Scholar,  by  Gotthold 
K.  I^essing, appears.  [1751,  Trifles:  1753, 
(omplete  Wmks,  Purts  1.  and  11. ;  1764, 
Parts  III.  and  IV.;  1755,  Parts  V.  and 
VI.,  and  Miss  Sarah  Simpson.] 

*  •  Elements  of  Belles-Lettres,  Metaphy. 
sica,  Ethica  Philosophia,  and  jEsthetica, 
by  Alexander  G.  Baumgarten,  appear. 

1748-73  The  Messias,  bv  Friedrich  G. 
Klopstock,  appears.    [1758,  Belinious 

■Song,t.] 

1749  •  *  .'Spring,  by  Ewald  C.  von  Kleist, 
appears. 


STATE. 

1722  ♦  •  Wilrtemberg.  The  duke  becomes 
a  Catholic.  [Former  dukes  were  Protes- 
tants.] 

1726  *  *  Bavaria.  Charles  Albert  be- 
comes duke. 

1728-48  Saxe-Weimar.  Under  the  reign 
of  Ernest  Augustus  the  principality  is 
reunited. 

1731  *  *  Bremen  is  sold  to  Hanover. 

1733-35  -War  of  the  PoUsh  Succes- 
sion (pp.  515,  G99). 

»  *  .faxony.  Frederick  Augustus  II. 
becomes  elector,  and  King  of  i'oland. 

*  *  Wilrtemberg.  C  h  a r  1  e  s  Alexander 
becomes  duke.    [1737.    Charles  Eugene.] 

1735  •  •  Brunswick.  Ferdinand  Albert 
becomes  duke  of  Brunswick-Bevern. 

*  *  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  .Tohn  Ernest's 
two  sons  ruling  in  common,  acquire  pos- 
session of  Colnirg,  and,  changing  their 
residence,  style  themselves  dukes  of 
Saxe-Coburg-Saalteld. 

1736*  *  Francis  I.,  Duke  of  Lorraine, 
marries  Maria  Theresa,  the  heiress  of 
Austria. 

1738  Nov.  18.  Vienna.  The  Peace 
of  Vienna  (p.  701). 

*  *  Baden.  Charles  Frederick  becomes 
margrave  of  Baden-Durlach. 

1740  May  31.  Prus.  Frederick 
William  I.  dies.  (He  is  succeeded  by 
his  son  Frederick.] 

1740-86  Prus.  Frederick  II.  [Fred- 
erick the  Great]  is  King  of  Prussia. 

He  is  the  greatest  soldier  of  his  time  ; 
he  elevates  Prussia  to  the  rank  of  a 
European  power. 

Oct.  20.  The  Emperor  Charles  VT. 
dies,  and  the  male  line  of  the  House 
of  Hapsburg  becomes  extinct.  [Three 
rivals  claim  the  Austrian  throne  against 
Maria  Theresa.  ]    (P.  515.) 

1741  Jan.  *  .Silesia.  Breslau  is  con- 
quered by  Frederick  II.  of  Prussia. 

Mar.  13.  Hung.  Maria  Theresa,  Queen 
of  Hungary,  gives  birth  to  a  son  [Jo- 
seph II.]. 

May*  Bavaria.  Alliance  of  Nym- 
phenburg  against  Austria  {p.  616). 

*  •  Bohemia.  Prague  is  taken  into  alli- 
ance with  the  Saxons. 

»  *  Aust.  Charles  Albert  of  Bavaria 
causes  himself  to  be  proclaimed  arch- 
duke of  Linz,  while  homage  is  paid  to 
Frederick  in  Silesia.  [Dec*  He  is 
crowned  King  of  Bohemia.] 

1742  Jan.  22.  Charles  Albert,  Duke 
of  Bavaria,  who  had  never  recognized  the 
Pragmatic  Sanction,  is  made  emperor  by 
the  aid  of  Louis  XV.  of  France. 

(General  war  ensues.  Maria  Theresa' 
exhibits  undaunted  spirit;  with  her  in- 
fant son,  .Joseph  II.,  in  her  .arms,  she  ap- 
peals to  the  Hungarian  Diet,  and  the 
chivalrous  Magyars  respond  with  enthu- 
siasm.] 

1742-45  Charles  VH.  is  emperor  of 
Germany. 


Feb.  12.    Frankfort.    Charles  VH.  is 

crowned  emperor  at  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main. 

*  *  Frederick  II.  of  Prussia  claims  Si- 
lesia, and  the  electors  of  Bavaria  and 
of  Saxony  dispute  Maria  Theresa's  claim 
to  the  Austrian  lands.  Frederick  de- 
clares war. 

June  11-July  *  The  Peace  of  Breslau 
and  of  Berlin  is  signed  by  Austria  and 
Prussia. 

Terms  :  Frederick  II.  withdraws  from 
the  alliance  against  Maria  Theresa; 
Austria  cedes  Upper  and  Lower  Silesia 
and  the  county  of  Glatz  to  Prussia,  and 
retains  only  the  southwestern  part  of 
Neisse,  Troppau,and  Jagerndorf ;  Prus- 
sia assumes  the  debt  of  Silesia  due  to 
English  and  Dutch  creiiitors  to  the 
amount  of  1,700,000  rix  dollars. 

1743  *  *  Frederick  II.  concludes  a  sec- 
ond alliance  with  Charles  VII.  and 
France. 

*  •  Charles  Theodor  becomes  elector 
palatine  of  the  Rhine. 

1744  May  22.  Frankfort.  The  Union 
of  Frankfort  is  signed  by  Frederick  II. 
with  the  Emperor  Charles  VII.,  the 
Swedes,  and  Hessians.  [France  also 
Joins.   The  second  Silesian  war  follows.] 

*  •  Hanover.  East  Friesland  falls  to 
Prussia  on  the  extinction  of  the  reigning 
house. 

1745  Jan.  20.  Munich.  Charles  VII. 
dies.  [He  is  succeeded  by  his  son,  Max- 
imilian Joseph.] 

Jan.*  Alliance  against  Prussia  (p.  515). 
Apr.  22.    Bavaria.    Peace   of  Fiissen 
(p.  615). 

May  18.  Saxony  enters  a  treaty  of  al- 
liance with  Austria;  the  elector  is  to 
receive  a  portion  of  territory  in  the  par- 
tition of  Prussia. 

Sept.  13.  Francis,  Cuke  of  Lorraine, 
is  erected  emperor  by  the  aid  of  England 
and  Holland.  He  is  an  amiable  nonen- 
tity; but  Maria  Theresa,  his  wife,  be- 
comes a  ruling  spirit  in  Europe. 

1745-1806    House  of  Lorraine. 

1745-65    Francis  I.  is  emperor. 

Dec.  25.  Saxony.  The  Peace  of  Dres- 
den is  concluded  between  Prussia  and 
Austria,  with  Saxony,  her  ally. 

It  ratifies  the  peace  of  Breslau  and 
Berlin  in  the  ceding  of  Silesia  to  Prussia, 
and  ends  the  second  Silesian  war. 

Frederick  II.  recognizes  Francis  I.  as 
Emperor  of  Germany  ;  Saxony  agrees  to 
pay  to  Prussia  the  impossible  sum  of 
1,000,000  rix  dollars. 

*  *  Bavaria.  Maximilian  Joseph  I.  is 
duke. 

*  *  *  Prussia,  is  a  first-class  power 

among  the  states  of  Europe. 

1748  Oct.  7.  Rh.Prus.  Peace  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle  (p.  616). 

*  *  .4  growing  envy  embitters  Austria 
against  Prussia  since  the  latter  came  to 
be  a  great  power. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1725*  *  Nassau.  Frederick  Augustus, 
King  of  Poland,  builds  the  Konigstein 
Tim. 

It  is  made  to  hold  2,33,fifi7  gallons  of 
wine  ;  and  the  top,  enclosed  by  a  railing, 
furnishes  accommodation  for  20  persons 
while  regaling  themselves. 


802    1750,**-1772,** 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1756-63  The  Third  Silesian  War,  or 
Seven  Years'  War. 

Prussia  is  attacked  by  Austria  aided 
by  France  and  Russia ;  it  is  occasioned 
by  jealousy  of  Prussian  power. 

Battles:  1756,  Oct.  1,  Lobositz,  Bohemia; 
Oct.  16,  Firna,  Saxony;  1757,  -May  6,  Prague; 
June  18,  Kolin,  Botiemia;  June  26,  Hasten- 
beck,  Hanover;  Aug.  30,  Grossjagerndorf, 
E.  Prus.;  Nov.  5,  Kossbaeh,  Saxony  (p.  516)  ; 
Nov.  22,  Breslau;  Dec.  5,  Leuthen,  Silesia; 
1758,  June  23, Crefelii(p.  516)  Kli.  Prus.;  Aug. 
25,  Zorniiorf,  Brandenburg;  Oct.  14,  Hocfi- 
kirch,  Saxony;  17.5!»,  July  23,  Kay,  Branden- 
burg; Aug.  I,  Minden,  Prus.;  Aug.  12,  Ku- 
nersdorf;  Nov.  20,  Maxen,  Saxony;  1760, 
June  20,  Lamieshut;  Aug.  15,  Liegnitz;  Oct. 
30,  Sctiweidnilz,  Silesia;  Nov.  3,  Torgau,  Sax- 
ony; 1762,  July  21,  Burkeradorf,  Saxony, 
(pp.  514,  516.) 

1756  Aug.  *  Frederick  II.  suddenly  in- 
vades Saxony  with  67,000  men,  and  sub- 
dues it  in  anticipation  of  a  combined 
endeavor  of  great  powers  to  partition 
Prussia.    lie  captures  Dresden. 

1757  *  *  Tlio  Prussians  opposing  the 
French  are  commanded  by  Ferdi- 
nand, Duke  of  Brunswick,  brother  of 
the  ruling  duke. 

*  *  The  French  send  a  second  army  un- 
der Soubise  to  unite  with  the  Imperial 
army  in  liberating  Saxony. 

June  28.  Moravia.  The  Austrians  un- 
der Gen.  Laudon  cut  off  the  convoy  of 
the  Prussian  army,  and  compel  it  to 
retreat. 

Nov.  *  SUesia.  Frederick  H.  leads  the 
victorious  Prussians  into  Silesia,  to  re- 
store the  prestige  lost  in  the  defeat  and 
capture  of  the  Duke  of  Brunswick-Bev- 
ern  by  the  Austrians. 

!Dec.  21.  Silesia.  Breslau  is  recovered 
by  the  Prussians  after  a  siege,  with  2,000 
Austrian  prisoners. 

*  *  Bremen  is  taken  by  the  French,  also 
Verdun. 

1758*  *  Moravia  is  occupied  by  Fred- 
erick. 

*  *  Moravia.  Frederick  unsuccessfully 
besieges  Olmiitz. 

*  *  The  Russians  under  Count  Fermor 
advance  to  join  the  Austrians. 

*  *  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick  drives  the 
French  back  across  the  Khine. 

*  *  Prus.  The  Russians  conquer  Prussia 
as  far  as  the  Mark,  and  then  advance. 

*  *  Saxony.  The  Austrians  advance  on 
Lusatia. 

*  *  Bremen  is  taken  out  of  the  hands  of 
the  French  by  Hanoverians. 

1759  Jan.  2.  Frankfort-on-the-Main 
is  surprised  and  captured  by  the  French. 

Apr.  13.  Ferdinand,  Duke  of  Bruns- 
wick, is  defeated  by  the  French  under 
the  Duke  of  Broglie,  in  the  skirmish  of 
Bergen,  near  Frankfort-on-the-Main. 

July  1.  Siiisia.  The  fortress  of  Glatz  is 
captured  by  Gen.  Laudon. 

July*  Saxony,  Dresden  is  unsuccess- 
fully bombarded  by  Frederick. 

July  31.  Westphalia.  At  Warburg 
the  French  are  defeated  by  the  Duke 
of  Brunswick  and  the  alHes. 

1760  Oct.  9-13,  Berlin.  The  Russians 
and  Austrians  under  Gen.  Todleben  sur- 
prise, capture,  and  burn  the  city. 


*  *  Berlin  is  laid  under  contribution  by 
Gen.  Lacy,  with  15,000  Austrians  and  a 
Russian  army;  800,000  guilders  and  1,900,- 
OOOcrowns  paid,  and  magazines,  arsenals, 
and  foundries  destroyed. 

Oct.  30.  Silesia.  At  Schweidnitz 
Frederick  II.  surprises  and  storms  and 
captures  the  castle.  [17G1.  Oct.  1.  Re- 
captured by  Austrians.  1769,  Oct.  9. 
Recaptured  by  Frederick.] 

1761  *  *  Silesia.  Frederick  is  encamped 
opposite  the  xmited  armies  at  Bunzel- 
witz. 

*  *  The  Russian  and  Austrian  armies 
separate  through  jealousy  of  Gen.  Lau- 
don. 

Dec.  13.  Pamerania.  The  Russians  cap- 
ture the  fortress  of  Kolberg. 

1762  May  16.  At  Schweidnitz  Fred- 
erick defeats  the  Austrians. 

July  21.    Silesia.    Battle   of   Burkers- 

dorf  (p.  516). 
Oct.  29.    Saxony.    Battle  of  Freiberg 

(p.  516). 

1763  Feb.  15.  The  Peace  of  Huberts- 
burg  ends  the  Seven  Years*  AATar  (p. 
517). 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1752  ♦  *  Musical  notes  are  printed  by 
Johann  G.  K.  Breitkoff. 

1759  *  *  The  theory  of  epigenesis  is  ad- 
vanced by  Kaspar  F.  Wolff  in  his  The- 
oria  Generationis. 

1760*  * Jieuss-Gera.  Candle-molds 
of  pewter  are  made  by  Freytag  at  Gera, 

1766  *  *  Frederick  Anthony  Mesmer,  a 
physician  of  Merseburg,  publishes  his 
doctrines  respecting  •'mesmerism." 

1767  *  *  Ph.  Prus.  A  school  of  art,  for 
landscape  and  religious  painting,  ia 
founded  at  Dusseldorf  [and  becomes 
famous]. 

1769  *  *  Hanover.  The  first  waterspout 
machine  is  made  by  Winterfried  in  the 
Hartz  Mountains. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1760  July  28.    Bach,  Johann  Bebas- 
tlan,  composer,  musician,  At>5. 

Bilflnger,  Georg  II.,  physicist,  math.,  A57. 
Harrtenberg,  Friuce  Karl  A.  von,  states.,  b. 
Jahn,  Johaim,  R.  C.  cl.,  orientalist,  born. 
Saxe,  Hermann  Maurice,  Count  of,  gen.,  A54. 
Schneider,  Johann  <;.,  naturalist,  philologist, 

lexicographer,  born. 
Stolherg,  Count,  Friedrich  von,  poet,  born. 
WerneV,  Abraham  (i.,  geol.,  mineralogist,  b. 

1761  *  *  Kiengel,  Johann  C,  painter,  born. 
Nitzsch,  Karl  L.,  theologian,  born. 
Planck,  Gottlieb  J.,  theol.,  church  hist.,  b. 
Vo88,  Johann  H.,  poet,  philologist,  boru. 

1763  *  •  Bengel,  Johann  A.,  theol.  wr.,  ABb. 

Bhunenhach,  Johann  F.,  naturalist,  physiol- 
ogist, born. 

Elchhorn,  Johann  G.,  Biblical  critic,  born. 

Tiedge,  Christoph  A.,  poet,  born. 

Thaer,  Albert,  agriculturist,  writer,  born. 
1763  *  *  Achard,  Franz  K.,  chemist,  born. 

Canz,  Israel  G.,  philosopher,  A63. 

Gabler,  Johann  P.,  theologian,  born. 

Klinger,  Friedrich  M.,  dram.,  novelist,  born. 

Knapj),  Georg  C,  theologian,  born. 

JleiBsner,  August  (J.,  dram.,  litterateur,  b. 

Reinhard,  Francis  V.,  tbeol.,  preacher,  born. 
1764*  *  Forster,  Johann   G.  A.,  naturalist, 
writer,  born. 

Ilagedorn,  Friedrich  von,  poet,  A46. 

Niemeyer,  August  H.,  autlior,  born. 

WoU.  Johann  O.  von.  philosopher,  ATS. 
1765*  *  Bauer,  Georg  L.,  rationalistic  cler- 
gyman, orientalist,  born. 

Bliimauer,  Aloys,  poet,  born. 

Billow.  Count  Friedrich  W.  von.  gen.,b. 


Clootz,  Baron  Anaeharsis  de,  political  en- 
thusiast in  France,  born. 

Engau,  Joliann  R.,  jurist,  writer,  A47. 

(imelin,  Joltann  G.,  botanist,  .\46. 

Hahnemann,  Sanuiei  C.  F.,  physician,  Mr, 
of  homeopathic  system,  born. 

Hamberger,  (ieorg  K.,  pliysiclan,  A.5ft. 

Mosheim,  Johann  L.  von,  eccles.  hist.,  A6I. 

Kohler,  or  Koehler,  Johann  I*.,  antiquary, 
historian,  ATI. 

Sommering,  Samuel  T.  voUjanat.,  phy8iol.,b. 

1766  Jan.  37.    Mozart,  WoIiBrang^  Ama- 
deus.  conii)08er,  born. 

Ackermann,  Johann  C.  G.,  physician,  au.,b. 
Babon,  Franz  M.  von,  dramatic  writer,  b. 
Chladni,  Ernst  F.  F.,  philosopher,  in  v.,  b. 
La  Fontaine,  August  H.  J.,  novelist,  mis. 

writer,  born. 
Neuhof,  Baron  Tlieodor  von,  advent.,  A70. 
Scharnhorst,  Gerhard  D.  von,  gen.,  au.,  b. 

1767  Oct.  26.      Stein.   Baron   Helnrich 
F.  K.  von.  statesman,  born. 

Baumgarten,  Sigismund  J.,  theologian,  A5I. 
Bechsteln,  >Iohann  M.,  naturalist,  born. 
Beck,  Christian  1).,  historian,  philologist,  b. 
Pleyel,  Ignaz,  composer,  born. 
Schmauss,  Johann  J.,  legal  writer,  A67. 
Wacbter,  Johann  G.,  scholar,  archeol.,  A84. 
1758*  "■  Augustus  Wilhelm,  Prince,  brother 
of  Frederick  the  Great,  A36. 
Dannecker,  Johann  H.,  sculptor,  born. 
Gall,  Franz  J.,  phys.,  fdr.  of  phrenology,  b. 
Keith,  James,  fleld-marshal,  A62. 
Olbers,  Heinrlch  W.  M.,  astronomer,  born. 
Reinhold,  Karl  L.,  philo8oj)her,  born. 
Tycbsen,  Thomas  C,  philologist,  born. 

1759  Apr.   14.     Handel,  Qeorg  F..  com- 
poser, A74. 

Nov.  10.  Schiller.  Johann  C.  F.  von, 
poet,  dramatist,  historian,  born. 

Guts  JIutbs,  Johann  C.  F.,  founder  of  Ger- 
man system  of  gymnastics,  born. 

Klein,  Jakob  T.,  naturalist,  AT4. 

Kleist,  Ewald  C.  von,  poet,  A  44. 

Reil,  Johann  C,  anatomist,  born. 

'Wolf,  Friedrich  Auguet,  classical  scholar, 
critic,  born. 

1760  *  *  Ahlwardt,  Christian  W.,  phllol.,  b. 
Bottiger,  Karl  A.,  archeologist,  born. 
Demme,  Hermann  K.,  novelist,  born. 
Dinter,  Gustav  F.,  teacher,  wr.  on  educa.,b. 
Gneisenau,  Count,  August  N.  von,  marsh., b. 
Hebel^  Johann  P.,  poet,  boru. 

Heeren,  Arnold  H..  historian,  born. 
Ziegler,  Friedrich  \V.,  actor,  (Iramatist,  b. 
Zinzendorf  und  I'ottendorf,  Count,  Nikolans 
Ludwig,  fdr,  (or  rest.)  of  Moravians,  A60. 

1761  *  •  Bardili,  Christoph  G.,  phU.,  born. 
Gesner,  Johann  Matthias,  philol.,  ATO. 
Kotzebue.  Aug-ust  F.  F.  von,  dram.,  b. 
Matthisson,  Friedrich  von,  poet,  born. 
Paulus,  Heinricb  E.  G.,  theologian,  born. 
Staudlin,  Karl  F.,  theologian,  l)Orn. 
Tennemann,  Wilhelm  G.,  philosopher,  bom. 
Taucbnitz,  Karl  C.  F.,  printer,  bookseller,  b. 

1762  *  *  Baumgarten,  Alexander  G.,  philoso- 
pher, A  48. 

Flchte.  Johann  G..  metaphysician,  born. 
Hufeland,  Christoph  W.,  physician,  born. 
Kluber,  Juhann  L.,  jurist,  politician,  born, 
Mayer,  Johann  T.,  astronomer,  a;)9. 
Poniatowski,  Prince,  Joseph  A.,  I'olish  gen- 
eral, born. 
Vulpius,  Christian  A.,  author,  born, 
Zobel,  Benjamin,  artist,  born. 

1763  Mar.  21.     Richter.    Jean    Paul 
Friedrich.  poet,  novelist,  satirist,  born. 

Buhle,  Johann  G.,  historian  of  phil..  born. 
Hartzheim,  Joseph,  Jesuit,  historian,  A6ft. 
Hayne,  Friedrich  G.,  botanist,  born. 
Seckendorf,  Count,  Friedrich  H.  von,  gen- 
eral, diplomatist,  A90. 

1764  *  *  Buttmann,  I'hilipp  K.,  philol.,  b. 
Ebel.  Johann  G.,  geologist,  l>orn. 
Erman,  Paul,  physicist,  liorn. 

Gentz,  Frederick  von,  states.,  pol.  wr.,  bo^. 

Hugo,  Gustav,  jurist,  l>oru. 

Jacobs,  Frederick,  C.  W.,  classical  scholar, 
critic,  born. 

Schadow,  Johann  G.,  sculptor,  born. 
1766  *  *  Baatler,  Franz  X.  von,  phll.,  bom. 

Daub,  Karl,  theologian,  born. 

Kielmeyer,  Karl  K.  von,  naturalist,  born. 
1766  *  *  Abbt,  Thomas,  una.  writer,  A28. 

Amnion,  Cbristopli  F,  von,  theol.,  preach.,  b. 

Ancillon,  Joliann  P.,  statesman,  hist.,  born. 

Bouterwek,  Friedricli,  phil..  critic,  born. 

Erseh,  Johann  S.,  cyclopedisl,  born. 

Fink.  FriC'lrich  A.  von.  general.  A48. 

Gotlsched.  Joliann  C,  critic,  A66. 

Humboldt.  Baron  Karl  W..  statesman, 
philologist,  born. 

Ideler,  Christian  L..  astron.,  linguist,  born. 

Kreutzer,  Rudolf,  composer,  born. 

Schellinsr.  Friedrich  G.,  novelist,  born. 

Scholl,  Maximilian  S.  F.,  hist.,  publicist,  b. 

Spreugel,  Kurt,  botanist,  born. 


GERMANY. 


1750**-1772**.     803 


1767  •  •  Lehmann,  Johann  0.,  mineral.,  d. 
Kiedinfier,  John  E.,  designer,  engraver,  A72. 
Schleg^el.  August  W^.  von.  poet,  oriental- 
ist. anHior,  Ijoni. 

Seetzen.  Ulrinli  .1.,  naturalist,  traveler,  born. 
Wrede,  Karl  I*.,  prince,  fleld-inarslial,  born. 

1768  Feb.   13.     Francis  II..  emperor,  b. 
AdelunR,  Friedrich,  pliilologist,  born. 
Eberbard,  Konrad,  sculptor,  born. 
Eschenniayer,  Karl  A.,  philosopher,  meta- 
physician, mystic,  born. 

Kind,  Johann  K.,  poet,  novelist,  dram.,  born. 

Koch,  Joseph  A.,  painter,  born. 

Krummacher,  Friedrich  A.,  theologian,  poet, 
mis.  writer,  born. 

Kuhnoel,  Christian  F.,  Biblical  critic,  born. 

Reimarus,  Hermann  S.,  philologist,  A74. 

RosenmiUler,  Ernst  F.  K.,  Bib.,  critic,  born. 

Schlelermacher.  f^edrlch  E.  D.,  theolo- 
gian, critic,  mis.  writer,  liorn. 

Werner,  Friedrich  L.  Z.,  dramatist,  born. 

Winckelniann,  John  J.,  archeologist,  A.5I. 

1769  Sept.  14.  Humboldt.  Baron, 
Friedrich  Helnrlch  Alexander  von, 
naturalist,  traveler,  philosopher,  born. 

Accum,  Friedrich,  chemist,  born. 
Albertini,  Johann  B.  von,  Moravian  cl.,  pul- 
pit orator,  born. 
Arndt,  Ernst  M.,  poet,  political  writer,  born. 
Bernhardl,  Augnst  K.,  philologist^  born. 
Gellert,  Cliristian  F.,  poet,  mis.  writer,  A.'i4. 
Plchler,  Caroline  von,  novelist,  born. 
Tersteegen,  Gerhard,  poet,  mystic,  A72. 
Trew,  Christoph  J.,  botanist,  anatomist,  A74. 

1770  Aug.  3.  Frederick  WilUam  lU.. 
King  of  Prussia,  born. 

Dec.   16.    Beethoven,  Xjudwlg  van,  com- 
poser, born. 
Albinus,  Bernhard  S.,  anatomist,  A74. 
Bruckner,  Johann  J.,  el.,  schol.,  hist.,  A74. 
Ess,  Karl  van.  It.  C.  theol.,  Bil).  schol.,  born. 
Hassel,  Johann  G.  H.,  statistician,  born. 
Hejrel.  GeorRr  WUhelm  Friedrich.  phi!.,  b. 
Knig,  WiUielm  T.,  philosopher,  born. 
Rapp,  George,  fdr.  of  sect  of  Harmonists,  b. 
Schopenhauer,  Jolianna,  novelist,  born. 
Trommsilorff,  Johann  B.,  chemist,  born. 

1771  *   •  August!,  Christian  J.  W.,  theol.,  b. 
Creuzer,  Georg  F.,  antiquary,  philologist,  b. 
Ernest,  Augustus,  King  of  Hanover,  born. 
Klotz,  Christian  .\;,  scholar,  critic,  A33. 
RosenmiHler,  Johann  C,  anatomist,  born. 
Schopfiin,  Johann  I).,  historian,  A76. 
Schwartzenberg,  Prince,  Karl  P.,  gen.,  b. 
Senefelder,  Alois,  inv.  of  titbography,  born. 
Vater,  Johann  S.,  theologian,  philologist,  b. 
Zschokke,  Johann  H.  !>.,  mis.  writer,  born. 

1778*  *  Achenwall, Gottfried, statistic, A53. 
Autenrieth,  Johann  H.  F.  von,  phys.,  au.,  b. 
Bast,  Friedrich  J.,  scholar,  diplomatist,  b. 
Brockhaus,  Friedrich  A.,  pub.,  of  Leipslc,  b. 
Collin,  Helnrich  J.  von,  poet,  bom. 
EsB,  Leander  van,  theologian,  born. 
Hardenberg,  Friedrich  (Novalis)  von,  pht- 

loHophei;,  mystical  writer,  born. 
Hermann,  Johann  (J.  J.,  philologist,  born. 
Lampadins,  Wilhelm  A.,  metallurgist,  born. 
Perthes,  Friedrich  C,  pul>lisher,  born. 
Schlegel,  Karl  \V.  von,  philosopher,  critic,  b. 


LETTERS. 

1750  *  *  (Euvres  du  Philnsophe.  de  Sana 
Souci,  by  Frederick  the  Great,  appears. 

1752  *  *  Arminius  or  Hermann,  by  Chris- 
toph M.  Wieland,  appears.  [1761,  Araspes 
and  Panthea.] 

1755  *  *  Reflections  upon  the  Imitation  of 
the  Antique^  by  Johann  J.  Winckelmann, 
appears.    [17G4,  History  of  Ancient  Art.] 

*  *  Universal  Natural  History  and  Theory 
of  the  Heavens^  by  Immanuei  Kant,  ap- 
pears. 

1756-63  War  Songs  of  a  Grenadier,  by 
Johann  W.  L.  Gleim,  appears. 

1757  *  *  The  Bibliothek  der  sch'dnen  Wis- 
senschaften  is  begun  by  Lessing,  Men- 
delssohn, and  Nicolai. 

1759*  *  Scenes  from  Faust,  Philotas, 
Fabeln,  and  otlier  works  by  Lessing,  ap- 
pear.   [1759-65,  Letters  on  Literature.] 

*  •  Memorabilia  of  Socrates,  by  Johann  G. 
Hemann,  appears. 

1759-68    lieitrag  zum  deutschen  Theatre, 

by  Christiiin  F.  Weisse,  appears.     [1767, 

Komische  Opern.] 
1760-62     The   German    Grandson,  by 

Johann  K.  Mi!^au8,  appears. 
1762  *  *  War-songs  of  a  Royal   Danish 

Grenadier,  hy  Heinrich  W.Gerstenberg, 


appears.  fl776,  Gedicht  eines  Skalden; 
1768,  Ugolino.] 
1762-66  A  translation  of  Shakespeare's 
dramas,  by  Wieland,  appears ;  it  is  the 
first  German  version  of  Shakespeare. 
[1764.  Don  Sylvlo  von  Rosalim :  1766, 
Ayathon;  1768,  Musarion  and  Idris.] 

1764  *  *  Bavaria.  The  University  of 
Bamberg  adds  a  faculty  of  medicine. 

*  *  Wilhelmine,  by  Moritz  A.  Thummel, 
appears. 

*  *  Observations  upon  the  Sentiment  of 
the  Beautiful  and  the  Sublime,  by  Kant, 
appears.    [1766,  Dreams  of  a  Ghost-seer.] 

1765-1806  The  Universal  German  Li- 
brary (162  vols.)  is  published  under  the 
editorship  of  Christoph  F.  Nicolai  and 
others. 

1765  *  *  Xew  Essays  on  the  Human  Un- 
derstanding, by  Leibnitz,  appears. 

1766  *  *  Laocoon,  or  the  Limits  of  Poetry 
and  Painting,  and  Humorous  Tales,  by 
Lessing,  appear.  [1767,  Minna  von  Barn- 
helm:  17©*,  Houi  the  Ancients  depicted 
Death;  1772,  Emilia  Galotti.] 

*  *  Kritische  Wdlder  is  issued. 

1767  *  *  Phsedo,  a  Dialogue  on  the  Im- 
mortality of  the  Soul,  by  Moses  Mendels- 
sohn, appears. 

*  *  Fragments  concerning  the  More  Recent 
German  Literature,  by  Johann  G.  Her- 
der, appears.  [1769,  Critical  Forests; 
1772,  On  the  Origin  of  Language.] 

1767-69  Hamburg.  Dramaturgic  Is  is- 
sued by  Lessing. 

1769  *  *  History  of  Osnabriick,  by  Justus 
Moser,  is  begun.  [1774,  Patriotic  Fan- 
ciest] 

*  *  Hermann's  Schlacht,  by  Klopstock, 
appears.  [1771,  Oden,- 1774,  TheScholar's 
Republic] 

*  *  Der  Postzug,  by  Cornelius  H.  Ayren- 
hoff ,  appears. 

1770  *  *  The  Graces,  by  Wieland,  ap- 
pears. (1771,  Amadis;  1772,  The  Golden 
Mirr<yr:  1773,  Alceste;  1776,  Gaudelin; 
nil,  Geron  the  Noble.] 

1770-74    Poems,  by  Johann  G.  Jacobi, 

appear. 
1770-78    The  Journey  of  Sophia  from 

Memet  to  Saxony,  by  Johann  T,  Hermes, 

appears. 

1771  *  *  Usong,  by  Haller,  appears. 

STATE. 

1755  *  *  Fr.  Madame  Pompadour  suc- 
ceeds in  overthrowing  the  Ministry,  and 
induces  the  Government  to  give  up 
Prussia  and  become  an  ally  of  Austria. 
France  joins  the  alliance  of  Russia 
and  Austria  (p.  515). 

1766  *  *  Austria  brings  on  the  Seven 
Years*  War  in  seeking  recovery  from  the 
dis^ace  of  surrendering  Silesia  to  a 
smaller  power  (p.  515). 

1756-63  Hanover  and  Brunswick  suf- 
fer greatly  during  the  Seven  Years*  War. 

1757  Jan.*  *  Prussia  and  England  join 
in  an  alliance. 

*  *  War  is  declared  on  Frederick  II.  (p. 
516). 

*  *  Sweden   joins    the    alliance    against 

Prussia. 

Sept.  8.  Haiiaver.  Richelieu  and  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland  enter  into  the 
treaty  of  the  Monastery  of  Zeven,  requir- 
ing the  French  to  occupy  Hanover.  [The 
English  Government  rejects  the  treaty.] 

Oct.  14.  Frederick  U.  receives  the 
summons  of  the  Imperial  Diet  at  Ratis- 
bon  to  answer  the  charge  of  treason  to 
the  empire. 


1758-1828     Saxe-Weimar.     Under   the 

reign  of  Charles  Albert,  Saxe-Weimar  is 
a  famous  center  of  learning  and  litera- 
ture. 

1761  *  *  Prus.  Frederick  II.  suffers  for 
lack  of  the  English  subsidies,  which 
have  been  withheld  since  the  accession 
of  George  III.  in  1760. 

1762  Jan.  5.  Rus.  Elizabeth,  Em- 
press of  Russia,  Frederick's  personal 
enemy,  dies,  and  thereby  Prussia  is  saved 
from  destruction. 

Mar.  16.  W.  Prus.  Peter  ITL,  Em- 
peror of  Russia  (an  admirer  of  Freder- 
ick), withdraws  from  the  Austrian  alli- 
ance (p.  516). 

May  6.  Peace  of  St.  Petersburg  be- 
tween Russia  and  Prussia  (p.  517). 

May  22.  The  Peace  of  Hamburg  Is 
concluded  betweeen  Prussia  and  Sweden, 
restoriug  the  situation  existing  before 
the  war. 

Nov.  24.  Maria  Theresa  signs  a  separate 
peace  with  Prussia,  leaving  her  allies 
in  the  lurch. 

1763  Feb.  15.  Saxony.  The  Peace 
of  Hubertsburg  is  concluded  between 
Prussia  and  Austria  and  Saxony  (p.  517). 

*  *  Saxcmy.  Frederick  Augustus  HI. 
becomes  elector. 

*  *  Prus.  Frederick  II.  endeavors  to  re- 
store prosperity  ;  the  ravages  and  ruin 
of  war  abound  ;  magazine  stores  are  dis- 
tributed and  taxes  remitted  in  several 
provinces. 

1764-1800  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  Ernest 
Frederick  I.  reigns. 

*  *  *  The  land  is  plunged  into  bank- 
ruptcy, and  the  measures  adopted  by 
an  imperial  commission  to  manage  the 
finances  of  the  nation  cause  a  rebellion, 
which  is  not  suppressed  without  the  aid 
of  troops  from  Saxony. 

1765  Aug.  18.  Aust.  The  Emperor 
Francis  I.  dies  at  Innsbruck.  [He  is 
succeeded  by  his  son.] 

1765-90    Joseph  II.  is  emperor. 

He  is  co-regent  only  with  his  mother 
Maria  Theresa  until  1780,  for  the  Aus- 
trian lands. 

1766  Feb.  23.  Lorraine  reverts  to 
France  on  the  death  of  Stanislaus  of 
Poland. 

1771  •  *  Baden-Baden.  Charles  Freder- 
ick, Margrave  of  Baden-Durlach,  ac- 
quires Baden-Baden. 

1772  July  25.  A  secret  treaty  is 
signed  by  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia 
for  the  partition  of  Poland. 

Aug.  5.  Poland  is  partitioned  for  the 
first  time  by  the  three  powers. 

Austria  gets  East  Galicia  and  Lodo- 
meria ;  Prussia  gets  Polish  Prussia 
(West  Prussia)  with  the  exception  of 
Danzig,  Thorn,  and  Ermeland,  besides 
the  Netze  district.  Russia  gets  the  re- 
gion lying  between  the  I>una,  Dnieper, 
and  Drutsch.  [1773.  Agreed  to  by  Po- 
land.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1763  *  *  Prussia  is  proud  of  her  king 
because  of  his  heroic  courage,  his  gen- 
eralship, and  his  beneficent  rule. 

1770*  *-72*  *  Many  parts  of  Germany 
are  afflicted  with  famine. 


804    1772,**-1791,** 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1778-79    Tlie  War  of  the  Bavarian  Suc- 
cession.   (See  State.) 

*  *  The  lower  part  of  Bavaria  is  occu- 
pied by  Austriatis.  Joseph  J  I.  ami  Fred- 
erick II.  join  their  armies,  and  encamp 
on  tlie  boundary  of  Bohemia  and  Silesia. 
[July*  Frederick  and  Prince  Henry 
invade  Bohemia.  Autumn.  Prince 
Henry  withdraws  to  Saxony,  and  Fred- 
erick withdraws  to  Silesia.  Skirmishes 
occur,  but  no  battles  are  fought  in  the 
war.] 

1779  May*  The  Peace  of  Teschen 
(p.  517). 

1788  *  *  "War  with  Turkey  (p.  516). 

Sept.  20.  AtLugash  the  Austriana  un- 
der the  Emperor  Joseph  are  surprised 
by  the  Turks,  and  compelled  to  retreat. 

1789  Sept.  22.  At  Rimnik  the  Aus- 
triana and  Russians  are  victorious. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1777  *  *  Georg  C.  Lichtenberg  produces 
electrical  figures. 

1780  *  *  The  circular  saw  la  invented 
by  Gervinus. 

*  *  E.  Prus.  Pressing-boards  are  made 
by  Kanter  at  Konigsberg. 

*  *  The  Meteorological  Society  of  the 
Palatinate  is  established. 

1782  *  *  IJnlstein.  Vaccination  is  first 
performed. 

1785  *  *  Fr.  A  cylindrical  printing- 
machine  is  invented  by  Christoph  P. 
Oberkampf. 

1786  *  *  Mozart's  opera  Die  Zauberflote 
appears.  [1787,  JJon  Giocanni ;  1791, 
La  Ciemenza  di  Tito  appears.  He  pro- 
duces his  Iteguiem,  his  last  work.] 

1789  *  *  Zirconium,  the  metallic  base 
of  the  eartii  zirconia,  is  discovered  by 
Martin  A.  Klaproth. 

*  *  Uranium  is  discovered  by  Klaproth. 

1790  *  *  Goethe  writes  on  the  meta- 
morphosis of  plants. 

*  *The  glass  harmonia,  with  glass 
tubes,  is  invented  by  Chladnitz. 

BIETH8  — DEATHS. 

1773*  *  Aretin,  Baron  Johann  C.  A.  M.  von, 
mis.  writer,  born. 
Bredow,  <;abriel  (J.,  historian,  horn. 
Burckhardt,  .lohann  K.,  astronomer,  born. 
Fries,  Jacob  F.,  philosopher,  born. 
Hasse,  Friedrich  C.  A.,  historical  writer,  b. 
Lurtwig,  Christian  C,  botanist,  A64. 
Schill,  Ferdinand  von,  soldier,  born. 
Tleck.  Ludwig,  poet,  novelist,  essayist,  b. 
Tittmann,  Johann  A.,  Biblical  critic,  born. 
Witzeleben,  Karl  A.  F.  von,  novelist,  born. 

1774  *  *  Bogatzky,  Karl  H.,  theol.  wr.,  A84. 
Buch,  Leopold  von,  geologist,  born. 
Dietrich,  Christian  W.  E.,  painter,  A62. 
Fouque,  Henri  A.,  Baron  de  la  Motte,  gen- 
eral, A76. 

Fuchs,  Johann  von,  chemist,  born. 
(Jmelin,  Samuel  <J.,  botanist,  traveler,  A30. 
Hammer-I'iirgstall,  Joseph  von,  orientalist, 

historian,  born. 
Meckel,  Johann  F.,  anatomist,  AGO. 
Reiske,  Johann  J.,  Arabic  scholar,  A58. 
Thibaut,  Anton  F.  J.,  jurist,  born. 

1775  *  *  Crnsius,  Christian  A.,  theol.,  A60. 
Feuerbach,  Paul  J.  A.,  jurist,  born. 
Grotefend,  (ieorg  F.,  scholar,  antiquary,  h. 
Guischard,  Karl  Gottlieb,  colonel,  an.,  A51. 
Habicht,  Christian  M.,  orientalist,  born. 
Hermes,  (ieorg,  K.  C.  theologian,  born. 
Jacobi,  Maximilian,  alienist,  born. 
Konig,  Friedrich,  uiventor  of  steam  printing- 
press,  born. 

Koppen,  Friedrich,  philosopher,  bom. 
Pollnitz,  Karl  L.,  adventurer,  hist,  wr.,  A83. 
Rotteck,  Karl,  jurist,  statesman,  historian,  b. 
Schellin?.  Friedrich  "W.  J.  von,  phil.,  b. 
1776*  *  Bretschneider,    Karl    G.,    rational- 
istic theologian,  horn. 
Gorres,  Jakob  J.,  mis.  writer,  publicist,  b. 
Herhart,  Joliann  F.,  philosopher,  born. 
Hoffmann,  Krnst  W.,  story-teller,  mis.  wr.,  b. 


Holty,  Ludwig  H.,  poet,  A28. 
Klelst,  Heinrich  von,  poet,  novelist,  born. 
Nees  von  Esenbeck,  Cliristian  ti.  !>.,  hot.,  b. 
NIebuhr,  Barthold  G..  hist.,  philologist,  b. 
Schloeser,  Friedrich  C.  historian,  born. 
Spurzheim,  Johann  G.,  phys.,  phrenologist,  b. 
Tieck,  Christian  F.,  sculptor,  born. 
Treviranus,  Gottfried  11.  K.,  physiologist,  b. 
1777  ♦  *  Berger,  Ludwig,  composer,  born. 
Brentano,  Clemens,  novelist,  dramatist,  b. 
Cartheuser,  Johann  E.,  physician,  A73. 
Cranz,  David,  hist.,  Moravian  mission.,  A54. 
Erxleben,  Johann  C.  1'.,  naturalist,  A33. 
(iauBS,  Karl  F.,  mathematician,  born. 
Fouque,  Friedrich.  Baron   de  la   Motte, 

poet,  novelist,  born. 
Ranch,  Christian  D.,  sculptor,  bom. 
Rothschild.  Nathan  M..  financier,  million- 
aire, born. 
Zacharia,  Just  F.  W.,  poet,  satirist,  A51. 
1778*  *  Auer,    Anton,    Bavarian    porcelain 
painter,  born. 
Ast,  CJeorg  A.  F.,  scholar,  teacher,  bom. 
Damm,  Christian  T.,  classical  schol.,  A79. 
Eckhof,  Conrad,  "the   German  Garrick," 

actor,  A 58. 
Harms,  (Uaus,  theologian,  born. 
Hummel,  Johann  N.,  pianist,  composer,  b. 
Jolin,  Friedrich  L.,  patriot  writer,  born. 
Neukomm,  Chevalier,  SIgismund  von,  com- 
poser, born. 
1779*  *  Augustus  Friedrich  Wilhelra  Hein- 
rich, Prince  of  Prussia,  born. 
Bartholdy,  Jakob  Salomon,  diplom.,  au.,  b. 
Leonhard,  Karl  C.  von,  geologist,  born. 
Mengs.  Anton  R.,  painter,  author,  A51. 
Oken,  Lorenz,  naturalist,  born. 
Retzseh,  Friedrich  A.  M.,  paint.,  designer,  b. 
Ritter,  Karl,  geographer,  born. 
Savigny,  Friedrich  K.  von,  jurist,  born. 
1780*  *  Clausenitz,  Karl  von,  Prussian  gen- 
eral, born. 
Crelle,  August  L.,  architect,  born. 
De  Wette,  Wilhehn  M.  L.,  scholar,  theolo- 
gian, Biblical  critic,  born. 
Doeliereimer,  Johann  W.,  chemist,  born, 
llagedorn.  Christian  L.,  art-critic,  wr.,  A67. 
Hagen,  Friedrich  H.  von  der,  philologist,  b. 
Giinderode,  Karoline  von,  poet,  born. 
Lichtenstein,  Martin  H.  K.,  naturalist,  born. 
Lindenau,  Bernhard  A.  von,  astronomer,  b. 
Maris   Theresa.     Empress    of    Germany, 

Queen  of  Hungary,  A63. 
Marheineke,  I'hihpp  K.,  author,  born. 
Marggraf,  Andreas  S.,  chemist,  A71. 
1781    Feb.  15.   lieesing. Gotthold Ephra- 
im,  dramatist,  critic,  A52. 
Arnim,  Ludwig  A.  von,  poet,  born. 
Castelli,  Ignaz  F.,  dramatist,  born. 
Chamisso,  .\dclbert  von,  poet,  naturalist,  b. 
Eichborn,  Karl  F.,  jurisconsult,  historian,  b. 
Ernesti,  John  A.,  critic,  A74. 
Lltlrow,  Joseph  J.  von,  astronomer,  born. 
Meckel,  Johann  F.,  anatomist,  born. 
Raumer,  Friedrich  L.  G.  von,  historian,  b. 
Schhikel,  Karl  F.,  architect,  born. 
1783  *  *  Blela.  Wilhelm  von,  astron.,  b. 
Froebel,  Friedrich,  educationist,  born. 
Karsten.  Karl  J.  B.,  mineralogist,  born. 
Maximilian,   Alexander   Phdipp,   Prince  of 

NeuH-ied,  naturalist,  traveler,  born. 
Oetinger,  Friedrich  C,  theologian,  A80. 

1783  *  *  lioisseree,  Sulpice,  arclx,  antiq.,  b. 
Cassel,  Johann  P.,  philologist,  A76. 
Eiserdiard,  Johann  F.,  jurist,  A62. 
Hasse,  Johann  A.,  composer,  A84. 
Klaproth,  Heinrich  J.  von,  orientalist,  born. 
Lichwer,  Magnus  G.,  poet,  fabulist,  A64. 
Tarnow,  Fanny,  novelist,  mis.  writer,  born. 
Theremin,  Ludwig  F.  F.,  cl..  author,  born. 

1784  *  *  Bach,  Wilhelm  F.,  organist,  A74. 
Bessel,  Friedrich  W.,  astronomer,  born. 
Depping,  George  B.,  scholar,  litterateur,  b. 
Devrlent,  Ludwig,  actor,  born. 

Dissen,  Georg  L.,  class,  scholar,  philol.,  b. 

Klenze,  Leo  von,  architect,  born. 

Menzel,  Karl  A.,  historian,  born. 

Spolir,  Ludwig,  composer,  born. 

Thiersch,  Friedrich  W..  philologist,  born. 

Walch,  Christian  W.  F.,  eccles.  hisl.,  A68. 

Walcker,  Friedrich  (;..  archeologist,  born. 
178C  *  *  Arnim,  Elizal>eth  von,  mis.  wr.,  b. 

Bekker,  Immanuel.  philologist,  critic,  b. 

Bockh,  August,  philanthropist,  antiq.,  b. 

Dahlmann.  Friedrich  C.  historian,  born. 

Grimm.  Jtikob  L..  philologist,  jurist,  born. 

Gunther,  Anton,  philosopher,  born. 

Hanke,  Henriette  W.,  novelist,  born. 

Ledebour,  Karl  F.  von,  botanist,  born. 

Moser,  Johann  J.,  jurist.  A84. 

I'lanck,  Heinrich  L.,  theological  writer,  b. 

Preuss,  Johann  D.  K.,  historian,  born. 

Piickler-Muskau,  Prince  of,  Hermann  Lud- 
wig Heinrich  von,  traveler,  author,  born. 

Varnhagen  von  Ense,  Karl  August,  au.,  b. 
1786    Aug.  17.    Frederick  li.  the  Great. 
King  of  Prussia,  A74. 


Dec.  18.    "Weber.  Baron  Karl  M.  F.  E. 

■von,  composer,  nmslcian,  born. 

Adam,  Albrecht,  painter,  born. 

Borne,  Ludwig,  political  writer,  born. 

Gesenius,  Friedrich  H.  W.,  orientalist,  Bib- 
lical critic,  born. 

Oledltsch,  Johann  G.,  botanist,  A72. 

Kerner,  Andreas  J.,  lyric  poet,  born. 

Louis  1.,  King  of  Bavaria,  born. 

Mendelssohn,  Moses,  philosopher,  A57. 

Passow,  Franz  L.  K.  F.,  philol.,  lexicog.,b. 

Quaglio,  Domenico,  architectural  jialnter,  b. 

Sturm,  Christopher  C,  niorah,  preach.,  A46. 

Voigt,  Johaimes,  historian,  born. 

Ziethen,  Hans  J.  von,  general,  A87. 

1787  *  •  Bernstein,  Georg  H.,  orientaUst,  b. 
Cornelius,  Peter  von,  painter,  born. 
Dreyse,  Johann  N.  von,inv.of  needle-gun, b. 
Dusch,  Johann  J.,  poet,  A62. 
Ennemoser,  Joseph,  physiologist,  born. 
Fraunhofer,  Joseph  von,  optician,  born. 
Gluck,  Johann  von,  composer,  A73. 
Grafe,  Karl  F.  von,  oculist,  born. 
Haberlin,  Franz  D.,  historian,  A67. 
Mittermaier,  Karl  J.  .\.,  jurist, statesman, b. 
Miihlenberg,  Henry  M.,  founder  of  German 

Lutlieran  church  In  America,  A76. 
Musaus,  Johann  K.  A.,  mis.  writer,  A52. 
Ohm,  Georg  S.,  electrician,  l>orn. 
Passavant,  Johann  D.,  painter,  author,  born. 
Chland,  Johann  L.,  lyric  poet,  born. 

1788  *  ♦  Bach,  Karl  P.  E.,  composer,  A74. 
Baumgarten-Cruslus  L.  F.  O.,  theologian,  b. 
Cramer,  Johann  A.,  theologian,  poet,  A65. 
Eiehendorff,  Baron  Joseph  von,  poet,  nov- 
elist, dramatist,  born. 

Fliigel,  Johann  G.,  lexicographer,  born. 
Freytag,  Georg  W.,  orientalist,  born. 
Hamann,  Johann  G.,  philosopher,  A58. 
Kalkbrenner,  Friedrich,  pianist,  comp.,  b. 
Kunth,  Karl  S.,  botanist,  born. 
Reichenbach,  Baron  Karl  von.  chemist,  b. 
Riickert,  Friedrich,  poet,  orientalist,  born. 
Schopenhaur.  Arthur,  phtlosoiilier,  born. 

1789  *  *  Caru.s,  Karl  G.,  physiol.,  phys.,  b. 
Hase,  Heinrich,  antiquary,  born. 
Knyi)liausen,  Baron   WilliaiTi  von,  general 

of  Hessians  In  America,  A.W. 
Neander,  Johann  A.'W..  eccles.  hist.,  b. 
Overbeck,  Friedrich,  painter,  born. 
Planer,  Johann  J.,  botanist,  physician,  A46. 
Schadow-(;odenhaus,  Friedrich  W., paint., b. 
Schulze,  Ernst  K.,  poet,  born. 
Fesca,  Friedrich  E.,  musician,  composer,  b. 
Twesten,  August  D.  C,  theologian,  Vtorn. 
Winer,  (Jeorge  B.,  theologian,  orientalist,  b. 
Ziramermann,  Clemens  von,  painter,  born. 

1790  Feb.  30.     Joseph  II..  emperor,  A49. 
Basedow,  Johann  B.,  teacher,  educational 

reformer,  A  67. 

Brandis,  (Christian  A.,  hist,  of  philosophy,  h. 

Diesterweg,  Friedrich  A.  W.,  teacher,  born. 

DietericI,  Karl  F.  W.,  economist,  born. 

Gau,  Franz  C,  architect,  born. 

Hahn,  Philipp  M.,  mechanician,  Inv.,  AM. 

Hansemann,  David  J.  L.,  statesman,  finan- 
cier, born. 

Hontheim,  Johann  N.  von.  jurist,  A89. 

Leopold  I.,  King  of  the  Belgians,  Duke  of 
Saxony,  born. 

Maurer,  Georg  L.  von,  jurist,  born. 

Moblus,  August  F.,  mathematician,  born. 

Nitzsch,  Gregor  W.,  philologist,  antiquary,  b. 

Zeditz,  Joseph  C.  von,  poet,  A72. 

1791  Dec.  6.     Mozart,   W^ollerang  Ama- 
dous, composer,  musiiMan.  A35. 

Amsler,  Samuel,  engraver,  born. 
Bopp,  Franz,  orientalist,  born. 
Breithani>t,  Johann  A.,  mineralogist,  bom. 
Bunsen,  Chevalier  Christian  K.  J.  von, 

philologist,  diplomatist,  theologian,  born. 
Choulant,  Ludwig,  physician,  born. 
Darles,  Joachim  G.,  jurist,  philosopher,  Ai ,. 
Dathe,  Johann  .\.,  tlieoL.  orientalist,  AtiO. 
Doderlein,  Ludwig,  philologist,  born. 
Ebert,  Friedrich,  bibliographer,  horn. 
Encke,  Johann  F.,  astronomer,  born. 
Kiirner,  Karl  T.,  poet,  born. 
Meineke,  Johann  A.  F.  A.,  classical  8ehoL,b. 
Michaelis,  Johann  D..  orientalist.  Biblical 

critic,  A74. 
Oeder,  <;eorg  L.,  botanist,  A63. 
OhlmuUer,  Joseph  1).,  architect,  born. 
Semler,  Joliann  S.,  theologian,  A70. 
Bitter,  Heinrich,  philosopher,  born. 


CHURCH. 
1773    July  21.    Home.    The  Pope  signs 

the   brief    abolishing  the    Order  of 

Jesuits. 
1775  *  *  Home.    Pius  VIi  becomes  pope. 
1780*  *  Wiirtemberg,    The  Harmonist 

sect  is  founded  by  George  and  Frederick 


GERMANY. 


1772,*  ♦1791,* 


805 


liapp ;  the  members  hold  their  property 
in  common,  aud  cuiisider  marriage  a 
civil  contract. 

1781*  *  The  Emperor  Joseph  II.  issues 
an  edict  of  tolerance,  granting  freedom 
of  worship  to  all  Protestants  and  to 
members  of  the  Greek  Church. 

1781-89  During  eight  years  700  mon- 
asteries are  closed,  and  36,000  mem- 
bers of  orders  are  released  from  their 
vows. 

1782  *  •  Pope  Pius  VI.  visits  Frederick 
William  III.,  and  vainly  pleads  that  the 
Church  be  not  attacked. 

1785  July  *  The  nuna  are  expelled 
from  their  convents  throughout  Ger- 
many. [The  emperorsuppresses  2,000 
religious  houses.] 

LETTERS. 

1772  *  *  General  History  of  the  North, 
by  August  von  Sohlozer,  appears. 

*  *  Leonore,  by  Gottfried  A,  Biirger,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Frankfurter  gelehrten  Anzeigen 
is  issued  by  Johanu  H.  Merck,  Heraer, 
and  Goethe. 

*  *  Songs  for  the  People,  by  Gleini,  ap- 
pears. [1773,  Poems  after  the  Minne- 
singers; 1779,  Poems  after  Walther  von 
der  Vogelweule.] 

1113  *  *  Sebaldus  Nothanker.hymcol&i, 
appears. 

*  *  Gofz  von  Berlichingen,  by  Goethe,  ap- 
pears. [1774,  Sorrows  of  Young  Werther 
and  Clavigo;  1776,  Stel'la.] 

1773-1810  Der  Deutsche  Merkur  is  is- 
sued by  Weiland. 

1774  *  *  Oldest  Record  of  Man,  Provin- 
cial Leaflets  for  Clergymen,  and  Another 
Philosophy  of  History  with  Reference  to 
the  Development  of  the  Human  Race,  by 
Herder,  appear.     [1778-79,  Folk-Songs.] 

*  *  Hofmeister,  by  Jakob  M.  R.  Lenz,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Orbis  Pictus,  an  elementary  school- 
book,  by  Johann  B.  Basedow,  appears. 

1774-78  lirunsicick,  Lessing  publishes 
The  Wolfenbilttel  Fragments  (on  t\ie  d\8- 
crepanciea  of  the  Gospel  narratives),  by 
Hermann  S.  lieiniarus,  found  by  him  in 
the  Wolfenbiittel  Library.  [1775,  Minna 
von  Barn  helm  :  1778,  Anti-Goerze  and 
Ernst  and  Falk,  Dialogues  for  Free- 
masons: 1779,  Nathan  <fer  W'eise;  1780, 
The  Education  of  the  Human  Rcice.'] 

1775-82  The  Kinderfreund,  a  weekly 
paper  for  children,  is  issued  by  Weisse. 

1775  *  *  Storm  and  Stress,  or  Impulse,  hy 
Friedrlch  M.  Klinger,  appears. 

1775-78  Physiognomic  Fragments  for 
the  J*romofion  of  the  Knowledge  and  Love 
of  Mankind,  by  John  C.  Larater,  ap- 
pears. 

1776  *  •  The  Song  of  the  Brave  Man,  by 
Burger,  appears. 

*  *  Dns  Dentsches  Museum  is  issued  by 
Martin  Miller. 

1779  *  *  Poems,  by  Counts  Christian  and 
Friedrich  L.  Stolberg,  appears. 

*  *  Siegfried  von  Lindenberg,  by  Gott- 
werth  Miiller,  appears. 

1780  *  *  Oberon,  by  Wieland,  appears. 

*  *  De  la  tittirature  allemande,  by  Fred- 
erick the  Great,  appears.  [1788,  Histori/ 
of  My  Time.] 

1781  *  ♦  The  Robbers,  by  Schiller,  ap- 
peiirs.  [1783,  Fiesco  ;  1784,  Love  and  In- 
trigue; 1787,  Don  Carlos.] 

*  *  Critique  of  Pure  Reason,  bv  Kant,  ap- 
pears.   [1784,    }Vhat  is  Enlightenment? 

1788,  Critique  of  Prctctical  Reason  ;  1790, 
Critique  of  the  Power  of  Judgment .] 

*  *  A  Translation  of  Homer* s  Odyssey,  by 
Johann    Voss,  appears.      [1784,  Luise ; 

1789,  VergWs  Georgics.] 


1781-00  Schools  are  established  by 
the  Emperor  Joseph  II,  with  the  prop- 
erty of  the  churches. 

1782-83  Popular  Legends  of  Germany, 
by  Musaus,  appears. 

1783  *  *  The  Greenland  Lawsuits,  by 
Jean  Paul  F.  Richter,  appears.  [1788, 
Selections  from  Papers  of  the  JJevil/] 

*  *  Poems,  by  Ludwig  H.  C.  Holty,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Berlin  Monatschrift  is  issued. 

1784  *  *  Jerusalem,  by  Mendelssohn,  ap- 
pears.   [1785,  Morning  Hours.] 

1784-91  Ideas  on  the  Philosophy  of  the 
History  of  Mankind,  by  Herder,  appears. 

1786  *  *  Anion  Reiser,  by  Karl  P.  Moritz, 
appears.  [1786,  Essay  on  German  Pros- 
ody;  1787,  Fragments  from  the  Journal 
of  a  Visionary.] 

*  *  Saxe-Weimar- Eisenach.  Allgemeine 
Literaturzeitung  is  issued  at  Jena. 

*  *  The  Emperor  and  the  Abbot,  \>y'&nvger, 
appears.    [1786,  The  Wild  Huntsman.] 

1787  *  *  Ardinghelo,  by  Johann  J,  W. 
Heinse,  appears. 

*  *  Poems,  by  Friedrich  von  Matthisson, 
appears. 

*  *  Iphigenia,  by  Goethe,  appears.  [1788, 
Egmont;  1790,  Faust,  a  fragment,  and 
Tasso.] 

1788  *  *  The  emperor  seeks  to  control 
the  universities. 

*  *  The  History  of  the  Revolt  in  The  Neth- 
erlands, The  Gods  of  Greece,  The  Artist, 
and  other  poems,  'by  Schiller,  appear. 
[1790,  History  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War.] 

*  *  The  Stranger  and  The  Indians  in 
England,  by  August  F.  F.  Kotzebue,  ap- 
pear. 

1790  •  *  Preparatory  History  of  the  World 
for  Children,  by  Schlosser,  appears. 

1791  *  *  Peregrinus ProteuSthyVfieXasx^, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1772*  *  Hesse-Nassau.  Meyer  A. 
Rothschild  begins  business  as  a 
money-lender  and  dealer  in  old  coins  in 
the  house  in  which  he  was  born  at 
Frankfort,  over  which  he  places  the 
sign  of  the  red  shield. 

1776  May  *  Bavaria.  A  secret  society 
bearing  the  name  XUuminati,  opposed 
to  tyranny  and  priestcraft,  is  founded 
at  Ingolstadt  by  Dr.  Adam  Weishaupt. 

L1784.     Suppressed.] 

1777  *  *  Socialism    makes    progress   in 

Germany. 

1781  Nov.  1.  The  emperor,  by  edict, 
abolishes    serfdom    in    his    hereditary 

states. 


STATE. 

1773  *  *  Oldenburg.  The  King  of  Den- 
mark agrees  to  a  family  compact  for  an 
exchange  of  territory. 

He  resigns  Oldenburg  to  the  Holstein- 
Gottorp  line  in  return  i^or  a  renunciation 
on  their  part  of  all  claims  to  Schleswig 
and  Holstein.  Oldenburg  Is  created  a 
duchy. 

1777  *  *  Bavaria.  The  electoral  House 
of  Bavaria  becomes  extinct  by  the 
death  of  Maximilian  Joseph.  [The  war 
of  the  Bavarian  succession  follows.] 

*  *  Bavaria   again    acquires   the   Rhine 

Palatinate. 
1778-79    Saxony  is  an  ally  of  Prussia 

in  ttie  war  of  the  Bavarian  succession. 

Germany  takes  possession  of  Bavaria 

(p.  616). 

1778  Jan.  *  The  Treaty  of  Vienna  is 
concluded. 

Joseph  II.  persuades  Charles  Theodor, 
elector  palatine,  aud  legal  heir  of  Ba- 


varia, to  recognize  certain  old  claims  of 
Austria  to  Lower  Bavaria. 

*  *  Bavaria.    Charles  Theodor,  elector 

palatine,  becomes  duke. 

1779  May  13.  Silesia.  The  Peace  of 
Teschen  is  signed  (p.  517). 

1780  Nov.  20.  Vienna.  Maria  The- 
resa, Empress  of  the  Holy  Koman  Em- 
pire, dies. 

1780-90    Joseph  II.  is  emperor  alone. 

*  *  Brunswick.  Charles  "William  Fer- 
dinand becomes  duke  of  Brunswick- 
Wolfenbiittel. 

1781  *  *  Edict  of  tolerance.    (Church.) 

*  *  Disputes  occur  with  the  Dutch;  the 
emperor  arbitrarily  removes  the  barrier 
treaties  in  The  Netherlands. 

1782*  *  Civil  reforms  and  liberal 
changes  take  place  by  direction  of  the 
emperor.  [Only  the  abolition  of  serf- 
dom and  the  edict  of  toleration,  of  all 
his  reforms,  survive  him.] 

1783  *  *  Prus.  Frederick  II.  opposes  the 
emperor  (p.  517). 

1785  *  *  Fr.    The  Peace  of  VersaiUes 

Is  concluded, 

Joseph  II.  receives  10,000,000  florins 
from  the  Dutch,  instead  of  the  opening 
of  the  Scheldt,  according  to  his  previous 

demands. 

*  *  The  emperor  proposes  an  exchange 
of  territory,  which  Frederick  II.  op- 
poses (p.  517). 

July  23.  Frederick  II.  unites  the  princes 
in  the  formation  of  the  Germanic 
Union  (p.  517). 

*  *  Oldenburg.  Peter  Frederick  be- 
comes duke. 

1786  Aug.  17.  Brandenburg.  Fred- 
erick U.,  **The  Great,"  dies  at  San 
Souci.   [He  is  succeeded  by  bis  nephew.] 

1786-97    /Vm5.    Frederick  William 

n.  is  king  of  Prussia  [an  unworthy  suc- 
cessor of  a  great  king], 

1789  *  *  Belg.  A  revolt  is  caused  by  the 
revocation  of  the  Constitution  of  Bra- 
bant by  the  emperor  (p.  517). 

1790  Jan.  31.  Silesia.  The  Congress 
of   Keichenbach   meets,  and  pacifies 

Prussia. 

Feb.  20.  The  Emperor  Joseph  H. 
dies.    [He  is  succeeded  by  his  brother.] 

Sept.  30.  Leopold  H.  is  elected  em- 
peror. 

He  restores  the  old  Constitution  and 
the  old  privileges  in  the  Austrian  Neth- 
erlands after  8uppres.''ing  the  revolt ;  the 
empire  gradually  decays. 

1700-01    Leopold  II.  is  emperor. 

*  *  *  The  nation  is  divided  into  two  jeal- 
ous factions  that  neutralize  each  other, 
and  only  otRcial  routine  is  possible  in 
the  diet ;  the  empire  has  practically 
ceased  to  exist,  only  a  loose  confeder- 
ation of  principalities  and  free  cities 
remaining. 

1791  Jan.  21.  Fr.  "  War  to  the  pal- 
ace, peace  to  the  cottage."  louis  XVI. 
is  executed.  [The  sovereigns  of  Europe 
are  aroused  against  France.] 

Aug.  27.  Saxony.  The  Treaty  Of  Pill- 
nitz  (pp.  519,  709)  is  signed.  It  becomes 
the  basis  of  the  first  coalition. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1775*  *  Berlin.    The  Bank  of  Berlin 
is  established  by  Frederick. 


806     1792,  Jan.  25-1802,  Sept.  7. 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1792-97  War  of  the  first  coalition 
against  France. 

1792  *  *  Frederick  William  II.  of  Prus- 
Bia  invades  France. 

Sept.  20.    Fr.    Battle  of  Valmy  (p.  708). 

Sept.  *  Fr.  The  Prussians  take  Verdun 
[and  hold  it  43  days], 

Oct.  28.  Frankfort  is  captured  by  the 
French  under  Gen.  Custiue. 

Nov.  0.  Belg.  Battle  of  Jemappes  (p. 
518). 

Dec.  2.  Frankfort  is  retaken  by  the 
Prussians. 

1793-1803  Disastrous  wars  between 
Germany  and  France. 

The  emperor  loses  much  territory,  in- 
cluding The  Netherlands,  the  country 
west  of  the  Rhine,  and  his  States  in 
Italy. 

1793  Mar.  18.  French  defeat  at  Neer- 
winden  (p.  518). 

July  *  He.tse.  Mentz  is  retaken  from 
the  French. 

Sept.  14.  Bavaria.  At  Pirmasens  the 
Prussians  under  the  Duke  of  Bruns- 
wick defeat  the  French  under  Gen. 
Moreau. 

Oct.  11-13.  Alsace.  The  French  forti- 
fications at  VVeissenburg  on  the  Phine 
are  stormed  and  taken  by  the  Aus- 
trians  and  Prussians  under  Marshal 
"Wurraser. 

Nov.  *  Bavaria.  At  Kaiserslautern  the 
Prussians  under  the  Duke  of  Brunswick 
defeat  the  French  under  Gen.  Hoche. 

Dec*  Fr.  The  French  under  Gen. 
Pichegru  defeat  the  Austrians  under 
Marshal  Wurmser. 

*  *  The  allies  retreat  across  the  Rhine. 

[They  retake  Worms  in  Hesse ;  also 
Speyer  in  Bavaria.] 

1794  Apr.  18.    Battle  at  Turcoing  (p. 

iisy. 
May  25.    Bavaria.    Battle  of  Kaisers- 
lautern. 

The  Prussians  under  the  Duke  of 
Brunswick  defeat  the  French  under 
Gen.  Hoche.  [Sept.  *  After  a  second 
battle  at  the  same  place  the  Prussians 
retire  across  the  Rhine.] 

Jime  26.  Belg.  Battle  of  Fleurus. 
[Austrians  evacuate  Belgium.]    (P.  518.) 

*  *  Baden.  Mannheim  and  Cologne  are 
taken  by  the  French.  [They  bombard 
Dlisseldorf.  1795.  Sept.  6.  Austrians 
driven  back.]    (P.  518.) 

1795  Apr.  5.    Switz.    Peace  (p.  711). 
Oct.  31.    Baden.    Near  Mannheim  the 

Austrians  under  Marshal  Wurmser  de- 
feat the  French. 

1796  *  *  It.  Napoleon  Bonaparte  in- 
vades Italy  (p.  712). 

*  *  It.  Bonaparte  conquers  the  whole 
of  Lombardy  as  far  as  Mantua,  and 
compels  the  Dukes  of  Parma  and  Mo- 
dena,  the  POpe,  and  Naples  to  purchase 
peace. 

*  *  The  French  invade  South  Germany. 
May  15.  It.  Bonaparte  occupies  Milan. 
May*  The  French  cross  the  Lower 

Bhine. 


Aug.  10.    Bavaria.     Battle    of    Neres- 

heim  (p.  712). 
Aug.  24.    Bavaria.    Battle   of   Amberg 

(p.  518). 
Sept.  3.    Bavaria.    At    Wiirzburg   (p. 

518). 

1797  Apr.  18.  Aust.-Hung.  Peace 
of  Leoben  (p.  519). 

Oct.  17.    It.    Peace  (p.  519), 
1799-1801    War  of  the  second  coali- 
tion against  France  (p.  712). 

1799  Mar.  26.  Baden.  Battle  at  Stock- 
ach  (p.  518). 

Oct.i  *  Field-Marshal  Suvaroff  leaves 
Switzerland  after  a  series  of  terrible 
battles,  and  returns  with  his  army  to 
Russia. 

1800  May  3.  Baden.  The  French  un- 
der Gen.  Moreau  defeat  the  Austrians 
at  Engen. 

May  4.  Baden.  Battle  of  Stockach, 
[May  6,  Biberach.]    (P.  518.) 

1801  Feb.  9.  Fr.  The  Peace  of 
Luneville  (p.  519). 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1796*  *  Bavaria.  Lithography,  or 
drawing  on  stone,  is  invented  by  Alois 
Sennefelfer,  a  Bohemian,  at  Munich. 

1798  *  *  Saxony.  Spinning  by  machin- 
ery is  introduced. 

1798-1803  F.  H.  A.  von  Humboldt 
and  Aim^  Bonpland  explore  thenorlhei-n 
part  of  South  America. 

1800  *  *  Alsace-Lorraine.  A  weighing- 
machine  is  made  by  Jean  Baptiste 
Sch\vilgu6  at  Strasburg. 

1801  *  *  Bavaria.  Johann  W.  Bitter  dis- 
covers chemical  rays. 

1802  Mar.  28.  Bremen.  Pallas,  the  as- 
teroid, is  discovered  by  Heinrich  Gibers, 
[Other  asteroids  are"  discovered.  1807, 
Mar.  29.    He  discovers  Vesta.] 

Sept.  7.  A  remarkable  eclipse  of  the 
sun  is  observed. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS, 

1702    Mar.  1.     Ijeopold  H.,  emperor,  A45. 

Ilalirdt,  Karl  F.,  tJieologlan,  A51. 

Baur,  Ferdinand  C,  theologian,  critic,  born. 

Brunswick,  Duke  of»  Ferdinand,  gen.,  A71. 

Eckermann,  Johann  P.,  Htt^rateur,  born. 

Gieselerf  Johann  K.,  church  historian,  born. 

Halin,  August,  theologian,  born. 

Hanel,  Gustav  F.,  jurist,  born. 

Hauptinann,  Moritz,  composer,  born. 

Kosegarten,  Johann  G.  L.,  orientalist,  born. 

I.ewald,  Johann  K.  A.»  litterateur,  born. 

LUcke,  (;ottfried  C.  F.,  theologian,  born. 

Rau,  Karl  H.,  political  economist,  born. 

Spangenberg,  August  G.,  founder  of  JMora- 
vian  Church  in  America,  A  88* 

Zumpt,  Karl  G.,  classical  scholar,  born. 
1783  *   *  AllioH,  Joseph  F.,  R.  C.  cL,  au.,  b. 

Busching,  Anton  F.,  geographer,  theol.,  A69. 

Friedmann,  Friedrich  T.,  teacher,  born. 

Eschscholtz,  Johann  H.,  naturalist,  born. 

Hasenclever,  Peter,  merchant,  manuf.,  A77. 

Lacbmann,  Karl,  philologist,  critic,  born. 

Relchenbach,  Heinrich  (i.  L.,  naturalist,  b. 

Schonlein,  Johann  L.,  physician,  born. 

Strnve,  Friedrich  G.  W.  von,  astronomer,  b. 

Veit,  Fhilipp,  painter,  born. 
1784*  *  Amelia,   Duchess  of  Saxony,  poet, 
musician,  bom. 

Begas,  Karl,  painter,  born. 

Breitkopf,  Johann  G.  E.,  typographer,  A84. 

Biirger,  Gottfried  A.,  poet,  A 46. 

Chelius,  Maximilian  J.,  physician,  born. 

Clootz,  Baron  Anacharsis  de,  political  enthn- 
siast  in  France,  A39. 

Diez,  Friedrich  C,  philologist,  bom. 

Diffenbach,  Johann  F.,  surgeon,  born. 

Follen,  August,  poet,  born. 

Forstcr,  Johann  (.1.  A.,  naturalist,  wr.,  A40. 

Lapj>enl)erg,  Johann  M.,  historian,  born. 

Miifiler,  Johann  II.,  astronomer,  born. 

Martins,  Karl  F.  V.  von,  botanist,  born. 

Ueyerbeer,  Olacomo.  composer,  born. 


Mitscherlich,  Eilhard,  chemist,  born. 
MoBcheles,  Ignaz,  pianist,  composer,  bom. 
Aliiller,  Wilhelni,  lyric  poet,  l)orn. 
Riippell,  Wilhelm  V.  K.  S.,  natural., trav.,b. 
Saphir,  Moritz,  humorous,  satiric  wr.,  born. 
Schmidt,  Michael  I.,  historian,  ASH. 
Schnorr  von  Karolsfeld,  Julius,  painter,  b. 
Steuben,  Frederick  \V.  A.,  general,  A64. 
Trench,  Baron  Friedrich  von  der,  gen.,  A68. 
Waagen,  Gustav  F.,  art  critic.  l)orn. 
Zunz,  Leopold,  Jewish  theologian,  born. 
1786     Oct.   16.     Frederick   William    IV., 

King  of  PruBflia,  born. 
Bach,  Johann  C.  F..  composer,  A63. 
Ehrenberg,  Christian  G.,  naturalist,  born. 
Follen,  Charles  T.  C,  clergyman,  tlieologian 

(in  U.  S.  A.),  born. 
Gergard,  Edward,  archeologist,  born. 
Ilaidinger,  Wilbelm,  geologist,  mineral.,  b. 
Hansen,  Peter  A.,  astronomer,  born. 
Hermann,   Friedrich  B.  W.  von,  publicist, 

economist,  born. 
Melnbold,  johann  W.,  cl.,  poet,  novelist,  b. 
Pertz,  Georg  H.,  historian,  born. 
Pfeiffer,  hla,  traveler,  born. 
Ranke.  Leopold  von.  historian,  born. 
Rose,  Heinrich,  chemist,  born. 
Vmbreit,  Friedrich  W.,  theologian,  born. 

1796  *   •  Ahn,  Johann  F.,  granunarian,  born. 
Bohlen,  Peter  von.  orientalist,  born. 
Casper,  Johann,  pliyslcian,  born. 

Hiigel,  Karl  A.  A.  von,  trav.,  naturalist,  b. 
Launitz,  Edward  Schmidt  von  der,  sculptor, 

born. 
Lorinser,  Karl  I.,  physician,  born. 
Lowe,  Johann  K.  G.,  composer,  horn. 
Mohler,  Johann  A.,  K.  C.  theologian,  born. 
Olshausen,  Hermann,  theologian,  an.,  born. 
Poggendorf,  Johann  C,  physicist,  chem.,  b. 
Slebold,  Pliilii)p  F.  von,  naturalist,  born. 
Spindler,  Karl,  novelist,  horn. 
Vllmann,  Karl,  theologian,  born. 
I'z,  Johann  P.,  poet,  A66. 

1797  Jan.  31.     Schubert,  Franz,  com- 
poser, born. 

Mar.  22.  William  I.,  King  of  Prussia, 
Emperor  of  Germany,  born. 

IVov.  16.  Frederick  William  II..  Kin? 
of  Prussia,  ASS. 

Dec.   13.    Heine,  Heinrich.  poet,  bom. 

BerghauB,  Heinrich,  geographer,  born. 

Bluhme,  or  Blume,  Friedrich,  jurist,  bom. 

Fichte.  Immanuel  H.,  philosopher,  born. 

Hagen,  F.rnest  A.,  novelist,  wr.  on  art, bora. 

Haring,  'Winielni,  novelist,  born. 

Miiller.  Karl  Otfried,  classical  scholar,  his- 
torian, antiquary,  born. 

MiincbhauBen,  Baron.  Hieronymus  K. 
F.  von.  soldier,  romancer,  A77. 

Poppig,  Eduard,  naturalist,  traveler,  bora. 

Radowitz,  Joseph  M.  von.  gen.,  states.,  b. 

Wachter,  Karl  G.  von,  jurist,  born. 

1798  *  *  Auflfenberg,  Joseph  von,  poet,  born. 
Bahr,  or   Baehr,   Johann    C.   F.,  claBsical 

scholar,  mis.  writer,  born. 

Baumgartner,  Karl  11. ,  phy8.,enibryolo.,  b. 

Blumaner.  Aloys,  poet,  A43. 

Beneke.  Friedrich,  philosopher,  born. 

Devrient,  Karl  A.,  actor,  born. 

Forster,  Joliann  R.,  traveler, naturalist,  A69. 

Gans,  Eduard,  jurist,  born. 

Hensel,  Lulse,  religious  poet,  born. 

Hoffmann.  August,  poet,  born. 

Menzel,  Wolfgang,  critic,  historian,  littera- 
teur, born. 

Moser,  Friedrich  K.  von.  Jurist.  A75. 

>'aumann,  Moritz  E.,  physician,  born. 

Neumann,  Karl  F.,  orientalist,  born. 

Reissiger,  Karl  G.,  composer,  born. 

Rose,  Gustav,  mineralogist,  born. 

Schwarz,  Christian  F.,  missionary,  A72. 

1799  *  *  Argelander,  Friedrich  W.  A., astron- 
omer, born. 

Barthold,  Friedrich  W.,  historian,  bom. 

Bloch,  Markus  E.,  Jewish  physician,  natu- 
ralist, A76. 

Bollinger,  Johann  J.  I. .  theologian,  church 
hist.,  fdr.  "  Old  Catholic  "  movement,  b. 

Gaeern.  Baron.  Heinrich  W.  A.  Ton, 
stateBman.  born. 

Gatterer,  Johann  C,  historian,  A72. 

Hedwig,  Johann,  botanist,  A69. 

Leo,  Heinrich,  historian,  born. 

Lichtenberg,  Georg  C.^  physicist,  A48. 

Oeser,  or  Oser.  Adam  F.,  paint.,  modeler,  A82. 

Prlessnitz,  Vincenz,  fdr.  of  hydropathy,  b. 

Rothe,  Richard,  clergyman,  author,  born. 

Schonbein,  Christian  F.,  chemist,  born. 

Tholuck,  Friedrich  A.  G.,  cl.,  author,  bora. 

Uhlieh,  Lel<erecht,  rationalistic  theol.,  bom. 

1800  Oct.  26.     Moltke,  Count  von.  Hell- 
muth  Karl  Bernhard.  field-marshal,  b. 

Bandel,  Krn.st  von,  sculptor,  born. 
Beer,  Michael,  dramatist,  born. 
Chemnitz,  Jotiann  J.,  cl.,  naturalist,  A70. 
Daumer,  Georg  F.,  philosopher,  born. 
Decben,  Ernest  H.  C.,  uuneralogist,  born. 


GERMANY.        1792,  Jan.  25-1802,  Sept.  7.     807 


Fltedner,  Tlieodor,  philanthropist,  born. 

Forster,  Krnst  .1.,  paint.,  wr.  on  art,  born. 

Forater,  lleinrlch,  prince-biahop  of  Breslau, 
author,  born. 

Gopi>ert,  Deinrich  K.,  liotaniat,  born. 

Haizinger,  Anialie,  actor,  born. 

Hase,  Karl  A.,  theologian,  born. 

Kastner,  Abraham  (i.,  mathematician,  A81. 

Mohl,  .lulius  von.  orientalist,  born. 

Olshauaen,  .Justus,  orientalist,  liorn. 

Rieilesel,  Frederick  A.  von.  general  in  Brit- 
ish service  in  America,  A62. 

Schnl?;e,  Johann  A.  P.,  composer,  poet,  A53. 

Uechtritz,  Friedrich  von,  poet,  dramatist,  b. 

Wiihler,  Friedrich,  chemist,  born. 

Zahn,  Johann  K.  W.,  artist,  born. 
1801*  *  Ackermann,  Johann  C,  physician, 
author,  A45. 

^jiinvis,  Franz  M.  U.  T.,  electrician,  A77. 

Cho<lo\viecki,  Daniel  N.,  engraver,  A75. 

Devrient,  I'hilipp  K.,  actor,  dramatic  wr.,  b. 

Feehner,  Gustav  T.,  natural  philosopher,  b. 

Fleischer,  Heinrich  L.,  orientalist,  born. 

Oruner,  Wilhelm  H.  L..  engraver,  born. 

Hagenbarh,  Karl  It.,  theologian,  ecclesiasti- 
cal historian,  born. 

Hardenberg,   Friedrich    (Kovalis)  Ton,  phi- 
losopher, mystical  writer,  A29. 

Heyt,  August  von  der,  statesman,  born. 

Jahr,  Georg  H.  (i.,  bomeopathist,  born. 

John,  King  of  J^axony,  born. 

Slichelet,  Karl  L.,  philosopher,  born. 

Muller,  Johann,  physiologist,  anatomist,  b. 

Midler,  Julius,  theologian,  born. 

Naumann,  Johann  G.,  composer,  A60. 

retermann,  Julius  H.,  orientalist,  born. 

Plucker,  Julius,  physicist,  born. 

Rodiger,  Kmil,  Hebraist,  born. 

Schulze-I>elitz8(';h,  Hermann,  economist,  b. 

Volkmann,  Alfred  W.,  physiologiat,  born. 

CHXJRCH. 

1800  *  *  Home.    Pius  VII.  becomes  pope. 

1801  *  *  The  archbishopric  of  Cologne 
is  secularized. 

LETTERS. 

1792  *  •  IRstory  of  the  JVorld  in  Extracts 
and  Connection,  hy  Schlosser,  appears. 

*  *  The  Critique  of  all  Revelation,  by  Jo- 
hann G.  Fichte,  appears. 

*  *  Letters  for  the  Advancement  of  Human- 
ity, by  Herder,  appears. 

1793  •  *  The  History  of  the  Seven  Tears* 
War,  by  Johann  W,  Archenholz,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Invisible  Lodge,  by  Riehter,  ap- 
peare.  [1794,  Hesperus;  1796,  Qitintus 
Fixlein  ;  1796-97,  Flotver,  Fruit,  and 
ThoT^  Pieces  and  the    Valley  of  Cam- 

pau,'\ 

*  *  A  translation  of  the  Iliad,  by  Voss, 
appears. 

1794  *  *  Goethe's  version  of  Reynard  the 
Fox  in  High  (or  literary)  German  hex- 
ameters, appears, 

*  *  Fundamental  Principles  of  the  Whole 
Theory  of  Science,  by  Fichte,  appears. 

*  *  Travels  through  Germany,  Switzer- 
land, Italy,  and  Sicily,  by  Count  F.  L. 
Stolberg,  appears. 

1795  *  *  Wilhelm  Meister^s  Apprentice- 
ship, by  Goethe,  appears.  [1796,  Alexis 
and  Dora;  1797,  Hermann  and  Dorothea; 
1804,  Eugenie.] 

*  *  Prolegomena  ad  Homerum,  by  Fried- 
rich A.  Wolf,  appears. 

*  *  Abellino  the'  Bandit,  by  Johann  H. 
D.  Zschokke,  appears.  [lt96,  Julius  von 
Sasseii.] 

1795-98    The  Horse  is  issued  by  Schiller 

and  Goethe. 
1795-1800     The  Almanac  of  the  Muses 

is  issued  by  Schiller. 

1796  *  *  JHe  Xienen,  a  series  of  satiric 
epigrams,  by  Schiller  and  Goethe,  ap- 
pear. 

1797-99  Hyperion,  by  Johann  C.  F. 
Holderlin,  appears. 

1797  ♦  *  Folk  Tales,  by  Ludwic  Tieck, 
appears.  [1798,  Franz  StemfMld's  Wan- 
derings; 1799-184K),  Prince  Zerbino,  or 
Travels  in  Search  of  Good  TasteJ] 


*  *  Ideas  for  a  Philosophy  of  Nature,  by 
Schelling,  appears.  [1798,  On  the  Soul 
of  the  World:  1799,  First  Plan  of  a  Sys- 
tem of  the  Philosophy  of  Nature.] 

1798  *  ♦  Allgemeine  Zeitung  is  issued 
(first  called  Neueste  Weltkunde). 

*  *  The  Universities  of  Mentz  and 
Cologne  suspend. 

1798-1810  A  Translation  of  Shake- 
speare's Works,  by  August  W.  von 
Schlegel,  appears. 

1799  *  *  Discourseson  Religion, hyFried- 
rich  E.  B.  Schleiermacher,  appears. 

*  *  A7icient  History,  by  Arnold  H.  L. 
Heeren,  appears. 

*  *  An  Essay  on  Goethe's  Hermann  and 
Dorothea,  by  Karl  W.Humboldt,  appears. 

*  *  Wallenstein,  by  Schiller,  appears. 
[1799-1803,  The  Maid  of  Orleans,  Mary 
Stuart,  and  The  Pride  of  Thessina;  1801, 
The  Song  of  the  Bell;  1804,  William 
Tell.] 

*  *  Laicinde  and  Alarcos,  by  Karl  W.  F, 
von  Schlegel,  appear.  [1808,  On  tlie  Lan- 
guage and  Wisdom  of  the  Indians ;  1815, 
Lectures  'on  the  History  of  Old  and 
Modern  Literature.] 

1799-1810    Erlanger   Literaturzeitung 

is  issued. 
1800*  *  Heidelberqische  Jahrbuch   der 

Literatur  is  issued. 
1800-03     Titan,    by    Bichter,    appears. 

.[1804-05,  The  Years  of  Youth.] 
1800-34    Leipziger  Literaturzeitung   is 

issued. 
1801*  *  iJrania,  by  Christoph  A.  Tiedge, 

appears. 

*  *  Lorenz  Stark,  by  Johann  J.  Engel, 
appears. 

*  »  Arithmetical  Disquisitions,  by  Karl  F. 
Gauss,  appears. 

*  *  On  the  Differences  between  the  Philo- 
sophical Systems  of  Fichte  and  Schel- 
ling, by  Hegel,  appears.  [1807,  Phasnom- 
enolgy.] 

*  *  Heinrich  von  Ofterdingen,  by  Fried- 
rich von  Hardenberg,  appears. 

*  *  Heinrich  J.  Colin  writes  Regulus, 
Coriolanus,  Balboa^  and  three  other 
tragedies. 

*  *  Bavaria,  The  University  of  Ingol- 
stadt  is  moved  to  Landshut. 

SOCIETY. 
1794  May  28.  Fr.  Gen.  Beaurepaire, 
the  commandant  of  Verdun,  executes 
14  ladies  for  going  to  the  King  of  Prus- 
sia, and  beseeching  him  for  clemency 
for  the  town  then  besieged  by  him. 

STATE. 

1792  Jan.  25.  Paris.  The  Assembly 
declares  war  against  the  German 
Empire  if  it  does  not  issue  a  pacifying 
declaration  concerning  French  exiles  in 
Treves.    [Feb.  10.    Issued.] 

Jan.  26.  The  King  of  Prussia  Issues  a 
manifesto  against  France. 

Feb.  7.  Austria  and  Prussia  unite  in  an 
alliance  against  France. 

Mar.  1.  The  Emperor  Ijeopold  U. 
dies.  [He  is  succeeded  by  his  eldest 
son,  Francis,  the  King  of  Bohemia  and 
Hungary.] 

1792-1806  Francis  U.  is  emperor  of 
the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

He  reigns  in  the  Austrian  dominions, 
and  as  Francis  I.,  Emperor  of  Austria, 
from  1801  [till  1835]. 

Nov.  6.  Belg.  The  Austrian  Nether- 
lands are  lost  (p.  519).     [First  coali- 


tion :  the  sovereigns  of  Europe,  except 
those  of  Sweden  and  Denmark,  unite 
against  France.] 
1793*  *  Prussia  joins  Russia  in  the  sec- 
ond partition  of  Poland. 

Prussia  gets  [Posen]  and  the  western 
part  of  [Russian  Poland],  including 
Banzig  and  Thorn.  Russia  gets  all  the 
territory  lying  east  of  longitude  44%  be- 
ing tiie  greater  part  of  Lithuania. 

*  *  WUrtemberg.  Ix>ms  Eugene  be- 
comes duke. 

*  *  *  Hesse.  Hesse-Darmstadt  loses  its 
territory  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine 
during  the  war  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion. 

1795  Apr.  5.    Swifz.    Peace  of  Basel. 
Prussia  withdraws  from  the  coali- 
tion, abandoning  the  German  cause,  and 
ceding  to  France  her  territory  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Rhine. 

*  *  WUrtemberg.  Frederick  I.  becomes 
duke.    [1797.    Frederick  II.] 

*  *  Third  and  last  partition  of  Poland. 

Prussia  gets  a  large  part  [  Russian  Poland], 
including  Misovia  ami  Warsaw,  the  region 
between  the  Vistula,  Hug,  and  Niemen,  and 
part  of  Cracow  (New  Silesia);  area,  &7,0D0 
square  miles;  population,  2,500,000.  Austria 
gets  West  (ialicia  aa  far  as  the  river  Bug, 
area,  45,000  square  miles;  population,  3,700,- 
000.  Russia  gets  all  the  remainder  of  Poland 
lying  east  of  the  Nlenien  and  the  Hng.  Area, 
57,000  square  miles;  population,  2,500,000. 

1796  Sept.  *  The  Archdiike  Charles 
of  Austria,  by  brilliant  military  opera- 
tions, recovers  from  the  French  the 
entire  right  bank  of  the  Rhine. 

1797  Apr.  18.  Hung.  Preliminaries 
of  Peace  signed  at  Leoben  (p.  519,  713). 

May  18.  Frederick  II.,  Duke  of  WUr- 
temberg, marries  the  princess  royal  of 
England. 

Oct.  17.  /(.  Peace  of  Campo  Pormio 
signed  by  France  and  Austria  (p.  519). 

Nov.  16.  Pr^is.  King  Frederick  "Wil- 
liam II.  dies. 

1797-1840  Prus.  Frederick  "William 
in.  is  king. 

Dec.  8-99  Apr.  8.  Baden.  The  Con- 
gress of  Rastatt  considers  the  question 
between  France  and  Germany. 

It  agrees  to  cede  to  France  the  terri- 
tory on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  and 
to  secularize  certain  German  towns 
(p.  713). 

*  *  Hesse.    Mentz  is  ceded  to  France. 

*  •  "Wiirtemberg:  cedes  Montbeliard  and 
other  possessions  to  France. 

1798*  *  Alsace.   MUlhausen  is  annexed 

to  Francei. 
1799  *  *  Bavaria.    Iffaximilian  Joseph 

II,  is  elector. 
1799-1801    The   second   coalition  is 

formed  against  France. 
It  is  joined  by  Russia,  Austria,  Cng- 

land,  Portugal,  Naples,  and  Turkey. 

1800-06  Saxe-Coburg-  Gotha.  Francis 
Frederick  Antony  is  duke. 

1801  Feb.  9.  Fr.  Bonaparte  dictates 
the  Peace  of  Luneville  (p.  519). 

*  *  Prussia  joins  the  Convention  of  the 
North  against  England. 

Mar.  *  Hamburg.     British  property  is 

sequestrated. 
Apr.  3.    Hanover  Is  seized  by  Prussia. 


808     1802,**-1809,  **. 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1805*  *  Third  coalition  against 
France. 

It  is  composed  of  Austria,  England, 
Russia,  and  Sweden. 

Sept.  9.    Bavaria.    AuatrianB  enter  (p. 

518). 

The  Austrian  army  in  Germany  is 
under  the  Archduke  Ferdinand  and 
Gen.  Mack;  Napoleon  in  person  com- 
mands the  French. 

Oct.  17.  Wurtemherg.  At  Uhn  Gen. 
Mack  surrenders  (p.  518). 

Dec.  26.  Hung.    Peace  of  Presburg  (p. 

519). 
1806-07    France  is  at  war  with  Prussia 
and  Bussia(p.  71C). 

*  *  Prussia  is  greatly  imperiled  by  the 
separation  of  the  military  and  civil 
orders,  and  the  miserable  condition  of 
the  half-trained  army.  The  Prussian 
army,  under  the  superannuated  Duke  of 
Brunswick,  is  concentrated  in  Thu- 
ringia. 

Battles  with  the  French  :  Oct.  10, 
Saalfeld;  Oct.  14,  Jena  ;  also  Auerstadt ; 
Oct.  14,  Prussians  surrender  ;  Nov.  6,  Lii- 
beck  ;  Nov.  8,  Magdeburg ;  1807,  Jan.  * 
Breslau  ;  Feb,  8,  Eylau  ;  May  24,  Dan- 
zig; June  14,  Friedland  (p.  710). 

Oct.  27.  Berlin.  The  French  enter 
Berlin. 

The  French  take  Hamburg,  Brunswick, 
Stettin,  and  other  cities. 

1807  June  10.  E.  Prus.  At  Heils- 
berg  the  French  under  Soult  and  the 
Russians  under  Gen.  Bennigsen  engage 
in  a  bloody  but  indecisive  battle. 

June  16.  E.  Prus.  Konigsberg  is 
taken  by  the  French. 

June  21,  Russia  signs  a  truce  with 
France.    [June  25.    Prussia  also.] 

1809-13  Prus.  The  army  is  secretly 
reorganized  on  the  basis  of  universal 
military  service,  by  a  commission 
headed  by  Gen.  Gerhard  J.  D.  von 
Scharnhorst. 

1809  *  *  Napoleon  is  at  war  with  Aus- 
tria (p.  518). 

Apr.  23.  Bavaria.  Napoleon,  after 
five  days'  fighting,  drives  the  Austrians 
under  Archduke  Charles  into  Bohemia. 

Apr,*  Berlin.  Maj.  Frederic  von  Schill, 
with  600  hussars,  precipitates  the  war 
of  liberation  from  France.     (See  p.  718.) 

Oct.  14.    Peace  of  Vienna  (p.  510). 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1802  *  *  i?A.  Prus.  Bone-dust  is  dis- 
covered to  be  a  manure  by  Kropp  at  So- 
llngen. 

1803*  *A  steam-press  for  printing  ia 
invented  by  Konig  and  Bauer. 

1804  Sept.  1.  The  planet  Juno  is  dis- 
covered by  Harding. 

*  *  Fraunhofer  compares  lines  in  the 
spectrum  of  the  sun  and  stars. 

1805-14  Bavaria.  Telescopes  are  im- 
prove^i    by   Pierre  Louis  Guinaud  and 

Fraunhofer. 

1809  Aug.  29.  Bavaria.  An  electric 
telegraph  machine  is  exhibited  at  Mu- 
nich by  Sommering. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1803  •  *  Bohm,  Theobald,  Ilavarian  flutist,  b. 
Bube,  Adolph,  poet,  born. 
Dindorf,  Wilhelni,  philologist,  born. 
Engel,  Johann  J.,  critic,  mis.  writer,  A61. 
Ettmiiller,  Ernst  M.  L.,  j)hilologi8t,  born. 
Feldmann,  Leopold,  dramatist,  born. 
Felsing,  .Jakob,  engraver,  born. 
Flugpl,  (Uistav  L.,  orientalist,  born. 
Gol<l8(^hmidt,  Hermann,  painter,  astron.,  b. 
Hauff,  Wiihelm,  novelist,  born. 
Hengstenberg,  Ernst  \V.,  theologian,  Bibli- 

ail  critic,  born. 
Klsa,  August,  sculptor,  born. 
Kiihner,  llafael,  phllologiflt,  born. 
Lange.  .lobann  P.,  clergyman,  author,  born. 
Lenau,  Nikolaus,  poet,  born. 
Magnus,  Heinrieh  G.,  chemist,  born. 
Pott,  August  F.,  philologist,  born. 
Ruge.  Arnold,  scholar,  journalist,  born. 
Schwauthaler,  Ludwig  M.,  sculptor,  born. 
Sicbel,  Julius,  oculist,  born. 
Stahl,  Friedrich  J.,  jurist,  born. 
Trenrielenburg,  Friedrich  A.,  philosopher,  b. 
Vehse,  Karl  E.,  historian,  born. 
Wolflf,  Emil,  sculptor,  born. 
Zwirner,  Ernst  F.,  architect,  born. 

1803  *  •  Anierling,  Friedrich,  painter,  born. 
Baltzer,  Johann  B.,  K.  C.  theologian,  born. 
Berthold.  Arnold  A.,  physiologist,  born. 
Caniphausen,  Ludolf,  statesman,  born. 
Devrient,  (iustav  E.,  actor,  born. 

Dove,  Heinrieh  W.,  meteorologist,  born. 
Ewald,  Georg  H.  A.,  orientalist.  Bib.  cr.,  b. 
Guericke,  Heinrieh  E.  F.,  tlieologian,  born. 
Gutzlaff,  Karl,  missionary,  Chinese  Bchol.,b. 
Herder,  .Johann  (i.,  preacher,  philosopher, 

mis.  writer,  A59. 
Klopstock,  Friedrich  G.,  poet,  A79. 
Kobell,  Franz  von,  poet,  mineralogist,  born. 
Xjeibig:,  Baron  Justus,  chemist,  born. 
Miiller,  Sophie,  tragic  actor,  born. 
Ollendorff,  Henry  Godfrey,  edu.,  gram.,  b. 
Roon,  Albrecht  T.  E.  von,  I'russian  gen.,  b. 

1804  Feb.  la.    Kant.  Immanuel,  meta- 
physician, philosopher,  A80. 

Raldinger,  Ernst  G.,  physician,  author,  A66. 

Beck,  .Johann  T.,  theologian,  born. 

Becker,  Karl  F.,  organist,  composer,  born. 

Benedict,  Sir  Julius,  composer,  born. 

Erdmann,  Otto  L.,  chemist,  born. 

Feuerbach,  Ludwig  A.,  philosopher,  born. 

Hildebrandt,  Ferdinand  T.,  painter,  born. 

Lachner,  Franz,  composer,  born. 

Panzer,  Georg  W.,  bibliographer.  Alb. 

Perty,  Joseph  A.  M.,  naturalist,  born. 

Preller,  Friedrich,  artist,  born. 

Rokltansky,  Karl,  physician,  pathologist,  b. 

Ronne,  Ludwig  M.  I*.,  jurist,  born. 

Schomburgk,  Sir  Robert  IL,  naturalist,  trav- 
eler, born. 

Schleiden,  Matthias  J.,  phys., botanist,  born. 

Schwetschke,  Karl  <;.,  satirist,  bibliog.,  b. 

Semper,  Gottfried,  architect,  born. 

Siebold,  Karl  T.  E.  von,  physiologist,  born. 

Strauss,  Johann,  composer,  born. 

Weber,  Wiihelm  E.,  jjhysicist,  born. 

Weisse,  Christian  F.,  poet,  dramatist,  mis. 
writer,  ATS. 

1805  May   8.      Schiller,    Johann    C.    F. 
von.  poet,  dramatist,  hist.,  mis.  wr.,  A46. 

Albers,  Johann  F.  H.,  physician,  born. 
Buschniann,  Johann  K.  E.,  philologist,  born. 
Dirlchlet,  Peter  (i.,  geometrician,  born. 
Drake,  Friedrich,  sciUptor,  born. 
Erdmann,  Johann  E..  philosopher,  born. 
Furst,  Julius,  orientalist,  born. 
Gervinus,  Georg  G.,  liist.,  critic,  mis.  wr.,  b. 
Hahn-Hahn,  CounteBS.  Ida  M.  L.  S.  F. 

G.  von.  poet,  novelist,  born. 
Herzog,  Johann  -J.,  theologian,  author,  born. 
Kaulbach,  Wiihelm  von,  painter,  born. 
Kurz,  Heinrieh,  orient,  schol.,  litterateur,  b. 
Matzner,  Eduard  A.  K.,  pliilologist,  born. 
Manteuffel,  Baron  Otto  T.,  statesman,  born. 
Mohl,  Hugo  von,  botanist,  born. 
Rodbertus,  Karl,  economist,  socialist,  pol.,  b. 
Rosen,  Friedricli  A.,  philologist,  born. 
Rosenkranz.  Johann  K.  F.,  philosopher,  b. 
Ruliens,  Christoph,  painter,  born. 
Sohn,  KaH  F^.,  painter,  born. 
Venedey,  Jakob,  jurist,  politician,  born. 
Wagner,  Rudolph,  physit^ian,  anatomist,  b. 

1806  *  *  .Vbich,  Wiihelm,  geologist,  au.,  b. 
Adelung,  Johann  C,  philologist,  A74.  * 
Auresperg,  Count  Anton  A.  von,  poet,  b. 
Bauer,  Georg  L.,  rationalistic  cl.,  orient.,  A61. 
Diefenbach,  Lorenz,  philologist,  born. 
Ernian,  Gnstav  A.,  natural  phil.,  trav.,  born. 
Freund,  Wiihelm,  lexicographer,  born. 
Froel>el,  JiUius,  politician,  mis.  writer,  born. 
Giinderode,  Karoline  von,  poet,  A26, 
Harless,  (Jottlieb  C.  A.,  theologian,  born. 
Herz,  Heinrieh,  pianist,  composer,  born. 
Hubner,  Rudolph  J.  B.,  painter,  born. 
Kohne,  Gustav  F.,  novelist,  born. 


Laube,  Heinrieh,  poet,  novelist,  mis.  wr.,  b. 
Mohr,  Karl,  physicist,  philosopher,  born. 
Miicke,  Heinrieh  K-  A.,  painter,  born. 
Peters,  Christian  A.  F.,  astronomer,  born. 
Sontag,  Mme.  Henriette,  Countess  Rossi,  vo- 
calist, born. 
Ritschl,  Friedrich  W.,  philologist,  born. 
Speckter,  Erwin,  painter,  born. 
Stemt)erg,  Alexander,  novelist,  born, 
Ulrici,  Hermann,  scholar,  critic,  plnl.,  born. 
Vatke,  Johann  K.  W.,  theologian,  born. 
Wiesbach,  Julius,  mathematician,  born. 
Wille,  Johann,  engraver,  ASI. 
Zeuss,  Johann  K.,  philologist,  lilst.  wr.,  b. 

1807  *  *  Ainmiiller,  Maximilian  ¥a,  i)aint.,b. 
Anialie,  Anna,  Duch.  of  Saxe-Weimar.  A68. 
Bischoff,  Theodor  L.  W.,  anat.,  physiol.,  b. 
Blum,  Robert,  democratic  politician,  born. 
Burnieister,  Hermann,  naturalist,  born. 
Detmold,  Hermann  J.,  statesman,  born. 
Fabricius,  Johann  C,  entomologist.  A64. 
Gabelentz,  Hans  C.  von  der,  politician,  phi- 
lologist, linguist,  born. 

Grimm,  Baron   Friedrich  M..  wit,  critic, 

mis.  writer,  A83. 
Hackert,  I'hilipp,  painter,  A70. 
Hitzig,  Ferdinand,  Biblical  critic,  born. 
Meissner,  August  G.,  dram.,  litterateur,  A54. 
Kast,  William,  founder  of  (German  Jlethod- 

ism  in  America,  born. 
Putter,  Johann  S.,  publicist,  Aft2. 
Schmitz.  Leonbard,  class,  schol.,  philol.,b. 
Vischer,  Friedrich  T.,  philo80phi<:al  wr.,  b. 
1806  *  *  Ahrens,  Heinrieh,  jurist,  author,  b. 
Andree,  Karl  T.,  geographer,  born. 
Bardilli,  Christoph  G.,  philosopher,  A47. 
Cotta,  Bernhard,  geologist,  born. 
Droysen,  Johann  G.,  historian,  born. 
Haase,  Heinrieh  G.  F.  C,  philologist,  born. 
Haupt,  Moritz,  philologist,  born. 
Kohl,  Johann  G.,  traveler,  writer,  bom. 
Kugler,  Franz  T.,  critic,  writer  on  art,  born. 
Lessing,  Karl  F.,  painter,  born. 
Meyerheim,  F'rledrich  E.,  painter,  born. 
Mundt,  Theodor,  mis.  writer,  born. 
Oettinger,  Eduard  M.,  novelist,  bibliog.,  b. 
Sehmid,  Leopold,  R.  C.  theologian,  born. 
Strauss,  David  F.,  rationalistic  theol.,  b. 
Trentowski,  Ferdinand  B.,  Polish  phU.,  b. 
Vangerow,  Karl  A.  von,  jurist,  born. 
Weber,  Georg,  historian,  born. 
Weil,  Gustav,  orientalist,  born. 
Wiehern,  Johann  H.,  cl.,  philanthropist,  b. 
Wrisberg,  Heinrieh  A.,  anatomist,  A69. 

1808  Feb.    3.      Mendelssobn-Bartholdy, 
Felix,  composer,  born. 

Bauer,  Bruno,  rationalistic  theol. ,  critic,  b. 

Benfey,  Theodor,  orientalist,  philologist,  b. 

Beust,  Baron,  Friedrich  F.  von,  states.,  b. 

Braun,  August  E.,  archeologist.  born. 

Dorner,  Isaac  A.,  theologian,  born. 

Duller,  Eduard,  historian,  poet,  born. 

Eberhard,  Johann  A.,  philosopher,  wr.,  A70. 

Grassniann,  Hermann  G.,  mathematician, 
orientalist,  born. 

Haydn.  Joseph,  composer,  A77. 

Hefele,  Karl  von,  R.  C.  bishop  of  Rotten- 
burg,  author,  born. 

Henle,  Friedricli  G.  J.,  physician,  born. 

Koch,  Karl  H.  E.,  naturalist,  born. 

Kurtz,  Johann  H.,  theologian^  born. 

Manteuflfel,  Baron  Edwin  H.  K.,  gen.,  born. 

Otto,  Friedrich  J.,  chemist,  born. 

Preller,  Ludwig,  class,  scholar,  antiquary,  b. 

Sauppe,  Hermann,  classical  schol.,  philol.,  b. 

Schlozer,  August  L.  von,  historian,  A74. 

Schill,  Ferdinand  von,  soldier,  A36. 

Stockhardt,  Jullns  A.,  chemist,  born. 

Zimmerman,  Albert,  painter,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1805  *  *  Berlin.  Pastor  Janicke  founds 
a  Bible  Society,  which  becomes  the 
Prussian  Central  Bible  Society.  [1811, 
He  founds  a  Tract  Society.] 


LETTERS. 

1802  *  *  Rome,  a  poem,  by  K.  W.  Hum- 
boldt, appears. 

1803  *  ♦  Baden.  The  University  of  Heid- 
elberg is  reconstituted. 

*  *  History  of  Serfdom  in  Pomerania  and 
liugen  and  Poems,  by  Ernst  M.  Arndt, 
appear.    [1805-06,  Spirit  of  the  Time.] 

*  *  Right  of  Possession,  by  Friedrich  K. 
von   Savigny,  appears. 

*  *  The  Family  Schrojfensteiv ,  by  Hein- 
rieh B.  W.  von  Kleist,  appears.  [1808, 
Penthesilea :  1810-11,  Katrhrhen  von 
Heilbronn,  the  Broken  Jug,  and  Tales.] 


GERMANY. 


1802,**-1809, 


809 


*  *  3/'(«j(^so?if7.'!,  by  Tieck,  appears.  [1812- 
15,  Phantasus.] 

*  *  Poems  in  the  Alemannic  dialect^  by 
Johanii  P.  Ilebel,  appears. 

1803-09    Spanish  Theatre,  by  August  AV. 

von  Sehlegel.appearsi.    [1809-11,  Lectures 

on  iJramatic  Art  and  Literature.] 
1804*  *  Saxe- Weimar- Eisenach.        The 

Atlgemeine  Literaturzeitung  is  issued  at 

Jena. 

*  *  The  Universities  of  Bamberg,  Dil- 
liugeu,  and  Duisburg  suspend. 

1805  *  *  The  Cid,  by  Herder,  appears. 

*  *  Bavaria.  The  University  of  Alt- 
dorf  is  united  to  that  of  Erlangen, 

1807-32  History  of  the  Crusades  accord- 
ing to  Oriental  anil  Western  Accounts^  by 
Friedrich  Wilken,  appears. 

1808  *  *  The  first  part  of  Faust,  by 
Goethe,  appears.  [1809,  Elective  Affini- 
ties :  1810,  The  History  of  the  Doctrine  of 
Colors:  1811-31,  From  My  Life;  Poetry 
and  Truths.] 

*  *  Pr.  Saxony.  The  University  of 
Halle  is  closed. 

*  *  Die  Einsiedlerzeitung  is  issued. 

*  *  has  Heidelbergische  Jahrbuch  is  is- 
sued. 

*  *  Aspects  of  Nature,  by  F.  H,  A.  von 
Humboldt,  appears. 

*  *  Sigurd  the  Dragon-Slayer  and  The 
Magic  Ping,  by  Friedrich  Fouque,  ai>- 
pear.     [ISli,  Undine.] 

1808-18  History  of  the  States  and  Law 
of  Germany,  by  Karl  F.  Eichhorn,  ap- 
pears. 

1809  *  •  The  Universities  of  Rinteln  and 

Helmstadt  suspend. 

*  *  The  University  of  Frankfort-on-the- 
Oder  is  united  to  that  of  Breslau. 

*  *  History  cf  the  Political  Systems  and 
Colonies  of  Europe,  by  Heeren,  appears. 

*  *  The  Ttrenty-fourth  of  February,  by 
Friedrich  L.  Z.  Werner,  appears. 


tional  title  of  Francis  I.,  hereditary 
Emperor  of  Austria,  in  view  of  the 
approaching  dissolution  of  the  German 
Empire. 

1805  Nov.  3.  Prus.  The  King  of  Prus- 
sia and  the  Emperor  of  Russia  conclude 
the  Convention  of  Potsdam,  and 
"swear  eternal  friendship," 

*  *  Third  coalition  against  France. 

England,  Austria,  Russia,  and  Sweden 
unite  against  France  and  Spain. 

Dec.  15.  Prussia  is  deterred  from  join- 
ing the  coalition  by  a  treaty  with 
France,  in  which  Hanover  is  promised 
in  exchange  for  part  of  Cleves. 


*  *  Baden.  Charles  Frederick  is  made 
grand  duke  by  Napoleon,  and  receives 
another  addition  of  territory.  Baden 
becomes  a  grand  duchy. 

*  *  Hesse- parmstadt  becomes  a  grand 
duchy,  with  additional  territory.  Louis 
I.  becomes  grand  duke. 

*  *  Brunswick.  ^William  Frederick  be- 
comes duke  of  Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel. 
[1813.    Oct  *  Actual  reign  begins.] 

1807  Apr.  26.  E.  Prus.  Alexander 
and  the  King  of  Prussia  form  a  com- 
pact aiming  to  unite  all  Europe  on  a 
new  political  foundation.  [Vienna  re- 
fuses, and  the  compact  fails.] 


Dec.  26.    The  Peace  of  Presburg  adds    ^^^^^  25.     W.  Bus.    Napoleon   meets 


SOCIETY. 

1807  June  *  E.  Prus.  The  Tugend- 
bund,  or  League  of  Virtue,  is  formed  at 
Konigsberg,  for  relieving  the  sufferers 
by  the  late  wars,  and  the  revival  of 
morality  and  patriotism.  (1809.  It  ex- 
cites the  jealousy  of  Napoleon  ;  he  de- 
mands its  suppression.  1815.  Dissolved,] 


STATE. 

1802  *  *  Prussia  acquires  Erfturt,  [ISOS. 
Receives  more  territory.] 

*  *  "Westphalia  is  made  over  to  Hesse- 
Darmstadt. 

1803  June  5.    Hanover  is   occupied 

and  harassed  by  the  French. 

Bonaparte  expresses  his  contempt  for 
the  vanishing  empire  by  invading  Ger- 
many. 

*  *  Wurtemberg.  Frederick  II.  is  made 
elector  of  Germany. 

*  *HeBse-Cassel  becomes  an  elec- 
torate ;  William  I,  elector. 

*  *  Tlie  county  of  Hanau  is  made  a  prin- 
cipality. 

*  *  Bavaria  is  compelled  by  the  Imperial 
delegations  to  give  up  certain  territory, 
but  receives  Wiirzburg,  Bamberg,  Augs- 
burg, and  other  accessions. 

*  ♦  Wiirtemberg  and  Baden  receive  ac- 
cessions of  territory,  and  are  made  elec- 
torates-. 

*  *  The  Empire  of  Austria  is  formed. 

1804  Aug.  11.  Franci8H.,theelected 
Emperor  of  Germany,  takes  the  addi- 


to  the  humiliation  of  Austria  {p.  519). 

*  *  Diisseldorf  becomes  the  capital  of  the 
Napoleonic  duchy  of  Berg. 

*  *  Prussia  acquires  Hanover  in  return 
for  Ausbach,  Cleves,  and  Neuchatel. 

*  *  Wiirtemberg.  Frederick  II.,  Elector 
of  Wiirtemberg,  becomes  king  as  Fred- 
erick I. 

*  *  Baden  receives  more  accessions  of 
territory. 

1806-44  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  Ernest 
III.  is  the  reigning  duke, 

1806  Jan.  1.  Bavaria  becomes  a 
kingdom ;  Maximilian  Joseph  is  made 
king ;  Augsburg  is  annexed. 

Secession  of  German  princes. 
July  12.    Paris.    The    Confederation 
of  the  Rhine  is  formed. 

The  allegiance  of  16,000,000  people  is 
transferred  to  a  foreign  State,  258,000 
troops  are  pledged  to  aid  Napoleon  in 
case  of  war,  and  a  Diet  is  established  at 
Frankfort  (p.  717). 

Aug.  6.  End  of  the  old  German  or 
Holy  Roman  Empire. 

The  Union  of  the  empire  and  the  Ger- 
man kingdom  is  dissolved.  The  Em- 
peror Francis  renounces  his  imperial 
Roman  title,  and  announces  him.self  the 
first  of  the  emperors  of  Austria,  with 
the  title  Francis  I. 

Aug.  18.  Napoleon  decrees  the  erec- 
tion of  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia. 

It  is  to  be  composed  of  conquests  from 
Prussia,  including  Hesse-Gassel,  Han- 
over, and  the  smaller  States  to  the  west 
of  the  Elbe.    [1813.    Abolished.] 

Oct.  6.  Prussia  joins  the  allies  of  Eng- 
land against  France.  [Oct.  9.  Declares 
war  against  France.] 

Oct.  14.  Prussia  suffers  by  the  fatal 
battles  of  Jena  and  Aueretadt. 

Oct.  27.  Berlin.  Napoleon  enters  the 
city. 

Nov.  21.  Berlin.  Napoleon  issues  his 
famous  Berlin  decree  (p.  717), 

Dec.  11.  Saxony  withdraws  from  its 
alliance  with  Prussia  (p.  717). 

The  Elector  Frederick  assumes  the 
title  of  king ;  he  receives  as  a  reward  the 
territory  of  Kottbus  and  the  duchy  of 
Warsaw,  but  surrenders  some  of  bis 
former  territory  to  tlie  new  kingdom  of 
Westphalia. 

*  *  Frankfort-on-the-Main  is  granted 
to  the  prince  primate  Von  Dalberg. 

*  *  The  landgraviate  of  HeMe-Honaburg 
is  absorbed  by  the  grand  duchy  of 
Hesse. 

*  *  Bavaria.  Nuremberg  is  annexed  to 
to  Bavaria. 

*  *Saxe-Weimar  is  changed  from  a 
principality  to  a  duchy. 


Czar  Alexander  and  Frederick  William 
III.  on  a  raft  in  the  river  Niemen;  Ka- 
poleon  detaches  Alexander  from  his  alli- 
ance with  Prussia. 

July  7-9.  E.  Prus.  The  Peace  of  Til- 
sit. 

(July  7.)  Peace  with  Russia  is  signed 
by  France. 

(July  9.)  Peace  with  Prussia  is  signed 
by  France. 

Frederick  William  III.  yields  one-half 

the  best  part  of  his  kingdom  and  more 

than  half  his  subjects  to  France  (p.  717). 

July  9.  Saxony/.  Magdeburg  is  an- 
nexed to  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia. 

Dec.  1.  Westphalia.  J6r6me  Bona- 
parte is  appointed  king  by  his  brother  ; 
Hesse-Cassel  and  Brunswick  are  in- 
corporated in  the  kingdom. 

*  *E.  Prus.  The  Tugendbimd  is  or- 
ganized as  a  patriotic  society,  and  is 
promoted  by  Baron  von  Stein. 

*  *  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  Napoleon  occu- 
pies the  country  and  deposes  Duke 
Ernest. 

*  *  Waldeck-Pyrmont.  Schwarzburg- 
Sondershausen  and  Schwarzburg- 
Kudolstadt  join  the  Confederation  of 
the  Rhine. 

*  *  Schaumburg-Ijippe  is  made  a  prin- 
cipality. 

1807-20  Xippe  prospers  under  the  rule 
of  the  Princess  Pauline. 

*  *-08  Nov.*  Prus.  Baron  von  Stein 
is  chief  minister. 

He  reorganizes  the  administration  ; 
serfdom  is  abolished,  municipal  rights 
granted,  education  encouraged,  all 
classes  to  compete  for  civil  offices,  and 
drastic  military  rules  enforced. 

1808  Apr,  6.    Austria  declares  war 

against  France. 
Nov.  6.    Berlin.    The   Convention   of 
Berlin  is  signed. 

Napoleon  remits  to  Prussia  the  sum  due 
on  the  war-debt,  and  withdraws  many 
of  his  troops  to  reenforce  his  armies  in 
Spain. 

*  *  Mecklenburg- Schwerin  and  Old- 
enburg join  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine. 

1809  June  *  -July  *  Saxony.  Dresden 
is  held  by  Austria. 

Oct.  14.  Vienna.  The  Peace  of  Vi- 
enna (p.  519). 

*  *  Hesse~Na.<i.<iau.  Hanauis  incorporated 
with  the  duchy  of  Frankfort. 

*  *  Aust.  The  Tyrol  revolts  from  Bava- 
ria and  from  French  rule. 

*  *  Llppe-Detmold  joins  the  Confedera- 
tion of  the  Rhine.  [1813.  It  joins  the 
German  Confederation,] 

*  *  Bavaria.    Salzburg  is  annexed. 


810     1810,  Mar.  1-1816, 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1812  »  *  Prussia  is  forced  to  act  as  an 
ally  of  Napoleon  in  his  Russian  cam- 
paign, ana  furnishes  20,000  men  [but 
afterwards  goes  over  to  Kussia]. 

1813-14    'War  of  Independence:  the 

allies  unite  against  Napoleon. 
Mar.  10.    Prvs.    The  Order  of  the  Iron 

Cross  is  instituted  by  King  Frederiolt 

William. 

1813  Feb.  3.  Silesia.  AtBreslau 
Frederick  "William  IH.  appeals  to  the 
patriotism  of  the  young  men  ;  they  enlist 
en  masse. 

Mar.  17.  The  people  rally  with  enthu- 
siasm toexpel  the  French  from  Germany, 
and  form  the  "  landwehr,"  or  militia. 

Mar.  27.  Preparations  are  made  for  a 
great  conflict. 

The  Russians  and  Prussians  under 
Prince  Willgcnstein  and  Field-JLirshal 
Blucher  occupy  Dresden.  The  Frencli 
army  and  tlie  troops  furnished  by  the 
Confederacy  of  the  Rliine  concentrate 
in  Franconia,  Thuringia,  and  on  the 
Elbe. 

May  •  Napoleon  has  180,000  men  ;  the 
allies,  85,000.    (See  battles,  p.  720.) 

Battles:  May  2,  LUtzen  ;  May  20,21, 
Bautzen;  Aug.  23,  Grossbeeren;  Aug. 
26,  Katzback  ;  Aug.  20,  27,  Dresden ; 
*  *  Torgau  besieged ;  Sept.  6,  Dennewitz; 
Sept.  17,  Nollendorf ;  Oct.  3,  Warten- 
burg  ;  Oct.  16,  Mockern  ;  Oct.  16-18,  Leip- 
sic  ;  Oct.  30,  Hanau  ;  Nov.  2,  Hochheim. 

June  4.  Prus.  Armistice  of  Poisoh- 
witz  (p.  720).  [The  allies  provide  three 
great  armies.]     (Pp.  520,  720.) 

*  *  Many  cities  are  retaken  by  the  allies. 
Nov.  11,  Dresden;  Nov. 21, Stettin  ;  Dec. 
6,  LUbeck  ;  Dec.  26,  Zamosc,  Modlin,  and 
Torgau  ;  Dec.  30,  Danzig ;  1814,  Jan.  12, 
Wittenberg  ;  Mar.  7,  Kustrin. 

[•  *  Many  cities  maintain  themselves 
against  Napoleon  until  the  peace,  as 
Glogau,  Magdeburg,  Hamburg,  Erfurt, 
Wiirzburg,  Wesel,  and  Mentz.] 

*  *  *  Hamburg  is  evacuated  by  the 
French  before  tlie  advance  of  the  Rus- 
sians into  Germany. 

1814  Jan.  1.  Danzig  surrenders  to 
the  allies  under  tlie  King  of  WUrtem- 
berg. 

Jan.  14.  Saxaiiy.  Torgau  surrenders 
to  the  allies. 

1815  Jtme  16.  Bvlg.  "WilHam  Fred- 
erick, Duke  of  Brunswick,  falls  at 
Quatre-Bras. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1810  *  *  Prus.  Krupp's  Cast  Steel  Fac- 
tory at  Essen  is  established.  [1876.  It 
employs  about  10,500  men,  besides  6,000 
miners  and  others.] 

*  *  The  harmonichord,  a  keyed  instru- 
mant  In  which  sounds  are  produced  by 
friction,  is  invented  by  Thomas  Kault- 
maun. 

1811*  *  Pr.  Saxmiy.  A  musical  fes- 
tival is  held  at  Erfurt. 

1813  *  *  Galvano-plastik  process  is  in- 
vented by  Jacob!  and  Speueer. 

1815*  *  Bavaria.  Joseph  von  Fraun- 
hofer,  an  optician,  discovers  that  the 
solar  spectrum  is  crossed  by  590  lines. 


1816  *  *  Gas-lighting  is  introduced  by 
Wilhelm  A.  Lainpadius  at  Freiberg. 

»  *  I'r.  Saxony.  The  first  paper-making 
machine  in  Germany  is  made  by  Kerf- 
stan  at  Ualle. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1810  *  *  Esper,  Eugen  J.  C,  entomol.,  A68. 
Frank],  Ludwig  A.,  poet,  born. 
Freiligrath,  Ferdinand,  poet,  born. 
Fiirstenberg,  Baron    Friedrlch   W.,  states- 
man, A8I. 

Hasse,  Karl  F..,  physiologist,  born. 
Hollzmann,  Adolf,  [ihilologlst,  born. 
Juncker,  Henry  I).,  H.  ('.  il.  (bp.  in  Am.),  b. 
Krupp,  .Alfred,  manuf.  of  steel  guns,  b. 
Meiners,  Chrlstoph,  historian,  A63. 
Nicolai,  Karl  O.  K.,  coniiioser,  born. 
Renter,  Fritz,  poet,  novelist,  born. 
Schumann,  Robert,  composer,  born. 
Schwann,  Theodor,  physiologist,  born. 
Valentin,  (Jabriel  (i.,  phys.,  physiologist,  h. 

1811  *  •bast,FrledrlchJ.,schol.,diplo.,  A39. 
lieckmann,  Johann,  naturalist,  agricultural 

writer,  A74. 
Bendennann.  F-duard,  painter,  horn. 

Krendel,  Karl  F.,  musical  critic,  born. 

t'ollin,  Ueinrlcli  .1.  von,  jKiet,  A39. 

(Jutzkow,  Karl  F.,  novelist,  dramatist, born. 

Halinel,  Ernst  .1.,  sculptor,  born. 

Hecker,  Friedrich  K.  F.,  lawyer,  pol.,  bom. 

Hlller,  F'erdinand,  composer,  born. 

Hoefer,  .lohann  C.  F.,  nils,  writer,  born. 

Keller,  .loseph,  engraver,  born. 

Ketteler,    liaron    Wilhelm    K.   von,   R.    C. 
bishop  of  Mentz,  statesman,  mis.  wr.,  b. 

Kleist,  Heinrlch  von.  poet,  novelist,  A35. 

Llttrow,  Karl  L., -astronomer,  born. 

Maximilian  II.,  King  ot  ISavarla,  born. 

Maria  Louisa   Augusta,  wife   of   Emperor 
William  I.,  born. 

Nloolai,  Cliristoph  F.,  litterateur.  A78. 

Pallas,  Peter  S.,  traveler,  naturalist,  .\70. 

Seetzen,  VIrlch  J.,  naturalist,  traveler,  A45. 

Vliicke,  Flrnst  (1.  von,  orator,  stales.,  born. 
1812*  •  .\rchcnholz,  Johann  W.,  historical 
writer,  A71^. 

Auerbach,  Berthold,  novelist,  born. 

Daniel,  Hermann,  theologian,  geographer,  b. 

Puncker,  Maximilian  W.,  historian,  born. 

Flotow.  Friedrich  von.  composer,  born. 

Galle,  .lohann  U.,  astronomer,  born. 

Oriesbacb,  Johann  J.,  theol.,  philol.,  A67. 

Heyne,  Christian  (5.,  philologist,  A83. 

Junghulin,  Franz  W.,  naturalist,  born. 

Kulin,  .\dalbert,  mvthologlst,  philol.,  horn. 

Relnhard,  Francis  V.,  theologian,  pulpitora- 
tor,  A59. 

Rothschild.  Meyer  A.,  hanker,  A69. 

.Schwarz,  Karl  II.  W.,  rationalistic  theol.,  h. 

Thalberg,  .Sigismunil,  pianist,  composer,  b. 

■Windthorst.  Ludwigr.  statesman,  born. 
1813    May  22.    'WaBner.  ■Wilhelm  Rich- 
ard, composer,  born. 

Ilergenroth,  Custav,  historian,  born. 

Delitzsch,  Franz,  theologian,  born. 

Delius,  Nikolaus,  philologist,  critic,  born. 

Fendler,  August,  liotanlst,  born. 

Fernkorn,  Anton  1).,  sculptor,  born. 

Frauenstadt,  Christian  M.  J .,  philosopher,  h. 

Cass,  Friedrich  W.  H.  J.,  theologian,  born. 

Hebbel,  Friedrich,  dramatist,  boni. 

Koch,  Christoph  W.  von,  hist,  writer,  A7G. 

Ronge,  Johannes,  R.  C.  el.,  schismatic,  b. 

Korner,  Karl  T.,  poet,  A22. 

Lepslus,  Karl  R.,  trav.,  philol.,  antlq.,  born. 

Laeiiilein,  Alexandre,  painter,  born. 

Meyer,  Johann  C,  iiainter,  born. 

Peters,  Christian  H.  F.,  astronomer,  born. 

Ponlatowski,  Prince,  Joseph  A.,  gen.,  A61. 

Reil,  Johann  C,  anatomist,  A54. 

Scharnliorst,  Cerhanl  I),  von,  gen.,  an.,  A.^i. 

Schenkel,  Daniel,  rationalistic  theol.,  born. 

I'lrich,  Titus,  jioet,  born. 

Wagner,  Moritz  F.,  traveler,  naturalist,  b. 

'Wieland.  Christopher  Martin,  poet,  novel- 
ist, mis.  -writer,  A  80. 
1814*  •  Auer,   Anton,   Bavarian   porcelain 
painter,  A36. 

Baltzer,  Wilhelm  E.,  rationalist,  born. 

Bredow,  Gabriel  C,  historian,  A4I. 

Casparl,  Karl  P.,  theologian,  Bib.  critic,  b. 

Curtlus.  Ernst,  aiitiq.,  archeologist,  hist.,  b. 

Dingelstedt,  Baron  Franz  von,  poet,  boru. 

Ernst,  Helnrich  W-,  musician,  born. 

Flchte.  Johann  G. .  metaphysician,  A52. 
Gelnitz,  Johann  II.,  geologist,  born. 
Geissler,  Heinrlch,  physicist,  born. 
Grisebach,  August  II.  K.,  botanist,  bom. 
llalbig,  Johann.  sculptor,  born. 
Hankel,  Wilhelm  G.,  physicist,  hom. 
Heiiselt,  Adolph,  pianist,  composer,  born. 
Hubner,  Karl,  painter  of  genre  pictures,  b. 
Jacohl,  Johann  (!.,  poet,  scholar.  A71. 
Kahnis,  Karl  F.  A.,  theologian,  boin. 


Lehmann,  Heinrlch,  painter,  born. 

Mayer,  Julius  R.,  physicist,  born. 

Mlilbach,  Lulse  (Mrs.  Tlieo.  Mundt),  nov.,  b. 

Wolff,  AUiert,  sculptor,  born. 

Zeller,  Kduard.  theologian,  born. 
1815    Apr.   1.      Bismarck.    Prince    Otto 
Eduard  Leopold,  statesman,  born. 

Achenbach,  .\ndreas,  painter,  bom. 

Claudius,  Matthias,  poet,  A72. 

Durlngsfeld,  Ida  von,  novelist,  born. 

Franz,  Robert,  coiuposer,  born. 

Geibel,  Kmiiiaiiuel,  poet,  born. 

Grassiiiann,  Itoliert,  philosopher,  hom. 

Kinkel,  Johann  G.,  poet,  writer  on  art.  bom. 

Leonhardt,  Oerharil  A.  W.,  Jurist,  bora. 

Lowe,  .Sophie,  singer,  born. 

Mesmer,  Friedrich  A.,  founder  of  mes- 
merism. AS2. 

Sllcliaelis,  Friedrich,  theologian,  bom. 

Niebubr,  Karstens,  traveler,  .\82. 

Peters,  Wilhelm  K.  H.,  zoologist,  liorn. 

Renter,  J  ulius,  founder  of  Renter's  telegraph 
news  agency,  horn. 

RosenmViller,  Johann  G.,  theologian,  A79. 

Stein,  l-oreiiz  von,  political  economist,  b. 

Tann.  Baron  Ludwig  von  der,  general,  born. 

Tischendorfr,  I.o\>egott  F.  K.  von,  philologist. 
Biblical  critic,  bom. 

Tychsen,  Olaus  G.,  orientalist,  philol.,  A81. 

Wunderlich,  Karl  A.,  physician,  born. 

Zimmerman,  F;berhard  A.  W.,  naturalist, 
author,  A  72. 

Zumpt,  August  W.,  classical  8chol.,antiq..b. 

CHURCH. 

1812  *  *  Wilrtemberg.  The  WUrtemberg 
Bible  Society  is  organized. 

1813  *  *  Jth.  Prus.  The  Berg  Bible  So- 
ciety is  organized  at  Elberfeld. 

1814*  *The  Hamburg  Altona  Bible  So- 
ciety is  organized;  also  the  Hanover 
Bible  Society. 

*  *  Berlin.  The  Prussian  Central  Bible 
Society  is  organized. 

*  *  The  LUbeck  Bible  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  Saxony.  The  Saxon  Bible  Society  is 
founded  at  Dresden. 

*  *  Ph.  Prus.  Great  collections  are  made 
by  Prussia  for  resuming  the  building  of 
the  cathedral  at  Cologne. 

1815*  *  Prus.  The  Bremen,  Brunswick, 
Schleswig-Uolstein  Bible  Societies  are 
organized. 

LETTERS. 

1810  *  *  Poverty  and  Riches,  Guilt  and 
Jlepevtnnce  of  the  Countess  Dolores,  by 
Ludwig  A.  Arnim,  appears.  [1811,  Halle 
and  Jerusalem,  and  Isabella  of  Egypt.] 

*  *  On  German  Nationality,  by  Friedrich 
L.  Jahn,  appears. 

*  *  Berlin.  The  University  of  Berlin 
is  established. 

1811  *  *  Trari-ling  Shadojrs,  by  the  Magic 
Lantern  7>/ai/t-r,  by  Andreas  J.  Kerner, 
appears. 

*  »  History  of  the  Religion  of  Jesus  Christ, 
by  Count  1<".  L.  Stolberg,  appears.  [1815, 
Life  of  Alfred  the  Great.] 

1811-32    /fnmaii //is<ory,by  BartholdG. 

Niebuhr,  appears. 
1812*  *  Children's  and  Domestic  Talet, 

by  Jacob  and  Wilhelm  Grimm,  appears. 

[1816,  German  Legends.] 

*  •  Divan  des  Hifas,  by  Joseph  von  Ham- 
mer, appears. 

*  *  The  Emperor  Julian  and  Ms  Times,  by 
Johann  A.  W.  Neander,  appears. 

1812-16  Science  of  Logic,  by  Hegel,  .^p- 
pears.  [1817,  Encyclopsedia  of  the  Phil- 
osophical Sciences.] 

1813  *  *  What  is  the  German's  Father- 
land ?  and  other  songs,  by  Arndt,  appear. 

1813-16  Wiener  Literal urzeitung  is  is- 
sued. 

1814*  *  Lyre  and  Sword,  by  Karl  T. 
Kilmer,  a'ppears. 

*  *  German  Poems  by  Freimund  Raimar, 
by  Friedrich  KUckert,  appears. 

*  *  The  Wotiderful  History  of  Peter  Schle- 
mihl,  by  Adalbert  vou  Chamisso,  ap- 
pears. 


GERMANY. 


1810,  Mar.  1    1816,**.     811 


1814-16  The  JiheiHscher  Merftur,  ed- 
ited by  Jacob  J.  Gdrres,  is  issued. 

1814-22  Tales,  by  E.  T.  W.  Hoffmann, 
appears. 

1815  *  *  Des  Epimenides  Erwarhen,  by 
Goethe,  appears.  [1816,  Art  and  Antiq- 
uity:  1816-29,  Italian  Journey;  1817-24, 
On  Xatural  History.] 

*  •  Poems,  by  Max  von  Schenkendorf,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Poems,  by  Uhland,  appears.  [1816, 
Fatherland  Poems ;  1817,  Duke  Ernest  of 
Sn-ahia ;  1819,  Louis  the  Bavarian;  182^, 
On  Walt lier  von  del  Vogelweide.'] 

*  *  Presaqe  and  Presence,  by  Joseph  von 
Eichendorff,  appears. 

*  *  Pr.  Saxony.  The  University  of 
Wittenberg  is  united  to  Halle. 

SOCIETY. 

1812  *  *  Prus.  The  greater  part  of  the 
'  citizens  are  trained  to  arms  by  succes- 
sive terms  of  service  in  the  army. 

1813  Mar.  10.  The  Order  of  the  Iron 
Cross  is  established  by  Frederick  Wil- 
liam III.  to  honor  bravery  in  the  Franco- 
Prussian  War. 

Aug.  *  Siltsia.  Gen.  Bliicher  is  made 
Prince  of  Wahlstatt  because  of  his  vic- 
tory near  that  place. 

1815  Aug.  12.  Hanover.  The  Guel- 
phic  Order  of  knighthood  is  instituted 
for  Hanover  by  the  prince  regent  [George 
IV.  of  England]. 


STATE, 

1810  Mar.  1.  Hanover.  A  part  of  this 
province  is  annexed  to  "Westphalia. 

*  ♦  North  Germany  is  annexed  to 
France  as  far  esistward  as  the  Trave, 
beyond  the  Elbe. 

It  includes  Oldenburg,  a  large  part  of 
M'estphalia,  the  grand  duchy  of  Berg, 
East  FrJesland,  and  the  numerous  Han- 
seatic  cities,  among  which  are  Bremen, 
Hjinil)urg,  and  Liibeck  ;  the  princes  are 
humiliated,  and  their  patriotism  is 
aroused. 

*  *■  Hesse.  Frankfort  becomes  a  grand- 
duchy  under  Carl  von  Dalberg. 

1811  *  *  Napoleon,  theterrorof Europe, 
is  at  the  summit  of  his  power. 

*  *  Baden.  Charles  Iiewis  Frederick 
becomes  grand  duke.  [1818.  May  26. 
Baden  becomes  an  hereditary  constitu- 
tional monarchy  by  charter.] 

1812*  *  War  with  Russia.  (SeeArmy.) 

Sept.  16  19.  The  defeat  of  Napoleon 
at  Moscow  gives  Germany  an  opportu- 
nity to  free  herself  from  France. 

1813  Feb.  3.  Prus.  King  Frederick 
William  III.  successfully  appeals  to 
German  patriotism,  and  calls  for  volun- 
teers. 

Feb.  28.  Prussia  and  Russia  enter  into 
an  alliance  against  France  at  Kaliah. 

They  agree  to  unite  in  offensive  and 
defensiveoperations  ;  the  Prussian  mon- 
archy to  be  restored  according  to  old 
political  relations,  and  Austria  and  Eng- 
land to  be  invited  to  enter  the  alliance. 

1813-14  Mar.  17.  Prus.  The  War 
of  Liberation. 

Frederick  William  signs  the  declara- 
tion of  war,  and  appeals  to  "  my  people  " 
and  **  my  army  "  (pp.  718,  720). 

Mar.  *  Saxony.  TheKingof  Saxony  flees 
from  his  kingdom.  [Mar.  27.  Napoleon 
enters  Drestlen  ;  the  King  of  Saxony  re- 
turns*.] 


Mar.  *  Mecklenburg.  The  dukes  with- 
draw from  the  Confederation  of  the 
Khine. 

Mar.  *  Great  preparations  are  made  for 
the  struggle  on  both  sides  of  the  Elbe. 

June  15,  Silesia.  England  concludes  a 
subsidy  treaty  against  France,  with 
Prussia  and  liussia,  at  Reichenbach. 

July  5,  28,  Aug.  11.  France,  Austria, 
and  Prussia  are  represented  in  the  Con- 
gress of  Prague ;  negotiations  for  peace 


1815  Mar.  1.  Fr.  Napoleon,  having 
escaped  from  Elba,  arrives  at  Cannes  to 
recover  his  throne.  [Mar.  13.  The  ban 
against  him  is  proclaimed  by  the  allies.] 

Mar.  20.  Paris.  Napoleon  arrives,  and 
resumes  the  government  of  France. 

Mar.  25.  Vienna.  The  great  powers 
form  a  new  alliance  against  Napoleon 

May227    Prus.     Frederick   William' 


_      .      „  .  -      _  ..JliamN 

^^"'  /^      m.  prants  constitutional  law. .^-"^^ 

Julys.    Silesia.    Great  Britain  and  Rus-    May  8.    Saxony.    Saxony  is  dismem- 


sia  sign  an  alliance  against  France  at 
the  Convention  of  Peterswaldau. 

Aug.  12.    Austria  declares  war  against 

France,  supported  by  German  allies,  se- 
cured by  means  of  Englisli  subsidies. 

Sept.  9.    Bohemia.    Russia  and  Prussia 

enter  an  alliance  with  Austria  against 

France  at  Teplitz  (p.  521). 
Oct.  8.    Aust.    The  Treaty  of  Ried  is 

signed.    Bavaria  becomes  an  ally  (p.  521). 
Oct.  19.    Reconstruction  of  German 

States  (p.  721), 

Nov.  6.  Hanover  is  regained  for  Eng- 
land by  Marshal  Bernadotte. 

Nov.  13.  Keth.  An  insurrection 
breaks  out  in  Holland;  French  oflicials 
are  expelled,  and  the  House  of  Orange 
restored. 

*  *  Saxony,  Baden,  Hesse,  and  WUrtem- 
berg  leave  the  Confederation,  and  join 
the  allies  against  France. 

*  *  Bremen,  Liibeck,  and  Brunswick  re- 
gain their  independence. 

*  *  Hesse.  The  electorate  of  Hesse- 
Oassel  is  reestablished. 

*  *  Silesia.  Breslau  is  again  surrendered 
to  the  French. 

1814  Jan.  14.  Schleswig-Holstein.  The 
Peace  of  Kiel  (p.  639). 

Feb.  5-Mar.  19.  Fr.  Congress  at 
ChatiHon-sur-Seine  (p.  721). 

Mar.  *  Fr.  The  allies,  Austria,  Great 
Britain,  Prussia,  and  Russia,  sign  a  close 
alliance  at  Chaumont,  and  resolve  to 
depose  Napoleon.  [The  Pentarchy  of 
the  Great  Powers.] 

Mar.  13.  Paris.  The  allies  enter  the 
city ;  the  French  Senate  declares  that 
Napoleon  and  his  family  have  for- 
feited the  throne. 

Apr.  6,  11.  Fr.  Napoleon  abdicates 
(p.  721). 

May  30.  Paris.  The  First  Peace  of 
Paris  (p.  721). 

May  *  Hamburg  is  restored  to  indepen- 
dence by  the  allies.  Magdeburg  is  re- 
stored to  Prussia. 

June  7-22.  London.  The  Czar  Alex- 
ander and  King  Frederick  William  of 
Prussia,  accompanied  by  their  victorious 
generals,  are  enthusiastically  received. 

Sept.  30-15  June  10.  Vienna.  Im- 
portant Congress  of  Vienna,  to  settle 
the  conflicting  claims  of  various  States, 
especially  of  Germany  (pp.  521,  721). 

1814-15  Saxe- Weimar  receives  acces- 
sions of  territory,  and  is  formed  into  a 
grand  duchy. 

*  *  Jih.  Prus.  The  French  portion  of  the 
Palatinate  lying  west  of  the  Rhine  (in- 
cluding Diiaseldorf  and  Cologne)  is  re- 
stored to  Germany. 


bered,  and  a  great  part  given  to  Prussia. 
June  8.  Vienna.  The  Germanic  Con- 
federation is  constituted  to  supersede 
the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  and  the 
Old  Empire.     [It  lasts  till  1866.] 

The  Confederation  is  founded. 

It  consists  of  35  States  —31  monarchies 
and  four  republics.  The  States  com- 
prise :  one  empire,  Austria ;  five  king- 
doms, Prussia,  Bavaria,  Saxony,  Hano- 
ver, and  Wiirtemberg;  one  electorate, 
Hesse-Cassel  ;  .seven  grand  duchies, 
Baden,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Luxemburg, 
Mecklenburg-Sehwerin,  Mecklenburg- 
Strelitz,  Saxe-Weimar,  and  Oldenburg; 
eight  duchies,  Holstein  (with  Lau- 
enburg),  Brunswick,  Nassau,  Saxe- 
Meiningen,  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Saxe- 
Altenburg,  Anhalt-Dessau  Kothen,  and 
Anhalt-Bernburg ;  nine  principalities, 
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,  Schwarz- 
burg-Rudolstadt,  S<^haumburg-Lippe, 
Lippe-Detmold,  Waldeck,  Reuss  the  el- 
der, Reuss  the  younger,  Hesse-Horn  burg, 
and  Leichtenstein  ;  four  free  cities,  Lii- 
beck, Frankfort,  Bremen,  and  Hamburg. 
East  and  West  Prussia  and  Posen  are 
not  included. 

June  22.  Fr.  Xapolepn  again  abdi- 
cates. 

July  1,    Paris.    The  allies  again  arrive. 

July  15.  Ifapoleon  surrenders  him- 
self to  the  British. 

Sept.  26.  Paris.  The  Holy  Alliance 
is  signed  (p.  521). 

Nov.  20.  Paris.  The  Second  Peace 
of  Paris  is  signed  (p.  723). 

*  *  Mecklenburg^  The  dukes  are  made 
grand  dukes.  Frederick  Francis  I, 
becomes  grand  duke. 

*  *  Bremen  is  restored  all  its  old  fran- 
chises. 

*  *  Brunswick.  Charles  Frederick 
William  becomes  duke  of  Brunswick- 
"WolfenbUttel. 

*  *  Frankfort-on-the-Main  is  made  a 
free  city,  and  appointed  capital  of  the 
Germanic  Confederation. 

*  *  Oldenburg  receives  the  addition  of 
Birkenfeld. 

*  *  Prosperity  comes  with  40  years  of 
peace  after  many  years  of  war. 

1816  Nov.  16.  Frankfort.  The  first 
session  of  the  First  Diet  of  the  Ger- 
manic Confederation  begins. 

Nov.  *  Hanover.  The  Duke  of  Cam- 
bridge is  appointed  viceroy,  and  a  rep- 
resentative government  is  established. 

*  *  Wiirtemberg.  William  I.  becomes 
king.  [1819.  He  establishes  represen- 
tative government  under  a  Constitution.] 

*  *  Baden,  Saxe- Weimar,  Bavaria,  Hesse, 
Wiirtemberg,  and  Waldeck-Pyrmont  re- 
ceive new  constitutions. 

1816-17  Hes.«'e  cedes  Westphalia  to 
Prussia ;  Mentz  passes  under  the  rule  of 
Hesse-Darms  tadt. 


812    1816,**-1827, 


GERMANY. 


ART  —  SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1817  *  *  Bavaria.  A  syBtem  of  stenosT- 
raphy  is  invented  by  Franz  Gabels. 
berger. 

1S18  *  *  Frankfort.  Louis  Spohr's  Faust 
appears. 

1819  i  ♦  *  Hesse-Xassati.  Spohr's  ^emir* 
and  Azor  appears  at  Frankfort. 

1819-51  Saxony.  Arthur  Schopenhauer 
advocates  the  doctrine  of  pessimism. 

1820  *  *  An  electroscope  is  invented  by 
Bohnenberger. 

*  *  Color-printing  is  invented. 

1821  June  18.    lierlin.    Weber's  Z»cr 

Freischutz  appears.     [1S2G.     Obtroii.] 

*  *  lik.  Prus.  A  musical  festival  is  held 
at  Cologne. 

1822  Sept.*  *«NaturforscherVe- 
rein**  is  formed  by  a  scieutitic  associa- 
tion. 

1823  *  *  Thermoelectricity,  produced 
by  beating  pieces  of  copper  ami  bismuth 
soldered  together,  is  discover.ed  by  See- 
beck. 

*  *  The  philosophical  lamp  is  con- 
structed by  Johaiiu  Wolfgang  Boberei- 
ner ;  he  applies  in  it  the  property  pos- 
sessed by  spongy  platinum  of  causing 
the  combination  of  oxygen  and  hydro- 
gen, discovered  by  him. 

1824  *  *  Hesse.  Etching  on  metal  for 
printing  is  invented  by  Eberhard  at 
l>armstadt. 

*  *  Cobalt  blue  is  discovered  by  Jobann 
G.  Kopfner. 

1825  *  *  Sloping  tramways  are  used. 

*  *  Steam  navigation  on  the  Rhine  com- 
mences. 

*  *  Dr.  von  Fuchs  invents  water-glass,  a 
solution  for  hardening  the  exteriors  of 
buildings. 

1826  *  *  Biela's  comet  is  observed. 

1826-60  Heinrich  S.  Schwabe  proves  the 
periodicity  of  sun-spots.  Ue  discov- 
ers that  a  cycle  of  changes  in  the  num- 
ber of  spots  occurs  in  11  years. 

1827  Feb.  *  Pomeran  ia.  M  e  n  d  e  1  s  - 
sohn's  Overture  to  Shakespeare's  Mid- 
summer Wight's  Dream.,  is  performed  at 
Stettin. 

■July  13.  Silesia.  Two  waterspouts  fall 
on  the  Glatz  mountains,  causing  devas- 
tation to  Hautenbach  and  many  other 
villages,  and  destroying  many  lives. 

*  *  Ohm's  Iiaw,  discovered  by  Georg  S. 
Ohm,  for  determining  the  quantity  of 
the  electromotive  force  of  the  voltaic 
battery,  is  published. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

-1816  *  •  Becker,  Nikolaus,  poet,  born. 

Biilow,  Count  Frledrich  W.  von,  engi- 
neer, A  61. 

Formes,  Karl,  singer,  born. 

Freytag,  Gustav,  (Iramatist,  novelist,  born. 

Gneist,  Rudolph,  jurist,  born. 

Hacklander,  Friedrich  W.  von,  noveliBt.b. 

Jahn,  Johann,  R.  Ccl.,  orientalist,  A66. 

Ludwig,  Karl  F.  W.,  physiologist,  born. 

Miiller  von  Konigswinter,  Wolfpang.  poet^b. 

Rethel,  Alfre<i,  historical  painter,  born. 

Siemens,  Ernst  W.,  inventor,  born. 

Tauchnitz,  Karon  Christian  B.,  Leipsic  pub- 
lisher, born. 

Wolff,  Wilhehn,  sculptor,  born. 

Zacher,  Ernst  J.  A.,  scholar,  bom. 
1817  *  *  Carriere,  Moritz,  phil.  writer,  born. 

Dalberg,  Karl  T.  A.  M.  von,  archbishop  of 
Mainz,  scholar,  writer,  A73. 

Delbruck,  Martin  F,  R.,  statesman,  bom. 

Ebeling,  Christoph  !>.,  scholar,  hist.,  A76 

(Iratz,  Ilirsch,  Jewish  historian,  born. 

Herwegh,  (.Jeorg,  lyric  poet,  born. 

Hlldebrandt,  Eduard,  painter,  born. 

Jung-StillinR,  Johann  H.,  mystic,  A77. 

Klaproth,  Martin  H.,  chemist,  A74. 

Lotze,  Rudolph  H.,  philosopher,  born. 

Mommsen,  Christian  M.  Tbeodor,  jurist, 
antiquary,  historian,  born. 

Schultze,  Ernst,  poet,  A28. 

•Sybel,  Heinrich  von,  historian,  born. 


Vogt,  Karl,  naturalist,  physiologist,  born. 
Werner,  Abraham  T.,  geol.,  mineralogist,  A67. 
1618  •  ♦  Anderssen,  Adolph,  chess-player,  b. 
Campe,  Joachim  H.,  philan.,  mis.  writer,  A72. 
Dreyschock,  Alexander,  pianist,  composer,  b. 
Bu  Bois,  Reymond  E.  H.,  physiologist,  b. 
Ebrard,  Johann  H.  A.,  llieologian,  born. 
Forkel,  Johann  N.,  composer,  A69. 
Fresenius,  Karl  R.,  chemist,  born. 
Hilusser,  Luilwjg,  historian,  born. 
Hofmann,  August  W.,  chemist,  born. 
Kiepert,  Heinrich,  geographer,  born. 
Kolbe,  Adolf  W.  H.,  chemist,  born. 

Kollack,  Theodor,  composer,  pianist,  born. 

KoUiker,  Albert,  physiologist,  born. 

Marx,  Karl,  economist,  socialist,  born. 

Pett^nkofer,  Max  von,  chemist,  born. 

Schmidt,  Heinrich  J.  critic,  mis.  writer,  b. 

Tasehenberg,  Ernst  L.,  entomologist,  born. 

Walter,  Johann  G.,  phys.,  anatomist,  A83. 

Wuttke,  Heinrich,  historian,  born. 
1819    Sept.  12.   Bliicher.  QebhardXi.  von. 
field-marshal,  A77. 

Abt,  P'ranz,  composer,  born. 

Bodeustedt,  Frledrich,  poet,  journalist,  mis. 
writer,  born. 

Evers,  Carl,  composer,  born. 

Frerichs,  Frledrich  T.,  physician,  author,  b. 

George  V.,  King  of  Hanover,  born. 

Hofer,  Edmund,  novelist,  born. 

Jacobi,  Friedrieli  H.,  philosopher,  novelist, 
nils,  writer,  A76. 

Jafft^,  I'hilipp,  historian,  born. 

Jordan,  Wilhelm,  poet,  born. 

Kotzebue,  August  F.  F.  von.  dram.,  A58. 

Schafer,  Arnold,  historian,  born. 

Schwegler  Albrecht,  historian,  born. 

Stolberg,  Count  Frledrich  L.  von,  poet,  A69. 

Tennemann,  Wilhelm  G.,  philosopher,  A58. 
1820*  *  Ammon,  Christoph  F.  von,  theolo- 
gian, preacher,  A.54. 

liernhardi,  August  F.,  philologist,  A51. 

Blind,  Karl,  political  agitator,  mis.  writer,  b. 

Curtius,  (ieorg,  philologist,  grammarian,  b. 

Eschenburg,  Johann  J.,  littfirateur,  A77. 

Kalisch,  I)avi<l,  poet,  born. 

Rosenmiiller,  Johann  C,  anatomist,  A49. 

Scbwarzeiiberg,  Prince,  Karl  I'.,  gen.,  A49. 

Spiegel,  Frledrich,  orientalist,  born. 

Teuflel,  Wilhelm  S..  class,  sirhol.,  phlloh,  b. 

Tweston,  Karl,  statesman,  mis.  WTiter,  born. 

Weber,  Paul,  landscape  painter,  born. 
1831  *  *  Achard,  Franz  K.,  chemist,  A68. 

Barth,  Heinrich,  African  explorer,  born. 

Buble,  Johann  G.,  hist,  of  philosophy,  A58. 

Dieterici,  Friediich,  orientalist,  born. 

Engel,  Ernst,  statistician,  born. 

Fiorillo,  Johann  !>.,  painter,  art-writer,  A73. 

Frank,  Johann  P.,  physician,  A76. 

Goldstucker,  Theodor,  Sanskrit  scholar,  b. 

Gregorovius,  Ferdinand,  poet,  historian,  b. 

Hartman,  Jloritz,  poet,  born. 

Selmholtz,  Hermann,  physicist,  born. 

Mosenthal,  Salomon  H.,  dramatist,  born. 

Putlitz,  (lustav  H.  G.,  litterateur,  born. 

Reinkens,  Joseph  H., "  Old  Catholic  "  bp.,  b. 

Roth,  Rudolf,  orientalist,  born. 

Ruslow,  Wilhelm,  military  writer,  born. 

Schleicher,  August,  philologist,  born. 

Schwartz,  Wilhelm,  mythologist,  born. 

Vince,  Sanmel,  mathematician,  astro.,  dies. 

Vlrchow.  Rudolf,  pathologistj  born. 
1833  *   *  Arrest,  Heinrich  L.  d',  astro.,  born. 

Babo,  Franz  M.  von,  dramatist,  A66. 

Bauer,  Wilhelm,  engineer,  inventor,  born. 

Bechstein,  Johann  M.,  naturalist,  A65. 

Bertuch,  Frledrich  J.,  jour.,  mis.  writer,  A75. 

Clausius,  Rudolf  J.  E.,  physicist,  born. 

Demme,  Hermann  C.  (i.,  novelist,  A62. 

Hardenberg,  Prince  Karl  August  von,  states- 
man, A77. 

Hergenrcither,  Joseph,  cardinal,  schol.,  au.,  b. 

Hoffmann,   Ernst   T,  W.,  story-teller,   mis. 
writer,  A46. 

Meissner,  Alfred,  poet,  bom. 

Moleschott,  Jacob,  naturalist,  physiol.,  born. 

Overweg,  Adolf,  African  traveler,  born. 

Petermann,  August  H.,  geographer,  born. 

Schllemann,  Heinrich,  archeologist,  b. 

Schneider,  Johann  G.,  naturalist,  philologist, 
lexicographer,  A72. 

Zauner,  Franz,  sculptor,  A76. 
1833  *  *  Bamberger,  Ludwig,  statesman,  b. 

Brockhaus,  Frledrich  A.,  Leipsic  pub.,  A51. 

Carus,  Victor  J.,  zoologist,  author,  born. 

Charles  I.,  King  of  Wiirtemberg,  born. 

Demmin,  August  F.,  art-critic,  born. 

Dillman,  Christian  F.  A.,  orientalist,  bom. 

Esmarch,  Johannes  F.  A.,  surgeon,  born. 

Falk,  Johann  F.  (i.,  historian,  born. 

Gottschall,  Rudolph,  poet,  born. 

Hilgenfeld,  Adolf  B.  C.  C,  Biblical  critic,  b. 

Leuckart,  Karl  G.  F.  R.,  naturalist,  born. 

Pauli,  Georg  R.,  historian,  critic,  born. 

Polke,  Ellse,  novelist,  born. 

Reinhold,  Karl  L.,  philosopher,  A66. 

Siemens,  Karl  W.,  physicist,  Inventor,  born. 


Wagner,  Rudolph  J.,  chemist,  born. 
Werner,  Frledrich  L.  Z.,  poet,  dram.,  A55. 
1834*   •  Aretin,  Baron,  Johann  C.  A.M.  von, 

missionary  writer,  A5L 
Arnim,  Count  Harry  Karl  Kurt  Eduard  von, 

diplomatist,  born. 
Auberlen,  Karl  A.,  theologian,  born. 
Buchner,   Friedrich  K.  C.  L.,  materiatlsUc 

philosopher,  born. 
Brachvogel,  Albert  E.,  mis.  WTiter,  born. 
Ess,  Karl,  K.  C.  tlieol..  Bib,  scholar,  A54. 
Fischer,  Kuno,  philosopher,  born. 
Heuglin,  Theodor  von,  traveler,  author,  bom. 
Kapp,  Kriedrich,  historical,  mis.  writer,  born. 
Kirchhoff,  Gustav  It.,  astro.,  physicist,  born. 
Klengel,  Joliann  C,  i)ainter,  A73. 
Lazarus,  Moritz  C,  i)hilosopher,  bom. 
Wolf,  Friedrich  A.,  class,  schol., critic,  A65. 

1835  Nov.    14.       Richter.     Jean     Paul 
Friedrich,  poet,  novelist,  satirist,  A62. 

Bartholdy,  Jakob    S.,  sol<lier,    diplouiatist, 

historical  writer,  A46. 
Baumgarten,  Hermann,  historian,  born. 
Burckhardt,  Johann  K.,  astronomer,  A52. 
Coccius,  Ernst  A.,  oculist,  born. 
Eye,  Johann  L.  A.,  art-historian,  born. 
Julg,  Bernhard,  philologist,  born. 
Knapp,  Georg  C,  theologian,  A72. 
Lange,  Ludwig,  antiquary,  archeologist,  b. 
I^ssalle,  Ferdinand,  socialist,  born. 
Oppert,  Jules,  orientalist,  born. 
Schultze,  Max,  biologist,  born. 
Seemann,  Berthold,  botanist,  born. 
Strauss,  Johann,  composer,  botn. 
I'hl,  Friedrich,  novelist,  born. 

1836  June  5.    "Weber.  Baron  Karl  JUL  F. 
E.  von,  composer,  musician,  A40. 

Bastian,  Adolph,  eihnologist,  born. 
Bauer,  Ferdinand,  botanical  painter,  A84. 
Bode,  .lohann  E.,  astronomer,  A79. 
Chrysander,  Friedrich,  musical  critic,  born. 
Fesca,  Friedrich  E.,  musician,  composer,  A37. 
Fraunhofer,  Joseph  von.  Bavarian  optician, 

A39. 
Gabler,  Johann  P.,  theologian,  A73. 
Gegenbaur,  Karl,  anatomist,  biologist,  born. 
Hebel,  Johann  P.,  poet,  A6»i. 
Krupp,  Friedrich,  iron  manufacturer,  dies. 
Lang,  Heinrich,  clergyman,  autlior,  born. 
Liibke,  Wilhelm,  historian  of  art,  bom. 
Lutz,  Johann  von,  statesman,  born. 
Oberlln,  Jean  F.,  social  reform.,  philan.,  A86. 
Ottendorfer,  Oswald,  journalist,  politician 

In  America,  born. 
Peschel,  Oskar  F.,  geographer,  born. 
Piloty,  Karl  T.  von,  painter,  born. 
Scheffel,  Joseph  V.  von,  poet,  born. 
Schlaglntweit,  Hermann^  traveler,  bom. 
Staudlin,  Karl  F.,  tlieologian,  Ati.^. 
Ueberweg,  Frledrich,  philosopher,  born. 
Vater,  Johann  S.,  theologian,  philol.,  A55. 
Voss,  Johann  B.,  i)oet,  philologist,  A75. 
1827    Mar.  26.    Beethoven.  Ludwlff  van. 

composer,  A57. 

CHITRCH. 

1816  *  *  The  Strasburg,  Frankfort,  Lau- 
enburg-Ratzeburg,  Lippc-Detmold,  and 
Rostock  Bible  Societies  are  organized. 

1817*  *rrus.  The  300th  anniversary 
of  the  Reformation  is  celebrated  by  a 
jubilee. 

*  *  The  festival  of  the  Wartburg  in  Sax- 
ony is  held  where  Luther  translated  the 
Scriptures. 

June  30.  Prus.  The  Prussian  Govern- 
ment orders  the  word  evangelical  to  be 
used  in  place  of  Protestant,  which  has 
become  obsolete. 

*  *"The  Eutin  Bible  Society  for  the  Prin- 
cipality of  Llibeek,  and  the  llesse-Darra- 
stadt,  the  Waldeck,  and  Pyrmont  Bible 
Societies  are  organized. 

*  *  Jlesse-Xassau.  TheEvangelical Church 
in  Germany  begins  with  a  fusion  of  the 
Lutherans  and  Calvinistsiii  Nassau.  [It 
is  followed  by  similar  movements  in 
many  parts  of  Germany.] 

1818  *  *  The  Eisenach,  Gottingen,  MUl- 
hausen,  Hanau,  and  Hesse-Cassel  Bible 
Societies  are  organized.  [1820.  The 
Colmar  and  Duchy  of  Baden  Bible  So- 
cieties.] 

1821*  *The  Anhalt,  Bernburg,  and 
Weimar  Bible  Societies  are  organized. 


I 


GERMANY. 


1816, 


1827,* 


813 


1822  Jan.  12.  Saxon;/.  The  Chief 
Mission  Society  of  Evangelical 
Lutberans,  for  promoting  true  Biblical 
knowledge  among  Israel,  is  formed  at 
l>resden. 

Feb.  1.  Berlin.  The  Society  for  Pro- 
moting Christianity  among  the  Jews  is 
formed  at  the  instance  of  Lewis  "Way 
and  Prof.  Tholuck. 

1823*  *  Btrlin.  Pastor  Janick's  Mission 
Seminary  develops  into  the  Berlin  Mis- 
sionary Society. 

*  *  liararia.  The  Bavarian  Protestant 
Institution  at  N  uremberg  [Bible  Society] 
is  organized. 

*  *  Borne.  liCO  XII.  becomes  pope.  [1829. 
Pius  Via.] 

LETTERS. 

1816  »  *  Pr.  Saxony.  The  University 
of  Erftirt  suspends. 

*  ♦  The  Orialnal  Form  of  the  Nibelungen- 
noth,  by  Karl  K.  F.  \V.  Lachmanu,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  A  translation  of  iEschylus'  Agamem- 
non, by  K.  W.  Humboldt,  appears.  [1821, 
Researches  on  the  Aborigines  of  Spain  by 
Means  of  the  Jlasque  Language.] 

*  *  On  the  Conjugation  System  of  the  San- 
skrit Language,  Gtossarium  Sdnscritum, 
and  a  Critical  Grammar  of  the  Sanskrit 
Tongue,  by  Franz  Bopp,  appear. 

1817  *  *  Political  Economy  of  the  Athe- 
nians, by  August  Bockh,  appears. 

*  •  A  Ministry  of  Education  is  formed 
in  Prussia. 

*  *  The  Ancestress,  by  Franz  Grillparzer, 
appears.  [1818,  Sappho ;  1821,  The  Golden 
Fleece^-  1825,  King  Ottokar's  Fortune  and 
£nd.] 

1817-18  Geography  i?i  lielation  to  Na- 
ture and  to  the  History  of  Man,  by  Karl 
Hitter,  appears. 

1817-41  History  of  the  World  in  a  Con- 
nected Relation,  by  Friedrich  C.  Sohios- 
ser,  appears.  [1823,  History  of  the  18th 
Century:  1824-36,  Universal  Historical 
View  of  the  History  of  t)te  Ancient  World.] 

*  *  Wehmuller,  Kasperlund Aunerl, Ponce 
de  Lion,  The  Foundation  of  Prague,  and 
Des  Knaben  Wunderhorn,  a  collection  of 
national  ballads  by  Clemens  Brentano, 
appear. 

1818*  *  Enchanted  Rose,  by  Ernst 
Schulze,  appears. 

*  *  Miller  .'iongs,  by  Wilhelm  Miiller,  ap- 
pears.    [1821,  Songs  of  the  Greeks.] 

*  *  Friedrich  A.  Brockbaus's  Conversa- 
tions Lexicon,  appears. 

*  *  Rh.  Prus.  The  University  of  Bonn  — 
the  Rhenish  Frederick  "Wilhelm  Univer- 
sity—  is  founded. 

*  *  Literarisches  Wochenblatt  is  issned. 

1819  •  •  The  World  as  Will  and  Appear- 
anceor  Representation,  by  Schopenhauer, 
appears. 

*  *The  universities  are  placed  under 
police  supervision  by  the  Government 
to  repress  the  progress  of  liberal  ideas. 

*  •  Baron  11.  F.  von  Stein  founds  the  so- 
ciety for  the  publication  of  the  Monv- 
menta  Germanis  Historia,  the  object 
being  to  promote  the  knowledge  of 
ancient  German  History. 

*  »  •  Free  schools  are  established. 

1819-31    Saxony.     Hermes  is  issued  at 

I.eipsic. 

1820  *  *  History  of  the  Hellenic  Races 
and  Cities,  by  Karl  Otfried  MUller, 
appears.  [1824-30,  The  Dorians:  182.5, 
Introduction  to  a  Scientific  System  of 
Mytliology   and  On  tile  Origin  and  An- 


cient History  of  the  Macedonians,-  1828, 
The  Etruscans;  1830,  Manual  of  the 
Archeology  of  Art.] 

1821  *  *  Bertranddu  Gtiesclin,  hy  Foque, 
appears. 

*  *  Ghaselin  and  other  poems,  by  August 
Platen,  appears. 

*  *  Poems,  by  TIeck,  appears.  [1826,  Revolt 
of  the  CittettJies.] 

*  *  The  Rattle  of  Hermann  and  The  Prince 
of  Homburg,  by  Kleist,  appear. 

*  *  Wilhelm  Meister's  Traveling  Tears, 
by  Goethe,  appears.    [1829.    Revised]. 

1821-22  *  *  Christian  Dogma  according 
to  the  Fundamental  I'rinciples  of  tlie 
Evangelical  Church,  by  Schleiermacher, 
appears. 

1822  *  *  Memorable  Occurences  from  the 
History  of  Christianity  and  Christian 
Life,  by  Neander,  appears.  [1826-62, 
General  History  of  tlie  Christian  Reli- 
gion and  Church.] 

*  *  Love's  Spring  and  Eastern  Roses,  by 
Rlickert,  appear. 

*  *  Poems,  by  Heinrich  Heine,  appears. 
[1823,  Amansor  and  Radcliff;  1826-31, 
Pictures  of  Travel;  1827,  Book  of  Smigs.] 

*  *  Saxnny.  The  German  Union  of 
Natural  Philosophers,  the  forerunner 
of  the  British  Association,  is  founded  by 
Oken  at  Leipsic  ;  its  object  is  partly  to 
promote  political  unity  in  Germany. 

1823  *  *  Walladmor,  by  Wilibald  Alexis 
(Wilhelm  Ilaring),  appears. 

1823-30  *  *  Indische  Bibliothek  is  issued 
by  August  W.  vou  Schlegel, 

1824  *  *  Histories  of  the  Romanic  and  the 
Teutonic  Peoples,  1494-1635,  by  Leopold 
von  Kanke,  appears.  [1827,  Princes  and 
Peoples  of  .Southern  Europe  in  the  16th 
and  nth  Centuries;  1829,  Tlie  Servian 
Revolution ;  1831 ,  The  Conspiracy  Against 
Venice  in  1688.] 

*  *  The  Corpus  Inscriplionum  Grsecorum 
is  begun  by  Bockh. 

*  *  Die  yEschylische  Trilogie  Prometheus, 
by  Friedrich  G.  Welcker,  appears. 

*  *  Ideas  on  the  Politics,  Commerce,  and 
Trade  of  the  Principal  Nations  of  Antiq- 
uity, by  Heeren,  appears. 

*  *  War  on  the  Philistines,  hyEichendorff, 
appears.  [1826,  From  the  Life  of  a  Good- 
for-Nothing .] 

1825  Aug.  2.  The  Wacht  des  deutschen 
Vaterl  an  d  ("Watch  of  the  Geunan 
Fatherland  "),  German  national  hymn, 
by  Reichardt,  is  first  publicly  £ung. 

1826  *  ♦  Bavaria.  The  University  of 
Ijandshut  is  moved  to  Munich,  and 
united  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences. 

*  *  The  Fatal  Fork,  by  Platen,  appears. 
[1828,  Poems  ,■  1829,  Romantic  (Edipus.] 

*  *  Lichtenstein,  by  Wilhelm  Hauff,  ap- 
pears. [1827,  The  Man  in  the  Moon,  The 
Portrait  of  the  Emperor,  and  other  tales.] 

*  •  An  edition  of  the  Nibelungenlied,  by 
Lachmann,  appears. 

*  *  Die  Menschenerziehung ,  a  work  on  edu- 
cation, by  Friedrich  Froebel,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1818  »  *  WUrtemberg.  King  William  I. 
abolishes  serfdom. 

1819  Mar.  23.  Baden.  August  F.  F. 
von  Kotzebue,  a  popular  dramatist,  on 
suspicion  of  being  a  Russian  spy,  is  as- 
sassinated at  Mannheim  by  a  student 
named  Sand. 

*  *  The  students  organize  a  secret  so- 
ciety (Burschenschaft).  [The  secret 
societies  are  hunted  out  by  the  Govern- 
ment in  suppressing  liberty.] 


STATE. 

1818  Aug.  22.  Bavaria.  The  king 
grants  a  constitutional  charter. 

Oct.  9.  Rh.  Prus.  The  Congress  of 
Aix-la-  Chapelle. 

The  sovereigns  of  Russia,  Austria,  and 
Prftssia,  aided  by  mlnislers  ot  Croat  ISritain, 
France,  .Austria,  Prussia,  and  Russia,  siiin  a 
convention  for  tlie  wttlidrawal  of  tlie  army 
of  occupation  from  France,  and  the  recep- 
tion of  France  into  Eurojtean  concert. 

*  *  Baden.  Louis  William  becomes 
grand  duke.    [1830.    Leopold.] 

1819  Aug.  1.  Bohemia.  The  ministers 
of  Austria  and  Prussia  meet  in  the  Con- 
gress of  Karlsbad  with  representatives 
of  minor  German  States. 

(Aug.  19.)  The  Congress  is  reactionary, 
and  recommends  the  "  Karlsbad  Decrees," 
establishing  the  censorship  of  tlie  press,  the 
.  investigation  of  "  demagogical  "  citizens,  and 
the  suppression  of  the  Burschensi'batt— a 
secret  organization  of  students.  Jletternich 
Is  the  controlling  spirit.   [Sept.20.  Adopted.j 

*  *  Prus.    Baron  W.  von  Himiboldt, 

minister  and  privy  councilor  to  the 
king,  resigns  his  office  because  of  the 
king's  opposition  to  a  liberal  constitu- 
tion. 

1820  Jan.  29.  Hanover.  George  Au- 
gustus Frederick  [George  IV.,  King 
of  England]  becomes  king.  [1830.  June 
26.  William  Henry  (William  IV.  of  Eng- 
land).] 

May  17.  The  Confederation  gives  Aus- 
tria and  Prussia  preponderating  influ- 
ence. 

May  *  Vienna.  The  Final  Act  of  Vi- 
enna is  signed  by  the  Congress  of  Min- 
isters in  opposition  to  liberal  govern- 
ment. 

Oct.  20 -Dec.  ♦  Aust.  Congress  of 
Troppau. 

Russia  and  Austria  and  Prussia  unite 
for  the  consideration  of  popular  politi- 
cal movements,  and  the  preservation  of 
the  Holy  Alliance. 

1821  Jan.  *  Aust.  The  Congress  of 
Ijaibach  resolves  to  put  down  popular 
insurrections  (p.  521). 

*  ♦  Hesse.  'William  II.  becomes  elector. 
[1831.  Sept.  30.  He  abdicates  in  favor 
of  the  electoral  prince  as  co-regent.] 

1822  *  *  It.  The  Congress  of  Verona 
(p.  521). 

1823  Oct.  30.  Brunswick.  Charles 
Frederick  "William  assumes  the  gov- 
ernment of  Brunswick.  [The  German 
Diet  declares  he  is  incapable  of  reigning. 
1830.  Se]it.  7.  An  insurrection  breaks 
out,  followed  by  a  revolution  ;  the  duke 
escapes  by  flight,  and  retires  to  England, 
lie  is  succeeded  by  his  brother  William.] 

1825  Oct.  13.  Bavaria.  Louis  I.  be- 
comes king. 

*  *  Prus.    Mail  routes  are  establislied. 

1826  *  *  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  Ernest  re- 
signs Saalfeld  to  Meiningen,  receiving 
in  return  Gotha,  and  assuming  the  title 
of  Ernest  I. 

*  'Altenburg  is  assigned  to  the  Duke 
of  Saxe-Hildburghausen,  who  takes  the 
title  of  Duke  of  Saxe-Altenburg. 

*  *  Saxe-Meiningen  acquires  Hildburg- 
hausen,  Saalfeld,  Kemburg,  Kranich- 
feld,  and  other  territory. 


814     1G27,  *  *-1841,  Feb.  12 


GERMANY. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1827  *  *  Von  Fuchs  invents  stereoch- 
romy,  a  mode  of  painting  in  -which 
water-glasa  serves  as  the  connecting  me- 
dium between  the  color  and  the  sub- 
stratum. 

*  *  The  needle-gun  is  invented  by  Jo- 
hann  N.  Dreyse  of  Soemmerda. 

*  •  Prtis.  Ernst  von  Baer  of  Kiinigsberg 
demonstrates  that  all  mammals  are  de- 
veloped from  a  minute  egg  not  a 
hundredth  of  an  inch  iu  diameter. 

1828  *  *  The  rare  metal  yttrium  is  first 
obtained  by  Frederick  Woler« 

1829  Apr.  9.  E.  Pms.  Danzig  is  in- 
undated  by  the  Vistula  breaking 
through  some  of  its  dikes ;  10,000  head 
ot  cattle  and  4,000  houses  are  destroyed, 
and  many  lives  are  lost. 

1830  Oct.  18.  Bavaria.  The  temple 
"Walhalla,  the  Hall  of  Glory, near  Ratis- 
bon,  is  begun  by  Louis.  King  of  Bavaria, 
to  receive  the  statues  and  memorials  of 
the  great  men  of  Germany. 

*  *  Hesse.  Baron  Justus  von  Lie  big*  s 
analysis  of  organic  substances  appears 
at  Giessen.  [1732.  He  discovers  chlo- 
roform and  chloral.] 

1831  *  *  Meyer  beer' 8  opera,  Robert  le 
Diable,  appears.  [1836.  The  Hugue- 
nots.] 

*  *  Cholera  morbus  prevails. 

1833  *  *  Electromagnetic  telegraph 
machines  are  invented  by  Gauss  and 
Weber.  The  first  telegraph  actually 
constructed  and  used  is  set  up  at  Got- 
tingen. 

1835  Dec.  7.  Bavaria.  The  first  rail- 
way in  Germany  is  opened  between  Nu- 
remberg and  Fiirth ;  worked  by  horses. 

1836  May  22.  Rh.  Prus.  Mendels- 
sohn*s  .S7.  Paul  is  produced  at  the  Lower 
Rhine  festival  at  DUsseldorf. 

*  *  Wilrtemberg.  The  last  guild  of  meia- 
tersanger  is  dissolved  at  Ulm. 

1837  *  *  Coal-tar  colojs  are  invented  by 
Otto  P.  Itunge. 

*  *  A  locomotive  railway  is  opened  from 
Leipsic  to  Dresden. 

1839*  *  Belg.  The  cell  theory  is  pro- 
pounded by  Theodor  Schwann  ;  it  holds 
that  the  ultimate  particles  of  all  tissues 
consist  of  small  cells. 

*  *  Agassiz  publishes  his  work  on  fresh- 
water fishes. 

1840  *  *  Anilin  is  invented  by  Hoffmann 
and  Fritzsohe. 

*  *  Agassiz  discourses  on  the  glacial 
period  and  blocks  carried  over  Europe 
by  ice. 

1841  *  *  A  system  of  stenography  is  in- 
vented by  Stolze. 

Feb.  12.  E.  Prus.  Frederick  W.  Bessel 
discovers  the  annual  parallax  of  star 
61  Ci/gni.  [He  calculates  its  distance 
from  the  earth  to  be  about  sixty  billion 
of  miles.] 

BIETHS  — DEATHS. 

1827  *  *  Brngach  Bey,  Heinrich  K.,  Egyp- 
tologist, b. 
Chladni,  Ernst  F.  E.,  phil.,  inventor,  ATI. 
Eiclihorn,  Joliann  (.;.,  Biblical  critic,  A75. 
Falk,  Paul  L.  A.,  statesman,  born. 
Hauff,  Wilhelm,  novelist,  A26. 
Miiller,  Wilhelm,  lyric  poet,  A33. 
Schnlte,  Joliann  F.. "  Old  Catholic  "  theol.,  b. 
Viilpiiis,  Christian  .\.,  author,  A65. 
Ziegler,  Friedrich  W.,  actor,  A67. 

1838  Nov.    19.     Schubert.    Franz,    com- 
poser, A31. 

Ahlwardt.  Theodor  W.,  orientalist,  born. 
Albert,  King  of  Saxony,  born. 
Bargiel,  WoUlemar,  musician,  born. 
Becker,  August,  poet,  born. 
Bouterwek,  Friedrich,  phil.,  critic,  A57. 
Cohn,  Ferdinand,  botanist,  born. 
Frederick  Charles,  Prince  of  Prussia,  gen.,  b. 
Ersch,  Johann  S.,  cyclopedist,  A62. 
Gall,  Franz  J.,  phy.,fdr.  of  phrenology,  A70. 
Grafe,  Albrecht  von,  oculist^  born. 


Grosse,  Julius,  poet,  dram.,  novelist,  born. 

Niemeyer,  August  H.,  aiitlior,  A74. 

Schrever,  Adolpli,  painter,  born. 

Schilling,  Johann,  sculptor,  born. 

Thaer,  Albert,  agriculturist,  writer,  A76. 
1839  •  *  Brehm,  Alfred  E.,  naturalist,  born. 

Buttniann,  Philipp  K.,  philologist,  At>5. 

Dentsch.  Emanuel  O.  M..  orientalist,  born. 

Dittes,  KneUrich,  educator,  born. 

Fick,  Adolf,  biologist,  born. 

Geiger,  Lazarus,  scliolar,  born. 

Goldschniidt,  Levni,  jurist,  born. 

Hassel,  Johann  (>.  H.,  statistician,  A59. 

Hillebrand,  Karl,  historian,  born. 

Kayserling,  Sloses,  Hebrew  preacher,  histo- 
rian, born. 

Kekul6,  Friedrich  A.,  chemist,  born. 

Lasker,  Eduard,  statesman,  born. 

Meding,  Oskar,  novelist,  born. 

Noire,  Lndwig,  monistic  philosopher,  born. 

fichlagintweit,  Adolf,  traveler,  born. 

Schle^el,  Karl  W.  von.  scholar,  tiist.,  A67. 

Splelhagen,  Friedrich,  novelist,  born. 

Vogel,  Eduard,  African  traveler,  born. 
1830*  •  Ahlwardt,  Christian  ■\V.,philol.,A70. 

Becker,  Ernst  A.,  painter,  born. 

Behm,  firnst,  geographer,  born. 

Billow,  Hans  ti.  von,  pianist,  composer,  b. 

Piimniler,  Ernst  L.,  historian,  born. 

El>el,  Johann  (.;.,  geologist,  A66. 

Heyse,  Johann  L.  P.,  poet,  dram.. novelist,  b. 

Huber,  Johann  N.,  *'  Old  Catholic  "  theol.,  b. 

Meyer,  Leo,  philologist,  born. 

Miiller,  Sophie,  tragic  actor,  A27. 

Sommering,  Samuel  T.  von,  anatomist,  phys- 
iologist, A  75. 

Weisbaupt,  Adam,  jurist,  pliilosopber,  A82. 
1831     June  29.     Stein.    Baron    Heinrich 

F.  K.  von,  statesman,  A74. 
Oct.  18.    Friedrick  HI.,  Prince  of  Prussia, 
Emperor  of  Germany,  born. 

Albertine,  Johann  B.  von,  Moravian  clergy- 
man, pnlpit  orator,  At>2. 

Arnlm,  Ludwig  A.,  poet,  A50. 

Baumstark,  Reinhold  L.,  author,  born. 

Caprivl,  de  Caprara  de  Montecucoli,  Georg 
Leo  von,  cbanrellor,  born. 

Clausewitz,  Karl  von,  Prussian  general,  A5I. 

Conze,  Alexander  C.  L.,  archeologist,  born. 

Dinter,  Gustav  F.,  educationist,  A71. 

Eschscholtz,  Johann  F.,  naturalist.  A38. 

Gneisenau,  Count  August  N.,  marshal,  A71. 

Hegel,  Georgr  'W.  F.,  philosopher,  Afjl. 

Hermes.  (Jeorg,  K.  C.  theologian,  A56. 

Jadassohn,  Salomon,  composer,  born. 

Kreutzer.  Rudolf,  composer,  AW. 

Kllnger,  Friedrich  M.  von,  dramatist,  novel- 
ist, soldier,  A78. 

La  Fontaine,  August  H.  J.,  novelist,  A75. 

Matthisson,  Friedrich  von,  jtoet,  A70. 

Nlebuhr.  Barthold  G.,  hist.,  pbiloL,  A65. 

Nitzsoh,  Karl  L.,  theologian,  A80. 

J'lanck,  Heinrich  L.,  theological  writer,  A46. 

Pleyel,  Ignaz,  composer,  A74. 

Tittmann,  Johann  A.  H.,  Biblical  critic,  A58. 

Welgel,  Christian  E.  von,  naturalist,  A83. 

Zobel,  Benjamin,  artist,  A69. 
1632    Mar,  22.     Ooethe.    Johann    'Woli- 
g&Tie,  poet,  dramatist,  novelist,  pliil.,  A83. 

Bartsch,  Karl  K.,  pliilologist,  born. 

Beck,  Christian  1>.,  hist.,  philologist,  A75. 

Devrient,  Ludwig,  artor,  A48. 

Foerster,  Wilhelm,  astronomer,  born. 

Gomperz,  Theodor,  philologist,  born. 

Gentz,  Friedrich  von,  states.,  pol.  wr.,  A66. 

Giinther,  Albert  C.  C.  G.,  naturalist,  born. 

Hayne,  Friedrich  G.,  botanist,  A69. 

Junkermann,  August,  actor,  liorn. 

Rothschild.  Nathan  M.,  financier,  A55. 

Semper,  Karl,  traveler,  naturalist,  born. 

Spiess,  Heinrich,  painter,  born. 

Spurzheim,  Johann  G.,  physician,  phrenolo- 
gist, A.-ie. 

Wundt,  Wilhelm  M.,  physiologist,  born. 

1833  •  *  Becker,  Jean,  violinist,  born. 
Beer,  Michael,  dramatist,  A33. 
Brahms,  Johannes,  composer,  born. 
Chrlstlieb,  Theodor,  clergyman,  au.,  bom. 
Dove,  Richard  W..  jurist,  born. 
Diihring,  Eugen  K.,  philosopher,  born. 
DVunlchen,  Johannes,  Egyptologist,  born. 
Feuerbach,  Paul  J.  A.,  jurist,  A58. 
Hauser,  K  as  par,  the  mysterious  Nuremberg 

foundling,  dies. 

Konig,  Friedrich,  inventor  of  steam  printing- 
press,  A58. 

Meckel,  Johann  F.,  anatomist,  A52. 

Passow,  Franz  L.  C.  F.,  philologist,  lexicog- 
rapher, A49. 

Planck,  Gottlieb  J.,  theol.,  church  hist.,  A82. 

Schlagintweit,  Robert,  traveler,  born. 

SclioU,  Maximilian  S.  F.,  hist.,  pub.,  A67. 

Sprengel,  Kurt,  botanist,  A67. 

1834  *  ♦  Ebert,  Fried.  A.,  bibliographer,  A43. 
Haeckel,  Ernst  H..  naturalist,  born. 
Knebel,  Karl  L.  von.  litterateur,  A90. 
Nachiigal.  Gustav,  traveler,  born. 


RohlfB,  Gerhard,  explorer.  l)om. 
Schleiermacher,  Friedrich  £..  theologian, 

critic,  mis.  writer,  Ab6. 
Senefelder,  Alois,  inv.  of  lithography,  A63. 
Tychsen,  Thomas  C,  philologist,  A76. 
Zollner,  Johann  K.  F.,  i)bv8icist,  astron.,  b. 

1835  Mar.  2.    Francis  11..  emperor,  A67. 
Autenrieth,  Johann  IL  F.  von,  physician, 

author,  A  63. 
Bayer,  Adolf,  chemist,  born. 
Bbttiger.  Karl  A.,  archeologist,  A7S. 
Brackel,  Ferilinande  von,  poet,  novelist,  b. 
Clans,  Karl  F.  W.,  zoologist,  born. 
Goltz,  Hermann  von  der,  cl.,  autlior,  born. 
Humboldt,  Baron  Karl  W.  von.  i)liilolo- 

gist,  statesman,  A68. 
Klaproth,  Heinrich  J.  von,  orientalist,  A52. 
Rosenm idler,  Ernst  F.  K.,  Itib.  critic,  A67. 
Speckter,  Erwin,  painter,  A29. 

1836  *  •  Daub,  Karl,  theologian,  A71. 
Hufeland,  Christopli  W.,  jihysician.  A74. 
Plitt,  Gustav  L.,  clergyman,  autlior,  born. 
Schrader,  El>erhard,  Assyriologist,  born. 
Schweinfurth,  Georg  A.,  trav.,  explorer,  b. 
Tauchnitz,  Karl  C.  F.,  printer,  bookseller, 

A75. 
1837*  *  Ancillon,  Johann  P.  F.,  statesman, 
historian,  A71. 
Bandmann,  Daniel  E.,  actor,  born. 
Borne,  Ludwig,  political  writer,  ,\5I. 
Dissen,  Georg  L.,  class,  scholar,  i)bilol.,  A53. 
Ebers,  Georg,  novelist,  Egyptologist,  born. 
Hummel,  Johann  N.,  pianist,  composer,  A59. 
Kluber,  Johann  L.,  jurist,  politician.  A7S. 
Quaglto,  Donenico,  architectural  paint.,  A53. 
Rosen,  Friedrich  A.,  philologist.  A32. 
Treviraniis,  Gottfried  R.,  physiologist,  A5l. 
Trommsdorff,  Johann  B.,  chemist,  A(;7. 

1838  ♦  *  Ac<unu,  Friedrich,  chemist,  A(i9. 
Chamisso,  Adalbert  von,  poet,  natural.,  A57. 
Dohrn,  Heinrich,  malacologist,  born. 
Mbbler,  Johann  A.,  R.  C.  theologian,  A42. 
Wrede,  Prince,  Karl  P.,  field-marshal,  A7I. 

1839  *  *  Cohnheim,  Julius  F.,  jiathologist,  b. 
Euting,  Julius,  orientalist,  born. 

Gans,  Eduard,  jurist,  A4I. 
Guts  Muths,  Johann  C.  F.,  founder  of  Ger- 
man system  of  gymnastics,  A80. 
Habicht,  Christian  M.,  orientalist,  A64. 
Koch,  Joseph  A.,  painter,  A71. 
OhlmiUler,  Joseph  D.,  architect,  A48. 
Olshausen,  Hermann,  theologian,  an.,  A43. 
Schelling.  Friedrich  G..  novelist,  A73. 
Witzelebeii,  Karl  A.  F.,  novelist,  Aiifi. 

1840  June  7.     Frederick    WiUiam  IU.. 
King  of  Prussia,  A66. 

Blumenbach.  Johann  F.,  naturalist,  physi- 
ologist, A  88. 

liohlen,  Peter  von,  orientalist,  A44. 

Dohrn,  Anton,  zoologist,  born. 

Follen,  Charles  T.  C,  clergyman,  theologian 
in  (U.  S.  A.),  A46. 

Gnautb,  Gustav  A.,  architect,  born. 

Gotz,  Hermann,  composer,  born, 

Grafe,  Karl  von.  oculist,  A53. 

Hartmann,  Eduard  von,  philosoiiber.  born. 

Littrow,  Josei)li  J.,  astronomer,  AftH. 

MiiUer,  Karl  Otfried.  classical  scholar,  his- 
torian, antiquary,  A43. 

Olbers,  Heinrich  W.  M.,  astronomer,  A82. 

Rotteck,  Karl  von,  jurist,  states.,  hist.,  A66. 

Thibaut,  Anton  F.,  jurist,  A66. 


CHURCH. 

1829  June  24.  Several  small  societies 
are  united  under  the  name  of  the  Rhen- 
ish Mission  Society. 

1830  *  *  Methodism  is  introduced. 
1831*   *  Rome.    Gregory  XVI.  is  pope. 

1834  Apr.  23.  Hamlmrg,  American 
Baptist  missionaries  engage  in  mission- 
work  in  Germany;  Kev.  liarnas  Sears 
baptizes  seven  persons  in  the  Biver 
Elbe. 

1833  *  *  A  dispute  occurs  with  the  Holy 
See.     [U  is  ended  by  concessions.] 

Aug.  17.  J fsace- Lorraine.  The  Society 
of  Israel's  Friends  is  founded  at  Stras- 
burg. 

1836  *  *  Saxony.  The  Leipsic  Evan- 
gelical Lutheran  Society  is  foundeiJ. 

Apr.  9.  The  North  German  Mission- 
ary Society  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Societv  for  Christian  Care  of  Jew- 
ish Proselvtcs  is  formed  as  a  supplement 
to  the  Berlin  Society,  which  confines  it- 
self to  purely  missionary  work. 


GERMANY. 


1827,  *  *-1841,  Feb.  12.     815 


*  *Tlie  Anbalt-Uessaa  Bible  Society  is 
organized. 

1837  »  *  Rh.  Prus.  Tlie  Arclibisliop  of 
Cologne  is  confined  in  the  fortress  of 
Miiien,  having  been  forbidden  attAid- 
auce  at  Bonn, 

1840  June  7.  Prus.  Frederick  William 
IV.  comes  to  the  throne,  and  soon  makes 
concessions  to  the  church. 

*  *  Prus.  The  Government  disputes -vvitli 
Roman  Catholic  clergy  begin ;  ultra- 
montanism  appears. 

*  *  Rev,  .loliann  (i.  Oneken,  the  Baptist 
pastor  and  missionary,  is  imprisoned  by 
the  Government. 

He  is  prohihited  from  administering 
the  sacraments,  and  all  persons  excejit 
his  own  liousehold  are  prohibited  attend- 
ance at  his  family  worship. 

LETTERS. 

1827  *  *  The  Jew,  by  Karl  Spindler,  ap- 
pears. 

1827-46  *  *  Jahrhurh  fllr  wissenschaft- 
tiche  Krltik  is  issued  by  Cotta, 

1828  *  *  Poet-life,  by  Tieck,  appears. 

*  *  Legal  Antiquities  of  Germany,  hy  .Ja- 
cob Grimm,  appears.  [1835,  German 
Mythntogy.'] 

*  *  A  Tnie  Serrant  of  His  Master,  by 
Grillparzer,  appears.  [J831,  2'he  Waves 
of  Lone  and  of  the  Sea.'] 

1829  *  *  The  German  Heroic  Legend,  by 
Wilhelm  Grimm,  appears. 

*  *  The  Seeress  nf  Prevorst,  by  Andreas  J. 
Kerner,  appears, 

*  *  Don  Juan  and  Faust,  by  Christian  D. 
Grabbe,  appears.  [1829-30,  Friedrich  Par- 
Inrossa  and  HetnrichlV. ;  183S, Pattle of 
Hermann.] 

1829-34     The  Collected  Writings  of  Lud- 

wig  Borne  appear. 
1829-53    History  of  Philosophy,  by  Hein- 

rich  Ritter,  appears. 
1830-35     Hanover.     Prince  Bismarck 

studies  at  the  University  of  Gottingen. 

*  *  Hesse.  Polytechnic  schools  are  es- 
tablished in  Darmstadt, 

*  *  Original  Pornments  for  German  ,ffii«- 
'"'■y.by  Friedrich  C.Dahlmann,  appears, 
[184(M3,  History  of  Denmark.] 

1830-37  T^exicon  Arabico-Laf'nnm  and 
Proverbs  of  the  Arabs,  by  G.  \V.  F,  Frey- 
tag,  appear, 

1830-44  The  Dramatic  Works  of  Ernst 
B.  S.  Raupach  appear, 

1832  •  *  The  Second  Part  of  Faust,  by 
Goethe,  appears. 

July  16.  Rh.  Prus.  The  Diet  at  Prank- 
fort  issues  a  protocol  suppressing  the 
liberty  of  the  press  in  Baden, 

*  *  ffistori)  of  the  Planting  of  the  Apostolic 
Church,  by  Neamler,  appears.  [1837.  The 
Life  of  Jesus  Christ  in  its  Historical  Re- 
lation.] 

1833  •  *  History  of  Alexander  the  Great, 
by  .Tohann  G.  Droysen,  appears.  [1836- 
43,  History  of  Hellenism.] 

1833-35  Origin  of  Christianity,  by  Jo- 
h.ann  ,T,  I.  Zollinger,  appears.  [1838,  A 
Treatise  on  the  History  of  the  Church.] 

1834  *  *  Repertorium  der  gesammien 
deutscken  Literatur  is  issued. 


•  •  Poems,  by  Ida  M.  S,  I..  llahn-Hahn, 
appears.    [1844,  Countess  Faustine.] 

*  *  Dr.  Solon,  by  Heine,  appears.  [1836, 
Tile  Romantic  School.] 

1835^2  History  of  the  National  Poetic 
Literature  of  the  Germans,  by  Gervinus, 
appears. 

1836  *  *  On  the  Myth  of  the  Northern 
Legend  of  Thor,  by  Uhhmd,  appears. 

1837  •  ♦  Frederick  Froebel  opens  a 
kindergarten  at  Bl.mkenburg  in  Thu- 
ringia. 

*  *  Spinoza,  by  Berthold  Auerbach,  ap- 
pears. [1839,  The  Poet  and  Merchant; 
1842,  The  Cultivated  Citizen;  1843,  Vil- 
lage Tales  of  the  Black  Forest.] 

•  *  Art  of  German  Prose,  by  Theodor 
Mundt,  appears.  [1842,  History  of  Con- 
temporary Literature.] 

*  *  Deutsche  Allgemeine  Zeitungls  issued. 

•  *  Hanover.  Seven  professors  of  the 
University  of  Gottingen  — Jacob  and 
William  Grimm,  Dahlmann,  Gervinus, 
Ewald,  Albrecbt,  and  Weber— are  dis- 
missed and  banished  for  signing  a  pro- 
test against  the  King  of  Hanover's 
abrogation  of  the  constitution. 

1837-51  Dictionary  of  Chemistry,  by 
Justus  von  Liebig,  appears.  [1810,  Or- 
ganic Chemistry  in  tts  Application  to 
Agriculture  and  Physiologi/ :  1842,  Ani- 
mal Chemistry  in  its  Application  to  Phys- 
iology and  Pathology.] 

1838  *  *  Hallische  Jahrbuch  is  issued. 

1839  ♦  *  Platonic  Studies,  by  Eduard  Zel- 
ler,  appears.  [1844-52,  The  Philosonhy 
of  the  Greeks ;  1847,  History  of  the  Chris- 
tian Church.] 

1840  *  •  History  of  the  Literature  of  An- 
cient Greece,  by  Karl  Otfried  MuUer, 
appears. 

1840^1  Thou  Shalt  not  have  it,  the  Free 
German  Rhine,  a  song  by  Nikolaus 
Becker,  appears,  in  response  to  the  pro- 
posed annexation  of  the  valley  of  the 
Rhine  to  France ;  it  is  answered  by  Al- 
fred de  Musset  in  the  Le  Rhin  Alle- 
mande. 


SOCIETY. 

1829  June  11.  [Emperor]  William  I. 
is  married  to  the  Princess  Augusta  of 
Saxe-Weimar. 

1830*  *The  term  "Philistines"  is  ap- 
plied by  the  Liberal  party  to  the  oppo- 
nents of  progress  —  the  Conservative 
party. 

1833*  *  Hesse-Nassau.  Ariotoccursat 
Frankfort. 

1837  *  *  Hesse.  A  festival  in  honor  of 
John  Gutenberg  is  held  at  Mentz. 


*  ♦  Literarische  Zeitung  is  issued  at  Ber- 
lin. 

1834-37  Reisenovellen  (Tales  of  Travels), 
by  Heinrich  Laube,  appears.  [1843,  The 
Countess  Chdteaubriand.] 

1834-37  The  Popes  of  Rome,  bv  Ranke, 
appears.  [18,39-47,  German  History  in 
the  Period  of  the  Reformation.] 

1835  *  *  Waily  the  Skeptic,  bv  Karl  Gutz- 
kow,  appears,    [1841,  Patkul.] 


STATE. 

1827  *  •  Saxony.  Anthony  Clement 
becomes  king,  [Sept.  13.  A  revolu- 
tion occurs  ;  Anthony  abdicates  ;  Fred- 
erick Augustus  [II.]  is  regent.  Liberal 
uprisings  occur  throughout  Europe. 
1831.  Sept.  4.  A  constitution  is  adopted. 
18,36,  Frederick  Augustus  becomes  king.] 

1828-53  Saxe-Weimar.  Charles  Fred- 
erick is  grand  duke, 

±  *  •  The  ZoUverein,  or  German  Cus- 
toms Union,  is  gradually  formed  among 
North  German  States.  [It  paves  the  way 
for  a  national  union  in  1834,] 

1829  May  21.  Oldenburg.  Augrustua 
becomes  grand  duke. 


1830  July  27 -39  •  *  Paris.  The  Rev- 
olution arrests  the  attention  of  Europe. 

*  *  Hesse.  LouiB  II.  becomes  grand  duke 
of  Hesse-Darmstadt, 

*  »  The  Customs  Union  includes  a  pop- 
ulation of  25,000,000,  and  a  territory  of 
80,000  square  miles, 

1831  Jan.  5.  Hesse.  The  Constitu- 
tion of  Hesse-Cassel  is  given  ;  the  Cham- 
ber receives  the  exclusive  right  of  voting 
taxes. 

1832  June  28.  New  Confederate 
laws  are  passed. 

1833  *  *  Frankfort.  Students  make  un- 
successful attempts  at  insurrection. 
1834.  [May*  They  fail  the  second  time.] 

Two  policemen  are  overpowered  for  a 
few  hours,  and  the  reactionary  spirit 
spreads  rapidly  throughout  Germany, 

*  *  Bohemia.  A  meeting  of  sovereigns 
takes  place  at  Miinchengratz;  Austria, 
Prussia,  and  Russia  are  represented, 
[Conference  of  ministers  is  held  at  Tep- 
litz,] 

1834  Jan.  1.  The  German  Tariff 
Union  is  established. 

It  is  finally  accomplished  after  long 
endeavor  by  Prussia,  and  called  the 
Zollverein  by  Maassen,  the  Prussian 
Minister  of  Finance,  [It  is  gradually 
joined  by  all  the  States  except  Austria,] 

*  *  Vienna.  A  conference  of  ministers 
is  held, 

*  *  *  The  French  Kevolution  has  stirred 
the  people  of  Southwestern  States  to  a 
more  vigorous  political  life, 

1835  Mar.  2.  Aust.  The  Emperor 
Francis  I,  dies  [and  is  succeeded  by'his 
son,  Ferdinand  I.], 

Mettemich  is  his  councillor  of  state 
(p.  521), 

1836  Oct.  30,  Alsace.  Xjouis  Napo- 
leon attempts  to  raise  an  insurrection 
at  Strasburg  (p.  727). 

1837  Jime  20.  Eng.  Victoria  suc- 
ceeds Willi.am  IV.  of  Hanover,  her 
uncle,  to  the  throne  of  Great  Britain. 
[Hanover  is  separated  from  Fngland 
on  the  death  of  William  IV,,  under  the 
operation  of  the  Salic  law.] 

Ernest  Augustus,  duke  of  Cumber- 
land, brother  of  William  IV.  of  Eng- 
land, becomes  king.  [He  abolishes  the 
Constitution,  and  revives  an  older  and 
less  liberal  one.] 

*  *  Rh.  Prus.  Droste  von  Vischering, 
archbishop  of  Cologne,  h.as  a  quarrel 
with  the  Government  about  marriages 
between  persons  of  different  religious 
beliefs  ;  he  Is  arrested. 

1840  Jvme  7.  Prus.  Frederick 'WU- 
liam  III.  dies  [and  is  succeeded  by  his 
Bon], 

1840-61  Prus.  Frederick  "William 
IV,  is  king. 

1840  *  *  Prus.  Governmental  disputes 
with  Roman  Catliolic  clergy  increase. 

July  15.  England,  Austria,  Prussia,  and 
Russia  enter  a  treaty  of  alliance  with 
Turkey,  to  the  exclusion  of  France- 
[Austria  and  England  force  its  decis* 
ion.]    (P.  729.) 


816    1841,  June  22-1848,  *  *. 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

184:2  Nov.  12.  Berlin  is  declared  in 
a  state  of  siege. 

1848  *  •  'War  with  Denmark  respect- 
ing Sclileswig-Holstein,  caused  in  part 
by  the  open  letter  of  Christian  VIII.  (p. 
Ml). 

Mar.  24.  Schleswlg-Holstein.  R ends- 
burg  is  talten.  [Apr.  9.  Defeat  at 
Flensburg.  Apr.  23.  Danes  defeated 
at  the  Danewerk.]    (P.  640.) 

Apr.  *  -Aug.  *  S c  hi eswiij-Hol stein. 
Troops  are  furnished  to  the  two  duch- 
ies by  Prussia  and  the  German  confed- 
eracy, to  form  a  new  army. 

May  2.  Den.  The  fortress  of  Frede- 
rioia  is  captured  by  the  Schleswig-Hol- 
Btein  troops  and  Prussians. 

July  25.  The  Italians  are  defeated  at 
Custozza  by  Radetzky. 

Aug.  26.  Sweden.  The  Truce  of 
Malmb  for  seven  months  (p.  640), 

Nov.  10.  Berlin.  Gen.  'Wrangel  en- 
ters Berlin  without  opposition. 

Nov.  12.  Berlin.  A  state  of  siege  pro- 
claimed ;  the  burgher-guard  is  dismissed 
by  the  Iting,  but  it  refuses  to  disband. 

*  *  Austria  and  Hungary  are  at  war  (p. 
521+). 

*  *War  between  Austria  and  Sar- 
dinia (p.  520+). 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1841  *  •  A  steam-railway  is  opened 
from  Berlin  to  Magdeburg. 

»  •  Berlin.  Anastatic  printing,  in  which 
printed  matter  is  transferred  upon  zinc 
plates,  is  Invented  by  Baldermus. 

1842  *  •  Robert  W.  E.  Bunsen  constructs 
the  first  carbon  battery. 

1843  Jan.  1.  Alsace-Lorraine.  The 
astronomical  clock  of  the  Strasburg 
Cathedral,  stopped  for  a  long  time,  and 
repaired  by  M.  Schwilgue,  is  inaugu- 
rated. 

1845  Oct.  19.  Saxony.  'Wagner's 
Tamiliauser  appears  at  Dresden.  [1848. 
Lohengrin.] 

*  »  The  name  odyl  is  given  by  Baron  Karl 
von  Keicheubach  to  a  so-called  new"  im- 
ponderable or  influence,"  said  to  give 
rise  to  luminous  phenomena,  visible  to 
certain  sensitive  persons  only. 

1846  Sept.  23.  Berlin.  The  planet 
Neptune  is  discovered  by  Johann  G. 
Galle. 

*  *  Guneotton  Is  invented  by  Christian 
Friedricli  Schonbein. 

1847  *  ♦  The  electric  light  is  much  im- 
proved by  Moritz  H.  Jacob!. 

1848  Aug.  15.  Rh.  Prus.  The  body  of 
the  cathedral  at  Cologne  is  opened  in 
tlie  presence  of  the  king  on  the  600th  an- 
niversary of  its  foundation. 

*  •  An  induction  electrometer  is  in- 
vented by  Peltier. 

*  *  Anti-phosphoric  matches  are  in- 
vented by  Bflttger. 

*  •  Meyerbeer's  opera,  Le  Prophite,  ap- 
pears. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1841  *  *  Ast,  (ieorg  A.  F.,  scholar,  teacher, 
A63. 
Auguste,  Christian  .1.  W.,  theologian,  A70. 
Baaiier,  Franz  X.  von,  philosopher,  A76. 
Danneoker,  .lohann  H.,  sculptor,  A83. 
Herbart,  .lohann  F.,  philosopher,  A65. 
Uolst,  Hermann  E.  von,  historian,  born. 
Kuhnoel,  <;hri8tian  F.,  Biblical  critic,  A73. 


Schinkel,  Karl  F.,  architect,  A60. 
Tiedge,  Christoph  A.,  poet,  A89. 

1845  *  *  Hrentano,  Clemens,  novelist,  dram- 
atist, A65. 

Uesenius,  Friedrlch  H.  W.,  orientalist.  Bib- 
lical critic,  A56. 
Hase,  Heinrich,  antiquary,  ASS. 
Heeren,  Arnold  H.  L..  historian,  A82. 
Hellwald,  Frledrich  A.  H.  von,  geographer,  b. 
Krug,  Wilhelm  T.,  pliilosopher,  X~t2. 
Lampadius,  Wilhelm  A.,  chemist,  .\70. 

1843  *   *  Adelung,  Friedrlch,  philologist,  A7.5. 
Augustus,  Friedrlch,  W.  H.,  Prince  of  Prus- 
sia, .\64. 

Baumgarten-Crusius,  L.  F.  O.,  theol.,  A.W. 
FouQue.  Friedrioh.  liaron   de   la   Motte, 

poet,  novelist,  A66. 
Fries,  Jakob  F.,  philosopher,  A70. 
Hahnemann.    Samuel   0.  F..  physician, 

founder  of  homeopathic  system,  A88. 
Kind,  Johann  F.,  poet,  novelist,  dram.,  A7.'>. 
Perthes,  Christian  F.,  publisher,  A71. 
Plchler,  Caroline,  novelist,  A74. 

1844  •  •  Held,  Adolf,  economist,  born. 
Hugo,  Gustav,  jurist,  A80. 
Kieluieyer,  Karl  F.  von,  naturalist,  A79. 

1846  •  *  Becker,  Nikolaus,  poet,  A29. 
Berger,  Ludwig,  composer,  A68i:. 
Junglians,  .Sophie,  novelist,  horn. 
Krunnnacher,  Friedrlch  .\.,tlieologian,poet, 

mis.  writer,  A77. 
Schleeel.  August   'W.,    poet,   orientalist, 
critic,  A78. 

1846  *  •  Bessel,  Friedrlch  W.,  astron.,  A62. 
Ideler,  Christian  L.,  astron.,  linguist,  A80. 
Marlielneke,  Philipp  K.,  author,  A66. 
Theremin,  Ludwig  F.  F.,  cl.,  author,  A63. 
Zimmern,  Helen,  German  author  in  Eng.,  b. 

1847  Nov.  4.    Mendelssobn-Bartholdy. 
Felix,  composer,  A  38. 

Dieffenbach,  Johann  F.,  surgeon,  A53. 

Ess,  Leander  von,  theologian,  A75. 

Jacobs,  Friedrlch  C.  W.,  classical  scholar, 
critic,  A83. 

Materna,  Amalie,  vocalist,  born. 

Kapp,  George,  founder  of  sect  of  Harmo- 
nists, A77. 

1848  •  •  Blum,  Rol)ert,  democratic  pol.,  A41. 
Bretschneider,  Karl  G.,  rationalistic  theolo- 
gian, .\72. 

Geiger,  Ludwig,  historian,  born. 
(Jorres,  Jakob  J.,  publicist,  mis.  writer,  A72. 
Hasse,  Friedrlch  C.  A.,  historical  wr.,  A75. 
Hermann,  Johann  G.  J.,  philologist,  A76. 
Sehwanthaler,  Ludwig  M.,  sculptor,  A46. 
Zschokke,  Johann  11.  1).,  mis.  writer,  A77. 

CHURCH. 

1842  Jtme  28.  Berlin.  TheGossner 
Missionary  Society  is  confirmed  in  its 
organization  by  the  king's  cabinet. 

*  *  Color/ne.  The  cathedral  repairs  are 
completed,  and  new  buildings  are 
founded. 

1844-59  The  Codex  Sinaiticus,  presu- 
mably written  in  the  4th  century,  is  dis- 
covered by  M.  Constantine  Tischendorf, 
a  Biblical  paleontologist,  philologist, 
and  critic,  at  St.  Catherine's  Monastery, 
Mount  Sinai,  Arabia. 

*  » Lilheck.  Tlte  Society  of  Friends  of 
Israel  is  founded. 

*  *  Jih.  Prus.  Johannes  Bonge,  the 
Catholic  priest  and  reformer,  attacks 
Arnoldi,  bishop  of  Treves,  for  offering 
for  devotion  an  alleged  relic  which  he 
called  the  holy  seamless  coat  of  Christ ; 
being  expelled,  he  initiates  the  German 
Catholic  Movement. 

*  *  Berlin.  The  Berlin  Woman's  Mis- 
sionary Association  is  organized. 

1846  •  •  Eome.    Pius  IX.  becomes  pope. 

1848  Aug.  15.  nh.  Prus.  The  body  of 
the  cathedral  of  Cologne  is  opened  on 
the  600th  anniversary  of  its  foundation, 
in  the  presence  of  the  king. 

LETTERS. 

1841  *  *  History  of  the  First  Crusade,  by 
Heinrich  von  Syfcel,  appears. 

*  •  Poems,  by  Robert  E.  Prutz,  appears. 
[1847.  Political  and  Literary  Essays :  1847- 
49,  l>rafnatic  Works.] 


1841-74  Metaphysics,  by  Rudolph  H. 
l.otze,  appears.  [1842,  General  Pathol- 
ogy and  'J  herapeutics  as  Mechanical  and 
Natural  Sciences:  1843-79,  Logic;  1851, 
General  Philosophy  of  the  Grifanic  Life ; 
1852,  Medical  Psychology ,  or  Physiology 
of  the  Soul.] 

*  *  Lifder  der  Oegenwart,  by  Rudolph 
Gottschall,  appears.  [1843,  Madonna 
and  Maydeline.] 

1844  *  *  The  Acropolis  of  Athens,  by 
Ernst  Curtius,  appears.  [1861-52,  His- 
tory of  Oreeee  ;  1852,  Peloponnesus.] 

*  *  History  of  the  English  lievolution,  by 
Dahlmann,  appears.  [1845,  History  of 
the  French  Lievolution.] 

*  *  Pambling  and  Hu  nting  Excursions 
through  the  United  States  of  North  Amer- 
ica, iyy  Friedrlch  Gerstacker,  appears. 
[1845,  The  liegulators  of  Arkansas :  1847- 
48,  Mississippi  Pictures;  1848,  The  River 
Pirates  of  the  Mississippi;  1849,  Ameri- 
can Forest  and  Stream  Pictures.] 

1844-45  Ancient  LTigh  and  Low  Dutch 
Popular  Songs,  by  Lnlaud,  appears. 

1844-47  Life  of  Jesus,  by  Johann  P. 
Lange,  appears.  [1849-52,  Vhristian  Dog- 
matic; 1853-54,  History  of  the  Church.] 

1845  *  *  Physiological  Letters,  by  Karl 
Vogt,  appears.  [1852,  Pictures  from  Ani- 
mal Life.] 

1845-58  Kosmos,  by  Friedrich  H.  A. 
von  Humboldt,  appears. 

1846  •  ■*  History  of  the  18th  Century,  and 
the  10th  till  the  Fall  of  the  French  Em- 
pire, by  Schlosser,  appears. 

•  »  Die  Valentine,  by  Gustav  Freytag,  ap- 
pears. [1853,  Debit  and  Credit  and  J'/ie 
Journalists.] 

1846-51  Comparative  Lexicon  of  the 
indo-Germanic  Language,  by  Loreuz 
Diefenbach,  appears. 

1847  July  *  Deutsche  Zeitung  is  issued. 

•  •  Uriel  Acosia,  by  Gutzhow,  appears. 
[1850-52,  Die  Hitter  von  Geist.] 

*  *  Atta  Troll,  a  Summer  Night 's  Dream, 
by  Heine,  appears.  [1851,  liomanzero, 
and  Doctor  Faust;  1863,  Neuer  Friihling 
(New  Spring);  1854,  Das  Buch  des  La- 
garus.] 

1847-48  Nine  Books  of  Prussian  His- 
tory, by  Ranke,  appears.  [1852-61,  French 
History,  especially  in  the  IGthand  17th 
Centuries.] 

1848*  •  WUrtemberg.  "Workmen's 
schools  are  established. 

»  *  History  of  Philosophy,  by  Albrecht 
Schwegler,  appears.  [1853,  Jioman  His- 
tory.] 

SOCIETY. 

1842  May  4r-7.  Hamburg  is  distressed 
by  a  great  fire,  which  destroys  2,000 
houses. 

1843  Aug.  6.  The  Thousand  Years' 
Jubilee  is  celebrated  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  settlement  by  which  the  em- 
pire was  divided  among  the  three  sons 
of  Philip  the  Devout. 

♦  *  Berlin.  The  Workingmen's  Union 
is  established. 

•  *  Riots  occur  at  Frankfort  and  Cologne. 

1844  July  26.  Prus.  Two  sliots  are 
fired  at  the  king  by  the  assassin  Tesch. 

1847  July*  Bismarck  marries  Jo- 
hanna von  Puttkamer. 

Oct.  19.  Bavaria.  Lotteries  are  abol- 
ished by  a  unanimous  vote  of  the  depu- 
ties. 

1848  Mar.  18.  Berlin.  An  insurrec- 
tion breaks  out ;  an  assassin  wounds 
the  king. 


GERMANY. 


1841,  June  22-1848,^ 


817 


Sept.  IS.  Hease-Kassau.  Prince  Felix 
Lichuowsky  and  Gen.  Huns  A.  K,  von 
Auerswald  are  killed  by  rioters  at 
Frankfort. 

1848-49    Saxony.    Several  riota  occur. 

STATi:. 

1841  June  22.  Berlin.  The  First 
General  ^Estates  meet. 

•  «  *  Constitutional  rights  and  larger 
liberties  are  demanded  by  the  peoitle. 

1842*  *  Mecklenburg.  Frederick 
Francis  U.  becomes  grand  duke. 

1843  *  *  Revolutionary  tumults  occur 
in  (Cologne  and  Frankfort ;  reforms  are 
in-^tituted  in  Hesse-Cassel  and  Saxe- 
Coburg-Gotha. 

1844  July  26.  Pnis.  The  assassin 
Tesoh  makes  a  serious  attempt  on  the 
life  of  the  king,  tiring  two  shots  at  him. 

1846  Jtily  8.  Den.  Christian  VIII. de- 
crees the  union  of  Schleswig-Holstein 
with  Denmark  (p.  641). 

*  *  Insurrections  break  out  in  Poland 
and  Galicia. 

1847  Feb.  13.  Pnts,  Summons  are 
issued  to  the  United  Provincial  Diet. 

Sept.  12.  Baden,  The  Uberals  hold  a 
meeting  at  Offenburg.  [1»48.  Feb.  27. 
A  revolutionary  assembly  at  Mann- 
heim, led  by  Itzlein,  demands  a  German 
parliament,  trial  by  jury,  a  free  press, 
and  the  right  of  citizens  to  form  socie- 
ties.] 

Oct.  10.  Hesse.  The  Constitutional 
party  hold  a  meeting  at  Heppenheim. 
[Nov.  20.  Frederick  William  becomes 
elector  of  Hease-Cassel.  1848.  Mar.  11. 
The  elector  is  constrained  to  grant  the 
reforms  demanded.] 

*  *  Revolutionary  agitation  increases  in 
Germany  in  consequence  of  the  French 
Revolution. 

•  *  Prus.  A  representative  govern- 
xaent  is  established ;  a  united  legisla- 
ture is  formed  at  Berlin  called  the 
Landtag. 

1848  Jan.  20.    Den.    Frederick  VU. 

becomes  king.  [Jan,  28.  He  proclaims 
a  new  constitution  uniting  Scnleswig- 
Holstein  more  closely  with  Denmark.] 

Feb.  24.  Paris.  Outbreak  of  the 
Revolution. 

Mar.  6.  Bavaria.  Instirrectionists  ap- 
pear in  Munich.  fMar.  20.  Louis  I.  at>- 
dicates  la  favor  of  his  son,  Maximilian 

11.3 
Mar.  13+.     Vienna.    A    revolutionary 
outbreak  occurs ;  Metternich  flees  (p. 
621). 

Mar.*  Prus.  The  king  promises  liberty 
of  the  press. 

Mar.  14.  Prus.  The  king  resists  urgent 
demands  for  liberal  measures. 

Mar.  15.  Berlin.  The  students  fight 
the  troops  behind  barricades. 

Mar.  18.  Prus.  The  king  issues  a  decree 
demanding  a  federal  union,  and  grant- 
ing liberty  of  the  press. 

Another  outbreak  occurs  ;  274  people 
are  killed  ;  a  new  Ministry  is  formed. 

Mar.  19-20.  Berlin.  By  order  of  the 
king,  the  troops  leave  the  city.  [A  bur- 
gher-guard is  formed  ;  anarchy  prevails. 
The  Liberal  ministers  are  frequently 
changed.  A  coustltutional  assembly  is 
caUed.] 


Mar.  20.  Prus.  The  king  annoanceB  a 
general  amnesty. 

Mar.  23.  Schleswig-Holstein.  A  revolt 
arises.  [The  aid  of  Prussia  is  required  to 
subdue  the  rebels.]    (P.  Wl.) 

Mar.  24.  Den.  The  Eider  Danish  Gov- 
ernment declares  Schleswig-Holstein 
incorporated. 

Mar.  27.  Prus.  The  king  proposes  to 
lead  the  agitation  for  the  reconsolida- 
tion  of  the  German  Empire. 

Mar.  30-Apr.  4.  Frankfort.  The  Ger- 
man Preliminary  Parliament  meets ; 
Karl  J.  Mittermaier,  president. 

It  holds  four  sessions,  and  resolves  to 
call  a  national  Gernian  constituent  as- 
sembly for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  con- 
stitution for  the  German  Empire;  500 
members  present. 

•  *  Insurrections  arise  throughout  all 
Germany ;  the  people  demand  freedom 
of  the  press,  trial  by  jury,  national  in- 
6tead  of  imperial  armies,  and  national 
representation. 

*  *  Kossuth  the  Liberator.  ITprisinsof 
the  Magyars  (p.  521). 

Apr.  *  Baden.  A  republican  insurrec- 
tion arises. 

It  Is  led  by  Frederick  K,  F.  Hecker  and 
Gustav  von  Struve  and  other  radicals,  and 
Btrengtliened  by  the  arrival  of  (Jeorg  Her- 
wegh  and  others  of  the  confederation  of  re- 
fugees and  foreign  republicans.  The  troops 
suppress  the  republicans  in  a  short  time. 
[Apr.  20.  Gen.  Frederick  von  Oasern  of 
the  army  of  the  German  Confederation  is 
treacherously  shot  by  the  volunteers  In  the 
disturbance.] 

Apr.  21.  Prus.  Bismarck  in  parlia- 
ment votes  in  disapproval  of  the  meas- 
ures of  reform  granted  by  the  king. 

Apr.  *  The  Schleswig-Holstein  ques- 
tion occasions  a  struggle  between  Den- 
mark and  Prussia  for  possession  of  the 
duchies  (p.  640). 

May  15.  Vienna.  Another  insurrection 
breaks  out.  [May  26.  Another ;  the  king 
departs.]    (P.52L) 

May  18.  Frankfort.  The  German 
National  Assembly  meets  as  a  parlia- 
ment. [It  selects  Heinrich  von  Gagern 
as  president  of  the  National  Assembly; 
Bismarck  is  a  member.  It  is  fruitless  for 
lack  of  discretion,  energy,  and  prompt- 
ness.]    (Pp.  522,  523.) 

May  21.  Wilrtemberg.  The  largernum- 
berof  representatives  in  the  Assembly 
voluntarily  resign  their  seats. 

Four  parties  in  the  National  Assem- 
bly advocate  various  schemes  of  union. 
The  Right  advocates  an  imperial  constitu- 
tion in  harmony  with  the  governnientsof  the 
various  States;  the  Left,  the  sovereignty  of 
the  people,  aims  at  a  republican  confedera- 
tion by  means  of  a  revolution;  the  Klght 
Center,  a  constitutional  monarchy  for  Ger- 
many; tlie  Left  Center,  a  central  luonarctiy, 
with  the  several  States  subordinate,  and  hav- 
ing as  its  liasis  the  recognized  sovereignty  of 
the  people. 

May  29.  Frankfort.  The  Archduke 
John  of  Austria  is  elected  administrator 
of  the  empire  (p.  523),  [June  11.  He 
enters  Frankfort.]    (P.  521). 

June  2.  Aust.  A  Slavonic  Congress 
meets  (p.  523). 

June  29.  Frankfort.  The  National  As- 
sembly issues  a  decree  convening  a 
central  firovemment. 


July  12.  Frankfort.  The  Confederate 
Diet  remits  its  functions  to  the  regent. 
Archduke  John,  and  dissolves. 

July  15.  Frankfort.  The  Archduke 
John  is  installed. 

The  first  imperial  Ministry  is  appointed: 
for  foreign  affairs,  Anton  von  .Schmerlingof 
Austria;  for  war,  Gen.  Kduard  von  Pencker 
of  Prussia;  for  Justice,  Hecksclier  of  Ham- 
burg. [For  the  lack  of  real  authority,  tlie 
central  power  proves  insufficient,  both  at 
home  and  abroad.] 

Aug.  4.  Capital  punishment  by  civil 
authorities  is  abolished. 

Aug.  26.    Swe.    Truce  of  Malmd  (p.  640). 

Aug.  (±)  *  Schleswig-Holstein.  A  com- 
mon government  is  established.  Popu- 
lar dissatisfaction  and  much  agitation 
concerning  the  truce  of  Malmo. 

Sept.  5.  Frankfort.  The  Committee  of 
the  National  Assembly  rejects  the  com- 
pactofMalmo.  [Sept.  16.  Itis accepted 
by  the  National  Assembly.] 

Sept.  17.    Frankfort.    A  riot  breaks  out. 

Oct.  6.  Vienna.  Vienna  is  in  the  hands 
of  revolutionists  (p.  523). 

Nov,  1,  Prus.  The  reaction  in  favor  of 
despotism  commences. 

Nov.  9.  Great  excitement  prevails  in 
Germany,  occasioned  by  the  execution  at 
Vienna  of  Robert  Blum,  a  Leipsic  pub- 
lisher and  agitator,  for  aiding  the  insur- 
rection. 

Nov.  10.  Berlin.  Gen.  Wrangel  en- 
ters the  city  unopposed  by  the  Liberals. 
[Nov.  12.  He  declares  it  to  be  in  a  state 
of  siege  against  the  Liberal  party.] 

Nov.  22.  Aust.  Schwarzenberg  be- 
comes prime  minister  at  Vienna;  the 
first  Diet  of  Austria  meets  at  Kremsier. 

Nov.  29.  Frankfort.  The  National  As- 
sembly is  removed  from  the  city  by  the 
king  because  fair  deliberation  is  alleged 
to  be  impossible  at  the  capital,  and  it 
meets  in  Brandenburg  Castle. 

Dec.  2.  Aust.  Ferdinand  II.,  Emperor 
of  Austria,  abdicates  in  favor  of  his 
nephew  Francis  Joseph. 

Dec.  5.  Frankfort.  The  king  having 
given  the  National  Assembly  such  a 
constitution  as  he  pleased,  without 
consulting  the  Assembly,  dissolves  it, 
there  being  no  quorum  present  (p.  523). 

Dec.  10.  Fr.  XiOuis  Napoleon  elected 
President. 

*  ♦  Both  Austria  and  Prussia  are  opposed 
to  a  constitution  formed  by  a  popular 
congress. 

*  *  Hanover.  King  Ernest  grants  a  con- 
stitution with  electoral  rights. 

*  *  Bavaria.  Maximilian  Joseph  II.  be- 
comes king. 

*  *  Rh.  Prus.  Karl  Marx  issues  a  com- 
munist manifesto. 

*  *  Hesse.  Iiouis  HI.  becomes  grand 
duke. 

*  *  Revolts  occur  in  Venice  and  Milan 
and  also  in  Austria  and  Hungary. 

*  *  Iiiibeck  receives  a  constitution. 

*  •  Mecklenburg- Schwerin.  Unsuccessful 
attempts  are  made  to  change  the  feudal 
conditions. 


818    1849,  Jan.  17-1853,* 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1849  Mar.  *  -July  *  The  second 
Sohleswig-Holstein  war, 

Apr.  5.  Pnis.  At  Eckernforde  the  ship 
Christian  VIIl.  is  fired  (p.  540). 

Apr.  13.  Schleswig.  Diippel  is  stormed 
(p.  6W). 

Apr.  23.  Den.  The  Schleswig-Holstein 
army  under  Gen.  Bonin,  a  Prussian,  de- 
feats the  Danes  under  Gen.  Billow  at 
Kolding. 

May  *  Prussian  and  other  German  troops 
become  indifferent  because  of  the 
threatening  attitude  of  England, 
France,  and  Russia. 

June  15.  Baden.  A  Prussian  force  un- 
der the  Prince  of  Prussia  enters  Baden, 
and  defeats  the  republican  insur- 
gents at  Waghausel.  [July  23.  It  cap- 
.tures  Rastatt  after  a  siege.] 

*  »  Den.    Sortie  at  Frederioia  (p.  640). 
June  23.    Baden.    The    Prussian   army 

enters  Karlsruhe. 
July  10.    Berlin.    The  Truce  of  Berlin 
(p.  641). 

*  »  Prus.  Republican  defection  occurs 
in  the  army. 

1850  Jan.  •-SI  July*  Third  Schles- 
wig-Holstein war,  having  no  aid  from 
Germany  (p.  (>40). 

July  24-25.  Schleswig-Holstein.  Battle 
of  Idstedt  (p.  640). 

Sept.  12.  Schleswig.  Defeat  at  Mia- 
sunde.  [Oct.  4.  Friedriohstadt  bom- 
barded.]   (P.  640.) 

Nov.  6.  Hesse.  An  Austro-Bavarian 
force  enters  Hesse. 

Nov.  7.  Prus.  The  whole  Prussian 
army  is  called  out,  consisting  of  223,000 
infantry,  38,000  cavalry,  29,000  artillery, 
with  1,080  field-guns.  A  force  enters 
Hesse  in  the  north. 

Nov.  9.  Hesse.  The  Prussians  hold  posi- 
tions on  the  military  roads. 

Nov,  14.  Baden.  The  Prussians  retire 
from  the  grand  duchy. 

Dec.  5.  Besse-Cassel.  The  Prussians  be- 
gin their  retreat, 

1851  •  *  Holstein.  Austrians  occupy  it 
(p.  640). 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1850  Aug.  28.  Saxe-Weimar.  Wag- 
ner's Lohengrin  is  produced  under  the 
direction  of  Franz  Liszt. 

*  *  Martyrdom  of  Huss  is  painted  by  Karl 
F.  Leasing. 

*  ♦  Paraffin  is  made  by  Karl  von  Reichen- 
bach. 

*  *  Hermann  F.  Helmholtz  invents  the 
myographion,  an  apparatus  for  deter- 
mining the  velocity  of  the  nervous  cur- 
rent. 

1851  May  31.  Berlin.  The  colossal 
statue  of  Frederick  the  Great,  made 
by  Christian  Kauch,  is  unveiled. 

*  *  Bh.  Prus.  Alfred  Krupp  of  Essen  ex- 
hibits an  ingo^  of  steel  weighing  4,500 
pomids. 

*  *  Helmholtz  invents  the  ophthalmo- 
scope, an  apparatus  for  inspecting  the 
interior  of  the  eye. 

1852  Sept.  19.  Thr  valleys  of  the  Rhine 
and  the  Rhone  are  inundated. 


*  ♦  The  gyroscope  is  invented  by  Prof. 
Fessel  of  Cologne. 

It  is  a  rotatory  apparatus,  exhibiting 
the  combined  effects  of  the  centrifugal 
and  centripetal  forces,  and  of  the  cessa- 
tion of  either,  illustrating  the  great  law 
of  gravitation. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1848  *  *  Anisler,  .Samuel,  engraver,  .\58. 

De  Wette,  W.  M.   L.,  scholar,  theologian. 
Biblical  critic,  .\t>9. 

Doebereimer,  Joliann  W,,  cliemist,  A69. 

Herkomer,  Hiil»ert,  painter,  born. 

Kalkbrenner,  Friedrich,  comp.,  pianist,  A61. 

Nicolai,  Karl  O.  K.,  composer,  A39. 

Schopenhauer,  Johanna,  novelist,  A79. 

Strauss,  Johaiin,  composer,  A4S. 

Zoning,  Theophil,  popt,  born. 

Zumpt,  Karl  G.,  classical  scholar,  A57. 
1850*  •  Dclitzsch,  Friedrich,  Assyriol.,  born. 

Hertwig,  Richard,  zoologist,  born. 

Kalbeck,  Max,  poet,  born. 

Kunth,  Karl  S.,  botanist,  A62. 

Lenan,  Nikolaus,  poet,  .V48. 

Neaniler,  Johann  A.  W.,  eccles.  hist.,  A61. 

Schadow,  Johann  G.,  sculptor,  A8*>. 
1851  •   ♦  Erinan,  Paul,  physicist,  A87. 

Ernest  .Augustus,  King  of  Hanover,  A80. 

Gutzlaff,  Karl,  mission.,  Chinese schol.,  A48. 

Lachmann,  Karl,  critic,  philologist,  A58. 

Ledeljoiir,  Karl  F.  von,  botanist,  A66. 

Meinhold,  Johann  W.,  cl.,  poet,  novel.,  A56. 

Oken,  or  Ockenfuss,  Lorenz,  naturalist,  A72. 

Paulus,  Heinrich  E.  G.,  theologian,  A90. 

Priessnitz,  Vincenz,  Mr.  of  hydropathy,  A52. 

Tieek,  Christian  F.,  sculptor,  A75. 
186S  •  *  Froebel.  Friedrich.  educa.,  A70. 

Jahn,  Friedrich  L.,  patriot,  writer,  A74. 

Overweg,  Alfred,  African  traveler,  A30j 


CHURCH. 

1849  Jan.  17.  Hamburg.  The  first 
triennial  conference  of  Baptists  is 
opened.  It  reports  28  churches  in  Ger- 
many and  2,800  memberc. 

Sept.  26.  Bavaria.  The  Bavarian  Evan- 
gelical Lutheran  Association  for  Pro- 
moting Christianity  among  the  Jews  is 
formed. 

*  *  The!  Hermannsburg  Missionary 
Society  is  inaugurated  by  Pastor  Louis 
Harms. 

1851  •  •  Berlin.  Rev.  J.  G.  Onclten,  a 
Baptist  pastor  and  missionary,  is  ex- 
pelled from  the  city  for  preaching  on 
the  Sabbath. 

1852  *  *  Berlin.  The  Jerusalem  Union 
to  promote  German  evangelical  institu- 
tions and  undertakings  in  the  Orient  is 
founded. 

*  *  The  Immaculate  Conception  of  the 
Virgin  Mary  is  made  a  dogma  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church. 

*  •  The  Altenburg  Bible  Society  Is  organ- 
ized. 

LETTERS. 

1849  ♦  ♦  Researches  on  the  Chemistry  of 
Food,  by  Liebig,  appears. 

»  » Military  Life  in  Time  of  War,  by 
Friedrich  W.' H  ack  lander,  appears. 
[1860,  Scenes  from  Life:  1851,  A'ameless 
Histories:  1852,  Eugene  Stillfried;  1853, 
Winter  m  Spain.] 

*  *  First  German  Parliament,  by  Laube, 
appears. 

1850  May  21.  Der  Evangelist,  organ 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  is 
first  issued. 

*  *  A  Sttuly  of  Shakespeare,  by  Gervinus, 
appears.  [1855-66,  A  History  of  the  19th 
Century.] 

*  *  History  of  Dani-ih  Politics  from  Acts 
and  Docitm'ents,  by  Droysen,  appears. 

*  *  Deborah,  by  Salomon  H.  Moseuthal, 
appears.    [1866,  Sonnenwendhoff.] 

*  *  Francesca  von  Rimini,  bv  Johann  H. 
P.  Hevse,  appears.  [1852,  The  Brothers 
and  Urik-a:  ISH,  Meleager ;  1868,  Theklai 
1859,  The  Sabine  Women.] 


*  *  Literarisches  Centralblatt  is  issued. 

*  *  Allgemeine  MonatschriftfUr  Literatur 
is  issued. 

1851*  *  Lambertine  de  Miricourt,hy 
Gottschall,  appears.    [1852,  Die  Gotiinn.] 
1851-57    Deutsche  Museum  is  issued. 
1852  *  *  Natur  is  issued. 


SOCIETY. 

1850  May  22.  Prus.  An  attempt  is 
made  bv  Sofelage,  the  assassin,  to  kill 
King  William  IV. 

1851  Jan.  18.  Prus.  King  William 
IV.  celebrates  the  150th  anniversary 
of  the  Prussian  monarchy. 

Oct.  *  Prus.  Permission  is  granted  to 
the  Jews  to  study  law. 

1852  May  28.  Berlin.  A  Prussian  In- 
dustrial Exhibition  is  opened. 

1853  Mar.  •  Baden.  George  C.  Gervi- 
nus, the  historian,  is  tried  for  high 
treason  for  publishing  his  Introduc- 
tion to  the  History  of  the  JUth  Century, 
a  prophecy  of  the  final  victory  of  democ- 
racy ;  he  is  sentenced  to  10  tnontba  im- 
prisonment, and  his  book  is  ordered  to 
be  burned.  [The  sentence  is  not  exe- 
cuted.] 

STATE. 

1849*  *The  revised  Constitution  of 
the  German  Empire  is  completed. 

It  provides  for  a  Diet  composed  of  a  cham- 
ber of  state,  and  also  a  popular  chamber ;  the 
former  consisting  of  two  classes  of  represen- 
tatives, one  lialf  to  be  elected  by  the  separate 
states,  and  the  other  half  appointed  hy  the 
Government,  while  the  monarch  has  only  a 
suspensive  veto  over  its  acts;  the  popular 
chamber  Is  to  be  elected  by  universal  (man- 
hood) suffrage. 

*  *  Two  popular  parties  are  formed,  the 
Great  German  and  Small  German. 

The  first  favors  the  inclusion  of  Aus- 
tria, and  the  latter  its  exclusion,  because 
of  the  preponderance  its  states  would 
have,  and  thereby  a  smaller  confederacy 
under  the  hegemony  of  Prussia. 

Mar.  4.  Aust.  A  general  constitution 
for  Austria  is  promulgated  (p.  523). 

Mar.  24.  Prus.  The  king  formally  rec- 
ognizes the  claims  of  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein. 

Mar.  28.  Frankfort.  The  German  Na- 
tional Assembly  elects  the  King  of 
Prussia  "  hereditary  emperor  of  the 
Germans." 

Apr.  3.  Prus.  Keaction  of  imperial- 
ism. 

KlnB  ■William  Frederick,  not  having  the 
consent  of  all  the  German  slates,  declines 
the  imperial  crown  of  the  Germans,  wlitch  is 
offered  to  him  by  a  deputation  of  the  National 
Assembly  at  Frankfort;  his  act  grieves  the 
patriots. 

Apr.  12.  Frankfort.  The  German  Na- 
tional Assembly  recognizes  the  provis- 
ional government  of  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein. 

Apr.  14.    Hungary  asserts  her  freedom. 

•  *  Frankfort.  The  National  Assembly 
struggles  for  unity,  but  fails. 

May  3.  Saxony.  An  insurrection 
breaks  out  in  Dresden.  [It  is  soon  sup- 
pressed by  Prussian  aid.] 

May  10.  Prussia  is  put  under  martial 
law. 

May  11.  Baden.  A  republican  Insur- 
rection, commanded  by  Ludwig  Mlertn 
slawski,  breaksoutat  Rastatt ;  thegrand 
duke  flees.  [June  15.  Insurrection  sub- 
dued by  Prussian  soldiers.  July*  Again 
subdued.  Aug.  18.  Grand  Duke  of 
Karlsruhe  enters.] 


GERMANY. 


1849,  Jan.  17-1853,* 


819 


May  14.  Priis.  The  king  recalls  Prus- 
sian members  from  the  National  As- 
sembly at  Frankfort.  [Many  represen- 
tatives are  recalled.] 

May  26.  The  short-lived  "  alliance  of 
the  three  kings"  of  Prussia,  Hanover, 
and  Saxony  is  formed.  [Most  of  the 
smaller  German  states  soon  join  it.] 

May  30.  Frankfort.  The  National 
Assembly  transfers  its  sittings  to 
Stuttgart;  it  is  called  the  Knmp  Par- 
UameBt.  [June  18.  Dissolved  by  the 
Government  of  Wiirtemberg.} 

May*  An  insurrection  in  the  County 
Palatinate  occurs. 

May*  Republican  defection  weakens 
the  army. 

June  5.  Den.  The  king  sanctions  anew 
constitution  of  liberal  character. 

June  *  Prns.  A  central  poorer  is  pro- 
vided (p.  523). 

July  10.    Peace  with  Denmark  (p.  611). 

Sept.  8.  Bavaria  comes  out  for  an  im- 
perial constitution,  with  the  King  of 
Prussia  on  the  throne. 

Sept.  30.  Vienna.  The  Treaty  of  Vi- 
enna. 

Austria  and  Prussia  provide  a  new 
central  authority  for  a  limited  time; 
the  governments  of  Germany  are  to  be 
cousiilted. 

*  *  *  Prussia  seeks  the  leadership  of 
Germany  while  Austria,  her  rival,  is 
prostrated  by  the  Hungarian  war. 

*  *  Saxony,  Hanover,  and  Prussia  form 
an  alliance.  (1850.  Feb.  25.  Hanover 
withdraws ;  later,  Saxony.] 

Nov.  12.  Austria  protests  against  the 
alliance  of  Prussia  with  the  smaller 
states  of  Germany. 

Dee.  16.  Prus.  Prince  Charles  An- 
thony of  Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 
foreign  minister,  resigns. 

*  *  Bremen  and  Oldenburg  receive  new 
constitutions. 

*  *  Bismarck  is  first  chosen  a  deputy  to 
the  Landtag  meeting  in  Berlin. 

1850  Jan.  31.  Pma.  The  new  Con- 
stitution is  adopted.  [Feb.  G.  Theking 
takes  the  constitutional  oath.] 

Feb.  27.  Bavaria.  Bavaria,  Saxony, 
and  'Wiirtemberg  sign  a  treaty  at 
Munich  for  a  revision  of  the  German 
Confederation,  and  to  maintain  the  Fed- 
eral Union.    [.Mar.  15.    Announced.] 

Feb.  29.  Hesse.  Hassenpflug  is  ap- 
pointed minister  in  Hesse-Cassel. 

Mar.  10.  Frankfort.  The  Diet  of  Con- 
federation meets. 

Prussia  strongly  favors  a  German 
federal  state  with  Austria  ex- 
cluded ;  the  old  party  of  the  hereditary 
empire  also  favors  it. 

Mar,  20.     Saxony.     A    tinion    parlia- 
ment, consisting  of  two  houses,  meets  at 
Erfurt. 
It  is  convoked  by  Prussia  to  discuss 


July  2.  Prussia  and  Denmark  agree 
to  a  separate  treaty  of  peace ;  Prussia 
abandons  the  two  duchies  to  their  fate. 

July  12.  Hesse.  The  Cassel  Congress 
of  deputies  from  the  states  included  in 
the  Prussian  Zolverein  opens. 

July  19.  Austria  issues  a  call  for  an 
assembly  of  the  old  Confederation, 

Aug.  17.  Frankfort.  The  German 
sovereigns  meet  at  the  call  of  the  Em- 
peror of  Austria  to  consider  a  plan  of 
Federal  reform. 

Aug.  25.  Prussia  and  Austria  uni- 
formly and  mutually  disagree. 

Sept.  2.  Frankfort.  Reopening  of  the 
Parliament.  It  convenes  to  consider 
the  restoration  of  the  Confederacy; 
Prussia  and  her  associates  do  not  join  it 
(p.  523). 

Sept.  *  Hesse.  A  determined  contest  oc- 
curs; Hassenpflug  repeatedly  dissolves 
the  Assembly  of  the  Estates.  (Sept.  7. 
The  elector  declares  his  dominions  in  a 
state  of  siege  because  of  the  attitude  of 
the  Chamber  towards  the  budget ;  he 
flees.  Sept.  21.  Prussia  declares  to 
Austria  its  purpose  to  uphold  the  Con- 
stitution in  Hesse-Cassel;  a  rupture 
between  the  states  follows.  Oct.  2. 
Gen.  Hanau  is  appointed  military  dic- 
tator in  electoral  Hesse.  Later,  nearly 
all  the  corps  of  officers  are  dismissed.] 

*  *Germanyis  divided  into  pro-Austria 
and  pro-Prussia  States. 

Oct.  11.  Aust.  Austria,  Bavaria,  and 
^y  iirtemberg  enter  a  league  at  Bregenz 
against  Prussia. 

Oct.  14.  Frankfort.  The  Elector  of 
Hesse  applies  to  the  Diet  for  aid  in 
recovering  his  authority.  [It  is  promised 
against  the  protest  of  Prussia.] 

•  *  The  Minister  Joseph  Maria  von  Ea- 
dowitz  is  dismissed,  and  Prussia  aban- 
dons her  efforts  for  union. 

Oct.  17.  Rus.  Minister  Brandenburg 
meets  the  Czar  at  Warsaw  on  a  mission 
for  Prussia.  [Oct.  26.  He  meets  the 
Emperor  of  Austria.    Nov.  6.    Dies.] 

Nov.  2.    Berlin.   The  Ministerial  Council 

decides  to  support  peaceful  measures. 
Nov.  6.    Austria  sends  an  ultimatiun 

(p.  523). 
Nov.  9.     Vienna.    Minister   Schwarzen- 

berg  demands   the   abolition  of   the 

Prussian  Union. 


France  and  Great  Britain.  [1851.  July 
17.  The  Confederation  replies,  denying 
England's  right  to  interfere.] 

1851  Apr.  30.  Prus.  The  Constitu- 
tion is  modified. 

May  30.  Frankfort,  The  Confederate 
Diet  in  its  old  form  is  established.  Bis- 
marck is  a  member. 

May  31.  Poland.  The  King  of  Prussia 
and  the  Czar  leave  Warsaw  for  Olmiitz 
to  meet  the  Emperor  of  Austria. 

*  *  Period  of  reaction ;  popular  liberty 
is  opposed. 

Great  hopes  are  crushed  In  Germany's 
humlllatloa  at  the  feet  of  her  princes;  tlie 
press  is  persecuted,  discontent  punished  arbi- 
trarily,  penalties  inflicted ;  petty  despotism  is 
triumphant.    Many  of  the  people  emigrate. 

Aug.  20.  The  Emperor  of  Austria 
claims  absolute  government  (p.  524). 

Aug.  29.  Prus.  Bismarck  is  appointed 
a  deputy  to  the  Confederate  Diet. 

Sept.  7.  Hanover  becomes  a  member 
of  the  Tariff  Union.  [Oldenburg  and 
Schaumburg-Lippe  soon  follow.]  She 
also  signs  a  commercial  treaty  with 
Prussia. 

*  *  A  postal  and  telegraphic  union  is 
formed  between  all  the  German  States. 

Nov.  18.  Hanover.  George  "V.  becomes 
king. 

1852  Jan.  12.  Prus.  The  king  revives 
the  old  CouncU  of  State  as  it  was  be- 
fore the  revolution  of  1848. 

Mar.  28.  Den.  The  king  issues  a  royal 
manifesto  of  a  conservative  tone. 

May  5.  The  great  powers  sign  an  agree- 
ment concerning  Neuchatel,  which  re- 
volted from  Prussia  in  1848. 

May  8.  The  London  Protocol,  con- 
cerning the  Danish  succession,  is 
signed. 

The  five  great  powers  and  Sweden 
sign  a  treaty  guaranteeing  the  integrity 
of  the  Danish  monarchy.    ""-  -  '       ■     ' 


the  new  German  union.  [Apr.  27.  Ends.] 
Bismarck  advocates  an  alliance  between 
Prussia  and  Austria.  [In  later  years  he 
revives  this  policy.  Hesse-Cassel  sends 
no  representative.] 

May  9-16.    Berlin.    A    congress  of 

princes  meets  (p.  52.3). 
May  10.     Frankfort.     A    confederate 

congress,  summoned  by  Austria,  meets. 


Nov.  11.    Aust.    The  Prussian  policy  in 

Hesse  is  declared  a  casus  belli  by  the 
Russian  ambassador  at  Vienna. 

Nov.  29.    Moravia.    A    convention 

opens  at  Olmiitz  for  the  pacification  of 
Germany  (p.  523). 

Deo.  3.  A  treaty  of  amnesty  is  an- 
nounced. 

Dec.  23-51  May  15.  Saxony.  Con- 
ferences are  held  at  Dresden  respecting 
the  German  Constitution ;  by  the  advice 
of  Russia  it  settles  the  contest  between 
Prussia  and  Austria  by  a  simple  return 
to  the  Diet  of  the  Confederacy. 


The  treaty  is 
not  recognized  by  the  German  Confeder- 
ation, but  accepted  by  Hanover,  Saxony, 
and  Wiirtemberg  (p.  (Ml). 

Jtme  5.  Prus.  The  Constitution  is 
modified.  [May  7,  May  24,  June  10 ;  1855, 
May  30 ;  1857,  May  15.  Again  modified. 
June  7.  A  customs  union  with  Austria 
is  rejected.] 

June  *  The  German  fleet  is  sold  at  auc- 
tion. 

July  *  Bismarck  is  sent  as  an  envoy  to 
Austria. 

Dec.  23,  Biennial  parliaments  are  es- 
tablished by  law. 

1853  Feb.  19.  Prussia  and  Austria 
agree  to  a  treaty  of  commerce  and 
navigation  (p.  525).  [Apr.  8.  Approved 
by  the  Zollverein.] 

Feb.  27.  Peter  becomes  grand  duke  of 
Oldenburg. 

Mar.  29.  Berlin.  A  democratic  con- 
spiracy is  discovered.   [Apr.*  Another.] 


Dec.  27.    Hesse.    The  elector  returns    July  21.    Den.    The   king   proclaims 


to  his  capital,  the  taxes  having  been 
paidunderthreat  of  imprisonment.  [He 
remodels  the  Constitution  ;  the  Chamber 
receives  the  right  to  vote  the  taxes.  Apr. 
13.    Proclaimed  for  Hesse-Cassel.] 

Dec.  *  The  proposed  extension  of  the 
Germanic  Confederation  beyond  the 
Alps   occasions    the   reiuoustrancea   of 


new  constitution.    [W55.    Oct.  2.    An- 
otlier.] 

*  *  Prussia  lends  Russia  moral  support 
in  the  Crimean  war. 

*  *  Saxe-Weimar.    Charles  Alexander  be- 
comes grand  duke. 


820    1853,**-1862/ 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
1859  *  ♦  War  of   France    and   Sardinia 
with  Austria  (p.  534). 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1853  ♦  *  Von  Molil  discourses  on  proto- 
plasm. 

1855  Jan.  1.  Hamburg.  One-half  of 
tlie  city  is  inundated  by  tlie  Elbe. 

Apr.  17.  Kh.  J'rus.  Karl  T.  R.  Luther, 
at  the  observatory  of  Billk,  near  Dussel- 
dorf ,  discovers  a  new  planet. 

1856  •  •  Daughter  of  Jalrus  is  painted 
by  Gustav  Eiohter. 

1858  *  *  A  telegraph  line,  connecting 
Cromer  and  Enulen,  U  opened. 

1850  *  *  Tungsten  steel  is  manufac- 
tured. 

*  *  Christian  Schonbein  announces  his 
discovery  of  antozone,  a  modification 
of  oxygen,  hitherto  found  only  in  the 
compound  state. 

*  •  Berlin.  A  set  of  celestial  maps  is 
issued  under  the  superintendence  of  the 
Uoyal  Prussian  Academy. 

1860  Sept.  14.  The  planet  Erato  is 
discovered  by  M.  M.  Eoster  and  Lessing. 

1862  •  ♦  Rh.  Prus.  Krupp  of  Essen  ex- 
hibits an  ingot  of  steel  weighing  20 
tons. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1883  *  •  Buch,  Leopold  von,  geologist,  A79. 

Depplng,  Georg  1!.,  scholar,  litWrateur,  A69. 

Duller,  Kduarct,  poet,  historian,  A44. 

Friedeinann,  Krteilrich  T.,  teacher,  A60. 

Gau,  Franz,  architect,  A63. 

(irotefend,  Georg  K.,  scholar,  antlq.,  A78. 

Karsten,  Karl  J.  B.,  mineralogist,  A71. 

Lorlnser,  Karl  I.,  physician,  A57. 

Itadowitz,  Joseph  M.  von,  gen.,  states.,  A56. 

Tleck.  LudwlK,  poet,  novelist,  essayist,  A80. 
1864  •  *  Begas,  Karl,  painter,  A60. 

Beneke,  Friedrich  K.,  phUosopher,  A56. 

Boisseree,  Sulpice,  architect,  antiquary,  A71. 

Eckermann,  Johann  P.,  litt(!rateur,  A  62. 

Eichborn,  Karl  F.,  jurisconsult,  hist.,  A73. 

Ennemoser,  .loseph,  physiologist,  A67. 

Eschenmayer,  Karl  A.,  philosopher,  meta- 
physician, mystic,  A86. 

Gleseler,  Johann  K.  L.,  church  hist,,  A62. 

I.indenau,  Bernhard  A.  von,  astrou.,  A74. 

Ohm,  Georg  S.,  electrician,  A67. 

SchelUnK.  Friedrich  W.  J.  von,  phil.,  A79. 

Sontag,  Mme.  Henriette,  Countess  Rossi,  vo- 
calist, A48. 

1856  •  •  Crelle,  August  L.,  architect,  A75. 
Fliigel,  Johann  G.,  lexicographer,  A67. 
FoUen,  August,  poet,  .\61. 

Gauss,  Karl  F.,  mathematician,  A78. 

Harms,  Claus,  theologian,  A77. 

Lucke,  Gottfried  C.  F.,  theologian,  A63. 

Menzel.  Karl  A.,  historian,  A71. 

Spindler,  Karl,  novelist,  ASS. 
1866    Feb.  17.     Heine.    Helnrlch.    poet, 
A58. 

Biela,  'Wllhelni  von,  astronomer,  A74. 

Braum,  .\ugust  K.,  arciieologist,  A47. 

Detmohi,  Hermann  J.,  statesman,  A49. 

Fuchs,  Johann  N.  von,  chemist,  A82. 

Hagen.  Friedrich  H.  von  der,  philol.,  A76. 

Hammer-Purgstall,  Baron  Joseph  von,  ori- 
entalist, historian,  A82. 

Schumann,  Robert,  composer,  A46. 

Vogel,  Eduard,  African  traveler,  A27. 

Zeuss,  .Pohann  K.,  philol.,  hist,  writer,  A60. 

1857  •  •  Auffenberg,  Joseph  von,  poet,  A59. 
Eichendorf,  Baron  Joseph  K.  B.  von,  poet, 

novelist,  dramatist,  A69. 
Lichtenstein,  Martin  11.  K.,  naturalist,  A77. 
Ranch,  Christian  1).,  sculptor,  A80. 
Retzsch,  Friedrich  A.  M.,  painter,  A78. 
Schlagintwelt,  Adolf,  traveler,  A2S. 
Schwegler,  Albrecht,  philosopher,  A38. 

1858  •  •  Barthold,  Friedrich  W.,  hist.,  A59. 
Creuzer,  (ieorg  F.,  antiquary,  philol.,  A87. 
Jacobi,  Maximilian,  alienist,  A83. 
Koppen,  Friedrich,  philosopher,  A83. 
Kugler,  Franz  T.,  critic,  writer  on  art,  A50. 
Midler,  Johann,  physiologist,  anatomist,  .\.57. 
Nces  von  Esenbeck,  Christian  O.   u.,  bot- 
anist, A82. 

Neakomm,  Chevalier  Slglsmund  von,  com- 


Vamhagen  von  Ense.  Karl  August,  an.,  A73. 
Winer,  Georg  B.,  theol.,  orientalist,  A69. 

1859  May  6.  Humboldt,  Friedrich 
Helnrich  Alexander  von,  naturalist, 
traveler,  philosopher,  A90. 

Arnim,  Elisabeth  (Bettina),  mis.  wr.,  A74. 
Dleterici,  Karl  F.  W.,  economist,  A69. 
Dirtchlet,  Peter  G.,  geometrician,  A54. 
Eberhardt,  Conrad,  sculptor,  .491. 
Reissiger,  Karl  G.,  composer,  A61. 
Rethel,  Alfred,  historical  painter,  A43. 
Ritter,  Karl,  geographer,  A80. 
Spohr,  Ludwig,  composer,  A75. 

1860  *  •  Arudt,  Ernst  M.,  poet,  pol.  wr.,  A91. 
Bernstein,  Georg  H.,  orientalist,  A73. 
Bunsen,  Chevalier  Christian  K.  J.  von, 

phdologist,  diplomatist,  theologian,  A69. 
Dahlmann,  Friedrich  C,  historian,  A75. 
Kosegarten,  Johann  G  L.,  orientalist,  AGS. 
Schopenhauer,  Arthur,  philosopher,  A72. 
Thiersch,  Friedrich  W.,  philologist,  A76. 
I'mbreit,  Friedrich  W.  K.,  theologian,  AM. 

1861  Jan.  a.  Frederick  Wimam  IV., 
King  of  Prussia,  A66. 

Baur,  Ferdinand  C,  theologian,  critic,  A70. 
Berthold,  Arnold  A.,  physiologist,  A58. 
Chelius,  Maximilian  J.,  physician,  A67. 
Choulant,  Ludwig,  physician,  A70. 
Freytag,  Georg  W.,  orientalist,  A73. 
Mundt,  Theodor,  mis.  writer,  A.^3. 
Nitzsch,  Gregor  W.,  phUol.,  antiquary,  A71. 
I'assavant,  Johann  D.,  painter,  writer  on 

Preller,  Ludwig,  class,  schol.,  antlq.,  A52. 
Savigny,  Friedrich  C,  jurist,  AK2. 
Schlosser,  Friedrich  C,  historian,  ASS. 
Stahl,  Friedrich  J.,  jurist,  AS9. 
Zwirner,  Ernst  F.,  architect,  A59. 
1863  *  *  Adam,  Albrecht,  painter,  .A76. 
CastelU,  Ignaz  F.,  dramatist,  A«l. 
Damrosoh.  WTalter  J.,  musician  (In 

U.  S.  A.),  born. 
Hanke,  Henrielle  W.,  novelist,  A77. 
Harless,  Gottlieb  C.  A.,  theologian,  A56. 
Kerner,  Andreas  J.,  lyric  poet,  A76. 
Leonhard,  Karl  C.  von,  geologist,  A83. 
Schadow-Godenhaus,     Friedrich     W.    von, 

painter,  A73. 
Tarnow,  Fanny,  novelist,  mis.  writer,  A79. 
Uhland,  Johann  L.,  lyric  poet,  A75. 
Zedlitz,  Joseph  C.  von,  poet,  A72. 

CHITRCH. 

1857  Sept.  •  £eWm.  The  EvangeUoal 
Alliance  meets. 

1860  Apr.  7.  Baden.  Autonomy  is 
granted  to  Catholic  and  Protestant 
churches  by  the  grand  duke. 

Oct.  16.  Baden.  A  new  ecclesiastical 
law  is  promulgated,  which  is  much 
opposed  by  the  clerical  party. 


*  *  Mittheihtngen  uht-r  irichtige  neue  Br- 
forschungen  auf  der  Cesammtgebiete  der 
GeograpnU,  a  monthly  journal  (geo- 
graphical), is  founded  by  August  H. 
Petermaun. 

1855-76  History  of  Prussian  Politics, 
by  Droysen,  appears. 

1856-64   Microcosmus,  by  Lotze,  appears. 

1856-76  Bibelwerk,  or  Commentar]/,  by 
J.  P.  Lange,  appears. 

1857  *  *  Ursere  Ztit  is  issued. 
1857-70    History  of  Literature  in  the  ISth 

Century,  by  Hermaim  J.  llettuer,  ap- 
pears. 
1857-73    Pofms,  by  Dahn,  appear.   [1861- 
72,  The  Kings  of  the  (Jermans.] 

1858  *  ♦  Preussische  Jahrbuch  is  issued. 

1850  *  *  The  Fabians,  by  Freytag,  ap- 
pears. [1859-62,  Pictures  from  the  Ger- 
man Past;  1863,  Tlie  Technic  of  tht 
Drama;  1864,  The  Lost  Manuscript; 
1870-80,  Our  Ancestors.] 

1850-67  English  History  in  the  16th  and 
17th  Centuries,  by  Ilanke,  appears. 

I860  *  *  Outlines  of  Geology,  by  Vogt, 
appears.  [1863,  Lectures  on  Man,  his  Po- 
sition in  the  Creation  and  in  the  History 
of  the  Earth.] 

*  » Problematic  Nature,  by  Friedrich 
Spielhagen,  appears.  [1862,  In  der  zvolf- 
ten  Stande;  1863,  Die  von  Hohenstein; 
1864,  Iloschen  von  Hofe  and  Through 
/fight  to  Light;  1866,  In  Hank  and  File; 
1867,  [Inter  den  Tannen;  1869,  Hammer 
and  Anvil.] 


poser,  A80. 
Pfei"      "  ■ 


PfeHTer,  Ida]  traveler,  A63. 

Saphlr,  Morltz,  humorous,  satiric  wr.,  A64. 


LETTERS. 

1853  •  *  Frederick  the  Great  and  his 
Court,  by  Luise  Miihlbach  (Mrs.  Theo- 
dor Mundt),  appears. 

*  •  The  Theological  System  of  Zunngle,'by 
Zeller,  appears.  [1854,  Acts  of  the  Apos- 
tles.] 

*  *  How  is  it,  really,  in  America?  by  Oer- 
Btacker,  appears.  [1855,  To  America; 
1856,  California  Sketches.] 

1853-67  History  of  the  Revolutionary 
Period  of  1789-1800,  by  Heinrich  von 
Sybel,  appears. 

1854  *  *  German  Dictionary,  by  Jacob 
and  Wilhelm  Grimm,  is  begun. 

»  *  Society,  or  High  Life  in  Germany,  by 
Ida  Hahn-Hahn,  appears.  [1868,  A  Few 
n'ords  about  the  Good  Shepherd.] 

1854-55  The  History  of  Rome,  by  C.  M. 
Theodor  Mommsen,  appears. 

1855  *  *  History  of  Germany  from  the 
Death  of  Frederick  the  Great  to  the 
Formation  of  the  Germanic  Confedera- 
tion, by  Ludwig  Hausser,  appears. 

*  *  Bazar  is  issued. 
»  »  Hausblatter  is  issued. 

*  •  Lduschen  un  Rimels,  Potterabendge- 
dichte,  and  Rets  nach  Belligen,  by  Fritz 
Renter,  appear.  [1857,  Bliicher  in  Trep- 
tow;  1858,  Kien  Husung ;  1860,  Olle  Ka- 
mellen.] 

*  *  Berliner  Revue,  is  issued. 


1861  *  *  The  Papacy  and  the  State  of  tht 
Church,  by  Dollinger,  appears.  [1869, 
Papal  Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages.] 

SOCIETY. 

1854  Aug.  10.  Aust.  The  King  of 
Saxony  is  thrown  from  a  carriage  and 
killed  at  Innsbruck. 

1857  Oct.  *  Berlin.  Christian  K.  J. 
Bunsen,  the  scholar  and  diplomatist, 
is  made  a  baron  and  a  life  peer  by  King 
William  IV. 

1858  Jan.  25.  Prut.  Prince  Frederick 
William  [Frederick  III.]  marries  Via- 
toria,  princess-royal  of  England. 

1850  Jan.  27.  Brandenburg.  Prince 
Frederick  William,  son  of  the  prin- 
cess-royal of  England,  is  born. 

*  *  Prus.  "Weltmann,  a  bookbinder 
at  Posen,  poisons  four  wives  and  tw» 
children. 

Aug.  22.  Hesse-Nassau.  A  peace  con- 
gress meets  at  Frankfort  in  St.  Paul'f 
Church. 

1860  Nov.  *PrK».  Oppression  by 
the  police  is  disclosed  ;  Stieber,  the 
director,  is  only  censured. 

1861  July  8-11.  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. 
The  first  meeting  of  the  National  Shoot- 
ing Match  is  held  at  Gotha. 

July  14.  Prus.  Becker,  a  Leipsic  stu- 
dent attempts  to  assassinate  the  king. 
[Sept.  23.  He  is  sentenced  to  20  years 
imprisonment.] 

1862  *  *  Socialism  first  becomes  a  power 
in  Germany  through  the  labors  of  Fer- 
dinand Lassalle,  a  scholar  and  pub- 
licist, a  man  of  fortune,  with  luxurious 
habits,  but  eager  for  the  elevation  of  the 
masses. 

STATE. 

1854    Mar.  •  -Apr.  *  Prussia  vacillates 

on  the  Eastern  Question. 
Apr.  7.     Vienna.     Prussia  agrees  to  a 

protocol  for  maintaining  the  integrity 

of  Turkey  (p.  525). 


GERMANY. 


1853, 


1862,**.      821 


July  24.  Frankfort.  The  Federal  Diet 
joins  in  the  alliance  of  Austria  and 
Prussia.  [1855.  It  decides  to  make 
preparations  for  war.  1856.  Nov.  6.  It 
resolves  to  iissist  Prussia  in  reconquer- 
ing Neuchatel,  hut  its  help  is  not 
needed.] 

Sept.  6.  Prussia  declares  neutrality  in 
the  war.     [Oct.  *   Again.] 

Dec.  2.  Austria  enters  an  alliance  with 
the  Western  powers  against  Russia. 

*  *  Saxony,    John  becomes  king. 

1855  Feb.*  Vienna.  Prussia  is  ex- 
cluded from  the  conferences. 

Apr.  12.  Hanover.  The  Constitution 
of  1848,  granting  electoral  rights,  is  an- 
nulled in  obedience  to  the  decree  of  the 
Federal  Diet. 

Aug.  18.  Austria  signs  a  concordat  vir- 
tually submitting  itself  to  the  control 
of  the  church  (p.  525). 

*  *  Frankfort.  A  Diet  is  elected  with 
scarcely  a  Liberal  representative,  owing 
to  the  violent  suppression  of  the  Govern- 
ment. 

1856  Apr.  16.  Fr.  The  representa- 
tive of  Prussia  signs  the  Treaty  of 
Paris,  abolishing  privateering,  and  de- 
fining the  rights  of  neutrals  in  time  of 
war.  [May  15.  Accepted  by  the  Federal 
Diet.] 

Nov.  * -57  May*  Prus.  Disputes  with 
Switzerland  occur  concerning  the  rights 
of  Prussia  in  Neuchatel.  [1857.  May 
26.    Prussia  renounces  its  claims.] 

*  *  The  reaction  of  Feudalists  reaches  its 
height. 

1857  Jan.  15.  Bavaria.  A  confer- 
ence at  Nuremberg  considers  the  gen- 
eral code  of  commerce. 

July  9.  Baden.  Arrests  are  made  for 
political  offenses. 

Oct.  23.  Prus.  The  prince  becomes 
temporary  regent  because  of  the  alarm- 
ing mental  illness  of  the  king.  [1858. 
Oct.  9.    Permanent  regent.] 

*  *  Wurtemberg.  King  William  I.  enters 
into  a  concordat  with  Rome. 

*  *  Hanover.  Tlie  king  claims  from  Eng- 
land crown  jewels  which  belonged  to 
George  111.,  valued  at  £120,000.  [1858. 
Jan.*  Given  up  by  arbitration.] 

1858  Jan.  24.  A  currency  conven- 
tion is  concluded  between  all  the  Ger- 
man states.  [1859.  Jan.  1,  Becomes 
effective.] 

*  *  Frankfort.  The  Federal  Diet  requires 
the  Danes  to  submit  their  project  of  a 
new  political  organization  to  the  duch- 
ies. [Feb.  11,  It  declares  the  Danish 
Constitution  of  1856  to  be  illegal.] 

Mar.  27.  Den.  The  fortification  of  Co- 
penhagen is  decreed. 

Nov.  6.  Den.  Frederick  VTI.  concedes 
that  the  general  Constitution  is  invalid 
in  the  duchies  of  Schleswig-Holstein. 

Nov.*  Prus.    The  Liberalists  defeat 

the  Federal  party  in  a  free  election. 

1859  Mar.  5.  Prus.  Bismarck  goes 
to  St.  Petersburg  as  representative  of 
Prussia. 

Apr.  23.  Austria  demands  the  disarm- 
ament of  Sardinia.  [War  follows.] 
(Pp.  524,  525.) 

June  11.  Aust.  Prince  Mettemich 
dies 


June  28.  Baden  signs  a  concordat  with 
the  Pope.  [Apr.  7.  Being  greatly  op- 
posed by  the  Chambers,  the  grand  duke 
annuls  it.] 

Jime  *  Great  excitement  prevails  in  the 
German  states  because  of  the  French 
victories  in  Lombardy,  and  prepara- 
tions for  war  are  hastened. 

July  17.  Saxe-Weimar.  Thenew Lib- 
eral party  liolds  meetings  in  Eisenach. 

*  *  *  Austria  and  Prussia,  the  two  rivals, 
continue  to  be  the  great  impediments 
to  German  unity. 

Aug.  14.  Saxe-lFeimar-Eisenack.  A 
meeting  is  held  at  Eisenach  for  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  German  National 
Association. 

The  Ijiberal  party  ask  that  the  im- 
perfect Federal  Constitution  be  changed, 
that  a  strong  central  government  sub- 
stitute the  German  Diet,  that  a  national 
assembly  be  held,  and  that  Prussia  take 
the  lead. 

Nov.  10.  Switz.  The  Peace  of  Zurich 
is  signed  by  Austria  and  France  (p.  525). 

1860  Jan.  12.  Prus.  Prince  William, 
the  regent,  announces  that  "the  Prus- 
sian army  will  be  in  future  the  Prussian 
nation  in  arms." 

Feb.  10.  Prus.  The  Government  brings 
forward  the  military  bills  in  the  Diet ; 
they  relate  to  service  and  appropriation 
of  money. 

Mar.  24,  Frankfort.  The  Hesse-Cassel 
Constitution  of  1852  is  maintained  by 
the  Federal  Diet  against  the  opposition 
of  Prussia. 

June  15.  Baden.  The  German  kings 
and  princes,  with  the  Prince-regent  of 
Prussia,  meet  the  Emperor  Naptd^on 
III.  at  Baden-Baden. 

July  2.  Bohemia.  At  TopUtZ  the  Czar, 
Emperor  of  Austria,  and  the  Kegent  of 
Prussia  meet  for  conference. 

July  *  Hamfmrg.  A  new  Constitution 
is  granted  by  the  Senate.  [1861.  Jan.  1. 
Operative.] 

Sept.  5.  Saxe-Coburg-Gotka.  A  meeting 
is  held  at  Coburg  to  promote  German 
unity  against  French  aggression. 

Oct.  16.  Baden.  The  new  ecclesiasti- 
cal law  recently  adopted  by  the  Cham- 
bers is  promulgated. 

Oct.  20.  An  imperial  diploma  is  issued 
promising  the  restoration  of  the  old 
Constitution  in  Holstein. 

Oct.  22.  lius.  The  Czar,  Emperor  of 
Austria,  and  the  Prince-Kegeut  of  Prus- 
sia meet  at  Warsaw. 

Oct.  ♦  Aust.  The  Emperor  of  Austria  is 
crowned  at  Pesth. 

Nov.  *  Germany  disputes  with  Denmark 
respecting  the  rights  of  Holstein  and 
Schleswig. 

Dec,  6.  Hamburg.  The  new  Assembly 
of  191  deputies  first  meets. 

*  *  Mecklenburg.   "William  is  grand  duke. 

1861  Jan,  2.  Prus.  King  Frederick 
"William  TV.  dies  [and  is  succeeded  by 
his  brother  William  I.]. 

1861-88    Prus.    "William  I.  is  king. 

Feb.  26.  Aust.  A  new  Liberal  con- 
stitution is  published  <p.  525). 

Mar.  8.  Pnts,  The  Hohenzollern  min- 
istry resigns ;  August  von  der  Heydt 
organizes  a  new  one. 

Jtme  12.  Hanover  givies  up  the  Stade 
dues  for  compensation. 


Aug.  23.  Baden.  A  meeting  of  the 
German  National  Federal  Associa- 
tion is  held  at  Heidelberg  ;  it  decides  to 
form  a  fleet.  [Soon  after  many  sub- 
scriptions are  made  for  it.] 

Oct.  18.  E.  Prus.  "William  I.  and  his 
queen  are  crowned  at  Konigsberg  ;  he 
declares  that  he  will  reign  by  the 
"Grace  of  God." 

1862  Mar.  6.  Prus.  The  Diet  passes 
a  bill  for  making  the  ministry  respon- 
sible. 

The  Ministry  is  opposed  by  the 
('hamber  of  Representatives  respecting 
the  length  of  military  service. 

Mar.  8.  Frankfort.  The  Austrian  and 
Prussian  members  of  the  Diet  demand 
the  renewal  of  the  Constitution  from 
the  Elector  of  Hesse. 

Mar.  11.  Prus.  The  Representative 
Chamber  of  the  Landtag  persists  in  dis- 
cussing the  items  of  the  budget ;  the 
Schwerin  Ministry  resigns;  the  king 
dissolves  the  chambers,  and  retains  the 
ministers  against  the  request  of  the  dep- 
uties. 

Mar.  13.  Berlin.  The  National  Asso- 
ciation recommends  the  formation  of  a 
federal  form  of  government,  with  a  cen- 
tral executive  under  the  leadership  of 
Prussia. 

Apr.  12.  Prus.  The  Liberal  Ministry 
resigns,  andis  succeeded  by  reactionists 
under  Van  der  Heydt. 

May*  Prus.  The  elections  return  a 
stronger  opposition ;  only  one  minister 
is  elected. 

May  26.  Prus.  Bismarck  is  sent  as  an 
ambassador  to  Paris. 

July  8. -Aug.  10.  Vienna.  Plenipo- 
tentiaries from  the  German  states  meet, 
and  discuss  federal  reform. 

Sept.  11-16.  Berlin.  The  military  re- 
forms cause  bitter  disagreements. 

The  deputies  vote  for  a  reduction  of 
the  budget  so  as  to  maintain  an  army 
of  only  135,000,  instead  of  200,000  men. 

Sept.  28,  29.  Deputies  from  the  German 
States  meet  at  Weimar ;  they  advocate 
the  formation  of  one  federal  state  for 
all  Germany. 

Sept.  30,  Prus*  Bismarck  informs  the 
Representative  Chamber  of  Deputies 
that  the  budget  is  deferred  till  1863  ;  he 
is  met  by  the  charge  of  unconstitution- 
ality. 

Oct.  8.  Prus.  Bismarck  is  appointed 
minister  of  state  and  president  of  the 
Council  of  Ministers. 

Oct.  11,  Prus.  The  Upper  House  sus- 
tains Bismarck,  and  passes  the  budget 
without  the  amendments  of  the  other 
Chamber ;  the  act  is  declared  unconsti- 
tutional by  the  Chamber  of  Deputies. 
Vote,  237-2, 

Oct.  13.  Prus.  The  king  closes  the 
legislative  session,  saying,  "The  Gov- 
ernment is  under  tlie  necessity  of  con- 
trolling the  public  affairs  outside  the 
Constitution." 

Nov.  *  Prus.  Public  agitation  prevails 
respecting  the  violating  of  the  Consti- 
tution ;  it  ends  in  passive  resistance. 
Liberal  papers  are  suppressed. 


822    1863,  Jan.  22-1866,  June  19.        GERMANY. 


1 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1863  Nov.  *  Uolstein.  The  troops  of 
Hanover  and  Saxony  enter  the  duchies 
of  Holstein  and  Lauenburg  pending  the 
settlement  of  the  succession ;  the  duchies 
belong  to  the  Confederation. 

Dec.  23.  Uolstein,  German  troops  ap- 
pear in  the  duchy  for  federal  execution 
of  the  London  Protocol  (p.  641). 

1864  Jan.  21.  Uolstein.  Federal  in- 
vasion (p.  640).    (See  Denmark.) 

Feb.  *  -Oct.  *  Scklesicig-Holstein.  "War 
of  Austria  and  Prussia  ag^ainst  Den- 
mark (pp.  526,  640). 

*  *  Prussia  and  Austria  secede  from  the 
London  Protocol,  and  failing  in  an  agree- 
ment the  war  is  renewed. 

July  2.  Schleswiff-JIof stein.  Rendsburg 
is  taken  by  the  Prussians.  [July  18. 
Another  armistice.  Aug.  1.  Prelimi- 
naries of  peace.] 

1866  June  7.  Uolstein.  The  Prussians 
under  Gen.  Manteuff  el  enter  tbeduchy ; 
the  Austrians  retire. 

June  13.  Hanover.  Prussian  troops 
enter  Hanover,  it  being  on  the  side  of 
Austria. 

June  le.-July  22.  The  Austro-Prus- 
sian  "War ;  The  Seven  Weeks'  War. 

The  smaller  states  of  North  Germany 
and  Italy  are  allies  of  Prussia,  while  Ba- 
varia, wiirteraberg,  Saxony,  Hanover, 
Baden,  and  the  two  Hesses  are  allies  of 
Austria.  Gen.  Benedek  commands  the 
Austrian  northern  army,  240,000  strong, 
in  Bohemia  and  Moravia  ;  the  Archduke 
Albert  commands  their  southern  army, 
the  army  of  Venice. 

Five  Prussian  armies  take  the  field. 
(1)  Prince  Frederick  Charles  commands 
93,000  men  in  Lusatia;  (2)  The  Crown 
Prince  Frederick  William  commands 
the  Silesian  army  (115,000) ;  (3)  Gen.  Bit- 
tenfeld  commands  the  army  of  the  Elbe 
in  Thuringia  (46,000);  (4)  Gen.  Von 
Mulbe  commands  the  reserves  at  Berlin 
(24,000);  (5)  King  William  commands  the 
army  of  the  Main  [later  formed]  (48,000) ; 
chief  of  the  general  staff,  Gen.  Von 
Moltke  (p.  526). 

June  16-20.  Hanover,  Hesse-Cassel, 
Saxony,  and  Nassau,  as  allies  of  Austria, 
are  occupied  by  Prussians ;  the  Elec- 
tor Frederick  William  is  taken  prisoner, 
and  removed  to  Stettin. 

June  18.  Silesia.  The  Austrian  north- 
em  army  crosses  over  into  Silesia.  The 
Prussians  enter  and  occupy  Dresden, 
Saxony. 

June  19.  Silesia.  The  Saxon  army, 
king,  and  government  join  the  Aus- 
trians. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1865  *  *  The  extractof  meat  is  invented 
by  Liebeg. 

1866  Jan.  4.  Berlin.  The  asteroid 
Semele  is  discovered  by  F.  Tietjen. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

■1863  -  *  Doderlein,  Ludwig,  philologist,  A72. 

Grimm.  Jakob  L.,  philologist,  jurist,  ATS. 

Gunther,  Anton,  philosopher,  A78. 

Hahn,  August,  theologian,  A71. 

Hebbel,  Frledrich,  dramatist,  A50. 

Mitscherlich,  Eilard,  chemist,  A69. 

Votght,  Johannes,  historian,  A77. 
1864  *  *  Anherlen,  Karl  A.,  theologian,  A40. 

Casper,  Johann  L.,  physician,  Ati8. 


Fliedner,  Theodor,  philanthropist,  A64. 

Uaussmann,  David  J.  L.,  statesman,  finan- 
cier, A74. 

Junghuhn,  Franz  W.,  natiu^list,  A&2. 

Klenze,  Leo  von,  architect,  A80. 

Lassalle,  Ferdinand,  socialist,  A39. 

Maximilian  11.,  King  of  Bavaria,  A53. 

Meyerbeer.  Giacomo.  composer,  A70. 

Kose,  Ileinrich,  chemist,  A6i*. 

Schonbein,  Johann  L.,  physician,  A71. 

Struve,  Friedrich  G.  W.  von,  astron.,  A71. 

Wagner,  Rudolph,  physician,  anatomist,  A59. 
1865  •  *  Aim,  Johann  F.,  grammarian,  A69. 

Barth,  Ileinrich,  African  explorer,  A44. 

Encke.  Johann  F..  astronomer,  A74. 

Ernst,  Heinrlch  W.,  musician,  A5l. 

Kiss,  August,  sculptor,  A63. 

Lappenberg,  Johann  M.,  historian,  A7I. 

Leopold,  King  of  the  Belgians,  Duke  of  Sax- 
ony, A75. 

Ollendorff,  Henry  Godfroy,educ.,  gram.,  A62. 

Schomburgk,  Sir  Robert  H.,  naturalist,  trav- 
eler, A61. 

rumann,  Karl,  theologian,  A69. 


CHURCH. 

1866  Jan.*  Rh.Prus.  The  dispute  be- 
tween the  king  and  the  chapter  respect- 
ing the  election  of  an  archbishop  tor 
Cologne  is  settled. 


LETTERS. 

1863  *  *  Novellen  in  Versen,  by  Heyse, 
appears. 

1864  *  *  An  Egyptian  Princess,  by  Georg 
Ebers,  appears.  [1867-68,  Egypt  and  the 
Book  of  Moses.'] 

1865  *  *  Pietra,  by  Mosenthal,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1863  Oct.  18.  Saxony.  The  50th 
anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Leipsic  is 
celebrated. 

1865  June  2.  Bh.  Prus.  An  Inter- 
national Industrial  Exhibition  is 
opened  at  Cologne  by  the  Crown  Prince. 

June  8.  The  50th  anniversary  of  the 
establishment  of  the  Germanic  Confed- 
eration is  celebrated. 

1866  May  7.  Carl  Cohen  makes  an 
unsuccessful  attempt  to  assassinate 
Bismarck. 

STATE. 

1863  Jan.  22.  Frankfort.  The  Con- 
federate Diet  rejects  the  proposal  of 
Austria. 

Jan.  27.  Prus.  Bismarck  offends  the 
deputies  by  threatening  to  enforce  his 
policy.  [He  recommends  the  king  to 
dismiss  the  Ministry.] 

Feb.  28.  Prus.  The  deputies  recom- 
mend  Prussian  neutrality  in  the  Polish 
war. 

Mar.  30.  Den.  The  king  issues  an  Eider 
Danish  proclamation,  abandoning  the 
basis  of  1852,  and  annexing  Schleswig. 
[Germany  is  incensed.  Apr.  17.  Austria 
and  Prussia  protest.] 

May  *  Pnis.  A  controversy  occurs  be- 
tween deputies  and  Ministry. 

*  *  Pnts.  The  king  concludes  to  govern 
without  a  parliament. 

June  1.  The  press  is  exceedingly  re- 
stricted. 

July  9.  The  Confederate  Diet  demands 
that  Denmark  annul  the  patent  grant- 
ing independent  rights  to  Holstein,  and 
annexing  Schleswig.  [Aug.  27.  Denied.] 
(P.  641.) 


July  31.  The  German  sovereigns  are 
invited  to  a  Congress  at  Frankfort  by 
the  Emperor  of  Austria. 

Aug.  2.  Aust.  The  Austrian  emperor 
meets  King  William  at  Gastein. 

Aug.  16.  Frankfort.  The  congress  of 
nearly  all  the  German  princes  meets. 

By  the  advice  of  Bismarck  the  King  of 
Prussia  declines  to  participate.  Francis 
Joseph,  Emperor  of  Austria,  presides ; 
and  the  reorganization  of  tiermany  is 
considered,  but  without  results.  [Aug. 
21.  It  declares  in  favor  of  unity.  Sept. 
1.  They  approve  the  Austrian  plan  of 
federal  reform.  Sept.  22.  Disapproved 
by  King  William.] 

Sept.  8.  Pms.  The  crown  prince  is 
reconciled  to  the  king. 

Sept.  29.  Den.  The  parliament  receives 
a  bill  for  the  incorporation  of  Schles- 
wig. 

Oct.*  Prus,  A  majority  of  Ijiberal  dep- 
uties is  elected. 

N"ov.  5.  Fr.  Napoleon  III.  proposea  a 
lEluropean  congress. 

Nov.  16.  Schleswig-Holstein.  The  dis- 
pute concerning  the  two  duchies  is  re- 
vived (p.  641). 

Nov.  26.  Schlestoig- Holstein.  Several 
German  powers,  including  Saxony,  Ba- 
varia, and  Hesse,  resolve  to  support 
Prince  Frederick  of  Augustenburg. 
[Dec.  2.    Prussia  also.] 

Dec.  7.  Frankfort.  The  Confederate 
Diet  decides  to  punish  Holstein.  [Dec. 
24.    Troops  enter.]    (P.  640.) 

Dec.  21.  Frankfort.  Germany  sends 
900  representatives  who  pledge  their 
states  to  support  Prince  Frederick  as 
duke  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  and  pro- 
claim their  union  inseparable ;  a  com- 
mittee of  36  is  appointed. 

There  is  great  excitement  concerning 
the  Danish  encroachments  in  Schleswig, 
and  Prussia  is  urged  to  occupy  the 
duchies. 

Dec.  25.  Schleswig-Holstein.  The  Fed- 
eral Commissioners  in  control.  [Dec. 
30.  Prince  Frederick,  as  duke,  en- 
ters Kiel.] 

Dec.  *  Frankfort.  The  Chamber  of  Dep- 
uties refuses  to  defray  the  expenses  of 
the  war  for  the  duchies. 

*  *  Prus.  The  Socialistic  party  is  or- 
ganized by  Ferdinand  Lassalle. 

*  *  Anhalt   becomes  a  duchy  by  the 

union   of    the   duchies  Anhalt-Dessau- 
Kothen  and  Anhalt-Bernburg. 

1864  Jan.  14.  Frankfort.  The  Con- 
federate Diet  rejects  by  a  majority  of 
two  votes  the  motion  of  Austria  and 
Prussia  to  occupy  Schleswig. 

Jan.  16.  Austria  and  Prussia  issue  a 
peremptory  demand  (p.  G41). 

Jan.  21,  The  demand  being  refused, 
German  troops  enter  Holstein  (p.  641). 
[Jan.  31.  Austria  and  Prussia  issue  a 
joint  note.  Mar.  5.  They  sign  a  new 
agreement.] 

Feb.  13.  Den.  The  Federal  Commis- 
sioners protest  against  the  occupation 
of  Altona  by  Prussia. 

Apr.  25.  London.  A  conference  is 
opened  for  the  settlement  of  the  Schles- 
wig-Holstein question.   [June  25.   Ends-] 

June  22.  Bohemia.  King  William  and 
the  Emperor  Francis  Joseph  meet  at 
Carlsbad. 


GERMANY.       1863,  Jan.  22-1866,  June  19.     823 


July  9.  Den.  Jutland  is  placed  under 
Prussian  administration. 

July  26.  Vienna.  A  peace  confer- 
ence opens. 

[Aug.  1.  Prus.  Preliminaries  of 
peace  are  signed.] 

Aug.  22.  Vienna.  The  sovereigns  of 
Prussia  and  Austria  meet  at  Schon- 
bnznn. 

Oct.  27.  Aust.  Premier  Rechberg  re- 
signs. [Count  Mensdorff  Pouilly  is  his 
successor.] 

Oct.  30.  Peace  of  Vienna  (pp.  526,  &«). 
Prussia  and  Austria  estahlish  *'acoiu- 
mon  government "  in  SeUleswig  city. 
The  final  disposition  of  the  duchies  is 
postponed  because  of  disagreements  be- 
tween Austria  and  Prussia. 

Dec.  5.  Frankfort.  ITie  Confederate 
Diet  agrees  to  the  withdrawal  of  the 
troops  from  the  two  duchies. 

*  *  Bavaria.    Xiouis  II.  becomes  king. 

*  *  JVurtemberg.  Charles  I.  becomes 
king. 

1865  Jan.  16.  Constitutional  agita- 
tion is  renewed  concerning  the  control 
of  the  army  budget. 

Feb.  22.  Prussia  sends  to  Vienna  its 
demand  concerning  the  ownership  of 
the  two  duchies. 

Mar.  24.  Prussia  orders  the  marine 
station  to  be  transferred  to  Kiel. 

Apr,  6.  Frankfort.  Schleswig  and 
Holstein  are  retained  by  Prussia. 

The  contention  between  Austria  and 
Prussia  is  considered  by  tlie  Confeder- 
ate Diet;  it  unites  with' Bavaria  and 
Saxony  requesting  Austria  and  Prussia 
to  give  up  Holstein  to  the  Duke  of  Au- 
gustenburg.  [Apr.  6.  Prussia  declines. 
Apr.  17.  It  informs  Austria  of  its  de- 
termination to  retain  control  of  the  two 
duchies.] 

May  29.  Berlin.  The  Ministerial  Coun- 
cil discusses  the  annexation  of  the 
duchies. 

June  17.  Prus.  The  Chamber  of  Repre- 
sentatives is  prorogued. 

It  had  rejected  the  army  budget  which 
provides  for  the  reorganizing  of  the 
army,  for  increasing  the  fleet,  and  for 
war  expenses  in  Denmark.  [The  king 
rules  without  the  aid  of  the  Lower 
House.] 

June  27.  Vienna.  The  Schmerling 
Ministry  ends  [and  the  Belcredi  Min- 
istry succeeds  it]. 

July  5.  Prus.  The  king  issues  at  Carls- 
bad a  despotic  decree  ajtpropriating 
and  disposing  of  the  revenue. 

July  18,  19.  Prus.  The  Liberal  mem- 
bers a,re  feted  in  the  provinces. 

July  23.  Aust.  King  William  and  Von 
der  Pfordten  hold  an  interview  at 
Salzburg. 

July  27.  Frankfort.  In  theConfederate 
Diet,  Bavaria,  Saxony,  and  Darmstadt 
move  to  summons  the  estates  of  the  two 
duchies  and  to  admit  Schleswig  into 
the  Confederation. 

Aug.  14.  Treaty  of  Gastein  for  the 
disposal  of  the  conquered  duchies  (p. 
526). 

*  *  Disputes  arise  between  Austria  and 
Prussia  respecting  the  Treaty  of  Gastein 
(p.  526).  [Oct.  1 .  Condemned  by  the  Con- 
federate Diet.] 


Aug.  15.  Schleswig -Hoi  stein.  The  King 
of  Prussia  takes  formal  possession  of 
Xiauenburg,  having  purchased  it  with 
his  own  money  of  Austria ;  Manteuffel 
and  Gablenz  assume  the  administration 
of  government  in  Schleswig-Holstein. 

Aug.  16.  Prussia  concludes  a  naviga- 
tion treaty  with  Great  Britain. 

Aug.  19.  Aust.  The  sovereigns  of  Aus- 
tria and  Prussia  meet  at  Salzburg. 

Sept.  23.  Prus.  Premier  Van  der 
Heydt  resigns,  and  is  succeeded  by  the 
Count  Otto  Edward  L.  Bismarck. 

Oct.  4.  Bismarck  first  meets  the  Em- 
peror Napoleon  at  Biarritz. 

Dec.  *  The  German  states  accept  a  com- 
mercial treaty  with  Italy,  and  recognize 
King  Victor  Emmanuel. 

1866  Jan.  20.  Prus.  Bismarck  de- 
mands of  Austria  the  banishment  of 
Prince  Augustenburg  of  Schleswig- 
Holstein. 

Jan.  26.  Prus.  Bismarck  seeks  a  quar- 
rel with  Austria,  and  sends  a  sharp  de- 
spatch complaining  of  Austria's  infidel- 
ity. [Feb.  7.  He  receives  a  bitter  reply ; 
a  cry  for  war  arises  on  both  sides.] 

Jan.  *  Prus.  The  dispute  between  the 
king  and  the  chapter  respecting  the  elec- 
tion of  an  archbishop  of  Cologne  is 
settled;  the  Pope  appoints  Bishop 
Melchers. 

Mar.  7.  Vienna.  The  Council  decides  to 
send  more  soldiers  to  the  north. 

Mar.  11.  Pmssia  issues  a  decree  assert- 
ing jurisdiction  over  Holstein. 

Mar.  24.  Prussia,  by  a  circular  letter, 
formally  asks  the  neutral  German  states 
to  decide  whether  they  will  aid  Prussia 
or  Austria  in  the  war. 

Mar.  27.  Prus.  The  ministerial  council 
decides  to  prepare  for  war. 

[Mar.  2i>.     Orders  are  issued  for  secur- 
ing the  frontiers.] 

Mar.  31.  Baimria.  Baron  Pfordten 
issues  a  note  to  the  two  great  powers  of 
Germany.  [Apr.  22.  The  prime  min- 
isters oif  the  lesser  German  states  meet 
at  Augsburg.] 

Apr.  7.  Austria  demands  that  Prussia 
demobilize  its  army.  [Apr.  21.  Prussia 
agrees  to  a  common  disarmament.] 

Apr.  8.  PriLS.  A  treaty  between  Prus- 
sia and  Italy  against  Austria  is  con- 
cluded (?),  Italy  having  an  eye  to  the 
acquirement  of  Venezia. 

Apr.  9.    Frankfrrrt.    At  the  Diet  of  the 

Confederation,  Bisraarck  disregards  Aus- 
tria's demands,  and  requests  the  convo- 
cation of  aGerman  parliament  at  Frank- 
fort on  the  basis  of  universal  suffrage. 

Apr.  15.  Berlin.  A  great  peace  meet- 
ing is  held. 

Apr.  21.  Austria  decides  to  mobilize  Its 
forces.    [Apr.  27.    Italy  also.] 

Apr.*  -May*  Kecriminatorv  corre- 
spondence passes  between  Austria  and 
Prussia  relating  to  disarmament. 

Apr.*  Fr.    France  professes  neutrality. 

May  4.  Aust.  Count  Mensdorff  declares 
the  negotiations  respecting  disarma- 
ment to  be  at  an  end. 

May  9.     Berlin.     The  Prussian   Diet 

is  dissolved. 

May  11.  Frankfort.  The  Confederate 
Diet  decides  to  ask  Prussia  to  specify 
its  plans  of  reform. 


May  12,  Bismarck  secures  Italy  as  an 
ally. 

Austria  has  allies  in  Bavaria,  "Wur- 
temberg,  Saxony,  Hanover,  Baden,  and 
the  two  Hesses. 

May  19.  Frankfort.  The  Confederate 
Diet  calls  on  Austria  and  Prussia  to 
disarm. 

May  20.  A  meeting  of  deputies  repre- 
senting the  smaller  German  states 
condemns  the  approaching  war. 

May  24.  Fr.  Napoleon  III.  officially 
invites  the  contending  states  to  a  Con- 
gress.   [Austria  declines.] 

May  27-28.  Frankfort.  The  media- 
tion  of  France,  England,  and  Russia  is 
proffered. 

Austria  makes  a  condition  that  there 
shall  be  no  reference  to  an  alteration 
of  boundaries  in  any  peace  conference, 
and  thereby  frustrates  the  mediation. 

May  28.  Schleswig-Holstein.  Gov.  An- 
ton von  Gablenz  proposes  a  plan  of 
mediation.     [It  is  declined.] 

June  1.  Austria  proposes  to  refer  the 
matter  of  the  two  ducliies  to  the  Confed- 
erate Diet.  [June  3.  Bismarck  protests 
against  it.] 

June  2.  Holstein.  The  Austrian  gover- 
nor, Von  (iablenz,  holds  an  assembly  of 
states  in  Holstein  [and  an  open  rupture 
with  Prussia  follows]. 

Jtme  7.  A  Prussian  force  enters  Hol- 
stein, the  king  claiming  that  the  Treaty 
of  Gastein  is  broken ;  Von  Gablenz  pro- 
tests, and  retreats  with  the  Austrian 
brigade ;  he  goes  to  Hanover. 

June  10.  Frankfort,  Bismarck  sub- 
mits to  the  i)arliament  the  draft  of  a 
new  constitution  for  Germany.  He 
sends  it  to  all  the  German  states. 

Prussia  assumes  the  administration 

of  Holstein. 

June  11.  Austria  alleges  that  Prussia 
hajs  broken  the  treaty  by  invading 
Holstein. 

June  12.  Austria  breaks  off  diplomatic 
relations  with  Prussia. 

June  13.     Hanover.    Invaded  (p.  527). 

June  14.  Frankfort.  The  Germanic 
Confederation  is  dissolved.  [The  Diet 
continues  its  functions  for  a  short  time.] 
(P.  527.) 

June  15.  Prussia  declares  war  against 
Hanover,  Hesse,  and  Saxony,  after  each 
has  declined  her  request  to  disregard  the 
summons  of  the  Confederacy,  and  to 
rei>lace  their  troops  on  a  peace  footing, 
and  join  a  new  confederation  under  the 
lead  of  Prussia. 

June  16-July  22.  The  Austro-Prus- 
sian  War.    (For  causes,  see  \y.  527.) 

June  16.  Prus.  The  Confederate  Diet 
decides  for  war;  the  bund  is  to  be 
mobilized. 

*  *  Frankfort.  Prussia  sends  a  note  to 
the  smaller  states,  requesting  their 
cooperation. 

June  17.  Austria  and  Prussia  issue  jus- 
tification manifestoes. 

Jime  18,  War  is  declared  against 
Austria  by  Prussia  and  Italy.  [June  23. 
Nearly  all  the  Northern  states  side 
with  Prussia.] 


824     1866,  June  20-1869,  Feb.  15.       GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1866    June  20.   Saxony.  The  Prussians 

occupy  all  Saxony  except  Konigstein. 
June  22.    Bohemia  becomea  the  seat 
of  war. 

The  crown  prince,  with  the  Becond 
army,  enters  Bohemia  to  forestall  the 
Austrians  and  protect  Silesia. 

June  *  Prussia  resolves  on  an  offeusive 
war. 

June  22-25.  Bohemia  is  entered  hy 
Prince  Frederick  Charles  and  the  first 
army,  and  also  by  the  Army  of  the  Elbe. 

June  24.    It.    At  Custozza  75,000  Aus- 

.  triaus  under  the  Archduke  Albert  de- 
feat 130,000  Italian  allies  under  King 
Victor  Emmanuel. 

June*  Prince  Alexander  of  Hesse  is 
made  commander  of  the  Confederation 
army  against  Prussia. 

June  26.  Bohemia.  Prince  Frederick 
Charles  and  the  first  army  and  the 
Army  of  the  Elbe  are  victorious  in 
severe  engagements  at  Liebenau,  Tur- 
nau,  and  Podol. 

June  27.  Frankfort.  Prince  Charles 
of  Bavaria  is  proclaimed  by  the  Diet 
general  of  the  Confederation  troops. 

Bohemia.    Several   engagements 

take  place. 

Prince  Frederick  Charles  and  the  first 
army  and  the  Army  of  the  Elbe  defeat 
the  Confederation  troops  at  Huhner- 
wasser. 

The  crown  prince,  with  the  second 
army,  is  repulsed  at  Trautenau  by  the 
Auatrians. 

The  Prussians  under  Von  Steinmetz, 
with  needle-giuiB,  defeat  the  Austrians 
at  Nachod. 

Saxony.     At    Langensalza,    18,000 

Hanoverians  under  Gen.  Arendtschildt, 
while  on  their  way  to  join  the  Bavarians, 
are  attacked  by  8,700  Prussians  under 
Gen.  Von  Flies;  the  defeated  Prus- 
sians lose  1,000  killed  and  wounded,  and 
912  prisoners.  [June  28.  The  Prussian 
force  is  increased  to  40,000  men.  June 
29.  The  Prussians  compel  the  Hanove- 
rians to  accept  honorable  terms,  and 
surrender.] 

June  28.  Prus.  At  Munchengratz 
Prince  Frederick  Charles,  with  the  first 
army  and  the  Army  of  the  Elbe,  drives 
back  the  Austrians  and  Saxons. 

June  28-29.  Bofiemia.  Prussians  are 
successful. 

At  Soor  the  second  army  defeats  Gen. 
Von  Gablentz,  and  occupies  Trautenau. 
At  Skalitz,  tlie  left  column  of   the 
crown  prince's  army  defeats  the  Aus- 
trians with  heavy  losses. 

(June  29.)  At  Gitschin  Prince  Fred- 
erick Charles,  with  the  first  army  and 
the  Arihy  of  the  Elbe,  defeats  the  Aus- 
trians. 

The  crown  prince,  with  the  second 
army,  defeats  the  Austrians  and  cap- 
tures K6niginhof. 

At  Schweinschadel  the  left  column  of 
the  crown  prince's  army  defeats  the 
Austrians. 


June  30.  Berlin.  Having  directed  the 
armies  hy  telegraph  from  Berlin,  King 
William  I,  and  Gen.  Von  Moltke, 
chief  of  stalf ,  now  leave  for  the  seat  of 
war. 

July  3.  Bohemia.  Decisive  battle  of 
Kbniggratz  (Sadowa). 

King  William  I.,  Crown  Prince  Freder- 
ick William,  Prince  Frederick  Charles, 
and  Gen.  Von  Bittenfeld,  commanding 
220,984  Prussians,  defeat  250,000  Austri- 
ans under  Gen.  Benedek,  who  retreat 
towards  Olmiitz;  Prussian  loss,  10,000; 
Austrian  loss,  40,000. 

*  *  Aust.  Prussia  and  Italy  reject  a  pro- 
posed truce. 

*  *  Two-thirds  of  the  Austrian  southern 
army  is  sent  to  the  northern  seat  of  war. 

July  4.  The  Prussian  army  under  Vogel 
von  Falkenstein  is  sent  against  the  army 
of  the  Confederation  under  Princes 
Charles  of  Bavaria  and  Alexander  of 
Hesse  ;  it  defeats  the  allies  at  Wiesen- 
thal  and  Dermbach. 

July  10.  Bohemia.  The  Prussians  oc- 
cupy Prague. 

Moravia.    The  united  armies  under 

King  William  I.  advance,  defeat  the 
Austrian  cavalry  in  a  skirmish  at  Saar, 
and  compel  them  to  retreat. 

July  10,  11.  Bavaria.  The  united 
Prussian  armies  under  William  I.  are 
victorious  at  Hammelburg,  Kissingen, 
Friedrichshall,  Hansen,  and  Wakla- 
schach. 

July  12.  Hung.  A  Prussian  corps  in- 
vades Hungary. 

Moravia.    Prince  Frederick  Charles 

enters  Briinn  while  the  main  Prussian 
army  marches  upon  Vienna. 

Gen.  Benedek  with  an  Austrian  army 

marches  for  the  capital,  but  is  compelled 
to  take  a  circuitous  route,  while  the 
Prussians  make  rapid  and  direct  ad- 
vance. 

July  13.  Bavaria.  At  Xiaufach  the 
Hessians  are  defeated. 

July  14.  Frankfort  is  held  by  Prus- 
sians. 

Bavaria.     At    Aschaffenbtu-g-on- 

the-Main  the  Prussians  defeat  the 
united  Hessian,  Austrian,  and  Darm- 
stadt troops,  under  Gen.  Neipperg. 

July  15.  Moravia.  At  Tobitschau  a 
Prussian  brigade  defeats  an  Austrian 
force. 

July  16.  Frankfort  is  entered  by  the 
Prussians  under  Gen.  Falkenstein,  who 
exacts  heavy  supplies. 

July  17.  Bavaria.  The  Prussians  oc- 
cupy Wiirzburg  and  Nuremberg. 

July  18.  Hesse-Nassau.  The  Prussians 
occupy  "Wiesbaden. 

July  20,  Dalmatia.  The  Austrians  un- 
der Adm.  Tegetthoff  defeat  the  Ital- 
ians under  Adm.  Persano  in  a  naval 
battle  near  Lissa. 

July  22.  Aust.  At  Blumenau  a  battle 
is  stopped  on  the  reception  of  tidings 
of  peace,  and  a  truce  for  five  days  is 
signed. 

July  23- Aug.  1.  Bavaria.  The  Prus- 
sian  reserves    under   the  Grand   Duke 


of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin  occupy  Fran- 
conia. 

Jiily  24.  Baden.  Tlie  Prussians  defeat 
the  troops  of  Baden  at  Tauberhischofs- 
heim,  Hochhausen,  and  Werbach. 

July  25.  Bninsiciclc.  Tlie  Prussians 
gain  victories  at  Neubrunn,  Helmstadt, 
and  Gerscheim. 

July  27.  Bavaria.  Tlie  citadel  of 
"Wiirzburg  is  bombarded  by  the  Prus- 
sians. 

July  31.  Aust.  King  William  I.  re- 
views his  army  15  miles  from  Vienna. 

Aug.  1.  Bohemia.  The  Prussian  army 
begins  its  homeward  march. 

Aug.  2.  Bavaria.  Hostilities  are  sus- 
pended by  a  truce. 

Aug.  18.  Bohemia  and  Moravia  are 
evacuated  by  the  Prussians. 

Aug.  23.    Bohemia.    Peace  of  Prague. 

Sept.  20.  Berlin.  The  victorious  Prus- 
sian army  makes  a  triumphal  entry  into 
the  capital. 

1867  Sept.  9.  Lvxemlmrg.  The  Prus- 
sian garrison  evacuates  the  fortress. 

1868  Apr.  25.  Jinfj.  The  iron-clad 
Konig  WiUielm  is  launched  at  Blackwall 
[afterward  bought  hy  Prussia]. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1866  June  26, 27.  Fr.  Krupp'snee- 
dle-g^uns  win  the  victory  for  the  Prus- 
sians. 

1867  Aug.  14,  15.  Hesse-Xassau.  The 
cathedral  of  St.  Bartholomew,  founded 
in  1315,  completed  in  1512,  is  burned. 

1868  June  21.  Bavaria.  Wagner's 
Die  Meistersinqer  von  Nurnherg  ap- 
pears at  Munich  under  the  direction  of 
Von  Billow. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1866*  *  Dieaterweg.Friedrich  A.  W.,  teacher, 
A76. 
Goldsclimldt.  Hermann,  astron.,  painter,  A64. 
Lieljold,  Philipp  F.  von,  naturalist,  A70 
Rowe,  Sophie,  singer,  A51. 
Ruckert,  Friedrioh,  poet,  orientalist,  A7R. 

1867  *  •  Albers,  Johann  F.  H.,  phys.,  A62. 
Bockh,  AuguBt,  philan.,  antiq.,'A82. 
Bopp,  Franz,  orientalist,  A7ti. 
Brandis,  Christian  A.,  hist,  of  phil.,  ATT. 
Cornelius,  Peter  von,  i)ainter,  A80. 
Dreyse,  .lohann  N.  von,  inventor  of  needle- 
gun,  A80. 

Gerhard,  Eduard,  aroheologist,  A72. 
Haase,  Heinrieli  G.  F.  C,  philologist,  A39.      1 
Hausser,  Ludwig,  historian,  A49.  * 

Maximilian,  A.  P.,  Prince  of  Neuwled,  nat- 
uralist, traveler,  A  85. 
Mittermaier,  Karl  J.  A.,  jurist,  states..  A80. 
Rothe,  Richard,  clergyman,  autlior,  Att8. 
Sohn,  Karl  F.,  painter,  A62. 

1868  *   *  lirendel.  Karl  F.,mn8fcal  critic, AST. 
Hauptmann,  Moritz,  composer,  A76. 
Hermann,  Friedrlch   B.   W.   von,  publicist, 

economist,  A73. 
Hildebrandt,  Fdtiard,  painter,  >51. 
J  uncker,  Henry  I).,  K.  C.  cl.  ( bp.  in  Am. ) ,  ASS. 
Louis  I.,  King  of  Bavaria,  A82. 
Martins,  Karl  F.  P.,  botanist,  .\74. 
Mobius,  August  F.,  mathematician,  A78. 
Pliicker,  Julius,  pliysicist,  A67. 
Poppig,  Eduard,  naturalist,  traveler,  ATI. 
Preuss,  Johann  D.  E.,  historian.  A83. 
Schleicher,  August,  philologist,  A47. 
Schiinbein,  Christian  F.,  chemist,  A69. 
Sichel,  Julius,  oculist,  A66. 
.Sternlwrg,  Alexander,  novelist,  A62. 
Waagen,  Gustav  F.,  art  critic,  A74. 
Welcker,  Friedrich  G.,  aroheologist,  A84. 

CHURCH.  \ 

1866    June  22.    Rome.    Archbishop  A. 

von  Hohenlohe  is  created  a  cardinal 
priest. 


I 


GERMANY.      1866,  June  20-1869,  Feb.  15.     825 


8ept.  6.    Berlin.    A  Bjn&goguet  alleged 

to  be  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  in 

the  world,  is  consecrated. 
1868    June  25.    Ilesse.     The  Luther 

monument  is  unveiled  at  Worms  by 

the  King  of  Prussia. 

LETTERS. 

1866  •  •  China  and  Japan.,  by  Heinrich 
Scliliemann,  appears.  [1869,  Ithaca^  Pel- 
oponnesus, and  Troy.] 

*  *  Qenerelle  Morpholoffieder  Orfianismen, 
by  Ernst  H.  Haeckel,  appears.  [1868, 
Natural  History  of  Creation;  1870,  On 
the  Origin  and  Genealogy  of  the  Human 
Itace.] 

1867  *  *  Lives  of  Fathers  of  t^ie  Desert, 
by  Ida  Hahn-riann,  appears.  [1868,  A'u- 
doxia,  a  Picture  of  the  5th  Century.] 

1868*  *  History  of  Esthetics  in  Ger- 
many, by  Lotze,  appears. 

*  *  AfiHtary  Life  in  Prussia,  by  Hack- 
lander,  appears. 

*  •  The  Salon  is  issued. 

1868-70    History  ofl'oman  Literature,  by 

Wilhel'm  S.  Teuffel,  appears. 
1868-71    Pnvaria.    Anton  Bachmaier 

I)ublishes  a  German-French-Kuj^lish  dic- 
tionary of  pasigraphy,  a  system  pro- 
fessing to  teacli  people  to  communicate 
with  each  otiior  by  means  of  numbers 
which  convey  the  same  ideas  in  all  lan- 
guages ;  4334  mental  conceptions,  it 
is  claimed,  may  be  communicated  by  the 
system. 

SOCIETY. 

1866  Nov.  17.  Baden.  Civil  mar- 
riage is  made  obligatory. 

1868  Apr.  1,  Saxony.  Capital  pun- 
ishment is  abolished. 

Sept.  26-29.  Berlin.  A  workmen's 
congress  to  promote  centralization  is 
held. 

STATE. 

1866  July  3.  Austria  is  prostrate  at 
the  feet  of  Prussia  after  the  battle  of 
Sadowa.  Prussian  supremacy  in  Ger- 
many is  assured. 

July  4.  Austria  cedes  Venezia  to 
France,  and  requests  the  intervention 
of  Napoleon  III. 

JTuly  13.  The  Prussian  army  under  Gen. 
Frankenstein  advancing,  the  Confeder- 
ate Diet  retires  from  Frankfort  to 
Augsburg. 

July  16.  Prnis.  Tlie  king  invites  the 
states  of  Nortk  Germany  to  form  a  new^ 
confederation,  to  be  called  the  North 
German  Confederation. 

July  26.  Moravia.  A  preliminary  treaty 
of  peace  is  signed  at  Nikolaburg  under 
French  mediation. 

Prussia  demands  Hanover,  Hesse, 
Xassau,  and  Frankfort ;  Austria  with- 
draws from  Germany. 

July  30.  Prussia  grants  an  armistice  to 
the  German  states. 

Aug,  4.  Bavaria.  The  dissolution  of 
the  German  Confederation  is  recog- 
nized by  the  Confederate  Diet  at  Augs- 
burg. 

Brunswick.     A    tariff  convention 

meets. 

Aug.  13.  Prnssia  makes  peace  with 
"Wurtemberg- 


Aug.  17.  Berlin.  The  bill  for  making 
annexations  to  Prussia  is  introduced 
in  the  Prussian  parliament. 

Prussia  concludes  peace  with  Baden. 

Aug.  18.  The  North  German  Con- 
federation is  formed  by  an  alliance  of 
the  North  German  states  with  Prussia. 

Prussia  enters  a  treaty  of  alliance, 
offensive  and  defensive,  with  15  states  : 
Saxe- Weimar,  Oldenburg,  Brunswick, 
Saxe-A Itenburg,  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 
Anhalt,  two  Schwarzburgs,  Waldeck, 
the  younger  Reuss,  two  Lippes,  LUbeck, 
and  Bremen. 

Aug.  21.  Hamburg  joins  the  North 
German  Confederation.  The  dukes  of 
Mecklenbiirg  also  join. 

Aug.  22.  Prussia  makes  peace  with 
Bavaria. 

Aug.  23.  The  Peace  of  Prague  be- 
tween Austria  and  Prussia  is  signed. 
Prussia  gains  Hanover,  Hesse-Cassel, 
Nassau,  and  Frankfort  (p.  527). 

Aug.  24.  BavarTa.  The  old  Confeder- 
ate Diet  at  Augsburg  holds  its  final 
session,  and  is  dissolved. 

Aug.  29.  Pnts.  Deputies  hold  a  special 
meeting;  cost  of  the  war  is  given  as 
S!  88,000,000. 

Sept.  3.  Pnis.  Peace  with  Hesse- 
Darmstadt  is  concluded  by  ceding 
Hesse-Cassel,  Hesse-Homburg,  and  other 
territory.  [Sept.  15.  Dominions  in  the 
north  part  ceded  to  Prussia.] 

Sept.  8.  Berlin.  The  treaty  of  aUiance 
between  Prussia  and  the  North  German 
states  is  ratified. 

Sept.  11.  Berlin.  The  Annexation 
Bill  is  passed.  The  kingdom  of  Prus- 
sia is  enlarged  (p.  527). 

Sept.  20.  Berlin.  A  decree  is  issued  for 
annexing  to  Prussia,  Hanover,  Electo- 
ral Hesse,  Nassau,  and  Frankfort.  [Sept. 
23.    Hanover's  king  protests  to  Europe.] 

Sept.  26.  Thuringia.  The  elder  Beuss 
joins  the  North  German  Confederation. 

Oct.  6,  Hanover.  Prussia  takes  posses- 
sion. [Oct.  8.  Also  of  Hesse,  Homburg, 
Hesse-Cassel,  Nassau,  and  Frankfort.] 

Oct.  8.  Pms.  Frankfort-on-the-Main  is 
annexed ;  the  legislative  corps  and 
15,000  citizens  protest  against  it. 

Saxe-Meiningen   joins    the    North 

German  Confederation. 

Oct.  21.  Prussia  and  Saxony  sign  a 
treaty  of  peace. 

Oct.  23.  Berlin.  The  electoral  law 
respecting  the  new  German  parliament 
is  promulgated. 

Oct.  27.    Prussia  and  01denbtu*g  enter 

a  special  treaty. 

Oct.  *  -Nov.  *  The  S  c  h  1  e  s  w  i  g-Hol- 
stein  controversy  contin\ies  between 
the  Diet  and  Austria  and  Prussia. 

Dec.  *  Berlin.  Parliament  obstinately 
refuses  to  defray  the  expenses  of  war. 

*  *  All  the  allies  of  Austria  are  forced 
to  join  the  North  German  Confeder- 
ation. 

Bavaria  is  forced  to  cede  some  of  Its 
territory  to  Prussia  because  of  its  atti- 
tude as  an  ally  of  Austria  during  the 
war ;  Wurtemberg  is  forced  to  pay  an 
indemnity  to  Prussia. 

1867  Jan.  24.  Berlin.  A  decree  is  Is- 
sued incorporating  Schleswig  and 
Holatein  with  Prussia. 


Feb.  24.  Berlin.  The  King  of  Prussia 
opens  the  first  North  German  Parlia- 
ment. 

It  has  been  elected  by  universal  man- 
hood suffrage,  and  comprises  295  depu- 
ties, from  22  states.  [Mar.  2.  Dr.  Simp- 
son is  elected  its  first  president.] 

Apr.  17.    The  Federal  Constitution  is 

adopted. 

The  Prussian  monarchy  is  made  hered- 
itary over  the  Confederation  ;  a  federal 
legislative  council  and  a  Diet  elected  by 
the  whole  people  is  established.  [July 
1.    Operative.] 

May  7-11.  London.  A  conference  set- 
tles the  Luxemburg  question.  (See  Great 
Britain.) 

May  8.  Pr^is.  The  Prussians  accept 
the  North  German  Constitution,  thus 
sacrificing  Prussian  civil  rights  to  Ger- 
man unity. 

July  *  Baden  joins  the  Tariff  Union. 

Aug.  *  Fifty  deputies  from  parliaments 
of  Bavaria,  "Wiirtemherg,  IJaden,  and 
Hesse-Darmstadt  meet,  and  declare  the 
union  of  South  German  states  with 
North  Germany  to  be  necessary. 
The  mass  of  the  ('atbolic  .South  (lermany 
is  opposed  to  union  with  Protestant 
North  Germany. 

Sept.  7.  Pms.  Bismarck,  by  a  circular 
despatch,  announces  that  the  German 
nation  will  not  submit  to  interference 
or  guidance  on  the  part  of  any  forei£:n 
power. 

Sept.  10.  Berlin.  The  new  North  Ger- 
man ParHament  meets. 

Oct.  18.  Hanover,  The  treaty  w^ith 
Prussia  is  ratified. 

Oct.  *  -Nov.  *  A  new  German  ZoD- 
verein,  or  Tariff  Union,  is  formed. 

Nov.  15.  Berlin.  King  William  opens 
the  new  Prussian  Landtag. 

1868  Feb.  22.  Berlin.  A  treaty  with 
the  United  States  is  signed  relating  to 
naturalization  of  aliens. 

*  *  Hanover.  The  government  seques- 
trates much  of  the  property  of  the 
king  because  he  maintains  a  Hanoverian 
legion. 

Apr.  27.  — May  23.  Berlin,  Delegates 
from  the  Zollverein  meet  in  the  first 
customs  parliament  in  Germany. 

May  20.  Hanover.  Hanoverians  are 
convicted  of  incipient  treason  against 
Prussia. 

Jtine  *  Berlin.  Chancellor  Bismarck 
retires  temporarily  because  of  ill  health. 

Oct.  *  Berlin.  A  South  German  Military 
Commission  is  appointed  after  commu- 
nicating with  Bavaria,  Wiirtemberg,  and 
Baden. 

Nov.  2.  Hesse.  The  ex-elector  has  his 
property  sequestrated  for  intriguing 
against  Prussia. 

Dec.  1.  Berlin.  Deputies  strongly  op- 
pose ttie  government;  Minister  Leon- 
hardt  makes  a  violent  speech. 

Dec.  8.  Berlin.  Bismarck,  having  re- 
covered his  health,  returns  to  the  chan- 
cellorship. 

*  *  Baden  proposes  the  union  of  the 
states  of  South  Germany  with  the  North* 

em  Confederacy. 

1869  Feb.  15.  Havorer.  The  king's 
property  is  sequestrated  because  of 
his  opposition  to  Prussia.  [Feb.  *  And 
again  for  Intriguing.] 


826     1869,  May  31-1872,  Sept.  20.      GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1870  July  19-71  Mar.  3.  The 
Franco-Prussian  "War.    (See  France.) 

July  23.  Berlin.  "War  is  declared 
against  France;  great  enthusiasm  pre- 
vails in  Germany. 

Aug.  4.  Alsace-Lorraine.  The  Germans 
invade  France.  Battle  of  "Weissen- 
burg  (p.  738). 

Aug.  4.  William  I.  revives  the  order  of 
the  "Iron  Cross."  It  is  bestowed  on 
the  crown  prince,  "TJnser  Fritz."  (The 
first  crosses  were  distributed  in  the  war 
of  1813.) 

Aug.  6.  Fr.  The  French  army  com- 
mences its  retreat  to  the  Moselle. 

Sept.  4-16.  />.  Tlie  German  armies  all 
advance  towards  Paris. 

Sept.  19-71  Jan.  28.  The  Siege  of 
Paris. 

Sept.  19.  Alsace-Lorraine.  AtMetzthe 
French  under  Gen.  Ducrot  make  an 
unsuccessful  sortie. 

Sept.  30.  Alsace-Lorraine.  The  victori- 
ous Germans  enter  Strasburg  on  the  an- 
niversary of  its  surrender  to  the  French 
in  1681. 

Oct.*  Alsace-Lorraine.  Gen.  Uhrich 
receives  the  Grand  Cross  of  the  Le- 
gion of  Honor  at  Strasburg. 

1871  Jan.  10,  11.  Battle  of  Le 
Mans. 

The  French  army  under  Gen.  Chanzy 
is  almost  annihilated  by  the  Germans 
under  Frederick  Charles. 
Jan.  15-17.  Fr.  At  Belfort  a  French 
army  of  40,000  under  Gen.  Bourbaki  un- 
successfully attacks  the  Germans  under 
Gen.  Von  "Weder,  and  is  compelled  to 
retreat  to  Switzerland. 

Jan.  19.    Fr.    Battle  of  St.  Quentin. 

The  last  army  of  the  French  is  com- 
pletely defeated  in  several  engagements 
near  Paris  (p.  744). 

Jan.  28.  Fr.  An  armistice  is  signed, 
while  the  Germans  occupy  the  Paris 
forts.  The  capitulation  of  Paris  is 
effected  by  the  Convention  of  Versailles. 

May  4.  A  provision  is  added  to  the  Im- 
perial Constitution,  stipulating  that 
every  German  fit  for  duty  is  liable  to 
serve  for  seven  years  in  the  Imperial 
army. 

May  10.    Peace  of  Frankfort  (p.  745). 

June.  16.  Berlin.  The  victorious  ar- 
mies enter  the  city. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1869  June  15.  The  second  expedition 
of  discovery  sails  for  the  Polar  seas  in 
the  (rcrmania  and  Hansa;  it  seeks  to 
find  a  northeast  passage. 

July  20.  Bavaria.  An  International 
^Exhibition  is  opened  in  the  Crystal 
Palace  at  Munich. 

1871  June  16.  Berlin.  A  statue  of 
Frederick  "William  IV.  is  inaugu- 
rated. 

Aug.  *  E.  Prus.  Fatal  cholera  prevails 
in  Konigsberg. 

1872  July  9.  Hesse- N^assau.  A  me- 
morial to  Baron  Heinrich  F.  K.  von 
Stein,  the  patriotic  statesman,  is  inau- 
gurated at  Nassau  by  the  emperor. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1869  *  *  Bergenroth,  Gustav,  liistorian,  A56. 
CaruB,  Karl  (i.,  physiologist,  phyBician,  A80. 
Erdmann,  Otto  L.,  chemist,  A65. 
Hengstenberg,  Ernst  W.,  theologian,  Iliblical 

critic,  A67. 
Launitz,  Eduard  Schmidt  von  der,  sculptor, 

A72. 
Lowe,  Johann  K.  G.,  composer,  A73. 
Overbeck,  Friedrich,  painter,  AHO. 
Relchenbach,  Baron,  Karl  von,  cliemist,  A81. 
Ritter,  Heinrich,  philosopher,  A78. 
Schmid,  Leopold,  K.  C'.  theologian,  Afil. 
Trentowski,  Ferdinand  B.,  Polish  phil.,  A61. 
Zimmermann,  Clemens  von,  painter,  AKO. 
1870*  *  Ainmiiller,  Maximilian  E.,  painter, 

A63. 
Amelia,  Duchess  of  Saxony,  poet,  musician, 

A76. 
FlUgel,  Gustav  L.,  orientalist,  A68. 
Geiger,  Lazarus,  scholar,  A41. 
Grafe,  Albrecht  von,  o<*uli8t,  A42. 
Holtzmaim,  Adolf,  philologist,  A 60. 
Hiigel,  Karl  A.  A.  von,  trav.,  naturalist,  A74. 
Jaff6,  Fhilipp,  historian,  A51. 
Magnus,  Heinrich  G.,  chemist,  A68. 
Meineke,  Johann  A.  F.  A.,  class.  schoL,  A79. 
Moscheles,  Ignaz,  pianist,  composer,  A76. 
Neumann,  Karl  F.,  orientalist,  A72. 
Otto,  Friedrich  J.,  chemist,  A61. 
Itau,  Karl  H.,  political  economist,  A78. 
Twesten,  Karl,  statesman,  writer,  A60. 
Vangerow,  Karl  A.  von,  jurist,  A62. 
Vehse,  Karl  E.,  historian,  A68. 
1871  •  *  Baltzer,  Johann  B.,  K.  C.  theol.,  A63. 
Bekker,  Immanuel.  philologist,  critic,  A86. 
Chrysander,  Friedrich,  musical  critic,  A45. 
Gervinus,  Georg  G.,  historian,  critic,  A66. 
Haidinger,  Wilhelm,  geol.,  mineralogist,  A76. 
Haring,  Wilhelm,  novelist,  A74. 
Laemlein,  Alexandre,  painter,  A58. 
Lewald,  Johann  K.  A.,  litterateur,  A78. 
Naumann,  Moritz  E.  A.,  physician,  A73. 
Piickler-Muskau,  Prince,  Hermann  Ludwig 

Heinrich  von,  traveler,  author,  A86. 
Seemann,  Berthold,  botanist,  A46. 
Thalberg,  Sigismuiul,  pianist,  composer,  A59. 
Ueberweg,  PYiedrich,  philosopher,  A  45. 
Venedey,  Jakob,  jurist,  politician,  Afi«. 
Weishach,  Julius,  mathematician,  A6d. 
Zahn,  Johann  K.  W.,  artist,  A71. 


CHURCH. 

1869  May  31.  Hesse.  A  Pan-Protes- 
tant conference  is  held  at  Worms; 
1,000  delegates  are  present. 

1870  May  *  Borne,  Count  Arnim,  Ger- 
man representative  at  Rome,  protests 
against  the  proposal  to  make  the  doc- 
trine of  papal  infallibility  a  dogma. 

July  18,  Borne.  The  dogma  of  the  in- 
fallibility of  the  Pope  in  regard  to 
faith  and  morals,  decreed  by  the  Vati- 
can Council,  is  promulgated.  [It  is 
much  opposed.] 

*  *  The  opponents  of  papal  infallibility, 
under  the  leadership  of  Dr.  Johann  J. 
1.  von  Dollinger  of  Munich,  organize  the 
"Old  Catholics." 

Aug.  *  -Oct.  *  Alsace.  The  cathedral 
of  Strasburg  is  much  injured  in  the 
siege. 

Dec.  *  Bh.  Prus.  The  ••  Old  Cath- 
olics'* of  Bonn  issue  a  circular  asking 
for  a  church  for  their  worship. 

They  declare  opposition  to  the  Vatican 
decrees,  but  do  not  secede  from  the 
Catholic  Church;  repudiate  infallibility 
and  supremacy  of  the  Pope;  sanction 
reading  of  the  Bible,  and  divine  worship 
in  the  vulgar  tongue,  and  the  marriage 
of  priests. 

1871  Apr.  13.  Borne.  Br.  Johann  Jo- 
seph Ignaz  Dollinger  of  Munich  is  ex- 
communicated for  antagonizing  the 
doctrine  of  papal  infallibility. 

June  1.  The  Central  Association  of  the 
Evangelical  Lutheran  Mission  among 
the  Jews  is  formed. 


July  5.  Dr.  "Wollner  is  excommuni- 
cated by  the  bishop  of  Ermland  for 
denying  papal  infaUibility. 

*  •  Acts  of  excommunication  for  denying 
the  Pope's  infallibility  are  disapproved 
by  the  Government. 

July  29.     Bavaria.     Dr.   Dollinger  is 

elected  rector  of  the  University  of 
Munich.  ' 

Aug.  2.  Berlin.  Tlie  Evangelical 
Church  meets  in  convention. 

Sept.  22.  Bh.Prus.  An  "Old  Cath- 
olic" meeting  is  held  at  Bonn  to  op- 
pose the  dogma  of  papal  infallibility. 

Sept.  27.  Bavaria.  The  dogma  of  papal 
infallibility  is  opposed  by  the  Bavarian 
minister  of  public  worship  in  a  letter  to 
the  archbishop  of  Munich. 

Sept.  30.  Bavaria.  "The  "Old  Cath- 
olic "  church  is  opened  at  Munich. 

Nov,  26.  A  law  is  passed  forbidding  the 
clergy  to  meddle  with  politics  in  the 
pulpit. 

*  *  The  Roman  Catholic  clergy  oppose  th© 
Government  in  respect  to  education. 

1872    Jan.  22.    Dr.  Paul  L.  A.  Falk 

is  appointed  minister  of  public  worship 
and  instruction.  [He  introduces  meas- 
ures giving  the  Government  control  of 
ecclesiastical  affairs.] 

*  •  The  supremacy  of  the  state  in  mat- 
ters of  education  is  asserted  by  th^ 
Government. 

Mar.  *  Intense  Ultramontane  agitation 
arises  against  the  Government.  The 
Koman  Catholic  clergy  vainly  oppose 
Bismarck's  school-inspection  bill. 

Mar.  *  Br.  Dollinger  advocates  a  union 
of  Old  Catholics  with  the  Chvirch  of 
England. 

June  12.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  votes 
(131-93)  to  expel  the  Jesuits  because  of 
their  activity  in  behalf  of  papal  infalli- 
bility. 

July  5.  Berlin.  The  Government  pub- 
lishes the  law  for  the  expulsion  of  the 
Jesuits. 

Sept,  20-22.  Cologne.  A  Congress  of 
Old  Catholics  meets. 

LETTERS. 

1869  *  *  Philosophy  of  the  UnconsciouSf 
by  Karl  R.  E.  Hart^nann,  appears.  [1871, 
The  Thing  in  Hselfand  Us  Constitution.} 

1870  Aug.  * -Oct.  *  Alsace-Lorraine. 
The  library  of  Strasburg  is  destroyed 
In  the  siege. 

*  *  The  Country- House  on  the  Bhine,  by 
Auerbach,  appears.  [1874,  Little  Bare^ 
foot  and  Waldfried.] 

1871  *  *  LHe  Pioniere,  by  Spielhagen,  ap- 
pears. [1872,  Always  Ahead :  1873,  }Vha4 
the  Sivailow  Sang:  1874,  Ultimo:  1875, 
Xot'c  for  Love:  1876,  Hans  und  Grethe; 
1878,  'Flood  Tide.] 

1871-76  The  Provinces  of  the  Boman 
Fnipire,  by  Monimsen,  appears, 

1871+  Tlie  term  "Reptile  Bureau- 
cracy" is  applied  to  tliose  journalists 
in  the  pay  of  the  Government. 

1872  Feb.  8-10.  Berlin.  The  Reichs- 
tag takes  a  stand  against  clerical  in- 
terference with  the  national  schools. 

May  1.  Alsace-Lorraine.  The  Uni- 
versity of  Strasburg  is  restored,  and 
remodeled  on  German  principles. 

SOCIETY. 

1872    Sept.  6.    Berlin.   TheEmperorof 

Austria  arrives. 


GERMANY.      1869,  May  31-1872,  Sept.  20.     827 


1869  Sept.  14.  The  centenary  of  the 
birth  of  Alexander  von  Humboldt  is 
celebrated. 

1870  Sept.  3.  Berlin  rejoices  over 
the  Burremier  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon. 

1870-71  About  40,000  soldiers  receive 
the  decoration  of  the  Iron  Cross. 

Oct.  *  Gen.  Jean  J.  A.  Uhrich,  the  de- 
fender of  Strashurg,  receives  the  Grand 
Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

1871  Jan.  3.  Several  bankers  are 
condemned  to  imprisonment  for  snb- 
scribing  to  the  French  loan. 

Mar.  22.  Berlin.  Bismarck  is  created 
a  prince. 

1872  Mar.  22.  Berlin.  The  German 
princes  have  a  meeting  in  honor  of  the 
emperor's  birthday. 

STATE. 

1869  June  17.  Oldenburg.  The  King 
of  Prussia  inaugurates  the  first  German 
military  post,  Wilhelmshafen,  at  Hip- 
pens,  Bay  of  Jahde. 

Oct.  29.  Berlin.  The  Landtag  rejects 
the  proposal  to  disarm. 

Baden.    Universal   suffrage    is 

adopted  by  the  second  chamber  of  the 
Landtag. 

'Nov.  25.  Bavaria.  The  ministry  resign 
(Dec.  9).  [Resignations  are  partially  ac- 
cepted by  the  king.] 

1870  Feb.  12.  Bavaria.  The  Landtag 
votes  a  want  of  confidence  in  Prince 
Hohenlohe,  its  president.  [Feb.  14, 
He  resigns.] 

July  5±.  Prus.  Prince  Leopold  of 
Hohenzollern-Sigiuaringen  consents  to 
become  a  candidate  for  the  throne  of 
Spain  ;  [France  makes  this  a  pretext 
for  war.] 

July  12.  With  the  king's  consent  Prince 
Iieopold  declines  the  candidacy  for  the 
Spanish  throne  because  of  the  strong 
opposition  of  the  French  government. 

July  13.  The  French  Government  re- 
quires King  'William  to  guarantee  that 
no  HohenzoUern  prince  shall  again  ac- 
cept the  candidacy  for  the  Spanish 
throne.  [The  king  refusing,  diplomatic 
relations  between  the  countries  are  sev- 
ered, and  Benedetti,  the  French  minis- 
ter, is  not  received  at  Berlin.] 

A  telegram  from  Ems  [attributed  to 
Count  Bismarck],  falsely  stating  that  the 
French  ambassador  had  been  publicly 
insulted  by  King  William,  intensifies  the 
irritation  of  the  French,  as  it  was  de- 
signed to  do. 

July  15.  Fr.  Napoleon  III.  declares 
war  against  King  William. 

*  *  Contrary  to  Napoleon's  expectations, 
Bavaria,  WUrtemberg,  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
and  Baden  uphold  Prussia  in  the  war 
against  their  "  hereditary  enemy." 

July  19.  Berlin.  Count  Bismarck  an- 
nounces the  declaration  of  war  by 
France,  and  declares  it  groundless  and 
presumptuous. 

The  North  German  Parliament 
meets,  and  votes  to  support  Prussia 
against  the  French. 


July  20^.  Bavaria.  The  king  announces 
his  intention  of  joiniiig  Prussia  against 
France.  [«Iuly'20-t.  Baden  also  joins. 
July  *  Frankfort  also.] 

July  29.  Berlin.  Bismarck  issues  a  cir- 
cular despatch  explaining  to  the  Ger- 
man states  his  dilatory  treatment  of 
France. 

July  31.  Berlin.  William  issues  a 
proclamation  granting  amnesty  for  po- 
litical oflfenses,  and  accepting  the  battle 
for  the  defense  of  the  Fatherland. 

Aug.  3.  Berlin.  The  king  issues  a  proc- 
lamation to  the  army,  and  takes  com- 
mand of  it. 

Sept.  *  Negotiations  are  carried  on  be- 
tween Bismarck  and  Favre,  but  with- 
out result,  the  French  refusing  any  con- 
cession of  territory. 

*  *  The  great  victories  in  France  facilitate 
German  unity. 

Sept.  6i.  Munich,  Stuttgart,  and  other 
cities  of  South  Germany,  declare  for 
union  with  North  Germany. 

Sept.  13.  Berlin.  Bismarck  by  circu- 
lar letter  announces  that  Prussia  will 
not  make  peace  witli  France  until  she 
possesses  the  fortifications  which 
threaten  German  frontiers  on  the  west. 

Sept.  *  -Nov.  *  Berlin.  The  Socialists 
oppose  the  annexation  of  Alsace  and 
Lorraine. 

Nov.  15.  Baden  and  Hesae-Darm- 
stadt  join  the  North  German  Confeder- 
ation by  treaty.  [Nov.  23.  Bavaria 
also  joins.  Nov.  26.  Wiirtemberg 
joins.] 

Nov.  28.  Berlin.  The  parliament  votes 
100,000,000  thalers  to  continue  the  war. 

Dec.  3.  Berlin.  The  Imperial  crown 
is  offered  to  the  King  of  Prussia. 

Dec.  4±.  Bavaria.  The  king,  in  a  letter 
to  the  King  of  Saxony,  proposes  the 
nomination  of  the  King  of  Prussia  as 
Emperor  of  Germany. 

Dec.  10.  Berlin.  The  North  German 
Parliament  in  an  address  requests  the 
king  to  become  emperor.  Vote,  188-fi. 
[Dec.  18.  It  is  solemnly  presented  to 
King  William  in  an  assembly  of  princes, 
by  President  Simpson.] 

1871.  Jan.  1.  The  German  Empire 
is  reestablished. 

Jan.  18.  Fr.  All  the  sovereign  princes 
and  the  three  free  cities  having  offered 
the  crown  of  Germany  to  the  King  of 
Prussia,  "William  I.  is  proclaimed 
Emperor  of  Germany  at  Versailles. 

Jan,  *  Hamburg  joins  the  Empire. 

Feb.  26.  Fr.  The  preUminaries  of 
peace  are  signed  at  Versailles  (p.  745). 

Mar.  21.  Berlin.  First  Imperial  par- 
hament  of  Germany,  called  the  Reichs- 
tag, is  opened  by  Emperor  William; 
397  members  are  present. 

Mar.  22.  Berlin.  Bismarck  is  made  an 
hereditary  prince. 

Apr.  14.  The  Constitution  of  the  new 
German  Federal  State  is  adopted  al- 
most unanimously  by  the  Reichstag. 

Provisions ;  The  presidency  la  ronnectcd 
hereditarily  with  the  crown  of  I'russia,  with 
the  title  of  German  Emperor ;  he  has  autlior- 


ity  to  decide  international  relations,  and  to 
declare  war  and  peace  with  the  consent  of 
the  Federal  Council,  lo  conclude  alliances, 
and  to  command  the  army  and  navy.  A 
federal  council,  called  the  Hundesrath,  is  to 
consist  of  the  representatives  of  tlie  twenty- 
five  governmenls  of  the  empire,  and  the 
chancellor  of  the  empire  is  to  be  its  presi- 
dent. Prussia  will  liave  17  votes,  Bavaria 
six,  Saxony  and  Wiirtemberg  each  four,  Ua- 
den  and  Hesse  each  three,  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin  and  Itrunswick  each  two,  and  the 
rest  of  the  states  one  vote  each.  Total,  5ft 
votes. 

The  Imperial  parliament,  called  the  Reichs- 
tag, will  consist  of  382  meniliers,  who  are  to 
be  chosen  by  manhood  suffrage. 

A  centralized  military  system  requires  uni- 
versal compulsory  service  of  three  years  in 
the  standing  army,  four  years  in  the  reserves, 
and  five  years  in  the  l^andwehr.  The  postal 
and  telegraph  system,  tlie  coinage,  and 
weights  and  measures  are  to  be  uniform  in 
the  empire. 

Apr.  17.  Hamburg  is  confirmed  in  its 
privileges  as  a  free  port. 

May  4.  The  new  Constitution  of  the 
German  Empire  becomes  eflfective. 

May  10.  Frankfort.  A  treaty  of  peace 
is  signed  (p.  745).  [May  16.  Berlin. 
Ratified.] 

May  12.  Berlin.  The  chancellery  of  the 
empire  is  established,  with  Prince  Otto 
Ton  Bismarck  as  first  chancellor. 

June  9.  Berlin.  The  law  completing  the 
annexation  of  Alsace  is  enacted. 

July  *  The  Government  disapproves  of 
the  excommunication  of  bishops  who 
deny  papal  infallibility. 

Nov.  6±.  Berlin.  The  coinage  is  re- 
formed ;  the  introduction  of  a  gold  coin 
is  approved  by  the  Federal  Council. 
[Xov.  18.    The  Keichstag  approves.] 

1872  Jan.  17.  Berlin.  Von  Miihler, 
the  minister  of  public  instruction,  an 
ultra  Conservative,  is  forced  to  resign. 
[Jan.  22.  Br.  Paul  L.  A.  Falk  is  ap- 
pointed.] 

Feb.  8-10.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  op- 
poses clerical  interference  with 
schools. 

May  14.  Bismarck  announces  to  the 
Reichstag  that  the  Pope  has  rejected 
Cardinal  Hohenlohe,  the  German  am- 
bassador. 

May*  The  new  "National  Conserva- 
tive Party"  is  formed. 

*  *  Berlin.  The  Government  creates  new 
peers  to  sustain  its  measures  in  the  Ger- 
man parliament. 

Jiuie  19.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  votes 
for  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits;  the 
session  ends.  Vote,  131-93.  [July  5.  The 
law  is  published.] 

Jtine  29.  Germany  and  France  enter  a 
new  agreement. 

It  fixes  the  payment  of  the  fourth  mil- 
liard for  March"l,  1874;  the  fifth,  March 
1,  1875;  a  financial  security  for  the  fifth 
milliard  is  to  be  accepteit  by  Germany 
in  place  of  the  continual  occupation  of 
French  territory. 

July  5.  Berlin.  Bismarck  declares  that 
Ultramontanes  are  a  peril  to  the  empire. 

Sept.  5,  6.  Berlin.  A  meeting  of  sov- 
ereigns. The  Czar  and  the  Emperor  of 
Austria  meet  the  Emperor  of  Germany  ; 
they  form  a  secret  alliance. 

Sept.  20.  Alsace.  Option  day  arrives. 
Tlie  people  of  Alsace  finally  choose 
their  nationality,  and  emigrate  with 
their  property  if  they  prefer  France. 


■828    1872,  Sept.*- 1878,  June  5.  GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

.1878    May  31.    Eng.    The  ironclad 

Grosser  Kurfiirst  ia  sunk  by  collision 
vi'ith  Konig  \Vilhelm;  300  lives  are  lost. 
[1879.  July.  *  Adxn.  Batsch  is  sen- 
tenced to  Biz  months*  imprisonment.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1872*  *  Jeremiah  at  the  Fall  of  Jerusa- 
lem is  painted  by  Eduard  Bendermaun. 

1873  Sept.  2.  Berlin.  A  monument 
of  victory  is  unveiled. 

It  commemorates  successes  in  three 
wars,  with  Denmark  (1854),  Austria(1866), 
and  France  (1870-71). 

*  *  The  Triumph  of  Germanicus  is  painted 
by  Karl  von  Pili'tz. 

.1873-75  Paul  Gussfeldt  conducts  a  sci- 
entific expedition  into  West  Africa. 

An  attempt  to  explore  the  interior 
fails  because  of  insuperable  difficulties  ; 
but  valuable  collections  and  observa- 
tions are  made,  brought  back,  and  pub- 
lished. 

1874  *  *  Schleswig-Holstein.  The  seat  of 
the  observatory,  for  a  long  time  at  Al- 
tona,  is  removed  to  Kiel. 

1875  Aug.  16.  Lippe.  A  statue  of 
Hermann  (Arminius),  erected  at  Det- 
mold  by  Ernst  Bandei,  is  uncovered  by 
the  emperor. 

1876  Aug.  13.  Bavaria.  Three  series 
of  performances  of  Wugner's  Ring  des 
Nibelungen  in  four  parts  open  at  Bai- 
reuth,  in  tlie  presence  of  the  Emperors 
of  Germany  and  Brazil,  the  King  of  Ba- 
varia, and  many  other  sovereigns. 

*  *  The  Holy  Family  is  painted  by  Lud- 
wig  Knaus. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1872  *  *  Bahr,  or  Baehr,  Johann  C.  F.,  classi- 
cal scholar,  autlior,  A74. 

Daniel,  Hermann  A.,  theologian^  geog.,  A60. 

DevTient,  Cuslav  E.,  actor,  ACS. 

Devrient,  Karl  A.,  actor,  A74. 

Feuerbach,  Ludwig  A.,  philosopher,  A68. 

■Goldstiicker,  Tlieodor,  Sanskrit  scholar,  A51. 

Hartmann,  Moritz,  poet,  A60. 

Kalisch,  David,  poet,  A52. 

Maurer,  tJeorg  L.,  Jurist,  A83. 

Mohl,  Hugo  von,  botanist,  A67. 

Oettinger,  Eduard  M.,  novelist,  bibliog.,A64. 

Schnorr  von  KarolsfeM,  Julius,  paint.,  A78. 

Trendelenburg,  Fnedrich  A.,  phil.,  A70. 

Uhlich,  I^ebereclit,  rationalistic  tlieol.,  A73. 
1873*  *  AUioll,  Joseph  F.,  K.  C.  cl.,au.,  A80. 

Breithaupt,  Joliann  A.  F.,  mineralogist,  A82. 

Bube,  Adolph,  jtoet,  A71. 

Deutsch,  Ktiianuel  O.  M.,  orientalist,  A44. 

Furst,  Julius,  orientalist,  AtiS. 

John,  King  of  Saxony,  A72. 

Keller,  Joseph,  engraver,  A62. 

KuTz,  Heiuricli,  orientalist,  A68. 

Liiebig',  Baron  Justus  von,  chemist,  A70. 

Menzel,  Wolfgang,  critic,  historian,  A75. 

Jliihlbatili,    Lulae    (Mrs.    Theodor  Mundt), 
novelist.  ASy. 

MUUer   von  Kbnigswiter,  Wolfgang,  poet, 
A57. 

Eaumer,  Friedrlch  L.  G.,  historian^  A92. 

Kose,  (iustav,  mineralogist,  A75. 
1874  *  *  Alirens,  Heinrich,  jurist,  au.,  A66. 

Blubme,  or  Illume,  Friedrich,  jurist,  A77. 

Gabelentz,  Hans  C.  von  der,  politician,  phi- 
lologist, linguist,  A67. 

Hagenbacii,  Karl  K.,  tlieol.,  ercl.,  hist.,  A73. 

Hansen,  I'eter  A.,  astronomer,  A79. 

Haupt,  Morttz,  pliilologist,  A(i6. 

Heyt,  August  von  der,  statesman,  A73. 

Hildebrandt.  Ferdinand  T.,  painter,  A70. 

HoflEmami,  August  H.,  poet,  A76. 

Kaulbach,  Willielin,  painter,  A69. 

Miidler,  Johann  H.,  astronomer,  A80. 

Renter,  Fritz,  poet,  novelist,  A64. 

Rodiger,  Endl,  Hebraist,  A73. 

Schultze,  Max,  biologist,  A49. 

Strauss.  David  F.,  rationaltstlo  theol.,  A6(). 

Tiscliendorf,  Lobegott  Kriedri<!h  Constantin 
von,  ])lHlologiBt,  Biblical  critic,  A59. 
1675  *   *  Andree,  Karl  T.,  geographer,  A67. 

Argelander,  Friedrich  W.  A.,  aatron,,  A76. 

Arrest,  Heinrich  L.  d*,  astronomer,  A53. 

Bauer,  WUhelm,  engineer,  inventor,  AS3. 


I>aunier,  Georg  F.,  philosopher,  A75. 
Ewald,  Georg  H.  A.,  orientalist.   Biblical 

critic,  A72. 
Herwegli,  Georg,  lyric  poet,  A58. 
Hitzig,  Ferdinand,  Biblical  critic,  A68. 
Jahr,  Georg  H.  (;.,  homeopatliist.  A74. 
Pescliel,  Oskar  F.,  geographer,  A49. 
Rodliertus,  Karl,  economist,  socialist,  A70. 
Rubens,  Cluristoph,  pamter,  A70. 
Spiess,  Heinrich,  painter,  A43. 
Uechtritz,  Friedrich  von,  dram.,  poet,  A75. 
Vincke,  Ernest  G.  von,  orator,  states.,  A64. 

1876  *  *  Auersperg,   Count   Anton    A.  von, 
poet,  A70. 

Bandei,  Ernst  von,  sculptor,  A76. 
Clielius,  Maximilian  J.,  surgeon,  A82. 
Diez,  Friedrich  C,  pliilologist,  A82. 
Diiringsfeld,  Ida  von,  novelist,  Atil. 
Ehrenl)erg,  Christian  G.,  naturalist,  A81. 
Falke,  JoJmnn  F.  (i.,  historian,  A53. 
Freiligratli,  Ferdinand,  j)oet.  A66. 
Gotz,  Hermann,  composer,  A36. 
Hensel,  Luise,  religious  poet,  A78. 
Heuglin,  Theodor  von,  traveler,  au.,  A52. 
Lang,  Heinrich,  clergyman,  author,  A50. 
Miclielet,  Karl  L.,  philosoplier,  A75. 
Mold,  Julius  von,  orientalist,  A76. 
Pertz,  Georg  H.,  historian,  A81. 
Petermann,  Julius  H.,  orientalist,  A75. 
Rltscld,  Friedrich  W.,  philologist,  A70. 
Twesten,  August  I).  C.,  theologian,  A87. 
Wuttke,  Heinrich,  historian,  ASH. 

1877  *  *  Becker,  Karl  F.,  organ.,  comp.,A73. 
Devrient,  Pbilipp  E.,  actor,  dram,  wr.,  A76. 
Erman,  Georg  A.,  natural  phil.,  trav.,  A71. 
Ettmuller,  Ernst  M.  L.,  pliilologist,  A75. 
Grassniann,   Hermann   G.,  mathematician, 

orientalist,  A68. 
Hacklander,  Friedrich  W.  von,  novelist,  A61. 
Ketteler,    Baron    Wilhelm    E.    von,    H.    C. 

bishop  of  Mentz,  statesman,  author,  A66. 
Littrow,  Karl  L.,  astronomer,  A66. 
Mosenthal,  Salomon  II.,  dramatist,  A56. 
Poggendorff,  Johann  C,  physicist,  A81. 
Tholuck,  Friedrich  A.  G.,  ^.,  pulpit  orator, 

author,  A78. 
Veit,  Philipp,  painter,  A84. 
Volkmann,  Alfred  W.,  physiologist,  A76. 
Wunderlich,  Karl  A.,  pliysician,  A62. 
Zumpt,  August  W.,  class,  schol.,  antlq.,  A62. 

1878  •  *  Beck,  Johann  T.,  theologian,  A74. 
Brachvogel,  All>ert  E.,  writer,  A54. 
Fernkorn,  Anton  !>.,  sculptor,  A65. 
George  V.,  King  of  Hanover,  A59. 
Gutzkow,  Karl  F.,  novelist,  dramatist,  A67. 
Hanel,  Gustav  F.,  jurist,  A86. 

Hoefer,  Johann  C.  F.,  writer,  A67. 
Kohl,  Johann  (;.,  traveler,  WTiter,  A70 
Keim,  Theodor,  theologian,  A53. 
Kiibner,  Rafael,  philologist,  A76. 
Leo,  Heinrich,  historian,  vV79. 
Miiller,  Julius,  theologian,  A77. 
Mayer,  .lulius  R.,  pliysicist.  A64. 
Petermann,  August  H.,  geographer,  A56. 
Preller,  Friedricli,  artist,  A74. 
Rokitansky,  Karl,  pbys.,  pathologist,  A74. 
Teuffel,  Wilhelm  S.,  class,  scholar,  A68. 


CHURCH. 

1872  *  *  Berlin.  Government  disputes 
arise  with  the  Roman  Catholic  clergy  be- 
cause of  their  support  of  papal  infalli- 
bility; the  bishop  of  Ermland*s  salary 
is  ordered  to  be  suspended. 

1873  Feb.  *  The  archbishops  of  Co- 
logne, and  Gnesen  and  Posen  issue  a 
declaration  against  contemplated  legis- 
lation on  church  affairs. 

Mar.  12.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  de- 
clares the  church  in  subjection  to  the 
state. 

May  11.  Berlin.  Dr.  Falk,  minister  of 
public  worship,  secures  the  passage  of 
the  May  Jjaws. 

They  require  candidates  for  the  clerical  of- 
fl(!e  to  undergo  a  certain  amount  of  secular 
training  at  tlie  universities,  and  the  sanction 
of  the  secular  authorities  to  all  ecclesiastical 
api>ointnients,  also  providing  for  a  royal  tri- 
bunal for  ecclesiastical  matters ;  the  Pope 
declares  these  laws  invalid,    (See  State.) 

♦  *  A  severe  struggle  occurs  with  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  clergy  in  establishing  the 
supremacy  of  the  state. 

Many  penalties  Imposed,  refractory  bish- 
ops imprisoned,  deposed,  and  banished,  and 
financial  support  withdrawn  from  the  clergy ; 


religious  orders  dissolved,  and  laymen  are 
made  administrators  of  churcli  proiierty  in- 
stead of  the  clergy. 

Jiuie  1.  The  Old  Catholics  elect  their 
first  bishop,  iJr.  Joseph  Ueinkens. 

[Aug.  *  He  is  recognized  by  the  em- 
peror and  other  powers.] 

Aug.  7.  The  Pope  writes  the  emperor 
complaining  of  ecclesiastical  persecu- 
tions, and  asserting  his  authority  over 
all  baptized  persons. 

Sept.  3.  Berlin.  The  emperor  sends  a 
letter  to  the  Pope  justifying  tlie  Minis- 
try and  Government,  ana  asserting  that 
there  is  no  mediator  between  God  and 
man  but  Jesus  Christ. 

Sept.  18.  Switz.  A  Congress  of  Old 
Catholics  is  held  at  Constance. 

[1874,  Sept.  6,  at  Freiburg,  Hanover: 
1875,  Aug.  12,  at  Bonn,  Prussia;  1877, 
Sept.  28,  at  Mentz,  Hesse  ;  1880,  Sept.  19^, 
at  Baden.] 

Oct.*  Finesare  imposed  on  Archbishop 

Ledochowski  of  Gnesen  and  Posen  tor 
threatening  to  excommunicate  a  pro- 
fessor, and  on  Archbishop  Melchers  for 
ordaining  priests  without  permission  of 
the  Government. 

1874  Feb.  3.  Archbishop  Ledo- 
chowski is  imprisoned  for  his  hostility 
to  the  May  Laws.     [Apr.  15.    Deposed.] 

Mar.  30.  1th.  Prus.  The  Government 
arrests  Archbishop  Melchers  of  Co- 
logne for  resisting  the  May  haws. 

May*  The   new  ecclesiastical   laws, 

restraining  the  bishops  and  punishing 

disobedience,  are  published. 
May  27.    Rh.  Prus.    The  first  synod  of 

Old  Catholics  held  in  Germany  meets  at 

Bonn. 

July  10.  Westphalia.  Bishop  Martin 
of  Paderborn  resists  tlie  clerical  laws. 
[Sept.  7.  He  is  summoned  to  resign  ;  he 
refuses.  Sept.  21.  He  is  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  for  sedition.] 

July  21.  Berlin.  The  Roman  Catholic 
associations  are  closed  by  the  Govern- 
ment. 

Sept.  14.  liavnria.  Dr.  Dollinger  re- 
ceives delegates  from  Kastern  and  West^ 
ern  churches  at  Bonn,  with  a  view  for 
union  with  the  Old  Catholics.  iAfter 
much  discussion  agreement  is  obtained 
on  certain  preliminaries.] 

Nov.  30.  Berlin.  The  first  Old  Catho- 
lic church  in  Berlin  is  opened, 

1875  Jan.  *  Catholic  bishops  and  priests 
are  imprisoned  for  violating  ecclesias- 
tical laws. 

Feb.  5.    A  papal  encyclical  is  issued. 

declaring  the  church  laws,  based  on  the 

new  order  of  things,  invalid  ;  the  Roman 

Catholic  deputies  in  the  i^audtag  protest 

against  it. 
Apr.  2.     Prus.     Roman  Catholic  bishops 

at  Fulda  address  the  emperor  against 

ecclesiastical  legislation.    [Apr.  9. 

They  are  rebuked  for    disobeying   the 

law.] 
Aug.  *  The  partial  submission  of   the 

bishops  to  the  laws  is  announced. 
Oct.  6.     Silesm.    Prince-Bishop  Forster 

of  Breslau  is  deposed. 

*  *  Rome.  Archbishop  Ledochowski  is 
made  a  cardinal  priest.  [1876.  Feb.  3. 
He  is  released  from  prison.] 

1876  July  ♦  The  quarrel  with  the 
Holy  See  occasions  the  deposition  of  six 
archbishops,  four  bishops  ;  the  expul- 
sion of  600  persons,  including  120  priests, 
from  Cologne  alone  ;  the  vacancy  of  476 
parishes  in  seven  bishoprics  alone. 

1878  Feb.  7.  Rome.  Pius  IX.  dies. 
[Leo  Xin.  enthroned.] 


GERMANY.  1872,  Sept* -1878,  June  5.     829" 


LETTERS. 

1872  *  *  ^foti^€,  by  Pairi  Lindau,  ap- 
pears. [1875,  Beaumarckais ;  1877,  Alfred 
de  Musset.^ 

±  •  ♦  Die  Gegenwart  is  issued. 

•  •  Papyrus  Ehers  and  Through  Goshen 
to  Sinai,  by  Ebers,  appear.  [lS77,  Uar- 
da ;  1878,  Homo  Sum  and  Egypt  in 
Word  and  Picture.] 

1873  *  *  Die  Kinder  der  Welt,  by  Heyse, 
appears. 

•  *  State  and  Church,  by  Zeller,  appears. 
[1880,  History  of  the  Foundations  of  Gre- 
cian Philosophy.] 

1874*  *  Trojan  Antiquities,  by  Sclilie- 
mann,  appears.     [1877,  Mycense.] 

•  *  Anthropogenie,  by  Haekel,  appears. 

•  *  Literaturzeitung  is  issued  at  Jena. 

•  *  Deutsche  iiundschau  is  issued. 

1876  *  *  The  Sfrugt/lefor  Home,  by  Dabn, 
appears.  [1878,  Primitive  History  of  the 
Germanic  and  Romance  People  and  Bal- 
lads and  Songs;  1879,  Reason  in  Law; 
1880,  Odin's  Coiisolatioji.] 

1877  Sept.  26.  Hesse-Kassau.  Tbe 
32d  Congress  of  German  philologists 
meets  at  Wiesbaden ;  Krust  Curtius  is 
president. 

SOCIETY. 

1872  Sept.  *  The  conscription  causes 

great  emigration  of  young  men  to  Amer- 
ica, 

Oct.  31.  Baden.  Gambling- hoxises  are 
finally  closed. 

Dec.  2.  Berlin.  The  Government  cre- 
ates 24  new  peers. 

1873  Apr.  21,  22.  Hesse-Nassau.  Kiots 
occur  in  Frankfort  through  rise  in  the 
price  of  beer  ;  they  are  suppressed  by  sol- 
diers; 37  people  killed,  100  wounded. 

1874  July  13.  Bavaria.  At  Kissen- 
gen,  Kullman,  a  cooper's  apprentice,  at- 
tempts to  kill  Bisroarck  '*  because  of 
the  church  laws."  [Oct.  30.  Sentenced 
to  14  years'  imprisonment.] 

Oct.  4.  Berlin.  Count  Harry  Arnim, 
formerly  ambassador  at  Rome  and  Paris, 
is  suddenly  arrested  and  imprisoned  for 
refusing  to  give  up  official  ecclesiastico- 
political  papers.  [Oct.  28.  Ill  and  re- 
leased on  bail.  >iov.  12.  Rearrested. 
Dec.  19.  Tried  and  convicted,  and  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment  for  three 
months.  Later,  he  gets  a  new  trial. 
Sentence  contirmed.J 

1875  Jan,  *  A  law  is  passed  requiring 
the  registration  of  births,  deaths,  and 
marriugea. 

May  28.  Berlin  is  visited  by  the  King 
and  Queen  of  Sweden, 

Dec.  11.  A  dynamite  fiend  is  ar- 
rested. 

A  man  named  Thomson  consigns  a  cask 
containing  dynamite  to  Bremerhafen,  to 
be  shipped  by  the  steamer  Mosel.  A  se- 
cret martiine  was  to  have  exploded  it 
in  eight  days,  but  a  premature  explosion 
occurs  on  the  dock,  killing  80  and  wound- 
ing alxtut  200  persons,  mostly  emigrants. 
[liiomson  commits  suicide.] 

1877  Jan.  1.  Berlin.  The  emperor 
celebrates  his  70th  military  anniver- 
sary. [Jan.  22,  Also  his  80th  birth- 
day.] 

•  *  Socialists  are  alleged  to  constitute 
about  one-tenth  of  the  entire  body  of 
voters. 

1878  May  11.  Berlin.  KmilH.M.Ho- 
del,  a  young  Socialist,  shoots  at  and 
misses  tlie  emperor,  f  June  2,  Br.  Karl 
E.  Nohiling,  another  Socialist,  wounds 
the  emperor.  June  * -Sept,  *  He  gradu- 
ally recovers.] 


STATE. 

1872  Sept.  *  The  great  emigration  of 
young  men  to  America  to  avoid  the  con- 
scription is  forbidden  by  the  Govern- 
ment. 

Oct.  31,  Berlin.  The  Bundesrath,  or 
House  of  Peers,  defeats  the  Govern- 
ment on  the  districts*  administrations 
reform  bill,  which  would  lessen  the 
power  of  the  peers  in  the  provinces  by 
granting  representatives  to  the  peasants 
in  the  local  assemblies.    Vote,  146-18. 

Oct.  *  Tlie  Emperor  William  arbitrates 
the  San  Juan  boundary  dispute,  and 
decides  in  favor  of  the  United  States. 

Dee.  2.  Berlin.  In  the  Bundesrath  24 
new  peers  have  been  created  to  give  the 
Government  additional  votes. 

Dec.  7.  Berlin.  In  the  Bundesrath  the 
peers  pass  the  principle  of  the  reform 
bill.    Vote,  114-87. 

Dec.  18.  Berlin.  It  is  announced  that 
Bismarck  resigns  the  presidency  of  the 
Federal  Council,  but  continues  the  for- 
eign department. 

Dec.  31.  Berlin.  Diplomatic  relations 
"With  the  Pope  are  severed. 

Dec*  Berlin.  Count  Hoon  is  made 
president  of  the  Federal  Council. 

1873  Jan.  9.  Berlin.  A  bill  is  intro- 
duced in  the  Reichstag  by  M.  Falk, 
minister  of  public  worship,  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  royal  tribunal  of  eccle- 
siastical affairs  in  opposition  to  the 
authority  of  the  Pope  in  Germany. 
[May  11.    Passed.] 

Mar.  12.  Berlin.  The  subjection  of  the 
church  to  the  state  is  announced  by  the 
Reichstag. 

Mar.  15.  Berlin.  The  May  Iaws  are 
passed  by  the  Reichstag.    (See  Church.) 

May  11,  12.  Berlin.  The  chancellors 
of  Germany,  Austria,  and  Russia  meet. 
[May  13.  They  agree  to  an  urgent 
note  to  Turkey  on  tue  Eastern  policy. 
May  *  France  and  Italy  approve.  May 
19.  England  disapproves.  Note  not  pre- 
sented because  of  a  revolution  in  Tur- 
key.] 

June  23.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  passes 
the  monetary  reform  law. 

Nov,  12.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  opens  ; 
the  Government  has  432  votes,  the  Oppo- 
sition, 121. 

Dec.  3.  Berlin.  Ultramontanes  in  the 
Reichstag  join  the  Opposition,  and  defeat 
the  Government  in  restricting  the 
press. 

Dec.  *  Berlin.  In  the  Reichstag  a  new 
oath  of  implicit  obedience  to  the  state 
is  proposed  for  the  clergy ;  the  Civil 
Marriage  Bill  is  passed.  [1875.  Jan. 
25.    It  is  adopted  by  the  Landtag.] 

*  •  Saxony.    Albert  becomes  king. 

1874  Jan.  1 1 .  Parliamentary  e  1  e  c- 
tionsare  held,  [Of  397  members  elected, 
about  two-thirds  are  Nationalist  Liber- 
als, and  about  100  Ultramontanists.] 

Mar.  *  Berlin.  The  Army  Bill,  requir- 
ing permanently  401,659  men  instead  of 
360,000,  occasions  a  constitutional  strug- 
gle in  the  Reichstag.  [Apr.  10±.  A  com- 
promise, settling  the  army  for  seven 
years,  is  agreed  to.] 


June  *  The  German  Xiiberal  Associa- 
tion is  formed  against  Particularists  and 
Ultramontanists. 

Oct.  1.  Berlin.  A  law  for  compulsory 
civil  marriage  and  the  civil  registration 
of  births  and  deaths  is  introduced  into 
the  Reichstag.    [1875.    Jan.    Passed.] 

Oct.  4.  Berlin.  Count  Harry  Arnim, 
an  opponent  of  Bismarck's  anti-papal 
plans,  is  arrested.    (See  Society.) 

Dec.  10.  Berlin.  The  Keichstag  gives 
an  adverse  vote  to  Bismarck,  and  he  re- 
signs the  chancellorship. 

Dec.  18.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  gives 
Bismarck  a  vote  of  confidence ;  he  de- 
cides to  retain  his  office.    Vote,  199-71. 

1875  Mar.  16,  Berlin.  The  clerical 
control  of  parish  funds  is  taken  away 
by  the  Reichstag ;  a  bill  for  depriving 
the  Roman  Catholic  clergy  of  state  aid 
is  introduced. 

July  1.  The  international  postal 
laws  become  operative. 

1876  Jan.  1.  Berlin.  The  Imperial 
Bank  of  Germany  opens. 

Mar.  20.  The  Southern  states  oppose 
the  purchase  of  all  railways  by  the 

Government. 

Oct.  27.  Berlin.  The  new  Reichstag 
meets,  with  a  Liberal  majority. 

1877  Jan.  10,  11.  Parliamentary  elec- 
tions return  a  Liberal  majority  to  the 
Reichstag ;  Socialist-Democrats  repre- 
sent Berlin. 

Mar.  6.  Bavaria.  A  new  Ultramon- 
tane party,  called  the  "  Popular  Catlio- 
lic  Party,"  is  formed. 

Mar.  21.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  settles 
the  Supreme  Court  at  Leipsic.  [1879. 
Sept.  1.    Opens.] 

*  *  The  Reichstag  enacts  a  new  code  of 
laws. 

Apr.  3.  Berlin.  Bismarck  resigns. 
[Apr.  8.  He  withdraws  his  resignation, 
but  retires  temporarily  for  his  health. 
1878.    Feb.  15.    Resumes  his  work.] 

*  *  Hesse.  Louis  TV,  becomes  grand 
duke  of  Hesse-Darmstadt. 

1878  Feb.  19.  Berlin.  Bismarck  an- 
nounces the  German  policy  on  the 
£]astem  question ;  strict  neutrality  and 
non-interference  are  assured. 

Mar.  6.  Ministerial  crisis;  Camphau- 
sen,  minister  of  finance,  resigns. 

May  24,  25,  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  re- 
jects a  stringent  bill  for  the  repression 
of  Socialism.    Vote,  251-57. 

June  4,  5.  Berlin.  The  crown  prince 
rules  on  account  of  his  father,  the  em- 
peror, being  wounded  by  Nobiling. 
[Dec.  5.  The  emperor  resumes  the  gov- 
ernment.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1874  June  13.  Bremen,  An  Interna- 
tional Agricultural  Exhibition  is 
opened. 

1875  May  7.  The  Hamburg  mail- 
steamer  Schiller  is  wrecked  in  a  fog 
on  rocks  off  the  Scilly  Isles  ;  331  persons- 
are  drowned. 

July  1.  International  postal  regula- 
lations  go  into  operation. 


830     1878,  June  13-1886,  Feb.  * 


GERMA'i^Y. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1878  *  *  Rh,  Prus.  A  colossal  statue  of 
Frederick  "WiUiam  HI.  is  erected  in 

Cologne. 

It  is  22  feet  high,  with  figures  of 
Blucher,  Humboldt,  and  others  at  the 
base;  it  Is  erected  by  lihinelauders ;  it 
la  unveiled  by  the  emperor. 
1870*  *  Berlin,  Dr.  Robert  Koch 
identifies  the  microscopical  germs  of 
cattle  disease,  consumption,  cholera, 
and  other  diseases. 

1880  Aug.  14.  Ith.  Prus.  The  cathe- 
dral at  Cologne,  begun  in  l'^48,  is  com- 
pleted.   [Oct.  15.    Opened.] 

1881  May  12,  Berlin.  An  electric 
railway  is  opened  near  Berlin. 

Aug.*  Hanover.  Petroleum  oil  is 
found  in  Liiueberger  Heidee. 

1882  June  *  The  Germania  sails  on  an 
arctic  expedition.  [Oct.  23.  It  re- 
turns.] 

Nov.  *  -Dec.  *  Hesse-Nassau.  A  great 
rise  of  the  Rhine  and  Danube  occurs; 
five  villages  with  250  houses  are  de- 
stroyed near  Wiesbaden. 

*  •  Berlin.  Dr.  Koch  demonstrates  that 
tubercular  disease  can  be  propagated 
by  organisms  termed  bacilli. 

1883  Jan.*  Hesse.  Floods  cause  much 
destruction  of  life  and  property  near 
Worms ;  60  persons  are  drowned. 

May  28.  Berlin.  Statues  of  Wilhelra 
and  Alexander  von  Humboldt  are  un- 
veiled in  presence  of  the  emperor. 

Sept.  28,  Hesse- Nassau.  Germania,  a 
colossal  monument,  a  national  memorial 
of  German  unity  and  victories  of 
1870-71,  set  up  in  the  Niederwald  at 
RUdesheim  on  the  Rhine,  is  uncovered 
by  the  emperor  in  the  presence  of  Ger- 
man sovereigns. 

1884  June  9.  Berlin.  The  foundation 
of  the  new  Parliament  House  is  laid 
by  the  emperor. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1870  *  •  Anderssen,    Adolph,    chess-player, 

A61. 
Cotta,  Bernhard,  geologist,  A71. 
Dove,  Heinrich  \V.,  meteorologist,  A76. 
Fichte.  Immanuel  H.,  philosopher,  \82. 
Frauenstadt,  Christian  JI.  J.,  phil.,  A69. 
Grisehacli,  August  H.  K.,  hotanist,  A65. 
Hubner,  Karl,  painter  of  genre  jiictures,  AGS. 
Koch,  Karl  H.  E.,  naturalist,  A70. 
Meyerheim,  Frie<0"i<ih  E.,  painter,  A71. 
Mohr,  Karl  F.,  physicist,  philosopher,  A73. 
Reichenbach,  Heinrich  C  L.,  naturalist,  A86. 
Roon,  Albrecht  T.  E.  von,  general,  A76. 
Rosenkranz,  Johann  K.  F.,  philosopher,  A74. 
Semper,  (jottfried,  architect,  A76. 
Wolff,  Einil,  sculptor,  A77. 
1880  *  *  Gasern.  Baron  Heinrich  W.  A. 

von.  statesman,  A81. 
Hagen,  Ernest  A.,  novelist,  wr.  on  art,  A83. 
Hahn-Hahn,  Countess  Ida  Marie  Luise 

Sophie  Friederike  Gustave  von.  poet, 

novelist,  A75. 
Held,  Adolf,  economist,  A  34. 
Leonhardt,  Gerhani  A.  W.,  jurist,  A65. 
Lessing,  Karl  F.,  painter,  A72. 
Peters,  Christian  A.  F.,  astronomer,  A74. 
putt,  iiustav  L.,  clergyman,  author,  A44. 
Huge,  Arnold,  puhlicist,  journalist,  A78. 
Waehter,  Karl  G.  von,  jurist,  A83. 
Wagner,  Rudolph  .1.,  chemist,  A57. 
1881*  *  Arnim,   Count    Harry   Karl    K.  E., 

diplomatist,  A57. 
liahnsen,  Julius  F.  A.,  philosoplier,  A51. 
Benfey,Theodor,  orientalist,  philologist,  .\72. 
Dingelstedt,  Baron  Franz  von,  poet,  A67. 
FiJrster,  Heinrich,  prince-bishop  of  Breslau, 

author,  A81. 
Keeker,  Friedrich  K.  F.,  lawyer,  poK,  A70. 
Kuhn,  Adalbert,  philologist,  mytholo.,  A69. 
Lotze,  Rudolf  H.,  pliilosopher,  A64. 
Huge,  Arnold,  scholar,  journalist,  .\79. 
Schleiden,  Matthias  .J.,  phys.,  botanist,  A77. 
Tann,  Baron  Ludwig  von  der,  general,  A66. 
Wichern,  Johann  H.,  cl.,  philanthropist,  A73. 


1883  *  *  Auerbach,  Berthold,  novelist.  A70. 

Bauer,  Bruno,  rationalistic  theol.,  critic,  A73. 

Drake,  Frle<irich,  sculptor,  A77. 

Feldniann,  Leopold,  dramatist,  A80. 

Gruner,  Wilhelm  H.  L.,  engraver,  A81. 

Halbig,  Joliann,  sculptor,  AbH. 

Herzog,  Johaim  J.,  theologian,  author,  A75. 

Hofer,  Edmund,  novelist,  AtiS. 

Hiibner,  Rudolph  J.  B.,  painter,  A76. 

Klnkel,  Johann  G.,  poet,  wr.  on  art,  A67. 

Kullack,  Theodor,  composer,  pianist,  A64. 

Lelunann,  Heinrich,  painter,  A<i8. 

Manteuffel,  Baron  Otto  T.,  statesman,  A75. 

Olshausen,  Justus,  orientalist,  .\82. 

l*auli.  Georg  1{.,  historian,  Atj9. 

Schlagintweit,  Hermann,  traveler,  A56. 

Schwann,  Theodor,  physiologist,  A72. 

Vatke,  Johann  K.  W.,  theologian,  A76. 

Wohler,  Friedrich,  chemist,  A82. 

Zollner,  Johann  K.  F.,  physicist,  A48. 
1883    Feb.   13.     "W^aener.  Wilhelm  Rich - 
ard.  composer,  A70. 

Diefenbach,  Loreuz,  philologist,  A77. 

Dindorf,  Wilhelm,  philologist,  A81. 

Felsing,  Jakob,  engraver,  A8I. 

Fendler,  August,  botanist,  A70. 

Flotow.  Friedrich  von,  composer,  A71. 

Marx,  Karl,  economist,  socialist,  pol.,  A60. 

Schafer,  Arnold,  historian,  A64. 

Sehulze-Delitzsch,  Hermann,  economist,  A72. 

Siemens,  Karl  W.,  physicist,  inventor,  A60. 

Valentin,  Gabriel  G.,  physiologist,  phys.,  A73. 
1884*  *  Behm,  Ernst,  geographer,  A54. 

Berghaus,  Heinrich,  geographer,  A87. 

Brehm,  Alfred  K.,  naturalist,  ASS. 

Cohnheim,  Juliua  F.,  pathologist,  A45. 

Dorner,  Isaac  A.,  theologian,  A76. 

Droysen,  Johann  G.,  historian,  A76. 

Geibei,  Emmanuel^  poet,  A69. 

Goppert,  Heinrich  R.,  botanist,  A84. 

Haizinger,  Anialie,  actor,  A84. 

Hillehrand,  Karl,  historian,  A55. 

Kapp,  Friedrich,  historical  writer,  A60. 

Kolbe,  Adolf  W.  H.,  chemist,  A66. 

Lange,  Johann  P.,  clergyman,  author,  A82. 

Lasker,  Eduard,  statesman,  A  55. 

Laube,  Heinrich,  poet,  novelist,  writer,  A78. 

Lepsius,  Karl  R.,  trav.,  philol.,  antiq.,  A71. 

Perty,  Joseph  A.  M.,  naturalist,  A80. 

Peters,  Wilhelm  K.  H.,  zoologist,  A69. 

Kuppel,  Wilhelm  P.  E.  S.,  naturalist,  trav- 
eler, A90. 

Ulrici,  Hermann,  scholar,  philosopher,  A78. 
1886    Jan.  IS.    Frederick. Charles.  Prince 
of  Prussia,  general,  A57. 

June  2.     Charles  Anthony,  Prince  of  Ho- 
henzollem-Sigmaringen,  A73. 

June  17.    Manteufifel,  Baron  Edwin  H.  K., 
general,  A 76. 

Abt,  Franz,  composer,  A66. 

Benedict,  Sir  Julius,  composer,  A81. 

Curtius,  Georg:.  philologist,  gram.,  A66. 

Heule,  Friedrich  G.  K.,  physician,  A76. 

Hiller,  Ferdinand,  composer,  A74. 

J.ange,  Ludwig,  antitjuary,  archeologist,  A60. 

Meissner,  Alfred,  poet,  A63. 

Nachtigal,  Gustav,  traveler,  A51. 

Schenkel,  Daniel,  rationalistic  theol.,  72. 

Schlagintweit,  Robert,  traveler,  A  52. 

Siebold,  Karl  T.  E.  von,  physiologist,  A81. 


CHURCH. 

1878  *  *  Prus.  The  Mennonites,  being 
always  opposed  to  war,  emigrate  to 
Odessa  to  escape  military  service,  and 
from  thence  go  to  America. 

1879  July  14.  Berlin.  Dr.  Falk,  min- 
ister of  public  worship  and  instruction, 
resigns,  and  Robert  V.  von  Puttkamer 
is  appointed  his  successor. 

[He  endeavors  to  establish  peace  with 
the  Roman  Catholics,  and  secures  the 
passage  of  a  measure  in  the  Landtag  re- 

Sealing  the  obnoxious  provisions  of  the 
lay  l^aws.] 

1880  July  3.  Prussia  passes  a  bill 
making  all  the  clergy  subordinate  to 
the  state. 

Oct.  15.  Ph.  Prus.  The  recently  finished 
Cathedral  of  Cologne  is  opened  with 
many  ceremonies  by  the  emperor  and 
the  German  princes. 

Nov.  22±.  Berlin.  Mommsen,  Virchow, 
and  others  condemn  the  movement 
against  the  Jews;  the  question  is  dis- 
cussed in  the  Landtag  without  result. 
[Dec.  *  Many  Jews  leave  Berlin.] 


1881  Aug.  14.  Berlin.  Bismarck  ap- 
proves the  papal  nomination  of  Dr. 
Felix  Korum  to  be  bishop  of  Treves. 

Aug.  *  Berlin.  The  emperor  attempts  to 
defend  the  Jews  from  persecution  in 
Prussia. 

1883  Oct.  31.  The  fourth  centennial 
of  Luther's  birth  is  celebrated  at  Er- 
furt, llulle,  and  other  cities  with  great 
enthusiasm. 

Dec.  18.  Pome.  The  crown-prince  vis- 
its the  Pope. 

LETTERS. 

1878  Dec.  *  One  hundred  and  seventy- 
four  clubs,  44  newspapers,  and  157  other 
papers  are  suppressed  by  injunctions. 

1879  Jan.  *  Quid  Facianius  nos?  by 
Count  Arnim,  appears. 

*  ♦  Johann  Martin  Schleyer,  inventor  of 
Volapiik,  publishes  a  book  on  his  sys- 
tem. 

1880  *  *  The  Sisters,  by  Ebers,  appears. 
[1881,  The  Emperor;  1885,  Strap  his  ; 
1887,  Die  mibraut.] 

1880-86  Universal  History,  by  Ranke, 
appears. 

1881  *  *  Orckomesos,  Peise  in  der  Troas^ 
and  Ilios,  by  Schliemann,  appear.  [1883, 
Troja;  1886,  Tiryus.] 

*  *  ^n(7e/a,  by  Spielhageu,  appears.  [1883, 
l/klenhauus.] 

1882  *  *  The  Heritage  of  Blood,  by  Gott- 
schall,  appears.  [1883,"  The  Paper  Prin- 
cess.] 

1883-84  Buck  der  Freundscha/l,  by 
Heyse,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1878  July  10.  Berlin.  Hodel,  the  would- 
be  assassinator  of  the  emperor,  is  con- 
demned. [Aug.  10.  Executed.  Sept.  10. 
Dr.  Nobiling  commits  suicide.] 

*  *  Parliament  gives  the  police  special 
powers  for  the  suppression  of  Social- 
ism. 

Nov.  *  A  decree  is  issued  for  the  expul- 
sion of  Socialists  and  other  persons  ob- 
noxious to  the  Government. 

Dec.  21.  Hanover.  The  King  of  Han- 
over marries  Princess  Thyra  of  Den- 
mark. 

1879  Mar.  13.  The  Princess  Louise 
Margaret  of  Prussia  is  married  to  the 
Duke  of  Connaught. 

June  11.  The  Emperor  William's  gold- 
en wedding  is  celebrated. 

1880  Aug.  25.  Bavaria.  The  seventh 
centenary  of  the  founding  of  the  reign- 
ing dynasty  of  dukes  i.s  celebrated. 

Oct.  *  Socialists  are  expelled  from  Ger- 
many. 

1881  Jan.*  Berlin.  The  anti-Se- 
mitic league  is  formed;  it  is  opposed 
by  the  prince  imperial  and  many  others. 

Feb.  27.  Prince  "William,  grandson  of 
the  emperor  and  of  Queen  Victoria,  is 
married  to  Princess  Augusta  Victoria  of 
Schleswig-Holstein. 

*  *  The  average  annual  consumption  per 
capita  of  distilled  spirits  is  1.09  gallons  ; 
beer  24.99  gallons. 

1883  *  *  Berlin.  The  Reichstag,  influ- 
enced by  Prince  Bismarck,  passes  bills 
to  compel  the  working  people,  with  the 
assistance  of  their  employers  and  the 
state,  to  provide  a  fund  against  sickness. 

1884  Sept.  28.  Saxouy.  Eight  dyna- 
mitards  are  brought  to  trial  at  Leipsic 


GERMANY. 


1878,  June  13-1886,  Feb.  *     831 


for  attempting  to  kill  the  emperor.  [Dec. 
15-22.  F.  A.  Reiusdorf,  Rupsch,  and 
Kuchler  are  sentenced  to  death ;  two 
are  imprisoned  and  three  acquitted.] 

*  *  In  six  vearH  emie^ration  has  increased 
fivefold. 

1885  Apr.  1.  The  anniversary  of  Bis- 
marck*8  70th  birthday  is  celebrated. 

1886  Jan.  3,  The  25th  anniversary 
of  the  king's  accession  to  the  throne  of 
Prussia  is  celebrated. 

Feb.  11.  Sarauw,  having  been  tried 
for  high  treason,  in  giving  to  the  French 
Government  information  respecting  for- 
tresses, is  sentenced  to  12  years  of  penal 
servitude. 

STATE. 
1878  June  13-July  13,  Congress  of 
Berlin,  to  settle  questions  relating  to  the 
Balkan  peninsula.  It  is  caused  by  the 
dissatisfaction  of  England  and  Austria 
■with  the  Peace  of  San  Stefano  (p,  566). 

Representatives  present :  Germany, 
Prince  Bismarck ;  Russia,  Prince  Gort- 
schakofF;  Turkey,  Alexander  Caratheo- 
dori  Pasha;  Great  Britain,  Lord  Bea- 
«onsfield  and  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury  ; 
Austria,  Count  Andrassy;  France,  M. 
Waddington  ;  Italy,  Count  Corti. 

TermB :  (I)  Montenegro,  Servla,  and  Ru- 
mania are  to  l»e  indejwndent,  the  two  former 
having  new  frontiers,  and  tlie  latter  losing 
Bessarabia,  but  receiving  a  larger  territory. 

(2)  Bulgaria  is  constituted  an  autonomous 
principality,  tributary  to  the  Sultan,  and  re- 
«tricteil  to  the  territory  between  the  Danube 
and  the  Balkans,  with  the  exception  of  Sophia 
ami  its  territory  of  the  Balkans. 

(3)  The  new  province  of  East  Rumelia, 
formed  out  of  Southern  Bulgaria,  having  its 
boundaries  narrowed  towards  the  south  and 
east,  is  to  have  a  Christian  governor -general 
appointed  by  the  Sultan,  and  it  will  maintain 
a  separate  mllltfa  and  administration. 

(4)  The  occupation  of  East  Kuraella  by 
Russian  troops  is  limited  to  nine  months,  and 
of  Kumania  to  twelve  months. 

(5)  Austria  lias  tlie  atlministration  of  Bos- 
nia, Herzegovina,  and  the  military  occupation 
of  the  Sandshak  of  Nori  Bazar. 

(6)  The  Porte  is  advised  to  cede  a  part  of 
Epirus  and  Thessaly  to  Greece ;  legal  reforms 
are  to  be  made  in  Crete. 

«  (7)  Kussia  receives  enlargement  in  Asia, 
Batoum  as  a  free  harbor,  Ardaghan  and 
some  border  territories;  and  Alasgird  and 
liayazid  are  restored  to  Turkey,  which  is  to 
grant  religious  liberty  to  all  her  subjects. 

Aug.  3.    The  Berlin  Treaty  is  ratified. 

Sept.  9.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  opens. 
Division  of  parties:  National  Liber- 
als, 123;  Imperialists  and  Conservatives, 
119 ;  Center,  including  the  Roman  Cath- 
olics, 105. 

Oct.  11.  Austria  and  Germany  abro- 
gate the  clause  of  the  Peace  of  Prague 
favorable  to  freedom  in  Schleswig,  by  a 
secret  treaty. 

Oct.  19.  Jterfin.  The  Reichstag  passes 
a  bill,  repressing  Socialism,  with  a 
majority  of  72. 

Nov.  *  litrlin.  A  decree ia issued  for  the 
expulsion  of  Socialists  and  others. 

Dec*  The  Government  has  sup- 
pressed by  injunctions,  to  date,  174 
clubs,  44  newspapers,  and  157  other 
papers. 

*  *  Hanover.  Smest  Augustus  H.  be- 
comes king. 

*  *  In  the  Reichstag  the  enemies  of  na- 
tional unity  combine. 

The  Socialists,  Ultramontanes,  Polish 
deputies,  members  for  Alsace  and  Lor- 
raine, the  so-called  Particularists  and 
Conservative  members  who  are  at- 
tached to  ancient  customs,  unite  against 
the  Government. 


1879  Jan.  9.  In  the  Reichstag  is  intro- 
duced the  Parliamentary  Discipline 
Bill  to  "  muzzle  "  speakers ;  also  called 
"the  gagging  bill."  [May?.  Defeated.] 

Jan.  *  Bismarck  enters  a  fruitless  nego- 
tiation with  the  Roman  curia  respect- 
ing the  Falk  laws. 

These  require  a  certain  amount  of  secu- 
lar training  for  candidates  for  the  cleri- 
cal otlice,  and  the  sanction  of  secular 
authorities  to  ecclesiastical  appoint- 
ments. 

Feb.  *  ITie  Treaty  of  Prague  (of  1866)  is 
abrogated. 

May  9.  Berlin.  The  chancellor's  pro- 
tectionist tariff  bill  is  virtually  passed 
by  the  Reichstag  after  an  excited  dis- 
cussion. [July  12.  Passed.  Vote,  217-117. J 

May  20.    Berlin.    "Von  Forckenbeck 

(Liberal),  president  of  the  Reichstag,  re- 
signs. [May  22.  An  Ultramontane  is 
elected.] 

June  30.  Berlin.  The  resignation  of 
Dr.  Falk,  minister  of  public  worship, 
and  other  ministers,  is  announced. 

July  9.  Bismarck  disclaims  connection 
with  the  Liberal  party. 

July  14.  Berlin.  The  ministry  is  re- 
constructed ;  Von  Puttkamer  is  elected 
minister  of  religion. 

*  *  Kussia  assumes  a  hostile  attitude 
towards  Germany,  and  attempts  to  form 
an  alliance  with  France. 

Sept.  16.  AusL  Bismarck  meets  Ja- 
cobini,  the  Pope's  nuncio,  at  Gastein, 
and  attempts  a  reconciliation  with  the 
Pope. 

Sept.  21.  Vienna.  Bismarck  makes  a 
defensive  alliance  with  Austria  against 
Russia. 

Oct.  1.  A  new  system  of  jurisprudence 
comes  into  force. 

1880  Apr.  3.  Berlin.  Twenty-two 
small  states  outvote  Prussia,  Saxony, 
and  Bavaria  in  the  Federal  Council,  re- 
specting new  stamp  duties.  [Bismarck 
resigns.  The emperordeclines toaccept. 
Apr.  *  The  states  yield.] 

Apr.  9.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  passes 
the  new  army  bill,  adding  27,000  men  to 
the  army.     Vote,  186-96. 

June  16-Jtily  1.  Berlin.  The  Berlin 
Conference  is  held. 

It  meets  to  consider  the  Grecian  ques- 
tion, and  questions  relating  to  Monte- 
negro; the  resolutions  of  the  Congress 
of  1878 being  unexecuted.  Great  Britain, 
France,  and  Germany  are  represented. 
It  agrees  to  a  collective  note  to  he  pre- 
sented to  the  Sultan  urging  the  surren- 
der of  Dulcigno  and  cession  of  provinces 
to  Greece. 

June  28.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  passes 
the  amended  ecclesiastical  laws.  Vote, 
206-202. 

Aug.*  The  "New  Liberal"  party  is 
organized  by  former  members  of  "Na- 
tional Liberals,"  who  have  become  re- 
actionary. 

1881  Feb.  19.  Count  Eidenburg, 
minister  of  the  interior,  resigns  through 
offense  of  Bismarck. 

Oct.  28.    The  general  elections  favor  a 

large  Xiiberal  majority. 
Autumn.    The    German    Reichstag  and 

Prussian  Landtag  lean  towards  Rome 

and  the  clerical  party. 


Dec.  1.  Berlin.  Bismarck  is  defeated 
in  the  Reichstag  on  a  financial  question. 
Vote,  169-83. 

1882  Jan.  7.  Berlin.  The  Imperial 
rescript  against  parliamentary  govern- 
ment is  published. 

Mar.  21.  Berlin.  The  Economic  Coun- 
cil rejects  Bismarck's  tobacco  bill. 
[June  14.  The  Reichstag  rejects  it. 
Vote,  276-43.] 

Dec.  11.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  rejects 
the  budget. 

1883  June  5.  Berlin.  An  amendment 
to  the  ecclesiastical  laws  of  May,  1873,  is 
introduced  in  the  Reichstag  [which 
leads  to  a  reconciliation  with  the  Vati- 
can.   July  2.    The  bill  is  adopted]. 

1884  May  10.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag 
extends  the  anti-Socialist  law  two 
years.     [Vote,  189-157.] 

June  9.  Berlin.  The  emperor  lays  the 
foundation  of  the  new  House  of  Par- 
liament. 

June  18.  Berlin.  The  Council  of 
State  is  revived,  its  members  being  the 
crown  prince,  president,  and  royal 
family. 

Aug.  *  Africa.     A  German  colony  is 

founded  at  Cameroons,  and  Bimbia  on 
the  west  coast,  by  Gustav  Nacbtigal. 

Oct.  28.    A  general  election  is  held,  in 

which  the  Liberal  vote  is  diminished ; 

the  Social  Democrat  vote  is  increased. 
Nov.  26.    Berlin.    Bismarck  is  defeated 

in  the  Reichstag ;  votes  for  the  payment 

of  members,  180-99. 
Dec.  3.    Berlin.    The  Reichstag  repeals 

portions  of  the  May  ecclesiastical  laws. 

Vote,  217-93. 
Dec*  Berlin.   Colonization  progresses. 
Reports  are  received  of  the  hoisting  of 

the  German  flag  on  the  north  coast  of 

New  Guinea,  New  Britain,  and  other 

islands. 

1885  Jan.  10.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag 
votes  180,000  marks  for  the  protection 
of  colonies. 

*  *  Berlin.  Bismarck  adopts  a  policy  of 
colonization.  [Acquisitions  are  made 
in  Africa  and  islands  of  the  Pacific] 

1886  Jan.  11.  Berlin.  The 
"Schnapps**  (dram  of  spirits)  Mo- 
nopoly Bill  is  introduced  in  the  Reichs- 
tag by  Bismarck.  [Mar.  12.  It  is  re- 
jected by  the  committee.  ^Mar.  27.  Re- 
jected in  the  Reichstag.    Vote,  181-3.] 

Feb.  *  Berlin.  In  the  Reichstag,  Bis- 
marck proposes  to  Germanize  Posen  by 
the  purchase  of  Polish  estates  to  be  set- 
tled by  Germans,  and  5,000,000  marks  to 
be  raised  for  the  expenses.  [Apr.  7.  The 
money  is  voted.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1879  July  19,  Bavaria.  An  Inter- 
national Exhibition  opens  at  Munich. 

1882  Sept.  3.  Baden.  At  Hugstetten, 
between  Friedburg  and  Colniar,  an  ex- 
cursion-train leaves  the  track  ;  70  per- 
sons are  killed. 

1883  May  12-15.  Berlin.  The  In- 
ternational Hygienic  Exhibition  is 
held. 

1885  Mar.  17.  Rh.  Prus.  A  mine 
explosion  at  Caraphausen,  near  Saar- 
briick,  causes  140  deaths. 


832      1886,  Mar.  31-1890,  Feb.  *        GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1889    Jan.  23.    Adm.  VonDergoltzis 

appointed  chief  of  the  admiralty. 
Peb.  23.    A  fleet  is  sent  to  Samoa  to  pro- 
tect German  interests  there. 

Mar.  16.  Samoa.  The  German  war-ves- 
eels,  Adler,  Olga,  and  Eber,  with  three 
American  war-vessels  and  16  merchant- 
men, are  driven  on  the  reef  at  Apia;  nine 
oflicers  and  87  men  are  drowned. 

Oct.  *  The  Government  appropriates  the 
sum  of  32,000,000  marks  ($800,000,000+) 
for  new  men-of-war. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1886  May  2.  Berlin.  The  Interna- 
tional Art  Exhibition  is  opened  by  the 
emperor. 

1888  Oct.  20.  Hamburg.  The  emperor 
with  a  hammer  completes  the  great  har- 
bor works. 

Feb.  16.  Brandenburg.  A  white  marble 
statue  of  the  Emperor  "William  is 

erected  at  Charlottenburg. 
Apr.  1.       Wiirtemberg.      Statues      of 
Prince   Bismarck    and    Count  "Von 
Moltke  are  unveiled  at  Stuttgart. 

June  5.  Saxony.  A  hurricane  and 
waterspout  cause  great  loss  of  life  and 
property  at  Reichenbach. 

June  17.  Oastien.  A  monument  to 
Emperor  "William  I.  is  unveiled. 

Aug.  1.  Saxony.  A  new  art  academy 
is  opened  in  Dresden. 

Dec.  *  Berlin.  Emperor  William  confers 
upon  Emin  Paaha  the  decoration  of  the 
second-class  Order  of  the  Crown  with 
the  star. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1886  •  •  Ableh,  Wilhelni  H.,  Keolc,  au.,  A80. 
Beust,  BaroD  Friedrieh  F.  von,  states.,  A77. 
Duncker,  Maximilian  W.,  liistorian,  A74. 
Julg,  Bernhard,  pliiloloKist,  A61. 

Meyer,  Johann  (J.,  painter,  A73. 
Michelis,  Friedrieh,  theologian,  A71. 
Piloty,  Karl  T.  von,  painter,  A60. 
Ranke,  Leopold  von.  historian,  A91. 
Scheffel,  Joseph  V.  von,  poet,  A60. 
Schmidt,  Heinrich  J.,  critic,  writer,  A68. 
Stockliardt,  Julius  A.,  clieniist,  A7i. 
Zunz.  Leopold,  .lewish  theologian,  A92. 

1887  •  •  Anierling,  Friedrieh,  painter,  A84. 
Baltzer,  Wilhelin,  E.,  rationalist,  A73. 
Fechner,  (iustav  T.,  natural  phll.,  poet,  A86. 
Klrchhoff,  (iustav  K.,  physicist,  A63. 
Krupp.  Alfred,  manuf.,  of  steel  guns,  A77. 
Pott,  August  F.,  philologist,  AS5. 

Ronge,  Johannes,  K.  C.  cl.,  st^hismatic,  A74. 
Vischer,  Friedrieh  T.,  philos.  writer,  A80. 
Wagner,  Moritz,  traveler,  naturalist,  A74. 
Werder,  August  von,  general,  A79. 

1888  Mar.  9.     William  I.,  King  of  Prus- 
sia, Emperor  of  Germany,  A91. 

June  16.     Frederick  III.,  emperor,  A57. 
Bart-sch,  Karl  F.,  pliilologist,  Afi6. 
Clausius,  Kndolf  J.  E.,  physicist,  A66. 
Dehus,  Nicolaus,  philologist,  critic,  ATS. 
Ebrard,  Johann  il.  A.,  theologian,  A70, 
Fleischer,  Heinrich  L.,  orientalist,  A81. 
Herz,  Heinrich,  pianist,  composer,  A82. 
Kahnis.  Karl  F.  A.,  theologian,  A74. 
Kuhne.  Gustav,  novelist,  A82. 
Wohl,  Moritz  von,  politician,  A86. 
Storm,  Theodor  \V.,  poet,  A71. 
Weber,  Georg,  historian,  A80. 

1889  Jan.  23.     Montz,  Count  von,  adm.,d. 
Feb.  18.     Dechen,  Ernest  H.  C,  mineralo- 
gist, A88. 

May  16.     Mary,  Queen  of  Bavaria,  dies. 
Aug.  29.     Weil,  Gustav,  orientalist,  A59. 
Nov.  8,    Ilenselt,  Adolph,  composer,  pian- 
ist, A75. 
Bendermann,  Eduard,  painter,  A79. 
Formes,  Karl,  singer,  A73. 
Lewald,  Fanny,  novelist,  A78. 
Noire,  Ludwig,  monistic  philosopher,  A60. 

1890  Jan.  7.     Maria  Louisa  Augusta,  wife 
of  Em|)eror  William  I.,  A79. 

Jan.  lO.    D51Uneer.  Johann  J.  I.,  theo- 
logian, founder  "Old  Catholics"  A9I. 
Jan.  20.     Lachner,  Franz,  musician,  A86. 


CHURCH. 

1886  Aug.  11.  Prus.sia  and  the  Vati- 
can sign  a  convention. 

1887*  *  Hanover.  Archbishop  Mel- 
chera  of  Osnabriick  is  created  a  cardinal 

priest. 

1888  Oct.  12.  Home.  The  emperor 
visits  the  Pope  at  the  Vatican. 

1889  Mar.  9.  Berlin.  The  Salvation 
Army  is  prohibited  from  carrying  on  its 
work. 

Aug.  15.  Westphalia.  The  Archbishop 
of  Cologne  is  stoned  by  anti-Catholics. 

Nov.  15.  Bavaria.  The  Government 
decides  to  readmit  the  clergy  of  the 
liedemptorist  Order, 

Dec.  7.  Berlin.  Pastor  Kritzinger  of 
Storkow,  Brandenburg,  is  appointed 
court  chaplain. 

1890  Feb.  11.  Silesia.  The  bishop  of 
Breslau  issues  a  pastoral  letter  favor- 
ing Catholic  working-men's  unions  to 
frustrate  the  Socialists. 

LETTERS. 

1886  *  *  The  Alsace  Chronicle  appears. 

1888  Sept.  *  Part  of  Prince  Freder- 
ick's diary  is  published  in  the  Kieler 
Zeiiung. 

1889  Jan,  4,  Berlin.  The  emperor 
orders  that  the  newspapers  of  the 
ultra-Conservative  party  be  not  re- 
ceived at  any  royal  palace. 

Mar.  18.  Berlin.  The  Government  sup- 
presses the    Volks-Zeitung,  under    the 

Socialistic  law. 

Oct.  10.  Saxony.  The  Government  de- 
cides to  admit  women  to  privileges 
of  the  universities. 

*  *  Joshua  and  Gred,  by  Ebers,  appear. 
[1892,  Per  Aspera.] 

*  *  Encyclopddie  Allgemeine,  in  164  vol- 
umes, is  published  by  Ersch  and  Gruber. 

*  *  New  Pharaoh,  hy  Spielhagen,  appears. 

*  *  Dahiel  der  Convertet,  by  R.  Voss,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  A.  Ruber's  History  of  Austria,  con- 
tinued by  E.  Keimanh,  appears. 

*  *  Diego  Velazquez  und  sein  Jahrhun- 
dert,  by  C.  Justi,  appears. 

1890  Feb.  *  Berlin.  The  University  of 
Berlin  refuses  to  recognize  the  Amer- 
ican diplomas  of  some  200  American 
students  matriculated  there ;  the  au- 
thorities claim  the  American  colleges  do 
not  come  up  to  the  German  standards. 

Feb.  *  There  are  29,007  students  in 
the  universities;  of  these,  5,G80  study 
theology,  6,872  jurisprudence,  8,714  med- 
icine, and  7,741  philosophy. 

SOCIETY. 

1886  June  13.  Barafia.  The  King  of 
Bavaria  drowns  himself  in  Starnberg 
Lake ;  Dr.  Gudden  is  drowned  in  the  at- 
tempt to  save  him. 

*  *  Strikes  increase. 

1887  Mar.  22.  Berlin.  A  grand  cele- 
bration is  held  in  honor  of  the  emper- 
or's 90th  birthday. 

Sept.  25.  The  25th  anniversary  of 
Bismarck's  premiership  of  Prussia  is 
celebrated. 

*  *  The  Crown  Prince  Frederick  William 
is  attacked  with  cancer  in  the  throat; 
Sir  Morell  Mackenzie  of  England  is  the 
attending  physician. 


1888  Feb.  9.  Sir  Morell  Mackenzie 
performs  the  operation  of  tracheotomy 
to  remove  a  malignant  growth  from  the 
larnyx  of  tlie  crown  prince;  German 
doctors  differ  with  the  English  surgeon. 

Mar.  16.  Berlin.  Solemn  obsequies  of 
the  Emperor  William  take  place. 

The  Kings  of  Belgium,  Saxony,  and 
Roumania,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  Duke  of 
Cambridge,  the  crown  princes  of  Aus- 
tria, Russia,  Denmark,  and  other  princes 
are  present;  Emperor  Frederick,  Bis- 
marck, and  Cotint  Moltke  are  absent. 

Apr.  15.  Berlin.  The  health  of  the 
Emperor  Frederick  is  stated  to  be 
alarming.  [June  15.  Brandenburg.  He 
dies  of  cancer  of  the  larynx.  June  18. 
Impressive  but  simple  funeral  services 
are  held.] 

Apr,  24-26.  Queen  Victoria  visits  the 
emperor,  and  meets  Bismarck. 

May  24.  Brandenburg.  Prince  Henry 
of  Prussia  is  married  to  Princess  Irene 
of  Hesse  at  Charlottenburg. 

July  19.  The  young  Emperor  William 
and  the  Czar  of  Russia  meet  off  Cron- 
fitadt. 

July  26.  Sweden.  The  emperor  visits 
Stockholm.  [July  30.  He  visits  Copen- 
hagen. Oct.  3.  He  arrives  at  Vienna. 
Oct.  11.  /r.  At  Rome.  Oct.  16.  At  Naples.] 

1889  Feb.  18.  BavaHa.  King  Otho 
becomes  hopelessly  insane. 

Feb.  23.     Bavaria,     Prince     Rupert, 

the  eldest  son  of  Prince  Ludwig,  and 
heir  to  the  throne,  is  pronounced  insane. 

Feb.  25.  Bavaria.  Prince  Luitpold, 
the  regent,  condemns  the  Countess  of 
Larish,  daughter  of  Louis  of  Bavaria,  to 
perpetual  exile  for  her  part  in  the  death 
of  Rudolph,  the  crown  prince  of  Aus- 
tria. 

Apr.  5.  Berlin.  The  Courts  decide  that 
all  the  recent  dispersions  of  Socialist 
meetings  by  the  police  were  illegal. 

Apr.  8.  Bavaria.  A  serious  riot 
breaks  out  at  Nuremberg  as  the  result 
of  a  lockout  declared  by  master  joiners 
against  striking  employees. 

May  7.  Westphalia.  In  a  conflict  be- 
tween troops  and  miners  near  Glad- 
heck  in  Essen,  three  miners  and  several 
soldiers  are  killed. 

May  8.  Westphalia.  About  39,000  men 
are  out  on  a  strike. 

May  13.    Coal-mine  owners  and  striking 

miners  appoint  a  committee  to  confer, 

and  arrange  a  settlement  of  the  points 

in  dispute. 

Nearly  100,000  miners  are  on  strike. 

Berlin .  The  Ministry  decides  to  sum- 
mon deputations  from  mine-owners 
and  miners. 

May  15.  Several  owners  in  Essen  and 
Dortmund  concede  the  demands  of  their 
employees,  and  the  men  resume  work. 

May  16-20.  There  are  110,000  strikers 
in  Westphalia  and  10,000  in  Silesia. 

May  21.    Strikers  in  Dortmund,  Bo- 
chum,  and  Essen  districts  resume  work. 
Berlin.    About  3,000  masons  strike. 

May  22.  The  Gelsenkischen  miners  re- 
solve to  continue  the  strike,  their 
terms  being  rejected  by  the  owners. 

May  24.  It  is  legally  enacted  that 
working-classes  make  provision  for 
old  age  and  infirmity. 


GERMANY. 


1886,  Mar.  31-1890,  Feb. 


833 


May  27.  All  meetings  of  miners  are 
prohibited  by  the  Government. 

May  31.  Wentphalia.  The  strike  ends 
by  compromise. 

June  24.  Jlerlin.  The  marriage  of 
Prince  Fre*lerick  Leopold  and  Princess 
Ix)uise  of  .Schleswig  is  celebrated. 

June  25.  Strikers  are  sentenced  to 
terms  of  imprisonment  varying  from  18 
months  to  five  years. 

June  27.  Berlin.  The  editors  of  Gleich- 
fieit,  Dr.  Adier  and  Herr  Bretschneider, 
are  lined  for  being  Anarchists. 

Prince  William  of   HohenzoUern  is 

married  to  Princess  Marie  of  Bourbon 
at  Sigmaringen, 

July  29.  Westphalia.  The  police  dis- 
perse a  meeting  of  miners  at  Dort- 
mund, and  arrest  Herr  Dickmann,  a 
member  o£  the  JSocialists'  Congress  at 
Paris. 

Aug.  19.  Westphalia.  Rhenish  and 
Westphaliau  miners  form  a  union  in 
opposition  to  the  union  of  mine-owners. 

Aug.  24.  Emperor  William  confers  the 
Order  of  the  Ked  Eagle  of  the  first 
class  upon  the  commander-in-chief  of 
the  Belgian  army  and  upon  Herr  Ky- 
schen,  minister  of  state  of  Lusenburg. 

Oct.  20.  WUrtemberg.  Prince  William 
of  WUrtemberg  is  shot  at  by  an  as- 
sassin. 

Oct.  26.  Greece.  The  crown  prince  of 
Greece  and  the  Princess  Sophie  of  Prus- 
sia are  united  in  marriage  at  Athens. 

1890  Jan.  16.  Hamburg.  Sixty  thou- 
sand people  attend  the  funeral  of  the 
Socialist  editor  AVedde. 

Jan.  *  Westphalia.  The  strike  is  spread- 
ing. 

The  miners  demand  eight  hours  and 
increased  wages.  Troops  have  been  or- 
dered to  suppress  any  demonstration 
looking  toward  violence. 

Feb.  18.  Saxony.  A  Socialist  riot  oc- 
curs at  MUhlhausen ;  30  persons  are 
wounded. 

Feb.  20.  Elections  to  the  Reichstag  are 
attended  with  much  violence;  the  mob 
is  charged  by  the  police,  and  many  are 
wounded. 

STATE. 

1886  Mar.  31.    Berlin.    The  Reichstag 
.  extends  the  Socialist  law  two  years. 
Apr.  13.    Berlin.    The  Federal  Council 

passes  a  bill  greatly  amending  the  eccle- 
siastical laws. 
May  14.    Berlin.    A  decree  is  issued  pro- 
hibiting political  meetings  that  are  held 
without  permission. 

June  10.  Bavaria.  Prince  Luitpold  is 
proclaimed  regent  because  of  the 
king's  mental  illness. 

Aug.  11.    Prussia  and  the  Vatican  sign 

a  convention. 
Deo.  3.    Berlin.    A  bill  is  introduced  in 

the  Reichstag  for  adding  41,000  men  to 

the  army  for  seven  years.     [Dec.  17. 

Opposed   by   Clericals,    Socialists,   and 

others.] 

1887  Jan.  14.  Berlin.  The  army  bill 
is  limited  to  three  years,  and  then 
passes. 

Feb.  21.  Oeneral  elections  are  held  ; 
efforts  are  made  to  change  the  army 
from  Imperial  to  parliamentary;  the 
Government  gains  a  majority. 


Mar.  11.     Berlin.    The   army  bill  is 

passed  in  the  Reichstag.    Vote,  227-31. 

Mar.  13.  A  treaty  of  alliance  with  Aus- 
tria and  Italy  is  signed. 

Mar.  22.  Berlin.  In  the  Reichstag,  Bis- 
marck introduces  a  bill  softening  the 
Falk  laws. 

Dec.  19.  Cabannes,  having  heen  con- 
victed of  selling  military  secrets  to  the 
French  Government,  is  sentenced  to  10 
years'  penal  servitude. 

1888  Jan.  30.  Berlin.  In  the  Reichs- 
tag a  more  stringent  anti-Socialist  bill 
is  urged  by  Von  Puttkamer  ;  opposed  by 
all  parties  ;  it  is  committed.  [Feb.  17. 
The  bill  passes.] 

Mar.  8.  Berlin.  It  is  announced  that 
Prince  William,  the  emperor's  grand- 
son, is  entrusted  with  official  powers 
during  the  illness  of  the  aged  emperor ; 
having  so  served  since  Nov.  17,  1887. 

Mar.  9.  Emperor  William  dies,  and  Is 
succeeded  by  his  son  Frederick. 

Mar.  9-Jime  15.  The  Emperor  Fred- 
erick III.,  "  The  Noble,"  reigns. 

Mar.  21.  Berlin.  A  rescript  is  issued 
authorizing  the  Crown  Prince  "Wil- 
liam to  exercise  official  powers  when 
required. 

June  7.  Berlin.  The  parliamentary 
quinquennial  bill  is  promulgated. 

June  15.  The  Emperor  Frederic  HI. 
dies  after  a  reign  of  98  days ;  [he  is  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son  William.] 

June  15+.  Emperor  William  n.  reigns. 

Aug.  24.  Berlin.  The  Government  an- 
nounces its  occupation  of  Addelah,  near 
Dahomey,  West  Africa. 

Oct.  15.  Hamburg  surrenders  its  privi- 
leges as  a  free  port,  and  joins  the  Tariff 
Union,  being  the  last  of  the  German 
free  ports. 

1889  Jan.  18.  Saxony.  The  president 
of  the  Superior  Court  at  Leipsic  resigns 
on  account  of  Bismarck's  strictures. 

Berlin.    Bismarck  asks  for  2,000,000 

marks  to  carry  out  his  East  Africa 
colonial  scheme.  [Jan.  23.  The  Federal 
Council  approves  the  East  Africa 
Bill.  .Jan.  30.  The  bill  passes  the 
Reichstag  appropriating  money  for  the 
protection  of  German  interests,  and  the 
suppression  of  the  slave-trade.  Feb.  1. 
It  is  adopted  by  the  Federal  Council.] 

Jan.  31.  The  Germans  declare  war  on 
Mataafa  in  .Samoa. 

Feb.  4.  _  England  and  Germany  conclude 
an  alliance  for  the  protection  of  the 
northern  seas  and  ports. 

Feb.  7.  Hanover.  Count  W^illiam  Bis- 
marck is  appointed  president  of  the 
Landtag. 

Feb.  28.  Berlin.  The  Army  Expen- 
diture Bill  is  introduced  in  the  Federal 
Council ;  it  provides  for  a  loan  of  12,492,- 
.304  marks  to  meet  the  supplementary 
estimate. 

Mar.  19.  Prus.  The  Government  grants 
6,000,000  marks  to  aid  in  construction 
of  a  canal  connecting  the  Elbe  and 
Trave  Rivers. 

Apr.  10.  Berlin.  Count  von  Schellen- 
dorf  retires  from  the  ministry  of  war, 
and  is  succeeded  by  Gen.  Verdiz  du 
Vernois. 


Apr.  29.  Berlin.  The  deliberations  of 
the  Conference  on  Samoan  affairs  be- 
gin. [Apr.  30.  The  British  ambassador 
and  Prince  Bismarck  categorically  deny 
the  existence  of  a  secret  treaty  be- 
tween England  and  Germany  to  parti- 
tion between  them  the  Tonga  and 
Samoan  Islands.  May  21.  Germany 
accedes  to  demands  of  the  United 
States  Commissioners  to  restore  King 
Malietoa.  June  15.  Autonomy  is  as- 
sured, and  the  Conference  closes.] 

Oct.  11,  Berlin.  The  Government  sub- 
mits a  bill  to  the  Federal  Council  author- 
izing a  loan  of  249,000,000  marks. 

Oct.  17.  Germany  refuses  to  recognize 
Mataafa  as  King  of  Samoa. 

Oct.  24.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  re- 
elects Herr  von  Kevetzow  president. 

Oct.  25.  Berlin.  The  Bundesratb  (;re- 
ates  a  Court  of  Appeals,  with  II 
judges  on  the  bench. 

Nov.  26.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  adopts 
the  Socialist  BUI. 

Dec.  •  Berlin.  The  Catholics  of  the 
Center  party  in  the  Reichstag  form  a 
separate  political  organization,  with  a 
program  demanding  liberty  for  the 
church  denominational  schools,  and  di- 
rect  representation  in  the  Reichstag  of 
the  rural  population. 

1890  Jan.  23.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag 
rejects  the  expulsion  clause  of  the  So- 
cialist Bill.  [Jan.  26.  Rejected.  Vote, 
98-169.] 

Jan.  27.  Berlin.  The  conference  agree- 
ment between  the  Germans  and  Old 
Czechs  is  ratified  by  both  parties. 

Feb  3.  Berlin.  Prince  Bismarck  re- 
signs his  position  as  minister  of  com- 
merce. 

Feb.  6.  Berlin.  A  new  commercial 
treaty  is  signed  with  Turkey. 

Feb.  20.  A  general  election  is  held. 
The  Government  parties  lose  15  seats, 
and  the  Socialists  double  their  vote  in 
the  Reichstag. 

Dr.  Nasse,  an  advocate  of  state  So- 
cialism, is  appointed  governor  of  the 
Rhine  provinces. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1886    Sept.  24.     Westphalia.    A  mine 

explosion  causes  45  deaths. 
188'?    June  3.   Schlesn-ig-Holstein.   The 

emperor  lays   the    foundation-stone  of 

the  opening  lock  of   a  ship  canal  at 

Holtenau,  near  Kiel. 

June  8.  Prus.  A  mine  explosion  at 
Gekenkirchener  causes  60  deaths. 

1888  Aug.  14.  Off  Sable  Island  in  the 
North  A  tlantic  a  collision  between  the 
Thingvalla  and  the  Oeiser,  German 
steamers,  occurs ;  105  lives  are  lost  in 
the  Geiser. 

1889  June  30.  Hanover.  Fire  destroys 
36  buildings  in  I.iineburg.  Loss,  12,000,000 
marks. 

Oct.  2.  WUrtemberg.  Ten  persons  are 
killed  and  50  injured  in  a  railroad  acci- 
dent at  Stuttgart. 

Nov.  3.  Silesia.  An  explosion  in  a 
dynamite  factory  causes  20  deaths. 

Nov.  13.  At  Rauban  20  miners  are 
burned  by  a  mine  explosion. 

Dec.  9.  Berlin.  The  influenza  epi- 
demic has  spread  from  St.  Petersburg 
to  this  city.  [Dec.  15.  Fifteen  thousand 
persons  arc  suffering.] 


834    1 8  90,  Feb.  *  - 1 8  9 1,  Sept.  9. 


GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1890  Apr.*  Jierlin.  The  emperor  issues 
an  order  reducing  the  amount  of  private 
income  necessary  to  secure  a  commission 
in  the  army. 

Apr.*  Duelling  is  forbidden  in  the 
army,  "except  in  cases  where  a  council 
of  men  of  honor,  to  which  all  the  circum- 
stances shall  have  been  referred,  shall 
declare  that  a  duel  is  necessary." 

1891  Feb.  9.  Gen.  von  Schlieffen 
succeeds  Gen.  von  Waldersee  as  chief 
of  general  staff. 

July  8.  Orders  are  issued  to  begin  forti- 
fications at  Heligoland. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  July  7.  Bavaria.  An  art  exhi- 
bition is  opened  at  Munich. 

Aug.  4.  Berlin.  Tlie  tenth  Interna- 
tional Medical  Congress  opens;  Prof. 
Virchow  presi<les.  There  are  present 
2,500  German  an<!  2,500  foreign  delegates, 
including  500  American  physicians. 

Sept.  *  Btrlin.  The  experiment  of  trans- 
mitting opera  music  by  telephone  is 
successfully  made. 

Nov.  *  Berlin.  Dr.  Robert  Koch,  di- 
rector of  the  Imperial  Hygienic  Insti- 
tute, announces  the  discovery  of  a  rem- 
edy for  tuberculosis  in  its  incipient 

stage. 

Wov.  17.  Berlin.  The  method  of  pre- 
paring Prof.  Koch's  curative  lymph  is 

made  public. 

"Nov.  25.  Prof.  Koch  publishes  the  re- 
sults of  his  experiments  in  the  Deutsche 
Mediciniscke  Wochenschrift ;  he  is 
elected  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  Vienna. 

Nov.  27.  Brandenburg.  A  monument 
to  William  I.  is  unveiled  at  Charlotten- 
burg. 

1891  Jan.  15.  Bprlin.  Dr.  Koch  issues 
a  report  as  to  the  ingredients  compris- 
ing his  lymph;  the  remedy  consists  of  a 
glycerine  extract  derived  from  the  pure 
cultivation  of  the  tubercle  bacilli. 

May  1.    Berlin.    The   Art    Exhibition 

opens. 
May  *  Pnta.    Tlie  Lower  House  of  the 

Prussian  Diet  votes  $41,000  for  Prof. 

Koch's  Institute. 

July  13.  Brunmvick.  A  monument 
erected  by  German-American  musical 
societies  in  honor  of  Franz  Abt  is  un- 
veiled. 

Sept.  9.  Pr.  Saxony.  The  Congress  of 
Natin-alists  and  Physicians  opens  at 
Halle;  1,215  delegates  are  present,  in- 
cluding 21S  women, 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1690    Mar.  4.     DelitzarTi,  Franz,  theol.,A77. 

July  19.    Peters,  Cbristiau  H.  F.,  astrono- 
mer, A77. 

Dec.  37.     Schllemann.  Helnrich,  arche- 
ologist^  A68. 

Hase,  Karl  A.,  theologiftn,  A90. 

Hergenrbtlier,    Joseph,    cardinal,  scholar, 
author,  A78. 

Lutz,  .lohann  von,  statesman,  A64. 
1891     Mar.    14.     Wlndthorst.  Ludwlgr. 
statesman,  A79. 

Apr.  34.     Moltke.    Count.    HelLmuth 
Karl  Bernhard  von.  fl eld- marshal,  A91. 

May  3.    Grogorovius,  Ferdinand,  poet,  his- 
torian, Ab9. 

May  23.     Hahnel,  Ernest  J.,  sculptor,  A80. 

CHURCH. 

1890  Apr.  24.  Prits.  The  Supreme 
Council  of  the  Protestant  Church  of 
Prussia  issues  a  circular  counseling  the 
clergy  to  denounce  Socialism. 


May  3.  Wurtemberq.  The  last  stone  of 
the  spire  of  tlie  tJlm  cathedral,  the 
highest  in  the  world,  is  laid. 

July  18.  Bavaria.  Professor  Schoen- 
felder,  of  the  Wiirzburg  University,  is 
nominated  to  be  Archbishop  of  Bam- 
berg. 

Nov.  5.  Hesse.  The  grand  duke  issues 
a  prescript  censuring  the  persecutors 
of  Jews.  [I>r.  Stdcker,  an  anti-Semitic 
preacher,  resigns  the  chaplaincy  of  the 
Prussian  court  in  consequence. 

Dec.  7.  Berlin.  Pastor  Kritzinger  is 
appointed  court  chaplain. 

1891  Mar.  22.  Berlin.  The  founda- 
tion of  the  Kaiser  Wilhelm  Memorial 
Chapel  is  laid  with  elaborate  ceremo- 
nies. 

Aug.  15.  Rome.  Pope  Leo  approves  the 
exhibition  of  the  Holy  Coat  in  the 

Cathedral  of  Treves  as  laudable  and  op- 
portune, and  promises  indulgences  to 
pilgrims.  [Aug.  20.  It  is  exhibited, 
Sept.  5.  A  nail  from  the  true  cross  is 
added.  Oct.  3.  Closed.  Much  money 
received.] 
Sept.  1.  W.  Prus.  The  conference  of 
German  Catholic  societies  assembles 
in  Danzig,  resolves  that  the  time  has 
come  to  convoke  an  International 
Catholic  Congress  to  consider  the  res- 
toration of  temporal  power  to  the 
Pope,  and  appoints  a  committee  of  ar- 
rangements. 

LETTERS. 

1890  May*  Berlin,  A  motion  to  ex- 
clude Jews  from  public  schools  is 
passed  in  Upper  House  of  Prussian  Diet, 

June  10.  Prince  Bismarck  attributes 
disaflfection  in  Germany  and  Kussia  to 
over-education. 

Dec.  4.  Berlin.  The  Emperor  William 
speaks  on  the  educational  system. 

[The  speech  has  a  marked  effect  upon 
school  nietliods.  The  School  Reform 
Committee  votes  unanimously  to  substi- 
tute modern  for  ancient  languages  in  all 
lower  classes,  and  to  make  otlier  changes 
in  accord  with  the  emperor's  ideas.] 

*  *  Deutsche  Kaiserlieder,  by  A.  Moeser, 
appears. 

*  *  Eva  and  Alexandria,  by  Voss,  appear. 

*  *  Lebensmachte,  by  S.  Millow,  appears. 

*  *  Skirnir^  by  Dahn,  appears. 

*  *  JVakrheity  by  K.  Frenzel,  appears. 

*  *  Sckulter  an  Scliulter,  by  H.  Heiberg, 
appears. 

*  *  (7nseAn?>ar,  by  Marie  Von  Ebner-Esch- 
enbach,  appears. 

*  *  JFistory  of  the ^foorsin  Spain^hj  Count 
Adolf  Sehack,  appears. 

*  *  Lebensbilder,  by  M.  Carri^re,  appears. 

*  *  Geschichte  der  Griindung  des  veuen 
deutsclien  Beichs,  by  H.  von  Sybel,  ap- 
pears. 

1891  Aug.  9.  Berlin.  Six  schools  are 
opened  for  training  Socialisticlaborers. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  Feb.  *  Westphalia  mine-owners 
have  founded  an  anti-strike  insu- 
rance union  with  an  initial  capital  of 
£60,000. 

Mar.  9.  Berlin.  The  emperor  confers 
the  order  of  the  Black  Eagle  on  Herr 
von  Boettcher.  [Mar.  21.  AlsoonJxiles 
Simon ;  June  18.  Chancellor  von  Ca- 
privi ;  June  27.  Count  von  Hatzfeldt ; 
Nov.  22.    Prof.  Koch.J 


Mar.  15.  Berlin.  It  is  found  that  41 
per  cent  of  the  crimes  for  which  pris- 
oners are  held  in  ii'2  German  jails  were 
committed  under  the  influence  of  al- 
cohol. 

The  first  sitting  of  the  Internaticnal 
Ijabor  Conference  takes  place  ;  the 
Prussian  Minister  of  commerce  presides. 
[Mar.  19.  The  Committee  favors  the  ex,- 
clusion  of  children  under  twelve  from 
factories.  Mar.  22.  The  Children*8 
Committee  favors  a  maximum  of  six 
hours'  labor  for  children  under  14  yearn 
of  age.] 

Mar.  21.  Saxany.  Several  Hebrews 
are  arrested  in  Leipsic  on  the  charge 
of  trcjison. 

Mar.  22.     Prince   Bismarck    declines 

the  dukedom  offered  him  by  Emperor 
William.  [Apr.  *  He  says,  "  I  prefer  to 
bear  the  name  my  work  has  made  fa- 
mous—  Bismarck."] 

Apr.  1.  Westphalia.  More  than  1,800 
greetings  and  several  car-loads  of  pres- 
ents are  sent  to  Prince  Bismarck  on 
his  75th  birthday. 

Apr.  21.    Berlin.    Strikes  occur. 

May  4.    Strikes  prevail  in  many  cities. 

May  23.  Sn.re-lVeimar.  Prince  MTil- 
liam  is  pronounced  a  bankrupt  through 
gambling. 

May  31.  Emperor  William  opposes  th© 
removal  of  the  anti- Socialist  law. 

May  *  Over  50,000  workmen  are  on 
strike;  employers  in  Leipsic  and  Berlin 
form  a  union  to  fight  the  strikers. 

Jtm^e  2.  Berlin.  Emperor  William 
warns  Prince  Bismarck  to  stop  his 
press  utterances,  or  serious  results  may 
follow. 

June  12.  Bremen.  American  riflemen 
arrive  at  Bremenhafen. 

Aug.  26.  Berlin.  Socialists  hold  a  great 
mass-meeting  ;  7,000  are  present  at  mid- 
night. 

Sept.  30.  Berlin.  Great  rejoicing  oc- 
curs over  the  expiration  of  the  anti- 
Socialist  law;  many  exiles  return. 

Oct.  12.  Pr.  Saxony.  The  Socialist 
Congress  opens  in  Halle  ;  366  delegates 
are  present.    [Oct.  18.    Closes.] 

Nov.  9.  Pr.  Saxony.  The  shoe  man- 
ufacturers at  Erfurt  declare  a  lockout 
against  3,000  men. 

Nov.  12.  Berlin.  Emperor  William 
makes  a  personal  gift  to  Prof.  Koch  of 
$250,000  for  the  prosecution  of  his  stud- 
ies, and  an  equal  amount  to  establish  a 
national  institute  for  the  production  of 
the  lymph  used  in  Koch's  method. 

Nov.  19.  Berlin.  Princess  Victoria  of 
Prussia  and  Prince  Adolphus  of  Schaum- 
hurg-Lippe  are  married. 

Nov.  *  ^Minister  von  Gossler  gives  $50,000 
for  the  creation  of  a  special  hospital  for 
the  treatment  of  consumption  by  the 
Koch  method. 

1891  Mar.  11.  Berlin.  Tlie  Reichstag 
rejects  the  petition  to  admit  women  to 
the  liberal  professions. 

Apr.  8.  Bavaria.  Troops  quell  a  labor 
disttwbance,  in  which  25  men  are  more 
or  less  seriously  injured. 

Apr.  24.     Westphalia.    A  strike  of  10,-  ^ 
000  miners  occurs  at  Dortmund. 


GERMANY. 


1890,  Feb.  *-1891,  Sept.  9.    835 


Slay  24.  Baron  Hirsch  proposes  to  buy 
5,{HX),0(K)  acres  of  land  in  t ho  Argentine 
Kepublic  for  a  Jewish  Colony. 

June  11.  Bremen.  Strikers  become 
riotous. 

July  30.  Berlin.  The  Deutsche  Bank 
loses  S'295,000  by  a  clerk's  frauds. 

Aug.  16.  Berlin.  '  An  International 
Social  Workmen's  Congress  opens. 

Sept.  5.  Berlin.  The  centenary  of 
Meyerbeer  is  celebrated. 

STATE. 

1890  Mar.  18,  Berlin.  Prince  Bis- 
marck, chancellor  and  foreign  minister, 
and  Count  Bismarck,  regent  of  Hanover, 
both  tender  their  resignations. 

Gen.  von  Caprivi  is  selected  as  Bis- 
marck's successor  as  chancellor. 

Sfar.  20.  Berlin.  The  emperor  makes 
Prince  Bismarck  duke  of  Lauenberg 
and  colonel-general  of  cavalry,  and  ap- 
points Count  Herbert  Bismarck  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs. 

IXar.  25.  Berlin.  Count  Herbert  Bis- 
marck resigns,  and  Herr  von  Alvens- 
laben  is  nominated  to  succeed  him. 
[Mar.  26.    Declined.] 

Apr.  4.  Home.  The  Vatican  instructs 
the  papal  nuncio  in  Berlin  and  Bishop 
Kopp  to  act  with  the  Centrist  party, 
and  to  yield  to  the  Government  on  no 
point  without  obtaining  an  adequate 
concession. 

Apr.  25.  Berlin.  The  Bundesrath  re- 
peals the  law  of  1874,  by  which  priests 
failing  to  comply  with  the  May  Laws 
rendered  themselves  liable  to  imprison- 
ment. 

Apr.  *  Berlin.  The  Government  asks 
the  new  Ueichstag  for  a  military  credit 
of  about  50,000,000  marks. 

May  3.  Berlin.  The  peace-footing  bill 
for  the  army  adds  5,000  to  the  infantry, 
6,000  to  the  artillery,  and  adds  54  bat- 
teries to  the  field  artillery. 

May  7.  Berlin.  A'on  Levetzow  is  elected 
president  of  the  Reichstag. 

May  20.  Berlin.  The  liaborBill  is 
discussed  by  the  Reichstag. 

It  prohibits  labor  on  Sundays  and  holidays, 
and  the  employment  of  children  under  13  In 
factories.  Women  will  not  be  allowed  to 
work  at  night,  or  after  5.30  o'clock  on  Satur- 
day evenings  or  on  the  eve  of  holidays.  The 
hours  of  work  for  women  are  limited  to  11. 
The  bill  also  j)rovide8  for  the  protection  of 
the  life  and  health  of  workers,  and  for  pun- 
ishment for  a  breach  of  contract  by  master 
or  man  by  a  tine  paid  to  the  Injured  party. 

May  26,  Berlin.  Bismarck*s  state- 
ments to  correspondents  of  newspapers 
incense  the  emperor. 

May  27.  Berlin.  Dr.  von  Scholz,  min- 
ister of  finance,  resigns  his  office. 

May*  Berlin.  The  new  army  budget 
shows  that  a  large  increase  in  the  army 
is  to  be  made  at  a  cost  of  18,000,000  marks. 

June  3.  Berlin.  The  Factory  Bill  is 
amended  in  the  Reichstag  to  provide  for 
the  closing  of  factories  from  midnight 
of  Saturdays  till  six  o'clock  on  Mon- 
days.   Vote,  15-10. 

The  Catholics  in  the  Lower  House  of  the 
Reichstag  demand  that  the  church  authori- 
ties have  fuU  power  to  dispose  of  its  funds; 
it  is  opiKJsed  by  Minister  Von  Gossler  as  be- 
ing politically  impossible,  even  with  speeitic 
stipulations  as  to  how  the  money  appropri- 
ated should  be  employed. 


Germany,  France,  Russia,  and  Switzer- 
land have  signed  the  treaty  for  the  re- 
pression of  anarchy. 

June  4,  Berlin.  The  Clerical  Fund 
Bill  is  passed  in  tlie  Prussian  Lower 
Hou^e. 

Jim,e  13,  Berlin.  Germany  and  Moroc- 
co sign  a  commercial  convention. 

The  Ueichstag  makes  an  African  grant 
of  4,5 00,000  marks. 

June  17.  England  and  Germany  define 
the  boundaries  of  their  respective  pos- 
sessions in  Africa,  with  concessions 
on  both  sides. 

June  26.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  rejects 
all  amendments  to  the  Army  Bill,  but 
passes  the  first  paragraph,  which  fixes 
the  peace  effective  force  at  486,983  men 
until  April,  1894.    Vote,  16-12. 

Jime  27.  Berlin.  Gen.  V.  du  Vernois, 
minister  of  war,  resigns. 

The  Sultan  cedes  the  Zanzibar  coast 

to  Germany. 

June  30.  Berlin.  Herr  Miguel,  leader 
of  the  National  Liberals,  is  appointed 
minister  of  finance. 

July  1.  Berlin.  The  Anglo-German 
Agreement,  concerning  African  pos- 
sessions, is  signed  by  Chancellor  von 
Caprivi  and  Dr.  Krauel  for  Germany, 
and  Sir  K.  B.  Malet  and  Sir  Percy  An- 
derson for  England. 

July*  A  second  large   expedition  of 

2,000  persons  is  sent  to  Africa  to  take 
possession  of  German  lands. 

Aug.  10.  Emperor  William  arrives  at 
Heligoland,  and  takes  possession. 

Aug.  22.  Constantinople,  A  treaty  of 
commerce  between  Turkey  and  Ger- 
many is  signed. 

Sept.  13.  Emperor  William  accepts  the 
extension  of  the  Triple  Alliance 
Treaty  to  May,  1897. 

Oct.  3.  A  treaty  is  signed  by  Germany 
and  the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar. 

Germany  obtains  the  coasting-trade 
along  the  east  coast  of  Africa  on  pay- 
ment of  4,(X>0,000  marks  to  the  sultan. 

Oct.  6.  Berlin.  The  appointment  of 
Gen.  von  Kaltenbom    Strachan  as 

minister  of  war  is  otlicially  announced. 

•  *  Colonies  are  to  be  planted  in  South- 
west Africa,  Morocco,  and  Tripoli. 

Dec.  5.    Berlin.    In    the   Reichstag  the 

Center  party  moves  to  repeal  the  law 
excluding  Jesuits  from  Germany. 
Dec.  8.  Berlin.  The  bill  providing  for 
the  defense  of  Heligoland  passes  its 
third  reading  in  the  Reichstag  ;  the  So- 
cialist members  oppose  it. 

The  Government  recognizes  the  Re- 
public of  Brazil. 

1891  Jan.  14.  Berlin.  An  uproar  ia 
occasioned  in  the  Reichstag  by  Herr 
Helldorf  protesting  against  Herr  Rich- 
ter's  "  coarse  and  vulgar  attack  upon 
Prince  Bismarck." 

Jan.  22.  Berlin.  In  the  Reichstag  a  mo- 
tion is  nmde  to  repeal  the  prohibitions 
on  American  pork  and  bacon  imports. 
[Jan.  23.  Defeated.  Vote,  133-103.  Sept. 
3.    Repealed.] 

Feb.  28.  Alsace-Lorraine.  A  decree  by 
the  governor  announces  that  passport 
regulations   referring   to    Alsace-Lor- 


raine will  be  carried  out  to  the  fullest 
extent.    [July  9.    Relaxed.] 

Mar.  11.  Berlin.  The  resignation  of  Dr. 
von  Gossler,  minister  of  public  works,  is 
accepted.  [The  minister  of  public  wor- 
ship also  resigns.] 

The  Reiclistag  rejects  the  petition  to 
admit  women  to  the  liberal  profes- 
sions. 

Mar.  18.  Berlin.  Chancellor  von  Ca- 
privi removes  the  embargo  placed  upon 
American  cattle  landed  at  Hamburg. 

Apr.  6.  Berlin.  The  Government  de- 
cides to  withdraw  its  embargo  against 
American  pork. 

Apr.  30.  Hanover,  Bismarck  is  re- 
turned to  the  Reichstag. 

May  3.  The  Austro-German  commercial 
treaty  is  signeil,  to  remain  in  force  for 
12  years  from  February,  1892. 

May  9.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  passes 
the  Sugar  Bill,  the  Spirit  Taxation 
Bill,  the  Koch  Institute  £]ndowment 
Bill,  and  adjourns  to  Nov.  11. 

June  1 1 .    Berlin.    Herr  Brandenburg, 

a  member  of  the  Center  party  in  Ber- 
senbrueck,  is  elected  to  succeed  Dr. 
Windthorst  in  the  Reichstag. 

The  Russo-German  treaty  negotia- 
tions are  ruptured. 

June  20±.  A  great  Center  European 
Customs  League  is  forme<i  by  Ger- 
many, Austria,  Hungary,  Italy,  and 
Switzerland. 

June  28.  Berlin.  Emperor  William  an- 
nounces the  renewal  for  six  years  of  the 
triple  defensive  alliance  of  Germany, 

Austro-Hungary,  and  Italy. 

July  30.  Berlin.  The  imperial  budget 
for  1890-91  shows  a  surplus  of  15,148,201 
marks  over  the  estimates. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Feb.  *  Hanover  is  made  an  Im- 
perial capital  residence. 

Mar.  7.  Silesia.  A  meat  famine  oc- 
curs at  Breslau.  The  law  excludes 
American  pork,  and  the  native  product 
is  insufficient. 

Mar.  26+.  Berlin.  Prince  Bismarck 
leaves  Berlin  permanently  for  his  coun- 
try home  at  Friedrichsruhe. 

May  16.  Bavaria.  Thirty-six  children 
are  drowned  while  returning  from  con- 
firmation atltatishon  by  the  upsetting 
of  a  ferryboat  while  crossing  the  Oder. 

June  21.  Hesse.  The  450th  anniversary 
of  the  invention  of  the  art  of  printing 
commences  at  Mentz. 

Aug.  11.  Bk.  Prns.  At  Crefeld  a  house 
falls  during  a  heavy  storm,  and  13  per- 
sons are  killed  and  20  injured. 

Aug.  22.  Berlin.  Several  cases  of  chol- 
era ajfpear. 

Nov.  1.  Bremen.  Within  a  week  11,- 
000  Polish  Jews  arrive  on  their  way 
to  Brazil. 

1891  Jan.  3.  Rh.  Prns.  Sixteen  per- 
sons are  killed  and  10  wounded  by  a  coal- 
shaft  explosion  near  Diisseldorf. 

Jan.  25.  Fifty-two  persons  are  killed  by 
a  coal-mine  explosion  at  Gelcenkir- 
chen. 

Feb.  5.  Hamhurf}.  A  new  Southwest 
African  Company,  with  a  capital  of 
20,000,000  marks,  is  formed. 

Mar.  31.  Berlin.  Influenza  is  preva- 
lent.    [Dec.  3.i     Epiileniic] 

Aug.  12.  Berlin.  The  action  of  the 
Russian  ukase  in  prohibiting  the  export 
of  rye  causes  a  sensation  ;  rye  becomes 
dearer  than  wheat. 


836     1891,  Sept.  21-1894,  Dec.  15.         GERMANY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1892  Apr.  7.  Berlin,  The  Government 
decides  to  adopt  the  Maxim  gun,  and 
orders  180  for  use  in  the  navy. 

Oct.  24.  Berlin.  The  peace  effective  of 
the  army  is  fixed  at  492,008,  and  its  war 
strength  reorganization  is  at  4,400,000. 

1893  Aug.  3.  Two  officers  and  seven 
men  are  killed  and  17  injured  by  an  ex- 
plosion on  the  war-ship  Baden  at  Kiel. 

1894  Sept.  30.  Non-commissioned  ar- 
tillery officers  (183)  are  arrested  on  the 
charge  of  anarchism. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  Jan.  5.  Dr.  Pfeiffer,  son-in-law  of 
Prof.  Koch  of  Berlin,  discovers  the  in- 
fluenza bacillus,  the  smallest  bacillus 
yet  discovered,  also  the  original  cause 
of  infection. 

1893  May  1.  Berlin.  The  standard 
time  for  the  empire  is  fixed  to  longitude 
15°  east  of  Greenwich. 

Oct.  18.  Bremen.  A  statue  of  Em- 
peror William  I.  is  unveiled  by  the 
emperor. 

1894  July  24.  A  monument  to  the 
memory  of  Field  Marshal  Von  BlUcher 
is  inaugurated  near  Caub,  where  he 
crossed  the  Rhine  into  France  on  the 
New  Year's  night  of  1814. 

Sept.  4.  E.  Prus.  Emperor  William  un- 
veils a  monument  to  the  memory  of  his 
grandfather  at  Konigsberg.  [Oct.  16. 
Another  at  Wiesbaden.] 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1891  Oct.  6.     Charles  I.,  King  of  Wiirtem- 
berg,  A  68. 

1892  Jan.  7.     Brucke,  Ernest  W.,  physiol- 
ogist, A73. 

Jan.  26.     Liidovica,  Duch.  of  Bavaria,  A83. 
Mar.  13.     Hesse,  (;rand  Duke  of,  A-^S. 
Apr.   19.     Bodenstedt,  Friedrich,  poet,  jour- 
nalist, A73. 
Oct.   IS.     Biicher,  Lothar,  statesman,  A75. 
Dec.  6.     Sieinena,  Krnest  W.,  electric,  A76. 

1893  Jan.  *    Katibor,    Duke  of     (House  of 
Hohenlohe),  A74. 

Apr.  16.     Bisniarck-S  chierstein.  Count 

von,  Krietlrich  August  Ludwig,  councilor 

of  legation,  A83. 
May  8.    Adolphus  George,  Prince  Schaura- 

bm-g-Lippe,  A76. 
June  S.     Hefele,    Charles    Joseph    von, 

bishop  of  Rottenburg,  eccl.  hist.,  A84. 
Auff.  23.     Ernest   II.,   Duke    of    Saxe-Co- 

burg-Gotha,  A75. 
Dec.  16.     Miehelet,  Karl  L.,  phll.,  A92. 

1894  Feb.  6.     Billroth,  Theodore,  surgeon, 
A63. 

Feb.  12.  Billow,  Hans  Guido  von,  pianist, 
couiposer,  A64. 

July  4.  Dillman,  Christian  F.  A.,  theolo- 
gian, orientalist,  A71. 

July  34.     llrunn,  Henry,  archeologist,  A72. 

Sept.  9.  Helmholtz,  Hermann  L.  F.  von, 
physiologist,  natural  philo80i)her,  A73. 

Nov.  31.  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenaoh,Bukeof, 
AM. 

CHURCH. 

1893  Apr.  23.  Jiome.  The  Pope  re- 
ceives the  emperor  and  empress,  and 
has  a  long  interview  with  the  emperor. 

May  9.  Rome.  Pope  Leo  receives  500 
German  Catholic  pilgrims. 

*  *  Archbishop  Philip  Krementz  of  Co- 
logne is  made  a  cardinal  priest. 

*  *  Prus.    George  Kropp,  archbishop  of 
'  Breslau,  is  consecrated  a  cardinal  priest. 


LETTERS. 

1891*  *  ffaubenlerche,  by  Wildenbruch, 
appears. 

*  *  Einsame  Menschen,  by  Gerhardt 
Hauptmann,  appears. 

*  *  Sodom's  Ende,  by  H.  Sudermann,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Eine  Neue  Welt,  by  H.  Bulthaup,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Mis  Eiserner  Zeit,  by  Spielhagen, 
appears. 

*  *  Das  Zxpeite  Gesicht,  by  Oscar  Blumen- 
thai,  appears. 

*  *  Tino-Moralt,  by  Walter  Siegfried,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Steinerne  Gast,  by  Rudolph  von  Gott- 
schall,  appears. 

*  *  Letzfe  Bottenbitrgem,  by  Louise  von 
Fran\;ois,  appears. 

*  *  Geschichte  der  Pdpste  der  Renaissance, 
by  Ludwig  Pastor,  appears. 

1892  *  *  Bomischen  Vignetten,  by  Marie 
Eugenie  dell  Grazie,  appears. 

*  *  Seitabvom  fKer/e,  by  Hans  Hoffmann, 
appears. 

*  *  Jenseits  von  Gut  und  Bose, "by  FriedTich 
Nietzsche^  appears. 

*  *  Heimat,  by  Hermann  Sudermann,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Der  Meisfer  von  Palmyra,  by  Adolf 
Wilbrandt,  appears. 

*  *  Merlin,  by  Paul  Heyse,  appears. 

*  ♦  Sonntagskind,  by  Spielhagen,  appears. 
1893*  *  Hannelle   Mattern's    Himmel- 

fahrt,  by  Gerhardt  Hauptmann,  appears. 

*  *  New  Poems,  by  Hermann  Hango,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Poems,  by  D.  Saul,  appears. 

*  *  Erster  Frilhling,hy  Maurice  Reinhold 
Ton  Stern,  appears. 

*  *  Vestigia  Leonis,  by  Richard  Nord- 
hausen,  appears. 

*  *  G/dnzendes  Elend,  by  Hans  Hopfen, 
appears. 

*  *J/eiwsi?ie,  by  Paul  Heyse,  appears. 

*  *  Geschickte  der  Afalereiimneunzeknten 
Jnhrhundert ,  by  Richard  Muther,  ap- 
pears. 

1894  *  *  Robespierre,  by  Marie  Eugenie 
deile  Grazie,  appears. 

*  *  Faust  und  Prometheus,  by  Hermann 
Hango,  appears. 

*  *  The  Schmetterlingsscliacht,  by  Suder- 
mann, appears  ;  also  Es  war, 

*  *  Stumme  des  JlimTnels,  by  Spielhagen, 
appears. 

*  *  Donna  Lionarda^hy  Paul  Heyse,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Der  Ring  des  Frangipani,  by  Henry 
Thode,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1891  Sept.  21.  Pr.  Saxony.  The  Con- 
gress of  iN'aturalists  and  Physicians, 
consisting  of  1,215  delegates,  including 
280  women,  opens  at  Halle. 

1892  Feb.  1.  The  police  arrest  20  An- 
archists. 

Mar.  4.  W.  Prus.  A  riot  occurs  in  Dan- 
zig, the  rioters  looting  shops  and  wagons. 

June  21,  Vienna.  Count  Herbert  Bis- 
marck and  Countess  Margarethe  Hoyes 
are  married. 

Nov.  1.  Berlin.  T\\e  Arbeiter  Zeitung ,  a,n 
Anarchist  newspaper,  is  suppressed. 

1893  Jan.  8.  Rk.  Prus.  An  attempt  is 
made  near  Rouple  to  blow  up  the  Cologne 
express  with  a  dynamite  bomb. 

Jan,  10.  Prus.  Princess  Marie  of  Edin- 
burgh and  Prince  Ferdinand  are  mar- 
ried at  Sigmaringen. 


Jan.  25.  Berlin.  Emperor  William's 
sister  Princess  Margaret  is  married  to 
Prince  Frederick  Charles  of  Hesse. 

Oct.  23,  Bh.  Prus.  The  National  Con- 
gress of  Social  Democrats  opens  at 
Cologne. 

Nov.  6.  Berlin.  The  Emperor  Wil- 
liam issues  an  edict  against  gambling 
in  the  army. 

Nov.  27.  Berlin.  Chancellor  von  Ca- 
privi  receives  at  his  official  residence  a 
box  containing  an  infernal  machine, 
[Nov.  28.  Another  is  sent  to  the  Em- 
peror William ;  both  are  from  Orleans, 
France.] 

Dec,  11,  Berlin.  Two  persons  are  In- 
jured by  an  infernal  machine. 

1894  Jan.  26.  Berlin.  Prince  Bis- 
marck is  received  with  tremendous  pop- 
ular enthusiasm ;  the  emperor  greets 
him  with  great  warmth,  and  pays  him 
notable  honors. 

Feb.  19.  Emperor  William  visits  Prince 
Bismarck  atFriedrichsruhe. 

Mar.  25.  Emperor  William  decrees  that 
the  25th  anniversary  of  Sedan  Day 
shall  be  celebrated  by  the  creation  of  a 
new  order,  to  be  called  The  Veterans 
of  1870,  the  medals  to  be  worn  only  by 
soldiers  who  fought  at  the  front. 

Apr.  19.  The  marriage  of  the  Grand 
Duke  of  Hesse  and  Princess  Victoria 
Melita  of  Saxe-Coburg  takes  place  at 
Coburg. 

June  22.  Emperor  William  causes  the 
arrest  of  Imperial  Chamberlain  Von 
Kotze  for  sending  scandalous  anony- 
mous letters  through  the  mails. 

Oct.  21.  The  German-Socialist  Con- 
gress opens  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main. 

Oct.  28.    Berlin.    The  Sunday  closing 

law  is  strictly  enforced;  many  trades 
which  did  their  best  business  on  Sunday 
have  suffered  heavy  losses. 

Oct.  29.  Emperor  William  confers  dec- 
orations upon  Gen.  von  Caprivi  and 
Count  Euleuburg. 

STATE. 

1891  Nov.  5.  Berlin.  An  official  de- 
cree is  issued  permitting  the  importation 
of  American  and  British  cattle  into 
Germany. 

Dec.  1.  Berlin.  The  German  posses- 
sions in  Southwest  Africa  are  sold  to  a 
syndicate  for  3,750,000  marks. 

Dec.  18.  Berlin.  Tlie  Reichstag  adopts 
the  commercial  treaties  with  Austro- 
Hungary,  Italy,  and  Belgium. 

1892  Jan.  23  i.  Active  opposition  to 
the  emperor's  Sectarian  Education 
Bill  arises  throughout  the  empire. 

Feb.  10.  Berlin.  In  the  Reichstag  the 
Center  withdraws  its  demand  thai  the 
Jesuits  should  be  allowed  to  return. 

Mar.  1.  Berlin.  Chancellor  von  Ca- 
privi is  defeated  in  the  Reichstag  on 
naval  estimates. 

Mar.  21.  Berlin.  Count  von  Zedlitz's 
resignation  from  the  Cabinet  is  accepted. 
CMar.  24.    Dr.  von  Bosse  succeeds  him.] 

Mar.  23.  Berlin.  Count  Eulenberg  ac- 
cepts the  premiership. 


GERMANY.      1891,  Sept.  21-1894,  Dec.  15.     837 


Apr.  1,  Jierlin.  Tlie  Lower  House  of 
the  Landtag  passes  the  Guelph  Fund 
BiU. 

Uay  16.  Berlin.  The  Government 
agrees  to  take  part  in  the  International 
Silver  Conference. 

Aug.  9.  Herr  Herrfuth,  minister  of  the 
interior,  resigns. 

Sept.  24.  Jierlin.  The  Federal  author- 
ities yield  assent  to  the  proposition  for 
two  years'  service  in  the  army, 

Sept.  29.  Berlin.  The  Social  Demo- 
crats win  in  the  municipal  elections. 

Dec.  6.  Berlin.  The  majority  of  the 
members  of  the  Center  of  the  Reichstag 
vote  to  support  the  Army  Bill. 

It  fixes  the  strength  of  the  peace  effec- 
tive at  492,068  men,  the  war  strength  at 
4,400,000 ;  the  time  of  service  is  generally 
reduced  to  two  years. 

Dec.  12.  Berlin.  In  the  Reichstag  Chan- 
cellor von  Caprivi  announces  that  Ger- 
many will  adhere  to  the  gold  standard. 

1893  Feb.  18.  Popular  agitation  in 
favor  of  the  Army  Bill  is  increasing. 

Mar.  17.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  Com- 
mittee rejects  the  second  reading  of  the 
Army  Bill,  and  adjourns  till  after 
£a8ter. 

May  6.  Berlin.  The  Army  Bill  is  re- 
jected. Voted,  210-102.  The  emperor 
dissolves  the  Reichstag ;  Chancellor  von 
Caprivi  goes  to  Potsdam  to  tender  his 
resignation ;  new  elections  are  appointed 
to  be  held  June  15. 

May  23.  The  Center  party  declares 
against  the  Army  BiU. 

July  4.  Berlin.  The  new  Reichstag  is 
opened  by  Emperor  William,  who  urges 
the  importance  of  passing  the  Army 
Bill  immediately. 

July  7.  Berlin.  Chancellor  von  Caprivi 
introduces  the  amended  Army  Bill  in 
the  Reichstag. 

July  13.  Berlin.  The  first  article  of  the 
Army  Bill,  fixing  for  two  years  the 
peace  effective  at  479,229  men,  is  passed 
by  the  Reichstag  by  a  vote  of  198  to  187. 

July  15.  Berlin.  The  Army  Bill  is 
passed  by  the  Reichstag  by  a  vote  of 
200-183,  in  the  fullest  house  ever  known. 

July  28,  Berlin.  The  Federal  Council 
resolves  to  increase  the  duties  on  im- 
ports from  Russia  50  per  cent. 

Aug.  22.  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  Duke 
£mst  dies ;  he  left  no  children,  and  the 

'  Duke  of  Fdinburgh,  the  second  son  of 
Queen  Victoria,  is  formally  recognized 
as  the  ruler  of  the  duchy. 

Sept.  8.  Berlin.  Emperor  "William  or- 
ders that  all  the  exceptional  laws  en- 
forced in  Alsace  and  Ix>rraine  since 
the  war  shall  be  abolished. 

Sept.  19.  Berlin.  Emperor  AVilliam  ap- 
points Gen.  Brousart  Schellendorf  as 
minister  of  war  in  place  of  Gen.  von 
Kaltenborn-Strachan,  resigned. 

Chancellor  von  Caprivi  and  the  papal 
nuncio  agree,  if  the  Centrists  will  sup- 
port the  Government,  concessions  will 
be  granted  on  the  educational  ques- 
tion, an<l  the  Catholic  orders  will  be 
readmitted  into  Germany. 


Oct.  23.  7?A.  Prus.  The  National  Con- 
gress of  Socialists  opens  in  Cologne. 

Dec.  1.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  votes,  by 
a  majority  of  37,  to  revoke  the  decree 
expelling  the  Jesuits  from  Germany. 

1894  Jan.  16.  Bavaria.  The  Upper 
House  decides  to  depose  the  insane 
King  Otho,  and  transfer  the  crown  to 
Prince  Luitpold,  the  regent  and  heir 
presumptive. 

Mar.  10.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  adopts 
the  first  part  of  the  Busso-German 
Treaty.    Vote,  200-146. 

Apr.  16.  Berlin.  The  bill  permitting 
the  Jesuits  to  return  passes  its  third 
reading  in  the  Reichstag.     Vote,  16S-145. 

Apr.  19.  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  passes 
the  Bourse  Taxation  Bill. 

June  6.  The  German  Imperial  Silver 
Commission  adjourns  without  having 
agreed  on  any  solution  of  the  silver 
problem. 

June  8.  Berlin,  Dr.  Lieber,  leader  of 
the  Clerical  party,  resigns  from  the 
Reichstag. 

July  9.  Berlin.  The  Bundesrath  rejects 
the  bill  passed  by  the  Reichstag  to  re- 
peal  the  anti- Jesuit  laws,  but  approves 
the  admission  of  the  Redemptorists. 

July  12.  Germany  declares  a  tariff  war 
against  Spain. 

Sept.  25  f.  Berlin.  Chancellor  von  Ca- 
privi no  longer  opposes  severe  repressive 
measures  against  Anarchists  and  So- 
cialists. 

Oct.  14.  Germany  rejects  England's  pro- 
posals to  join  the  powers  in  intervention 
in  the  China-Japanese  war. 

Oct.  26.  Berlin.  Chancellor  von  Ca- 
privi resigns  his  office,  and  Count 
Botho  zu  Sulenberg  resigns  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Council, 

Prince  von  Hohenlohe-Schillings- 

fiirst  is  appointed  imperial  chancellor, 
also  premier  of  Prussia. 

Nov,  7.  Germany  formally  recognizes 
the  Hawaiian  B^public. 

Nov.  14.  Jierlin.  The  anti-Anar- 
chist Bill  is  introduced  in  the  Bundes- 
rath ;  it  is  drastic  iu  its  provisions. 

Dec.  6.  Berlin.  An  exciting  scene  oc- 
curs in  the  Reichstag,  caused  by  the 
refusal  of  the  Socialists  to  cheer  for  the 
emperor, 

Dec.  10,  Berlin.  Baron  von  Ber- 
lespsch,  minister  of  commerce,  tenders 
his  resignation  because  the  Ministry  re- 
jects bills  he  drafted. 

Dec.  14.  Berlin.  The  Anti-Hevolu- 
tionist  Bill  is  introduced  in  the  German 
Reichstag. 

Dec,  15,  Berlin.  The  Reichstag  rejects 
the  Government's  proposal  to  prose- 
cute the  Socialists  for  lese-majesty. 
Vote,  168-58. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Feb.  13.  Afr.  The  German  col- 
onization of  New  Guinea  is  a  complete 
failure. 

Aug.  13.  Jierlin.  Emperor  William  has 
withdrawn  all  ot!tciaI  support  to  the 
proposed  Berlin  exposition. 


Aug,  23,  Hamburg.  The  authorities 
acknowledge  the  presence  of  Asiatic 
cholera. 

Atlg,  29,  Cholera  appears  at  Bremen  ; 
there  is  an  apparent  abatement  In  Ham- 
burg. 

Aug.  31.     Hamburg.     The  cholera  is 

becoming  worse.  [Sept.  *2.  There  are 
upwards  of  600  new  cases  of  cholera. 
Sept.  6.  Cholera  cases  increase.  Sept. 
14.  Total  cases  of  cholera  from  Aug. 
17  to  this  day  amount  to  15,663,  of  which 
6,764  proved  fatal  ;  the  House  of  Bur- 
gesses appeals  to  the  Senate  for  a  grant 
of  1,000,000  marks  for  relief  purposes.] 

Sept.  29,  New  cases  of  cholera  are  re- 
ported in  Berlin  ;  the  disease  is  decreas- 
ing in  Hamburg.  [Oct.  9.  Only  two 
new  cases  at  Hamburg.] 

Oct.  1,  Berlin.  The  private  bank  of 
Schultz  fails,  with  liabilities  amount- 
ing to  30,000,000  marks. 

Oct.  4.  Berlin.  In  the  long-distance 
ride  between  Berlin  and  Vienna,  Lieut. 
Miklos  (Austrian)  and  horse  arrive  first 
at  Berlin,  and  Prince  Leopold  (German) 
and  horse  arrive  first  at  Florisdorf. 

Oct.  5.  Hamburg  reports  30  new  cases 
of  cholera, 

Oct.  17,  Hamburg.  The  official  figures 
show  that  there  nave  been  17,962  cases 
and  7,508  deaths  from  cholera  in  Ham- 
burg. [Oct.  18,  eight;  Oct.  19,  II:  Oct. 
25, 25  ;  Oct.  26. 6 ;  Oct.  28,  seven  ;  Nov,  2, 
none.] 

XTov.  2.  Hamburg  is  officially  declared 
to  be  free  from  cholera. 

Dec.  3.  The  steamer  5pree  is  heard  from  ; 
she  had  broken  her  shaft  when  1,000 
miles  out,  and  was  towed  into  Queens- 
town  by  the  steamer  Lake  Huron. 

Dec.  8.  Berlin.  Influenza  again  prev- 
alent. 

Dec.  15,  Hamburg.  In  one  week  28 
cases  of  cholera  occur  with  two  deaths. 
(Dec.  16,  new  cases  ;  Dec.  22,  four  ; 
Dec,  25,  new  cases  ;  Dec.  27,  two  deaths: 
Dec.  29,  two  cases  ;  Dec.  30,  seven  cases.  J 

1893  Jan.  1.  W.  Prus.  Several  per- 
sons are  frozen  to  death  at  Thorn  and 
other  places  on  the  Vistula. 

Jan.  18.  Pr.  Saxony.  Seven  deaths  from 
cholera  are  reported  in  the  lunatic 
asylum  at  Halle. 

Jan.  21.  Seventeen  new  cases  of  cholera 
are  reported  at  the  Neitleben  Lunatic 
Asylum.  [Jan.  29.  Four  new  cases  at 
Altona ;  one  death  at  Hamburg.] 

Jan.  28.  Jierlin.  A  fire  causes  a  loss  of 
two  million  marks. 

Apr.  18.  Prus.  A  fire  in  the  Hohen- 
zollern  Palace  at  Sigmaringen  destroys 
many  works  of  art. 

Jime  18.  Fr.  The  bodies  of  Prussians 
who  fell  at  Stall  in  1870  are  delivered 
by  French  to  German  troops,  and  taken 
across  for  reburial. 

Aug.  15.    Berlin.    Cholera  appears. 

Aug.  19.  Explosions  in  two  coal-pits 
kill  57  miners,  and  wound  many  others. 

Aug.  27,  The  business  depression  con- 
sequent upon  the  tariff  war  between 
Germany  and  Russia  is  increasing. 

Sept,  7.  The  authorities  officially  pro- 
claim the  Rhine  to  be  infected  with 
cholera,  and  bathing  in  it  has  been  for- 
bidden. 

Sept.  10.    Four  new  cases   of  cholera 

are  discovered  in  Berlin.    [Sept.  20,  10  ; 

Sept.  21,  three  ;  Sept.  23,  14  cases  ;  Sept. 

30,  three  deaths.] 
Oct.  1.    Three  new  cases  of  cholera  and 

one  death  are  reported  in  Hamburg. 
Oct.  10,     A    policeman  and  a  sanitary 

official  are  killed  in  a  cholera  riot  in 

St.  Paul,  a  suburb  of  Hamburg. 
Oct.  14.    Berlin  reports  eight  cases  of 

cholera  with  five  deaths. 
Oct.  29.  Schleswig-Holstein.  Two  deaths 

from  cholera  occur  in  Kiel. 


838    1862,**-I894,0ct.30.   GERMAN    EAST  AFRICA. 

Germax  Kast  Africa  is  a  dependency  of  the  empire,  lying  near  the  equatorial  region,  between  the  Indian  Ocean  and  the 
Great  Lakes  ;  its  government  is  administered  by  an  Imperial  officer.    Area,  380,000±  square  miles  ;  population,  1,760,000±. 


EXPLORATION  —  ARMY  —  STATE. 

1866  Mar.  22.  David  Livingstone 
ascends  the  Kovunia  Kiver.  [ISfJi*.  Mar. 
14.  Livingstone  reaches  Ujiji,  "  a  rnclile 
of  bones."  1871.  Oct  13.  He  returns  to 
Ujiji.  Oct.  18.  H.  M.  Stanley,  the  corre- 
spondent of  the  New  York  Herald,  finds 
Livingstone  at  Ujiji.  1871-72.  They  ex- 
plore the  north  end  of  Lake  Tangan- 
yika. 1872.  Mar.  15.  Tliey  part  at  L'ji- 
yanyembe.  Aug.  15.  liivingstone  leaves 
Unyanyembe  for  Lake  Bangweolo.  1874. 
He  visits  Lake  Tanganyika.] 

1867  *  *  Lake  Tanganyika  is  discov- 
ered by  John  H.  Spcke. 

1887  *  *  Lieut.  Wissmann  arrives  at 
Zanzibar  after  crossing  the  coutiueut. 

1888*  *The  German  East  African 
Company  acquire  from  the  Sultan  of 
Zanzibar  a  lease  of  the  coast  for  50 
years,  with  rights  to  all  duties  and  tolls. 
This  territory,  with  other  concessions  in 
Masai-land,  constitutes  a  protectorate. 

Jan.  12.  The  natives  under  Bushiri, 
the  Arab  chief,  attack  the  German  mis- 
sion-station at  Dar-es-Salaara,  near  Bag- 
amoyo,  but  are  repulsed  with  heavy  loss. 
[They  capture  and  reenslave  100±  freed 
natives;  German  missionaries  are  cap- 
tured. Jan.22i:.  The  fighting  continues; 
the  Arabs  demand  that  the  Germans 
evacuate  the  coast.  Jan.  25.  The  Arabs 
are  defeated.} 

Jan.  21i.  Berlin.  Lieut.  "Wissmann  is 
appointed  Imperial  Commissioner  for 
German  P^ast  Africa.  [Apr.  6.  Assumes 
command.] 

Feb.  8.  Complete  anarchy  prevails 
along  the  coast. 

The  Catholic  missionaries  are  release<l 
by  Bushiri  on  payment  of  a  ransom  of 
9,000  marks  by  the  Germans. 

Mar.  3.  The  Germans  recapture  Bag:a- 
moyo. 

Mar.  6.  Capt.  Wissmann  punishes  the 
Kibosh  tribe. 

Mar.  10.  H.  M.  Stanley  meets  Tippoo 
Tib  at  LJjiji. 

Mar.  22.  A  German  force  attacks  Saa- 
daui.    [Mar.  28.    They  burn  Kondutchi.] 

May  10.  Capt.  Wissmann  captures 
Chief  Biishiri's  camp.  [June  7.  He  de- 
feats the  Arabs.] 

1889  June  1.  Germans  proclaim  war 
against  the  revolting  natives  north  of 
Bagamoyo. 

July  9.  Capt.  Wissmann  attacks  the 
Arabs  with  gunboats,  and  occupies 
Pangani  without  loss.  [July  10.  Shells 
and  takes  Tanga.] 

Sept.  6.  Capt.  Wissmann  with  400  men 
starts  for  Mpwapwa  to  punish  Bushiri 
for  killing  Officer  Nielsen  of  the  East 
African  Company. 

Sept.  11.  Capt.  Wissmann  offers  £5.000 
reward  for  the  head  of  Chief  Bushiri,  he 
having  threatened  to  destroy  the  mis- 
sions in  the  interior.  [Oct.  22.  Bushiri's 
camp  is  surprised  by  a  German  force. 
Oct.  26.  Capt.  Wissmann  defeats  Bushiri. 
l)ec.  10.  Again  defeated.  Dec.  17.  Bu- 
shiri is  captured  and  hanged.] 


Oct.  27.    Vitu  is  captured  and  burned. 

Nov.  4.  Capt.  Wissmann's  expedition 
encounters  0,000  Bushiri,  and  repulses 
the  natives,  who  suffer  great  loss. 

Wov,  12.  The  New  York  Herald  sends 
an  expedition,  escorted  by  Capt.  Wiss- 
mann, to  meet  Henry  M.  Stanley. 

Dec.  4.  Stanley  and  Emin  Pasha  arrive 
at  Bagamoyo  from  Central  Africa. 

1890  Jan.  6±,  Capt.  Wissmann  routs 
the  Arabs,  and  captures  one  of  their 
strongholds. 

Jan.  16.  Thousands  of  Arabs  accept  the 
German  otfer  of  amnesty,  and  come  to 
the  coast  at  Zanzibar. 

Apr.  2,  Emin  Pasha  arrives  at  Zanzi- 
bar. 

Apr.  7  'r.  The  German  flag  is  raised  in 
the  territories  of  the  Sultau  of  Wan- 
dara,  following  the  mission  of  Lieut. 
Ehlers. 

Apr.  30.  Capt.  Wissmann  leaves  Baga- 
moyo with  a  large  force  to  attack  Kil- 
wa.  [May  4.  Bombards  and  occupies 
the  town.    May  13.    He  captures  Lind.] 

May  14.  Capt.  Wissmann  captures  Mi- 
kindani;  this  places  the  whole  coast  as 
far  as  Zanzibar  in  the  hands  of  the 
Germans. 

May  26.  Capt.  Wissmann  leaves  Zan- 
zibar for  Europe.  [June  23.  Arrives  at 
Berlin.] 

June  27.  The  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  con- 
sents to  cede  the  coast  to  Germany. 
[July  3.  Dr.  Peters  arrives  at  Usugara. 
J  uly  22.  He  leaves  Zanzibar  for  Europe.] 

Aug.  11,  The  Sultan's  army  is  defeated 
by  rebel  Arabs.  [Aug.  20.  Defeats  the 
rebel  Arabs  at  Zemmour.] 

Aug.  13.  Slaves  are  reported  to  be  sold 
on  German  territory  without  abatement. 

Sept.  29.  Herr  Von  So  den  is  ap- 
pointed governor  of  German  East  Africa. 

Oct.  3.  The  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  by  treaty 
surrenders  to  Germany  for  $1,000,000 
his  sovereign  rights  over  that  portion 
of  the  East  African  Coast  which  is  leased 
to  the  German  East  African  Company. 
[Oct.  8.  The  Company  purchase  the 
wbole  property  of  the  Vitu  Company.] 

Nov.  19.  The  Sultan  of  Vitu  raids  the 
German  outposts,  and  is  repulsed  with 
heavy  loss. 

1891  Jan.  1.    The  German    flag  is 

formally  raised  at  various  points  on  the 
Zanzibar  Coast,  to  mark  its  acquisition. 

Jan.  9.  Emin  Pasha  establishes  a  for- 
tified station  on  the  shore  of  the  Victo- 
ria Nyanza. 

Jan.  31.    Peace  is  declared  in  Zanzibar, 

May  16.  The  German  government  noti- 
fies the  powers  that  Dar-es-Salaam  will 
be  the  capital  of  the  German  colonies 
in  East  Africa. 

Sept.  12,  A  German  force  defeats  the 
natives,  but  loses  300  men,  and  all  their 
guns  and  ammunition ;  only  two  non- 
commissioned officers  escape. 


Dec.  1.  The  German  possessions  in 
Southeast  Africa  are  sold  to  a  syndicate 
for  3,750,000  marks. 

1892  Oct.  17.  The  Wahehe  tribe  at- 
tack tlie  German  station  at  Mpwapwa; 
many  residents  are  killed  or  wounded. 

1893  Mar.  14.  A  German  force  defeat* 
hostile  natives,  killing  Sikki,  the  leader, 
and  a  number  of  his  followers.  [Aug. 
29.  An  African  fortified  camp  is 
stormed.] 

1894  Oct.  30.  A  German  force  storms 
and  captures  Kuiranga,  the  capital  of 
the  Wahehe  country. 

CHURCH  — SOCIETY. 

1862*  *  The  Universities  Mission  at 
Magomero,  on  Lake  Shirwa,  is  moved 
to  the  mainland  opposite  Zanzibar. 

1869  *  *  Magila,  opposite  Zanzibar,  be- 
comes a  mission-station  of  Bishop  Tozer. 
[1875  *  *  It  becomes  a  mission-station  of 
the  Universities  Mission.] 

1878  *  *  Ujiji  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  London  Society.  [1879,  Uram- 
bo;  1887,  Fwambo,  near  Lake  Tangan- 
yika.] 

1882  *  *  TheMoslemsof  Magilain  Usam- 
bara  close  their  mosques,  and  become 
Christians. 

1889  Jan.  17.  Arab  slave-dealers  kill 
eight  German  missionaries  in  Zanzibar, 
and  mutilate  their  bodies  ;  they  sell  as 
slaves  the  native  inmates  of  German 
mission-premises  at  Tugu,  15  miles  from 
Dar-es-Salaam. 

Jan.  29.  An  English  missionary  and  16 
of  his  followers  are  massacred  by  na- 
tives. 

Feb.  27.  The  German  missionaries  held 
captive  by  the  Arabs  are  liberated. 

Sept.  28.  Capt.  Wissmann  reports  that 
exportation  of  slaves  in  his  territory 
has  stopped. 

Oct.  30,  A  missionary  party  is  massa- 
cred. 

1890  Mar.  24.  The  German  authori- 
ties hang  a  slave-dealer  at  Bagamoyo, 

Sept.  14.  The  German  authorities  at 
Bagamoyo  publish  a  notice  permitting 
slave-deahng,  but  prohibiting  the  ex- 
portation of  slaves  by  sea, 

Sept.  22.  A  German  merchant  at  Vitu 
and  seven  German  employees  are  mas- 
sacred by  natives. 

*  *  The  English  Church  Missionary  Soci- 
ety has  a  missionary  station  180  miles 
inland,  in  the  Ugurii  district ;  another 
(Mpwapwa)  40  miles  farther,  in  Usu- 
gara, and  another  (Uyui)  in  the  district 

of  Unyanyembe. 

*  *  Mbweni»  on  the  Zanzibar  coast,  is  a 
village  of  300  released  slaves,  with  per- 
manent church,  domestic  chapel,  work- 
shop, traction-engine,  lime-kiln,  etc. 

1891  May  22.  Arab  slave-raids  are 
frequent  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Tangan- 
yika. 

Dec.  16.  Great  cruelty  is  practised  by 
slave-traders  near  l^ake  Tanganyika ; 
from  10  to  20  slaves  are  killed  daily 
when  they  become  exhausted  by  the 
march. 


GERMAN    SOUTH-WEST  AFRICA. 

German  South-west  ArRicA  is  a  dependency  of  the  empire,  and  comprises  a  territory  bordering  tlie  Atlantic,  and 
extending  from  the  Orange  to  the  Kunene  Eivers.  Area,  330,000  square  miles ;  population,  about  150,000,  of  these  COO  are 
"whites.    Walfish  Bay  on  the  coast  belongs  to  Great  Britain. 


1884  *  »  The  German  flag  is  hoisted  on 
land  purchased  around  Angra  Pequefia, 
by  F.  A.  S.  LUderitz.  18a5*  *  Here- 
ToUmd  is  annexed  by  treaty.    1886*  * 


Portugal  recognizes  the  boundaries. 
18«8  »  *  Hereroland  is  given  up.  1889 
*  *  Hereroland  is  regained  by  force. 
1890*  *  England  recognizes  the  boun- 


daries. 1893  •  *  Henrie  Witboy,  the 
civilized  chief,  is  at  last  defeated  by  the 
Germans. 


GREAT    BRITAIN   AND   IRELAND.    2048b.c.-150a.d.    839 

Great  Britain  ani>  Ireland  is  a  country  of  Western  Europe,  and  classed  as  one  of  the  great  powers.  The  government 
is  an  hereditary  constitutional  monarchy,  having  the  executive  authority  lodged  with  the  sovereign  and  a  responsible  ministry. 
The  legislature  consists  of  a  Parliament  of  two  houses  ;  the  House  of  LiOrds  having  about  5C0  members,  and  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, 670  members. 

The  principal  colonies  and  foreign  possessions  are  Gibraltar,  Malta,  Aden,  and  Perim,  and  a  protectorate  along  the  Somali 
Coast,  Bahrein  Islands,  British  Korth  Borneo  including  Brunei  and  Sarawak,  Ceylon,  Cyprus,  Hongkong,  India  and  its  depen- 
dencies, Kamaran  Island,  Labuan,  Straits  Settlements,  Ascension  Island,  Basutoland,  Bechuanaland,  Cape  Colony,  Mauritius, 
liritish  East  Africa,  Natal,  Niger  Kiver  Territories,  British  Zambesia,  Oil  Jtivers  Protectorate,  Saint  Helena,  Tristan  da  Cunha, 
(iold  Coast,  Lag(»s,  Gambia.  Sierra  Leone.  Zanzibar,  Zululand,  Bermudas,  Canada,  Newfoundland,  Falkland  Islands,  British  Gui- 
ana. British  Honduras,  Islands  in  the  West  Indies  including  the  Bahamas,  Barbados,  Jamaica,  Windward  Islands,  Leeward 
Islands,  and  Trinidad  ;  Tasmania,  Victoria,  New  South  Wales,  South  Australia,  Queensland,  Western  Australia,  New  Zealand, 
Hritish  New  Guinea ;  also  many  groups  of  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  including  Fiji,  Cook's  Islands,  Union,  Phoinix,  and  Gil- 
bert Islands  ;  Heligoland  in  the  North  Sea  is  ceded  to  Germany  in  1890. 

Area  of  the  United  Kingdom,  120,979  square  miles ;  population  in  1891,  38,104,975.  Total  area  of  the  empire  and  its  protecto- 
rates and  spheres  of  influence,  11,421,100  square  miles  ;  estimated  population,  about  381,404,960. 

NoTK.  —  All  items  not  having  a  locality  word  following  the  date  are  located  In  England.  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  Wales  are  designated  by 
abbreviations.    Many  of  the  very  early  dates  are  of  doubtful  value. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

55  Aug.  26  IJ.  c.  Julius  Caesar  in- 
vades Britain,  and  encamps  [on  Barham 
Downs  near  Deal].  [54.  Again  invades 
it.] 

64  *  *  B.  c.  Casaivelaunus  leads  the 
Britons  against  CiBsar,  and  is  defeated. 

40*  *A.  D.  The  Roman  Emperor  Calig- 
ula leads  a  mock  invasion. 

*  *  *  War  between  the  Romans  and 
Britons. 

43  *  *  The  Emperor  Claudius  lands  an 
expedition  in  Britain,  parades  16  days, 
then  [44]  returns  to  Rome,  assumes  the 
title  Britannicus,  and  is  worshiped  as 
a  god. 

45*  *  [Gloucester]  submits  to  the  Ro- 
mans. 

60  *  ♦  Battle  of  Shropshire.  The  Brit- 
ons are  defeated  by  the  Roman  general, 
Ostorius  Scapula. 

Caractacus,  King  of  the  Silures,  is 
taken  prisoner,  through  the  treachery  of 
Cartisniandua,  Queen  of  the  Brigantes. 

*  *  *  W.  The  Silures  of  South  "Wales 
maintnin  an  obstinate  resistance  to  the 
Romans. 

68  *  *  Suetonius  Paulinus  commands 
the  Romans. 

61  *  *  Britons  under  Boadicea  revolt, 
burn  London,  and  kill  70,000  Romans 
and  strangers. 

Paulinus  subdues  the  revolting 
Druids. 

78  *  *  Julius  Agricola  commands  the 
Romans. 

He  defeats  and  subdues  the  Britons  in 
Anglesey,  and  completes  the  conquest  of 
Britain. 

79  *  *  Romans  establish  a  military  sta- 
tion at  Mancenion  [Manchester],  a 
stronghold  of  the  Brigantes. 

81  •  *  Agricola  builds  forts  between  the 
Tyne  and  Solway  to  protect  Britain 
against  invasion  from  Caledonia. 

84  *  *  Scot.  Agricola  defeats  Caledoni- 
ans under  Galgacus  in  the  battle  of  the 
Qrampians. 

*  *  Agricola  builds  a  line  of  forts  from 
the  Forth  to  the  Clyde,  and  sends  a 
fleet  around  the  north  of  Scotland  for 
the  tirst  time. 

121*  ♦The  Emperor  Hadrian  builds  a 
rampart  from  tlie  Tyne  to  the  Solway. 


138*  *  The  Caledonians  invade  Britain 
and  are  repel  letl.  Antoninus  Plus 
commands  the  Romans. 

140  *  *  LoUius  Urbicus,  lieutenant  of 
Antoninus,  strengthens  by  a  turf  ram- 
part, called  "Wall  of  Antoninus,  the 
line  of  forts  between  the  Clyde  and  the 
Forth. 

150±  *  *  Ire.  Tuathal  organizes  a 
standing  army  [afterwards  known  as 
the  Fiann,  or  Fenians]. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

60  B.  c  — 250  A.  D.  London.  Gothic 
architecture  appears  in  St.  Martin's 
Church,  Canterbury. 

15*  *  B.  c.  London.  The  "London 
Stone,**  fixed  by  the  Romans,  is  placed 
[in  Cannon  Street]  in  the  center  of  the 
city.  [1742.  Removed  from  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  way.  1798.  Placed  in 
the  wall  of  St.  Swithin's  Chnrch.j 

84  *  •  A.  D.  A  Roman  fleet  sails  round 
the  north  coast,  and  discovers  Britain 
to  be  an  island. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

62  *  "  Boadicea,  Queen  of  the  Icenl,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

54  *  *  B.  c.  The  Druids  serve  the  people 
as  ministers  of  sacred  things,  teachers 
of  the  young,  and  arbiters  and  judges. 

*  *  *  The  Druids  offer  up  criminals  in 
sacrifice  to  deity. 

lat  Century.  A.  d.  St.  Paul  preaches  in 
Britain.  [Affirmed  by  some  authorities, 
but  without  positive  proof.] 

*  *  Ire.  Christianity  is  introduced  (?) 
from  the  East. 

LETTERS. 

I300i  B.C.  Scot.— Ire.  A  colony  from 
Spain  introduces  Phenician  letters. 

SOCIETY. 

54**  B.C.  "The  population  is  very 
great,  and  the  buildings  very  nume- 
rous."    (Caesar.) 

*  *  The  Equestrian  Order  and  the  Dru- 
ids possess  the  power  and  privileges. 


The  people  are  clothed  in  skins,  and 
live  chiefly  on  milk  and  flesh. 

78-84  A.  D.  Civilization  makes  rapid 
progress  under  the  mild  rule  of  Agri- 
cola. 


STATE. 


2048  *  *  B.  c.  Ire.  Partholan,  coming 
from  Greece,  lands  in  the  island.  (?) 

1463  *  *  B.  c.  The  Damnonii  make  their 
descent. 

1300  *  *  B.  c.  Ire.  Herber  and  Here- 
mon,  Milesian  princes,  come  from 
Spain,  and  conquer  the  island.  (?) 

1000+  *  *  B.  c.  Phenicians  appear 
from  Western  Asia. 

330**B.c.  Scot.  Camelon,Kinffof the 
Picts,  builds  tbe  castle  of  the  "Ilill  of 
Edin"  [Edinburgh].  (?) 

*  *  B.  c.  Scot.  The  monarchy  is 
founded  by  Fergus,  an  Irish  prince.  (?) 

140  *  *  B.  c.  Scot.  The  southern  lands 
are  settled  by  Picts  from  England. 

54  *  *  B.  c.  [London]  is  the  capital  of 
of  the  Trinobantes, 

*  *  B.  c.  Homian  rule  begins  under  Ju- 
lius Csesar.  

4-24  A.  J>.  Ire.  Fearaidbach-Vionfacht- 
nath  reigns.  (?)  [24-27,  Fiachadh-Fion 
(?);  127-54,  Fiachadh-Fionohudh  (?) ;  54r- 
59,  Cairbre-Cincait ;  59-79,  Elim  (?);  79- 
109,  Tuathal-Teachtmar.  (?)  He  imposes 
the  *'  boiroimhe,"  or  cow  tribute,  on  the 
province  of  Leinster.  (?)  109-113,  Malor 
Mail ;  113-122,  Feidhlimhidh  ;  122-125, 
Cathoire  Mor,  or  the  Great;  125-145, 
Conn  Ceadchadhach,  the  *'  Hero  of  the 
Hundred  Battles  ; "  145-152,  Condir ; 
152-182,  Art-Aonfhir  ;  182-212,  Lughaidh 
(MacConn) ;  212-213,  Fergus  the  Black 
Teeth.  J 

41  •  *  Rome.    Claudius    Britannicus  Is  em- 

feror.  [5H,  Suetonius  I'aulinus;  81,  Domitlan; 
17,  Hadrian;  138,  July  10,  Antoninus  Pius; 
161,  Marcus  Aurelius;  IKU,  Comniodus;  193, 
Pertinax,  (tbree  montbs};  later,  Septimus 
Severus.  ] 

*  *  Caractacus  is  leader  of  the  native 
Britons. 

61  *  *  Boadicea  is  queen  of  the  Iceni. 

*  *  Londinum  [IjondonJ  is  a  large  town. 

70  *  *  Scot.  Perth  is  founded  by  Agri- 
cola [capital]. 

78  *  *  Agricola,  tbe  Roman  consul,  rules. 
Many    Roman  towns  are  built,      [84. 
Recalled.] 

120  *  *  Hadrian  is  in  Britain. 

140  *  *  Ire.  Asbcled  [Dublin]  is  built, 
and  becomes  the  capital.  (?) 


840 


156,**-580, 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

184  *  *  Scoi.  TTlpius  Marcellus  drives 
back  invading  bands  of  Caledonians. 

207  *  *  South  Britain  is  invaded  by  the 
Caledonians. 

208  *  *  The  Emperor  Severus  arrives 
in  Britain,  advances  north,  and  strength- 
ens Hadrian's  rampart  by  [the  Wall  of 
Severus],  80  miles  long. 

209  *  ♦  Severus  advances  to  the  Moray 
Firth,  and  repels  the  Caledonians. 

258  *  *  Scot.  The  Scots  from  Ireland 
invade  Caledonia. 

296  *  *  The  usurper  AUectus  is  defeated 
and  slain  by  the  liomans  under  Asclepi- 
odotus. 

360  *  *  Picts  and  Scots  (Irish)  from  Ire- 
land invade  Britain. 

367  *  *  The  Roman  general,  Theodosius, 
defeats  the  Saxons  on  the  sea,  in  their 
first  attempt  to  invade  Britain. 

368  *  *  Picts  and  Scots  devastate  the 
country,  and  approach  London,  but  are 
driven  "back  by  Theodosius. 

406  *  *  The  20th  Roman  legrion,  Vale- 
ria Victrix,  evacuates  [Chester]. 

410  *  *  The  Romans  finally  retire  from 
Britain. 

429*  *EugeniusII.  of  Scotland  invades 
Britain. 

446  *  *  The  Britons  invoke  the  aid  of  the 
Homans  against  invading  Picts  ;  but 
they  are  struggling  with  the  Goths,  and 
decline  to  assist  the  Britons. 

449  *  *  The  Saxons  are  invited  to  dwell 
in  Thanet  [Kent]  to  fight  the  invading 
Picts  ;  they  come,  and  the  Angles  follow. 

455  *  *  Horsa  the  Teuton  is  killed  in 
battle  at  Aylesford. 

465  *  *  The  Britons  are  defeated  at  "Wip- 
pidsfleet  by  the  English,  the  new  in- 
vaders, under  Hengist ;  and  their  power 
is  overthrown  in  Northern  Kent. 

473  *  *  Lynme  in  Kent  is  taken  by  the 
English. 

480  *  *  Kent  is  won  by  the  English  after 
a  struggle  of  30  years. 

483  *  *  Ire.  King  Oilioll  is  defeated 
and  killed  at  Ocha. 

488*  *  Mancenion  [Manchester]  ia 
taken  from  the  Britons. 

491  *  *  The  South  Saxons  under  Mile 
and  Cissa  storm  Anderida  [Pevensey], 
exterminate  the  inhabitants,  and  estab- 
lish the  kingdom  of  the  South  Saxons. 

495  *  *  A  Saxon  tribe  called  Gewissas 
enters  the  great  down,  or  Gwent,  to  take 
[Winchester]. 

519  *  *  The  Britons  are  defeated  by  Cer- 
dic  the  Saxon  at  Carford. 

*  *  W.  David  orders  his  soldiers  to  place 
a  leek  in  their  caps,  in  honor  of  King 
Arthur's  great  victory  over  the  Saxons, 
[It  becomes  the  national  emblem.] 

520  *  *  The  Saxons  are  defeated  by 
Prince  Arthur  at  Badon  Hill. 

534-556  Cymric,  a  West  Saxon  king, 
conquers  [Berkshire]. 

542  *  *  Prince  Arthur  is  defeated  and 
killed  at  Comlan  [Cornwall]. 

552  *  *  West  Saxons  capture  the  hill- 
fort  of  Old  Sarum  from  the  Britons. 

568  *  *  The  first  recorded  fight  in  Britain 
of  Englishmen  against  Englishmen 
occurs  at  Wibbandun  [Wimbledon]  ; 
Ethelbert,  King  of  Kent,  is  defeated  by 
Ceawlin,  King  of  Wessex. 

577  *  *  The  English  under  Ceawlin  de- 
feat the  British  kings  at  Deorham,  cap- 
ture [Bath,  Gloucester,  and  Cirencester  j. 


*  •  *  Almost  incessant  wars  continue 
for  100  years  between  pagans  and  Chris- 
tians. 

*  *  *Wars  of  the  invaders  among 
themselves. 

ART  -  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

245  *  *  Many  thousand  acres  in  Lincoln- 
shire are  inundated  by  the  sea. 

253  *  •An  inundation  in  Cheshire 
causes  the  loss  of  3,000  lives  and  many 
cattle. 

300  *  *  The  country  abounds  in  grain- 
fields  and  pastures. 

The  tin-mines  of  Cornwall,  the  lead- 
mines  of  Derbyshire,  and  the  Iron-mines 
of  Birmingham  are  worked  by  the  Ro- 
mans. 

5th  Century.  Aurelius  Ambrosius  erects 
an  [alleged]  sepulchral  monument  called 
Stonehenge,  on  Salisbury  Plain,  Wilt- 
shire, to  the  memory  of  460  Britons  mur- 
dered by  Hengist. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

Sll  *  *  Severus,  Lucius  Septimius,  emperor, 

dies  at  York,  A(>5. 
383  *  *  Fingal,  legendary  prince  of  Morven, 

Caledonia,  born. 
393  *  *  Carausius,  usurper,  murdered. 
3d  Century.     Osaian,  Celtic  bard,  warrior, 

dies. 
357  *  *  Fergus  I.,  King  of  Scotland.,  dies. 
373  *  *  Patrick,  Saint,  missionarv,  patron 

saintof  Ire.,b.inScot.,or  Fr.  [4(iO±.  Dies.] 
383  *  *  Ursula,  Brit,  legendary  St.,  (ler.,  dies, 
4S0i:  *  *  Felagius,  monk,  theologian,  dies  in 

456  *  *  Horsa,  Jutish  chief,  killed  in  battle. 

501  *  *  Fergus  II.,  king,  Scot.,  k.  in  battle. 

5ifi  Century.     Vortigern,  king,  dies. 

531  *  *  Columba,  Saint,  apostle  of  Caledo- 
nia, Ireland,  born.    [597.    Dies.] 

537*  ♦  Arthur,  legendary  prince,  dies, 

543  *  *  Columbanus,  Saint,  Irish  monk,  bom. 
[615.     Dies.] 

651  •  •  Gall,  Saint,  Irish  theologian,  bp.  of 
Constance,  apostle  of  Swiss,  b.    [646.    d.] 

CHURCH. 

156i:  *  *  Christianity  is  introduced  by 
Lucius,  King  of  the  Britons.  [300.  It 
is  accepted.] 

[200±  TurtuUian  speaks  of  places 
not  yet  reached  by  the  llomans,  yet  sub- 
ject to  Christ.] 

17Q  **  London.  The  bishopric  is  erected 
[624,  an  archbishopric],  also  that  of  York. 
(Mythical.) 

212*  *  Scot.    Christianity  is  introduced. 

302  *  *  London.  The  first  St.  Paul's 
Chiirch  is  built  on  the  site  of  a  temple 
to  Diana. 

[It  is  destroyed  during  the  persecution 
of  Diocletian.    337.    liebuilt.] 

304  (?)  June  23  (?).  Saint  Alban.  the 
protomartyr  of  Britain,  is  beheaded  at 
Verulam.    (June  17.  ?) 

3 14  *  *  Fr.  Three  British  bishops  attend 
the  first  Council  of  the  Church  of 
Aries. 

345-500  The  Arian  controversy  dis- 
quiets the  Western  Church  ;  contentions 
also  arise  concerning  the  celebration  of 
Easter. 

347  *  *  British  bishops  attend  the  Coun- 
cil of  Sardica.  [359.  Also  that  of 
Arirainum.] 

350  *  *  The  see  of  Sodor  and  Man  is 
erected.    (Or  447.) 

*  •The  archbishopric  of  York  is 
erected. 

360  ♦  *  Scot.  The  see  of  the  Isles  is 
erected. 


361  Apr.  23.  George  of  Cappadocia 
is  put  to  death  after  torture  by  Diocle- 
tian, [He  is  adopted  as  the  patron  saint 
of  England.] 

402*  *  Ire.  The  bishopric  of  Ossory  is 
established. 

412*  *  Scot.  St.  Ninian  establishes 
Christianity  in  Galloway. 

±  *  *  Felagius,  the  first  British  monk, 
founds  the  sect  of  Pelagians.  Pelagian- 
ism  disturbs  the  Western  Church. 

429  *  *  The  British  bishops  call  in  Sts. 
Germanian  and  Lupus  from  Gaul  to  re- 
fute the  Pelagians  at  the  Council  of 
Verulam  (St.  Albans), 

430  *  *  Scot.— Ire.  Palladius,  a  monk, 
is  sent  by  the  Pope  to  convert  the  Irish 
and  Scots. 

432*  *  Ire.    St.  Patrick,  a  Scotch  monk, 

arrives,  and  establishes  Christianity. 
[Ireland  is  soon  known  as  the  Island  of 
the  Saints.] 

*  *  Ire.  The  bishopric  of  Trim  is  cre- 
ated. [434,  Killala,  444,  Armagh,  by  St. 
Patrick  ;  450,  Elphin  ;  454,  Ardagh  ;  493, 
Clogher;  499,  Down  ;  600±,  Ardfe]t,Ag- 
hadoe,  and  Connor.] 

*  *  *  Dublin.  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral 
is  founded. 

434*  *  Ire.     The  church  of   Killala  is 

built  by  St.  Patrick. 
450*  *  Wales.    The  seeof  Uandaff,  St. 

David's,  is  erected.    [642±.    Asaph.] 

*  *  Ire.  The  first  cathedral  at  Armagh 
is  built. 

5tk  Century.  Ire.  The  nunnery  of  St. 
Bridget  is  founded  at  Kildare. 

[In  a  building  called  the  fire-house,  it 
is  supposed,  the  nuns  kept  the  inextin- 
guishable fire  which  existed  till  the 
Eeformation.] 

*  *  *  Tbe  Pelagian  controversy  provokes 
the  disunion  of  the  church. 

473±  *  *  Idolatry  is  revived  by  the 
Saxons. 

*  *  Kelapae  to  heathenismj  except  in 
Wales  and  Cornwall  [for  about  150 
years]. 

The  heathen ■  Saxons  invade  Britain; 
and  Christianity,  with  its  churches  and 
ministers  and  professors,  is  generally 
exterminated. 

493  *  *  Ire.  St.  Patrick  is  buried  iu  the 
Abbey  of  Saul  at  Down. 

500±  *  *  Ire.  St.  Cailan  Is  consecrated 
the  first  bishop  of  Down.    (?) 

*  *  Scot.  The  see  of  Galloway  is  erected. 
[562,  Glasgow,  by  St.  Mungo.] 

501  *  *  Ire.    Tlie  see  of  Tuam  is  erected. 

[510,  Dromore  :  516,  Bangor  ;  519,  Kildare : 

520,   Meatb  :   550,    Achonry ;    534,   Louth  ; 

548,  Clonmacnois ;  558,  Clonfert  (or  562)  ; 

570,    Ross;    598±,  Ferns;     604±,    Cloyne ; 

606±,  Cork.] 
550±  *  *  Ire.    A  church  is  built  and  a 

bishopric  is  established  at  Xiimerick  by 

St.  Munchin. 
563  *  *  Scot.    St.  Columba  founds  lona. 


LETTERS. 

300  *  *  A.  D.  Scot,  or  Ire.  Ossian,  the 
Celtic  bard,  flourishes. 

447  *  *  W.  St.  Germain  visits  Wales  the 
second  time,  and  founds  schools. 

473  *  *  The  Teutonic  invaders  call  them- 
selves Angles,  or  English,  while  tbe 
Celtic  inhabitants  call  all  invaders  Sax- 
ons. 

516i:  Gildaa  the  Wise,  tbe  first  British 
historian,  flourishes  ;  he  compiles  the 
De  Excidio  Britannise  —  the  subjection 
of  Britain. 

577+*  *  The  English  language  displaces 
the  Welsh  in  nearly  every  part  of  the 
island. 


AND   IRELAND. 


156,**-580, 


841 


SOCIETY. 

300  •  *  Public  roads  connect  the  towns, 
and  facilitate  the  marketing  of  grain 
and  the  Intercourse  of  tiie  people. 

*  ♦  Owners  of  land  dwell  in  towns  from 
which  their  serfs  go  forth  to  cultivate 
the  lieUls  and  tend  the  herds.  The 
"CuriaJes**  are  the  aristocracy;  free 
laborers  abound,  but  slaves  are  more 
numerous  in  the  Komau  cities. 

449  *  *  The  Saxons  are  energetic,  ag- 
gressive, and  practical;  they  love  their 
homes. 

457  *  *  Scot.  Constantine  I.  is  assassi- 
nated by  Bougal  for  dishonoring  his 
daughter. 

516*  *  Order  of  the  Hound  Table  is 
instituted  by  Arthur.    (Or  528,  or  640.) 

638  *  •  The  Council  of  Orleans  prohibits 
Sunday  labor  in  the  country. 

580  *  *  Not  a  Briton  remains  on  Eng- 
lish ground,  all  having  retired  before  the 
conquerors,  who  rapidly  disperse  all 
over  the  land. 

*  •  *  By  the  laws  of  Ethelbert,  damages 
are  to  be  paid  a  bishop  elevenfold,  a 
clerk  threefold,  of  the  value  of  stolen 
property. 

*  *  *  A  value  is  fixed  on  men's  lives 
according  to  their  degree,  from  50  shil- 
lings to  six  shillings. 

*  *  *  Slaves  abound,  who  may  be  mur- 
dered or  mutilated  by  their  masters 
without  accountability. 

STATE. 

208  *  *  Caracalla  rules  under  his  father 

Severus. 
210*  *  Scot,    Severus  concludes  a  treaty 

with  the  Caledonian  chiefs. 

*  *  *  During  70  years  of  peace  the  history 

of  Britain  is  nearly  silent. 

SH  *  *  Rome.  Caracalla  Is  emperor.  [217, 
Macrlnus;  218,  Ileliogabahis;  222,  Alexander 
Severus;  235,  Maximinus;  237,  Gordianus; 
238,  Balbinus;  244,  Plillip  the  Arabian;  249, 
Decius;  251,  Gallus;  253,  Emilianus;  later, 
Valerian.] 

213  *  *  Ire.  Cormac  ITlfada  is  king. 
"  A  prince  of  most  excellent  wisdom,  and 
kept  the  most  splendid  court  that  ever  was  in 
Ireland."  [He  revises  and  codifies  the  an- 
cient laws  of  Ireland,  known  as  the  Brehon 
laws.  ] 

263-254  Ire.  Lughaidh-Ounait  ts  king. 
[254-282,  Cairbre  Liffeachair.  282-315, 
Fiachadh.] 

960  •  •  Home.  GalUnus  is  emperor.  [268, 
Claudius;  270,  Aurelian  the  warrior;  275, 
Tacitus;  277,  Probus;  282,  Cams;  2S3,  Nu- 
merian,  co-regent;  284,  Diocletian;  2S6,  Max- 
imian,  co-regent.] 

286  ♦  *  Carausius  usurps  sorereign  au- 
thority in  Britain;  it  is  independent  of 
Koine  for  nine  months.  [292.  He  is 
killed  by  AUectus,  his  minister,  who  as- 
sumes sovereign  power.] 

292  *  *  ConstantiuB  Chlorus  is  assigned 
to  the  provinces  of  Britain,  Gaul,  and 
Spain,     He  overthrows  AUectus. 

296  *  ♦  Roman  rule  is  reestablished  ; 
Britain  is  divided  into  four  districts. 

300  *  *  The  active  members  of  municipal 
bodies  are  the  '*  curiales." 

There  is  much  taxation,  taxes  being 
levied  on  polls,  funerals,  legacies,  auc- 
tions, sales  of  slaves,  and  ores  ;  oppres- 
sive leviegt  of  grain,  hay,  and  cattle  are 
made. 

The  Roman  government  is  "  suspi- 
cious, exclusive,  rapacious,  and  utterly 
selfish."  (Knight.)  Mixed  races  of  Ro- 
mans, British,  and  Teutons  inhabit  the 
land. 


305  ■■■  *  Rome.  ConstantlusandGallertus 
are  August!,  co-regents.  [306  July  25. 
Constantius  Chlorus  dies  at  York  ;  his 
son  Constantine  is  proclaimed  emperor.] 

306  *  *  Home.  Maxentius  is  emperor  ; 
four  emperors  reign  at  the  same  time. 
[307.  Severus,  Licinius,  and  Constantine 
are  August!.] 

±*  *  London.  The  original  walls  are 
built. 

315  *  ♦  Ire,  CoUa  Uais  reigns.  [319-352, 
Muireadhach  Tireach ;  352-353,  Caol- 
bhack;  353--3G0,  Eochaidh  Moighmesdhin; 
360-375,  Criomthan;  375~.398,  Niall;  398- 
421,  Dathy  :  he  is  killed  by  a  thunder- 
bolt]. 

323*  *  Home.  Constantino  the  Great 
is  sole  emperor.  [337,  Constans  is  co- 
regent.] 

350i  *  *Paulus  the  Spaniard,  infa- 
mous as  a  notary  sent  by  Constantius, 
oppresses  and  plunders  the  people  for 
the  increase  of  his  own  wealth. 

353  *  *  Rome.  Constantius  Is  sole  em- 
peror. 

357  *  *  Scot.  Eugenius  I.,  son  of  Fincor- 
machus,  is  king. 

[He  is  killed  in  battle  by  the  Romans  ; 
his  death  temporarily  ends  the  kingdom 
of  the  Scots.] 

361  *  *  Rome.  Julian  the  Apostate  is  em- 
peror. [3(i3,  Jovian;  364,  Valentinlan  1.; 
Valens  Is  co-regent;  367,  Gratian  is  co-regent; 
37.%  Valentinian  II.,  co-regent;  379,  Theodo- 
sius  the  (Jreat  is  co-regent;  3!)2,  Kugenliis; 
394,  Theodosius  the  Great  becomes  emperor.] 

368  *  *  The  Saxons  begin  their  invasion 
of  Britain. 

383*  *  Fr.  A  British  colony  is 
founded  in  Gaul  under  the  Roman  gen- 
eral and  usurper,  Maxlmus.  [It  is  joined 
by  100,000  warriors  from  Britain.] 

395  *  *  The  Roman  empire  is  divided. 
Honorius  is  emperor  of  the  West. 

404  *  *  Scot.  Fergus  II.  revives  the 
Caledonian  monarchy, 

*  *  •  Scot.  Scots  from  Ireland  settle 
on  the  west  coasts, 

410  *  *  Britain  becomes  independent, 
the  Romans  having  withdrawn  from  the 
country. 

420-45 1  Scot.  Eugenius  II.  reigns. 
[451-457,  Dungardus ;  457-479,  Constan- 
tine I.;  479-501,  Congallus  I.;  501-535, 
Goran  us.] 

421-453  Ire.  Laoghalre  is  king ;  he  is 
killed  by  a  thunderbolt.  [45.3-473,  Oilioll 
Molt ;  473-493,  Lughaidh  ;  he  is  killed 
by  a  thunderbolt ;  493-515,  Murtough  ; 
515-528,  Tuathal-Maolgarbh ;  528-550, 
Diarmuid.] 

445  *  *  The  Britons  send  an  embassy  to 
Home  to  ask  for  help  against  the  Picts. 

•  *  Vortigeru  is  king. 

449*  *Heng;ist   and    Horsa,    Saxon 

chiefs,  invited  by  King  Vortigern,  land 

in  Kent  to  iight  against  the  Picts.    [The 

Angles  follow.] 
454-586    The  Heptarchy,  seven  Saxon 

kingdoms,  is  formed. 
454-488    Hengist  is  King  of  Kent. 
465  *  *  Ambrosius  is  King  of  Britain. 
488-512    ^sc,  son  of  Hengist,  is  King 

of  Kent.     [512-642,  Octa,  son   of   Msc. 

542-560,  Hermenric,  son  of  Octa.] 
491-514  ^Ua  is  King  of  Sussex. 
491  *  *  iElla  and  Cissa,  after  taking  the 

fortress  of  Anderida  [Pevensey],  estab- 


lish the  kingdom  of  the  South  Saxons 
[Sussex  and  Surrey]. 

492  *  *  ^lla,  King  of  the  South  Saxons, 
becomes  Bretwalda  I.,  or  leader  of  all 
the  Saxon  chiefs  in  war  against  a  com- 
mon enemy. 

500±-532i:  Arthur  is  King:  of  Brit- 
ain. 

514-580  Cissa,  son  of  ^Ella,  is  King  of 
the  South  Saxons. 

519-534  Cerdic  is  King  of  the  West 
Saxons,  or  Wessei.  [534-660,  Cynric  ; 
560-591,  Ceawlin.] 

619  *  *  The  Saxon  chief  Cerdic  and  his 
son  Cymric  found  the  kingdom  of  Wes- 
sex.  [The  royal  line  of  Wessex  becomes 
the  royal  line  of  England.] 

520-560  Ida  is  King  of  Deira  (North- 
umbria). 

He  forms  the  kingdom  of  Northum- 
bria,  including  I^ancaster,  York,  Cum- 
berland, Westmoreland,  Durham,  and 
Northumberland. 

627±-587  Erchenwin  is  Kingof  the  East 
Saxons.    He  founds  [Essex]. 

635-558  Scot.  Eugenius  III.  succeeds 
his  uncle,  Goran.  [558-5G9,  Congallus  II., 
brother  of  Eugenius  ;  569-570,  Kinathal  ; 
570-605.  Aidanus;  605-606,  Kenneth,  son 
of  Congallus  II. ;  600-621,  Eugenius  IV., 
son  of  Aidanus.] 

546  *  *  Ire.  Londonderry  is  first  men- 
tioned. 

550-551  Ire.  Feargus  and  his  brother 
Daniel  reign  jointlv.  [551-554.  Eochaidh 
and  his  uncle  liaoaan  reign  jointly  ;  554- 
557,  Ainraereach;  657-558,  Baodan  ;  558- 
687,  Aodh;  he  convenes  an  assembly  or 

SarlJament    of   nobility   and   clergy   at 
trumceat  ;  587-591,  Hugh  Slalne ;  591- 
618,  Aodh-Uaireodhnach.] 

560-567  Adda,  son  of  Ida,  is  King  of 
Bernicia  (Northumbria).  [567-572,  Glap- 
pa:  572-573,  Headwulf;  573-580,  Freod- 
wulf  ;  580-588,  Theodoric  ;  588-593,  Ethel- 
ric] 

560-500  ^lla  is  King  of  Deira  (North- 
umbria) ;  sole  King  of  Northumbria 
until  587. 

560-616    Ethelbert  is  King  of  Kent. 
He  is  the  first  Christian  king :  he  pro- 
mulgates a  code  of  laws  [which  is  in 
force  for  seven  centuries]. 

560-503  Ceawlin,  King  of  Wessex,  is 
Bretwalda  II. 

568  ♦  *  Sturey  is  made  West  Saxon  by 
the  defeat  of  Ethelbert. 

570  *  *  West  Saxons  become  masters  of 
[Oxfordshire  and  Berkshire], 

671-578  Uffa  is  King  of  East  Anglia. 
He  founds  the  kingdom  of  East  Anglia 
[including  Norfolk,  Suffolk,  CanibridL'e, 
and  Ely]j  afterwards  called  Angle- 
land  ;  Britain  becomes  England. 

578-599  Titilus,  or  Titulus,  eon  of  Uffa, 
is  King  of  East  Anglia.  [599-624,  Raed- 
wald,  son  of  Titulus.] 

680-648  The  South  Saxons  are  almost 
totally  dependent  upon  Wessex. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

208  *  *  The  plague  carries  oflf  60,000  Ro- 
man soldiers.  [430.  A  desolating  plague 
sweeps  through  Britain;  the  living  are 
scarcely  able  to  bury  the  dead.  644. 
London.    It  causes  great  ravages.    772. 

■  An  epidemic  at  Chichester  causes  34,000 
deaths.  954.  The  plag^ue  destroys  40,000 
lives  in  Scotland.  962.  London.  The 
plague  prevails.] 


842         585,**-777,' 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


709  *  *  Aldhelm,  bishop,  poet,  dies. 

735  *  ♦  Alcuin,  Flaccus  A., scholar,  teacher 

of  Charlemagne  in  Fr.,  b.  [804.  Dies.] 
767  •  *  Fergus  III.,  King  of  Scotland,  dies. 
770*  •Elnhard,  or  Epinhard,  historian  of 

Charlemagne^  Scotland,  bom.    t840±.  D.J 

CHURCH. 

590±  •  *  Christianity  accepted  in  Kent. 
A  Cliristian  queen,  Bercta  (Bertha), 
wife  of  Ethelbert,  is  accompanied  from 
Gaul  by  a  Christian  bishop;  and  the 
ruined  church  of  St.  Martin,  near  Can- 
terbury, is  given  for  Christian  worship. 

597  *  *  Pope  Gregory  sends  Austin  [St.] 
(Augustine),  his  legate,  and  40  monks, 
as  missionaries  to  reintroduce  Chris- 
tianity into  Britain;  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church  is  established. 

*  *  Choir  service  is  first  introduced  at 
Canterbury. 

±  *  *  London.  The  pagan  Saxons  having 
destroyed  St.  Paul's  Church,  it  is  re- 
stored by  Ethelbert  and  Sebert  (604  ?). 

*  *  Bretwalda,  the  Saxon  king,  is  con- 
verted to  Christianity. 

*  *  St.  Augustine  introduces  Benedictine 
monks. 

^^^  ^llT'T6£?'''scor"^He  598  »  .  King  Ethelbert  becomes  a  Chris- 

crosses  the  Forth  to  subjugate  the  Picts ;  tian,  and  Christianity  spreads  rapidly. 

St^Met.^^e?S'(D!^S'ec'/ta%^]''^""'  •  •The  archbishopric  of  Canterbury  is 

694  *  *  The  Saxons  under  Edric,  son  of  created.     [St.]  Augustine    is    the  first 

Egbert,  conquer  Kent.  archbishop. 

715*  *  Ine  defeats  Ceolred,  King  of  Mer-  599*  •  Eajdwald,  the  East-Anglian  king, 

cla,  at  Wanborough.  resolves  to  serve  Christ  and  the  na- 

733  *  •  Ethelbald  defeats  the  West  Sax-  tional  gods  together. 

ons  at  Somerton.    [740.    Defeated  by  »  »  *  rpj^g  conversion  of  the  English  be- 

Eadbert.     752.    Again    by   Ceolred   the 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

603  *  *  Ethelfrith  defeats  the  Scottish 
king  Aidan  at  Daegsastan.  [607.  He 
defeats  the  Cymry  of  Strathclyde  at  the 
battle  of  Chester.  617.  He  ia  defeated 
and  killed  by  Kedwald  at  the  battle  of 
the  Idle.] 

607  •  *  The  war  ceases  to  be  English 
against  Britons,  and  becomes  English 
against  English. 

620  *  *  The  Isle  of  Man  is  subdued  by 
Edwin ;  also  llancenion  [Manchester]. 

628  *  •  renda  attacks  and  dismembers 
"Wessex. 

633*  *  Penda  joins  the  Welsh  King  Cad- 
wallon  in  an  attack  at  Heathfleld  on 
King  Edwin,  who  is  defeated  and  killed. 

634*  *  Oswald  defeats  Cadwallon  at 
Heavenfleld. 

642  Aug.  5.  Penda  defeats  Oswald  at 
Maserfleld;  Oswald  is  killed.  [055. 
Penda  is  defeated  and  killed  at  'Winoed 
[near  Leeds]  by  Oswy,  brother  of  Oswald.] 

676  *  *  Ethelred  ravages  Kent,  and  de- 
stroys Kochester. 

684  *  *  Ire.    Egfrid,  King  of  Northum- 


„._ __.    -„         by 

West  Saxon,  at  Burford  [Oxfordshire]. 
743  *  *  The  Kings  of  Mercia  and  Wessex 

declare  war  against  tbe  Cyniry. 
757  *  *  The  West  Saxons  again  defeat 

the  Mercians  at  Secandum,  and  thus 

maintain  their  independence. 


comes  one  of  the  turning-points  in  the 
history  of  Christianity. 

600  *  *  The  Western  Church  is  diatiirbed 
by  the  introduction  of  image  worship. 

*  •  Ameetingofbishopsisheldat Augus- 
tine's Oak,  near  tbe  Severn. 


775  *  *  Offa  conquers  Kent.    [777.    He    602  *  •  The  Canterbury   Cathedral  is 
conquers  West  Saxons  at  Bensington.]       founded  by  Augustine. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —NATURE. 

600±  *  *  Saddles  are  used  in  riding. 

633  *  *  Glazed  windows  are  occasion- 
ally seen. 

640  *  *  Improvement  in  architecture  is 
manifest. 

Circular  arches  are  introduced  ;  many 
churches  built,  also  forts,  and  the  castles 
Castletown  (Derbyshire),  Conisborough 
(Yorksbire),  and  others. 

674  *  *  Stone  buildings  come  into  use. 

676  *  *  Benedict  Biscop   imports   glass 
for  windows. 

678    Aug.  3.    A  morning  comet  shaped 


604  *  *  The  see  of  Kochester  is  erected. 

605  *  *  LaurentiuB  is  chosen  archbishop 
of  Canterbury. 

607  *  *Ethelfrid,KingofBemicia,cau8es 
the  massacre  of  1,200  monks  of  Ban- 
gor, and  burns  their  monastery.   (Or  612.) 

609  *  *  The  see  of  London  is  erected. 

612  •  *  Ire.  The  see  of  Glendalough  ia 
erected.  [618,  Derry;  020+,  Kilmacdu- 
agb ;  628±,Leigblin,bySt.L.aserian ;  631±, 
Usmore ;  632+,  Leighlin ;  665,  Mayo.] 

617  *  ♦  Bretwalda  IV.  embraces  Chris- 
tianity. 

»  *  London.  St.  Peter's  ["Westminster 
Abbey]  is  founded  by  Sebert. 


*  *  *  The  conversion  of  England  is  the 
first  strictly  foreign  mission  movement 
of  tbe  Western  Church  ;  in  about  100 
years  all  the  kingdoms  become  Christian. 

636  *  *  Parish  boundaries  are  first  fixed 
by  Honorius,  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

640  *  *  Churches  are  built  at  Canter- 
bury, Glastonbury,  St.  Albans,  and  Win- 
chester. 

*  *  Lent  is  first  observed  in  England  by 
command  of  King  Ercombert.    (Or  641.) 

645  *  *  Ire.  The  abbey  of  Kilmallock, 
Limerick,  is  founded  by  St.  Mocboallog, 
or  JNlolacli. 

655  *  *  Tbe  armed  strife  between  Chris- 
tianity and  heathendom  is  ended  by 
the  defeat  of  Penda  at  Winwied.  The 
heathen  national  gods  are  forever  aban- 
doned. 

655  *  *  Mercia  becomes  a  Christian  king- 
dom.   [056.    The  see  is  erected.] 

*  *Deusdedit  is  chosen  archbishop  of 
Canterbury.  [668,  Theodore  ;  693,  Berb- 
tuald.] 

659  *  *  Rivalry  exists  between  the  Irish 
missionaries  and  Eonie:  a  council  is 
called  by  Oswln,  which  decides  against 
the  Irish. 

660  *  *  ABTina  is  consecrated  the  first 
bishop  of  Winchester. 

664  *  *  A  great  ecclesiastical  council  is 
held  at  Whitby. 

The  English  favor  Romejand  the  Irish 
Church  refuses  to  bend  to  Eoman  au- 
thority, but  finally  yields. 

*  *'Winfrid  [St.  Boniface]  is  made  a 
priest.  (065.  He  is  consecrated  arch- 
bishop of  York.  He  builds  churches, 
and  teaches  the  industrial  arts  to  the 
South  Saxons.] 

668  *  *  Theodore  of  Tarsus  is  sent  from 
Kome. 

He  is  made  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and 
sent  to  liolcl  EiiBlanil  in  loyalty  to  liome. 
[The  councils  he  gathers  are  the  first  na- 
tional assemblies  for  English  legislation. 
AU  England  submits  to  his  authorily.  690. 
He  completes  the  organization  of  the 
English  Church.] 

669  *  *  Tbe  see  of  Lichfield,  formerly 
Mercia,  is  erected. 

670  *  *  Scot.  The  first  convent  in  Scot- 
land is  established  at  Coldingham,  where 
Ethelreda  takes  the  veil. 

674  *  *  The  abbey  of  AVhitby  is  erected ; 
the  monastery  of  Gilling  is  founded. 

676  *  *  The  see  of  Hereford  is  erected. 
[680,  Lindisse;  also  Worcester.  705, 
Winchester,  formerly  West  Saxon  ;  Sher- 
borne.] 

681  *  *  Sussex  is  converted  from  hea- 
thenism by  the  preaching  of  Wilfrith 
of  Northumberland. 

686  *  *  St.  Cuthbert,  prior  of  the  mon- 
astery of  Lindisfarne,  dies. 


like  a  fiery'  pillar  lis  seen  for  three  619  *  *  MeUitus  is  chosen  archbishop  of  QgQ+  «  »  Benedict  Biscop  founds  the 
-  -     '    "      -     ™'    T.,„*„..  »,,    TT„ monasteries  of  Wearmouth  and  Jar- 

row. 

700±  *  *  Tbe  abbey  of  Gloucester  is 
founded  by  King  Wulfere.    (Or  679.) 

710  •  •  St.  Michael  is  said  to  have  ap- 
peared on  the  mount  in  Cornwall  bear- 
ing his  name.  [It  is  reputed  to  he  holy, 
and  becomes  the  seat  of  a  body  of  monks.] 

716*  'St.  Boniface  (Wlnfrid)  [the 
Apostle  to  the  Germans]  is  sent  from 
Rome  as  a  missionary  to  tbe  Friesians. 

718*  *  Glastonbury  Abbey  is  rebuilt 
by  Ine. 

722  •  *  Priories  are  mentioned  ;  they  are 
dependent  on  the  great  abbeys. 

725  *  *  Peter's  pence  are  collected  for 
the  endowment  of  a  Saxon  college  at 
Rome.  (Or  for  a  new  bishop  of  Lichfield. 
Die.  of  Eiig.  Hist.) 


months]. 
758  *  *  .Sent.     Glasgow    is    inundated ; 
400±  families  are  drowned. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

B8a  +  •  *  Edwin,  King  of  Northnmbrla,  born. 

1633.     Dies.]  ^^  ,       ^. 

601  *  *  David,  Saint,  patron  of  Wales,  dies. 
604  *  *  Augustine.  Saint,  apostle  of  Eng., 

first  arclihlsliop  of  Canterbury,  dies. 
614  •  *  Hilda,  Saint,  abbess  of  Whitby,  born. 

[680.     l)ies.l 
616  '   •  Ethelbert,  King  of  Kent,  dies. 
634  *  *  Wilfrid,  .Saint,  archbishop,  bishop  of 

York,  horn.    [7119.     Dies.) 
65 1  *  •  Aiilan,  Saint,  bishop  of  Lindisfarne,  d. 
673  •  *  Bede.  Venerable,  monk,  historian, 

oorn.    [73.^.    Dies.] 
680  *  *  CaBdmon.  poet,  dies. 
687  *  *  ClUhliert,    .^amt,    monk,    bishop    of 

Lindisfarne,  dies. 


Canterbury.  [624,  Justus;  631,  Hono- 
rius.] 

627  *  *  King  Edwin  is  converted  by 
means  of  a  vision  and  the  instructions 
of  I'aulinus,  the  bishop  of  his  Christian 
wife. 

»  *  Northumbria  is  converted. 

*  *  The  inhabitants  of  Manchester  be- 
come Christians. 

630*  *Theseeof  East  AngUa  is  erected. 
[635,  West  Saxons.] 

*  •  Tbe  first  convent  is  erected  at  Folk- 
stone  by  Eadbald. 

634*  *  Sent.  Tbe  see  of  Lindisfarne, 
or  Holy  Island,  is  erected.  [635,  Aiden 
becomes  bishop.] 

*  *  The  inhabitants  of  Wessex  are  con- 
verted. 


AND   IRELAND. 


585,** -777, 


843 


726  *  •  King  Ine  makes  a  pilgrimage  to 
Home. 

731  •  *Ta)twine  is  chosen  arclibishop  of 
Ciinterbury. 

i;35,  Nothelm;  741,  Ciithlicrt;  759,  Breog- 
wine;  76a,  Jaenbert;  793,  EtlieiliearU. ] 

740  *  *  Jews  are  first  mentioued  in  Eng- 
lish clirouicles. 

747  *  *  Drunkenness   of  the  clergy  is 
forbidden  by  the  canon  law. 

777  *  *  APeter's-penoetaxisconflrmed 
by  Offa. 

It  is  levied  on  all  families  possessed 
of  30  pence  yearly  rent  in  land,  out  of 
which  they  pay  one  penny. 


709  •  •  Bishop  Wilfrid  of  Northnnibria 
is  the  first  to  use  silver  plate  and 
vessels. 

747  *  *  Drunkenness  of  the  clergy  is 
forbidden  by  the  canon  law. 

761*  *  Sent.  Eugenins  VJII.  is  put  to 
death  by  his  nobles. 

764  •  *  Scot.  Fergus  ni.  is  killed  by 
his  jealous  queen ;  to  escape  death  by 
slow  torture  she  kills  herself. 


STATE. 

585  *  *  The  kingdom  of  Mercia,  includ- 
ing the  midland  counties,  is  formed  by 
Crida. 

586-827  The  Saxon  Heptarchy.  Pe- 
riod of  fierce  hostilities. 

587-597  Sledda,  son  of  Erchenwin,  is 
King  of  the  East  Saxons.  [697-614,  St. 
Sebert,  son  of  Sledda ;  614-623,  Saxred, 
Sigebert,  and  Seward  rule  jointly ;  623- 
655,  Sigebert  11. ;  655-661,  Sigebert  111.1 
*  *  Latm  IS  first  taught  in  England  by    cqi  kqt    r.„  i  •  ,  .  ^        „ 

Adelmus,  brother  of  King  Ina.  591-597    Ceolric,  nephew  of  Ceawlin 


LETTERS. 

597  *  *  The  arts  and  letters,  which  dis- 
appeared in  the  Angles'  conquest,  return 
with  the  Christian  faith. 

620  r  *  •  Cambridge  University  is  com- 
menced by  Sigebert, 


'  King 

656-709  Alilhelm  writes  his  songs,  De 
Lauditms  I'trginitatiSjlJe Laudibus  Vir- 
ginium. 

669-671    The  School  of  Canterbury  is 

set  up  by  Archbishop  Theodore. 

670  *  *  Csedmon,  the  "  father  of  English 
song,"  flourishes  ;  he  is  the  first  writer 
of  note  who  composes  in  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  tongue  ;  he  writes  poems  on  por- 
tions of  the  Bible ;  he  is  the  prototype 
of  Milton. 

674-682  Benedict  Biscop  founds  libra- 
ries at  Wearmouth  and  Jarrow. 

690  ^  *  *  Ine's  code  of  Saxon  laws  is  pub- 
lisbed. 

731 1  *  *  Bieda,  the  Venerable  Bede, 
writes  his  Ecclesiastical  Historij  of  the 
English  Nation,  in  Latin,  lives  of  saints, 
works  on  chronology  and  grammar,  ancl 
commentaries  on  books  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testament  — 45  works  in  all. 

735*  *  Birth  of  Alcum,  or  Flaccus  Al- 
binus.  [He  is  scholar  at  York,  pre- 
ceptor to  Cliarlemagne,  and  author  of 
numerous  theological  and  scientific 
works;  he  founds  several  schools,  col- 
leges, and  monasteries.] 

*  *  Egbert,  archbishop  of  York,  estab- 
lishes the  school  and  library  of  York. 

766-782  York  becomes  the  center  of 
European  learning,  through  the  ef- 
forts of  Ethelbert  and  Alcuin. 

770t  *  'Cynewulf,  bishop  of  Lindis- 
farne,  writes  Elene,  Juliana,  Christ,  and 
several  other  religious  poems. 

775±  *  *  Poems,  by  Cynewulf,  appear. 

SOCIETY. 

621  *  *  Scot.  King  Ferchard,  or  Ferqu- 
hard,  is  confined  to  his  palace  for  mis- 
deeds. 

668  *  •  Sent.  King  Maldumius  is 
strangled  by  his  wife  for  supposed  in- 
fidelity.   She  is  burned  for  the  crime. 

674  *  •  Freemasonry  is  introduced.    (?) 

*  *  •  Tlie  Anglo-Saxons  make  rapid 
advance  in  civilization  after  the  intro- 
duction of  Christianity. 

697  *  *  /re.  "Women  are  exempt  from 
military  service. 

*  *  *  Alfred's  laws  are  remarkable  for 
the  great  .amount  of  Scripture  incorpo- 
rated in  then).  He  establishes  trial  by 
jury. 

702  *  *  Scot.  King  Amberkeletus  is  as- 
sassinated. 

704  »  *  Sent.  Ruflians  enter  the  King 
Sugenius's  chamber  to  murder  him  ; 
he  being  absent,  they  stab  and  kill  his 
queen,  Spontana. 


Kingof  Wessex.  [587-611, Ceolwulf:  611- 
643,  Cynegils;  614,  his  son  Cwichelm 
reigns  jointly ;  643-672,  Cenwal.] 

593-617  Ethelfrith  the  Fierce  is  King 
of  Northumbria. 

596±-616   Ethelbert,  King  of  Kent,  has 

the  supremacy  as  Bretwalda  III. ;  his 

wife  is  the  Christian  princess  Bertha, 

daughter  of  the  King  of  the  Franks. 

597-615  Wibba  is  King  of  Mercia.  [615- 
626,  Ceorl.] 

600  ±  *  *  Swearing  on  the  Gospels  is 
introduced  into  judicial  proceedings. 

605  *  »  (or  887)  The  Court  of  Chan- 
cery is  instituted. 

610-617    Ksedwald,  King  of  East  An- 

glia,  is  Bretw'alda  TV. 
616-640    Eadbald.  son  of  Ethelbert,  is 

King  of  Kent.     [640-601,  Ercenbert,  son 

of  Eadbald.] 

617-635  EdwinisKingofNorthumbria, 
and  Bretwalda  V.    [635-642,  Oswald.] 

618-622  Ire.  Maolchaba  is  king.  [622- 
635,  Suibhne ;  635-648,  Domhnari  ;  648- 
661,  Conall,  jointly  witb  his  brother 
Kellach;  661-668,  Diarmuid  and  Blath- 
mao  ;  668-674,  Seachnasch  ;  674-678,  Cion- 
faola;  678-685,  Fionachta  Fleadha ;  686- 
693,  Loingseach;  693-702,  Congal  Cion- 
maghair.] 

621-632  Scot.  Ferchard,  or  Ferquhard, 
1.,  reigns  —  "a  most  execrable  king." 
(632-646,  Donald  IV.,  brother  of  Ferqu- 
hard [he  is  drowned  in  Lough  Tay] ;  646- 
664,  Ferquhard  II.,  son  of  Ferquhard 
I. ;  664-684,  Malduinus,  son  of  Donald 
IV  ;  684-688,  Eugenins  V. ;  688-698,  Eu- 

fenius  VI. ;  698-699,  Amberkeletus  ;  699, 
lugenius  VII.] 
624-627    Erpwald,or  Eorpwald,  is  King 

of  East  Anglia,     [627-629,  Richbert ;  629- 

632,  Sigebert ;  632-635,  Egfrid,  or  Egrlo  ; 

635-654,  Anna,  or  Annas.] 
625-655    Penda  is  King  of  Mercia.    r6,'y>- 

656,  Peada,  son  of  Penda  ;  656-675,  Wulf- 

here.] 
626*  *  Scot.    Edinburgh  Castle  is 

founded  (or  rebuilt)  by  Edwin  of  North- 

umbria. 

630-634    ir. 

edd,  reigns. 

728,  Idwal.] 
634-635    Eanfrid  is  King  of  Bernicia, 

and  Osric  of  Deira. 
635-642    Oswald,  King  of  Northumbria, 

is  Bretwalda  VI. 
642-670    Oswy  is  King  of  Northumbria, 

and  Bretwalda  VII.    655.    Heissupreme 

over  all  Teutonic  Britain  except  Wessex, 

Kent,  and  Sussex. 


Cadwallon,  King  of  Gwyn- 
[634-661,  Cad»alader ;  6«I- 


648-688  Edilwald  is  King  of  the  South 
Saxons. 

654-655  Ethelrio  is  Kingof  East  Anglia; 
[ftB-G«,  Ethelwald;  664-713,  Adulf,  or 
Aldwull.] 

661-663  Swithelm,  or  Suidhelm,  son  of 
Sex  bald,  is  King  of  the  East  Saxons. 
[663-69.!,  Sigher ;  693-700,  Sigenard  ;  700- 
709,  Olla  ;  709-738,  Suebricht,  or  Selred.] 

664^673  Egbert,  son  of  Ercenbert,  is 
King  of  Kent.  [673-685,  Lothar,  or  Lo- 
thair  ;  685-687,  Edric  ;  694-725,  Wihtred, 
or  Wihgtred;  725-748,  Eadbert,  son  of 
AVihtred;  748-760,  Ethebert  11.] 

670-685  Kcfrid,  or  Egfrid,  is  King  of 
Northumbria.  [685-7a">,  Alcfrid,or  Kald- 
ferth  ;  7W)-716,  Osred,  or  Ealdferth  ;  710- 
718,  Cenric;  718-729,  Osric  ;  729-737,  Ceol- 
wulf ^  737-757,  Eadbert,  or  Egbert.] 

P72-674  Sexburga,  wife  of  Cenwal,  is 
Queen  of  Wessex.  [674-676,  Escwine  and 
Centwine  are  joint  kings  ;  676-685,  Cent- 
wine  alone ;  085-688,  Ciudwallo.] 

675  *  *  Ethelred  is  King  of  Mercia. 
[This  reign  is  one  of  peace.] 

678  *  *  CiFdwalla,  last  king  of  the  Brit- 
ons, reigns. 

686-689  Authun  and  Berthun,  broth- 
ers, are  kings  of  the  South  Saxons.  [725. 
The  kingdom  is  conquered  by  Wessex.] 

688-728  Ine  is  King  of  Wessex.  [He 
leaves  an  excellent  code  ot  laws.] 

702-719  Ire.  Feargall,  son  of  M.aol- 
duin,  reigns.  [719-720,  Fogartach  ;  720- 
724,  Kion,ath,  he  is  killed  in  battle; 
724-731,  Flahertach  reigns.  [He  retires 
to  a  monastery,  where  he  spends  the  last 
30  years  of  his  lile.  731-740,  Hugh  Al- 
lan ;  740-782,  Daniel  HI.  ;  782-786,  Niall 
Freasach  ;  786-815,  Donagh,  or  Donchad.j 

704-709  Cenred,  or  Cendred,  is  King  of 
Mercia.  [709-716,  Ceolred,  Celred,  or 
Chelred;  716-7.%,  Ethelbald  ;  755,  Beorn- 
red,  or  Bernred.] 

713-746  Selred,  or  Ethelred,  becomes 
King  of  East  Anglia.  [74&-749,  Alph- 
wuld  ;    719-768,    Beorna    and    Ethelred 

iointly;  758-761,  Beorna  alone;  761-790, 
Sthelred ;   790-792,  Ethelbert,  or  Ethel- 
bryght.j 

715-730  Scot.  Mordach,  son  of  Am- 
berkeletus reigns.  [730-761,  Etflnus,  son 
of  Eugenins  Vll. ;  761-764,  Eugenins 
VIII.;  764-767,  Fergus  III.,  son  of  Et- 
flnus ;  767-787,  Solvathius,  son  of  Euge- 
nins VIII.  ;  787-819,  Achaius.] 

716*  »Ethelbald  becomes  King  of  Mer- 
cia. [He  reigns  40  years ;  he  is  recog- 
nized as  overlord  by  all  Britain  south 
of  the  Humber.] 

Britain  is  controlled  by  three  States 
of  nearly  equal  power,  —  Northumbria, 
Mercia,  and  Wessex. 

728-740  Ethelheard  is  King  of  Wessex. 
[740-754,  Cuthred,  his  brother  ;  754-755, 
Sigebright,  or  Sigeliert ;  755-784,  Cyne- 
wulf ;  784-800,  Beorhtric] 

728-755    IV.    Rhodri,  or  Roderic,  reigns. 

[755-818,  Cynan  and  Howel ;  818-844,  Mer- 

vyn  and  Essaylt.] 
738-792    Swithred  is  King  of  the  East 

Saxons.    [792-799,  Sigeric  ;    799-823,  Si- 


757  *  *  Offa  becomes  King  of  Mercia. 
[During  his  reign  of  40  years  he  holds"  a 
position  as  great  as  any  English  king 
before  the  union  of  the  kingdoms."] 

757-759  Oswulf,  or  Osulf,  is  King  of 
Northumbria.  [759-765,  Edilwald,  or 
Mollo;  765-774,  Aired,  Ailred,  or  AluTed  ; 
774-778,  Ethelred;  778-789,  Elwald,  or 
Celwold  ;  789-790,  Osred  ;  790-794,  Ethel- 
red restored  ;  794-806,  Erdulf,  or  Ardulf  ; 
806-808,  Alfwulf  ;  808-809,  Erdulf  re- 
stored ;  809-841,  Eanred.] 

760-794  Alrie,  son  of  Wihtred,  is  King 
of  Kent.  [794-796,  Edbert,  or  Ethelbert 
Pryn  :  796-8«),  Cuthred,  or  Guthred ;  80&- 
823,  Baldred.] 


844        783,  *  *-959, 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

783  *  •  Ire.  The  Danes  burn  the  abbey 
of  Iiondonderry. 

787  *  »  First  recorded  landing  of  the 
Danea  and  Northmen ;  they  appear  on 
the  eastern  and  southern  coasts.  [794. 
They  are  defeated  at  Wearmouth.] 

795  *  *  Ire.  The  Danes  invade  Ire- 
land. 

They  pillage  the  Isle  of  Recrain  [Rath- 
lin]  on  the  coast  of  Antrim. 

798  ♦  *  Ire.  The  Danes  with  a  fleet  of 
GO  vessels  attack  and  take  possession  of 
Dublin;  they  build  walls  round  the 
city. 

823  *  *  Egbert,  King  of  the  West  Sax- 
ons, conquers  Kent  and  Essex.  [827.  He* 
conquers  Mercia,  and  becomes  virtually 
King  of  England.] 

832  •  *  The  Island  of  Sheppey,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Thames,  is  ravaged  by 
Northmen. 

833  *  *  The  Northmen  land  from  36  ves- 
sels, and  defeat  Egbert  in  Wessex. 

*  *  Ire.  Ulster  is  ravaged  by  Feidhlime, 
King  of  Munster. 

836  ♦  *  Egbert  defeats  the  Danes  and 
Welsh  at  Hengestesdvin  [Cornwall]  in 
West  Wales.    [1838.    Theyinvade  Kent.] 

830  *  *  London  is  pillaged  by  the 
Danes.    [840.    They  defeat  Ethelwolf.] 

843  *  *  Scot.  Kenneth  II.  [MacAlpine] 
takes  Camelon,  the  capital  of  the  Picts ; 
the  inhabitants  are  massacred.  Kenneth 
becomes  sole  king  of  Scotland. 

851  *  •  The  Danes  arrive  in  350  ships 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  land,  and 
take  Canterbury  and  London.  [Ethel- 
wolf  defeats  them  at  Ookley.  852.  He 
defeats  them  in  the  Isle  of  Thanet 
(Kent).] 

852  *  •  Ire.  Armagh  is  ravaged  by  the 
Danes. 

855  *  »  The  Danes  winter  for  the  first 
time  in  England,  at  Sheppey. 

867-870  The  Danes  conquer  Northum- 
bria  and  East  Anglia ;  nine  battles  are 
fought ;  York  is  taken.  [870.  They  take 
and  burn  Cambridge  and  Man- 
chester. 871.  They  defeat  the  Saxons 
at  Merton.J 

872-001  Alfred  makes  all  his  subjects 
soldiers,  forming  the  first  standing 
army  of  England ;  hired  instead  of 
feudal  troops  are  employed. 

872  *  *  The  Danes  defeat  Alfred  at 
■Wilton ;  they  take  London.  [874.  They 
conqiierand  ravage  Mercia.  875.  Alfred 
defeats  seven  Danish  ships.  This  is  the 
first  naval  victory  of  the  English.  876. 
The  Danes  take  Wareham  and  Exeter.] 

877*  *  Alfred  compels  the  Danes  to  sur- 
render at  Exeter.  They  take  Chippen- 
ham, but  lose  120  vessels.  [878.  TThe 
Danes  ravage  Wessex.] 

»  *  Alfred  defeats  the  Danes  in  battle  at 
Edington ;  they  sue  for  peace. 

882  •  «  Alfred  creates  a  fieet  of  war- 
ships. [884.  London.  He  expels  the 
Danes,  and  repairs  and  fortifies  the 
city.] 

804  *  *  The  Danes  are  defeated  at  Fam- 
ham.  Alfred  destroys  the  Danish  fleet 
at  Appledore.  [89G.  He  defeats  and 
expels  Hasting,  the  Scandinavian  vi- 
king.] 

897  *  *  Alfred  defeats  the  Danes,  and 

secures  peace,  his  navy  of  10  galleys  cap- 
turing 300  Danish  piratical  vessels,  near 
the  Dorset  and  Hampshire  coast. 


901  *  *  "War  is  renewed  with  the  Invad- 
ing Danes.  They  devastate  Wales.  [904. 
Scot.  Under  Ivar  they  invade  the  coun- 
try from  Ireland.] 

905*  *  Edward  defeats  Ethelwald  and 
the  Danes  at  Bury.  [910.  Aug.  6.  And 
again  at  TettenHall.] 

918  *  •  Ethelfleda,  "  Lady  of  the  Mer- 
cians," conquers  the  "five  boroughs" 
of  Derby,  Lincoln,  Leicester,  Stamford, 
and  Nottingham. 

*  *  Scot.  Invading  Danes  from  Ireland 
under  Reginald  are  defeated  at  Tin- 
more. 

919  Sept.  15.  Ire.  Danes  defeat 
King  Niall  Glundubh,  near  Dublin. 

922  *  *  Edward  the  Elder  defeats  the 
Danes.  [923.  Manchester  is  retaken 
from  the  Danes.] 

933  •  »  Scot.  An  invasion  under  Athel- 
stan  occurs. 

037  *  *  Athelstan,  aided  by  his  brother 
Edmond,  defeats  the  Danes,  Scots,  and 
Welsh,  in  the  bloody  battle  of  Brunan- 
burh.    [945.    He  conquers  Cumberland.] 

956  *  *  Ire.  The  Danes  are  victorious 
at  Leinster. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

800-1066  Gothic  architecture  appears 
in  Earl's  Barton  Church,  St.  Peter's, 
Lincolnshire.  [It  is  the  earliest  example 
now  remaining  of  early  English  style.] 

836  *  *  Scot.  Thirty  miles  of  country  are 
flooded  by  the  overflow  of  the  Tweed. 

872-901    King  Alfred  invents  lanterns 

of  scraped  horn. 
Horn  is  supposed  to  have  been  used  as 

window-lights,  glass  not  being  comntonly 

known.   [886.  He  devises  time  candles, 

burning  three  inches  an  hour,  six  in  24 

hours.] 
937    Dec.  28.    A  severe  frost  occurs 

[and  continues  120  days]. 
044  *  •  London.    A  storm  destroys  1,500 

houses. 
051  *  *  The  flrst  authentic  record  is  made 

of  the  use  of  organs. 
059  *  *  Candlesticks  are  used. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

837  *  •  Egbert,  King  of  Wessex,  dies. 

840  •  «  Alfred  the  Great,  k.,  b.     [901.    D.] 

858  *  *  Ethelwolf,  king,  dies. 

860  *  *  Etlielbald,  king,  dies. 

866  *   *  Etliell>ert,  king,  dies. 

870 '•  Edward  tlie  Elder,  k.,  b.    C925.    II.] 

886:t  *  *  Erigena,  Johannes  Scotus,  phi- 
losopher, Ireland,  dies. 

896*  •  Athelstan. king,  liorn.     [940.     Dies.] 

910i  •  *  .\8Ser,  monk,  biographer  of  Alfred 
the  Great,  dies. 

036  •  ♦  Dunstan.  Saint,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, statesman,  born.    [98S.    Dies.  J 

946  •  *  Edmund  1.,  king,  assassinated. 

966  *  *  Edred,  king,  dies. 

960  *  *  Edwy,  king,  dies. 


CHURCH. 

787  *  *  Tithes  are  first  made  compulsory. 

794  *  *  Offa,  King  of  Mercia.  gives  tithes 
of  all  his  kingdoms  to  the  church,  to 
atone  for  his  base  murder  of  Ethelbert, 
King  of  the  East  Angles. 

*  *  •  Period  ?>f  rapid  increase  of  monas- 
tic institutions  throughout  Europe. 

805  *  *  Wulfred  is  chosen  archbishop  of 
Canterbury. 

[832.  Fleogild:   833,  Ceolnoth;   870,  .4thel- 
red;  890,  Plegmand.] 

818  *  »  The  Christian  Era  is  first  fol- 
lowed in  Britain. 

838  *  *  Ethelwolf  makes  a  pilgrimage 
to  Rome. 


870±  *  *  Scot.  The  see  of  St.  Andrews 
is  created 

872  *  *  Anointing  at  coronations  is  in- 
troduced. 

878  *  *  The  conquered  Danes  under 
Guthrum  become  Christians  by  treaty 
of  peace  with  Alfred. 

886  *  *  Fairs  and  wakes  are  introduced 
by  Alfred. 

*  *The  veneration  of  the  saints  and 
relics  becomes  a  passion  among  theChris- 
tians  of  Europe. 

901  •  *  Ire.  l"he  see  of  Cashel  is  created. 

904  *  *  Scot.  Eellach  goes  to  Rome  for 
confirmation. 

000±  *  *  The  see  of  Cornwall  [after- 
wards Devonshire,  with  Kudulphus  as 
its  flrst  bishop,  and  later  Exeter]  is 
created ;  also  the  see  of  "Wells  [with 
Ethelm,  or  Adelmus,  for  its  first 
bishop]. 

914  *  *  Ethelm  is  chosen  archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  [928,  Wulfelm  ;  942,  Odo; 
958,Alsine.] 

035  *  *  St.  Burian's  Church  in  Cornwall 
is  made  a  sanctuary  of  refuge  for  crim- 
inals. 

943  *  •  Dunstan  becomes  abbot  of  Glas- 
tonbury. 

He  dwells  in  a  wretched  hut  or  cave 
in  which  he  cannot  stand  erect ;  his  mid- 
night groans  under  the  self-inflicted 
scourge  exalt  him  as  a  saint  in  the  eyes 
of  the  people.  [950.  He  becomes  prom- 
inent,  and  establishes  the  sujireniacy 
of  monastic  orders,  and  the  cehbacy  of 
the  clergy.  960.  He  becomes  archbishop 
of  Canterbury.] 

10th  Century.  Violent  disputes  rage  be- 
tween the  monks  and  the  clergy. 

058  »  *  Dunstan  makes  King  Edgar  sub- 
mit to  seven  years'  penance  for  his 
licentious  attack  upon  a  nun. 

LETTERS. 

802 »  *  Pope  Martin  II.  describes  an 
academy  as  being  in  existence  at  Ox- 
ford. 

840-001  King  Alfred  the  Great  flour- 
ishes; he  is  the  restorer  of  learning, 
neglected  during  the  devastation  of  the 
Danes ;  he  writes  the  Anglo-Saxon 
Chronicle;  he  translates  into  Anglo- 
Saxon  Bede's  Ecclesiastical  History, 
Boethius's  Consolation  of  Philosophy, 
Pope  Gregory's  Book  on  the  Care  of  the 
Smil,  the  Universal  History  of  Orosius, 
the  Soliloquies  of  St.  Augustine,  and 
many  other  works  ;  he  buys  a  book  _on 
cosmography,  and  pays  an  estate  for  it. 

867-876  The  seats  of  learning  in  North- 
umbria  are  destroyed  by  the  Danes. 

880  •  *  Johannes  Scotus  Erigena  of  Mal- 
mesbury  writes  On  the  Division  of  Na- 
ture. 

886±  •  *  The  University  of  Oxford  is 
founded  (?)  by  King  Alfred. 

*  *  King  Alfred  makes  a  code  of  laws, 
which  is  the  foundation  of  the  common 
law  of  England. 

915  *  *  Cambridge,  neglected  during  the 
Danish  invasions,  from  which  it  hail  suf- 
fered much,  is  restored  by  Edward  the 
Elder. 

025-088  Dvmstan,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, lives.  He  writes  a  commentary 
on  the  Benedictine  rule,  a  yfesutaris  Con- 
cordia, and  other  works. 

037  ♦  •  The  Song  of  Brunanburh  is  writ- 
ten. 

10th  Century.  JEthelwold,  bishop  of  Win- 
chester, translates  into  English  St.  Ben- 
edict's Rule  of  a  Monastic  Life. 

10th  Centun/.  Neunius,  a  Celtic  author, 
writes  a  liistory  of  the  Britons,  in  Latin. 

058+  *  ♦  The  monks  become  eminent 
as  architects  and  painters,  and  write  his- 


AND   IRELAND. 


783,**-959, 


845 


tory,  copy  the  Scriptures,  and  preserve 
in  use  tlie  Latin  tongue. 

SOCIETY. 

800*  •  Edbiirga,  wife  of   Beortric,  tlie 

(laugliter  of  l^ing  Offa,  gives  poison  to 

Iier  husband's  friend,  which  by  accident 

t<ills  lier  liusband  also  ;  the  people  drive 

iicr  into  exile. 
800  •  *  Scot.    The  Order  of  the  Thistle 

is  instituted  by  Iving  Achaius  1. 
831  *  *  Scot.    King  Alpine  is  beheaded 

by  the  Ficts. 
837  *  •  King  Ethelwolf  marries  Judith, 

daughter  of  Charles  the  Bahi,  King  of 

the  West  Franks. 
843  »  *  Scot.   Kenneth.II.  takes Camelon, 

tlie  capital  of  the  Picts,  and  puts  every 

living  creature  to  death. 
864*  *  .Scot.  Donald  v., beingdethroned, 

commits  suicide. 
8581:  *  •  .Scot.     Constantino    II.,    taken 

by  the  I>anes  in  battle,  is  beheaded. 

•  *  Ethelbald  marries  Judith,  his 
father's  widow.  [Matilda,  wife  of  Wil- 
liam the  Conqueror,  is  descended  from 
her  by  union  with  .Baldwin,  Count  of 
Flanders.] 

870  *  *  Scot.  Drunkenness  is  punished 
with  death  by  King  Constantino. 

874i  *  *  King  Eth.  or  Ethus,  imprisoned 
for  his  sensuality  and  crimes,  dies  of 
grief. 

878  *  ♦  Alfred  the  Great,  deserted  by 
his  subjects,  retires  to  the  woodlands  of 
Somersetshire. 

•  *  'A  turf  out  from  the  sward,  and 
handed  over  to  the  purchaser  by  the 
vender,  is  the  Saxon  conveyance  of 
land. 

896  *  *  Alfred  surveys  and  subdivides 

the  country  into  counties,  hundreds,  and 

tithes. 
027  *  ♦  King  Athelstan  is  the  protector 

and   defender   of   deposed    and   exiled 

princes, 

•  *  *  King  Athelstan  encourages  com- 
merce by  legalizing  the  elevation  of  all 
merchants  to  the  rank  and  privileges  of 
a  tliane,  who  should  make  three  voyages 
over  the  high  seas  with  a  ship  and  cargo 
of  their  own. 

046  Mar.  26.  King  Sdmund  seizes 
an  uninvited  guest  by  the  hair  of  his 
head,  and  dashes  him  to  the  ground,  for 
which  he  receives  a  dagger-thrust,  and 
dies. 

050  •  »  King  Edwy  banishes  Dunstan. 

054  *  *  Scot.    Malcolm  I.  is  murdered. 

058  *  *  Elgiva,  wife  of  Edwy,  is  dragged 
from  her  husband  by  his  enemies,  dis- 
figured by  hot  searing-irons,  and 
exiled  to  Ireland  ;  she  returns,  and  is 
hamstrung,  dying  in  great  agony. 

•  *  *  The  monks  render  great  service  to 
civilization  as  architects  and  artists, 
by  copying  the  Scriptures,  and  preserv- 
ing knowledge  from  decay. 

•  *  ♦  The  ostentatious  and  cruel  King 
Sdgar  is  rowed  down  the  Dee  in  his 
royal  barge  by  eight  royal  vassals,  or 
under-kings. 

•  *  *  King  E(igar  kills  his  friend  and 
foster-brother,  Athelwold,  by  his  own 
hand,  and  marries  his  widow. 

•  *  *  A  day  is  .appointed  for  paying  tithes, 
and  nine-tenths  of  one's  tithable  prop- 
erty are  forfeited  by  non-payment. 

•  ♦  *  Pegs  are  ordered  to  be  put  in  drtnk- 
ing-cu^»s  so  as  to  prevent  quarrels  among 
the  drinkers  regarding  the  amount  be- 
longing to  each  one. 


787' 


STATE. 
>  First  invasion  of  the  Danes. 


704*  'Egfrid,  or    Egferth,  is    King  of 
Mercia.     [794-819,  Cenulph,  Cenwulf,  or 


Kenulph  ;  819,  Kenelm,  or  Cenelm  ;  819- 
821,  Ceolwulf  ;  821-823,  Beornwulf  ;  823- 
825,  Ludecan  :  825-838,  Withlafe,  or  Wig- 
laf.] 

705  *  *  Ire.  Ost-  or  Ox-mantown  [a  part 
of  Dublin]  is  built  by  the  Danes  and 
Normans  (Easterlings). 

708*  *  Dublin.  The  Danes  surround  the 
city  with  walls. 

800  *  •  Egbert  becomes  King  of  Weasex. 
[He  convenes  a  witenagemot  —  a  council 
or  parliament  of  the  Anglo-Saxons  —  at 
Winchester.] 

815-837  Ire.  Hugh  VI..  surnamed  Oir- 
nigh,  is  king.  [837-851,  Connor,  or  Con- 
chabhar;  851-8(jfi,  Niall-Caillie  ;  866-879, 
Turgesius,  the  Norwegian  chief,  he  ex- 
pels the  Irish  historians  and  burns  their 
books  ;  879-897,  Maol  Ceachlin,  or  Mal- 
achy,  I. ;  897-913,  Hugh  Fionnliath.] 

810-824  Scot.  Congallus  III.  is  king. 
[824-831,  Dougal,  son  of  Solvathius  ;  831- 
834,  Alpine,  son  of  Achaius  ;  834-854, 
Kenneth  II.,  his  son  (Mac  Alpine);  after 
conquering  the  IMcts,  he  becomes  (843) 
first  sole  monarch  of  Scotland ;  854- 
858,  Donald  V.,  his  brother  ;  858-874,  Con- 
stantine  II.,  son  of  Kenneth  11.] 

827±-1066  Supremacy  of  the  West 
Saxon  kings  (Wessex). 

827-830  Egbert,  King  of  Wessex,  is 
Bretwalda  VIII.;  after  many  victories 
he  becomes  King  of  England.  [As 
such  he  reigns  12  years  :  in  his  reign  the 
Saxon  Heptarchy  ends.] 

828+*  *  Egbert  holds  a  council  atWin- 
chester,  at  which  the  name  England 
(Angles-land)  is  applied  to  the  whole 
country. 

838-852  Berthulf ,  or  Bertulf ,  is  King  of 
Mercia.  [852-874,  Burhred,  or  Burdred ; 
874-877,  Ceolwulph.] 

830-858    Ethelwolf,  son  of   Egbert,  is 

King  of  Wessex. 
844-877     ir.    Koderic  the  Great  rules 

over  the  Welsh. 

857-860  Ethelbald,  son  of  Ethelwolf,  is 
King  of  Wessex,  by  a  compulsory  parti- 
tion of  the  kingilom.  [860-866,  Ethel- 
bert,  second  son  of  Ethelwolf;  866-871, 
Ethelred,  third  son  of  Ethelwolf.] 

858-874  Scot.  Constantino  II.,  son  of 
Kenneth  II.,  is  king. 

866  •  *  The  Danes  settle  in  East  Anglia. 
[8C7.    In  Northumbria.    868,  In  Mercia.] 

870  *  *  St.  Edmund  become8(vas8al)King 
of  East  Anglia.    [Killed  by  the  Danes.] 

871-001  Alfred  the  Great,  fourth  son 
of  Ethelwolf,  is  King  of  Wessex. 

872  *  *  Alfred  is  the  Brst  king  of  England 
to  receive  the  royal  crown.  (?)  Anoint- 
ing at  coronations  is  introduced. 

*  *  Birmingham  is  a  small  town. 

874-876  .Scot.  Eth,  surnamed  Light- 
foot,  reigns.  He  dies  in  prison.  [876- 
893,  Gregory  the  Great ;  893-9(H,  Don- 
ald VI.,  sun  of  Constantine  II.  ;  9W-944, 
Constantine  III.,  son  of  Eth.] 

877-015  IV.  .Anarawd  is  prince.  [915- 
943,  Idwal  \'oel.] 

878  »  *  Alfred  retires  to  the  Isle  of  Ath- 
elney  [Somersetshire],  being  left  with- 
out the  support  of  his  people. 

*  *  Alfred's  fortunes  revive  after  the  de- 
feat of  the  Danes  at  Edington. 

±  »  *  Ire.    Waterford  is  built. 
882*  *  Scot.    Gregory  founds  Aber- 
deen.   [893,    It  la  made  a  city.] 


886+  *  *  Trial  by  jury  is  introduced  by 
Alfred.  He  institutes  a  Court  of  Chan- 
cery.   [890.    Frames  a  code  of  laws.] 

*  *  *  Alfred  begins  the  division  of  the 
country  into  shires  [counties].  [895. 
He  forms  a  privy  council.] 

001-025  Edward  the  Elder,  son  of  Al- 
fred, reigns. 

008  *  *  Ethelfleda  builds  the  city  walls  of 
Chester. 

013-016  Ire.  Flan  Sionna  reigns.  [916- 
954,  Niall  Glundubh,  son  of  Hugh  VII. ; 
Cormac  MacCulinan  is  King  of  Munster, 
and  bishop  of  Cashel ;  954-974,  Donnagh, 
or  Donough  ;  974-984,  Congal ;  984-1002, 
Daniel.] 

020  *  *  Mercia  is  annexed  to  Wessex. 

024*  *  Edward  the  Elder,  after  many 
victories,  is  generally  acknowledged 
"lord  and  protector"  of  Britain. 

025-040  Athelstan,  son  of  Edward  the 
Elder,  is  King  of  Wessex. 

028  *  *  Athelstan  enacts  regulations  for 
the  government  of  the  mint. 

034  *  »  A  league  is  formed  against  Ath- 
elstan by  the  under-kings  of  Scotland 
and  Cumberland.  [937.  This  confeder- 
acy is  overthrown  by  Athelstan's  victory 
at  Brunanburh.] 

040-046  Edmund,  son  of  Athelstan, 
reigns. 

043-048  W.  Howel  Dha  the  Good  is 
prince  of  all  Wales.  [948-972.  leform 
and  lago.] 

044-853  Scot.  Malcolm  I.,  son  of  Don- 
ald VI.,  reigns.  [95»-961,  Indulfus,  or 
Gondolph  ;  961-965,  Duff,  or  Duffus,  son 
of  Malcolm ;  975-970,  Cullen,  or  Cul- 
lenus,  son  of  Indulfus.] 

045  *  *  Edmund  gives  Cumberland  as  a 
fief  to  Malcolm  of  Scotland. 

046-055  Edred,  brother  of  Edmnnd. 
reigns. 

052  *  •  Dunstan,  abbot  of  Glastonbury, 
becomes  the  favorite  of  the  king,  and 
chief  director  of  public  affairs. 

054*  *  Northumberland,  East  Anglia, 
and  half  of  central  England  — called  tbe 
Danelaugh  — submit  to  Edred. 

055-075  Edwy,  nephew  of  Edred  and 
son  of  Edmund,  reigns. 

Dunstan  insults  the  king  at  his  coro- 
nation banquet;  he  is  banished  from 
the  kingdom  on  a  charge  of  malversa- 
tion in  office. 

058  •  *  The  Mercians  and  Northumbrians 
revolt,  proclaim  Edgar,  Edwy's  brother 
and  second  son  of  Edmund,  their  king; 
they  recall  Dunstan. 

*  *  Elgiva,  Edwy's  queen,  is  mutilated 
and  exiled. 

050  *  *  Dunstan  is  made  archbishop  of 
Canterbury. 

He  becomes  chief  minister  of  the  king, 
and  real  ruler  of  the  realm.  [Laws  are 
revised,  and  a  powerful  navy  is  built, 
with  which  the  sea  is  swept  of  pirates.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

708  *  *  London.  A  great  fire  nearly  con- 
sumes the  city.     [962.    .\gain.] 

823  •  *  Famine  causes  thousands  of 
deaths  in  England,  Wales,  and  Scotland. 
[868-869.  Famine  and  pestilence  do 
much  damage.  954-958  Much  suifering 
is  caused  by  famine.] 

888±  *  *  Fairs  and  markets  become 
known. 


846      960,**-1067, 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY —  NAVY. 

961  *  *  Scot.  Indulf  defeats  the  Danes 
near  Cullen  [Banffshire],  but  he  him- 
self is  killed. 

965  *  *  King  Edgar  has  350 galleys,  and 
claims  to  be  *'lord  of  the  ocean"  sur- 
rounding Britain. 

974  *  *  Scot.  The  Scots  under  Kenneth 
III.  defeat  the  Danes  at Luncarty,  near 
Perth. 

980  *  *  The  last  series  of  Banish  inva- 
sions begins. 

*  *  Ire.  Malachi  H.  defeats  the  Danes 
at  Tara. 

*  *  The  Danes  ravage  Chester.  [982. 
They  ravage  and  plunder  the  southwest 
counties.] 

900  *  *  The  Danes  arrive  in  Kssex  and 
Suffolk. 

991  *  *  Battle  of  Maldon  [Essex].  The 
l>ane8  burn  the  city. 

994  *  *  Swe3m,  King  of  Denmark,  and 
Anlaf  make  their  first  invasion;  they 
ravage  Kent.  [1003+  *  *  Second  inva- 
sion. Sweyn  is  bought  off  by  the 
promise  of  an  annual  trfbute  of  £36,000. 
1006.  A  Danish  fleet  anchors  off  the 
Isle  of  Wight.  1010.  Sweyn  with  Canute, 
his  son,  make  a  third  invasion.  1016. 
May  *  He  besieges  London.] 

997-999  The  ravages  of  the  Northmen 
afflict  Kngland. 

1002  Nov.  2.  There  is  a  general  mas- 
sacre of  the  resident  Danes.  [1010.  They 
burn  Cambridge.  The  Saxons  are  de- 
feated by  the  Danes  in  Suffolk.  1011. 
They  capture  Canterbury,  and  mas- 
sacre the  inhabitants.] 

1014    Apr.  23.    Ire.    King  Brian  Bo- 

roihme  (Horn)  totally  defeats  the  Danes 
at  Clontarf ,  near  Dublin. 

1016  *  *  Edmund  II.,  King  of  the  Eng- 
lish, and  Canute,  King  of  the  Danes, 
fight  six  battles,  and  tinally  divide  the 
kingdom  between  them.  [1031.  Scot. 
Canute  advances  into  Scotland.] 

1054  *  *  Scot.  The  Chieftain  Macbeth 
is  defeate*!  at  Dunsinane  by  Siward, 
Karl  of  Northumberland. 

1056  Dec.  5.  Scot.  Macbeth  is  de- 
feated and  killed  by  Macduff,  Earl  of 
Fife,  at  Lumphanan,  Aberdeen.  (Or 
1057,  Aug.  15). 

1063  *  *  Wales  is  subjugated  by  Earl 
Harold. 

1066  Sept.  25.  Harold  H.  defeats  the 
Norwegians  under  Tostig,  Earl  of  North- 
umbria,  and  Hardrada,  at  Stamford 
Bridge.  Tostig  and  Hardrada  are 
killed. 

Sept.  29.  William,  Duke  of  Nor- 
mandy, lands  at  Pevensey. 

Oct.  14.  Battle  of  Hastings.  William 
defeats  King  Harold  at  Senlac  [Battle] 
near  Hjistings. 

Thirty  thousand  men,  including  Har- 
old, are  killed.  The  Saxon  dynasty- 
falls,  and  the  Norman  rises. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  N  ATITRE. 

1014*  *  Tvondon.  A  bridge  over  the 
Thames  is  built  of  wood.  [1078.  Another 
is  built  by  Peter  Colechurch.] 

*  *  A  number  of  seaport  towns  are  de- 
stroyed by  an  intindation. 


1016  *  *  A  prayer  for  Ethelred  II.  is  set 
to  music  written  on  the  lines  and  in  the 
spaces  of  a  staff  of  four  lines. 

1036  *  *  The  fruit  is  destroyed  by  a  frost 
on  a  midsummer  day. 

1062  *  *  London.    The  Thames  is  frozen 

over  for  14  weeks. 

1066-1135  Gothic  architecture  ap- 
pears in  the  Kochester  Cathedral  nave, 
in  St.  Bartholomew's  at  Smithfield,  and 
St.  Gives  at  Hants. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

G75  *  •  Edgar  the  Peaceable,  king,  dies. 
996+^  *  *  Canute,    King    of    Knglami,    Hen- 
mark,  Norway,  horn.     [1035.     Dies.] 
1004*  *  Kdward  the  Confessor,  king,  bom. 

[1066.     Dies.] 
1005*  *  lAiifrani'.arclibishop  of  Canterbury, 

horn  in  I'avia,  Italy.      [  H)K9.     Dles-J 
1014  *  *  Sweyn,  Danish  king,  dies. 
Brian-Boroihme.  King  of  Ireland,  killed  in 

I  attle. 
1016*  *  Ethelred  II.,  king,  dies. 
1017*  *  Ilaniieanute,  King  of  Kngland  and 

Denmark,  liorn.     [1042.     Dies.] 
1025  *  *  Ma]a«thi  II.,  King  of  Ireland,  dies. 
1027  *  ♦William  I..  Conqueror,  born   In 

Normandy.     [10S7.     Dies.] 
1030  ♦  *  InKiilphus,  abbot  of  Croyland,bom. 

[1109.     Dies.] 
1033*  *  Anselm,  Saint,  arc-hbisliop  of  Can- 

terburv,  born  in  I'iedinont.     [I1U9.    Dies.] 
1040  *  *"ilarold  I.,  king,  dies. 
1053  *  *  (iodwin,  earl  of  Wessex,  states.,  d. 
1056  *  *  Macbeth,  king,  Scotland,  dies. 
William  II.,  Itufiis,  king,  bom.     lUm.    D.] 

1063  *   *  Dermot,  King  of  heinster,  Ire.,  d. 
1066  *  *  Iian<iiio,  thane,  accomplice  of  Mac- 
beth, Scotland,  ilies. 

Harold  II..  king,  killed  at  Hastings. 


CHURCH. 

060  *  *  One-tenth  of  the  produce  is  paid 
as  tithes  for  the  churches,  priests,  and 
the  poor, 

*  *  The  Sabbath  day  is  ordained  to  be 
kept  holy  from  Saturday  at  three  i*.  M. 
to  Monday  at  break  of  day. 

964  *  *  TTie  married  priests  of  the  ca^ 

thedral  at  Worcester  are  substitutedfor 
monks. 

084  *  *  Alfheah  [St.  Alphege]  becomes 
bishop  of  Winchester.  [1005,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  988,  Ethelgar ;  990,  Si- 
gerec ;  995,  Elfric] 

995  *  *  The  see  of  Durham,  formerly 
Lindisfarne,  is  named. 

*  *  The  Church  of  Rome  is  at  the  sum- 
mit of  its  power  in  Europe,-aiul  claims 
both  spiritual  and  temporal  supremacy. 

1003*  *  It.  John  XVIIT.  is  elected  pope; 
later,  .Tohn  XIX.  [1009,  SerK'ns  IV.  ;  lOi'J, 
BenedictVIII.  ;  1024.  John  XX.;  I0;i3,  liene- 
dict  IX.;  1044,  Cregory  VI.;  1046,  Clement 
II.;  1048,  Dainasus  II.;  1049,  [St.]  Leo  IX.; 
105.%  Victor  II.;  1057,  Stephen  X.;  105S, 
Benedict  X.;  1059,  N'icholas  II.;  lOKl,  Alex- 
anderll.;  1073,  St.  Cregorv  VII.;  1087,Victor 
III.;  1088,  Urban  II.;  1099, 1'aschal  II.] 

1012  Apr.  19.     Alphege,    the   brave 

archbishop  of  Canterbury,  is  killed  by 
the  Banes. 

1013  *  *  Lyflng  is  chosen  archbishop  of 
Canterbury.  [1020.  yEthelnoth ;  lO.'lS, 
Eadsige ;  la^O,  Robert;  1052,  Stigand ; 
1070,  Lanfranc] 

±  *  *  King  Canute,  the  son  of  Sweyn,  an 
apostate,  becomes  a  convert  to  Chris- 
tianity. 

1015  *  *  A  see  is  erected  at  Mortlach  in 
Banffshire,  with  St.  Beaunus  as  bishop. 
[1125,    Kemoved  to  Aberdeen.] 

1016  *  *  King  Canute  patronizes  the 
church.  [10"26.  He  makes  a  pilgrimage 
to  Rome  with  statf  in  hand.] 

1010  *  *  The  doctrine  of  transubstantia- 
tion  is  opposed.    [1066.    Accepted.] 


*  *  Ire.  The  archbishopric  of  Killaloe  is 
created. 

1038  *  *  iMthfm.  Christ's  Church  is 
built  by  the  ]>anes. 

1040  *'  *  The  .sees  of  Devonshire  and 
Cornwall  are  united, 

1042  *  *  The  see  of  Salisbury,  formerly 
Sherborne,  is  named. 

1050  *  *  Ijeofric  is  first  bishop  of  Exeter. 
This  see,  formerly  Devonshire  and  ori- 
ginally Cornwall,  is  named. 

*  *  The  Abbey  of  .St.  Mary's  is  founde<i  at 
York  by  Earl  Siward. 

1055-65  London.  "Westminster 
Church,  becomingruinous,  is  splendidly 
rebuilt  by  Edward  the  Confessor,  iuid 
occupied  by  monks  from  Exeter.  [1065. 
Dec.  28.     Dedicated.] 

1063  *  *  Anselm  becomes  prior  of  Bee. 
[1078,  abbot.] 

1065*  *  London.  The  Pope  appoints 
Westminster  Abbey  as  the  place  for 
inaugurating  the  kings  of  England. 

*  *  Harold  is  crowned  by  Eldred,  arch- 
bishop of  York. 


LETTERS. 
960  *  *  Oxford  is  restored  by  Alfred. 

971  *  *  Tlie  Blicking  Homilies  are  writ- 
ten ;  they  are  the  result  of  the  labors  of 
jEthelwold,  bishop  of  Winchester,  and 
Archbishop  Dunslan  and  Oswald  of  Wor- 
cester. 

991-996     -T:ifric,  the  abbot,  writes  his 

Homilies:  he  is  the  author  also  of  the 
first  Eng;li8h  translation  of  the  Bible, 

a  Latin  Colloqiujy  and  a  Latin-EnylUh 
Glossary. 

991  *  *  Song  of  the  Battle  of  Maldon  is 
written. 

lOOOi:  *  ♦  The  introduction  of  the  Eng- 
lish lang:uage  in  law-deeds,  instead  of 
Latin,  is  begun. 

1041-66  A  poem  entitled  The  Grave  is 
written  by  an  unknown  author. 

1042-65  French  Romance  first  be- 
comes known  in  England. 

1066  *  *  The  Lay  of  Itoland  is  brouglit 
from  France. 

1066-1250  NormanPrench  is  the  lan- 
guage of  the  court,  and  is  taught  in  all 
the  schools. 

SOCIETY. 

968  ♦  *  Scot.  King  Duff  is  murdered 
by  Donald,  the  governor  of  Forres  Castle. 

*  *  Scot.  King  Cullen  himself  avenges., 
the  murder  of  Duff,  hut  he  is  assassi*  J 
nated  by  a  thane  whose  daughter  he ' 
had  dishonored. 

979    Mar.  18.    WTiile  drinking  a  goblefe 

of  wine  at  Corfe  Castle.  King  Edward  is 
stabbed  to  death  at  the  instigation  of 
his  stepmother,  Elfrida. 

995  *  *  Scot.    Constantine  IV.  is  slain. 

1002  Nov.  13.  By  order  of  Ethelred, 
a  general  massacre  of  the  Danes  takes 
place  in  the  southern  counties. 

It  is  most  bloody  at  London,  the 
churches  being  no  sanctuary.  Gunilda, 
sister  of  Sweyn,  King  of  Denmark,  left 
in  hostage  for  the  performance  of  a 
treaty  but  newly  concluded,  is  among 
the  victims. 

1014*  *  Ire.  Brian  Boroihme  is  assas- 
sinated in  his  tent  by  a  Dane,  while  pray- 
ing, after  having  defeated  the  Danes  at 
the  battle  of  Clontarf. 

1020  *  *  Jews  are  banished  from  Eng- 
land by  Canute.    (?) 


AND   IRELAND. 


960,**-1067,**      847 


*  *  •The  old  custom  of  English  parents 
selling:  their  children  to  the  Irish  for 
slaves  Is  prolijbited  by  Canute. 

*  *  *  The  SaxoDS  and  Danes  become 
blended  with  the  Angles  Into  an  £jns- 
lish  people. 

1033  *  *  Sfot.  Fving  Malcolm  is  assassi- 
nated on  his  way  to  Glaniis;  In  their 
flight  across  a  frozen  lake  the  tuuukMHina 
are  drowned. 

1039*  *  Scot.  Duncan  1.  is  assassinated 
by  Macbeth,  the  thane  of  Fife. 

1041  Nov.  12.  The  people  rise  against 
the  tax-gatherers  and  kill  them. 

1042  •  ■•  The  Truce  of  God  is  adopted. 
(See  France.) 

*  •  Scot.  The  Saxon  title  of  nobUlty  of 
thane  is  abolished  by  King  Malcolm 
III.,  and  the  title  of  earl  adopted  in  its 

stead. 

1058  *  *  Sotvfula,  or  king's  evil,  Is  rflrst 
supposed  to  be]  cured  by  the  touch  of 
King  Edward  the  Confessor. 

1062  *  '  Surnames  are  first  employed 
by  the  nubility. 

1066*  'The  French  language,  laws, 
and  CDStoms  are  introduced  by  Wil- 
liam I. 

*  *  Jews  return  to  England  [and  settle 
chiefly  in  Loudon  and  Lincoln]. 

STATE. 

^61  *  *  E^gar  demands  as  a  tribute  from 

Wales  300  wolves'  heads. 
■964  ♦  •  Jre.    Dublin  la  named  by  Edgar 

in  the  preface  to  bis  charter,  "  Nobilis- 

sima  CIvitaa." 
970-994    Scot.    Kenneth  in.,  brother  of 

Duff,  reigns.    [994-995,  Constantino  IV. ; 

995-1003,  Kenneth  I V.,  o*  Qrimus,  sou  of 
.DaS.] 

■972-984  ir.  Howel  ap  lefan  the  Bad  is 
prince,  [384-985,  Cadwallou,  his  brother  ; 
985-992,  .Meredith  ap  Owen  ap  Howel 
Dha ;  992-998,  Iilwal  ap  Meyrio  ap  Edwal 
Voel ;  99S-I015,  Aedan] 

■975-879  Edward  the  Martyr,  son  of 
Edgar,  reigns.  [Opposed  by  many  of  the 
clergy,  but  is  support<4  by  Duustan.] 

«79-1013  Ethelred  II.,  the  Unready, 
brother  of  Edward  the  Martyr,  reigns. 
[He  drowses  on  the  throne,  fighting  the 
Danes  with  gold  instead  of  with  steel.] 

991  »  *  Ethelred  compounds  with  the 
Danes  for  peace,  paying  tbeni  10,000 
pounds  of  silver  to  depart.    [One  pound 

'  equals  three  of  modern  money,  994.  The 
Danes  are  paid  10,000  pounds  to  depart. 
1001.    Paid  24,000  pounds  to  depart.] 

•  *  Ethelred  makes  a  treaty  of  alliance 
with  Normandy,  which  is  the  first 
connection  bet  ween  Normandy  and  Eng- 
land. 

1002-14  Ire.  Malachl  resigning,  Brian 
Borolhme,  or  Boru,  reigns.  [1014-22. 
Malaohi  restcired.  1022^8.  Disputed 
suoces.sion.  1048-98.  Donough,  or  Denis, 
O'Brien.    1098-1110.    Terloch.j 

*  •Sweyn  invades  England  to  avenge 
the  Danes  massacred  by  Ethelred ;  he 
resolves  to  conquer  the  country. 

a006-S3    Scot.    Ualcolm   H.,   son  of- 
Kenneth  III.,  reigns ;   he  publishes  j^ 
new   code   of   laws.    [1004.    He   est^b. 
lishos  the  feudal  system.] 


1007  *  *  The  Danes  are  bought  off  by 
the  payment  of  3^,000  pounds  of  silviar, 
[1012.    Again,  by  48,000  pounds.] 

•  *  •  The  total  amount  of  the  Danish 
tribute,  or  Danegelt,  is  equal  to  a  fee 
simple  of  nearly  one-tenth  of  the  acreage 
of  England. 

1013*  *Tlic  Danes  under  Sweyn  become 
masters  of  England. 

•  •  Ethelred  flees  to  Normandy.  [1014. 
He  returns  on  the  death  of  Sweyn  ;  he 
is  received  as  king  by  part  of  the  nation.] 

1015-23  W.  Ijlewelyn  ap  Sitsylht 
reigns.  [1023-39.  Jago  ap  Idwal  ap 
Mevric.  1039-67  Griflith  ap  Llewelyn 
ap  Sitsylht.] 

1016    Apr.  24.    Ethelred  dies. 

Apr.  •  -Nov.  30.    Edmund    Ironside, 

son  of  Ethelred,  reigns. 
He  divides  the  kingdom  with  Canute, 

son  of  Sweyn  ;  he  is  murdered  at  Oxford, 

1016-42    Danish  supremacy. 
1017-35    Canute  reigns  as  sole  king; 

from  a  barbarian  conqueror  he  develops 

Into  a  wise  ruler. 

•  *  *  Canute  creates  four  provincial  gov- 
ernments, or  earldoms,  Merola,  North- 

■   umberland,  Wessex,  and  East  Anglla. 

1018  *  *  Canute  holds  a  national  coun- 
cil at  Oxford. 

1020  •  •  Scot.  Ijothian  is  ceded  to  the 
Scottish  king  by  Earl  Eadulf. 

•  *  Godwin  is  made  Earl  of  Wessex  ;  he 
is  the  first  English  statesman  who  is 
neither  king  nor  priest. 

1031  *  *  Canute  compels  Malcolm,  King 
of  the  Scots,  to  acknowledge  himself 
vassal  for  Cumberland  and  England, 

1032  *  •  Scot.  The  country  is  divided 
into  baronies. 

1033-39  Scot.  Duncan  I.,  grandson 
of  Malcolm,  reigns ;  he  is  assassinated 
by  Macbeth. 

1035    Nov.  12.    Canute  dies. 

•  ♦The  kingdom  is  di^vided  between 
Harold,  called  Harefoot,  and  Uardi- 
canute,  sons  of  Canute. 

1037-40  Harold,  illegitimate  son  of 
Canute,  reigns  as  sole  king ;  his  life 
having  been  infamous,  Ethelnoth,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  refuses  to  conse- 
crate him ;  his  government  is  c^jjsl^and 
unpopular,  ^      ^''^  ~  ' 

1039  *  *  Scot.  Macbeth,  having  assas- 
sinated  Duncan  [.,  usurps  the  crown. 

1030±-57    Scot,    Macbeth  reigns. 

1040  Mar.  17.    Harold  I.  dies. 
1040^2    Hardioanute,  son  of  Canute, 

reigns ;   his  government  is  violent  and 
oppressive. 

1042-66  -fiazon  lupremacy  restored. 

1042    June  8.    Hs..rdicanute  dies. 

1042-66  Edwajd  the  Confessor,  son 
of  Ethelred,  feigns. 

[His^btef  minister  for  some  years  is 

EarJ  Godwin,  who  rules  firmly  and 

^5ely.    Siward,  Earl  of  Northumbria, 

afid  Leofric,  Earl  of  Mercia,  are  also 

^  prominent  and  powerful  in  the  state.] 

*  •  *  In  this  reign  is  compiled  a  body  of 
laws  which  is  *'  long  the  object  of  affec- 
tion to  the  English  nation."  The  king, 
having  been  educated  in  Normandy,  in- 
troduces many  Normans  at  court, 
where  they  soun  have  great  Influence, 


1051  *  •  Earl  Godwin  rebels  against  the 
influence  of  Normans  at  court;  he  and 
his  son  Harold  are  banished,  and  his  sou 
Sweyn,  who  had  murdered  his  cottsin.is 
outlawed. 

»  •  The  Danegelt  tax  is  abolished  by  Ed- 
ward. 

*  ■*  'William  of  Normandy  [afterwards 
King    William    the   Conqueror]    visits 

England. 

1052  *  *  Earl  Godwin  returns  to  Eng- 
land with  a  fleet ;  he  is  reconciled  to  the 
king,  and  the  Norman  foreigners  are  ban- 
ished. 

1053  Apr.  14.    Godwin  dies;    his 

power  and  earldom  of  Wessex  pass  to 
his  son  Harold, 

1055  •  *  Siward  dies,  and  Tostig,  Har- 
old's brother,  becomes  earl  of  North- 
umberland. 

1057-83  Scot.  Malcolm  HI.,  Can- 
more,  son  of  Duncan,  reigns.  [IOCS  He 
marries  Margarot,  sister  of  Edgar 
Atheling,  heir  in  the  Saxon  line  to  the 
throne  of  England ;  he  is  killed  while 
besieging  Alnwick  Castle.J 

1066  Jan.  5.  Edward  the  Confessor 
dies. 

Jan.  6-Oct.  14.  Harold  Q.,  son  of 
Godwin  and  brother-in-law  of  Edward 
the  Confessor,  reigns. 

*  '•On  the  death  of  Edward,  ■William, 
Duke  of  Normandy,  claims  the  crown 
because  of  the  alleged  bequest  of  Ed- 
ward the  Confessor ;  by  an  oath  taken 
by  Harold  about  1064  pledging  himself 
to  marry  William's  daughter,  and  to  se- 
cure the  succession  to  William ;  and  by 
the  right  of  Matilda  his  wife,  a  descen- 
dant of  Alfred. 

1066-1154    The  Norman  Iiine. 

1066-87  William  I.,  the  Conqueror, 
reigns.  ^ 

(1066.  Dec.  25.  Crowned  at  Westmin- 
ster.) He  subjugate^  the  Anglo-Saxons 
with  terrible  severity  and  robbery  of 
estates.  Two  nationalities— French 
and  English  —  exist  side  by  side,  Mercia 
and  Northumberland  alone  remaining 
aloof. 

1067  *  •  (or  1070).  The  Court  of  Chan- 
cery is  vefounded  by  William  I. 

*  »  Taxes  in  specie  are  introduced  by 
William  I, ;  he  raises  them  arbitrarily. 

10er7't-73-Jfl.,B !?"'-'! J"  reigns.  [1073. 
Trabaern  ap  Caradoc.  "f072-1137.  Grif- 
fith ap  Cynan.] 

*  *  Arf  astus,  or  Herefast,  chaplain  to  the 
king,  is  appointed  lord  chancellor. 

At  this  time  [and  to  a  much  later  pe- 
riod] the  chancellor  la  merely  a  state 
functionary  who  admits  suitors  to  the 
presence  of  the  sovereign. 

.MISCELLANEOUS. 

981  •  ♦  Ire.  Waterford  is  destroyed  by 
fire.  [982.  Lnrulon.  A  great  fire  oc- 
curs. 1087.  Lontton,  A  great  part  of 
the  city,  including  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
is  destroyed  by  fire.  1122  May  19. 
Lincoln  Is  also  destroyed.  Also  the  sec- 
ond abbey  of  Gloucester.] 

1016  *  *  An  awful  famine  occurs.  [An- 
other in  1037.] 

1066  *  *  Shoeing  of  horses  is  introduced 
by  William  I. 


848    1067,**-1139,  Sept.  30.       GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1067  *  *  Oxford  is  stornied  by  'wniiain. 
[10(58.  Kent  and  Herol'ordslilre  revolt 
against  liim  ;  lie,  besieges  Exeter.] 

The  revolt  in  the  nortli  is  crushed  by 
William  In  a  winter  canijiaigii :  North- 
umberland is  ravaged  with  fire  and 
aword. 

1069  *  *  The  Danes  bum  York,  and 
kill  Its  3,000  Kormans  ;  western  England 
is  subdued.  The  Irish  invade  England 
without  success. 

1070  *  *  Malcolm  HI.,  King  of  Scot- 
lajid,  invades  England,  and  ravages 
Durham.  [1072.  'William  in  turn  in- 
vades Scotland,  and  exacts  homage  of 
Malcolm.] 

1071  •  •  A  revolt  of  the  English  under 
Edwin  and  Morcar  ends  in  the  capture 
of  Ely  and  the  death  of  Edwin. 

1073  *  *  English  troops  are  sent  to  re- 
conquer Maine  [France)  for  William. 

1075-76  Revolt  of  Norman  barons. 
Ralph,  Earl  of  Norfolk,  and  Rodger 
Fitzosbern,  Earl  of  Hereford,  aided 
by  mercenaries  and  adventurers,  rebel 
against  William.  The  Danes  aid  the 
barons,  and  retire  when  they  are  sup- 
pressed. 

1077  *  *  Qodred  CJrovan,  son  of  Harold 
the  Black,  of  Iceland,  conquers  the  Isle 
of  Man. 

1080  •  •  Robert  Curthose,  son  of  Wil- 
liam I.,  builds  a  castle  [at  Newcastle]. 

1085*  ♦An  invasion  of  Danes  is 
averted  by  the  killing  of  King  Canute  by 
his  own  subjects. 

1088  •  •  Fr.  Odo  of  Bayeux  and  others 
support  Robert,  Duke  of  Normandy,  in 
a  rebellion  against  his  brother  WilUam 
II.    [1099.    Suppressed.] 

*  •  The  barons  plunder  Cambridge. 

1090  *  *  The  revolt  of  the  Norman  bar- 
ons Is  suppressed  by  aid  of  the  English 
of  Normandy. 

1093  *  *  The  Soots  under  Malcolm  III. 
invade  England. 

Malcolm  is  defeated  and  killed  by 
Kodger  de  Mowbray,  at  the  siege  of 
Alnwick  Castle. 

1095  *  *  Newcastle  is  taken  by  William 
H. 

1096  *  •  The  Crusades  begin. 
1098  *  *  Magnus  of  Norway  subdues  *Jie 

Isle  of  Man. 

IIOJ  iiMg.  1.  Kobert,  Duke  of  Nor- 
mandy, brother  of  Henry,  invades  Eng- 
land, but  is  persuaded  to  retire  after 
landing  at  Pevensey. 

1106  Sept.  28.  Fr.  Battle  of  Tinche- 
bray.  Henry  I.  conquers  Normandy 
(pp.  668,  669). 

1119  Aug.  20.  Ft.  Battle  of  Brcune- 
ville ;  Normandy  secured  (pp.  668,  669). 

1136*  *  Exeter  Castle  surrenders  to 
King  Stephen. 

1138  *  *  The  Earl  of  Gloucester  takes 
Bristol,  in  defense  of  his  sister  Matilda, 
against  King  Stephen. 

Aug.  22.  Battle  of  the  Standard,  at 
Northallerton,  Yorkshire. 

Stephen's  force  under  the  Earl  of  Al- 
bemarle defeats  David,  the  Scotch  king ; 
in  the  center  of  the  English  forces  a 
ship's  mast,  flxed  to  a  wagon,  bore  upon 
its  top  a  consecrated  host.  [Hence  the 
name  of  the  battle.] 


1139  *  *  The  Empress  Matilda  unsuc- 
cessfully invades  England  in  person. 
(.See  Sta'te.) 

1139-53  Civil  war  and  utter  anarchy 
prevail.  (One  of  the  darkest  periods  of 
English  history.) 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1078  »  •  London.  The  Tower  is  begun 
by  William  I.  . 

1086*  *  London.  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral is  destroyed  in  the  great  conflagra- 
tion ;  Mauritius,  bishop  of  London,  un- 
dertakes to  rebuild  it.  [1087.  The  first 
stone  Is  laid.    1240.    Completed.] 

1089  »  •  A  widespread  earthquake  is 
felt. 

1091  Oct.  5.  A  wind-storm  in  sev- 
eral parts  of  England  deftroys  many 
churches ;  500  houses  in  London  fall. 

1097  *  •  London.  'Westminster  Hall 
is  built  by  William  Rufus  for  banquet- 
ing purposes. 

1100  ♦  •  The  sea  overflows  400  acres  of 
Earl  Godwin's  lands,  and  forms  an  Im- 
mense sand-bank  on  the  coast  of  Kent. 
(Known  as  Godwin-Sands.] 

1101  *  *  The  yard  measure  is  founded 
on  the  length  of  the  arm  of  King  Edgar. 

lllOi  *  *  Henry  1.  enlarges  'Windsor 
Castle,  which  William  the  Conqueror 
began  as  a  residence  for  the  British  sov- 
ereigns. 

*  *  The  miracle-play  of  St.  Catherine  is 
written  j  it  is  acted  at  Dunstable,  and 
it  is  the  first  [known]  dramatic  pro- 
duction in  England. 

1120±  *  *  Kenilworth  Castle  In  War- 
wickshire is  built  by  Geoflrcy  de  Clin- 
ton [whose  graudson  sells  it  to  Henry 
II.]. 

1135-1272  Gothic  architecture  ap- 
pears in  the  Temple  Church,  Ix>ndon, 
and  In  parts  of  the  cathedrals  of  Win- 
chester, Wells,  Salisbury,  and  Durham  ; 
also  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1068  •  *  Henry  I.,  king,  bom.     [113^-     D.l 
1078  •  *  OrdericusVitaliSihist.b.  [1143*.  D.] 
1080  •  •  \Valcl>er,  bishop  of  Durham,  Earl  of 

Northuniberlanil,  klUert. 
1083  •  *  Jlatilda,  queen  of  William  I.,  dies. 
10B6  •  *  Tirloch,  limg,  Irelanil,  dies. 
1093  •  •  Malcolm  111.,  fanmore,  k.,  Soot.,  d. 
10<»'*  *  •  Malmesbnry,  'Willlara  of,  bistonan, 

1^1^     rliil.    Dies.] 
1 101  "•  Matilda,  daBgbtef  »'  Henry  I.,  born. 

[1165.    Dies.]  rini      t>  1 

1  lOB  •  •  Stephen,  king,  b^'"-^f,"5''-   £'ij„,. 
1119*  •  »  Wace,  Master  Kocperi,  Angio-«or 

man  poet,  bom.    [1174-,-.  "'«:«•)  , 

1117  •  '  Becket,  Thoma#  a.  artimisnop  oi 

Canterbury,  bom.    [inC-  -i!^,'^,,.  t„„ 
liao  •  •  Salisbury,  John  on  sonolastlc,  Dorn. 

,  ,  ii'i°"  ."Fartmer  or  Ed,«er,  monk,  hist.,  d. 

\%r.  .  Be^^e'r^ey  a"  r'=e?^.^bi.U.nau^  <Ues 
1X33*  •Henry  H.,  king  born.    [1189.    U.] 

CHURCH. 

1072  •  *  Barons  are  created,  and  bish- 
ops receive  the  honor. 

3073*  *The   [present]  "WinoiiS***' 
Cathedral  is  Degun. 

1076t  •  *  William  checks  the  aggranot*- 
Ing  policy  of  the  church.    (See  State.) 

He  refuses  to  pay  homage  to  the  Pope, 
and  retains  for  himself  the  appointment 
of  bishops.  No  papal  letter  can  be  re- 
"ceived  or  papal  synod  held  in  England, 
or  appeal  made  to  Rome,  without  his 
consent. 


1078  »  •  Jews  first  arrive  In  England.  (?) 
±  *  *  Sldnacester,  or  Lindisse,  and  Dor- 
chester, two  distinct  sees  in  Mercla.  aro 
united.  [1086.  The  see  is  removeil  to 
Lincoln  by  Bishop  Remigius  de  Fes- 
cbamp,  who  builds  a  cathedral.] 

1079  *  •  The  Pope's  authority  Is  fully 
established. 

•  •  Dublin.  The  archbishop  of  Dublin  is 
consecrated  by  L-mfranc. 

1088  *  •  The  see  of  Batti  Is  erected. 

•  *Tl)e  (Norwlchl  cathedral  is  first 
erected  by  Bisl'iop  Herbert  Losings. 
[1280.    Completed.) 

1091  *  *  The  see  of  Norwich,  formerly 
East  Anglia,  is  named. 

1093  •  *  [St.]  Anselm  is  consecrated 
archbishop  of  Canterbury.  [1114,  Ralph 
de  Turbine ;  1123,  William  de  Curbellis ; 
1139,  Theobald] 

1096*  *Irf.  Trinity  Cathedral,  Water- 
ford,  is  dedicated  by  Maichus,  Its  first 
bishop. 

1108*  •  The  see  of  Ely  is  erected.  [1182. 
Carlisle.] 

1111  Feb.*  Emperor  Henry  V.  gives 
up  the  right  of  Investiture  of  ecclesias- 
tics, by  treaty  [but  other  sovereigns 
resolutely  refuse  to  concede  it]. 

1118*  ♦ /(.     Gelasius    II.  Is  elected  pope. 
1 1119,  Calixtus  II.;  1124.  Hononus  II.:  IIW, 
Innocent  II.;   1143,  Celestme  II.;  llil    ' 
cius  II.:  1I4S,  Eugenius  111.;  1143. 
Bius  IV.;  11.14,  Adrian  IV,;  1159,  A: 

III.;   1181,  Lucius  III.;    1185,  Crli;;. 

1187,  Gregory  Vlll.;    later,   Clenimt  ill.; 
1191,  Celcstine  III.;   1198,  Innocent  III.] 

1120  •  *  Edinburgh.  St.  Giles  Church 
is  founded  (846^)'.  [1124-1163.  Improved 
by  King  David.] 

1124  .Scot.  King  David  endows  several 
sees ;  the  see  of  Ross  is  erected.  [1130, 
Dimkfeld;  1 138,  Holyrood.] 

1128  *  *  The  fi.-st  Cistercian  monks  ar- 
rive. 

They  observe  silence,  abstain  from 
flesh,  sleep  on  straw,  and  wear  neither 
shoes  nor  shirts;  Gilford,  bishop  of 
Winchester,  founds  the  abbey  at  Wn- 
verley. 

1135  *  *  Lontlim.  St.  Stephen's  Chapel 
of  Westminstoris  built  by  King  Stephen. 

1136  *  •  Ire.  The  see  of  Kilmore  is 
erected.  [1151.  Armagh  is  reestab- 
lished.] 

1139  •  •  Scot.  Melrose  and  Kelsomon- 
asteries  are  founded. 


LETTERS. 

1071±  *  *  The  Exeter  Codex  and  Tht 
y'erceli  Coilex,  containing  a  collection 
of  ancient  poetry,  are  compiled. 

Ulh  Century.  A  Life  of  King  Edward  the 
Confeaior  Is  written  by  an  uuknown 
author. 

1080  *  *  Scot.     Enplish  fugitives  escap- 
ing from  tlia  Normans  introduce  the 
Saxon-English  language. 
TL087±*  *  William    tries    to   learn  the 
Euglish  language. 

1090 i  *  *Tbe  Charlemagne,  a  Norman 
poem,  is  written. 

llOOi    Education  is  chiefly  confined  to 
the  clergy  ;  the  king's  chief  clerks  are  ^ 
sometimes  rewarded  with  bishoprics. 

llOOi  *  *  Henry  I.  is  called  the  Scholar. 

1118*  'ITie  Chrmiicle  of  Florence  of 
Worcester  ends. 

1120  •  •  J{nmtlies.  popular  expositions  of 
Scriptures,  are  written  by  an  uuknown 
■author. 

1 1?6  *  'The  Earl  of  Simeon  of  Durham's 
(^ftronicte  ends. 


AND   IRELAND.        1067,*  *-1139,  Sept.  30.    849 


1132-35-47  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth 
writes  his  History  of  British  Kings. 

1135-54  Henry  of  Huntingdon  writes  a 
Chronicle  in  seven  books,  and  On  the 
Contempt  of  the  H'orld. 

SOCIETY. 

1068  •  *  Ringing  of  the  Curfew  Bell  at 
eight  o'clock  in  the  evening  is  intro- 
duced; all  tires  und  cimdles  are  to  be 
extinguished  under  severe  penalties. 

*  *  The  rights  of  primogeniture  come 
into  English  jurisprudence  with  the  feu- 
dal law. 

1074  *  *  William  introduces  beheading 
as  a  less  ignominious  mode  of  execution 
than  others  for  high-born  criminals. 

1079*  *  William  I.  lays  waste  a  large 
traot  in  Hampsliire  to  iEorm  a  forest  lor 
his  pleasure. 

1087  *  ♦  Fr.  William  I.  bums  the  town 
of  Nantes,  not  because  the  people  had 
offended  him,  but  because  their  king 
had  uttered  a  silly  jest  at  his  expense. 

1094  *  *  Scot.    Duncan  II.  Is  murdered. 

1096  *  *  Trial  by  Combat  is  introduced. 
A  prisoner  who  pleads  not  guilty 
may  choose  whether  he  will  put  himself 
for  trial  upon  God  and  his  country  by  12 
men,  as  at  this  day,  or  upon  God  alone. 
[A  battle  by  single  combat  is  fought  be- 
fore William  II.,  and  the  peers, between 
Geoffrey  Baynard  and  William,  Earl  of 
Eu,  who  was  accused  by  Baynard  of  high 
treason  ;  Baynard  having  conquered,  Eu 
is  deemed  convicted,  and  then  blinded 
and  mutilated.] 

1098  *  *  Scot.  King  Edgar,  having  de- 
throned Donald  Bane,  his  rival,  puts 
out  his  eyes. 

1099  *  *  London.  William  Rufus,  on  his 
return  from  Normandy,  celebrates  in 
royal  style  the  feast  of  "Whitsuntide  in 
Westminster  Hall. 

llOOt  *  *  Chivalry  and  knighthood  are 
introduced. 

1106  *  *  Henry  puts  out  his  brother 
Robert's  eyes,  and  confines  him  in  a 
castle  of  Wales  [during  life,  28  years]. 

1132  •  *  The  Hospital  of  Holy  Cross, 
Winchester,  is  founded  by  Bishop  Henry 
de  Blois. 

STATE. 

1068  *  *  The  Danegelt  tax  is  revived. 
"  Every  hide  of  land,  i.e.,  as  much  as 
one  plow  can  plow,  or  as  much  as  can 
maintain  a  family,  is  taxed  at  first  one 
shilling  [afterwards  as  much  as  seven 
shillings]." 

*  •  ComwaU  is  given  by  William  to  his 
half-brother,  Robert  de  Mortein. 

*  *  Malcolm  of  .Scotland  does  homage  to 
William  for  Cumberland. 

1070  *  *  The  feudal  system  is  intro- 
duced by  William. 

The  estates  of  many  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  nobility  are  confiscated,  and  their 
owners  reduced  to  poverty  ;  most  of  the 
kingdom  is  divided  into  baronies,  which 
are  conferred  on  Norman  followers  of 
the  king,  on  condition  of  stated  military 
service  and  payments ;  all  government 
offices  are  given  to  Normans. 

1071  *  *  The  great  earldoms  of  Wesaex, 
Mercia,  and  Northumberland  are  abol- 
ished by  William,  and  sheriffs  are  nom- 
inated for  the  government  of  the  shires 
[counties]. 

1074  *  *  Bdinlmrgh.  The  city  is  forti- 
fied, and  the  castle  is  rebuilt  by  Malcolm 
Canmore. 

1076  May  31,  Waltheof,  a  powerful 
English  earl,  is  beheaded  at  Winches- 
ter, as  a  political  enemy  of  William  ;  he 
is  regarded  as  a  martyr  by  the  English. 


*  •  Jtistices  of  the  peace  are  first  ap- 
pointed. (?) 

*  *  William  refuses  to  pay  homage  to 
the  Pope  for  the  kingdom  of  England, 
or  receive  papal  letters,  or  allow  apapal 
synod  or  a  bishops'  appeal  to  Rome 
without  his  sanction. 

*  *  London.  The  bishop  of  London  erects 
a  small  prison  in  coimection  with  the 

f;ate  of  the  city.  [It  is  gradually  en- 
arged,  and  is  the  origin  of  the  present 
Newgate.] 

*  *  Domesday  Book,  a  record  of  the  re- 
sults of  a  statistical  survey  of  the  king- 
dom, is  completed. 

[It  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  valua- 
ble records  of  England,  and  is  still  pre- 
served in  the  Public  Record  office  at 
London.] 

1087  Sept.  9.  "William  I.  dies  from 
injuries  caused  by  the  plunging  of  his 
horse  amid  the  burning  cinders  at 
Nantes,  France. 

1087-1100  ■WilliamII.,surnamed  Ru- 
fus, son  of  William  I.,  reigns.  Ralph 
Flambard,  Bishop  of  Durham,  is  his  chief 

minister. 

1090  *  *  John,  the  king's  chaplain  and 
physician  [^afterward  bishop  of  Bath  and 
Welts],  is  the  first  mentioned  physician 
to  the  king. 

1002  *  •  Carlisle  is  built. 

1093-94    Scot.    Donald  VII.,  Donald 

Bane,    brother   of    Malcolm    Canmore, 

reigns. 

1094  *  *  Duncan,  illegitimate  (?)  son  of 

Malcolm  Canmore,  wrests  the  crown 
from  Donald  Bane ;  he  reigns  but  six 
months,  when  he  is  assassinated,  and 
Donald  Bane  recovers  the  throne. 

1098-1107  Scot.  Edgar,  son  of  Mal- 
colm Canmore  and  Margaret,  sister  of 
Edgar  Atheling,  reigns. 

1100  Aug.  2.  William  II.  dies  ;  he  is 
accidentally  shot  with  an  arrow  by  Wal- 
ter Tyrrel.   (Perhaps  intentionally  shot.) 

1100-35  Henry  I.,  surnamed  Beauclerc, 
yoimgest  son  of  W illiam  I. ,  reigns.  (1100. 
Aug.  5.    Crowned.) 

Nov.  11.  Henry  marries  Matilda,  or 
Maud,  niece  of  Edgar  Atheling,  thus 
uniting  the  Norman  and  Saxon  in- 
terests. 

±  *  *  The  power  of  bequeathing  lands 
by  the  last  will  and  testament  of  the 
owner  is  confirmed  to  English  subjects, 
but  with  great  restrictions  and  limita- 
tions respecting  the  feudal  system. 

*  •  London.  Henry  grants  a  charter  to 
the  city. 

It  secures  to  the  citizens  "trial  by 
oath,"  the  right  of  electing  sheriffs  and 
justiciary,  and  protecting  their  trade 
"  from  toll  or  exaction  over  the  length 
and  breadth  of  the  land." 

1101*  *  Henry  publishes  a  charter  of 
liberties,  in  which  he  engages  to  put 
in  force  the  laws  of  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor. 

1105  *  *  The  Court  of  Exchequer  [so 
called  from  the  chequered  table  at  which 
it  sits]  is  established  by  Henry  (?),  its 
function  being  to  try  causes  relatinc  to 
the  public  revenue,  and  common-Taw 
causes  between  subject  and  subject. 

*  *  Henry  imprisons  Robert.    (Society.) 

1107  Jan.  8-24  Scot.  Alexander  I., 
the  Fierce,  and  David,  brothers  of 
Edgar,  reign ;  Alexander  having  the 
western,  David  the  southern  part. 

1109  *  *  Matilda,  daughter  of  Henry  I., 
is  betrothed  to  Henry  V.,  Emperor  of 


Germany.    [1114.    Jan.  7.     Ger.     They 
are  married  at  Mentz.] 

1110-30    Ire.    Mortough  reigns. 

He  is  in  strict  friendship  with  Henry 
I.  of  England  ;  he  makes  alliances  with 
many  foreign  princes  ;  and  he  gives  one 
of  his  daughters  in  marriage  to  Sicard, 
son  of  Magnus,  King  of  Norway. 

1120  Nov.  25.  Henry's  son  and  heir, 
"WiUiam,  with  140  knights,  perishes  in 
the  White  Ship,  which  sinks  in  the  Brit- 
ish Channel. 

1124  Ai>T.  27-53*  *  Scot.  Alexander 
having  died,  Davidl.,  the  Saint,  brotber 
of  Alexander  the  Fierce,  reigns  in  the 
West,  sole  king. 

He  forms  Scottish  burghs  (?),  and  es- 
tablishes feudal  barons. 

1125  *  *  Henry  takes  severe  measures 
against  false  coining;  nearly  60  false 
coiners  are  hanged  or  mutilated. 

1127  June  17.  Henry's  daughter  Ma- 
tilda, widow  of  the  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many, is  married  to  Geoffrey  Plan- 
tagenet,  son  of  Fulk,  Earl  ot  Anjou. 
[1136.  .She  claims  the  crown  of  England, 
and  is  assisted  by  David  of  Scotland.] 

1130-50  Ire.  Turlough  O'Connor  reigns. 
[1150-68.  Murtouch  MacNeil  MacLach- 
tin.  1168-72.  Roderic,  or  Roger,  O'Con- 
nor.] 

1135  Dec.  1.  Fr.  Henry  I  dies  in 
Normandy  from  eating  too  plentifully 
of  lampreys. 

1135-54    Stephen  of  Blois,  son  of  Ad- 

ela,  sisterof  Henry  I.,  usurps  the  throne. 

(1134.    Dec.  26.    Crowned.) 
His  reign  is  one  of  almost  constant 

civil  strife,  and  oppression  of  the  people 

by  the  nobles,   who  multiply  fortified 

castles  throughout  the  country. 
1137-69     IF.    Owen    Gwynedd     reigns. 

[1169.    Howel.   1160-94.   David  ap  Owain 

Gwynedd.] 
1138*  *The  Norman  Theobald  [later 

archbishop   of    Canterbury]   introduces 

the  study  of  civil  law. 

1139  July*  Stephen  arrests  Hoger, 
Bishop  of  Sarum  [Salisbury],  and  Alex- 
ander, Bishop  of  Lincoln,  suspecting 
them  to  be  in  sympathy  with  the  claim 
of  Matilda. 

Sept.  30.  Matilda,  accompanied  by  the 
Earl  of  Gloucester  and  a  retinue  of 
knights,  lands  in  Suffolk  to  assert  her 
claim  to  the  throne.  [1141.  Feb.  2. 
Stephen  is  captured.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1071*  *  Pairs  are  encouraged  by  Wil- 
liam. 

1086  *  *  London.  St.  Paul's  Cathedral 
is  burned. 

1092  *  *  London.  The  mortality  is  very 
great. 

1095  *  *  Ire.    The  mortality  is  unusual. 

1111*  *  London.  The  imusual  mortal- 
ity sweeps  away,  besides  human  beings, 
cattle,  fowls,  and  other  domestic  ani- 
mals. 

1120  Nov.  25.  Prince  William  and 
140  noblemen  lose  their  lives  by  ship- 
wreck in  the  German  Ocean. 

1125  *  *  The  first  great  park  in  England 
is  formed  at  Woodstock  by  Henry  1. 

1135  *  *  Rents  are  first  paid  in  money 
instead  of  in  kind. 

*  *  English  conmierce  consists  in  the 
exportation  of  wool. 

1136*  *  London.  The  London  Bridge  is 
burned. 

1137  Jxme3.  The  Rochester  Cathedral 
is  burned.  [June  4.  The  greater  part 
of  York,  including  the  cathedral  and 
39  churches,  is  burned.  June  27.  The 
city  of  Bath  is  destroyed  by  fire.] 


850     1140,  Mar.  21-1195,**.       GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY— NAVY. 
1141  Feb.  2.  Battle  of  Lincoln: 
Stephen  is  defeated  and  captured  by  the 
Earl  of  Gloucester,  Matilda's  brother. 
[1142.  The  earl  is  defeated  and  cap- 
tured.] 


1171  •  *  The  [present]  building  of  York 
Minster  is  begun. 

1175  *  *  Canterbury  Cathedral  is  be- 
gun under  the  direction  of  a  French 
architect,  William  of  Sens. 

1176-1209    London.    A  bridge  of  stone 


,,,„  is  built  over  the  Thames. 

1142  *  *  Matilda  is  besieged  at  Oxford    X177  • 

by  Stephen,  who  had  been  exchanged. 
1150*  *Ire. 


garrisoned    by 


Connor  O'Brien  defeats 
Turlough  O'Connor. 

During  the  12th  century  the  five  kings 
of  Ireland  and  its  petty  princes  are  al- 
most continuously  at  war  with  each 
other. 

1153  *  »  Scot.  Somerled  of  the  Isles 
invades  England. 

1157  *  *  jr.  Henry  n.  leads  an  unsuc- 
cessful expedition  into  'Wales.  [1103. 
Second  Welsh  war ;  South  Wales  is 
subdued.    1105.    Third  Welsh  war.] 

*  *  Fr.  "War  occurs  with  Louis  of 
France  for  the  succession  of  Toulouse. 

1169**  Ire.  Fitz-Stephen  with  500 
Anglo-Normans  makes  a  successful  in- 
vasion. 

1170  Aug.  23.  Ire.  Eichard  Strong- 
bow,  Earl  of  Pembroke,  lands  with  an 
army  at  Waterford.    [He  takes  Dublin.] 

1171  Oct.  18.  Ire.  Henry  H.  lands 
near  Waterford  with  4,500  men. 

1172*  *Ire.    Cork 
Henry  II. 

[The  conquest  of  Ireland  is  gradually 
effected,  with  the  exception  of  Ulster, 
whose  princes  refuse  to  submit  to  Eng- 
lish authority.] 

1173*  *B,ebeUion.    (See  State.) 

*  *HenrydefeatsLouisVII.  of  France. 
1174    July  13.    The  Scots  under  WU- 

liam  I.,  the  Lion,  invade  England  to 
recover  Northumberland  ;  they  are  de- 
feated at  Alnwick  by  Ranulf  de  Glan- 
Tllle.    William  is  taken  prisoner, 

1180*  *  Ire.  The  castle  of  Carlow  is 
erected  by  John. 

1181*  *  The  assize  of  arms  is  held; 
the  militia  service  restored. 

1189*  *  Conspiracy  of  Henry's  sons. 
(See  State.) 

1190-94  Kichard  I.,  with  Philip  Au- 
gustus of  France,  and  Frederick  Barbae 
rossa  of  Germany,  engages  in  the  Third 
Crusade. 

1191  •  •  Syria.  Richard  I.  defeats  Sa- 
ladin  at  Ascalon,  and  concludes  a 
truce  for  three  years. 

1194-96  Fr.  War  occurs  with  France, 
caused  by  Philip's  intrigues  against 
Richard  with  King  John.  [1194.  Battle 
at  Fr6teval  (p.  670).  1198.  Sept.  20. 
Battle  of  Gisors;  Richard  defeats  the 
French.] 

1195  •  *  Ire.  The  oastle  of  KUkenny 
is  built  by  William  Marshall,  Earl  of 
Pembroke. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1140    Mar.  21.    A  total  eclipse  of  the 

sun  occurs,  and  complete  darkness  pre- 
vails in  England. 

1142  *  *  A  severe  earthquake  is  felt  in 
Lincoln. 

1150  Deo.  9-I-.  A  severe  frost  con- 
tinues for  two  months  and  ten  days. 

12th  Century.  The  bridge  at  Burton 
over  the  Trent  is  built ;  length,  1 ,545  feet. 


Imported  glass  is  used  in  the 
windows  of  private  houses. 
1191  Jime  23.  An  eclipse  of  the  sun 
occurs.  The  stars  are  visible  near  mid- 
day ;  with  the  true  sun  another  appears, 
so  that  glasses  are  necessary  to  distin- 
guish the  difference. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1146*  'Giraldus  Cambrensis,    historian, 

born.    [1220.    Dies.] 
1154*  *  Monmouth,  Geoffrey  of,  chronicler, 

dies. 
1157    Sept.  8.    Klohard  I.,  king,  Coeurde 

Lion,  born.    [1199-    Apr.  6.    Dies.] 
1160±  *  *  Kobin   Hood,   legendary   outlaw. 

born. (?) 
1166+  *  *  Langton,  Stephen,  card. ,  archbp. 

of  Canterbury,  states.,  b.    [1228.    Dies.] 
1167t  *•  John,  king,  born.     [1216.     Dies.) 
1 170  *  *  Madoc,  legendary  Welsh  prince,  d. 
1173+  •  *  Edmund,  Saint,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, born.    [  1240.    Dies.) 
1176*  'Clare,   Richard  de  (Strongbow), 

Earl  of  Pembroke,  dies. 
1190*  *  Farls,  Matthew,  hist.,  b.   [1259.   D.] 

GlanvUle,  itanulf  de,  jurist,  dies. 


CHURCH. 


murdered  k  Becket,  and  expiates  his 
sinby  prostration  and  public  scourging.]  1 
1174*  *  Richard  is  chosen    archbishop  ' 
of   Canterbury.     [1185,  Baldwin:    1191, 
Reginald   Fitz-Joceline ;    1193,   Hubert  . 
Walter.]  ; 

1178  *  *  The  clergy  of  Berkshire  are  re-  I 
lieved  from   keeping  the  archdeacon's  ; 
dogs  and  hawks,  during  his  visitation, 
by  a  special  act  of  the  Pope.  I 

1181  *  *  Scot.  The  cathedral,  or  high  j 
church,  of  Glasgow,  dedicated  to  St.  . 
Kentigern,  or  Mungo,  is  begun. 

1183±*  *Ire.  The  cathedral  of 
Down,  formerly  dedicated  to  the  Holy 
Trinity,  is,  at  the  instance  of  John  de 
Courcy,  the  conquerorof  Ulster,  rededi- 
cated  to  St.  Patrick. 

1185  *  * Zorerfon.     The    Temple    is 
founded  ;  also  the  church  built  by  the 
Knights  Templars  ;  it  is  consecrated  by  , 
Heraclius,  Patriarch  of  Jerusalem. 

1189  Sept.  3.  London.  Priests  insti- 
gate the  mob  to  massacre  the  Jews  at 
the  coronation  of  Richard. 

*  *  King  Richard  I.  engages  in  the  Third 
Crusade. 

1190  *  *  Z>M6;in.  Archbishop  Comyn 
founds  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  on  the 
site  of  an  old  church. 


LETTEB8, 


1143  *  *  Peter    de    Gousla,  or   Gonsel, 

C^oLs'lnLh'c'SSi'r'e^''''''"^'^*^    i2.ft  Cen(«r^.    Bookselling    and 
1148*  *. Archbishop  Theobald  is  sent       '^"^"  '""'  "■•'*  mentioned. 


book- 


into  exile  because  of  a  quarrel  with 
King  Stephen. 

1150**So)<.  The  sees  of  Brechin  and 
Caithness  are  erected. 

1151-52  Ire.  Cardinal  .John  Paparo, 
the  Pope's  legate,  divides  the  bishop- 
rics, and  constitutes  prelacies. 

*  *  Tlxe  archbishoprics  of  Dublin,  Ar- 
magh and  Cashel,  and  Tuam  are 
created. 

1154*  *The  first  appeals  are  made  to 


Oxford  is  a  center  for  clerical  study. 
[1136.    Chartered.] 

William  of  Malmesbury  writes  the 
History  of  the  Kings  of  Enqland  (449  to 
1120),  and  History  of  English  Prelates. 

Nigel  Wireker,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
writes  On  the  Corruptions  of  the  Church 
and  Brunellus,  or  Speculum  Stultorum, 
The  Mirror  of  Fools,  and  other  works 
against  clerical  irregularities. 

1155  *  *  Robert  Wace  writes  Le    Brut 
d  'Angleterre. 


the  Pope  from  the  decisions  of  English  1156-59    John  of  Salisbury,  bishop  of 

tribunals  Chartres,   writes    Polycraticus,    or    De 

NuA/is   Curialium  et    l^estigiis   Philoso- 

*  *  Thomas  &  Becket  becomes  arch-  phorum,  on  the  trifles  of  courtiers  and 

deacon  of  Canterbury.      [1162.     Arch-  facks  of  the  philosophers. 

bishop.]  1160  *  *  The  Moral  Ode  is  written. 

1155*  *  Pope  Adrian  IV.  gives  Ireland  1160-70^  Robert   de    Boron's   Le   petit 

to  England  for  Peter's  Pence.  (?) 


He  permits  Kin§  Henry  II.  to  invade 
Ireland  on  condition  that  every  Irish 
family  shall  pay  a  carolus  to  the  Pope, 
and  that  1  reland  be  regarded  as  a  fief  of 
the  church. 

1160*  *  Heretics  are  inhumanly 
treated. 

Thirty  Germans  who  came  to  propa- 
gate their  doctrines  are  branded  in  the 
forehead,  whipped,  and  turned  into  the 
streets  naked,  to  perish  of  the  winter's 
cold,  as  none  dare  to  show  them  compas- 
sion. 

1161  *  *  It.  Henry  II.  pays  homage  to 
the  Pope  by  holding  his  stirrup  while 
he  mounts  "his  horse.  [1170.  July  22. 
He  does  the  same  for  Archbishop 
k  Becket.] 

1162*  *  Scot.  The  see  of  Moray  is 
erected. 

1170  Dec.  20.  Thomas  i,  Becket  re- 
turns from  France. 

He  is  murdered  at  the  altar.  (See 
State.)    [1172.    Canonized.] 

*  *  It.  The  Pope  puts  all  England  under 
an  interdict.  [1174.  July  8.  Henry 
makes  a  pilgrimage  to  the  tomb  of  the 


Saint  Graal  is  written. 

Walter  Mapes  writes  De  Nugis  Cu- 
rialium. [1 170-90,  Le  Grand  Saint  (Iraal, 
Queste  de  Saint  Graal,  Lancelot  du  Lac, 
and  Morte  d^ Arthur,  contributions  to 
the  King  Arthur  legends.] 

1170  *  *  The  Roman  de  Itou  is  finished  by 
Wace. 

1181  *  *  Randulph  de  Granville  writes 
Upon  the  Laws  and  Customs  ot  the  King- 
dom of  England:  it  is  the  flVst  digest 
of  £lnglish  laws  and  customs. 

1190*  *  Alexander  Neckam  writes,  in 
Latin  verse,  a  Treatise  on  Science.  He 
is  the  author  of  many  other  Latin 
poems,  grammatical  and  theoh>gical 
treatises,  and  commentaries  on  Aris- 
totle and  other  works. 

±  *  *  Educated  men  use  three  lan- 
guages, English,  the  common  tongue ; 
French,  the  polite,  literary,  and  fash- 
ionable language ;  and  Latin,  the  lan- 
guage of  learning. 


SOCIETY. 

1148*  *  London.     St.   Katherine's 
Hospital  is  founded  by  Queen  Matilda. 


M  I 


AND    IRELAND.         1140,  Mar.  21-1195,* 


851 


11544:*  *  Rosamond,  the  mistress  of 
Henry  11.,  is  poisoned. 

A  conspiracy  is  formed  against  her  by 
the  queen,  I'nnce  Henry,  and  the  king's 
other  SODS.  Henry  keeps  her  in  a  laby- 
rinth at  Woodstock,  where  Queen 
Eleanor  discovers  her  apartment  by  the 
clue,  a  silk,  thread,  and  poisons  her. 

1155  *'  *  Foreigners  are  banished  be- 
cause they  are  considered  too  numerous. 
1158*   *  London.    Population,  40,000. 

1170  Dec.  29.  Assassination  of  Bec- 
ket.    (See  State.) 

1180  *  *  London.    Skating  is  known. 

1181  *  *  Ire.  The  title  Baron  Kinsale  is 
created, 

•  *  *  The  surname  of  a  family  is  begun 
to  be  handed  down  from  father  to  son  ; 
the  system  is  introduced  by  the  Nor- 
mans. 

1189-90  London.  Riots  against  the 
Jews  occur. 

Some  few  pressing  into  Westminster 
Hall  at  the  coronation  of  Richard  I.  are 
put  to  death  by  the  people,  and  a  false 
alarm  being  given  that  the  king  had  or- 
dered a  general  massacre  of  tliem,  the 
people  in  many  parts  of  England  kill  all 
they  meet.  Jews  besieged  In  York  Cas- 
tle cut  each  other's  throats  to  escape  the 
fury  of  the  mob 

±  *  *  Robin  Hoodi  the  [legendary]  rob- 
ber, flourishes. 

STATE. 

1141  Mar.  *  Matilda  is  crowned 
queen  by  the  Bishop  of  Winchester  and 
other  clergy.  [She  alienates  her  sup- 
porters by  her  severe  and  unwise  gov- 
ernment.] 

1147  *  *  After  a  civil  war  of  six  years, 
Matilda,  being  defeated,  retires  to  Nor- 
mandy. 

1153-65  Scot.  Malcolm  IV.,  grandson 
of  David  I.,  reigns.  (1153.  May  34. 
Crowned.) 

•  *  Henry  Flantagenet,  Matilda's  son, 
lands  in  England  to  assert  his  claim  to 
the  crown. 

1154    Oct.  25.    Stephen  dies. 

1154-1399    House  of  Plantagenet. 

1154-89  Henry  Plantagenet,  son  of 
Matilda,  and  grandson  of  Henry  I., 
reigns  as  Henry  II.  (1154,  Dec.  19. 
Crowned.) 

He  becomes  the  greatest  monarch  of 
the  age  ;  his  non-English  realm  includes 
(Ij  Touraiue  and  Anjou,  inherited  from 
his  father ;  (2)  Maine  and  Normandy  In 
right  of  liis  mother  ;  (3)  the  seven  prov- 
inces of  Poitou,  Saintonge,  Auvergne, 
P^ngord,  Limousin,  AngoumoJs,  and 
Guienne,  in  right  of  his  wife  Eleanor ; 
and  Brittany  annexed  ;  being  altogether 
more  than  a  third  part  of  France. 

1165*  *  Thomas  k  Becket  is  made 
chancellor  [and  becomes  Henry's  favor- 
ite and  chief  minister]. 

•  *Pope  Adrian  IV.  issues  a  bull  giving 
Henry  sovereign  authority  over  Ire- 
land.   (See  Church.) 

1162  *  ♦  Henry  introduces  the  scutage 
system,  permitting  lower  tenants  to 
commute  military  service  by  payment 
of  money. 

1163  *  *  Becket  opposes  the  king's  at- 
tempt to  reform  the  law  relating  to  the 
punishment  of  clerical  criminals. 


1164  Jan.  25.  The  barons  and  bishops 
in  a  council  at  Clarendon,  Wiltshire, 
adopt  the  "constitutions  of  Claren- 
don," which  diminish  the  power  and 
privileges  of  the  clergy.  [U64-70.  Con- 
tested by  Henry  II.  and  Becket.] 

*  *  Becket  flees  to  France  after  trial  on 
a  charge  of  "  contempt  of  royal  au- 
thority.'* 

1165-1214  Scot.  William  the  Lion, 
brother  of  Malcolm  IV.,  reigns  in  the 
West.    (1165.     Dec.  9.    Crowned.) 

1166  *  *  The  Assize  of  Clarendon  re- 
vives the  frank-pledge. 

By  this  the  freemen  of  villages  are 
mutually  responsible  for  one  another's 
'good  behavior;"  it  orders  that  juries 
ot  "  12  lawful  men"  present  to  the  courts 
for  trial  persons  suspected  of  crime ;  it 
abolishes  compurgation  proof  of  inno- 
cence by  oath  of  neighbors. 

1168*  *  Ire.  Dermod  McMurrough.King 
of  Leinster,  is  banished  by  King  Roderic 
and  other  Irish  princes,  tor  his  crimes 
and  cruelties. 

1170*  *  Under  threat  of  excommunica- 
tion by  the  Pope,  Henry  becomes  rec- 
onciled to  Becket,  who  returns  to 
England. 

*  *  Ire.  Kilkenny  is  made  an  English 
settlement. 

Dec  29.  Becket  is  assassinated  in  the 
Cathedral  of  Canterbury  by  Reginald 
Fitzurse,  William  Tracy,  Hugh  de  More- 
ville,  and  Richard  Brito,  who  had  been 
instigated  to  the  deed  by  passionate  ex- 
pressions of  Henry. 

1171  Oct.  18.  Ire.  Henry  II.  lands 
at  Waterford  with  an  army. 

He  receives  the  submission  of  some  of 
the  chiefs  of  Munster  and  Leinster,  and 
becomes  '*  Lord  of  Ireland,"  by  which 
title  the  kings  of  England  are  styled 
until  the  reign  of  Henry  Vlll.,  who 
takes  the  title.  King  of  Ireland.] 

1172  *  *  Ire.  Henry  appoints  Hugh  de 
Lacy  governor  of  Dublin,  and  lord  jus- 
tice of  Ireland;  he  divides  Ireland  into 
counties,  and  regulates  the  government. 

1173  *  •  A  rebellion  is  led  by  the  king's 
son  Henry ;  the  French  and  English 
nobles  unite  in  a  league  against  the 
English  king. 

1174-86  Edlnbtirgh.  The  castle  is  held 
by  the  English  against  the  French  and 
English  nobles  and  the  King  of  Scotland. 

*  *  Ire.  The  parliament  of  Ireland  be- 
gins with  conferences  of  English  at 
Tara.  (?) 

*  *  Dublin.    Henry  grants  a  charter  to 

the  city. 

*  *  .Scot.  "William  the  Xiion,  who  has 
been  taken  ]>risoner  by  the  English, 
agrees  by  the  treaty  of  Falaise,  Nor- 
mandy, to  recognize  Ilenry  as  lord  para- 
mount, and  to  render  him  homage  for 
Scotland.  [1175.  Aug.  10.  The  treaty 
is  executed,  and  the  homage  rendered  in 
the  Cathedral  of  York.] 

1176  *  *  England  is  divided  into  six  cir- 
cuit court  districts  for  the  administra- 
tion of  justice. 

±  •  *  Ire.  John  de  Courcy  is  made  Earl 
of  Ulster. 

*  *  Ire,  "William  Fitzaldeln  de  Burgo, 
or  Burke,  is  appointed  lord  deputy,  or 
viceroy, 

1180*  *  Scot.  Glasgow  is  made  a  burgh 
by  King  William  the  Lion. 


1185*  *  Ire.  Henry  grants  its  first  char- 
ter to  Cork. 

Apr.  1.  Ire.  Prince  John,  son  of 
of  Henry  II.,  lands  at  Waterford.  [Irish 
chieftains  pay  him  homage.} 

1189  *  *  Richard  and  John,  sons  of 
Henry,  enter  into  a  conspiracy  with 
the  King  of  France  against  their  father. 

July  6.     Henry  II.  dies. 

1189-09  Richard  I.,  Coeur  de  Lion, 
the  lion-hearted,  eldest  surviving  son 
of  Henry  II.,  reigns.  (1089.  Sept.  3. 
Crowned.) 

*  *  John,  King  Richard's  brother,  mar- 
ries Avisa,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of 
Gloucester.  Richard  gives  him  the 
earldoms  of  Cornwall,  Devon,  Somerset, 
Nottingham,  Dorset,  Lancaster,  and 
Derby. 

*  *  Richard  for  10,000  marks  releases 
"William  of  Scotland  from  vassalage, 
and  cedes  to  him  the  fortresses  of  Rox- 
burgh and  Berwick. 

*  *  London.   The  Fleet  prison  is  erected. 
1189-1213    London.     Henry  Fitz-Alwyu 

is  the  first  mayor. 

*  *  Ire.  Hugh  de  IJacy  the  younger  is 
made  lord  deputy,  and  Stephen  Ridel, 
chancellor. 

-t  ♦  tr  -jijq  mode  of  levying  money  by 
licenses  is  introduced  by  Richard  I. ; 
it  is  confined  to  such  of  the  nobility  as 
desire  to  enter  the  lists  at  tournaments. 

1190*  *  Richard  leaves  England  for 
the  Crusade. 

He  entrusts  the  administration  of  the 
Government  to  the  chancellor,  William 
de  Longchamp,  bishop  of  Ely.  [Later 
it  is  directed  by  Hubert,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  and  yet  later  by  Geoffrey 
Fitz-Peter.l 

1191  May  12.  Richard  I.  marries 
Berengaria,  daughter  of  the  King  of 

Navarre. 

Oct.  8.  London.  At  a  meeting  of  nobles 
and  prelates,  Chancellor  Ijongchamp 
is  deposed,  and  Prince  John  is  chosen 
chief  justiciary  of  the  kingdom. 

1192*  *  Aust.  Richard,  in  returning 
from  Palestine,  is  shipvrrecked  in  the 
Adriatic,  and  driven  on  the  coast  of 
Istria. 

Bee.  20.  Aust.  Richard,  while  travel- 
ing in  disguise,  is  arrested  at  Vienna  by 
Leopold,  Duke  of  Austria. 

1193  Mar.*  Leopold,  for  60,000  pounds, 
delivers  Richard  to  Henry  VI.,  Em- 
peror of  Germany,  who  imprisons  him 
inacastlein  the  Tyrol  (pp:505, 779).  [1194. 
He  returns  to  England.] 

*  *  John,  in  the  absence  of  his  brother 
Richard,  attempts  to  seize  the  crown. 

1194^1240    W.  lileweljm  the  Great  is 

prince. 
1195*  *  Ire.    Its  first  charter  is  given 

to  Xiimerick.    [1198.    Adam  Servant  is 

its  first  mayor.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1172*  *  Ire.    The  plague  compels  Henry  , 
IL  to  leave  the  country. 

1193-95  Famine  and  pestilence  de- 
vastate the  country. 


852     1196,*  *-1240, 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1211*  *  Scot.  Guthred  lands  an  invad- 
ing force  from  Ireland.  [lie  is  defeated, 
captured,  and  put  to  death,] 

1214:'  *Fr.  Battle  of  Bouvines.  The 
French  defeat  the  English  (p.  670). 

1215  May  17.  The  barons  elect  Robert 
Fitzwalter  as  their  leader,  with  title 
of  marshal. 

1216*  *  King  John,  with  an  army  of 
mercenaries,  overruns  the  country,  and 
wreaks  his  vengeance  in  blood. 

May  30.  Xjouis,  son  of  Philip  II.  of 
France,  with  680  vessels,  lands  at 
Sandwich  (p.  070). 

1217  *  *  Louis  withdraws  from  Eng- 
land, after  suffering  defeat  near  Lincoln 
by  the  Earl  of  Pembroke. 

1222*  *  Scot.  The  tithe  rebeUion 
commences  in  Caithness,  [12*28.  The 
McScolane  rebellion  breaks  out  in 
Moray.    1233.    The  Galloway  rebellion.] 

1229  *  *  Fr.  King  Henry  III.  leads  his 
first  expedition  to  recover  Poitou  from 
the  French. 

1232  *  *  Ire.  Galway  is  conquered  by 
Richard  de  Burgh. 

1232-72   The  barons'  war.   (See  State.) 

1240  *  *  Palestine.  Kichard,  Earl  of 
Cornwall ,  leader  of  the  Seventh  Crusade, 
delivers  Jerusalem. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1200  *  *  Chimneys  are  introduced, 
1220    Apr.  28.    The  building  of  Salis- 
bury Cathedral  is  begun, 

*  •  London.  The  first  stone  is  laid  for 
[the  present]  'Westminster  Abbey. 

1234  •  *  Coal  is  discovered  at  Newcastle. 
[1245.    Used  as  a  fuel.] 

1235*  *  London.  The  lawyers  are 
brought  from  Westminster  Hall  in  boats 
on  account  of  the  rising  of  the 
Thames. 

1237  *  *  'Water  is  first  conveyed  to  Lon- 
don in  leaden  pipes. 

1240*  *  London.  St.  Mary's,  or  the  Tem- 
ple, Church  is  erected,    (See  118S.) 

*  *  The  earliest  [extant]  piece  of  music 
for  several  voices,  a  "  six  men's  song," 
is  written. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

laol  *  *  Hovedon.  Roger  of,  historian,  dies. 
1S03    Apr.  3.    Arthur,  Duke  of    Brittany, 

murdered,  A15. 
1205  *  *  Hubert,  Walter,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, dies. 
laoei-  *  •  Montlort.    Simon    de.  Earl    of 

Leicester,  leader  of  barons,  b.     [  1265.    D.  ] 
1207    Oct.   1.     Henry    III.,    king,   born, 

[1272.    Nov.  16.     Dies.: 
1010  *  *  Layamon,  poet,  A60i. 
1310:b  *  ♦  Maps,  Walter,  archdeacon,  poet, 

A73±. 
1214*  *  Bacon.    Roger,    friar,    scholastic, 

born.     C1294.     Dies.] 
1319  *  *  Pembroke,  Karl  of.  Protector,  dies. 
1237  *  *  Orm,  monk,  poet,  A.'iOi. 
1239    June  17.   Edwardl..'*  Longshanks," 

king,  born.    C1307.    July  7.    Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

1198  *  *  The  King  of  England  is  a  vas- 
sal of  the  Fope,  the  same  as  all  other 
kings. 

1200  •  *  Scot.  The  see  of  ArKyll  is 
erected. 


•  *  Ire.  The  cathedral  of  Iiimeriok  is 
founded  by  Donald  O'Brien. 

1204  *  *  Jews  of  both  sexes  are  impris- 
oned by  King  John. 

Their  eyes  or  teeth  are  plucked  out, 
and  numbers  are  butchered  with  great 
savagery. 

1205  *  *  The  death  of  Hubert  'Walter, 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  is  followed 
by  a  disputed  election,  which  is  referred 
to  Rome. 

1206*  * //.  The  Pope  eioommunicates 
the  citizens  of  Dublin. 

1207  *  *  It.  Pope  Innocent  III.  com- 
mands the  election  of  Stephen  Lang- 
ton  as  archbishop  of  Canterbury  by  the 
English  monks. 

June  27.  Innocent  finally  consecrates 
Langton  primate  of  England. 

1208*  'John  refuses  to  receive  Lang- 
ton  as  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

Mar.  *  It.  The  Pope  lays  an  interdict 
on  King  John  and  all  England  for  six 
years. 

The  church  bells  are  silent,  the  sacra- 
ments unadministered,  and  the  dead 
lay  on  the  ground  unburied. 

1209  *  *  John  is  excommunicated. 
He  retaliates  by  banishing  the  obedi- 
ent bishops,  and  confiscating  the  lands 
of  the  clergy. 

1212  *  *  It.    The  Pope  deposes  John. 
He  also  proclaims  a  crusade  against 

him ;  his  subjects  are  released  from  al- 
legiance, and  he  is  proclaimed  an  enemy 
of  Christendom. 

1213  May  15.  John  yields,  and  be- 
comes the  Pope's  vassal. 

He  kneels  in  homage  to  Pandulf ,  the 
Pope's  legate,  for  his  dominions,  and 
binds  himself  and  his  successors  to  an 
annual  payment  of  1,000  marks.  He  also 
cedes  Ireland  to  the  Pope. 
1215  May  19.  It.  The  barons  are  cen- 
sured by  the  Pope.  [Dec.  16.  They  are 
excommunicated,  and  Loudon  is  inter- 
dicted. 1216  *  *  Scot.  The  papal  inter- 
dict is  laid  against  the  barons  and  their 
allies.] 

•  •  /(.  Honorius  III.  Is  elected  pope.  ri227, 
Gregory  IX.;  1241,  Celestine  IV.;  1243,  In- 
nocent IV.;  1254,  Alexander  IV.;  1261,  Ur- 
ban IV.;  1265,  Clement  IV.;  1271,  Gregory 
X. ;  1276,  Innocent  V. ;  later,  Adrian  V. ;  and 
later,  John  XXI.;  1277,  Nicholas  III.;  1281, 
Martin  IV.;  12*5,  Hononus  IV.;  1288,  Nich- 
olas IV.;  125)4,  est.]  Celestine  V.;  later, 
Boniface  VIII.] 

1217  *  *  Ire.  John  forbids  the  consecra- 
tion of  native  bishops.  [1224.  The 
Pope  restores  them.] 

1225  **  Ihiblin.  Christ's  Church  is  re- 
built. 

1226  •  *  The  tenths  of  the  whole  king- 
dom are  collected  for  the  Pope ;  large 
sums  are  exacted. 

»  *  »  Archbishop  Langton  divides  the 

Bible  into  chapters  and  verses.    [1228. 

July  9±,    Great  loss  falls  to  the  church 

and  state  by  his  death,] 
1229  *  •  Laymen  are  forbidden  to  read 

the  Scriptures  by  the  Pope, 

*  *  Richard  Weathershed  is  chosen  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury, 

[1233,  Edmund  de  Abbendon  ;  124.'), 
Boniface  of  Savoy  ;  1272.  Robert  Kil- 
wardly ;  1279,  John  Peokham  ;  1293,  Rob- 
ert 'Winchesley,] 
1236  •  *  The  [celebrated]  nunnery  of 
Sxeter  is  founded. 


LETTERS, 

1198  *  •  'William  of  Newbury  writes  the 
History  of  English  Affairs. 

1199i  •  •  Chronicle  of  Ilichard  of  De- 
vizes., Annals  of  Barnwell,  Chronicle  of 
Joselyn  of  Brakelnnd,  and  many  other 
chronicles,  are  written. 

1200±  *  *  The  Sayings  of  Alfred  is  writ- 
ten by  an  unknown  autnor. 

1202  j:  *  *  Roger  of  Hoveden  writes  An- 
nals of  England,  732-1201. 

1205  *  ♦  Layamon  writes  the  poem  Brut. 

1215  *  *  Orm,  or  Ormin,  writes  The  Or- 
mnlnm,  a  set  of  religious  services  in 
meter. 

1216  *  *  Giraldus  Cambrensis,  a  Welsh 
historian,  dies. 

He  is  the  author  of  Topography  of  Ire- 
land, History  of  the  Conquest  of  Ireland, 
Itinerary  of  Wales,  Gemina  Ecclesias- 
tica,  or  Jewel  of  the  Church,  iJe  Rebus 
a  se  Gestis,  Of  the  things  done  by  him- 
self, and  a  Symbolum  Electorum,  a  lite- 
rary miscellany. 

*  *  The  Chronicle  of  Roger  of  Wendover 
is  written  at  St.  Albans. 

1220±  *  *  Ancren  liiwle.  Rule  of  the  An- 
choresses, is  written  by  Bishop  Poor. 

13th  Century.  Nicholas  of  Guildford 
writes  Owl  and  Nightingale. 

1224  *  *  The  Franciscans  establish  them- 
selves as  teachers  at  Cambridge. 

1225-35    The  Bestiary  is  written. 

1229-31  Great  numbers  of  students 
come  to  Cambridge  from  Paris  and  Ox- 
ford. [1230.  Henry  III.  grants  it  a 
charter.] 

1232  The  University  of  Oxford  is 
founded  by  William,  archdeacon  of  Dur- 
ham. (?)    [1248.    A  charter  is  granted.] 

1235-73  Matthew  Paris  writes  his 
Greater  Chronicle,  History  of  England, 
and  Lives  of  Earlier  Abbots. 

13th  Century.  First  mention  is  made  of 
university  chests  at  Oxford  ;  they  are 
benefactions  designed  as  funds  for  the 
assistance  of  poor  students. 

SOCIETY. 

1200±  *  *  Ire.  English  settlers  gene- 
rally adopt  Irish  names  and  manners, 

1209  Mar.  30.  Dublin.  The  "  Black 
Monday"  massacre  occurs. 

A  British  colony  from  Bristol,  while 
diverting  themselves  at  Cullen's  Wood, 
are  attacked  by  the  O'Byrnes  and 
O'Tooles  of  Wicklow,  and  300  of  them 
are  killed. 

1213  *  *  London.  St.  Thomas's  Hos- 
pital, Southwark,  is  founded  by  Prior 
Richard,  as  an  alm.shou8e. 

1218  *  *  Trial  by  ordeal  is  abolished. 

1220  *  *  Tournaments  are  prohibited  by 
Henry  III. 

1221  *  •  London.  Riotous  citizens  de- 
molish the  convent  belonging  to  West- 
minster Abbey  ;  the  ringleader  is  hanged, 
and  the  rest  have  their  hands  and  feet 
amputated. 

1228  *  *  Scot.  The  title  Earl  of  Suther- 
land is  created. 

1236  Jan.  1.  Henry  III.  causes  6,000 
poor  persona  to  be  entertained  in  West- 
minster Hall,  and  in  the  other  rooms  of 
his  palace,  as  a  celebration  of  Queen 
Eleanor's  coronation. 


AND    IRELAND. 


1196,**-1240, 


853 


STATE. 

1197  •  *  Scot.  An  insurrection  raised 
l»y  Harold,  Earl  of  Caithness*  is  sup- 
I>re88ed  by  King  William.  [Harold's  son 
Torphin,  who  renews  the  rebellion,  is 
seized,  and  put  to  death.] 

1199  Apr.  0.  Fr.  Richard  I.  dies  of 
an  arrow-wound  inflicted  by  Bertrand 
de  Gourdon  at  the  siege  of  the  Castle  of 
Chalus. 

1199-1216  John,8urnamedXiackland, 
brother  of  Kichard,  reigns.  (1199.  ^May 
28.    Crowned.) 

*  *  Fr.  Touraine,  Maine,  and  Anjou  ac- 
knowledge Arthur,  son  of  John's 
elder  brother,  Geoffrey,  as  the  rightful 
heir  to  the  throne.  [1201.  King  Philip 
Bupports  the  claintant.J 

*  *  Ire.  Meyler  Fitzhenry,  natural  son 
of  Henry  11.,  is  viceroy. 

*  *  King  John  begins  the  use  of  "We" 
as  the  common  language  of  kings. 

1200*  *  Fr.  John,  having  divorced 
Aviria,  takes  as  his  second  wifelsabella, 
daughter  of  the  Count  of  Angoul^nie, 
who  had  been  betrothed  to  Hugh,  Count 

of  La  Marche. 

1203  *  *  Fr.  Prince  Arthiir  is  mur- 
dered in  the  Castle  of  Rouen  by,  or  at 
the  instigation  of,  his  uncle.  King  John. 

*  *  Fr.  King  Philip  secures  the  trial  of 
John  by  French  peers  on  a  charge  of 
"  felony  and  treason ; "  he  is  unani- 
mously condemned,  and  sentenced  to 
forfeiture  of  all  his  territories  in  France. 

1204  *  ♦  Fr.  John,  being  unsuccessful 
in  a  war  with  Philip,  loses  all  his  prov- 
inces in  France,  which  are  **  reannexed 
to  the  French  crown  after  a  separation 
of  292  years  "  (pp.  670,  671). 

1205  *  *  The  barons  refuse  to  aid  John 
to  recover  Normandy,  which  is  now 
lost  to  the  English  crown. 

*  *  Ire,    Hugh  de  Lacy  is  viceroy. 

*  *  Dublin.  The  foundation  of  the  castle 
is  laid  by  Henry  de  Louudres.  [1213.  It 
is  finished.] 

1208  Mar.  24.  Pope  Innocent  III.  lays 
England  under  an  interdict  because  of 
King  John's  refusal  to  accept  Cardinal 
Stephen  Langton  as  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury.    [1214.     Removed.] 

1210  June  20.  Ire,  King  John  lands 
at  Waterford  with  a  numerous  army. 

He  marches  to  Dublin,  where  20  chiefs 
pay  him  homage  ;  he  divides  the  Anglo- 
Irish  provinces  into  shires  or  counties  ; 
he  estahlishee  sheriffs  and  other  officers 
to  govern  the  country  acconling  to  Eng- 
lish law ;  he  remodels  the  coin,  decree- 
ing the  same  to  pass  in  England  and 
Ireland  ;  he  also  introduces  Englisli 
customs  duties. 

1212  *  *  The  Pope  absolves  the  vassals 
of  John  from  their  oaths  of  fealty,  ex- 
horts all  Christian  princes  to  unite  in 
dethroning  him,  and  commits  the  exe- 
cution of  the  sentence  to  King  Philip 
of  France. 

May  13.  John  yields  to  the  demands 
of  the  Pope,  including  the  admission  of 
Langton  to  the  archbishopric  of  Canter- 
bury. 

May  15.  John  gives  a  charter  to  the 
Papal  legate,  Pandulph. 

It  grants  to  Pope  Innocent  and  his 
successors  the  kingdoms  of  England 


and  Ireland,  to  be  held  for  the  Ko- 

man  see  by  the  king  and  his  heirs  for 
an  annual  tribute  of  1,000  marks;  he 
also  takes  an  oath  of  fealty  to  the  Pope. 
[1313.    Oct.  3.     Deed  delivered.] 

1213  Nov.  15.  First  writ  summoning 
representatives  of  counties  to  Parlia- 
ment is  issued,  ordering  that  "  four  dis- 
creet knights  *'  from  each  county  be 
sent  to  Oxford  to  treat  with  the  king 
concerning  the  affairs  of  the  kingdom. 

1214  May  19.  Lotidon.  King  John 
grants  a  charter  authorizing  the  annual 
election  of  mayor  and  common  council. 

Wov.  20.  The  barons  meet  at  St.  Ed- 
monsbury,  Suffolkahire  [and  determine 
to  demand  reforms  from  the  king]. 

1214-49  Scot.  Alexander  II.,  son  of 
William  the  Lion,  reigns.  (1214.  Dec.  6. 
Crowned.) 

1215  Jan.  6.  London.  The  barons 
meet,  and  demand  from  the  king  a  re- 
newal of  the  charter  of  Henry  I.,  and  a 
confirmation  of  the  laws  of  Edward  the 
Confessor. 

May  22.  Lond<m.  The  barons,  with 
*'the  army  of  God  and  Holy  Church," 
led  by  Robert  Fitzwalter,  enter  the 
city ;  the  citizens  make  common  cause 
with  them  against  the  king. 

June  15.  King  John  signs  Magna 
Charta,  the  Great  Charter,  at  Runny- 
mede,  near  Windsor,  after  several  days' 
conference  with  the  barons. 

It  ratifies  Henry's  charter,  and  pro- 
vides that  no  freeman  be  arrested,  or 
imprisoned,  or  deprived  of  his  property, 
except  by  the  lawful  judgment  of  his 
peers  ;  it  regulates  feudal  dues  and  obli- 
gations ;  and  it  provides  for  the  conven- 
ing, and  the  selection  of  members,  of  a 
great  council,  to  control  the  grunting  of 
supplies  to  the  king,  and  regulates  na- 
tional taxation. 

June  23.  The  barons  disperse  after  ap- 
pointing 25  of  their  number  to  secure 
the  execution  of  the  provisions  of  the 
Charter. 

Aug.  *  Pope  Innocent  issues  a  bull  an- 
nulling Magna  Charta. 

Dec.  *  Pope  Innocent  excommunicates 
the  barons  for  their  refusal  to  submit  to 
King  John,  and  he  lays  London  under 
an  interdict. 

*  *  Ire.  Geoffrey  de  Mariscis  is  viceroy. 
[1229.  Matirice  Fitzgerald.  1232.  lie- 
appointed.] 

1216  Apr.  *  Ijouis  of  France  accepts 
the  crown  of  England  from  the  barons, 
who  declare  it  forfeited  by  John  (p.  671). 

Oct.  19.     King  John  dies. 

1216-72  Henry  m.,  10  years  of  age, 
son  of  John,  reigns.  (1216.  Oct.  28. 
Crowned.) 

Nov.  11.  William,  Earl  of  Pembroke, 
is  chosen  at  a  great  council  at  Bristol 
regent  and  guardian  of  the  kingdom, 
and  Magna  Charta  is  revised  and  con- 
firmed. 

1217  Sept.  11.  A  treaty  is  signed  at 
K  i  n  gs  ton-u  po  n-Th  am  es. 

By  it  Louis  of  France,  after  an  unsuc- 
cessful conflict,  withdraws  his  claim  to 
the  English  crown ;  this  is  the  first 
written  treaty  made  by  England  with 
a  foreign  nation . 


1219  *  *  The  regent  Pembroke  dies ;  the 
administration  is  entrusted  to  Hubert 
de  Burgh,  the  justiciary,  and  Peter  des 

Roches,  bishop  of  Winchester,  who  are 
assisted  by  the  papal  legate,  Pandulph. 

1220  *  *  Doubts  having  been  raised  re- 
specting the  coronation  at  Gloucester, 
Henry  is  again  crowned,  Archbishop 
Langton  officiating. 

*  *  Pope  Honorius  decrees  that  no  baron 
shall  hold  more  than  two  of  the  royal 
castles. 

1222  *  *  The  Great  Charter  is  renewed 
and  confirmed  in  the  king's  name  at  a 
council  at  Oxford. 

1225  Feb.  11.  Henry  III.  subscribes 
the  Great  Charter  of  English  liberties 
in  the  presence  of  13  bishops,  20  abbots, 
and  32  earls  and  barons.  [It  has  since 
remained  as  revised.] 

1227  *  *  Henry  declares  himself  of 
age,  and  begins  his  personal  govern- 
ment. In  1222  he  had  been  so  declared 
by  the  Pope. 

1229  *  *  Henry  grants  a  charter  of  cor- 
poration to  Liverpool. 

1230  ♦  *  Fr.  Henry  receives  homage  in 
Poitou  and  Gascony. 

1232  *  *  Hubert  de  Burgh  is  charged 
with  "avarice  and  despotism,'*  and  de- 
prived of  his  oflice  of  justiciary  ;  Peter 
des  Roches,  bishop  of  Winchester,  is 
made  chief  minister  (and  foreigners  be- 
come favorites  of  the  king,  and  are  ap- 
pointed to  high  oftices  of  government]. 

1232-72    The  barons*  war. 

It  is  caused  by  the  faithlessness  of 
King  Henry,  and  oppression  by  his  fa- 
vorites ;  it  IS  led  by  Simon  de  Montfort, 
Earl  of  Leicester,  and  Gilbert  de  Clare, 
Earl  of  (Gloucester  ;  it  ends  in  the  defeat 
of  the  barons. 

1233*  *  Lmufon.  Henry  III.  grants  a 
charter  to  the  city.  [1142.  Aldermen 
are  appointed.  1253.  The  watch  is  or- 
ganized.] 

1236  Jan.  14.  King  Henry  marries 
Sleanor,  daughter  of  Kaymond,  Count 
of  Provence. 

*  *  Peter  des  Hochee  is  dismissed  from 
the  oflice  of  chief  minister,  owing  to  the 
barons'  opposition  to  foreigners. 

*  *  A  great  council  is  held  at  Merton, 
Surrey,  at  which  the  '*  provisions  of 
Merton"  are  passed,  including  an  ordi- 
nance against  the  violation  of  common- 
age. 

1238  *  *  Simon  de  Montfort,  Earl  of 
Leicester,  marries  Sleanor,  King 
Henry's  sister. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1199-1220  London.  Foreign  mer- 
chants are  invited  to  settle  in  the  city. 

1200  *  *  The  price  of  wine  is  raised  to 
sixpence  per  quart  for  red,  and  eight- 
pence  for  white,  '*  that  the  sellers  may 
be  enabled  to  live  by  its  sale." 

1204  *  *  Ire.    Vast  numbers  die  of  dis- 


1208  *  *  Cider  is  first  made  in  England, 
and  called  wine. 

1212  July  10.  London  Bridge  Is 
burned;  3,000  lives  are  lost. 

1216  *  *  St.  Nicholas  Church  at  New- 
castle is  burned. 

1220  *  *  The  bones  of  Thomas  k  Becket 
are  enshrined  in  gold  and  jewels. 

1232  *  *  Tlie  steelyard  society  is  estab- 
lished ;  it  is  the  oldest  commercial  com- 
pany ilk  England. 

1238  *  *  The  first  elephant  said  to  have 
been  seen  in  Englanii  i«  one  of  enormous 
size,  presented  by  the  King  of  France  to 
Henry  III. 

1239*  *  Henry  III.  gives  a  charter  for 
digging  coal  at  NewcasbJe. 


854     1240,  **-1290, 


GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1242  May  19.  Henry  HI.  embarks  on 
his  second  expedition  for  France,  to  re- 
cover his  estates,  taking  with  him  30 
hogsheads  of  silver.  [July  20.  Defeated 
at  Taillebourg.  July  21.  Battle  of 
Saintes.]    (P.  670.) 

1240  *  *  Scot.  Alexander  H.  leads  an 
expedition  against  Argyle,  to  subdue  the 
Western  isles. 

1263  *  ♦  Scot.  Hakon,  King  of  Norway, 
with  20,000  men  in  160  ships,  arrives. 
[Oct.  2.  They  are  defeated  at  Iiar^  by 
Alexander  III.] 

1264  May  14.  Battle  of  Jjewes, 
Sussex. 

King  Henry  III.  and  his  son  Kdward 
are  defeated  and  imprisoned  by  the 
barons  under  Simon  de  Montfort. 

1265  Aug.  4.  Battle  of  Sveaham, 
"Worcestershire. 

Prince  Edward  [Edward  I.]  defeats  the 
barons  ;  Montfort,  their  leailer,  is  killed, 
and  King  Henry  released  from  captivity, 
and  the  barons*  party  is  broken  up. 

1266  *  *  Simon,  son  of  Montfort,  sur- 
renders to  the  forces  of  Henry  III.,  after 
sustaining  asiege  of  six  months  in  Kenil- 
worth  Castle. 

*  *  The  Scots  subdue  the  Isle  of  Man. 

1270  *  *  Prince  Edward  departs  on  the 
Eighth  Crusade. 

1276  *  *  W.  Edward  I.  begins  the  con- 
quest of  "Wales. 

1282  Mar.  21.  W.  Llewellyn  and  his 
brother  David,  princes  of  Wales,  sur- 
prise and  capture  Hawarden  Castle. 
[They  also  destroy  Flint  and  Bhuddlan 
castles.] 

1283  *  *  W.  Llewellyn  is  defeated  and 
slain  at  Aber  Edw.  The  Welsh  are 
finally  subdued  by  Edward  I. 

1286  *  *  The  first  English  admiral  is 
appointed,  William  de  Leybourne. 

1290  *  *  Edward  I.  occupies  the  Isle  of 
Man  by  the  wish  of  the  inhabitants. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1245  *  *  London.  Peter  of  Savoy  builds 
Savoy  palace.  [He  gives  it  to  the  fra- 
ternity of  Mountjoy ;  Queen  Eleanor, 
his  niece,  purchases  it  for  her  son  Ed- 
mund.] 

1250  *  *  Roger  Bacon  describes  the 
principle  on  which  telescopes  [are 
afterwards]  constructed.  He  invents  the 
magic  lantern.  [r290±.  Also  the  camera 
obscura.     I'iSOi;.    Spectacles.] 

1260*  *  London.    Relief s  of  angels  are 

executed  [in  Westminster  Abbey]. 

1267  *  *  The  Opxts  Major,  by  Rog:er 
Bacon,  appears,  teaching  the  sphericity 
of  the  globe. 

1268  *  *  Street  plays,  or  pageants,  are 
tirst  performed. 

1270  *  •  The  Chester  Mysteries  are 
performed. 

1272-1377  The  pointed  or  pure  Gothic 
architecture  appears  in  building  Exe- 
ter Cathedral,  Waltham  Cross,  and  St. 
Stephen's,  Westminster. 

1274  *  +  A  widespread  earthquake  oc- 
curs ;  Glastonbury  is  destroyed. 

1280  *  *  The  sea  rises  at  Winchelsea ; 
more  than  300  houses  are  inundated. 

1290*  *  *  Tallow  candles  commonly 
substitute  the  tallow-dipped  splinters  of 
wood  formerly  used. 


BIRTHS —  DEATHS. 

1349*  *  BalioL  John  de,  king,  Scotland, 
born.     [1315.     Dies.] 

1253  *  *  Albans,  St.  John  of,  physician,  the- 
ologian, philosopher,  dies. 
Grosset€8te,  Robert,   theologiaQ,  bishop  of 
Lincoln,  dies. 

1255*  *  Robert  of  Gloucester,  historian, 
born.     [1307.     Dies.} 

1368  *  *  Ualiol,  Sir  John  de,  founder  Baliol 
college,  Oxford,  dies. 

1373 1*  *  Manning,  Robert,  monk,  chron- 
icler, born. 

1274    July  11.    Robert  I.,  Robert  Bruce. 
king,  Scotland,  born.     [1329.    June?.    1>.] 
■Wallace.  "William,  hero,  ])atriot,  Scotland, 
born.     [1305.     Aug.  2.3.    Dies.] 

1280±  *  *  Ot;(^an,  or  Ockhain,  William  of, 
scliolastlc,  bom.    [1347.    l>ies.] 

1283  *  *  Llewellyn,  Prince  of  Wales,  killed. 

1284  Apr.  25.  Kdward  II.,  kmg,  burn. 
[1327.     Sept.  21.    Dies.] 

1287  •  *  Mortimer,  Roger,  Earl  of  March, 
statesman,  born.     [1330.    Dies.] 

1290  *  *  liradwardine,  Thomas,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  writer,  liorn.  [  1 349.  Dies.  J 
Margaret,  "  Maid  of  Norway,"  Scotland,  d. 


CHURCH. 

1250*  *  Ire.  The  Irish  forbid  the 
^English,  clergy  taking  orders. 

±  *  *  Religious  plays  are  encouraged  by 
the  church  ;  miracle  plays  are  given. 

1254*  *Ire.    The  see  of  Kilfenora  is 

erected. 

1260*  * ionrfon.  Massacre  of  the 
Jews. 

A  Jew  having  forced  a  Christian  to 
pay  him  more  than  two  shillings  per  week 
as  interest  upon  a  loan  of  20  shillings, 
700  Jews  are  slain. 

1261  *  *  The  right  of  presenting  to  every 
benefice  in  the  world  is  claimed  by 
Pope  Urban  IV. 

13th  Century,  The  Pope  makes  an  inter- 
vention in  regard  to  electing  bishops. 
King  John  originates  the  Cong6 
d'Elire  of  the  king  to  choose  a  bishop. 

1264  *  *  Tlie  festival  of  Corpus  Chriati 
is  instituted. 

1269  *  *  A  statute  is  passed  that  no  Jew 
should  enjoy  a  freehold. 

•  *  *  The  Scotists  appear. 

They  adopt  the  doctrines  of  John  Dun 
Scotus  on  divine  grace,  freewill,  the  ori- 
gin of  the  moral  law,  the  conception  of 
the  Virgin  Marv.  They  are  strongly  op- 
posed by  the  T^homists,  who  follow  the 
teachings  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas. 

1274  *  *  Fr.  The  14th  General  Coun- 
cil of  the  Church  is  held  at  Lyons. 

1276  *  *  London.  The  corporation  gives 
the  Dominican  friars  two  streets  near 
the  Thames,  where  they  erect  a  large 
convent  [Blackfriars]. 

IVEay  24.  Capitation  tax  of  three  pennies 
is  laid  on  all  Jews  above  the  age  of  12 
years,  and  all  above  seven  years  are  to 
wear  a  yellow  badge. 

1279  *  *  The  Statute  of  Mortmain  pro- 
hibits further  alienation  of  land  to  re- 
ligious bodies,  so  that  it  shall  not  render 
its  due  service  to  the  king. 

1280±  *  *  Norwich  Cathedral  is  com- 
pleted by  Bishop  Middletou. 

1285  *  *  The  alien  priories  are  seized 
by  the  king  on  the  breaking  out  of  war 
with  France.  [Restored  on  the  return 
of  peace.] 

1287  *  *In  one  day  15,660  Jews  are 
apprehended,  and  are  all  banished  from 
England.  [1290.  All  Jews  are  ordered 
to  leave  under  penalty  of  death;  16,511 
prefer  exile  to  apostasy.] 

1290*  *  London.  Edward  I.  expels 
1G,511  Jews. 


LETTERS. 

1250  *  *  The  poem  Genesis  and  Krodus 
is  written  in  English  by  an  unknown 
author. 

±  *  *  Robert  Grosseteste,  bishop  of  Lin- 
coln, writes  Chdteau  d'Armour,  a  reli- 
gious allegory,  sermons,  treatises  on 
physical  and  mental  philosopliy,  com- 
mentaries on  Aristotle,  and  Latin  and 
French  verse. 

1257*  *Peterhou8e  CoUege,  Cam- 
bridge, is  founded  by  Uugo  de  Balsham, 
bishop  of  Ely. 

*  *  Bonaventura,  the  general  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan order,  interdicts  Roger  Bacon's 
lectures  at  Oxford,  and  sends  him  to 
France. 

73th  Century.  The  Lay  of  Havelok  the 
Dane,  Kinq  Horn^  and  Homance  of  Al- 
exander, t^rench  poems  by  unknown 
authors,  are  translated  into  English. 

13th  Century.  The  Dominicans  establish 
themselves  as  teachers  at  Cambridge. 

1261  *  *  The  records  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity are  wantonly  burned  by  the 
townsmen. 

1263*  *  Baliol   College,    Oxford,  is 

founded  by  John  Baliol  and  Deborah 

his  wife. 
1264±  *  *  Merton  College,  Oxford,  is 

founded  by  Walter  de  Merton,  bishop 

of  Rochester. 

1268±  *  *  Koger  Bacon  returns  to  Ox- 
ford ;  he  completes  his  philosophical 
work,  Opus  Major  (Greater  "Work);  he 
also  irrites  Opus  Minns  (Lesser  Work), 
and  Opus  Tertium  (Third  Work). 

1272-1307  The  Alexander  Romance  and 
the  Tristan  Story  become  popular,  and 
many  versions  of  them  are  written  in 
English ;  romances  begin  to  be  written 
in  North  umbria. 

1276  •  *  The  discipline  of  Cambridge 

is  reformed ;  every  student  has  a  master 
within  15  days  of  his  entrance. 


SOCIETY. 

1241  *  *  Maurice,  the  son  of  a  nobleman,^ 
is  hanged,  drawn,  and  quartered  for 
piracy,  the  first  execution  of  its  kind  in 
England. 

1244  *  *  Robert  Fitz-Walter  makes  his 
curious  tenure  of  the  Manor  of  Dun- 
mow,  Essex. 

Whatever  married  couple  will  go  to  the 
priory,  and,  kneelins;  on  two  sharp-pointed 
stones,  will  swear  that  they  have  not  quar- 
reled nor  repented  of  their  marriage  within 
a  year  and  a  day  after  its  celebration,  shall 
receive  a  flitch  of  bacon. 

1247*  *The  depredations  of  Robin 
Hood  come  to  an  end  by  his  death.  (?) 

1256*  *The  pillory  is  recognized  by 
statute. 

It  is  a  scaffold  for  persons  to  stand  on  to 
render  them  publicly  infamous,  anil  Is  de- 
signed for  persons  convicted  of  forgery,  per- 
jury, libeling,  etc.  Sometimes  the  head  is 
put  through  a  hole,  the  hands  through  two 
others,  the  nose  slit,  tlie  face  branded  with 
one  or  more  letters,  and  one  or  both  ears  are 
cut  off.  Persons  die  in  the  pillory  by  being 
struck  with  stones  by  the  mob,  and  pelted 
with  rotten  eggs  and  putrid  oflfal. 

1260*  *  London.  Seven  hundred  Jewa 
are  slain  because  a  Jew  forces  a  Chris- 
tian to  pay  him  more  than  2s.  per  week, 
as  interest  on  a  loan  of  205. 

*  *  London.  Riotous  Goldsmiths'  and 
Tailors*  companies  fight  in  the  streets ; 
several  killed  ;  the  sheriffs  restore  order,, 
and  hang  13  of  them. 

1264  *  *  The  title  Baron  De  Bos  is  cre- 
ated. 


AND.  IRELAND. 


1240,**-1290, 


855 


[12S3,  Baron  Mowbray,  Segrave  (1295),  and 
Stourton  (144H).  1295,  Uaron  Hastings;  1299, 
Baron  De  Clifford;  1308,  Baron  Zouche  of 
Haryugwark;  1309,  Baron  Beaumont.] 

1267  ♦  ♦  Adulteration  of  food  is  pro- 
hibited. 

1269  *  *  Jews  are  prohibited  by  statute 
from  owning  a  freehold. 

1271*  *  Rioters  at  Norwich  burn  the 
cathedral  and  monastery ;  the  king 
comes  to  see  the  ringleaders  executed. 

1273  *  *  Sea-coal  is  prohibited  from 
being  used  in  and  near  London  as  being 
*'  prejudicial  to  human  health  ;  "  even 
smiths  are  obliged  to  burn  wood. 

*  *  London.  St.  Katherine's  Hospital  is 
refounded  by  Eleanor,  Queen  of  Henry 
III. 

1274  *  *  Ire.  The  title  Baron  Dunboyn 
is  created. 

*  *  Every  Jew  lending  money  on  interest 
is  compelled  to  wear  a  plate  on  his  breast 
to  show  he  is  a  usurer,  or  quit  the  realm. 

1278*  *267  Jews,  accused  of  clipping 
coin,  are  hanged  and  quartered. 

1282  *  *  A  child  at  Northampton  is  cru- 
cified by  Jews,  for  wliicli  50  are  drawn 
at  horses'  tails  and  hanged. 

1286  *  *  Silk  mantles  are  worn  by  noble 
ludies  at  a  ball  at  Kenilworth  Castle. 

1289  *  *  Judges  are  punished  for  bri- 
bery; Thomas  de  Weyland  is  banished 
for  this  crime. 


STATE. 

1240-46  W.  David  ap  Llewellyn  reigns. 
[1-346.  Llewellyn  ap  Griffith;  he  is  the 
last  Welsh  prince.  1282.  He  is  killed 
in  battle.] 

1249-85  Scot.  Alexander  III.,  eight 
years  of  age,  son  of  Alexander  II.,  reigns. 
a249.  July  8.  Crowned.  1251.  He  is 
married  to  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Henry  III.  of  England.) 

1253*  *Simon,  Earl  of  Leicester, 
Henry's  lieutenant  in  Gascony,  returns 
to  England. 

1254  *  *  Pope  Innocent  offers  the  king- 
dom of  Sicily,  a  fief  of  the  Holy  See,  to 
Henry  for  his  son  Edmund;  Henry 
accepts. 

1256*  *  Richard,  Earl  of  Cornwall, 
brother  of  Henry  HI.,  goes  to  Germany, 
where  he  disburses  vast  sums  under  the 
promise  of  being  elected  next  emperor, 
[He  is  elected  "King  of  the  Romans" 
instead.] 

1257  *  *  The  king  demands  a  money 
aid  from  the  laity  to  support  his  war 
alliance  with  the  I*oi>e  against  Germany  ; 
the  laity  refuse,  and  an  aid  of  a  tenth 
of  their  rents  is  demanded  from  the 
clergy. 

*  *  Tlie  English  gold  coin  first  appears. 

1258  June  11.  A  great  council, 
known  as  the  "!Mad  Parliament, "  as- 
sembles at  Oxford  under  the  direction 
of  Simon  de  Montfort. 

It  meets  to  *'  correct  abuses  and  enact 
salutary  laws  ;  "  it  appoints  a  "commits 
tee  of  reform  "  of  24  members,  who  swear 
to  allow  no  consideration,  "neither  of 
gift  nor  promise,  profit  nor  loss,  love  nor 
hatred,  nor  fear,"  to  influence  them  in 
discharge  of  their  duty. 

July  *  The  •'  committee  of  reform  "  adopt 
the  «•  provisions  of  Oxford." 

These  ordain  that  three  sessions  of 
Parliament  be  held  annually,  that  sher- 
iffs for  the  counties  be  annually  elected 
bv  the  freeholders,  and  that  four  knights 
elected  by  the  freeholders  of  counties 
present  to  Parliament  statem^its  of 
grievances. 


1259  *  *  Further  payments  to  Rome, 

secular  or  ecclesiastical,  are  prohibited. 

1260  *  *  Henry  forbids  the  summoning 
of  a  parliament. 

1261  June  *  Henry  produces  a  bull 
from  the  Pope  annulling  the  provis- 
ions of  Oxford,  and  freeing  him  from 
his  oath. 

*  *  London.  Free-trade  privileges  are 
granted  by  Henry  to  the  ilanse  mer- 
chants. 

1263  *  *  Simon  de  Montfort  lands  in 
England,  and  leads  the  barons. 

*  ♦  Henry's  refusal  to  observe  the  pro- 
visions of  Oxford  leads  to  civil  war. 

*  *  Scot.  Alexander  HI.  obtains  the 
sovereignty  of  the  Western  Isles.  (See 
Army.) 

1264-65  The  barons  hold  the  gov- 
ernment. 

1264  Jan.  *  King  Louis  of  France  arbi- 
trates in  the  **mise  of  Amiens*'  be- 
tween King  Henry  and  the  barons;  he 
annuls  the  provisions  of  Oxford. 

May  15.  In  the  treaty,  or  "mise,"  of 
Ijewes,  it  is  agreed  between  Henry's 
son,  Prince  Edward,  and  Montfort,  that 
the  provisions  of  Oxford  be  again  sub- 
mitted to  arbitration. 

*  *  Ire.    "Walter  de  Biirgh  is  made  Earl 

of  Ulster.    (Or  1265.) 

Dec.  "^  Simon  de  Montfort  issues 
writs  to  the  sheriffs  of  counties,  com- 
manding the  election  of  two  knights  for 
each  county,  two  citizens  for  each  city, 
and  two  burgesses  for  each  borough,  to 
serve  in  Paniament. 

1265  Jan.  28.     London.     The  knights, 

citizens,  and  burgesses,  elected  in  obe- 
dience to  deMoutrort's  writs,  meet  ;  they 
form  the  first  "  Bnglish  House  of 
Commons." 

Sept.  *  Parliament  confirms  the  vio- 
lence of  the  restoration,  annuls  the 
charter  of  London,  and  decrees  the  ban- 
ishment of  the  bouse  of  de  Montfort. 

1266  *  *  The  Dictum  de  Kenilworth  is 
issued. 

It  enacts  a  payment  from  all  who  had 
borne  arms  against  the  king  of  the  value 
of  their  lands  for  periods  from  six 
months  to  seven  years. 

1267  *  *  A  parliament  held  by  King 
Henry  at  Marlborough,  Wiltshire,  passes 
the  •*  Statutes  of  Malbridge." 

1272    Nov.  16.    Henry  III.  dies. 

1272-1307  Edward  I.,  surnamed  Long- 
shanks,  eldest  son  of  Henry  III.,  reigns. 
[He  is  calle<l  the  English  Justinian,  be- 
cause of  the  improvements  made  during 
his  reign  in  the  laws  and  the  adminis- 
tration of  justice.] 

*  *  The  name  parliament  first  appears  in 
a  statute. 

*  *  Edward  makes  a  treaty  of  commerce 
with  the  Flemings ;  it  is  the  first  Eng- 
lish comnaercial  treaty  with  a  foreign 
nation. 

1274  Aug.  3.  Edward  arrives  in  Eng- 
land from  the  Crusade. 

Aug.  19.  London.  Edward  and  his 
queen,  Eleanor  of  Castile,  are  crowned 
at  Westminster. 

1275*  *  Parliament  imposes  export 
duty  on  wool  of  six  shillings  and  eight- 
pence  on  each  sack. 

1276  *  *  Parliament  passes  the  statute 
of  bigamy. 

1277*  *  W.  Edward  forces  the  Welsh  to 
cede  the  coast  district  as  far  as  Conway, 
and  to  do  homage  for  the  rest  as  far  as 
Snowdon. 


1278  *  *  A  royal  writ  is  issued,  ordering 
that  all  freeholders  holding  land  to  the 
value  of  £20  receive  knighthood  at  the 
king's  hand. 

*  *The  "quo  warranto"  statute  is 
passed,  authorizing  the  issue  of  a  writ 
calling  upon  any  person  to  show  by  what 
warrant  he  holds  any  public  office  or 
privilege. 

1279  *  *  The  Statute  of  Mortmain  is 

passed,    (See  Church.) 

1281  *  *  W.  The  sons  of  Grufydd  being 
treacherously  drowned  in  the  river  Dee 
by  the  Earl  Warrenne  and  Roger  Morti- 
mer, a  great  insurrection  breaks  out. 

1283  *  *  Wales  is  united  to  England. 

(See  Army.) 

*  *The  "Statute  of  Merchants,"  for 

the  registration  of  debts,  and  recovery 
by  distraint  of  debtor's  goods,  is  passed. 

1284  Apr.  25.  W.  Edward's  son  [Ed- 
ward II.]  is  bom  at  Carnarvon. 

Oct.  *  The  [celebrated]  "  Statute  of 
Winchester"  is  passed. 

It  revives  the  custom  of  requiring  sure- 
ties from  lodgers  and  strangers,  it  estab- 
lishes "  watch  and  ward  "  from  sunset 
to  sunrise  in  all  cities,  and  regulates  the 
hue  and  cry.  The  king  issues  a  commis- 
sion to  knights  in  every  shire,  authoriz- 
ing them  to  enforce  tne  provisions  of 
the  statute ;  [these  conservators  of  the 
peace  are  later  styled  justices  of  the 
peace.] 

*  *  W.  The  "Statute  of  Wales"  is 
promulgated  at  Rhuddlan  ;  it  proposes 
the  introduction  of  English  jurispru- 
dence into  Wales, 

1285  Mar.  16.  Scot.  Alexander  III. 
is  killed  by  a  fall  from  his  horse  near 
Kinghorn,  Fife. 

*  *The  second  "Statute  of  Westmin- 
ster" is  passed. 

It  defines  the  i  urisdiction  of  the  courts 
of  King's  Bench,  Exchequer,  and  Com- 
mon Pleas,  and  enacts  that  two  judges 
hold  assizes  in  each  county  three  times 
a  year. 

*  *  London.  The  water-works  are  com- 
pleted after  nearly  50  years  of  labor. 
Cheapside  conduit  is  erected.  Water  is 
brought  from  Tyburn  to  West  Cheap- 
side. 

1285-90  Margaret,  granddaughter  of 
Alexander  III.,  the  "  Maid  of  Norway," 
reigns. 

1289  *  *  Edward  returns  to  England 
from  France,  after  an  absence  of  three 
years,  and  punishes  judges  found  guilty 
of  corruption;  Weyland  is  banished, 
Hengham  is  heavily  fined,  and  Stratton 
is  fined  and  imprisoned. 

*  *  Edward  I,  issues  a  mandate  for  the 
destruction  of  wolves  in  several  coun- 
ties of  England. 

1290*  *The  third  Statute  of  West- 
minster, known  as  ''quia  emptores,"  is 
passed  ;  it  provides  that  sub-tenants  of 
alienated  lands  shall  hold  directly  of 
the  superior  lord  instead  of  from  the 
tenant. 

*  *  Edward  expels  Jews.    (See  Church.) 
Sept.*  Scot.    Margaret,    the   infant 

queen,  dies  on  her  journey  to  Scotland 
from  Norway.  [A  contest  for  the 
crown  arises  between  John  de  Baliol 
and  Robert  Bruce,  both  descendants  of 
King  David  I.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1248  *  *  The  Merchants'  of  St.  Thomas 

h.  Becket's  Company  is  organized. 
1267  *  *  Toll  bars  first  appear,  on  the 

grant  of  a  penny  for  every  wagon  passing 

through  a  certain  manor, 
1269    Oct.  13.     The  bones  of  Edward 

the  Confessor  are  enshrined  in  gold. 

1286  *  *  Wheat  is  one  shilling  per  quar- 
ter. 


856    1291,  **-1332,  Sept.  24.       GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1294  •  *  War  occurs  with  France,  fol- 
lowed by  war  with  Scotland  as  its 
ally. 

1296  *  *  Berwick  is  captured  by  the 
English,  aud  its  ijihabitauts  are  mas- 
sacred. 

*  »  Scot.  Dunbar  is  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish. 

*  •  Edinlmrgh.  The  city  is  taken  by  the 
English.  [1385.  Burned  by  the  English. 
1401.    Again.] 

1297  Sept.  12.  Scot.  Battle  of  Stir- 
ling, near  CambuslLenneth.  'William 
"Wallace  defeats  and  expels  the  English. 

1298  July  22.  Scot.  Battle  of  Fal- 
kirk. 

The  English  under  Edward  I.  defeat 
the  Scotch  under  Wallace.  Scotch  loss, 
15,000  killed. 

1303  Feb.  24.  Scot.  Battle  of  Kos- 
lin,  near  Edinburgh.  John  Comyn  de- 
feats the  English  under  Segrave  and 
Neville. 

*  *  Fr.    Edward  recovers  Gascony. 

1304  *  *  Scot.  Stirling  is  taken  by  Ed- 
ward, after  a  siege  of  three  months. 

1307  May  10.  Scot.  Robert  Bruce 
defeats  the  English  under  the  Earl  of 
Pembroke,  at  Loudon  Hill,  Ayrshire. 

1308*  *  The  insurrection  of  the 
barons  breaks  out  against  Robert,  the 
king's  favorite. 

1311  *  *  Scot.  Bruce  captures  Linlith- 
gow.    [1312.     Perth.] 

1312  •  *  The  lords  spiritual  and  temporal 
rebel  against  Edward  H.  on  account 
of  his  favorites,  the  Gavestonsj  [later 
on  accoimt  of  the  Spencers]. 

1313  *  *  The  Isle  of  Man  is  recovered 
by  the  Scots. 

»  *  Scot.  Uobert  Bruce  takes  Edin- 
burgh and  Inverness. 

1314  June  23.  Scot.  The  Scots  be- 
siege Stirling  Castle,  but  are  repulsed 
by  the  Earl  of  Moray.  Edward  invades 
Scotland  with  100,000  men. 

June  24.  Scot.  At  Bannookbum  near 
Stirling  Edward's  great  army  is  defeated 
by  Bruce  with  30,000  men.  [Stirling  Cas- 
tle and  the  rest  of  the  fortresses  in  the 
hands  of  the  English,  except  Berwick, 
surrender  to  Bruce.] 

1315*  *  Ire.  Edward  Bruce,  the 
brother  of  Robert,  invades  Ireland. 

1318  Oct.  5.  Ire.  Edward  Bruce  is 
defeated  and  killed  at  Tagher,  near 
Dundalk,  by  tjie  English  under  Sir  John 
de  Bermingham. 

*  *  Scot.    Bobert  Bruce  takes  Berwick. 

1321  *  *  The  lords  rebel  on  account  of 
the  Spencers. 

1322  Mar.  16.  Edward  II.  defeats  the 
barons  at  Boroughbridge,  Yorkshire. 

1326*  *  Isabella,  queen  of  Edward  II., 
successfully  invades  England,  with 
the  help  of  the  liostile  barons. 

1327  June  1.  Sir  James  Douglas  and 
Randolph,  Earl  of  Moray,  invade  Eng- 
land with  a  Scotch  army  of  24,000  men. 
[June  7-Aug.  15.  They  ravage  Cum- 
berland and  vicinity.  Edward  III.  with 
40,000  men  leads  an  unsuccessful  expedi- 
tion against  them.  He  is  forced  to  make 
a  treaty  with  them.]    (See  State.) 


ART— SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1300  *  *  LoncUm.  The  two  bronze  effi- 
gies on  the  tomb  of  Henry  III.  and 
Queen  Eleanor  [in  Westminster  Abbey] 
are  executed  by  William  Torell. 

1318  Nov.  14.  The  greatest  earth- 
quake ever  recorded  in  England  occurs. 

1320  *  *  Gunpowder  is  known  to  Roger 
Bacon. 

1326  *  *  Linna,  an  Oxford  monk  and 
astronomer,  constructs  a  map  of  the 
Northern  Seas. 

133 1  *  •  Edward  III.  settles  70  families  of 
cloth-"worker8  from  the  Netherlands. 

*  ♦  "Woolen  manufacture  is  established 
at  York  by  two  weavers  from  Brabant. 
[1390.    Begun  at  Kendal.] 

*  *  Total  darkness  occurs  from  the  eclipse 
of  the  sun. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1391  *  *  Scott,  Michael,  philosopher,  sup- 
posed magician,  .Scotland,  dies. 

1300  *  *  Mandeville,  Sir  John  de,  physician, 
traveler,  writer,  l)orn.    [1372.    Dies.] 

1308  *  *  Duns  Scotus,  John,  scholastic  tlie- 
ologian,  A40  t. 

1310  *  *  Langham,  Simon  de,  cardinal,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  born. 

1312  Nov.   13.     Edward  111.,  king,  born. 
1316  *T  •  *  Robert  II.,  King  of  Scotland,  first 

of  the  Stuarts,  born. 
1318  •  *  Bruce, Edward, brotherofRohert.il. 
1330  *  •  Barbour,  John,  poet,  hist.,  Scot.,  I). 
1334t  •  •  W^ycUf.    John,    reformer,    born. 

[1384.    Dies.    A60±.l 
Wykeliam,  William  of,  bishop,  statesman, 

born.    [1404.    Dies.    ASO.J 
132S  *  *  Gower,  Jolin,  poet,  lawyer,  born. 
13384;  *  *  Chaucer,  Geoffrey,  poet,  courtier, 

diplo.,  sohol.,  b.   (134U?)  tl400±.    D.  A72.J 
1330*  *  Edward   (Black  Prince),  son  ot 

Edward  111.,  born.    [1376.    Dies.    A46.) 

CHURCH. 

1292  *  *  St.  Mary's  Church,  Bristol,  is 

built. 
1294  *  *  The  king  demands  of  the  clergy 

one-half  of  their  annual  income.    [1297. 

Refusing  it,  they  are  placed  under  a  ban.] 
1300-1400    The  great  cloisters,  abbots' 

houses,    and    the    principal    monastic 

buildings  are  erected. 

1303  *  ♦  It.  Benedict  XI.  is  elected  pope. 
[1305,  Clement  V.;  1316,  John  XXII.;  1334 
Benedict  X.U.:  1342,  Clement  VI. ;  1352,  In- 
nocent VI.;  1362,  Urban  V.;  1370,  Gregory 
XI.;  1378,  Urban  YI.;  1389,  Boniface  I  X.J 

1309-76  Fr.  The  residence  of  the 
popes  is  established  at  Avignon. 

1313  *  *  Walter  Reynolds  is  chosen  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury. 

[1327,  Simon  de  Moepham;  1333,  John 
Stratford;  1348,  John  de  Ufford ;  1349,  Thomas 
Bradwardine,  later  Simon  Islip;  1366,  Simon 
Langham;  1375,  Simon  Sudbury;  1381,  Wil- 
liam Courtenay ;  1396,  Thomas  Arundel.) 


LETTERS. 

1292  *  •  John  of  Oxnead,  a  monk  of  the 
Abbey  of  St,  Benet  Holme,  writes  in 
Latin  the  Chronicle  (449-1292). 

13th  Century.  Nicholas  Trivet  writes  the 
Annals  of  the  Six  Kings  of  the  House  of 
Anjou. 

Peter  Langtoft  writes  in  French  verse 
a  Chronicle  of  England  to  the  death  of 
Henry  III. 

The  Land  of  Cockaygne.  a  satire  on  the 
clergy,  is  written  by  an  unknown  author. 

1297 ±  *  *  Robert  of  Gloucester  writes 
his  Chronicle  of  England  in  rhyme,  the 
tirst  literary  work  of  the  kind  known 
in  England ;  he  also  writes  Lives  and 
Legends  of  the  English  Saints. 

1300-38  Robert  Manning  of  Brunne 
writes  Handlynge  Synne,  a  book  of  verse, 


and  a  translation  into  English  of  Peter 
Langtoft's  Chronicle, 

+  *  »  Duns  Scotus  writes  several  theolo- 
gical aud  scholastic  treatises. 

1310-12  London.  Lincoln's  Inn  be- 
comes an  inn  of  court. 

1312*  *  Hertford  College,  Oxford,  is 
founded.  [1314.  Exeter  College,  by 
Walter  Stapleton,  bishop  of  Exeter.  1326. 
Oriel  College,  by  King  Edward  II.  1333. 
St.  Mary's  HaU.  1.340.  Queen's  Col- 
lege, by  Robert  de  Efilesfiehl,  clerk,  con- 
fessor of  Queen  Philippa.  ] 

1320±  Many  stories  are  written  about  Sir 
Tristem,  Sire  Otuel,  Guy  of  Warwick, 
and  Bevis  of  Hampton. 

1320-30  Cursor  Mundi,  a  chronicle  of 
events  from  the  creation,  is  written  in 
rhyme. 

1322  *  *  The  records  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity are  again  wantonly  burned  by 
the  townsmen. 

1326*  *Michaelhouse  College  is 
founded  at  Cambridge;  also  "  King's 
Scholars;"  later.  King's  Hall,  by  Ed- 
ward II. 

SOCIETY. 

1295  *  *  The  use  of  privateers  is  adopted 

by  Edward  I.  against  the  Portuguese. 
1296*  *  Crosses   in     honor   of    Queen 

Eleanor  are  set  up  in  the  places  where 

her  hearse  rested. 
1300  *  *  The  dance  eaUed  the  hornpipe 

is  introduced. 

*  *  "Wine  is  sold  by  apothecaries  as  a  cor- 
dial [and  so  continued  for  some  time 
after]. 

±  *  *  Silver  knives,  spoons,  and  cups  are 

classed  as  great  luxuries. 
±  *  *  "Wax  candles  are  esteemed  a  luxury, 

being  but  little  used.    Common  people 

light  their   houses  with   splinters  of 

fatted  wood. 
1306    Feb.  10.    Scot.    John  Comyn  is 

murdered  by  Robert  Bruce. 

*  *  The  rich  petition  against  the  use  of 
coal,  as  being  "  prejudicial  to  human 
health." 

*  *  *  The  Normans  become  absorbed 
into  the  substance  of  the  nation. 

1312  June  19.  Piers  Gaveston,  the 
favorite  of  Edward  II.,  is  executed  be- 
cause of  his  pride  and  cruelty. 

1319  Oct.  10.  London.  Edward  II. 
holds  a  totirnament  in  Smithfield. 

1323  *  *  The  title  Baron  Grey  de  Ruthyn 
is  created.    [1332.    Baron  Clinton.] 

1324  *  *  A  law  is  passed  ordering  that 
"  The  king  shall  have  the  custody  of  the 
lands  of  nattiral  fools." 

1327  Sept.  21.  Edward  H.  is  cruelly 
murdered  in  Berkeley  Castle  by  the 
contrivance  of  his  queen,  Isabella,  and 
her  paramour,  Mortimer,  Earl  of  March. 

1328*  *The  Preston  Guild  Mer- 
chants* Festival,  "  instituted  by  the 
Saxons,"  is  celebrated. 

1329  Sept.  25.  London.  Solemn  tour- 
naments are  held  by  Edward  III. 


STATE. 

1292  *  *  Barristers  are  first  appointed 
by  an  ordinance  of  King  Edward  in  Par- 
liament. (?) 

Nov.  17.  Scot.  Theclaimsof  Balioland 
Bruce  having  been  referred  to  the  judg- 
ment of  King  Edward  of  England,  be 
decides  in  favor  of  Baliol,  who  becomes 
King  of  Scotland  ;  [Baliol  swears  fealty 
to  Edward  in  the  Castle  of  Norham, 
Northumberland.] 

1292-96    Sent.    John  de  Baliol  reigns. 
1295  •  .*  "Writs  are  issued  by  King  Ed- 
ward ordering  the  attendance  in  Parlia^ 


AND   IRELAND.        1291,  ** -1332.  Sept.  24.    857 


ment  of  two  knights  from  every  shire, 
and  two  burgesses  from  every  city,  bor- 
ough, and  leading  town.  [Parliament 
<'i8sumes  substantially  its  present  form.] 

1296  July  2.  Scot.  John  de  Baliol 
sxirrenders  his  crown  and  kingdom  to 
King  Edward  I.  at  Perth.  [He  and  his 
son  Edward  are  sent  as  prisoners  to  the 
Tower  of  London,  where  they  are  held 
for  threo  years.] 

*  *  Scot.  King  Edward  carries  from 
Scone,  Pertlishire,  and  places  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  London,  the  famous 
stone  on  which  the  Scottish  kings  had 
been  crowned  lor  centuries.  [This  stone 
is  still  in  Westminster  Abbey,  and  i.s 
used  at  the  coronation  of  English  mon- 
archs.] 

1297  *  *  Edward  issues  a  proclamation 
of  outlawry  against  the  elerg:y  for  re- 
fusing his  demand  for  money. 

*  *  The  barons  refuse  to  follow  the 
king  to  Flanders  to  aid  him  in  his  war 
with  the  King  of  France. 

*  *  Edward  is  compelled  by  the  barons 
and  prelates  to  sign  a  confirmation  of 
the  charter  of  liberty  and  the  forest 
charter. 

He  signs  articles  binding  him  and  his 
heirs  not  to  levy  taxes  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  "  prelates,  earls,  barons, 
knights,  and  burgesses  and  other  free- 
men" of  the  realm. 

1298*  *  Scot.  The  Scots  appeal  to  Pope 
Boniface  VTTT.  for  protection  against 
Kdwurd's  attempt  to  assert  sovereign 
authority  over  Scotland. 

1299  June  *  Pope  Boniface  VIII.,  in  a 
letter  to  King  Edward,  claims  suze- 
rainty over  Scotland,  and  demands  that 
the  controversy  between  the  Scots  and 
Edward  be  referred  to  him.  [1301.  Jan.* 
A  parliament  summoned  by  Edward  at 
Lincoln  rejects  the  claim,  and  reftises 
the  Pope's  demand.] 

Sept.  12.  Eilwardmarriesforhissecond 
wife  Margaret,  sister  of  the  King  of 
France. 

*  *  London.  The  Common  Council  fixes 
the  price  of  provisions  as  follows  :  two 
pullets,  three  halfpence;  a  partridge, 
or  two  woodcocks,  three  half-pence;  a 
fat  lamb,  sixpence  from  Christmas  to 
Shrovetide ;  the  rest  of  the  year  four- 
pence. 

1301  *  *  Manchester  receives  a  warrant 
or  charter  of  municipal  liberties  and 
privileges  from  Thomas  Gresley,  lord  of 
the  manor. 

*  *  Edward  again  renounces  the  claim  of 
taxing  the  people  without  the  consent 
of  Parliament. 

1305  Aug.  23.  London.  "William 
"Wallace,  betrayed  into  the  hands  of 
King  Edward,  is  executed  as  a  rebel  at 
Smlthfield. 

1306  *  *  The  Statute  of  Praemunire  is 
passed. 

Its  object  is  to  prevent  the  disposal  by 
the  Pope  of  eccle.siustical  benefices  in 
England  before  they  become  vacant. 

Feb.  10,  Scot.  John  Comyn,  nephew 
of  John  Baliol,  is  killed  at  Dumfries  by 
Kobert  Bruce,  grandson  of  Robert,  the 
competitor  for  the  crown  in  1292. 

1306-29    Scot.    Robert  Bruce  reigns. 

May  27.  Robert  Bruce  is  crowned 
King  of  Scotland  at  Scone,  Perth.  [Be- 
ing defeated  at  Methven  and  at  Strath- 
fillen,  he  flees  for  refuge  to  Rathlin 
Island,  oil  the  north  coast  of  Ireland.] 


1307  July  7.    Edward  I.  dies  at  Burgh- 

on-the-Sanils,  near  Carlisle. 
1307-27    Edward  II..8on  of  Edward  I., 
reigns.     [1308,    Feb.  25.    Crowned.] 

He  is  a  weak  ruler  ;  Piers  Gaveston, 
a  foreigner  and  one  of  his  favorites,  is 
his  chief  minister. 

1308  Jan.  25.  Fr.  Edward  marries 
Isabella,  daughter  of  the  King  of 
France. 

Feb.  28.  The  barons  demand  the  ban- 
ishment of  Piers  Gaveston,  whom  Ed- 
ward had  made  Earl  of  Cornwall,  and 
who  is  chief  dispenser  of  royal  favors. 
[Gaveston  leaves  England,  but  Edward 
appoints  him  viceroy  of  Ireland.] 

*  *  IhibUn.  John  de  Decer  is  appointed 
[the  first]  provost,  and  Kichard  de  St. 
Clave  and  John  Stakebold  [the  first] 
bailiffs.  / 

1309  Mar.  17.  At  a  Parliament  at 
Westminster,  Edward  is  compelled  to 
consent  to  the  appointment  of  a  com- 
mittee of  peers,  under  the  name  of  or- 
dainers,  to  regulate  the  king*s  house- 
hold, and  redress  the  grievances  of  the 
nation.  [A  committee  of  21  prelates, 
earls,  and  barons  is  appointed.] 

1311  *  *  The  ordainers  present  ordi- 
nances to  the  king  providing  for  the  re- 
form of  abuses. 

They  specify  the  banishment  of  Gav- 
eston and  other  favorites,  and  require 
that  the  great  otticers  of  government 
be  chosen  with  the  advice  and  assent  of 
the  baronage  in  Parliament,  that  the 
king  shall  not  levy  war  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  baronage,  and  that  parlia- 
ments shall  be  held  at  least  once  a  year. 
The  king  reluctantly  consents  to  sign 
and  publish  the  ordinances, 

1312*  *  The  barons,  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Thomas,  Earl  of  Lancaster, 
grandson  of  Henry  III.,  rebel  because 
of  the  king's  recalling  Gaveston,  who 
had  been  banished  in  accordance  with 
the  ordinances. 

June  19.  Gaveston,  who  had  been 
made  prisoner  at  the  Castle  of  Scarbor- 
ough, is  beheaded  at  Blacklow  Hill, 
near  Warwick. 

*  *  Ire.  Edmund  leBotiller  is  appointed 
viceroy.  [1320.  Thomas  Fitzgerald  is 
appointed  governor.  1321.  John  de 
Bermingham.] 

1316*  *  Tre.  Edward  Bruce,  brother 
of  Robert,  is  crowned  king. 

1321*  *The  earls  and  barons  rebel  on 
account  of  the  favorites,  the  two  Spen- 
cers. 

In  Parliament  they  pronounce  a  decree 
of  exile  against  father  and  son  on  the 
charge  of  usurping  the  royal  authority, 
causing  estrangement  between  the  king 
and  tiie  lords,  and  recommending  un- 
constitutional measures. 

*  *  The  king  recalls  the  two  Spencers. 

1322  Mar.  23.  Thomas,  Earl  of  Lan- 
caster, one  of  the  leaders  of  the  revolt- 
ing barons,  after  being  defeated  by  the 
king's  forces,  is  beheaded  at  Ponte- 
fract,  Yorkshire. 

1323  May  *  Edward  makes  a  truce  for 
13  years  with  King  Kobert  Bru?e  of 

Scotland. 

1325*  *  Queen  Isabella  goes  to  France 
to  treat  with  her  brother,  the  French 
King  Charles  IV.,  concerning  the  lat- 
ter's  claim  of  homage  from  Edward  for 
the  province  of  Guieune. 


*  *  Fr.  A  conspiracy  is  formed  against 
Edward  by  the  Lancastrian  faction,  en- 
couraged by  Queen  Isabella  and  her  fa- 
vorite, lioger,  Lord  Mortimer. 

1326  Sept.  24.  Queen  Isabella  and  the 
barons  hostile  to  Edward  land  in  Eng- 
land with  a  force  of  3,000  men.  [They 
declare  that  their  purpose  is  to  free  th© 
king  and  the  nation  from  the  tyranny  of 
the  Spencers.] 

Nov.  19.  Edw^ard,  after  an  unsuccess- 
ful attempt  to  escape,  surrenders  him- 
self to  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  who  sends 
him  a  prisoner  to  the  Castle  of  Kenil- 
worth. 

*  *  Scot.  A  great  council  or  parliament 
is  held  at  Cambuskenneth,  Stirling;  it 
is  the  JSrst  Scotch  parliament  at  which 
representatives  of  cities  and  burghs  are 
called  to  attend.  (?) 

1327  Jan.  8.  Edward  U.  is  deposed 
by  a  parliament  sitting  at  "Westminster, 
and  his  eldest  son  Edward  is  declared 
king.     [Feb.  1.    Crowned.] 

1327-77    Edward  III.  reigns. 

*  *  Ire.    The  Earl  of  Kildare  is  ap- 

Itointed  governor.  [1328.  Koger  Out- 
aw,  prior  of  Kilmainham.  1332.  Sir 
John  B'Arcy.  1337.  Sir  Jt)hn  Charlton. 
1340.    Richard  Outlaw  again.] 

1328  Mar.  1.  A  parliament  meets  at 
York  at  which  Scotland  is  recognized 
as  an  independent  kingdom,  and  Rob- 
ert Bruce  acknowledged  as  king.  [Mar. 
17.  Edinburgh.  Peace  is  concluded 
with  England.  May  4.  The  peace  is 
ratified  by  England.] 

1329  June  7.  Robert  Bruce  dies.  His 
son,  David  H.,  six  years  of  age,  be- 
comes king ;  Thomas  Randolph,  Earl  of 
Moray,  becomes  regent. 

1329-71    Scot.    David  II.  reigns. 

*  *  Scot.  The  town  of  Leith  is  granted 
to  Edinburgh. 

1330  Oct.  30.  Edward  assumes  per- 
sonal direction  of  the  Government, 
which  hitherto  since  his  coronation  had 
been  controlled  by  Queen  Isabella  and 
Mortimer. 

Nov.  26.  Mortimer  is  tried  by  Parlia- 
ment, and  condemned  as  a  "  traitor  and 
enemy  of  the  king  and  kingdom."  [Nov. 
29.  He  is  hanged  at  Tyburn,  and  is  the 
first  publicly  put  to  death  at  this  place 
of  execution.] 

Dec.  22.  Queen  Isabella  is  sent  as  a 
prisoner  to  her  own  house  at  Castle 
Risings  [where  she  passes  the  remaining 
27  years  of  her  lite]. 

1332  *  *  Scot.  Randolph  dying,  the  Earl 
of  Mar,  Robert  Bruce's  nephew,  is 
made  regent.  ' 

Sept.  24.  Scot.  Edward  Baliol,  son  of 
John  Baliol,  after  having,  by  the  aid  of 
English  barons,  defeated  the  regent  Mar 
at  Dupplin  Moor,  is  crowned  king  at 
Scone. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1315*  *  A  famine  occurs  ;  itissodread- 
ful  that  the  people  devour  the  tlesh  of 
horses,  dogs,  cats,  and  vermin. 

*  *  The  Leeds  bridge  is  built. 

1326  *  *  London.  The  Merchant  Tail- 
ors* Company  is  formed.  [1327,  Skin- 
ners* ;  1327,  Goldsmiths* ;  i;H5.  Gro- 
cers* ;  1363,  "Vintners* ;  1368,  Iiinen 
Weavers*.] 

*  *  Livery  companies  are  incorporated. 


858     1332,**-1377,* 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1332  *  *  Scot.  English  invaders  under 
Edward  111.  come  to  the  aid  of  Edward 
Baliol. 

Aug.  11.  Scot.  Baliol  and  the  English 
defeat  the  Regent,  Earl  of  Mar,  at  Dup- 
plin  Moor,  Terthshire. 

Dec.  16.  Scot.  Sir  Archibald  Douglas 
and  other  barons  defeat  Baliol  at  An- 
nan ;  Baliol  becomes  a  fugitive. 

1333  July  19.  The  English  under  Ed- 
ward III.  defeat  the  Scots  under  the 
regent  Archibald  Douglas  at  Halidon 
Hill  near  Berwick,  killing  14,000  men, 
including  Douglas  and  others  of  the 
nobility. 

*  *  Edinburgh  surrenders  to  Edward  III, 
[1344.  Burned.  1356.  He  ravages  the 
country.] 

1336  *  *  Scot.  Aberdeen  ia  burned  by 
the  English. 

1339  Aug.  *  Scot.  Perth  is  besieged 
and  taken  by  the  Regent  Robert. 

1340  June  24.  The  English  and  Flem- 
ish allies  under  Edward  III.  defeat  the 
French  in  a  naval  battle  off  the  coast  of 
Holland. 

1343  *  *  Montacute  [afterwards  Earl  of 
Salisbury]  takes  the  Isle  of  Man. 

1346  Aug.  26.    Fr.    Battle  of  Cr6cy. 

The  French  liefeated  (p.  G74). 
Oct.  17.    Battle   of    Neville's   Cross, 
near   Durham. 

The  English,  under  Queen   Philippa, 
defeat  and  capture  David  of  Scotland. 

1347  Aug.  4.  Fr.  Edward  111.  takes 
Calais  (p.  674). 

1350    Aug.  29.     Edward  III.  defeats 

40  Spanish  ships  in  the  Straits  of  Dover, 
capturing  26. 

1354  *  *  Robert  Stuart,  the  regent,  cap- 
tures Berwick. 

1356  Sept.  19.  Fr.  The  French  de- 
feated at  Poitiers  (p.  674). 

*  *  Scot.  Edward  m.  again  invades 
Scotland,  but  want  of  supplies  forces 
him  to  retire. 

1359  *  *  Fr.  Edward  lU.  lands  an  in- 
vading army,  and  ravages  and  wastes 
the  country, 

1360  May  8.    The  Peace  of  Bretigny 

ends  the  war  with  France  (p.  675). 

1362  *  *  Sp.  The  Black  Prince  aids 
Don  Pedro  (Peter  the  Cruel)  to  recover 
his  throne  in  Castile  [Spain], 

1364  *  *  War  again  breaks  out  with 
France. 

1367  Apr.  3,  Sp.  Battle  of  Najera : 
the  Black  Prince  defeats  Henry  of  Tras- 
tamare.     [1370.    He  captures  Limoges.] 

1369  July  20,  Scot.  A  truce  is  made 
with  England  for  14  years. 

1376  *  *  A  border  war  with  the  Scots 
breaks  out. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE . 

1337  June  *  A  remarkable  comet  is 
vLsible. 

1340-1483  Lotidon.  The  western  parts 
of  the  nave  and  aisles  of  'Westminster 
Abbey  are  rebuilt. 

1340*  *Fr.  Gunpowder  is  first  used 
at  the  battle  of  Cr^cy. 

*  *  The  first  wool  is  spun  in  Worsted, 
Norfolk  [whence  its  name]. 


*  *Blanketsarefir8t madeinEngland.  (?) 

1347  *  *  Manufactures  develop  rapidly. 

1356  *  *  Edward  III.  takes  down  all  the 
walls  Qf  Windsor  Castle,  except  three 
towers,  and  reerects  it  under  the  direc- 
tion of  William  Wykeham,  architect. 

1360  Apr.  14.  "  Black  Monday  **  oc- 
curs. 

It  is"fio  full  dark  of  mist  and  hail, 
and  so  bitter  cold  that  many  men  died 
on  their  horses'  backs  with  the  cold.** 
(Stow.) 

1368  *  *  London.    A   striking  clock  is 

set  up  in  Westminster. 

1377-1509  Florid  pointed  Grothic  ar- 
chitecture appears  in  Westminster 
Hall,  King's  College,  Cambridge,  St. 
George,  Windsor,  and  Henry  Vll.'s 
chapel  at  Westminster, 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1332±  *  *  Langland,  William,  clergyman, 
moralist,  born.     rUOO^..     Dies.    A68.] 

1340*  *  Gaunt.  John  of,  Dnke  of  Lancas- 
ter, founder  of  House  of  Lancaster,  born. 
[1399.     Dies.     .\6!».] 
Manning,  Robert,  monk,  chronicler,  A67. 

1349  *  *  Holle,  Richard,  liennit,  writer,  dies. 

1358*  *  WTilttington.   Sir    Richard,   lord 
mayor  of  London,  born. 

1369+:'  •  *  Glen  dower,    Owen,     chieftain, 
Wales,  born.     [1416t.     Dies.] 

1360*   *  Oldcastle,  Sir  John,  Lord  Cobliam, 
reformer,  martyr,  born.     [1417.    Dies.  J 

1362  *  *  Cbichele,  Henry,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, born.     [1443.     Dies.] 

1363  *  •  Higden,  Ralph,  monk,  writer,  dies. 
1366*  *  Richard  II.,  k.,  b.     [1400.   I).    A34.] 
1370*  *  Beaufort,    Henry,   cardinal,  bishop 

of  Winchester,  born.     [1447.     Dies.    A77.] 
Occleve,  Thomas,  poet,  b.     [1429      I>.    A60.] 
1374:t  *  *  Lyilgate,  John,  poet,  born. 

1376  *  *  Larigbam,  ."^imon  de,  cardinal,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  A66. 

1377  June  21.     Edward  III.,  king,  A65. 

CHURCH. 

1347  *  *  London.  St.  Stephen's  Chap- 
el, Westminster,  is  rebuilt  by  the  king. 
He  makes  it  a  collegiate  church,  to 
which  are  appointed  a  dean  and  12  secu- 
lar priests. 

*  *  *  A  period  of  religious  credulity 
and  superstition,  with  ecclesiastical 
dominance,  is  fostered  by  a  blind  obe- 
dience. 

1351  *  *The  Statute  of  Provisors  for- 
bids any  one  receiving  a  papal  provision 
or  appointment. 

1353  *  *  A  statute  is  enacted  to  restrain 
the  Pope  in  promoting  his  favorites. 

He  bestows  most  of  the  bishoprics,  and  the 
charge  of  abbeys  is  given  to  the  favorites 
of  the  papal  power  before  vacancies  occur, 
under  color  of  providing  successors  with  bet- 
ter qualifications. 

14th,  15th  Centuries.  The  LoUards  arise. 
They  are  political,  socialistic,  and  religions 
agitators.  They  oppose  the  worship  of  im- 
ages and  relics,  pilgrimages  to  tombs,  tem- 
poral lordship  of  the  clergy,  tlie  hierarchy, 
the  pai)al  authority,  the  celebration  of  the 
mass,  Iransnbstantlation,  religious  decora- 
tions, war,  and  capital  punishment. 

1359  *  *  St,  Nicholas  Church,  Newcas- 
tle, is  rebuilt. 

1361  *  *  John  Ball  ("  the  mad  priest  *') 
attracts  attention  as  a  preacher ;  he  pro- 
motes the  Wat  the  Tyler  insurrection. 

1363  *  *  Ire.  The  see  of  "Waterford  is 
\mited  with  that  of  Iiismore. 

*  *  Parliament  refuses  the  Holy  See's 
demands  on  England. 

1366  *  *  Ire.  The  English  Parliament 
prohibits  Irish  ecclesiastical  investi- 
ture by  the  Irish, 


1370±*  *  Popular  hatred  of  the  papacy 

prevails,  owing  to  the  greed  and  scandal 
of  many  of  its  leaders. 

1375  *  *  Rivalry  exists  between  the 
monastic  orders  and  secular  priests. 

*  *  Clergjrmen  performing  divine  ser- 
vice are  privileged  from  arrest  for  debt. 

1376  *  *  The  residence  of  the  popes  is 
changed  from  Avignon  to  Rome  again, 
after  an  absence  of  65  years. 

1377  Feb.  *  London.  John  "Wyclif ,  a 
popular  preacher,  is  summoned  before 
the  bishop  of  London  as  an  enemy  to 
Rome. 

He  had  attacked  the  inordinate  wealth 
and  power  of  the  hierarchy. 

LETTERS. 

1340i:  *  *  Richard  Rolle  writes  the  poem, 

Pricke  of  Conscience. 

±  *  *  London.  The  Inner  and  Middle 
Temple  are  made  inns  of  law. 

+  *  *  Dan  Michel  of  Northgate  writes 
Ayenbite  of  Iniryt. 

1341  *  *  Chancellor  Richard  de  Bury 
purchases  30  or  40  books  from  the  abbot 
of  St.  Albans  for  50  pounds'  weight 
of  silver, 

1342  *  ♦  Clare  College  is  founded  at 
Cambridge  by  Elizabeth  de  Bourg,  sister 
of  the  Earl  of  Clare ;  originally  founded 
in  1326  by  I>r.  Richard  Baden,  but  de- 
stroyed by  tire.  [1347.  Pembroke  Hall 
College.  1348.  Gonville  Hall  College, 
and  Caius.  1350.  Trinity  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, by  \Vm.  Bateman,  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich.   1352.    Corpus  Christi  College.] 

±  *  *  Ralph  Higden  writes  the  Poly ckron- 

icon. 
1344^:  *  *  Richard  Aungervyle  de  Bury 

writes  in  Latin  Philobiblon. 

1345*  *  London.  Clif  ford's  Inn  of 
Court  is  established. 

14th  Century.  Thomas  Brad  ward  en,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  writes  On  the 
Cause  of  God  against  Pelagius. 

1352*  *  Sir  John  Mandeville,  the  first 

English  traveler,  concludes  his  Travels, 
after  30  years  of  work  ;  he  believes  that 
the  earth  is  spherical  in  form,  and  can 
be  circumnavigated. 

*  *  Lawrence  Minot,  the  first  English 
song-writer,  composes  war-lyrics. 

1355  *  *  Edward  III.  grants  a  charter 
to  the  University  of  Oxford. 

1357  *  *  I^ondon.    Gray's  Inn  of  Court 

is  founded. 

1361  **  William  Langland  writes  the 
Vision  of  Piers  Plotcman. 

14th  Century.  Education  is  confined  chief- 
ly to  the  clergy. 

1362  **  Geoffrey  Chaucer,  the 
**  Father  of  English  Poetry,"  writes  The 
Court  of  Lore.  [1362-69?  Conipleynt 
tinto  Pi'fe.    1369.    Bake  of  the  Diicne.^se.] 

1373  *  *  A  school  is  established  at  Win- 
chester by  Bishop  William  Long :  [it  is 
the  oldest'schooi  in  England.]    (1387?) 

SOCIETY. 

1340  *  *  Highway  robbery  is  frequent, 
and  undeterred  by  capital  punishment. 

*  *  Masquerades  are  in  fashion  at  the 
court. 

1344  Jan.  19.  A  tournament  is  held 
at  Windsor. 

*  *  The  order  of  the  Knights  of  the 
Round  Table  is  revived. 

*  *  Patents  are  granted  for  titles  of  no- 
bility first  made  by  Edward  III. 

1349  *  *  A  law  is  passed  enacting  that 
none  shall  give  alms  to  a  beggar  able 
to  work. 


AND   IRELAND. 


1332,**-1377,' 


859 


By  the  common  law  the  poor  are  to  be 
sustained  by  "  parsons,  rectors  of  the 
church,  ami  parisliionere,  so  that  none 
should  die  tor  default  of  sustenance." 

Apr.  23.  Edward  III,  institutes  the  Or- 
aer  of  St,  George.  [Later  called  the 
Order  of  the  Garter.] 

1350  *  *  There  is  a  scarcity  of  laborers 
after  the  plague  ;  laborers  are  forbidden 
to  leave  their  own  parishes. 

*  *  An  Act  of  Parliament  allows  hay- 
makers but  one  penny  a  day,  master 
carpenters,  masons,  not  more  than  three- 
pence, and  tlieir  servants  one  and  one- 
half  pence. 

1351  *  *  William  de  Thorpe  is  hanged  for 
bribery. 

1352  *  *  Harlots  are  by  statute  required 
to  wear  striped  hoods  of  party  colors, 
and  their  garments  wrong  side  out. 

1357  May  24.  London.  Edward,  the 
Black  Prince,  conducts  his  royal  captive, 
John,  King  of  France,  through  the 
streets. 

1360t  *  *  Chivalry  is  at  its  height. 

±  *  *  Edward  III.  establishes  the  Poor 
Knights  of  "Windsor,  or  Alms  Knights, 
as  a  charity,  for  the  support  of  24  llater 
26]  poor  persons  eminent  for  military 
services. 

1363  *  *  Excess  in  dress  is  restrained 

by  sumptuary  laws. 

*  *  Edward  III.  begins  the  custom  of 
giving  alms  on  Maimday  Thursday. 

Alms,  food,  and  clothing  are  given  to 
as  many  persons  as  the  sovereign  is 
years  of  age. 

1367  *  *  Ire.    The  Statute  of  Kilkenny 

is  passed.    (See  State.) 

1368  *  *  The  title  Baron  Botreaux  is  cre- 
ated.    [1383,  Baron  Camoys.] 

1370  *  *  The  ivorking-classes  are  poor, 
fretful,  and  eager  for  the  easing  of  bon- 
dage. 

1371  *  ♦  The  Black  Prince  visits  Exeter. 


STATE. 

1332  Dec.  16.  Scot.  Baliol  being  de- 
feated at  Annan  by  the  barons,  flees, 
from  the  country. 

1333  *  *  Edward  HI.  claims  the  throne 

of  Scotland  in  the  right  of  his  mother. 

1334  Feb.  9.  Scot.  Baliol,  by  the  aid 
of  Edward  111  ,  is  again  made  king,  as 

aresultof  the  English  defeat  of  the  new 
regent,  Douglas,  at  the  battle  of  Halidon 
Hill. 

1337  *  *  King  Edward  makes  Cornwall 
a  duchy,  and  confers  it  on  his  eldest 

6on  Edward. 

*  *  Edward  lays  claim  to  the  crown  of 
France  in  right  of  his  mother  Isabella, 
sister  of  the  French  King  Charles  IV. 
[The  English  monarchs  struggle  for 
more  than  a  century  to  possess  the 
French  crowTi.] 

*  *  Laws  are  passed  prohibiting  the  wear- 
ing of  any  cloth  but  of  English  man- 
ufacture, and  prohibiting  the  exporta- 
tion of  wool  or  woolen  goods. 

1338  M"ov.  17.  Edward  by  writ  per- 
niitB  the  abbots  of  Heading  to  coin 
money, 

*  *Ijiverpool  is  made  an  independent 
port. 

1339*  *  Scot.  Baliol-withdraws  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  is  pensioned  by  the  king. 

1340  Jan.  *  Edward  assumes  the  title 
King  of  France,  and  quarters  in  his 
arms  the  French  lilies  with  the  English 
leopards. 


*  *  Parliament  votes  Edward  a  subsidy 
of  20,000  sacks  of  wool  to  aid  him  in  his 
war  with  France. 

1341  June  4.  Scot.  David  Bruce  re- 
tiuns  from  France,  to  which  he  had  fled 
during  the  usurpation  of  Baliol.  [1342. 
He  recovers  his  throne.] 

*  *  Parliament  prohibits  usury. 

±*  *  Parliament  is  separated  into  two 
Houses,  the  House  of  Lords  and  the 
House  of  Commons,  the  latter  consisting 
of  knights  of  the  shire  and  burgesses, — 
representatives  of  the  counties  and  of 
the  cities  and  towns  ;  responsibility  of 
ministers  is  established.  (?) 

1344  *  *  Ire.  Sir  Ralph  Ufford  is  ap- 
pointed  governor.  [1346.  Sir  Roger 
Darcy;  later,  Sir  John  Morris.] 

±*  *  A  duty  of  two  shillings  on  every 
tim  of  wine  imported,  and  sixpence  on 
every  pound  of  goods  imported  or  ex- 
ported, is  grantea  to  the  king.  [This  is 
known  as  tunnage  and  poundage.] 

1347  *  *  Edward  HI.  is  offered  the  im- 
perial crown  of  Germany.    [Declined.] 

1348  *  *  Jre.  Walter  de  Bermingham 
is  appointed  governor.  [1356,  Mar.  30, 
Maurice,  Earl  of  Desmond ;  July  26, 
Thomas  de  Rokeby.] 

1350  *  *  Parliament  passes  the  Statute 
of  Xiaborers,  fixing  the  rate  of  wages. 

1351  *  *  The  Statute  of  Treasons,  de- 
fining  the    crime    of    high    treason,   is 


1352±  *  *  Idonel,  second  son  of  Edward, 
marries  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam de  Burgo,  and  thus  becomes  Earl 
of  Ulster  and  "  Lord  of  Connaught." 

1353*  *  Another  Statute  of  Prsemunire 
is  passed. 

1354  *  *  London.  Edward  grants  the 
mayor  the  title  of  lord  mayor. 

1355  *  *  London  has  four  representa- 
tives in  Parliament. 

1356  *  *  Scot.  Baliol  sells  to  Edward 
III.  his  right  to  the  Scottish  throne  for 
5,000  marks  and  a  pension  of  2,000  pounds 
a  year. 

1357  *  *  Scot.  King  David  II.,  impris- 
oned in  England  since  his  capture  at 
the  battle  of  Neville's  Cross  in  1346,  is 
ransomed  by  the  Scottish  parliament 
[for  £4,000  in  modern  money], 

*  *  Ire.  Almeric  de  St.  Amand  is  ap- 
pointed governor.  [1359,  James,  Earl 
of  Ormond  ;  1361,  IJionel,  King  Edward's 

son.] 

1360  May  8.  Fr.  The  Peace  of  Bre- 
tigny  is  signed  (p.  675). 

1362i  *  *  The  use  of  the  French  lan- 
guage in  law  pleadings  and  public  deeds 
is  abolished,  and  the  use  of  English  in- 
troduced. 

1364  *  *  Statutes  are  confirmed  prescrib- 
ing penalties  against  persons  seeking 
from  the  papal  court  ecclesiastical 
benefices  in  England. 

1367*  *  Ire.  The  Statute  of  Kilkenny 
is  enacted  at  a  parliament  held  in  Kil- 
kenny by  Lionel,  who  has  been  made 
Duke  of  Clarence 

It  prohibits  tlie  English  settlers,  under 
penalties  of  high  treason,  from  holding 
any  intercourse  with  the  native  Irish, 
to  form  alliances  with  them  by  mar- 


riage, to  speak  their  language,  or  to 
adopt  their  names  or  modes  of  dress. 
[Not  enforced.] 

*  *  Ire.  Gerald  Fitzmaurice,  Earl  of 
Desmond,  is  appointetl  governor.  [1369, 
July*  Sir  "William  de  "Windsor ;  1372, 
Sir  Robert  de  Ashton.] 

1371i  *  *  Edward's  fourth  son,  John  of 
Gaunt,  Duke  of  Lancaster,  marries  Con  ■ 
stance,  daughter  of  the  Castilian  king, 
Don  Pedro,  Peter  the  Cruel,  and  as- 
sumes the  title  of  King  of  Castile,  Don 
Pedro  having  been  murdered  by  his 
brother,  Henry,  Count  of  Trastamare. 

1371-90    Scot.    Robert  H.  reigns. 

Mar.  26.  The  crown  passes  to  the  House 
of  Stuart.  Kobert  Stuart,  nephew  of 
David  II.,  is  crowned  at  Scone,  and  pro- 
claimed king  as  Kobert  II. 

1372*  *Sir  Thomas  Hungerford  is 
chosen  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, and  is  the  first  so  styled. 

1373  *  *  Edward  grants  to  Bristol  the 
rights  of  a  city  and  a  county. 

1374*  *  Fr.  Edward,  after  a  war  of  four 
years  with  France,  loses  all  his  French 
possessions  except  Calais,  Bordeaux, 
and  Bayonne. 

*  *  Ire.  Sir  William  de  "Windsor  is 
again  appointed  governor.  [1376.  Mau- 
rice, Earl  of  Kildare;  later,  James 
Butler,  Earl  of  Ormond.] 

1376  *  *  The  House  of  Commons  elects 
Peter  de  la  Mare  Speaker.  [He  is  the 
first  regular  Speaker  of  the  House.] 

*  *  The  Commons  in  Parliament,  through 
their  Speaker,  Peter  de  la  Mare,  de- 
nounce oppressive  taxation,  and  de- 
mand an  account  of  expenditure;  they 
impeach  the  king's  ministers,  several  of 
whom  are  dismissed  and  imprisoned.  [It 
is  called  the  Good  Parliament.] 

*  *  The  Duke  of  Lancaster,  the  leader  of 
the  nobles,  arbitrarily  annuls  the  Acts 
of  the  Good  Parliament,  and  casts  Peter 
de  la  Mare  into  prison. 

1377  *  *  By  illegal  returns  made  by  the 
sheriffs  at  the  request  of  the  Duke  of 
Lancaster,  the  House  of  Commons  is 
packed  with  the  duke's  adherents. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1343  *  *  Ire.    "Wool  staples  are  estab- 
lished at  Waterford,  Cork,  and  Drogheda. 

1347  *  *  Wheat  is  imported  for  the  first 
time. 

1348  *  *  A  great  plague  occurs  at  Nor- 
wich. 

1348-49    The  plague  of  Black  Death 

occurs;  more  than  half  the  population 
die ;  200  are  buried  daily  in  London  ;  labor 
becomes  scarce.  [V6\M.  The  plague  re- 
turns; the  mortality  in  London  is  very 
great.    13G9.    It  returns  for  the  last  time.] 

1353  *  *  A  famine  occurs. 

1362  *  *  Edward  III.  orders  all  law- 
pleadings  to  be  made  in  English 
instead  of  French,  as  formerly  done. 

1367*  *  London.  Tlie  mortality  is  great. 

1370*  *  Ire.  The  mortahty  record  is 
very  large. 

1377  *  *  Subsidies  in  kind,  as  in  wool, 
leather,  and  other  produces  of  the  coun- 
try, are  levied. 

*  *  London.    Population,  3,500. 


860    1377,** -1412, 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1381  June  *  The  Peasants'  revolt  be- 
gins. Wat  the  Tyler  kills  a  tax  col- 
lector, and  heads  a  party  to  oppose  the 
tax. 

[June  12.  The  rebel  peasants  assem- 
ble on  Blackheath  near  Loudon,  to  the 
number  of  100,000  men.  June  15.  'Wat 
is  killed  by  the  mayor  of  London,  and 
the  insurrectionists  are  appeased.] 

1384  *  *  The  Scots  invade  England. 
[1385.    They  receive  aid  from  France.] 

1385  Aug.  *  Eichard  invades  Scotland 
with  80,000  men.  The  Scotch  fly  before 
him.  Edinburgh,  Dunfermline,  Perth, 
and  Dundee  are  burned. 

1388  Aug.  19.  Battle  of  Otterbum, 
Chevy  Chase,  Northumberland. 

The  English  under  the  Earl  of  North- 
umberland are  defeated  by  the  Scots. 
under  the  Earl  of  Douglas,  who  is  killed 
by  Sir  Henry  Percy  (Hotspur) ;  both  of 
the  Percys  are  captured  by  the  Scots. 

1394  Oct.  *  Ire.  Richard  II.  lands  at 
■Waterford  with  4,000  men-at-arms  and 
30,000  archers. 

1399  July  4.  Henry,  Duke  of  Lancas- 
ter, returns  from  France  [and  incites  a 
successful  rebellion], 

1400-05  W.  Great  rebellion  of  Owen 
Glendower. 

[1401.  He  takes  Radnor  and  other 
places.  1402.  Aided  by  the  Scots  and 
the  Percys,  besieges  Carnarvon.  1404. 
He  seizes  Harlech  castle.  1405.  Mar.  11. 
Prince  Henry  defeats  the  Welsh  rebels 
under  Griffith,  son  of  Glendower,  at 
Grosmont  in  Monmouthshire.  The  re- 
bellion is  soon  after  suppressed.] 

1400  Aug.  *  The  English  under  Henry 
IV.  unsuccessfully  invade  Scotland. 

1402  May  7  (or  June  22).  Battle  of 
Nesbit  Muir,  Northumberland. 

The  Soots,  under  Sir  P.  Hepburn,  are 

defeated  by  the  English,  under  Sir  Henry 

Percy  (Hotspur)  and  the  Earl  of  March. 

Sept.  14.    Battle  of  Homildon  Hill, 

Northumberland. 

The  English,  under  Sir  Henry  Percy 
(Hotspur)  and  the  Earl  of  March,  defeat 
the  Scotch,  under  the  Earl  of  Douglas, 
who  surrenders. 
1402-03  A  rebellion  against  Henry  IV. 
is  incited  by  many  of  the  English  nobles. 

1403  July  23.  Battle  of  Shrews- 
bury, Shropshire. 

The  insurgent  lords  are  defeated  by 
Henry  IV. ;  Henry  Percy  (Hotspur),  son 
of  the  Earl  of  Northumberland,  is  killed, 
and  his  ally,  the  Earl  of  Douglas,  taken 
prisoner. 

1405  *  *  W.  The  English  defeat  the 
French  in  a  navjil  battle  near  Milford 
Haven,  capturing  eight  and  destroying 
15  of  their  ships. 

1407*  *The  Welsh,  aided  by  the 
French,  cross  the  border,  and  threaten 
Worcester.  [1409.  Again  invade  Eng- 
land.] 

1408  Feb.  19.  Battle  of  Bramham 
M-Oor,  Yorkshire. 

The  royal  forces  under  Sir  Thomas 
Kokeby  defeat  the  Earl  of  Northum- 
berland and  Lord  Bardolf,  the  leaders 
of  the  revolting  nobles ;  Northumber- 
land is  killed. 

1.411  July  24.  Scot.  The  Battle  of 
Harlaw,  Aberdeenshire. 

Royalists  under  the  Earl  of  Mar  de- 
feat the  Highlanders  under  Donald, 
Lord  of  the  Isles ;  many  noble  families 
lose^l  their  male  members. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 


1397  ♦  *  Londrni.  The  parish  clerks  at 
Clerkenwell  perform  plays  and  repre- 
sent miracles  iu  tlie  fields. 

*  *  Landtm.  The  king  repairs  W^estmin- 
ster  EsU. 

He  raises  the  walls,  alters  the  win- 
dows, and  adds  a  new  roof,  as  well  as  a 
stately  porch  and  other  buildings. 

1404  Jan.  13.  London.  Parliament 
enacts  that  no  chemist  shall  use  his 
craft  to  multiply  gold  or  silver. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1381  *  *  Tvler,  Wat,  rebel,  dies. 
Sudbury,  Simon  of,  arclilip.  Canterbury,  d. 

1383  *  *  lieauchamp,  Richard,  Earl  of  War- 
wick, general,  born. 

1388  *  *  Henry  V..  king,  born. 

1390*  *  Robert  II.,  king,  founder  of  House 
of  Stuart,  Scotland,  A74. 

1394*  *  James    I.,    king,    Scotland,    born. 
C1437.     D.    A43.] 

1395*  »  Barbour,  .John,  poet,  Scotland,  A75i:. 
rortescue,  .Sir  John,  jurist,  born. 
±    I'ecock,  Reginald,  bishop  of  St.  Asaph, 
author,  born.     [1460^.     Dies.] 

1401  *  *  Cirencester,  Richard  of,  monk,  his- 
torian, dies. 

1403  •  *  Littleton,  Sir  Thomas,  jurist,  bom. 

1403*  'Percy,  Henry  (Hotspur),  warrior, 
killed  at  Shrewsbury. 

1408  *  *  Cower,  John,  poet,  A83. 
Korthmnberland,  first  Earl  of,  Henry  Percy, 
dies. 

CHURCH. 

1378  *  *  Mome.    Papal  schism  (p.  674). 

1380*  *'Wvclif  teaches  the  doctrine 
that  the  Bible  is  the  sole  rule  of  faith, 
and  opposes  the  church  of  Rome. 

1381  *  *  Wyclif  denies  transubstantia- 
tion,  and  the  Reformation  begins. 

1383*  *John  Wycllf  completes  his 
translation  of  the  Bible. 

1384  Dec.  31.  Wyclif,  virulently  per- 
secuted by  the  church,  escapes  martyr- 
dom by  a  paralytic  attack,  which  causes 
his  death. 

1385  *  *  Edinburgh.  St.  Giles  Church 
is  destroyed.     [13S7.    Rebuilt.] 

1390  *  *  The  persecution  of  the  follow- 
ers of  Wyclif  becomes  severe. 

1391  *  *  Parliament  forbids  the  English 
clergy  to  cross  the  sea  for  benefices. 

1401  *  *  The  first  law  directed  ag.iinst 
heretics  is  passed,  i)erniitting  the  bish- 
ops to  arrest  and  burn  them. 

Feb.  19.  London.  William  Sautre,  a 
clergyman,  is  burned  for  heresy  by 
the  clergy;  presumably  the  first  execu- 
tion in  England  on  account  of  religion. 

1404*  *  It.  Innocent  VII.  is  elected  pope. 
[1406,  Gregory  .\II.i  1409,  Alexamler  V.; 
1410,  John  XXIII. i  1417,  Wartm  V.;  1431, 
EugeniusIV.;  1447,  Nicholas  V.;  1455,Calix- 
tuslll.;  1458,  Plus  II.;  1464,  Paul  II.;  1471, 
SixtusVI.;  1484,lnnocentVIII.;  1492,  Alex- 
ander VI.] 

1409*  *  It.  Three  popes  claim  the 
throne.  The  council  of  Pisa  deposes 
Popes  Gregory  and  Benedict,  and  elects 
Alexander,  but  neither  will  yield  the 
office  to  another. 

1410±  *  *  Religion  is  chiefly  the  accom- 
plishment of  ceremonies. 

LETTERS. 

1377  *  *  Scot.  John  Barbour,  archdea- 
con of  Aberdeen  [earliest  Scotch  poet], 
writes  The  Bruce. 

1378  *  *  John  Wyclif  writes  Summa  in 
Theologia.    [1383.     Trialogus.'] 

1380  *  *  The  New  College,  or  the  col- 
lege of  St.  Miiry  Winton,  Oxford,  is 
founded  by  Bishop  William  Long.  [1382. 
Chartered.    1392.    New  Inn  Hall,] 


1381  *  *  In  Wat  Tyler's  and  Jack  Straw's 
insurrection  the  rebels  seize  the  Cam- 
bridge University  records,  and  burn 
them. 


1381-1400  Geoffrey  Chaucer  writes  As- 
sembly of  Fmiles,  Complaint  of  the  Black 
Knight,  House  of  Fame.  The  Legend  of 
Good  Women,  Troilus  and  Cressida,  and 
The  Canterbury  Tales. 

1385  *  *  All  the  grammar  schools  teach 
in  English  instead  of  French. 

1387  *  *  John  Trevisa  completes  a  trans- 
lation of  Higden's  I'oiychr&nicon,  and 
makes  additions  to  it. 

±  *  *  The  poems.  The  Cuckoo  and  the 
Nightingale  and  The  Flower  Leaf,  are 
written  "by  unknown  authors. 

±  *  *  The  Testament  of  Love,  an  imitation 
of  Boetius,  is  written  by  an  unknown 
author. 

1408+  *  *  John  Gower  writes  Speculum 
Meditantls  (The  Mirror  of  the  S'peculat- 
ing).  Vox  Clamantis  (Voice  of  One  Cry- 
ing), and  Confessio  Amantis  (Confession 
of  a  Lover). 

1411*  *  Scot.  The  University  of  St. 
Andrews  is  founded  by  Bishop  Henry 
Wardlaw. 

1412  *  *  Thomas  Occleve  writes  the  De 
liegimine  Principum,  or  "  Governail  of 
Princes." 

SOCIETY. 

1381  *  *  The  price  of  wine  is  regulated 
by  statute. 

Junel4.  Wat  the  Tyler's  rebels  murder 
Simon  of  Sudbury,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, and  Sir  Robert  Hales,  the  royal 
treasurer. 

*  *  Judge  de  Cavendish  is  beheaded  by 
the  Suffolk  rebels. 

1385  *  *  The  first  Englishman  given  the 
title  of  marquis  is  the  favorite  of  Rich- 
ard II.,  Robert  de  Vere,  Earl  of  Oxford  : 
he  is  created  Marquis  of  Dublin,  and 
placed  in  Parliament  between  the  dukes 
and  earls. 

1388  *  *  Chief  Justice  Tresilian,  Sir 
Nicholas  Brember,  Lord  Mayor  of  Lon- 
don, and  others  are  executed  as  trai- 

'  tors. 

1394*  *  Ire.  Eichard  EC.,  visits  the 
country,  and  confers  the  hondrof  knight- 
hood on  the  Irish  chiefs. 

1397  *  *  London.  In  Westminster  Hall 
Richard  II.  holds  his  Christmas  festival ; 
10,000  guests  are  entertained  each  day. 

1398  Nov.  1.  King  Henry  marries 
Isabella  of  Fnance,  who  is  seven  years 
of  age. 

*  *  Scot.  Tlie  title  Earl  of  Crawford  is 
created.    [1404,  Earl  of  Mar.] 

1399  Oct.  11.  The  Order  of  the  Bath 
is  formally  instituted  by  Henry  IV. 

Two  days  previous  to  his  coronation 
he  confers  the  order  on  46  squires,  who 
had  watched  the  night  before  and 
bathed. 

*  *  The  title  of  Grace  is  assumed  by 
Henry  IV.  on  his  accession. 

1406-23  James  I.  of  Scotland  is  im- 
prisoned at  Windsor. 

STATE. 
1377  *  *  The  first  poll-tax  is  imposed. 
It  is  a  tax  of  one  shilling  on  every 
beneficed  clergyman,  and  of  fourpence 
on  every  other  person,  male  or  female, 
above  the  age  of  14  years,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  mendicants. 
June  21.    Edward  III.  dies. 
1377-99    Richard  II.  reigns. 

Richard,  son  of  Edwani  the  Black 
Prince,  and  grandson  of  Edward  III.,  11 


I 


AND    IRELAND. 


1377,**-1412,**.     861 


years  of  age,  becomes  king  as  Richard 
H.  (July  16,  He  is  crowned  at  West- 
minster.) 

1378  *  *  Parliament  meets  in  Glouces- 
ter. 

•  *  The  Statute  Scandalum  Magnatum 
is  enacted. 

It  prescribes  penalties  of  fine  and  im- 
prisonment fur  persons  found  guilty  of 
speaking  words  derogatory  to  peers, 
judges,  or  liigli  officers  of  Government. 

1379  Apr.  *  A  poll-tax  is  assessed  to 
sustain  tiie  war  in  France.  [1380.  Dec.  6. 
Another  poll-tax  follows.] 

1380  *  *  London.  William  of  Walworth 
is  lord  mayor. 

*  *  Ire.  Edward  Mortimer,  fourth  Earl 
of  March  and  Ulster,  is  appointed  gov- 
ernor. [1381,  John  Colton,  Dean  of  St. 
Patrick's  ;  1383,  Philip  Courtney,  a  rela- 
tive of  King  Richard ;  1385,  Robert  de 
Vere,  Earl  of  Oxford,  Lord  Lieutenant, 
Sir  John  Stanley,  deputy  ;  1389,  Sir  John 
Stanley,  deputy.] 

1381  June  *  The  peasants  of  Essex, 
under  the  leadership  of  a  priest  who 
assumes  the  name  of  Jack  Straw,  re- 
volt against  the  poll-tax. 

June  •  The  peasants  of  Kent  and  other 
counties,  led  by  "Wat  the  Tyler,  revolt 
against  the  poll-tax  and  serfdom. 

They  are  incited  to  insurrection  by 
John  Ball,  an  itinerant  preacher,  who 
harangues  them  on  the  natural  equality 
of  men.  They  are  appeased  by  the  grant 
of  a  "charter  of  liberation.'*  (See  So- 
ciety.) 

1382  Jan.*  King  Richard  marries 
Anne  of  Bohemia,  daughter  of  the  Ger- 
man Emperor  Charles  IV.,  and  sister  of 
Wenceslaus,  King  of  the  Romans. 
["Good  Queen  Anne."] 

*  *  London.  The  system  of  electing: 
common  coimcilmen  at  wardmotes, 
or  ward  meetings  of  the  citizens,  is 
introduced. 

1385  *  *  Ire.  Robert  de  Vere,  Earl  of 
Oxford,  is  appointed  governor.  [He  is 
created  Marquis  of  Dublin  and  Duke  of 
Ireland,] 

1386*  *  Richard  is  compelled  to  agree 
to  the  appointment  of  a  Continual 
Council  or  Commission  to  manage  the 
affairs  of  government  ;  it  is  under  the 
control  of  the  Duke  of  Gloucester  and 
the  Earl  of  Arundel. 

*  *  Parliament  impeaches  Robert  de 
Vere,  Earl  of  Oxford,  Michael  de  la 
Pole,  Earl  of  Suffolk,  and  other  favor- 
ites of  the  king. 

It  requires  that  officers  of  state  be 
appointed  either  by  the  Parliament  or  by 
the  Continual  Council  ;  it  is  called  the 
"  Wonderful  Parliament,"  or  the  "  Mer- 
ciless Parliament." 

*  *  London.  The  crown  and  regalia  of 
England  are  pledged  to  the  city  by 
Richard  II.  for  £2,000, 

1389  May*  Richard  dismisses  the 
Council,  and  takes  the  control  of  gov- 
ernment into  his  own  hands. 

*  ♦Richard  grants  a  charter  to  York, 
the  mayor  receiving  the  title  of  lord 
mayor. 

1390  May  13.  Scot.  Robert  II.  dies, 
and  his  eldest  son  John  becomes  king ; 
he  assumes  the  title  Robert  111.,  the 
name  John  being  unpopular  because  of 
the  unpatriotic  actions  of  John  Baliol. 

1390-1406    Scot.    Robert  lU.  reigns. 


1392  ♦  *  Ire.    James,  Earl  of  Ormond, 

is  appointed  governor.  [1393,  the  Duke 
of  Gloucester,  the  king's  uncle;  1394,  Sir 
Thomas  Scroop.] 

1393*  *  Another  Statute  of  Praemunire 

is  introduced. 

It  contains  provisions  against  papal 
bulls  granting  ecclesiastical  benefices  in 
England  without  the  approval  of  the 
king. 

1394  *  *  London.  The  system  of  electing 
aldermen  for  life  is  introduced. 

*  *  Ire.  Richard  II.  with  an  army  lands 
at  Waterford. 

Many  of  the  native  chiefs  do  him 
homage  ;  he  confers  the  honor  of  knight- 
hood on  those  of  them  who  are  willing 
to  receive  it. 

1395  *  ♦  Ire.  Roger  Mortimer,  Earl  of 
March,  heir  apparent  to  the  English 
crown,  is  appointed  governor. 

1396  Sept.  27.  Richard  marries  as 
his  second  wife  Isabella,  eight  years 
old,  daughter  of  the  French  King 
Charles  VI. 

*  *  A  truce  is  made  "with  France  for  28 
years. 

1397  *  *  The  Duke  of  Gloucester  and 
the  Earls  of  Arundel  and  Warwick 
are  arrested  and  imprisoned  for 
alleged  treason ;  they  are  impeached 
in  Parliament  and  condemned,  War- 
wick and  Arundel  to  suffer  death,  and 
Gloucester  to  confiscation  of  estate. 

1398*  *  Henry,  Duke  of  Hereford. 
son  of  the  Duke  of  Lancaster,  and 
cousin  of  Richard,  accuses  the  Duke  of 
Norfolk  of  slanderous  speech  against  the 
king. 

Norfolk  denies  the  charge,  and  offers 
to  prove  his  innocence  by  duel,  to  which 
Hereford  agrees ;  Richard  forbids  the 
combat,  and  banishes  Norfolk  for  lite, 
and  Hereford  for  10  years. 

*  *  London.  Richard  Whittington  is 
elected  lord  mayor.  [1406.  Again,  1419. 
Again.] 

*  *  Ire.  Roger  Mortimer,  fourth  Earl 
of  March,  the  viceroy  and  heir  apparent 
to  the  crown,  is  killed  in  an  insurrection. 

*  *  Ire.  Thomas  Holland,  Duke  of  Sur- 
rey, is  appointed  lord  trustee. 

1399  May  31.  Ire.  Richard  lands  in 
Waterford  on  a  second  Irish  expedition. 

July  4.  Henry  of  BoHngbroke,  Duke 
of  Hereford,  who  had  become  Duke  of 
Lancaster  by  the  death  of  his  father, 
lands  in  England,  and  incites  a  success- 
ful rebellion. 

Aug.  24.  Richard  n.,  having  returned 
from  Ireland,  is  taken  prisoner  by 
Henry  of  Lancaster  [and  sent  a  captive 
to  the  Tower  of  London]. 

1399-1461  House  of  Lancaster,  a 
branch  of  the  House  of  Plautagenet, 

Sept.  30.  Parliament  deposes  Richard. 
It  gives  the  crown  to  Henry  of  Lan- 
caster, son  of  John  of  Gaunt,  fourth  son 
of  Edward  III.,  as  against  the  right  of 
Roger  ^Mortimer,  grandson  of  Lionel, 
third  sou  of  Edward,  [Oct,  13.  Crowned.] 

1399-1412    Henry  rv.  reigns. 

1400  Jan.  *  A  conspiracy  in  favor  of 
Richard  is  suppressed  ;  and  the  leaders, 
the  Earls  of  Huntingdon,  Salisbury, 
and  Kent,  and  Lords  Spencer  and  Lum- 
ley,  are  put  to  death. 

Mar,  *  Richard  II.  is  murdered  (?)  In 
Poutefract  Castle. 


*  *  TF.  Owen  Glendower  proclaims  him- 
self the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  rebels 
against  Henry  IV,  He  is  a  descendant 
ot  the  last  Prince  Llewellyn. 

1401  *  *  Ire.  Thomas.  Duke  of  Clar- 
ence, King  Henry's  son,  is  appointed 
governor,     [1406.     Again.] 

1403  *  *  The  Percys  lead  a  revolt  in 
favor  of  Edmund  Mortimer,  Earl  of 
March,  the  true  heir  to  the  crown. 

*  *  Henry  IV.  marries  as  his  second 
wife  Jane,  daughter  of  the  King  of 
Navarre,   and  widow  of   the   Duke  of 

Brittany, 

1404  May  10.  W.  Owen  Glendower 
makes  a  treaty  with  the  French. 

Oct.  6.  A  parliament  meets  at  Coven- 
try, from  which  lawyers  are  excluded. 
["  Parliamentum  lndoctum,'*or  "Parlia- 
ment of  Dunces."] 

1405  Apr.  12.  Prince  James,  aged 
14  years,  son  and  heir  of  tlie  King  of 
Scotland,  having  been  captured  by  an 
English  cruiser  off  Flamborough  Head 
[is  taken  to  King  Henry,  who  keeps  him 
in  custody.  He  is  detained  in  England 
for  18  years]. 

Apr.  *  Ire.  James,  Earl  of  Ormonde, 
who  has  been  appointed  lord  lieutenant, 
convenes  a  parliament  in  I>ublin,  at 
which  the  Statute  of  Kilkenny  is  con- 
firmed. 

May  *  Another  revolt  in  favor  of  the 
Earl  of  ISTarch  and  against  the  alleged 
tyranny  of  Henry  IV.  is  suppressed;  and 
its  leaders,  Scrope,  archbishop  of  York,, 
and  Lord  Mowbray,  son  of  the  banished 
Duke  of  Norfolk,  are  executed, 

1406  Apr.  4.    Scot.    Robert  III.  dies. 

1406-37  Scot.  James  I.,  son  of  Robert 
ill.,  reigns.  The  Duke  of  Albany  is 
regent. 

*  *The  Isle  of  Man  is  granted  in  per- 
petuity to  Sir  John  Stanley,  to  lie  held 
of  the  crown  of 'England  by  rendering  to 
the  English  kings  a  c£ist  of  falcons  at 
their  coronation, 

*  *  Ire.  Gerald,  Earl  of  Kildare,  is 
chosen  lord  justice. 

1406-23  Every  county  in  England  is  as- 
sessed to  send  workmen  to  build  Wind- 
sor Castle. 

1409  Mar.  *  Ire.  The  lord  lieutenant. 
having  appointed  Thomas  Rutler,  prior 
of  Kilmainham,  his  deputy,  returns  to- 
England. 

±*  *  Dublin.  KingHenry  grantsagilded 
sword  and  the  title  of  m^yor  to  the  pro- 
vost ;  Thomas  Cusack  is  the  first  mayor,. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1381*  *  London.  The  Savoy  Palace  is 
burned  by  Wat  the  Tyler  and  his  follow- 
ers. 

*  *  Coal  is  first  made  an  article  of  trade 

from  Newciistle  to  London. 
1383  *  *  Ire.    A  great  pestilence,  called 
**  the  fourth,"  prevails. 

1388  *  *  Side-saddles  are  introduced  by 
Queen  Anne. 

1390  *  *  "Wheat  is  one  shilling  and  one 

penny  the  bushel. 

1393  *  *  London.  Mercers*  Company 
is  formed. 

1399  *  *  King  Richard  TI.  In  his  will 
directs  his  body  to  be  clothed  •*  in  vel- 
veto." 

1400  *  *  "Wine  is  12  shillings  a  pipe. 

*  ♦  Spurs  [of  the  present  kind]  come  into- 
use. 

*  *  London.  Notwithstanding  the  many 
previous  complaints  against  coal  as  a 
public  nuisance,  it  is  generally  burned. 

1407  *  •  The  great  plague  causes  30,00(h 

deaths. 


862    1412,**-1459,  Nov.  20.        GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  —  WAVY. 

1415  Aug.  15.  Fr.  Naval  battle  off 
Harfleur. 

The  Englisli,  under  the  Buke  of  Bed- 
ford, take  or  destroy  nearly  500  French 
ships  (p.  67(j). 

Oct.  25.  Fr.  Battleof  Agincourt;  the 
French  defeated  (p.  G76). 

1417  July  23.  Fr.  King  Henry  V., 
with  40,000  men,  invades  Normandy. 
[It  is  soon  conquered.]     (P.  676.) 

*  *  An  invasion  is  attempted  by  the 
Scots  under  the  Duke  of  Albany,  who 
retreats  before  the  Duke  of  Bedford. 
("The  foul  raid.") 

1421  *  *  Fr.  The  third  invasion  of 
France. 

Henry  V.,  as  regent,  attempts  to  sub- 
due the  dauphin,  who  still  holds  out 
(p.  676). 

1424  Aug.  17.  Fr.  Battle  of  Ver- 
neuil  (p.  676). 

1428  Oct.  12.  Fr.  The  English  be- 
siege Orleans  (p.  676). 

1429  Feb.  12.  Fr.  Battle  of  Rou- 
vrai,  or  of  **the  herrings"  (p.  676). 

Apr.  *  Fr.    Joan  of  Arc  appears  against 

the  English  (p.  676). 
June  18.    Fr.    The  English  are  defeated 

at  Patay  (p.  676). 

1430  May  24.  Fr.  Joan  of  Arc  is 
captured  (p.  676). 

1436  *  *  Hostilities    are   renewed    with 

Scotland. 
1443  May  28.  A  truce  of  22  months 
is  concluded  between  England  and 
France. 
1450  June^  *  Jack  Cade  (John  Mor- 
timer), cousin  to  the  Duke  of  York, 
raises  a  brief  insurrection  ;  he  has  20,000 
followers. 

(June  24.)  Cade  defeats  the  king's 
forces  under  Duke  Humphrey  and  Staf- 
ford at  Sevenoaks,  in  Kent. 

(July  2.)  Cade  enters  London  in  tri- 
umph. 

(July  4.)  Lord  Treasurer  Say  and 
several  other  eminent  persons  are  put  to 
death  by  Cade. 

(July  12.)  The  insurrection  is  sup- 
pressed, and»Cade  is  killed  in  Sussex. 

1453  July  17,  or  20.  Fr.  Battle  of 
CastiUion  [Castillion-sur-Dordogne]  (p. 
678). 

Oct.  17.  Fr.  Bordeaux  surrenders  to 
the  French  (p.  678). 

1455-85  'Wbx  of  the  Roses,  between 
the  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster. 

The  red  rose  is  the  emblem  of  the  Lan- 
castrians,—  the  party  favorable  to  King 
Henry  VI. ;  the  white  rose  is  the  emblem 
of  the  Yorkists, —the  party  opposed  to 
the  king. 

1455  May  23.  First  battle  of  St.  Al- 
bans, Herefordshire. 

The  Lancastrians  are  defeated  by  the 
Duke  of  York  ;  their  leaders,  Somerset, 
Northumberland,  and  Clifford,  are 
killed,  and  the  king  made  prisoner. 

1459  *  *  The  Earl  of  Warwick  defeats 
and  captures  a  Spanish  and  Genoese 
fleet  in  the  Downs. 

Sept.  23.  Battle  of  Blore  Heath,  Staf- 
fordshire. 

Tlie  Yorkists  under  the  Earl  of  Salis- 
bury defeat  the  Lancastrians  under  Lord 
Audley. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1416  *  *  London.     Guildhall     is     com- 
pleted. 
1425  *  *  Pumps  are  in  general  use. 

1433  June  7.  Scot.  An  eclipse  of 
the  sun  is  observed,  and  called  the 
*'  black  hour." 

1434  Nov.  24.  The  Thames  is  frozen 
over  from  London  Bridge  to  Gravesend, 
[until  the  following  February]. 

1446  *  *  Excitement  prevails  over  the 
reported  discoveries  on  the  West  Coast 
of  Africa  by  the  Portuguese. 

*  *  Guildhall  at  Y'^ork  is  erected. 

1457±  *  *  Printing  is  introduced  at  Ox- 
ford. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1412  *   *  Trevisa,  .John,  chronicler,  dies. 

1413"  *  Henry  IV.,  king,  A47+-. 

1419  *  *  Gascoigiie,  Sir  WiUiani,  Jurist,  dies. 

1423  fc  *  *(;axtoii,  William,  printer,  born. 

1427*  *  "Whittington,   Sir    Richard,    lord 
mayor  of  London,  A65±. 

1428+  »  •  Warwick.  Earl  of.  Richard  Ne- 
ville," king-maker,"  general,  b.  [1471.    J).] 

1430*  *  James  II..  king,  Scotland,   born. 
[1460.    Pies.    A30.] 

1431*  *  Elphinstone,    William,    clergyman, 
statesman,  Scotland,  born. 

1442  *  *  Sdward  IV..  king,  bom. 
Grocyn,  W.,  Prof,  of  Greek  at  Oxford,  born. 

1450  •  *  Cade,  John,  Irish  insurgent,  dies. 
±     Fabyan,  Itobert,  chronicler,  born. 

1452*   *  Jame8lII..k.,Scot.,b.  [1488.  Dies. 
A36.] 
Hichard  XH.,  last  Plantagenet,  bom. 

1457    Jan.  08.    Henry  VII.,  king,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1413  *  *  Sir  John  Oldcastle  (Lord  Cob- 
ham)  is  tried  and  condemned  for  heresy  ; 
he  escapes  from  prison. 

1414  *  *  The  king  suppresses  110  prior- 
ies. 

*  *  An  insurrection  of  the  Xiollards  is 
under  the  direction  of  Oldcastle.  [1418. 
Hanged  in  chains  and  burned  as  a  heretic.] 

*  *  Henry  Chichele  Is  chosen  archbishop  of 
Canterbury.  [1443,  John  Stafford;  1452,  John 
Kemp;  1434,  Thomas  Bouchier;  1486,  John 
Morton;  1501,  Henry  Dene;  1503,  William 
War  ham.] 

*  *  Alien  priories  are  dissolved,  and  their 
estates  vested  in  the  crown. 

*  *  Switz.  The  Council  of  Constance  de- 
crees that  John  Wyclif's  bones  be  dis- 
interred and  burned.  [1415.  The  bisliop 
of  Lincoln  executes  the  order,  and  casts 
his  dust  into  the  Kiver  Swift.] 

1415  *  *  The  Church  of  the  Blackfri- 

ars  [now  St,  Andrew's  Hall]  is  erected 
at  Norwich. 
1435  *  ♦  Ire.    The    sees     of     Cork    and 
Cloyne  are  united. 

*  *  Fr.  Joan  of  Arc  is  burned  by  the 
English.    (See  France.) 

1441  *  *  Ire.  The  see  of  Down  is  united 
with  that  of  Connor. 

*  *  London.  St.  PauVs  Church  is  nearly 
destroyed  by  fire. 

15th  Century.  Parishes  are  enlarged  and 
the  number  reduced ;  total  number,  10,- 
000±. 

1454  *  *  Ire.  The  cathedral  of  Kilmore 
is  erected. 

LETTERS. 

1415*  *  London.  Staple'slnnof  Court 
is  founded.  [1420.  Lyon's  Inn  of 
Court.] 

1421  *  *  Troy  Book,  by  John  Lvdgate, 
appears.     [1424-25,    Falles    of    Princes 


and  The  Story  of  Thebes;  1456±,  Ltmdon 

Lickpenny.] 

1422-1505  The  Paston  Letters  are  writ- 
ten. 

1424  *  *  London.  Sir  Richard  "Whit- 
tingtonfounds  a  coUege,  and  dedicates 
it  to  the  Holy  Ghost  and  the  Virgin 
Mary. 

1437  *  *  Scot.  King  James  I.  writes 
The  King's  Quair  (the  King's  Little 
Book),  and  other  poems. 

*  *A11  Souls  College,  Oxford,  is 
founded  by  Henry  Chichele,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  [1456.  Magdalen  Col- 
lege, by  William  of  Waynflete,  bishop 
of  Winchester.] 

1440  *  *  Galfridus  Grammaticus  pub- 
lishes his  Promptoriam  Parvulorum,  tlie 
earliest  known  complete  English-Latin 
dictionary. 

1441  *  *  Eton  College,  Buckingham- 
shire, is  begun  by  King  Henry  VI.  [1490-*:. 
Completed.] 

*  *King's  College,  Cambridge,  is 
founded.  [1442.  Christ's  College.  1448. 
Queen's  College,  by  Margaret  of 
Anjou.] 

1449*  *  The  Repressor  of  Overmuch  Blam- 
ing the  Clergy,  a  defense  of  the  clergy, 
is  written  by  Bishop  Reginald  Pecock.' 

1450  Jan.  7.  Scot.  The  College  [Uni- 
versity] of  Glasgow  is  founded  by  Pope 
Nicholas  V.  (papal  bull)  and  Bishop 
Turnbull. 

±  *  *  Ballads  are  popular,  especially 
among  the  lower  classes. 

1456  *  *  Edinburgh.  The  College  of  St. 
Salvator's,  St.  Andrews  University, 
is  founded  by  Bishop  James  Kennedy. 

SOCIETY. 

1420*  *The  Irish    are  expelled    from 

England. 

1421  *  *  The  title  Baron  Berkeley  is  cre- 
ated.   [1442,  Earl  of  Shrewsbury.] 

1427*  *  London.  Mayor  Rainwell  con- 
demns 150  butts  and  pipes  of  wine  for 
being  adulterated ;  they  are  emptied 
into  the  channels  of  the  streets. 

1429  *  *  London.  Sir  Richard  Whitting- 
ton's  charitable  almshouses  are 
founded. 

1437  *  *  Scot.  The  title  Earl  of  Rothes 
is  created.  [1442.  Baron  Forbes  ;  1445. 
Baron  Saltoim.] 

1439  *  *  Ire.  The  title  Baron  Dunsany 
is  created. 

1440  Feb.  10.  John,  Lord  Beaumont, 
is  created  Viscount  Beaumont  by  Henry 
VI.,  and  is  given  the  precedence  above 
all  barons  ;  he  is  the  first  viscount 
created  by  patent. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  William  Douglas  is 
murdered. 

*  *  The  Duke  of  Gloucester  marries  his 
mistress,  Eleanor  Cobham. 

1444  *  *  A  law  is  passed  fixing  the  wages 
of  a  bailiff  of  husbandry  at  2.'J  shilliiifzs. 
four  pence  per  annum,  and  fiothiiif;  of 
the  price  of  five  shillings,  witli  meat  and 
drink  ;  cliief  hind,  carter,  or  sheyiherd, 
20  shillings,  clothing  four  shillings  ; 
common  servant  of  husbandry,  15  shil- 
lings. clothing40  pence  ;  woman-servant, 
10  shillings,  clothing  four  shillings. 

1447  *  *  Five  gentlemen  attached  to  the 
Duke  of  Gloucester  are  arraigned  and 
condemned  for  treason,  and  at  the  place 
of  execution  are  hanged,  cut  down  alive 
instantly,  stripped  naked.  an*i  their 
bodies  marked  for  quartering,  and  then 
pardoned. 


AND    IRELAND.        1412,*  *-1459,  Nov.  20.      863 


1452  •  *  Scot,  The  title  Baron  Borth- 
wick  is  created ;  also  Earl  of  ErroL 
[1454,  Baron  Cathcart ;  1455,  Earl  of 
Caittmess  ;  1458,  Earl  of  Morton.  1461. 
Ire.    Baron  Trimlestown.] 

STATE. 

1413  Mar.  20.    Henry  IV.  dies. 
1413-22    Henry  V.,  son  of  Henry  IV., 

reigns. 
Oct.*  Ire.    Sir  John  Stanley,  appointed 
lord  lieutenant,  lands  at  Clontarf.    [1414. 
Jan.  *  He  dies  at  Ardee.] 

1414  Jan.  11,  12.  The  liOllard  in- 
surgents, under  the  leadership  of  Sir 
John  Oldcastle,  having  attempted  to 
seize  the  king,  are  tried  and  condemned. 
[Many  of  them  are  put  to  death;  Old- 
castle escapes.  1418.  He  is  hanged  as 
a  traitor.] 

Jan.*  Ire.  Thomas  Crawley,  arch- 
bishop of  Dublin,  is  appointed  lord  jus- 
tice by  the  nobles.  [Sept.  John  Tal- 
bot, Lord  Furnival,  is  appointed  lord 
lieutenant.  1420.  James  Butler,  Earl 
of  Ormond.] 

July  10.  _  Henry  makes  claim  to  the 
crown  of  France  as  the  heir  of  Isa- 
bella, queen  of  Edward  II.  and  daugh- 
ter of  the  French  King  Philip  IV. 

*  *  The  House  of  Commons  adopts  the 
use  of  the  English  language.  (?) 

1415*  *  London.  The  city  is  first  lighted 
by  lanterns. 

July  *  A  conspiracy  to  proclaim  the 
Earl  of  March  heir  to  the  crown  is  dis- 
covered. 

[The  leaders,  Richard,  Earl  of  Cam- 
bridge, cousin  to  the  king,  Sir  Thomas 
Grey,  and  Lord  Scrope,  are  tried,  con- 
demned, and  executed.] 

1420  May  21.  Fr.  The  Treaty  of 
Troyes  is  signed  (p.  G77). 

June  2.  Fr.  Henry  V.  is  married  to 
Catherine  (p.  C77). 

Sept.  3.  Scot.  The  Puke  of  Albany  dy- 
ing, bis  son  Murdoch  assumes  the  re- 
gency. 

1421  Feb.  23.  London.  Henry  "V. 
and  Queen  Catherine  enter  the  city  with 
magnificent  pageant,  and  are  received 
with  great  enthusiasm ;  Catherine  is 
crowned  at  "Westminster. 

1422  Aug.  31.     Henry  V.  dies. 
1422-61    Henry  VI.  reigns. 

Dec.  5.  Protectorateof  Humphrey, 
Buke  of  Gloucester. 

The  king  being  only  nine  months  old, 
his  uncle,  the  I^uke  of  Bedford,  is  ap- 

1>ointed  protector  and  guardian  of  the 
Lingdom  ;  but  being  in  France  as  re- 
gent, his  younger  brother,  the  Duke  of 
Gloucester,  is  appointed  during  his 
absence  "protector  of  the  realm  and 
Church  of  England.  ' 

1423  Sept.*  James  I.,  King  of  Scot- 
land, is  released  from  captivity  In  Eng- 
land. 

For  this  he  agrees  to  forbid  his  sub- 
jects to  enter  the  service  of  France,  and 
the  payment  of  £40,000  compensation 
for  his  expenses  during  detention. 

*  ♦  Ire.  Edmund  Mortimer,  Earl  of 
March  and  Ulster,  is  appointed  gov- 
ernor. [1425.  Ijord  John  Talbot,  lord 
lieutenant.  1427.  Sir  John  Grey.  1428. 
Sir  John  Grey  returns  to  England  after 
appointing  Edward  Dantzy,  bishop  of 
Meath,  his  deputy.] 


1424  Feb.  13.  James  I.,  King  of 
Scotland,  marries  Jane  Beaufort, 

daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Somerset,  and 
niece  of  Cardinal  lieaufort.  The  cere- 
mony is  performed  in  the  cardinal's  pal- 
ace at  Southwark. 

May  21.  Scot.  James  I.  and  his  queen 
are  crowned  at  the  Abbey  of  Scone 
by  Henry  Wardlaw,  bishop  of  St.  An- 
drew's. 

*  *  Ire.  John  Sutton,  Lord  Dudley,  is 
appointed  deputy.  [1431.  Sir  Thomas 
Stanley  is  appointed  lord  lieutenant.] 

1429  *  *  Ire.  Lord  Deputy  Sutton  con- 
venes a  parliament,  which  makes  regu- 
lations for  juries  to  investigate  criminal 
prosecutions. 

*  *  The  crime  of  arson  is  made  high  trea- 
son. (?) 

*  *  Parliament :  Laws  are  passed  limit- 
ing the  right  of  voting  at  parliamentary 
elections  to  resident  possessors  of  land 
worth  40  shillings  a  year,  and  requiring 
that  the  representatives  of  cities  and 
burghs  be  inhabitants  of  the  same. 

Dec.  17.  Fr.  HenryVI.,  the  boy-king 
of  England,  is  crowned  at  Paris  by 
Cardinal  Beaufort. 

*  *  *  Parliament:  A  law  is  passed  for 
the  personal  security  of  members  of 
Parliament    while    attending   to    their 

duties. 

1435  *  *  Fr.  The  Congress  of  Arras  is 
held. 

The  Duke  of  Burgundy  abandons  the 
alliance  with  England,  and  concludes 
peace  with  France  (p.  677). 

1436  Apr.  13.  Fr.  Paris  is  lost  to 
the  English,  the  city  being  taken  by 
King  Charles  VIX. 

1437  *  *  Pari.  The  first  act  of  natural- 
ization is  passed. 

Feb.  21.  Scot.  James  I.  is  murdered 
at  Perth  by  conspirators  headed  by  Sir 
Ilobert  Graham  and  the  Earl  of  Athol 
[both  of  whom  are  executed]. 

1437-60    James  II.,  son  of  James  I., 

reigns. 

*  *  Scot.  Becauseof  the  murderof  James 
at  Perth,  the  court  and  capital  are  trans- 
ferred to  Edinburgh. 

1438  *  *  Ire.  Leon,  Lord  "Wells  is  ap- 
pointed lord  lieutenant.  [1443.  James, 
Earl  of  Ormond,  again.] 

1440±  *  *The  term  «« Grace  of  God" 
is  assumed  by  kings  as  signifying  their 
divine  origin. 

1442*  *  Dublin.  Lord  Lieutenant  Wells 
nominates  his  brother  "William  deputy. 
The  deputy  holds  a  parliament,  which 
appoints  commissioners  to  acquaint  the 
king  with  *'the  wretched  state  of  af- 
fairs in  Ireland." 

1444*  *  Fr.  Maine  and  Anjou  are 
surrendered  to  the  French,  in  a  negotia- 
tion for  the  marriage  of  King  Henry  VJ. 
to  Margaret,  daughter  of  Ren^,  titular 
King  of  Sicily  and  Jerusalem,  and  Duke 
of  Anjou. 

1445  Apr.  22.  Henry  VI.  marries 
Margaret  of  Anjou.  [May  30.  She  is 
crowned  at  Westminster.] 

1446*  *  Ire.  John  Talbot,  Earl  of 
Shrewsbury,  is  appointed  lord  lieuten- 
ant. 11441).  July  ±*  Kichard,  Duke  of 
York.J 

1447  Feb.  11.  The  Duke  of  Glouces- 
ter is  arrested  on  a  charge  of  high  trea- 
son [and  murdered  (?)  In  prison]. 


Apr.  11.  Cardinal  Beaufort,  adviser 
of  King  Henry,  dies.  [William  de  la 
Pole,  Earl  of  Suffolk,  succeeds  him.] 

*  *  Ire.  Aparliament  held  at  Trim  passes 
a  law  prohibiting  taxes  on  merchandise 
or  provisions,  except  in  towns. 

1448  Feb.  12.  Parliament  grants 
Henry  a  poll-tax  of  six  shillings  and 
eightpence  on  every  merchant  stranger, 
and  20  pence  on  their  clerks,  and  a  gen- 
eral poll-tax  of  sixpence. 

*  *  Fr.    Rouen  ia  surrendered  to  France. 

1450  *  *  Fr.  The  second  French  con- 
quest of  Normandy  is  completed, 

*  *  The  Duke  of  Suffolk  is  arrested  on 
a  charge  of  treason,  and  condemned  to 
banishment  for  live  years.  [He  is  cap- 
tured at  sea  on  his  way  to  France.  May 
2.    He  is  beheaded.] 

June  *- July  *  An  insurrection  breaks 
out,  headed  by  Jack  Cade.   (See  Army.) 

*  *  The  Government  is  conducted  by 
Hichard,  Duke  of  York,  grandson  of 
the  fifth  son  of  Edward  III.,  and  son 
of  Anna  Mortimer,  heir  of  the  claims  of 
the  third  line ;  the  Duke  of  Somerset, 
grandson  of  John  of  Gaunt,  is  his 
rival. 

1451  *  *  Scot.  James  II.  grants  a  char- 
ter to  Glasgow. 

1452  **5co^  "William,  Earl  of  Doug- 
las, having  himself  committed  many 
murders,  is  killed  at  Stirling  Castle  by 
King  James  II. 

*  *  Richard,  Duke  of  York,  claimant  to 
the  crown,  is  persuaded  to  disband  his 
army;  he  is  then  arrested,  but  released 
on  swearing  fealty  to  the  king. 

*  *  Edinburgh.    James  II.,  by  charter, 

§ive8  the  city  preeminence  over  other 
cotch  burghs. 

1453  Oct.  13.  The  queen  gives  birth 
to  a  son,  who  is  called  Fdward. 

Oct.  19.  Fr.  Guienne  is  lost  to  Eng- 
land by  the  surrender  of  the  English 
forces  occupying  it. 

Oct.  *  King  Henry  sinks  into  a  state  of 
mental  mcapacity.  [1454.  I^ec.  *  He 
recovers  from  his  malady,  1455.  Oct.  ♦ 
The  king  relapses.] 

Nov.  25.  London.  The  Duke  of  Som- 
erset is  sent  a  prisoner  to  the  Tower. 

*  *  London.  Sir  John  Norman  goes  by 
water  to  Westminster,  to  be  sworn  in  as 
lord  mayor;  he  institutes  the  lord 
mayor's  show. 

1455-85  "War  of  the  Roses.  (See 
Army.) 

1455  Wov.i  *  The  Duke  of  York  be- 
comes protector  as  a  consequence  of 
the  Yorkist  victory  at  the  battle  of  St. 
Albans. 

1456  Feb.  25.  The  Duke  of  York's 
commission  as  protector  is  revoked,  and 
Henry,  having  recovered  his  health, 
is  reinstated  in  sovereign  authority. 

1458  Mar.*  London.  After  a  series  of 
conferences,  a  formal  but  insincere  rec- 
onciliation is  effected  between  the 
Yorkists  and  the  Royalists. 

1459  Nov.  20.  A  parliament  meets  at 
Coventry,  at  which  the  Duke  of  York, 
his   family,  and    chief   supporters  are 

.    attainted  of  treason. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1415  *  *  London.    Street  lights  are  in- 
troduced. 
1430  *  *  England  extends  her  trade  into 

the  Mediterranean.  • 

1438*  *  London.  A  Drapers*  Company 
is  formed.    [1448,  a  Haberdashers  .] 

*  *  A  famine  occurs :  it  is  so  great  that 
bread  is  made  from  fern. 

1439  July  16.  A  terrible  pestilence 
breaks  out.    [It  continues  for  two  years.] 

1447  *  *  Edinburgh.  An  annual  fair  ia 
granted  to  the  city  by  James  11. 


864      1459  *  *-1484, 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1460  July  10.  Battle  of  Northamp- 
ton. 

The  Yorkists  under  the  Earls  of  Salis- 
bury, Warwick,  and  March  defeat  the 
Lancastrians  under  King  Henry;  the 
king  is  taken  prisoner. 
Deo.  31.  Battle  of  Wakefield,  York- 
shire. 

The  Royalist  forces  under  Queen  Mar- 

faret  defeat  the  Yorkists  ;  the  Buke  of 
ork  is  killed.    [1461.    Jan.  1.    The  Earl 
of  Salisbury  is  captured  and  killed.] 

1461  Feb.  2.  Battle  of  Mortimer's 
Cross,  Herefordshire. 

The  Lancastrians  under  the  Earl  of 
Pembroke  are  defeated  by  Edward,  the 
young  Duke  of  York  [afterwards  King 
Edward  IV.]. 
Feb.  17.  Second  battle  of  St.  Albans, 
Herefordshire. 

The  Yorkists  under  "Warwick  are  de- 
feated by  the  Koyalisls  under  Queen 
Margaret,  wlio  rescues  the  king.  [Feb. 
28.  Edward,  Duke  of  York,  having 
joined  his  forces  to  those  of  Warwick, 
marches  into  London.] 

Mar.  29.  Battle  of  Tow  ton,  near 
York. 

Edward  IV.,  with  an  army  of  50,000, 
defeats  the  Lancastrians  under  the 
Duke  of  Somerset,  with  an  army  of 
60,000;  over  30,000  men  are  killed. 

1464  Apr.  25.  Battle  of  Hedgley 
Moor. 

The  Lancastrians  under  Queen  Marga- 
ret, aided  by  the  Scots  and  French, 
make  another  effort  to  retrieve  their 
fallen  fortune,  hut  are  defeated  by  Lord 
Montague  in  Northumberland. 

May  8.  Battle  of  Hexam,  Northumber- 
land. 

Lord  Montague  totally  defeats  the  Lan- 
castrians under  the  Duke  of  Somerset ; 
Somerset  is  captured  [and  beheaded]. 

1470  *  *  The  war  is  continued  by  the 
Lancastrians,  aided  by  the  French,  the 
Earl  of  Warwick,  and  the  Duke  of  Clar- 
ence. 

1471  Mar.  14.  King  Edward  lands 
2,000  men  at  Kavenspur.  [He  is  soon 
welcomed  at  York.] 

Apr.  14.  Battle  of  Bamet,  Hertford- 
shire. 

Edward  TV.  defeats  the  Lancastrians 
under  Warwick,  who,  with  his  brother, 
is  killed. 

May  4.  Battle  of  Tewkesbury,  Glouces- 
tershire. 

Margaret,  wife  of  Henry  VL,  and  her 
forces  are  defeated  by  Edward  IV.  and 
his  brothers,  the  Dukes  of  Gloucester 
and  Clarence ;  Margaret  and  her  con- 
sort are  taken  prisoners,  and  her  son 
Edward  is  murdered  after  his  surrender. 

1475  June  22.  Fr.  Edward  IV.  in- 
vades France  (p.  678). 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1470  *  *  John  Hambovs  is  the  first  doc- 
tor of  music.    (1463"?    The  first.) 

.       BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1409  •  *  Fislier,  John,  bishop  of  Rochester, 
cardinal,  scholar,  martyr,  born. 

1460  *  •  Dunbar,  Wm.,  friar,  courtier,  poet, 
Scotland,  bom. 

I.inacre,  Thomas,  scholar,  physician,  bom. 

±    Skelton,  John,  jioet,  born. 

York,  Kichard  Plantagenet,  Duke  of,  dies. 

1461  *  *  I.ydgale,  John,  poet,  A86. 

1460  •  *  Boethiua,  or  Boece,  Hector, hist, h. 
1468  k  •  *  Lilly,  W.,  teacher,  grammarian,  b. 


1470  *  •  Edward  V.,  king,  born. 

J-  Latimer.  Hugh,  reformer,  h.   (1490  +  ?) 
1471-t  *  *  'WoUey, Thomas. card.. states., b. 

1472  *  *  James  IV.,  king,  Scotland,  liorn. 

1473  *  *  Howard,  Tliomas,  Duke  of  Norfolk, 
statesman,  general,  born. 

1474  •  •  Douglas,    Gawin,   or   Gavin,   poet, 
Scotland,  born. 

1475±  •  •  Barclay,  Alexander,  poet,  Scot.,b. 
1477±  •  •  Cabot,  Sebastian,  navigator,  b. 
1476    Feb.  7.    More.  Sir  Thomas,  theolo- 
gian, historian,  statesman,  born. 
1481  *  *  Littleton,  Sir  Thomas,  jurist,  A67. 

1483  •  •  Edward  IV..  king,  A41. 
Edward  V.  and  his  brotlier,  nmrdered. 
Fortescue,  Sir  Joim,  clilef  justice,  an.,  A92. 
Gardiner.  Stephen,  bishop  of  Winchester, 

statesman,  born. 

1484  •  *  Tyndale,  William,  reform.,  wr.,b. 


CHURCH. 

1470  *  *  Scot.    The  archbishopric  of  St. 

Andrews  is  founded.  (?) 
1474  •  *  Scot.    St.  Andrews  is   raised 

to  an  archbishopric.    [1488.    The  see  of 

Glasgow  also.] 
1483    Apr.   9.     London.      Dr.  Shaw, 

brother    of   the  Lord  Mayor,  preaches 

from  the  text  "  Bastard  slips  shall  not 

thrive." 


LETTERS. 

1460±  *  *  Juliana  Berners,  prioress  of 
the  nunnery  of  Sopwell,nearSt.  Albans, 
the  first  English  female  author,  writes 
in  verse,  a  Jiook  of  Hunting ^  and  in  prose, 
the  Art  of  Hawking,  and  the  Laics  of 
Arms. 

1460-1524  Thomas  Linacre  writes  an 
Elementary  Latin  Grammar,  a  work  on 
Latin  composition,  De  Emendata  Struc- 
tura  Latini  Sermonis. 

1461*  'Scot.  Henry  the  Minstrel  writes 
the  poem  Wallace. 

14653:  *  *  The  printing  types  in  use  are 
Gothic  or  old  German. 

1470  *  *  Sir  Tlioraas  Malory  writes  the 
History  of  King  Arthur.  11485.  It  is 
printed  by  William  Caxton.J 

±  *  •  The  Cotirt  of  Love  is  written  by  an 
unknown  author. 

1471-74  The  liecuyel  of  the  History es  of 
Troy,  by  Raoule  le  Fe'ure,  is  translated 
into  English,  and  set  up  in  the  types  of 
Colard  Mansion  in  Bruges,  by  William 
Caxton  ;  (?)  it  is  the  first  book  printed  in 
English.  (?) 

1471  *  *  William  Caxton,  a  London 
mercer,  sets  up  at  Westminster  the  first 
printing-press  known  in  England. 

1473+  *  *  Scot.  The  Glasgow  University 
Iiibrary  is  foimded. 

*  *St.  Catherine's  College,  or  Hall, 
Cambridge,  is  founded. 

1474  *  *  The  Game  and  Playe  of  the 
Chcsse,  a  translation  from  the  French, 
is  set  up  and  printed  by  Caxton ;  it  is 
the  first  book  printed  in  England. 

1475  *  *  The  University  Library,  Cam- 
bridge, is  founded. 

1477  *  •  The  Dicles  and  Wise  Sayings  of 
the  Philosophers  is  written  by  Anthony 
Woodville,  Lord  Kivers  ;  it  is  printed  by 
Caxton. 

1478*  *  London.  Clement's  Inn  of 
Cotirt  is  established.  [1385.  ITie  New 
Inn  Court.] 

1479  •  •  Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  be- 
gtm  in  1427  by  Richard  Fleming,  is  com- 
pleted by  Rotherham,  bishop  of  Lincoln. 
[1487.  St.  Mary  Magdalen  Hall  is  estab- 
lished.] 

*  *  The  Temple,  of  Glass,  by  John  Lyd- 
gate,  is  printed  by  Caxton. 

1480  Mar.  29.  Wm.  Caxton  finishes 
the  Cordial  in  folio. 


*  *  William  Caxton  prints  the  Chronicles 
of  England. 

1481  •  *  The  Court  of  Sapience,  by  John 
Lydgate,  is  printed  by  Caxton. 

*  *  Caxton  prints  in  English  the  Boke  of 
Tulle  of  Old  Age  —  Cicero's  De  Senec- 
tute. 

1482  July  2.  William  Caxton  finishes 
the  printing  of  the  Polychronicon ;  it 
contains  the  Berynges  and  Dedes  of 
many  Tym.es  in  eight  Bokes. 

1483  *  ♦  Statutes  are  first  printed. 
Sept.  2.    Caxton  publishes  the  Coiifessio 

Amantis.  (?) 

1483-84  •  *  Tlie  Herald's  College  is  in- 
corporated and  endowed  by  King  Kich- 
ard 111. 

±  *  •  Sir  John  Fortescue  writes  De  Laudi- 
bus  Legum  Angtise,  and  the  IM^treuce 
between  Absolute  and  Limited  Monarchy. 

1484*  *  *  Scot.  Robert  Henryson  of  Dun- 
fermline writes  The  Morall  Fables  of 
Esope  the  Phryqian,  Jiobeno  and  Makyne, 
the  first  pastoral  poem  in  Enghsh, 
and  The  Bludy  Serk. 

Mar.  26.  .^sop's  Fables,  printed  by  Wil- 
liam Caxton,  appears  ;  it  is  the  first  book 
having  the  leaves  numbered. 

»  *  The  Life  of  Our  Lady,  by  John  Lyd- 
gate, is  p'rinted  by  Caxton. 

*  *  John  Skelton  writes  the  poem  On  the 
Death  of  King  Edward  I}'.;  fbe  writes 
also  the  Speculum  Principis,  Spekt  Par- 
rot, Why  come  Ye  not  to  Court,  Volirt 
Clout.] 

*  *  ±  Concordance  of  History,  a  history  of 
Britain,  is  written  by  Robert  Fabian. 


SOCIETY. 

1460  Aug.  3.  Scot.  James  II.  is  killed 
by  the  bursting  of  a  cannon. 

1462  *  *  The  people  wear  the  beaks  or 
points  of  their  shoes  so  long  that  they 
encumber  themselves  in  walking,  and 
are  forced  to  tie  them  up  to  their  knees ; 
the  fine  gentlemen  fasten  theirs  with 
chains  of  silver  or  silver  gilt,  and  others 
with  laces.  (1467.  This  is  prohibited, 
and  punished  by  the  forfeiture  of  20 
shillings,  and  cursing  by  the  clergy.] 

1465  *  *  Ire.  The  Head  Act  is  passed 
at  Trim  by  the  deputy,  Earl  of  Desmond. 
It  provides  "  that  .  .  .  any  persons  going 
or  coming,  having  no  faithful  man  ol  good 
name  and  fame  in  their  company  in  English 
apparel,  that  it  shall  be  lawful  to  take  and 
kill  those,  and  to  cut  off  their  heads,  without 
any  hnpeachment  of  our  sovereign  lord  the 
king." 

1469  *  *  Scot.  The  title  Duke  of  Rothe- 
say is  created ;  also  Earl  of  Buchan. 
[1470,  Baron  Lovat.] 

1471  *  *  Edward,  Prince  of  Wales,  is 
murdered. 

1476  *  *  Scot.  Cochrane,  Earl  of  Mar, 
is  murdered. 

*  *  Scot.  James  Stuart,  second  son  of 
James  III.,  is  made  Marquis  of  Or- 
monde, without  territories.  [Created 
Earl  of  Ross.] 

1478  *  •  Ire.  The  title  Viscount  of  Gort- 
manston  is  created. 

*  »  George  Neville,  Duke  of  Bedford,  son 
of  John,  Marquis  of  Montague,  is  de- 
graded from  the  peerage  by  Parlia- 
ment because  of  his  poverty. 

*  *  Witches  are  convicted  and  executed. 

1483*  *  The  title  Baron  of  Norfolk  is 
created.    [1485,  Earl  of  Derby.] 

STATE. 

1460  Jtme*  The  Earls  of  Salisbury 
and  March  and  Warwick  arrive  in 
England. 


AND   IRELAND. 


1459,**-1484, 


865 


July  •  After  tlie  defeat  of  Henry  at 
Norllmmpton.  Queen  Margaret,  with 
lier  soil,  flees  to  Scotland. 

Aug.  23.  Scot.  King  James  II.  is  acci- 
dentally killed  by  the  bursting  of  a 
cannon  at  the  siege  of  Roxburgh  Castle. 

1460-88  Svot.  James  III.,  sou  of 
James  IL.,  reigns. 

Oct.  7.  A  parliament  meets  at  West- 
minster ;  Richard,  Duke  of  York,  claims 
the  crown. 

He  bases  his  claim  on  his  lineal  de- 
scent from  Lionel,  tliird  son  of  Kdward 
111.,  King  lieury  being  descended  from 
John  of  Uiunt,  Lionel's  younger  brother. 

Oct.  24.  Parliament,  liaving  consid- 
ered the  claim  of  the  Duke  of  York, 
agrees  to  a  compromise  that  Henry 
shall  reign  during  his  lite,  and  that  on 
his  death  the  Duke  and  his  heirs  shall 
succeed  to  the  throne. 

Dec.  31.    Richard,  Duke  of  York,  is 

killed  at  the  battle  of  Wakefield;  his 
son  Edward  succeeds  him  as  heir  to 
the  throne. 

*  *  •  Debt  is  first  incurred  on  the  secu- 
rity ol  Parliament  during  Henry's  reign. 

1461-85  House  of  York,  a  branch  line 
of  the  House  of  Plantagenet. 

1461  Mar.  4.  Henry  VI.  is  deposed, 
and  Edward,  son  of  the  deceased  Rich- 
ard, Duke  of  York,  is  proclaimed  king 
as  Edward  IV. 

1461-83    Edward  IV.  reigns. 

Apr.  *  The  deposed  King  Henry  and  Mar- 
garet retreat  to  Scotland. 

June  29.  Edward  IV.  is  crowned  at 
Westminster ;  he  creates  his  brother 
George  Duke  of  Clarence,  and  hU 
brother  Richard  Duke  of  Gloucester. 

1462  *  *  Ire.  George,  Dtike  of  Clar- 
ence, is  appointed  lord  lieutenant  for 
lite. 

Mints  are  established  in  Dublin,  Trim, 
Drogheda,  Waterford,  and  Galway. 

1463  Apr.  8.  Scot.  Queen  Margaret 
sails  for  France  to  seek  the  aid  of  the 
French  king. 

*  *  Pari  A  Statute  of  Apparel  is  passed, 
prohibiting  excess  in  dress. 

*  •  Pari.  It  is  enacted  that  no  cloths 
shall  be  imported  except  from  Wales 
or  Ireland. 

1464  May  1.  King  Edward  secretly 
marries  Elizabeth  'Woodville,  daugh- 
ter of  Lord   Rivers,  and  widow  of  Sir 

I       John  Grey,  a  Lancastrian. 

The  Earl  of  Warwick  is  incensed,  hav- 
ing by  Edward's  authority  negotiated  a 
marriage  between  him  and  the  Princess 
Bona  of  Savoy,  sister  of  the  Queen  of 
France. 

1465  *  *  Ire.  A  parliament  at  Trim  en- 
acts that  the  Irish  in  the  English  proT- 
inces  shall  dress  in  the  English  fashion, 
and  that  they  shall  assume  English 
names,  and  take  the  oath  of  allegiance. 

*  *  Parliament:  The  Surname  Act  is 
passed. 

1468  *  •  Sent.  Christian,  King  of  Nor- 
way and  Denmark,  cedes  the  Orkney 
and  Shetland  Isles  in  mortgage  to 
James  III.  as  securitv  for  portion  of  the 
dowry  of  his  daughter  Margaret,  to  be 
married  to  .James.  [The  money  not  be- 
ing paid,  the  Isles  remain  attached  to 
the  crown  of  Scotland.] 

*  *  Ire.  Tliomas,  Earl  of  Klldare,  is 
appointed  deputy.     [1470.    The  Earl  of 

•    Worcester,  lord  lieutenant.] 


1469-71    Warwick,  the  King-Maker. 

1469  *  *  The  Earl  of  Warwick  intrigues 
against  the  king  in  the  interests  of  the 

■*  king's  brother,  George.  Duke  of  Clar- 
ence, to  whom  he  gives  his  daughter  in 
marriage.  [July  II.  Isabella,  Warwick's 
daughter,  is  married  to  Clarence.] 

July  *  Scot.  Margaret,  daughter  of  the 
King  of  Norway  and  Denmark,  is  mar- 
ried to  James  III. 

July"*  An  insurrection  breaks  out  in 
Yorkshire,  headed  by  Robert  Hilyard, 
commonly  called  Robin  of  Kedesdale. 

July  26±  *  •  Edward  IV.  is  taken  pris- 
oner after  the  Yorkist  defeat  at  Ban- 
bury. [He  obtains  his  liberty  in  a  few 
weeks.] 

1470  Mar.  •  An*  insurrection,  osten- 
sibly against  extortions  by  officers  of 
the  royal  household,  but  instigated  by 
W^arwick,  breaks  out  in  Lincolnshire  ; 
It  is  headed  by  Sir  Robert  Welles.  [Sup- 
pressed.] 

Apr.  15.  Warwick  and  Clarence  flee 
to  France,  having  been  declared  trai- 
tors after  the  suppression  of  the  Welles 
insurrection. 

Sept.  *  Edward  IV.  flees  to  Holland, 
Warwick  and  Clarence  having  returned 
from  France,  and  defeated  the  royal 
forces.    [1478.    Mar.  14.    Returns.] 

Oct.  6.  London.  Henry  VI.  is  released 
from  the  Tower,  and  restored  to  the 
throne. 

1471  Apr.  15.  London.  Henry  VT.  is 
again  sent  a  prisoner  to  the  Tower  after 
Edward's  victory  at  Barnet,  where  War- 
wick, the  "King-maker,"  is  killed. 

May  21.  London.  Henry  VI.  is  mur- 
dered (?)  in  the  Tower  by  Richard,  Duke 
of  Gloucester  (?),  King  Edward's  brother. 

May  *  Henry  Tudor,  Earl  of  Kiohmond, 
[later  Henry  VII.),  escapes  to  Brittany. 

1474*  *  Edward  IV.  intrigues  with  the 
Duke  of  Burgundy  for  the  crown  of 
France. 

He  raises  money  for  his  war  with 
France  by  voluntary  (?)"  benevolences," 
without  the  consent  of  Parliament. 

1475  Aug.  *  /"r.  Peace  of  Pioquigny 
with  France  (p.  G79). 

1477  *  •  The  Piepowder  Court  —  the 
piedpoudreux,  or  Dusty-foot  Court  — is 
Introduced. 

It  is  established  for  the  summary  ad- 
ministration of  justice  at  fairs  and  mar- 
kets between  buyers  and  sellers. 

1478  Feb.  7.  The  Duke  of  Clarence, 
the  king's  brother,  is  condemned  to 
death  for  treason.  [Feb.  18.  He  dies  in 
the  Tower  by  drowning  in  a  butt  of  Malm- 
sey.] (?) 

*  *  Ire.  Richard,  Duke  of  York,  aged 
six  years,  son  of  Edward,  is  appointed 
lord  lieutenant;  Lord  Grey  is  ap- 
pointed his  deputy.  Later,  the  Earl  of 
Kildare.] 

1481  *  *  Sent.  A  conspiracy  of  the 
nobles  is  formed,  encourage<l  by  Edward 
IV.,  to  dethrone  James,  and  make  his 
brother,  the  Duke  of  Albany,  king.  [The 
conspirators  take  King  James  pris- 
oner.] 

*  *  A  secret  treaty  is  made  at  Fotherin- 
gay  Castle,  Northampton,  by  which  the 
Duke  of  Albany  undertakes  to  surrender 
Berwick  and  other  forts  to  the  English. 

1482  Aug.  25.  Fr.  Margaret,  widow 
of  King  Henry  VI.,  dies  at  Saumur. 


Dec.  *  Fr.  Louis  XI.  breaks  the  treaty 
of  Picquigny  by  preventing  the  marriage 
of  his  son  to  Edward  IV. 's  daughter. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  By  the  Golden  Charter, 
James  III.  confers  on  the  provost  and 
magistrates  power  to  hold  courts,  levy 
fines,  and  impose  duties  on  goods  enter- 
ing at  Leath. 

1483    Apr.  9.    Edward  IV.  dies. 

Apr.*— June*  Edward  V.,  aged  12 
years,  son  of  Edward  IV.,  reigns. 

May*  London.  The  boy-king  Edward  is 
sent  to  the  Tower  ;  and  his  uncle,  the 
Duke  of  Gloucester,  is  made  protector 
by  a  great  council  of  the  nobles. 

June  *  Lords  Hastings  and  Rivers.  Sir 
Richard  Grey,  and  Sir  Thomas  Vaughn, 
friends  of  the  late  king,  are  executed 
through  the  agency  of  Gloucester. 

June  *  The  crown  is  claimed  for  the 
Duke  of  Gloucester  by  his  adherents. 

They  declare  Edward  IV. 's  marriage 
with  Elizabeth  Grey  to  have  been  in- 
valid, and  the  attainder  of  the  Duke  of 
Clarence  to  have  debarred  him  from  the 
succession. 

June  26.  TheDuke  of  Gloucester, 
brother  of  Edward  IV.,  usurps  the 
crown,  and  assumes  the  title  of  king  as 
Kichard  m. 

1483-85    Richard  III.  reigns. 

July  6.  Richard  is  crowned  at  West- 
minster with  his  queen,  Anne,  daughter 
of  the  late  Earl  of  Warwick. 

*  *  London.  The  boy-king  Edward  V.  and 
his  brother,  the  Duke  of  York,  aremiu:- 
dered  in  the  Tower  by  order  of  King 
Richard  111.;  Miles  Forest  and  John 
Dighton,  employed  by  Sir  James  Tyrrel. 
are  the  assassins. 

Sept.  8.  Richard  is  again  crowned  at 
York. 

Oct.  *  The  Duke  of  Buckingham  heads 
a  revolt  in  favor  of  Henry  Tudor,  Earl 
of  Richmond,  great-great-grandson  of 
John  of  Gaunt,  son  of  Edward  IIJ. 
[Nov.  2.  The  duke  is  executed  as  a 
traitor,  at  Salisbury.] 

*  *  The  importation  of  lace  is  prohibited. 
1484    Jan.  23.    A  parliament  meets  at 

Westminster  [at  which  Richard's  title 
to  the  crown  is  confirmed ;  the  parli 
anient  also  passes  an  act  abolishing  ex- 
actions of  money  by  "  benevolences  "]. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1464  *  *  London.  Ironmongers'  Com- 
pany is  formed.   [1480,  Clothworkers'.] 

1466  *  *  Ire.  A  plague  follows  famine, 
and  a  great  number  of  people  die. 

1467  *  *  Sheep  are  exported  to  Spain 
[and  the  breed  thereby  improveil  to  the 
detriment  of  English  woolen  manufac- 
ture]. 

1470  *  *  Dublin.  A  plague  wastes  the 
city. 

147 1  *  *  Chester  is  nearly  destroyed  by 
ilre. 

*  *  A  pestilence  afflicts  Oxford. 

1478  *  *  The  plague  prevails  throughout 
the  realm ;  more  people  die  than  have 
fallen  during  the  continual  wars  of  16 
preceding  years. 

1481  *  *  Riders  on  post-horses  go  stages 
of  the  distance  of  20  miles  from  each 
other  in  order  to  procure  the  king  the 
earliest  news  from  the  war  with  the 
Scots. 


866     1485,  June  23-1527,**        GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1485  Aug.  7.  Henry  Tudor,  Earl  of 
Richmond,  lands  at  Milford  Haven. 
[He  is  welcomed  by  the  enemies  of  Rich- 
ard ni.] 

Aug.  22.  Battle  of  Bosworth  Field, 
Leicestershire. 

Henry  Tudor  [Henry  VII.]  defeats 
Richard  HI.,  who  is  killed  in  action; 
this  ends  the  'War  of  the  Roses. 

Oct.  30.  The  yeomen  of  the  giiard  are 
appointed  at  the  coronation  of  Henry 
VII.;  it  is  the  first  permanent  mili- 
tary baud  instituted  in  England. 

1486  Apr.  *  The  unsuccessful  insur- 
rection of  Lords  Ijovell  and  Stafford 
breaks  out. 

1487  *  *  Insurrection. 

liambert  Sinmel,  pretending  to  be 
Edward  Plantagenet,  Earl  of  Warwick, 
son  of  Edward  IV. *8  brother,  the  Duke 
of  Clarence,  claims  a  right  to  the  crown. 
[.June  16.  Simnel  and  his  followers  are 
defeated  at  Stoke-upon- Trent,  Not- 
tinghamshire, by  the  royal  forces  under 
Henry  VII.  Later,  Simnel  is  pardoned, 
and  employed  as  a  menial  in  the  king's 
domestic  service.] 

1488*  *  Henry  VIL  builds  the  Great 
Harry,  considered  to  be  the  first  ship 
of  the  royal  navy. 

1492  Oct.*  Fr.  Henry  VI.,  with  an 
invading  army,  supports  Maximilian, 
King  of  the  Romans,  in  his  claim  on  the 
duchy  of  Bretagne ;  he  besieges  Bou- 
logne with  26,000  men, 

Nov.  9.    Peace.    (See  State.) 

•  *  Ire.  Perkin  Warbeck,  pretending 
to  be  a  son  of  Edward  IV.,  lands  at 
Cork,  and  assumes  the  name  of  Bichard 
Plantagenet. 

1495  July  *  "Warbeck,  attempting  to 
land  in  Kent,  is  driven  off  by  the  inhab- 
itants ;  169  of  his  followers  are  captured. 

1496  *  *  James  IV.  of  Scotland,  with  an 
invading  army,  supports  the  claims  of 
Warbeck. 

1497  *  *  An  insurrection  in  Cornwall 
against  the  levying  of  taxes  to  support 
the  war  with  Scotland  is  led  by  Thomas 
Flammock. 

June  22.  The  anti-tax  insurgents  are 
defeated  with  great  loss  by  the  king's 
troops  at  Blackheath,  near  London ; 
their  leaders  are  captured,  and  24  are 
hanged. 

Sept.  7.  Perkin  "Warbeck  lands  in 
Cornwall,  where  he  is  joined  by  3,000 
men. 

[Sept.  17.  He  attacks  Exeter,  and 
burns  part  of  the  city.  *  *  His  force 
is  dispersed  by  the  king's  troops  at 
Taunton,  Somerset ;  Warbeck  flees  to 
the  monastery  of  Beaulieu  in  Hamp- 
shire. Oct.  6.  He  is  taken  prisoner. 
1499.    Nov.  23.    He  is  hanged  at  Tyburn.] 

1513  Sept.  9.  Battle  of  Flodden 
Field,  Northumberland. 

The  Earl  of  Surrey,  with  26,000  Eng- 
lish, defeats  50,000  Scotch  ixnder  their 
king,  James  IV. ;  the  Scotch  king  and 
10,000  of  his  men  are  killed. 

1523  *  *  The  Duke  of  Albany,  as  regent 
of  Scotland  and  brother  of  James  III., 
invades  England ;  he  is  driven  hack. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1496  Mar.  5.  John  Cabot  secures  a 
patent  to  make  discoveries  and  occupy 
territory  in  America. 

1497  June  24.  Can.  John  Cabot 
makes  important  discoveries  (p.  570), 
(See  Canada  for  Arctic  expeditions.) 

1498  May*  Sebastian  Cabot  sails 
from  Bristol,  visits  Davis  Strait  in  the 
Arctic  regions,  and  discovers  the  coast 
of  North  America.  [1512.  He  discov- 
ers Hudson  Bay.] 

1502  Jan.  24.  Henry  VII.  commences 
the  chapel  in  Westminster  Abbey  which 
bears  his  name. 

1505  *  *  Spinning  by  the  distaff  is  in- 
troduced. ^ 

1508±  *  *  Ornamental    gardening    is 

introduced,  chiefly  from    The   Nether- 
lands. 
1509-1625    Rise  of  Elizabethan  Gothic 
architecture. 

1510  *  *  Hats  are  first  manufactured  in 
England  by  Spaniards. 

1513  *  *  London  has  only  13  surgeons 
and  doctors;  they  are  exempted  from 
bearing  arms  or  serving  on  juries. 

1520  *  *  The  art  of  knitting  flourishes. 
[1577.     Becomes  common.] 

*  *  Lettuce  is  introduced  from  Flanders. 

1527  *  *  Robert  Thorpe  of  Bristol  sails  in 
search  of  a  Northwest  Passage. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1465  *  *  Catherine,  or  Katharine  of  Aragon, 

born.     

Richard  HI.,  king,  A33. 

1487  *   *  Coverdale,  Miles,  bishop  of  Exeter, 
translator  of  the  Bible,  born. 

1488  *  *  Audley,  Thomas,  lord  chancellor,  b. 
1488  *  *  Cranmer.  Thomas,  archbishop  of 

Canterbury,  stateBinan,  born. 
1490i:  •  ♦  Cromwell,  Thomas.  Earl  of  Es- 
sex, statesman,  bom. 
1491    June  28.    Henry  VIII.,  king,  born. 
Caxton.  ■WilUam.  tlrst  English  printer,  A79. 
Lindsay,  Sir  David,  popt,  Scotland,  born. 
1494*  *  Beaton,  David,    cardinal,   states- 
man, Scotland,  born. 

1495  *  *  Bonner,  Edmimd,  bishop  of  London, 
lawyer,  statesman,  boni. 

Elyot,  Sir  Thomas,  dipIomatiBt,  lexicog.,  b. 

1496  *   *  Maitland,  Sir  Rirbard,  of  Leithing- 
ton,  poet,  Scotland,  born. 

1500    Mar.  3.    Pole,  Reginald,  cardinal, 

archbishop  of  Canterbury,  statesman,  b. 

Ridley,  Nicliolas,  bishop,  of  London,  martyr, 

born. 
Rogers,  John,  clergyman,  martyr,  bom. 
Somerset,  Duke  of,  Edward  Seymour,  states- 
man, bom. 
160a*  *  Dudley,  John,  Dukeof  Northuml>er- 
land,  Earl  of  Warwi<^k,  statesman,  born. 

1503  *  *  Wyatt,  Sir  Thomas,  poet,  states.,  b. 
1504*  *  Parker.   Matthew,  archbishop  of 

Canterbury,  reformer,  born. 
1505  *  *  Cavendish,   Sir    William,   courtier, 
writer,  born. 
Knox,  John,  reformer,  Scotland,  bom. 
1506*  *  liuchanan,  lieorge,  historian,  poet, 
Scotland,  born. 
Leland,  John,  antiquary,  linguist,  bom. 
Udall,  NicoJas,  dramatist,  born. 
1507*  *Boleyn,  Anne,  wife  of   Henry 
VII  I.,  bom. 
Sadler,  Sir  Ralph,  diplomatist,  historian,  b. 
1609  *  »  Henry  VII..  king,  A53. 
Hacon,  Sir  Nicholas,  statesman,  b. 

1511  *  *  Craig,  John,  reformer,  Scotland,  b. 
1513  *  *  Fabyan,  Rol>ert,  chronicler,  Ati2-t. 

James  V.,  king,  Scotland,  bom. 

Poynings,  SirErtward,  statesman,  Ireland,  d, 

1513  •  *  James  IV.,  king,  Scotland,  A40. 

1514  *  •  Douglas,  Archibald,  '*  Hell  the  Cat," 
Earl  of  Angus,  Scotland,  dies. 

Elpldnstone,  William,  cL,  statess,  Scot.,  A83. 
1519*  *  Grocyn,    William,    prof.   Greek    at 

Oxford,  A77. 
1520    Sept.  13.    BurleiKh,  liord,  WllUaui 

Cecil,  statesman,  burn. 


1623  *  *  Douglas,   Gawln,  or  GATin,   poet, 
Scotland,  A4». 
Jewel,  John,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  author,  b. 
1684  *  »  Linacre,  Thomas,  phys.,  schol.,  A64. 

CHURCH. 

1490  *  *  Papal  admonitions  are  given  to 
correct  the  gross  profligacy  of  the  mon- 
asteries. 

1503*  *  It.  Pius  III.  is  elected  pope;  later; 
Julius  II.  [1513,  Leo  X.;  1522,  Adrian  VI., 
1523,  Clement  VII.;  153-1,  Paul  lll.j 

1504  *  *  It.  The  pope  grants  a  dispen- 
sation pe rm i 1 1 i ng  Henry  VTTT,  to 
marry  Catherine,  bis  brotlier's  widow. 

1523*  *  Ire.  Bishop  Doran  is  appointed 

to  the  see  of  I^eigblin. 

[He  is  murdered  by  liis  archdeacon, 
Maurice  Cavenagh,  who  is  hanged  on  the 
spot  where  the  crime  was  committed.] 

1525  *  *  AVilliam  Tyndale  translates  the 
Bible  from  the  Greek. 


LETTERS. 

1480  *  *  Sea-charts  are  first  introduced 
by  Bartlioioniew  Columbus  to  explain 
the  tlieory  of  liis  brotlier  Christopher 
respecting  a  wetitern  continent. 

1490  *  *  The  Hoke  of  Kneydos  is  printed 
by  Caxton. 

1491*  *  "William  Grocyn  settles  at 
Kxeter  College,  Oxford  ;  he  is  the  first 
teacher  of  Greek  in  Kngland. 

1494  *  *  Scot.  King's  College,  Aber- 
deen, is  founded  by  Bishop  William 
Elphinstoiie. 

±*  *  A  Lytel  Geste  of  liohin  Mode.  Robin 
Hood  and  the  Potter,  Jtobin  Hood  and  thf 
J/wiA-,  and  many  other  Kobjn  Hood  bal- 
lads and  stories  are  written  by  unknown 
authors. 

1497  ♦  *  The Hylleof  Perfectiov  ifiprmted 
"  at  the  instance  of  the  reverend  reli- 
gyous  fader  Tho  Prior  of  the  hous  of 
St.  Ann." 

15th  Century,  The  ballads  of  the  Sattle 
of  Otterburyi  ami  Chevy  CAast  are  written 
by  unknown  authors. 

1500-06  Scot.  The  University  of 
Aberdeen  is  founded. 

1500  *  *  Stephen  Hawes  writes  his  Tem- 
ple of  Glaus,  an  imitation  of  Chaucer's 
House  of  Fame.  [ir>0(J.  The  Pastime  of 
Pleasure.] 

1501  *  *  Acts  of  Parliament  are  first 
begun  to  be  printed. 

*  *  Scot.  Gavin  Douglas  writes  his  alle- 
gory, The  Palace  of  Honor. 

1502  *  *  The  divinity  professorship  is 
founded  at  Cambridge. 

1505  *  *  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  is 
endowed  by  Margaret,  Countess  of 
Kichmond. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  The  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  is  incorporated. 

1507  *  *  Edinburgh.  Tlie  first  printing- 
press  is  set  up  by  William  Chepman  and 
Andrew  Myllar  in  the  Cowgate. 

*  *  John  Skelton  writes  Bowge  of  Court, 
and  Boke  of  Phyllip  Sparrou-e'. 

1508  *  *  Scot.  The  Golden  Terge,  Dance 
of  the  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  Lament  for 
the  Makaars,  The  Joust  between  the  Tai- 
lor and  the  Soutar,  and  Amends  to  the 
Tailors  and  Soutars,  poems  bv  William 
Dunbar,  appear ;  together  with  William 
Kennedy  he  writes  The  Flyting  of  Dun- 
bar and  Kennedy. 

1509  *  *  Brazenose  College,  Oxford,  is 
founded  by  William  Siiiytli.  IJishop  of 
Lincoln,  and  Sir  Kicliaril  Sutton. 

*  *  The  journals  of  the  House  of  Lords 
are  commenced. 

*  *  Alexander  Barclay  writes  The  Ship 
of  Fools. 


AND   IRELAND.        1485,  June  23-1527,*  *.     867 


*  *  London.  St.  Paul's  school  is  founded 
by  Dean  Colet. 

1510**  Henry  Vlll.  grants  another 
charter  to  the  University  of  Oxford. 

1511  •  *  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
is  endowed  by  Margaret,  Countess  of 
Kiohiuoud. 

1512  *  *  Scot.  St.  Xieonard's  College, 
Univeraity  of  St.  Andrews,  Is  founded 
by  Archbishop  Stuart  and  John  Hep- 
burn. 

St.  Mary's  College,  University  of  St. 
Andrews,  is  founded  by  the  Beatons. 

1513-1625    Kenaissance  Period. 

The  revival  of  letters  in  Italy  spreads 
into  other  lands,  and  reaches  !^gland. 

1513  *  *  Latin  Grammar,  by  William 
Lily,  appears. 

*  *  Scot.  Gavin  Douglas  finishes  his 
translation  of  Vergil's  .^neid;  it  is  the 
first  translation  of  Vergil,  or  any 
Latin  classic  into  English  verse;  [he 
also  writes  an  allegory,  King  Hart]. 

*  ♦  Sir  Thomas  More  writes  History  of 
Edward  V.  and  JUchard  III.  [1516. 
Utopia,  in  Latin :  it  is  translatea  into 
English  by  Ralph  Robinson,  and  pub- 
lished in  1551.] 

1516  *  *  Corpus  Christi  CoUege,  Ox- 
ford, is  founded  by  Bishop  Fox  of  Win- 
chester. 

1518  *  *  Edinburgh.  The  High  School 
is  founded. 

1520-40    John  Heywood  composes  his 

Interludes. 

1521  *  *  Scot.  History  of  Great  Britain^ 
in  Latin,  by  John  Mair,  appears. 

1526  *  *  Scot.  History  of  the  Scots,  in 
Latin,  by  Hector  Boece,  appears.  [It  is 
translated  into  English  and  published  in 
1536  by  John  Bellenden.] 

SOCIETY. 

1489  *  *  Scot.  The  title.  Baron  Sempill, 
is  created;  also  Baron  Sinclair  and 
Baron  Herries.  [1492.  ETig.  Baron  Wil- 
loughby  de  Broke.] 

1494*  *  Any  two  justices  have  the  power 
to  suppress  unnecessary  ale-houses. 

1495  *  *  Wages  are  regulated  by  law^, 
A  freemason,  master  carpenter,  rough 
mason,  bricklayer,  mason  tiler,  plumber, 
glazier,  carver,  or  Joiner,  are  allowed  from 
Easter  to  Jlichaelmas  to  take  six  pence  a  day 
without  meat  and  drink,  or  with  meat  and 
drink,  four  pence ;  from  Mtchaelmas  to 
Easter,  to  abate  a  penny  ;  a  master  having 
under  him  six  men  is  allowed  a  penny  a  day 
extra.    [1496.    The  law  is  repealed.] 

1497  Sept,  21.  Parkin  Warbeck  finds 
sanctuary  at  the  monastery  of  Beaulieu, 
New  Forest. 

1501  Nov.  6.  London.  Prince  Arthur, 
son  of  Henry  VII.,  is  married  to  Cather- 
ine of  Aragon,  at  St.  Paul's. 

1503  June  25.  Prince  Henry  [Vin.], 
aged  12,  is  betrothed  to  Catherine  of 
Aragon,  his  brother's  widow. 

*  *  Princess  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Henry  VII.,  marries  James  XV.,  King 
of  Scotland. 

*  *  The  privilege  of  sanctuary  being 
much  abused,  is  limited  by  the  Pope  at 
the  request  of  King  Henry  VII.  [1540. 
It  is  further  limited.] 

1504  *  *  The  penalties  for  vagrrancy  are 
somewhat  mitigated  in  cases  of  sickness 
and  old  age. 

1508*  *  London.  Avaricious  King 
Henry  extorts  money  from  merchants 
by  prosecutions  under  obsolete  laws. 

*  *  Scot.  Tlie  title.  Earl  of  Eglinton,  is 
created.  [1509.  Baron  £lphinston,  and 
Earl  of  CassUis.l 


1500    June  11.    Henry  VIII.  marries 

Catherine  of  Aragon.    [1533.   Divorced.] 

*  *  The  title,  Baron  Conyers,  is  created. 
[15*2;*,  Baron  Vaux  of  Harrowden,  Baron 
Windsor,  Baron  Braye,  and  Earl  of 
Huntingdon.] 

STATE. 


1485  June  23.  Richard  issues  a  proc- 
lamation against  Henry  Tudor. 

July  24.  Richani  establishes  cavalry 
posts  on  the  high-roads  for  the  speedy 

conveyance  of  intelligence. 

*  *  Richard  levies  **  benevolences  "  in 
disregard  of  the  law  recommended  by 
himself. 

1485-1603    House  of  Tudor. 

Aug.  22.  Richard  m.  is  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Bosworth  Field. 

Henry  Tudor,  descendant  of  John  of 
Gaunt,  becomes  King,  as  Henry  VII.; 
he  is  crowned  on  the  battle-field. 

Oct.  30.  London .  Henry  is  again 
crowned  at  "Westminster,  King  of 
England  and  France. 

1485-1508    Henry  VH.  reigns. 

*  *  Henry  sends  the  Barl  of  "Warwick, 
son  of  the  Duke  of  Clarence,  to  the 
Tower. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Duke  of  Bedford  is  ap- 
pointed lord  lieutenant ;  Gerald,  Earl 
of  Kildare,  retains  the  office  of  deputy. 

1486  Jan.  18.  King  Henry  marries 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Edward  IV., 
thus  uniting  the  red  and  white  roses. 

*  *  Insurrection.    (See  Army.) 

*  *  The  Star  Chamber  Court  is  institu- 
ted or  revived. 

It  is  composed  of  the  chancellor. 
Treasurer,  keeper  of  the  privy  seal, 
with  a  bishop,  a  lord  of  the  Council,  and 
chief  and  other  justices,  and  has  juris- 
diction to  punish  certain  offences  with- 
out trial  by  jury. 

1487  Insurrection.    (See  Army.) 

1488  June  11.  Scot.  James  HI. ,  es- 
caping from  the  battle-field  of  Sauchie- 
burn,  is  killed  by  the  rebel  Borthwick. 

148a-1583  Scot.  James  IV.,  son  of 
James  II.,  reigns. 

1489  *  *  A  law  is  made  prohibiting  any 
one  from  selling  any  hat  for  above  20 
pence,  or  cap  for  above  two  shillings, 
eight  pence. 

1492  Nov.  0.  The  Peace  of  iltaples 
ends  the  war  with  France. 

*  *  Ire.  Warbeck's  rebellion.  (See 
Army.) 

1494  *  *  Ire.  The  king's  son,  Henry, 
Duke  of  York,  aged  three  years  [later 
Henry  VIII.],  is  appointed  lord  lieuten- 
ant ;  Sir  Edward  Poynings  is  appointed 
his  deputy.  [1496.  Apr.  *  Henry  Deane, 
bishop  of  Bangor,  later,  Gerald,  Earl  of 
Kildare,  deputies.] 

Sept.  13.    Ire.    Poynings's  Xiaw  is 

passed   at   a   parliament  in   Drogheda 
by  Lord  Deputy  Poynings. 

It  prohibits  the  convening  of  any  par- 
liament, or  the  enacting  of  any  law,  in 
Ireland,  unless  first  approved  of  by  the 
king  and  his  council. 

1497  *  *  Insurrection.    (See  Army.) 

1498  Aug.  *  A  parliament  at  Trim 
enacts  that  custom-house  laws  passed 
in  England  shall  be  adopted  in  Ireland. 

1502  Jan.  *  A  treaty  of  perpetual 
peace  is  concluded  between  England  and 
Scotland  ;  James  is  to  marry  Margaret, 
the  daughter  of  Henry  VII. 

1504*  *  "William  Warham  is  made 
lord  high  chancellor. 


*  •  Ire.  Gerald,  Earl  of  Kildare,  is  ap- 
pointed deputy. 

*  *  The  true  English  shilling  is  first 
coined  by  Henry  VII.  (?) 

1508  *  *  Edinburgh.  James  IV.  grants 
the  city  a  charter. 

1509  Apr.  21.    King  Henry  VTI.  dies. 
1509-47    Henry   "VIII.,  son  of  Henry 

VII.,  reigns. 

*  *  Archbishop  Warham,  Bishops  Fisher 
and  Fox,  the  Earl  of  Surrey,  Sir  JMward 
Poynings,  and  Sir  Thos.  Lovel  are  among 
the  ministers  and  advisers  of  the 
king. 

June  3.  Henry  VTH.  marries  Cather- 
ine of  Aragon,  sister  of  King  Philip  of 
Spain,  and  widow  of  his  brother  Arthur. 

Jime  24.  London.  Henry  and  Cather- 
ine are  crowned  at  Westminster. 

*  *  John  Fineux  is  appointed  chief  jus- 
tice. 

1510  Jan.  21.  Parliament  meets. 
[Feb.  23.    Dissolved.] 

*  *  Thomas  "Wolsey  becomes  a  member 
of  the  Council. 

1511  Feb.  4.  Parliament  meets. 
[1513.    Mar.  4.    Dissolved,] 

*  *  Henry  becomes  a  member  of  the  Holy 
Ijeague  with  the  Pope,  Ferdinand  of 
Aragon,  and  Venice,  the  object  being  to 
expel  the  French  from  Italy. 

*  *  Henry  receives  from  the  Pope  the  title 
**  Most  Christian  King." 

1513  Sept,  9.  Scot.  James  IV.  is  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Flodden  Field. 

1513-42  Scot.  James  v.,  son  of  James 
IV.,  reigns. 

He  being  but  one  year  old.  his  mother 
is  made  regent.  [1514.  She  marries  the 
Earl  of  Angus,  head  of  the  house  of 
Douglas.] 

1514  Feb.  5.  Parliament  meets. 
[1515.     Dec.  22.     Dissolved.] 

*  *  Thomas  Wolsey  becomes  bishop 
of  Lincoln  and  archbishop  of  York. 
[1515.  He  is  made  cardinal,  and  ap- 
pointed lord  high  chanceUor.] 

1515  *  *  Scot.    The  Duke  of  Albany 

becomes  regent. 

1521  *  *  Ire.  Thomas  Howard,  Earl  of 
Surrey  and  lord  admiral  of  England,  is 
appointed  lord  lieutenant. 

May  17.  The  Duke  of  Buckingham  is 
executed  after  trial  and  condemnation 
for  high  treason. 

1525*  *  Scot.  The  Earl  of  Angus 
usurps  the  ruling  power  while  keeping 
the  young  king  a  captive.  [1528.  The 
king  escapes.    Angus  and  his  family 

are  banished.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1485  *  *  London.  Many  people  die  of 
the  Sudor  Anglicus,  or  sweating  sick- 
ness. 

1490  June  17.  Claret  wine  is  first 
imported. 

1499-1500  London.  The  plague  being 
so  dreadful,  Henry  VII.  removes  his 
court  to  Calais. 

1502  *  *  London.  The  Fleet  ditch  is 
navigable. 

1505  *  *  Norwich  is  nearly  consumed  by 

fire. 

1506  *  *  Sweating  sickness  breaks  out 
again.  In  many  of  the  chief  towns  half 
the  inhabitants  die,  and  Oxford  is  de- 
populated. 

1522  *  *  Ire.  Many  thousands  die  of  the 
plague  at  Limerick. 


868    1528,  **-1546,  July  16.        GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1534  *  *  Ire.  The  insurrection  of  the 
Fitzgeralds  or  Geratdines  breaks  out  in 
Kildare. 

It  is  led  by  Thomas,  son  of  the  Earl  of 
Kiidave,  known  as  "Silken  Thomas:" 
it  is  suppressed.  [1537.  Jan.  3.  Five 
of  the  Fitzgeralds  antl "  Silken  Thomas  " 
are  hanged  at  Tyburn,  Ijondou.] 

1536  *  *  The  insurrection  against  the 
suppression  of  monasteries,  called  the 
••  Pilgrimage  of  Grace,"  begins. 

The  30,000  insurrectionists  are  sup- 
pressed by  the  royal  forces  under  the 
Duke  of  Norfolk  ;  [Lord  Darcy,  Robert 
Aske,  and  other  leadersareput  to  death.] 

1542  Oct.*  Sent.  The  Duke  of  Norfolk, 
with  an  invading  army  of  20,000  men, 
ravages  the  country. 

Nov.  25.  Battle  of  Solway  Moss  in 
Cumberland, "  the  rout  of  Solway  Moss." 
The  Scotch  under  Lord  Maxwell  are 
defeated  by  the  English  under  Dacre 
and  M  ut>grave  ;  a  thousand  of  the  Scotch 
are  taken  prisoners. 

1544  May  5.  Scot.  The  English,  un- 
der the  Earl  of  Hereford,  with  200 
ships,  appear  in  the  Frith  of  Forth,  and 
attack  and  bum  Leith  and  Edin- 
burgh. [They  retire  after  devastating 
the  country.] 

Jime  *  Fr.  Henry  Vm.  comes  with 
45,000  men  to  assist  the  Emperor  Charles 
V.  in  the  reduction  of  France. 

July  18,  A  French  fleet  of  150  ships, 
under  command  of  Annebaut,  ravages 
the  southeastern  coast. 

They  attempt  to  destroy  Portsmouth, 
but  are  compelled  to  retire  by  Viscount 
Lisle,  commanding  the  Great  Harry  and 
60  other  vessels. 

Aug.*  -Sept.  14.  Fr.  Henry Vin. be- 
sieges and  captures  Boulogne,  and 
then  returns  to  England. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  ~  NATURE. 

1540*  *  London.  Barbers  and  sur- 
geons are  united  in  one  company. 

It  is  enacted  that "  no  person  using  any 
shaving  or  barbery  in  London  shall  oc- 
cupy any  surgery,  letting  of  blood,  or 
other  matter  excepting  only  the  drawing 
of  teeth." 

•  *  Pins  are  brought  from  France ;  first 
used  by  Queen  Catherine  Howard.  [1543. 
First  nia(ie  in  England.] 

1541  *  *  Dancing  by  cinque  paces  is  in- 
troduced from  Italy. 

1543  *  *  Kalph  Page  and  Peter  Baude 
make  cast  iron  in  Sussex. 

*  *  The  first  cannon  cast  in  England  is 
made  at  UckHeld,  Sussex,  by  Hugget. 
Mortars  are  also  cast. 

1544±  *  *  Pistols  are  first  used  by  the 
cavalry  of  England. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

16304:  *  •Dnnbar,WUliam,poet,Scot.,A70-fc. 
Morton,    Earl   of,   James  Douglas,  regent, 

Scotland,  born. 
Whltgift,  John,  arrhbishopof  Canterbury,  b. 
1633    Sept.  7.     Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Henry  VllL,  queen,  born. 
Moray,  Earl  of,  James  Stuart,  regent,  Scot.,  b. 
1635    July  6.    More.  Sir  Thomas,  theolo- 
gian, historian,  statesman,  A57. 
Cartwright,  Thomas,  rnritan  clergyman,  b. 
Fisher.  John,  bishop  of  Itochester,  lawyer. 

statesman,  A76. 
GaBOOigne,  (Teorge,  poet,  bom. 
1636*  •  Boetlilus,  or  Boece,  Hector,  hiato- 
rian,  ATI. 


Bothwell,  James  husband  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  born. 

Dorset,    Earl    of,  Thomas    SackviUe,  poet, 
statesman.  l>orn. 

Frobisher,  Sir  Martin,  navigator,  born. 

Howard,  Charles,  Lord   Howard  of   Effing- 
ham, born. 

Tynrtale,  William,  reformer,  writer,  A52. 

Walsingham,  Sir  Francis,  statesman,  born. 
1537  *  *  Edward  VI.,  King,  born. 

Grey,  Latly  Jane,  born. 
1539  *  *  Gilbert,  Sir  Hnmphrev,  navigator,  b. 
1540:*:  *  *Barclay,  William,  jurist,  Scot.,  b. 

liirde,  William,  romp.,  organist,  horn. 

Ciaig,  Sir  Thomas,  lawyer,  antiq.,  Scot.,  b. 

Cromwell.  Thomas,  Eari  of  Essex,  states- 
man, A50. 

*  *  Drake,  Sir  Francis,  navigator,  born. 
Egerton,  Thomas,  Baron  of  EUeamere,  states- 
man, born. 

Gilbert,  William,  physicist,  bom. 
Vere,  Thomas  de,  miscellaneous  writer,  b. 
1541±  *  *  Essex,  Karl  of,  Walter  Devereux, 

statesman,  general,  born. 
1543    Dec.  7  (8?).    Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 
Scotland,  born. 
Allen,  Thomas,  mathematltian,  horn, 
•lames  V.,  king,  Scotland,  A30. 
Wyatt,  Sir  Thomas,  poet,  A3!i. 
1544*   ♦  Audley,  Thomas,  Lord  Chancellor, 
A.^6. 
Bodley,  Sir  Thomas,  founder  of  Bodleian 
library,  born. 
1545*  *  Bannatyne,     George,    antiquarian, 
Scotland,  born, 
Harvey,  Gabriel,  anthor,  born. 
Melville,  Andrew,  reformer,  scholar,  Scot.,  b. 

CHURCH. 

1531*  *  Henry  VIII.  declares  the  Eng- 
lish  Church  independent  of  Rome ; 
he  is  recognized  as  its  head. 

1533*  *  Thomas  Cranmer  is  appointed 
archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

1534  Nov.  3.  The  Act  of  Supremacy- 
is  passed,  severing  the  connection  of  the 
English  Church  with  Rome.  The  king 
is  the  supreme  head  of  the  church. 

1535  Apr.  29.    The     monks     of    the 

Charter-house  are  hanged  and  beheailed 
for  refusing  to  acknowledge  the  king  as 
head  of  the  churfch. 

*  *Persecution.  All  conscientious 
Catholics  are  liable  to  the  death  of 
traitors. 

*  *  Thomas  Cromwell  is  appointed  vicar- 
general  to  inspect  monasteries.  June  * 
A  commission  visits  the  monasteries 
and  reports  much  dissipation  in  the 
smaller  ones.   [1536.  They  are  dissolved.] 

June  22.    Lcmdon.    Bishop    Fisher    is 

executed  for  denying  the  king's  spiritual 
supremacy.  [July  6.  Sir  Thomas 
More,  "  the  greatest  thinker  of  his  gen- 
eration," is  executed  for  like  cause.] 

*  •Religious  primers  for  private  devo- 
tion, containing  the  Ten  Commandments 
and  Lord's  Prayer,  are  published. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Reformation  is  promoted 
by  Archbishop  George  Browne. 

*  *  Coverdale's  translation  of  the  Bible 
is  appointed  to  be  read  in  all  the 
churches. 

1530  June  8.  A  convocation  of  Eng- 
lish clergy  agrees  to  articles,  which  are 
published. 

It  acknowledges  transubstantiation, 
communion  of  one  kind,  vows  of  cIi.hs- 
tity,  private  masses,  celibacy  of  the 
clergy,  and  auricular  confession.  Offend- 
ers are  to  be  punished  as  heretics. 

June  9,  The  clergy  of  London  agree 
upon  a  form  of  petition  soliciting  per- 
mission to  read  the  Bible  for  the  people. 

Sept.  *  The  Pilgrimage  of  Grace. 

An  insurrection  occurs  of  30,000  men 
opposed  to  the  dissolution  of  monaster- 
ies, [Oct.  *  They  are  subdued  by  the 
Dukeof  Norfolk  after  taking  Hull,York, 
and  other  towns.] 


*  *  Henry  VIII.,  with  all  England,  Is  put 
under  a  papal  interdict,  [Published  in 
1538.]  Catholics  are  absolved  from  alle- 
giance to  the  king. 

*  *  "William  Tyndale  is  burned  at  the 
stake.  "  Lord,  open  the  King  of  Eng- 
land's eyes." 

*  *  Scot.    The  Reformation  spreads. 

*  *  The  clergy  are  excluded  from  Parlia- 
ment. 

*  *  A  convocation  of  the  Xational  Church 
declares  the  doctrines  of  the  Baptists 
to  be  detestable  heresies. 

1637  *  *  The  POgrimage  of  Grace  is 

revived. 

The  religious  insxirgents  opposed  to^ 
the  dissolution  of  the  monasteries  again 
take  arms,  but  are  promptly  suppressed, 
and  the  leaders,  several  abbots,  and 
many  others  are  executed. 

*  *  Mattheiv''s  Bible  a  translation  of  the 
Bible  into  English,  by  John  Rogers,  ap- 
pears. 

1538  Nov.  16.^  Henry  VTIT.  proclaims 
that  Thomas  a  Becket  was  no  saint* 
but  a  rebel. 

*  *  Archbishop  Cranmer  is  ordered  to  pro- 
ceed against  the  Baptists  and  burn  their 
books, 

1539  May  13.  A  bill  is  introduced  in 
Parliament  confiscating  to  the  Crown 
the  monastic  institutions. 

[Six  hundred  and  forty-five  monaster- 
ies, 90  colleges,  2,374  chantries,  and  110 
hospitals,  having  a  revenue  of  £1CI,000, 
soon  after  fall.  St.  Bartholomew's 
monastery  of  London  is  changed  into 
an  hospital.] 

*  *  Scot.  The  Protestants  are  perse- 
cuted by  the  regent  Cardinal  Beaton. 

*  *  Parliament  passes  the  Sir  Articles 
Statute  defining  heresy. 

It  is  heresy  to  deny  (1)  transubstan- 
tiation;  (2)  communion  in  one  kind  t<> 
laymen  ;  (3)  celibacy  of  the  clergy  ;  (4i 
inviolability  of  the  vows  of  chastity ; 
<5)  the  necessity  of  private  masses ;  (G> 
the  necessity  of  auricular  confession. 

*  *  The  enshrined  bones  of  Thomas  k 
Becket  are  burned  by  Henry  Vlll. 

*  *  The  abbots  of  Glastonbury,  Reading, 
and  others,  are  executed. 

*  *  Two  new  versions  of  the  Bible  ap- 
pear, —  Taverner's  Bible,  by  Richard 
Taverner,  and  Cromwell's,  or  the  Great 
Bible,  by  Miles  Coverdale. 

*  *  The  clergy  are  regulated  by  Parlia- 
ment. 

1540  *  *  A  revision  of  Tyndale's  Bible 
(Cranmer's  Bible),  by  Archbishop 
Cranmer,  appears. 

1541  *  *The  words  "Lord  Pope"  are 
stricken  out  of  all  English  books. 

*  *  The  see  of  Peterborough  is  created  ; 
also  Gloucester.  [1542,  Bristol;  also 
Chester  and  Oxford.] 

*  *  Dublin.  Christ's  Church  is  made  a 
deanery  and  chapter  by  Henry  Vlll. 

*  *  The  privilege  of  sanctuary  is  moved 
from  Manchester  to  Chester. 

1542  Apr,  30.  The  Houses  of  Convo- 
cation approve  the  new  creed,  called  the 
King's  Book.  [It  becomes  the  stan- 
dard of  English  orthodoxy.] 

*  *  It.  The  tribunal  of  the  Inquisition 
is  established  at  Rome  by  Cardinal  Ca- 
raffa. 

1543  Jan.  16.  Parliament  forbids 
women,  apprentices,  etc.,  reading  the 
New  Testament  in  English. 


AND    IRELAND.        1528,  ** -1546,  Jtdy  16.     869 


*  *  Ire,  Some  of  the  English  settlers  em- 
brace the  reformed  religion. 

*  *  During  XiOnt  Henry  VIII.  permits  the 
use  of  white  meats  by  a  proelamatiou. 

1544*  *The  first  English  litany  is 
coramauded  to  be  used  in  the  Reformed 
churches  by  Henry  VIII. 

1546  Jan.  18.  Amt,  The  Council  of 
Trent  jissembles,  and  proceeds  to  pre- 
pare a  confession  of  faith  (p.  510). 

Mar.  29.  Scot.  George  Wiahart,  re- 
former, is  burned  at  St.  Andrews.  [May 
29.  Cardinal  Beaton  la  murdered  at  the 
same  place.] 

July  16.  Anne  Askew,  an  accom- 
plished Protestant  lady,  is  burned  for 
heresy  after  enduring  torture. 

*  *  Dublin.  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  is 
desecrated,  and  used  as  a  law  court. 

LETTERS. 

1528  *  *  Scot.  Sir  David  Lyndsay  writes 
Lyndsay^s  Dream.  [1529,  Lyndsay^ s 
Complaint;  1530,  The  Testament  of  the 
Papinge,  or  Popinjay  ;  1535,  A  Satire  of 
the  Three  Estates;  1536,  Answer  to  the 
King^s  Flytiny,  Complaint  and  Public 
Coiifession  of  the  King's  Old  Hound, 
and'  Bagsche;   1553,  The  MoTiarchie.] 

*  *  The  Dialogue  and  the  Supplication  of 
Souls,  by  Sir  Thomas  More,  appear. 

1630  *  *  The  Practice  of  Prelates,  by 
William  Tyndale,  appears. 

*  *  The  Royal  Injunctions,  recording  the 
views  of  Thomas  Cromwell,  mark  the 
downfall  of  the  old  scholastic  methods 
of  study  at  the  Universities  of  Cambridge 
and  Oxford. 

1537*  *A  papal  bull  dedicates  St. 
Mary's  College  to  the  Blessed  Virgin 
Mary  of  the  Assumption,  and  adds  en- 
dowments. 

1538  *  *  Sir  Thomas  Elyot  produces  the 
first  Latin-English  dictionary  pub- 
lished in  England ;  he  is  the  author  also 
of  The.  Governor,  a  treatise  on  education. 
The  Castle  of  Health,  and  a  Defence  or 
Apology  of  Good  Women. 

1539  *  *  Regius  Professorship  is  estab- 
lished at  Cambridge;  also  professor- 
shipsof  law,  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  physic. 

*  *  Professorships  of  divinity,  law,  med- 
icine, Hebrew,  and  Greek,  are  estab- 
lished at  Oxford. 

*  *  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  writes  Sonnets  and 
Lyrics.  He  is  the  first  writer  of  son- 
nets in  English,  and  the  tirst  writer  of 
satires  in  classical  form. 

*  *  Henry  Howard,  Earl  of  Surrey, 
writes  sonnets,  lyrics,  and  satires. 

1541  *  *  Ralph  Roister  Doister^  a  play,  is 
written  by  Nicholas  Udall ;  it  is  the 
earliest  known  English  comedy. 

1544  *  *  Koger  Ascham  writes  Toxopki- 
lus,  a  book  on  archery. 

SOCIETY. 

1533  Jan.  25.  Henry  VIII.  marries 
Anne  Boleyn.  [1536.  May  19.  Beheaded 
for  infidelity.] 

June  1.  Londmt.  The  great  conduit 
runs  with  white  and  claret  wine,  the 

whole  afternoon,  in  honor  of  the  wel- 
ding of  Anne  Boleyn. 

1535  May  8.  Henry  VIII.,  having  had 
his  head  shaved,  commands  all  about 
his  court  to  follow  his  example. 

*  *  Society  punishes  the  poor. 

A  vagrant  a  second  time  convicted  is 
to  lose  the  upper  part  of  the  gristle  of 
his  right  ear  ;  a  third  time  convicted,  is 
to  be  put  to  death. 

1536  May  20.  Henry  VIII.  marries 
Jane  Seymour,  maid  of  honor  to  Anne 
Boleyn,  on  the  day  following  the  execu- 


tion of  Anne.  [1537.  Oct.  24.  She  dies 
after  the  birth  of  her  son  Edward  VI.] 

1537  Dec.  5.  The  expulsion  of  Gipsies 
is  ordered. 

*  *  Regulations  for  wakes  are  enacted. 
1538*  *  lAmdon.    Bills  of  mortality  are 

ordered  to  be  kept.  [1539.  First  com- 
piled.] 

*  *  Scot.  James  V.  marries  Mary  of 
Guise. 

1540  Jan.  6.    Henry  VIII.  marries 

AnneofCleves.  [July*  Divorced.  July 
28.  He  marries  Catherine  Howard. 
1542.    Feb.  12.    Executed  for  treason.] 

*  *  The  order  of  the  Knights  of  Malta  is 
suppressed.     [1557.     Restored.] 

*  *  Scot.  The  Order  of  the  Thistle  is 
instituted  by  James  V. 

It  consists  of  the  sovereign  and  12 
knights,  in  imitation  of  Christ  and  his 
12  apostles.  [1543.  The  order  is  discon- 
tinued.   1687.     Renewed.] 

1541  May  27.  The  venerable  Count- 
ess of  Salisbury  is  beheaded,  after 
resisting  the  executioner  and  being  hor- 
ribly mangled. 

*  *  Margaret  Davie,  a  young  woman,  is 
boiled  to  death  for  poisoning. 

*  *  A  statue  is  enacted  declaring  all 
witchcraft  and  sorcery  to  be  felony 
without  benefit  of  clergy. 

*  *  Ire.  The  title.  Baron  Louth,  is  cre- 
ated.   [1543,    Baron  Inchiquin.] 

1542  Dec.  13.  People  deemed  the  bet- 
ter sort  are  permitted  to  read  the  Bible. 

*  *  Scot.  Princess  Mary,  only  eight  days 
old,  is  sent  to  France. 

1543  July  12.  Henry  VIII.  marries 
Catherine  Parr.  [1548.  Sept.  *  She 
dies.] 

1545  *  *  Circulating  slanderous  libels  is 
made  a  felony. 

*  *  The  property  of  guilds  is  confiscated. 

1546  May  29.  Edinburgh.  Cardinal 
Beaton,  archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  is 
assassinated   at   St.  Andrews   by  the 


Protestants. 


STATE. 


1529  TSov.  3.  Parliament  meets. 
[1536.    Apr.  4.    Dissolved,] 

*  *  Sir  Thomas  More  is  made  lord  chan- 
cellor, Cardinal  Wolsey  having  incurred 
the  king's  displeasure. 

*  *  Ire.  Henry  Fitzroy,  Duke  of  Rich- 
mond and  Somerset,  natural  son  of  the 
king,  is  appointed  lord  lieutenant. 

1532  May  17.  Scot.  A  statute  is 
passed  instituting  the  Courtof  Session, 
the  highest  Scotch  civil  tribunal. 

*  *  Sir  Thomas  More  resigns,  and  Sir 
Thomas  Audley  is  made  lord  keeper  of 
the  seal. 

*  *  Thomas  Cranmer  is  made  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  and  one  of  the 
king's  ministers  and  advisers.  Thomas 
Cromwell  is  one  of  the  king's  favorites 
and  ministers. 

1533  *  *  Parliament  fixes  the  price  of 
beef  and  pork  at  a  halfpenny  a  pound, 
and  veal  three  farthings. 

1534  Nov.  3.  A  Parliament  meets,  at 
which  the  Act  of  Supremacy  is  passed 
declaring  the  king  the  only  supreme 
head  of  the  church ;  and  other  acts 
are  passed  totally  abolishing  the  papal 
power  in  England. 

1536  *  *  An  act  is  passed  uniting  and 
incorporating  Wales  with  England. 


June  8.  Parhament  meets.  [July  18. 
Dissolved.] 

It  passes  an  Act  ratifying  the  divorce 
of  Anne  Boleyn,  and  declaring  the  issue 
of  the  king's  former  marriage  illegiti- 
mate. 

*  *  Thomas  Cromwell  is  made  lord  privy 
seal. 

1539  Apr.  28.  Parliament  meets. 
[July  24.     Dissolved.] 

*  *  Sir  Edward  Montague  is  appointed 

chief  justice. 

1540  *  *  Thomas,  Duke  of  Norfolk,  Hen- 
ry, Earl  of  Surrey,  Thomas,  Lord  Aud- 
ley, Bishop  Gardiner,  and  Sir  Ralph 
Sadler  are  ministers. 

Apr.  17.  Thomas  Cromwell  is  created 
Earl  of  Essex. 

July  28.  Cromwell,  Sari  of  Essex,  is 
executed  on  a  charge  of  treason.  He  had 
incurred  tlie  king's  displeasure  by  rec- 
ommending the  marriage  with  Anne  of 
Cleves. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Hebrides  are  annexed  by 
James  V. 

1541  Jan.  16.    Parliament  meets. 

[1544.    Mar.  28.     Dissolved.] 

1542*  *  Parliament:  An  act  is  passed 
making  Ireland  a  kingdom.     Henry 

assumes  the  title  King  of  Ireland,  in- 
stead of  *' lord  of  Ireland"  used  by 
previous  kings. 

*  *  Parhament :  Members  are  exempted 
from  arrest  on  civil  action. 

Dec.  13.    Scot.    James  V.  dies. 

1542-67    Scot.    Mary  Queen  of  Scots 

reigns. 

She  being  an  infant  one  week  old,  the 
Earl  of  Arran  is  made  regent. 

1543  Feb.  11.  Henry  forms  an  alli- 
ance with  the  Emperor  Charles  V. 

1544  *  *  Thomas  "Wriothesley  is  ap- 
pointed lord  high  chancellor. 

*  *  Parliament  declares  Henry's  daugh- 
ters, Mary  and  Elizabeth,  heirs  to  the 
crown,  in  the  event  of  Edward  dying 
without  issue. 

*  *  Thomas,  Duke  of  Norfolk,  Lord  Lisle, 
Sir  William  Petre,  and  Sir  William 
Paget  are  the  king's  ministers. 

*  *  Ire.    Anthony  St.  Leger  is  appointed 

deputy. 

*  *  The  subsidies  are  expended,  and  **  be- 
nevolences** are  extorted. 

1545  Jan.  30.    Parliament  meets. 

[Dissolved  at  an  uncertain  date.] 

Nov.  23.  Parliament  meets.  [1547. 
Jan.  31.     Dissolved.] 

*  *  The  coin  is  debased  ;  the  rate  of  in- 
terest is  fixed  at  10  per  cent. 

1546  June  7.    Peace    is    concluded 

with  France  ;  England  is  to  surrender 
Boulogne  on  the  payment  of  a  heavy 
former  debt  due  by  France. 

*  *  Sir  Richard  Lyster  is  appointed  chief 
justice. 

*  *  *  The  king  suppresses  645  monas- 
teries, 90  colleges,  2,374  chantries  and 
chapels,  and  110  hospitals,  and  confis- 
cates their  revenue,  amounting  to 
£161,100. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1537  **  ionrfon.  The  Fishmongers' 
United  Company  is  formed. 

1544  *  *  Xiand  is  [said  to  have  been]  let 
generally  for  one  shilling  per  acre. 

1545  Jtily  20.  The  Mary  Rose  from 
Portsmouth,  bound  for  Spithead,  is  up- 
set in  a  squall ;  all  on  board  drowned. 


870      1546,**-1555/ 


GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1547  Sept.  *  Scot.  The  Duke  of  Somer- 
set, with  a  fleet  and  16,000  men,  invades 
the  country. 

Sept.  10.  Scot.  Battle  of  Pinkie,  near 
Edinburgh,  The  Duke  of  Somerset  de- 
feats the  Scotch  under  Earls  Angus  and 
Huntley;  Scotch  loss,  10,000  killed. 

1549  *  ♦  A  rebellion  breaks  out  in  the 
southern  and  western  counties. 

It  is  an  uprising  against  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  New  Church  hturgy,  is 
suppressed  by  tlie  royal  forces  ujider 
Lord  Grey  at  Uridgewater,  Somerset- 
shire ;  the  leaders  are  put  to  death. 

•  *  Robert  Ket,  a  tanner  and  landowner 
of  Norfolk,  heads  an  insurrection 
against  the  new  liturgy,  and  the  "op- 
pression of  the  commons  by  the  rich." 

He  gathers  an  army  of  20,000  men  and 
attacks  Norwich,  setting  fire  to  part  of 
the  city  ;  be  is  defeated  at  Dussing- 
daJe  by  the  royal  troops  under  the  Earl 
of  Warwick,  and,  with  other  insurgent 
leaders,  hanged. 

1550  *  *  The  regiment  of  Horse  Guards 
is  first  raised. 

1554  Feb.  *  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt,  son  of 
the  poet,  leads  a  rebellion  of  Kent  men 
against  the  marriage  of  Queen  Mary 
with  Philip  of  Spain.  [Feb.  6.  He  is 
taken  prisoner.    Apr.  11.    Executed.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1550  *  *  Pencils  are  made  of  black  lead. 
16th  Century.    Orlando    Gibbons    writes 

music  for  the  Anglican  service,  as  well 

as  secular  music. 
1551±  *  *The  first  regular  coznedy  is 

performed  in  England. 

•  *  A  musical  sacred  drama  is  first  per- 
formed in  an  oratorio  [hence  its  name] 
by  St.  Philip  Neri. 

1553  May  20.  An  expedition  sails  from 
the  Thames  under  Sir  Hugh  Willoughby 
and  Kichard  Chancellor  to  find  a  north- 
east passage  to  China.  [He  discovers 
Spitzbergen  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  and 
calls  it  Greenland,  supposing  it  to  be  a 
part  of  the  Western  Continent.] 

•  *  The  art  of  starching  linen  is  brought 
into  England  by  Mrs.  Dinghein,  a  Flem- 
ish woman. 

1554  Aug.  3.  The  first  letter  in  Europe 
[known  to  be]  sealed  with  sealing-wax, 
bears  this  date. 

±  *  *  Rus.  The  Arctic  explorer,  Richard 
Chancellor,  in  the  Edward,  rea(?hes 
Archangel  and  Moscow :  the  rest  of  the 
expedition  have  perishea  off  the  coast  of 
Lapland. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1546  *  *  Beaton,  David,  cardinal,  atatesiiian, 
Scotland,  A52. 
Darnley,   Lord,   Henry   Stuart,  husband   of 

Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  Scotland,  bom. 
Elyot,  Sir  Thomas,  diplomatist,  lexicog.^  A51. 
Wishart,  (Jeorge,  martyr,  reformer,  Scot.,  b. 
1647  ♦  ♦  Baker,   Feter,  caligraphiat,  one    of 
the  inventors  of  shorthand  writing,  bom. 
Surrey,  Earl  of,  Henry  Howard,  poet,  dies. 
1640  *  *  Savile,  Sir  Henry,  hist,  and  math.,  b. 
Sternhold,  Thomas,  versifier  of  Psalms,  bom. 
1650  *  *  Aniidas,  Philip,  navigator,  born. 
Bellenden,  John,  archdeacon  of  Moray,  his- 
torian, Scotland,  dies. 
Brown,  Kol>ert,  Puritan  theologian,  founder 

of  the  Brownists,  bom. 
LanpAster,  Sir  .lames,  navigator,  born. 
Napier,  John,  Inventor  of  logarithms,  born. 
1661  *  •  Camden,  William,  antiquary,  born. 
1563  *  *  Barclay,  Alexander,  poet,  Scot.,  A77. 
Coke,  Sir  Edward,  jurist,  statesman,  born. 
Ralelgih,  Sir  Walter,  poet,  courtier,  histo- 
rian, traveler,  statesman,  born. 
Somerset,  Duke  of,  protector,  A52. 


Spenser,  Edmund,  poet,  born. 
1653  *  *  Dudley,  John,  Duke  of  Northumber- 
land, Karl  of  Warwick,  statesman,  A51. 

Edward  VI.,  king,  AI6. 

Hakluyt,  Kichard,  historian,  geograplier,  b. 

Lilly,  or  Lyly,  John,  dramatist,  born. 
1664    Feb.  i2.     Grey,  Lady  Jane,  claim- 
ant to  the  crown.  A17±. 

Greville,  Sir    Fulke,  Lord  Brooke,  states- 
man, author,  born. 

Hooker,  Kichard,  clergyman,  author,  born. 

Sidney.  Sir  Philip,  poet,  courtier,  states- 
man, born. 

Willoughby,  Sir  Hugh,  art^ic  navigator,  d. 
1556    Oct.   16.     IJatimer,  Hueh.  reformer, 
martyr,  A66. 

Nov.   12.    Qardiner,  Stephen,  bishop  of 
Winchester,  lawyer,  statesman,  A72. 

Bradford,  John,  clergyman,  martyr,  dies. 

Hooper,  John,  reformer,  martyr,  A55. 

Lyndsay,  Sir  David,  poet,  Scotland,  A56i-. 

Ridley,  Nicholas,  bishop  of  London,  mar- 
tyr, A  55. 

Rogers,  John,  clergyman,  martyr,  A55. 


CHURCH. 

1546  *  *  Scot.  The  name  Congregration 
of  the  Lord  is  taken  by  the  Uefomiers 
beaded  by  John  Knox.  [1547.  John 
iCnoz  becomes  a  preacher.] 

1547  *  *  The  six  articles  defining  heresy 
are  repealed.    (See  1639.) 

*  *  Proteatantism  is  formallj^  established 
by  Edward  VI.  A  committee  is  ap- 
pointed to  draw  up  a  liturgy. 

1548  Mar.*  The  Privy  Council  set  forth 
a  new  coznmisBion  omce. 

Apr.  16.  The  reading  of  evening 
prayer  in  English  begins  in  the  chapel 
of  King  Edward. 

Dec.  *  The  first  prayer-book  of  Ed- 
ward approved  by  the  Commons.  [1649. 
Jan.  *  Lords  approve.} 

*  *  A  Book  of  Homilies,  a  manual  for  the 
use  of  ministers  who  are  unable  to  com- 
pose sermons,  is  published  by  order  of 
Archbishop  Cranmer.  [1663.  A  second 
book  is  published  by  order  of  Queen 
Elizabeth.] 

1549  Jan.  15.  The  Uniformity  Act 
passes. 

It  establishes  uniform  service  in  all 
the  churches,  and  provides  fine  and  im- 
prisonment as  its  penalties,  [May  20. 
Operative.] 

Feb.  19.  Parliament  permits  clergy- 
men to  marry  un  the  ground  that  it  is 
less  evil  than  compulsory  chastity. 

Apr.  12.  Joan  of  Kent,  an  Anabaptist, 
is  condemned  to  be  burned. 

July  2.  Vicar  Welsh,  of  St.  Thomas's, 
Exeter,  is  hanged  on  the  tower  of  his 
church  as  a  Cornish  rebel. 

Atig.  *  An  insurrection  in  Devon  and 
Cornwall  against  the  Protestant  lit- 
urgy is  defeated  by  Lord  liussell. 

*  *  John  Knox  finds  shelter  in  England, 
and  is  offered  a  bishopric  in  Northum- 
berland.    [Refuses.] 

*  *  The  first  Book  of  Common  Prayer 
is  issued. 

*  *  The  offices  of  morning  and  evening 
prayer  are  set  forth  [in  nearly  their 
present  form]. 

*  *  The  English  liturgy  is  completed, 
superseding  the  Latin  missal,  and  estab* 
lished  by  Act  of  Parliament. 

*  *  A  new  form  of  ordination  of  minis- 
ters is  prepared  by  a  committee  of  six 
prelates  and  six  divines. 

*  *  The  communion  Bervice  is  instituted 
[as  now  observed  in  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land]. 

1650  If.  Julius  III.  is  elected  pope. 
[1566,  Marcellus  II.;  later,  Paul  IV.; 
1659,  Pius  IVO 

*  *  Ire.  Thomas  Lancaster  becomes  the 
first  Protestant  bishop  of  Kildare. 


*  *  The  words  "  so  help  me  God  and  all 
the  saints"  are  no  longer  used  in  con- 
cluding an  oath. 

1551  Mar.  8.  John  Hooper  is  con- 
secrated bishop  of  Gloucester.  [1652. 
Bishop  of  Worcester.] 

*  *  Protestantism  is  established  by  order 
of  the  king. 

*  ♦  Ire.  The  Irish  bishops  are  summoned 
before  the  deputy,  Sir  Anthony  St.  Le- 
ger,  to  receive  the  new  Snghah  liturgy 
which  is  to  supersede  the  Latin  Service 
Book. 

*  *  George  Van  Pare,  a  Dutch  Baptist, 
is  burned. 

*  *  At  the  solicitation  of  Calvin  and  others 
the  liturgy  is  revised  and  altered. 

1552  Nov.  ♦  The  second  prayer-book 
is  issued. 

*  *  The  Church  of  England  retains 
the  Apostles',  Kicene,  and  Athanasian 
creeds,  with  42  articles  of  religion. 

*  *  Parliament  confirms  the  Act  of  Uni- 
formity of  1549.  [1554.  Repealed  by 
Mary.] 

1553  May  *  The  Articles  of  Faith 
drawn  up  by  Cranmer  are  ratified  by 
convocation  and  signed  by  the  king. 

*  *  Dublin.  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  is- 
restored  to  church  uses. 

1553-58  The  Reformation  is  annulled, 
and  Roman  Catholicism  is  restored 
by  Mary  ;  the  Catholic  bishops  are  again 
in  ascendancy. 

1554  *  *  Persecution  of  Protestants  by 
Mary  begins.  [More  than  300  are  put  to 
death  in  five  years.] 

Feb.  6.    John  "Wyatt   and  others  are 

executed  as  heretics. 
Nov.  20.    The  assembled  Parliament  at 

Lambeth  is  solemnly  absolved,  and  the 

nation  reconciled  to  Home. 

Dec.  6.  Cardinal  Pole,  the  pope's  legate, 
absolves  and  reconciles  tne  clergy 
in  convocation.  [Dec.  24.  Restores  their 
church  property.] 

*  *  Seven  bishops  are  deprived  of  their 
office  for  being  married. 

1555  Feb.  4.  London.  JohnBogers, 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  and  the  proto- 
martyr,  is  burned  at  Smithfield. 

Feb.  9.  Bishop  John  Hooper  is  burned 
at  Gloucester ;  also  Bishop  Taylor. 
[Mar.  30.  Bishop  Farrar  is  burned  at 
Carmarthen,  Wales.] 

Oct.  16.  Nicholas  Ridley,  bishop  of 
London,  and  Hugh  Latimer,  bishop 
of  Worcester,  are  burned  at  Oxford. 

Dec.  18.  John  Philpot,  a  Reformer,  is 
burned  at  Smithfield. 

*  *  Cruel  Persecution  of  Protestants. 

During  three  years  of  Mary's  reign 
277  persons  are  brought  to  the  stake,  be- 
sides those  punished  by  imprisonment, 
fines,  and  confiscations.  Among  those 
who  suffer  by  fire  are  five  bishops,  21 
clergymen,  eight  lay  gentlemen,  84 
tradesmen,  100  husbandmen,  servants, 
and  laborers,  65  women,  and  four  chil- 
dren. The  principal  agents  of  the  queen 
are  the  Bishops  Gardiner  and  Bonner. 
(Haydn.) 

LETTERS. 

1546  *  *  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  is 
endowed  by  Henry  VIII. 

1547  *  *  The  journals  of  the  House  of 
Commons  are  begun. 

*  *  St.  Alban's  Hall,  Oxford,  is  estab- 
lished. 


AND    IRELAND. 


1546,**-1555, 


871 


1548  *  •  »Jobn  Bale  writes  in  Latin  the 
Summary  of  the  Illustrious  Writers  of 
Great  Britain:  it  is  the  first  serious  at- 
tempt at  a  history  of  English  literature. 

1550  f  *  *Hugh  Ijatimer  writes  vol- 
umes of  sermons. 

*  *  Ire.  Humphrey  Powell  publishes  the 
Liturgy^  the  first  book  printed  iu  Ire- 
land. (?) 

1552  *  *  Shenfield'B  grammar-school, 
J^eeds,  is  founded. 

1553  *  *  A  grammar-school  is  founded  at 
Birmiughani  by  King  Edward  VI. 

*  •  Books  of  astronomy  and  geometry  are 
destroyed  because  it  is  alleged  they  are 
infected  with  magic. 

*  *  Thomas  Wilson  writes  Hketoric  and 
jA>gic:  it  is  the  first  systematic  treatise 
on  the  English  language. 

1554  *  *  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  is 
founded.    [1555.    St.  John's  College.] 

*  *  George  Cavendish  writes  the  Life  of 
Wolsey. 

SOCIETY. 

1547  *  *  The  name  Merry- Andrew  is 
first  given  to  Andrew  Borde,  a  physician, 
because  of  his  facetious  manners. 

*  ♦  An  act  respecting  runaways  is  passed. 

It  enacted  that  a  runaway,  or  any  one 
who  lived  idly  for  three  days,  should  be 
brought  betore  two  justices  of  the  peace, 
and  marked  V  with  a  hot  iron  on  the 
breast,  and  adjudged  the  slave  of  him 
who  bought  him  for  two  years. 

[  •  *  London.  The  Bethlehem  Hospital  for 
lunatics  is  incorporated.  [It  is  the  old- 
est in  the  world.] 

*  *The  title,  Duke  of  Somerset,  is  cre- 
ated. [1550.  Viscount  of  Hereford  ;  1551, 
Marquis  of  Winchester,  and  the  Earl  of 
Pembroke  and  Montford  (1605) ;  1553, 
Earl  of  Devon ;  1554,  Baron  North ;  1559, 
Baron  St.  John  of  Bletsoe.] 

1540  Aug.  6.  An  annual  festival  is 
established  at  Exeter. 

1550*  *  Ire.  The  title,  Viscount  of 
Mountgarret,  is  created. 

*  •The  Family  of  Love,  founded  by 
David  George,  an  Anabaptist  of  Holland, 
called  also  Philadelpbians,  from  the 
love  they  profess  to  bear  to  all  men,  as- 
semble at  Brewhouse  Yard,  Nottingham. 

1551-52  The  first  license  law  is  passed. 
It  requires  that  none  shall  keep  ale- 
houses who  are  not  authorized  to  do  so 
by  the  Sessions  of  the  Peace  or  two  jus- 
tices, and  those  permitted  or  licensed 
are  to  give  bond  for  good  order,  and  are 
not  to  allow  unlawfufgaming.  Any  per- 
son selling  without  license  is  to  be  fined 
20  shillings. 

1553  *  *  Dublin.  In  a  trial  by  combat 
in  Dublin  Castle,  before  the  lords,  jus- 
tices, and  council,  between  Connor  Mac- 
Cormack  O'Connor  and  Teig  Mac-Gilpat- 
rick  O'Connor,  the  former  nas  his  head 
cut  off,  and  presented  to  the  lords. 

1553-54  It  is  enacted  that  none  shall 
sell  wines  excepting  in  cities  and  mar- 
ket-towns, and  then  only  in  restricted 
numbers  and  under  licenses  issued  by 
the  mayors  and  sessions  respectively ; 
the  penalty  for  unlawful  selling  is  £5. 

*  •  London.  Forty  taverns  and  public 
houses  are  allowed  in  the  city,  and 
three  in  Westminster. 

*  *  London.  Christ's  hospital  is  founded 
by  King  Edward  \'I. 

*  ♦  Elizabeth  Croft,  a  girl  of  18  years  of 
age.  is  secreted  in  a  wall,  and,  with  a 
vuistle  made  for  the  purpose,  utters 
many  seditious  speeches  against  the 
queen  and  the  prince,  and  also  against 
the  mass  and  confession,  for  which  she 
does  penance. 


STATE. 

1547  Jan.  19.  The  Earl  of  Surrey  is 
beheaded  on  a  charge  of  high  treason. 

Jan.  28.    Henry  VIll.  dies. 
1547-53    Edward  VI.,  son  of  Henry 
VIII.,  reigns. 

Ministers:  Lord  Wriothesley,  as 
lord  chancellor ;  the  Earl  of  Hertford, 
who  is  made  Duke  of  Somerset  and  lord 
protector  :  Crannier,  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury ;  Lord  Hussel,  the  Earl  of  Arun- 
del, Lord  Seymour,  Sir  William  Paget, 
Sir  William  Petre,  and  others. 

JN'ov.  4.  Parliament  meets.  [1552. 
Apr.  15.    Dissolved.] 

*  *  William  St.  John  Is  appointed  lord 
keeper.  [Richard  Bach,  lord  high 
chancellor.] 

1548  *  *  Ire.  Sir  Edward  Bellingham  is 
appointed  deputy. 

Aug.  7.  Scot.  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
escorted  by  a  French  fleet,  sets  sail  at 
Dumbarton  for  France.  [Aug.  13.  She 
lands  at  Brest.] 

Nov.  15.  Ire.  Sir  Francis  Bryan  is  ap- 
pointed lord  marshal. 

*  •  Posting  is  fixed  at  a  penny  a  mile. 
1540    Jan.  15.   Parliament:  The  Uni- 
formity Act.    (See  Church.) 

*  *  Dublin,  Bailiff  is  changed  to  sheriff, 
and  John  Ryan  and  Comyn  are  the  first 
appointed. 

Mar.  20.  Sir  Thomas  Seymour,  after 
being  attainted  of  treason  without  a 
hearing,  is  beheaded  on  the  charge  of 
seeking  to  marry  the  Princess  Elizabeth. 

Oct.  *  Somerset  is  deprived  of  the  office 
of  protector  [and  sent  a  prisoner  to  the 
Tower ;  the  Earl  of  Warwick  becomes 
protector]. 

*  *  Francis  Ktissel,  son  of  the  Earl  of 
Bedford,  sits  in  the  House  of  Commons 
—  the  first  time  for  a  peer's  eldest  son. 

*  *  Ire.  Sir  Francis  Bryan  is  chosen  dep- 
uty by  the  Irish  Privy  Council.  [1549. 
Feb.  2.  He  dies.  1550.  Sir  William 
Brabazon  is  chosen  to  succeed  him.] 

1551*  *The  Earl  of  Warwick,  the 
Earl  of  Bedford,  Bishop  Goodrich,  and 
Sir  William  Cecil  are  ministers. 

*  *  Thomas  Goodrich  is  appointed  keeper 
of  the  great  seal. 

*  *  Ire.  Anthony  St.  Leger  is  again  ap- 
pointed  deputy. 

1552  Jan.  22.  The  Duke  of  Somerset 
is  beheaded  on  a  charge  of  treason. 

*  *  Thomas  Goodrich  is  appointed  lord 
hi^h  chancellor ;  Sir  Koger  Cholmely 
chief  justice. 

1553  Mar.  1.  Parliament  is  opened. 
[Mar.  31.     Dissolved.] 

*  *  Northumberland  intrig:ues  to  settle 
the  crown  on  his  daughter-in-law,  Lady 
Jane  Grey,  the  granddaughter  of  Mary, 
sisterof  Henry  VTII. ;  he  persuades  King 
Edward  to  sign  a  will  bequeathing  the 
crown  to  her. 

*  *  Ire.  The  office  of  Ulster  king-of- 
arms,  chief  heraldic  officer,  is  created 
by  letters  patent. 

July  6.  King  Edward  VI.  dies,  aged  16 
years. 

July  10-19.  Through  the  influence  of 
Northumberland  and  others,  Ijady  Jane 
Grey  reigns  as  queen. 

July  19.  Mary,  daughter  of  Henry 
Vin.  and  Catherine  of  Aragon,  Is  pro- 
claimed queen.  [She  is  by  some  called 
"  the  bloody."   Oct.  1.    She  is  crowned.] 


1553-58    Mary  reigns. 

Aug.  22.  The  Duke  of  Northumber- 
land and  others,  after  trial  and  convic- 
tion, are  executed  for  high  treason  in 
connection  with  the  proclaiming  of 
Lady  Jane  Grey. 

Aug.  23.  Bishop  Stephen  Gardiner  is 
appointed  lord  high  chancellor. 

Oct.  5.  Parliament  meets.  [Dec.  3. 
Dissolved.] 

*  *  A  treaty  of  marriage  between  Queen 
Mary  and  Prince  Philip  of  Spain  [later 
Philip  II.]  is  concluded. 

Philip  Is  to  have  the  title  of  King  of 
England,  without  authority  in  its  gov- 
ernment, or  right  of  succession  to  the 
English  crown  ;  the  treaty  excites  mucli 
popular  opposition,  in  which  Sir  Thomas 
Carew,  the  Duke  of  Suffolk,  and  Sir 
Thomas  Wyatt  are  leaders. 

Nov.  13.  IiadyJaneGrey, Archbishop 
Cranmer,  and  others,  are  arraigned  on 
charges  of  high  treason.  [1554.  Feb.  12. 
Lady  Jane  Grey  is  executed.] 

*  *  Sir  Thomas  Bromley  is  made  chief 
justice. 

1554  Mar.  18.  The  Princess  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  Henry  VIlI.  and 
Anne  Boleyn,  is  sent  a  prisoner  to  the 
Tower. 

Apr.  2.  Parliamentopens.  [May5.  Dis- 
solved.] 

Apr.  11,    Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  Is  executed. 

Apr.  *  Scot.  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  ap- 
points her  mother,  Mary  of  Guise,  re- 
gent. 

July  19.  Philip  of  Spain  lands  in  Eng- 
land.   [Sept.  *  He  leaves.] 

July  25.  Queen  Mary  marries  Philip 
of  Spain. 

Nov.  12.  Parliament  meets.  [1555. 
Jan.  16.    Dissolved.] 

*  *  Sir  William  Portman  is  appointed 
chief  justice. 

*  *  Ministers :  Gardiner,  Bishop  of  Win- 
chester ;  Bonner,  Bishop  of  London: 
William,  Marquis  of  Winchester;  and 
Sir  Edward  Hastings. 

*  •  London.  The  Uniformity  Act  is  re- 
pealed. 

1555  Jan.  *  The  Princess  Elizabeth  Is 
released  from  prison, 

June  *  Ire.  Pope  Paul  IV.  issues  a  buU 
confirming  the  title  of  Ireland  as  a 
kingdom. 

Oct.  21.  Parliament  meets.  [Dec.  9. 
Dissolved.] 

*  *  Ire.  Thomas  RadcliflFe.VisGoiuitFitz- 
walters,  is  appointed  lord  lieutenant. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1550  **  W.  ^4fr.  English  merchants 
visit  Guinea. 

*  *  The  Turkey  trade  commences. 
1551*  *  The  sweating  sickness  appears 

for  the  fifth  time. 
Apr.  16.    A  pestilence   breaks  out  at 
Shrewsbury. 

1553  *  *  London.  The  Russian  trading 
company  is  established. 

1554  Mar.  1.  Queen  Mary's  household 
expenses  include  15  shillings  given  to  a 
yeoman  for  bringing  her  a  leek  this 
day. 

1555*  *  London.  Poultry  Compter 
[one  of  the  old  city  prisons]  is  made  a 
prison-house. 


872     1555,  *  *-1570,  Feb.  25.       GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1557  Aug.  10.  Fr.  The  English  and 
Spaniards  defeat  the  French  at  St. 
Quentin  (p.  682). 

1558  Jan.  8.  Fr.  The  French  take 
Calais  (p.  682). 

July  13.  Fr.  The  English,  with  twelve 
ships  under  Adm.  Malin,  and  the  Span- 
ish under  Count  Egmont,  defeat  the 
French  under  Marshal  de  Thermes  at 
Gravelines. 

1559  June  25.  Scot.  The  reformers 
take  Perth,  which  had  been  held  by  a 
French  garrison  under  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots. 

1564*  *  Ire.  Shane  (John)  O'Neill, 
the  Proud,  makes  war  against  the  author- 
ity of  the  English  in  Ulster,  and  devas- 
tates a  part  of  that  province.  [1567. 
June  2.  He  is  defeated  in  battle  by 
the  Ulster  chief,  O'Donnell.] 

*  *The  Catholic  earls,  Northumberland 
and  Westmoreland,  head  an  unsuccess- 
ful insurrection  to  "  reestablish  the 
religion  of  their  ancestors." 

1668  May  13.  Scot.  Battle  of  Lang- 
side,  near  Glasgow. 

The  regent.  Earl  of  Murray,  defeats 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  who  haa  escaped 
from  prison  in  Loch  Leven  Castle,  Kin- 
ross, and  raised  an  army  6,000  strong; 
Mary  escapes  [and  four  days  after  the 
battle  flees  to  England.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1555  *  *  Rude  carriages  are  used. 

1557  *  *  London.  The  manufacture  of 
glass  is  begun  at  Crutched-friars.  Glass 
bottles  are  first  manufactured. 

1560  *  *  Sewing-needles  are  made  by 
Chreening. 

1561  Jan.  18.  Londfm.  The  first  tra- 
gedy, entitled  Gorboduc,  by  Thomas 
Sackville,is  performed  at  Whitehall  be- 
fore the  queen. 

1563  ♦  *  London.    Knives  are  first  made 

by  Matthews  of  Fleet  Bridge. 
1564±  *  *  Knit  worsted  stockings  are 

first  made  in  England. 

1566  June  7.  London.  The  founda- 
tion of  the  Royal  Exchange  is  laid  by 
Sir  Thomas  Gresham. 

1567  *  *  London.  Physic  gardens  are 
first  planted  by  John  Gerard,  a  surgeon. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1B60  Mar.  01.  Oranmer.  Thomas,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  statesman,  A67. 

Lodge,  Thomas,  poet,  born. 

Udall,  Nicholas,  dramatist,  A50. 
1657  *  ♦  Cabot.  Sebastian,  navigator,  A81±. 

Chapman,  Greorge,  poet,  dramatist,  born- 

Cheke,  Sir  John,  statesman,  scholar,  A43. 

1568  Nov.  17.    Mary  1.,  queen,  A42. 
Nov.  16.    Pole.  Reginald,  cardinal, 

statesman,  A58. 
Peele,  (Jeorge,  poet,  bom. 
1560  *  *  Cecil,  Robert,  Earl  of  Salisbury,  b. 
Greene,  Robert,  poet,  dramatist,  born. 
Harriott,  Thomas,  mathematician,  astron.,  b. 
1661     Jan.  22.    Bacon.    Francis.     Lord 
Verulam,  lawyer,  statesman,  phil.,  bom. 
Briggs,  Henry,  mathematician,  born. 
Harington,  Sir  John,  translator,  born. 
Liddel,  Duncan,  physician,  math.,  bom. 
1663  *  •  Abbot,  George,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, born. 
Spelman,  Sir  Henry,  historian,  antiquary,  b. 
Daniel,  Samuel,  poet,  born. 

1663  *  *  Bale,  John,  bishop  of  Ossory,  re- 
former, author,  A(>8. 

Drayton,  Michael,  poet,  bom. 

1664  Apr.*  Shakespeare, WlUlam, poet, 
dramatist,  actor,  born  at  Stratford-upon- 
Avon,  Warwickshire. 


Cavendishjjor  Candish,  Thomas,  navigator,  b. 
Marlowe,  Christopher,  dramatist,  bom. 
>'a8U,  Thomas,  dramatist,  born. 
1565*  *  Ales,  or  Alane,  Alexander,  theolo- 
gian, reformer,  Scotland,  A65. 
1666    June  18.    James  VI.  [James  1.,  Eng- 
land], king,  .Scotland,  born. 
AUeyn,   Edward,  scholar,  actor,   fnen<i    of 

Shakespeare,  fdr.  of  Dulwich  <rollege,  b 

Boyle.  Richard,  "the  great  Earl  of  Cork," 

soldier,  statesman,  born. 

1567*  *  Darnley,   Lord   Henry,  husband  of 

Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  A21. 

Essex,  Earl  of,  Rolwrt  Devereni,  courtier, 

general,  born.     [1601.     Dies,  A34] 
O'Neill,  Shane,  cliieftain,  Ireland,  dies. 
1568*  *  Ascham,    Roger,    lecturer,    school- 
master, author,  A53. 
Wotton,  Sir  Henry,  wit,  poet,  diplomatist,  b. 
1669  *  *  Bonner,  Edmund,  bishop  of   Lon- 
don, lawyer,  statesman,  A69. 
Davies,  Sir  John,  poet,  statesman,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1555*  *  London.  Dissenting  meetings 
which  are  essentially  congregational  are 
held. 

*  *  Scot.  John  Knox,  having  returned 
from  Geneva,  gathers  a  congregation. 

1556  Mar.  21.  Thomas  Cranmer, 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  is  burned  at 
Oxford. 

Mar.  22.  Cardinal  Reginald  Pole  suc- 
ceeds Cranmer  as  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury. 

*  *  London.  The  Abbey  of  "Westmin- 
ster is  reestablished  by  Mary. 

1567  Bee.  3.  Edinburgh.  The  First 
Covenant  is  signed. 

The  mass  of  the  signers  is  known  as 
the  congregation,  the  nobility,  and  lead- 
ing subsentries  as  the  lords  of  the  con- 
gregation. 

1558  *  *  The  queen  orders  the  church 
services  to  be  read  in  English. 

*  *  Rise  of  the  Puritans. 

155S-1603  Roman  Catholicism  is  abol- 
ished, and  Protestantism  is  restored. 
Puritan  dissensions  begin. 

1559  May  31.  Scot.  The  Second 
Covenant  is  signed  at  Perth. 

The  former  covenant  having  met  with 
dissimulation  and  treachery,  the  Scotch 
bind  themselves  to  render  mutual  assist- 
ance in  the  defence  of  religious  rights. 

June  24.  The  use  of  the  prayer-book 
of  1552  is  made  binding  in  the  churches. 

Dec.  17.  Matthew  Parker  is  conse- 
crated archbi8l)()p  of  Canterbury  at 
Lambeth  by  four  bishops  in  regular 
form.  The  "  Nag's  Head  Story  *  al- 
leged that  he  was  consecrated  at  the 
Nag's  Head  Tavern,  Cheapside.  He  is 
a  firm  opponent  of  Puritanism. 

*  *  Parliament  restores  to  the  crown  its 
ancient  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction. 

*  *  Queen  Elizabeth  demands  the  title 
"  Supreme  Governor  of  the  Church  *'  on 
the  earth. 

*  ♦  Uniformity  in  religion  is  reenacted. 
Conformity  is  exacted  in  Scotland. 

1560  Apr.  *  Scot.  The  Privy  Council 
appoints  John  Knox  and  four  others 
"to  commit  to  writing  their  judgments 
touching  the  reformation  of  religion." 
[They  issue  for  the  Scotch  church  the 
First  Book  of  Diaeipline,  which  is  re- 
jected by  the  nobles,  who  cling  to  the 
patrimony  of  the  old  church.] 

*  *  Scot.  The  Reformation  is  estab- 
lished under  John  Knox. 

Aug.  17-24,  Edinburgh.  The  Scotch 
estates  abolish  Roman  CathoUcism, 
and  adopt  a  confession  of  faith 


Dec.  20.  Edinburgh.  The  first  Gen- 
eral Assembly  o'f  the  Scottish  Church 
opens,  consisting  of  six  ministers  and  34 
laymen. 

*  *  I^ondon.  "Westminster  Abbey  is 
made  a  collegiate  church  by  Elizabeth. 

1561  June  15.  London.  The  massy 
spire  of  St.  Paul's  Church,  460  feet  high, 
is  struck  by  lightning  and  consumed. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Reformers  organize  them- 
selves into  •*  the  Congregation  of  the 
Lord." 

Having  defeated  in  battle  the  queen- 
mother,  Mary  of  Guise,  their  Parlia- 
ment replaces  bishops  with  "superin- 
tendents," after  the  Geuevese  model. 

1562  Aug.  *  The  papacy  pronounces 
the  joining  in  the  common  prayer  schis- 
matical,  and  forbids  attendance  of  Cath- 
olics at  church. 

*  *  Separatists  begin  to  appear. 

1563  Mar.  26.  A  bill  is  introduced  into 
Parliament  permitting  the  Bible  and 
tJie  church  service  to  be  translated  into 
the  Welsh  and  British  tongues,  and  used 
in  the  Church  of  "Wales. 

*  *  Tlie  Anglican  Church,  or  Church  of 
England,  is  established. 

The  convocation  of  the  clergy  arranges 
and  agrees  to  the  Thirty-nine  Articles, 
but  the  queen  quietly  interpolates  the 
opening  clause  of  Article  XX.  before 
ratifying  them. 

1563-1608  Many  Puritans  emigrate 
to  Holland. 

Dissenters  or  non-conformists  abound 
as  Presbyterians,  Puritans,  Brownists, 
Separatists,  etc. 

1564  Jan.  26.  If.  The  Pope  issues  a 
bull  confirming  the  decrees  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  Trent. 

±*  *ThenamePuritanbecomescommon. 

It   is   given   to   persons  who   aim    at 

greater  purity  of  doctrine,  a  more  holy 

life,  and  stricter  discipline  than  others. 

1566  *  *  Scruples  against  "the  stuplice 
leads  to  a  formal  schism. 

*  *  It.  St.  Pius  V.  is  elected  pope.  [1572, 
Gregory  XIII. ;  1585,  Sixtus  V.] 

1567  *  *  Separatists  are  committed  to 
Blackwell  for  assembling  in  worship. 

1568  *  *  Archbishop  Matthew  Parker 
publishes  The  Bishop's  Bible. 

1570  Feb.  25.  The  Pope  issues  a  bull 
of  excommunication  against  Eliza- 
beth. 

He  anathematizes  her  and  her  adher- 
ents as  heretics,  absolving  her  subjects 
from  their  allegiance,  enjoins  them  not 
to  obey  her  commands.  It  leads  to  an- 
other schism. 


LETTERS. 

1556*  *  London.  The  Company  of 
Stationers,  in  existence  long  bef(»re  the 
introiiuction  of  printing,  is  incorporated, 
and  has  powers  to  repress  obnoxious 
publications. 

1557  *  *  Scot.  First  Blast  of  the  Trum- 
pet against  the  Monstrous  Itegimt-nt  of 

Women,  an  invective  against  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots  and  Queen  Mary  of  Eng- 
land, by  John  Knox,  appears. 

*  *  Miscellany  of  Uncertain  Authors,  by 
Richard  Tottel,  appears. 

1558  *  *  Gonville  and  Caius  College, 
Cambridge,  is  enlarged  by  Dr.  John 
Caius. 

1559  *  *  The  Mirror  for  Magistrates,  by 
Thomas  Sackville,  appears. 

1560  *  *  London.  The  Outer  Temple  is 
made  an  Inn  of  Court. 

*  *  Queen  Elizabeth  fonnds  "Westmin- 
ster School,  or  St.  Peter's  CoUece.  for 
preparing  40  i>oys  —  the  queen's  scholars 
—  for  the  university. 


AND    IRELAND.         1555,*  *-1570,Feb.  25.     873 


1561*  •  Uiclmrtl  Edwards  writes  the 
comedies,  iJatfwn  and  Pythias,  Patammi 
and  Arctte,  aud  the  poem  Paradise  of 
Dainty  iJevtces. 

1562  *  *  John  Haywood  writes  his  Epi- 
grams and  Proverbs. 

*  *  Apologia  Ecclesim  Aytglicanm,  by  John 
Jewel,  appears. 

*  *  A  translation  of  nine  books  of  Vergil's 
^neid,  by  Thomas  Phaer,  appears. 

1563*  *  London.  Furnival's  Inn  of 
Court  is  established. 

*  *  Tancred  and  Grismnnde  is  produced. 

*  •^ooAo/'J/aWi/rs,  by  John  Fox,  appears. 

*  *  The  drama  Appius  and  Virginius  is 
produced. 

1564  *  ♦  Edinburgh.  Highgate  School 
is  founded  by  Sir  Roger  Ciiolmeley. 

1566  *  *  Two  plays.  The  Sunposes,  a 
translation  from  Ariosto,  ana  Jocasta^ 
an  adaptation  from  Euripides,  are  pro- 
duced by  George  Gascoigne. 

1567  *  *  Kugby  School  is  founded  by 
Lawrence  Sheriff,  a  tradesman  of  Lon- 
don. 

1568  *  *  Roger  Ascham  completes  his 
work  on  education.  The  Schoolmaster. 
[1570.    Published.] 

SOCIETY. 

1556  •  *  Crime  increases.  Men  of  rank 
become  robbers.  Fifty  robbers  are 
hanged  at  one  time  at  Oxford. 

1557  Mar.  6.  Lord  Stourton  is  hanged 
at  Salisbury  in  a  halter  of  silk  to  mark 
his  dignity. 

1558  *  *  London.  Citizens'  wives  who 
are  not  aldermen's  wives,  nor  gentle- 
women by  descent,  are  obliged  to  wear 
minever  caps,  being  white  woolen, 
knit  three-cornered,  with  peaks  project- 
ing three  or  four  inches  beyond  their 
foreheads  :  aldermen's  wives  wear  them 
made  of  velvet. 

1550  •  *  The  Poor  Knights  of  Windsor, 
or  Alms  Knights,  are  established  by 
Elizabeth. 

1560  *  *  A  pair  of  knit  black  silk  stock- 
ings is  presented  to  Queen  Elizabeth  by 
her  Bilk-wonmn.  Mrs.  Montague  [and  she 
never  wears  cloth  ones  any  more.] 

1561  *  ♦  A  commission  is  appointed  to 
consider  the  question  of  social  pauper- 
ism. 

1562  Oct.*  The  slave-trade  is  begim. 
Sir  John  Hawkins  sails  with  an  expe- 

^  dition  to  the  coast  of  Africa  and  secures 
a  cargo  of  negroes  [which  he  takes  to 
the  West  Indies  and  sells.] 

*  *  A  statute  against  witchcraft  is  issued. 

*  *  Forgery  of  deeds,  or  giving  forged 
deeds  in  evidence,  is  made  punishable  by 
tine,  by  standing  in  the  pillory,  having 
both  ears  cut  off,  the  nostrils  slit  up  and 
seared,  tlie  forfeiture  of  land,  and  per- 
petual imjirisonment. 

*  *  Scot.  The  title,  Earl  of  Moray,  is 
created.  [l.'SGl.  Baron  Torphichen  ;  1565, 
Earl  of  .Mar  and  Kellie  (1619). 

*  *  An  act  is  passed  requiring  the  mayors 
of  the  towns  and  church  wardens  to 
draw  up  lists  of  all  inhabitants  able  to 
contribute  for  the  relief  of  the  poor, 
and  enforce  payments. 

*  *  London.  An  inquisition  officially 
taken  by  order  of  '^ueen  Elizabeth  dis- 
closes only  58  Scotchmen  in  the  city. 

1563  *  *  A  severe  statute  against  sorcer- 
ers is  passed. 

1566  Mar.  9.  Edinburgh.  David  Kiz- 
zio,  Oueen  Mary's  confidential  secretary 
and  favorite,  is  murdered  in  her  pres- 
ence by  Mary's  husband,  l^rd  Darnley. 

*  *  London.  Two  marshals  are  ap- 
pointed to  clear  the  streets  of  vagrants, 
and  to  send  the  sick,  blind,  and  lame  to 
asylums  aud  hospitals  for  relief. 


1569  Jan.  11-May  6.  A  lottery  [the 
first  mentioned  in  English  history]  is 
lield  at  the  western  door  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral. 

It  contains  40,000  "lots"  at  105.  each 
lot ;  the  prizes  are  pieces  of  plate,  and 
the  profits  are  for  repairing  the  harbors. 

STATE. 

1556  *  *  Nicholas  Heath  is  appointed 
lord  chancellor;  Sir  Edward  Saunders, 
chief  justice. 

1557  Mar.  *  Philip  returns  to  Eng- 
land. 

June  *  Dublin.  A  Parliament  is  con- 
vened. 

Acts  are  passed  confiscating  for  royal 
use  the  districts  of  Leix  and  Otfaly,  giv- 
ing them  the  names  King's  County  and 
Queen's  County,  and  giving  to  the  forts 
Dingen  and  Leix  the  names  of  Philips- 
town  and  Maryborough,  in  honor  of  the 
king  and  queen. 

1558  Jan.  30.  Parliament  meets. 
[Nov.  17.     Dissolved.] 

Apr.  24.  Paris.  Mary  Queen  of  Scots 
is  married  at  the  Cathedral  of  Notre 
Dame  to  Francis,  son  of  the  French 
King  Henry  II. 

Oct.*  Edinburgh.  A  Parliament  meets 
at  which  the  title,  "  King  and  Queen  of 
Scotland,"  is  conferred  on  Francis  and 
Mary. 

Nov.  17.    Queen  Mary  dies. 

1658-1603  Elizabeth  reigns.  She  is 
the  daughter  of  Henry  Vlll.  1559.  Jan. 
15.  Crowned ;  she  assumes  the  title 
semper  eadem. 

Dec.  22.  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon  is  ap- 
pointed lord  high  chancellor. 

*  *  Ire.  Sir  Henry  Sidney  is  appointed 
Deputy. 

*  *  Ministers:  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon,  Lord 
Edward  Clinton,  Sir  Robert  Dudley,  and 
Sir  William  Cecil. 

1559  Jan.  21.    Parliament  meets. 

[May  8.     Dissolved.] 

Statutes  are  passed  repealing  the 
Catholic  legislation  of  Mary,  declaring 
the  queen  head  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, and  reenacting  the  laws  of  King 
Edward  relating  to  religion. 

Jan.i  *  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  and  her 
husband,  Francis,  assume  the  title  of 
King  and  Queen  of  Scotland,  !E]ngland, 
and  Ireland,  Mary  being  great-grand- 
daughter of  the  English  King  Henry  VII. 

Apr.  23.  Ft.  The  Treaty  of  Le  Cha- 
teau-Cambr€  sis  is  concluded  between 
Elizabeth  and  the  kings  of  France  and 
Spain  ;  it  postpones  for  eight  years  the 
restoration  of  Calais  to  England. 

Aug.  *  Ire.  Thomas,  Earl  of  Siissex, 
is  appointed  lord  deputy. 

*  *  Sir  Robert  Catlyn  is  appointed  chief 
justice. 

1560  July  6.  Edinburgh.  A  treaty  be- 
tween Scotland  and  France  and  Eng- 
land, is  signed. 

It  stipxxlates  that  the  King  and  Queen 
of  France  and  Scotlan^l  shall  abstain 
from  bearing  the  arms  of  England,  or 
assuming  the  title  of  the  English  sov- 
ereignty.    [Only  partly  ratified.] 

Dec.  5.  Ft.  Francis  II.,  husband  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  dies. 

*  *  Ire.  Thomas,  Earl  of  Sussex,  is  ap- 
pointed lord  lieutenant. 

*  *  Ire.  A  shilling  is  struck,  worth  nine 
pence,  but  it  is  to  be  current  at  twelve. 


1561  Aug.  19.  Scot.  Mary  arrives  in 
Leith  after  an  absence  of  13  years  in 
France.  [She  is  strongly  opposed  by  the 
Calvinists.J 

1562  *  *  Ire.  The  country  is  divided  into 
counties. 

1563  Jan.  11.  Parliament  meets. 
[1567.    Jan.  2.    Dissolved.] 

1564  Apr.  29.  Fr.  The  Peace  of 
Troyes  is  concluded  with  France.  Eng- 
land, for  the  sum  of  220,000  crowns,  aban- 
dons her  claim  to  Calais. 

*  *  Lord  Robert  Dudley,  who  is  a  fa- 
vorite of  the  queen,  is  created  Earl  of 
Leicester. 

*  *  The  name  Puritans  is  first  used. 

It  is  applied  to  those  who  refuse  to 
conform  to  the  liturgy  of  the  English 
church,  and  who  adopt  simpler  forms  of 
worship  aud  a  strict  discipline  of  con 
duct. 

1565  July  29.  Scot.  Mary  marries 
Henry  Stuart,  Lord  Darnley  ;  they  are 
styled  king  and  queen  of  Scotland. 

1567  Feb.  10.  Scot.  Lord  Darnley 
is  killed  by  a  gunpowder  explosion  at 
the  Kirk  of  Field,  near  Edinburgh  ;  Mary 
is  charged  with  complicity  in  the  deed. 

May  15.  Scot.  Mary  marries  James 
Hepburn,  Earl  of  Bothwell,  who  is 
accused  of  the  murder  of  Darnley. 

June  15.  Scot.  Mary  is  made  pris- 
oner by  her  nobles  at  the  head  of  an 
armed  force  at  Carberry  hill. 

June  23.  Scot.  Mary,  a  prisoner  In 
Loch  Leven  Castle,  signs  an  abdication 
in  favor  of  her  son,  James  VL,  one  year 
old. 

Aug.  22.  Scot.  The  Earl  of  Murray  is 
proclaimed  regent. 

1568  May  2.  Scot.  Mary  escapes 
from  Loch  Leven  Castle. 

May  16.  Scot.  Mary,  after  the  defeat 
of  her  army  at  Langside,  crosses  the 
Solway  into  England.  [July  15.  She  is 
sent  a  prisoner  to  Bolton  Castle,  York- 
shire.] 

1569  Jan.  26.  Mary  is  removed  from 
Bolton  Castle  to  Tutbury,  Staffordshire. 

1570  Jan.  23.  Scot.  The  regent  Mur- 
ray is  assassinated  at  Linlithgow  by 
Hamilton  of  Bothwellhaugh. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1556  *  *  Sealing-wax  is  introduced. 

1557  July  15.  Great  dearth  of  bread- 
stuffs  is  reported ;  wheat  is  £2  135.  4d. 
per  quarter. 

*  *  Fatal,  or  Black,  Oxford  Assizes. 

The  high  aheritf  and  300  persons  die 
suddenly  of  an  infection  from  the  pris- 
oners. 

1568*  *  London.  The  Salters*  Com- 
pany is  formed,  [llifrt.  The  Merchant 
Adventurers'.] 

1559  *  *  Liverpool  is  a  paved  town. 

1560  *  *  Milk  is  sold,  three  pints  ale 
measure,  for  one  halfpenny. 

1563  Aug.  2.  London.  The  plague 
becomes  a  great  scourge. 

1564  *  *  Excitement  attends  the  intro- 
duction of  carriages. 

1565  *  *  Potatoes  are  [said  to  have  been] 
brought  to  England  from  Santa  F^,  New 
Mexico,  by  Sir  John  Hawkins.  [1586. 
Also  by  Sir  Francis  Drake.] 

*  *  An  aulnager  (measurer)  is  stationed 
at  Manchester. 

1567  *  *  Flemish  dyers,  cloth-drapers, 
linen-makers,  silk-throwers,  etc.,  settle 
at  Canterbury,  Norwich,  Colchester, 
Southampton,  and  other  places,  on  ac- 
coimt  of  the  Duke  of  Alva's  persecution. 


874    1570,**-1586,0ct.  29.  GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1574-83     Ire.     The  Desmond  revolt 

agaiust  persecution  of  tlie  Catholics  is 
led  by  James  Fitxmaurice  and  his  kins- 
man, the  Earl  of  Desmond. 
1577  *  *  Ire.  The  Castle  of  Carlo  sur- 
renders to  liory  Oge  O'AIore,  after  a 
siege. 

1579  July  *  Ire.  James  Fitzmaurice 
lands  in  Kerry  with  800  Italians  and 
Spaniards  to  tight  for  the  Catholics. 
[They  are  treacherously  lured  into  a 
surrender,  and  slaughtered  by  the 
queen's  forces  under  the  guidance  of 
the  Earl  of  Ormonde.  [1583.  Desmond 
is  surprised,  captured,  and  killed,  his 
head  sent  to  England,  and  exposed  to 
public  view  on  Loudon  Bridge.] 

1585  *  *  "War  with  Spain  follows  Eng- 
lish aggression  in  the  Netherlands. 

1586  *  *  W.  I.  Sir  Francis  Drake  at- 
tacks and  captures  San  Domingo,  Car- 
thagena,  and  several  other  Spanish 
possessions. 

Sept.  22.  Neth.  The  Spanish  and  Dutch 
under  the  Prince  of  Parma  are  defeated 
at  Zutphen  by  the  English  under  the 
Earl  of  Leicester  and  Sir  Philip  Sidney. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1670  *  *  Campeachy  (Brazilian)  wood  is 
introduced. 

±  *  *  Leonard  Digges  dies ;  alleged  to 
have  arranged  ^ass  lenses  so  tnat  he 
could  see  very  distant  objects. 

1671  Feb.  17.  An  earthquake  at 
Herefordshire  removes  a  hill  of  26  acres 
a  considerable  distance. 

1672  *  *  London.  The  Temple  Hall  is 
built. 

*  *  London.  A  Society  of  Antiquari- 
ans is  formed  by  Bishop  Parker  and 
others  for  the  preservation  of  national 
antiquities.  [1604.  Broken  up  by  King 
James  1.] 

1674  May  10.  Queen  Elizabeth  licenses 
the  performance  of  stage  plays. 

Nov.  14.  A  remarkable  aurora  bore- 
alis  appears. 

1575  Jan.  22.  Queen  Elizabeth  grants 
an  exclusive  patent  for  printing  music 

to  Thomas  Tallis  and  William  Byrde  for 
21  years. 

1576*  *  London.  Blackfriars  Theater, 
the  first  regular  theater,  is  built  by  the 
Earl  of  Leicester's  servants. 

*  *  The  notion  of  the  earth's  magnetism 
is  suggested  by  William  Gilbert. 

•  *  London.  Robert  Norman  discovers 
the  dip  of  the  magnetic  needle. 

•  *  Sir  Martin  Frobisher  makes  an  at- 
tempt to  find  a  Northwest  Passage  to 
China.  [1577.  He  sails  again  in  search 
of  gold.  ] 

1577  *  *  The  log  is  first  mentioned  by 
William  Bourne. 

Dec.  13.  Francis  Drake  commences 
his  voyage  around  the  world.  [1580. 
Nov.  3.    He  completes  his  undertaking.] 

1578  Spring.  London.  A  "mineral 
man"  pronounces  a  stone  brought  from 
Meta  Incognita  [Labrador]  to  be  gold, 
and  15  vessels  sail  with  gold-seekers. 
[They  return  with  worthless  cargoes.] 

1579  *  *  The  art  of  staining  linen  is 
known. 

1580  Apr.  6.  An  earthquake  is  felt 
throughout  England ;  bells  ring  and 
chimneys  fall;  parts  of  St,  Paul's  and 
the  Temple  Churches  in  London  fall. 


*  *  The  first  paper-mills  are  erected  at 
Dartford  by  Sir  John  Speilman,  a  Ger- 
man.   (1588'.*) 

1582  *  *  The  Gregorian  reformation 
of  the  calendar  is  adopted  in  ni(»st  uf 
the  Catholic  states  of  the  Continent ; 
[but  not  in  England  until  1752J. 

1585  *  *  London.  The  "  Fellowship  for 
the  Discovery  of  the  Northwest  Pas- 
sage" is  organized. 

*  *  Greenland  is  discovered  by  Sir  Fran- 
cis Drake. 

*  *  Capt.  John  Davis's  expedition  sails  to 
find  the  Northwest  Passage.  [1586  and 
1587.    Sails  again.] 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1570  *  *  Fawkea,  Guy,  leader  of  Gunpowder 
Plot  consiiiratora,  born. 

MiddletoM,  Thomas,  dramatist,  borni. 
Murray,  or  Moray,   Karl  of,  James  Stuart^ 
regent,  Scotlancl,  A37. 

1571  *  *  Jewel,  John,  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
author,  A49. 

1572  Nov.  24.  Knox,  John,  reformer, 
Scotland,  A67. 

Howard,  Thomas,  Duke  of  Norfolk,  dies. 

1573  Oct.  7.  Laud,  William,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  statesman,  born. 

Jonson,  Ben,  poet,  dramatist,  actor,  born. 
Donne,  John,  dean  of  St.  I'aul's,  preacher, 

poet,  born. 
Kirkaldy»  Sir  William,  statesman.  Scot.,  d. 
Southampton,  Earl  of,  Henry  Wrlothesley, 

statesman,  born. 

1574  *  *  Ilarnfield,  Richard,  poet,  born. 
Hall,  Joseph,  bishop  of  Norwich,  author,  b. 
Parker,  Matthew,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, reformer,  ATI. 

1675  •  *  Stuart,  Arabella,  cousin  of  James  I. 
of  England,  born. 
Marston,  .John,  poet,  dramatist,  born. 
1576*  *  Bothwell,  Earl  of,  James  Hep- 
bum,  husband  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
Scotland,  A.W. 
Burton,  Kobert,  philosopher,  author,  born. 
Dekker,  Thomas,  dramatist,  pamjthleteer,  b. 

1577  *  *  Coryatt,  Thomas,  traveler,  born. 
Purchas,  Samuel,  clergyman,  author,  born. 
Sandys,  George,  traveler,  born. 

1578  Apr.  1.  Harvey,  William,  physi- 
cian, discoverer  of  the  circulation  of  the 
blood,  born. 

1678  *  *  Smith,  John,  traveler,  explorer,  his- 
torian, born. 

Fletcher,  .Tohn,  dramatist,  poet,  born. 
1580*  •Alexander,    Sir    William,    Earl    of 
Stirling,  poet,  Scotland,  born. 

Anderson,  Alexander,  mathematician,  born. 

Cameron,  John,  cl.,  scholar,  Scotland,  born. 

Holinsbed,  liapliael,  chronicler,  dies. 

Taylor,  John,  "the  Water  Poet,"  born. 

Uflher,  or  Ussher.  James,  archbisliop  of 

Armagh,  schol.,  hist.,  anti(i.,  ehron.,  Ire.,  b. 

1581  *  *  t;unter,  Edmund,  math.,  aatron.,  b. 

Morton,  Earl  of,    James   Douglas,  regent, 
Scotland,  A51. 

Wilson,  Thomas,  dean  of  Durham,  rhetori- 
cian, dies. 
1582*  *  Ituchanan,  George,  historian,  poet, 
Scotland,  A76. 

Corbet,  Kichard.  poet,  born. 

Flennes,  Wm.,  Lord   Saye  and  Sele,  states- 
man, born. 

Fletcher.  Phineas,  religious  poet,  bom. 

Juxon,  William,  archl)p.  of  Canterbury,  b. 

1583  Sept.  9.  Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey,  nav- 
igator, A44*:. 

Balfour,  Sir  James,  judge,  Scotland,  dies. 
Digges,  Sir  Dudley,  statesman,  bom. 
Gibbons,  Orlando,  organist,  com]'Oser,  born. 

1584  *  *  Baflln,  William,  navigator,  born. 
Hales,  John,  clergyman,  critic,  l)orn, 
Massinger,  Philip,  poet,  dramatist,  born. 
Pym.  John,  patriot,  orator,  born. 
Selden,  John,  scholar,  antiquary,  author,  b. 

1585  *  ♦  Drummond,  William,  of  Hawthorn- 
den,  poet,  Scotland,  born. 


CHURCH. 
1570  *  *  The  Presbyterian  Church  of 
Kngland    is    virtually    founded    when 
Thomas  Cartwright,   a  Puritan  clergy- 
man, opposes  Episcopal  intolerance. 

*  *  Puritan  clergymen  bold  meetings 
called  prophesying,  for  prayer  and  in- 
struction in  the  Scriptures,  especially  at 
Northampton.        ^ 


1571  June  1.  London.  Dr.  John 
Story,  the  persecutor  of  the  Puritans, 
is  hanged  at  Tyburn, 

*  *  The  Bible  is  appointed  to  be  read  in 
churches. 

1572  Nov.  20.  The  first  Presbyte- 
rian meeting-house  in  England  is  estab- 
lished at  Wandsworth,  in  Surrey. 

*  ♦  Scot.  The  Presbyterian  discipline 
is  introduced. 

1572-73  Scot.  The  regent  Morton  nom- 
inally restores  Episcopacy. 

His  bishops  are  called  tulchan  bish- 
ops ;  tulchan  is  a  stuffed  calf's  skin  set 
up  before  a  cow  to  facilitate  milking. 

1575  Jan.  10.  Edmund  Grindal  is 
elected  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

July  22.  London.  John  Peters  and 
Henry  Tervoort,  Anabaptists,  are 
burned  in  Smithfield. 

*  *  London .  A  congregation  of  Baptists 
is  formed  without  Aldgate. 

1577  May  7.  The  meetings  of  Puri- 
tans for  prayer  and  exposition  of  the 
Scriptures  are  forbidden  by  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth ;  they  immediately  suspend. 

1579  June  1.  Matthew  Hammond, 
a  heretic,  is  burned  in  a  ditch  at  Nor- 
wich for  asserting  that  Christ  was  not 
the  Son  of  God. 

1580  Jan.  16.  Parliament  enacts  a 
penalty  of  £20  for  persons  absenting 
themselves  from  church. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Scotch  assembly  abolishes 
the  office  of  bishop. 

*  *  A  sect  called  the  Family  of  XjOTO  is 
repressed  by  Elizabeth  [but  ifl  revived 
in  the  following  century]. 

1581  July*  Edmund  Champion,  a 
Koraan  Catholic,  is  tortured. 

*  *  Scot.  A  Second  Book  of  Discipline 
is  adopted  by  the  Scotch  Assembly  of 
Presbyteries.  [1592.  Confirmed  by  King 
James,  and  now  in  force.] 

1583*  *  John  Whitgift  is  chosen  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury. 

1584  Jan.  9.  London.  "William  Car- 
ter, a  printer,  is  hanged,  disemboweled, 
and  quartered  at  Tyburn  for  printing 
lewd  and  "popish"  pamphlets,  espe- 
cially a  Treatise  on  Schisme. 

*  *  The  Jesuits  and  all  priests  are  or- 
dered by  Parliament  to  leave  England 
within  40  days. 

*  *  All  preaching  or  reading  in  private 
houses  is  forbidden,  and  all  the  clergy 
are  requested  to  sign  the  three  articles. 

1585+  *  *  Robert  Brown  preaches  Con- 
gregational doctrines,  but  after  32  im- 
prisonments he  eventually  conforms  to 
the  Established  Church. 

LETTERS. 

1570  *  *  The  Elements  of  Geometrie  of 
the  most  auncient  Philosopher  EucliJe 
of  Megara,  the  first  English  translation 
of  Suclld,  appears. 

*  *  The  University  of  Oxford  is  incorpo- 
rated by  Queen  Elizabeth. 

1571*  *  Jesus  College,  Oxford,  is 
founded  by  Dr.  Hugh  Price  and  Queen 

Elizabeth. 

*  *  Harrow  School,  Harrow-on-the-Hill. 
Middlesex,  is  founded  by  John  Lyon  tor 
the  education  of  poor  children. 

*  *  Dublin.  Printing  in  Celtic  letters 
is  introduced  by  N.  Walsh,  chancellor 
of  St.  Patrick's.  (?) 

1574  *  *  George  Gascoigne  writes  77*? 
Princely  Pleasures  at  the  Court  at  Ken- 
ilworth.  [1576,  The  Steele  Gtas:  later,  A 
Hundreth  .Sundrie  Ffoures  Bound  up  in 
one  Smalt  Poesie,  The  Complaint  of  Phil- 
omene,  A  Delicate  Diet  for  Dahitie- 
mouthde  Droonkards,  and  translations 
from  Euripides  and  Ariosto.] 


AND    IRELAND.  1570,  ** -1586,  Oct.  29.     875- 


1675±  •  •  Gammer  Gurton's  Needle  is 
printed. 

*  *  London.  Gresbazn  College  is  founded 
by  Thomas  Gresham. 

1576  *  •  Paradise  of  Dainty  Devices,  a 
poetical  miscellany  by  various  authors, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Dincourse  to  Prove  a  Passage  by 
the  North-  West  to  Cathay  and  the  East 
Indies^  by  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  ap- 
pears. 

1577  *  *  Scot.  The  University  of  Glas- 
gow receives  a  new  charter. 

*  *  Raphael  Holinshed,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  John  Hooker,  Richard  Staui- 
hurst,  Boteville,  Harrison,  and  other 
scholars,  compiles  the  Chronicles  of 
England^  Scotland^  and  Ireland. 

*  *  John  Stow  writes  Annals  or  General 
Chronicle  of  England. 

*  *  William  Camden  writes  Britannia,  a 
work  on  English  history. 

1578  *  *  Sir  Philip  Sidney  writes  The 
Lady  of  May. 

*  *  Gorgeous  Gallery  of  Gallant  Inven- 
tionSf  a  poetical  miscellany,  appears. 

*  •  Promos  and  Cassandra^  by  George 
Whetstone,  appears. 

1579  *  *  The  Shepherd's  Calendar,  by 
Edmund  Spenser,  appears. 

*  ♦  Euphues,  or  the  Anatomy  of  Wit,  by 
John  Lyly,  appears.  [1584,  7%e  Woman 
in  the  Moon,  The  Maid's  Metamorphosis, 
Alexander  and  Campaspe,  Sapho  and 
Phao.] 

*  •  Thomas  Kyd  writes  his  Spanish  Tra- 
gedy. 

*  *  A  translation  of  Plutarch's  Lives^  by 
Sir  Thomas  North,  appears:  it  is  the 
first  English  translation  of  Plutarch, 

1580-90  The  Coun  tess  of  Pembroke's  Ar- 
cadia, by  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  appears. 
[1581,  Defence  of  Poesy,  in  reply  to  the 
School  of  Abuse,  written  by  Stephen 
Gosson  in  1579;  1582 1,  Arcadia^  it  is 
published  in  1590;  1583,  Astrophel  and 
Stella.] 

*  *  Thomas  Lodge  writes  a  Defence  of 
Poetry^  Music,  and  Stage  Play's. 

1581  *  *  Ten  Books  of  Homer's  Iliades, 
by  Arthur  Hall,  appears;  it  is  the  first 
attempt  at  a  translation  of  Homer  into 
English  verse. 

*  *  Four  Books  of  the  Histories  of  Cornelius 
Tacitus,  and  a  Life  of  Agricola,  by  Sir 
Henry  Savile,  appears. 

1582  *  *  Scot.  The  College  of  Edin- 
burgh is  chartered  by  James  VI. 

*  *  Scot.  lierum  Scoticarum  Historia,  a 
history  of  Scotland  in  Latin,  by  George 
Buchanan,  appears  ;  he  is  the  author 
also  of  the  Casket  Letters,  papers  deal- 
ing with  the  murder  of  I)arnley,  hus- 
band of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  ;  he  writes 
also  several  poems,  satires,  and  plays,  all 
in  Latin. 

*  *  Richard  HakluTt  publishes  his  first 
book  of   Voyages. 

It  contains  accounts  of  discoveries 
made  in  America  by  Englishmen, 
Frenchmen,  and  others.  He  is  the  author 
also  of  The  Principal  Navigations,  Voy- 
ctges,  and  Discoveries  made  by  the  Eng- 
lish Nation  [which  is  published  in  1589]. 

*  *  Hecatompathia,  or  Passio^iate  Century, 
by  Thomas  Watson,  appears. 


;le,  I 


1584  *  •  The    Arraignment  of  Paris, 
pastoral  play,  bv  George  Pc 
[1589.     The  Tale  of  Troy.] 

*  *  Handful  of  Pleasant  Delights^  a  poet- 
ical miscellany,  appears. 

♦  ♦  Scot,  Historie  of  the  Reforvnation  of 
Religion  within  the  Realm  of  Scotland, 
by  John  Knox,  appears. 

•  *  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  is  en- 
dowed by  Sir  Walter  Mildmay. 

1585  *  *  Every  book  and  publication  in 
England  ordered  to  be  licensed. 


*  •  Christopher  Marlowe  produces  his  first 
play,  Tamburlaine  the  Great.  [1588. 
Tragical  History  of  Dr.  Eaustus.] 

*  *  George  Puttenham  writes  The  Art  of 
English  Poesie. 

*  *  William  Webbe  writes  A  Discourse  of 
English  Poetrie. 

*  *  Scot.  King  James  VI.  writes  The  Es- 
sayes  of  a  Prentise  in  the  Divine  Art  of 
Poesie. 

SOCIETY. 

1570  *  *  Excess  in  dresa  is  restrained 
by  sumptuary  laws. 

1571  Sept.  6.  Scot.  The  regent  Lennox 
is  murdered. 

*  *  Laws  are  passed  punishing  vagrancy 
by  whipping,  jailing,  boring  the  ears, 
and  death  for  a  second  offense. 

*  *  A  law  is  passed  compelling  every  per- 
son above  seven  years  of  age  to  wear  on 
Sundays  and  holidays  a  cap  of  wool, 
knit,  made,  thickened,  and  dressed  in 
England  by  some  of  the  trade  of  cappers, 
unaer  the  forfeiture  of  three  farthings 
for  every  day's  neglect ;  certain  classes 
are  excepted. 

1572  *  *  Masks,  and  muffs,  fans,  and 
false  hair  for  the  women,  devised  in 
Italy,  are  brought  to  England  from 
France. 

*  *  A  statute  requires  justices  and  may- 
ors to  make  registers  of  the  impotent 
poor,  and  find  them  habitations  at  the 
expense  of  the  inhabitants  of  their  lo- 
cality. 

1575*  *  Peter  Wentworth  protests 
against  the  queen's  interference  in  free- 
dom of  speech,  and  is  sent  to  the  Tower 
by  Parliament. 

1578  *  *  John  Middleton,  giant,  of  Lan- 
cashire is  born. 

V  He  is  commonly  called  the  child  of 
Hale ;  bis  hand  from  the  carpus  to  the 
end  of  his  middle  finger  is  17  inches  long ; 
his  palm  9.^  inches  broad ;  his  whole 
height  9  feet  3  inches. 

1583  *  *  Edward'  Arden  is  executed  for 
treason,  being  a  party  to  a  plot  against 
the  queen. 

1584  *  *  Scot.  The  Earl  of  Gowrie  is  ex- 
ecuted for  treason. 

*  *  A  Ifational  Association  is  formed, 
headed  by  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  to  pro- 
tect Queen  Elizabeth  from  assassina- 
tion, in  consequence  of  the  discovery  of 
several  plots. 

1585  Mar.  2.  T)r.  William  Parry  is 
executed  for  conspiracy  against  the 
queen. 

1586  Sept.  20,  21.  Fourteen  members 
of  Babington's  conspiracy  to  assassi- 
nate the  queen  and  to  make  Mary  of 
Scotland  queen,  are  executed. 

STATE. 

1570  Jiily  12.  Scot.  The  Earl  of 
Xiennox,  Lord  Darnley's  father,  is  ap- 
pointed regent. 

1571  Apr.  2.  Parliament  meets. 
[May  29.     Dissolved.] 

Sept.  3.  Scot.  The  regent  Xjennox  is 
killed  at  Stirling,  and  the  Earl  of  Mar 
is  made  regent. 

*  *  Liverpool  petitions  the  queen  to  be 
relieved  from  a  subsidy. 

1572  Jan.  *  The  Duke  of  Norfolk  is 
tried  on  a  charge  of  plotting  for  the 
invasion  of  England  by  Spain  m  the  in- 
terests of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  [June 
2.     Executed  after  conviction.] 

May  8.    Parliament  meets.    [1583.   Apr. 

19.    Dissolved.] 
Oct.  28.    Scot.    The  regent  Mar  dies. 


"Nov.  24.  Scot.  James  Doiiglas,  Earl 
of  Morton,  is  made  regent. 

*  *  Lord  Burleigh  (Sir  William  Cecil)  and 
Sir  Nicholas  Bacon  are  ministers  of 
the  queen. 

1573  *  *  Sir  Christopher  Wray  is  ap- 
pointed chief  justice. 

1578*  *  Scot.  The  Earl  of  Morton 
resigns  the  regency  ;  James  rules  in 
person. 

1579  Oct.  20.  Srof.  Parliament  de- 
crees that  householders  having  lands 
or  goods  worth  £500  shall  have  a  Bible 
for  family  instruction. 

*  *Sir  Thomas  Bromley  is  appointed 
lord  chancellor. 

*  *  Ministers :  Lord  Burleigh,  Sir  Thomas 
Bromley,  tlie  Earl  of  Essex,  the  Earl  of 
Leicester,  the  Earl  of  Lincoln,  Sir  Walter 
Mildmay,  and  Sir  Francis  Walsingham. 

1580  *  *  London.  To  restrict  the  en- 
largement of  the  city,  a  law  is  made 
forbidding  the  erection  of  buildings 
"where  no  former  hath  been  known  tO' 
have  been." 

1581*  *  Thomas  Randolph  is  appointed 
first  postmaster-general. 

1582  Aug.  23.  Scot.  Baid  of  Ruth- 
ven. 

The  Earl  of  Gowrie  invites  Kin^  .lames 
to  his  Castle  of  Ruthven,  Perthshire  [and 
keeps  him  a  prisoner  there  for  nearly  a 
year,  to  deliver  him  from  the  influence 
of  his  favorite,  the  Earl  of  Arran]. 

1583  June  *  Scot.  James  escapes 
from  Ruthven  Castle. 

1584  Jime  *  Ire.  Sir  John  Perrot  is 
appointed  deputy. 

July*  [U.S.A.]  Sir  "Walter  Raleigh 
lands  at  Roanoke  Island  [Virginia],  and 
takes  possession  in  the  name  of  the 
queen. 

Nov.  23,  Parliament  opens.  [1585. 
Sept.  14.    Dissolved.] 

1585  June  20.  Lmidon.  Henry  Percy, 

Earl  of  Northumberland,  is  found  shot 
and  dead  in  the  Tower,  where  he  has 
been  imprisoned  on  a  charge  of  plotting 
against  the  queen. 

June  29.  Elizabeth  is  offered  the  sov- 
ereignty of  the  Netherland  States. 
[She  declines,  but  sends  an  army  to  aid 
the  Dutch  Protestants  against  Spain.] 

1586  *  *  Anthony  Babington,  John  Bal- 
lard, John  Savage,  and  the  Catholics 
engage  in  a  plot  against  the  life  of  the 
queen. 

It  is  discovered  by  Walsingham,  and 
the  conspirators  are  seized,  tried,  and 
executed.  Mary  of  Scotland  is  impli- 
<:ated  in  the  conspiracy. 

Oct.  14.  The  trial  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots  begins  at  Fotheringay  Castle. 

She  is  charged  with  an  attempt  to 
transfer  the  sovereignty  of  England  tO' 
the  King  of  Spain,  and  with  complicity 
in  the  plot  to  assassinate  Elizabeth. 
[Oct.  29.  Mary  is  convicted  at  West- 
minster and  sentenced  to  death.  1587. 
Feb.  1.  Elizabeth  signs  the  death-war- 
rant. Feb.  8.  Mary  is  executed  at 
Fotheringay  Castle.] 

Oct.  29.  Parliamentmeets.  [1587.  Mar. 
23.    Dissolved.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1577  *  *  Watches  are  first  brought  from 
Germany. 

*  *  Wliales  are  killed  at  Newfoundland 
and  Iceland  for  their  oil  only. 

1579  *  *  Elizabeth  charters  the  Tiurkey 
or  Ijevant  company. 

1580  *  *  Cambrics  are  first  worn. 
1580-94    London.    The  Thames  water  is 

conveyed  into  the  city  by  leaden  pipes. 


L 


876    1586,  **- 1601,^*. 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1588*  *  Sp-  King  Philip  organizes  a 
fleet  of  130  vessels  and  collects  over 
60,000  men  for  the  invasion  of  England. 
The  **  Invincible  Armada." 

May  28.  Port.  King  Philip's  Armada 
sails  from  Lisbon.  [It  is  soon  after- 
wards dispersed  by  a  storm.] 

July*  The  "Invincible  Armada," 
having  been  recollected,  enters  the  Eng- 
lish Channel. 

July  21-29.  The  English  fleet  of  80 
vessels,  commanded  by  Lord  Howard 
and  Sir  Francis  Drake,  in  several  en- 
gagements almost  destroys  the  Armada. 
The  Spanish  retreat  northward,  and 
most  of  their  remaining  vessels  are  de- 
stroyed by  storms. 

1589  *  *  Fr.  Queen  Elizabeth  sends  a 
force  of  4,000  men  to  asBiat  the  Prot- 
estant King,  Henry  IV.,  in  his  conflict 
with  the  French  Catholic  nobility,  sup- 
ported by  Philip  of  Spain. 

1596  *  *  Sp.  An  English  force  of  over 
7,000  men,  under  the  Earl  of  Essex,  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  and  Lord  Howard,  in- 
vades the  country. 

Sept.  15.  Sp.  Cadiz  is  taken  and  burned 
by  the  Earl  of  Essex. 

1597*  *  Sp.  King  Philip  forms  another 
armada. 

The  Earl  of  Essex  sails  from  Plymoutb 
with  a  fleet  to  attack  it ;  a  storm  dis- 
perses both  fleets. 

*  *  Ire.  A  revolt  in  Ulster,  led  by  Hugh 
O'Neill,  Earl  of  Tyrone,  begins.  O'Neill 
storms  and  captures  the  garrison  of 
Portmore,  on  the  River  Blackwater. 

1598  Aug.  14.  Ire.  Battle  of  Black- 
water,  near  Armagh,  called  by  tbe  Irisb 
the  battle  of  the  **  Yellow  Ford;" 
Hugh  O'Neill,  Earl  of  Tyrone,  defeats 
the  English  forces  under  Marsbal  Sir 
Edward  Bagnal. 

1601  Feb.  8.  London.  The  Earl  of 
Essex  attempts  to  incite  an  insurrec- 
tion ;  the  attempt  fails.  [Feb.  26.  Essex 
is  beheaded.] 

Sept.  23.  Ire.  Spanish  forces  under 
Don  Juan  Del  Aguila  land  at  Kinsale, 
Cork. 

Here  they  are  besieged  by  the  English 
under  Sir  George  Carew  and  Deputy 
Mountjoy ;  the  Irisb,  under  O'Neill,  Earl 
of  Tyrone,  O'Donnell,  and  Tyrrel,  at- 
tack the  besiegers.  [Dec.  24.  They  are 
defeated.  1602.  Mar.  16.  The  Span- 
lards,  having  surrendered  Kinsale,  de- 
part for  Spain.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1586  *  *  "William  Shakespeare  leaves 
Stratford  for  London. 

*  *  Lontion.  A  statue  of  Queen  Elizabeth 
is  erected  in  St.  Dunstan's,  Fleet  Street. 

*  *  Scot.    J.  Napier  invents  logarithms. 

1589  *  *  The  art  of  weaving  stockings 
in  a  frame  is  invented  by  the  Rev. 
William  Lee,  of  Cambridge. 

1590  *  *  A  copi)er-plate  mill  is  invented- 
by  a  German  named  Box. 

1591  *  *  Tbe  first  patent  is  granted  for 
printing. 

J.693  Sept.  5.  The  Thames  is  almost 
dry  by  reason  of  westerly  winds  and 
low  tides. 


1594*  *  London.  Shakespeare's  Globe 
Theater  is  built. 

Shakespeare  being  part  proprietor, 
some  of  his  plays  are  first  produced  here, 
and  he  himselt  performs  in  tliem.  The 
building  is  of  a  horseshoe  form,  and 
partly  covered  with  thatch.    (1599?) 

1598  *  *  London.  Taffeta,  a  kind  of 
silken  goods,  is  first  manufactured  by 
John  Tyce  of  Sboreditch. 

*  *  English  whale-fishing  commences  at 
Spitzbergen. 

1599  *  *  London.  Lord  Chamberlain's 
Company  of  actors,  including  Shake- 
speare and  Richard  Burbage,  occupies 
the  Globe  Theater. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Faculty  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  Glasgow  is  founded. 

1600  *  *  Gilbert  makes  experiments  in 
electricity.  He  publishes  his  work  On 
the  Magnet  and  Magnetic  Bodies. 

*  *  The  Lord  Admiral's  Company  of 
actors  occupies  the  Fortune  Theater. 

*  *  Davis's  quadrant,  or  backstaff  for 
measurmg  angles^  is  invented. 

±  *  *  Mulberry-trees  and  silkworms  are 
propagated  throughout  the  kingdom.  > 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1686  *  *  Beaumont,  Francis,  dramatist,  b. 
Ford,  John,  lawyer,  dramatist,  born. 
Mattland,  Sir  Richard,  of  Letbington,  poet, 

Scotland,  A90. 
Sidney.  Sir  PhlUp.  courtier,  poet,  A32. 

1587  Feb.  8.  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  A45. 
Fox,  John,  mart>Tologi8t,  A70. 

Sadler,  Sir  Ralph,  diplomatist,  historian,  A80. 

1588  *  *  Fletcher,  Giles,  poet,  bom. 
Hobbes.  Thomas,  philosopher,  bom. 
Wither,  George,  poet,  bom. 

1589  *  *  Carew,  Thomas,  poet,  born. 
Clifford,  Anne,  Count,  of  I'enibroke,  au.,  b. 
Junius,  Franciscus,  philologist,  born. 
Littleton,  Lord  Edward,  statesman,  bom. 

1590*  *  Eliot,  Sir  John,  statesman,  orator,  b. 
1691  *  *  tirenville,  Sir  Ricliard,  vice-admiral, 
A61. 
Hatton,  Sir  Christopher,  lord  chancell.,  A51. 
Herrick,  Robert,  poet,  born. 
1693  *  *  Arundel,  Earl  of,  Thomas  Howard, 
statesman,  born, 
liuckingham,  Duke  of,  George  Villiera,  lord 

high-admiral,  born. 
Cavendish,  or  Candish,  Thos.,  navigator,  A32. 
Essex,   Earl    of,   Robert    Devereux,    parlia- 
mentary general,  bom. 
Greene,  Robert,  dramatist,  A32. 
Newcastle,    Duke   of,    William    Cavendish, 

general,  horn. 
Quarles,  Francis,  poet,  born. 
Kavenscolt,  Thomas,  composer,  born. 
1693    Apr.   13.    Strafford.  Earl  of ,  Thomas 
Wentworth,  statesman,  born. 
Herbert,  George,  poet,  born. 
"Walton,  Izaak.  author  of   The    Complete 
Angler ^  born. 
1594  *  *  Cosin,  John,  bp.  of  Durliam,  au.,  b. 
P'robisher,  Sir  Martin,  navigator,  A58. 
Hampden,  John,  statesman,  born. 
1695  ♦  *  Drake,  Sir  Francis,  admiral,  A57. 
Hawkins,  Sir  John,  rear-adm..  A75. 
Shirley,  James,  dramatist,  born. 

1597  •   *  Glisson,  Francis,  anatomist,  born. 
Waller.   Sir  William,  parliamentary  gen- 
eral, born. 

1598  Au(f.   4.     Burleig-h.   Lord.   WlUiam 
Cecil,  statesman,  ATS. 

Peele,  (;eorge,  dramatist.  A40. 

1599  Apr.  25.     Cromwell.    OUver.    gen- 
eral, statesman,  protector,  born. 

Baillie,  ItolHTt,  theologian,  hist.,  Scot.,  born. 
Blake.  Robert,  admiral,  born. 
Spenser,  Edmund,  poet,  A47. 
leOO    Nov.  19.    Charles  I.,  king,  born. 
Craig,  John,  reformer,  Scotland.  A89. 
Goodwin,  Thomas.  Puritan  cl.,  author,  born. 
Hooker,  Richard,  clergyman,  author,  A47. 
Lilly,  or  Lyly,  John,  dramatist,  A47. 
Nash,  Thomas,  dramatisi.  A3ti. 
Ogllby,  John,  poet,  geographer,  Scot.,  bom. 
Prynne,  William.  Puritan  clergyman,  au.,  b. 
Futtenham,  George,  poet,  critic,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1587  ±  *  *  Three  hundred  priests  arrive 
to  organize  an  insurrection,  and  circu- 
late a  book  proving  it  to  be  the  bouuden 


duty  of  Catholics  to  take  up  arms  at  the 
Pope's  bidding  against  the  queen  and 
Knglish  heretics. 

1588  Nov.  24.  London.  Special  na- 
tional thanksgivings  are  offered  at  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral  for  the  defeat  of  tlie 
Spanish  Armada;  Queen  Elizabeth  is 
present. 

1589*  *  Alliance  is  made  with  Henry  IV. 
of  France  favorable  to  Protestantism. 

1590  *  *  It.  Urban  VII.  is  elected  pope ; 
later  Gregory  XIV.  [1591,  Innocent  IX. ; 
1592,  Clement  VIII. ;  1605,  Leo  IX.  ;  later, 
Paul  v.] 

1592  July  28.  William  Hacket,  hav- 
ing personated  tbe  Saviour,  is  hanged 
and  quartered. 

Sept.*  London.  A  Congregational 
church  is  founded ;  it  is  the  first 
[known]  modern  Congregational  church 
formally  organized. 

*  *  Scot.  Episcopacy  is  formally  abol- 
ished, and  the  Calvinistic  organization 
of  the  church  largely  sanctioned  by 
King  James. 

1593  Apr.  6,  Two  Congregational 
martyrs  are  executed — John  Green- 
wood and  Henry  Barrowe. 

May  29.  John  Penry,  a  Congregation- 
alist  and  principal  writer  of  the  Marprel- 
ate  tracts  is  cruelly  executed  for  writing 
seditious  works  against  the  queen.  (See 
Letters  1586.) 

*  *  The  act  for  conformity  in  religion  is 


1595  *  *  Tbe  Lambeth  Articles,  with 
Calvinistic  leanings,  proposed  by  Arch- 
bishop Whitgift,  are  withdrawn  to  please 
Queen  Elizabeth. 

1597  *  *  Scot.  James  succeeds  in  brid- 
ling the  bberty  of  the  church. 

1600  *  *  Ire.  Tbe  see  of  Iicighlin  is 
united  to  Ferns. 

*  *  Scot.  King  James  succeeds  in  send- 
ing two  bishops  to  Parliament,  and  pro- 
claims his  divine  right  over  all  orders 
of  men. 

LETTERS. 

1586  *  *  Altnon's  England,  by  William 
Warner,  appears. 

1588  *  *  Characteri€,&rtkeArteofShorte, 
Su'ifte^and  Secrete  Writing,  by  l>r.  Tim- 
othy Bright,  appears.  It  is  tbe  first 
English  work  on  shorthand. 

1589*  •Thomas  Nash  writes  an  Anat- 
omy of  Abiiurditie.  [Later,  Summer's 
Last  iyUl  and  Testament.] 

±  *  *  Marprelate  Tracts  appear. 

Tbey  are  written  by  Martin  Marprel- 
ate, John  Penry,  John  Udall,  John  Field, 
and  Job  Throckmorton,  and  are  invec- 
tives against  priestly  orders  and  epis- 
copacy, whose  defenders  are  Bishop 
Cooper,  John  Lyly,  and  Thomas  Nash. 

*  *  Spanish  Masquerado,  Tul/ies*  Love, 
ajid  Orpharion,  by  Robert  Greene,  ap- 
pear. \15Q'2,  Philomela  ;  latGT,  Pandosto, 
or  the  Triumphy  Ptrimendes,  a  collection 
of  stories,  poems,  and  reflections,  A 
Looking-G lasm  for  Londmi  and  England, 
Friar  Bacon  and  EYiar  Bungay,  and 
Alphonsus,  King  of  Arragon.] 

1590  *  *  Thomas  Lodge  writes  Rosa- 
lynde.  [It  suggests  the  plot  of  Shake-, 
speare's  As  You  Like  It.]  [1593.  Phillis. 
Life  and  Death  of  William  Longbeard, 
aiid  tbe  History  of  liobin  the  DivcU  :  1794. 
Tragedif  of  the  Wouji/Is  of  the  Civil  War 
of  the  iioses:  later.  Domestic  Medicine, 
a  Treatise  of  the  Plague,  Fig  for  Momvs, 
and  A  Mar'garite  of  America^ 

*  *  The  Tragedy  of  Sir  Thomas  More  is 
produced. 

1590-96  Edmund  Spenser  writes  the 
Faerie  Queene.     [1591,  Complaints;  1595, 


AND    IRELAND. 


1586,  *  *-1601,  *  *.     877 


r 


View  of  the  Present   State  of  Ireland^ 
Inter,  kmoretti  and  Epithalamion.] 

*  *  Peter  Bales,  *'  the  famous  penman," 
publishes  u  book  on  stenography. 

*  ♦"William  Shakespeare  begins  to 
write;  Henry  VI.,  part  1,  and  Pericles 
are  his  first  plays.  (?) 

1591  *  *  I^tblin.    Trinity  College  is 

founded. 

*  *  Marlowe  writes  The  Second  Part  of 
Pamhurlaim.'  the  Great.  [Later,  The  Jew 
of  Malta,  E<lvard  77.,  the  Massacre  of 
Paris,  and  /Jido,  Queen  of  Carthage.^ 

*  *  The  Troublesome  Reign  qf  King  John  is 
printed. 

*  *  A  translation  of  Ariosto's  Orlaiulo 
Furioso,  by  Sir  John  llariugton,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Patents  are  first  granted  for  the  ex- 
clusive privilege  of  printing  books. 

±  *  *  Shakespeare  writes  the  Two  Gen- 
tlemen of  Verona, 

1592  i:  *  *  Shakespeare  writes  The  Com- 
edy of  Errors. 

*  *  Samuel  Daniel  writes  5o?inefs.  [1595- 
1604,  Books  of  the  Civil  Wars.^ 

1593  i:  *  *  Shakespeare  writes  his  poem 
Venus  and  Adonis. 

*  *  True  Chronicle  History  of  King  Lear  is 
produced. 

*  *  Satires,  by  John  Donne,  appears. 

*  *  Scot.  Marischal  College,  of  Aber- 
deen University,  is  founded  by  George 
Keith,  fifth  Earl  of  Marischal. 

1594-1600  Kichard  Hooker  writes  the 
Laws  of  Ecclesiastical  Polity,  a  work  in 
defense  of  the  Church  of  England. 

±  *  ♦  Shakespeare  writes  the  Rape  of  Lu- 
crece. 

*  *  Michael  Drayton  writes  Ideas  Mirrour, 
And  Matilda.    [1698.     Heroical  Epistles.] 

1595-1600  Shakespeare  writes  his 
poems,  A  Lover's  Complaint  and  the  Pas- 
sionate Pilgrim,  and  his  plays,  Love's 
Lal>or's  Lost,  Romeo  and  Juliet,  Henry 
r/.,  parts  2  and  3,  Richard  III.,  Rich- 
ard II.,  Henry  IV.,  parts  1  and  2,  Henry 
v..  The  Merry  Wives  of  Wintlsor,  The 
Merchant  of  Venice,  Hamlet,  King  Johti, 
A  Midsummer  Xight's  Dream,  The  Tam- 
ing of  the  Shrew,  and  Titus  Andronieus. 

*  *  George  Cliapman  writes  Ovid's  Ban- 
quet of  Sense. 

1596  Rerum  Anglicarum  Scriptores  post 
Bedam,  by  Sir  Henry  Savile,  appears. 
[1598,  A  Vieto  of  Certain  Military  Mat- 
ters, or  Cominentaries  concerning  Roman 
Warfare.] 

*  *  The  Discovery  of  Guiana,  by  Sir  Wal- 
ter Kaleigh,  appears. 

*  *  Ben  Jouaon  writes  Every  Man  in  his 
Humour. 

1597-98  Joseph  Hall,  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich, writes  Satires  upon  the  poets  and 
stage-players  of  the  day.  [1608-11.  Medi- 
tations ;  later,  Epistles.] 

1597-1624  Francis  Bacon  writes  his 
Essays,  observations  and  precepts  on 
men  and  society. 

*  *  The  Pilgrimage  to  Parnassus,  a  play 
satirizing  poor  authors,  is  acted  at  Cam- 
bridge. 

1598  *  *  John  Stow  publishes  his  Survey 
of  London. 

*  *  John  Marston  writes  The  Scourge  of 
Villainy.     [I^ater,  The  Malcontent.] 

*  •Sidney-Sussex  College,  Cambridge, 
is  founded  by  Frances  Sidney,  Countess 
of  Sussex. 

*  *  Du  Bartas's  La  premiere  semaine,  or 
La  CrieUion,  is  translated  by  Sylvester. 


*  *The  Bodleian  Library,  Oxford,  is 
founded  by  Sir  Thomas  Bodley.  [1602. 
Nov.  8.    Is  opened.     1895.     It  has  400,000 

•books  and  30,000  MSS.] 

1598-1601  The  Return  from  Parnassus 
is  acted  at  Cambridge. 

1598-1609  A  translation  of  Homer's 
Iliad,  l)y  George  Chapman,  appears. 

1599  *  *  James  VI.  of  Scotland  [James  I. 
of  England]  writes  BasUiron  Doron,  a 
treatise  on  the  art  of  government.  Later, 
Poetlcall  Exercises  at  Vacant  Houres, 
Demonologie,  and  Counterblast  to  To- 
bacco.] 

*  ♦  Musophilus,  by  Samuel  Daniel,  ap- 
pears. 

1600-16  Shakespeare  writes  his  Son- 
nets, and  his  plays,— 

All's  Well  that  Ends  Well,  Much  Ado  about 
Nothing,  As  Yoa  Like  it,  Troilus  and  Cres- 
sida,  Timon  of  Athens,  The  Winter's  Tale, 
Measure  for  Measure,  King  Lear,  Cymbe- 
line,  Macbeth,  Julias  Cxsar,  Antony  and 
Cleopatra,  Coriolatius,  The  Tempest,  The 
Twelfth  Niqht,  or  What  You  Will,  Henry 
VIJL,  and   Othello. 

1600*  *  London.  The  Cottonian  lA- 
brary  is  founded  by  Sir  Kobert  Cotton. 
[1753.      Is  incorporated  in  the  British 

Museum.] 

*  *  England's  Helicon,  England's  Parnas- 
sus,ami  Belvedere,  poetical  miscellanies, 
appear. 

*  *  TasBo's  Jerusalem  Delivered  is  trans- 
lated by  i!]dward  Fairfax. 

*  *  Thomas  Dekker  writes  The  Shoe- 
makers' Holidatf.  f Autlior  also  of  The 
Wonder  of  a  Kingaom,  and  other  plays, 
and  The' Gulls'  Horn-book.] 

*  *  Cynthia's  Revels,  by  Ben  Jonson, 
appears.  [ICOl,  The  Poetaster ;  1605, 
Volpone,  or  the  E'ox ;  1609,  The  Silent 
Woman;  1610,  Tlie  Alchemist.] 


SOCIETY. 

1586  *  *  Tobacco  is  introduced  by  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh  and  Sir  Francis  Drake. 
[Or  by  Sir  John  Hawkins,  1565.] 

*  *  A  proclamation  is  issued  against  the 
use  of  tobacco. 

1587  *  *  Fighting  with  small  swords  is 
introduced. 

1594  *  *  Patrick  York,  an  Irish  fencing- 
master,  is  hired  by  Spaniards  to  kill  the 
queen. 

June  7.  Roderigo,  a  Jewish  royal  phy- 
sician, is  charged  with  being  bribed  to 
poison  tJie  queen,  and  is  executed. 

1507  *  *  Scot.  For  acquitting  persons 
charged  with  witchcraft  King  James  or- 
ders the  prosecution  of  a  whole  assize. 

*  *  The  title.  Baron  Howard  de  Walden,  is 
created.  [1G03,  Earl  of  Suffolk  and  Berk- 
shire ;  (1626),  Baron  Saye  and  Sele,  and 
Baron  Petre;  1608,  Baron  Clifton]. 

1599*  *  Scot.  Tlie  title.  Marquis  of 
Huntly,  is  created.  [1602.  Baroness  Kin- 
loss  ;  1605,  Earl  of  Home  and  Earl  of 
Perth  and  Melfort  (1686) ;  1606.  Earl  of 
Abercorn,  and  Baron  Bluntvre ;  1607, 
Baron  Balfour  of  Burleigh  ;  1609.  Baron 
Colville  of  Culrt)8s,  and  Baron  Dingwall.] 

1600  Aug.  5.  Scot.  Conspirators  de- 
coy the  king  into  the  houseofKuthvcn, 
Earl  of  <iowrie,  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
throning liim  ;  the  plot  is  frustrated,  and 
the  earl  and  his  brothers  are  slain  on 
the  spot. 

1601*  *  An  anti-effeminacy  act 
is  passed,  forbidding  men  to  ride  in 
coaches. 

*  *  Overseers  of  the  poor  are  appointed 
in  parishes. 

1601-02  Monopolies  are  so  numerous 
that  Parliament  petitions  against  them, 
and  many  are  abolished. 


STATE. 

*  *  *  Sir  Christopher  Hatton  is  ap- 
pointed lord  chancellor,  though  not  a 
lawyer.  Masters  in  Chancery  are  for 
the  first  time  appointed  to  assist  him  in 
his  legal  duties. 

1586*  *  Ministers:  Lord  Burleigh,  the 
Earl  of  Essex,  and  Sir  Christopher  Hat- 
ton. 

1588  Nov.  12.  Parliament  meets. 
[1589.    Mar.  20.     Dissolved.] 

1689  Nov.  23.  Sweden.  James  VI. 
of  Scotland  is  married  at  Upsal  to  Anne^ 
daughter  of  the  King  of  Denmark. 

1591  *  *  The  judges  decree  that  England 
is  an  absolute  empire,  of  which  the  sov- 
ereign is  the  head. 

*  *  The  great  seal  is  put  in  commission. 

*  *  Sir  "Walter  Raleigh  is  sent  to  prison 
,  for  an  offence  at  court. 

1592  June  2.  Sir  John  Popham  is 
appointed  chief  justice. 

*  *  Sir  John  Puckering  is  appointed 
lord  keeper  of  the  seal. 

1593  Feb.  19.  Parliament  opens. 
[Apr.  10,     Dissolved.] 

*  *  Sir  Edward  Coke  is  chosen  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons. 

1596  *  *  Sir  Thomas  Egerton  is  ap- 
pointed lord  high  chancellor,  or  "  lord 
keeper." 

1507  Oct.  24.  Parliament  meets.  [1598. 
Eeb.  9.    Dissolved.] 

1598  *  *  A  large,  but  very  base,  coinage 
is  struck  for  Ireland. 

1599  Apr.  *  Ire.    Bobert  Devereux, 

Earl  of  Essex,  is  appointed  lord  lieu- 
tenant. 

*  *  Ministers  :  Thomas  Sackville,  Lord 
Buckhurst  [Earl  of  Dorset],  Sir  Thomas 
Egerton  [Lord  Ellesmere],and  Sir  Robert 
Cecil  [Earl  of  Salisbury]. 

1600  *  *  St. Helenais  acquired  bysettle- 

ment. 
Dec.  31.  Queen  Elizabeth  grants  a 
charter  to  "  the  Governor  and  Company 
of  Merchants  of  London  to  the  East 
Indies  "  [known  as  the  East  India  Com- 
pany]. 

1601  Oct.  27."  Parliament  meets. 
[Dec.  19.    Dissolved.] 

*  *  It  is  declared  in  Parliament  that  the 
queen  has  the  power  to  make  or  unr 
make  laws. 

**  By  her  prerogative  she  may  set  at 
liberty  things  restrained  by  statute-law 
or  otherwise,  and  by  her  prerogative  she 
may  restrain  things  which  be  at  liberty." 

*  *  The  first  law  relating  to  insurance  is 
passed. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1588  *  *  Queen  Elizabeth  grants  a  patent 
to  an  African  company. 

1590  *  *  Hair-powder  conies  into  use. 

1591  *  *  Tea  is  introduced. 

1592  *  *  Potatoes  are  generally  intro- 
duced into  England. 

1595  *  *  Mahogany  is  brought  to  Eng- 
land by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 

1598*  *  Scot.  The  first  coach  is  seen 
in  the  country. 

1600  Dec.  31.  The  East  Indian  Com- 
pany is  established  by  charter. 

*  *  The  commercial  docks  at  Rotherhithe 
are  erected. 

*  *  London.  The  population  is  300,000±. 
The  city  is  built  almost  entirely  of  wood. 


878    1602,**-1613^**. 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1608  *  *  Ire.  The  insurgents  surprise 
and  capture  Londonderry ;  Sir  George 
Powlett,  the  governor,  and  the  entire 
garrison  are  massacred. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1602  *  *  George  Weymouth  and  John 
Knight  sail  on  an  Arctic  expedition. 
[They  stop  at  the  entrance  to  Hudson 
Bay  because  of  a  mutiny  of  the  crew.] 

*  *  Mr.  Beaumont  operates  a  railway 
about  Newcastle. 

It  has  wooden  rails  and  bulky  four- 
wheel  coal-cars  drawn  by  horses. 

1603  *  *  "William  Harvey,  physician 
and  anatomist,  engages  in  the  practise 
of  midwifery, 

1604  *  *  Silk  is  manufactured. 

1606  *  *  John  Knight  is  sent  on  an  Arc- 
tic expedition  by  the  Muscovy  Com- 
pany. 

*  *  Edmund  Gunter  invents  Gunter's 
chain  for  measuring  land. 

1607  May  1.  Henry  Hudson  starts 
from  Gravesend  on  his  first  voyage,  in- 
structed to  sail  northwest,  and  directly 
across  the  pole.  [1608.  Apr.  22.  He  sails 
on  his  second  voyage  of  discovery.] 

July  1.  London.  "God  save  the 
King,"  is  first  vocalized  in  Merchant 
Tailors'  Hall  by  the  choir  of  the  Royal 
Chapel. 

*  *The  waters  of  a  great  freshet  rise 
above  the  tops  of  the  houses  in  Somer- 
setshire and  Gloucestershire  ;  100  lives 
are  lost. 

*  *  Rev.  William  Barlow  invents  the  com- 
pass box  and  hanging  compass. 

leiOi:  *  *  Iiambeth  Palace  is  founded 

by  Archbishop  Bancroft. 
**Hudson    Bay    is     rediscovered    by 

Henry  Hudson,  when  in  search  of  a' 

Northwest  Passage  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
1611*  *  Robert   Johnston   writes    the 

original   music    for   Shakespeare's 

Tempest. 
1612  *  *  Sir  Thomas  Button  sails  on  an 

Arctic   voyage.     [He   passes  Hudson 

Strait  and  winters  at  Fort  Nelson] 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1603*  •  Chilling  worth,  William,  theological 

author,  born. 
Bradsliavp,  John,  judge,  born. 
Greaves.  .lohn,  orientalist,  mathematician,  b. 
Leigh,  Sir  Edward,  theol.,  critic,  philol.,  b. 
Lightfoot,  .lolm,  theologian,  Hebraist,  born. 
Lilly,  William,  astrologer,  born. 
Manchester,    Earl    of,    Edward    Montagu, 

statesman,  bom. 

1603  Mar.  34.     Elizabeth.  Queen,  A70. 
Cartwright,  Thomas,  Puritan  cl.,  A68. 

1604  *   *  liagshaw,  Edward,  lawyer,  au.,  b 
Eliot,  Jolin,  "  the  Apostle  of  the  Indians,"  b. 
Morley,  Thomas,  musical  composer,  A594r. 
Whitglft,  John,  archbp.  of  Canterbiu-y,  A74. 

1605  *  *  Browne,  Sir  Thomas,  physician,  b. 
Crashaw,  Richard,  poet,  born. 
Davenant,  Sir  William,  dramatist,  born. 
Davis,  John,  navigator,  A75t. 

Gauden,  John,  bishop  of  Exeter,  author,  b. 
Habington,  William,  poet,  bom. 
Urqiihart,  Richard,  translator,  Scotland^  b. 
Waller,  Edmund,  poet,  born. 
Whitelocke,  Kulstrode,  statesman^  born. 

1606  •   •  Barclay,  Wm.,  jurist,  Scot.,  A66i:. 
Castell,  Edmund,  cl.,  lexicographer,  born. 
Fawkes,  Guy,  Gunpowder  Plot  consp.,  A36. 
Lyly,  Jolm,  dramatist,  A52. 

1607  *  *  Rushworth,  John,  historian,  bom. 

1608  Dec.  9.     Milton.  John,  poet,  states- 
man, author,  bom. 

Clarendon,  Earl  of,   Edward  Hyde,  states- 
man, historian,  bom. 
Craig,  Sir  Thomas,  lawyer,  antiq.,  Scot.  A67. 
Bee,  John,  mathematician,  astrologer.  A8I. 


Fanshawe.  Sir  Richard,  poet,  diplomatist,  b. 

Feltham,  Owen,  religious  author,  l»om. 

Fuller,  Thomas,  preacher,  autlior,  born. 

Greville,  Robert,  parliamentary  general,  b.  „ 

Monk,  Oeorg'e,  duke  of  Albemarle,  gen.,  b. 

Tradescant,  JoIin,  liotanist,  born. 
1608  *   *  Cooper,  Samuel,  painter,  born. 

Hale,  Sir  Mattliew,  chief  justice,  autlior,  b. 

Muggieton,  Ludowiek,  fanatic,  born. 

Suckling,  Sir  John,  dramatist,  l>orn. 
1610*  '  Jtutler,  Jaiues,   12th  Karl   and    Ist 
Duke  of  Ormonde,  general,  born. 

Gary,  Lucius,  Viscount  Falkland,  author,  b. 

ChilnieaU,  Edmund,  mathematician,  born. 

Dobson,  William,  painter,  born. 

Ireton.  Henry.  ]iarlianientary  general, b. 

Wliarton,  Thonms,  anatomist,  born. 
1611  •   •  Allein,  Ricliard,  I'uritan  cl.»  au.,  b. 

Daye.  Stephen,  first  printer  Am.  colonies,  b. 

Fairfax.  Lord  Thomas,  pari,  general,  b. 

Harrington,  James,  political  author,  born. 

Hudson,  Henry,  navigator,  explorer,  d±. 

Leigliton,   Robert,  archbisliop  of    Glasgow, 
author,  born. 
1613  •  *  Hodley,  Sir  Tliomas,  founder  Bod- 
leian lil)rary,  Oxford,  A68. 

Butler,  Samuel,  poet,  born. 

Gascoigne,  William,  inv.  of  micrometer,  b. 

KiUlgrew,  Henry,  dramatist,  born. 

Montrose,  Marquis  of,  James  Grahame,  sol- 
dier, l)orn. 

Stafford,  Viscount,  William  Howard,  states- 
man, l>orn. 

Vane,  Sir  Henry,  statesman,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1602  *  *  A  Congregational  church  is 
organized  in  Gainsborough,  Lincoln- 
shire. 

*  *  Parliament  orders  the  expulsion  of 
the  Jesuits. 

1603.  July*  The  Council  informs  the 
leading  Catholics  tbat  the  fines  for  re- 
cusancy will  be  no  longer  enforced. 

1603-04  The  canons  and  constitutions 
of  the  Church  of  England  are  passed  by 
a  convocation  of  the  clergy,  and  become 
the  chief  English  Church  law.  [1604. 
Uatitied  by  the  king.] 

1604  Jan.*  Jesuits  and  seminary 
priests  are  ordered  out  of  the  land  by 
proclamation. 

Jan,  14,  16,  18.  The  [celebrated]  con- 
ference at  Hampton  Court  is  held. 
The  prelates  and  Puritan  dissenters, 
meet  to  effect  a  union  of  the  church/ 
It  leads  to  the  production  of  King 
James's  translation  of  the  Bible,  and 
but  little  else. 

*  *  Public  excitement  over  reported  con- 
versions to  the  Catholic  faith  \  the  king 
is  said  to  be  a  convert. 

*  *  Richard  Bancroft  is  chosen  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury.  [IGll.  Jan.  * 
George  Abbot;  1633,  "William  Laud.] 

*  *  The  Convocation  of  the  clergy 
meets. 

Its  acts  are  oppressive  to  Puritans,  300 
of  whom  soon  leave  their  livings  rather 
than  conform. 

*  *  James  orders  the  judges  to  enforce  the 
Elizabethan  statutes  against  the  Cath- 
olics. Roman  Catholic  priests  are  to  be 
banished. 

1606  *  *  Penal  laws  are  enacted  against 
Catholics. 

One  act  provides  for  levying  one  shil- 
ling on  every  person  absent  from  church 
on  Sundays. 

*  *A  Congregational  church  is 
founded  at  Southwark, 

*  *  An  Independent  church  is  organized 
at  Scrooby,  Nottinghamshire. 

1606-10  Scot.  King  James  consecrates 
three  bishops,  and  attempts  to  reintro- 
duce Episcopacy. 

1608  *  *  The  Independent  church  in 
the  North  of  England  Is  finally  trans- 
planted to  Leyden,  Holland. 


1608-11  Ire.  Protestant  Bettlements 
are  formed  in  Ulster. 

Oct.  21,  London.  Bishopa  are  conse- 
crated at  Lambeth  for  the  sees  of  Glas- 
gow, Galloway,  and  Brechin. 

1611  *  *King  James's  version  of  the 
Bible  is  completed. 

1612  Apr.  11.  Edward  Wightman,  a 
Baptist,  is  burned  at  Lichfield, 

LETTERS. 

1602  *  *  John  Willis  publishes  his  Ste- 
nograpkie,  the  second  English  work  on 
shorthand. 

1603  *  *  John  Florio  translates  Mon- 
taigne's Essays. 

*  *  John  Fletcher  writes  The  Woman 
Hater,  Hnd  Thierry  and  Theodoret.  [1610. 
The  Faithful  Shepherdess.] 

*  *  The  History  of  the  Turks,  by  Richard 
KnoUes,  appears. 

1604  *  •  Oxford  University  receives  the 
elective  franchise  to  send  two  mem- 
bers to  Parliament. 

1605  *  *  George  Chapman  writes  hid  com- 
edy,  All  Fools. 

*  *  Eastward  Ho,  a  comedy,  is  written  by 
Jonsou,  Chapman,  and  Marston. 

*  *  Francis  Bacon  writes  his  Advancement 
of  Learning. 

1606-16  Francis  Beaumont  and  John 
Fletcher  write  plays  together. 

Plays:  Philaster,  The  Maid's  Tragedy^ 
A  King  and  No  Kimj,  The  Kmiiht  ^f  the 
Burning  Pestle,  Cupid's  Revenge,  The  Cox- 
comb^ Four  Plays  in  One,  The  Scornful 
Lady.  The  Honest  Afan's  Fortune,  The  LUtle 
French  Lawyer,  Wit  at  Several  WeaponSy 
A  Right  Woman,  and  The  Laws  of  Candy. 

1606  *  *  London.  The  melody,  God  Save 
the  King,  is  f«aid  to  have  been]  composed 
by  John  Bull  for  a  dinner  given  to  James 
I.  at  Merchant  Tailors'  Hall. 

1607  *  *  The  Family  of  Love,  by  Thomas 
Middleton,  appears. 

1609  **  London.  The  Stationers' 
Company  agree  to  give  a  copy  of  every 
book  published  to  the  Bodleian  Library, 
Oxford. 

*  *  Dublin.  A  charter  is  granted  to 
Trinity  College  by  James  I. 

1610*  *  Giles  Fletcher  writes  Christ's 
Victory  and  Triumph  in  Heaven  and 
Earth  over  Death.  [Author  of  the  Jtusse 
Commonwealth,  Sorrow's  Joy,  and  a  col- 
lection of  verses.] 

1611  *  *King  James's  edition  of  the 
Bible  is  completed,  after  seven  years' 
labor,  by  47  ministers. 

*  *  The  History  of  Great  Britain ,  by  John 
Speed,  appears. 

*  *  Kewsfrom  Spain  is  issued  by  Nathan- 
iel Butter. 

*  *  London.     The  Charter -House,  a 

school  for  poor  children,  is  founded  by 
Thomas  Sutton. 

1612  *  *  The  White  Devil,  or  Vittoria 
Corombona,  by  John  Webster,  appears. 
[1616,  The  Duchess  of  Malji;  1623,  The 
Devil's  Law  Case.] 

*  *  History  of  England,  by  Samuel  Daniel, 
appears. 

1612-20  Thomas  Shelton  translates  Z)0f» 
Quixote. 

SOCIETY. 

1603  June  1.  London.  A'  man  Is 
whipped  through  the  streets  for  go- 
ing to  court  when  his  house  was  infected 
with  the  plague. 

*  *  James  I.  is  proclaimed  King  in  viola^ 
tion  of  the  will  of  Henry  VIII. 


AND   IRELAND. 


1602,**  -1613,**.      879 


•  *  A  law  is  passed  making  the  pretension 
to  sorcery  capital. 

•  •  The  title  of  **  Majesty**  is  begun  to 
be  used  in  addressing  the  king. 

1603-04    Tippling  Acts  are  passed. 
They  apply  to  both  ale  and  T^ine-sell- 
iug,  and  impose  a  tine  of  10  shillings 
upon  each  seller  allowing  townsmen  to 
tipple. 

1604  Sept.  29.  New  laws  against 
witchcraft  become  operative. 

•  •  Ire.    Tanistry  is  abolished. 

It  was  the  equal  division  of  lands,  after 
the  decease  of  the  owner,  among  his 
sons,  legitimate  or  illegitimate ;  if  one 
of  the  sons  died,  his  son  did  not  inherit, 
but  a  new  division  was  made  by  the 
tanist  or  chief. 

1605  Aug.  5.  Walter  Calverly  of  York, 
shire  is  pressed  to  death,  a  large  iron 
weight  being  placed  upon  his  breast ;  he 
bad  murdered  two  of  bis  children,  and 
iiad  stabbed  bis  wife  in  a  tit  of  jealousy, 
and  being  arraigned  for  bis  crime  at  the 
York  assizes,  stood  mute. 

Nov.  4.  The  Gunpowder  Plot  is  dis- 
covered.   (See  State.) 

1606  *  *  Englislimen  are  forbidden  to  en- 
ter foreign  service  witliout  taking  an 
oath  not  to  be  reconciled  to  the  Pope. 

•  ♦Drunkenness  is  Icgjilly  punished  by 
a  tine  of  tive  shillings,  or  oontinement 
for  six  hours  in  the  stocks. 

1609-10  A  law  is  made  providing  that 
any  alehouse -keeper  convicted  of  vio- 
lating the  law  shall  be  disqualified  for 
three  years  from  keeping  a  public  bouse. 

1611  May  23.  The  hereditary  order  of 
baronets  is  instituted  by  James  I.  Sir 
Nicholas  Bacon  is  made  tlie  first  baro- 
net. Patents  are  sold  for  £1,095  each, 
and  the  money  applied  fom4he  army  in 
Ulster. 

1612  June  29 -July  20.  London.  A 
lottery,  granted  by  the  king  for  the 
benetlt  of  Virginia,  is  drawn  near  St. 
Paul's;  the  prizes  are  pieces  of  plate. 

1613  Feb.  13.  Princess  Klizabeth  Stu- 
art [Queen  of  Bohemia],  daughter  of 
James  I.,  marries  Frederick,  Elector 
Palatine. 

Sept.  15.     Sir  Thomas   Overbury  is 

noisoneii  while  a  prisoner  in  the  Tower  ; 
he  is  a  victim  of  tne  mali<;e  of  Somerset. 
[1616.  The  Earl  of  Somerset  and  bis 
wife  are  tried  and  condemned  for  the 
murder.] 

STATE. 

1603   Mar.  24.  Queen  Elizabeth  dies. 

Apr.  5.  Edinburgh.  James  VI.  leaves 
for  London,  to  be  crowned  king  of  Eng- 
land. 


1603-49  (1714)    The  House  of  Stuart. 

1603-25    James  I.  reigns. 

James  VI.  of  Scotland  becomes  King 
of  England  as  James  I.  He  is  tlie  son 
of  Henry  Stuart,  Lord  Daniley,  and 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  granddaughter  of 
James  IV.  of  Scotland  and  bis  queeii 
Margaret,  daughter  of  Henry  VII.  of 
Englnnd.  [July  25.  London.  He  is 
crowned.] 

*  *  The  Millenary  Petition  is  presented 
to  the  king. 

It  is  signed  by  l,000:t  Puritan  minis- 
ters, who  ask  for  a  reform  in  church 
services  and  a  stricter  observance  of 
Sunday. 

*  *  Ministers:  The  Earl  of  Dorset,  Ix>rd 
Kllesmore.  the  E;irl  of  Nottingham,  the 
Earl  of  SutTolk,  the  Earl  of  Worcester, 
and  RobertTecil  [Earl  of  Salisbury]. 


*  *  Sir  Thomas  Egerton,  Lord  EUes- 
mere,  is  appointed  lord  chancellor. 

*  *The  "Main"  conspiracy  is  ex- 
posed ;  Lords  Cobham  and  Grey  and  Sir 
Walter  Raleigb  are  accused  of  conspir- 
ing for  the  dethronement  of  James  in 
favor  of  Arabella  Stuart,  a  cousin  of 
James  I. ;  also  the  •*  Rye  plot "  for  the 
seizure  of  the  king's  person  is  devised  by 
the  priest  Watson  and  others. 

*  *  An  alliance  with  France  is  negoti- 
ated by  the  French  minister,  Baron  de 
Rosuy,  Duke  of  Sully. 

*  *  Cambridge  University  is  empow- 
ered to  send  two  members  to  Parlia- 
ment. (?) 

*  *  Ire.  The  whole  country  becomes  sub- 
ject to  the  rule  of  the  English. 

1604  Jan.  14,  15,  16.  The  king  holds 
a  conference  of  clergy  at  Hampton 
Court ;  be  resolves  to  make  no  conces- 
sions to  the  Puritans. 

Mar.  19.  Parliament  assembles.  [1611. 
Feb.  9.    dissolved.] 

[It  receives  unfavorably  a  scheme  of 
the  king  for  the  union  of  England  and 
Scotland,  but  appoints  commissioners  to 
treat  with  the  Scots  upon  the  question.] 

Aug.  18.  A  treaty  of  peace  is  con- 
cluded with  Spain. 

Oct,  24.  James  is  proclaimed  **  King  of 
:England,  Scotland,  France,  and  Ire- 
land." 

Nov.  17.    London.    Sir  "Walter  Raleigh 

is  tried  for  treason.  [Convicted  and  im- 
prisoned in  the  Tower.  1618.  Oct.  29. 
Executed.] 

*  *  Sir  Francis  Bacon  is  appointed  the 
tirst  king's  sergeant,  the  highest  mem- 
ber of  the  bar,  be  alone  being  permitted 
to  plead  in  the  Coiu"t  of  Common  Pleas. 

1605  Oct.  26.    The  Gunpowder  Plot 

is  disclosed. 

It  is  a  conspiracy  by  Robert  Catesby, 
Thomas  Winter,  John  Wright,  Guy 
Fawkes,  Thomas  Percy,  and  others,  to 
blow  uj)  the  Parliament  building  during 
the  sitting  of  both  houses  and  the  j)res- 
ence  of  the  king.  [Nov.  5.  Guy  Fawkes 
is  discovered  in  a  vault  under  tiie  Parli- 
ament bouse  with  matches  and  touch- 
wood in  his  possession,  and  36  barrels  of 
gunpowder  are  found  close  by.  1606. 
Jan.  30,  31.  Guy  Fawkes,  Sir  Everard 
Digby,  Rookwood,  Winter,  and  other 
conspirators  are  executed.  May  3.  Henry 
Garnet  also.] 

*  *  W,  I.  English  colonists  ilrst  settle  in 
Barbados. 

They  land  from  the  Orange  Blossom, 
erect  a  cross  as  a  memorial,  and  cut  in 
the  bark  of  a  tree  the  words,  "  James, 
King  of  England  and  of  this  island." 

1606  Apr,  10.  James  grants  a  char- 
ter to  the  London  Company,  and  one  to 
the  Plvmouth  Company,  for  colotiies  in 
NortH  America  (p.  27). 

Apr.  12.  The  Union  Jack  is  made  the 
national  tiag.     [1801  complete.} 

1607  May  13.  {U.  S.  ^.]  An  English 
settlement  is  formed  at  Jamestown^ 
AMrginia. 

June  25.  Sir  Thomas  Fleming  is  ap- 
pointed chief  justice. 

1608  ♦  *  By  the  sole  power  of  the  crown, 
duties  are  imposed  on  nearly  every 
article  of  foreign  commerce. 

1609*  •Ministers:  Robert  Cecil,  Earl 
of  Salisbury,  Lord  Ellesmere,  the  Earl  of 
Northampton,  and  the  Earl  of  Suffolk. 


*  *  W.  I.  Sir  George  Somers  plants  an 
English  colony  in  the  Bermudas. 

1609-12  Ire.  English  and  Scotch  Prot- 
estants are  planted  in  Ulster. 

In  consequence  of  rej)eated  rebellions  and 
forfeitures,  511,465  acres  of  land  In  Ulster 
become  invested  in  tlie  crown,  and  .James  I., 
after  removing  the  Irisli  from  their  hills  and 
fastnesses,  divides  the  land  among  sucti  of 
his  English  and  Scotch  Trotestants  as  choose 
to  settle  there.  The  colonization  is  begun  by 
the  Ilonoralile  Irish  Society,  a  committee  of 
citizens  of  12  London  comjianies. 

1610  *  *  The  Isle  of  Man  is  restored  to 
Stanley,  Earl  of  Derby,  from  whose 
family  it  had  been  taken  by  Elizabeth. 

*  *Par[.    The  "Great   Contract"    is 

discussed,  but  not  decided  on. 

It  proposes  to  grant  the  king  a  fixed 
sum  of  £200,000  per  annum,  in  return  for 
the  surrender  by  liim  of  his  clainii  to 
revenue  from  feudal  privileges.         J 

*  *  London.  Twelve  new  granaries  are 
built  at  Bridewell  to  bold  C,000  quarters 
of  corn,  and  two  storehouses  for  sea- 
coal  to  bold  4,000  loads,  to  prevent  the 
sudden  dearness  of  these  articles  by 
great  increase  of  inhabitants. 

1611  *  *  Arabella  Stuart  is  imprisoned 
at  Lambeth. 

*  *  Ire.  James  grants  Belfast  to  Sir  Ar- 
thur Chichester,  lord  deputy.  [1613.  It 
is  erected  into  a  corporation.] 

*  *  Scot.  Glasgow  has  freedom  to  elect 
its  own  magistrates. 

1612  *  *  Ministers:  The  Earl  of  North- 
ampton, Lord  Ellesmere,  the  Earl  of 
Worcester,  Sir  Ralph  Winwood,  the  Earl 
of  Nottingham,  Robert  Carr,  Viscount 
Rochester  [Earl  of  Somerset]. 

Nov.  6.    Henry,  Prince  of  "Wales,  dies, 

1613  May  19.  James  issues  farthing 
tokens  by  proclamation.  (?) 

*  *  Sir  Edward  Coke  is  appointed  chief 
justice.    [1616.    Sir  Henry  Montague.} 

*  *  Cecil,  Earl  of  Salisbury,  dying,  Rob- 
ert Carr,  Viscount  KocbesteV,  becomes 
a  favorite  of  the  king,  and  is  made 
Duke  of  Somerset. 

*  *  Ire.  The  London  Irisli  Society  obtains 
a  charter  of  incorporation  for  Berry  un- 
der the  name  of  liOndonderry. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1603  Apr.  10.  Bristol  men  fit  out  two 
vessels  to  bring  sassafras  from  America: 
it  is  much  overrated  for  its  medicinal 

virtue. 

1603-04  Ire,  A  plague  infests  the 
country. 

*  *  London.  A  plague  sweeps  away  20,578 
people. 

1606  *  *  The  springs  at  Tunbridge 
Wells,  Kent,  are  discovered  by  Dudley, 
Lord  North,  who  is  restored  to  health 
by  the  use  of  the  waters. 

1607  *  *  "Windsor  Forest,  situated  to 
the  south  and  west  of  the  town  of 
Windsor,  is  restricted  to  but  77i  miles 
round. 

1610  Dec.  3.  GreatTom,  a  bell  seven 
feet  in  diameter,  is  placed  in  the  steeple 
of  St.  Mary's  Cathedral,  Lincoln. 

1613  June  29.  London.  Shake8peare*9 
Globe  Tlieater  is  burned. 

Aug.  7.    Dorcliester  is  destroyed  by  fire. 

Sept.  29.  London.  The  New  River  is 
opened. 

It  is  an  artificial  stream,  48 miles  long, 
rising  in  Cbadwell  and  Amwell  in  Hert- 
fordshire, and  projected  by  Sir  Hugh 
Myddleton  for  the  purpose  of  supplying 
London  with  water. 


880     1613,** -1626, July*  GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1623  *  *  The  British  militia  numbers 
160,000  men. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1614  *  *  Medleys,  or  mixed  broadcloth, 
are  first  made. 

*  *  Scot.  .Tohh  Napier,  the  inventor  of 
logarithms,  the  indexes  of  the  ratio  of 
numbers  one  to  anotlier,  publishes  his 
canon  or  table.  flGlG-lS.  Completed 
and  published  by  Henry  Briggs  at  Ox- 
ford.] 

1616  *  *  Bylot's  and  Baffin's  Arctic  ex- 
pedition sets  out.    (See  Canrula.) 

*  *  Engines  for  plowing  land  are  pat- 
ented by  David  Ramsey  and  Thomas 
Wildgoose. 

1619  *  *  The  art  of  making  tapestry  is 
introduced  by  William  Sheldon,  and 
established  at  Mortlake  by  Sir  Francis 
Crane. 

1620  *  *  Bone-setting  is  first  scientific- 
ally practised. 

*  *  Broad  silk  is  woven  from  raw  silk. 

*  *  Paper-hangings  made  of  velvet  and 
floss,  for  hanging  apartments,  are  used. 

*  *  Francis  Bacon  suggests  that  heat  may 
be  a  motion. 

*  *The  Drebbel  alcohol  thermometer 
appears. 

1621  *  *  Sir  Anthony  Van  Dyck  paints 
the  portrait  of  James  I. 

*  *  Thomas  Ravenscroft's  collection  of 
printed  harmonizations  of  tunes 
[which  has  become  standard  with  the 
psalms]  appears. 

1622  *  *  The  botanic  garden  at  Oxford 
is  established  by  the  Earl  of  I>anby. 

1623  *  *  Middle  latitude  sailing  is  intro- 
duced. 

1625  *  *  Grecian  architecture  is  re- 
vived. 

The  Banqueting  House,  Whitehall, 
London,  and  other  buildings  are  erected 
in  this  style, 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1613*  *  Cleaveland,  John,  poet,  born. 
Liddell,  Duncan,  pliys.,  math.,  Scot.,  d. 
OverVmry,  Sir  Thomas,  courtier,  poet,  A32. 
Taylor.  Jeremy,   Anglican    clergyman, 
preaclier,  author,  born. 

1614  *  *  Annesley,  Arthur,  Earl  of  Anglesey, 
stateauian,  born. 

More,  Henry,  poet,  theologian,  phil.,  born. 
Wilkins,  .Tobn,  bishop  of  Clieater,  auibor,  b. 

1615  Sept.  37.     Stuart,  Arabella,  cousin  of 
James  I.,  A40. 

Baxter,  Richar^i,  clergyman,  author,  born. 
Biddle,  John,  tlieologian,  author,  born. 
Denbam,  Sir  John,  poet,  born. 

1616  Apr.   23.     Shakespeare,   William, 
poet,  dramatist,  actor,  A  52. 

Beaumont,  Francis,  dramatist,  A30. 
Faithorne,  WilUam,  engraver,  l>orn. 
Halcluyt,  Hicliard,  historian,  geog.,  A6.3. 
Maitland,  J.,  IJuke  of  Lauderdale,  states.,  b. 
I/Estrange,  Sir  Koger,  political  author,  born. 
Sancrolt.   WLUlam,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, born. 
Thurloe,  John,  statesman,  born. 
Wallis,  John,  mathematician,  bom. 

1617  *  *  Ashmole,  Elias,  antiquary,  born. 
Coryate,  Thomas,  traveler,  A40. 
Cudworth,  Ralph,  religious  author,  born. 
Egertou,  Thomas,  Baron  Ellesmere,  states- 
man, A  77. 

Hutchinson,  John,  colonel,  politician,  bom. 

Napier,  .John,  laird  of  Merchiston,  inventor 
of  logarithms,  ART. 
161S  •  *  Cowley,  Abraham,  poet,  bom. 

Lancaster,  Sir  .lames,  navigator,  dies. 

Lilburue,  -John,  political  agitator,  born. 

Lovelace,  Richard,  poet,  born. 

Raleigh,  Sir  "Walter,  navigator,  statesman, 
courtier,  historian,  A  66. 
1619  *   *  Anne,  queen,  dies. 

Dalrymple,  Jauies,  first  Viscount  Stair,  ju- 
rist, Scotland,  born. 

Daniel,  Samuel,  poet,  A67. 

Horrox,  or  Horrocks,  Jeremiali,  astron.,  b. 

Lambert,  John,  parharaentary  general,  born. 


1620*  *  Anderson,    Alexander,   mathemati- 
cian, Scotland,  A40. 
Bathurst,  Ralph,  poet,  philosopher,  theoL,b. 
Evelyn,  John,  writer,  born. 
Ludlow,  Edmund,  judge,  born. 
Marvell,  Andrew,  poet,  j)olitician,  born. 
Gates,  Titus,  contriver  of  sham  popish  plot,  b. 

1621  •   *  Boyle,  Roger,  Earl  of  Orrery,  gen- 
eral, litti;rateur,  born. 

Cooper,    Anthony,    Earl  of   Shaftesbury, 

statesman,  born. 
Dewsbury,  William,  i)reacher  (Friends),  b. 
Findi,  Heneage,  first   Earl  of  Kottingham, 

statesman,  born. 
Harriott.  Tliomas,  math.,  astronomer,  A61. 
Penn,  William,  admiral,  born. 
Vauglian,  Henry,  poet,  born. 
Vaughan,  Thomas,  alchemist,  born. 
Willis,  Thomas,  pliysician,  born. 

1622  *   *  Baffin,  William,  navigator,  A3R. 
Melville,  Andrew,  reformer,  scholar,  A77. 
Savile,  Sir  H.,  mathematician,  historian,  A73. 
Sidney,  Algernon,  statesman,  born. 

1623  *  *  Camden,  William,  antiq.,  hist.,  A72. 
Fletcher,  Ciles,  poet,  A65. 

Petty,  Sir  William,  economist,  born. 
1624*  *  Fox,  George,  founder  (Friends),  b. 

HowardjCharleSjLordUoward of  Effingham, 
admiral,  A 88. 
1625     Mar.   27.    James  I..    (VI.  of  Scot- 
land), king,  A59. 

Cameron,  John,  theologian,  Scotland,  A45. 

Fletcher,  John,  dramatist,  A49. 

Florio,  John,  grauimarian,  A80. 

Lodge,  Thomas,  poet,  AfjH. 

Montagu,  Edward,  E.  of  Sandwich,  adm.,  b. 

Moreland,  Sir  Samuel,  mechanician,  inv.,  b. 

Sydenham,  Thomas,  physician,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1614*  *  Members  of  both  Houses  of  Par- 
liament are  ordered  to  take  the  sacra- 
ment to  guard  against  the  reintroduction 
of  Roman  Catholics. 

*  *  Dublin.  The  Protestant  Convocation 
establishes  the  Thirty-nine  Articles  of 
religion. 

1618  May  24.  The  Book  of  Sports  is 
published. 

It  treats  of  the  sports  which  may  be 
lawfully  engaged  in  after  prayers  on  the 
Sabbath,  and  discusses  the  authority  for 
Sabbath  observance. 

Aug.  25.  Scot.  The  "Articles  of 
Perth,*'  relating  to  religious  cerenio- 
•nies,  are  agreed  to  by  the  General  As- 
sembly. 

*  *  Scot.  A  proclamation  is  issued  allow- 
ing sports  on  Sunday  after  the  morning 
service. 

1620  Dec.  21.  U.  S.  A.  New  Eng- 
land is  founiled  by  the  Puritan  followers 
of  John  Robinson  at  Plymouth,  Mass.     , 

1621  Jan.  29.  Scot,  M'illiam  Laud  is 
made  bishop  of  St.  David's. 

*  *  It.  Gregory  XV.  is  elected  pope. 
[1623,  Urban  VI.;  1644,  Innocent  X.] 

1625  *  *  The  Maida  of  the  Cross  are 
established. 

A  commnnity  of  young  women  make 
vows  of  poverty,  chastity,  and  obedience. 

1626  July  1.  Chaplains  are  first  ap- 
pointed to  each  ship  iu  the  navy. 

LETTERS. 

1613  *  *  George  Wither  writes  Almses 
Stript  and  Whipt.  [1615.  Shepherd's 
Hunting.] 

*  *  Scot.  Tears  on  the  Death  of  Meliades, 
by  William  Drumniond,  of  Hawthorn- 
den,  appears.     [1616.     Poems.'] 

•*Wadham  College,  Oxford,  is 
founded  by  Nicholas  Wadham. 

1613-14  Potyohion,  by  Drayton,  ap- 
pears. 


1613-16  Britannia's  Pastorals,  by  Wil- 
liam Browne,  appears.  [1614.  The  Shep- 
herd's Pipe.] 

1613-25  Purcfias,  kis  Pilgrimage^  by 
Samuel  Purchas,  appears. 

1614*  *John  Shelden  writes  Titles  of 
Honor.    [1618.    History  of  Tithes.] 

*  *  Sir  "Walter  Raleigh  pnblishes  The 
History  of  the  World,  written  during  his 
twelve  years'  iniprisunment  in  the 
Tower. 

*  *  A  translation  of  Homer's  Odyssey,  by 
George  Chapman,  appears, 

1615*  *  The  liing  grants  to  his  poet- 
laureate  (.Samuel  Daniel?)  a  yearly  pen- 
sion of  lUO  marks. 

*  *  Travels,  by  George  Sandys,  appears. 

1617  *  *  Tliomas  Heywood  writes  ^ 
Woman  Kifltd  vith  Kindness.  [Later, 
War  irithimt  Blows  and  Love  without 
Suit.  Joan  as  good  as  my  Lady,  An 
Apology  for  Actors,  and  General  History 
of  Woman.] 

1618  *  *  The  first  Book  of  Sports  under 
.  the  title  of  The  King's  Majestic' s  Declar- 
ation to  His  Subjects  concerning  Lawful 
Sports  to  be  used  on  Sundays  after  Even- 
ing Prayers,  is  published  by  King  James. 

*  *  Kon  Nobis,  Domine !  ("Not  unto  us, 
O  Lord,"  etc..  Psalm  cxv.  1),  a  musical 
canou,  sung  as  a  grace  at  public  feasts, 
is  composed  by  W.  Birdie. 

*  *  Pharmacopoeia,  a  book  giving  direc- 
tions for  the  preparation  of  medicine,  is 
I)ublished  by  the  London  College  of 
Physicians ;  it  is  the  first  work  of  its 
kind  known  in  England. 

June*  London.  A  Relation  of  all  matters 
done  in  Bohemia .  Austria,  Sletia,  France, 
etc.,  that  is  worthy  of'  Pelating  since  the 
2nd  of  March,  JO'lS',  to  the  4th  of  May, 
is  issued  by  Ralph  Reniithwaite. 

1619  *  *  Dulwich  College,  Surrey, 
called  "God's-Gift-CoUege,"  is  founded 
by  Edward  AUeyn. 

*  *  Francis  Bacon  completes  his  great 
work,  Kovum  Organum,  in  Latin  (The 
New  Organ),  "  on  the  proper  methods  of 
inquiry  into  nature  ;  "  it  is  the  founda- 
tion of  the  **  inductive  "  system  of  phi- 
losophy. [IG'Jl,  The  History  of  Henry 
VII.;  162'2,  Historia  Ventorum;  1C23,  De 
Augmentis  Scientiarum  and  Historia 
Vitse  et  Mortis;  1624,  Apothegms;  1626, 
The  Keio  Atlantis.] 

*  *  Fr.Tneis  Quarles  writes  A  Feast  for 
Worms.      [1624,  Job  Militant.} 

1621  Nov.  *  London.  The  Courant,  or 
Weekly  News  from  Foreign  parts,  is 
issued. 

*  *  Tfif  A^iafomy  of  Melancholy,  by  Wil- 
liam Burton,  appears. 

*  *  Thf  Witch,  by  Thomas  Middleton,  ap- 
pears. 

1622  *  *  Communif)n  of  Saints,  a  mosaic 
of  Scripture  quotations,  is  compiled  by 
Henry  Ainsworth. 

*  *  London.  The  Weekly  News  from  Italy, 
Germany,  etc.y  is  issued. 

*  *  London.  The  Certain- News  of  this 
Present   Week  is  issued. 

*  *  77ie  Spanish  Curate,hy  John  FletcheTt 
appears. 

1623  *  *  London.  The  Sion  College 
and  Hospital  is  foun<led  by  the  legacy 
of  Dr.  Thomas  White,  who  bequeathed 
£3,000  for  the  purpose.  [1630.  Incorpo- 
rated.] 

*  *  Edmund  "Waller  writes  his  first 
poems, 

*  *  The  Duke  of  Milan,  by  Philip  Massin- 
ger,  appears.* 

*  ♦  Scot.  The  Flowers  of  Zion,  by  William 
Drummond,  appears. 


1 


AND   IRELAND. 


1613,  **-1626,  July*.    881 


•  *  Tlie  first  collected  edition  of  Shakes- 
I)eare*s  works  appears. 

1624  *  •  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  is 
founded  by  Thomas  Teesdiile  and  Rich- 
ard Wight  wick. 

•  *  Rule  a  Wife  and  Ilavea  Wife,\fV  John 
Fletcher,  appears.  [Later,  A  Woman 
Hater.] 

1625  *  *  An  Anatomy  of  the  World,  by 
John  Donne,  appears.  [Later,  Biatka- 
natos.] 

SOCIETY. 

1615  *  *  The  title,  Baron  Dormer,  is  cre- 
ated. [1616,  Baron  Tevnham  jl622,  Earl 
of  Denbigh ;  1634,  Earl  of  Westmore- 
land ;  1626,  Earl  of  Lindsay.] 

•  *GeorgeViIlier8,  son  of  a  poor  knight, 

of  greiit  personal  beauty,  having  become 
the  king's  favorite,  is  raLsed  to  the  peer- 
age, and  given  lands  Talued  at  £80,000. 
I  lie  soon  |>asses  to  the  head  of  the  Eng- 
ish  nobility.] 

•  •  A  hospital  and  almshouses  are  erected 
at  Sheffield  by  the  Earl  of  Malmesbury. 

1617  *  *  London.  Francis  Bacon,  lord 
chancellor,  disgusts  the  public  by  his 
vanity,  love  of  show,  meanness,  and  cor- 
ruption. 

May  16.  Edinburgh.  James  I.  visits 
the  city. 

1619  *  •  Scot.  The  title,  Earl  of  Had- 
dington, is  created.  [1620,  Viscount  of 
Falkland;  1621.  Viscount  of  Stormont ; 
1623,  Earl  of  Galloway  ;  1624,  Earl  of  Lau- 
derdale ;  I627,Baron  Fairfax  of  Cameron, 
and  Baron  Napier ;  1628,  Baron  Reay.] 

•  ♦Transportation  of  criminals  to 
America  begins. 

1620  «  *  U.  S.  A.  Ninety  respectable 
English  women  are  imported  by  the 
planters  of  Jamestown,  Virginia,  for 
wives,  at  the  price  of  120  pounds  of  to- 
bacco, worth  60  cents  a  pound. 

•  *  London.  Games  and  gaming-houses 
are  licensed. 

•  *  Ire.  The  title.  Earl  of  Cork  and  Or- 
rery (1660)  is  created:  also  Viscount  of 
Grandison  and  Baron  Digby.  [1621,  Earl 
of  Westmeath ;  1622,  Earl  of  Desmond, 
and  Viscounts  Valentiaand  Dillon  ;  1627, 
Earl  of  Meath,  and  Baron  Sherard  ;  1628, 
Earl  of  Fingall,  and  Viscounts  Lumley 
and  Taaffe  ;  1647,  Earl  of  Cavan.] 

1621  *  •  Sir  Giles  Mompesson  and  Sir 
Francis  Mitchell  are  punished  for  their 
abase  of  monopolies. 

1624  ♦  *  Edinburgh.  George  Heriot's 
hospital  is  founded  by  his  will. 

1625*  '*  An  act  restraining  amuse* 
ments  is  passed. 


STATE. 

1614  Apr.  5.  Parliament  meets. 
[June  7.    Dissolved.] 

[The  session  is  occupied  In  disputes 
with  the  king  over  proposed  imposi- 
tions; no  bill  is  passed,  hence  it  is  called 
the  "  Addled  ParHament."] 

1615  •  *  Ministers :  Thomas,  Lord  Elles- 
mere,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Suffolk,  Charles, 
Earl  of  Nottingham,  and  Sir  George 
Villiers  [Duke  of  Buckingham]. 

•  *  Oliver  St.  John  refuses  to  contribute 
to  a  «*  benevolence  "  for  the  king,  and 
is  lined  £5,000. 

•  •  Sir  Thomas  Hoe  is  sent  on  a  mission 
to  the  Great  Mogul  in  India. 

1616  Mar.  20.  Lfmdon.  Sir  Walter 
Baleigh  is  released  from  prison.  [1617. 
Aug.  19.  He  sails  from  Cork  with  14 
vessels  to  seek  for  gold-mines  in  Guiana.] 


*  *  George  Villiers  becomes  a  favorite 
of  the  king.  [He  is  made  Duke  of 
Buckingham.] 

1617  Mar.  27.  London.  Sir  Francis 
Bacon  is  imule  lord  high  chancellor  and 
loni  keeper  of  the  great  seal.  He  gets 
the  title  Lord  Verulam  [and  is  made 
Viscount  St.  Albans.] 

1618  Oct.  29.  London.  Sir  "Walter 
Haleigh  is  beheaded  in  compliance 
with  the  demand  of  Spain  because  of 
his  invasion  of  Spanish  territory  in 
America. 

*  *  London.  Tothill  Fields,  Bridewell 
Prison,  is  built. 

*  *  Scot.  King  James  establishes  troy 
weight  Scots. 

*  *  W.  Afr.    The  Gold  Coast  is  settled, 

1619  *  *  Matthew  de  L'Eguster  is  ap- 
pointed foreign  postmaster. 

*  *  A  commercial  treaty  is  made  with  the 
Dutch  in  relation  to  the  East  Indies. 

*  *  Ire.  Derry,  with  210,000  acres,  is 
granted  to  various  companies. 

1620*  *Sir  Henry  Montague  [Vis- 
count Mandeville  and  Earl  of  Manches- 
ter] is  one  of  the  king's  ministers. 

±  *  *  The  Court  Party  and  the  Country 
Party  are  formed. 

[The  latter  becomes  the  Tory  or  landed 
interest,  the  former  the  Whig  or  trading 
interest.] 

*  *  W.  Afr.  The  English  start  a  factory 
in  Gambia. 

1621  Jan.  30.  Parliament  opens. 
[1622.    Feb.  8.    Dissolved.] 

[It  grants  the  king  a  supply  to  aid  the 
war  in  support  of  his  son-in-law,  the 
elector  palatine.] 

Apr.* -May*  Parliament:  Lord  High 
Chancellor  Bacon  is  impeached  for 
bribery  and  corruption. 

He  is  condemned  to  pay  a  fine  of 
£40,000,  and  declared  incapacitated  for 
life  for  sitting  in  Parliament,  or  holding 
office  under  the  crown.  [The  ilne  is  re- 
mitted.] 

May*  Parliament:  Sir  Giles  Mompesson 
and  Sir  Francis  Mitchell  are  impeached 
and  banished  for  fraudulent  use  of  pur- 
chased monopoHes  of  inn-licensing 
and  gold  and  silver  thread  manufacture. 

Nov.  *  H.  C.  The  Commons  request 
the  king  to  enforce  the  laws  against 
**  papists,"  and  to  marry  his  son  to  a 
Protestant  princess. 

Dec.  3.  H.  C.  James  writes  to  the 
Commons  in  angry  terms,  forbidding 
them  to  inquire  into  affairs  of  state,  or 
to  concern  themselves  about  his  son's 
marriage 

Dec.  18.  H.  C.  The  Commons,  after 
several  communications  with  the  king, 
enters  on  its  journals  the  Great  Prot- 
estation, in  declaration  of  its  rights. 
The  king  tears  the  record  from  the 
journal. 

*  *Sir  James  Ley  is  appointed  chief 
justice,  and  John  ^A^illiamSj  bishop  of 
Lincoln,  lord  keeper. 

*  *  Ministers:  Lionel,  Lord  Cranfield 
[Earl  of  Middlesex]  ;  Edward,  Earl  of 
Worcester] ;  John,  Earl  of  Bristol ;  John 
Williams,  Dean  of  Westminster ;  George 
Villiers,  and  Sir  Edward  Conway. 

*  *  King  James  grants  Acadia  to  Sir 
William  Alexander,  and  its  name  is 
changed  to  Nova  Scotia. 


*  *  The  great  seal  is  in  commission. 

1622  *  *  London.  Sir  Edward  Coke,  Sir 
Robert  Philips,  and  the  Earls  of  Oxford 
and  Southampton,  popular  leaders  in 
Parliament,  are  imprisoned  for  their 
opposition  to  the  king. 

1623  *  *  A". /,  The  Dutch  massacre 
Englishmen  on  the  island  of  Amboyna 
in  the  Moluccas. 

*  *  The  Statute  of  Limitations  is  passed. 

It  enacts  that  actions  for  trespass  or 
debt,  or  simi)le  contract,  must  be  com- 
menced within  six  years  after  the  cause 
of  action,  and  actions  for  assault,  men- 
ace, or  imprisonment,  within  four  years. 

±  *  *  W.  I.  The  island  of  St.  Christo- 
pher is  settled  by  the  English. 

1624  Feb.  19.  Parliament  meets. 
[1625.    Mar.  27.    Dissolved.] 

[It  grants  £300,000  to  prosecute  the 
war  in  the  Palatinate ;  it  passes  an  act 
making  monopolies  illegal,  and  an  act 
prohibiting  subsidies.] 

*  *  Sir  Ranulph  Crew  is  appointed  chief 
justice. 

1625  Mar.  27.    James  I.  dies. 
1625-49    Charles  I.  reigns. 

"~Hels°ason  of  James  I.   [1(326.  Feb.  22. 
Crowned  at  Westminster.] 

May  13.  Charles  marries  Henrietta  Ma^ 
ria,  daughter  of  Henry  IV.  of  France. 

June  18.    Parliament  meets.    [Aug.  19, 

dissolved.] 

It  grants  '*  tonnage  and  poundage  "  for 
one  year,  and  £140,000  for  the  war  with 

Spain. 

July  11.  Parliament  is  adjourned  be- 
cause of  the  great  plague. 

*  *  Sir  Thomas  Coventry  is  appointed 
lord  keeper. 

1626  Feb.  6.  Parliament  meets. 
[June  15.    Dissolved.] 

Sir  Nicholas  Hyde  is  appointed  chief 
justice.       ■ 

Feb.  *  H.  C.  The  House  appoints  three 
committees  —  of  religion,  of  grievances, 
and  of  evils,  causes,  and  remedies. 

Mar.  *  H.  C.  The  House  resolves  to  im- 
peach Buckingham  for  oppressions 
and  extortions. 

May  11.  H.  C.  Sir  John  Eliot  and  Sir 
Dudley  Digges,  leaders  of  Bucking- 
ham's opponents,  are  sent  to  prison  by 
the  king.  [They  are  released  In  a  few 
days,  the  Commons  refusing  to  do  any 
business  till  they  are  discharged.] 

June  15.  Charles  dissolves  Parliament 
to  save  Buckingham  from  impeachment. 

July*  Charles  dismisses  the  queen's 
servants ;  this  leads  to  a  quarrel  with 
France. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1616  *  *  London.  TTie  principal  streets 
are  paved. 

1617  *  *  The  apothecaries'  and  grocers* 
trades  are  separated. 

1620  *  *  London.  The  New  River  Com- 
pany is  incorporated,  and  supplies  the 
city  with  its  water  by  conveyance  of 
wooden  pipes  in  the  streets,  and  small 
leaden  ones  in  the  houses. 

1621*  *  Ire.  A  large  part  of  Cork  is 
bmmed. 

1624  *  *  London.  The  Thames  is  made 
navigable  to  Oxford. 

1625  *  *  London.  The  mortality  is  very 
great,  35,417  persons  dying. 

*  *  Coal  is  in  common  use. 

*  *  London,  Hackney  cfoaches  are  first 
used. 


882    1626,**-1640,**. 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1627  June  27.  Fr.  The  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham sails  with  a  fleet  to  the  aid  of 
the  Hu£:uenots  besieged  in  Rochelle. 
[The  Huguenots  declining  to  receive  him, 
he  returns  to  England.] 

1633  *  *  The  Boyal  Scots  regiment  is 

organized. 
1637  *  *  The   Sovereign   of  the   Seas  is 

launched. 

1639  Apr.  *  Scot.  War  against  the 
Scotch  Covenanters  begins  ;  it  is  called 
the  "Bishops'  War." 

June  18.  Scot.  The  Scots  under  Sir  A. 
Leslie  meet  the  English  under  King 
Charles,  atDunse,  near  Berwick,  where 
the  "  Pacification  of  Dunse  "  is  made, 
which  prevents  a  battle. 

1640*  *The  Cmistant  Warwick,  first 
frigate  known  in  Kngland,  is  built  by 
Peter  Pett. 

Aug  *  Scot.   The  second  Bishoi>s'  War 

occurs. 

Aug.  20.  The  Scots  invade  England. 
[Aug.  23.  They  defeat  the  English  at 
Newburn,  on  the  Tyne.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1628  *  *  William  Harvey  makes  the  posi- 
tive discovery  of  the  circulation  of  the 
blood.  It  furnishes  an  entirely  new 
system  of  physiological  and  pathological 
speculation. 

1629  *  *  ^*eter  Paul  Rubens  purchases 
seven  of  the  cartoons  of  Haphael  at 
Flanders  for  Charles  I.  to  adorn  Hamp- 
ton Court  Palace. 

They  represent  the  Miraculous  Draught  of 
Fishes,  The  ('harqe  to  Peter,  Peter  and  John 
Healing  the  Lame  at  the  Gate  of  the  Temple^ 
TheDeath  of  Ananias,  Elymm  the  Sorcerer 
struck  with  Blindness.,  The  Sacrifice  to  Paul 
and  Barnabas  by  the  People  of  Lystra^  Paul 
Preaching  at  Athens. 

1631  ♦  •  Richard  Norwood  is  the  first  to 
measure  a  de^ee  of  tlie  meridian. 

•  *Luk6  Fox's  Arctic  expedition  sails. 

1632  *  *  Sir  Anthony  Van  Dyck  paints 
the  portraits  of  Charles  I.  of  England 
and  his  queen. 

1633  *  *  London.  A  wind  sawnaiU,  in- 
vented by  a  Dutchman,  is  erected  near 
the  Strand. 

•  *An  optical  signaling  telegraph  is 
made  by  the  Marquis  of  Worcester. 

1634*  *  London.  Jerome  Lanyer  patents 

hia  "velvet paper." 
1635  *  *  Cannon  are  made  of  brass. 

•  *  Dublin.  The  Werburg  Street  Thea- 
ter is  comnxenced ;  it  is  the  first  one 
erected. 

1639  Nov.  24.  The  first  transit  of 
Venus  over  the  face  of  the  sun  is  ob- 
served by  the  Rev.  Jeremiah  Horrox,  or 
Horrocks,  and  his  friend,  William  Crab- 
tree,  as  predicted  by  Horrox  in  1633. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1626  Apr.  9.    Bacon.  Francis.  Lord  Veru- 
lam,  lawyer,  statesman,  philosopher,  A6d. 

Alleyn,  Edward,  actor,  A  60. 
Aubrey,  John,  topographer,  antiquary,  bom. 
lloyle,  Robert,  chemist,  philosopher,  Ire.,  b. 
Dalgarno,  George,  philosopher,  born. 
Gunter,  Edmund,  math.,  astronomer,  A45. 
Patrick,  Simon,  bishop  of  Chichester,  com- 
mentator, born. 
Purchas,  Samuel,  clergyman,  author,  A49. 

1627  ♦  *  Middleton,  Thomas,  dramatist,  A57. 
Villiers,  Geoi^e,  Duke  of  Buckingham, 

statesman,  author,  born. 


1628  *  *  Bunyan.  John,  preacher,  author, b. 

Cromwell,  Richard,  protector,  born. 

GreviUe,  Sir  FiUke,  Lord  Brooke,  poet,  phi- 
losopher, A74. 

Grew,  Nehemiah,  vegetable  anatomist,  born. 

Kay,  or  Wray,  John,  naturalist,  born. 

Temple,  Sir  W^illlam,  statesman,  wr.,  b. 

Villiers,  Cleorge,  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
statesman,  A36. 
1630  *  *  Barrow,  Isaac,  cl.,  math.,  bom. 

Child,  Sir  Joaiah,  economist,  merchant,  b. 

Cotton,  Charles,  humorist,  poet,  born. 

D'Urfrey,  Thomas,  dramatist,  poet.  born. 

Qodolphin.  Earl  of,  Sidney,  statesman,  b. 

Halifax,  Marquis  of,  George  SavUe,  states- 
man, born. 

Harvey,  Gabriel,  author,  A85±. 

Howe,  John,  chaplain  to  Cromwell,  bom. 

Tlllotson.  John,  arclibp.  of  Canterbury,  b. 
1681  *  *  Cocker,  Edward,  engraver,  arithme- 
tician, autlior,  born. 

Briggs,  Henry,  mathematician,  A70. 

Danby,  Earl  of,  Thomas  Osborne,  states.,  b. 

Donne,  John,  clergyman,  poet,  A58. 

Dryden,  John,  courtier,  poet,  critic,  born. 

Lower,  Richard,  anatomist,  born. 

1632  Aug*.  29.     liocke,  John,  statesman, 
scientist,  philosopher,  born. 

Allen,  Thomas,  mathematician,  A90. 
Compton.  Henry,  bishop  of  London,  an.,  b. 
Cumberland,  Richard,  moral  philosopher,  li. 
Eliot,  Sir  John,  statesman,  A42. 
Firmin,  Thomas,  philanthropist,  born. 
Herbert,  George,  poet,  A39. 
Pepys,  Samuel,  sec.  to  the  admiralty,  au.,  b. 
Wood,  Anthony,  antiquarian,  bom. 
Wren.  Sir  Christopher,  architect,  bom. 

1633  Oct.  14.    James  H..  king,  born. 
Abbot,  George,  archbp.  of  Canterbury,  A7I. 
Brown,  Robert,  Puritan  theologian,  founder 

(Brownists),  A80. 
Flatman,  Thomas,  poet,  born. 
Koscommon,  Earl   of,    Wentworth   Dillon, 

poet,  born. 
South,  Robert,  clergyman,  wit,  poet,  au.,  b. 

1634  *  *  Allein,  Joseph,  Puritan  cl.,  born. 
Chapman,  George,  poet,  dramatist,  A77. 
Coke,  Sir  Edward,  jurist,  statesman,  A82. 
Marston,  John,  dramatist,  A59±. 

1686  *  *  Betterton,  Thomas,  actor,  born. 
Burnet,  Thomas,  author,  born. 
Capel,  Arthur,  Earl  of  Essex,  statesman,  b. 
Fairfax,  Edward,  poet,  dies. 
Hooke,  Robert,  matliematician,  born. 
Parr,  Thomas,  centenarian,  A 153. 
Stillingfleet,  Edward,  bisliop  of  Worcester, 

author,  bom. 
Verstegan.  Richard,  antiquary,  dies. 
1636*  *  Eiherege,  Sir  George,  dramatist,  b. 
Glanvill,  Joseph,  clergyman,  phiL,  au.,  b. 
Mackenzie,  Sir  George,  lawyer,  statesman, 

wi'iter,  Scotland,  born. 
KusseU,  Lady  Rachel,  author,  born. 
Sprat,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Rochester,  poet, 

mis.  writer,  born. 

1637  *  *  Cave,  Wm.,  canon  Windsor,  au.,  b. 
Dorset,  sixth  Earl  of,  Charles  Sackville,  wit, 

poet,  born. 
Jonson.  Ben.  dramatist,  actor,  poet,  A63. 
Ken,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Bath,  author,  born. 
North,  Francis,  Baron  Guilford,  jurist,  born. 

1638  *  *  Bernard,   Edward,    clergyman,    as- 
tronomer, born. 

1639  *  *  Burton,  Robert,  author,  A63. 
Carew,  Thomas,  poet,  courtier,  A60. 
Creighton,  Robert,  cl.,  musical  comp.  born. 
Ford,  John,  dramatist,  A53. 

Russell,  Lord  William,  statesman,  born. 
Rymer,  Thomas,  antiquary,  born. 
Sedley,  Sir  Charles,  poet,  dramatist,  bora. 
Wotton,  Sir  Henry,  poet,  diplomatist,  A71. 

CHURCH. 
1627-29    Charles  I.  intercedes  for  the 
persecuted  Waldenses  of  France. 

1628  *  *  Theophilus  Brabourne,  a  clergy- 
man, publishes  the  first  work  favoring 
the  Seventh  day  (Saturday)  as  the  true 
Christian  Sabbath  ;  he  and  several  others 
suffer  great  persecution  for  this  opinion. 

1630  Oct.  16.  Sir  John  Gayler  es- 
capes from  a  lion  in  Arabia. 

To  commemorate  the  event  a  Xjion 
Sermon  is  preached  annually  at  the 
St.  Katherine  Cree  church,  London. 

1631  Apr.  2.  London.  A  commission 
is  granted  to  Bishop  William  Laud  to 
restore  St.  Paul*8  Cathedral. 

1633  Sept.  12.  London.  The  first  Par- 
ticular Baptist  church  is  formed ;  John 
Spelsbury,  pastor. 


Oct.  18.  Royal  declaration  is  ordered 
to  be  read  in  churches  reviving  wakes, 
lawful  sports,  and  recreations  on  the 
Sabbath  after  divine  service. 

*  *  Scot.  The  see  of  Edinburgh  is 
erected.  "*^ 

1635  *  *  Clergymen  are  ejected  from 
their  churches  for  refusing  to  read  the 

Jiook  of  Sports  to  their  congregations. 

1637  Apr.  30.  Puritans  are  forbidden 
to  emigrate  to  New  England. 

July  23.  Scot.  By  order  of  the  king  the 
liturgy  is  read  in  the  churches  ;  a  tumult 
follows  at  St.  Giles  and  in  Grey  Friars 
church,  Edinburgh. 

1638  Mar.*  Scot.  Scotland  rejects 
Episcopacy.  The  National  Covenant 
is  signed,  all  over  Scotland,  with  great 
enthusiasm. 

It  is  a  repetition  of  former  covenants,  and 
also  contains  a  solemn  protest  against  prel- 
acy. They  defy  the  king's  orders  to  accept 
the  prayer-book.    [War  follows.] 

Nov.  21.  Scot.  A  General  Assembly 
of  the  Scottish  Church  meets  at  Glas- 
gow. 

It  abolishes  the  Episcopacy,  new  lit- 
urgy, and  the  canons.  The  church  is 
declared  independent  of  the  state. 

Dec.  *  Scot.  The  Covenanters*  Parlia- 
ment abolishes  Episcopacy,  deposes 
the  king's  bishops,  and  excommunicates 
four  of  them. 

1639  June  18.  Scot.  The  Pacifica- 
tion of  Dunse. 

1640  ♦  *  Ire.  Bishop  Atherton  suffers 
an  ignominious  death  for  an  unnatural 
crime. 

*  *  London.  The  building  of  the  western 
parishes,  including  St.  Oiles  is  begmi. 

*  *  The  Broadmead  Baptist  church  at 
Bristol  is  founded. 

*  *  London.  The  Devonshire  Square  Bai>- 
tist  church  is  formed. 

*  *  The  bishops  are  excluded  from  voting 
on  temporal  atfairs.  [1G41.  Dec.  30. 
Several  protesting  bishops  are  sent  to 

the  Tower.] 


LETTERS. 

1628  *  *  The  Alexandrian  Codex,  a  man- 
uscript of  the  Septuaginl  translation  of 
the  Bible,  in  Greek,  said  to  have  been 
written  in  the  6th  century,  is  presented 
to  Charles  1.  by  Cyrillus  Leucaris,  Pa- 
triarch of  Constantinople. 

♦  *  Essay  on  the  Motion  of  the  Heart  and 
the  Blood,  by  William  Harvey,  appears. 

1629  *  *  Ode  on  the  Meaning  of  Christ' $ 
Nativity,  by  John  Milton,'  appears. 
[1633,  L* Allegro  and  II  Pcnst-roso:  1634, 
Arcades,  Comus,  and  Lycidas.'] 

♦  *  The  Lovers' Melanchol ythy  John  FoTdf 
is  produced.  [1633,  The  Broken  Heart; 
1634,  Perkin  Warbeck.'] 

1630.  Mar.  26.  Charles  I.  renews  the 
patent  granted  by  his  father  to  Ben 
Jonson,  as  poet  lavireate,  increasing 
the  100  marks  to  £100,  with  the  grace 
cup  of  "one  tierce  of  Canary  Spanish 
wine." 

1631  *  *  The  Temple,  by  George  Herbert, 
appears. 

1632  *  *  An  Arabic  professorship  is  es- 
tablished at  Cambridge. 

♦  *  Emblems  Divine  and  Moral,  by  Fran- 
cis Quarles,  appears. 


AND    IRELAND. 


1626,  **-1640,  **.    883 


1633  Oct.  18.  The  Second  Book  of 
Sports f  with  u  ratification  by  Charles  I., 
is  published. 

"  *  The  Purple  Island^  by  Pbineaa  Fletch- 
er, appears. 

*  *  A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts^  by 
Philip  Massitiger,  appears. 

*  *  Histriomastix,  by  William  Prynne,  ap- 
pears. [1637.  For  indirectly  criticising 
the  king  and  queen  he  is  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  and  fined  £5,000.] 

*  *  Caelum  Britannicum,  by  Thomas  Ca- 
rew,  appears. 

1635  *  *  The  Lady  of  Pleasure  and  The 
Traitor^  by  James  Shirley,  appear. 

1636  •  *  The  Wonder  of  a  Kingdom,  by 
Thomas  Dekker,  appears. 

1637  July  1.  The  Star  Chamber  im- 
poses seventy  restraints  upon  the  lib- 
erty of  the  press,  and  limits  the  num- 
ber of  master  printers  in  London  and 
Westminster. 

*  *  Ihiblin.  Trinity  College  receives  a 
charter, 

*  *  The  Reliqion  of  Protestants:  A  Safe 
Way  to  Salvation,  by  William  Chilling- 
worth,  appears. 

*  *  Aglaura,  by  Sir  John  Suckling,  ap- 
pears. [1639,  Brennoralt ;  later,  Con- 
Btancy,  Ballad  on  a  Wedding,  and  Tell 
Me,  Ye  Justsr  Deities.] 

SOCIETY. 

1627  *  *  A  law  is  passed  subjecting  ale- 
house-keepers to  a  penalty  of  whipping 
for  the  first  offense  of  illegal  selling, 
and  for  the  secoud  offense  imprison- 
ment for  one  month. 

1628  Aug,  23,  George  Villiers,  Duke 
of  Buckingham,  is  assasBinated  at 
Portsmouth  by  John  Felton. 

*  *  The  title,  Duke  of  Chesterfield,  is  cre- 
ated ;  also  Karl  of  Winchelsea,  and  Not- 
tingham (1681)  and  Earl  of  Stamford. 

1630  *  *  The  first  lottery  for  sums  of 

money  is  drawn. 
1631*  *The  king  prevents  a  trial  by 

combat  between  Lord  Reay  and  David 

Ramsay. 

1633  June  *  Edinburgh.  Charles  I. 
visits  the  city. 

*  *  Scot.  The  title.  Earl  of  Elgin  and 
Kincardine  (1647),  is  created  ;  also  Earls 
Wemyss  and  March  (1607),  Loudon, 
Soutliesk,  Kinnoull,  Dalliousie, Lindsay, 
and  Baron  Forrester.  [1639.  Earl  of  Air- 
lie.] 

*  *  Shoes  [as  at  present  worn]  are  intro- 
duced. 

1634  *  *  Forgery  is  first  made  punish- 
able by  death. 

1635  *  *  In  order  to  discourage  English 
subjects  from  traveling  to  foreign  coun- 
tries and  spending  money  there,  a  tax 
is  levied  by  way  of  bcense  for  going 
abroad,  to  be  paid  to  the  crown. 

1637  June  14.  Willinm  Prynne,  Henry 
Burton,  and  Uol>ert  Bastwick  are  sen- 
tencetl  to  fine  and  the  pillory  for  speak- 
ing and  writing  against  popery  and 
Sabbath-breaking. 

July  23.  Edinburgh.  The  cutty-stool 
is  thrown  by  a  wonian  at  tlie  head  of  the 
bishop  in  St.  Giles  Church. 

1639*  *  The  title.  Earl  of  Carnwath,  is 
created.  [1&40,  Baron  Stafford ;  1643, 
Baron  Byron.] 

1640  •  *  The  rack  is  abolished. 


STATE. 

1627  *  *  Charles  exacts  a  forced  loan  to 
carry  on  the  war  with  France,  and  im- 


prisons five  persons  who  refuse  to  con- 
tribute. 

1628  Mar.  17.    Parliament  meets. 

[1629.    Mar.  10.    Dissolved.] 
June  26.    Charles  1.,  after  much  delay 
and  opposition,  assents  to  the  Petition 
of  Bights  formulated  by  the  House  of 
Commons. 

It  claims  that  no  loan  or  tax  shall  be  im- 
posed without  the  consent  of  Parliament; 
that  no  person  be  imprisoned  except  on  a 
specified  charge,  and  by  due  process  of  law; 
tliat  soldiers  shall  not  be  billeted  in  private 
houses;  and  that  martial  law  shall  not  be 
executed  In  time  of  peace. 

*  *  Ministers:  Richard,  Lord  Weston 
[Earl  of  Portland] ;  Sir  Thomas  Coventry 
[Lord  Coventry];  Henry,  Earl  of  Man- 
chester [succeeded  by  the  Earl  of  Marl- 
borough, and  Viscount  Conway] ;  Wil- 
liam Laud,  Bishop  of  London ;  and  Sir 
Albert  Martin. 

*  *  W.  I.   Nevis  is  settled  by  the  English. 

*  *  The  king  levies  tonnage  and  pound- 
age, and  seizes  the  goods  of  merchants 
wno  refuse  to  pay. 

*  *  L  i  V  e  r  p  o  o  1  Is  separated  from  the 
duchy  of  Lancaster. 

1629  Jan.  20.  Parliament  assembles. 
[Oliver  Cromwell  speaks  in  the  House 
for  the  first  time.] 

Mar.  2.  H.  C.  Sir  John  Eliot  reads  res- 
olutions of  remonstrance. 

They  declare  that  any  person  Introducing 
Innovations  in  religion,  or  levying  tonnage 
and  poimdage  without  consent  of  Parlia- 
ment, or  paying  such  duties,  shall  be  re- 
garded as  an  enemy  to  the  kingdom;  the 
Speaker,  being  forbidden  by  the  king,  refuses 
to  put  the  resolutions;  he  is  held  forcibly  In 
the  chair  while  tliey  are  being  put  and  car- 
ried. 

Mar.  4.  The  Massachusetts  Bay  Col- 
ony is  chartered  (p.  31). 

Mar.  5.  H.  C.  Sir  John  Eliot  and 
other  members  are  sent  to  prison.  [1632. 
Nov.  27.    Eliot  dies  in  prison.] 

Mar.  10.  The  king  dissolves  Parlia- 
ment [and  rules  for  11  years  without 
a  Parliament,  extorting  money  by  ille- 
gal taxation  and  sale  of  monopolies]. 

*  *  W.  I.  The  English  settle  New  Prov- 
idence in  the  Bahamas. 

Nov.  *  Thomas  "Wentworth  [Earl  of 
Strafford]  is  privy  councillor.  [1632.  He 
is  the  king's  chief  adviser.] 

1630  Apr.*  Peace  is  made  with  France. 
[Nov.  *  Peace  is  made  with  Spain.] 

*  *  Fifteen  hundred  Puritans  emigrate 
in  17  ships. 

1631  Oct.  24.  Sir  Thomas  Bichard- 
son  is  appointed  chief  justice. 

*  *  London.  Postal  communication  is 
opened  with  Edinburgh,  West  Chester, 
Holyhead,  Ireland,  Plymouth,  Exeter, 
and  other  places. 

The  rates  of  postage  are  :  one  letter 
carried  80  miles,  2d. ;  under  140  miles. 
Ad. ;  above  that  distance  In  England*  Zd. ; 
to  any  part  of  Scotland,  M. 

1632*  *  W.  Afr.  An  English  colony  Is 
planted  in  Gambia.  (?)  Also  in  Mont- 
serrat  and  Antigua,  West  Indies. 

*  •  iV^.  Amer.  Newfoundland  is  settled 
by  the  English. 

*  *  William  Frizell  and  Thomas  Wither- 
ings  are  appointed  foreign  postmasters. 

1633  June  18.  Edinburgh.  Charles 
ia  crowned  at  Holyrood. 


1634  *  ♦  Charles  levies  the  ship-money 

impost. 

Each  county  is  assessed  for  a  snm  neces- 
sary to  provide  a  (certain  nuinT)er  of  sliips 
for  the  navy,  and  its  sheriff  is  required  to  levy 
the  sum  on  the  inliahitants;  the  impost  ex- 
cites a  spirit  of  resistance  tlu'ougliout  the 
country. 

*  *  Liverpool  is  rated  for  ship-money  in 
only  £20. 

1635*  *  Ministers:  William  Laud,  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  Lord  Cottington, 
the  Marquis  of  Hamilton,  the  Earl  of 
Dorset,  Sir  John  Coke,  and  Sir  Francis 

Windebank. 

Apr.  14.  Sir  John  Brampston  is  ap- 
pointed chief  justice. 

1636  *  *  John  Hampden  refuses  to  pay 
the  20 shillings  ship-money  assessed  upon 
him.  [1637.  June  12.  The  judges  de- 
cide that  ship-money  is  legal.] 

*  *  Scot.  Glasgow  fully  becomes  a  royal 
burgh. 

*  *  Scot.  Charles  tries  to  set  aside  the 
Scotch  Presbyterian  Church  and  en- 
force Spiscopacy,  thus  causing  war. 

*  *  The  Irish  Society  for  the  colonization 
of  Ulster  loses  its  charter.  [1670.  Re- 
stored.] 

1639  Jime  18.  Scot.  Charles  meets 
the  deputies  of  the  Covenanters  at 
Dunae. 

A  treaty  of  peace  is  concluded:  the 
Scotch  army  is  to  disband,  and  differ- 
ences are  referred  to  Parliament  and  a 
general  assembly. 

*  *  Ire.  Wentworth,  Earl  of  Strafford, 
is  appointed  lord  lieutenant;  he  boasts 
of  his  policy  and  measures  as  "thor- 
ough.*' 

1640  Apr.  13.  Parliament  meets,  the 
first  time  for  12  years.  [May  5.  Dis- 
solved.] 

[It  refuses  to  grant  supplies  without 
redress  of  grievances,  it  is  dissolved  by 
the  king;  it  is  called  the  •*  Short  Par- 
liameni."] 

*  *  Ministers :  WilliamJuxon,  Bishop  of 
London,  Sir  John  Finch  [Lord  Finch], 
Lord  Cottington,  the  Earl  of  Strafford, 
the  Earl  of  Northumberland,  the  Mar- 
quis of  Hamilton,  Archbishop  Laud,  Sir 
Francis  Windebank,  and  Sir  Henry 
Vane. 

Oct.  26.  The  treaty  of  Kipon  is  con- 
cluded between  the  king  and  the  Cove- 
nanters. 

Charles  agrees  to  pay  the  Scottish  army 
£850  pounds  a  day  until  a  permanent 
treaty  is  signed. 

Nov.  3.  Parlianaent  opens.  [William 
Xjenthal,  Speaker.  This  Parliament 
continues  in  existence  for  20  years,  —  the 
*•  Long  Parliament.**] 

Nov.  11.  H.  C.  The  Commons  impeach 
Strafford  for  high  treason.  [Dec.  18. 
Also  Archbishop  Laud.] 

*  ♦Parliament:  It  is  enacted  that  no 
monopolies  shall  in  future  be  created 
by  royal  letters  patent. 

*  *  E.  L  Madras  is  founded  by  Fran- 
els  Day  of  the  East  India  Company, 

*  ♦  London.  Fleet  prison  is  allotted  for 
debtors. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1631  *  *  Calico  is  first  imported. 

*  *  Clocks  and  watches  are  in  common 
use. 

1635  *  *  Hackney  coaches  are  limited 
by  the  Star  Chamber. 


884    1640,  **-1645,  June  14.        GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY, 

1041  *  *  Ire.  Eoger  O'More  and  other 
Irish  chiefs  head  a  revolt  against  the 
granting  to  British  colonists  the  estates 
taken  from  native  owners. 

Oct.  23.  Ire.  A  "rising"  of  the  na- 
tives in  Ulster  attempts  to  expel  the 
British  "planters."  [Newry,  Carrick- 
macross,  and  Gastle-Blayney  are  taken 
by  the  Irish.] 

1642-47    Tlie  First  Civil  War. 

1642  Oct.  23.  Indecisive  battle  of 
Edgehill,  Warwickshire,  is  fought  be- 
tween the  Royalists  under  Charles  I. 
and  the  Parliamentarians  under  the  Earl 
of  Essex. 

*  *  Volunteer  forces,  in  aid  of  the  Par- 
liamentarians, are  raised  by  Oliver 
Cromwell  [under  whose  stern  disci- 
pline they  become  famous  as  the 
"Ironsides"]. 

1643  Feb.  22.    Queen  Henrietta, 

wife  of  Charles  I.,  lands  at  Burlington, 
Yorkshire,  with  arms  and  troops  from 
Holland. 

Apr,  24.  Heading  surrenders  to  the 
Earl  of  Essex. 

May  16.  Battle  of  Stratton  Hill,  Corn- 
wall :  the  Royalists  defeat  the  Parlia- 
mentarians under  Lord  Stamford. 

-  June  19.  John  Hampden  is  mortally 
wounded  at  Chalgrove,  Oxfordshire,  in  a 
skirmish  with  the  Royalists  under  Prince 
Rupert, 

July  5.  Battle  of  liansdown,  Somer- 
setshire :  the  Royalists  defeat  Sir  Wil- 
liam Waller. 

July  27.  Bristol  surrenders  to  the 
Royalists  under  Prince  Rupert,  after  an 
assault  with  heavy  losses  on  both  sides. 

Sept.  8.  Essex  relieves  Sir  Edward 
Massey  at  Gloucester,  which  is  besieged 
by  the  Royalists. 

Sept.  20.  Indecisive  battle  at  New- 
bury, Berkshire :  the  Parliamentarians 
are  under  the  Earl  of  Essex,  and  the 
Royalists  under  Prince  Rupert.  Lord 
Falkland,  a  Royalist,  is  killed. 

Sept.  *  Exeter  is  taken  by  Prince  Mau- 
rice for  King  Charles  I. 

*  *  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax  takes  Man- 
chester. 

*  *  Birmingham  is  besieged  and  taken 

by  Prince  Rupert. 

1644  Jan.  16.  Scot.  A  Scotch  army 
crosses  the  Tweed  to  aid  the  Parlia- 
mentarians. 

Jan.  29.  Battle  of  Nantwich,  Chesh- 
ire :  Lord  Fairfax  defeats  the  Irish  Roy- 
alists under  Lord  Byron. 

Feb.  *  Charlotte,  Countess  of  Derby, 
defends  Liatbom  House,  Lancashire, 
against  the  Parliamentarians.  [May 
27.    She  is  relieved  by  Prince  Rupert.] 

Apr.  *  York  is  besieged  by  the  English 
and  Scotch  Parliamentary  armies  under 
the  Earl  of  Manchester,  Fairfax,  and 
Leslie,  the  Earl  of  Leven.  [July  16. 
Taken.] 

June  26.  Liverpool  is  taken  by  Prince 
Rupert. 

June  29.  King  Charles  defeats  Sir  Wil- 
liam Waller  at  Cropredy  Bridge,  near 
Banbury,  Oxfordshire. 


July  2.    Battle  of  Marston  Moor,  near 

York. 

About  22,000  Royalists  under  Prince 
Rupert  are  totally  defeated  by  24,000+ 
Parliamentarians  imder  Cromwell  and 
Fairfax. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Marquis  of  Montrose  — 
formerly  with  the  Covenanters,  but  now 
on  the  side  of  King  Charles— organizes 
an  army  of  Highlanders  and  Irish ;  he 
then  raises  the  royal  standard. 

Sept.  1.  The  army  of  Essex  Bturenders 
to  King  Charles  at  Ix^twithiel,  Corn- 
wall, Essex  himself  escaping  in  a  boat  to 
Plymouth. 

Scot.  Montrose  defeats  the  Covenant- 
ers under  Lord  Elcho  at  Tippermuir, 
Perthshire. 

Sept.  2.  Scot.  Montrose  captures  and 
plunders  Perth. 

Sept.  *  Scot.  On  the  approach  of  the 
Marquis  of  Argyll,  with  40,000  men, 
Montrose  retreats  to  Athole,  Perthshire. 

Oct.  *  Scot.  Montrose  captures  Fyvie 
Castle,  Aberdeenshire.  [During  the  re- 
mainder of  the  year  he  plunders  and 
ravages  many  parts  of  the  country.] 

Oct.  27.  Battle  of  Newbury,  Berk- 
shire :  the  Parliamentarians  under  Es- 
sex, Waller,  and  Manchester,  defeat  the 
Royalists  under  Charles  I. 

Dec.  *  Scot.  Montrose  invades  and  rav- 
ages Argyllshire. 

1645  Feb.  2.  Scot.  Montrose  defeats 
Argyll  at  Inverlochy,  Inverness-shire. 

Apr.  *  The  Parliamentarian  army  is 
reorganized ;  Essex  and  other  leaders 
resign  their  commissions,  and  Xiord 
Fairfax  is  appointed  commander,  with 
Cromwell  as  lieutenant-general. 

May  4.  Scot.  Montrose  defeats  the 
Covenanters  at  Auldearn,  near  Nairn. 

June  14.  Decisive  battle  of  Kaseby, 
Northamptonshire. 

The  Royalists  under  Charles  and 
Prince  Rupert  are  totally  defeated  by 
the  Parliamentarians  under  Fairfax  and 
Cromwell.  Each  side  has  about  11,000 
men;  Cromwell's  cavalry  decide  the 
struggle.  The  Royalists  Io8e5,000±  pris- 
oners. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1641  Dec.  9.  London.  Van  Dyck  dies, 
and  is  buried  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 

*  *  London.  The  pendulum  is  con- 
structed by  Richard  Harris,  ii  clock- 
maker,  and  the  younger  Galileo. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1640*  *  Alexander,  William,   Earl  of  Stir- 
ling, poet,  statesman,  Scotland,  dies. 
Dekker,  Thomas,  dramatist,  Aes^. 
Massinger,  t'hilip,  dramatist,  A56. 
Shadwell,  Thomas,  poet,  born. 
Tradeseant.  Jolm,  traveler,  naturalist,  dies. 
Wharton,  Marquis  of,  Thomas,  statesman,  b. 
Wycherly,  William,  poet,  dramatist,  born. 

1641  May    12.     Strafford.     Earl    of, 
Thomas  Wentworth,  statesman,  A48. 

Horrox,  or  Horroeks,  Jeremiah, astro.,  A22i:. 
Sherlock,  William,  cl.,  religious  writer,  born. 
Spelman,  Sir  Henry,  historian,  antiq.,  A79. 

1642  *  *  Behn,  Aphra,  novelist,  dramatist,  b. 
Hicks,  George,  non-juring  cl.,  author,  born. 
Holt,  Sir  John,  jurist,  born. 

Newton,  Sir  Isaac,  matliematician,  scien- 
tist, greatest  of  natural  philosophers,  born. 

Sunderland,  second  Earl  of.  Robert  Spen- 
cer, statesman,  born. 

Tyrrell,  James,  historian,  bom. 


1648    June  24.    Hampden.  John,  states- 
man, A49. 
Burnet,  Gilbert,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  histo- 
rian, writer,  Scotland,  born. 
Gary,  Lucius,  Viscount  Falkland,  classical 

scholar,  author,  A  33. 
Grahajn,  John,  Viscount  of  Dundee,  Scot., b. 
Greville,  Kobert,  parliamentary  gen.,  A3&. 
Guy,  Thomas,  philanthropist,  born. 
Pym,  John,  statesman,  A59. 
Strype,  John,  clergyman,  biographer,  born. 
1644     Oct.    14.     Penn,   'William.    Quaker, 
founder  of  Pennsylvania,  statesman,  born. 
Boyle,  Richard,  Earl  of  Cork,  statesman,  A78. 
Chllllngworth.  WilUam.  theol.  an.,  A42. 
(iascoigne,  Wm.,  inv.  of  micrometer,  A32±. 
Quarles,  Francis,  poet,  A52. 
Sandys,  George,  poet,  A67. 


CHURCH. 

1641  Oct.  23.  Ire.  The  Catholics  in 
Ulster  uprise  on  St.  Ignatius's  day  and 
massacre  40,000  Protestants  in  order 
to  expel  the  English. 

*  *  A  version  of  the  Bible  by  Francis 
Rous,  provost  of  Eton,  is  first  published. 
[1646.  Parliament  orders  its  use  in  the 
churches.] 

1642  *  *  The  Puritans  become  divided 
into  two  parties,  the  Presbyterians  and 
the  Independents. 

*  *  Thomas  Hobbs  advocates  material- 
ism. 

1643  May  5.  Parliament  orders  th» 
Book  of  Sports  to  be  burned  by  th© 
hangman. 

Jiily  1,  London.  The  "Westminster 
Assembly. 

It  is  convoked  by  Parliament  and  com^ 
prises  18  clergymen  and  18  laymen,  to 
consider  the  liturgy,  government,  and 
doctrines  of  the  church. 

[The  Scotch  Covenant  is  adopted,  and 
the  Directory  for  public  worship,  con- 
fession, and  catechism,  now  used  by  the 
Church  of  Scotland  are  drawn  up.  It 
continues  for  six  years.] 

Aug.  17.  Scot.  The  General  Assembly 
of  the  Church  of  Scotland  approves  The 
Solemn  League  and  Covenant. 

It  is  also  ratified  by  the  Convention  of  es- 
tates. [Sept.  25.  It  is  accepted  and  sub- 
scribed by  the  English  Parliament  and  the 
Westminster  Assembly.]  It  is  a  compact 
binding  the  united  kingdoms  to  mutual  aid 
in  the  extirpation  of  "popery"  and  prelacy, 
and  for  the  preservation  of  true  religion  and 
liberty. 

1644  Dec.  *  The  Common  Prayer  is 
voted  out  of  doors  by  Parliament,  and 
the  Directory  of  Worship  Is  set  up  in  its 
place. 

Dec.  *  Christmas  is  made  a  fast  by  Par- 
liament. 

*  *  London.  The  Baptists  publish  a  con- 
fession of  faith. 

1645  Jan.  3.     The   liturgy   of    the 

Church  of  England  is  abolished  by  ordi- 
nance. 
Jan.  10.  Archbishop  Laud,  a  supporter 
of  the  king,  is>  martyred  on  the  petty 
ground  that  cumulative  infractions  con- 
stitute treason. 

LETTERS. 

1640  *  *  Poems,  by  I'homas  Carew,  ap- 
pears. 

1641  Nov.*  London.  Diurnal  Occur- 
ences, or  the  Heads  of  several  Proceed- 
ings in  both  Houses  of  Parliament  is 
issued,  its  earliest  authentic  report. 

*  ♦  Of  liefonnaiion  touching  Church  Dis- 
cipline in  England,  by  John  Milton» 


I 


AND    IRELAND.        1640,*  * -1645,  June  14.     885 


appears.    [1642,    The  Heason  of  Church 
aovemmenl  urged  against  Prelacy.] 
1641-1705     John   Evelyn   writes  his 
Diary. 

1642  Aug.  22.  The  London  Gazette  is 
issued. 

*  •/)eCii'e,  by ThomasHobbes,  appears. 
[1650,  Human  Nature,  or  the  tunda- 
mental  Elements  of  Policy.] 

*  *  The  Holy  .Slate  and  the  Profane  State, 
by  Thomas  Fuller,  appears. 

1643  •  *  Parliament  passes  acts  repress- 
ing "  disorders  in  printing."  [Also 
in  1619.] 

Aug.  22.  London.  Mercurius  Britanni- 
cns,  is  issued  by  Marchmont  Needham. 
[1617,  He  issues  Mercurius  Pragmaticus.] 

Sept.  7.  The  Scotch  Intelligence  is  is- 
sued. 

*  *  Mercurius  Aulicus  is  issued. 

*  *  Ire.    Iretatid's  True  Diumalislssvied. 

*  •  Iteligio  Medici,by  Sir  Thomas  Browne, 
appears.    [IMS,  Hydriotaphia.] 

*  *  Cooper's  Hill,  by  Sir  John  Denhani, 
appears. 

*  *  Mundus  Alter  et  Mem,  by  Joseph  Hall, 
appears. 

1644  *  *  Areopagitica ;  or,  a  Speech  for  the 
Liberty  of  Unlicensed  PrinKiiy,  by  John 
Hilton,  appears.  [1649,  Eikonoklastes  ; 
1650,  Pro  Populo  Anglicano  Defensio; 
1G54,  Defensia  Secunda.] 

*  *  Poems,  by  Edmund  Waller,  appears. 

*  •  Ire.    Mercurius  Hibemicua  is  Issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1641  Feb.  13.  Judges  are  threatened 
with  impeachment,  and  Berkeley  is 
taken  off  the  bench  and  committed  by 
the  Commons,  on  a  charge  of  treason. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  King  Charles  vie  its  the 
city. 

*  *  Scot.  The  title.  Earl  of  Leven  and  Mel- 
ville (1690),  is  created  ;  also  Viscount  of 
Arbuthnot.  [1613,  Duke  of  Hamilton, 
Earl  of  Dysart,  and  Baron  Elibank  ;  1647, 
Earl  of  Northesk,  and  Baron  Belhaven 
and  Stenton;  16B1,  Earl  of  Balcarres, 
Baron  RoUo,  and  Baron  Kuthven.] 

1642  *  *  Parliament  forbids  dramatic 
representations. 


STATE. 

1640  *  *  Sir  John  Finch  is  appointed 
Lord  High  Chancellor. 

•  *  Edinburgh.  The  Parliament  House 
is  finished. 

1641  *  *  Viscount  Falkland  and  IjOrd 
Digby  are  administrators. 

•  »  The  struggle  between  the  king  and 
Parliament  begins. 

Feb.  15.  Parliament:  The  Triennial 
Act  is  passed,  providing  for  meetings  of 
Parliament  every  three  years,  without 
summons  by  the  king. 

Mar.  22.  Parliament:  The  trial  of 
Wentworth,  Earl  of  Strafford,  on 
impeachment  commences.  [The  im- 
peachment is  dropped,  and  a  bill  of  at- 
tainder introduced  in  Parliament.  Apr. 
21-29.  The  bill  passes  both  houses.  May 
12.    He  is  executed.] 

Mar.*  ParUament:  A  bill  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  Episcopacy  is  introduced ;  it  is 
called  the  "  root  and  branch  bill." 

May  10.  The  king  reluctantly  gives  his 
assent  to  the  bill  of  attainder  against 
Strafford,  and  to  another  prohibiting  the 
dissolving  or  proroguing  of  the  present 
Parliament  without  its  own  consent. 


May  IS.  Sir  Edward  Littleton  is  ap- 
pointed lord  keeper. 

June  *  H.  L.  A  bill  disqualifying  cler- 
gymen to  hold  civil  oflice  is  rejected. 

July  •  Parliament:  The  Star  Chamber 
Court  and  the  High  Commission  are 
abolished. 

Aug.  *  A  treaty  of  pacification  is  con- 
cluded with  Scotland. 

Sept.  8.  I*arliament  adjourns  after 
each  House  has  appointed  a  committee 
to  sit  during  the  recess. 

Oct.  23.  Ire.  An  insurrection  breaks 
out  in  Ulster  under  Koger  O'Moore  and 
Phelim  O'Neill. 

Oct.  *  Scot.  The  Marquis  of  Montrose 
plots  to  seize  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  the 
leader  of  the  Presbyterians  ;  Charles  is 
suspected  of  complicity,  and  makes  a 
favorable  treaty  with  Argyll. 

Nov.*  Great  indignation  prevails  because 
of  a  reported  massacre  of  Protestants 
in  Ireland  ;  but  ParUament  is  reluctant 
to  trust  Charles  with  an  army. 

Deo.  1.  The  Grand  Eemonstrauce  Is 
presented  to  the  king  by  the  House  of 
Commons  ;  it  recites  the  grievances  of 
the  people  and  the  king's  oppressive  acts. 

Dec.  28.  London.  Several  bishops, 
who  protest  against  Acts  of  Parliament 
passed  while  they  are  deprived  of  votes, 
are  committed  to  the  Tower. 

•  *  The  adherents  of  the  Parliament  are 
called  Koundheads,  from  having  their 
hair  closely  cut ;  the  adherents  of  the 
king  are  called  Cavaliers. 

1642  Jan.  3.  H.  C.  The  king  im- 
peaches members  of  Parliament. 

He  accuses  Lord  Kimbolton,  Pym, 
Hampden,  Haselrig,  Holies,  and  Stroud 
of  treasonable  correspondence  with  the 
Scots  in  the  late  war ;  the  Commons 
refuse  to  order  their  arrest. 
Jan.  4.  H.  C.  The  king  attempts  to 
arrest  the  five  members. 

He  visits  the  House  of  Commons  with 
500  troops,  but  the  accused  are  not  found. 
The  Commons  withdraw  and  form  a 
committee  at  Guildhall,  guarded  by  citi- 
zens. 

1642-46  The  Civil  War ;  the  great  re- 
bellion. 

Jan.  10.  London.  Charles  leaves  the 
city,  and  the  five  members  return  in  tri- 
umph to  Westminster. 

Jan.  12.  A  Koyalist  rising  takes 
place  at  Kingston  under  Lord  Digby  and 
Colonel  Lunsford. 

Buckinghamshire  freeholders,  to  the 
number  of  4,000,  arrive  and  offer  their 
services  to  Parliament. 

The  king  signs  the  bill  excluding  the 
bishops  from  the  House  of  Lords,  but 
refuses  to  sign  the  bill  giving  to  ParUa- 
ment the  coinmand  of  the  militia. 

Mar.  *  Charles  retires  to  York. 

Apr.  23.  The  king  appears  before 
Hull  with  a  body  of  horse,  but  is  de- 
nied admission. 

Apr.  *  Charles  is  joined  by  32  peers  and 
65  members  of  the  Commons ;  Parlia- 
ment is  divided,  and  the  king  has  the 
great  seal. 

May  *  Parliament  ceases  to  pass  bills, 
and  passes  ordinances. 

May  5.  Parliament  passes  an  ordinance 
giving  to  itself  the  control  of  the  mi- 
litia. 


June  2.  Parliament  submits  10  prop- 
ositions to  the  king,  which  he  angrily 

rejects. 

ParUament  requires  the  king's  assent  to 
the  militia  hill ;  the  control  of  fortlfled 
places  ;  the  reformation  of  the  liturgy  and 
of  church  government;  power  to  dismiss 
ministers  and  appoint  guardians  of  the  king's 
children,  and  to  exclude  from  the  House  of 
Lords  peers  In  future  created. 

July  *  Parliament  appoints  a  committee 
of  public  safety.  [Sept.  2.  It  passes 
an  ordinance  closing  the  theaters.] 

Oct.  23.  Ire.  Irish  independence  is 
assumed  by  an  assembly  of  Confederate 
Catholics  at  Kilkenny,  11  bishops,  14 
peers,  and  226  English  and  Irish  »om- 
moners  present. 

1643  Feb.  *  -Apr.  *  Negotiations  for 
peace  are  renewed,  and  fail. 

June* -July*  The  plot  of  Edmund 
Waller,  the  poet,  against  the  Parlia- 
mentarians is  detected  and  punished ; 
he  is  permitted  to  emigrate. 

Sept.  25.  The  Solemn  League  and 
Covenant  is  signed  by  25  peers  and  288 
members  of  the  Commons. 

It  adopts  the  Protestant  religion,  and 
agrees  to  establish  church  uniformity  in 
England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland;  nearly 
2,000  heneticed  clergymen  refuse  to  sign 
it,  and  are  deprived  of  their  livings. 

Sept.  *  Charles  alienates  friends  by 
making  peace  with  Irish  insurgents,  and 
enlisting  tliem  in  his  army. 

*  *  An  enlarged  post-offlce  is  erected  by 
order  of  Parliament. 

Deo.  8.  John  Pyni,  the  popular  leader 
of  the  Parliamentary  party,  dies. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Marquis  of  Ormonde  is 
appointed  governor. 

*  *  Sir  Robert  Heath  is  chief  justice  by 
patent.    [1642.    Appointed.] 

*  *  London.  The  excise  system  is  estab- 
lished by  Parliament ;  duties  are  levied 
on  wines,  beer,  and  tobacco. 

1644  Jan.  22.  The  king  convenes  his 
Parliament  at  Oxford. 

Feb.  15.  A  committee  of  the  two  king- 
doms is  appointed  to  follow  Pym's 
plans  in  the  conduct  of  the  war. 

Mar.  12.  Archbishop  liaud  is  tried  for 
treason.    [1645.    Jan.  10.    Beheaded.] 

Mar.  26.  Parliament  enjoins  upon  every 
family  to  contribute  to  the  kingdom  the 
value  of  one  meal  per  week. 

July  *  By  the  victory  at  Marston  Moor 
Parliament  acquires  supremacy  over 
the  northern  counties,  the  king  retain- 
ing those  in  the  west. 

Oct.  24.  Parliament  orders  that  no 
quarter  is  to  be  given  any  "Irish  Pa- 
pist" in  arms  for  the  king. 

*  *  A  naval  pay  oflice  is  organized.  (?) 

1645  Jan.  30.  Royalist  and  Parlia- 
mentarian commissioners  meet  at  Ux- 
bridge,  Middlesex,  to  consider  propos- 
als of  peace.  [Feb.  22.  Charles  rejects 
the  proposals  of  Parliament ;  the  com- 
missioners separate  without  agreement.] 

Mar.  24.  Parliament  votes  for  the  omis- 
sion of  the  clause  for  the  preservation 
of  his  majesty's  person  from  Sir  John 
Fairfax's  commission. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1641  *  *  Coffee  is  introduced  by  Na- 
thaniel Cauopus,  a  Cretan. 


886    1645,  June  17-1650,**.       GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1645  June  17.  Leicester  city  surren- 
ders to  the  Parliamentariau  army  under 
Fairfax.  [June  28.  Carlisle,  Cumber- 
land, Burrenders  to  the  Parliamentari- 
ans.] 

July  2.  Scot.  Montrose  defeats  the  Cov- 
enanters under  Baillie  at  Alford,  Aber- 
deenshire. 

July  23.  Bridgewater,  Somersetshire, 
is  surrendered  to  the  Parliamentarians. 

Aug.  15.  Scot.  Battleof Kilsyth, .Stir- 
lingshire :  the  Parliamentarians  under 
Baillie  are  defeated  by  Montrose  with 
heavy  loss. 

Sept.  11.  Bristol  is  surrendered  to 
Fairfax  and  Cromwell  by  Prince  Kupert. 

Sept.  13.  Scot.  Battle  of  Phihp- 
haugh,  near  Selkirk. 

The  Covenanters  under  David  Leslie, 
totally  defeat  the  Royalists  under  Mont- 
rose. 

Sept.  24.  King  Charles  is  defeated 
by  the  Parliamentarians  under  Pointz 
and  Jones  at  Chester. 

*  *  Devizes,  in  Wiltshire,  and  Win- 
chester, in  Hampshire,  surrender  to 
Cromwell.  He  takes  Berkeley  Castle, 
Gloucestershire,  and  Basinghouse  Cas- 
tle, Hampshire,  by  storm. 

1646  Jan.  18.  Dartmoor,  Devon- 
shire, is  taken  by  Fairfax. 

Feb.  10.  Tlie  Royalists,  8,000  strong,  un- 
der Sir  Ralph  Hopton  are  defeated  by 
Fairfax  at  Torrington,  Devonshire. 

*  'Fairfax  defeats  the  Royalists  at 
Truro,  Cornwall,  and  takes  Exeter, 
Devonshire. 

May  5.  Charles  I.  surrenders  himself 
to  the  Scotch  generals  at  Newark,  Not- 
tinghamshire. 

June  5.  Ire.  Battle  of  Benburb,  Ty- 
rone. Owen  Roe  O'NeiU  defeats  the 
English  under  Monroe. 

June  24.  Oxford  surrenders  to  Fair- 
tax. 

1647  Feb.  22.  Dublin.  The  Marquis 
of  Ormonde  surrenders  the  city  to  the 
Parliamentarians. 

June  16.  Tlie  army,  through  Gens. 
Henry  Iretoii  and  John  Lambert,  de- 
mands the  impeachment  of  11  mem- 
bers of  the  House  of  Commons,  including 
the  chief  Presbyterian  leaders,  Denzil 
Holies,  Glyn,  Sir  ■William  Waller,  Sta- 
pleton,  and  Clotworthy. 

[June  25.  The  army  marches  towards 
Ix)ndon.  June  26.  The  11  obnoxious 
members  retire  from  Parliament,  and 
the  army  falls  back  to  headquarters  at 
Reading.  Aug.  6.  London  submits  to 
the  army  under  Fairfax.] 

Aug.  8.  Ire.  Battle  of  Dungan  Hill, 
Meath. 


Aug.  17.    BatUe   of   Preston,    Lanca- 
shire :  Cromwell  defeats  the  Scots  un- 
der the  Duke  of  Hamilton. 
Aug.  20.    The  Duke  of  Hamilton  sur- 
renders to  the  English  Gen.  Lambert  at 
Uttoxeter,  Staifordshire. 
Aug.  27.    Colchester,  Essex,  surrenders 
to  Fairfax,  after  a  siege  of  two  months. 
Sept.  20.    Scot.    CromweU  enters  the 
country  [and  is  welcomed  in  Edinburgh]. 
1649    Aug.  2.     Dublin.    Gen.   Jones, 
besieged  by  the  Irish  Royalists   under 
tlie  Marquis  of  Ormonde,  sallies  forth 
and  defeats  the  besiegers  at  Rathmines. 
Aug.  15.    Dublin.    Cromwell    arrives 

with  9,000  foot  and  400  horse. 
Sept.  11,  12.    Ire.     CromweU    storms 
and   takes  Drogheda,  and   massacres 
the  governor,  Sir  A.  Aston,  and  the  gar- 
rison of  3,000  men. 

Oct.  12.  Ire.  CromweU  takes  'Wex- 
lord,  and  massacres  2,000  of  the  inhabi- 
tants. 

*  ,*  ^';*-  The  Royalist  garrisons  of 
Cork,  Youghal,  Bandon,  and  Kinsale 
declare  for  the  Parliament. 

1650  Mar.  28.  Ire.  Kilkenny,  after 
a  siege,  surrenders  to  Cromwell.  [May 
10.    Clonmel  surrenders.] 

Apr.  27.  Scot.  Montrose  is  defeated 
and  captured  at  Corbiesdale,  Caith- 
ness. [May  21.  He  is  hanged  in  Edin- 
burgh.] 

May  29.  Ire.  CromweU  sails  from 
Youghal  for  England. 

June  23.  Sco<.  Charles  H.  lands  in 
Scotland. 

Sept.  3.  .Scot.  Cromwell  defeats  the 
Scots  under  David  Leslie  at  Dunbar; 
Scotch  loss,  4,000  killed,  10,000  taken 
prisoners. 

Dec.  24.  Edinburgh  Castle  s urrenders 
to  Cromwell.    [1651.    Perth  surrenders.] 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 


The  Irish  Royalists  under  Preston  are 
defeated  by  the  Parliamentarians  under 
Gen.  Jones. 

1648-50    Second  Civil  "War. 

1648    Apr.  28.    The   Scots,   under  the 
Duke  of  Hamilton,  make  an  invasion. 

July  10.     Jr.    Pembroke  surrenders  to 
Cromwell. 


1645  *  *  Loruiem.  The  first  meetings  of 
the  Royal  Society  are  held. 

1648  •  »  Prince  Rupert  invents  mezzo- 
tint, a  peculiar  manner  of  engraving 
figures  on  copper.  [1662.  Improved  by 
Sir  Christopher  Wren.] 

1650  *  *  A  railroad  with  wooden  rails  is 
built  near  Newcastle. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1648  Laud.  WiUIam.  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, statesman,  A71. 

1646  •  •  Arundel,  Earl  of,  Thomas  Howard, 
statesman,  A54. 

Essex.  Earl  of.  Robert  Devereux.  narlia- 

nientary  general,  \S4. 
Flamsteed,  John,  astronomer,  born. 
Riley,  .John,  portrait  painter,  born. 

1647  •  •  Aldrich,  Henry   theol.,  logician,  b. 
Kocbester.  Earl  of.  John  Witmol,  states,  b 

1648'  »  Harclay,   liobert,  Quaker,  rellKloiia 
WTltcr.  Scotland,  born. 
Dartniouth,  George  Lesge.  lat  Lord,  adm.,  b. 
(iiblions,  CrinlinK,  Rinil|.t(ir,  born. 
JeHreys.  Lord  Qeorg-e.  junsl,  states.,  b. 
1  rldeaui,  Humplirey,  dean,  Instorian,  liom. 

1649  Jan.  30.     Charles  L.  KmR.  A)« 
Carstares,  Wni.,  I'bai.lnin  to  William  III.  Ii. 
Clarldge,  Kiehanl,  giiaker  preacher,  born. 
Druininond,  William,  of  Hawtliornden,  poet, 

.Scotland,  ,\(i4. 
Johnson,  .Samuel,  clergyman,  author,  born. 
Monmouth.  Duke  of.  .lanies  Scott,  natural 

son  of  Charles  II.,  born. 
Sheftield,  John,  Duke  of  Buckinghamshire, 

poet,  statesman,  born. 
Tyson,  Edward,  anatomist,  born. 


CHURCH. 
1645     Aug.  30.     Parliament  orders  a 
fast  to  invoke  a  blessing  on  Scotland 
and  the  abatement  of  the  plague. 

*  *  Ranters,  zealous  religionists,  appear. 

♦  *  Scot.  The  General  Assembly  again 
ratify  the  Solemn  League  and  Cove- 
nant, together  with  the  Directory  of 
Worship. 

±  *  *  Fifth-Monarchy  Men  arise. 

They  8up]x)se  the  period  of  the  millennium 
to  be  juBt  at  hand,  when  Jesus  Christ  shall 
rtescend  from  heaven,  and  erect  the  fifth 
universal  monarchy.  They  proceed  to  elect 
hnn  king  at  London. 

1646  Apr.  3.  Presbyterianism  is  es- 
tablished by  Parliament,  with  conces- 
sions to  the  Independents. 

Oct.  9.  The  whole  order  of  bishops  is 
abohshed  by  Act  of  Parliament. 

±  »  •  The  Friends  or  Quakers  first  ap- 
pear. 

,„*5?°''K«  •'"o".  22  years  of  age,  George  Keith, 
WiUiam  Penn,  and  Robert  Barclay  of  Ury 
and  others  are  leaders.  Fox  rejects  all  reli- 
gious ordinances,  explains  away  the  com- 
mands relative  to  baptism,  discards  the  ordi- 
nary names  of  days  and  months,  and  uses  thee 
and  thou  as  more  harmonious  with  truth. 

*  'The  Independents  appear  as  advo- 
Gates  of  religious  liberty. 

*  *  The  Parliament  is  Presbyterian  and 
the  army  chiefly  Independents ;  the 
latter  favor  toleration. 

1647  •  •  A  proclamation  is  issued  against 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

*  »The  Westminster  Confession  i» 
adopted  by  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
Scotland. 

*  ♦  George  Fox  traverses  England  on 
foot,  preaching,  at  his  own  cost;  his 
disciples  are  called  Seekers. 

1649  July  27.  A  missionary  movement 
is  incorporated  by  Parliament. 

A  corporation  for  the  promoting  land 
propagating  the  Gospel  of  Jesus  Qhrijt 
m  New  England  is  authorized  for  woctt 
among  the  Indians.  It  is  iuHuenced  by 
the  example  and  success  of  John  Eliot. 

»  *  The  Episcopal  Church  is  suppressed,. 

and  the  clergy  driven  off;    using   the 

prayer-hook  is  declared  to  be  a  crime. 

1650*  •The  Seventh-day  Baptist* 
form  an  organization. 

*  *  The  Friends  are  reproachfully  called 
Quakers. 

Justice  Bennet  of  Derby  gives  them 
the  name  because  George  Fox  admon- 
ished him  to  quake  at  the  Word  of  the. 
Lord. 


LETTERS. 

1646  *  *  Steps  to  the  Temple,  by  Richard 
Crashaw,  appears. 

1647  *  *  Liberty  of  Prophesi/ing,  by  Jer- 
emy Taylor,  appears.  [Later,  Holy  Liv- 
ing and  Holy  Dyiiiij.] 

*  *  The  Mistress,  by  Abraham  Cowley, 
appears.    [1656,  Pindaric  Odes.j 

1648  *  *  Psyche,  or  Lore's  Mystery,  by  J. 
Beaumont,  appears. 

*  *  Xohle  Numbers  and  Hesperides,  by 
Robert  Herrick,  appear.  [Later,  Cherry 
liipe.  To  Blossoms,  To  linffodils,  and 
(lather  Rosebuds   IVhile   You  May.] 

1649  •  *  Lucnsta,  To  Althea  from  Prison. 
and  other  songs,  by  Sir  Richard  Love- 
lace, appear. 

*  *  The  Saint's  Frerlasting  7?csf,  by  Rich- 
ard Baxter,  appears.  [1657,  A  CaU  to- 
the  Unconverted.] 


AND    IRELAND.        1645,  June  17-1650, 


887 


1650  •  *  Scot.  Francis  Rous'b  version  of 
the  Bible  appears. 

*  *  Dr.  Wallis  publishes  a  work  on  the 
iuBtruction  of  deaf  mutes. 

SOCIETY. 

1645-47  Matthew  Hopkins,  the  "witch- 
finder,**  causes  the  judicial  murder  of 
about  100  persons  in  Kssex,  Norfolk,  and 
Sutfolk. 

1648  ♦  *  The  Puritans  describe  actors  as 
rogues,  and  order  every  theater  to  be  de- 
stroyed. 

STATE. 

1645  Aug.  30.  Sir  Richard  Lane  is  lord 
keeper  of  the  seal. 

1646  *  *  Dissensions  occur  in  Parliament 
between  the  Presbyterians  and  a  new 
sect  called  Independents. 

Apr.  3.  Parliament:  The  Self-deny- 
ing Ordinance  is  passed ;  it  prevents 
members  of  either  House  from  holding 
offices  of  command  in  the  army.  [1G47. 
Keenacted.] 

May  5.  Charles  suirenders  to  the 
Scottish  army  at  Newark. 

July  24.  Charles  rejecte  the  terms 
submitted  to  him  at  Newcastle. 

It  is  proposed  that  Parliament  have 
control  of  the  militia  for  20  years  ;  and 
that  the  king  subscribe  to  the  Covenant 
and  support  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

*  *  The  great  seal  is  in  the  hands  of  com- 
missioners. 

1647  Jan.  30.  The  Scots,  for  £400,000, 
surrender  Charles  to  a  commission 
from  Parliament;  heis takentoKolmby 
House,  Northamptonshire. 

*  *  There  is  strife  between  the  army  and 
Parliament. 

The  commission  vote  for  the  disband- 
ing of  the  troops,  except  those  needed 
for  garrisons  or  duty  in  Ireland ;  the 
army  refuses  to  disband  till  its  back  pay 
is  received. 

May  12.  Charles  agrees  to  accept, 
with  modifications,  the  propositions  of 
Parliament. 

June.  4.  Charles  ia  removed  from 
Holmby  House  to  the  army  by  Col. 
Joyce. 

Oliver  Cromwell  flees  to  the  army 
at  Triploe  Heath  to  escape  his  Presby- 
terian enemies  in  Parliament.  [The 
army  takes  an  oath  not  to  disband  until 
liberty  of  conscience  is  secured ;  it  ap- 
points a  council  of  adjudicators.] 

Jiuie  10.  The  army  of  St.  Albans  peti- 
tions Parliament  on  the  subject  of  ar- 
rears and  the  service  in  Ireland. 

June  16.  The  army  demands  that  11 
members  obnoxious  to  it  be  expelled 
from  Parliament.    (See  Army.) 

July  24.  The  army  makes  proposals  to 
the  king,  which  he  rejects. 

It  proposes  that  religious  worship  be  free; 
that  Parliament  have  military  control  for  10 
years,  and  the  power  to  ajipoint  offlcers  of 
state;  that  Parliament  meet  triennially;  and 
that  the  House  of  Commons  be  reformed. 

July  26.  Apprentices  assault  mem- 
bers of  the  House  of  Commons  for 
changing  commanders  of  the  London 
militia ;  for  safety  two  Speakers,  14  lords, 
and  100  commoners  flee  to  the  army. 


Aug.  6.  The  army  conveys  the  refugee 
members  of  Parliament  to  London  and 
restores  them  to  their  places  ;  Charles 
is  removed  to  Hampton  Court. 

Sept  7.  Parliament  submits  to  the  king 
a  modification  of  the  19  propositions  ; 
he  rejects  it. 

Nov.  11.  Charles  escapes  from  Hamp- 
ton Court  to  the  Isle  of  Wight;  he  is 
detained  at  Carisbrooke  Castle  by  the 
governor. 

Dec.  24.  Parliamentsubmits  the  "Four 
Bills**  to  the  king.  [He  rejects  them.] 
Tliey  provide  that  Parliament  conmiand 
the  army  for  20  years;  that  the  king  recall 
all  j)roolaniations  and  declarations  against 
Parliament;  that  all  peers  oreaU'd  since  the 
great  seal  was  sent  to  the  king  be  prohibited 
from  silting  in  the  House;  and  that  the  House 
adjourn  at  their  own  pleasure. 

Dec.  26.  Charles  signs  a  secret  treaty 
with  the  Scots  called  "the  engage- 
ment." 

He  agrees  to  abolish  Episcopacy,  and 
restore  Presbyterianism ;  they  agree  to 
restore  him  by  force  to  the  throne. 

*  *  Ire.  Philip  de  Lisle  is  appointed 
governor. 

1648  Jan.  15.  Parliament  renounces 
allegiance  to  Charles,  and  resolves  to 
sever  communication  with  him. 

*  ♦  The  Second  Civil  "War ;  Scotland  is 
against  England ;  Royalists  against 
lioundheads  ;  Presbyterians  against  In- 
dependents. 

Mar.  *  A  council  of  army  officers  re- 
solves that  the  king  be  put  on  trial. 

Apr.  24.  Parliament:  By  a  reaction 
of  sentiment  the  Presbjrterians  regain 
control;  they  incline  to  conciliation 
with  the  king. 

May  2.  Parliament':  An  ordinance  is 
passed  suppressing  blasphemies  and 
heresies;  it  is  designed  against  Inde- 
pendents, especially  their  leaders,  Crom- 
well, Iretou,  and  others. 

July*  Parliament:  A  resolution  is 
passed  to  open  negotiations  with  the 
king.  [Sept.  18. -Nov.  29.  Negotiations 
are  concluded  at  Newport  between 
Charles  and  its  representatives.] 

Aug.  14.  H.  C.  Holies,  a  leading  Pres- 
byterian, resumes  his  seat  after  being 
driven  out  by  the  army. 

Nov.  15.  Henry  Rolle  is  appointed 
chief  justice. 

Nov.  16.  A  strong  remonstrance  is 
made  by  the  army  against  reconcilia- 
tion with  the  king.  [Nov.  30.  Parlia- 
ment refuses  to  consider  it.] 

Dec.  1.  The  king  is  seized  and  taken 
to  Hurst  Castle  by  the  army. 

Dec.  5.  Parliament  approves  the  king's 
proposals  in  the  Treaty  of  Newport  as 
the  basis  of  an  agreement;  the  army 
is  indignant,  and  it  proceeds  to  take  con- 
trol of  the  government. 

Dec.  6.  Col.  Pride,  by  the  direction  of 
CromweU,  coerces  Parhament  with 
military  force. 

He  surrounds  the  house  with  troops, 
orders  160  members  of  the  Commons 
home,  seizes  41  wlio  are  favorable  to 
reconciliation  with  the  king,  imprisons 
them  in  a  low  tavern  known  as  "  hell," 
and  permits  only  60  Independents  to 
enter  the  house.    These  are  called  the 


**Rump  Parliament,*'  and  the  act  of 
exclusion  is  known  as  **Pride's 
Purge.** 
Dec.  13.  Tlie  Rump  Parliament  cancels 
the  motion  to  proceed  with  the  Treaty 
of  Newport,  and  it  votes  to  bring  the 
king  to  trial. 

Dec.  23.  The  king  is  taken  under  guard 
to  Windsor. 

*  *  Ire.    The  Marquis  of  Ormonde  is 

appointed  lord  lieutenant. 

1649  Jan.  1.  H.  C.  A  conrt  of  135 
members  is  appointed  by  ordinance  for 
the  trial  of  the  king. 

Jan.  2.  H.  L.  The  Common's  ordinance 
for  the  king's  trial  is  rejected  ;  the 
Commons  vote  that  the  king  has  been 
guilty  of  treason  in  making  war  on  Par- 
liament. 

Jan.  4.  H.  C.  The  Commons  resolve 
that,  as  representatives  of  the  people, 
they  are  the  sole  law-making  power. 

Jan.  6.  H.  C.  The  Ctmimons  declare 
the  ordinance  for  the  king's  trial  to  be 
law  without  the  approval  of  the  House 
of  Lords. 

Jan.  20.    The  army  draws  up  a  form  of 

government. 

Jan.  20-27.  London.  Charles  I.  is 
tried  before  the  High  Court  of  Justice 
in  Westminster  Hall,  John   Bradshaw 

jiresiding,  and  67  members  present ;  the 
king  makes  no  defense,  but  denies  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  court. 

Jan.  27.  Charles  I.  is  condemned  to 
death.    [Jan.  30.     He  is  beheaded  at 

Whitehall.] 

1649-60  The  Revolution  ends  in  the 
commencement  of  the  Common- 
wealth. 

Feb.  6.  Edinburgh.  Charles  II.,  son 
of  Charles  1.,  is  proclaimed  king. 

Feb.  6,  7.  The  Kump  Parliament  passes 
resolutions  abolishing  monarchy,  and 
the  House  of  Ijorda. 

*  *  London.  A  Council  of  State  is  formed 
of  three  chief  judges,  three  commanders 
of  the  army,  five  peers,  and  .30  members 
of   the  Commons ;    John  Bradshaw  is 

president. 

Mar.  15.  John  Milton  (poet)  is  ap- 
pointed Latiii  Secretary  to  the  Council 
of  State. 

Apr.  25.  The  House  of  Lords  meets 
again. 

Apr,  27.  Lockyer,  leader  of  the  Level- 
ers,  is  shot  by  order  of  (Jovernment. 

May  30.  London.  The  Common- 
wealth is  proclaimed. 

Aug.  13.  Cromwell  embarks  for  Ireland 
to  suppress  a  Uoyalist  insurrection  un- 
der the  Marquis  of  Ormonde. 

*  *  Ire.  OUver  Cromwell  is  appointed 
lord  lieutenant. 

*  *  Parhament:  A  peer  sits  as  a  member 
of  the  Commons. 

*  *  The  great  seal  is  in  commission  for 
the  Commonwealth. 

1650  May  21.  Edinbvrt/li.  The  Mar- 
quis of  Montrose  is  executed,  after 
being  defeated  by  the  Covenanters, 

June  24.  Scot.  Charles  II.,  having 
agreed  to  the  Covenant,  is  proclaimed 
king.  [1651.  Jan.  1.  He  is  crowned  at 
Scone.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1649  Jan.  4.  London.  Sixty  houses  in 
Tower  Street  are  destroyed  oy  an  ex- 
plosion; a  child  in  its  cradle  lands  un- 
hurt on  the  roof  of  Barking  Church. 

1650  *  *  Chocolate  is  introduced  from 
Mexico. 


1650,** -1659,  Dec.  26.        GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1651  July  *  Scot.  Charles  U.,  with 
16,000  men,  invades  England. 

Sept.  3.  Charles  II.  is  defeated  at  'Wor- 
cester by  Cromwell.  [He  escapes  to 
France.] 

1652  May  *  Ire.  The  subjugation  of 
the  country  is  completed.  [Three  of  its 
provinces  are  occupied  by  Knglish  colo- 
nists.] 

May  19.  Naval  battle  in  the  Bowns : 
Adm.  Kobert  Hlake  defeats  the  Dutch 
under  Adm.  Van  Tromp.  [War  between 
Holland  and  England  follows.] 

1652-54  War  with  HoUaud  over  navi- 
gation laws. 

Sept.  28.  Adm.  Kobert  Blake  defeats 
Cornelius  De  Witt  and  Adm.  I>e  Uuyter 
in  a  naval  battle  in  the  Channel. 

Nov.  30.    Naval  battle  in  the  Downs. 

Adm.    Van   Tromp    defeats    Adm. 

Robert  Blake,  and    sails    the   Channel 

with  a  broom  at  his  masthead,  to  show 

that  he  had  swept  the  seas. 

*  *  The  walls  and  fortifications  of  Man- 
chester are  razed. 

1653  Feb.  18-20.  Adm.  Van  Tromp 
is  defeated  by  Adm.  Robert  Blake  off 
Portland,  after  a  hard  struggle.  [June 
2,  3.    Again  off  North  Foreland.] 

July  31.  Neth.  Naval  battle  off  the 
Texel,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Zuyder  Zee. 
Van  Tromp  is  defeated  and  killed 
by  the  English  under  Gen.  George  Monk. 
[Rewards  and  medals  are  granted  by  the 
House  of  Commons  to  the  victors.] 

1655  Mar.  *-Apr.  *  Admiral  Robert 
Blake  punishes  pirates  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  bombards  Algiers. 

May  10.  W.  I.  Jamaica  is  captured 
by  the  English  under  Adms.  Penn  and 

Venables. 

1656-59    War  with  Spain  is  caused  by 

English  aggression  on  the  sea. 

1656  Sept.  9.  One  of  Admiral  Blake's 
captains  captures  two  Spanish  treas- 
ure-ships of  great  value,  off  Cadiz. 

Oct.  *  London.  Parliament  reduces  the 
authority  of  major-generals. 

*  *  Belg.  Charles  II.  first  raises  the 
Roy^  Regiment  of  Guards  in  Flan- 
ders, with  Lord  John  Wentworth  as 
colonel. 

1657  Apr.  20.  Blake  destroys  a  Span- 
ish fleet  off  Santa  Cruz,  Canary  Isles. 

1658  May  *  Fr.  Dunkirk  is  besieged 
by  the  English  and  French  under  Mar- 
shal Turenne. 

June  4.  (o.s.)  Fr.  Battle  of  the  l>une8, 
near  Dunkirk  :  The  English  and  French 
under  Marshal  Turenne  defeat  the  Span- 
iards under  Conde. 

June  17  ±.  Fr.  Dunkirk  capitulates. 
[It  is  given  to  the  English.  Ypres  and 
other  Flemish  towns  also  submit.] 

1659  Aug.  *  A  Royalist  insurrection 
in  Cheshire,  led  by  Sir  George  Booth. 
is  crushed  at  Winnington  Bridge  by  the 
army  under  John  Lambert. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1656  *  *  London.  Mrs.  Colman  appears 
in  The  Siege  of  Rhodes  at  Rutland  House 
in  the  character  of  lanthe;  the  first 
female  to  take  a  part  in  a  public  musi- 
cal or  dramatic  performance  in  Eng- 
land. 


1657-59  Dr.  Robert  Hooke  claims  to 
discover  the  method  of  regulating  the 
movement  of  watches  by  means  of  a 
balance-wheel. 

1658    Sept.  3.     A  hurricane   prevails 

throughout  Europe,  doing  very  consid- 
erable damage  on  the  day  of  Cromweirs 
death. 

*  *  The  Thames  ebbs  and  flows  twice  in 
three  hours. 

*  *  Pocket  watches  are  first  made. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1650    June  34.     Marlborough,  Buke  of, 
John  Churchill,  general,  statesman,  b. 

Benbow.  John,  aibniral,  born. 

Collier,  Jeremy,  clergyniaii,  critic,  an.,  b. 

Crasliaw.  Kichard,  clergyman,  poet,  A44. 

Fletcher,  Phineas,  poet,  A6H. 

Gwyn,  Eleanor,  actor,  niistreaa,  born. 

Hauk9l)ee,  or  Hawksliee,  Francis,  phy.,  b. 

Heywood,  Thomas,  dramatist,  dies. 

Montrose,  Marquis  of,  James  Graham,  gen- 
eral, Scotland,  A38. 

Rooke,  Sir  George,  admiral,  born. 

Shovel,  Sir  C^loudesley,  admiral,  born. 
1651*   *  Ireton,  Henry,  general,  A41. 

Otway,  Thomas,  poet,  dramatist,  horn. 

Webster,  Jolm,  poet,  dramatist,  dies. 

1652  *  *  Dampier,  William,  navigator,  born. 
Jones.  Inigo,  architect,  A80. 

Tate,  Nahuni,  poet,  horn. 

Pitcairne,  Archibald,  phys.,  au.,  Scot.,  b. 

Somers.  Lord  John,  statesman,  born. 

1653  *  *  Fletcher,  Andrew,  of  Saltoun,  politi- 
cal writer,  Scotland,  born. 

Oldham,  .lohn,  satirical  poet,  born. 

1654  *  *  Blount,  Cliarles,  delstical  writer,  b. 
Selden,  John,  scholar,  anti<iuary,  au.,  A72. 
Sewel,  William,  Quaker  historian,  born. 
Taylor,  John,  poet,  A74. 

1666  ♦  *  Fleetwood,  William,  bishop  of  Ely, 
orator,  born. 

Hall,  Joseph,  bishop  of  Exeter,  an.,  A82. 

Halley,  Edmund,  astronomer,  math.,  born. 

Molyneaux,  William,  mathematician,  born. 

Usher,  James,  archbishop  of    Armagh, 
scholar,  historian,  chronologist.  Ire.,  A76. 
1657  *   *  Blake,  Robert,  admiral,  A58. 

Dennis,  John,  poet,  critic,  born. 

Derhain,  William,  cl.,  natural  phil.,  born. 

Fenwick,  George,  administrator,  dies. 

Harvey,  W^illiam.  physician,  discoverer  of 
circulation  of  blood,  A79. 

Lee,  Nathaniel,  dramatist,  born. 

Lindal,  Matthew,  theological  writer,  born. 
1668*  *  Cromwell.  Oliver,  protector,  gen- 
eral, statesman,  A59. 

Lovelace,  Richard,  poet,  A40. 

Patterson.  "William,  fdr.  Bank  of  Eng.,  b. 

Peterborough,  Karl   of,  CharleB   Mordaunt. 
general,  admiral,  statesman,  born. 

Purcell,  Henry,  musical  composer,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1650  *  *  The  Muggletonians  become 
prominent. 

They  follow  the  teachings  of  Ludowick 
Muggleton,  a  tailor,  asserting  that  God 
the  Father  suffered  death  in  human 
form  on  the  cross,  and  that  Muggleton 
and  John  Reeve  were  the  last  witnesses 
of  God  before  the  end  of  the  world. 

±  *  *  The  term  Reverend  as  an  honorary 
appellation  is  first  given  to  the  clergy. 

*  *  Baptist  churches  begin  to  form  asso- 
ciations, they  being  the  most  numerous 
of  all  Dissenters. 

1652  *  *  Jews  are  readmitted  into  Eng- 
land by  Cromwell,  after  being  excluded 
for  365  years. 

1653  July  25.  Scot.  The  General 
Assembly  of  the  Scottish  Church,  con- 
vened at  Edinburgh,  is  dismissed  by  Cot- 
terel  under  the  laws  forbidding  that  as 
many  as  three  of  them  be  seen  together. 

*  *  John  Bunyan  is  converted,  and  the 
burden  of  his  sins  is  gone ;  be  becomes 
a  Baptist.     [1G57.    He  begins  to  preach.] 

1654  June  23.  Southwick,  a  Catholic 
clergyman  in  his  72d  year,  is  executed. 


1655  Oct.  19.  Scot.  The  kirk  refuses 
to  observe  the  fast  appointed  by  Crom- 
well —  the  civil  power ;  it  is  alleged  that 
only  the  kirk  can  make  such  ajipoiut- 
ments. 

*  *  Oliver  Cromwell,  by  threats,  obtains 
some  degree  of  toleration  for  the  perse- 
cuted "Waldenses  in  France. 

*  *  London.  The  festival  of  the  Sons  of 
the  Clergy  [lield  annually  at  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral]  is  instituted  as  a  charity. 
[1678.     July  1.     Incorporated.] 

*  *  Anglican  clergyuien  are  forbidden 
to  officiate  as  preachers  or  teachers ; 
priests  are  ordered  to  leave  the  king- 
dom. 

*  *  It.    Alexander  VII.  is  elected  pope. 

1656  *  *  London.  The  first  Portuguese 
synagogue  is  erected  in  King  Street, 
Duke's  Place. 

1658*  *  London.  The  Independents  pub- 
lish an  epitome  of  their  faith  drawn 
up  at  a  conference  at  the  Savoy. 

*  *  DubUn.  The  first  meeting  of  the 
Quakers  in  Ireland  is  held. 

LETTERS. 

1651*  *  The  Leviathan,  by  Thomas 
Hobbes,  appears.  [1654,  Of  Liberty  and 
Necessity.] 

*  *  Reliquiae  Wottonianm,  by  Sir  Henry 
Wotton,  is  published  by  Izaak  Walton. 

*  *  Gondibert,  by  Sir  William  Davenant, 
appears. 

1651-52    Richard     Marvell    writes    his 

Garden  Poems. 
1651-56    Sifex    Sclntillans,    by    Henry 

Vaughan,  appears. 

1652  *  *  Priest  to  the  Temple,  by  George 
Herbert,  appears. 

1653  Oct.  8.  London.  The  Public  In- 
telligence is  issued. 

Oct.  *  Scot.  Mercurius  Politicus  is  is- 
sued at  Leith. 

*  *  Cheetham  College,  or  Blue-coat 
Hospital,  is  foimded  at  Manchester. 

1653-55  The  Complete  Angler,  by  Izaak 
Walton,  appears. 

*  *  Revenge  for  Honor,  by  George  Chap- 
man, appears. 

1655  The  censorship  of  the  press  by  a 
license  is  established. 

'*'  *  A  Panegyric  to  my  Lord  Protector  of 
the  Present  Greatness  and  Joint  Interest 
of  His  Highness  and  this  Nation,  by  Ed- 
mund Waller,  appears  ;  also,  On  a  War 
with  Spain. 

1656  *  ♦  Oceana,  by  James  Harrington, 
appears. 

*  *  Church  History  of  Britain,  by  Thomas 
Fuller,  appears.  [1*662,  Worthies  of  Eng- 
land.] 

1657**Durham  University  is 
founded.  [It  collapses  at  the  Kestora- 
tion.] 

1658  *  *  Oroonoko,  by  Aphra  Behn,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Heroic  Stanzas  ok  the  Death  of  Crom- 
well, by  John  Dryden,  appears.  ' 

1658-65  Paradise  Lost  is  written  by 
John  Milton.     [1667.    Published.] 

SOCIETY. 

1650  *  *  The  Jews  return  to  England  by 
permission  of  Cromwell,  after  having 
been  banished  365  years. 

*  *  The  first  coffee-house  known  in 
England  is  kej)!  by  a  Jew,  named  Ja^ 
cobs,  in  Oxford. 

1652  Apr.  29.  Genera]  alnrm  prevails 
bccauf^c  of  an  eclipse  of  the  sun. 


AND    IRELAND.  1650,  *  *-1659,  Dec.  26.    889 


*  *  London.  Pasquet,  a  Greek  servant  of 
an  Englisli  Turkey  merchant,  opens  the 
first  coffee-house  known  in  the  city,  in 
George  Yard,  Lombard  Street. 

1653  Aug.  24.  Parliament  permits 
marriages  to  he  solemnized  by  justices 

of  the  peace. 

1654  Mar.  31.  Parliament  prohibits 
cock-fightiBg.  [It  is  called  an  act  of 
usurpation.] 

1655  *  *  An  unsuccessful  attemptis  made 
to  assassinate  Cromwell  by  Penrml- 
dock.  [1657.  Jan.  *  Another,  by  Sin- 
dercombe  and  others.] 


STATE. 

1651  Sept.*  Cromwell  unites  Scot- 
land with  the  English  Commonwealth. 

Oct.  0.  Parliament:  The  first  naviga- 
tion lE'nr  is  passed. 

It  forbids  the  importation  of  goods  in 
non-English  vessels,  excepting  vessels  of 
the  country  producing  the  goods;  it  is 
designed  to  cripple  the  commerce  of  the 
Butch,  with  whom  it  causes  war, 

1652  Feb.  *  London.  The  Act  of  In- 
demnity and  Oblivion  is  passed. 

Aug.  12.  Parliament:  The  "Act  for  the 
settlement  of  Ireland"  is  passed. 

It  prescribes  various  degrees  of  pun- 
ishment, including  death,  banishment, 
and  confiscation  of  estates,  for  Catholics 
and  Royalists. 

*  *  Parliament :  The  **  Rump  "  contends 
with  the  army,  and  opposes  the  election 
of  a  new  Parliament  unless  the  seats  of 
present  members  are  retained. 

*  *  Parliament :  Members  of  the  Com- 
mons are  bribed  in  connection  with  the 
ransom  of  confiscated  estates  by  Roy- 
alists. 

1653  Apr.  6.  Sir  Edward  Herbert  is 
appointed  the  king's  lord  keeper. 

Apr.  20.  Cromwell  dissolves  the 
Rump  or  the  Iiong  Parliament  by  the 
aid  of  the  military,  and  locks  the  doors 
of  the  house  ;  he  also  dissolves  the  Coun- 
cil of  State. 

July  4.  A  new  Parliament,  summoned 
by  Cromwell,  assembles. 

It  has  140  members  [and  is  called  the 
Little,  or  Barebone's  Parliament]. 

Sept.  26.  Parliament:  A  second  "Act 
of  Settlement  of  Ireland  "  is  passed. 

It  sets  aside  the  confiscated  estates  in 
Leinster,  Munster,  and  Ulster  for  Prot- 
estant colonists  and  supporters  of 
Cromwell.  [Those  who  have  borne  arms 
against  the  Parliament,  mainly  Catho- 
lics, are  required  to  "  remove  and  trans- 
plant "  themselves  into  Connaught  be- 
fore May,  1654.] 

Dec.  12.  Parliament:  The  partisans 
of  Cromwell  surrender  their  i)owers  to 
him.     [The  majority  approve  the  act.] 

1653-50    The  Protectorate. 

1653-58.  Oliver  Cromwell  Lord  Pro- 
tector. 

Dec.  16.  Parliament:  An  act  is  passed 
declaring  Oliver  Cromwell  lord  pro- 
tector for  life  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
England.  Ireland,  and  Scotland. 

A  written  constitution  is  the  "  instru- 
ment of  government ; "  it  provides  for  a 


council,  not  to  exceed  21  members,  or  be 
less  than  13 ;  a  standing  army  of  30,000 
men  ;  a  triennial  Parliament,  consisting 
of  460  members,  and  not  to  be  dissolved 
In  less  tiian  five  months,  and  to  have  the 
sole  power  of  levying  taxes  and  grant- 
ing supplies. 

*  *  The  post-office  is  farmed  to  John 
Manley. 

1654  Apr.  5.  Peace  is  concluded  with 
Holland. 

Apr.  23.  Fr.  A  proclamation  is  sent 
out  by  Charles  II.  against  "a  certain 
base  mechanic  fellow,  by  name  Oliver 
Cromwell,  and  a  usurper.  (?) 

Sept.  3.  Parliament  opens.  [1655.  Jan. 
22.    Dissolved.] 

Sept.  12.  Parliament:  The  protector 
excludes  members  who  refuse  to  sign 
a  pledge  to  support  him. 

In  this  Parliament  members  from 
Scotland  and  Ireland  for  the  first  time 
sit  side  by  side  with  members  from 
England. 

Oct.  13.  Parliament  resolves  that  the 
oftice  of  Protector  shall  be  elective,  not 
hereditary. 

*  *  The  great  seal  is  in  commission  [dur- 
ing the  Protectorate]. 

1655  Mar.  *  A  Royalist  insiirrection, 
headed  by  Sir  Joseph  Wagstaff,  Lord 
Wilmot,  Grove,  John  Penruddock,  and 
others  is  suppressed.  [May  16.  Penrud- 
dock and  Grove  are  beheaded  at  Exeter.] 

May  10.  W.  I.  Jamaica  capitulates 
[and  is  ceded  to  England]. 

June  15.  Sir  John  Glynne  is  appointed 
chief  justice. 

Oct.*  It.  The  Pacification  of  Pine- 
rolo  is  concluded  with  Louis  XIV. 

Cromwell  secures  protection  for  the 
persecuted  Vaudois  (Waldenses),  and  it 
is  stipulated  that  Charles  II.  be  expelled 
from  France. 

*  *  Parliament :  An  ordinance  is  issued 
imposing  a  tax  of  10  per  cent  on  the  es- 
tates of  Royalists. 

*  *  Parliament:  England  is  divided 
into  12  military  districts,  with  a  major- 
general  in  charge  of  each,  to  levy  the  10 
per  cent  tax,  to  disarm  Papists  and  Ca- 
valiers, and  imprison  suspected  persons. 

*  ♦  A  "  Board  of  Trade  and  Plantations" 
is  appointed,  and  is  the  first  movement 
toward  a  board  of  trade. 

1656  Sept.  17.  Parliament  opens. 
[1G58.    Feb.  4.    Dissolved.] 

Sept.  *  Members  are  again  excluded  from 
the  Commons. 

Dec.  *  The  House  of  Commons  assumes 
judicial  powers. 

In  the  case  of  James  Naylorja  Quaker, 
who  proclaims  himself  the  Redeemer, 
the  House  votes  him  guilty  of  blas- 
phemy, and  punishes  him  by  the  pillory 
and  branding  with  hot  irons. 

1657  Jan.  3.  Miles  SindercomVs  plot 
to  kill  the  protector  is  discovered.  [He 
is  condemned  to  execution,  but  is  found 
dead  in  his  bed.] 

Jan,  *  The  power  of  the  major-generals 

is  reduced. 
Mar.  25.    H.  C.    The  Commons  adopt 

the  "Humble  Petition  and  Advice," 

and  present  it  to  the  protector. 
Its  18  articles  provide  for  two  Houses 

of   Parliament,    the    non-exclusion    of 


members,  for  toleration  for  all  Chris- 
tians except  Roman  Catholics  and  Epis- 
copalians, and  that  the  head  of  the 
state  have  the  title  of  king. 

May  8.    The  title  of  king  is  offered  to 

Cromwell,  but  refused. 

May  ±*  A  tract  entitled  Killing  no  Mur- 
der, written  bv  Col.  Titus  (?),  is  ex- 
tensively circulated ;  it  applauds  the 
attempt  of  Simiercomb,  and  incites  to 
the  killing  of  the  protector. 

May  9.  Paris.  A  secret  treaty  is  alleged 
tohave  been  signed  at  this  date  by  Crom- 
well and  Louis  XIV.,  for  the  ruin  of  the 
monarchy  of  Spain.    (It  is  a  forgery.) 

June  26.  Oliver  Cromwell,  for  the 
second  time,  is  solemnly  inaugurated 
lord  protector. 

Dec.  lit.  Cromwell  issues  writs  to  GO 
persons  to  meet  at  Westminster  and 
compose  a  House  of  Lords. 

*  *  A  post-office  is  erected  *'  to  benefit 
commerce,  convey  the  public  despatches, 
and  as  the  best  means  to  discover  and 
prevent  many  dangerous  wicked  designs 
against  the  Commonwealth  by  the  in- 
spection of  the  correspondence." 

*  *  Ire.  Henry  Cromwell  is  appointed 
governor. 

1658  Jan.  20.  Parliament  meets. 
[Feb.  4.    Dissolved.] 

*  *  Popular  feeling  is  hostile  to  Cromwell. 

Roman  Catholics,  sceptics,  mystics, 
c  e  re  m  o  n  i  a  1  i  s  t  s,  latitudinarians,  and 
Presbyterians  are  against  him  ;  he  is 
upheld  by  the  army  alone. 

Sept.  3.  Oliver  Cromwell  dies,  aged 
59.  [Sept.  4.  Richard  Cromwell,  his 
son,  is  proclaimed  protector.] 

1658-59   Richard  Cromwell,  Protector 

of  the  Commonwealth. 

*  *  London.  A  council  of  army  officers 
rules  at  Walliugford  House. 

1659  Jan.  17.  Sir  Bichard  Newdi- 
gate  is  appointed  chief  justice.  Rob- 
ert Nicholas  is  also  appointed. 

Jan.  27.    Parliament  opens.    [Apr.  22. 

Dissolved.] 

*  *  H.  C.  Sir  Ashley  Cooper  bitterly 
attacks  the  Government  ;  the  army  offi- 
cers hotly  reply,  and  demand  the  disso- 
lution of  Parliament. 

Apr.  22.  Yielding  to  the  demand  of  the 
army,  Richard  dissolves  the  Parlia- 
ment. 

May  7.  The  Rump  Parliament  reas- 
sembles through  the  action  of  the 
army  ;  it  has  IfJO  members,  and  William 
Lenthall  is  Speaker.  [1660.  Mar.  16. 
Dissolved,] 

May  25.  Richard  Cromwell  resigns 
the  Protectorate. 

Aug.  *  A  royalist  rising  in  Cheshire, 

headed  by  Sir  George  Booth,  is  sup- 
jiressed  by  Parliamentary  forces  imder 
Gen.  John  Lambert. 

Oct.  13.  London.  The  army  under  Gen. 
Lambert  expels  the  Ruinp  Parlia- 
ment. [It  appoints  a  military  committee 
of  safety,  which  causes  divisions  in  the 
army,  and  rouses  opposition  in  the  navy.] 

Dec.  26.  London.  Forced  by  popular 
mjposition,  the  army  restores  the 
Rump  Parliament.  [The  tyranny  of 
the  army  weakens.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1662  *  •  Scot.  Glasgow  is  wasted  by  a 
great  fire. 


890     1659,  **-1664,* 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1660  Feb.  3.  London  is  entered  by 
Geii.  Monk  with  his  army. 

Apr,  *  John  Lambert  makes  an  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  to  rouse  the  army 
against  the  Royalists. 

May  16.  James,  Duke  of  York,  is  ap- 
pointed lord  high  admiral,  and  warden 
of  the  Cinqvie  Ports. 

July  7.  Gen.  Monk  is  created  Earl  of 
Torrington  and  Duke  of  Albemarle;  he 
is  made  captain-general. 

*  *  Special  privileges  are  granted  to  the 
Third  Buffs  Regiment,  formerly  the 
London  train-band. 

*  *  Col.  Jolm  liussell  raises  a  royal  regi- 
ment of  guards.  The  first  foot  guards 
[Grenadiers]  are  raised. 

*  *  The  wall  of  Gloucester  is  demol- 
ished by  order  of  tlie  king,  because  of 
its  successful  resistance  to  Charles  I.  17 
years  before. 

1661  Dec.  ♦  The  victualling  office  is 

instituted  for  managing  the  royal  navy. 

The  Coldstream  Guards  are  consti- 
tuted by  Duke  of  Albemarle  the  Second 
Regiment,  and  are  the  beginning  of  the 
standing  army- 

*  *  The  Horse  Guards  are  revived  by 
the  king. 

*  *  The  Second  Queen's  Boyal  Kesi- 
ment  is  raised. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1659  *  *  The  sugar  refining  process  is 
practised  (perhaps  previous  to  this  date). 

1660±  *  *  Astronomy,  chemistry,  medi- 
cine, and  physiology  make  decided  ad- 
vancement. 

1660-63  London.  Sir  Robert  Moray  is 
president  of  the  Royal  Society. 

1660-1702  The  spirit  level  and  many 
other  inventions  are  devised  by  Dr. 
Robert  Hooke. 

1661  *  *  Boyle*8  law  of  compression  of 
gases  appears. 

1662  Feb,  18.  London,  An  imprece- 
dented  storm  occurs. 

Apr.  8.    Scot.    An  eclipse  of  the  sun  is 

observed  on  ["Mirk  Monday"]. 

Apr,  22.  London,  The  Royal  Society  is 
incorporated  by  Charles  II. 

Its  appellation  is  '*  The  President. 
Council,  and  Fellowship  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  London,  for  improving  Nat- 
ural Knowledge." 

*  *  Dublin.  The  Orange  Street  [Smock- 
Alley]  Theater  is  erected. 

'  *  *  Charles  1 1.  Is  the  first  to  encourage  the 
public  appearance  of  females  on  the 
English  stage. 

*  *  London.  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital, 
with  William  Harvey  the  physiologist 
for  its  physician,  has  a  medical  school. 

1663  Apr.  2.  The  British  Royal  So- 
ciety of  Arts  is  chartered. 

Nov.  30.  London.  The  first  anniversary 
meeting  of  the  Royal  Society  is  held. 
Lord  Brouncker  becomes  president. 

*  *  Scot.  James  Gregory  invents  a  re- 
flecting telescope. 

*  *  A  telegraph  is  suggested  by  the  Mar- 
quis of  Worcester  in  his  Century  of  In- 
ventions ;  he  also  suggests  the  steam- 
engine  as  '*  a  way  to  drive  up  water  by 
fire." 

*  *  The  first  wire-mill  in  England  is 
erected  at  Mortlake.  A  sawmill  is 
erected. 


Their  introduction  is  violently  op- 
posed ;  one  is  erected  by  a  Dutchman. 
[1665.     He  is  forced  to  abandon  it.] 

1663-66  The  journeys  of  the  botanists, 
John  Ray  (Wray)  and  Francis  "Wil- 
loughby,  are  made  in  France,  Germany, 
and  Italy. 

1664  Dec.  24.  A  comet  called  the 
blazing  star  appears. 

*  *  Sir  Isaac  Newton  discovers  the  Dif- 
ferential Calculus,  or  method  of  flux- 
ions. [Discovered  about  the  same  lime 
by  licibnitz,]  He  obtains  a  suggestion 
of  gravitation  by  observing  the  fall  of 
an  apple. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1659  *  *  Arrowsmith,  John,  Puritan  cl.,  A57. 

ISradshaw,  .John,  judRe,  A57. 
1600*  *  Ainsworth,  Hobert,  gram.,  lexlc,  b. 

Harcourt,  Viscount,  .Sir  Simon,  statesman,  b. 

Marlborough.  Duchees  of,  Sarah  Jen- 
ningTB,  born. 

Macgrregror-Campbell,  Rob  Roy.  free- 
booter, .Scotland,  born. 

Shrewsbury,  Diike  of,  Cliarles  Talbot,  poet, 
stalesmart,  born. 

aioane,  Sir  Hans,  physician,  naturalist,  b. 

Southerne,  T bomas,  dramatist,  Ireland,  b. 

Urquhart,  or  Urcliard,  Richard,  translator, 
Scotland,  A55t. 

1661  "  ♦  De  Foe,  Daniel,  jour.,  novelist,  b. 
Fuller,  Thomas,  preacher,  hist.,  au.,  A53. 
Garth,  Sir  Samuel,  poet,  physician,  born. 
Halifax,    Earl    of,    Charles    Montag^ue, 

statesman,  born. 
Harley,  Koliert,  Karl  of  Oxford,  states.,  b. 

1662  Apr.  30.    Mary  II..  queen,  daughter 
of  James  II.,  wife  of  William  111.,  born. 

Atterbury.  Francis,  bishop  of  Rochester, 
states.,  controversialist,  author,  born. 

Baillie,  Robert,  theologian,  historian,  A63. 

Hentley,  Richard,  classical  scholar,  born. 

Kiddle,  .John,  Unitarian  theologian,  au.,  A47. 

Fiennes.  William,  Lord  Saye  and  Sele.  states- 
man, A80. 

(iauden,  John,  bishop  of  Exeter,  au.,  A57. 

Henry,  Matthew,  clergyman,  author,  born. 

Heylin,  Peter,  hist.,  polemical  writer,  A62. 

Innes,  Thomas,  historian,  Sfoiland,  born. 

Wesley,  Samuel,  f.  of  John  Wesley,  cl.,  au.,  b. 

1663  *   *  Brown,  Thomas,  satirist,  born. 
Byng-.  George,  Viscount  Torrington,  ad.,  b. 
Juxon,  William,  arch,  of  Canterbury,  AKl. 
Sanderson,  Robert,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  moral 

philosopher,  A76. 

1664  Feb.  6.    Anne,  queen,  born. 
Cowper,  Karl,  William,  statesman,  born. 
Prior,  Matthew,  poet,  statesman,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1659  *  *  Quakers  are  persecuted. 

It  is  stated  in  Parliament  that  2,000  Friends 
have  endured  sufferings  and  imprisonment 
in  Newgate;  and  164  Friends  now  ofTer 
themselves  by  name  to  the  Government  to 
be  imprisoned  as  substitutes  for  the  relief  of 
an  ecpial  number  who  are  in  danger  of  death 
from  close  confinement. 

1660  Oct  25.  The  king  issues  a  dec- 
laration avowing  himself  an  Episcopa- 
lian, antl  eommending  toleration, 

Nov.  20.    The  bishops  again  take  seats 

in  the  House  of  Lords. 

*  *  John  Bunyan  refuses  to  conform  to 
the  Church  of  Kngland,  and  is  taken  to 
liedford  jail  under  a  sentence  for  12 
years. 

*  *  "William  Juxton  is  chosen  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury.  [1663.  Gilbert 
Sheldon.] 

1660-88  Scot.  The  Scottish  Church 
is  "  in  the  wilderness,"  suffering  cruel 
persecutions. 

1661  J^an.  6.  London.  About  80  Ana- 
baptists rise  in  insurrection,  headed  by 
their  preacher ;  tliey  tight  desperately, 
but  are  subdued ;  17  are  executed. 

Apr.  *- July*  Fruitless  Savoy  Confer- 
ence of  Episcopalians  and  Presbyterians 
is  held  for  the  revision  of  the  liturgy,  to 
make  it  acceptable  to  both  parties. 


*  *  Scot.  James  Sharpe  is  made  arch- 
bishop of  St.  Andrews,  and  attempts  to 
introduce  Episcopacy. 

May  17.  Parliament  votes  that  every 
member  shall  receive  the  sacrament 
according  to  the  forms  of  the  Anglican 
Church. 

May  22.  London.  The  Solemn  League 
and  Covenant  is  burned  by  the  com- 
mon hangman  [and  afterwards  through- 
out the  country]. 

Oct.  19.  John  James,  a  Sabbatarian 
Baptist^  is  dragged  out  of  his  pulpit  to 
prison.  [Afterwards  hanged  and  quar- 
tered.] 

Dec.  15.  Scot.  Episcopacy  is  restored, 
and  three  bishops  are  consecrated  by 
Sheldon,  Bishop  of  London. 

*  *  Scot.  The  National  Covenant  is 
signed  in  Greyfriars  Church. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Scottish  Parliament,  in  the 
interest  of  the  king,  reestablishes  the 
royal  supremacy,  and  annuls  the  Solemn 
Xieague  and  Covenant. 

1662  May  10.  Parliament :  The  Uni- 
formity in  Religion  Act  is  passed. 

It  restores  the  Church  of  England, 
obliges  all  the  clergy  to  subscribe  to  the 
Thirty-nine  Articles,  use  the  same  forms, 
and  the  same  book  of  common  prayer. 
It  requires  all  clergymen,  fellows,  and 
schoolmasters  to  accept  and  use  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

Aug.  24.  "Black  Bartholomew*s 
Day." 

The  Uniformity  Act  goes  into  opera- 
tion [wliich  causes  2,000  non-conformine 
ministers  to  resign  their  benefices,  and 
quit  the  Church  of  England.] 

Dec.  *  The  king  suspends  tlie  Conform- 
ity Act  by  proclamation,  out  of  respect 
for  peaceable  people  having  tender  and 
misguided  consciences,  but  aiming  at 
toleration  for  Catholics. 

*  *  The  Prayer-book  is  revised. 

*  *  Non-conformists  begin  to  be  called 
Dissenters. 

1663  July  27.     A  bill  for  the  better 

preservation  of  the  Sabbath  is  stolen 
from  the  House  of  Commons  before  it 
receives  the  king's  signature. 

1664  May  17.  Parliament:  The  Con- 
venticle Act  is  passed. 

It  forbids  more  than  five  persons  meeting 
for  religious  worship,  ex<^ept  sueh  as  are  reg- 
ulated by  the  Hook  of  Common  Prayer;  also 
forbidding  any  jierson  over  16  years  of  age 
attending  any  meeting  other  than  sueh  as  the 
liturgy  of  the  Church  of  England  allows; 
banishment  is  the  penalty  for  the  third 
offense. 

LETTERS. 
1659*  *  TheWkofeDutyo/Man&ppes^TS. 
[Authorship  uncertain.] 

1660  *  *  7V>  the  King  on  His  Majesty's 
Happy  lieturn,  by  Edmund  Waller,  ap- 
pears. [I^ater,  Go,  Lovely  Hose,  To 
ChlariSf  and  many  other  poems.] 

*  *  Astrssa  lifdux,  celebrating  the  Resto- 
ration, by  John  Dryden,  appears. 

1660-69     Samuel  Pepys   writes  his 

Diary. 
1661*  *  The  Government  represses 

*'  disorders  in  printing." 

*  *  Scot.  Mercurius  Caledonius,  the  first 
Edinburgh  newspaper,  appears. 

1662-85  Treatise  of  Taxes  and  Contri- 
bufions,  by  Sir  William  Petty,  appears. 

1663  *  *  The  Lucasian  professorship  of 
mathematics  is  established  at  Cam- 
bridge. 

*  *  Coffee-houses  —  the  literary  clubs  of 
the  day  —  abound. 


i 


AND    IRELAND. 


1659,**-1664, 


891 


*  •  Budibras^  by  Samuel  Butler,  appears. 

*  •  The  li'Uff  Gallant,  John  Dryden's  first 
play,  appears.    [1(J67,  Annus  Jilirabilis.] 

*  •  Algernon  Sidney  writes  IHscourses 
Concennnt;  Government,  [1698.  Pub- 
lished.] 

1664-65  Mar.  6.  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions is  lirst  published. 

SOCIETY. 

1660  July  6.  Charles  II.  resumes 
touching:  for  the  curing  of  scrofula. 

Aug.  13.  Charles  II.  issues  a  proclama- 
tioQ  against  dueling. 

*  *  The  theaters  are  reopened. 

*  *  Titles  created,  Earl  of  Sandwich. 
[16*11,  Earl  of  Essex,  and  Earl  of  Car- 
lisle ;  16C3,  Earl  of  Doncaster.] 

*  *  Ire.  Titles  created,  Viscount  of  Mas- 
sereene  and  Ferrard  (1797).  [1661,  Earl 
of  Drogheda,  and  A'iscount  of  Chol- 
mondeley ;  1665,  Viscount  of  Charle- 
moiit.] 

*  *  Scot.  The  title,  Earl  of  Newburgh,  is 
created. 

*  *  With  the  abolition  of  tenures  in  cap- 
ite,  knights*  service,  etc.,  serfdom  is 
finally  extinguished. 

*  *  Masquerades  are  frequent  among  the 
citizens. 

1660-85  Tennis  is  introduced  from 
France,  and  becomes  fashionable. 

1661  Jan.  1.  Edinburf/h.  Parliament 
meets,  and  **  has  a  mad  and  roaring 
time,"  the  men  of  affairs  being  almost 
all  drunk. 

Jan.  3.     London.    The  comedy  of  Beg- 

?ar^8  Bush  is  produced  at  Lincoln's  Iiin 
ields.  "  Here  the  first  time  that  ever 
I  saw  a  woman  on  the  stage."  (Pepys's 
Diary.) 

Jan.  30.  The  bodies  of  Cromwell, 
Bradshaw,  and  Ireton  are  dragged 
from  their  grand  tombs  in  Westminster 
and  hanged  on  the  gallows,  and  their 
heads  set  on  poles  at  Westminster  Hall. 

Apr.  25.  An  act  for  licensing  sellers 
of  wine  is  passed. 

1662*  *  Notorious  profligacy  of  the 
king  and  his  court. 

Charles  presents  his  mistress.  Lady 
Castlemaine,  to  the  queen  in  the  pres- 
ence of  his  court. 

1663  Apr.  8.  /.owrfon.  The  first  play- 
bill is  issued  from  Drury  Lane  Theater, 
entitled  Ilumovrous  Lieutenant,  play  to 
commence  at  three  o'clock  precisely. 

1664  May  18.  "  His  Sacred  Majesty," 
Charles  II.,  advertises  that  he  will  at- 
tend to  healing  by  touching  during 
May. 

*  •  Sir  Matthew  Hale  burns  two  persons 
for  witchcraft. 

STATE. 

1659*  *  London.  The  ballot-box  is  used 
at  a  Rota  Club  meeting. 

1660  Feb.  3.  London.  Gen.  Monk 
enters  at  the  head  of  the  army  [and  as- 
sumes control  of  the  Government]. 

Feb.  21.  Members  of  Parliament  ex- 
cluded in  1648  are  restored  bv  Monk  j 
the  Long  Parliament  is  reestablished. 

Mar.  16.    The  Long   Parliament  is 

finally  dissolved  by  its  own  act. 

Apr.  *  Gen.  Xiambert  makes  a  last  at- 
tempt to  rouse  the  army  for  the  over- 
throw of  the  lloyalists  ;  he  is  defeated 
and  arrested. 

Apr.  14.  Netk.  Declaration  of  Breda. 
Charles  II.,  at  Breda,  promises  a  gen- 
eral pardon,  religious   toleration,   sat- 


isfaction to  the  army,  settlement  of 
confiscated  estates  on  their  present  pos- 
sessors. 

Apr.  25.  Parliament  opens.  [Dec.  29. 
Dissolved.]  It  has  556  members,  chosen 
without  restriction  [*'  the  Convention 
Parliament"]. 

May  1.  Parliament  votes  that  the  gov- 
ernment of  England  shall  be  by  King, 
Xjords,  and  Commons,  and  loyally  ac- 
cepts the  king's  Breda  declaration. 

May  8.    Restoration  of  the  Stuarts. 

1660-85    Charles  II.  reigns. 

Charles  II.,  son  of  Charles  I.,  is  pro- 
claimed by  both  Houses  of  Parliament 
as  king  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ire- 
land. [May  25.  He  lands  at  Dover. 
May  29.    He  enters  London.] 

June*  Parliament:  Tonnage  and 
poundage  are  granted  to  Charles  for 
life. 

Aug.  *  An  act  of  general  amnesty  for 
political  offenders,  except  regicides,  is 
passed,  and  receives  the  royal  assent. 

Sept.  3.  James,  Duke  of  York,  the  king's 
brother,  secretly  marries  Anne  Hyde, 
daughter  of  Edward  Hyde,  Earl  of  Clar- 
endon. 

Sept.  4.  Parliament  grants  to  the  king 
an  annual  income  of  £1,200,000.  [For 
this  Charles  consents  to  the  abolition  of 
the  feudal  claims  of  knights'  service, 
wardships,  and  purveyance.] 

Oct.  *  London.  Twenty-nine  persons  are 
tried  and  convicted  for  connection 
with  the  execution  of  Charles  I. 

Of  the  regicides,  25  are  dead,  19  are  in 
exile,  19  having  surrendered  under  the 
king's  proclamation  are  imprisoned  for 
life,  and  10  are  executed— Harrison, 
Scot,  Carew,  Jones,  Clements,  Scroope, 
Cook,  Axtele,  Hacker,  and  Peters. 

Oct.  *  The  army  is  disbanded,  except 
5,000  men. 

Oct.  *  Bishops  are   restored   to  their 

sees  and  to  Parliament. 

Dec.  27.  Parliament:  An  act  is  passed 
for  erecting  a  general  post-office.  (See 
1657.)  It  is  enacted  that  none  but  the 
postmaster  or  his  deputies  shall  fur- 
nish post-horses  for  travelers. 

*  *  Ministers:  Sir  Edward  Hyde  [Earl  of 
Clarendon],  George  Monk  [Duke  of  Al- 
bemarle] ,  Edward  Montagu  1  Earl  of 
Sandwich],  Lord  Saye  and  Sele ;  Earl 
of  Manchester,  Lord  Seymour,  and  Sir 
Robert  Long. 

*  *  Parliament:  A  tax  of  eightpence  is 
levied  on  every  gallon  of  tea  made  for 
sale. 

*  *  Charles  establishes  two  Councils  of 
Trade  for  controlling  the  commerce  of 
the  country  and  foreign  plantations. 

*  *  London.    The  Sast  India  Company, 

with  a  capital  of  £30,000,  is  chartered. 

*  ♦  Sir  Robert  Foster  is  appointed  chief 
justice. 

*  *  Edward,  Lord  Hyde  [Earl  of  Claren- 
don], is  appointed  lord  high  chancellor. 

1661  Jan.  1.  Edinburgh.  The  Scottish 
Parliament  meets. 

Jan.  6.  London,  A  rising  of  Fifth 
Monarchy  men  takes  place  under 
Thomas  Venner,  a  cooper. 

They  proclaim  Jesus  Christ  as  their 
king,  and  they  kill  many  persons  who 
resist  them.  [Venner  and  16  of  his  fol- 
lowers are  tried  and  executed.] 


Apr.  23.  London.  Charles  II.  is 
crowned. 

May  8.  Parliament  opens.  [1679.  Jan. 
24.  Dissolved.  It  is  called  the  "cava- 
lier," or  Pension  Parliament.] 

May  27.  Scot.  The  Marquis  of  Argyll 
is  beheaded  as  an  Anti-Koyalist. 

Nov.  20.  Parliament:  The  Corpora- 
tion Act  is  passed. 

It  requires  all  municipal  officers  and 
magistrates  to  receive  the  sacrament 
according  to  the  rites  of  the  Church  of 
England,  to  renounce  the  League  an<l 
Covenant,  and  to  take  oath  declaring  it 
to  be  unlawful  to  bear  arms  against  the 
king  for  any  cause. 

*  *  Parliament :  The  Covenant  between 
England  and  Scotland,  which  Charles 
II.  accepted  in  1650,  is  declared  to  be 
illegal,  and  ordered  to  be  burned. 

*  *  E.  Ind.  Bombay  is  ceded  to  Charles 
by  Portugal,  as  part  of  the  dowry  of  his 
queen. 

1662  May  19.     Act   of  Uniformity 

passed.    (See  Church.) 

May  20.  Charles  H.  marries  Cather- 
ine of  Braganza,  daughter  of  John  IV., 
King  of  Portugal. 

Nov.  *  Dunkirk  is  sold  to  France  for 
£400,000. 

*  *  Parliament:  The  Hearth,  or  Chim- 
ney Tax,  is  imposed.  [It  produces  about 
£200,000  "hearth  money"  a  year. 
Milled  shillings  are  coined.] 

*  *  Parliament:  The  Act  of  Settlement 
for  Ireland  is  passed. 

It  makes  regulations  respecting  tlie 
disposal  of  conflscated  estates,  and  oper- 
ates largely  against  Catholics. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Duke  of  Ormonde  is  ap- 
pointed lord  lieutenant. 

1663  Oct.  *  There  is  another  rising  of 
Fifth  Monarchy  men  in  the  northern 

counties. 

*  *  Guineas  lire  first  coined  from  gold 
brought  from  Guinea. 

*  *  Sir  Robert  Hyde  is  appointed  chief 
justice.  Sir  Francis  North  is  first 
(modern)  king's  counsel.  The  post-oflB.ce 
is  farmed  to  Daniel  O'Neil. 

1664  May  17.  Parliament:  The 
Conventicle  Act.    (See  Church.) 

Sept.  8.  lU.S.A.]  New  Amsterdam  [New 
York]  IS  taken  from  the  Butch. 

*  *  Parliament:  Tlie  Triennial  Act  of 
1641  is  repealed. 

Dec*  Parliament:  £2,500.000  is  voted 
for  the  expenses  of  war  with  Holland, 
growing  out  of  conmiercial  rivalry  in 
African  gold-dust  and  slaves. 

*  *  W.  Afr.    Cape  Coast  Caatle  is  taken 

by  the  English. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1660  May  29.  The  new  conduit  runs 
with  wine  tor  a  few  hours  in  honor  of 
the  restoration  of  Charles.Il. 

Sept.  25.  Samuel  Pepys  records  his  first 
"cup  of  tea." 

*  *  London.  Banking  is  begun  by  Fran- 
cis Child. 

*  *  Toll-gates  and  turnpikes  are  first 
set  up. 

1665  Apr.  26.  London.  The  great 
plague  occurs. 

Fires  are  kept  up  night  and  day  for 
three  days  to  purify  the  air;  68,596  per- 
sons, some  say  I(X),000,  perish.  [The  in- 
fection is  not  totally  destroyed  till  the 
great  conflagration.] 


892     1665,  Feb.  22-1674,  *  *       GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1665  Feb.  22-67  July  21,  "War 
with  Holland. 

June  3.  The  Duke  of  York  defeats  the 
Dutch  fleet  off  Ix)westoft,  taking  18 
ships,  and  destroying  14 ;  Adm.  Opdani, 
in  command  of  the  Dutch,  and  his  crew 
are  blown  up. 

Sept.  4.  The  Earl  of  Sandwich  takes 
12  men-of-war  and  two  India  ships  from 
the  Dutch. 

1666  Jan.  16-67  July  21.  "War 
with  France. 

June  1-4.  Neth.  Battle  of  the  Downs : 
George  Monk,  Duke  of  Albemarle,  with 
54  ships,  defeats  the  Dutch  under  Adms. 
De  Ruyter  and  De  Witt,  with  80  ships, 
off  North  Foreland;  English  loss,  nine 
ships  ;  Dutch  loss,  15  ships. 

July  25,  26.  Naval  battle  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Thames  :  The  Dutch  are  driven  to 
their  ports,  losing248hip8,  four  admirals, 
and  4,000  men. 

♦  *  Scot.  The  Scotch  Presbyterians  re- 
bel against  the  establishment  of  Epis- 
copacy by  Charles  II. 

Nov.  28.  Scot.  Gen.  Dalziel  defeats  the 
insurgent  Covenanters  at  Pentland 
Hills,  near  Kdinburgh. 

1667  Jan.  *  -June  *  The  sailors  mu- 
tiny because  of  non-payment  of  wages. 

June  11.  The  Dutch  admiral  De  Ruy- 
ter sails  up  the  Thames,  within  20 
miles  of  London,  destroys  some  ships, 
and  burns  Sheerness. 

July  21.  The  war  with  France  and  with 
Holland  ends. 

1671  May  10.    Sir  Edward  Spragg 

destroys  12  Algeriue  ships-of-war. 

1672  Mar.  *  Lord  Ossory  attacks  a 
fleet  of  Dutch  merchantmen  in  the  Chan- 
nel, and  captures  four  shii>B. 

Mar.  17.    "War  with  Holland  begins. 

May  28.  De  Ruyter  is  defeated  by  the 
Duke  of  York  in  a  naval  battle  at  Sole- 
bay,  or  Southwold  Bay,  Suffolk. 

1673  Aug.  11.  Sir  Edward  Spragg 
is  killed  in  a  naval  battle  off  the  coast 
of  Holland  ;  Adms.  d'Estrees  and  De 
Ruyter  are  defeated. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1665  ♦  *  Robert  Boyle  experiments  on 
air,  discovers  its  elasticity,  and  improves 
the  air-pump. 

*  *  Robert  Hooke  studies  the  use  of  air 
in  combustion ;  he  also  propounds  the 
first  elements  of  the  undulatory  theory 
of  light. 

1666-71  Newton  discourses  on  disper- 
sion of  hght,  and  proves  its  compound 
nature  by  means  of  the  prismatic  lens. 
He  constructs  his  reflecting  telescope. 

*  *  Robert  Hooke  conveys  sounds  to  a 
distance  by  a  distended  wi  re  [tele- 
phone.] [1674.  He  devises  a  system  of 
gravitation.] 

•  *  Broadcloth  is  first  dressed  and  dyed 
by  Adrian  Breauwer. 

1669±  *  ♦  A  diving-bell  is  used  on  the 
coast  of  Mull  in  searcliing  for  the  wreck 
of  a  part  of  the  Spanish  Armada. 

•  *  Newton  lectures  on  the  analysis  of 
light.  Ho  originates  the  emission 
theory,  and  opposes  the  undulatory  the- 


ory.   [1670.    He  proves  the  law  of  grav- 
itation]. 

1670  *  *  John  Mayow  discourses  on 
respiration.  He  discovers  fire-air,  and 
shows  how  it  is  used  in  burning. 

1670-77  London.  A  monument  of 
XK)ndon,  commemorating  the  great  fire, 
is  erected  by  Christopher  Wren. 

The  pedestal  is  40  feet  high,  and  the 
edifice  altogether  202  feet ;  cost,  £14,600. 

*  *  London.  Dru3T?"  Xiane  Theater  is 
rebuilt  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren  at  a 
cost  of  £200,000. 

1672  *  *  The  experiments  of  Jean  Richer 
(France)  lead  Newton  to  prove  the 
earth  to  be  in  the  shape  of  an  oblate 
spheroid.  He  is  elected  a  member  of 
the  Royal  Society.  [1674.  He  makes 
discoveries  in  colors.] 

*  *  Edinburgh.    The  Theater  of  Music 

is  erected. 

1673  *  ♦  Glass  plate  for  coach  windows 
and  mirrors  is  made  at  Lambeth  by 
Venetians,  imder  the  patronage  of 
George  Viiliers,  Duke  of  Buckingham. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1666*  *  C'alamy,    Edmund,    Presbyterian 
clergyman,  chaplain  to  Charles  II.,  A66. 
Cowper,  William,  anaioinist,  born. 
Dlgby,  Sir  Kenehn,  phys.  philoaopher,  A62. 
Howell,  James,  traveler,  lexiocog.,  wr.,  A71. 
Shirley,  James,  dramatist,  A70. 
Vanbrugh,  Sir  John,  i)oet,  dram.,  arch.,  b. 

1667  Nov.  30.    Swilt,  Jonathan,  dean  of 
St.  Patrick's,  Dublin,  satirist,  au..  Ire.,  b. 

Arhuthnot,  John,  ])hysician,  wit,  miscella- 
neous writer,  born. 

Centlivre,  Susannah,  dramatist,  Ireland,  b. 

Cowley,  .\braham,  poet,  A49. 

Granville,  George,  Viscount  Lansdowne, 
poet,  dramatist,  statesman,  born. 

Lovat,  Lord,  Simon  P'raser,  sol.,  poL,  Scot.,  b. 

I'omfret,  John,  poet,  born. 

Taylor.  Jeremy,  Anglican  cL,  au.,  A54. 

AVhistou,  William,  cl.,  math.,  translator,  b. 

Wither,  George,  poet,  A 79. 

AVorcester,  Marquis  of,  Edward  Somerset, 
inventor  (steam-engine),  A66. 

1668  *  *  Astell,  Mary,  author,  born. 
Davenant,  Sir  William,  dramatist,  A63. 
Daye,  Stephen,  first  printer  Amer.  col.,  A57. 
Denhani,  Sir  John,  poet,  A53. 
Jlaittaire,  Michael,  bibliographer,  born. 
Waller,  Sir  Wm.,  parliamentary  gen.,  A71. 

1669  *  •  Ilalchen,  Sir  Jolin,  admiral,  born. 
Beaumont,  Basil,  rear-admiral,  born. 
Gibson,  Edmund  P.,  bp.  of  London,  born. 
King,  Peter,  jurist,  born. 

Prynne,  William,  Puritan  cL,antiq.,au.,  A69. 

1670  *   *  ('larke,  Jeremiah,  musical  comp.,  b. 
Congreve,  William,  i)oet,  dramatist,  born. 
Fltzjames.  James,  Duke  of  Berwick,  mar- 
shal, peer  of  France,  natural  son  of  James 
IL,  general,  born. 

Gagnier,  Jean,  professor  at  Oxford,  born. 
Monk.  Oeorgre.  Duke  of  Albemarle,  general, 

statesman,  A62. 
Toland,  John,  leader  of  English  deists,  born. 

167 1  *  *  Calamy,  Edmund,  cl.,  author,  b. 
Cibber,  Colley,  actor,  poet,  dramatist,  born. 
Fairfax,  Lord  Thomas,  pari,  general,  A60. 
Hyde.   Anne,  queen,  motlier  of  Mary  II. 

and  Anne,  A34. 

Law,  John,  financier,  Scotland,  born. 

Jlontagn,  Edward,  Earl  of  Manchester, 
statestnan.  A69. 

Philips,  Ambrose,  poet,  born. 

Shaftesbury,  third  £arl  of,  Anthony 
Cooper,  philosopher,  born. 

Steele,  Sir  Richard,  poet,  essay.,  pol.,  Ire.,  b. 
1673  May  1.  Addison.  Joseph,  poet,  es- 
sayist, under  Secretary  of  State,  Secretary 

of  State,  born, 

lioyle,  Edmund,  writer  on  games,  born. 

Manley,  Mary  de  la  Riviere,  novelist,  drama- 
tist, born. 

Montague,  Edward,  Earl  of  Sandwich,  ad- 
miral. A47. 

Sacheverell.  Henry,  cl.,  polemical  wr.,  b. 

Wilkins,  John,  bishop  of  Chester,  au.,  A58. 

1673  *  *  Oldmixon,  John,  historian,  born. 
Rowe,  Nicholas,  poet,  dramatist,  bom. 
Stanhope,  first  Earl,  James,  gen.,  states.,  b. 
Wharton,  Thomas,  anatomist,  A63. 

1674  Nov.  8.    Mlltoa,  John,  poet,  states- 
man, A66. 


Ayscue,  Sir  George,  statesman,  dies. 
Clarendon.  Earl  of.  Edward  Hyde,  states* 

man,  historian,  A6*>. 
Gibbs,  James,  architect,  born. 
Halyburton,  Tliomas,  cl.,  author,  Scot.,  b. 
Herrick,  Robert,  poet,  A  83. 
Hutchinson.  John,  philosoj)her,  born. 
Kash,  Richard,   '*  Beau   Nash,"  master  of 

ceremonies,  born. 
Potter,   John,   archbishop    of   Canterbury, 

antiq.,  author,  born. 
Sunderland,  third  Earl  of,  Charles  Spencer, 

statesman,  born. 
Watts,  Isaac,  dissenting  clergyman,  poet,  b. 

CHURCH. 

1665  Oct.  31.    Parliament:  The  Five 

Mile  Act  is  passed. 

It  forbids  all  persons  from  coming  wathin 
five  miles  of  any  Incorporate  tow  n,  or  non- 
conformist ministers  from  returning  to  any 
place  wliere  they  bad  formerly  been  settled 
as  ministers,  unless  they  have  subscriljed  to 
the  Act  of  rniformity,  and  have  on  oath  de- 
clared it  unlawful  to  take  up  arms  against 
the  king  under  any  pretense.  They  are  also 
declared  incajiable  of  teaching  or  keeping 
boarders.  It  prevents  their  tilling  tlie  pul- 
pits made  vacant  by  the  plague. 

1666  *  *  Non-conformists  are  perse- 
cuted; "William  Pemi  is  tried  under 
the  Conventicle  Act. 

1667  *  *  It.  Clement  IX.  is  elected  pope. 
[1670,  Clement  X. ;  1676,  Innocent  XI. ; 
1689,  Alexander  VIII.;  1691,  Innocent 
XII.] 

*  *  Homan  Catholics  are  excluded  from 
corporate  offices. 

*  *  London.  Moravians  form  two  small 
societies. 

1669  *  *  Scot.    The  Duke  of  Lauderdale 

publishes  a  royal  decree,  enabling  many 
Presbyterian  ministers  to  return  to 
their  flocks. 

1670  *  *  A  second  Conventicle  Act  is 
passed,  fining  minister,  peoide,  and  the 
owner  of  the  place  of  meeting. 

1672  *  *  Ire.    The  Kegium  Donum,  or 

Royal  Gift,  is  founded. 

It  consists  of  an  allowance  from  the  sov- 
ereign for  the  support  of  the  Presbyterian 
ministers  in  Ireland.  [Later  revived  by 
WUliam  III.] 

*  *  John  Bunyan  is  relejised  from  jail, 
and  preaches  to  great  crowds  of  people. 

1673  Mar.  29.    Parliament:  The  Test 

Act  is  passed. 

It  prohibits  any  person  holding  govern- 
mental office  unless  he  takes  the  oaths  of 
allegiance  and  supremacy,  and  partakes  of 
the  Lord's  Supper  according  to  the  rites 
of  the  Church  of  England,  and  makes  a  dec- 
laration against  transubstantiation.  [1828. 
it  is  repealed.] 

LETTERS. 

1665  Nov.  14.  The  Oxford  Gazette  is 
issued.  [After  the  24th"  number  it  be- 
comes The  London  Gazette.] 

1666  Feb.  5.  The  Lmidon  Gazette  is 
removed  from  Oxford  to  London ;  it  is 
issued  bi-weekly. 

*  *  Parliament  censures  Hobbes's  Levia- 
than and  De  Cive. 

*  *  Lo7idon.  Serjeant's  Inn,  Chancery 
Lane,  is  established. 

1667  Apr.  27.  John  Milton  sells  the 
copyright  of  Paradise  Lost  for  dE5.  [His 
widow  is  paid  £8  more.] 

*  *  Londcm.  The  Koyal  Society  Library 
is  founded. 

*  *  Dublin.  The  College  of  Physicians 
is  founded. 

*  *  Essays,  by  Cowley,  appear. 

1668*  *  An  Essay  on  the  Present  State 
and  Settlement  of  Ireland ,  by  Sir  William 


AND    IRELAND. 


1665,  Feb.  22-1674,  * 


893 


Temple,  appears.  [1671,  The  Empire, 
etc.,  a  survey  of  the  different  goverii- 
ments  of  EurV)pe  and  their  relations  to 
Euehiud  ;  1072,  Observations  Upon  the 
United  Provinces  and  Essay  Upon  the 
Original  and  Nature  of  Government; 
167^92,  Miscellanea.] 

1669  *  ♦  The  Lexicon  Heptag lotion,  hy 
Kdmund  Castell,  appears. 

1670  Aug.  18.  John  Dryden  is  created 
poet  laureate. 

*  *  A  Collection  of  English  Proverbs,  by 
John  Ray,  appears. 

1671*  *  ParatHse  Jiegained,  and  Sam- 
son Agonistes,  by  John  Milton,  appear. 
[1673,  Of  True  Religion,  Heresy,  Schism, 
Toleration,  etc.] 

*  *  The  Rehearsal,  by  George  Villiers, 
Bake  of  Buckingham,  is  produced. 

*  •  Love  in  a  Wood,  by  William  Wycherly, 
appears.  [1673,  The  Gentleman  J)ancing 
Master:  1C75,  The  Country  Wife;  1676, 
The  Plaindealer.] 

*  *  Conquest  of  Granada  and  Essay  on 
Heroic  Plays,  by  John  Dryden,  appear, 
[1678,  All  for  Love.] 


SOCIETY. 

1665  Feb.  24.  London.  ADutch  im- 
postor is  whipped  through  the  streets. 

Mar.  31.  An  order  is  issued  for  the  ar- 
rest of  George  Fox  for  preaching  on 
the  crime  of  building  meeting-houses 
with  steeples  on  them. 

•  *  Scot.  The  Scottish  Corporation, 
charitable,  Is  established. 

1666i  *  *  Valentine  Greatrix,  an  Irish 
impoBtor,  pretends  to  cure  all  diseases 
by  stroking  the  patient  ;  his  imposture 
deceives  tne  credulous  and  occasions 
very  warm  discussion  in  England  and 
Ireland. 

1667  *  *  Charles  builds  a  stand-house 
at  the  race  course  at  Newmarket  for  his 
own  diversion.  [From  this  time  to  the 
present  races  are  annually  held.] 

1667-74  Management  of  the  House  of 
Commons  by  bribery  is  [said  to  have 
been]  begun  by  Clifford  of  the  Cabal 
Ministry.    [Afterwards  continued  by  the 

Whigs  and  Tories.] 

•  *  Actresses  become  the  mistresses  of 
the  king  by  gradual  promotion  from 
their  being  the  mistresses  of  the  king's 
servants. 

1668  May  4.  Loudon.  A  riot  occurs 
under  the  pretense  of  destroying  the 
brothels. 

1670  Jan.  *  Claude  Duval  is  executed 
at  Tyburn  as  a  highwayman. 

Aug.  14.  AATilliam  Fenn  is  arrested 
for  preaching  to  Friends.  [Sept.  3.  He 
is  brought  to  trial.  The  jury  acquit  him 
and  are  outrageously  abused.] 

Dec.  6.  Col.  Thomas  Blood  seizes  the 
Duke  of  Ormon<le,  wouinis  him,  and  pre- 
pares to  hang  him,  but  is  beaten  oti  by 
the  duke's  servants. 

•  *  Ijouise  la  Q,uerouaiUe,  mistress  of 
King  Charles,  is  created  Duchess  of 
Portsmouth.  [1671  Oct.  10.  London. 
She  is  installeii  as  chief  **  Miss,"  with 
ceremonies  little  short  of  those  of  the 
altar,  "  after  the  manner  of  a  married 
bride." 

•  •  Dublin.  A  blue-coat  hospital  is  in- 
corporated. 

1671  May  9.  Col.  Thomas  Blood  un- 
successfully attempts  to  steal  the  royal 
regalia  from  the  Tower.  He  is  seized 
and  imprisoned. 

1672  June  12.  A  proclamation  is  is- 
sued to  suppress  the  spreading  of  false 
news,  and  licentious  talking  of  matters 
relating  to  state  and  government. 


*  *  John  Bunyan  is  released  from  an 
imprisonment  of  12  years  by  the  Act  of 
Toleration. 

*  *  Titles  created,  Earl  of  Shaftesbury, 
and  Baron  Clifford  of  Chndleigh.  [1675, 
Duke  of  Richmond  and  Gordon  (1876), 
and  Duke  of  Grafton ;  1C79,  Earl  of 
Berkeley  ;  1682,  Earl  of  Abingdon,  and 
Baron  of  Beaufort;  1684,  Baron  of  St. 
Albans.] 

1673  *  •  Scot.  Titles  created,  Duke  of 
Buccleuch  and  Queens  berry  (1684).  [1675, 
Duke  of  Hamilton,  and  Viscount  of 
Dumblane;  1677,  Earl  of  Breadalbane, 
Earl  of  Strathmore,  and  Earl  of  Kintore ; 
1681,  Baroness  Nairne  ;  1682,  Baron  Kin- 
naird.  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  and  Marquis  of 
Queensberry.] 

STATE. 

1665  Oct,  9.  Parliament  meets  at 
Oxford  because  of  the  plague  in  Lon- 
don. 

Oct.  31.  Five  Mile  Act  passed.  (See 
Church.) 

*  *  H.  C.  The  Commons  enforce  the 
right  of  appropriating  the  supplies  to 
specified  objects. 

*  *  Sir  John  Kelyng  is  appointed  chief 

justice. 

1666  *  *  Parliament :  An  act  is  passed 
empowering  j  udges  to  sentence  criminals 
to  transportation  to  any  of  the  king's 
dominions  in  North  America. 

*  *  Scot.  Presbyterians  rise  in  rebellion 
against  Episcopacy.    (See  Army.) 

*  *  W.  I.  Tortola,  the  Virgin  Islands, 
and  Anguilla  are  settled. 

1667  July  31.  The  Treaties  of  Breda 
(p.  691). 

England  gains  Albany,  New  York,  An- 
tigua, Montserrat,  and  part  of  St.  Chris- 
topher; Holland  retains  Surinam; 
France  receives  Acadia  [Nova  Scotia]. 
Aug.  *  The  Earl  of  Clarendon  is  im- 
peached and  banished  because  of  the 
unpopular  acts  of  the  Government. 

*  *  George  Monk,  Duke  of  Albemarle, 
is  appointed  first  commissioner  of  the 
treasury. 

*  *  Ministers:  Sir  T.  Clifford  [Lord  Clif- 
ford], Lord  Ashley,  the  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham, Lord  Arlington,  and  the  Duke 
of  Lauderdale.  They  are  the  •*  Cabal 
Ministry"  (the  initials  of  their  names 
spell  the  word  cabal).  [1672.  Broken 
up.] 

*  *  Sir  Orlando  Bridgman  is  appointed 
lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal. 

*•  *  The  poll-tax  is  assessed  by  the  head  ; 
a  duke  has  to  pay  £100,  a  marquis,  £80, 
a  baronet,  £30,  a  knight,  £20,  an  esquire, 
£10,  and  every  single  private  person,  one 
shilling. 

1668  Jan.  23.  The  Triple  Alliance  is 
formed  (p.  691). 

1669*  *  Ire.  Lord  Roberta  is  appointed 
lord  lieutenant.  [1670,  Lord  Berkeley ; 
1672,  Arthur  Capel.  Earl  of  Essex.] 

1670  May  22,  The  secret  Treaty  of 
Dover  (p.  693). 

*  *  Cent.  Amer.  British  Honduras  is 
partly  acquired  by  treaty.  [1786.  Abso- 
lutely.] 

*  *  The  Irish  Society  for  the  colonization 
of  Ulster  again  receives  its  charter,  with 
various  changes. 

167 1  *  *  Sir  Matthew  Hale  is  appointed 

chief  justice. 

1672  Jan.  2.  Charles  gains  fresh  sup- 
plies by  closing  the  Exchequer,  and  seiz- 


ing £1,200,000;  a  commercial  panic 
follows. 
Mar.  15.    Charles  makes  a  Declaration 
of  Indulgence. 

He  proclaims  "  that  all  manners  of 
penal  laws  in  matters  ecclesi.astical 
against  whatsoever  sort  of  non-conform- 
ists or  recusants  be  suspended  ; "  Catho- 
lics are  excepted,  but  they  may  have 
their  religious  service  in  private  houses. 
[1673.  Pronounced  illegal,  and  with- 
drawn.] 

Mar.  *  Lord  Ossory  falls  upon  a  fleet  of 
Dutch  merchantmen  in  the  Channel,  and 
captures  four  ships  in  order  to  replenish 
the  king's  treasury. 

Nov.  *  Anthony  Ashley  Cooper,  Earl 
of  Shaftesbury,  is  appointed  lord  high 
chancellor. 

*  *  Ministers:  Lord  Clifford,  the  Earl  of 
Shaftesbury,  the  Earl  of  Arlington,  the 
Earl  of  Anglesey,  Sir  Thomas  Osborne, 
Viscomit  Latimer,  Henry  Coventry,  Sir 
George  Carteret,  and  Edward  Seymour. 

1673  Mar.  20.  The  Test  Act.  (See 
Church.)  [The  Duke  of  York  (lord  ad- 
miral) and  l-iOrd  Clifford  (lord  treasurer) 
decline  to  take  the  test,  and  resign  their 
offices.] 

June  14.  Charles  II.  becomes  first 
lord  of  the  admiralty.  [July  9,  Prince 
Rupert ;  1679,  Feb.  14,  Sir  Henry  Capel ; 
1680,  Feb.  19,  Daniel  Finch  ;  1681,  Jan. 
20,  Lord  Finch;  1683,  Apr.  17,  The  Earl 
of  Nottingham.] 

June  26.  Thomas  Osborne,  Viscount 
Xiatimer  [Earl  of  Danby],  is  appointed 
lord  high  treasurer. 

Oct.  20.  H.  C.  The  Commons  declare 
against  the  proposed  marriage  of  the 
Duke  of  York  to  the  Catholic  Princess 
of  Modena.  [Nov.  21.  He  marries  Mary 
d'Este,  Princess  of  Modena.] 

Nov.  4.  The  king  prorogues  Parlia- 
ment because  of  the  Commons'  desiring 
to  address  him  against  grievances. 

*  *  The  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  becomes 
leader  against  the  court. 

*  *  Sir  Heneage  Finch  is  appointed  lord 
keeper  of  the  seal. 

1674  Feb.  9.  Treaty  of  "Westminster 

(P/  693). 

June  9.  Parliament  is  prorogued  on 
account  of  irreconcilable  differences 
between  Lords  and  Commons;  £'200,000 
has  been  spent  in  bribing  the  Commons. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1665  *  *  Gibbets  and  gallows  are  so 
numerous  as  to  be  used  for  road-marks. 

1666  *  *  Tea  is  brought  into  England  by 
Lord  Ossory  and  Ixtrd  Arlington  from 
Holland ;  being  admired  by  jpersons  of 
rank,  it  is  imported  and  sold  for  60  shil- 
lings per  pound. 

*  *  Xiantems  are  hung  before  one  house 
in  ten  from  6  to  12  o'clock. 

Sept.  2-6.  London.  The  great  fire  oc- 
curs. 

Four  hundred  and  thirty-six  acres  of 
ashes  ;  13,200  houses  consumed  ;  200,000 
people  encamped  in  Islington  and  High- 
gate  fields.  It  is  extinguished  by  blow- 
ing up  houses. 

1667  *  *  London.  Insurance  of  houses 
and  goods  against  fire  begins. 

*  *  London.  The  first  run  on  the  bank- 
ers occurs. 

Oct.  23.  London.  Charles  II.  lays  the 
foimdation  stone  of  the  Roya  Ex- 
change.   [1687.    Sept.  28.    Opened.] 

1669  *  *  The  East  India  Company  first 
imports  tea. 

1671  Apr.  25.  Oxford  is  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  fire. 


894     1674,**-1682,  **. 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — IfAVY. 

1674  *  *  The  Dutch  agree  to  strike  to 
the  English  colors  in  the  British  seas. 

*  *  The  Duke  of  Monmouth  is  made 
commander-in-chief.  [1G78.  Made  cap- 
tain-general.  ] 

1679  *  *  Scot.    Brutal  slaughterings  of 

Convenanters  occur  t)v  the  authority  of 
the  Duke  of  Lauderdale. 

June  1  (o.  8.).  Scot,  The  Covenanters 
under  Balfour  defeat  Viscount  Clav- 
erhouse  at  Drumclog,  Lanarkshire. 

June  22.  Scot.  The  Covenanters  are 
defeated  by  the  Duke  of  Monmouth  and 
Claverhouse  at  Bothwell  Bridge,  Lan- 
arkshire. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1675  Aug.  10.  Greenwich  Observa- 
tory is  founded. 

*  *  Ifenry  Purcell  composes  his  opera 
JHdo  and  Apneas. 

*  *  John  Flamsteed  is  astronomer  royal. 

*  *  Newton,  Robert  Boyle,  and  others 
use  glass  in  generating  electricity. 

1676i:  *  ♦  London.  The  weaver's  Dutch 
loom  is  used. 

*  *  Repeating- clocks  and  watches  are 
invented  by  Peter  Barlow. 

*  *  Boyle  publishes  his  electrical  exper- 
iments. 

*  *  Kdmund  Halley  proves  the  motion  of 
the  siui  round  its  own  axis.  He  ob- 
serves the  transit  of  Mercury. 

*  *  Ihiblin.  The  Essex  bridge  is  built 
by  Sir  H.  Jervis. 

1677  *  *  Lond<m.  Sir  Joseph  Williamson 
becomes  president  of  the  Royal  Society. 
[1680,  Sir  Christopher  Wren  ;  1682,  Sir 
John  Hoskyns.] 

*  *  Violins  are  introduced. 

1678  Jan.  12.   A  remarkable  darkness 

occurs. 

*  *  London.  A  statue  of  Charles  I.  is 
set  up  at  Charing  Cross.  It  is  the  first 
equestrian  statue  erected  in  Great 
Britain. 

*  *  Odometers,  or  road-measures,  are 
improved  by  Butterfleld. 

1679  May  15.  The  Ashmolean  Mu- 
seum at  Oxford  is  founded. 

Nov.  3.  A  comet  becomes  visible,  and 
terrifies  the  people  by  its  near  approach 
to  the  earth.  [1680.  Mar.  9.  JMsap- 
pears.] 

*  *  London.  "Walbroke  Church,  a 
masterpiece  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  is 
completed. 

*  ♦  Newton  applies  mechanics  to  astron- 
omy, parallelism  of  forces,  and  laws  of 
motion. 

1680  *  *  Button  manufactories  are  es- 
tablished at  Kirmingliani. 

1681  *  *  The  tinning  of  iron  is  intro- 
duced from   Bohemia. 

1682  *  *Hydraulic  engines  are  in- 
vented. 

*  *  John  Ray  publishes  an  important  sys- 
tem of  anatomical  classification,  called 
A  Neto  Method  of  Plants. 

*  ♦  Newton  works  out  and  pablishes  the 
laws  of  gravitation. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1675  «  *  Clarke,  Samuel,  cl.,  philosopher,  b. 
Cocker,  Edward,  engraver,  math.,  au.,  A44. 
Ditton,  Humphrey,  mathematician,  born. 
Erskine,  eleventh  PLarl  of,  John,  soldier,  b. 
Fretnd,  John,  jihysifian,  me<iical  writer,  b. 
Oraham,  Geo.,  meclianician,  watchmaker,  b. 


Llghtfoot,  John,  theologian,  Hebraist,  A73. 
Willis,  Thomas,  physician,  A54. 

1676  AMg.  26.    >Valpole,  Sir  Robert,  Karl 
of  Orford,  statesman,  horn. 

Boston,  Thomas,  polemical  writer,  Scot.,  b. 

Boyle,  Charles,  Earl  of  Orrery,  scholar, 
statesman,  Ireland,  born. 

Clifford,  Anae,  Countess  of  Pembroke,  au- 
thor, A  87. 

Collins,  Anthony,  freethinker,  pliil.,  au.,  b. 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew,  chief  Justice,  author,  Ati7. 

Hoadley,  Itenjainin,  bp.  of  Winchester,  au.,  b. 

Newcastle,  Duke  of,  William  Cavendish,  gen- 
eral, A84. 

Ogilby,  John,  poet,  geographer,  Scot.,  A76. 

Philips,  John,  poet,  born, 

Selkirk,  Alexander,  sailor  (Koblnson  Cru- 
soe), Scotlan'i,  born. 

Thornhill,  Sir  James,  historical  painter,  1». 

Townshend,  Viscount,  Charles,  states.,  b. 

1677  *  *  Barrow,  Issac,  el.,  math.,  A47. 
Croft,  William,  organist,  composer,  born. 
Glisson,  Francis,  physician,  anatomist,  A80. 
Hales,  .Stephen,  natural  philosopher,  born. 
Harrington,  James,  politicul  writer,  AK6. 

1 678  *  ♦  Argyll,  second  Duke  of,  J  obn,  states- 
man, Scotland,  born. 

Barrington,  Visfount,  John  Shute,  states- 
man, theological  writer,  born. 

BolinKbroke,  Viscount,  Henry  St.  John, 
statesman,  author,  born. 

Fartjuhar,  (Jeorge,  poet,  dramatist.  Ire.,  b. 

higonier.  Earl  of,  John,  field -marshal,  born. 

Marvell,  Andrew,  jioet,  A5S. 

Neal,  Daniel,  historian,  l>orn. 

Ockley,  Simon,  orientalist,  born. 

Sherlock,  Thomas,  bishop  of  London,  au.,  b. 
1679*  *  Boyle,  Hoger,  Earl  of  Orrery,  gen- 
eral, lilttifateur,  A78. 

Catesby,  Mark,  naturalist,  born. 

Chubb,  Tiiomas,  deistical  writer,  born. 

Goodwin,  Thomas,  I'uritian  cl.,  author,  A76. 

Hobbee,  Thomas,  philosopher,  A81. 

Parnell,  Thomas,  poet,  Ireland,  born. 

Poole,  Matthew,  Bible  conmientator,  A55. 
1680*  *  Abernethy,  John,  Nonconformist 
clergyman,  author,  Ireland,  born. 

Butler,  Samuel,  poet,  A68. 

Cameron,  Richard,  founder  of  the  "  Cam- 
eronians,"  Scotland,  dies. 

Chambers,  Ephralm,  cyclopedist,  bom. 

Collier,  Arthur,  cl.,  metaphysician,  born. 

Erskine,  Ebenezer,  preacher,  chief  founder 
of  the  Secession  Church,  Scotland,  born. 

Glanvill,  Joseph,  cl.,  phil.,  author,  A44. 

Long,  Koger,  astronomer,  born. 

Bale,  Oeoree,  historian,  orientalist,  born. 
1681  ♦  •  Booth,  Barton,  actor,  born. 

Lilly,  William,  astrologer,  A79. 


CHURCH. 

1674  *  *  The  Hutchinsonians  appear. 
They  do  not  form  a  sect,  but  accept  the 
doctrines  of  Jolm  Hutchinson  of  Yorkshire. 
They  reject  the  Newtonian  system,  anrl  con- 
tend that  the  Bible  contains  a  complete  sys- 
tem of  natural  philosophy. 

*  *  London.  Work  is  begun  preparatory 
to  the  rebuilding  of  [the  present]  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral.  [1675.  June  21.  First 
stone  is  laid.] 

*  *  Parliament :  A  Sabbath  Observ- 
ance Act  ia  passed. 

It  restrains  the  performance  of  all  servile 
works,  the  sale  of  all  provisions  except  milk 
at  certain  hours  and  meat  in  public  houses, 
and  allows  works  of  necessity  and  charity. 

1677  *  *  "William  Sancroft  is  chosen 
archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

*  *  Roman  Catholics  are  excluded  from 
Parliament. 

1678*  *  Ire.  The  sees  of  Cork  and 
Cloyne  are  separated. 

1681    Nov.  *  Scot.    Test  Act  against 

Presbyterians.    (See  State.) 

Dec.  15.  Scot.  Frst  meeting  of  the 
United  Societies  of  Covenanters  at  Lo- 
gan House,  Lanarkshire,  called  "The 
Persecuted  Remnant,"  also  "  Society 
People." 

*  *  Scot.  The  Reformed  Presbyterian 
Church  secedes  from  the  Scottish 
Church. 


LETTERS. 

1675  Nov.  *  London.  The  City  Mer- 
cury, or  Advertisements  concerning 
Trade,  is  issued. 

1676  *  *  The  Man  of  Mode,  by  Sir  George 
Etherege,  appears. 

1677*  *  London.  The  first  city /Hrectory 
is  published.    (Or  1679?) 

*  *  Cocker's  Arithmetic,  compiled  by  Ed- 
ward Cocker,  and  edited  by  John  Haw* 

kins,  appears. 

1678*  *  The  Trite  Intellectual  System  of 
the  Universe,  by  Kalph  Cudworth,  ap- 
pears. 

1678-84  The  Pilgrim's  Progress,  by 
John  Bunyan,  appears.  [1684,  The 
Holy   War.l 

1679*  *  London.  Domesttck Intelligence 
published  gratis  for  the  Promoting  of 
Trade  is  issued. 

*  *  History  of  the  Revolution,  by  Gilbert 
Burnet,  Bishop  of  Salisbury,  appears. 

1680  *  *  Edinburgh.  The  Advocates* 
Library  is  extensive  and  valuable. 

*  *  The  printing  of  newspapers  and  pam- 
phlets is  prohibited. 

*  *  London.  Mercurium  Librarius,  or  a 
Faithful  Accmint  of  All  Books  and  Pam- 
phlets, the  first  literary  periodical  in 
English,  is  issued. 

*  *  Patriarcha,  a  treatise  on  government 
in  defense  of  the  divine  right  of  kings, 
by  Sir  Robert  Filmer,  appears. 

1681  Jan.  16.  Weekly  Memorials  for 
the  Ingenius  ia  issued. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  The  College  of  PhysiciaDB 
is  incorporated. 

*  *  Telluris  Theoria  Sa,cra,  by  Thomas 
Burnet,  appears. 

*  ♦  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  by  John 
Dryden,  appears.  [1682,  The  Medal,  Mac- 
Flecknoe,  and  Heligio  Laici.} 

SOCIETY. 

1674*  *  London.  The  court  spends 
£200,000  in  bribing  members  of  Parlia- 
ment ;  *'  they  save  no  man's  neck,  but 
they  break  his  purse." 

1675  *  *  Dublin.  The  Hoyal  Hospital, 
Kilmainham,  for  aged  and  disabled  sol- 
diers in  Ireland,  is  founded  by  Arthur 
[Karl  of  Granard],  marshal-general  of 
the  army  in  Ireland.  [1679.  Improved 
by  the  l")uke  of  Ormonde.] 

1676  *  *  At  St.  Osyths,  Essex,  17  or  18  per- 
sons are  burned  for  witchcraft. 

1677*  *  Edinburgh.  Coffee-houses  are 

first  opened. 

1678  Sept.  *  Tlie  "  Popish  Plot"  rev- 
elations of  Titua  Oates  cause  great  ex- 
citement.   (See  State.) 

Oct.  17.  Sir  Edmundbury  Godfrey  is 
found  murdered. 

Nov.  17.  London.  Popular  anti-Cath- 
olic demonstrations  take  place,  with 
pageants  and  ridiculous  effigies  of  the 
Pope, 

1679  ♦  *  Scot.  The  Duke  of  Lauderdale 
cruelly  persecutes  the  Covenanters. 

Mar.  9.  The  Council  issues  a  declaration 
forbidding  pardon  to  any  person  killing 
another  in  a  duel. 

May  3.  Scot.  Archbishop  Sharp  Is 
murdered  near  St.  Andrew's  by  fanatics 
led  by  John  Balfour  of  Burley,  because 
of  his  apostasy. 

1680  *  *  Three  judges  are  impeached  for 
favoring  the  levying  of  ship-money. 

*  Ire.    The  title  Viscount  of  Bowne  is 
created.    [1684,  Earl  of  Granard.] 

1681  Jan.  26.  Edinburgh.  TwoCam- 
eronian  women  are  hanged  for  calling.?' 


AND    IRELAND. 


1674,**-1682, 


895 


the  king  and  bishops  "perjured,  bloody 
men." 

1682  Feb,  12.  London.  Thomas 
Tbynne,  *'  Tom  of  Ten  Thousand,'*  a 
wealtliy  man,  \»  murdered  at  the  in- 
ptanoe  of  Charles  John,  Count  Konigs- 
niHrk,  a  paramour  of  Tliynne's  wile. 
[The  assassins  are  executed,  but  Kdnigs- 
mark  is  acquitted.] 

Mar.  11.    Chelsea  Hospital  is  founded. 

JDec.  13.  A  provost  marshal  is  appointed 
to  seize  ballad  singers,  and  suppress 
Stage- plays. 

♦  ♦  London.  A  riot  takes  place  at  Guild- 
hall at  the  election  of  sheriffs. 


STATE. 

1675  Nov.  *  Charles  receives  500,000 
crowns  from  Louis  XIV.,  in  considera- 
tion of  which  he  prorogues  Parliament 
to  prevent  the  adopting  of  a  war  policy 
against  France. 

J>ec.  20.  A  proclamation  is  issued  re- 
calling the  licenses  of  coffee-houses 
because  of  the  "  treasonable  discourses  " 
carried  on  in  them  against  the  Govern- 
ment. [The  proclamation  is  withdrawn, 
owing  to  the  indignation  of  the  people.] 

*  *  Lord  Finch  [Earl  of  Nottingham]  is 
appointed  lord  high  chancellor. 

1676  *  *  Sir  Richard  Rainsford  is  ap- 
pointed chief  justice. 

1677  Oct.i  *  William,  Prince  of  Or- 
ange [William  111.],  pays  a  visit  to 
England- 

Nov.  4.  Mary,  daughter  of  James,  Buke 
of  York  [James  II.],  and  presumptive 
heiress  to  the  Grown,  is  married  to 
William,  Prince  of  Orange  [William 
III.]. 

*  *  Charles  makes  a  treaty  with  Holland 
for  the  preservation  of  Flanders. 

*  *  Snglish  troops  are  withdrawn  from 
the  French  service. 

*  *  The  Writ  de  tserekico  comhurendo  (for 
the  burning  of  a  heretic)  is  abolished. 

*  *  Ire.  JamesButler,  Duke  of  Ormonde, 
Is  appointed  lord  lieutenant. 

1678  May  17.  A  secret  treaty  is  con- 
cluded with  France. 

Aug.  10.    Peace  of  Nimeguen  (p.  693). 

Sept.  *  Titus  Oates  discloses  the  ficti- 
tious '*  Popish  Plot." 

This  clerical  adventurer  discloses  a 
rising  of  Catholics,  a  massacre  of  Prot- 
estants, the  bxirning  of  London,  the 
assassination  of  the  king,  and  a  French 
invasion  of  Ireland;  Don  John  of  Aus- 
tria and  Pfere  La  Chaise,  the  confessor 
of  Louis  XIV.,  are  the  alleged  authors. 

Oct.  23.  Five  Catholic  peers,  the  Earl 
of  Powis,  Viscount  Stafford,  and  Lords 
Petre,  Arundel,  and  Belasyse,  accused 
of  complicity  in  the  **  Popish  Plot,** 
are  arrested  and  sent  to  the  Tower, 
[two  thousand  persons  are  imprisoned, 
and  Catholics  are  ordered  to  quit  Ijon- 
don.] 

Oct.  31.  H.  C.  On  the  evidence  of 
Oates,  a  resolution  is  passed  declaring 
the  .existence  of  the  •*  Popish  Plot.** 

Nov.  30.  Parliament:  The  Disabling 
Act  is  passed,  excluding  Catholics  from 
Parliament. 

Dec.  3.  Coleman,  secretary  to  the  Duch- 
ess of  York,  is  executed  on  a  charge  of 
complicity  in  the  Popish  Plot. 

Dec*  H.  C.  The  disclosureof  the  king's 
Intrignes  with  France  causes  surprise 


and  excitement  in  the  Commons.    (See 
1675.) 

Dec.  *  Tlie  Earl  of  Danby  is  impeached 
forcriniinalcorrespondence  with  France. 
[1679.  Apr.  16.  Committed  to  the  Tower 
till  1685.] 

*  *  Sir   "William  Scroggs  is  appointed 

chief  justice. 

1679  Jan.  24.  Parliament  is  dis- 
solved ;  it  is  the  *'  Pension  "  Parliament, 
which  had  been  in  existence  since  1661. 

Feb.  *  Election  bribery  is  practised  on 
an  extensive  and  systematic  scale. 

Mar.  4.  James,  Duke  of  York,  departs 
for  France,  because  of  the  violent  oppo- 
sition to  him  as  a  Catholic. 

Mar.  6.  Parliament  meets.  [July  12. 
Dissolved.] 

Mar.  7.  H.  C.  The  king  refuses  to  ap- 
prove of  the  choice  of  Sir  Edward  Sey- 
mour as  Speaker.  ["WilUam  Gregory 
is  made  Speaker.] 

Apr.  20.  The  king,  on  the  advice  of  Sir 
William  Temple,  forms  the  Council  of 
Thirty  to  direct  public  atfairs. 

It  is  provided  that  half  the  members 
shall  be  high  officers  of  State,  that  the 
other  half  shall  be  popular  leaders  in 
Parliament,  and  that  the  income  of  the 
thirty  shall  not  be  less  than  £300,000. 

May  26.  The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  is 
signed  by  the  king. 

It  compels  judges  to  issue,  on  applica- 
tion, a  writ  ordering  the  jailer  to  pro- 
duce the  prisoner  in  court,  and  show 
cause  for  his  detention  ;  it  requires  that 
accused  persons  shall  be  tried  or  bailed 
at  the  first  assizes  after  arrest,  and  dis- 
charged if  not  tried  at  the  second  ;  and 
it  prohibits  recommitment  for  the  same 
offense  after  discharge. 

May  27.  Parliament  is  prorogued. 
[Oct.  7.  Meets  and  again  prorogued, 
without  advice  of  the  council.  Oct.  17. 
Meets.    1680.    Oct.  21.    Reassembles.] 

July  *  The  Duke  of  Monmouth,  nat- 
ural son  of  Charles,  and  James,  Duke 
of  York,  are  rivals  for  succession  to 
the  throne. 

Oct.  20.  The  alleged  Meal  Tub  Plot  is 
disclosed  by  Dangerfield. 

It  is  a  pretended  conspiracy  against 
the  life  of  the  king,  the  particulars  of 
which  are  found  in  fabricated  papers 
concealed  in  a  tub  of  meal .  [  Dangerneld 
is  imprisoned, and  whipped  several  times. 
1685.    He  dies  under  the  lash.] 

Oct.  *  The  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  is  de- 
prived of  his  office  of  President  of  the 
Council. 

Oct.  ♦  Sir  William  Temple  and  Lords 
Essex  and  Halifax  resign  from  the 
Council ;  they  are  succeeded  by  the 
Earl  of  (iodolphin  and  Lawrence  Hyde, 
Earl  of  Rochester. 

Nov.  *  At  the  suggestion  of  Shaftesbury, 
numerous  popular  petitions  are  sent 
to  the  king,  asking  for  the  assembling 
of  Parliament. 

The  court  or  government  supporters 
issue  declarationsexpressing  abhorrence 
at  the  conduct  of  the  petitioners  ;  hence 
there  are  two  parties,  —  petitioners  and 
abhorrers  [later  called  Whigs  and 
Tories]. 

1680  Nov.  16.  H.  C.  The  Exclusion 
Bill  is  passed,  to  prevent  the  succession 
of  the  Duke  of  York  to  the  throne.  [Un- 
der the  influence  of  Halifax  the  Lords 
reject  the  bill.] 

Dec.  7.  Iiord  Stafford  is  condemned 
on  impeachment  for  complicity  in  the 


alleged  Popish  Plot.  [Dec.  29.  Be- 
headed.] 

*  *  London.  The  city  receives  a  charter 
from  Charles  II. 

1681  Jan.  18.  Parliament  is  dissolved. 
Mar.  14.    Charles  makes  a  secret  treaty 

with  Louis  XIV. 

Louis  agrees  to  pay  Charles  2,000,000 
livres  for  one  year,  and  500,000  crowns 
for  two  years  ;  Charles  agrees  to  with- 
draw from  the  alliance  with  Spain. 

Mar.  21.    Parliament  meets.    [Mar. 

28.  Dissolved.] 
Mar.  28.  The  kingdissolves  Parliament, 
a  new  bill  for  the  exclusion  of  the 
(Catholic)  Duke  of  York  from  the 
throne  having  been  introduced,  and 
compromise  refused  by  the  Commons. 

Apr.  1.  Sir  Francis  Pemberton  is  ap- 
pointed chief  justice. 

Apr.  16.    The  province  of  New  Jersey 

[U.  S.  A.],  a  country  almost  as  large  as 
England,  is  offered  for  sale  for  $25,000. 

July  1.  London.  Oliver  Plunket, 
Catholic  archbishop  of  Armagh,  is  ex- 
ecuted at  Tyburn  on  a  charge  of  high 
treason  [later  proved  innocent]. 

July  2.  London.  The  Earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury is  committed  to  the  Tower  on  a 
charge  of  high  treason.  [The  grand  jury 
refuse  to  find  a  true  bill  against  hira, 
and  he  is  discharged  ;  he  escapes  to  Hol- 
land.    1683.    Jan.  21.     He  dies.] 

Aug.  31.  Stephen  College,  the  "  Prot- 
estant Joiner,"  convicted  of  attempting 
to  seize  the  person  of  the  king,  is  ex- 
ecuted. 

Scot.    Parliament  declares  religious 

difference  does  not  bar  the  right  of 
succession  or  impair  authority. 

Nov.  *  Scot.  The  Duke  of  York,  high 
commissioner  in  Scotland,  secures  the 
passage  of  a  test  act  against  Presby- 
terians. 

It  renounces  the  Covenant,  asserts  the 
king's  supremacy,  indorses  passive  obe- 
dience, and  disclaims  any  attempt  to 
change  civil  or  religious  establishments  ; 
about  80  Episcopal  clergymen  resign. 

Dec.  *  Scot.  The  Earl  of  Argyll  is  tried 
and  found  guilty  of  treason  for  opposing 
the  Test  Act;  he  escapes  to  Holland. 

1682  Jan.i  *  The  Duke  of  Monmouth 

makes  a  tour  of  the  northern  counties, 
to  add  to  the  number  of  his  partisans. 
[He  is  arrested  at  Stafford,  and  sent  a 
prisoner  to  London,  where  he  is  admitted 
to  bail  in  the  sum  of  £10,000.] 

Sept.  1.  "William  Penn  sails  with  100 
colonists  for  America  in  the  Welcome, 
One-third  die  of  small-pox  on  the  voyage. 

*  *  The  Earl  of  Sunderland  is  restored 
to  the  office  of  Secretary  of  State. 

*  *  Sir  Francis  North  [Lord  Guilford] 
is  made  lord  keeper. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1675  *  *  A  canal  is  cut  from  Exeter  to 

Topsham. 
IQIQ*  *  London.     Sixty    houses    are 

burned  in  Southwark. 
1680*  *  Tea,  coffee,  and  chocolate  are 

increasing  in  use. 
1681*  *  I^ondon.    The  streets  are  first 

lighted  with  oil-lamps. 

*  *  London.  The  penny  post  is  set  up  by 
Robert  Murray,  an  upholsterer.  (?) 

*  *  Edinburyk.  The  Merchants'  Com- 
pany is  incorporated. 


896      1682,*  * -1688,  Nov.  28.     GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1685-88  James  II.  forms  the  Dragoon 
Guards,  Royal  Irish,  and  the  Scots 
Greys. 

1685  May  2.  Xeth.  The  Earl  of  Ar- 
gyll's expedition  sails  from  Holland 
in  three  ships.  [June  30.  After  many 
disasters,  Argyll  is  taken,  tried,  and 
beheaded.] 

June  H.  The  Duke  of  Monmouth 
lands  at  Lyme,  Dorsetshire.    (See  State.) 

June  29.  Grenadiers  are  introduced  in 
the  service.     (See  1G60.) 

*  *The  Fifth  Northumberland  Pusi- 
leers  are  raised. 

*  ♦  The  Fourth  King's  Own  Regiment 
is  raised. 

July  6.  The  Duke  of  Monmouth  is  de- 
feated by  the  king's  forces  under  the 
Earl  of  Feversham  at  the  battle  of 
Sedgemoor,  Somersetshire  ;  he  is  taken 
prisoner.     [July  15.    Executed.] 

1688  Oct.  19.  Neth.  "William  of 
Orange  sails  from  Holland  to  inrade 
England. 

He  is  accompanied  by  a  fleet  of  50  war- 
ships, 25  frigates,  and  400  transports, 
under  the  command  of  Adm.  Herbert, 
and  an  army  of  10,000  infantry  and  4,000 
cavalry  under  Marshal  Schomberg.  [He 
is  driven  back  by  a  storm.] 

*  *  The  Earl  of  Feversham  commands  the 
royal  army,  and  Adm.  Dartmouth  com- 
mands the  navy. 

Nov.  1.  Neth.  "William  starts  the 
second  time  to  invade  England.  [Nov. 
5.  He  lands  at  Torbay,  on  the  west 
coast.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —NATURE. 

1682  •  *  Edmund  Halley  foretells  the 
return  of  a  comet. 

1682-86    Ire.     The  long  bridge  of  21 

arches  is  built  at  Belfast ;  length,  2,562 
feet. 

1683  May  1.  A  patent  is  given  to 
Kobert  Fitzgerald  for  making  salt 
water  fresh. 

Dec.  1-84  Feb.  5,  Continuous  frost 
prevails  ;  oxen  are  roasted  and  bulls  are 
baited  on  the  ice-covered  Thames. 

The  forest-trees,  and  even  the  oaks  in 
England,  are  split  by  the  frost ;  most  of 
the  hollies  are  killed.  The  Thames  is 
covered  with  ice  11  inches  thick,  and 
nearly  all  the  birds  perish. 

*  *  London.  Sadler's  "Wells  are  opened 
as  an  orchestra  for  the  visitors  who  use 
the  waters  medicinally. 

*  *  Charles  II.  begins  a  palace  at  "Win- 
chester, with  Christopher  Wren  as 
architect. 

*  *  Edmund  Halley's  theory  of  magnetic 
variations  is  published. 

*  ♦  The  theory  of  the  tides,  first  satisfac- 
torily explained  by  Kepler  in  1598,  is 
more  completely  explained  by  Sir  Isaac 
Newton. 

1684  *  *  A  professorship  of  music  is 
founded  at  Cambridge. 

*  *  The  first  idea  of  the  modern  telegraph 
is  suggested  by  Dr.  Robert  Hooke. 

*  *  London.  William  Davenport  intro- 
duces a  species  of  operas  into  England. 
[1692.  The  first  regularly  performed 
opera  is  produced  at  York  buildings.] 

*  *  London.  Samuel  Pepys,  author  of 
Diary,  becomes  president  of  the  Royal 
Society.  [1686,  John,  Earl  of  Carberry  ; 
1689,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Pembroke  ;  1690, 
Sir  Robert  Southwell.] 


1685  *  *  The  manufacture  of  velvet, 
long  confined  to  Italy  and  later  to 
France,  is  introduced  into  England. 

*  *  Iron  pens  are  mentioned  by  Chamber- 
layne. 

1685-88  James  II.  systematizes  sea- 
signals. 

1686  Apr.  28,  London.  Newton  pre- 
sents to  the  Royal  Society  the  manu- 
script of  his  Principia.  [1687.  Pub- 
lished.] 

*  *  An  inundation  occurs  In  Yorkshire  ; 
a  rock  opens  and  spouts  water  to  the 
height  of  a  church  steeple. 

1687  May  5.  The  Government  issues 
a  proclamation  to  establi."!]  a  manufac- 
tory for  making  white  paper. 

*  *  London.  A  statue  of  James  II.  is 
erected  at  Whitehall. 


BIRTHS- DEATHS. 

1683  •   •  Browne,  Sir  Thomas.  i)hy8.,  A77. 
Cotes,  Roger,  niailiematician,  astronomer,  b. 
Finch,  Heneage,  Karl  of  Nottingham,  A6l. 
Pnrcell,  Thomas,  musical  composer,  horn. 

1683  Nov,  10.     George  II.,  King,  born. 
Fenton,  Klijah,  jioet,  born. 

Lambert,  John,  parliamentary  gen.,  A63. 
Lelghton,Kohert,archb.  of  Glasgow,  au.,A73. 
Middleton,  Conyers,  clergyman,  autlior,  b. 
Oldham,  John,  satirical  poet,  A30. 
Shaftesbury,    Karl    of,   Anthony    Ashley 

Cooper,  statesman,  A62. 
Sidney,  Alg'ernon,  statesman,  A61. 
"Walton.  Izaak,  author,  A 90. 

1684  •  *  Batluirst,  Earl,  Allen,  statesman,  b. 
Lardner,  Nathaniel,  clergyman,  author,  b. 
Miller,  Joseph,  comic  actor,  born. 
Roscommon,   Earl   of,   Dillon  Wentworth, 

poet,  A51. 

Vernon,  Edward,  admiral,  born. 

Young,  Edward,  poet,  born. 
1685*  *  Berkeley,    Qeorg-e,    bishop    of 
Cloyne,  metaphysician,  Ireland,  bom. 

Budgell,  Eustace,  essayist,  born. 

Castell,  Ednmntl,  lexiocographer,  A79. 

Erakine,  Ralph,  cl.,  author,  poet.,  Scot.,  b. 

Forl>e8,  Duncan,  statesman,  Scotland,  born. 

Gay,  John,  poet,  born. 

Kent,  William,  painter,  architect,  bom. 

Monmouth,  Duke  of,  James  Scott,  nat- 
ural son  of  Charles  II.,  A36. 

North,  Francis,  liaron  Guilford,  jurist,  A48. 

Otway,  Thomas,  poet,  draniatist,  A34. 

Taylor,  Brook,  matlieniatician,  born. 

Vertue,  George,  engraver,  born. 
1686  *  *  Annesley,  Artlmr.  Earl  of  Anglesey, 
statesman,  A72. 

Baxter,  Andrew,  metapliysiclan,  Scotland,  b. 

Clayton,  John,  botanist,  horn. 

Dugdale,  Sir  William,  antiquary,  A8I. 

Law,  WUliam,  mystic,  clergyman,  author,  h. 

Pearson,  John,  bishop  of  Chester,  au.,  A73. 

Itamsay,  Allan,  poet,  Scotland,  born. 

Kamsay,  Andrew  Michael,  wr.,  Scotland,  b. 

TlckelU  Thomas,  poet,  essayist,  born. 
1687»  *  Cotton,  Charlts,  humorist,  poet,  A57. 

Dalgarno,  George,  of  Aberdeen,  philol.,  AbO. 

More,  Henry,  poet,  theologian,  phil.,  A7.3. 

Petty,  Sir  William,  pol.  economist,  A64. 

Stukeley,  William,  antiquary,  born. 

"Waller.  Edmund,  poet,  A82. 

Wyndam,  Sir  William,  statesman,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1684  Apr.  19.  Scot.  The  Synod  of 
Edinbtirgh  changes  the  year  of  the 
confirmation  for  children  from  eight  to 
IG  years. 

1685  Apr.  19.  About  1,200  Catholics 
and  Quakers  are  released  from  prison 
by  order  of  the  king. 

•  *The  Christian  Community  is 

founded. 

Its  members  visit  and  preach  the  gos- 
pel in  workhonses,  asylums,  rooms,  and 
fn  the  open  air ;  they  also  distribute 
tracts.  [1772.  Reorganized  by  John 
Wesley.] 

♦  *  London.  A  settlement  of  French 
Protestants  is  made. 

1686  *  *  King  James  favors  the  Catho- 
lics. [Mar.  5.  He  forbids  the  bishops 
preaching  on  controversial  topics.] 


*  *  The  king  is  empowered  to  dispense 
with  the  Test  Act.  He  proceeds  to  at- 
tempt to  revive  the  Roman  Catholic 
religion. 

*  *  Roman  Catholic  worship  is  allowed. 
Protestants  are  forbidden  by  onier  of 
the  king  to  preach  doctrinal" sermons. 

*  *  Seven  coramissioner.s  are  appointed 
for  the  government  of  the  church, 
with  Lord  Jeffreys  at  the  head. 

July*  London.  Henry  Compton, 
Bishop  of  London,  having  refused  ta 
remove  the  rector  of  St.  Giles  for 
preaching  doctrinal  sermons,  is  tried 
and  suspended  by  tlie  New  Court  of 
Ecclesiastical  Commission. 

*  *  Monastic  institutions  are  revived. 

Jesuits'  schools  also  are  opened.  Cath- 
olic priests  installed  in  their  worship. 

Dec.  29.    A  Roman  Catholic  bishop  is 

consecrated,  and  John  Massey  (K.  C.)  in- 
stalled as  dean  of  Christ's  Church. 

1687  Jan.  1.    The  clergy  are  punished 

for  defying  the  laws  of  the  church. 

Rev.  Samuel  Johnson  is  publicly 
whipped  after  standing  three  times  iii 
the  pillory  for  an  alleged  libelous  pub- 
lication. 

Feb.  *  James  II.  issues  a  declaration  of 
liberty  of  conscience, 

Apr.*  Thekingfavors Non-conformists. 

He  grants  a  declaration  of  indulgence^ 

suspending   penal    laws   against  them. 

[Baxter,  Hume,  and  Bunyan  refuse  to 

receive  it,  it  being  illegal.] 

July  3.  The  king  receives  the  papal 
nuncio  with  magnificent  pomp ;  36 
coaches,  each  with  six  horses,  proceed 
to  the  Castle  of  Windsor. 

*  *  Many  anti-Catholic  charity  schools 
are  established  for  the  preservation  of 
the  Protestant  religion  among  the  poor. 

*  *  Cambridge  University  sides  against 
the  king. 

He  recommends  the  bestowal  of  th© 
degree  of  M.  A.  upon  Alban  Francis,  a 
Benedictine  monk,  and  it  refuses ;  he 
commands  that  the  presidency  of  Mag- 
dalen College  be  given  to  Farmer,  a  Ro- 
man Catholic,  and  it  refuses  to  obey. 

1688  Apr.  *  The  king  issues  a  second 
declaration  of  Hberty  of  conscience. 

[May.  4.  He  commands  it  to  be  read 
in  all  the  churches  of  London  on  May 
20.     Few  of   the  clergy  obey,  and  the 

fteople  rush  for  the  door  when  the  read- 
ng  begins.] 

May  18.  A  great  meeting  of  prelates 
and  divines  at  Lambeth  issues  a  tem- 
perate protest  against  the  illegal  read- 
ing of  the  declaration. 

June  8.  London.  Seven  bishops  ar© 
sent  to  the  Tower. 

William  Sancroft,  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, and  Bishops  Ken,  Lake,  Hoyd, 
Turner,  Trelawney,  and  White  are 
brought  by  summons  before  the  king  on 
the  charge  of  seditious  libel,  for  refus- 
ing to  read  the  king's  declaration  for 
liberty  of  conscience,  by  which  the  Ro- 
man Catholics  would  acquire  civil  and 
ecclesiastical  rights.  [June  29, 30.  They 
are  tried  and  acquitted.] 


LETTERS. 

1682*  *  Venice  Preserved,  by  Thomas 
Otway,  appears.  • 

1685  *  *  Ire.  The  Dublin  News  Letter  is 
issued. 

1686  Jan.  *  -93  *  *  London.  Bibliothk- 
que  Universelle  et  Historique,  begun  by 
Jean  Le  Clerc,  is  issued. 

1687  *  *  London.  Charity  schools  are 
first  established. 

*  *  The  Hind  and  the  Panther,  by  John 
Dryden,  appears. 


AND    IRELAND.       1682,  ** -1688,  Nov.  28.     897 


'  *  City  Mouse  and  Coxmiry  Mouse,  by 
Matttiow  Prior,  appears. 

1688  Nov.  12.  Scot.  The  first  auc- 
tion sale  of  books  in  Scotland  is  con- 
ducted by  Andrew  Anderson. 

SOCIETY. 

1683  May  8.  The  Duke  of  York  is 
a\varded  £100,000  damages  in  tbe 
trial  of  ex-slieriff  Pilkington  for  saying 
"  he  had  lired  the  city,  and  he  was  now 
come  to  cut  our  throats." 

1684  *  *  Titus  Oatesisfined  £100,000 

for  libel  against  the  Duke  of  York. 

[1&S5  May  7.  Titus  Dates  is  tried  for 
perjury.  Later,  be  is  sentenced  to  be 
pilloried  five  times  a  year,  and  inipris- 
oited  for  life,  after  being  whipped  with 
170()  lashes  in  twt>  days.  1(>89.  He  ia  par- 
i.to)ied,  and  gets  a  pension  of  £300.] 

1685  *  *  Kichard  Baxter  is  charged 
with  sedition  by  Jeffreys,  and  is  sen- 
tenced to  pay  oOO  marks,  and  kept  in 
prison  18  months  for  non-payment. 

Autumn.  A  reign  of  terror  prevails  in 
western  England,  caused  by  Jeffreys* 
barbarous  prosecutions  and  persecu- 
tions of  those  who  engaged  in  or  favored 
the  rebellion  of  Monmouth. 

Jeffreyshangs  350  rebels  in  the  "  Bloody 
Circuit,"  passing  through  Dorset  and 
Somersetshire.  He  sells  more  than  800 
into  slavery  beyond  the  sea ;  more  are 
whipped  and  imprisoned  ;  men,  women, 
and  children  are  beheaded  ;  pardons  are 
sold  by  the  queen,  maids  of  honor,  and 
even  the  judge  himself.  Sept.  2.  Lady 
Alice  Lisle  is  beheaded  for  harboring  a 
rebel.  Elizabeth  Gaunt  is  burned  at  Ty- 
burn for  sheltering  a  rebel  who  after- 
ward betrayed  her. 

*  *  The  wages  of  agricultural  laborers, 
per  week,  in  W.arwickshire,  are  :  3  shil- 
lings and  4  shillings ;  Devonshire,  5  shil- 
lings ;  SufiFolk,  5  shillings  and  6  shillings  ; 
wool-weavers,  about  3  shillings  and  4 
shillings. 

1686  Mar.  10.  James  II.  grants  a 
general  pardon,  excepting  among 
others  the  girls  of  Taunton  who  gave  a 
Bible  and  sword  to  Monmouth. 

*  *  Sunderland,  the  jwime  adviser  of  the 
king,  receives  a  pension  of  £25,000 
from  the  King  of  France  to  espouse 
his  interests  and  prevent  the  reassem- 
bling of  Parliament. 

*  *  Scot.  The  title,  Earl  of  Dunmore,  is 
created ;  also  Viscount  of  Strathallan. 
[1690,  Baron  Polwarth.] 

1687  *  *  The  last  of  the  Heralds*  Visi- 
tations takes  place. 

They  were  occasionally  held  i-n  former 
times,  and  the  landed  gentry  were  re- 
quired to  attend  to  prove  their  pedi- 
grees, which  were  ttxeu  entered  in  a 
book. 

STATE. 

1683  *  *  A  secret  political  confederacy 
is  formed  by  the  Duke  of  Monmouth,  the 
Earl  of  Es^ex,  Lord  William  Kussell, 
Lord  Grey,  Lord  Howard,  Algernon  Sid- 
ney, and  John  Hampden. 

It  proposes  to  incite  simultaneous  ris- 
ings in  several  parts  of  England  and 
Scotland,  aiming  to  compel  the  king  to 
assent  to  their  demands  for  a  change  in 
the  policy  and  proceedings  of  Govern- 
ment. 

June  12.  The  Rye  House  Plot  is  dis- 
closed by  Josiah  Keeling,  one  of  the 
conspirators. 

It  was  devised  by  Col.  Rumsey,  Lieut.- 
Ck)l.  Walcot,  and  others  to  assassinate 


the  king  and  his  brother  James  at  Rye 
House  farm  on  their  return  from  the 
Newmarket  races. 

The  Court  of  King's  Bench  decides  that 
"  the  franchise  and  liberty  of  the  city  of 
London  should  be  taken  and  seized  into 
the  king's  hands."  This  is  done  at  the 
instigation  of  the  court  party,  who  de- 
sire to  have  the  sheriffs  who  select  the 
juries  nominated  by  the  crown  instead 
of  cltosen  by  the  representatives  of  the 
city.  [Other  city  corporations  are  co- 
erced into  surrendering  their  charters.] 
June  18.    London  is  humbled. 

The  mayor,  sheriffs,  and  aldermen 
kneel  before  the  king  and  beg  clemency 
for  the  city  ;  they  are  required  to  con- 
sent to  accept  the  king's  nominations 
for  mayor  and  sheriffs  in  certain  cases; 
their  forfeited  charter  is  ransomed. 

July  21.  Lord  Russell  is  executed  af- 
ter conviction  as  a  conspirator  against 
the  king.  [Dec.  7.  Algernon  Sidney 
also.] 

July  28.  Anne,  daughter  of  James, 
Duke  of  York,  is  married  to  George, 
Prince  of  Denmai'k. 

*  *  Sir  Edmund  Saunders  is  appointed 
chief  justice.  [Later,  Sir  George  Jef- 
freys.] 

±  *  *  London.  The  Court  of  King's  Bench 
adjudges  the  penny  post  to  belong  to 
the  Duke  of  York,  as  a  branch  of  the 
general  post ;  it  is  annexed  to  the  rev- 
enue of  the  crown. 

1684  *  *  Ministers :  Sidney,  Lord  Godol- 
phin,  the  Earl  of  Rochester,  the  Earl  of 
Nottingham,  the  Earl  of  Sunderland, 
Sir  Thomas  Chicheley,  Lord  Dartmouth, 
the  Earl  of  Clarendon,  and  die  Earls  of 
Bath  and  Radnor. 

Feb.  12.  The  Earl  of  Danby  is  fib- 
erated  after  five  years'  imprisfiiment. 
[The  Earl  of  Powis  and  Lords  Arundel 
and  Belasyse  also  are  liberated.] 

*  *  The  name  Trimmer  is  applied  to 
Charles  Montagu*  Earl  of  Halifax,  and 
others  who  hold  opinions  half-way  be- 
tween those  of  the  Whigs  and  Tories. 

*  *  King  Charles  is  made  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty.     [1685.    May  17.    James  II.*] 

1685  Feb.  6.  Charles  II.  dies,  after 
having  on  his  death-bed  accepted  the 
Catholic  faith. 

1685-89  James  II.  reigns.  He  is  a 
brother  of  Charles  11.  [Apr.  23. 
Crowned.] 

Feb.  *  Ministers :  The  Earl  of  Roches- 
ter, the  Marquis  of  Halifax,  Sir  George 
Jeffreys,  die  Barl  of  Clarendon,  Sir  John 
Ernley,  and  Viscount  Preston. 

May  19.  Parliament  meets ;  its  mem- 
bers are  almost  all  subservient  to  the 
wishes  of  the  king.  [1687.  July  2.  Dis- 
solved.] 

June  ll.  The  Duke  of  Monmouth, 
njttural  son  of  Charles  II.,  lands  in  Dor- 
setshire with  about  150  followers,  to 
claim  the  throne.  [June  20.  He  pro- 
claims himself  king  as  James  11.  Cap- 
tured. July  15.  Beheaded  on  Tower 
Hill.] 

Julyi  *  Col.  Kirke*s  soldiers  are  quar- 
tered on  the  people  in  the  western  coun- 
ties, and  commit  many  outrageSjinclud- 
ing  murders.  They  are  called  •*  Kirke's 
lambs." 

*  *  James  appoints  Roman  Catholics  to 
office  in  disregard  of  the  Test  Act. 


Sept.  28.    Lord  Jeffreys  is  appointed 

lord  high  chancellor. 

Oct.  16.  Sir  Edward  Herbert  is  ap- 
pointed chief  justice. 

Oct.  22.  The  revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes  [drives  many  French  refugees 
to  England].     (P.  693.) 

Nov.  9.  Parliament  meets ;  it  refuses 
to  grant  supplies  for  the  army  while  the 
Test  Act  is  ignored  by  the  king.  [Com- 
mons, vote,  183-182.] 

Nov,  20.    Parliament  is  prorogued. 

*  *  Sugar  is  first  taxed. 

*  *  Jre.  Henry  Hyde,  Earl  of  Claren- 
don, is  appointed  lord  lieutenant.  [1687. 
Removed  ;  succeeded  by  Kichard  Talbot, 
Earl  of  Tyrconnel.] 

1686  Jan.  *  King  James  sends  Lord 
Castlemaine  as  royal  ambassador  to 
Rome. 

July  *  Father  Petre,  a  Jesuit,  and  the 
Catholic  Lords  Powis ,  A  rundel, Belasyse, 
and  Dover  are  admitted  to  the  Privy 
Council  in  violation  of  the  Test  Act ; 
even  moderate  Catholics  are  alarmed. 

*  *  Tbe  power  assumed  by  James  of  dis- 
pensing with  the  Test  Act  is  approved 
by  the  Court  of  King's  Bench. 

1687  Jan.*  Rochester  is  dismissed 

from  office  for  refusing  to  renounce  tbe 
Protestant  faith. 

Lord  Belasyse,  a  Catholic,  is  appointed 
lord  treasurer:  the  Earl  of  Sunderland 
is  made  president  of  the  council,  and 
Viscount  Preston  secretary  of  state. 

Feb.  12.  A  declaration  of  indulgence 
granting  liberty  of  conscience  to  all 
denominations  in  Scotland  is  made  by 
the  king.    [Apr.*  AnotherforEngland.*] 

*  *  King  James  reeRtablishes  the  Court 
of  High  Commission. 

*  *  Sir  Robert  Wright  is  appointed  chief 
justice. 

*  *  Many  justices  and  lord  lieutenants  are 
dismissed  for  refusing  to  control  the 
elections  in  favor  of  the  king's  course. 

1688  June  30.  An  invitation  is  secretly 
sent  to  "William,  Prince  of  Orange, 

the  son-in-law  of  James  II.,  to  intervene 
with  arms  for  the  restoration  of  English 
liberty  and  the  protection  of  the  Protes- 
tant religion. 

It  is  signed  by  the  Earls  of  Devonshire, 
Shrewsbury,  and  Danby.  by  Compton, 
Bishop  of  London,  Henry  Sidney,  Lord 
Lumley,  and  Adm.  Russell. 

Sept.  30.  Neth.  WiUiam  issues  a  dec- 
laration to  the  people  of  England  ac- 
cepting the  invitation.  [Oct.  19.  He 
embarks  at  Helvoetsluys  for  England. 
His  vessels  are  driven  back  by  a  storm. 
Nov.  1.  He  again  embarks.  Nov.  5.  He 
lands  at  Torbay.] 

Oct.  *  James  relents,  and  restores  to 
London  and  other  corporations  their 
charters. 

Nov.  22.  The  Duke  of  Grafton  and  Lord 
Churchill  join  "William. 

Nov.  26.  London.  Tbe  Princess  Anne, 
daughter  of  James,  flees,  and  deserts 
the  cause  of  her  father. 

Nov.  28.  James  issues  writs  for  a  new 
Parliament,  and  sends  three  commis- 
sioners, Halifax,  Nottingham,  and  Go- 
dolphin,  to  treat  with  William. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1681  *  *  The  king  prohibits  the  cultl- 
vation  of  tobacco. 

*  *  Ire.    Dublin  Castle  is  burned. 

1684-85    London.     Tlie   city  i.s    partly 
lit  at  night  by  Edward  Heming's  patent. 


898     1688,Nov.*-1692,Jan.l6.    GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1688  Nov,  *  The  treachery  in  the  army 

towards   the   king   becomes   infectious. 
[Nov.  25.    The  army  retreats  from  near 

Salisbury  without  a  battle.] 

1689  Mar.  12.  Ire.  James  H.  lajids 
a  force  from  France  at  Kiueale. 

Apr.  20-July  30.  Ire.  The  array  of 
James,  under  Richard  Hamilton  and 
others,  besieges  Londonderry,  which 
is  persistently  defended  by  the  Ilev. 
George  Walker.  The  city  is  relieved  by 
Gen.  Kirke ;  Gen.  Rosen  retires  with 
James's  army  after  losing  9,000  men. 

May  7-Sept.  20.    "War  with  France. 

July  27.  Scot.  Revolting  Highland- 
era  under  Viscount  Dundee  rout  Wil- 
liam's force  under  Gen.  Mackay  at  Kil- 
liecrankie,  Perthshire;  Dundee  falls, 
and  his  force  vanishes. 

*  *  Ire.  £]nnisklllen,  Fermanagh,  re- 
sists the  army  of  James  II. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Twenty-sixth  Cameronian 
Regiment  is  raised. 

July  30.  ire.  Battle  of  Newtown 
Butler,  Fermanagh. 

Gen.  McCarthy,  with  6.000  of  King 
James's  troops  (Irish  Catholics),  is  de- 
feated by  15,000  Enniskilleners  {Irish 
Protestants)  under  Gustavus  Hamilton  ; 
3,000  are  killed  and  the  others  captured, 
with  a  loss  of  only  20  men  to  the  victors. 

1690  June  14,  Ire.  "William  m. 
lands  at  Carrickfergus. 

*  *  Ire.  King  Louis  XIV.  reinforces 
James  in  Ireland  (p.  694). 

June  30.  Naval  battle  off  Beachy 
Head,  Sussex  (p.  694). 

July  1.  Ire.  Battle  of  the  Bo3rne. 
William  III.,  with  36,000  men,  defeats 
James  II.  with  30,000.  James's  loss 
15,000  killed  ;  William's  loss,  500  killed. 
[James  retreats  to  Dublin,  and  sails  for 
France.] 

July  23.  The  French  devastate  Teign- 
mouth,  Devonshire, 

Aug.  9.  Ire.  The  first  siege  of  Limer- 
ick by  William  commences.  [Aug.  27, 28. 
"William  assaults  the  city,  but  is  re- 
pulsed by  Patrick  Sarsfield,  the  leader 
of  the  Catholics.    Aug.  29.    Siege  raised.] 

Sept.  18.  The  Diike  of  Marlborough 
embarks  for  Ireland  with  an  army  of 
English,  Dutch,  Danish,  and  French. 

Sept.  24.  Ire.  Marlborough  takes 
Cork  after  a  siege  of  two  days ;  the 
Duke  of  Grafton,  a  son  of  Charles  II., 
is  killed.    [Kinsale  is  taken.] 

1091  July  12.  Ire,  Battle  of  Agh- 
rim. 

The  English  under  Ginkell  defeat  the 
Irish  under  St,  lluth  and  Patrick  Sars- 
field  ;  St.  Ruth  is  killed. 

July  *  Ire.  Galway  capitulates  to  the 
English. 

Aug.  15.  Ire.  The  second  siege  of 
Xiimerick  by  the  English  begins.  [Oct. 
3.    Surrenders  under  treaty.] 

Sept.  1.  The  Coronation,  with  90  guns, 
founders  off  the  Ramhead  ;  the  crew  is 
saved. 

The  IIartvich,w\th  70 guns,  is  wrecked 
onMount  Edgcumbe;  the  crew-perishes. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1688  *  *  A  catalogue  of  the  stars  is 
luade  by  John  Flamsteed,  astronomer 
royal. 

*  *  London,  The  weaving  of  silk  is 
much  improved  by  French  refugees  at 
Spitalfields. 

*  *  The  manufactiu*e  of  cloth  is  greatly 
improved  by  Flemish  settlers. 

1690  Oct.  17.  Dublin.  A  severe  earth- 
quake occurs. 

*  *  The  French  refugees  teach  the  Eng- 
lish improved  methods  in  paper-mak- 
ing. Only  coarse  white  paper  had  pre- 
viously been  made  in  England. 

1691  *  *  Halley's  method  of  measuring 
the  sun's  distance  by  the  transit  of 
Venus  appears. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1686  June  10.  Stuart.  James  Francis 
Edward,  Chevalier  de  St.  George,  son  of 
James  11.,  the  "  Old  Pretender,"  born. 

Astbury,  John,  of  Shelton.  potter,  born. 

Bnckingliain,  Duke  of,  George  Viiliers,  poli- 
tician, A  61. 

Bunyan,  John,  preacher,  author,  A59. 

CheseUlen,  WiUiain,  anatomist,  born. 

Cudworth,  Ralph,  religions  writer,  A71. 

Pope,  Alexander,  poet,  born. 

1689  *  *  liehn,  Apbra,  novelist,  dram.,  A47. 
Cooper,  Samuel,  miniature  painter,  born. 
Dundee,  Viscount,  John  Graham  of  Claver- 

house,  soldier,  A46. 
Ktherege,  Sir  (;eorge,  dramatist,  A53. 
Jeffreys,  (Jeorgp,  jurist,  statesman,  A41. 
Radcliflfe,   James,    Earl   of   Derwentwater, 

statesman,  born. 
Richardson,  Samuel,  printer,  novelist,  b. 
Sydenham,  Thomas,  physician,  A65. 
1690*  *  Barclay,    Robert^    Quaker,  author, 

Scotland,  A  42. 
Carteret.  John,  Earl  Granville,  states.,  b. 
Clinton,  Charles,  general,  born. 
Eliot,  John,  "Apostle  of  the  Indians,"  A86. 
Ged,  William,  inventor  of  stereotype,  born. 
Gwyn,  Eleanor,  mistress   of    Charles  II., 

A40. 
Hardwicke,  Earl  of,  Philip  York,  jurist,  b. 
Hooke,  Nathaniel,  historian,  born. 
Montagu,  Lady  Mary  Wortley,  writer,  born. 
1691*  *  Baxter.  Richard,  non -conformist, 

clergyman,  author,  A76. 
Cave,    Edward,   printer,   founder  of    The 

Gentleman's  Magazine^  born. 
Challoner,  Uichard,  bp.  of  London,  au.,  b. 
Dartmouth,  George  Legge,  lord-adm.,  A43. 
Dodington,  George  Bulb,  Baron  Melcombe, 

statesman,  bom. 
Faithorne,  AVilliam,  painter,  engraver,  A75. 
Fox,  Georg-e,  founder  (Friends),  A6H. 
Leland,  John,  el.,  controversialist,  born. 
Lower,  Richard,  anatomist,  A60. 
Mackenzie,  Sir  George,  lawyer,  statesman, 

writer,  Snotland,  A45 
Onslow.  Arthur,  statesman,  born. 
Pocock,  Edward,  scholar,  historian,  A87. 


CHURCH, 

1688  Dec.  11.  Loiidov.  Anti-Catholic 
mobs  burn  Koman  Catholic  chapels,  and 
insult  ambassadors  from  Roman  Catholic 
states. 

*  *  The  Convocation  of  Clergy  "refuses 
to  be  lowered  to  the  grade  of  dissenting 
bodies,  and  be  numbered  as  one  of  sev- 
eral holding  the  Protestant  religion." 

1689  Mar.  1.  Oaths  of  allegiance  and 
supremacy  are  taken  by  the  clergy. 

Archbishop  Bancroft  and  the  five  bish- 
ops (Bath  and  Wells,  Ely,  Gloucester, 
Norwich,  and  Peterborough/  are  sus- 
pended for  refusing  to  take  the  oaths  to 
the  new  sovereigns,  William  and  Mary. 

Mar.  14.  Scot.  A  committee  votes  to 
reestablish  Presbyterianism. 

*  *  The  Toleration  Act  is  passed. 

The  state  formally  renounces  the  claim 
to  impose  religious  conformity,  and  per- 
mits non-Episcopal  worship. 


Apr.  11.  Scot.  Episcopacy  is  again 
abolished,  and  bishops  expelled  on  the 
succession  of  William  and  Mary.  [Sept. 
19.    Episcopacy  is  formally  abolished.] 

May  7-July  20.  iXiblin.  James  II.  con- 
venes the  Irish  Parliament,  which  at- 
taints 3,000  Protestants. 

July  *  Roman  Catholics  are  excluded 
from  the  throne. 

*  *  London.  Baptists  put  forth  a  Confes- 
sion of  Faith. 

*  *  The  Compensation  Bill  for  Bissen- 
ters  is  introduced. 

1690*  *  Scot.  "An  Act  of  Settle- 
ment" is  passed. 

It  abolishes  prelacy  in  Scotland,  and 
recognizes  the  Westminster  Confession 
as  the  creed  of  the  church. 

*  *  Ire.  Regium  Donum,  or  Royal  Gift, 
is  revived.    (See  1672.) 

*  *  The  bishops  who  refuse  the  oaths  are 
deprived  of  their  bishoprics. 

1691    Feb.  1.   The  non-juring  bishops 

and  others  are  deprived  of  their  benefices. 
They  proceed  to  form  a  separate  com- 
munion. 

Apr.  *  John  TiUotson  is  made  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  [1694,  Thomas 
Tenison],  and  John  Sharp  archbishop 
of  York. 

July  18.  Robert  Boyle,  the  philoso- 
pher, institutes  by  his  will  and  a  legacy 
the  Boyle  Lectures  in  vindication  of 
Christianity.  [ITie  Christian  Faith  So- 
ciety is  formed.] 

*  •  It.  Innocent  XII.  is  elected  pope. 
[1700,  Clement  XI.] 

*  *  Roman  Catholics  are  excluded  from 
Parliament. 

*  *  Ire.  William  and  Mary  depose  t'wo 
bishops  for  not  taking  oaths  to  their 
sovereigns. 

*  *  Many  of  the  General  Baptist  churches 
adopt  Unitarian  views. 

LETTERS. 

1688  *  *  John  Dryden,  poet  laureate, 
is  deposed  at  the  Revolution,  and  is 
succeeded  by  Thomas  Shadwell. 

*  *  London.  Universal  Intelligence,  The 
English  Couraiit,  The  Londoii  Couraiit, 
The  London  Mercury,  The  Orange  Co- 
zette,  The  London  Intelligence,  Tfie  Har- 
lem Courant,  and  other  papers,  are 
issued. 

1689  *  *  Ihiblin.  TrinityCoUegeismade 
a  barrack  for  soldiers. 

*  *  Concerning  Toleration,  by  John 
Liocke,  appears.  [1690,  Essay  Concern- 
ing the  Human  Understanding  and  Two 
Treatises  on  Government ;  1693,  S&me 
Thoughts  Concerning  Education.] 

*  *  Table  Talk,hy  John  Selden,  appears. 

1689-95  London.  The  Athenian  Ga- 
zette or  Caustical  Mercury,  resolving  all 
the  most  Wise  and  Curious  Questions, 
is  issued. 

1690  *  *  The  Worcester  Postman  is  is- 
sued [now  known  as  Barrotc's  Worces- 
ter Journal]. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Dublin  Intelligencer  is  is- 
sued. 

*  *Jfmr«a/,  by  George  Fox,  appears. 

1691  *  *  History  of  Leamiiig  is  issued. 
Aug.  *  -93    Dec.  *  Works  of  the  Learned 

is  issued. 
1691-94      The    Gentleman's    Journal   is 

issued. 
1691-1709     Memoirs,    by    Sir    William 

Temple,  appears.    [1695.  Introduction  to 

the  History  of  England.] 


AND   IRELAND.    1688,  Nov.*-1692,  Jan.  16.    899 


SOCIETY. 

1688  Dec.  11.  London.  The  royal 
army  being  suddenly  disbanded,  re- 
straints of  discipline  "are  gone.  Anti- 
Catholic  riots  occur;  chapels  are 
burned,  and  houses  of  ambassadors  from 
Roman  Catholic  countries  are  attacked 
by  mobs. 

Dec.  12.  London.  The  •*  Irish  Night." 
A  false  report  tliat  Favershani's  Irish 
troops  are  marching  on  the  city  causes 
consternation ;  the  citizens  arm,  bells 
are  rung,  and  candles  are  set  at  all  win- 
dows. 

1689  *  *  Samuel  Wesley  marries  Su- 
sannah Anuesley  (parents  of  John  Wes- 
ley.) 

1690  *  *  Titles  created,  Earl  of  Scarbor- 
ough. [16iM,  Duke  of  Bedford,  Duke 
of  Leeds,  and  Duke  of  Devonshire ; 
16£«,  Duke  of  Albemarle ;  1697,  Earl  of 
Jersey,  and  Earl  of  Coventry  ;  1698, 
Baron  Barnard.] 

1691  Aug.  19.  Ire.  The  [famous]  rob- 
ber, MacCabe,  is  hanged  at  Naas. 

*  ♦  Societiesforthe  reformation  of  man- 
ners, aiming  at  the  suppression  of  vice, 
are  organized.    . 

STATE. 

1688  Dec,  11.  London.  King  James 
tears  up  the  unissued  writs  for  Parlia- 
ment, and  flees,  throwing  the  great  seal 
into  the  Thames.  [He  escapes  to  France]. 

Dec.  12-89  Feb.  13.  Interregnum, 
England  is  without  a  government. 

Dec.  12.  H.  L.  The  Peers  establish 
provisional  government  under  the 
presidency  of  Lord  Halifax. 

Dec.  13.  Lord  Chancellor  Jeffreys  is 
taken  in  disguise,  rescued  from  the  mob, 
and  committe<l  to  the  Tower  [where  he 
dies  in  a  few  months]. 

Dec.  14.  James  is  arrested  by  fisher- 
men, rudely  taken  ashore  at  Sheerness 
from  hi«  vessel,  and  brought  back  to 
London. 

Dec.  19.  London.  William  enters  and 
holds  court  at  St.  James. 

J>ec.  22.  James  again  escapes;  he  sails 
for  France  [and  becomes  a  pensioner  of 
Louis  XIV.]. 

1689  Jan.  22.  Lmidon.  The  Conven- 
tion Parliament,  summoned  by  the  ad- 
vice of  tlie  Peers,  meets.  [1690.  Feb.  6. 
Dissolved.] 

Jan.  28.  The  House  of  Commons  de- 
clares the  throne  vacant. 

Jan.  30.  H.  L.  A  motion  favoring  a 
regency  is  lost.  Vote,  49-51.  A  motion 
denying  "divine  right**  is  carried. 
Vote,  !>3-4(i.  A  motion  declaring  the 
throne  vacant  is  lost.    A'ote,  41-55. 

[The  question  becomes  an  issue  be- 
tween the  two  houses:  the  decision  of 
William  to  decline  a  regency,  and  of 
Mary  to  accept  only  a  joint  rule,  brings 
unity.] 

Feb.  13.  Both  houses  offer  the  crown 
to  William  and  Mary  jointly,  and  ac- 
company the  offer  with  a  declaration  of 
the  rights  of  subjects. 

Tlie  declaration  comlemns  as  illegal  the 
making  or  suspending  laws,  the  levying  of 
money  for  the  crown,  or  the  maintaining  of 
a  standing  army,  witliuut  the  consent  of  Par- 
liament, the  erecting  of  a  Court  of  Conmiis- 
aion  for  ecclesiastical  causes,  or  the  granting 
«of  estates  forfeited  before  the  conviction  of 


the  offender;  it  claims  the  right  of  petition- 
ing tlie  sovereign,  of  bearing  arms,  of  free- 
dom of  election,  and  of  free<ioni  of  debate  in 
Farliamenl;  it  demands  that  Parliament 
shall  be  frequently  held,  that  excessive  bail 
shall  not  be  exacted,  anil  that  juries  shall  be 
impanelled  and  returned  in  every  trial;  and 
it  prescribes  a  new  oath  of  "allegiance  and 
supremacy,"  in  which  it  Is  declared  that  "  no 
foreign  prince,  person,  prelate,  state,  or  po- 
tentate, hath  or  ought  to  have,  any  jurisdic- 
tion, power,  superiority,  preeminence,  or 
authority,  ecclesiastical  or  spiritual,  within 
this  realm." 

The  Revolution  is  completed. 

William,  Prince  of  Orange,  and  his 
wife  Mary,  daughter  of  James  11.,  ac- 
cept the  crown ;  they  are  proclaimed 
King  and  t^ueen  of  Great  Britain,  Ire- 
land, and  >  rauce. 

1689-94    Mary  reigns. 

1689-1702    "William  m.  reigns. 

Feb.  •  Ministers : 

Viscount  Mordaunt;  Thomas  Osborne,  Earl 

of  Danby  [created  Marquis  of  Carmarthen, 
afterwards  Duke  of  l^eds] ;  George,  Marquis 
of  Halifax;  Arthur  Herbert  [Lord  Torring- 
ton];  the  Karla  of  Shrewsbury,  Nottingham, 
Sunderland,  Dorset,  and  Middlesex;  Wil- 
liam, Earl  [  1  >uke J  of  Devonshire,  Lord 
Godolphin,  Lord  Montague,  and  Lord  De  la 
Mere. 

Feb.  18.  The  Convention  Parliament 
becomes  a  regular   Purliament  by  the 

.   passage  of  a  Transforming  Act. 

Feb.  *  Members  of  Parliament  take  the 
oaths  of  allegiance  and  supremacy. 

The  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  seven 
spiritual  peers,  several  lay  peers,  and  a 
few  members  of  the  Commons  absent 
themselves. 

Feb.  *  William  proposes  the  abolition  of 
the  hearth  tax. 

Mar.  8.  Arthur  Herbert  is  made  first 
lord  of  the  admiralty.  flG90,  Jan.  20, 
Thomas,  Earl  of  Pembroke  and  Mont- 
gomery: 1692,  Mar.  10,  Charles,  Lord 
Cornwallis  ;  109.1,  Apr.  15,  Anthony,  Vis- 
count Falkland  ;  1G94,  Mav  2,  Edward 
Kussell  [Earl  of  Orford]  ;  1609,  June  2, 
John,  Ear!  of  Bridgewater.] 

Mar.  12.  Ire.  James  II.  lands  with  an 
armed  force.    (See  Army.) 

[He  is  joined  by  Talbot,  Earl  of  Tyr- 
connel,  liis  former  deputy,  and  is  wel- 
comed by  the  Catholics.  Mar.  24.  He 
enters  Dublin.] 

Mar.  *  Edinburgh.  A  Convention  of  the 
Estates  passes  an  act  settling  the  crown 
of  Scotland  on  William  and  Mary. 

Mar.  *  The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  is  sus- 
pended for  the  first  time. 

Mar.  *  Parliament:  The  attainder  of 
Lord  Russell  antl  Algernon  Sidney  is 
reverscii. 

Mar.  *  Parliament :  The  first  Mutiny 
Act  is  passed. 

It  is  occasioned  by  a  mutiny  among  the 
troops  at  Ipswich.  [A  mutiny  act  is 
passed  annually  to  make  legal  the  exist- 
ence of  a  standing  army.} 

Apr.  11.  William  and  Mary  are 
crowned ;  Compton,  bishop  of  lrf>ndon, 
officiates. 

Apr.  17.  Sir  John  Holt  is  appointed 
chief  justice. 

May  7.  Dublin.  James  II.  opens  the 
Irish  ParUament.  [July  20.  Closed.] 
[It  repeals  the  Act  of  Settlement,  gives  re- 
ligious freedom,  asserts  Ireland's  legislative 
independence,  and  provtiles  that  the  Catholic 
clergy  shall  be  entitleil  to  all  tithes  paid  by 
Catholics.] 

May  24.    Parliament:  The  Toleration 

Act  is  passed. 

It  exempts  Protestant  dissenters  from 
penalties  for  non-attendance  at  the 
services  of  the  Established  Church. 


May  *  Parliament  orders  the  release  from 
prison  of  Titus  Oates,  and  grants  him 

a  pension  of  £300  a  year. 

July*  Scot.  Graham  of  Claverhouse 
raises  the  standard  of  James  H. 

Oct.  *  Parliament ;  The  Bill  of  Bights 

is  passed. 

Its  title  is  "An  Act  declaring  the 
Rights  and  Liberties  of  the  Subject,  and 
settling  the  Succession  of  the  Crown  "  in 
a  Protestant  line. 

*  *  The  great  seal  is  in  commission. 

*  *  The  public  debt  is  £664,263. 

*  *  London.    The  charter  is  restored. 

*  *  Ire.  James  orders  the  issue  of  a  coin- 
age of  brass  money. 

*  *  Hearth,  or  chimney  tax.  and  poll-tax 
are  abolished. 

1690  Mar.  20.     Parliament     meets. 

[1695.    Oct.  U.    Dissolved.] 

The  majority  is  Tory,  and  the  ad- 
ministration consists  of  Sidney,  -Lord 
Godolphin ;  Thomas,  Earl  of  I)anby ; 
Richard  Hampden;  Thomas,  Earl  of 
Pembroke  ;  Henry,  Viscount  Sydney  ; 
Daniel,  Earl  of  Nottingham. 

May  20.  Parhament:  The  Act  of 
Grace  is  jiassed. 

It  gives  indemnity  to  all  partizans  of 
James  II.,  except  jwrsons  jjuilty  of 
treasonable  corresjiondence  with  him. 

May  23.    Parliament  is  prorogued. 

July  4.  London  receives  with  ^eat  re- 
joicing the  news  of  William's  victory  at 
the  battle  of  the  Boyne. 

Dec.  29.    Ire.     Sir  Charles  Porter  is 

appomted  lord  chancellor. 

*  *  Sir  John  Trevor,  Sir  William  Rawlin- 
son,  and  Sir  <ieorge  Hutchins  are  ap- 
pointed keepers. 

*  *  Ire.  Henry  Sidney,  Ixjrd  Sidney,  is 
appointed  lord  lieutenant. 

1691  Jan.  5.  Parliament  is  prorogued. 

Jan.  18.  William  goes  to  Holland,  and 
is  present  at  the  Congress  of  The  Hague 
for  the  promotion  of  theallianoe  against 
France.  [Apr.  13.  He  returns.  May  1. 
He  again  leaves  for  Holland.] 

Aug.*  Scot.  The  Government  proclaims 
indemnity  to  all  rebellious  Highland 
chiefs  who  take  the  oath  of  allegiance 
before  the  last  day  of  the  year. 

Oct.  3.  Ire.  The  Treaty  of  Limerick 
is  signed. 

It  is  agreed  that  the  Irish  Rurremler  ;  that 
all  Irish  offleers  and  soldiers  desiring  it  shall 
be  permitted  to  enter  the  service  of  France, 
and  shall  have  free  trnnsportation  lliereto  ; 
that  all  attainders  shall  he  annnUeil,  and  all 
outlawries  reversed;  that  Catholics  shall  have 
the  same  freedom  In  the  exercise  of  their 
religion  as  tbey  enjoyed  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II. ;  that  only  the  oath  of  allegiance 
shall  be  required  ;  and  tliat  there  shall  be  a 
general  amnesty.  [The  treaty  is  violated  by 
the  Irish  Parliament,  consisting  wholly  of 
Protestants,  which  passes  severe  penal  laws 
against  CathoUcs.  ] 

Dec.  31.  liord  Preston  and  two  asso* 
ciates  are  arrested  while  conveying  trea^ 
sonable  correspondence  to  James  II. 
[Lord  Preston  and  Ashton  are  tried,  and 
the  latter  is  executed.] 

1692  Jan.  10.  Tlie  Earl  of  Marlbor- 
ough, having  been  detected  in  treason- 
able correspondence  with  James  II.,  is 
dismissed  from  his  military  command. 
[May  5.  Arrested,  cliarged  with  con- 
spiracy to  restore  James,  (Innocent.) 
May  23.  Dismissed  from  office  as  privy 
councilor.] 

Jan.  16.  King  William  signs  the  order 
for  the  extirpation  of  the  Macdonalds 
of  Glencoe.    (See  Society.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1691  *  *  Goldfish  are  brought  to  Eng- 
land from  China. 


900    1692,  Feb.  13-1700,**         GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1692  May  19.  Naval  battle  off  La 
Hogue  (p.  694). 

Aug.  3.  Belg.  William  is  defeated  at 
Steenkerke  (p.  694). 

*  *  The  match-lock  and  wheel-lock  are 
superseded  by  the  flint-lock. 

1693  Apr.  17.  Parliament  orders  tliat 
officers,  seamen,  and  marines  shall  re- 
ceive, as  rewards,  one-eighth  the  pro- 
ceeds of  prizes. 

June  29 i.  Port.  The  English  de- 
feated off  Cape  St.  Vincent  (p.  694). 

July  29.  lithj.  "William  defeated  at 
Landen;  20,000  allies  are  killed  (p.  694). 

Sept.  24.    The  ring  bayonet  is  adopted. 

1695  July  1.  Belg.  King  "William 
ill.,  with  an  army  of  English,  Dutch, 
and  tjermans,  lays  siege  to  Namur. 
[Aug.  26.    Taken.] 

Aug.  19.  Belg.  The  French,  with 
80,000  men  under  the  Duke  of  Villeroy 
and  Marshal  Houfflers,  attempt  to  re- 
lieve Namur,  but  are  defeated  with 
great  loss. 

1696  Jan.  29.  The  Royal  Sovereion, 
with  100  guns,  is  wrecked  and  burned  in 
the  Medway. 

1697  Sept.  20.  Neth.  The  Peace  of 
Kyswick  ends  the  war  with  France. 

1699*  *  William  ni.  sends  30  ships 
under  Sir  George  Rooke  to  aid  Charles 
XII.  of  Sweden  against  Denmark. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1694  *  *  Te  Deum  and  Jubilate,  written 
for  St.  Cecilia's  Day  by  Henry  Purcell, 
appears. 

1695  Nov.  15.  Ire.  A  shower  of 
greasy  matter  falls;  it  becomes  oflFen- 
sively  odorous  when  drying. 

*  *  London.  Lincoln's  Inn  Theater  is 
opened. 

*  *  The  spiral  pendulum  spring  is  in- 
vented by  Robert  Hooke. 

*  *  Lojidon.  John  Lofting,  from  Holland, 
establishes  the  manufacture  of  thim- 
bles at  Islington. 

*  *  The  cylinder  and  escapement  for 
watches  is  invented  by  Thomas  Tom- 
pion. 

1696  Apr.  2.  /re.  Dew  resembling 
butter  in  its  consistency  and  color  is 
formed  in  many  places.  [It  falls  fre- 
quently in  low"  places,  and  sometimes 
remains  a  fortnight.] 

*  *  A  storm  occurs  on  the  east  coast  of 
England ;  200  colliers  and  coasters  are 
lost,  with  most  of  their  crews. 

1697*  *  Scot.  The  problem  of  the  caten- 
ary, with  the  analysis,  is  solved  by  Dr. 
David  Gregory. 

1698  *  *  Capt.  Thomas  Savery  invents  a 
heat-engine.  He  also  suggests  the  use 
of  steam  as  a  motive  power  (?). 

*  *  Ire.  The  manufacture  of  cloth  is  out- 
rageously restrained  by  law. 

1700  *  *  George  Graham  invents  the  dead- 
beat  and  horizontal  escapements  for 
watches. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1692  "  ♦  Anderson,  Adam,  econo.,  Scot.,  b. 
Butler,  Joseph,  theologian,  philosopher,  b. 
Henley,  John,  i)rpacher,  born. 

1693  *  *  Blount,  Charles,  delstlcal  wr.,  A39. 
Bradley,  James,  astro.,  mathematician,  b. 
Carew,  Bamfylde,  Moo^e,  "  King  of  the  beg- 
gars," born. 

CoUinson,  Peter,  botanist,  bom. 


Kdwards,  (Jeorge,  ornithologist,  born. 

Fawkes,  Francis,  poet,  A61. 

Harrison,  Jolm,  mechanician,  born. 

Lilly,  George,  dramatist,  born. 

Ludlow,  Kduiund,  judge,  ATS. 

Newcastle,  Duke  of,  Thomas  Holies  Pelhani, 

statesman,  born. 
Bancroft,  William,  archbishop  of  (Canter- 
bury, A77. 
Sarsfleld,  Patrick,  patriot,  gen..  Ire.,  dies. 
Soniervilie,  William,  poet,  born. 
1694    Sept.    22.      Chesterfield,    Earl    of, 
Philip  I),  Stanhope,  slatesinan,  author,  h. 
Dec.  27.    Mary  II.,  ijiieen,  A32. 
Hutcheson,  Francis,  metapbys.,  Scot.,  h. 
TillotBon,  John,  arehh.  of  Canterbury,  Ati4. 
1696  *   *  Pushy.  Richard,  master  of  Westmin- 
ister st'bool,  A91I. 
Dalrymple,  James,  tlrst  Viscount  Stair,  juriBt, 

Scot.,  A76. 
Erskiiie,  .John,  jurist,  Scotland,  born. 
Glas,  John,  cl.,fdr.  ((ilaasites),  Scotland,  b. 
Pur'-ell,  Henry,  musical  <'oiii])08er,  A37. 
Wood,  Anthony,  antiquarian,  A63. 
1696  •   *  (ireeiie,  Maurice,  comiwser,  born. 
Hervey,  Lord  John,  statesman,  b. 
Home,  Henry,   Lord   Kamee,  jurist,  phi- 
losopher, Scotland,  born. 
Keith,  James  Francis  Edward,  marshal, 

Jacobite  general,  Scotland,  bom. 
Oglethorpe,  James  Kdward,  gen.  fdr.  Ga.,  b. 
Pelham,  Sir  Henry,  statesman,  born. 
1697*   *  Anson,   Lord    <ieorge,    circumnavi- 
gator, vice-admiral,  l)orn. 
Aubrey,  John,  topographer,  antiquary,  A71. 
Gill,  John,   Baptist  clergyman,   Rabbinical 

scholar,  author,  born. 
Hograrth,  William,  paint.,  engr.,  humo.,  b. 
Muggleton,  Ludowick,  fanatic,  A88. 
1698  ♦  *  Baker,  Henry,  naturalist,  born. 
Jortin,  John,  cl.,  preacher,  author,  born. 
Mac<ieogbegan,  James,  abb6,  scholar,  histo- 
rian, Ireland,  born. 
Maclaurin,  Colin,  math.,  phil.,  Scotland,  b. 
Savage,  Richard,  poet,  born. 
Warburton,  William,  bishop  of  Gloucester, 

author,  born. 
Wharton.  Duke  of,  Philip,  orator,  poet.  b. 
1699*  *  Bates,    William,    non-conformist 
clergyman,  A74. 
Child,  Sir  Josiah,  mercliant,  economist,  A69. 
Longman,  Thomas,  fdr.  publishing  house,  b. 
Temple,  Sir  William,  states.,  mis.  wr.,A71. 
1700  *   *  Amory,  Thomas,  clergyman,  au.,  b. 
Arbuckle,  James,  poet,  Scotland,  born. 
I>yer,  John,  poet,  born. 
Mallet,  or  Mailock,  David,  poet,  Scot.,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1692*  *  Dublin.  The  Quakers'  first 
meeting-house  is  opened  in  Eustace 
Street. 

1695*  *  The  Congregational  Fund 
Soard  is  established  to  assist  poor  min- 
isters. 

1696*  *  Edinburgh.  Thomas  Aikenhead 
is  executed  for  neresy :  he  is  the  last 
heretic  executed  in  Great  Britain. 

1697  Dec.  2.  London.  The  choir  of  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral  is  reopened  [after  tlie 
fire]  on  the  General  Thanksgiving  Day 
for  Peace. 

1698  *  *  Liverpool  is  made  a  separate 
parish. 

*  *  First  Bible  Society  is  formed. 

It  is  called  "  The  Society  for  the  Pnj- 
motion  of  Christian  Knowledge." 

1699  *  *  Parliament  jiasses  an  act  to  pre- 
vent the  growth  of  **  popery." 

It  provides  a  payment  of  .€100  to  pros- 
ecutors of  Catholics,  and  the  forfeiture 
of  Catholicestates.  Teachers  and  priests 
are  liable  to  imprisonment  for  life. 

1700  *  *  The  Unitarians  of  Central  Eu- 
rope come  to  England. 


LETTERS. 

1692  *  *  IPfahum   Tate    is    made    poet 
laureate. 

1692-93     The  Complete  Library  is  issued. 

1693  *  *  The  censorship  of  the  press  is 
established  by  a  license. 

*  *  Memoirs  for  the  Ingfnious  is  issued. 

*  *  The    Old   Bachelor    and    The    Double 
Dealer^  by  William  Congreve,  appear. 


[1695,  Love  for  Love:  1697,  The  Mounium 
Bride;  1700,  The  Way  of  the  W<yrld.] 

1695  *  *  The  censorship  of  the  press  liav- 
ing  been  abolished,  newspapers  are  be- 
gun to  be  regularly  issued. 

*  *  The  Mercury  is  issued  at  Stamford 
[now  known  as  The  Lincoln,  Rutland 
and  Stamford  Mercury.} 

1696  *  *  London .  LloytVs  News  is  issued 
by  Edward  Lloyd. 

1697  *  *  Dissertation  <m  the  Epistles  of 
Phalaris,  by  Bichard  Bentley,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Relapse,  ^sop,  and  The  Provoked 
it  >fe,  by  Sir  John  Vanbrugh,  appear 
[I7ir2,  The  False  Friend.]       *'   '     *  ^ 

*  *  Translation  of  Vergil's  Works,  and 
Alexander's  Eeast,  by  John  Dryden.  ap- 
pear.    [1700,  Fables.] 

1698  *  *  London.  [Queenl  Anne  founds 
Crrey-coat  School,  Westminster. 

*  *  Short  View  of  the  Immorality  and  Pro- 
fatieness  of  the  English  Stage,  by  Jeremy 
Collier,  appears. 

*  *  A  metrical  version  of  the  Psnlms  is 
prepared  by  Nahuni  Tate  and  Niebolx't 
Brady. 

*  *  Love  in  a  Bottle,  by  George  Farquhar. 
appears.  [1099,^  Constant  Coupl,- .-  1701 
Sir  Harry  Wildair :  1702.  The  Inr,nistant\ 
or  the  U  ay  to  Win  Him,  ami  Thr  Twii, 
Rivals:  17(>4,  The  Stage  Coach;  1707,  Tht- 
Beaux*  Stratagem.] 

1699  Mar.  *  Scot.  The  Edinburgh  Ga- 
zette is  issued. 

1699-1712  Londmi.  A  History  of  the 
Works  of  the  Learned  is  issued. 

1700  *  *  Dublin.  Pue's  Occurances  is  is- 
sued. 

*  *  Carmen  Seculare,  by  Matthew  Prior, 
appears.     [1709.     Poems.] 

SOCIETY. 

1692  Feb.  13.  Scot.  Massacre  of 
Glencoe. 

Maclan  Macdonald  and  about  GO  of  his 
clan,  including  women  and  children,  are 
murdered  b\'  royal  troops  under  Capt. 
Campbell  (Glenlyon),  at  the  instigation 
of  Sir  John  Dairymple  [Earl  of  Stair], 
for  not  having  taken  the  oath  of   alle- 

fiance  before  Jan.  1  ;    the  troops  had 
een  Macdonald's  guests  for  12  days. 

*  *  London.  Robert  Young,  a  prisoner 
in  Newgate,  forges  the  hands  of  the 
Earls  of  Marlborough  and  Salisbury,  and 
other  nobility,  to  a  pretended  associa- 
tion for  restoring  King  James  ;  the  lords 
are  imprisoned,  but  the  imposture  being 
detected.  Young  is  fined  £1,000,  and  put 
in  the  pillory.  [He  is  afterwards  hanged 
for  coining.] 

1693  *  *  liOtteries  are  established  [and 
for  more  than  130  years  yield  a  large 
annual  revenue  to  the  crown]. 

1694  *  *  Many  persiins  are  executed  for 
clipping  the  coins. 

Mar.  12.  Sir  John  Trevor,  Speaker  of 
the  House  of  C*mimons, is  expelled  from 
the  chair  and  the  House  for  taking  a 
gratuity  after  the  act  for  the  benefit  of 
orphans  had  passed. 

1695  Oct.  10.     William  111.  is  received 

on  his  return  from  the  continent  with 
illuminations  and  public  rejoicings. 

*  *  A  tax  is  laid  on  marriages;  a  duke 
has  to  pay  £50,  a  common  person,  two 

shillings  and  sixpence. 

*  *  Births  of  children  are  taxed  ;  a  duke, 
£30,  a  common  person  two  shillings. 

*  *  A  statute  declares  that  the  slave- 
trade  "  is  highly  beneficial  and  advan- 
tageous to  the  kingdom  and  the  colo- 
nies." 


AND    IRELAND.        1692,  Feb.  13-1700,  *  *.    901 


*  *  Widowers  are  taxed ;  a  duke,  £12 10«. ; 
lower  peers,  smaller  sums;  a  common 
person,  one  shilling. 

*  •  Profane  swearing  is  made  punisha- 
ble by  H  tine  :  a  laborer  or  servant  ftir- 
feittng  one  shilling,  others  two  shillings, 
for  the  tlrst  offense;  for  the  second 
offense,  four  shillings;  for  the  third 
offense,  six  shillings. 

1696  Feb.  *  The  Aflsaasination  Plot, 
to  kill  William  III.,  is  discovered. 

It  was  organized  by  Sir  (ieorge  Barclay 
and  otlier  Jacoliites,  and  was  to  have  been 
simultaneously  executed  with  one  for  a»  in- 
surrection to  be  aided  by  Trencli  invaders. 
About  40  ruffians  undertook  to  kill  William, 
near  Tm-nliain  (Jreen,  Middlesex,  on  Feb.  U, 
but  their  schcine  was  disclosed  by  Prender- 
gast,  a  Kuiuan  Cathulic. 
Feb.  *  A  national  loyal  association  is 
organized. 

It  is  to  protect  the  king  from  assassins;  and 
the  members  of  both  houses  of  Parliament, 
and  the  majority  of  the  male  population  join 
it  immediately  ;  all  persons  holding  office 
under  the  (.Jovernment  are  required  to  be 
members. 

Mar.  *  -Apr.  *  Robert  Chamock,  Edward 

King,  Thomas  Keyes,  Sir  William  Parkyns, 
Sir  John  Friend,  Ambrose  Rookwood,  Charles 
Cranbume,  and  Kdward  Lowick  are  tried, 
convicted,  and  executed  for  complicity  in  the 
plot  for  the  assaeBlnation  of  the  king. 

*  *  Plate,  with  the  exception  of  spoons, 
is  prohibited  in  public  houses. 

*  *  Scot.  The  title.  Earl  of  Orkney,  is 
created. 

1697  Jan.  28.  Sir  John  Fenwick  is 
executed  after  trial  by  bill  of  attainder 
for  complicity  in  the  assassination  plot. 
[He  is  the  last  person  executed  in  Eng- 
land by  act  of  attainder.] 

Uov.  26.  London.  There  is  great  pub- 
lic rejoicing  on  William's  entry  into 
the  city,  on  the  restoration  of  peace,  and 
the  return  of  commercial  prosperity. 

Dec.  2.  National  thanksgiving  ia  ob- 
served for  the  restoration  of  peace. 

*  *  Sunderland  orders  a  correction  of  the 
profaneness  and  immorality  of  the 
drama. 

1698  Jan.  11.  Peter  the  Great,  Czar 
of  Kussia,  arrives  in  England. 

*  *  Hawkers  and  pedlers  are  first  li- 
censed. 

*  *  London.  Thomas  Firmin  advocates  a 
popular  and  benevolent  scheme  for  set- 
ting the  poor  at  work. 

*  •Societies  for  "the  reformation  of 
inanners"  abound. 

They  lay  informations  of  swearers, 
■drunkards,  and  Sabbath-breakers  before 
magistrates,  and  apply  the  informer's 
portion  of  the  fines  paid  to  charities. 

*  *  Prevailing  immorality  and  inde- 
cency of  the  stage. 

Charity  is  represented  as  the  thin  dis- 
guise <»f  scheming  women,  and  adultery 
a  proper  pursuit  of  refined  gentlemen, 
and  virtuous  people  the  butt  of  ridicule. 

1699  Feb.  13.  The  Government  no- 
tifies the  play-houses  that  they  are  to 
enact  nothing  contrary  to  religion  and 
good  manners. 

*  •John  Archdale,  a  Quaker,  is  elected 
to  Parliament  :  havint;  refused  t<t  take 
the  oatlis,  his  election  is  <leolared  void. 

*  *  A  statute  is  passed  making  shoplift- 
ing a  felony  without  benelit  of  (dergy. 

*  •  The  Charitable  Society  of  Natives, 

Winchester,  is  founded. 

1700  •  •  Calico  is  prohibited  to  be 
printed  or  worn. 


*  *  The  vending  of  spirits  is  first  regu- 
lated. 

A  justice's  license  is  required  before 
anybody  is  entitled  to  sell ;  but  distillers 
are  permitted  to  retail  without  license, 

firovided  they  do  not  tolerate  tippling 
n  their  houses. 

STATE. 

1692  *  •  The  Administration  is  directed 
by  the  "Junto"  "Whigs. 

(Tohn  Somers,  lonl  keeper,  Edward 
Russell,  Shrewsbury,  and  Thomas  Whar- 
ton, secretaries  of  state,  and  Charles 
Montagu,  chancellor  of  the  exchequer. 

1693  Jan.  20.  Parliament:  The  per- 
manent national  debt  begins  in  an  act 
for  raising  money  for  carrying  on  a  war 
against  France.  [One  million  pounds  are 
borrowed  on  annuities  at  10  per  cent.] 

Nov.  *  Government  by  party  is  intro- 
duced. 

The  king  selects  his  ministers  from  the 
party  having  the  majority  in  the  House 
of  Commons. 

*  *  Sir  John  Somers  is  appointed  lord 
keeper. 

1694  Mar.  12±.  H.  C.  Sir  John 
Trevor,  Speaker,  is  expelled  for  receiv- 
ing a  i)ribe. 

May  ♦  The  Earl  of  Marlborough  writes 
a  treasonable  letter  to  James  II. 

July  23.  London.  The  Bank  of  Eng- 
land, projected  by  'William  Paterson, 
a  Scotch  merchant,  is  established  ;  it  is 
granted  certain  privileges  in  return  for 
a  loan  of  dei,200,000  to  the  Government. 

Dec.  22.  Parliament :  The  act  provid- 
ing for  triennial  Parliaments  is  signed 
by  the  king. 

Dec.  28.    Queen  Mary  dies. 

1695  June  7.    Sir  Richard  Tyne  is 

appointcii  chief  justice. 

Nov.  22.  The  first  triennial  Parlia- 
ment meets  ;  the  Whigs  are  in  a  major- 
ity.    [1698.    July  7.     Dissolved.] 

*  *  Ire.  Ijord  Capel  is  appointed  lord 
lieutenant. 

*  *  Parliament :  The  censorship  of  the 
press  in  the  form  of  license  is  abolished. 

*  *  Parliament :  A  recoinage  act  is 
pagse<l. 

It  authorizes  the  withdrawal  of  coins 
depreciated  by  clipping,  and  the  issue  of 
new  coins,  the  loss  of  the  diiference  In 
value  to  be  borne  by  the  public  ex- 
chequer.  [It  causes  a  commercial  panic] 

*  *  Edinburr/k.  The  Bank  of  Scotland 
is  founded. 

*  *  fhib/in.  The  Protestant  Parliament 
makes  severe  laws  against  Catholics. 

They  make  it  a  penal  act  for  a  Catholic 
to  bear  arms,  or  to  teach  school,  or  to 
have  his  children  instructed  in  the  Cath- 
olic faith,  or  to  own  a  horse  worth  more 
than  £5  ;  and  it  is  enacted  that  all  popish 
archbifihop.s,  bishops,  ami  other  clergy 
phall  quit  the  kingdom  before  May  1, 
1698. 

*  *  The  window-tax  is  first  enacted,  to 
tlefray  the  expense  of  and  the  deficiency 
in  the  recoinage  of  silver. 

1696  Feb.  24.  The  king  informs  Par- 
liament of  a  Jacobite  plot  to  assassinate 
him  and  invade  the  kingdom  in  favor  of 
James  II.    (See  Society.) 

Feb.  •  The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  is  tem- 
porarily suspended. 

*  •  Parliament :  The  Trial  for  Treason 
Act  is  passed. 


It  provides  that  the  accused  shall  be 
permitted  to  have  the  aid  of  counsel, 
and  that  evidence  of  two  witnesses  be 
required  to  i)rove  an  overt  act. 

*  *  Ire.     The  free  exportation  of  flax, 

hemp,  linen,  yarn,  and  thread  is  enacted ; 
but  the  exportation  of  English  wool  and 
the  importation  of  Irish  wool  into  Eng- 
land are  prohibited. 

*  *  Ire.  An  act  is  passed  permitting 
Quaker  to  affirm  instead  of  taking 
oaths  in  courts  of  law. 

1697  Jan.  12.  Ire.  Sir  John  Jeffrey- 
son,  Thomas  Coote,  and  Nehemlah  Don- 
ellan  are  appointed  lord  keepers.  [Dec. 
21,  Edward,  Earl  of  Meath  ;  Francis,  Earl 
of  Longford  and  Murrough  ;  and  Vis- 
count Blessington.] 

Mar  11.  Ire.  J.Metheunis  appointed 
lord  chancellor. 

*  *  Sir  John  Somers  is  appointed  lord 
high  chancellor,  and  created  a  peer  ; 
Kussell  is  created  Earl  of  Orford. 

Sept.  20.    Keth.    Peace  of  Kyswick  (p. 

695). 

1698  May  •  Charles  Montagu  is  ap- 
pointed first  commissioner  of  the  treas- 
ury.   [1699,  Ford,  Earl  of  Tankerville.] 

Aug.  24.  Parliament  meets.  [1700. 
Dec.  19.    Dissolved.] 

Sept.  5.  A  new  East  India  Company 
(the  "English")  is  chartered,  and  the 
old  (the  "London")  is  suspended  for 
three  years.     [1702.    IJoth  are  united.] 

Oct.  11.  Neth.  First  Partition  Treaty. 
[1700.    Mar.  13.    The  second.]     (P.  695.) 

*  *  Parliament.  Laws  are  passed  to  dis- 
courage the  woolen,  an<l  encourage  the 
linen,  manufacture  of  Ireland. 

1699  Feb.*  Parliament:  An  act  is 
passed  reducing  the  army  from  14,000 
to  7,000  men,  and  dismissing  the  Dutch 
troops. 

1700  Apr.  11.  Parliament:  An  act 
is  passed  resuming  for  public  uses  the 
Irish  forfeited  estates  granted  to  King 
William's  Dutch  favorites. 

Apr.  *  Somers  is  dismissed  from  office. 

July  30.  The  Duke  of  Gloucester,  the 
last  of  Anne's  17  chiUlren,  <lies. 

*  *  Lord  Chief  Justice  Sir  George  Treby 
and  Chief  Baron  Sir  Edward  AATard 
are  appointed  lord  keepers.  [Later,  Sir 
Nathan  Wright.] 

*  *  Ire.  Lawrence  Hyde,  Earl  of  Roch- 
ester, is  appointed  lord  lieutenant. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1692rt  *  *  London.  Idoyd's,  a  coffee- 
house near  the  Koyal  Exchange,  kept 
by  Edward  Lloyd,  becomes  a  place  of 
meeting  for  merchants. 

1694  *  *  "Water-works  are  erected  at 
Exeter. 

1695  *  *  Edinburgh.  The  African  and 
East  India  Company  is  incorpoiated. 

1696*  *  London.  Tlie  Hand-in-Hand 
is  the  first  regular  fire  insurance  ofiioe 
set  up  in  the  city. 

1696-99  The  first  Eddystone  bght- 
house  is  erected. 

1697  *  *  The  displays  of  fireworks  in 
celebration  of  the  Treaty  of  Ityswick 
cost  £10,000. 

1698  Jan.  4.  London.  The  palace  of 
Whitehall,  except  the  banqueting  house, 
is  burned. 

1699  ♦  *  The  old  dock,  Liverpool,  is  con- 
structed. [1700.  ,Tune  2.  Tlie  Marlbor- 
ough is  the  first  ship  to  enter  it.] 

VJOO*  *  Tlie  first  auction  sale  in  Eng- 
land takes  place. 


902     1701,  reb.  6-1709,  Aug.  14.  GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1701  Feb.+  *  Neth.  The  French 
seize  the  seven  Dutch  "barrier  for- 
tresses," including  Luxemburg,  Mons, 
and  Charleroi,  thereby  precipitating  hos- 
tilities with  England  (p.  695). 

1701-13  "War  of  the  Spanish  Succes- 
sion (pp.  512,  694). 

1702  ICay  4.  "War  with  France  is 
proclaimed. 

Aug.  19+.  Sp.  A  naval  battle  off 
Cartagena  cp.  694). 

Aug.  *  Sp.     Cadiz  attacked  (p.  696). 

Sept.  19.  Neth.  Marlborough,  com- 
manding the  allies,  takes  Venlo  by 
storm.  [He  besieges  and  takes  Rure- 
nionde  and  Stevenswart.] 

Oct,  1-2.    Sp.    French  are  defeated  off 

Vigo  (p.  696). 
Oct.  23.    Belg.     Li^ge  taken  (p.  696). 

1703  Nov.  27.  A  great  storm  wrecks 
the  war-ships  Stirling  Castle,  Mary, 
Northumberland,  Vanguard,  Resolution, 
Newcastle,  and  Reserve. 

*  *  Marlborough  invades  the  Spanish 
Netherlands  and  takes  Bonn,  Huy,  Lim- 
burg,  and  Guelders. 

1704  July  24.  Sp.  Gibraltar  taken 
(page  696).  [Oct.  11.  Besieged  by  the 
French  and  Spanish.  Nov.  11.  The 
French  retire,  after  losing  several  ships 
and  10,000  men.] 

Aug.  13.  Ger.  Battle  of  Blenheim 
(p.  696). 

Sp.    In  a  naval  battle  off  Malaga, 

the  English  under  Sir  George  Rooke  de- 
feat the  French  under  Gomte  Toulouse. 

1705  July  18.  Relg.  Battle  of  Tirle- 
mont  (p.  696). 

Oct.  4.  Sp.  Barcelona  surrenders  (p. 
696). 

1706  Apr.  6.  Sp.  KingPhilipof Spain 
lays  siege  to  Barcelona. 

[May  11.  The  English  under  Sir  John 
Leake  compel  him  to  raise  it.  The 
English  and  Portuguese  shortly  after- 
wards occupy  Madrid,  but  evacuate  it 
the  following  August.] 

May  23.  Jielg.  Battle  of  Ramillies 
(pp.  54*2,  696).  [The  surrender  of  Lou- 
vain  and  Brussels  follows.] 

1707  Apr.  25.  Sp.  Battle  of  Almanza 
(p.  696). 

Oct.  22.  ft.  Adm.  Sir  C.  Shovel  and  his 
ship  Association  are  lost  off  the  Scilly 
Isles. 

1708  May  22.  Adm.  Ijeake  captures 
60  French  vessels  laden  with  provisions 
in  the  Mediterranean. 

July  11.  Belg.  Battle  of  Oudenarde 
(p.  696). 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1702  **  London.  The  Haymarket 
Theater  is  built. 

1703  Nov.  27.    The  Great  Storm 


It  causes  immense  loss  of  life  and  prop- 
erty on  the  land  and  water.  The  loss  in 
London  alone  is  estimated  at  £2,000,000  ; 
8,000  lives  are  lost  in  the  Severn  and 
Thames,  and  by  wrecks  on  the  coast  of 
Holland,  and  by  ships  which  founder  at 
sea ;  17,000  trees  are  torn  up  by  the  roots 


in  Kent  alone;  the  Eddystone  light- 
house is  destroyed.  It  is  regarded  as  a 
national  calamity. 

*  *  London.  Sir  Isaac  Newton  becomes 
president  of  the  Royal  Society. 

1704  *  *  A  comet  approaches  the  earth, 
and  is  visible  for  several  months,  the 
people  being  much  frightened. 

*  *  Newton  publishes  his  Optics,  first  ex- 
plaining the  phenomena  of  the  spectrum. 

1705  *  *  Halley  predicts  the  return  of 
the  comet  in  1758. 

*  *  Thomas  Newcomen  sets  up  the  first 
steam-engine  to  do  mining  work. 

*  *  London.  Her  Majesty's  Theater 
[Italian  Opera  House]  is  first  opened. 

1706  *  *  A  life  assurance  company  is 
established  by  Bishop  Allen. 

*  *  The  Eddystone  lighthouse  is  re- 
built. 

1707  *  *  London.  The  Society  of  An- 
tiquaries, for  preserving  the  national 
antiquities,  is  partially  revived.  [1717. 
Reconstructed.    1750.    Chartered.] 

*  *  London.  An  extraordinary  plague  Of 
fleas  occurs ;  they  cover  the  clothes  of 
the  people. 

*  *  Samuel  Newton  and  others  obtain 
patents  for  obtaining  starch  from  pota- 
toes. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1701  *  *  Cruden,  Alexander,  author  concord- 
dance,  Scotland,  born. 

Dryden,  John,  courtier,  poet,  critic,  writer, 

A69. 
James  H.,  king,  dies  in  France,  A7H. 
KifHn,  William,  (Particular  Haptigt),  A85. 
Sedley,  Sir  Charles,  poet,  dramatist,  A&2. 
Thomson,  James,  poet,  Scotlan<l,  horn. 

1702  *  *  Benbow,  John,  admiral,  A52. 
Doddridge.    Ptiilip,    non-conforuiist    clergy- 
man, theologian,  philosopher,  horn. 

X<ally,  Count,  Thomas  Arthur,  Baron  of 
ToUendal,  Frencli  general  in  India,  Ire.,  h. 

Sunderland,  Karl  of,  Robert  Spencer,  states- 
man, A  60. 

1703  June  17.     Wesley,  John,  founder  of 
Methodism,  b. 

Dodsley,  Kol>ert.  poet,  dramatist,  writer,  b. 
Hoolie,  Rohert,  math.,  inventor.  A68. 
Law,  Ednunul,  metaphysician,  born. 
Pepya,    Samuel,    secretary   to   admiralty, 

author  of  famous  Diary.,  .\6I. 
Wallis,  John,  mathematician,  A87. 
Warren,  Sir  Peter,  admiral,  horn. 

1704  Oct.  28.     Locke,    John,    statesman, 
scientist,  philosopher,  A72. 

liathurst,  Ralph,  ])oet,  j)h)lo80plier,  theolo- 
gian, A84. 
Buxton,  Jedediah,  arithmetician,  born. 
Byng,  Honorable  John,  admiral,  horn. 
Jenyns,  Soame.  poet,  writer,  pollli<rian,  h. 
L'Kstrange,  Sir  Roger,  political  writer,  A88. 
Pococke,  Richard,  bj).  of  Meath,  traveler,  h. 

1705  *  *  Birch,  Thomas,  hist.,  biographer,  h. 
Browne,  Isaac  Hawkins,  poet.  horn. 
Hartley,  David,  founder  of  Knglish  .Asso- 
ciation of  psychologists.  l)orn. 

Loudoun,  John  (',  fonrtli  Karl  of,  general,  b. 
Manslield,  Earl  of,  William  Murray,  jurist,  h. 
Gates,  Titus,  contriver  of  Popish  plot,  A86. 
Ray,  or  Wray,  John,  tiatnralist,  A77. 
Tucker,  Abraham,  jihilosopher,  horn. 

1706  *  *  Baskerville,  John,  printer  and  type- 
founder, horn. 

Brooke,  Henry,  novelist,  poet,  Ireland,  born. 
Dorset,  Earl  of,  Charles  Sackville.  poet,  A6il. 
Evelyn,  .John,  miscellaneons  writer,  AK6. 

1707  *  ♦  Farfjnhar,  (ieorge,  comic  dramatist, 
Ireland,  A2ft. 

Fieldiat?,  Henry,  poet,  dram.,  novelist,  h. 
Foulis,  Rohert,  printer,  publisher,  Scot.,  b. 
Pringle,  Sir  .John,  physician,  Scotland,  born. 
Robins,  Benjamin,  mathematician,  natural 

philosopher,  born. 
Sherlock,  William,  clergyman,  author,  A6t). 
Shovel,  Sir  Cloudesley,  admiral,  A57. 

1708  Nov.  15.     Pitt,    WiUlam,    Earl     of 
Chatliam,  statesman,  orator,  born. 

Phillips,  John,  poet,  A  32. 

Tyson,  Edward,  physician,  anatomist,  ASH. 

Wesley^  Charles,  cl.,  hymn-writer,  horn. 


CHURCH. 

1701  June  16.  The  first  charter  is 
granted  to  tlie  Society  for  the  Propaga- 
tion of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts,  by 
King  William  III.    (See  America.) 

1702  Nov.  12.  A  national  thanks- 
giving is  observed  for  Marlborough's 
victories.  [1704.  Sept.  7.  Again  ob- 
served.] 

1703  Jan.  19.  A  general  fast  is  ob- 
served after  the  great  storm. 

June  17.  John  "Wesley  is  born  in  the 
Epworth  parsonage. 

Nov.  *  Queen  Anne*s  Bounty  is  es- 

tablisheil  to  increase  the  incomes  of  the 
poorer  clergy. 

*  *  Ire.  Severe  laws  against  Roman  Cath- 
olics are  promulgated. 

1704  *  *  The  sacramental  test  is  imposed 
by  the  Popery  Act. 

1707  *  *  Scot.  The  union  of  England 
and  Scotland  is  consummated.  Presby- 
terianism  is  recognized  as  the  national 
religion,  and  is  fully  guaranteed  in  its 

rights. 

1708  *  *  Roman  Catholics  are  forbid- 
den to  marry  Protestants. 

1709  Aug.  14r-Nov.  5.  London.  Dr. 
Henry  Sacheverell,  of  St.  Saviour^s, 
Southwark,  preaches  two  sermons 
against  the  Whig  Ministry. 

[Tliey  excite  the  people  with  appre- 
hension for  the  safety  of  the  church, 
and  fire  their  hostility  against  dissenters^ 
whose  meeting-houses  they  assault.  The 
High  (.'hnrch  and  Low  Church  parties 
are  developed.  1710.  Mar.  23.  He  is 
suspended  for  three  years.  1713.  Apr. 
Reinstated.] 


13. 


LETTERS. 


1701*  *  Tfte  J^unfra^  by  Steele,  appearfc 
[1703,  The  Lying  Lover ;  1705,  The  Tender 

Husbajid.] 

1702  *  *  A  chemistry  professorship  ift 
established  at  Cambridge. 

*  *  A  New  Short  Treatise  of  Alqebra,  to- 
gether with  a  Specimen  of  the  Nature  and 
Algorithm  of  Fluxions,  by  John  Harris, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Shortest  Way  with  Dissenters,  by- 
Daniel  Defoe,  appears. 

1703  *  *  London.  The  Daily  Cmirant  is 
issued. 

Feb.  *  London.  The  Review,  the  first 
critical  periodical  of  the  kind,  is  issued 
by  Daniel  Defoe. 

*  *  Tlie  complete  works  of  Euclid  in 
Greek,  edited  by  Dr.  David  Gregory,  ap- 
pear at  Oxford. 

1704  *  *  An  astronomy  professorship  is 
established  at  Cambridge. 

*  *  Ire.  An  edition  of  the  Bible,  the  first 
printed  in  Ireland,  appears. 

*  *  The  Tale  of  a  Tub  and  The  Battle  of 
the  Books,  by  Jonathan  Swift,  appear. 
{MQl,  Argument  Against  Abolishing 
Christianity  and  Baucis  and  Philemon.] 

*  *  The  Lexicon  Technicum,  hy  John  Har- 
ris, appears ;  It  is  the  first  English  en- 
cyclopedia. 

1705*  *  Scot.  The  Edinburgh  Coiirant  is 
issued. 

*  *  Edward  Harley,  Earl  of  Oxford,  be- 
gins the  collection  of  a  library  of  manu- 
scripts and  rare  books  [the  **  Harleian 
liibrary**  of  the  British  Museum.] 

*  *  The  Campaign,  by  Joseph  Addison, 
appears. 

1706  *  *  London.  The  Country  Gentle^ 
man*8  Cotirant  is  issued. 


I 


AND   IRELAND.    1701,  Feb.  6-1709,  Aug.  14.    903 


•  •  The  Norwich  Postman  is  issued. 

1707  *  *  History  of  the  Great  liebelUon, 
by  Edward  Hyde,  Earl  of  Clarendon, 
appears. 

•  *  An  anatomy  professorship  is  estab- 
lished at  Cambridge. 

1708  Oct.  *  Scot,  The  Edinburgh  Fly- 
iruj  Post  is  issued. 

1709  Apr.  13-11  Jan.  13.  The  Tat- 
ter is  founded  by  Sir  Blchard  Steele. 

SOCIETY. 

1701  *  *  Scot.  The  title,  Earl  of  Sear 
field,  is  Treated  ;  also  Duke  of  Argyll. 
ri703,  Duke  of  Athole,  Earl  of  Rosebery, 
Karl  of  Glasgow,  Earl  of  Hopeloun,  and 
Earl  of  Stair ;  1707,  Duke  of  Montrose, 
and  Duke  of  Roxburgbe.] 

1702  *  *  Titles  created :  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough. [1703,  Earl  of  Poulett ;  1711, 
Earl  of  Dartmouth,  Baron  Boyle,  Duke 
of  Ferrers,  Baron  Middleton,  Baron 
Brandon,  and  Baron  Hay.] 

1703  July  ♦  London.  Daniel  Defoe 
is  condemned  to  stand  three  times  in 
the  pillory,  and  suffer  imprisonment  for 
writing  The  Shortest  Way  With  Dissent- 
ers. 

Dec.  23.  Archduke  Charles  of  Aus- 
tria, Charles  111.  of  .Spain,  visits  Eng- 
land. 

•  ♦  May-poles  are  again  set  up. 

•  *  London.  The  Kit-Cat  Club  is  founded. 

It  consists  of  about  30  members,  in- 
cluding tlie  Duke  of  Marlborough,  Sir 
Robert  Walpule.  Addison,  Steele,  and 
Garth,  and  its  object  is  to  promote  the 
Protestant  succession. 

•  *  Dubfin.  The  House  of  Commons  ex- 
pells  Mr.  Asgill  from  his  seat  because 
he  had  written  a  book  in  which  he  as- 
serted the  possibility  of  translation  to 
the  other  world  without  death. 

•  *  Queen  Anne  •■  touches"  for  the  cure 
of  the  king's  evil. 

1705  *  *  Two  alleged  witches  are  exe- 
cuted at  Northampton.  [1712.  Five  more.] 

1706  Dec.  21.  Edinburgh.  The  sign- 
ing of  the  Articles  of  Union  causes  a 
tumult.     [Also  at  Dumfries.] 

1708  *  *  Edward  Colston's  hospital,  a 
free  school,  and  other  charities  are 
established  at  Bristol. 

•  *  A  committee  of  the  Commons  declares 
the  slave-trade  "is  important  and  ought 
to  be  free." 

STATE. 

1701  Feb.  6.  Parliament  meets ;  the 
Tories  are  in  a  majority  ;  Robert  Har- 
ley,  Speaker.    [Nov.  11.    Dissolved.] 

Apr.  4.  The  Earl  of  Pembroke  is  made 
first  lord  of  the  Admiralty.  [1702,  May 
20,  George,  Prince  of  Denmark  (lord 
high  admiral) ;  1708,  Nov.  29 ;  Earl  of 
PembroKe  ;  1709,  Oct.  8,  Earl  of  Orford ; 
1710,  Oct.  4,  Sir  John  Leake  ;  1712,  Sept. 
30,  Earl  of  Stratford;  1714,  Oct.  14, 
Earl  of  Oxford ;  1717,  Mar.  19.  Earl  of 
Berkeley.] 

May  8.  H.  C.  Kentish  men  petition 
the  Commons  to  support  the  king  with 
supplies  to  assist  his  allies.  [May  13. 
The  petitioners  are  committed  to  prison 
by  the  Commons  for  attempting  **  to  sub- 
vert established  government.**] 

June  12.  Parliament:  The  Act  of 
Settlement  Is  passed. 

It  settles  the  crown  on  the  Princess  Sophia 
of  Hanover,  granddauRhter  of  James  1.,  and 
her  Issue;    it   enacts  tliat  the  sovereigns  of 

'  Great  Britain  shall  be  Protestants;  they 
shall  not  leave  the  kingdom  without  consent 


of  Parliament;  nunisters  shall  be  responsible 
for  the  acts  of  tlie  sovereign,  and  judges 
shall  hold  offlw  tor  life. 

July  1.  The  king  embarks  for  Holland. 
[Nov.  4.     Keturns.] 

Sept.  6.    Fr.    James  II.  dies. 

Sept  7.  William  forms  the  Grand  Alli- 
ance (p.  695). 

Sept.  *  Louis  XIV.  acknowledges  James's 
son,  James  Francis  Edward  Stuart  [the 
Old  Pretender],  as  king  of  England, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland. 

Dec.  30.  Parliament  meets.  [1702. 
July  2.    Dissolved.] 

*  *  Parliament :  A  law  is  passed  wholly 
prohibiting  the  exportation  of  cloth 
from  Ireland  except  to  certain  ports  in 

England. 

1702  Feb.  21.  William  falls  from 
his  horse  and  fractures  his  collar-bone. 
[Mar.  8.     He  dies.] 

1702-14    Anne  reigns. 

Anne  is  daughter  of  James  H.,  and 
wife  of  Prince  George  of  Denmark. 

Mar.  *  The  Earl  of  Marlborough  is  sent 
as  envoy  extraordinary  to  the  States 
General. 

May  8.  The  Godolphin  Administration 
is  formed. 

Ministers :  Lord  Godolphin,  high  treas- 
urer; Sir  Charles  Hedges  and  the  Earl  of 
Nottingham  [1704,  succeeded  by  Robert  Har- 
ley,  Earl  of  Oxford],  secretaries  of  state; 
Sir  Nathan  Wright,  keeper;  Martiuis  of  Nor- 
manby.  privy  seal;  Henry  Boyle,  chancellor 
of  the  excliequer;  and  Eajl  of  I'embroke  and 
Montgomery,  president. 

*  *  Parliament:  The  crown's  power  of 
granting  pensions  is  checked  by  statute. 

Aug.  20.  Parliament  meets ;  Robert 
Harley,  Speaker.  [1705.  Apr.  5.  Dis- 
solved.] 

Aug.  26.  Ire.  Lord  Methuon  is  ap- 
pointed lord  high  chancellor. 

Bee.  10.  Marlborough  is  created  duke 
for  eminent  services. 

*  •  The  National  debt,  £16,394,702. 

1703  *  *  Ire.  Further  severe  laws  are 
passed  against  Catholics. 

May*  Edinburgh.  Parliament  as- 
sembles. It  passes  the  Act  of  Settle- 
ment. 

Nov.*  ParUament:  Queen  Anne*s 
Bounty  is  established. 

It  is  a  grant  of  the  "  tirst  fruits''  and 
"  tenths  "  accrumg  to  the  crown  from  spirit- 
ual preferments,  in  trust  for  Increasing  the 
incomes  from  small  benefices;  the  "first 
fruits  "  being  the  wliole  profits  for  the  first 
year,  and  the  "  tenths  "  the  tenth  of  the  an- 
nual profit. 

Dec.  27.  The  Methuen  Treaty  is  con- 
cluded with  Portugal  by  Paul  Methuen. 
Heavy  Portugal  wines  are  admitted  at 
one-third  lower  rate  than  light  French 
wines  ;  Portugal  agrees  to  import  her 
woolens  from  England. 

*  *  Ire.  Jas.  Butler,  Duke  of  Ormonde, 
is  appointed  lord  lieutenant.  [Aug.  6. 
Sir  Richard  Cox  becomes  lord  high 
chancellor.] 

1704*  *  France  formally  assents  to  honor 
the  British  flag  by  the  flag-salute  at  sea. 

1705  Oct.  25.  Parliament  meets ,  the 
Whigs  are  in  a  majority.  John  Smith, 
Speaker.    [1708.    Apr.  11.     Dissolved.] 

*  *  Wilhelmina  Carolina  Dorothea,  of 
Brandenburg  Anspach,  marries  Prince 
George  [George  II.]. 


Dec.  21.  Ex-Queen  Catherine,  widow  of 
Charles  II.,  dies. 

*  *  ■William  Cowper  [Lord  CowperJ  is 
appointed  lord  keeper.  [1707,  lord 
high  chancellor.] 

1706  Apr.  16.  London.  Thirty-one 
commissioners  from  each  of  the  two 
kingdoms  meet  to  negotiate  terms  of 
legislative  union  between  England  and 
Scotland.  [July  22.  They  agree  upon 
Articles  of  Union.] 

Dec.  *  liord  Sunderland  is  appointed 
secretary  of  state. 

1707  Jan.  16.  Eninbvrqh.  The  Act 
of  the  Scottisli  Estates  (I^arliament)  for 
the  union  of  England  and  Scotland  is 
passed.    Vote,  110-69. 

Provisions:  The  Princess  Sophia  of  Han- 
over and  her  Protestant  heirs  sttall  succeed 
to  tlie  crown  of  tlie  I'nited  Kingdom;  tliere 
shall  be  one  Parliament,  to  wliicn  Scotland 
sliall  send  16  elective  jieera  and  45  niend)ers 
of  tlie  roninions;  no  more  jieers  shall  be  cre- 
ated for  Scotland;  Scotch  law  and  legai  ad- 
nunistration  remain  unchanged;  the  Kpisco- 
pal  Church  in  Englan<i  and  the  Presbyterian 
Cluirch  in  Scotland  remain  unchangeil;  the 
Union  .lack  shall  be  the  national  flag  of  Great 
Britain. 

Mar.  25.  Edinburfjh.  The  Scottish 
Parliament  meets  for  the  last  time. 

The  regalia  of  Scotland  — crown,  8ce]i- 
ter,  and  sword  of  state  ^ — are  deposited 
in  an  oaken  chest  in  Edinburgh  Castle. 

May  1.  The  union  of  England  and 
Scotland  as  Great  Britain  goes  into 
effect. 

Oct.  23.  The  first  Parliament  of 
Great  Britain  meets,  it  being  a  second 
Parliament  of  Anne  revived  by  procla- 
mation. 

*  *  Harley  and  St.  John  are  dismissed 
from  the  Cabinet ;  H.  Boyle  and  Rob- 
ert "Walpole  take  their  places,  the  lat- 
ter as  secretary  of  war. 

*  *  Mrs.  Masham  (Abigail  Hill)  is  the 
new  favorite  of  the  Queen, 

*  *  H.  C.  It  is  enacted  that  members  of 
the  House  accepting  any  office  of  profit 
under  the  crown  thereby  vacate  their 
seats. 

*  *  Ire.  Thomas,  Earl  of  Pembroke,  is 
appointed  lord  lieutenant  and  Hichard 
Freeman  lord  chancellor. 

*  *The  queen  vetoes  a  militia  bill  for 
Scotland.  [It  is  the  last  exercise  of  the 
royal  veto  power.] 

1708  Mar.  *  Scot.  James  Francis  Ed- 
ward Stuart,  Chevalier  de  St.  George, 
the  Old  Pretender,  makes  an  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  to  land  with  a  French 
force. 

Nov.  18.  Parliament  meets ;  the  ma- 
jority is  Whig ;  Sir  Hichard  Onslow, 
Speaker  ;  the  "Whig  leaders  are  Som- 
ers,  Halifax,  Wharton,  Oxford,  and  Sun 
derland.    [1710.    Sept.  10.    Dissolved.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1703  *  *  The  registering  of  deeds  and 
conveyances  disposing  of  real  estate  is 
appointed  to  be  effected  in  Yorkshire 
and  in  Middlesex.  [Because  of  the 
greater  security  thus  given,  the  value  of 
estates  increases  in  those  counties.] 

1705  Jan.  13.  A  fireworks  establish- 
ment blows  up,  destroying  120  houses 
and  killing  120  persons. 

1706  *  *  The  Amicable  is  the  first  life 
insurance  office  established  in  Eng- 
land. 

1708  Apr.  4.  Ire.  The  Castle  of  Bel- 
fast is  burned. 

*  *  London.  The  united  British  East  In- 
dia Company  is  incorporated. 


904    1709,  Sept.  11-1716,  May  7.    GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1709  Sept.  11.    Fr.    Battle  of  Mal- 

plaquet  (p.  69G). 

Dec.  25.  Mass,  U.  S.  A.  The  Solebay, 
with  :i2  guns,  is  lost  near  Boston  Neck  ; 
her  crew  perishes. 

1711  Sept.    13.     Fr.     Marlborough 

takes  Bouchain  (p.  696). 

Oct.  15.    The  Edgar,  70  guns,  blows  up 

at  SpitUead,  and.  all  on  board  perish. 
Oct.*  Charles  III.  leaves  Spain.  [Nov.* 

Philip  V.  enters  Madrid.] 

*  *  Marlborough  is  dismissed  in  dis- 
grace from  his  command  of  the  army  by 
the  Tories. 

1712  July  *  A  truce  of  four  months  is 
made  with  France. 

1713  Apr.  11.    Neth.    Peace  (p.  697). 

1714  *  *  The  Duke  of  Marlborough  is 
appointed  captain-general. 

1715  Sept.*  Scot.    A  Jacobite  rising. 

(See  State). 

Sept.  9.    Edinburgh.     An  attempt  to 

seize  the  castle  is  defeated. 

Nov.*  Scot.  The  Jacobites  under  Fors- 
ter  invade  England. 

At  Preston,  Ijancashire,  they  are 
besieged  by  the  English  under  Gens. 
Carpenter  and  Wills,  and  compelled  to 
surrender. 

Nov.  13.  Scot.  The  indecisive  battle 
of  Dumblane,  or  Sheriff-muir,  Perth- 
shire ;  the  Earl  of  Mar  and  the  Earl  of 
Argyll  are  leaders. 

Dec.  22.  Scot.  The  "  Old  Pretend- 
er" lands  at  Peterhead.  [1716.  Feb.  5. 
He  returns  to  France.] 

1716  Feb.  *  Scot.  The  Jacobite  re- 
bellion is  suppressed  with  great  se- 
verity. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1710  *  *  T.  Gurney  introduces  his  system 
of  stenography. 

Dec.  8.  Thomas  Harriot  observes  solar 
spots. 

*  *  A  society  of  eminent  professors  insti- 
tutes the  Ancient  Academy  of  Music 
to  promote  the  study  of  vocal  harmony. 

1711  Feb.  24.  London.  Handel  per- 
forms his  opera  Rinatdo  at  the  Hay- 
market,  successfully  overcoming  previ- 
ous restrictions. 

*  *  London.  A  private  academy  is  started 
for  the  study  of  art ;  Sir  Godfrey  Knel- 
ler,  president. 

*  *  Stereotyping  is  known. 

1712*  *  London.  A  statue  of  Queen 
Anne  is  erected  in  St.  Paul's  Church- 
yard. 

1713  *  *  Savery  and  Newcomen  invent 
an  atmospheric  engine. 

1714*  *  Newton  explains  the  correct 
theory  of  fluids  and  the  oscillation 
of  waves. 

*  *  A  silk-throwing  mill  is  erected  at 
Derby  by  Sir  Thomas  Lombe,  modeled 
from  the  original  mill  in  Sardinia. 

1715  *  *  Manufacturers  of  cloth  are  en- 
couraged by  legislation. 

May  3.  A  total  eclipse  occrtc^ ;  the 
darkness  is  so  Intense  that  the  stars  can 
be  seen,  and  the  birds  roost  at  noon. 

Red  flames,  or  protuberance,  Eire  ob- 
served by  Edmund  Halley. 


1716    Mar.  6.    England  is  alarmed  by  a 
brilliant  array  of  the  aurora  borealis. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

X709  Sept.  18.  Johnson,  Samuel,  poet, 
essayist,  biographer,  lexicographer,  phil- 
osopher, born. 

Armstrong,  John,  phys.,  poet,  Scotland,  h. 

Cowper,  William,  anatomist,  A33. 

Harris,  James,  of  Salisbury,  philologist,  b. 

Holt,  Sir  John,  jurist,  A67. 

Lyttleton,  Lord  Oeorge,  poet,  born. 

Kooke,  Sir  (Jeorge,  admiral,  ASS). 
1710*  *  Aldrich,  Henry,  logician,  theol.,A63. 

Arne,  Thomas  Augustine,  nmsician,  conip.,  h. 

Itarrington,  Lord  Wni.  Wlldman,  states.,  b. 

Betterton,  Thomas,  aelor,  A75. 

Butler,  Alhan,  K.  t'.  ci.,  liagiologlst,  born. 

Cullen,  William,  phys.,  nied.  teacher,  au.,  b. 

Lowth,  Robert,  bisliop  of  London,  author,  b. 

Reld,  Thomas,  philosopher,  Scotland,  horn. 

Simpson,  Thomas,  mathematician,  born. 

1711  *  *  Boscawen,  Kdward,  admiral,  born. 
Hume,  David,  historian,  phil.,  Scot.,  born. 
Ken,  Thomas,  bp.  of  li.  and  W.,  au.,  A64. 

1712  *  *  Cockhnrn,  Mrs.  Alison,  poet,  writer, 
Scotland,  horn. 

Cromwell,  Richard,  states.,  protector,  A8t>. 

PothergiU,  .John,  physician,  born. 

FouliB,  Andrew,  printer,  publisher,  Scot.,  b. 

Glover,  Kichard,  poet,  born. 

Halyhiirton,  Thomas,  cl.,  author,  Scot.,  A."iR. 

Steuart,  Sir  James  D.,  jurist, political  econo- 
mist, Scotland,  bom. 
1713*  *  Bute,  Earl  of,  John  Stuart,  states- 
man, l)orn. 

Caj>ell,  Edward,  annotator  of  Shakespeare,  b. 

Cave,  William,  canon  of  Windsor,  au.,  ATti. 

Newcomen,  Thomas,  an  inventor  of  steam- 
engines,  dies. 

Pitcalrne,  Archibald,  physician,  au.,  A61. 

Ramsay,  Allan,  portrait  painter,  Scot.,  born. 

Rymer,  Thomas,  antiquary,  born. 

Shaftesbury,   Earl  of,    Anthony  Astley 
Cooper,  philosopher,  A42. 

Sprat,  Thomas,  bp.  of  Rochester,  poet,  A77. 

Sterne,  Lawrence,  humorist,  Ireland,  born. 

1714  Aug.   1.     Anne,  queen,  A60. 
Camden,  Earl,  Cliarles  Pratt,  statesman,  b. 
Fanner.  Hugh,  clergyman,  author,  born. 
Henry,  Matthew,  cl.,  au.,  commentator,  A52. 
Hervey,  James,  clergyman,  author,  born. 
Monhoddo,  Lord,  James  Burnet,  jurist,  b. 
Shenstone,  William,  poet,  born. 

Taylor,  Sir  Robert,  sculptor,  architect,  born. 
"Wiiitefleld,    George,    orator.    Evangelist, 

founder  Calvanistic  ^lethodists,  born. 
Wilson,  Richard,  painter,  born. 

1715  *  *  Alcock,  Jolin,  musical  composer,  b. 
Braddock,  Edward,  general,  born. 
Brown,  John,  clergyman,  author,  b. 
Bryant,  Jacob,  theoL,  philos.  writer,  born. 
Burnet,  Gilbert,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  histo- 
rian, theological,  writer,  A72. 

Burnet,  Thomas,  author,  A80. 

Carstares,  William,  chaplain  to  William  III., 

Scotland,  A6«. 
Ditton,  Humphrey,  mathematician,  A40. 
Dampier,  William,  navigator,  A63. 
Hawke,  Edward,  lord  admiral,  born. 
Hickes,  George,  theologian,  philologist,  A73. 
Johnson,  Sir  William,  general,  born. 
Nares,  James,  musician,  composer,  born. 
Tate,  Nabnm,  poet,  A63. 
Whitehead,  William,  poet,  born. 
Wycherley,  William,  poet,  dramatist,  A75. 


CHURCH. 

1709  *  *  Scot.  The  Scottish  Society  for 
Promoting  Christian  Knowledge  is 
formed  and  incorporated. 

*  *  ton  dm}.  The  "Sons  of  Clergy" 
annual  musical  performance  at  St. 
Paul's  is  begun. 

1710*  *  London.  St.  Paul's  Cathedral 
is  completeii  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren, 
with  the  exception  of  decorations.  [1723. 
Decorations  completed.] 

*  *  Parliament :  An  act  is  passed  for 
buihling  50  new  churches. 

1712  *  *  Scot.  Ecclesiastical  patronage 
is  restored.    Episcopacy  is  tolerated. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Episcopal  bishops  adopt 
the  English  Book  of  Common  Prayer. 


1713  *  *  Parliament:  Lord  Bolingbroke 
introduces  the  Schism  Act;  teachers 
are  to  declare  their  conformity  to  the 
established  faith.     [1719.    Passed.] 

1714  Nov.  27.  The  disturbers  of  Dis- 
senters by  insults  and  breaking  win- 
dows are  tried  at  Bristol. 

Dec.  11.  The  clergy  are  ordered  not  to 
meddle  with  the  aflairs  of  state  in  their 
sermons. 

1716  *  *  William  "Wake  is  chosen  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury.  [1737.  John 
Potter.] 

LETTERS. 
1709*  *  The  frorcesierPosimanis issued. 

*  *  Essay  toteard  a  New  Theory  of  Vis- 
ion, by  George  Berkeley,  appears.'  [1710, 
A  Treatise  concerning  the  Principles  of 
Human  Anmcledge ;'  1713,  Three  Dia- 
logues betvyeen  Hylas  and  Phi/onous.] 

*  *  The  Pastorals,  by  Alexander  Pope, 
appears.  [1711,  Essaj/  on  Criticism ;  1712, 
liape  of  the  Lock;  1713,  Windsor  Forest.] 

1710    Mar.  1-14    Dec.  20.    London. 

The  Spectator  is  conducted  by  Addison 

and  Steele. 
Nov.*  Swift  begins  tlie  Jmf  ma; /o5^e«a. 

*  *  The  Courant  is  issued  at  Nottingham 
[now  the  Nottingham  Journal]. 

*  *  Ire.     The  LJublin  Gazette  is  issued. 

*  *  London.  The  Examiner,  or  Pemarks 
upon  Papers  and  Occurrences  is  issued. 

1710-14  London.  The  Memoirs  of  Lit- 
erature is  issued. 

1711*  *  The Neiocastte  Courant ia\s9.\ieA. 

*  *  The  Conduct  of  the  Allies  find  Remarks 
on  the  Barrier  Treaty,  by  Swift,  ai)pear. 

1712  May*  The  Liverpool  Courant  is 
issued. 

Aug.  12.    The  first  stamp  on  newspapers 

is  used  this  day. 

*  *  The  Courant  is  issued  at  Norwich. 

1713  Mar.  *-Oct.  1.  London.  The 
Guardian  is  founded  by  Steele. 

*  *  The  Hereford  Journal  is  issued. 

*  *  Cato,  by  Joseph  Addison,  appears. 

*  *  T?ie  Public  Spirit  of  the  Whigs,  by 
Swift,  appears.  [1714,  Free  Thoughts 
on  the  State  of  Public  A_ffaira.] 

1714  Jan.  *  Tfie  Englishman  is  founded 
by  Sir  Richard  Steele.  [1718,  The  Ple- 
beian; 1719,  The  Theatre.] 

*  *  Worcester  College,  Oxford,  is 
founded  by  Sir  Thomas  Coke. 

*  *  London.  The  Scriblerus  Club,  a 
literary  club,  is  founded  by  Dean  Swift. 
[Bolingbroke,  Pope,  Gay,  and  Arbuth- 
not  are  members.] 

*  *  The  Shepherd's  Week,  by  John  Gay, 
appears.    [1727.    Fables.] 

1715*  *  London.  Welsh  charity 
schools  are  established  in  Gray's  Inn 
Road. 

*  *  George  I.  purchases  Bisl)op  Moore's 
library  of  30,000  volumes  for  C.OOO 
guineas,  and  presents  it  to  Cambridge 
University. 

*  *  TJie  Salisbury  Postman  is  issued. 

*  *  Scot.  Glasgow  Courant,  the  first  news^ 
paper  published  in  Glasgow,  is  issued. 

*  *  Nicholas  Rowe  is  appointed  poet 
laureate. 

*  *  Felix  Farley's  Journal  is  issued.  [Af- 
terwards merged  into  the  Bristol  Times. 
and  both  conjoined  with  The  Bristol 
Mirror  to  form  The  Daily  Times  and 
Mirror.^ 

SOCIETY. 

1709*  *  A  blue-coat  hospital  is  founded 

at  Liverpool. 

1710  Feb.  *-Mar.  *  Loiidon.  TheSo- 
cheverell  riots.    (See  State.) 


AND    IRELAND.    1709,  Sept.  11-1716,  May  7.    905 


Apr.  18.  London.  Four  Indian  chiefs 
arrive  from  America,  and  are  curried  in 
tlie  royal  coaelies  to  tlieir  audience  witli 
the  queen. 

»  »  Tlie  October  Club  is  organized. 

It  consists  of  a  party  of  country  gen- 
tlemen in  the  House  of  ('oninions,  who 
profess  high  church  principles,  and  favor 
Bolinghroke  an<l  the  Jacobite  cause. 

1711  Mar.  8.  A  Frenchman,  who  as- 
sumes the  title  of  Marquis  of  Ciuiscard, 
attempts  to  assassinate  Chancellor 
Harley. 

*  'The  Hue  ant)  Cry,  a  gazette  for  ad- 
vertising felons,  is  established ;  it  pub- 
lishes descriptions  of  felons,  thereby 
greatly  aiding  in  their  capture. 

Nov.  •  H.  C.  The  Duke  of  Marlborough 
is  accused  of  peculation,  condemned  by 
the  Commons,  and  dismissed  from  all 
his  oltices. 

1712  Mar.  12.  Lonilon.  Queen  Anne 
otticlally  announces  in  the  Lonilon  Oa- 
zette\\<tx  intention  to  "  touch"  publicly 
for  the  cure  of  scrofula. 

Nov.  15.  London.  A  duel  is  fought  be- 
tween the  Duke  of  Hamilton  and  Lord 
Mohun  at  Hyde  Park.  Small  swords 
are  used ;  Lord  .Mohun  is  killed  on  the 
spot,  and  the  duke  expires  of  his  womids 
OS  he  is  being  carried  to  his  carriage. 

»  »  Apothecaries  are  exempted  from 
serving  oTi  juries  or  other  civil  oflices. 

I*  *  Lomlon.     Arbuthnot's     satire,    John 
iiuH,  appears.  [The  nickname  of  "  John 
Bull,"  applied  to  England,  is  alleged  to 
I   have  been  derived  from  this.] 
!►  •  London.    Kufflans,  called  Mohocks, 
\  go  about  the  city  at  night,  wounding  and 
I   disfiguring  the  men,  and  indecently  ex- 
[  posing  the  women.    £100  is  offered  by 
I   royal    proclamation   for   apprehending 
L  any  one  of  them. 
W  *  Titles  created.  Viscount  Bolingbroke 
i    and  St.  John  (1716).    [1714,  Earls  Ayles- 
•  ford,  and  Tankerville ;    1716,   Duke   of 
Portland ;   1718,  Earl  Cowper,   Earl  of 
Stanhope,   and    Viscount    of    Cobham  ; 
1719,  Duke  of  .Manchester  ;  1720,  Viscount 
of  Falmouth  :  1721,  Earl  of  Macclestield, 
and  Viscount  of  Torrington ;  1722,  Earl 
of  Graham  ;  1729,  Earl  of  Waldegrave; 
17.30,  Karl  of  Ashburnham.] 
•  *  Ire.    Titles   created.   Baron   Conway. 
11715,  Baron  Carbery  ;  1716,  Earl  of  Fitz- 
william,  and  Viscount  of  Molesworth ; 
1717,  Viscount  of  Middleton,  Viscount  of 
Boyne,  Viscount  of  Charlemont,  and  Vis- 
count of  Chetwynd  ;  1718,  Baron  Aylmer  ; 
1719,  Viscount  of  Grimston ;   1720,  Vis- 
count of  Gage,  and  Viscount  of  Barring- 
ton  •  1722,  Earl  of  Kerry  and  Shelburne 
(1753).] 
1713    July  13.    The  Treaty  of  Utrecht 
obliges  the  Government  to  furnish  an- 
nually to  Spanish  America  4,800  ne- 
groes  for   30   years.    [1748.    Renewed. 
1750.    Abandoned.] 
1715    May  29.    Kiots  of  the  Whig  and 
Tory  mobs,  called  Ormonde  and  New- 
castle mobs,  occur. 
June  »  Jacobite  riots  occur. 

Meeting-houses  of  Dissenters  are  de- 
stroyed, prisons  opened,  and  the  health 
of  James  is  openly  drunk  at  Manchester. 
[July  *  Jacobites  commit  outrages  on 
Dissenters  in  the  midland  counties.] 
Aug.  3.  London.  A  cobbler  of  Highgate 
is  whipped  from  Holloway  to  London 
for  criticising  the  Government. 

•  *  A  tumult  is  raised  at  Manchester  by 
"  Syddall ,  the  barber."  [He  is  afterwards 
hanged.] 

•  •  It  is  a  capital  crime  to  out  down  a 
cherry-tree. 


STATE. 


House  of  Hanover  or  Brunswick. 

1714-27    George  I.  reigns. 

He  is  a  son  of  Princess  Sophia  of  Han- 
over, the  granddaughter  of  James  1. 
[.\ug.  10±.  He  is  proclaimed  king.  Sept. 
18.  He  lands  at  Greenwich.  Oct. 
Crowned.] 


1709  *  •  Parliament :  The  first  copy- 
right act  is  passed.  It  gives  copyright 
for  14  years,  or  for  the  life  of  the  author. 

*  •  Sir  Thomas  Parker  is  appointed 
chief  justice. 

Dec.  24.  /re.  Alan  Brodriok  is  ap- 
pointed chief   justice.     [The  Earl  of    Oct.  »  Ministers:    The  Earl  of    Halifax 

(lord  treasurer).  Lord  Townshend  (secre- 


31. 


"Wharton,  lord  lieutenant.] 

1710  Feb.*-Mar.*  Dr.  Henry  Sa- 
cheverell  is  Impeached  for  preaching 
seditious  sermons,  favorable  to  Tory 
principles. 

He  is  suspended  from  preaching  for 
three  years,  and  his  sermons  are  burned 
by  theliiuigmau. 

*  *  Robert  Harley  becomes  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer,  and  St.  John  secretary 
of  state. 

Aug.  *  The  Whig  ministers  are  dis- 
missed. 

Nov.  25.  Parliament  meets;  the 
Tories  are  in  majority.  [1713.  Aug.  13. 
Dissolved.] 

*  *  Tlie  great  seal  is  in  commission  ;  Sir 
Simon  Harcourt,  Lord  Harcourt,  is 
keeper.     [1713.     Lord  chancellor.] 

*  *  A  new  charter  is  granted  to  Bristol. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Duke  of  Ormonde  is  ap- 
pointed lord  lieutenant.  Nov.  28.  Robert, 
Earl  of  Kildare,  Aichbishop  lloadley  of 
Dublin,  .and  Thomas  Keightley  are  com- 
missioners of  the  seal. 

1711  Jan.  22.  Ire.  Sir  Constantine 
Phipps  is  apjiointeii  lord  high  chancel- 
lor. [July  5.  Sir  Eiohard  Cox,  chief 
justice.] 

*  *  Mrs.  Masham  succeeds  the  Duchess 
of  Marlborough  as  keeper  of  the  privy 
purse.  * 

June  1.  Robert  Harley  is  created  Earl 
of  Oxford,  and  appointed  lord  treas- 
urer ;  Sir  Simon  Harcourt  is  appointed 
minister. 

Nov.  *  Parliament :  Tlie  Occasional 
Conformity  Bill  is  passed.  [1718.  Re- 
pealed.] 

Dec.  30.  Parhament:  The  Qualifica- 
tion Act  is  passed.  It  requires  certain 
declarations  to  qualify  for  public  oftice. 

*  *  Parliament:  The  stamp  duty  is 
imposed. 

1712*  ♦H.  L.  The  Ministry  creates  12 
Tory  peers  to  obtain  a  majority. 

July  *  Henry  St.  John  is  created  Vis- 
count Bolingbroke. 

1713  Apr.  11.  Seth.  The  Peace  of 
Utrecht  is  signed  by  Ministers  of  Great 
Britain,  France,  and  Spain  (p.  697). 

Nov.  11.  Parliament  meets.  [1715. 
Jan.  15.    Dissolved.] 

*  *  Ire.  The  Duke  of  Shrewsbtiry  is 
appointed  lord  lieutenant. 

1714  May  28.  The  Princess  Sophia  of 
Hanover  dies. 

*  *  Parliament:  The  Schism  Act  is 
passed.  It  prohibits  dissenters  from 
keeping  schools  and  acting  as  tutors. 

*  •  Lord  Bolingbroke  intrigues  in  the 
interest  of  the  Old  Pretender. 

July  27.  The  Earl  of  Oxford  (lord 
treasurer)  is  dismissed  [and  Charles 
Talbot,  Duke  of  Shrewsbury,  is  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  him]. 

Aug.  1.    Queen  Anne  dies. 


tary  of  state),  Sunderland  (lord  lieuten- 
ant of  Ireland),  Lord  Cowper  (lord  chan- 
cellor). Earl  of  Nottingham  (president 
Council),  and  the  Duke  of  Marlborough 
(commander-in-chief). 
Oct.  11.  Ire.  Alan  Brodrick  [Viscount 
Middleton]  is  appointed  lord  chancellor. 
[Oct.  14.   "W.  Whitshed,  chief  justice.] 

*  *  The  national  debt  is  £54,145,,te3. 
1715    Mar.  17.   Parliament  meets. 

[1722.    Mar.  lU.    Dissolved.] 

June  9.  Lord  Bolingbroke  and  the  Earl 
of  Oxford  are  impeached  of  high 
treason  in  compli<dty  with  Jacobite  in- 
trigues, Bolingbroke  having  joined  the 
Pretender  in  France.  [June  21.  The 
Duke  of  Ormonde  also,  who  flees  to 
France  ;  anti-Whig  mob  riots  follow  the 
impeachments.] 

Sept.  6.  Scot.  The  Earl  of  Mar  pro- 
claims the  "Old  Pretender"  as 
.James  III.  at  Braomar,  Aberdeenshire  ; 
[the  Jacobite  rebellion  follows.  Deo. 
25.  The  Pretender  lands  at  Peter- 
head, Aberdeenshire.] 

Oct.  *  Robert  "Walpole  is  appointed 
premier  and  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer. 

Nov.  16.    llelg.    The  Barrier  Treaty 

•  is  signed  (p.  543). 
1716    Jan.  19.    H.  L.    Seven   rebel 

Jacobite  lords,  Derwentwater,  Widd- 
rington,  Nithsd.ale,  Winton,  Carnwath, 
Kenmure,  and  Nairn  appear  for  trial  on 
impeachment.  [Feb.  9.  They  are  sen- 
tenced to  death.  Feb.  24.  Lords  Der- 
wentwater and  Kenmure  are  executed 
on  Tower  Hill ;  later,  Winton  and  Niths- 
dale  make  their  escape.] 

Feb.  *  Scot.  The  Pretender  and  the 
Earl  of  Mar  abandon  their  followers  and 
sail  for  France. 

May  7.  Parliament:  The  Septennial 
Act  is  passed.  It  makes  the  term  of  Par- 
liaments seven  instead  of  three  years. 
[1717.    Feb.  20.    The  first  one  meets.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1710-20    The  South  Sea  Bubble. 

The  Karl  of  Oxford  proposed  tlie  funding 
of  a  floathiK  debt  of  £10,000,000.  the  pur- 
chasers of  which  were  to  become  stockholders 
of  a  corporation  known  as  the  South  Sea 
Company,  which  was  to  have  a  nionoj)oly  of 
the  trade  with  Spanish  South  ,\merica,  and 
a  part  of  the  capital  stock  of  whidi  was  to 
constitute  the  fund.  Tlie  seheiiie  collapsetl 
on  the  refusal  of  Spain  to  enter  into  a  conuner- 
cial  treatv  with  KnKland,  and  tliousatids  of 
famihes  were  ruined,  causing  great  distress 
throughout  the  country. 

*  *  London.  The  Sun  Fire  Office  is  es- 
tablished. 

1711  *  *  Ire.  The  Irish  Linen  Board  is 
established. 

»  *  Baces  are  begun  at  Epsom  [and  annu- 
ally continued  since  1730]. 

1715  *  •  Green  tea  is  introduced. 

*  •  London.  100  houses  are  burned  in 
Wapping ;  50  lives  are  lost. 


906     1716,  July  *-1727,**         GREAT    BRITAIN 


AHMY  — NAVY. 

1718  June  15.  Sir  George  Byng  sails 
with  a  fleet  against  Spain.  [Aug.  11.  It, 
He  defeats  a  Spanish  fleet  in  the  Straits 
of  Faro,  near  Naples.] 

Dec.  17-20*  *"War  with  Spain. 
England  is  an  ally  of  France. 

1719  Apr.  16.  Scot.  The  Earl  Mari- 
schal  and  a  few  others  land  Spanish 
troops  in  aid  of  a  Jacobite  rebellion. 
[They  soon  return  to  Spain.] 

1720  *  *  A  royal  arsenal  is  established 
at  "Woolwich,  Kent. 

1721  Apr.  11.  5p.  Gibraltar  is  at- 
tacked by  20,000  Spaniards,  who  retire 
after  losing  5,000  men. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1716  Nov.  24-17  Feb.  29.  Severe 
cold  prevails.  Oxen  are  roasted  at  a  fair 
held  on  the  thick  ice-covered  Thames. 

*  *  Rails  for  railroads  are  covered  with 
iron. 

*  *  Edmund  Halley  suggests  that  the  dis- 
tance of  the  earth  from  the  sun  might 
be  estimated  by  observing  the  transit  of 
Venus,  and  devises  a  plan  for  doing  so. 

*  *  London.  James  Quin  makes  his  first 
appearance  on  the  stage  at  Drury  Lane. 

1718*  *  Rev.  Stephen  Hales  makes  ex- 
periments on  gases. 

1719 «  *Sdniund  Halley  becomes  as- 
tronomer royal. 

1720  *  *  Esther,  Handel's  first  English 
oratorio,  is  composed. 

*  *  Caslon  casts  the  first  types  in  Eng-* 
land. 

1720-36  Electrical  phenomena  are 
discovered  by  Wheeler  and  Stephen 
Gray. 

They  discover  that  the  human  body  is 
a  conductor  of  electricity,  and  that  elec- 
tricity acts  at  a  distance. 

1721  *  •  Inoculation  for  the  small-pox 
is  made  known  by  Lady  Mary  Wortley 
Montagu. 

*  *  The  pendulum  clock  with  compen- 
sation pendulum  is  invented  by  George 
Graham. 

1723  Aug.  6.  The  cursus  near  Stone- 
henge  is  discovered  by  Dr.  Stukeley ; 
the  ancient  Britons  held  annual  meet- 
ings here,  made  laws,  and  administered 
justice. 

1724  May  22.  A  total  eclipse  is  ob- 
served from  near  Salisbury. 

*  *  John  Hutchinson's  work,  J/oses'  Prin- 
cipia,  is  published.  He  derives  all  things 
from  the  air  —  fire,  light,  and  spirit,  types 
of  the  Trinity. 

*  *  Cathedral  music  is  performed  on  a 
grand  scale  for  charitable  purposes  at 
the  festivals  at  Gloucester. 

*  *  London.  Sir  James  Thornhill  opens 
an  Academy  of  Art  in  the  Piazza,  Co- 
vent  Garden. 

1725  *  *  Marine  watches  are  invented 
by  John  Harrison. 

*  *  London.  Charles  Macklin,  an  Irish 
actor,  appears  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Theater. 

1726  *  *  LoTuffm.  A  statue  of  George  I. 
is  erected  in  Grosvenor  Square. 

1727  *  *  Lotidon,  Sir  Hans  Sloane  be- 
comes president  of  the  Royal  Society. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

171Q*  •  Abercromby,  Patrick,  political  and 
historical  writer,  Scotland,  AeO-t. 

llrindley,  .lames,  canal  engineer,  born. 

Cotes,  Koger,  mathematician,  astron.,  A34. 

Fletcher,  Andrew,  of  Saltoun,  political 
writer,  Scotland,  A6.3. 

Gray,  Thomas,  poet,  horn. 

Parker,  Sir  Peter,  admiral,  born. 

SackviUe,  Viscount  George,  general,  states- 
man, born. 

Bomers.  Lord  John,  statesman,  A64. 

Sonth,  Robert,  cL,  wit,  poet,  author,  A8.3. 

1717  Feb.   19.     Garrick,  David,  actor,  b, 
Amherst,  Lord  Jeffrey,  statesman,  general, 

born. 

Carter,  Klizabeth,  scholar,  poet,  translator,  b. 

Walpole,  Horace,  Karl  of  Orford,  states- 
man, historical  wriU'r,  born. 

1718  JxUy  30.  Penn.  ^Villiam,  Quaker, 
religious  writer,  staU'sman,  founder  of 
Pennsylvania,  A74. 

Blair,  Hugh,  cl.,  rhetorician,  Scotland,  born. 
Canton,  John,  natural  philosopher,  born. 
Cumberland,  Kichard,  moral  phiL,  A86. 
Hunter,   WUUam,  physician,  physiologist, 

anatomist,  Scotland,  born. 
Kennicott,  Benjamin,  cl..  Biblical  critic,  b. 
Parnell,  Thomas,  poet,  Ireland,  A39. 
Rodney,  Baron,  George  Brydges,  admiral,  b. 
Rowe,  Nicholas,  dramatist,  A4.^. 
Shrewsbury,  Duke  of,  Charles  Talbot,  poet, 

statesman,  A58. 

1719  June  19.  Addison,  Joseph,  poet, 
journalist,  essayist,  statesman,  A47. 

Boydell,  John,  engr.,  Id.  mayorof  London,  b. 
('ainphell,  George,  theol.,  }4ib.  critic,  Scot.,b. 
Flamsteed,  John,  ilrst  astronomer  royal,  A73. 
Garth,  Sir  Samuel,  physician,  poet,  A52. 
Hawkins,  Sir  John,  author,  born. 
Landen,  John,  mathematician,  born. 

1720  •  *  Conway,  Henry  S.,  (ield-marshal,  b. 
F'oote,  Samuel,  huniortst,  actor,  born. 
Gage,  Thomas,  general  in  American  Rev.,  b. 
Gibbons,  Grinling,  sculptor,  born. 

Kurd,  Itichard,  bp.  of  Worcester,  au.,  born. 
Montagu,  f:iiza!)eth,  writer,  horn. 
Stuart,  Charles  Edward,  "Young  Pretender," 
grandson  of  James  II.,  born. 
17S1  *  *  Akenside,  Mark,  poet,  bom. 
Collins,  William,  poet,  born. 

Cumberland,  Duke  of,  William  Augustus, 
son  of  George  II.,  general,  statesman,  b. 

Granby,  Marquis  of,  John  Manners,  gen.,  b. 
Potter,  Robert,  cl.,  poet,  translator,  born. 
Prior,  Matthew,  poet,  A57. 

Robertson,  William,  cl.,  historian,  Scot.,  b. 

Sheffield,  John,  Duke  of  Buckinghamshire, 
poet,  statesman,  A76. 

Smollett,  Tobias  Georg-e,  poet,  dramatist^ 
novelist,  historian,  Scot.,  born. 

Strange,  Sir  Robert,  engraver,  Scotland,  b. 

Walmesley,  Charles,  monk,  math.,  born. 
1722    June  16.    Marlborougrh,  Duke    of, 
John  Churchill,  statesman,  general,  A72. 

Brocklesby,    Richard,  physician,  au.,  l)orn. 

Brown,  John,  clergyman,  author,  Scot.,  b. 

Warton,  Joseph,  poet,  critic,  born. 

Yorke,  Charles,  Lord  Morden,  statesman,  b. 
1733*  *  Blackstone,  Sir  William,  jurist,  b. 

Byron,  Honorable  John,  admiral,  born. 

Centlivre,  Susannah,  dramatist.  Ire.,  A56. 

Cowper,  Karl,  William,  statesman,  A59. 

Cox,  David,  landscajip  jtainter,  born. 

D'Urfey,  Thomas,  dramatist,  A96. 

Ferguson,  Adam,  historian,  moral  philoso- 
pher, Scotland,  born. 

Fleetwood,  William,  bp.  of  Kly,  orator,  A67. 

Price,  Richard,  cl.,  philosopher,  writer,  b. 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua,  portrait  painter,  b. 

Selkirk.  Alexander,  sailor,  prototype  of  De- 
foe's "  Robinson  Crusoe,'   Scotland,  A49. 

Smith,  Adam,  pol.  economist,  phil.,  Scot.,  b. 

"Wren,  Sir  Christopher,  architect,  A91. 
1734  *   *  Carleton,  Sir  (iuy,  gen.,  states.,  b. 

(Juy,  Thomas,  philanthropist,  A81. 

Harley,  Kobert,  Earl  of  Oxford,  statesman, 
A  63. 

Home,  John,  iK>et,  dram.,  hist.,  Scot.,  born. 

Hood,  Viscount  Samuel,  admiral,  born. 

Howe,  George  Augustus,  gen.  in  America,  b. 

Manly,  Mary  de  la  Rivl6re,  novelist,  drama- 
tist, political  writer,  A  52. 

Prideaux,  Humphrey,  cl.,  historian,  A76. 

Sacheverell,  Henry,  clergyman,  controver- 
sialist, author,  A52. 

Smeaton,  John,  civil  engineer,  born. 

Stubbs,  George,  painter,  born. 
1725    Sept.  29.     CUv-e,  Lord  Robert,  gen- 
eral, statesman,  born. 

Howe,  Earl  Richard,  adin.  in  Am.  Rev.,  b. 

Keppel,  Viscount  Augustus,  admiral,  born. 

Kippis,  Andrew,  clergyman,  author,  born. 

Li ndley,  Thomas,  composer,  born. 

Mason,  William,  clergyman,  poet,  born. 

Newton,  John,  clergyman,  author,  born. 


Sandby,  Paul,  painter,  born. 
Townshend,  Charles,  statesman,  born. 
1726  ■  *  Burney.  Charles,  doctor  of  music, 

composer,  autlior,  born. 
Chambers,  Sir  William,  architect,  born. 
Coote.  Sir  Eyre,  gen.,  stalesuian,  lre.,b. 
Dalryniple,   Sir  David,  Lord  Hailes,  jurist, 

historian.  Scotland,  born. 
Howard.  John,  philan.,  jtrison  reformer,  b. 
Hutton,  James,  mineralogist,  geol.,  Scot.,  b. 
Jones,  William,  llutchinsontan  cl.,  au.,  b. 
Pennant.  Thomas,  naturalist,  antiquary,  b. 
Roy,  William,  geodesist,  general,  Scot.,  born. 
Vanbrugh,  Sir  John,  poet,  dram.,  arch.,  A60. 
Wotton,  William,  scholar,  misc.  writer,  A56. 


CHURCH. 

1717  Mar.  31.  The  Bangorian  con- 
troversy begins. 

The  bishop  of  Bangjor  preaches  a  ser- 
mon before  the  king  on  the  text,  "My 
kingdom  is  not  of  this  world,"  (leinon- 
fltrating  the  spiritual  nature  of  the  king- 
dom of  Christ,  and  receiving  great  abuse 
from  nearly  all  the  clergy. 

1719  *  *  The  two  Hotises  of  Convoca- 
tion cease  to  meet  after  being  denied 
some  of  their  privileges. 

1720  *  *  Scot.  The  see  of  Edinburg;h  is 
again  founded.  [1721,  The  see  of  Aber- 
deen and  the  Isles.] 

*  *  Ire.  Toleration  is  granted  to  the 
Dissenters,  who  are  chiefly  Presbyte- 
rians. 

*  *  John  "Wesley  enters  Christ's  Church 
College,  Oxford,  at  the  age  of  16  years. 

1721  *  ♦  It.  Innocent  XIII.  becomes 
Pope.  [1724,  Benedict  XIII. ;  1730,  Cle- 
ment XII. ;  1740,  Benedict  XV.] 

1722  Axig.  *  Great  ferment  in  the 
church  party  is  caused  by  the  arrest  of 
Bishop  Francis  Atterbury.  [1723.  Ho 
is  banished  as  a  Jacobite.] 

1723  *  *  Jews  acquire  the  right  to  pos- 
sess land. 

*  *  A  union  is  proposed  with  the  Greek 
Church  and  the  Church  of  England. 

*  *  The  bishops  preach  against  masquer- 
ades, and  occasion  their  suppression. 

1725  June  4.  Edinburgh.  A  General 
Assembly  of  the  kirk  meets. 

1725-35  Ire.  The  proceeds  of  a  coal 
duty  build  the  cathedral  at  Cork. 

1727  May  19.  The  Bishop  of  liondon 
declares  that  "  Christianity  and  the  em- 
bracing of  the  (lospel  does  not  make  tbe 
least  alteration  in  civil  property"* 
(slaves).  _ 

LETTERS.  ' 

1717*  *  Downing  College,  Cambridge, 
is  founded  by  Sir  George  Downing,  oy 
will. 

*  *  The  Kentish  Gazette  is  issued  [now 
Tht  Kentish  Post]. 

*  *  The  Exeter  Mercury,  The  Protestant 
Merciiry ,  and  The  Postmaster,  or  Loyal 
Mercury  are  issued  at  Exeter. 

1718  *  *  Rev.  Ijaurence  Susden  is  ap- 
pointed poet  laureate. 

*  *  The  Leeds  Mercury  is  issued. 

*  *  Essay  on  Wi^rAera/^,  by  Bishop  Hutch- 
inson, appears. 

1719  *  *  The  Manchester  Weekly  Journal 
is  issued. 

*  *  Robinson  Cmsoe,  by  Daniel  Defoe,  ap- 
pears.   [1722,  Journal  of  the  Plague.} 

*  *  Busiris,  by  Edward  Young,  appears. 
[1721,  Revenue.] 

1720  Apr.  28.  Scot.  The  Edinburgh 
Mercury  is  issued. 

*  *  The  Weekly  Mercury,  or  Protestant 
Packet  is  issued  at  Norwich. 


AND    IRELAND. 


1716,  July  *-1727,- 


90T 


*  *A  translation  of  Homer's  Ilicul,  by 
Alexander  Pope,  appears.  [1725,  Ho- 
mer's Odyssey^l 

1722  *  *  A  Naval  College  is  founded  at 

Portsmouth. 
1722-24     London.    liibliotkecaLUeraria 

is  issued  by  I>r.  Samuel  Webb. 

*  *  The  Conscious  Lovers,  by  Sir  Richard 
Steele,  appears. 

1724  ♦  ♦  The  first  professor  of  modem 
history  in  Knglish  uuiversities  is  estab- 
lished by  (ieorge  1. 

*  ♦  Dublin.  The  Drapers*  Letters,  by  Jon- 
athan Swift,  appears. 

1724-34  History  of  His  Own  Time,  by 
Gilbert  Burnet,  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
appears. 

1725  *  *  Htstorias  Cosfei^is,  by  John  Flam- 
steed,  apiwars. 

*  •  Scot.  The  Gentle  Shepherd,  by  Allan 
Hainsay,  appears. 

1725-28  London.  New  Memoirs  of 
Literature  is  issued. 

1726  *  *  London.  John  Henley,  **  Ora- 
tor Henley,"  opens  an  ''oratory"  in 
Newport  Market,  where  he  gives  lec- 
tures. 

*  *  The  London  Daily  Post  and  General 
Advertiser  is  issued.  [1738.  Changed  to 
General  Advertiser.  1752.  Changed  to 
Public  Advertiser.] 

*  *  London.  Lloyd* s  List  is  issued  by  Ed- 
ward Lloyd. 

1726-27  Ihiblin.  Gulliver's  Travels,  by 
Jonathan  Swift,  appears. 

1726-30  Scot.  The  Seasons,  by  James 
Thomson,  appears. 

1727  *  *  The  first  racing  calendar  is 
published  by  John  Cheney. 

*  *  Sally  in  Our  Ally,  and  other  poems,  by 
Henry  Carey,  appear. 

SOCIETY. 

1716  July*  London.  The  Mug-house 
riot,  in  Salisbury  Court,  between  the 
Whigs  and  Tories,  occurs.  It  is  quelled 
by  the  guards ;  five  rioters  are  hanged. 

*  *  Mrs,  Hicks  and  her  daughter,  aged 
nine,  are  hanged  at  Huntingdon  as 
witches. 

*  *The  daily  wages  of  harvest  men  are 
ninepence. 

1717*  *  The  first  grand  lodge  of  Free- 
masons in  England  is  established. 

1718*  *  Judges  are  authorized  to  sen- 
tence offenders  to  transportation 
*'  into  any  of  his  Majesty's  dominions  in 
North  America.'* 

*  *  James  Shepherd,  an  enthusiast,  un- 
successfully attempts  to  assassinate 
George  I. 

1719*  *  Lfmdon.  "Westminster  Hos- 
pital is  founded. 

1720  Nov.  *  Parliament  makes  an  in- 
vestigation of  the  South  Sea  Bubble. 

It  exi)els  Aislabie,  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer,  and  several  members  of  Par- 
liament, and  seizes  the  estates  of  the 
directors  valued  at  £2,014,000. 

1721  Apr.  28.  The  council  orders  the 
suppression  of  the  Hell  Fire  Clubs. 

*  *  Tjondon.  Guy*s  Hospital  is  founded 
by  Thomas  (luy  ;  it  costs  £18,793,  and  he 
endows  it  with  £219,499. 

1722  July  24.  Edinburgh.  The  wear- 
ing of  broadswords  is  prohibited. 

*  *  Scot.  The  last  execution  in  Scotland 
for  witchcraft  takes  place  at  Dornoch. 

*  *  Forging  letters  of  attorney  is  made  a 
capital  crime. 

*  *  Sending  letters,  whether  anony- 
mously written,  or  with  a  fictitious 
name,  demanding  money,  or  threaten- 
ing to  kill  a  person,  or  fire  his  house,  is 
made  punishable  as  a  felony  without 
benefit  of  clergy. 


1723  May*  Non-jurors  are  subjected 
to  double  taxation,  and  obliged  to 
register  their  estates. 

May*  Ijondon.  Christopher  Layer,  a  bar- 
rister, conspires  with  other  persons  to 
seize  (ieorge  i.,  the  Prince  of  Wales, 
Lord  Cadogan,  and  the  principal  otticers 
of  state,  to  seize  the  Tower,  to  plunder 
the  Bank,  and  to  l)ring  in  the  Pretender. 
[May  17.     Layer  is  hanged.] 

1724  June  24.    Scot.   The  tax  on  malt 

causes  a  great  tumult  at  Glasgow. 

*  *  It  is  agreed  to  hold  festivals  at  Here- 
ford, Gloucester,  and  Worcester,  in  ro- 
tation annually;  at  first  for  two  days, 
later  for  three  evenings. 

1725  May  18.  The  Order  of  the  Bath 
is  revived  by  George  I. 

*  *  Thomas  Parker,  Earl  of  Macclesfield 
and  lord  chancellor,  is  impeached  for 
selling  masterships  in  the  Court  of 
Chancery,  and  other  corrupt  practises. 

*  *  Ire.  Titles  create<i.  Earl  of  Darnley. 
[1727,  Viscount  of  Galway ;  1733,  Barl  of 
Egmont.] 

1726-29    Voltaire  visits  England. 

1727  May  16.  Mr.  Ward,  a  wealthy 
member  of  Parliament,  is  expelled  by 
the  Commons  for  forgery  [and  con- 
signed to  the  pilloryj. 


STATE. 

1716*  *  Parliament:  The  Sinking 
Fund  Act  is  passed  to  redeem  the  debt 
to  the  Bank  of  England. 

1717  Jan.  4.  The  Triple  Alliance  is 
formed  (p.  697). 

Mar.  *  Parliament:  The  Act  of  Grace 
is  passed. 

It  releases  Lords  Carnwath,  Widdring- 
ton,  Nairne,  and  others  under  death 
sentence  or  in  prison  for  participation 
in  the  Jacobite  rebellion. 

Apr.  *  James,  Earl  Stanhope,  becomes 
prime  minister ;  James  Craggs,  secretary 
of  war ;  and  the  Earl  of  Sunderland  and 
Joseph  Addison  become  secretaries  of 
state. 

Nov.  *  The  king  and  Ws  son,  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  quarrel  about  sponsors  at 
the  baptism  of  the  prince's  child;  the 
prince  is  put  under  arrest;  he  sup- 
ports the  opponents  of  his  father's  Cabi- 
net. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Dtike  of  Bolton  is  appointed 
lord  lieutenant. 

1718  Aug.  2.  London.  The  Quadru- 
ple Alliance  treaty  is  signed. 

It  is  formed  by  Great  Britain,  France, 
Germany,  and  llolland  to  guarantee  the 
succession  of  the  reigning  families  in 
France  and  England,  and  to  settle  the 
partition  of  the  Spanish  monarchy.  It 
forbids  the  union  of  the  French  and 
Spanish  crowns.  [1720.  Jan.  26.  Spain 
joins.] 

*  *  Charles,  Earl  of  Sunderland,  be- 
comes lord  treasurer,  Earl  Stanhope  and 
J.  Craggs,  secretaries  of  state  ;  and  Mr. 
Aislabie,  chancellor  of  the  exchequer. 

*  *  Sir  John  Pratt  is  appointed  chief 
justice. 

*  *  Sir  R.  Tracy  and  others  are  commis- 
sioners of  the  great  seal. 

*  *  Baron  Macclesfield  Is  appointed 
lord  high  chancellor. 

*  *  Parliament:  An  act  is  passed  forbid- 
ding the  export  of  wool.  The  Schism 
Act  is  re|)ealed. 

1719  May*  Scot.  A  Spanish  expedi- 
tion in  favor  of  the  Pretender  fails. 

Nov.  20.  The  Treaty  of  Stockholm  is 
concluded,  Sweden  cedes  to  England 
the  duchies  of  Bremen  and  Verden  for 
1,000,000  rix-doUars. 


Dec.  *  H.  Ij.  A  bill  passed  to  limit  the 
creation  of  peers  is  rejected  by  the 
Commons.    Vote,  269-167. 

*  *  Parliament :  Tlie  non-resistance 
oath,  declaring  that  it  is  unlawful  to 
take  up  arms  against  the  king  for  any 
cause,  is  repealed. 

1721  *  *  Robert  "Walpole  is  prime  min- 
ister and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer; 
Lord  Townshend  is  secretary  of  stale. 

*  *  Ire,  Charles,  Duke  of  Grafton,  is  ap- 
pointed lord  lieutenant. 

1722  *  *  Christopher  Layer,  a  barrister, 
Francis  Atterbury,  Bishop  of  Rochester, 
and  others  engage  in  a  movement  in 
favor  of  the  Pretender.  [Layer  is  con- 
demned and  executed.  1723.  May  6.  At- 
terbury is  put  on  trial  for  treasonable 
conspiracy  ;  later,  condemned,  but  per- 
mitted to  leave  the  country.] 

Oct.  9.  Parliament  meets.  [1627. 
Aug.  7.    Dissolved.] 

*  *  The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  is  suspended 
for  a  year. 

*  *  Parliament:  An  act  is  passed  giving 

a  patent  to  William  Wood  for  supplying 
Ireland  with  a  copper  coinage  of  half- 
pence. 

[1724.  Ire.  Dean  Swift,  by  his  Dra- 
pers' Letters,  ramKii  such  a  public  clamor 
against  the  scheme  that  it  is  withdrawn.] 

1724  *  *  Ire.  John,  Lord  Carteret,  is  ap- 
pointed lord  lieutenant. 

*  *  New  postal  rates  charge  a  penny  for 

every  sheet. 

1725  Mar.  2.  Sir  Robert  Raymond  is 
appointed  chief  justice. 

Sept.  3.  The  Treaty  of  Hanover,  or  al- 
liance of  Herrenhausen,  is  concluded. 

It  is  formed  by  England,  France,  and 
Prussia  as  a  league  of  defense  against 
the  designs  of  Germany  and  Spain,  for- 
mulated in  the  Treaty  of  Vienna. 

*  *  The  great  seal  is  in  commission.  Later, 
Sir  Peter  King,  Lord  King,  is  lord  chan- 
cellor. 

*  *  Ire.  Richard  "West  is  appointed  lord 
chancellor.  [1726,  Thomas  Wyndham, 
Lord  Windham  of  Finglas.] 

1727  Apr.  3.  Ire.  John  Rogerson  is 
appointed  chief  justice. 

June  11.  Ger.  George  I.  dies  at  Osnar 
burg,  Hanover, 

1727-60    G«orge  II.  relgna. 
He  is  son  of  George  T. 

1727-42  Robert  "Walpole  is  prime 
minister. 

June  *  National  debt,  £52,002,238. 

Aug.  2.  Viscount  Torrington  is  made 
first  lord  of  tbe  admiralty.  [1733,  June 
25,  Sir  Charles  Wager  ;  1742,  Mar.  19,  Earl 
of  Winchelsea;  1744,  Dec.  27,  Duke  of 
Bedford;  1748,  Feb.  10,  Earl  of  Sand- 
wich.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1718*  *  Scot.  The  first  Glasgow  vessel 
sails  to  America  for  tobacco. 

1720  *  *  Mahogany  comes  into  general 
use. 

*  *  Cross  posts  in  the  penny  post  institu- 
tion are  established  by  Ralph  Allen. 

*  *  London.  The  Royal  Excliange  Insur- 
ance and  the  Ixtnaon  Insurance  Com- 
panies are  the  first  marine  insurance 
companies. 

1722  *  *  London.  The  Chelsea  water- 
■works  are  formed. 

1723  *  *  London.  Smallpox  appears  ; 
one  case  out  of  14  is  fatal. 

1726  *  *  Cutlers'  Hall,  Sheffield,  is  built. 

1727  *  *  Edinburgh.  The  Royal  Bank 
is  foiuided. 


908     1727,**-1738,  May21.       GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1736  *  *  The  rank  of  marshal  is  first 
conferred  upon  John,  Duke  of  Argyll, 
and  George,  Ear]  of  Orkney,  by  George 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1727  *  *  The  aberration  of  the  light  of 
stars  is  discovered  aud  explained  by  Dr. 
James  Bradley. 

1728*  *  John  Gay's  Beggar  *8  Opera  is 
produced  at  the  Lincoln's  Inn  Theater. 

*  *  Dublin,  The  Aungier  Street  Theater 
[Victor]  is  erected. 

1730  *  *  Etlinhurqh.  Stereotyping  is 
practised  by  William  Ged. 

*  *  London.  The  Academy  in  St.  Mar- 
tin's Lane  is  opened. 

*  *  The  tirat  cotton  stockings  are  made. 
1730-33     London.     The  Serpentine   is 

formed  at  Hyde  Park. 

1731  *  *  Dublin.  Crow  Street  Music 
Hall  is  erected. 

*  *  Jhiblin.  The  Royal  Dublin  Society 
is  formed. 

*  *  A  reflecting  sextant  is  made  by  John 
Hadley. 

*  *  London.  The  first  Copley  medal  is 
awarded  to  Stephen  Gray  by  the  Royal 
Society. 

1732  Dec.  7.  Londtm.  Covent  Gar- 
den Theater  is  first  opened. 

+  *  *  Edinburgh.  The  first  threshing- 
machine  attempted  in  modern  times  is 
invented  by  Michael  .Menzies. 

*  *  London.  Rise  of  the  English  opera; 
the  first  oratorio  is  performed  in  Lin- 
coln's Inn  Theater  in  Portugal  Street. 

1733  *  *  The  Harlot's  Progress,  by  Wil- 
liam Hogarth,  appears.  [Soon  followed 
by  The  Rake 's  Progress.] 

1734  *  *  London.  Viscount  Harcourt, 
Lord  Halifax,  the  Duke  of  Dorset,  and 
others  establish  the  Society  of  Dilet- 
tanti for  the  encouragement  of  fine  arts 
in  Great  Britain. 

1734-43  London.  The  Royal  Academy 
of  Music  is  founded. 

1735  *  *  London.  John  Harrison  pro- 
duces his  first  time-piece,  [1739.  His 
second.    1749.    His  third.] 

1736  Feb.  16.  London.  Unprece- 
dented high  tide  occurs  ;  the  council  at 
Westminster  Hall  are  carried  out  in 
boats  to  their  coaches. 

*  *  Jonathan  Hull's  patent  firstsets  forth 
the  idea  of  steam  navigation. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  Allan  Ramsay's  Thea- 
ter is  erected. 

1737  *  *  Dr.  James  Bradley  discovers  the 
variation  of  the  earth's  "axis. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  The  Medical  Society  is 
instituted. 


BIRTHS-  DEATHS. 

1737  Mar.  »0.  Newton.  Sir  Isaac, 
mathematician,  scientist,  greatest  of  nat- 
ural ijhilosopherB,  A85. 

Harrington,  Daines,  jurist,  naturalist,  anti- 
quary, born. 

(Jainslwrough,  Thomas,  painter,  born. 

Hoole,  .lohn,  poet,  dramatist,  translator,  b. 

Liverpool,  flrst  Earl  of,  Charles  Jenkinson, 
statesman,  born. 

Murphy,  Arthur,  dram.,  wTiter,  Ireland,  b. 

'WUkes.  John,  statesman,  born. 

Wolfe,  James,  general,  born. 

1738  •  *  Adam,  Robert,  architect,  Scot.,  b. 
Black,  Joseph,  cJiemist,  anatomist,  Ire.,  b. 
Boulton,  Matthew,  engineer,  born. 
Cook,  James,  explorer,  naval  captain,  b. 
Freind,  John,  physician,  author,  ASS. 
Ooldemlth,  Oliver,  poet,  novelist,  drama- 
tist, essayist,  Ireland,  born. 

Hunter,  John,  anatomist,  surgeon,  Scot,  b. 
Orme,  Rol>ert,  historian,  born. 
Warton,  Thomas,  poet,  critic,  bom. 


1729  Jan.   IS.     Burke.    Edmund,   states- 
man, orator,  author,  Ireland,  l>orn. 

Clarke,  Samuel,  clergyman,  philosopher,  A64. 

Collins,  Anthony,  theologian,  freethinker, 
philosoplier,  A53. 

Congreve,  William,  <iramati8l,  poet,  A59. 

Howe,  Sir  William,  general,  Worn. 

Law,  John,  financier,  Scotland,  A58. 

Lloyd,  Henry,  soldier,  author,  born. 

Moore,  John,  physician,  Scotland,  born. 

Percy,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Dromore,  au.,  b. 

Steele,  Sir  Richard,  poet,  essayist,  Journal- 
ist, politician,  A58. 

1730  *  *  Bruce,  James,  traveler,  Scot.,  b. 
Burgoyne,  John,  general,  Am.  Itev.,  born. 
Fenton,  Elijah,  poet,  A47. 

Hamilton,  Sir  William,  antiquary,  states- 
man, Scotland,  bom. 

Home,  George,  bp.  of  Norwich,  author,  b. 

Jackson,  William,  nnisician,  composer,  born. 

Rockingham,  Manpiis  of,  Charles  W.  Went- 
worth,  statesman,  born. 

Wedgr^ffood,  Josiab.  potter,  born. 

1731  *   *  Alton,  William,  botanist,  Scot.,  b. 
Astell,  aiary,  religious  writer,  A(i3. 
Boyle,   Charles,    Earl  of  Orrery,  scholar, 

major-general,  statesman,  Ireland,  A75. 

Cavendish,  Henry,  chemist,  nat.  phil.,  born. 

Churchill.  Charles,  poet,  born. 

Cowper,  William,  poet,  horn. 

Darwin,  Erasmus,  physiologist,  poet,  born. 

Defoe,  Daniel,  printer,  pamphleteer,  jour- 
nalist, novelist,  A70. 

Duncan,  Viscount,  Adam,  admiral,  Scot.,  b. 

Dunning,  John,  liaron  Ashhurton,  lawyer,  b. 

Grose,  Francis,  anti(iuary,  author,  born. 

Wharton,  Duke  of,  Thilip,  orator,  poet,  A33. 
1733    Dec.  6.    Hastings,  W^arren,  states- 
man, governor-general  of  India,  horn. 

Arkwrig-ht.  Sir  Richard,  inventor  of  spin- 
ning-jenny, born. 

Atterbury,  Francis,  bishop  of  Rochester, 
statesman,  controversialist,  author,  A70. 

Collier,  Arthur,  d.,  metaphysician,  A52. 

Cohnan,  George,  dramatist,  born. 

Cumberland,  Richard,  dramatist,  born. 

Falconer,  William,  poet,  horn. 

Flood,  Henry,  statesman,  orator,  Ireland,  b. 

Gay,  John,  poet,  A4T. 

Hauksbee,  Francis,  physicist,  A82. 

Horsley,  John,  antiquary,  historian,  A47. 

Mar,  Earl  of,  John  Erskine,  gen.,  Scot,,  AST. 

Maskelyne,  Nevil,  astronomer,  l>orn. 

North,  Ijord  Frederick,  statesman,  born. 

Thurlow,  Lord  Edward,  statesman,  born. 

Walker,  John,  lexicographer,  born. 
1733  *   *  Booth,  Harton,  actor,  A62. 

Denman,  Thomas,  physician,  born. 

Horsley,  Samuel,  bp.  of  Rochester,  au,,  b. 

Kenyon,  Lord  Lloyd,  jurist,  8tat*;8man,  b. 

Ogilvie,  John,  poet,  Scotland,  horn. 

Priestly,  Joseph,  philosopher,  born. 

Wedderburn,    Alexander,    Baron     Lough- 
borough, Earl  of  Rosslyn,  jurist,  states.,  b. 
1734*  *  Abercromby,    Sir    Ralph,    general, 
Scotland,  born. 

Arbuckle,  James,  poet,  Scotland,  A34. 

Barclay,  John,  clergyman,  founder  of  Bar- 
clayites,  Scotland,  born. 

Creighton,  Robert,  cl.,  composer,  A96. 

Dennis,  John,  poet,  critic,  A77. 

King,  Peter,  jurist,  statesman,  A65. 

Macgrreg-or-Campbell,  Rob  Roy,  free- 
booter, A71. 

Mickle,  William  Julius,  poet,  Scotland,  b. 

Romney,  George,  painter,  born. 

Sharp,  (Jranville,  pliilanthropist,  born. 

St.  Vincent,  Earl  of,  John  Jervis,  admiral,  b. 

Thornhill,  Sir  James,  painter,  A58. 
1735*  *  Arbuthnot,John,phy.,  wit,  wr.,  A68. 

Astle,  Thomas,  antiquary,  born. 

Banks,  Thomas,  sculptor,  l>orn. 

Beattie,  James,  poet,  Scotland,  born. 

BickerstafT,  Isaac,  dramatist.  Ireland,  born. 

Brown,  John,  physician,  founder  of  Bruno- 
nian  theory,  Scotland,  horn, 

Derham,  William,  cl.,  natural  pinl.,  A7R. 

Granville,  <ieorge,  Baron  Landsdowne,  poet, 
dramatist,  statesman,  AfiH. 

Langhorne,  John,  poet,  translator,  born. 

Raikes,  Robert,  fdr.  of  Sunday-schools,  b. 

Ramsden,  Jesse,  optician,  inventor,  horn. 

Richmond.  Duke  of,  Charles  Lennox,  gen.,  b. 

Peterborough,  Karl  of,  Charles  Mordaunt, 
general,  admiral,  statesman,  A77. 

Wodrow,    Rol>ert,   ecclesiastical    historian, 
Scotland,  A55. 
1730*  *  Bridg-ewater,     Earl   of,    Francis 
Eg-erton,  projector  of  canals,  bom. 

Cogan,  Thomas,  physician,  author,  born. 

Copley,  John,  painter,  born. 

Lee,  Ann,  founder  of  Shakers,  born. 

Jebb,  John,  clergyman,  physitMan.  l>orn. 

Sale,  Georg'e,  historian,  orientalist,  A56. 

Steevens,  George,  Sliak.  comment.,  au.,  h. 

Tooke,  ,lolin  Home,  politician,  philologist,  b. 

Watt,  James,  inventor  condensing  steam- 
engine,  Scotland,  born. 


1737  Apr,  27.  Qlbbon,  Edward,  histo- 
rian, born. 

Egmton,  Francis,  painter  on  glass,  bom. 

Geddes,  Alexander,  Roman  Catholic  theolo- 
gian. Biblical  critic,  author,  Scotland,  b, 

Hutchinson,  John,  philosopher,  founder 
Hutchinsomsm,  Scotland,  A63. 

Hutton,  Charles,  mathematician,  born. 

Macartney,  Earl  of,  George,  diplom..  Ire.,  b. 

Landsdowne,  Marquis  of,  William  Petty 
Fitzmaurice,  statesman,  Ireland,  born. 

Nollekens,  Joseph,  sculptor,  born. 

Paine,  Thomas,  politician,  author,  bom. 

Strype,  John,  theologian,  historian,  A94. 

Watson,  Richard,  bishop  of  Llandaff,  au.,  b. 


CHURCH. 

1727  *  •  Scot.  The  see  of  Moray  is  again 
erected.  [1731,  Brechin  and  also  Glas- 
gow.] 

*  *  Scot.  Rev.  John  Glas  (or  Glass)  be- 
comes the  founder  of  the  Glassites 
[called  Sandemanians  in  America]. 

He  opposes  the  national  church  as  in- 
consistent with  the  gospel.  [1728.  He 
is  deposed  by  the  General  Assembly.] 

1727-29  John  "Wesley  is  curate  to  his 
father.  [1738.  Apr.  1.  He  resolves  to 
pray  indifferently,  with  a  form  or  with- 
out one.] 

1729  *  *  Rise  of  Methodism. 

The  Holy  Club  (Methodist)  is  formed 
at  Oxford  University.  Its  members 
unite  to  read  the  Holy  Scriptures  in  the 
original  languages,  and  to  aid  each  other 
in  mutual  spiritual  improvement.  Ori- 
ginal members  :  John  \Vesley  of  Lincoln 
College,  Charles  Wesley,  tutor,  Mr.  Mor- 
gan of  the  Christ's  Church  College,  and 
Mr.  Kirkham  of  Merton  College.  They 
*re  derisively  called  Methodists.] 

1730  *  *  Many  of  the  original  English 
Presbyterians  become  Unitanana. 

1732  ♦  *  George  Whitefield  is  admitted 
a  servitor  at  Oxford,  where  he  becomes 
a  companion  of  the  Wesleys,  and  aids 
them  in  establishing  Methodism.  [1736. 
June  20.    Ordained.] 

1733  *  *  Scot.  Ebenezer  Erskine  with 
others  secedes  from  the  Scottish  Church, 
and  forms  the  Associate  Presbytery, 
commonly  called  the  Secession  Church. 
[1740.    The  eight  seceders  are  deposed.] 

*  •  Scot.  The  see  of  St.  Andrews  is  again 
erected. 

1735  Oct.  14.  The  two  "Wesleys  sail 
for  Georgia  in  America. 

John  Wesley,  having  declined  a  quiet 
rectory,  sets  out  with  his  brother  Charles 
for  Georgia,  to  become  missionaries  to 
tlie  Indians.  Charles  Wesley  is  also  to 
be  secretary  to  the  governor. 

*  *  John  Wesley  observes  the  Moravians. 

A  terrible  storm  convinces  Wesley 
that  the  German  Moravians  on  board  the 
vessel  have  a  fellowship  with  God  to 
which  he  is  a  stranger. 

*  *  George  "Whitefield  joins  the  Metho- 
dist Holy  Club.  [1730.  He  is  ordained 
a  deacon,  and  preaches  his  first  sermon.] 

1737  *  *  Many  clergymen  are  apathetic 
and  indifferent  for  fear  of  being  called 
Methodists. 

1738  Jan.*  John  "Wesley  returns  from 
America. 

He  commences  itinerant  preaching, and 
gathers  many  followers,  chietly  among 
the  poor.  Many  churches  are  shut 
against  him,  so  he  builds  spacious  meet- 
ing-houses in  l^ondon,  Bristol,  and  other 
places. 

Jan.*  "Whitefield  first  sails  for  America. 

[He  returns  the  same  year,  seeking  aid  for 
his  orphanage  in  (ieorgia.  17.1!t.  Sept.  •  He 
sails  again  tor  America.     IT-Il.     His  ]>reach- 


AND    IRELAND.  1727,  *  *-1738,  May  21.     909 


ing  proiluces  great  excitement  in  New  Eng- 
land. 1744.  Aug.  *  Sails  again.  1769.  He 
sails  on  hiB  seventh  ami  last  voyage.] 

*  * //.  Freemasons  are  excommunicated 
by  the  Pope. 

May  21.  Charles  "Wesley  obtains  "rest 
to  his  soul." 

LETTERS. 

1727-28  *  *  Miscellanies,   by   Pope   and 

Swift,  appears. 
1728    Jan.  *  -36    Dec.  *   London.     The 

Present  State  of  the  Rcpublick  of  Letters 

is  issued. 

*  *  Ire.  George  Faulkner  establishes 
Faulkner's  Journal. 

*  *  Ephraim  Chambers's  Cyclopsedia  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Dunciad,  by  Alexander  Pope,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Love  in  Several  Masques,  by  Henry 
Fielding,  appears.  [1730,  The  Temple 
Beau  and  Tom  Thumb:  1732,  The  Mod- 
em Husband  and  The  Mock  Doctor; 
1733,  The  Miser:  1734,  The  Intriguing 
Chambermaid;  1743,  The  Wedding  Day.] 

1729*  *  London.  A  public  library, 
built  by  bequest  of  Dr.  Daniel  Williams, 
is  opened  at  49  Redcross  Street. 

*  *  The  Salisbury  Journal  is  issued. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Waterford  Flying  Post  is  is- 
sued. 

1730  *  *  London.  CoUey  Gibber  is  ap- 
pointed poet  laureate. 

*  *  The  Manchester  Gazette  is  issued. 

*  *  The  Literary  Journal  is  issued. 
1730-34    London,     Historia  Literaria  is 

issued. 
1731*  *  Disuse  of  Latin  language  is 
authorized  in  the  courts. 

*  *  Loyidon.  The  Gentleman's  Magazine 
is  issued  by  Edward  Cave. 

«  *  Treatise  concerning  Eternal  and  Im- 
mutable Morality,  by  Ralph  Cudworth, 
appears. 

1732  *  *  Ire.  The  Dublin  College  Li- 
brary is  erected. 

*  •  Alciphron,  or  the  Minute  Philosopher, 
by  George  Berkeley,  appears. 

1732-34  Essay  on  Man,  by  Alexander 
Pope,  appears.     [1732-35,  Moral  Essays.] 

1732-38  History  of  the  Puritans,  by 
Daniel  Neal,  appears. 

1732-84  London.  The  London  Maga- 
zine, or  Gentleman's  Monthly  Intelligen- 
cer, is  issued. 

1733  *  *  Ire.  Charter  schools  are  es- 
tablished. 

1733-34  London.  The  Bee  is  issued  by 
Eustace  Budgell. 

1735  *  *  Translation  of  Lobo  's  Voyage  to 
Abyssinia,  Samuel  Johnson's  first 
work,  appears.  [1738,  London ;  1744, 
Life  of  Savage.] 

1735-36  London.  The  Literary  Maga- 
zine is  issued. 

1736  May  13.  The  Ratcliffe  Li- 
brary, Oxford,  is  founded.  [1749.  Apr. 
13.    Opened.] 

*  *  Analogy  of  Religion,  by  Joseph  Butler 
[Bishop  of  Bristol  and  of  Durham],  ap- 
pears. 

1737  *  *  Ire.  The  Belfast  News-Letter  is 
issued. 

*  *  The  Schoolmistress,  by  William  Shen- 
stone,  appears. 

*  *  C<mcordajice  of  the  Holy  Scripture,  by 
Alexander  Cruden,  appears. 

1737-43  ITtstory  of  the  Works  of  the 
Learned  is  issued. 


SOCIETY. 

1727  *  *  Races  are  begun  at  Ascot  by  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland. 


*  *  Sanctuaries  for  offenders  are  abol- 
ished. 

1728  *  *  A  duel  is  fought  between  Capt. 
Peppard  and  Mr.  Hayes,  the  latter  be- 
ing killed. 

*  *  Dublin.  The  Infirmary,  Jervis 
Street,  is  founded. 

1720  *  *  The  first  gin-law  is  made,  im- 
posing a  license  of  £20  on  every  seller 
of  gin,  in  order  to  restrain  the  traflftc. 
[1733.  As  it  does  not  check  gin-drinking, 
it  is  repealed.] 

*  *  Robert  Haikes  of  Gloucester  is  called 
to  the  bar  of  the  (Commons,  and  rebuked 
for  printing  speeches  delivered  in 
the  House. 

*  *  Ire.  Linen  scarfs  are  introduced  at 
funerals. 

1730  *  *  A  select  committee  of  the  Com- 
mons reports  on  the  horrible  oppression 
and  cruelty  practised  in  prisons. 

*  *  Ire.  The  first  grand  lodge  of  Free- 
masons in  Ireland  is  established. 

1731  Jan.  2.  London.  A  prisoner  at 
Newgate  is  reprieved  on  condition  that 
he  submit  to  an  experiment  on  the 
tympanum. 

June  4.  London.  A  person  is  sentenced 
to  be  hanged  for  forgery.  [It  is  sup- 
posed to  bo  the  first  case  so  punished.] 

Sept.  27.  London.  A  gang  of  130  felons 
are  taken  from  Newgate  for  transpor- 
tation to  America. 

1732*  *  Customs  frauds  abound. 

On  tobacco  alone  one-third  of  the 
duties  are  lost  to  the  Government  by 
perjury,  forgery,  and  collusion. 

1733  Apr.  *  There  are  many  public 
demonstrations  against  the  JExcise 
Bill;  the  popular  cry  is  **Iiiberty, 
Property,  and  no  Excise." 

1734  *  *  Lmidon.  The  Society  of  Dilet- 
tanti is  founded.  [1735.  Also  the  Beef- 
steak Club.] 

1735*  *  London.  A  petition  against  the 
excessive  use  of  spirituous  liquors  is 
presented  to  the  House  of  Commons  by 
the  justices  of  the  peace  for  Middlesex. 

1736  Feb.  28.  The  Commons  consider 
the  harm  done  to  the  poor  by  distilled 
spirits;  it  is  stated  some  signs  read, 
*'  Drunk  for  a  penny,  dead  drunk  for  two- 
pence ;  clean  straw  for  nothing." 

Apr.  15.  Edinburgh.  The  Porteous 
riots  break  out, 

Capt.  John  Porteous  flres  on  a  mob,  who 
threaten  to  rescue  a  prisoner  from  execution. 
[He  is  tried  for  murder,  and  sentenced  to 
death;  later  he  is  reprieved.  Sept.  7.  He  is 
dragged  out  of  prison  by  a  mob,  who  hang 
hifn  to  a  lamp-post,  and  kill  or  wound  17  or 
18  persons.] 

*  *  Edinburgh.  The  BoyalLifirmary  is 
incorporated. 

*  *  A  riot  occurs  among  the  Spitalfields 
weavers  because  of  the  employing  of 
workmen  from  Ireland;  it  is  quelled  by 
the  military  after  many  lives  are  lost. 

*  *  Scot.  The  first  grand  lodge  of  Free- 
masons in  Scotland  is  established. 

*  *  London.  "White's  Club  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *  A  fine  of  £100  and  imprisonment  for 
three  months  are  made  the  penalties 
for  persuading  artisaxLS  to  leave  the 
country. 

1737  Mar.  5.  London.  A  riot  occurs 
at  Drury  Lane  Theater  because  of  the 
attempt  to  exclude  footmen  from  the 
gallery. 

*  *  Riotous  nailers  In  Worcester  march 
to  Birmingham,  and  make  terms  with 
iron  merchants  there. 


*  *  The  clergy  are  given  to  fox-hunting, 
the  bottle,  and  frequently  to  gambling. 

1738  Mar.  11.  About  1,200  persons  are 
reported  to  have  been  convicted  in  a  few 
months  for  selling  gin  without  a 
license. 

STATE. 

1728  Jan.  23.  Parliament  meets; 
Arthtu*  Onslow,  Speaker.    [1734.  Apr. 

18.    Dissolved.] 

1729  Nov.  9.  Sp.  The  Treaty  of 
Seville  is  concluded. 

Spain  restores  its  conquests,  and  c<)n- 
firnis  to  England  the  control  for  supply 
of  slaves  to  Spanish  America  (p.  699). 

1731  Mar.  16.  The  Treaty  of  "Vienna 
is  concjuded  with  Holland  and  the  Ger- 
man Empire  (p.  515). 

*  *  Ire.  Lionel,  Duke  of  Dorset,  is  ap- 
pointed lord-lieutenant. 

1733  Mar.  14.  Parliament:  Walpole 
introduces  a  comprehensive  Excise 
Bill. 

Apr,  11,  Lmidon.  Sheriffs  and  mer- 
chants go  to  Parliament  in  200  carriages, 
bearing  a  monster  petition  against  the 
pending  Excise  Bill. 

*  *  Charles  Talbot,  Lord  Talbot,  is  ap- 
pointed lord  high  chancellor. 

*  *  Sir  Philip  Yorke  is  appointed  chief 
justice. 

1735  Jan.  14.  Parliament  meets: 
Arthur  Onslow  is  chosen  Speaker. 
[1741.    Apr.  28.     Dissolved.] 

Feb.  *  H.  C.  William  Pitt  [Earl  of 
Chatham]  enters  as  member  for  fUd 
Sarum. 

1736  Apr.  27.  The  Prince  of  "Wales 
marries  the  Princess  of  Saxe-Gotha. 

June  24.  The  laws  against  witchcraft 
are  repealed. 

*  *  Parliament:  The  Porteous  riots  in 
Edinburgh,  arising  out  of  the  execution 
of  the  laws  against  smuggling,  are  de- 
bated. 

The  lord  provost  of  Edinburgh  is  dis- 
qualified for  office,  and  the  city  is  fined 
£2,000,  for  failing  to  protect  Porteous 
from  lynching  by  the  mob. 

1737  June  8.  Sir  William  Lee  is  ap- 
pointed chief  justice. 

*  *  Parliament:  An  act  licensing  plays 
is  passed. 

*  *  Philip  Yorke,  Lord  Hardwicke,  is 
appointed  lord  high  chancellor. 

*  *  Ire.  William,  Duke  of  Devonshire,  Is 
appointed  lord-lieutenant. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1727*  *  Edinburyh.  The  board  of  trus- 
tees of  trade  and  manufactures  is  aj)- 
pointed. 

1728  *  *  Dublin.  The  Linen  HaU  is 
ope:^ed. 

1729*  *Dublin.  The  Parliament  House 
is  begun. 

1730-40  Londofi.  The  post  is  tnms- 
mitted  only  three  times  a  week  to  Kdin- 
burgh  ;  on' one  occasion  London  sends  a 
single  letter. 

1731*  *  E.  I.  The  Ostend  East  India 
Company  is  dissolved ;  the  emperor  re- 
moving this  rival  of  the  English  com- 
pany. 

Aug.  2.  London.  The  first  stone  is  laid 
of  the  Bank  of  Fngland. 

1733  Aug.  31.  London.  Fifty  tons  of 
halfpence  and  farthings  are  sent  from 
the  Tower  to  Ireland. 

1736*  *  London.  Fifty  houses  are 
burned  at  Shadwell. 

1737  *  *  Londmi.  Fleet  ditch  is  covered, 
and  Fleet  Market  is  opened. 


910  1738,May24-1746,Sept.*   GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1739  Oct.  19-46*  *  "War  against  Spain 
because  of  its  interference  with  Great 
Britain's  American  trade. 

Oct.  *  Vice  Adm.  Vernon  is  sent  to  at- 
tack Spanish  possessions  in  America. 

Nov.  22.  Colombia.  Porto  Bello, in  Da- 
rien,  is  captured  by  Adm.  Vernon. 

1740  Sept.  *  A  squadron  of  six  vessels 
sails  under  Com.  Anson  to  attack  Chile 
and  Peru.    [It  returns  unsuccessful.] 

1740-48  War  of  the  Austrian  Succes- 
sion. England  is  an  ally  of  Austria  in 
the  Pragmatic  army  (p.  514;. 

1741  Mar.*  -Apr.*  Colombia.  An 
unsuccessful  attack  is  made  upon  Car- 
tagena by  Adms.  Vernon  and  Went- 
worth ;  175  ships,  15,000  sailors,  and 
12,000  soldiers  are  in  the  expedition. 

1743  June  27.  Ger.  George  II.  de- 
feats the  French  at  Dettingen.  (See 
France.) 

1744  Mar.  15.  France  declares  war 
against  Great  Britain. 

Sept.  21.  The  Colchester, QO  guns,  is  lost 
on  Kentish  Knock  ;  50  men  perish. 

Oct.  5.  The  Victory,  the  finest  man-of- 
war  in  the  English  navy,  is  "wrecked 
near  the  Isle  of  Alderney;  Adm.  Sir 
John  Balchen  and  the  entire  crew  are 
lost. 

*  *  The  Duke  of  Cumberland  is  ap- 
pointed captain-general.  The  Earl  of 
Stair  commander-in-chief. 

1745  May  11.  Belg.  Battle  of  Fon- 
tenoy  (p.  700). 

June  17.  N.  S.  Louisburg,  the  chief 
French  stronghold  in  America,  is  taken 
(p.  66). 

July  *  Scot.  The  second  Jacobite  He- 
bellion. 

Charles  Edward,  the  "Young  Pre- 
tender,** grandson  of  James  11.,  lauds 
on  the  western  coast,  and  is  joined  by 
a  large  number  of  Highlanders  and 
some  of  the  nobility.  [Aug.  *  He  takes 
Perth  and  Edinburgh.  Sept.  21.  He  de- 
feats the  royal  forces  under  Sir  John 
Cope  at  Prestonpans,  near  Edinburgh. 
Nov.  *  He  invades  England.] 

Nov.  10.  Carlisle  is  invested  by  the 
Jacobite  army.  [Nov.  17.  Taken.  Nov. 
28.  Charles  Edward  makes  his  quarters 
at  Manchester.  Bee.  4.  He  enters 
Derby  with  400  cavalry  and  2,000  in- 
fantry.] 

Dec.  *  The  Royalist  army  under  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland  and  Gen.  Wade 
advances  northward  to  suppress  the 
Jacobites.  [Dec.  6.  The  Jacobites  com- 
mence their  retreat.  Dec.  18.  They  gain 
an  advantage  over  Cumberland  at  Clif- 
ton, Cumberland.] 

*  *The  Royal  Military  Academy  at 
"Woolwich  is  efficiently  organized. 

*  *  Field-Marshal  Wade  is  appointed 
commander-in-chief. 

1746  Jan.  17.  Scot.  The  Royalists 
under  Gen,  Hawley  are  defeated  by 
Charles  Edward  at  Falkirk  Moor,  Stir- 
lingshire. 

Apr.  16.  (o.  s.)  Scot.  Battle  of  Cul- 
loden,  near  Inverness. 

The  Jacobites  (6,000±)  are  totally  de- 
feated by  the  Duke  of  Cumberland  with 
a  force  of  10,000±  ;  a  great  slaughter  of 
the  vanquished  follows.    [Charles  Ed- 


ward, after  w^andering  about  for  several 
weeks,  escapes  to  France.  This  Is  the 
last  serious  effort  of  the  Stuarts  to  re- 
cover the  throne.] 

Sept.  *  E.  I.  The  French  attack  ]Ma- 
dras  (p.  700). 

ART— SCIENCE —  NATURE. 

1738  Sept.  13.  London.  The  Weat- 
mlnster  bridge  is  begun. 

*  *  Railroads  for  collieries,  with  rails 
made  of  iron,  are  laid  at  Whitehaven. 

*  *  Lewis  Paul  secures  a  patent  for  a 
spmning-machine.    [Unsuccessful.] 

*  *  Eiiinhurgk.  Tlifi  Royal  Society  of 
Edinburgh  is  founded. 

1739  *  *  Dr.  Clayton  describes  the  theory 
of  gas-lights  as  the  inliammable  aeri- 
form fluid,  carburetted  hydrogen. 

*  *  Gas  is  first  evolved  from  coal. 

1740  *  *  Benjamin  Martin  makes  great 
improvements  in  the  microscope;  he 
invents  and  sells  pocket  microscopes. 

*  *  Benjamin  Huntsman  sets  up  a  manu- 
factory for  cast  steel  at  Handsworth, 
near  Sheffield. 

1741  May*  London.  Rev.  Stephen 
Hales  invents  ventilators,  and  de- 
scribes them  to  the  Royal  Society. 

Oct.  19.  David  Garrick  makes  his 
debut  as  Richard  III.  in  the  Theater  of 
Goodman's  Field,  Ipswich.  [1742.  May 
1.     At  Drury  Lane,  London.] 

*  *  Handel  composes  liis  sublime  orato- 
rio, The  Messiah,  in  23  days.  [1742.  Apr. 
13.    First  performed  in  Dublin.] 

*  *  London.  Martin  Folkes  becomes  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Society. 

*  *  London.  The  Madrigal  Society  is 
established. 

*  *  Dublin.  Fishamble  Street  Music 
Hall  is  erected. 

1742  *  *  Scot.  Andrew  Gordon  uses  a 
glass  cylinder  instead  of  a  globe  in 
electrical  apparatus.  [1770±.  A  plate  is 
substituted.] 

*  *  James  Bradley  becomes  astronomer 
royal. 

*  *  Scot.  Calico-printing  is  begun  at 
Glasgow. 

1743  *  *  Parliament  offers  £20,000for  the 
discovery  of  the  Northwest  Passage. 

*  *  The  first  cotton-mill  is  erected  at 
Birmingham  ;  it  is  unsuccessful. 

*  *  Scot.  The  first  Paisley  handker- 
chiefs are  made. 

1745  *  *  Baskewill,  a  printer  at  Birming- 
hain.  takes  up  the  art  of  making  papier- 
mach6,  and  it  soon  spreads  over  the 
entire  district. 

*  *  London.  The  surgeons  and  barbers 
are  made  distinct  corporations. 

*  *  Dublin,  The  Chapel  Street  Theater 
is  erected. 

*  *  London.  The  Society  of  Surgeons  is 
reorganized. 

1745-56  Three  million  cattle  die  of 
the  plague  in  England  and  West  Europe. 

1746  Apr.  23.  London.  Johann  Chris- 
toph  Glilck  plays  the  harmonica,  or 
musical  glasses.  [He  writes  an  Italian 
opera.] 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1738  *  *  Almon,  John,  pnb.,  pamphleteer,  b. 

Asgill,  John,  author,  A88t. 

Boucher,  Jonathan,  political  wr.,  philoL,  b. 

Chandler,  Kichard,  archeologist,  born. 

Clinton,  Sir  Henry,  Reneral,  born. 

Cochran,  William,  artist,  born. 

Cornwallls,  Earl  and  Marquis  of,  Charles, 
general,  statesman,  born. 

Herschel,  Sir  Frederick  'Willlain,  astron- 
omer, author,  horn. 

Macpherson,  James,  poet,  Scotland,  born. 

Miller,  Joseph,  comedian,  A54. 


Portland,  Karl  of,  William  II.  C.  Bentinck, 

statesman,  horn. 
Wolcoit,  John  (Peter  Pindar),  painter,  satir- 
ist, horn. 
Vaugltan,  Sir  John,  general,  born. 
1739  *  •  Anderson,  James,  econ.,  Scot.,  b. 
Beauclerk,  Tophani,  wit,  horn. 
Parker,  Sir  llvtie,  admiral,  horn. 
Saunderson,  Sicholas,  matliematician,  A57. 
Walter,  John,  founder  of  London  Time*,  b. 
1740*  *  Aberiiethy,     Jolin,    Nonconforniiat 

clergyman,  author.  Ireland,  A60. 
Arnold,  Saiiuiel,  musical  couijioser,  bom. 
Bacon,  Jolin,  statuary,  horn. 
Baring,  Sir  Francis,  finannier,  tmrn. 
Boswell,  .laiiips.  biographer  of  Dr.  Johnson, 

Scotland,  born. 
Cartwnglit,  Jolin,  major,  pol.  reformer,  b. 
Chambers,  Ephraim,  c>rIoi)e(ii8t,  A60. 
Cosway,  Ki<-liard,  painter,  born. 
Francis,  Sir  Philip,  states.,  au.,  Ire.,  bom. 
Gagnier,  Jean,  Hebrew  and  Arabic  professor 

at  Oxford,  A  70. 
Ker,  John,  bibliographer,  bom. 
Latham,  John,  ornithologist,  bom. 
Sharp,  William,  engraver,  born. 
Tickell,  Thomas,  poet,  essayist,  AM. 
1741*  *  Adam,  Alexander,  grainniarlaii, 

geograi)her,  antiquary,  Scotland,  born. 
Barry,  James,  historical  painter,  Ireland,  b. 
Coombe,  William,  satirist,  born. 
Courtenay,  John,  states.,  pol.  wr.,  Ire.,  b. 
Dundas,    Henry,   Viscount   Melville, 

statesman,  born. 
Malone,Kdinond,  Shakespearean  conimenta* 

tor,  Ireland,  born. 
Piozzi,  Hester  Lynch,  author,  born. 
Young-,  Arthur,  traveler,  writer,  born. 
1742  *  *  Amhiirst,  Nicholas,  pol.  wr.,  A45. 
Bentley,  Richard,  classical  scholar,  A80. 
Chalmers,  George,  historian,  biographer,  b. 
Haltey,  Kdinund,  astronomer,  math.,  A86. 
Lnkin,  Lionel,  inventor  of  lifeboat,  born. 
Oldmixon,  John,  historian,  A(j9. 
Kennel,  James,  major,  geog.,  traveler,  b. 
Reed,  Isaac,  critic,  editor,  born. 
Strutt,  Josepli,  antiquarian,  engrarver,  bora. 
1743*  *  Ainsworth,  Robert,  grammarian, 

lexicographer,  A83. 
Argyll,  second  Duke  of,  states.,  Scot.,  A65. 
Astbury,  John,  potter,  A55. 
Banks,  Sir  Joseph,  naturalist,  born. 
Barbauld,  Anna  Lelitia,  poet,  author,  bom. 
Blizard,  Sir  William,  anatomist,  surgeon,  b. 
Cartwright,   Edmund,   poet,  inventor  of 

power-loom,  born. 
Edwards,  Rryan,  historian,  born. 
Hervey,  Lord  John,  statesman,  A4i. 
Neal,  Daniel,  clergyman,  author,  A65. 
Paley,  'WlUiam,  el.,  writer,  philosopher,  b. 
Ramsay,  Andrew  Micliael   (Chevalier  Kam. 

say),  miscellaneous  writer,  Scotland,  A59. 
Rees,  Abraham,  oyclopedist,  born. 
Savage,  Richard,  poet,  A45. 
Wyatt,  James,  architect,  born. 

1744  May  30.    Pope,    Alexander,   poet, 
A5ti. 

Allan,  David,  painter,  Scot.,  born. 
Arnold,  John,  horologer,  inventor,  born. 
Edgeworth,  Richard  Lovell,  mis.  wr.,  Ire.,  b. 
Ferguson,  Patrick,  major,  born. 
Hadley,  John,  astronomer,  A61. 
Hill,  Rowland,  preacher,  born. 
Innes,  Thomas,  historian,  Scotland,  A82. 
Lake,  Viscount  (ierard,  general,  born. 
Milner,  Joseph,  cl.,  ecclesiastical  hist.,  b. 
Mitford,  William,  historian,  politician,  born. 
Mulgrave,  Lord,  Constantine  John  PhtppB, 

Arctic  navigator,  born. 
Theobald,  Lewis,  dramatist,  litterateur,  A56. 

1745  Mar.  16.    W^alpole,  Sir  Robert,  Earl 
of  Orford,  statesman,  A69. 

Oct.  19.    Swift,  Jonathan,  satirist,  states- 
man, Ireland,  A78. 
Alvanley,  Lord,  Richard  P.  Arden,  jurist,  b. 
Asbury,  Francis,  Meth.  hp.  in  I'.  S.  A.,  b. 
Calder,  Sir  Robert,  admiral,  born. 
Cruikshank,  William,  anatomist,  Scot.,  b. 
Dibdin,  Charles,  song-writer,  born. 
Ellis,  (ieorge,  miscellaneoua  writer,  born. 
Hayley,  William,  poet,  born. 
Hearne,  Samuel,  traveler,  born. 
Holcroft,  Thomas,  dramatist,  born. 
Mackenzie,  Henry,  novelist,  .Scotland,  born. 
More.  Hannah,  religious  writer,  horn. 
Nichols,  John,  printer,  pub.,  ed.,  antiq.,  b. 
l*ye,  Henry  James,  jioet,  born. 
Stowell,  Baron,  William  Scott,  jurist,  bom. 
Woodiall,  William  (Junins's),  publisher,  b. 


CHURCH. 

1738     May  2*.     Conversion    of    John 
Wesley. 

He  finds  his  "  heart  strangely  warmed  " 
under  the  instruf^tions  of  the  Moravlana. 


AND    IRELAND.    1738,  May  24-1746,  Sept.  *.    911 


[Aug.  1.    He   visits   the  Moravians  at 
Herrnhut,  Germany.] 

1739  Jan,  5.  Tlie  Methodists  meet  in 
an  informal  conference  at  Islington  ; 
seven  ministers  are  present. 

Feb.  17.  "Whitefield  leads  the  Method- 
ist movement  into  tield-preaching  at 
Kingswood.  He  is  the  most  eloquent 
preacher  of  his  (lay.  [May  2.  ^John 
Wesley  also  preaches  for  the  first  time 
near  Hristol.] 

Nov.*  London.  The  first  Me thodist 
Society  is  organized  at  the  Foundry  by 
Johji  Wesley. 

1740  Mar.*  AmobatBengeworthtakes 
John  Wesley  to  the  water  and  ducks 
him,  and  then  relent  under  his  singing. 

July  20.  London.  The  Methodists 
separate  from  the  Moravians. 

*  *  Scot.  A  Declaration  and  Testimony 
are  published  by  the  Reformed  Pres- 
bytery. 

1741  *  *  "Wesley  traverses  the  kingdom, 
preaching  almost  daily,  and  sometimes 
tour  sermons  on  the  Sabbath. 

*  *  A  chapel  is  erected  for  Whitefleld  in 
Moorfields. 

It  being  a  temporary  structure,  it  is 
called  the  Tabernacle,  the  name  after- 
wards given  to  their  chapels  by  the  Cal- 
vinistic  Methodists.  He  separates  from 
the  Wesieys,  he  holding  the  doctrine  of 
election,  which  they  reject. 

1743  Aug.  1.  Scot.  Tlie  Reformed 
Presbyterians  are  first  organized  as  a 
presbytery  at  Braehead,  Lanarkshire. 

1744  June  25.  London.  The  first 
Methodist  Conference  is  held  at  the 
Foundry.  Six  regular  clergymen  and 
several  lay  preachers  are  present. 

*  *Mob8  frequently  attack  the  Method- 
ists, and  Wesley  is  defamed  by  slan- 
derers. 

1745  Aug.  1.  The  second  Methodist 
Conference  is  held  at  Bristol  ;  ques- 
tions of  tlieology  and  economy  are  con- 
sidered. [17-16,  May  12,  the  3d  ;  1747,  .June 
6,  the  4th,  at  London;  1748,  June  2,  the 
5lh,  at  London ;  1749,  Nov.  16,  the  6th, 
also  at  London.] 


LETTERS. 

1739  *  *  Scot.  The  Scots  Magazine  is  is- 
sued. 

*  *  Treatise  on  Human  Nature^  by  David 
Hume,  appears.  [1741-42,  Essays,  Aforal 
and  Political:  1748,  Enquiry  concerning 
the  Human  Understanding ;  1753,  Kn- 
quiry  Concernintj  the  Principle  of  Morals 
and  Political  J/iscourses.] 

1740  *  *  The  first  circulating  library 
for  public  use  is  established  by  Samuel 
Fancourt,  a  Dissenting  minister  of  Salis- 
bury. 

1740-41  Pamela,  by  Samuel  Richard- 
son, appears.  [1751,  Clarissa  Harlowe: 
1754,  Sir  Charles  Grandison.'\ 

1741  *  *  Arises  Gazette  is  issued  at  Bir- 
mingham. 

*  *  Life  of  Cicero,  by  Conyers  Middleton, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Divine  Lcfjation  of  Moses  Demon- 
stratedt  by  William  Warburton,  Bishop 
of  Gloucester,  appears. 

1742  *  *  Joseph  Andrews,  by  Henry  Field- 
ing, appears.  [1743,  Jonathan  l^Ud  the 
Great:  1749,  Tom  Jones :  1751,  Amelia.] 

*  *  Edmund  Hoyle  publishes  his  Short 
Treatise  on  H'hist. 

1742-46  Niffht  Thoughts,  by  Edward 
Young,  appears. 

1742-69  Poems,  by  Thomas  Gray,  ap- 
pears. 

1744  *  *  The  Chronicle  is  issued  at  Cam- 
bridge. 


*  *  Scot.  The  Edinburgh  Weekly  Journal 
is  issued. 

*  ♦  Dublin.  Esdaile's  News-Letter  ap- 
pears. [1754,  Changed  to  Saunders's 
News- Letter.] 

*  *  Siris,  a  Chain  of  Philosophical  Refiec- 
tions  and  Inquiries  concerning  the  Vir- 
tues of  Tar-water,  etc.,  by  George  Berke- 
ley, appears. 

*  *  The  Pleasures  of  the  Imagination,  by 
Mark  Akenside,  appears. 

1744-40  Dublin.  A  Literary  Journal  is 
issued,  the  first  review  published  in  Ire- 
laud. 

1745  *  *  London.  The  College  of  Sur- 
geons fKoyal  College  of  Surgeons  of 
Knglaud]  is  chartered. 

SOCIETY. 

1738  *  *  Tlie  Royal  Society  of  Mu- 
sicians is  established. 

*  *  Hawkers  of  liquor,  unable  to  pay 
their  fines,  are  publicly  whipped. 

1739  Oct.*  London.  Capt.  Thomas  Co- 
ram <)btains  a  charter  for  his  foundling 
hospital.    [1756.    June  2.    Opened.] 

*  *  The  association  for  the  relief  of  the 
widows  of  naval  men  is  founded, 

*  *  Parliament:  An  act  for  the  suppres- 
sion of  races  by  ponies  and  weak  horses 


*  *  Ire.  The  title  Earl  of  Bessborough 
is  created.  [1743,  Viscount  of  Powers- 
court  ;  1748,  Karl  of  Carnck.] 

*  *  Dublin.    The  Foundling  Hospital  is 

incorporated. 

1740  Nov,  *  London.  London  Hos- 
pital, Whitechapel,  for  seamen,  labor- 
ers, and  others,  is  instituted.  [1745. 
Middlesex  Hospital.] 

*  *  The  daily  wages  of  harvestmen  is  ten- 
pence. 

1741  *  *  The  using  of  torture  to  compel 
persons  to  plead  when  arraigned  for 
treason  or  felony  is  abolished. 

1742  *  *  Marriages  with  lunatics  are 
made  void. 

*  *  Titles  created,  Earl  of  Harrington. 

[1743,  Earl  of  Portsmouth;  1746,  Earl  of 
Buckmghamshire,  and  Earl  of  F'ltzwilUam; 
1747,  Viscountof  Leinster;  1749,  Earl  of  Kor- 
tescue,  and  Ilaron  I'onsonby;  1752,  Earl  of 
Guilford;  WM,  Karl  of  Hardwicke;  17&6, 
F^arl  of  llchester,  and  Duke  of  NewcjiBlle; 
1759,  Karl  of  Warwick  and  Brooke  (174t)).] 

1743  *  *  John  W^esley  takes  advanced 
temperance  ground,  requiring  his  fol- 
lowers to  avoid  "drunkenness,  buying 
or  selling  spirituous  liquors,  or  drinking 
them,  except  in  cases  of  extreme  neces- 
sity." 

1745  Mar.  *  Dublin.  The  first  lying- 
in  hospital  is  established  by  Dr.  Bar- 
tholomew Mosse,  a  physician,  amid 
strong  opposition. 

*  *  Scot.  Glasgow  is  pltindered  by  the 
Jacobites. 

1746  Aug.  12.  Scot.  Parliament  for- 
bids the  wearing  of  the  Highland  dress. 

*  *  London.  A  smallpox  hospital  is  es- 
tablished ;  Lock  Hospital  is  also 
founded.  [1747.  A  Jews'  Hospital.  1749. 
The  British  Lying-in  Hospital.  17.50. 
The  City  of  I^ou'don  Lying-in  Hospital. 1 

Aug.  18.  London.  Lord  Kilmarnock 
and  Lord  Balmerino  are  executed  on 
Tower  Hill. 

STATE. 

1738  Sept.  7.  Ire.  Robert  Jocelyn 
[Lord  Newport  and  Viscount  Jocelyn] 
is  appointed  lord  chancellor. 


*  *  Parliament :  An  act  is  parsed  to  pre- 
vent the  running  of  wool  from  Ireland 
to  France.    [1739.     Duty  is  repealed.] 

1741  Dec.  1.  Parliament  meets  ;  Ar- 
thur Onslow,  Speaker.  [1747.  June  18. 
Dissolved.] 

Dec.  29.  Ire.  Thomas  Marlay  is  ap- 
pointed chief  justice. 

1742  Feb.  1.  "Walpole  resigns  the  pre- 
miership, having  a  majority  of  but  one 
in  the  Commons.  [He  is  created  Earl  of 
Orford.] 

Feb.  *  The  Earl  of  "Wilmington  be- 
comes first  lord  of  the  treasury.  [De- 
ceased. 1743.  Aug.  *  Succeeded  by 
Henry  Pelham.  Lord  Carteret,  the 
Earl  of  Harrington,  and  the  Duke  of 
Newcastle  are  in  the  administration.] 

1744  Mar.  15.  France  declares  war 
<pp.  514,  701). 

Nov.  *  *  Henry  Pelham  forms  the  coali- 
tion, "Broad-bottom,"  administra- 
tion, with  Newcastle,  Harrington,  and 
Bedford  as  colleagues. 

1744-45  The  Habeas  Coit)us  Act  is 
suspended  because  of  the  Jacobite  re- 
bellion in  Scotland. 

1745  July  25.  Scot.  The  Young  Pre- 
tender lands  [and  proclaims  his  lather 
king]. 

Dec.  *  A  proclamation  is  made  to  magis- 
trates requiring  them  to  discover  and 
bring  to  justice  all  "Jesuits  and  po- 
pish priests,"  and  offering  a  reward  of 
£100  for  the  apprehension  of  such  per- 
sons. 

*  *  Ire.  Philip,  Earl  of  Chesterfield,  Is 
appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

1746  Feb.  5.  Parliament:  The  win- 
dow^-tax  is  increased.  [1851.  Repealed.] 

Feb.  10.  The  "Short-Lived"  Ad- 
ministration is  formed. 

It  consists  of  William  Pulteney,  the 
Earl  of  Bath,  and  Lords  Carlisle,  \Vin- 
chelsea,  and  Granville.  [Continues  for 
two  days.] 

Feb.  12.  Henry  Pelham  forms  an  ad- 
ministration with  the  Earl  of  Ches- 
terfield and  the  Duke  of  Bedford  as 
colleagues. 

Feb.  *  'William  Pitt  is  appointed  treas- 
urer for  Ireland.  [June  *  Appointed 
paymaster  of  the  forces.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1739  *  *  Ire.  Famine  causes  great  rav- 
ages. 

*  *  London.  The  new  Mansion  House  is 
begun.     [1753.    Completed.] 

1740*  *  London.  The  "hard  winter" 
occurs. 

The  Thames  is  frozen  hard  for  nine 
weeks ;  coaches  ply  upon  the  Thames, 
and  festivities  and  diversions  of  all 
kinds  are  enjoyed  upon  the  ice. 

1741  *  *  The  I>uke  of  Devonshire's  race- 
horse, Flying  Childers,  dies,  aged  26 
years. 

He  was  acknowledged  by  sportsmen  to 
have  been  the  fleetest  horse  that  ever 
ran  at  Newmarket,  or  that  was  even  seen 
in  the  world;  he  ran  four  miles  in  six 
minutes  and  48  seconds,  or  at  the  rate 
of  35^  miles  an  hour,  carrying  nine  stone 
two  pounds. 

*  *  The   new  Ebcehange   at   Bristol   is 

erected. 


912     1746,*  *-1756,  May*        GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1747  May  3.  Sp.  The  French  de- 
feated off  Cape  Finisterre  (p.  700). 

June  16.    Com.  Fox  takes  40  French 

ships  sailing  from  the  West  Indies. 
July  2.    Ntth.    Defeat  at  Haucouz  and 

Laffeldt  by  the  French  Marshal   Saxe 

(p.  700). 
Oct.  14.    Fr.    Victory    off    Finisterre 

(p.  700). 

1748  Oct.  7.  Prus.  The  Peace  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle  is  signed. 

1749  Apr.  13.  E.  /.  The  Namur,  74 
guns,  founders  near  Fort  St.  David; 
only  26  of  her  crew  are  saved. 

E.  I.    The   Pfmbroke,    60  guns,  is 

■wrecked  near  Porto  Novo ;  330  of  her 
crew  perish. 

1751-54  E.  I.  War  with  the  French 
in  India.     Arcot  defended  (p.  700). 

1754  *  *  Pa,  The  English  establish  fortB 
west  of  the  Alleghanies  in  hostility  to 
France.  The  struggle  for  supremacy 
in  the  New  World  begins. 

1755-63    War  with  France. 

Tlie  Seven  Years'  War  of  Europe,  and 
the  French  and  Indian  War  in  America. 
It  is  caused  by  disputes  respecting  the 
boundaries  of  "territory  in  America. 

Apr.  *  [U.  S.  A.]  Three  expeditions  are 
planned  against  the  French  (p.  68). 

June  10.  K.  F.  Adm.  Boscawen  takes 
the  AlcideAiwl  Li/s,  two  men-of-war,  from 
the  French  in  a  naval  battle  off  New- 
foundland. 

July  9.  Pa.  Gen.  Braddock  is  de- 
feated;  Col.  George  "Washington 
saves  a  remnant  of  the  army  (p.  68). 

Sept.  5.  N.  S.  The  exUe  of  the  Aca- 
diana  is  announced  (p.  G8). 

*  *  E.  I.  Col.  Robert  Clive  conquers 
Orissa,  in  Bengal. 

1756  May  17.  England  declares  war 
against  France.  [June  9.  France  de- 
clares war.] 

May  20.  Sp.  The  French  besiege  the 
island  of  Minorca,  in  the  Mediterra^ 
nean ;  Adm.  Byng  is  sent  to  relieve  it; 
he  fails  to  do  so.  [July*  It  surrenders. 
1757.  Mar.  14.  Byng  is  shot  at  Ports- 
mouth for  this  failure.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1746  *  *  Morris  and  Smith's  Northeast 

Passage  expedition  sails. 
1747*  *  Loudon.      A  chess  club  is 

formed  at  Slaughter's  Cotfee-house,  St. 

Martin's  Lane. 

*  *  Creed  projects  a  machine  having  an 
object  similar  to  that  of  the  phono- 
graph. 

*  *  Watson  shows  the  transmission  of 
electricity  by  an  insulated  wire, 

*  *  Mathematical  tripos  arc  instituted 
at  Cambridge, 

1748  July  14.    London.    An  eclipse  of 

the  sun  is  observed. 

1749  *  *  Thomas  Frye  introduces  painted 
porcelain. 

*  *  The  fly  shuttle  is  generally  used. 

*  *  An  astronomy  professorship  is  again 
founded  at  Cambridge. 

1750  Feb.  8.  London,  An  earthquake 
occurs.     [Feb.  19.    Another.] 

*  *  Railroads,  called  tramways,  in  and 
about  Newcastle,  are  madeof  wood,  and 


are  used  for  transporting  coal  a  short 
distance  to  vessels. 

*  *  A  system  of  shorthand,  called  Bra- 
chygraphy,  based  on  Mason's  system,  is 
introduced. 

*  *  London.  Westminster  Bridge  is 
opened. 

1750-70  Scot.  The  common-sense  sys- 
tem of  philosophy  is  originated  by 
Thomas  Eeid. 

1751  Jan.  21.  Handel's  last  oratorio, 
Jtphtkah,  is  composed.  [1752.  Feb.  26. 
Performed.] 

*  *  Amalgam  is  introduced  by  John  Can- 
ton for  the  rubber  in  electrical  experi- 
ments. 

1752  Sept.  3.  (o.  s.)  The  Gregorian 
calendar  is  adopted. 

The  new  style  blots  11  days  from  the 
calendar,  this  day  being  accounted  the 
14th  of  September. 

*  *  London.  George,  Earl  of  Macclesfield, 
becomes  president  of  the  Royal  Society. 

[1764,  James,  Earl  of  .Morton.] 

1753  Apr.  5.  London.  The  British 
Museum  originates.    (See  Letters.) 

*  *The  Queen's  Theflter,  Manchester,  is 
opened.    [1775.     Rebuilt.] 

*  *  London.  The  Society  of  Arts  is  es- 
tablished. 

1754  *  *  London.  John  Harrison  is 
voted  £50  by  the  Society  of  Arts  for  a 
*'  masterly  improvement  of  the  spinning- 
wheel." 

1755  July  14.  A  statue  of  Sir  Isaac 
New^ton  in  marble,  by  Louis  Francois 
Roubillac,  is  erected  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1746  *  *  Atwood,  (leorRe,  math.,  mechan.,  b. 
lilair,  liobert,  poet,  Seotlatnl,  A46. 

Bruce,  Michael,  i)oet,  S<-oIlan(l.  born. 
Chubb,  Thomas,  deistical  writer,  A67. 
Qrattan,  Henry,  orator,  statesman,  Ire.,  b. 
Jones,  Sir  'William,  orientalist,  born. 
Maclaurin.  Colin,  math.,  pliil.,  Scot.,  A47. 
Macneil,  Hector,  poet,  ScotIan<l,  born. 
Malniesbury,  Earl  of,  Jatnes  Harris,  diplc,  b. 
Mawe,  John,  mineralogist,  born. 
Northcote,  .James,  hist,  portrait  painter,  b. 

1747  *  *  Aikin,  .John,  phy..  biog.,  writer,  b. 
Bourne,  Vincent,  I^tin  poet,  A50. 

Coke,  Thomas,  first  bishop  of  M.  E,  chur<;h, 

U.  S.  A.,  born. 
Coxe,  William,  arohcieacon,  traveler,  hist.,  b. 
Forl>e8,  I>uncan,  statesman,  Scotland,  A^'i. 
Hutcheson,  Francis,  metaphys.,  Scot.,  A 53. 
Jones,  John  Paul,  naval  advent.,  Scot,,  b. 
Lovat,  Lord  Simon  Fraser,  sold.,  .Scot.,  A80. 
O'Keefe,  John,  dramatist,  Ireland,  born. 
Parr,  Samuel,  teacher,  clergyman,  author,  b. 
Potter,   John,   archbishop   of   Canterbury, 

author,  A63. 
Scott,  Thomas,  cl..  Bible  commentator,  b. 
Seward,  Anna,  i>oet,  born. 
Tytler,  Alex.  Fraser,  jurist,  hist.,  Scot.,  b. 

1748  *  *  Bentham.  Jeremy,  jurist,  philoso- 
pher, author,  born. 

Duckworth,  Sir  John  T.,  admiral,  born. 
Kent,  William,  pamter,  architect,  A65. 
Playfair,  John,  math.,  physicist,  Soot.,  born. 
Thomson,  James,  poet,  Scotland,  A48. 
"Watts,  Isaac,  cl.,  sacred  j>oet,  au.,  A74. 

1749  *  *  Bramah,  Joseph,  mechanician,  b. 
fatesby,  Mark,  naturalist,  A69. 
Daniel,  Thomas,  land8cai)e  painter,  born. 
Fearne,  Charles,  jurist,  legal  writer,  born. 
Fox,  Charles  James,  orator,  statesman,  b. 
Ged,  William,  inventor  of  stereotype,  A,W. 
Jenner,  Edward,  physician,  discoverer  of 

vaccination,  born. 
Philips,  Ambrose,  dramatist,  A78. 
Wilkins,  Sir  (^'harles,  Sanscrit  scholar,  bom. 

1750  *  *  Arrowsmith,  Aaron,  geographer,  b. 
Barnard,  Lady  Anne,  poet,  Scotland,  born. 
Belsham,  Thomas,  T'nititrian  cl.,  author,  b. 
Bntler,  Charles,  historian,  jurist,  author,  b. 
CoUInewood.  Lord  Cuthbert,  admiral,  b. 
Curran,  John  Philpot,  orator,  statesman, 

Ireland,  born. 
F.Uenborough,    Lord,    Edward    Law,    chief 

justice,  born. 
Ersklne,  Lord  Thomas,  statesman,  born. 
Gordon,  Lord  George,  fanatic,  bom. 


Herschel,  Caroline  L. ,  astronomer,  bom. 

Ireland,  Samuel,  author,  born. 
Kirwan,  Richard,  chemist,  geologist.  Ire.,  b. 
Knight,  liirhard  Payne,  author,  born. 
Lee,  Sophia,  novelist,  born. 
Middleton,  ('onyers,  clergyman,  controver- 
sialist, author,  A67. 
Peel.  Sir  Robert,  cotton  manufacturer,  b. 
Southcott,  Joanna,  fanatic,  religious  wr.,  b. 
Tomline,  George,  bp.  of  Winchcsier.  au.,  b. 
Windham,  William,  orator,  statesman,  b. 
Young,  Alatthew,  physicist,  born. 

1751  *  *  Adam,  William,  lawyer,  Scotland,  b. 
Bolingbroke,  Viscount,  lienry  Saint  John, 

statesman,  author,  .\73. 

Doddridge,  Philip,  Nonconformist  clergy- 
man,  theologian,  philosopher,  A49. 

Eldon,  Earl  of,  John  Scott,  statesman,  bom. 

Frederick  Louis,  father  of  George  III.,  A44, 

Milner,  Isaac,  mathematician,  born. 

Shaw,  George,  naturalist,  born. 

Sheridan,  Richard  Brinsley,  poet,  drama- 
tist, orator,  statesman,  Ireland,  born. 

Sherwin,  John  Kevse,  engraver,  born. 

Teigimioutb,  Lord,  John  Shore, statesman, b. 

1752  *  •  Butler,  Joseph,  theol..  phiL,  AbO. 
Chatterton,  Thomas,  jjoet.  born. 
Cheselden,  William,  anatomist,  A64. 

D' Arblay.  Madame,  Frances  Bumey, 
novelist,  born. 

Erskine,  llalph,  d.,  author,  Scotland,  A67. 

Hansard,  Luke,  parliamentary  printer,  bom. 

Ritson,  Josei>h,  antiquary,  horn. 

Warren,  Sir  I'eter,  admiral,  A49. 

Whiston,  William,  cl.,  math.,  trans.,  A85. 
1753*  *  Beecliey,    Sir  William,  portrait- 
painter,  born. 

Bell,  Andrew,  cl., educationalist,  Scot.,  bora. 

Berkeley.  George,  bishop  of  C'loyne,  meta- 
physician, Ireland,  A68. 

Bewick,  Thomas,  artist,  wood-engraver,  b. 

Bligh,  William,  admiral,  born. 

Gleig,  George,  clergyman,  author,  Scot.,b. 

Inchbald.  hlizabeth,  novelist,   born. 

Nicholson,  William,  natural  phil.,  author,  b, 

Koscoe,  William,  author,  born. 

Stanhope,  third  Earl  of,  Charles,  states- 
man, scientist,  bom. 

Stewart.  Dugald,  philosopher,  Scotland,  b. 

Thompson,  Sir  Benjamin,  Count   Runiford» 
philanthropist,  statesman,  scientist,  born. 
1754*  *  Cave,  Edward,  printer,  bookseller, 
fdr.  of  The  Gentleman  's  Matjazine,  A63. 

Crabbe,  George,  clergyman,  poet,  born. 

Erskine,  Ebenezer,  theologian,  preacher, 
chief  fdr.  of  Secession  Church,  Scot.,  A74. 

Fielding:.  Henry,  poet,  dramatist,  novelist, 
judge,  A47. 

Fuller,  Andrew^.  Baptist  preacher,  wr.,  b. 

Hastings.  Manphs  of,  Francis  Kawdon, 
major-general,  statesman,  born. 

Marsden,  William,  orientalist,  Iwrn.  1 

I'elham,  Sir  Henry,  statesman,  A58.  ■ 

Sinclair,  Sir  John,  agriculturist,  statistician, 
author,  born. 

Tarleton,  liannastre,  general,  born. 

Warren,  Sir  .John  liorlase,  admiral,  bora. 
1755*  *  liarrington,  George,  pickpocket,  b. 

Bone,  Henry,  enamel  j^ainter,  born. 

Braddock,  Edward,  general  in  America,  A38. 

Cathcart,  first  Farl  of ,Wm.  Shaw,  diplom.,b. 

Dyer,  George,  scholar,  antiquary,  bom. 

Flaxman,  John,  sculptor,  born. 

Grant,  Anne,  novelist,  essayist,  Scotland.,  b. 

Blackenzie,  Sir  Alexander,  Can.  ex.,  Seot.,b. 

Siddons,  Sarah,  actor,  born. 

Sutton,  Charles  Manners,  archbp.  of  Cant,  b. 

Vancouver,  George,  navigator  in  Am.,  bora. 

CHURCH. 

1746*  *  Ire.  Royal  assent  refused  to  the 
bill  to  naturalize  the  professors  of  the 
Jewish  religion. 

1747  Aug.  9.  Dublin.  John  "Wesley 
first  visits  Ireland.  [Tliomas  Williams 
forms  the  first  Methodist  Society  in 
Dublin.  1748.  Mar.  8.  Wesley  makes  a 
second  visit.] 

*  *  James  Wardley  revives  the  society  of 
Friends  (Quakers). 

*  *  Scot.  The  followers  of  Ebenezer  Ers- 
kine are  divided  into  Burghers  and 
Anti-Burghers,  on  the  question  of  in- 
terpreting the  Burghers'  oath. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Secession  and  Belief 
Presbyterian  Churches  unite. 

*  *  Thomas  Herring  is  chosen  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury. 

1748  May  *  W.  liady  Huntingdon 
and  other  Methodists  make  an  evangel- 
izing tour  through  Wales. 


AND    IRELAND. 


1746,  **-1756,  May 


913 


•  •  Whitefleld's  followers  are  called 
"The  Couritess  of  Huntingdon's  Con- 
nexion," she  being  an  ettective  supporter 
of  Methodists,  and  the  founder  of  a 
theological  school  at  Treveoca. 

1749  •  *  IhMin.  The  spire  of  St.  Pat- 
rick's Cathedral  is  erected. 

•  •  The  Clergy  Orphan  corporation  is 
organized  as  a  benevolent  institution. 

1750  Mar.  8.  London.  The  Method- 
ist Conference  opens. 

[1753,  at  Leeds  ;  1754,  May  22,  at  Lon- 
don ;  1755,  May  C,  at  Leeds  ;  1756,  Aug. 
26,  at  Bristol.] 

•  •  London.  The  Society  for  promoting 
ReliKious  Knowledge  among  the  Poor 
is  organized. 

•  *  Scot.  'Whitefield  itinerates  and 
preaches  here.  [1757.  He  makes  a  sec- 
ond visit.] 

•  *  Joanna  Southcott,  a  fanatic,  is  born. 

She  comes  from  Exeter  to  London, 
where  her  followers  increase  to  many 
thousands,  being  chiefly  the  poor  and 
ignorant. 

1751  *  *  Ire.  George  "Whitefield,  the 
Methodist  evangelist,  visits  Ireland. 

•  •  Scot.  John  Wesley  makes  his  first 
visit.  [17.53.  Apr.  •  A  second.  1757.  A 
third  visit.] 

1752  May  23.  Scot.  The  Relief 
Church  of  Scotland  is  initiated, 

Thomas  (Jillespie  is  deposed  from  the 
ministry  for  opposing  the  doctrine  of 

gassive   obedience   to  tlie    law  of   the 
hurch  of  Scotland  respecting  the  set- 
tlement of  ministers.    (See  1757.) 

•  »  The  Western  Theological  College 
(Congregational)  is  founded  at  Plym- 
outh. 

1754  Mar.  •  WTiitefleld  again  sails  for 
America. 

May  22.  Ixmdon.  The  Methodist  Con- 
ference opens.  [17.'>5.  May  6.  At  Leeds. 
1756.    Aug.  26.    At  Bristol.] 

LETTERS. 
1746  *  *  The  Museum  is  issued. 

•  *  Odee,  by  William  Collins,  appears. 
1747*  *  Scot,    Parliament  enacts  the 

union  of  the  two  colleges,  St.  Salvator 
and  St.  Leonard,  as  the  University  of 
St.  Andrews. 

•  *  London.  The  Universal  Magazine  is 
Issued. 

1747-49    /foiji««'«Joumon8  issued. 

1748  •  *  Thomas,  Duke  of  Newcastle,  is 
elected  <!hancellor  of  Cambridge. 

•  •  Scot.     The  Aberdeen  Journal  is  issued. 

•  ♦  Scot.  Castle  of  Indolence,  by  James 
Thomson,  appears. 

•  •  Roderick  Itandom,  by  Tobias  George 
Smollett,  appears.  [1751,  Peregrine 
Pickle:  1753,  The  Adventures  of  Ferdi- 
nand, Count  Fathom;  1755,  Translation 
of  Don  Quixote.) 

•  *  Scot.  Essay  on  Quantity,  by  Thomas 
Beid,  appears. 

»  •  London.  A  circulating  library  is  es- 
tablished at  Crane  Court. 

1749  •  *  Irene,  by  Johnson,  appears. 
1749-1845     London.     The    Monthly  Re- 
view is  issued. 

1750  Mar.  20-52  Mar.  14.  The  Ram- 
bler is  issued  by  Samuel  Johnson. 

•  •  Hermes,  or  a  Philosophical  Enquiry 
Concerning  Universal  Grammar,  by 
James  Harris,  appears. 

•  ♦  The  Life  and  Adventuretof  Peter  Wil- 
kms,  by  Robert  Pultock,  appears. 

1751  *  •  Elegy  Written  in  a  Country 
Churchyard,  by  Thomas  Gray,  appears. 

'753  Jan.  4.  First  nui">>er  of  the 
World  is  issued. 


Apr.  5.  Parliament  enacts  that  £20,000 
be  raised  by  lottery  to  purchase  the  li- 
brary of  Sir  Henry  Sloan,  deceased.  [It 
thus  originates  the  British  Museum.] 

*  *  The  Oxford  Journal  is  issued. 

1754-61  Scot.  History  of  England,  by 
David  Hume,  appears.  [1757,  Natural 
History  of  Religion  and  Four  IHsserta- 
tions.] 

1755  *  •  Yankee  Doodle  is  written  by  Dr. 
Kichard  Sehuchburg,  (?)  a  s  urgeon  of  the 
British  army,  in  contempt  of  the  motley 
assembly  of  militiamen  assembled  from 
the  colonies  to  aid  against  the  French 
in  Canada. 

*  *  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language, 
by  Samuel  Johnson,  appears.  [1759. 
Itasselas.] 

1755-80     The  London  Review  is  issued. 

1756  May  *  Tlie  Liverpool  Advertiser 
is  issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1748  Jan.  16.  London.  Public  excite- 
ment is  raised  over  a  conjurer  who  an- 
nounces that  he  will  jump  into  a  quart 
bottle  at  the  Haymarket  Theater. 

Apr.  27.  London.  The  close  of  the  war 
is  celebrated  by  a  splendid  display  of 
fireworks. 

1749  Feb.  20.  London.  Usher  Ga- 
hagan,  a  gentleman  and  scholar,  is  exe- 
cuted at  Tyburn  for  clipping  coin. 

*  •  An  infirmary  is  established  at  Liver- 
pool. 

*  *  It  Is  made  a  punishable  offense  for 
hatmakers,  or  workers  in  textile  sub- 
stances and  leather,  to  combine  for  the 
increase  of  wages. 

1750  •  *  The  Jockey  Club  is  founded. 
[It  chiefly  regulates  races  of  the  present 
day,  and  the  betting  connected  with 
them.] 

*  *  London.  St.  Luke's  Hospital  for  lu- 
natics is  established.  [Oct.  15.  The 
foundation  of  the  [present]  London 
Hospital  building  is  laid  by  Adin.  Sir 
Peter  Warren.  *  *  Queen  Charlotte's 
Lying-in  Hospital  is  founded,] 

1751  *  •  Ire.  Titles  created,  Viscount  of 
Ashbrook. 

[1756,  Earl  of  Shannon,  Earl  of  Lanes- 
borough,  and  liaron  Farnliatn;  \1^,  isaron 
Lisle;  U.'iN,  Earl  Fife;  1760,  Earl  of  Morn- 
Ington;  1762,  Haron  Olive,  and  Earl  Arran; 
1763,  Earl  MllUown,  and  Viscount  of  Mont- 
niorres,] 

1752  Apr.  7.  London.  To  avoid  the 
effects  of  an  earthquake  shock  predicted 
by  a  madman  for  April  8,  thousands  of 
persons,  particularly  those  of  rank  and 
fortune,  pass  the  night  in  their  car- 
riages and  in  tents  in  Hyde  Park. 

*  'The  Seamen's  Hospital,  Liverpool, 
is  founded. 

*  'The  Manchester  infirmary  is  insti- 
tuted. 

*  *  Acts  are  passed  licensing  music  and 
dancing  in  public  houses. 

1753  *  ♦  London.  The  British  Museum 
is  founded  by  the  aid  of  a  lottery. 

*  *  Bread  riots  occur  at  Bristol. 

*  *  The  proposed  English  census  is  op- 
posed as  profane. 

1755  Apr.  15.  London.  Buyers  of  lot- 
tery tickets  break  down  the  counters  of 
the  Bank  of  England  in  their  eagerness 
to  buy  tickets. 


STATE. 

1747  Nov.  10.  Parliament  meets ; 
Arthur  Onslow,  Speaker.  [1754.  Apr.  8. 
Dissolved.] 

«  *  Ire.  William,  Karl  of  Harrington,  is 
appointed  lotd-lieutenant. 

1748  Oct.  7.  Prus.  The  Peace  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle  is  concluded  (p. 515). 

1751  June  22.  Lord  Anson  is  made 
tirst  lord  of  the  admiralty.  [1756,  Nov. 
19,  Earl  Temple;  1767,  Apr.  6,  Earl  of 
Winchelsea;  July  2,  Lord  Anson;  1762, 
June  19,  George  Jl,  Dunk,  Earl  of  Hali- 
fax: 1703,  Jan.  I.George  Grenville;  Apr. 
23,Earl  of  Sandw  ich  ;  Sept.  10,  Earl  of  Eg- 
mont;  1766,  Sept.  10.  Sir  Charles  Saun- 
ders ;  Dec.  10,  Sir  Edward  Hawke.] 

Aug.  27.  Ire.  Sir  George  Caulfleld  is 
apptdnted  chief  justice. 

*  •Parliament:  A  Regency  BUI  is 
passed. 

1752  Jan.  1.  The  New  Style  calen- 
dar, according  to  the  Gregorian  reform' 
of  1582,  is  operative. 

*  *  The  journals  of  Parliament  are  or- 
dered to  be  printed. 

1753*  *  Parliament:  The  Irregular 
Marriages  Act  is  passed. 

It  prohibits  the  Fleet-prison  marriage 
system,  —  marriages  without  license  or 
certificate. 

1754  Apr.  •  Thomas  H.  Pelham,  Duke 
of  Newcastle,  becomes  first  lord  of  the 
treasury. 

Nov.  14.  Parliament  meets ;  Arthur 
Onslow,  Speaker.  [1761.  Mar.  21.  Dis- 
solved.] 

*  *  Edinburgh.  The  magistrates  are  as- 
signed gold  chains. 

*  *  Sir  Dudley  Ryder  is  appointed  chief 
justice. 

1756  May  17.  W^ar  is  declared 
against  France  after  fighting  for  two 
years.  [June  9.  France  declares  war 
against  England.] 

May  •  Parliament :  The  Plate  Act  is 
passed.    [1780.    Eepealed.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1746  *  •  The  TATindsor  marches  are 
drained,  and  the  trees  planted,  for  Wil- 
liam, Duke  of  Cambridge. 

1748  Mar.  25.  London.  A  fire  in 
•Shadwell  destroys  200  houses. 

*  *  London.  A  display  of  fireworks  is 
given  in  the  Green  Park  in  honor  of  the 
peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

*  *  A  general  famine  occurs. 

1749  *  *  The  town  hall,  Liverpool,  is 
begun. 

1750  May  *  London.  During  some 
trials  in  the  Old  Bailey  court,  the  lord 
mayor,  one  alderman,  two  judges,  the 
greater  part  of  the  jury,  and  numbers 
of  spectators,  catch  the  jail  distemper, 
and  die. 

1753  *  *  The  Salthouse  dock,  Liver- 
pool, is  opened. 

1755  July  17.  The  ship  Doddington 
is  lost;  23  out  of  273  persons  are  saved. 

Dec.  4.  The  Fxldystone  lighthouse  is 
burned.  [1768-60.  It  is  rebuilt;  it  is 
the  first  true  lighthouse  erected  in  lOng- 
land.] 


914    1756,  June  20-1762,  July  9.     GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1756  June  20.  The  Earl  of  Loudoun 
sails  with  an  army  for  Halifax,  N.  S. 
[He  is  reenforced  later  by  additional 
troops,  making  11,000  men,  and  16  men- 
of-war.]  • 

E.  I.  Black  Hole  tragedy  of  Calcutta. 

The  Nabob  of  Bengal  seizes  Calcutta, 
and  imprisons  146  British  in  a  room  18 
feet  square  ;  only  23  survive  the  night. 

1757  Jan.  2.  Ind.  Col.  Clive  recap- 
tures Calcutta.  The  conquest  of  In- 
dia begins. 

June  23.  Ind.  Col.  Clive,  with  a  force 
of  3,000,  vanquishes  the  Surajah  Dowlah, 
with  G8,000  men,  at  Plassey, 

Aug.  9.  N.  Y.  Col.  Monroe  surrenders 
to  Gen.  Montcalm  (p.  70). 

*  *{U.  S.  A.]  [Lord]  Jeff rey Amherst 
commands  (p.  70). 

Oct.  21.  Three  English  ships  defeat 
seven  French  ships  off  Cape  Franfais. 

*  *  Lord  Ligonier  is  appointed  comman- 
der-in-chief. 

1758  Jan.*  [U.S.A.-]  Lord  Loudoun 
is  retired,  and  Gen.  Abercrombie  suc- 
ceeds him  (p.  70). 

Mar.  2.    A  battle  is  fought  in  the  North 

Sea  between  two  French  and  two  Brit- 
ish frigates  ;  one  of  the  French  vessels 

escapes. 
Apr.  13.    The  Prince  George  is  burned 

while  on  its  Avay  to  Gibraltar ;  about 

400  men  perish. 
May  28 -July  26.    N.  S.    Louisburg  is 

captured  (p.  70). 
June  *  Fr.    The  British  burn  about  100 

vessels  in  Coucale  Bay. 
July  8.    N.  Y.    Defeat  at  Ticonderoga 

(p.  70). 
July  26.     iV.  5.     England  takes  Nova 

Scotia  (p.  70). 
Aug.  27.      Can.     Fort   Frontenac 

[Kinsgton]  is  taken  {p.  70). 
Oct.  4.    E.  I.    The  French  take  Arcot. 
Nov.  29.    The  Lichfield  is  lost  on   the 

coast  of  Barbary. 
Dec.  12.     E.  I.    The  French  assume  the 

oifensive  against  the  British  besieged  at 

Madras. 

*  *  Fr.  The  English  destroy  the  fortifi- 
cations of  Cherbourg. 

*  *  E.  I.  Lord  Clive  forces  the  Dutch  to 
capitulate  at  Chinsurah. 

1759  Jan.*  Amer.  Gen. Amherst  [Lord 
Jeffrey]  chief  commander  (p.  70;. 

Aug.  17,  18.  Port.  The  French  under 
Adni.  De  la  Clue  are  defeated  in  a  naval 
battle,  in  the  Bay  of  Lagos,  by  Adm. 
Bos  ca  wen. 

Sept.  13.  Can.  First  battle  on  the 
Plains  of  Abraham  (p.  72). 

Sept.  18.  Can.  Quebec  capitiilates  to 
the  English  (p.  72). 

Sept.  25.  N.  S.  The  Tilbury,  with  60 
guns,  is  lost  off  Louisburg. 

*  *  E.  Ind.  Adm.  Pocock  defeats  the 
French  fleet.  The  French  lose  nearly 
all  their  military  power  in  India. 

*  *  The  British  Hussars  are  enrolled. 


Nov.  20.  Fr.  Adm.  Hawke  defeats 
the  French  fleet  (p.  702). 

1760  Feb.*  Ire.    French   invasion 

(p.  702). 

Feb.  15.    The  Itamillies,  with  90  guns,  is 

lost  on  the  Bolt-head ;   26  persons  are 

saved. 
The  Conqueror  la  lost  on  St.  Nicholas 

Island,  Plymouth. 
Apr.  22.    Lord   George    Sackville   is 

tried  by  court-martial  for  disobedience. 

found  guilty,  and  dismissed. 

July  2.    E.  I.     French    defeat    at 
Wandiwash. 
AU  Canada  is  taken  by  the  British. 

Sept.  8.  Can.  Montreal,  under  Gen. 
Vaudreuil,  surrenders  (p.  72). 

1761  Jan.  1.    War  with  Spain. 

E.  I.    The  Due  d^Aquitaine  and  the 

Sunderland  are  lost  off  Pondicherry, 
and  all  perish.  [Jan.  *  Pondicherry 
capitulates  to  the  British.] 

Jime  7.  Fr.  The  British  capture  Belle 
Isle. 

*  *  Ire.  The  *•  Whiteboys**  cause  an 
insurrection,  and  commit  numerous 
depredations ;  they  are  suppressed  by 
military  force. 

1762  Jan.  2.  England  declares  war 
against  Spain. 

Feb.  3.  The  liaisonnable,  with  64  guns,  iS 
lost  in  an  attack  on  Martinique. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1756*  *The  first  cotton  velvets  and 
quiltings  in  England  are  made. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  Joseph  Black  makes 
known  his  discoveries  on  the  nature  of 
lime  and  of  fixed  air  (carbonic  acid 
gas). 

1757  *  *  John  Dolland  constructs  an 
achromatic  telescope  without  any 
knowledge  of  Hall's  invention.  He  also 
makes  an  important  discovery  respect- 
ing the  aberration  of  light. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  Joseph  Black  establishes 
his  theory  of  latent  heat.  [1760.  He 
discovers  latent  heat  in  melting  ice  and 
in  steam.  1763.  He  evolves  new  theories 
in  heat.] 

*  *  Scot.  James  Watt  is  the  maker  of 
mathematical  instruments  for  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow.  [1760.  He  invents 
the  shot-tower.] 

1758  *  *  Dublin.  Crow  Street  Theater 
Royal  is  erected. 

1759  Jan.  15.  London.  The  British 
Museum  is  first  opened. 

Oct.  1.  The  Eddystone  lighthouse 
is  rebuilt  the  second  time  by  John 
Smeatou.. 

*  *  The  Carron  smelting-works  are  estab- 
lished ;  following  Dr.  John  Roebuck's 
invention,  iron  is  made  by  the  use  of 
mineral  coal. 

1760  Apr.  21.  London.  Thefirst pub- 
lic exhibition  is  made  of  the  works  of 
living  artists,  Reynolds,  Wilson,  Roubil- 
lac,  Wilton,  Woolett,  Strange,  and 
others. 

*  ♦  Pressing-boards  are  invented. 

*  *  Cotton-carding  machines  are  im- 
proved by  James  Hargreaves. 

±  *  *  The  gradual  revolution  of  the  peace- 
ful arts  is  accomplished. 

*  *  Many  of  the  bishops  and  clergy  preach 
against  the  practise  of  inoculation. 

*  *  London.  The  theatrical  fund  of 
Covent  Garden  is  established. 


+  *  *  John  Kaj's  plan  of  throwing  the 

shuttle  is  introduced,  doubling  the 
product  of  looms. 

1761  June  6.  The  transit  of  Venua 
is  observed  by  the  astronomer  royal, 
Nevil  Maskelyne,  at  St.  Helena. 

July  17.   The  Bridgewater canal,  from 

Worsley  to  Manchester,  18  miles  long,  is 
opened  ;  it  is  the  first  great  canal  in 
England. 

*  *  The  first  patent  for  the  spinning- 
wheel  is  granted  to  Sir  Richard  Ark- 
wright  [which  he  further  improves]. 

+  *  *  James  Brindley  practises  puddling 
of  clay  in  making  the  walls  of  canals 
water-tight. 

*  *  London.  The  Catch  (musical)  Club 
is  formed. 

1762  Jan.  29.  London.  The  Thames 
is  [alleged  to  be]  frozen  five  feet  thick. 

Feb.  24.  A  great  hurricane  and  snow- 
storm occurs  ;  several  whales  are  driven 
ashore  on  the  Essex  and  Kentish  coast. 

July  9.  Ire.  Honeydew  falls  near 
RaithiermuG  ;  it  is  gathered  with  scoops. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1756  *  *  Auchmuty,  Sir  Samuel,  general,  b. 

Burgess,  Thomas,  bisJiop  of  Salisbury,  au.,  b. 

Currie,  James,  physician,  scholar,  author, 
editor  of  Burns,  Scotland,  born. 

Fitzherbert,  Maria,  wife  of  George  IV.,  b. 

Gambier,  Lord,  James,  admiral,  born. 

Godwin,  William,  dramatist,  novelist,  his- 
torian, political  writer,  born. 

Henley,  John,  preacher,  A64. 

Lee,  Harriet,  novelist,  born. 

Macadam,  John  Loudon,  invent,  of  Macadam 
roads,  born. 

Raeburn,  Sir  Henry,  portrait-painter,  Scot- 
land, horn. 

Rowlandaon,  Tliomas,  caricaturist,  born. 

Vertue,  George,  engraver,  A72. 

Wakefleld,  Gilbert,  classical  scholar,  theolo* 
gian,  politician,  born. 
1767*  ♦  Addington,    Henry,    Viscount    Sid- 
mouth,  statesman,  born. 

Alison,  Archibald,  cl.,  au.,  Scot.,  b. 

Baird,  Sir  David,  general,  born. 

Blake,  William,  poet,  painter,  born. 

Burney,  Charles,  class,  schol.,  author,  bom. 

Byng,  Honorable  John,  admiral,  A53. 

Cibber,  Colley,  poet,  dramatist,  actor,  A86. 

Colchester,  Lord,  Charles  Abbolt,  states.,  b. 

Exmouth,  V'iscount,  Kdward  Pellew,  adm.,  b. 

Foley,  Sir  'I'lionias,  admiral,  born. 

Glfford,  "WiUiam,  poet,  dramatist,  journal- 
ist, miscellaneous  writer,  born.  ' 

Hartley.  David,  founder  of  English  Asso- 
ciation scliool  of  psychologists,  A52. 

Kemble.  John  Philip,  actor,  born. 

Komilly,  Sir  Sanuiel,  jurist,  statesman,  bom. 

Sowerby,  James,  artist,  naturalist,  horn. 

Telford,  Thomas,  engineer,  Scotland,  born. 

Vernon,  E4lwarii,  admiral,  A73. 
1758*  •  Bridgewater.  Earl  ci,  Francis 
Henry,  el.,  fdr.  Bridgeicater  Treatises,  h. 

Dyer,  John,  poet,  A.^8. 

Hamilton,  Elizabetli,  novelist,  miscellaneous 
writer,  Irelaml,  born. 

Nasmyth,  Alexander,  portrait  and  landscape 
painter,  Scotland,  born. 

Nelson,  Viscount  Horatio,  admiral,  bora. 

Pinkerton,  John,  arclieologist,  numismatist, 
historian,  geographer,  author,  Scot.,  born. 

Ramsay,  Allan,  i)oet,  Scotland,  A72. 

1759  Jan.  25.    Burns.  Robert,  poet,  Scot- 
land, born. 

Carlyle,  Joseph  Pacre,  orientalist,  born. 

Chalmers,  Alexander,  journalist,  editor,  bi- 
ographer, Scotland,  born. 

Coffin,  Sir  Isaac,  admiral,  born. 

Collins,  William,  poet,  A38. 

Godwin,  Mary  WoUstonecraft.  novelist,  b. 

Kirby,  William,  entomologist,  born. 

Lauderdale,  F.arl  of,  James  iiaitland,  states- 
man, Scotland,  born. 

Pitt.  William,  orator,  statesman,  born. 

Poraon,  Kicliard,  Greek  scholar,  autlior,  b. 

Pughe,  William  Owen,  jjliilologist,  antiquary, 
Wales,  liorn. 

Smith,  Sir  James  K.,  botanist,  naturalist,  b. 

Wilberforce.  William,  pliilanth.,  states.,  b. 

Wolfe,  James,  general  in  America.  A33. 

1760  Oct.  25.     George  II..  king,  A57. 
Beckford,  William,  author,  born. 
Beddoes,  Thomas,  physician,  author,  horTi. 
Bewick,  John,  artist,  wood-engraver,  bora. 
Carew,  Sir  Benjamin  llallowell,  admiral,  b. 


AND   IRF:LAND.      1756,  June  20-1762,  July  9.     915 


Clarke,  Adam,  Wesleyan  clei^yman,  Bible 
(commentator,  author,  born. 

Clarkson,   Thomas,    philanthropist,   anti- 
slavery  advocate,  author,  born. 

Lempriere,  John,  scholar,  antJior,  born. 

Mac(feoghegan,  James,  Abb^,  scholar,  histo- 
rian, Ireland,  A62. 

Wellesley,    Marquis    of,    Richard     Cowley 
Wesley,  or  Wellesley,  statesman,  born. 
1761*  *  Baillie,  Matthew,  physician,  anato- 
mist, Scotland,  born. 

liostAwen,  Edward,  admiral,  A50. 

Carey,  William,  Bap.  mis.,  orientalist,  born. 

Hales,  Stephen,  natural  philosoplier,  A84. 

Hoadley,  William,   bishop   of   Winchester, 
author,  ASS. 

Laml>ert,  Aylmer  B.,  botanist,  born. 

Landseer,  John,  engraver,  born. 

Law,  William,  mystic,  clergyman,  au.,  A75. 

Moore.  Sir  John,  general,  Scotland,  horn. 

Nash,  Ktchard  (Beau  Nasb),  master  of  cere- 
monies at  Bath,  AST. 

Opie,  John,  painter,  bom. 

Rennie,  John,  engineer,  architect,  Scot.,  b. 

Richardson.  Samuel,  novelist,  A72. 

Simpson,  Thomas,  mathematician,  A51. 


CHURCH. 

1756*  *  London.  "Wliitefield'sTaber- 
nacle  in  Tottenham-court  Koadis  built. 
[1760.    Enlarged.] 

1757  May  6.  The  14th  Methodist 
Conference  meets  at  Leeds.  [After  :i 
debate  of  three  days  declines  to  separate 
from  the  Established  Church.] 

•  *  Ann  Lee  [Shaker]  begins  a  series  of 
surpassing  assumptions. 

•  *  Matthew  Hutton  is  chosen  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury.  [1758,  Thomas 
Seeker;  1768,  Frederick  ComwaUis.] 

•  *  Wesley  and  Whitefield  endeavor  once 
more  to  establish  societies  of  young 
men  for  the  promotion  of  personal  piety. 
They  are  defeate<l  by  the  indiiference  or 
actual  hostility  of  the  authorities. 

1758*  *  Ire.  John  "Wesley  itinerates 
and  preaches  on  the  western  coast. 

•  *  It.  Clement  XUI.  becomes  pope. 
[1775.    PiusVI.] 

Aug.  10.  The  Methodist  Conference 
is  held  in  Bristol.  [1759.  Aug.  8.  In 
London.  1760.  Aug.  29.  In  London. 
Great  revivals  are  reported.] 

1760  *  *  Sabbath  instruction  is  given 
to  children  by  Rev.  Joseph  AUeinet  and 
by  the  Kev.  David  Blair  at  Brechin. 
(Haydn.)  [1763.  By  Rev.  Theophilus 
Lindsey,  at  Catterick,  Yorkshire. 
(Haydn.)] 

1761  Oct.  22.  f^cot.  A  second  seces- 
sion from  the  Established  Church  of 
Scotland  of  "The  Relief"  Church. 
The  first  presbytery  is  formed.  [1773. 
Its  first  great  synod  is  formed  at  Edin- 
burgh.] 

LETTERS. 

1756  Dec.  14.  Edinburgh.  Douglas, 
by  John  Home,  is  produced. 

■*  *  Jonas  Hanway  founds  the  Marine 
Society  for  the  maintenance  and  in- 
struction of  boys  for  tiie  navy. 

•  *  Essay  on  the  Sublime  and  lieautifnl, 
by  Edmund  Burke,  appears  ;  also'the 
Vindication  of  Natural  Society. 

1756-58  London.  The  Literary  Maga- 
zine is  issued. 

1757**  The  Liverpool  Library  is 
foanded. 

•  *  "William  "WTiitehead  is  appointed 
poet-laureate.     [1785.    Thomas  Warton.] 

1757-58  THstory  of  the  Last  Four  Years 
of  Queen  Anne,  by  Swift,  ai»pears. 

1757-65  A  Complete  History  nf  England, 
by  Smollett,  appears.  [17(>0-61,  T%€  Ad- 
ventures of  Sir  Lancelot  Greaves,-  1761, 
translation  of  Gil  Bias.] 

1758  Apr.  5.  London.  The  first  Issne 
of  Johnson's  Idler  appears. 

•  *  History  of  Ireland,  by  Abb6  James 
MacGeohegan,  appears. 


1759  *  *  Dublin.  The  principal  or  west 
front  of  Trinity  CoUege  is  erected. 

*  *  London.     The  Public  Ledger  is  Issued. 

*  *  Scot.  Theory  of  Moral  Sentiments,  by 
Adam  Smith,  appears, 

*  *  Scot.  History  of  Scotland  during  the 
lieigns  of  Mary  and  James  VI. ,  by  Wil- 
liam Robertson,  appears. 

*  *  Discourses  on  Art,  by  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds, appears. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Braes  of  Yarrow,  And  other 
poems,  by  William  flamiltou  appears. 

1759-60    Tristram  Shandy,  by  Laurence 

.Sterne,  appears. 
1769-71     The  Royal  Magazine  is  issued. 
1760-65    Scot.     Osstan,  by  James  Mac- 

pherson,  appears.  , 

1761  ♦  *  Theliosciad,  by  Charles  Church- 
ill, appears.     [1761-64.     Poems.] 

1762  Apr.  20.  Edintnirgh.  Dr.  Hugh 
Blair  is  appointed  first  professor  of 
rhetoric  at  the  University. 

Apr.  29.  London.  The  North  Briton, 
edited  by  John  Wilkes,  is  Issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1756  *  *  Seamen  are  privileged  from 
arrest  for  debts  under  £20. 

*  *  London.  The  foundling  hospital  has 
received  14,934  infants  in  the  last  four 
years,  of  which  only  4,400  have  lived  to 
be  apprenticed. 

1757  Mar.  7.  Edinburgh.  The  Gen- 
eral Assembly  enacts  that  no  comedies, 
tragedies,  or  such  plays  shall  be  made 
on  Scripture  history,  nor  acted  on  the 
Sabbath. 

1758  May  1.  William Vaughan,alinen 
draper  of  Stafford,  the  first  forger  on 
the  Bank  of  England,  is  executed. 

*  *  An  asylum  for  female  orphans  is  in- 
stituted at  Lambeth.  •  [Removed  to  Bed- 
dington,  near  Croydon.] 

1759  May  3.  A  young  woman,  on  a 
wager  to  ride  1,000  miles  in  1,000 
hours,  completes  her  task  in  two-thirds 
of  the  time,  and  is  welcomed  with  flow- 
ers and  applause. 

Aug.  6.  Sugene  Aram  is  executed  at 
York  for  the  murder  of  Daniel  Clark  in 
Knaresborough  in  1745. 

1760  June  16.  In  Leicestershire  two 
old  women  are  thrown  into  the  water  to 
determine  by  their  sinking  or  swimming 
whether  or  not  they  are  witches. 

*  *  A  theatrical  fund  is  established. 

*  *  Tlie  daily  wages  of  barvestmen  is  one 
sliilliug. 

*  *  Political  corruption.    (See  State.) 

1761  Feb.  11.  London.  A  usurer  is 
fined  £300  for  having  exacted  six  guineas 
to  discount  £100  for  six  weeks. 

*  *  Ire.  "WTiiteboys,  a  body  of  ruffians, 
so  called  because  of  their  wearing  linen 
frocks  over  tiieir  coats,  commit  dread- 
ful outrages.  They  resist  the  enclosure 
of  commons  and  the  exaction  of  tithes. 
[1762.  Suppres8e<l  by  military  force; 
ringleaders  executed.] 

*  *  Titles  created,  Earl  of  Delawarr, 
Barons  Scarsdale,  and  Boston.  [1762, 
Baron  Vernon  ;  1765,  Earl  of  Spencer, 
Earl  of  Radnor,  and  Baron  Digby  ;  1766, 
Duke  of  Northumberland ;  1772,  Earl 
of  Bathurst,  and  Earl  of  Hillsborough.] 

STATE. 

1756    Nov.  *  Newcastle  resigns. 

Nov.  *  King's  Ministers : 

Tlie  Duke  of  Devonshire  (commissioner 
treasury,  premier),  William  Pitt  (secre- 
tary state),  Earl  Temple  (first  lord  admi- 
ralty), and  H.  B.  Legge  (chancellor  ex- 
chequer). [1757.  Apr.  *  Pitt,  Temple, 
and  Legge  are  dismissed.] 

*  *  "William  Murray! Earl  of  Mansfield] 
is  appointed  chief  justice. 


*  *  The  great  seal  is  in  commission. 

1757  Feb.  *  H.  C.  An  alliance  sub- 
sidy of  £200,000  is  voted  to  the  King  of 

Prussia. 

Mar.  22.  Ire.  John  Bowes  [Lord 
Bowes  of  Clonlyoii]  is  appointed  lord 
high  chancellor. 

June  *  The  Duke  of  Newcastle  becomes 
first  lord  of  the  treasury,  and  William 
Pitt  secretary  of  state. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Duke  of  Bedford  is  ap- 
pointed lord-lieutenant. 

*  *  Sir  Robert  Henley  [Lord  Henley] 
becomes  [last]  lord-keeper. 

1759  Sept.*  Canada  becomes  a  British 
colony  by  conquest. 

*  *  E.  I.  Surat  is  taken  by  the  East 
India  Company. 

1760  July  31.  Ire.  "Warden  Flood  is 
appointed  chief  justice. 

Oct.  26.    George  II.  dies. 

1760-1820    George  HI.  reigns. 
He  is  grandson  of  George  11. 
The  Duke  of  Newcastle  is  premier, 
and  William  Pitt  secretary  of  state. 

*  *  Bribery  in  politics  extensively  pre- 
vails. 

The  Ministry  open  an  o£Qce  at  the 
treasury  for  the  purchase  of  votes  in 
Parliament,  and  the  royal  revenue  is 
partly  used  to  buy  seats  and  votes ;  civil 
and  military  promotion  are  reserved  for 
the  king's  friends. 

1761  Sept.  8.  George  HI.  marries 
Charlotte  Sophia  of  Mecklenburg-Stre- 
litz.    [Sept.  22.    They  are  crowned.] 

Oct.  5.  "William  Pitt  resigns  office. 
Hia  colleagues  refuse  to  adopt  his 
policy  of  war  against  Spain  because  of 
her  '*  Family  Compact"  with  France  ;  [he 
receives  a  pension  of  £3,000  a  year,  and 
his  wife  gets  a  peerage  under  the  title 
Baroness  Chatham]. 

Oct.  *  Lords  Egremont  and  Bute  are 

secretaries  of  state. 

Nov.  3.  Parliament  meets.  [1768.  Mar. 
12.    Dissolved.] 

*  *  The  commissions  of  judges  are  made 
permanent,  notwitlistauding  the  demise 
of  the  crown. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Earl  of  Halifax  is  ap- 
pointed lord-lieutenant. 

1762  May  *  The  Earl  of  Bute  becomes 
prime  minister,  and  George  Grenville 
secretary  of  state.  [17G3.  Apr.  8.  They 
resign.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1758  Apr.  11.  I^ondon.  The  wooden 
bridge  over  the  Thames  is  burned. 

*  *  Colored  Cloth  Hall,  Leeds,  is  built. 

1759  *  *  The  inhabitants  of  Manchester 
are  discharged  from  their  obligations  to 
grind  their  corn  at  Irk  Mill. 

1760  May*  A  bridge  is  built  at  Bris- 
tol. 

July  3,  The  dockvard  at  Portsmouth  is 
fired ;  loss,  £400,000. 

Oct.  31.  London.  The  Blackfriars' 
Bridge  over  the  Thames  is  begun. 

*  *  Cotton  goods  are  first  exported. 

*  *  Ire.  Iiinen  manufacture  is  encour- 
aged, 

1761*  *  Edinburgh.  The  Royal  Ex- 
change is  completed. 

*  *  Patrick  Cotter,  the  Irish  giant,  is 
born.  [He  attains  the  height  of  eight 
feet  seven  inches.] 


916     1762,  *  *-1769,  Feb.  3.         GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1762  *  *  N.  B.  The  French  gain  [tem- 
porary] possession  of  St.  John. 

Aue.  13.  Cuba.  Havana  captured 
(p.  631). 

*  *An  English  force  takes  possession  of 
the  Philippine  Islands. 

1763  Feb.  10.  The  Peace  of  Paris 
(p.  72,  73). 

Nov.  6.  Ind.  Patna  taken  from  the 
Nawab.    (See  India.) 

1764  Oct.  23.  Ind.  Natives  defeated 
at  Buxar.    (See  India.) 

1766  *  *  The  Marquis  of  Granby  is  ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief. 

1767  *  *  Ind.  War  occurs  in  Mysore 
with  Hyder  Ali.     (See  India.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1762  *  *  The   subterranean  canals  of 

Worsley  are  completed.  (The  price  of 
coal  is  soon  reduced  one-half  at  Man- 
chester,] 

*  *  Thomas  Augustina  Arne's  opera  Ar- 
taxerxes  is  composed. 

*  *  Josiah  Wedgwood  of  Staffordshire 
produces  "Wedgwood  ware  pottery, 
stone  china,  and  porcelain. 

It  soon  takes  the  place  of  the  wooden 
platter  and  the  cottager's  brown  dish. 
[1771.    He  founds  the  Etruria  potteries.] 

*  *  The  cylinder  carding-machine  is  in- 
T-ented  by  Sir  Robert  Peel. 

*  *  Nathaniel  Bliss  becomes  astronomer 
royal . 

1763  London.  Sadler's  Wells  Thea- 
ter is  opened. 

1764  Apr.  1.  London.  An  annular 
eclipse  of  the  sun  is  observed. 

*  •  London.  Mozart,  only  eight  years  of 
age,  visits  England,  and  plays  the  most 
difficult  music  at  sight. 

*  *A  single-acting  steam-engine  is 
made  by  James  Watt.  \ 

*  *  John  Harrison's  time-keeper  is  used. 

1765  Dec.  25-66  Jan.  15.  Scot.  Ex- 
traordinary cold  weather  prevails. 

*  *  London.  The  first  annual  scientific 
lecture  before  the  Royal  Society  is  de- 
livered by  Peter  Woulfe  (Bakerian  Lec- 
ture). 

*  *  James  Watt  invents  a  method  of  con- 
densation for  steam-engines  in  a  sepa- 
rate cylinder. 

1766  Jan.  18-22.  Remarkably  cold 
weather  prevails. 

Apr.  21.  A  sxm-spot,  three  times  the 
size  of  the  earth,  passes  the  sun's  center. 

July  26.  Capt.  Wallis  sails  on  his  voy- 
age round  the  world. 

±  *  *  James  Brindley  builds  the  first  tun- 
nel in  England,  on  the  Duke  of  Bridge- 
water's  canal,  near  Manchester. 

*  *  Henry  Cavendish  discovers  that  hy- 
drogen gas  is  eight  times  lighter  than 
the  atmosphere. 

*  *  The  glass  electrical  machine  is  in- 
vented by  Jesse  Ramsden. 

*  *  The  first  piano  is  made  in  England. 

*  *  Capt.  Philip  Carteret  sails  on  a  voy- 
age of  discovery  in  the  South  Sea. 

1767*  *  London.  The  Haymarket 
Theater  is  rebuilt. 

*  *  The  Agricultural  Society  is  insti- 
tuted at  Manchester. 

*  *  Kailroads  are  built  by  Wilkinson. 

*  *  The  spinning- jenny  is  invented  by 
James  Hargreaves,  an  optician  of  Lan- 
cashire; it  lias  eight  spindles. 


*  *  .John  Byron's  system  of  stenography 

is  introduced. 

*  *  Cast-iron  rails  substitute  wood  on 
railroads. 

*  *  Lane's  discharging  electrometer  is 
completed. 

1768  May  *  Scot.  James  Watt  com- 
pletes  his  model  of  the  steam-engine. 

June  *  James  Bruce  leaves  for  Abys- 
sinia in  an  attempt  to  discover  the  source 
of  the  Nile.  [1770.  Nov.  14.  He  sights 
the  source  of  the  Blue  Nile.] 

July  30.  Capt.  James  Cook  sails  un 
his  first  voyage. 

[He  goes  to  the  South  Sea  to  observe 
tlie  transit  of  Venus  (second  measure- 
ment), and  makes  other  discoveries.  He 
is  accompanied  by  Sir  Joseph  Banks  and 
other  scientists.] 

Dec.  10.  London.  The  B o y a  1  Acad- 
emy of  Arts  is  instituted. 

*  *  Hammond,  a  framework  knitter  of 
Nottingham,  adapts  his  stocking-frame 
to  the  manufacture  of  lace. 

*  *  London.  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  be- 
comes president  of  the  Royal  Academy. 
[Later,  James  West ;  and  yet  later, 
James  Burrow.] 

*  *  Harvest  Wagon  is  painted  by  Thomas 
Gainsborough. 

*  *  Dublin.  The  Queen's  Bridge  is  re- 
built. 

1769  *  *  A  brilliant  comet  appears.  It 
passes  with  great  swiftness,  and  within 
2,000,000  miles  of  the  earth ;  its  tail 
forms  an  arch  36,000,000  miles  long. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1762*  ♦Anson,   George,  circumnavigator, 

vice-adniiral,  A65. 

Aagill,  -Sir  Charles, 'general,  born. 

Baillie,  Joanna,  poet,  dramatist,  Scotland,  b. 

Bowles,  William  Lisle,  poet,  critic,  born. 

Bradley,  James,  astronomer,  A69. 

Brydges,  .Sir  Samuel  Kgerton,  mis.  writer, b. 

Coleman,  George,  the  Younger,  poet,  drama- 
tist, born. 

Douce,  Francis,  antiquarian,  born. 

Kelly,  Michael,  comi)08er, singer,  Ireland,  b. 

Montagu,  Lady  Mary  Wortley,  autlior,  A72. 

Perceval,  Spencer,  statesman,  born. 

Tenterden,  Lord,  Charles  Abbott,  jurist, 
statesman,  bom. 

Winsor,  Frederick,  introducer  of  gaslight,  b. 

1763  *  *  Adair,  Sir  Kolwrt,  diiilomatrst,  born. 
Beli,  John,  surgeon,  anatomist,  Scotland,  b. 
Byrom,  John,  poet,  autlior,  A72. 
Fltzererald.   Lord   Edward,    a   leader   of 

United  Irislunen.  Ireland,  born. 
Frederick,  Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  son  of 

George  III.,  born. 
Maclure,  William,  geologist,  Scotland,  born. 
MacNeven,   William  J,,  pbysician,  teacher, 

Ireland,  born. 
Morland,  George,  animal  and  subject  painter, 

born. 
Radcliffe,  Anne,  novelist,  born. 
Rogers,  Samuel,  poet,  born. 
Shenstone,  William,  poet,  A49. 
Smith,  Sir  William  Sitiney,  aiiiuiral,  l)orn. 
Tone,   Theobald  Wolfe,  a  leader  of   United 

Irishmen,  Ireland,  born. 

1764  *  *  Aljemetliy.  John,  pliy.,-au..  Ire.,  b. 
Barrow,  .Sir  John,  traveler,  born. 
Churcliill,  Charles,  poet,  A33. 

Kmmet,  Thomas  Addis,  lawyer,  pol..  Ire.,  b. 

Good,  John  Mason,  author,  boru. 

Grey,  second  Earl,  Charles,  statesman,  born. 

Haliiane,  Robert,  ol.,  philanthropist,  an.,  b. 

Hall.  Robert,  cl.,  pulpit  orator,  author,  b. 

Hardwicke,  Karl,  Philii)  Yorke,  jurist,  A74. 

Hog-arth.  William,  painter,  engraver,  hu- 
morist, A67. 

Morton,  Thomas,  dramatist,  born. 

Pulteney.  William,  Karl  of  Bath,  states- 
man, A  82. 

Roche,  Marie  Regina,  novelist,  born. 
1766    Aug.  SI.    WiUlam  IV..  king,  born. 

Birch,  Thomas,  historian,  biographer,  A6l. 

Colebrooke,  Henry  Thomas,  orientalist,  b. 

Drew,  Samuel,  Methodist  preacher,  an.,  b, 

Grahame,  James,  lawyer,  clergyman,  poet, 
philanthropist,  Scotland,  horn. 

Howley,  William,  arclibp.  of  Canterbury,  b. 

STackintosh.  Sir  Jamee.  historian,  states- 
man, philosopher,  Scotland,  boru. 


Plunkett,  William  C,  baron,  lawyer,  orator^ 

statesman,  Ireland,  born. 
Pococke,  Ricliard,  bp.  of  Meath,  trav.,  Afil. 
Stuart,  James  Francis  Edward,  Chevalier 

de  St.  George,  son  of  James  11.  (Old  I:*re- 

tender),  A67. 
Stukeley,  William,  antiquary,  A78. 
Ward.  Robert  I'lumer,  statesman,  author,  b. 
Westall,  Richard,  historical  painter,  born. 
Young,  K(ivvar<i,  i)oet,  A81. 

1766  *   *  Itluomrteld,  Robert,  poet,  born. 
Callcott,  John  Wall,  musician,  composer,  b. 
Cobbett.  William,  gramnmrian,  historical, 

political,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  born. 

Dalton,  John,  physicist,  mathematician,  b. 

D'Israeli.  Isaac,  liistorian,  critic,  miscel- 
laneous writer,  born. 

Elgm,  seventh  Karl  of,  Thomas  Bruce,  diplo- 
anitist,  Scotland,  born. 

Halford,  Sir  Henry,  physician,  mis.  writer,  b. 

Iially.  Count,  Thomas  Arthur.  Baron  of 
Tollen<lal,  French  gen.  in  India,  Ire.,  A64. 

Leslie,  .Sir  John,  geom.,  physicist,  Scot.,  b. 

Malthus,  Tliomas  Robert,  pol.  economist,  b. 

Nairne,  Caroline  Oliphant,  poet,  Scotland,  b. 

Wollaston,  William  Hyde,  physicist,  born. 

Wilson,  Alexander,  naturalist,  Scotland,  b. 

1767  Nov.    2.     Kent.   Duke  of.  Edward 
Augustus,  father  of  Queen  Victoria,  b. 

Barrington,  Sir  Jonah,  lawyer,  hist.,  Ire.,  b. 
Bruce,  Michael,  poet,  Scotland,  A2I. 
Dodwell,  Kdward,  antiquary,  born. 
Edgeworth,  Maria,  novelist,  born. 
Lyle,  Kdward,  philologist,  antiquary,  A6J. 
O'Connor,  Arthur,  a  leader  of  United  Irish- 
men, Ireland,  born. 
Pond,  John,  astronomer,  born 
Prevost,  Sir  George,  general,  born. 

1768  *  *  Adolphus,  John,  lawyer,  hist.,  b. 
Anglesey,  Marquis  of,  Henry  William  Paget, 

general,  born. 
Beresford,  Viscount,  William  Carr,  gen.,  b. 
Carlisle,  Sir  Anthony,  surg.,  physiologist,  b. 
Cooper,  Sir  Astley  Paxton,  surgeon,  born. 
Lardner,  Nathaniel,  clergyman,  au.,  A84. 
Macaulay,  Zachary,  antislavery  states.,  b. 
Marshman,  Joshua,  Baptist  mis.,  orient.,  b. 
Onslow,  Arthur,  statesman,  A77. 
Sterne,  Laurence,  humorist,  Ireland,  AU. 


CHURCH. 

1763  *  *  Thomas  Maxfield  leads  a  secea- 
sion  from  the  Wesleyan  Methodists. 

1764  *  *  A  torrent  of  deiatic  literature 
issues  from  the  press. 

1765  Aug.  20.  The 22d Methodist 
Conference  is  held  in  Manchester. 

Tobacco  and  drams  are  not  to  be 
touched  by  preachers  on  *'  any  pre- 
tense," ana  to  be  denounced  among  th» 
people. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  A  Baptist  Church  is  or- 
ganized. (?) 

1768  Mar.  12.  Six  students  of  Ed- 
mund Hall,  Oxford,  are  expelled  the 
university  as  Methodists,  for  praying, 
singing  psalms,  and  expounding  the 
Scriptures. 

♦  *  It.    Clement  XIV.  is  pope. 


LETTERS. 

1762  *  •  Scot.  The  Shipwreck,  by  Wil- 
liam Falconer,  appears. 

*  *  Scot.  Elements  of  Criticism,hyiieuTj 
Home,  Lord  Karnes,  appears. 

1763*  *  Dublin.  The  Freeman's  Jour- 
nal is  issued. 

*  *  London.  The  St.  Jameses  Chronicle 
is  united  with  the  Press. 

1764*  *  London.  The  Literary  Club 
is  founded  by  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson  and 
Sir  Joshua  Keynolds.  Sir  John  Haw- 
kins, Topham  Beauclerk,  Goldsmith, 
Burke,  and  Bennet  Langton  are  among 
the  first  members. 

*  *  Scot.  Enquiry  into  the  Ifnman  Mind 
on  the  Principle  of  Common  Sense,  by 
Thomas  Keid,  appears. 

*  *  The  Traveller,  by  Oliver  Goldsmith, 
appears.  [17G6,  The  Vicar  of  Wnkejield; 
1768,  The  Good-natured  Man;  1770,  Th£ 
Deserted  Village.] 

1764-70  Poemt,  by  Thomas  Chatterton, 
appears. 


AND    IRP:LAND.         1762,**-1769,  Feb.  3.       917 


1765  *  *  Gore's  General  Advertiser  is  is- 
sued at  Liverpool. 

*  *  Iteliques  of  Ancient  English  Poetry,  by 
Bishop  Thomas  Percy,  appears. 

1765-68  Love  of  Fame,  the  Universal 
Passion,  by  Edward  Youug,  appears. 

1765-68  Commentaries  on  the  Laws  of 
Enytand,  by  Sir  William  Blackstone,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Castle  of  Otranto,  by  Horace  Walpole, 
appears. 

1766*  *  Ire.  The  Waterf&rd  Chronicle 
is  issued. 

*  *  Ire.     The  Limerick  Chronicle  is  ias-aeA. 

*  *  Scot.  Essaif  on  the  Nature  and  Immttr- 
tabUity  of  'i^ruth,  by  James  Seattle, 
appears.    [1771,  The  Minstrel.'] 

*  *  The  Fool  of  Quality,  by  Henry  Brooke, 
appears. 

1767  *  *  London.  A  Nautical  Almanac 
is  first  published. 

1768  *  *  Cheshimt  College  is  opened 
for  Calvinistic  Methodists  at  Trevecca 
House,  Talgarth,  near  Brecon,  by  the 
Countess  of  Huntingdon  and  George 
Whitefield.  [1792.  Itemoved  to  Ches- 
hunt,  Herts.] 

*  *  Augustus  Henrv,  Duke  of  Grafton, 
ia  elected  chancellor  of  Cambridge. 

*  *  London.  The  Gospel  Magazine  is  is- 
sued. 

SOCIETY. 

1762*  *  London.   The  Cock  Lane  ghost 
imposture. 
Much  excitement  is  caused  by  the  re- 

gorted  appearance  of  a  ghost  in  the 
ouse  of  William  Parsons  in  Cock  Lane, 
Smithfleld.  Mar.  6.  It  is  discovered  to 
be  an  imposture.  July  10.  Parsons  and 
his  wife  are  condemned  to  stand  thrice 
iu  the  pillory  for  imposture  and  defa- 
mation. 

I>ec.  25.  London.  A  great  riot  occurs 
at  Drury  Lane  Theater,  because  half 
admissions  had  been  cut  off. 

*  *  London.  Boodle's  Club  is  estab- 
lished. 

1763  Apr.  3.  Unknown  persons  cut 
down  all  the  gibbets  on  the  Edgeware 
road,  near  l^ondon,  on  which  many 
malefactors  had  been  hung  iu  chains. 

Apr.  30.  London.  John  'Wilkes  and 
others,  for  libeling  the  king,  are  ar- 
rested, and  committed  to  the  Tower. 

Wilkes's  house  is  searched,  and  his 
papers  are  seized.  [May  6.  Wilkes  is 
brought  by  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  be- 
fore Cliief  Justice  Pratt,  and  discharged, 
his  arrest  ht-ing  declared  Illegal.  Dec. 
6.  General  warrants  are  declared  ille- 
gal by  Chief  Justice  Pratt :  £1,000  dam- 
ages are  awarded  to  Wilkes  for  the 
seizure  of  his  papers.] 

•July  6,  London.  For  false  imprison- 
ment £300  damages  are  granted  to  a 
printer. 

*  *  London.  Lambeth  General  Lying-in 
Hospital  is  established. 

1764  Apr,  1.  A  girl  of  18  years  ia 
burned  for  murdering  her  mistress. 

±  *  •  Protestants  [Oakboys]  in  Ulster  or- 
ganize to  resist  landlord  and  other  exac- 
tions. 

*  *  Scot.  A  theater  is  opened  at  Glas- 
gow. 

1765  Jan.  26.  Iiord  Byron  fffreat- 
uncle  of  the  poet]  kills  Mr.  Chaworth 
in  a  duel.  [Apr.  17.  He  is  convicted 
before  the  House  of  I^ords  of  man- 
slaughter, and  being  a  peer  he  is  not 
J>arned  in  the  hand,  bat  pays  a  fine.] 


Feb.  9.  Tlte  peruke-makers  petition 
the  king  for  redress  because  the  people 
wear  their  own  hair. 

May  *  A  riot  occurs  among  the  Snital- 
field  weavers  ;  the  Duke  of  Bedford  nar- 
rowly escapes  death,  and  many  lives  are 
lost. 

*  *  Wesleyan  preachers  prohibit  snuff 
and  other  indulgences. 

*  '^Dublin.  The  Hibernian  Society  is 
organized. 

*  *  A  lunatic  asylum  is  founded  at  Man- 
chester. 

1766  Apr.  11.  London.  More  than  100 
convicts  leave  Newgate  for  the  Ameri- 
can colonies,  led  by  a  baud  of  music. 

Aug.  11.  Ann  Sowerby  is  burned  at 
York  for  poisoning  her  husband. 

*  *  Dublin.  The  Marine  Society  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  Rotisseau  visits  England  as  the  gaest 
of  David  Hume. 

*  *  Titles  created,  Duke  of  I^einster,  Earl 
of  Winterton,  and  Earl  Mexborough. 
[1767,  Baron  Mulgrave  ;  1768,  Karl  Kings- 
ton ;  1771,  Earl  Roden.and  Earl  Sefton  ; 
1776,  Baron  Massy,  Baron  Kensington, 
Baron  Newborough,  Baron  Macdonald, 
Baron  Wescote,  Earl  Clanwilliam,  Earl 
Lisburne,  Viscount  de  Vesci,  and  Vis- 
count Southwell.] 

*  *  Dr.  Ash's  Hospital,  Birmingham,  is 
founded. 

1767  *  *  James  Hargreaves  completes 
his  spinning- jenny ;  and  soon  his  neigh- 
bors compel  him  to  fly  for  his  life. 

1768  Apr.  15.  A  mob  demolishes  a 
house  opened  for  inoculation  for  small- 
pox at  Peterborough. 

May  10.  London.  A  mob  turns  out  in 
St.  George's  Fields  to  see  John  Wilkes 
in  the  King's  Bench  prison  ;  the  mili- 
tary aid  is  indiEcreetly  called  for  by  the 
justices  of  the  peace,  and  several  inno- 
cent persons  are  killed.  [1769.  Nov.  10. 
John  Wilkes  obtains  £4,000  in  an 
action  against  Lord  Halifax.] 

*  *  The  first  Birmingham  musical  fes- 
tival is  given  for  the  benefit  of  Dr.  Ash's 
Hospital. 

STATE. 

1763  Feb.  10.  The  Treaty  of  Paris  is 
concluded  by  Great  Britain,  France,  and 
Spain  {pp.  73,  703). 

Apr.  23.  No.  46  of  the  North  Briton,  is- 
sued by  John  Wilkes,  a  Commoner, 
appears,  containing  strongly  offensive 
remarks  on  the  king.  [Nov.  15.  The 
House  of  Commons  resolves  that  the 
paper  is  a  libel,  and  orders  that  it  be 
burned  by  the  common  hangman.  A 
riot  follows  the  execution  of  the  order. 
1764.  Jan.  20.  Wilkes  is  expelled.]  (See 
Society.) 

Apr.*  George  GrenviUe  becomes  prime 
minister  and  chancellor  of  theexchequer, 
and  Lords  Esremont  and  Halifax  are 
appointed  secretaries  of  state. 

*  *  Ire.    The  Earl  of  Worthumberland 

appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

1764  Mar.  10.  H.  C.  George  Gren- 
viUe moves  resolutions  for  imposing 
stamp  duties  on  the  American  col- 
onies. 

Aug.  24.  Ire.  John  Gore  [Earl  An- 
naly]  is  appointed  chief  justice. 

1765  Mar.  22.  Parliament:  The 
Stamp  Act,  being  passed,  receives  the 

royal  assent  (p.  75). 

Apr.  *  Parliament.  The  Mutiny  Act 
is  extended  to  the  English  colonies. 

July  10.  The  Marquis  of  Rocking- 
ham   becomes    prime  minister ;    Gen. 


Conway  is  secretary  of  state  and  leader 
in  the  Commons. 

*  *  The  Isle  of  Man  is  partly  sold  to  the 
crown.    [1821.    Entirely  given  up.] 

*  *  Ire.  The  Earl  of  Hertford  is  ap- 
pointed lord-lieutenant. 

*  *  E  Ind.  Great  Britain  obtains  the  vir- 
tual sovereignty  of  Bengal,  Behar,  and 
Orissa. 

1766  Jan.  14.  H.  C:  Pitt  makes  a 
great  speech  against  taxing  the  Amer- 
ican colonies  without  their  consent  (p. 
75). 

Feb.  3.  H.  C.  Benjamin  Franklin  Is 
examined  respecting  the  Stamp  Act. 

Mar.  7.   Parliament :  The  Declaratory 

Act  is  passed  (p.  75). 

Mar.  18.  Parliament:  The  Stamp  Act 
is  repealed  (p.  75). 

Apr.  22.  H,  C.  General  warrants  are 
declared  illegal. 

July  29.  William  Pitt  is  created  Earl 
of  Chatham. 

Aug.  *  The  Earl  of  Chatham  becomes 
prime  minister,  with  the  Duke  of  Graf- 
ton and  Charles  Townshend  as  col- 
leagues. 

*  *  Lord  Camden  is  appointed  lord  high 
chancellor. 

1767  June  20.  Parliament:  The  act 
is  passed  imposing  duty  on  tea  in 
America. 

Oct.  14.  Ire.  Viscount  Townshend  is 
appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

Dec.  *  The  Duke  of  Grafton  becomes 
prime  minister. 

Townshend  (chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer), Gen.  Conway  and  Lord  Shel- 
burne  (secretaries  of  state),  the  Earl  of 
Chatham  (privy  seal),  and  Lord  Hills- 
borough (first  colonial  secretary). 

*  *  H.  C.  For  the  first  time  since  the 
Revolution  Ministers  are  left  in  a 
minority  on  the  land-tax  bill. 

*  *  A  custom-house  and  Board  of  Com- 
missioners are  created  for  America. 

1768  Jan.  9.  Ire.  James  Hewitt 
[Viscount  l^iflford]  is  appointed  lord 
nigh  chancellor. 

May  10.  Parliament  meets.  [1774. 
Sept.  30.    Dissolved.] 

Charles  James  Fox  is  a  member,  and 
John  Wilkes  is  amember  for  Middlesex. 

1769  Jan.  21.  London.  The  letters 
of  •*  Junius**  begin  in  the  Public  Ad- 
vertiser. 

[They  severely  attack  members  of  the 
Government  and  other  puhlio  men,  es- 
pecially the  Duke  of  Grafton  and  Lord 
Mansfield.] 

Feb.  3.  H.  C.  John  "Wilkes  is  ex- 
pelled for  an  alleged  libel  on  Lord 
Weymouth. 

[Middlesex  three  times  elects  him,  and 
he  is  three  times  expelled  ;  the  last  time 
his  opponent,  Col.  Luttrell,  though  in 
the  minority  at  the  poll,  is  declared  duly 
elected.]    (See  Society.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1762*  *  London.  Shop  signs  are  re- 
moved. 

1763  Oct.  21.  Edinburgh.  The  North 
Bridge  is  founded. 

*  *  Dublin.  The  Queen's  Bridge  is  de- 
stroyed by  a  flood. 

1764  *  *  The  Soho  works  are  established 
by  Matthew  Boulton  at  Birmingham. 

1766  July  14.  The  Grand  Junction 
Canal,  connecting  the  Trent  with  the 
Mersey,  is  commenced. 

*  *  London.  **Tatter8aU*s"  is  estab- 
lished by  Richard  Tattersall,  near  Hyde 
Park  Corner,  for  the  sale  of  horses. 

1768*  *The  tea-plant  ia  brought  to 
England. 


918    1769,  Apr.  26-1776,  June  10.    GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1774  Apr.  3.  Ind.  The  Rohilla  War 
begins. 

1775-83  "War  with  the  13  American 
colonies,  called  the  War  of  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution. 

Apr.  19.  Mass.  Battle  of  Lexington, 
near  Boston  (p.  80). 

June  17.  Mass.  Battle  of  Bunker 
Hill,  Boston  (p.  80). 

Nov.  12.  Can.  Gen.  Montgomery  cap- 
tures Montreal  (p.  80). 

*  *  The  Repulse  founders  off  Bermuda  ; 
the  crew  perish. 

1776  Mar.  17.  Mass.  Boston  is  sur- 
rendered to  Washington  (p.  82). 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1769  *  *  Dublin.  The  Royal  Exchange 
is  begun.     [1779.    Opened.] 

Apr.  26.  London,  The  first  exhibition 
of  the  Royal  Academy  is  held  at  Pall 
Mall. 

June  3.  The  transit  of  Venus  over  the 
sun's  disk  is  observed. 

Nov.  6.  An  Arctic  expedition  sets  out 
under  Samuel  Hearne.  It  is  the  first  to 
enter  the  ocean  north  of  the  American 
continent. 

*  *  A  mechanical  automaton  chess-player 
is  exhibited. 

*  *  London.  A  gn^pe-vine  is  planted  in 
the  gardens  of  Hampton  Court  Palace. 
[It  is  72  feet  by  20,  with  a  stem  13  inches 
in  girth ;  in  one  season  it  produced 
2,272  bunches  of  grapes.]    (Haydn.) 

*  *  London.  The  Royal  Exchange  is  re- 
paired and  beautified. 

*  *  Scot.  James  Watt  receives  his  first 
patent  for  a  steam-engine.  [1775.  Re- 
newed.] 

*  *  The  motion  of  sun-spots  is  observed 
by  Dr.  Wilson. 

*  *  Sir  Williaui  Chambers  builds  the  ob- 
servatory at  Richmond. 

*  *  Scot,  Matthew  Boulton  and  James 
Watt  enter  into  partnership. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  The  Theater  Royal  is 
erected. 

*  *  Richard  Arkwright  extends  James 
Hargreave3*8  principles  for  spinning  by 
water-power,  and  applies  a  large  and 
small  roller  to  expand  the  thread, 
which  he  patents.  [1771.  He  intro- 
duces steam  in  the  place  of  horse- 
power in  his  cotton-mills  at  Cromford, 
on  the  Derwent.] 

1770  *  *  Cast  steel  is  first  made  in  Shef- 
field. 

*  *  London.  A  statue  of  the  Duke  of 
Cumberland  is  erected  in  Cavendish 
Square. 

*  *  Ire.  An  old  coal-mine  is  discovered 
at  Ballycastle,  Antrim. 

*  *  Sawmills  are  first  erected  near  Lon- 
don. 

*  *  A  statue  of  Mars  is  executed  by  .John 
Bacon. 

1771  *  *  The  Ripon  flood,  a  devastat- 
ing inundation,  occurs  in  Yorkshire. 

*  *  About  80  villages  are  destroyed  by  the 
overflow  of  the  Solway  Moss  in  Cumber- 
land. 


*  *  Dr.  Hornsby,  Savilian  professor  of  as- 
tronomy, is  instrumental  in  the  found- 
ing of  the  Radcliffe  Observatory  at 
Oxford.    [17iM.     Completed.] 

*  *  Josiah  "Wedgwood  foimds  his  pot- 
teries called  Etruria. 

1772  Jan.  27.  London.  The  Pan- 
theon, erected  by  James  Wyatt,  is 
opened. 

July  13.  Capt.  James  Cook  sails  on  his 
second  [and  important]  voyage  of  dis- 
covery in  the  South  Sea.  [1775.  July 
30.    Iteturns.] 

*  *  James  Burrow  becomes  president  of 
the  Royal  Society.  [Later,  Sir  John 
Pringle.     1778.    Sir  Joseph  Banks.] 

*  *  Henley's  discharging  electrometer  is 
invented. 

*  *  Dr.  Joseph  Priestley  discovers  hydro- 
chloric acid,  the  only  compound  of 
hydrogen  and  chloride.  He  invents  the 
eudiometer  to  ascertain  the  purity  of 
atmospheric  air,  or  the  quantity  of  oxy- 
gen gas  in  it. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  Daniel  Rutherford  de- 
scribes nitrogen. 

*  *  Parliament:  A  bill  is  passed  prohib- 
iting the  export  of  machinery  used  iu 
cotton-factories. 

*  *  The  Liverpool  Theater  is  opened. 

1773  Aug.  *  Capt.  Constantino  John 
Phipps  sails  in  command  of  the  Sea- 
Horse  and  the  Carcase  in  search  of  the 
Northwest  Passage.    [Unsuccesful.] 

*  *  The  establishment  of  the  British  Plate 
Glass  Company  in  Lancashire  greatly 
improves  the  manufacture  of  plate 
glass. 

*  *  The  Plate  Assay  OflQce  is  established 
at  Shettield. 

*  *  Miss  Farren  [Countess  of  Derby],  an 
actor,  makes  her  first  appearance  in  Liv- 
erpool. 

*  *  London.  Astley's  Amphitheater  is 
first  opened. 

*  *  London.  The  Medical  Society  is 
formed. 

*  *  Henry  Cavendish  and  others  investi- 
gate electricity  as  developed  in  fishes. 

1774  *  *  The  Birmingham  steam-engine 
works  are  established. 

*  *  Nevil  Maskelynemeasuresthe  earth's 
density  by  the  Scbiehallion  experi- 
ments. 

*  *  A  submarine  boat  is  tried  at  Plym- 
outh, previous  attempts  having  been 
made  in  the  Thames  early  in  the  17th 
century. 

1774:-79  Samuel  Crompton,  an  artisan, 
invents  the  spinning- jenny  or  mule. 

1775  May  8.    The  great  canal  tunnel 

at  Norwood  Hill  is  opened ;  it  is  1|  miles 
long. 
Oct.  29.    Many  vessels  are  lost  in  the 
severe  storms  in  the  north. 

*  *  London.  An  obelisk  is  erected  in 
Fleet  Street  at  tlie  head  of  Bridge 
Street. 

*  *  The  Duchess  of  Devonshire  is  painted 
by  Thomas  Gainsborough.  [1779,  Blue 
Boy;  1784,  Mrs.  Siddons.] 

1776  June  10.  London.  David  Gar- 
rick  makes  his  last  appearance  on  the 
stage. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1769  Apr.  30.  Wellington.  Bukeof. 
Arthur  Wellesley.  commander-in-chief, 
statesman,  born. 

lirunel,  Sir  Marc  I.,  engineer,  born. 

Castlereagih.  Robert  Stewart,  Manjuis  of 
Londonderry,  born. 

Clarke,  Edward  Daniel,  traveler,  mineral- 
ogist, author,  writer,  born. 

Daniell,  VVilliatn,  landscape  painter,  born. 

Fabroner,  William,  poet,  Scotland,  A37. 

Frere,  .lobn  Jlookliani,  poet,  diplomatist, 
miscellaneous  writer,  bom. 


Hardy,  Sir  Thomas  Masterman,  naval  cap- 
tain, born. 

Hoyle,  Edmund,  writer  on  games,  A97. 

Huskisson,  WiDiam,  statesman,  financier,  b. 

.lay,  William,  dissenting  cl.,  anlhor,  born. 

Lawrence.  Sir  Thomas,  painter,  born. 

Lowe,  Sir  Hudson,  general,  Ireland,  born. 

Malcolm,  Sir  John,  major-general,  diplo- 
matist, administrator,  historian,  Scot,  b. 

Merrick,  James,  poet,  A40. 

Opie,  Amelia,  novelist,  born. 

Oiiseley,  Sir  William,  orientalist,  bom. 

Riall,  Sir  Pliinehaa,  general,  born. 

Smith,  William,  "lather  of  EngUsh  geo- 
logy," born. 

1770  Sept.  30.  Whitefleld.  Georg^e,  ora^ 
tor,  prearher,  fdr.  Calvinistic  Meth.,  A56. 

Akenside,  Mark,  poet,  A49. 

Allen,  John,  politii-ian,  metaphysician,  au.,b. 

Allen,  William,  chemist,  born. 

Burdett,  Sir  Francis,  statesman,  bom. 

Canning'.  George,  states.,  orator,  poet,  b. 

Chatterton,  Thomas,  poet,  AlH. 

Codrington,  Sir  Kdward,  admiral,  bom. 

Crtuien,  Alexander,  author  iliblical  concord- 
ance, Scotland,  A69. 

Fosbroke,  Thomas  Dudley,  clergyman,  arche- 
ologist,  born. 

Foster,  John,  clergyman,  essayist,  born. 

( Iranby,  Marquis  of,  John  Manners,  gen.,  A49. 

Hogg,  James  (Ettrlck  Shepherd),  poet,  Scot- 
land, born. 

Hope,  Thomas,  miscellaneous  writer,  bom. 

Ligonier,  Earl,  John,  lield-marshal,  A92. 

Liverpool,  Earl  of,  liobert  Banks  Jenkfnson, 
statesman,  born. 

Long,  Roger,  astronomer,  A90. 

Montagu,  IJasil,  jurist,  author,  bom. 

Sliee,  Sir  Martin  Archer,  portrait  painter, 
Ireland,  born. 

"Wordsworth.  W^llliam,  poet,  bom. 

Yorke,  Charles,  statesman,  born. 

1771  June  5.  Ernest  August.  Duke  of 
Cumberland,  King  of  Hanover,  son  of 
George  HI.,  born. 

Britton,  John,  topographical  antiq.,  an.,  b. 

Gill,  John,  Baptist  clergj-man,  author,  A74. 

<;ray,  Thomas,  poet,  A55. 

liingard.  John,  H.  C.  cl.,  historian,  born. 

Owen.  Robert,  philanthropist,  founder  of 
English  socialism,  Wales,  born. 

Parke,  Mungo,  African  traveler,  Scot.,  b. 

Scott.  Sir  Walter,  poet,  novelist,  Scot.,  b. 

Smith,  Sydney,  i-lergyman,  essayist,  wit, 
miscellaneous  writer,  b. 

Smollett.  Tobias  George,  poet,  dramatist, 
novelist,  historian,  A50. 
1773  *  *  Ballantyne,  James,  printer,  journal- 
ist, Scotland,  born. 

Brindley,  .lames,  canal  engineer,  A56. 

Canton,  John,  natural  philosoplier,  A54. 

Gary,  Henry  Francis,  poet,  trans,  of  Daate,  b. 

Cockburii,  Sir  (Jeorge,  admiral,  bom. 

Coleridge.  Samuel  Taylor,  poet,  philoso- 
pher, miscellaneous  writer,  born. 

Congreve,  Sir  W^tUiam,  military  engineer, 
inventor,  born. 

Hill,  Viscount  Rowland,  general,  born. 

Lambert,  Sir  John,  general,  born. 

Lyndlmrst,  Baron,  John  Singleton  Coplej, 
jurist,  statesman,  born. 

M'Crie,  Thomas,  cl.,  author,  Scotland,  born. 

Ricardo,  David,  flnancier,  political  econo- 
mist, born. 

Richmond,  Legh,  clergyman,  author,  bom. 

Stevenson.   Robert,   civil  engineei',  light- 
house designer,  Scotlan<i,  born. 
1773    Jan.  37.     Sussex,  Duke  of,  Augustus 
Frederick,  son  of  George  III.,  bom. 

Amherst,  Lord,  William  Titt,  diplomatist,  b. 

Brisbane,  Sir  Thomas  W.,  general,  astrono-" 
mer,  Scotland,  born. 

Brown,  Robert,  botanist,  Scotland,  born. 

Butler,  Alban,  K.  (_'.cl.,  hageologisI,au.,A63. 

Chesterfield,  Earl  of.  Thilip  1>.  Stanhope, 
statesman,  miscellaneous  WTiter,  A79. 

Cotton,  Slapleton,  Viscount  Combermere, 
general,  bom. 

Elmsley,  Peter,  classical  scholar,  critic, 
author,  writer,  born. 

Faber,  George  Stanley,  clergyman,  author,  b. 

Glass,  John,  cl.,fdr.  of  Glassites,  Scot.,A7S. 

Holland,  third  Baron,  Henry  Richard  Vas- 
sall  Fox,  statesman,  historian,  bom. 

Jeffrey,  Francis,  jurist,  critic,  essayist,  states- 
man, Scotland,  born. 

Lyttleton,  Lord  George,  poet,  states.,  A64. 

MacCullocli,  John,  geologist,  Scotland,  bom. 

Mill,  James,  historian,  economist,  political, 
mental  philosopher,  author,  Scotland,  b. 

Young,  Thomas,  physicist,  natural  philoso- 
pher, scientific  wTiter,  bom. 
1774*   *  Ashburlon,  Lord,  Alexander  Baring, 
statesman,  born. 

Baily,  Francis,  astronomer,  born. 

Baines,  Kdward,  journalist,  historian,  bom. 

Braham,  John,  English-Hebrew  vocalist,  b, 

Buxton,  Jedediah,  arithmetician,  A70. 


AND    IRELAND.    1769,  Apr.  26-1776,  June  10. 


919 


Cambridge,  nuke  of,  Adolphus  Frederick, 
son  of  (;eorKe  III.,  born. 

Chenevlx,  Kiohanl,  luisfellaneoiis  writer,  b. 

Clive,  Lord  Robert,  general,  slates.,  A49. 

Constal)le,  .\rcliil)ald,  puliUsher,  .Scot.,  born. 

Goldsmith.  Oliver,  poet,  novelist,  drama- 
tist, essavtst,  -\46. 

Gregory,  Olintlius  Cillbert,  math.,  an.,  b. 

Souttaey.  Robert,  poet,  historian,  biogra- 
pher, luiscellaneoua  writer,  born. 

TaunahiU,  Kobert,  poet,  Scotland,  born. 

Tncker,  .\l)rahani,  philosopher,  A69. 

Watt,  Kobert,  bibliographer,  .Scotland,  born. 
1775  •  *  Austen.  Jane,  novelist,  born. 

Haskcrville,  .lohn.  type-founder,  printer,  A69. 

Bathnrst,  Karl,  .\llen,  statesman,  .\91. 

Dermody,  Tlioinas,  poet,  Ireland,  born. 

Dibdin.  Thomas  Frognall,  dramatist,  song- 
WTiter,  born. 

Pick.  Tlioinas,  scientific  author,  born. 

Dundonaid,  tenth  Earl  of,  Thomas  Cochrane, 
a^iniiral.  born. 

Foulis,  .\ndre\v,  printer,  publ'Sh.,  Scot.,.\63. 

Kemble.  Charles,  actor,  born. 

Lamb.  Charles,  jioet,  dramatist,  essayist, 
uiiscellaiieons  writer,  born. 

Landor.  Walter  Savage,  poet,  mis.  wr.,  b. 

Lewis,  .Matthew  (Jregory,  novelist,  dram.,  b. 

Leyden,  .lolin,  poet,  orientalist,  Scot.,  born. 

Murray,  Alexander,  linguist,  Scot.,  born. 

O'Connell.  Daniel,  lawyer,  orator,  states- 
man, Ireland,  born. 

Phillips,  William,  mineralogist,  geologist,  b. 

Porter,  Sir  Uobert  Ker,  painter,  born. 

Richardson.  Cliarles,  philologist,  born. 

Robinson,  Henry  Crabb,  lawyer,  miscella- 
neous writer,  born. 

Rose,  William  Stuart,  miscellaneous  wr.,  b. 

Smith,  James,  poet,  wit,  born. 

Turner,  .loseph  Mallord  William,  painter,  b. 

Westniacott,  Sir  Klchard,  sculptor,  horn. 

White,  Joseph  Ulanco,  theological  writer,  b. 


CHURCH. 

1769  Aug.  1.  The  2Gth  Methodist 
Conference  meets  at  Leeds.  [Kichard 
Boardinun  and  .Joseph  Pilmoor  voUm- 
teer  to  go  to  America  as  missionaries, 
and  thoy  are  appointed.] 

Sept.  •  'Whitefleld  sails  on  his  seventh 
and  last  voyage  to  America  [where  he 
dies]. 

*  •  Hannah  Ball ,  a  Methodist  young 
woman,  establishes  a  Sunday-school 
at  Wycombe,  and  teaches  the  Scriptures 
to  children. 

1770  *  *  Orthodox  Baptists  form  the 
New  Connection. 

*  *  A  Baptist  theological  seminary  is 
founded  at  Bri-stol. 

1772  *  *  The  Society  for  the  Propagation 
of  the  (iospel  send-s  Rev.  Mr.  Andrews  to 
the  Indians  of  New  York. 

1773  »  *  Mr.  Rankin  supersedes  Francis 
Asbury  as  .John  'Wedey's  "general 
assistant "  in  America.  [Driven  back 
by  war.] 

LETTERS. 

1769  *  *  The  first  Shakespeare  jubilee 

is  celebrated  at  Stratford-on-Avon  under 
the  auspices  of  David  Garrick. 

*  *  London.  The  Morning  Chronicle  Is 
issued. 

*  *  History  of  the  lieif/n.  of  the  Emperor 
Charles  T.",  by  William  Robertson,  ap- 
pears.    [1777,  'History  of  America.} 

1769-72  London.  The  Letters  contrib- 
uted to  the  Public  Advertiser  by  Ju- 
nius, an  unknown  author  [but  presu- 
mably Sir  Philip  Francis],  appear. 

1770  •  *  Present  State  of  the  Nation,  by 
Edmund  Burke,  appears ;  also  Thoughts 
on  Present  Discontents. 

1771  *  *  The  first  edition  of  the  Encyclo- 
psedia  Ilritannica,  edited  by  WilHam 
Smellie,  appears. 

*  *  The  Expedition  of  Humphrey  Clinker, 
by  Smollett,  appears. 

1772  Nov.  2.  London.  The  Morning 
Post  is  issued. 


»  *  London.  The  Lady's  Magazine  is  is- 
sued. 

»  *  Scot.  Institutes  of  Moral  Philosophy, 
by  Adam  Ferguson,  appears. 

1773  *  *  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  by  Gold- 
smith, appears.  [1774,  History  of  the 
Earth  and  Animated  Nature.] 

*  *  Scot.  Poems,  by  Kobert  Fergusson, 
appears. 

*  *  Poems,  by  Mrs.  Anna  Letitia  Aikiu, 
appears. 

1773-76    Scot.   The  Edinburgh  Magazine 

and  Review  is  issued. 
177'i-81    History  of  English  Poetry,  by 

Thomas  Warton,  appears. 
1775*  *  A  Journey  to  the  Western  Isles  of 

Scotland,  by  Johnson,  appears.     [1779- 

81,  Lives  of  the  English  Poets.] 

*  *  The  nivats,  St.  Patrick's  Day,  and 
The  Duenna,  by  Kichard  Brinsley  Butler 
Sheridan,  appear.  [1777,  The  School  for 
Scandal  mid  A  Trip  to  Scarborough;  1779, 
The  Critic] 

SOCIETY. 

1770  *  *  The  exhibiting  of  the  insane 
at  St.  Mary  at  lietlilehem  (Bedlam)  asy- 
lum as  a  show  ff>r  money  is  stopped. 

*  *  The  House  of  Industry,  Liverpool, 
is  founded. 

1771  Nov.  1.  .lohn  Eyre,  a  wealthy 
man,  is  transported  for  stealing  a  few 
quires  of  paper. 

Nov.  22.  London.  Mr.  Stephen  is  ex- 
pelled from  the  Temple  for  writing  a 
book  on  the  impolicy  of  imprisonment 
lor  debt. 

1772  June  22.  London.  The  Court  of 
King's  Bench  decides  that  slavery  can- 
not exist  in  Great  Britain. 

A  slave  named  Somerset,  brought  to 
England,  was.  because  of  his  ill  state, 
turned  adrift  ny  his  master.  When  re- 
stored to  health.'liis  master  again  claimed 
him.  A  suit  was  brought,  and  ended  in 
'favor  of  Somerset,  the  judges  declaring 
that  slavery  cannot  exist  in  Great  Brit- 
ain. 

*  *  Ire.  In  the  south  and  west  steel- 
boys'  societies  resist  the  oppressions  of 
landlords  and  anti-Catholics. 

*  *  Charles  James  Fox  gambles  for  72 
hours,  and  loses  £11,000. 

*  *  A  law  is  made  awarding  judgment 
against  mutes,  as  if  they  were  convicted 
or  had  confessed. 

1773  Feb.  1.  Lord  Townsend  wounds 
Lord  Bellamont  in  a  duel. 

June  16.  London.  An  act  is  passed  for 
the  sale  of  buildings  of  the  Adelphi  by 
lottery. 

*  *  London,  Cox's  museum,  containing 
many  rare  specimens  of  art  and  articles 
of  vertu,  is  disposed  of  by  lottery. 

*  *  .Tohn  Howard,  the  philanthropist,  is 
m.ade  sheriff  of  Bedford.  [He  begins  his 
investigation  of  prisons.] 

*  *  Edinburgh.  The  first  regular  acad- 
emy lor  the  deal  and  dumb  in  Great 
Brit.ain  is  opened. 

1774  *  *  .Tohn  Howard  gives  evidence  to 
Parliament  of  the  bad  state  of  Snglish 
prisons. 

*  *  Luudon.  The  Royal  Humane  So- 
ciety, for  tlie  saving  of  drowning  per- 
sons, is  founded. 

1775  *  *  Transportation  for  crime  ceases 
[for  several  years]. 

*  *  A  regatta  takes  place  on  the  Thames  ; 
it  is  introduced  from  Venice. 

1776  Apr.  15-22.  London.  The  Duch- 
ess of  Kingston  is  arraigned  before  the 
House  of  Lords  in  Westminster  Hall  on 
a  charge  of  bigamy. 

She  is  found  guilty;  but  on  pleading 
the  privilege  of  peerage,  the  punishment 
of  burning  in  the  hand  is  remitted,  and 
she  is  discharged  on  paying  the  fees. 


STATE. 

1770  Jan.  28.    The  Duke  ol  Gralton 

resigns. 
Jan.  *  Lord  North  is  appointed  prime 
minister.      [He    directs    the    war  with 
America.] 

*  *  H.  C.  The  Commons  relinquish  the 
privilege  of  Ireedom  Irom  arrest  of 
the  servants  of  its  members. 

*  *  Charles  Yorke,  I^ord  Morden,  is  lord 
high  chancellor.  [1771,  Henry  IJathurst, 
Lord  Apsley ;  the  great  seal  in  com- 
mission.] 

*  *  Edmund  Burke  becomes  agent  for 
the  colony  of  New  York. 

1771  Jan.  12.  The  Earl  of  Sandwich 
is  made  first  lord  of  the  admiralty. 

May  27.  London.  Lord  Mayor  Crosby 
and  Alderman  Oliver  are  committed  to 
the  ']?ower  for  remonstrating  to  the 
king  in  the  case  of  Wilkes. 

»  *  Spain  cedes  the  Falkland  Islands  to 
Great  Britain. 

*  *Beporting  debates  of  Parliament, 
hitherto  forbidden  as  a  breach  of  priv- 
ilege, is  permitted. 

1772  Mar.  *  Parliament :  The  Eoyal 
Marriage  Act  is  passed. 

It  prohibits  the  marriage  of  any  Brit- 
ish prince  or  princess  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  sovereign. 

Aug.  4.  Tlie  Earl  of  Dartmouth  is 
appointed  secretary  for  the  colonies. 

Nov.  30.  Ire.  The  Earl  ol  Harcourt 
is  appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

1773  *  *  'Warren  Hastings  is  appointed 
governor-gener.'il  of  India;  he  decides 
to  pay  no  more  tribute  to  Shah  Alam, 
tlie  great  mogul  or  emperor  of  Delhi. 

»  *  Charles  James  Fox  is  appointed  a 
lord  treasurer. 

1774  Mar.  31.  Parliament:  The 
Boston  Port  Bill  is  pas.sed  (p.  79). 

Apr.  19.  H.  C.  Edmund  Burke  makes 
a  great  speech  against  American  taxa- 
tion. 

Oct.  8.  London.  John  Wilkes  is 
elected  lord  mayor. 

Oct.  *  John  "Wilkes  is  elected  member 
of  Parliament  for  Middlesex  for  the 
fifth  time.  [He  is  permitted  to  take  his 
seat.] 

Nov.  29.  Parliament  meets.  [1780. 
Sept.  1.  Dissolved.]  Charles  James 
Fox  is  in  oppositi<m. 

*  *  Ire.    Stamp  duties  are  announced. 
1775-83    Thirteen   British  colonies  in 

America  struggle  for  independence. 

1775  Nov.  10.  H.  L.  liicliaril  Penn, 
governor  of  Pennsylvania,  U.  .S.  A.,  is 
examined  respecting  public  opinion  in 
America. 

Nov.  •  Parliament  votes  to  increase  the 

army  in  America  (p.  80). 
Dec.  21.    Parliament:  An  net  is  pnssed 

for  confiscating  American  vessels  and 

impressing  their  crews  into  the  British 

navy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1769  Nov.  10.  London.  Blacklriars 
Bridge  is  opened. 

1773  *  *  The  sessions  house,  Exeter,  is 
built. 

*  •  Exporting  machinery  used  in  mak- 
ing cotton  fabrics  is  prohibited. 

*  *  Dublin.  A n  act  is  passed  for  the  gen- 
eral paving  of  the  city. 

1774  Aug.  2.  London.  The  mails  are 
conveyed  by  coaches ;  the  first  mail 
leaves  London  for  Bristol. 

*  *  Dublin.  A  penny  post  is  first  estab- 
lished. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  The  register  office. 
Princess  .Street,  is  begun. 

1775  »  •  White  Cloth  Hall  is  built  at 
Leeds. 


920     1776,  July  4-1781,*  *.        GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1776  July  12.  [U.  S.A.^  The  war  is 
transferred  to  New  York  (p.  84). 

1777  June  •  N.  Y.  Burgoyne  enters 
the  State  from  Canada  with  10,000  men. 
[Oct.  17.  Surrenders  his  army  at  Sara- 
toga.]   (P.  86.) 

*  *  Torpedo  shells  are  invented  by 
David  Bushnell,  an  American.  His  at- 
tempt to  destroy  H.  M.  S.  Cerberus  fails. 

1778  Mar.  *  "War  with  France,  caused 
by  a  French  alliance  and  treaty  with  the 
Americans. 

Apr.  *  Scot.  Paul  Jones,  commanding 
a  i)rivateer,  cruises  on  the  coast,  accom- 
panied by  an  American  frigate. 

Apr.  *  Paul  Jones  makes  a  descent  on 
Whitehaven  with  only  two  vessels. 

May  8.  U.  S,  A.  Sir  Henry  Clinton 
assumes  command  (p.  88). 

June  16.  Two  French  frigates  cai>- 
tured  (p.  704). 

July  10.    France  declares  war  against 

England. 
July  27.    A  French  fleet  is  driven  back 

(p.  704).      English  loss,  400  killed  and 

wounded  ;  French  loss,  over  1,000  killed 

and  wounded. 
Oct.*  E.  I.    Pondicherry  is    captured 

from  the  French  by  the  British. 

*  *  Xjord  Amherst,  a  general  on  the 
staff,  is  appointed  commander-in-chief. 

*  *[U.  S.  A.]  Adm.  Byron  succeeds 
Adm.  Lord  (Richard)  Howe  (p.  88). 

*  *  liiverpool  equips  120  privateers, 
carrying  l,i)8G  guns  and  8,754  seamen,  at 
the  opening  of  the  war  with  France. 

1779-82    Sp.    Gibraltar  is  besieged  (p. 

704). 
1779-83    Spain  joins  in  the  war  against 

Great  Britain. 

1779  Sept.  23.  The  American  Com. 
Paul  Jones  captures  two  ships  (p.  90). 

Sept.  30.  The  prisoners  of  war  in  Eng- 
land number  12,000  — Spanish,  French, 
and  American. 

1779-82  E.  I.  The  first  Mahratta 
War.    (See  India.) 

1780  Jan.  2.  The  Dutch  Adm.  Count 
Byland  refuses  to  let  the  British  Adm. 
Fielding  search  his  convoy. 

An  action  ensues ;  two  Dutch  ships, 
two  of  the  line,  and  two  frigates  sur- 
render; Fielding  detains  seven  of  the 
convoy,  and  permits  the  remaining  ves- 
sels to  proceed  ;  Byland  refuses  to  sail 
without  all  his  convoy  [and  returns  to 
Spithead]. 

Jan.  16.  Adm.  Rodney  defeats  a  Span- 
ish fleet  under  Adm.  Don  Langara  in  a 
naval  battle  near  St.  Vincent. 

Oct.  *  Several  British  war-ships  are  lost 
in  a  storm  in  the  West  Indies. 

Among  them  the  Thunderer^  Stirling 
Castle.  Defiance^  Phtxiiix,  La  Jilanche, 
Laurel,  Shark,  Andromeda,  Deal  Castle, 
Penelope,  Scarborough,  Barbadoes,  Ca- 
meleon.  Endeavor,  and    Victor. 

*  *  W.I.  [Adm.]  Horatio  Nelson  dis- 
tinguishes himself  in  the  West  Indies. 

1780-81  E.L  War  with  Mysore.  (See 
India.) 


Dec.  30-83  *  *  "War  with  Holland  for 

naval  supremacy. 
1781    Feb,  3.     W.  I.     Adm.  Rodney 

captures  St.  Eustacius  [Leeward  Island] 
together  with  250  trading-vessels,  which 
are  confiscated  with  all  other  property. 

Mar.  16.  W.  1.  The  French  surrender 
St.  Bartholomew's  Island. 

Apr.  16.  Com.  Johnstone  defeats 
Mons.  Suffrein  in  a  naval  battle  at  St, 
Jago. 

June  ♦  About  44,000  prisoners  are  ex- 
changed by  cartel  with  France  since  the 
opening  of  the  war. 

July  1.  E.  I.  Hyder  Ali  is  defeated. 
(See  India.) 

Aug.  5.  Ger.  A  naval  battle  is  fought 
at  Dogger-Bank  (German  Oce:in)  be- 
tween Adm.  Parker  ajid  the  Dutch  Adm. 
Zoutman,  both  sides  losing  400  men. 

Oct.  19.  Va.  The  British  army  under 
liord  Comwallis  surrenders  to  Gen. 
Washington  at  Yorktown. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1776  July  12.    Capt.  James  Cook  sails 

on  Ids  third  voyage  of  discovery,  for  Bcr 
ring  Strait.  [1778.  Dec.  *  He  discov- 
ers Owhyhee,  or  Hawaii,  an  island  in 
the  Paciflc.  1779.  Feb.  14.  He  is  killed 
on  the  return  voyage  at  Hawaii.] 
July  25.  Edinburgh.  The  Calton  Hill 
observatory  is  founded. 

*  *  Dr.  Joseph  Priestley  discovers  nitrous 
oxide  gas  [laughing  gas]. 

*  *Scot.  Andrew  Meikle  invents  a  thrash- 
ing-machine. 

*  *  Artificial  stone  for  statues  is  intro- 
duced, having  been  manufactured  by  a 
Neapolitan. 

*  *  London.  The  Ancient  Concerts,  or 
King's  Concerts,  begin. 

*  •An  iron  railway  is  built  near  SheflSeld 
by  John  Curr.    [Destroyed  by  colliers.] 

*  *  The  science  of  political  economy  is 
recognized. 

It  has  for  its  object  the  improvement 
of  the  condition  of  mankind  and  the  pro- 
motion of  civilization,  wealth,  and  hap- 
piness; dated  from  the  publication  of 
the  Wealth  of  Nations  by  Dr.  Adam 
Smith. 

1777  *  *  The  first  large  iron  bridge  is 
erected  over  the  Severn,  in  Shropshire, 
by  Abraham  Darby  of  Coalbrookdale. 

Nov.  24.  London.  The  Thames  ebbs 
and  fiows  twice  in  three  hours. 

*  *  Subscription  concerts  are  estab- 
lislied  at  Manchester. 

1778  *  *  Umbrellas  are  introduced  from 
Spain. 

*  *  James  Watt  invents  the  expansion 
engine.  [1780.  Also  a  copying  ma- 
chine.] 

*  *  A  rotary  motionisgiven  by  thesteam- 
engine. 

1779  Apr.  19.  Two  sun-spots,  whose 
combined  length  extends  60,000  miles, 
are  measured  by  Herschel. 

Dec.  24.  Mrs.  Mary  Robinson  makes  her 
last  appearance  as  Ferdita. 

*  *  Dr.  Falck  proposes  a  double-acting 
steam-engine  on  Newcomen's  princi- 
ple. 

*  *  Mr.  Tilloch  invents  an  improved 
method  of  stereotyping. 

1779-80  John  Singleton  Copley  paints 
the  Death  of  Chatham.  [1783.  Death  of 
Major  Pierson.^ 


1780  Dec.  18.     Edinburgh.     The  So- 
ciety of  Antiquaries  is  instituted. 

*  *  Dr.  Edward  Jenner  conceives  the  idea 
of  vaccination.    [1798.    Published.] 

*  *  An  attempt  is  made  to  manufacture 
muslin  at  Manchester. 

1780-83     Intemperance    is    painted    by 
Thomas  Stolhard. 

1781  Mar.  13.    The  planet  Uranus  is 
discovered  by  William  Herschel. 

*  *  The  Bramah  safety  lock  is  invented 
by  Joseph  Bramah.     [1784.    Patented.] 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1776*  ♦  Abercromby,  James,  Lord  Dnn- 
fermline,  lawyer,  statesman,  Scotland,  b. 

Barlow,  I*eter,  mathematician,  born. 

Blackwood,  William,  founder  of  Black- 
wood's  Magazine,  Scotland,  born. 

Chitty,  Josppli,  jurist,  born. 

Congleton,  i.ord,  Henry  Brook  Parnell,  states- 
man,  bom. 

Constable,  Jolin,  landscajw*  painter,  born. 

Copleston,  Kdward,  bishop  of  LlanilafT, 
scholar,  autlior,  born. 

Foulis,  Itohert,  printer,  publisher,  Scot.,  A69. 

Harrison,  .lolm,  methanician,  A83. 

Hume,  David,  historian,  pbil.,  Scot.,  A6.5. 

Mathews,    Charles,  actor,  humorist,  born. 

Porter,  .fane,  novelist,  Scotland,  horn. 

Stanhope,  Lady  Hester  Lucy,  eccentric  trav- 
eler, horn. 

1777  *  *  Campbell,  Thomas,  poet,  lK)rn. 
Cliildren,  John  (ieorge,  chemist,  born. 
Dodd,  William,  miscellaneons  writer,  A48. 
Ellis,  Sir  Henry,  antiquary,  born. 
Foote,  Samuel,  lunnorist,  actor,  A57. 

Gell,  Sir  William,  classical  Bcliol.,  antlq.,  b. 

Hallam,  Henry,  historian,  mis.  wr.,  b. 

Hamilton,  William  Richard,  arclieologist,  b. 

Hume,  Joseph,  statesman,  reformer,  horn. 

Ireland,  Samuel  W.  H.,  author  of  Shake- 
speare forgeries,  born. 

Kater,  Henry,  pliysicist,  horn. 

Leake,  'Wiiliam  M.,  traveler,  antiquarian, 
topographer,  born. 

Morgan,  Lady,  Sydney  Owenson,  novelist^ 
miscellaneons  writer,  Ireland,  bom. 

Ross,  Sir  John,  arctic  explorer,  admiral,  b. 

1778  *  *  Acland,  John  Dyke,  general,  dies. 
Arne,  Thomas  Augustine,   musician,  com- 
poser, A  6a. 

Brougham,  Henry,  first  Lord  Brougham 
and  Vanx,  jur.,  ora.,  state's.,  ati.,  Scot.,  b. 

Brown,  Thomas,  i)sychologist,  Scotland,  b. 

Brunuuell,  (leorge  liryan  (Beau  Brnmniell), 
wit,  man  of  fashion,  born. 

Brunton,  Mary  Halfonr,  novelist,  Scot.,  b. 

Crabb,  Ueorge,  philologist,  born. 

Davy,  Sir  Humphry,  cheudst,  natural 
philosopher,  born. 

Ernmet,  Hobert,  United  Irishman,  patriot, 
Ireland,  horn. 

Hargreaves,  James,  inv.  spinning  jeimy,  d. 

Hazlitt,  William,  essayist,  critic,  miscella- 
neous writer,  born. 

Horner,  Francis,  political  economist,  essay- 
ist, statesman,  born. 

Lancaster,  Joseph,  educationist,  born. 

Londonderry,  Marquis  of,  Ciiarles  William 
Stewart  Vane,  general,  born. 

Murray,  John,  publisher,  bom. 

Pitt.William,  Earl  of  Chatham,  states.,  A70. 
1779*  ♦  Bethan,   Sir  William,  antiquary, 
genealogist,  born. 

Bunting,  Jabez,  Wesleyan  clergyman,  b. 

Callcott.  Sir  Augustus  Wall,  landscaiie  p..  b. 

Campbell,  llaron,  John,  jurist,  stateBman, 
miscellaneous  writer,  Scotland,  born. 

Cockhurn,  Lord,  Henry  Thomas,  jurist,  Scot, 
born. 

Cook,  James,  exi)lorer,  naval  captain,  A6L 

Denman,  first  llaron,  Thomas,  chief  jus.,  b. 

Elphinstone,  Mountstnart,  states.,  hist.,  b. 

(.aisford,  Thomas,  classical  scholar,  horn. 

<;alt,  John,  ndscellaneous  writer,  Scot.,  b. 

Garrlck,  David,  adur,  dramatist,  A63. 

Qough,  Viscount  Hugrh.  general.  Ire.,  b. 

Langhorne,  Jolm,  poet,  translator,  A44. 

M'CuUoch,  John  Ramsay,  political  econo- 
mist, statistician,  Scotland,  born. 

.Melbourne,  Viscount,  William  I^mb,  states- 
man, born. 

Merivale,John  Herman,  poet,  scholar,  tranft- 
lator,  born. 

Smith,  Horace,  poet,  novelist,  bom. 

Warburton,  William,  bishop  of  Gloucester, 
author,  A8L 
1780*  *  Abercrnmbip,  John,  phvs.,  Scot,  b, 

Blacketone.  Sir  WiUiam.  jurist,  A57. 

Chalmers,  Thomas,  clergyman,  an.,  Scot.,  b. 

Croker.  John  Wilson,  slates.,  wr.,  Ire.,  b. 


AND    IRELAND. 


1776,  July  4-1781,= 


921 


Fothergill,  .lotin,  physician,  A68. 

Fry.  v^e  (inrney,  Elizabeth,  philanthropist, 

prison  reformer,  liorn. 
Harris,  James,  of  Salisl)ury,  philologist,  A7I. 
Home.  Tliomas  Hartwell,  liib.  critii;,  hist.,  b. 
Hone,  WilUain,  political  satirist,  misc.  wr.,l). 
UiinR,  Saniuel,  traveler,  anilior.  Scotland,  I). 
Lansilowne,  Marquis  of,  Henry  Petty  Fitz- 

maurice,  statesman,  born. 
Moore.  Thomas,  poet,  Ireland,  born. 
Morier,  James,  traveler,  misc.  writer,  born. 
Porter,  Anna  Maria,  novelist,  born. 
Steuart,  Sir  James  Denham,  jurist,  political 

economist,  Scotland,  A58. 
Smirke,  Sir  Robert,  architect,  born. 
Somerville,  Mary,  astronomer,  author,  born. 
Sumner,  John  liird, archbishop  of  Canter.,  b. 

CHURCH. 

1776  *  *  The  congregations  of  the  Free 
and  UnitCfi  Presbyterian  churches  unite, 
and  form  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
England. 

1778  *  *  Indulgences  are  granted  to  tlio 
Catholics  by  the  Relief  Bill. 

*  •  Obsolete  laws  against  Roman  Cath- 
olics are  repealed. 

1779  Feb.  2.  Edinburgh.  A  great 
commotion  is  made  against  the  Roman 
Catholics. 

1780  May  10,  June  2-9.  London. 
Gordon's  **  No  Popery"  riots  disturb 
the  city.    (See  Society.) 

*  *  The  Naval  and  Military  Bible  Society 
is  organized. 

*  •  The  Roman  Catholics  have  various 
disabilities  removed. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Sacramental  Test  Act  is 
repealed. 

*  *  London.  The  Bible  Society  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  London.  The  Protestant  Associa- 
tion is  formed. 

*  •  *  The  Evangelical  party  of  the  Es- 
tablished Church  of  England  appears; 
Thomas  Newton  and  William  Komaiue 
are  prominent  leaders. 

1781  *  *The  Sunday  Act  of  Bishop 
Porteus  is  passed. 

LETTERS. 

1776*  *  Fragment  on  Government,  by 
Jeremy  Bentham,  appears. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Wealth  of  Nations,  by 
Adam  Smith,  appears. 

*  *  Scot.  Philosophy  of  Rhetoric,  by 
George  Campbell,  appears. 

1776-88  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  lioman 
Empire,  by  Edward  Gibbon,  appears. 

*  *  Itock  of  Ages,  by  Augustus  Montague 
Toplady,  appears. 

1777  *  *  A  Shorthand  Dictioiuxry  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Two  ^j*«rtj/5,  by  Hume,  appears.  [177I>, 
Dialogues  concerning  Natural  Jieligiou.] 

*  *  Scot.  Sermons,  by  Hugh  Blair,  ap- 
pears.   [1783,  Lectures  on  Ithetoric] 

1778  *  «  London,  The  Wesleyan  Method- 
ist Magazine  is  issued. 

*  •  Evelina,  by  Frances  Burney  nVIadame 
d'Arblay],  apjjears.     [1782,  Cerxlia.'] 

1779  *  *  Olney  Hymns,  by  William  Cow- 
per,  appears.  [1782,  Moral  Satires ;  1785, 
The  Task  and  John  Gilpin.^ 

1780  Mar.  26.  London.  The  British 
Gazette  and  Sunday  Monitor  is  issue<i ; 
it  is  the  first  Sunday  newspaper. 

*  *  London.  The  Morning  Herald  is  is- 
sued. 

*  *  Tlie  first  of  the  Bampton  annual  the- 
ological lectures  is  v'iven  at  Oxford  by 
Rev.  Dr.  BHn<iinel.  Jolm  Bampton  hav- 
ing left  an  estate  for  the  purpose. 

1781  *  *  The  Manchester  Literary  and 
philosophical  Society  is  founded. 


SOCIETY. 

1776  *  *  Punishment  by  labor  in  the 
Hulks  commences. 

*  *  Titles  created  :  Duke  of  Clarendon, 
Earl  of  Mansfield,  Barons  Hawke  and  Fo- 
ley. [1780,  Barons  Walsingham,  South- 
ampton, Dyuevor  and  Bagol;  1782,Barou 
Grantley]. 

*  *  London.  Masquerades  are  revived, 
and  carried  to  a  shameful  excess  in  vio- 
lation of  the  laws ;  and  tickets  of  ad- 
mission to  a  masquerade  at  Kanelagh  on 
some  occasions  are  subscribed  for  at  25 
guineas  each. 

1777  Feb.  24.  London.  "William 
Dodd,  a  clergyman,  is  convicted  of  for- 
gery, and  sentenced  to  be  hanged.  [June 
27.     Executed,] 

*  *An  Act  is  passed  levying  a  duty  on 
male  servants.    1781.    Augmented.] 

*  *  London.  The  Gaelic  Society  is 
founded. 

*  *  Bath  and  "West  of  England  Society 
is  founded. 

1778  July  2.  A  fanatic  calling  herself 
Queen  Beck  assaults  George  III. 

Aug.  *  A  law  is  made  compelling  lottery 
office  keepers  to  take  out  licenses,  and 
pay  £50  for  each.  This  reduces  the 
number  from  400  to  51. 

*  *  London.  A  man  refusing  to  plead 
is  condemned  and  execute<l  at  the  Old 
Bailey  on  a  charge  of  murder. 

1779  Oct.  9.  Riots  against  machinery 
o(rcur  at  Manchester. 

Nov.  13.  Mr.  Donovan  and  Capt.  Han- 
son fight  a  duel,  the  latter  being  killed. 
[Nov.  30.  Charles  James  Fox  is  wounded 
in  a  duel  by  Mr.  Adam.  1780.  Mar.  22. 
Col.  FuUerton  wounds  Lord  Shelburne 
in  a  duel.] 

1780  June  2-8,  London.  Gordon's 
•*  No  Popery  '*  riots  break  out. 

The  petition  of  the  Protestant  Associ- 
ation asking  Parliament  to  repeal  the 
Acts  granting  indulgences  to  Koman 
Catholics  being  rejected,  Lord  George 
Gordon  heads  a  mob  of  40,000  persons, 
marches  to  the  Houses  of  Parliament, 
and  again  presents  the  petition;  it  is 
again  rejected.  The  mob  once  raised 
cannot  be  dispersed,  but  proceeds  to  the 
most  daring  outrages,  pillaging,  burn- 
ing, and  pulling  down  the  cnapels  and 
private  houses  of  the  Roman  Catholics 
first,  but  afterwards  of  several  other 
persons,  breaking  open  prisons,  setting 
the  prisoners  free,  even  attempting  the 
Bank  of  England  ;  it  totally  overpowers 
the  civil  authority  for  six  days. 

ri781.  Feb.  5.  Ijord  George  Gordon  is 
tried  and  acquitted  on  charges  of  high 
treason.  1793.  Nov.  1.  He  dies  a  pris- 
oner for  libel.] 

*  *  Dublin.    A  state  lottery  is  drawn. 

*  *  The  Lunar  Society  is  organized  at 
Birmingham. 

The  members,  Joseph  Priestley,  James 
Watt,  Erasmus  Darwin,  Dr.  Withering, 
and  others,  meet  near  the  full  of  the 
moon  to  discuss  philosophy  and  politics. 

1781  *  *  Sir  Aston  Lever  establishes  a 
society  of  toxophilites,  lovers  of  the 
bow. 

STATE. 

1776  July  4.  U.  S.  A.  The  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  is  issued  by  the 
Continental  Congress  at  Philadelphia, 
Pa.  (p.  85). 

July  *  New  York.  Adm.  Howe  and 
Lord  Howe  arrive  as  commissioners 

to  receive  the  submission  of  the  colonists. 

*  *  Lord  George  Sackville  becomes 
secretary  of  state. 

1777-79  The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  is 
suspended  becautie  of  the  American  war. 


1777  Jan.  25.  Ire.  The  Earl  of  Buck- 
inghamshire is  appointed  lord-lieuten- 
ant. 

Feb.  17.  Parliament:  Lord  North  in- 
troduces conciliatory  bills. 

They  renounce  the  claim  of  right  to 
tax  the  American  colonies,  and  author- 
ize the  appointment  of  commissioners 
to  treat  with  the  colonists. 

1778  Mar.  *  France  having  made  a 
treaty  of  amity  with  America,  the  Brit- 
ish Minister  is  withdrawn  from  Paris. 

*  *  Ire.  Indulgences  are  granted  to  the 
Catholics  by  the  ReUef  Bill. 

*  *  Parliament :  Penal  laws  against 
Catholics  in  England  are  rei»ealed. 

*  *  Edward  Thurlow  [Lord  Thurlow]  is 
appointed  lord  high  chancellor, 

*  *  Parliament:  Gen. Burgoyne  makes 

his  defense  for  his  military  reverses  in 
America. 

1779  June  16.     Spain  declares  war 

against  England. 

Dec.  12.  Parliament:  Bills  are  passed 
removing  trade  and  commerce  restric- 
tions on  Ireland. 

*  *  Ire.  The  cultivation  of  tobacco  is 
allowed. 

1780  Feb.  8.  The  Yorkshire  petition 
is  presented  to  Parliament. 

It  prays  for  the  reduction  of  national 
expenditure  and  the  redress  of  griev- 
ances. 

June  2.  liord  George  Gordon,  at- 
tended by  a  riotous  mob,  goes  to  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  presents  a  peti- 
tion for  the  repeal  of  the  recent  Act  in 

favor  of  Catholics.    (See  Society.) 

Oct.  31.  Parliament  meets.  [1784. 
Mar.  25.    Dissolved.] 

Charles  James  Fox  leads  the  opposi- 
tion.   Richard  Brinsley  Shendan  is 

a  member  of  the  Commons. 

Dec.  23.  Ire.  The  Earl  of  Carlisle  is 
appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

*  *  Parliament :  The  Plate  Act  is  re- 
pealed. 

*  *  The  Armed  Neutrality  is  formed. 

It  is  agreed  to  by  Denmark  and  .Sweden 
against  Kngland's  claim  to  search  vessels  at 
sea;  it  stipulates  free  passage  of  neutral 
ships  between  the  ports  and  along  the  coasts 
of  combatants,  security  in  neutral  ships  of 
enemy's  goods  excejit  contraband  of  war, 
exact  definition  of  blockaded  port,  and  the 
ignoring  of  blockake  not  sufficiently  en- 
forced. [J'russia,  Austria,  Portugal,  Spain, 
and  France  subsequently  recognize  the  prin- 
ciple. ] 

1781-82  England  loses  her  "West  India 
Islands  pot^sessions,  and  Minorca  in  the 
Mediterranean. 

1781  Nov.  25.  Londmi.  News  of  Lord 
Comwallis's  surrender  to  'Washing- 
ton arrives,  and  causes  a  sensation. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1778  *  *  A  new  bridge  is  built  at  Exeter. 

1779  *  *  The  Earl  of  Derby  begins  the 
Oaks  races. 

1780  Jan.  15.    Ire.    Woolen  goods 

are  tirst  exported. 
June  7.  London.  King's  Bench  Prison, 
South wark.  long  used  for  the  confine- 
ment of  debtors,  is  burned  down  by  the 
**  No  Popery"  rioters.  [1781.  Kebuilt, 
containing  about  230  rooms.] 

*  *  "Windsor  Forest  is  surveyed,  and 
found  to  contain  59.600  acres. 

*  *  The  first  Derby  is  won  by  Diomed. 

1781  *  *  Dublin.  A  cuatom-house  is 
begun.    [1791.    Opened.] 


922      1781,  *  *-1786,  Aug.  2.       GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1782  Feb.  4.  Sp.  Spaniards  get  Mi- 
norca (p.  704). 

Feb.  *  E.  I.     The  French  are   defeated 

(p.  701). 
Apr.  12.     W.  I.     Adm.  Rodney  defeats 

Adin.  de  Grasse  (p.  701). 
Aug.  4.    Ire.    The  sloop-of-war  Sican  is 

wrecked  off  Waterford  ;   130  men  are 

drowned. 
Aug.  29.    Tlie    lioyal    George  sinks   at 

Spithead  with  GOO  men  on  board. 
Sept.  21.    Sp.    Naval  victory  off  Gib- 
raltar (p.  701). 
The  Centaur,  with  74  guns,  founders 

in   her  passage    from    Jamaica;    Capt. 

Inglefield    and   some  of   his   crew  are 

saved. 

*  *  Gen.  Seymour  Conway  is  appointed 
commander-ill-chief. 

1783  Jan,  20.  Fr.  Preliminaries  of 
peace  end  the  war  with  France.  Spain, 
Holland,  and  the  United  States  (p.  95). 

Feb.  6.  Sp.  The  siege  of  Gibraltar 
ends  by  treaty,  after  being  invested 
three  years,  seven  months,  and  12  days. 

Nov.  5.  E.  I.  The  Superb,  74  guns,  is 
wrecked  in  Tellicberry  Roads. 

Nov.  25.  iV,  Y.  The  British  evacuate 
New  York  City  (p.  96). 

*  *  The  Cato,  Adm.  Sir  Hyde  Parker's 
fleet,  is  wrecked  on  tlie  Malabar  coast. 

1784  *  *  E.  I  Peace  is  concluded  with 
Tippoo  Saib. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1781  *  *  Henry  Cort  invents  puddling, 
and  introduces  gre:it  improvements  in 
the  manufacture  of  iron. 

*  *  Johann  J.  Becher,  a  chemist,  proposes 
to  make  tar  from  pit-coal. 

*  *  Henry  Cavendish  explodes  oxygen  and 
hydrogen,  forming  water. 

1781-84  The  composition  of  water  is 
demonstrated  by  Henry  Cavendish  and 
James  Watt. 

*  *  Watt  secures  the  patent  for  the  first 
double  engine. 

*  *  Hornblowerinventsadoublecylinder 
engine. 

*  *  The  Philosophical  Society  is  estab- 
lished at  Manchester. 

1782  *  *  London.  Machines  for  ruling 
account-books,  papers,  etc.,  are  invented 
by  a  Dutchman. 

*  *  Alessandro  Volta  improves  his  inven- 
tion of  the  electrophorus,  an  apparatus 
for  obtaining  frictional  electricity. 

*  *  The  first  importation  of  raw  cotton 
is  received  from  Brazil. 

*  *  Dr.  Thomas  Percival  is  the  first  to 
recommend  cod-liver  oil  as  a  remedy 
for  chronic  rheumatism. 

1783  Mar.  29.  Edinhurqk.  The  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh,  formerly  (1739) 
the  Philosophical  Society,  is  chartered. 

Nov.  4.  London.  The  Surrey  Theater 
is  opened. 

*  *  A  bounty  on  the  exportation  of  certain 
cotton  goods  is  granted. 

*  *  A  theater  is  erected  at  Kxeter. 

*  ♦Walker  produces  ice  in  summer  by 
means  of  cnemical  mixtures. 

*  *  Gen  Roy  begins  the  trigonometrical 
survey  of  the  coast. 


*  *  John  Walter  and  H.  Johnson  secure  a 
patent  on  logographic  printing  in 
which  words  cast  in  one  piece  are  used. 

*  *  Herschel  proves  the  binding  rotary 
motion  of  the  stars.  [178(J.  He  discovers 
star  clusters  and  nebulie,  and  the  motion 
of  the  solar  system  towards  Hercules. 
1787.  Apr,  19.  He  observes  three  lunar 
volcanoes.  1787.  He  discovers  two  of 
the  satellites  of  Uranus.] 

*  *  London.  Hunter's  Museum  is  be- 
gun in  Leicester  square. 

*  *  Dublin.  An  observatory  is  erected 
by  Dr.  Andrews. 

1784  May  26.  London.  The  first  of 
HandePs  commemorations  is  held  in 
Westminster  Abbey. 

King  George  III.  and  Queen  Charlotte 
and  3,000  persons  are  present.  The  band 
consists  of  2G8  vocal  and  245  instru- 
mental performers. 

Sept.  15.  London.  The  first  balloon  as- 
cension in  England  is  made  by  Vincent 
Lunardi  at  Moorflelds. 

Dec,  5.  A  terrific  storm  is  very  destruc- 
tive to  shipping. 

*  *  A  rope-making  machine  is  patented 
by  Richard  March. 

*  *  Aim(^  Argand,  a  Swiss,  invents  an  im- 
proved lamp. 

*  *  liCe  Priory,  Kent,  is  erected  by  James 
Wyatt. 

*  *  The  first  musical  festival  is  held  at 
Liverpool. 

1785  Sept.  4.  William  W.  Sadler  is  the 
first  Englishman  to  make  an  aerial  voy- 
age;  ascends  in  a  balloon  from  Oxford. 

*  *  Henry  Cavendish  demonstrates  the 
nature  of  nitric  acid. 

*  *  More  cloth  is  manufactured  in  York- 
shire than  in  all  the  rest  of  England. 

*  *  Dr.  Edmund  Cartwright  invents  the 
power-loom,  throwing  the  shuttle  with- 
out hands ;  it  is  opposed  by  the  weavers. 

*  *  Coachmakers  are  made  subject  to  a 
license. 

*  *  Lionel  Lukin  is  granted  a  patent  for 
a  lifeboat. 

*  *  London.  The  Csecilian  Musical  So- 
ciety is  founded  for  the  performance  of 
sacred  music. 

*  *  Joseph  Bramah  secures  the  first  patent 
on  a  hydrostatic  or  hydraulic  press. 

*  *  London.  The  Koyal  Society  of  Mu- 
sic is  established  by  the  nobility  to  pro- 
mote the  performance  of  HandePs 
operas. 

*  *  Cotton  is  imported  from  the  United 
States. 

*  *  Si  r  James  Hall  experiments  on  melted 
rocks. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  James  Hutton  experi- 
ments on  granite  veins.  [1788.  His 
theory  of  the  earth  is  published.] 

1785-92  Encaustic  painting,  enam- 
eling by  fire,  is  revived  by  Miss  Green- 
land. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1781  *  *  A»>ercrombie,  .Tames,  general,  A75. 

Bagot,  Sir  Charles,  diplomatist,  born. 

Brewster  Sir  David,  natural  philosopher, 
Scotland,  l)orn. 

Capell.  Kdwarii,  Sliakespearean  critic,  A68. 

f'halloner,  Kichard,  bp.  of  London,  an.,  A90. 

Chantry,  Sir  Frannis  l^egatt.  sculptor,  born. 

Clinton,  Henry  Kynes,  classical  scholar, 
Cirecian  and  Roman  chronologist,  born. 

Cottenhani,  Karl  of.  Charles  Christopher 
T'epys,  lord  chancellor,  born. 

Klliott,  ivtwnpzer,  poet,  i)orn. 

Martyn.  Henry,  Indian  missionary,  oriental 
scholar,  Ijorn. 

Novello,  Vincent,  musician,  born. 

Parker,  Sir  William,  admiral,  statesman,  b. 

Raffiea,  Sir  Stamford,  trav.,  states.,  hist.,  1>. 

Stephenson,  Oeoree,  perrecter  of  locomo- 
tive, born. 


1782*  *  AUan.Sir  William,  painter.  Scot.,b, 

Burgoyne,  Sir  John  Fox,  general,  born. 

Elmes.  James,  architect,  civil  engineer,  writer 
on  art,  born. 

F'ield,  John,  composer,  pianist,  Ireland,  b. 

Head,  Sir  George,  miscellaneous  writer,  b. 

Home.  Henry,  Lord  Kames,  rhetorician, 
jurist,  plnlosopher,  Scotland,  A86. 

Maturm,  Cliarles  Kobert,  clergyman,  drama- 
tist, poet,  novelist,  Ireland,  born. 

Moncltton,  Kotiert.  general.  A56- 

Morrlson,  Robert,  Cliinese  scliol.,  mis.,  b. 

Kapler,  Sir  Charles,  major-general,  states- 
man, historian,  Ireland,  born. 

Pringle,  Sir.Iohn,  physician,  Scot.,  A7.5. 

Kol)in8on,  Frederick  John,  Earl  of  Rlpon, 
statesman,  born. 

Sale,  Sir  Iiol>ert  Henry,  general,  born. 

Wilson,  Uicbard,  painter,  A69r. 

1783  *  ♦  Brooke,  Henry,  novelist,  poet,  Ire-  i 
land,  A77. 

Brodie.  Sir  Benjamin  Collins,  physiologist^  J 
surgeon,  born. 

Coote,  Sir  Eyre,  general,  statesman,  A57. 

Fraser,  James  Kaillie.  diplomatist,  traveler,,  1 
autlior,  Scotland,  born.  J 

Beber,  Reg^inald.  bishop  of  Calcutta,  poet^  J 
author,  born. 

Hunter,  William,  physician,  physiologist,  ' 
anatomist,  Scotland,  AttS. 

Kennu-ott.  Benjamin,  cl..  Bib.  critic,  A65. 

Lawrence,  William, surgeon,  physician, anat- 
omist, born.  ' 

Lee,  Samuel,  oriental  scholar,  born.  i 

Lloyd,  Henry,  niaj.  gen.,  wr.  on  tactics,  A54. 

Loudon,  John  C.  horticulturist,  botanigt,  ^ 
Scotland,  born. 

Prout.  Samuel,  water-color  painter,  born. 

.Sturgeon,  William,  electrician,  inventor,  b. 

1784  Dec.    13.    Johnson,   Samuel,   poet,  | 
essayist,  biog.,  lexicographer,  philos.,  A75. 

Aberdeen.  Earl  of,  (ieorge  Hamilton  (Jordon,  j 
statesman,  misc.  writer,  Scotland,  born. 

Barton,  Bernard.  Quaker  poet.  born. 

Bucklami,  William,  clergyman,  geologist,  b,  j 

Christie,  Samuel  Hunter,  physicist,  born. 

Colby,  Thomas,  eng.,  ordnance  surveyor,  b. 

Crosse,  Andrew,  electrician,  born. 

Cunningham.  Allan,  poet,  cit.,  au.,  Scot,  b.1 

Gwilt,  Joseph,  architect,  author,  born. 

Hunt.  Leigh  Henry  James,  poet,  essayist,  b. 

Knowles.  Jamee  Sheridan,  dram.,  lre.,b»] 

Lee,  Ann,  founder  of  Shakers,  A48. 

Falmerston.  Viscount,  Heury  J.  Temple,;] 
statesman,  born. 

Ramsay,  Allan,  portrait  painter,  Scot.,  A73. 

Tetinant,  William,  poet,  Scotland,  born. 

Yarreli,  William,  naturalist,  born. 

1785  *  *  Croly,  (leorge.  cl.  mis.  wr..  Ire,  b,! 
Cubitt,  Sir  William,  civil  engineer,  born. 
De  Quincoy,  Thomas,  essayist,  critic,  mift- j 

cellaneous  writer,  born. 
Fleming,  John,  naturalist.  Scotland,  bom. 
Glover,  Kicbard.  poet.  A73. 
Hardinge,    Viscount,    Henry,  general,  gOT*j 

ernor-general  of  India,  born. 
Hooker,  Sir  William  Jackson,  botanist,  b. 
Janie8,John  A ngell.  clergyman,  author,  Iwm. I 
Metcalfe.  Baron,  Charles  T.,  general,  state»-| 

man.  born. 
Napier,  Sir  'William  Francis  Patrick*! 

lieutenant-general,  historian,  born. 
Oglethorpe.  James  E..  general,  founder  c 

Georgia,  A89. 
Peacock,  Tliomas  Love,  novelist,  poet,  1 
Sedgwick,  Adam,  geologist,  born. 
White.  Henry  Kirke,  poet,  porn. 
Wbitehea.i,  William,  i>oet,  A70. 
Wilkie,  Sir  David,  painter,  Scotland,  born. 
Wilson.  John  ((.'hristopher  North),  miser' 

laneous  writer,  Scotland,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1781  ♦  *  Robert  Kaikes ,  publisher  < 
the  Gloucester  Journal,  aided  by  [Mrs. 
Samuel  Bradburn],a  Metliodist  woman, 
establishes  the  first  Stmday- school  at 
Gloucester.  [178:1.  Nov.  3.  Noticed  in 
the  Gloucester  Journal.  1784  He  pub- 
lishes his  plan.] 

*  *  Richard  Hurd  is  consecrated  bishop 
of  Worcester. 

1783  *  *  John  Moore  is  chosen  arch- 
bhshop  of  Canterbury. 

1784  Feb.  28.  John  "Wesley  signs 
the  deed  of  declaration,  establishing  the 
Methodist  Conference. 

Sept.  2.  Dr.  Thomas  Coke  is  ordaineit 
"superintendent"  (bishop)  of  Methodii't 
societies  in  America  by  Wesley  and 
others. 


AND    IRELAND.         1781,*  *-1786,  Aug.  2.     923 


*  *  Scot.  Mr.Bumett,  gentleman,  dies  ; 
he  bequeiiths  moneys  to  be  awarded  as 
prizes  every  40  yeafa  for  essays  on  the 
existence  of  God. 


LETTERS. 

1781  *  *  London.  The  Morning  Herald 
is  issued. 

1782  *  *  Scot.  The  Glasgow  Herald  is 
issued. 

*  *  San-ed  Dramas^  by  Hannah  More, 
appears. 

1782-1826     The  European  Magazine  is 

issued. 
1732-86    A  Xeio  Review  is  issued. 

1783  *  *  \  natural  and  experimental 
philosophy  professorship  is  founded  at 
Cambridge. 

*  *  Poetical  Sketches^  by  William  Blake, 
.    appears.     [1789,  Songs  of  Innocence. \ 

*  *  The  Village,  by  George  Crabbe,  ap- 
pears. 

1783-96    The  English  Review  is  issued. 

1784r-1810  mstnry  of  Greece,  by  Wil- 
liam Mitford,  appears. 

1785  Jan.  1.  London.  The  Times  is 
first  issued  as  the  Daihj  Universal  Regis- 
ter, price  twopence  halfpenny.  Types 
containing  syllables  and  words  are  used 
instead  of  single  letters. 

*  *  Moral  and  Political  Philosophy,  by 
■William  Paley,  appears.  [I"tH),  Horss 
Paulinsfi,  or  the  Truth  of  the  Scripture 
History  of  St.  Paul.] 

*  *  Scot.  Essays  on  the  Intellectual  Pow- 
ers of  Man,  by  Thomas  Reid,  appears. 
[1788,  Essay  on  the  Active  Powers  of  the 
Human  Mind.] 

*  *  Chamhers^s  Cyclopasdia,  edited  by 
Abraham  Kees,  appears. 


SOCIETY. 

1781  *  *  Titles  created :  Viscounts  of  Ban- 

for,  of  IJtford,  of  Clifden,  Baron  Mus- 
erry,  and  Earl  Mountcashel.  [1782, 
Barons  Hood  ;  178.'J,  Muncaster  ;  1785, 
Earls  Mayo,  Portarlington,  Antrim, 
Longford,  and  Viscount  l>oneraile;  1789, 
Earls  Erne,Enniskillen,Annesley,Crays- 
fort,  Marquises  of  Waterford,  of  Bown- 
shire,  Barons  Cloncurry,  Auckland,  and 
Kilmaine.] 

1782  June  18.  Rev.  Mr.  Allen  kills 
Lloyd  Dulany  in  a  duel. 

*  •Tlie  Board  of  Trade  and  Planta- 
tions is  abolished. 

1783  Feb.  5.  The  Knights  of  St.  Pat- 
rick are  instituted  by  George  III. 

Sept.  *  Col.  Thomas  is  killed  in  a  duel 
by  Col.  Gordon. 

*  *  Ire.    The  Genevese  are  given  an  asy- 
■-     lum  in  the  county  of  Waterford. 

*  ♦AH  licenses  are  consolidated  on  the 
basis  of  ale-house  licenses. 

*  *  Tlie  births  of  children  are  again 
taxe<l.    (See  1695.) 

*  *  The  Society  of  Friends  makes  the  first 
united  effort  for  the  suppression  of  the 
slave-trade. 

*  *  The  Eclectic  Society  is  instituted  for 
the  di.<cussiou  of  reiigous  questions. 

1784  May  21.  London.  Lord  Mans- 
field, <'hief  Justice,  makes  the  [famous] 
declaration,  "  that  no  fiction  of  law 
shall  ever  so  far  prevail  against  the 
real  truth  of  the  fact  as  to  prevent  the 
execution  of  justice." 

*  *  London.  St.  Patrick's  Benevolent 
Society  is  instituted. 

*  *  Titles  created  :  Barons  Sherborne, 
Somers,  Ix>vaine  (Earl  Percy),  lierwick, 
Marquis  of  Lansdowne  ;  the  Earl  ()f  Tal- 
bot is  added  to  that  of  Shrewsbury. 
[178G,   Marquis  of  'I'owiishemi,  Earl  of 


Strange,  Barons  Carleton,  Tyrone,  Dor- 
chester, and  Suffield  ;  1788,  Barons  Ken- 
yon  and  Braybrooke  :  1789,  Marquises  of 
Salisbury,  of  Bath,  and  Earl  of  Edg- 
cunibe.] 
1784-85  A  lottery  is  set  up  for  the  bene- 
fit of  Leverian  Museum. 

1785  June  *  Thomas  Clarkson,  at  a 
spot  in  Wadesniill,  Hertford,  devotes  his 
life  to  the  abolition  of  the  slave-trade. 

*  *  London.  Tlie  Strangers'  Friend  So- 
ciety is  establishe<l ;  also  The  High- 
land Society. 

*  *  About  500  power-looms  are  de- 
stroyed by  an  incendiary. 

*  *  London.  Ninety-seven  persons  are 
executed  for  shoplifting. 

*  *  The  shop-tax  is  enacted.  \\19Q.  It 
causes  such  commotion  that  it  is  re- 
pealed.] 

*  *  A  tax  is  imposed  on  female  servants. 
[1792.    Repealed.] 

1786  June  8.  Lord  Macartney  is 
wounded  in  a  duel  by  Maj.-Gen.  Stuart. 

Aug.  2.  Margaret  Xicholson,  a  lunatic 
calling  herself  Queen  of  England,  unsuc- 
cessfully attempts  to  assassinate 
George  m. 

STATE. 

1781  *  *  Can.  Vancouver's  Island   is 

acquired  by  settlement. 

1782  Feb.  20,  Ire.  Catholic  Eelief 
Bills  are  introduced  in  the  Irish  Parlia- 
ment [and  passed]. 

They  give  Catholics  freedom  to  exer- 
cise their  religion,  the  ri^ht  to  hold  prop- 
erty in  land,  and  the  right  to  educate 
their  children. 
Apr.  1.  Augustus  Keppel  is  made  first 
lord  of  the  admiralty.  [July  18,  Vis- 
count Keppel  ;  1783,  Jan.  28,  Viscount 
Howe  ;  1788,  July  16,  Earl  of  Chatham.] 

May  27.  Ire.  **Poynings'  Law"  is 
repealed  by  the  Irish  Parliament ;  Irish 
legislative  independence  is  thereby 
accomplished. 

July  1.    liockingham  dies. 

July  13.  Lord  Shelbume  is  appointed 
prime  minister,  with  "William  Pitt,  son 
of  the  Earl  of  Chatham  (chancellor 
excliequer);  Thomas  Townshend  [and 
liord  Grantham  secretaries  of  state]. 

Sept.  15.  Ire.  Tlie  Earl  of  Temple  is 
appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

Nov.  30.  Paris.  Preliminary  treaty 
with  Americans  (p.  95). 

*  *  Parliament:  Stamp  duty  is  laid  on 

notes  and  bills  of  exchajige. 

*  *  Parliament ;  Duty  is  first  laid  on  in- 
surances. 

*  *  Parliament:  Contractors  and  reve- 

nue-oflfieers  are  declared  ineligible  for 
Parliament. 

1783  Apr.*  William  Henry  Cavendish. 
Duke  of  Portland,  forms  a  coalition 
Ministry  of  Whigs  and  Tories;  Portland 
is  chancellor  of  the  exchequer;  liOrd 
North  and  Charles  James  Fox  are 
secretaries  of  state,  Edmund  Burke 
is  paymaster  of  the  foi'ocs. 

May  *  H.  C.  William  Pitt's  motion 
for  reform  of  the  s^-stem  of  representa- 
tion in  Parliament  is  defeated  by  a  ma- 
jority of  144. 

June  3.  Ire.  The  Earl  of  Northington 
is  appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

Sept.  3.  Fr.  The  Peace  of  Versailles 
and  Paris  is  signed  between  Great  Brit- 
ain and  France  and  Spain. 

It  acknowledges  the  indej>endence  of  the 
13  American  colonies,  with  the  western  terri- 
tory to  the  Mississippi ;  it  cedes  the  free  nav- 


igation of  that  river;  Tobago  and  St.  Lucia 
in  the  West  Indies  are  surrendered  to  France; 
(Grenada  and  St.  Vincent  are  restored  to  Eng- 
land, and  Minorca  and  the  Florldas  ceded  to 
Spain. 

Dec.  17.  H.  L.  A  bill  for  reform  of  the 
government  in  India,  presented  by  Fox, 
is  rejected. 

Dec.  19.  The  coalition  Ministry  is  dis- 
missed. 

Dec.  22.  Earl  Temple  resigns  as  secre- 
tary of  state. 

Dec.  23.  William  Pitt  becomes  premier. 
His  cabinet  includes  Karl  Gower,  the 
Duke  of  Rutland,  Grenville,  Duke  of 
Portland,  Lord  Thurlow,  Viscount  Howe, 
and  the  Duke  of  Kichniond. 

*  *  Dublin.  The  Bank  of  Ireland  is  in- 
stituted. 

*  *  Wagons,  carts,  and  other  vehicles  are 
taxed.     [1784.    Also  horses.] 

1784  Jan.  23.  H,C.  Pitt's  East  India 
Bill  is  thrown  out. 

Feb.  24.     Ire.     The  Duke  of  Kutland 

is  appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

*  *  Lord  Loughborough  and  others  are 
commissioners  of  tlie  great  seal.  Later, 
Lord  Thurlow,  lonl  chancellor.  [1792, 
Great  seal  in  commission  ;  1793,  Lord 
Loughborough,  lord  chancellor.] 

Apr.  29.  Ire.  John  Scott  [Earl  of 
Clonmel]  is  appointed  chief  justice. 

May  18.  Parliament  meets.  [1790.  tJune 
21.    Dissolved.] 

June  *  Parlianjent :  the  Commutation 
Act  is  passed. 

It  reduces  the  duty  on  tea  from  50  to 
12^  per  cent,  and  taxes  windows  instead. 

Aug.  13.  ParHament :  Pitt's  India 
Bill  becomes  law. 

It  associates  commissioners  with  the 
Company  in  the  government  of  India. 
[The  united  body  is  the  Board  of  Control.] 

*  *  The  national  debt,  at  conclusion  of 
American  war,  is  £249,851,628. 

1785  Apr.  18.  H.C.  Pitt's  bill  for  dis- 
franchisement of  "  rotten  boroughs,** 
and  the  extension  of  the  county  fran- 
chise, is  defeated  by  a  maj6rity  of  74. 

*  *  Parliament:  Pitt's  bill  to  remove  ob- 
stacles to  free  trade  with  Ireland  is 
passed  by  a  considerable  majority  [but 
being  approved  only  by  a  small  majority 
in  the  Irish  Parliament,  it  is  withdrawn]. 

*  *  John  Adams  of  Massachusetts  is  ap- 
pointed lirst  Minister  from  the  United 
States  to  Great  Britain. 

1786  Mar.  29.  Parliament :  Pitt's 
Sinking-Fund  Bill  is  passed. 

Apr.  4.  H.  C.  Kdmund  Burke  moves 
the  impeachment  of  Warren  Hastings. 

*  *  [May  1.  He  defends  himself  at  the 
bar  of  the  House.  May  10.  The  articles 
of  impeacliment  are  presented  by  Burke 
at  the  bar  of  the  House  of  Lords.]  (See 
Society,  1788,  Feb.  13.) 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1783  Mar.  13.  In-.  The  Indiaman 
Count  Belgioso  is  wrecked  off  Dublin 
Bay  ;  147  lives  are  lost. 

*  *  Scot.  Tlie  Glasgow  Chamber  of 
Commerce  is  formed. 

1784  *  *  The  first  mail-coach  leaves 
London. 

1785  Apr.  1.  Edinburgh.  The  South 
Bridge  is  commenced, 

Dec.  5.  The  ferry-boat  Mcnai  is  wrecked 
in  Menai  Strait ;  CO  drowned. 

*  *  King's  Dock,  Liverpool,  is  con- 
structed. 

*  *  New  Bailey  Bridge,  Manchester,  is 
completed. 

1786  Jan.  6.  The  Fast  Indiaman  ^eis- 
u-ell  is  wrecked;  38G  lives  are  lost. 


'924    1786,  Sept.  26-1791,**         GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1787  *  *  Sir  Arthur  "Wellesley  [Duke 
of  Wellington]  enters  the  army. 

1789-90  E.  I.  Second  Mysore  War. 
(See  India.) 

Apr.  28.  The  crew  of  the  war-ship 
Bounty  mutiny,  and  put  their  captain 
and  19  men  in  au  open  boat  with  few 
provisions. 

*  *  Can.  The  Spaniards  capture  the  set- 
tlement on  Vancouver's  Islaud  on  the 
Pacific  coast. 

1791  Jan.  29.  E.  I.  Lord  Co rn- 
waUis  assumes  command. 

[Mar.  21.  Bangalore  taken.  May  15. 
Victory  at  Arikeza.  Dec.  21.  Severn- 
droog  taken.  1792.  Feb.  G.  Seringa- 
patam  stormed.    Peace  follows.] 

Aug.  28.  The  frigate  Pandora  is 
wrecked  on  a  reef,  and  100  men  perish. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1786  *  *  Oxymuriatic  is  first  used  as  a 
blacking  agency. 

*  *  Dublin.  The  Dublin  Surgeons*  So- 
ciety is  founded. 

*  *  The  first  iron  railroad  of  importance 
is  laid  at  Colebrookdale. 

*  *  Taylor's  stenography  is  introduced. 

*  ♦  Edinburgh.  The  first  steamboat  in 
Great  Britain  is  built. 

*  *  Dublin.  A  charter  is  granted  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy. 

1787  Apr.  20.  John  Braham,  the 
vocalist,  makes  his  first  appearance  at 

the  Royalty. 

Nov.   12.     Dublin    is    flooded    by   the 

Liffey. 

*  *  Watt's  rotary  engine  is  first  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  textiles  in  Lanca- 
shire. 

*  *  London.  Glee  Musical  Club  is  formed. 

*  *  Quicksilver  is  frozen  without  the  aid 
of  snow  or  ice. 

*  *  Paddle-wheels  are  patented  by  Wm. 

Patrick  Miller. 

*  *  Jesse  Ramsden  completes  the  great 
theodolite.  It  is  an  instrument  for 
measuring  horizontal  angles. 

1787-90  Henry  Cavendish  and  Antoine 
F.  de  Fourcroy  decompose  water  by 
electricity. 

1788  May  14-July  21.  London. 
Italian  opera  is  successfully  revived. 

*  *  Sir  Joseph  Banks  forms  the  African 
Association  for  the  purpose  of  explor- 
ing Central  Africa. 

Oct.  23.  Edinburgh.  A  leathern  can- 
non is  fired  three  times. 

*  *  Coal  and  coke  supplement  wood  char- 
coal in  the  smelting  of  iron. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  A  panorama  giving  a 
bird's-eye  view,  painted  on  the  wall  of  a 
circular  building,  is  exhibited  ;  it  is  the 
first  of  the  kind. 

*  *  London.  The  Xiinnsean  Society  is 
organized.     [1802.     Chartered.] 

*  *  London.  A  statue  of  George  III.  is 
erected  at  Somerset  House. 

*  *  Hercules  Strangling  the  Serpent  is 
painted  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  The  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  is  incorporated. 

1788-96  Stephen  Storace's  opera,  the 
Wate-rman^  is  produced. 

1789  Aug.  28.  Herschel  completes  his 
great  refiecting  telescope  at  Slough, 
uear  London.     [He  discovers  two  satel- 


lites of  Saturn;  1790,  two  others;  1794, 
two  more.] 

*  *  "Wood  engraving  is  greatly  improved 
by  Bewick,  his  brother,  and  pupils, 

Nov,  24.  London.    Madame  Anna  Sto- 
race  makes  her  first  appearance  on  the 

stage. 

*  *  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie  sets  out  to 
explore  the  polar  regions. 

*  *  Mavor's  stenography  is  introduced. 

*  *  The  Rev.  A.  Bennet  invents  the  gold- 
leaf  electrometer. 


paints    the    Siege    of 


1789-90     Copley 
Gibraltar. 

1790  Feb.  10.  Philidor,  the  chess- 
player, wins  two  games  while  blind- 
folded. 

*  *  Scot.  W.  Symington  makes  a  passage 
in  a  steamboat  on  the  Forth  and  Clyde 
canal. 

*  *  iN'ails  are  first  made  by  machinery. 

*  *  Thomas  Saint  patents  a  machine  for 
sewing  boots  and  shoes. 

*  *  Capt.  Duncan  starts  on  his  polar  voy- 
age. 

*  *  London.  Charles  Benjamin  Incle- 
don,  a  vocalist,  makes  hLs  first  appear- 
ance on  the  stage. 

*  *  The  circular  saw  is  introduced. 
1701  *  *  Galvani's  and  Volta*s  scien- 
tific researches  are  made  public, 

*  *  London.  Cherubini's  opera  Lodoiska 
is  performed  under  the  author's  direc- 
tion. 

BIRTHS  ~  DEATHS. 

1786  *  *  Barnes,  Thomas,  editor  of  London 
Times,  born. 

Ilickersteth,  Edward,  theol.  writer,  born. 

Bishop,  .Sir  Henry  K.,  musical  composer,  b. 

Blomfleld,  Charles  James,   bishop  of  Lon- 
don, scholar,  autlior,  born. 

Buckingham.  James  Silk,  traveler,  born. 

Buxton,  8ir  Tlioinas  Fowell,  philan.,  born. 

Byron,  Honorable  John,  vice-adni.,  A63. 

Callcott,  Maria  Graham,  author,  born. 

Campbell,  Alexander,  fdr.  of  Campbellltes,  b. 

Elliotson,  John,  physician,  med.  writer,  b. 

Franklin,  Sir  John,  arctic  explorer,  born. 

Haydon,  Benjamin  Kobert.  his.  painter,  b. 

Hobhouse,  John  Cam,  Lord  Brougliton,  au- 
tlior, statesman,  horn. 

Keppel,  Viscount,  Augustus,  admiral,  A61. 

Mitford,  Mary  Kussell,  poet,  mis.  writer,  b. 

Mulready,  William,  iiainter.  born. 

Napier,  Sir  Charles,  admiral,  horn. 

I'ollock,  Sir  George,  lleld-marshal,  bom. 

Prout,  William,  chemist,  author,  born. 

Raehurn,  Henry,  jiainler,  born. 

Soutliey,  Mrs.  Robert,  poet,  born. 

Stratford  de   Kedcliffe,  Viscount,  Stratford 

Canning,  diplomatist,  born. 
Wilson,  Horace  Hayman,  orientalist,  his- 
torian, born. 
1787*   *  Bickerstaff,  Isaac,  dram..  Ire.,  A52  i^. 
Brown,  John,  clergyman,  author,  Scot,,  AGS. 
Charles,  Duke  of  Rutland,  Ireland,  dies. 
Clarke,  Charles  C,  Shakespearean  critic,  au- 
thor, born. 
Conybeare,  William  D.,  cl.,  geol.,  author,  b. 
Canard,  Sir  Samuel,  civil  engineer,  founder 

of  Cujiard  line,  born. 
Etty,  William,  painter,  born. 
Evans,  Sir  George  De  I.acy.  general,  born. 
Farmer,  Hugh,  clergyman,  author,  A73. 
Fielding,   Copley    Vandyke,   water-color 

painter,  bornir. 
Forbes,  .Sir  John,  physician,  au.,  Scot.,  bom. 
Gage,  Tiiomas,  general,  A67. 
Harlow,  George  Henry,  jiainter,  bom. 
Jenyns,  Soame,  poet,  pol.,  mis.  writer,  A«3. 
Kean,  Edmund,  actor,  born. 
Lowth,  Robert,  bp.  of  London,  author,  A77. 
I'rocter,  Bryan  W.,  poet,  mis.  writer,  born. 
Rich.  Claudius  James,  orientalist,  traveler,  b. 
Richardson,  Sir  John,  naturalist,  born. 
Smart.  Benj.  Humphrey,  lexicographer,  b. 
Taylor,  Isaac,  piiilosophlcal,  theol.  writer,  b. 
Whately,  Richard,  arrhhishop  of  Dublin, 
tlieologian,  logician,  rlietorician,  phil.,  b. 
1788*   *  Ajjplegath,   Augustus,    inventor   of 
vertical  printing-press,  born. 
Arnott,   Neil,  physician,   physicist,  natural 

philosopher,  Scotland,  born. 
Baily,  Edward  Hodges,  sculptor,  born. 
Barham.  Richard  Harris,  humorist,  au.,  b. 
Brande,  William  Thomas,  chemist,  born. 


Brown,  John,   i>hysician,  founder   of    Bru- 
nonian  theory  of  physic,  Scotland,  A53. 

Byron,  I^ord.  Qeorg-e  Noel  Gordon,  poet, 
born.  ^ 

Clapperton,  Hugh,  African  traveler,  Scot.b. 

Cockerell,  Charles  Kobert,  architect,  bom. 

Colhns,  William,  painter,  born. 

Combe,  George,  phrenologist,  Scotland,  born-  i 

De  Vere.  Sir  Aubrey,  poet,  author,  Ire.,h. 

Gainsborough,  Thomas,  painter,  A61. 

Hall,  Uasil,  traveler,  author,  Scotland,  bom, 

Hamilton,  Sir  "WUllam,  logician,  philoso- 
pher, nielaphy8i<:ian,  Scotland,  born. 

Hooke,  Theodore  E.,nov.,  dram.,  humorist, b. 

Holland,  Sir  Henry,  physician,  born, 

Mickle,  William  Julius,  poet,  .Scot.,  A54. 

Nugent,  Lord,  George  G.,  states.,  au.,  Ire.,  b. 

Palgrave,   Sir  Francis,  antiquary,  histo- 
rian, born. 

Peel,  Sir  Robert,  statesman,  born. 

Baglan,  Baron,  Kitzroy  Henry  Somerset,  gen- 
eral, born. 

Sabine,  Edward,  astronomer  and  pbysiciat,  j 
born. 

Stuart,    Charles     Edward     (Young    Pre-  j 
tender),  ABO.  ' 

Tredgold,  Thomas,  civil  engineer,  bom. 

Tryon,  William, statesman,  A(>3. 

■Wesley,  Charles,  Meth.  cl.,  hymn-wr.,  A8ft.  i 
1789  •  *  Bright,  Richard,  physician,  bom. 

Bosworth,  Joseph,  lexicographer,  born. 

Collier,  John  Fayne,  Shakespearean  critic, 
commentator,  born.  ^ 

Dilke,  Charles  W.,  journalist,  bom. 

Fairbairn,  Sir  William,  mechanical,  scientific  j 
writer,  born. 

Hodgkinson,  Eaton,  mechanical  engineer,  b.  1 

Keiglitley,  Thomas,  mis.  writer,  Ireland,  b. 

Martin,  John,  painter,  born. 

Fetrie,  George,  archeologist,  antiiq..  Ire.,  b. 

Pringle,  Tliomas,  poet,  traveler,  Scot.,  born.  J 

Fottinger,  Sir  Henry,  diplomatist,  born.  ] 

Scoresby,  William,  arctic  explorer,  born, 

Stephen.  Sir  James,  statesman,  hist.,  b. 

Swainson,  William,  naturalist,  bom. 
1790*  *  Alison,    William    Fulteney,  phyrt- 1 
cian,  Scotland,  born. 

Arrowsmitli,  John,  geographer,  bom, 

Blessington,  Countess  of,  Margaret  Power,  ' 
novelist,  Ireland,  born. 

Bowdich,  Tliomas  Edward,  Afr.  traveler,  b. 

CuUen,  William,  physician,  au.,  Scot.,  A80. 

Daniell,  John  Frederick,  chendst,  phys.,  b. 

Eliot,  George  Augustus,   Baron  HeathfleldJ 
of  Gibralter,  general,  A72±. 

Ellenborougli,  first  Earl  of,  Edward  Law,] 
statesman,  born.  J 

Everest,  Sir  fJeorge,  surveyor,  geographer,  b.  ' 

Hall,  Marshall,  physician,  born. 

Howard,  John,  philan.,  prison  refer.,  A63. 

Hunt,  William  Henry,  water-color  p.,  bom. 

Leach,  William  Elford,  naturalist,  born. 

Lyons,  Lord,  Ednuuid,  admiral,  born. 

Mathew,  Theobald.  R.  C.  cl.,  "  Apostle  of  i 
Temperance,"  Ireland,  born.  j 

Monteagie,  Lord,  Thomas  Spring  Rice,  stateft-^ 
man,  born. 

Parry,  Sir  William  Edward,  arctic  exp.,  b. 

Senior,  Nassau  W.,  political  economist,  b. 

Smith,  Adam.  i»olitical  econondst,  philoso-  i 
pher,  Scotland,  A67. 

Warton,  Thomas,  poet,  critic,  author,  A62. 
1791  *  *  Faraday.  Michael,  cliemist,  elec-  ( 
trieian,  philosopher,  born. 
Flood.  Henry,  statesman,  orator,  Ire.,  AS9. 
Gibson,  John,  sculptor,  born. 
Knight,  Charles,  editor,  hist.,  mis.  wr.,b. 
Milman.  Henry  Hart,  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  ] 

poet,  dramatist,  historian,  born. 
Napier,  Robert,  8hii)-builder,  eng..  Scot.,b. 
Price,  Richard,  cl.,  philosoplier,  author,  A68. 
Tytler,  Patrick  Eraser,  historian,  Scotland,  b. 
Shell,  Richard  Lalor,  orator,  states.,  Ire.,  b. 
Wolfe,  Charles,  poet,  Ireland,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1787*  *  The  episcopal  see  of  Nova 
Scotia  is  erected.  It  is  the  first  colonial 
bishopric. 

1788  June  13.  Seven  clergymen  dis- 
possess George  Lakins  of  seven  devils, 

in  the  Temple  Church,  Bristol. 

*  *  London.  The  disciples  of  Sweden- 
borg  first  meet  as  an  organized  body. 

1789  Apr.  23.  I^ondon.  Thekinggoes 
to  St.  Paul's,  and  returns  thanksgiving 
for  the  recovery  of  his  health. 

1790  *  *  A  reaction  against  deism  oc- 
curs. 

1791  *  *  Various  disabilities  are  removed 
from  Roman  Catholics. 


AND   IRELAND.        1786.  Sept.  26-1791.*  *.     925- 


LETTERS. 

1786*  *  London.  The  Library  of  the 
lioyal  College  of  Surgeons  Is  founded. 

*  *  Poems,  by  Samuel  Itogers,  appears. 

*  *  London.  Curt  is' s  Botanical  Magazine 
is  issued. 

*  •  Scot.  Robert  Bums's  first  Poems 
are  published  at  Kilmarnock.  [1787, 
1793,  more  poems,] 

*  *  Epea  Pteroentay  or  Diversions  of  Pur- 
tey,  by  Home  Tooke,  appears. 

1787  *  *  Dublin.  The  Roval  College  of 
Surgeons  is  incorporated. 

*  •  I^ondon.  The  County  Chronicle  is  is- 
sued. 

1788  Jan.  1.  London.  The  Daily  Uni- 
versal Register  is  changed  to  the  Times. 

•  *  La  Gazette  de  Guertisey  is  issued. 

*  •  London.  The  Analytical  Review  is  is- 
sued. 

•  •  Classical  Dictionary,  by  John  Lem- 
pri^re,  appears. 

1789  *  *  London,     The  Mail  is  issued. 
Nov.  16.    Edinlmrgh.     Firststone  of  the 

[present]  University  is  laid. 

•  ♦  Natural  History  anH  Jntiquities  of 
Selbome,  by  Gilbert  White,  appears. 

*  •  Introduction  to  the  Principles  of  Afor- 
als  and  Legislation,  by  Jeremy  Beiitham, 
appears. 

•  •  Henry  James  Pye  is  appointed  poet- 
laureate. 

•  *  General  History  of  Quadrupeds,  by 
Thomas  Bewick,  appears.  [1797-18(M, 
British  Birds.] 

*  *  The  Nature  and  Principles  of  Taste, 
by  Archibald  Alison,  appears. 

1791  •  ♦  Ire.  The  Dublin  library  is  in- 
stituted. 

•  •  Scot.  Walter  Stirline*8  public  li- 
brary is  founded  by  will  at  Glasgow. 

•  •  London.     The  Observer  is  issued. 

*  *Life  of  Johnson,  by  James  Boswell, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1786*  *  London.  The  Marine  Society 
institutes  the  first  training-ship  on  the 
Thames. 

•  •  One  hundred  and  thirty-six  ships  carry 
off  42,000  slaves. 

•  *  The  National  Truss  Society,  to  as- 
sist indigent  persons,  is  established. 

1787  May  *  Tlie  first  transportation  of 
felons  to  Botany  Bay  takes  place. 
[1788.  Jan.  20.  Gov.  Phillip  arrives  with 
800±.] 

Dec.  1.  A  riot  breaks  out  at  Worcester 
against  the  introduction  of  spinning- 
machines. 

Dec.  •  Fox  is  duped  bv  the  Prince  of 
"Wales,  and  renounces  nis  acquaintance 
with  him. 

•  *  The  Society  for  the  Suppression  of 
the  Slave-Trade  is  founded  by  Clark- 
son,  Wilherforce,  and  Dillwyn. 

*  •  A  royal  proclamation  is  made  against 
vice. 

*  *  Mr.  M'Keon  kills  George  N.  Reynolds 
in  ;t  duel.  [1788.  Feb.  16.  He  is  exe- 
cuted.] 

1788  Feb.  13.-95  Apr.  23.  "War- 
ren Hastings,  governor-general  of  In- 
dia, is  tried  by  the  peers  of  Great  Britain 
for  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 
Among  other  charges  was  his  acceptance 
of  a  present  of  £100.000  from  the  nabob 
of  Oude.  The  trial  occupies  145  days,  and 
lasts  seven  years  and  three  months,  ter- 
minating in  his  acquittal. 

Dec.  *  Mr.  Purefoy  kills  Col.  Roper  in  a 
duel. 

•  •The  Philanthropic  Society,  for  the 
reformati<jn  of  criminal  boys,  is  estab- 


lished. [1806.  It  is  incorporated.  It 
supports  a  farm-school  at  Redhill,  Rei- 
gate,  Surrey.] 

*  *  The  Royal  Masonic  Institution  for 
girls,  at  Battersea,  is  founded. 

*  *The  association  for  the  relief  of 
medical  men  is   founded. 

*  *  The  daily  wages  of  harvest  men  is  one 
shilling  and  fourpence  per  day. 

1789  Apr.  23.  A  national  thanksgiv- 
ing is  observed  because  of  the  recovery 
of  the  king  from  lunacy. 

May  26.  The  Buke  of  York  and  Col. 
Lennox,  Duke  of  Richmond,  tight  a  duel 
for  an  iuBigniticant  cause. 

1790  Jan.  27.  Lrmdmi.  Wilberforce 
secures  the  reference  of  the  anti-slave- 
trade  subject  to  a  select  committee  of 
the  House  of  Commons  to  take  evidence. 

Apr.  7.  Mr.  Curran  and  Maj.  Hobart 
fight  a  duel. 

*  *  Titles  created  :  Baron  Fi.'^herwick, 
Baron  Gage,  and  Marquis  of  Abercorn. 

[1792,  Baron  Thurlow;  1793,  Duke  of  Car- 
narvon, Marquis  of  Hertford,  and  Baron 
Auckland;  1796,  Barons  (iwdyr,  Stewart, 
Calthorpe,  Broderiok,  Saltersford,  Stuart, 
Marquis  of  Bute,  and  Viscount  Hood;  1797, 
Viscount  of  Ferrani  with  Massereene,  Bar- 
ons Balton,  Ribblesdale,  LUf ord,  Carrington ; 
1799,  of  Cumberland.] 

*  *  Ire.    Titles  created:  Baron  Clonbrock. 

[1791,  Viscounts  of  Haberton,  of  Hawar- 
den,  and  Marquis  of  Donegal;  1792,  Earl 
Conrtown,  and  Baron  Waterpark ;  1793,  Earls 
Wicklow,  Desart,  and  Clonmell;  1794,  Bar- 
ons Hridport  and  Graves;  1795,  Earls  I>eit- 
rlm  and  Luean;  1796,  liarons  Rossmore, 
Carrington,  and  Huntingfipld;  1797,  Earl 
Howth^  Barons  Hotham,  Headley,  Teign- 
mouth,  Crofton,  and  Earl  Belmore;  1798, 
Baron  Efrench;  1799,  Earl  of  Armagh,  and 
Baron  Henly.) 

1791  Apr.  *  The  House  of  Commons 
votes  against  the  abolition  of  the  slave- 
trade.     Vote,  88^  163. 

July  14.  Riots  break  out  in  Birmingham 
against  Dr.  Priestley  and  other  Dissen- 
ters because  of  their  sympathy  ■with 
the  French  Revolution,  and  commem- 
orating the  taking  of  the  Baatile.  [Prop- 
erty to  the  value  of  £100,000  is  destroyed.] 

Sept.  22.  George  Barrington,  an  accom- 
plished pickpocket,  is  transported. 

*  *  The  Royal  Literary  Fund,  to  relieve 
literary  men  of  all  nations,  is  founded 
by  David  Williams. 

*  *  The  buckle-makers  petition  against 
the  use  of  shoe-strings. 

STATE. 

1786  Sept.  26.  A  navigation  and  com- 
mercial treaty  is  concluded  with  France. 

It  fixes  a  scale  of  duties,  and  estab- 
lishes perfect  freedom  of  intercourse, 
without  passports,  between  subjects  and 
inhabitants  of  botlx  countries. 

*  *  E.I.  Prince  of  Wales  Island  (Pe- 
nang)  is  ceded  to  the  East  India  Com- 
pany. 

1787  Nov.  2.  Tre.  The  Marquis  of 
Buckingham  is  appointed  lord -lieu- 
tenant. 

Dec.  21.  The  Pri«ce  of  Wales  marries 
Mrs.  Fitzherbert.  a  Catholic. 

He  thereby  violates  the  Royal  Mar- 
riage Act,  and  renders  himself  incapable 
of  succession  to  the  crown  according  to 
the  provisions  of  the  Act  of  Settlement. 

*  *  Australia.  Botany  Bay  is  made  a  pe- 
nal settlement. 

*  *  W.  Afr.  Sierra  Xjeone  is  acquired  by 
settlement. 

*  •  Parliament :  Tunnage  and  pound- 
age are  repealed,  and  a  new  system  of 
excise  and  custom  is  introduced. 


*  *  The  registering  of  shipping  is  intro- 
duced. 

1788  Feb.  26.  Parliament:  The  De- 
claratory Bill  for  India,  relating  to  the 
power  to  raise  and  pay  troops,  Is  intro- 
duced [and  passed]. 

June  9.     Lord    Kenyon   is   appointed' 

chief  justice. 
Oct.  12.    King  George  becomes  insane. 

*  *  S.  Pacific.  Norfolk  Island  is  an- 
nexed by  occupation. 

1789  Feb.  *  H.  C.  The  Regency  Bill 

is  passed. 

Fox  advocates  the  right  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales  to  be  regent  ;  Pitt  contends 
that  it  belongs  to  the  legislature  to  pro- 
vide for  the  temporary  exercise  of  the 
royal  authority.  [Feb.  26.  The  bill  is 
dropped  ou  the  king's  recovery.] 

June  5.     H.  C.     Henry  Addington 

[Viscoimt  Sidmouth]  is  chosen  Speaker. 

June  20.  Ire.  John  Fitzgibbon  [Earl 
of  Clare]  is  appointed  lord  high  chancel- 
lor. 

*  *  The  Government  demands  reparation 
for  the  forcible  seizure  by  Spain  of  two 
English  ships  and  English  trade  settle- 
ments at  Nootka  Sound,  Vancouver's 
Island.  [War  is  averted  by  a  convention 
which  insures  free  commerce  to  Eng- 
land.] 

*  *  H.  C.  A  bill  for  the  relief  of  Protes- 
tant Dissenters  from  the  impositions  of 
the  Test  Act  is  rejected  by  a  small  ma- 
jority. 

1790  Jan.  5.  Ire.  The  Earl  of  "West- 
moreland is  appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

Nov.  25.  Parliament  meets.  [1796. 
May  20.    Dissolved.] 

*  *  Parliament:  A  bill  for  the  repeal  of 
the  Corporation  and  Test  Acts,  in  fa- 
vor of  Dissenters,  is  defeated  by  a  large 
majority  :  a  popular  clamor  is  raised  for 
the  preservation  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. 

1791*  *  Parliament  divides  Canada 
into  Upper  and  Lower,  and  gives  to  each 
a  representative  government. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1786  *  *  Jonas  Hanway,  the  first  person- 
to  carry  an  umbrella  in  London,  dies. 

*  *  London.  The  registering  of  ship- 
ping in  the  Thames  is  begun. 

*  *  The  first  considerable  iron  railway  is 
built  at  Colebrookdale. 

*  *  Dublin.  Police  are  established  by 
statute. 

1787  *  *  Ire.    A  bank  is  built  at  Belfast. 

1788  *  *  Merino  sheep  are  imported 
from  Spain. 

1789  June  17.  London.  Her  Majes- 
ty's Theater,  Italian  Opera  House,  is 
burned.  [1791.  Sept.  22.  Having  been 
rebuilt,  it  is  reopened.] 

June  19.  The  Queen's  Theater,  Man- 
chester, is  burned.    [1790.    Reerected.] 

Nov.  19.  The  Tliames  and  Severn  are 
joined  by  a  canal. 

*  *TheNewBailey  Court,  Manchester,. 
is  built. 

1790  Oct.  *  Tlie  "Windsor  Chapel  is 
repaired  and  opened. 

Dec.  22.  Tlie  Charlemont  Packet,  from 
Holyhead  to  Dublin,  is  wrecked;  104 
lives  are  lost. 

1791  *  *  London.  A  fire-watch  is  insti- 
tuted. The  building  of  Camden  Town 
is  begun.  Regenvs  Park,  originally 
part  of  the  grounds  l>eIonging  to  a  palace 
of  Queen  Klizabet h,  near  to  the  north  end 
of  Tottenham  Courtyard,  is  demolished... 
Horsemonger  Lane  jail  is  built. 


926    1791,*  *-1796,  Dec.  5,  GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1792  Aug.  24.  Tlie  warship  ImpHueux 
is  burned  at  Portsmouth. 

1792-97  War  of  tlie  First  Coalition 
against  France  (p.  518). 

1793  Apr.  17.  It  is  ordered  that  prize 
money  arising  from  captures  from  the 
enemy  be  divi<le<l  into  eight  equal  parts, 
and  distributed  by  order  of  ranks. 

May  8.  Fr.  The  English  defeat  the 
French  at  St.  Amand. 

May  23-July  28.  Fr.  The  English  be- 
siege and  capture  Valenciennes  (p.  708). 

Aug.  23.  F.  I.  Pondicherry  is  again 
taken  from  the  British  by  the  French. 

Sept.  8.  Fr.  Defeat  at  Dunkirk  (p. 
710). 

Nov.  15.  Fr.  Toulon  is  taken  by  the 
English.   [Dec.  19.   Betaken.]   (P.  710.) 

*  *  Lord  Amherst  is  again  appointed 
commander-in-chief. 

*  *  Volunteers  enlist  to  resist  the  threat- 
ened French  invasion. 

1794  Mar.  16.  W.  I.  Martinique  is 
taken. 

Apr.  *  The  Ardent,  64  guns,  is  burned 

near  Corsica. 
June  1.    A  naval  battle  is  fought  in  the 

English  Channel. 
The  British,  with  25  ships,  under  Lord 

Howe,  defeat  the  French  fleet  of  26  ships, 

under  Vice-Adm.  Villaret  de  Joyeuse. 

*  *  The  English  armies  are  unsuccessful 
in  Holland,  and  the  Duke  of  Y^ork  is 
recalled;  Holland  is  lost  (p.  710). 

1795  Feb.  11.  The  Duke  of  York  is 
appointed  commander-in-chief. 

Mar,  8.    A  French  fleet  defeated. 

[Mar.    14.      Another    defeat.      Apr.    5. 

Peace.]    (P.  710.) 
June  19.    The  British  Sceptre  takes  11 

Dutch  East  Indiamen. 
June  23.    Fr.    Ijord  Bridport  defeats 

the  French  fleet  off  L'Orient. 

1796  Jan.  27.  The  first  great  English 
ship,  Iloyal  Sovereign,  is  burned  by  ac- 
cident. 

Aug.  9,  [Adm.]  Nelson  captures  the 
isle  of  Elba  in  the  Mediterranean. 

Aug.  17.  Adm.  I-iUcas,  commanding  the 
Dutch  fleet,  aiurenders  to  Sir  George 
Keith  Elphinstone,  in  Saldanha  Bay,  in 
the  South  Atlantic,  near  Cape  of  Good 
Hope. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  -  NATURE. 

1791  *  *  A  veterinary  coileg^e  is  estab- 
lished at  Camden  Town. 

*  *  Dublin.  Henry  Jackson  constructs  the 
first  steam-engine  set  up  in  Dublin. 

1792  Apr.  18.  Ire.  A  terrific  storm 
occurs  at  Waterford. 

Oct.*  Scot.    Mineral  tar  is  discovered. 

*  *  A  rope-making  machine  is  patented 
by  Edmund  Cartwright,  reducing  the 
labor  nine-tenths. 

*  *  Benjamin  "West  is  president  of  the 
Koyal  Academy. 

*  *  William  Murdoch  experiments  in  Corn- 
wall with  coal-gas  as  an  illuminating 
agency. 

1793  *  *  Fowler  makes  electro-galvanic 
experiments  on  animals. 


1794  Oct.  6.  Several  hundred  vessels 
are  wrecked  in  a  storm  which  prevails 
throughout  England. 

Dec.  *  -95    Feb-  14.    A  severely    cold 


Ma^inn,  "William,  journalist,  essayist,  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  Ireland,  horn. 

Mansfield.  Earl  of,  "William  Murray,  jn- 
rist,  A88.  •' 


:™^«':j"^'!5;  -""  "-"y  -« <^'^  i^?''B?i^'S^?'ii:^Serrs;;t.fS4. 


thaw,  on  Jan.  23: 

*  *  A  patent  for  a  propeller  is  taken  out 
by  William  Lyttelton.  [Ineffective. 
1799.  Another  to  I^Mward  Snorter  ;  val- 
uable.] 

1794-95  London.  The  Lyceum,  Eng- 
lish Opera  House,  is  built. 

1795  Jan.  31.  London.  Miss  Mellon 
makes  her  first  appearance  as  Xjvdia 
lianguish. 

May  22.  MungoPark  starts  on  his 
first  voyage  of  exploration  to  Africa 
[from  which  he  never  returns]. 

*  *  Capt.  Vancouver  returns  in  the  Dis- 
covery  from  a  voyage  of  survey  and 
discovery  of  the  northwest  coast  of 
America. 

*  *  Scot.  Spinning  machinery  worked  by 
steam  is  introduced  at  Glasgow. 

*  *  Fonthill  Abbey,  on  Lansdowne  Hill, 
near  Bath,  is  erected  by  James  Wyatt. 

1795-96  Thomas  Talford's  iron  bridge 
is  erected  over  the  Severn. 

1796  May  14.  l>r.  Jenner  makes  the 
first  experiment  in  vaccination. 

He  transfers  to  a  healthy  child  the  pus 
taken  from  the  pustule  of  a  milkmaid 
wbo  had  contracted  the  cowpox.  [1798. 
Jan.  21.  He  announces  in  a  memoir  his 
success  in  vaccination.  After  much 
opposition  the  practise  becomes  gen- 
eral.] 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1793  •   •  Adam,  Robert,  arch.,  Scotland,  A64. 
Adelaide,  queen,  wife  of  WUliam  IV.,  born. 
Alison.  Sir  Archibald,  liistorian,  born. 
Arkwrig-ht.  Sir  Richard,  inventor  of  spin- 
ning-jenny, A60. 
Habbage,  Charles,  math.,  machinist,  born. 
Bell,  Thomas,  naturalist,  born. 
BowTing,  James,  statesntan,  political  econo- 
mist, author,  born. 
Burgoyne,  John,  general  in  America,  A62. 
Campbell,  Sir  CoUn.  Lord  Clyde,  general, 

Scotland,  bom. 
Orulkshanfc.  Georgre.  pictorial  aatirist,  b. 
Dalrymple,  Sir   David,  Lord   Hailes,  jurist, 

historian,  Scotland,  A66. 
Durham,  Earl   of,  John  Geoi^e  Lambton, 

statesman,  born. 
Harris,  Sir  William  Snow,  electrician,  born. 
Haviland,  John,  architect,  born. 
Hearne,  Samuel,  traveler  in  Br.  Amer.,  A47. 
Herschel,  Sir  John  Frederick  William,  astron- 
omer, author,  l)orn. 
Irving,  Edward,  cl.,  autlior,  Scot.,  born. 
Jones,  John  Paul,  naval  adventurer,  Scot- 
land, A45. 
Keble,  John,  clergyman,  poet,  born. 
LInnell,  John,  painter,  born. 
Marryat,  Frederick,  naval  capt.,  novel.,  b. 
Mulgrave,  Lord,  C.  John  I'hipps,  arctic  navi- 
gator, A  48. 
Murchison,  Sir  Roderick   Impey,  geologist, 

Scotland,  bom. 
Uortbnmberland,  fourth  Duke  of,  Algernon 

Percy,  vice-admiral,  born. 
Potter,  Cipriani,  composer,  bom. 
Reynolds.  Sir  Joshua,  painter.  A69. 
Robinson,  J.  T.  R.,  astronomer,  inv..  Ire.,  b. 
Rodney,  Baron,  George  Brydges,  adni.,  A74. 
Russell.  Lord.  John,  statesman,  born. 
Shelley.  Percy  Bysshe.  poet,  born. 
Smeaton,  John,  civil  engineer,  ABR. 
Strange,  Sir  Robert,  engraver.  Scot..  A71. 
1793  •   *  Aiton,  William,  botanist.  Scot.,  A62. 
Anster,  John,  poet,  Ireland.  ])orn. 
Austin.  Sarah  Taylo».  author,  born. 
Browne.  James,  editor,  historian,  Scot.,  b. 
Clare,  Jolm.  poet,  born. 
Danhy,  Francis,  painter,  born. 
Eastlake,  Sir  Charles  Locke,  painter,  born. 
Fonblanque,  Albany  William,  jonmalist,  b. 
Gordon,  Lord  George,  fanatic,  A 43. 
Grant.    Roliert    E..   physiologist,   zoologist, 

Scotland,  born. 
Hampdten,  Renn    Dickson,  bishop  of  Here- 
ford, moral  philosopher,  horn. 
Head,  Sir  Francis  Bond,  lieut.,  author,  b. 
Hunter,  John,  anatomist,  surgeon.  Scot.,  A65. 
Laing,  Alexander  Gordon.  Afr.  trav.,  Scot.,b. 
Lardner,  Dionysius,  scientific  writer,  cyclo- 

pedist,  Ireland,  horn. 
Macready.  "William  Charles,  actor,  born. 


Cathcart,  Sir  George,  general,  born. 

Chelmsford,  Lord,  Frederick  Thesiger,  jurist, 
statesman,  born. 

Colman,  George,  dramatist,  A62. 

Ellis,  William,  missionary,  author,  bora. 

Fearne,  Charles,  jurist,  legal  writer,  A45. 

Heuians,  Felicia  I).,  poet,  born. 

Gibbon,  Edward,  author,  historian,  A57, 

Grote,  George,  historian,  pliilo80i>her,  b. 

Jones.  Sir  William,  orientalist,  A48. 

Leslie,  Charles  Robert,  artist,  born. 

Lockhart,   John   Gibson,   novelist,  critic, 
biographer,  nuscellaneous  writer,  Scot.,  b. 

Marshman,  John  Clark,  historian,  born. 

Whewell.  William,  phil.,  hist,  of  science,  b. 

StantieUi,  ('larkson,  marine  painter,  born. 
1795  *  *  Arnold.  Thomas,  clergyman,  clas- 
sical scholar,  historian,  born. 

Barry,  Sir  Charles,  architect,  born. 

Blakey,  lioliert,  metaphysician,  hom. 

Boswell.  James,  biographer  of  Dr.  John- 
son, Scotland,  A56. 

Carlyle,   Thomas,   essayist,  historian,  phi- 
losopher, Scotland,  born. 

Clinton,  Sir  Henry,  gen.  at  Bunker  Hill,A57. 

Collier,  Sir  George,  admiral,  A67. 

Conolly,  John,  physician,  born. 

Daubeny,  Charles  Giles  Bridle^  chemist, 
botanist,  geologist,  born. 

Davis,  Sir  John  Francis,  statesman,  born. 

Geikie,  Walter,  subject  jtainter,  Scotland,  b. 

Hare,  Julius  Charles,  theologian,  scholar,  b. 

Havelock.  Sir  Henry,  general,  born. 

Herring,  John  F.,  animal  jiainter,  born. 

Hill.  Sir  Rowland, advo.ofpenny  postage,  b. 

Howitt,  William,  poet,  miscellaneous  wr.,  b. 

Inglis,  Henry  David,  tourist,  writer,  Scot.,b. 

Keats,  John,  poet,  born. 

Kingsborougli,  Lord,  states.,  author,  Ire.,  b. 

Kippis,  An^lrew,  clergyman,  author,  A70. 

Lindley,  Thomas,  composer,  ATOt. 

Moffat,  Robert,  Afr.  missionary,  .Scot.,  b. 

Peabody,  Georg'e.  merchant,  philan.,  bom. 

Talfonrd,  Sir  Thomas  Noon,  jurist,  dram.,  b. 

Veitch,  William,  Hellenist,  Scotland,  born. 

Wakley,  Thomas,  physician,  founder  London 
Lancet,  born. 

Wedgwood,  Josiah,  potter,  A65. 

Wright,  Frances,  social  reformer,  born, 

CHURCH. 

1792  Oct.  2.  The  Baptist  Missionary 
Association  is  founded,  chiefly  by  the 
zealous  endeavors  of  William  Carey. 

*  *  Scot.  Episcopalians  are  relieved  from 
the  penal  Jaws. 

*  *  Johanna  Southcott  announces  her- 
self as  the  woman  spoken  of  in  Rev., 
chap.  xii. ;  a  disease  favors  the  delusion 
that  she  would  become  the  mother  of  the 
promised  Sbiloh. 

1793  Mar.  *  "William  Carey  and  John 
Thomas  sail  for  India  as  Baptist  mis- 
sionaries. 

*  *  The  see  of  Quebec  is  erected. 

1794  Nov.  4.  London.  The  London 
Missionary  Society  is  founded. 

*  *  The  nuns  from  Lady  Percy's  convent 
at  Brussels  are  received  by  Bishop  Mil- 
ner,  and  placed  at  Winchester. 

1795*  *  Ire.  Maynooth  College  is 
founded  by  Parliament  for  the  education 
of  students  intended  for  the  Roman 
Catholic  priesthood. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Orangemen  organize  a  so- 
ciety for  their  defense. 

They  allege  that  the  treachery  shown 
at  the  "Battle  of  the  Diamond"  con- 
vinces them  that  unless  banded  together 
the  Protestants  will  become  an  easy  prey 
to  the  Catholics. 


LETTERS. 

1791*  *  Vindication  of  the  Rights  of  Wo- 
man, by  Mary  Wollst'onecraft,  appears. 

*  *  The  Castaway,  and  Letters,  and  trans- 
lations of  Homer's  Iliad  and  Odyssey, 
by  William  Cowper,  appear. 

*  *  An  Historical  Disquisition  concerning 
the  Knowledffe  which  the  Ancients  had  of 
India,  by  William  Robertson,  appears. 


AND    IRELAND.         1791,*  *-1796,  Dec.  5.     927 


•  *  Whist,  a  poem,  appears. 

*  *  Curiosities  of  Literature,  by  Isaac 
irisraeli,  appears.  [1793,  1817,  revised 
and  added  to  ;  179C,  MisceUauits.] 

1791-92  The  Itights  of  Man,  by  Thomas 
Paine,  appears.  {ll^Q^,  Age  of  Reason.] 

1792  *  *  'Die  Erantfeliral  Magazine  is 
issued ;  also  The  (Courier. 

•  *  London.  The  Sun  is  issued  ;  also  The 
Observer. 

*  *  Scot.  FAements  of  the  I*htlo8ophy  of 
the  Human  Mind,  by  Dugald  Stewart, 
appears. 

1792-94  Travels  in  France,  by  Arthur 
Young,  appears. 

1793  *  •  A  Literary  and  Philosophical 
Society  is  founded  at  Newcastle. 

*  *  Essay  on  Meteorology,  by  John  Dal- 
tou,  appears. 

**  Evening  Wall:  and  Descriptive 
Sketches,  by  William  Wordsworth,  ai>- 
pear.    [1798,  Lyrical  Ballads.] 

*  *  Inquirt/  Respecting  Political  Justice, 
by  William  Godwin,  appears.  [1794,  Ca- 
leb  Williams.] 

1793-1843     The  liritish  Critic  is  issued. 

1794  Feb.  8.  London.  Morning  Ad- 
vertiser appears. 

Feb.  •  The  legality  of  fair  criticism  is 
establisLod  in  the  courts, 

•  •  The  Fall  of  Robespierre,  by  Coleridge 
and  Southey,"  appears. 

♦  *  View  of  the  Evidences  of  Christianity, 
by  William  Paley,  appears.  [1802,  Nat- 
ural Theology.'] 

*  ♦  The  Baviad,  by  William  Gifford,  ap- 
pears.    [1795,  The  Mseviad.] 

•  •  Songs  of  Experience,  by  William 
Blake,  appears. 

1795  May  7.  Scot.  Anderson's  \mi- 
versity  is  founded  at  Glasgow. 

•  *  IhLblin.  Maynooth  College  is 
founded  by  Parliament. 

It  is  endowed  by  a  yearly  grant  voted 
for  the  education  of  students  designed 
for  the  Roman  Catholic  priesthood. 

*  *  Lindley  Murray's  English  Grammar 
appears. 

*  *  Poems,  by  Walter  Savage  Landor,  ap- 
pears.    [1798,  Gebir,  and  other  poems.] 

SOCIETY. 

1791  *  *  London.  The  Corresponding 
Society  of  London  is  formed  It  aims 
to  spread  liberal  opinions,  and  check  the 
severity  of  the  Government. 

1792  June  9.  The  Earl  of  Lonsdale 
and  Capt.  Cuthbert  fight  a  duel. 

June  14.  London.  A  plot  to  blow  up 
the  King's  Bench  prison  is  discov- 
ered. 

*  ♦  Enlightened  principles  for  the  treating 
of  lunatics  are  introduced  by  William 
Tuke,  at  the  Society  of  Friends'  *'  Re- 
treat," at  York. 

•  ♦  The  gradual  abolition  of  the  slave- 
trade  is  provided  for. 

•  *  Duelling  in  the  army  is  checked. 

•  *  London.  An  asylum  for  deaf  and 
dumb  children  is  opened  through  the 
exertions  of  Mr.  Townshend. 

•  *  The  Liverpool  Lunatic  Asylum  is 
founded. 

1793  Sept.  30.  A  furious  riot  occurs 
at  Bristol,  owing  to  the  erection  of  a 
new  toll-gate  on  the  bridge ;  several  per- 
sons are  killed  or  wounded  by  the  mili- 
tary. 

1794  Oct.  29-Dec.  5.  London.  Messrs. 
Home  Tooke,  Hardy,  Joyce,  Thelwall, 
and  other  members  of  the"  Correspond- 
ing Society,  are  tried  on  charges  of 
high  treason ;  they  are  acquitted. 


*  *  Scot.  Thomas  Muir  is  sentenced  to  14 
years'  transportation  and  Thomas  F. 
Palmer  to  seven  years,  for  agitating  a 
reform  in  the  representation  of  the 
people  in  Parliament. 

*  *  Loudon.  Coldbath  Fields  prison 
is  built  at  the  suggestion  of  Howard,  the 
prison  reformer. 

*  *  The  daily  wages  of  harvestmen  are 
one  shilling  and  sixpence. 

1795  Apr,  8.  The  Prince  of  "Wales 
marries  the  Princess  Caroline  of  Bruns- 
wick. 

Apr.  13.  The  high  price  of  food  causes 
riots. 

May  5.  The  law  imposing  a  tax  of  one 
guinea  on  every  person  using  hair- 
powder  becomes  operative.  [It  yields 
in  England  under  £7,000  a  year,  and  in 
Scotland  £250.] 

Oct,  29.  London.  A  mob  obstructs  the 
king's  way  to  Parliament,  crying 
"Bread,  peace,  no  Pitt;'*  a  bullet 
pierces  the  glass  of  his  coach. 

Dec.  8.  The  gag^ng-bill,  to  protect  the 
king  and  government  from  the  ha- 
rangues of  seditious  meetings,  is  en- 
acted. 

*  *  A  lunatic  asylum  is  founded  at  Exeter. 

*  *  Ire.  The  United  Irishmen,  a  secret 
political  society,  whose  object  is  the  es- 
tablishing of  an  Irish  republic,  is  very 
active. 

*  *  fre.  The  first  lodge  of  Orangemen 
(Orange  Society)  is  formed  at  Armagh. 

1796  Jan.  28.  London.  The  Prince 
of  "Wales  is  attacked  in  his  carriage  by 
a  mob. 

Feb.  1.  London.  A  stone  is  thrown  at 
George  HI.  when  returning  from  Drury 
Lane  Theater  ;  it  hits  the  queen's  face. 

Feb.  *  H.  C.  Wilberforce's  slavery 
abolition  bill  is  defeated.    Vote,  70-74. 

May  27.  William  Pitt  and  George  Tier- 
ney  fight  a  duel.  [June  28,  Lord  Va- 
lentia  is  wounded  in  a  duel  by  Mr. 
Gawler.] 

STATE. 

1792  Mar.  19.  Ind.  A  Treaty  of 
Peace  is  concluded  with  Tippoo  Sahib  ; 
his  two  sons  are  held  as  hostages. 

Apr.  2.  H.  C.  "William  Wilberforce 
moves  for  a  committee  of  the  whole 
House  to  consider  the  African  slave- 
trade,  with  a  view  to  its  immediate 
abolition  ;  a  large  majority  resolves  that 
the  trade  be  gradually  abolished. 

May  21.  A  royal  proclamation  is  issued 
"gainst  the  publication  of  seditious 
writings;  it  is  aimed  at  the  agitation 
for  parliamentary  reform. 

June  11.  H.  C.  Fox's  Libel  Bill  is 
passed. 

It  authorizes  juries  to  give  general 
verdict  of  gnilty  or  not  guilty  upon  the 
whole  matter  at  issue. 

Jime  26.  The  First  Coalition  is  formed 
against  France.  [It  is  organized  and 
directed  by  England.] 

Aug.  1.  London.  The  system  of  dis- 
trict police  magistrates,  three  presiil- 
ing  in  each  of  tlie  seven  divisions  of  the 
city,  is  commenced. 

Dec.  28.  H.  C.  The  "dagger  scene" 
occurs. 

In  the  debate  on  the  Alien  Bill.  Ed- 
mund Burke  casts  a  dagger  on  the 
floor  of  the  House,  exclaiming,  "  This  is 
what  you  are  to  gain  by  an  alliance  with 
France." 

*  *  The  "Whig  party  Is  broken  up  on  the 
question  of  war  with  France. 

*  *  A  money-order  oflace  is  set  up ;  it 
is  not  generally  used. 


1793  Jan.  4.  Parliament :  The  Alien 
Act  is  passed. 

It  empowers  the  Government  to  bnn- 
ish  aliens  from  the  kingdom,  and  is  de- 
signed against  French  Kevolutionists. 

Feb.  1.  The  French  Republic  declares 
war  against  Great  Britain.  [Feb.* 
Great  Britain  declares  war  against 
France.  Feb.  11.  It  issues  letters  of 
marque  and  reprisal  against  France.] 

Mar.  23.    Spain  declares  war  against 

England. 

*  *  The  Government  issues  £5,000,000  ex- 
chequer bills  because  of  the  commercial 
panic. 

*  *  H.  C.  George  Canning  enters  the 
House  as  a  Tory,  representing  Newport, 
Isle  of  Wight. 

Apr.  9.  Ire.  A  Catholic  Relief  Act, 
passed  in  the  Irish  Parliament,  receives 
the  royal  assent. 

It  enables  Catholics  to  vote  at  parlia- 
mentary and  municipal  elections,  ad- 
mits them  to  the  bar  and  to  conmiissions 
in  the  army  and  navy,  and  gives  them 
the  right  of  bearing  arms  and  serving 
on  juries. 

*  *  A  tax  is  laid  on  funerals. 

1794  May  23.  The  Habeas  Corpus 
Act  is  suspended  because  of  the  French 
lievolution. 

June  8.    Corsica  is  annexed. 

Nov.  19.    A  treaty  of  amity,  commerce, 

and  navigation   is  conclutied  with  the 

United  States  (p.  lOo). 

Dec.  10.    Ire.    TheEarlof  Fitzwilliam 

is  appointed  lord-lieutenant.   [1795.  Mar. 
11.    The  Earl  of  Camden.] 
Dec.  20.    Earl  Spencer    is  made   first 
lord  of  the  admiralty.     [ISOI.     Feb.  ID. 
Earl  of  St.  Vincent.] 

1795  Apr.  8,  George,  Prince  of 
"Wales,  marries  Caroline  Amelia  Eliz- 
abeth, daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Bruns- 
wick. 

July*  Holland  joins  the  French  against 
England. 

The  British  take  fronr  the  Dutch  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Ceylon,  and 
other  possessions  in  the  East. 

Sept.  28.  Great  Britain.  Kussia,  and 
Austria  form  an  alliance. 

*  *  The  coalition  against  France  falls  to 
pieces. 

*  *  A  tax  of  one  guinea  is  laid  upon  per- 
sons using  hair-powder. 

1796  Sept.  27.    Parliament  meets. 

[1802.    June'ii).    Dissolved.] 

Oct.  11.  Spain  in  alliance  with  France 
declares  war  against  England. 

Dec.  5.    London.    A  subscription  loan 

of  £18,000,000  to  carry  on  the  war  against 
France  is  taken  up  in  15  hours  and  20 
minutes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1791  *  *  Scot.  The  Trades*  Hall,  Glas- 
gow, is  built. 

1792*  *  London.  The  Assembly 
rooms,  Mosley  Street,  are  built. 

1793  *  *  A  commercial  panic  is  caused 
by  the  French  war. 

1794  Feb.  3.  London.  The  royal  visit 
occasions  an  immense  crowd  and  crush 
at  the  Haymarket  Theater;  16  persona 
are  killed  and  others  wounded. 

Feb.  13.  W.  The  canal  in  Merthyr- 
Tydvil  is  opened. 

July  21.  An  East  India  warehouse  con- 
taining 35,000  bags  of  saltpeter,  and  630 
other  houses,  at  Wapping  are  burned  ; 
loss,  £1,000,000. 

1795  *  *  A  famine  occasions  much  suf- 
fering. 


928    1796,  Dec.  18-1800,  Feb.  17.    GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1796  Dec.  18.  The  Courageux,  Capt. 
Hallowell,  is  wrecked  near  Gibraltar. 

1797  Feb.*  W.  French  invaders 
land  in  Pembrokeshire  ;  they  soon  sur- 
render to  the  country  people. 

Feb.  14.    Battle  of  St.  Vincent  (p.  712). 
Feb.  20.    Nelson  is  knighted,  and  made 
rear-admiral. 

Apr.  15.  Mutiny  breaks  out  in  the  fleet 
at  Spithead,  otf  Portsmouth.  [It  is  set- 
tled by  granting  the  advance  of  wages 
demanded.] 

May  22.  A  mutiny  at  the  Nore,  on  the 
Thames,  blocks  the  trade  of  the  river. 
[It  is  quelled,  and  the  ringleaders  exe- 
cuted.] 

July  24.  Canary  Islands.  In  an  unsuc- 
cessful attack  on  Santa  Cruz,  Adm.  Nel- 
son loses  his  riglit  arm. 

Oct.  11.  Netk.  Adm.  Duncan  defeats 
the  Dutch  in  a  naval  battle  off  Camper- 
down. 

Nov.  16.  N.  S.  La  Tribune  is  wrecked 
off  Halifax  ;  300  men  are  lost. 

1798  Feb.  1.  Tlie  frigate  Proserpine  is 
wrecked  in  the  Elbe. 

May  4.  Ire.  The  insurrection  of 
"United  Irishmen**  commences. 

May  23.  fre.  The  British  under  Gen. 
Dundas  are  defeated  by  the  insurgents 
at  KilcuUen. 

May  24.  Ire.  The  royal  troops  rout  the 
insurgents  at  Carlow-  [May  26.  They 
(400  strong)  defeat  4,000  insurgents  near 
Tara,  Meath.] 

May  27.  Ire.  About  500  insurgents  at- 
tack and  defeat  the  king's  troops  at 
Ooulard  Hill,  Wexford. 

June  5.  Ire.  United  Irishmen  are  re- 
pulsed at  New  Ross;  the  British  put 
to  death  221  prisoners. 

June  9.  Ire.  Battle  at  Arklow,  Wick- 
low. 

Tlie  British  (16,000)  defeat  20,000  United 
Irishmen,  lea  by  Fathers  John  and 
Michael  Murphy;  Michael  Murphy  is 
killed,  and  the  Irish  retire  after  despe- 
rate fighting. 

June  12.  Ire.  United  Irishmen  are  de- 
feated, and  many  killed,  at  Ballina- 
hinch,  Down,  by  Gen.  Nugent ;  this 
suppresses  the  rebellion  in  the  north. 

June  21.  Ire.  British  troops  defeat  the 
Irish  insurgents  under  Father  John 
Murphy  at  Vinegar  Hill,  Wexford. 

July  24.  The  Resistance  is  blown  up  in 
the  Strait  of  Banca. 

Aug.  1.    Egy.    Battle  of  the  Nile. 

Nelson,  with  14  ships  carrying  1,012 
guns  and  8,068  men,  defeats  the  French 
fleet  of  19  ships,  1.196  guns,  and  11,230 
men;  L'Orient,  with  Briieys  and  1,000 
men  on  board,  blows  up;  only  70  or  80 
men  escape.    French  loss,  9,000  men. 

Aug.  27.    Ire.    French    troops   land  at 

Killala,  Mayo  (p.  712). 
Sept.  *  England  holds  27,000  French 

prisoners,  and   France  estimates    the 

number    of    her    English    prisoners    at 

6,000. 
Oct.  12.     Ire.    Sir  John  Borlase  Warren 

captures  five  French  ships. 


These  were  sent  to  help  the  Irish  in  a 
naval  battle  off  the  north  coast  of  Ire- 
land, near  Derry.  Theobald  Wolfe  Tone, 
leader  of  the  United  Irishmen,  is  among 
the  prisoners  taken.  [Nov.  12.  He  com- 
mits suicide  in  prison.] 

Nov.  24,  Napper  Tandy,  United  Irish- 
man, flees  to  Hamburg  after  his  defeat 
In  Ireland  [and  is  there  delivered  up  to 
the  English]. 

1799  Feb.  9.  The  British  ship  i)crfa?us 
captures  the  French  frigate  La  Prudente 
in  57  minutes;  losses:  French,  27  killed  ; 
British,  two. 

*  *  Ijid.    Third  Mysore  "War  (p.  1046). 
Aug.  30.    Xeth.    The  Dutch'fleet  of  12 

ships  of  the  line  and  13  Indiamen  sur- 
renders to  Adm.  Mitchell  at  the  Texel 
Island. 

Sept.  19.  Xeth.  Duke  of  York  defeated 
at  Bergen  (p.  712).  [Oct.  2.  He  defeats 
the  French  under  Brune  at  Bergen.] 

Oct.  6.  The  Duke  of  York  surrenders  (p. 
712).  [Afterwards  his  army  is  exchanged 
for  6,000  French  and  Dutch  prisoners  in 
England.] 

Oct.  9.  10.  Xefh.  H.  M.  S.  Lutine  is 
wrecked  oflf  Vlieland,  and  all  her  crew 
lost. 

Oct.  13.  Napoleon  Bonaparte  declares 
war  against  Hamburg  for  the  delivering 
of  Napper  Tandy,  a  United  Irishman,  to 
the  English.  [1802.  Tandy  is  liberated 
after  Peace  of  Amiens.] 

Oct.  19.  The  Impregnable  is  wrecked 
otr  J^angstone  Inlet. 

Oct.  25,  Netk.  The  Nassau  is  wrecked 
on  the  Haak  Bank ;  100  persons  are 
drowned. 

Nov.  5,  S.  Afr.  The  Sceptre  is  wrecked 
in  Table  Bay  (Cape  of  Good  Hope) ;  291 
of  the  crew  perish. 

Dec.  24,  Fr.  The  Ethalion  is  wrecked 
on  the  Penmarks. 

*  *  The  Duke  of  York  is  appointed  cap- 
tain-general. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1796  Dec.  25,  London.  This  day  is 
supposed  to  be  the  coldest  ever  known 
in  this  city;  16"  below  zero. 

1796-98  Haydn's  oratorio,  Creation^  is 
composed. 

*  *  London.  A  statue  of  John  Howard 
is  erected  in  St.  Paul's. 

1797  *  *  Hydropathy  is  revived  by  Dr. 
James  Currie  in  Liverpool. 

*  *  Electrolyzation  is  discovered  by  Sir 
Humphry  Davy. 

*  *  Gas  is  used  extensively  for  the  first 
time  by  Murdoch  in  Watt's  engine  fac- 
tory. 

*  *  London.  Count  Rumford  boils  water 
by  friction. 

1799  Nov.  4.  Ralph  Gout  secures  a 
patent  on  the  pedometer,  an  instru- 
ment for  numbering  the  steps  taken  by 
a  wallf  er. 

*  *  A  tabular  view  of  British  strata  is 
published  in  the  Geological  Map  of  Eng- 
land and  Wales  by  "William  Smith,  the 
father  of  British  geology. 

*  ♦  Scot.  The  stone  bridge  of  Kelso  is 
commenced  by  Jolin  Rennie. 

*  *  Sir  Humphry  Davy  melts  ice  by  fric- 
tion. 

*  *  A  mowing-machine  is  invented  by 
Boyce. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1796  •  •  Allan,  David,  painter,  Scot.,  A52. 

Back,  Sir  George,  arctic  explorer,  born. 

Beecliey,  Frederick  William,  arctic  explorer, 
author,  rear-admiral,  naturalist,  bom. 

Bohn,  Henry  (leorge,  publisher,  born. 

Booth,  Junius  Brutus,  actor,  born. 

Bums.  Robert,  poet,  Scotland,  A  37. 

Campbell,  (ieorge,  theologian,  Biblical  critic, 
Scotland,  A77. 

Charlotte,  princess,  daughter  of  (Jeorge  IV., 
bom. 

Coleridge,  Hartley,  poet,  mis.  writer,  bom. 

Be  la  Beche,  Sir  Henry  T.,  geoloftist,  l)orn. 

(ileig,  (leorge  Rol>ert,  cl.,  an.,  Scotland,  b. 

Crattan,  Thomas  CoUey,  novelist,  Ireland,  b. 

Henslow,  John  Stevens,  Iwtanist,  born. 

Landseer,  Thomas,  engraver.  lK>m. 

Macgitlivray,  William,  ornithologist,  author, 
Scotland,  bom. 

Macpherson,  James,  poet,  Scotland,  A58. 

Medliurst,  Waltei  Henry,  Chinese  miss.,  b. 

Miller,  William,  engraver,  Scotland,  bom. 

O'Connor,  Fergus,  journalist,  politician. 
Chartist,  Ireland,  born. 

Planch^,  James  Koliinson,  dramatist,  au.,  b. 

Powell,  Ba<len,  clergyman,  pliysicist,  Iwm. 

Reid.  Thomas,  philosopher,  Scotland,  A86. 

Koberts,  David,  landscape  painter,  Scot.,  b. 

Wakefield,  F.dward  (iibbon,  political  econo- 
mist, statesman,  born. 

Williams,  John,  missionary,  Iwrn. 
1797*  *  Amherst,  Lord,  Jeffrey,  statesman, 
general,  A  80. 

Bayly,  Thomas  Ilaynes,  song-writer,  bom. 

Burke.  Edmund,  orator,  states.,  au.,  A66. 

Cardigan,  Karl  of,  James  Thomas  BrudeneU, 
general,  lioru. 

Combe,  Andrew,  physiologist,  Scotland,  b. 

Drummond,  Thomas,  captain,  civil  engmeer, 
Scotland,  born. 

Godwin,  Mary  WoUstonecraft,  novelist, 
A38. 

Hutton,  Jajnes,  geologist,  Scotland,  ATI. 

Jameson,  Anna,  writer  on  art,  Ireland,  bom. 

liyell.  Sir  Charles,  geologist.  Scut.,  born. 

Lover,  Samuel,  novelist,  artist,  song-wnter, 
Ireland,  »>orn. 

Motherwell,  William,  poet,  antiquary,  jour- 
nalist,  Scotland,  born. 

Hormanby,  Marquis  of,  C.  H.  Phlpps,  novel- 
ist, statesman,  bom. 

Reid,  Sir  Wiliiarn,  engineer,  meteorologlBt, 
Scotland,  born. 

Shelley,  Mrs,  Mary,  novelist,  mis.  wr.,  b. 

Thlrlwall,  Connop,  bishop  of  St.  Uavid'i, 
historian,  statesman,  born. 

'Wilkes.  John,  statesman,  A70. 

Wilkinson,  Sir  John  Gardiner.  Kgypto1.,b. 

Walmesley,  Charles,  Benedictine  monk, 
mathematician,  A76. 
1708  *  *  Banim,  John,  novelist,  Ireland,  b. 

Barclay,  John,  clergyman,  founder  of  Bere- 
ans,  Scotland,  A64. 

Carleton,  William,  novelist,  Ireland,  bom. 

Croker.   Thomas  Crofton,  antujuary,  hu- 
morist, Ireland,  born. 

Donovan,  Kdward,  naturalist,  author,  bom. 

Douglas,  David,  l>otanist,  Scotland,  bom. 

Dyee,  Alexander,  dramatist,  editor,  Uterary 
historian,  Scotland,  born. 

Fitzgerald.  Lord,  Edward,  a  leader  of  the 
irnited  Irishmen,  Ireland,  .\3,1. 

Harding.  James  1).,  landscape  painter,  born. 

Henderson,  Thomas,  astronomer.  Si-ot.,  b. 

Hood,  Thomas,  poet,  humorist,  born. 

Howitt,  Mary  Botham,  poet,  author,  born. 

Labouchere,  Henry,  Baron  Taunton,  states 
man,  born. 

Moir,  David  Macbeth,  poet,  novelist,  Scot., b. 

Neele,  Henry,  poet,  author,  born. 

Pennant,  Thomas,  naturalist,  antiquary,  A72. 

PoUok,  Robert,  poet,  Scotland,  bom. 

Tone.  Theobald  Wolfe,  a  leader  of  the  United 
Irishmen,  Ireland,  \'i^. 

Wrottesley,  Baron,  John,  astronomer,  bom. 
1799*  *  Atkinson,   Thomas    William,    land- 
scape jMiInter,  traveler,  l)orn. 

Bacon,  John,  founder  British  school  of  sculp- 
ture, A.W. 

Baines,  Matthew  Talbot,  statesman,  born. 

Belcher,  Sir  Kdward,  a<hii.,  arctic  navlg.,  b. 

Black,  Joseph,  chemist,  anatomist,  Ire.,  A71. 

Craik,  George  LiUie,  miscenancous  wr.,  b. 

Derby.    Earl  of,    Kdward   (JeotTrey  Smith 
Stanley,  statesman,  author,  twrn. 

Fellows,  Sir  Charles,  traveler,  antiquary,  b. 

Finlay,  Ceorge,  historian,  bom. 

Gore,  Catherine  Grace  Frances  Moody,  noT- 
elist,  lK)rn. 

Howe,  Earl,  Richard,  admiral,  A74. 

Key,  Thomas  Hewitt,  philologist,  bom, 

Lindley,  John,  botanist,  born. 

Monboddo,  Lord,  James  Burnet,  jurist,  A85. 

Nicolas,  Sir  Nicolas  Harris,  antiquary,  b. 

Syme,  James,  surgeon,  author,  born. 

Thom,  James,  sculptor,  Scotland,  lK)m. 


AND   IRELAND.     1796, Dec.  18-1800, Feb.  17.     929 


CHURCH. 

1707  •  *  The  New  Connection  Metho- 
dists are  the  tirst  to  separate  from  the 
parental  Wesleyau  body. 

*  *  John  Fisher  is  consecrated  bishop  of 

Salisbury. 

1798  Jan.*  /hiblhi.  The  Orangemen 
publish  a  declaration  of  their  principles 
upholding  the  maintenance  of  the 
church  and  state  under  the  House  of 
Brunswick. 

1799  Apr.  16.  London.  Sixteen  clergy- 
men meet  at  the  Castle  and  Falcon,  and 
organize  the  Society  for  Missions  to 
Africa  and  the  East. 

May*  London.  The  Religious  Tract 
Society  is  established. 


LETTERS. 

1706  •  *  Camilla,  by  Madame  D'Arblay, 
appears. 

*  *  roems, byColeridgeandCharlesLamb, 

appears. 

*  *  Ltttf^rs  on  the  Proposals  for  Peace  with 
the  RfQicUfe  JUrectory  of  Prance,  by  Ed- 
mund liurke,  appear. 

*  *  A  Dictionary  of  Quotations,  compiled 
by  Macdonnel,  appears. 

*  *  London.     Belt 's  Messenger  is  issued. 

*  *  Scot.  A  translation  of  Curger's  Le- 
nore,  by  [Sir]  Walter  Scott,  appears. 
[1799,  translation  of  Gotz  vo7i  Berlick- 
xngen;  1802,  Border  Minstrelsy.} 

*  *  Estimate  of  the  Peligion  of  the  Fash- 
ionable lyorld,  by  Hannah  More,  ap- 
pears. [ITJB,  Strictures  on  Female  Edu- 
cation.] 

1796-1843  London.  The  Monthly  Mag- 
azine is  issued. 

*  *  Poems,  by  Coleridge,  Lamb,  and  Chas. 
Lloyd,  appears. 

1797  Oct.  *  Lhifflin.  The  Press,  a  rev- 
olutionary journal,  is  issued.  [1798  Mar. 
6.    It  is  suppressed  by  military  force.] 

Arthur  O'Connor,  Kobert  Emmett,  and 
other  conspicuous  men,  contribute  to  it, 
and  inflame  the  public  mind  on  the  eve 
of  the  rebellion. 

*  •  Practical  Christianity,  by  William 
Wilberforce,  appears. 

*  *  Ijondnn.  The  Methodist  New  Connec- 
tion Magazine  is  issued. 

1798*  *  London.  The  Philosophical 
Magazine  is  issued. 

*  *  The  Ancient  Mariner,  by  Samuel  Tay- 
lor Coleridge,  appears.  [1800,  transla- 
tion of  Schiller's  Wallenstein.} 

*  *  Vernal  Walk,  by  Ebenezer  Elliott, 
appears. 

*  *  Essay  on  the  Principles  of  Population^ 
by  Thomas  Robert  Malthus,  appears. 

1798-1821  London.  The  Anti-Jacobin 
Review  and  Matjazine  is  issued. 

1799  May  3.  Benjamin  Flower,  print- 
er, is  fined  £100,  and  sentenced  to  im- 
prisonment for  six  months,  by  the 
Hnu.se  of  Lords,  because  of  his  freedom 
with  the  speech  of  the  bishop  of  Llau- 
dafp. 

May  30,  Tlie  editor,  printer,  and  pub- 
lisher of  the  London  Courier  are  fined 
and  imprisoned  for  saying  that  the 
Emperor  of  Kussia  is  a  tyrant  among  his 
own  subjects  and  ridiculous  to  the  rest 
of  Europe. 

July  *  The  law  requires  licenses  to  be 
taken  for  presses,  and  that  the  printer's 
name  be  placed  on  both  the  first  and  last 
pages  of  every  book. 

*  *  "William  Smith,  the  father  of  Brit- 
ish genlngy,  after  walking  over  a  large 
part  of  England,  constructs  his  geologi- 
cal map. 

*  *  PizarrOf  by  Sheridan,  appears. 


*  *  Modern  Infidelity,  by  Kobert  Hall,  ap- 
pears.   [1802,  Reflections  on  War.] 

*  *  Scot.  The  Phasures  of  Hope,  by 
Thomas  Campbell,  appears. 

*  *  The  Sandhurst  Royal  Military  Col- 
lege is  founded  at  Wycombe.  [1802,  re- 
moved to  Great  Marlow.] 

SOCIETY. 

1796  *  *  Ihiblin.  The  city  armed  asso- 
ciation is  formed. 

*  *  Joseph  Lancaster,  a  youthful  Quaker, 
begins  to  instruct  the  children  of  the 
poor  [and  becomes  very  successful]. 

1797  Mar.  11.  Ladies  Buckingham, 
I,uttrel,  and  Stuart  are  fined  for  play- 
ing faro,  on  the  testimony  of  two  dis- 
charged servants. 

May  30.  London.  Kosciusko  arrives 
in  the  city. 

*  *  The  window-tax  is  increased. 

*  *  Scot.  The  enforcing  of  the  Militia  Act 
causes  riots  in  many  parts,  several  peo- 
ple being  killed. 

1798  Apr.  3.  H.  C.  Wilberforce'san- 
tislavery  motion  ia  rejected.  Vote,  8^83. 

Apr.  21.  London.  O'Connor,  O'Colgley, 
and  other  members  of  the  Correspond- 
ing Society,  are  tried  for  corresponding 
with  the  French  Directory.  [June  7. 
James  O'Coigley  is  executed.] 

May  22.  A  riot  occurs  at  Maidstone  on 
the  occasion  of  the  trial  of  Arthur  O'Con- 
nor and  others.  [1799.  Apr.  25.  The 
Earl  of  Thanet,  Mr.  Ferguson,  and  others 
are  tried  and  convicted  for  endeavoring 
to  rescue  O'Connor.] 

Nov.*  Ire.  Theobald  "Wolfe  Tone, 
founder  of  the  United  Irishmen,  com- 
mits suicide  in  prison. 

Dec.  17.  London.  TheSmithfieldClub, 
to  promote  improvements  in  the  breed 
of  cattle,  is  established. 

*  *  A  bank  for  the  earnings  of  poor 
children  is  established  at  Tottenham. 

*  *  Ire.  At  a  barn  in  Scullabogiie,  184 
men,  women,  and  children,  chivHy  Pro- 
testants, are  burned,  shot,  or  pierced 
to  death  by  pikes,  by  the  insurgent 
Irish. 

*  *For  giving  the  toast,  "The  majesty 
of  the  people,"  the  names  of  Duke  of 
Norfolk  and  Charles  James  Fox  are 
struck  off  the  list  of  privy  councilors. 

*  *  London.  The  Royal  Masonic  Insti- 
tution for  boys  (Wood  Green)  is 
founded. 

1799  Mar.*  Parliament  rejects  Wilber- 
force's  motion  f(jr  immediate  emanci- 
pation of  slaves.    Vote,  54-84. 

Nov.  30.  Mr.  Adams  wounds  Charles 
James  Fox  in  a  duel. 

*  *  Joseph  Smith  of  Wendover  begins  a 
Benevolent  Association  for  the  saving 
of  money. 

1800  Jan.  10.  London.  The  first 
soup-house  for  the  poor  is  opened  at 
Spitalfields. 

Jan.  15.  Henry  Grattan  wounds  Isaac 
Cory  in  a  duel. 


May  19.  Ihiblin.  Lord  Edward  Fitz- 
gerald, insurgent  leader,  is  arrested. 
[June  4.     Dies  in  prison.] 

June  13.  Ire.  Arthur  Wolfe  [Lord 
Kilwarden]  is  appointed  chief  justice. 
[June  20.  The  Marquis  Comwallis  as 
lord-lieutenant.] 

*  *  Ire.    A  rebellion  breaks  out. 

*  *  London.  The  river  police  is  estal)- 
lished. 

*  *  Lfyndon.  The  Bank  of  England 
makes  a  voluntary  contribution  to  the 
Government  of  i;200,000. 

July*  Ire.  An  Act  is  passed  granting 
conditional  amnesty  to  rebels  in  Ire- 
land, the  leaders  excepted. 

1799  Jan.  22.  Ire.  Legislative  union 
with  Sreat  Britain  is  recommended  in 
the  speech  from  the  throne  to  the  Irish 
Parliament. 

Jan.  24.  Dublin.  A  proposal  against  le- 
gislative union  witli  Great  Britain,  of- 
fered by  George  Ponsonhy  as  an  amend- 
ment to  theaddress  in  reply  to  the  speech 
from  the  throne,  is  def*^atetl  in  the  Irish 
Commons.  Vote,  10.5-106.  A  second  de- 
bate ends  in  the  carrying  of  an  amend- 
ment against  legislative  union.  Vote, 
111-105. 

Jan.  31.  H.  C.  Pitt  proposes  eight  res- 
olutions forming  the  basis  of  legislative 
union  with  Ireland.  [I'>h.  12.  Carried. 
Vote,  120-16.   Later  carried  in  the  Lords.] 

Jime  22.    Second  Coalition  against 

France  (p.  713). 

1800  Feb.  5.  Dublin.  Lord  Castle- 
reagh,  on  behalf  of  tbe  Government, 
proposes  in  tlie  Irish  House  of  Commons 
the  printing  and  circulation  of  articles 
of  legislative  union  with  Great  Brit- 
ain, with  a  view  to  their  future  adop- 
tion ;  the  motion  is  carried.  Vote,  158- 
115,  Carried  in  the  Irish  House  of  Lords. 
Vote,  75-26. 

Feb.  *  Dublin.  Lord  Castlereagh  and 
Under-Secretary  Cook  employ  bribery 
on  an  extensive  scale  to  secure  votes 
for  the  union ;  votes  are  purchased  by 
money,  and  by  the  promise  of  titles  of 
nobility. 

Feb.  17.  Dublin.  Lord  Castlereagh  pro- 
poses in  the  Irish  House  of  Commons 
the  adoption  of  tlie  legislative  union 
articles  one  by  one.  Vote.  161-115.  [Feb. 
21.  Vote,  152-108.  Mar.  22.  Agreed  to 
in  tbe  Irish  Commons.  Mar.  27.  Agreed 
to  in  the  Irish  Lords.] 

The  articles  provide  tliat  on  and  after  Jan. 
1,  1801,  the  two  countries  shall  be  united 
under  tiie  name  I'nited  Kingdom  of  Great 
Ilritain  and  Ireland,  that  they  sliall  be  rep- 
resented in  one  legislature  to  be  styled  the 
I'arlianient  of  the  I'nited  Kingdom  of  Great 
Britain  and  Irelan<l,  that  in  the  united  par- 
liament Ireland  shall  be  represented  by  four 
spiritiiral  and  28  temporal  peers,  and  iOO 
commoners,  and  that  the  churches  of  Eng- 
land and  Ireland  shall  he  united  as  the  es- 
tablished Church  of  England  and  Ireland; 
the  articles  also  provide  for  the  financial 
and  commercial  relations  to  exist  between 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 


STATE. 

1797  Feb.  27.  The  Bank  of  England 
8U8i)ends  cash  payments. 

Feb.*  Trinidad  is  acquired  by  capitu- 
lation.   [1802.    Continued.] 

*  *  Parliament :  Watches  and  clocks  are 
taxed.    [1798.    Repealed.] 

1798*  ♦The  land-tax  is  fixed  perma- 
nently at  four  shillings  in  the  pound. 

Apr.  20.  The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  is 
suspended  because  of  the  prospect  of 
rebellion  in  Ireland. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1797  Feb.  27.  London.  Tbe  Bank  of 
Englanil  suspends  specie  payments. 

[It  partly  resun\es  20  j'cars  later.] 

♦  *  Edinburgh.  Bridewell,  Calton  Hill. 
is  erected. 

1799  Jan.  1.  The  Athenaeum,  Liver- 
pool, is  opened. 

Jan.  20.    The  London  docks  are  opened. 

July  7.  The  Keunet  and  Avon  canal  is 
opened. 

1800  Jan.  14.  The  transport  Queen  is 
wrecked  on  Trefusis  Point ;  369  persons 
are  drowned. 

Jan.  17.  The  Church  of  St.  Mary,  Chelms- 
ford, built  in  1428,  falls. 


930     1800,  Max.  11-1803,  *  *       GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1800  Mar.  17.  The  flagship  Queen 
Charlotte,  110  guns,  takes  Are  in  the 
Mediterranean  off  Leghorn ;  700  out  of 
a  crew  of  850  perish. 

Jxily  29.  The  French  brig  Cerbere  is  cajt- 
tured  in  L'Orient. 

*  *  *  The  sloop-of-warBrasen  is  wrecked 
off  Newbaven  ;  only  one  man  survives. 

1801  Mar.  12.  Ailm.  H  yUe  Parker 
leaves  for  the  Baltic  with  a  fleet  of  13 
sail  of  the  line.  t^P^-  '•  'S'W'c.  He  and 
Adm.  Nelson,  in  defiance  of  strong  for- 
tresses, effect  the  passage  of  the  sound 
separating  Zealand  from  Sweden,] 

Mar.  16.  The  Invincible^  Capt.  Rennie, 
is  lost  near  Yarmouth ;  only  126  men 
are  saved. 

Mar.  21.  Egy.  Battle  of  Alexandria 
(p.  714). 

Apr.  2,  Den.  Adms.  Nelson  and  Parker 
bombard  Copenbagen  (p.  6158). 

July  6.  The  war-ship  Hannibal  is  lost 
in  an  engagement  in  Gibraltar  Bay  l)e- 
tween  the  English  and  French  fleets. 

July  12.  S]}.  The  British  under  Sir 
James  Saumarez  defeat  the  French 
and  Spanish  fleet  off  Cadiz ;  allies*  loss, 
3,000  men  and  three  ships. 

Dec.  *  Ire.  Men  of  the  naval  squadron 
under  Adm.  Mitchell,  in  Bantry  Bay, 
mutiny  [17  of  the  mutineers  are  con- 
demned and  executed]. 

1802  Mar.  27.    Fr.   Peace  of  Amiens 

(p.  715). 

1803  May  18.  "War  begins  with  Bona- 
parte {p.  714). 

May  20.  Adm.  Nelson  is  appointed  to 
the  chief  command  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean. 

Jtily  23.  Ire.  An  insurrection  breaks 
out  under  Robert  Emmet ;  Lord  Justice 
Kilwarden  is  killed. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1800  Mar.  11.  Lotidon.  The  Boyal 
Institution  for  the  promotion  of  the 
fine  arts  holds  its  first  meeting. 

Nov.  8.  A  storm  does  much  damage  in 
London  and  throughout  all  England. 

*  ♦  A  British  Mineralogical  Society  is 
established. 

*  •  Herschel  discovers  dark  heat-rays. 

*  ♦  The  Stanhope  printing-press  is  in- 
vented. 

*  *  The  manufacture  of  shear-steel  be- 
gins in  Shefiield. 

*  *  Humphry  Davy  produces  electric 
light  with  carbon  points.  He  also  dis- 
courses on  laughing-gas. 

*  *  Water  is  decomposed  into  oxygen 
and  hydrogen  gases  by  the  voltaic  bat- 
tery by  Henry  Alleyne  Nicholson  and 
Sir  Anthony  Carlisle. 

*  *  The  Rumford  medal  is  awarded  to 
Count  Bumford  himself  by  the  Royal 
Society. 

*  *  London.  The  Boyal  Institut  on 
Iiaboratory,  the  first  of  importance  in 
London,  is  established.  [Davy,  Fara- 
day, Tyndall,  and  Franklin  make  dis- 
coveries here.] 

1801  *  *  A  first  experimental  steamboat 
is  tried  on  the  Thames  by  Mr.  Syming- 
ton.    [1802.    Successfully  repeated.] 

July  24.  An  iron  tramroad,  to  be 
worked  by  horses,  is  completed  from 
Croydon  to  Wandsworth. 


*  *  Thomas  Young,  by  experiments,  con- 
firms the  undulatory  theory  of  light. 

*  *  Hamlet  with  Yorick's  Skull  is  painted 
by  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence. 

*  *  Thomas  Young  discourses  on  the  in- 
terference of  light. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Glasgow  Philosophical  So- 
ciety is  founded. 

1802  Jan.  19,  Lond(m.  The  Royal 
Jennerian  Institution  is  founded  for 

vaccination. 
June  2.    Parliament  grants  Dr.  Jenner 
£10,000,  as  the  introducer  of  vaccina- 
tion.    [1307.    An  additional  £20,000.] 

June  26.  The  Iiondon  docks  are  com- 
menced.    [1805.    Jan.  20.    Opened.] 

Aug.  27.  London.  The  West  India 
docks  are  opened. 

*  *  London.  A  telescope  is  made  for  the 
observatory  of  Madrid  ;  cost,  £11,000. 

*  *  Dr.  William  Hyde  AVollaston  observes 
dark  lines  (Fraiinhofer'a  lines)  in  the 
solar  spectrum. 

Bee.  2,  3.  Dublin.  The  Liffey  valley  is 
inundated,  causing  great  damage. 

*  *  Photographs  are  first  produced  in 
England  by  Thomas  Wedgwood  and  Mr. 
Davy, 

*  ♦  London.  Westminster  Hall  is  thor- 
oughly repaired. 

*  *  A  patent  is  granted  to  Trevethick  and 
A'ivian  for  a  high-pressure  locomotive 
engine. 

±  *  *  A  planlng-machine  for  wood  is 
constructed  by  Bramah. 

*  *  Thomas,  Earl  of  Elgin,  begins  the  col- 
lection of  the  Slgin  Marblesduring  his 
mission  to  the  Ottoman  Porte. 

1803*  *  London.  A  copper-plate  en- 
graving-machine is  invented  by  Turrel. 

*  *  Scot.  Woodmason,  Payne,  and  Brown 
improve  the  ruling-macnine. 

Dec.  1.  London.  Master  William  Henry 
West  Betty,  12  years  of  age  (Itoscius  In- 
fant) appears  at  Covent  Garden  as 
Selim  in  Barbarossa. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1800    Oct.  25.    Macaulay,  Lord  Thomas 

Babingrton,  essayist,  liistorlaii,  states.,  h. 

Arnold,  ThomaB  K. ,  scholar,  editor  classical 
text-books,  born. 

Baines,  Edward,  politician,  born. 

Barnes,  William,  cl.,  poet,  philol.,  born. 

Harrington,  Daines,  jurist,  naturalist,  anti- 
quarv,  A73. 

Bell,  R"obert,.)onmalist,  niiscellaneous  writer, 
born  in  Jrelatid. 

Bray,  Mrs.  (Anna  ICliza  Keinpe),  novelist, 
misc.  writer,  born. 

Cattermole,  (ieorge,  painter,  horn. 

Chambers,  William,  editor,  miscellaneous 
writer,  Scot.,  born. 

Clarendon,  Earl  of,  (Jeorge  W.  F..  VlUiers,  b. 

Codrington,  Sir  William  John,  general,  b. 

Cowper.  William,  poet,  AGS*. 

Cruiksliank,  William,  anatomist,  Scot.,  A55. 

Denison,  .lolni  Evelyn,  statesman,  boru. 

Digby,  Kenelm  Henry,  mis.  writer,  born. 

Doo,  George  Thomas,  historical  engr.,  born. 

Egerton,  Francis  Leveson  Gower,  Earl  of 
EUesmere,  statesman,  born. 

Gowan,  O.  B.,  editor,  fdr.  of  Orange  lodges, 
Ireland,  born. 

Gray,  John  Edward,  natnralist,  born. 

Hall,  Samuel  Carter,  critic,  author.  Ire.,  b. 

Jones,  William,  Hutchinsonian  el.,  an.,  AT4. 

Long,  George,  classical  sehol.,  hist.,  author,  b. 

Marsh,  Anne,  novelist,  born.  *: 

Mechi,  John  Joseph,  rural  economist,  born. 

31ontagu,  Elizabeth,  mis.  writer,  A80. 

Phillips,  John,  geologist,  born. 

Pu»«y,  Edward  Bouverie.  ch,  author,  b. 

Kamsden,  Jesse,  optician,  inventor,  A65. 

Boss,  Sir  James  ('lark,  adm.,  arc.  navig.,  b. 

Rosse,  Earl  of,  William  I'arsons,  astr.,  born. 

Sinclair,  Catherine,  writer,  Scotland,  born. 

Steevens,  George,  Sbaksjiearean  commenta- 
tor, author,  A64. 

Talljot,  Wm.  Henry  Fox,  discoverer  of  pho- 
tography, bom. 


Taylor,  Sir  Henry,  poet,  dramatist,  born. 

Webster,  Thomas,  painter,  born. 

Willis,  Robert,  physicist,  mechanician,  born. 

Young,  Matthew,  clergyman,  physicist,  A50. 
180X     Feb.  SI.    Newman,   John    Henry. 
cardinal,  theological  writer,  born. 

Al>ercromby,  Sir  Ralph,  gen.,  A67. 

Airy,  (ieorge  Hi<idel,  astronomer,  horn. 

Blair.  Hugh,  cl.,  rhetorician,  Scotland,  A83. 

Chadwick,  Edwin,  social  economist,  born. 

Clioules,  John  Overton,  cl.,  Baptist  an.,  b. 

Cbapone,  Hester,  miscellaneons  writer,  Ai4. 

Clive,  CaroUne,  novelist,  born. 

Inman,  Henry,  portrait,  landscaiie  painter,  b. 

James,  George  I'ayne  Rainsfortl,  novelist,  b. 

Millar,  John,  jurist,  Scotland,  A6f). 

JIadden,  Sir  Frederick,  antiquarian  au.,  b. 

Ornie,  Robert,  historian,  A73. 

Saint  John,  James  Aiignstus,  born. 

Shaftesbnry,     Earl     of,     Anthony     Ashley 
Cooper,  philanthropist,  born. 

Wakefield,  Gilbert,  sch61.,  tbeolog.,  pol.,  A45. 
1803  *  *  Arnold,  Samuel,  mns.  comp.,  A62. 

Bentinck,   Lord,  William  George   Frederick 
Cavendish,  statesman,  born. 

Barre,  Col.  Isaac,  officer,  A76. 

Bnckstone,  John  B.  actor,  author,  born. 

Carlisle,  Earl  of,  Geo.  Wm.,  statesman,  bonu 

Cautley,  Sir  I'roby  T.,  engineer,  born. 

Chambers,  Robert,  pul)lisher,  Scotland.,  b. 

Chitty,  Thomas,  legal  writer,  born. 

Cockbxu-n,  Sir  Alexander  J.  £.,  jurist,  b. 

Derniody,  Thomas,  poet,  Ireland,  A27. 

(iarbett,  James,  theologian,  born. 

Gediles,  Alexander,  R.  C.  theologian,  BiblicaJ  i 
critic,  author,  Scotland,  A6.^. 

Graves,  Lord,  Thomas,  admiral,  A77. 

Haghe,  Louis,  painter,  Uthograpber,  born. 

Kenyon,  Lord,  Lloyil,  jurist,  statesman,  A68lr 

Kiss,  C,  sculptor,  born. 

Lance,  George,  painter,  born. 

I^ndon,  Letitia  Elizabeth  [Mrs.  George  Mae- 
lean],  poet,  novelist,  born. 

Landseer,  Sir  Edwin,  painter  of  animals,  b. 

Lane,  Edward  William,  orientalist,  born. 

Lister,  Tlioinas  Henry,  novelist,  author,  b. 

Martineau.  Harriet,  author,  born. 

Miller,  Hugh,  geologist,  Scotland,  Irom. 

Moore,  John,  physician,  Scotland,  A73. 

Moseley,  Henry,  scientific  writer,  born. 

Braed,  Winthrop  Mackworth,  poet,  bom. 

Roebuck,  John  Arthur,  statesman,  bom. 

Ronmey,  George,  painter,  A68. 

Strutt,  Joseph,  antiqnary,  engraver,  A60. 

Wiseman,  Nicholas  Patxick  Stephen,  car- 
dinal, author,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1800  *  *  It.    Pius  Vn.  is  elected  pope. 

*  *  The  Church  of  England  is  united  i 
with  that  of  Ireland  by  the  Act  of  j 
Union. 

1801*  *The  Clergy  Incapacitation  ; 

Act  is  passed.  Clergymen  are  prohib-  , 
Ited  from  becoming  members  of  Parlia-  ] 
meut. 

1802  f  *  *  Bishops  elected : 

1802,  George  I.  Hnnlingford  for  Glonees-  ' 
ter  and  Bristol.  [1^15.  June  *  Trans-J 
lated  to  Hereford.]  1803,  John  Fisher  fori 
Exeter.  [1807.  Translated  to  Salisbury.}  J 
1807,  George  Pelbam  for  Exeter.  [1820. 
Sept.*  Translated  to  Lincoln.]  1808,  Fol- ] 
liott  H.  Cornwall  for  Worcester;  1813,  John  J 
Parsons  for  i*eterborough. 

*  *  The  Sunday-schoolUnion is  formed,  j 

*  *  London.  A  Bible  Society  for  Wales-] 
is  formed. 

LETTERS. 

1800  *  *  Downing  College,  Cambridge,  | 

is  chartered. 
**  London.    The  Post- O^ce  Directory  Gnt  \ 
appears. 

*  *  Castle  7?acjtre»l^  by  Maria  Edgeworth, 
appears.  [1801,  Belinda  and  Moral  Tales; 
1804,  Popular  Tales:  180G, Leon ora ;  1809- 
12,  Tales  of  a  Fashionable  lAfe.'] 

*  *  Lond<m.  The  library  of  the  East  In- 
dia Company  is  founded. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Edinburgh  Farmer's  Maga^  ', 
zine  is  issued. 

1801  London.  The  Weekly  Dispatch  is 
issued. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Dundee  Advertiser  is  Is-  , 
sued. 


AND   IRELAND. 


1800,  Mar.  11-1803,* 


931 


*  •  Tkalaba,  by  Southey,  appears.  [1805, 
Madoc ;  1810,  Curse  of  Kehama  ajid  His- 
tory of  lirazil.] 

1802  Oct.  10.  Edinburgh.  The  Ed- 
inburgh Jieview  is  tirst  issued. 

*  *  Tlie  Lyceum,  Liverpool,  is  erected. 

*  *  /'orrupiuc's  tVorks,  by  William  Cob- 
belt,  appears. 

*  *  John  H  o  y  d  e  1 1  *  8  edition  of  Shake- 
speare's H'orks,  with  numerous  plates, 
is  published  in  nine  volumes  folio. 

*  *  Luke  Howard's  work  on  the  Clouds 
appears. 

1802-19  Abraham  Kees's  Cycloptedia  ap- 
penrs. 

1802-28  E:isays,  by  Sydney  Smith,  ap- 
pears.   [1807,  Peter  Plymley's  Letters.] 

1802-67  London.  The  Christian  Ob- 
server is  issued. 

1803  *  *  Edinburgh.  The  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons  is  incorporated. 

'  *  Limdon.     The  Globe  is  issued. 

'  *  PoemSf  by  Henry  Kirke  White,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Thaddeus  of  War  saw, hyJsLnes^ortQr^ 
appears.    [1810,  The  Scottish  Chiefs.} 


SOCIETY. 

1800  May  16.  London.  An  unsuccessful 
attempt  is  made  to  assassinate  George 
IIL  during  a  review  in  Hyde  Park ;  a 
spectator  is  wounded  by  the  shot.  Hat- 
field, the  lunatic,  makes  another  attempt 
with  a  pistol  in  Drury  Lane  Theater  in 
the  evening. 

*  *  Wni.  Spence,  a  Yorkshire  schoolmas- 
ter, is  prosecuted  for  advocating  a 
redivision  of  all  the  lands  of  the 
country. 

♦  *  Daily  wages  of  harvest  men  are  two 
shillings. 

•  ♦  Titles  created  : 

Earls  Kinmare,Ca8tte-$tnart,  Bandon,and 
I>onoiij?limore,MarqniBe8of  Sligo,  Headfort, 
and  Ely,  Viscoimts  of  Monck  and  Avonmore, 
Barons  De  Blatiuire,  Wallacourt,  and  Clan- 
morris,  Henniker,  (iardner,  Dufferin,  Ven- 
try,  Itadstock,  Langford,  Ashtown,  Dunalley, 
an^l  Clarina.  [1801,  Earl  of  Caledon :  1803, 
Earl  of  Limerick, and  Earl  Clancarthy;  1806, 
Earls  Xormanton,  (losford,  Kosse,  Viscount 
of  Lisinore  and  of  Terapleton,  and  Baron 
Ilendlesheni.] 

♦  •  Titles  created  : 

Earl  of  Malmsbury,  Duke  of  Cadogan. 
[1801,  Dukesof  Chichester  and  Craven,  Mar- 
quis of  Exeter,  Earls  of  Onslow,  Romney, 
and  Wilton,  ViH<!ount  of  .St.  Vincent,  and 
Barons  CraBSford,  Abercrombie,  and  Loftus; 
180'2,Viscountof  Melville, and  Baron  Sandys; 
1804,  Earl  of  Towls;  1805,  Earl  of  Nelson,  and 
Viscount  of  SUliiiontb;  1K06,  Barons  Mont- 
eagle,  Granard,  Erskine,  and  (iardner,  and 
Earls  of  Orfurd.  .Manvers.  and  Grey;  1807, 
Earl  of  I>oii8dal*%  aTid  Barons  Manners,  Mor- 
ris, and  Hojicloun;  I80H,  Earl  of  Harrowby.] 

H801  Jan.  31.  London.  The  sale  of 
fine  wheaten  bread  is  prohibited,  and 
brown  bread  substituted. 

•  *  Scot.  Robert  Owen  unsuccessfully  at- 
temi>ts  to  establish  socialism. 

•  *  The  Society  for  the  Suppression  of 
Vice  is  established. 

*  *  Tlie  Bank  of  England  loses  by  Aslett'a 
frauds  £342,697. 

1801-04  London.  A  charitable  bank 
for  the  savings  of  servants  and  laborers 
is  instituted  at  Tottenham  by  Miss  Per- 
ctila  Wakefield. 


STATE. 

1800  Apr.  21.  H.  C.  Pitt  proposes 
a  measure  providing  for  legislative 
.union  with  Ireland. 


May  21.  Dublin.  The  articles  of 
union  in  tlie  form  of  a  bill  are  proposed 
in  the  Irish  House  ot  Commons  by  Lord 
Castlereagh ;  the  bill  is  read  a  first 
time.    Vote,  160-100. 

[May  25.  Read  a  second  time.  June 
7.  A  third  time  and  passed,  dune  13. 
The  Union  Bill  is  read  a  third  time  and 
passed  in  the  Irish  House  of  Lords.] 

Jvme  24.  H.  C.  The  Irish  legislative 
Union  Bill  is  passed.  [dune30.  Passed 
in  the  House  of  Lords.  July  2.  Receives 
the  royal  assent,  and  becomes  the  Act 
of  Union.] 

July  12.  Parliament:  The  brutalities 
of  Governor  Aris  in  Coldbath  Fields 
prison  are  exposed. 

July  28.  Parliament:  The Thellusson 
Act  is  passed. 

It  prohibits  bequeathing  property  for 
purposes  of  accumulation  for  longer 
than  21  years  after  death,  any  other 
direction  to  be  void. 

Aug.  2.  Duhlin.  The  Irish  Parlia- 
ment meets  for  the  last  time. 

Dec.  16.  Russia,  Denmark,  and  Swetlen 
conclude  a  treaty  of  armed  neutrality 
in  respect  to  the  war  between  England 
and  France. 

Dec*  Great  Britain  remonstrates 
against  the  armed  neutrality ;  Russia 
replies  by  laying  an  embargo  on  British 
ships  in  Russian  ports. 

*  *  London.  SirWilliamStainesiselected 
lord  mayor.    [1801.    Sir  John  Earner.] 

*  *  Malta  is  acquired  by  conquest.  [1814. 
Annexed,] 

1801  Jan.  1.  Tlie  cross  of  St.  Patrick 
is  amalgamated  with  the  Union  Jack, 
forming  the  flag  of  the  United  Kingdom. 
A  new  imperial  standard  with  the 
Irish  harp  is  first  displayed  on  the  Tower 
of  London  and  on  Bedford  Tower,  Dub- 
lin Castle. 

Jan.  14.  The  Government  issues  a  proc- 
lamation authorizing  reprisals,  and  lay- 
ing an  embargo,  on  Russian,  Swedish, 
and  Danish  vessels. 

Feb.  1.  Pitt  writes  to  the  king  urging 
the  expediency  of  repealing  the  laws 
excluding  Catholics  from  Parliament, 
and  Catholics  and  Dissenters  from  pub- 
lic office.  (Feb.  2.  The  king  informs 
Pitt  of  his  refusal,  believing  that  It  would 
be  a  breach  of  his  coronation  oath.  Feb. 
3.    Pitt  resigns.] 

Feb.  2.  The  first  Parliament  of  the 
United  Kingdont  of  Great  Britain  and 

Ireland  meets. 

Feb.  15.  H.  C.  Sir  John  Mitford 
[Baroii  Redesdale]  is  elected  Speaker. 

Mar.  17.  Henry  Addington  becomes 
prime  minister  and  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer.  [The  new  Ministry  in- 
cludes Lords  Hawkesbury,  Hobart,  and 
John  Scott,  Lord  Eldon,  the  last  being 
lord  high  (Chancellor,] 

Mar.  24.  The  armed  neutrality  against 
England  is  dissolved  by  the  death  of 
Paul  L,  Emperor  of  Russia. 

Apr.  19.    The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  is 

again  suspended. 
May  25.    Ire.    The  Earl  of  Hardwicke 

is  appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

June  17.  Rus.  A  treaty  is  Cfjneluded 
at  St.  Petersburg  between  England  and 
Russia ;  it  terminates  the  armed  neu- 
trality. 


Oct.  1.  London.  Preliminary  articles 
ofpeace  between  Great  Britain,  France, 

Spain,  and  Holland  are  signed. 

1802  Feb.  10.    H.  C.    Charles  Abbot 

[Lord  Colchester]  is  chosen  Speaker. 

Feb.  15.    Ire.    Baron  Kedesdale  is  ap- 
pointed lord  chancellor. 
Mar.  27.    The  Peace  of  Amiens  (p.  715). 

Apr.  12.  Sir  Edward  Law  [Lord  Ellen- 
borough]  is  appointed  chief  justice. 

May  *  Napoleon  makes  insolent  de- 
mands. 

He  calls  upon  the  British  Government 
to  stop  publications  offensive  to  him, 
and  to  banish  from  England  French  emi- 
grants in  sympathy  with  the  Royalist 
cause  in  France. 

Nov.  *  Parhament  meets.  [1806.  Oct. 
24.    Dissolved.] 

*  *  George  111.  discontinues  to  use  the 
title  King  of  France. 

*  *  Parhament :  A  General  Militia  Act 
for  Great  Britain  is  passed. 

*  *  London.  Charles  Price  is  elected  lord 
mayor.  [1803.  John  Perring.  1804.  Apr. 
6.    Peter   Perchard.     1805.     Sir   James 

Shaw.] 

1803  Mar.  13.  Napoleon  insults 
Ijord  "Whitworth,  the  English  ambas- 
sador. 

He  tells  him  that  he  has  an  army  of 
40,000  with  which  he  will  attack  England, 
and  that  he  will  sacrifice  army  after 
army  till  he  succeeds. 

May  18.  "War  is  declared  against 
France  ;  the  refusal  to  surrender  Malta 
is  the  alleged  cause  of  the  war, 

June  *  }V.  f.  St.  Ijucia  is  acquired  by 
capitulation.  [1814.  Confirmed  to  Eng- 
land.] 

July  23.  /re.  An  insurrection  breaks 
out  under  Robert  Emmet. 

Aug.  ♦  Napoleon  makes  extensive  prep- 
arations for  invading  England ;  Eng- 
land is  panic-stricken;  379,943  volun- 
teers are  enrolled. 

Sept.  12.  Ire.  AVilliamDownes[Lord 
Downes]  is  appointed  chief  justice. 

Sept.*  Br.  Guiana.  Berbice  capitulates, 
and  becomes  a  British  colony.  Deme- 
rara  and  Essequibo  are  acquired  by 
capitulation. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  is 
suspended. 

*  *  E.  I.  Much  territory  is  surren- 
dered to  the  English  by  treaty  with  the 
Raja  of  Nagpur. 

*  *  Tasmania  Is  settled,  and  becomes  a 
British  colony. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1800  *  *  The  tmion  news-room,  Liver- 
pool, is  opened. 

*  *  The  first  considerable  railway  is  sanc- 
tioned by  Parliament — the  Surrey  iron 
railway  (by  horses)  from  the  lliames  at 
Wandsworth  to  Croydon.  [1803.  July 
26.    Opened.] 

*  *  A  famine  occurs  from  poor  harvests. 

1802  Sept.  27.  London.  A  fire  in 
Stone  Street,  Tottenham  Court  Road, 
causes  immense  loss. 

*  *  Kaces  at  Goodwood  are  begun  by  the 
Duke  of  Richmond  in  his  park. 

1803  July  9.  London.  The  great  tower 
over  the  choir  of  "Westminster  Abbey  Is 
burned. 

Sept.  1.  London.  Astley'a  Amphithea- 
ter Is  burned. 


932 


1803,**-1807,**. 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


I 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1803  *  *E.I.  The  Mahratta  war. 
(See  India.) 

*  *  The  First  Middlesex  Volunteers  are 

formed  as  tlie   Duke  of  Cumberland's 
sharpshooters. 

1804  Mar.  28.  The  Irish  militia  of- 
fers its  service  in  England. 

Oct.  2.  Nearly  one-half  the  adult  pop- 
ulation of  England  is  formed  into  vol- 
unteer corps  to  resist  the  expected 
invasion  of  Xapoleon. 

Oct.  5.  Four  Spanish  treasure-ships, 
homeward  bound  from  South  America, 
containing  upwards  of  §4,000,000,  are  cap- 
tured by  a  British  squadron  under  Capt. 
Moore. 

1804-05   E.  I.     War  against   Holkar. 

(See  India.) 

1805  Mar.*-Aug.  *  Adm.    Nelson 

pursues  the  French  and  Spanish  fleet. 

July  22.  Sp.  Sir  Robert  Calder,  with 
15  sail,  takes  two  out  of  'JO  ships  of  the 
French  and  Spanish  fleets,  off  Ferrol. 

Oct.  21.  Sp.  Battle  of  Trafalgar  (p. 
716).  [Dec.  4.  Nelson's  ship,  the  Vic- 
tory, arrives  off  Portsmouth  with  his 
body.] 

1806  June  27.  S.Amer,  A  British  fleet 
and  army  under  Sir  Home  Pophara  and 
Gen.  Beresford  capture  Buenos  Ayres. 
[Aug.  12.  Retaken  by  the  Spaniards. 
Oct.  29.  Again  taken  by  the  British. 
1807.    July  7.     British  evacuate.} 

July  10.    E.I.     Mutiny  of  Sepoys. 

(See  India.) 

1807*  *  IV.  F.  The  Dutch  suirender 
Curapoa  to  Sir  Charles  Brisbane.  [1814. 
Restored  to  the  Dutch.] 

Jan.  22.    Sp.    The  Felix,  12  guns,  is  lost 

near  Santander  ;  79  men  perish. 
Feb.  1.    Ind.  Ocean.    The  litenheim,  74 

guns,  and  the  Java,  23  guns,  are  lost 

near  Rodriguez. 
Feb.  14.    The  AJax,  74  guns,  is  burned 

off  the  island  of  Tenedos,  ^Egean  Sea; 

250  men  perish. 

Feb.  19.  Tur.  Adm.  Sir  John  Duck- 
worth forces  the  passage  of  the  Darda- 
nelles on  an  expedition  in  aid  of  Russia 
against  Turkey  and  France. 

Mar.  4.  The  frigate  ff^ancAe  is  wrecked 
on  the  French  coast ;  45  men  perish. 

Mar.  *  Tur.  Adm.  Duckworth  fails  in 
his  attempt  upon  Constantinople ;  he 
repasses  the  Dardanelles  after  losing  300 
men  killed  and  wounded, 

Apr.  4.  A  mutiny  breaks  out  in  the 
British  garrison  at  Malta. 

The  mutineers,  chiefly  Greeks  and  Cor- 
sicans,  blow  themselves  up  by  setting 
fire  to  a  magazine  containing  over  400 
barrels  of  gunpowder. 

July  7-9.    Treaty  of  Tilsit  (p.  717). 
July  26.    War  with  Denmark  (p.  638). 

Nov.  28.     The    man-of-war    Boreas    is 

wrecked  upon  the  Hannois  rock  in  the 

Channel. 
Dec.  29.    The  -war-ship  Anson,  44  guns, 

is  wrecked  in  Mount's  Bay,  Cornwall ; 

60  lives  are  lost. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1803  *  *  Steel  pens  are  invented  by  Mr. 
Wise. 

*  *  A  mammoth's  remains  are  found  at 
Harwich. 

*  *  Devon  and  Exeter  Institution  for  the 
promotion  of  science  is  established  at 
Exeter. 


*  *  Osmium  is  discovered  by  Tennant. 

*  *  The  Philological  Society  is  instituted 
at  Manchester. 

±  *  *  London.  A  large  planetarium  is 
constructed  by  the  Jlev.  Wm.  Pearson 
for  the  Royal  Institution. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  The  College  of  Sur- 
geons is  founded. 

*  *  Palladium  is  liiscovered  in  platinum 
ore  by  Dr.  William  H.  Wollaston. 

*  *  Congreve  military  rockets  are  in- 
vented by  Sir  William  Congreve. 

1804  Jan.  30.  Mungo  Park  starts  on 
iiis  second  voyage  to  Africa. 

Sept.  1.    Juno  is  discovered  by  Harding. 

*  *  London.  The  [Royal]  Horticultural 
Society  is  established.  [1809.  Chartered.] 

*  *  Woolf's  double  cylinder  expansion 
engine  is  constructed. 

*  *  Tendon.  The  atomic  theory  is  an- 
nounced by  John  Dalton  in  a  lecture. 
Each  body  is  composed  of  atoms  of  defi- 
nite size  and  weight.  [1808.  Publishes 
his  views  in  his  New  System  of  Chemical 
Philosophy.] 

*  *  The  invention  of  a  sewing-machine 
is  ascribed  to  John  Duncan ;  also  an 
embroidery  machine. 

*  *  London.  Stereotyping  is  revived  by 
Wilson. 

*  *  Hhodium  is  discovered  in  platinum 
ore  by  Dr.  Wollaston. 

*  *  London.  The  Ophthalmic  Hospital 
Royal,  at  Finsbury,  is  established. 

1804-09    The  docks  at  Bristol  are  built. 

1805  Dec.  26.  The  great  aqueduct  on 
the  Ellesmere  Canal  is  opened;  length, 
1,007  feet;  height,  126  feet. 

*  *  Power-looms  are  successfully  and 
widely  introduced. 

*  *  London.  The  London  Institution 
for  the  diffusion  of  knowledge  is  founded 
by  Sir  Francis  Baring  and  others. 

*  *  London.  The  British  Institution  is 
founded  for  the  encouragement  of  ar- 
tists.    [1806.     June  18.    Opened.] 

*  *  The  Royal  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Society  is  formed.    [1834.     Chartered.] 

*  *  James  "Wyatt  becomes  president  of 
the  Koyal  Academy.  [1806.  Benjamin 
West.] 

1806  Aug.  4.  London.  The  East  In- 
dia docks  are  opened. 

Sept.  18.    London.    Olympic  Theater  is 

opened. 
Nov.  27.    London.   The  Adelphi  Theater. 

formerly  Sans  Pareil,  is  opened. 

*  *  London.  The  Goddess  of  Discord  is 
exhibited  by  Joseph  M.  Turner  at  the 
British  Institute.  He  paints  Garden  of 
ffesperides. 

*  *  Manufactories  are  warmed  by  steam. 

*  *  Davy  studies  electrolysis;  discovers 
sodium  and  potassium. 

*  *  The  Theater  Royal,  Manchester,  is 
built. 

*  *  The  Stanhope  iron  printing-press  is 
in  general  use. 

1806-09  Afr.  Henry  Salt  makes  ex- 
plorations in  Africa. 

1806-10  Scot.  BeU  Kock  lighthouse 
is  erected  for  Frith  of  Tay  ;  height,  115 
feet. 

1807  Apr.*  The  Rev.  Mr.  Forsythe  pat- 
ents the  percussion  method  of  igniting 
gunpowder  in  muskets. 

Oct.  6.  London.  Sir  Humphry  Davy 
separates  potassium,  sodium,  etc.,  by 
the  galvanic  current. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1803  *  *  Astle,  Thomas,  antiquary,  A68. 
Barry,  Martui,  pliysiologist,  bom. 
Ueattie,  James,  poet,  Scotland,  A68. 
Heddoes,  Thomas  I-ovell,  poet,  born. 
Blanchard,  Laman,  journalist,  bom. 


Borrow,  George,  traveler,  bom. 

Brooke,  Sir  .lames,  Uaja  of  Sarawak,  t>om. 

Bulwer  Lytton.  Kdwanl  (leorge  Earle  Lyt- 
ton,  poet,  novelist,  statesman,  born. 

Coleridge,  Sarah,  author,  born. 

Coojier,  Thomas  S.,  painter,  born. 

Costello,  l>uciley,  journalist,  author,  born. 

Cullen,  Paul,  canlinal,  ardih.  of  DubUn,  b, 

Emmet,  Uobert,  Inited  Irishman.  A25. 

Grant,  Sir  Francis,  artist,  Scotland,  bom. 

Griffln,  Gerald,  novelist,  Ireland,  bom. 

Guthrie.  Thomas,  cl.,  pliilan.,  Scotland,  b. 

liamilton,  sir  William.,  antiquary,  states- 
man, Scotland,  A13. 

Home,  Kii'hard  Henglst,  traveler,  author,  b. 

James,  Sir  Henry,  engineer,  mventor  of  pho- 
tozinoogriijihy,  born. 

Jerrold,  Douglas  ■Wm.,hiunorist,  novelist^b. 

Liversegge,  Henry,  painter,  born. 

Lubbock,  Sir  John  William,  math.,  au.,  b. 

Miller,  Wm.  H.,  physicist,  mineralogist,  b. 

Outraui,  Sir  James,  general,  horn. 

O'lirien,  William  Smith,  patriot,  Ireland,  b. 

I'axton,  Sir  Joseph,  anth.,  horticulturist,  b. 

Kitson,  Joseph,  antiquary,  A.^I. 

Hose,  Hugli  Henry,  Lord  Stratlmairn,  gen.,  b. 

Salt,  Sir  Tittis,  manufacturer,  horn. 

Stephenson,  liohert,  engineer,  born. 

Swain,  Cliarles,  poet,  bom. 

Thonis,  William  John,  antiquary,  Imm. 

Whitworth,  Sir  Joseph,  mechanician,  l»om. 

Winterhalter,  Franz  Xavier,  court  painter,  b. 

1804  ♦  *  Alloui,  Thomas,  painter,  horn. 
Boydell,  Jolin,  engr.,  lord  mayor  of  L.,  A8.^. 
Boucher,  Jonathan,  i)ol.  writer,  phil.,  A66. 
Brj'ant,  Joseph,  author,  A89. 

Bulwer,  Sir  Henry  Lylton  Earle,  statesman, 

diplomat,  horn. 
Carlyle,  .losepli  Daore,  orientalist,  A45. 
Cobden,  Richard,  statesman,  horn. 
Duncan,  Viscount  Adam,  aduiirai,  A73. 
Gould,  John,  naturalist,  liorn. 
HeiTey,  Thomas  Kibble,  born. 
Howitt,  Mary  Botham,  mis.  writer,  bom. 
Johnston,  Alex.  Keith,  geograjther,  Scot.,  b. 
Ker,  John,  bibliographer,  A64. 
Kitto,  John,  Biblical  sdiolar,  author,  bora. 
Lander,  KichanI,  African  traveler,  born. 
Lough,  John  (irahani.  sculptor,  born. 
Michel,  Sir  John,  general,  born. 
Owen,  Sir  Richard,  anatomist,  zoologist,  b. 
Priestley,  Joseph,  philosopher,  A71. 
Salter,  William,  painter,  liorn. 
Scliombiirgk,  Sir  Hobert  Hermann,  German- 

Englisli,  traveler,  born. 
Tennant,  Sir  James  Emerson,  states.,  hist.,  b. 

1805  Dec.  34.      Beaconsfleld,    Earl    of, 
Benjamin  Disraeli,  statesman,  born. 

Ainsworth,  William  Harrison,  novelist,  bora. 

Banks,  Thomas,  sculptor,  A70. 

Burnes,  Sir  Alex.,  traveler,  dii)l.,  .Scot.,  bora. 

Bnchan,  William,  pliys.,  author,  .Scot.,  ,476. 

Cornwallis,  second  Sari  and  first  Mar- 
quis of,  Charles,  general,  statesman,  A67. 

Currie,  .lames,  phys.,  editor,  au.,  Scot.,  A49. 

Fitzroy,  Holiert,  vice-a<im.,  meteorologist,  b. 

(Jraiiani,  Thomas,  chemist,  horn. 

Hamilton,  Str  William  Rowan,  mathema- 
tician, j)hiIosopher,  Ireland,  born. 

Kean.  Ellen  Tree,  actor,  horn. 

Landsilowne,  first  Marquis  of,  William  Petty 
Fitzmaurice,  statesman,  Irelantl,  AGS. 

Lewis,  John  Frederick,  painter,  born. 

Mahony, Francis  (Father  i'rout),  clergyman, 
author,  Ireland,  horn. 

Marlineau,  .lames,  Unit,  cl.,  author,  horn. 

Merivale,  Herman,  author,  born. 

Murphy,  Artliur,  dramatist,  au..  Ire.,  A78. 

Nelson,  Viscount  Horatio,  admiral,  A47. 

Kewman,  Francis  William,  author,  born. 

Paley,  William,  clergyman,  theological 
writer,  p!tilosoi>her,  A(j2.  ■ 

Stanhope,  Karl  of,  Philip  Henry,  LordMahon, 
liistorian,  stalesmau,  born, 

Wllberforce,  Samuel,  hisliop  of  Oxford  and 
Wincliester,  philan..  statesman,  orator,  b. 

1806  May  20.    Mill,  John  Stuart,  politi- 
cal economist,  logician,  plulosopher,  bora. 

Alcock,  John,  musical  cnmp.,  A91. 
Barry,  James,  painter,  Ireland.  AiHy. 
Brunei,  Isambard  K.,  engineer,  born. 
Buller,  Charles,  statesman,  horn. 
Carter,  Elizahetli,  scholar,  jioet.  Ire.,  A89. 
De  Morgan,  Augustus,  mathematician,  l)orn. 
Duff,  Alexander,  missionary,  Scot.,  horn. 
Dyce,  William,  historical  painter,  Scot.,  b. 
Fox.  Charles  James,  orator,  states.,  A57. 
Gauntlett,  Henry  John.  comi>oser,  born. 
Grant,  .lames,  journalist,  novelist.  I)orn. 
Harvey,  .Sir  (Jeorge,  painter,  Scutlan<i,  born. 
Lawrence,  Henry  .Montgomery,  general,  b. 
Lever,  Charles  James,  novelist,  Ireland,  b. 
Ive\vis,  Sir  (Jeorge  Cornewall,  statesman,  b. 
Macartney,  Earl  of,  <ieorge.  dijil.,  Ire.,  A69- 
Pardoe,  .lulia,  novelist,  horn. 
Parker.  .lobii  Henry,  archeologist,  horn. 
Pitt,  W^illiam,  orator,  statesman.  A47. 


I 


AND   IRELAND. 


1803,**- 1807, 


933 


Strickland,  Agnes,  historian,  born. 
Thurlow,  Lord  Edward,  statesman,  A74. 
WiMte,  Henry  Klrke,  poet,  Ai\. 
807  •  *  .valipllel,  .\rthnr,  arch,,  archeol.,  b. 
Doraii,  John,  inlaeellaneous  writer,  born. 
Gil)90ii,  Tlioinas  Milner,  stnlesnian,  born. 
Herl>erl,  Henry  William,  novelist,  born. 
Hilton,  .lolin,  snrgeon,  author,  born. 
Hunt,  Koberf ,  physician,  author,  born. 
Kemlile,  ,lohn  M.,  scholar,  historian,  born. 
Lucas,  John,  painter,  born. 
M't'liire,  Sir  Hobert  J.  Le  Mesurler,  arctic 

explorer,  born. 
Malmesbury,  third  Earl  of,  James  Howard 

Harris,  statesman,  born. 
Manning,  Henry  Edward,  cardinal,  au.,  b. 
Moiit«ouierv,  |{ol)ert,  |>oet,  Scotland,  born. 
Solniiitz,  Leonard,  classical  scliol.,  phllol.,  b. 
Trencii,  KIchard  (:henevi.\,  poet,  philologist, 

tbeoloRlan,  Ireland,  born. 
Trevelvan,  sir  tMiarles  Kdward,  states.,  b. 
Walker,  John,  lexlcograplier,  A7.^. 
Warren,  .Samuel,  legal  writer,  novelist, born. 
York,   Duke  of,   Henry  Uenedict  Stuart, 

grandson  of  James  1 1.,  last  of  the  Stuarts, 

KSi. 

CHURCH. 

1804  Mar.  7.  London.  A  meeting  of 
300  persons  of  all  denominations  leads  to 
the  organization  of  The  British  and 
Foreign  Bible  Society. 

1805  *  'Charles  Manners  Sutton  is 
elected  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

1806  •  *  The  Hibernian  Bible  Society 
is  formed. 


LETTERS. 

1803-08  The  History  of  Cornwall,  by  E. 
Polwhele,  appears. 

1805  •  •  Hertford  College,  Oxford,  Is 
dissolved. 

•  ♦  Principles  of  Human  Action,  by  Wil- 
liam Hazlitt,  appears. 

•  »  Twiss's  Index  to  Shakespeare  appears. 

•  *  Ijondon Institution,  for  theadvance- 
ment  of  literature  and  tlie  diifusion  of 
useful  knowledge,  in  imitation  of  the 
Royal  Institution,  is  founded  by  Sir 
Francis  Haring  and  others. 

»  *  Scot.  The  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel, 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  appears.  [IS08, 
Marmion;  1810,  Lady  of  the  Lake:  1811, 
The  Vision  of  Don  Jtoderick;  1813,  The 
Bride  of  Triermain.] 

1806  *  •  Haileybury  College,  Herts, 
for  preparing  students  for  service  in 
India,  is  founded  by  the  East  India 
Company. 

•  •  The  Portico,  Manchester,  is  erected. 

•  *  Essays,  by  Jolin  Foster,  appears. 
1806-16    History  of  British  India,  by 

James  Mill,  appears. 

1806-37  London.  The  Monthly  Reposi- 
tory is  issued. 

1807*  •  A  subscription  library  is 
founded  at  Kxeter. 

•  *  The  North  Wales  Chronicle  is  issued. 

•  ♦  The  Parish  Retiister,  by  George  Crabbe, 
appears.    [1812,'  Tales  in  Verse.'] 

•  *  Tales  from  Shakespeare,  by  Charles 
Lamb,  appears.  [1808,  Specimens  of  Eur/- 
lish  Dramatic  Poets  Contemporary  tci'th 
Shakespeare.] 

•  *  Scot.  Poems,  by  Kobert  Tannahill, 
appears. 

•  *  Poems,  by  Wordsworth,  appears. 

•  •  Hours  of  Idleness,  by  Lord  Byron,  ap- 
pears. [1809,  English  Bards  and  Scotch 
lieviewers.] 

SOCIETY. 

1805  Jan.  17.  The  Order  of  the  Gar- 
ter is  reconstituted ;  it  is  to  consist  of 
the  sovereign,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  25 
knights  companions,  and  lineal  descen- 
dants of  George  III.  when  elected. 


*  *  A  fever  hospital  is  erected  at  Man- 
chester. 

*  *  London.  A  Refuge  for  the  Destitute 
(criminal  young  females)  is  instituted  at 
Dalston. 

1807  May  5.  Sir  Francis  Burdett  and 
Mr.  Paull  wound  each  other  in  a  duel. 

STATE. 

1803-14  S.  Amer.  Guiana  is  obtained 
by  conquest  and  cession. 

1804  Feb.  12-Apr.  23.  The  king's 
mind  is  again  affected. 

May  10.    Addington  resigns. 

May  15.  Pitt  ag.-iin  becomes  premier, 
but  on  tlie  coiuiition  dictated  by  the 
king  that  he  must  not  support  proposals 
for  Catholic  emancipation,  or  repeal  of 
the  Test  Act.  Lord  Eldon  and  George 
Canning  are  ministers. 

Viscount  Melville  is  made  first  lord 
of  the  admiralty.  [1805,  May  2,  Lord 
Barhani :  I.S06,  Feb.  10,  Charles  Grey ; 
Oct.  23,  Thonijis  Grenville ;  1807,  Apr.  6, 
Lord  Mulgrave  ;  1809,  May  10,  Charles 
Yorke ;  1812,  Mar.  25,  Viscount  Melville,] 

Dec.  12.  Spain  as  an  ally  of  France  de- 
clares war  against  England. 

1805  Apr.  11.  A  treaty  with  Russia 
is  signed,  forming  an  alliance  against 
France. 

July  *  E.  I.  Lord  Cornwallis  is  gov- 
ernor-general. [Oct.  *  Sir  G.  Barlow, 
temporarily.] 

Sept.  8.  A  third  coalition  is  formed 
against  France  by  Great  Britain,  Russia, 
Sweden,  Austria,  and  Naples  (p.  715). 

Oct,  21.  Nelson's  naval  victory  at  Traf- 
algar destroys  Napoleon's  hopes  of  suc- 
cessfully invading  England. 

1806  Jan.  9.  S.  Afr.  The  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  is  taken  from  the  Butch 
by  Sir  Home  Popham. 

Jan.  23.    William  Pitt  dies. 

Feb.  11.  Lord  Grenville  is  appointed 
premier.  [He  forms  a  Ministry  known 
as  "  All  the  Talents ;  "  it  includes  Lord 
Erskine  as  lord  chancellor,  Charles 
James  Fox  as  foreign  secretary,  and 
Sir  Charles  Grey  [Lord  Howiok  and 
Earl  Grey]  as  first  lord  of  tlie  admiralty.] 

Mar.  18.  Ire.  The  Duke  of  Beiiford 
is  appointe<l  lord-lieutenant.  [Mar.  26. 
George  Ponsonby,  lord  high  chancel- 
lor.] 

Mar.  31.  Parliament:  The  an ti sla- 
very question  is  introduced  with  the 
concurrence  of  Lord  Grenville  and  Mr. 
Fox. 

May  29.  A  warrant  is  issued  for  the 
"delicate  investigation"  by  a  com- 
mittee of  the  Privy  Council  into  the 
conduct  of  Caroline,  the  Princess  of 
Wales  [later  queen  of  George  IV.  1807 
and  1813.    Charges  disproved]. 

June  26.  Lord  Melville  is  acquitted 
after  trial  on  impeacliment. 

July  2.  S.  Amer.  Sir  Home  Popham, 
without  authority,  takes  Buenos  Ayres 
from  the  Spanish. 

Oct.  6.  Great  Britain,  Russia,  Prussia, 
and  Saxony  form  the  fourth  coalition 
against  France. 

Nov.  21.  Napoleon  Issues  the  Berlin 
decree  (p.  717). 

Dec.  15.  Parliament  meets.  [1807. 
Apr.  29.    DissolTed.] 


*  *  Sir  Arthur  Wellesley  enters  Parlia- 
ment. 

*  *  Thomas  Erskine  [Lord  Erskine]  is 
appointed  lord  chancellor. 

*  » London.  Sir  William  Leighton  is 
elected  lord  mayor.  [1807,  John  Ainsley  ; 
1808,  Sir  Charles  Fowler ;  1809,  Thomas 
Smith  ;  1810,  Joshua  Jonathan  Smith.] 

1807  Jan.  7.  Orders  in  Covmcil  are 
made  against  the  Berlin  decree  ;  it  de- 
clares France  ami  all  countries  under 
her  control  to  be  in  a  state  of  blockade. 

Mar.  8.  Russia  declares  war  against 
Great  Britain. 

Mar.  25.  A  bill  for  the  abolition  of  the 
slave-trade  receives  the  royal  assent 
after  passing  Parliament. 

Mar.  31.  The  Ministry  refusing  to  give 
apledge  demanded  by  the  king  that  they 
will  "  never  under  any  circumstances 
propose  any  concession  to  the  Catho- 
lics," a  new  administration  is  formed. 
The  Duke  of  Portland  (premier), 
Spencer  Perceval  (Chanc.  Excheq.),  Lord 
Eldon  (L.  Chanc),  Lord  Hawkesbury 
(Home  Sec),  George  Canning  (Foreign 
Sec),  Lord  Castlereagh  (War  and  Col. 
Sec),  the  Duke  of  Richmond  (L.  Lieut. 
Ire.),  and  Sir  Arthur  Wellesley  (Chief 
Sec,  Ire.). 

Apr.  29.  Parliament  proscribes  slavery 
in  the  West  Indies. 

May  *  Ire.  Thomas  Manners  Sutton 
[Lord  Manners]  is  appointed  lord  high 
chancellor. 

Jime  22.  Parliament  meets.  [1812, 
Sept.  24.    Dissolved.) 

July  2.  U.  S.  A.  The  President  orders 
British  ships  to  evacuate  American 
ports  in  consequence  of  the  capture  of 
the  Chesapeake  by  an  English  war-ship. 

July  7-9.  Prus.  The  Peace  of  Tilsit 
(p.  717.) 

July  31.  E.  I.  Lord  Minto  is  ap- 
pointed governor-general. 

Aug.  *  England  demands  from  Denmark 
tlie  surrender  of  her  fleet  (p.  KiO). 
Denmark  refuses.  [Sept.  8.  It  is  sur- 
rendered after  the  bombardment  of 
Copenhagen  for  four  days.] 

Sept.  5.    Ger.    Helgoland  is  taken  from 

Denmark. 
Oct.  «  The  ports  of  Portugal  are  closed 

to  English  shipping  under  a  menacing 

demand  by  Napoleon. 

Dec.  17.  Napoleon  i.'^sues  the  Milan 
decree,  declaring  British  dominions 
blockaded  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1805  Feb.  6.  The  East  Indiaman 
Abernacenny  is  wrecked  on  the  Bill  of 
Portland  ;  300  persons  are  drowned. 

Aug.  12.    London.    The  Surrey  Theater 

is  burned. 
Oct.  25.    The  transport  ^n«t»  founders 

off  Newfoundland;  340  persons  are 

drowned. 
Deo.  2.  The  transport  Aurora  Is  wrecked 

on  the  Goodwin  Sands  ;  300  are  drowned. 

1806  Sept.  21.  The  packet  A'ing  ^VoTf/e, 
from  Parkgate  to  Dublin,  is  lost  on  the 
Hoyle  bank  ;  126  persons  are  drowned. 

1807  Oct.  15.  A  fire  panic,  caused 
by  a  false  alarm,  occurs  in  Sadler's 
Wells ;  18  persons  are  trampled  to 
death. 

Nov.  16.  Part  of  the  Brighton  cliff 
falls. 

Nov.  19.  Ire.  The  Parkgate  packet 
Prince  of  Wales  and  the  transport  Itoch- 
dale  are  wrecked  on  Diinle.iry  Point, 
near  Dublin  ;  300  persons  are  drowned. 


934      1807,**-1812,  Apr.6.         GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1808  Mar.  8.  E.  I.  The  defeated 
French  frigate  I'ie<fmonfaise,  50  guns, 
surrenders  to  the  frigate  St.  Fiorenza 
off  Cape  Coinorin  j  Capt.  Hardinge,  com- 
mander of  the  British,  is  killed. 

1808-14    Period  of  the  Peninsula  "War. 
Spain  and  Great  Britain  unite  against 
France ;  it  is  caused  by  Napoleon's  at- 
tempt to  place  his  brother  Joseph  upon 
the  Spanish  throne. 

Aug.  21.  Port,  Battle  of  Vimeiro  (p. 
716).  The  16,000  British  lose  800  killed 
and  wounded  ;  14,000  French  lose  2,000 
killed  and  woimded,  and  400  taken  pris- 
oners, including  Brennier. 

Sept.  3.  Port.  A  Russian  fleet  of  sev- 
eral sail  is  captured  In  tlie  Tagus  by  the 
English. 

1809  Jan.  2.  Tlie  British  under  Lord 
Cochrane  capture  two  French  ships-of- 
war  and  11  victuallers  bound  for  Barce- 
lona, Spain. 

Jan.  16.    Sp.    Battle  of   Corunna   (p. 

718);  14,000  British  lose  1,000  killed  and 

wounded  ;  French  loss,  3,000  killed  and 

woonded. 
Mar.  25.  Sir  David  Bundas  is  appointed 

commander-in-chief. 
Apr.  2.    Sir  Arthur  Wellesley  [Duke  of 

Wellington]  is  ordered  to  Portugal. 
Apr.  11-29.    W.  Fr.    Lords  Gambler 

and    Cochrane  destroy  14   French 

ships  of  the  line  while  riding  at  anchor 

in  Basque  Roads. 

*  *  W.  Afr.  Senegal  is  taken  hy  the 
British. 

July  27,  28.    Sp.    Battle  of  Talavera 

(p.  718).  The  45,000  French  lose  8,700 
killed  and  wounded ;  British  loss,  6,260 
killed  and  wounded.  [Sept.  4.  Wellesley 
is  thanked  by  Parliament,  and  created 
a  peer,  with  the  titles  Baron  Douro  of 
Wellesley,  and  Viscount  Wellington  of 
Talavera,  and  with  a  pension  of  £2,000.] 

July  28-Dec.  25.  The  [unsuccessful] 
Walcheren  expedition. 

An  expedition  is  sent  under  the  com- 
mand of  the  Earl  of  Chatham  and  Sir 
Richard  Strachan  to  the  Scheldt  Neth- 
erlands, to  make  a  diversion  in  favor  of 
the  allies,  who  are  pressed  in  Austria  by 
Napoleon  ;  it  consists  of  35  ships  of  the 
line  and  200  smaller  vessels,  and  40,000 
troops, 

(Aug.  15.)  Flushing,  Isle  of  Walche- 
ren, is  bombarded  and  captured. 

(Deo.  25.)  The  ravages  of  the  marsh 
fever  force  the  British  to  evacuate  Wal- 
clieren  in  the  face  of  the  enemy,  and  re- 
linquish a  costly  expedition. 

Aug.  23.  E.  I.  A  mutiny  at  Seringa- 
patani  js  quelled. 

Oct.  25.  Sp.  Lord  Collingwood  attacks 
a  French  fleet  off  the  northeast  coast 
of  Spain,  and  drives  on  shore  two  frig- 
ates, which  are  burned  by  their  crews. 

Nov.  1.  Sp.  Lieut.  Tailour  with  a  Brit- 
ish fleet  takes  or  destroys  11  French 
ships  in  the  Bay  of  Rosas. 

Dec.  18.  W.  I.  Two  French  frigrates 
are  taken  and  destroyed  in  Basse-Terre- 
Roads  by  Sir  A.  Cochrane. 

1810  July  17.  Fr.  The  British  ships 
Armide  and  Cadmus  take  or  destroy  17 
vessels  at  the  Isle  of  Rhe. 

Aug.  23.  The  war-ships  Sirius  and  3/a- 
gicienne  are  wrecked  while  advancing 
to  attack  the  French,  off  the  Isle  of 
France. 

Sept.  27.    Sp.   Battle  of  Busaco  (p.  718). 


Oct.  9.  Port.  "Wellington  at  Torres 
Vedras,  near  Lisbon  (p.  718). 

Dec.  22.  Neth.  The  war-vessel  Mino- 
taur is  lost  on  the  Haak  Bank  ;  60  per- 
sons perish. 

1811  Jan.  16.  Capt.  Barrett,  with  the 
merchant  ship  Cumberland ^  defeats 
four  privateers*  and  takes  170  prison- 
ers. 

Feb.  13.  The  war-ship  Pandora  is 
wrecked  off  Jutland;  30  persons  per- 
ish. 

Feb.  22.  The  ships  Cerberus  and  Active 
take  22  vessels  from  Otranto,  Italy. 

Mar.  6.    Sp.    Battle  of  Barrosa. 

Gen.  Graham  [Lord  Lynedoch]  with 
4.000  infantry  and  200  cavalry  defeats 
9.000  French  under  Marshal  Victor ; 
French  loss,  2,000  killed  and  wounded, 
300  prisoners;  British  loss,  1,200  killed 
and  wounded. 

Mar.  13.  Capt.  Wm.  Hoste  with  four 
British  frigates  defeats  a  French  fleet 
in  the  Adriatic  Sea,  off  Lissa ;  French 
loss,  two  ships  taken  and  one  destroyed. 

Mar.  25.  Fr.  The  French  frigate  Ama- 
zon is  destroyed  off  Cape  Barfleur. 

May  1.  Fr.  Capt.  Barrie  bums  two 
French  store-ships  in  Sagone  Bay,  Cor- 
sica. 

May  6.  Sp.  "Wellington  defeats  the 
French  (p.  718) ;  1,500  are  killed  on  both 
sides.    [May  10.    He  captures  Almeida.] 

May  16.  Sp.  Battle  of  Albuera  (p. 
718). 

French  loss,  8,000  killed  and  wounded ; 
allies*  loss,  over  6,000  killed  and  wounded. 

May  20.  Three  British  frigates  under 
Capt.  Sehomberg  engage  three  French 
frigates,  with  troops  on  board,  off  Mada- 
gascar, and  capture  two. 

May  29.    The  Duke  of  York  is  again 

appointed  commander-in-chief. 
Nov.  29.    The  French  frigates  Pauline 
and  Pomone  are  captured  by  the  frig- 
ates Alceste,  Active^  and  Unite. 

Dec.  4.  The  war-frigate  Saldanha  is 
lost  on  the  Irish  coast;  300  persons 
perish. 

Dec.  24.  The  war-ships  St.  George,  De- 
fence, and  Hero  are  wrecked  on  the 
coast  of  Jutland;  Adm.  Reynolds  and 
nearly  2,000  persons  perish. 

1811-12    S.  Afr.    "War  with  the  Kafirs 

(p.  597). 
1812     Jan.  19.     Sp.     "Wellington 

storms  and  captures  Ciudad  Rodrigo. 

Feb.  21.  The  French  ship  7?iroa,  84  guns, 
is  taken  by  the  British  ship  Victorious, 
74  guns, 

Apr.  6.  Sp.  "Wellington  storms  and 
takes  Badajoz ;  British  loss  during  the 
20  days'  siege,  72  officers  and  963  men 
killed,  and  306  officers  and  3,483  men 
wounded. 

ART—  SCIENCE  — NATURE. 

1807  *  *  London.  Gaa  is  introduced  in 
Pall  Mall. 

*  *  London.  The  Geological  Society  is 
organized.     [1826.    Chartered.] 

*  *  Dr.  "WoUaston  invents  a  camera  lu- 
cida. 

*  *  Wm.  Southwell  patents  his  cabinet 
pianos. 

*  *  Sir  George  Cayley  invents  a  hot-air 
engine. 

1808  Feb.  *  A  life-saving  apparatus, 
invented  by  Capt.  Manby,  is  brought 
into  use.    Communication  with  the  dis- 


tressed  vessel    is    eiiected   by    a   rope 
attached  to  a  shot  thrown  from  a  mortar. 

*  *  Magnesium  is  first  obtained  from 
magnesia  by  Sir  Humphry  I>avy. 

1809  *  *  A  zinc-mine  is  discovered  at 
Craven,  Yorkshire. 

Oct.  25.  The  statue  of  George  m.  is 
commenced  at  Liverpool. 

*  *  The  statue  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  ia 
Russell  Square,  is  erected. 

*  *  London.  The  English  Opera  House  i^ 
opened  as  the  Lyceum. 

*  *  The  composition  pedal  in  the  organ 
is  invented  by  Bishop. 

1810  *  *  Apollo  and  Python  is  painted  by 
Turner. 

*  *  Steel  is  cast. 

*  *  Scot.  Sir  John  Leslie  freezes  water 
in  an  air-pump  by  placing  a  vessel  of 
sulphuric  acid  under  it. 

1810-57  The  Liverpool  and  Birkenhead 
docks  are  built.  [1821.  July  19.  Princes* 
dock,  Liverpool,  opened.] 

1811  May  9.  London.  The  firststone- 
of  the  Vauxhall  Bridge  is  laid.  [Cost 
of  the  bridge,  £150,000.  1816.  June  4. 
Opened.] 

Oct.  11.  London.  The  Waterloo 
Bridge  is  commenced  by  John  Rennie. 

Oct.  15.  A  brilliant  comet  is  especially 
conspicuous.  [It  is  visible  all  the- 
autumn.] 

*  *  Hercules  restoring  Alcestis  to  Admetut 
is  executed  by  E.  H.  Baily. 

*  *  Sir  William  Herschel  publishes  th& 
nebular  hypothesis. 

*  *  Scot.  Leslie  and  Melloni  study  heat 
rays. 

*  *  Scot.  Henry  Bell  has  a  steam  pas- 
sage-boat on  the  Clyde. 

*  *  Steam-power  is  used  to  convey  coaU^ 

on  a  railway. 

*  *John  Pond  becomes  astronomer 
royal. 

*  *  The  steam  printing-press  is  invented 
by  Friedrich  Konig,  a  German. 

*  *  John  Burn  patents  a  machine  for 
making  bobbin  lace. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS.  1 

1808  •  •  Anderson,  James,  econ.,  Scot.,  A69. 
Balfe,  Michael  William,  musician,  compoBer,. 

Ireland,  born. 
Balfour,  John  H.,  botanist,  physician,  born. 
Bediloes,  Thomas,  phys.,  chem'ist,  au.,  A48. 
Carleton,  Sir(;uy,maj.-Ren.  in  Am.,  Ire,,  A84.. 
Kalooner,  Hugh,  geologist,  born. 
Ferrier,  James,  metaphysician,  Scot.,  born. 
Franci8,  Sir  Philip,  states.,  au..  Ire.,  A68. 
Cray,  George  Robert,  ornithologist,  born. 
Home,  John,  dram.,  hist.,  poet,  Scot.,  A84. 
Hurd,  Richard,  l>p.  of  Worcester,  au.,  A88. 
Lake,  Viscount  Gerard,  general,  At>4. 
Merivale,  Charles,  historian,  born. 
Nasmyth,  James,  inventor.  l>orn. 
Norton,  Caroline  Klizabeth,  poet,  novelist,  b. 
Person,  Richard,  Creek  scholar,  au.,  A49. 
Rothschild,  Baron  Lionel  Nathan,  l)anker,b. 
Russell,  John,  engineer,  Scotland,  bom. 
Taylor,  Mea<iow8.  novelist,  honi. 
Thorpe,  Benjamin,  philosojiber,  author,  b. 

1809  Feb.   12.    Darwin.  Charles  R..  nat- 
uralist, philanthropist,  autlior,  born. 

Dec.  29.  Gladstone.  William  £wart. 
statesman,  author,  orator,  scholar,  born. 

Aug-.  6.  Tennyson.  Alired,  poet-laure- 
ate, bom. 

Adam,  .\lexander,  grammarian,  geographer, 
antiquary,  Scotland,  A68. 

Bartlett,  William  H.,  artist,  traveler,  au.,  b. 

Bennett,  Sir  James  Risdon,  physician,  born. 

Rentinck,  William  H.  C,  statesman,  A69. 

Blackie,  John  Stuart,  author,  Scotland,  b. 

Boulton,  Matthew,  engineer.  A8I. 

Browning,  Elizabeth  Barrett,  poet,  born. 

Burton,  John  Hill,  historian,  Scotland,  born. 

Clarke,  Mary  Victoria  Cowden,  mis.  wr.,  b. 

Donovan,  John,  arclieologist,  Ireland,  born. 

Kden,  Sir  Fred.  Morton,  statistical  wr.,  A43. 

Elphinston,  James,  poet,  gram.,  Scot.,  A88. 

Forbes.  James  I>avid,  physicist,  Scot.,  born. 

Holcroft,  Thomas,  dramatist,  mis.  writeri  t>. 


I 


AND    IRELAND.  1807,  ** -1812,  Apr.  6.    935 


Lambert,  Daniel,  giant  (739  pountls),  A40. 

Lemon,  Mark,  journalist,  luimorist,  born. 

MacCiillaKli,  James,  philosopher,  Ire.,  born. 

Macken/lo,  Kobcrt  Sheiton,  journalist,  lre.,b. 

Mllnes,  Richard  Monckton,  statesman,  born. 

Moore.  Sir  John,  lieiit.-general,  Scot.,  A48. 

O'Shaughnesay,  .Sir  William  lirooke,  electri- 
cian, Ireland,  born. 

Saiidby,  Paul,  painter,  A84. 

Selwyn,  (leorse  Augustus,  bishop,  author,  b. 

Seward,  Anna,  poet,  AW. 

Todd,  HobtTt  B.,  physiologist,  anatomlBt,  b. 
1810*  •  A'itecket,    Gilbert    Abbott,    comic 
writer,  born. 

Alford,  Henry,  clergyman,  iKjet,  born. 

Amelia,  princess,  dau.  of  lieorge  111.,  A27. 

AiTDBtrongr.  Sir  William  George,  inv.,  b. 

Barlng^.  SirFraacls.  iliuun-ier,  A70. 

Cavendish,  Henry,  chemist,  nat.  phil.,  A79. 

Chandler,  Richard,  archeologmt,  A72. 

ColUngwood,  Lord  Cuthbert,  adni.,  A60. 

Dilke.  Charles  Wentworth,  pol.  eeon.,  b. 

Kox,  Sir  Charles,  civil  engineer,  born. 

Gaskel.  Klizabeth  Cleghorn  Stevenson,  nov- 
elist, born. 

Orossp.  Philip  Henry,  naturalist,  born. 

Herbert,  Lord  Sidney,  statesman,  born. 

Ilinton,  .lames  Howard,  Bapt.  cl.,  au.,  born. 

Kane,  Sir  I{ol>ert,  chemist,  Ireland,  horn. 

I.iawTen'--'e,  Lord,  .John  L.  Si.,  gov.-gen.,  b. 

Miller,  Williatn,  ])oet,  Scotland,  horn. 

Molesworth,  Mir  William,  statesman,  horn. 

Napier.  Baron,  Itobert  Cornelis,  general,  b. 

Poole.  Paul  Falconer,  painter,  born. 

Rawlinson,  Sir  Henry  C,  orientalist,  dip- 
lomatist, liorn. 

TannahiM.  Hohert,  poet,  Scotland.  A36. 

Trollope,  Thomas  Adolphus,  author,  bom. 

Twiss,  Sir  Travers,  jurist,  born. 

Tapper,  .Martin  Farquhar,  writer,  born. 

Windham. WtlUam,  orator,  statesman, A60. 

Warburton,  Eliot  li.  (i.,  author,  Ireland,  b. 

Wright,  Thomas,  antiiiuarian  writer,  born. 
1811    July  18.     Thackeray,  W^illiam 
Makepeace,  poet,  novelist,  born. 

Ahercorn,  Duke  of,  James  Hamilton,  states- 
man,  horn. 

Howyer,  Sir  George,  jurist,  born. 

Brlg'ht,  John,  orator,  statesman,  born. 

Budd,  William,  physician,  born. 

t^ope,  Charles  West,  painter,  born. 

Cooke,  Edward  William,  historical  p.,  born. 

Cumberland,  Kichard,  dramatist,  A79. 

Domett,  Alfred,  poet,  Iwrn. 

Donaldson,  John  N'.,  classical  scholar,  born. 

Draper,  .John  W.,  chemist,  born. 

Dundas,  Henry,  Viscount  Melville,  states- 
man, Scotland,  A70. 

Grahame,  James,  lawyer,  poet,  philanthro- 
pist, Scotland,  A46. 

Hallam,  Arthur  Henry,  essayist,  poet,  born. 

Kean,  Charles  John,  actor,  horn. 

Kemble,  Frances  Anne,  actor,  born. 

Kinglake,  Alexander  William,  historian,  b. 

Leyden,  John,  poet,  orientalist,  Scot.,  A36. 

LIddell,  Henry  Geo.,  classical  schol.,  hist.,  b. 

Ix)we,  Kol)ert,  statesman,  born. 

Maskelyne,  Nevil,  astronomer,  A79. 

McCosh,  James,  metaphysician,  Scot.,  b. 

Maclise,  Daniel,  hist,  painter,  Ireland,  b. 

Newcastle,  Duke  of,  Henry  Pelham  Clinton, 
statesman,  born. 

Percy.  Thomas,  bishop  of  Dromore.au.,  A82. 

RaUces,  Robert,  fdr.  Sunday-schools,  A  86. 

Simpson,  Sir  James  Young,  phys.,  Scut.,  b. 

Scott,  Sir  George  t;ilbert,  architect,  born. 

Tait,   Archibald    <.'ampl>eU,   archbishop   of 
Canterbory,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1808*  •The  London  Society  for  Pro- 
moting; Christianity  among  the  Jews 
is  formed. 

1810*  *  The  Primitive  Methodists  are 
organized. 

•  *  The  Swedenborg  Society  is  founded. 


LETTERS. 

1807-34  Irish  Melodies,  by  Thomas 
Moore,  appears.  [1813,  The  Twopenny 
Postbag.] 

1808  *  *  A  mineralogy  professorship  is 
founded  at  Cambridge, 

1808-81  London.  The  Examiner  is  is- 
sued. 

1809  Feb.  •  London.     The    Quarterly 

Review  is  issued. 


*  *  Ccelebs  in  Search  of  a  Wife,  by  Han- 
nah More,  appears.  [1813,  Christian 
Morals.] 

*  *  Scot.  Gertrude  of  Wyoming ,  by 
Thomas  Campbell,  appears. 

1810  *  *  Scot.  Philosophical  Essays,  by 
Dugald  Stewart,  appears. 

*  *  Scot.  History  of  the  lievolution  of  1688 
and  Progress  of  Ethical  Philosophy ,  by 
Sir  James  Mackintosh,  appear. 

*  *  London.  Baptist  College,  Regent's 
Park,  is  founded. 

*  ♦  The  Friend,  by  Coleridge,  appears. 
[1813,  Remorse,  a  tragedy  ;  1816,  Christa- 
oel  and  Kubla  Khan;  1817,  Biographia 
Literaria.] 

*  *  Scot.  The  Edinbtirgk  Encyclopaedia, 
edited  by  Sir  David  Brewster,  is  begun. 

*  *  /*oems, byAllan Cunningham, appears. 
1811*  *  Training-schools  are  begun  by 

the  National  Society. 

*  *  Sense  and  Sensibility ,  by  Jane  Austen, 
appears.  [1813,  Pride  and  J'rejudice; 
19>\A,  Mansfield  Park ;  181G,  Emma;  1818, 
Northanyer  Abbey  and  Persuasion.'] 

1811-25  Lorulon.  The  British  Review  is 
issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1807  *  *  The  Government  reports  that 
since  1702  more  than  3,500,000  Africans 
have  been  torn  from  their  country  as 
slaves,  and  liad  either  perished  on  the 
passage  or  been  sold  as  slaves  in  the 
West  Indies. 

*  *  London.  The  African  Institution, 
for  the  abolition  of  the  slave-trade  and 
the  civilization  of  Africa,  is  founded. 

*  *  London.  The  Female  Penitentiary, 
Pentonville  Road,  is  established. 

1808  May  23.  Hiots  occur  among 
weavers  on  account  of  low  wages. 

June  25,  Major  Campbell  kills  Capt. 
Boyd  in  a  duel.     [Oct.  2.    Executed.] 

*  *  The  death  penalty  for  pickpockets 
stealing  to  the  value  of  live  shillings  is 
abolished.  [1809.  Also  for  stealing 
goods  from  bleachlng-grounds.] 

1809  Jan.*  The  Duke  of  York,  com- 
mander-in-chief, is  charged  with  gross- 
est indecency  in  connection  witli  Mrs. 
Mary  Ann  Clarke ;  sales  of  commission 
by  her,  the  Duke's  mistress,  are  alleged. 

June  27.  A  quarrel  between  a  party  of 
dragoons  and  a  press-gang  occasions  a 
riot  in  Liverpool. 

Sept.  18-Dec.  16.  London.  The  O.  P. 
(old  prices)  riots  occur  in  the  new  Co- 
vent  Garden  Theater ;  they  are  caused  by 
the  increased  prices  of  admission,  an<i 
cease  only  when  the  old  prices  are  re- 
stored. 

Sept.  21.  Lord  Castlereagh  wounds 
George  Canning  in  a  duel. 

Oct.  25.  The  nation  celebrates  the  50th 
year  of  the  reign  of  George  III.  by  a 
jubilee. 

*  *A  sheriffs'  fund  for  assisting  dis- 
charged prisoners  commenced. 

1810  Sept.  6.  Mr.  Clarke  kills  George 
Payne  in  a  duel. 

*  *  Edinhurqh.  An  asylum  for  the  deaf 
and  dumb  is  opened  by  T.  Braidwood. 

*  *  Henry  Duncan  establishes  the  Parish 
Bank  Friendly  Society. 

1811  Mar.  4.  Ensign  de  Balton  kills 
Capt,  Board  man  in  a  duel. 

Nov.  *  -12  Jan.  *  Machiner y-f rame 
breaking  riots  occur  at  Nottinghf^m. 

Caused  by  popular  opposition />  the 
introduction  of  labor-savmg  maclfiiiery 
the  rioters  are  called  Luddites,  fm  im  Ned 
Lud,  an  idiot,  who  began  the  ■ractice. 
[The  act  is  made  a  capital  offeiiSe.] 

1812  Mar.  16.  London.  WilJliniCun- 
dell,  alias  Connell,  and   Joh^  Smith, 


British  subjects,  taken  in  the  enemy's 
service  in  the  Isles  of  France  and  Bour- 
bon, are  beheaded  at  Horsemonger 
Lane. 

STATE. 

1808  July  ♦-Nov.*  The  Walcheren 
expedition,  sent  to  Antwerp  to  destroy 
the  locks  and  shipping,  fails;  the  fail- 
ure causes  a  rupture  between  Lord  Cas- 
tlereagh and  Canning,  and  both  resign. 

Aug.  30.  Port.  The  Convention  of 
Cintra  (p.  717). 

Nov.  5.  Ger.  The  Convention  of  Ber- 
lin is  entered. 

Napoleon  agrees  to  remit  war-debt 
money  to  Prussia  in  order  to  withdraw 
troops  from  Prussian  fortresses  to  reen- 
force  his  army  in  Spain. 

1800    Mar.  17.    The  Duke  of  York, 

son  of  King  (ieorge,  conmiander-in-chief 
of  the  army,  is  acquitted  by  the  House 
of  Commons  after  trial  by  impeachment 
on  charges  of  maladministration  of  his 
office. 

Apr.  9.  Great  Britain  and  Austria  form 
the  fifth  coalition  against  France. 

Apr.  *  A  new  Order  in  Council  is  issued 
confining  the  blockade  to  France,  Hol- 
land, part  of  Germany,  and  the  north  of 
Italy. 

Dec.  2.  A  new  administration  is  formed  : 
Spencer  Perceval,  premier;  the  Sari 
of  Liverpool,  secretary  of  state ;  and 
liOrd  Palmerston,  secretary  of  war. 

*  *  A  general  militia  act  for  Ireland  is 
passed. 

1810  Apr.  9.  Sir  Francis  Burdett, 
member  of  the  Commons,  is  committed 
to  the  Tower  for  publishing  a  letter 
denying  the  authority  of  the  House  to 
imprison  for  the  Gaie-Jones  case  of 
breach  of  privilege.  [A  three  days'  riot 
follows.] 

Oct.  *  The  king  becomes  insane- 
Dec.  *  Ind.  Ocean.    Mauritius  is  ac- 
quired. 

1811  Feb.  5.  Parliament:  The  Re- 
gency Bill  is  passed,  making  the  Prince 
of  Wales  regent  of  the  United  ,King- 
dom. 

Feb.  6.  The  prince  regent  takes  the 
oaths  before  a  privy  council.  [Perceval 
continues  premier.] 

*  *  London.  Sir  Claudius  S.  Hunter  is 
elected  lord  mayor.  [1812.  George  Scho- 
ley;  1813,  Sir  William  Domville;  1814, 
Samuel  Birch;  \9,\h,  1816,  Matthew 
Wood;  1817,  Christopher  Smith.] 

*  *  Tlie  Mint  is  finished. 

1812  Feb.  19.  Marquis  Wellesley  (for- 
eign affairs)  resigns  because  the  Govern- 
ment does  not  prosecute  the  war  with 
vigor.    [Castlereagh  succeeds  him.] 

Apr.  3.  An  Order  in  Council  revokes 
previous  orders  regarding  America  on 
condition  that  British  armed  vessels  are 
not  excluded  from  her  ports  while  those 
of  France  are  admitted. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1808  Aug.  4.  Tlie  Corn  Exchange  at 
Liverpool  is  opened. 

*  *  Lortion.  Covent  Garden  Theater 
is  bnrned.  [1809.  Sept.  18.  Rebuilt  and 
reopened.] 

1809  Feb.  11.  London.  Three  West 
India  warehouses  burned  ;  loss,  £300,000. 

*  *  Manchester  and  Salford  water-works 
are  established  at  Manchester. 

*  *The  Royal  Exchange,  Liverpool,  is 
completed^ 

1810  Feb.  11.  St.  Nicholas  Tower, 
Liverpool,  falls,  killing  28  persons. 

Mar.  9.  London.  The  city  is  rendered 
impassable  for  several  hours  by  a  heavy 
ram. 

Dec.  *  A  great  commercial  embarrass- 
ment occurs. 


936     1812,  Apr.  14-1815,  *  *.       GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1812  May  22.  Capt.  Hotham,  with  the 
Northumberland,  captures  and  destroys 
two  French  frigates  near  L'Orient. 

June  ia-1815  Feb.  17.  War  with  the 
United  States  (pp.  118-123). 

July  22.  Sp.  Battle  of  Salamanca. 
Wellington,  with  45,000  men,  defeats 
the"  French  Marshal  Marmont,  with 
about  tlie  same  number;  allies'  loss, 
6,200  killed  and  wounded ;  French  loss, 
14,000±. 

Aug.  12.    Sp.    Wellington  enters  Ma- 
drid. 
Sept.  19-Oct.  21.    Sp.   "Wellington 

unsuccessfully  besieges  the  Castle  of 
Burgos,  losing  2,000  men  killed  and 
wounded. 

*  *  Non-commissioned  officers  and  pri- 
vates of  the  Uoyal  Engineers  get  the 
name  of  Sappers  and  Miners. 

1813  Feb.  7.  In  an  engagement  with 
a  French  frigate  the  British  frigate 
Amelia  loses  46  men  killed  and  95 
wounded. 

June  21.    Sp.    Battle  of  Vittoria. 

Wellington,  with  an  army  of  80,000,  de- 
feats 70,000  French  under  Joseph  Bona- 
parte and  Jourdan ;  the  loss  of  the 
French  is  enormous;  besides  6,000  killed 
and  wounded,  they  lose  their  military 
chest  containing£l, 100,000,  also  151  brass 
guns,  and  a  vast  quantity  of  ammuni- 
tion ;  British  loss,  5,180  killed  and 
wounded. 

Jvdy  25-Aug.  2.  Sp.  Battles  of  the 
Pyrenees  between  the  British  under 
Wellington  and  the  French  under  Soult ; 
the  British  are  generally  successful ;  the 
French  retreat  to  France. 

Aug.  31.  Sp.  The  British  take  Saint 
Sebastian  (p.  720). 

Oct.  23.  The  French  frigate  La  Trave, 
44  guns,  is  captured  by  the  Andromache, 
38  guns. 

Oct.  31.  Sp.  The  Spaniards  captiire 
Pamplona  and  its  garrison  of  4,000  men, 

Nov.  18.  Fr.  Wellington  crosses  the 
river  Nivelle,  driving  the  French  be- 
fore him,  and  takes  up  his  position  at 
St.  Jean  de  haz.  [Dec.  10,  11,  12.  He 
resists  the  attacks  of  Marshal  Soult.] 

1814  Jan.  6.  The  British  ship  Tagus 
captures  tbe  French  frigate  Ceres. 

Jan.  16.  The  British  ship  Venerable 
captures  the  French  frigates  Alcmene 
and  Iphuienia. 

Feb.  3.    The   Majestic  captures  the 

French  frigate  Terpsichore. 

Feb.  25.  The  Dryad  and  Achates  cap- 
ture the  French  ship  Cinrinde  after  an 
action  with  the  Eurotas. 

Feb.  27.    Fr.    Battle  of  Orthe?.. 

Wellington  with  37,000  men  d^jfeats 
.ir^OOO  French  under  Marshal  So^ilt: 
French  loss,  3,900  killed,  wounded,  aod 
prisoners  ;  British  loss,  2,300.  ^ 

Mar.  20.    Fr.    Wellington  defeats 

Soult  at  Tarbes. 
Mar.  27.    The    Ifebrus    captures    the 

French   frigate   L'^toile. 
Apr.  10.    Fr.    Battle  of  Totdouse;  51,- 

000  allies  defeat  138,000  French  (p.  720). 

•  *  The  British  navy  numbers  901  ships, 
177  of  the  line. 

1814^15  E.  L  The  Goorkha  war.  (See 
India.) 


1815  Mar.  13-June  22;  The  Hun- 
dred Days*  War  (p.  722). 

It  is  caused  by  the  escape  of  Napoleon 
from  Elba,  March  13,  and  his  resump- 
tion of  the  government  of  France.  Eng- 
land and  her  allies  renew  hostilities 
against  him. 

June  16.  Belg.    Battle  of  Quatre-Braa 

(p.  722). 

June  18.  Belg.    Battle  of  Waterloo 

(p.  722). 

ART  —  SCIENCE  -  NATURE. 

1812  *  *  London.  Hannibal  Crossing  the 
Alps  iA  exhibited  by  Joseph  M.  W, 
Turner,  at  the  Koyal  Academy. 

Aug.  12.  The  Plymouth  breakwater 
is  begun  ;  length,  5,280  feet ;  base,  3C0 
feet  across. 

*  *  Scot.  Steam-vessels  begin  to  ply  on 
the  Clyde.  [1816.  First  steam-vessel  on 
the  Thames.] 

i  *  *  J.  W.  Hitter  constructs  his  •*  sec- 
ondary pile.** 

1813  *  *  London.  The  Philharmonic 
Society  is  established.  [Mar.  8.  First 
concert.] 

*  *  Davy  exhibits  the  voltaic  arc. 

*  *  The  Antiquarian  Society  is  estab- 
lished at  Newcastle. 

*  *  The  first  locomotive  or  traveling  en- 
gine is  made  by  William  Hedley  of 
Wylam  Colliery,  as  a  substitute  for 
animal  power  in  a  colliery. 

*  *  London.  Marylebone  Church  is 
commenced  by  Hardwick. 

1814  Feb.  4.  J^ondon.  Ice  forms  on 
the  Thames  above  the  bridges  [and  a 
fair  is  held  thereon  for  eight  days]. 

June  1.  London.  Mrs.  Dorothy  Bland 
Jordan  makes  her  last  appearance  as 
Lady  Teazle. 

Nov.  29.  London.  The  Times,  the  first 
newspaper  printed  by  steam-power,  is- 
sues 1,200  copies  per  hour. 

Dec.  16-17.  A  terrific  storm  sweeps 
over  Great  Britain  and  Ireland;  im- 
mense damage  is  done,  and  many  ships 
wrecked. 

Dec.  20.  Wm.  Charles  Macready,  the 
tragedian,  makes  his  first  appearance  at 
Bath  as  Romeo. 

*  *  John  Martin's  painting,  Joshua,  Is 
completed.  [\81S,  Fall  of  Babylon ;  IS21, 
Belshazzar's  Feast;  1826,  The  Deluge,- 
1828,  Fall  of  Nineveh.'] 

*  *  Scot.  The  kaleidoscope  is  suggested 
by  David  Brewster.     [1817.     Perfected.] 

1814-20  London.  Gas-light  is  gener- 
ally introduced. 

*  *  The    Columbian    printing-press    of 

Clymer  is  produced. 

*  *  George  Stephenson  constructs  his 
first  locomotive;  it  travels  six  miles 
an  hour. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1813    Feb.  7    Dickens,  Charles,  nov.,  b. 

Allman,  (leo.  .lames,  zoologist,  b. 
liallantine,  William,  lawyer,  born. 
Bro'wninfCi  Robert,  poet,  born. 
Creasy,  Sir  Edward  Shepherd,  bist.,  born. 
Carmine-,  Earl.  Charles  John,  states.,  b. 
Dalliousie,  first  ^Marquis  of,  Jauiea  A.  IJ.  R., 

statesman,  horn. 
Donaldson,  .lohn  William,  pliilologiat,  born. 
Kllis,  Sarah  Stickney,  autbor,  born. 
Fuller  ton.  Lady  Georgiana,  novelist,  born. 
Hiilla'i,  Jobn, musical  composer,  Root., born. 
Kirwan.  Ricbard,  cheiiiist,  peol,,  Ire.,  A62. 
Latbam,  Kol)ert  dordon,  pliilologist,  born. 
Linton,  William  James,  engraver,  Iwrn. 


LindKiy,    Lord,    Alexander   W.    Crawford, 

traveler,  born. 

Hackay,  Charles,  poet,  Scotland,  born. 

Walone,  Edmund,  Shakespearean  commenta- 
tor, author,  Ireland,  A71. 

Martyn,  Henry,  Indian  miss.,  orient.,  A31. 

Perceval,  Spencer,  statesman,  A50. 

Prestwich,  Joseph,  geologist,  born. 

Pugin,  Augustm  Welby  Nortbmore,  arch.,  b. 

Selborne,  Lord,  Sir  Koundell  Palmer,  states- 
man, born. 

Tooke,  John  Home,  politician,  philol.,  A76. 

"Walter,  John,  founder  London  Times,  A73. 

Wornum,  Italph  Nicholson,  art-critic,  bom. 

Yonge,  Charles  Duke,  philologist,  born. 
18X3  *   *  Aytoun,  William  K.,  poet,  Scot.,  b. 

BesBemer,  Henry,  engineer,  inventor  of 
Hesse nier-s tee  1  process,  born. 

Birch,  .Samuel,  Kgyptologisl,  born. 

Carp  enter,  William  Benjamin,  phyBiol.,b. 

Fortune,  Kobert,  botanist,  born. 

Gascoigne,  Caroline  Leigh,  novelist,  bom. 

Levizae,  Sir  John,  math.,  natural  pliil.,  b. 

Living^stone,  David,  A  fricau  explorer, 
missionary,  Scotland,  born. 

Maofarren,  George  Alexander,  composer,  b. 

MacCheyne,  Robert  Murray,  cl.,  Scot.,  horn. 

Pitman,  Isaac,  autlior  stenography,  born. 

Marshall,  William  Calder,  sculptor,  Scot.,  b. 

Murray,  Alexander,  linguist,  Scot.,  A 38. 

Robertson,  James  C,  cl.,  historian,  born. 

Scrivener,  Frederick  Henry,  Itib.  critic,  b. 

Sharp,  (iranville,  philanthropist,  A79. 

Thomas,  .John,  sculptor,  born. 

Torrens,  William  T.  M.,  author,  Ireland,  b. 

Tytler,  Alex.  Fraser,  jurist,  hist.,  Scot.,  A66. 

Wyatt,  James,  architect,  A70. 

1814  *   *  Astley,  Philip,  equestrian,  A72. 
Auckland,  Lord,  William,  slalesnian,  born. 
Braniah,  Joseph,  mechanician,  At>5. 
Burdett-Coutts,   Baroness,   Angela  Geor- 

gina,  philanthropist,  born. 

Burney,  Charles,  composer,  author,  A  88. 

Coke,  Thomas,  first  bishop  of  M.  E.  Church, 
V.  S.  A.,  A67. 

De  Vere,  Aubrey  Thomas,  poet,  Ireland,  b. 

I>ibdin,  Charles,  song-writer,  Atift 

Eadie,  John,  Pres.  clergyman,  author,  bom. 

Elmes,  Harvey  Lonsdale,  arcliltect,  born. 

Faber,  Frederick  W.,  K.  C.  ci.,  [oet,  au.,b. 

(iill>ert,  Josiali,  painter,  author,  born-. 

Howe,  Sir  'William,  general,  A86. 

Inglls,  Sir  John  Kardley  Wilmot,maj.-gen.,b. 

Kerr,  Kobert,  mis.  writer,  Scotland,  born. 

Lankester,  Edwin,  phys.,  botanist,  author,  b. 

Lawes.  Sir  John  lie nnett. rural  economist,  b. 

Maskeil,  William,  archeologist,  born. 

Ogilvie,  Jobn,  poet,  Scot.,  A8l. 

Paget,  Sir  James,  physician,  Iwrn. 

Ramsay,  Andrew  Cronibie,  geologist,  bom. 

Reade,  Charles,  novelist,  born. 

Smith,  Sir  William,  classical  acliolar,  jour- 
nalist, author,  born. 

Southcott,  Joainia,  fanatic,  A64. 

1815  *  *  Absolon,  John,  painter,  born. 
Parker,  Thomas  Jones,  jiainter,  born. 
Bird,  Golding.  physician,  physicist,  horn. 
Buchanan,  Claudius,  clergyman,  writer,  d. 
Burke,  Sir  John  Bernard,  genealogist,  born,    j 
Clarke,  Henry,  philologist,  engineer,  born.       ^ 
Corbould,  Edward  Henry,  water-color  p.,  b. 
Darling,  Grace,  of  Fame  Island,  heroine,  b, 
Kllis,  George,  author,  A70. 

Eyre,  Edward  John,  explorer,  diplomatist,  b. 

Forbes,  Edward,  naturalist,  born. 

Frere,  Sir  Henry  liartle  Edward,  states.,  b. 

Fuller,  Andrew,  Baptist  preacher,  au.,  A6l. 

QranvlUe,  Earl,  Georg-e  Leveson-Gower, 
statesman,  born. 

Holl,  Francis,  engraver,  born. 

Jenner,  Sir  William,  physician,  author,  b. 

Legge,  James,  sinologist,  Chinese  scholar, 
Scotland,  born. 

Waguire.  John  Francis,  author,  Ireland,  b. 

May,  Thomas  Erskine,  historian,  born. 

Mitchel,  John,  patriot,  historian,  journal- 
ist, Ireland,  born. 

Quekett,  John  Thomas,  microscopist,  nat.,  b. 

Rawlinson,  George,  hist.,  orient.,  theol.,  b. 

Stanley,  Arthur  Penrhyn,  dean  of  West- 
minster, litterateur,  born. 

Trollope,  Anthony,  novelist,  born. 

Wallace,  William  Vincent,  composer,  lre.,b. 

CHURCH.  I 

1812  *  •  Scot.  The  Congregational 
Union  is  organized. 

*  *  The  City  of  London  Auxiliary  Bible 
Society  is  formed, 

*  *  Tbe  name  of  the  Society  for  Africa 
and  the  Enst  is  changed  to  the  **  Church 
Missionary  Society."  A  year  elap-ses 
before  tbe  society  receives  a  "  verbal, 
indirect  non-iiisapproval  on  tbe  part  or 


AND    IRELAND. 


1812,  Apr.  14-1815,^ 


937 


a  bishop,  nnrt  iii.inv  years  Iiefore  any 
clergyman  i)f  the  Church  of  England 
offers  hU  services  to  the  Society." 
1813-28.  Parliament:  Bills  in  favor  of 
the  Roman  Catholics  are  frequently 
brought  in  witliout  eflfect. 

1813  *  *  .\  n  Act  is  passed  to  exempt  Uni- 
tarians from  penalties. 

1814  Jan.  13.  National  thanksgiv- 
ing  is  ordered  for  the  defeat  of  Bona- 
parte. 

June  22.  Lmtdon.  Prayer -meetings 
for  seamen  on  the  Thames  are  estab- 
lished, the  lirst  on  the  brig  Fritnihllip. 

July  7.  Tlie  three  estates  of  the  realm 
unite  to  olTer  public  thanksgiving  at 
St.  Paul's  for  the  peace  of  Europe. 

*  »  Bishoprics  established.  Calcutta. 
[1824,  Jamaica  and  Barbados.] 

1815  •  *  The  Bible  Christian  Society 
(Methodist)  is  founded  by  William 
O'Bryan. 

LETTERS. 

1812  »  *  The  Boyal  Military  CoUege  is 
removed  from  Ureat  Marlow  to  Sand- 
hurst. 

»  *  The  Roxburghe  Club,  in  memory  of 
John,  Duke  of  Koxburghe,  is  instituted 
by  Earl  Spencer  for  the  republication  of 
rare  books  or  unpublished  MSS. 

*  »  The  Liverpool  Literary  and  Philo- 
sophical Society  is  established. 

*  •  Count  Julian,  by  Lander,  appears. 

*  •  Scot.  Isle  of  Palms,  by  John  Wilson, 
appears.    [ISiii,  Cily  of  the  Plague.] 

*  *  Calamities  of  Authors,  by  Isaac  D'ls- 
raeli,  appears'.  [1814,  Quarrels  of  Au- 
Utors^ 

*  •  Itejected  Addresses,  by  James  and  Hor- 
ace Smith,  appears. 

*  *  Domestic  Affections,  by  Mrs.  Felicia 
Dorothea  Browne  Hemans.  appears. 

1812-18  Cliilde  Harold's  Pilgrimage, hy 
Byron,  appears. 

[181.'?,  The  Giaour  and  The  Bride  of 
Ahydos:  1814,  The  Corsair  and  Lara; 
1816,  Siege  of  Corinth  and  I'arisina; 
1816,  Prisoner  of  Chilian  and  other 
poems;  1816,  Manfred;  1819.  Mazeppa, 
and  the  beginning  of  Don  Juan;  ISlil, 
Cain  and  other  dramas.] 

1813  »  *  Robert  Southey  is  appointed 
poet-laui-eate. 

*  *  The  Eclectic  Iteview  is  issued. 

*  *  Life  of  Kelson,  by  Southey,  appears. 
[1814,  Iloderick,  the  Last  of  the  Goths.] 

*  *  Researches  into  the  Physical  History  of 
Man,  by  James  Cowles  Prichard,  ap- 
pears. 

*  •  Scot.  The  Queen's  Wake,  by  James 
Hogg,  appears. 

*  *  Queen  Malt,  by  Shelley,  appears. 

1814  *  *  Tlie  Boyal  Institution,  Liver- 
pool, is  founded. 

*  *  Le  Chronique  de  Jersey  is  Issaed. 

*  *  London.  The  New  Monthly  Magazine 
is  issued. 

*  *  Ire.  Patronage,  by  Maria  Edgeworth, 
appears.    [1817,  Ormond.] 

*  *  Historic  Doubts  Relative  to  Napoleon 
Bonaparte,  bylllchard  Whately,  appears. 

*  *  The  Excursion,  by  Wordsworth,  ap- 
pears. 

[ISl.'i,  The  White  Doe  of  Rylstone,  and 
other  |M»em8;  1816,  Thanksgiving  Ode; 
1819,  Peter  Bell  and  The   Waggoner.] 

*  *  Scot.  Evidences  of  Christianity,  by 
Thomas  Chalmers,  appears.  [1817,  As- 
tronomical Discoveries;  1820,  Commer- 
cial lAscot^eries.] 

*  •  Scot.  Waverley  and  The  Lord  of  the 
Isles,  by  Scott,  appear. 


[I8I5,  Guy  Mannerlng  and  The  Field 
of  Waterloo:  1816,  The  Antiijuary,  Old 
Slortalily,  and  The  Black  DvarJ ;  1817, 
Harold  the  Dauntless;  1818,  The  Heart  of 
Mid-Lothinn;  1819,  The  Bride  of  Lammer- 
mocr  and  the  Legend  of  Montrose;  1820, 
Ivanhoe,  The  Monastery,  and  the  Abbot; 
1821,  Kenihrorth;  1822,  The  Pirate  and 
Fortunes  of  Niqel ;  1823,  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  and  Quentin  Durward ;  1824,  Red- 
gaunttet  and  St.  Roman's  Well.] 

SOCIETY. 

1812  Apr.  14.  Bioters  at  Sheffield  de- 
stroy 800  nmskets  belonging  to  the  local 
militia. 

May  11.  Spencer  Perceval,  the  iirime 
minister,  is  assassinated  at  the  House 
of  Commons. 

Oct.  7.  l.ie\it.  Stewart  kills  Lieut.  Bag- 
nal  in  a  duel. 

•  •  The  Dublin  Institution  is  founded. 

•  *  Titles  created  : 

Marquises  of  Northampton  and  Camden, 
Earl  of  Harewood.  tl813.  Karl  of  MInto; 
1814,  Duke  of  (^athcart,  Viscount  of  Gordon, 
and  Baron  of  Wellington;  181.5,  Karlsof  Ver- 
ulam,  St.  Ccrniains,  and  Morley,  Marquises 
of  Anglesey  and  clioimondeley,  Dukes  of 
Beauchamp,  Hrownlow,  and  IJradford,  and 
Barons  Koxford,  Grinistead,  Meldrum, 
Chnrchill,  and  Harris;  1816,  Viscount  of 
Eimouth;  1817,  Baron  Colchester;  1821,  Earls 
of  Horve  and  stradbroke.  Marquis  of  Ails- 
bury,  Duke  of  KUion,  Viscount  of  Hutchin- 
son'anil  linrons  Clanbrassil,  Forester,  Dela- 
mere,  Hayleigli,  Weinyss,  Minster,  Sllchester, 
Oriel,  Ormonde,  and  Ker.] 

•  •  Ire.  Titles  created.  Barons  Castle- 
maine  and  Decies.  [1816,  Earl  Sheffield, 
Marquises  of  Londonderry  and  Conyn- 
ham,  and  Viscounts  Gort  and  Frankfort ; 
1818,  Baron  Garvagb.] 

»  •  The  National  Benevolent  Institu- 
tion, for  granting  pensions  to  decayed 
gentry,  and  to  professional  people, 
teachers,  and  others  in  reduced  circum- 
stances, is  established.  [1859.  Incorpo- 
rated.] 

1813  July  0.  Edward  Magulre  kills 
Lieut.  Blumdell  inaduel.  [1814  Apr.* 
Lieut.  Cecil  kills  Capt.  Stackpole.] 

•  •  London.  ITie  London  Orphan  Asy- 
lum is  founded.  [1823.  Removed  to 
Clapton.] 

•  *  The  waltz  is  introduced  from  Ger- 
many by  Baron  Neumann  and  others. 

1813-15  London.  'Whitecross  Street 
prison  for  debtors  is  erected. 

1814  Aug.  1.  A  jubilee  celebrates 
the  general  peace  and  the  centenary  of 
the  accession  of  the  Brunswick  family. 

Dec.  16.  Dublin.  A  riot  occurs  at  the 
Theater  Royal  on  account  of  the  cele- 
brated Dog  of  Montargis  on  several 
nights. 

•  •  Luddite  riots  occur  at  Nottingham. 
[1816.    More  riots.] 

1815  Jan.  31.  Daniel  O'Connell  kills 
Mr.  D'Esterre  In  a  duel. 

Feb.  7.  Col.  Quentin  and  Col.  Palmer 
fight  a  duel. 

Mar.  6.  London.  A  riot  occurs  aronnd 
the  Parliament  House  on  account  of  the 
corn-bill ;  many  lives  are  lost. 

Apr.  6.  A  riot  occurs  at  the  depot  at 
Dartmoor :  seven  Araericanprlsoners-of- 
war  are  killed  and  35  wounded. 

STATE. 

1812  Jime  9.  The  Earl  of  Liverpool 
is  appointed  premier.  [Ixjrds  Eldon, 
Palmerston,  and  Castlereagh,  and  N. 
Vansittart  are  ministers.] 

June  18.  ITie  United  States  declares 
war  against  Great  Britain  (p.  119). 


June  23.  The  Orders  in  Council  relat- 
ing to  blockade  are  unconditionally  sus- 
pended In  regard  to  America. 

July  0.  A  treaty  of  peace  is  concluded 
with  Sweden. 

Nov.  24.  Parliament  meets.  [1818. 
June  10.    Dissolved.] 

*  *The  "fertile  belt"  in  Hudson  Bay 
territory  Is  settled  by  Lord  Selkirk. 

»  •An  Act  is  passed  that  bankrupt 
members  of  the  House  of  Commons 
not  paying  their  debts  shall  vacate 
their  seats. 

1813  Mar.  3.  Swe.  The  Treaty  of 
Stockholm  is  concluded  with  Sweden. 

July  8.  Hung.  The  Convention  of 
Peterwardein  Is  entered  by  England 
and  Kussla  against  France. 

July*  Parliament:  An  Act  is  passed 
opening  trade  with  India. 

Aug.  26.    Ire.    Earl  Whitworth  is  ap- 

polnted  lord-lieutenant. 

Oct.  3.  Bohemia.  The  Treaty  of  Tep- 
litz,  forming  an  alliance  between  Great 
Britain  and  Austria,  is  signed  (p.  521). 

Oct.  4.-23  Jan.  13.  Inri.  LordMoira, 
Marquis  Hastings,  is  governor-general. 

1814  Jan.  14.  Prus.  The  Treaty  of 
Kiel  Is  entered  by  Great  Britain,  Swe- 
den, and  Deimiark  (p.  6;19). 

Mar.  9.    Fr.   The  Treaty  of  Chaumont 

Is  conclude<l  between  (ireHt  Britain, 
Austria,  Kussla,  and  Prussia. 

Apr.  11.    Fr.    Napoleon  abdicates. 

May  3,  W^ellington  is  created  a  duke, 
and  is  accorded  a  grant  of  £13,000  and 
an  additional  grant  of  £400,000. 

May  30.  Fr.  The  Treaty  of  Paris  Is 
concluded  between  Great  Britain  and 
her  allies,  and  Napoleon  (p.  721). 

June  28.  H.  L.  The  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton first  appears  in  the  House. 

Aug.  13.  S.  Afr.  Cape  Colony  is 
finally  ceded  to  England. 

Sept.  30.  Aust.  The  Congress  of  Vi- 
enna holds  Its  first  meeting. 

It  assembles  for  the  general  settlement 
of  the  affairs  of  Enroj>e,  and  is  attended 
by  representatives  from  most  of  the  Eu- 
ropean nations  (p.  721). 

Dec.  24.    ISelq.    The  Peace  of  Ghent 

Is  concluded  with  the  United  States 
(p.  123). 

1815  Mar.  23.  The  Treaty  of  Vienna 
Is  signed  by  Great  Britain,  Austria,  Rus- 
sia, and  Prussia  (p.  521). 

Sept.  26.  Paris.  The  Convention  of 
the  HolyAUiance  is  concluded  (p.  521). 

Nov.  9.  Aust.  A  formal  treaty  is  con- 
cluded and  signed  at  the  Congress  of 
Vienna. 

Nov.  20.  Fr.  The  Second  Peace  of 
Paris  Is  concluded  between  France  and 
Great  Britain,  Austria,  Russia,  and 
Prussia  (p.  723). 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1814*  *  Lojtdon.  Great  improvements 
commenced  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
Nash  In  Regent's  Park.  The  Park 
consists  of  about  450  acres ;  within  It 
are  the  gardens  of  the  Zoological  Society 
and  the  Royal  Botanical  Society. 

*  *  Scot.  There  are  five  steam-vessels 
in  operation. 

*  *  'Wellington-rooms  at  Liverpool  are 
erected. 

*  •  Ediiiliurgh.  .\  savings  institution 
is  opened. 

1815  Oct  25.  Ire.  The  interior  of  the 
cathedral  of  Waterford  is  destroyed  by 
fire. 


938      1815,**-1819,^ 


GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1816  Jan.  31.  Ire.  The  Lord  Melville 
and  the  liotidicea,  transports,  are  lost 
near  Kiusale  ;  but  few  men  escape. 

July  28.  A  fleet  under  Lord  Sxmouth 
is  sent  to  the  Mediterranean  to  chastise 
the  pirates  of  the  Barbary  States, 

Aug.  27.    Afr.    Battle  of  Algiers  (p.  8). 

Sept.  *  Several  regiments  of  light  dra- 
goons are  armed  with  lances,  and  get  the 
name  Xjancers. 

Nov,  10.  The  Harpooner  transport  ia 
wrecked  near  Newfoundland ;  200  per- 
sons are  lost. 

1817  *  *  K  /.  "War  with  the  Pinda- 
rees.    (See  India.) 

1818  Jan.  *  Ind.    Peace  prevails. 

1819  *  *  5.  J/r,  "War  with  the  Kafirs 
(p.  597). 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1815*  *  London.  The  prince  regent  pur- 
chases the  Fhigalian  Marbles  for  the 
British  Museum.  Portions  of  the  frieze 
of  the  temple  of  Apollo  Epicurus  at  Plii- 
galia  iu  Arcadia  comprise  the  collec- 
tion. 

*  *  Disirainitig  for  Rent  is  a  painting  by 
Wilkie. 

*  *  Building  of  Carthage  is  painted  by- 
Turner.    [1817.    Decline  of  Carthage.] 

*  *  WoUaston  improves  the  voltaic  bat- 
tery. 

*  *  Davy's  safety-lamp  appears;  the 
flame  is  enclosed  with  wire  meshes. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  Nelson's  monument  is 
completed. 

*  *  The  first  steamer  is  built  in  England. 

*  *  The  first  steam-vessel  on  the  Thames 
is  brought  by  Mr.  Bodd  from  Glasgow. 

*  *The  "Geordy**  safety-lamp  is  in- 
vented by  George  Stephenson,  engineer. 

1816  *  *  The  electric  telegraph,  with 
index  and  clock-work,  is  invented  by 
Sir  Francis  Ronalds. 

*  *  Iron  ships  are  constructed. 

*  *  Lon/fon.  The  Government  purchases 
the  Elgin  Marbles  for  £35,000,  and 
places  them  in  the  Museum.    (See  1802.) 

*  *  Stereo  plates  are  employed  in  book- 
printing  by  James  Watt. 

*  *  London.  Thestatueof  Charles  James 
Fox  is  erected  in  Bloomsbury  Square. 

*  *  The  Albion  printing-press  is  intro- 
duced. 

1817  Feb.  12.  Junius  Brutus  Booth 
makes  his  tirst  ai)pearance. 

June  18.  London.  The  "Waterloo 
Bridge,  completed  by  John  Rennie,  is 
opened.  Length,  1,242  feet;  width,  42 
feet ;  and  the  span  of  each  of  the  nine 
arches,  120  feet ;  cost,  £475,000. 

*  *  The  Nelson  pillar,  a  fluted  column 
140  feet  in  height,  is  erected  at  Yar- 
mouth. 

*  *  Lithography  is  introduced.  (Par- 
tially known  since  1801.) 

*  *  The  hydraulic  press  is  invented  by 
Joseph  Bramah  (or  1796). 

*  •  Sir  William  Cubitt  of  Ipswich  invents 
the  treadmill  for  prisoners.  The  first 
is  erected  at  Brixton  jail. 

1818  May  3.  Capt.  Sir  John  Ross 
and  Lieut.  Wm.  Edward  Parry  sail  from 
Shetland  in  the  Isabella  and  Alexander 
in  search  of  a  Northwest  Passage. 

Ifov.  2.  The  Royal  Institution  is 
opened  at  Liverpool.  [1822.  Incorpo- 
rated.] 

*  *  Capt.  David  Buchan's  and  Lieut.  Sir 
John  Franklin's  polar  expedition  in 
the  Dorothea  Skiiii  Trent  sails.    [It  fails.] 

*  *  London.  The  Institution  of  Civil 
Ungineera  is  organized.  [1828.  Char- 
tered.] 


*  *  Edinburgh.  Victoria  (Coburg)  Theater 
is  opened. 

±  *  ♦  Loudon  Macadam's  improved  roads 
are  introduced. 

*  *  Steam  is  first  used  for  warming  houses. 
1819    Feb.*  London.    TheHunterian 

Society  (surgical)  is  organized. 

Mar.  24.  London.  Southwark  Bridge  is 
opened. 

May  4.  Lieuts.  Parry  and  Liddon  sail  in 
the  Uecla  and  Griper  on  a  polar  ex- 
pedition.    [1820.    Nov.  3.    Return.] 

June  20.  The  Savannah,  the  first  trans- 
atlantic steamer,  arrives  at  Liverpool 
(p.  126). 

June  *  About  5,000  acres  are  deluged  in 
the  Fen  countries. 

*  *  Subcarbonate  of  soda  is  employed  in 
photography  as  a  fixing  medium  by 
Sir  John  Herschel. 

*  *  The  Cambridge  Philosophical  Society 
is  established.     [1832.     Chartered.] 

*  *  Sngraving  on  soft  steel,  which  is 
afterwards  to  be  hardened,  is  introduced 
by  Perkins  and  Heath  of  Philadelphia, 
U.  S.  A, 

*  *  London.  St.  Pancras  Church  is  com- 
menced by  William  Inwood.  [1822.  Com- 
pleted.] 

*  *  Babylon,  a  painting  by  Martin,  is  com- 
pleted. 

1819-22  Franklin's  second  expedition 
visits  the  Arctic  Sea. 

*  *The  publication  of  the  maps  made  by 
the  trigonometrical  surveyors  of  Eng- 
land is  commenced.    [18G2.    Completed.] 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1816  July  7.  Sheridan,  Richard  Brins- 
ley,  poet,  dramatist,  orator,  statesman, 
Ireland,  Ab5. 

Aguilar,  Grace,  novelist,  horn. 

Bailey,  Philip  James,  poet,  \)orn. 

Bennett,  Sir  William,  jiianist,  composer,  b. 

Bront6,  Charlotte,  novelist,  born. 

Caird,  .lames,  agriculturist,  born. 

Courtenay,  John,  statesman,  au.,  Ire.,  A75. 

Duffy,  Sir  Charles  (iavan,  patriot,  statesman, 
journalist,  autlior,  Ireland,  born. 

Ferguson,  Adam,  historian,  moral  phUoso- 
plier,  Scotland,  A92. 

Gilbert,  Joseph  Henry,  chemist,  born. 

Gull,  Sir  William,  physit-ian,  l»orn. 

Hamilton,  Klizabetli,  author,  Ireland,  A58. 

Hargraves,  Kdniund  Hammond,  traveler,di8- 
cover  gold-ilelds,  born. 

Hood,  Viscount  Samuel,  admiral,  A96. 

Hooker,  Josepli  I).,  physician,  botanist.,  b. 

MacCabe,  Eilward,  cardinal,  Ireland,  born. 

Molesworth,  William  Nassau,  cl.,  hist.,  b. 

Prevost.  Sir  George,  general,  A49. 

Quain,  iiicliard.  pliysiciau,  Itorn. 

Kobertaon,  Frederick.,  W.,  lecturer,  born. 

Ryle,  John  Cliarles,  bishop,  auDior,  born. 

Smiles,  Samuel,  journalist,  au.,  Scot.,  b. 

Smith,  AIl)ert,  novelist,  humorist,  liorn. 

Stanliope,  Karl  of,  Charles,  statesman,  in- 
ventor, author,  A  63. 

Thomson,  James,  civil  engineer,  born. 

Ward,  Edward  Mattliew,  painter,  born. 

1817  *  *  Arniitage,  Edward,  painter,  born. 
AuBten,  Jane,  novelist,  A42. 

Brown,  Sanniel,  poet,  cliemtst,  Scot.,  born. 

Charlotte  Augusta,  Princess,  daughter  of 
George  IV.,  A21. 

Cook,  Eliza,  poet,  born. 

Curran,  John  I'hilpot,  ora., states.,  Ire.,  A67. 

Duckworth,  Sir  Jolm  T.,  admiral,  A69. 

Edgeworth,  liinhard  L.,  author.  Ire.,  A73. 

Gilbert,  Sir  John,  painter,  born. 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur,  essayist,  (Iramatist,  born. 

Holycake,  George  Jacob,  agitator,  liorn. 

Horner,  Francis,  political  economist,  states- 
man, A  39. 

Lavard,  Sir  Austen  Henry,  trav.,  dip.,  born. 

I^ech,  John,  artist,  caricaturist,  horn. 

Lewes,  Georfre  Henry,  auttior,  born. 

Miller,  William  Allen,  ciiemist,  born. 

Tavlor,  Tom,  dramatist,  born. 

1818  Augr.  22.  Haatlng^s,  Warren, 
statesman,  AR."*. 

Bain,  Alexander,  logician,  philosopher, 
author.  Scotland,  born. 

Brunton,  May  Balfour,  novelist,  A40. 

Denman.  Tlioinas,  physician,  A8.5, 

Drew,  Mrs.  John  (Louisa  Jane),  actor,  b. 

Ellenborough,  Lord,  Edward  Law,  chief  jus- 
tice, A68. 


Forater,  William  Edward,  statesman,  bom. 

Foley,  John  Henry,  sculptor,  born. 

Froude,  James  Anthony,  historian,  bom. 

Joule,  James  P.,  physicist,  born. 

Lewis,  Mattliew  Gregory,  nov.,  dram.,  A43. 

Macneil,  Hector,  poet,  Scotland,  \Ti. 

Mason,  George  Henmiing,  painter,  born. 

Korthcote,  Sir  Stafford  Henry,  Earl  o£ 
Iddesleigh,  statesman,  born. 

Palmer,  John,  projector  mail-coaches.  A76. 

Keid,  Capt.  Mayne,  novelist,  Ireland,  bom. 

Komilly,  Sir  Sanmel,  jurist,  statesman,  Atil. 

Smith,  Robert  Payne,  orientalist,  born. 

Stirling-Maxwell,  Win.,  hist.,  poL,  Scot.,  h. 

Vaux,  William  Sandys  Wright,  orientalist,  b. 

Wilson,  George,  chemist,  physician,  Scot,,  b. 

Wolcott,   Jolm,    "  Peter    Pindar,"   painter^ 
satirist,  A81. 
1819  *  •  Adams,  John  Couch,  astronomer,  b. 

Albert,  Prince,  of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotlia, 
Imsband  of  Victoria,  born. 

liryilone,  Patrick,  traveler,  Scot.,  born. 

Cairns,  Lord,  Hugh  McCalniont,  lawyer, 
orator,  statesman,  Ireland,  born. 

Clongh,  Arthur  Hugh,  poet,  born. 

Edwards,  Sir  Herbert  Itenjamin,  general,  b. 

Eraser,  Alexander  Campbell,  metapliysician, 
Scotland,  born. 

George  William  Frederick  Charles,  Duke 
of  Cambridge,  son  of  George  111.,  coni- 
mander-in-cliief,  born. 

Henfrey,  Arthur,  botanist,  born. 

Hook,  jaiues  Clark,  painter,  born. 

Kingrsiey,  Charles,  cl.,  novelist,  autlior,  b. 

Lejaune,  Henry,  painter,  born. 

Lewes,  Mary  Ann  Evans,  Georere  Eliot, 
novelist,  born. 

McClintock,  Sir  Francis  Leopold,  arctic  ex- 
plorer, born. 

Playiair,  John,  physicist,  mathematician, 
Scotland,  A71. 

Ruskln,  John,  art  critic,  poet,  author,  b. 

Salmon,  <;eorge,  mathematician,  Ireland,  b. 

Shairp,  John  Campbell,  scholar,  religlou» 
writer,  Scotland,  born. 

Stokes,  George  Galjriel,  mathematician,  b. 

"Watt,  James,  engineer,  inventor  (steam- 
engine  J,  A83. 

CHURCH. 

1815+  *  *  Bishops  elected : 

1815.  Henrv  Kyder  for  Gloucester  and 
Bristol.  [  1824.  Translated  to  Lichfield.] 
1819,  Herbert  Marsh  lor  Peterborough;  1820, 
William  Carey  for  Exeter.  [1840.  Mar.* 
Translated  to  St.  Asaph]  and  George  Prety- 
man  TonUine  for  Winchester;  1824,  Chris- 
topher Hetliell  for  Gloucester  and  Bristol. 
[1830.    Translated  to  Exeter.] 

*  *  The  General  Baptist  Missionary  So- 
ciety is  formed. 

1817  *  *  The  London  Association  in  aid 
of  Moravian  Missions  is  formed. 

1818  Feb.  6.  The  Church  Building 
Society  is  established. 

Mar.  18.  The  Port  of  liondon  Society, 
for  preaching  the  gospel  to  seamen  on  a 
floating  ship,  is  organized. 

*  *Parliamentvote8£l,000,000forchurch 
erections. 

1819  Nov.  12.  London.  The  Bethel 
Union  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Home  Missionary  Society  is 
organized. 

*  *  London.  The  Poultry  Chapel  is 
erected  on  the  site  of  the  Poultry  Comj^- 
ter. 

LETTERS. 

1815  *  *  Scot.  Infant  schools  are  first 
opened  at  New  Lanark. 

*  *  Caius  Gracchus,  by  Jaraes  Sheridan 
Knowles,  appears.    [1820,  Virginius.] 

1816  *  *  London.  The  Asiatic  Journal 
is  issued. 

*  *  Alastor,  by  Shelley,  appears. 

[1817,  Revolt  of  Islam  ;  1819,  Prometheus 
Unbound  and  The  Cenci;  1821,  Adonais 
and  Epipsychidion.} 

*  *  A  Story  of  Rimini,hy  Leigh  Hunt,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Dictionary  of  English  Synonymes,  by 
George  Crabbe,  appears. 

1817  *  *  Edinburgh.  The  Scotsman  is  is- 
sued; also  Blackwood's  Magazine. 

*  *  Principles  of  Political  Economy  and 
Taxation,  by  David  Ricardo,  appears. 


I 


AND    IRELAND. 


1815,**-1819,^ 


939 


♦  *  Motiern  Greece,  by  Mrs.  lleinnns,  ap- 
pears. [1823,  The  Voice  of  Spring,  Ves- 
pers of  Palermo,  ami  other  lyrics  ;  1826, 

The  Porest  SancUiary  and  other  poems  ; 
1828,  The  Records  of  Women.] 

•  *  Lalla  liookh,  by  Moore,  appears.  [1825, 
Lifeof  Sheridan;   1827,  The  Epicurean.] 

*  •  Ire.  Barial  of  Sir  John  Moore,  by 
Rev.  Charles  Wolfe,  appears. 

♦  *  Paris  in  1815,  by  George  Croly,  ap- 
pears.   [1822,  Catiline.l 

*  *  Poems,  by  John  Keats,  appears.  [1818, 
Emlymion;  1820,  Hyperion  and  other 
poems.] 

•  •  Characters  of  Shai:espeare\t  Plays,  by 
William  llazlilt.  appears.  [1818,^  View 
of  the  KnuUsh  Sta(/e  and  English  Poets; 
iSW,  English  Comic  }Vriters:  1821,  I)ra- 
mu.tic  FAteratnre  of  the  Aqe  of  Elizabeth 
and  Table  Talk;  1825,  Spirit  of  the  Aqe; 
1826,  Plain  Speaker;  1828-30,  life  of  ka- 
poleon.] 

1817-26  Edinburgh.  Tlie  Srot^s  Maga- 
zine is  changed  to  the  Edinburgh  Maga- 
zine. 

1817-45  The  Encyclopsedia  MetropoH- 
tana  appears. 

1817-62     The  Literary  Gazette  is  issued. 

1818  •  *  London.  Infant  schools  are 
first  opened. 

*  *  View  of  the  State  of  Europe  During 
the  Middle  Ages,  by  Henry  Hallam,  ap- 
pears. [.1827,  Constitutional  History  of 
England.] 

♦  *  Frankenstein,  by  Mrs.  Shelley  (Mary 
WoUstonecraft  Godwin),  appears.  [1823, 
Valperga;  1826,  The  Last  Man.] 

*  *  A  Grammar  of  the  English  Language, 
by  William  Cobbett,  appears. 

1819  •  •  London.  The  Egyptian  So- 
ciety, the  Cambridge  Philosophical 
Society,  and  the  Hunterian  Society 
are  founded.  [1832.  The  last  is  char- 
tered.] 

1819-68  The  Christian  Remembrancer  is 
issued. 

*  *  Tales  of  the  Hall,  by  George  Crabbe, 
appears. 

1819-30  History  of  England,  by  John 
Lingard,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1815  *  *  Horrible  cruelties  in  the  Beth- 
lehem lunatic  hospital  are  exposed. 

•  *  An  asylum  opene<i  for  deaf  and  dumb 
children  is  founded  at  Birmingham  by 
T.    Braidwooti. 

•  *  The  Prison  Discipline  Society  is  es- 
tablished for  tlie  improvement  of  jails, 
the  classification  and  employment  of  the 
prisoners,  and  the  prevention  of  crime. 

*  *  Loose  trousers  begin  to  be  worn  in 
place  of  "  breeches." 

1816  Mar.  10.  The  Blanket  meeting 
at  Manchester  is  suppressed  by  the  mil- 
itary. 

Mar.  15.  A  child  ten  years  of  age  is  un- 
der sentence  of  death  for  shop-lifting. 

May  2.  The  Princess  Charlotte  mar- 
ries Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe-Coburg. 

May  22.  A  riot  of  fen  men  occurs  at 
Littleport,  Ely,  and  elsewhere. 

Jime  27.  London.  Milbank  prison  re- 
ceives convicts  as  a  penitentiary. 

Dec.  2.  Tlie  "Watch  and  Ward  Act  is 
enforced  because  of  riotous  weavers  at 
Nottingham. 

London.   Popular  meetings  take  place 

at  Spa-fields  :  the  shops  of  the  gunsmiths 
are  attacked  for  arms. 

*  *  London.  The  Westminister  Royal 
Ophthalmic  Hospital  is  established. 

•  *  Savingrs-banks  are  brought  under 
parliamentary  control. 

1817  Jan.  28.  A  riot  occurs  in  St. 
James's  Park  on  the  prince  regent  go- 
ing to  the  House  of  Lords  ;  it  is  alleged 
that  an  air-gun  was  fired  at  him. 


Mar.  10.  The  Blanketers  rise,  and 
march  towards  London. 

A  host  of  operatives  meet  in  St.  Peter's 
Field,  Manchester,  with  the  alleged  pur- 
pose of  starting  an  insurrection  ;  many 
of  them  carry  blankets  rolled  up  and 
tied  on  their  backs  ;  they  are  dispersed 
by  the  military,  and  some  are  arrested. 

Apr.  11.  A  man  sells  his  wife  in  the 
market-place  at  Dartmoor,  having  a  rope 
round  her  neck  as  in  olden  time ;  her 
first  lover  buys  her  for  two  guineas. 

Apr.  17.  Seven  Luddites  (breakers  of 
labor-saving  machinery)  are  hanged  at 
Leicester. 

*  *  London.    The  Peace  Society,  for  the 

ftroniotion  of  universal  peace,  is  estab- 
ished. 

*  *  Dublin.  An  asylum  for  the  deaf  and 
dumb  is  opened  at  Claremont. 

*  *  The  Bank  of  England  has  17,885forged 
notes  presented  ;  104  persona  convicted, 
18  executed. 

*  •  Tlie  Society  of  Spencerian  Philan- 
thropists is  established ;  it  advocates 
the  redivision  of  all  the  lands. 

1818  Jan.  12.  Mr.  O'Callaghan  kills 
Lieut.  Bayley  in  a  duel. 

Feb.  10.  London.  An  unsuccessful  at- 
tempt is  made  by  Cantillon  to  assassi- 
nate the  l>uko  of  Wellington. 

Apr.  27.  St.  Michael  and  St.  George 
order  of  knighthood  is  founded  for  the 
Ionian  Isles  and  Malta.  [1869.  It  is  re- 
organized to  admit  servants  of  the  crown 
connected  with  the  colonies.] 

Jidy  11.  "William  IV.  marries  Ade- 
laide Amelia  Louise  Theresa  Caroline, 
sister  of  the  I>uke  of  Saxe-Meiningen. 

Sept.  8.  Dr.  Halloran,  tutor  to  the  Earl 
of  Chesterfield,  is  transported  for  for- 
g:ing  a  frank  for  tenpence  postage. 

*  ♦  London.  The  Mendicity  Society  is 
established  for  the  suppression  of  public 
begging  and  other  impositions. 

1819  Aug.  16.    A  reform  meeting  is 

held  in  St.  Peter's  Fieltt,  Manchester 
(Peterboro),  attended  by  60,000  to  100,000 
people. 

The  meeting  is  suddenly  assailed  by  a 
charge  of  cavalry,  assisted  by  a  Cheshire 
regiment  of  yeomanry,  the  outlets  being 
occupied  by  other  military  detachments. 
The  unarmed  multitude  are  driven  upon 
each  other ;  many  are  ridden  over  by  the 
horses,  or  cut  down  by  their  riders. 
Eleven  men,  women,  and  children  are 
killed,  and  600  injured. 

Sept.  16.  Scot.  Riots  occur  at  Paisley 
and  Glasgow. 

Oct.  *  Mr.  Swan,  M.  P.  for  Penryn,  and 
Sir  Manasseh  Lopez,  are  fined  and  ini- 
prisoned  for  bribery. 

*  *  XiOck  Hospital  is  established  at  Man- 
chester. 

*  *  Dublin.  Several  nights' rioting  takes 
place  at  the  Theater  Koyal. 

*  *  Lord  Braybrooke's  experiment  in  Es- 
sex, of  allotting  small  portions  of  land 
to  poor  families  to  assist  them  and  re- 
lieve the  parish  poor-rates,  is  reported 
successful. 

STATE. 

1815  *  *  Parliament :  A  law  is  passed  to 
close  the  ports  against  wheat  till  it 
rises  to  80  shillings  a  quarter,  in  order 
to  relieve  the  agricultural  distress. 

*  *  Atlantic  Ocean.  Ascension  Island 
is  occupied  by  colonists. 

*  *  E.  Tnd.  Ceylon  becomes  a  British 
possession. 

*  *  The  national  debt  is  £861,039,049. 

1816  Nov.*  Tlie  Twopenny  Register,  a, 
weekly  political  paper,  issued  by  "Wil- 
liam Cobbett,  advocates  parliamentary 
reform.  in<^luding  universal  suffrage,  and 
becomes  a  power  among  the  common 
people. 


Dec.  9.  London.  The  Bank  of  Englanrf 
commences  to  pay  specie  on  certain  one 
or  two  pound  notes. 

*  *  Radicals  agitate  for  government  and 

parliamentary  reform  ;  they  establish 
Hampden  clubs,  of  which  Sir  Francis 
Burdett,  Lord  Cochrane,  Maj.  Cart- 
wright,  and  "William  Cobbett  are 
prominent  members. 

1817  Jan.  5.  Tlie  English  and  Irish 
Exchequers  are  consolidated. 

Feb.  1.    The  national  debt  is  £840.850,591. 

Feb.  3.  The  **  Green  Bag  Inquiry." 
Lord  Sidmouth  ('.')  lay.s  before  Parlia- 
ment a  green  bag  full  of  doouments  re- 
specting alleged  seditions.  [Feb.  19. 
Secret  committees  present  their  report, 
Feb.  21.  Bills  are  introduced  to  suspend 
the  Habeas  Corpus  Art,  and  prohibit 
se<iiti(>u8  meetings.  Mar.  3.  Passed. 
Mar.  29.    Operative.] 

Mar.  27.  Lord  Sidmouth  addresses  a 
circular  letter  to  lord -lieutenants  of 
counties,  urging  the  suppression  of  se- 
ditious publications. 

Jtme  2.  H.  C.  Charles  Manners  Sut- 
ton [Viscount  Canterbury]  is  chosen 
Speaker. 

June  10.  An  insurrection  in  Derby- 
shire, led  by  Jeremiah  Braudreth,  is  sup- 
pressed. 

July  5.  The  gold  sovereign  is  first  put 
in  circulation. 

Oct.  9.  Ire.  Earl  Talbot  is  appointed 
lord-lieutenant. 

1818  May  *  A  treaty  is  concluded  with 
the  Netherlands  for  th«  suppression  ot 
the  slave-trade. 

Nov.  4.  Sir  Charles  Abbott  [Lord 
Tenterden]  is  appointed  chief  justice. 

*  *  E.  Ind.  The  dominions  of  the  Peshwa 
are  annexed. 

The  Raja  of  Nagpur  and  the  states  of 
Kajputana  are  placed  under  British  pro- 
tection. 

*  *  London.  John  Atkins  is  elected  lord' 
mayor.  [1819,  Ge<»rge  Brydges ;  1820,. 
John  T.  Thorpe ;  1821,  Christopher  Mag- 
nay.] 

1819  Jan.  14.  Parliament  meets, 
[1820.    Feb.  29.    Dissolved.] 

May  3.  H.  C.  Henry  ttrattan  moves 
for  a  Committee  of  tlie  Whole  House  to 
consider  the  laws  excluding  Catholics. 
from  public  offices ;  the  motion  is  de- 
feated.   Vote,  241-243. 

May  24.  Alexandrina  Victoria  [Queen 
Victoria]  is  born  at  Kensington  Palace. 
She  is  the  daughter  of  Edward,  I>uke 
of  Kent,  son  of  George  III.,  and  Maria 
Louisa  Victoria  of  Saxe-Coburg,  a  sis- 
ter of  Leopold  I.  of  Belgium. 

July*  Agitation  for  parliamentary  re- 
form is  revived. 

*  *  Parliament:  The  Six  Acts  are 
passed  to  facilitate  the  prevention  of 
seditious  meetings  and- the  punishment 
of  seditious  libels. 

*  *  E.  Ind.  Singapore  becomes  a  British 
settlement. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1815  *  *  One-horse  hackney-carriagea 

[afterwards  cabriolets]  licensed. 

1816  Jan.  *  The  first  London  savings- 
bank  is  established. 

1817  Sept.  22.    Specie  payments  are 

resumed. 
Oct.  23.    The  packet  William  and  Mary 
is  wrecked  on  the  Willeys  Rocks,  near 
the  Holmes  lighthouse.  Bristol  Channel ; 
60  persons  are  drowned. 

1818*  *  Edinburgh.   A  gas-company  is 

incorporated. 
*  *The  last  one  of  the  ancient  gates  at 

Exeter  is  removed. 
1819*  *  Edinburgh.  A  water-company 

is  incorporated. 


940     1820,  Jan.  7-1824,  *  * 


GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1822    June  20.    The  Drake,  10  guns,  is 
w^recked  near  Halifax  ;  mauy  are  lost. 


*  *  A  military  academy  i 
Saiidlmrst. 


founded  at 


1824-26     E.  I. 
(See  India.) 


War    with    Burma. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1820  Feb.  *  The  Fairlop  Oak,  having 

a  trunk  48  feet  in  circumference,  the 

frowth  of   live  centuries,  in   Hainault 
orest,  Essex,  is  blown  down. 
July  18.    The  first  chain  bridge  in  Eng- 
land is  thrown  over  the  Tweed  ;  it  is  437 
feet  long. 
Sept.  7.    A  great  solar  eclipse  ia  ob- 
served. 

*  *  Ire.  The  first  steamer  in  Ireland  is 
built. 

±  *  *  Combustible  gas  is  made  from  coal. 

*  *  Sir  Humphry  Davy  becomes  presi- 
dent of  the  Kuyal  Society;  later,  Sir 
Thomas  Lawrence  and  Dr.  Wni.  H.  \V(j1- 
1  as  ton. 

*  *  The  process  of  decarbonizing  in  steel 
engraving  is  invented  by  Oharles  Heath. 

*  •  London.  The  Iloyal  Astronomical 
Society  is  founded. 

*  •  Ramage's  reflecting  telescope  is 
erected  at  Greenwich. 

*  *  Friction  matches  are  invented  by 
Walker  of  Stockton-on-Tees. 

*  *  Steel  pens,  made  long  before,  begin 
to  come  into  general  use. 

*  *  Barlow's  theory  of  the  deviation  of 
the  compass  is  published. 

*  *  Sir  Charles  Wheatstone  conveys  the 
sounds  of  a  musical  box  from  a  cellar  to 
upper  rooms  by  means  of  a  deal  rod  ;  be 
calls  it  the  enchanted  lyre. 

*  *  Faraday  experiments  in  electro-mag- 
netism. 

*  *  New  Brunswick  Bridge,  Manchester, 
is  built. 

1820-30  Percussion-caps  come  into 
use. 

1820-38  Sir  J.  Herschel  studies  the 
stars  of  the  southern  hemispliere,  —  Ma- 
gellanic clouds. 

1821  May  8.  Capts.  Parry  and  Lyon 
sail  in  the  Fury  and  Hecla  on  a  polar 
expedition.    [iS23.    Keturn.] 

July  4.    London.    The     Haymarket 

Theater  is  rebuilt  by  Nash. 
Nov.  *  A   destructive  storm  visits  the 

coast  from  Durham  to  Cornwall ;  many 

vessels  are  lost. 

*  *  Dublin.    The  Theater  Royal  is  opened. 

*  *  The  Yorkshire  Philosophical  Soci- 
ety is  organized. 

*  *  The  ShefHetd  Literary  and  Philo- 
sophical Society  is  organized. 

■*  *  Edinburgh.  The  Caledonian  Theater 
is  erected. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  The  Society  of  Arts  is 
founded.    [1842.     Incorporated.] 

*  *  John  Frederick  Daniel  constructs  a 
pyrometer.  [1830.  Awarded  the  Rum- 
ford  medal.] 

*  *  Cleopatra's  Arrival  in  dlicia  ia 
painted  by  Wm.  Etty. 

*  *  Eve  is  executed  by  E.  H.  Baily. 

*  *  London.  The  Bank  of  England  is 
completed  ;  designs  by  Sir  John  Soane. 

*  *  The  Natural  History  Society  is  pro- 
jected at  Manchester. 

*  *  Dublin.  Hawkins  Street  Theater  is 
erected. 

*  *  London.  The  Medico- Botanical  So- 
ciety is  organized. 

±  *  *  The  pantagraph  is  improved  by 
Prof.  Wallace,  and  called  the  **Eido- 
graph." 


1822  Jan.  *  Faraday  describes  his  dis- 
covery of  electro-magnetic  rotation. 

Feb.  16.  The  "Wellington  shield,  com- 
memorating his  victories,  and  costing 
£11,000,  is  presented  to  the  duke. 

Mar.  6.  London.  The  river  Thames  is 
very  low  because  of  a  southwest  wind ; 
persons  ford  it  near  London  Bridge. 

June  18^.  London.  A  colossal  statue 
of  AchiUes,  cast  from  captured  cannon, 
is  erected  in  Hyde  Park. 

*  *  The  wind  regulator  in  the  organ  is 
invented  by  Bishop. 

*  *  The  first  elements  of  spectrum  anal- 
ysis are  worked  out  by  Sir  David  Brews- 
ter. 

*  *  Dixon  Denham,  an  Englishman,  with 
Clapperton  and  Dr.  Oadney,  cross  the 
Sahara  Desert  to  Lake  Tchad. 

*  *  The  Royal  Academy  of  Music  is 
established. 

*  *  The  horticultural  garden  at  Chis- 
wick  is  commenced. 

*  *  London.  Ball  and  cross  are  restored 
to  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  by  Mr.  Cockerell. 

1823  May  1.  The  entire  skeleton  of  a 
mammoth  is  found  at  llford  in  Essex. 

May  21.  The  Society  of  British  Artists 
is  founded.    [18'i4.     First  exhibition.] 

Oct.  15.  London.  The  Meteorological 
Society  first  meets. 

*  *  Floral  and  Horticultural  Society,  Man- 
chester, is  established. 

*  *  London.  The  Royal  Society  of  Lit- 
erature is  organized.   [1826.   Chartered.] 

*  *  London.  The  Royal  Asiatic  Society 
is  organized.    [1824.    Chartered.] 

*  *  The  Royal  Academy  of  Music  is  es- 
tablished. [I8'28.  Dec.  8.  First  con- 
cert.   1830.    June  23.    Chartered.] 

*  *  The  chain  pier  of  Brighton,  1,134  feet 
long,  13  wide,  is  completed. 

*  *  Color-printing  with  metal  plates  in 
bookbinding  is  employed  by  Congreve. 

*  *  London.  The  Mechanics'  Institu- 
tion is  founded. 

*  ♦  The  liquefaction  of  gases  is  discovered 
by  Faraday. 

*  ♦  Sir  Francis  Ronalds  describes  his  elec- 
tric telegraph. 

*  *  The  Royal  Institution  and  the  Me- 
chanics' Institution  are  organized  at 
Manchester. 

1824  May  8.  Capt.  Sir  William  Ed- 
ward Parry's  third  polar  expedition, 
with  the  Hecla,  sails  to  discover  a 
Northwest  Passage. 

May*  London.  Joseph  Shepherd 
Munden,  comedian,  makes  his  last  ap- 
pearance. 

*  *  I^ondon.  The  National  Gallery 
makes  its  first  purchase ;  the  British 
Government  buys  the  Angerstoin  collec- 
tion of  38  pictures  for  ii57,000. 

*  *  Portland  cement  is  first  mentioned. 

*  *  A  steam-gun  is  invented  by  Perkins. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1620*  *  liaikie,  William  B.,  explorer,  born. 

Banks,  .sir. Joseph,  naturalist,  ATT. 

Brown,  Thomas,  metaphysician,  A42. 

Colquhoim,  Patrick,  slat,  wr.,  Scot.,  A75. 

Dasent,  Sir  Ceorge  Webbe,  novelist,  born. 

Faed,  John,  i)ainter,  Scotland,  born. 

Gilbert,  Mrs.  (ieorRC  H.,  actor,  born. 

Claisher,  .lames,  meteorologist,  Ijorn. 

Orattan,  Henry,  orator,  states..  Ire.,  A74. 

Halliwell.  .lames  Orchard,  antiq.,  phil.,  b. 

Kent,  Duke  of,  Kdward  Augustus,  father  of 
Queen  Victoria,  A53. 

Mackenzie,  Sir  Alexander,  Canadian  ex- 
plorer, Scotland,  AW. 

Mansel.  Henry  Longueville,  metaphysician, 
theoloKiaii,  i)Orn. 

Milner,  Isaac,  mathematician,  A69. 

Nlghtlng-ale.  Florence,  philanthropist,  h. 

Oliphant,  Maragaret  Wilson,  novelist,  born. 

PicltersgiH,  Frederit-k  Ilirliard,  painter,  b. 

Sant,  .James,  painter,  born. 

Spencer,  Herbert,  philosopher,  author,  b. 


Tyndall.  John,  physicist,  phil.,  au.,  bom. 

Watts,  George  Frederick,  painter,  bom. 

Vizeteily,  Henry  U.,  author,  publislier.  bom. 

Wyatt,  Slattliew  Digby,  architect,  born. 

Young,  Arthur,  traveler,  writer  on  agricul 
ture  and  social  economy,  A79. 

Yule,  Henry,  geographer,  born. 
1831  •  *  Baker,  Sir  Sam.  'White,  explo.,  b. 

Honnycastle,  .lohn,  matlieniatician,  d. 

Brown,  P'ord  Madox,  painter,  born. 

Buckle,  Henry  Thomas,  historian,  sociolo- 
gist, born. 

Burke,  Robert  O'llara,  explorer,  Ireland,  b. 

Burton.    Sir  Richard    Francis,    traveler, 
orientalist,  author,  born. 

Callcott,  Jolm  Wall,  nuisioal  comjWBer,  A55. 

Caroline  Amelia  Elizabeth,  queen,  wife    of 
George  IV.,  A53. 

Keats,  John,  poet,  A26. 

Levi,  Leone,  writer  on  commercial  law,  b. 

Musjirait,  .lames  Sheridan,  rheniist,  Ire.,  b. 

I^aton,  Sir  .Joseph  Noel,  painter,  born. 

Patterson,  Koliert  Hogarth,  publicist,  Scot.,b. 

Plumptre,  Kdward  Hayes,  theoL,  Scot.,  b. 

Reach,  Angus  Ji..  journalist,  au.,  Scot,,  b. 

Rennie.  John,  architect,  Scotland,  ABO. 

Rich,  (Matuiius  .James,  traveler,  orient.,  A34. 

Russell,  'William  Howard,  journalist,  b. 

Scott,  Thomas,  clergyman,  Bible  commenta- 
tor, Soot.,  A74. 

Tuuhbald,  Elizabeth,  novelist,  A68. 

Vince,  Sanuiel,  mathematician,  astr.,  bom. 
1822  *   *  Abdy,  .John  Thomas,  lawyer,  born. 

Aikin,  .John,  ptiysieian,  author.  A75. 

Arnold,  Matthew,  poet,  essayist,  au.,  born. 

Aiichiiiuty,  Sir  Samuel,  general,  A66. 

Bouclcault,  Dion,  dramatist,  actor.  Ire.,  b. 

Castlereagh,   Viscount,    liobert    Stewart, 
Marquis  of  Londonderry,  states.,  Ire.,  A55. 

Clarke,  Eilward  Daniel,  traveler,  mineralo- 
gist, author,  A53. 

Cobbe  Frances  Power,  author,  Ireland,  bom. 

Gallon,  Francis,  scientist,  born. 

(Jrant.  .James,  novelist,  Scotland,  born. 

(Joodall,  Frederick,  painter,  born. 

Herschel,  Sir  William  Francis,  astrono- 
mer, A84. 

Maine,  Sir  Henry  S.,  jurist,  antiq.,  an.,  b. 

Morley,  Henry,  author,  born. 

Osborh,  Slierard,  arctic  explorer,  admiral, 
author,  born. 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe,  poet,  A30. 

Su\verl)y,  .James,  naturalist,  XHh. 

Wallace,  Alfred  Russell,  naturalist,  born. 

Warren,  Sir  .John  Borlase,  admiral,  Ati8. 
1833*  *  Arg-yll,  Duke  of,  George  Douglas 
Campbell,  states.,  au.,  Scot.,  born. 

Arrowsmiih,  Aaron,  geographer,  A73. 

AsgiH,  Sir  Charles,  general,  A61. 

llaillie,  Matthew,  piiy.,  anatomist,  Scot..  A62. 

iiaynes,  Tlionias  Spencer,  logician,  journal- 
ist, author,  born. 

CairneB,  John  Elliott,  pol.  economist,  horn. 

Cartwrig-ht,  Edmund,  poet,    inventor 
(power  loom),  A80. 

Coonilie,  William,  satirist,  A82. 

Erskine,  Lord,  Thomas,  statesman,  A73. 

Freeman,  Edward  Augustus,  hist.,  born. 

Hind,  .John  Uussell,  astronomer,  born. 

Hughes,  Thomas,  author,  born. 

Hutton,  Charles,  mathematician,  A86. 

Jenner,  Edward,  physician,  discoverer  of 
vaccination,  A74. 

Jervis,  John,  lOarl  St.  Vincent,  adm.  A88. 

Keitli,  (ieorge  Keith  Kli)hin8tone,  adm.,  A77. 

Kemble,  John  Philip,  actor,  Atiti. 

Meagher,   Thomas   Francis,  patriot,  orator, 
journalist,  Ireland,  born. 

Miiller,   Friedrich   Maximilian,    Sanskrit 
scholar,  pliilologist,  born. 

NollekiTis,  Josepii,  scnli)tor,  A86. 

Patmore,  Coventry  K.  D.,  poet,  born. 

Radcliflfe,  Anne,  novelist,  A59. 

Kaeburn,  Sir  Henry,  portrait  p.,  Scot.,  A57. 

Ricardo,  David,  financier,  pol.  econ.,  ASl. 

Siemens,  Sir  Cliarles  William,  inventor,  phy- 
sicist, born. 

Smith,  Goldwin,  statesman,  author,  bom. 

TuUoch,  .John,  tiieologian,  Scotland,  born. 

Vaugban,  Alfred,  poet,  critic,  born. 

Warren,  Charles,  engraver,  born. 

Wolfe,  Charles,  clergyman,  poet.  Ire.,  A32. 

Yonge,  Charlotte  Mary,  novelist,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1820  *  »  Scoi.  The  Burgers  and  Anti- 
burgers  in  the  Scotch  Church  reunited. 

*  *  The  Protestant  Reformation  So- 
ciety is  organized  ;  it  employs  mission- 
aries and  readers. 

1821  *  *  The  Society  for  the  Propaga- 
tion of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts 
first  becomes  a  distinct  missionary 
agency. 


AND   IRELAND. 


1820,  Jan.  7-1824, 


941 


*  *  Thfi  Missionary  and  Trn<*t  Society  of 
the  New  Church  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Bible  Christian  Foreign  Mission- 
ary Society  is  organized. 

1823  *  •  It.    Leo  XII.  is  pope.     [1S29. 

Pius  vni.] 

*  *  jMUfinn.  Tlie  Newfoundland 
School  Society  is  organized  for  carry- 
ing the  gotipel  to  parents  and  children. 

1824*  */r/?.  The  New  Connection 
Methodists  take  their  first  steps  in 
mis8iou-worl(. 

LETTERS. 

1820  *  *  A    law  library  is  founded  at 

Manchester. 

*  *  The  Literaryand  philosophical  So- 
ciety of  Leeds  is  established. 

*  *  London.    John  Hull  is  issued. 

*  *  The  lictrospectice  Review  is  issued. 

*  *  Popu/ar/yxoranre,  by  Foster,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  John  IFesfei/,  by  Southey,  ap- 
pears.   [1881,  A   Vision  oj  Judgment.} 

1820-21  The  Atjrshire  Legatees,  by  John 
Gait,  appears.  (1321,  Aytiials  of  the  Par- 
ish; 1822,  Sir  Andrew  Wylie,  and  The 
Provost;  1823,  The  Entail i  1830,  Xawjrie 
Todd.} 

1821*  *  London,     ^e/^s  Zi/e,  a  sporting 

paper,  is  issued, 

*  *  Confefisions  of  an  Enqlish  Opium- 
Eater^  by  Thomjia  Be  Quiiicey,  appears. 
[1827,  Murder  Considered  as  one  of  the 
Fine  Arts,]. 

1821-23  Esnajfs  of  Elia,  by  Charles 
Lamb,  appears. 

1822  •  *  IVafes.  St.  David's  CoUege, 
J^ampeter,  is  founded. 

*  *  The  Hull  Ijterary  and  Philosophi- 
cal Society  is  fomuled. 

*  *  Loudon.     The  Sunday  Times  is  issued. 

*  *  The  Liberal  is  issued  by  Byron,  Shel- 
ley, and  i^eigh  Hunt;  only  four  num- 
bers are  published. 

*  *  Bride* 8  Tragedy,  by  T.  L.  Beddoes, 
appears. 

1822-35  Edinburgh.  Xocfes  Ambro- 
sianas  (in  Blackwood  *s  Magazine),  hy 
Christopher  North  (John  Wilson),  ap- 
pears. 

1823  Aug.  16.  Dublin.  The  Hiber- 
nian Academy  is  founded. 

*  •  London.  The  Royal  Society  of  Lit- 
erature is  founded.  [1826.  Sept.  13. 
Chartered.]  Also  the  Mechanics'  In- 
stitution. 

*  *  A  deaf  and  dumb  school  is  instituted 
at  Manchester. 

*  *  London.    The  Lancet  is  issued. 

*  *  The  Mechanics*  Magazine  is  issued. 
1823-49    The  Mirror  is  issued. 

*  *  The  valuable  library  of  George  HI. 
is  presented  to  the  nation.  [1829.  De- 
posited in  the  British  Museum.] 

*  *  Milton,  by  Thomas  Babington  Ma- 
caulay,  appears. 

1824  *  ♦  I^ondon,  The  Athenaeum  Club 
is  founded. 

*  *  Tendon.  The  Westminster  Review  is 
issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1820  June  7.  Henry  Grattan  and  the 
Karl  of  Clare  engage  in  a  duel. 

Nov.  19.  Edinburgh.  The  acquittal  of 
Queen  Caroline  causes  rioting. 

*  •  Scot.  The  United  Secession  working 
men's  insurance  is  established. 

*  *The  American  seamen's  hospital  Is 
established  at  Liverpool. 

*  *  Ire.  Tlie  Ribbon  Society  fs  orga- 
nized to  retaliate  on  landlords  any  inju- 
ries done  to  their  tenants. 


1821  Aug.  12.  Dublin.  George  IV. 
pays  a  visit  to  Ireland. 

Aug.  14.  A  riot  occurs  on  the  occasion 
of  the  removing  of  Queen  Caroline's 
remains  to  Brunswick  ;  two  persons 
killed. 

*  *  The  public  baths  at  Kxeter  are 
erected. 

*  *  London.  The  Dre  adnought  (sea- 
meu'sj  Hospital  is  established. 

1822  Apr.  19.  A  riot  occurs  in  the 
Westminster  colliery. 

Aug.  22-27.  Edinburgh.  George  IV. 
makes  a  visit. 

Dec.  14.  Dublin.  A  riot  occurs  at  the 
theater;  it  is  called  the  "bottle  con- 
spiracy '*  against  the  Marquis  Wellesley, 
lord-lieutenaut. 

*  *  Ire.    Titles  created  : 

Karls  I.ialowel,  Dunraven,  Mont-Karl,  and 
Kihnorey  are  created.  [1825,  Marquises  of 
Olanricarde  and  Ormonde;  1827,  Karl  Kor- 
Imry;  1831,  Viscount  of  (luillamore,  Earl 
Uanfurly,  and  Baron  Talbot  de  Malahide.J 

*  *  Titles  created  : 

Karl  of  Temple  of  Stowe.  C1823,  Earl  of 
Vane  and  Viscount  of  Clancarty  ;  1824, 
IJaron  (iiflford;  1826,  Earls  of  Amherst  and 
Cawiior,  Marquis  of  Bristol,  Viscount  of 
Coniberrnere,  and  Barons  De  Tabley,  Wig- 
an,  Somerhill,  and  Hanfurly;  1827,  Barons 
i'lunket  and  Tenterden;  1828,  Barons  Kose- 
liery,  Clanwllliani,  and  Heytesbury;  1829, 
Baron  Wynford.J 

1823*  *  Edinburgh.    TbeBannatyne 

Club  is  founded. 

*  *  Liverpool  Marine  Humane  Society  is 

formed. 

*  *  Oxford  Union  Society  is  established 

as  a  debating-club. 

1824*  *  London.  The Koyal  Society  for 
the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals 

is  instituted. 

*  *  London.  Queen  Adelaide's  lying-in 
hospital  is  founded. 


STATE. 

1820  Jan.  29.  King  George  HI.  dies 
at  Windsor  Castle. 

1820-30    George  IV.  reigns. 

He  is  the  eldest  son  of  George  III. 
The  £}arl  of  Xdverpool  continues  as 
premier. 

Feb.  14.  The  Cabinet  refuses  to  favor  a 
bill  for  the  divorce  of  Queen  Caroline. 

Apr.  23.  Parliament  meets.  [1826. 
June  26.    Dissolved,] 

June  6.  London.  Queen  Caroline  ar- 
rives from  the  Continent,  and  is  received 
with  great  popular  demonstrations  of 
welcome.  [Aug.  3.  She  establishes  her- 
self at  Brandenburg  House.] 

The  king  sends  a  "  green  bag'*  to  each 
House  of  Parliament,  containing  papers 
respecting  the  conduct  of  the  queen 
while  abroad. 

June  8.  H.  L.  A  secret  committee  is 
app<tinted  to  examine  charges  of  in- 
continence against  Queen  Caroline. 

July  5,  H.  L.  Lord  Liverpool  intro- 
duces a  bill  of  •*  Pains  and  Penalties  " 
to  dissolve  the  marriage  of  Queen  Caro- 
line. [Aug,  17.  Her  trial  begins  in  tiie 
House  of  Lords;  she  isdefemfed  by  Lord 
Brougham.  Nov.  10.  The  bill  is  read  a 
third  time.  Vote,  108-99.  The  majority 
being  so  small,  Lord  Liverpool  moves  the 
al)andonment  of  the  bill,  which  is  agreed 
to,  and  the  trial  ends. 

1821  Jan.*  Aust.  The Laibach Con- 
gress meets  (p.  521). 

May  *  The  Bank  of  England  resumes 
specie  payments. 


July  10.  The  Privy  Council  decides 
against  the  claim  of  Queen  Caroline 
to  be  crowned  with  the  king. 

Jtily  19.  London.  George  IV.  is 
crowned  at  Westminster  Abbey. 

Queen  Caroline  goes  in  state,  and  pre- 
sents herself  for  admission  to  the  cere- 
mony, but  her  demand  is  refused.  [Aug. 
7.  She  dies.  Aug.  14,  Tumult  at  her 
tuueral.] 

Aug.  1.    George  IV.  sails  for  Dublin. 

[Aug.  18,    He  arrives  at  Leith,  Scotland.] 
Sept.  *  The  Duke  of  York  is  appointed 
lord  justice  to  rule  while  the  king  is 
absent  in  Hanover. 

Dec.  29.    Ire.    Marquis  "Wellesley   is 

appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

1822  Feb.  14.  Charles  Kendal  Bushe 
is  appointed  chief  justice. 

Sept.  *  George    Canning  is   appointed 

foreign  secretary. 

*  *  Robert  Peel  is  appointed  home  sec- 
retary. 

*  *  iMndon.  William  Heygate  is  elected 
lord  mayor. 

1823  Feb.  15.  ■William  Huskisaon  is 
appointed  president  of  the  Board  of 
Trade. 

Mar.  *  Lord  Amherst  embarks  for  In- 
dia as  governor-general. 

*  *  S.  Afr.    Immigrants  settle  in  Natal. 

*  ♦  Tlie  Earl  of  Chichester  is  appointed 

postmaster-general. 

*  *  Parliament;  The  window-tax  is  re- 
duced. 

*  *  London.  Robert  Waithman  is  elected 
lord  mayor.  [1825,  William  Venable ; 
1826,  Anthony  Bowne:  1827,  Matthias 
Prime  Lucas ;  1828,  William  Thompson.] 

1824  Feb.  4.  H.  C.  It  is  announced 
that,  at  a  conventi<ui,  England  agrees  to 
accept  £2..'i00,000  as  a  compensation  for 
claims  on  Austria,  amounting  to  £30,- 
000,000  sterling. 

*  *  Lre.  The  Roman  Catholic  Associa- 
tion is  organized  to  agitate  the  removal 
of  the  religious  and  civil  disabilities  of 
Roman  Catholics. 

*  *  The  law  forbidding  the  exportation  of 
wool  is  repealed. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1820  Jan.  7.  The  Birmingham  The- 
ater is  burned. 

Aug.  1,   Tiie  Regent's  Canal  is  finished. 

It  is  nine  miles  long,  beginning  at  Pad- 
<lington  and  tlowiug  into  the  Thames  at 
Limehouse. 

*  *  The  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Manches- 
ter, is  established. 

1821  Jan.  22,  London.  A  great  fire 
occurs  at  Mile  End;  loss,  £200,000. 

*  *  Steamboats  are  established  between 
Dover  and  Calais,  and  London  and  Leith. 

1822  Feb.  *  St.  John's  Market,  Liver- 
pool, is  opened. 

Nov.  1,  Scot.  The  Caledonian  Canal, 
from  the  North  Sea  to  the  Atlant  it- 
Ocean,  is  opened. 

*  *  The  poor  endure  great  snfTering 
through  scarcity  of  food;  £356,000  is 
granted  for  their  relief. 

1823  Mar.  26.  The  packet  Alert  is 
wrecked  ;  70  persons  are  drowned. 

May  16.  Tlie  Robert,  from  Dublin  to 
Liverpool,  is  wrecked;  60  persons  are 
ilrowned. 

*  *  I^ondon.    Cabs  are  introduced. 

*  *Raw  cotton  is  first  imported  from 
Egypt. 


942      1824,**-1828,^ 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


1 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

2825  Feb.  *-Dec.  *  Ind.  Sir  Archi- 
bald Campbell  invades  Burma,  gains 
many  victories,  captures  several  towns, 
and  compels  the  Burmese  king  to  sue 
for  peace.    (See  India.) 

1827  Jan.  22.  The  Duke  of  "Wel- 
lington is  appointed  commander-in- 
chief.  [Apr.  30.  He  resigns.  Aug.  27. 
Reappointed.] 

^Oct.  20.    Gr.    Battle  of  NaTjarino. 

The  Turkish  and  Egyptian  fleets  under 
Ibrahim  Pasha  are  nearly  destroyed  by 
the  combined  fleets  of  Great  Britain, 
France,  and  Russia.  [1823.  Oct.  *  The 
Turks  evacuate  Greece.  1829.  Sept.  19. 
Acknowledge  its  indepentleuoe.] 

a828  Feb.  25.  Lord  Hill  is  appointed 
commander-in-chief. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1824  *  *  Pins  are  first  manufactured  by 
machinery  under  an  American  patent. 

*  *  The  Observatory  is  erected  at  Cam- 
bridge. 

1824-80  "Windsor  Castle  is  repaired 
and  enlarged. 

1825  Feb.  16.  Capts.  Sir  John  Frank- 
lin and  George  Francis  Lyon  again  sail 
from  Liverpool  on  a  polar  expedition. 

•  Sept.  27.    The  Stockton  and  Oarlington 

railway,    Edward    Pease    and    George 
Stephenson,  builders,  is  opened. 

*  *  John  Crowther's  hydraulic  crane  is 
patented. 

*  'The  Mechanics*  Institution  is  opened 
at  Exeter. 

*  *  Highlauffer's  Home  is  painted  by  Sir 
David  Wilkie. 

*  *  Faraday  discovers  benzin  in  oils. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Mechanics*  Institute  is  es- 
tablished at  Belfast. 

*  *  London.  The  Melodists' Club  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *  W.  A  chain  suspension  bridge  is 
erected  at  Menai  Strait  by  Thomas  Tel- 
ford. 

±*  *  London.  Isambard  Kingdom  Brunei 
begins  tlie  first  shaft  of  the  Thames 
tunnel. 

±  *  *  The  concertina  is  invented  by  [Sir] 
Charles  Wheatstone. 

±  *  *  A  planing-machine  for  iron  is 
constructed  by  Joseph  Clement. 

±  *  *  Gideon  Algernon  Mantell  discovers 
the  remains  of  huge  extinct  animals  at 
Weald  of  Kent,  Sussex. 

±  *  *  The  steam-jet  is  applied  by  Timo- 
thy Jlackwortli. 

±  *  *  Gothic  architecture  is  revived. 

*  *  The  actinometer  is  invented  by  Sir 
John  Herschel ;  it  measures  the  heating 
power  of  the  solar  rays. 

*  *  Liverpool  Tlieater  is  opened. 

*  *  McEnery  discovers  flint  tools  and 
bones  of  extinct  animals  in  Kent's  eave. 

1826  *  *  Scot.  The  Scotch  Academy 
of  Arts  is  organized. 

*  *  London.  The  Zoological  Society  is 
founded.  [1827.  Apr.  *  Opened.  1829. 
Mar.  28.     Chartered.] 

*  *  Fox  Talbot  observes  the  orange  line 
of  strontium  in  the  spectrum, 

*  *  Lieut.  Thomas  Drummond  produces 
lime-light  by  the  combustion  of  oxygen 
and  hydrogen  on  the  surface  of  lime 
(Drummond  light). 

1827  Apr.*  The  Gloucester  and  Berke- 
ley canal  is  completed. 

May  27.  A  patent  is  given  Palliser  for 
chilled  metal  shot  cast  in  cold  iron 
molds. 


June  22.  Capt.  Sir  William  Edward 
Parry  again  sails  from  Deptford  in  the 
Hecla  [and  reaches  a  point  435  miles 
from  the  North  Pole.  Oct.  6.  He  re- 
turns]. 

*  *  The  spectrum  analysis  is  worked  out 
by  Herschel. 

*  *  William  Snow  Harris  invents  the 
thermoelectrometer. 

*  *  The  first  atmospheric  engine  is  in- 
vented by  John  Ericsson. 

*  *  Davies  Gilbert  becomes  president  of 
the  Royal  Society. 

*  *  Printing  for  the  bUnd  (by  raised 
characters)  is  commenced. 

1827-31  London,  The  new  Ijondon 
Bridge  is  built;  cost,  £1,458,000. 

1828  Jan.  12,  13.  A  storm  sweeps 
the  coast ;  many  vessels  are  lost,  and  13 
driven  ashore  in  Plymouth  alone. 

*  *  Scot.  James  B.  Neilson,  of  Glasgow, 
patents  his  hot-air  blast. 

*  *  A  musical  festival  is  first  held  at  Man- 
chester. 

*  *  Lo7idon.  Queen's  Theater,  Totten- 
ham-court Road,  ia  opened. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1834  *   *  Bowdich,  Thomas  Edward,  African 
traveler,  A  34. 

Byron,  Lord,  Oeorse  Noel  Gordon,  poet, 

A  36. 
Cartwright,  John,  major,  pel.  reformer,  A84. 
CoUins,  ■William  "Wilkie,  novelist,  born. 
Dobell,  Sydney,  poet,  born. 
Fayrer,  Sir  Joseph,  physician,  born. 
Huggina,  William,  astronomer,  born. 
Jessel,  Sir  George,  Jurist,  born. 
Kavanagh,  Julia,  novelist,  Ireland,  born. 
Knight,  Kichard  Payne,  author,  A74. 
Leinprit're,  .John,  schohir,  author,  A64. 
MacDonald,  George,  novelist,  Scot.,  horn. 
Turner,  Francis  Palgrave,  art  critic,  horn. 
Thomson,  Sir  William,  physicist,  math.,  b. 

1835  *  *  Hates,  Henry,  Walter,  naturalist,  h. 
Barnard,  Lady  Anne,  poet,  Scotland,  A75. 
Bell,  John,  surgeon,  anatomist,  physiologist, 

Scotland,  A62. 

Bogue,  David,  clergyman,  founder  of  Lon- 
don Missionary  Society,  A75. 

Boyd,  Andrew  K.  H.,  essayist,  Scotland,  b. 

Chalmers,  (Jeorge,  hist.,  biog..  Scot.,  A83. 

Davidson.  George,  astronomer,  born. 

Klmsley,  Peter,  classical  scholar,  critic,  A52. 

Frankland,  Edward,  chemist,  horn. 

Huxley,  Thomas  Henry,  nat.,  phil.,  au.,  h. 

Keary,  Annie,  novelist,  born. 

McGee,  Thos.  D'Arcy,  journalist.  Ire.,  born. 

Ouseley,  Sir  Frederick,  cl.,  musician,  born. 

Parr,  Samuel,  clergyman,  writer,  A78. 

Procter,  Adelaide  Anne,  poet,  horn. 

Rees,  Abraham,  cyclopediat,  A82. 

Tail,  Peter  Guthrie,  malheniatician,  born. 

Woolner,  Thomas,  sculptor,  poet,  horn. 

1836  *  ♦  Adams,  Andrew  Leith,  naturalist,  b. 
Bagehot,  Walter,  journalist,  author,  born. 
Buckland,  Frank  Trevelyan,  naturalist,  b. 
Clark,  Sir  Andrew,  physician,  born. 
Craik,  Mrs.,  Dinah  Maria  Mulock,  nov.,  b. 
Derby,  Earl  of,  Edward  Henry  Stanley, 

statesman,  born. 
T>oyle,  Kichard,  caricaturist,  born. 
Dufferin,    Earl    of,  Frederick  T.   Black- 

'wood,  statesman,  born. 
Field,  Thomas,  painter,  born. 
Flaxman,  John,  sculptor,  ATI. 
Glflford,    William,   poet,   dramatist,  editor, 

author,  A66. 
Grant,    Sir   Alexander,   scholar,   educator, 

Scotland,  born. 
Hastings,  Marquis  of,  Francis  Rawdon,  gen- 
eral, governor-general,  A72. 
Heber,  Reg'lnald,  bishop  of  Calcutta,  poet, 

author,  A  43. 
Kelly,  Miithael,  composer,  singer,  Ire.,  A64. 
Kimberley,  Earl  of,  John  Wodehouse, 

statesman,  born. 
Laing,  Alex.  Gordon,  Afr.  trav.,  Scot.,  A33 
Nichols,  John,  printer,  i>uh.,  ed.,anti(|.,  A8l. 
Palgrave,  William  tiifford,  author,  trav.,  1>. 
Raffles,    Sir    Thomas     Stamford,    traveler, 

statesman,  historian,  A45. 
1827  *   *  Blake,  William,  poet,  painter,  A70. 
Bradley,  Edward,  novelist,  horn. 
Canningr,  George,  states.,  orator,  poet,  A57. 
Clapperton,  Hugh,  Afr.  traveler,  Scot.,  A39. 
Constable,  .\rchibald.  publisher,  Scot.,  A53. 
Cox,  George  W..  clergyman,  author,  horn. 
Emmett,  Thomas  Addis,  poUtician,  Ire.,  A63. 


Fane,  Julian  C.  IL,  poet,  born. 

Frederick,  Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  son 

of  George  III.,  A64. 
Good,   John    Mason,    physician,    Hebraist, 

litterateur,  A63. 
Grant,  James  Augustus,  traveler,  Scot.,  b. 
Harcourt,  Sir  ^Villiam  George  GranvUle 

Vernon,  statesman,  born. 
Hunt,  William  Holman,  painter,  born. 
Lawreiup,  George  Alfred,  novelist,  born. 
Lister,  Sir  Joseph,  physician,  born. 
Mitford,  William,  historian,  phiokigist,  A83. 
Mivart,  Saint  Georgre,  nat.,  phd.,  an.,  b. 
Pinkerlon,  John,  arrheologist,  numismatist, 

historian,  geograjiher,  Sc()tland,  A69. 
Pollok,  Robert,  poet,  Scotland,  A29. 
Richmond,  I.egh,  clergyman,  author,  A  56. 
Robinson,  George  Frederick  Samuel,  Marquia 

of  Ripon,  statesman,  horn. 
Rowlanclson,  Thomas,  caricaturist,  A71. 
Sala,  Geo.  Ang..  journalist,  novelist,  au.,  b. 
Salt,  Henry,  antiquary,  Ai'Z. 
Speke,  (.'apt.  John  H.,  Afr.  traveler,  born. 
W'ooii,  John  George,  naturalist,  born. 
1838  *  *  Allingham,  William,  iioet.  Ire.,  b. 
Bewick,  Thomas,  artist,  wood-engraver,  ATS. 
Congreve,   Sir   William,    military    engineer, 

Inventor,  A56. 
Cosway,  Hi<-hard,  painter,  A88. 
Coxe,  William,  archdeacon,  historian,  A8I. 
Hansard,  Luke,  j)arlianientary  printer,  A7S. 
Liverpool,  Earl  of,  Robert  Banks  Jenkinson,, 

statesman,  A 58. 
Massey,  (ierald,  poet,  born. 
Meredith,  Geore:e,  novelist,  born. 
Richardson,  Benj.  W.,  physiologist,  horn. 
Rossetti,  Dante  Gabriel,  poet,  jiainter,  b. 
Sanderson,  J.  S.  Burdon.  physiologist,  bom. 
Sawyer,  Wdliam  Kingston,  poet,  author,  b. 
Smith.  Sir  James  Edward,  botanist,  natural- 
ist, A  69. 
Stewart,  Balfour,  physicist,  horn. 
WoUaston,  William  Hyde,  physicist,  A62. 

CHURCH. 

1825  *  *  Bishops  elected : 

Thomas  Burgess  for  Salisbury.  C1827, 
Charles  Kichard  Sumner  for  Winchester  ; 
1830,  Christopher  Bethell  for  Exeter  ;  later, 
translated  to  Bangor,  and  is  succeeded  by 
Henry  Phillpoits  ;  James  Henry  Monk  for 
Gloucester  and  Bristol;  1831.  IJohert  James 
Carr  for  Won-ester;  1837,  Edmund  Denison 
for  Salisbury  ;  1839,  George  Davys  tot  Peter- 
borough; 1841,  Henry  Pepys  for  Worcester; 
1845,  John  Medley  for  Frederlclon,  N.  B.] 

*  *  Scot.  Tbe  Presbyterian  Cburch  of 
Scotland  appoints  its  first  foreign  Mis- 
sionary Committee. 

*  *  Scot.  A  society  of  young  men  is  or- 
ganized in  Glasgow  [Young  Men's 
Christian  Association]. 

1827  *  *  London.  The  Protestant  So- 
ciety is  eslublisbed. 

1828  May  9.  Corporation  and  Test 
Acts  repealed.    (See  State.) 

LETTERS. 

1824  *  *  A  translation  of  Goethe's  Wil- 
helm  Meister,  by  Thomas  Carlyle,  ap- 
pears. 

1824-28    History  of  the  Commonuealth, 

by  William  Godwin,  appears. 
1824-29     Imaginary    Conversations,   by 

Landor,  appears. 
1824-32     Our   Village,  by  Mary  Russell 

Mitford,  appears.     [1828.    liienzi.] 

1825  *  *  A  professorship  of  political 
economy  is  established  at  Oxford  by 
Henry  Drummond. 

*  *  Tbe  "Western  Literary  Institution 
and  the  Eastern  Ijterary  Institution 
are  founded. 

*  *  Scot.  Principles  of  Political  Econ- 
omy, by  John  Ramsay  M'Culloch,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Betrothed  and  The  Talis- 
man,  by  Scott,  appear.  [1826.  Woodfttock: 
1827,  The  Two  Drovers,  The  Highland 
Widoio,  The  Surgeon's  Daughter,  and 
LAfe  of  Napoleon.  1827-30,  Tales  of  a 
Grandfather:  1828,  The  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth;  \H29,  Anne  of  Geierstein  :  1829-30, 
History  of  Scotland;  1830,  Letters  on 
Demonoloqy .  1831,  Connt  Hobert  oj 
Paris  ami  Castle  Ikingerous.] 


I 


AND    IRELAND. 


1824,**- 1828/ 


943 


*  *  William  Tell,  by  James  Sheridan 
Knowles,  appears. 

*  •  Aids  to  lieflectwn,  by  Coleridge,  ap- 
pears. 

1825-44    Essays,  by  Macaulay,  appear. 

1826  Feb.  11.  London.  The  London 
University  is  chartered.  [1828. 
Openeii.] 

*  •London.  Highbury  College  ia 
foundeii. 

*  •  Edinburfih.  The  North  British  Ad- 
vertiser is  issued. 

*  *  London.    The  Atlas  is  issued. 

*  *  Poems  by  Two  Brothers,  by  Charles 
and  Alfred  Tennyson,  appears. 

*  *  Elements  of  Lotfic,  hy  Whately.  ap- 
pears.   [1828.     Elements  of  Rhetoric] 

*  •  jrAimjianrfOrfrfifica.byThomasHood, 
appears. 

*  •  Poems,  by  Elizabeth  Barrett  [Brown- 
ingl,  appear.*?. 

1827  Feb.  23.  Edinburgh.  Sir  "Wal- 
ter Scott  acknowledges  the  authorship 
of  the  Waverley  novels. 

*  *  London.  Tlie  Society  for  the  Pro- 
motion and  Diffusion  of  Knowledge 
ia  founded. 

*  *  The  Incorporated  Law  Society  is 
founded. 

*  *  London.  Tlie.'^/aTK/arrf  is  issued;  also 
the  Medical  Gazette. 

1827-46  London.  The  Foreign  Quar- 
terly Review  is  issued. 

*  *  Vivian  Grey,  by  Benjamin  Disraeli 
[Earl  of  Beaconsfield],  appears. 

*  *  The  Christian  Year,  by  Keble,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Scot.  Minstrelsy,  Ancient  and  Mod- 
em, by  William  Motherwell,  appears. 
[1832.     Poems  Narrative  and  Lyrical.] 

*  •  Salathiel,  by  George  Croly,  appears. 

*  *  Chemical  Manipulation,  by  Michael 
Faraday,  appears. 

*  •  Scot.  Course  qf  Tvme^  by  Robert  Pol- 
lok,  appears. 

1828  *  *  A  political  economy  professor- 
ship is  established  at  Cambridge. 

*  •  London.  Tlie  Court  Journal  is  issued  ; 
also  the  Athcnxum,  the  Spectator,  the 
Record,  the  Medical  Times,  and  the  Po- 
lice Gazette. 

*  •  The  Ashmolean  Society*  Oxford,  is 
founded. 

1828-46  Lo7tdon.  The  Foreign  Quar- 
terly Review  is  issued. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Col  teg  tans,  hyGeTAMGriSiii, 
appears. 

*  •  Pelkam,  by  Sir  Edward  George  Earle 
Lytton  Bulwer-Lvtton,  appears,  [1829, 
The  Disoitmed  and  Devereux;  1830,  Paul 
Clifford;  1832,  Eugene  Aram;  1833,  Go- 
dofphin:  1834,  Last  Days  of  Pompeii. 
1837,  Ernest  Mattrarers  and  Alice,  or 
the  Mysteries;  1838,  The  Lady  of  Lyons, 
Richelieu,  and  Leila.] 

SOCIETY. 

1824-29  The  death  penalty  is  abol- 
ished in  a  great  number  uf  cases. 

*  ♦  Weekly  wages  of  laborer,  seven  shil- 
lings and  sevenpence. 

*  •  The  British  Code  of  Duel  is  pub- 
lished. It  is  approved  by  the  Duke  of 
Wellington  and  others. 

*  *A  Steam-engine  Maker's  (trades 
imion)  Society  is  established. 

*  *  A  new  House  of  Industry  Is  erected  at 
Liverpool. 

1825  Jan.  20.  Tlie  British  and  Foreign 
Temperance  Society  is  formed. 

*  •  The  (combination  laws  against  trades 
unions  are  repeale<t. 

*  •  Norfolk  Island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  is 
reoccupied  a.s  a  penal  settlement. 


1826  Apr.  23-30.  In  Lancashire  1,000 
power-looms  are  destroyed  by  dis- 
tressed operatives. 

Aug,  4.  London.  The  last  stocks  for 
criminals  are  removed  from  St.  Clement 
Danes  .Strand. 

Oct.  *  Lotteries  are  abolished.  [Oct.  18. 
The  last  one  is  drawn.] 

*  *  Ire.  A  total  abstinence  society  is 
organized  in  Skibbereen,  County  Cork, 
by  Jeffery  Sedwards,  a  nailer. 

1827  June  *  Benefit  of  clergy  is  to- 
tally abolished. 

*  *  An  Act  is  passed  directing  the  court  to 
enter  a  plea  ui  **  not  guilty"  when  the 
prisoner  will  not  plead. 

*  *  I^ndon.  The  British  Orphan  Asy- 
lum, Clapham-rise,  is  established.  Also 
one  at  Wanstead. 

*  *  London.  A  society  for  artists'  wid- 
ows is  formed. 

1828  Oct.  9.  Ire.  A  riot  occurs  at 
Ballybay. 

Dec.  27.  Rowland  Stephenson,  M.P.,  ab- 
sconds, defaulting  £200,000. 

*  *  London.  The  Free  Royal  Hospital, 
Gray's  Inn  Lane,  is  founded. 

STATE. 

1824  *  *  E.I.    The  Straits  Settlements, 

including  Malacca,  Penang  (Prince  of 
Wales  Island),  and  Singapore,  are  ac- 
quired. 

1825  Apr.  *  H.  C.  A  bill  to  repeal  the 
disabilities  of  Catholics,  to  enact  a 
state  provision  for  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  and  to  raise  the  qualification  of 
the  Irish  franchise  from  40  shillings  to 
i^lO  is  passed.  [It  is  rejected  by  the 
Lords.] 

*  *  E.  I.    Assam  is  acquired. 

*  *  L<yndon.  The  Bank  of  England  sud- 
denly diminishes  its  circulation  to  the 
extent  of  ;t;3,.^>00.000.  [Dec.  *  The  exer- 
tions of  the  bank  and  mint  save  the 
ci'edit  of  the  country.] 

1826  Jan.  1.  The  currency  of  Eng- 
land and  Ireland  is  made  uniform. 

Feb.  24.  E.  I.  A  treaty  of  peace  is 
concluded  with  the  Burmese ;  they  cede 
an  immense  territory,  and  agree  to  pay 
£1,000,000  towards  the  expenses  of  the 
war. 

Nov.  13.  Convention  with  the  United 
States  for  indemnities  (p.  136). 

Nov,  14.  Parliament  meets.  [1830. 
July  24.    Dissolved.] 

*  *  Joint-stock  banks  are  legalized ;  this 
breaks  the  monopoly  of  tlie  Bank  of 
England. 

*  *  Lord  Frederick  Montague  is  ap- 
pointed postmaster. 

1827  Jan.  5.  Frederick, Dukeof  York, 
son  of  George  III.,  dies. 

Apr.  24-30.  The  Canning  Adminis- 
tration is  formed. 

George  Canning  (lord  treasurer  and  chan- 
cellor exchequer),  Karl  of  Harrowby  (presi- 
dent council),  Duke  of  Portland  (privy  seal), 
Viscount  Dinlley,  Viscount  (Jodench,  and 
Sttirges  Bourne  (loreijin,  colonial,  and  home 
secretaries*,  r.  W.  W.  Wynn  (i)re8ident  India 
board),  William  Htiskisson  (l>oard  of  trade), 
Lord  I'almerston  (secretary  of  war),  Lord 
Ilexley  (chancellor  of  the  liui-hyof  Lancas- 
ter), Puke  of  Clarence  (lord  Jiigh  admiral), 
Lord  Lyndhurst  (lord  chancellor),  Marquis 
of  Landsdowne,  without  office  [afterwards 
home  secretary],  Karl  of  Carlisle  (woods  and 
forests). 

July  6.  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Rus- 
sia enter  an  alliance  against  Turkey 
because  of  its  treatment  of  Greece  (p. 

726). 

Aug.  8.    George  Canning  dies. 


Sept.  8.  The  Goderich  Administration 

is  formed. 

Viscount  Goderich,  Earl  of  Hipon  (lord 
treasurer),  the  Duke  of  Portland  (president 
council),  Lord  Lyndhurst  (lord  chant-ellor), 
the  Earl  of  Carlisle  (privy  seal),  Viscount 
Dudley,  Mr.  Hiiskisson,  and  the  Marquis  of 
Lansdowne  (foreign,  colonial,  and  home  sec- 
retaries). Lord  Paluierston  (secretary  of 
war),  C.  W.  W.  Wynn  (president  of  the  India 
board ),  Charles  (irant  [  Lord  (ilenelgj  (board 
of  trade),  J.  C.  Herriea  (chancellor  exclieq- 
uer),  Mr.  Tierney  (master  of  the  mini),  and 
John  Singleton  Copley,  Lord  Lyndhurst, 
(lord  chancellor). 

Nov.  5.    Ire.    Sir  Anthony  Hart  is  ap- 
pointed lord  chancellor. 
1828    Jan.  8.    Lord  Goderich  resigns 

his  office. 
Jan.  25.  The  "Wellington  Administra- 
tion is  formed. 

The  Duke  of  Wellington  (lord  treasurer). 
Lord  Lyndhurst  (lord  chancellor)  Henry 
Gouldhurn  (chaiK^ellor  exclie(iuer),  £arl 
Bathurst  (president  of  council).  Lord  El- 
lenboruutih  (privy  seal).  Sir  Holiert  Peel, 
Earl  Dudley,  and  William  Huskisson  (home, 
foreign,  and  colonial  secrelarles),  Viscount 
Melville  (board  of  control),  Charles  (;rant 
{boardof  trade),  l^ord  I'ahnersloii  (secretary 
of  war),  .1.  (.'.  Herries  (master  of  the  mint), 
Karl  of  Aberdeen  (Ducliyof  Lancaster). 

Feb.  26.  H.  O.  The  Corporation  and 
Test  Acts  are  repealed  on  the  motion  of 
Lord  John  Kussell.    Vote,  237-193. 

Mar.  1.  Ire.  Henry,  Marquis  of  An- 
glesey, is  appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

May  9.  Parliament  repeals  the  Corpo- 
ration and  Test  Acts,  and  substitutes 
for  the  Sacramental  Test  these  words 
in  the  declaration  *'on  the  true  faith  of 
a  Christian."  Dissenters  become  eli- 
gible for  office. 

May  *  -June  *  The  Ministry  is  recon- 
structed on  the  retirement  of  the  Earl 
of  Dudley,  Lord  Palmerston,  Mr.  Grant, 
Mr.  Huskisson. 

Julys.  Ire.  Daniel  O'Connell  is 
elected  to  Parliament  from  Clare  ;  he  is 
the  firgft  Homan  Catholic  Commoner 
elected  since  the  Kevolution.  [1829. 
July  30.    Reelected.] 

July  15.  Parliament:  The  Act  called 
the  "sliding  scale"  is  adopted;  it 
modifies  the  restrictions  on  the  importa- 
tion of  breadstuffs. 

July  *  The  sinking-fund  is  limited  to 
one-fourth  of  the  actual  surplus  of  reve- 
nue. 

July  *  E.  I.    Lord  "William    Bentinck 

is  governor-general. 

Sept.  19.  "Viscount  Melville  is  made 
first  lord  of  the  admiralty. 

*  *The  more  advanced  Whigs  and  Re- 
formers are  called  Liberal. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1825  Aug.  16.  Capt.  Johnson  sails  in 
the  Entrrprise  from  Falmoutli  on  the 
first  steam  voyage  to  India.  [Re- 
warded with  £10,0(X).] 

*  *  Dublin  is  lighted  with  gas. 

1825-26    Through  bubble  companies, 

770  banks  suspend. 

1826  *  *  Joint-stock  banks  are  estab- 
lished. 

1827  May  3.  London.  St.  Katha- 
rine's docks  are  begun. 

1828  Feb.  29.  At  a  launch  of  a  ves- 
sel at  Manchester  which  keeled  and  up- 
set, 200  persons  are  precipitated  into  the 
river  ;  51  are  drowned. 

*  *  London.  The  wall  of  Brunswick 
Theater  falls  during  a  rehearsal ;  12 
persons  are  killed. 


944     1828,**-1832,  May7.        GREAT    BRITAIN 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1828-45  Ire.  Lord  Rosse  erects  a  great 
telescope  at  Parsonstown ;  cost,  £20,000. 

1829  Oct.  5.  London.  Fanny  Kem- 
ble  makes  her  first  appearance. 

•  *  The  locomotive  Bocket  travels  25  to 
35  miles  per  hour. 

•  *  London.    Trafalgar  Square  is  begun. 
»  *  London.    The  new  post-ofiloe  is  com- 
pleted. 

*  *  A  new  concert-room  is  established  at 
Manchester. 

1830  June  1.  Capt.  Sir  John  Ross  dis- 
covers Boothia  Felix. 

Sept.  15.  The  Liverpool  and  Man- 
chester Railroad  is  opened.  [1 1  marks 
the  real  beginning  of  the  modern  era  of 
railways.} 

Sept.  *  The  Clarence  Dock,  Liverpool, 
is  completed. 

•  *  'Wardian  cases  are  devised,  by  N.  B. 
Ward,  for  growing  small  plants. 

♦  •  Pattinson's  process  for  obtaining  sil- 
ver from  lead  ore  is  introduced. 

*  *  Jolin  Braithwaite  constructs  a  steam 
fire-engine. 

•  •  .Sir  Martin  A.  Shee  becomes  president 
of  the  lloyal  Academy  i  later,  the  Duke 
of  Sussex. 

*  *  London.  The  Eoyal  Geographical 
Society  is  organized.  [The  .African  As- 
sociation unites  with  it.] 

*  *  London.  The  Garrick  Theater  is 
opened. 

1831  Feb.  15.  Wm.  Payne's  pocket 
pedometer  is  patented. 

June  1.  The  magnetic  north  pole  is 
discovereil  by  Commander  James  Clark 
Ross,  lie  locates  it  in  70*  5'  17"  north 
latitude,  and  96"  46'  45"  west  longitude. 

June  3.  The  Norwich  canal  and  harbor 
are  opened. 

July  31.  London.  London  Bridge  is 
completed  after  eight  years  of  labor. 
[.Vug.  •  It  Is  opened  by  the  king.] 

July  *  Scot.  The  Edinburgh  and  Dal- 
keith railway  is  opened. 

Aug.  4.  Ire.  A  waterspout  near  Kil- 
larney  destroys  property  and  17  lives. 

Sept.  27.  The  British  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science  hohls 
its  first  meeting  and  organizes  at  York. 
[1SJ2,  'Jd  at  Oxford;  1833,  3d  at  Cam- 
bridge. ] 

*  *  Faraday  discovers  that  an  electro- 
magnetic rotative  force  is  developed 
in  a  magnet  by  voltaic  electricity.  He 
discovers  the  induction  of  electric  cur- 
rents. 

*  *  John  Constable  paints  Yarmouth  Pier. 

*  *  London.  A  statue  of  William  Pitt 
is  erected  in  Hanover  Square. 

*  *  The  Surrey  Zoological  Gardens  are 
established  by  .Mr.  Edward  Cross. 

*  *  London.  The  violinist  Paganini  ap- 
pears. 

'  *  Sir  William  Snow  Harris  invents  vari- 
ous forms  of  the  compass. 

*  *  London.  The  statue  of  MaJ.  John 
Cartwright  is  erected  at  Burton  Cres- 
cent. Also  one  of  George  Canning  in 
New  Palace  Yard,  Westminster. 

*  *  London.  The  Strand  Theater  is  first 
opened. 

*  *  London.  The  Harveian  Society  is  or- 
ganized. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

18S9*  *  Ampthill,  Lord,  Odo  Russell, dlpl.,b. 
Belshain,  Tliomas,  Unitarian  cl.,  au.,  A79. 
Callanan,  James  Joseph,  poet,  A34. 
Davy,  Sir  Humphry,  chemist,  natural  phi- 
losopher, A61. 
Duff,  .MountstuartElphinstone  Grant,  states- 
man, born. 
Forbes.  Cbarlefl  S.,  commander,  author,  b. 
Gardiner,  Samuel  Kawson,  historian,  born. 


Long,  Kdwin,  painter,  born. 
Mawe,  John,  mineralogist,  A83. 
MlUaiB,  John  Everett,  painter,  born. 
Nares,  Kobert,  critic,  theologian,  ATb. 
olipliant,  Lawrence,  traveler,  author,  born. 
I'liiUips,  Watts,  dramatist,  born. 
ItolierLson,  Tlioiiias  William,  dramatist,  b 
Kossetti,  William  Michael,  poet,  writer,  b. 
.*^clater,  Philip  L.,  oriutliologist,  born. 
.Scoresby,  William,  arctic  explorer,  A69. 
Young,  Tliomas,  physicist,  author,  A  Sti. 

1830  *  •  Barry,  Kdward  M.,  architect,  born. 
Burke,  Thomas  N.,  H.  C.  clergyman,  orator, 

Ireland,  born. 
Calilerwood,  Henry,  pbilosoplier,  Scot.,  b. 
Clienevix,  Kiolianl,  wnler,  Ireland,  A5ti. 
Hazlltt,  William,  essayist,  critic,  an.,  A52. 
Hoey,  trances  Sarah  Casliel,  novelist.  Ire.,  b. 
Ingelow,  Jean,  poet,  born. 
Johnson,  Sir  John,  general,  A88. 
Lawrence,  Sir  Tliomas,  painter,  A61. 
Leigliton,  Sir  Kredericli,  painter,  horn. 
McCarthy,  Justin,  journalist,  novelist,  hls- 

torlJln,  statesman,  Ireland,  born. 
Palliser,  Sir  William,  soldier,  inventor,  born. 
Peel,  Sir  Kobert,  colton  nianuf..  pul.,  A8U. 
Kennell,  .James,  major,  geog.,  traveler,  A88. 
Kossetti,  Christina  Oeorglna,  poet,  horn. 
Salisbury,  Marquis,  Kobert  Arthur  Talbot 

Oascoigne  Cecil,  statesman,  horn. 
.Smith,  Alexander,  poet,  Scotland,  born. 
Veitcli,  John,  philosopher,  Scotland,  born. 
Wriglit,  William,  orientalist,  born. 

1831  *  "  Abernethy,  John,  physician,  author, 
Ireland,  A  67. 

Barr,  .Mattliias,  poet,  Scotland,  born. 
Bulwer-Lytton,  Kdward  Koliert  Lytlon,  Earl 

Lytton,  poet,  novelist,  diplomatist,  born. 
Edwards,  Amelia  Hlandforcl,  novelist,  born. 
Farrar,  Frederick  William,  archdeacon  of 

Westminster,  author,  born. 
Qoschen,  George  Joachim,  statesman,  b. 
Hall,  Robert,  clergyman,  orator,  an.,  A67. 
Hope,  Thomas,  author,  A61. 
Jealtreson,  John  Cordy,  novelist,  born. 
JIackenzie,  Henry,  novelist,  Scotland,  A86. 
llagee,  William,  archbishop  of  Dublin,  A6b. 
Slaxwell,  James  Clerk,  physicist,  born. 
Northcote,  James,  hist,  portrait  painter,  A85. 
Olipliant,  Thomas  L.  W.,  hist.,  essayist,  b. 
Pond,  John,  astronomer,  A64. 
Siddons,  Sarah,  actor,  A76. 
Wraxall,  Sir  Nathaniel  W.,  trav.,  hist.,  ABO. 
Yates,  Edmund  Hodgson,  novelist,  born. 

CHURCH. 


1828  *  *  William  Howley  is  chosen  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury. 

1829  Apr.  13.  Roman  Catholic  Relief 
Bill  passed.    (See  State.) 

Oct.  *  Scot.  Dr.  Alexander  Duff,  the 
first  missionary  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land, sails  for  India,  and  is  wrecked 
twice  on  the  voyage. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Congregational  Union  is 
organized. 

*  *  The  Jesuits  are  expelled  from  Eng- 
land by  the  Roman  Catholic  Act.  The 
establishing  of  convents  and  other  reli- 
gious communities  is  forbidden.  [Law 
not  enforced.] 

1830  *  *  Scot.  Thomas  Guthrie  is  or- 
dained pastor  at  Arbirlot. 

*  *  The  Brethren  first  appear  at  Plym- 
outh ;  they  object  to  the  latitiulinanan- 
ism  of  the  Established  Church  and  the 
sectarianism  of  Dissenters. 

1831  Nov.  30.  Ire.  The  French  frigate 
Hebe  lands  at  Cork  64  English  and  Irish 
Trappist  monks  who  were  expelled 
from  France. 

Dec.  9.  The  Protestant  Conservative 
Society  is  established. 

*  •  The  Congregational  ITnion  of  Eng- 
land and  Wales  is  organized, 

*  »  The  Trinitarian  Bible  Society  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  Ire.  Dr.  Bichard  "Whately  becomes 
archbishop  of  Dublin. 

1832  Feb.  6.  London.  A  general  fast 
is  observed  because  of  the  cholera. 

LETTERS. 

1828-40  History  of  the  War  in  the  Pe- 
ninsula, by  Sir  William  Francis  Patrick 
Napier,  appears. 


1828-43  Scot.  History  of  Scotland,  by 
Patrick  Kraser  Tytler,  appears. 

1829  Apr.  *  Itridfjcwater  Treatises. 
By  the  will  of  Rev.  Francis,  Farl  of 
Bridgewater,  £8,000  is  appropriated  to 
pay  eiglit  persons,  to  be  appointed  by  the 
president  of  the  Royal  Society,  who  shall 
each  write  an  essay  on  the  power,  wis- 
dom, and  goodness  of  God  as  seen  in  the 
creation.    [1833-36.    Published.] 

Aug.  14.  London.  King's  College  is 
incorporated.     [1831.    Oct.  8.    Opened-] 

1829-51  London.  The  ll'estminsler  He- 
view  is  united  with  the  Limdon  Ileview. 

*  *The  United  Scri'ice  ./ouriians  issued. 

*  *  Analj/siso/the Human Mind.by  Jamet 
Mill,  appears. 

»  •  Frank  Mtldmay,  or  Adventures  of  a 
Naval  Officer,  by  Capt.  Frederick  Ma> 
ryat,  appears.    [1830.     The  King's  Oum.] 

*  *  Richelieu,  by  George  Payne  Rainsford 
James,  appears.  [1831.  Philip  Augus- 
tus.] 

»  *  Timtecfoo.by  [Lord]  Alfred  Tennyson, 
appears.  [1830,  Poems:  1832,  'the  Lotut 
Eaters,  and  other  poems.] 

1830  *  •  Bagged  schools,  free  schools 
for  outcast  destitute  ragged  children, 
are  set  up  in  several  of  the  large  towns. 
The  instruction  is  based  uptin  the  Scrip- 
tures, and  most  of  the  teachers  are  un- 
paid. 

*  *  London,    /"raser's  J/ajozine  is  issued. 

*  »  Life  of  Byron,  by  Moore,  appears. 

*  *  Songs  of  the  Affections,  by  Mrs.  He- 
mans,'appearB.   [1834.    National  Lyncs.] 

*  *  History  of  the  Jews,  by  Henry  Hart 
Milman,  appears. 

«  »  Tnm  Cringle's  Log,  by  Michael  .Scott, 
appears.   [1834.  The  Cruise  of  the  Midge.] 

1830-31  Jhary  of  a  Physician,  by  Saml. 
Warren,  appears.  [1839-40.  Ten  Thovy 
sand  a   Year.] 

1831*  *  Dnlitin.  The  Irish  National 
School  system  is  arranged  by  Arch- 
bishojis  Whately  and  Murray  to  accom- 
modate both  Protestants  and  Catholics. 

*  *  The  Metropolitan  Magazine  Is  issued. 

*  *  Alfred  the  Great,  by  James  Sheridan 
Knowles,  appears.  [1832,  The  Hunch- 
back: 1833,  The  Wife:  18.-!4,  The  Beggar 
of  Belhnal  Green:  1837,  Lore's  Chase; 
1839,  Love ;  1840,  John  of  Procida.] 

*  *  Illustrations  of  Political  Economy,  by 
Harriet  Martine'au,  appears. 

*  *  Corn-Law  Ehymes,  by  Ebenezer  Elli- 
ott, appears. 


1832  Apr.  1.  London.  The  Penny  Mag- 
azine is  first  issued.    [1845.    Ceases.] 

SOCIETY. 

1828  •  *  A  law  is  passed  permitting  pub- 
lic houses  to  be  opened  on  Sunday* 
from  10  o'clock  till  3,  and  from  6  till 
11  r..M. 

1829  Jan.  28.  Edinburgh.  Burkethe 
murderer  is  executed  for  suHocating 
many  persons,  and  selling  their  bodies 
for  dissection. 

Sept.  29.  London.  The  old  watch  i» 
discontinued,  and  a  new  police  is  ap- 
pointed for  duty  night  and  day. 

•  *  The  British  Penitent  Female  Refuge 
at  Cambridge  Heath,  Hackney,  is  estab- 
lished. 

•  *  *  Burglary  is  made  a  capital  offense. 
Dec.  *  Dublin.  A  society  for  planting 
communities  of  the  poorer  Protestant* 
on  tracts  of  land,  particularly  in  the 
northern  counties  of  Ireland,  is  estab- 
lished. 

•  *  The  King's  Bounty,  an  annual  grant 
of  £1,000  for  the  Maundy  royals  alms 
distributed  by  the  lord  high  almoner,  le 
discontiQuod. 


J 


AND    IRELAND. 


1828,  *  *-1832,  May  7.      945 


1830  June  3.  W.  Rioting  occurs 
among  the  iron-workers  at  Mertliyr 
Tydvil ;  several,  fired  upon  by  the  mili- 
tary, killed  and  wounded. 

June  15.  Ire.  Rioters  at  Limerick 
plunder  the  provision  houses,  and  do 
other  mischief. 

Sept.  21.  Scot.  The  Dunfermline  As- 
sociation for  the  promotion  of  temper- 
ance by  the  relinquishment  of  all  intox- 
icating liquors  is  organized. 

♦  *  London.  The  Bank  of  England  loses 
£360,000t  by  Fauntleroy's  forgeries. 

*  *  Riotous  demonstrations  against  la- 
bor-saving machinery  occur  in  thesouth- 
ern  agricultural  counties. 

*  *  London  be tting-houaes  are  sup- 
pressed. 

1830-56  Ire.  Father  Mathew  admin- 
isters the  total  abstinence  pledge  to 
over  2,000,000  people. 

1831  May  23.  Ire.  Thirteen  persons 
are  killed  and  many  wounded  in  a  riot- 
ous conflict  between  the  police  and 
peasantry  at  a  fair  on  Castle-pollard. 

June  18.  Ire.  A  conflict  occurs  be- 
tween the  yeomanry  and  the  people  at  a 
seizure  of  stock  for  tithes  at  Newtown- 
Barry  ;  35  persons  are  killed. 

June  29.  Lomfon.  The  London  Tem- 
perance Society  holds  its  first  meeting 
in  Kxeter  Hall. 

Oct.  10.  Nottingham  Castle  is  burned 
by  rioters  during  tlie  reform  excite- 
ment. 

.Oct.  20-31.  A  riot  breaks  out  in  Bris- 
tol on  the  entrance  of  the  recorder,  Sir 
Charles  Wetlierell.  Prisoners  are  libe- 
rated, and  the  mansion  house,  the  bish- 
op*B  palace,  several  merchants'  stores, 
some  of  the  prisons,  nearly  100  houses 
burned,  and  above  500  persons  are  killed 
by  the  military,  or  perish. 

I>ec.  14.  Ire.  The  people  resist  the  po- 
lice in  Castleshock,  County  Kilkenny, 
killing  several  of  them. 

•  *  The  "truck  "system  of  paying  work- 
men's wages  in  goods  sold  in  tontnty 
shops,  instead  of  money,  is  prohibited. 

•  *The  Jews*  Orphan  Asylum,  New 
Charing  Cross  Hospital,  and  the  Royal 
United  Service  Institution  are  estab- 
lished :  a  Central  Board  of  Health  is 
formed. 

•  •  Titles  created  : 

Earls  of  Llclifleld,  Munster,  and  Camper- 
down,  Marquis  of  Ailsa,  and  the  Uarona 
Templeinore,  Cliaworth,  Klngall,  Cioncurry, 
I)unniore,Spflon,  Kcnlis,  I'oliuiiore,  Mostyn, 
Clements,  Kiluiiirnock,  ami  I>e  .Sauinarez. 
C1833,  Karl  of  (iranville,  Karl  of  Durham^ 
Viscount  of  i'anterbury;  1834,  liaron  Den- 
man;  1835,  HaroiiB  Worlingham,  Hatherton, 
Abinger.aml  .Xshlmrton;  1837,  Harons  Lovat 
and  Kateman,  Karls  of  Leicester,  Innes, 
Yarborougli,  Ktflngham,and  Ducle;  1838,  tlie 
Earl  of  Lovelace,  .Manjuis  of  Nornianby, 
and  BarongCarew,  Wrottcsley,  Methuen^  I>e 
Mauley,  Sudeley,  Kintore,  Kossinore,  and 
LIsmore;  IKS'*,  Barons  Keane,  Wenlock, 
Seaton,  Lurgan,  Stanley,  of  Alderley  and 
Lelgli.] 

1832  Mar.  24.  An  Act  is  passed  direct- 
ing that  tobacco  grown  in  Ireland  be 
purchased  in  order  that  it  may  be  de- 
stroyed. 

STATE. 

1828  *  *  Parliament :  A  general  licens- 
ing Act  is  passed.  Also  an  Act  for  build- 
ing and  enlarging  churches. 


1829  Mar.  5.  H.  C.  Sir  Robert  Peel 
introduces  the  "Catholic  Emancipa- 
tion Bill." 

It  proposes  to  admit  Catholics  to  Par- 
liament and  all  offices  of  state  except 
those  of  regent,  lord  chancellor  of 
Kngland,  ami  lord  chancellor  and  vice- 
roy of  Ireland.  [Mar.  29.  Passed.  Apr. 
10,  Passed  by  Lords.  Apr.  13.  Receives 
royal  assent.] 

Mar.  6.  Ire.  Henry,  Duke  of  North- 
umberlandj  is  appointed  lord-lieuten- 
ant. 

Apr.  28.  H.  Ii.  The  Duke  of  Norfolk 
and  Lords  Dormer  and  Clitford  are  the 
first  Roman  Catholic  peers  to  take  their 
seats. 

May  4.  H.  C.  The  first  English  Roman 
Catholic  member  returnedsmco  the  Ref- 
ormation takes  his  seat.  [Aug.  ♦  Dan- 
iel O'Connell,  an  Irish  Roman  Catholic 
member,  takes  his  seat.] 

June  18-Sept.  29,  London.  The  new 
metropolitan  police  force  is  organized. 

Dec.  7.  E.  I.  Suttee,  or  the  burning 
of  widows,  is  abolished, 

*  *  W.  Australia.  A  settlement  is  made 
at  Swan  River  by  colonists. 

1830  Jan.  6.    Ire.    The   customs   are 

consolidated. 

Apr.  5.  Parliament:  A  bill  to  remove 
the  civil  disabilities  of  the  Jews  is  in- 
troduced. (?)  [May  16.  Disapproved. 
Vote,  188-165.]  (?) 

[Lord]  Thomas  Babington  Macaulay 
enters  Parliament, 

Jime  26.    George  IV.  dies. 

1830-37    "William  IV.  reigns. 

He  is  a  brother  of  George  IV.,  and  son 
ofGeorgellL   [1831.    Sept.  8.   Crowned] 

An  administration  is  formed  with  the 
Duke  of  "Wellington  as  premier. 

Oct.  18.  Ire.  The  lord-lieutenant  issues 
a  proclamation  prohibiting  meetings  of 
the  Anti-Union  Society. 

Oct.  26.  Parliament  meets.  [1831.  Apr, 
2'1.    Dissolved.] 

Nov.  2.  The  Duke  of  "Wellington  de- 
clares himself  opposed  to  reform  in  Par- 
liament.    [Nov.  16.    He  resigns.] 

Nov.  22.  A  new  administration  is 
formed. 

Earl  Grey  as  premier,  Marquis  of  Lans- 
downe  (president  council),  Lord  HrouKham 
(lord  cliancellor),  Viscount  Altliorp  (chan- 
cellor excliequer),  Karl  of  Durham  (privy 
seal),  Viscounts  Melbourne,  l*alnier8ton,and 
Goderlch  (secretaries  home  department,  for- 
eign affairs,  and  colonies),  Lord  John  Kus- 
sell  (iiayinaster-i^eneral),  and  Sir  James  R. 
U.  Graham  (lord  of  the  admiralty). 

Dec.  23.  Ire.  William.  Baron  Plun- 
kett,  is  appointed  lord  high  chancellor. 
Henry,  Marquis  of  Anglesey,  is  ap- 
pointed lord-lieutenant. 

Parliament:    Regency  Bill   is 

passed. 

It  provides  for  the  administration  of 
the  Government,  should  the  Crown  de- 
scend to  the  princess  Victoria  while  un- 
der 18  years  of  age. 

*  *  Charles,  Duke  of  Hichmond,  is  ap- 
pointed postmaster. 

*  *  A  poll-tax  is  first  levied. 

*  *The  mails  are  first  conveyed  by  rail- 
way. 

1831  Feb.  *  The  Political  "Union  is 
formed  at  Birmingham  by  T.  Attwood. 

Mar.  1.  H.  C.  Lord  John  Hussell  in- 
troduces a  bill  for  parliamentary  re- 
form. [Apr.  18.  It  is  defeated.  Vote, 
291-299.] 


June  14.  Parliament  meets.  [1832. 
Dec.  3.    Dissolved.] 

June  24.  H.  C.  Lord  John  Bussell 
again  introduces  his  Reform  Bill. 
[Sept.  22.  Passed.  Dec.  8.  H.  L.  Re- 
jected. Dec.  12.  H.  C.  Reintroduced. 
1832.  Mar.  19.  Passed.  June  4.  Passes 
Lords.  Vote,  lOG-22.  June  7.  Royal 
assent.] 

It  disfranchises  56  boroughs  having 
less  than  2,(XX)  population,  and  deprives 
30  others  of  one  member  each.  Of  the 
143  seats  gained,  65  were  given  to  the 
counties;  22  of  tiie  large  towns  receive 
two  members  each,  antl  21  others  one 
each.  A  uniform  ^10  household  fran- 
chise is  established. 

Manchester  is  made  a  parliamentary 
borough  with  two  members  by  the  Re- 
form Act.  Birmingham,  Sheffield,  and 
Leeds  also  are  made  boroughs. 

*  *  Parliament:  The  offices  of  post- 
master-general of  England  uiul  Ireland 
are  united  in  one  person. 

*  *  Parliament:  Wine  duties  of  2  shil- 
lings 9  pence  per  gallon  on  Cape  wine 
and  5  shillings  6  pence  on  all  other  wines 
are  levied. 

*  *  Parliament:  All  restrictions  upon 
the  number  of  hackney-coaches  are 
removed. 

*  *  London.  Sir  John  Key  is  elected  lord 
mayor.  [1832,  Sir  Peter  Laure ;  1833, 
Charles  Farebother ;  18;M,  Henry  Win- 
chester; 1835,  \Vm.  Taylor  Copeland ; 
1836,  Thomas  Kelley.] 

1832  May  7.  H.  L.  A  motion  topost- 
pone  the  fir.st  two  clauses  of  the  Reform 
BiU  is  carried;  the  resignation  of  Earl 
Grey  follows.  [May  17  The  king  hav- 
ing consented  to  create  peers  in  order 
to  secure  a  majority  for  the  Reform 
Bill,  Earl  Grey  resumes  office.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1828*  *  London.  England's  first  great 
exhibition,  called  the  National  Repos- 
itory, opens  under  royal  patronage,  near 
Charing  Cross.     [Unsuccessful.] 

1829  Jan.*  Scot.  The  Glasgow  Theater 
is  burned. 

June  10.  The  first  boat-race  between 
the  Universities  of  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge takes  place  near  Oxford.  [1856. 
These  contests  become  annual.] 

July  4.  London.  Omnibuses  are  intro- 
duced. Tlie  first  one  starts  from  Pad- 
dington  f(»r  the  Bank  of  England. 

Sept.  3.  Edinburgh.  The  Royal  Ex- 
change is  opened. 

Oct.  *  Locomotive  steam-carriages  are 
used  on  railroads  at  Liverpool. 

*  *  London.  The  New  Bridewell  prison 
is  erected  as  a  substitute  for  the  City 
Bridewell,  Blackfriars. 

*  *  London.  Farringdon  market  is 
opened. 

1830  Feb.  16.  Lmidon.  The  Lyceum 
is  burned. 

Mar.  1.  The  first  light  of  the  Blackrock 
hghthouse,  Liverpool,  appears. 

*  *  London.  Covent  Garden  market  is 
built 

1831  Aug.  19.  The  Lady  Sherbrooke. 
from  Londonderry  to  Quebec,  is  lost 
near  Cape  Ray  ;  273  persons  drowned. 

Oct.  26.  The  Asiatic  cholera  makes  its 
first  appearance  in  England. 

Dec.  23.  Scot.  The  cholera  first  ap- 
pears at  Haddington. 

1831-32  Deaths  from  cholera  reported 
in  England,  52,547. 

1832  Feb.  6.    Edinburgh.    Cholera 

appears. 

Mar.  14.  Ire,  Cholera  first  appears  at 
Belfast. 


946     1832,  May  23-1835,  *  *.      GREAT    BRITAIN 


ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1832  *  *  London.  TUe  Medical  Asso- 
ciation is  organized  for  the  promotion 
of  medical  science. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  A  statue  of  George  IV. 
is  erected. 

*  *  Dublin.  The  Zoological  Gardens 
are  opened. 

*  *  Steel  pens  come  into  general  use. 

1833  Mar.  25.  London.  Edmund 
Kean  makes  his  last  appearance  as 
Othello. 

June  25.  London.  A  granite  obelisk 
is  uncovered  to  the  memory  of  Robert 
Waithman,  Lord  Mayor  of  London  in 
1824. 

Sept.  2.    A  Statistical  Society  ia  formed 

at   Manchester;  it  is   the  tirst  in  Eug- 
laud. 
Oct.  18.     Capt.  John  Ross  returns  from 
his  arctic  expedition  after  an  absence 
of  four  years. 

*  '^Edinburgh.  The  Association  of  Fine 
Arts  is  formed. 

*  *  London.  The  Entomological  So- 
ciety is  organized. 

*  *  Jack  in  Office  is  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  by  Sir  Edwin  Landseer. 

*  *  The  Choral  Society  is  established  at 
Manchester. 

*  *  London.  Joseph  Suxtoii,  an  Ameri- 
can, makes  the  iirst  magneto-electric 
machine  in  England. 

*  *  The  safety  cab  is  invented  by  Joseph 
A.  Hansom,  an  English  architect  [han- 
som]. 

*  *  London.  The  aeraphine,  a  reed  mu- 
sical instrument,  is  introduced  by  John 
Green. 

*  *  The  town  hall,  Birmingham,  is  built. 

1834  June  24 i.  The  second  great  Hiin- 
delcommemmorationinthepresenceof 
King  William  IV.  and  Queen  Adelaide; 
644  performers  engage  in  it. 

July  14.  London.  The  Lyceum  is  re- 
opened. 

Sept.  8.  The  British  Association  holds 
its  4tti  meeting  at  Edinburgh.  [1835, 
Aug.  6.  5th  at  Dublin ;  1836,  Aug.  *  6th 
at  ISristol ;  1837,  7th  at  Liverpool.] 

±  *  *  The  systems  of  ventilators  by  Dr. 
Reid  and  others  are  introduced  with 
much  controversy. 

±  *  *  Lucifer  matches  come  into  use. 

*  *  Loyidon.  The  Statistical  Society  ia 
organized. 

*  *  London.  The  Koyal  Institute  of 
British  Architects  is  organized.  [1837. 
Chartered.] 

*  *  The Motmtain  Siflph, an operahy  John 
Barnett,  is  pi'oduceu. 

*  *  Dublin.  A  railway  to  Kingston  is 
opened. 

*  *  The  locomotive  Firefly  develops  a 
speed  of  20  miles  an  hour. 

1835  Sept.  8.  After  two  years' absence, 
Capt.  Sir  George  Back  ami  his  compan- 
ions return  from  their  arctic  land  ex- 
pedition, having  visited  the  Great  Fish 
River,  Canada,  and  traced  its  course  to 
the  Polar  Seas. 

Dec.  14.  London.  St.  James  (Prince's) 
Theater  is  opened. 

*  *  The  Kew  Gardens  are  founded. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1833*  *  Bell,  AndreWt  clergyman,  educator, 
Scotland,  A79. 
Bentham,  Jeremy,  jurist,  pbil.,  au.,  A84. 
Crabbe,  George,  poet,  A78. 
Colchester,  Lord  Cbarles  A.,  stateeman,  A70. 
Dicey,  Edward,  autlior,  born. 


P'ergusson,  Sir  James,  statesman,  Scot.,  b. 
Leslie,  Sir  John,  mathematician,  physicist, 

Scotland,  A  66. 
Porter,  Anna  Maria,  novelist,  A52. 
Scott,  Sir  Walter,  poet,  novelist,  Scot.,  A61. 
Taylor,  Kdward  Burnett,  antliropologist,  b. 

1833  *  *  Allan,  Thomas,  mineralogist,  A66. 
Ballantyne,  James,  printer,  journalist,  Scot- 
land, A61. 

Bradlaugh,  Charles,  orator,  politician,  secu- 
larist, born. 

Brooke,  Stopford,  clergyman,  author,  born. 

Drew,  Samuel,  Methodist  preacher,  au.,  A68. 

Kxmouth,  Viscount,  Edward  Fellew,  ad- 
miral, A76. 

Farjeon,  Benjamin  Leopold,  novelist,  born. 

Fawcett,  Henry,  economist,  born. 

Foley,  Sir  Thomas,  admiral,  A76. 

Gordon,  Charles  Oeorg'e  (Chinese  Gordon), 
general,  born. 

Hill,  Rowland,  preacher,  A89. 

Kean,  Edmund,  actor,  A46. 

Malcolm,  Sir  John,  general,  diplomatist,  ad- 
ministrator, historian,  A64. 

More,  Hannah,  religions  writer,  A88. 

O'Keefe,  John,  dramatist,  Ireland,  A86. 

Tarleton,  Bannastre,  general,  A79. 

Perry,  Stephen  Josepli,  physicist,  born. 

Roscoe,  Sir  Henry  Enfield,  chemist,  born. 

Wilberforce,  William,  philanthropist, 
statesman,  A74. 

W^olseley,  Lord,  Oarnet  Joseph,  gen.,  b. 

1834  *  *  Baiter,  John  Gilbert,  botanist,  bora. 
Baring-Gould,  Sabine,  author,  born. 
Barrington,    Sir   Jonah,    lawyer,    historian, 

Ireland,  A67. 

Blackwood,  William,  publisher,  Scot.,  A58. 

Carey,  Wdliam,  Baptist  miss.,  orient.,  A7fl. 

Chalmers,  Alexander,  journalist,  editor,  bi- 
ographer, Scotland,  A75. 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor,  poet,  philoso- 
pher, author,  A  62. 

Crew,  Sir  Benjamin,  admiral,  A74. 

Ponce,  Francis,  antiquary,  A72. 

Du  Maurier,  George  Louis  P.  B.,  artist,  novel- 
ist, born. 

Hare,  Augustus  Julius  Charles,  author,  b. 

Lamb,  Charles,  poet,  dramatist,  essayist, 
A69. 

Lubbock,  Sir  John,  nat.,  entomologist,  born. 

Lukin,  Lionel,  inventor  life-boat,  A82. 

Malthus,  Thomas  Robert,  clergyman,  politi- 
cal economist,  A68. 

Morris,  Wdliam,  poet,  born. 

Morrison,  Robert,  Cliinese  Bchol.,  miss.,  A52. 

Seeley,  John  R.,  theological  writer,  born. 

Spurgeon,  Charles  H.,  Baptist  preacher, 
author,  born. 

Taylor,  Isaac,  philologist,  author,  born. 

Telford,  Thomas,  engineer,  Scotland,  A77. 

1835  *  *  Byron,  Henry  J.,  dramatist,  born. 
Cobbett,  William,  grammarian,  historian, 

writer,  A69. 

Qodwin,Willlam,  dram.,  novelist,  hist.,  A79. 

Hogg,  James,  poet,  Scotland,  A63. 

Inglis,  Henry  I>.,  tourist,  writer,  Scot.,  A40. 

Jevons,  William  S.,  economist,  author,  born. 

Kater,  Henry,  physicist,  A68. 

M'Crie,  Thomas,  theol.,  hist,  wr.,  Scot.,  A63. 

Mathews,  Charles,  actor,  humorist,  A59. 

JdcCuUoch,  John,  geologist,  A62. 

Motherwell,  Wdliam,  poet,  journalist,  Scot- 
land, A  36. 

Pughe,  Wdliam  O.,  philologist,  Wales,  A76. 

Sinclair,  Sir  John,  agriculturalist,  an.,  A81. 

Whistler,  James  Abbott  McNeill,  painter,  b. 


CHURCH. 

1832  June  23.    Tlie  Church  Inquiry 

Commission  is  appointed. 

1833  Aug.  14.  Parliament  passes  an  Act 
reducing  the  number  of  bishops  for  Ireland. 
[The  see  of  Dunmore  is  united  with  tliat  of 
Down  and  Connor,  and  Waterford  and  Lis- 
more  with  Cashal  and  Ernly.  1834,  Cloyne 
with  Clare  and  Kobs;  1835,  Cork  with  Cloyne 
and  Leigldin,  and  Ferns  with  Ossory;  1839, 
Achonry  and  Kildare  with  Tuam;  1841,  Kl- 
phin  and  Ardagb  with  Kehnore.] 

1833-41  Tracts  for  the  Times  are  pub- 
lished by  Pusey,  Newman,  Keble,  and 
others  of  Oxford  University,  and  create 
great  discnssion. 

They  propose  to  restore  the  practise 
of  the  Church  of  England  to  what  they 
believe  to  be  required  by  the  language 
of  her  liturgy  and  rubrics,  but  which 
are  considered  by  their  opponents  to  be 
of  a  Roman  Catholic  tendency.  [1841, 
Mar.  15.  The  tracts  are  condemned  by 
the  ITiiiversity  authorities.] 


*  *  The  Congregational  Dissenters  publish 
a  declaration  of  faith. 

1834  Mar.  5.  The  Scripture  Knowl- 
edge Institution,  Bristol,  is  foimded 
by  George  Muller,  a  Prussian. 

Aug.  1.  Lords  reject  by  ten  majority 
the  bill  passed  by  the  Commons  admit- 
ting Dissenters  to  university  honors. 

Sept.  3.  The  church  rate  is  refused  at 
Manchester. 

*  *  The  "Wesleyan  Methodist  Associa- 
tion is  established. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Anti-patronage  party  se- 
cure a  majority  in  the  General  Assembly, 
and  pass  the  v  eto  Act,  aiming  to  pre- 
vent the  ordination  of  any  as  ministers 
of  parishes  who  are  unacceptable  to  a 
majority  of  the  parishoners. 

*  *The  Ecclesiastical  Commission  is 
established.  [1836.  Aug,  13.  Commis- 
sioners are  incorporated.] 

*  *  The  Society  for  promoting  Female 
Education  in  the  £Iast  is  organized  by 
women. 

1835  *  *  Lojidon.  The  Protestant  As- 
sociation is  organized. 


LETTERS. 

1832  July  4.  A  bill  for  the  founding  of 
the  Durham  University  receives  the 
royal  assent. 

*  *  London.  The  Marylebone  Literary 
Institution  is  founded. 

*  *  Edinlmrgh.  Chambers's  Edinburgh 
Journal  is  issued. 

*  *  The  Hereford  Times  is  issued. 
1832-44    The  Saturday  Magazine  is  is- 
sued. 

*  *  London.  The  Mark  Lane  Express  is 
issued ;  also  the  Naval  and  Military 
Gazette. 

*  *  The  Nautical  Magazine  is  issued. 
1832-49     The   British   Magazine  is  is- 
sued. 

*  *  Characteristics  of  ShaTce speare" $ 
Women,  by  Hazlitt,  appears. 

1832-61  Edinburgh.  Tail's  Edinburgh 
Magazine  is  issued. 

*  *  Scot.  A  Commercial  Dictionary,  by 
John  Ramsay  M'CuUoch,  appears. 

*  *  The  Playgrmmd  of  Europe,  by  Leslie 
Stephen,  appears. 

1832-33  Lead,  Kindly  Light,  and  other 
poems,  by  John  Henry  Newman,  appear. 
[1833.    Arians  of  the  Fourth  Century.] 

1833  *  *  Tlie  first  statistical  society  in 
England  is  formed  at  Manchester. 

*  *  London.  The  United  Serrii-e  Gazette 
is  issued. 

*  *  Dublin.  The  Dublin  University  Mag- 
azine is  issued. 

*  *  PawZine,  by  Kobert  Browning,  appears. 
[1835.    Paracelsus.] 

1833-42  History  of  Europe,  by  Sir  Arch- 
ibald Alison,  appears. 

1834*  *  London.  The  "Westminster 
Iiiterary  Institution  is  founded. 

*  *  London.  The  City  of  London  School 
is  founded. 

*  *  The  Surtees  Society,  or  Roxburghe 
Club,  for  publishing  MSS.  relating  to 
the  northern  counties,  is  established. 

*  *  Scot.  Sartor  llesartus,  by  Thomas 
Carlvle,  appears.  [1837,  The  French 
liev6luti(m;  1840,  Heroes  and  Hero  IVor- 
ship;  1^5,  Cromwell's  Letters  and 
Speeches.] 

*  *  Ire.  Helen,  by  Maria  Edgeworth,  ap- 
pears. 

1835  Aug.  29.  The  Mining  Journalis 
issued. 

*  *  The  Leicester  Xnterary  and  philo- 
sophical Society  is  founded. 

*  *  The  JVatchman  is  issued. 


AND    IRELAND.         1832,  May  23-1835,*  *.     947 


1835-44  The  Christian  Teacher  is  issned. 

•  •  Jjodore,  by  Mrs.  Shelley,  appears. 
[1837.     Falkntr.] 

SOCIETY. 

1832  June  18.  lJ»idon.  The  Duke  of 
Wellington  is  attacked  by  a  mob  on  the 
anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Waterloo. 

June  19.  A  discharged  pensioner  at  As- 
cot assaults  William  IV. 

•  *  It  is  illegal  to  employ  minors  in  cot- 
ton-milln.or  to  work  thein  more  than  ten 
hours  daily  or  more  than  nine  hours  on 
a  Saturday. 

•  *  London.  The  Carlton  (Conservative) 
Club  is  organized. 

•  ♦  The  death  penalty  for  forgery  is  abol- 
ished, except  forgery  of  wills  or  stocks. 

1833  Feb.  15.  Joseph  Pease,  the  first 
Quaker  member,  is  admitted  to  Par- 
liament on  his  aftirmation. 

Sept  *  Richard  Turner,  an  artisan  of 
Preston,  in  a  temperance  address  says 
that "  nothing  but  a  te-te-total  will  do." 
The  term  teetotaler  is  immediately 
adopted. 

•  *  Sir  Francis  H.  Ooldsmid  is  called  to 
the  bar,  the  first  Hebrew  so  honored. 

•  *  London.  St.  George's  Chess  Club  is 
founded. 

•  *  London.  University  College  Hospital 
is  established. 

1834  Apr.  *  London.  The  tailors  un- 
successfully strike  for  an  increaise  of 
wages. 

Aug.  1.  The  slaves  in  the  colonies  are 
emancipated,  and  a  temporary  appren- 
tice.thip  is  conunenced. 

Aug.  2-4.  London.  The  third  and  last 
Glasgow  lottery  is  drawn  at  Coopers' 
Hall. 

Kov.*  -35  Mar.*  The  Staffordshire  pot- 
ters successfully  strike  for  an  advance 
of  wages.  [*  *  Scot.  The  calico  printers 
of  Glasgow  strike.] 

•  *  The  Surtees  Society,  Durham,  is 
founded. 

•  *  The  poor-laws  are  amended. 

Guardians  of  the  poor  are  obliged,  un- 
der the  penalty  of  indictment,  to  afford 
BUfticient  relief  to  all  persons  unable  to 
maintain  themselves. 

•  *  London.  The  Sisters  of  Charity  be- 
gin work. 

•  *  Hanging  in  chains  is  abolished. 

•  *  Ire.  Titles  created,  Baron  Carew. 
[1836,  Baron  Oranmore  and  Browne.] 

•  ♦  Parliament :  Provision  is  made  for  pen- 
Bionine:  public  servants  and  persons  made 
eminent  *'  by  their  useful  discoveries  in  sci- 
ence and  attainments  in  literature  and  the 
arts,  who  have  merited  the  gracious  consider- 
ation of  their  sovereign  and  the  gratitude  of 
their  country." 

1835  Aug.  *  The  Salford  Unity,  Sal- 
ford,  Lancashire,  the  first  secret  tem- 
perance society,  is  organized. 

•  •  The  death  penalty  for  sacrilege  is 
changed  to  transportation  for  life.  [1861. 
Breaking  into  a  place  of  worship  and 
stealing  therefrom  is  made  punishable 
with  penal  servitude  for  life.] 

•  •  London.  St.  Mark's  Hospital  is 
founded. 

•  *  London.  Wells  Street  Sailors'  Home 
is  opened. 

•  *  The  Cruelty  to  Animals  Act  is  fur- 
ther extended. 

•  •  The  ancient  and  popular  sport  of 
bear-baiting  is  prohibited. 

STATE. 

1823  May  23.  Parliament:  Uni- 
formity of  Process  Act  is  passed, 
making  many  law  changes. 


July  13.    Parliament:   The  Reform 

Act  for  Scotland  is  passed. 
July  18.    Parliament:   The  Reform 

Act  for  Ireland  is  passed. 
Nov.  9.    Sir    Thomas    Denman    [Iiord 

Penman]  is  made  chief  justice. 

*  *The  system  of  "Trial  at  Bar,"  or 
trial  by  the  whole  court  or  a  plurality  of 
judges,  is  adopted. 

*  *  An  association  of  large  bodies  of  the 
lower  classes,  called  **  Chartists,*'  is 
organized. 

Its  objects  are  to  secure  universal  suf- 
frage, vote  by  ballot,  annual  Parlia- 
ments, abolition  of  property  qualifica- 
tion, and  equal  electoral  districts. 

*  *  Parliament:  The  duty  on  cotton 
goods  imported  from  the  United  States 
is  reduced. 

*  *  The  office  of  commissioners  is  abol- 
ished, and  the  victualing  -  office  is 
made  one  of  five  departments  under  the 
lords  of  the  admiralty. 

*  *  "William  Ewart  Gladstone  is  elected 
to  Parliament  for  Newark  by  the  Con- 
servatives. 

1833  Jan.  29.  ParUament  meets. 
[1834.     Dec.  ;10.     Dissolved.] 

Apr.  2.  Parliament:  The  Coercion 
Act,  for  the  repression  of  crime  in  Ire- 
land, is  passed. 

July  30.  Parliament:  A  bill  for  the 
Reform  of  the  Irish  Church  is  passed. 

Aug.  28.  Parliament:  A  bill  to  abol- 
ish slavery  in  the  colonies  is  passed  ;  it 
grants  £30,000,000  to  compensate  the 
slave -owners. 

Aug.  29.  London.  The  Bank  of  Eng- 
land receives  a  new  charter. 

Sept.  26.  Ire.  Marquis  Wellesley  is 
ai)pointed  lord-lieutenant. 

*  *  The  Falkland  Islands,  in  the  South 
Pacific,  are  occupied. 

*  *  The  East  India  Company's  charter 
is  renewed  for  20  years ;  their  monopoly 
of  the  Indian  trade  i.H  abolished. 

1834  Apr.  17.  Parliament :  A  bill  to 
amend  the  poor-laws  is  introduced. 
[Julyl.  H.  C.  Passes.  July21.  H,  L. 
Passes.] 

Apr.  22.  H.  C.  Daniel  O'Connell  makes 
a  motion  for  the  repeal  of  the  Union 
with  Ireland.  [Apr.  27.  Kejected. 
Vote,  38-523.] 

July  1,  Parliament:  Another  Coer- 
cion Act  for  Ireland  is  introduced. 
[July  26.  Modified  and  passed  by  Com- 
mons.] 

July  9.    Earl  Grey  resigns. 

July  18.  Viscount  Melbourne  becomes 
premier.  Ministers  :  Lords  Althorp, 
John  Russell,  Brougham,  and  Palmer- 
ston,  E.  iy.  Stanley,  and  Charles  Grant ; 
Lord  Auckland  is  "first  lord  of  the  admi- 
ralty. 

Aug.  1.  The  Act  for  the  abolition  of 
slavery  in  the  colonies  goes  into  effect ; 
770,280  slaves  become  free. 

Aug.  14.  Royal  assent  is  given  to  the 
Poor-Law  Amendment  Act. 

A  central  board  of  commissioners  dis- 
place the  local  boards,  outdoor  relief  is 
reformed,  and  workhouses  are  set  aside 
for  poor-law  unions. 

Sept.  28.  London.  Alexander  Ra- 
fael is  made  sheriff;  he  is  the  first 
Roman  Catholic  to  hold  that  office  since 
the  Revolution. 

Nov.  14.  The  Melbourne  Ministry  is 
dissolved. 


Dec.  26.  Sir  Robert  Peel  is  made  pre- 
mier. The  Cabinet  includes  Lord  Lynd- 
hurst  as  lord  high  chancellor,  the  Duke 
of  Wellington  and  the  Earl  of  Aber- 
deen ;  Earl  De  Grey  is  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty. 

Dec.  29.  Ire.  Thomas,  Earl  of  Had- 
dington, is  appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

*  *  Scot.  The  General  Assembly  Veto 
Act  is  passed. 

*  *  H.  C.  A  bill  permitting  prisoners 
to  have  counsel  passes.  [H.  L.  Ke- 
jected.   1835.    May  *  H.  L.    Passed.] 

*  *  Parliament:  The  stamp  on  alma- 
nacs is  abolished. 

*  *  Francis,  Marquis  of  Conyngham, 
is  appointed  postmaster. 

*  *  Parliament :  The  law  making  re- 
turning from  transportation  punish- 
able with  death  is  repealed,  and  an  Act 
is  passed  making  the  offense  punishable 
by  transportation  for  life. 

1835  Jan.  13.  Ire.  Sir  Edward  Bur- 
tenshaw  Sugden  is  appointed  lord  high 
chancellor. 

Feb.  19.    Parliament  meets;  James 

Abercromby,  Speaker.    [1837.    July  17. 
Dissolved.] 

Apr.  8.  The  Ministry  resign,  having 
been  defeated  on  the  Irish  Church  ques- 
tion. 

Apr.  18.  Lord  Melbourne  again  be- 
comes prime  minister. 

Cabinet:  Lord  Palmerston  (foreign  secre- 
tary), Lord  John  Russell  (home  secretary), 
Viscount  Ho  wick  (secretary  of  war),  and 
Lord  Auckland  (first  lord  of  the  admiralty). 

Apr.  23.  Ire.  Henry,  Marquis  of  Nor- 
manby,  is  appointed  lord-lieutenant. 
[Apr.  30.    William,  Baron  Plunkett, 

lord  chancellor.] 

May  20.  London.  The  Reform  Associa- 
tion is  organized  to  protect  electors. 
[1836.    Succeeded  by  the  Reform  Club.] 

June  5.  H.  C.  Lord  John  Russell  in- 
troduces a  bill  for  the  regulation  of 
municipal  corporations.    [Sept.  7. 

Passed.] 

June  24.  Parliament:  AnActis passed 
enabling  David  Salomons,  a  Jew,  to  act 
as  sheriff  of  London. 

Sept.  19.  Earl  of  Minto  is  made  first  lord 
of  the  admiralty. 

*  *  Sir  Charles  Christopher  Pepys,  master 
of  the  rolls.  Vice-chancellor  Shadwell, 
and  Justice  Bosanquet  are  commission- 
ers of  the  great  seal. 

*  *  Francis,  Marquis  of  Conyngham, 
is  postmaster;  later,  the  !Earl  of  Xiich- 
field,  and  'William,  Lord  Mary- 
borough. 

*  *  Ind.  Sir  Charles  T.  Metcalf  is  made 
governor-general. 

*  *  Mcinchester  is  incorporated  by  the 
Municipal  Reform  Act. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1833  Feb.  15.  The  Hihernia  is 
wrecked;  150  persons  are  drowned. 

July  3.  London.  Hungerford  market 
is  opened. 

Aug.  30.  The  Amphitrite,  a  ship  with 
female  convicts  to  New  South  Wales,  is 
lost  on  Boulogne  Sands  ;  out  of  131  per- 
sons three  only  are  saved. 

1834  Jan.  9.  The  Ladij  Munro,  from 
Calcutta,  is  wrecked  on  its  way  to  Syd- 
ney ;  70  are  drowned. 

Oct.  16.  London.  A  great  fire  occurs. 
The  Houses  of  Parliament  are  burned, 
also  St.  Stephen's  Chapel. 

1835  *  *  Mails  are  first  sent  on  the  over- 
land route  to  India. 


948 


1835, 


1839, 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 


1835*  *S.Afr,  "War  with  Kafirs  (p.  598). 

1839-42  "War  with  Afghanistan  to 
restore  Shuja  Sli;ili  to  the  throne  of 
which  he  is  deprived  by  Dost  Mohauimed 

Khan  (p.  4). 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1835-44  Scot.  The  Granton  Pier  and 
breakwater  on  the  Fortli,  three  miles 
front  Edinburgh,  are  erected  by  the  gift 
of  Walter  Stevenson,  Duke  of  Buccleuch. 
Cost  £500,000. 

*  *  A  magnificent  market  is  erected  at 
Newcastle  by  Kicliard  (irainger. 

1836  June  *  Prof.  Cliarles  Wheatstone 
constructs  an  electromagnetic  appa- 
ratus; it  carries  30  signals  through 
nearly  four  miles  of  wire. 

June  21.  Capt.  Back  sails  with  the  Ter- 
ror on  an  exploring  adventure  to 
Wager  Kiver. 

Nov.  7.  Prus.  The  great  Nassau  bal- 
loon descends  at  Weilburg,  having  con- 
veyed three  persons  from  London  in  18 
hours. 

*  •  London.  The  Numismatic  Society 
is  founded  by  Dr.  John  Lee. 

*  *  London.  The  statue  of  George  III.  is 
erected  in  Cockspur  Street. 

*  *  A  naval  steam-ram  Is  invented  by 
James  Nasmytb. 

*  *  Happy  as  a  King  is  painted  by  William 
Collins. 

*  *  Francis  Pettet  Smith  and  Capt.  John 
Kricsson  obtain  patents  for  screw  pro- 
pellers. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Edinburgh  and  Granton 
railway  is  begun. 

*  *  Scot.  Anastatic  printing  is  invented 
by  Cocks  of  Falmouth. 

1837  Feb.  14.  London.  The  Art 
Union  of  London  is  founded. 

June  12,  The  magnetic  needle  tele- 
graph is  patented  by  William  Fothergill 
Cooke  and  Charles  Wheatstone.  [1867. 
June  12.    Gold  medal  awarded.] 

July  4.  The  Birmingham  and  Liverpool 
railway  is  opened  as  the  Grand  Jimc- 
tion. 

*  *  Scot.    An  Art  Union  is  formed, 

*  *  Photographs  on  paper  are  first  made 
by  William  Henry  Fox  Talbot. 

*  *  London.  The  Ornithological  Society 
is  formed ;  also  the  Electrical  So- 
ciety. 

*  *  Wheatstone  and  Cooke  claim  to  dis- 
cover the  electric  telegraph. 

*  *  Capt.  John  Ericsson's  screw  propeller 
Francis  liogden  develops  a  speed  of  10 
miles  an  hour. 

*  *  London.  City  Theater,  Norton-Fol- 
gate,  is  opened. 

*  *  John  Upton  patents  a  steam-plow. 

*  *  London.  The  principle  of  working 
clocks  by  electricity  ia  advanced  by 
Alex.  Bain. 

1838  May  31.  London.  John  Iiis- 
ton,  comedian,  makes  his  last  appear- 
ance. 

Sept.  16.    London.    The   railway   to 

Birmingham  is  opened.    [Dec.  28.    Also 

the  one  to  Greenwich.] 
Oct.  28.    A  hurricane  sweeps  London 

and  vicinity,  doing  great  damage. 
Nov.  2.    Joseph    Henry  announces   the 

discovery  of   secondary   currents  in 

electricity. 

*  *  T^ondon.  The  Royal  Agricultural 
Society  is  formed.  [1840.  Chartered. 
Also  the  Etching  Club.] 

*  *  HerschePs  Outline  of  Astronomy  is 
published. 

*  *  The  Geological  Society  is  instituted  at 
Manchester. 


*  *  The  Sth  meeting  of  the  British  Asso- 
ciation is  held  at  Newcastle.  [1839. 
An;;.  29,  9th  at  Birmingham  ;  1840,  Sept. 
24,  10th  at  Glasgow  ;  1841,  11th  at  Plym- 
outh ;  1842,  June  23, 12th  at  Manchester. 

*  *  The  Marquis  of  Northampton  becomes 
president  of  the  Royal  Society. 

*  *  The  first  screw  propeller,  the  ..^rcAi- 
mtdes,  is  built  on  the  Thames  by  H. 
Wimsnurst. 

*  *  Prof.  Charles  Wheatstone  makes  op- 
tical discoveries.  He  invents  the  re- 
flecting stereoscope. 

*  *  The  ammonia  process  of  making  soda 
is  invented  by  Dyer  and  Hemming. 

*  *  The  magnificent  water-lily,  called  Vic- 
toria liegia,  is  introduced  from  Guiana 
by  Sir  Kobert  Schoniburgk. 

*  *  Dr.  Neil  Arnott's  work  on  ventilators 
is  published. 

*  *  Tlie  steamship  Great  Western  steams 
from  Bristol  to  New  York  in  15  days. 

1839  Jan.  6,  7.  Ire.  Terrible  tempest 
prevails ;  J-imerick  and  Dublin  suffer 
much  damage;  200  houses  are  blown 
down,  killing  20  persons;  100  persons 
are  drowned  ;  and  the  coasts  of  Ireland 
and  Western  England  are  lined  with 
wrecks.     Fire  consumes  200  houses. 

Aug.  0.  London,  The  lUiyal  Polytech- 
nic Institution,  Regent  Street,  is  opened. 

Dec.  24-27.  A  long  chalk  cliff  at  Lyme 
Regis,  Dorset,  between  100  to  150  feet 
high,  being  undermined  by  rain,  slides 
forward  on  the  beach,  carrying  fields, 
houses,  and  trees. 

*  *  The  locomotive  North  Star  runs  37 
miles  an  hour. 

*  *  London.  The  Microscopical  So- 
ciety is  formed  ■  also  the  Ecclesiologi- 
cal  Society,  and  the  Koyal  Botanical 
Society. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1836  *  ♦  Colman,  George,  poet,  dram.,  A74. 
Gell.  Sir  William,  clasBlcal   scholar,   anti- 
quary, A59. 

Gilbert,  William  S.,  dramatist,  librettist,  b. 
Lockyer,  .Toaeph  N.,  astronomer,  born. 
Leach,  William  E.,  naturalist,  A46. 
Macadam,  John  L.,  inventor  Macadam  roads, 

Scotland,  A80. 
Marsden,  William,  orientalist,  A  82. 
Mill,  Jamea,  hist.,  economist,  phil.,  A63. 
Poynter,  Kdward  John,  historical  painter,  b. 
Stowell,  Baron,  William  S.,  jurist,  A91. 
Westall,  Richard,  historical  painter,  ATI- 
Wilkins,  Sir  Charles,  Sanskrit  s<!holar,  A87. 

1837  *  *  Braddon,  Mary  E.,  novelist,  bom. 
Brydges,  Sir  Samuel  Egerton,  writer,  A75. 
Burgess.Thonias,  bp.  of  Salisbury,  au.,  A81. 
Burnand,  Francis  C,  dramatist,  born. 
Constable,  John,  landscajte  painter,  A61. 
Daniel,  William,  landscape  painter,  A68. 
Donovan,  Edward,  naturalist,  author,  A39. 
Field,  John,  composer,  pianist.  Ire.,  A55. 
Gordon-Cumming,   Constance   F.,  traveler, 

writer,  Scotland,  born. 

Green,  John  Richard,  historian,  born. 

Hicks-Heach,  Sir  Michael  Edward,  states.,  b. 

Latham,  John,  ornithologist,  Ai)7. 

Marshman,  Joshua,  Baptist  missionary, 
oriental  s<^holar,  A70. 

Proctor,  Richard  A.,  astronomer,  au.,  b. 

Soane,  Sir  John,  architect,  A84. 

Swinburne,  Algernon  C,  poet,  bom. 

Turner,  Edward,  chemist,  A40. 

WQUara  IV.,  king,  A72. 
1838*  ♦  Abbott,  Edwin  A.,  theologian, phUol- 
oglst,  born. 

Douglas,  Kobert  K.,  orientalist,  bom. 

Eldon,  Earl  of,  John  S.,  statesman,  A87. 

Grant,  Mrs.  Amie  McVicar,  novelist,  Scot- 
land,  A  83. 

Irvlnar,  Henry  (J.  H.  Broadribb),  actor,  b. 

Lancaster,  J^oseph,  educator,  A  60. 

L.eck.y,  'William  E.  H.,  liistorian,  bom. 

Morley,  John,  statesman,  autltor,  bom. 

Morton,  Thomas,  dramatist,  A74. 

Trevelyan,  Sir  Georg'e  O.,  statesman,  biog- 
rapher, author,  born. 
1839  •  *  Aclam,  William,  lawyer,  Scot.,  A88. 

Alison,  Archibald,  cL,  an.,  Scotland,  A82. 

Beechy,  Sir  William,  portrait  painter,  A86. 

Bentinck,  Lord,  William  C,  governor-general 
of  Bengal,  A65. 

Coflln,  Sir  Isaac,  admiral,  A80. 


D'Arblay,  Madam,  Frances  Bumey,  novellsL. 

A  88. 
Gait,  John,  miscellaneous  wr.,  Scot.,  AGO. 
Hardy,  Sir  Thomas  M.,  conunander,  ATO. 
Lauderdale,  Plarl  of,  James  M.,  statosinao, 

Scotland,  A80. 
Pettie,  John,  painter,  bom. 
Praed,  Winthrop  W.,  poet,  A37. 
Smith,  William,  geologist,  A70. 
Stanhope,  Lady  Hester  L.,  traveler,  A63. 
Williams,  Jolm,  missionary,  A43. 


CHURCH. 

1835  *  *  Bishoprics  are  established : 
Madras.    [1836,  Ripon,  Montreal,  and  Ans* 

tralia;  1837,  Bombay;  1838,  ^'elson,  New- 
Zealand;  1839,  Newfoundland  and  Toronto; 

1841,  Jerusalem,  Gibraltar, and  New  Zealand; 

1842,  Tasmania,  Antigua,  British  (iuiana.and 
Huron;  1845,  Colombo,  Ceylon,  and  Frederic- 
ton,  New  Brunswick.] 

1836  *  *  The  Broad  Church  School  in 
the  Church  of  England  becomes  promi- 
nent. Traditional  beliefs  are  rejected, 
and  "negative  theology"  substituted. 

*  *  The  Church  of  England  Pastoral  Aid 
Society  is  organized. 

*  *  Tlie  Colonial  Missionary  Society  in 

connection  with  tlie  Congregational 
Union  of  England  and  Wales  is  organ- 
ized. 

1837  *  *  Scot.  The  "Woman's  Societies 
of  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland,  the 
Woman's  Missionary  Societies  of  Scot- 
land (Established  Church),  and  the 
Woman's  mission-work  for  women  in, 
the  Established  Church  are  organized. 

1837-82  London.  Mormons  report  six 
meeting-houses ;  estimated  85,000  Eng- 
lish converts. 

1837  *  *  The  Additional  Curates'  Society 
is  founded. 

1838  *  *  The  Coral  Missionary  Magazine 
and  Fund  are  founded. 

*  *  The  Peculiar  People  sect  is  founded. 

1839  *  *  Scot.  Dr.  Duff  publishes  Mis- 
sions the  Chief  End  of  the  Christian 
Church. 

*  *  The  centenary  of  Methodism  is  cele- 
brated ;  £216,000  is  collected,  to  be 
expended  on  educational,  church,  and 
benevolent  objects. 

LETTERS. 

1835-47  Bistory  of  Greece^  by  Connop 
Thirlwall,  appears. 

1836  Jan,  4.  The  Shipping  and  Mer* 
cantile  Gazette  is  issued. 

Apr.  23.  Shakespeare's  jubilee  is  cel- 
ebrated at  Stratford-on-Avon. 

*  *  London.  The  Musical  World  is  is- 
sued. 

*  *  Dublin.    The  Dublin  Review  is  issued. 

*  *  The  Midland  Counties  Herald  is  is- 
sued. 

*  *  JieUques  of  Father  Prout,  by  Rev. 
Francis  Mahony,  appears. 

*  ♦  Mr.  Midshipman  Easy  and  Jnphet  in 
Search  of  a  Father,  by  Capt.  Frederick 
Marrvat,  appear.  [1837.  Peter  Simple 
and  Snarleyyow :  1838,  Jaco6  Faithful; 
1839,  The  P)tantom  Ship.] 

*  *  Ire.  Rory  O'More,  by  Samuel  I.over, 
appears.  [1839.  Songs  and  Ballads; 
1842,  Handy  Andy.] 

*  •  Worthies  of  Yorkshire  and  Lancaster^ 
by  Hartley  Coleridge,  appears. 

*  *  Pericles  and  Aspasia,  by  Landor,  ap- 
pears. 

*  ♦  Sketches  by  Boz,  by  Charles  Dickens, 
appears.  [1837,  Pickwick  Papers;  1838, 
Oliver  Ttvist;  1838-39,  Nicholas  Nickleby; 
1840-41,  Master  Humphrfy's  Clock,  Old 
Curiosity  Shop,  and  Barnaby  Rudgt:  1842, 
American  Notes:  1843-44,  Martin  Chuz- 
zlewit;  1847-48,  Bombey  and  Son.] 


AND    IRELAND. 


1835i**-1839,^ 


949 


*  *  English  IHcHonarp,  hj  Charles  Rich- 
ardson, appears. 

1830-38  Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  Sir  }Vaf- 
ter  Scott,  by  John  Gibsou  XiOokhart,  ap- 
pears. 

1837  *  *  University  College,  Durham 
University,  is  fouuded. 

*  *  London.  The  Puhfiskers*  Circular  is 
issued;  also  tlie  Magnet,  the  £ra,  and 
the  Hallway  Timts. 

*  •  ffistorg  of  the  Inditctive  Sciences,  by 
■William  Wliewell,  appears.  [1840, /Va- 
losophy  of  the  Imhu-tive  Sciences;  1846, 
£lement3  of  Morality.] 

*  *  The  Yeliojrplnsh  Papers,  by  William 
Makepeace  Thackeray,  appears. 

*  *  Harry  Lorretjuer,  by  Charles  James 
Lever,  appears.  [1840,  Charles  O'Mal- 
ley ;  1343,  Tom  Burke  of  Ours  and  Arthur 
O^Leary.] 

1838*  *  "Wesley  College,  Sheffield,  is 
opened. 

*  *  The  Camden  Historical  Society  la 
founded. 

*  •  London.  The  Ecrlesiasficnl  Gazette 
Is  issued;  also  the  Medical  Press. 

*  *  The  Seraphim,  and  other  poemSy  by 
Elizabeth  Uarrett  [ISrowning],  appears. 
[laU,  Urama  of  Exile.] 

*  *  On  the  Lata  of  Storms,  by  Sir  W.  Reed, 
appears. 

*  *  Rationale  of  Religious  Inquiry,  by 
James  Martiiieau,  appears.  [1843,  Enr 
deavors  after  a  Christian  Life.] 

1838-43  History  of  Rome,  by  Thomas 
Arnold,  appears. 

1838-50  The  English  Historical  So- 
ciety is  established. 

SOCIETY. 

1835-37  Edinburgh.  The  Abbotsford 
Club  is  founded. 

1836  Apr.  11.  Orphan  houses  at  Ash- 
ley-down, Bristol,  are  founded  by  George 
Mtiiler,  a  Prussian;  they  are  supported 
entirely  by  voluntary  contributions  and 
vitltout  solicitation. 

*  *  Ire.    Tithe  disorders  prevail. 

*  *  London.  The  Orthopfedic  Hospital, 
for  the  cure  of  club-foot  and  spinal  cur- 
vatures, is  founded. 

*  *The  Nuraismatical  Society  is  founded 
by  Dr.  John  Lee.  It  publishes  the  A'u- 
mismatic  Chronicle. 

■♦  *  A  penalty  of  £50  is  enacted  for  adver- 
tising any  lotteries  in  the  newspapers. 

*  •  Weekly  wages  of  laborers,  eight  shil- 
lings. 

*  •  The  legal  riglits,  position,  and  employ- 
ment of  women  are  greatly  improved. 

1838  *  *  John  Thom  announces  himself 
the  Messiah  at  Brighton,  and  proposes 
tlie  reformation  of  society.  [May  28-31. 
In  a  riot  Tbom  is  killed.] 

Aug.  *  Parliament :  A  statute  is  passed 
abolishing  arrest  for  debt  on  mesne 
process  except  in  cases  wherein  there 
Is  ground  to  sbow  that  the  defendant 
designs  to  leave  the  country.  [1840. 
Imprisonment  for  debts  under  £20  ia 
abolished.] 

*  *  London.  The  Arundel  Yacht  Club  is 
founded.  flS49  Cbanged  to  Koyal  Lon- 
don Yacht  Club  1 

*  *  Tlie  poor-laws  are  extended  to  Ireland. 

*  *  Acts  are  passed  to  discourage  duelling. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Maitland  Club,  Glasgow,  is 
founded. 

*  *  The  temperance  societies  called  the 
Rechabites  are  formed. 

1839  Scot.  The  Spalding  Club,  Aber- 
deen,  is  founded. 

*  *  London.  A  ragged  scbool  is  set  up 
by  Andrew  Walker  in  *'  DoTil's  Acre,'* 


Westminister. 


STATE. 

1835  *  *  Capt.  Alexander  Bumes  is 
sent  to  Dost  Mohammed  at  Kabul  aa 
ambassador  to  offset  the  intrigues  of 
Kussia. 

1836  Jan.  16.  Sir  Charles  Christopher 
Pepys,  liord  Cottenham,  is  made  lord 

high  chancellor. 

Feb.  12.  H.  C.  Lord  John  Kussell  in- 
troduces a  bill  for  tlie  general  regulation 
of  Births,  Deaths,  and  Marriages. 

[Passed.] 

Feb.*  Parliament :  The  Tithe  Commu- 
tation Act,  substituting  money  for  pay- 
ment in  kind,  is  introduced  [and  passed]. 

May  17.  H.  C,  The  Jewish  Emanci- 
pation Bill  is  defeated  on  second  read- 
ing.    Vote,  1G5-228. 

June  20.  H.  C.  A  bill  is  introduced  to 
reduce  the  stamp  on  each  newspaper 
from  fourpence  to  one  penny    [Passed.] 

*  *  South  Australia  is  colonized 

*  *Parliament:  A  bill  allowing  counsel 
to  persons  tried  for  felony  is  passed. 

*  *  E.L  Lord  Auckland  is  appointed 
governor-general . 

Oct.  30.  Ire.  Sir  Michael  Loghlen  is 
appointed  master  of  the  rolls ;  lie  is  the 
first  Roman  Catholic  judge  since  the 
Itevolution.  , 

1837  Jxme  20.    William  IV.  dies. 

1837^^    Victoria  reigns. 

Alexandrina  Victoria,  daughter  of  Ed- 
ward, Duke  of  Kent,  and  granddaughter 
of  George  111  ,  becomes  queen. 

June  20.  Hanover  is  separated  from 
Great  Britain.  Tlie  Dukeof  Cumber- 
land becomes  king  of  Hanover.  [June 
24.    He  leaves  London.] 

June  *  The  administration  of  Viscount 
Melbourne  ia  continued.  [F.  T.  Bar 
ing,  Earl  of  Clarendon,  T  B.  Macaulay, 
and  others  are  added.] 

July  12.   Parliament:  Post-oflace  Acts 

are  consolidated. 

UTov.  9.    London.    Moses  Montefiore  is 

elected  sheriff,  and  is  knighted  by  the 
queen  ;  he  is  the  first  Jew  so  honored. 
ITov.  15.    parliament  meets.    [1841. 
June  23.    Dissolved.] 

Dec.  22.  parliament:  The  Government 
announces  that  Lower  Canada  is  in 
rebellion  (p.  578). 

*  *  London.  Sir  John  Cowan  is  elected 
lord  mayor  [1338,  Samuel  Wilson  ;  1839, 
Sir  Chapman  Marshall ;  1840,  Thomas 
Johnson;  1841,  John  Pirie ;  1842,  J. 
Humphrey;  1843,  S.  W  Magnay ;  1844, 
Michael  Gibbs;  1845,  John  John-^on  ; 
1846,  Sir  George  Carroll  ;  1847,  John  Kin- 
nersley  Hooper ;  1848,  Sir  James  Duke; 
1849,  Th OS.  Farncombe;  1850,  Sir  John 
Musgrove.] 

*  *  The  queen  is  empowered  to  grant  an- 
nually new  pensions  to  the  amount  of 
£1,200. 

*  *The  national  debt  is  £761,422,570. 

1838  Apr.*  I>ord  Durham  is  appointed 
a  special  commissioner  to  Canada  to 
redress  grievances  and  maintain  the  law. 

June  28.      London      Queen  Victoria  is 

crowned  at  Westminster 
Aug.  1.    E.  I.    Slavery  is  abolished. 

Aug.  10.  The  Ministry  disallow  the  or- 
dinance of  I^ord  Durham  (dan.  28)  expa- 
triating rebel  leaders  in  Canada.  [He 
resigns  his  office.] 

Aug.  *  A  meeting  of  working-people 
called  Chartists  takes  place  near  Bir* 
mingham. 


They  draw  up  a  national  petition,  or 

f»eople's  charter,  demanding  annual  par- 
laments,  universal  suffrage  for  man- 
hood, voting  by  ballot,  abolition  of 
property  qualification  of  members  of 
parliament,  and  payments  for  their  ser- 
vices. [Later,  they  add  a  demand  for 
equal  electoral  districts.] 
Sept.  18.  The  Anti-corn-law  Xieague 
is  formed  at  Manchester.  Charles  Vil- 
liers,  Bichard  Cobden,  and  John 
Bright  are  its  leaders. 

Oct.  23.  Manchester  receives  a  charter 
of  incorporation. 

*  *  Parliament:  The  transmission  of 
mails  by  railways  is  enacted. 

*  *  Parliament:  A  poor-law  for  Ireland 

is  passed.    [1839.    Amended.] 

*  *  Ire  Rent  is  substituted  for  land- 
owners' tithes. 

*  *  The  imperial  state  crown  of  England  is 
made. 

It  contains  one  large  ruby,  one  large 
sapphire,  16  sapphires,  11  emeralds,  4  ru- 
bies, 1 ,303  brilliants,  1,273  rose  diamonds, 
147  table  diamonds,  4  drop-shaped  pearls, 
and  273  pearls. 

1839    Apr.  3.    Ire.    Hugh,  Earl  For- 

tescue,  is  appointed  lord-Iieuteuant. 
May  2.    H.  C.  Charles  Shaw  Lefevre, 

Viscount  Eversley,  is  chosen  Speaker. 
June  14.    Parliament:  Tlie  petition  of 

the  Chartists  is  presented  and  rejected. 

[Riots  follow.] 
July  *  H.  C.    A  bill  for  the  adoption  of 

Rowland  Hill's  plan  of  a  penny  postage 

is  introduced  [and  passed]. 

Aug.  26.  Parliament:  The  Manchester 

Police  Act  is  passed. 

Nov.  16.  A  commercial  treaty  is  con- 
cluded with  Ttu'key. 

Dec.  5.    The  new  postage-law,  with  the 

uniform  letter-rate  of  fourpence,  goes 
into  operation  as  an  experiment. 

*  *  Afghanistan.  Sir  William  MacNaugh- 
ten  becomes  the  real  governor  under 
Shah  (p.  5). 

*  *  Arabia.  Aden  captured  (Jan.  29)  and 
annexed. 

*  *  Parliament:  Birmingham  town  is 
incorporated,  and  a  police  Act  for  it 
passed. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1836  Aug.  30.  London.  Flenning's 
w^harf,  London  Bridge,  and  other 
structures  are  burned ;   loss,  £250,000. 

Sept.  10.  Dublin.  Mount  Jerome 
Cemetery  is  consecrated. 

*  *  Kaw  cotton  sells  from  18  to  20  cents 
a  pound. 

*  *  London.  Tothill  Fields  Bridewell 
prison  is  rebuilt. 

1837  *  *  The  Peninsular  Company  is 
formed.  [Itbecomes  the  Peninsular  and 
Oriental  Steam  Navigation  Company.] 

1838  Jan.  10.  London.  The  Royal 
Exchange  is  burned  the  second  time. 

Apr.  8-23.     The    Great    Western    sails 

from  Bristol  to  New  York. 
Sept.  6.    The  steamer  Forfarshire,  from 

Hull    to    Dundee,   is   lost;    38  persons 

drowned.     Grace     Darling    and     her 

father  save   15  persons. 
Nov,  21.    E.  /.    The  East  Indiamen /*ro- 

tcctor  is  wrecked  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal ; 

170  drowned. 

1838-39  A  telegraph-line  is  set  up  on 
the  Great  Western  Railway  from  Pad- 
dington  to  West  l>rayton. 

1839  Jan.  7.  The  naval  cutter  Dili- 
gence is  wrecked ;  56  persons  drowned. 


950     1839,**~1842, 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1830-42  "War  with  China  over  dis- 
putes regartiiiig  tke  opium-trade  (p.  616). 

1840  Sept.* -Nov.  *  War  against  Me- 
hemet  Ali,  Pasha  of  Egypt.  (See  Egypt.) 

Sept.  16.  Syria.  Beyrout  is  bombarded 
and  captured  by  the  British  under  Col. 
Napier. 

Nov.  3.  Syria.  A  British  squadron  un- 
der Adm.  Stopford  bombards  and  takes 
St.  Jean  d'Acre ;  Egyptian  loss,  2,000 
killed  and  wounded,  and  3,000  prisoners. 
[Peace  follows.] 

*  *  The  acrew  propeller  is  introduced 
in  the  royal  navy. 

1842  Aug.  15.  The  Duke  of  AVel- 
lington  is  again  appointed  commander- 
in-chief. 

*  *  The  artillery  carbine  Is  introduced. 

*  *  The  percussion- musket  is  intro- 
duced. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1839  *  *  The  Royal  Society  of  Female 
Musicians  is  established. 

*  *  The  process  of  obtaining  illuminating 
gas  from  water  is  patented  by  Cruik- 
shank. 

*  *  \Vm.  Robert  Grove  constructs  the 
nitric  acid  battery. 

*  ♦  fjondo7i.  Wood-paving  is  unsuccess- 
ful. 

*  *  Henry  Fox  Talbot  first  publishes  his 
method  of  multiplying  impressions  by 
producing  a  negative  photograph, 
from  which  any  number  of  positive  cop- 
ies may  be  printed. 

1840  May  11.  The  railway  to  South- 
ampton is  opened. 

June  30.  London.  The  railway  to  Bris- 
tol is  opened.  [Aug.  2.  To  Blackwall. 
Sept.  21.    To  Brighton.] 

June.*  London.  An  experiment  is  made 
with  atmospheric  pressure  on  railway 
across  Wormwood  Scrubs. 

Aug.  14i:.  The  Steam-packet  Bri^a7mia 
crosses  from  Halifax  to  Liverpool  in  10 
days,  breaking  all  previous  records. 

*  *  The  hydro-electric  machine  is  in- 
vented by  Armstrong. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  The  Sir  "Walter  Scott 
monument  is  begun.     [1845.     Finished.] 

*  •  John  Babcock  of  Brighton  begins  to 
procure  new  lymph  for  vaccination  by 
inoculating  cows  with  smallpox. 

*  *  Prof.  Wheatstone  invents  an  electro- 
magnetic telegraph  clock. 

*  *  Dublin.  The  Irish  Archaeological  So- 
ciety is  formed. 

*  *  Inoculation  is  prohibited  by  law. 

*  *  Alfred  Smee's  electric  battery  is  first 
constructed. 

*  *  Robert  Sterling  Newall  of  Gateshead 
patents  wire  rope  for  submarine  tele- 
graph cables. 

1841  Jan.  16.  Brentford  is  inundated 
and  much  damage  is  done ;  several  lives 
are  lost. 

June  11.  London.  The  Chemical  So- 
ciety is  formed  ;  also  the  Pharmaceu- 
tical Society  [1843,  chartered],  and  the 
Hydropathic  Society. 

Sept.  *  London.  The  Princess's  Theater 
is  opened  for  concerts.  [Dec.  26.  For 
plays.] 

Nov.  2.  London.  Adelaide  Kemble 
makes  her  first  appearance. 

*  *  Tlie  Queen's  Bridge  is  built  on  the 
site  of  the  long  bridge  at  Belfast. 


*  *  Wheatstone's   alphabetical  printing 
telegraph  is  patented. 

1842    Dec.  17.     James  Young  sets  up 
the  Family  Herald  with  a  type-oompos- 

ing  machine. 

Dec.  26.    London.    The  Marylebone 
Theater  is  opened. 

*  *  Plav  Scene  in  Hamlet  is  painted  by 
Daniel  Maclise,  London. 

*  *  Magneto-electricity    is    applied    to 
electroplating  by  Woolwich. 

*  +  Red  flames  are  observed  during  an 
eclipse  of  the  sun,  by  Francis  Baily. 

*  *  The  Kew  Observatory  is  presented 
to  the  British  Association. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1840*  *  liarrington,  George,  pickpocket, 
writer,  A75. 

Brongliton,  Hhoda,  novelist,  born. 

Brunuiiell,   George  11.    (Beau  Brummeil), 
fop,  A  62. 

Carlisle,  Sir  Anthony,  surgeon,  physiol.,  A72. 

Cary,  Henry  F.,  poet,  translator  of  "  Dante," 
A68. 

I)e  la  Itarn^,  Louise  (Oulda),  novelist,  born. 

Druminond,  Capt.  Thomas,  civil  engineer, 
Scotland,  A43. 

Griffin,  Cerald,  novelist,  poet,  Ireland,  A37. 

Linton,  James  !>.,  painter,  born. 

Maclure,  William,  geologist,  Scot.,  A77. 

Nasmyth,  Alexander,  painter,  Scot.,  A82. 

Kiviere,  liriton,  painter,  born. 

Smith,  Sir  William  S.,  admiral,  A76. 

Stanley,  Henry  Morton,  explor.,  Wales,  b. 

Stone,  Marcus,  painter,  born. 

Symonds,  Jolm  A.,  author,  born. 

Walker,  Frederick,  painter,  born. 

■Victoria,  Empress   Frederick  of  Germany, 
princess  roval,  dan.  of  Queen  Victoria,  b. 
1841  *  *  Black,  "WilliaTO,  novelist,  Scot.,  b. 

llnrnes,  Sir  Alex.,  traveler,  diplomatist,  Scot- 
land, A  36. 

Buchanan,  Robert  W.,  poet,  Scotland,  bom. 

Chitty,  Joseph,  jurist,  A65. 

Dyer,  George,  scholar,  antiquary,  A86. 

Elgin,  Earl  of,  Thomas  Bruce,  diplomatist, 
Scotland,  A75. 

Gregory,  Gilbert  Ashburton,  math.,  wr.,  A67. 

Hook,  Theodore  Edward,  novelist,  drama- 
tist, humorist,  A58. 

Mac-Auley,   Catherine     E.,    philanthropist, 
founder  Sisters  of  Mercy,  Ireland,  A&4. 

MacNeven,  William  J.,  physician,  teacher, 
Ireland,  A7S. 

White,  Joseph  B.,  clergyman,  author,  A66. 

Wilkie,  Sir  David,  painter,  Scotland,  A56. 
1843  •  *  Arnold,  Thomas,  clergyman,  classi- 
cal scholar,  historian,  A 47. 

Banim,  John,  novelist,  Ireland,  A44. 

Chantry,  Sir  Francis  Legatt,  sculptor,  A61. 

Congleton,    Lord,    Henry    Brooke    Parnell, 
statesman,  A  66. 

Cunningham,  Allan,  poet,  critic,  Scot.,  A58. 

Barling,  Grace,  heroine,  A27. 

Fosbroke,  Thomas  1).,  areheologlst,  A72. 

Foster,  John,  cl.,  moralist,  author,  A72. 

Haldane,  Robert,  cl.,  philan.,  an.,  Scot.,  A78. 

Hill,  Viscount,  Rowland,  general,  A70. 

Maginn,  William,  journalist,  author,  Ireland, 
A49. 

Mudie,  Robert,  naturalist,  Scotland,  A65. 

Ousely,  Sir  William,  orientalist,  A73. 

Pavne,  John,  poet,  horn. 

Wellesley,  Marquis  of,  Richard  Cowley,  or 
Wesley,  statesman,  A82. 


CHURCH. 

1839  *  •  The  Ecclesiological  Society  is 
organized. 

1840  *  *  Ire.  The  "  Synod  of  Ulster " 
and  the  "Secession  Synod"  unite  to 
form  the  *»  General  Assembly  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Ireland." 

*  *The  "Welsh  Presbyterian  Foreign 
Missionary  Society  is  established  at 
Liverpool. 

*  *  A  Jewish  mission  to  the  East  is  or- 
ganized by  Moses  Montefiore. 

*  *  Parbament :  A  new  Church  Disci- 
pline Act  is  passed, 

1840-41  The  Congregation  of  Brit- 
ish Jews  is  formed. 


1841  May  28.  Scot.  Seven  minis- 
ters belonging  to  the  Presbytery  of 
Strathbogie  are  deposed  by  the  General 
Assembly  of  the  Church  of  Scotland  for 
obeying  the  civil  in  preference  to  the 
ecclesiastical  law. 

July  10.     fre.    The  Presbyterian  Church 

founds  a  Jewish  mission. 
Nov.  30.    Edinburgh.    The  Medical 

Missionary  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Morisonians,  followers  of 
the  Rev.  James  ^Morison  ot  Kilmarnock^ 
are  suspended  for  heterodoxy. 

*  *  Sir  F.H.Goldsmid  founds  the  Jewish 
Infant  School. 

1842  May  23.  Scot.  TheGeneral As- 
sembly of  the  Church  of  Scotland  con- 
demns patronage  as  detrimental  to  true 
religion,  and  deserving  to  be  abolished. 

Nov.  7.  London.  The  British  Society  for 
the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  among  the 
Jews  is  founded. 

LETTERS. 

1839-69  The  first  real  practical  techni- 
cal school  in  England  is  formed  in  the 
Chester  Diocesan  Training  College,  by 
Rev.  Arthur  Rigg,  principal. 

1839  *  *  Fe8tu8,  by  Philip  James  Bailey, 
appears. 

*  *  Introduction  to  the  Literature  of  Eu- 
rope, by  Henry  Hallam,  appears. 

1839-43  Sketches  of  Statesmen  of  tke 
Time  of  George  ill.,  by  I>ord  Henry 
Brougliam,  appears.  [1845-46,  Lives  of 
the  Men  of  Letters  and  Science  who 
Flourished  in  the  Time  of  George  I/L] 

1839^44  Proverbial  Philosophy, hy  Mar- 
tin Farquhar  Tupper,  appears.  '[1844, 
Crock  of  Gold.] 

1839-46  Journal  of  Researches,  by 
Charles  Darwin,  appears. 

1840  *  *  A  training-school  is  founded 
at  Battersea  by  Sir  J.  Shuttleworth  and 
E.  C.  Tufnell. 

*  *  The  Shakespeare  Society  is  founded. 

*  *  London.  The  London  Circulating 
library  is  founded. 

*  *  Lontlon.  The  Tablet,  Roman  Catholic 
weekly,  is  issued. 

*  *  Scot.     The  Witness  is  issued. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Old  Red  Sandstone,  by  Hugh 
Miller,  appears.  [1850,  Footprints  of  the 
Creator.^ 

*  *  Ingoldsby  Legends,  by  Richard  Harris 
Barfiam,  appears. 

1840-48  Lives  of  the  Queens  of  Eng- 
land, by  Agnes  Strickland,  appears. 

1841  Apr.  14.  London.  The  Noncon- 
formist is  issued. 

July  17.  London.  Punch,  or  the  I^m^ 
don  Charivari,  is  issued  by  Henry  May- 
hew,  Mark  Lemon,  Douglas  Jerrold,  Gil- 
bert k  Becket,  and  others. 

*  *  London.  The  Pharmaceutical  Jour- 
nal is  issued  ;  also  the  Gardener** 
Chronicle  and  Jewish  Chronicle. 

*  *  Amenities  of  Literature,  by  Isaac  D'ls- 
raeli,  appears, 

*  *  Masterman  Ready,  by  Capt.  Marryat, 
appea  rs .  [1 846,  Children  of  the  New  For- 
est ;  1848,  The  Little  Sarage.] 

1842  May  18.  London.  The  Philo- 
logical Society  is  established. 

May  *  London.  The  Illustrated  London 
\ews  is  issued. 

*  *  Edinburgh.    New  College  is  foimded. 

*  *  Lomlnn.  Lloyd's  Weekly  Newspaper 
is  issued;  also  the  Builder  and  the  /n- 
qutrer. 

*  *  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome,  by  Macaulay, 
appears. 

*  *  LocHley  Hall,  and  other  poems,  by 
Tennyson,  appears.  [1847,  The  Princess: 
1850,  In  Memoriam.] 

*  *  Ire.  The  Waldenses,  by  Aubrey 
Thomas  De  Vere,  appears.  [1843,  Poems.] 


AND   IRELAND. 


1839,**-1842,**.    951 


■  •  JHctionnry  of  Oretk ami  Roman  Antiq- 
ui/ifs,  by  Sir  William  Smith,  appears. 

*  *  Zanoni,  by  Bulwer-Lytton,  appears. 
[1843,  Last  of  the  Barons;  1848,  Harold; 
1849,  The  Cdxtons;  1853,  My  Novel.] 

*  *  Scot.  Love  and  Immortal  ity,  by 
Charles  Mackay,  appears.  [1845,  Le- 
geiuis  of  the  Isles.] 

*  •  Correlation  of  the  Physical  Forces,  by 
Sir  W.  K.  (irove,  appears. 

It  enunciates  the  theory  of  the  corre- 
lation or  mutual  dependence  and  con- 
Tertibility  into  each  other  of  all  the 
forces  of  nature,  viz.,  heat,  light,  elec- 
tricity, magnetism,  chemical  affinity,  and 
moticin. 
1842-53  The  Shakespeare  Society  is- 
sues 20  volumes. 

SOCIETY. 

1839*  •Zonrfon.  King's  College  Hos- 
pital la  founded. 

*  *  iMiidon.  The  Theatrical  Fund  is  es- 
tablished.    [1853.     Incorporated.] 

*  *  ITie  British  and  Foreign  Antislavery 
Society  is  established. 

1840  Jan.  1.  John  Frost,  Zephaniah 
Williams,  and  William  Jones,  three 
Chartists,  are  tried  for  high  treason. 
[Condemned  and  transported.] 

July  10.    Attempted  assassination. 
Edward  Oxford,  an  ex-servant  in  a  public 

house,  dischafRea  two  pistols  at  Queen  Vic- 
'     toria  and   Prince    Albert    when    ascending 

Constitution  Hill   in  an  open  piiseton  from 

Hucklnghani   Palace.     Neither  her  majesty 

nor  tlie  prince  is  Injured.    [July  10.    Oxford 

adjudged  to  l>e  insane.] 
1840-52    AoMf/ort.    The  Percy  Society 

is  formed.     [1840-55.     Also  the  Parker 

Society.] 

1841  Sept.  15.  Metropolitan  Associa- 
tion for  Improving  the  Dwellings  of  the 
Industrial  C'lassea  is  founded.  [1845. 
Oct.  16.    Incorporated.] 

*  *  A  Consumption  Hospital  is  founded 
at  Brompton. 

**  London.  The  London  Philanthropic 
Society  is  founded  to  supply  bread  ;ind 
coal  to  the  poor. 

*  •  Titles  created.  IJarons  Oxenfoord,  Con- 
gleton,  and  Vivian;  also  Karl  of  Gainsbor- 
ough. [1842,  Viscount  HIU;  IH46,  Earl  of 
Ellesmere  and  Viscount  Hardinge;  1847,  Earl 
of  Strafford;  1849.  Viscount  (iough  and  liaron 
Elgin;  18-50,  Earl  of  ('ottenham  and  Baron 
Truro;  1851,  Baron  I>e  Freyne.] 

1841^7  Edinburgh.  "Wodrow  Soci- 
ety is  founded. 

1842  May  30.  John  Francis  fires  at 
the  queen.  [July  3.  John  William 
Bean  presents  a  pistol  at  the  queen,  but 
is  seized  by  a  bystander  before  firing  it. J 

Ams.  *  Scot.  Father  Mathew  visits 
Glasgow ;  40,000  take  the  pledge. 

Aug:.  *  Great  disorders  occur  among 
the  artisans  in  the  midland  counties. 

*  •  A  Parliamentary  conimiss^n  reports 
that  children  six  years  of  age  are  em- 
ployed in  mines  to  drag  cars  of  coal 
through  low  tunnels  by  getting  down 
on  hands  an<i  feet.  Orphan  boys  are 
reduce<l  to  slavery  in  the  mines  by  a  sys- 
tem of  apprenticeship. 

*  *  London.  A  women's  hospital  is 
founded  in  Soho. 

*  •  Women  are  prohibited  from  working 
in  the  collieries. 

*  •  The  Royal  Masonic  Institution  for 
tbe  aged  and  widows  is  founded. 

STATE. 

1839*  *  London.  Theemploymentof  dogs 
\:\  drawing  carts,  etc.,  is  abolished.  [1854. 
Abolished  throughout  the  country.] 


1840  Jan.  10.  Parliament:  Members 
relinquish  the  privilege  of  franking  let- 
ters. The  penny  postage  act  becomes 
operative. 

Feb.  10.  Queen  Victoria  marries  her 
cousin,  Prince  Albert  of  Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha. 

Apr.  14.  Parliament:  An  act  for  the 
settlement  of  the  privilege  of  Parlia- 
ment question  is  passed. 

July  15.  A  treaty  of  alliance  is  con- 
cluded witli  Kussiii,  Austria, and  Prussia 
for  the  maintenance  of  the  Ottoman 
empire  and  the  settlement  of  theafEairs 
of  Egypt. 

July  23.  Parliament:  The  "Vaccina- 
tion Act  is  passed.  [1S53.  Compulsory 
Act  passed.] 

Aug.  4.  Parliament:  A  regency  bill 
appointing  Prince  Albert  regent  in  the 
event  of  the  demise  of  the  queen,  should 
her  next  lineal  successor  be  under  age, 


on  wheat  and  other  articles  of  corn,"  is 
passed. 

May  2.  ParUament:  A  petition  for  the 
adoption  of  the  "People's  Charter," 
having  3,000,000  signatures,  is  intro- 
duced.    [Rejected,    Vote,  287-49.] 

Jime  22.  H.  C.  Sir  Kobert  Peel's  bill 
for  the  imposition  of  a  tax  of  sevenpence 
in  the  pound  on  incomes  over  £150  is 


*  *  The  new  Houses   of  Parliament  are 

commenced.    [1852.    Finished.] 

*  *  New  Zealand  is  settled. 

*  *,The  money-order  office,  set  up  In  1792, 
is  begun  to  be  generally  used. 

*  *  Parliament:  The  Municipal  Cor- 
poration Act  for  Ireland  is  passad. 

*  *  Isaac  Lyon  Goldsmid,  a  Jew,  is  made 
a  baronet,'  the  first  Jew  so  honored. 

1841  Jan.*  China,  Hong  Kong  is 
acquired  (p.  617). 

May  27.    H.  C.    A  vote  of  confidence 

in  the  Ministry  is  refused.     Vote,  312- 

311. 
June  *  Ire.    John    Campbell   is  made 

lord  chancellor.     [Oct.  *  Sir  Edward 

Sugden.} 
Aug.  19.    Parliament  meets.    [1347. 

July  23.    Dissolved. 

Aug.  30.  The  Melbourne  Ministry  re- 
sign, having beendefeated in  Parliament 
on  an  amendment  to  the  speech  from 
the  throne. 

Sept.  6.  A  ^linistry  is  formed  with  Sir 
Robert  Peel  as  Premier. 

Memliers:  the  Duke  of  'Wellington ; 
Lord  Lyndhurst  as  lord  high  chancellor; 
Sir  James  Orabam,  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen, 
and  Lord  Stanley.  [  Later,  Sidney  Her- 
bert, W.E.  Gladstone.  Earl  of  Hadding:- 
ton  is  made  llrst  lord  of  the  adniiralty.] 

Sept.  15.  Ire.  Thomas  Philip,  Earl  de 
Grey,  is  appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

Nov.  10.  Edward  Pennefather  is 
made  chief  justice. 

Dec.  20.  The  quintuple  treaty  for  the 
suppression  of  the  slave-trade  is  signed. 
It  allows  mutual  right  of  search  by  the 
great  powers ;  Great  Britain,  France, 
Austria,  Russia,  and  Prussia  sign  it. 

*  *  Dublin.  Daniel  0*ConrieIl  is  elected 
mayor  ;  he  is  the  first  Boman  Catholio 
to  hold  that  office. 

*  *  Viscount  Lowther  Is  appointed  post- 
master. 

*  *  Population  of  England,  8,196,597. 

*  *  Postage-stamps  come  into  use,  super- 
seding adhesive  envelopes. 

1842  Mar,  3.  Parliament:  The  Copy- 
right Ijaw  is  amended  by  extending  the 
term  of  28  years  to  42  years. 

Apr.  7.  H.  C.  Sir  Robert  Peel's  "slid- 
ing-scale"  bill,  "regulating  the  duty 


Aug.  9.    The  Ashburton  Treaty  is 

signed  (p.  155). 

*  *  London.  TheoldMarshalaeaprison, 
Southwark,  built  in  the  13th  century,  is 
taken  down. 

*  *Parhament:  A  bill  prohibiting  the 
employment  of  women  and  children 
in  mines  is  passed. 

*  *  E.I.  Earl  of  EUenborough  is  ap- 
pointed governor-general. 

*  *  London.  Pentonville  Model  prison 
is  completed. 

*  *  Scot.    The  queen  first  visits  Scotland. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1840  Jan.  11.  The  steamer  William 
lluskisson  is  wrecked  between  Dublin 
and  Liverpool  ;  93  passengers  saved  by 
Capt.  Clegg  of  the  Huddersfield. 

June  17.  E.  I.  The  Lord  William  Ben- 
tinck  is  wrecked  oflf  Bombay  ;  58  re- 
cruits, 20  officers,  and  seven  passengers 
perish  ;  the  Lord  Castlereagh  also 
wrecked,  most  of  her  crew  and  passen- 
gers being  lost. 

July  18.  U.  S.  A.  The  first  transat- 
lantic steamer  of  the  Cunard  line,  the 
Britannia,  arrives  at  Boston,  Mass.,  after 
a  passage  of  14  days  and  eight  hours. 

Nov.  18.  The  steam  packet  Cify  of  Bris- 
tol is  wrecked;  35  persons  drowned. 

*  *  A  telegraph-line  erected  on  the 

Blackwell  railroad. 

1841  Jan.  4.  The  steamer  Thames, 
from  Dublin  to  Liverpool,  is  wrecked 
oil"  St.  Ives  ;  the  captain  and  55  persons 
drowned. 

Feb.  10.  The  Governor  Fewer,  from 
Liverpool  to  America,  is  run  down  off 
Holyhead  by  the  Nottingham  steamer 
out  of  Dublin  ;   122  persons  drowned. 

Apr.  19.  The  William  Browne  is 
wrecked  by  striking  on  the  ice  ;  16  pas- 
sengers who  had  been  received  into  the 
lon<;-boat  are  thrown  overboard  by  the 
crew  to  lighten  her. 

June  8.  London.  Astley's  Amphi- 
theater is  burned  the  third  time. 

Sept.  26.  The  Amanda  is  wrecked  off 
Metis  :  29  passengers  and  12  of  the  crew 
drowned. 

Oct.  30.  London.  A  fire  occurs  at  the 
Tower  ;  the  armory  and  280,000  stand  of 
arms  are  destroyed. 

Nov.  21.  Ire.  The  James  Cooke  of  JAm- 
erick  la  wrecked  in  coming  from  Sligo 
to  Glasgow. 

*  *  The  telegraph  is  extended  to  Glas- 
gow. 

1842  Aug.  2'8.  A/r.  The  transports 
Abercromfne,  Robinson,  and  Waterliio 
are  lost  in  Table  Bay,  Cape  of  tiood 
Hope;  of  330  persons  on  board  the  lat- 
ter vessel  189,  principally  convicts,  are 
drowned. 

Nov.  13.  The  East  Indiaman  Reliance, 
from  Chiim  to  London,  is  wrecked  off 
Merlmont,  near  Boulogne;  of  116  per- 
sons on  board,  seven  only  are  saved. 

*  *  Commercial  distress  prevails.  Many 
persons  are  unemployed,  and  disorders 
in  manufacturing  districts  are  repressed 
by  military  force. 


952     1843,  Jan.  13-1846, 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1843  July  13.  The  Albert  troop-ship 
from  Halifax  is  wrecked  with  the  G4th 
Regiment  oa  board,  which  barely  es- 
capes. 

*  *  E.I.  War  with  the  Sindis.  (See 
India.) 

1844  *  *  The  naval  list  is  first  officially 
completed. 

1845  Dec.  *  JS.  I.  The  first  Sikh  war 
begins. 

1846  *  *S.  Afr.    "War  with  Kafirs, 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1843  Mar.  1,  The  Phonetic  Society 
is  formed  ;  Isaac  Pitman,  secretary. 

Mar.  25.  London.  The  Thames  tunnel 
is  opened  for  foot  passengers  ;  length, 
1,300  feet ;  width,  35  feet ;  heighth,  20 
feet ;  thickness  of  earth  between  the 
crown  of  the  arch  and  the  bed  of  the 
river,  about  15  feet. 

Apr,  17.  London.  Astley's  Amphithe- 
ater is  reopened. 

June  28.  London.  The  Southeastern 
railway  is  opened  to  Folkestone.  [1S44. 
Feb.  7.    To  Dover.] 

Nov.  4.    London.   The  Nelson  Coliman, 

Trafalgar  Square,  is  completetl.  [1SG7. 
Jan.  31.  The  lions  at  the  base,  designed 
by  Sir  Edwin  Landseer,  are  uncovered.] 

*  *  Gutta-percha  is  made  known  in  Eng- 
land by  Drs.  I)e  Almeida  and  Montgom- 
ery at  the  Society  of  Arts. 

*  *  London.  The  Ethnological  Society 
is  formed ;  also  the  British  Archaeo- 
logical Association,  and  the  Hoyal 
Archaeological  Institute. 

*  *  Scot.  James  Nasmyth  invents  the 
striking  steam-hammer. 

*  *  The  13th  meeting  of  the  British  Asso- 
ciation is  held  at  Cork ;  [IH44,  14th  at 
York;  1845,  15th  at  Cambridge;  1846, 
16th  at  Southampton;  1S47,  17th  at  Ox- 
ford.] 

*  *  The  first  experiments  in  atmospheric 
railways  in  England  are  made  at  Worm- 
wood. 

*  *  Sir  Wm.  Rowan  Hamilton  invents  the 
mathematical  method  called  quater- 
nions. 

*  *  Ire.  The  first  atmospheric  railway 
in  Ireland  is  built. 

1844  Aug.  24.  Edinlmrrfk.  A  monu- 
iiu;nt  to  the  political  martyrs  of  1793-94 
is  bogun. 

Oct.  8.  Scot*  A  stat\ie  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington  is  unveiled  at  (ilasgow. 
[Later,  also  one  at  the  Royal  Exchange, 
Loudon.] 

*  *  The  doctrine  of  the  origin  of  species 
by  evolution  appears  in  the  Vestiges  of 
the  Natural  History  of  Creation. 

*  *The  North  British  railway  is  begim. 
[1846.    June  18.    Opened.] 

+  *  *Rev.  John  Curwen  improves  the 
tonic  sol-fa  system,  in  ^vhich  the  let- 
ters d,  r,  m,  f,  s,  1,  t  (for  do,  re,  mi,  fa,  so, 
la,  ti,  or  si),  are  used  instead  of  notes. 

*  *  Dublin.  Queen's  Theater  in  Bruns- 
wick Street  is  erected. 

*  *  Tlie  Handel  Society  is  formed ;  also 
the  Syro-Egyptian  Society,  the  Ray 
Society,  and  the  Caxton  Society. 

1845  Feb.  27.  The  Portland  Vase  is 
smashed  with  a  stone  by  William  Lloyd. 
[It  has  been  skilfully  repaired.] 

May  1.  London.  The  Hungerford  (or 
Charing  Cross)  suspension  bridge  is 
opened. 


May  24,  Sir  John  Franklin  and  Capts. 
Crozier  and  Fitzjames  sail  in  the  ships 
Erebus  amd  Terror  for  the  arctic  regions. 

June  *  The  railway  from  Cambridge  to 
London  is  opened. 

June  *  J.  Watkins  Brett  and  Jacob  Brett 
file  plans  for  a  transatlantic  telegraph 
cable. 

*  *  The  Sheffield  and  Manchester  railway 
is  opened. 

*  ♦  London.  A  statue  of  Queen  Victoria 
is  erected  at  the  Royal  Exchange. 

*  *  London.  Victoria  Park  and  Trafalgar 
Square  are  completed. 

1846  Aug.  *  The  Queen's  Park,  Peel 
Park,  and  Philip's  Park,  Manchester, 
are  opened. 

Oct.  10.  Lassell  discovers  a  satellite  of 
Neptune. 

*  ♦  London.  The  grand  "Wellington 
Arch  is  erected  at  Hyde  Park  corner ; 
lieight  of  equestrian  statue,  27  feet; 
weight,  40  tons ;  chiefly  made  from  cap- 
tured cannon. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1843*  *  Abbott,    Evelyn,  classical  scholar, 
historian,  bom. 

Allen,  William,  chemist,  A73. 

Alice  Maud  Mary,  daiiKhterof  Victoria,  b. 

('coper,  WiUiani  K.,  archeologist,  born. 

Dilke,  Sir  Charles  Wentwortb,  statesman, 
journalist,  born. 

Povyden,  Kdward,  scholar,  Ireland,  born. 

Loudon,  John  C,  liorticultnrist,  Scot.,  A60. 

Southey,  Robert,  poet,  historian,  biog.,  A6'). 
1844  ♦  *  Abercrombie,  (lolin,  phy8.,Scot.,  Al>4. 

Addlngton,  Henry,  Visconnt  Sidmoulh,  A87. 

Alfred  Ernest  Albert,  Duke  of  Edinburgh, 
son  of  Victoria,  born. 

Baily,  Francis,  astronomer,  A70. 

lieckford,  William,  author,  A84. 

Burdett,  Sir  Francis,  statesman,  A74. 

Calicott,  Sir  Aug.  W.,  lanilscape  paint.,  A65. 

Canipbeil,  Thomas,  poet,  Scotland,  Ati?. 

Dalton,  John,  physicist,  [natbematician,  A78. 

Halford,  Sir  Henry,  physician,  author,  A78. 

Hall,  Itasil,  traveler,  author,  Scotland,  A56. 

Lang,  Andrew,  poet,  essayist,  born. 

Scott,  Thomas  H.  S.,  author,  born. 

Sterling,  John,  critic,  essayist,  A38. 

Sullivan,  Arthur,  musical  composer,  born. 
1840  *  *  Adolphus,  John,  lawyer,  hist,,  A7S. 

Blanchard,  Laman,  journalist,  A42. 

Buxton,  Sir  Thomas  F.,  pbilantbropist,  A59. 

Cooper,  Thomas  S.,  painter,  A42. 

Paniell,  John  F.,  chemist,  physicist,  A55. 

Ernest  Augustus  Albert,  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land, born. 

Fry  (or  (iurney),  Elizabeth,  philanthropist, 
prison  reformer,  A  65. 

Hood,  Thomas,  humorist,  poet,  A47. 

Lansdowne,  Marquis  of,  Henry  F.,  states.,  b. 

^airne.  Baroness,  Carolina  O.,  poet,  Scot- 
land, A79. 

Roche,  Marie  Regina,  novelist,  A81. 

Saintsbury,  George  W.,  scholar,  author,  b. 

Sale,  Sir  Hobert  H.,  general,  Ab3. 

Smith,  Sydney,  cl.,  essayist,  wit,  wr.,  A74. 
1846  *  *  Clarkson,  Thomas,  philanthropist, 
anttslavery  advocate,  A8tt. 

Davitt,  Michael,  journalist,  states.,  Ire.,  b. 

l)e  Vera,  Sir  Aubrey,  poet,  Ireland,  A39. 

Frere,  John  H.,  poet,  diplomatist,  wr.  A77. 

Haydon,  Beniamin  R.,  hist,  painter,  A60. 

Helena  Augusta  Victoria,  Princess  Helena, 
daughter  of  Victoria,  born. 

HoU,  Frank,  painter,  born. 

Parnell,  Charles  Stewart,  statesman,  Ire.,  b. 

Sayce,  Archibald  H.,  philologist,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1843  May  18.  Edinburgh.  Differences 
on  the  question  of  the  right  of  patrons 
to  nominate  to  livings  causes  the  se- 
cession from  the  national  church  of  Dr. 
Thomas  Chalmers  and  400  other  minis- 
ters [who  form  the  "Free  Church  of 
Scotland  "]. 

*  *  Parliament  provides  for  the  formation 
of  new  district  churches  or  parishes; 
£600,000  appropriated. 


*  *  The  Voluntary  School  Society  and 
Congregational  Board  of  Education  are 
formed. 

*  *  The  Primitive  Methodists  organize  a 
Foreign  Missionary  Society. 

*  *  The  Church  of  England  Sunday-school 
Institution  is  formed. 

*  *The  Congregational  Soard  of  Edu- 
cation is  organized  at  Homertou. 

1844  May  *  The  society  for  the  liber- 
ation of  religion  from  state  patronage 
and  control  is  established  by  eminent 
political  Dissenters. 

June  6.  London.  The  Parent  Society 
of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion is  organized. 

*  *  The  Patagonian  Missionary  Society 

is  organized  by  Mr.  Williams. 

*  *The  Free  Church  of  England  is 
formed  as  an  Episcopal  church. 

1845  Nov.  *  Ire.  The  Protestants  form 
an  alliance  at  Armagh. 

*  *  The  Evangelical  Alliance  is  founded 
by  Sir  Culling  IJradley  Smith  arui  others, 
at  Liverpool,  with  the  view  of  promoting 
unity  among  all  denominations  of  Prot- 
estant Christians  against  lioman  Cathol- 
icism and  iuiidelity. 

*  *  London.  The  Evangelical  Conti- 
nental Society  is  organized. 

1846  Aug.  19-Sept.  2.  London.  A 
meeting  for  the  organization  of  the 
Christian  Alliance  is  held  in  Freema- 
son's Hall ;  800  delegates  representing 
50  denominations  are  present;  object, 
the  preservation  of  Christian  liberty  and 
the  promotion  of  Christian  unity. 


LETTERS. 

1843*  *  Que  en*  8  College,  Birming- 
ham, is  incorporated. 

*  *  "Wordsworth  is  appointed  poet  lau- 
reate. 

*  *  Chetham  Society,  Manchester,  is 
founded. 

1843-56    -^If ric  Society  is  founded. 

1843-47    Foreign  and  Colonial  Quarterlp 

Jitvitw  is  issued. 

*  *  London.  Allen*8  Indian  Mail  Is  is- 
sued ;  also  the  News  of  the  M'ortd,  Eiuj- 
lish  (Viurchman,  Farmer,  Economiat,  aild 
Law  Times. 

*  *  System  of  Logic,  by  John  Stuart  Mill, 
appears.  [1848,  Principles  of  J'olilical 
Economy.} 

*  *  Song  of  the  Shirt,  by  Thomas  Hood, 
appears.  [1847,  Poems  of  Hit  and  Uu- 
mor.] 

1844  *  *  LoTufon.  The  British  Quarterly 
Jieview  is  issued.  Also  the  Musical 
Times  and  the  Agricultural  Gazette. 

*  *  Vestiges  of  the  Natural  History  of  Crt- 
ation  appears. 

It  affirms  the  progressive  development 
as  a  hypothetic  history  of  organic  crea- 
tion ;  th&authorship  is  ascribed  to  Rob- 
ert Chambers  and  others,  and  occasions 
much  controversy. 

*  *  Httopadesa,  edited  and  translated  by 
Max  Miiller  (Friedrich  Maximilian 
Miiller),  appears. 

*  *  ,4r/tjiroKr/,  by  (t.  P.  R.James,  appears, 
[1853,  Agnes  SorcL] 

*  •  n^/affc  5<*rmons.  by  Charles  Kingsley, 
appears.  [18.'»0,  Alton  Lor/.e;  1S53,  Hy- 
patia;  1855,  ff-estw<ird  Ho.'] 

1844-47  The  North  British  lieview  is 
issued. 

1844-55  Experimental  Jiesearches  in 
Electricity,  by  Michael  Faraday,  ap- 
pears. 

1845  Jnne*  Dublin.  Maynooth  Col- 
lege receives  a  permanent  endowment 
from  Parliament,  consisting  of  £50,000 


AND   IRELAND. 


1843,  Jan.  13-1846,' 


953 


for  the  ei)larjj;eMient  of  tlie  but Ulings  and 
£26.U00aiiiin]<llv.  [This occasions  much 
controversy  in  I'^ngland,  a  motion  being 
made  for  its  abolition  at  almost  every  ses- 
sion of  l*urliainunt.] 

July  31.  Parliament  pcisses  an  Act  es- 
tablishing queen's  colleges  ^(imsecta- 
rian)  in  Ireland. 

[1849.  Oct.  30.  One  is  oi>ened  at  Gal- 
way.  Oct,  *  One  at  Heltast.  Nov.  7. 
One  at  Cork.  They  are  termed  '*GotI- 
\cHii  colleges,"  and  are  much  ojiposed  by 
the  clergy.    (See  1850,  Aug.  15.)] 

Sept.  23.  Tre.  The  Irish  National 
education  Board  is  incorporated. 

*  *  The  liritisfi  Quarterly  lieriew  is  is- 
sued. 

*  *  London.  Knight* 8  Penny  Afagazine  is 
issued. 

*  *  Syfnlf  by  Benjamin  Disraeli,  appears. 

*  *  A  Concordance  to  Shakespeare,  by 
Mary  Cowden  Clarke,  appears. 

1845-55  The  Prospectwe  Review  is  is- 
sued. 

1845-67  History  of  Philogophy,  by 
George  Henry  Lewes,  appears. 

1846  Jan.  21.  London.  Tlie  Daily 
A'ews  is  issued;   also  the  Ctiardian. 

i  •  •  Owens  College,  Manchester,  is 
founded  by  means  of  a  bequest  of  £100- 
000  by  John  Owens.  [1851.  Mar.  10.  It 
is  opened.] 

*  *  Bishop  Hatfield's  Hall,  Durham 
University,  is  founded. 


SOCXEXy. 

1843  Nov.  14.  Great  free-trade  meet- 
ings are  held  at  Manchester. 

*  *  Rebecca  or  "  Becca  '*  riots  against 
turnpikes  occur  in  South  Wales. 

*  *  London.  The  Sydenham  Society  and 
Law  Amendment  Society  are  founded. 

*  *  The  National  Temperance  Society 
is  formed. 

*  *  London.  Tlie  Bound,  Catch,  and 
Cannon  Club  is  founded. 

*  *  f^ondmi.  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  Pad- 
dington,  is  founded. 

±*  *  Ire.    The  "Molly  Maguires,*'  a 

secret  society,  flourishes. 

*  *  Edinbnrfih.  The  Spottiswood  Soci- 
ety is  lounded. 

1844  Nov.  5.  Scot.  The  Scottish 
Temperance  XiCague  is  formed. 

*  *  A  Ragged  School  Union  is  organ- 
ized. 

*  *  Sailors'  Home,  Liver[>ool,  is  founded. 

*  *  The  Asylum  for  Fatlierless  Children 
at  ltee<Ihani,  Surrey,  is  established. 

1845  May  20.  Lieut.  Hawkes  kills 
Lieut.  Setim  in  a  duel. 

Aug.  *  The  queen  visits  Germany. 

Dec.  23.  A  great  anti-com-law  meet- 
ing is  held  at  Manchester  ;  £64,984  sub- 
scribed. 

*  •  A  society  for  the  discouragement  of 
dancing  Is  formed. 

*  *  London.  Model  lodging-houses  are 
built. 

*  *  A  German  hospital  is  founded  at 
Dalston. 

*  *  The  polka  is  introduced  [and  becomes 
a  popuhir  dance]. 

*  •  Scot.  A  poor-law^  system  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *  Ire.  Titles  created.  Baron  Dun- 
sandle  and  ClanConal.  [1848,  Baron  Bel- 
lew.] 

STATE. 

1843  Mar.  16.  fre.  Daniel  O'Con. 
nell  addresses  30,000  people  at  Trim  on 
the  repeal  of  the  Act  of  united  legisla- 
tion between  Ireland  and  Grejit  Britain. 


Aug.  3,   S,  Afr.  Natal  is  annexed. 

Aug.  15.  Ire.  O'Connell  addresses 
half  a  million  people  on  the  hill  of  Tara 
in  favor  of  the  repeal  of  the  legislative 
union. 

Oct.  14,  Ire,  O'Connell  and  many  of 
his  associates  are  arrested  on  charges 
of  conspiracy,  sedition,  and  unlawful 
assembling.  [1814.  Jan.  15-Feb.  12. 
O'Connell  and  eight  others  are  found 
guilty  by  a  Protestant  jury.] 

1844  May  6.  H.  C.  A  bill  for  the  re- 
newal of  the  Bank  of  England  is  intro- 
duced and  passed. 

It  provides  for  the  continuation  of  the 
bank's  privilege,  for  its  division  into  two 
departments,  for  the  publishing  of  its 
weekly  returns,  and  the  limiting  of  its 
circulation  to  £14,000,000.    [Passed.] 

May  13.  Parliament:  Sir  James  Gra- 
ham*s  bill  for  the  regulation  of  hours 
of  labor  in  factories  is  passed. 

May  30.  Ire.  Daniel  O'Connell  is  sen- 
tenced to  Imprisonment  for  one  year, 
and  to  pay  a  fine  of  £2,000;  his  associ- 
ates are  sentenced  to  nine  months*  im- 
prisonment, and  to  pay  a  fine  of  £50 
each. 

July  12.  Ire,  William,  Lord  Heytes- 
bury,  is  appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

Aug.  3.    Parliament:  The  Art  tTnion 

Indemnity  Act  is  passed. 

Sept.  4.  H.  C.  The  decision  of  the  Irish 
Court  of  the  Queen's  Bench  in  the  case 
of  O'Connell  and  his  associates  is  re- 
vised.   They  are  liberated. 

Dec.  18.  Ire.  New  commissioners  of 
charitable  bequests  are  appointed,  and 
the  rank  of  Homan  Catholic  bishops 
is  recognized. 

*  *  Parliament  orders  the  examination 
of  railway  schemes  before  their  intro- 
duction by  the  Boanl  of  Trade. 

*  *  Parliament  requires  railway  compa- 
nies to  run  cheap  trains  every  day,  and 
permits  the  erection  of  electric  tele- 
graphs, and  autliorizes  the  Government 
to  buy  existing  railways  with  the  per- 
mission of  Parliament  after  Jan.  1, 18C6. 

*  *  E.  L  Sir  Henry  Hardinge  is  ap- 
pointed governor-general. 

1845  Feb.  15.  H.  C.  Sir  Robert  Peel 
introduces  a  bill  for  the  abolition  of 
import  duties  on  over  4.30  articles. 

Dec.  5.  Sir  Robert  Peel  resigns.  [Dec* 
Lord  John  Russell  attempts  to  form  a 
Ministry,  but  fails,  and  Peel  resumes 
office.] 

*  *  H.  C.  A  bill  is  passed  for  the  Improve- 
ment of  Maynooth  College,  Dublin, 
and  granting  to  it  annually  £30,000. 

1845-53  Ire.  The  Celtic  Society,  Dub- 
lin, flourishes. 

1846  Jan.  13.  The  Earl  of  Ellenbor- 
ough  is  made  first  lord  of  the  admiralty. 

Jan.  23.  Ire.  Francis  Blackburn  is 
made  chief  justice. 

Apr.  30.  H.  C.  William  Smith 
O'Brien  is  committed  to  the  custo<iy  of 
the  sergeant-at-arms,  for  contempt,  in 
not  obeying  an  order  of  the  House  to 
attend  a  committee. 

Jime  15.  Can.  The  Oregon  boundary 
treaty  (p.  161). 

June  26.  Parliament:  The  corn-laws 
are  totally  repealed. 

Wlieat  at  or  about  63  shillings  per 
q\iartpr  to  be  four  shillings  a  quarter 


until  Feb.  1, 1849 ;  thereafter  all  kinds  of 
grain  uniformly  to  be  one  shilling  per 
quarter. 

June  29.  Sir  Robert  Peel  resigns, 
his  bill  for  the  protection  of  life  in  Ire- 
land being  rejected  by  the  Commons. 

July*  Richard  Cobden  receives  a  testi- 
monial of  £80,000  for  his  eminent  ser- 
vices in  promoting  the  abolition  of  the 
corn-laws. 

Jtily  6.  Lord  Cottenham  is  appointed 
lord  high  chancellor. 
liord  John  Russell  becomes  premier. 
Cabinet  Includes  Marquis  of  Lansriowne, 
Viscount  ralinerston,  foreign  secretary, 
Earl  (Jrey,  William  E.  Glatistoiie,  secretary 
of  state  for  tlie  colonial  department.  Lord 
Auckland,  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  Karl 
Cranville,  Yox  Maule,  Earl  of  Carlisle,  Sir 
Thomas  Wilde,  and  Lord  Truro. 

July  9.  Ire.  John  William,  Earl  of 
Besborough,  is  appointed  lord -lieu- 
tenant, [duly  IG.  Maziere  Brady, 
lord  chancellor.] 

July  29.  Ire.  William  Smith  O'Brien 
and  the  "Young  Ireland,"  or  physical 
force,  party  secede  from  the  Kepeal 
Association,  and  form  the  Irish  Confed- 
eration party, 

Aug.*  Parliament:  Three  famine-relief 

Acts  for  Ireland  are  passed. 

Aug.  28.  Parliament :  Commissioners 
of  railways  are  constituted. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1843  Jan.  13.  The  East  Indiaman  Con- 
queror^ homeward  bound,  is  wrecked 
near  Boulogne  ;  crew  and  passengers  are 
lost. 

Jan.  16.  The  East  Indiaman  Jessie  Lo- 
gan is  wrrecked  on  the  Cornish  coast ; 
many  drowned. 

Apr.  7.  Sp.  The  royal  mail-steamer 
Solway  is  wrecked  near  Corunna  ;  28 
lives  and  the  mail  are  lost. 

Apr.  12.  The  trader  Catherine  is  blown 
up  off  the  Isle  of  Pines.  Most  of  the 
crew  are  massacred  by  the  natives  or 
afterwards  drowned. 

May  23.  Ind.  The  Amelia  Thompson  is 
wrecked  near  Madras  ;  part  of  the  crew 
saved. 

July  19.  The  steam-packet  Pef/asus  from 
Leith  is  wrecked  off  the  Fern  Islands  ; 
of  59  persons  (including  Kltou  the  actor) 
seven  only  are  saved. 

1844  June  16.  Tlie  steamer  Manches- 
ter from  Hull  to  Hamburg  is  wrecked 
off  the  Vogel  Sands,  near  Cuxhaven  ;  30 
lives  are  lost. 

Oct.  28.  London.  The  Royal  Ex- 
change is  opened  by  the  queen. 

*  *  London.    Fleet  prison  is  taken  down. 

*  *  The  use  of  sealing-wax  is  superseded 
by  the  introduction  of  adhesive  envel- 
opes. 

*  *  The  Admiralty  pier  at  Dover  is  com- 
menced. 

1845  Jan.  1.  London.  The  new  build- 
ing Act  becomes  operative. 

May  2.  A  suspension  chain-bridge, 
built  over  the  Bure  at  Yarmouth,  at  an 
expense  of  £4,000,  owing  to  the  weight 
of  a  vast  number  of  persons  who  assem- 
bled on  it  to  witness  an  exhibition  on  the 
water,  suddenly  gives  way,  and  79  lives 
(mostly  children)  are  lost. 

*  *  London.  Penny-fares  on  steamboats 
are  begun. 

*  *  A  great  famine  is  caused  by  the  fail- 
ure of  the  potato  crop. 

1846  Mar.  *  A  commercial  panic  oc- 
curs. 

Aug.  24,  A  collision  occurs  on  the  Pe- 
vensey  (Brighton  and  Hastings)  Kail- 
way  ;  40  are  injured. 


954      1846,  **-1850,  Julys.       GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1847  Dec.  20.  The  war  ship  Avenger, 
with  officers  and  crew,  is  lost  off  the 
north  coast  of  Africa. 

*  *  A  general  war-medal  is  struck  for 
the  war  of  1793-1814, 

1848-49  £". /.  Second  Sikh  war.  (See 
India.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1846  *  *  lAyndon .  The  Patliological  Soci- 
ety is  formed ;  also  tlie  Sussex  Arch- 
seological  Society  at  Lewes,  and  the 
Canihrian  Arcliieological  Association. 

*  *  Tlie  high  level  bridge  is  erected  by 
Robert  Stephenson  at  Newcastle,  and 
the  Grand  Central  Station  is  also  built. 

*  *  Sir  'William  Armstrong's  hydraulic 
crane  is  patented. 

1846-48  JF.  The  Conway  Tubtilar 
Bridge  is  erected. 

1846-50  W.  The  Britannia  Tubular 
Suspension  Bridge  is  erected  by  Rob- 
ert Stephenson  across  Menai  Strait: 
length  of  central  span,  460  feet;  total 
length,  1,840  feet;  height  of  central 
tower,  230  feet. 

*  *  Water  is  decomposed  into  oxygen  and 
hydrogen  gases  by  the  heat  of  oxy-hy- 
drogen  flame  by  Wm.  Robert  Grove. 

1847  May  4.  London,  Jenny  Lind, 
"the  Swedish  Nightingale,"  makes  her 
first  appearance. 

Aug.  13.  The  planet  Iris  is  discovered 
by  John  Russell  Hind,  [Oct.  18,  Flora: 
1850,  Sept.  13,  Victoria;  1851,  May  19, 
Irene;  1S52,  June  24,  Melpomene;  Aug. 
22,  Fortuna:  Nov.  16,  Calliope;  Dec.  15, 
Tkalia;  1853,  Nov.  8,  Euterpe.] 

*  *  Lassell  discovers  a  satellite  of  Uranus. 

*  *  The  Gardens  of  Botany  at  Kew  are 
greatly  improved,  and  magnificent  con- 
servatories are  erected. 

*  *  The  royal  kitchen  and  forcing  gardens 
are  incorporated  with  the  botanical  gar- 
dens at  Kew. 

*  *  The  Fitzwilliam  Museum,  Cambridge 
(endowed  1816,  founded  1837),  is  com- 
pleted. 

*  *  London.  The  Palseontographlcal  So- 
ciety is  formed. 

*  *  Tlie  Institute  of  Mechanical  Engineers 
is  formed  at  Birmingham. 

*  *  Gutta-percha  is  suggested  as  an  in- 
sulator for  electrical  use  by  Faraday, 

1847-48  Sir  John  Franklin  discovers 
the  Northwest  I*assage  in  sailing  down 
the  [Franklin  Straits],  but  loses  his  life 
in  the  effort. 

1848  Apr.  25.  The  planet  3/e<is  is  dis- 
covered by  A.  Graham. 

May  11.  Sir  James  Ross's  expedition 
sails  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin. 
[1849.    Nov.  3.    Returns  unsuccessful.] 

*  *  Eighteenth  meeting  of  the  British 
Association  is  held  at  Swansea.  [1849, 
Sept.  12,  19th  at  Birmingham  ;  1850,  July 
31,  20th  at  Edinburgh;  1851,21st  at  Ips- 
wich ;  1852,  22d  at  Belfast ;  1853,  23d  at 
Hull ;  1854,  24th  at  Liverpool.] 

±  *  *  London.  The  statue  of  Lord  George 
Bentinck  is  erected  in  Cavendish  Square. 

*  *  London.  The  Institute  of  Actuaries 
is  formed ;  also  the  Arundel  Society, 
for  the  promotion  of  art  by  publishing 
facsimiles,  photographs,  etc. 

*  *  One  of  the  satellites  of  Saturn  is  dis- 
covered by  George  Phillips  Bond  and 
William  Lassell. 

*  *  Artificial  stone  is  invented  by  Fred. 
Ranscome. 

*  *  William  Lassell  discovers  the  eight 
satellites  of  Saturn. 

*  *  Paraffin  is  procured  from  mineral 
oil  by  James  Young  at  Alfreton  iu  Der- 
byshire. 


*  *  The  caloric  engine  is  invented  by 

John  Ericsson. 

1849  Apr.  18.  The  first  stone  of  the 
great  Grimsby  docks  is  laid  by  the 
Prince  of  Wales, 

*  *  Scot.  Sir  Walter  Scott  and  His 
Friends  is  painted  by  Faed. 

*  *  The  Athenaeum  and  Mechanics*  In- 
stitution at  Sheftield  is  opened. 

*  *  The  fire-annihilator  is  invented  by 
T.  Phillips.  When  in  operation,  steam 
and  carbonic  acid  are  formed,  which  ex- 
tinguish fiame. 

*  *A  steam-plow  is  patented  by  G. 
Callaway  and  R.  A.  Purkes. 

1850  Jan.  20.  The  Enterprise  and  In- 
vestifjator  sail  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin,  under  Commanders  Collin- 
Bon  and  M'Clure.  [Oct.  26.  M'Clure 
discovers  the  Northwest  Passage.] 

Mar.  20.  London.  A  marble  arch 
from  Buckingham  Palace  is  uncovered 
at  Cumberland  Gate,  Hyde  Park. 

Mar.*  The  first  locomotive  passes 
through  the  Britannia  Tubular  Suspen- 
sion Bridge. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1847  *  *  Barrymore,  Maurice,  actor,  bom. 
Chalmers,  Thomas,  cL,  author.  Soot.,  A67. 
Coillns,  William  H.  A.,  painter,  A60. 
Dibdin,  Thomas  F.,  dram.,  sonp-writer,  A71. 
Klmes,  Harvey  L.,  architect,  A33. 
Kargus,  Frederick  J.,  novelist,  born. 
Fawcett,  Millicent,  economist,  bom. 
Franklin,  Sir  John,  arctic  explorer,  A61t, 
Lambert,  Sir  John,  general,  A75. 
LAnkester,  Edwin  H.,  zoulogist,  bom. 
:MacCuIlagh,  James,  mathemat.,  Ire.,  A37. 
O'Connell,  Daniel,  lawyer,  orator,  states- 
man, Ireland,  A72. 
Rosebery,  Earl  o(,  Archibald  Philip  Prim- 
rose, statesman,  liorn. 
Turner,  Sharon,  historian,  A79. 
1848*  *  Ashburton,    Lord,    Alexander    B., 
statesman,  A74. 
Barrow,  Sir  John,  traveler,  A84. 
Bentinck,  Lord,  William  George  Frederick 

Cavendish,  statesman,  A4ti. 
D'lsraeli,  Isaac,  historian,  critic,  au.,  A82. 
Herschel,  Caroline  L.,  astronomer,  A!>H. 
Louise  Caroline  Alt>erta,  dau.  of  Victoria,  h. 
Marryat,  Frederick,  naval  captain,  novelist, 

A56. 
Melbourne,  Viscount  de,  William  Lamb, 

statesman,  A  69. 
Nicolas,  Sir  Nicholas  H.,  antiquary,  A49. 
Siddons,  Mary  Y.  Scott,  actor,  born. 
Stephenson,    George    (inventor    locomo- 
tives), A67. 
Tennant,  Wdliam,  poet  (Scotland),  A63. 
Terry,  Ellen,  artor,  bom. 
1649  *  *  Adelaide,  queen,  consort  of  "William 
IV.,  A57. 
Barham,  Richard  H.,  humorist,  au.,  A61. 
Barton,  Bernard,  Quaker  poet,  A65. 
Blessington,  C'ounless  of,  Margaret  Power, 

novelist,  Ire.,  A60. 
Brunei,    Sir  Marc   I.,  engineer    (Thames 

tunnel),  A80. 
Coleridge,  Hartley,  poet,  author,  A52. 
Copleston,  Kdward,  bp.  of  LUmdaff,  au.,  A73. 
Edgeworth,  Maria,  novelist,  IrelamI,  A82. 
Elliott,  Ebenezer,  poet,  A68. 
Gosae,  Edmund  W.,  poet,  born. 
Heath,  Charles,  engraver,  bom. 
Herkomer,  Hubert,  itainter,  born. 
Kendal,  Mrs.  (Margaret  Brunton  Robert- 
son), actor,  born. 
Langbrldge,  Frederick,  poet,  born. 
Morier,  James,  traveler,  author,  A69. 
O'Neil,  James,  actor,  born. 
Smith,  Horace,  poet,  novelist,  A70. 
Terris,  William,  actor,  born. 
Tytler,  Patrick  Fraser,  hist.,  Scot.,  A68. 

CHURCH. 

1846  *  *  Daniel  JIurphy  i.s  consecrated 
TRoman  CatlH>lic)  bishoi>  of  Australasia. 
[1847.  Alexis  Canog  for  Trichonopoly, 
India.] 

*  *  Scot.  Dr.  Duff  declines  the  office  of 
principal  and  j>rofessor  of  theology  in 
the  Free  Church  College,  begging  his 
friends  to  allow  him  to  retain,  in  the  view 
of  all  men,  the  clearly  marked  and  dis- 


tinguishing character  of  a  missionary 
to  the  heathen. 

*  *  Sisterhoods  in  the  Church  of  England 
are  begun  by  Lydia  Priscilla  SeUun  in 
Devonshire. 

1847  May  13.  Scot.  The  Relief  and 
Secession  churches  are  united  as  the 
United  Presbyterian  Church. 

*  *  The  Catholic  Poor  School  Commisaion 
ia  established. 

+*  *  Bishoprics  are  established: 

1847,  Manchester.  Eng.,  Melbourne, 
Vic,  Sydney,  N.  S.  W.,  Newcastle,  \V.  A., 
Capetown,  Adelaide,  S.  A.,  and  Argyll 
and  the  Isles;  1849,  Victoria,  Jlung- 
Kong,  and  Rupert  Land  ;  1852,  Sierra 
Leone;  1853,  Natal  and  Grahamstown. 

1848  *  *  The  Young  Men's  Missionary 
Association  of  the  Baptist  Church  is 
organized. 

*  *  John  Bird  Sumner  is  chosen  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury. 

*  *  London.  Rev.  Frederick  Faber  and 
others,  as  •*  Fathers  of  the  Oratory," 
establish  themselves  in  King  William 
Street,  Strand.  [Afterwards  m  Bromp- 
ton.] 

1849  •  *  The  Protestant  Alliance  is 
formed. 

*  *  Ire.  Francia  Kelly  is  consecrated 
(R.  C.)  bishop  of  Berry. 

*  ♦Wesleyan  Methodist  Heformer* 
organize. 

LETTERS. 

1846*  *  London.  The  Cavendish  So- 
ciety ia  founded.  Also  the  Hakluyt 
Society. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  The  Edinburgh  Philo- 
sophical Association  is  reorganized  as 
the  Edinburgh  Philosophical  So- 
ciety. 

*  *  Stories  from  the  Italian  Poets,  by  Leigh 
Hunt,  api)ears.  [1847,  J/fj(,  Ji'omni,aiid 
Hooks;  ISiJO,  Autobiography;  1853,  Re- 
ligion of  the  Heart.] 

1846-56  History  of  Greece,  by  Qeorge 
Grote,  appears. 

1847  Apr.  *  Scot.  The  North  British 
Daily  Mail  is  issued  at  Glasgow. 

July  19.  Robert  Hibbert  establishes  a 
trust  fund  "for  the  pr<jmotion  of  cuni- 
prehensive  learning  and  thorough  re- 
search in  relation  to  religion  apart 
from  any  sect  or  aystem." 

Oct.  *'  London.  The  Education  Times  is 
issued.    Also  the  }Veekly  Times. 

*  *  Jane  Eyre,  by  Charlotte  Bronte,  ap- 
pears.    [1854,  Villette.] 

*  *  The  Macdermotts  of  Ballycloran^  by 
Anthony  Trollope,  appears.  [1855,  The 
Warden;  \^1 ,  Barchester  Towers.} 

*  *  Friends  in  Council,  by  Arthur  Hugh 
Helpa,  appears.  [1851,  Companions  of 
My  Solitude.] 

*  *  Wuthcring  Heights,  by  Emily  Bront^, 
appears. 

*  *  Vanity  Fair,  by  Thackeray,  appears. 
[1850,  Pendennis;  1852,  Henri/  Esmond; 
1853-55,  The  Newcomes;  1857-59,  The 
Virginians.] 

1847-49  Scot.  Institutes  of  Theology, 
by  Thomas  Chalmers,  appears, 

1848  July  29.  Dublin.  The  Nation 
and  the  Jrisfi  Felon  are  suppressed. 

*  *  London.  The  Psychological  Journal 
is  Issued  by  I)r.  Forbes  Winslow. 

*  *  Scot.  Tlie  whole  Bible  is  printed  at 
Glasgow  in  raised  characters  U>r  the 
use  of  the  blind. 

*  *  Loss  and  Gain,  by  John  Henry  New- 
man, appears.  [1852,  Scope  and  yature 
of  Untversity  Education;  185(},  Callista.] 

*  *  The  Bothie  of  Tober-Na.Vuolich,  by 
Arthur  Hugh  Clough,  appears.  [1850, 
Dipsychus.] 

*  *  Mary  Barton,  by  Elizabeth  Gaakell, 
appears. 


AND   IRELAND. 


1846,  *  *  - 1850,  July  3.    955 


*  *  Poetry  of  Sacred  and  Legendary  Art^ 
by  Mrs.  Aiina  riamesou,  appears. 

*  *  Wstory  of  England,  vols.  i.  and  ii., 
by  Macaulay,  appears.  [1S55,  vols.  iii. 
and  iv. ;  13C1,  vol.  v.] 

*  ♦  narometr agraphia y  by  Luke  Howard, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Strayed  Reveller,  and  other 
poems,  by  Slattbew  Arnold,  appears. 
[1853,  Empedocles  on  Etna;  1855,  Poems.] 

*  *  Xiiieveh  atj^  its  Remains,  by  Sir  Aus- 
ten Henry  iTayard,  appears.  [1845-53, 
The  Monuments  of  Nineveh;  1851,  In- 
srriptionx  in  the  Cuneiform  Character 
from  Assyrian  Afonuments;  1853,  Fresh 
IHscorcrics  at  Ninevek,  and  Researches 
at  BabyU>n.\ 

*  *  TAfe  and  Adventures  of  Oliver  Gold- 
smith, by  John  Forster,  appears.  [1859, 
Historical  ami  Biographical  Essays.] 

*  *  Tenant  of  Wddfeld  Hall,  by  Annie 
Bronte,  appears. 

1849  *  *  London.  The  Phonetic  Netcs  is 
issued.  Also  Notes  and  Queries  and 
The   Art  Journal. 

*  *  Ire.  German  Anthology  and  Poets 
and  Poetry  of  Munster,  by  James  Clar- 
ence Mangan,  appear.  [1850,  Romances 
and  Ballads  of  Ireland.] 

*  *  Vision  of  Sudden  Death,  hyDe  Quin- 
cey,  appeiirs. 

*  •  The  Seven  Lamps  of  Architecture,  by 
John  liuskin,  appears.  [1850,  Poems; 
1851-53,  Stones  of  Venice  and  Pre-Raph- 
aelitism;  1857,  Elements  of  Drawing.] 

*  *  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biog- 
raphy and  A/ythology,  edited  by  [Sir] 
wTlliam  Smith,  appears, 

1849-74  The  Rig-Veda,  edited  by  Max 
Miiller,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1847  *  *  The  Vegetaiian  Society,  whose 
members  restrict  themselves  to  a  vege- 
table diet,  is  formed. 

*  *  The  Idiot  Asylum  at  Earlswood  is 
commeuced.     [1869.     Enlarged.] 

*  *  The  first  society  called  a  Band  of 
Hope  is  formed. 

1848  July  12.  Ire.  Orangemen  and 
Catholics  meet  In  conflict  at  Dolly's 
Brae ;  several  lives  are  lost. 

1849  Auk*  !•  The  qu^en  embarks  for 
Ireland. 

*  *  London.  The  general  Board  of 
Health,  appointed  by  the  Act  for  the 
protection  and  promotion  of  the  public 
health  passed  in  1848,  is  founded. 

*  •  Tlie  Friend  of  the  Clergy  corpora- 
tion is  organized. 

1850  June  27.  Fate  assaults  the 
queen. 

STATE. 

1846  •  •  Edward,  Earl  of  St.  Germans, 
is  appointed  postmaster;  later,  Ulick, 
Marquis  of  Clanricarde. 

*  *  The  railway  mania  and  panic  year  ; 
272  railway  Acta  are  passed  by  Parlia- 
ment. 

*  *  Parliament:  An  Act  is  passed  for 
compensating  families  of  persons  killed 
by  railways. 

*  *  Ire.    Kildare  is  united  with  IXiblin, 

*  *  E.  I.  Archipelago.  Labuan,  near 
Borneo,  is  acquired  by  treaty. 

1847  Feb.  8.  H.  C.  Daniel  0*Con- 
nell  makes  his  last  speech  iu  the  House. 

Apr.  15.  The  Lords  take  possession  of 
their  new  house. 


May  26.  Ire.  George  William  Freder- 
ick, Earl  of  Clarendon,  is  appointed 
lord-lieutenant. 

Nov.  18,  Parliament  meets.  [1852. 
July  1.    Dissolved.] 

*  *  Parliament :  The  baths  and  wash- 
hous6B  nuisance  Act  is  passed. 

*  *  Parliament  grants  deiO,000,000  to  re- 
lieve the  Irish  sufferers  from  famine 
and  disease. 

1848  Jan.  12.  E.  I.  The  Earl  of  Dal- 
housie  is  appointed  governor-general. 

Apr.  10.  London.  A  great  Chartist 
demonstration  takes  place  on  Kenning- 
ton  Common, 

A  petition,  bearing  over  5,000,000  sig- 
natures, is  prepared  for  presentation  to 
Parliament ;  it  demands  the  adoption  of 
the  •*  People's  Charter." 

Apr.*  Parliament:  An  Act  is  passed  for 
Ireland,  making  the  uttering  of  sedi- 
tious speeches  a  felony. 

May  *  Ire.  John  Mitcliel,  William  Smith 
O'Brien,  Thomas  F.  Meagher,  and  other 
members  of  the  Irish  Confederation, 
are  arre8te<l  on  charge  of  sedition.  [May 
26.  John  Mitchel  Is  found  guilty,  and 
sentenced  to  transportation  for  14  years.] 

July  26.    The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  is 

suspended  in  Ireland  because  of  an  in- 
surrection which  breaks  out  in  Tippe- 
rary. 

July  29.  Ire.  A  number  of  Irish  insur- 
rectionists under  William  Smith 
O'Brien  are  defeated  and  dispersed  by 
Sub-Inspector  Trant  and  about 60  Police 
constables  on  Boulagh  Common,  Bal- 
lingary,  Tipperary.  [Aug.  5.  O'Brien  is 
arrested  at  Thurles,  and  conveyed  to 
Dublin.  Oct.  9.  O'Brien,  Meagher,  and 
others  are  sentenced  to  death.  1849. 
July  9.  O'Brien  and  Meagher  are  trans- 
ported.] 

Aug.  5.  Dublin.  The  queen  visits  Ire- 
land, and  holds  her  court  at  Dublin 
Castle. 

*  *  Parliament  passes  a  bill  establishing 
a  general  Board  of  Health, 

1849  Jan.  16.  Ire.  The  Irish  Court 
of  the  Queen's  Bench  gives  judgment  on 
writs  of  error  in  all  high  treason  cases, 
and  confirms  the  judgment  of  the  lower 
court. 

Jan.  18.  Sir  Francis  Thornhill  Baring 
is  made  first  lord  of  the  admiralty. 

Feb.  27.  Royal  assent  is  given  to  the 
suspension  of  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act 
in  Ireland  for  six  months.  [Mar.  1.  It 
is  restored.] 

Mar,  6.  H.  L.  The  Lords  vote  £50,000 
for  the  relief  of  Ireland. 

Mar,  12.  ParUament:  A  bill  for  the 
repeal  of  the  navigation  laws  is 
passed.  [June  26.  Receives  royal  as- 
sent.] 

Mar.  29,  E.  I.  The  Punjab  is  an- 
nexed. 

May  1.    London.    Protectionists  meet, 

and  form  an  association  to  oppose  the 
progress  of  free  trade  and  the  repeal  of 
the  navigation  laws,  and  to  urge  the  re- 
establishment  of  protection. 

May  7,  H.  C.  The  Parliamentary  Oaths 
Bill,  for  the  benefit  of  Jews  and  other 
Dissenters,  Is  passed,  but  rejected  by  the 
Lords. 

Julys.  London.  Baron  Xjionel  de 
Hothschild  is  returned  to  Parliament 
for  the  city  by  a  majority  of  6,619  votes. 


July*  Parliament:  The  Encumbered 
Estates  Act  for  Ireland  is  passetl.  [Oct. 
24.  The  first  court  under  the  Act  is  neld 
at  Dublin,] 

Aug.  5.  Dublin.  The  queen  arrives  on 
a  visit. 

1850  Jan.  3.  A  royal  commission  for 
the  Great  Exhibition  is  appointed. 

Jan.  31.  Parliament  is  opened  by  com- 
mission. 

June  17.  H.  L.  A  resolution  is  passed 
condemning  the  foreign  policy  of  the 
Ministry  respecting  Greece.  [June  28. 
The  House  of  Commons  approves  it. 
Vote,  310-201.] 

June  19.  Iiord  Iiangdale  is  appointed 
master  of  the  rolls,  Sir  Launcelot 
Shadwell,  vice-chancellor  of  England, 
and  Sir  Robert  Monsey  Rolfe,  com- 
missioner of  the  great  seal.  [July  15. 
Sir  Thomas  Wild,  Lord  Truro,  lord 
chancellor.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1846  *  •  Ire.    The  great  famine  occurs. 

It  is  caused  by  repeated  failures  of  the 
potato  crop,  and  is  succeeded  by  pesti- 
lential diseases  of  which  multitudes  die, 
among  them  many  priests  and  physi- 
cians. Parliament  votes  A;10,000,000,  and 
several  countries  of  Europe  and  the 
United  States  forward  provisions  and 
other  succor. 

*  *  London.  Twopenny  omnibuses  are 
begun. 

1847  Feb.  19.  The  West  India  mail- 
packet  Tweed  is  wrecked;  72  persons 
drowned. 

Apr.  28,  The  emigrant  ship  Exmouth, 
from  Londonderry  to  Quebec,  is 
wrecked  ;  of  240  persons  on  board,  nearly 
all  are  drowned. 

Sept.  16.  London.  Shakespeare's 
house  is  sold  at  the  Auction  Mart,  and 
knocked  down  to  the  United  Committee 
of  London  and  Stratford  for  £3,000. 

*  *  A  commercial  panic  occurs  through 
railway  mania.  Bank  discount  is  eight 
per  cent.  The  failures  amount  to 
£20,000,000. 

Oct.  27.  The  Corn  Exchange  at  Bir- 
mingham is  opened. 

1848  Aug.  24.  The  Ocean  Monarch, 
an  American  emigrant  ship,  leaves  Liv- 
erpool bound  for  Boston,  having  nearly 
400  persons  on  board.  [She  takes  fire, 
and  178  persons  perisli.] 

Dec.  16.  London.  'J'he  Park  Theater 
burns  after  midnight. 

*  *  Cholera  visits  England.  [1849.  Sept.* 
Reappears.] 

1849  Feb.  17.  Scot.  A  false  alarm 
of  fire  at  a  (ilasgow  tlieater  causes  the 
crushing  to  death  of  70  persons. 

Mar.  29.  London.  The  Olympic  Thea- 
ter is  burned. 

Aug.  3.  Ire.  The  Cove  of  Cork  is  named 
Queenstown  by  the  queen. 

Oct.  30.  London.  The  Coal  Exchange 
is  opened. 

*  *The  Pavilion,  Brighton,  greatly  en- 
larged, and  made  to  resemble  the  Krem- 
lin at  Moscow,  is  sold  to  the  town  for 
£53,000. 

*  *  Ijyndon.  The  scourge  of  cholera  con- 
tinues ;  1,008  deaths  per  week.  In  Eng- 
land and  Wales  53,295  persons  die. 

1850  Mar.  30.  The  ste.'imer  iJoj/n/  Ad- 
elaide is  wrecked  on  the  Tongue  Sands 
off  Margate  ;  400  persons  are  drowned. 

June  18.  The  steamship  Orion  is 
wrecked  off  Port  Patrick  on  a  sunken 
rock  within  a  stone's  throw  of  land  ;  50 
out  of  200  persons  drowned. 

July  3.  The  East  India  diamond,  the 
Koh-i-noor,  is  presented  to  the  queen. 
Its  weight  is  nearly  800  carats  [but  re- 
duced by  the  unskilfuluess  of  the  artist 
to  270  carats]. 


956     1850,  July  4-1852,  Dec.  20.     GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY —  NAVY. 

1850  *  *  The  navy  numbers  339  sailing 
and  161  steam  vessels.  Cost  for  the 
year,  £6,^42,397. 

-1850-53    S.  AfT.    Kafir  war  (p.  598). 
(Oct.  *)    The  Kafirs  rise.    (Dec.  24.) 
They  defeat  a  British  force  under  Col. 
Mackinnon.  (Dec.  29.)  Another  defeat ; 
the  British  retreat  to  their  defenses. 

1851  Jan.  5.  Afr.  The  Kafirs  are  re- 
pulsed at  Fort  White  and  Cape  of 
Good  Hope.    Also  near  Fort  Hare. 

Feb.  13.  -S.  Afr.  Col.  Somerset  cap- 
tures and  burns  Fort  Armstrong,  and 
captures  many  Katirs. 

May  31.  S.  Afr.  The  Hottentots  in 
Lower  Albany  join  the  Kafir  insurrec- 
tion. 

June  3-5.  S.  Afr.  The  British  force 
defeats  the  Hottentots  and  Kafirs. 

Dec.  26-37.  Afr.  A  British  squadron 
captures  Lagos,  in  the  Bight  of  Benin, 

Gulf  of  Guinea. 

*  *  The  regulation  rifle  musket  is  intro- 
duced into  the  army. 

1851-53  E.  I.  Second  war  with  the 
Burmese. 

1852  Feb.  26.  S.  Afr.  The  war-ship 
Birkenhead  goes  down  off  Simon's  Bay  ; 
454  men  perish. 

Sept.  28.  Viscount  Hardinge  is  made 
general  comnianding-in-chief. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1850  Aug.  28.  Asubmarine  telegraph 
cable,  27  miles  long,  covered  with  gutta 
percha,  is  laid  from  Dover  to  Cape  Gris- 
Nez,  France.  [Messages  are  sent  and  re- 
ceived, but  the  cable  soon  parts  and 
fails.] 

Aug.  30.  Edinburgh,  Prince  Albert 
lays  the  foundation  of  the  iN'ational 
Gallery.    [1859.    Mar.  21.    Opened.] 

Sept.  28.  The  North  Star  returns  to 
Spithead  after  an  unsuccessful  search 
for  Sir  John  Franklin. 

Oct.  1.  The  Prince  Albert  finds  traces 
of  Sir  John  Franklin's  expedition  at 
the  entrance  to  Wellington  Channel  on 
Cape  Reilly  and  Beechy  Island. 

Nov.  20.  Saturn's  inner  ring  is  discov- 
ered by  William  H.  Dawes  in  England 
[and  by  Bond  in  America]. 

Dec.  26,  London.  The  Lyceum  is  re- 
opened, 

*  ♦  R^ipe  patents  his  process  for  puddled 
steel. 

*  *  Scot,  Lamont  discovers  the  perio- 
dicity of  magnetic  disturbance. 

*  *  Ire.  The  railway  from  Cork  to  Dub- 
lin is  finished. 

*  *  The  Royal  British  Meteorological 
Society  is  formed.  [1866.  Chartered.] 
Also  The  Epidemiological  Society. 

*  *  London.  A  statue  of  Prince  Albert 
is  erected  in  the  Royal  Exchange, 

*  *  Sir  Charles  Fastlake  becomes  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Academy. 

*  *  The  durability  of  stereotypes  is  greatly 
increased  by  electrotyping  them  with 
copper ;  the  process  is  opposed  by  the 
journeymen  printers, 

*  *  A  preraffaelite  school  of  painters 
appears.  They  pursue  real  art  by  repre- 
senting nature  as  they  see  it,  instead  of 
following  the  antique. 

1851  Aug.  27.  The  cable  between  Eng- 
land and  France  is  begun.  [Oct.  17. 
Completed,    Nov.  13.    In  operation.] 

*  *  North  of  England  Institute  of  Min- 
ing Engineers  is  founded  at  Newcastle. 

*  *  London.  A  magnet  weighing  100 
pounds,  and  able  to  sustain  430  pounds, 
made  by  IjOgeman  of  Haarlem,  is  exhilv 
ited  at  the  Royal  Institution. 


*  *  The  collodion  process  in  photography 
is  discovered  by  Archer. 

*  *  London.    The  first  Crystal  Palace  is 
built  by  Sir  Joseph  Paxton. 

1852     Jan.  *  The    tubular    life-boat, 

the  Challenger,  is  patented, 
July  *  London,    An  electric  clo«k  hav- 
ing four  illuminated  dials  is  set  up  in 
the  Strand, 

Nov.  9.    A  slight  earthquake  shock  is 
felt  at  Liverpool. 


ecclesiastics  wearing  the  habit  of  their 
order,  or  exercising  the  rites  and  ceremo- 
nies of  the  Roman  Catholic  religion,  in 
highways  and  places  of  public  resort." 
Sept.  10.  A  »*  ReUgious  Equality  As- 
sociation" is  formed  hy  the  Irish  Mem- 
bers of  Parliament. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

I860*  ♦   Adolphus,  Duke  of  Cambridge,  son 

of  (Jeorge  111.,  A76. 
Allan,  Sir  William,  painter,  Scotland,  A68. 
Arthur   WiUiain    Patrick    Albert,   Duke    of 

C'onnaught,  son  of  Victoria,  bom. 
liickerstetli,  Kdward,  tbeological  writer,  A64. 
Bowles,  William  L.,  critic,  A88. 
Jeffrey,  I.onl  Francis,  jurist,  critic,  essayist, 

statesman,  Scotland,  A77. 
Langtry,  Mrs.  (Lily  le  Breton),  actor,  b. 
Marziala,  Theopliile,  song-writer,  born. 
Nugent,  I.ord,  George  G.,  statesman,  writer, 

Ireland,  A62. 
Feel,  Sir  Robert,  statesman,  A62. 
Porter,  .lane,  novelist,  Scotland,  A74. 
J*rout,  William,  chemist,  author,  A64. 
Shee,  Sir  Martin  A.,  portrait  painter,  Ireland, 

A8U. 
Stevenson,  Itobert,  civil  engineer,  lighthouse 

designer,  Scotland,  A7S. 
Thoni,  James,  sculptor,  Scotland,  A  51. 
Wordsworth,  William,  poet,  A80. 
1851*  *  Balllie,   Joanna,  poet,  dramatist, 

Scotland,  A88. 
Crabb,  George,  author,  philologist,  A73. 
Codrington,  Sir  Edward,  admiral,  A81. 
Cottenhatn,  Karl  of,  Charles  Christopher 

Pepya,  lord  chancellor,  A60. 
Dillon.  John,  stjitesniaii,  Ireland,  born. 
Lee,  Harriet,  novelist,  A9S. 
Lingard,  John,  clergyman,  historian,  A80. 
Luttrell,  Henry,  i)oet,  Ireland,  born. 
Moir,  David  M.,  poet,  novelist,  Scot.,  A53. 
Alontagu,  Itasll,  jurist,  author,  A8I, 
Shell,  Kichard  L.,  orator,  states.,  Ire.,  A60. 
Shelley,  Mary  W.,  poet,  novelist,  A54. 
Turner,  Joseph  Mallord  W.,  painter,  A76. 


CHURCH. 

1850  Aug.  22.  Ire.  A  Roman  Catho- 
lic synod  is  held  at  Thurles  under  the 
direction  of  the  primate,  Archbishop 
CuUen. 

Sept.  30.  A  papal  bull  establishes  a 
Roman  Catholic  hierarchy;  Cardinal 
Nicholas  "Wiseman  is  appointed  arch- 
bishop of  Westminster.  [Dec.  6.  En- 
throned. This  occasions  great  excite- 
ment and  indignation  among  the  Prot- 
estants.] 

Dec.  10.  Addresses  are  presented  to  the 
queen  in  opposition  to  the  alleged 
Itoman  CathoUc  aggression. 

*  *  Ire.  Paul  Cullen  is  consecrated  (Roman 
Catholic)  archbishop  of  Armagh.  [1852, 
Translated  to  Dublin.] 

*  *  General  agitation  and  much  excite- 
ment prevail  respecting  a  doctrinal  dis- 
pute between  the  bishop  of  Exeter  and 
Dr.  Gorham,  one  of  liis  clergy.  The  de- 
cision of  the  Privy  Council  favors  Gor- 
ham, and  the  courts  ratify  the  decision. 

*  *  A  society  to  **  further  the  promulga- 
tion of  the  gospel  in  China  by  means  of 
native  evangelists  "  is  organized. 

1851  Mar.  10.  London.  Roman  Cath- 
olics meet  to  petition  Parliament  against 
the  Ecclesiastical  Tithes  Bill. 

Aug.  19.  Dublin.  The  **  Great  Aggre- 
gate meeting." 

Roman  Catholics  from  all  parts  of  the 
United  Jvingdom  inaugurate  the  Catho- 
lic Defense  Association.  [Oct.  17.  First 
meeting  is  held.] 

*  *  Charles  II.  Spurgeon  becomes  pas- 
tor of  a  liaptist  church  at  Winterbeach. 
[ISM.  He  breaches  at  New  Park  Street 
Chapel  in  London  as  a  supply.] 

1852  Jan.  15.  Tlie  queen  issues  a 
proclamation  against  ''Roman  Catholic 


LETTERS. 

1850  Aug.  15.  Ire.  The  «« Queen's 
University  in  Ireland^"  comprehend- 
ing the  three  queen's  colleges,  is  founded 
by  patent ;  the  Earl  of  Clarendon,  lord- 
lieutenant,  is  the  first  chancellor.  [Sept. 
3.    Cliartered.] 

[It  is  condemned  by  the  Propaganda 
and  the  Pope,  and  by  a  small  majority 
of  the  Irish  bishops  in  a  synod  held  at 
Thurles.] 

Aug.  31.    A  commission  is  appointed  to 

inquire  into  the  state,  studies,  discipline, 
and  revenue  of  Oxford. 

*  *  [Lord]  Alfred  Tennyson  is  made 
poet  laureate. 

*  *  London.  New  College,  formed  by 
the  union  of  Honierton,  Highbury,  and 
Cowanl  colleges,  is  erected  by  tlie  In- 
dependent I>i8senter8  for  the  education 
of  their  ministers. 

*  *  London.  Reynolds* s  Newspaper  is  is- 
sued ;  also  Household  Words. 

*  *  Scot.  Latter-day  Pamp  hi  ets,  by 
Thomas  Carlyle,  appears.  [1851,  Life  of 
John  Ster/ing ;  1858-65,  History  of  Fred- 
erick the  Oreat.^ 

*  *  Scot.  Method  of  the  Diinne  Govern- 
ment, by  James  AlcCosh,  appears. 

*  *  Social  Statics,  by  Herbert  Spencer, 
appears.  [1854,  Over-Legislation ;  IK5, 
Principles  of  Psychology ;  1857-74,  Es- 
says.] 

*  *  Hunter^s  Life  in  South  Africa^  by  Ro- 
naleyn  George  Gordon  Cumming,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Death's  Jest-Book,  by  T.  Lovell  Bed- 
does,  appears. 

*  *  David  Copperfield,  by  Dickens,  ap- 
pears. [1852-53,  Jile.ak  House ;  1854.  Hard 
Times;  iS55-67,  Little  Dorrit ,■  1859,  Tale 
of  Two  Cities:  1860-61,  Great  Expecta- 
tions and  the  Uricommercial  Traveller.] 

*  *  TAc7?omn7(,  by  Sidney  Dobell,  appears. 
[1856,  England  in  Time  of  War.] 

*  *  The  Prelude,  hy  Wordsworth,  appe&TS. 
1850-62     liistory  of  the  Romans  Under 

the   Empire,   hy  CJharles  Merivale,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  An  edition  of  Wyclif^s  Bible  is  pxmted. 
at  Oxford. 

1851  May  5.  Dublin.  The  Boman 
Catholic  University  is  originated. 

Nov.*  London.  The  Government 
School  of  Mines,  etc.,  Jermyn  Street, 
St.  James's,  is  opened; 

*  *  Bishop  Cosin's  Hall,  Durham  Uni- 
versity, is  founded. 

*  *  Study  of  Words,  by  Richard  Chenevix 
Trench"  [Archbishop  of  Dublin],  appears. 
[1855.    English,  Past  and  Present.] 

*  *  Fifteen  Decisive  Battles  of  the  World, 
by  Sir  Edward  Shepherd  Creasy,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Creed  of  Christendom,  by  William 
Rathbone  Greg,  appears. 

*  *  Poems,  by  Hartley  Coleridge,  appears. 
1851-59  *  *  Dtihlin.      The    Irish    Quar- 
terly Revieiv  is  issued. 

*  *  London  Labor  and  London  Poor,  by 
Henry  Mayhew,  appears. 

1851-64  History  nf  Normandy  and  Eng- 
land, by  Sir  Francis  Palgrave,  appears. 

1852  Sept.  2.  A  free  Ubrary  is  opened 
at  Manchester. 


SOCIETY. 

1850  *  *  Sent.    Dr.  Guthrie  advocates  the 
entire  prohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic. 


AND    IRELAND.        1850,  July  4-1852,  Dec.  20.    957 


•  *  Daily  wages  of  harvest  men,  three 

shillings. 

»  •  London.  The  Royal  Hospital  lor 
Incurables  is  founded  by  ]>r.  Andrew 
Reed  at  Oarshalton  in  Surrey,  [lie- 
moved  to  Putney.] 

»  •  Lonilon.  Tlie  Hahnemann  (homeo- 
pathic) Hospital  is  founded. 

1851  Feb.  23.  Serious  riots  occur  at 
Yarnioutli  through  a  dispute  between 
the  shii)-o»ners  and  the  seamen. 

July  14.  Riots  are  occasioned  by  a  pro- 
cession of  Orangemen  in  Liverpool,  and 
several  lives  are  lost. 

Oct.  7.    Tlie  queen  visits  Manchester. 

•  »  The  Cancer  Hospital,  Brompton,  is 
founded. 

1851  Feb.  25.  H.  L.  Tlie  Prohibited 
Atttnity  Marriage  Bill  is  defeated, 

Jvily  14.  Ire.  The  Irish  TenantLeague 
holds  a  great  meeting  on  tlie  site  of  the 
famous  Battle  of  the  Boyne. 

Nov.  •  Louis  Kossuth,  the  Hungarian 
patriot,  arrives  and  receives  iuiiiiense 
ovations,  and  departs  for  America. 

•  *  The  Church  Penitentiary  Association 
is  founded. 

•  •  London.  A  hospital  for  sick  children 
is  established  in  Great  Orniond  Street. 

••Parliament:  The  Laboring-classes 
Lodging-houses  Act  is  passed. 

•  *  London.  St.  Luke's  Hospital  for  lu- 
natics is  fouiuled. 

•  •  Spiritualism  chiefly  attracts  atten- 
tion by  rappiiigs,  table-turnings,  etc. 

•  *  London.  The  London  Temperance 
liCague  is  formed. 

•  •  London.  The  Royal  Orthopasdic  City 
Hospital  is  founded. 

»  •  The  Shoeblack  Society  Brigades, 
Blue,  Ked,  and  Yellow,  are  established 
by  the  Ragged  School  Union. 

•  •  The  number  of  persons  convicted  of 
crime  in  JCngland  and  Wales,  21,579. 
ri852,  21,304;  1803,  20,756;  18.54,  23,047; 
1885,  19,971  ;  1856,  14,734 ;  1857,  15,307 ; 
1858,  13,240;    1859,  12,470.] 

1852  Jan.  3-Apr.  26.  An  engineers' 
strike  occurs  at  Manchester. 

Feb.  6.  London.  City  Prison  HoUo- 
way  is  opened. 

May  24.  U.  S.  A.  Thomas  F.  Mea- 
gher arrives  in  New  York,  having  es- 
caped from  Tasmania,  whither  he  had 
been  transported. 

June  29.  A  riot  occurs  at  Stockport ; 
two  Roman  Catholic  chapels  are  de- 
stroyed ami  the  houses  of  many  Catho- 
lics "are  turned. 

July  3.  Ire.  The  magistrates  disperse  a 
' '  Tenant  -  Right  demonstration  "  at 
Warrens  town. 

July  14.  Ire.  Religious  riots  occur  at 
Belfast  between  Orangemen  and  Catho- 
lics. 

July  22.  Ire.  An  election  riot  occurs 
at  Six-mile  Bridge,  County  Clare;  live 
persinis  are  shot  dead  by  the  militury. 

Aug.  30.  .John  Camden  Neild,  an  ec- 
centric miser,  dies  ;  he  had  bequeathed 
about  £250,000  to  the  queen. 


STATE. 

1850  July  4.  London.  A  protocol  is 
signed  guaranteeing  the  integrity  of 
Denmark  (p.  641). 

July  22.  H.  C.  The  Jews'  Oath  of  Ab- 
juration Bill  is  withdrawn  by  Lord 
John  Russell.    [1851.    Julys.    Passed.] 

July  26.  H.  C.  Baron  de  Rothschild, 
member  from  London,  asks  to  be  sworn 
in  on  the  Old  Testament ;  a  debate  fol- 
lows. [July  29.  He  is  permitted  to  take 
his  seat.] 

Aug.  18.    Parliament  is  prorogued. 


**  Australia.  Victoria  becomes  a  prov- 
ince. 

•  *John,  Lord  Campbell  March,  is 
made  chief  justice. 

1851  Feb.  4.  ParUament  is  opened  by 
the  queen  in  person. 

Feb.  13.  H.  C.  Benjamin  Disraeli's 
protectionist  motion  is  defeated.  Vote, 
281-267. 

Feb.  20.  H.  C.  Locke  King  introduces 
a  bill  to  extend  the  £10  franchise  to 
counties,  [Feb.  21.  Passed.  Feb.  22. 
The  Ministry  resigns.] 

Mar.  3.  Lord  John  Russell  resumes 
office  after  Lord  Stanley  and  the  Earl  of 
Aberdeen  have  failed  in  an  attempt  to 
form  a  Ministry. 

Mar.  30.  Population  of  United  King- 
dom, 27,637,761. 

June  30.  H.  C.  A  bill  for  the  adoption 
of  the  secret-ballot  system  is  rejected. 
Vote,  189-257. 

July  24.  Parliament:  The  window- 
tax  is  repealed. 

Aug.  *  Parliament :  The  Ecclesiasti- 
cal Titles  Act,  prohibiting  the  estab- 
lishing of  a  Roman  Catholic  hierarchy 
under  penalty  of  a  fine  of  £100,  is  passed. 
[J871.  Jan.  24.  Being  unexecuted,  it  is 
repealed.] 

Aug.  *  London.  An  Act  is  p.issed  provid- 
ing for  a  new  market,  slaughtering- 
places,  etc.,  and  to  close  the  market  at 
Smithfleld. 

Aug.  7.  Parliament :  An  Act  for  the 
improvement  of  the  administration  of 
criminal  justice  is  passed. 

Oct.  1.  Two  lords  justices  of  the  Court 
of  Appeal  in  Chancery  are  appointed. 
[Oct.  8.  Sir  James  L.  Knight-Bruce 
IS  appointed.] 

Dec.  22.  Viscount  Palmerston,  Secre- 
tary of  Foreign  Affairs,  resigns  office 
after  sending  a  despatch  of  importance 
in  which  his  colleagues  had  not  con- 
curred. 

•  *  Parliament ;  An  Act  for  the  well- 
ordering  of  common  lodging-houses  is 


*  •  A  third  vice-chancellor  is  appointed. 

*  •  London.  William  Hunter  is  elected 
lord   mayor.     [1852.     Thomas    Challis. 

-  1853.    Thomas  Sydney.    1854.    Sir  Fran- 

*  cis  G.  Moon.] 

*  »  Ire.    Population,  6,574,278. 

1852  Jan.  10.  Lord  Granville  dis- 
avows to  the  American  Minister  the  act 
of  firing  into  the  American  steamer 
Prometheus  by  the  British  man-of-war 
Express,  and  offers  an  apology. 

Feb.  9.  H.  C.  Lord  John  Russell  in- 
troduces anew  Reform  Bill,  proposing 
the  franchise  to  be  £5  rated  yearly  value 
in  boroughs,  and  £20  occupation,  or  £10 
copyhold,  rated  yearly  value  in  counties. 

Feb.  20.  H.  C.  The  Ministry  is  de- 
feated on  the  Local  Militia  Bill,  Lord 
Palmerston's  amendment  making  the 
force  general  instead  of  local  being  car- 
ried. Vote,  136-125.  [Feb.  23.  It  resigns.] 

Feb.  27.  The  first  administration  of  the 
Earl  of  Derby.  A  Protectionist  Min- 
istry is  formed. 

Members:  Sir  Kdward  Sugden,  Lord  St. 
Leonards  (L.  Ctian.),  Benianiin  Disraeli 


rChan.  Kxcheq.),  Spencer  II.  Walpole  (Home 
Sec),  Earl  of  Malinesbury  (Foreign  .Sec.),, 
Sir  John  I'acklngton  (Colonial  Sec),  Duke 
of  Northumberland  (L.  .\dHi.). 

Feb.  28.  Ire.  Archibald  William 
[Earl  of  Eglinton]  is  appointed  lord- 
lieutenant.  [1853.  Jan.  *  Edward  Gran- 
ville, Earl  of  St.  Germans.] 

Mar.  2.  The  Anti-Corn  League  is  re- 
organized to  oppose  the  Protectionist 
Ministry. 

Mar.  •  Ire.  Thomas  Lefroy  is  made 
chief  justice.  [Francis  Blaokburne, 
lord  chancellor.  1853.  Jan.  •  Mazifere 
Brady.] 

July  *  -Aug,  •  nie  Government  disputes 
the  claims  of  the  United  States  to  the 
coast  fisheries  of  Newfotmdland. 

Great  Britain  insists  upon  the  conven- 
tion of  1818,  and  sends  armed  vessels  to 
the  coast  of  Britisli  North  America.  The 
United  States  sends  a  war-steamer  to  the 
disputed  fisliin(j-groiind  ;  many  vessels 
are  boarded  for  information.  [1854.  The 
dispute  is  settled.] 

Nov.  4.  Parliament  meets.  It  is  fa- 
vorable to  free  trade.  The  Commons 
assemble  in  the  new  house  at  West- 
minster.   [1857.    Mar.  21.    Dissolved.] 

Dec.  6.  ParUament:  The  Government 
announces  its  recognition  of  the  rees- 
tablisheil  empire  in  France,  and  Louis 
Napoleon  as  emperor. 

Dec.  16.  H.  C.  The  Government  is  de- 
feated on  the  question  of  the  budget.. 
Vote,  286-305.  [Dec.  17.  The  Ministry 
resigns.] 

Dec.  20.  E.  I.  Peg^  is  annexed  as  a 
province  of  the  empire. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1850  Nov.  12.  Ire.  The  emigrant  ship 
Edmund,  with  nearly  200  passengers, 
from  Limerick  to  New  York,  is  wrecked 
off  the  western  coast ;  100  drowned, 

1851  May  1-Oct.  15.  London.  The 
Great  Exhibition  is  held  in  the  Crystal 
Palace. 

The  building  is  1,851  feet  long,  408  feet 
wide,  19  acres  in  area,  and  cost  about 
£180,000.     Number  of  visitors,  6,170,000. 

(Oct.  7.)  There  were  93,000  visitors 
present  at  one  time,  the  largest  num- 
ber ever  assembled  within  a  windowed, 
floored,  and  roofed  building.  Number 
of  exhibitors,  17,000.  Receipts,  £505,107  ; 
expenditures,  about  £355,000. 

Aug.  22.  The  American  yacht  America 
wins  "  the  cup  of  all  nations,"  in  the 
regatta  at  Cowes. 

Dec.  6.  Parliament  votes  £80,000  for  the 
funeral  expenses  of  the  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington. 

Dec.  *  Australian  gold  arrives. 

1852  Jan.  4.  The  West  Indian  mail- 
steamer  Amazon  is  burned  in  the  Medi- 
terranean ;  102  persons  drowned. 

Feb.  5.    The  Holmfrith  flood. 

The  Bilberry  reservoir  above  Holm- 
frith,  near  Huddersfield,  Yorkshire^ 
bursts  its  banks,  and  levels  four  miles 
and  many  ranges  of  buildings,  killing 
more  than  90  persons  ;  loss,  £500,000. 

June  1.  A  through  line  of  electric  tele- 
graph is  opened  from  London  to  Dublin. 

June  10-Sept.  11.  Ire.  A  National 
Exhibition  is  held  at  Cork. 

Sept.  30.  Dublin.  The  Royal  Ex- 
change is  opened  as  a  city  hall. 

Nov.  8,  9.  'ITie  steam-packet  Victoria 
is  wrecked  near  Wing's  beacon  off  Go- 
teburg. 

Nov.  18.  London.  Funeral  of  the  Duke 
of  'Wellington ;  he  is  buried  in  West- 
minster, 


958    1852,  Dec.  24-1855,  Feb.  19.    GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY, 

1853    Oct.  22.    English  and  French 

fleets  enter  the  Bosporus  to  aid  Tur- 
key at  war  with  Russia.  [Dec.  3.  They 
enter  the  Black  Sea.] 
1854-56  The  Crimean  "War,  by  Eng- 
lund,  France,  and  Turkey,  against  Rus- 
sia. 

Mar.  11.    The  queen  reviews  the  Baltic 

fleet  under  Sir  Charles  Napier,  before 
it  sails  agaluHt  liussia. 

Apr.  21.    lius.    Odessa  is  bombarded 

by  over  500  French  and   English  shipg. 

May  10.  Tins.  The  British  war-ship 
Tiger  runs  ashore  near  Odessa  in  a 
dense  fog ;  the  Russians  capture  the 
crew. 

May  22.  Bus.  Tlie  British  fleet  under 
Adin.  Napier  bombards  Gustafsvaern 
on  the  Baltic. 

May  29.  Turk.  The  allied  armies  of 
England  and  France  disembark  at 
Varna. 

May  *  The  British  war-ship  Lady  Nugent 
with  400  men  on  board  is  lost  in  the  In- 
dian Ocean. 

June  29.  Rus,  Russian  batteries  at 
the  Sulina  mouth  of  the  Danube  are 
destroyed  by  two  Dutch  steamers. 

July  *  Rus.  The  British  are  reenforced 
by  10,000  French  troops. 

Aug.  15.  Rus.  The  British  under  Adm. 
Napier  and  the  French  under  Gen.  Ba- 
raguay  d'llilliers  capture  the  fort  of 
Bomarsiuid  in  the  Baltic;    also  2,000 

prisoners. 

Sept.  4.  Turk.  The  allied  British  and 
French  army  under  Lord  liaghin  and 
Marshal  St.  Arnaud  leaves  Varna  after 
suffering  much  from  disease  and  insuffi- 
cient accomniodation. 

Sept,  14.  Rus.  The  allied  army,  com- 
posed of  25,000  British,  23,000  French, 
and  8,000  Turkish  troops,  lands  in  the 
Crimea,  and  encamps  30  miles  from 
Sebastopol. 

Sept.  15,  The  Russians  evacuate  Mol- 
davia, after  which  the  (neutral)  Austri- 
ans  garrison  the  Danubian  provinces. 

Sept.  20.    Rus.    Battle  of  Alma. 

The  British,  French,  and  Turks,  with 
an  army  of  57,000,  under  Lord  Kaglan 
and  Marshal  St.  Arnaud,  defeat  the  itus- 
sians  with  50,000  men  under  Prince  Men- 
schikov ;  loss  of  the  allies,  3,400  killed 
and  wounded;  Russian  loss,  5,000  killed 
and  wounded. 

Sept.  26.  Rus.  The  allies  occupy  Ba- 
laklava,  Crimea. 

Oct.  17.  Rus.  First  bombardment  of 
Sebastopol  by  the  allies. 

Oct.  25.  Rus.  Battle  of  Balaklava. 
The  British  under  Lord  Kaglan  defeat 
12,000  liussians  under  Gen.  Liprandi ; 
Lord  Cardigan's  cavalry  make  the  [fa- 
mous] "Charge  of  the  Xiight  Bri- 
gade," losing  409  men  out  of  607. 

Oct.  29.  Rus.  Marshal  St.  Arnaud 
dies  of  cholera.  [Gen.  Canrobert  be- 
comes commander  of  the  French  forces.] 

Nov.  6.  Rus.  Battle  of  Inkerman. 
The  British  and  French  with  14,000 
men  defeat  40,000  Russians  under  Gen. 
Menschikov  ;  Russian  loss,  10,000  killed 
and  wounded  ;  British  and  French  loss, 
2,500  killed,  wounileil,  and  missing. 

Turk.    Miss  Florence  Nightingale 

arrives  from  England  at  Scutari ,  opposite 


Constantinople,  with  a  corps  of  nurses. 

[They  do  valuable  service  in  ministering 
to  the  sick  and  wounded  during  the  war.] 

Nov.  14.  Rus.  A  great  storm  breaks 
out  in  the  Black  Sea,  dc:;troying  many 
British  store-ships,  and  causing  much 
suffering  to  the  armies  on  shore. 

ART — SCIENCE  —  NATURE . 

1852  *  *  The  phenomenon  of  florescence 
is  discovered  by  Prof.  George  Gabriel 
Stokes. 

*  *  Huguenot  is  exhibited  by  Sir  John 
Everett  Millais  at  the  Royal  Academy. 

*  *  Sir  William  Tlmmpson  discovers  the 
dissipation  of  energy. 

*  *  London.  The  New  Philharmonic 
Society  is  established ;  also  the  Photo- 
graphic Society, 

1852-54  The  Harmonic  Union,  for 
rendering  ancient  and  modern  music,  is 
formed. 

1852  Feb.  *  Dr.  John  Rae  returns  from 
an  unsuccessful  search  for  Sir  John 
Franklin,  down  the  Mackenzie  Kiver. 

Aug.  5.  London.  Work  is  commenced 
on  the  Crystal  Palace. 

1852-53  London.  APanopticonof  Sci- 
ence and  Art  is  erected  in  J>eicester 
Square,  for  a  chartered  company  for 
lectures,  iiiusical  performances,  etc. 
[1854.    Opened;  unsuccessful.] 

1853  Jan.  13.  Part  of  Dover  Cliff 
falls. 

Oct.  3.  A  bronze  statue  of  Sir  Robert 
Peel  is  erected  in  front  of  the  Royal  Jn- 
tlrniary  of  Manchester. 

*  *  The  Tonic  Sol-fa  Association  Is 
founded.  [1862.  The  college  is  estal>- 
lished.] 

*  *  Wearing  apparel  is  first  cut  out  by 
macliinery  in  England. 

1854  Mar.  1.  The  planet  Amphitrite 
is  first  discovered  by  Mr.  Marth. 

Aug.  10,  Parliament  enacts  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  National  Gallery  at  Dub- 
lin. 

*  *  Siemens*s  armature  is  produced. 

*  *  London.  The  Standard  Theater  is 
opened. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1853  *  *  Booth,  Junius  Brutus,  actor,  A56. 
Children,  John  (i.,  chemist,  A75. 
Clinton,  Henry  F.,  classical  Bcholar,  ATI. 
Colby^  Tliomas,  engr.,  ordnance  surv.,  A68. 
Dollond,  Geo.,  math,  instrument  maker,  A78. 
Havlland,  John,  architect,  A60. 
Landseer,  John,  engraver,  A9I. 
Tee,  Samuel,  orienlal  scholar,  A69. 
MacgilUvray,  William,  ornithologist,  authoi;i 

Scotland,  A6(). 
Moore,  Thomas,  poet,  biog.,  hist.,  A73. 
Peacock,  Thomas  L.,  i)oet,  novelist,  A67. 
Trout,  Samuel,  water-color  painter,  A()9. 
Sturgeon,  William,  electrician,  inventor,  A69. 
Warhurton,  Kliot  B.  (;.,  author.  Ire.,  A42. 
'Welling'ton,  Duke  of,  Arthur  Weliesley, 

general,  statesman,  A83. 
Wright,  Frances,  social  reformer,  A57. 
1853  *  *  Arnold,  Thomas  K.,  autlior  school 

classics,  A53. 
Benthani,  Sir  Wm.,  antlq.,  genealogist,  A74. 
Cockburn,  Sir  Ceorge,  admiral,  A8i. 
Leopold   tleorge   Duncan  Albert,   Duke   of 

Albany,  son  of  Victoria,  born. 
Napier,  Sir  Charles  J.,  gen.,  states.,  hist.,  A71. 
Kobertson,  Frederick  W.,  cl.,  author,  A37. 
1854*  »  Anglesey,    Marquis   of,    Henry  W. 

Paget,  general,  A86. 
Bartiett,  William  H.,  artist,  trav.,  au.,  A45. 
ReresfOrd,  Viscount,  William  C,  gen.,  AK6. 
Bird,  (;olding,  physician,  physicist,  A39. 
Cathcart,  Sir  George,  general,  governor  of 

Cape  Colony,  prominent  in  Crimean  War. 

author,  AtiO. 
Cockburn,  Lord,  Henry  T.,  jurist,  Scot.,  A75. 
I>enman,  Thomas,  baron,  chief  justice,  A75. 
Fftber,  (ieorge  S.,  clergyman,  author,  AHI. 
Kemble,  Charles,  actor,  A79. 
Kitto,  John,  llibhcal  writer,  A50. 
Lockiiart,  John  Gibson,  biographer,  writer, 

Scotland,  A60. 


Londonderry,  Marquis  of,  Charles  W.  S.  V., 

general,  A76. 
Martin,  Jolm,  painter,  A65. 
Plunkett,  Baron,  William  C,  lawyer,  orator, 

statesman,  Ireland,  A90. 
Wilson,  John  (Christopher  North),  essayist, 

poet,  novelist,  Scotland,  A69. 


CHURCH. 

1853  *  *  Anglo- Continental  Society  is 

formed,  to  ditfiise  the  principles  of  the 
Church  of  England  abroad. 

*  *  Bishops  elected : 

C.  Wordsworth  for  St.  Andrews.  [1854, 
Walter  Kerr  Hanulton  for  Salisbury  ;  1856, 
Charles  Baring  for  Gloucester  and  Bristol; 
IS."*?,  J.  T.  I'elbam  for  Norwich;  1859,  James 
C.  CanipbfU  for  Bangor;  1S60,  Henry  Phil- 
pott  for  Worcester  and  George  Moberly 
for  Salisbury;  1861,  William  Thomson  for 
Gloucester  and  Bristol;  1862,  translated  to 
York;  1861,  Frederick  Gell  for  Madras,  E.  I.; 

1862,  John  T.  Lewis  for  Ontario,  Can.,  and 
Thomas  lOarle  Welby  for  St.  Helena,  S.  Afr.; 

1863,  Charles  John  EUicott  for  Gloucester 
and  Bristol,  Thomas  Mesac  for  Goulburn, 
N.  S.  W.,  and  James  WiUlam  WiUlams  for 
Quebec,  €an.j 

1854  July  3.  London.  The  Turkish 
Mission  Aid  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Ladies*  Association  for  the 
Christian  KducatJon  of  Jewish  Females 
is  organized. 

*  *  Ire.  (Roman  Catholic)  Bishops  con- 
secrated, John  Leahy  for  1  >romore. 
ri856,  Lawrence  Gillooly;  1857,  John 
Macevilly,  Archbishop  of  Tuam ;  1858, 
Michael  Flannary  for  Killaloe.] 

*  *  Sees  established.  See  of  Mauritius. 
[1855,  Lahuan  ;  1856,  Christchurch,  N.  Z., 
and  Perth,  W.  A.;  1&58,  Wellington, 
N.  Z. ;  1859,  Brisbane,  Goulburn,  N.  S.  W., 
Waiapu,  N.  Z.,  St.  Helena,  and  British 
Columbia;  18G1,  Nassau,  Bahamas,  and 
Ontario,  Can. ;  I8G3,  Gratton,  Australia ; 
1866,  Dunedin,  N.  2.] 

LETTERS. 

1852  *  *  The  Indian  Female  and  Normal 
Instruction  Society  is  organized  by 
women. 

*  *  St.  John's  foundation  school  for  sons 
of  poor  clergy  is  established. 

*  *  London.  The  Journal  of  Mental  Sci' 
ence  is  issued  by  Dr.  J.  C.  Bucknill; 
also  Journal  of  Society  of  Art  and  Lei- 
sure Hour. 

*  *  Peg  Woffinqton,  by  Charles  Reade,  ap- 
pears. [185C!  It  is  yever  Too  Late  to 
Mend ;  1860,  The  Cloister  and  the  Hearth.] 

*  *  Thesaurus  of  English  Words  and 
Phrases,  by  Dr.  P.  M.  Roget,  appears. 

1852-61  The  New  Quarterly  Review  is 
issued. 

1853  Jan.  *  Queen's  College,  Bir- 
mingham, is  organized. 

*  *  London.  The  Philobiblon  Society 
is  instituted  by  R.  Monckton  Milnes 
[Lord  Houghton],  Sylvain  Van  de  Weyer, 
and  others. 

*  *  London.  The  Press  [united  with  St. 
James  Chronicle]  is  issued  ;  also  the 
Field,  the  Wesleyan  London  Quarterly 
Review,  the  Commercial  Gazette,  and  the 
Civil  Service  Gazette. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Aberdeen  Free  Press  is 
issued. 

*  *  Theological  Essays,  by  John  Freder- 
ick Denison  Maurice,  ai>pear8.  [1861] 
Moral  and  Metaphysical  Philosophy. 

1853-55  Scot.  Discussions  in  Philoso- 
phy, Literature,  and  Education,  by  Sir 
William  Hamilton,  appears. 

1853-62  Edinburgh,  The  Scottish  Re- 
vieto  is  issued. 

1853-57  DicfionaT^  of  Greek  and  Roman 
Geography,  edited  by  [Sir]  William 
Smith,  appears. 

1853-70  English  Cyclopssdia,  by  Charles 
Knight,  appears. 


AND    IRELAND.     1852, Dec.  24-1855, Feb.  19.     959 


1854*  *  London.  liuildintj  News  is  i»- 
suetl. 

'  *  The  Birmingham  and  Midland  In- 
stitute is  iiiuurporated. 

*  *  Ifh/lln  ami  SongSt  by  Thomas  Turner 
PiilgViive,  iippeiirs. 

*  *  Ire.  Jail  Journal,  by  John  Mitcbel, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1852  •  •  The  borough  of  St.  Albans  is 
(lisfrancbised  for  bribery  in  the  elec- 
tions. 

*  •  London.  The  Northwest  Preventive 
and  Reformatory  Institution  in  the  New 
Road  is  established ;  all  kinds  of  trades 
are  taught. 

*  •  London.  Refuges  for  destitute  boys 
and  girls  are  established  in  Great  Queen 
Street. 

*  *  A  strike  of  the  amalgamated  engi- 
neers takes  place. 

*  *  Titles  created.  Barons  Ilaglan,  Bat- 
tersea,  and  St.  Leonards.  [1856,  Barons 
Talbot  de  Malahide,  Kenmare,  and  Bel- 
per  ;  18.57,  Karl  Cowley  and  Baron  Ebury  ; 
1858,  I5arons  Chesham,  Churston,  and 
Chelnisord ;  1859,  Earl  of  Winton,  and 
Barons  Tredegar,  Lyveden,  Leconfield, 
St.  John  of  Bletsoe,  and  Egerton  of 
Tatton.) 

*  *  Ire.  Titles  created.  Baron  Cler- 
mont.   [1856,  Baron  Fermoy.] 

1853  May  7.  London.  Harriet  Beecher 
StOTve,  author  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin, 
is  received  at  Stafford  House  by  many 
of  tlie  nobility  and  statesmen  of  Eng- 
land. 

June  9.  John  Mitchel  escapes  from 
Hobart  Town,  Tasmania.     (See  p.  173.) 

July  27-29.  London.  The  cabmen 
strike. 

Aug.  8.  The  strike  at  Stockport  ceases, 
and  20,000  resume  labor,  receiving  their 
demand  of  10  per  ceut  advance  in  wages. 

Aug.  29.    The  queen  visits  Ireland. 

Oct.  15.  In  Preston  20,000  workmen 
strike  for  10  per  cent  increase  in  wages. 
[1863.  May  1.  The  strikers,  lacking 
funds,  are  compelled  to  yiehl.] 

Nov.  2.  Edinhunjh.  A  meeting  to  vin- 
dicate Scottish  rights  is  held.  [Asso- 
ciation formed.] 

*  *  The  British  Anti-Tobacco  Cnisade 
is  founded  by  Thomas  Reynolds. 

*  *  Bribery  vitiates  the  elections  at 
Derby. 

*  *  Betting-houses  are  suppressed  by  Act 
of  I'lirlifiment. 

*  •  Srof.  Sunday  closing  of  liquor- 
shops  is  enforced. 

*  *  Vaccination  is  made  compulsory. 

*  *  John  B.  Gough,  the  temperance 
orator,  returns  to  England  on  a  visit, 
[He  lectures  during  two  years.  1857.  A 
!second  visit.] 

*  *  Tlie  United  Kingdom  Alliance,  for 
the  total  suppression  of  liquor-trafflc,  is 
founded. 

*  *  London.  Christ's  Hospital,  the 
Bluecoat  school,  is  Instituted. 

*  *  Ijotulon.  St.  Thomas's  Hospital  is 
founded.    [1871.    June  21,    Opened.] 

1854  Sept.  2.  People's  Provident  As- 
surance Society  is  established. 

Oct.*  London.  A  "Working-men's  Col- 
lege is  established  by  Frederick  D. 
Maurice.    [1855.   Another  at  f  Cambridge.] 

1855  Feb.  19.  Bread-riots  In  Liver- 
pool. 

STATE. 

1852  Dec.  28.  The  administration  of 
the  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  first  lord  of  the 

treasury,  is  formed. 

Members:  Wtlllani  K.  Gladstone  fClmn. 
£xoheq.  >,  Viscount  Palmerston  ( Home  Sec. ) , 


[^ord  .John  Itiissell  (Foreign  Sec),  Duke  of 
Newcastle  (Colonial  Sec),  Robert  Mousey 
Kolfe,  Lord  Cranwortli  (L.  Chan.)»  Charles 
Philip,  Karl  of  Hardwicke  [I8.W,  Charles 
John,  Earl  Canning:]  (postmaster).  [Jan. 
5.  Sir  James  Robert  George  (.iraliam  is  made 
lord  of  admiralty.] 

1853  Apr.  1.  Parliament:  Man- 
chester is  constituted  a  city  by  royal 
charter.     [Apr.  IG.    Gazetted.] 

Apr.  8.  H.  C.  The  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer  proposes  a  modification  of  the 
form  of  the  national  debt  by  the  issue 
of  permanent  irredeemable  2i  per  ceut 
stock  ;  the  House  adopts  the  plan. 

Apr.  14.  Warlike  stores  supposed  to  be 
for  Kossuth  are  seized. 

Apr.  18.  H.  C.  The  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer  introduces  his  budget. 

It  proposes  to  repeal  the  duties  levi- 
able on  soap  and  104  other  articles,  and 
make  reductions  on  120  articles.  Also 
to  extend  the  income  tax  to  Ireland,  ap- 
plicable to  incomes  between  £100  and 
£150,  and  to  collect  legacy  duties  on  real 
property. 

May  *  Parliament :  The  income  tax  is 
extended  to  Ireland. 

June  4.  English  and  French  govern- 
ments order  their  fleets  to  the  Dar- 
danelles. 

Aug.  *  H.  C.  The  chairman  of  commit- 
tees of  the  whole  house  is  appointed  to 
act  as  a  deputy  speaker. 

Aug.  *  Parliament :  The  Naval  Coaat 
Volunteers  Act  is  passed. 

Oct.  1.  Turkey  appeals  to  France  and 
England  for  aid  against  Russia. 

Dec.  5.  Anst.  A  protocol  is  signed  at 
Vienna. 

France,  England,  Austria,  and  Prussia 
unite  for  the  reestablishment  of  peace 
between  Russia  and  Turkey  and  the 
maintenance  of  the  integrity  of  the  Ot- 
toman Empire  as  an  essential  condition 
of  the  balance  of  European  power.  [1854. 
Feb.  8.  Uaron  Brundow,  the  Russian 
ambassador,  leaves  England.] 

*  *  Parliament :  An  Act  is  passed  for  the 
abatement  of  the  smoke  nuisance 
above  London  Bridge. 

*  *  Sir  George  James  Turner  is  ap- 
pointed lord  justice. 

*  *  The  duty  on  advertisements  is  abol- 
ished. 

1854  Mar.  12.  Turk.  A  treaty  of  al- 
liance is  made  with  France  and  Turkey 
at  Constantinople. 

Mar.  25.  Ihis.  England  and  France 
having  sent  an  ultimatum,  the  czar  re- 
plies that  he  has  no  answer  to  give. 
[Mar.  28.  War  is  declared  against 
Russia.]    (P.  733.) 

June  5.  A  reciprocity  and  fisheries 
treaty  is  concluded  with  the  United 
States. 

June  0.  The  Buke  of  Newcastle,  pre- 
viously colonial  secretary,  is  appointed 
;i  secretary  for  war  affairs  and  a  Cabinet 

Minister. 

Dec.  22.  Parliament :  A  law  is  passed 
for  the  enhstment  of  foreigners  in 
the  British  service. 

*  *  Parliament :  An  act  for  the  better 
regulation  of  railways  is  passed. 

1855  Jan.  23.  liOrd  John  Russell, 
anticipating  censure  of  the  Govern- 
nient's  conduct  of  the  war  with  Russia, 
resigns.  [He  is  succeeded  by  the  Sari 
of  Aberdeen.    Jan.  31.    He  resigns.] 

Jan.  29.  H.  C.  A  motion  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  select  committee  to  in- 


quire into  the  condition  of  the  army  in 
the  Crimea,  and  into  the  conduct  of 
the  commissariat  and  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  army,  is  carried.  Vote,  30D- 
148. 
Feb.  10.  The  administration  of  Vis- 
count Palmerston  is  formed. 

Members:  Palmerston  (L.  Treas.),  Lord 
Cranworth  (L.  Chanc),  Duke  of  Argyll  (P. 
Seal),  W.  E.  Gladstone  (Chanu.  Exch.),  Sir 
George  Grey  (Home  Sec),  Earl  of  Clarendon 
(Foreign  Sec),  Sidney  Herbert  (Colonial 
Sec),  Lord  Panmure  (War  Sec),  etc. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1852  Dec.  24.  The  steamship  St.  George 
is  wrecked  ;  51  lives  are  lost. 

The  Lily  is  stranded  and  blown  up 

by  gunpowder  on  the  Calf  of  Man ;  30 

persons  drowned. 

1853  Jan.  *  London.  An  exhibition  of 
poultry      held. 

Feb.  13.  Ire.  The  steamship  Queen 
J' let  or  i  a,  bound  from  Liverpool,  is 
wrecked  off  the  Bailey  lighthouse,  near 
Dublin  ;  67  persons  are  drowned. 

Feb.  28.  St.  George's  church  at  Don- 
caster,  built  in  1070,  is  burned. 

May  12.  Dublin.  The  Dublin  Indus- 
trial Exhibition,  originated  In  a  gift 
of  £80,000  by  Mr.  Dargan,  is  opened  by 
the  Earl  of  St.  Oernians,  the  lord-lieu- 
tenant. [Aug.  30.  Visited  by  the  queen 
and  Prince  Albert.  Kt)v.  1.  Closed. 
Dec.  15.  The  exhibition  building  is  for- 
mally opened  as  a  winter  garden  by 
the  lord  lieutenant  and  the  Countess  St. 
Germans.] 

*  *  London.  A  Trades'  Museum  is  es- 
tablished. 

1854  Jan.  20.  The  emigrant  ship  TViy- 
leur  is  driven  on  the  rocks  off  Lambay 
Island,  north  of  Howth  ;  380  persons 
drowned. 

Mar.  1.  The  steamer  City  of  Glasgow 
leaves  Liverpool  for  Philadelphia  with 
480  persons  on  board  [and  is  lost]. 

Apr.  17.  Theemigrant  ship  jrt«cAe,?^cr, 
from  Liverpool  to  Boston,  is  wrecked, 

and  many  ijassengers  lost. 

May  *  Telegraph  commimications  are 
completed  between  Dover  and  Ostend, 
and  between  Port  Patrick  and  Dona- 
ghadee. 

June  *  Cable  communication  is  made 
between  Holyhead  and  Howth. 

Aug.  *  'Oct.  *  London,  Cholera  prevails 
in  the  south  and  west  of  the  city.  [Sept. 
9.  2,050  deaths  occur ;  total  deaths, 
10,500.] 

Sept.  29.  Scot,  The  emigrant  vessel 
Annie  Jane  of  Liverpool  is  driven 
ashore  on  the  Barra  Island  on  the 
west  coast ;  348  drowned. 

Oct.  5,  6.  An  explosion  causes  a  great 
tire  at  Gateshead  on  the  Tyne,  50  killed  ; 
loss,  £1,000,000. 

Oct.  19.  The  Dalhousie  founders  off 
Beachy  Head ;  60  persons  and  cargo 
worth  £100,000  are  lost. 

Nov.  13-16.  The  steamship  Prince,  car- 
rying supplies  to  the  army  in  the  Crimea, 
is  wrecked  in  the  Black  Sea  during  the 
great  storm  ;  loss,  144  lives,  and  cargo 
worth  £500,000. 

Nov.  30.  The  iron  screw  steamer  At/e 
strikes  on  the  Godevry  Rock,  St.  Ives 
Bay,  all  on  board  perishing. 

1855  Jan.  1.  The  Hamburg  and  New 
York  packet  George  Canning  is^TCcked 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe ;  9C  drowned. 

Feb.  9.  The  screw  steamer  Will  o'  the 
Wisp  is  wrecked  on  the  Burn  Hock  off 
Lambay  ;  18  drowned. 


960     1855,  Feb.  23-1857,  Dec.  12.     GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1855  Mar.  22.  Ihis.  Second  battle  of 
Balaklava. 

The  Russians  are  defeated  by  the  al- 
lies, losiiifX -,000 men  killed  and  wounded ; 
loss  of  the  allies,  GOO  meu  killed  and 
wounded. 

Apr,  9-28.  lius.  Second  unsuccessful 
bombardment  of  Sebastopol  by  the 
allies. 

June  7.  JHus.  The  French  troops  cap- 
ture the  Mamelon  fortification,  Sebas- 
topol, two  redoubts,  and  62  guns,  and 
take  130  officers  and  400  men  prisoners. 

June  18.  lilts.  The  French  attack  the 
Malakhoff  Tower,  Sebastopol,  and 
the  British  the  Kedan;  both  are  re- 
pulsed with  considerable  loss. 

July  11.  lius.  The  fortifications  of 
Sweaborg  in  the  Baltic  are  bombarded 
by  the  allied  fleets. 

Aug.  16.  Jilts.  The  Russians  are  de- 
feated by  the  French  and  Sardinians  at 
Tchemaya,  near  Sebastopol. 

Sept.  5.  Jius,  The  third  bombardment 
of  Sebastopol  is  commenced. 

Sept.  8.  lias.  The  French  capture  the 
Malakhoff;  the  English  attack  the 
Redan,  but  are  repulsed. 

Sept.  9.  lliis.  The  Russians  evacuate 
Sebastopol  after  losing  17,000  men 
killed  and  wounded  in  the  bombard- 
ments. 

Oct.  17.  litts.  The  allies  capture  Kin- 
burn,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dnieper. 

Nov.  28,  Asiatic  Turk.  Kars,  defended 
by  Gen.  "Williams  with  15,000  British 
troops,  surrenders  after  a  siege  of  five 
months,  to  the  Kossians,  who  number 
about  40,000. 

1856  Feb.  1.  Rus.  The  allies  complete 
the  destruction  of  Sebastopol. 

Feb.  29.  lius.  Hostilities  are  suspended 
in  the  Crimea. 

Apr.*  The  Peace  of  Paris  ends  the 
war  with  Russia  ;  cost  to  England  over 
£41,000,000  (p.  733). 

Apr.  25.  At  Portsmouth  the  queen  re- 
views the  British  fleet  of  300  men-of- 
war,  carrying  3,800  guns,  and  manned  by 
40,090  seamen. 

July  12.  Rus.  The  Crimea  is  evacu- 
ated by  the  allies. 

July  15.  The  Duke  of  Cambridge  is 
appointed  general  commanding-in-chief. 

July*  The  navy  consists  of  271  sailing- 
vessels  with  9,594  guns,  and  258  steam- 
vessels,  with  0,582  guns ;  155  gunboats 
and  111  vessels  are  in  harbor  service. 

Oct.  25.  Afghanistan.  Herat  is  taken 
by  the  Persians  in  violation  of  treaty 
with  Great  Britain.    [War  follows.] 

Dec.  9,  10.  Persia.    Bushire  is  attacked 

anil  captured  by  a  fleet  and  army  under 
Sir  H.  Lecke  and  Gen.  Stalker.  [1857. 
Mar.  26.  Sir  James  Outram  attacks  and 
captures  Mohammerah,  near  the  Eu- 
phrates.   Apr.  4.    Peace  follows.] 

1857-58  Ind.  Mutiny  of  the  Sepoys. 
(See  India.) 

1857  Apr.  14.  China.  The  war-ship 
Raleif/fi  is  wrecked  off  the  southeast 
coast  of  ^lacao. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1855  Sept.  12  +  .  Scot.  Tlie  British 
Association  holds  its  25th  meeting  in 
Glasgow. 

[1850,  26th  in  Cheltenham  :  1857,  Aug. 
26,27th  at  Dublin;  1858,28th  in  Leeds; 
1859,  29th  in  Aberdeen  ;  1860,  30th  in  Ox- 
ford ;  1861,  Sept.  4,31st  in  Manchester; 
1862,  32d  in  Cambridge.] 

Oct.  17.  Capt.  Henry  Bessemer  patents 
his  process  of  manufacturing  steel, 
and  cold  air  is  forced  through  liquid 
iron.    [1855,  Dec.  5 ;  also,  1856,  Feb.  12.] 

*  *  Capt.  Robert  Le  Mesurier  M'Chire 
of  the  Investigator  receives  the  £5,000 
prize  for  the  discovery  of  the  Northwest 
Passage,  and  is  knighted. 

Nov.  *  The  Royal  Victoria  docks  in 
Plaiatow  marshes  are  opened. 

*  *  The  prismatic  stereoscope  is  in- 
vented by  Brewster. 

±*  *  The  laryngoscope,  a  mirror  for  ex- 
amining the  throat,  is  invented  by  Man- 
uel Garcia. 

*  *  London.  A  statue  of  Sir  Robert  Peel 
is  erected  at  Cheapside. 

*  *  Scot.  Tlie  Meteorological  Society 
for  Scotland  is  founded. 

*  *  Scot.  Mitherless  Rairn  is  painted  by 
John  Faed. 

*  *Drummond*s  light  is  invented  by 
Capt.  Thomas  Drummond. 

*  *  A  diamond  called  the  "  Star  of  the 
South,"  weighing  '254^  carats,  is  brought 
from  Brazil. 

1856  May  23.  The  planet  Ms  discov- 
ered by  Norman  Payson.  [1857,  Apr. 
15,  Adriatic;  Aug.  16,  Hestia.] 

Aug.  3.  The  public  park,  Birmingham, 
the  gift  of  Mr.  Adderley,  is  opened. 

Sept.  3.  The  new  Music  Hall  is  opened 
in  Birmingham. 

*  *  London.  A  statue  of  Gen.  Sir  Charles 
J.  Napier  is  erected  in  Trafalgar  Square. 

*  *  London.  The  Odontological  Society 
is  formed. 

*  *  Prof.  John  Tyndall  proves  the  exist- 
ence of  diamagnetic  polarity. 

*  *  The  Venus  Victrix  is  executed  by  John 
Gibson. 

*  *  An  electric  time-ball  is  set  up  by  Mr. 
French  in  Cornhill. 

1857  Feb.  2.  London.  John  Sheep- 
shanks, by  a  deed  of  gift,  presents  to 
the  nation  his  collection  of  paintings 
and  drawings  ;  estimated  value,  £60,000. 
[The  pictures  are  exhibited  in  the  South 
Kensington  Museum.] 

Feb.  *  Parliament  provides  for  a  Na- 
tional Portrait  Gallery,  and  appropriates 
£2,000. 

May  5.  Prince  Albert  opens  the  Fine 
Arts  Exhibition  at  Manchester.  [June 
29,  30.  The  queen  is  present.  Oct.  17. 
Closed.  Visitors,  1,3^,915;  expenses, 
£99,500;  receipts,  £98,500.] 

J"une  1.  A  park  is  opened  in  Birming- 
ham by  the  Duke  of  Cambridge. 

Jime  22,  London.  The  South  Ken- 
sington Museum  is  opened. 

Aug.  *  The  Atlantic  Cable  is  laid  (pp. 
183-185). 

Oct.  12.  The  National  Social  Science 
Association  is  formed  at  Birmingham. 

Oct.  25,  26.  A  terrible  storm  prevails; 
the  Royal  Charter  and  many  other  ves- 
sels are  lost, 

Tfov.  *  -58  Jan.  31.  The  steamship 
Great  Eastern^  designed  by  I-  K.  Bru- 
nei, is  launched  at  Millwall. 

Length,  692  feet,  breadth,  83  feet; 
horse-power,  in  paddles,  1 ,000,  screw, 
1.600;  weight  of  ship,  12,000  tons  ;  light 
draft,  12.000  tons;  cost,  £732,000i  ;  capa- 
city, 5,000  passengers. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1866  *  ♦  Adair,  Sir  Robert,  diiiloiiiatist,  A92. 

Bishop,  Sir  Henry  Kowley,  musical  composer. 
A63.  • 

Bront6,  Charlotte,  novelist,  A39. 

Buckingham,  James  S.,  traveler,  A69. 

Crosse,  Andrew,  electrician,  A7I. 

De  la  lieche,  Sir  Henry  T.,  geologist,  ASS. 

Fielding  Copley  V.,  water-color  jminter,  A68. 

Hare,  Julius  C,  archdeacon,  tlieol.  wr,  A60, 

Hume,  Joseph,  statesman,  reformer,  A78. 

Mitford,  Mary  Kussell,  poet,  writer,  A6fl. 

O'Connor,  Feargus  E.,  journalist,  politician. 
Chartist  leader,  A59. 

Parry,  Capt.  PMward,  arctic  navigator,  A65. 

Rag-Ian,  Lord,  Fitzroy.  James  Henry  Somer- 
set, field -marshal,  A67. 

Rogers,  Samuel,  poet,  A92. 

Swainson,  WilUam,  naturalist,  A66. 
1866  *  *  Beechey,   Frederick   W.,  arctic  ex- 
plorer, rear-admiral,  A60. 

Brown,  Samuel,  chemist,  poet,  Scot.,  A39. 

Fraser,  James  B.,  diplomatist,  traveler, 
author,  Scotland,  A73. 

Hamilton,  Sir  William,  logician,  philoso- 
pher, metapliysioian,  Scotland,  At)8. 

Hardinge,  Viscount,  Henry,  gov.-gen.,  A71. 

Mathew,  Theobald,  clergyman  (apostle  of 
temperance),  Ireland,  A(i(i. 

Miller,  Hugh,  geologist,  Scot.,  A54. 

Ross,  Sir  John,  arctic  explorer,  admiral,  A79. 

Westmacott,  Sir  Richard,  sculptor,  A78. 

Yarrell,  William,  natiuralist,  A72. 


CHURCH. 

1855  *  *  Scot.  The  Spanish  Evangeliza- 
tion Society  is  organized  to  extend  Prot- 
estantism in  Spain. 

•  *The  Society  of  the  Holy  Cross  is 
formed  by  clergymen  "  for  deepening 
spiritual  life  in  their  brethren." 

*  *  (Roman  Catholic)  Bishops  conse- 
crated. William  Vaughan  for  Plym- 
outh. [1R56,  Paul  A.  Brigandet  for 
Burmah  Sound,  and  Patrick  Moran  for 
Dunedin,  N.  Z. ;  1857,  William  Clifford 
for  Clifton;  1861,  Kobert  Cornthwaite 
for  Leeds;  1863,  Joachim  H,  Gonin  for 
Port  of  Spain,  W.  I.] 

1855-60  Charles  Kings  ley,  Thomas 
Hughes,  and  others  endeavor  to  set  up 
Christian  Socialism. 

1866  *  *  London.  General  English  Con- 
gregational Synod  is  held  at  the  Savoy 
Palace. 

1857  July  * -Sept.  *  Ire,  Hugh  Han- 
na'a  open-air  preaching  causes  rioting 
at  Belfast. 

Sept.  8.  The  Christian  Unity  Associa- 
tion is  formed  on  the  Icisis  of  the  three 
creeds  by  30  members  of  the  Greek,  Ro- 
man, and  English  churches. 


LETTERS. 

1855  June  9.  London.  The  Illustrated 
Times  is  issued.  [June  29.  The  Daily 
Telegraph.} 

*  *  Lo7idon.  The  Saturday  Revievy  is  is- 
sued ;  also  the  Daily  Chronicle  and 
Clerkemoell  News  and    Overland  Mail. 

*  *  The  Mystic,  by  Philip  James  Bailey, 
appears.    [1858.     The  Age.] 

*  *  History  of  Latin  Oirisiianity ,  by 
Henry  itart  Milman,  appears. 

*  *  Fabiola,  by  Cardinal  Wiseman,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Westward,  Ho .'  by  Charles  Kingsley, 
appears.    [1806.    Hereward.] 

*  *  life  of  Goethe,hy  George  Henry  hewm^ 
appears. 

*  *  Men  and  Women,  by  Robert  Browning, 
appears, 

*  *  CJiarge  of  the  Light  Brigade,  Maud, 
and  otiier  poems,  bV  Tennyson,  appear. 
[1859,  Idylls  of  the  A*ing ;  1864,  Enoch  Ar- 
den  and  other  poems.] 

*  *  Clytemnestra,  by  Owen  Meredith  (E. 
R.  I^.  B.  I.ytton),  appears.  X1859.  The 
Wanderer.] 

1855-64    The  National  Review  is  issued. 


-;* 


AND    IRELAND.       1855,  Feb.  23-1857,  Dec.  12.    961 


1855-81  The  Diplomatic  Review  is  is- 
sued. 

1856  Jiine  2.  The  foundation  of  Wel- 
lington College,  Sandhurst,  is  laid  for 
the  support  and  education  of  orphan 
sons  of  coinniiKsioned  otticers.  [1859. 
Jan.  29.    Openetl.] 

*  •  Commissioners  are  appointetl  for  tlie 
eovernment  and  extension  of  Cam- 
Bridge  University  and  Ston  College. 

*  •  London.  The  Engineer  is  issued  ; 
also  the  Aforuing  iitar  and  the  Court 
Circular. 

*  *  London*  The  Pnntal  Guide  first  ap- 
pears. 

*  •  Scot.  Testimony  of  the  Hocks,  by  Hugli 
Miller,  appears. 

*  *  Aurora  Leigh,  by  E.  B.  Browning,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  John  Hali/ax,  GentlemaUy  by  Dinah 
Maria  Muldcli,  appears.  [1860.  JAj'e 
for  Life.] 

*  *  London.  Riley's  Dictionary  of  T^atin 
Quotations,  with  a  Selection  of  Greek,  is 
published  by  Henry  George  liolm. 

1856-62     Popular  mstory  of  England,  by 

Charles  Kniglit,  appears. 
1856-69    History  of  England,  by  James 

Anthony  Froude,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1855  June  1.  Diaturbancea  occur  at 
Hyde  Park  because  of  a  pending  Sun- 
day. Bill.    [June  8,  July  I.    Renewed.] 

July  *  There  is  much  agitation  and  riot- 
ing over  the  Sunday-trading  bill  until 
the  bill  is  withdrawn. 

Oct.  14.  London.  Hiotous  meetings 
are  held  at  Hyde  Park  on  aceount  of  the 
high  price  of  bread.  [Oct.  lil,  28.  Re- 
newed.] 

Nov.  7.  The  minders  and  plecers  at 
Manchester  strike. 

*  *The  Royal  Medical  Benevolent  Col- 
lege, Epsom,  is  opened. 

*  *The  United  Kingdom  Band  of  Hope 
Temperance  Union  is  formed.  [1888.  It 
reports  11,400  societies,  with  1,414,900 
members.] 

*  •  London.  The  Juridical  Society  is 
founded. 

1856  Feb.  5.  The  Victoria  Cross  is 
instituted  to  reward  the  gallantry  of 
persons  of  all  ranks  in  the  army  and 
navy.  ri8r»7.  Crosses  are  bestowed  on 
62  people.] 

Mar.  30.  Privateering  is  abolished  by 
the  great  sovereigns  of  P^urope  by  treaty. 
The  United  States  Government  refuses 
to  agree  unless  the  right  of  blockade  is 
also  surrendered. 

May  9.  The  foundation-stone  of  Netley 
Hospital,  for  invalid  soldiers,  near 
Southampton,  is  laid  by  the  queen. 

May  29.  London.  A  grand  celebration 
of  peace  occurs,  with  general  illumina- 
tion. 

*  *  The  National  Temperance  League 
is  organized  by  consolidating  the  Na- 
tional Temperance  Society  and  the  Lon- 
don Temperance  League. 

*  ♦  TicketM  of  leave  are  granted  to  2,666 
prisoners. 

1857  Aug.  25-Nov.  15.  The  sum  of 
£260,000  is  raiseil  for  the  relief  of  suf- 
ferers by  the  Indian  mutiny. 


STATE. 

1855  Feb.  23,  H.  C.  The  House  hav- 
ing insisted  on  the  appointment  of  the 
select  committee  of  inquiry.  Sir  J.  R.  G. 
Graham,AV. E.Gladstone, and S.  Herbert 
resign  their  offices,  and  are  succeeded 


by  Sir  G.  C.  Xjcwia,  Sir  Charles  Wood, 
and  IJord  John  Bussell. 

Mar.  *  Ire.  George,  Earl  of  Carlisle,  is 
appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

Apr.  *  H.  L.  Lord  Robert  Grosvenor 
[Lord  Ebury]  introduces  a  bill  to  sup- 
press Sunday  trading.  [July  *  With- 
drawn.] 

Apr.  20.  Parliament :  A  deficiency 
of  about  £'23,000,000  being  caused  by  the 
Russian  war,  it  is  proposed  to  raise 
£16,000,000  by  loan  and  the  remainder 
by  an  increase  in  taxation. 

Apr.  30.  A  treaty  of  friendship  and 
commerce  is  concluded  with  Siam. 

May  25.  The  civil  administration  of  the 
army  and  ordnance  is  vested  in  the  min- 
ister of  war  ;  tiie  office  of  master-gen- 
eral of  the  ordnance  is  abolished. 

Jime.  •  stamp  duties  on  newspapers 
are  abolished,  and  postage  dues  substi- 
tuted. A  treasury  warrant  is  issued 
providing  for  conveyance  by  post  of 
books,  pamphlets,  etc.,  at  the  rate  of 
four  ounces  for  one  penny.    (June  5). 

July  13.  Iiord  John  Russell,  colonial 
secretary,  resigns  because  of  criticisms 
in  the  House  of  Conunons  of  his  action 
in  the  Vienna  conference.  [Succeeded 
by  William  Molesworth.] 

Aug.  14.  Parliament:  An  Act  for  the 
better  local  management  of  the  me- 
tropolis is  jiassed. 

Nov.  9.  Lonflon.  David  Salomons  is 
elected  lord  mayor.  He  is  the  first  He- 
brew to  hold  this  office.  [1856.  Thomas 
Quested  Finnis;  1857,  Sir  Robert  \V. 
Carden;  1858,  David  W.  "Wire;  1859, 
James  Carter.] 

*  *  Parliament:  An  Act  for  the  better 
prevention  of  disease  is  pas8e4l. 

*  *  Parliament:  Tlie  two  Houses  begin 
to  communicate  by  letter. 

*  •  fjondon.  The  Metropolitan  Board  of 
Works  is  established.  [Dec.  2-2.  First 
meeting.] 

*  *  George, Duke  of  Argyll,  is  appointed 
postmaster-general. 

*  *  The  doubled  income  tax  produces 
£13,718,185. 

1856  Feb.  1.  Aust.  The  preliminaries 
of  peace  are  signed  at  Vienna. 

Feb.  6.    H.  L.    The  Lords  successfully 

oppose  the  creation  of  life  peerages. 
Mar.  30.    Paris.    Peace    conference 

(p.  733). 
Apr.  16.    Paris.    Important   treaty  of 

Paris  (p.  733). 
Apr.  29.    London.    Peace  with  Bussia 

is  officially  proclaimed. 

May  3.  Amnesty  is  granted  to  political 
exiles;  Frost,  Williams.  Jones.  Smith 
O'Brien,  and  many  others  are  permitted 
to  return. 

Sept.  4.  London.  The  Royal  British 
Bank  suspends  payments.  [Evidence  of 
fraud  being  given,  several  of  tlie  direct 
tors  are  arrested,  convicted,  but  after- 
wards released.] 

*  *  The  doubled  income  tax  produces  £15,- 
717,155. 

1857  Feb.  3.  Parliament  is  opened 
by  commission. 

Mar.  3.  H.  C.  Richard  Cobden's  mo- 
tion censuring  the  (Government  for  the 
war  with  China  is  carried  after  four 
nights  spent  in  debate.    Vote,  263-247. 


Mar.  13.  H.  C.  The  remission  of  tax- 
ation to  the  extent  of  £11,000,000  is  pro- 
posed. 

E.  I.    Keeling  Islands  are  acquired 

by  occupation. 

Mar.  14.  A  treaty  is  signed  at  Copen- 
hagen for  the  abolition  of  sound  dues 
Cp.  6«). 

Apr.  14.  Peace  is  concluded  with  Per- 
sia. 

Apr.  21.  The  Klarl  of  Elgin  departs  as 
special  embassy  to  China. 

Apr.  30.  Parliament  meets;  John 
Evelyn  Denison,  Speaker.  [1859.  Apr. 
23.     Dissolved.] 

May  10.  E.  I.  The  Sepoy  mutiny 
breaks  out. 

May  21.  H.  C.  The  Commons  grants 
an  annuity  of  £8,000  and  a  dower  of 
£40,000  to  the  princess  royal  on  her  mar- 
riage with  Prince  Frederick  William  of 
Prussia. 

June  25.  An  Order  in  Council  confers 
the  title  of  Prince  Consort  on  Prince 
Albert. 

June  30.  H.  C.  The  House  rejects  the 
ballot.     Vote,  180-257. 

Aug.  10.  John  Bright  (M.  P.)  is  elected 
for  Birmingham. 

Oct.  *  Ire.  The  lord  chancellor  orders 
that  justices  of  the  peace  shall  not  be- 
long to  Orange  clubs. 

Nov.  16.  Two  ambassadors  from  Siam 
are  received  by  the  queen  at  Windsor. 

Dec.  3.  Parliament  is  opened  by  the 
queen  in  person. 

Dec.  12.  Royal  assent  is  given  to  the 
Bill  of  Indemnity  exonerating  the 
Government  in  permitting  the  Bank  of 
England  to  extend  its  issues  for  the  re- 
lief of  the  panic. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1855  Feb.  25.  The  steamer  Moma  is 
■wrecked  on  rocks  near  the  Isle  of  Man  : 
21  drowned. 

May  1,  The  emigrant  vessel  John  is 
wrecked  on  the  Muncles  Rocks  otf  Fal- 
mouth ;  200  drowned. 

June  11.  Smithfield  is  used  as  a  cattle 
market  for  the  last  time.  [June  13.  The 
Metropolitan  Cattle  Market  in  Copen- 
hagen Fields  is  opened.] 

1856  Feb.  3.  Tlie  packet-ship  Jo5P7)Anjf 
Willis  collides  witli  the  screw  steamer 

Mangerton,  in  the  channel ;  70  drowned. 
Feb.  23.   Londmu    The  Pavilion  Theater 
is  burned. 

Mar.  5.  London.  Covent  Garden  Theater 
is  burned  the  second  time. 

May  30.  The  ship  Pallas,  from  Cork  to 
Quebec,  is  wrecked ;  72  drowned. 

Oct.  19.  London.  A  false  alarm  of  Are 
causes  the  death  (»f  seven  and  the  serious 
injury  of  30  persons  in  tlie  Zoological 
Gardens  Hall,  where  9,000  persons  gath- 
ered to  hear  Kev.  C.  H.  Spurgeou. 

1857  Jan.  5.  Tlie  royal  mail-steamer 
Violet  is  wrecked  on  the  Goodwin 
Sands,  many  drowned. 

Feb.  19.  An  explosion  in  the  mines  at 
T.und  Hill,  near  Barnsley,  In  South 
York,  causes  189  deaths. 

June  28.  A  collision  occurs  at  Lewisham 
on  the  North  Kent  Railway  ;  II  killed. 

Jtily  10.  The  Atlantic  telegraph  fleet 
first  sails  from  Plymouth  (p.  183). 

Aug.  20.  Tlieclipper7>7fn6ariswrecked 
on  the  rocks  near  Sydney;  121  persons, 
and  cargo  value*!  at  i:22.000,  lost. 

Nov.  *  The  commercial  panic  through 
American  failures  is  relieved  by  suspen- 
sion of  Bank  Charter  of  1844  and  tlie 
Bank  of  Kngland  extending  its  issues. 
[Aggregate  liabilities  of  fallen  houses 
about  i^,000,000.] 


962    1857,**-1859, 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1859  Nov.  9.  Orders  are  issued  for  the 
restriction  of  flogging  in  the  army. 
[Dec.  *  The  flogging  of  first-class  sea- 
men except  after  trial  is  prohibited.] 

Nov.  16.  The  National  Volunteer 
Association  is  organized  to  promote 
rifle-shooting.  [1860,  July  2-7.  The  first 
meeting  is  held  at  Wimbledon  ;  Capt. 
Edward  Rose  obtains  queen's  prize  of 
£250,  and  gold  medal  and  badge  of  the 
association.  1861,  July  4-10.  Joppling 
S.  Middlesex  wins  prize.  1862,  July  1-U, 
Mr.  Pixley,  S.  Victoria.  1863,  July  7-14. 
Sergt.  Koberts,  12th  Shropshire.] 

*  *  Acts  are  passed  for  the  establishment 
of  a  military  reserve,  not  to  exceed 
20,000  men,  and  a  volunteer  reserve 
of  seamen,  not  to  exceed  30,000. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1857  *  *  Mr.  Harrison  patents  an  appara- 
tus for  manufacturing  ice  for  commer- 
cial purposes,  by  the  use  of  ether  and  salt 
water. 

*  *  The  Government  pays  for  the  publica- 
tion of  Peter  Andreas  Hansen's  table 
of  the  moon. 

*  *±  A  photoheliograph  is  erected  at 
Kew  Observatox'v.  It  registers  the  posi- 
tion and  appearance  of  the  sun's  spots 
by  means  of  a  clockwork  mechanism. 

*  *  London.    The  Genealogical  Society 

is  formed  ;  also  the  National  Associa- 
tion for  Social  Science.  [1858.  Oct.  11. 
The  latter  meets  at  Liverpool ;  1859,  Oct. 
10,  at  Bradford ;  18G0,  Sept.  24,  at  Glas- 
gow.] 

*  *  The  magnificent  docks  at  Liverpool 
and  Birkenhead  are  completed. 

1858  Apr.  30.  London.  A  statue  is 
erected  in  Trafalgar  Square  to  honor  the 
memory  of  Dr.  Edward  deimer. 

May  15.  London.  Covent  Garden  is  re- 
opened. 

Aug.  5.  The  Atlantic  cable  is  success- 
fully laid  (p.  185). 

Sept.  7-10.    Musical  festivals  are  held 

at  Leeds. 
Sept.  21.    A  statue  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton 

in  bronze,  by  William  Theed,  is  sot  up 

at  Grantham. 
Oct.  *  Donati's  brilliant    comet  is  long 

visible;   its  tail  is  said  to  be  40,000,000 

miles  long. 

*  *  The  theory  of  natural  selection  is 
advanced  by  Charles  Kobert  Darwin  and 
Alfred  Russell  Wallace. 

*  *  London.  The  Horological  Society, 
[Dec.  *]  the  Society  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  the  Fine  Arts,  and  the  Musical 
Society  of  London  are  established. 

*  ♦  London.    John  S.  Rarey,  an  American, 

fives  sensational  exhibitions  of  skill  in 
aming  vicious  and  wild  horses,  also 
a  zebra  from  the  Zoological  Gardens. 
±  *  *  Sir  Joseph  Whitworth  makes  a  ma- 
chine to  measure  one  millionth  part  of 
an  inch. 

*  *  Ozonometers  are  introduced. 

*  *  Fox  Talhot  patents  a  photoglyphic 
engraving  process,  by  which  pictures 
are  etched  on  a  plate  by  the  action  of 
light,  and  from  which  prints  are  made. 

*  *  Sir  Benjamin  C.  Brodie  becomes  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Society. 

*  *  Engraved  copper-plate  is  electro- 
faced  with  iron  and  nickel. 

1859  Feb.  14.  London.  Popular  Mon- 
day concerts  commence  at  St.  James 
Hall ;  they  are  founded  by  S.  A.  Chap- 
pel. 

Feb.  *  Fre.  The  National  Gallery  is 
founded. 


May  2.  The  prince  consort  opens  the 
Albert  Viaduct  over  the  River  Tamar 
at  Plymouth. 

June  8.  Telegrams  to  India  are  acceler- 
ated seven  days  by  the  Red  Sea  cable. 

June  20-24.  London.  A  great  Handel 
festival  is  held  on  the  centenary  of  his 
death,  at  the  Crystal  Palace.  Voices, 
2,765;  instruments,  393;  attendance, 
June  24,  26,827;  receipts,  £33,000. 

Sept,  21.  Capt.  Sir  Francis  Leopold  M'- 
Clintock  returns,  bringing  relics  of  Sir 
John  Franklin's  expedition. 

Oct.  21.  A  slight  earthquake  shock  dis- 
turbs Cornwall.  [1860.  Jan.  13.  Another 
shock.] 

1859  ±  *  *  Giffard's  steam-injector 
is  invented. 

*  *  Prof.  Owen's  system  of  arranging 
mammalia  according  to  the  nature  of 
their  brains  is  introduced. 

*  *  Heated  controversies  relative  to  Dar- 
win's Origin  of  Species  occur. 

*  *  The  Royal  Society's  Scientific  Fund 
is  founded. 

i:  *  *  London.  The  overhouse  electric 
telegraphs  are  generally  introduced. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1857  *  *  Amherst,  Lord,  William  Pitt,  diplo- 
matist, A84. 

Britton,  John,  writer,  A86, 
Conybeare,  William  1).,  cl.,  geologist,  A70. 
Croker,  John  Wilson,  states.,  au.,  Ire.,  A77. 
Egerton,  Francis   L.  Gower,  Earl  of   Elles- 

mere,  statesman,  A67. 
Fleming,  John,  naturalist,  Scotland,  A72. 
Havelock,  Sir  Henry,  general,  A62. 
Jerrold,  Douglas  William,  humorist,  iiovelisl, 

A54. 
Kemble,  John  M.,  Anglo-Saxon  scholar, 

historian.  A  50. 
Mary,  Duchess  of  Gloucester,  daughter  of 

George  III.,  A81. 
Medhurst,  Walter  H.,  Chinese  miss.,  A61. 
Robinson,  Agnes  Mary  F.,  novelist,  horn. 
Scoresby,  William,  arctic  explorer,  A59. 
Turner,  Charles,  engraver,  A83. 

1858  *  *  Brown,  John,  cL,  au.,  Scot.,  A74. 
Bunting,  Jabez,  Wesleyan  clergyman,  A79. 
Combe,  George,  phrenologist,  Scotland,  A70. 
Ford,  Richard,  author  handbook,  A62. 
Lyons,  Lord,  Edmund,  admiral,  A68. 
Owen,  Robert,  philan.,  fdr.  Socialism,  A87. 
Reid,  Sir  William,  engineer,  meteorologist, 

Scotland,  A61. 
1859*  *  Brunei,  Isambard  Kingdom,  naval 
engineer,  A53. 

De   Quincey,    Thomas,  essayist,  critic, 
author,  A74. 

Elphinstone,  Mountstuart,  states.,  hist.,  A80. 

Hallam,  Henry,  historian,  author,  A8'J. 

Hunt,  James  Henry  Leigh,  poet,  essayist,  A7.% 

James,  John  A.,  cl.,  preacher,  author,  A74. 

Lardner,  Dionysius,  cyclopedist.  Ire.,  A76. 

Leslie,  C.  R.,  painter,  A65. 

Macaulay,   Lord,    Thomas    Babington,  es- 
sayist, historian,  statesman,  A5!). 

Morgan,  Lady  Sydney,  novelist.  Ire.,  A82. 

Robinson,   Frederick  John,   Earl  of  Ripon, 
statesman,  A76. 

Stephenson,  Robert,  engineer,  A56. 

Wilson,  George,  chemist,  phys.,  Scot.,  A  41. 


CHURCH. 

1857  *  *  The  Free  Church  Society,  or 
National  Association  for  Freedom  of 
Public  Worship,  is  established.  It  aims 
to  abolish  the  pew-rent  system,  and  re- 
vive the  weekly  offertory  to  defray  the 
expenses  of  public  worship. 

1858  May*  The  Christian  Vernacular 
Education  Society,  aiming  at  the 
Christian  education  of  India,  is  organ- 
ized. 

June*  Rev.  A.  Poole  is  susi^ended  for 
practising  auricular  confession,  which 
had  been  introduced  by  the  Puseyites, 
Tractarians,  or  Ritualists.  [July  12- 
Sept.  18.  Excitement  about  the  confes- 
sional. Rev.  T.  West  tries  to  introduce 
it.    Public  meetings  are  held  against  it.] 

*  *The  Ladies'  Auxiliary  of  the  Wes- 
leyan Methodist  Missionary  Society  is 
organized. 


*  *  Scot.  A  lenj^ue  is  formed  to  introduce 
a  reformation  in  the  Hook  of  Common 
Prayer. 

1859    May*  Thanksgiving  is  observed 

for  the  suppression  of  the  Indian  mutiny, 

Sept.  *  -Nov.  *  London.  Religious riota 
break  out  at  St.  George's-in-the-Kast, 

Sept.  *  The  Minsters*  Annuity  Tax 
causes  much  agitation.  [18G0.  Nov.* 
It  is  abolished  and  other  unsatisfactory 
arrangements  are  made ;  riots  ensue.] 

Oct.  *  Ire.  Religious  revivals  prevail, 
especially  at  Belfast. 

*  *  London.  The  Board  of  Guardians  for 
the  relief  of  the  Jewish  poor  is  founded. 


LETTERS. 

1857  *  *  The  Savage  Club  is  formed  by 
various  literary  men,  facetiously  term- 
ing themselves  "savages"  on  account 
of  their  freedom  from  conventionalism. 

*  *  An  Act  establishing  a  reformatory 
school  is  passed. 

*  *  London.  The  City  Preas  is  issued  ; 
also  the  Solicitors'  Journal, 

*  *  The  Birmingham  Post  is  issued. 

*  *  A  critical  edition  of  Shakespeare* s 
JVor/cs,  edited  by  Alexander  I>yce,  ap- 
pears. 

*  ♦  Tom  Brown's  School  Days,  by  Thomas 
Hughes,  appears.  [18C1,  Tfim  Brawn  at 
Oxford.] 

*  *  The  Dead  Secret,  by  Wilkie  Collins, 
appears.  [1859,  The  iVoman  in  If  kite; 
1864,  No  Name.] 

*  *  The  Professor,  by  Charlotte  Bronte, 
appears. 

*  *  History  of  Pottery  and  Porcelain,  Med- 
isBval  and  Modem,  by  Marryat,  appears. 

*  *  Bohn'fl  General  Collect i07i  of  Proverbs 
appears. 

1857-61  History  of  Civilization,  by 
Henry  Thomes  Buckle,  appears. 

1858*  *  Scot.  Aberdeen  University 
amalgamates  King's  and  Marischul 
Colleges. 

*  *  London.  Haileybury,  or  Bast  India 
College,  is  fomided. 

*  *  London.  The  Pfi-ofographic  News  Is 
issued  ;  also  the  Bookseller. 

*  *  Essay  on  Comparative  Mythology,  by 
Max  Muiler,  appears.  [1859,  A  lil'story 
of  the  Ancient  Sanskrit  Lanyuage ;  1861- 
64,  Lectures  on  the  Science  of  Lanf/uayf.] 

*  *  Scenes  of  Clerical  Life,  by  George  Eliot, 
appears.  [1859,  Jdatn  Btde:  1860,  The 
Mill  on  the  Floss;  1861,  Silas  Mamer; 
1862,  liomota.] 

*  *  Studies  on  Homer  and  the  Homeric  Age, 
by  William  Ewart  Gladstone,  appears. 

*  *  The  Defense  of  Guinevere,  and  other 
poems,  by  William  Morris,  appears. 

*  *  On  Liberty,  by  John  Stuart  Mill,  ap- 
pears.   [1861,  Utilitarianism.] 

*  *  Studies  of  Christianity,  by  James 
Martineau,  appears. 

*  *  Lord  Montague''s  Page,  by  G.  P.  R. 
James,  appears. 

*  *  Scot.  Discourse  on  Beauty,  by  John 
Stuart  Blackie,  api)ears. 

1858-60  A  translation  of  Herodotus,  by 
George  and  Sir  Henry  Creswick  Rawliu- 
son  and  Sir  J.  G.  Wilkinson,  appears. 

1859  Mar.  16.  London.  Sporting  Life 
is  issued. 

Sept.  *  Ire.  Agitation  prevails  against 
the  National  School  system. 

Dec.  14.  The  Duke  of  Cambridge  lays 
the  foundation-stone  of  the  S*'''f  Col- 
lege, Sandhurst,  for  providing  a  military 
education  respecting  the  duties  of  the 
statf. 


AND   IRKLAND. 


1857,  *  *-1859,  *  *.     963 


*  *  The  schoolship  Cornimll  is  estab- 
lished otf  Purfleet.  [!»"**•  It  accom- 
modates about  300  vagrauts.] 

*  *  London.  The  < 'hemlcal  Xews  is  issued; 
also  the  Christian  If^orld  and  Once  a 
Week. 

*  *  I^ndon.  All  the  Year  Round  is  iasMed 
by  Charles  Dickens. 

«  *  London.  AfacmiUan*s  Afagazme  la  is- 
sued ;  also  Cornhilt  Magazine. 

*  •  London.  The  Philological  Society  is- 
sues "proposals  for  a  New  Snglish 
Dictionary,**  on  the  historical  method. 
11MT9.  The  work  is  begun  by  Jaxnes 
Augustus  Henry  Murray.] 

*  *  On  the  Origin  of  Species,  by  Charles 
Darwin,  appears. 

*  *  Self'Help,  with  Tlhistratifyns  of  Char- 
acter and  Conduct,  by  Samuel  Smiles, 
appears. 

*  •  Oceanic  Hydrozoa,  by  Thomas  Henry 
Huxley,  appears.  (1863,  Evidence  as  to 
Man's  Place  in  Kature :  18Gi,  Lectures 
OH  the  Elements  of  Comparative  Anat- 
omy ;  18tl6,  Lessons  in  Elementary  Physi- 
ology ;  1868,  Faraday  as  a  Discoverer.] 

1859-80  Scot.  Life  of  Milton,  by  David 
Massou,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1857  *  *  Daily  wages  of  harvest-men  are 
live  shillings. 

*  •  Parliament:  The  Divorce  and  Ma- 
trimonial Causes  Act  is  passed. 

Marrie<l  women,  when  ill-used,  may 
obtain  adivorceor  a  judicial  separation  ; 
when  separated,  any  property  they  Tnay 
acquire  is  secured  to  them  personally  as 
if  married. 

1858  Jan.  25.  The  princess  royal  Is 
married  to  Prince  Frederick  William  of 
Prussia. 

Mar.  12,  Dublin.  A  disgraceful  fight 
between  the  Trinity  College  students 
and  the  police  occurs  on  the  arrival  of 
the  lord-lieutenant,  Lord  Eglinton. 

Oct.  1.  Scot.  The  Scottish  Permissive 
Bill  and  Temperance  Association  is 
formed. 

*  •  Ire.  A  proclamation  is  made  against 
secret  societies. 

*  *  The  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  and  others 
establish  a  society  to  provide  play- 
grounds for  the  recreation  of  adults 
and  the  children  of  the  humble  classes. 
[Unsuccessful.] 

*  *  The  Royal  Discharged  Prisoners* 
Aid  Society  is  established. 

*  *  London.  A  dental  hospital  is  founded. 

*  •  fre.  Phoenix  clubs  are  formed  to 
annoy  the  Government.  [1859.  Mar.  * 
Several  members  are  arrested,  but  ac- 
quitte4l.  Apr.  Daniel  Sullivan,  a  mem- 
ber, Is  sentenced  to  10  years'  penal 
servitude.] 

1869  Feb.  18.  'WilUam  G.  Arm- 
strong  is  knighted  for  improvements 
in  the  construction  of  cannon. 

Aug.  8.  London,  A  strike  occurs  in 
the  building-trades,  and  a  lockout  fol- 
lows. [The  men  gradually  return  to 
work.] 

STATE. 

1857  •  •  Robert,  liord  Cranworth,  is 
appointed  lord  justice. 

*  •  Parliament :  An  Act  is  passed  to 
abate  the  smoke  nuisance  from  pot- 
teries and  glass-houses. 

*  ♦  Parliament :  The  conservation  of  the 
Thames  is  given  to  the  corporation  of 
London ;  three  of  the  12  conservators 
are  to  be  appointed  by  the  Government. 


*  *  An  agitation  spreads  for  the  equali- 
zation of  poor-rates  throughout  the 
kingdom. 

1858  Jan.  1.  London.  Ten  postal  dis- 
tricts are  formed. 

Jan.  25.  London.  Princess  Victoria 
is  married  to  Prince  Frederick  William 
of  Prussia  in  St.  James's  Chapel. 

Feb.  9,  H.  C.  Lord  Palmerston  intro- 
duces the  Conspiracy  to  Murder  Bill, 
proposing  to  amend  the  law  of  conspir- 
acy. [Feb.  19.  On  the  second  reading 
the  Government  is  defeated  by  a  vote  of 
censure  on  the  motion  of  Milner  Gibson. 
Vote,  2*1-215.  Feb.  22.  The  Ministry 
resigns.] 

Feb.  25.  The  second  Derby  Ministry 
is  formed. 

Members  :  Earl  of  Derby  (First  L.  Trea.), 
Marq.  of  Salisbury  (Pres.  Council),  Lord 
Chelmsford  (L.  Clianr.),  Earl  of  Hardwicke 
(P.  Seal),  Henjamin  IMsraeli  (Chanc.  Exch.), 
Spenwr  Walpole  (Home  Set;.),  Earl  of 
Miilniesburv  (Foreign  Sec),  Sir  E.  B  Lyt- 
ton  (Colonial  Sec),  Maj.-Gen.  Peel  (Sec. 
War),  Sir  J.  S.  Packingtoii  (h.  Admiralty). 

Feb.  *  fre.  Joseph  Napier  is  made 
lord  chancellor.  [1859.  June*  Mazi- 
hre  Brady.] 

Archibald,  Earl  of  Eglinton,  ia  lord- 
lieutenant.  [1859.  June*  The  Earl  of 
Carlisle.] 

June  29.  China.  A  treaty  of  peace  is 
concluded  at  Tien-Tsin  {p.  619). 

June  *  Parliament :  An  Act  to  abolish 
property  qualification  of  members  is 
passed. 

July*  Parliament:  An  Act  is  passed 
enabling  Hebrews  to  sit  as  members. 
[July  26.  Baron  Lionel  de  Rothschild 
takes  his  seat  as  a  member  for  London.] 

Aug.  2.  Parliament:  An  Act  for  the 
better  government  of  India  by  transfer 
to  the  crown  is  passed. 

Aug.  26.  A  treaty  with  Japan  is  con- 
cluded by  Lord  Elgin. 

Sept.  1.  Ind.  The  East  India  Com- 
pany's government  is  transferred  to 
the  crown  ;  the  company  ceases  to  exist. 

Nov.  1.  Ind.  The  queen  Is  proclaimed 
throughout  India. 

"  Victoria,  by  the  grace  of  God  of  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Hritainand  Ireland  and  of 
the  colonies  and  dependencies  thereof  in 
Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  America,  and  Aus- 
tralia, Queen,  defender  of  the  faitli." 

JDJov.  *  Ire.  Tlie  (iovernment  issues  a 
proclamation  prohibiting  secret  soci- 
eties. 

Dec.  22.  Tlie  French  Government  hav- 
ing in  vain  urged  Edgar  Mortara*s 
restoration  to  his  Hebrew  parents  by 
the  Archbishop  of  Bologna,  Sir  Moses 
Montefiore  proceeds  to  Rome  [but  ob- 
tains no  redress]. 

*  *  Parliament :  The  Landed  Estates 
Court  is  established  to  facilitate  the 
sale  and  transfer  of  land  in  Ireland. 

*  •  Charles,  liOrd  Colchester,  is  ap- 
pointed postmaster-general. 

*  *  N,  Amer.  British  Columbia  is  made 
a  colony. 

*  *  New  statutes  for  Cambridge  are 
confirmed  by  the  queen. 

*  *  The  doubled  income  tax  produces 
£11,396,435. 

*  ♦  Parliament  enacts  that  drafts  on  bank- 
ers shall  be  stamped. 


1859  Jan.  25.  E.  I.  The  entire  pa- 
cification  of  Oudh  is  reported. 

Feb.  3.  Parliament  is  opened  by  the 
queen  in  person. 

Feb.  28,  H.  C.  Benjamin  Disraeli  in- 
troduces a  new  Reform  Bill. 

Mar.  1.  H.  C.  Spencer  "Walpole  and 
Mr,  Henley  disagree  respecting  the 
Reform  Bill,  and  withdraw  from  the 
Cabinet. 

Mar.  31.  H.  C.  A  debate  of  several 
days  on  the  Reform  Bill  closes  with  a 
defeat  for  the  Ministers.  Vote,  330-291. 

Apr.  *  John  Bright,  M.  P.,  is  elected  for 
Birmingham. 

May  31.  Parliament  meets ;  J.  E.  Den- 
nison.  Speaker.  [1865.  July  6.  Dis- 
solved.] 

June  11,  The  Ministry,  being  de- 
feated on  an  address  in  answer  to  the 
queen's  speech,  resign.    Vote,  323-310. 

June  18.  Second  Administration  of 
Palmerston. 

Members  :  Viscount  Palmerston  (L. 
Treas.),  Lord  Campbell  (L.  Chanc),  Earl 
Granville  (Pres.  Council),  Duke  of  Argyll 
(P.  Seal),  W.  E.  Gladstone  (Chanc.  Exch.), 
Sir  George  (Jrey  (Home  Sec),  Earl  Kussell 
(Foreign  Sec),  Duke  of  Newrastle  (Colo- 
nial Sec),  Viscotmt  Carnborne  (Sec.  for 
India),  Sir  John  Pakinglon  ( I>.  Admiralty), 
Thomas  Milner  Gibson  (Tres.  of  the  IJoard 
of  Trade),  Earl  of  Devon  (Clianc.  of  the 
Duchy  of  Lancaster),  Kdward  Cardwell 
(See.  for  Ire.),  Karl  of  Elgin  (Postmaster- 
General). 

July  18.  The  income  tax  is  increased 
to  provide  for  the  defenses  of  the  coun- 
try. 

Aug.  11.  Parliament  is  prorogued  by 
proclamation. 

*  •  Australia.  Queensland  a  province 
(p.  497). 

*  ♦Parliament:  The  licensing  system 
applied  to  India  as  a  kind  of  income  tax 
is  passed. 

*  »  Parliament:  An  Act  to  enable  rail- 
way companies  to  arbitrate  differ- 
ences with  other  companies  is  passed. 


MISCELLANEOUS, 

1858  May  *  Telegraphic  communi- 
cation is  effected  between  Constantino- 
ple and  London. 

June  29.  London.  A  Are  caused  by  an 
explosion  does  £160,000  damage  to  the 

London  docks. 

Aug.  23.  Fourteen  excursionists  are 
killed  on  a  collision  near  Round  Oak 
Station,  Oxford,  and  Wolverhampton 
Hallway. 

Sept.  13.  The  steam  emigrant  ship  Aus- 
tria is  burned  in  the  middle  of  the  At- 
lantic ;  of  538  persons,  only  67  are  saved. 

*  *  Ire.  Atlantic  mail  steam-packeta 
commence  to  sail  from  Galway. 

1859  Jan.  23.  The  steamer  Czar  is 
wrecked  off  the  Lizard ;  14  drowned. 

A-pr.*  Lmdon.  A  Stock  Exchange  panic 
is  caused  by  the  reported  alliance  of 
France  and  Russia  against  Austria ;  45i 
failures  occur. 

Oct.  14.  The  queen  opens  the  new  Glas- 
gow water-works  at  Loch  Katrine. 

Nov.  21.  The  mail-steamer  Indian  is 
wrecked  off  Newfoundland;  27  lives 
lost. 

Dec.  *  The  Blervie  Castle  ia  lost  in  the 
Channel  with  all  on  board,  57  persons. 


^64    1860,Jaii.  1-1862,  Feb.  10.    GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1860  Mar.  *  New  Zealand.  An  insur- 
rection of  the  Maoris  breaks  out ;  it  is 
caused  by  differences  regarding  the  sale 
of  lands. 

Nov.  6.  New  Zealand.  The  British  un- 
der Gen.  Fratt  defeat  the  Maoris  at 
Mahoetahi,  and  destroy  their  fortified 
places. 

Dec.  29.  The  steam-frigate  Warrior  ia 
launched;  length  38U  feet,  breadth  58 
feet,  6,170  tons  burden,  costs  £400,000. 

1861  Mar.  19.  New  Zealand.  The 
Maoris,  weakened  by  many  defeats,  sub- 
mit to  the  British,  and  the  war  ends. 

Dec.  29.  The  war-ship  Conqueror  is  lost 
near  the  Bahama  islands. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1860  Jan.  1.  A  great  storm  prevails 
in  the  Channel ;  much  property  and 
many  lives  are  lost.  [Mar.  28.  Another 
gale.    June  '2.    Another  gale.] 

June  17.  The  Great  Eastern  sails  for 
New  York.     [Aug.  26.     Returns.] 

July  *  The  Oxford  University  Museum  is 
opened. 

Aug.  28.  James  Nasmyth  observes  the 
lenticular-sluiped  objects  on  the  sun 
called  *'  wi  1 1 o  w-leaves,"  or  *' rice- 
grains." 

Aug.  30.  George  Francis  Train  of  New 
York  opens  street  railways  in  liirken- 
head,  Chesliire.  [1861,  Mar.  29,  at  Bays- 
water,  London.] 

Aug.*  *Iiord  Northwick's  pictures 
are  sold  in  18  days  for  £95,725. 

Sept.  1.  Dailv  meteorological  reports 
are  sent  to  tlie  Continent. 

Dec.  25.  Kxcessive  cold  prevails.  The 
mercury  falls  in  some  places  to  18  de- 
grees below  zero ;  at  Torquay,  Devon, 
20  degrees. 

*  *  A  steam  road-carriage  is  invented 
by  the  Earl  of  Caithness;  speed,  eight 
miles  an  hour ;  cost,  less  than  one  penny 
per  mile. 

*  *  A  magnificent  equatorial  telescope 
is  set  up  at  the  National  Observatory 
at  Greenwich. 

*  *  The  Institution  of  Naval  Architects 
is  founded;  also  the  Academy  of 
Music. 

*  *  Wheatstone's  automatic  printing-tel- 
egraph is  patented. 

*  *  Andrews  and  Tait  demonstrate  that 
ozone  is  a  condensed  form  of  oxygen. 

*  *  A  statue  of  Richard,  C<inir  de  Lion,  is 
erected  near  Westminster  Abbey. 

1861  Feb.  6.  Storm-signals  are  first 
sent  to  tlie  c(»ast  by  the  Board  of  Trade. 
[July  31.    First  published.] 

Feb.  20,  21.  A  great  storm  prevails. 
A  part  of  the  Crystal  Palace,  London,  is 
blown  down  ;  also  the  Chichester  Cathe- 
dral steeple. 

Apr.  17.  The  planet  Asia  is  discovered 
by  N.  Pogsou. 

May  14.  London.  Adelina  Patti,  the 
prima  «lonna,  makes  her  first  appearance 
at  Covent  Garden. 

May  24.  /hthlin.  A  Fine  Arts  Exhi- 
bition is  opened.  [Aug.  22.  The  queen 
visits  it.] 

May  28.  A  great  storm  prevails  on  the 
coasts,  causing  143  wrecks.  [Nov.  13,  H. 
Another  causes  50  wrecks  on  the  north- 
east coast.] 

June  29.  The  great  comet  ia  first  visi- 
ble. 

June  *  Capt.  Parker  Snow  sails  in  the 
schooner  Intrepid  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin's  companions. 

Aug.  14-22.  Dublin.  The  National 
Social  Science  Association  meets. 
[1862,  June  G,  London  ;  1863,  Oct.  7,  Ed- 


inburgh ;  1864,  Sept.  22,  York  ;  1865,  Oct. 
4,  Sheffield ;  1866,  Oct.  2,  Manchester ; 
1867,  Sept.  18,  Belfast.] 

*  *  Maj.-Gen.  Sir  Edward  Sabine  becomes 
president  of  the  lioyal  Society. 

*  *  "Wire  bridges  are  invented  by  Rlcli- 
ard  Lee. 

*  *  fyOJidon.  A  statue  of  Sir  Henry  Have- 
lock  is  erected  in  Trafalgar  Square. 

i:  *  *  The  tannin  process  in  photography 
is  introduced  by  Maj.  Kussell. 

*  *  Velocipedes  again  come  into  use, 

*  *  An  Institute  of  Sculptors  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *  The  spectrum  analysis  is  applied  to 
astronomy. 

*  *  London.  The  Clinical  Society  is 
founded. 

*  *  Sir  Charles  William  Siemens  invents 
furnaces  for  glass-works,  in  which  gases 
are  used  as  fuel. 

*  *  Edward  Fremy  succeeds  in  making 
steel  by  bringing  red-hot  iron  in  contact 
with  the  carbonate  of  ammonia. 

*  ♦  Mr.  Thompson  of  Weymouth  photo- 
grraphs  the  bottom  of  the  sea. 

*  *  lAmdon.  Paul  du  Chaillu  exhibits 
skins  and  skulls  of  gorillas  at  the  Royal 
Institution. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

I860*  *  Aberdeen,  Earl  of,  George  IL  Gor- 
don, premier,  author,  Scotland,  ATti. 

Itarry,  Sir  CMiarles,  architect,  A65. 

IJriabane,  Sir  Thomas  M.,  astronomer,  Scot- 
land, A  87. 

Dalhousie,  Marquis  of,  James  Andrew  Ilain- 
aay,  statesman,  A48. 

iJundonald,   Karl    of,   Thomas  Cochrane, 
admiral,  .\8.V 

Fellows,  .sir  Charles,  traveler,  antlq.,  A6I. 

.lames,  George  Payn  KaiiisfonI,  novel.,  A5!t. 

Jameson,  Anna,  essjiyist,  writer.  Ire.,  A63. 

I^eake,  William  M.,  traveler,  antiq.,  A83. 

Napier,  Sir  Charles,  admiral,  A74. 

Powell,  Haden,  clergyman,  physicist,  Ati4. 

Kehan,  Ada,  actress,  Ire.,  born. 

Wilson,  Horace  Hayman,  orientalist,  histo- 
rian, A74. 
1861*  *  Albert,    Prince    of    Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha,  linsband  of  Victoria,  A42. 

Atkinson,  Thomas  W.,  landscape   painter, 
traveler,  A*>2. 

Browning,  Elizabeth  B.,  poet,  A52. 

('ampl)ell,  John,  Jurist,  statesman,  an.,  A82. 

tUough,  Arthur  H.,  poet,  A42. 

Cnbitt,  Sir  William,  civil  engineer,  A76. 

Danby,  I-Yancis,  landscajie  painter,  A68. 

Douglas,  Sir  Howard,  general,  A85. 

Forlws,  Sir  John,  physician,  medical  wr.,  A74. 

Gore,  Catherine  Grace,  novelist,  A62. 

Herbert,  Lord,  Sidney,  statesman,  A.^I. 

Victoria,  Duchess  of  Kent,  mother  of  Vic- 
toria, A75. 

Novello,  Vincent,  musician,  A80. 

O'Donovan,  Jolm,  archeologiat,  Ire.,  A52. 

Palgrave,  Sir  Francis,  antiquary,  hist.,  A73. 

Smith,  Thomas  Southwood,  physician,  AT3, 


CHURCH. 

1860  Mar.  31.  London.  Rev.  C.  H. 
Spurgeon's  great  Tabernacle  is  opened 
for  worship. 

May  *  Scot,  A  National  Bible  Society 
for  Scotland  is  organized. 

*  *  The  English  Church  Union  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *  Lo7idon.  The  Society  of  the  Blessed 
Sacrament  (English  Churchmen)  is 
founded. 

1861  May  1.  The  Colonial  and  Conti- 
nental Church  Society  is  formed. 

*  *  The  Chtirch  of  Sngland  is  now  flai<l 
to  be  divided  into  Higli.  Moderate.  Low 
(or  Evangelical),  and  Broad  Church. 

*  *  The  Strict  Baptist  Mission  is  organ- 
ized, 

*  *  The  Metropolitan  Chapel  Building 
fund  is  established  by  the  Wesleyans. 

*  *  Lond4)n.  The  Diocesan  Deaconess 
Institution  is  established. 


*  *  A  Church  Congress  is  begun  at  Cam- 
bridge. [1862, July*  Againmeets;  1863, 
Oct.  13-15.  at  Manchester ;  1864,  Oct.  * 
at  Bristol  ;  1865,  Oct.  3-7 ;  at  Norwich  ; 
1866,  Oct.  6,  at  York  ;  1867,  Oct.  I,  at  Wol- 
verhampton ;  1868,  Sept.  29,  at  Dublin; 
1869,  Oct.  5.  at  Liverpool.] 

LETTERS. 

1860  Jan.  *  The  Spiritual  Magazine  Is 

issued. 

*  *  London.  The  Army  and  Nany  (inzette 
is  issued  :  also  the  National  fieformer, 
XheCatfiolic  Times,  the  Universe,  Temple 
Bar,  and  Good  Words. 

*  *  The  Lebanon  Schools  Society  is  es- 
tablished. 

*  *  Dublin.  Maynooth  College  is  en- 
larged. 

*  *  Liicile,  by  Owen  Mereditli  (E.  R.  L.  B. 
Lytton),  appears.  [1861,  Serbsk-i  I'esme: 
National  Songs  of  Servia ;  1863,  The 
liing  of  >4ma5i8 ;"  1867,  Chronicles  and 
Characters  and  Poems;  1869,  Orval.] 

1860-63  Dictkruary  of  the  Bihh,  edited 
by  Sir  William  Smith",  appears. 

1861  Apr.  4.  The  Birmingham  Free 
library  is  opened. 

Oct.  12.  London.  The  Illustrated  Times 
is  incorporated  with  the  Penny  Illus- 
trated  Paper. 

Oct.  31.  London.  The  ]\Iiddle  Temple 
new  library  is  opened  by  the  Prince  of 
Wales. 

Oct.  *  The  Shakespeare  Fund  is  estab- 
lished to  purchase  Shakespeare's  garden, 
birthplace  estate,  and  to  erect  and  en- 
dow a  public  library  and  museum  at 
Stratford-upon-Avon. 

*  *  London,  The  Queen  is  issued.  Also 
the  Church  Review^  Fu7t,  and  St.  James's 
Magazine. 

*  *  Ancietit  Law,  by  Sir  Henry  James 
Sumner  Maine,  appears. 

*  *  On  Translating  Ifojner.  by  Matthew 
Arnold,  appears.  [1865,  Essays  in  Crit- 
icism ;  1868,  A  Study  of  ( 'el tic  Literature.] 

*  *  The  Early  Italian  Poets,  by  Dante 
Gabriel  Kossetti,  appears.  [187.'i.  Ke- 
published  as  Dante  and  his  Circle.] 

*  *  Rosamund,  by  Algernon  Charles  Swin- 
burne, appears,  [1865,  Atlanta  in  Caly- 
don  and  Chastelard ;  1866~8S>,  Poems  and 
Ballatls.] 

*  *  A  Strange  Story^  by  Bulwer-Lytton, 
appears.    [1863,  Caxtoniana.} 

*  *  Adventures  of  Philip,  by  Thackeray, 
appears. 

*  *  Education:  fntellectual.  Moral,  and 
Physical,  by  Herbert  Spencer,  appeal's. 
[1864,  Classijication  of  the  Sciences  and 
Illustrations  of  Vniversal  Progress.] 


SOCIETY. 

1860  Apr.  17.  A  desperate  and  inde- 
cisive prize-fight  takes  place  between 
Thomas  Sayers  and  John  Heenan. 

July  9.  The  Prince  of  Wales  embarks 
on  a  visit  to  Canada  and  the  United 
States  (p.  581). 

Aug.  30.  A  strike  among  tbe  silk- 
workers  at  Coventry  conies  to  an  end. 

Sept.  21.  Self-supporting  cooking  es- 
tablishments for  working-cbisses  are 
begun  by  Thomas  Corbett. 

Sept.  *  Manchester  Reciprocity  Asso- 
ciation is  founded. 

Oct.  23.  Ire.  Agrarian  outrages  pre- 
vail ;  Alderman  Sheebey  i.s  murdered. 

Nov.  *  Ire.  An  ovation  is  given  to  re- 
turned Irish  soldiers  who  were  taken 
prisoners  by  the  Sardinians  while  in  the 
service  of  the  l^ope. 

Dec*  London.  TheWestminsterWork- 
ing  Men's  Club  in  Duck  l.ane  is  opened. 


AND   IRELAND.     1860,  Jan.  1-1862,  Feb.  10.    965 


Dec.  •  London,  Great  distress  prevails 
iiinong  the  poor. 

*  *  Licenses  to  sell  wine  are  granted  to 
refreshment  houses. 

*  •  Titles  created,  Earl  of  Dudley,  also 
Baron  Kinnaird.  [1861,  Earl  Russell  and 
Baron  VVcstbury  ;  1863,  Barons  Annaly 
and  Houghton ;  1865,  Baron  Ronnlly ; 
1866,  Karl  of  Dartrey,  Earl  of  Kimber- 
ley,  Viscount  of  Halifax,  and  Barons 
Hylton,  Penrhyn,  Meredyth,  Brance- 
peth,  Hartismere,  Kenry,  and  Monck  ; 
1868,  Viscount  Bridport,  Earl  of  Fever- 
sham,  and  Barons  OrmatUwaite,  Gor- 
manston,  Napier  of  Magdala,  Kesteven, 
and  O'Neill;  18G9,  Barons  Acton,  Pen- 
zance, Balinhard,  Lawrence,  Hare,  How- 
ard of  (iloHSop,  Robartea,  Dunning, 
Wolvertown,  Oastleton,  and  Greville.] 

*  ♦  Number  of  persons  convicted  of  crime 
in  England  and  Wales.  12,068.  [1861, 
13,879;  1862,  15,312;  1863,  15,799;  1864, 
14.726;  1865,  14,740;  1866,  14,254;  1867, 
14,2OT;  1868,15,033;  1869,  14,340.] 

*  *  The  Working  Men's  Mutual  Im- 
provement an<i  Recreation  Society  is  es- 
tablished in  Lancaster. 

*  *  London.  St.  James's  Society  for  the 
relief  of  distress  is  established. 

*  *  London.  The  Society  for  the  preven- 
tion of  Cruelty  to  Animals  condemns 
vivisection. 

*  ♦Weekly  wages  of  laborer,  nine  shil- 
lings, sixpence. 

1800-61  parliament :  The  Grocers'  an<l 
Shopkeepers*  Licensing  Act  is  passed  ; 
it  authorizes  the  sale  by  them  of  wine, 
spirits,  and  beer  in  bottles. 

1860-09  Erdington  Orphanage  and  Alms- 
houses near  Birmingham  are  erected 
with  £250,000  contributed  by  Josiah 
Mason,  a  manufacturer  of  Birmingham. 

1861  Jan.*  Over  £100,000  are  raised  for 
the  sufferers  from  famine  in  India. 

Teb.  23.     Tlie  Order  of  the  Star  of 

India  is  instituted. 
Aug.  24-31.     Ire.     The  queen  and  the 

prince  consort  visit  Ireland. 

*  *  lA>ndon.  The  British  Home  for  In- 
curables, Clapham  Rise,  is  established. 

*  *  The  death  penalty  is  abolished  for 
all  crimes  except  treason  and  wilful 
murder. 

1862  Feb.  10.  Royal  Order  of  Victo- 
ria and  Albert  is  established, 

STATE. 

1860  Jan.  23.  A  commercial  treaty 
is  made  with  France. 

Feb.  10.  H.  C.  The  budget  is  brought 
forward. 

It  includes  an  extension  of  the  license 
system  to  refreshment  houses  for  the 
sale  of  wines;  the  abolition  of  paper 
duties;  an  income  tax  of  sevenpence  in 
the  |>ound  on  incomes  between  £100  and 
£150,  and  tenpence  for  those  above  £150, 
a  year. 

Mar.  1.  H.  C.  Lord  John  Russell  intro- 
duces a  Reform  Bill  to  amend  the  rep- 
resentation from  England  anil  Wales. 
[Like  bills  are  introduced  for  Scotland 
and  Ireland.  May  3.  Read  a  second 
time  after  being  debated  four  nights. 
June  11.  Lord  Russell  withdraws  it, 
owing  to  many  amendments  and  the 
lateness  of  the  season.] 

May  1.  New  Zealand.  War  breaks 
out  with  the  Maoris,  caused  by  dis- 
puted land-sales.  [1861.  Mar.  19.  The 
Maoris  submit.] 


May  21.  H.  L.  The  Paper  Duties 
Bepeal  Bill  is  thrown  out,  defeating 
the  Ministry.    Vote,  193-101. 

May  *  Parliament :  Quaker  marriages 
when  only  one  of  the  persons  is  a  Quaker 
are  legalized. 

July  5.  H.  C.  Three  resolutions  are 
passed  vindicating  the  privileges  of  the 
House  against  the  recent  aggression  of 
the  Lords  in  throwing  out  the  Paper 
Duties  Repeal  Bill  (a  money  bill). 

July  21.  England,  France,  and  other 
European  powers  unite  in  sending  an 
expedition  to  Syria  for  the  protection 
of  the  life  and  property  of  Europeans 
in  the  conflicts  between  the  Druses  and 
Maronites. 

Aug.  6.  Parliament :  An  Act  is  passed 
permitting  Hebrew  members  to  omit 
from  the  oath  the  words  "  on  the  faith 
of  a  Christian." 

Oct.  24.    Peace  is  concluded  with  China 

(p.  621). 
Dec.  *  Ire.     A   revival    of    the    repeal 

agitation  is  attempted  [but  fails], 

*  *  Parliament :  Additional  stamp  du- 
ties are  imposed  on  leases,  bills  of  ex- 
change, dock  warrants,  extracts  from 
registers  of  births,  and  licenses  to  house- 
agents. 

*  *  Parliament :  The  duty  on  earthen- 
ware and  linen  is  withdrawn. 

*  *  Parliament :  Jewish  disabilities  are 
entirely  removed. 

*  ♦  Parliament:  An  Act  for  the  regula- 
tion of  mines  is  passed. 

*  *  Parliament:  An  Act  is  passed  levying 
duties  on  wine  licenses  and  refresh- 
ment houses,  and  for  regulating  the 
traffic. 

*  *  Edward,  Ixjrd  Stanley  of  Alderney, 
is  appointed  postmaster. 

*  ♦  London.  William  Cubitt,  M.  P.,  is 
elected  lord  mayor.  [1801.  Again.  186*2, 
W.  A.  Rose;  1863,  William  Lawrence; 
ISW,  Warren  S.  Hale.] 

1861  Feb.  26.  China.  James  Bruce 
[Sari  £]lgin],  British  plenipotentiary, 
takes  up  his  residence  at  Peking. 

Mar,  *  A  royal  commission  recommends 
the  abolition  of  the  board  of  admi- 
ralty, and  the  appointment  of  a  minister 
of  the  navy  department. 

Apr.  8.  Seventh  decennial  census 
taken  ;  population  of  Great  Britain  ami 
Ireland,  29,234,788  (Ireland,  5,704,543). 

Apr.  15.  H.  C.  The  budget  is  brought 
forward. 

It  proposes  to  reduce  the  rate  of  in- 
come tax  from  tenpence  to  ninepence  in, 
the  pound,  to  abolish  the  paper  duties, 
and  to  reenact  the  existing  duties  on 
tea  and  sugar  for  one  year. 

Apr.  29.  H.  L.  Lord  Wodehouse  states 
that  the  (iovernment  has  decided  not  to 
intrude  advice  or  counsel  on  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States  respecting 
the  Civil  War. 

May  3.  ParHament:  Messages  from  the 
queen  are  sent  to  both  Houses  sanction- 
ing the  marriage  between  the  Princess 
Alice  and  Prince  Louis  of  Hesse.  [May 
6.  Parliament  votes  a  dower  of  £30,000 
and  an  annuity  of  £6,000.  1862.  July  1. 
Married.] 

June  7.  JirazU.  The  British  ship  Prinre 
of  Wales.,  wrecked  on  the  coast,  is  plun- 
dered by  the  natives,  and  some  of  its  crew 


killed.  [The  Government  refuses  repa- 
ration.] 

June  26.  Richard  Bethell,  Lord  West- 
bury,  is  made  lord  high  chancellor. 

Aug.  6.  Parliament :  The  Naval  Disci- 
pline Act  is  passed. 

Nov.  8.  James  M.  Ma«on  and  John 
Slidell,  Confederate  ambassadors,  are 
taken  from  the  British  mail-steamer 
Trent  by  Capt.  Wilkes. 

Dec.  13.  The  Irish  Law  Court  Com- 
mission is  appointed. 

The  Government  sends  off   the  first 
draft  of  troops  for  Canada. 

*  *  W.A/r.  Lagos,  in  the  Bight  of  Benin, 
is  acquired. 

*  *  Parliament :  A  solemn  declaration , 

to  be  substituted  for  an  oath  by  persons 
conscientiously  objecting  to  be  sworn  in 
criminal  prosecutions,  is  legalized. 

*  *  Parliament :  Post-oflace  Savings- 
banks  are  established. 

*  *  Parliament :  An  Act  is  passed  impos- 
ing  stamp  duties  on  leases. 

*  *  Parliament:  The  laws  regarding  the 
removal  of  the  poor  are  amended. 

*  *  The  income  tax  produces  £10,923,186. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1860  Apr.  *  1'he  Metropfditan  under- 
grouna  railway  is  begun. 

May  *  J,  S.  Rarey,  the  American  horse- 
tamer,  receives  a  present  of  20  guineas 
from  the  Society  for  the  Prevention  of 
Cruelty  to  Animals. 

June  5.  Prince  Albert  opens  the  new 
Horticultural  Gardens. 

Aug.  17.  London.  West  Kent  wharf 
and  New  Hibernia  wharf  are  destroyed 
by  fire;  loss,  £200,000. 

Sept.  4.  A  collision  occurs  at  Helm- 
shore  on  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire 
Railway;  11  persons  killed. 

Nov.  16.  Trains  collide  at  Atherstone 
on  North  Western  Uailway  ;  11  killed. 

*  *  The  cotton  supply  from  North  Amer- 
ica nearly  ceases,  in  consequence  of  the 
secession  of  the  Southern  States  from 
the  Union  and  the  war  that  followed. 

1861  Mar.  29.  London.  A  street-rail- 
way is  openeci  near  Bayswater.  [1862. 
Several  street-railways  are  abandoned.] 

May  23.  The  steamship  service  be- 
tween Gal  way  and  North  America  is 
suspended.     [1803.     Aug.  *  Jienewed.] 

June  4.  The  steamer  Canadian  is 
w^recked  on  the  ice  in  the  Straits  of 
Belle  Isle;  35  lives  lost. 

June  22.  London.  A  fire  on  the  wharves 
near  Tooley  Street  burns  for  a  month. 
Several  persons  are  killed,  among  them 
.James  Braid  wood,  sui)erintendent  of 
fire-brigade.    Total  loss,  £2,000,000. 

Aug.  25.  Trains  collide  in  Clayton  Tun- 
nel, Brighton  Railway;  23  persons  are 
killed  and  many  injure*!. 

Sept.  2.  A  railway  accident  occurs  at 
Kentish  Town,  liainpstead  rl unction  ; 
16  persons  kille<i,  and  320  injured. 

Sept.  12.  Loudon.  'The  Pneumatic 
Despatch  Company  lays  tubes  in 
Threadneedle  Street. 

Sept.  27.  The  iron  bridge  over  the  Ouse 
at  York  falls,  killing  five  people. 

Oct.  23.  Kdivhurt/ti.  Thefoundation  of 
the  new  Post-office  and  Industrial  Mu- 
seum is  laid  by  the  prince  consort. 

Oct.  29.  The  Elcho  shield  is  placed  in 
Guildhall. 

Nov.  24.  A  house  in  High  Street,  Edin- 
burgh, falls,  killing  35  persons. 

Dec.  23.    Prince  Albert  is  buried. 

*  *  Ijondon..  A  dogs'  temporary  home 
is  opened  in  HoUingsworth  Street ;  about 
2,200  animals  are  sheltered  lit  a  year. 
[1882.    Adapted  for  cats.] 


966    1862,  Mar.  12-1864,**.        GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
July*  The 


Oct.  1.    Kate  Josephine  Bateman  ap- 

1862     July*  The   Elcho    ChaUenge    fZT^  "^/^"^'.u        , 
Shield  is  won  bv  Fn^land  Oct.  6.    An  earthquake  occurs  in  cen- 

omeia  is  won  oy  Jingiana.  t^al,  west,  and  northwest  England. 

*  *  London.  The  Anthropological  So- 
ciety is  organized, 

*  "*  A  statue  of  Sir  James  Macgregor  is 
set  up  at  Chelsea  Hospital. 

1864  Jan.  5.  Dublin.  The  statue  of 
Oliver  Goldsmith  is  inaugurateil  by  the 
lord-lieutenant. 

Jan.  30.    The  National  QaUery  of  Ire- 
land is  opened. 
Nov.  9.    Tlie  Duke  of   Cambridge  is    Jan.  *  The   lithosoope,  an   instrument 


by  shooting  teams  representing  volun- 
teers in  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland, 
and  is  held  by  the  winning  country. 
1863.  It  is  won  again  by  Kngland.  1864, 
by  Scotland  :  1865,  liy  F'ngland  :  1866,  by 
Scotland  ;  1867, 1868,  by  England  ;  1869,  by 
Scotland;  1870,  1871,  1872,  by  England.] 
Sept.  10.  The  Itoyal  Oak  iron-clad 
steamer  is  launched  at  Chatham.  [1865, 
Oct.  14.  The  war-ship  Valiant.  Dec.  12. 
The  Minotaur.'] 


made  field-marshal. 

*  *  Naval  expenses,  £12,598,042. 

1863  Jan.  *  The  British  navy  consists 
of  1,014  vessels,  85  line-of-battle  ships, 
69  frigates,  and  30  screw-corvettes. 

Peb.  7.  The  British  war-ship  Orpheus 
and  100  men  are  lost  off  the  west  coast 
of  New  Zealiind. 

Aug.  15.  Japan.  Adm.  Kuper  bom- 
bards Kagoshima  in  retaliation  for  the 
murder  by  the  .lapanese  on  Sept.  14, 18C2, 
of  the  British  minister,  Mr.  Kichardson. 

•  ♦-64  Aug.  6.  New  Zealand.  An- 
other war  with  the  Maoris ;  it  ends  in 
their  submission. 

1863-64  fV.  Afr.  -War  with  the 
Ashantees. 

1864  July  11-23.  The  National  Asso- 
ciation for  rifle-shooting  meets  at  Wim- 
bledon ;  private  John  Wyatt,  London 
Rifle  Brigade,  wins  the  queen's  prize. 
[1865,  July  11-22,  Private  Sharman,  4th 
West  York  ;  1866,  July  9-17,  Angus  Cam- 
eron, 6th  Inverness  ;  1867,  July  8-20,  Ser- 
geant I.ane  of  Bristol;  1868,  July  25, 
Lieut.  Carslake  ;  1869,  July  3-13,  Angus 
Cameron,  6th  Inverness  ;  1870,  July  11-19, 
Corporal  Humphries,  6th  Surrey.] 

Nov.  4.  China.  The  war-ship  RarcAorse 
is  lost  off  Chefoo  Cape. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1862  Mar.  15.  The  queen  founds  a 
mausoleum  for  the  royal  family  at 
Frogmore. 

May  1.  London.  The  second  great  In- 
ternational Exhibition  chartered. 
[1862.  May.  1.  Opened  by  the  Duke  of 
Cambridge.] 

June  6.  London.  The  National  Social 
Science  Association  meets.  [1863.  Oct. 
7.    At  Edinburgh.] 

Aug.  31.  Ixmilon.  The  new  Royalty 
Theater,  .Soho,  is  opened. 

Oct.  19,  20.  A  storm  on  British  coasts 
causes  many  wrecks. 

Nov.  10.  The  Lambeth  and  Westmin- 
ster Suspension  Bridge  is  opened. 

*  •  The  British  Association  meets  at 
Cambridge.    [1863.     At  Newcastle.] 

♦  *A  statue  of  Sir  Hugh  Myddleton  is 
erected  on  Islington  Green. 

•  •  The  statue  of  Jenner  is  removed  to 
Kensington. 

1862-63  William  Hugginaanalyzesthe 
light  of  the  fixed  stars  and  of  the  nebu- 
lae by  use  of  the  spectrum. 

Summer.  At  the  South  Kensington  Mu- 
seum a  special  exhibition  of  works  of 
art,  of  immense  value,  lent  for  the  occa- 
sion, is  opened.    [Nov.  *  Closed.] 


for  distinguishing  precious  stones,  in- 
vented by  Sir  David  Brewster,  is  de- 
scribed by  him. 

Mar.  14.  Samuel  Baker  discovers  a  lake, 
supposed  to  he  another  source  of  the 
Nile,  which  he  names  Ijake  Albert 
Nyanza. 

Apr.  25.  The  electrophone,  invented 
by  Dr.  Strethill  Wright,  for  producing 
sound  by  electric  currents  of  high  ten- 
sion, is  exhibited  before  the  Koyal  Scot- 
tish Society  of  Arts. 

May  2.  The  minor  planet,  .Sappho,  is 
discovered  by  N.  Pogson.  [1868.  Nov. 
17.     Camilla.] 

Aug.  8.  Dublin.  A  statue  of  Daniel 
O'Connell  is  inaugurated. 

Sept.  9.  Scot.  Baxter  Park,  Dundee, 
the  gift  of  Sir  David  Baxter,  is  opened 
by  Earl  Russell. 

Sept.  22.  The  Social  Science  Associa- 
tion meets  at  York.  [1865,  Oct.  4,  at 
Sheffield  ;  1866,  Oct.  2,  at  Manchester ; 
1867,  Sept.  18,  at  Belfast ;  1868,  .Sept. 
30,  at  Birmingham  ;  1869,  Sept.  19,  at 
Bristol.] 

Aug.  27.  Lo7ulon.  A  pneumatic  rail- 
way is  opened  at  the  Crystal  Palace. 

Aug.  30.  .Scot.  A  statue  of  Prince  Al- 
bert is  inaugurated  at  Perth,  in  the 
presence  of  the  queen. 

Oct.  17.  The  North  London  Industrial 
Exhibition  is  opened  at  Islington  bv 
Earl  Russell. 

Deo.  8.  The  Hungerford  Suspension 
Bridge,  removed  to  Clifton,  is  opened 
to  the  public. 

*  'The  British  Association  meets  at 
Bath.  [1865,  At  Birmingham;  1866,  at 
Nottingham  ;  1867,  Sept.  4,  at  Dundee  ; 
1868,  Aug.  20,  at  Norwich  ;  1869,  at  Ex- 
eter.] 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1862  •  *  Barlow,  Peter,  mathematician,  AS6. 

Brlilie,  Sir  Benjamin  ('.,  snrg.,  pliysicil.,  .\79. 

Buckle,  Henry  ThomaB,  historian,  sociolo- 
gist, A40. 

Home,  Tliomas  H.,  BiWical  critic,  hist..  .\S2. 

IngUs,  Sir  John  Kardley  W.,  general,  A48. 

Knowles,  James  S.,  draiiiatist,  Irelaml,  .\7a. 

■Wakley,  Thomas,  pliysician,  founder  Lan- 
cet, A67. 
.1863  •  •  Campbell,    .Sir  Colin,    Lonl  Clvde, 
general,  Scotland,  ATI. 

Cockerel!,  Charles  R.,  architect,  A75. 

Egg,  Augustus  L.,  historical  painter,  A47. 

Guilt,  Josepli,  writer,  architect,  A79. 

Harding,  James  I).,  landscajie  painter,  ,\65. 

Lansdowiie,    Marquis    of,  Henry   F.    Petty, 
statesman,  A83. 

I.ewis,  Sir  George  C,  statesman,  WTiter.  A57. 

Lyndhurst,  Baron,  John  S.  Copley,  jurist, 
statesman.  .\91. 

Mulready,  William,  painter,  A77. 

Trollope,  Francis,  novelist,  .485. 

Thackeray,   ^Ullam   Makepeace,   poet, 
novelist,  .\52. 

Whately,  Richard,  archbishop  of  Dublin, 
logician,  rhetorician,  philosopher,  A76. 

CHURCH. 


1863  May  20.  A  convocation  of  Eng- 
lish bishops  condemns  as  dangerous 
Bishop  Colenso's  work  on  The  I'etita- 

teuch. 

July  ♦  The  Prison  Ministers  Act  per- 
mits Roman  Catholic  chaplains  for  jails. 

Nov.  ♦  Ire.  Richard  Chenevix  Trench  is 
made  archbishop  of  Dublin.  [William 
Thompson  of  Y'ork.] 

•  »  London.  The  bishop  of  London's  fund 
for  relief  of  spiritual  destitution  is  es- 
tablished. 

1864  May  12.  London.  About  3.000 
clergymen's  signatures  to  the  '•  Oxford 
Declaration"  respecting  future  pun- 
ishment is  presented  to  the  archbishop 
of  Canterbury. 

Deo.  8.  It.  Pope  Pius  IX.  issues  a  Syl- 
labus of  Errors. 

'  *  Bishops  elected : 

Francis  Jeune  for  Peterborough.  [1865, 
K.  Machray  for  Rupertsland;  1866,  Lord  Al- 
wyne  Coinpton  for  Elv,  and  Andrew  li.  Suter 
for  Nelson,  N.  Z.;  1867,  James  B.  Kelly  for 
Moray,  William  Alexander  for  Derry,  and 
C.  B.  Bernard  for  Tuani;  1868,  William  C. 
Magee  for  Peterborough,  W.  K.  JIacrorie  for 
Marllzburg,  South  Africa,  James  Atlay  for 
Hereford,  and  J.  Fraser  Turner  lor  (irafton 
and  Armldale,  Australia;  1869,  William  (i. 
Cowie  for  Auckland,  N.  Z.,  Harvey  Goodwin 
for  Carlisle,  Lord  A.  C.  Ilervey  for  Bath  and 
Wells,  W.  H.  Sterling  for  Falkland  Islands, 
Frederick  Temple  for  Exeter  (1885,  trans- 
lated to  London),  Samuel  M'ilberforoe  for 
Winchester,  and  James  Fraser  for  Manches- 
ter] 

LETTERS. 

1862  June  4.  The  'Workingmen's 
Club  and  Institute  Union  is  estal>- 
lished  by  Lord  Brougham  and  others. 

July  20.  Ire.  A  building  for  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  University  is  founded. 

*  *  London.  The  Sporting  Gazette  is  is- 
sued ;  also  the  Londoti  Society  Moj/a- 
zine. 

*  *  The  Pentateuch  and  Book  of  Joshua 
Critically  Examined,  by  John  William 
Colenso,  bishop  of  Natal,  appears. 

*  *  Unto  This  Last,  by  John  Ru.skin,  ap- 
pears. [1864,  Sesame  and  Lilies:  186ri, 
The  Ethics  of  the  Itust ;  1866,  The  Crown 
nf  Wild  Olice;  1869,  The  Queen  of'  the 
.lir;  1870,  Lectures  on  Art.] 

*  *  Scot.  David  Elgiiihrod,  by  George 
Macdonald,  appears.  [1864,  The  Portent: 
18C6,  Annals  of  a  Quiet  Neighborhood; 
1868,  Robert  Falconer.] 

1862-64  The  Home  and  Foreign  Itevifto 
is  issued. 

1862-67  Five  Great  Monarchies  of  the 
Ancient  Eastern  World,  by  George  "Raw- 
liuson,  appears. 

1862-75  Ilirds  of  Great  Britain,  by  John 
Gould,  appears. 

1862-93     Herbert  Spencer  publishes 

his  System  of  Synthetic  Philosophy. 

1862,  First  Principles:  1863-07,  The 
Principles  of  Biology  ;  1870-72,  The  Prin- 
ciples of  Psychology :  1877,  The  Princi- 
ples of  Sociology :  1879-93,  Principles  of 
Morality  or  Ethics. 

1863  *  *  A  political  economy  professor- 
ship is  established  at  C'unbridge,  and 
Henry  Fawoett  (blind)  is  made  the  first 

professor. 

*  *  London.  The  Ore A^s^ra  is  issued.  Also 
the  International  (in  French),  the  Victo- 
ria Magazine,  and  the  Peader. 

*  *  Heat  as  a  Mode  of  Motion,  by  John 
Tyndall,  appears. 

*  ■•  Antiquity  ofMan,by  Sir  Charles  Lyell, 
appears. 

1863-74  The  Catholic  Union  Review  is 
issued. 


1863    June  10.    A  memorial  statue  of    1862*  *  The  NonconformisfBicentenary  1863-65     The  Fine  Arts  Quarterly  lle- 
Prince  Albert,  by  Joseph  Durham,  set        '"•"!  'S  begun.  riew  is  issued. 

!.\P, A"„  '!'S  garilens  "'  "'e  Royal  Horti-    »  *  C.  T.  Longley  is  chosen  archbishop  of  1863-87    The  Invasion  of  the  Crimea,  hy 

Canterbury.  Alexander  William  Kin'glake,  appears. 


cultural  Society,  is  uncovered. 


AND    IRELAND.         1862,  Max.  12-1864,*  *.     967 


1862*  *The  Shakespeare  L  i  b  r  a  r  y , 

Birmingham,  is  founded. 
•  *  Loiuton.    The  Royal  School  of  Naval 
Architecture,    South     Kensington,  is 
eetabllBhed. 

SOCIETY. 

1862    Mar.  12.     George  Peabody,  a 

f;enerous  American,  gives  £150,000  to  re- 
ieve  the  London  poor. 

Apr.  7.  A  treaty  with  the  United  States 
for  the  abolition  of  the  slave-trade  is 
signed. 

Apr.  18.  Ire.  Agrarian  outrages  oc- 
cur. Gustave  Thiebuult  is  murdered. 
[May  16.  Also  Francis  Fitzgerald  and 
others.  Julv  30.  John  Hraddell  is  shot 
by  Michael  Hayes.  Dec.  *  Many  more 
murders  and  outrages  are  committed.] 

Apr.  *  Great  distress  begins  in  the  cot- 
ton-manufacturing districts  owing  to  the 
war  in'the  L'nited  States.  [18G3.  Oct.  * 
Much  relieved.] 

May  6.  The  queen  dedicates  Spping 
Forest  to  the  use  of  the  people  for  all 
time. 

July  1.  The  Princess  Alice  is  married 
to  Louis  [Grand  Duke  of  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt]. 

Sept.  17.  Ire.  An  Orange  demonstra- 
tion causes  destructive  riots  at  Belfast. 

Sept.  18.  At  this  date,  24  Poor-Ijaw 
Unions  in  the  cotton  districts  report 
140, 1G5  persons  receiving  out-door  relief 
at  a  cost  of  £7,922  per  week.  The  pau- 
perism amounts  to  7.3  per  cent  of  tlie 
entire  population.  [Dec.  2.  At  a  great 
county  meeting  at  Manchester,  £130,000 
are  subscribed  for  relief;  other  contri- 
butions. Central  Kelief  Fund,  £407,830, 
and  Mansion  House  Fund,  £230,926.  Par- 
liament passes  a  relief  Act.] 

Sept.  28.  London.  Hioting  occurs  in 
Hyde  Park  between  the  Irish  and  Ital- 
ians because  of  the  conflict  between  the 
Pope  and  Garibaldi.  [Oct.  5.  More 
rioting.  Oct.  S-15.  Kioting  in  Birken- 
head, Cheshire.] 

Oct.  9.  Lrmdon.  Public  meetings  in 
Hyde  Park  are  prohibited. 

Oct.  20.  Catherine  "Wilson,  a  noted 
poisoner,  is  executed. 

1863  Mar.  10.    Pnncess  Alexandra 

of  Denmark  marries  the  Prince  of 
Wales. 

Mar.  21.  Bioting  occurs  at  Staleybridge 
because  of  the  mode  of  relief  to  the  un- 
employed cotton-wurkers  ;  it  is  put  down 
by  the  military. 

*  *  Lotufon.  An  establishment  ifl  opened 
to  receive  young  children  of  working 
mothers. 

*  *  The  United  Kingdom  Beneficent  As- 
sociation is  founded;  it  grants  annui- 
ties to  poor  persons  of  a  better  class. 

*  *  London.  St.  John's  Hospital,  Leices- 
ter Square,  is  founded. 

*  *  Ire.  Titles  created,  Baron  Athlum- 
ney.  [1808.  Duke  of  Abercorn  and  Baron 
Rathdonnell.] 

*  *  Ire.  Great  numbers  of  able-bodied 
men  emigrate  to  America  during  the 
year,  owing  to  the  agricultural  distress. 

1864  Apr.  3.  Garibaldi  is  received 
at  Southampton  with  great  enthusiasm. 
[Apr.  11.  He  enters  London,  and  is  wel- 
comed by  an  immense  crowd  ;  he  takes 
up  his  abode  with  tlie  Duke  of  Suther- 
land at  Stafford  House.  Apr.  21.  He 
receives  the  freedom  of  the  city.] 

July  0.  The  murder  of  Mr.  Briggs  in 
a  flrst-class  carriage  on  the  North  I>on- 
don  railway  causes  great  excitement. 
July  29.  Parliament:  The  Metropoli- 
tan Houseless  Poor  Act,  authorizing 
guardians  to  receive  destitute  persf>ns 
ito  workhouses,  and  the  metropolitan 
board  to  reimburse  tbem,  is  passed. 


Aug.  8-19.  Ire.  The  burning  of  an 
ethgy  of  Daniel  O'Connell  by  Orange- 
men causes  rioting  in  Belfast;  3,000 
soldiers  and  1,000  policemen  are  required 
to  subdue  it ;  nine  persons  are  killed 
and  176  wounded. 

Aug.  10-27.  Dublin.  The  inaugurating 
of  the  O'Connell  monument  precipitates 
tierce  conflicts  between  Roman  Catho- 
lics and  Protestants ;  nine  killed  and  150 
wounded. 

Sept.  28.  The  International  Working 
Men's  Association  is  organized; 
George  Odger,  president. 

*  *  The  Royal  Albert  Orphan  Asylum  at 
Bagshot  is  founded. 

STATE. 

1862  Apr.  7.  A  treaty  for  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  slave-trade  is  concluded 
with  the  United  States.  [May  20.  Rati- 
fied.] 

July  29.    Parliament:   An  Act  for  the 

safe-keeping  of  petroleum  is  passed. 

Aug.  *  Parliament :  The  Thajnes  Em- 
bankment Bill  is  passed. 
Dec.  2.    Parliament  is  prorogued. 

Dec,  31.  liio  de  Janeiro.  The  Govern- 
ment having  refused  to  apologize  for  the 
arrest  of  British  naval  otticers  charged 
with  rioting,  the  British  legation  causes 
live  Brazilian  merchant-ships  to  be 
seized.  [They  are  given  up  on  the  pay- 
nient  of  an  indemnity,  and  the  dispute  of 
June  7,  1861,  is  referred  to  the  arbitra- 
tion of  the  King  of  the  Belgians,  who 
decides  in  favor  of  the  Brazilians.] 

*  *  E.I.  The  province  of  British  Burma 
is  formed  (p.  1049.) 

*  *  Parliament:  The  Merchandise 
Marks  Act,  punishing  forgeries  of 
trade-marks,  is  passed. 

*  *  Parliament:  The  Queen's  Bench 
prison  is  abniished. 

1863  July  21.  Parliament:  The  Pub- 
lic "Works  Act,  providing  work  for  the 
unemployed  in  the  manufacturing  dis- 
tricts at  the  time  of  the  cotton  famine, 
and  enabling  corporate  bodies  to  raise 
loans,  is  passed ;  also  an  Act  to  amend 
and  consolidate  the  acts  relating  to  the 
volunteer  force  of  Great  Britain. 

Aug.  25.    Parliament  is  prorogued. 

Dec.  15.  Sergt.  William  Shee  is  ap- 
pointed justice  of  the  Queen's  Bench; 
he  is  the  first  Roman  Catholic  judge  to 
be  appointed  since  the  Reformation. 

*  *  U.  S.  A.  A  convention  of  Fenians  is 
held.  The  society  has  for  its  objects  the 
liberation  of  Ireland  and  the  establish- 
ment of  a  republic.  (See  Fenians  in  In- 
dex.) 

*  *  New  Zealand.  War  breaks  out  with 
the  Maoris. 

*  *  Parliament :  The  Railway  Clauses 
Consolidation  Act  is  passed. 

*  *  Parliament :  The  Prison  Ministers 
Act  is  passed. 

*  *Parliament:  The  Security  from 
Violence  Act,  appointing  whipping  as 
part  of  the  punishment  for  attempts  at 
garroting,  is  passed. 

1864  Jan.  8.  Albert  Victor,  son  of 
the  Prinre  of  Wales,  is  born. 

Jan.  *  Ire.  The  Fenians  make  their 
first  appearance  in  the  country. 

Apr.  25.  lAmdnn.  A  Schleswig-Holstein 
Conference  meets. 


Great  Britain,  France,  Prussia,  Aus- 
tria, Russia,  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  the 
German  Confederation  are  represented. 
It  fails  to  settle  the  disputes  between 
Austria,  Prussia,  and  Denmark  regard- 
ing the  possession  of  Schleswig-Holstein. 
[June  25.    It  adjourns.] 

June  1.    The  Ionian  Isles  are  ceded. 

June  8.  H.  C.  The  Permissive  Pro- 
hibitory Bill  is  introduced  at  the  in- 
stance of  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance 
party.  It  proposes  to  give  power  to  two- 
thirds  of  the  rate-payers  of  a  parish  to 
refuse  licenses  for  the  sale  of  intoxicat- 
ing liquors.     [It  is  rejected.] 

Nov.  1.  Ire.  John,Ix>rd  W^odehouse, 
is  appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1862  Apr.*  The  steamer  Mars  is 
wrecked  near  Milford  Haven  ;  50  lives 
lost. 

May  24.    The  new  W^estminster  Bridge 

is  fully  opened. 
Oct.  13.    A  railway  collision  occurs  near 

Winchburgh  ;  15  killed,  100  wounded. 

Oct.  19.  Tlie  East  Indiaman  Bencoolen 
is  wrecked  near  Bude  Haven,  Corn- 
wall ;  26  lives  lost. 

Dec.  20.  The  steamer  Lifeguard  leaves 
Newcastle ;  fate  unknown,  supposed  to 
have  been  wrecked  off  Flamborough 
Head. 

1863  Jan.  10.  The  Metropolitan 
Railway  is  opened. 

Feb.  21.  London.  Post-office  bags  are 
conveyed  by  the  Pneumatic  Despatch 

Company. 

*  *  Vaccination  is  made  compulsory  in 
Ireland  and  Scotland. 

Apr.  27.  The  mail-steamer  Anglo-Saxon 
is  wrecked  off  Cape  Race,  Newfound- 
land ;  237  lives  lost. 

Aug.  3.    A  railway  accident  near  Lynn 

is  caused  by  a  bullock  on  the  track  ;  five 
persons  killed. 

Aug.  31.  Heme's  ancient  oak,  Wind- 
sor Park,  is  destroyed  by  the  wind. 

*  *  London.  Many  companies  based  on 
the  Credit  Mobilier  principles  are  estab- 
lished. 

1864  Jan.  11.  London,  Charing 
Cross  Railway  is  opened. 

Feb.  29,  Peabody  dwellings,  Spital- 
fields,  are  opened  for  the  w<trking  classes. 
[Others  are  opened  later.] 

Mar  11.  Bradfield  water  reservoir  em- 
bankment breaks,  and  Sheffield  and 
surrounding  country  are  flooded ;  250 
lives  are  lost,  antl  much  property  is 
damaged. 

May  25.  Dublin.  The  Industrial  Ex- 
hibition is  opened  by  the  lord  chan- 
cellor. 

July  *  Tlie  great  annual  horse-shows 
at  Islington  are  begun. 

July  20.  London.  The  first  stone  of  the 
Thames  Embankment  is  laid  near 
Whitehall  Stairs. 

Oct.  6.  London.  The  first  railway 
train  enters  the  city  near  Blackfriars 
Bridge. 

Nov.  24.  A  fierce  gale  causes  the  wreck 
of  the  Stanley  and  the  Friendship  off 
Tynemouth,  and  the  Dalkousie  off  Tay  ; 
34  lives  lost. 

Dec.  8.  The  Clifton  Suspension 
Bridge  at  Bristol  is  opened. 

Dec,  14.  The  steamer  liombay  is 
burned  off  Flores  Island;  91  lives  lost, 

Dec.  16.  A  railway  collision  in  Black- 
heath  Tunnel  causes  six  deaths. 


968     1864,**-1866,Dec.28.        GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1864  *  *  James  Laird  of  Birkenhead 
builds  steam-rams  for  the  Coufederates 
in  America ;  construction  is  stopped,  and 
they  are  bought  by  the  British  Govern- 
ment. 

1865  May  *  Tiie  war-ships  Helltrophon 
and  Lord  Warden  are  launched.  [1866. 
Apr.  17.    The  Sorthamberland.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1864  ♦  *  The  light  of  ignited  magnae- 
sium  is  employed  for  photographs  at 
Manchester. 

1865  *  *  Joan  of  Arc  is  exliibited  by 
Sir  John  Kverett  Millais  at  the  lioyal 
Academy. 

1866  Feb.  1.  Sir  Francis  Grant  is 
made  president  of  the  Royal  Society. 

May  19.    Edinburgh.    The  National 

Museiun  of  Science  and  Art  is  opened 

by  Prince  Alfred 
Oct.  18.    Scot.    Tlie  statue  of  Prince 

Albert  is  inaugurated  at  (ilasgow  by  the 

Duke  of  Edinburgh. 
Oct.  19.    London.    The  Holborn  Theater 

(Mirror)  is  opened. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1864*  •  liaikie,  William  ]{.,  explorer,  Scot- 
lam),  A3». 

Ballantyne,  Jaines  H  ,  orientalist,  A5l. 

llehmes,  William,  sculptor,  A63. 

Carlisle,  Earl  of,  George  W.  F.,  states.,  A62. 

Dilke,  Charles  W.,  journalist,  AHJi. 

Ferrier,  .lames  F.,  metaphysician,  A66. 

Hunt,  William,  painter,  .'V74. 

Lance,  George,  painter,  A*>li. 

Landor,  Walter  Savage,  i)oet.  writer,  A89. 

Ijcech,  John,  artist,  cari(M,turlsl,  A  47. 

ivrCulloch,   John    K.,   political    economist, 
Scotland,  A85. 

O'Brien,  William  Smith,  patriot.  Ire.,  A6I. 

Procter,  Adelaide  A.,  poet,  A38. 

Roberts,  David,  landscape  painter,  Scot.,  .\68. 

Senior,  Nassau  W.,  political  economist,  A74, 

Sinclair,  Catherine,  author,  Scotland,  A64. 
1865  •  •  Aytoun,  William  E.,  poet,  Scot.,  A52. 

Jlrown,  Sir  George,  general,  A75. 

Christie,  Sauuiel  Hunter,  physicist,  A81. 

Cobden,  Richard,  statesman,  Atil. 

Costello,  Dudley,  journalist,  author,  A62. 

Cotton,    Stapleton,    Viscount    Coniberuiere, 
general,  A92. 

Cunard,  Sir  Samuel,  fdr.  Cunard  Line,  .\78. 

Eastlake,  Sir  Charles  Lock,  painter,  A72. 

Fitzroy,  Uohert,  meteorologist,  vice-admiral, 
A60. 

Gaskell,  Elizabeth  C,  novelist,  AS5. 

Hamilton,  Sir  William  Itowan,  mathemati- 
cian, phUosoplier,  Ireland,  A60. 

Herring,  John  F.,  animal  painter,  A70. 

Hooker,  Sir  William  Jackson,  botanist,  A80. 

Lindley,  John,  botanist,  A66. 

Lubbock,  Sir  John  W.,  astronomer,  A62. 

Palmerston,  Viscount,  Henry  J.  Temple, 
statesman,  A81. 

Paxton,  Sir  Joseph,  arch.,  horticulturist,  A62. 

Quain,  Jones,  astronomer  born  in  Ireland,  d. 

Kichardson,  Sir  John,  naturalist,  Scot.,  A68. 

Wallace,  Wm.  V.,  musical  comp.,  Ire.,  A50. 

Wiseman,    Nicholas   Patrice    Stephen, 
cardinal,  author,  A(>3. 


CHURCH. 

1864  *  *  London.  Samuel  Crowther,  a 
native  African,  is  consecrated  as  first 
bishop  of  the  Niger,  in  Canterbury  Ca- 
tbedral. 

•  •  The  Church  of  England  Educational 
Society  is  founded. 

*  *  Ire.    Bishops  consecrated : 

Thomas  Nulty  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Meath.  [1865,  James  Donnelly  for  Clogher; 
1866,  James  Lynch  for  Kildare  and  Leigblin; 
1870,  Thomas  W.  Croke,  archbishop  of  Cashel 
and  Eudy.] 

♦  *  (Roman  Catholic)  Bishops  conse- 
crated. 

John  M.  TlBBOt  for  ^'Jzagapatam.  rl865, 
James  Murray  for  Maltland;  1B68,  Christo- 
pher   Bon  jean    ( archbishop)    for   Colombo, 


Ceylon,  Michael  Angelo  Jacopi  (archbishop) 
for  Agra,  Asia,  Uabrlel  Leo  Meurin  for  Port 
Louis,  Africa,  and  Leonard  Metlano  for  Ve- 
rapoli,  Asia  ;  1869,  John  Macdonald  for 
Aberdeen,  and  Charles  Eyre  for  Glasgow.] 

1865  Feb.  24.  Bublin.  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral,  restored  by  Benjamin  L. 
Guinness,  is  reopened. 

June  5.  London.  Henry  Edward 
Manning  is  consecrated  (Roman  Cath- 
olic) archbishop  of  Westminster. 

July  6.  London.  The  Salvation  Army 
is  founded  by  holding  the  tlrst  "Chris- 
tian Mission"  in  the  open  air  at  Mile 
End,  by  William  Booth,  until  recently 
a  Methodist.  [1878.  The  Mission  be- 
comes the  Army.] 

Oct.  3.  The  Evangelical  Alliance 
meets  at  Hull.  [1866,  Oct.  16.  at  Bath  ; 
1867,  Aug.  *  at  Amsterdam  ;  1866,  Nov. 
23-28,  at  Derby  ] 

Nov.  15.  London.  Three  English  bish- 
ops. Dr.  Pusey,  and  nearly  80  of  tlie 
clergy  and  laity  meet  with  Counts  Orlolf 
and  TolstoT,  and  the  Russian  chaplain, 
to  consider  the  question  of  uniting  tlie 
English  and  Hussian  Churches. 

*  *  The  Jjadies'  Association  for  the  Pro- 
motion of  Female  Education  among  the 
heathen  is  organized. 

*  *  Church  (of  England)  Association 
against  "popery"  is  founded. 

*  *  London.  The  Free  and  Open  Church 
Association  is  founded, 

*  *  The  Association  of  31iay  Helpers  is 
organized. 

1866  July  *  Readers,  a  new  order  of 
unordained  assistants  (Church  of  Eng- 
land), receive  the  assent  of  archbishops 
and  bishops. 

LETTERS. 

1864  **  Lemrfon.  A^Working  Women's 
College  is  begun  at  Queen's  Square, 
Bloomsbury. 

»  *  IMiblin.  Queen's  University  re- 
ceives a  supplementary  charter. 

*  *  London.    The  Owl  is  issued. 

*  *  Apologia  pro  vita  sua,  by  John  Henry 
Newman,  appears. 

*  *  Scot.  Sketches  from  Nature^  by  Chas. 
Mackay,  appears.  [1872,  Under  the  Blue 
Sky.] 

*  *  A  translation  of  JJomer's  lfia<l,  by  E. 
G.  S.  Stanley,  Earl  of  Derby,  appears. 

*  *  A  Death  in  the  Desert,  Rabbi  Ben  Ezra, 
and  Prospice,  by  Robert  Browning,  ap- 
pear.    [1868,  The  Ring  and  the  Hook.] 

1864-65  Our  Mutual  Friend,  by  Dickens, 
appears. 

1864^67  English  Writers  before  Chaucer, 
by  Henry  ivforley,  appears. 

1865  Feb.  7.  London.  The  Pall  Mall 
Gazette  is  issued. 

July  29.    The  Guild  of  Literature  and 

Art  is  inaugurated.     It  provides  retreats 

for  artists,  scholars,  and  men  of  letters. 

Aug.  *  London.    The  Sportsmnn  is  issued, 

Sept.  15.     Dublin.     The  Irish   People  is 

seized. 

*  *  London.  Albert  Veterinary  Col- 
lege is  opened. 

*  *  London.  The  Sporting  Times  is  is- 
sued ;  also  the  English  Mechanic,  the 
Fortnightly  Review,  and  the  Glotvioorm. 

*  *  Examinatio^i  of  Sir  William  Hamil- 
ton's Philosophy,  hy  John  Stuart  Mill, 
appears.  [1869,  On  the  Subjection  of 
Women,  1870,  The  Irish  Laiid  Question.] 


*  *  Prehistoric  Times,  by  Sir  John  Lub- 
bock, appears. 

*  *  Plato  and  other  Companions  of  Socror- 
tes,  by  George  Grote,  appears. 

*  *  Home  Thoughts  and  Home  Scenes,  by 
Jean  Ingelow,  appears.  [1867,  A  Story 
of  Doom ,  1868,  A  Sister''s  Bye-Hours.] 

*  *  Running  the  Gauntlet,  by  Edmtmd  H. 
Yates,  appears.  [1866,  kissing  the  Rod; 
1867,  Black  Sheep.] 

*  *  Strathmore,  by  Ouida  (Louise  de  Xa 
Kau)^e),  appears.  [1866,  (handos;  1867, 
Idalia;  1868,  TricotrinJ] 

*  *  Ire.  Lays  of  the  Western  Gael,  by 
Sir  Samuel  Ferguson,  ajipears.  [1872, 
Congal,an  Epic  Poem  in  Fire  Hooks.] 

*  *  History  of  Ration^lLwi  in  Euroj)e,  by 
William  E*iward  Hartpole  l^ecky,  ap- 
pears. [1869,  History  of  European  Mor- 
als.] 

1865-70  Handbooks  for  the  Study  of 
Sanskrit,  hy  Max  Miiller,  appears.  [1868- 
75,  Chips  from  a  German  H  orkfihop ;  1870, 
Lectures  on  the  Science  of  Jieliyion.] 

1866  Dec.  18.  London.  A  training- 
ship  is  established  for  homeless  boys. 


SOCIETY. 

1864-65    London.     Forty  refuges  for 

houseless  poor  are  established. 

1865  Jan.  *  Ijyndon.  **  Casual  wards " 
in  workhouses  receive  1,000  patients  per 
night. 

Feb.  4,5.  London.  Many  burglaries  oc- 
cur ;  a  great  robbery  occurs  at  Walker's, 
the  Cornhill  jewelers. 

Mar.  11.  Union  workers  strike  in  North 
Staffordshire ;  caused  by  reduction  of 
wages ;  a  general  lockout  by  iron-mas- 
ters throughout  the  kingdom  follows 
until  workmen  accept  their  terms  ;  much 
distress  follows. 

Mar.  *  -May  *  A  strike  occurs  among 
the  Staffordshire  puddlere. 

Apr.  30.  Ire.  Election  riots  occur  at 
Belfast.     [July*  Again.] 

July  *  Election  riots  disturb  Notting- 
ham. 

Aug.*  London.  An  investigation  is  made 
into  the  state  of  the  workhouse  in- 
firmaries, several  paupers  having  dieil 
through  neglect. 

*  *  Rise  of  the  Fenians.  They  are  a  secret 
organization,  and  aim  at  the  establisb- 
nient  of  an  Irish  republic. 

Sept.  15.  Dublin.  Fenian  disturb- 
ances. 

The  Irish  People  ne  wspajier  is  seized,  and  25 
persoHB  are  arrested  on  cbarges  of  Kenianisin. 
[Sept.  15-17.  About3(l  FenlanBaretyjptiiffd. 
Oct.  2.  Jeremiah  O'Donovan  Kosrh  and  tlve 
others  are  committed  for  liigli  treason.  Nov. 
II.  James  Stephens,  Ibe  bead  <«nter,  and 
other  Fenians  are  arrested.  Nov.  24.  Ste- 
phens escapes.  Nov.  27.  The  Fenian  trials 
begin.  Dec.  I.  Thomas  (Mark  Luby  is  sen- 
tenced to  20  years'  penal  servitude.  Dee.  13. 
O'Donovan  Kossa  is  aentencied  to  imprison- 
ment for  life.  O'Leary  and  others  are  con- 
victed and  sentenced.  1866.  Feb.*  The  trials 
are  concluded;  36  are  convicted  or  plead 
guilty,  three  are  acquitted,  and  one  is  dis- 
charged under  disagreement  of  tlie  jury.  J 

Dec.  *  Ire.  The  Fenians  have  fierce 
disputes  among  themselves.  The  "  sen- 
ate "charges  the  "head  center."  O'Ma- 
hony.  with  corruption  and  deposes  him. 
appointing  Roberts  as  his  successor 

1866  Jan.  29.  London.  George  Pea- 
body,  the  American  philanthropist, 
adds  £100,000  to  his  gift  of  1863,  for  the 
relief  of  the  poor. 

Feb.  17.    Ire.   The  Habeas  Corpus  Act 

is  suspended  ;  250  suspected  persons  are 

immediately  arrested. 
Apr.  20.   London.  The  "Working  Men's 

Club  and  Lodging-house.  Old  Pye  Street. 

Westminster,  is  opened. 


AND    IRELAND.         1864,*  * -1866,  Dec.  28.     969 


June  6.  The  Field  Lane  Refuse  for 
the  poor  is  opened  by  the  Karlof  Suaftes- 
bury. 

Sept.  1,  Ire.  About  320  persons  remain 
in  prison  us  suspected  Fenians. 

Sept.  24.  A  reform  meeting  is  held  at 
Mancliester.  [Oct.  8.  Also  at  l^eeds. 
Dee.  1.   At  London  and  Birmingham.] 

Oct.  *  Messrs.  Samuel  Canning,  Daniel 
Gooch,  and  Captain  Anderson  are 
knighted. 

Dec.  15.  Ire.  A  large  quantity  of  fire- 
arms is  seized. 

I>ec.  28,  Election  riots  occur  at  Dun- 
gar  ven. 

STATE. 

1865  Mar.  24.  Dr.  David  Livingstone 

is  appointed    British  consul  t<ir    inner 
Africa. 
Apr.*  Parliament:   Postage   charges 
are  re4luced  from  twopence  to  one  pen- 
ny for  every  ounce  above  the  first. 

May  1.  Parliament:  The  two  Houses 
vote  addresses  of  condolence  for,  and  of 
horror  at,  the  assassination  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln.  [Similar  addresses  are 
voted  in  public  meetings  held  in  every 
important  town  in  the  kingdom.] 

June  3.  George,  second  son  of  the 
Vrince  of  Wales,  is  born. 

June  *  H.  C.  The  Union  Chargeabil- 
ity  Act,  providing  for  the  better  distri- 
bution of  tlie  charge  for  relieving  the 
poor  in  unions,  is  passed. 

June  26.  H.  C.  A  bill  modifying  the 
oath  taken  by  Koman  Catholics  is 
passed.     [Rejected  by  the  Lords.] 

July  4.  Lord  Westbury  resigns  the 
great  seal. 

Jtily  6.  Robert  Monsey  Rolfe  [I^ord 
Oranworth]  is  appointed  lord  high  chan- 
cellor. 

July  ♦  The  general  election  is  favor- 
able to  the  l*almer8ton  administration. 

July*  London.  Baron  Rothschild, 
-M.  P.,  is  elected  for  the  fourth  time. 

July  •  Henry  Fawcett,  M.  P.  (blind),  is 
elected. 

July  *  The  British  and  French  Govern- 
ments rescind  their  recognition  of 
"The  Southern  Confederacy." 

Aug.  2.  The  Privy  Council  issues  regu- 
lations for  guarding  against  the  cattle- 
plague. 

Aug.  14.  W.  I.  An  Insurrection  of 
negroes  breaks  oat  In  Jamaica.  [Soon 
suppressed.] 

Aug.  16.  Navigation  treaty  is  con- 
cluded with  Prussia. 

Oct.  18.  Viscount  Palmerston,  first 
lord  of  the  treasury,  dies. 

Nov.  6.  Earl  Russell  forms  a  Ministry. 
It  includes  Lord  Cranworth,  Lord  Stan- 
ley, the  Duke  of  Argyll,  W.  K.  Glad- 
atone,  Earl  Granville,  and  Sir  George 
Grey. 

Nov.  9.  Londori.  Alderman  Benj.  Sam- 
uel  Phillips,  a  Hebrew,  is  elected  lord 
mayor.  [18G6,  Thomas  Gabriel  ;  1867, 
William  Ferneley  Allen  ;  I8G8,  James 
Lawrence;  1868,  Robert  Besley.] 

Nov.  *  Ire.  James  Stephens,  the  head 
center  of  the  Fenians,  is  arrested.  [Nov. 
24.     He  escapes  from  jail.] 

Nov.  27.  Dubfin.  Many  Fenians  are 
brought  to  trial. 


Dec.  16.  Commercial  treaty  is  con- 
cluded with  Austria. 

Dec.  *  A  commission  on  capital  punish- 
ment, appointed  in  1864,  recommends 
penal  servitude  as  a  substitute  for  the 
death-penalty  in  unpremeditated  mur- 
der cases,  and  that  executions  be  private. 

*  *  Parliament :  A  court  of  referees  to 
examine  private  bills  is  established. 

*  *  Lord  Cranworth  resigns  the  lord 
chancellorship. 

*  ♦  Parliament :  The  Colonial  Naval 
Act,  authorizing  marine  defense  by 
colonies,  is  passed. 

1866  Jan.  11.  Dublin.  The  city  and 
county  are  proclaimed  as  under  the 
provisions  of  the  Peace  Preservation 
Act,  in  consequence  of  the  discovery  of 
an  arms  manufactory. 

Jan.  16.  Ire.  Carrying  of  arms  is  for- 
bidden, and  houses  are  ordered  to  be 
searched  for  concealed  arms. 

Jan.  *  -Feb.  *  Ire.  Many  Fenians  are 
arrested  and  convicted  at  Cork  and 
Dublin. 

Feb.  1.  Parliament  meets.  [1868.  Nov. 
11.     l>is8olved.J 

Feb.  17.    Ire.    The  Habeas  Corpus  Act 

is  suspended. 

About  250  suspected  persons  are  ar- 
rested immediately  ;  many  Fenians  flee 
from  the  country. 

Mar.  12.  H.  C.  W.  E.  Gladstone  intr..- 
duces  a  new  Reform  Bill. 

Mar.*  Parliament:  Savings-banks  In- 
vestnient  Acts  are  passed. 

Mar.  *  Parliament :  Laboring  Classes 
Dwelling-house  Act  is  passed. 

Apr.  30.  Parliament:  The  parliamen- 
tary oaths  are  modified,  and  made  uni- 
form. 

May  *  Parliament :  The  Qualification 
for  Office  Abolition  Act,  rendering  it 
minecessary  to  make  and  subscribe  cer- 
tain declarations,  is  passed. 

June  18.  H.  C.  An  amendment  to  Mr. 
Gladstone's  new  Reform  Bill  is  carrie<l 
in  opposition  to  the  Government. 

June  26.    !Earl  Russell  resigns. 

July  5.  Princess  Helena  is  married  to 
Prince  Christian  of  Schleswig-Holstein. 

July  6.  The  third  administration  of 
the  Earl  of  Derby  is  formed. 

Members:  Earl  of  Derby  (  L.  Treaa.),  Lord 
Chelmsford  {L.  Chanc),  inike  of  Hucking- 
ham  (I'res.  Council),  Karl  of  Malniesbury 
(P.  Seal),  Benjamin  Disraeli  (Chanc.  Kxcli.), 
Spencer  H.  VValpole  (Home  Sec.),  Lord 
Stanley  (Foreign  Sec),  Karl  of  Carnarvon 
(Colonial  Sec),  Jonaltmn  Peel  (Sec  War), 
Sir  Charles  Wood  (Sec.  fur  India),  Dnke  of 
Somerset  (L.  Admiralty),  Miliier  tlibson 
(I'rea.  of  the  Board  of  Trade),  Kdward  Card- 
well  ( Chanc  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster) ,  Pel- 
liam  Villiera  (Pres.  of  the  Poor  Law  Board). 

July  *  James,  Duke  of  Montrose,  is 
appointed  post  master- general. 

July*  Parliament:  An  Act  is  passed 
permitting  a  postmaster  to  sit  in  the 
House  of  Commons. 

July*  Ire.  Francis  Blackbiume  is 
made  lord  chancellor  ;  Ijord  Abercom 
is  appointed  lord-lieutenant;  James 
"Whiteside  is  made  chief  justice. 

Aug.  *  Parliament;  The  Railway  Com- 
panies' Securities  Act  is  passed. 

Aug.  *  Parliament :  A  new  Sanitary 
Act  is  passed. 


Aug.  *  Parliament :  An  act  for  promot- 
ing the  cultivation  of  oysters  in  the 
United  Kingdom  is  passed. 

Oct.  29.  Sir  Hugh  M.  Cairns  is  made 
lord  justice. 

Nov.  17.  Scot.  A  great  public  demon- 
stration in  favor  of  parliamentary  re- 
form is  held  at  Edinburgh. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865  Jan.  2.    The    new  Exchange  at 

Birmingham  is  opened. 
Jan.  31.    London.    Surrey  Theater  is 

burned  a  second  time. 

Mar.  1.  The  telegraph-line  between 
England  and  Bombay  is  opened. 

Mar.  26.  The  Great  Eastern  sails  for 
New  York,  prepared  for  2,000  passengers. 
[Returns  with  191.  July  15.  It  sails  for 
Valentia,  Ire.,  with  2300  miles  of  subma- 
rine cable.] 

May  9.  Dublin.  The  International 
Fxhibition  is  opened  by  the  Prince 
of  Wales.    [Nov.  9.    Closed.] 

June  7.  Insecure  rails  cause  a  train 
wreck  near  Kednal  ;  13  killed,  40  in- 
jured. 

June  9.  Hallway  accident  near  Staple- 
hurst  causes  10  deaths  and  injures  about 
50. 

June  27.    London.    Cattle   plague 

breaks  out  near  Harnsbury. 

Aug.  24,  The  emigrant  vessel  Eagle 
Speed  is  wrecked  near  Calcutta;  2(i5 
coolies  are  drowned. 

Dec.  12.  Scot.  The  Industrial  Exhi- 
bition is  opened  at  Glasgow. 

Dec.  18.  Damaged  machinery  causes  the 
wreck  of  the  15i»  oflP  Ballycroneen  Bay ; 
15  lives  lost. 

*  *  Australian   meat  is  introduced   by 

John  McCall. 

1865-66     A   new    pier    is    erected    at 

Brighton. 

1866  Jan.  11.  Steamer  London 
founders  in  Bay  of  Biscay ;  '.120  lives 
lost. 

Mar.  *  The  "Black  Death"    appears; 

many  persons  die. 

Apr.  24.    Cholera  appears  at  Bristol. 
Apr.  28.    A  railway  bridge  at  Sutton 

falls,  killing  six  men. 
Apr.  30.    A   railway  accident  occurs 

nearCaterham  Junction  ;  three  persons 

killed,  and  12  injured. 
May  7.    Edinburgh.    A  new  post-oflBce 

is  opened. 
May  10.    Loudon.    Black  Friday;  a 

commercial  panic  is  itrecipitated  by  the 

failure   of  Overend,   Gurney,  and  Co., 

bankerii. 

May  13.    Cholera  appears  in  Liverpool. 

May*  Steamer  General  Grant  is  wrecked 
olf  Auckland  Isles  ;  about  85  perish. 

June  6.  London.  Agra  and  Master- 
man's  Bank  suspends  ;  great  excite- 
ment ensues.  [Jul^l3.  Also  the  banking 
Company  of  Birmingham.] 

July  21.  London.  Cholera  is  raging ; 
346  deaths  in  one  week. 

July  27.  The  Atlantic  Cable  is  com- 
pletely laid,  and  communication  fully 
established  (p.  253). 

July  *  -Sept.  *  Lomion.    Cholera  rages. 

Aug.  19.  The  steamer  IJruiner  collides 
with  the  Haswell  off  Aldborough  ;  15 
lives  lost. 

Sept.  6.  A  railway  train  is  derailed  at 
Brynkir  Station  ;  six  persons  killed. 

Oct.  21.  London.  The  Standard  Thea- 
ter is  burned.     [1868.     Rebuilt.] 

Nov.  10.  Ire.  Ceres  is  wrecked  near 
Gamscoe;  3G  lives  lost. 


970     1866,  Dec* -1868,  Apr.  15.    GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1866  *  *  The  Snider  breech-loader  is 

adopted    by  the    Government ;   the   in- 
ventor receives  £1,000. 

1867  Sept.  * -68  **  "War  with  Abys- 
sinia (p.  2). 

1868  Feb.  10.  The  war-ship  Hercules 
is  launched  at  Chatham.  [May  25,  The 
Monarch,  tlie  first  turret-ship ;  1870, 
Sept.  27,  Tlie  war-ship  Triumph  at  Jar- 
row  ;  1871,  The  war-ship  Gallatin.^ 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1867  Jan.  *  Dublin.  The  Irish  Col- 
lege of  Science  is  establisheii. 

May  20.  Lomfon.  The  <(iieen  hiys  the 
foundation  ()f  tlie  Albert  Hall  oi  Arts 
at  South  Kensington. 

June  3.  Umdon.  A  statue  of  Lord 
Herbert  is  unveiled  in  Pall  Mall. 

June  8.  London.  Mile.  Nilsson  makes 
her  first  appearance  at  Her  Majesty's 
Theater  as  Violetta. 

July*  Wm.  Robinson  announces  a  method 
of  making  wrought  iron  from  east  iron 
by  the  use  of  magnetism. 

Aug.  31.  Lnuflon.  Kate  Tenr  makes 
her  last  appearance  as  Juliet  at  the 
New  Adelphi. 

Oct.  12.  London.  The  new  East  Lon- 
don Theater  is  opened.  [Oct.  24.  The 
new  Q,ueen*s  Tneater.  I>ee.  18.  St. 
George's  Opera  House.] 

Nov.  2.  London.  Mile.  Kellogg  makes 
her  d^but  at  I>rury  Lane. 

Nov.i:  John  Heaton's  process  for  mak- 
ing steel  is  announced. 

1868  Jan.  15.  Rev.  Patrick  Bell  re- 
ceives a  testimonial  and  £1.000  for  the 
invention  of  a  reaping-machine  in  1826. 

Jan.  22-31.  Severe  gales  destroy  many 
vessels  and  lives.  [Feb.  1.  More  disas- 
trous gales.] 

Mar.  31±.  London.  Nitrous  oxld  gas 
(laughing-gas)  is  introduced. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1866  *  *  Itrande,  William  T.,  chetnist,  A80. 
Campbell,  Alexander,  fdr.  Canipbellites,  A80. 
Connolly,  John,  pbysician,  A71. 

Craik,  George  L.,  miscellaneous  writer,  A67. 

Gibson,  John,  sculptor,  A75. 

Kei)Ie,  .lolin,  poet,  divine,  A74. 

Mahony,  Francis  {Father  Prout),  clergyman, 

author,  Ireland,  A61. 
Monteagle,  Lord,  Thomaa  Spring  Rice,  A76. 
Petrie,  (ieorge,  arcbeologist,  antiquary,  A77. 
Whewell  William,   philosopher,  historian 

of  scieni^e,  A72. 

1867  *  *  Alison,  Sir  Archibald,  hist.,  A75. 
Austin,  Sarah  T.,  translator,  writer,  A74. 
Baily,  Eduard  II.,  sculptor,  A79. 

Bell,  Itobert,  joiu-nalist,  autlior,  A67. 

Blomfiehl,  f'harles  J.,  bishop  of  London, 
scholar,  author,  A7I. 

Daubeny,  Charles  G.  B.,  chemist,  naturalist, 
A72. 

Faraday,  Michael,  chemist,  electrician, 
philosopher,  Ireland,  A76. 

Forbes,  .lames  I).,  physicist,  Scotland,  A59. 

Louise,  daughter  of  Prince  of  Wales,  bora. 

Robinson,  Henry  ('.,  lawyer,  author,  A92. 

Rosse,  Earl  of,  William  Paraons,  astrono- 
mer, A  67. 

Smirke,  Sir  Robert,  architect,  A87. 

Stanfleld,  Clarksou,  marine  painter,  A69. 

CHURCH. 

1866  *  *  London.  The  Humanitarians 
are  founded  by  Kaspary,  a  German  Jew. 

1867  Feb.  13.  The  bishops  in  convoca- 
tion unquallHedly  condemn  ritualism. 
[Feb.  15.     The  Lower  House  concurs.] 

May  16.  Bishop  Hamilton  of  Salisbury 
asserts  the  doctrine  of  the  supernatural 
gifts  of  priests,  the  Divine  presence  in 
the  sacrament ;  many  persons  protest 
against  it. 


May  21.  Rev.  A.  H.  Mackonochie  is 
tried  before  the  Court  of  Arches  for  ex- 
treme ritualistic  practises  at  St.  Al- 
bans, Holborn. 

[Dec.  4-18.  Trial  contmued.  1868.  .Ian. 
16-18.  Renewed.  Mar.  28.  Case  decided 
against  plaintiff,  and  the  use  of  Incense,  mix- 
ing water  with  wine,  and  elevation  of  the 
elements  in  the  sacrament,  are  forbidden. 
Dec.  4.  Defendent  is  censured  for  evading 
sentence.  1870.  Nov.  24.  The  Privy  Council 
suspends  the  defendant  for  three  months  for 
evading  sentence.] 

July  25.   Parliament:  The  declaration 

against  transubstuntiation,  invocation 
of  the  saints,  ami  tlie  sacrifice  of  the 
mass,  on  taking  any  civil  office,  is  abol- 
ished. 

Aug.  19.    RituaUsts  are  censured  iti  the 

report  of  the  ritualistic  commission. 

Sept.  24-27.  The  Pan-Anglican  Con- 
ference of  75  bishops,  English,  Colonial, 
and  American,  is  in  session  at  Lambeth  ; 
an  address  and  resolutions  are  issued. 

Oct.  17.  Dublin.  Mixed  education  and 
secret  societies  are  cf>ndemned  and  state 
help  is  declined  by  the  (Koman  Catholic) 
conference  of  bishops. 

Oct.  30.  The  Irish  Church  Commis- 
sion is  appointed,  with  the  Earl  of  Stan- 
hope as  chairman. 

Dec.  12±.  Ire.  A  protest  is  signed 
against  the  disestablishment  of  the 
Irish  Church  by  niany  influential  Irish- 
men. 

*  *  The  Children's  Special  Service  Mis- 
sion, to  lead  children  and  young  people 
into  the  Christian  life,  is  organized. 

*  *  London.  The  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
Church  Aid  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  The  (Baptist)  Jjadies*  Association, 
for  support  of  Zenana  work  and  Bible- 
women  in  Int.lia,  is  organized. 

*  ♦  The  (Church  of  England)  "Society  of 
the  Blessed  Sacrament  "  and  the  "  Con- 
fraternity of  the  Blessed  Sacrament** 
unite  to  form  one  society. 

1868  Mar.  29.  London.  A  Jewish 
synagogue  at  Barnsbury,  founded  by 
Baron  F.  Rothschild,  is  consecrated. 

Apr.  5.    London.    A  Mormon  sjmod  is 

held  in  Store  Street  ;  the  London  con- 
ference is  said  to  include  1,172  members. 


LETTERS. 

1866  *  ♦  London.  The  I^aw  Journal  is 
issued ;  also  the  Jiullionist,  Engineer, 
Land  and  Water,  the  Jielgravia  Maga- 
zine, and  the  Contemporary  Review. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Jieign  of  Law,  hy  the  Dnke 
of  Argyll,  appears. 

*  *  Ecce  Homo,  by  John  Robert  Seeley, 
appears. 

*  *  Wildes  and  Daughters,  by  Elizabetli 
Gaskell,  appears. 

*  *  Scot.  London  Poems,  by  Robert  Wil- 
liam Buchanan,  appears. 

1867  Jan.  *  Dublin.  The  Irish  Col- 
lege of  Science  is  established. 

July  10.  I^ondon.  The  foundation  of 
the  College  of  the  International  Edu- 
cation Society  is  laid  by  the  Prince  of 
Wales. 

July  11.  London.  The  Guards'  Insti- 
tute, Francis  Street,  iy  inaugurated. 

July  *  The  Earhj  Years  of  the  Prince 
Consort,  by  Queen  Victoria,  appears. 

*  *  The  liroadicay  Magazine  and  Tinsleg^s 
Magazine  are  issued. 

1867-68    The  Chronicle  is  issued. 

1867-74    St.  Paul's  Magazine  is  issued. 

1867-76  History  of  the  Norman  Con- 
quest, by  Edward  'Augustus  Freeman, 
appears.  [1869,  Old  Emjlish  History ; 
1872,  Growth  of  the  English  Constitu- 
tion.] 


1868  Jan.  4.  London.  The  "Working 
Men's  College ,  South  I^ondon ,  is 
opened  with  a  lecture  by  Prof.  Huxley. 

Jan.  *  Leaves  from  our  Journal  in  Scot- 
land,  by  Queen  Victoria,  appears. 

SOCIETy. 

1866  Dec*  Ire.  Clare  and  other  coun- 
ties are  proclaimed. 

*  *  Parliament :  A  Board  of  Arbitration 
for  amicable  settlement  of  questions  be- 
tween working  men  and  employers  is 
formed.     [Temporarily  useful.] 

*  *  London.  The  Royal  Canoe  Club  is 
founded. 

*  *  The  Harvard  Association,  for  the 
improvement  of  prison  discipline  and 
prevention  of  crime,  is  instituted. 

*  *  London.  The  Women  and  Children 
Hospital  is  founded  in  Orawfc»ni  Street ; 
it  is  to  be  superintended  by  wttmen. 

1867  Jan.  *  London.  Tlie  Street  Re- 
form Association  is  organized. 

Feb.  11,  12.  A  body  of  Fenians  threat- 
ens an  attack  upon  Chester  Castle  ;  they 
are  forced  to  retire  by  500  constables. 

Feb.  12.  Diiblin.  Sixty-seven  Fenians 
from  Liverpool  are  arrested. 

Ire.    A  Fenian  outbreak  occurs  at 

Kerry  ;  Killarney  is  threatened,  Capt. 
Jloriarty  and  others  are  captured.  [Feb. 
16.  A  movement  to  attack  Cahirciveen 
collapses.] 

Feb.  26.  Jre,  The  Habeas  Corpus  Act 
is  suspended. 

Mar.  4.  The  Fenian  General  Massey 
is  captured. 

Mar.  5.  The  Kilmallock  police  barrack 
is  attacked  by  200  Fenians;  they  are 
driven  off  by  14  constables. 

Mar.  6.  Ire.  Fenians  rise  in  Cork; 
their  leader,  Daly,  is  killed.  [Mar.  7. 
Another  rising  near  Dublin;  the  tele- 
graph is  destroyed ;  an  attack  on  the 
police  station  at  Tallaght  is  repelled; 
several  are  shot ;  208prisnners  are  taken. 
1,000  Fenians  hold  tbe  market-place  at 
Drogheda  until  driven  away  by  a  body  of 
police.] 

Mar.  25-27.  A  strike  of  aw  men  on  the 
London  and  Briglitonjtailway  occurs. 

Mar.  29.  Parliament:  The  Metropoli- 
tan Poor  Act  is  passed. 

Mar.  31.  Ire.  The  Fenian  Capt.  Ma- 
clure  is  capture*!. 

Apr.  9.  Ire.  A  special  commission  tmder 
Chief  Justice  Whiteside  begins  the  trial 
of  230  Fenians.  [Jlay  L  Burke  and 
Doran  are  sentenced  to  death.  May  26. 
Reprieve<l.  Many  more  are  convicted 
and  many  discharged.] 

Apr.  11.  About  500  employees  of  the 
North  Eastern  Railway  stnke.  [Apr. 
25.    The  strikers  submit.] 

Apr.  22-Oct.  *  London.  TlieWe.ft  End 
tailors  strike ;  2,000  go  out. 

Apr.  *  Colliers  near  St.  Helens  strike. 

June  11.    Ire.    Fenian  trials  begin  at 

Limerick. 
July  6.    London.    Tbe  foundation  of  tlie 

Alexandra    Orphanage    for    Infants, 

Holloway,  is  laid. 
July  17,  18.    Anti-popery  riots  are 

provoked  at  Birmingham  by  a  lecturer. 

Aug.  20.  Parliament:  An  Act  to  estab- 
lish councils  of  conciliation  to  adjust 
dififerences  between  masters  and  work- 
men is  passed.  [Aug.  21.  A  workshop 
Regulation  Act  supplementary  to  Fac- 
tory Act  is  passed.] 

Aug.  *  Yarmouth  is  disfranchised  for 
bribery  and  political  corruption  by  the 
Heft)rm  Act. 

Aug.  * -Sept.  *  Many  inipri.<oned  Fe- 
nians are  releasetl,  and  sent  to  America- 


AND    IRELAND.     1866,  Dec* -1868,  Apr.  15.     971 


Sept.  19.  Fenians  attack  a  police  van 
in  Mauchester,  killiug  a  poUcemau, 
Sergt.  Brett ;  they  rescue  two  of  their 
comrades,  Kelly  and  Deasy,  who  had 
been  arrested,  and  escape.  [Oct.  29- 
Nov.  12.  Twenty-three  Fenians  are  tried 
for  the  murder.  Five  are  sentenced  to 
death  and  others  to  imprisonment. 
Not.  27.  Allen  Larkin  and  O'Brien  are 
executed.] 

Oct.  31.  Dublin.  Two  policemen  are 
shot  by  Fenians. 

Oct.  *  -Nov.  *  Dublin.  Halpin  and  other 
Fenians  are  tried. 

Nov.  4,  5.  Bread  and  meat  riots  at 
Kxeter  are  suppressed. 

Nov.  26.  Jacob  Bright  ia  elected  a 
member  of  Parliament ;  Lily  Maxwell, 
a  widow,  votes  for  him. 

Dec.  1*  8.  Funeral  demonstrations  iu 
honor  of  the  Fenians,  Allen  Larkin 
and  O'Brien,  take  place  in  Dublin  and 
Limerick. 

Dec.  13.  /^n<lon.  Fenians  partially 
blow  up,  with  a  cask  of  gun^wwder, 
Clerkeuwell  House  of  Detention,  where 
several  of  their  comrades  had  been  im- 
prisoned ;  seven  persons  are  killed  and 
60  wounded.  [I8G8.  Apr.  20-27.  Several 
persons  are  tried  for  causing  the  explo- 
sion; Michael  Barrett  is  convicted.  May 
26.     Executed.] 

Dec.  27.  Capt.  .Mackay  and  other  Feni- 
ans rifle  a  martello  tower,  [Feb.  7.  Ar- 
rested. Mar.  20.  Sentenced  to  12  years' 
imprisonment.] 

Dec.  30.  Ire.  Fenians  seize  arms  and 
ammunition  iu  a  gunsmith's  shop  iu 
Cork. 

Dec.  31.  Twelve  Fenians  are  captured 
at  Merthyr  Tydvil. 

*  *  London.  An  Orphans*  Home  is 
founded  at  West  Square,  Southwark. 

*  *  London.  TheStockwellOrphanagre, 
Clapham  Road,  is  founded  by  liev.  C.  H. 
Spurgeon,  aided  by  legacy  of  Miss  Hill- 
yard. 

*  *  The  Destitute  Children's  Dinner 
Society  is  established  to  give  weekly 
meat  dinners. 

1868  Jan.  10.  Dublin.  The  Irishman 
is  prosecuted  for  sedition. 

Jan.  25.  London.  Want  of  employment 
causes  great  distress  in  East  London. 

Jan.  28.  Fenians  attack  a  martello 
tower  near  Waterford. 

Feb.  12.  Patrick  Lennon,  a  Fenian 
leader,  is  convicted. 

Feb.  18,  19.  Dublin.  Sullivan  and 
Pigott  are  convicted  for  publishing  se- 
ditious libels  in  the  Wetkly  News  and 
Irishman  :  they  are  sentenced  to  impris- 
onment and  fined. 

Feb.  28.  Ire.  The  Habeas  Corpus 
Act  is  suspended  till  Mar.  25,  1869. 

Apr.  15.  Ire.  ,1.  P.  Featherstonehaugh, 
a  deputy  lieutenant,  having  recently 
raised  the  rent  of  his  tenants,  is  shot 
dead  when  returning  from  Dublin. 

Dublin.    The  Prince  and  Princess  of 

Wales  pay  a  visit  and  are  welcomed  with 
great  enthusiasm.  [.\pr.  18.  The  prince 
is  made  a  Knight  of  St.  Patrick.] 


STATE. 

1866  Dec.  *  In'.  Clare  and  other  coun- 
ties are  proclaimed  under  the  Peace 
Preservation  Act. 

*  •  Parliament :  The  Contagious  Dis- 
eaae  Act,  providing  for  periodical  medi- 
cal examinations  of  women's  persons  at 
military  and  naval  c tations,  is  passed. 


*  *  Parliament:  The  Colonial  Branch 
Army  Act  is  passed. 

1867  Feb.  11.  A  contemplated  attack 
on  Chester  Castle  by  Fenians  to  obtain 
arms  is  frustrated. 

Feb.  13.  Ire.  Fenians  to  the  number 
of  800  assemble  at  Cahirciveen,  County 
Kerry,  sack  a  coast-guard  station  at 
Kells,  and  commit  many  outrages.  [  l-'eb, 
15,    Suppressed  by  the  military.] 

Feb,  26.    Ire.    The  Habeas  Corpus  Act 

is  suspemled. 
Mar.  5.    Ire.    Fenian  risings  occur  in 

many  parts  of  the  country.   [Supjiressed 

after  much  bloodshed.] 
Mar.  8.    llenrv   Lowry    Corry    is    made 

tirst  lord  of  the  admiralty. 

Mar.  24.    Ire.    Abraham  Brewster  is 

made  lord  high  chancellor. 

Mar.  29.  Parliament :  A  Metropolitan 
Poor  Act,  providing  for  the  establish- 
ment of  asylums  for  the  sick,  insane,  etc., 
is  passed. 

Parliament:  An  act  is  passed  for 
uniting  Canada,  Kova  Scotia,  and  New 
Brunswick  iuto  one  Dominion  of  Can- 
ada. [Later  all  British  America  except 
Newfoundland  joins  the  Dominion.] 

May  3.  Parliament;  An  aet  providing 
for  the  preservation  of  oyster  fisheries 
is  passed. 

May  7-11.  London.  Xjuxemburg  Con- 
ference held. 

Representatives  of  Great  Britain,  Rus- 
sia, Austria,  Italy,  the  Netherlands,  Bel- 
gium, France,  and  Prussia  hold  a  confer- 
ence (p.  737). 

May  20.  H.  C.  John  Stuart  Mill's 
bill  to  permit  women  to  vote  for  mem- 
bers of  Parliament  is  rejected.  Vote, 
73-196. 

- —  Ire.  The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  is 
suspended. 

May  *  Commissioners  report  against  the 
purchase  of  railways  by  the  govern- 
ment. 

July  *  H.  C.  Mr.  Gladstone  introduces 
a  bill  for  amending  the  laws  relating  to 
parliamentary  representation.  [July 
4.  Robert  Lowe  proposes  a  cumulative 
voting  amendment  so  as  to  provide  for 
minority  representation.  July  5.  It  is 
rejected.  Vote,  17.V314.  July  15.  The 
Reform  Bill  is  jiassed.] 

July  *  Sir  John  Rolt  is  made  lord  jus- 
tice. 

Aug.  12.  Parliament:  An  Act  is  passed 
authorizing  the  queen  to  proclaim  pro- 
rogation of  Parliament  during  recess. 

Aug.  15.  The  new  Reform  Bill  receives 
the  royal  assent. 

Itgrants  9n  additional  member  of  Par- 
liament to  Manchester,  Leeds,  and  Bir- 
mingham ;  allowscnmulative  voting  mi- 
nority repre!<entation  in  Lon<lon,  Glas- 
gow, Manchester,  Liverpool,  and  Loeds, 
and  in  such  counties  as  return  three 
members  each  ;  and  makes  many  other 
changes  in  the  laws  relating  to"^  repre- 
sentation. 

Aug.  20.  Parliament:  Chancery  and 
Common- Law-Offices  Act  passed. 

A  Poor-ljaw  Amendment  Act  making 
Poor-Law  Boards  permanent  is  passed. 

The  Policies  of  Assurance  Act,  ena- 
bling assignees  of  assurances  to  sue  in 
their  own  names  for  policy  moneys,  is 
passed. 


The  ''Guarantee  by  Companies  Act," 
relating  to  the  security  by  means  of  sure- 
ties required  by  persons  employed  in  the 
public  service,  is  passed. 

An  Act  is  passed  providing  for  a  county 
court  for  London. 

Oct.  30.  Parliament:  A  commission  is 
appointed,  with  the  Earl  of  Stanhope, 
chairman,  to  inquire  into  the  state  of 
the  Irish  Church. 

Nov.  26,  27.  Parliament  appropriates 
£2,000,000  for  the  prosecution  of  war  in 
Abyssinia. 

Dec.  12,  Ire.  A  proclamation  is  issued 
prohibiting  Fenian  funeral  processions. 

1868  Jan.*  Ire.  A  Fenian  distur- 
bance causes  113,674  special  constables 
to  be  sworn  into  office. 

Feb.  8.  Sir  Charles  Jasper  Selwyn  is 
made  lord  ju.stice.  [:\Iar.  *  Sir  William 
Page  Wood.] 

Feb.  17,  Parliament:  A  parliamentary 
reform  bill  for  Scotland  is  introduced. 
[July  13.     It  is  passed.] 

Feb.  25.  The  Earl  of  Derby  resigns. 
because  of  ill-health. 

Feb.  27.  Benjamin  Disraeli  forms  a 
ministry.  It  includes  Lord  Cairns  as 
lord  high  chancellor.  Lord  Stanley,  Sir 
Stafford  Henry  Northcote,  Duke  of 
Buckingham,  and  Lord  John  Manners. 

Feb.  28-69  Mar.  25.  Ire.  The  Ha^ 
beas  Corpus  Act  is  suspended. 

Mar.  1.  H.  C.  Mr.  Gladstone  introduces 
resolutions  for  the  disestablishment  of 
the  Church  of  Ireland. 

Mar.  19.  Parliament:  A  parliamentary 
reform  bill  for  Ireland  is  introduced. 
[July  13.    Passed.] 

Mar.  31.  H.  C.  Voting  by  proxy  is 
abolished  by  standing  orders. 

Apr.  4.  H.  C.  A  debute  for  four  days 
closes  on  Mr.  Gladstone's  proposal  for  a 
committee  on  his  resolutions  for  the  dis- 
establishment of  the  Irish  Church. 
Resolutions  approved.  Vote,  328-'271i. 
[May  1.  First  resolution  passed.  Vote, 
330-205.  May  7.  Second  and  third  re- 
solutions passed.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1866  Dec.  30.  London.  The  north 
wing  of  the  Crystal  Palace  is  burned. 

*  *  The  first  annual  horse-show  is  held 
at  Birmingham. 

1867  Jan.  5,  6.  Many  wrecks  occur 
in  the  Channel. 

Jan.  15.  London.  A  severe  frost  occurs  ; 
the  ice  in  Regent's  Park  breaks,  and  40 

lives  are  lost. 

Feb.  17.  Eiinpt.  Tlie  first  ship,  the 
Priwo,  passes  thro\igh  tlie  Suez  Canal. 

June  3.  London.  Theflrst  stone  of  Hol- 
bom  Viaduct  is  laid.  [June  5.  Also 
of  the  new  meat-market.] 

June  29.  A  railway  accident  occurs  at 
Walton  Junction,  Warrington;  eight 
lives  lost. 

Oct.  21-  Royal  Bank  of  Liverpool  sus- 
pends. 

*  *  Velocipedes  become  common. 

1868  Mar.  14.  The  Millwall  dock8» 
near  London,  are  formally  opened. 


972    1868.  Apr.  21-1870,  Apr.  16.     GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1869  Mar.  *  The  British  Government 
adopts  the  Martini-Henry  rifle. 

Apr.  *  The  navy  consists  of  47  armored 
vessels  with  598  guns,  66  unarmored 
vessels,  and  a  large  number  of  vessels  of 
the  old  pattern. 

Oct.  1.  The  royal  dockyard  at  Wool- 
wich is  closed  after  use  for  more  than 
350  years. 

'Nov.  12.  The  Volunteer  Army  Ser- 
vice corps  is  established  by  royal  war- 
rant. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1868  May  17-Oct.  31.  An  exhibi- 
tion of  art  treasures  is  opened  at  Leeds 
by  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

Jiine  8.  A  statue  of  Richard  Cobden  is 
unveiled  at  Camden  Town. 

Summer.  Bxcesaive  heat  prevails :  at 
Nottingham,  in  sun,  122.4  degrees;  in 
shade,  92.2  degrees. 

Sept.  3.  A  great  floating  iron  dry  dock, 
which  costs  £260,000,  is  launched  at 
North  Woolwich,  and  towed  from  the 
Medway  to  the  Bermudas  in  36  days. 

Oct.  1.  London.  Midland  Railway 
Station,  St.  Pancras,  having  the  largest 
known  roof  in  the  world,  is  opened. 
Dimensions  of  roof,  245  feet,  6  inches,  bv 
698  feet. 

Nov,  28,  London.  The  Globe  Thea- 
ter, Strand,  is  opened.  [Deo.  31.  The 
Gaiety  Theater,  Strand.] 

*  *  London.  The  Burlington  Fine  Arts 
Club  is  founded. 

*  *  Isabella  and  the  Pot  of  Basil  is  exliib- 
ited  by  Ilolman  Hunt. 

*  *  London.  The  Holbein  Society  is 
formed,  for  the  obtaining  of  photo-litho- 
graphs  representing    ancient    wood-en- 

§  raving.      Also    the    Royal    Historical 
ociety  and  the  Colonial  Institute. 

*  *  London.  A  statue  of  Lord  Clyde  is 
«et  up  at  Waterloo  Place. 

*  ♦  A  statue  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  set  np 
near  Westminster  Abbey,  is  unveiled. 

1869  Jan.*  London.  A  lower  pitch  is, 
adopted  in  concert  singing. 

Mar.  1.  London.  The  South  London  In- 
dustrial Exhibition  is  opened. 

May  3.  London.  The  Royal  Academy 
holds  its  first  exhibition  in  the  new 
building. 

June  19.  London.  Charing  Cross 
Theater  is  opened. 

June  22.  London.  The  Iron  and  Steel 
Institute  holds  its  first  meeting. 

July  23.  Lotidon.  A  statue  of  Peaboily, 
the  American  philanthropist,  is  inaugu- 
rated at  the  Royal  Exchange  by  the 
Prince  of  Wales. 

Aug.  27.  Scot.  The  Wallace  monument 
at  Abbey  Craig,  near  Stirling,  is  inaugu- 
rated.    Entire  cost,  £13,000. 

*  *  The  Harleian  Society  is  formed,  for 
the  publication  of  heraldic  visitations, 
etc. 

*  *  The  Amateur  Mechanical  Society  is 
formed. 

1870  Jan.  21.  Lotidon.  Prof.  Tyndall 
demonstrates  the  presence  of  organic 
matters  in  the  dust  of  the  atmosphere. 
[A  controversy  respecting  dust  and  dis- 
ease follows.] 

Apr.  16.  London.  The  Vaudeville 
Theater  is  opened. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

.18G8*  •  BrouRham,  Henry,  Lord  Brough- 
am and  Vatix,  orator,  statesman,  scientist, 
author,  Scotland,  A90. 


Cardigan,  Karl  of,  James  T.  II.,  gen.,  A71. 

Cattermole,  GeorKe,  painter,  A68. 

Cockerell,  Charles  R.,  architect,  A80. 

Edwards,  Sir  Herbert  II.,  general,  A49. 

Elliotson,  John,  physician,  author,  A82. 

Hampden,  Itenn  Dickson,  bishop  of  Here- 
ford, moral  philosopher,  A  75. 

Kean,  Charlea  J.,  actor,  A57. 

Laing,  Samuel,  traveler,  author,  Scot.,  A86. 

Lover,  Samuel,  novelist,  artist,  Ireland,  A7I. 

McGee,  Thomas  D'Arcy,  journalist.  Ire.,  A43. 

Milman,  Henry  H.,  poet,draniati8t,hi8t.,  A77. 
1869  *  *  Ashpitel,  Arthur,  architect,  archeolo- 
gist,  A62. 

Carleton,  William,  novelist,  Ire.,  A71. 

Derby,  Earl  of,  Edward  Qeottrey  8mith 
8tanley,  statesman,  A70. 

Dllke,  Charles  \V.,  political  economist,  AMt. 

Dungiison,  Robley,  physician,  author,  A71. 

Ellis,  Sir  Henry,  antiqviary,  A92. 

Gough,  Viscount,  Hugli,  general.  Ire.,  A90. 

(iraham,  Thomas,  chemist,  A64. 

Harris,  Sir  William  S.,  electrician,  A77. 

Hobhouse,  John  Cam,  Lord  liroughlou, 
statesman,  author,  A  83. 

Sturt,  Sir  (Jharles,  Australian  explorer,  A73. 

Tennant,  Sir  James  E.,  statesman,  hist.,  AW. 


CHURCH. 

1868  May  13.  The  Church  Reform 
Society  (Liturgical  Revision  Society) 
holds  its  first  meetiug. 

Dec.  23.  Ritualists  arc  censured  by  the 
judicial  committee  of  the  Privy  Ooimcil 
on  appeal. 

*  *  Parliament :  The  District  Churches 
Act,  constituting  vicarages,  is  passed. 

i:  *  ♦  The  Catholic  Truth  Society  is  es- 
tablished by  Bishop  Vaughan. 

*  *  London.  The  Missionary  Leaves  As- 
sociation, for  furnishing  information  at 
home,  and  conveying  their  aid  to  recipi- 
ents abroad,  is  organized. 

*  *  Archibald  Camjibell  Tait  is  chosen 
archbishop  of  Cajiterbury. 

1869  May  24.  A  church  conference 
is  held  at  Sheffield. 

July  26.  The  Church  of  Ireland  is 
disestablished.    (See  Stale.) 

Aug.  11.  Parliament:  The  Bishop's 
Resignation  (for  inlirmity)  Act,  provid- 
ing for  the  appointment  of  bishop  coad- 
jutors, is  passed. 

Nov.  25.  London,  The  Sunday  Lecture 
Society  is  founded. 

*  *  Sunday-school  huUdings  are  exempted 
from  rates. 

*  *  Sees  are  established : 

Aucltlan<i,  N.  Z,;  Maritzburg.  South  Af- 
rica ;  and  Uathurst,  Australia.  [1871, Huron; 
1872,  Ballarat, Trinidad,  Moo80nee,andNorth 
China;  1886,  St.  Albans.] 

1870  Jan.  16.  A  Greek  church  is 
consecrated  at  Liverpool  by  a  Greek 
archbishop. 

Feb.  21  +  ,  Ire.  An  Irish  Church  conven- 
tion is  held. 

Mar.  11.  London.  The  Martyrs'  Me- 
morial, Smithtield,  erected  by  the  Prot- 
estant Alliance,  is  inaugurated. 


LETTERS. 

1868  Apr.  25.  The  foundation  of  Keble 
College,  Oxford,  is  laid  by  the  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  [18(0,  June  23. 
Consecrated.] 

Oct.  8.  Scot.  The  foundation  of  the 
new  university  buildings  of  Glasgow 
is  laid  by  the  Prince  of  Wales.  [1870. 
Nov.  7.    Opened.] 

*  *  London.  The  Koyal  Historical  So- 
ciety is  founded.  Also  the  Colonial 
Institute. 

*  *  London.  The  Bazaar  is  issued.  Also 
the  £cAo  and  the  Bock, 

*  *  Scot.  Studies  on  Poetry  and  Philoso- 
phy, by  John  Campbell  Shairp,  appears. 
[1870,  Culture  and  Religum;  1S77,  Poetic 
Interpretation  of  Nature.] 


*  *  The  Moo7i8tone,  by  Wilkie  Collins,  ai>- 
pears.    [1873,  The  2/ew  Magdalen.] 

*  *  John  Ploughman's  Talk,  by  Charles 
Uaddon  Spurgeon,  appears.  [1870-86, 
The  Treasury  of  iJavid.] 

*  *  Etchings  and  Etchers,  by  Philip  (J. 
Hamerton,  appears.  [1873,  Intellectual 
Life.] 

*  *  Life  of  Las  Ca^as,  by  Arthur  Helps, 
appears'.  [18G9,  Life  of  Columbus  aiul 
Life  of  Pizarro;  18^1,  Life  of  Cortez.] 

1868-70  The  Earthly  Paradise,  by  Wil- 
liam Morris,  appears. 

1869  July  31.  The  PubUc  School* 
Act  is  passed.  It  modifies  the  govern- 
ment of  Eton,  Winchester,  Westmins- 
ter, Charterhouse,  Harrow,  Kugby,  and 
Shrewsbury  schools. 

Oct.  12,  13.  The  National  Education 
League  meets  at  Birmingham. 

Oct.  *  London.  The  Morning  Stnr  sus- 
pends. 

Oct.  *  The  Hans  Busk  Life-ship  Insti- 
tute is  founded. 

Nov.  4.  The  National  Education  Union 
for  supplementing  the  present  denomi- 
national system  meets  at  Manchester. 

London.    Nature  is  issued. 

Nov.  9.    The  Spiritualist  is  issued. 

Dec.  31.  London.  The  Morning  Herald 
suspends. 

Dec.  *  The  Holy  Grail,  by  Tennyson,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  London.  The  Vniversity  of  London 
and  the  University  College  give  their 
adhesion  to  the  movement  fur  the 
higher  education  of  women. 

*  *  London.  The  .'IrcAi/ecf  is  issued  ;  also 
the  Graphic  and  the  Freemason. 

*  *  Ire.  Irish  Odes,  by  Aubrey  Tlionms 
Be  Vere,  appears.  [1874,  Alexander  the 
Great :  1879,  Legends  of  the  Saxon 
Saints.] 

*  *  Data  of  Psychology,  by  Herbert  Spen- 
cer, appears. 

*  *  Latin  Proverbs,  by  Alfred  Henderson, 
appears. 

*  *  He  Knew  he  was  Bight  and  Phineas 
Finn,  by  TroUope,  appear.  [1877,  The 
American  Senator,] 

*  *  Juvenftis  Mtmdiy  by  Wni.  K.  Glad- 
stone appears. 

*  *  An  Introduction  to  the  Classification 
of  Animals,  by  Huxley,  appears.  [1870, 
-Lay  Sermons;  1871,  A  Manual  of  the 
Anatomy  of  Vertebrated  Animals:  1873, 
Critiques  and  Addresses ;  1877,  Physiog- 
raphy and  A  Manual  of  the  Anatomy  of 
Invertebrated  Atmnals'.] 

*  *  My  Enemy^s  Daughter,  hy  JwsXmyic- 
Cartny,  appears.  [1873,  A  Fair  Sajwi; 
1875,  Dear  Lady  Disdain.] 

*  *  A  Manual  of  Ancient  History^  by 
George  Kawlinson,  appears. 

*  *  In  Silk  ^(itre,  by  William  Black,  ap- 
pears. [1871,  A  Daughter  of  Heth  :  1873, 
Strange  Adventures  of  a  Phaeton  and 
A  Princess  of  Thule.] 

*  *  Loma  Zhone,  by  Richard  Blackmore, 
appears. 

1870  Jan.  ♦-Apr.  *  London.  The  Pall 
Mall  Gazette  is  issued  as  a  morning 
paper. 

liar.  *  London.    The  Financieris  issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1868  Apr.  30.  Richard  Burke,  a  Fe- 
nian leader,  is  convicted  of  treason- 
felony. 

Apr.  *   Eng.    Colliers  at  Wigan  strike. 

Oct.  30.  The  Manchester  national  so- 
ciety for  woman  suffrage  holds  its  first 
nieeting. 

Dec.  5.  Ixnidon.  George  Peabody 
gives  another  £100,000  to  the  poor. 


AND    IRELAND.     1868,  Apr.  21-1870,  Apr.  16.     973 


Dec.  17.  /yonilon.  The.  Association  for 
the  prevention  of  poverty  and  crime 
is  founded. 

•  *  A  national  trades  societies  congress 
meets  at  Manchester. 

•  *  The  transportation  "f  convicts  is 
abolislied. 

1869  Jan.  *  Londmi.  The  Women's 
Club  and  Institute,  Newman  Street,  is 
opened. 

Mar.  *  Ire.  O'Donovan  Bossa  and 
other  Fenians  are  released. 

Apr.  17.  Enci.  The  foundation  of  the 
Asylum  for  Imbeciles,  Caterham,  is 
laid. 

May  3.  First  club-house  at  Birming- 
ham is  opened. 

May  ♦  A  strike  occurs  in  Preston. 

June  2.  Biots  against  a  colliery  man- 
ager at  Mold,  Flintshire,  are  suppressed 
by  the  njilitary  ;  four  persons  are  killed. 

July  *  The  Erdington  orphan  bouses  at 
ISirmiugham,  endowed  by  Josiah  -Mason, 
are  tinisheti. 

•  *  Weekly  wages  of  laborers  are  11  shil- 
lings. 

•  *  The  Charitable  Belief  Society  is  or- 
ganizeil. 

•  *  Arrest  for  debt  is  practically  abol- 
ished, with  certain  exceptions. 

1870  Jan.  21.  .\  colliery  strike  occurs 
at  ThorncliiTe,  near  Shelfiel<i ;  dreadful 
riots  and  devastation  ensue. 

Jan.  *  Sir  Samuel  Baker  heads  an  ex- 
pedition to  put  down  slave-trading  on 
the  Nile. 

Jan.  *  -Feb.  •  Ire.  Many  agrarian  out- 
rages occur.    [Nov.  *  More.] 


STATE. 

1868  Apr.  21.  H.  C.  A  proposal  of 
Mr.  Gilpin  for  abolition  of  the  death 
penalty  is  rejected.  Vote,  127-23.  [1869. 
.July  19.    Again  rejected.     Vote,  118-68.] 

May  *  Parliament :  The  Capital  Pun- 
ishment within  Prisons  Bill  is  passed. 

June  26.  The  Colonial  Society,  estab- 
lished to  promote  the  welfare  of  the 
colonies,  holds  its  first  meeting. 

July  6.  Victoria,  fourth  child,  daughter 
of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  is  born. 

July  13.  Parliament:  The  Sea  Fish- 
eries Act  is  passed. 

Jtily  31.  Parliament:  The  postmaster 
is  empowered  to  purchase  the  electric 
telegraph. 

Parliament:  An  Act  amending  the 
Poor  Ijaw  is  passed. 

Nov.  7-9.  Tlie  Coixrt  of  Common  Pleas 
<lecides  that  female  suffrage  is  illegal. 

Dec.  2.  The  elections  being  favorable  to 
the  Lilierals,  the  Disraeli  Ministry  re- 
sigms. 

Dec.  9.  The  first  administration  of 
AV.  E.  Gladstone  is  formed. 

Memliers:  William  Kwart  Cladstone  (1.. 
Treas.),  SIrW.  I".  Wood  [I.orii  Hattierly]  (I,. 
Chanc. ),  Karl  de  <lrey  and  Kli)on  (Pres.  of 
Council),  Earl  of  Klmijerley  (P.  Seal),  Rob- 
ert I^we(Chani'.  Excli.),  Henry  -\  nstm  Bruce 
(Home  .Setr-).  the  Karl  of  Clarendon  (ForeiRn 
Sec),  Karl  (;ranvaie  (Colonial  Sec),  Dulte 
of  Argyll  (Sec  for  India).  Kdwanl  Cardwell 
(Sec.  War),  Hugh  CullinK  Kardley  cliUflers 
(U  Admiralty),  .lohn  Uright  ( Pres.  Hoard  of 
Tra<le),  Marquis  of  Ilartington  (Postmasler- 
general),  George  Joachim  Goschen  (Pres.  of 
the  Poor-Law  Board),  Chichester  Samuel 
Forlescue  (.Sec.  for  Ireland). 

Dec.  10.  Parliament  meets.  [1874. 
Jan.  26.    Dissolved.] 


Deo.  •  Ire.  Earl  Spencer  is  appointed 
lord-lieutenant ;  and  Thomas  O'Hagan 
lord  high  chancellor,  the  first  Roman 
Catholic  to  hold  that  ofHce  since  the 
Kevolution. 

*  •  Parliament :  The  laws  relating  to 
railways  are  amended.  The  carrying  of 
persons  to  a  prize-fight  is  prohibited. 

»  •  Parliament :  The  Pharmacy  Act, 
requiring  all  sellers  of  poisons  to  lie 
registered  after  Dec.  31,  1868,  is  passed. 

•  •  Parliament :  A  new  oath  ol  alle- 
giance for  members  of  Parliament  is 
provided. 

The  oath  is:  "  I  will  be  faithful  and 
Iwar    true    allegiance    to  Her  Majesty 
Queen  Victoria,  her  heirs  and  successors, 
according  to  law,  so  help  me  God." 
1869    Jan.  14.    -4  convention  is  signed 
with  the  United  States  respecting  the 
Alabama  claims.    [Apr.  13.    Rejected 
l)y  the  L'.  S.  Senate.] 
Feb.  *  London.    Col.   Henderson    is   ap- 
pointed police  commissioner  in  place  of 
.Sir  R.  Mayne. 
Mar.  1.    H.  C.    Mr.    Gladstone    intro- 
duces a  bill  for  the  disestablishment  of 
the   Church  of  Ireland.    [May  31. 
Passed.    .June  1.     H.  L.    lntroduce<l ; 
,rulyl2.    Passed.    1869.    Feb.  ♦  Receives 
royal  assent.] 
Mar.  9.    The  Hudson  Bay  Company's 
charter  having  expired,  the  chief  part 
of  tlie  company's  territories  are  trans- 
ferred to  the  Dominion  of  Canada  tor 
£300,0(K)  and  certain  rights  and  privi- 
leges (p.  583). 
May  11.    Ire.    The  mayor  of  Cork,  for  a 
speech  on  Apr.  27,  eulogizing  Fenians, 
is  compelled  to  resign. 
May  12.    H.  C.    The  Permissive  Pro- 
hibitory Bill,  permitting  two-thirds  of 
the  rate-payers  of   a  parisli  to  refuse 
licences  to  sell  intoxicating  liquors,  is 
rejected.    Vote,  193-87.    [1871.    May  17. 
Rejected    again.     Vote,    206-124.     1872. 
May  8.    Again.    Vote,369-15.    1873.   May 
7.    Again.    Vote,  321-81.    1874.   Jnne  17. 
Again.    Vote,    301-76.      1875.    June    16. 
-Again.    Vote,  371-86.] 
June  24.    Parliament:     Fire  insur- 
ance duties  are  totally  repealed  ;  also 
the  tax  of  one  guinea  laid  on  persons 
using  hair-powder. 
July  18.    H.  L.    \  bill  for  abolishing 
religious   university  tests  is  rejected. 
[1870.    July  14.    Again   rejected.    1871. 
.lune  16.    Passed,  and  receives  royal  as- 
.^ent.] 
Aug.  9.    Parliament:  The  Volun- 
teers Act  of   1803  is  amen<ied.     The 
Bankruptcy  Act  and  the  Act  for  abol- 
ishing imprisonment  for  debt,  and  tlie 
political  ofllces  Pension  Act  are  passed. 
Aug.  11.    Parliament:   The   Habitual 
Criminals  Act,  giving  powers  for  the 
apprehension  of  habitual  criminals  on 
suspicion,  is  passed. 
Aug.*  Parliament:     The    Savings 

Banks  Investment  Act  is  passed. 
Sept.  10.    Ire.    The  tenant-right   agita- 
tion is  begun  at  a  conference  of  tenants 
at  Cork.    [Oct.  18.    Another  meeting  at 
Kilkenny.] 


Nov.  25.  Ire.  Jeremiah  O'Donovan 
Bossa  (Fenian),  M.  P.,  is  elected  for 
Tlpperary.  [1870.  Feb.  10.  Election 
annulled.] 

Nov.  26.  Maud  (5th  child),  daughterof 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  is  born. 

Dec.  *  Sir  George  M.  Giffard  is  made 
lord  justice. 

1869-70  Parliament :  Acts  are  passed 
abolishing  licenses  for  the  sale  of  tea, 
coffee,  chocolate,  and  pepper,  and  modi- 
fying otlier  licences. 

•  *  Parliament:  An  annual  license 
duty  of  10  shillings  and  sixpence  on 
horses  and  mules  each,  and  fixing  the 
horse-dealers'  license  at  £12  lOs.,  is  in\- 
posed. 

♦  *  Indian  Ocean.  The  Nicobar  Isles  are 
jicquired. 

1870  Jan.  5.  The  National  and  Co- 
lonial League  is  established. 

Feb.  8.    Parliament  opens. 

Feb.  15.  H.  C.  Mr.  Gladstone  intro- 
duces a  Ijand  Bill,  to  amend  the  Law  of 
Landlord  and  Tenant  in  Ireland.  [Mar. 
22.  Passes  its  second  reading.  Vote, 
442-11.] 

Feb.  17.  H.C.  W.  E.  Forster  introduces 
an  Elementary  Education  Bill.  [Aug. 
9.  Passed  by  Parliament.  It  receives 
I'oyai  assent.] 

Mar.  7.  The  Colonial  Society  becomes 
the  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 

Mar.  *  The  Land  Eegistry  Office  is  re- 
ported by  a  commission  to  be  a  failure. 

Apr.  4.  Parliament :  Another  Peace 
Preservation  Act  for  Ireland  is  passed. 
[Apr.  29.  Eight  counties  are  pro- 
claimed under  it.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1868  Apr.  28.  Columbia  Market, 
Bethnal  Green,  erected  by  Miss  Burdett 
Coutts,  is  opened  by  her. 

July  30.    London.    Part  of  the  Albert 

Thames  Embankment  is  opened. 
July  31.    A  false  alarm  of  fire  is  given 

at  Lang's  Music  Hall,  Manchester ;  23 

persons  are  killed. 
Aug.  7.    London.    King's  Cross  Market 

is  opened. 
Aug.  20.     ir.    Railway  trains  collide  at 

Abergele  ;  fire  ensues,  and  33  persons  ai-c 

burned  to  death. 
Aug.  25.     American  vessel  Sappho  antl 

four  English  cutters  contest  olf  Isle  of 

Wight ;  Oimara  wins  the  race. 
Oct.  16.    Egy.     The  Suez  Canal  is 

opened. 
Oct.  26.    The  new  Town  Hall  is  founded 

at  Manchester. 
Oct.  *  The  shaft  of  propeller  on  steamer 

llihernia  breaks,  causing   the    loss   of 

many  lives. 

1869  Mar.  21.  The  steamer  Italian  is 
wrecked  near  Finisterre  ;  about  26  lives 
lost. 

June  23.  A  railway  collision  at  New- 
cross  causes  great  (laniage,  and  kills  two 
persons. 

Oct.  9.  A  railway  collision  occurs  at 
Long  Eaton  .Tunction ;  seven  persons 
killed. 

Oct.  15.  The  new  Town  Hall  at  Chester 
i-i  opei^ed  by  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

Oct.  24.  A  railway  collision  occurs  near 
Welwyn  ;  three  persons  killed. 

1870  Mar.  17.  The  steamer  A'or>K«n<v 
collides  with  steamer  Marp  off  the  Isle 
of  Wight,  and  sinks  ;  34  lives  lost. 


:9T4     1870,  Apr.  21-1871,  Oct  15.     GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1870  Sept.  7.  The  turret-ship  Captain 
ia  lost  oif  the  west  coast  of  Spain ;  472 
men  perish. 

Nov.  *  Breech-loaders  are  first  di8tril>- 
uted  to  the  army. 

1871  June  *  It  is  reported  that  deaths 
in  the  army  are  reduced  from  17  per  1,000 
to  nine  by  Improved  sanitary  appoint- 
ments. 

July  8-18.  The  National  Association  for 
rifle- shooting:  meets  at  Wimbledon  ; 
the  queen's  prize  is  won  by  A.  T.  Hum- 
phry, a  Cambridge  undergraduate. 
[1872.  July  8-lG,  Sergt.  Michie  of  the 
London  Scottish  ;  1873,  July  7-15,  Sergt. 
Robert  Menzies,  1st  Edinburgh ;  1874, 
July  6-14,  Private  Atkinson  Ist  Durham  ; 

1875,  July  12-20,  Capt.  George  Pierce, 
15th  Devon  ;  1876,  July  10-22,  Sergt.  Pull- 
man ;  1877,  July  9-21 ;  George  Jamieson, 
15th  Lancashire  corps,  Liverpool.] 

July  12.  The  war-ship  Devastation  is 
launched.  [July  18,  The  Cwc/ows;  Mar. 
25,  the  Thunderer  at  Pembroke;  1875, 
Apr.  7,  the    Alexandria   at   Chatham ; 

1876,  Apr.  27,  the  Inflexible  at  Ports- 
mouth ;  May  9,  the  Timeraire  at  Chat- 
ham.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1870  Apr.  21.  Albert  Memorial 
Museum  is  given  up  to  the  town  council 
of  Exeter. 

May  7.    Stanley  Park,  Liverpool,  is 

opened. 
June  3.     Scot.    The  foundation  of  Albert 

Bridge  at  Glasgow  is  laid. 

July  16.  London.  The  International 
Workmen's  Exhibition  at  Islington  is 
opened  by  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

Aug.  6.  Alexandra  Park,  Manchester, 
is  opened. 

Sept.  14.     The   British  Association 

meets  at  Liverpool.  [1871,  at  Edin- 
burgh; 1872,  at  Brighton;  1873,  at  Brad- 
ford ;  1874,  Aug.  19,  at  Belfast ;  1875,  at 
Bristol;  1876,  at  Glasgow  :  1877,  at  Plym- 
outh ;  1878,  at  Dublin  ;  1879,  at  Sheffield.] 

Sept.  21.  The  Social  Science  Associa- 
tion meets  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  [1871. 
Oct.  4,  at  Leeds;  1872,  Sept.  11,  Plym- 
outh; 1873,  Oct.  1,  Norwich;  1874,  Sept. 
30,  Glasgow  ;  1875,  Oct.  6,  Brighton ;  1876. 
Oct.  11,  Liverpool;  1877,  Sept.  19,  Aber- 

-  deen ;  1878,  Oct.  23,  Cheltenham ;  1879, 
Oct.  I.Manchester.] 

Oct,  29.    London.    Op^ra   Comique  is 

opened. 
Wov.  3.    An  equestrienne  statue  of  the 
queen  is  unveiled  at  Liverpool. 

Dec.  26.  Dublin.  ITie  Smith  O'Brien 
statue  is  unveiled. 

*  *  Cromwell  Varley  produces  a  musical 
telephone. 

i*  ♦Antiseptic  surgery  is  introduced 
by  Sir  Joseph  Lister  to  exclude  germs  of 
disease  from  wounds. 

*  *  R.  S.  Newall's  telescope,  having  an 
object-glass  25  inches  in  diameter,  and 
a  tube  nearly  30  feet  long,  is  set  up  at 
Gateshead. 

1871  Jan.  1.  The  Anthropological  and 
Ethnological  Societies  are  amalgamated, 
forming  the  Anthropological  Insti- 
tute. 

Mar.  17.  An  earthquake  is  felt  in 
northwest  England. 

May  1.  London.  The  first  annual  In- 
ternational Hxhibition  of  Arts,  Indus- 
try, and  Education  is  opened  at  South 
Kensington. 

-June*  Scot.  TheTay  Bridge  is  begun. 
[1878.  May  31.  Opened.  Length,  10,610 
feet ;  consists  of  85  spans,  some  90  feet 


above  water  level ;  cost  £350,000 ;  about 

20  lives  lost  during  its  construction.] 

June*  Improved    sanitary   methods 

have  reduced  the  annual  deaths  in  the 

army  from  17  per  1,000  to  9i. 
July  18.    Lomlon.    Marchesse  di  Gandla 

Mario's  farewell  is  given  in  La  Favo- 

rita  at  Italian  Opera. 
Aug.  17.     London.     A  statue  of  Sir 

James  Outram  is  unveiled  on  the  Thames 

embankment. 

Oct.  14.  Encke's  comet  becomes  visible. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1870  *  •  Bailey,  Samuel,  metaphysician,  po- 
litical philosopher,  \vrit«r,  A79. 

lialfe,  Michael  W.,  musician,  composer,  Ire- 
land, A  62. 

Clarendon,  Earl  of,  G.  W.  F.  Villers,  states- 
man, A70. 

Dickens,  Charles,  novelist,  A58. 

Kvans,  Sir  George  I)e  Lacy,  general,  Aft3. 

Lemon,  Mark,  humorist,  journalist,  A61. 

Miller,  William  Allen,  chemist,  AS3. 

Onslow,  Earl  of,  Arthur  George,  statesman, 
(father  House  of  Lords),  A93. 

Simpson,  Sir  James  Y.,  physician,  Scot.,  A59. 

Syme,  James,  surgeon,  author,  A71. 

Thorpe,  Benjamin,  pliilologist,  A62. 


CHURCH. 

1870    Apr.  24.    London.    KeshubChun- 

der  Sen  is  received  at  a  public  meeting  as 
a  reformer. 

June  22.  The  convocation  for  revising 
the  Holy  Bible  holds  its  first  meeting 
in  Westminster. 

Oct.  11.    A  church  congress  is  held  at 

Southampton. 

rl87I,  Oct.  10,  at  Nottingham;  1872,  Oct. 
8-11,  at  Leeds;  1873,  Oct.  9,  at  Bath;  1874. 
Oct  6,  at  Brighton;  1875,  Oct.  5-9,  at  Stoke- 
upon-Kent;  1876,  Oct.  3-9,  at  Plymouth ;  1877, 
Oct.  9-12,  at  Crovden;  1878.  Oct.  1-4,  at  Shef- 
field; 1879,  Oct.  7,  at  Swansea.] 

Nov.  30.    Ire.    The  new  Protestant 

cathedral  at  Cork  is  consecrated, 

*  *  Jew^s  are  permitted  to  work  on  Sun- 
days by  a  Workshop  Act. 

1870-73  Much  agitation  prevails  against 
the  general  use  of  the  Athanasian 
Creed  (Church  of  Kngland)  among  both 
clergy  and  laity. 

±  *  *  The  League  of  St.  Sebastian  Is  Insti- 
tuted to  promote  the  restoration  of  his 
temporBu  dominions  to  the  Pope. 

*  *  London.  The  Christian  Evidence 
Society  is  organized  to  ctmnteract  un- 
belief among  the  educated  classes, 

*  *  Bishops  elected : 

Joshua  Hughes  for  St.  Asaph,  Richard 
Durnford  for  Chichester,  and  Octavius  Hat- 
field for  Wellington,  N.  Z.  [1871,  Samuel  T. 
Nevill  for  Dunedin,  N.  Z.;  1872,  John  Hor- 
den  for  Moosonee,  Kupertsland,  Peter  S. 
Koyston  for  Mauritius,  and  Maurice  Fitz- 
gerald Day  for  Oashel ;  1873.  Edward  Harold 
Browne  for  Wincliester,  <_'.  W.  Samlford  for 
Gibraltar,  and  J.  Shaw  Burden  for  Victoria; 
1874,  William  Basil  Jones  for  St.  Davids,  W. 
C.  Bomi)a8  for  Mackenzie  River,  Ruperts- 
land,  Alfred  Willis  for  Honolulu,  R.  Kestell- 
Cornish  for  Madagascar,  and  W.  W.  Jones, 
metropolitan,  for  South  Africa.] 

*  *  (Roman  Catholic)  bishops  conse- 
crated : 

J.  D.  Ricards,  vicar  apostolic  of  East  Cajw 
Colony.  C1872,  Herbert  Vaughan,  bishop  for 
Salford,  and  J.  Leonard,  vicar  apostolic  for 
West  Cape  Colony;  1873,  Bernard  Rellly 
for  Liverpool,  and  John  C.  Hedley,  aroli- 
bishop  for  Newport  andMenevia;  1874,  Ed- 
ward O.  Bagahawe  for  Kottinghani,  J.  T. 
Raimond,  vicar  apostolic  for  Hong  Kong, 
Charles  Joltvet,  vioar  apostolic  for  Natal, 
South  Africa,  and  Joseph  L.  Bardou  for  Co- 
imbatore.  ] 
1870-71  The  Foreign  Evangelization 
Society  is  organized  to  work  chiefiy  in 
I'rance. 


1871  Feb.  3.  The  Privy  Council  gives 
judgment  against  Mr.  Purchas,  a  ritu- 
alist charged  with  heresy. 

He  is  found  guilty  of  violating  ecclesiasti- 
cal law,  "  by  wearing  the  chasuble,  alb,  and 
tunicle  during  the  communion  servic*;  by 
using  wine  mixed  with  water  and  wafer-bread 
In  the  administration  of  the  communion ;  and 
by  standing  witli  his  back  to  the  i^ople,  be- 
tween the  communion  table  and  the  congre- 
gation, during  the  consecration  prayer.'* 

May  9.  H.  C.  Mr.  jMiall's  resolution 
for  disestablishing  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land is  defeated.    (Vote,  89-374.) 

May  28.  The  Jews  are  released  from 
the  compulsory  observance  of  Sunday. 

June  22,  A  Roman  Catholic  is  made 
master  of  arts  by  the  University  of  Ox- 
ford, the  first  so  honored  since  the  abo- 
lition of  the  Test  Acts. 

June*  Ire.  The RegiumDonum (Royal 
Gift),  for  the  maintenance  of  the  Pres- 
byterian ministers  in  Ireland,  Is  com- 
muted by  the  Irish  Presbyterian  Church. 

July  13.  Parliament:  The  Inctun- 
bents'  Resignation  Act  is  passed. 

July  24.  The  Ecclesiastical  Titles  Act 
(against  papal  ascension),  is  repealed. 

Aug.  17.  The  Sunday  Act  of  1676  is 
amended. 

LETTERS. 

1870  Jime  29.  London.  The  Hebrew 
Literature  Society  is  established. 

Sept.  23.  The  new  buildings  of  Owens 
College,  Manchester,  are  founded. 
[1873.    Oct.  8.    Opened.] 

Oct,  7.  The  postage  on  books  is  re- 
duced to  one  halfpenny  for  two  ounces 
or  less. 

Oct.  8.  London.  The  ratepayers*  school 
board  association  is  established. 

Nov.  29.  Lmidon.  The  first  election 
of  Metropolitan  School  Board  takes 
place. 

*  *  Scot.  A  technical  college  is  estab- 
lished at  the  University  of  Glasgow. 

*  ■"  London.  The  Portfolio  is  issued  ;  also 
the  Journal  of  Education  and  the  Em- 
pire. 

*  *  The  public  school  system  is  extended. 

*  *  Put  Yourself  in  His  Place,  hy  Charles 
Keade,  appears.  [1877,  The  Woman 
Hater.] 

*  *  Puck,  by  Ouida,  appears.  [1873,  Pas- 
caret ;  1874,  Two  Little  Wooden  Shoes.] 

*  *  Researches  on  Diamagnetism  and 
Magne-Crystallic  Action,  Notes  on  a 
Course  of  Nine  Lectures  on  Lujht  deliv- 
ered at  the  Royal  Institution,  Notes  of  a 
Course  of  Seven  Lectures  on  Electrical 
Phenomena  delivered  at  the  Royal  Insti- 
tution, and  Essays  on  the  Iniaginaiion 
in  Science,  by  John  Tyndnll,  appear. 
[1871,  Hours  of  Exercise  in  the  Alps  and 
Fragmen  ts  of  Science  for  Unscit7iti/ic 
People:  1872,  Contributions  to  Molecular 
Physics  in  the  Domain  of  Radiant  Beat.] 

*  *  Contributions  to  the  Theory  of  Natural 
Selection,  by  Alfred  Russell  Wallace, 
appears. 

*  *  Grammar  of  Assent,  by  John  Henry 
Newman,  appears.  [1872,  Essays^  Criti- 
cal and  Historical.] 

1870-82  Poems,  by  Dante  Gabriel  Ros- 
setti,  appears. 

1871  June  16.  University  tests  are 
abolished  by  Parliament. 

Oct.  4.  Dover  College  is  inaugurated 
by  Earl  Granville. 

Oct.  15.  London.  The  Roman  Catho- 
lic University  College,  Kensington,  is 
opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1870  June  6.  The  foundation  of  the 
Stanley  Hospital,  Liverpool,  is  laid  by 
the  Earl  of  Derby. 


AND    IRELAND.     1870,  Apr.  21 -1871,  Oct.  15.     975 


July  2.  The  Anglo-Jewish  Associa- 
tdofL  is  constituted  for  tlie  advancement 
of  Jews. 

.  July  8.  Ire.  A  modified  form  of  the 
Ulster  tenant  rights  in  the  Irish  Laud 
Act  is  preserved. 

July  18.  Ire.  Michael  Davitt  and 
John  W^Uson  are  convicted  of  treason- 
felony  for  endeavoring  to  transmit  arms 
secretly  to  Ireland. 

July  21.  The  Railway  Association, 
comprisinK  directors  and  shareholders, 
is  established  to  watch  legislation. 

Aug.  4.  ire.  The  National  Society  for 
aminK  the  sick  and  wounded  in  London, 
under  the  rules  of  the  German  conven- 
tion, is  organized. 

Aug.  9.  Parliament :  The  law  relating 
to  the  property  of  married  women  is 
amended.  The  separate  earnings  of  a 
wife  are  secured  to  her  own  use;  per- 
sonal and  freehold  property  bequeathed 
to  her  are  secured  to  herself. 

Sept.  23.  Margaret  "Waters  is  con- 
victed of  the  murder  of  an  illegitimate 
infant  by  intentional  neglect.  She  had 
adopted  about  40  children,  receiving  a 
few  pounds  as  a  preminm;  many  had 
died. 

Oct.  12.  Scot.  Tlie  Prince  ofWales  is 
installed  as  patron  of  tlie  Freemasons. 

Oct.  15,  16.  Rioting  occurs  at  Arma- 
thwuite,  near  Carlisle,  between  English 
and  Irish  navvies. 

Oct.  17.  London.  A  riotous  assem- 
blage of  the  unemployed  in  Trafalgar 
Square  is  dispersed.  [Oct.  18.  A  meet- 
ing at  Hyde  Park  is  dispersed  by  the 
police.  Oct.  19.  Again  dispersed.  Oct. 
23.  A  meeting  in  Trafalgar  Square ; 
about  2,000  go  to  Westminster  Abbey.] 

Oct.  21.  Lo?i(lon.  The  Refugees'  Be- 
nevolent Fund  is  instituted  in  conse- 
quence of  the  war,  at  a  great  meeting 
held  in  the  Mansion  House. 

Nov.  18.  London.  Meetings  in  Traf- 
algar Square  are  prohibite<i. 

Nov.  25.  A  general  order  for  boarding 
out  pauper  children  is  issued. 

*  •  About  £89,000,000  is  spent  in  intoxi- 
cating liquors,  £58,000,000  by  the  work- 
ing classes. 

*  *  Number  of  persons  convicted  of  crime 
in  England  and  Wales.  12.953.  [1871, 
11,946;  1872,  10,862;  1873,  11,089;  1874, 
11,509;  1875,  10,9&1 ;  1876.  12,195;  1877, 
11,M2;  1878,  12,473;  1879,  12,525.] 

*  •  Titles  created : 

Baron  O'Hagan.  [1871,  Barons  Burdette- 
C'outts,  and  Sandhnrat,  and  Marquis  of  Rt- 
pon;  1H72,  Baron  Kttriok;  1873.  Barons Somer- 
lon,  .\.l>enlare,  and  Vi8<rount  of  Portman; 
IS74,  Karl  of  liavensworth,  Duke  of  West- 
minster. Barons  Moncreiff,  CarhnRford,  Cole- 
ridge, Emly,  and  Hampton  ;  1S75,  Barons 
Douglas  and  Itainsay;  1876,  Maniuisof  Aber- 
gavenny, Earls  of  Northbrook  and  Wharn- 
cliffe,  liarons  Arlington,  Sackville,  Harlech, 
Gerard,  ToUeniacbe,  Fermanagli,  and  Black- 
burn; 187H,  Karl  of  Cairns  and  Baron  Nor- 
ton; 1H8U,  Karl  of  Lathom.] 
1870-71  Vaccination  is  greatly  op- 
posed :  an  anti-vaccination  society  ts 
formed. 

1871  Jan.  18.  A  French  relief  fund 
for  the  sufferers  by  the  siege  of  Paris  is 
established  at  a  meeting  held  at  the 
Mansion  House.    [£126,609  raised.] 

Feb.  3.  A  committee  starts  with  68  tons 
of  provisions  for  the  relief  of  the  suf- 
ferers by  the  siege  of  Paris. 

Mar.  21.  The  Princess  Louise  is  mar- 
ried to  the  Marquis  of  Lome. 

Mar.  *  "Wm.  Dudley  bequeaths  £100,000 
for  charitable  purposes  in  Birmingham, 


May  11.  The  Tichborne  trial  begins. 
[Arthur  Orton,  a  butcher,  alleges  him- 
eeU  to  be  8lr  Itoger  Ticbborne,  and  claims 
the  Tichborne  estates;  after  a  trial  of  103 
days  lie  is  nonsuited,  tried  for  perjury  and 
forgery,  and  sentenced  to  14  years^  hard  labor. 
The  longest  trial  known  in  England.] 

May  15.  The  Land  Tenure  Reform 
League  holds  its  first  meeting;  John 
Stuart  Mill  chairman. 

May  16.  About  9,000  engineers  strike 
at  Newcastle  for  a  day's  work  of  nine 
hours.    [Oct.  9.    It  is  successful.] 

June  *  The  National  Trade  Society  is 
formed  in  the  interests  of  traders,  and 
to  promote  amendments  in  the  law 
affecting  commercial  interests. 

July  13.  London.  The  freedom  of  the 
city  is  presented  to  Prince  Arthur. 

Sept.  11.  The  Seamen's  Orphan  In- 
stitution is  founded  at  Liverpool. 

Sept,  20.  London.  The  'Workmen's 
peace  Association  holds  its  tirstanuual 
meeting. 

STATE. 

1870  July  15,  16.  H.  C.  The  session 
continues  for  15  1-2  hours. 

July  19.  The  Government  proclaims 
neutrality  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war. 

July  *  Sir  George  Mellish  is  made  lord 
justice. 

Aug.  5.  A  convention  is  signed  with 
France,  by  which  the  post-oftice  money- 
order  is  applied  to  that  country. 

Aug,  9.  Parliament:  The  Post-office 
Act  is  passed. 

It  abolishes  the  newspaper  stamp  for 
posting,  reduces  the  postage  on  regis- 
tered newspapers  and  pamphlets  or  pat- 
terns under  2  ounces  to  half  a  penny,  and 
provides  for  the  issuing  of  stamped 
cards. 

The  absconding  Debtors'  Act  is 
passed ;  also  the  Anntiity  Tax  Aboli- 
tion Act,  an  act  to  grant  a  duty  of  ex- 
cess on  licences  to  use  guns,  and  the 
Foreign  Enlistment  Act,  relating  to 
illegal  enlisting,  shipbuilding,  and  ex- 
peditions. 

An  Act  is  passed  legalizing  the  meet- 
ing of  Parliament  in  six  days  after 
proclamation. 

Aug.  9-11.  A  treaty  guarantees  tbe 
neutrality  of  Belgium  (p.  739). 

Aug.  10.  Parliament:  The  Truck  Act 
is  passed. 

It  provides  for  the  appointment  of  a 
commission  to  inquire  into  the  alleged 
prevalence  of  the  "  Truck  System"  — of 
paying  workmen's  wages  in  goods  instead 
of  money. 

Parliament  is  prorogued. 
Aug.  31,    The  civil  service  examina- 
tion system  is  introduced  by  an  Order 
in  Coimcil. 

It  requires  all  appointments  in  the 
civil  service,  except  the  foreign  office 
and  such  posts  as  require  professional 
knowledge,  to  be  filleci  by  open  applica- 
tion and  examination.  It  includes  treas- 
ury, home,  foreign,  colonial,  post,  rev- 
enue, offices. 

Sept.  1.  Dublin.  The  "Home  Gov- 
ernment Association,"  to  include  all 
parties,  meets. 

Sept.  *  Earl  Granville  repels  the  charge 
of  violating  neutralities  made  by  the 
Prussian  (iovernment. 

Dec.  *  John  Bright   resigns  from    the 

Cabinet. 


*  *  London.  Thomas  l>akin  in  elected 
lord  mayor.  [1871,  Sills  , John  Gibbons; 
1872,  Sir  Sidney  Medley  Waterloo  ;  1873, 
Andrew  Lusk  ;  1874,  David  Henry  Stone.] 

*  *  parliament:  An  Act  is  passed  amend- 
ing the  law  respecting  life  insiu'ance 
companies.  [The  law  is  further  amended 
in  1871  and  1872.] 

1871  Jan.  5.  Jre.  John  Martin,  a 
Nationalist,  is  elected  a  member  of  Par- 
liament for  Meath. 

Jan.  *  "William   Monsell  is  appointed 

postmaster-general. 

Feb.  9.    Parliament  meets. 

Feb.  16.    H.  C.     £30,000  is  granted  to 

the  Princess  Louise  on  her  marriage. 

Mr.    Fawcett    alone    votes    against    it. 

Vote,  350-1. 

Mar.  9.  George  Joachim  Goschen  is 
made  first  lord  of  the  admiralty. 

Apr,  3.    The  eighth  census  is  taken ; 

population,  31,817,108. 
May  8.     W  a  shin  g  to  n,   U.  S.  A.     The 

Treaty  of  'Washington  is  signed  for 

the  settlement  of  the  Alabama  claims 

<p.  275). 
June  16.    Parliament:  An  Act  is  passed 

for  the  suppression  of  •*  Hibbonism" 

in  Ireland. 
June  29.    The   Trades-Union   Act   is 

passed. 

July  13.    H.  L.     Bankrupt  peers  are 

prohibited  from  sitting  and  voting  in 
the  House  of  Lords. 

July  18.  The  first  annual  trial  of  the 
pyx,  appointed  by  the  Coinage  Act  ol 
1870,  takes  place. 

Aug.  1.  H.  L,  The  Lords  censure  the 
Ministrjr  for  advising  the  royal  warrant 
abolislung  ptirchase  in  the  armv. 
Vote,  162-82. 

Sept.  20.  Ire.  Isaac  Butt,  leader  of 
Home  Rule  movement,  is  elected  M.  P. 

for  Limerick. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1870  June  21.  A  railway  collision  oc- 
curs near  Newark  ;  19  persons  killed. 

July  10.  A  commercial  panic  occurs, 
caused  by  the  Franco-Prussian  war. 

A  railway  accident  occurs  near  Car- 

li.sle;  five  persons  killed. 

July  13.  London.  The  Victoria  Thames 
Embankment  is  inaugurated  by  the 
Prince  of  Wales. 

Aug.  *  -Nov.  *  The  foot  and  mouth 
disease  prevails  among  cattle. 

Oct.  19.  Ire.  The  screw  steamer  Cam- 
bria founders  off  Inishtrahul  Island; 
about  170  lives  lost. 

Dec.  9.  An  explosion  at  Ludlow's  car- 
tridge factory,  Witton,  Birmingham, 
kills  17  persons  and  injures  53. 

Dec.  12.  A  collision  on  the  Manches- 
ter, Sheffield,  and  Lincolnshire  Railway 
occurs  near  Barnsley  ;  14  killed,  many 
injured. 

Dec.  26.  A  railway  accident  near  Hat- 
field is  caused  by  the  breaking  of  a  tire 
on  a  wheel ;  eiglit  persons  killed. 

*  *  Millbank  is  made  a  military  prison. 

1871  Mar.  29.  London.  The  Royal 
Albert  Hall  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  Ken- 
sington, is  opened  by  the  queen. 

Aug.  11.  An  explosion  of  the  patent 
safety  guncotton  factory  at  Stowmarket 
destroys  much  property  ;  24  persons 
killed  and  60  wounded. 

Oct.  2.  Scot.  A  late  express  train  causes 
collision  at  Kirtlebridge,  Dumfries;  12 
lives  lost. 


978     1871, Oct. 27 -1873, Sept. 24.     GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  -  HAVY. 
1871   Nov.  1.  Tbesystein  of  purchasing 
commissions  in  the  army  is  aboliBlieil 
by  royal  warrant. 

ART  -  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1871  Dec.  31.  Lontlmi.  Tlie  Zoologi- 
cal Society  bas  2,072  animals  in  the 
gardens. 

Dec.  *  The  trigonometrical  survey  of 
Palestine  is  begun. 

•  ♦  Hercules  Wrestling  with  J)eath  is 
painte<l  by  Sir  Frederick  Leighton. 

•  *  Benjamin  Leigh  Smith  sails  to  latitude 
81"  24',  and  discovers  land  northeast  of 
Spitzbergen. 

•  *Sir  George  Biddell  Airy  becomes 
President  of  the  Iloyal  Society.  [1873. 
Dr.  (Sir)  .Joseph  Dalton  Hooker;  1878, 
William  Spottiswoode.) 

»  •  Lmidon.  A  statue  of  Robert  Stephen- 
son is  set  up  in  Euston  Koad. 

•  •  Meteorological  ObservatoiTT  at  Kew 
is  presented  to  the  Iloyal  Society  by  the 
purchaser,  .J.  P.  Gassiot. 

»  •  William  Crookes  investigates  the  phe- 
nomena of  spiritualism,  and  a.scribes 
tbeni  to  '*  psychic  force." 

•  •  Thegraphoscope,  forniagnifyingand 
giving  tine  effects  to  engravings  and 
photographs,  is  exhibited. 

•  *The  Institution  of  Electrical  Engi- 
neers is  formed. 

1872  Jan.  26.  London.  A  statue  of 
John  Stuart  Mill  is  unveiled  on  the 
Thames  embank  nient. 

Feb.  28.  The  Society  of  Telegraph  En- 
gineers holds  its  first  general  meeting. 

Mar.  30.  The  great  aquarium  is  inaug- 
urated at  Brighton.   [Aug.  10.    Opened.) 

May  1-Oct.  19.  Lond'm.  The  second 
annual  International  Exhibition  is 
held. 

May  20.  Sefton  Park,  Liverpool,  is 
opened  by  Pr'nce  Arthur. 

June  25.  Prince  Arthur  opens  the  Royal 
HorticulturaP  Exhibition  at  Birming- 
ham. 

June  26.  London.  The  East  I,ondon 
Museum  at  Bethnal  Green  is  opened. 

•  *  London.  The  Marine  Engineers'  In- 
stitution is  formed.  .\lso  the  British 
Orchestral  Society. 

•  *  Hearts  are  Trumps  is  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  Academy  by  John  Everett  Mil- 
lais. 

•  «  This  year  is  the  wettest  of  140  years, 
being  58  per  cent  of  moisture  above  the 
average. 

1873  May  31.  London.  The  Royal 
Alexandra  Theater  is  opened. 

Jime  3.  The  statue  of  the  Earl  of  Derby 
is  inaugurated  at  Preston. 

Sept.  22.  The  Brazilian  telegraph  cable 
is  completely  laid. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1871  •  •  BurROvne,  Sir  .lohn  Fox,  eng.,  .Km. 

Cantley,  Sir  I'roby  Tliomas,  engineer,  paleon- 
tologist, A6!). 

('hanil)er8.  Kol,ert,  publisher,  Scot.,  .\69. 

De  Morgan.  Augustus,  iiiatli.,  .\tW. 

KUenborougli,  lirst  Karl  of,  Kdwanl  Law, 
statesman,  .V81. 

Grote.  Qeorgre,  liistoriari,  philosopher,  .\77. 

Uerschel,  Sir. John  Frederittk  William, astron- 
omer, physicist,  .\78- 

.lohnston,  Alexander  K-,  geographer,  Scot 
land,  .Kffi.  ,      ,     .,, 

Mansel,  Henrv  L.,  metapliysician,  theol.,  A51. 

Mnrcliison,  sir  Roderick  I.,  geologist,  .\78. 

Muspratt,  James  S.,  chemist,  Ireland,  A50. 

Kol)ertson,  Thomas  W. ,  dramatic  writer,  A42 
1878  *  *  Hulwer,  Sir  Henry  Lytton  Karle 
statesman,  diplomatist,  A68. 

Ellis,  William,  missionary,  author,  A7R. 

Fonldanqne,  Albany  W.,  journalist,  A79. 

Kelghtlev,  Thomas,  misc.  writer,  Ire.,  A82. 


Lever,  Charles  .1.,  novelist,  Ireland,  A66. 
.Moseley.  Henrv,  scientitlc  writer,  A70. 
Maguire,  .John  V.,  author,  Ireland,  A57. 
Smart,  Benjamin  H.,  lexicographer,  wr.,  A8.5. 
Soinerrille,  Mary,  astronomer,  Scot.,  .\92. 

CHURCH. 

1871  Nov.  27.  London.  A  new  Cath- 
olic club  is  opened  by  the  Duke  of  Nor- 
folk, Lords  Denbigh  and  Petre,  and 
others. 

Nov.  *  Mr.  Gladstone's  pamphlet,  Tke 
I'atican  Decrees,  occasions  declarations 
respecting  papal  infallibility  from 
.Archbishop  Manning  and  others. 

*  •  London.  The  Biblical  Archaeology 
Society  is  established. 

•  ♦  The  Women's  Committee  on  Christian 
work  in  France  is  formed. 


»  The  religious  tests  for  admission  to 
office  are  abolished. 

•  •  The  Catholic  Union  of  Great  Britain 
is  organized. 

•  ♦  The  "  Catholic  Education  Crisis 
Fund"  is  established. 

1872  Jan.  25.  After  extensive  repairs, 
the  Chester  Cathedral  is  reopened. 

Feb.  *  The  Convocation  is  authorized  to 
consider  alterations  in  the  Prayer- 
Book. 

May  *  Modifications  of  the  Athanasian 
Creed,  approved  by  several  bishops,  are 
defeated  by  the  Lower  House  in  convo- 
cation ;  the  vote  is  rejected  by  the 
bishops.    [The  .agitation  continues.) 

July  18.  ParUament:  AnewUniform- 
ist  Act  is  passed.  It  authorizes  shor- 
tened services  and  other  changes  in  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

Jvily  *  Sir  Henry  Thompson  originates 
the  "  Prayer  Gauge  Debate"  by  pro- 
posing that  prayers  be  offered  for 
patients  in  some  certain  hospital  ward 
or  wards,  and  the  result  be  compared 
with  other  wards,  to  show  whether  prayer 
is  efiicacious  to  healing  the  sick. 

Jtlly  17.  Edinburgh.  The  restoration 
of  St.  Giles's  <;atliedral  is  begun. 

Sept.  23-28.  The  Evangelical  Alliance 
meets  at  Geneva.  [1873,  Apr.  22-24,  at 
Brighton  ;  1874,  Aug.  29,  at  Oxford  ;  187.5, 
Mar.  *  at  Constantinople ;  1870,  Oct.  3, 
at  Southport ;  1877,  Oct.  25,  at  Oxford  ; 
1878,  Sept.  2,  at  Basel ;  1879,  Oct.  28,  at 
Edinburgh.] 
Dec.  5.  London.  The  Union  Chapel  at 
Islington  is  opened. 

*  »  Ire.  (Koman  Catholic)  bishops  con- 
secrated : 

Hugh  Conwav  of  Killala,  also  Francis 
MacCormack  of  Galway  and  Kilinac- 
duagh,  Patrick  Ituggan  of  Clonfert. 
.James  Uyan  of  KillaToe. 

*  'London.  The  East  London  Institute 
for  Home  and  Foreign  Missions  is 
founded  by  H.  Grattan  Guinness. 

*  •  Jewish  Mission  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  of  England  is  founded. 

1873  Feb.  18.  The  Church  of  Eng- 
land Temperance  Society  is  inaugu- 
rated by  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
and  others  at  Lambeth. 

May  5.  Memorial  against  Homivnist 
teaching,  etc.,  in  the  Church,  signed  by 
over  60,000  persons,  is  presented  at  Lam- 
beth to  the  archbishop  by  the  Church 
Association. 

May  16.  Parliament:  Mr.  Miall's  mo- 
tion for  disestablishing  the  Chnrch  is 
defeated.  Vote,  61-.W).  [July  18.  The 
Non-conformists  present  to  Mr.  Miall 
10,000  guineas  for  his  exertions  on  behalf 
of  religious  equality.) 

May  25.  Mormon  conferences  are 
held  at  the  Holborn  Amphitheater. 

Sept.  1-6.  Fr.  A  pilgrimage  from  Eng- 
land, specially  blessed  by  the  Pope,  goes 
to  the  shrine  of  Marguerite  at  Paray-le- 
Monial,  and  returns. 


LETTERS. 

1871  Oct. »  A  college  of  physical  sci- 
ence is  established  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne 
by  the  Durham  University  C<irporalion. 

*  *  London.  The  Association  for  the  Oral 
Instruction  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  is 
opened. 

*  *  London.  A  women's  education 
union,  to  promote  the  better  education 
of  women,  is  founded  by  the  Society  of 
Arts. 

*  •  The  total  income  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity's 21  colleges  and  live  halls  for 
the  year  is  £483,842  168.  6d.  That  of 
Cambridge  is  £340,562  88.  7Jrf. 

*  *  The  Garden  is  issued. 

*  *  The  Theory  of  Political  Economy,  by 
William  Stanley  Jevons,  appears.  [1880. 
Studies  in  Deductive  Logic] 

*  *  Character,  by  Samuel  Smiles,  appears. 
»  •  The  Coming  Race,  by  Bulwer-Lvtton, 

appears.    [1873,  The  Parisians  and  A'eii- 
elm  Chillingly.] 

*  *  Village  Communities,  by  Sir  H.  J.  S. 
Maine,  appears.  [1872,  Early  History  of 
Institutions.'] 


*  *  Critical  Miscellanies  and  Voltaire,  by 
John  Morley,  appear.    \\«13,  Rousseau.] 

*  *  Ready  Money  Mortiboy,  by  Walter 
Besant  and  James  Rice,  appears. 

•  •  Julian  Fane,  by  Owen  Meredith,  ap- 
pears. [1874,  Fables  in  Song;  \Sn, 
Poems.] 

•  •  Lothair,  by  Benjamin  Disraeli,  Earl 
of  Beaconsfield,  appears. 

•  *  Lyrical  Dreams,  by  Francis  Turner 
Palgrave,  appears.  [1874,  The  Golden 
Treasure.] 

*  *  Descent  of  Man,  by  Charles  Darwin, 
appears. 

1871-72  Middlemarch,  by  George  Eliot, 
appears.     [1876,  Daniel  Deronda.] 

1871-74  Life  of  Charles  Dickens,  by 
John  Forst'er,  appears. 

1871-81  The  Speaker's  Commentary, 
edited  by  F.  C.  Cook,  appears. 

1871-84    Fors  Clavigera,  by  Ruskin,  ap- 


pears.     [1872,    Mu7iera  '  Pulveris,    The 
Eayle's  Xest, 


cuyi^  .1  >.c„.,  and  Ariadne  Florentina: 
1873,  Loire's  Meinie  and  Val  d'Jmo: 
1875-77,  Mornings  tn  Florence:  1876-78. 
Deucalion  :  187.')^79,  Proserpina  :  1877-79, 
.S<.  Mark's  Rest  and  The  Laws  of  Fisole.] 

1872  July  *  The  Ancient  Stone  Imple- 
ments, n'eapons,  and  Ornaments  of 
Great  Britain,  by  John  Evans,  appears. 

Aug.  10.  An  Education  Act  for  Scot- 
land is  passed. 

Oct.  9.  IV.  Aberystwith  College  is 
founded. 

Nov.  5.  London.  The  new  City  Library 
and  Museiun  at  Guildhall  is  opened  by 
the  lord  chancellor. 

Nov.  20.  London.  The  school  board 
decides  to  open  separate  schools  for 
dirty,  unruly  children. 

•  *  London.  The  Provident  Knowl- 
edge Society  is  established.  It  alms 
to  promote  thrift  among  the  lower 
classes. 

''London.  The  Society  for  Organiza- 
tion of  Academical  Study  is  founded. 

•  *  London.  The  ISritish  Mail  is  issued; 
also  the  Metropolitan  and  Motiey. 

'  *  Beginnings  of  Life,  by  Henry  Charl- 
ton Bastiaii,  appears. 

•  •  Enigmas  of  Life,  by  William  Rath- 
hone  Cireg,  appears. 

•  •  TIte  MaidofSl-er,  by  Richard  I).  Black- 
more,  appears.     [1876,  .ilice  Lorraine.] 

•  •  Under  the  Greenu-ooil  Tree ,  by  Tlioroas 
Hardy,  appears.  [1873,  A  {'air  o.l  Blue 
Eyes:  iM,  Far  from  the  Madding 
Crowd:  1876,  The  Return  of  the  Aatwe.] 

1872-75  London.  The  Quarterly  Jour- 
nal of  JVaroi  Science  is  Issued. 


AND    IRELAND.      1871,  Oct.  27-1873,  Sept.  24.     977 


1873    Mar.  24.    London.     The  Hmir  is 

issued. 
May**  An  Act  abolishing  religious  tests 

for  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  is  psissed. 
July  12.     London.     The  first  London 

board-school    is    opened    at    While- 
chapel. 
Sept.  13.    Free  bbrary,  nuisexim,  and 

pTcture  gallery  are  opened  at  Brighton. 
Sept.  24.     The  foundation  is  laid  of  a 

college    for    northern    counties    a  t 

Knutsford. 

SOCIETY. 

1871  Oct.  *  Miners  hold  a  conference 
at  Merthyr  Tydvil  for  the  amelioration 
of  their  condition. 

Nov.  2.  Criminals  are  ordered  to  be 
photographed. 

Dec.  2.  Dublin.  Tlie  Brown  Institute 
is  endowed  hy  a  bequest  a.s  a  hospital 
for  the  study  and  treatment  of  the  dis- 
eases of  useful  (luadrupeds  and  birds. 

•  *  The  National  Union  is  formed  for 
the  suppression  of  intemperance  by 
means  of  fewer  liouses,  shorter  hours, 
and  better  provisions. 

•  *  Lomion.  A  women's  hospital  with 
female  practitioners  is  begun  in  Jlary- 
lebone. 

1872  Feb.  8.  Andatnan  Islands.  Rich- 
ard Southwell  Bourke,  Karl  of  Mayo,  is 
assassinated  by  Shere  Ali,  a  convict, 
when  on  a  visit  of  inspection. 

Feb.  28.  The  Society  of  Telegraph 
Engineers  is  established. 

Feb.  29.  Arthur  O'Connor,  a  youth  of 
18,  having  a  paper  to  be  signed,  threat- 
ens the  queen  with  au  unloaded  pistol 
when  she  is  entering  Buckingham  Pal- 
ace. 

Mar.  8,  Great  Britain  declines  to  join  a 
combined  international  move  m  e  ii  t 
ag.iint  the  International  "Workmen's 
Association. 

Mar.  29.  Strikes  occur  among  agricul- 
tural laborers  in  Warwicksuire  and 
other  counties ;  a  union  is  formed. 

May  27.  Captain  Nolan,  M.P.  for  Gal- 
way,  is  unseated  for  political  intimida- 
tion by  his  agents. 

June  1.  London.  A  strike  of  building 
trades  begins.  [June  9.  The  lockout  by 
the  masters  begins.  July  U.  The  lock- 
out of  the  masons  ceases.  Aug.  27.  Ar- 
rangements are  made  and  strike  ceases.] 

July  3.  IjOiidon.  International  Congress 
for  the  prevention  and  repression  of 
crime  meets  in  the  Middle  Temple. 

July  26,  27.  The  London  and  North- 
western Company  porters'  strike  ends. 

Aug.  6.  Parliament :  The  Arbitration 
Act  for  Masters  and  Workmen  is  passed. 

Aug.  10.  A  new  licensing  Act,  regu- 
lating hours  of  opening  and  closing,  is 
passed  ;  it  begins  to  operate.  [It  causes 
much  irritation,  and  is  alleged  to  have 
conduced  to  the  fall  of  the  Gladstone 
ministry,  1874.] 

Aug.  15-21.  Ire.  Extensive  rioting 
occurs  between  the  Roman  Catholics 
and  Protestants  of  Belfast ;  much  prop- 
erty is  destroyed  and  many  persons  in- 
jured. 

Sept.  23-Oct.  9.  London.  .Journeymen 
bakers  strike. 

Nov.  3.  lAindon.  Fenian  sympathi- 
zers meet  in  Hyde  Park  contrary  to  the 
regulations.  [Nov.*  Several  are  prose- 
cuted and  fined.] 

Dec.  2.    London,    (ias-stokera  strike. 

•  *  Weekly  wages  of  the  laborer,  11  shil- 
lincB  ninepence. 


*  *  A  coffee-saloon  is  opened  by  a  com- 
pany in  Liverpool  near  the  docks,  having 
every  attraction  of  the  liquor-saloon 
except  the  bar,  with  reading-room  at- 
tached; refreshments  are  served  at  the 
cheapest  rates. 

1873  Jan.  11-Mar.  25.  W.  About 
GO.OOOcolliers  strike  against  a  10  per  cent 
reduction  in  wages. 

Jan.  15.  Edinl/tirgk.  Lady  Burdett- 
Coutts  is  made  a  burgess. 

June  2.  London.  A  demonstration  of 
working  men  takes  place  in  Hyde  Park 
against  the  Criminal  Law  Amendment 
Act. 

STATE. 

1871  Oct.  27.    S.  Afr.    Griqualand  is 

constituted  a  colony. 
Nov.  *  Sir  Charles  Dilke,  M.  P.,  at  pub- 
lic meetings  declares  himself  a  republi- 
can ;  at  some  places  his  appearance  leads 

to  riotous  proceedings. 

Nov.  *  Sir  Greorge  Jessel  is  appointed 

solicitor-general. 

Dec*  The  State  police,  of  all  ranks, 
number  9,655. 

*  *  S.  Afr.  Basutoland  is  colonized,  and 
annexed  to  Cape  Colony. 

*  *  Parliament:  The  statutes  excluding 
lawyers  from  Parliament  are  repealed. 

*  *  Sir  Robert  Phillimore  is  appointed 

judge-advocate-general. 

1872  Feb.  6.  Parliament  meets. 
[Feb.  9.  H.  C.  Sir  Henry  William  liou- 
verie  Brand  [Viscoimt  Hampden]  is 
elected  Speaker.] 

Feb.*  jr.  Afr.  Elmina  and  Dutch 
Guinea  are  acquired  by  cession. 

Mar.  5.  H.  C,  The  Non-conformists' 
resolutions  censuring  the  Elementary 
Education  Act  are  rejected.  Vote,  355- 
94. 

Mar.  19.  H.  C.  Sir  Charles  Dilke's  mo- 
lion  for  returns  respecting  the  expen- 
diture of  the  civil  list  by  the  queen  is 
rejected.    Vote,  2-276. 

May  30.  H.  C.  A  bill  to  amend  the  law 
relating  to  procedure  at  elections,  in- 
cluding the  ballot,  is  passed.  Vote, 
271-21G.  [.June 25.  H.  L.  Passed.  July 
18.     Receives  royal  assent.] 

May  31.  H.  C.  Joseph  G.  Biggar  and 
otliers  cause  reporters  and  *'  strangers" 
to  be  excluded;  much  discussion  en- 
sues. 

June  24.  Parliament  votes  £473,200  for 
the  volunteer  force. 

July  24.  H.  C.  Mr.  Gilpin's  bill  for 
the  abolition  of  the  death  penalty  is 
rejected.    Vote,  54-167. 

July  31.  H.  C.  The  Commons  sit  con- 
tinually about  26  hours  because  of  ob- 
struction on  the  jiart  of  the  Irish  mem- 
bers. 

Aug.  10.  Parliament:  The  Public 
Health  Act  is  passed.  A  wild  birds' 
protection  Act  is  passed. 

Aug.*  Parliament:  A  new  licensing 
Act,  regulating  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors,  is  passed. 

Aug.*  Parliament:  The  Metalliferous 
Mines  Regulation  Act  is  passed. 

Sept.  14.  Switz.  The  Arbitration  Tri- 
bunal at  Geneva  makes  its  decision  in 
the  Alabama  case  (p.  279). 


Oct.  16.     Roundell  Palmer,  Lord  Sel- 
bome,  is  appointed  lord  high  chancellor. 

Nov.  5.  A  commercial  treaty  is  con- 
cluded with  France. 

Nov.  15.  The  Court  of  Common  Pleas 
decides  that  peers  cannot  vote  for  mem- 
bers of  Parliament. 

*  *W.Afr.    The  Gold  Coast  is  acquired 

by  cession  from  the  Dutch. 

1873  Mar.  13.  H.  C.  The  Dublin 
University  Bill  is  rejected.  Vote,  284- 
287.  Gladstone  resigns.  [Mar.  17.  He 
resumes  office.] 

Apr.  29-  Parliament:  A  bill  to  facili- 
tate the  sale  and  transfer  of  land  by 
means  of  registration  is  introduced 
by  Lord  Chancellor  Selborne.  [1874. 
Mar.  26.  Introduced  by  Lord  Chancellor 
Cairns.] 

July  29.  H.  C.  The  post-office  author- 
ities are  censured  for  expending  un- 
authorized money  on  the  telegraph 
service. 

July  30.  Xew  standing  orders  are  issued 
protecting  the  dwellings  of  working 
men. 

Aug.  5.  Parliament  passes  an  Act  for 
the  more  effectual  suppression  of  the 
slave- trade. 

H.  C.  An  Annuity  Bill  for  the  Duke 
of  Edinburgh  is  passed. 

Parliament:  The  Royal  Naval  Ar- 
tillery Volunteeers  are  established  by 
enactment. 

Aug.  21.  Acton  8.  Ayrton  is  appointed 
judge-advocate-general. 

Aug.  29.  Sir  George  Jessel,  a  Jew,  is 
appointed  master  of  the  rolls. 

MISCELLANEOUS, 

1871  Dec.  20.  The  steamer  Delaware 
is  wrecked  off  Scilly  Kocks ;  45  persons 
perish. 

*  *  Railway  accidents  for  the  year,  171. 

1872  June  5.  Dnblin.  Tlie  Fine  Arts 
and  Industrial  Exhibition  is  opened  by 
the  Duke  of  Kdin  burgh.  (Nov.  30. 
Closed.] 

July  *  Railway  trains  collide  at  Rose 
Hill  Junction;  four  persons  killed. 

Aug.  3.  A  railway  collision  at  Clifton 
»I  unction  causes  four  deaths. 

Aug.  *  Steam-whistles  and  steam-trum- 
pets on  factories  are  prohibited. 

Oct.  18.    Railway    trains    collide    near 

NVoodhouse  Junction  :  two  persons  are 

killed. 
Dec.  21,    The  mail-packet  Germanin  is 

wrecked  off  La  Rochelle  ;  about  24 

lives  lost. 

*  *  London.  Her  Majesty's  Theater  is 
rebuilt. 

*  *  Railway  accidents  for  the  year,  246; 
541  employees  killed,  and  499  injured. 

1873  Jan.  22.  The  Northjleet  is  run 
into  by  a  foreign  vessel  off  Dungeness  ; 
:100  lives  lost. 

Apr.  15.  Dublin.  The  Spencer  Dock 
is  inaugurated  by  the  lord-lieutenant. 

May  8.  A  broken  axle  causes  a  railway 
accident  near  Shrewsbury;  four  per- 
sons killed. 

Ma,y  13.  Ire.  A  new  graving-dock  at 
Limerick  is  opene<l  by  Karl  Spencer. 

July  9.  The  new  bridge  at  Leeds  is 
opened. 

Aug.  23.  Derailed  cars  on  the  London 
an<l  North  Western  Railway  cause  the 
loss  of  13  lives. 


978    1873,  Oct.  6-1875,  May  21.    GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1873  *  *  The  £lcho  Challenge  Shield 
is  won  by  Irelaiui,  [1874,  by  Scotlaud  ; 
1875,  bv  Ireland  ;  187G,  by  Kngland  ;  1877, 
1878,  by  Ireland;  1870,  by  Scotland; 
1880,  July  22,  by  Ireland;  1881.  July  22, 
and  1882,  July  20,  by  England ;  1883,  July 
19.  by  Ireland.] 


ART—  SCIENCE  -  NATURE. 

1873  Nov.  1.  Scot.  The  Albert  In- 
stitution is  opened  by  the  Karl  of  Bal- 
housie  at  Dundee. 

Dec.  18,  London.  The  foundation  of  the 
National  Training  School  for  Music 
is  laid  by  the  Duke  of  Edinburgb,  at 
Soutti  Kensington. 

*  *  The  society  for  promoting  Scientific 
Industry  is  established  at  Manchester. 

*  *The  National  Health  Society  is 
founded  for  the  collection  and  diffusion 
of  sanitary  knowledge. 

*  *  London.  A  statue  of  Albert,  prince 
consort,  is  set  up  at  liolborn  Circus. 

*  *  London.  The  Palaeographical  So- 
ciety is  organized. 

1874  Apr.  6.  London.  Tlie  Fourth 
International  Exhibition  is  opened. 

Apr,  16.  Foundintj  of  the  Musical  As- 
sociation, for  the  investigation  and  dis- 
cussion of  subjects  connected  with  the 
art  and  science  of  music. 

June  10.  London.  A  statue  of  John 
Bunyan  is  unveiled  at  liedford. 

Aug.  1.  A  statue  of  Joseph  Priestley, 
discoverer  of  oxygen,  is  unveiled  Ity 
Thomas  Henry  Huxley  at  Birmingham. 

Sept.  29.  The  Duke  of  Edinburgh  lays 
the  foundation  of  the  Ijiverpool  Art 
Gallery. 

Oct.  14-17.  A  Musical  Festival  is  held 
at  Leeds. 

Oct.  31.  London.  Henry  Irving  first 
appears  as  Hamlet. 

*  *  lAindon.  A  statue  of  Edward,  Earl 
of  Derby,  is  set  up  in  Parliament  Square ; 
also  one  uf  Shakespeare  In  Leicester 
Square. 

*  *  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  composes  Pirates 
of  Penzance. 

*  *  Hop  Gardens  of  England  is  painted  by 
Cecil  Lawson. 

*  *  London.  The  Physical  Society  is  or- 
ganized. Also  the  Musical  Association, 
the  Public  Analysts,  and  the  Shake- 
speare Memorial  Association. 

1875  Jan,  12.  The  aerophone  is  suc- 
cessfuUv  tried  at  Chatham  by  M.  Denay- 
rouze,  the  inventor. 

May  8.     London.    Wagner's  Lohengrin  is 

performed  at  Covent  Garden.     [.June  13. 

At  Drury  Lane.] 
May  13.    The  Yorkshire  exhibition  of 

arts  and  manufactures  is  opened  by  the 

Duke  of  Edinburgh  at  Leeds. 
May  21.    The  vocalion,  a  new  mxisical 

instrument  in  which  tones  are  produced 

from  strings  made  to  vibrate  by  currents 

of  air,  is  described. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1873*  *  Arrowsiriith,  John,  geographer,  A83. 
Bulwer-Lytton,    Lord,    Edward    George 

Karie  Lytton,  poet,  novelist,  states.,  A70. 
Gutlirie,  Thomas,  philantlu-opist.  Scot.,  ATO. 
Holland,  Sir  Henry,  physician,  A85. 
Knight,  Charles,  publisher,  editor,  historian 

wTiter,  AS'2. 
liandseer,  Sir  Edwin,  painter  of  animals, 

A70. 
lilvlngrstone,   David,    African   missionary 

explorer,  from  Scotland,  A60. 
M'Clure,  Sir  Robert  J.,  arctic  navigator,  A66. 
Macready,  ■William  C,  actor,  A80. 
Madden,  Sir  Frederick,  antiquary,  A72. 
Mill,    John     Stuart,    political    economist, 

logician,  philosopher,  A67. 
1874*  *  Arnott,    Neil,   physician,  physicist, 

Scotland,  \m. 


Foley,  John  H.,  sculptor,  Ireland,  A.'iti. 
Lucas,  John,  painter,  Ati?. 
I'rocter,  Bryan  W..  poet,  84. 
Kennie,  Sir  John,  civil  engineer,  A78. 
Strickland,  Agnes,  historian,  A6». 


CHURCH. 

1873  .Nov,  12.  Nineteen  Mormon 
missionaries  for  Britain  arrive  at  Liver- 
pool. 

Dec.  4.  Dublin.  The  Catholic  Union 
is  reorganized  for  the  ecclesiastical  con- 
trol of  education. 

*  *  Scot.  Dr.  Alexander  Duff  Is  again 
elected  moderator  of  the  P'ree  Church. 

*  *  The  Female  Association  of  tlie 
Presbyterian  Cliurch  of  Ireland  Is  or- 
ganized for  promoting  ('hristiantty 
among  the  women  of  the  East. 

1874  Feb.  15-19.  Ire.  Bishop  Dug- 
gan  of  Clonfert  is  tried  and  acquitted. 

Apr.  8.  The  renovated  cathedral  of 
Worcester  is  opened. 

Apr.  15.  David  Iiivingstone's  remains, 
accompanied  by  faithful  Susi  ami 
(.'huma,  arrive  in  Kngland  to  be  depos- 
ited in  Westminster  Abbey.  [Apr.  IS. 
Interred.] 

Apr.  21.  H.  L.  The  PubUc  Worship 
Regulation  Act  for  the  supjiression  t)f 
ritualism  (Church  of  Kngland)  is  intro- 
duced. [Aug.  7.  Receives  the  royal 
assent.] 

May  19.  Londoji. 
born  Viaduct,  h 
opened . 

Parliament:  Tlie  Sunday  opening 
of  museums  and  galleries  is  refused. 
Vote,  68-271. 

Scot.    The  first  Fpiscopal  Congress 

is  held. 

Sept.*  Fr.  A  (Roman  Catholic)  pilgrim- 
age is  maile  to  the  shrine  of  St.  Edmund, 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  at  Pontigny. 

Oct.  *  A  society  is  formed  by  the  bishops 
of  Manchester,  Carlisle,  Kdinhurgh.  and 
others,  favorable  to  union  with  ortho- 
dox Dissenters. 


City  Temple,   Hoi- 
Dissenter   chapel,  is 


Nov.  26.  Rev.  A.  H.  Mackonochie  is 
tried  before  the  Court  of  Arches  for 
ritualistic  practises.  (See  1867,  May 
21.)  [Dec,  7.  Sentenced  to  suspension 
for  six  weeks  and  to  pay  costs.] 

*  *  The  see  of  Saskatchewan  is  foundeti. 

*  *  Ire.  John  McCarthy  is  consecrateil 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Cologne. 

*  *  The  Friends'  Syrian  Mission  is  organ- 
ized. 

*  *  The  prefix  of  Reverend  on  a  family 
tombstone  is  refused  to  Mr.  Keet,  a 
Wesleyan  preacher,  by  the  bishop  of 
Lincoln,  but  given  by  the  archbishop  of 
Canterbury. 

[1875.  June  3.  The  case  is  tried  in  court ; 
the  chancellor  of  Lincoln  decides  against 
Mr.  Keet,  wlio  gives  notice  of  appeal.  .Inly 
3!.  The  Court  of  Arches  decides  i^ainst  him. 
1876.  .Tan.  21.  On  appeal  to  the  Privy  Coun- 
cil these  decisions  are  reversed.  It  is  decided 
that  there  is  no  law  or  usage  restricting  the 
epithet  to  ministers  of  the  (Church  of  Kur- 
land;  it  is  merely  laudatory.] 

*  *  Scot.  Patronage  is  abolished  in  the 
Established  Church. 

*  *  Edinburgh.  St.  Mary*s  Episcopal  Ca- 
thedral is  founded  by  the  Duke  of  Bue- 
cleuch. 

1874-75  D.  L.  Moody  and  I.  D.  San- 
key,  American  evangelists,  visit  many 
towns  in  the  I'^nited  Kingdom. 

1875  Jan.  19.  London.  The  Congre- 
gationalist  Memorial  Hall,  Farringdrui 
Street,  erected  in  memory  of  the  min- 
isters ejected  in  1662,  is  opened  for  tlie 
use  of  religious  societies. 

Mar.  9.  London.  Moody  and  Sankey 
hold  their  first  revival  meeting  in  Agri- 
cultural Hall ;  15,000  people  present. 


Apr.  21,  Parliament:  A  Burials  Bill 
to  permit  the  ministers  of  dissenters  to 
officiate  at  funerals  in  churchyards  ia 
rejected.     Vote,  248-234. 

LETTERS. 

1873  Oct.  *  A  college  for  the  higher  ed- 
ucation of  women  is  opened  at  Cirtou. 

Dec.  18.  London.  The  National  Train- 
ing-School  for  Music  is  founded  by 
the  I>uke  of  Kdinhurgh.  [1876.  May  17. 
Upened.] 

*  *  London.  The  Dialectic  Society  and 
the  (New)  Shakespeare   Society  are 

founded. 

*  *  London,     /ro/t  is  issued. 

*  *  y  i(/nettf  8  in  Phyme,  hy  Alfred  Austin, 
api>ear8. 

*  *  Our  Seamen :  An  Appeal,  by  S.  Pllni- 
soll,  appears. 

*  *  Autobiography,  by  John  Stuart  Mill, 
appears.  [1874,  Nature,  the  Utility  of 
iteliyion,  and  Theism.] 

*  *  Studies  in  the  Renaissance,  by  Walter 
Pater,  appears. 

1873-74  The  English  in  Ireland  in  the 
Eighteenth  Century,  by  James  Anthony 
Froude,  appears. 

1873-80  The  Nev^  Quarterly  Magazine 
is  issued. 

*  *  Introductimi  to  the  Study  of  IJante, 
by  fJohn  Addington  Symonds,  apjiears. 
[  1874,  Sketches  in  Italy  and  Greece ; 
1875,  Renaissance  in  Italy.] 

*  *  /-.iftrature  and  Dogma,  by  Matthew 
Arnold,  appears.  [1874,  God  and  the 
liible;  1879,  Mixed  Essays;  1882,  Irish 
Essays.] 

*  *  Assyrian  Discoveries,  by  George  Smith, 
appears. 

1873-79  The  Globe  Encyclopaedia  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Forms  of  Water  in  Clouds  and 
Rivers,  Ice  an  d  Glaciers,  and  Six  Lecturet 
on  Light,  delivered  in  America,  1872-73, 
by  John  Tyndall,  appear,  [1874,  On  the 
Iransmission  of  Sound  by  the  Atmos- 
phere; 1876,  Lessons  in  Electricity  at  the 
Royal  Institution,  1875-76;  1877,  Fer- 
mentation.] 

*  *  First  Sketch  of  English  Literature,  by 
Henry  Morley,  appears. 

*  *  My  Little  Girt,  by  ^y alter  Besant,  ap- 
pears.   [1876,  The  Golden  liutterfly.] 

*  *  The  Sixth  Great  ih-iental  Monarchy, 
by  George  Rawlinson,  ai)pears.  [187(1, 
Seventh  Great  Oriental  Monarchy  ;  1881, 
A  History  of  EgyjJt.] 

*  *  The  Study  of  Sociology,  by  Herbert 
Spencer,  appears.  [1874-82,  Descriptive 
Sociology.] 

1874  Apr.  *  The  National  Union  of 
Elementary  Teachers  holds  its  fourth 
annual  conference. 

May  18.  Dublin.  The  Senate  of  the 
University  rejects  a  proposal  to  estab- 
lish a  Boman  Catholic  college  within 
the  University.    Vote,  74-7. 

Aug.  18.  Five  board-schools  are  opened 
at  Sheffield  by  the  archbishop  of  York, 
Messrs.  Roebuck,  Forster,  and  others, 

Sept.  *  The  result  of  the  first  university 
examination  of  221  scho<.>ls  is  published. 
Winchester,  34  certificates  ;  Manchester, 
27;  Marlborough.  15:  Kton,  13:  Sher- ■ 
borne,  n  ;  Wellington  College.  10 ;  Kugby, 
6;  Christ's  Hospital  and  others,  1. 

Oct.  12.  Working  Men  and  Working 
Women's  Colleges  are  amalgamateJ 
as  the  "New  College  for  Men  and 
Women." 

Oct.  26.  The  Yorkshire  College  of  Sci- 
ence at  Leeds  is  opened. 

*  *  Lmidon .  A  medical  school  for 
women  is  opened. 

*  *  Hertford  College,  Oxford,  is  revived, 
and  Magdalen  Hall  is  incorporated  with 
it. 


AND    IRELAND.     1873,  Oct.  6-1875,  May  21.     97 


-  *  The  study  of  food  and  clothing  ia 
intHMluced  into  the  (iovernment  educa- 
tional department. 

*  *  Scot.  Stephen  Mitchell  bequeaths 
;t70,000  to  found  a  free  library  at  Glas- 
i^ow.    [1877.    Opened.] 

•■  *  E.  R.  Langworthy  bequeaths  £10,000 
to  develop  the  chair  of  experimental 
physics  in  Owens  College,  Manchester. 

*  *  London.  The  Jliustrated  Sportvu/ 
ami  Dramatic  Xetcs  is  issued ;  also  the 
British  Architect,  Pictorial  World,  Eikj- 
lishman.  Sanitary  Record,  World,  and 
the  Accountant. 

*  •  Last  Journal  of  David  Livingstone 
appears. 

*  *  The  City  of  Dreoilful  Night,  by  James 
Thomson,  appears.    [1881,  Vane's  Stwi/.] 

*  *  Scot.  Essays,  Biographical  and  Criti- 
cal, also  The  Three  Devils,  by  David 
Massou,  appear. 

*  *  Social  Life  in  Greece,  by  John  P.  Ma- 
haffey,  appears.  [1880,  A  History  of 
Creek   Classical   Literature.] 

*  *  Scot.  Self-Culture,  by  John  Stuart 
lilackie,  appears.  [1877,  Xatural  History 
Of'  Atheism  and  Four  J*liase.t  of  Morals; 
IS79,  Songs  of  Religion  and  Life;  1883, 
The   Wisiioni  of  Goethe.] 

*  *  Short  History  of  the  English  People, 
by  John  Kichard  tlreen,  appears.  [1882, 
The  Making  of  England.] 

*  *  Bothwell,  by  Swinburne,  appears. 
[1875,   Essays  and  Studies.] 

*  *  Life  of  Christ,  by  Frederic  William 
Fjiriar,  appears.  [1877,  In  the  Days  of 
Thy    Youth.] 

1874-78  Problems  of  Life  and  Mind,  by 
tit'iutje  Henry  Lewes,  appears. 

1374-78  Co7istitntional  History  of  Eng- 
Innd,  by  VVm.  Stubbs,  bishop  of  Oxford, 
appears. 

1874-79  Hours  in  a  Library,  by  Leslie 
Stephen,  appears. 

1875  Feb.  23.  The  foundation  of  Sir 
Josiah  lVIa8on*8  College  is  laid  by  him- 
self and  John  Bright  at  Birmingham. 

Feb.*  Vaticam»m,\iy  \V.  E.  Gladstone, 
appears. 

Mar.  3.  The  House  of  Commons  rejects 
a  bill  to  enable  Scotch  universities  to 
grant  degrees  to  women. 

SOCIETY. 

1873  Oct.  6.  A  temperance  hospital 
is  opened ;  no  alcoholic  drinks  are  to  be 
given  to  patients. 

Wov.  19.  Ten  railway  employees  are 
convicted  of  robbing  luggage  and  .se- 
verely sentenced. 

Dec.  *  A  National  Federation  of  Em- 
ployees is  formed  to  counteract  trades- 
unions. 

*  *  iMudon.  Orphans*  Homes  are  es- 
tablished at  Maida  Hill. 

*  ♦  London.  The  National  Health  So- 
ciety is  founded. 

±  *  *  London.  Hospital  Sunday  is  es- 
tablished. 

1874  Jan.  23.    Alfred  Ernest  Albert, 

I>uke  of  Kdinburgh.  is  inarritMi  to  the 
(iraiid  Duchess  Marie  of  Russia. 

Jan.  24.  The  Bengal  Relief  Fund  is 
begun.   [Mar.  19.   i;i2o,000  is  subscribed.] 

Mar.*  A  hospital  for  tlie  treatment  of 
throat  and  ear  diseases  is  opened  near 
Gray's  Inn  Koad. 

June  30*.  About  100  agricultural  la- 
borers, who  had  been  di.imissed  for 
beinfj  trade-unionists,  traverse  F^ngland 
as  pilgrims :  they  receive  hospitality 
and  money  from  the  people. 

June  *  lA>ndon.  A  new  liberal  club  for 
the  West  £nd  is  founded. 


July  9.  London.  The  foundation  of 
liincoln  Tower,  Westminster  Bridge, 
is  laid  by  Gen.  Schenck,  U.S.  Minister. 

It  is  erected  by  the  united  subscrip- 
tions of  the  Britons  and  Americans,  as 
a  memorial  of  the  abolition  of  slavery 
and  of  Abraham  Lincoln.  [1875,  Sept. 
28.  The  head-stone  is  placed  by  the  Kev. 
Newman  Hall  ;  the  tower  is  220  feet 
high ;  entire  cost,  about  £7,000.] 

July  23.  The  Railway  Travelers'  Pro- 
tection Society  is  organized  ;  Duke  of 
Manchester,  president. 

Aug.  1.  Tbe  annual  whitebait  dinner, 
stopped  by  the  Gladstone  Ministry,  is 
revived  by  the  Disraeli  Ministry. 

Aug.  26.  Ire.  Tlie  strike  of  the  linen- 
manufacturers  ends. 

Ire.  A  great  Home  Rule  demon- 
stration takes  place  at  Drogheda. 

Sept.  30.  The  I>nke  of  Edinburgh  opens 
the  Seamen's  Orphanage  at  Liverpool. 

Oct.  6.  A  riot  occurs  at  Nosthampton 
because  Charles  Bradlaugh  is  Jiot  elected 
to  Parliament;  suppressed  by  the  mil- 
itary. 

Oct.  17.  Loudon.  Hospital  Saturdays 
for  workmen  are  begun. 

*  *  London.  Cremation  societies  are 
founded. 

*  *  London.  The  Women's  Protective  and 
Provident  League  is  founded  for  work- 
ing women. 

1875  Jan.  2-May*  W.  A  strike  of 
about  r»0,000  miners  occurs. 

Jan.  *  A  gentleman  gives  £10,000  to  edu- 
cate the  working  classes  of  Notting- 
ham. 

Jan.  *  About  £325,000  is  bequeathed  to 
charities  by  R.  L.  Jones,  a  timber-mer- 
cliJiut  of  Jjiverpool. 


STATE. 

1873  Oct.  25.  Ire.  The  programme  of 
the  Home  Rule  party,  requiring  an 
Irisli  jjarliament  of  queen,  lords,  and 
<!onimi>ns  is  published. 

Nov.  18.     Dr.    Lyon   Playfair    is    ap- 

p<.unted  postmaster-general. 

Dublin.    A    conference    on    Home 

Rule  is  held  in  the  Rotundo. 

1874  Feb.  13.  W.  Afr.  The  Ashan- 
tees  sign  a  treaty  of  peace. 

H.  C.    Mr.  Gladstone  introduces  an 

Irish  University  Bill.  [Rejected  and 
withdrawn.] 

Feb.  17.  The  Conservatives  having 
obtained  a  majority  of  about  no  in  the 
general  election,  Mr.  Gladstone  re- 
signs. 

Feb.  18.  Ire.  John  Mitchel  (United 
Irishman)  is  elected  member  of  Parlia- 
tnent  for  Tipperary.  [^Mar.  *  The  <.'om- 
mons  resolve  that  he  is  ineligible,  hav- 
ing been  convicted  of  treason-felony.] 

Feb.  21.  The  second  administration 
under  Benjamin  Disraeli,  Premier,  is 
formed. 

Members:  tlie  Karl  of  Derby,  the  Marquis 
of  Salisluiry,  the  Duke  of  Kiclimomi,  the 
Karl  of  Malinesbury,  the  Earl  of  ('arnarvon, 
and  Sir  .Stafford  Northcote-  Lord  John  Man- 
ners, postmaster-general,  Lord  Cairns, 
lord  cham-ellor,  (leorge  Ward  Hunt,  tlrst 
lord  of  tlie  arhnlralty,  and  the  Duke  of 
Abercorn,  lord -lieutenant  of  Ireland. 

Feb.  *  Stephen  Cave  ia  appointed  judge- 
advocate-general. 

Mar.  5.  Parliament  opens.  [1880.  Mar. 
23.     Dissolved.] 

Mar.  20.  H.  C.  A  motion  in  favor  of 
Home  Rule  for  Ireland  is  rejected. 
Vote,  52-314. 


May  19.  Parliament:  A  motion  lu-o- 
posing  the  opening  of  public  museums 
and  galleries  on  Sunday  is  rejected. 

May  23.  Prince  Arthur  is  created  Duke 
of  Connaught,  Karl  of  Sussex  and 
Strathearn. 

Jime  24.  H.  C.  The  Merchant  Ship- 
ping Survey  Bill  is  rejected.  Vote, 
170-173. 

July  1.  H.  C.  A  compulsory  atten- 
dance bill  is  rejected.    Vote,  156-320. 

July  30.  Parliament:  A  new  licens- 
ing Act  is  passed.  Also  The  Board  of 
Trade    Railway    Arbitration    Act    is 

passed. 

Aug.  7.  Parhament:  The  Colonial 
Clergy  Act  is  passed.  Also  a  Pubhc 
Health  Act  for  Ireland;  the  Sanitary 
Laws  Amendment  Act,  and  a  bill  for 
abolishing  patronage  in  Scotland,  in- 
troduced by  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  and 
the  Conveyancing  Act,  facilitating  the 
transfer  of  land  in  Scotland. 

Oct.  16.  Alfred,  first  child  of  Prince 
Alfred  Ernest,  \»  born. 

Nov.*  Rome.  The  English  unofficial  sec- 
retary of  legation  at  the  papal  court  is 
withdrawn.     [Nov.  11.     He  leaves.] 

Dec.  16.    Ire.   John  T.Bali  is  appointed 

lord  high  chancellor. 

*  *  Fiji  is  obtained  by  cession  from  the 
natives. 

1875    Jan.  13.    Mr.  Gladstone  resigns 

the  leadership  of  the  Liberal  party.  [He 
is  succeeded  by  the  Marqius  of  Har- 
tington.] 

Feb.  5.    Parliament  meets. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1873  Nov.  7.  London.  A  panic  on  the 
Stock  Exchange  raises  the  bank-rate  to 
nine  per  cent. 

*  *  Railway  reports  show  773  employees 
killed  during  the  year. 

1874  Jan.  27.  Railway  trains  collide 
near  Manuel  and  Boness  Junction;  16 
lives  lost. 

Mar.  21.  The  Criterion,  Regent's  Cir- 
cus, Piccadilly,  is  first  opened. 

Mar.*  The  steamer  Qiteen  Elizabeth 
founders  near  Tarifa  ;  20  lives  lost. 

Apr.  1.  'n\e  Atlantic,  for  Halifax,  falls 
short  of  coals,  and  founders  on  Meagher 
Rock,  near  Sanibro  ;  5tJ0  lives  lost.  [Apr. 
25.  Investigation  ;  captain  suspended 
for  two  yea]-s.] 

May  23.  The  emigrant  ship  British  Ad- 
miral is  wrecked  on  King  Island,  Bass 
Strait ;  80  lives  lost. 

June  1,    The  American  Pullman  palace 

saloon  cars  on  the  Midland  Railroad 

are  opene<i  to  the  public. 
Nov.  17-18.    The  emigrant  vessel   f'oa- 

patrick  takes  fire;  about  470  lives  h)8t. 

[Dec.  G.    A  few  survivors  arrive  at  St. 

Helena.] 

Nov.  29.  The  steamer  La  Plata  foun- 
ders in  the  Bay  of  Biscay  ;  17  out  of  85 

are  saved. 
Dec.  24.    A  railwav  train  goes  over  an 

embankment  at  Shipton,  killing  34  per- 
sons, and  injuring  70. 

1875  Jan.  1.  The  Midland  Railwav 
Company  change  first-class  rate  of  fare 
to  \^  pence  a  mile,  and  abolish  secon<l- 
class  rate.  [Other  companies  soon  fol- 
low.] 

Number  of  railway  employees  :  Eng- 
land, 228,5)58;  Scotland,  31,023  :  Ireland, 
14,554;  total,  274,535. 
May  8,  The  steamer  i'adiz  is  wrecked 
on  Wizard  Rock,  Brest ;  about  62  lives 
lost. 


980     1875,  May  28-1876,**,        GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1875  Sept.  1.  Ire.  The  war-ship  Van- 
uuard  is  sunk  off  the  coast  of  Wicklow, 
by  collision  with  the  war-ship  Iro7i  Duke. 
Capt.  Dawkins  of  the  Iron  Duke  is  tried 
by  court-martial  ami  dismissetl ;  Lieut. 
Evans  is  removed  from  his  command. 

Nov.  28.  The  Iron  Duke  is  nearly  lost ; 
cause,  the  leaving  open  of  a  valve. 

1876  July  14.  The  boiler  of  the  war- 
ship Thunderer  bursts  while  the  vessel 
is  on  a  trial  trip  in  Stoke's  Bay,  Ports- 
mouth ;  45  are  killed  and  50  injured. 

Oct.  19.  The  war-ship  Bacchante  is 
launched.  [Nov.  4,  the  Xelson  at  Glas- 
gow; Nov.  18,  also  the  Northampton; 
1877,  Jan.  31,  the  Euryalus  aX  Chatham.] 


ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1875  May  29.  Capt.  (Sir)  George  Strong 
Nares's  expedition  for  arctic  discovery 
departs  in  the  vessels  Alert  and  Discov- 
ery. [Sept.  1.  He  reaches  82°  24',  and 
winters  in  82°  27',  the  farthest  point  north 
reached  by  any  ship  ;  he  reports  no  open 
Bea,  but  instead  a  sea  of  ancient  ice  ; 
sledge-parties  approach  within  400  miles 
of  the  Pole.  1876.  Oct.  27.  The  Alert 
arrives  at  Valentia.  Oct.  29.  The  Dis- 
covery arrives  at  Queenstown.] 

June  25.  The  Polar  expedition  of 
Capt.  Allen  Young  sails  in  the  Pandora 
(aided  by  Lady  Franklin).  [Oct.  19.  Ke- 
turns.] 

Aug.  16.  Firth  Park,  Sheffield,  is 
opened;  it  is  the  gift  of  Mark  Firth. 

Sept.  6.  The  public  museum  and  hall 
are  opened  at  Sheffield. 

Sept.  7.  London.  The  National  Opera 
House  is  founded.  [Dec.  16.  First  stone 
laid.] 

Oct.  6.  The  Yorkshire  College  for  Sci- 
ence is  formally  opened  by  the  Duke  of 
Devonshire  at  teeds. 

Dec.  1.  A  statue  of  Cromwell  by 
Matthew  Noble,  gift  of  Mrs.  Abel  Hey- 
wood,  is  uncovered  at  Manchester. 

*  *  London.  The  Psychological  Society 
and  the  Royal  Aquarium  Society  are  or- 
ganized ;  the  Church  Choral  Society  is 
incorporated  as  Trinity  College. 

*  •  The  K3rrle  Society  is  formed.  [1877. 
Founded  by  Prince  Ijcopold,  Princess 
Louise,  the  Duke  of  Westminster,  and 
others,  for  *'  bringing  beauty  home  to 
the  people  "  by  means  of  decorative  art, 
gardening,  music,  etc.] 

1876  Jan.  6.  Dublin.  A  statue  of 
Henry  Grattan  is  unveiled. 

Feb.  3.  London.  The  Mineralogical 
Society  of  Great  Britain  meets  for  the 
first  time. 

Feb.  28.  The  Birmingham  Philosophi- 
cal Society  is  founded. 

May  13-Dec.  30.  The  International 
Jjoan  ^Exhibition  of  Scientific  Appa- 
ratus is  held  at  South  Kensington. 

May  17 .  Edinburgh.  Tlie  National 
Training  School  of  Music  is  opened. 

June  2.  The  Polar  expedition  of  Capt. 
Allen  Young  again  sails.  [Oct.  31.  Re- 
turns.] 

June  *  The  swing  bridge  over  the  Tyne 
at  Newcastle  is  completed. 

July  17-24.  The  Royal  Agricultural 
Society  meets  at  Birmingham. 

Aug.  14.  Hot  summer ;  the  thermom- 
eter reaches  95''.7  in  the  shade  at  Not- 
tingham. 

Aug.  15.  Edinburgh.  A  statue  of  David 
Livingstone  is  unveiled.  [Aug.  17.  The 
Albert  Memorial  is  inaugurated  by  the 
queen.] 

Sept.  5.  The  Aquarium  and  "Winter 
Garden  at  Yarmouth  are  opened. 


Oct.  11.  The  Social  Science  Associa- 
tion meets  at  Liverpool.  [1877,  Sept.  19, 
at  Aberdeen  ;  1878,  Oct.  23,  at  Chelten- 
ham ;  1879,  Oct.  1,  at  Manchester. 

Oct.  *+  The  Atlas  Iron  Works,  Sheffield, 
roll  armor-plate  24  inches  thick. 

Nov.  27.  The  Gallery  of  Sculptures, 
bequeathed  by  John  Gibson,  is  exhibited 
free  by  the  Royal  Academy. 

*  *  A  statue  of  Michael  Faraday  is  un- 
veiled at  the  Koyal  Institution. 

+  *  ♦  Ernst  Werner  and  Sir  Charles  Sie- 
mens, by  means  of  regenerative  gas  fur- 
naces, produce  excellent  steel  cheaply 
in  large  masses. 

*  *  Scot.  The  British  Association  meets 
in  Glasgow.  [1877,  at  Plymouth  ;  1878, 
at  Dublin  ;  1879,  at  Sheffield  ;  1880,  at 
Swansea.] 

*  *  London.  The  Sanitary  Institute  of 
Great  Britain  is  founded. 

*  *  London.  The  Physiological  Society 
is  founded  by  John  Scott  Burdou-San- 
derson'and  others. 

*  *  Manganese  bronze,  a  new  metal,  ia 
produced  by  P.  M.  Parsons,  inventor  of 
white  brass. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1870  *   •  Bennett,  William   S.,  pianist,  com- 
poser, A59. 

Calrnes,  John  E.,  political  economist,  A5I. 

Finlay,  George,  author,  Scotland,  A75, 

Grant,  Sir  James  H.,  general,  A67. 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur,  essayist,  dramatist,  ASS. 

Key,  Thomas  H.,  philologist,  A76. 

Kin^sley,  Charles,  cl.,  novelist,  au.,  A6ti. 

Mitchel,  John,  patriot,  historian,  journalist, 
Ireland,  A60. 

Osborn,  Sherard,  explorer,  admiral,  A53. 

Stanhope,  Earl  of,  Philip  H.,  Lord  Mahon, 
historian,  A70. 

Wilkinson,  Sir  John  Q.,  Egyptologist,  A78. 

Willis,  Robert,  physicist,  mechanician,  A75. 
1876  *  *  Bosworth,     Joseph,    lexicographer, 
A  88. 

Eadie,  John,  Pres.  clergyman,  author,  A62. 

Lane,  Edward  William,  orientalist,  A75. 

Lewis,  Jolm  K.,  painter,  A71. 

Lough,  John  G.,  sculptor,  A72. 

Martineau,  Harriet,  author,  A74. 

Napier,  Kobert,  eng.,  shipbuilder,  Scot.,  A86. 

Walker,  Frederick,  painter,  A36. 

CHURCH. 

1875  June  14.  Parliament:  The  Bish- 
ops* Resignation  Act  is  passed. 

June  29.  The  bishopric  of  St.  Albans 
is  created,  and  dioceses  of  London,  Win- 
chester, and  Rochester  are  re-arranged 
by  Act  of  Parliament. 

July  1.  The  Public  Worship  Regu- 
lation Act,  for  suppressing  ritualism  in 
the  Church  of  England,  goes  into  opera- 
tion. The  case  of  Kev.  C.  J.  Kidsdale  is 
the  first  tried ;  the  judgment  of  tlie  ec- 
clesiastical court  is  given  against  him, 
because  of  ritualistic  proceedings.  [1876. 
Jan.  6.  A  new  court  at  Lambeth  Palace 
under  Lord  Penzance  decides  in  his 
favor.] 

July  19-22.  London.  A  Pan-Presby- 
terian Congress  is  held ;  50  bodies, 
Britisli  and  foreign,  agree  to  form  an 
"Alliance  of  Presbyterian  Churches." 

Sept.  *  Dublin.  A  synod  is  held  at  May- 
nooth  College,  condemning  mixed  edu- 
cation. 

July  28.  A  statue  of  Richard  Baxter 
the  Non-conformist,  is  unveiled  at  Kid- 
derminster (Worcester),  by  Mrs.  Phil- 
pott,  wife  of  the  bishop  of  Worcester. 

Sept.  7.  The  Marquis  of  Ripon  becomes 
a  Roman  Catholic. 

Oct.  3.  A  large  convent  at  Boiirne- 
mouth,  in  connection  with  Church  of 
England,  is  opened. 

Nov.  30.  The  Albert  Memorial 
Chapel,  on  the  site  of  Wolsey  Gharpel, 
at  Windsor,  is  opened. 

*  *  *  The  Parochial  Missions  to  the  dews 
Fund  is  founded. 


±*  *  Sees  established : 

Niagara.  [  1H77,  Truro,  Transvaal,  Inhere, 
andltangoon;  1878,  North  Queensland;  1879, 
New  Caledonia,  British  Columbia,  New 
Westminster,  and  Tranvancore  and  Cochin.] 

*  *  Henry  Edward  Manning,  arch- 
bishop of  Westminster,  is  consecrated  a 
cardinal  priest. 

*  *  The  Iiadies'  Committee  of  the  Lon- 
don Missionary  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  Ire.  Tlie  Protestant  Dissenting  min- 
isters give  up  their  allowance  from  the 
Government  in  response  to  the  senti- 
ment of  the  people. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Central  Committee  and 
Church  Women's  Association  for  For- 
eign Missions  of  the  Scottish  Episcopal 
Church  is  formed. 

*  *  Bishops  elected : 

R.  S.  Copleston  for  Colombo,  Ceylon,  and 
Samuel  Thornton,  for  Ballarat,  Ausliaha. 
[1876,  H.  Hutton  I'arry  for  Perth,  Australia, 
E.  R.  Johnson  for  Calcutta,  and  Louis  G. 
Jlylne  for  liombay;  1878,  M.  lieranii  for  Ve- 
rapoli,  Asia,  Edmund  Craig  Stuart  for  Wai- 
apii,  N.  Z.,  Thomas  Legh  Claughton  for  St. 
Albans,  Anthony  Wilson  Thorold  for  Roches- 
ter, and  .fohn  R.  Selwyn  forJtelanesi,  N.  Z.\ 
1878,  Henry  H.  IJousfleld  for  Pretoria,  South 
Africa,  Llewellyn  Jones  for  Newfoundland, 
William  Parkenham  Walsh  for  Ossorv,  Wil- 
liam I>.  Maclagan  for  Lichfield,  Robert  Sam- 
uel dreg  for  Cork,  and  G.  H.  Stanton  for 
North  Queensland;  l87it,Joseph  Barber  Ligbt- 
foot  for  Diu-ham,  William  Ridley  for  New 
Caledonia,  A.  W.  Sillitoe  for  New  West- 
minster, Arthur  Sweaton  for  Toronto,  Wil- 
liam R.  Uond  for  Montreal,  and  Elzear  Tor- 
regianj  for  Armidale,  Australia.] 

1876    Mar.  3.    H.  C.    A  Burials  Bill, 

to  permit  the  ministers  of  Dissenters  to 
officiate  at  funerals  in  churchyards,  is 
rejected.     Vote,  248-279. 

June  13.  The  Presbyterian  Church 
of  England  is  reconstituted  at  Liverpool 
in  union  with  the  United  Presbyterian 
(Church  of  Scotland). 

July  4.  London.  Christ  Church,  re- 
placing Surrey  Chapel,  and  the  school 
adjoining,  costing  £60,000,  are  dedicated. 

July  16.  London.  The  Fassionista 
Monastery,  Highgate,  is  solemnly 
blessed  by  Cardinal  Manning  andopened. 

July  24.  A  meeting  of  bishops  and  Dis- 
senting ministers  is  held  at  Lambeth 
Palace  to  consider  the  progress  of  irre- 
ligious thought. 

July  27.    A  league  in  aid  of  Christians 

in  Turkey  is  formed. 

Aug.  6.  The  Church  of  England  Work- 
ing Men*s  Society  is  estaolished  at  St. 
Alban's,  Holborn. 

Aug.  20.  John  Sugden  is  consecrated 
bishop  of  the  Free  Church  of  England 
in  Christ's  Church,  Lambeth. 

Aug.  ♦  The  Chester  Cathedral  is  re- 
opened after  restoration. 

Dec.  17.  Rev.  A.  H.  Tooth,  vicar  of  St. 
James  at  Hatcham,  a  ritualist,  is  inliibited 
from  officiating  in  the  parish.  Disobeying 
the  inhibition,  he  is  imprisoned. 

*  *  The  Young  Men's  Foreign  Missionary 
Society  is  organized  by  members  of  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association. 
Also  in  London  the  Association  for  the 
Free  Distribution  of  the  Scriptures  is 
organized. 

LETTERS. 

1875  July  *  London.  The  Education 
Society  Is  formed. 

Oct.  18.  Newnham  College,  Cam- 
bridge, for  women,  is  opened. 

*  *  The  Anglican  Church  Quarterly  lie- 
view  is  issued. 

*  *  Durability  in  Art,  by  William  Noy 
Wilkins,  appears. 


AND    IRELAND.        1875,  May  28-1876,  *  *.     981 


*  *  A  Courtie  of  Practical  Instruction  in 
Elementary  Biology,  by  Huxley  and  H. 
K.  Martiu,  appears. 

*  •  Fated  to  be  Free,  by  Joan  Ingelow, 
appears. 

*  •  Trumpet  Calls  to  Christian  Energy,  by 
Charles  Haddon  Spurgeou,  appears. 
[1882,   Farm  Sermons.] 

*  *  Thrift,  by  Samuel  Smiles,  appears. 
1876    Jan.  14.    The  first  annual  con- 
ference of  teachers  is  held. 

Feb.  21.  The  Purcell  Society  is 
founded. 

Aug.  11.    London.     The  Hour  suspends. 

Sept.  6.  Horrors  in  Bulgaria,  by  Wil- 
liam Ewart  Gladstone,  appears. 

Sept.  10.  Tlie  University  College  at 
Bristol  is  opened. 

Oct.  26.  Cavendish  College,  Cambridge, 
established  to  give  cheap  universfty 
education  to  young  persons  in  short 
lime,  is  opened. 

Nov.  14.  London.  The  first  Working 
Xiads'  Institute  is  opened  at  White- 
chapel. 

*  *  London.  The  Whitehall  Review  is  is- 
sued; also  the  Daily  Hecorder  of  Com- 
merce and  the  Mind. 

*  *  Weather  Charts  and  Storm  Warnings, 
by  It.  H.  Scott,  appears. 

*  *  Scot.  Shadow  of  the  Sinord,  by  Robert 
William  Buchanan,  appears.  [1881,  Clod 
and  the  .\fan  ;  1882,  Ballads  of  Life,  Love, 
and  Humour;  1885,  Alone  in  Loiidon.] 

*  *  Life  and  Letters  of  Lord  Macaulay, 
by  Sir  George  Otto  Trevelyan,  appears. 


SOCIETy. 

1875  May  *  -  Aug.  *  Warwickshire 
miners  strike. 

July  * -Aug.  ♦  Strikes  occur  at  Oldham. 
Aug.  3.    Parbament :    The    Employers 
and  Workmen  Act  is  passed. 

•  •  The  Sunday  Society  is  established  to 
prt>mote  the  movement  for  opening  mu- 
seums and  art  galleries  ou  Sunday. 

•  •  London.    Bicycle  clubs  are  formed. 

•  •  A  Home  for  Incurable  Children  is 
established  at  Maida  Vale. 

*  •  The  Society  for  the  abolition  of  vivi- 
section is  established. 

1876  Mar.  30.  Ire.  Agrarian  outrages 
continue.  [July  25.  Mr.  Bridges  and 
party  are  fired  on  in  daylight,  the  coach- 
man killed;  several  wounded  at  Mitchels- 
town,  Cork.  Crowe  convictedof  murder.] 

Apr.  12.  About  20,000  miners  in  York- 
shire strike. 

Apr,  21.  British  Women's  Temperance 
Association  is  founded  by  a  conference 
of  ladies  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  It  aims 
to  effect  a  federation  of  all  women's 
temi>erance  organizations  based  on  total 
abstinence. 

Apr.  17.  Fenian  prisoners  escape  from 
West  Australia  in  the  American  ship 
Catalpa.  [Aug.  19.  Arrive  in  New 
York.] 

June  30.  The  House  of  Lords  appoints 
a  commission  to  inquire  into  the  preva- 
lence of  drunkenness.  [Report  re- 
specting alcohol  neutral.] 

Aug.  11.  Farliaznent:  A  Medical  Act 
is  passed  permitting  the  registration  of 
medical  women. 

Aug.  24.  .Sixteen  hundred  Bolton  mi- 
ners strike  against  15  per  cent  reduction 
in  wages. 

Sept.  18.  London.  A  public  meeting  is 
helii  at  Mansion  House  respecting  atro- 
cities in  Bulgaria. 

Sept.  22.  A  society  to  promote  legisla- 
tion for  the  control  and  cure  of  habitual 
drunkards  is  formed. 


Oct.  2»  10,  20.  London.  Dr.  Henry 
Slade,  a  spiritualist  medium,  and  Geof- 
frey Simmons,  his  assistant,  are  tried  on 
charges  preferred  by  Prof,  E,  Kay  Lan- 
kester  and  others,  with  unlawfully  using 
certain  subtle  and  crafty  means  and  de- 
vices to  deceive.  [Oct.  31.  Simmons  is 
discharged,  but  Slade  is  sentenced  to 
three  months'  imprisonment  with  hard 
labor.  On  appeal  the  sentence  is  quashed 
on  a  technicality.] 

*  *  An  international  association  for  the 
total  suppression  of  vivisection  formed. 

STATE. 

1875  May  28.  Ire.  The  Peace  Pres- 
ervation Act  is  ordered  to  be  enforced. 

June  1.  H.  L.  It  is  decided  that  rail- 
way companies  are  responsible  for  neg- 
ligence in  conveying  persons  and  goods, 
although  they  disclaim  it  on  tickets. 

June  24.  The  Government  appoints  a 
commission, of  whichViscount  Cardwell 
and  Prof.  T.  H.  Huxley  are  members,  to 
inquire  into  the  practise  of  vivisection. 

Aug.  2.  Parliament :  A  new  sinking- 
fund  is  established. 

Aug.  11.  Parliament:  The  Sale  of 
Food  and  Drugs  Act,  repealing  all  adul- 
teration Acts,  is  passed. 

Aug.  13.  Parliament:  An  Act  is  passed 
giving  further  powers  to  the  Board  of 
Trade  to  stop  unseaworthy  ships.  Also 
the  Agricultural  Holding  Act  and  Land 
Transfer  Act  for  Flngland  are  passed. 
Parliament  is  prorogued. 

Oct.  29.  Mary,  second  child  of  Prince 
Alfred  Ernest,  is  born. 

Nov.  1.  The  Supreme  Court  of  Judi- 
cature becomes  operative. 

Nov.  25.  George  A.  F.  Cavendish 
Bentinck  is  ma<le  judge-advocate-gen- 
eral. 

Nov.  *  Sir  Richard  Baggallay  is  made 
lord  justice. 

♦  *  London.  William  James  Richmond 
Cotton  is  elected  lord  mayor. 

1876  Feb.  8.    Parliament  is  opened. 
Apr.  27.    Parliament:   The  Royal 

Titles  Bill  is  passed.  It  adds  to  the 
titles  of  the  queen  that  of  •*  Empress 
of  India." 

Apr.  *  H.  C.  Mr.  Dixon*a  bill  for  uni- 
versal school  boards  and  compulsory 
education  is  rejected.    Vote,  281-260, 

May  1.  London.  The  queen  is  pro- 
claimed "Empress  of  India." 

June  14.  H.  C.  The  Permissive  Pro- 
hibitory BiU  is  introduced  for  the 
eighth  time  [and  rejected.  Vote,  299-81]. 

June  24.  Parliament :  A  Wild  Birds' 
Protection  Act  is  passed. 

Jime  30.    Parliament:   The    Trades' 

Union  Act  is  amended. 
Aug.  *  Parliament:  The  Elementary 

Education  Act  is  passed. 
Aug.  11.    Parliament:  Tlie  Act  giving 

power  to  unite  counties  for  the  purpose 

of  winter  assizes  for  more  speedy  trials 

of  prisoners  is  passed. 
Aug.  15.    Parliament:  The  Merchants* 

Shipping  Act  is  passed. 
Parliament :  The    Divided    Parishes 

and  Poor  Law   Amendment  Act  is 

passed. 
Parliament  is  prorogued. 
Aug.  19.    R.  I.    The  royal  title.  "Em- 
press of  India,"  is  announced  by  the 

viceroy. 
Sept.  13.    China.    A  convention  is 

signed  with  China  at  Chefu. 


Oct.  5.  Lords  Blackburn  and  Gordon  are 
created  peers  for  life. 

Nov.  25.  Victoria,  third  child  of  Prince 
Alfred  Ernest,  is  born. 

Nov.  28.  Ire.  John.  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough, is  appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

Dec.  8.  London.  A  national  confer- 
ence against  war  to  defend  Turkey 
is  held  in  St.  James's  Hall. 

*  *  London.  Sir  Thomas  White  is  elected 
lord  mayor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1875  July  10.  The  Metropolitan  Rail- 
way is  extended  to  the  Great  Eastern. 

Aug.  16.    Scot.    The  new  Victoria  wet 

dock,  Dundee,  is  opened  by  Lord  Strath- 

more. 
Aug.  24, 25.    Capt.  Matt.  Webb  swims 

from  Dover  to  Calais  in  23|  hours. 
Aug.  28.    Hallway  collision  at  Kild- 

wick,  Yorkshire  ;  seven  persons  killed. 
Aug.  31.    A  new  exchange  at  I^eeds  is 

opened. 
Aug.  *  London.     The   drainage- works 

are  completed.    Total  cost,  £4,500,000. 
Nov.  15.    Thames  overflows,  causing 

great  damage  and  distress ;  the  Wool- 
wich arsenal  is  flooded.    Total  rise,  29 

feet. 
Nov.  25.    The  khedive's  shares  in  the 

Suez  Canal  are  bought  by  the  British 

Government. 
Nov.  30.     The    new  poultry-market, 

Smithfield,    is    inaugurated     by    Lord 

Mayor  Cotton. 

*  *  London.  Spelling-bees  are  intro- 
duced (from  U.  S.  A.). 

*  *  Oysters  become  scarce ;  dredging  and 
deep-sea  fishing  are  restricted. 

1876  Jan.  21.  Two  collisions  occur 
on  the  Great  Northern  Railway,  near 
Huntingdon;  14  persons  are  killed. 

Feb.  17.  The  Glasgow  steamer  Strath- 
clyde  collides  with  the  Franconia  in 
Dover  Bay  ;  17  persons  perish. 

Feb.  23.  London.  Direct  cable  line  to 
New  Zealand  is  completed. 

Feb.  26.  The  first  steam  ferry-boat  on 
the  Thames,  Jessie  May,  is  launched. 

1876  Mar.  2.  The  great  amphithea- 
ter at  Leeds  is  burned ;  loss,  about 
£;»,ooo. 

Mar.  29.  London.  The  Royal  Albert 
Hall,  Kensington,  is  opened  by  the 
queen. 

Mar.  6.  London.  Sdward  P.  Weston 
begins  his  walk  of  500  miles  in  Agricul- 
tural Hall. 

[Mar.  II.  Has  walked  450  miles.  Apr.  22. 
He  walks  111  miles  in  24  hours  in  Manclies- 
ter.  ]>ec.  18-23.  He  walks  460  miles  in  six 
days  in  Agricultural  Hall.  1879.  .lune  16. 
He  walks  650  miles,  and  wins  the  Sir  John 
Astley  belt.  1883,  Nov.  21-1884,  Mar.  16. 
Walks  5,000  miles  in  100  (lays  on  teetotal 
principles.] 

May  24,  25.  A  great  fire  occurs  at  Bris- 
tol ;  loss,  £80,000. 

May*  About  500  animals  from  India 
are  presented  to  the  Zoological  Society 
by  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

June  27.  The  Canadian  national  game 
lacrosse  is  played  before  the  queen  at 
Windsor  by  13  Iroquois  and  14  Cana- 
dians. 

Aug.  7.  A  collision  occurs  on  the  Som- 
erset and  Dorset  Railway,  near  Bath  ; 
U  persons  are  killed. 

Aug.  12t.  The  Great  Queensland  sails 
for  Melbourne  loaded  with  patent  and 
other  gunpowder,  with  569  persons 
aboard.  [She  is  supposed  to  have  ex- 
ploded ;  wreckage  found.] 

*  *  The  Pneumatic  Despatch  Company 
suspends  through  insutticient  support. 

*  •  A.  Balta2zi*s  Kisber  wins  the  Derby 
race. 


982     1877,  Jan.  1-1878,  *  *. 


GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1878  Mar.  24.  The  war-ship  Eurydice 
is  lost  near  the  Isle  of  Wight ;  300  men 
perish. 

July  8-20.  The  National  Association 
for  rifle-shooting  meets  at  Wimbledon ; 
Private  Kay,  11th  Stirling,  wins  the 
queen's  prize. 

[1879,  July  14-26.  Corporal  Taylor,  47th 
Lancashire;  1880,  July  12-24,  Alexander  Fer- 
guson, lat  Argyll;  1881,  July  11-23,  Thomas 
iieck,  3(1  Devon  ;  1882,  July  10-22,  Sergt. 
Lawrence,  Ut  Dumbarton;  1883,  July  9-21, 
Sergt.  Mackav,  1st  Sutherland ;  1884,  J  uly  14- 
26,  Private (iallant,  8th  Middlesex.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1877  Jan.  1.  A  statue  of  William 
Kathboiie,  merchant,  is  unveiled  at  Liv- 
erpool. 

Jan.  25.  Scot.  A  statue  of  Robert 
Bumsis  unveiled  in  St.  (ieorge's  Square. 
Glasgow.  [Apr.  3.  New  Stock  Exchange 
opened.] 

Feb.  17.  Lo)ulon.  The  400th  anniver- 
sary of  the  discovery  of  printing  is 
celebrated. 

Mar.  15.  Egy,  One  of  the  obelisks 
erected  by  Thothmes  III.  is  offered  to 
the  British  Government  by  the  khedive. 

May  1.  London.  Grosvenor  Gallery, 
for  the  exliibition  of  modern  pictures,  i^ 
opened  iii  Bond  Street. 

May  7.  London.  The  "Wagner  Festi- 
val is  held  at  lloyal  Albert  Hall ;  Wag- 
ner is  present. 

May  *  London.  The  African  Explora- 
tion Fund  is  founded  by  the  Itoyal  Geo- 
graphical Society. 

Aug.  23.  Bell's  telephone  is  exhibited 
before  the  British  Association,  Plym- 
outh. 

Sept.  6.  The  "Walker  ArtGallery,  Liv- 
erpool, the  gift  of  Andrew  Walker,  cost- 
ing above  £30,000,  is  opened  by  the  Earl 
of  Derby. 

Sept.  19-22.  A  musical  festival  is  held 
at  Leeds. 

Oct.  14,  15.  A  violent  gale  tloes  great 
damage  to  property  on  land,  and  destroys 
shipping,  with  loss  of  life. 

Dec.  28.  Scot.  A  statue  of  Thomas 
Campbell  is  unveiled  in  St.  George's 
Square,  Glasgow. 

*  *  London.  A  statue  of  Sir  Robert  Peel 
at  Parliament  Square  is  unveiled. 

*  *  London.  The  Institute  of  Chemistry 
la  founded.  Also  the  Library  Associa- 
tion and  the  Index  Society. 

1878  Jan.  1.  Ire.  A  grand  iron  bridge 
is  opened  over  the  Foyle  at  Londonderry. 

Jan.  14,  15.  Bell's  telephone  is  ex- 
hibited. 

Feb.  14.  The  statue  of  Sir  John  Cordy 
Burrows  at  Brighton  is  unveiled. 

Mar.  28.  London.  Electric  light  is 
tried  at  Westnunster  Palat^e. 

June  26.  Greatest  heat  at  Notting- 
ham ;  95°  in  the  shade. 

July  3.  The  Midland  Counties  Art  Mu- 
seum, Nottingham,  is  opened  by  the 
Prince  of  Wales. 

July  4.  A  Polar  expedition  in  the  Vega 
under  Prof.  Adolf  Eric  Nordenskjold 
starts,  seeking  a  nortlieast  passage. 

July  27.  Edinburgh.  A  statue  of  Pr, 
Chalmers,  by  Steell,  is  unveiled. 

*  *Boier'8  life-saving,  rope-carrying 
rocket,  for  communicating  with 
stranded  vessels,  is  described. 

Sept.  13.  London.  The  Egyptian  ob- 
elisk is  finally  placed  on  the  Thames 
embankment. 

Wov.  11.    Edison*s  loud-speaking  tele- 

Ehone    conveys  conversation   between 
ondon   and  Norwich,  by  115  miles  of 
wire. 


Nov.  13.  Sir  Frederick  Ijeighton  is 
elected  president  of  the  Royal  Academy. 

Dec.  13.  London.  The  Jablochkoff  sys- 
tem of  electric  light  is  set  up  for  trial 
on  the  Thames  embankment,  north  side. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1877*  •  Bageliot,  Walter,  essayist,  journal- 
ist, author,  A5I. 

Ilain,  Alexander,   logician,  philosopher, 
author,  Scotland,  A59. 

lielcher,  Sir  Kdward,  naval  officer,  arctic 
navigator,  A78. 

James,  Sir  Henry,  engineer,  inventor,  A74. 

Kavanagh,  Julia,  Irish  novelist,  A53. 

Marshnian,  John  Clark,  lilstorian,  A83. 

Norton,  Caroline  E.,  i»oet,  novelist,  A69. 

Talbot,  William  II.  F.,  discoverer  of  photog- 
raphy, A77. 

Warren,  Samuel,  jurist,  novelist,  A70. 

Wright,  Thomas,  antiquarian  writer,  A67. 

Wyatt,  Sir  Mattliew  D.,  architect,  A57. 
1878  *  *  Back,  Sir  George,  arctic  navigator, 
AS2. 

Chelmsford,  Lord,  V.  T.,  jurist,  states.,  A84. 

Creaey,  Sir  Edward  B.,  historian,  At)6. 

Cullen,  Paul,  cardinal,  archbishop  of   Dub- 
lin, A75. 

l»oran,  John,  editor,  author,  A71. 

DuflT,  Alexander,  Scotch  missionary,  cl.,  A72. 

Ciill,  William,  clergyman,  missionary,  A65. 

(Irant,  ."^ir  Francis,  artist,  Scotland,  A7.5. 

Lewes,  George  H.,  i)hil.  and  mis.  writer,  A61. 

Russell,  liord,  John,  statesman,  A86. 

Stirling-Maxwell,  Sir  William,  ac.  au.,  A60. 


CHURCH. 

1877  Junes.  Parliament:  The  Sim- 
day  opening  of  museums  and  art  gal- 
leries is  again  refused.    Vote,  87-229. 

July  2-9.  Edinburt/h.  A  Pan-Presby- 
terian conference  is  held. 

Aug.  9,  Tlxe  Duke  of  Westminster  aiul 
95  other  peers  address  the  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  against  auricular  confes- 
sion. 

Sept.  30.  London.  The  Mormon  Con- 
ference is  opened. 

♦  •  A  reformed  Episcopal  secession  from 
the  Free  Church  of  England  takes  place. 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Roman  Catho- 
lic): 

William  Fitzgerald  for  Ross,  Ireland,  I'eter 
Pace  lor  (lozo.  [187f*,  Paul  Goetbals,  arch- 
bishop of  Calcutta;  1879,  Edward  Isley  for 
Birmingham,  Edmund  Knight  for  Shrews- 
bury, Richard  Lacy  for  Middlesborough,and 
Clement  Pagnani  for  Kandy,  Ceylon.  J 

1878  Mar.  4.  Scot.  The  Roman  Cath- 
olic Hierarchy  is  restore^  by  Pope  Leo 
XIII.  [Apr.  13.  Protestants  protest 
against  It.] 

May  1.  Dublin.  Clmst  Church  Cathe- 
dral, after  being  restored  at  the  cost  of 
£250,000,  is  reopened. 

June  13.  London.  The  British  and  For- 
eign Unitarian  Association  is  founded 
to  promote  Unitariunism. 

July  2-27.  The  Pan-Anglican  Con- 
gress meets  at  Lambeth. 

Aug.  16.  Parliament:  The  Bishoprics 
Act  is  passed. 

It  authorizes  the  endowment  of  four 
new  bishoprics,  Liverpool,  Newcastle, 
Wakefield  (York),  and  Southwell  (Can- 
terbury), without  increasing  the  number 
of  bishops  in  Parliament.  [1878.  Wake- 
field is  established.     1882.    Newcastle.] 

Sept.  29.  J^ondon.  A  Carmelite  con- 
vent is  opened  at  St.  Charles  Square, 
Notting  Hill. 

Sept.  *  Free  libraries  are  opened  on 
Stmdays  at  Manchester  and  other 
places.  [Also  the  Grosvenor  (iallery 
and  other  collections  in  lx>ndon.] 


Nov.  28.     hublln.     Edward  McCabe 

is  consecrated  (Konian  Catholic)  arch- 
bishop of  I>ublin.  [*  *  Ire.  Michael 
Logue,  archbishop  of  Armagh,  and  Bar- 
tholomew Woodlock,  bishop  of  Ardagh.J 


LETTERS. 

1877  Feb.  28.  London.  The  Senate 
of  the  University  of  London  votes  to 

frant   degrees   to   women.     [May  8. 
'he  Convocation  votes  against  it.] 
Mar.  28.     The     National     Education 

liCague  is  dJssolve<l. 
Mar.  *   London.    The  Nineteenth  Century 

is  issued. 
Aug.  10.    The  Universities  Act  i.** 
passed. 

Sept.  3.     Scot.     The  weaving-school, 

Glasgow,  is  opened. 

Sept.  27.  The  Universitv  college  build- 
ings, Nottingham^  are  founded. 

Oct.  2.  London.  Liibrary  Association 
of  the  United  Kingdom  is  founded  at  a 
conference  of  librarians  at  the  Lnndon 
Institute.  [1878.  Oct.  1-3.  First  meet- 
ing held.] 

*  *  London.  The  Index  Society  is 
founded. 

*  *  Observatory,  a  monthly  review  of  as- 
tronomy, is  issued. 

*  *  The  Referee,  a  sporting  paper,  is  is- 
sued; also  Truth. 

*  *  A  copy  of  the  Chinese  Ci/rlopmdia  of 
6,019  volumes  is  bought  for  the  British 
Museum. 

*  *  lAterary  and  Social  Judgments,  by 
William  Kathbone  Greg,  appears. 

*  ♦  Proverbs  in  Porcelain,  by  Henry  Aus- 
tin Dobson,  appears.  [1885,  At  the  Sign 
of  the  Lj/re.] 

1878  Jan.  15.  London.  The  Univer- 
sity of  London  Convocation  votes  for 
a  8upi)lemental  charter  granting  de- 
grees to  women.  [Mar.  28.  Charter 
granted.] 

Feb.  11.  Weekly  Weather  Peport  is  i.«;- 
sued. 

Aug.  16.  The  Education  Act  for  Scot- 
land is  amended,  and  the  Intermediate 
Education  Act  for  Ireland  is  passed. 

Oct.  27.  London.  The  new  city  library 
and  museum  are  founded  near  (Juildhall. 

Nov.  11.  London.  TTie  City  and  Guilds 
of  London  Institute  for  the  advancement 
of  Technical  Education  is  constituted. 


SOCIETY. 

1877  Jan.  16.  Wm.  Lawrence  is  sen- 
tenced to  three  months'  imprisonment 
for  receiving  money  as  a  spiritual  me- 
dium. 

Mar.  2.  London.  The  Rev.  Josiah 
Henson  (colored),  the  original  "  Uncle 
Tom  "  of  Mrs.  Stowe's  novel,  is  received 
by  the  queen  at  Buckingham  Palace. 

May  29-June  12,  About  12,000  North- 
umberland miners  strike.  [Dec.  1.5- 
1878,Feb.  *  AboutS.OOOminersare locked 
out.] 

May  *  -June  *  The  Birmingham  Liberal 
Federation  is  formed. 

May  *  -Oct.  *  Scot.  A  great  strike  and 
lockout  of  about  10,000  shipwri^-hts  and 
others  occur  on  the  Clyde.  The  cjise  is 
submitted  to  arbitration  :  the  arbitrator. 
Lord  Moncreiff,  decides  against  the 
men. 

July  31.  London.  The  masons  strike 
for  increased  wages  and  shorter  bours. 
[Sept.  20+ .  Some  firms  yield.  1878.  Mar. 
14.     Ended.] 

Sept.  li.  The  Bolton  cotton -workers 
strike.    [Strike  ended  by  agreement.] 

Sept.  14^22.  Jre.  A  strike  occurs  on 
thie  Great  Southern  and  Western  Rail- 
way. 


AND   IRELAND. 


1877,  Jan.  1-1878, 


983 


1878  Jan.  1.  The  Imperial  Order  of 
the  Crown  of  India  is  instituted. 

Jan.  15.  The  Indian  Famine  Relief 
Fund  anu>uiii8  to  £503,000. 

Jan.  *  -Sept.  *  Irt.  Davitt  aud  other 
Fenian  prisoners  are  released. 

Feb.  10.    I^mdon,     The  Blue  Ribbon 

movement  hegins  with  a  confereuce  of 

temperance  workers. 
Apr.  2.    The  Earl  of  J.eitriiii,  his  clerk, 

aiid  driver  are  shot  dead  near  his  lodge, 

Manor  Vaughan,  Donegal. 

Apr.  18-Jime  17.  About  120,000  spin- 
ners in  Lancashire  strike  against  a  10 
per  cent  reduction  of  wages,  [irnsuc- 
cessful.] 

MaT  14,  15.  A  cotton  strike  and  lock- 
out causes  riots  at  Hlackburn,  Uurnley, 
Accriugtou,  I*reston,  and  other  places. 

May  27.  Parliament:  The  Matrimo- 
nial Causes  Act  is  passed.  A  magis- 
trate may  grant  judicial  separation  with 
maintenance  to  a  wife  suffering  from  a 
husliand's  violent  usage. 

July  3.  Parliament :  The  Habitual 
Drunkard's  Act  is  passed. 

Au£:.  16.  Parliament:  An  Act  is  passed 
closing  public  houses  in  Ireland  on 
Sunday. 

Sept.  *  London.  John  B.  Gough  lei'- 
tures.    [1879.    Oct.  *  Lectures  again.] 

Oct,  11.  Ire.  RiotshreakontatCallan ; 
a  chapel  ami  house  are  attacked ;  28  men 
are  arrested. 

A  false  alarm  of  fire  causes  a  panic 

at  the  Colosseum  Theater,  Liverpool ; 
37  persons  are  killed. 

Oct.  *  -Dec.  *  A  partial  strike  and  lock- 
out of  laborers  takes  place  in  Kent  and 
Sussex. 

Nov.  25-Dec.  28.  Cotton-workers  at 
Oldham  strike  unsuccessfully  against  a 
5  per  cent  reduction  in  wages. 

Dec.  12.  Edward  Byrne  Madderne,  a 
lunatic,  is  arrested  fur  threats  to  attack 
the  queen  in  letters  to  the  Home  Office. 
[1879.    Jan.  13.    Pronounced  insane.] 

*  *  The  Zetetical  Society  is  established  ; 
also  the  Folk-I/ore  Society. 

♦  *  The  Girls'  Friendly  Society,  to  pro- 
vide homes  an<l  assistance  for  working 
girls,  is  founded. 

STATE. 

1877    Feb.  8.    Parliament    is   opened 

by  the  queen. 
Feb.  9.     /re.     (Jeorge  Augustus  Chiches- 
'ter  May  is  made  chief  justice. 

Apr.  30.  The  (^(tvernment  proclaims  its 
neutrality  in  the  Kusso-Turkish  war. 

May  31.  The  National  Liberal  Fed- 
eration is  formed  at  Birmingham. 

June  12.  H.  C.  Mr.  Gilpin's  proixisal 
for  the  abolition  of  the  death  penalty 
is  rejected.  Vote,  155-50.  [1878.  Mar. 
13.    Again  rejected.     Vote,  293-04.] 

July  2,  3.  H,  C.  Tlie  Commons  are  in 
session  over  15  hoiirs  ;  cause,  obstruc- 
tion by  Irish  members. 

July  27.  H.  C.  A  temporary  resolu- 
tion to  check  obstructiveness  bvabuse 
of  the  power  of  moving  the  adjourn- 
ment of  the  house  is  passed.  Vote,  282-32. 

Aug.  7.  "William  Henry  Smith  is 
made  first  lord  of  the  admiralty. 

Aug.  10.  Parliament:  The  Fisheries 
Act  is  passed. 

It  forbids  the  sale  of  deep-sea  oysters 
between  June  l."»  :i:i(l  Aug.  4.  and  the 
saleof  othersbftweciiMay  UandAug.  4. 


Parliament:  The  Universities  Act, 
uniting  Trinity  College  aud  the  Catholic 
College  of  Dublin,  is  passed. 

Aug.  14.  Parliament;  The  County  Of- 
ficers and  Courts  Act  for  Ireland  is 
passe<l.  Also  tlie  Supreme  (^ourt  of 
Judicature  Act  for  Ireland  is  passed. 

Oct.  16.  London.  Sir  Jolm  Bennett, 
tiirice  elected  alderman,  is  rejected  by 
the  court  of  aldermen  ;  third  time.  Ed- 
gar Breffitt  is  elected  by  the  court  of 
aldermen. 

*  *  British  North  Borneo  is  ceded  to  the 
British  North  Borneo  Company. 

*  *  A'.  Jfr.    The  Transvaal  is  annexed. 

*  *  Sir  Henry  Cotton  is  elected  lord 
justice. 

*  *  London.  Thomas  Scambler  Owden  is 
electeil  lord  mayor. 

1878  Jan.  1.  The  fee  for  registered 
letters  is  reduced  from  id.  to  \id. 

Jan.  17.  Parliament  meets.  LAvig.  itJ. 
Prorogued.     Dec.  17.    Adjourns.] 

Jan.  24.  Lord  Carnarvon  resigns  on 
account  of  the  policy  of  the  ministry. 

Mar.  28.  The  Earl  of  Derby  resigns 
office. 

Apr.  2.  Parliament:  A  message  is  is- 
sued by  the  queen  respecting  calling  out 

the  reserves.     [It  is  adopted.] 

May  15.  H.  C.  A  bill  for  reducing  the 
Irish  borough  siiffrage  to  one  pound 
rating  is  rejecte<l.     Vote,  'SVl-'iG. 

Jtme  4.  A  secret  convention  is  formed 
with  Turkey. 

England  agrees  to  aid  Turkey  in  de- 
fending her  dominions  against  Russia, 
the  sultan  ])roniising  reform  in  his  (iov- 
ernment. 

June  13.  fier.  The  Berlin  Congress 
meets.  [July  13.  The  Berlin  Treaty  is 
signed.]    (P.  831.) 

Aug.  3.  H.  C.  After  a  debate  on  the 
Berlin  Treaty,  in  which  Mr.  Gladstone 
delivers  a  great  st>eech,  the  motion 
against  the  Government  is  defeated. 
Vote,  a38-i;>5. 

Aug.  16.  Parliament:  The  Irish  Sun- 
day closing  liquor-saloon  bill  is  passed. 
Also  the  Irish  Intermediate  Educa- 
tion Act,  and  the  Territorial  Waters 
Jurisdiction  Act. 

Parliament:  The  Bislioprics  Art,  al- 
lowing the  erection  of  sees  at  Liverpool 
and  Newcastle,  is  passed. 

Sept.  1.  Alexandrina,  fourth  child  of 
Prince  Alfred  Ernest,  is  born. 

Dec.  5.  Parliament  meets  im  account 
of  the  Afghan  war.    (See  Afghanistan.) 

Dec.  10.  H.  L.  A  motion  of  censiire 
on  the  Gi»vi^rnment  is  defeated.  Vote, 
201-05. 

Dec.  14.  H.  C.  The  motion  of  censure 
is  defeated.     Vote,  328-'i27. 

*  *  The  term  "Walking-Sticks  is  applied 
to  candidates  for  Parliament  nominated 
by  political  associations,  and  subject  to 
tl'iem  in  their  votes. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1877  Jan.  ISi.  Tlie  ship  Cairo  from 
Australia,  carrying  gunpowder,  disai>- 
pears. 

Jan.  18.  The  Southeastern  and  Lon- 
don, <,'hatham  and  Dover  (Companies 
are  amalgamated  by  a  vote  of  the 
former. 


Feb.  4.  The  Tay  Bridge  is  much  injured 
by  a  gale. 

Feb  8-10.  Leon,  a  Mexican,  rides  505 
miles  in  49  hours,  61^  minutes.  [July 
15.  Kides  100  miles  in  four  liours,  57 
minutes,  using  six  mustang  horses.] 

Feb.  24.  The  Avonmouth  Dock  at 
Bristol  is  opened. 

Mar.  18-23.  London.  O'Leary  wins  the 
first  prize  of  the  17  pedestrians  at  Agri- 
cultural Hall  ;  distance  traversed,  520 
miles. 

Mar.  25.  The  Scotch  express  jumps 
the  track  near  Morpeth  ;  live  lives  lost. 

July  9.  The  Eotunda  Theater  at  Liv- 
erpool is  burned. 

Aug,  14.  The  fear  of  the  Colorado 
beetle  invading  Britain  leads  to  an 
order  f(jr  its  destruction  ;  few  speci- 
mens arrive. 

Aug.  20,  21.    Mr.  Cavill  swims  from 

Dover  to  Calais  in  12  hours. 

Aug.  26 1.  London.  Wm.  Gale  walks 
1,500  miles  in  1,000  consecutive  hours 
at  Lillie  Bridge. 

Sept.  11.  Tlie  emigrant  vessel  Avalanche 
collides  with  the  Forest  oif  Portland  ; 
all  lives  lost  but  12. 

Sept.  13.  Scot.  "l-Ycedom  of  the  city  of 
<ilasgow  is  presented  to  Oen.  U.  S. 
Grant,  ex-president  United  States. 

Sept.  18.  Scot.  The  new  Queen*s 
Dock  at  Glasgow  is  opened. 

Sept.  26,  Lmidon.  A  live  whale  fron* 
Labrador,  measuring  nine  feet,  six 
inches,  is  placed  in  the  Westminster 
a(iviarinm.     [It  dies  soon  after.] 

Oct,  15.  The  steamer  Knapton  Hall  is 
sunk  by  a  collision  with  the  Lochfyne: 
nine  lives  are  lost. 

Dec.  6.  The  steamer  Mizpak  is  sunk  by 
collision  with  unknown  vessel ;  six  lives 
lost, 

Oct.  22.  Scot.  An  explosion  in  a  col- 
liery near  Glasgow  causes  232  deaths. 

*  *  Lord  Falmouth's  Silvio  wins  the 
Derby  race. 

1878  Jan.  2-14.  Temple  Bar  is  re- 
moved. 

Jan.  20.  London.  The  !Eg:yptian  obe- 
lisk, presented  by  the  khedive  to  Eng- 
land, arrives. 

Feb.  17.  The  steamer  C.  M.  Palmer  col- 
lides  in  the  fog  with  the  Ludtvortk  near 
Harwich  ;  H  lives  lost. 

June  7.  /-'"^-  A  colliery  explosion 
near  \Vigan  kills  200  miners. 

July  23-Aug.  10.  John  Kankin  walks 
from  Kilmarnock  to  London  and  back 
with  stoppages. 

Aug.*  London.  The  Great  Eastern 
Street  is  opened. 

Sept.  3.  The  Princess  Alice  is  sunk  by  a 
collision  with  the  Byvell  Castle,  near 
Woolwich,  on  the  Thames  ;  about  900 
lives  lost. 

Sept.  11.  W.  A  colliery  explosion  in 
Ebbw  Vale  kills  2SG  persons. 

Sept,  26.  Ire.  An  engine  is  derailed  at 
('unagheen,  near  Cork  ;  three  persons 
are  killed  ;  many  injured. 

Oct.  18,  19.  A  railway  collision  near 
Pontypridd  .Tunction  causes  13  deaths, 
and  injures  40  persons. 

Oct.  28-Nov.  2.  London.  W.  Corkey 
wins  championship  and  fiiiOO  in  walk- 
ing-match in  Agricultural  Hall. 

Oct.  31.  The  cruiser  Fanny  collides 
with  the  Helvetia  olT  Tuskar,  Irish  Chan- 
nel ;  17  lives  lost. 

Dec.  2.  Engines  are  derailed  near  Taly- 
b<mt;  four  lives  lost. 

Dec.  18.  The  steamer  Mesopotamia  is 
wrecked  at  Peniche,  Portugal  coast ; 
eight  lives  lost. 


984     1878,**-1880,Auff.  11.       GRKAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1878*  *  The  powerful  iron-clad  Dread- 
nought is  buUt.  The  Uovernraent  buys 
four  new  iron-clads. 

1879  Jan.  2.  A  38-ton  gun  explodes 
on  the  Thunderer  in  the  Sea  of  Mar- 
mora; 10  men  kilted. 

Jan.  11-Sept- 1.    S.  Afr,  War  with  the 

Zulus  (p.  600). 
Sept.  17.    The  war-ship   Agamemnon  is 

launched  at  Chatham. 
Dec.  *  Orders  are  Lssued  for  the  making 

of  breech-loading  cannon. 

1880  Feb.  12-16.  The  training-ship 
Atalanta,  with  2S0  persons,  is  lost  on  a 
voyage  from  Bermuda. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1878*  *  William  Schwenck  Gilbert  and 
Arthur  Sullivan's  operetta  H.  M.  S. 
Pinafore  appears. 

*  *  Londcm.    The  Imperial  Theater  at 

the  Westminster  Aquarium  is  opened. 

*  *  Gods  and  Their  Malcerg  is  exhibited 
by  Edwin  Long. 

*  *  William  Spottiswoode  is  elected 
president  of  the  lloyal  Society. 

1879  Mar.  10.  Scot.  A  statue  of 
Livingstone  in  St.  George's  Square  is 
unveiled. 

Apr.  23,  Ltmdon.  Shakespeare's  Me- 
morial Theater  is  opened. 

May  7.  A  permanent  Fine  Arts  Exhi- 
bition is  opened  by  the  archbishop  at 
York. 

Sept.  *  A.  Ainslie  Common's  powerful 
reflecting  telescope,  speculum  37i 
inches  in  diameter,  length  20  feet,  is 
completed  at  Ealing,  Middlesex. 

Oct.  9.  An  obelifik  is  inaugurated  at 
Wadesmill,  as  a  memorial  of  Thomas 
Clark. 

*  *  Londtyn.  The  Astrologiical  Society 
is  founded. 

*  *  The  WUlughby  Society,  devoted  to 
the  study  of  birds,  is  founded. 

*  *  W.  Grove's  electro-induction  balance 
is  invented. 

1880  Jan.  10.  London.  The  Albert 
Institute,  Windsor,  is  inaugurated  by 
the  Prince  of  Wales. 

Feb.  20.  Scot.  Diamonds  are  made 
by  J.  Hannay  at  Glasgow. 

Mar.  2.  Sir  William  Siemens  reports  to 
the  Royal  Society  that  electric  light 
acts  like  solar  light  on  vegetation. 

May  24.  London.  A  statue  of  Lord 
Jiyron  is  unveiled  in  Hyde  Park. 

June  22-Oct.  12.  B.  Leigh  Smith  leads 
a  successful  expedition  to  the  polar 
regions  in  his  yacht  Eira. 

July  2.  London.  Queen  Victoria  re- 
ceives the  Order  of  the  White  Ele- 
phant from  the  Siamese  Minister  at 
Windsor. 

July  3.  London.  A  statue  of  Robert 
Raikes,  founder  of  the  Sunday-school, 
is  unveiled  on  the  Thames  embankment. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1879  *  *  BuckBtone,  John  II.,  actor,  dramatic 

writer,  A77. 
HIU,  Sir  Rowland  (penny-postage  system), 

A84. 
Hewitt,  WUUam,  poet,  author,  Aa4. 
Roebuck,  John  A.,  statesman,  A77. 

CHURCH. 

X878*  *  iScot.  John  MacLachlan  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Galloway, 
and  Angus  Mandonald  of  Argyll  and  Isles. 

*  *  The  Woman's  Missionary  Associ- 
ation of  the  Presbyterian  Church  is 
founded. 


1879  May  12.  John  Henry  Newman 
is  created  a  cardinal  priest. 

Oct.  16.  London.  Theopeningof Guild- 
hall Library  on  Sundays  is  negatived 
by  the  Common  Council. 

Nov.  25.  Dublin.  Archbishop  McCabe 
issues  a  pastoral  against  the  Ijand 
Xjeague.  [1880.  Oct.  10.  Ire.  It  is  read 
in  all  the  churches.] 

1880  Mar.  24.  The  bishopric  of  Liv- 
erpool is  established ;  John  Charles 
Kyle,  bishop. 

May  20.  The  foundation  of  the  new 
Cathedral  of  St.  Mary,  at  Truro,  is 
laid  by  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

May  37.  Professor  W.  Rolicrtson  Smith  is  gen- 
erally censured  for  writing  an  article  on  the 
5i6/f,  etc.,  for  the  Encyclopxdia  Britantiica 
in  187S;  after  long  consideration  by  the  As- 
sembly of  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland,  he  is 
admonished  only.  [1881.  May  2%.  Expelled 
from  Jiis  professorship,  hut  allowed  to  retain 
his  salary.     Vote,  3W4-231.J 

Jiuie  26.  London.  A  monument  in  mem- 
orv  of  twelve  originators  of  Sunday- 
schools  is  inaugurated  by  Henry  Rich- 
ard, the  Italian  ambassador,  in  Kssex 
Street,  Strand. 

June  27-July  3.  The  centenary  of  the 
establishment    of    Sunday-schools   is 

celebrated. 

July*  Londmi.  Exeter  Hall,  Strand. 
is  bought  for  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association.     [1881.     Alar.  29.    Opened.] 

LETTERS. 

1878  *  *  The  Indian  Institute,  Oxford, 
is  foimded. 

*  *  London.  The  Statist  is  issued;  also 
the  Electrician,  the  Citizen,  and  The 
Magazine  of  Art. 

*  *  The  /*rimrose  Path,  bv  Margaret 
Oliphant,  appears.  [1882,  the  Literary 
History  of  England  and  In  Trust ;  1885, 
Two  Stories  of  the  Seen  and  the  Unseen.] 

*  *  Mediseval  Church  History,  by  Richard 
Chenevix  Trench,  appears. 

*  *  An  Inland  Voyage  and  Edinburgh: 
Picturesque  Notes,  by  Kobert  I^ouis  Hal- 
four  Stevenson,  appear.  [1879,  Trartlx 
icitha  Donkeyin  the  Cevennes:  1881,  \'ir- 
ginibus  Puerisqne  and  other  Papers.] 

*  *  On  the  Origin  and  the  Growth  of  Ile- 
ligion  as  illustrated  by  the  Peligions  of' 
India,  by  Max  Miiller,  appears. 

1878-89  Dictionary  of  Music  and  Musi- 
cians, edited  by  Sir  George  Grove,  ap- 
pears. 

1878-90  History  of  England  in  the  18th 
Century,  by  Lecky,  appears. 

1879  Apr.  11.  London.  The  Metro- 
poUtan  Free  Library  Association  is 

formed. 

June  9-14.  Loudon.  The  Interna- 
tional Literary  Association  meets. 

June  30.  A  bill  is  introduced  in  Parlia- 
ment to  abolish  the  Queen's  Univer- 
sity, Ireland,  and  to  establish  a  new 
{R.  C.)  University.     [Aug.  15.     Passes.] 

Sept.  12.  The  foundation  is  laid  of 
Holloway  College  for  the  Higher 
Education  of  Women,  near  Virginia 
Water. 

Sept.  *  The  executors  of  K.  C.  Harris,  a 
solicitor  of  Preston,  award  £70,000  for 
a  free  library,  museum,  etc. 

Oct.  14.  The  500th  anniversary  of 
New  College,  Oxford,  is  celebrated. 

Oct.  17.  The  foundation  of  Hidley 
Hall,  Cambridge  (theological),  is  laid. 

Oct.  20.  Firth  College,  Sheffield,  built 
by  Mark  Firth,  for  £20,000,  and  endowed 
by  the  town,  is  inaugurated  by  Prince 
Leopold. 

*  ♦  The  Light  of  Asia,  by  Sir  Edwin  Ar- 
nold, appears." 

Dec.  *  The  Rabelais  Club,  to  promote 
the  study  of  Rabelais  and  the  illustra- 
tion of  his  works,  first  meets. 


*  *  Somerville  Hall,  Uxfurd,  is  founded. 

*  *  ^uH-f,  by  John  Morley,  appears.  [1881 
Cobden.]  ' 

*  *  Life  and  Times  of  Stein,  by  John  Rob- 
ert Seeley,  appears.  [1882,  Natural  Ite^ 
ligion.] 

*  *  Gleanings  of  Past  Years,  by  W.  E. 
Gladstone,  appears. 

*  *  A  Spelling  Reform  Association  is 
formed  ;  Bisbop  Temple  of  Kxeter,  llol»- 
ert  Lowe,  K.  B.  Tylor,  and  Max  Miiller 
are  among  its  members. 

*  *  Modern  Thought  is  issued. 

*  *  A  Key  to  Shakespeare  appears. 

*  *  Lon<l<ni.  The  Carlyle  Society  is 
founded. 

1879-80  Dramatic  Idyls,  by  Robert 
Browning,  appears. 

*  *  Analytical  Conrordance  to  the  Bible, 
by  Kobert  Young,  appears. 

1880  Feb.*  Steel:  its  History,  Manu- 
facture, Properties,  and  Cses,  by  J.  S. 
Jeans,    appears. 

Mar.  5.  The  History  of  Musical  Pitch, 
by  A.  J.  Ellis,  appears. 

Apr.  5.  London.  The  Aristotelian  So- 
ciety is  founded. 

Apr.  20.  Owens  College,  Manchester, 
becomes  the  Victoria  University  by 
change  of  title. 

May  1.  London.  The  Pall  Mall  Gazette 
is  issued  as  a  liberal  paper  by  John 
Morley, 

May  31.    London.     St.  James's   Gazette 

is  issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1878*  *The  Bicycle  Union  [the  Na- 
tional Cyclists'  Union]  and  the  Cyclists' 
Touring  Club  are  founded. 

*  *  The  National  Thrift  Society  is 
formed  at  Oxford. 

*  *  William  Birk  Rhodes,  the  Honnslow 
miser,  bequeaths  £3<t,000  to  the  Koyal 
Free  Hospital. 

*  *  Lomton.  Northwest  XiOndon  Hos- 
pital, Kentish  Town  Koad,  is  fouiuieW. 

1879  Jan.  3.  The  goods-guards  on  tli^ 
Midland  Railway  strike  because  of  alter- 
ation of  time  of  payment.  fUnsuccess- 
ful.] 

Feb.  7.    Londem.     The  engineers  of  18 
firms    strike    against    a    reduction    ot  . 
wages.    [Oct,  4.     Ended.] 

Feb.  7-25.  Riots  at  Liverpool,  caused 
by  the  strike  of  sailors  and  dock  la- 
borers, are  suppressed. 

Feb.*  London.  The  City  Church  and 
Churchyard  Protection"  Society  is 
formed. 

Mar.  2  +  .  'Mrs.  Julia  Martha  Thomas  is 
murdered  at  Richmond  by  ICatherine 
AVebster,  a  woman  of  thirty.  [Apr.  17f 
John  Church,  a  publican,  is"  arrested  on 
suspicion,  but  discharged.  May  16.  Kath- 
erine  Webster  is  committed  for  trial. 
Julys.  Convicted.  July  29.  Executed 
at  Wandsworth.] 

Mar.  13.  Prince  Arthur  marries  Prin- 
cess Lonise  Margaret  of  Prussia, 

Apr.  15.     The   coal-miners  at   I>urham 

strike  against  a  reduction  of  wages; 

f'leveland  and  otlier  iron-works  close; 

70,000  men  are  idle.     [May  16±.    Strike 

is  settled  by  arbitration.] 
May  15.      Cotton-workers  at  Blackburn 

strike. 
May  28.    Dublin.    The  centenary  of  the 

birth  of  Thomas  Moore  is  celebrated. 
June  4.    The  first  investiture  of  the  Or- 
der of  St,  Katherine,  instituted  by  the 

queen,  takes  place. 
June*  The  Workmen's  Social  Education 

League  is  formed. 
June  25.    Prince  Iicopold  is  installed 

as  master  of  the  Freemasons'  Lodge  of 

Antiquity. 


AND    IRELAND.        1878,*  *-1880,  Aug.  11.     985 


Seot    24.     The     Inatitution     for     the  June  * -July-  H.  C.    There    is     much 

^jLd  at  Sheffield,  endowed  by  Uanie.  °^?J-T"p^rf;?.'r,^:n^g"kiLft".:: 

Holy,  18  opened.  Speaker  is  lost.    Vote,  29-421. 

Hov.  21.    Ire.      Great    orderly  Home-  juiy  le.    H.  C.    C.  K.  (irissell  and  .lohn 


Kule   meetings  are   held  at    Dublin 
Ualla,  and  other  places. 
Dec.  5.    London.    Thomas  Brennan  is 
arrested  for  seditious  speech  at  Balla, 
•   Xov.  22. 

Dec.  18.    Tlie   Duchess  of  Marlborough 
appeals  for  relief  of  distress  in  Ire- 
laud.  [1880.  Sept.  19.  £U'-),243  collected,] 
1880    Jan.  2  +  .   Ire.  Biotsoccur  in  Car- 
raroe,  Conneniara,  and  other  parts  of 
Galway,  caused  by  notices  of  eviction. 
Jan.  •  -Feb.  •  Ire.  Contributions  for  the 
Famine  Fund  are  received  from  the 
United  States,  Canada,  Australia,  India, 
etc.     [Mar.  25.     Relief  funds  amount  to 
£129.000;    Apr.   17,  £141,562;     .Inly   23, 
£177,401.] 
Apr.  20.     Ire.     The   Constellation,  from 
the  United  States,  arrives  at  Cork  with 
a  cargo  of  provisions  given  for  relief. 
May  6.     London.     .\  great  meeting,  fa- 
voring woman  suffrage,  is  held  at  St. 
.lames's  Hall. 
June  3.      iMndon.     A     woman's     body, 
stabbed  in  the  breast,  and  covered  with 
chloride  of  lime,  is  found  in  the  house 
occupied  by  Mr.  Heuriques,  in  Harley 
Street. 
June  16.    London.  The  King  of  Greece 

Is  given  the  freedom  of  the  city. 
June  18,  19.    Sir  Wilfrid  l.awsou's  res- 
olution on  local  option  is  adopted  by 
the  Commons.    Vote.  229-203. 
June  21±.    London.    Tournaments  are 
held  at  the  Agricultural  Hall    for  the 
lienetlt  of  soldiers'  widows  and  orphans. 
June  28.    London.  The  first  home  hos- 
pital is  opened  in  Fitzroy  Square. 
Aug.  8.    Ire.    Thomas  Boyd,  crown  .so 


S.  Ward  are  convicted  of  breach  of 
privilege  by  statements  as  to  influen- 
ciug.  [They  are  imprisoned.  July  30. 
John  S.  Ward  is  released.  Aug.  IS.  C. 
E.  (irissell  is  released.] 

Aug.  7.  H.  C.  A  bill  allowing  the  en- 
rolling of  volunteers  in  Ireland  is  de- 
feated. 

Aug.  15.  Parliament:  The  Preven- 
tion of  Crimes  Act  (Coercion  Bill)  for 
Ireland  is  passed. 

Deo.  16.  London.  The  foundation-stone 
of  the  new  post-office  is  laid. 

•  •  The  Irish  National  Iiand  Iiea«ue  is 
formed  by  Michael  Davitt,  Charles  S. 
Parnell,  and  others  ;  it  aims  to  protect 
tenants  against  the  injustice  of  land- 
lords. 

•  ♦Parliament:  William  Shaw  succeeds 
Isaac  Butt  as  Home-Rule  leader. 

»  *  London.  Sir  Francis  Wyatt  Truscott 
is  elected  lord  mayor. 

1880  Feb.  5.  Parliament  is  opened 
by  the  (jueen.     [Mar.  23.    Closes.] 

Feb.  22.  H.  L.  A  motion  for  opening 
museums  on  Sundays  is  rejected.  Vote, 
:14-41. 

Feb.  26.  H.  C.  Sir  Stafford  Northcote's 
resolutions  against  obstruction  are  car- 
ried. Vote,  101-20.  [They  are  adopted 
in  the  standing  orders.] 

Mar.  1.  Parliament:  The  Seed  Sup- 
ply Act  passes. 

Mar.  3.  Parliament:  Jlr.  Grissell  is 
arrested,  and  committed  to  prison. 
[Mar.  34.    Keleased.] 

Mar.  15.    Parliament:  The  Belief  of 


Distress  Act  for  Ireland  passes. 
I'tfiVo";  ami- hitTvJno,?s"^are  attacked    Apr..  A  general  election:  the  Libe- 
at    Shanlough,    near    New     Ross,    and        rals  gain  a  majority. 
~  "      '       '-     -  Apr.  10.    The  charter  for  the  new  Irish 

University  is  signed  by  the  queen. 

Apr.  22.    Tlie  Tory  minority  resigns. 

Apr.  28.  W.  E.  Gladstone  becomes 
premier. 

Members  of  the  .\(imlniBtration:  W.  K. 
Gladstone  (L.  Treas.  Chanc.  Kxcheq.),  Roun- 
dell  Palmer,  liaron  .Selborne  (L.  Chanc). 
Jolin  Poyntz,  Karl  .Spencer  (1,.  Pres.  of 
Council),  Tlie  Duke  of  Argyll  (I..  V.  Seal), 
Sir  William  V.  Harcourt  (Home  Sec),  Karl 
Granville  (Foreign  Sec),  The  Karl  of  Klm- 
berley(Sec  Colonies),  Marquis  of  Hartlngton 
(Sec.  for  India),  Thomas  George  Baring, 
Karl  of  Northbrook  (L.  Adm.),  John  Hrlglit 
(Chanc.  of  Duchy  of  Lancaster) ,  .1  olin  George 
Dodson  (Pres.  of  Local  Government  Board), 
■Joseph  Chamberlain  (Pres.  of  Hoard  of 
Traite).  and  Hugh  C.  K.  Chllrters  (.Sec.  of 
War). 

Apr.  29.  The  new  Parliament  meets. 
About  65  members  are  home-rulers. 
(1885.     Nov.  18.     Dissolved.] 

Apr.  ♦  Iiiverpool  is  named  a  city. 

Apr.  *  Ire.  Lord  O'Hagan  is  made  lord 
chancellor. 

May  3.  H.  C.  Charles  Bradlaugh, 
M.P.  for  Northampton,  objecting  to 
take  the  oath  in  the  Commons  because 
of  his  liisbelief  in  God,  is  refused  per- 
mission to  affirm.  [May  22.  His  offer 
to  take  oath  is  rejected.  June  22.  His 
offer  to  affirm  is  refused.  Vote,  275- 
2:i0.] 

Henry  Fawoett  becomes  poBtmaster- 
general. 

May  5.  Ire.  Earl  Cowper  is  made  lord- 
lieutenant. 


Charles  Boyd  is  killed. 

STATE. 

1878  •  *  Cypnis  is  ceded  by  convention 
with  Turkey. 

•  »  London.  Sir  Charles  W  h  e  t  h  a  m  is 
elected  lord  mayor. 

1879  Jan.  22.  The  annual  meeting  of 
the  National  Liberal  Federation  is 
held  at  Leeds. 

Feb.  27.  H.  C.  An  appropriation  of 
£1,500,000  is  voted  for  the  Zvilu  war. 

Mar.  11.  H.  C.  The  Permissive  (liq- 
uor sale)  Bill  resolution  is  rejected. 
Vote,  252-l(H. 

May  5.  H.  L.  The  Lords  reject  a  mo- 
tion in  favor  of  opening  museums  and 
galleries  on  Sunday.  Vote,(r7-59.  [1880. 
Feb.  22.    .\gain.    Vote,  110-160.] 

May  12.  The  first  great-grandchUd  of 
Queen  Victoria,  Feodore,  daughter  of 
Charlotte,  daughter  of  Princess  Uoyal 
Victoria,  and  Prince  Bernard  of  Saxe- 
Meiningen.  is  born. 

May  26.  Afghan.  A  treaty  of  peace 
with  Afghanistan  is  signed  at  Ganda- 
mak. 

Jane  30.  Parliament:  A  bill  to  abol- 
ish the  Queen's  University,  Ireland,  and 
to  establish  a  new  university  for  Cath- 
olics, Is  introduced  by  Lord  Chancellor 
<7airns. 


May  17.    Charles  Stewart  Parnell  is 

chosen  leader  of  the  Irish  party,  46  of 

the  members  voting  for  bim. 
May  22.    The  National  Kef  orm  Union 

meets  at  Manchester ;  it  claims  to  have 

411  affiliated  societies. 

May  *  George  Osborne  Morgan  is  made 
judge-advocate-general. 

June  18.  H.  C.  A  majority  of  26  passes 
a  resolution  favoring  a  law  conferring 
on  electors  the  right  to  decide  for  or 
against  the  liquor-license  system. 

June  23.  H.  C.  Charles  Bradlaugh 
claims  his  right  to  take  oath  in  the 
Commons,  and  refuses  to  withdraw;  he 
is  imprisoned  by  order  of  the  House. 
Vote,  326-38.     [June  24.    He  is  released.] 

June  25.  H.  C.  The  London  Munici- 
pality BUI  is  introduced  by  Mr.  Frith. 

June  •  Parliament :  The  fee  for  liquor 
licenses  is  raised. 

July  2.  H.  C.  Mr.  Gladstone's  resolu- 
tion to  permit  members  of  the  Com- 
mons to  affirm  instead  of  taking  oath  is 
carried.    Vote,  303-249. 

H.  C.    Mr.  Bradlaugh  affirms,  and  is 
admitted  to  his  seat. 

July  6.  H.  C.  The  Compensation  for 
Disturbance  Bill  checking  evictions  in 
Ireland  is  read  a  second  time.  Vote, 
295-217.  [July  27.  It  passes.  Vote,  303- 
237.    Aug.  3.     Lords  reject  it.] 

Aug.  9.  An  Irish  Home-Kule  Conven- 
tion meets  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1878  *  *  Mr.  Crawford's  Sefton  wins  the 
Derby  race.  [1879.  Mr.  Acton's  Sir 
Bevys.] 

1879  Feb.  2.  Scot.  The  Theater 
Royal,  Glasgow,  is  burned. 

Sept.  17,  18.  London.  An  interna- 
tional potato  exhibition  is  held  at  the 
Crystal  Palace. 

Dec.  18.  The  Holborn  Town  Hall  is 
opened  by  the  lord  mayor. 

Dec.  28.  Scot.  The  Tay  Bridge  is 
partly  destroyed  by  a  gale  at  7.15  r.  M., 
while  a  mail-train  is  passing  over  it, 
which  disappears  in  the  water  ;  a  gap  of 
about  3,000  feet  is  made,  and  80 1  lives 
are  lost.  [1880.  Apr.  27.  About  40 
bodies  are  recovered.] 

1880  Jan.  15.  An  error  of  the  signal- 
man causes  a  railway  collision  at  Burs- 
cough  Junction ;  eignt  lives  lost. 

Jan.  21.  A  colliery  explosion  occurs 
at  Newcastle;  70  persons  are  killed. 

Feb.  8.  The  Valentine  fovmders  near 
Falmouth ;  16  lives  lost. 

Feb.  9.  Dublin.  The  Royal  Theater  is 
burned  ;  six  lives  lost. 

Feb.  13.  The  Strailhnaim  collides 
with  the  Edith  Hough  off  Ushant ;  all 
perish. 

Feb.  16-21.  Blower  Brown  walks  553 
niiles  in  six  days,  and  wins  the  long 
distance  championshii"  of  England. 

Mar.  1.  The  ri«j;or/a  sinks  off  Bombay  ; 
66  lives  lost. 

Mar.  20.  A  train  is  derailed  at  Loft- 
house,  near  Wakefield  ;  two  deaths  re- 
sult. 

June  24.  London.  The  Victoria  Docks, 
enlarged  and  completed,  are  named  the 
Royal  Albert  Docks  by  the  Duke  and 
Duchess  of  Connauglit. 

July  4.  The  Holborn  Theater  (Mirror) 
is  burned. 

July  15.  W.  A  colliery  explosion  oc- 
curs at  Kiska ;  119  killed. 

Aug.  11.  A  train  is  derailed  near  Wen- 
nington  Junction;  eight  persons  killed. 


08G    1880,Aug.  11-1881,  Aui^n.     GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1880*  *S.Afr.  "War  with  tlieBasutos 
(p.  602). 

*  *  ^S.  A/r.  The  Boers  of  the  Transvaal, 
recently  declared  a  Britiish  colony,  de- 
mand independence,  and  proclaim  the 
country  a  republic;  war  w^ith  UnglaJid 
follows. 

1881  Feb.  8.  S.  Afr.  The  Itoers  <lefeat 
Gen,  Sir  (ieorge  P.  <,'olIey,  in  an  attack 
on  Jjaing's  Neck. 

Feb.  27.  .S'.  Afr.  The  Boers  defeat  the 
British  under  Gen.  Tolley  at  Majuba 
HiU. 

Gen.  Colley  and  over  80  of  his  men  are 
killed,  and  many  wounded ;  loss  of  the 
Boers,  ahout  150.  [Aug.  8.  Peace  is 
conclude<i,  the  British  ceding  to  the 
Boers  the  Transvaal  territory,  which 
becomes  the  South  African  Uepublic.j 

Apr.  26.  The  war-ship  Dofertl  is  de- 
stroyed by  an  explosion  in  the  Strait 
of  Magellan  :  150  perish. 

Apr.*  Flogging  in  the  army  is  abol- 
ished. 

June  15.  The  war-j^hip  Poh/phemus  is 
launched  at  Chatham.  [Aiig.  2G,  and 
the  Canada  at  l*ortsmouth ;  Sept.  8, 
the  Conqueror  at  4 'hatham ;  1882,  Mar. 
18,  the  E</in/mn/h  at  Pembroke;  Mar. 
21,  the  ('<tios.'<its  at  Portsmouth.] 

July  9.  Queen  Victoria  reviews  53,000 
volunteers  at  Windsor.  [Aug.  25.  She 
reviews 40,000  volunteers  at  Ediuburgh.] 


ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1880  Oct.  16.  Srof.  Astatueof  Kol>- 
ert  Burns  is  unveiied  at  Dundee. 

Oct.  28.  Lomlon.  The  Topographical 
Society  is  founded. 

Nov.  6.  Lomlon.  The  Princess  Thea- 
ter (rebuilt)  is  opened. 

Nov.  8.  London.  The  Temple  Bar 
Memorial  is  uucovered. 

Nov.  28.  Slight  earthquake  shocks  oc- 
cur at  Inverary  and  other  places. 

*  *  Lontlon.  A  statue  of  the  Prince  *)f 
Wales  is  unveiled  on  the  Temple  Bar 
site ;  also  a  statue  of  Queen  Victoria. 

*  *  London.  The  Balloon  Society  is 
founded. 

1881  Apr.  18-20.  A  Xaticmal  Fisher- 
ies Exhibition  is  held  at  Norwich. 

Apr.  27.  A  new  school  of  art  is  opened 
by  the  Earl  of  Derby  at  Manchester. 

May  *  A  statue  of  Prince  Louis  Xapo- 
leon  Is  placed  in  St.  George's  Chapel, 
Windsor,  the  proposed  placing  it  in 
Westminster  Abbey  having  been  much 
opposed. 

Jiine  14.  Scof.  B.  L.  Smith's  Polar 
expedition  sails  in  the  Eira. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1880  *  *  Barry,  Kdward  M.,  architect,  A50. 

rockburn,  Sir  Alexander  .).  K.,  jurist,  A78. 

Fortune,  Robert,  Kcotlish  liotanist,  A67. 

Kean.  Kllen  Tree,  actor,  A75. 

Lewes,  Mary  A.  K.  (Oeorg^e  Eliot),  novel- 
ist, A61. 

Mackenzie,  Rol)ert  Shelton,  Irish  journalist, 
A71. 

Miller,  William  II.,  phys.,  mineralogist,  ATJ*. 

Planche,  .James  K.,  dramatist,  writer,  A84. 

Stanley,  Arthur  P.,  dean  of  Westminister, 
author,  A66. 

Taylor,  Tom,  dramatist,  A63. 


CHURCH. 

1880  Sept.  7.  Parliament :  The  Bur- 
ial Act  is  passed.  It  permits  any  Chris- 
tian service  in  a  parish  churchyard. 

Sept.  28-Oct.  1.    A  Church  Congress 

is  liehl  at  Leicester. 


[1881,  Oct.  4-10,  at  Kewcastle-on-Tyne : 
1882,  Oct.  3-6,  at  Derby ;  1883,  Oct.  2,  at 
Reading;  1884,  Sept.  30,  at  Carlisle; 
1885,  Oct.  6,  at  Portsmouth.] 

Oct.  30.  Edinburgh,  St.  Mary's  Epis- 
copal Cathedral  is  consecrated. 

*  *  The  Oxford  Mission  to  Calcutta  is 
organized.  Also  the  Knglish  Zenana 
Missionary  Society,  and  the  Church  of 
England  Book  Society  for  the  circula- 
tion of  sound  Christian  literature  at 
home  and  abroad. 

*  *  Scot.  The  Soul-winning  and  Prayer 
Union  is  formed.  Also  the  Zenana  Mis- 
sion of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church 
of  Scotland. 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Church  of  Eng- 
land) : 

Douglas  Mackenzie  for  Ziiluland,  George 
Kvans  Moule  for  Mid-China,  C.  Perry  Scott 
for  North  Chinn,  Knos  Nuttall  for  Jamaica, 
W.  I.,  J.  B.  Pearson  for  Newcastle,  Austra- 
lia. [1881,  0.  F.  Hose  for  Singapore,  China; 
IS82,G.  W.  Kennion  for  Adelaide,  Australia, 
.1.  M.  Strachan  for  Kangoon,  Ind.,  Ernest 
Wilherforcefor  Newcastle,  and  Kdward  Sul- 
livan for  Algoma,  Can. ;  1883,  Alfred  Barry 
for  New  South  Wales,  Sidney  Linten  for 
Ktverina,  Australia,  Kandall  T.  Davidson 
for  Windsor,  .lames  R.  A.  <;hinnery-HaIdane 
for  Argyll,  llichard  Lewis  for  Llandaff,  A.  G. 
Douglas  for  Aberdeen,  C.  A.  Suiythies  for 
Central  Africa,  Krnest  G.  Ingham  for  Sierra 
Leone,  Allan  H.  Webb  for  Grahamstown, 
.'<outh  Africa,  Herbert  Bree  for  Barbados, 
and  William  J,  Jackson  for  Antigua.] 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Roman  Catho- 
lic): 

John  Coadon  for  Mysore,  Ind.,  Theoi)hilii8 
Melizan  for  Jaffna,  Ceylon,  Michael  Naugh- 
ten  for  Roseau,  and  Arthur  G.  Riddel!  for 
Northanijiton.  [1881,  P'rancis  Pesci  for  Alla- 
habad; 1882,  Peter  Caprottl  for  Hyderaba.l, 
Ind.,  John  Colgan,  archbishop  of  Madras, 
Ind.,  Rol>ert  Dunne,  archbishoj)  of  Brisbane, 
Australia,  John  K.  Luck  for  .\u<'kland,  N.  S. 
W.,  John  Virtue  for  Portsmouth,  and  Thomas 
Carr,  archbishop  of  Melbourne;  1884,  James 
Moore  for  Itallarat,  Australia.] 

1881  Jan.  8.  The  Court  of  Arches 
finally  decides  against  Rev.  John  Baghot 
4ie  la  Here,  who  was  deposed  for  dis- 
obedience respecting  ritualism. 

Jan.  10.  Memorials  in  favor  of  tolera- 
tion of  divergence  in  ritualistic  prac- 
tises are  presented  to  the  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  from  Dr.  Church  and  other 
clergymen.  [Jan.  31.  Counter  memori- 
als, opposing  tcderation  of  uiiscriptural 
practises,  are  presented  to  tlie  arch- 
bishop of  <!'anterbury,  by  bishops  Parry, 
Kyau,  and  others.] 

Apr.  7.  The  House  of  Lords  dismisses 
Rev.  A.  H.  Mackonochie's  appeal;  it 
affirms  the  sentence  of  three  years'  sus- 
pension for  ritualistic  practises.  [Dec.  1. 
He  resigns  the  living  of  St.  Albans,  Hol- 
Ixjrn.] 

LETTERS. 

1880   Sept.  4.  The  Technical  College. 

Newcastle,  is  inaugurated. 
Sept.  30.     The  "Wordsworth    Society 

is  formed  at  (irasmere,  Westmoreland, 
Oct.  28.    London.    The  Topographical 

Society  is  inaugurated. 
Oct.  *  The  university  college  at  Ijiver- 

pool  is  founded. 

*  *  London.  The  Ascham  Society  is 
formed. 

*  *  Women  are  first  admitted  to  de- 
grees in  the  University  of  London  and 
the  University  College. 

*  *  Dublin.  The  Queen's  University  is 
dissolved  into  the  Hoyal  University  of 
Ireland. 

*  *  The  Modem  Heview  is  issued  :  also  The 
Lady's  Pictorial  and  Antiqiuiry  Maga- 
zine. 

*  *  History  of  (hir  (hen  Timen,  by  Justin 
^McCarthy, 'appears,  [\9ii2.  Epoch  of  He- 
form  ;  1884,  History  of  the  Four  (''eoryes.] 


*  *»/apaH,by  Sir  Edward  J.  Reed,  appears. 

*  *  Unbeaten  Tracks  in  Japan,hy  l&aheUsk 
Bird,  appears. 

*  *  The  Crayfish,  by  Huxley,  api)ear8. 
[1881,  Science  and  Ctilture.] 

*  *  The  Prince's  Qtt^st,  by  William  Wat- 
son, appears. 

*  *  Ire.  Poems,  by  Sir  Samuel  Ferguson, 
appears. 

*  *  Ballads  in  Blue  China,  by  Andrew 
Lang,  appears.   [1885,Jihymesd.  la  Mode.] 

*  *  Moths  and  Ariadne,  by  Ouida,  appear. 
[1883,  Wanda;  l^&i^  Primness Xapraxine.] 

*  *  Endymion,  by  Benjamin  Disraeli,  Earl 
of  Beaconsfielu,  appears. 

*  *  Ire.  Younff  Ireland:  a  Fragment  of 
Irish  History,  1840-50,  bv  Sir  Charlee 
Gavan  Duffy,  appears.  [1883,  Four  Years 
of  Irish  History,  1845-49.] 

*  *  Primer  of  French  Literature,  by  E.  B. 
Saintsbury,  appears.  [1882,  A  Short  His- 
tory of  French  Literature  ;  1887,  History 
of  Elizabethan  Literature.] 

*  *  Elementsof  English  Prosody,  Notes  on 
Samtiet  Prout  and  William  Hunt,  and 
Arrows  of  the  Chace,  by  Kuskin,  appear. 
[1881,  The  Lord^s  Prayer  and  the  Churchy 
and  Our  Fathers  Have  Told  Us.] 

1881  June  1.  Selwyn  CoUege,  Cam- 
bridge, is  founded.  [1882  Oct.  10. 
Opened.] 

Jime  30.  'llie  University  free  public  li- 
brary and  free  natural  history  museum, 
Nottingham,  are  opened  by  Prince 
J^eopold,  Duke  of  Albany. 

July*  London.  The  Evening  Neits  is 
issued. 

July*  fJublin.  The  United  Ireland  is 
issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1880  Aug.  11.  Ire.  About  40  cases  of 
arms  are  stolen  from  the  Norwegian 
vessel  Juno,  at  Cork.  [Some  of  the  se- 
creted arms  are  recovered.] 

Aug.  15-18.  Ire.  Rioting  occurs  at 
Dungannon  and  Belfast. 

Sept.  12,  13.  A  packet  of  dynamite  is 
placed  on  the  rails  of  the  L.  and  N.  W. 
Kailway,  between  Bushey  and  Watford. 

Sept.*  London.  The  Temperance  Hos- 
pital, Hampstead  Road,  is  founded. 

Sept.  25.  Ire.  Lord  Mountmorres  ia 
shot  at  Buthven,  Galway. 

Sept.  *  -Oct.  ♦  Ire.  Boycotting  is  ad- 
vocated by  Parnell  and  others. 

Oct.  7.  I^nblin.  The  lord-lieutenant  re- 
ceives 105  landowners  and  ajjents  who 
plead  for  protection  ftom  terrorists  in 
the  south  and  west  of  Ireland. 

Oct.  16.  Ire.  Agrarian  outrages: 
•John  Downing,  a  driver,  is  killed  near 
Drimoleague,  Cork,  by  a  shot  intended 
for  his  employer,  Samuel  Ilutchings. 

Oct.  26,  27.  Ire.  Timothy  L.  Healy. 
•Mr.  Parnell's  secretary,  and  Mr.  Walsh 
are  arrested  for  intimidating  Mr.  Man- 
ning. 

Nov.  3^.  Mr.  Parnell  and  others  are  ar- 
rested for  intimidation  to  prevent  the 
payment  of  rents. 

Nov.  11,  12.  Ire.  Capt.  Boycott  of 
Lough  I^Iaitk  farm,  near  Ballinrobe, 
Mayo,  a  rackrenting  landlord,  is  be- 
sieged by  his  tenants  :  his  lal>orers  are 
intimidated,  and  his  tradesmen  refuse 
him  supplies.  [His  crops  are  gathere<I 
by  immigrants  under  the  protection  of 
tlie  military.] 

Nov.  12.     Henry  Wheeler,  a  land  agent. 

is  murdered. 
Nov.  27.    H.  L.    It  is  decided  that  the 

husband  is  not  responsiblefor  his  wife's 

debts  if  he  allow  sufficient  for  dress  and 

neoessary  expenses. 


AND    IRELAND.     1880,  Aug.  11-1881,  Aug.  11.    987 


Nov.  »  Tlie  Irish  Property  Defense 
Association  is  formed  by  landlords. 

Dec.  14.  The  Sanitary  Assurance  As- 
sociation ie  formed. 

Dec.  *  Ire.  W.  Bence  .Tones  of  Ballinas- 
ottrthy  18  boycotted. 

Dec*  Dublin.  Judges  Fitzgerald.  Barry, 
and  Uowze  deliver  alarming  charges 
un  the  state  of  the  country. 

•  *  fre.  An  Irish  state  Lottery  is  drawn. 

•  *  Estimated  cost  of  intoxicating  liq- 
uors per  capita,  S17.58. 

*  *  Lilieral  collections  are  made  for  suf- 
ferers by  the  loss  of  relatives  in  the  Tay 
Bridge  disaster. 

*  *  Number  !>f  persons  convicted  of  crime 
in  Kngloml  and  Wales,  11.'214.  [1881, 
11,353;  1882.  11.699;  1883,  11,347;  1884. 
H,l^  :   1885.  10..VX>.] 

±*  *  Titles  created : 

Karls  of  Sondes,  Lovelace,  and  Lyttou, 
ami  ItaroiiB  Trevor,  Uoiiiiigton,  Laniington. 
Sbute,  HaUlon,  Watson,  .Vrdilaun,  and  lira- 
bourne.  flSRI.  Barons  Tweetlmoutli,  Hoth- 
rleld,  Derwent,  Tweeddale,  Howtli,  Keay, 
and  Anipiliill;  1882.  Earl  Selbourne  and 
Karon  Alcester;  1884,  Viscount  of  Hau)p«len, 
ami  harons  Monk  liretlon,  Northburne,  I>e 
Vesci,  TeniivsM)n.  Sudley,  Herries,  and 
StrathsiMiy ;  Ihm,  Marquis  of  Breadalbane, 
Karl  of  Iddesleigli,  Viswunts  of  Oxenburg 
an<l  Wolueley,  and  harons  Hoblionse,  Monks- 
well,  Lingen,  Northington.  Klphinstonf, 
Montaitu  of  Bealieu,  Powerse^ourt,  Kevel- 
stoke.  Kothschild,  Colville  of  Culross,  Dera- 
niore,  E8her,Wantage,  Halabury,  Ashbourne, 
and  St.  Oswald.] 

1881  Jan.  12-Feb.  21.  About  40,000 
niiners  strike. 

Jan.  ♦  There  are  439  agrarian  outrages 
rei>orted.  [Feb.*  170  more  ;  Mar.*  146; 
Apr.*  2113.] 

Feb.  3,  4.  Ire.  Michael  Davitt  is  ar- 
rested, and  committed  to  prison. 

Mar.  10.  Dublin.  Many  agitators  are 
arrested,  and  23  lodged  in  the  Kilmain- 
ham  jail. 

^—  London,  The  Municipal  Reform 
League  is  founded. 

Mar.  16.  London.  Au  unsuccessful  at- 
tempt is  made  to  blow  up  part  of  Man- 
sion House ;  a  box  containing  40  pounds 
of  gunpowder  is  found  in  a  window. 
[1882.  May  12.  Another  attempt  is 
made.] 

Mar.  *  Ire.  The  Clan-Na-Gael  Secret 
Society  is  formed  to  rephice  that  of 
the  Fenians. 

May  1.  Ire.  Outrages  and  cruelties  are 
perpetrated  ;  Dublin  city  is  proclaimed. 

May  2.  John  Dillon,  M.  P.,  a  Land 
Leaguer,  is  arrested. 

May  24.  Prince  Ijcopold  George  is 
created  Haron  Arklow,  Earl  of  Clarence, 
and  Duke  of  Albany. 

June  2.  Ire,  Eviction  riots  occur  at 
Scarilf,  <'ounty  Clare ;  some  persons  are 
killeti  and  many  injured. 

June  5,  6,  7.  Ire.  Much  riotingoccnra 
in  the  County  of  Cork. 

June  9.  The  centenary  of  George  Ste- 
phenson's birth  is  celebrated  in  many 
places. 

June  10.  Two  Fenians  are  convicted 
of  plotting  to  blow  up  the  town  hall, 
Liverpool.  (Aug.  2.  James  McGrath  is 
sentenced  to  penal  servitude  for  life  an<! 
.Tames  McKnivett  to  15  years'  imprison- 
ment.] 

July  *  Infernal  machines  are  discov- 
ered in  steamers  Malta  and  liavaria  at 
Liverpool. 

July  *  The  South  African  Association 
is  established. 

Aug.  1.  London.  An  International 
Fhamsaceutical  Congress,  with  an 
exhibition,  is  opened. 


STATE. 

1880  Aug.  26-27.  H.  C.  Irish  af- 
fairs are  discussed  continuously  for  21 
hours. 

Sept.  7.  Parliament:  The  Employers* 
Liability  Act  and  the  Wild  Birds' 
Protection  Act  are  passed. 

Nov.  26.  Lord  Coleridge  is  made  lord 
chief  justice. 

*  *Cen8U8  taken;  population  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  34,468.000. 

*  *  The  receiving  of  postage  stamps  in 
savings-banks  in  lieu  of  small  sums  is 
generally  adopted. 

*  *  The  Patriotic  Association  is  formed  ; 
it  aims  to  aid  in  uitholdiiig  the  honor  and 
interest  of  the  British  Empire. 

1881  Jan.  6.    Parliament  meets. 
Jan.  14.    H.   C.    Mr.    Parnell'a    Irish 

Amendment  to  the  address  is  defeatetl 
after  a  debate  of  eight  days.    Vote,  57- 
435. 
Jan.  20.    H.  C.    Mr.  Dawson's  and  Mr, 
O' Kelly's  Irish  Amendments  are  re- 
jected.   Vote,  36-274  and  3t-178. 
Jan.  24.    H.  C.    Mr.  Forster  introduces 
his  bill  for  the  Protection  of  Life  and 
Property  (Coercion  Bill)  in  Ireland. 
Jan.  26.    H.  C.    Mr.  Gladstone's  motion 
for  urgency  for  the  Irish  Coercion  Bill 
is    carried    after    an    all-night    sitting. 
Vote,  251-33. 
Feb.  2.    H.  C.    Debate  on  the  first  read- 
ing of  ]\Ir.  Forster's  Irish  Coercion  Bill 
is  summarily  closed  by  the  Speaker,  in  vi- 
(dation  of  the  rules,  after  the  House  has 
been  sitting  continuously  since  dan.  31. 
Feb.  3.    H.  C.    On  the  motion   of   Mr. 
Gladstone.  36  Irish  members  (Mr.  Par- 
nell  and  his  followers)  are  suspended 
for  the  sitting  for  disregarding  the  au- 
thority of  the  chair. 

Feb.  9.  H.  C.  New  rules  of  debate 
authorizing  closure  bv  the  chair  are  laid 
on  the  table  by  the  Speaker.  [Feb.  21. 
Xew  closure  rules  are  modified  and 
adopted.] 

Feb.  25.  H.  C.  The  Irish  Coercion 
Bill  is  read  a  third  time,  and  passetl. 
Vote,  281-36.  [Mar.  2.  Passes  the  Lords. 
Mar.  3.    Receives  royal  assent,] 

Feb.*  A  manifesto  is  issued  by  Mr.  Par- 
nell.  and  a  counter  one  by  Mr.  Shaw. 

Mar.  1.  H.  C.  The  Irish  Peace  Preser- 
vation Bill  (Arms  Bill)  is  introduced. 
[Mar.  11.  Passed.  Mar.  18.  Passes  Lords. 
Mar.  21.    Receives  royal  assent.] 

Mar.  14.  H.  C.  Amotion  by  Mr.  Glad- 
atone  for  urgency  with  the  supplies  is 
lost.     Vote,  212-296. 

Mar.  26.  The  Irish  National  Land 
Xieagueof  (ireat  Britain  is  formed,  with 
Justin  McCarthy  as  president. 

Mar.  29.  H.  C.  Ashton  W.  Dilke's  nui- 
tion  for  the  adoption  of  the  decimal 
system  is  defeated.    Vote,  108-28. 

Apr.  7.  H.  C.  The  Irish  Land  Bill  is 
introduced  in  the  Commons  by  Mr. 
Gladstone. 

Apr.  9.  Mr.  Bradlaugh  is  reelected 
M.  P.  for  Northampton. 

Apr.  26.  H.  C.  Mr.  Bradlaugh's  offer 
to  take  oath  is  refused,  and  he  is  forcibly 
expelled.  [May  10.  lie  is  again  forcibly 
ejected.] 


Apr.  *  The  Duke  of  Argyll  resigns  as 
lord  privy  seal,  and  is  succeeded  by  Lord 
Carlingford. 

May  1.  Dublin.  The  city  is  proclaimed 
under  the  Coercion  Act. 

May  5.  Parliament:  The  Irish  party  is 
divided  on  the  Land  Bill;  Mr.  Parnell 
opposes  it. 

May  20.  H.  C.  The  Irish  Land  Bill 
is  read  a  second  time.     Vote,  352-176. 

June  1.  Fenny  postage  stamps  begin 
to  be  used  for  receipt  stamps. 

June  22.  H.  C.  A  motion  by  Mr.  Pease 
to  abolish  punishment  by  death  is  de- 
feated.     Vote,  175-79. 

June  27.  Fivejudgesdecidethatparents 
must  pay  school  fees  in  advance  or  ask 
pecuniary  aid,  and  that  non-payment 
must  be  taken  as  non-attendance. 

July  5.  Parliament:  The  New  Parlia- 
mentary Oath's  Bill  is  discharged. 

July  29.  H.  C.  The  Irish  Land  Bill  is 
read  the  third  time.  V^ote,  220-14.  [Aug. 
3.  The  second  time  in  the  Lords.  Aug. 
8.  The  third  time  in  the  Lords  with 
amendments.] 

Aug.  3.  A  treaty  is  signed  with  the 
Transvaal,  recognizing  the  indepen- 
dence of  that  country,  subject  to  suze- 
rainty of  the  queen. 

H.  C.  Police  prevent  Mr.  Brad- 
laugh  from  entering.  The  House  rejects 
a  motion  to  rescind  the  resolution  of 
May  10.     Vote,  191-7. 

Aug.  11.  H.  C.  Some  of  the  Lords' 
amendments  to  the  Irish  Land  Bill  are 
rejected.  [Aug.  12-15.  The  dififerences 
between  Lords  and  Commons  are  ad- 
justed by  compromise.  Aug.  23.  The 
bill  becomes  law.] 

It  establishes  a  court  of  commission  to 
fix  fair  rents  in  Ireland  on  application 
of  tenants,  rents  fixed  to  hold  for  15 
years. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1880  Sept.  8.  A  colliery  explosion 
near  Durham  causes  164  deaths. 

Dec.  10.  W.  An  explosion  occurs  at 
Pen-y-grage  colliery  ;  100  persons  killed. 

*  *  Dublin.  The  Hawkins  Street  Theater 
is  biumed. 

*  *  The  Duke  of  Westminster's  Bend  Or 
wins  the  Derby.  [1881,  Mr.  Lorillard's 
Iroquois  wins  ;  1882,  Duke  of  Westmin- 
ster's Shotover ;  1883,  Sir  F.  Johnstone's 
•St.  Blaise;  1884,  J.  Hammond's  St.  Ga- 
tien;  and  Sir  J.  Willoughby's  Har- 
vester.] 

1881  June  2.  London.  An  Interna- 
tional Woolen  Exhibition  is  held  at  the 
Crystal  Palace,  Sydenham  ;  opened  by 
the  Duke  of  Connaught. 

June  *  The  Dover  and  Deal  Railway  is 
opened. 

June  *  Ire.  The  census  report  shows 
a  decrease  of  one-niuth  in  the  popula- 
tion in  10  years. 

July  16+.    London.    An  International 

Sanitary  Exhibition  is  held  at  Roynl 

Albert  Hall. 
July  20.    A  storm  sinks  10  fishing-boats 

off  the  Shetland  Isles  ;  48  lives  lost. 
July  26.    Scot.    The  new  dock  at  Leith 

is  opened  by  the  Duke  of  Kdinburgh. 


988    1881,  Aug.  22-1882,  July  15.     GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1882   June  * -Sept.  14.    Egypt.    "War 
with  Arabi  Pasha. 

Arabi  Pasha  heads  a  revolt  against 
foreign  interference  in  Egyptian  affairs, 
England  and  other  European  powers 
having  taken  control  in  the  regulation 
of  the  Egyptian  public  debt ;  riots  break 
out  in  Alexandria,  and  Europeans  are 
massacred  iu  the  streets  (p.  658). 


BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1881  *  *  Borrow,  George,  wr.,  traveler,  A78. 
Beaconsfleld,  Earl  of,  Benjamin  Disraeli, 

Btatesman,  author,  A76. 
Burton,  John  II.,  historian,  Scotland,  A72. 
Carlyle,  Thomas,  hi8t.,pliLl.,au.,  Scot.,  A86. 
Gould,  John,  natiu-alist,  A77. 
Mcllale,  John,  archbishop  of  Tuam,  scholar, 

author,  Ireland,  A90. 
Starley,  James,  Inventor  of  bicycles,  dies. 
Street,  George  K.,  architect,  A57. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1881  Aug.  24.  London.  An  Interna- 
tional Horticultural  Exhibition  is 
opened. 

Aug,  26-85  Jan.*  Schseberle's 
comet  is  visible  to  the  naked  eye. 

Aug.  31.  The  British  Association  sits 
at  York.  [1882,  Aug.  23,  at  Southampton  ; 

1883,  Sept.   19,  at    Southport;     1884,  at 
Montreal ;    1885,  Sept.  9,  at  Aberdeen.] 

Oct.  3.  The  Social  Science  Association 
meets  at  Dublin.  [1882,  Sept.  20,  at  Xot- 
tigham;  1883,  Oct.    3,  at  Jiuddersheld ; 

1884,  Sept.  17,  at  Birmingham.] 

Oct.  4.    Denning*s  comet  appears. 
Oct.  10.    London.    The  Savoy  Theater 

is  opened. 
Oct.  10-19.  A  violent  hvirricane  causes 
great  destruction  of  life  ami  property ; 
houses  are  demolished,  and  trees  torn  up 
by  the  roots;  130  wrecks.  [Nov.  26,27. 
Gales  cause  great  destruction  of  life  aud 
property.    Dec.  17-21.     More  gales.] 

*  *  The  Otto  bicycle  is  first  patented. 

*  *A  statue  of  Thomas  Clarkson,  the 
antislavery  advocate,  is  unveiled  at 
Wisbech,  Cambridge. 

*  *  Telephotography  is  invented  by 
Shelford  Bidwell ;  images  of  objects  are 
reproduced  at  a  distance  by  means  of 
electricity  and  selenium. 

*  *  E.  J.  Muybridge  takes  instantaneous 
photographs  of  animals  in  rapid  mo- 
tion. 

*  *  Gilbert  and  Sullivan's  operetta,  Pa- 
titnce,  appears. 

*  *  The  RuBkin  Museum  of  Art,  Shef- 
field, is  founded  by  John  Ruskin.  [1882, 
Feb.  *  The  Kuskin  Society  is  formed.] 

*  *  London,  The  Chemical  Industry 
Society  is  founded. 

1882  Jan.  6.  A  destructive  gale  visits 
England  and  Scotland.  [Jan.  26-28,  and 
Apr.  20.    More  gales.] 

Feb.  20.  London,  The  Society  for 
Psychical  Hesearch  is  formed. 

Feb.  25-June  3.  London.  An  Inter- 
national Electrical  Exhibition  is  held 
at  the  Crystal  Palace. 

Mar.  4.  The  first  electric  tramway 
cars  are  run  at  Leytoustoiie,  Essex. 

Mar.  17.  Capt.  Abney  photographs  a 
disk  in  rapid  motion  by  the  electric 
spark. 

Apr.  12.  London.  The  new  Abbey 
Gardens  at  Westminster  are  opened. 

May  5.  London.  A  series  of  perform- 
ances of  Waguer's  Jiing  des  Xihelungen, 
in  four  parts  (Kheingold,  Walkiire,  Sieg- 
fried, and  Gotterdamraerung),  are  given. 

May  11.  The  British  circumpolar  ex- 
pedition departs. 

May  29.    The  Abbey  Park,  Leicester, 
is  opened  by  the  Prince  of  Wales. 
.  June  10.     Mr.  Simmons   ascends   in   a 
balloon,  and  goes  from  Maiden,  Essex 
County,  to  Arras,  France,  140  miles,  in 
one  hour  and  20  minutes. 
.  June  17.    London.     A  statue  of  Row- 
land Hill  at  the  Royal  Exchange  is  un- 
veiled by  the  Prince  of  Wales. 
.  Jiuie  22.    The   Hope   sails  iu  search  of 
the  Eira  iu  polar  regions. 


CHURCH. 

1881  Sept.  6±.  London.  An  Ecumen- 
ical Methodist  Conference  is  held  at 
City  Road  Chapel ;  400  delegates,  minis- 
ters and  laymen  from  all  parts  of  the 
world,  represent  nearly  4,000,000  others. 

Oct.  6.  London.  The  American  Evan- 
gelists, Moody  and  Sankey,  arrive. 

Oct.  10.  Ire.  Archbishop  Croke  censures 
the  Xiand  Xieague  for  ordering  the  non- 

Sayment  of  rent.  [Oct.  30.  Archbishop 
I'Cabe's  pastoral  against  the  I^and 
League  manifesto  is  read  in  the  churches 
of  Dublin.] 

Oct.  25.  The  Evangelical  Alliance 
meets  at  Liverpool. 

[1883,  Oct.  16,  at  Norwich;  1884,  Aug. 
30,  at  Copenhagen  ;  Oct.  28,  at  Brighton  ; 
1885,  Oct.  7,  at  Glasgow;  1886,  Sept.  21, 
at  Ryde  ;  1888,  Sept.  25,  at  Plymouth.] 

Nov.  *  The  principal  entrance  to  West- 
minster Abbey,  after  designs  by  Gil- 
bert Scott,  is  repaired  at  a  cost  of 
£20,000. 

1882  Mar.  27.  Duhfin.  Archbishop 
McCabe  is  created  a  cardinal  priest. 

June  3.  London.  .St.  Paul's  principal 
bell,  the  Great  Bell,  is  dedicated. 

June  *  The  Catholic  League  is  formed 
(Church  of  England). 

LETTERS. 

1881  Oct.  28.  London.  The  Browning 
Society  is  founded. 

Nov.  *  Scot.  A  mining  library  and 
£1,000  are  bequeathed  to  the  University 
of  Glasgow  by  Mr.  Macdonald,  M.P. 

*  *  London.  Knowledge  is  issued;  also 
the  People,  and  the  Hellenic  Society  Jour- 
nal. 

*  *  London.    The  Examiner  suspends. 

*  *  Legible  Shorthand^  by  Pocknell,  ap- 
pears. 

*  ♦  Reminiscences  of  Carlyle,  by  Froude, 
appears.    [1882,  Life  of  Thomas  Carlyle.} 

*  *  Proqress :  its  Law  and  Course,  by  Her- 
bert Spencer,  appears.  [1882,  The  Phi- 
losophy of  Style;  1884,  The  Man  versus 
the  State,  and  The  Coming  Slavery ; 
1887,  The  Factors  of  Organic' Evolution .\ 

*  *  Aspects  of  Poetry,  by  John  Campbell 
Shairp,  appears. 

*  *  Movement  in  Plants,  by  Darwin,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Essays  on  the  Floating  Matter  of  the 
Air  in  Relation  to  Putrefaction  and  In- 
fection,   by    John     Tyndall,     appears. 

[1882,  Free  Molecules  and  Radiant  Heat.] 

*  *  Savonarola,  by  Alfred  Austin,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Poems,  by  Oscar  Wilde,  appears.  [1882 
Vera:    1888,    The    Happy    Prince,  and 

other  Tales.] 

*  *  That  Beautiful  Wretch,  by  William 
Black,  appears. 

1882  Jan.  14.  The  University  Col- 
lege, Liverpool,  is  inaugurated  by  the 
Earl  of  Derby. 

Mar.  31.  London.  The  foundation  ia 
laid  of  the  City  of  Jjondon  College 
near  Moorgate  Street. 


SOCIETY. 

1881  Sept.  *  About  2,000  French  and 
Belgian  singers  and  musicians  meet 
at  Brighton. 

Sept.  8.  London.  The  National  Ijeague 
for  the  unification  and  consolidation  of 
the  empire  meets  at  Westminster. 

Sept.  17-19.  Delegates  from  the  Land 
League  meet,  and  declare  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  landlordism ;  the  Land  Act  is 
denounced  ;  Mr.  Parnell  attends. 

Sept.  21-27.  The  court  and  the  whole 
country  are  in  mourning  for  the  mur- 
dered I^resident  Garfield,  U.  S.  A. 

Sept.  *  Ire.  Boycotting  increases ;  shop- 
keepers suffer. 

Sept.  *  Bad  weather  prevails ;  poor  har- 
vest and  much  depression  follow. 

Oct.  13.  Dublin.  Mr.  Parnell  is  im- 
prisoned in  Kilmainliam  jail  for  incit- 
ing to  intimidation  aud  non-paymeut  of 
rent. 

Oct.  14-16.  Ire.  Sexton,  O'Kelley,  J. 
1*.  Quinn,  Dillon,  O'Brien,  aud  other 
agitators  are  arrested. 

Oct.  15-18.  Ire.  Kiots  in  Dublin  and 
l>imerick  are  suppressed ;  more  arrests 
are  made. 

Oct.  18.  Ire.  The  IJand  League  issues 
a  manifesto  denouncing  the  Government, 
and  ordering  a  strike  against  the  pay- 
ment of  rents.  [Oct.  20+.  Dublin  aud 
Limerick  are  quiet.] 

Oct.  23.  Loudon.  About  40.000  persons 
meet  in  Hyde  Park  t<»  protest  against 
the  arrest  of  Mr.  Parnell  and  others; 
Mr.  O'Donnell  is  chief  speaker. 

Oct.  30.  Ire.  The  Xjand  League  hav- 
ing been  proclaimed  by  the  Government, 
the  leaders  declare  for  passive  resist- 
ance. 

Uov.  *  Important  decisions  In  favor  of 
tenants  are  made  by  sub-commissioners 
at  Belfast. 

Nov.  8.  Ihiblin.  A  Home-Rule  meet- 
ing is  held. 

Nov.  12.  Ire.  Above  40,000  applications 
to  the  land  courts  are  entered. 

Nov.  25±,  A  strike  occurs  in  the  pot- 
teries; 70  firms  and  30,000  men  are  con- 
cerned. 

Nov.  30.  Irf.  A  strike  against  the  pay- 
ment of  rent  in  J-imerick,  and  evictions, 
is  ordered. 

Nov.  *  Ire.  Murders  and  outrages  con- 
tinue. 

Nov.*  Dublin.  A  secret  society,  called 
the  Irish  Invincibles,  is  established. 

Dec.  20+:.  Ire.  An  association  to  sup- 
port the  Xiand  Xjaw  is  organized. 

Dec.  *  Ire.  Great  increase  of  crime  in 
Munster  is  reported. 

*  *  An  association  for  the  encouragement 
of  woolen  manufactures  is  founded 
by  the  Countess  of  Bective  and  others. 

*  •  Ire.  Number  of  agrarian  outrages 
reported,  4,439. 

1882  Jan.  2.  Ire.  Several  lady  Land 
Leaguers  are  arrested. 

Jan.  16.  London.  The  Land  National- 
ization Society  is  formed  at  Westmin- 
ster. 

Jan.  28.  Ire.  About  forty  suspects  are 
arrested.     (Apr.  1.    Increased  to  511. J 

Feb.  1.  London.  A  great  meeting  at  the 
Mansion  House  denounces  the  cruelty 
to  Jews  in  Russia  as  an  offense  to  civi- 
lization. [May  19,  For  their  benefit 
£72,000  is  raised.] 

Feb.  2-June  9.  Iron-workers  striko  at 
Uoptou  and  Darlington. 


AND   IRELAND.     1881,  Aug.  22-1882,  July  15.     989 


Feb.  25.  Dublin.  Bailey,  an  informer 
against  the  Land  League,  is  murdered. 
[Feh.'-.Mar.»  Ire.  Many  murders  are 
committed.] 

Mar.  2.  London.  Kobert  McLean,  aged 
27,  shoots  at  the  queen  in  the  Great 
Western  Railway  Station. 

Apr.  10.  Dublin.  Mr.  Pamell  is  re- 
leased on  parole  for  10  days.  [May  5. 
Also  Michael  Davitt.] 

Apr.  19.  A  riot  occurs  among  miners  at 
Wrexham. 

Apr.  19~Sept.  ♦  Scot.  N"o-rent  riots 
occur  in  Skye. 

Apr.  21.  The  income  granted  to  Prince 
Leopold  George  is  increased  £10,000. 

Apr.  27.  Prince  Leopold  George 
marries  Princess  Helene,  fourth  daugh- 
ter of  the  Prince  of  Wahieck-Pyrmont. 

Apr.  *  Committees  are  formed  at  Berlin 
and  Dublin  to  receive  money  to  help  the 
emigration  of  persecuted  Jews  from 
Russia. 

May  6.  Dublin.  Phoenix  Park  mur- 
ders; Lord  Frederick  Cavendish,  new- 
chief  secretary,  and  T.  H.  Burke,  under- 
secretary, are  stabbed  by  four  men. 
[W.  E.  Forstcr,  secretary  for  Ireland, 
was  the  intended  victim.  May  12.  Many 
persons  arrested.]    (See  State.) 

June  8.    Ire.    Walter  Bourke  and  Cor- 

Coral  Wallace,  his  escort,  are  shot  dead 
y  five  men  near  Gort,  Oalway. 

June  17.  London.  Arms  and  ammu- 
nition are  seized  in  St.  John  .Street 
Road,  Clerkenwell  ;  Thomas  Walsh  is 
arrested.  [July  17.  Committed  for  trial. 
Aug.  9.  Sentenced  to  seven  years  penal 
servitude.] 

June  29.  Ire.  John  Henry  Blake,  agent 
to  the  Marquis  of  Clanricarde,  and  his 
steward,  Mr.  Kane,  are  shot  near 
Loughrea. 

July  4.  Ire.  Twenty-two  persons  are 
arrested  at  Loughrea. 

STATE. 

1881    Aug.  27.    Parliament :  The  Ve- 
terinary .Surgeon's  Act  and  the  News- 
paper Lil)el  Act  are  passed. 
Parliament  is  prorogued. 

Oct.  20.  [re.  The  Irish  National  Land 
Ijcague  is  suppressed  by  proclamation 
of  the  lord-lieutenant. 

Tlie  Irish  Ijand  Commission  Court 
meets  for  the  lirst  time. 

Dec.  *  Mr.  Shaw,  being  opposed  to  the 
Parnellites,  secedes  from  the  party. 

Dec.  13.  \  defense  of  Property  in  Ire- 
land Funil  is  established  to  uphold  tiie 
rights  of  property  against  organized 
combination,  to  defend  and  to  sustain 
freedom  of  contract  and  liberty  of  ac- 
tion. 

Dec.  27.  A  proclamation  is  issued 
against  the  possession  of  arms  in  Dublin. 

Dec.  30.  Ire.  Five  special  magistrates 
are  appointe*!  with  extra  powers  in  dis- 
turbed districts. 

Dec.  ♦  John  R.  Davison  is  appointed 
judge-advocate-general. 

•  *  H.  C.  The  Commons  by  42  majority 
approves  of  local  option  in  granting 
liquor-licenses. 

•  •  Parliament :  The  Welsh  Sunday 
Liquor  Closing  Act  is  passed. 

•  *  Sir  Nathaniel  Lindley  is  made  lord 
Justice. 

•  •  Ire.  Hugh  Iaw  is  made  lord  chan- 
cellor. 

•  •  London.  .John  Whittaker  Ellis  is 
elected  lord  mayor. 


1882  Jan.  15.  A  daughter  is  bom  to 
Prince  Arthur  ;  she  is  named  Margaret. 

Feb.  7.  Parliament  meets;  Mr.  Brad- 
laugh  is  again  denied  his  seat  in  the 
Commons.     Vote,  286-228. 

Feb.  13.  H.  C.  Mr.  Gladstone  proposes 
new  rules  of  prc)cedure,  including  clo- 
ture and  delegation  of  business. 

Feb.  21.    H.  C.     Mr.   Bradlaugh   re- 

Eeats  the  words  of  the  oath,  and  takes 
is  seat  in  the  Commons,  but  withdraws 
when  ordered.  [Feb.  28.  He  is  ex- 
pelled.    Vote,  297-80.] 

Feb.  22.    Ire.    Michael  Davitt   is 

elected  M.  P.  for  the  County  of  Meath. 
[Feb.  28.  H.  C.  His  election  is  an- 
nulled on  the  ground  of  his  being  a 
convict.] 

Feb.  27.  H.  C.  Mr,  Gladstone  intro- 
duces a  resolution  censuring  the 
Xx^rds'  appointment  of  a  committee  to 
inquire  into  the  working  of  the  Irish 
Land  Act.  [Mar.  10.  Carried.  Tote, 
303-225.] 

Mar.  2.  Mr.  Bradlaugh  is  reelected 
for  Northampton.  [.Mar.  6.  The  Com- 
mons reaffirms  the  resolution  of  Feb, 
7  against  him.     Vote,  286-228.] 

Mar.  *  H.  L.  The  committee  sit  on  the 
Irish  Land  Act. 

Mar.  27.  H.  C.  Mr.  Forster  admits  that 
the  Government  policy  in  Ireland  has 
failed ;  he  blames  the  influence  of  se- 
cret societies. 

Mar.  31.  H.  C.  Mr.  Marriott's  amend- 
ment to  Mr.  Gladstone's  New  Rule  is 
rejected.    Vote,  318-279. 

Apr.  4.  Scot.  A  Home-Eule  move- 
ment is  started  for  Scotland. 

The  Scotch  burgh  convention  at  Edin- 
burgh proposes  a  representative  body  to 
legislate  for  Scotland,  subject  to  the  ap- 
proval of  Parliament. 

May  2.  H.  L.  It  is  announced  that 
Lord  Cowper  has  resigned  the  Uu'<l- 
lieutenantcy  of  Ireland,  and  tliat^Earl 
Spencer  is  bis  successor  ;  the  resigna- 
tion of  Mr.  Forster  as  chief  secretary 
for  Ireland  is  announced  in  the  Com- 
mons. 

Ire.     Mr.  Pamell  and   other  Irish 

Home  Rule  M.P.'s  are  released  from 
Kilmainham  jail,  where  they  have  been 
imprisoned  as  stispects  under  the  Coer- 
cion Law. 

Their  release  is  said  to  be  the  result 
of  an  understanding  with  the  Govern- 
ment that  Mr.  Parnell  will  use  his  influ- 
ence to  aid  in  the  "  restoration  of  law 
and  order "  in  Ireland ;  this  alleged 
agreement  is  po^>ularly  termed  the 
Treaty  of  Kilmainham. 

May  5.  Michael  Davitt  is  released 
from  prison. 

May  6.  Dublin.  Lord  Frederick 
Cavendish  arrives  as  new  chief  secre- 
tary for  Ireland.  [May  6.  Assassi- 
nated.]   See  Society. 

May  9.  George  O.  Trevelyan  Is  ap- 
pointed chief  secretary  for  Ireland. 

Dublin.     A    reward   of    £10.000    is 

offered  for  the  discovery  of  the  mur- 
derers of  l..ord  Cavendish  and  Mr.  Burke. 

May  11.  H.  C.  Sir  W.  V.  Harcourt  in- 
troduces a  bill  for  the  prevention  of 
crime  in  Ireland  (Coercion  Bill). 

It  proposes  a  new  tribunal  of  three 
judges  without  jury ;  it  increases  the 
powers  of  police,  and  revises  the  Alien 
Act.  [May  20.  Read  the  second  time. 
Vote,  383-J5.] 


May  24.  H.  C.  The  Arrears  of  Rent 
Bill  for  Ireland  is  read  a  second  time. 
Vote,  269-157. 

July  1.  H.  C.  After  an  all-night  sit- 
ting on  the  Prevention  of  Crimes  Bill,  25 
Irish  members  are  suspended  — first 
16  and  subsequently  nine.  Vote,  126-27 
and  128-7. 

July  3.  H.  C.  Fr.-ink  H.  O'Donnell, 
Irish  member,  is  susjiended  for  14  days. 
Vote,  181-33;  the  Irish  Home-Bule 
members  withdraw  from  the  House, 
declining  to  take  further  part  in  the 
Prevention  of  Crimes  Bill  debate. 

July  5.  Newcastle  receives  a  city 
charter. 

July  7.  H.  C.  The  Government  is  de- 
feated on  an  amendment  to  the  Pre- 
vention of  Crimes  Bill,  which  restricts 
police  searches  of  houses  at  night. 
Vote,  207-194.  [July  8.  The  bill  passes. 
.July  11.  Passes  the  Lords.  July  12. 
Receives  royal  assent.] 

July  13.  Ire.  Seventeen  counties  are 
proclaimed. 

July  15. ±  John  Bright  resigns  as 
chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster. 
[July  25.  Succeeded  by  the  Earl  of 
kimberley.  Dec.  28.  By  John  George 
Dodson,  Lord  Monk  Bretton.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1881  Aug.  22 ±.  The  new  Atlantic 
Cable  is  laid  by  the  Faraday. 

Aug.  30.  The  mail-steafiier  Teuton 
founders  near  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ; 
about  two  hundred  lives  lost. 

Sept.  10.  London.  The  Royal  Alex- 
ander Theater,  Park  Street,  is  burned. 

Oct.  8.     The    new    Langton    dock    at 

Liverpool,  named  .Alexandra,  is  opened 
by  the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales. 

Oct.  19.  The  Great  Eastern  is  offered 
for  sale  for  £30,000;   not  sold. 

Oct.  21.  The  steamer  Clan  Macduf 
fotuiders  off  the  Irish  coast;  32  lives 
lost. 

Nov.  6.  A  railway  collision  at  Desford, 
near  Leicester,  causes  loss  of  five  lives. 
[Nov.  25.  Another  at  Tayport,  Fife; 
four  lives  lost.] 

Nov.  27.  The  lighthouse,  Calf  Rock,  in 
Bantry  Bay,  is  destroyed. 

Dec.  10.  Three  trains  collide  in  High- 
bury Tunnel,  near  CanonUury  ;  live  per- 
sons are  killed. 

Deo.  13.  The  new  Corn  Exchange, 
built  by  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  at  Shef- 
field, is  opened  ;  cost,  £55,000. 

Dec.  24.  An  express-train  runs  into  a 
freight-train  at  Slough ;  12  persons 
killed. 

1882  Jan.  26.  The  Sen-ia  sails  from 
America  to  Liverpool  (longest  route)  in 
seven  days,  eight  hours,  and  15  minutes. 

Jan.  28.  Trains  collide  near  Old  Ford 
station  ;  six  persons  killed. 

Feb.  4.  The  steamer  lialmma  founders 
between  Porto  Rico  and  New  York  ;  20' 
lives  lost. 

Feb.  16.  A  colliery  explosion  occurs 
at  Triondon  Grange,  Durham  ;  60  or  70 
lives  lost. 

Feb.  18.  London.  Jumbo,  the  large 
African  elephant,  six  tons  weight,  18 
bought  by  P.  T.  Barnum,  from  the  Zoo- 
logical Society,  Regent's  Park. 

Feb.  28.  Tlie  steamer  Uradia  is  sunk 
off  Yarmouth  ;  23  lives  lost. 

Feb.  ■•  The  steamer  Knamox  sinks  ofT 
Kilia :  21  of  the  crew  perish. 

May  18.  The  new  Eddystone  light- 
house is  opened. 

May  31-June  6.  The  mail-steamer 
Alaska  crosses  the  Atlantic  In  six  days- 
and  22  hours. 


990    1882, July 21-1883, Oct.*      GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1883    Jan.  1.    liord  Napier  of  Magdalu 
i:>  made  lleld-marsbal. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1882  July*  Heury  Leslie's  musical 
choir  is  reorganized. 

Aug.  15.  Dublin.  A  statue  of  Daniel 
O'Connell  is  miveiled. 

Aug.  22-24.  Violent  gales  do  mmh 
ilamage. 

Sept.  17-  A  new  comet  is  observed  at 
Kaling. 

Sept.  26.  The  Sanitary  Institute  of 
Great  Britain  Congress  meets  at  New- 
castle. 

Sept.  *  Eilinburgh.  The  Academy  of 
Music  for  Scotland  is  founded. 

Oct.  20.  The  Fine  Art  and  Industrial 
£jxliibition  is  opened  at  Manchester. 

Oct.  25.  J.  E.  H.  Gordon's  great  dy- 
namo machine  is  exhibited  at  Wool- 
wich. 

Oct.  *  A  statue  of  Thomas  Carlyle  on 
the  Tliamea  embankment,  Chelsea,  is 
unveiled. 

Dec.  13.  Lomlon.  An  International 
Klectrioal  and  Gaslight  EiXhibition, 
at  the  Crystal  Palace,  is  opened. 

*  *  John  .Tones  bequeaths  an  art  collec- 
tion to  the  South  Kensington  Museum  ; 
estimated  value,  £500,000. 

*  *  Gilbert  and  Sullivan's  operetta,  lolan- 
the^  appears^ 

1883  Jan.  10.  Violent  gales  do  much 
damage.  [Mar.  6.  More  gales  ;  also 
Sept.  26  and  Dec.  12.] 

Jan.  18.  London.  The  Prince's  The- 
ater, Coventry  Street,  is  opened. 

Mar.  10.  Electric  tram-cars  are  first 
run  from  Kew  to  Hammersmith. 

Mar.  14.  I^ndon.  An  electrical  Ex- 
hibition is  opened  at  Westminster 
Aquarium. 

Apr.  19.  London.  A  statue  of  Beacons- 
Held  is  unveiled  in  Parliament  Square. 

May  7.  Lomlon.  The  Koyal  College 
of  Music,  Kensington,  is  opened  by  the 
Prince  of  Wales. 

July  5.  Thomas  Henry  Huxley  is 
made  president  of  the  Il(tyal  Society. 

July  16.  The  Royal  Agricultural  So- 
ciety meets  at  York. 

Aug.  13.  A  new  Fine  Art  Gallery  is 
opened  at  Manchester. 

Oct.  10.    A  monument  surmounted  by 

.  a  statue  of  Shakespeare,  including  stat- 
ues of  Shakespearean  characters,  exe- 
cuted by  Lord  Ronald  Gower,  is  set  up 
at  Stratford-upon-Avon,  and  unveiled  by 
Lady  Hodgson  (the  mayoress). 

Oct.  17.  Scot.  The  observatory  erected 
on  Ben  Nevis  is  opened. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1883*  *  Darwin,    Charles    R.,  naturalist, 
A73. 

Miller,  William,  engraver,  Scotland,  A86. 
J'usey,  Kdward  Bouverie,  clergyman,  writer 

(I'useyisni),  A82. 
Robertson,  James  C,  cl.,  eccl.  historian,  A69. 
RoBsettl,  Dante  O.,  painter,  poet,  A54. 
Tait,    Archibald    Campbell,    archbishop    of 

Canterbury,  author,  ATI. 
Thomson,  James,  poet,  A48. 
TroUope,  Anthony,  novelist,  A67. 

CHURCH. 

1.882  Nov.  5.  lA>iido7i.  An  encyclical 
letter  of  the  Pope  against  heresy,  so- 
cialism, etc.,  is  read  in  all  the  Koman 
Catholic  churches. 


*  *  fre.  Andrew  Higgi")^  is  consecrated 
Roman  Catholic  bishop  of  Perry. 

*  *  London.  The  Church  Army  is  con- 
stituted in  imitation  of  the  Salvation 
Army. 

1883  Jan.  *  The  Prayer-Book  Revis- 
ion Society  petition  the  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  for  changes. 

Jan.  *  The  Central  Agency  for  Foreign 
Missions,  under  the  patronage  of  the 
bishops  (Church  of  England),  is  estalv- 
lishect. 

May  11.  Ire.  The  Pope  issues  acircu- 
lar  forbidding  the  bishops  to  encourage 
disaffection  against  the  British  Govern- 
ment. 

May  24.  Edinburgh.  St.  Giles  Church 
i.s  reopened. 

July  4.  London.  The  delegates  to  the 
Pan-Presbyterian  Council  assemble 
at  Exeter  Hall. 

July  *  London.  The  East  End  Juvenile 
Mission  is  established  to  reclaim  desti- 
tute children. 

Aug.  13.  London.  The  centenary  of  the 
establishment  of  the  New  Jerusalem 
(Swedenborg)  Church  is  celebrated. 


LETTERS. 

1882  Sept.  5.  The  foundation  is  laid 
by  the  Earl  of  Lathom  of  the  Preston 
Free  Library. 

Oct.  4.  London.  School  of  Dramatic 
Art,  Argyle  Street,  is  opened. 

Nov.*  London.  Longman' s  Magazine  \9 
issued. 

Dec.  5.  Boys'  Public  Day  School  Com- 
pany is  formed. 

Dec.  12.  London.  The  new  City  of 
liondon  Schools,  Victoria  embank- 
ment, are  opened  by  the  Prince  of 
Wales. 

*  *  Scot.  A  new  university  is  founded 
at  Dundee  by  Sir  D.  Baxter. 

*  *  Dictionary  of  Political  Qitotations ^hy 
Henry  George  Bohn,  appears. 

*  *  A  Xe^P  Arabian  Nights  and  Familiar 
Studies  of  Men  and  Books,  by  R.  L.  B. 
Stevenson,  appear.  [1883,  Treasure 
Island  and  The  Silverado  Squatters  ; 
1885,  Prince  Otto,  The  Dynamiter,  More 
Neiv  Arabian  Nights,  and  A  Child's  Gar- 
den of  Verse.] 

*  *  Fall  of  the  Monarchy  of  Charles  I.,  by 
Samuel  Rawson  Gardiner,  appears. 
[1886,  History  of  the  Great  Civil   War.] 

*  *  Shorthand,  by  J.  M.  Sloan,  appears. 

*  *  All  Sorts  and  Conditions  of  Men,  by 
Walter  Besant,  appears.  [18!^,  Dorothy 
Foster:  1887,  The  World  Went  Very 
Well  Then.] 

1883  Feb.  19.  The  Technical  Col- 
lege, Finsbury,  is  opened. 

Mar.  *  London.     The  National  Review  is 

issued. 
Oct.*  London.    English    Illustrated 

Magazine  is  issued. 


SOCIETY. 

1882  Aug.  2.  Suspects  in  custody 
nuntber  170.  [Aug.  18±.  Fifty  are  re- 
leased.] 

Aug.  17,  18.  Ire.  John  Joyce  and  his 
wife,  son,  and  daugliter  are  shot  l)y  a 
band  of  men  near  Maamtrasma,  Galway. 
for  informing  the  police.  [Nov.  15,17, 18. 
Patrick  Joyce,  Patrick  Casey,  and  Myles 
Joyce  are  convicte<l.  (Dec.  15.  All  exe- 
cuted.) Nov.  21,  Michael  Casey,  Thomas 
Joyce,  John  Casey,  and  Martin  Joyce, 
having  confessed,  their  sentences  are 
commuted.] 

Aug.  18.  Parliament:  The  Married 
"Women's  Property  Act  is  passed.    It 


makes  their  powers  almost  egual  to 
those  of  single  women,  and  increasM 
their  responsibilities  in  regard  to  debt, 
etc. 

Aug.  20.  Ire,  John  Leahy,  an  aged 
farmer  of  Scarteen,  Killarney,  is  miu*- 
dered. 

Aug.  *  Ire.  Discontent  and  insubordi- 
nation of  the  constabulary  at  Dublin, 
Cork,  and  Limerick,  are  settled  by  firm- 
ness and  judicial  concessions. 

Sept.  1.  Dublin.  Several  policemen  are 
dismissed  for  holding  a  public  meeting; 
all  the  jiolice  in  the  city  resign  ;  this 
causes  a  riot  which  the  military  sup- 
I>ress.  [Sept.  2.  Special  constables  are 
sworn  in.  Sept.  3.  The  police  withdraw 
their  resignation.  Sept.  6,  7.  Two  hun- 
dred and  eight  are  reinstated.] 

Sept.  5.  London.  A  National  Tem- 
perance Jubilee  is  held  at  the  Crystal 
Palace  ;  50,000  people  present. 

Sept.  11.  Ire.  Francis  Hynes  is  exe- 
cuted at  Ijinierick  for  murdering  John 
Doloughty.  [Sept.  22.  Also  Patrick 
Walsh  at  Gal  way  for  the  murder  of 
Martin  Lyden.] 

Sept,  29,  Ire.  Michael  Walsh  is  con- 
victed of  the  murder  of  Kavanagh,  a 
policeman. 

Sept.  *  The  Preston  (iuild  Mercbants' 
Festival  is  celebrated  at  Preston. 

Oct.  28.  London.  The  sum  of  £108,759 
is  received  to  assist  persecuted  Jews 
to  emigrate  from  Russia. 

Oct.  *  The  National  Smoke  Abatement 
Institution  is  founded. 

Nov.  11.  /Mblin.  A  murderous  assault 
is  maile  on  Justice  Lawson  by  a  returned 
convict,  Patrick  Delaney. 

Nov.  *  Ire.  The  Land  Corporation  is 
dissolved. 

Nov,  25.  Dublin.  A  murderous  assault 
is  made  on  detectives  ;  Cox  is  killed,  and 
his  murderer,  Dowl  i  n  g,  severely 
wounded. 

Nov.  27.  Dub/in.  Mr.  Field,  a  juryman, 
is  stabbed.  [Sov.  28.  A  reward  of 
£5,000  is  offered  for  the  apprehension  of 
the  assassin  ;  the  city  is  proclaimed  uu- 
der  martial  law.] 

Dec.  13,  16.  Ire.  Patrick  and  Thomas 
lliggins  are  convicted  of  the  murder  of 
Haddys  at  Lough  Mask.  [1883.  -lau. 
15,  17.     Executed.] 

Dec.  16.  The  Home  for  Ancient  Mar- 
iners is  oiiene(i  at  Liverpool  by  the  Duke 
of  Edinburgh. 

Dec.  22.  Ire.  Michael  Flynn  is  con- 
victed of  murder. 

Sylvester  Poff  and  James  Barrett  are 
convicted  of  murder  at  Cork.  [1883. 
Jan.  23.    Executed.] 

*  *  Ire.  Great  distress  prevails  in  Don- 
egal in  the  northwest ;  3,4;W  agrarian 
outrages  are  reported  in  the  year, 

*  *  London.  The  Metropolitan  Public 
Garden.  Boulevard,  and  Playground 
Association  is  formed. 

*  *  TTie  Green  and  Blue  Kibbon  Armies 
of  temperance  workers  are  prominent. 

*  *  The  nationalization  of  the  land  is 
advocated  by  the  Trade  Union  Congress. 

*  *  The  National  Society  of  Professional 
Musicians  is  foimded. 

*  *  London.  An  Intemationeil  Tem- 
perance Conference  is  held. 

1883  Jan.  15-21.  Scot.  A  strike  oo^ 
curs  on  the  Caledonia  Railway;  ended 
by  compromise. 

Jan,  19-Feb.  17.  Dublin.  A  plot  to 
assassinate  the  members  of  the  Govern- 
ment is  discovered  ;  it  is  alleged  that 
the  Irish  Invincibles  would  carry  it  out. 


AXU    IRELAND.     1882,  July  21-1883,  Oct. 


991 


Jan.  a*.  Ire.  Micl\iiel  Daritt,  Thomas 
Uealy.  ami  P.  Qiiinii  are  bouiul  over  tor 
aeditious  speeches.  [Feb.  6.  They 
elect  to  be  iiiiprisoneil.  Feb.  8.  Impris- 
oned. .Iuiie4.  Ueleased.] 
Feb.  3.  Irf.  Eight  men  are  charged 
with  complicity  in  the  murder  of  Sir 
Frederick  Cavendish  and  Mr.  Burke. 
Fob.  7.    Dublin.     The  Irish  National 

League  meets. 
Feb.  17.  Ihihlin.  .lames  Carey,  a  sus- 
pect of  the  Phoenix  Park  assassins, 
confesses  ;  he  aecuscs  several  persons, 
and  implicates  the  Land  League,  espe- 
cially Thomas  Brennan  and  P.  J.  Sher- 
idan. .K  number  are  held  for  trial. 
(Patrick  Egan,  treasurer  of  the  Land 
League,  flees  to  Paris ;  Frank  Byrne 
and  other  prominent  Land  Leaguers 
leave  the  city.] 
Mar.  15.  Londmi.  An  attempt  is  made 
to  destroy  the  local  Government  office 
by  dynamite. 
Mar.  22.  .\  Royal  Commission  is  ap- 
lM>inted  to  inquire  into  the  condition  of 
the  crofters  and  cotters  of  Scotland. 
Mar.  28.  Twelve  memberi!  of  the  Patri- 
otic Brotherhood  (established  1881)  are 
sentenceil  to  penal  servitude  for  con- 
spiracy to  murder  landlords. 
Apr.  3.  Loiulnn.  Whltechapel  mur- 
ders: A  woman  named  Smith  is  mur- 
dered and  mutilated.  [.\ug.7.  Awoman 
named  Tabran  is  the  victim.  Aug.  .31, 
a  woman  named  Nichols ;  Sept.  7,  a 
woman  named  Chapman  ;  Sept.  30,  two 
women  killed  near  Commercial  Itoail 
and  Aldgate;  Nov.  9,  one  in  Spitaltiekl.] 
Apr.  10.  London.  The  Egyptian  Ref- 
ugee Fund  amounts  to  £'21,000. 
Apr.  11.  Dublin.  The  Phoenix  Park 
miurderers  are  tried.  [Apr.  11-23.  Jos- 
seph  Brady  is  convicted ;  Apr.  16-18, 
Patrick  Uelaney  and  Daniel  Curley ; 
Apr.  25-27,  Michael  Pagan  ;  May  2, 
Thomas  Caffrey  ;  May  7-9,  Timothy 
Kelly.  May  14,  Joseph  Brady  is  exe- 
cuted ;  May  18,  Daniel  Curley  ;  May  28, 
Michael  Pagan  ;  June  2,  Thomas  Caffrey ; 
June  9,  Timothy  Kelley.] 

Apr.  17-18.  An  anti-Irish  riot  occurs 
at  Camborne,  ('ornwall ;  a  Itoman  Cath- 
oli<;  church  is  destroyed. 

Apr.  23.  The  Order  of  the  Royal  Red 
Cross  for  ladies  who  have  served  as  war 
nurses  ia  instituted  by  the  queen. 

May  12.  About  8,000  Staffordshire  col- 
liers strike.    [Sept.  3.    Ended.] 

May  •  Dublin.  A  conspiracy  of  the 
Vigilance  murder  organization  is  dis- 
covered. 

May  *  .lames  FitzHarris,  convicted  of 
conspiracy  to  murder,  is  sentenced  to 
penal  servitude  for  life. 

July  5-24.  South  Staffordshire  iron- 
workers unsuccessfully  strike  against 
a  reduction  of  wages. 

July  29.  ,S.  Afr.  James  Carey,  the 
Informer,  is  shot  dead  by  Patrick 
CDonnell  on  board  the  Melroae  Castle, 
near  Port  Elizabeth.  [O'Donnell  is  ar- 
rested, taken  to  England,  anfl  tried. 
Dec.  1.   Convicted.    Dec.  17.    Executed.] 

Sept.  14.  The  Trade  Union  Congress 
disaiiproves  of  the  nationaliz.-ition  of 
land;  vote,  90-34. 

Sept.  *  Ire.  Tlie  National  Ijeague  in- 
vades Ulster:  re8iste<l  by  the  Orange- 
men, especially  at  Auchuacloy  and  Dun- 
gannon. 


Oct.*  Fr.  The  center  of  Fenian  organ- 
ization is  discovered  at  Paris;  Frederiek 
Allen  is  apprehended. 

STATE. 

1882  July  21.  H.  C.  The  Arrears  of 
Rent  BiU  passed.  Vote,  285-177.  [Aug. 
10.    It  passes  the  Lords.] 

It  aims  to  relieve  tenants  who  have 
fallen  greatly  behind  in  rent  because  of 
bad  crops. 

Aug.  18.  Parliament:  The  Electric 
Lighting  Act  is  passed.  Also,  the  Prison 
Charities  Act. 

Sept.  2.  The  Irish  Coercion  Act  ex- 
pires, and  all  suspects  are  released. 

Oct.  17.  Tlie  Irish  National  League 
is  formed. 

Oct.  24.    Parliament  meets. 

Nov.  1-2.  H.  C.  Mr.  Gibbon's  amend- 
ment to  carry  cloture  by  two-thirds  in- 
stead of  a  bare  majority  is  rejected. 
Vote,  3-22-238. 

Nov.  10-11.  H.  C.  The  clotiu-e  rule 
is  adopted.    Vote,  304-260. 

Nov.  *  The  Irish  Land  Commission  re- 
port is  issued.    (See  Feb.  27.) 

Dec.  16.  New  ministers  appointed  :  Ed- 
ward, Earl  of  Derby  (Colonies),  the 
Earl  of  Kimberley  (India),  the  Mar- 
quis of  Hartington  (War),  Hugh  C.  E. 
Childers  (Cliaiicellor). 

Dec.  *  The  Naval  Intelligence  Commit- 
tee is  formed. 

*  *  Lon/inn.  Henry  Edmond  Knight  is 
elected  lord  mayor. 

*  *  Sir  Charles  S.  C.  Bowen  is  made  a 
lord  justice. 

*  *  Parliament :  The  Settled  Land  Act 
is  passed,  by  which  tenants  for  life  ac- 
quire power  to  sell  or  lease  and  use  the 
proceeds. 

*  *  Parliament :  An  Act  suppressing  the 
barbarous  customs  toward  the  bodies 
of  suicides  is  passed. 

1883  Jan.  13.    Arthur  Frederick, 

son  of  Prince  Arthur,  is  born. 

Feb.  19-20.    Parliament  approves  the 

introduction    of   an    affirmation    bill. 

Vote,  184-53.     [May  3,  4.    Bill  rejected. 

Vote,  292-289.) 
Feb,  25.    Alice  Mary  (first  child)  is  born 

to  Prince  Leopold. 

Mar.*  Scot.  The  Highland  Land  Law 
Reform  Association  begins  to  work. 

Mar.  9.  Earl  Spencer  resigns  as  lord 
president  of  the  Council,  and  ia  suc- 
ceeded by  (Chichester  S.  Fortescue,  Lord 
Carlingford. 

Apr.  4.  H.  C.  K.  T.  Keid's  bill  to  pro- 
hibit vivisection  is  talked  out. 

Apr.  9.  Parliament;  The  Grand 
Committee  hold  their  first  meeting ; 
Mr.  Goschen  is  chairman. 

Sir  Edward   Fry  is  made   a   lord 

justice. 

May  4.  H.  C.  Tlie  Commona  refuses  to 
permit  Mr.  Bradlaugh  to  take  oath. 
[July  9.  It  again  excludes  him.  Vote, 
2.32-65.] 

July  31.  H.  C.  Sir  Stafford  North- 
cote's  resolution  against  De  Lesseps' 
monopoly  (Suez  Canal)  is  negativeil. 
Vote,  2M-185. 


Aug.  3.  Parliament :  Loans  amounting 
to  £4,600,000  for  public  works  are  au- 
thorized. 

H.  C.  The  sergeant-at-arms  arrests 
Mr.  Bradlaugh  for  attemjiting  to  enter 
the  House.  [Dec.  7.  He  brings  action 
against  sergeant-at-arms  for  arresting 
him.  1884.  Feb.  9.  Verdict  in  favor  of 
the  defendant.] 

Aug.  20.  Parliament:  The  City  of  Lon- 
don Parochial  Charities  Act  is  passed. 

Oct.  5.  Ire.  A  meeting  of  the  National 
League  at  Ennis  is  prohibited. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1882  Aug.  15.  Dublin.  The  Exhibi- 
tion of  Irish  Arts  and  Manufactures  is 
opened  hy  Lord  Mayor  Dawson.  [1883. 
Jan.  6.    Closes.] 

Sept.  9.  The  iron  ship  Panama  foun- 
ders off  Yarmouth  ;  20  perish. 

Sept.  18.  The  steamer  .^nsoim,  for  New 
York,  makes  the  passage  in  seven  days, 
eight  hours,  and  12  minutes.  Return 
passage  in  seven  days,  seven  hours,  and 
48  minutes. 

Sept.  *  The  telegraph  to  Panama  is  com- 
pleted. 

Nov.  16.  The  Winfnn  is  wrecked  off 
Ushant ;  24  lives  lost. 

Nov.  18.  Lmulnv.  The  Strand  Theater 
(rebuilt)  is  opened. 

Nov.  29.  The  St.  George  is  lost  off  Port- 
reath,  Cornish  coast ;  il  lives  lost. 

Dec.  7.  iMudon.  The  Alhambra,  Leices- 
ter Square,  is  burned. 

Dec.  S-10.  London.  Fire  consumes  a 
large  block  of  buildinga  on  W'oikI  Street ; 
loss,  nearly  £2,000,000;  one  life  lost. 

Dec.  13.    The  new  Town  Hall  at  Hove, 

Brighton,  is  opened. 
Dec.  15.    The  barque  Lanqritjg  Hall  is 
wrecked  off'  Wexford  ;  24  lives  lost. 

1883  Feb.  1,  Tlie  steamer  Kenmure 
Canile  is  wrecked  in  Bay  of  Biscay  ;  30 
lives  lost. 

Mar.  6.  Gales  cause  many  wrecks  in 
the  North  Sea  ;  382  lives  lost. 

Mar.  7.  Nor,  The  .Scotch  steamer  Xa- 
rarre  is  sunk  near  Christiansaud  ;  about 
745  lives  lost. 

Mar.  17 .  The  Ihm.itiiffnaiie  is  wrecked 
off  Aberdeen  ;  23  lives  lost. 

Mar.  *  The  steamer  Wykcham  of  Whitby 
founders  near  Idsboii ;  22  persons  are 
drowned. 

Apr.  24.  The  British  Commerce  is  sunk 
by  collision  with  the  County  of  Atierdeen, 
off  Selsea  Bill ;  25  persons  perish. 

May  3.  The  Grappler  bums  near  Bute 
Inlet  (Vancouver  Island) ;  about  70  lives 
are  lost. 

May  29.  Paris.  The  Suez  Canal  agree- 
ment (approved  by  the  British  Govern- 
ment Eeb.  25)  is  ratified  after  a  protest 
by  shareholders. 

June  3.  London.  The  National  Health 
.Society  opens  an  exhibition, 

June  30.  Edinhunih.  The  Theater  Royal 
is  again  burned.' 

July  3.  Srot.  The  Dapline  heels  over 
when  launched  ;  124  persons  drowneil. 

Ire.    An  Industrial  Exhibition 

opens  at  Cork. 

July  7.  London.  An  Irish  lace  exhi- 
bition opens  at  the  ^lansion  House. 

July  14.  The  new  municipal  buildings 
and  park  at  Dover  are  ojiened. 

Sept.  1,  2.  A  gale  causes  79  wrecks  on 
the  coasts. 

Ire.    The  police  become  disloyal. 


992     1883,  Nov.  3 -1885,  June  24.    GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY —  NAVY. 

1883-84  The  Sudanese  War  (p.  658). 
An  insurrection  in  the  Sudan,  began 
in  1881  under  the  leadership  of  Moham- 
med Ahmed  of  Dougola  (the  Mahdi),  de- 
velops into  a  war  against  the  Egyptian 
Government  with  the  object  of  expelling 
foreigners,  the  Mahdi  liaving  proclaimed 
himself  a  prophet  witli  a  mission  to  de- 
liver Islam  from  external  enemies. 

June  24.  Sir  Patrick  Grant  is  made 
field-marshal. 

Oct.*  The  Royal  Military  Tourna- 
ment is  organized,  with  the  oliject  of 
developing  in  the  army  skill  in  the  use 
of  arms. 

1884  July  24.  The  Elcho  Challenge 
Shield  is  won  by  Ireland.  [1885,  July 
23,  by  England  ;  1886,  July  22,  by  Ire- 
land ;  1887,  by  England  ;  1888,  July  19, 
by  Ireland.] 

Sept.  22.    The  gunboat  Wasp  ia  lost  in 

the  China  Sea ;  52  men  perish. 

Oct.  8.  The  iron-clad  Rodney  is 
launched  at  Chatham.  ri885.  Mar.  31, 
the  corvette  Mersey  at  Chatham ;  June 
15,  the  iron-clad  lienbow  at  Blackwall  ; 
July  27,  the  Icarus  at  Davenport ;  Sept. 
29,  the  corvette  Severn,  at  Chatham,  and 
the  gnn-vessel  Sivallow  at  Sheerness  ; 
Nov.  24,  The  war-ship  Camperdoion  at 
Portsmouth.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1883  Nov.  *  -Dec.  *  Intensely  red  sun- 
sets and  afterglow,  and  very  red  sunrises, 
are  seen  in  England  and  other  parts  of 
Great  Britain.  They  are  attributed  to 
the  volcanic  dust  projected  by  the  erup- 
tions of  Krakatua,  E.  I. 

Dec.  3.  London.  The  Alhambra  (re- 
built), Leicester  Square,  is  reopened. 

Dee.  17.    The   first   exhibition  of  the 

Institute  of  Painters  in  Oil    Colors  is 
opened. 

Dec.  *  Richard  Newsham  bequeaths  his 
art  collection,  worth  £70,000,  to  Pres- 
ton. 

*  *  London.  The  Seal  Society  is  founded. 

1884  Jan.  23-27.  Violent  gales  cause 
destruction  of  life  and  property. 

Apr.  14.  London.  The  Empire  The- 
ater, formerly  the  Pandora,  is  opened. 

Apr.  22.  Earthquake  shocks  create 
some  damage  in  the  eastern  counties. 

May  6.  A  new  Museum  of  Classical 
Art  and  Archeology  is  opened  at  Cam- 
bridge. 

May  9.  A  statue  of  the  queen,  by 
Thomas  Woolner,  is  uncovered  at  Bir- 
mingham. 

May  29.  London.  A  cable  tramway  is 
opened  on  Uighgate  Hill,  the  first  in 
Europe. 

July  26.  A  statue  of  Bnrns  is  luiveiled 
on  the  Thames  embankment. 

Nov.  8.  The  Preston  Park,  Brighton, 
is  opened. 

*  *  London.  The  Marine  Biological  Asso- 
ciation is  founded. 

*  *  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  composes  Princess 
Ilia.     [1885,  The  Mikado.] 

1885  Apr.  10.  Ihihlin.  The  founda- 
tion of  tlie  Museum  of  Science  and 
Art  is  laid. 

June  9.  London.  A  statue  of  Charles 
Barwin,  by  J.  E.  Boehm,  paid  for  by 
universal  subscription,  is  placed  in  the 
British  Museum ;  uncovered  by  Prof. 
Huxley. 

June  18.  An  earthquake  is  felt  in 
Yorkshire. 


BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1883  *  *  Bray,  Anne  E.,  novelist,  A83. 

Chambers,  William,  editor,  wr..  Snot.,  A83. 

Collier,  John  P.,  Shakespearean  critic,  com- 
mentator, A94. 

Farr,  William,  statistician,  A76. 

Innian,  George,  yacht  builder,  dies. 

Moffat,  Robert,  Scotch-Afr.  missionary,  A88. 

Sabine,  Edward,  astronomer,  A95. 
1884*  *  IJohn,  lienry  George,  publisher,  AR9. 

Buceleuch,  Duke  of,  Walter  F.  M.  I).  Scott, 
Scotch  statesman,  A78. 

Cowley,     Earl,    Henry     Richard     Charles 
Wellesley,  diplomatist,  A80. 

Hayward,  Abraham,  author,  A82. 

Horne,  Richard  H.,  author,  A81. 

Hnilah,  John  P.,  musical  composer,  ATI. 

Leopold  Charles  E.,  second  Duke  of  Albany, 
born. 

Leopold  George  Duncan  Albert,  duke  of  Al- 
bany, son  of  Victoria,  A31. 

Reade,  Charles,  novelist,  A70. 

Sullivan,  Alexander  Al.,  Irish  journalist,  ora- 
tor, statesman,  historian,  A54. 

Smith,  Robert  Angus,  chemist,  A67. 

Wellington,    Duke    of,    Arthur  K 1  c h  a r  d, 
scholar,  A77. 

CHURCH. 

1883  Nov.  3-84  Jime  3.  London. 
Moody  and  Sankey  hold  revival  meet- 
ings. 

*  *  The  Church  of  England  School  Com- 
pany is  founded.  [1884.  Feb.  21.  First 
annual  meeting.] 

1884  Apr.  25.  London.  The  Church 
of  the  Oratory  is  opened  at  South  Ken- 
sington. 

May  *  A  new  organ  is  set  up  at  "West- 
minster, 

June  14.  London.  Tlie  West  End  Cen- 
ter Salvation  Army  Building  is 
founded. 

*  *  The  Trinitarian  Bible  Society  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  The  Hermetic  Society,  a  mystical 
spiritual  philantliropic  association, 
based  upon  Christianity,  is  founded  by 
Dr.  Anna  Kingsford. 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Church  of  Eng- 
land) : 

Samuel  Shone  for  Kilmore,  William  Ben- 
nett Chester  for  Killaloe,  and  Lord  Plunket, 
archbishop  of  Dublin;  A.  \.  R.  Anson  for 
Qu'Appelle,  Kupertsland,  M.  8.  Baldwin  for 
Huron,  Can.,  William  Boyd  Carpenter  for 
Ripon,  George  Ridding  for  Southwell,  and 
Richard  Young  for  Athabasca,  Can.  [1885, 
Kdward  II.  Biekersteth  for  Exeter,  Charles 
Parsons  Reichel  for  Meath,  Ire.,  Charles 
Hamilton  for  Niagara,  C'an.,  Edward  King 
for  Lincoln,  Frederick  Temple  for  London, 
John  Wordsworth  for  Salisbury,  W.  T.  T. 
Webber  for  iirisliane,  Australia,  and  Lord 
A.  Compton  for  Ely.j 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Roman  Cath- 
olic) : 

John  Healy  coadjutor  of  Clonfert;  Abra- 
ham Browning,  biaiiop  of  Ossory,  also  James 
Browne  of  Ferns,  Thomas  O'Callaghan  of 
Cork.  [1885,  Apr.  2S,  William  J.  Walsh, 
archbishop  of  Dublin;  also  John  Butt  for 
Southwark,  William  Smith,  archbishop  of 
St.  Andrews  and  Ediulmrgh,  and  Nicolas 
Pagani,  bishop  of  Mangalore.] 

*  *  The  See  of  Southwell  is  founded. 

*  *  A  penny  Testament  is  published  by 
the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society. 

*  *  The  Church  of  England  Purity  Soci- 
ety, or  "White  Cro^  Army,  is  formed. 

1885  May  19.  The  revised  version  of 
the  Old  Testament  is  published. 

LETTERS. 

1883  Nov.  29.  London.  The  Society 
of  Positivists  meets  in  Newton  Hall  in 
Fleur-de-Lys  Court,  near  Gongh  Square. 
Discourses  on  philosophy,  morality, 
science,  politics,  etc.,  are  delivered,  their 
object  being  to  promote  the  perfection 


of  man  by  means  of  education  in  its 
widest  sense,  aindng  at  the  attaining  of 
universal  brotlierhood  independently  of 
all  professed  religious  sects. 
Nov.  *  Scot.  The  Jolm  Elder  professor- 
ship of  naval  architecture  at  the  l>un- 
dee  University  is  endowed  by  Mrs.  Elder 
to  the  amount  of  £12,500. 

*  *  The  University  College  of  South  Wales 
and  Monmouthshire,  at  Cardiff,  is> 
founded. 

*  *  Merry  England  Magazine  is  issued. 

*  *  The  Parthenon,  by  James  Fergusson^ 
appears. 

*  *  The  LifCy  Letters,  and  Literary  lie- 
mains  of  Edward  Bulwer,  Lord  Lytton, 
by  Owen  Meredith,  appears.  [1885,  (Uen- 
averil,  or  the  Metamorphoses ;  1887,  Jfter 
Paradise.] 

*  *  The  Art  of  England,  by  Ruskin,  ai>- 
pears.  [1884,  Cmli  Enarrant,  The  Pleas- 
ures of  Englami  and  The  Storm-Cloud 
of  the  Nineteenth  Century;  1885,  (>n  the 
did  Road;  Hortus  Inclusus;  1887,  LHlec- 
ta,  and  Prteterita.] 

*  *  Dissertations  on  Early  Lav  and  Cus- 
toms, by  Sir  H.  J.  S.  Maine,  appears. 

1884  Jan.  23.  The  Teachers*  Guild 
holds  its  first  public  meeting. 

Feh.  11.  Leaves  from  My  Journey  in  the 
Highlands,  by  Queen  Victoria,  appears. 

Apr.  3.  New  Educational  Codes  come 
into  force. 

Apr.  17.  New  municipal  offices  and  pub- 
lic free  library  are  opened  at  Leeds. 

Apr,  23.  London.  The  new  building  for 
St.  Paul's  School  is  opened  by  Lord 
Selborne. 

Apr.  29.  A  statute  is  passed  admitting 
women  to  examination  at  Oxford. 

May  *  London.  The  Society  of  Au- 
thors is  founded. 

July  16.  London.  The  British  Com- 
mercial Geographical  Society  is 
founded  at  the  Mansion  House. 

Aug.  4.  London.  An  educational  con- 
ference is  opened  at  South  Kensington. 

Oct.  5.  "Winchester  College  is  opened 
by  the  Earl  of  l^alhousie. 

Dec.  3.  Edinburgh.  The  Scottish  Geo- 
graphical Society  is  inaugurated. 

*  *  The  Pipe-Roll  Society,  for  printing 
all  extant  public  records  prior  to  the 
year  a.d.  1200,  Is  founded, 

*  *  Middlesex  County  Record  Society  is 
founded. 

*  *  London.  New  English  Dictionary , Fart 
I.,  edited  by  James  Augustus  Henry 
Murray,  and  published  by  the  London 
Philological  Society,  appears. 

*  *  Shakespearean  Predecessors  in  the  Eng- 
lish Drama,  by  Symonds,  appears. 

*  *  Dawn2i.nA  The  WitcJi's  Head,  hy  Henry 
Uider  Haggard,  appear.  [1885,  King 
Solomon's  Mines;  1887,  She;  188S,  Mat- 
wa's  Revenge.] 

1885  Jan.*  The  Manchester  Geo- 
graphical Society  is  established. 

June  4.  ir.  The  University  College 
of  North  Wales,  at  Bangor,  is  founded. 

June  10.  Yorkshire  Institute  is  opened 
by  the  Marquis  of  Lome. 

SOCIETY. 

1883  Dec.  *  1884  Feb.  8.  About  18,000 
cotton-weavers  in  the  northwestern  dis- 
stricts  strike  against  a  reduction  of 
wages  ;  they  yield  under  certain  condi- 
tions. 

Dec.  8.  London.  The  Prince  of  Wales 
is  made  grand  master,  past  and  pres- 
ent, of  the  Mark  Masons. 

Dec.  17.  Edinburgh.  Terence  M'Der- 
mott  and  nine  others  are  tried  at  Edin- 
burgh for  conspiracy  to  blow  up  build- 
ings in  Glasgow;  M'Dermott  and  four 


AND    IRELAND.      1883,  Nov.  3-1885,  June  24.     993 


of  the  conspirators  are  B«ntenceil  to 
penal  servitude  for  life,  five  others  to 
seven  years. 

Dec.  18.  JUiblin.  James  Poole  is  exe- 
cutetl  for  the  murder  of  John  Kenny, 
the  informer. 

♦  *  Scot.  Through  the  Improvement  Act, 
great  numhers  of  rookeries  are  re- 
moved from  Glasgow,  and  houses  replace 
them. 

1884  Feb.  2.  Tendon,  Portmanteaus 
containing  djmamite  and  clockwork 
of  American  make,  which  had  failed, 
are  found  at  Charing  Cross  and  Padding- 
ton  stations.  [Mar.  1.  A  similar  satchel 
is  found  at  hudgate  Hill  station.] 

Mar.  *  Justice  Stephens  decides  that 
cremation  is  legal. 

Apr.  4-8.  A  riot  occurs  at  Kiddermin- 
ster. 

Apr.'*  Treasonable  plans  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  an  Irish  Republic  are  dis- 
covered in  James  F.  Kgan's  garden  at 
Birmingham. 

Apr.  *  London.    The  shoemakers  strike. 

July  8.  Lontlon.  The  Society  for  the 
Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Children  is 
founded. 

July  21.  London.  About  40.000  persona 
meet  in  Hyde  Park  to  pr<>te.st  against 
the  peers'  rejection  of  tlie  Franchise 
Kill,  and  to  support  the  Gladstone  Min- 
istry. 

July  22.  A  great  Conservative  demon- 
stration is  made  at  Sheffield. 

July  26.  Three  grreat  meetings  aro 
held  in  Manchester  to  support  the  Gov- 
ernment and  the  Franchise  Rill.  [Aug. 
9.    Demonstration  by  Conservatives.] 

July  •  A  strike  in  the  cotton-trade  oc- 
curs. 

Aug.  1.  Lomlon.  A  jubilee  meeting 
at  Guildhall  celebrates  the  abolition  of 
slavery  in  the  British  colonies. 

Aug.  4.  A  great  reform  demonstration 
is  made  at  Birmingham. 

Oct.  13.  A  Conservative  demonstration 
at  Aston,  in  Birmingham,  is  prevented 
by  rioters ;  many  are  wounded  and 
much  damage  done. 

Oct.  *  Great  distress  is  felt  at  Newcastle 
through  want  of  employment. 

Nov.  28.  Ire.  An  attempt  is  made  to 
destroy  by  dynamite  Edinburgh 
House,  near  Tralee,  Kerry ;  no  deaths. 

Dec.  23.  The  Barnsley  coal-miners* 
long  strike  ends. 

*  •The  Church  of  England  Purity  So- 
ciety (White  Cross  Army;  is  established 
by  Miss  EUice  Hopkins. 

1885  Jan.  7.  Tlxe  slave-trade  is  pro- 
hibited at  a  West  African  conference. 

Jan.  15.  London,  Mr.  Bishop,  the  mind- 
reader,  is  sentencetl  to  pay  £10,000  dam- 
ages to  Mr.  Maskelyne  for  libel  In  Truth 
of  July,  1883. 

Feb.  10.  London.  The  unemployed  so- 
cial democratic  federation  Iiold  a  great 
meeting  on  the  Thames  embankment. 

Feb.  *  Tlie  Iiadies'  National  Aid  Soci- 
ety, for  the  relief  of  the  sick  and 
wounded  in  the  Soudan  and  Egypt,  is 
formed. 

Mar.  16.  Two  thousand  miners  in  West 
Cumberland  strike.  [Apr.* -May  * 
About  half  the  colliers  in  Yorkshire 
strike.] 

Apr.  8.  Dublin.  The  Prince  of  "Wales 
arrives  on  a  visit. 

May  1.  Ire.  The  Irish  Loyal  and  Pa- 
triotic Union  is  established. 

June  16.  London.  The  HoUoway  Asy- 
lum at  Kgham,  for  the  insane,  ia 
opened  by  the  Prince  of  Wales. 


STATE. 

1883  Nov,  13.  Ire.  The  meetings  of 
theOrangemen  and  National  Leaguers  at 
Garrison,  Fermanagh,  are  prohibited. 

Dec.  5.  Ire.  Sir  E.  Sullivan  becomes 
lord  chancellor. 

*  *  ParUament :  The  Enclosure,  Copy- 
hold, and  Tithes  commissions  are  united 
in  one  body. 

*  *  ParUament:  The  Agricultural  Hold- 
ings Act  is  passed. 

*  *  H.  3j.  A  bill  for  prohibiting  shooting 
pigeons  rising  from  a  trap,  attended 
with  cruelties,  is  rejected.    Vote,  30-17. 

*  *  lAindon.  K.N.  Fowler, M.P.,  is  elected 
lord  mayor. 

1884  Feb.  11.    H.C.   Mr.Bradlaugh 

enters,  and  administers  the  oath  to  him- 
self ;  he  takes  his  seat,  and  the  Commons 
votes  to  exclude  him.  Vote,  228-120. 
[Feb.  19.  Bradlaugh  is  again  reelected 
for  Northampton.  Feb.  21.  The  Com- 
mons again  votes  to  exclude  him.  Vote, 
2'26-173.] 

Feb.  26.  H.  C.  Arthur  Wellesley 
Peel  is  elected  Speaker. 

Feb.  28.  H.  C.  Mr.  Gladstone  intro- 
duces the  New  Eeform  Bill. 

Feb.  *  The  name  Fifth  Party  is  applied 
to  the  advocates  of  temperance  in  the 
House  of  Commons. 

Feb.*  A  society  to  introduce  propor- 
tional representation  is  formed. 

Mar.  6.  H.  C.  A  Parnellite  land-law 
amendment  bill  is  rejected.    Vote,  235- 

72. 

Apr.  11.  James  Francis  Egan  and  Pat- 
rick Hogan  are  arrested  at  Birming- 
ham ;  treasonable  papers  about  an  Irish 
republic  are  discovered  in  Egan's  gar- 
den. 

Apr.  20,  Beatrice  (fifth  child)  is  born  to 
Prince  Alfred-Ernest. 

June  15.  The  trial  of  Bradlaugh  for 
voting  without  taking  the  oath  begins 
in  the  Queen's  Bench.  [June  30.  Ver- 
dict is  rendered  for  the  Crown.  1886. 
Jan.  28.  The  Lords*  justices  disallow 
his  appeal.] 

June  28.  London.  A  Conference 
meets  to  discuss  Egyptian  affairs. 

Members  :     Earl    Granville,    foreign 

secretary  ;  Hugh  C.  E.  Childers,  chan- 
cellor of"  the  exchequer  ;  and  the  follow- 
ing ambassadors  ;  Count  Karolyi  (Aust.), 
M,  W^addington  (Fr,),  Count  Munster 
(Ger.),('ount  Nigra  (It.),  Count  De  Staal 
(Rus.),  and  Musurus  Pasha  (Turk.). 

JiUy  10.  H.  li.  The  Women^s  Suf- 
frage Bill  is  rejected. 

July  19.  Leopold  Charles  (second 
child)  born  to  Prince  Leopold. 

Aug.  14.  Parliament:  The  Post-Office 
Protection  Act  is  passed. 

Oct.  20.  George  Otto  Trevelyan  be- 
comes chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of  Lan- 
caster. 

Oct.  24.    Ire.     H.  Campbell-Banner- 

man  is  sworn  in  as  chief  secretary. 

Oct.  28.    The  Maamtrasma  trial;  the 

verdict  is  supported  by  the  Commons. 

Nov.  *  E.  I.     The    Marquis    of    Ripon. 

governor-general,  dies,  and  is  succeeded 

by  the  Earl  of  Duiferin. 
Nov.  3.    H.  L.    Lord  Petre,  a  Roman 

Catholic  priest,  takes  bis  seat. 
Nov.  6.    ir.  Afr.    A  British  protectorate 

is  proclaimed  in  New  Guinea. 

Nov.  18.  George  Shaw-Lefevre  is  ap- 
pointed postmaster-geueral. 


1885  Jan.  24.  H.  C.  Adynamite 
explosion  takes  place  in  the  House, 
resulting  in  much  damage  ;  three  assist- 
ants are  hurt ;  greater  damage  is  pre- 
vented by  the  courage  of  two  policemen 
in  removing  blazing  destructives. 

Feb.  11.  The  Earl  of  Rosebery  is  made 
lord  privy  seal. 

Feb.  24.  H.  C.  It  first  applies  new 
Hules  and  Cloture;  it  expels  :\Ir. 
O'Brien. 

Feb.  27,  28.  H.  L.  A  motion  of  cen- 
sure on  the  Government  respecting 
Egypt  is  passed.  Vote,  189-58.  H.C.  It 
is  rejected.     Vote,  302-288. 

Mar.  3.  H.  C.  The  proposal  of  the  So- 
ciety for  Proportion^  Kepresenta- 
tion  is  rejected.    Vote,  134-31. 

Apr.  14.     London.    Sir  R.  N.  Fowler  is 

reelected  lord  mayor. 
Apr.  25.    Ire,    John  Naish  is  made  lord 

chancellor. 

June  9.  The  Gladstone  Ministry  re- 
signs on  account  of  minority  in  the 
Commons  on  the  Budget  Bill.     Vote, 

2G4-252. 

June  24.  Robert  Arthur  Talbot  Gas- 
coyne-Cecil,  Marquis  of  Salisbury, 
forms  a  Ministry. 

Members :  Marquis  of  Salisbury  (For. 
Sec),  Sir  Stafford  North<-ote  [Earl  of  Irtdes- 
leigh],  (L.  Treaa.),  Sir  Hardlnge  Giffard,  Lord 
Halabury  (L.  Chanc),  Gathorne  Gatliorne- 
Hardy,  Viscount  Cranbrook  (Pres.  Council), 
Dudley  Francis  Stuart  Ryder,  Earl  of  Har- 
rowby,  Sir  Ricliard  Assbeton  Cross  (Home 
Sec),  Col.  Frederick  Arthur  Stanley  (Colo- 
nial Sec),  Lord  Randolph  ilenry  Spencer- 
Churchill  (Sec  for  India),  William  Henry 
Smith  (Sec.  for  War),  [1886,  Jan.  23,  suc- 
ceeded by  Viscount  Cranbrook],  Lord  George 
Francis  Hamilton  (First  L.  of  Adnu.  Sir 
Michael  Edward  Hicks-Beach  (Cbanc  Ex- 
cheq.),theEarlof  Carnarvon  (L.  I.ieut.  Ire.), 
Edward  Gibson  [Lord  Ashbourne],  the  Lmke 
of  Richmond  (Pres.  Board  of  Trade),  Lord 
John  Manners  (P.  M.  Gen.),  Edward  Stan- 
hope (Vice  Pres.  Council),  Henry  Chaplin 
(Chanc  Duchy  of  Lancaster),  Arthur  J.  Bal- 
four (Pres.  Local  Gov.  Board),  Sir  William 
Hart-Dyke  (Sec.  Ire.),  David  Robert  Plunket 
(Com.  of  Works),  Sir  Rlcltard  E.  Webster 
(Atty.-Gen.),  and  John  E.  Gorst  (Solicitor- 
Gen.). 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1883  Nov.  8.  The  Iris  is  sunk  off  Cape 
Villano ;  35  lives  lost. 

Dec.  11.  The  steamer  Auk  is  wrecked 
at  South  Hendon  ;  22  lives  lost. 

*  *  London.  The  Metropolitan  Railway 
reports  36,753,321  passengers  carried  in 
six  months  without  accident. 

1884  June  3.  A  railway  train  goes 
over  an  embankment  between  Brea- 
more  and  Downton  ;  five  persf>ns  are 
killed  and  41  injured.  [July  16.  Another 
at  Bullhouse  Bridge,  near  Peniston  ;  24 
lives  are  lost.] 

June  4,  London.  Fire  destroys  the  East 
End  aquarium,  menagerie,  and  wax- 
works at  Bishopsgate., 

Aug.  2,  3.  The  steamer  Dione  collides 
with  (7r/mrfe?iand  sinks  near  Oravesend  ; 
about  17  are  drowned, 

Nov.  1.  Scot.  A  false  alarm  of  fire  at 
the  Star  Theater,  Glasgow,  causes  15 
deaths. 

1885  Feb.  13.    The  Mersey  Tunnel, 

Liverpool,  is  opened. 

June  18.  A  mine  explosion  at  Clifton 
Hall,  near  Pendlebury,  Lancashire, 
causes  177  deaths. 


994     1885,  June  25-1886,**        GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1885  July  13-25.  Tlie  National  Asso- 
ciation for  rifle-shooting  meets  at  Wim- 
bledon ;  Sergt.  Bulmer,  2(1  Lincoln, 
wins  the  queen'  prize. 

[1886,  July  12-24,  Private  Jackson,  Ist  V. 
B.  Lincoln;  1887,  July  11-23,  Lieut.  Warren, 
Ist  Middlesex  rifles;  1888,  July  9-21,  Private 
Fulton,  13tU  Middlesex.] 

1886  Feb.  22.  The  Duke  of  Edin- 
burgh assumes  command  of  the  fleet 
in  the  Mediterranean. 

July  10.    Iiord  'Williain  Paulet  is 

made  field-marshal. 

Aug.  16.  Sham  naval  battles  take 
place  at  Milford  Haven. 

Aug.  23.  The  cruiser  Orlando  is 
laimched  at  Jarrow-on-Tyne.  [Nov. 
25,  the  cruiser  Utulaunted  at  Jarrow-on- 
Tyne  ;  Dec.  15,  the  cruiser  Xarcissus 
at  Hull;  1887,  Sept.  20,  the  turret-ram 
Trafalgar  at  Portsmouth. 

Nov.  9.  The  Distinguished  Service 
Order  is  instituted  for  military  and 
naval  oflacers. 


Hobart-Hampden,  Augustus  Charles  (Ho- 

bart  Pasha),  admiral,  A64. 
Maas,  Joseph,  singer,  A39. 
Macpherson,  Sir  Herbert  Taylor,  gen.,  A59. 
May,  Sir  Tboinas  Krskine,  Jurist,  hist.,  A71. 
Olipbant,  Mrs.  Laurence,  Octavie    L'£s- 

trange,  author,  A45  * . 
Taylor,  Sir  Henry,  poet,  A86. 
Trench,  Kicliard  C,  archbishop  of  Dublin, 

author,  A79. 
Trevelyan,  Sir  Charles,  publicist,  A79. 
Tulloch,  John,  theologian,  author,  Scot.,  A63. 
Webster,  Thomas,  artist,  A86. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1885  Oct.  1.  A  statue  of  the  Earl  of 
Shaftesbury,  Westminster  Abbey,  is  un- 
covered. 

Uov.  30.  London,  George  Gabriel 
Stokes  is  made  president  of  the  Boyal 
Society. 

*  *  London,  The  Home  Arts  Associa- 
tion is  established. 

1886  Jan.  *  Three  comets  are  visible, 
Brook's,  Fabry's,  and  Barnard's. 

May  4.  London.  A  Colonial  and  Indian 
Exhibition  is  opened  at  South  Kensing- 
ton. 

July  15.  London.  The  Thompson 
smoke-consuming  furnace  is  success- 
fully tried  on  the  Thames. 

Aug.  29.  W.  I.  A  solar  eclipse  is  well 
observed  and  photographed  at  Grenada 
by  a  Governnient  expedition. 

Sept.  4.  A  waterspout  does  much  dam- 
age at  Swansea. 

Dec.  8,  9.  The  south  and  west  of  Eng- 
land are  visited  by  a  destructive  gale 
and  storm.  [Dec.  26,  27.  A  snowstorm 
does  great  damage  in  the  west.] 

Dec.  15.  London.  A  statue  of  Queen 
Anne,  at  the  west  front  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral,  is  uncovered  by  the  lord 
mayor. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1885  *  *  Abercorn,  Duke  of,  James  Hamilton, 
statesman,  Ireland,  A74. 

Cairns,  Lord,  Hugh  McCalmont,  statesman, 
Ireland,  A66. 

Fraser,  James,  bishop  of  Manchester,  philan- 
thropist, A  67. 

<iordon,  Charles  George  (Chinese  Gordon), 
major-general,  traveler,  A54. 

Halifax,  Viscount,  Sir  Charles  Wood,  states- 
man, A85. 

Houebton,    Lord,     Klchard    Monckton 
Milnes,  statesman,  author,  A76. 

MacCabe,  Edward,  cardinal,  archbishop 
of  Dublin,  A69. 

Muirhead,  John,  engineer,  inventor,  A78. 

O'Hagan,  Baron,  judge,  Ireland,  A73. 

Parkes,  Sir  Harry  Smitli,  diplomatist,  A57. 

Sartorius,  Sir  (Jeorge  Kose,  admiral,  A95. 

Shaftesbury,  Earl  of,  Anthony  A.  Cooper, 
philanthropist,  A84. 

Shairp,  John  C,  scholar,  author,  Scot.,  A66. 

Strathnairn,  Lord,  Hugh  Henry  Rose,  field- 
marshal,  A82. 

Yeitch.  John,  author,  Scotland,  A90. 
1886*  *  Anderson,  Sir  John,  gun  Inventor, 
A72. 

Archer,  Frederick  James,  jockey,  A30. 

Caldecott,  Randolph,  artist,  A40. 

Cardwell,  Viscount,  Edward,  states.,  A73. 

Churehill,  Henry  Adrian,  diplomatist,  dies. 

Collins,  Frances,  novelist,  dies. 

Goddard,  Bouverie,  j)ainter.  A-')4. 


CHURCH. 

1885  July  21.  A  AVesleyan  Metho- 
dist Conference  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne 

opens. 
Oct.  *  Edinburgh.      The  Scottish  Home 
Mission  to  Jews  is  foimded. 

*  *  Scot.     The  Jewish  Mission  of   the 

United  Presbyterian  Cliurch  is  founded. 

1886  Feb.  16.    The  House  of  Laymen 

first  meets,  a  consultative  body  having 
102  members,  to  assist  the  convocation  of 
(Church  of  England)  clergy. 

May  13.  H.  L.  The  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  introduces  the  Chiurch  Pat- 
ronage Bill  to  check  sales,  give  rights 
to  petitioners,  etc.  [1887,  Apr.  1.  Passes 
the  Lords.] 

May  28-June  4.  London.  The  Inter- 
national Salvation  Army  Congress 
meets. 

June  29.  Jre.  The  Unionist  Roman 
Catholics  present  a  «Iubilee  address  to 
the  queen. 

July  *  Ire.  Monsignor  Persico  repre- 
sents the  Pope  in  a  visit  to  Ireland. 

Oct.  5.  The  Church  Congress  is  held 
at  Wakefield.  [1887,  Oct.  Si.  At  Wolver- 
hampton ;  1888,  Oct.  1±,  at  Manchester.] 

Oct.  25.  London.  Rev.  H.  R.  Haweis 
of  St.  James,  Marylebone,  is  prohibited 
by  his  bishop  from  preaching  in  the  City 
Temple. 

•  *  London.  Churchesof  thecity  ;  Church 
of  England,  920 ;  Dissenters,  aoout  700. 


LETTERS. 

1885  Nov.  *  London.  The  Selbome 
Society  is  founded.  [Dec,  Bacon  So- 
ciety ;  later,  Shelley  Society.] 

*  *  Law  Quarterly  lieview  is  issued. 

*  *  Six  Centuries  of  }Vork  and  Wages,  by 
James  Edwin  Th'orold  Rogers,  appears. 
[1887,  A  History  of  Agriculture  and 
Prices  in  E7igland.] 

1886  Nov.  *  Gr.  The  British  Scliool 
of  Archeology  is  opened  at  Athens. 

Dec.  15.  The  new  buildings  of  Sion's 
College  and  Hospital  are  opened  by 
the  Prince  of  Wales. 

*  *  Mansfield  College,  Oxford,  for  Non- 
conformists, is  founded. 

*  *  The  International  Copyright  Act  is 
passed. 

*  *  London.  The  English  Historical  Re- 
view is  issued. 

*  *  LocTcsley  Hall,  Sixty  Years  After,  by 
Tennyson,  appears.  [1889.  Demeterand 
Other  Poems. ^ 


SOCIETY. 

1885  July  16.  About  3,000  cotton- 
weavers  of  Lancashire  strike.  [Sept. 
2-17.  4,700  men  at  Elswick  Iron  Uorks, 
Newcastle,  strike.] 

July  23.  Princess  Beatrice  marries 
Prince  Henry  of  Battenberg. 

Sept.*  Ind.  Female  suffrage  is 
grunted  in  the  Madras  presidency. 


Sept.*  Ire.  The  Crimes  Act  expires; 
boycotting  and  other  outrages  are  re- 
newed. 

Oct.  *  Ire.    The  Cork  Defence  Union 

is  formed  by  the  landlords  to  oppose  the 
Irish  National  League.  [The  Irish  De- 
fence Union  is  formed  to  support  the 
local  Defence  Unions.] 
Oct.  *  About  25,000  cotton-weavers  at  Old- 
ham strike  against  10  per  cent  reduc- 
tion in  wages  ;  the  workmen  compromise 
on  a  5  per  cent  reduction. 

Nov.  13.  Ire.  Moonlighters  unsuccess- 
inWy  attack  Castle  Farm,  Molahiffe,  to 
obtain  arms. 

Nov.  *  The  engineers  at  Simderlaud  re- 
turn to  work  after  having  been  on 
strike  for  two  and  a  half  years. 

Nov.  *  The  Selbome  Society,  for  the 
preservation  of  birds,  plants,  and  pleas- 
ant places,  is  established. 

*  *  Ire.  Agrarian  offenses  reported  are 
944. 

1886  Jan.  6-Feb.  24.  Shipwrights  on 
the  Tyue  and  Wear  strike. 

Jan.  30.  Northumberland  miners  strike. 
[May  23-28.    Work  resumed.] 

Feb.  9,  10.  London.  Riotous  meet- 
ings are  held  in  Trafalgar  Square. 
[Mar.  *  Rioters  are  sentenced  to  various 
terms  of  imprisonment.] 

Feb.  11-16.  A  strike  occasions  rioting 
at  I^eicester  ;  quelled  by  police. 

May  14-Oct.  27.  Engineers  at  Bolton 
strike  ;  the  trouble  is  settled  by  concili- 
ation. 

May  *  Ire.  Intimidation  is  practised 
by  the  House  League  upon  owners  of 
houses  in  Kerry  and  elsewhere,  to  secure 
a  reduction  of  rent. 

June  2.  The  anmial  congress  of  cyclists 
meets  at  Colchester. 

June  3,  13,  21.  Ire.  Hiots  occur  in 
Belfast  between  Catholic  and  Protestant 
workmen  ;  many  lives  are  lost.  [Aug. 
9,  14.  Rioting  continues  :  11  killed.  Aug. 
15.    Suppressed.] 

June  *  -July  *  Shropshire  iron-workers 
successfully  strike. 

July  14-16.  London.  The  British  and 
Colonial  Congress  meets,  bishop  of 
London,  president. 

July  *  The  "Woman's  Suffrage  Society 

holds  its  annual  meeting. 

July  *  Scot,  Riotous  resistance  is  made 
to  ejectments  at  Greenhill  Farm,  Isle 
of  Tiree,  Hebrides.  300  men  repulse  50 
police  ;  marines  restore  order.  [Dec.  14. 
Six  crofters  are  sentenced  to  three 
months'  imprisonment.] 

Aug.  19-22.  About  1,000  delegates  at- 
tend a  convention  of  the  Irish  Na- 
tional League  at  Chicago,  U.  S.  A.; 
John  Fitzgerald,  president. 

Sept  1  Hr,  Ire.  Occasional  rioting  occurs 
at  AVest  Belfast  between  Protestants 
and  Catholics. 

Sept.  12.  About  15,000  operatives  in  the 
wrought-nail  trade  of  South  Stafford- 
shire strike. 

Sept.  19.     Riots  occur  at  Liverpool. 

Sept.  26,  Ire.  Armed  moonlighters 
are  captured  at  Castle  Island,  in  Kerry. 
Fatal  riots  occur  at  West  Belfast ;  two 
persons  killed. 

Sept.  30.  A  riot  occurs  among  coal- 
miners  at  Plas-Power  colliery  near 
Wrexham. 

Oct.  4.  Ire.  Two  women  who  refuse  to 
give  up  arms  are  shot  by  moonlighters 
near  WiUiamstown,  in  Cork. 

Nov.  9.  Tlie  Distinguished  Service 
Order  is  instituted. 


AND   IRELAND.        1885,  June  25-1886,^ 


995 


Dec.  8.  Trc.  Tlie  Fenian  Brotherhood 
expels  O'Donovan  Bossa. 

Dec.  23.  Dublin.  ,Iohn  Dillon  and  Ave 
other  Irish  members  of  Parliament,  and 
William  O'Brien,  editor  of  United  Ire- 
land^ are  tried  for  illegal  rent  coUect- 
ine.  [1S87.  Jan.  U.  They  are  commit- 
ted and  bailed.  Feb.  U.  Trial  resumed. 
Feb.  24.  Jury  disagree.  Apr.  1.  Pro- 
ceedings withdrawn.] 

•  *  London.  The  Socialist  League  is 
formed  by  William  Morris,  John  Burns, 
H.  M.  Hyndman,  and  H.  H.  Champion. 

•  *  London.  The  National  Conservative 
Club  is  organized. 

STATE. 

1885  June  25.  ParUament:  The  Re- 
distribution of  Seats  Act  is  passed. 

July  1.  Parliament:  Special  postal 
trains  are  established. 

July  6.  H.  C.  It  refuses  to  permit  Mr. 
Bradlaugh  to  take  the  oath.'  Vote,  263- 
219. 

Aug.  14.  Charles  Henry,  Duke  of  Rich- 
mond, is  appointed  secretary  for  Scot- 
land. 

Parliament:  Lord  Ashbourne's 
Act,  granting  £5,000,000  for  the  pur- 
ch:ise  of  land  in  Ireland  by  tenants,  to 
be  paid  by  instalments,  is  passed. 

Parliament  is  prorogued.  [Nov.  18. 
Dissolved.] 

Oct.  5.  Ire.  The  first  county  conven- 
tion is  held  at  Wicklow  under  Mr. 
Parnell. 

Oct.  7.  The  Royal  Commission  for  in- 
quiry into  causes  of  depression  of 
trade  holds  its  first  meeting.  Karls  Id- 
desleigh  and  Dunraven,  Mr.  G.  Sclater 
Booth,  Prof.  Bonamy  Price,  and  20  others 
present.  [1887.  Feb.  *  It  reports  the 
probable  causes,  —  overproduction,  the 
rise  in  the  price  of  gold,  and  the  fall  in 
prices.] 

Nov.  23.-Dec.  18.  Greneral  election: 
333  Liberals,  251  Conservatives,  86  Par- 
nellites,  are  elected, 

I>eo.  *  Sir  Henry  Lopes  is  made  a  lord 
justice. 

•  *  London.  John  Staples  is  elected  lord 
mayor. 

•  *  E.I.  The  British  settle  in  Upper 
Burmah. 

•  *  W.  Afr.  Niger  districts  are  occupied 
by  settlers. 

•  *  5.  Afr.  Colonists  settle  in  Bechu- 
anal  arid. 

•  •  Ire.    Population,  4,962,000. 

1886  Jan.  12.     Parliament   meets. 

[June  26.    Dissolved.] 

Jan.  13.  H.  C.  Mr.  Bradlaugh  takes 
the  oath  in  the  Commons. 

Jan.  *  Ire.  'William  H.  Smith  is  chief 
secretary  for  a  few  days, 

Jan.  27.  The  Salisbury  Ministry  re- 
signs, being  defeated  in  the  Commons 
on  an  amendment  to  the  address. 

Feb.  2.  Ire.  John  Naish  is  made  lord 
chancellor. 

Feb.  5.  Ire.  The  Earl  of  Aberdeen  is 
appointed  lord-lieutenant. 

Feb.  6.  Sir  Charles  Russell  becomes 
attorney-general,  and  Sir  Horace  Davey 
solicitor-general. 

Ix>rd  Wolverton,  George  Grenfell 
Glyn,  is  appointed  postmaster-general. 

Sir  Farrer  Herschel,  Ijord  Herschel, 
is  made  lord  high  chancellor. 


The  third  administration  of  "William 
Bwart  Gladstone  is  formed. 

W.  K.  Gladstone  (I>.  Treas.),  Sir  Farrer 
Herschel  (L.  (Jliaiic),  Earl  Spencer  (L.  Pres, 
Council),  Sir  WilUain  V.  Harcourt  (Chanc. 
Kxcheq.),  Hugh  Culling  E.  Chiklers  (Home 
Sec),  Archibald  P.  I'rimrose,  Earl  of  Rose- 
bery  (For.  Sec),  George  I^ve8on-( lower, 
Earl  Granville  (Colonial  Sec),  John  Wode- 
House,  Earl  of  Klmberley  (Sec.  for  India), 
Henry  Campbell-liannerman  (Sec.  for  War), 
Earl  de  Gray  and  Uipon  (L.  of  Adni.),  An- 
thony James  Mundella  (I'res.  Board  of 
Trade),  Joseph  Chamberlain  (Pres.  of  Local 
Gov.  Board)  [Mar.  27,  succeeded  by  James 
stansfeld],  John  Morley  (Sec  for  Ire.)  [Mar. 
24,  succeeded  by  John  William  Ramsay,  Earl 
of  balliousie],  George  Otto  Trevelyan  (Sec 
for  Scot.),  Edward  Heneage  (Chanc.  Duchy 
of  Lancaster)  [Apr.,  succeeded  by  Sir  U.Kay- 
Shuttleworth],  All>ert  Edmund  Parker,  Earl 
of  Morley  (Com.  of  Works)  [Apr.  13,  smv 
ceeded  by  Victor  Alexander  Bruce,  Earl  of 
Elgin]. 

Feb.  10.  London.  A  British  Home 
Rule  (for  Ireland)  Association  is  formed. 

Feb.  15.    John  "W.  Mellor  is  made 

judge-advocate-general. 

Mar.  5.  H.  C.  The  proposed  abolition 
of  the  hereditary  principle  is  negatived. 

Apr.  8,  H.  C.  Mr.  Gladstone  intro- 
duces his  Home-Rule  Bill,  "  to  make 
better  provision  for  the  government  of 
Ireland." 

It  proposes  to  establish  a  legislative  body 
in  Dublin, to  consistof  two  orders:  (I)  28  rep- 
resentative i>eerB  and  75  members  elected  for 
10  years  ;  (2)  the  present  103  Irish  members, 
and  101  additional ;  the  lord-lieutenant  with 
a  privy  council  to  be  independent  of  Great 
Britain  ;  the  new  hotly  empowered  to  enact 
laws,  and  to  impose  and  collect  taxes,  except 
the  customs,  but  not  to  interfere  with  the 
army  and  navy,  or  foreign  and  colonial  af- 
fairs, and  not  to  enact  any  religions  endow- 
ment; present  legal  and  police  arrangements 
to  remain  temporarily  subject  to  the  crown  ; 
no  Irish  members  to  sit  at  Westminster. 
[Apr.  13,  14.  The  bill  Is  read  a  first  time  In 
the  Commons.  June  7,  H.  Its  second  reading 
Is  rejected  in  the  Commons.  Vote,  343-313, 
the  majority  including  2.^0  Tories  and  93  Lib- 
erals. ] 

Apr.  16.  H.  C.  The  sale  and  purchase 
of  the  Land  Bill  (Ireland)  is  introduced 
by  Mr.  Gladstone  ;  the  issue  of  50,000,000 
3  per  cent  stock  from  1887-90  is  jtroposed. 

Apr.  *  Lo7uton.  Private  posting-boxes 
are  sanctioned. 

May  10,    Lord  Redesdale,  chairman  of 

_  committees  since  1851,  dies,  and  is  suc- 
ceeded by  the  Diike  of  Buckingham. 

May  11.  H,  C.  Proposed  abolition  of 
the  piuiishnicnt  of  death  is  defeated. 
Vote,  117-62. 

May  14,  15.  Meetings  of  Conservatives 
and  Liberals  declare  against  Glad- 
stone's Irish  policy ;  over  70  Liberal 
M.  P.'s  desert  their  party;  they  and 
their  followers  become  known  as  Xiib- 
eral  Unionists,  or  dissenting  Liberals. 

June  18.  Ire.  Armagh  and  Tyrone  are 
proclaimed  under  the  Peace  Preserva- 
tion Act. 

June  25.  Parliament:  An  Act  Is  passed 
giving  the  Scotch  crofters  fixity  of  ten- 
ure, enlargement  of  holdings,  and  state 
aid  to  fisheries.     [1888.    Amended.] 

Jime  26.    Parliament  is  dissolved. 

Jtily*  General  election  takes  place  on 
the  issue  of  Gladstone's  Irish  Home 
Rule  policy.  [316  Tories,  191  Liberals, 
78  Liberal  Unionists,  and  85  Parnellites 
(Irish  Home  Rulers)  are  elected.] 

July  20.  Tlie  Gladstone  administra- 
tion resigns. 


July  21. .  Ire.    Belfast    is    proclaimed 

because   of  rioting   between  Catholics 
and  Protestants. 

July  23.  The  United  Kingdom  Home 
Rule  (for  Ireland)  Xjeague  is  formed. 

July  26.  The  second  Salisbury  admin- 
istration is  formed. 

Members:  Marquis  of  Salisbury  (Premier 
and  Treas.),  Lord  Halsbury  (L.  Chanc), 
Vise.  Craubrook  (L.I'res.  Council),  Lord  Ran- 
dolph Henry  Spencer-Churchill  (Chanc.  Ex- 
cheq.),  Henry  Matthews  (Home  Sec.)^  Staf- 
ford Henry  Jiorthcote,  Earl  of  Iddesleigh 
(For.  Sec),  Edward  Stanhope  (Sec.  Colo- 
nies) [later,  Sir  Henry  Thurstan  Holland], 
Sir  Richard  Cross  [Viscount  Cross]  (Sec.  for 
India),  William  Henry  Smith  (Sec.  \Var\, 
Lord  George  Francis  Hamilton  (L.  Adnur.)', 
Edward  Gibson,  Lord  Ashbourne  (L.  Chanc 
of  Ire.),  Sir  Michael  Edward  Hicks-Beach 
(Sec.  for  Ire.),  Lord  John  Manners,  Duke 
of  Rutlanil  (Chanc  l)uchy  of  Lancaster), 
and  Sir  Frederick  Stanley,  Lord  Stanley 
of  Preston  (Pres.  Board  of  Trade). 

George  Henry  Cadogan  [Earl  Cadogan] 
(L.  Privy  Seal),  (.'harles  Stewart  Vane 
Tempest  Stewart,  Marquis  of  Londonderry 
(L.  Lieut.  Ire.),  Arthur  J.  Balfour  (Sec.  for 
Scot.),  C.  T.  Ritchie  (Pres.  of  Local  Gov. 
Board),  Henry  Cecil  Raikes  (P.M.-Gen.), 
David  Robert  Plunket  (C:om.  of  Works),  Sir 
Richard  Everard  Webster  (Atty.-Gen.),  Sir 
Edward  Clarke  (Solicitor  Gen.). 

July  *  William T.  Marriott  is  made  judge- 
advocate-general. 

Aug.  6.    Parliament    meets.    [1892. 

June  28.    Dissolved.] 

Aug.  27.  28.  H.C.  Mr.Parnell'a 
amendment  to  the  address  is  nega- 
tived.   Vote,  304-181. 

Aug.*  Ire.  Gen.  R.BuUer  is  appointed 
to  command  in  Kerry,  Clare,  ana  Cork, 
with  civil  plenary  powers. 

Sept.  11.  H.C.  Mr.  Parnell  introduces 
his  Tenants*  Relief  Bill ;  it  is  rejected. 

Vote,  297-202. 

Sept.  25.    Parliament  is  prorogued. 

Nov.  30.    Ire.    Sir  Robert  Hamilton, 

undersecretary,  resigns.     [Gen.  BuUer 

succeeds  him.] 
Nov.  *  Ind.  Ocean.    Socotra  is  acquired. 
Dec.  1.    The  British  Home  Rule  . 

Union  is  formed. 
Dec.  18.    Ire.    A  proclamation  is  issued 

against  the  ••  Plan  of  Campaign." 

*  *  Lo7idon.  Heginald  Hawson  is  elected 
lord  mayor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1885  July  *  -Aug.  ♦  Ire.  Fraud  is  dis- 
covered in  the  Munster  Bank,  and  pay- 
ment is  stopped. 

Sept.  16.      The  Puritan  defeats  the  Ge- 

nesta  in  a  yacht-race  (p.  321). 
Sept.  18,    The  steamer  Dolphin  collides 

with  the  Brenda;  eight  lives  lost. 
Sept.  *  The  Merchantman  is  wrecked  on 

Sands  Head  ;  about  70  perish. 
Oct.*  The  Manchester  Ship  Canal 

Company  is  formed ;  proposed  capital, 

£8,000,000. 

Nov.*  Edinburgh.  The  ancient  cross 
is  restored  by  w.  K.  Gladstone. 

*  *  Lord  Hastings's  Melton  wins  the  Der- 
by race.  [1880,  Duke  of  Westminster's 
Ormonde  wins  ;  1887,  Mr.  Abhington'a 
Merry  Hampton ;  1888,  Duke  of  Port- 
land's A3rrshire,  au^l  1889,  his  Don- 
ovan.} 

Dec.  23.  JV.  A  mine  explosion  occurs 
at  Mardy  colliery,  Pontypridd  ;  200  per- 
sons  are  entombed,  and  81  killed. 

1886  Apr.  *  The  permission  to  grow 
tobacco  is  granted  with  conditions  by 
the  Board  of  Trade. 

Aug.  26.  The  steamer  Ferntower  foun- 
ders near  Saigon  ;  about  60  lives  are  lost. 

Sept.  11.  The  American  yacht  May^ 
Jlower  outsails  the  Galatea  {p.  335). 


990       1886,*  *-1888,  Jan.  30.      GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1887  Jan,  1,  New  army  discipline  reg- 
ulations are  made,  giving  increased 
power  to  officers. 

Feb.  1.  The  Naval  Intelligence  De- 
partment is  formed. 

Mar.  10.  The  torpedo-cruiser  Serpent  is 
launched  at  J>evoiiport.  [Apr.  9,  the 
war-ship  Victoria  at  Newcastle  ;  May  9, 
the  war-ship  Hans  Pareit  at  Blackwall.j 

July  23.  A  naval  review  is  held  at 
Spithead  in  honor  of  Queen  Victoria's 
jubilee;  135  ships  and  over  20,000  men 
take  part  in  the  display. 

*  *Th©  Duke  of  Cambridge  is  made 
commander-in-chief  by  patent. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1886  ♦  *  The  British  Association  meets 
at  Birmingham.  [1887,  at  Manchester; 
1888,  Sept.  5,  at  Bath  ;  1889,  at  Newcas- 
tle.] 

1887  Feb.  *  A  museum  for  Gen.  Pitt- 
Rivers'  collection  of  ancient  weapons  is 
presented  to  the  Oxford  University. 

Apr.  4.  London.  Anglo-Jewish  an- 
tiquities  are   exhibited   at  the  Koyal 

Albert  Hall. 

Apr.  20.  About  £10,000  of  the  Jubilee 
Fund  is  set  apart  for  a  colossal  statue 
of  Prince  Albert. 

May  3.  The  Royal  Jubilee  Exhibition 
of  manufactures,  science,  and  art,  at 
Manchester,  is  opened  by  the  Prince  and 
Princess  of  Wales.     [Nov.  10.    Closed.] 

May  11.  TheRoyal  Mining,  Engineering, 
and  Industrial  Exhibition  at  Newcastle, 
.  is  opened  by  the  Duke  of  Cambridge. 
[July  11.  The  Royal  Agricultural  Soci- 
ety's Exhibition  is  opened.] 

May  16.  The  Royal  Jubilee  Exhibi- 
tion at  Inverpoijl  is  opened  by  the 
Princess  Louise. 

Aug.  17.  Ire.  A  fishing-school  is  es-^ 
tablished  at  Baltimore. 

London.     A  terrific    storm    destroys 

life  and  property. 

Sept.  26.  London.  An  International 
Shorthand  Congress  is  held  at  the 
Geological  Museum  ;  482  systems  are 
noticed. 

Sept.  *  A  new  Art  Union  is  established 
by  the  Royal  Institute  of  Painters  in 
Water  Colors. 

Oct.  22.  A  statue  of  Samuel  Morley, 
M.P.,  is  unveiled  at  Bristol. 

Oct.  31-Nov.  1.  Gales  occur  on  the 
south  and  west  coasts.  [Nov.  3.  An- 
other gale  on  the  southeast  coast.] 

Dec.  16.  A  statue  of  (ien.  Earle,  in 
front  of  St.  George's  Hall,  Liverpool,  is 
unveiled  by  Lord  Wolseley.  A  statue 
of  the  queen  at  the  Royal  HoUoway  Col- 
lege is  unveiled  by  the  Princess  Chris- 
tian. 

Dec.  *  W.  Gold  is  discovered  in  large 
quantities  in  Pritchar  Morgan's  mines, 
Gwynfynydd,  Mawddach  Valley,  Merio- 
nethshire. 

*  *  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  composes  Ruddy- 
gore. 

*  *  Arrangements  are  made  for  transmit- 
ting telegraphic  messages  from  rail- 
way trains  in  motion  without  contact 
with  the  ordinary  wires. 

*  *  London.  Josef  Hofman,  ten  years  of 
age,  plays  long  classical  pieces  from 
memory  at  St.  James's  Hall. 

*  *  London.  The  Anatomical  Society  is 
founded. 

*  *The  symphonion,  an  improved  nui- 
sical  box,  is  invented. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1887  Jan.  IS.    Iddesleigh,  Earl  of,  Sir  Staf- 
ford Henry  Northcote,  states.,  author,  A69. 

Jan.  18.    Ballantine,  William,  lawyer,  A75. 
Jan.  SS.    Wliitworth,  Sir  Joseph,  mechani- 
cal engineer,  A84. 
Feb.  5.    Ma<igregor,  Sir  Charles  Metcalfe, 

general,  A47. 
Feb.  8.    Wood,  Mrs.  Henry,  author,  A67. 
Mar.   34.     Strangford,  Viscountess,  Emily 

Anne,  philanthropist,  A63. 
Apr.  10.    Newdegate,   Charles,  politician, 

ATI. 
May  5.    Grant,  James,  Scot,  novelist,  A65. 
July  25.    JVIayhew,  Henry,  author,  Alf>. 
Aug.  10.     Lawson,  James  Antliony,  jurist, 

Ireland,  A  70. 
Oct.  17.     Hunt,  Ro])ert,  scientist,  A80. 
Oct.  30.     Heresford-IIope,       A  lexan  der 

James,  scholar,  statesman,  A67. 
Nov.  3.    Llnd,  Jenny   (Mrs.  Otto  (iold- 

schmidt),  vocalist,  A66. 
Nov.  6.    Wolverton,  llaron,  George  Oren- 

fell  Glyn,  statesman,  A63. 
Nov.  17.     Hak^r,  Valentine  (Baker  Paslia), 

colonel,  A(i2. 
Dec.  17.     Farre,  Arthur,  surgeon,  A76. 
Dec.    19.    Stewart,    Balfour,    naturalist, 

A58. 

1888  Jan.   8.    Price,  Bonamy,   economist, 
A80. 

Jan.  19.  Carden,  Robert  Walter,  politi- 
cian, philanthropist,  A87. 

Jan.  33.  Inchbold,  John  W.,  landscape 
l)ainter,  A50. 

Jan.  37.    Godwin,  George,  architect,  A73. 

Jan.  29.     Lear,  Edward,  author,  dies. 

Jan.  30.  Caird,  James  Ten  a  ant,  ship- 
builder, Scotland,  A71. 

Howitt,  Mary,  poet,  A89. 


CHURCH. 

1886  *  *  Bishops   consecrated    (Church 

of  England) : 

John  Dowden  for  Edinburgh,  Charles 
Graves  for  Limerick,  Charles  Maurice  Stack 
for  Clogher,  William  Reeves  for  Down, 
Robert  li.  Knox,  archbishop  of  Armagh,  E. 
Bickersteth  for  Japan,  G.  W.  H.  K.  Bruce 
for  Bloeaifontein,  .South  Africa,  liranisby  L. 
Key  for  St.  Johns,  South  Africa,  Edward  T. 
Churton  for  Nassau,  W.  1.;  and  James 
Moorliouse  for  Manchester.  [1887.  W.  C. 
Pinkham  for  Saskatchewan  and  Calgary,  Ru- 
pertsland,  J.  Wareing  Bardsley  for  Sodor 
and  Man,  G.  F.  P.  Blyth  for  Jerusalem,  T. 
E.  Wilkinson  for  Central  Europe,  Charles 
E.  Camidge  for  Bathurst,  Australia,  Field 
Flowers  (ioe  for  Melbourne,  AustraUa,  and 
Henry  J.  Matthew  for  Lahore,  Ind.] 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Roman  Catho- 
lic): 

Edward  T.  O'Dwyer  for  Limerick,  Patrick 
McAUster  for  Donn  and  Connor,  and  Pierce 
Power  for  Waterford  and  Lisniore ;  also  Mat- 
thew Gibney  for  Perth  Australia. 

1887  Aug.  9.  The  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury receives  an  address  from  96 
peers,  directed  against  auricular  con- 
fession, priests  in  absolution,  etc. 

Dec.  26.  The  British  Special  Mission 
presents  the  queen's  Jubilee  gift  to  the 
Pope. 

Dec.  *  The  Duke  of  Norfolk  is  appointed 
envoy  extraordinary  from  Victoria  to 
the  Vatican.  [Dec.  17.  He  is  received 
by  the  Pope.] 

*  *  Scot.  The  Mission  to  the  Chinese 
Blind  is  formed  by  the  zeal  of  Willi:im 
Murray. 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Koman  Catho- 
lic): 

George  Porter  for  Bombay,  E.  I.;  Francis 
Pozzi  for  Krislmagar,  K.  I. ;  .Vlex.  Kiccaz  for 
Nagpur,  E.  I.;  Bernard  Beiderlinden  for 
Poena,  K.  L;  Ferdinand  Ossi  for  Quilon,  E. 
L;  Jeremiah  Boyle  for  Grafton,  Australia; 
and  Vincent  Flood,  bishop  auxiliary  for  Port 
of  Spain;  John  J.  Grimes  for  Christchurch, 
Australia. 

1888  Jan.  25.  London.  Thenewrere- 
dos  at  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  is  unveiled. 

Jan.  30.  Londoji.  A  solemn  office,  in 
memory  of  the  Young  Pretender,  is 
celebrated  at  All  Saints,  Anglican 
Church,  Lambeth. 


LETTERS. 

1886  *  *  The  Mayor  of  Casterbridae,  by 
Thomas  Hardy,  appears.  [1891.  Tess  of 
tlie  Z>^ Ubervilles.] 

*  *  Miscellanies,  by  Swinburne,  appears. 

*  *  The  Strange  Case  of  JJr.  Jekyll  and 
Mr.  Hyde  and  Kidnapped,  by  R.  L.  B, 
Stevenson,  appear.  [1887,  Underwoods, 
The  Merry  Men,  and  Other  Tales,  and 
Memoirs  and  Portraits ;  1889,  The  Master 
of  Ballantrae.] 

1887  Jan.  29.  The  Selden  Society, 
for  the  study  of  English  legal  history, 
and  publication  of  ancient  MSS.  and 
books,  is  founded. 

Mar.  26.  The  500th  anniversary  of  the 
laying  of  the  first  stone  of  New  College, 
Winchester,  is  celebrated. 

June  15.  The  foundation  of  Newcastle 
and  Durham  College  of  Physical  Sci- 
ence is  laid  by  Sir  [Lord]  William  Arm- 
strong,    [1888.    Nov.  5.    Opened.] 

*  *  London.  The  Philological  Society 
advocates  the  use  of  Volapuk  in  diplo- 
macy and  science. 

*  *  Books  and  i>amphlets  published  dur- 
ing the  year,  4,410.  [1888,  4,9G0;  1889, 
4,694;  1890,4,414.] 

*  *  Practical  I>ictionary  of  Mechanics,  by 
Edward  H.  Knight,  appears. 

*  *  The  Wolfe  Expedition  in  Asia  Minor, 
by  J.  li.  Stiilington  Sterrett,  appears. 

*  *  Paleolithic  Man  in  N.  W.  Middlesex, 
by  John  Allen  Brown,  appears. 

*  *  The  Revolutionary  Movement  of  1848- 
49  in  Italy,  Austria,  Hungary,  and  Ger- 
many, by  G.  Edmund  Maurice,  appears. 

*  *  Christianity ,  Islam,  and  the  Negro 
Race,  by  Kdii'iund  W.  Blyden,  appears. 

*  *  Lectures  on  the  OHgin  and  Growth  of 
Religion,  by  A.  H.  Sayce,  appears. 

*  *  The  Mammoth  and  the  Flood,  hy'AvD.Tf 
H.  Howorth,  appears. 

*  *  Early  Adventures  in  Persia,  Susiana, 
and  Babylon,  by  Sir  Henry  Layard, 
appears. 

1887-89     Essays,  by  Aubrey  Thomas  De 

Vere,  appears. 
1887-94      English     Writers,    l)y    Henry 

Morley,  appears. 

*  *  Springhaven,  by  Richard  I>.  Black- 
more,  appears. 


SOCIETY. 

1886  ♦  *  A  Thimble  League  is  patron- 
ized by  the  queen  ;  the  object  being  to 
provide  employment  for  distressed 

needle-women. 

*  *  Parliament :  The  Shop  Hours  Reg- 
ulation Act  for  the  protection  of  young 
persons  is  passed. 

*  *The  Recreative  Evening  Schoola 
Association  for  boys  who  have  left 
school  is  founded  imder  royal  patron- 
age. 

*  *  Titles  created : 

Earl  De  Montalt,  Viscount  Cross,  and 
Barons  Hillingiion,  Thring,  Kensington, 
Hindlip,  Stalbridge,  Grinthorpe,  Herschell, 
Hamilton,  lirassey,  and  Burton.  [  1S^7,  Earl 
of  Londesborough,  and  Barons  Addington, 
Basing,  Macnaghten,  Cheylesmore,  Cpnne* 
niara,  Monckton,  Armstrong,  Howes,  St. 
Levan,  De  Kainsey,  and  .Magberamorne ;  1888, 
Marquis  of  Duffern  and  Ava,  and  Barons 
Knutsford  and  Savile;  1889,  Duke  of  Fife.] 

1887  Jan.  29,  30.  Ire.  Rioting  oc- 
curs in  West  Belfast. 

Feb.  8-10.  Scot.  Violent  riots  by  Lan- 
arkshire miners  occur  at  Hamilton.  Air- 
drie,  and  elsewhere  ;  74  men  are  arrested. 

Feb.  14,  15.  Ire.  Evictions  are  re- 
sisted with  arms;  an  "emergency" 
man  dies  of  his  wounds  at  Ballycar. 

Feb.*  London.  The  London  Postmen's 
Rest,  Dover,  is  established  by  Lord 
Wolverton,  late  postmaster. 


I 


AND   IRELAND.        1886,  ** -1888,  Jan.  30.     997 


tar.  8.  Ire.  Bloody  riots  occur  «t 
t  ■tnghai. 

I  ir.  18.  Father  Keller  is  arrested  for 
■  iiitempt  of  court  in  refusing  to  give 
.videnco  as  a  confessor  in  a  bankruptcy 
<>;ise ;  liis  course  is  approved  by  Arch- 
bishop Walsh.  [Mar.  19.  Imprisoned. 
Mar.  29.  Kather  llyan  is  imprisoned  for 
a  like  offense.  May  21-'24.  Both  are  re- 
leased.] 

Apr.*  The  National  Prohibition 
Party  appears. 

May  9.  London.  The  queen  receives 
the  lord  mayor  and  others  with  their 
jubilee  address.  [May  14.  She  goes  to 
Mile  End  to  open  the  People's  Palace.] 

Jtine  1.  The  Order  of  the  Indian  Em- 
pire is  enlarged. 

June  20+.  London.  Queen  Victoria's 
Jubilee  is  celebrated. 

A  grand  procession  is  witnessed  by  many 
thousands^  a  solemn  thanksgiving  service 
Is  given  in  WestnUnster  .\bl>ey.  in  the  pres- 
ence of  the  queen,  tlie  royal  family,  the  Kings 
of  Denmark,  Belgium,  Greece,  and  Saxony; 
the  Crown  Princes  of  (Jermany,  .\u8tria,  Por- 
tugal,and  Sweden;  tlie  Grand  Imke  Sergius 
of  Itussia,  Amadens,  Duke  of  Aosta,  Prliice 
I.udwig  of  Bavaria,  the  Maliarajah  Holkar, 
and  manv  Indian  princes,  the  Queen  of 
Hawaii,  also  the  dignitaries  of  the  empire, 
and  manv  [wrsons  eminent  in  science,  art, 
anil  literature.  {.June  22.1  The  women  of 
(ireat  Ilrltaln  and  Ireland  make  a  jubilee 
offering  to  the  queen  of  iT5,000.  Al)out  26,0(10 
elementary  school  children  are  entertained 
in  liyde  Park,  at  the  instance  of  Jlr.  Lawson 
of  Uie  Daily  Telcjraplt.  (.lUNE  23.)  A  citi- 
zens' thanksgiving  service  is  held  at  St. 
Paul's,  after  a  formal  procession  from  Guild- 
hall. (JiNE  24.)  The  queen  issues  a  letter 
to  the  nation,  expressing  her  profound  grati- 
tude for  the  very  kind  reception  of  the  vast 
multitude  during  her  p*-ogress  to  and  return 
from  Westminster  Al)bey.  (Juke  27.)  A 
great  number  of  aildresses  from  municipal 
corporations,  scientific  societies,  and  other 
bodies  are  received  by  thequeen.  (June  30.) 
Kast  India  chiefs  are  received  and  decorated 
at  Windsor.  (Julv  2.)  The  queen  reviews 
2H,000  volunteers  at  Buckingham  Palace. 
(Ji  I.V  4.)  She  lavs  the  foundation  stone  of 
the  Imperial  Institute.  (July  9.)  She  re- 
views about  60,000  men  at  Aldershot.  (July 
23.)  The  grand  naval  review  by  the  queen 
takes  place. 

June*  Ire.  Evictions  at  Bodyke  in 
Clare,  on  property  of  Col.  O'Callaghan, 
are  resisted. 

July  19.  Ire.  A  great  meeting  is  held 
at  Cork  to  resist  the  Crimes  Act. 

Aug.  *  -Sept.  *  An  unsuccessful  strike 
occurs  on  the  Midland  Kailway ;  about 
2,713  drivers,  tlremen.  and  others  go  out. 

Sept.  4.  Ire.  Nationalists  attempt  to 
hold  a  meeting  at  Ballyooree  after  it 
lias  been  proclaimed,  and  are  dispersed 
by  the  Government. 

Sept.  9.  Ire.  Nationalists,  led  by  La- 
boucliere  and  Dillon,  hold  a  meeting  at 
Mitehellstown  in  disregard  of  the  Gov- 
ernment's proclamati(ni ;  two  men  are 
killed  in  a  conflict  with  the  police. 

Sept.  11.  Ire.  Constable  Whelehan  is 
killeil  and  three  others  are  wounded  in 
defemling  T.  Sexton's  house  near  Lis- 
doonvarna,  against  moonlighters. 
[Dec.  10.  Leary  and  four  others  are  sen- 
tenced to  penal  servitude  for  life.] 

Sept.  20.  Ire.  The  National  Ijeague 
in  Clare  and  several  baronies,  including 
200  branches,  is  suppressed  by  procla- 
mation. 

Sept.  24.  Ire.  Nationalists  O'Brien 
and  Mandeville  are  sentenced  to  three 
months'  imprisonment. 

Oct.  4-7.  The  Amalgamated  Society 
of  Railway  Servants  hold  a  Congress  at 
Kewcastle-on-Tyne. 

Cot.  9.  Ire.  Many  suppressed  branches 
of  the  National  lieague  hold  meetings. 


Oct.  18, 19.  The  unemployed  meet  in 
Hyde  Park,  but  are  dispersed  by  the 
police  after  a  Ught. 

Oct.  29.  Ire.  The  annual  convention  ol 
the  Irish  National  Xieague  of  Great 
Britain  meets  at  Cardiff. 

Nov.  23.  .Scolhiiid.  Park  and  Aline 
deer  forests  in  the  Island  of  Lewis  are 
raided  by  2,000  cotters. 

Dec.  2.  IhiMin.  The  Lord  Mayor  is 
sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  two 
months  for  publishing  reports  of  sup- 
pressed meetings  of  the  National  (Irish) 
League. 

Deo.  3.  Shoemakers  at  Northampton 
strike.  [Dec.  24.  Closed  by  arbitra- 
tion.] 

Dec.  19.  I''r.  Jem  Smith  and  Jake  Kil- 
rain  engage  in  a  prize-fight  on  an  island 
between  Paris  and  Koueu. 

The  Beaconsfield  Club  at  Salisbury 

is  opened  by  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury. 

Deo.  30.  The  women  of  England  send  a 
memorial  to  the  Queen  with  over  1,130,- 

000  names,  praying  for  sympathy  with 
the  proposal  to  close  public-houses  on 
Sunday. 

*  *  The  per  capita  consumption  of  dis- 
tilled spirits  and  wine  in  the  United 
Kingdom  is  0.93  and  0.38  gallons ;  beer, 
32.88  gallons  per  cai>ita. 

*  •  The  British  Nurses'  Association  is 
founded. 

*  *  London.  The  National  Union  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  London.  The  Poor  Children's  Aid 
Society  is  established. 

1888  Jan.  9.  The  remains  of  Napo- 
leon III.  are  removed  from  Chiselhurst 
to  Farnborough. 

STATE. 

1887  Jan.  3.  Ministerial  appoint- 
ments: George  J.  Goschen  (Chanc. 
Excheq. ),  AViUiam  H.  Smith  (L.  Treas.). 
[Jan.  6.  Edward  Stanhope  (Sec.  War). 
Jan.  *  Marq.  of  Salisbury  (For.  Sec). 

Jan.  28.    Parliament  assembles. 

Feb.  1.  The  Naval  Intelligence  De- 
partment is  formed. 

Feb.  11,  12.  H.C.  Mr.  Parnell's 
amendment  to  the  address  is  nega- 
tived.   Vote,  352-246. 

Mar.  5.  Ire.  Sir  Michael  Hicks-Beach 
resigns  the  chief  secretaryship.  [Arthur 
J.  Balfour  succeeds  him.] 

Mar.  7,  10,  14f.  London.  The  Times 
publishes  articles  entitled  Pamellism 
and  Crime,  charging  Mr.  Parnell  and 
other  Irish  members  with  having  parti- 
cipated in  or  approved  of  crimes  com- 
mitted against  the  Government  in  Ire- 
land and  elsewhere.  [Apr.  18.  Thf)  Times 
publishes  the  facsimile  of  a  letter  alleged 
to  be  signed  by  Parnell  (dated  1882,  May 
15),  in  which  he  is  made  to  say,  "  Though 

1  regret  the  accident  of  Ixjrd  Caven- 
dish's death,  I  cannot  refuse  to  admit 
that  Burke  got  no  more  than  his  deserts." 
Apr.  19.  In  the  Commons,  Parnell  terms 
the  letter  an  anonymous  fabrication.] 
(See  1888,  Oct.  22.) 

Mar.  16.  H.  C.  The  first  and  chief 
closure  rule  is  adopted.    Vote,  220-120. 

Mar.  28.  H.  C.  A  new  criminal  law 
procedure  (Coercion)  Bill  Is  introduced 
by  Mr.  Balfour. 


Apr.  11.  London.  A  great  demonstra- 
tion takes  place  at  Hyde  Park  against 
the  Irish  Coercion  Bill. 

May  4,  5.  H.C.  The  Commons  decides 
that  an  article  in  the  Times  of  May  2, 
attacking  John  Dillon,  M.P.,  is  not  a 
breach  of  privilege.  Mr.  Gladstone's 
motion  for  a  committee  is  rejected. 
Vote,  317-233. 

May  21.  London.  A  Parliamentary 
committee  to  inquire  into  charges  of 
spending  corporation  funds  to  oppose 
municipal  reform  bill  report  the  charge 
to  be  partially  sustained. 

June  *  H.  C.  There  is  much  opposition 
to  Mr.  Balfour's  Coercion  Bill;  the 
Irish  members  retire  from  the  House. 
[July  9.  It  passes.  July  18.  It  passes 
the  Lords.] 

July  23.  Ire.  Eighteen  counties  are 
proclaimed  under  the  Coercion  Act ;  to- 
gether with  Dublin  and  nine  other  cities. 

July  29.  H.  C.  T.  M.  Healy  is  sus- 
pended for  14  days. 

Aug.  10.    Ire.    The  National  Ijeague 

is  proclaimed. 

Aug.  23.    Parliament:  The   new  Irish 

Xjand  Bill  is  passed. 
Aug.  31.    Ire.    A  Nationalist  meeting 

at  Ballycoree,  Clare,  is  proclaimed. 

Sept.  13.  H.C.  C.Graham  and  E.Har- 
rington are  suspended  for  speaking  dis- 
respectfully of  the  House  of  Lords. 

Sept.  16.    Parliament  is  prorogued. 

Oct.  15.  Ire.  Col.  Sir  Joseph  West 
Ridgewray  succeeds  Sir  Redvers  Buller 
as  under  secretary. 

Oct.  24.  Paris.  Conventions  are 
signed  relating  to  the  Suez  Canal  and 
the  New  Hebrides. 

Dec.  8.  London.  A  great  Liberal-Union- 
ist Conference  is  held  at  Westminster 
Iron  Hall. 

*  *  London.  PolydoredeKeyser  is  elected 
lord  mayor. 

1888  Jan.  2.  DtMin.  Thomas  Sex- 
ton becomes  lord  mayor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1887  Jan.  20.  The  Kajmnda  collides 
with  the  Ada  Gifmore  and  founders  off 
Brazil ;  298  lives  lost. 

Feb.  18.  W.  A  mine  explosion  occurs 
at  Ynyshie  colliery,  Rhondda  Valley ;  39 
lives  lost. 

May  6.  Edinburgh.  An  International 
Indtistrial  Exhibition   is    opened  by 

Prince  Albert  Victor.     [Oct.  31.    Closes 
after  the  admission  of  2,740,000  visitors.] 

May  28.  Scot.  A  mine  explosion  at 
Udston  colliery,  near  Glasgow,  causes 73 

deaths. 

Aug.  26.  The  pleasure  yacht  Monarcfi 
founders  near  Ilfraeombe  ;  11  lives  lost. 

Sept.  2.  The  steamer  Falls  of  Bmar 
sinks  off  Yarmouth  ;  24  persons  perish. 

Sept.  16.  Trains  collide  at  Hexthorpe, 
near  Doncaster  ;  25  lives  lost. 

Sept.  27.  The  American  yacht  Volun- 
teer outsails  the  Scotch  Thistle  in  race 
for  America  cup  (p.  327). 

Nov.  11.  The  first  sod  is  cut  for  the 
Manchester  Ship  Canal  at  Tatton. 

Dec.  6.  Fire  does  much  damage  In  South 
Bermondsey. 

Deo.  29.   London.   The  Grand  Theater, 

Islington,  is  totally  destroyed  by  fire. 

1888  Jan.  4.  The  Royal  Theater  at 
Bolton  is  burned. 


998      1888,  Jan.  *-1888, 


GREAT    BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1888  Mar.  *  Asia.  A  British  force 
captures  the  fort  of  Lingtu  in  Tibet. 
[Mar.  20.    The  natives  hastily  retire.] 

Mar.  27.  The  iron-clad  Nile  is  launched 
at  Pembroke.  [May  12,  Scot.,  the  cruiser 
Maqicienne  at  Govan ;  June  9,  the 
cruiser  Mrdea  at  Chatham.] 

May  23.  Asia.  The  Tibetans  attack 
Gnatong,  and  are  defeated  by  Col. 
Graham ;  they  lose  200  men. 

July  3.  Orders  for  forming  95,000  vol- 
unteers into  19  brigades  K>r  home  de- 
fense mobilization  are  issued. 

Aug.  23.  Scot.  The  cruiser  Marathon 
is  launched  on  the  Clyde. 

ART  —  SCIENCK  —  NATURE. 

1888    Mar.  *  Limdnn.    Otto  Hegner, 

U  years  of  age,  musical  prodigy  appears. 

Apr.  11.    A  statue  of   John  Bright  is 

unveiled  at  Birmingham. 

May  9.  Lomlon.  The  new  gallery  for 
exhibiting  modern  pictures,  Regent 
Square,  is  opened  by  seceders  from 
Grosvenor  (lallery. 

May  12.  London.  The  Italian  Exhibi- 
tion at  West  Kensington  is  opened  by 
the  lord  mayor. 

May  14.  London.  The  Anglo-Danish 
Exhibition  at  South  Kensington  is 
opened  by  the  Princess  of  Wales. 

June  4.  London.  Lord  mayors  of  Lon- 
don and  Dublin  open  the  Irish  Exhibi- 
tion at  ICensington. 

June  5,  A  monument  to  Sir  Bartle 
Frere  on  the  Thames  embankment  is 
unveiled  by  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

June  16.  A  tablet  in  memory  of  war 
correspondents  who  died  in  the  Soudan 
is  unveiled  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 

Scot.  A  statue  of  Gen.  Gordon  is  un- 
veiled at  Aberdeen. 

July  19.  Scot.  A  slight  earthquake 
occurs  at  Annandale. 

July  27.  London.  A  bronze  tablet  to 
Maj.-Gen.  Sir  Herbert  Stewart  is  un- 
veiled in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral;  also  a 
medallion  portrait  to  William  E.  Fors- 
ter  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Aug.  22.  Scot.  The  queen  opens  the 
new  Municipal  Building  at  Glasgow. 

Sept.  12.  Edinburgh.  A  memorial  arch- 
way to  Sir  G.  Harrison  is  accepted  by 
the  town  council." 

Sept.  17-22.  London.  An  International 
Congress  of  Geologists  meets  at  Bur- 
lington House. 

Sept.  25.  London.  A  statue  of  Gen. 
Gordon  is  unveiled  in  Trafalgar  Square. 

Oct.  1.  A  statue  of  I^ord  Shaftesbury  is 
unveiled  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Nov.  5.  The  Durham  College  of  Sci- 
ence at  Newcastle  is  opened  by  the 
Princess  Ijouise. 

Nov.  6.  London.  A  statue  of  the  Earl 
of  Iddesleigh  is  unveiled  in  the  Central 
Hall  of  the  House  of  Parliament. 

Nov.  13.  London.  An  equestrian  statue 
of  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  with  the 
figures  of  four  Waterloo  soldiers  at  the 
base,  executed  by  Sir  J.  E.  Boehni,  is 
unveiled  near  Hyde  Park  Corner. 

•  *  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  composes  Teomen 
of  the  Guard. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1888  Feb.  3.  Maine,  Sir  Henry  James 
Sumner,  jurist,  author,  A66. 

Feb.  7.    Johnston,  Sir  AVm.,  publisher,  A85. 

Feb.  12.  Walsh,  Jolm  Henry,  editor,  au- 
thor, A78. 

Feb.  18.  Peyton,  Sir  Thomas,  major-gen- 
eral, A  70. 


Feb.  21.  Badger,  George  Percy,  oriental- 
ist, A75. 

Feb.  22.  Klngsford,  Anna,  theosophlat, 
A41. 

Feb.  26.    Moriaon,  James  A.  ('.,  an.,  Abl. 

Mar.  4.  Rutland,  I>uke  of,  Charles  C.  J. 
Manners,  statesman,  A72. 

Mar.  15.  Van  Cortland,  Henry  €.,  general, 
A74. 

Mar.  26.  Chalmers,  Robert,  publisher, 
Scotland,  A56. 

Mar.  37.  Grey,  Kdmond  Dwyer,  journal- 
ist, Ireland,  A  42. 

Apr.  15.  Arnold,  Matthew,  poet,  essay- 
ist, A65. 

Apr.  19.  Cranipton,  Thomas  Russell,  en- 
gineer, A72. 

Apr.  30.     Ryder,  Sir  Alfred  P.,  adm.,  A68. 

May  3.  Bright,  Sir  Charles  T.,  electrician, 
A55. 

Hay  7.    Levi,  Leone,  pel.  economist,  A67. 

May  13.  Hewett,  Sir  William  >'.  Wrighte, 
vice-admiral,  A&4. 

June  8.  Doyle,  Sir  Francis  Hastings, 
scholar,  author,  A 77. 

June  10.  Harman,  Edward  R.  King,  col., 
statesman,  A60. 

June  17.     Creswick,  William,  at^tor,  A7.5. 

June  18.  Trevor,  George,  canon  of  York, 
preacher,  author,  A7t). 

July  9.  Glelg,  George  R.,  clergyman, 
writer,  Scotland,  A92. 

Aug.  21.     Richard,  Henry,  poUtician,  A76. 

Aug-.  23.     Gosse,  Philip  IL,  naturalist,  A78. 

Aug:.  25.     Rose,  Sir  Jolm,  diplomatist,  A68. 

Sept.  12.  Proctor,  Richard  A.,  astrono- 
mer, A54. 

Sept.  28.  Parry,  Thomas  Gamhier,  artist, 
A72. 

Sept.  30.  Palgrave,  William  GIfford,  trav- 
eler, diplomatist,  A(>2. 

Oct.  1.     Keating,  Sir  Henry  S.,  jurist,  A84. 

Oct.  6.    Venables,  George  h.,  jurist,  A78. 

Oct.  9.    Wusgrave,  Sir  .\ntliony,  pol.,  AtiO. 

Oct.  16.  Mount- Temple,  Baron,  William 
Francis  Cowper-Teniple,  statesman,  A76. 

Nov.  10.  Lucan,  Karl  of,  George  C.  Bing- 
ham, field-marshal,  .\3H. 

Nov.  13.    Baggallay,  itiihard,  lawyer,  A72. 

Nov.  16.     Duncan,  Francis,  col.,  pol.,  .\.W. 

Nov.  18.  Devon,  Karl  of,  William  R. 
Courtenay,  AMI. 

Nov.  24.  O'Gonnan,  Purcell,  major,  poli- 
tician, Ireland,  A69. 

Dec.  14.    Redgrave,  Richard,  artist,  A84. 

Dec.  23.  Oliphant,  Lawrence,  traveler, 
author,  A59. 

Dec.  24.  l^oUock,  Sir  William  Frederick, 
author,  A73. 

Dec.  28.  Shaw-Lefevre,  Charles  Viscount 
Eversley,  statesman,  A95. 

Cameron,  Sir  Duncan  A.,  general,  ARO. 

Key,  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  admiral,  Alifi. 

LalUany,  Robert  G.,  phys.,  ethnologist,  A76. 

CHURCH. 

1888  Feb.  2.  Southwell  Collegiate 
Church  is  opened  as  the  cathedral  of 
the  new  diocese. 

Apr,  20.  Ire.  The  Pope  condemiiB  on 
moral  grounds  the  plan  of  campaign  and 
boycotting,  and  Issues  a  rescript. 

May  20.  Dublin.  The  Catholic  mem- 
bers of  Parliament  meet,  and  resent  the 
Pope's  interference  in  political  af- 
fairs. 

May*  Ire.  The  papal  rescript  is  ac- 
cepted by  the  (liomaii  Cathulic,)  bishops. 

June  9-19.  London.  A  congress  of 
Protestant  missions  is  held,  Earl  of 
Aberileen,  president. 

July  7-28.  London.  The  thini  confer- 
ence of  145  bishops  is  held  at  Lambeth. 

July  21.  London.  The  Church  House 
Corporation  liolds  its  first  annual  meet- 
ing. 

J-alj  24.  The  "Wesleyan  Methodist 
Conference  is  held  at  Camborn.  [1889. 
July  23.    At  London.] 

Nov.  10.  The  English  (Roman  Catholic) 
bishops  protest,  in  an  address  to  the 
Pope,  against  Italian  repressive  legisla- 
tion respecting  his  temporal  power. 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Eoman  Catho- 
lic): 

Henry  O'Callaghan  for  Hexham,  T.  W.  Wil- 
kinson (Aux.)  for  Newcastle.     Ireland:  Ed- 


ward Magannis  forKilniore,  M.  Comarford 
for  Kildare,  Patrick  O'Donnell  for  Rai)hoe, 
John  Lyster  for  Achonry. 

*  *  The  Colonial  Missionary  Society  is 
formed  by  the  Congregational  Church  of 
England. 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Church  of  Ene- 

land) :  * 

Jan.  6.  London.  Archdeacon  Matthew, 
bishop  of  Lahore ;  Feb.  24,  Archdeacon  }':arle 
and  Sir  L.  T.  Stamer,  bishops  of  Marlbor- 
ough and  Shrewsbury;  Nov.  30,  Archdeacon 
Sumner,  bishop  of  (iuildford;  William  T. 
Harrison  for  Glasgow.  F.  Courtney  for  Nova 
Scotia,  Thomas  Hayes  for  Trinidad,  W.  I,, 
Francis  John  Jayne  for  Chester,  William 
Stubbs  for  Oxford,  William  Walsliani 
Wakefield. 

LETTERS. 

1888  Jan.  *  Handbook  of  Volapuk,  by 
C.  E.  Sprague,  appears. 

May  2.  London.  Mr.  Gladstone  opens 
the  Gladstone  Library  at  the  N  ational 
Liberal  Club. 

May  15.  London.  The  Universal  He- 
vieio  is  issued. 

June  23.  London.  A  School  of  Handi- 
craft is  opened  by  Sir  W.  Hart-Dyke  at 
Toynbee  Hall,  Wiiitechapel. 

*  *  A  revised  edition  of  Chambers' s  Ency- 
clopsedia^  appears. 

*  *  Plain  Talesfrom  tJie  Hillfi.  hyliuAvfird 
Kipling,  appears.  [188!),  Soldiers  Three^ 
Story  of  the  Gadsbjis,  The  Phantom  Itick- 
5Art»',  and  Other  Eerie  Tales:  181H,  The 
JA(iht  that  Failed y  The  Courtship  of 
Dinah  Shadd,  Without  Benefit  of  Clergy, 
and  Greenhoiv  Hill.] 

*  *  Fifty  Years  Ago  and  For  Faith  and 
Freedom,  by  Walter  Besant,  appear. 

*  *  The  Strange  Adventures  of  a  House 
Boat  and  In  Far  Lochaber,  by  William 
Black,  appear.  [1890.  The  JS'eiv  Pri/ice 
Fortunafus;  1891,  Donald  Boss  of 
Heimra.'] 

*  *  Essays  in  Criticism,  by  Matthew  Ar- 
nold, appears. 

*  *  Robert  Elsmere,  by  Mrs.  Humphry 
Ward,  appears.  [1892,  David  Grteve; 
1894,  Marcella.} 

*  *  The  Holy  Land  and  the  Bible,  by  Cun- 
ningham Geikie,  appears. 

*  *  Building  of  the  British  Isles,  by  A.  J. 
Jukes-Browne,  appears. 

*  *  Creek  Life  and  Thought,  by  Jolm  P. 
Mahaffy,  appears. 

*  *  A  Study  of  Beligion,hyJa,mes  M&rti' 
neau,  appears. 

*  *  The  Truth  about  Bussia,  by  William 
T.  Stead,  appears. 

*  *  The  English  in  the  West  Indies,  by 
Froude,  appears.  [1889,  The  Tvo  Chi^s 
of  Dunlmy;  1890,  The  Earl  of  Beacons- 
field;  1891,  Divorce  of  Catherine  of  Aror 
gon;  1892,  The  Spanish  Story  of  the 
Armada  and  other  Essays;  1894,  Z^/'e 
atid  Letters  of  Erasmus.] 

*  *  Scot.  Lay  Sermons,  by  John  Stuart 
Blackie,  appears.  [1892,  iore's  Victory, 
Lyrical  Poems.] 

SOCIETY. 

1888  Jan.  *  About  £20,000  towards  the 
foundation  of  the  Ifational  Pension 
Fund  is  presented  by  Gibbs,  Hambri). 
J.  S.  Morgan,  and  Rothschild. 

Feb.  10.  The  Nationalists  Pyne  and 
Gilhooly,  members  of  Parliament,  are 
arrested  at  the  House  of  Commons. 

Mar.  12.  A  21  weeks*  strike  of  engi- 
neers at  Blackburn  is  closed  by  com- 
promise. 

Apr.  12.  London.  A  woman  is  mur- 
dered and  badly  mutilated  in  the  east 
end,  the  first  of  a  series.  [Aug.  8,  sec- 
ond ;  Aug.  31,  third  ;  Sept.  8,  fourth.] 

Apr.  28.  Ire.  Daniel  Hayes  and  Daniel 
Moriarty  are  executed  for  the  murder 


AND    IRELAND.        1888,  Jan.  * -1888,*  * 


999 


of  James  Fitzmaurice,  a  farmer,  on 
Jan.  21. 

May  7.  Ire.  James  Kirby  is  executed 
at  Tralee  jail  for  the  murder  of  Patrick 
Qnirke,  at  Liscahane,  Kerry,  on  Nov.  8, 
18B7. 

May*  A  Laborers*  League  Is  estab- 
lished to  assist  the  laborers  in  the  exer- 
cise of  the  riglits  given  them  by  the 
Local  Government  Act. 

June  2.  London.  A  great  demonstra- 
tion is  made  in  Hyde  Park  against  com- 
pensating liquor-sellers  whose  licenses 
are  unrenewed. 

July  6,  London.  Match-girls  at  Bry- 
ant and  May's  factory  strike. 

Oct.  3.    The  mutilated  remains  of   a 

woman  are  discovered  in  a  vault  near 
the  embankment  at  Whitehall.  [Nov. 
9,  another.] 

Oct.  20.  The  Birchfield  recreation 
grounds  and  lads*  club  at  Manchester 
are  opened  by  Prince  Albert  Victor. 

Oct.  22.  About  30.000  coal-miners  strike 
In  southwest  Yorkshire.  [Oct.  27-31.  The 
colliers'  demands  of  10  per  cent  increase 
are  generally  acceded  to  by  the  owners.] 

Nov.  6.  London.  An  International 
Trades  Union  Congress  is  held;  79 
Knglish  and  44  foreign  delegates  are 
present. 

ITov.  *  Ire.  Edward  Harrigan  is  fined 
£600  for  contempt  of  court  in  an 
editorial  in  the  Kerry  Sentinel. 

•  *  Ire.  A  total  of  87,582  cases  of  drxink- 
enness  are  disposed  of  by  the  police 
during  the  year  ;  one  to  every  64  of  the 
population. 

•  •  iMndon.  Tlie  new  Central  Hospital 
at  HoUoway  is  founded. 

•  •The  Band  of  Hope  tTnion  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  for  temperance,  is 
formed. 

STATE. 

1888    Feb.  0.    Parliament  is  opened. 

Feb.  10.  E.  I.  Lord  Dufferin  resigns 
the  vice-royalty. 

Feb.  15.  Washington,  U.S.A.  The  Fish- 
eries Commission  signs  a  treaty  and 
adjourns. 

Feb.  23.  H.  C.  Mr.  Pamell*s  mo- 
tion <lenouncing  the  administration  of 
the  Crimes  Act  is  rejected.  Vote,  317- 
229. 

Feb.  24-28.  H.  C.  New  Rules  of  Pro- 
cedure, changing  the  hours  of  session, 
are  adopted.    Limits,  3  p.m.  to  1  a.m. 

They  give  the  power  of  closure  to  a 
majority  in  the  House  of  100,  and  pro- 
vide for  repressing  disorder  and  waste 
of  time. 

Mar.  2.  H.  L.  Tlie  Lunacy  Acts 
Amendment  Bill  is  passed. 

Mar.  21.  H.  O.  Mr.  Parnell's  Arrears 
Bill,  amending  the  Irish  Land  Law,  is 
rejected.     Vote,  '^43-328. 

Mar.  23.  H.  C.  The  National  Debt 
Conversion  Bill  is  passed. 

[Mar.  12.  First  reading.  Mar.  16.  Sec- 
ond reading.    Mar.  22.    Third  reading.] 

Apr.  13.  H.  L.  Tjord  Denman's  "Wo- 
men's Suffrage  Bill  is  rejected. 

Apr.  18.  The  Deceased  "Wife's  Sister 
Bill  Is  passed.  Vote,  239-182.  [1889. 
May  9.     //.  L.     Rejected] 

Apr.  20,  H.  C.  Mr.  Ritchie's  Local 
Government  Bill  is  passed.    [Mar.  19. 


Introduced.     Aug.   13.    Receives  royal 
assent.] 

It  establishes  County  Councils,  to  con- 
sist of  councilors  and  aldermen  elected 
for  three  years  by  Parliamentary  voters, 
and  male  and  female  tax-payers. 

Apr.  25.  H.  C,  The  Nationalists' Irish 
Government  Bill  is  rejected  by  a  ma- 
jority of  87. 

Apr.  26.  H.  L.  Lord  Dunraven's  bill 
to  reform  the  House  of  Ijords  is  de- 
bated ;  the  Government  having  an- 
nounced its  intention  to  introduce  a 
bill  creating  life  peers,  the  bill  is  with- 
drawn. 

Apr,  ♦  Parliament :  The  Ministry  intro- 
duces a  local  Government  Bill,whieh 
recognizes  a  vested  interest  in  exist- 
ing licenses  by  granting  compensation  to 
liquor-sellers  whose  licenses  are  refused 
by  local  authorities. 

May  2.  H.  C.  The  Early-Closing  Bill 
is  defeated.    Vote,  95-278, 

May  4.  H.  C.  The  Customs  and  In- 
land Revenue  Bill  is  passed. 

H.  C.    The  State  purchase  of  the 

railways  is  negatived  without  a^iivision. 

May  16.  H.  C,  A  Local  Government 
(Electors)  Bill  is  passed. 

May  28.  Tlie  Birmingham  Liberal 
Unionist  Association  is  formed  ;  Jo- 
seph Chamberlain  elected  president. 

June  8.  H.  C.  It  is  announced  that 
the  Government  proposes  to  allow  bor- 
oughs with  a  population  of  60,000  to  be 
treated  as  counties. 

June  12.  H.  C.  Mr.  Ritchie  announces 
that  the  Government  has  decided  not  to 
proceed  with  the  Licensing  Clauses  of 
the  Local  Government  Bill.  A  motion 
for  the  reorganizing  of  public  offices  is 
adopted.    Vote,  113-208. 

June  18.  H.  L.  Marquis  of  Salisbury's 
bill  for  the  creation  of  life  peers,  and 
the  exclusion  of  those  whom  he  termed 
black  sheep,  is  introduced.  [Dropped 
soon  after.] 

June  22.  H.  C.  Dr.  Cameron's  motion 
for  the  disestablishment  and  disendow- 
ment  of  the  Church  of  Scotland  is  de- 
feated. Vote,  260-208,  [1890.  May  2. 
Again  defeated.  Vote,  25G-218.  1892. 
Again.     Vote,  265-247.] 

June  26.  H.  C.  John  Morley's  reso- 
lution censuring  the  Government  ad- 
ministration of  Ireland  Is  lost.  Vote, 
273-366. 

July  5.  The  Musical  Compositions 
Copyright  Act,  restricting  miauthor- 
ized  performances,  is  passed. 

July  6.  H.  C.  Mr.  Pamell  asserts 
that  the  letters  attributed  to  him  in 
Pamellism  and  Crime  are  forgeries,  and 
the  charges  against  him  false. 

C.Tiily  9.  The  (lovernment  refuses  Mr.  Par- 
nell's request  for  a  select  committee  to  in- 
vestigate tlie  charges.  July  12.  A  Royal 
Commission  of  Judges  to  examine  the  charges 
against  5Ir.  Parnell  is  proposed  by  W.  H. 
Smith.  July  16-17.  A  bill  for  establishing 
a  royal  commission  is  introduced.  Aug.  13. 
Passed.  Meinlters  of  Coinmisslon :  Sir  James 
Hannen,  president,  Justice  Ttay  and  Justice 
A.  L.  Smith.] 

Aug.  13.    Parliament  adjourns.    [Nov.  6. 

Reassembles.] 
Aug.  30.    A  treaty  for  the  abolition  of 

sugar  bounties  is  signed. 


Oct.  28-89  Nov.  22.  London.  The 
Special  Commission  meets  to  investi- 
gate the  Times  charges  against  Mr.  Par- 
nell and  other  Irish  members  of  Parlia- 
ment. Sir  Charles  Russell  and  Herbert 
H.  Asquith  are  Parnell's  chief  counsel ; 
Sir  Richard  Webster,  attorney-general, 
and  W.  Graham  are  chief  counsel  for 
the  Times. 

(Oct.  22-89,  Feb.  *)  Kxamination  of  wit- 
nesses. (1889,  Feb.  14-22.)  Messrs.  Soames, 
solicitor,  Maedonald,  manager  of  tlie  I'lmes* 
and  Houston,  to  whom  Iticliard  Pigott  had 
sold  the  letters  alleged  to  have  been  written 
by  Parnell,  are  examined.  I'igott,  cross-ex- 
amined by  Sir  Charles  ItuBScll,  makes  <-on- 
flicting  statements,  tending  strongly  to  crim- 
inate liiniself.  He  quits  the  country.  Fkb. 
27.  His  confession  that  lie  forged  some  of 
the  alleged  letters  and  had  given  false  evi- 
dence is  read  in  court.  Sir  Hichard  Webster, 
for  the  Times,  apologizes  for  the  publication 
of  the  letters.  (Ai-k.  12.)  Sir  Charles  Kus- 
sell  concludes  a  long  speech  in  defense  of 
Parnell.  (Apk.  15.)  Patrick  M alloy  is  sen- 
tenced to  six  months'  Imprisonment  with 
hard  labor  for  perjury  before  the  Conimis-  ■ 
sion.  (Apk.  30-May  8.)  Parnell  gives  evi- 
dence; he  denies  the  charges  against  him. 
(May  8-31.)  Archbisliup  Walsli,  William 
O'Brien,  and  T.  D.  Sullivan  testify.  (Ji  nk 
18-,Jt  LT  6.)  Thomas  Sexton  is  examined. 
(JiLY  12.)  Secretary  Houston,  of  the  Loyal 
Patriotic  (Tnion,  gives  evidence.  (Jily  15.) 
Parnell  and  his  friends,  with  their  counsel, 
withdraw  from  the  proceedings.  (Oct.  24- 
31.)  Michael  Davitt  defends  the  Land  League. 
(OCT.  31-Nov.  22.)  Sir  Henry  .lames  makes 
an  address  in  defense  of  the  Tiiiii'/t.  (1890, 
Feb.  13.)  The  Commission  makes  its  report 
to  Parliament. 

Wov.  29.  H.  C.  A  bill  for  the  continu- 
ance of  Lonl  Ashbourne's  Irish  Xjand 
Purchase  Act  of  1885  is  passed. 

Dec.  6.  London .  The  new  city  of  London 
Court  is  opened  by  the  lord  mayor. 

Dec.  24.  Parliament :  A  new  Libel  Law 
is  passed. 

Mr.  Bradlaugh's  Oaths  Bill  receives 
the  royal  assent.  It  substitutes  an 
aflBrmation  for  an  oath. 

*  *  Borneo.  Sarawak  is  annexed ;  a  set- 
tlement is  made  at  Brunei. 

*  *  London.  James  Whitehead  is  elected 
lord  mayor.  [1889.  Sir  Henry  Aaron 
Isaacs.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1888  Feb.  27.  Ire.  A  railway  built 
on  the  single-rail  system  is  opened  be- 
tween Listuwel  and  Hallybuiiion. 

May  19.  Scot.  The  International  Ex- 
hibition at  Glasgow  is  opened  by  the 
Prince  an<i  Princess  of  Wales.  [Nov.  II. 
Closes  with  reported  number  of  visitors, 

5,748,379.] 

July  14.  The  Etruria  reaches  Queens- 
town  from  Kew  York  in  six  days,  four 
hours,  and  50  minutes. 

Aug.  6.  Four  persons  are  killed  and  25 
injured  in  a  railway  accident  at  Hamp- 
ton Wick. 

London.    The  L.  and  N.  W.  trains 

run  to  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  in  eight 
hours. 

Aug.  *  A  train  on  the  London  and  North 
West  Railroad  r\uis  400  miles  In  seven 
hours  and  52  minutes  ;  speed,  50.9  miles 
per  hour,  or  55.4  miles  exclusive  of  stops. 

Aug.*  London.  The  Great  Northern  and 
Northeastern  Railway  runs  a  train  to 
Edinburgh,  392.5  miles,  in  7.27  hours; 
speed,  52.7 ;  exclusive  of  stops,  57.8. 

Sept.  7.  A  charter  is  granted  to  the 
Imperial  British  East  African  Com- 
pany. 

*  *  Estimated  annual  consumption  of 
tobacco  is  138  pounds  per  capita.  (Beau- 
lieu.) 


1000     1889,  Jan.  1-Nov.l. 


GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1889  Apr.  6.  Sir  A.  Hoskins  Is  ap- 
pointed commander  of  the  fleet  in  the 
Mediterranean  to  succeed  the  Duke  of 
Edinburgh. 

June  13.  The  cruiser  Vulcan  is 
launched  at  Portsmouth. 

July  8-20.  The  National  Association 
for  rifle-shooting  meets  at  Wimble- 
don ;  Private  Keid,  Ist  Lanarkshire, 
wins  the  queen's  prize. 

Aug.  6.  The  Black  Prince  and  Invinci- 
ble collide  off  Spithead ;  both  are  much 
injured. 

Oct.  7.  The  gunboat  Enterprise  is 
wrecked  off  Angleaea. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  Feb.  10.  A  slight  earthquake 
occurs  in  Lancashire. 

Feb.  *  London.  An  electric  omnibus, 
invented  by  liadeliffe  Ward,  is  flrst  used. 

Mar.  8,  9.  Destructive  floods  occur  in 
middle  and  soutliwest  England. 

Apr.  *  A  colximn- printing  telegraph, 
in  wliicli  mesHjiges  are  produced  resem- 
bling type-writing,  is  announced. 

May  8.  A  statue  of  the  queen,  by  Sir  d. 
E.  BoehiTi,  is  unveiled  by  the  Prince  of 
Wales  at  tlie  University  of  London,  Bur- 
lington (j.irdens. 

May  22.  LmuUni.  Samson Foxdonates 
£45,000  to  the  Uoyal  College  of  Music. 

May  24.  A  statue  of  the  queen,  by  L. 
J.  Williamson,  is  unveiled  at  the  College 
of  Physicians,  Thames  embankment. 

May  30.  An  earthquake  shock  is  felt 
in  the  Channel  Islands. 

June  1.  London.  The  Spanish  Ex- 
hibition of  Arts  and  Industries  is  in- 
formally opened  with  a  fine  display  of 
pictures. 

June  7.  A  waterspout  on  Batcombe 
Hills,  Dorsetshire,  greatly  damages  the 
Tillages  of  Chatnole,  Cerne,  and  Mintern. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1889  Jan.  3.  HalUwell-Phtllipps,  .James 
0.,  Shakespearian  scholar,  A69. 

Jan.  19.  Hueffer,  Francis,  nmsical  critic, 
writer,  A44. 

Feb.  34.  Eastwick,  William  Joseph,  capt., 
diplomatist,  A80. 

Mar.  3.     Wood,  .lohn  (Jeo.,  naturahst,  A62. 

Mar.  16.  Gladstone,  Sir  Thomas,  politi- 
cian, A85. 

Mar.  18.     Hall,  Samuel  Carter,  auttior,  AR8. 

Mar.  26.  liuckingliam,  Duke  of,  R.  1*.  C. 
T.  N.  B.  C.  (ireiiville,  statesman,  A66. 

Mar.  37.  Bright,  John,  orator,  statesman, 
A79. 

Apr.  6.  Cambridge,  Duchess  of,  Princess 
Augusta  Wilhelmina  Louisa,  A92. 

Ouseley,  Sir  Frederick  (Jore,  clergyman, 

musician,  A64. 

Apr.  19.  De  la  Rue,  Warren,  astronomer, 
physicist,  A74. 

Apr.  29.    Crosaley,  John  T.,  educator,  A89. 

May  9.  Osborne,  Lord,  Sidney  Godolphin, 
author,  A8L 

May  17.  Malmesbury,  Earl  of,  Jamea 
Howard  Harris,  statesman,  A82. 

May  19.  Glyn,  Miss  (Mrs.  Isabella  Dal- 
las), actor,  A66. 

May  36.     Sharp,  Martin,  journalist,  .\70. 

Auer-  16.     Albery,  James,  rlramatist,  A5T. 

Aug.  28.  Addington,  Lord,  Jolin  Gelli- 
brand  Hubbard,  financier,  A84. 

Sept.  6.  Hlanchard,  Edward  Laman,  lit- 
terateur, A69. 

Sept.  16.  Mackarness,  John  Fielder,  bp. 
of  Oxford,  dies. 

Sept.  33.    Collins,  "Willcle,  novelist,  A6.5. 

Sept.  24.     Cook,  Eliza,  poet,  ATI. 

Oct.  11.  Joule,  James  I'rescott,  natural 
philosopher,  A61. 

Oct.  10.    Gooch,  Sir  Daniel,  engineer,  A73. 

Oct.  16.  Fitzgerald,  Baron,  John  David, 
jurist,  Ireland.  A73. 

Oct.  31.    Ball,  John,  explorer,  Ire.,  A71. 

Oct.  23.  Orkney,  Earl  of,  George  WilUam 
Hamilton,  Scotland,  A62. 


CHURCH. 

1889  Jan.  10.  The  jubilee  of  Cardinal 
Manning  is  celebrated ;  the  Pope  sends  a 
gold  medal. 

Jan.  16.  The  Baptist  Conference  at 
Leeds  agrees  upon  a  union  with  the  Par- 
ticular Baptists. 

Feb.  26.  Scot.  The  Earl  of  Hopetoun 
is  appointed  lord  high  commissioner  of 
the  General  Assembly  of  the  Church 
of  Scotland. 

May  20.  Dublin,  A  meeting  is  held  at 
Phoenix  Park  to  protest  against  inter- 
ference of  the  Pope  in  political  affair;* 
of  Ireland. 

June  3.  Ire.  The  General  Assembly 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  meets  in 
Belfast. 

Jime  10.  London.  The  Conference  of 
the  New  Connection  Methodists 
meets. 

June  ±  *  A  guild  of  the  King's  Daugh- 
ters is  formed. 

July  2.  London.  The  "World's  Sun- 
day-school Convention  opens. 

July  31.  The  first  Sunday  newspaper 
train  is  run  in  England  to  distribute 
the  Loudon  edition  of  the  New  York 
Herald  which  contains  reports  of  the 
royal  wedding. 

Aug.  16.  Ire.  The  shrine  at  Knock  ia 
visited  by  40,000  persons. 

Sept.  28.  The  Congregational  ministers 
in  England  form  a  league,  —  National 
Pastors*  Koinonia. 

LETTERS. 

1889  Jan.  10.  Edinburgh.  TheHeri- 
ot-Watt  College  is  inaugurated. 

Mar.  20.  London.  The  New  Party  is 
issued.  Its  object  is  the  formation  of  a 
new  party  devoted  to  the  cause  of  social 
reform. 

May  1.  The  queen  lays  the  foundation- 
stone  of  a  new  building  at  Cton  Col- 
lege. 

Sept.  28.  The  Conservatives  offer  to 
give  an  annual  grant  for  higher  educa- 
tion of  Roman  Catholics  in  existing 
colleges  in  Ireland  without  establishing 
any  new  institutions.  [The  offer  is  re- 
jected.] 

Nov.  1.  London.  The  Saturday  Review 
is  bought  by  Frank  Harris,  late  editor 
of  the  Fortnightly  Review. 

SOCIETY. 

1889  Jan.  1.  Ire.  John  Finuoane.  an 
Irish  M.P..  is  sentenced  to  four  months' 
imprisonment,  and  J.  D.  Sheelian,  M.P., 
of  East  Kerry,  is  found  guilty  of  con- 
spiracy. 

Jan.  10.  Ire.  Irish  members  of  Parlia- 
ment ignore  summons  to  appear  in 
court,  and  warrants  are  issued  for  their 
arrest.  [Jan.  24.  "Warrants  are  issued 
J.  L.  Carew,  M.  P.  for  North  Kildare. 
and  Dennis  Kilbride,  M.P.  for  South 
Kerry.] 

Father  McCarthy  is  arraigned  for  in- 
citing a  boycott  at  Clonakilty. 


Jan.  24±.  Ire.  Two  serious  riots  occur 
at  the  trials  of  William  O'Brien  and 
Father  McCarthy  ;  many  persons  are  in- 
jured. [Jan.  25.  O'Brien  is  sentenced 
to  four  months*  imprisonment  under  the 
Crimes  Act.  Jan.  27.  He  eludes  cap- 
ture, and  addresses  a  tenants'  mass- 
meeting  near  Castlerea.  Jan.  29.  He  is 
again  arrested  at  a  meeting  at  Man- 
chester. Jan.  30.  Sent  to  Clonmel 
prison.  Jan.  31.  Refuses  to  wear  prison 
garb,  and  is  roughly  treated  by  the 
warder.  Feb.  11.  The  escort  taking 
William  O'Brien  from  Clonniel  to  Ty- 
rone jail  is  stoned  by  a  mob.  Feb.  19. 
He  is  again  sentenced  to  six  months' im- 
prisonment for  violating  the  Crimes 
Act.] 

Feb.  1.  Scot.  At  Glasgow  3,000  seamen 
and  firemen  strike. 

Feb.  2.  Ire.  Father  Marrman  is  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment  for  offenses 
against  the  Crimes  Act,  at  Castle  Cou- 
nell. 

Feb.  3.  Ire.  Police  Inspector  Martin 
iskiUed  at  Gweedore,  County  of  Done- 

fal,  while  trying  to  arrest  Father  Mc- 
adden. 

Feb.  4.  Ire.  Many  indignation  meet- 
ings are  held  to  protest  against  the 
Government's  ill-treatment  of  O'Brien. 

Feb.  7.  Ire.  Thomas  Condon,  M.  P.  for 
East  Tipperary,  is  sentenced  to  two 
months'  imprisonment  for  inciting  boy- 
cotting. 

Feb.  21.  Ire.  James  Lawrence  Carew 
is  sentenced  to  four  months'  imprison- 
ment for  violating  the  Crimes  Act. 

Feb.  24.  Ire.  Father  Stephens  of  Fal- 
canagh  is  arrested  for  advising  tenants 
not  to  pay  their  rents.  [Mar.  4.  Sen- 
tenced to  six  months'  imprisonment.] 

Feb.  28.  Ire.  Father  ('larke  is  arrested 
in  Avoca,  County  Wicklow.  for  making 
speeches  tending  to  incite  the  people  to 
commit  unlawfiu  acts. 

Mar.  1,  Richard  Pigott,  the  forger  of 
the  so-called  Parnell  letter,  commits 
suicide  at  a  liotel  in  Madrid. 

Mar.  7.  Ire.  Dr.  Tanner,  M.  P.  for 
Cork,  is  sentenced  to  prison  for  three 
months  for  violating  tlie  Crimes  Act. 

Mar.  20.  W.  Tithe  collectors  are  at- 
tacked by  mobs. 

Mar.  29.  Ire.  Thirteen  tenants  are 
evicted  on  an  Irish  estate,  and  12  of 
their  houses  burned.    [Many  evictions.] 

May  7.  London.  The  Road  Woman's 
Hospital  is  founded  by  the  Princess  of 
Wales. 

May  29.  A  banquet  to  Sir  Richard 
Webster  is  given  by  400  solicitors,  who 
present  him  with  a  complimentary  ad- 
dress signed  by  3,800  members  of  the 
bar. 

June  6+.  Scot.  Pock  laborers  in  (Jlas- 
gow  and  Greenock,  also  in  Belfast  and 
Londonderry,  Ireland,  join  the  strike. 
The  stevedores  in  Glasgow  also  strike. 

June  8.  Ire.  Tlie  seamen  and  firemen's 
strike  jiaralyzes  the  shipping  business 
at  Belfast. 

Jime  29.  Ire.  Wm.  O'Brien  and 
others  are  arrested  at  Cork  for  speaking 
at  a  prohibited  meeting ;  a  riot  ensues 
in  which  the  police  tire. 

June  30.  Ire.  A  mob  stones  the  police 
at  a  Nationalist  meeting  in  Cork  ;  Wm. 
O'Brien  is  arrested,  and  Patrick  O'Brien, 
M.  P.,  seriouslv  injured.  [July  28.  Wm. 
O'Brien  is  taken  to  jail  to  serve  out  his 
sentence.] 

July. 10.  Scot.  The  Clyde  shipbuilders 
give  notice  of  a  lockout. 

July  11.  Ire.  Matthew  Harris  gets 
£1,000  libel  against  the  Irish  Times  at 
Limerick. 


AND   IRELAND. 


1889,  Jan.  1-Nov.  1.      1001 


July  12.  The  seamen's  strike  at  Liver- 
pool eiuU  by  the  iiien  accepting  the 
terms  of  the  employers. 

JuIt  17.  London.  Alice  McKenzie  is 
found  in  Castle  Alloy,  Whitechapel, 
with  her  throat  cut.  [Sept.  10.  Another 
victim  is  found.] 

July  18.  London.  Gen.  Boulanger  is 
visited  by  a  body  of  600  French  sympa- 
thizers. 

July  21-Aug.  7.  Mrs.  Florence  Eliz- 
abeth Maybrick  is  tried  before  Justice 
Stephen  at  Liverpool,  charged  with 
poisoning  her  husband,  James  May- 
brick,  at  Aigburth,  on  June  6;  she  is 
convicted.  [.Vug.  22.  Death  sentence 
ia  commuted  t<j  penal  servitude  for  life.] 

July  22.  Ire.  The  Tenants'  Defense 
Ijeae:ue  is  declared  to  be  formed  to 
legally  counteract  landlord  combina- 
tions for  extorting  unjust  rent  and  ar- 
rears, and  destroying  the  security  of 
tenants  in  their  holdings. 

July  25.  The  golden  wedding  of  >Ir, 
and  Mrs.  Gladstone  is  celebrated,  and  a 
reception  given  by  the  National  Liberal 
Club. 

July  27.  London.  Princess  Louise  of 
Wales  is  married  to  the  Duke  of  Fife 
at  Buckingham  I'alace  by  the  archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  Tlie  wedding  presents 
are  valued  at  t:i50,000. 

July  29.  Dr.  Tanner,  M.  P.,  is  sen- 
tenced to  one  month's  imprisonment 
for  assaulting  Police  Inspector  Steven 
in  May  last,  and  tr>  three  months'  im- 
prisonme!it  for  contempt  of  court. 

Aug.  1.  The  Emperor  William  of  (icr- 
many  visits  KngLand. 

Aug.  26.  Ire.  NationaUats  O'Brien 
and  Gilhooiey  are  sentenced  respec- 
tively to  two  months'  and  six  weeks* 
imprisonment. 

Attg.  *  London.  The  dock  laborers 
strike  for  sixpence  an  hour  and  for  a 
work-day  of  12  hours.  [Other  trades 
join  in  the  strike  in  sympathy.  Soon 
150,000  men  are  idle.  Sept.  14.  Cardinal 
Manning  and  the  lord  mayor,  Sir  John 
Lubbock,  assist  in  bringing  the  strike  to 
an  end  ;  the  employers  submit  to  the  de- 
mands of  the  workmen.  Cost  of  strike, 
£2,000,000.1 

Sept.  6.  The  shipwrights  in  Cumberland 
strike  for  an  advance  of  four  shillings 
weekly. 

Sept.  8i.  Four  tenants  are  boycotted 
for  paying  rent ;  and  although  at  a  pub- 
lic meeting  tliey  express  contrition,  the 
meeting  refuses' to  remove  the  boycott. 

Sept.  21.  Ire.  William  H.R.Redmond, 
M.  P.  for  North  Fermanagh,  is  sen- 
tenced to  three  months'  imprisonment 
for  offenses  under  the  Crimes  Act. 

Oct.  24.  Ire.  Irish  Nationalists  meet 
anil  organize  the  Tenants'  Defense 
Iieague. 

STATE. 

1889  Jan.  14.  Birmingham  is  created 
a  city. 

Feb.  3.  Sir  Julian  Paimoefote  is  ap- 
pointed minister  to  the  United  States  fn 
place  of  Sackville-West. 

Feb.  21.    Parliament  reassembles. 

Feb.  *  ±  Christmas  Island,  the  highest 
coral  island  known,  is  annexed. 

Mar.  1.  H.  C.  Mr.  Gladstone  makes 
a  great  speech  in  advocacy  of  home  rule 
for  Ireland. 


Mar.  7.  Lord  George  Ilarailton  asks  for 
£21,000,000  to  be  spent  on  new  warships. 
[.Vpr.  2-4.    Money  is  voted.] 

Mar.  8.  H.  C.  The  proposal  to  expunge 
from  the  records  the  particulars  of  Mr. 
Bradlaugh's  expulsion  in  1880  is  re- 
jected.    Vote,  112-7a. 

Mar.  21.  H.  C.  The  postmaster  an- 
nounces that  the  Government  will  lay  a 
submarine  cable  between  Bermuda  and 
Halifax. 

Mar.  22.  An  indemnity  is  demanded  by 
the  (Jovenimcnt  for  massacre  and  pil- 
lage at  Fort  MacKenzie  factory,  Cai>e 
Juby,  [Mar.  25.  The  Sultan  of  Morocco 
gives  satisfactory  assurances  to  all  de- 
mands of  the  Government.] 

Mar.  27.  H.  C.  A  Sunday-Closing  Bill 

is  read  a  second  time.    [Dropped.] 

Apr.  9.  H.  C.  A  bill  to  amend  the 
Fisheries  Act  is  passed. 

Apr.  13.  London.  The  Courtof  Queen's 
Bench  decides  that  women  are  ineli- 
gible to  membership  in  the  London 
County  Council.  The  case  of  Lady  Sand- 
hurst IS  to  be  appealed,  as  her  election 
is  declared  void. 

May  7.  London.  The  National  Liberal 
Club  becomes  practically  a  Gladstoni an 
body ;  Mr.  Parnell  is  elected  a  life- 
member. 

May  14.  H.  C.  Mr.  Dillwyn's  motion 
for  the  disestablishment  of  the  church 
in  'Wales  is  defeated.    Vote,  284-231. 

May  17,  18.  H.  C.  A  proposal  to  abol- 
ish the  Hereditary  Principle  is  re- 
jected.   Vote,  '201-160. 

May  20.  H.  C.  The  bill  providing  for 
additional  naval  expenses  is  passed. 
[May  31.    Receives  royal  assent.] 

H.  L.  A  bill  legalizing  the  election 
of  two  ladies  for  the  London  County 
Council  is  rejected. 

May  21.  Parliament:  The  Government 
is  authorized  to  purchase  the  sub- 
marine electric  telegraph  with 
France. 

May  29.  Ire.  Lawrence  Dundas,  Earl 
of  Zetland,  is  appointed  lord-lieutenant. 
[Dec.  14.    He  enters  Dublin  in  state.] 

May*  Sir  Nathaniel  de  Rothschild  is 
made  lord-lieutenant  of  Buckingham- 
shire. 

June  19.  H.  C.  A  bill  is  passed  pun- 
ishing parents  who  send  children  out  to 
beg. 

June  25.  H.  L.  The  Land  Transfer 
Bill  passes  by  a  majority  of  nine,    ' 

June  26.  H.  C.  The  Employment  of 
Children's  Bill  is  passed. 

June  26+.  England  having  declined  to 
guarantee  the  evacuation  of  Kgypt  at 
the  behest  of  France,  the  Egyptian 
Conversion  scheme  is  dead.  France 
demands  tlie  annulment  of  the  Anglo- 
Turkish  Convention  of  1887. 

June  28.  H.  L.  Lord  Salisbury  repu- 
diates all  responsibility  for  the  "Turk- 
ish atrocities  in  Armenia. 

July  13.  .As  the  Haytian  ports  blockade 
is  inetfective,  the  Government  notilies 
Hayti  not  to  molest  British  vessels 
visiting  insurgent  ports. 

July  22.  Ire.  The  Tenants'  Defense 
Leagrue  is  declared  to  be  formed  to  le- 
gally counteract  landlord  combinations 
for  exhorting  unjust  rent  and  arrears, 
and  destroying  the  security  of  tenants  in 
their  holdings. 

H.  C.     The    Commission    on    Royal 

Grants  recommends  that  £9,000  De 
added  to  the  quarterly  grant  to  the 
Prince  of  "Wales.  Mr.  Labouchere 
moves  a  rejection  of  the  report.  [-luly 
26.  Motion  rejected?  Vote,  898-116.  A 
bill  allowing  the  grant  is  passed.] 

The  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  an- 
nounces that  the  construction  of  62  war- 


ships has  been  begun  during  the  year  —  20 
in  the  Government  dockyards  and  32  in 
private  yards. 

Aug.  22.  H.  C.  The  Irish  law  charges 
are  adopted  after  a  protracted  Parnellite 
attack  upon  the  coercion  law.  Vote, 
103-61. 

Aug.  26.  H.  C.  J.  P.  B.  Robertson's 
Scotch  Local  Government  Bill  is 
passed.    [Apr.  8.    Introduced.] 

Aug.  29.  The  proposition  of  the  Govern- 
ment to  establish  and  eiulow  a  new  Ro- 
man Catholic  University  in  Ireland 
causes  a  split  between  the  Parnellites, 
who  favor  it,  and  the  Radicals  opjiosing. 

Aug.  30.  Parliament  is  prorogued  un- 
til Nov.  16. 

Sept.  5.  Henry  Chaplin  is  appointed 
secretary  of  agriculture  with  a  seat  in 
the  Cabinet. 

Sept.  6.  Humphreys  and  Rlerson, 
two  islands  in  the  Pacific,  are  annexed. 

Oct.  25.  Fr.  The  agitators  Dillon  and 
O'Brien  sail  from  Havre  for  New  York. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  Jan.  11.  The  Umhria  makes  the 
passagre  between  Sandy  Hook  and  Brow 
Head  in  six  days,  two  hours,  and  45 
minutes. 

Feb.  3.  The  steamer  Nereid  collides 
with  the  Scotch  ship  Killochan  ofl'  Dun- 
geness  ;  23  lives  lost. 

Feb.  6.  The  British  bark  Lariio  Bay  is 
towed  into  Spithead  in  a  sinking  condi- 
tion, from  colliding  with  an  unknown 
steamer  off  Beachy  Head  ;  all  on  board 
the  latter  sink. 

Feb.  0(.  The  Grimsby  flshing-tleet  is 
wrecked  j  73  lives  lost. 

Mar.  13.  An  explosion  occurs  at  Bryn- 
ally  colliery,  Wrexham  ;  20  persons 
killed. 

Mar.  22.  The  losses  resulting  from  the 
collapse  of  the  copper  ring  are  esti- 
mated at  $30,000,000. 

Mar.  23.  London.  The  great  free  steam 
ferry  between  North  and  .South  Wool- 
wich is  opened  by  Lord  Rosebery. 

Apr.  14.  Dublin.  A  distillery  syndi- 
cate, with  a  capital  of  £1,000,000,  is  or- 
ganized. 

Apr.  24.  The  steamer  City  of  Paris 
reaches  Queenstown  from  New  York  in 
six  days,  five  hours,  and  55  minutes. 

May  6.  London.  The  great  sonp-works 
in  Milton  Street,  and  other  buildings,  are 
burned ;  loss,  £250,000. 

May  21.  Ire.  The  new  dock  at  Belfast 
is  opened  by  Prince  Albert  Victor  of 
Whales. 

May  22.  Ire.  The  foundation-stone  of 
the  Albert  Bridge  at  Belfast  is  laid  by 
Prince  Albert  Victor. 

June  1.  The  Berry  Hill  coal-mine  at 
Hanley  caves  in ;  100  men  are  entombed. 

June  12.  Ire.  Excursion-trains  collide 
near  Armagh  ;  72  persons  are  killed  and 
over  100  Injured.  [.lune  21.  The  rail- 
road employees  are  convicted  of  man- 
slaughter in  accident.] 

June  24-29.  The  Royal  Agricultural 
Society  holds  its  jubilee  show  in  Wind- 
sor Park. 

June  20.  London.  Police  disperse  a 
Salvation  Army  procession. 

July  8.  The  Valkyrie  wins  in  the  Royal 
Clyde  Yachting  regatta. 

July  23.  The  German  Southwest  Af- 
rica Company  negotiates  for  the  sale 
of  all  its  African  possessions  to  an  Eng- 
lish syndicate. 

Oct.  28.  The  British  ship  Bolan,  to 
Liverpool,  founders;  33  lives  lost. 

Nov.  1.  Scot.  A  gable  wall  falls  in 
Glasgow,  killing  50  girls  and  women  in 
Templeton's  carpet  factory.  [Nov.  3. 
Twenty-nine  bodies  are  recovered.] 


1002    1889,Nov.  6-1890,  July  14.    GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1889  Nov.  6.  Ire.  Gen.  Sir  Frederick 
Roberts  takes  command  of  the  forces. 

Nov.  23.  London,  The  cruiser  £/aAc  ifl 
launched. 

1890  Jan.  9.  Afr.  A  large  fleet  is  as- 
sembled at  Zanzibar. 

July  12-16.  The  National  Association 
for  rifle-shooting  meets  at  Bisley  Com- 
mon, Surrey.  Sergt.  Bates,  Ist  War- 
wick, wins  the  queen's  prize.  [1891, 
July  13-2-1,  Private  Dear,  Edinburgh. 
wins;  1892,  July  11-23,  Maj.  Pollock,  3d 
Renfrew  ;  1893,  July  *  Serg.  Davies  ; 
18M,  July  *  Peter  Kene,  3d  Lanark.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  Nov.  16,    A  statue  of  William  of 

Orange  is  unveiled  at  Belfast. 
*  *  The   Royal    Agricultural    Society 
meets  "at  Windsor;  the  queen  acts  as 
president. 

1890  Mar.  4.  Edinburgh.  The  great 
cantilever  bridge  across  the  Forth 
River  is  opened. 

Mar.  *  A  memorial  of  Sir  Erskine  May 
is  unveiled  in  the  House  of  Commons. 

May  7.  Ire.  Gold  is  discovered  in  the 
western  part  of  County  Cork. 

May  12.  The  equestrian  statue  of 
Prince  Albert  at  Windsor,  jubilee  offer- 
ing of  the  women  of  England,  is  un- 
veiled by  the  queen. 

May  17.  A  memorial  to  William  E. 
Forster  is  unveiled  at  Bradford. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1889  Nov.  11.     Hatcb,  Edwin,  Bib.  schol., 
A55. 

Nov.  20.    Allingham,  William,  poet,  A61. 
Nov.  21.     Blachford,  Lord,  Henry  EogerB, 

statesman,  ATM. 
Nov.  29.     Tapper,  Martin  K.,  poet,  A79. 
Dec.  6.     Plunkett,  Tliomas  Oliver  VV.,  capt., 

magistrate,  Ireland,  A54. 
Dec.  10.    Macdonald,  John  C,  journalist, 

AB?. 
Dec.  12.     Browning,  Robert,  poet,  A79. 
Dec.    1 6.      rieydeUe-Bouverie,    Edward, 

politician,  ATI. 
Dec.  19.     I>unbar,  Sir  William,  states.,  A76. 
Dec.  21.     Lightfoot,  Joseph   B.,  bishop  of 

Durham,  author,  A61. 
Dec.  24.     Mackay,  Charles,  Scotch  poet, 

A75. 

1890  Jan.  1.    Sullivan,  Sir  Bartholomew  J., 
admiraj,  A79. 

Jan.  4.     Sladen,  Sir  Edward  Rose,  col.,  A59. 

Templetown,  Viscount,  George  F.  Up- 
ton, general,  A87. 

Jan.  5 .    Marston,  Westland,  dramatist,  A70. 

Jan.  11.  Littledale,  Ricliard  Frederick, 
clergyman,  A6I). 

Jan.  16.  Napier  of  Maprdala,  Lord, 
Robert  Cornells,  fleld-niarslial,  AT9. 

Jan.  21.  .\dler,  Nathan  Jlarcus,  chief 
rabbi,  A  86. 

Jan.  31.     ManiBtv,  Sir  Henrv,  jurist,  A82. 

Feb.  7.    Baring,  Charles,  lieut.-gen.,  A61. 

Feb.  12.  Krome,  I'.dward  Charles,  general, 
governor  of  (;nern8ey,  A8T. 

Feb.  16,  Mallet,  Sir  Louie,  politician, 
author,  A66. 

Feb.  19.  Biggar,  Joseph  G.,  Irish  politi- 
cian, AT2  h. 

Feb.  25.     Liptroth,  Jolm,  general,  ATT. 

Feb.  26.  Dacre,  Baron,  Thomas  Crosble, 
W.  B.  Trevor,  A81. 

Feb.  27.  Auckland,  Lord,  William  G.  JMen, 
diplomatist,  A61. 

Mar.  2.  Baines,  Sir  Edward  {Leeds  Mer- 
cury)y  A89. 

Mar.  0.     Ingham,  Sir  James  T.,  jurist,  AR5. 

Mackenzie,  Alexander,  maj. -gen.,  ATO. 

Mar.  8.  Klpliinstone,  Sir  Howard  Craw- 
ford, maj. -gen.,  A60. 

Mar.  9.  Coats,  Sir  I'eter,  thread  manufac- 
turer, A81. 

Mar.  14.  Meehan,  Charles  P.,  clergyman, 
poet,  A77. 

Dowse,  Richard,  stateBuian,  A65. 

Mar.  17.     Herbert,  John  R.,  painter,  A80. 

Mar.  19.    ftwetenham,  Edmund,  jiol.,  A67. 

Mar.  31.  Manchester,  Duke  of,  William 
D.  Montagu,  politician,  A66. 

Mar.  24.    Cowan,  Sir  Edward  P.,  pol.,  A48. 


Apr.  3.  Nonnanby,  Marquis  of,  George  A. 
Constantine,  statesman,  ATO. 

Apr.  7.     Boyle,  Mary  Louisa,  novelist,  A80. 

Apr.  8.    Lloyd,  Edward,  publisher,  A75. 

Apr.  13.  Evans,  Charles  R.  Ogden,  general, 
A66. 

Apr.  23.  Glasgow,  Earl  of,  George  Fred- 
erick Boyle,  statesman,  A64. 

Cossham,  Handel,  politician,  A66. 

Apr.  29.  Hammond,  Lord,  Edmund,  states- 
man, A  88. 

Parish,  Henry  Woodbine,  maj.-gen.,  A«9. 

May  2.    Macaul'ay,  Colman  r.  L.,  pol.,  A4L 

May  7.    Nasmyth,  James,  engineer,  A82. 

May  19.  Gordon,  Sir  Alexander  H.,  gen- 
eral, A72. 

May  24.  O'Donovan,  Henry  W.  (the 
O'Donovan),  A78. 

May  27.     Filmore,  Lewis,  journalist,  A74. 

May  28.  Schmitz,  Leonhard,  educator, 
author,  A  83. 

June  2.     Burns,  Sir  George,  shipowner,  A95. 

June  16.    Baber,  Edward  C,  dip.,  A4(i. 

June  20.  Brackenbury,  Charles  Booth, 
maj.-gen.,  A59. 

June  27.  Magheramorne,  Lord,  J.  il.  Hogg, 
politician,  A67. 

June  28.  Carnarvon,  Earl  of,  Henry  H.  M. 
Herbert,  statesman,  A59. 

July  1.    Cole,  Henry  A.,  col.,  poL,  A81. 

Crawford,  William,  politician,  A57. 

July  3.  Parker,  William  Kitchen,  natural- 
ist, A67. 

July  6.  Chadwick,  Sir  Edwin,  sanitary  re- 
former, A90. 

July  10.     Seymour,  Sir  Francis,  gen.,  A77. 


CHURCH. 

1889  Nov.  22.     Jre.    Pope  liCO  orders 

the  Ronmn  Catholic  clergy  of  New  lioss, 
Wexford,  to  be  instructed  to  prohibit 
their  people  from  attending  a  meeting 
held  for  the  purpose  of  expressing  con- 
fidence in  Mr,  Parnell. 

Dec.  7.  Ire.  A  letter  from  the  arch- 
bishops and  bishops,  denouncing  Par- 
nell, is  read  in  all  the  (lioman  Catholic) 
churches. 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Church  of  Eng- 
land) : 

R.  J.  Crosthwaite,  suffragan  of  Beverly; 
Charles  John  Corfe  of  Corea,  Alfred  George 
Edwards  of  St.  Asaph,  J.  T.  Hayes  of  Trini- 
dad, H.  H.  Montgomery  of  Tasniania,  James 
Leslie  Itandall,  suffragan  of  Reading,  Henry 
Ware,  suffragan  of  Barrow-in-Furness,  i:d- 
ward  Ash  Were,  suffragan  of  Derby. 

1890  Feb.  4.  The  trial  of  bishop  of  Lincoln 
for  alleged  violation  of  the  ritual  begins. 
[Feb.  25.  Concludedand  judgmentdeferred. 
Nov.  21.  Judgment :  a  part  of  the  ritualistic 
services  condemned  as  illegal.  1891.  June 
10.  Appealed  to  the  Erivy  CounciL  1892. 
Apr.  2.     Decision  upheld.] 

May  2,  Mr.  Gladstone  votes  for  dises- 
tablishment. The  Commons  defeat  a 
motion  to  disestablish  the  Scotch 
Church.    Vote,  256-218. 


LETTERS. 

1889  *  *  London,  The  ..Vew  Bevieto  is  is- 
sued. 

*  *  The  Encyclopsedic  Dictionary  is  com- 
pleted, 

*  *  Appreciations,  by  Walter  Pater,  ajv 
pears.     [1893.     Plato  and  Platoism.] 

*  *  Asolando,  by  Kobert  Browning,  ap- 
pears, 

*  *  Wordsworth's  Grave,  by  William  Wat- 
eon,  appears.  [1892.  Poems  and  Lack- 
rymte  Musaritm.] 

*  *  David  Living  stone  thyThomMllVighes, 
appears. 

*  *  Natural  Inheritance,  by  Francis  Gal- 
ton,  appears. 

*  *  Pha-nicia,  by  George  Rawlinson,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  America%  Commomnealth,  by 
James  Bryce,  appears. 

*  *  Literary  Remains,  by  Percy  Fitzgerald, 
appears. 


*  *  Study  of  lien  Jonson,  by  Swinburne, 
appears.  *[1894.  Astrophel  and  Studies 
in  Prose  and  Poetry.] 

*  *  Darwinism,  by  Wallace,  appears. 
1890     Jan.  4.      Londmi.      The  Daily 

^;r«7?Atc  (illustrated)  is  issued  ;  also  Tfie 
Speaker. 

Jan.  6.  Lmidon.  The  Pevieir  of  Revietrs^ 
edited  by  William  T.  Stead,  is*  issued. 

Apr.  25.  London.  Subjecta  of  the  Day, 
a  quarterly  magazine,  is  issued. 

May  5.  London.  Henry  M.  Stanley 
receives  the  Koyal  Geographical  So- 
ciety's medal  at  Albert  Hall. 

June  9.  Edinburffh.  The  library  pre- 
sented by  Andrew  Carnegie  (U.'S.  A.) 
is  opened. 

July  14.  Scot.  Andrew  Carnegie  gives 
£10,000  for  a  library  at  Ayr. 

SOCIETY. 

1889  Nov.  7.  Ire.  A  Tenants*  De- 
fense Convention  meets  in  Drogheda, 
with  300  delegates  present,  including  a 
large  number  of  Koman  Catholic  priests. 

Nov.  12.  Scot.  Clyde  River  steam-craft 
hands  strike. 

Nov.  *  London.  A  banquet  is  given  to 
P.  T.  Barnum,  the  veteran  American 
showman,  l^ord  Kilmorey  presides,  and 
Lord  Randolph  Churchill,  Lord  Charles 
Beresford,  Lord  Rosebery,  the  Roth- 
schilds, Sir  John  Fowler,  and  the  secre- 
taries of  the  United  States  Legation  are 
present. 

Dec.  4.  Ire.  The  publisher  of  the  Mun- 
ster  is  sentenced  to  two  months'  impris- 
onment for  reporting  a  meeting  where 
boycotting  was  advocated. 

Dec.  15±.  In  Durham  2,000  colliers 
strike  because  of  a  dispute  about  wages. 

Dec.  23.  lielg.  Jem  Smith  and  Slavin 
have  14  rounds  in  a  prize-fight  near 
Bruges ;  Smith  is  defeated. 

Dec.  29.  "Wm.  Gladstone  receives  200 
telegrams  and  500  letters  congratulating 
him  upon  his  80th  birthday. 

Dec.  30.  W.  Ten  thousand  miners  re- 
sume work,  the  masters  conceding  an 
advance  of  10  per  cent  in  wages. 

Dec.  *  Several  thousand  gas-men  and 
coal-porters  in  London  and  Manchester 
strike. 

Dec.  *  A  National  Liberal  meeting  at 
Manchester  declares  in  favor  of  a  direct 
popular  veto  of  the  liquor-traffic. 

*  *  London.  Henry  Quinn  bequeaths 
£50,000  to  charities. 

*  *  London.  The  patriotic  volunteer 
fund  is  instituted  by  Lord  Mayor 
Whitehead. 

*  *  Ire.  Total  number  of  liquor-licenses 
of  all  kinds,  24,574,  being  one  to  every 
194  inhabitants  of  all  ages  and  both 
sexes. 

1890  Jan.  1.  London.  KobertBrown- 
ing,  the  poet,  is  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey. 

An  anonymous  donor  gives  £100,000  to 
found  a  Convalescent  Home  in  con- 
nection with  Loudon  hospitals. 
Jan.  7.    London.    More  than  200  men  em- 

Eloyed  in  the  East  India  Dock  tea  ware- 
ouses  strike. 

Jan.  10.  The  jubilee  of  penny  postag© 
is  celebrated. 

Jan.  16.  The  New  "Victoria  Hospital 
at  Bournemouth  is  opened  by  the  l*rinee 
of  Wales. 

Jan.  17.  Hammond,  the  fugitive  land- 
lord connecte<l  with  the  West  End  scan- 
dal, is  reported  to  be  the  head  of  a 
blackmailing  organization  to  induce 
men  into  his  house,  accomplices  after- 
wards acting  as  witnesses  against  them. 

Jan.  29.  Liverpool  dock  laborers'  strike 
is  spreading. 


AND    IRELAND.     1889,  Nov.  6-1890,  July  14.    1003 


Peb.  3.  Txnuton.  The  Times  compro- 
mises Pameirfl  libel  suit  by  paying 
him  £5,000.  The  paper  will  also  pay  Mr. 
Campbell,  his  private  secretary,  £200. 
Both  Buits  are  withdrawn. 

Vdb.  6.  Cashier  Heilton,  of  the  Oldham 
Branch  of  the  Union  Bank  of  Manches- 
ter, has  absconded;  £10,000  are  gone. 

—~-  The  dock  laborers  at  Newport  strike, 

and  paralyze  commerce. 
Feb.  11.    H.  C.    Lord  Randolph  Chwrch- 

111    introduces    a   bill  to   regulate   the 

liquor- traffic. 

Feb.  28.  At  Liverpool  2,000  dock  labor- 
ers strike  for  liigher  wages.  [Mar.  5. 
Tlieir  demands  are  granted,  and  the 
Btrike  ends.] 

Mar  3.  Lorulnn.  Ship-carpentera  strike 
for  an  advance  of  sixpence  a  day. 

Mar.  9.     London.    Working  men  make  a 

§reat  demonstration  in  Hyde  Park  to 
enounce  the  cruel  treatment  of  Sibe- 
rian exiles. 

Mar.  19.  At  the  Armstrong  Gun  Works 
at  Elswick,  8,000  employees  strike  for 
an  eight-hour  working-day. 

Mar.  25.  Scot.  The  Glasgow  dockmen's 
strike  collapses. 

Mar.  31.  London.  Ten  thousand  shoe- 
makers strike  to  destroy  "  sweating," 
by  compelling  masters  to  have  work 
done  in  factories. 

Apr.  7.  Tlio  annual  congress  of  the  loa- 
bor  Electoral  Association  is  opened 
at  Henley. 

Apr.  12.  About  B,000  Nottingham  mi- 
ners strike  for  an  advance  in  wages. 

Apr.  14.  .\bout2,000grain-porters  strike 
in  Liverpool  for  higher  wages.  Also 
6,000  at  liirkenliead  to  reduce  the  labor- 
day  to  eight  hours. 

Apr.  15.  In  Northeastern  England,  20,- 
000  engineers  demand  shorter  hours. 

Apr.  17.  A  great  parade  of  30,000  dock 
laborers,  out  on  a  strike,  takes  place  in 
Liverpool. 

Apr.  17±.  The  Miners'  Federation  has 
inaugurated  a  general  strike  through- 
out Great  Britain,  owing  to  the  masters* 
refusal  to  reply  to  the  demands  for  an 
advance  in  wages.  Over  100,000  men  are 
out.  [Apr.  19i.  Settled  ;  the  mine- 
owners  agree  to  raise  wages  10  per  cent.] 

Apr.  18.  y^ondoyi.  The  bootmakers' 
Btrike  is  amicably  settled. 

Apr.  20.  London  workmen  resolve  to 
take  May  1  as  their  holiday. 

Apr.  22.  Prince  George  of  Wales  is 
invested  with  the  Order  of  the  Black 
Eagle. 

Apr.  25.  Ire.  A  great  strike  of  railway 
men  begins.    [May  3.    Ends.] 

Apr.  26.  London,  Henry  M.  Stanley 
arrives  from  Africa.  [May  2.  A  recep- 
tion is  given  him,  in  St.  James's  Hall,  by 
tbeEmin  Pasha  Relief  Committee.  May 
6.  The  Queen  receives  him  at  Windsor 
Castle.  May  13.  The  freedom  of  Lon- 
don is  conferred  on  him.] 

May  4.  London.  An  assembly  of  170,000 
working  men  gather  in  Hyde  Park,  in 
favor  of  an  eight-hour  labor  law.  No 
disturbance  occurs. 

May  7.  London.  About  6,000  tailors 
strike. 

May23>:.  London.  A  title  is  conferred 
on  Prince  Albert  Victor;  viz.,  Duke 
of  Clarence  and  Avondale  and  Karl  of 
Athlone. 


STATE. 

1889  Nov,  23.  Ire,  The  Government 
proclaims  meetings  in  Kilkenny  and 
Waterford  in  honor  of  the  Manchester 
martyrs.    [Other  meetings  proclaimed.] 

*  *  Parliament :  The  Navy  Discipline 
Act  is  amended. 

1890  Jan.  *  t  England  has  a  dispute 
with  Portugal  regarding  African  terri- 
tory. [Jan.  6.  Lord  Salisbury  sends  to 
Portugal  a  note  threatening  rupture  of 
diplomatic  relations.  Jan.  9.  Portugal 
sends  a  conciliatory  note.  England  re- 
fuses to  submit  the  question  to  arbitra- 
tion. Jan.  20.  The  Powers  having  re- 
fused to  mediate,  Portugal  yields  her 
claims  under  protest.] 

Jan.  30.  The  Government  has  assented 
to  the  separate  right  of  Canada  to 
legislate  on  questions  involving  the 
royal  prerogative. 

Feb.  11.  Parliament  opens  by  Royal 
Commission. 

H,  L.  The  address  from  the  throne 
is  moved  by  Lord  de  Ramsey,  and 
seconded  by  Lord  Stradbroke.  [Feb.  12. 
Agreed  to.  7/.  C.  Mr.  Gladstone  moves 
a  reply  to  the  Address.  Feb.  17.  A  Home 
Rule  for  Scotland  Amendment  is  re- 
jected. Vote,  307-240.  Feb.  24.  Ad- 
dress agreed  to.] 

H,  C.  The  question  of  the  (Pamell) 
forged  letters  is  raised,  and  a  resolu- 
tion declaring  the  publication  of  them 
in  the  Times  to  be  a  breach  of  privilege 
Is  rejected.     Vote,  2GO-212. 

Feb.  12.  H.  C.  Mr.  Pamell  is  reelected 
chairman  of  the  Irish  Parliamentary 
Party. 

Feb.  13.  Parliament:  The  CTimes-Par- 
uell  Special  Commission  issues  its  re- 
port. 

U  conclnrtes— Tliat  the  respondent  mem- 
liers  of  Fariiamentare  nut  guilty  of  conspir- 
ing for  the  liuiepenilence  of  Ireland  as  a  sep- 
arate nation,  but  that  some  of  them  (Messrs. 
M.  Harris,  Dillon,  W.  O'Brien,  W.  Kerhnond, 
O'Connor,  .1.  Condon,  and  J.  .1.  O'Kellyi,  to- 
gether with  Michael  Davitt,  established  the 
Land  League  mainly  for  that  purpose.  That 
the  respondents  [44]  did  conspire  to  promote 
agrarian  agitation  in  Ireland,  the  non-pay- 
ment of  rents,  and  the  expulsion  of  the  land- 
lords. That  the  facsimile  ^'arnell  letter 
printed  In  tlie  Times  is  a  forgery.  Tliat  the 
charges  of  incitement  to  crime,  except  by  in- 
timidation, and  of  payments  for  that  purpose, 
are  not  proved.  That  the  respondents  made 
payments  to  comi>en8ate  persons  injured  in 
the  connnission  of  crime.  That  the  respond- 
ents did  invite  and  obtain  the  eooiwration  of 
the  physical  force  party  in  America,  includ- 
ing the  Clan-na-(lael,  and  did  not  repudiate 
the  action  of  that  party. 

[Mar.  3.  H.  C.  W.  H.  Smith  moves  the 
adoplion  of  the  report ;  Mr.  Gladstone  moves 
a  condemnatory  amendment.  Mar.  10. 
Gladstone's  amendment  is  rejected.  Vote, 
339-268.  The  report  is  adopted.  Mar.  21. 
//.  L.    Report  adoi)ted  without  a  division.] 

Feb.  21.  H.  L.  A  bill  is  introduced  to 
amend  the  constitution  of  the  Councils 
of  India. 

Feb.  27,  England  and  Italy  agree  to 
a  treaty  providing  for  concerted  action 
on  the  west  coast  of  the  Red  Sea. 

Feb.  28.  H.  C.  Henry  Labouchere  ac- 
cuses the  Government  of  shielding  the 
accused  in  theCleveland-Streetscandal, 
West  Knd ;  during  the  discussion  he 
calls  Lord  Salisbury  a  liar ;  he  is  sus- 
pended for  a  week. 


Mar.  12.  H.  C.  The  Irish  Tenure  of 
Land  Bill  is  rejected.     Vote,  231-179. 

Mar.  21.  H.  C.  Henry  Labouchere 
moves  the  abolition  of  hereditary  repre- 
sentatives in  Parliament.  Motion  de- 
feated.   Vote,  201-139. 

Mar.  24.  H.  C.  Mr.  Balfour  introduces 
a  bill  to  provide  for  the  purchase  of 
land  in  Ireland  for  tlie  improvement 
of  the  poorer  districts  and  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  an  Irish  Land  Department. 
[May  L  Second  reading.  Vote,  348-226. 
Nov.  29.  Keintroduced.  Dec,  3.  Sec- 
ond reading.  Vote,  268-130,  1891.  June 
15.  Kead  a  third  time  and  passed.  July 
14.  H.  L.  Passed,  Aug.  5,  Receives 
royal  assent.] 

Mar.  28.  The  Delagoa  Railway  claims 
between  P<}rtugal  on  the  one  hand  and 
England  and  America  on  the  other  are 
settled. 

Apr.  14.    Parliament  reassembles. 

Apr.  18.  H.  C.  Samuel  Smith's  motion 
to  convene  an  international  conference 
on  the  bimetallic  question  is  rejected. 
Vote,  183-87. 

Apr.  30.  Afr.  Treaties  are  made  with 
King  Mwanga. 

May  9.  Portugal  agrees  to  submit  the 
Delagoa  Bay  llailway  question  to  arbi- 
tration. 

May  14.  H.  C.  The  Agricultural  La- 
borers (Ireland)  Bill  is  carried  without 
a  division. 

May  22.  H.  C.  The  Customs  and  In- 
land Revenue  BiU  is  pjissed. 

+ .    The  conversion  of  the  Egyptian 

debt  is  completed. 

May  25.  Delegates  present  a  protest  from 
the  Kewfoundland  Government  against 
French  encroachments. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  Dec.  10.  The  Paper  Trust,  with 
a  capital  of  £1,500,000,  is  organized. 

Dec.  31,  London.  The  influenza  num- 
bers Lord  Salisbury  and  many  diplo- 
mats among  its  victims. 

1890  Jan.  1.  The  Forest  Gate  Indus- 
trial School  is  burned;  26  little  boys 
are  suffocated. 

Jan.  15.  London.  The  Loan  Exhibi- 
tion of  Paintings  is  opened  by  the  Prin- 
cess Louise. 

Jan.  18,  A  new  public  park  at  Poole 
is  opened  by  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

Feb.  6.  Tf.  An  explosion  occurs  in  tlie 
Llanerch  colliery,  near  Newport;  more 
than  170  deaths  follow. 

Feb.  *  London.  The  closing  performance 
of  Barnum*s  circus  is  largely  attended  ; 
it  has  been  visited  by  1,500,000  people  in 
this  visit. 

Mar.  4.  Scot.  The  Forth  Bridge  is 
opened  by  the  Prince  of  Wales ;  tho 
I>uke  of  Edinbvirgh  and  Prince  George 
of  Wales  are  present. 

Mar.  10.  W.  An  explosion  in  the 
Morfa  coal-mine  at  Tarbac,  Glamorgan- 
shire, causes  88  deaths.  [Mar.  11.  Four 
of  the  entombed  miners  escape.  Mar. 
12.  An  unlocked  lamp  is  said  to  have 
caused  the  explosion.] 

May  1.  Edinburgh.  The  Electric  Ex- 
hibition opens. 

Industrial  Exhibition  is  opened  by 
the  Dukeof  Edinburgh.  [Nov.  1.  Closes.] 

May  28.  London.  The  Royal  Agricul- 
tural Society's  show  in  the  Temple  Gar- 
dens is  opened  by  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

July  4,  The  Duke  of  Devonshire  makes 
a  reduction  of  16  per  cent  in  the  rentals 
on  his  Irish  estates. 


1004    1890,  July  20-1891,  Apr.  6.    GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1890  Sept.  16.   Ire.    Iiord  "Wolaeley 

becoiueB  commander  of  the  forces.  [Oct. 
1.  He  goes  to  Dublin  to  assume  coni- 
maiid  of  the  troops.] 

Oct.  13.  Tlie  East  Surrey  Regiment 
mutinies  against  going  to  India,  but 
tinally  embarks  from  Guernsey. 

Nov.  10.  The  torpedo  cruiser  Serpent  is 
lost  on  the  northwest  coast  of  Spain  ; 
three  men  only  out  of  276  are  saved. 

1891  Feb.  26.  Two  war-ships,  Jioyal 
Sovcrt-ifin  and  the  Royal  Arthur,  are 
launcHed  at  Portsmouth. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  Aug.  29.  Ihihlin.  The  new  Sci- 
ence and  Art  Museum  is  opened  by 
the  lord-lieutenant. 

Sept.  3.  The  British  Association  meets 
at  Leeds. 

Oct.  21.    A  memorial  of  the  defeat  of 

the  Sjianish  Armada  is  unveiled  at  Plym- 
outh by  the  Buke  of  Kdinburgh. 

Nov.  24.  Heavy  gales  along  the  South 
coast  do  much  wreckage.  [Dec.  *  An- 
other gale.] 

Dec.  18.  A  statue  to  the  late  Emperor 
Frederick  of  Germany  is  unveiled  by 
the  queen  at  Windsor. 

Dec.  *  The  bones  of  a  hippopotamus  are 
fc»und  embedded  in  clay. 

1891  Jan.  21.  A  landslide  at  Folkes- 
tone kills  three  persons. 

Mar.  lOi.  Tlie  heaviest  snowstorm  of 
tlie  century  occurs ;  70  lives  are  lost  in 
the  blizzard. 

Mar.  17.  The  first  conversation  by  tele- 
phone between  London  and  Paris  takes 
place. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1800    July  30.    Wallace,  Sir  Richard,  art 
collector,  A72. 

Davies,  I>avl(l,  iihilanthroplst,  A72. 

Au?.  13.  Newman,  John  Henry,  cardi- 
nal, author,  A8H. 

Aug'.  17.  Nalsh,  Lord,  John,  Irish  jurist, 
A  49, 

Sept.  1.    Ward,  Joliii,  diplomatist,  A85. 

Sept.  3.  North,  Marianne,  artist,  botanist, 
AtiO. 

Sept.  6.  KoBslvn,  Karl  of,  Robert  Francis 
St.  Clafr  Krskine,  A  57. 

Sept.  9.  Lidilon,  Henry  P.,  Canon  of  St. 
Paul's,  author,  A(il. 

Sept.  IS.     Hardman,  Sir  Wm.,  jurist.  A62. 

Sept.  18.  Bouclcault,  Dion,  actor,  dra- 
matist, Irelantl,  Ati8. 

Sept.  31.  Marum,  Edward  P.  MuUiallen, 
Irisli  politician,  A63. 

Sept.  34.     Selons,  Uenrv  C,  artist,  A87. 

Sept.  30.    Egerton,  Alfred  J.  F.,  pol.,  A36. 

Sept.  39.  Barnard,  George,  landscape 
painter,  A83. 

Oct.  4.  Booth,  Catherine  (Salvation  Armv), 
A61. 

Oct.  7.    White,  Henry,  chaplain,  A56. 

Oct.  9.  Ellenborough,  Lord,  Charles  Ed- 
ward, general,  A69. 

Duflflelcl,  Alexander  J.,  chemist,  au.,  A68. 

Oct.  13.  Sellar,  William  Young,  classical 
scholar,  author,  A65. 

Oct.  13.  Rogers,  James  E.  Thorold,  politi- 
cal ecoiiomist,  A67. 

Oct,  30.  Burton,  Sir  Richard  Francis, 
orientalist,  A  69.    ■ 

Oct.  34.    Scott,  Wm.  Bell,  poet,  painter,  A79. 

Oct.  36.     Graham,  Sir  Luniley,  col.,  A62. 

Oct.  37.     Cox,  John  E.,  cl.,  writer,  A78. 

Oct.  39.  Barton,  Joseph  L.  B.,  maj.-gen., 
A78. 

Nov.  13.    O'Hagan,  John,  Irish  jurist,  A68. 

Nov.  13.  l>avis,  Sir  John  F.,  Chinese 
scholar,  diplomatist,  A95. 

Nov.  15.     Harris,  George,  jurist,  au.,  A81. 

Nov.  37.     Bell,  George,  publisher,  A76. 

Litton,  Edward  Falconer,  Irish  justice, 

A63. 

Bee.  3.     Cottesloe,  Thomas  Francis  Fre- 

maiitle,  statesman,  A92. 

Peacock,  Sir  Barnes,  jurist,  .\86. 

Dec.  S.     Kuddlestun,  Baron,  John  Walker, 

jurist,  A73. 


Dec.  9.  Church,  Richard  William,  dean  of 
St.  Paul,  author,  A75. 

Dec.  13.     Boehm,  Sir  Jos.  E.,  sculptor,  A56. 

Dec.  35.  Thouison,  William,  archbishop  of 
York,  A71. 

Gull,  Sir  William  Withey,  physician,  A73. 

Lamington,  Lord,  Alexander  I).  B.  Coch- 
rane, statesman,  author,  A73. 

Lucas,  Margaret,  first  president  of  World's 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  L'nlon, 
A  72. 

Thompson,  Sir  Augustus  Rivers,  administra- 
tor, A61. 
1891    Jan.  3.    Kinglake,  Alexander  W., 
historian,  A80. 

Jan.  4.     Keene,  Charles  S.,  comic  artist,  A68. 

Jan.  30.  Sinclair,  James  Augustus,  Earl 
of  Caithness,  A  64. 

Jan.  33.  Waring,  Edward  John,  medical 
author,  A72. 

Jan.  S7.     Bradlaugh,  Charles,  states.,  A58. 

Feb.  1.  Plumptre,  Edward  Hayes,  clerg>'- 
man,  author,.A70. 

Feb.  10.  Beauchamp,  Earl  of,  Frederic 
Lygon,  politician,  ABl. 

Feb.  33.  Albemarle,  Earl  of,  George 
Tliomas,  general,  A92. 

Feb.  35.    Green,  Sir  Wm.  Klrby,  dip..  A.W. 

Mar.  15.  Bazalgette,  Sir  Joseph,  civil  en- 
gineer, A  72. 

Mar.  30.  Quick,  Robert  Herbert,  educator, 
A60. 

Mar.  39.  Lefroy,  Edward  Cracroft,  clergy- 
man, author,  A  36. 

Mar.  31.  Granville,  Earl,  George  Leve- 
son-Gower,  statesman,  A76. 

Apr.  3.  Baring,  Thomae  Charlee,  finan- 
cier, politician,  philanthropist,  A6U. 


CHURCH. 

1890  Sept.  30-Oct.  3.  The  Church 
Congress  is  held  in  Hull,  Bishop  of 
Durham  presiding. 

Oct.  13.  London.  An  unusual  service 
of  reconciliation  i.s  held  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral  after  its  defilement  by  sui- 
cide. 

Oct.  14.  Peterborough  Cathedral  ia 
reopened  after  repairs. 

Oct.  17.  Archdeacon  Farrar  accepts 
the  chaplaincy  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. 

Nov.  12.  Gen.  Booth  asks  for  £100,000 
to  begin  his  scheme  for  relieving  the 
poor. 

Nov.  13.  The  Duke  of  Fife  sends  Gen. 
Booth  £100  towards  bis  poor  f  imd  of  the 
Salvation  Army.  [Nov.  24.  The  Earl  of 
Derby  donates  £1,000.] 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Church  of  Eng- 
land) : 

Apr.  25,  Edward  Noel  Hodges  for  Tra- 
vaneore  and'  Cochin,  anil  Alfred  Robert 
Tucker  for  Eastern  K(iuatorlal  Africa;  May 
15,  Brooke  Foss  Westcott  for  Durham; 
Oct.  9,  J.  W.  Festlng  for  St.  Albans;  also 
George  Kodney  Kden  for  Dover,  Daniel 
Lewis  Lloyd  for  Bangor,  John  James  S. 
Perowne  for  Worcester,  James  O'SuUlvan 
for  Tuam,  C.  Julius  for  Christcliurcb,  N.  Z., 
Jabez  C.  Whitley  for  Chutla  Nagpnr,  W. 
Saumarez  Smith  for  Sydney,  Australia,  and 
G.  H.  Stanton  for  Newcastle,  Australia. 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Roman  Catho- 
lic): 

J.  Keys  0*Doherty  for  Berry,  T.  T.  McRed- 

mond,  coadjutor  for  KUlala,  and  John  Egan 
for  Waterford  and  Lismore;  also  Ort.  2ii, 
Denis  ()'<'onnor  tor  l^ndon,  and  William 
Gordon  for  Leeds.  James  A.  Smith  for  Dun- 
keld. 

1891  Jan.  2.  The  bishop  of  London 
sanctions  the  establishment  of  the 
Brotherhood  of  St.  Paul  for  his  dio- 
cese ;  it  is  a  society  of  Protestant 
monks,  who  will  enter  all  kinds  of  pa- 
rochial and  mission  work. 

Feb.  8.  Ire.  The  Catholic  primate's 
letter,  condemning  Mr.  PamelVs 
conduct,  is  read  in  all  the(Koman  Cath- 
olic) churches. 


LETTERS. 

1890  Sept.  25.  Londmi.  The  Pater- 
noster lieview  is  issued. 

Oct.  24.  London.  Darkest  Enfjlaiid and 
the  if'ay  Out  is  published  by  General 
Booth  of  the  Salvation  Army;  the  first 
edition  is  sold  in  three  hours. 

*  *  The  Picture  of  Dorian  Gray,  by  Oscar 
Wilde,  appears.  [1891,  The  Duchess  of 
Padua:  1892,  Lady  Windermere^ s  Fan; 
1893,  A  Woman  of  I^o  Importance  and 
Salome.^ 

*  *  Light  of  the  World,  by  Sir  Edwin  Ar- 
nold, appears.  [1892.  Potiphar*s  W{t't 
and  Other  Poems.] 

*  *  Life,  Letters,  and  Friendships  of  Pich- 
ard  Moncktfm  Milnes,  First  Lord  Hough- 
ton, appears. 

*  *  When  We  Were  Boys,  by  William 
O'Brien,  appears. 

*  *  The  Bondsman,  by  Hall  Caine,  aii- 
pears.  [1891,  The  Scapegoat;  1894,  The 
Manxman.^ 

*  *  The  Firm  of  Girdlestojie,  by  Conan 
Doyle,  appears,  [1892,  Adventures  of 
Sherlock  Holmes.] 

*  *  Beatrice,  by  Rider  Haggard,  appears. 
[1891,  Eric] 

*  *  A  Waif  of  the  Plains,  by  Bret  Harte, 
appears.* 

*  *  Kit  and  Kitty,  by  Blackmore,  appears. 

*  *  An  Ocean  Tragedy  and  Afy  Shipmate 
Louise,  by  (Jlark  Russell,  appear.  [1892, 
A  Strange  Elopement.] 

*  *  Kersteen,  by  Mrs.  Oliphant,  appears. 

*  *  Pen  Draining  and  Pen  Draughtsmen, 
by  Joseph  Pen'nell,  appears. 

*  ♦  Problems  of  Greater  Britain,  by  Sir 
Charles  Dilke,  appears. 

*  *  Essays,  Speculative  and  Assertive,  by 
Syniouds,  appears.  [1893,  In  a  Key  of 
Blue.] 

*  *  Principles  of  Economics^  by  Marshall, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Journey  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  from 
the  Original  Alanuscript  at  Abbotsford 
appears. 

*  *  In  Darkest  Africa,  by  Henry  M.  Stan- 
ley, appears. 

1891  Feb.  19±.  London.  One  of  Aris- 
totle's manuscript  treatises  on  the 
Constitution  of  Athens  is  found  in  a 
collection  of  Egyptian  papyrus  now  in 
the  British  Museum. 

Mar.  7.  Dublin,  The  National  Press  is 
issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1890   Aug.  24.    Ire.    A  demonstration 

in  Limerick  by  30.000  persons  protests* 
against  Bishop  O'Dwyer's  attack  upon 
John  Dillon.  [Aug.  25.  The  bishop 
withdraws  his  claim  of  dishonesty.] 

Sept.  1.  The  Trade  Unions  Congress 
meets  in  Liverpool ;  500  delegates  are 
present  ;  the  announcement  is  made 
that  £1,000  have  been  raised  for  the 
Australian  strikers,  and  subscriptions 
are  coming.  [Sept.  4.  A  resohition  is 
passed  favoring  an  eight-hour  working- 
day.    Sept.  6.    Closes.] 

Sept.  2.     London.    A  shipping  union  is 

formed  to  resist  the  working  men. 

Sept.  6.  The  Prince  of  Wales  forbids 
the  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors  on  the 
Saudringham  estate. 

Sept.  8.  Dock  laborers,  porters,  sailors, 
and  firemen  strike.  Ko  trains  pass  into 
the  docks  except  those  carrying  the 
mails. 

Sept.  13.  The  Southampton  strike  is 
ended;  the  firemen  and  seamen  are  con- 
ceded an  advance  in  wages. 

Sept.  15.  The  lockout  at  Southampton 
begins ;  work  on  the  dock  is  entirely 
suspended. 


AND    IRELAND.     1890,  July  20-1891,  Apr.  6.    1005 


Sept.  18.  Ire.  John  Dillou  and  William 
U'lJrien  are  arrested  for  making 
Bpeeches  at  Limerick  and  Tipperary, 
advising  tenants  not  to  pay  rent.  [Sept. 
19.  They  are  released  on  ball.  Sept. 
1*3.  Patrick  O'Brien,  M.P.,  is  also  ar- 
restetl.] 

Sept.  24.  Edinburgh.  The  Scottish 
Home  Rule  Association  holds  a  confer- 
ence. 

Sept.  26.  Ire.  The  trial  of  the  Na- 
tionalists, Dillon  and  O'Brien,  begins 
at  Tipperary.  fOct.  9.  They  forfeit  their 
bail,  and  sail  for  Cherbourg,  France,  to 
escape  appearance  at  Tipperary  on  the 
10th  inst.  Nov.  19.  They  are  convicted 
of  conspiracy,  and  sentenced  to  two 
terms  oi  six  months'  imprisonment.] 

Sept.  27.  Edinlmrgh.  The  Annual  Con- 
vention of  the  Irish  National  licague 
of  Great  Britain  opens. 

Sept.  28.  Dock  laborers,  coal-porters, 
sailors,  and  firemen  strike  in  Southamp- 
ton against  the  employment  of  non-union 
men.  [Sept.  '29.  The  strikers  cause  a 
riot,  and  in  several  encounters  with  the 
troops,  many  persona  are  injured.] 

Oct.  3.  London.  At  A  rnist  roug  ship- 
yard 1,000  men  strike. 

Oct.  4.  The  wool-shearers*  strike  is  de- 
clared off. 

Oct.  8.  Corn-porters  strike.  [Oct.  10. 
They  resume  work.] 

Oct.  10.  Bradford  weavers  secure 
their  demands  and  resume  work. 

Oct.  13.  London.  The  funeral  of  Mrs. 
William  Booth  of  the  Salvation  Army 
takes  place  ;  36,000  people  attend. 

Oct.  22.     London.    The  dock  companies 

five  notice  that  they  will  employ  only 
ree  men,  and  ignore  union  leaders. 

Oct.  24.  The  laborers  in  the  Royal  Al- 
bert Docks  strike. 

Oct.  27.  Ire.  Moonlighters  murder  a 
girl  and  her  mother  in  County  Clare. 

Oct.  28.  London.  The  (lock  companies 
are  notified  that  a  strike  will  follow  un- 
less non-union  men  are  discharged. 
[Oct.  30.  The  dockmen  order  a  strike. 
Nov.  3.  London  dockmen  tor  the  Allan 
Company  return  to  their  work.] 

Oct.  31.  Ire.  Michael  Davitt's  Demo- 
cratic Labor  Federation  is  spreading 
throughout  the  southern  counties. 

Not.  7.  At  Wellingborough,  3,000  shoe- 
makers are  locked  out. 

Nov.  14.  At  Liverpool,  500  members  of 
the  Dockers'  Union  refuse  to  unload 
the  White  Star  Steamer  Utrinanic  from 
New  York. 

Dock  laborers  in  Liverpool  strike  for 
more  pay. 

Nov.  15-17.  Capt.  O'Shea  brings  an 
action  for  divorce  against  his  wife, 
naming  C.  S.  Parnell  as  corespondent; 
the  divorce  is  granted,  and  Mr.  Paruell  is 
ordered  to  pay  $3,500  coats. 

Nov.  18.  Dublin.  The  National  Ijeague 
meets,  and  those  present  decide  to  stand 
by  Parnell  as  leader  of  the  Nationalists. 

Nov.  10.  Lonilon.  Mayhew,  a  solicitor, 
absconds,  leaving  $660,000  liabilities 
and  $1)00  assets. 

Princess  Victoria,  second  daughter 

of  the  Emperor  and  Empress  Frederick, 
is  married  to  Prince  Adolphus  of 
Schauinberg-Lippe. 

Nov.  21.  In  Durham,  25,000  colliers 
strike  for  higher  wages. 

Nov.  24.  A  judgment  for  £160  is  given 
against  Miss  Colnlen  for  acting  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  London  County  Council,  for 
which,  being  a  woman,  she  was  dis- 
qualified. 

Nov.  26.  Ire.  Mayor  "Walsh  of  Wex- 
ford is  sentenced  to  three  months'  im- 
prisoniaent  under  the  Crimes  Act  for 


publishing  certain  articles  in  The  New 
iioss  standard. 

Dec.  6.  Jre.  Justin  McCarthy  and  44 
other  members  withdraw  from  meetings 
of  the  Irish  Nationalists,  and  organize  a 
separate  body,  with  Mr.  McCarthy  as 
chairman. 

Dec.  15.  Ihiblln.  The  suppressed 
United  Ireland,  a  paper  published  by 
the  anti-Parnellites,  reappears. 

Dec.  21.  Scot.  The  railway  servants 
at  Glasgow  decide  to  strike.  [Oec.  22. 
About  4,500  strike.  Dec.  23.  The  strike 
extends.] 

*  *  The  title  Baron  Field  is  created.  [1891, 
Barons  Hambleden,  Iveagh,  MacDonald, 
Mashani,  and  Mount  Stephen.] 

1801  Jan.  8.  Ire.  The  Balfour  Irish 
Relief  Fund  reaches  $10,000,  besides 
contributions  of  clothing. 

Jan.  14.  Edinburgh.  A  mass-meeting 
of  railroad  strikers  is  held.  [Jan.  15. 
The  strikers  try  to  wreck  a  train  near 
(ireenock,  and  they  are  riotous  at  Perth. 
Jan.  29.    Strike  is  ended.] 

Jan.  30.  Gen.  Booth  of  the  Salvation 
Army  begins  to  carry  out  his  plan  of 
social  regeneration. 

Feb.  13.  London.  Another  White- 
chapel  outcast  is  murdered. 

Mar.  10.  Dublin.  The  National  Fed- 
eration Convention  opens.  Justin  M'- 
Carthy  presides ;  letters  approving  the 
course  of  the  M'Carthyites  are  received 
from  Archbishop  Coke  and  froni  most  oi 
the  bishops  of  Ireland. 

Mar.  17.  London.  A  blue  book  is  is- 
sued ;  it  discloses  the  fact  that  152  peers 
of  the  realm  are  owners  of  places  in 
which  intoxicants  are  sold  ;  the  number 
of  drink-shops  owned  by  them  is  1,539. 

Mar.  22 1.  Ire.  The  priests  still  de- 
nounce Mr.  Pamell  from  their  pulpits. 
Parnell  addresses  a  public  meeting  at 
Drogheda. 

Apr.  6.  Tx>ndon.  A  sensation  is  caused 
by  the  rumor  that  Paniell  has  been 
privately  married  since  the  divorce 
proceedings,  but  not  to  Mrs.  O'Shea. 
[May  26 1.  The  divorce  is  made  abso- 
lute.] 

STATE. 

1890  Aug.  9.  The  formal  transfer  of 
Helgoland  to  Gernmny  is  made. 

Aug.  18.    Parliament  is  prorogued. 

Aug.  22.  The  convention  respecting 
Sast  Africa,  by  England  and  Portugal, 
is  published. 

It  restrains  the  latter  power  from 
transferring  African  territory  without 
the  former's  consent. 

Sept.  27.  England  offers  to  buy  the 
fisheries  rights  of  France  in  New- 
foundland at  a  price  to  be  fixed  by  a 
board  of  arbitration. 

King  George,  of  the  Tonga  Islands, 

is  notified  that  his  country  is  under 
British  protection. 

Sept.  29.  London,  Joseph  Savory  is 
elected  lord  mayor. 

Nov.  4.  An  agreement  with  the  Sultan 
of  Zanzibar,  placing  his  dominions  un- 
der the  Protectorate  of  England,  is 
gazetted. 

Nov.  8.  Lord  Salisbury  accepts  Portu- 
gal's proposal  for  a  modus  rivendi  in 
regard  to  Africa.  [Dec.  9.  The  modus 
riv€7idi  is  conchuled.] 

Nov.  25.  Parliament  reopens;  the 
queen's  speech  is  read  in  both  Houses. 
At  a  meeting  of  the  Irish  Home  Kule 
members  of  Parliament,  Mr.  Pamell  is 
unanimously  reelected  chairman  of  the 
Irish  Parliamentary  Party. 


A  letter  from  Mr.  Gladstone  is  pub- 
lished, saying  that  he  cannot  cooperate 
with  Parnell. 

Nov.  27.  Mr.  Parnell  issues  his  mazii- 
festo  to  the  Irish  people,  giving  his  rea- 
sons why  he  should  continue  in  the  lead- 
ership of  the  Irish  Party. 

Dec.  2.  The  Irish  members  of  Parlia- 
ment hold  a  session  to  consider  the  re- 
moval of  Pamell;  a  motion  to  post- 
pone the  question  is  rejected.  Vote, 
44-29. 

Dec.  9.  The  Municipal  Council  of  the 
Irish  National  League  formally  calls 
upon  Mr.  Parnell  to  resign. 

Dec.  20.  The  charter  of  the  South 
African  Company  is  gazetted. 

Itenibraces  the  vast  tract  of  Central  Africa 
liortli  of  the  Zamhesi  Klver  ami  west  of  the 
coast-line  in  Mozambique,  to  which  it  is  now 
the  policy  of  England  to  limit  the  Portu- 
guese. The  company  is  liound  by  the  <'on(li- 
tions  of  the  charter  to  oppose  and  'liscourage 
the  slave-trade  and  the  tra<ie  in  ardent  spirits. 

1891  Jan.  9.  An  Anglo-Austrian 
convention  is  signed,  allowing  Austria 
to  occupy  the  seaiwrt  of  Salonica  on 
(condition  that  she  will  support  the  Brit- 
ish policy  in  regard  to  Turkey,  Armenia, 
and  Egypt. 

Jan.  22.  Parliament  reassembles  ;  Mr. 
Parnell  assumes  the  Irish  leadership. 

Jan.  27.  H,  C.  The  resolution  of 
1880,  forbidding  Bradlaugh  to  take 
the  oath  or  to  aftirm,  is  expunged  from 
the  House  records. 

Feb.  3.  H.  C.  An  Act  for  the  recovery 
of  tithe-rent*  charge  in  England  and 
Wales  is  passed.  [Feb.  19.  Passed. 
Mar.  '2G.    Receives  royal  assent.] 

Feb.  20.  H.  C.  The  resolution  favor- 
ing the  disestablishment  of  the  Church 
in  Wales  is  rejected.    Vote,  235-203. 

Mar.  13±.  The  proposed  arbitration 
agreed  on  by  England  and  France  con- 
cerning Newfoundland  is  limited  to 
the  lobster  fisheries  and  canning  fac- 
tories. 

Mar.  18.  H.  C.  The  W^elsh  Local 
Option  Bill  is  passed. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  July  28.  Scot.  A  railway  acci- 
dent occurs  at  Milngavie  Junction,  near 
Glasgow  ;  about  30  persons  are  injured. 

Sept.  *  Ire.  The  potato  crop  is  a  failure 
in  many  places. 

Sept.  16.  The  new  bridge  over  the 
Taff  at  Cardiif  is  opened  by  the  Duke  o*" 
Clarence  and  Avondale. 

Nov.  4.  The  electric  underground 
railway  from  London  to  Stockwell  is 
inaugurated  by  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

Nov.  11.  A  collision  occurs  on  the 
Great  Western  Kailway  at  Taunton  ;  10 
persons  killed  and  many  injured. 

Dec.  20.  London.  A  fire  in  Queen  Vic- 
toria and  Thames  Streets  near  Black- 
friars  Bridge  causes  a  loss  of  £400.000. 

*  *  Sir  J.  Miller's  Sainfoil  wins  the 
Derby  race.  [1801,  Sir  F.  dnhnstone's 
Common;  1802,  Lnnl  Bradford's  Sir 
Hugo ;  1893,  H.  McCalmont's  Isinglass; 
1894,  Lord  Kosebery's  Iiadas.] 

1891  Jan.  11.  A  collision  in  the  Frith 
of  Forth  results  in  13  persons  drowned. 

Jan.  24.    The    first   train   crosses  the 

Forth  Bridge  with  directors  on  board. 
Feb.  22+.    The  great  struggle  between 

capital  and  labor  still  continues. 
Apr.  5.    A  big  colliery  trust  is  created 

in   Yorkshire,  Lancashire,  Derbyshire, 

and  Staffordshire. 


1006    1B91, Apr.  10-1892, Jan.  21.    GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1891  Apr.  15.  E.  I.  A  British  force 
is  advancing  \ipon  the  Manipuris,  who 
are  prepariug  tu  resist. 

Apr.  21.  London.  Part  of  Third  Bat- 
talion Grenadier  Guards  refuse  to 
turn  out  for  parade.  [Apr.  24.  Four 
are  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  two 
years.] 

May  23.  S.  E.  Afr.  Portuguese  troops 
and  the  British  South  African  Com- 
pany's expedition  engage  in  a  serious 
coimict  ou  the  Puugwe  Kiver. 

May  28.  S.  E.  Afr.  British  troops  de- 
feat a  Portuguese  force  on  the  banks 
of  the  Bemba  Kiver.  [May  30.  An  at- 
tack by  the  Portuguese  on  the  British 
camp  18  repulsed  after  a  fight  of  two 
hours.] 

May  *  Three  war-vessels  and  an  armed 
force  are  sent  to  prevent  the  forming  of 
the  '*  Republic  of  the  North  "  as  contem- 
plated by  the  Boers. 

Aug.  18-21.  The  French  fleet  visits 
English  waters,  and  is  received  with 
great  ovations.  [Aug.  21.  The  French 
and  British  fleets  are  reviewed  by  the 
queen  off  Spithead.] 

Oct.  28.  Another  mutinous  demon- 
stration is  made  by  the  Third  Battalion 
Grenadier  Guards  at  Windsor. 

Dec.  11.  Tibet.  Hunza  Niger  tribes- 
men are  repulsed  by  native  troops 
under  British  officers  near  Gilghit,  with 
Jieavy  losses  on  both  sides  ;  the  tribes- 
men capture  Fort  Chalt;  itis  recaptured 
by  British  troops.  [The  British  advance 
■on  Hunza.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  July  8.  Scot.  A  statue  of  Rob- 
ert Burns  ia  unveiled,  with  Masonic  hon- 
ors, at  Ayr. 

July  10.  London.  The  convention  of 
the  Theosophic  Society  opens,  Mr, 
Olcott  presiding. 

Aug.  10.  London.  The  International 
Congress  of  Hygiene  and  Demography 
is  opened  by  the  Prince  of  Wales.  [Aug. 
17.    Closes.] 

1892  Jan.  3.  W.  Gold  is  discovered 
in  Barmouth,  Merionethshire. 

Jan.  5.  London.  Henry  VIII.  is  pro- 
duced at  the  Ijyceura  Tteater  by  Henry 
Irving. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1891  May  3.  Sullivan,  Barry,  Irish  trage- 
dian, A66. 

May  5.  Magee,  William  Connor,  archbishop 
of  York,  A70. 

May  6.    Hare,  Thomas,  political  wr.,  ASS. 

May  8.  lilavatsky,  Helena  Petrovna, 
leader  of  Theosophlsts,  A60. 

May  15.    Long,  PXl win,  artist,  A52. 

May  18.  Cavendish,  Lord  Edward,  politi- 
cian, A53. 

Colquhoun,  Sir  Patrick,  poL,  an.,  A76. 

May  32.  Fowler,  Sir  Robert  Nicholas,  poli- 
tician, A63. 

May  26.    Wyllie,  Sir  William, colonel,  A89. 

June  S.    Hawkshaw,  Sir  Jolm,  eng.,  A80. 

June  11.  Bodlchon,  Barbara  Leigh  Smith, 
philanthropist,  Ab4. 

June  16.  O'Gorinan  Mabon,  James  Pat- 
rick, colonel,  politician,  A91. 

June  20.  llewett,  Sir  Prescott  G.,  surgeon, 
A78. 

July  4.    Gladstone,  Wm.  Henry,  pol.,  A50. 

July  28.    Fothergill,  Jessie,  novelist,  A40. 

Aug:.  21.     Inglis,  Lord,  John,  Justice,  A81. 

Cleveland,  l>uke  of,  Harry  G.  Powlett, 

ASS. 

Auff,  24.  Ralkes,  Henry  C,  postmaster- 
genera^,  politician,  A53. 

Auff.  26.    Whichcote,  George,  gen.,  A97. 

Sept.  9.    Theed,  William,  sculptor,  A87. 

Oct.  6.  Parnell,  Charles  Stewairt,  Irish 
leader,  statesman,  A4d. 


Oct.  7.  Hennessey,  Sir  John  Pope,  states- 
man, author,  A57. 

Oct.  15.  A'Becket,  Arthur  William,  drama- 
tist, A54. 

Oct.  26.    Hewett,  William,  lieut.-coL,  A96. 

Nov.  12.    Wingfleld,  Lewis,  author,  A49. 

Nov.  13.  Suffleld,  R.  Rodolph,  Unitarian 
clergyman,  A70. 

Nov.  24.  Bulwer-Iiytton,  Edward  Rol»ert 
(Owen  Meredith),  Karl  of  Lytton,  states- 
man, poet,  author,  AfiO. 

Nov.  25.  Goodwin,  Harvey,  bishop  of  Car- 
lisle, author,  A73. 

Nov.  29.    Power,  Richard,  pol.,  Ire.,  A40. 

Dec.  1.  Thompson,  Sir  Matthew  W.,  poli- 
tician, A72. 

Dec.  0.  Flannlgan,  Stephen  W.,  jurist,  Ire- 
land, A74. 

Dec.  13.  Wells,  William  Gorman,  drama- 
tist, A  67. 

Dec.  16.  Bennett,  Sir  James  Rlsdon,  pliy- 
siclan,  A82. 

Dec.  17.  Bro\vne,  Edward  H.,  bishop  of 
Winchester,  author,  AHO. 

Dec.  19.    Harcourt,  Edward  W.,  poL,  A66. 

Taylor,  Peter  Alfred,  merchant,  politi- 
cian, A72. 

Dec.  21.  Cavendish,  William,  Duke  of 
Devonshire,  statesman,  A8a. 

Dec.  34.    Chambers,  Sir  Thomas,  jurist,  A78. 

Dec.  28.     Cellier,  Alfred,  composer,  A47. 

White,  Sir  William,  dip.,  A67. 

Dec.  30.  Adams,  W.  H.  Davenport,  jour- 
nalist, author,  A  63. 

Dec.  *  Grantham,  Richard  B.,  eng.,  A86. 

Dec.  *  Smith,  William,  architect,  A  74. 

Smith,  William  Henry,  statesman,  A(>6. 
1893    Jan.  1.    Redhouse,  Sir  James,  orten- 
taUst,  A81. 

Jan.  2.    Airy,  Sir  George  B.,  astron.,  A90. 

Jan.  6.  Clifford,  Sir  Robert  C.  Spencer, 
colonel,  A76. 

Jan.  10.    Villiers,  George,  general,  A44. 

Philpott,  Henry,  bp.  of  Worcester,  A85. 

Jan.  14.  Manning-,  Henry  Edward, 
cardinal,  archhp.  of  Westminster,  an.,  A8H. 

Albert  Victor  Christian  Edward,  I  )uke  of 

Clarence  and  Avondale,  son  of  Prince  of 
Wales,  A28. 

Jan.  15.    Kelly,  Edward,  rear-adm.,A.W. 


CHURCH. 

1891  Apr.  21.  A  Glasgow  woman  be- 
queaths £70,000  to  Gen.  Booth  of  the  Sal- 
vation Array.  [May  8.  Mr.  Bell  of 
Glasgow,  £a),000  for  same  purpose.] 

May  13.  Ire.  A  priest  refuses  to  ad- 
minister the  sacrament  to  Pamellitea 
at  Dunmore. 

June  5.  W.  The  South  "Wales  Metho- 
dist Conference  meets  at  Cardiff. 

June  14,    London.    Dr.  Joseph  Parker 

delivers  a  sermon  at  the  City  Temple 
in  which  he  denounces  the  Prince  of 
Wales  (baccarat  scandal). 

June  23.  London.  The  Rev.  Herman 
Adler  is  Installed  chief  rabbi  of  the 
British  Empire  in  Bayswater  Synagogue. 

July  2.  Ire.  The  Irish  bishops  reaffirm 
their  declaration  against  Mr,  Farnell 
as  unfit  to  be  a  leader  of  the  Irish 
people,  and  unworthy  the  confidence  of 
Koman  Catholics. 

July  10,  Ijondon.  The  Theosophic  So- 
ciety meets  ;  24G  branches  represented. 

July  13-21.  London.  The  Interna- 
tional Congreeational  Council  holds 

its  meeting. 

Aug.  15.  Services  in  memory  of  James 
Russell  Lowell  are  held  in  Westmin- 
ster Abbey,  led  by  Canon  Farrar. 

Oct.  6.  The  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
opens  the  Church  Congress  at  Rhyl. 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Church  of  Eng- 
land): 

William  C.  Magee  for  York,  later  William 
D.  Manlagan,  K.  F.  L.  Itlunt,  suffragan  for 
Hull,  Anthony  W.  Tliorold  for  Winchester, 
Henry  II.  Bowlby,  suffragan  for  Coventry, 
Randall  Thomas  Davidson  for  Rochester, 
W.  M.  Carter  for  Zululand,  South  Africa, 
Mandell  Creighton  for  Peterborough,  Jolm 
Gott  for  Truro,  Christopher  George  Barlow 


for  North  Queensland,  William  Day  Reeve 
for  Mackenzie  Kiver,  Can.,  William  WaUli 
for  Mauritius.  W.  If.  Yeatnian,  suffragan  for 
Southwark,  Augustus  Legge  for  Lichfield. 


LETTERS. 

1891  July  10.  Dublin,  The  Nation 
suspends. 

Aug.  8.  Scot.  Andrew  Carnegie  lays 
the  corner-stone  of  a  public  library  at 
Peterhead,  to  which  he  had  given  £1,000. 

Sept.*  Dublin.  The  Freeman's  Journal 
and  National  Press  are  united. 

Dec.  18,  Dublin.  The  Daily  Irish  In- 
depemlent  (Parnellite)  is  issued. 

1891-92  *  *  The  Wrecker  and  Ballads, 
by  K.  L.  B.  Stevenson,  appear.  [1893, 
David  Balfour^  Island  Nights*  Enter- 
tainments, Catriona  and  A  Foot-note  to 
History:  Eifjht  Years  of  Trouble  in  Sa- 
moa; 1894,  Ebb-Tide.] 

*  *  Essays  on  English  Literature  and  Es- 
says on  French  Novelists,  by  George  E, 
B.  Saintsbury,  appear. 

*  *  Peter  Ibbetson,  by  George  du  Maurier, 
appears. 

*  *  History  of  Sicily,  by  Freeman,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Memoir  of  Horace  Walpole,  hj  Austin 
Dobson,  appears. 

*  *  Poems  by  the  Way,  by  William  Morris, 

appears. 

*  *  Daphne  and  Other  Poems,  by  Frederick 
Tennyson,  appears. 

*  *  One  of  Our  Conquerors,  by  George 
Meredith,  appears.  [1894,  Lord  Ormont 
and  his  Aminta.] 

*  *  The  JFa^cs  q/'5tn,  by  Lucas  Malet,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Life  and  Letters  of  Robert  Brmrn- 
ing,  edited  by  Mrs.  Sutherland  Orr,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Memoir  of  the  Life  of  Laurence  Olir- 
phant  and  of  Alice  Oliphant  appears. 

*  *  Letters  of  Charles  Dickens  to  Jf'ilkie 
Collins,  by  Laurence  Hutton,  appears. 

*  *  The  Little  Minister,  bv  J.  M.  Barrie, 
appears.  [1893,  Two  of  fhem.  An  Auld 
Licht  Manse,  and  A  Tillyloss  Scandal.] 

1892  Jan.  16.  The  London  edition  of 
the  New  York  Herald  ie  discontinued. 


SOCIETY. 

1891  Apr.  12.  Ire.  The  Plan  of  Cam- 
paign collapses  on  the  Tower  Hill  es- 
tates in  Ijimerick  and  Glensharold,  thus 
ending  a  seven  years'  struggle. 

May  3.  London.  An  immense  labor 
meeting  is  held  in  Hyde  Park. 

May  21.  Queen  Victorialays  the  comer- 
stone  of  an  infirmary  at  Derby. 

June  1-9.  London.  The  Baccarat 
Scandal : 

Sir  William  Gordon-Cumming  sues  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Lycett  Green  and  others  for 
slander  in  charging  him  with  having 
cheated  at  a  game  of  baccarat  in  the 
house  of  Arthur  Wilson,  Tranby  Croft, 
near  Doncaster,  in  September  1890.  [J  une 
4.  Case  is  tried  before  Lord  Culeridge  of 
the  Queen's  Bench  division  ;  Sir  Edward 
Clarke  is  counsel  for  plaintitf ;  June  9. 
He  severely  criticizes  the  Prince  of 
Wales.  Sir  Charles  Russell  is  counsel 
for  defendants.  The  defendants  are 
acquitted.] 

June  8.  Scot.  At  Clydebank,  7,000  ship- 
workers  strike  against  a  5  per  cent  re- 
duction in  wages. 

June  10.  Sir  Wm.  Gordon-Cuns* 
ming,  the  plaintiff  in  the  baccarat  trial, 
is  married  to  Miss  Florence  Garner  oi 
New  York. 


AND    IRELAND.     1891,  Apr.  10-1892,  Jan.  21.    1007 


June  12.  Lmitlon.  The  omnibuB  strike 
ig  emieii :  the  employers'  oifer  of  a  12 
hours'  work-<lay  and  a  slight  increase  in 
wages  is  accepted. 

June  14.  London.  The  laundresses, 
supported  by  numerous  trade  societies, 
in  all  about  80,000  persons,  hold  a  meet- 
ing in  Hyde  Park,  to  secure  the  benefits 
of  the  Factory  Act. 

June  22.  Lomlm.  Another  murder  of 
a  foreign  woman  occurs. 

June  25.  The  marriage  of  Mr.  Pamell 
and  .Mrs.  O'Shoa  at  Steyning  is  an- 
nounced. 

June  29.  The  great-granddaughter  of 
the  queen,  infant  daughter  of  l>uke 
and  Duchess  of  Fife,  is  christened  in 
the  Chapel  lioyal,  St.  James's  Palace ; 
archbishop  of  Caiiterbury  officiates. 

July  4-14.  Emperor  'William  of  Ger- 
many visits  England. 

July  11.  The  I'nited  Kingdom  brewers 
and  license  victualers  form  a  strong 
combine  to  uphold  their  interests. 

-July  17.  Litntlon.  A  meeting  of  Chris- 
tian ministers  is  held  in  the  City  Tem- 
ple, in  support  of  the  formation  of  a 
federation  of  English-speaking  people 
for  international  arbitration  and  uni- 
versal peace. 

July  20.  London.  The  famous  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral  reredos  case,  in  litigation 
since  1888,  is  dismissed  in  the  Court  of 
Appeals,  with  costs  against  the  appel- 
lants. 

-July  30.  Ire.  Nationalists  Dillon  and 
O'Brien  are  released  from  their  six 
months'  imprisonment. 

July  31.  Ire.  The  Freeman'n  Jourrml 
repudiates  the  leadership  of  Mr.  Par- 
nell,  and  Mr.  Parnell's  suggestion  to 
Dillon  and  O'Brien  for  a  reunion  of 
their  forces  is  rejected. 

Aug.  7.  London.  An  aged  woman  is 
fatally  stabbed  in  'Whitechapel. 

Aug.  10,  London.  An  International 
Congress  of  Hygiene  and  Demog- 
raphy is  opened  by  the  Prince  of  Wales 
in  St.  James  Hall. 

Aug.  15.    ir.    About I.OOOminersstrike. 

Aug.  19.  The  French  fleet  arrives  off 
Oowes,  and  Is  received  with  honors. 
[Aug.  20.  The  queen  entertains  Adm. 
Gervais  and  his  orticers  at  the  Osborne 
House.  Aug.  26.  The  fleet  leaves  Ports- 
mouth.] 
'Sept.  1.  London.  The  Oriental  Con- 
gress is  opened.  [Sept.  8.  It  favors  an 
international  eight-hour  law.] 
'Sept.  7.  The  Trade-Union  Congress 
opens  at  Newcastle. 

Sept.  10.  London.  The  Jewish  Colo- 
nization Association  is  registered  un- 
der the  Companies'  Act  with  a  capital 
of  £2,000,000  in  £100  shares ;  Baron 
Hirsch  holds  19,900  shares. 

Sept.  21.  London.  The  London  and 
Westminster  Bank  is  robbed  of  bills 
valued  at  more  than  ST.'iO.OOO. 

Oct.  1.  The  Liberal  Federation  Con- 
gress opens  in  Newcastle ;  3,000  dele- 
gates present. 

Oct.  11.  Dublin.  The  funeral  of  Par- 
nell  takes  place,  40,000  persons  having 
viewed  the  body. 

Oct.  21.  An  attempt  is  made  to  wreck 
an  express-train  on  the  Great  Western 
Railway. 

Nov.  4.  Ire.  The  Irish  National  Fed- 
eration is  in  session  at  Waterford ; 
mobs  throng  the  streets,  and  150  persons 
are  injured. 

Deo.  9.  Ixnulon.  AV omen's  Labor 
Home  is  opened  by  the  Duchess  of  Al- 
bany in  Marylelwne  Itoad. 

Dec.  15.  Ire.  Election  riots  at  Water- 
ford  occur  between  Parnellites  and 
antl-Paruellites. 


1892  Jan.  20.  The  funeral  of  the  Duke 
of  Clarence  and  Avondale  takes  place 
in  St.  George's  Chapel.Windsor. 

Jan.  21.  The  funeral  of  Cardinal 
Manning  takes  place  at  Kensal  Green 
Cemetery. 

STATE. 

1891  Apr.  10.  Queen  Victoria  appoints 
a  Royal  Labor  Commission,  with  the 
Marquis  of  Hartington  at  its  head,  to 
inquire  into  the  relations  existing  be- 
tween capital  and  labor,  the  cause  of 
strikes,  and  the  best  means  of  prevent- 
ing them. 

Apr.  13.  H.  C.  The  Intoxicating 
Iiiquors  ( Ireland )  BUI,  providing  for 
entire  Sunday  closing  over  the  whole  of 
Ireland,  and  for  earlier  closing  on  Satur- 
day, is  read  a  second  time.  [Withdrawn 
because  of  want  of  time  to  discuss  it.] 

Apr.  22.  H.  C.  A  motion  for  the  sec- 
ond reading  of  the  bill  to  enable  Dis- 
senters to  acquire  freehold  rights  to 
places  of  religious  worship  on  payment 
therefor,  thus  placing  them  on  equal 
footing  with  the  Church  of  England,  is 
passed.    Vote,  218-110.    [Dropped.] 

Apr.  23.  H,  C.  Mr.  Gosclieu  proposes 
an  annual  grant  of  £2,000,000  for  free  or 
assisted  education. 

Apr.  28.  H.  C.  A  motion  to  reduce 
the  number  of  taverns,  and  to  give 
local  authorities  larger  control  of  li- 
censes, provided  that  publicans  be  com- 
pensated, is  passed.    Vote,  182-111. 

Apr.  30.  H.  C.  Announcement  is  made 
that  in  future  no  treaty  of  commerce 
precluding  the  preferential  arrange- 
ments between  England  and  the  Colo- 
nies regarding  their  respective  products 
would  be  renewed. 

May  8.  England  has  annexed  a  strip  of 
territory  on  the  western  frontier  of 
Bechuanaland,  in  order  to  prevent  the 
threatened  "  trek"  of  Boers  and  Dama- 
ras.    (Announced.) 

May  30.  The  Governor  of  the  Bank 
of  England  is  ai>pointed  a  member  of 
the  privy  council. 

June  5.  H.  C.  A  bill  (introduced  May 
29),  prohibiting  Bj-itish  subjects  from 
catching  seals  in  Bering  Sea  for  a  cer- 
tain period,  is  passed.  [June  8.  H.  L. 
Passed.  June  9.  An  amendment  pro- 
hibiting British  ships  from  sealing  in 
that  sea  for  a  limited  period  is  adopted 
by  both  Houses.  June  11.  Keceives 
royal  assent.] 

June  11.  Port.  The  Anglo-Portu- 
guese Convention,  relating  to  the  Eng- 
lish and  Portuguese  possessions  in  South 
Africa,  is  signed  at  Lisbon. 

June  18.  H.  C.  The  Factory  and 
"Workshop  Act,  to  improve  the  condi- 
tions under  which  operatives  work  in 
the  textile  industries,  is  Introduced.  [An 
amendment  prohibiting  children  under 
11  years  of  age  from  working  is  adopted. 
Vote,  202-186;  this  is  a  Government  de- 
feat. July  19.  A  motion,  that  after 
1892,  July  1,  children  under  H  years  of 
age  shall  not  be  employed  except  on 
half  time,  is  defeated.    Vote,  lM-189; 


bill  passed.     July  13.    H.   L.     Passed. 
Aug.  5.    Keceives  royal  assent.] 

June  22.  Sir  George  Smyth  Baden-Pow- 
ell, M.l'.,  and  Dr.  Dawson,  of  the  Cana- 
dian Survey  Department,  are  appointed 
British  arbiters  in  the  Bering  Sea  dis- 
pute ;  Ashley  Froude  is  aj)i)ointed  sec- 
retary of  the  British  Bering  Sea  Com- 
mission. 

June  24.  British  subjects  are  forbidden 
by  Order  in  Council  to  catch  seals  in 
Bering  Sea  until  May  1,  1892. 

June  25.  England  annexes  the  island  of 
Sabutan,  which  is  claimed  by  Spain. 

July  22.  H.  C.  Sixty  thousand  pounds 
is  voted  for  the  relief  of  Ireland's  suf- 
fering poor. 

Aug.  5.  Parliament:  A  new  Element- 
ary Education  Act,  reducuig  or  abol- 
ishing school  fees,  introduced  June  8,  is 
passed.     [Sept.  1.    In  operation.] 

The  Public  Health  ( London )  Act, 
amending  previous  statutes,  is  passed. 

Sept.  21.  Sir  James  Ferguson  has  been 
appointed  postmaster-general  to  succeed 
Mr.  llaikes,  deceased. 

Sept.  22.  The  Government  officially  rec- 
ognizes the  Provisional  Government  of 
Chile. 

Sept.  29.  London.  David  Evans  is 
elected  lord  mayor. 

Oct.  18.  Arthur  J.  Balfour  is  ap- 
pointed first  lord  of  the  treasury.  [Oct. 
25.  William  I.,.  Jackson  is  appointed 
chief  secretary  for  Ireland.] 

Nov.  17.  London.  Lord  Salisbury  noti- 
fies the  Turkish  ambassador  that  Eng- 
land is  ready  to  reopen  neg<jtiations  for 
a  convention  to  regulate  affairs  in 
Egypt. 

Nov.  26.  The  Newfoundland  Bait 
Act  is  pronounced  unconstitutional. 

Deo.  11.  The  Marquis  of  Dufferin  is 
appointed  British  amliassador  at  Paris. 

*  *  Census  returns  give  population  of 
England  and  Wales.  29,001,018 :  Ireland, 
4,704,750  ;  and  Scotland,  4,033,103. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  May  11.  A  tank  explodes  at 
NeAvport,  killing  eight  men  and  injur- 
ing 25. 

June  24.    The  Irish  Campaign  Fund's 

account  is  reported  as  follows :  Col- 
lected: $634,385 ;  expended:  legal  ex- 
Eenses,  $36,100;  to  tenants,  $382,090; 
ousing,  $68,405 ;  building,  etc.  at  New 
Tipperary,  $147,760  — total,  $632,385. 

July  7.    The  Manchester  Ship  Canal 

is  opened. 

July  12.  A  dam  in  the  Mersey,  250  feet 
wide,  collapses  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Union  Canal. 

Aug.  24.  Iron-works  in  the  Cumberland 
district  shut  down;  6,000  men  are  idle. 

Sept.  4.  The  steamer  I'iirst  liismarck,  for 
Hamburg  from  New  York,  breaks  the 
record;  time  of  passage,  six  days,  12 
hours,  and  58  minutes. 

Sept.  7.  The  steel- works  at  Belckow, 
Yorkshire,  shut  down;  several  thou- 
sand men  are  idle. 

Nov.  5.  The  chemical  manufactures 
register  under  the  name  of  the  United 
Alkali  Company;  capital,  £6,000,000. 

Nov.  14,  15.  Commercial  panic ;  the 
Bank  of  England  averts  the  suspension 
of  the  house  of  Baring  Brothers. 

Nov.  29.  The  Cotton  Employers'  Asso- 
ciation of  Oldham  decides  to  raise 
wages  10  per  cent. 

Dec.  26.  A  terrible  panic  takes  place 
in  the  theater  at  Gateshead  ;  10  persoim 
are  crushed  to  death. 


1008    1892,  Jan.  22-1893,  Feb,  9.     GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1892  Jan.  30.  The  cruiser  Grafton  iB 
launched  at  the  Thames  Iron  works. 
[Feb.  27.  The  Repidse  at  Pembroke 
dockyard.  Mar.  1.  Scot.  The  war-ship 
Jiamillies  on  the  Clyde.] 

Apr.  2.  E.  r.  The  revolt  of  the  Chins 
in  Upper  Burmah  is  announced.  [The 
t^overnment  troops  defeat  and  infli<!t 
heavy  tines  upon  the  revolting  chiefs.] 

May  *  E.  I.  Government  troops  capture 
Toniataba  after  a  brave  defense  by  the 
natives. 

Sept.  26.  Life-guardsmen  at  Windsor 
cut  their  saddles  as  a  protest  against 
excessive  drill ;  several  are  arresteti. 
[A  court-martial  sentences  one  offender 
to  imprisonment  for  18  months,  and  dis- 
missal from  the  regiment.] 

Dec.  2.  Ind.  The  cruiser  liapid  shells 
seven  villages  in  Solomon  Islands. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  ~  NATURE. 

1892  Feb.  12.  The  Naval  Exhibition 
in  the  Walker  Art  Gallery,  Liverpool,  is 
opened  by  Lord  George  Hamilton. 

May  18.  An  earthquake  shock  is  felt 
at  Cornwall. 

Aug.  18.  Twoearthquake  shocks  occur 
in  Wales. 

Sept.  10.  London.  The  new  Trafalgar 
Square  Theater  is  opened. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1893  Jan.  2S.  Ramsay,  J.  D.,  eommanrler, 
A86. 

Jan.  23.     Benson,  Henry  Roxby,gen.,  A73. 

Jan.  25.  Lawrence,  Sir  Arthur  Johnstone, 
general,  A  82. 

Jan.  27.    Lambert,  Sir  John,  states.,  A76. 

Jan.  29.    Paget,  Sir  George,  physicist,  A72. 

Jan.  31.  Spurs-eon,  Charles  Haddon, 
clergyman,  author,  A58. 

Feb.  3.  Mackenzie,  Sir  Morell,  physician, 
surgeon,  A65. 

Feb.  10.  Calrd,  Sir  James,  agricnlturiat, 
Scotland,  A76. 

Fob.  11.    Grant,  James  A.,  explorer,  A64. 

Feb.  13.  Wallis,  Sir  Prove  Wm.  Parry, 
admiral,  A 100. 

Feb.  10.    Stuart,  Charles,  general,  A82. 

Feb.  18.     Campbell,  Sir  Geo.,  pel.,  au.,  A67. 

Mar.  8.     Gregory,  Sir  Wm.  Henry,  pel.,  A75. 

Mar.  10.  Denbigh,  Earl  of,  Kudolph  W.  B. 
Fleming,  A  68. 

Mar.  16.  Freeman,  Edward  Aueustus, 
historian,  A69. 

Mar.  19.  Russell,  Sir  William,  lieut.-gen., 
poUtician,  A69. 

Apr.  2.    Murray,  John,  publisher,  A83. 

Apr.  6.     Leitrlm,  fourtli  Earl  of,  A45. 

Apr.  16.    Edwards,  Amelia  IJ.,  novelist,  A61. 

Apr.  22.    Pelly,  Sir  Lewis,  gen.,  dip.,  .\67. 

May  9.  Bramwell,  Baron  George  \V.  W., 
jurist,  A84. 

May  24.    Butt,  Sir  Charles  P.,  jurist,  A  61. 

May  26.  Mayne,  Richard  Charles,  rear- 
admiral,  A  57. 

June  18.  Fytche,  AlJjert,  C.  S.  I.,  general, 
diplomatist,  A71. 

June  20.  Drogheda,  Marquis  of.  Sir  Henry 
F.  Seymour  Moore,  A67. 

July  15.  Cooper,  Thomas,  political  agita- 
tor, poet,  author,  A87. 

Hardinge,  Sir  Arthur  E.,  general,  A64. 

July  16.  Maogregor,  John  (Rob  Roy),  trav- 
eler, author,  A67. 

July  19.    Cook,  Thomas,  exeurslonlBt,  AR4. 

July  26.  Claughton,  Thomas  Leigli,  bishop 
of  Rochester,  A84. 

July  27.  Sherl>rooke,  Viscount,  Robert 
Lowe,  statesman,  A81. 

Aug.  2.  Van  Straulsenzee,  Sir  Charles  T., 
general,  A79. 

Sept.  16.  Howard,  Edward,  cardinal,  lin- 
guist, A63. 

Sept,  22.  Sutherland,  Duke  of,  George 
Granville  Leveson-Gower,  A63. 

Sept.  27.     Evans,  Sir  Thomas  W.,  pel.,  A71. 

Oct.  5.    Marriott,  Hayes,  lieut.-gen.,  A79. 

Oct.  6.     Tennyson,  Lord  Alfred,  poet.  A83. 

Elliot,  Richard  C,  surgeon-gen.,  \1^. 

Oct.  7.  Pears,  Sir  Thomas  Townsenil,  niaj.- 
gen.,  A  82. 


Oct.  20.    Nelson,  Thomas,  publisher,  phi- 
lanthropist, A70. 
Nov.  9.     Marlborough,  Duke   of,  George 

Charles  Spencer-Churchill,  A48. 
Nov.    11.    TroUope,  Thomas  A.,  novelist, 

historian,  A82. 
Nov.  16.    Sankey,  William,  general,  A7I. 
Dec.  16.     Briggs,  Willoughby  L.,  maj.-gen., 

A65. 
Dec.  17.    Portarlington,  Earl  of,  Lionel  S. 

W.  Dawson  Darner,  Crimean  vet.,  AbO. 

Smith,  William  S.,  ailmiral,  A!*3. 

Dec.  18.    Owen,  Sir  Richard,  naturalist, 

anatomist,  A88. 
Dec.  24.     Howell,   Richard   A.,  vice-adm., 

A76. 
Dec.  29.     Black,  Francis,  Scot,  pub^  A6I. 
1893  Jan.   15.     Kemble,  Fanny  (Frances 

Anne)  actor,  A83. 
Jan.    33.      Brooks,    Phillips,    churchman, 

orator,  A.W. 
Feb.    6,      Brabourtie.    l.onl    Eilward   H. 

Knatchbull-Hngessen,  statesman,   autlior 

of  books  for  children,  A63. 

CHURCH. 

1802  June  2.  Peterborough  Cathe- 
dral is  reopened  by  the  archbishop  of 
Canterbury. 

Aug.  16.  London.  The  pallium  is  con- 
ferred, for  the  first  time  since  155G,  on 
Archbishop  Vaughan  (Roman  Catholic) 
of  Westminster. 

Oct.  4.  The  Church  Congress  meets 
at  Folkestone,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury presiding. 

*  *  London.  Herbert  Vaughan  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  archbishop  of 
Westminster. 

*  *  Bishopscon8ecrated(Churchof  Eng.): 

Norman  D.  .1.  Straton  for  .Sodor  anil  Man, 
Jolin  W.  Bardsley  (tr.)  Carlisle,  Wm.  liUm. 
.'^myth  for  Lebombo,  South  Africa,  Andrew 
H.  Dunn  for  Quebec,  H.  Tully  Kingdon  for 
Fredericton,  New  Brunswick,  Alfred  Clifford 
for  Lucknow,  Charles  Oliver  Mules  for  Nel- 
son, N.  Z.,  William  Chambers  for  Coulburn, 
Australia,  and  Nathaniel  Dawes  for  Rock- 
hampton,  Australia;  also  John  Bilsborrow 
for  Salford,  Theodore  Dalhoflf  for  Bombay, 
and  N.  Seluan  for  Cyprus. 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Roman  Catho- 
lic): 

Ire.  John  Conmy  for  Killala,  and  R.  A. 
Sbeeban  for  Waterford  and  Lismore. 

LETTERS. 

1892  Mar.  17.  Scot.  The  University  of 
St.  Andrews  opens  the  departments  of 
theology,  arts,  and  sciences  to  women. 

Oct.  1.  fxnidmi.  The  Pali  Mall  Gazette 
changes  hands  ;  it  will  be  no  longer  Rad- 
ical, but  favor  the  Liberal-Unionists. 

Oct.  24.  Mr.  Gladstone  delivers  the  first 
Romaneae  lecture  at  Oxford  University 
on  '*  Medieval  Universities." 

Nov.  15.  }V.  The  new  library  at  the 
University  College  of  Wales,  Aberyst- 
with  is  formally  opened,  the  gift  of 
American  Welshmen. 

Dec.  13.  Victoria  Buildings,  Univer- 
sity College,  Liverpool,  are  opened. 

*  *  Kotes  of  an  Englishman  in  Paris  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Duchess  of  Powysland,  by  Grant 
Allen,  appears. 

*  *  Man  and  Beast  in  India,  by  Kipling, 
appears. 

*  *  Elements  of  Politics,  by  Henry  Sedg- 
wick, appears. 

*  *  Marah,  by  Owen  Meredith,  appears. 
[1893,  King  Poppy.] 

*  *  F<yrtunatus,  the  Pessimist,  by  Alfred 
Austin,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  William.  Coioper,  by  T.  Wright, 
appears. 

*  *  Conversations  with  Carlyle,  by  Sir 
Charles  Gavan  Duffy,  appears. 


1893    Jan.  11.    London.    The  Ifentmln- 
.^ter  Gazette  is  issued. 


SOCIETY. 

1892  Feb.  9.  London.  The  body  of 
Rev.  Charles  H.  Spurgeon  is  lying  in 
state  in  his  Tabernacle  ;  about  7,000  peo- 
ple pass  the  casket  hourly. 

Feb.  10.  Lomlan.  About  8,000  coal- 
porters  strike.    [Feb.  12.    Ends.] 

Feb.  12.  The  miners  in  Burham  strike. 
[dune  1.  Knds  by  an  agreement  to  10 
per  cent  reduction  in  wages.] 

Feb.  16.  Ire.  Moonlighters  make 
raids  in  County  Cork. 

Mar.  12.  The  great  coal-n\iners*  strike 

throiighout  England  begins.  [.Mar.  U. 
About  ;i50.000  miners  are  out,  and  '.iOO.OOO 
workmen  of  other  trades  are  alt'ected.] 

Mar.  18.  The  miners'  conference  de- 
cides tliat  hereafter  men  sliould  work 
but  five  days  in  the  week. 

Apr.  30.  The  Salvation  Army  is 
mobbed  at  Eastbourne. 

May  6.  The  edit<>r  of  the  Commonifeal, 
an  Anarchist  paj»er,  is  convicted  of  in- 
citing to  murder  in  his  paper. 

May  9.  A  riot  occurs  at  Castleden  Col- 
liery, near  Hartlepool. 

May  14.  Ire.  Riots  occur  at  Cork  be- 
tween Parnellites  and  anti-Parnellites; 
40  persons  are  injured. 

May  22.+  The  Khedive  of  Egypt  is 
made  a  E^night  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath 
by  Queen  \'ictoria. 

May  24.  The  queen  confers  the  titles 
I>uke  of  York,  Earl  of  Invernes.**,  and 
Bartm  Killarney  on  Prince  George  of 
Wales. 

June  2.  Ire.  Michael  Bavitt  is  severely 
wounded  in  a  faction  fight  at  Navan, 
County  Meath. 

June  17.  Ire.  The  Ulster  Conven- 
tion, in  opp()siti(m  to  Home  Rule,  meets 
at  Belfast ;  10,000  delegates  attend. 

June  26.  Ire.  Faction  fights  occur  in 
in  Cork.  [June  30.  Dr.  Tanner  is 
wounded  in  an  election  riot.] 

July  4.  Ire.  An  attempt  is  made  to 
wreck  a  train  carrying  300  Parneliites 
to  a  political  meeting  at  Lisdeen,  County 
Clare. 

July  8.  iJublin.  Rioting  continues;  the 
windows  of  tJohn  Dillon's  house  are 
smashed,  and  mudi  stone-throwing 
takes  place.  [July  10.  Election  riots 
occur  in  many  towns.  Aug.  3,  A  fac- 
tion fight  occurs  at  Limerick.] 

Aug.  16.  The  sum  of  £20,700  is  collected, 
and  a  greater  part  is  sent  to  sufferers 
by  fire  at  St.  John's,  Newfoundland. 

Aug.  22.  A  dispute  about  piece-work 
causes  a  lockout  of  55.000  tailors. 

Sept.  14.  Ire.  The  Irish  Privy  Council 
revokes  all  pnudamations  made  under 
the  Coercion  Act. 

Sept.  20.  In.  Eviction  of  tenants  is 
resumed  by  many  landlords. 

Oct.  18.  Lord  Kosebery  is  made  a 
Knight  of  the  Garter. 

Oct.  20.  London.  The  unemployed 
hold  a  great  meeting  at  Tower  Hill. 
[Kov.  8.  After  a  meeting  they  attack 
the  office  of  the  St.  James's  Gazette.] 

Nov.  3.  Lancashire  cotton-workers 
strike  against  a  reduction  of  5  per  cent 
in  their  wages  ;  45,000  are  out  of  work. 

Dec.  13.  The  British  Union  of  Con- 
servative Associations  holds  its  an- 
nual meeting  in  Shetiield. 

Dec.  23.  Labor  riots  break  out  at  Bris- 
tol. 

Dec.  24.  Dublin.  A  dynamite  explo- 
sion occurs  in  the  detective  office  ;  De- 
tective Synnot  is  killed. 


AND    IRELAND.      1892,  Jan.  22-1893,  Feb.  9.     1009 


•  •  Titles  created : 

Uarons  Kelvin,  Cromer,  Newton>  Ash- 
combe,  I'layfair,  KoUtIs,  IU>'th8wood,Cra\v. 
Bhiiw.  LlaiiKtittotk,  Shand,  Rook  wood. 
KniKhtley,  lioo<i,  Imnleath,  ami  Amherst  of 
Hackney,  Duke  of  I'raiibrook.  Earl  of  An- 
caster,  ami  the  Marquis  of  Zetland. 

1893  Jan.  1.  London.  A  procession  of 
the  unemployed  goes  to  St.  Paul's  to 
hear  the  sermon  by  (Jauon  Scott  Hollaml. 

Jan.  2.  Ire.  Several  houses  iu  Kilrush 
are  wrecked  by  Paraellites. 

Jan.  29.  Dablin,  A  great  demonstra- 
tion is  made  in  approval  of  tlie  release 
of  the  Irish  dynamiters  from  prison. 

Feb.  9.  Irish  pilgrims  start  for  Rome 
to  attend  the  I*ope's  jubilee  celebra- 
tioD. 

STATE. 

1892    Feb.  1.    E,  Afr.    Zanzibar  is  de- 
clared a  free  port  by  the  British  agent. 
Feb.  8.    H.  G.    Joseph  Chamberlain 

succeeds  Lord  Hiirtington  as  leader  of 
the  Liberal-L'niunists. 

Feb.  9.    Parliament  reassembles. 

Feb.  12.  H.  C.  An  amendment  to  the 
address  in  favor  of  releasing  treason- 
felony  prisoners  is  rejected.  Vote,  108- 
97. 

Feb.  17.  H.  C.  A  bill  to  assimilate  the 
municipal  franchise  in  Ireland  to  that 
in  England  is  discussed,  and  read  a  sec- 
ond time.     [Dropped.] 

Feb.  18.  H.  C.  Arthur  J.  Balfour  in- 
troduces an  Irish  Local  Government 
Bill,  which  passes  to  its  first  reading. 
He  asserts  it  would  set  up  baronial  and 
county  (!oun<Mls  elected  for  three  years.  So 
that  minorittfS  might  be  protected,  cumula- 
tive voting  would  be  adopted,  and  the  right 
of  traverse  would  be  jtreserved.  As  a  safe- 
guard against  financial  corruption  or  oppres- 
sion, any  20  ress-payers  should  have  power 
to  apply  to  a  judge  of  assize  for  the  removal 
of  a  baronial  or  county  council  on  the  ground 
of  dl8ol)edlence  to  the  law,  or  of  corruption 
or  of  malversation.  I  f  the  council  should  be 
found  guilty,  it  could  l>e  removed,  and  the 
lord-lieutenant  would  All  its  place.  In  addi- 
tion to  that,  joint  connnittees  composed  of 
seven  nominees  of  the  council,  and  seven 
nominees  of  the  granil  jury,  with  the  sheriff, 
would  be  appointed,  and  their  consent  would 
be  necessary  for  expenditure  on  works,  etc. 
[May  24.  Second  reading.  June  9.  With- 
drawn.] 

Feb.  23.  H.  L.  A  resolution  for  dises- 
tablishment of  the  Welsh  Church  is 
rejected.  Vote,  267-220.  The  Eight- 
Hour  Bill  is  rejected  by  majority  of  112. 

Mar.  1.  H.  C.  The  Evicted  Tenants 
(Ireland)  Bill  is  rejected  ;  majority,  55. 

Mar.  3.  Lord  Salisbury  refuses  to  renew 
the  modus  vivetuli  of  last  year,  pending 
the  Bering-3ea  Dispute. 

Mar.  4.  H.  C.  £20.000  is  voted  for  the 
Mombassa  Railway. 

Mar.  15.  H.  C.  A  bill  to  remove  the 
disabilities  imposed  on  Boman  Cath- 
olics by  the  Relief  Act  of  1829  is  brought 
up  by  Patrick  O'Brien.    [Dropped.] 

Mar.  16.  H.  C.  The  Tenure  of  Land 
(Wales)  Bill  is  rejected.    Vote,  234-113, 

Mar.  19.  H.  C.  A  bill  to  give  a  second 
legislation  to  Scotland  is  introduced. 
[Dropped.] 

Mar.  23.  H.  C.  The  Miner's  Eight- 
Hour  Bill  is  rejected.    Vote,  272-lGO. 

Mar.  25.  H.  C.  The  resolution  in  favor 
of  the  payment  of  members  of  £365  a 
year,  offered  by  Mr.  Fenwick,  is  rejected. 
Vote,  227-162. 


Mar.  29,  H.  C.  A  resolution  favoring 
government  working  of  telephone 
lines  is  rejected.  Vote,  205-147.  The 
bill  to  give  Irish  tenants  more  power  to 
compel  their  landlords  to  sell  their  hold- 
ings to  them  under  the  Laud  Purchase 
Act  is  defeated.    Vote,  177-86. 

Apr.  27.  H.  C.  Sir  A.  Rollit's  "Wo- 
men's Suffrage  Bill  is  rejected.  Vote, 
175-152. 

May  7.  The  agreement  in  relation  to  the 
Bering-Sea  question  is  ratified  by  both 
Lord  Salisbury  and  United  States  Min- 
ister Lincoln. 

May  10.  London,  An  order  prohibiting 
Bering-Sea  fishing  until  May,  1893,  is 
gazetted. 

May  12.  The  Government  declines  to 
give  its  assent  to  the  convention  between 
the  United  States  and  Newfound- 
land. 

The  Bering-Sea  patrol  is  ordered  to 
seize  all  vessels  found  sealing. 

June  16.  Mr,  Balfour  confirms  the  state- 
ment that  the  British  East  Africa  Com- 
pany had  instructed  their  otticers  to 
abandon  Uganda  before  the  end  of  the 
year. 

June  27.  H.  C.  The  Small  Agricultural 
Holdings  Bill,  the  chief  aim  of  which  is 
to  create  anew  the  class  formerly  de- 
scribed as  yeomen,  introduced  Feb.  22, 
is  passed. 

The  Education   and   Local  Taxation 
Account  (Scotland)  Act  and  the  Irish 
Education  Act  equalizing  educational 
g^rants  are  passed. 
Parliament  is  dissolved. 

June  29.  Final  returns  from  the  elec- 
tions give  Mr.  Gladstone  a  majority  of 
40. 

July  28.  Parliament :  The  Shop-Hours 
Bill}  to  make  permanent  the  Shop-Hours 
Regulation  Act  of  1880,  is  passed. 

Aug.  4.  The  new  Parliament  opens. 
A.  W.  Peel,  Speaker. 

Aug.  8.  H.  L.  The  queen's  speech  is 
read. 

Aug.  11.  H.  C,  The  House  votes  no 
confidence  in  the  Ministry.  Vote,  350- 
310. 

Aug.  15.    The  Ministry  resigns. 

Aug.  16.  Fourth  Administration  of 
Mr.  Gladstone. 

Cabinet:  W.  E.  Gladstone  (Premier  and 
L.  Treas.),  Lord  llerschel  (L.  Chanc),  Earl 
of  Klmberley  (I'res.  of  (,'oun.  and  Sec.  for 
Ind.),  Sir  William  Vernon  Harcourt  (Chanc. 
Excheq.),  Herbert  Henry  Asquith  (Home 
Sec),  Earl  of  Koaebery  (Foreign  Sec),  Mar- 
quis of  Kipon  (Colonial  Sec),  Henry  Camp- 
bell-liannerman  (Sec.  War),  .Sir  George 
Otto  Trevelyan  (Sec  for  Scot,  and  keeper  of 
the  <;reat  Seal),  Earl  Si>encer  (L.  Adnilr.), 
John  Morley  (Chief  Sec  fur  Ireland),  Arnold 
Morley  (Poatniaster-Ceneral),  Anthony  John 
Mundella  (I'res.  Board  of  Trade),  Henry 
Hartley  Fowler  (I'res.  Local  Gov.  Board), 
James  B.  IJryee  (Chanc.  Uuchy  of  Lancas- 
ter),George  John  Sbaw-I^fevre  (First  Com- 
missioner of  Works),  Arthur  Herbert  Dyke 
Acland  (Vice-Pres.  Coun.j. 

Ire.     Lord    Houghton    Is   appointed 

lord-lieutenant  and  Samuel  Walker  lord 
chancellor. 

Sept.  3.  The  Government  places  the  Gil- 
bert Islands,  in  the  South  Sea,  under  a 
protectorate  to  protect  British  citizens. 


Oct.  2.  The  Government  agrees  to  the 
evacuation  of  Uganda  by  the  British 
East  Africa  Company  in  three  months, 
after  which  a  British  commission  will 
take  charge  of  aflfalrs  there. 

Oct.  29.  London.  The  Government  de- 
cides to  allow  public  meetings  at  Trafal- 
gar Square  during  times  of  political  and 
social  crises. 

Dec.  2,  London.  The  English  plan  is 
rejected  by  the  International  Mone- 
tary Conference  Committee.  Vote,  7-6. 

1893  Jan.  18.  The  Khedive  of  Egypt 
yields  to  the  demand  of  Great  Britain 
for  the  dismissal  of  the  newly  appointed 
Ministry,  and  promises  to  appoint  Riaz 
Pasha,  who  is  known  to  be  friendly  to 
British  interests,  as  president. 

Jan.  31.  Parliament  is  opened  by  royal 
commission. 

Feb.  3.  H.  Ij.  The  queen's  address  is 
agreed  to.    [Feb.  14.     By  H.  C] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Feb.  4.  London.  The  foot  and 
mouth  disease  breaks  out  among  im- 
ported cattle. 

Feb.  16.  Ire.  ReHef  works  are  made 
at  an  expense  of  $802,850,  of  which  sum 
$228,235  is  expended  for  wages. 

Apr.  30.  Fire  destroys  the  lace-mills  at 
Nottinghamshire  ;  loss  £100,000,  and  1 ,500 
hands  idle. 

May  28.  German  emperor*s  Meteor 
wins  the  yacht-race  from  Southampton 
to  Harwich. 

June  8.  London.  The  New  Oriental 
Bank  fails  for  over  $36,000,000. 

Aug.  5.  The  emperor's  yacht  Meteor  is 
beaten  in  the  closing  race  at  Cowes. 

Aug.  6.  London.  California  fruit  ar- 
rives in  good  condition,  but  brings  low 
prices. 

Aug.  24.  London.  Rigorous  precautions 
against  cholera  are  taken.  [Aug.  26. 
Two  cases  of  cholera  are  found  on  a 
Hamburg  steamer  at  Gravesend.  Aug. 
27.  Scot.  Two  cases  appear  at  Glas- 
gow. Aug.  30.  It  appears  in  London 
and  Liverpool.  Sept.  2.  The  cholera 
panic  subsides.] 

Aug.  26.  fr.  An  explosion  and  fire 
in  a  coal-pit  cause  the  death  of  about 
150  miners.  [Aug.  27.  Forty-seven  mi- 
ners rescued.] 

A  disastrous  explosion  occurs  at 
Yondu  colliery,  near  Brecon  ;  112  per- 
sons killed. 

Oct.  6.  London.  Three  cases  of  chol- 
era, one  fatal,  are  reported  ;  one  death 
in  Cork. 

Dec.  14.  A  coUiery  explosion  in 
Wigan  causes  great  loss  of  life. 

*  *  TheDerbyis  won bySirHugo;  time, 
2.44 ;  lia  Fldche  is  the  second. 

1893  Jan.  10,  Water  rushes  into  a 
mine  at  St.  Just,  Cornwall,  drowning  27 
men. 


1010   1893,  Feb.  13-1894,  Mar.  12.    GREAT   BRITAIN 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  Mar.  4.  It  Is  announced  that  the 
Duke  of  Edinburgh  has  been  made 
admiral  of  the  fleet.   [Aug.  24.  Kesigus.] 

Mar.  22.  In  the  maneuvering  of  the 
Mediterranean  fleet  off  Tripoli,  the  bat- 
tle-ship Victoria  la  sunk  in  a  collision 
with  the  battle-ahip  Camperdown;  338 
officers  and  men  are  drowned,  including 
VIce-Adm.  Sir  George  Tr yon.  [The  find- 
ings of  a  court-martial  blame  Adm. 
Tryon.] 

Mar.  29.  Vice- Adm.  Sir  Michael 
Culme  Seymour  is  jippointed  successor 
to  Vice-A(lni.  Tryon  as  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  Mediterranean  Station. 

July  29.  "  The  Volunteers*  Officers' 
Decoration,"  for  officers  serving  20 
years,  is  instituted  by  Queen  Victoria. 

Nov.  25.  The  gunboat  Dryad  ia 
launched  at  Chatham. 

1894  Jan.  13.  Jf.  Afr.  The  British 
troops  in  Sierra  Leone  defeat  a  force  of 
4,000  Sofas,  icilling  250.  [Jan.  19.  It 
surprises  and  defeats  the  Sofas,  who 
have  destroyed  several  native  towns  and 
slaughtered  the  inhabitants.] 

Feb.  23.  W.  Afr,  An  expedition  of 
marines  and  bluejackets,  operating 
against  Fodi  Silah,  a  native  chief,  near 
Bathurst,  fall  into  an  ambush  on  tlieir 
return  to  the  boats  ,-  13  are  killed  and  52 
wounded.  fMay  7.  They  have  another 
engagement  with  slave-trading  forces 
under  Chief  Fodi  Silah  ;  they  seize  and 
burn  Bamjur,  in  Gambia,  and  capture 
Urikama,  with  much  loss  to  the  natives.] 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1893  May  2.  W.  An  earthquake  oc- 
curs. 

June  14.  A  monument  to  Shelley,  at 
University  College,  Oxford,  is  inaug- 
urated. 

Aug.  21.  Edinburgh.  A  statue  of  A  bra- 
hani  Lincoln,  a  memorial  to  the  Scottish- 
American  soldiers  of  the  War  of  the 
Rebellion  (U.  S.  A.),  is  unveiled. 

Oct.  9.  The  South  London  Art  Gal- 
leries at  Camber  well,  the  gift  of  Pass- 
more  Edwards,  are  opened  by  the  Prince 
of  Wales  and  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of 
Yi)rk. 

Nov.  18.  Disastrous  floods  occur ;  144 
wrecks  reported,  and  much  loss  of  lite. 

Oct.  30.   The  Burke  memorial  at  Bristol 

is  imveiled. 

1894  Mar.  6.  A  memorial  to  Phillips 
Brooks  is  placeii  in  the  wall  along  tbe 
south  aisle  of  St.  Margaret's  Church, 
Westminster. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1893  Mar.  19.  Errington,  Sir  .lolrn  S., 
diplomatist,  A81. 

Mar.  22.     Tryon,  Sir  Geo.,  vice-adm.,  A61. 

Mar.  24.    Robinson,  Sir  Henry,  states.,  A70. 

Apr.  19.  SymondB,  John  Addinerton, 
critic,  historian,  A  53. 

Apr.  31.  Derby,  Karl  of,  Edward  Henry 
Smith-Stanley,  statesman,  A66. 

Apr.  *  Crawley,  Richard,  i)oet,  A50. 

May  9.     I'aulet,  Lord  Wni.,  fleld-mar.,  A88. 

May  S8.    Pritchard,  Charles,  astron.,  Aft4. 

May  *  Cowper,  Edward  Alfred,  inv.,  A74. 

May  *  Roniaiiie,  W.  G.,  administrator,  A68. 

June  3.    Potter,G.,  trade-union  leader,  A61. 

June  23.  Lockyer,  Arthur,  editor  of  tlie 
OraphiCy  A64. 

June  24.  Shepstone,  Sir  Theophilus,  politi- 
cian, A76. 

June  *  Pearson,  Emma  Marta,  philanthro- 
pist, author,  dies. 


July   10.      Nettleship,    Henry,    classical 
scholar,  author,  A54. 

July  13.    Lushingtonf  Edmund  L.,  Greek 
professor,  A82. 

July  20.    Chalmers,  Charles  D.,  maj.-gen., 
A66. 

July  31.    Rae,  John,  arctic  explorer,  A79. 

Auff.  12.    Hamley,  Sir  Edward  IJ., gen.,  A67. 

Horniman,John,  Quaker  philanthropist, 

A89. 

Sept.  9.     Parke,  Thomas  Heazle,  African 
explorer,  Ireland,  A36. 

Sept.  13.     Daubeny,  James,  general,  Ai>*i. 

Sept.  ♦  Moore,  Albert,  paint«r,  A42. 

Oct.    7.     Smith,   Sir   Williaia,   dassital 
scholar,  author,  writer,  AHO. 

Oct.  9.     Guion,  W.  H.  (steamship  line),  d. 

Oct.  16.     Birch,  Charles  B.  A.  K.  A.,  scndp- 
tor,  A61. 

Nov.  30.    Clark,  Sir  Andrew,  phys.,  A6". 

Dec.  1.     Leinster,  Duke  of,  Gerald  F.,  A42. 

Dec.  21.    Chambers,  Walter,  bishop,  A69. 

Tucker,  Miss  (A.  I,.  O.  E.),  author,  A72. 

Dec,  31.    Vizetelly,  Henry  Richard,  author, 
publisher,  A74. 
1894  Jan.  12.     Farkyns,  Mans  field,  ex- 
plorer, A71. 

Jan.    17.     Walker,  Sir  Charles  P.  Beau- 
champ,  general,  A76. 

Mar.  2.     McJIurdo,  Sir  William  Scott,  gen- 
eral, A75. 

Mar.  5.    Layard,  Sir  Austen  Henry,  archeol 
ogist,  ATT. 

Mar.    12.    Stephen,  Sir  James  Fitzjames, 
jurist,  author,  A(>5. 

lialfour,  Sir  George,  gen.,  states.,  A84. 


CHURCH. 

1893  Mar,  29.  London.  Bev. Thomas 
Spurgeon  is  selected  to  succeed  bis 
father  as  pastor  of  the  Tabernacle. 

Apr.  8.    The  800th  anniversary  of  the 

consecration  of  Winchester  Cathedral  is 
celebrated. 
Apr.  16.  Ire.  Methodist  ministers  si^n 
an  appeal  to  the  Methodist  ministers  in 
Englan<i  to  oppose  Home  Rule  on  both 
religious  and  commercial  grounds. 

May  18.  Scot.  The  jubilee  of  the  Free 
Chm*ch  is  celebrated. 

June  22.  London..  A  mass-meeting  is 
held  to  consider  means  of  helping  Ar- 
menian Christians. 

Sept.  20.  Jews,  numbering  5,000,  meet 
in  tbe  Assembly  Hall,  Mile  End  Rond, 
and  indulge  in  fasting  and  wailing  for  12 
hours. 

Oct.  3.  The  Church  Congress  at  Uir- 
minghani  is  opened  by  the  bishop  of 
Worcester.  [Oct.  9.  The  Congress 
meets  at  Exeter,  bishop  of  Exeter  pre- 
siding.] 

Oct.  10.     The  Congregational  Union 

meets     at     the     City    Temjile,    Albert 
Spicer  presiding. 

*  *  London.    Herbert  Vaughan  (Roman 

Catholic),  archbishop  of  Westminster,  is 
consecrated  a  cardinal  priest. 

*  *  fre.  Michael  Logue,  archbishop  of 
Armagh,  is  consecrated  a  cardinal  priest. 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Church  of  Eng- 
land) : 

.Fohn  Sheepshanks  for  Norwich,  W.  W. 
Perrine  for  liritish  Columbia,  A.  H.  llaynes 
for  Natal,  William  Procter  Swaby  for  (iui- 
ana,  (ieorge  A.  Ormsby  for  Honduras,  and 
C.  Phillips  and  I.  Oluwole,  assistant  bishops 
for  Western  K*iuatorial  Africa. 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Roman  Catho- 
lic): 

Frederick  Richards  Wynne  for  Killaloe, 
Ire,,  William  Turner  for  Galloway,  Scot., 
and  John  Carroll  for  Shrewsbury. 

1894  Jan.  17.  Tbe  English  bishops 
issue  an  address  against  Welsh  dises- 
tablishment. 

LETTERS. 

1893     Mar.  4.   Central  Free  Library 

for  Lambeth,  at    Brixton,  erected    by 
Henry  Tate  of  Streatham,  is  opened. 


May  8.  Mr.  Gladstone  otters  to  make 
John  Ruskin  poet  laureate. 

May  10.  London.  The  Imperial  Insti- 
tute, South  Kensington,  is  opened  by 
the  queen. 

1893  Oct.  25.  Duhlin.  The  junior  fel- 
lowship of  Dublin  University  is  opened 
to  female  as  well  as  to  male  students. 

*  *  Essays  upon  some  Controverted  Qxiei- 
tions,  and  Evolution  and  Ethics,  by 
Huxley,  appear. 

*  *  Tke  Eoresters,  Robin  Hood  and  Maid 
Marian,  The  Death  of  (Enone,  Akbar's 
Dream,  and  Other  Poems,  by  Tennyson, 
appear. 

*  •  Tke  Heavenly  Tvnns^  by  "Sarah 
Grand,"  appears. 

*  *  Fleet  Street  Eclogues,  and  A  Random 
Itinerary,  by  John  Davidson,  appear. 
[1804,  Ballads  and  Songs.] 

*  *  The  Life  and  Work  of  John  Ruskin,  by 
W.  G.  Collingwood,  appears. 

*  *  The  History  of  Early  English  Litera- 
ture, by  Stopforil  A.  Brooke,  appears. 

*  *  Tke  Victorian  Age  of  English  Litera- 
ture, by  Mrs.  M.  ().'  W.  Oliphant  and  F. 
It.  Oliphant,  appears. 

*  *  The  Rebel  Queen,  by  Walter  Besant, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Handsome  Humes  and  Wolfenr 
berg,  by  William  Black,  appear. 

*  *  The  Stickit  Minister,  and  Some  Ctm- 
mtyn  Men,  by  S.  li.  Crockett,  appears. 

*  ♦  Many  Inventions,  hv  Kipling,  appears. 
[1894,  The  Jungle  Rook.] 

*  *  Unseen  Foundations,  by  the  Duke  of 
Argyll,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  Feb.  18.  The  striking  cotton- 
spinners  in  Lancashire  agree  to  a2^  per 
cent  reduction  in  wages.  [Feb.  24.  Also 
at  Oldham.] 

Apr.  5.  Riots  occur  at  Hull :  250  free- 
labor  men  are  assailed  by  strikers  in  tbe 
docks.  [Apr.  7.  Police  disperse  rioters 
at  docks.] 

Apr.  8.  London.  Total  abstainers, 
with  the  adversaries  of  the  I^ocal  Vetu 
Bill,  make  disturbanceB  in  Trafalgar 
Square. 

Apr.  15.  A  general  strike  of  dock  la- 
borers at  Hull  is  ordered. 

Apr.  25.  Ire.  Rioting  occurs  In  Dublin 
and  Belfast.  \A\^x.  27.  Kiots at  Belfast 
subdued  by  nulitary.] 

Apr.  30.  London.  About  500  porters 
and  stevedores  at  Victoria  Docks 
strike  because  one  firm  employs  Fede- 
ration laborers. 

May  1.  Scot.  li\  Dundee  10,000  mill- 
hands  strike.  [May  2.  They  are  joined 
by  19,000  striking  jute-workers.] 

May  5.  The  Miners'  Federation  and  the 
Seamen's  and  Firemen's  Union  of  Great 
Britain  combine. 

May  7.  London.  Great  demonstration* 
are  held  in  Hyde  Park  in  favor  of  the 
eight-hour  movement;  also  in  many 
other  cities. 

May  10.  StiTkers  at  Hull  attack  free 
laborers  ;  suppressed  by  police. 

May  20.  A  heavy  missile  is  thrown  at 
Mr.  Gladstone  while  in  the  compart- 
ment of  a  rail  wav  train;  it  barely  misses 
the  Dean  of  Chester  in  the  next  compart- 
ment. 

May  21.  London.  About  250,000  people 
attend  a  demonstration  of  the  Irish 
National  League  in  Hyde  Park. 

Jime  19.  At  Barnsley  40,000  miners  pass 
resolutions  in  favor  of  Eight-Hour  Bill. 

July  4.  London.  Princess  Christian 
opens  the  Central  Block  of  North  Lon- 
don Hospital  for  consumptives. 


AND    IRELAND.    1893,  Feb.  13-1894,  Mar.  12.    1011 


July  6.  Ixmdon.  Tho  Duke  of  York 
and  Princess  May  of  Teck  are  mar- 
rietl  ill  the  Chapel  lloyal,  St.  James's 
Palace.  Enthusiastic  crowds  greet  the 
wetlUing  procession  In  the  streets,  and 
three  persons  are  killed,  with  over  1,500 
street  accidents,  faiuting-fits,  etc. 

Aug.  31.  }V.  Over  60,000  miners  in 
Monmouthshire  and  South  Wales  return 
to  work  ;  this  ends  the  big  strike.  [Sept. 
2.    About  10,000  more  return  to  work.] 

Sept.  7.  Kiots  among  coal-miners  in 
Yorkshire,  near  Burnsley,  are  quelled 
I'y  troops.  [Sept.  2'2.  Strikers  are  riot- 
ous at  Ilednesford,  StatFordshire.  Oct. 
VI.  About  GO.OOO  miners  resume  work  at 
the  old  wages.] 

Oct.  1.  The  police  stop  an  outdoor  An- 
archist meeting  at  Manchester. 

Oct.  5.  A  dispute  with  joiners  about 
overtime  causes  a  lockout  at  the  Clyde 
Sliipbuilders'  Association,  which  affects 
7,000  men. 

Oct.  10.  The  Federation  of  Coal-Mine 
Owners  meets  in  Derby,  and  offers  to  re- 
sume work  at  15  per  cent  reduction  in 
wages.  [Nov.  11.  They  propose  to  end 
the  wage  dispute  by  giving  seven  shil- 
lings fur  stallnicn  and  six  shillings  for 
leaders,  thus  abolishing  the  contra<'t 
system.  Nov.  17.  The  miners'  coal- 
strike  is  settled.  Nov.  30.  The  Fife 
mine-owners  agree  to  concede  6i  per 
cent  mlvance  in  wages.  Dec.  6.  The 
loss  from  the  recent  coal-strike  amounts 
to  £33,000,000,  and  more  than  3,500,000 
persons  are  destitute  therefrom.] 

Oct.  17.  Colliery  riot  occurs  at  St. 
Helens.     [Oct.  I'S.    One  at  Wigan.] 

Dec.  3.  lAiiKton.  The  police  prevent 
Anarchists  from  holding  a  meeting  in 
Trafalgar  Square. 

Dec.  9.    The  Scotch  miners' strike  ends. 

1894  Feb.  13.  The  National  Liberal 
Federation  closes  its  conference  at 
Portsmouth. 

Feb.  15.  Martial  Bourdln,  a  foreign 
Anarchist,  blows  himself  up  in  attemi>t- 
ing  to  wreck  the  Observatory  at  Green- 
wich. 

STATE. 

1893  Feb,  13.  H.  C.  Mr.  Gladstone 
introduces  his  second  Home-Kule  Bill. 
It  gives  Ireland  a  legislative  council 
and  a  legislative  assenibly,  with  repre- 
sentation in  the  Imperial  Parliament. 
[Feb.  17.  Passes  tirHt  reading.  Apr.  21. 
Passes  second  reading.  Vote,  347-^i*W. 
Sept.  I.  Passes  tliirtl  reading.  Vote- 
30I-'-><>7.  //.//.  Introduced.  Sept.  8.  Ke- 
jected.    Vote,  410-41.] 

Feb.  27,  H.  C.  Sir  William  Vernon 
Harcourt  introduces  the  liiquor-Trafflc 
(Local  Control)  Bill,  to  establish  local 
control  over  the  liquor-traffic.  Read 
once  and  withdrawn. 

Mar.  1.  H.  C.  Tlie  National  Educa- 
tion (Ireland)  Bill  is  rejected.  Vote, 
'347-lG(>. 

Mar.  7.  H.  L,  A  bill  relating  to  the 
distribution  of  real  property  in  cases  of 
intestacy,  instead  of  allowing  it  to  go 
to  tlie  eldest  son  as  at  present,  Is  re- 
jected.    Vote,  61-56. 

Mar.  10.  Dublin.  A  Pamellite  Con- 
vention is  opened. 

Mar.  15.  H.  C.  The  Liquor-Traffic  Lo- 
cal Veto  (M'^ales)  is  rejected.  [Intro- 
duced Feb.  27.]    Vote,  281-246. 


Mar.  16.  The  Ulster  Defense  licague 
is  formed,  "  not  merely  to  continue  the 
struggle  for  the  Union,  but  to  prepare 
to  meet  any  emergency." 

Mar.  21.  H.  C.  The  Local  Govern- 
ment (England  and  "Wales)  Bill,  to 
establish  parish  council,  is  introduced. 
[Nov.  7.  Head  a  second  time.]  (See 
1894,  Jan.  12.) 

Mar.  24.  H.  C.  A  resolution  to  pay 
members  for  their  services  is  passed. 
Vote,  276-229. 

Apr.  12.  Paris.  The  Bering-Sea  court 
of  arbitration  decides  not  to  admit  the 
British  supplementary  report  as  evi- 
dence at  present. 

Apr.  25.  H.  C.  Tlie  Employers'  Lia- 
bility Bill,  including  all  workmen  ex- 
cept soldiers  and  sailors,  is  read  a  second 
time.  [Nov.  23.  Read  a  third  time. 
Nov.  30.  //.  L.  Head  a  second  time. 
1894.  Feb.  13.  Bill  returned  to  Com- 
mons witli  amendments.  Feb.  20.  The 
order  for  tlie  consideration  of  the  amend- 
ments is  discharged.    Vote,  22&-6.] 

May  5.  H.  C.  It  is  voted  to  transfer 
the  power  of  appointing  Irish  magis- 
trates from  the  lords  to  the  lord-lieu- 
tenants of  Ireland. 

May  11.  The  Earl  of  Aberdeen  is  ap- 
pointed governor-general  of  Canada. 

May  14.  H.  C.  An  Anglo-Russian 
sealing  agreement  is  promulgated 
which  prohibits  sealing  within  10  miles 
of  the  Russian  coast,  and  within  30 
miles  of  Robbin  Islands. 

June  16.  H.  C.  A  resolution  is  passed 
favoring  the  settlement  of  international 
disputes  by  arbitration. 

June  30.  H.  C.  ^Ir.  Gladstone's  reso- 
lution that  the  Home-Rule  Bill  should 
be  reported  by  fluly  31.  and  should  be 
closured  in  four  sections,  is  adopted 
by  a  majority  of  32. 

July  8.  Parliament:  Bimetallists  pro- 
test against  the  closing  of  the  Indian 
mints  to  the  free  coinage  of  silver. 

Aug.  15.  Bering-Sea  Arbitration: 
award  in  favor  of  Kngland  on  the  chief 
points  (p.  430). 

Sept.  1.  Private  cards  bearing  an  ad- 
hesive halfpenny  stamp  are  henceforth 
permitted  to  be  sent  through  the  post. 

Sept.  6.  H.  C.  It  is  voted  to  reduce 
the  salaries  of  ofticers  in  the  House  of 

Lords.     Vote,  103-95. 

Sept.  22.  Parliament  adjourns.  [Nov. 
2.    Reassembles.] 

Sept.  29.    London.    George  Robert  Tyler 

is  elected  lord  mayor. 

Nov.  16.  H.  C.  The  Ministry  is  de- 
feated on  an  amendment  to  the  Parish 
Councils  Bill,  the  amendment  being 
carried.    Vote,  147-126. 

Dec.  1.  Dublin.  V.  B.  Dillon  is  elected 
lord  mayor. 

1894  Jan.  12.  H.  C.  The  Parish  Coun- 
cils Bill  is  passed.  (Introduced  1893,Mar. 
21).  [Jan.  15.  //.  L.  Passes  first  read- 
ing. Jan.  25.  Second  reading.  Feb.  13. 
Third  reading.  Mar.  1.  //.  X.  Passed. 
Mar.  5.    Royal  assent  given.] 

Feb.  20.  H.  C.  Mr.  Gladstone's  mo- 
tion to  discharge  the  order  of  the 
day  — the  consideration  of  the  amend- 
ments of  the  House  of  Lords  to  the  Em- 


ployers* Liability  Bill  —  passes.  Vote, 
225-^.  The  Conservatives  take  no  part 
in  the  division. 

Mar.  2.  Mr.  Gladstone  informs  the 
queen  of  his  intention  to  resign  the 
premiership.  [Mar.  3.  The  queen  ac- 
cepts his  resignation,  and  offers  the 
premiership  to  Ijord  Rosebery,  who  ac- 
cepts. Mar.  4.  Sir  William  Vernon 
Harcourt  consents  to  serve  under  Lord 
Rosebery,  and  will  be  the  Government 
leader  in  the  House  of  Commons.  Mar. 
5.  Lord  Rosebery  has  an  audience  with 
the  queen,  and  several  changes  are  made 
in  the  Cabinet.  Lord  Rosebery  formally 
takes  his  office  as  premier.] 

Mar.  5.    Parliament  is  prorogued. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Mar.  22.  The  Oxford  crew  wins  the 
boat-race  from  Putney  to  Mortlake; 
time,  18  minutes,  47  seconds. 

Apr.  11.  ir.  Fire  in  the  Great  West- 
ern Colliery,  Rhondda  Valley,  causes  53 
deaths. 

Apr.  17.  If.  An  explosion  in  a  col- 
liery at  Pontypridd  ;  50  lives  are  lost. 

May  1.  Second-class  carriages  are 
withdra^vn  from  the  London  and  North- 
western, the  Caledonian,  the  Great 
Northern,  and  the  Cambrian  Railways. 

May  12.  The  Campania  reaches  Queens- 
town  from  New  York  in  five  days,  17 
hours,  and  27  minutes. 

May  14.  The  Countesa  Evelyn  is  sunk 
through  colliding  with  City  of  Hamburg 
off  the  Cornish  coast ;  25  lives  lost. 

June  1.  London.  The  vestibule  train 
is  introduced  for  service  to  Penzance. 

The  Britannia^  o^vned  by  the  Prince 

of  Wales,  wins  the  Thames  Yacht  Club 
Race. 

July  1.  Lo7)don.  The  National  Work- 
men's Exhibition  at  Agricultural  Hall 
is  opened  by  the  Prince  and  Princess  of 
Wales. 

July  4,  An  explosion  occurs  at  Coombs 
colliery,  near  liewsbury  ;  130  lives  lost. 

July  12.  The  Britannia  beats  the  Vigi- 
lant on  the  Clyde. 

July  16.  The  Britannia  outsails  the 
Vi{/i/ant  in  the  Royal  Ulster  yacht  race 
regatta. 

July  20.  Tlie  foundation-stone  of  the 
new  harbor  at  Dover  is  laid  by  the 

queen. 

July  21.  The  Jlffilnnt  outsails  the  firt- 
tannia  in  the  50-inile  race  off  Kingston. 
[Aug.  10.  The  Britannia  wins  the  Meteor 

chafienge  shield.] 

July  22.  Vestibule  dining-cars  are  in- 
troduced on  the  Great  Northern  Railway 
to  Scotland. 

Oct.  4.  A  public  park  at  Stockton  is 
opened  by  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of 
York. 

Oct.  5.  Five  deaths  at  Bradford  are  said 
to  have  been  due  to  cholera. 

1894  Jan.  1.  The  Great  Eastern  and 
Tilbury,  and  Southend  Railways  abolish 
second-class  carriages  in  provinces. 

Mar.  17.  Oxford  wins  the  Univer- 
sity boat-race  by  three  and  one-half 
lengths  ;  time,  21  minutes,  39  seconds. 


1012    1894,Mar.  12-Dec.  17. 


GREAT   BRITAIN. 


ARMY -NAVY. 

1894  May  25.  S.Cent.Afr.  A  British 
force  completely  defeats  the  slave-trad- 
ing chief  Makanjira  on  Lake  Nyassa. 

Aug.*  S.Pacific.  The  British  ship  Cilra- 
co  and  the  Oerman  ship  Bustard  bom- 
bard the  rebel  stronghold  in  Samoa. 

,Sept.  12.  S.Pacific.    The Samoan chiefs 
'■    yield  to  the  British  demand,  acknowl- 
edge submission  to  King  Malietoa,  and 
give  up  100  guns. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  June  30.  London.  The  new 
Tower  Bridge,  across  the  Thames, 
costing  £1,000,000,  is  opened  by  the 
Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales. 

July  11.  London.  The  Jackson-Harms- 
worth  Polar  expedition  sails  on  the 
steamer  Windward  for  Franz-Josef 
Land. 

Aug.  8.  The  British  Association  meets 
at  Oxford  ;  Lord  Salisbury  presides. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1894  Mar.  10.  Meade,  Sir  Richard,  gen- 
eral, A73. 

Mar.  26.  Cameron,  Verney  Lovett,  capt., 
.\frican  explorer,  A49. 

Mar.  31 .  Smith,  William  Eobertaon,  clergy- 
man, orientalist,  author,  A48. 

May  20.  Yates,  Kdinund  H.,  journalist, 
author,  A63. 

May  26.  Noel,  Roden  Berkeley  Wrlothes- 
ley,  poet,  A60. 

May  29.   Pearson,  Charles  Henry,  hist.,  A64. 

June  16.  Marshall,  William  Calder,  srmlp- 
tor,  A81. 

Aug.  23.    .Jenkins,  Robert,  admiral,  A68. 

Aug.  30.  Campbell,  Charles  W.,  maj.-gen., 
A58. 

Sept.  3.    Veitch,  John,  philos.,  critic,  A(i.5. 

Sept.  5.  Inglefield,  Sir  Kdward  A.,  admiral, 
Inventor,  author,  A74. 

Oct.  10.  .\8tley,  Sir  John,  politician,  sports- 
man, A65. 

Nov.  3.    Walter,  John  <ionrfon  Times),  A76. 

Nov.  39.  Swansea,  Lord,  Henry  H.  Vivian, 
politician,  A73. 

Dec.  3.  Coleridge,  Baron,  John  Duke, 
chief  justice,  A74. 

CHURCH. 

1894  June  1.  London.  The  13th  Inter- 
national Young  Men's  Christian  Associ- 
ation Conference  opens  in  Westminster 
Abbey. 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Church  of  Eng- 
land) : 

George  Wyndham  Kennion  for  Bath  and 
Wells,  .\rthur  T.  Lloyd,  suffragan  for  Thet- 
ford,  W.  W.  Elwes  for  Tinnevelll,  Ind.,  Ven. 
W.  L.  Williams  for  Waiapu,  N.  Z.,  Cecil 
Wilson  for  Melanesia,  N.  Z.,  Arthur  Vincent 
(ireen  for  (irafton  and  Armidale,  Australia, 
A.  G.  S.  Gibson  for  Cape  Town,  South  Africa, 
H.  Evington  for  Kinshin,  South  Japan,  and 
Herbert  Tugwell  for  Western  Equatorial 
Africa, 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated  (Roman  Catho- 
lic): 

Thomas  Whiteside,  bishop  for  Liverpool, 
WilUam  R.  Brownlow  for  Clifton,  Theoph. 
Mayer,  bishop  auxiliary  for  Madras,  Godfrey 
Pelckmans  for  Lahore,  P.  J.  Hurth  for 
Dacca,  and  Anthony  Usee,  vicar  apostohc  for 
North  Burma. 

*  *  Bishops  consecrated : 

Ire.  Joseph  Ferguson  Peacocke,  bishop 
for  Meath,  and  William  Edward  Meade  for 
Cork. 

*  *  Ire.  Eobert  Samuel  Gregg  is  conse- 
crated archbishop  of  Armagh. 


LETTERS. 

1894  *  *  Under  the  Red  Robe,  by  Stanley 

J.  Weyman,  appears. 
*  ♦  Life's  Little  Ironies,  by  Thomas  Hardy, 

appears. 


*  *  Odes  and  Other  Poems,  by  WilUam 
Watson,  appears. 

*  *  Eighteenth  Century  Vignettes,  second 
series,  by  Alfred  Austin,  appears. 

*  *  Ships  that  Pass  in  the  Night,  by  Bea- 
trice Harraden,  appears. 

*  *  The  Prisoner  of  ZeiuJa,  by  Anthony 
Hope  (Hawkins),  appears. 

*  *  The  Industrial  and  Commercial  His- 
tory of  England,  by  J.  E.  T.  Kogers,  ap- 
pears. 

*  »  The  Ascent  of  Man,  by  Henry  Drnm- 
mond,  appears. 

*  *  The  Claimsof  Christianity,  hy  William 
S.  Lilly,  appears. 

*  *  If  Christ  Came  to  Chicago,  by  William 
T.  Stead,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  Mar.  18.  London.  A  demon- 
stration is  made  in  Hyde  Park  against 
the  House  of  Lords. 

Apr.  16.  London.  Some 3,000 cab-drivers 
strike  against  the  owners'  terms  of  hire. 

May  15.  London.  Cabmen  strike. 
[.June  6.  Settled  by  the  intervention  of 
the  Home  Secretary.] 

JVIay  24.  London.  Rear-AdmiralErben, 
Capt.  llahan  (U.  S.  N.),  and  the  Chicago's 
officers  are  entertained  at  a  dinner. 
[June  18.  The  University  of  Cambridge 
confers  the  degree  of  LL.D.  on  Capt. 
Mahan.  June  20.  The  Oxford  Univer- 
sity confers  on  him  the  degreeof  D.C.L,] 

June  5.  London.  The  National  Ke- 
form  Union  meets. 

July  3.  London.  The  Salvation  Army 
Jubilee  gathers  at  the  Crystal  Palace  ; 
80,000  attend. 

July  28.  A  general  strike  of  miners 
occurs  in  the  Midlands,  Lancashire,  and 
Korth  Wales.  [Aug.  7.  Miners'  riots 
are  suppressed.] 

July  29.  Emperor  WilUam  arrives  at 
Dover  on  the  imperial  yacht  Ilohenzol- 
lern,  and  is  heartily  welcomed.  [Aug.  6. 
Arrives  at  Cowes.] 

Aug.  26.  London.  The  National  League 
for  the  Abolition  of  the  House  of  Lords 
makes  a  demonstration  in  Hyde  Park. 

Dec.  17.  London.  A  mass-meeting  de- 
nounces the  Armenian  massacres  by 
the  Turks. 

STATE. 

1894  Mar.  12.  Parliament  opens. 
H.  L.  Tlie  .address  in  reply  to  the 
queen's  speech  is  moved  by  Lord 
Swansea.  M.  C.  Moved  by  Mr.  Warner. 
[Mar.  13.  H.  C.  Henry  Labouchere'e 
amendment,  recommending  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  House  of  Lords,  is  carried. 
Vote,  147-145.  Mar.  14.  The  Govern- 
ment withdraws  the  address  as  amended 
on  Mr.  Labouchere's  motion,  and  the 
Commons  adopt  a  new  address  without 
division.] 

Mar.  20.  S.  Afr.  Pondoland  is  an- 
nexed. 

Mar.  29.  H.  C.  The  bill  to  provide  for 
the  carrying  out  of  the  Bering-Sea  de- 
cision is  introduced.  [Apr.  5.  Kead  a 
second  time.  Apr.  9.  Third  reading. 
Apr.  12.  H.  L.  Second  reading.  Apr. 
16.  Passed.  Apr.  23.  Receives  royal 
assent.] 

Apr.  3.  H.  C.  A  motion  is  approved  to 
establish  a  legislature  in  Scotland  tor 
Scottish  affairs.  Vote,  180-170. 

Apr.  6.  H.  C.  The  Government  is  de- 
feated on  a  private  bill.     Vote,  228-227. 


Apr.  13.    H.  C.   The  Registration  Bill, 

enlarging  the  rights  of  British  voters,  igt 
introduced.  [Aug.  7.  Passed.  U.  L, 
Defeated.    Vote,  249-30.] 

Apr.  19.  H.  C.  The  Evicted  Tenants' 
(Ireland)  Arbitration  Bill  is  read  for 
the  first  time.  [July  19.  Second  read- 
ing. Vote,  259-222.  Aug.  7.  Passed. 
A'ote,  198-167.  Aug.  13.  //.  L.  Second 
reading.  --Vug.  14.  Bill  thrown  out. 
Vote,  249-30.] 

Apr.  26.  H.  C.  Mr.  Asquith  introduces 
a  hill  for  the  disestablishment  of  the 
Church  in  Wales.  [July  18.  With- 
drawn.] 

June  15.  H.  L.  The  Deceased  Wife's- 
Sister  BiU  is  defeated.    Vote,  129-120. 

June  19.  W.  Afr.  A  British  Protecto- 
rate of  Uganda  is  announcetl.  [Xov, 
24.    Proclaimed  at  Mengo.] 

June  20.    The  Anti-Lords  conference 

is  opened  in  Leeds,  and  resolutions  are 
adopted  demanding  the  abolition  of  the 
veto  powers  of  the  Lords. 

England's    claim    to    the    disputed 

strip  in  the  African  Congo  State  is  re- 
nounced, which  settles  a  dithculty  be- 
tween England  and  Germany. 

July  2.  Lord  (Sir  Charles)  Eussell  of 
Killowen  is  appointed  lord  chief  jus- 
tice. 

July  17.  H.  L.  Lord  Salisbury's  Alien 
Immigrant  Bill  passes  second  reading. 

July  20.  Parliament:  The  Preven- 
tion of  Cruelty  to  Children  Act, 
amending  previous  statutes,  is  passed. 

Aug.  10.  H.  C.  The  Scotch  Local  Gov- 
ernment Bill  is  passed. 

Aug.  25.    Parliament  is  prorogued. 

Oct.  3.  London.  Sir  Joseph  Renals  is 
elected  lord  mayor. 

Oct.  17.  The  Government  sanctions  the 
coinage  of  a  British  dollar  in  Bombay 
for  circulation  in  the  Orient. 

Nov.  10.  The  Cabinet  decides  to  give  the 
anti-lords  resolution  the  first  ploce 
on  the  legislative  program. 

Deo.  1.  The  Government  warns  Turkey 
against  violating  the  Berlin  treaty  by 
permitting  tlie  slaughter  of  Arme- 
nians. 

Dec.  9.  The  British  and  other  embassies 
in  Constantinople  negotiate  with  the 
Porte  to  institute  an  intlei)endent  in- 
quiry Into  the  Armenian  atrocities. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Mar.  17.  Oxford  wins  the  annual 
boat-race  with  Cambridge  by  three  and 
one-half  lengths. 

Apr.  12.  London.  The  Faraday  sails 
with  a  new  cable  to  be  laid  from  Water- 
ville.  Ire.,  to  Nova  Scotia;  length  of 
cable,  2,000  miles.  [July  8.  The  steamer 
Britannia  arrives  at  Heart's  Content, 
Newfoundland,  with  190  miles  of  cable 
on  hoard  — the  shore  end  of  the  new 
Anglo-American  cable.] 

Apr.  20.  London.  The  Australian  Joint- 
Stook  Bank  fails  for  £13,000,000  liabili- 
ties. 

May  21.    The  Manchester  Ship  Canal.] 
is  formally  opened  by  the  queen.  i 

June  24.     (('.    A  mine   explosion  , 
causes  250  lives  to  be  lost.  j 

July  12.     The    Britannia    outsails   the  ' 
Vigilant  for  the  sixth  time. 

Sept.  14.  Baring  Brothers'  liabiUties- 
are  rednced  to  £4,223,001. 


GREECE. 


***B.c.-1231**B.c.      1013 


Modern  Gkkece  is  a  kingdom  in  southeastern  Europe  ;  tlie  government  is  an  hereditary  monarchy,  with  the  executive 
power  vested  in  a  liiug  and  seven  ministers,  and  the  legislative  power  in  a  Chamber  of  Deputies  called  the  Boule,  whose  members 
are  elected  for  four  years  by  manhood  suffrage.  The  common  language  is  modern  Greek,  and  the  prevailing  religion  is  that  of 
the  Greek  church,  which  is  the  church  of  the  state,  yet  all  religious  are  tolerated.  Area,  25,(H1  square  miles;  population, 
2,187,208. 

Historians  are  not  agreed  concerning  the  date  of  the  arrival  of  the  members  of  the  Aryan  family  who  first  came  from  their 
Persian  highlands  to  western  Europe  and  poured  into  northern  Greece. 

Note.  —  The  period  In  which  Greece  formed  a  part  of  the  Eastern  Empire  is  treated  in  these  pages  as  forming  a  part  of  the  history  of 
Oreece,  thus  making  the  record  continuous  from  the  beginning.  Tlie  history  of  Macedonia  is  here  included  with  Greece,  although  It  formed 
no  part  of  ancient  Hellas. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

Mythical  Period. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Revolt  of  the  Titans ;  war  of 
the  giants. 

1383  •  'B.C.  Amphion  and  Zethos  be- 
siege Thebes,  and  dethrone  Laius. 

1263  *  *  B.  c.  The  Argonautio  expedi- 
tion sails  to  Colchis  to  take  the  Golden 
Fleece.    (1225.    Erastosthenes.) 

It  consists  of  one  ship  called  the  Argo, 
of  W)  oars,  maimed  by  as  many  heroes, 
who  are  led  by  Jason  ;  it  is  the  tirst  naval 
expedition  on  record. 

1231  •  •  B.  c.  The  Amazons  of  Cau- 
cHsia  are  conquered  by  Theseus. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1764  *  »  B.  c.  The  deluge  of  Ogyges 
lays  the  country  waste  for  nearly  200 
years. 

1503*  'B.C.   The  deluge  of  Deucalion. 

1400±  •  •  B.  c.     The  aroh  appears. 

*  *  *  B.  r.  Cleanthes  of  Corinth  invents 
painting.  (?) 

1383±  *  •  B.  c.  Athetm.  King  Erech- 
theus  teaches  husbandry. 

*  •B.C.  Ceres  arrives,  and  teaches  the 
people  the  art  of  making  bread. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  Doric  order  of  architec- 
ture is  invented  by  the  Dorians. 

1350±  *  •  B.  c.  The  Ionic  order  of  ar- 
chitecture is  invented. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

26th  Century,     b.  c.    Cecrops,  first  King  of 

Athens,  born. 
1888  *  •  Helen,    daughter  of    Jupiter   and 

Leda,  born. 
1347  •  •  Krechtheus,  the  Athenian,  killed  In 

battle  with  the  Klusiang. 
1263i:     Hercules  is  born  at  Tliebes. 
1243  "   *  Musatia,  Athenian  poet,  dies. 
1835  •  •  .£geus,  king  of  Athens,  father  of 

Theseus,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

1773  *  *  B.C.  Sacrifices  to  the  gods 
are  introduced  by  Phoroneus,  King  of 
Argos. 

1556*  •B.C.  Athens.  An  altar  is 
erected  to  Jupiter  by  Cecrops. 

1521*  •B.C.  Pelasgus,  King  of  the  Ar- 
cadians, teaches  his  people  to  feed  on 
acorns,  as  more  nutritious  than  herbs, 
for  which  they  honor  him  as  a  god. 

1497  •  *  B.  c.  King  Amphictyon  is  the 
ttrst  [^who  is  known]  to  have  drawn  prog- 
nostications from  omens. 

1495  £  •  •  B.  c.  The  worship  of  Mi- 
nerva (Pallas-Athene)  is  introduced 
into  Attica  by  Krechtheus,  and  its  chief 
city  named  In  her  honor. 

1493*  'B.C.  CadmviR,  a  Pheniclan, 
introduces  the  worship  of  Egyptian 
Fhenician  deities  among  the  Greeks. 

1453  *  *  B.  c.  The  Olympic  games  are 
instituted  In  honor  of  .Jupiter  by  the 
IdiBi  Dactyli  [or  by  Pelopa  in  1308]. 


1406±  *  •  B.  c.  The  Isthmian  games, 
in  honor  of  Jlelicertes,  a  sea-god,  are  in- 
stituted by  Sisyphus. 

1356+  •  •  b".  c.  The  Eleusinian  Mys- 
teries—  annual  secret  religious  cere- 
monies in  honor  of  Demeter  (Ceres)  —  are 
instituted  by  Eumolpus  [or  Cadmus, 
1550,  or  Erechtheus,  1399] ;  any  one  who 
reveals  forfeits  his  life.  [They  are  the 
most  celebrated  of  all  religious  cere- 
monies in  Greece.] 

LETTERS. 

1499  •  •  B.  c.  Cadmus,  the  founder  of 
Cadmeia,  brings  the  Pheniclan  letters 
into  Greece. 

1383  *  *  B.  c.  Olen,  the  most  ancient 
composer  of  hymns,  flourishes. 


SOCIETy. 

1554  •  *  B.  c.  Matrimonial  ceremonies 

are  ascribed  to  Cecrops. 
1530  *  *  B.  c.    The  Lycaean  games  are 

instituted  in  honor  of  Pan  at  Arcadia. 
1495  *  »  u.  c.    Alliens.     The  Fanatbe- 

nsean  games  are  instituted. 

♦  *  *  B.  c.  Myths  of  the  period,  Europa, 
Minos,  Diedalus. 

1485  ♦  •  B.  c.  Danaus,  the  founder  of 
Argos,  arrives  on  the  lirst  ship  overseen 
in  Greece. 

1453  •  •  B.  c.  Olympic  games.  (.See 
Church.) 

•  *  B.  c.  The  game  of  quoits  is  first 
played  at  the  Olympic  games. 

1425  •  *  B.  c.  The  Feast  of  the  Flam- 
beatix  is  instituted  at  Argos. 

It  is  in  honor  of  Hypermnestra,  who 
saved  Lynceus.her  husoand,  on  his  nup- 
tial night,  while  her  49  sisters,  at  the 
command  of  their  father  Danaus,  sacri- 
ficed theirs. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  Nemean  games,  cele- 
brated in  Achaia,  are  instituted  in  honor 
of  Archemorus. 

1406i:  •  •  B.  c.  The  Isthmian  games. 
(See  Church.)  [1234±.  Reinstituted  in 
honor  of  Neptune  by  Theseus.  60.  Re- 
vised.   3G2A.D.    Revived.] 

1276*  •  •  B.  c.  The  myth  of  CEMipus ; 
he  kills  his  father  Laius  in  an  affray, 
confirming  the  oracle  foretelling  his 
death  at  the  hands  of  his  son. 

1266  *  •  B.  c.  CEdipus,  the  outcast  son 
of  Laius.  King  of  Thebes,  answers  the 
Sphinx's  riddle. 

1263  •  *  B.  c.  The  Fythian  games  are 
instituted  by  Adrastus.  (?) 

1235  *  •  B.  c.  .Sgeus,  grieved  at  the 
supposed  loss  of  his  son  Theseus,  throws 
himself  into  the  sea  and  is  drowned ; 
hence  the  name  .^gean  Sea. 

STATE. 

•  *  •  Period  of  Fables  and  Heroes. 
2080+  *  *  B.  c.    Tlie  kingdom  of  Sicyon 

ia  founded.    [1850  (17U  ?)  Argos.] 


2042  *  *  B.  c.    Uranus  arrives  in  Greece. 
1910  *  *  B.  ( .    Inachus  is  King  of  the 
Argives. 

1706  *  'B.C.    Ogyges  reigns  in  Boeotia. 

1710  *  *  n.  t.  .S.  It.  The  colonizing  of 
CE}notria  [Italy]  begins  under  (Enotrus 
[Magna  Greecia].    (See  1240.) 

1556+ •  •n.c.  Cecropsarrivesin Attica, 
and  founds  Athens  with  a  colony  from 
Africa.  The  land  devastated  by  a  deluge, 
is  repeopled  by  them.  Cecrops  becomes 
the  founder  of  Athenian  civilization. 
(Hales,  1558;  Clinton,  1433.) 

1552  *  *  B.C.  Triopas  reigns  in  Argos  ; 
Polycaou  seizes  a  part  of  the  kingdom, 
and  names  it  after  his  wife,  Messenia. 
[  1506.    Crotopas  reigns.] 

1520±**B.  c.  Ephyre  [Corinth]  Is 
founded  by  Si^phus. 

1521  •  *  B.  c.  Pelasgus  reigns  in  Arca- 
dia. 

1507  ••  B.  c.  Athens.  The  Areopagus 
is  instituted  as  a  tribunal  of  justic^e. 

1497*  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Amphictyon 
reigns  (Hales,  1499).  [1487,  Erichthonios ; 
1398,  f;rechtheu8 ;  1347,  Krechtheus  is 
killed  in  battle  ;  1308,  Pandion.] 

1493  *  *  B.  c.  (1366  ?).  Cadmus,  a  Phe- 
niclan, settles  in  Bccotia,  and  builds 
Thebes. 

1490  *•  B.  c.  (1509  ?)  Sparta  is  founded 
by  Lacedsemon. 

1475±  •  »  B.  c.  (1489  ?)  Danaus,  with  his 
fifty  danghters,  arrives  from  Egypt ;  he 
becomes  king  of  Argos.  [1425.  He  is 
dethroned  by  Lynceus.] 

1469  *  *  B.  c.    Hellen  is  King  of  Phthla 

[in  Thessaly]. 

1431  *  •  B.  c.  (1313  or  1282?)  Perseus, 
King  of  Macedon,  removes  from  Argos, 
and  founds  Mycense. 

1406  *  *  B.  c.    Minos  is  King  of  Crete. 
1350±  *  *B.  c.    Corinth  is  founded. 
[1259.    Endemus  reigns.] 

1348*  'B.C.    Cecrops  becomes  King  of 

Attica.    (See  16.56.)     [1283,  ^'Egeus  ;  1235, 
Theseus ;  1205,  Menestheus.] 

1344  *  *  B.  c^  Tlie  kingdom  of  Argos  is 
divided  by  the  brothers  Acrisius  and 
Proitus. 

1289  •  •  B.  c.  (1274  ?  1258  ?)  Eurysteus 
reigns  in  Mycenae. 

1283  *  •  B.  c.  Pelops  of  Lydia,  in  Asia 
Minor,  settles  in  Southern  Greece  (Pel- 
oponnesus). 

1240  •  *  B.  c.  5.  It.  Magna  Greecia  is 
colonized  by  Arcadians  under  Evander. 
(See  1710.) 

1234+**  B.C.  Theseus  collects  his  sub- 
jects into  one  city  and  names  it  Athens. 
[1182,  Demophoon  reigns  ;  1149,  Oxyares  ; 
1143,  Sylvius;  1137,  Aphidias  ;  1136,  Thy- 
mactes  ;  1128,  Melanthus.] 

1233  *  •B.C.  CEidipus  becomes  King  of 
Thebes.    [1198,  Thessander.] 


1014    1228b.c,-625,b.c. 


GREECE. 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1225*  *B.c.  First  Theban  "War.  War 
of  the  Seven  Captaius  against  Thebes. 
[1216.  The  Second  Theban  War  begins. 
[War  of  the  Epigoni.]  1:^12.  Thebes  is 
besieged  ami  taken.] 

1224  *  •  B.  c.  Heracles  captures  and 
destroys  Troy. 

1193-84  B.C.  AsiaM.  The  Trojan 
"War. 

[1316-07.  The  date  given  by  W.  K.  Glad- 
stone;  1335,  Duris;  1260,  Herodotus;  1209, 
Parian  Marble;  1183,  Erastotlienes;  1171,  So- 
sibius;  1169,  Kphorus;  1149,  Clemens.] 

According  to  Ho m e r,  the  confederate 
Greeks,  coiiBisting  of  100.000  men  and  1,200 
ships,  are  led  by  their  king,  Agamemnon, 
King  of  Mycenffi;  brave  Achilles,  wise  Odys- 
seus, Nestor,  and  Ajax  are  conspicuoufl. 

Troy  is  taken  and  destroyed  by  the  Greeks, 
[1178.  After  a  war  of  ten  years  and  a  disas- 
trous voyage  of  nearly  eight,  Menelaus  re- 
turns to  Sparta  with  his  wife  Helen,  whose 
abduction  had  caused  the  Trojan  War.] 

1124  *  *  B.  c.  niyrians  f  rem  the  north- 
west invade  Greece.  [1104.  The  Hera- 
olidse  invade  Greece  and  seize  Sparta,] 

1102*  *  B.  c.  The  Xjacedsemonians  in- 
vade Arcadia,  but  are  driven  back  by  the 
women  in  the  absence  of  their  husbands. 

1066J:  *  *  B.  r.  Athens  is  unsuccess- 
fully besieged  by  the  Dorians. 

848*  *  B.  c.  Charilaus/  the  Spartan, 
begins  liostilities  against  Polymnestor, 
King  of  Arcadia. 

800  *  *  B.  c.  Nicander,  son  of  Chari- 
laus,  is  at  war  with  the  Argives. 

776  *  •  B.  c.  History  begins  to  be  au- 
thentic. 

743-724  B.  c.  The  First  Messenian 
"War  is  bloody  and  wasteful. 

The  Spartans,  under  their  kings,  Alcame- 
nes  and  Theosinia,  move  against  Androeles 
and  Antio<;hu8,  kings  of  Messenia,  in  south- 
west Greece,  Ijecause  of  violence  done  to 
some  Spartan  women  while  paying  their  de- 
votions in  a  temple  common  to  both  nations, 
and  the  killing  ot  the  King  of  Sparta  while 
defending  them.  [After  two  indecisive  bat- 
tles, the  Messenians  are  driven  to  the  fortress 
Ithome.  733.  Ithome  is  taken  in  the  third 
great  battle,  and  razed.  The  Messenians  who 
do  not  emigrate  become  vassals  to  Sparta.  ] 

703  *  *  B.  c.  Corinth  constructs  her 
first  war-ships. 

685-668  B.C.  Second  Messenian 'War. 
The  Messenians  revolt,  and  league  with 
Elis,  Argos,  and  Arcadia  against  Sparta, 
but  without  success  (6i8-631?). 

685  *  *  B.  c.  Messenians  under  Aris- 
tomenes  defeat  the  Spartans  on  the 
Plain  of  Stenyclerus  [and  Messenia  is 
for  a  time  free.  670.  The  Spartans  sur- 
prise and  capture  Sira.  669.  The  Mes- 
senians defeat  the  Lacedaemonians  in 
several  battles.  668.  The  war  ends  in 
the  Messenians  submitting  to  the  Spar- 
tans]. 

683  *  *  B.  c.  The  Messenians  are  de- 
feated through  the  treachery  of  an  ally. 

664**  B.C.  The Corcyrseana (Island of 
Corfu)  revolt;  they  have  a  naval  battle 
with  the  Corinthians  —  the  first  sea- 
fight  on  record. 

659  *  *  B.  c.  Phigalia  in  Arcadia  is  cap- 
tured by  the  Spartans. 

637  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  War  between 
Xjydiaand  Miletus;  Gyges.  and  after- 
ward Sadyattes,  lead  the  Lydians. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1200*  *-1000  B.  c.  The  walls  of 
Tiryns  and  My  cense »  Gate  of  the 
Ijions,  and  **  The  Treasury,"  or  tomb 
of  Atreus,  are  erected. 

784±  *  *  B.  c.  (or  700).  The  Corinthians 
invent  ships  called  triremes,  haviug 
three  banks  of  oars. 

776  July  1.  B.  (.  Choroebus,  the 
wrestler,  wins  the  prize  in  the  [first 
recordedJOlympic games  [observed every 

fourth  year]. 

The  Epoch  of  the  Olympiads  is  estab- 
lished, from  which  time  is  reckoned  and 
dates  are  fixed  by  the  Greeks  and  various 
other  nations.  Tliis  marks  t^e  beg^in- 
ning  of  authentic  chronology. 

7004:  *  *  B.  c.  The  temple  of  Juno  at 
SamoB  is  erected. 

602  *  *  B.  c.  Glaucus  is  said  to  have  dis- 
covered the  art  of  welding  iron. 

662+  *  *  B.  c.  Terpander  of  Lesbos  adds 
three  strings  to  the  lyre,  giving  it  the 
compass  of  the  octave. 

650  *  *  B.  c.     Potters  flourish  in  Corinth. 

640±  •  *  B.  c.  Olympus,  the  Phrygian, 
tlourishes ;  the  greatest  of  his  many 
inventions  is  that  of  the  third  system  of 
music,  the  enharmonic. 

*  *B.  c.  PhoecusofSamos  invents  the  art 
of  casting  statues  in  iron  and  bronze. 

640±-546±  B.C.  Thales  of  Miletus 
makes  the  primary  substance  to  be 
water;  teaches  the  spherical  form  of 
the  earth, 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1 183  *  *  Priam,  King  of  Troy,  dies. 

*  *  Achilles  (Trojan  war),  dies. 

1068 1    Codrus,  last  King  of  Athens,  dies. 

10441     (,'odrua  Medon,  tlrst  archon,  dies. 

907 1     Homer,  father  of  poetry,  born. 

9th  Century.     Lycurgns,  Spartan  legislator,  h. 

800  *  *  Hesiod,  poet,  born. 

753  *  *  Alcaemon,  archon  of  Athens,  dies. 

Sth  Century.     Archius,  poet,  born. 
.\rion,  poet,  musician,  born. 

714  *  •  Arrhilochus,  lyric  poet  of  Pares,  horn. 
[676.     Dies.] 

680 1    Terpander,  poet,  mus.,  born  at  Lesbos. 

670  't     Alcman,  lyric  iK>et  of  Sparta,  born. 

668+:     Tyrtteus,  poet,  muBician,  dies. 

663-*:    Ariatomenes,  Messenian  warrior,  pa- 
triot, dies. 

660*:     Simonides  of  Amorgos,  iambic  poet,  d. 

660-*:     Pittactis  of   Mitylene    (Seven    SageB), 
born.     [570.     Dies.] 

7th   Century.     Callinus  of  Ephesus,  elegiac 
poet,  born. 
Draco,  Athenian  legislator,  born. 

639  *  •  Thales  (Seven  Sages),  founder  Ionian 
school  of  phil.,  born  at  Miletus.     [543.     I>.  ] 

638*:     Solon,    Athenian     legislator     (Seven 
Sages),  born  in  Salamis.    [559.    Dies.] 


CHURCH. 

940-850  B.  0.  "The  gods  of  Homer 
are  human  beings  with  greatly  magni- 
fied powers." 

''Their  prime  blessing  is  exemption 
from  mortality."  "  Sacrifice  and  sup- 
plication are  the  chief  forms  of  devo- 
tion." '*The  dead  live  as  flitting  shad- 
ows in  Hades." 

734+  *  *  B.  r.  Amphictyonic  societies 
exist  for  comnion  worship  by  offering 
of  sacrifices ;  the  most  common  is  the 
Delphic  for  the  worship  of  Apollo. 

LETTERS. 

1044±  *  *  B.  r.  The  Iliad  and  the  Odys- 
sey of  Homer  appear.  (?) 

886f  *  *  B.  c.  Homer's  poems  are  in- 
troduced into  (ireefe.  (?) 

850i  *  *  B.  r.  Hesiod  writes  Work  and 
Days  and  the  Theoyony. 


765  *  *  B.  c.    Cinaethon,  one  of  the  Cy- 
clic poets,  flourishes. 
753±*  *B.c.   Alcman,  the  greatest  lyric 

poet  of  Sparta,  composes  six  books  con- 
taining all  kinds  of  melos,  hymns,  pagans, 
prosodia,  partheuia,  and  erotic  songs. 

741*=*  *B.  0.  EumeluB  of  Corinth  writes 
a  poem  on  bees,  also  other  poems. 

685  i  B.  c.  Archilocus,  lyric  poet  of 
Paros,  introduces  iambic  verse. 

*  *  B.  c.  Tyrtaeus,  an  elegiac  poet  and 
musician,  flourishes. 

676+*  *  B.  c.  Terpander,  "father  of 
Greek  music,"  flourishes. 

670-440    B.  <;.    Period  of  lyric  poetry. 

660+  *  *  B.  c.  Zaleucus,  the  lawgiver  of 
the  Epizephyrian  Locrians,  compiles 
his  code  of  laws.  It  is  the  first  collec- 
tion of  written  laws. 

*  *  B.  c.  Simonides  of  Amorgos,  an  iam- 
bic poet,  flourishes. 

659+  *  *  B.  <-.  Epimenides,  a  Cretan 
poet  and  prophet,  flourishes. 

656±  *  *  B.  c.  Lesches,  one  of  the  Cyclic 
poets,  writes  the  Little  Iliad. 

625+*  *B.c.  Beautiful  Sappho,  "tbe 
tenth  Muse,"  invents  Sapphic  verse. 

SOCIETY. 

1228  •  •  B.  r.  Beautiful  Helen  is  stolen 
by  Theseus,  King  of  Athena,  but  recov- 
ered by  her  brothers.  Castor  and  Pollux. 
[1226.  The  princes  of  Greece  demand 
her  in  marriage;  she  chooses  Menelaus 
of  Mycen*.] 

1225  *  *  B.  0.  Asia  M.  Hercules  arrive* 
in  Phrygia,  and  delivers  Hesione  from 
the  sea-monster. 

1204  *  *  B.  0.  Paris,  son  of  King  Priam, 
carries  off  Helen,  a  not  miwilling  pris- 
oner, to  Troy.  [It  causes  the  Trojan 
War.] 

1201  ♦  *  B.  c.  .Kgisthus  of  Mycena?  as- 
sassinates Atreus. 

1183  *  *  B.  0.  In  the  absence  of  King 
Agamemnon,  ^^Igisthus  lives  in  adultery 
with  the  Queen  Clytemnestra  at  My- 
cenaj ;  on  the  return  of  the  king,  they 
assassinate  him,  and  JEgisthus  niomits 
the  throne.  [1176.  Orestes  of  Myceiiie 
kills  his  mother  and  her  paramour.] 

884-50  B.  c.  Lycurjjus  establishes  bo- 
cial  unions  or  compulsory  clubs,  whose 
members  eat  together. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Spartan  children  are 
brought  up  in  common ;  young  Spar- 
tan warrior  nobles  dwell  together. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  Crypteia,  an  organized 
guard  over  the  Helots,  is  formed  of 
young  Spartans.  [The  bunting  of  Helots 
as  an  exercise  is  a  myth.] 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Lycurgus  enacts  sumptuary 
laws  restraining  excess  in  dress,  eating, 
furniture,  etc. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  By  the  laws  of  liycurgus,  the 
citizens  exist  for  the  state,  instead  of 

the  state  existing  ftir  the  people. 

Each  new-horn  infant  is  examined  by  a 
council  of  old  nieii,  who  determine  whether 
It  shall  be  brought  up  or  cast  out  to  die: 
boys  at  seven  are  taken  from  home  and  sub- 
jected to  ithysical  and  mental  training,  wear- 
ing the  same  garments  in  snnmierand  winter, 
and  subsisting  on  a  spare  diet,  which  can  be 
enlarged  by  hunting  or  stealing,  hut  if  caught 
In  tbe  act  of  stealing,  they  are  punished  for 
awkwardness  causing  detection. 

820*  *  B.  c.    The  Olympic  games  are 

raised  to  greater  importance  by  the  par- 
ticipation of  tlie  Spartans.  C.'\ 
776  *  *  B.  c.    The  first  Olympiad  is  cele- 
brated at  Elis.     [Elean  Choroebus  is 


GREECE. 


1228b.c.-625**b.c.     1015 


the  tirat  recorded  victor  in  the  Olympic 
games.  The  official  catalogues  hence- 
forth records  names  of  victors.] 

733  *  *  II.  <'•  The  progeny  of  the  Par- 
theniee  of  Sparta  are  sons  of  virgins. 

720  *  *  II.  r.  The  Olympic  games  are 
TlBited  by  hosts  of  people  ;  some  come 
from  Asia  Minor  to  participate  in  the 
contests. 

715  *  *  II.  >'.  Aristocrates  I.,  King  of 
Arcadia,  is  put  to  death  for  offering 
violence  to  the  priestess  of  Diana. 

688  *  •  11.  I'.  Boxing  is  added  to  the 
Olympic  games.  [680.  Four-horse  char- 
iot races  are  added.  They  become 
more  lirilliant  and  attractive.  A  victory 
ia  the  highest  honor  known  in  Greece.] 

675  *  •  II.  <■.  The  Camian  festival  is 
instituted  in  Sparta. 

668  *  *  B.  ('.  The  Spartans  greatly  in- 
crease the  number  of  their  Helots  by  the 
conquest  of  .VIessenia  ;  [Helots  comprise 
about  four-tiftha  of  the  inhabitants]. 

660  *  •  II.  <•.  Egyptians  educate  their 
children  in  the  language  and  manners 
of  Greece, 

6801:  *  *  B.  r.    The  code  of  Zaleuevis, 

the  lawgiver  of  the  Epizephyrian  I.rf)cri- 
ans,  or(hiins  that  no  sober  women  shall 
go  attended  in  the  street  by  more  than 
one  maid,  or  wear  either  gold  or  em- 
broidered apparel. 

STATE, 

1201  *  *  B.  c.  Agamemnon  reigns  In 
Mycenai.  [He  becomes  King  of  Sicyou, 
Corinth,  and  perhaps  of  Argos.] 

1200±  *  •  B.  c.  The  Heraclidae,  the 
mythical  descendants  of  Hercules,  are 
driven  out  of  the  Peloponnesus. 

1179*  *  B.  c.  Athens.  A  court  of  Ephe- 
t8D  Is  established  by  Demophoon  for  the 
trial  of  murder.  [1178.  The  Prianepsae 
is  instituted.] 

1170  *  •  B.  c.  The  first  Pyrrhus  (Xeop- 
tolemus)  settles  in  Kpirus. 

1124 1  *  *  B.  r.  Bceotia  is  founded  by 
.Aoliaii  fugitives  from  Thessaly. 

1123  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  .U.  ^-Eolian  colonists 
build  Smyrna  and  other  cities. 

1120*  •B.C.  The  Thebans  abolish 
royalty,  and  establish  a  republic.  [Ages 
of  obscurity  follow.] 

llOfl-1103  B.  r.  Return  of  the  Hera- 
clidae, or  the  Dorian  Migration. 

Tlie  Heraclid.'e,  aided  by  the  Dorians, 
and  led  l)y  Temenus,  Cresphontes,  and 
Aristodemus,  invade  the  Peloponnesus 
to  recover  the  territory  belonging  to 
Hercules,  of  which  he  had  been  deprived 
by  Eurystheus ;  they  overthrow  the 
A'cliaian  dynasties,  expel  or  conquer  the 
people,  drive  the  loinans  into  Attica, 
and  divide  the  land  among  themselves 
and  their  allies. 

1104  *  •  B.  c.  Sparta  is  seized  by  the 
Heraclidie.  [1100.  The  first  hierarchy 
is  establislieil ;  Kurysthencs  and  Procles 
are  enthroned  as  joint  kings  by  their 
father,  Aristodemus  :  32  kings  of  Agidse 
dynasty  reign  ;  28  kings  of  Proclidse 
dynasty  reign.] 

1100+  •  *  B.  r.    Athrni.    The  mythical 

,  period  gradually  closes,  and  authentic 
history  begins  with  the  Dorian  migra- 
tion. 

1002  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  CodruB  becomes 
king.  [I069±.  He  voluntiirily  surrenders 
himself  as  a  sacrifice  for  his  country's 
deliverance  from  the  Dorians.] 

1070  *  •  B.  c.  Athens.  Government  by 
nobles  instead  of  by  kings  begins.  The 
Athenians  choose  perpetual  archons 
as  their  chief  officers  ;  Medon  is  the  first. 


1050-752  B.  <'.  Athens  is  governed  by  a 
succession  of  archons  without  the  name 
or  dignity  of  king. 

1040*  *  *  B.  c.    Asia  M.    The  lones,  a 

Pelasgic  race,  come  from  Greece,  and 
settle  in  lone  and  the  adjoining  islands, 
and  found  Ephesus  and  12  other  cities. 
1033  *  *  B.  c.  Ixion  reigns  in  Corinth. 
[996,  Agilus;  959,  Pruminis;  925,  Bacchus.] 

1032  *  •  B.  c.    Kings  of  Sparta. 

.\gis  I.  (Agidai)  and  Sous  (Proclidai)  reign 
at  Sparta.  [1028,  Echestratus  (Agida;) 
and  Euripon  (Proclidai);  993,  Lebotas 
(.\gida!);  975,  Prytanis  (Proclida));  956, 
Dorysus ;  927,  Agesilaus  (AgidK) ;  926, 
Polydectest  (Proclida;)]. 
1024  •  'B.C.  Athens.  Acastus  becomes 
andion.  [960,  Thersippus  ;  928,  Phorbus  ; 
898,  Megactes  ;  868,  Diognatus  ;  840,  Phe- 
recles  ;  823,  Ariphron  :  820,  Thespicus  ; 
795,  Agamestor  ;  777,  ^IJschylus.] 

lOOOi  *  *  B.  c.  S.  It.  The  Grecians  es- 
tablish their  first  colony  at  Cuma;  on 
the  west  coast. 

1000  *  *  B.  c.  S.  It.  A  Greek  colony  is 
established  at  Parthenope  [Naples]. 

1000-900±  B.  c.  AsiaM.  Greek  colonies 
are  planted  along  the  coast  and  on  the 
Asiatic  islands,  chiefly  by  vEolian,  Io- 
nian, and  Dorian  people. 

998  *  •  B.  c.  The  Amphictyonic  Coun- 
cil, established  at  Therniopylas  by  King 
Amphictyon  about  500  years  before,  now 
becomes  a  federative  tribunal  for  set- 
tling Grecian  interstate  difficulties.  It 
is  comprised  of  deputies  who  sit  twice  a 
year,  in  spring  and  harvest ;  its  decis- 
ions are  final  and  sacred. 

074-443  B.  c.    S.  It.    Greek  colonies  are 

established. 
916  •  ♦  B.  c.    ITie    Rhodians  originate 

the  first  laws  of  navigation. 
889*  *  B.  c.    Agelas  reigns  in  Corinth. 

[859,  Endemis  ;    834,  Aristodemus;  799, 

Agemon  ;  783,  Alexander  ;  753,  Telestes.] 

884  *  *  B.  c.  Lycurgus  rules  in  Sparta, 
and  establishes  the  senate. 

He  rettirns  from  several  years  of  foreign 
travel,  and  enacts  his  singular  <!ode  of  laws 
and  regulations  by  wliieli  lie  molds  tlie  pe- 
culiar c;liara<'ter  of  the  Spartans.  He  pro- 
vides for  two  kings  aa  jtresiding  orticers,  the 
t'ouiicil  of  the  Klders  is  elected  for  life;  it  is 
to  discuss  everytliing  l>efore  it  is  given  to  the 
assenilily  of  the  iieople,  and  to  liave  jurisdic- 
tion over  capital  crimes.  [  Various  dates  are 
assigned  to  the  reign  of  the  senii-mytliical 
kings.] 

883*  *B.  c.  Archielaus  is  King  of  Sparta 
(Agida;).  [831,  (Jharelaus  (Proclida!) ; 
823,  Teleclus  (Agidie)  ;  821,  Nicander 
(Proclida;);  783,  Alcamenes  (Agida;);  742, 
Polydorus  (Agidie) ;  770,  Tbeopompus 
(Proclidae). 

869*  •B.C.  Phidon,  tyrant  of  Argos, 
coins  both  gold  and  silver  money. 

814  •  *  B.  c.  (796  ?  748  ?)  Caranus,  the 
founder  of  the  first  kingdom  of  Mace- 
donia, reigns. 

757  *  *  B.  c.  The  Ephori  is  established 
at  Sparta  by  Theopompus ;  it  consists 
of  five  magistrates  appointed  to  check 
the  royal  power. 

753  •  •  B.  r.  Athens.  Alcmseon  is  ar- 
chon  ;  the  last  elected  for  life. 

753-683  B.C.  Athens.  The  archons  are 
elected  for  ten  years  only ;  the  first 
four  are  from  the  family  of  Codrus. 

752*  •b.c  Athens.  Cherops,  the  first 
decennial  archon,  rules. 

750-550    B.  c.    Period  of  colonization. 
The  Greeks  migrate  in  swarms  to  the 
coasts  of  Sicily  and  Sfmthern  Italy.  [710. 
Groton  is  founded.    708.    Tarentum,] 


747-657  B.  c.  The  oligarchy  of  Bac- 
chiadse  governs  at  Corinth. 

746  •  •  B.  c.  Aristodemenes,  the  last 
king  of  Corinth,  reigns  for  only  one 
year.  [For  90  following  years,  Corinth 
IS  governed  by  annually  elected  magis- 
trates, who  are  called  prytanes.  A  uton- 
omes  is  the  first.] 

742  •  *  B.  c.  Athens,  .ffisimedes  is  ar- 
chon. [732,  Clidicus  ;  722,  Hippomenes  ; 
712,  Leocrates ;  702,  .•Vpsandrus.] 

735  *  •  B.  r.  Sicily.  The  Chalcidians 
colonize  Naxos.  [690  (713?  680?).  Gela 
is  colonized  by  Rhodians  and  Cretans. 

The  first  Grecian  settlement  is 
founded.  [599,  Camarina  ;  582,  Agrigen- 
tum.] 

734**  B.C.  Sicily  — Corfu.  The  Corin- 
thian colonies  of  Syracuse  and  Corcyra 
are  founded. 

729  •  •  B.  c.  Turk.  Pericles  reigns  in 
Macedonia.    [684.    Argeans.] 

723  •  •  B.  c.  The  Messenians  become 
vassals  of  Sparta.    (See  Army.) 

721  *  •  B.  c.  S.  It.  Sybaris  is  founded 
by  an  Achaean  colony.  [683.  Locrians 
found  Locria  Epizephyrii.] 

720*  •B.C.  Cyprus.  Tlie  Greeks  dom- 
inate the  island. 

718  •  •B.C.  Zeuzidanms  becomes  King 
(Proclida;)  of  Sparta.  [709,  Eurycrates 
(Agidfe) ;  686,  Anaxidaniua  (Proclida;) ; 
670,  Anaxander  (Agida;);  648,  Archida- 
mus  (Proclidae);  6.37,  Eurycrates  II. 
(Agida;). 

714+ *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Hippomenes 
the  archon  is  deposed  for  his  cruelty. 
All  the  nobility  become  eligible  to  the 
office.  [692.  Eryxias  is  the  last  decen- 
nial archon.    684.    He  dies.] 

707  *  •  B.  c.  The  Parthenite  conspire 
with  the  Helots  to  take  Sparta 

685  •  •  B.  c.  The  Messenians  revolt ; 
Elis,  Argos,  and  Arcadia  join  them 
against  the  Lacedaemonians. 

684  *  •  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Chalcedon  is 
founded  by  the  Megarians. 

683*  *  B.  c.  Athens.  The  first  reliable 
date  of  Grecian  history. 

Nine  archons  are  annually  elected 
from  this  time  on  ;  they  are  chosen  from 
the  Eupatrida;.    Creon  is  the  first. 

681*  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Tlesias  is  archon. 
[071,  Leostratus  ;  669,  PisistratuB  ;  668, 
.\utosthenes  ;  6M,  Miltiades;  6,59,  Milti- 
ades  II. ;  644,  Dropelus  ;  639,  Damasius  ; 
635,  Epenetus.] 

•  •  B.  c.  Aristocrates  II.,  King  of  Or- 
chonienus,  is  stoned,  and  an  Arcadian 
republic  is  founded. 

669  *  *  B.  c.  Sicily.  Tlie  subjugated 
Messenians  immigrate  hither,  and  give 
their  own  name  to  the  town  [Messina]. 

667  *  *  B,  c,  Constantinople.  Byzan- 
tium is  colonized  by  Megarians  under 
Byzas. 

660*  •B.C.  S.  It.  Zaleucusgiveslaws 
to  the  Locri. 

656*  *  B.  c.  The  Bacchiada*  oligarchy  is 
overthrown  at  Corinth  by  Cypselus, 
who  acquires  despotic  power.  [627. 
Periander  rules.] 

654*  *  R.  c.  Stagira(.'\bdera)  and  Acan- 
thus (Lampsacus)  are  founded. 

640*  *B.  c.  (609?)  Turk.  Philip  I. 
reigns  in  Macedonia. 

631*  *B.  c.  Afr.  Battus  of  Thera 
founds  Cyrene. 


1016     625  *  *  B.  c,-491  *  *  b.  c. 


GREECE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

606  •  *  B.  c.  Athens  is  at  war  with 
Mitylene  over  the  possession  of  Sigeuin. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Atheniaus  under  Phymon 
defeat  the  Mityleneans  under  Pitta- 
cus;  but  Pittacus  l^ills  Phyruou  in  sin- 
gle combat.  [The  war  ends  by  the  ceding 
of  the  disputed  territory  to  Athens.] 

602  *  *  B.  c.  Montenegro.  Aropus  con- 
quers the  Illyriaus. 

600-590  *  *  B.  c.  First  Sacred  "War 
against  Crissa  and  Cirrha,  to  punish  the 
robberyof  the  templeof  Apollo  atDelphi. 
The  Amphietyoues  destroy  both  cities; 
the  inhaoitants  are  enslaved  and  their 
lands  consecrated  to  the  Pythian  Apollo. 

660  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  J/.  Croesus,  King  of 
Lydia,  conquers  in  succession  all  the 
Grecian  cities  on  the  Asiatic  coast. 

647  *  *  B.  c.  The  Spartans  are  at  war 
with  the  Argives,  who  seek  to  recover 
territory;  a  battle  between  300  cham- 
pions of  each  nation  takes  place. 

637*  *  B.  c.  Pi sistratus defeats  his 
Athenian  enemies. 

613  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Macedonia  is  con- 
quered by  the  Persians. 

510**  B.C.  S.  It.  Kroton  destroys 
Sybarls. 

506*  *B.  c.  Sparta  at  war  with  Athens. 
An  expedition  under  Cleomenes  and 
Demaratiis,  with  Pelopounesian  allies, 
is  broken  up  bv  the  withdrawal  of  the 
Corinthians  and  the  disagreement  of  the 
two  kings. 

♦  *  B.  c.  The  allies  of  the  Spartans,  the 
Boeotians  and  the  Chalcidians  from  Eu- 
bcea,  are  defeated  by  the  Athenians, 
who  hold  part  of  Euboea,  and  divide  4,000 
peasant  holdings  among  Attic  farmers. 

604  *  *  B.  c.  ^^gean  Sta.  Xiemnos  is 
taken  by  Miltiades. 

600-449    B.  c.    The  Persian  Wars. 

600-494  B.  c.  ^Egean  Sen.  The  Ionian 
Greeks  unsuccessfully  revolt  against 
the  tyranny  of  the  Persians. 

The  Persians  defeat  the  Ionian  armies 
and  also  their  fleet  at  Lade,  opposite 
Miletus.  The  assistance  rendered  the 
lonians  by  Athens  and  Eretria,  is  tlie  im- 
metliate  cause  of  the  Persian  attempt 
to  subjugate  European  Greece. 

496  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Macedoniaand 
Thrace  are  conquered  by  the  Persians. 

495  *  *  B.  c.  Persians  under  Artapher- 
nes  besiege  Milettis.  [494.  Taken,  its 
men  slain,  and  women  and  children  sold.] 

493-479   B.  c.   First  Persian  invasion. 

493  *  *  n.  c.  Turk.  The  Persian  army 
subdues  the  coast  of  Thrace,  and  the 
navy  conquers  the  Island  of  Thasos. 


492' 


n.c.    Turk.    The    Persians 


under  Mardonius  are  surprised,  and  suf- 
fer great  loss  by  the  Thracians. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  fleet  of  Darius  is  mostly 
destroyed  by  a  hurricane,  and  the  Per- 
sian expedition  returns. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

620  *  *  B.  r.  Legends  are  traced  upon 
vases  in  Corinth. 

601  May  28,  b.  c.  (?)  Thales*  predic- 
tion of  a  solar  eclipse  is  fulfilled ;  it 
separates  the  Medes  and  Persians  in 
battle  [or  603  or  585.  He  teaches  the 
true  cause  of  lunar  eclipses]. 

600 i  •  *B.c.  Thales  marks  out  solstices 
and  equinoxes. 


600-200    B.C.     The  temple  of  Jupiter 

at  Corinth  is  erected. 
676±  *   *  B.  c.      I>ipa'nu8    and    Scyllis 

sculpture  figures  of  the  gods. 

670-547  B.  <".  Anaximander  invents  the 
sun-dial,  and  discovers  the  phases  of 
the  nioon;  he  makes  a  map  of  the 
known  world. 

564  t  *  *  B.  <\  Susarion  and  Dolon  invent 
theatrical  exhibitions;  they  perform 
the  first  comedy  at  Athens  on  a  wagon 
or  movable  stage  having  four  wheels. 

560±  *  *  B.  c.  The  Zodiac  is  observed 
by  Anaximander,  who  discovers  its  ob- 
liquity, names  its  twelve  signs,  and  as- 
signs their  situations. 

655i  *  *  B.C.  Pythagoras  maintains  that 
the  motions  of  the  spheres  must  pro- 
duce delightful  music,  inaudible  to 
mortal  ears,  which  he  calls  "  the  music 
of  the  spheres." 

He  notes  changes  of  land  and  8ea,earth- 
quake8,volcanoes,and  petrifying  springs; 
he  discovers  that  the  eartli  moves,  and 
that  the  morning  and  evening  stars  are 
the  same  ;  he  invents  the  monochord  ; 
he  discourses  on  sound-waves. 

550*  *  B.  r.  The  Doric  temple  of 
Athene  at  ^giua  is  erected. 

644+  *  •  B.  r. '  AhUi  AT.  The  temple  of 
Diana  at  Ephesus  is  begun  by  Ctesiphon. 

640  *  *  B.  c.  Callimachus  invents  the 
Corinthian  order  of  architecture. 

63e±  *  *  B.  c.  Thespis  of  Icaria,  the  in- 
ventor of  tragedy,  performs  Alcesiis 
at  Athens,  and  is  rewarded  with  a  goat. 
He  first  intersperses  hymns  with  the 
recitation. 

500  *  *  B.  c.  Hecatseus  writes  on  geog- 
raphy. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

625+     Sappho,  poet^  born. 

619*  * -ffieop,  fabulist,  born.     [.564.     Dies.] 

619  *  ■•  Pisiatratufl,   Athenian  tyrant,   born. 

[527.     Dies.] 
610±    Anaximander  of  Miletus,  philosopher, 

bom.     [&46.     Dies.] 
680  *  *  Periamler,  King  of   Corinth  (Seven 

Sages),  dies. 
683*  *  Pythasoras.  philos.,  b.     [500.    D.] 
663i    Anacreon,  lyric  poet,  b.    [478^:.    Dies.] 
666*  *  Simonide8,lyricpoet,born.   [467.    D.] 
6th  Century.    Alceeus,  of  Lesbos,  poet,  born. 
Bias  (Seven  Sages),  born. 
Calllmaclius.  sculptor,  architect,  born. 
Chiton  of  Sparta  (Seven  Sages),  born. 
Cleobolus,  King  of  Lindus  (Seven  Sages),  b. 
EpimenideB,  poet,  prophet,  born. 
Glancua,  artist,  Inventor,  born. 
Ibycus,  lyric  poet,  '.)orn. 
TtaespiB,  poet,  tlrani.,  inventor  of  tragedy,  b. 
626*  *  .ffischyluB.  tragic  poet,  b.    [456.    D.] 
622  *  *  Pindar,  greatest  of  lyric  poets,  born. 

[443.     Dies.] 
619±     Cratlnu8,eonilc  poet,  born.    [442.    D.] 
614i:    Hipparchus,  Athenian  tyrant,  assassi- 
nated; 
Themistocles.  general,  statesman,  orator, 
born.     [460  or  447.     Dies.] 
612+     Haccliylides,  lyric  poet,  bom. 
510i    Clmori,  Athenian  gen.,  b.  [449±.  D.] 
504i     Critlas,  statnary,  dies. 
500*  *  Anaxagoras,  philos.,  bom.    [428.     D.] 
498*  *  Phidias,  greatest  sciUptor  statuary, 

born.    [431.    Dies.] 
496  i:     Sophocles,  a  tragic  poet,  b.    [405.    D.] 
Pericles,  Athenian  orator,  statesman,  born. 

[429.     Dies.] 
Zeno  of  Elea,  philosopher,  bom. 


CHURCH. 

613  *  *  B.  c.  The  Feast  of  Nephalia  la 
instituted. 

In  it  are  offered  sacrifices  of  sobriety 
—  using  mead  instead  of  wine ;  offerings 
are  made  to  the  sun  and  moon,  the 
nymphs,  to  Aurora,  and  to  Venus.  They 
burned  any  wood  but  that  of  the  vine, 
the  fig-tree,  and  the  mulberry-tree,  the 
esteemed  symbols  of  drunkenness. 

530  *  •  B.  c.  Anaximander  of  Miletus 
declares  air  to  be  a  self -existing  deity, 
and.  the  first  cause  of  created  things. 


628i:  *  *  B.  c.  Pythagoras  teaches  tb# 
doctrine  of  metempsychosis,  which  as- 
serts the  transmigration  of  the  soul  from 
one  body  to  another. 

±  *  *B.o.  The  school  of  Athens  is  closed, 
and  the  extinction  of  the  Platonic 
theology  follows. 

500±  *  *  B.  V.  Heraelitus  teaches  that 
the  world  was  created  from  tire,  which 
is  a  god  omnipotent. 

4th  Century.  B.C.  Plato  defines  "vir- 
tue in  man  to  be  resemblance  t<»  God  ac- 
coniing  to  the  measure  of  our  ability." 
(Fisher.) 

Aristotle  "  in  religion  was  a  theist : 
but  he  is  less  spiritual  in  his  vein  of 
thought  and  more  reserved  in  his  utter- 
auceon  this  theme  than  Plato."  (Fisher.) 


LETTERS. 

610  *  *  B.  c.  Anaximander,  a  disciple 
of  Thales,  a  Milesian  philosopher,  is 
born. 

Metaphysician,  mathematician,  as- 
tronomer, and  writer,  he  is  the  first  to 
write  on  geography  and  to  prepare  a 
chart  of  the  countries  he  knew. 

eOO±**B.  c.  Thales  of  Miletus  founds 
the  Ionic  sect  of  philosophers. 

It  delights  in  abstruse  speculations; 
among  its  pupils  are  Anaximander,  An- 
aximenes,  and  Anaxagoras,  and  Arche- 
laus,  the  master  of  Socrartes. 

600-564  B.  c.  The  Fables  of  ^sop  ap- 
pear. (?) 

600±  *  *  R.  c.  Poems,  arranged  in  nint 
hooks,  by  Sappho,  appear.  (?) 

*  *  B.C.  Alcseus,  a  poet  of  Mitylene.  in 
Lesbos,  flourishes. 

*  *B.o.    Chilo,  the  Spartan  philosopher, 

flourishes. 

590 ±  ♦  *B.c.  Thales  of  Miletus,  Solon  of 
Athens,  Bias  of  Prienne,  Chilo  of  l.ace- 
dtemon,  Pittacus  of  Mitylene,  Cieolmlus 
of  Lindus,  and  Periander  of  Corinth, 
known  as  the  Seven  "Wise  Men  of 
Greece,  flourish. 

580-500  B.  c.  Pythagoras  teaches  that 
the  inner  substance  of  all  tilings  is  num- 
ber, and  that  discipline  of  character  is  a 
prime  object ;  he  is  sparing  in  diet,  pro- 
motes an  earnest  culture  in  which  music 
is  prominent,  and  gives  rise  to  a  school 
in  which  moral  reform  and  religious 
feeling  are  connected  with  an  ascetic 
method  of  living. 

*  *  *B.  c.  Pherecydes  of  Syros,  teacher 
of  Pythagoras,  teaches  the"  doctrine  of 
the  transmigration  of  souls,  and  main- 
tains that  there  are  three  principles, — 
ffither,  chaos,  and  time,  — and  four  ele- 
ments,—fire,  earth,  air,  and  water,— 
from  which  are  formed  everything  that 
exists. 

580±  *  *B.c.  Solon  is  the  tirst  in  Greece 
to  pronounce  a  funeral  oration. 

570-478  B.  c.  XenophaneSj  founder 
of  the  Eleatic  school  of  philosophy, 
flourishes. 

He  conceives  the  world  as  one  stib- 
stance,  and  that  the  exhibitions  of  natu- 
ral phenomena,  in  all  their  variety  and 
change,  are  unreal. 

570-520  B.  r.  Anaximander  m  a  I  n  - 
tains  that  things  spring  out  of  a  primi- 
tive stulf,  without  definite  qualities  and 
without  bounds  ;  he  makes  astronomical 
calculations. 

646 1  *  *  B.  c.  Hipponax,  iambic  poet, 
flourishes. 

544*:  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  The  first  public 
library  is  founded  by  Pisistratus. 

540^  *  *  B.  c.  Theognis,  elegiac  poet, 
flourishes. 

630±  *  *  B.  c.  Anacreon,  a  lyric  poet, 
sings  chiefly  the  praises  of  love  and  wine- 


GREECE. 


625**-491*  *  B.C. 


1017 


520-123  B.  c.  Cratinua,  an  Athenian 
roMilc  poet,  writes  21  plays,  and  Is  victor 
nine  times. 

5 10 1:  *  *  B.  c.  Telesilla  of  Argos,  a  lyric 
poet  and  heroine,  flourishes. 

504-460  n.  c  parmenides,  an  Eleatic, 
teuohes  that  succession,  change, the  man- 
ifold form  of  things,  is  only  relative  to 
ourselves,  being  only  our  way  of  regard- 
ing the  one  universal  essence. 

503  -  *  *  B.  r.  Heraclitua  of  Ephesus,  a 
pUilosopher,  flourishes. 

•  *  B.  c.    IJasus,  a  lyric  poet,  flourishes. 
500  fc  *  *  H.  c.    Pindar  oomposes  Epini- 

CM,  and  many  other  lyrics. 

•  *  B.  c.  Simonides  writes  lyric  poetry 
unrivalled  for  its  tenderness  and  grace. 
[4*7.     He  gains  his  66th  prize  at  Athens.] 

•  *  B.  c.  Hecataeua  of  Miletus,  a  geogra- 
pher and  historian,  writes  Periegesis. 

500-456  B.  i\  .^schylus,  the  father 
of  Greek  tragedy,  produces  72  plays. 
[Those  extant  are  EumenUles,  Prome- 
theus Vinctus,  Agamemnon,  Choephori, 
Seven  against  Thebes,  Persse,  and  the 
Sitpplices.  499.  He  makes  his  first  at- 
tempt as  a  tragic  poet.  484.  He  gains 
his  first  tragic  victory.] 

SOCIETY. 

594i:  *  *  B.  c.  The  code  of  Solon  pun- 
ishes an  archon  with  a  heavy  fine  for 
intoxication  on  the  first  offense,  and  in 
case  of  relapse,  by  death. 

590  *  *  B.  c.     The   Pythian   games  in 

honor   of  ApoUo  are  greatly  enlarged 
[from  this  time]. 

549i:  *  *  B.C.  Sicily.  Phalaris,  tyrant 
of  Agrlgentum,  is  roasted  in  a  brazen 
hull  which  he  made  for  other  victims. 

540-420  B.C.  Period  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished victors  in  the  Olympic 
games. 

509  *  •  B.  c.  Athens,  Social  reforms 
are  effected  under  Clelsthenes,  reducing 
tho  influence  of  the  aristocracy. 

STATE. 

621*  ♦B.C.  Athens.  The  Athenians  de- 
mand written  laws  instead  of  the  arbi- 
trary will  of  their  rulers. 

The  nobles  accede,  but  revenge  their 
injured  dignity  by  appointing  Draco  to 
prepare  the  code.  These  drastic  laws 
are  "  written  in  blood ; "  every  offense  is 
punished  with  death;  idleness  is  dealt 
with  as  severely  as  murder ;  beheld  that 
the  smallest  transgression  deserved 
death,  and  a  severer  punishment  could 
not  be  devised  for  more  atrocious  crimes. 

'615  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Henochides  is  ar- 
chon. [605,  Aristocles  ;  604,  Critias  ;  599, 
Megacles.] 

'612 1*  *  B.  c.  Athena.  Cylon,  assisted 
by  his  father-in-law,  Theagenes,  tyrant 
of  Megara,  struggles  for  supreme  power. 
He  seizes  the  Acropolis,  hut  is  besieged 
by  Megacles,  captured,  and  executed. 

612  *  *  B.  c.  Pittacus  [one  of  the  Seven 
Sages],  leader  of  the  aristocratic  party, 
overthrows  the  tyrant  Melanchus  at 
Mitylene  In  Lesbo*.  [He  is  succeeded 
by  Myrsilus,  Megalagyrus,  the  Clean- 
actids,  AlcsBUs,  and  Antimenidas.] 

600  •  •  B.  C.  Fr.  A  Greek  colony  is 
planted  at  Massalia  [Marseilles]. 

597  *:  *  *  B.  c.  Solon  recovers  Salamis. 
which  had  revolted  to  Megara. 

.697  *  *  B.  c.  The  Alcmaeonidas  are 
found  guilty  of  sacrilege  by  a  tribunal 


of  300  judges,  and  sentenced  to  banish- 
ment from  Attica. 
505  *  *  B.  c.    The  Amphictyonic  Council 
decides  to  punish  Cirrhafor  the  robbery 
of  the  temple  of  Apollo  in  Delphi. 

*  *  *B.c.  Athens,  Dissatisfaction  with 
the  government  of  the  archons  in- 
creases. 

The  citizens  form  three  parties,  —  the 
great  land-owners  of  the  plain,  the 
peasants  dwelling  in  the  mountains,  and 
the  prosperous  middle  class  dwelling  by 
the  seacoast. 
594*  *  B.  c,  Athens.  Solon  becomes 
archon  for  life  ;  he  makes  a  code  of  laws. 
He,  being  appointed  to  negotiate  be- 
tween the  aristocracy  and  the  people, 
devises  the  Seisachtheia  (removal  of 
burdens),  whereby  (mortgaged)  debts  are 
reduced  about  27  per  cent  by  the  intro- 
duction of  a  new  standard  of  coinage, 
jiersonal  security  for  debts  is  abolished, 
and  unpaid  fines  are  remitted.  The  code 
of  Draco  is  repeale<l. 

•  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Solon  levies  taxes. 
First-class  citizens  pay  an  Attic  talent 
of  silver  [$275]. 

580-570    B.  c.    Pittacus   is   tyrant   at 

Mitylene  in  Lesbos;  this  just  and  able 
ruler  prepares  the  way  for  republican 
government. 

582  *  *  B.  c.  Psammetichus  is  de- 
throned ;  Corinth  forms  a  republic. 

570*  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Solon  secures  the 
oath  of  the  people  to  maintain  the  con- 
stitution for  10  years,  and  departs  for 
Egypt  and  Asia  Minor. 

570-554  B.  c.  Sicily.  Phalaris,  noto- 
rious for  his  cruelty,  reigns  at  Agri- 
gentum. 

560  *  *  B.  c.  The  supremacy  of  Sparta 
is  acknowledged  by  the  Arcadians.  [550. 
It  is  the  most  powerful  of  the  states  of 
Greece.] 

560-527  B.  c.  Athens.  Pisistratus,  the 
tyrant,  a  nobleman,  usurps  the  govern- 
ment, and  rules  with  splendid  succest^. 

He  so  manages  that  the  people  always 
choose  archons  who  suit  liini.  [559.  He  is 
expelled  by  a  eoaUtion  of  noV)les  and  mode- 
rates. 553.  He  returns  to  Athens.  552.  Again 
exiled.  543 1.  He  returns  with  a  powerful 
army,  lands  at  Marathon.  Tlie  Athenians 
send  an  army  against  him ;  he  defeats  It,  and 
once  more  becomes  ruler.] 

560  *  *  B.  c.    Solon  returns. 

560 1  *  *  n.  c.  N.  Afr.  The  colony  of 
Barca  is  founded. 

546  *  *  B.  o.  Asia  M,  The  Hellenic 
colonies  are  conquered  by  Croesus,  K  ing 
of  Lydia.  [649.  He  is  dethroned  by 
Cyrus,  who  soon  subjects  the  Greek 
cities  of  Asia  to  Persian  rule.] 

544  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  The  contest  be- 
gins between  the  (ireeks  and  Persians 
for  possession  of  Asia  Minor. 

543-527  B.  0.  Athens.  Third  tyranny 
of  Pisistratus. 

540  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Amyntas  I.  be- 
comes King  of  Macedonia.  [510.  The 
Macedonians  deliver  earth  and  water  on 
the  demand  of  the  Persians.] 

527-510  B.  r.  Athens.  Hippias  suc- 
ceeds Pisistratus,  his  father.  [517+ . 
Hippias  sends  Miltiades  to  take  posses- 
sion of  the  Thracian  Chersonesus ;  he 
succeeds,  and  rules  as  tyrant.] 

520  *  *  B.  c.  Cleomenes  (Agidre)  and 
Demaratus  (ProcUdse)  are  kings  of 
Sparta. 


519*  *B.  c.  The  Platseans  secede  from 
the  Boeotian  union  and  place  themselves 
under  the  protection  of  Athens. 

514**  B.C.  Athens.  Hipparchus, one 
of  the  sons  of  Pisistratus,  is  assassinated 
by  Harmodius  and  Aristogiton. 

510*  *  B.  c.  Athens.'  Hippias  is  driven 
out  by  the  exiled  nobles,  aided  by  a  Spar- 
tan army  under  Cleomenes.  The  Pisis- 
tratidie  are  all  expelled.  Hippias  takes 
refuge  with  Darius  in  Persia. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  The  place  of  holding 
the  popular  assembly  is  changed  from 
the  market-place  to  thf  rocky  hill  of 
the  Pyx,  and  the  president  is  chosen 
daily  by  lot  from  among  the  prytany. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  The  council  is  in- 
creased from  400  to  500  members.  The 
four  old  Athenian  tribes  are  substituted 
by  ten  new  tribes,  not  having  coimected 
territory ;  the  influence  of  the  aristoc- 
racy is  reduced. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Celisthenes  estab- 
lishes ostracism,  by  which  llie  people 
may  decree,  by  a  secret  ballot,  the  ban- 
ishment of  any  citizen  deemed  danger- 
ous to  the  public  liberty. 

508  •  *  B.  c.  TiLrk.  Teres,  King  of  the 
Kdrysae  in  Thrace,  retains  his  indepen- 
dence of  the  Persians. 

507  *  *  B.  c.  The  nobles  of  Athens, 
led  by  Isagoras,  revolt  against  Clels- 
thenes ;  they  are  aided  by  Sitartans  un- 
der Cleomenes  ;  Cleisthenes  is  driven 
out,  and  the  city  revolutionized. 

*  *  B.  c.  A  counter-revolt  of  the  popu- 
lace arises  against  Cleomenes,  who 
makes  a  disgraceful  capitulation,  sur- 
rendering the  Spartan  arms,  and  leaders 
of  the  aristocracy,  who  are  put  to  death. 

506  *  *  B.  c.  Cleomenes,  enraged  by 
adversity,  returns  to  Sparta,  raises  a 
large  army,  and  advances  against  the 
Athenians.  [The  Corinthians  and  other 
allies  refusing  to  assist  in  the  restora- 
tion of  tyranny  in  Athens,  the  army 
disbands.] 

502  *  *  B.  c.  JCgean  Sea.  The  Island  of 
Naxos  revolts;  war  between  Greece 
and  Asia  follows. 

500*  *  B.  c.  AsiaM.  A  democratic  gov- 
ernment being  established  in  Miletus, 
other  Greek  cities  in  Asia  openly  revolt 
against  Persia. 

*  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Alexander  I.  reigns  in 
Macedonia. 

499-494  B.  c.  The  lonians,  led  by 
Histiseus  of  Miletus  and  Aristagoras,  un- 
successfully revolt  against  Persians. 

405-490  B.C.  Sparta  becomes  superior 
to  Argos. 

494  *  *  B.  c.  The  lonians  are  subdued, 
and  the  Milesians  forced  by  Darius  to 
settle  about  the  mouth  of  the  Tigris. 

492  *  *  B.  c.  Mardonius,  the  Persian 
general,  invades  Europe,  and  conquers 
Macedonia. 

491  *  *  B.  c.  The  Great  Persian  War. 
Cause:  Sardis  in  Lydia  is  burned  by 
the  lonians  in  retaliatiuK  the  favor 
shown  by  Darius  to  Hippias,  the  ex- 
pelled Athenian  tyrant,  the  Athenians 
t)eing  their  ally. 

*  *  B.  c.  Heralds  arrive  from  Darius  to 
demand  earth  and  water.  [They  are 
murdered  by  Athens  and  Sparta.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Leonidas  (Agid»)  and  Leoty- 
chides  (Proclidse)  are  kings  at  Sparta. 


1018     490  **B.c.-450**B.c. 


GREECE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

490  •  ♦  B.  c.  The  second  ezi>edition 
of  the  Persians. 

Artaphernes,  nephew  of  Darius,  and 
Datis  tlie  Mede,  a  more  experienced  gen- 
eral, with  1(X),000  infantry  and  10,000  cav- 
alry in  600  transports,  crosses  the  ^Egean 
Sea  ;  600  triremes  reenforce  the  army, 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Persians  land  in  Euboea, 
after  destroying  the  city  of  Naxos.  Ere- 
tria  falls  into  their  hands  by  treachery. 

*  •  B.  c.  The  Persians,  advised  hy  Hip- 
pias,  the  Athenian  exile,  land  in  the 
vicinity  of  Marathon. 

•  •  B.  c.  The  entire  military  power  of 
Athens,  comprising  10,000  men  besides 
1,000  Platjeans,  crosses  the  Brilessus,  and 
advances  to  meet  the  Persians. 

»  *  B.  c.  The  Athenians  wait  in  in- 
trenched camp  face  to  face  with  the 
Persians  for  nine  days,  and  cover  the 
road  to  Athens. 

Sept.  12  B.C.  Battle  of  Marathon; 
one  of  the  decisive  battles  of  the  world. 
Athenians  under  Miltiades  and  Aris- 
tides  defeat  100.000  Persians  under  Datis 
and  Artaphernes  ;  Greek  loss,  192  ;  Per- 
sian loss,  6,400.    Persians  retreat  to  Asia. 

489  •  *  B.  c.  Miltiades  makes  an  ill- 
considered  attack  upon  Paros ;  he  is 
condemned  to  pay  the  costs  of  the  expe- 
dition, amounting  to  50  talents. 

485  *  •  B.  c.  The  Athenians  conduct 
an  unsuccessful  -war  with  .^gina,  a 
rival  city ;  they  hire  ships  of  Corinth. 

483+  *  *  B.  c.  Themistocles  persuades 
the  Athenians  to  construct  the  harbor 
of  the  PirsBUB. 

♦  •  *  B.  c.  A  radical  reform  of  the 
naval  department  is  made. 

481-480  B.C.  Third  Persian  invasion. 

It  is  under  Xerxes,  son  of  Darius  ;  ho 

is  accompanied   by  Pisistratus,  son  of 

Hippias,  late  of  Athens,  and  by  Dema- 

ratus,  the  deposed  King  of  Sparta. 

481  •  •  B.  c.  Turk.  The  Persians,  aided 
by  the  Thracians,  open  a  canal  at 
Acanthus  to  protect  their  fleet  in  time 
of  storm.  Tliey  bridge  the  Hellespont 
between  Sestos  and  Abydos  by  the  labor 
of  Phenicians  and  Egyptians. 

•  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Persian  troops 
concentrate  at  Critalla  in  Cappadocia. 

480  Spring  ».  r.  Asia  M.  Xerxes  de- 
parts from  Sardis,  about  900,000  strong, 
and  marches  through  Mysia. 

Turk.     The     Persians     cross     the 

Hellespont  during  seven  days. 

They  traverse  Macedonia,  and  send  a 
fleet  of  more  than  1,300  triremes,  includ- 
ing 400  Grecian  ships,  from  Asia  Minor, 
through  the  canal  at  Acanthus.  They 
receive  symbols  of  submission  from 
Thessalian  and  Boeotian  cities, —  only 
Plataea  and  ThespLnB  refusing. 

*  *  B.  c.  Xerxes  enters  Greece  with  the 
greatest  army  ever  placed  in  the  field. 

It  comprises  1,700,000  foot  and  80,000 
horse  soldiers  ;  servants,  eunuchs,  and 
women,  amounting  to  5,283,220  people.  (?) 

July  •  B.  c.    Battle  of  Thermopylae. 

The  pass  is  defended  against  an  im- 
mense number  of  Persians  by  the  Spar- 
tan king,  Leonidas,  with  about  6,000 
hoplites,  among  whom  are  300  Spartans 
and  1,000  Lacedasmonians ;  1,000  Pho- 
cians  guard  the  footpath  over  (Kta.  The 
Persians  are  g\iided  by  the  traitor  Kphi- 
altes ;  I.eonidas  sends  away  most  of  his 


force.and  perisheswithSOOSpartansand    Sept.  22  (?)  ii.  c.    Asia  M 
700  Thespians,  who  refuse  to  leave  him.        Mycale 


Battle  of 


Aug.*  B.C.  Naval battleatArtemisium. 

First  day:  About  280  Grecian  ships  under 
Eurybiades,  a  .Spartan,  indecisively  engage 
the  i'ersians  un.ler  Aclia-inenes,  whose  rieet 
is  much  weakened  bv  storms  and  also  by  an 
exi>edltion  of  200  ships. 

.Second  day:  The  I'ersians  attack  with  their 
entire  rteet,  but  gain  no  decisive  results.  The 
Grecian  fleet  sails  away  for  Salanus  on  re- 
ceiving news  from  Thennoityla. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Corinthians  engage  in 
the  Persian  war. 

The  Peloponnesiaii  army  begins  the 
construction  of  a  wall  across  the  isth- 
mus, instead  of  coming  to  the  aid  of  the 
Athenians. 

*  *B.  c.  Xerxes  meets  with  no  resistance 
in  central  Greece  ;  the  Locrians  and  Do- 
rians submit  to  the  Persians. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Persians  ravage  the  land 
of  the  Phocians  ;  a  thunder-storm  aids 
in  turning  back  a  force  sent  to  Delphi. 

*  •  B.  c.  Thespias  and  Plataea  alone  are 
destroyed  by  the  Persians,  in  Boeotia. 

*  'B.C.  Athens.  The  Athenians  aban- 
don their  city,  and  send  the  noncombat- 
ants,  togetherwith  theirpersonal  effects, 
to  Salamis,  ^^Sgina,  and  Argolis  ;  only  a 
garrison  remains  iu  the  Acropolis. 

*  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Xerxes  takes  the  Acrop- 
olis by  storm  ;  the  temples  and  the  city 
are  burned  ;  he  enters,  after  having  lost 
200,000  of  his  troops. 

Sept.  20  B.  c.  The  Grecians  defeat  the 
Persians  in  the  Straits  of  Salamis. 

The  Grecian  fleet  under  Eurybiades,  a 
Spartan,  numbers  378  triremes  and  seven 
fifty-oared  vessels ;  the  Persian  rteet 
comprises  7.")0  (?)  vessels ;  the  Greeks 
lose  40  and  the  Persians  200  ships. 

.Sicily.  Gelon  defeats  the  Cartha- 
ginians under  Hamilcar  at  Himera. 

*  •  n.  c.  Xerxes  retreats,  leaving  Mar- 
donius  in  Thessaly  with  260,000  men. 

Nov.*  B.C.  Xerxes  retreating,  ar- 
rives at  tlie  Hellespont. 

He  suffers  great  losses  through  hunger 
and  drought ;  the  bridge  having  been 
destroyed  by  a  storm,  his  army  em- 
barks in  the  fleet. 

*  •  B.  0.  The  Grecian  fleet  neglects  to 
pursue  the  Persians,  as  Themistocles  ad- 
vises ;  it  unsuccessfuly  besieges  An- 
dros. 

479  *  *  B.  r.  The  fourth  Persian  ex- 
pedition led  by  Mardonius. 

The  Persians  enter  Attica,  and  are  re- 
enforced  by  troops  un<ler  Artabazus, 
and  by  allies  from  northern  Greece. 

*  *  B.  c.  Athens.  The  Athenians  are 
again  faithlessly  abandoned  by  the 
Spartans,  who  again  retire. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Persians  retire  before  the 
whole  Peloponnesiaii  army,  consisting  of 
30,000  hoplites  and  60,000  light  armed 
troops,  it  having  crossed  the  isthmus, 
and  taken  a  strong  position  in  Bceotia. 

*  •  B.  c.  The  Greeks  are  reenforced  by 
10,(X)0  Athenians,  Platirans,  and  Thespi- 
ans ;  Pausanias,  the  leader  of  the  Spar- 
tans, has  a  great  army,  but  no  cavalry. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  imited  fleets  of  the  Pe- 
loponnesians,  Athenians,  and  Ionic 
Greeks,  conquer  Byzantium,  and 
acquire  rich  booty. 

Sept.  22  B.C.  The  Persians  are 
routed  at  the  battle  of  Plataea;  the 
Greeks  capture  the  Persian  camp,  and 
kill  Mardonius  and  a  great  host. 


The  Greeks  under  Leotychides  the 
Spartan,  and  Xanthippus  the  Athenian, 
defeat  the  Persians  imder  Mardontes 
and  burn  his  fleet.  Two  Persian  armies 
are  destroyed  on  the  same  day. 

*  B.  c.  The  Greeks  appear  before 
Thebes;  the  leaders  of  the  Persian 
party  are  given  up  and  executed. 

479-449  B.  c.  The  Grecians  conduct  an 
offensive  war  against  the  Persians  in 
aid  of  the  Ituiians. 

•  *  B.  c.  Cimon,  son  of  Miltiades,  the 
Athenian  general,  overruns  all  Thrace. 

478  *  »  B.  c.  The  fortifications  of  the 
Pirsetis  are  completed.  • 

477  *  *  B.  c.  The  supremacy  of  the  al- 
lied Hellenic  fleet  passes  from  Sparta 
to  Athens.    Ajistides  takes  command. 

476*  *  B.  c.  Aristides  succeeds  in  his 
first  exploit,  the  capture  of  £ion  on  the 
Strymon  from  the  Persians,  and  the  re- 
duction of  the  pirates  of  Soyros. 

472±  *  *  B.  0.  The  hegemony,  or  chief 
conduct  of  the  war,  is  transferred  from 
Sparta  to  Athens,  owing  to  the  offensive 
manners  of  Pausanias  and  the  winning 
manners  of  Aristides  and  Cimon. 

469  •  *  B.  c.  Cimon,  the  leader  of  the 
Hellenic  league,  drives  the  Persians 
from  towns  yet  held  by  them  on  the 
Thracian  coast.  He  chastises  the  pi- 
rates of  Scyros. 

467*  *B.  c.  Cimonwiththeconfedeiate 
fieet  captures  Naxos,  which  h,ad  re- 
volted from  the  League  of  Delos,  and  is 
punished  by  the  loss  of  its  independence. 

466*  •B.C.  AsiaM.  Battle  of  Eurym- 
edon  in  Pamphylia. 

Two  battles  are  fought  in  one  dav. 
The  Greeks  under  Cimon  with  300  g;i1- 
leys  defeat  the  Persian  fleet,  and  then 
attack  and  rout  the  land  force. 

*  *  B.  c.     Turk.    The  war  ends. 

Cimon  punishes  Thasos  for  seceding 
from  the  confederacy.     [463.    Subdued.] 

464-456    B.C.    Third Messenian 'War. 
Tlie  Spartans  seek  to  subdue  the  La- 
conians,  Messenians,  and  Helots. 

461  *  *  B.  c.  After  imploring  the  help  of 
Athens,  the  suspicious  Spartans  send 
back  their  unwelcome  ally.  'J'he  Athe- 
nians take  offense,  and  form  an  alli- 
ance with  the  Argives. 

460  *  *  B.  r.  Corinth  decides  to  engage 
in  war  with  Athens,  having  the  Epi- 
daurians  and  .^iginetans  for  allies. 

460-455  B.C.  The  Athenians  assist  the 
Egyptian  rebels,  Inarus  and  Amyrtaeus. 

458  *  *  B.  c.  The  Athenians  are  defeated 
at  Argolis. 

*  *  B.  c.  Tlie  Athenians  defeat  the  allied 
Corinthians,  Epidauri;tns.  and  .Kgine- 
tans  in  the  Saronic  Gulf ;  tliev  block- 
ade JEgina  and  defend  Megara  :  itsoccu- 
Iiation  had  offended  the  Corinthians. 

457  *  *  n.  c.  .Athens,  Pericles  begins 
the  third  wall  connecting  the  Pineus 
and  Phalerum  with  Athens,  thus  enclos- 
ing the  city  and  the  ports  with  continn- 
nus  fortiflcations.     [456.     Completed.] 

457-451  B.  c.  The  Spartans  and  Boeo- 
tians prosecute  a  war  of  jealousy 
against  Athens. 

The  Siiartans  as  allies  of  the  Thebans 

defeat  the  Athenians  at  Tanagra,  in 


GREECE. 


490**B.c.-450**B.c.      1019 


Bceoiia ;  they  then  conclude  an  armis- 
tice, and  return  to  Sparta. 
456*  *  B.  c.     The    Athenians    under 
Myronides  invade  Boeotia,  and  defeat 
the  TUobjins  at  CEnophyta. 

•  •  11.  c.  ^g:ina  surrenders  to  the  Athe- 
nians after  a  long  siege  ;  it  gives  up  its 
ships-of-war  and  consents  to  pay  tribute. 

465  *  *  B.C.  Kgy.  The  Athenian  fleet 
sent  to  aid  the  rebels  in  Egypt  is  de- 
stroyed by  the  Persians. 

•  •  B.  r.  The  Spartans  subdue  the  Helots 
in  Ithoine,  and  drive  the  Messenians  out 
of  Greece. 

•  •  B.  c.  The  JEtolians  join  the  Spar- 
tans against  Athens. 

•  ♦  Pericles  overruns  the  Peloponnesus. 
451  *  *  B.  <•.    An  expedition  of  200  ships 

under  (Jimon  is  sent  against  the  Persians. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

490 1  *  •  B.  c.  .Eschylus  writes  the  mu- 
sic to  his  own  tragedies. 

485-486  B.  c.  Euripides  paints  pic- 
tures which  are  preserved  in  Megara. 

484  *  *  B.  c.  The  temple  on  the  river 
at  Ilissus  is  erected.  [481.  One  at  Agri- 
gentuin  is  begun.] 

480  *  *  B.  c.  Xerxes  carries  from  Athena 
to  Siisa  the  bronze  group  by  Antenor, 
representing  the  Tyrannicitles,  Harmo- 
dius,  and  Aristogiton. 

480-330    B .('.    Athens.     Architecture 

and  other  arts  flourish. 

473  i  *  *  B.  V.  Athens.  The  temple  ot 
"Victory  is  built.  [469 1:.  TheTheseum, 
the  most  perfect  ancient  edifice  in  the 
world.] 

468  *  *  B.  r.  Sophocles  gains  the  prize 
over  iEschyluR  in  tragedy. 

466  *  *  B.  r.  An  earthquake  at  Sparta 
destroys  30.000  lives. 

464 1  *  ♦  B.  c.  Athens.  Pericles  and 
Cimon  adorn  the  city.  Cimon  first  in- 
dicates form  under  drapery. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

491  •  •  Cleomenes  I.,  King  of  St>arta,  dies. 

Mlltiades,  Atlienian  general,  dies. 
485'   "  (.lOrgias, orator,  sophist, b,  [380*:.  I).] 
484  "   •  .\chiEHR.  (IrainatiBt,  liorn. 

Herodotue.  father  of  history,  b.     [424.     I>.) 
481*   *  I'rotan'Taa, iihilosopher, b.    [411.    I).] 
480 1.     .■Vgatharohns,  inventor  of  perspective 
scenery,  born.     [420  i.     I>le8.] 

Euripides,  tragic  poet,  born.    [406.     Dies.] 

Leonulaa  I.,  King  of  Sparta,  dies. 
500*     Myron,  sculptor,  born. 
479fc     Antiphoii,  Athenian  orator,  b.  [411.  I).] 
471*  *  Thucydldes.  historian,  b.    [401.    D.) 
470*:     Chrerihisof  Sanios,poet, b.    [399.    D.] 

Socrates.  Atlienian  phn.,b.     [399.     Dies.] 
468  •   •  Arlstldes  the  .Inst,  Athenian  states- 
man, general,  liies. 
468  ■;     PausanniB,  Spartan  general,  rlies. 
460  *  •  Dernocrltns,  phil.,  bom.    [357.   Dies.] 

Hippocratee,   physician,   father  of   medi- 
cine, born.     [377.     Dies.] 
458  •  *  Lysias,  Athenian  orator,  b.  [380.  D.] 
439  •  •  Andocides,   Athenian    orator,   bom. 

[391.     Dies.] 


LETTERS. 

468-406  B.C.  Sophocles  produces 
more  than  100  tragedies.  [Among  those 
extant  are  Antigone,  Elecfra,  Maidens  of 
Trachis,  (Edipus  Tyrannus,  Ajax,  Phil, 
octetes,  and  (Edipus  at  Colonus.] 

468  *  *  B.C.  Sophocles  defeats .^!schy- 
lus  for  the  tragic  prize.  [441.  He  is  de- 
feated by  Euripides.] 

496 '  *  *  K.  i\    Systo(nn.tic  rhetoric  is  in- 

■.»;:!*.(■  1  by  Tor.-sx  r.f  Sy:ji;ii,«e. 


460+ *  *B.c.  Melanippide8,alyricpoet, 
nourishes. 

458-380  B.  c.  Iiysias  writes  425  ora- 
tions. 

455-425  B.  <.'.  Xenophon  writes  The 
Anabasis,  The  Cyropsedia,  The  Hellen- 
ica^  The  MenwrabUia,  The  (h'conomicSf 
The  Hipparchicus,  The  Agesilaus,  T/ie 
Hiero,  l%e  Symposium. 

455  *  *  B.  c.  The  Peliades,  by  Euripi- 
des, appears.  [438,  Alcestis;  43\,Mtdea, 
Philocteles,  Dictys,  and  Messirres;  425, 
Hecuba ;  421,  SuppliceSy  Hcracleidse ;  420- 
417 ,  Ati(lro7)iacht :  417,  Iphigenia  among 
tht  Tauri;  415,  Trocules,  Alexander,  Pa- 
lamedes,  and  Sissyphus ;  414,  Electra; 
412,  Heleiui ;  418,  Orestes ;  406,  Bacchee  and 
Iphigenia  at  Aulis ;  392,  Ecclesiazusae.} 

5th  Century  b.  c.  Hellanicus  writes  a 
History  of  Argos,  a  History  of  Attica, 
and  History  of  Persia. 

SOCIETY. 

472  *  *  B.  c.  The  Olympic  fi:ameB  are 
extended  to  four  days. 

STATE. 

480*  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Aristides  and 
Themistocles  are  leading  statesmen ; 
Themistocles  "  is  the  founder  of  the 
historicgreatnessof  Athens."  (Fisher.) 
[481.  He  urges  the  building  of  a  fleet  of 
200  ships  to  resist  the  Persians.] 

485*  *  B.  c.  Sicily.  Gelon  usurps 
power  in  Syracuse.  [He  develops  com- 
merce on  a  grand  scale.] 

483  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Aristides,  the 
successful  general,  surnamed  "The 
Just,"  is  banished  by  ostracism  through 
the  influence  of  Themistocles,  because 
of  his  influence  over  the  people.  [480. 
He  is  recalled.] 

481  *  *  B.  c.  The  heralds  of  Xerxes  de- 
mand earth  and  water  of  all  Grecian 
cities  except  Sparta  and  Athens. 

480-477  B.C.  A  union  of  the  Hellenic 
cities  is  founded. 

480  *  *  B.  c.  Athens  is  burned.  (See 
Army). 

Sept.  22  B.  c.  The  invasion  of  the 
Persians  is  arrested. 

Oct.  *  B.  c.  Athens.  The  Athenians 
return  to  their  burned  city. 

*  *  B.  c.  Several  of  the  island  cities, 
including  Samos,  Lesbos,  and  Chios,  Join 
the  Hellenic  league  against  the  Per- 
sians. [Later  the  coast  towns  of  Asia 
Minor  join  it.] 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Athens  is  rebuilt  and  en- 
larged ;  It  is  surrounded  with  strong 
vralls,  notwithstanding  the  objections 
of  Peloponnesians. 

479  *  *  B.  c.  The  Athenians  refuse  a 
separate  peace  with  the  offer  of  inde- 
pendence. 

477-407  B.  r.  Period  of  Athenian  as- 
cendency in  Greece. 

477  *  *  B.  r.  Athens.  The  reforms  of 
Aristides  are  made,  and  the  real  suprem- 
acy of  the  democracy  begins  ;  state 
offices  are  open  to  all  four  classes  alike. 

*  *  B.  r.  The  chief  conduct  of  the  war 
is  transferred  from  Sparta  to  Athens. 

A  Hellenic  confederacy  is  formed  with 
Athens  for  its  head ;  the  smaller  states 
furnish  money  only ;  the  larger  ones 
famish  ships 


471*  *  B.  c.  Themistocles  is  banished 
for  ten  years  by  a  vote  of  ostracism  by 
the  Cimon  party;  he  retires  to  Argos. 

*  *  B.  c.  Fausanias  is  convicted  of  trea- 
son, and  put  to  death  at  Sparta. 

*  *B.c.  Themistocles  is  driven  from  Ar- 
gos ou  suspicion  of  treasonable  intrigues, 
and  goes  to  Asia ;  he  is  welcomed  to  a 
place  in  the  Persian  army,  and  receives 
a  princely  domain. 

469*  •B.C.  Athens.  Pericles  first  takes 
part  in  public  aifairs. 

468  *  *  B.  c.  The  Argives  destroy  the 
Grecian  city  of  Mycense,  and  regain  their 
superiority. 

467*  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Cimon  becomes 
the  leader  of  the  Athenian  state ;  he  be- 
gins the  two  long  walls,  one  to  Piraeus 
and  the  other  to  Phalerum. 

*  *  B.  c.  Sicily.  Thrasybulus  succeeds 
Heiro  at  Syracuse,  and  is  a  rapacious, 
tyrannical,  and  cruel  ruler.  [466.  The 
people  revolt,  and  drive  him  out,  and 
form  a  democratic  government.] 

465-429  B.  c.  Athens.  Age  of  Per- 
icles, the  most  brilliant  epoch  in  Athe- 
nian history. 

465  *  *  B.  c.  ThasOB  secedes.  [463.  Is 
subdued  and  made  tributary.] 

464  *  *  B.  c.    Bevolt  of  the  Helots. 

*  ♦  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Cimon,  the  leader 
of  the  Aristocratic  Party,  and  Pericles, 
son  of  Xanthippus,  the  leader  of  the 
democracy,  are  rivals. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  democratic  party  se- 
cure payment  for  citizens  serving  in  the 
army  or  as  judges,  and  the  bestowal  of 
alms  upon  the  poor  at  festivals  out  of 
the  public  treasury. 

461  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Pericles  secures 
tbebanishmentbyostracism  of  Cimon, 
his  hereditary  enemy,  for  ten  years. 

460  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  The  law  of  ephi- 
altes,  in  the  interest  of  democracy,  takes 
from  the  court  of  the  Areopagus  the 
censorship  over  the  state,  and  restricts 
it  to  judicial  functions. 

459**  B.C.  Athens  begins  to  tyrannize 
over  Greece ;  it  assumes  to  be  the 
capital  of  the  Grecian  states, embracing 
a  great  coast  and  many  islands. 

±  *  *  B.C.  The  treasury  of  the  confed- 
eracy is  removed  from  Delos  to  the 
Acropolis  of  Athens  ;  the  contributions 
of  the  Hellenic  League  become  tribute 
to  the  Athenians. 

*  *  B.  c.  Megara,  being  threatened  by 
Torinth,  Mg\r\^,  and  Epidaurua.  finds  a 
protector  in  the  Athenians,  who  con- 
nect it  witli  their  port  Nissea  by  walls. 

457  *  *  B.  c.  The  defeated  Athenians 
recall  Cimon  from  exile. 

456  *  *  B.  r.  The  Athenians  replace  the 
aristocratic  governmejits  in  most  cities 
of  Bceotia  with  democratic  rule. 

454  *  *  B.  c.  Pericles  and  Cimon  be- 
come reconciled. 

452*  •B.C.  S.H.  Thurii,orThnrium, 
is  founded  as  a  Greek  city. 

450-400  B.  r.  Turk.  Greek  colonies 
are  established  in  Thrace. 


1020     450**  B.c.-410**B.c. 


GREECE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

449*  *  B.C.  Double  battle  of  Salamis, 
oflf  Cyprus. 

The  Athenians  are  victorious  over  the 
Phenician  and  Cilifian  fleets  (Persiau) ; 
also  defeat  the  laud  force  of  the  euemy. 

449-448  B.C.  The  second  Sacred  War 
in  Greece. 

The  Phociaus  and  Delphians  struggle 
for  possession  of  the  temple  of  Delphi. 
The  war  emanates  from  an  Amphictyonic 
decree,  and  is  carried  on  by  troops  of 
different  states. 

447*  *  B.  c.  The  presumptuous  Athe- 
nians are  disastrously  defeated  by  the 
Thebeans  at  Coronea, 

446  *  •  B.  c.  The  Spartans  aid  the  Eu- 
bceans  in  a  revolt  against  Athens.  Peri- 
cles secures  their  return  by  bribery,  and 
then  quickly  subdues  the  rebels. 

440  *  *  B.  c.  A  revolt  in  Samos  is  sub- 
dued by  Pericles  ;  he  razes  their  fortifi- 
cations, tatces  their  fleet  and  hostiiges. 

437  *  •  B.  c.  Athens.  The  fortifica- 
tions are  completed  by  a  third  wall,  par- 
allel with  the  flrst  leading  to  the  Pirieus. 

435  *  *  B.  c.  "War  arises  between  Cor- 
inth and  its  colony,  Corcyra.  [433.  It 
unites  in  an  alliance  against  Corinth.] 

432*  *  B.  c.    The  Corcyraeans,  aided  by 

Athenians,  defeat  the  Corinthians  at  the 
battle  of  Sybota,  off  the  Epirus  coast. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Athenians  under  Callias 
defeat  the  Potidceans  and  their  Pelopon- 
nesian  allies  near  PotldsBaj  and  begin 
the  siege  of  the  town. 

431  *  *  B.  c.  Thebans  make  a  treacher- 
ous but  unsuccessful  attack  on  Flataea. 

431  *  *  -404  May  4  u.  c.  The  first 
Peloponnesian  War. 

Athens  and  her  allies,  against  Sparta  and 
her  allies;  it  is  the  most  famous  of  all  the 
wars  lM*tween  the  (ireclan  states.  Remote 
cause:  the  envy  of  the  Dorian  Confederacy 
at  the  power  of  Athens,  and  distrust  of  its 
great  ambition,  together  with  the  discontent 
of  herallies,  who  had  been  reduced  to  subjects. 
Its  immediate  cause  is  the  interference  of 
Athens  with  the  quarrel  between  Corcyra 
and  (.:orinth  In  relation  to  Epidanmus.  *'  The 
most  cruel  and  bloody  war  that  ever  stained 
the  earth."     (Timayenis.) 

431-425  B.C.  Five  invasions  of  Atti- 
ca by  the  Peloponnesians  are  led  by  the 
Spartan  King  Archidamus. 

431  *  *  B.  c.  The  Helots  are  rewarded 
with  liberty  because  of  their  bravery. 

430  Apr.  *  B.  c.  Peloponnesians,  under 
Archidamus,  devastate  Attica. 

Sept.  *  B.  c.  Pericles,  in  revenge  for 
the  invasion  of  Attica,  enters  Megaris 
with  10,000  men,  and  wastes  the  country. 

429  *  *  B.  c.  Archidamus  conducts  the 
[famous]  siege  of  Platsea,  having  a  gar- 
rison of  400  citizens  and  80  Athenians 
with  no  women.  [427.  Taken;  its  225 
survivors  are  executed.] 

*  •  B.  c.    Two  invasions  of  Attica. 

*  *B.  c.  Turk.  Sitalces,  Kingof  theOdry- 
sse  in  Thrace,  furnishes  Amyntas  an  army 
of  150.000  men  against  Perdiccas  II.  of 
Macedonia. 

428  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  The  Athenians 
blockade  Mitylene  on  the  Island  of 
Lesbos  by  land  and  by  sea  because  of  a 
revolt.    [427.    Surrenders.] 

*  *  B.  o.  Attica  is  again  invaded  and 
laid  waste. 

426  *  *  B.  c.  The  Athenians  and  Acar- 
maaians    under   Demosthenes  severely 


defeat  the  Ambracians  and  Spartans 
at  CEpae  and  Idomene. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Spartans  under  Agis  enter 
Attica,  and  lay  waste  the  country. 

425  *  *  B.  c.  Deznosthenes  lands  in 
Messenia,  fortifies  Pylus,  and  greatly 
annoys  the  Lacedaemonians. 

*  *  B.C.  The  Athenians  besiege  the  Spar- 
tans on  the  little  island  of  Sphacteria 
opposite  Pylus,  and  compel  them  to  sue 
for  peace ;  severe  terms  are  rejected. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Athenians  attack,  defeat, 
and  slaughter  the  Spartan  faction  in 
C^ircyra. 

*  *  B,  c.  Cleon  takes  Sphacteria  by  storm, 
and  takes  120  Spartans  among  the  202 
captives. 

The  Athenians  threaten  to  put  the 
prisoners  to  death  whenever  Attica  is 
again  invaded  by  the  Peloponnesians. 

424  *  *  B.  c.  The  Athenians  are  utterly 
defeated  at  Deliuum  by  the  Boeotians. 

*  ♦  B.  c.  Turk.  A  Spartan  land  expedi- 
tion under  Brasidas  invades  Thrace  and 
Macedonia  to  overthrow  Athenian  rule ; 
he  persuades  several  towns  to  revolt 
against  Athens.  [Later  he  captures  Am- 
phipolis.  The  Athenian  Thucydides, 
who  lay  with  a  squadron  at  Thasos, 
is  banished  for  neither  preventing  its 
capture  nor  attempting  to  retake  it.] 

423  Jan.  *  b.  c.  Athenians  and  Spar- 
tans agree  to  an  armistice  for  one  year. 

422  Aug.  *  B.  c.  Turk.  The  Athenians 
attempt  the  recovery  of  their  dependen- 
cies, and  send  an  army  under  Cleon,  who 
is  disgracefully  defeated  by  the  allies 
under  Brasidas  at  AmphipoHa.  Cleon 
and  Brasidas  are  killed. 

421  Spring,  b,  c.  The  war  ends  in 
the  peace  of  Nicias.    (See  State.) 

418  *  *  b.  c.  The  Spartans  under  Agis 
invade  Arcadia,  and  utterly  defeat  a 
large  body  of  Athenians,  Mantineans, 
and  Argives,  near  Mantinea. 

416  *  *  B.  c.  The  Athenians  send  an  ex- 
pedition against  the  Island  of  MeloSi 
an  ally  of  Sparta,  and  capture  it ;  its 
citizens  are  put  to  death,  and  its  women 
and  children  sold  into  slavery. 

415-413  B.C.  An  expedition  is  con- 
ducted against  Syracuse. 

Egesta  solicits  help  of  the  Athenians 
against  Selinus  and  Syracuse;  Alcibiades 
favors  the  petition,  and  134  triremes, 
with  36,000  men,  including  5.100  hoplites, 
sail  for  Sicily,  under  Alcibiades,  Nicias, 
and  Lamachus  ;  Alcibiades  is  recalled. 

414*  *B.  c.  Sicily.  NMcias  besieges 
SyracusCj  having  already  gained  some 
success.    Lamachus  dies. 

*  *B.  c.  Sicily  The  Spartans  as  allies 
of  Syracuse  send  a  small  fleet  under 
Gylippus. 

413  *  *  B.  c.  Sicily.  The  Athenians 
storm  Syracuse,  but  are  repulsed;  sick- 
ness and  want  cause  them  great  distress. 

*  *B.  c.  Sicily.  The  Athenians  are  reen- 
forced  by  Demosthenes  with  73  tri- 
remes and  5,000  hoplites. 

*  *  B.  c.  Sicily.  The  Athenians  are  de- 
feated in  two  naval  battles  near  Syra- 
cuse, and  their  fleet  surrounded. 


413-404  B.  c.  The  Decelean  war  be- 
tween Athens  and  Sparta — a  part  of  the 
Peloponnesian  war. 

Mar.*  B.C.  Alcibiades  having  gone 
over  to  the  Spartans  in  resentment  of 
personal  injuries,  invades  Attica,  and 
fortifies  the  village  of  I>ecelea. 

Spring.  B.  c.  The  Spartans  ravage 
all  parts  of  Attica  by  forays  under  King 
Agis  ;  distress  prevails  in  Athens. 

Sept.*  B.C.  Sicily.  The  remnant  of  the 
Athenian  army  attempts  a  retreat  by 
land,  but  it  is  captured.  [Nicias  and 
l.>emosthene8  are  executed,  and  7,000 
prisoners  are  enslaved  in  the  quarries.] 

412  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  A  new  Athenian 
fleet  defeats  the  Peloponnesian  fleet 
near  Miletus;  a  squadron  from  Syra- 
cuse prevents  the  capture  of  Miletus. 

*  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  The  Athenian  fleet 
is  increased  to  104  ships,  which  are  otf 
Samos ;  Athenians  send  128  additional 
triremes  at  Intervals  to  Asia  Minor. 

*  *  B.  c.  Asia,  Alcibiades,  suspected  of 
treachery,  and  maligned  by  the  Spar- 
tans, leaves  them  and  goes  over  to  Tis- 
saphernes,  the  Persian  satrap,  whose 
counselor  he  becomes,  and  whom  he 
advises  to  assist  the  Athenian  fleet. 

411  July*  B.C.  Asia  M.  The  Athe- 
nian fleet  under  Thrasybulus  and 
Thrasyllus  defeats  the  Peloponnesians 
and  Persians  under  Mindarus  and  Phar- 
nabazus,  at  Cynossema,  near  Abydos. 

Sept.*  B.C.  Alcibiades  defeats  the 
Peloponnesians  in  a  second  naval  battle 
near  Abydos. 

410*  *B.  c.  Alcibiades  utterly  defeats 
the  Spartans  at  Cyzicus  ;  he  captures 
their  fleet,  and  kills  Mindarus. 

Spring.    B.  c.    Asia  M.    Alcibiades  is 

taken  prisoner  by  Tissaphernes,  but  es- 
capes, and  rejoins  the  Athenian  fleet. 

ART-  SCIENCE  — NATURE. 

450±  *  *  B.  c.  Anaxagoras  notes  the  na- 
ture of  the  sun  and  moon  eclipses  and 
the  movements  of  the  planets, 

±  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  The  Odeum  The- 
ater is  founded  by  Pericles.  The  Tem- 
ple of  Neptune  at  Paestum  is  erected, 
and  the  Temple  of  Apollo  Epicurus  at 
Phigalia  in  Arcadia. 

450±-438  B.C.  Athens.  The  Parthe- 
non on  the  Acropolis  is  completed  by 
Ictinus  and  Callicrates  under  Phidias. 

444^  *  *  B.  c.  Empedocles  first  estab- 
listies  the  number  of  four  elements. 

444-440  B.  c.  Tlie  temple  of  Jupiter 
at  Olympieum  is  erected  by  Libou  of 
Ells.     [508-409.    At  ^gina.] 

442  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  The  burning  lens 
is  used. 

441±  *  *  B.  c.  The  battering-ram,  in- 
vented by  Artemon  (?),  a  Lacediemonian, 
is  employed  by  Pericles. 

438**  B.C.  Athens.  Phidias  places  his 
statue  of  Minerva  in  the  Parthenon. 

437  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  The  magnificent 
Propylsea  is  begun  on  the  Acropolis. 

437-433  B.C.  Phidias  makes  a  colossal 
statue  of  Jupiter,  in  golti  and  ivorv 
(one  of  the  Seven  Wonders  of  the  world) 
for  the  temple  of  Jupiter  at  Olympieum. 

436±  ♦  *  B.  c.  Polygnotus  and  Panae- 
nus,  eminent  painters,  flourish. 

*  *  *  B.C.  The  great  temple  of  Demeter 
at  Eleusis.  that  of  Athene  at  Suiiium, 
and  of  Nemesis  at  Ulmmnus.  lire  he^im. 


GREECE. 


460b.c.-410**b.c.       lOi^l 


433±  B.C.*  *  The  temple  of  Apollo 
llpicurus,  near  Pblgalia  in  Arcadia,  is 
erected  by  Ictiuus.  The  Phigalian 
Marbles  are  cut  for  it. 

Tliese  baa-reliefa  represent  the  con- 
flicts of  the  Greeks  and  Amazons,  the 
Centaurs  and  Lapithw  [and  are  reputed 
to  be  works  of  the  earlier  school  of  Phid- 
ias]. [1815.  A.  I).  Purchased  for  the 
British  Museum.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Athens.  The  golden  number  Is 
discovered  by  Melon. 

429-348  B.  c.   Plato  teaches  that  ideas 

are  "  spiritual  realities,  intermediate  be- 
tween God  and  the  world,  of  which  all 
visible  things  are  the  manifestation." 
(Fisher.) 

428 1  *  *  B.  r.  Democrltus  teaches  that 
the  Milky  'Way  consists  of  a  profusion 
of  stars. 

425  B.  r.  *  *  An  earthquake  separates 
the  peninsula  of  Knl»a-;i  from  the  main- 
land, thus  forming  an  island. 

424  *  *  n.  c.  Athens.  An  eclipse  is  ob- 
served. 

422±  *  *  B.  c.  Hippocrates,  the  father 
of  medicine,  flourii^hes. 

420  •  •  B.  c.    The    vise,    trolley,    and 

other  implements  are  invented  by  Arcliy- 
tas  of  Tarentum.  [The  invention  is  also 
claimed  for  Archimedes,  287-212.] 

•  *  Athens.  The  first  Athenian  theater, 
that  of  Bacchus,  is  built  (or  ^40). 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

460  •  *  Alclblades,  statesman,  orator,  gen- 
eral, born.     [404.    l^ies.] 
5th  Century.    Ageladas,  sculptor,  born. 

Agesamler,  BctUptur,  born. 

Anaxiiiienea  of  Miletus,  iihllosopher,  born. 

Antigthenes,  philosopher,  fdr.  Cynics,  born. 

Aristlppus  of  Cyrene,  philosoplier,  born. 

Archelausof  Miletus,  philosopher,  born. 

Aspaslaof  Miletus,  mistress  of  Pericles,  b. 

Cliceriliis,  Athenian  tragic  poet^  born. 

Gylippua,  Spartan  general,  born. 

Empe'locles,  philosopher,  born. 

Zpieharnua,  poet,  horn. 

Hera<;Utus,  naturalist,  bom. 

Ictinus,  architect,  born. 

Ocellus,  Lucanus,  philosopher,  born. 

Pannenides,  philosopher,  born. 

Polycletus,  sculptor,  born. 

Xantipjte,  wife  of  Socrates,  bom. 

Zeuxift,  painter,  l>orn. 
444*  *  Ageailaus  II.,  King  of  Sparta,  general, 
bom.     [361.     Dies.] 

Aristophanes,  comic  poet,  dramatist,  born. 
:380.    Dies.] 
430s    A pollodorus,  Atlienian  painter,  born. 
436*  •  I  Socrates,  orator,  bom.     [338.     Dies.] 
4S0  *  *  Dionysiiis  the  Elder,  tyrant  of  Syra- 
cnae,  bom.    [367.    Dies.] 

Plato,  philosopher,  born.    [347.    Dies.] 

Xenophon.    philosopher,    historian,  poet, 
general,  born.    [357.    Dies.] 
436t     Polygnotus,  jiainter,  A(>5 i  . 
42S  •  *  Ilrasidas,  Sparian  general,  dies. 

CleoD,  Athenian  orator,  politician,  dies. 
420 -r  .'<eo[)aa,  sculptor,  arcliitect,  born. 
418*  *  Epaminondas,   Tlieban   statesman, 

born.    ;.362.    Dies.] 
418±    Isa'us,  orator,  born.    [348±.    Dies.] 
413  *  *  Nicias,  Athenian  statesman,  gen.,  d. 
4ia»  ♦Diogenes,  cynic  phlL.b.    [323.    D.] 

CHURCH. 

438±**B.c.  Athens.  The  Parthenon 
ia  dedicated  as  a  temple  and  to  Minerva. 

LETTERS. 

449-410  B.  c.  Eupolis  prodaoes  17 
dramas. 

446*  *  B.  r.  Athens.  Herodotus  re- 
cites i>f)rtions  of  his  historical  work  at 
the  festival  of  the  Panathen:i*.'i,  and  is 
rewarded  with  ten  talents  (SOS.OOO). 

440  *  *  n.  r.  Athens.  Satirical  come- 
dies are  prohibited. 


429  ±  •  *  B.  c.  The  present  text  of  the 
J  Had  is  written.  (?) 

428-389  B.C.  Plato,  the  Athenian  comic 
poet,  flourishes. 

427  *  *  B.  r.  The  Banqueters,  by  Aris- 
tophanes, appears.  [426,  The  Babyloni- 
ans ;  425,  Achamians ;  424,  The  Knights ; 
423,  The  Clouds;  422,  The  H'as/js;  414, 
The  Birds;  411,  The  Thesmophoriazusse 
and  tlie  Lysistrata;  408,  First  Plutus; 
405,  The  Frogs.] 

423  •  *  B.  c.  The  Flagon,  by  Cratinus, 
gains  tlie  first  prize,  triumphing  over 
the  Clouds,  by  Aristophanes, 

421-401  B.  c.  Histimj  of  the  Peloponne- 
sian  War,  by  Thucydides,  appears. 

417  *  *  B.  c.  Agathon  gains  the  first 
prize  in  tragedy. 

SOCIETY. 

440  *  •  B.  r.  Athens.  Comedy  is  prohib- 
ited as  libelous. 

415  May*  b.  r.  Athena  awakes,  and 
finds  all  the  statues  of  Hermes  muti- 
lated by  conspirators  during  the  night. 

413  Aug.  27.  B.C.  Sicihj.  The  eclipse 
of  the  sun  terrifies  the  Athenians  and 
causes  their  defeat  at  Syracuse. 


STATE. 

450  *  *  B.  c.  Sparta  enters  a  five  years* 
truce  with  Athens. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Athens  is  at  the  height  of 
its  power  and  prosperity ;  its  decline 
commences. 

447  *  *  B.  c.  A  revolt  against  democ- 
racy breaks  out  iu  Boeotia:  the  Athe- 
nians send  an  army  that  aids  in  suppress- 
ing the  aristocratic  party.  [But  it  is 
defeated,  and  a  general  uprising  of  the 
enemies  of  Athens  follows.] 

446  *  *  B.  c.  Pericles  subdues  a  revolt 
in  Eubcea,  and  then  makes  a  second  as- 
signment of  lands  to  the  Athenians. 
Also  another  revolt  in  Jlegara. 

445  *  *  B.  c.  A  30  years'  truce  between 
Athens  and  Sparta  is  agreed  to.  The 
Peloponnesian  and  Athenian  leagues 
acknowledge  each  other  as  independent 
confederacies. 

*  *  *  n.  c.  The  Athenians  give  up  Cyprus 
to  Persia, 

444*  *B.  c.  Athens.  Thucydides  is 
the  leader  of  the  aristocratic  party. 

It  attempts  to  secure  the  banishment 
of  Pericles  by  ostracism,  but  when  the 
votes  are  counted  it  is  discovered  that 
Thucydides  is  banished  instead. 

444-429  B.  c.  Pericles,  soldier,  orator, 
and  statesman,  becomes  the  ruler  of  the 
Athenian  commonwealth. 

Though  never  an  archon,  he  directs  the 
administration  of  the  government  by 
his  influence  in  the  Assembly;  in  his 
office  as  strategus  and  as  superintendent 
of  the  finances,  buildings  and  public 
works  are  erected. 

443  *  *  B.  c.  S.  ft.  Pericles  sends  out 
a  colony  to  refound  Thurii. 

437*  *  B.  r.  Turk.  Amphipolis  is 
founded  by  the  Athenians  under  Agnon. 

432*  ♦B.C.  The  inhabitants  of  Potidjea 
revolt  against  tlie  Athenian  league,  and 
are  supported  by  Corinth.  [429,  submit.] 

*  *  B,  c.  A  general  meeting  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian confederacy  is  held  at 
Sparta,  and  the  several  states  are  ap- 
peased. War  against  Athens  is  deter- 
mined. 


428  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  All  Lesbos,  includ- 
ing Mitylene,  revolts  against  Athens. 

427  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Cleon  becomes 
the  leader  of  the  democratic  party,  and 
Nicias  of  the  aristocratic. 

*  *  B.  c.  It,  The  Athenians  begin  to 
mingle  in  Sicilian  affairs  in  response 
to  the  entreaty  of  the  people  of  Leontini, 
who  are  pressed  by  the  Syracusans. 

*  *  B.C.  Asia  M.  Mitylene  having  sur- 
rendered to  the  Athenians,  the  Assembly 
decrees  that  all  citizens  shall  be  put  to 
death  ;  the  next  day  it  decrees  death  to 
the  aristocracy  only,  and  1,000  are  killed, 
and  the  city  razed.    All  Lesbos  submits. 

425*  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Spartan  envoys 
make  proposals  of  peace,  which  are  re- 
jected at  the  iiKstigation  of  Cleon. 

424  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  By  the  capture  of 
Acanthus  and  Amphipolis  by  Blasidas, 
the  Athenian  empire  in  Thrace  is  over- 
thrown. 

*  *  Turk.  Seuthes  becomes  King  of  the 
Odrysa;  in  Thrace,  aiul  prospers. 

421  B.C.  Spring.  The  peace  of 
Ificias  is  concluded  between  Athens  and 
Sparta  for  50  years,  with  a  mutual  resti- 
tution of  persons  and  places  captured, 
and  an  alliance  offensive  and  defensive 
is  formed.  [War  renewed  in  three  years.] 

420*  *  B.  c.  A  treaty  of  alliance, 
which  is  to  continue  100  years,  is  made 
between  Argos,  Elis,  and  Mantina;. 

417  *  *  B.  c.  The  aristocratic  party  in 
Argos  makes  peace  with  Sparta,  and 
overthrows  the  democracy. 

415-413  B.  c.  The  disastrous  Syracuaan 
expedition.    (See  Army.) 

413**B.c.  Turk.  Archelaus,  the 
natural  son  of  Perdiccas  II.,  murders 
the  heirs,  and  seizes  the  throne  of  Ma- 
cedonia.    [He  improves  the  country.] 

*  *  B.  c.    Spartans  distress  Athens. 

Great  difficulty  arises  in  the  finances 
of  the  government ;  the  slaves  becfiine 
fugitives,  and  the  influence  of  the  aristo- 
cratic party  revives.  A  new  board  often 
councilors  is  appointed,  and  |)repara- 
tions  are  made  for  renewing  the  war. 

*  *  B.  c.  Chios,  Erythra;,  Clazomena?,  and 
Miletus  revolt  against  the  Athenians 
through  the  influence  of  Alcibiades. 

412  *  *  B.  c.  The  Spartans  propose  to 
abandon  all  the  Grecian  cities  of  Asia 
Minor  to  the  Persians,  and  accept  a 
subsidy. 

411  Mar,*  b,  c,  Athens.  The  aristo- 
cratic party  suddenly  overthrows  the 
democratic  constitution,  and  establishes 
an  oligarchy.  They  establish  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  council  of  **  four  hun- 
dred" for  four  months,  and  negoti:ite 
with  the  Spartans  for  peace.  The  army 
refuses  recognition  of  the  revolution  in 
Athens,  and  elects  new  leaders, 

*  *  B.  r.  The  army  recalls  Alcibiades 
to  lead  it,  but  be  refuses  to  retire  from 
the  contest  with  the  Peloponnesians  to 
coeren  the  oligarchs  of  Athens. 

June  30±  b.  c.  Athens.  The  Council  of 
*•  Four  Hundred  "  goes  to  pieces  after 
four  months,  and  the  old  Coxnicil  of 
"  Five  Hundred  "  is  reestablished. 


1022     410  *  *  B.  C.-356  *  *  b. c. 


GREECE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

409  *  •  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Alcibiades  sub- 
dues the  coasts  of  the  Hellespont  and 
Propontis,  and  captures  Byzantium. 

408  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  The  Athenians 
take  Chalcedon  and  Selymbria. 

407*  *B.  c.  Asia  M.  Naval  battle 
near  Notium,  in  the  Gulf  of  Ephesus. 
During  the  absence  of  Alcibiades,  the 
Athenian  fleet  is  defeated  by  Lysander 
the  Spartan  ;  because  of  this  misfortune 
Alcibiades  is  deposed. 

*  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  The  Spartans  under 
Callicratidas  surround  the  Athenian 
fleet  under  Conon,  at  Mityleue.  [The 
Athenians  soon  fit  out  a  new  fleet,  and 
send  it  to  the  assistance  of  Conon.] 

406  July  *  n.  r.  Battle  of  Arginus&e, 
near  Lesbos. 

The  united  Athenian  fleet  under 
Conon  completely  defeats  the  Pelopon- 
nesians  under  ('jillicratidHR,  in  a  terri- 
ble fight  near  the  islands  of  Arginusie. 

405  *  *  B.  c.  Lysander  the  Spartan 
again  commands  the  Peloponnesian  fleet, 
though  nominally  under  Aracus. 

Aug.±  *  B.  c.  The  Athenian  fleet  under 
Conon  is  defeated  by  Lysander  at 
^gospotamos ;  only  eight  ships  out  of 
180  escape ;  3,000  prisoners  are  slaugh- 
tere<l,  and  Athens  is  ruined  ;  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian war  virtually  ends. 

Nov.  *  B.  c.  Lysander's  whole  army  in- 
vades Attica  and  encamps  near  Athens. 

404  Apr.  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Lysander 
besieges  the  city  by  land  and  sea; 
being  nearly  destroyed,  and  starvation 
imminent,  it  capitulates,  and  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian war  is  ended. 

The  walls  of  Piraeus  and  the  long  walla 
aretlestroyed  ;  the  ships-of-war,  with  tlie 
exception  of  12,  are  surrendered. 

403  *  *  B.  c.  Thrasybulus,  the  Athe- 
nian admiral,  unites  the  democratic 
fugitives  in  the  Phyle,  and  defeats  the 
troops  of  the  30  tyrants  in  the  battle  of 
Munychia,  kills  Critias,  seizes  Pir£eus. 

401-400  B.C.  AskiM.  Retreat  of  the 
Ten  Thousand  Greeks. 

CyruB  the  younger  revolts  against  his 
brother,  Artaxerxes  Mnemon,  and  marches 
agrainst  him  with  100,000  Asiatics  and  12,000 
Greeks.  Artaxerxes  meets  him  at  Cunaxa 
In  Mesopotamia  (401  Sept.  *)  with  nearly 
1,000,000  men.  The  A8iati(^8,  under  Cyrua, 
are  defeated;  but  the  Greeks  are  victorious, 
and  (lyriis  is  killed.  Artaxerxes  entices  the 
(Jreek  generals  into  hiapowerand  kills  them. 
The  Greeks,  under  Xenophon,  a  volunteer 
soldier,  retreat;  they  arrive  in  Greece  after 
215  days,  having  marched  3,465  miles. 

401-400  B.  c.  Spartans  invade  and  de- 
vastate Elis.     [SDU.     Elis  submits.] 

399-394  B.  c.  Asia  M.  "War  between 
Sparta  and  Persia. 

The  Spartans  come  to  the  relief  of  the 
Greek  cities  of  Asia  Minor  which  the  Persian 
satrap  Tiasapliernes  attempts  to  punish  for 
aiding  the  exi>edition  of  the  younger  Cyrus. 
The  Spartans  are  led  successively  by  Thi- 
bron,  Dercyllidas,  and  Agesilaus.  [399. 
Spring.  The  remainder  of  the  Ten  Thousand 
Greeks  is  lncori>orated  in  the  army  of  ThU 
bron,  at  Fergamos.] 

396  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Agesilaus,  King 
of  Sparta,  invades  Asia  with  10,000  men, 
[395.  He  defeats  the  Persians  under 
Tissaphemes  near  Sardis.] 

595  *  *  B.  c.  The  Athenians  and  their 
allies  defeat  the  Spartans  under  Ly- 
sander at  Haliartus  ;  Lysander  is  killed. 


394  *  *  a,  c,  Spartans  under  Ariatode- 
muB  defeat  the  allies  near  Corinth. 

Aug.  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Battle  of  Cnidus 
in  Caria. 

Athenians  under  Conon  and  Persians 
imder  Pbarnabazus  defeat  the  Spartan 
fleet  under  Pisauder,  who  is  killed. 

*  *  B.  c.  Battle  of  Coronea.  in  Bceotia  ; 
tlie  Spartans  under  Agesilaus  severely 
defeat  the  allies. 

*  *  B.  c.  Conon  and  Pharnabazus  plun- 
der the  coasts  of  Lacouia. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  The  Spartan  har- 
mosts  in  the  Grecian  cities  are  expelled. 

393  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Conon  begins  to 
restore  the  long  walls,  also  the  fortifi- 
cations of  the  Piraeus. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Spartans  defeat  the  allies 
at  Lecbieum. 

392  *  *  B.  c.  The  Spartans  under  Agesi- 
laus ravage  Corinthian  territory, 

*  *  B.  c.    A   Spartan   mora  is   cut   to 

pieces  by  the  Athenians  under  Iphic- 
rates  ;  the  Laceda^numians  lose  250  men. 
[The  military  reputation  of  Sparta  suf- 
fers much  by  this  defeat.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  The  Athenians  un- 
der Thrasybulus  are  defeated  by  the 
Spartans  under  Telurias  at  Aspendos ; 
Thrasybulus  is  killed, 

390-387  B.  c.  A  desultory  war  is  car- 
ried on  between  -Vthens  and  Sparta. 

390*  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Thibron  the 
Spartan  is  defeated  and  slain  by  the 
Persian  satrap  Struthas ;  the  entire 
Spartan  army  of  8,000  men  is  lost. 

*  *  B.  c.  S.  It.  Invading  Xjucanians 
severely  defeat  the  Thurians. 

387  *  *  B.  c.  A  peace  ends  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian and  Persian  wars. 

383  *  *  B.  c.  Spartans  seize  the  Cadmea, 
or  Acropolis,  in  a  time  of  peace,  and 
make  Thebes  their  subservient  ally. 

382-379    B.  c.    The  Olynthiac  "War. 

379-372  B.  c.  "War  between  Thebes 
and  Sparta. 

Cause  :  the  occupation  of  the  Cadmea 
in  Thebes  by  Phoebidas,  a  Spartan,  in  re- 
sponse to  the  desires  of  the  aristocratic 
party  in  Thebes.  [Dec.  *  The  Theban 
refugee  democrats  from  Athens,  under 
Pelopidas,  liberate  Thebes.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Spartans  under  Cleombrotns  and 
Agesilaus  invade  Boeotia,  but  are  un- 
successful in  taking  Tliebes, 

*  *  B.  r.  Spartans  unsuccessfully  attempt 
to  surprise  Piraeus.  f\Var  with  Athens 
follows.] 

376  *  *  B.  c.  The  Thebans  enroll  300  men 
under  iEpamiuondas  and  Pelopidas  as 
a  Sacred  Band,  and  join  Athens  against 
Sparta.  [375.  Under  Pelopidas  it  de- 
feats the  Spartans  at  Tegyra.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Battle  of  If  axos :  The  Spartans 
lose  their  maritime  supremacy,  their 
fleet  being  totally  destroyed  by  Timo- 
theus. 

371  *  *  B.  c.  Peace  between  Sparta  and 
Athens.    (See  State.) 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Thebans  under  Epami- 
Dondas  completely  defeat  the  Spartans 
at  Xicuctra.    Cleombrotus  is  slain. 

This  battle  is  Sparta's  greatest  disas- 
ter. [Bpaminondas  is  the  greatest 
general  Greece  ever  produced,  and  he 
obtains  **  the  mo.st  decisive  victory  in 
Grecian  history."]    (Thirlwall.) 

370  •  *  B.  c.  Tlie  first  invasion  of  the 
Peloponnesus  by  Thebans. 


Epaminoudas  and  Pelopidas  go  to  pro- 
tect the  Arcadians  in  their  revolt  from 
Sparta.  [Epaminondas,  with  60,000  The- 
bans, unsuccessfully  attacks  Sparta.] 

369  *  *  B.  c.  Tbe  Thebans  ravage  La- 
conia,  and  proclaim  the  independence 
of  the  Messenians.  The  Athenians  as- 
sist the  Spartans;  the  Thebans  retire. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Thebans  invade  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus a  second  time.  They  are  de- 
feated in  an  attack  upon  Corinth.  [267. 
A  third  invasion.] 

368  *  *  B.  c.  The  Arcadians  under  Lv- 
comedes  overthrow  Spartan  power  in 
part  of  Messenia. 

*  *  B.  c.  Spartans  under  Archidamus  win 
a  **  tearless  victory "  over  the  Arca- 
dians. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Thebans  send  several  ex- 
peditions against  the  tyrant  Alexander 
of  Pberje  for  the  release  of  Thessalians. 

*  •  B.  c.  Sicily.  Civil  war  follows  the 
death  of  Dionysius. 

364  *  *  B.  c.  Pelopidas  enters  Thessaly 
against  Alexander,  and  is  slain  at  Cynos- 
cephalae,  though  his  army  is  victorious. 

362  *  *  B.  c.  The  Thebans  invade  Pel- 
ojionnesiis  for  the  fourth  time  to  sup- 
port the  Theban  party  in  Arcadia. 

June  17.    B.  c.    Battle  of  Mantinea; 

The  Thebans  under  Epaminondas  defeat 
the  Spartans  and  Mantineans  under 
Agesilaus ;   but  Epaminondas  is  slain. 

*  *B.  c.    General  peace.    (See  State.) 
359  ±  *  *  B.  c.    Turk.  The  Macedonian 

phalanx  is  instituted  during  the  reign 
of  Philip  II.  as  a  standing  army. 

*  *B.  c.  Turk.  Philip  defeats  the  Pae- 
onians  and  Illyrians,  and  reduces 
them  to  subjection.  [358.  He  takes 
Amphipolis;  war  with  Athens  follows.] 

358*  *  B.  c.  Tur.  Athens  conquers  the 
Thraciaii  Chersonese. 

357-355    B.  c.    The  Social  "War. 

The  Athenian  league  is  arrayed  against 
Athens.  Iphicrates  and  Timotheus  com- 
mand the  Athenians,  who  are  forced  to 
acknowledge  the  independence  of  their 
former  allies,  and  are  much  exhausted 
by  the  struggle. 

356  ♦  *  B.  c.  Philip  of  Macedon  seizes 
Pydna  and  Potida^a. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE.         | 

410  *  *  B.  c.    Athens.   The  Erechtheum 

is  rebuilt ;  it  is  an  Ionic  temple  of  the 
Acropolis  in  honor  of  Erechtheus. 

400±  *  *  B.  c.  Eupompus  paints  a  win- 
ner in  the  Olympian  games. 

i:  *  *  B.  c.  The  structure  of  the  human 
body  is  first  studied  and  becomes  a 
branch  of  medical  education  under  Hiif- 
pocrates  ["  Tbe  Father  of  Medicine." 
390.  He  separates  medicine  from  the 
priesthood.] 

±  *  ♦  B.  c.  S.  It.  The  seven  Eugubine 
tablets  of  brass  are  written  with  inscrip- 
tions relating  to  sacrifices.  [1440.  A.  i>. 
Found  at  Gubbio.] 

399  *  *  B.  c.  Catapultse,  military  ma- 
cldnes  for  throwing  arrows,  javelins  and 
stones,  are  invented  by  Dionysius. 

373  *  *  B.  c.  An  earthquake  swallows 
up  lleliceandBura  in  the  Peloponnesus. 

370-336  B.  c.  Euphranor  flourishes. 
lie  executes  many  statues  in  bronze 
and  marble,  and  paints  on  the  walls  of 
the  porch  in  the  Ceramlciis  at  Atbens 
pictures  of  the  Twelve  Gods,  Theseus, 
With  Democracy  and  Demos,  and  an  Kv- 
gagement  at  the  Battle  of  Maiitivca ;  al*(/ 
several  pictures  at  Ephesus. 


I 


GREECE. 


410**  B.c.-356^ 


102S 


368  •  *  B.  c.  A  celestial  globe  is  intro- 
duced from  Egypt. 

367*  ♦b.  r.  Athens.  Aristotle  becomes 
a  pupil  of  Plato. 

366i:  *  * B.  c.  A thens.  Antisthenes 
the  philosopher  flourishes. 

He  founds  the  school  of  the  Cynics, 
who  "  looked  with  disdain,  not  only  on 
luxuries,  but  on  the  ordinary  comforts 
of  life,  and  inured  themselves  to  do  with- 
out them.  Their  manners  were  often  as 
savage  as  their  mode  of  living."   (Fisher.) 

360-330  B.  0.  Aristides  of  Thebes,  a 
painter,  flourishes. 

357i:  •  *  B.  r,  Aristotle  discourses  on 
the  occultation  of  Mars,  and  asserts 
that  the  earth  is  round. 

356  •  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  The  temple  of 
Diana  at  Ephesus  is  burned.  [It  is  re- 
built by  Dinocrates  and  Scopas.] 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

406  •  •  Aristocrates,  general,  dies. 

404  *   *  Critias,  Atlieuian  politician,  tyrant,  d. 

Theramenea,  Atlienian  politician,  dies. 
40d  *  •  l^hocion,    Athenian    general,    states- 
man, born.     [317.     Dies.] 
401  *  •  Clearchns,  Spartan  general,  dies. 
Mh  or  4th  Ceutiiry.    Timanthes  of  Cythnos, 

painter,  born. 
396  *  *  Dionysius    the    Younger,   tyrant  of 
Syracuse,  born. 
Lysander,  Spartan  general,  statesman,  dies. 
Xenocratea,  philosopher,  born.     [314.    Dies.] 
393  t     Conon.  Athenian  general,  dies. 
390*  *  Thrasvliulus,  Atlienian  gen.,  states.,  d. 
389*   •  ^schines,  Athenian  ora..b.    [314.  D.] 
384  •  *  Aristotle,    philosopher,    founder    of 

Peripatetic  scliool,  l>orn.     [322.     Dies.] 
383*   •  Philip  II..  of  Macedon,b.    [336.    D.] 

Antigonus,  general,  born.     [301.     Dies.] 
381  r     Demosthenes,    Athenian    orator,    b. 

[322.     Dies.] 
380*  *  Pyrrho,  philoBopher,  b.    [270.    Dies.] 
374  h    Tlieophrastus,  phtl.,  b.     [287.     Dies.] 
384  •  *  Pelop Idas, .The ban  general,  dies. 
360  *  *  Eumenes,  general  under  Alexander, 
l>om.     [31().     Dies.] 
Lvsiinachus,  general  under  Alexander,  born. 
[281.     Dies.  J 

357  *  *  Chabrias,  Athenian,  general,  dies. 
366*  *  Aiexandertheareat,Klngof  Mace- 
don,  born.    [323.    Dies.] 


LETTERS. 

410-**  B.C.  Antiphon,  the  great 
Athenian  orator  and  politician,  dies. 

[He  is  regarded  as  the  inventor  of  pul>- 
lic  oratory  ;  15  of  his  orations  are  extant.] 

408±  *  *  B.  c.  The  History  by  Herodotus 
appears. 

403-392  B.  c.  Socrates  composes  60  ora- 
tions [of  which  21  are  extant]. 

He  is  the  father  of  ancient  moral  phi- 
losophy, and  the  greatest  heathen  moral- 
ist that  ever  lived. 

300-353  B.  0.  Isjeus  writes  judicial  ora- 
tions for  others.     [Eleven  are  extant.] 

387  *  *  B.  C.  Tlie  u'Eolpnsicon  and  Coca- 
lu8,  by  Araros,  son  of  Aristophanes. 

388  ♦  *  B.  r.  Athens.  Plato  founds  the 
Academy. 

388-347  B.  c.  Plato  composes  the  dia- 
logues,/*ro<a(7WYis,/*A«rf7Tt«,5ympoffmm, 
Gorfjias,  Thegetetus,  Republic,  Timmus, 
Philebus,  Sophist,  Politicus,  Parmenides, 
Cratylut,  Laws,  Critias,  Meno,  Euthy- 
<h'mu8,  Apolofji/,  Crito,  Lysis,  Charmides, 
Laches,  Lesser  Hippias,  Euthyphro, 
Menexenus,  (?)  and  Ion.  (?) 

380  *  *  B.C.  The  PanegyHcus,  bv  Isoc- 
rates,  appears.  [365,  Tlie  Evagoras; 
364,  The  Archidamus,  On  the  Peace,  and 
the  Acropagiticus :  353,  The  Anticlosis; 
346,  The  Philippus.] 


366  *:  *  *  B.  c.  The  Cynic  school  of  phi- 
losophy is  founded  by  Antisthenes. 

360*  *  B.  c.  Eudoxus  discourses  on  the 
movements  of  the  planets. 

SOCIETY. 

406  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Six  of  the  victo- 
rious Athenian  generals  from  the  great 
battle  of  Arginusie  are  sentenced  to 
death  and  executed  for  having  aban- 
doned shipwreckeii  troops  in  astorm,  and 
not  burying  the  bodies. 

401+  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  A  fermented 
beverage  from  barley  [like  beer]  is 
made  by  the  Armenians. 

399  *  B.  V.  Athens.  Socrates  is  accused 
of  impiety  and  of  corrupting  the  Athe- 
nian youths,  and  is  condemned  to  death. 
He  drinks  a  cup  of  hemlock,  and  dies  in 
the  midst  of  his  disciples. 

*  *  B.  c.  Turk:  Archelaus,  the  usurper 
in  ]VIacedouia,  is  murdered  by  a  favorite. 

370  *  *  B.  c.  Jason,  the  tyrant  of  Pherse 
and  Tagus,  Thessaly,  is  assassinated. 

359±  ♦  *  B.  r.  Alexander,  tyrantofPhe- 
n«,  is  murdered. 

STATE. 

408  *  *  B.  o.  Pausanias  comes  to  the 
throne  of  Sparta. 

407  June  *  b.  c.  Athens.  Alcibiades 
returns  from  exile  after  his  brilliant 
victories.  The  Athenians  repeal  liis 
senteiKie  of  banishment,  and  give  him 
supreme  command  by  laiul  and  sea. 

405  Sept.  *  B.  (\  Lysander  the  Spar- 
tan receives  the  submission  of  the 
Athenian  cities,  and  establishes  oligar- 
chical governments  everywhere. 

*  *  B.  c.  By  the  naval  disaster  at  ^gos- 
potami,  the  great  military  pow^er  of 
Athens  is  completely  destroyed. 

*  *  B.  c.  Sicily.  Dionysius  usurps  the 
government. 

404-371  Second  period  of  supreme 
command  by  Sparta. 

404*  *B.  c.  Lycophron  of  Pherse  makes 
himself  master  of  Thessaly. 

Apr.  *  -403  Apr.  *  b.  c.  Athens.  The 
Thirty  Tyrants  rule. 

Lysander  places  the  government  in 
the  hands  of  30  odious  an<l  cruel  men  ; 
all  but  3,000  of  the  citizens  are  disarmea 
and  disfranchised  ;  1,500  are  put  to  death 
without  trial. 

403  Apr.  *  -Sept.  *  b.  <-.  Athens.  Dem- 
ocratic government  is  restored, 

Patriot.s  under  Thrasybulus,  with  the 
assistance  of  Thebes,  Megara,  and  other 
cities,  overthrow  the  Thirty  Tyrants. 

*  *  B.  c.  Athens.  The  government  is  re- 
arranged by  the  revision  of  the  laws  of 
Euclidea. 

398*  *K.  n.  AgesilausII.  succeeds  Agis 
as  Iving  of  Sparta. 

395  *  *  B.  C.  The  Athenians,  Thebans, 
Argives,  and  Corinthians,  influenced  by 
Persian  gold,  enter  into  a  league 
against  Sparta.    [War  follows.] 

394  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Pausanias  reigns 
in  Macedonia.  [Amyntas  reigns  after 
killing  Pausanias.] 

392  *  *  B.  c,  Turk.  The  Illyrians  enter 
Macedonia,  and  expel  Amyntas,  and  re- 
store the  throne  to  Argaius,  the  brothers 
of  Pausanias.  [390.  Amyntas  recovers  it,] 

387*  *B.c.  The  Peace  of  AntalcJdes; 
the  Peloponnesian  and  Persian  wars. 


Tlie  weak  condition  of  the  Greeks  com- 
pels them  to  abandon  all  the  Greek  cities 
in  Asia,  together  with  the  islands  of 
ClazomensB  and  Cyprus,  to  Persia;  the 
other  Grecian  cities  and  states  to  remain 
independent  ex<'ept  Lemnos,lmbro8,and 
Scyros,  which  go  to  Athens. 

386*  *B.c.   Plataea  is  rebuilt,  and  many 

of  its  former  citizens  brought  back  by 
Sparta,  aiming  to  annoy  Thebes. 

382-379  B.  c.  At  the  request  of  the 
Macedonian  king,  Sparta  sends  an  army 
which  destroys  the  Olynthiac  Confed- 
eracy—  a  league  of  independent  Mace- 
donian and  Grecian  cities. 

382  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Tlie  King  of  the 
Odrysae  in  Thrace  disputes  with  the 
Athenians  respecting  the  possession  of 
the  Thracian  Chersonesus. 

379*  *  B.  c.  Thebes  is  freed  from 
Spartan  rule  by  Pelopidas. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Athenians  enter  an  open 
alliance  with  Thebes  against  Sparta. 

*  *  B.  r.  Asia  M.  All  the  Greek  cities 
are  oppressed  by  Persia. 

378  *  *  B.  c.  Athens  heads  a  confede- 
racy [of  70  cities]  against  Sparta. 

376  *  *  B.  c.  The  Boeotian  cities  submit 
to  Thebes,  which  becomes  the  head  of 
the  new  Boeotian  League. 

374  *  *  B.  c.  Jason,  the  tyrant  of  Phe- 
rse, rules  in  Thessaly. 

371  Sprang,  b.  c.  A  congress  in  Sparta 
forms  the  treaty  of  Callias,  making 
jieace  among  all  the  states  of  Greece 
except  Thebes  and  Sparta. 

371-362  B.  c.  Period  of  Theban  lead- 
ership in  Greece  under  Epaminondas. 

370  *  *  B.  c.  Megalopolis  in  Arcadia  is 
founded. 

369**  B.C.  Tiirk.  Alexander  II. 
reigns  in  Macedonia.  [367.  He  is  assafsi- 
nated.  364.  Perdiccas  reigns.  359.  He 
is  killed  in  battle.] 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Messenians  are  restored  to 
independence  by  Epaminondas ;  Mes- 
sene  is  founded. 

367**  B.C.    Sicily.    Dionysius  the 

younger  succeeds  his  father  in  Syracuse. 

361  *  *  B.  c.  General  peace  prevails 
between  Greoian  states,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Sparta,  it  being  unwilling  to 
acknowledge  the  independence  of  Mes- 
senia;  all  parties  are  in  the  same  posi- 
tion as  before  the  war, 

*  *  B.  r.  Agesilaus  the  Spartan  goes 
to  Egypt  to  assist  the  rebels  under 
Tachos,  whose  fleet  is  commanded  by 
Chabrias,  an  Athenian. 

360  *  *  B.  c.    The  Grecian  republics  be- 
gin to  decay, 
359-336    B.  c.    Turk.    Macedon  rises 

to  power. 
359  *  *  B.  c.     Turk.    Philip  II.  becomes 

King  of  Macedon.  [357.  Founds  Philippi.] 
358*  *  B.  c.    Athens.    The  second  period 

of   Athenian  greatness  reaches  its 

height. 
357±  *  *  B.  c.    Chios,  Cos,  Rhodes,  and 

Byzantium  successfully  revolt  against 

Athens. 
356  *  *  B.  c.    Sicily.    Dion  is  welcomed 

to  Syracuse,  and  Dionysius  is  expelled. 

[346.    Restored.    M3.    Exiled.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Alexander  [the  CSreat] 
is  liorn  in  Macedon. 


1024     356**  B.  C.-311**  B.C. 


GREECE. 


ARMY— NAVY. 

366-352  B.  c.  Philip  of  Macedon  con- 
quers Thrace,  Illyria,  and  Thessaly. 

365-346  B.C.  The  third  Sacred 
■War ;  Phocians  and  Delphians  contend 
for  possession  of  the  temple  at  Delphi. 

The  Araphictyonic  Council  laid  a 
heavy  fine  on  the  Phocians  because 
they  cultivated  land  consecrated  to  the 
Delphian  god,  and  thereby  devoted  to 
lie  waste  forever ;  the  Phocians  resist 
payment.  They  plunder  the  temple, and 
witli  its  gold  hire  mercenary  troops ; 
their  leaders  are  Philomelus,  Onomar- 
chus,  Phayllus,  and  Phalascus, 

362  *  *  B.  c.  The  Phocians  are  de- 
feated by  Philip  11.  near  tlie  Gulf  of 
Passje,  and  Onomarchus  is  slain. 

348  •  •  B.  c.  Turk.  Philip  II.  captures 
dlyuthus  by  treachery  before  the  arrival 
of  the  Athenian  allies,  and  sells  the  in- 
habitants. Nearly  all  the  towns  of  the 
Olynthiac  confederacy  are  subdued. 

346»*B.c.  The  Sacred  Wars  are 
ended  by  Philip,  who  takes  all  the  cities 
of  the  Phocians,  and  razes  their  walls. 

344*  *  B.C.  Hung.  PhUip  of  Macedon 
conducts  a  successful  expedition  into 
Illyria ;  he  subdues  Thessaly. 

*  *  B.  c.  Philip  offers  to  protect  the 
Messenians,  Megalopolitans,  and  Ar- 
gives  against  the  Spartans. 

344-342  B.  c.  Turk.  Philip  invades 
Thrace,  and  captures  Cersobleptes. 

341  *  •  B.  c.  W^ar  breaks  out  between 
Philip  and  Athens. 

340  »  •  B.  c.  Turk.  Philip  lays  siege 
to  Perinthus  and  Byzantium,  to  close  the 
Black  Sea  against  the  grain  supply  of  the 
Athenians.  The  fear  of  starvation  forces 
the  Athenians  to  declare  war,  and  send  a 
fleet  to  relieve  three  cities.  [339.  Pho- 
cion  forces  Philip  to  raise  the  siege.] 

339-338  B.C.  The  fourth  Holy  War. 
The  Amphictyonic  Council  decrees  the 
punishment  of  the  Locrians  of  Amphissa 
for  desecrating  ground  consecrated  to 
Apollo;  the  infliction  is  entrusted  to 
Philip,  who  isappointed  general-in-chief . 

*  •  B.  0.  Athens.  The  Athenians,  urged 
by  Demosthenes,  prepare  a  fleet  and 
army  to  resist  Philip ;  they  secure  The- 
ban  allies. 

338  Aug.  3  B.  c.  Battle  of  Chser- 
onea. 

The  Athenians  and  Thebans  are  de- 
feated by  Philip,  whose  son  Alexander 
decides  the  battle  by  annihilating  the 
Thehan  Sacred  Band.  [This  places  the 
whole  of  Greece  at  the  feet  of  PhiUp.] 

*  •  B.  0.  Philip  places  a  garrison  in  the 
Cadinea  at  Thebes. 

335  •  *  B.  c.  Alexander,  son  of  Philip, 
subdues  the  revolting  Thracians ;  also 
the  Getaj  and  lUyrians. 

The  Thebans  revolt  on  receiving  a 
false  report  of  the  death  of  Alexander. 
He  levels  Thebes  to  the  ground,  sparing 
only  the  house  of  Pindar,  and  sells  the 
inhabitants  as  slaves.  Athens  is  ter- 
rified, and  submits  to  Alexander. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Greeks  appoint  Alexander 
general  of  their  armies. 

334-331  B.C.  Alexander  leads  the 
Greeks  and  Macedonians  to  the  con- 
quest of  Persia,  having  30,000  infantry 
and  5,000  cavalry. 

334  May  22  b.  c.  Asia  M.  Battle 
of  the  GranicuB ;  a  rivulet  in  Troas. 

Alexander,  with  the  loss  of  but  90  men, 
almost  annihilates  a  Persian  army  ol 
600,000  foot  and  aO,000  horse. 


*  •  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Sardis  surrenders  to 
Alexander ;  he  also  takes  Halicarnas- 
sus  and  other  cities. 

*  •  B.  c.   Asia.   Alexander  subdues 

Asia,. 

He  enters  Babylon.  t330.  Spring.  He 
begins  the  pursuit  of  Darius  into  Media. 
Dartus  is  dethroned  and  murdered  by  his 
satrap,  Bessus.  Tlie  Greek  mercenaries 
leave  the  Persians  and  join  Alexander.  329. 
Bessus  is  taken  and  execiuted.  Fartlila, 
Media,  and  other  countries  are  overrun  by 
the  armies  of  Alexander.  Thalestris,  queen 
of  the  .\mazon8,  visits  him.  He  crosses 
the  river  Jaxartes  into  Russia,  and  defeats 
the  .Scythians.  He  again  crosses  tlie  Oxns 
into  Turkestan,  and  takes  the  fortress,  .Sog- 
dian  Kock.  He  returns  to  Bactria,  Afglian- 
istan.and  prepares  for  the  invasion  of  India. 
He  crosses  the  Indus,  into  India,  by  a  bridge 
of  boats.  Battle  of  Hvdaspes;  Alexander 
defeats  and  captures  the  India  prince,  I'orus, 
who  loses  12,000  killed  and  9,000  prisoners. 
Nov.  ♦  Alexander  begins  tlie  descent  of  the 
Hydaspes  River  to  its  mouth.] 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Spartans  unsuccessfully 
revolt  against  Alexander. 

*  *  B.  c.  Battle  of  Megalopolis ;  Antip- 
ater,  the  vice-regent  of  Alexander,  to- 
tally defeats  the  5,000  Spartans  under 
their  king,  Agis  II.,  who  is  killed. 

333  *  *  B.  r.  Memnon,  a  Greek  in  the 
service  of  the  Persians,  with  a  fleet  of 
300  ships,  ravages  the  Cyclades  Islands. 

Nov.*  B.C.  Asid  M.  Darius  is  de- 
feated at  Issus  in  Cilicia. 

Darius  has  400,000  foot  and  100,000 
horse ;  6,000  infantry  aiul  10,000  horse- 
men are  slain,  and  40,000  made  prisoners. 

332  July  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Alexander 
on  his  way  to  Egypt  lays  siege  to  Tyre. 
[After  seven  months  it  is  destroyed  and 
8,000  people  massacred ;  Damascus  is 
taken  ;  Gaza  surrenders  after  a  siege  of 
two  months,  and  30,000  people  .are  sold.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Palestine.  Alexander  marches 
on  Jerusalem,  and  prostrates  himself 
before  the  liigli  priest,  who  meets  him 
wearing  the  sacred  breastplate. 

331  Oct.  1  B.  c.  Assj/ria.  Alexander 
totally  defeats  the  Persians  at  Arbela. 
Their  army  of  more  than  1,000,000  men 
and  40,000  cavalry  is  routed  by  Alexan- 
der with  40.000  foot  and  7,000  horse.  [The 
captureofSusa,Persepolis,Bal>ylon,and 
other  important  cities  follows.] 

*  »  B.  c.  Egypt  welcomes  Alexander 
as  the  enemy  of  Persia. 

327  ^  B.C.*  Ne  arch  us,  Alexander's 
admiral,  sails  from  the  Indus  to  the 
Euphrates;  he  explores  the  Indian 
Ocean  and  the  Persian  Gulf. 

326  Autumn  n.  r.  Persia.  Alexan- 
der marches  across  the  desert  toward 
Persepolis;  many  soldiers  perish  dur- 
ing 60  days  of  sultry  marching.  [.325. 
Spring.  Alexander  again  arrives  at 
Susa.  324.  July*  He  quells  a  mutiny 
among  the  Macedonians.] 

323-222  B.  c.  The  Lamian  W^ar. 
The  Greek  cities,  under  the  leadership 
of  Athens,  unsuccessfully  attempt  to 
throw  off  the  Macedonian  yoke  (322, 
Aug.  7).  Aiitipater,  the  regent,  reen- 
forced  byCraterus,  co-ruler,  defeats  the 
revolters  near  Crannon  in  Thessaly. 

323-276  B.  c.  Wars  of  the  succes- 
sors of  Alexander. 

321  •  *  B.  c.  Egy.  Perdiccas,  one  of 
Alexander's  generals,  invades  Egypt 
with  the  object  of  dethroning  Ptolemy. 
He  is  defeated  in  several  battles,  and 
murdered  by  his  discontented  soldiers. 


320-317  B.  c.  Asia.  Antigonua,  the 
ally  of  Cassander,  defeats  Eumenes, 
the  ally  of  Polysperchon,  in  several  en- 
gagements, and  kills  him.    (316). 

318**  B.C.  Polysperchon  invades 
Greece,  and  unsuiicessfully  attempts  to 
capture  Athens  and  Megalopolis. 

*  *  B.  c.  Athens  surrenders  to  Cassan- 
der. 

*  *  B.  c.  Cassander's  fleet,  under  Nica- 
nor,  tot,ally  defeats  a  fleetof  Polysper- 
chon under  Clitus,  in  tlie  Hellespont. 

317  *  *  n.  0.  Turk.  Olympias,  mother 
of  Alexander,  and  Polysperchon  un- 
successfully invade  Macedon.  [Olym- 
pias is  captured  and  killed  by  Cassander  ; 
Polysperchon  retires  to  iEtolia.] 

*  'B.C.  Turk.  Lysimachus  makes 
himself  master  of  the  lieutenancy  of 
Thrace. 

315-301  B.  r.  War  of  Alexander's 
generals  against  Antigonus. 

Antigonus  attempts  to  bring  all  Asia, 
Greece,  and  Kgypt  under  his  rule  ;  Ptol- 
emy, Seleucus,  Lysimachus,  Cassander, 
and  the  other  generals  oppose  him. 

311  *  •  B.  c.  A  general  peace  follows 
several  years  indecisive  flghting  between 
the  various  contestants. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

345  »  *  B.  r.  An  earthquake  buries  Du- 
ras  with  all  its  inhabitants  ;  12  cities  in 
Campania,  Italy,  are  also  buried. 

340+  *  *  B.  c.  Theophrastus  studies 
botany. 

336  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Callippus  the  as- 
tronomer first  calculates  eclipses. 

335+  *  »  B.  c.  Encaustic  painting  is  in- 
vented by  Gasias. 

*  *  Athens,  Aristotle  returns  from  Mace- 
donia. [334  ?  He  founds  the  Peripatetic 
school  of  philosophy.] 

332+  *  *  B.  c.  Apelles  of  Colophon, 
Ionia  [the  most  celebrated  of  Grecian 
painters],  paints  portraits  of  Philip  V.  of 
Maceiton  and  Alexander  the  Great,  and 
the  picture   Vemis  Anadyomene. 

330  *  *  B.  c.  Aristoxenus  discovers  the 
difference  between  major  and  minor 
tones. 

328+  *  *  B.  c.  Praxiteles  makes  silver 
mirrors. 

325+  *  *  B.  r.  Aristotle  first  mentions 
the  use  of  diving-bells.  [320+  He 
writes  the  first  treatise  on  mechanics.] 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

350  *  *  F.uphranor,  ^orinthian  sculptor,  A. 
4th  Century.    Agasias  of  F^phesus,  sculptor,  b. 

Anaxarchus,  philosopher,  born. 

Apelles.  painter,  born. 

Arclivtas of  Tarentum,  math., gen.,  states., b. 

Arlstobulus,  historian,  \)orn. 

Callippus  of  {'yzictis.  astronomer,  born. 

Callistratus,  .Athenian  orator,  born. 

Chares,  Athenian  general,  born. 

Euclid  of  .\  lexandria,  geometer,  born. 

Lysippus,  sculptor  of  l.SOO  statues,  bom. 

Nearchus,  admiral,  voyager,  liorn. 

Parrbasius  of  Kphesus,  painter,  born. 

Praxiteles,  sculptor,  born. 

Tlieodoriis  of  Cyrene,  philosopher,  born. 

Zoilns,  critic,  grammarian,  born. 
345*  *  Demetrius  Pbalerens,  Athenian  ora- 
tor, statesiiian,  born.    [284.    Dies.] 
344+     Herophllns,  physician,  born. 
343  *  *  Epicurus,  philosopher,  founder  Epi- 
curean school,  horn.    [270.    Dies.  ] 

Zeno,  phllos.,  fdr.  Stole  school,  b.    [270.    I).} 
341  •*  Menander,  poet,  dram.,  b.     ?2f0.    D.] 
337  *  *  Timoleon,  general,  statesman,  libera- 
tor of  .Svrai'use,  dies. 
336*   •  Antlphilus,  painter,  born. 

Crates,  of  Thebes,  Cynic  philosopher,  born. 


GREECE. 


356**  B.C. -311b. c.     1025 


33S^    Demetrius  PoUorcetes,  King  of  Mace- 
don,  horn.     [283.    Dies.) 

388  *  *  Clitus,  Macedonian  general,  dies. 

383'  •  I.e08tliene8,  Athenian  general,  killed. 

321  •  •  Craterus,  Macedonian  general,  dies. 
I'erdiccas,  Macedonian  general,  dies. 

319"  *  .^ntlpater,  general,  regent  of  Mace- 
donia, dies. 

318*  •  Deniades,  .\thenian  orator,  states.,  d. 

318+     Pyrrhus.  KingofEpirns,  h.    [272.    1).] 

318  ••  Arcesilaus.  phll.,  horn.     [241.    Dies.] 


LETTERS. 
355*  *a.c.    Demosthenes  delivers  ora- 
tions against  Leptines  and  Androtion. 

[354.  He  speaks  against  the  projected  ex- 
pedition to  Enlirea;  he  also  dissuades  the 
.Athenians  from  making  war  on  the  I'erslans. 
353.  He  writes  his  oration  against  Meidias, 
and  Pro  Megatopolitw7iis,  favoring  tlie  de- 
fense of  Megalopolis  against  the  Spartans; 
also  his  speech  against  .Vrlstocrates  and 
Tlniocrates.  3.52,  His  First  FMlippic,  at 
Athens,  against  the  eneroaclnnents  of  Mace- 
don;  361,  For  the  Rhodians  tiffaivst  Miiitas  ; 
349,  The  First  and  Second  Ulynthiar :  34S, 
The  Third  Olynthiac  :  346,  Sept.,  Un  the 
Peace;  344,  The  Second  Philippic:  343,  Ore 
/{alonesus  (oration  of  Hegestppus  '.') ;  also 
On  the  Embassy :  341,  The  Third  Philippic, 
On  the  Chersonese;  330,  On  the  Crown.] 

345  *  *  n.c.  /Escliiiu's  delivers  a  Speech 
against  Timarchua.  [^43,  On  the  Em- 
bassy ;  330,  Against  Ctesiphon.] 

343  *  *  B.  c.  Aristotle  is  made  tutor  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  son  of  Pliilip  of 
Macedon. 

[334-322,  He  maintains  a  school  at  Athens. 
His  collection  of  books  Is  the  llrst  private 
library.  He  writes  Topics,  Analytics  [Prior 
and  Posterior),  Sophistical  lle/atations. 
Rhetoric,  Metaphysics,  Politics.  Poetics,  On 
Animals,  On  Parts  of  Animals,  On  fenera- 
tion of  Animals,  On  the  Soul,  On  Locomo- 
tion of  Animals,  Meteorologies,  Nicomachean 
Ethics.2 

335  •  *  B.  c.  Alexander  destroys 
Thebes,  but  spares  the  house  of  Pin- 
dar the  poet. 

SOCIETY. 

336  •  »  B  c.  Turk.  Philip  II.,  of  Mace- 
don, is  assassinated  by  Pausanias  at 
,Eg!B,duringthecelebrationof  thegames 
in  honor  of  his  liaughter's  iiuptials. 

330  *  *  B.  c.  Alexander  tortures  and 
kills  Philotas,  son  of  Farnienioii.  [In  a 
drunken  revel  he  kills  with  his  own 
hand  his  friend  Clitus.  328.  He  marries 
Roxana,  a  Bactrian  of  surpassing  beauty. 
Callsthenes,  the  historian,  is  put  to 
torture  for  refusing  to  pay  divine  hom- 
age to  Alexander.  (?)] 

329  ♦  •  B.  f.  Alexander  executes  his 
friend  Parmenion  on  a  false  (?)  charge 
of  treason. 

•  *  B.  c.  Thalestris,  Queen  of  the  Ama- 
zons, visits  Alexander. 

328  *  •  B.  c.  Herniolaus,  Calisthenes,  a 
pupil  of  Aristotle,  and  others,  conspire 
to  murder  Alexander.  [Their  jilot  is 
discovered,  and  they  are  put  to  death.] 

325±  *  •  B.  c.  Persia.  Alexander  re- 
quires his  subjects  to  worship  him  as  a 
divinity, he  being  thesucoessor  of  Darius, 
the  great  king. 

•  *  B.  c.  Alexander  marries  Barsine, 
daughter  of  Darius,  the  late  Persian 
king. 

Eight  Macedonian  officers  marry  Per- 
sian ladies  of  good  families,  and,  stimu- 
lated by  rewards  offered  by  Alexander, 
10,000  Macedonians  take  Persian  wives. 

324-311  B.C.  Turk.  Horrors  abound; 
everv  member  of  the  royal  family  of 
Alexander  perishes,  mostly  by  murder. 


STATE. 

354-330  B.  c.  Speeches  of  Demos- 
thenes.   (See  Letters.) 

354**  B.C.  Athens.  Demosthenes, 27 
years  of  age,  becomes  the  political  coun- 
selor of  the  people. 

353  *  *  B.  c.  The  ambitious  desigBS  of 
Philip  H.,  King  of  Macedon,  excite  the 
attention  of  Greece. 

*  *  B.  c.  Sicihj,  Dion  is  assassinated, 
and  succeeded  by  Callippus. 

352  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Philip  n.  becomes 
master  of  ITiessaly  by  the  defeat  of 
Phocians. 

*  *  B.  c.  Demosthenes  becomes  the 
leader  of  a  national  opposition  to  the 
ambition  of  Philip  II. 

347  •  *  B.  r.  Philip  II.  makes  the  whole 
Chalcidic  peninsula  a  province  of  Mace- 
donia. 

346  *  •  B.  c.  Athens.  A  Macedonian 
party  is  formed,  with  jEschines  as  leader 
and  the  chief  opponent  of  Demosthenes. 

±  *  *  B.  c.  Philip  n.  is  elected  to  the 
Amphictyonic  Council  in  place  of  the 
Phocians. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Athenians  make  a  shame- 
ful peace  with  Philip  II.,  which  is  ne- 
gotiated by  Philoorates,  and  leaves  all 
conquests  in  the  hands  of  the  king. 

*  *  B.  c.  All  the  cities  of  Phocis  except 
AbsD  are  destroyed  by  Philip  II. 

*  «  B.  c.  Athens.  Demosthenes  lodges 
a  complaint  against  .^Eschines,  who  is  de- 
clared not  guilty. 

*  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Thrace  is  made  tributary 
to  Macedon  ;  Philippopolis  is  founded. 

340  *  *  B.  r.  'War  is  declared  against 
Philip  II.  because  of  his  aggressions  on 
the  Bosporus. 

*  »  B.  c.  Turk.  Alexander,  IG  years  of 
age,  is  regent  while  Philip  II.  is  in  the 
Byzantium  campaign. 

339 1*  *B.  c.  Demosthenes  goes  to 
Thebes  to  form  an  alliance  against 
Philip  II. 

338*  'B.C.  Philip  II.  takes  from 
Sparta  a  large  part  of  its  territory,  and 
distributes  it  among  the  Messenians, 
Argives,  and  Arcadians. 

*  *  B.  c.  Peace  of  Demades ;  Philip  II. 
grants  favorable  terms  to  Athens; 
Greece  is  practically  a  province  of 
Macedonia. 

337  *  *  K.  c.  Macedonian  leadership. 
The  National  Assembly  is  gathered  at 
Corinth,  with  Spartans  alone  absent ; 
Philip  causes  himself  to  be  chosen  leader 
with  unlimited  power  to  conduct  the 
Grecian  forces  against  the  Persians. 

336  *  *  B.  c.  Philip  II.  is  assassinated 
at  JEgae  by  Pausanias. 

336-323  B.  c.  Turk.  Alexander  HI., 
the  Great,  succeeds  his  father  as  king 
of  Macedon  and  ruler  of  Grecian  states. 
He  forces  the  Greeks  to  transfer  to  him 
the  leadership  of  the  states,  and  to  give 
him  command  against  the  Persians. 

334+  •  *  B.  c.  Alexander  proclaims  the 
freedom  of  Grecian  cities  in  Asia  Minor 
from  Persian  rule. 

332**  B.C.  Egypt.  A  Macedonian  dy- 
nasty rules.    Alexandria  is  founded  as 


the  commercial  exchange  of  the  eastern 
and  western  worlds  (p.  651). 

330*  *B.  c.  The  Spartans  revolt 
against  Alexander,  and  are  put  down  by 
Antipater,  his  vice-gerent. 

328  *  *  B.  c.  Alexander  adopts  Orien- 
tal clothing  and  customs. 

325  *  •  B.  €.    Demosthenes  is  exiled. 

324  Jan.  *  b.  c.  Asia.  Alexander  re- 
turns from  India  to  Babylon. 

He  discloses  his  great  plan  of  uniting 
tLevictorsaiidvMiHiuisheilintoaworld- 
wide  Macedonian-Persian  empire, 
with  Babylon  for  its  capital,  and  intro- 
ducing Hellenic  customs  into  the  East. 

323  Jtme  28  B.  c.  Asia.  Alexander 
dies  at  Babylon  after  a  debauch. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  anti-Macedonian  party 
carries  all  before  it,  seeking  to  restore 
the  liberties  of  Greece. 

*  *  B.  c.  Alexander's  dominions  are  di- 
vided among  his  generals. 

Perdiccas  receives  the  regency  of  Asia  for 
Alexander's  half-brother,  Philip  Arrliidieus, 
and  his  posthumous  son  by  Koxana;  Antip- 
ater and  Craterus  together  receive  the  re- 
gency of  the  west.  Ptolemy  receives  the 
lieutenancy  of  Kgvpt;  Antigonue  that  of 
I'amphylia,  Thrygla,  and  Lycia ;  Eume- 
nses,  Alexander's  secretary,  that  of  Paph- 
lygonia  and  ('appado<Ma— to  he  8u))dued; 
Cassander  that  of  C.aria  in  Asia  Minor ; 
and  Leonnatiis,  part  of  Syria. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Athenians  and  their  allies 
rise  against  Macedonia.  Demos- 
thenes is  recalled  from  banishment. 

322+  *  *  B.  c.  Perdiccas,  who  had  mar- 
ried Alexander's  sister,  having  planned 
to  make  himself  king,  the  other  generals 
form  a  league  against  him. 

322  *  •  B.  c.  Alexander's  remains  are 
transported  to  Alexandria,  and  buried  by 
Ptolemy  Soter  [King  of  Egypt]. 

*  *  B.  c.  Greece  once  more  receives  a  dis- 
astrous blow  in  the  battle  of  Crannon  ; 
Antipater  compels  each  state  to  sue 
for  peace  separately. 

Oct.*  B.C.  Athens.  Demosthenes 
flees  to  Calauria.  [Oct.  7.  Disdaining  to 
give  up  to  the  tyrant, he  poisons  himself.] 

321  *  ♦  B.  c.  Antipater  is  declared  re- 
gent after  the  death  of  Perdiccas. 

He  retains  Macedonia  and  Greece,  and 
makes  a  new  partition  of  the  provinces, 
giving  Babylon  to  Seleucus. 

318*  •B.C.  Polysperchon,  favored  by 
Antipater,  ascends  the  vacant  throne, 
and  proclaims  liberty  to  the  Grecian 
cities.  [War  follows  with  Cassander, 
the  son  of  Antipater,  over  the  regency.] 

318*  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Cassander  rules 
aschiliarch  ;  noble  Phocion  is  executed 
by  a  mob  on  a  false  charge  of  treason. 

317-307  B.C.  Athens.  Demetrius 
Phalereus  is  governor  for  Cassander. 

316  •  *  B.  r.  Eumenes  is  put  to  death 
by  Antigonus.    (See  Army.) 

315*  *n.  €.  Cassander  rebuilds  Thebes. 

312  Oct.  I  n.  c.  .4sia.  Seleucus  re- 
covers dominion  over  Babylon. 

311  *  *  B.  c.    Cassander  marries  Thessa- 
lonica,  a  half-sister  of  Alexander,  and 
founds  the  city  of  Thessalonica. 
*  B.  c.    A  hollow  peace  is  concluded. 

The  Greek  cities  are  to  be  indepen- 
dent; but  each  general  is  allowed  to  keep 
what  he  has  gained,  and  Cassander  is  to 
be  regent  of  Macedonia  till  Alexander 
IV.  shall  be  of  age. 


1026     311b.c.-179**b.c. 


GREECE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

310-308  B.C.  Ptolemy  breaks  the  peace, 
and  unsuccessfully  invades  Greece. 

307  *  *  B.  c.  Antigon^s  sends  a  suc- 
cessful expedition,  under  his  son  Deme- 
trius Poliorcetes,  to  drive  Cassander  and 
Ptolemy  out  of  Greece.  [306.  He  sends 
Demetrius  to  seize  CypruB,  who  with  a 
large  fleet  and  army  defeats  Ptolemy's 
brother,  whom  he  shuts  up  In  Salamis.] 

306  *  ♦  B.  c.  Cyprus.  Great  naval  bat- 
tle of  Salamis. 

Ptolemy  and  his  allies,  with  140  vessels 
and  10,000  troops,  are  completely  de- 
feated by  Demetrius,  losing  120  of  their 
ships  and  17,000  prisoners. 

305-304  li.  c.  Asia  M.  Denietrius  un- 
successfully besieges  Hhodes.  [303. 
He  drives  Cassander  out  of  Greece. 
He  is  appointed  general  of  the  states 
of  Greece.] 

301  Aug.  *  B.C.  AsiaM.  Battle  of 
IpsuB  in  Phrygia. 

Antigonus  and  Demetrius,  with  70,000 
foot,  10,000  horse,  and  75  elephants,  are 
completely  defeated  by  Seleucus  and 
Lysimachus,  with  64,000  foot,  10,500  horse, 
400  elephants,  120  armed  chariots  ;  An- 
tigonus is  killed. 

291  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  "War  between  Pyr- 
rhus,  King  of  Epirus,  and  Demetrius. 

287**  B.C.  Egy.  Ptolemy  sends  a  pow- 
erful fleet  against  Greece,  while  Pyr- 
rhus  and  Lysimachus  invade  Macedou. 

281  *  *  B.  c.  War  occurs  between  Ly- 
simachus and  Seleucus. 

*  *B.  c.  Asia  M.  Battle  of  Corupe- 
dion  in  Phrygia ;  Lysimachus  is  defeated 
and  killed  ;  all  his  Asiatic  dominions  are 
seized  by  Seleucus. 

280*  *  It.  Pyrrhus  invades  Italy  with 
an  army  of  26,000  men  and  20  elephants 
to  assist  the  Tarentines  against  the  Ro- 
mans. He  defeats  the  Komans  under 
Lsevinus  at  Heraclea.  [279.  Again  at 
Asculum.] 

*  *  B.  0.     Turk.    The  Gauls  under  Bel- 

fius  invade  Macedonia,  defeat  and  kill 
'tolemy  Ceravmus,  nearly  annihilating 
his  army.  [279.  Sosthenes  drives  them 
out.] 

279  Spring,  b.  c.  The  Gauls,  led 
by  Brennus,  invade  Greece  with  an 
army  of  150,000  foot  and  61,000  horse. 

He  dislodges  20,000  Greeks  from  the 
Thermopyla)  Pass  by  following  thesecret 
pass  over  the  mountain,  used  by  the  Per- 
sians 200  years  before. 

278*  ♦B.C.  Sicily.  Pyrrhua  assists 
the  Syracusans  against  the  Carthagin- 
ians. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Gauls,  40,000  strong,  under 
Brennus,  are  defeated  near  Delphi  by 
4,000  Delphians,  and  compelled  to  leave 
Greece. 

275  *  *  B.  c.  /(.  Pyrrhua  is  completely 
defeated  bythe  Romans  at  Beneven- 
tum  [and  compelled  to  return  to  Greece]. 

273  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Pyrrhus  invadea 
Macedonia,  and  defeats  Antigonus  Go- 
natas.  [272.  He  invades  and  ravages  the 
Peloponnesus.    He  is  killed  at  Argos.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Txtrk.  The  Gaula  invade  Mace- 
donia the  second  time. 

*  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Antigonus,  King  of 
Macedonia,  takes  Athens  after  a  long 
siege. 


263**  B.C.  Athens.  Claucon  and 
Chremonides  lead  the  last  attempt  to 
throw  off  the  Macedonian  rule.  [It  fails. 
After  a  war  of  three  years,  Athens  re- 
mains tributary  to  Macedonia.] 

255  *  »  B.  c.  Afr.  Xanthippus  the  Spar- 
tan, commanding  a  Carthaginian  army, 
defeats  Regulus.    (See  Italy.) 

243  *  *  B.  c.   Corinth  is  captured  by  the 

Achaean  league  under  Aratus. 

229*  *B.  c.  Cm-fu.  The  Romans 
capture  ApoUonia  and  Jipidamnus. 

2281  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  The  fortress  of 
the  Athenseum  is  built. 

241-225  *  *  B.  c.  Cleomenes  HI.  is  at 
war  with  the  Achsean  League.  (226.)  He 
defeats  it  at  Mt.  Lycaeum  and  Leuctra. 
[222.    He  takes  Megalopolis.] 

221  *  *  B.  c.  The  Spartans  under  Cleo- 
menes are  totally  defeated  by  the  Achie- 
ans  and  Macedonians  under  Antigonus 
Doson  at  Sellasia  in  Laconia ;  Sparta  is 
captured  and  Spartan  power  is  at  an  end. 

219-217  B.C.  The  Social  "War.  The 
Achjeans  contend  with  the  JEtollans ; 
the  Peloponnesus  is  horribly  ravaged. 

219*  *B.c.  The  Achasans  under  Aratus 
are  defeated  by  ^tolians  at  Caphyas. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  camp  of  Philip  V.  of 
Macedonia  is  surprised  by  Valerius ; 
and  Philip  is  forced  to  burn  his  ships, 
and  retreat  in  haste. 

215-205  B.  c.  First  war  with  Rome. 
(215.)  Philip  prepares  a  large  fleet,  with 
which  he  watches  the  Komans.  (214.)  It 
unsuccessfully  besieges  the  Koman 
town  of  Apollonia  in  Illyria. 

212*  *  B.  c.  Sicily.  Syracuse  is  cap- 
tureii  by  the  Komans.     (See  Italy.) 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Athenians  become  the  al- 
lies of  the  .Etoliaus  against  Macedon, 
and  send  to  Kome  for  assistance.  [211. 
Athens.    A  Koman  fleet  arrives.] 

210  *  *  B.  c.  The  Romans  capture  Za- 
cynthus,  Nesos,  and  Cenidae,  Anticyra 
in  Locris,  and  the  Island  of  ^gina,  and 
present  all  to  the  ^tolians. 

209  •  *  B.  c.  Philopoemen,  the  general 
of  the  Achsean  League,  invades  Elis  in 
concert  with  Philip,  to  keep  out  the  Un- 
mans, but  he  is  defeated  by  Sulpicius. 

208  *  *  B.  0.     The  .1=:tolian8  are  defeated 

by  Philip  at  Zania  in  Elis. 
207  *  *  B.  c.    Philopcemen  defeats  the 

Spartans  under  their   tyrant  Machani- 

das,  at  Mantinea,  leaving 4,000  dead  with 

their  leader. 
202  *  *  B.  c.     Philip  wars    successfully 

against  the  Rhodians.    [201   His  fleet  is 

signally  defeated  off  Chios.] 
200-197   B.C.  Second  war  with  Rome. 
The  Romans  declare  war  against  Philip 

because  of  his  aggressions   upon  their 

allies  in  Greece. 

197  *  *  B.  c.  Philip  is  defeated  by  the 
Romans  under  Flamininus,  at  Cynos- 
cephalse,  in  Thessaly.  [Peace  between 
Philip  and  Rome  follows.]    (See  Italy.) 

102  *  *  B.  c.  The  /Etolians  stir  up  an- 
other war  with  Rome,  having  a  new 
ally  in  Antiochus  the  Great,  of  Syria. 

191*  *B.c.  Antiochus  invades  Greece, 
but  Is  completely  defeated  at  Ther- 
mopylfB  by  the  Romans  under  the  consul 
Glabrio,  and  forced  to  return  to  Asia. 

190  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  A  great  battle  at 
Magnesia  in  Lydia  proves  the  power  of 


Rome  over  the  .^toliau   league ;  Anti- 
ochus is  defeated  by  Scipio  Asiaticus. 
188*  *B.  c.  Sparta  is  captured  by  Phil- 
opcemen to  suppress  insubordination  to 
the  League. 

183  *  *  B.  c.  Philopcemen,  "the  last  of 
the  Greeks,"  is  defeated  by  Dinocrates, 
King  of  Messenia,  and  executed. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

310  Aug.  15.  B.C.  The  eclipse  of 
Agathocles  is  observed. 

308±  *  •  B.  c.  Athens.  Zeno  fountls  the 
school  of  the  Stoics. 

Zeno  teaches  that  man's  supreme  hap- 
piness consists  in  living  in  harmony  with 
nature  and  agreeable  to  the  teachings  of 
reason,  that  the  feelings  should  be  sub- 
jugated, and  that  God  is  the  soul  of  the 
world. 

300+  *  *  B.  c.  Dissection,  previously 
confined  to  animals,  is  first  applied  to 
men  by  Herophilus  and  Erasistratus. 

*  *  B.  c.  Cleon  paints  his  picture  of 
Cadmus. 

283*  *  B.  c.  Turk.  A  great  earth- 
quake nearly  destroys  Lysimachia. 

280  *  *  B.  r.  Euclid  discourses  on  light 
traveling  in  straight  lines. 

255±  *  *  B.  c.  Eratosthenes  of  Gyrene 
invents  the  armillary  sphere,  aiui  at- 
tenij>ts  to  determine  the  length  of  a 
degree. 

2ZQ±  *  ♦  B.  c.  The  screw- cylinder  for 
raising  water  is  invented  by  Archimedes. 
[212i:.  He  demonstrates  the  properties 
of  the  lever.] 

230±  *  *  B.  c.  Eratosthenes  lays  down 
the  first  parallel  of  latitude ;  lie  also 

attempts  to  measure  the  magnituiie  of 
the  earth. 

224  *  *  B.  c.  The  Colossus  of  Rhodes 
is  thrown  down  by  an  earthquake. 

200i:  *  *  B.  c.    Ultramarine  is  known. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

300±    Clpanthea,  Stoic,  an.,  b.     [220.    Dies.] 
3d  or  4th  Century,     llion,  niatbeniatician,  b. 
297  *  *  Cassander,  Macedonian  prince,  dies. 
287*-  *  *  Archimedes,  niatlieniatit^ian,  born. 

[212.     Dies.] 
381^    Ptolemy  Ceraunus,  King  of  Macedon, 

dies. 
280  *  *  Chrysippua,  Stoic  plul.,b.     [207.    D.] 
276*  *  Eratosthenes,  geometer,  b.    [196.    D.] 
271  *  •  Aratus  of  Slcyon,  statesman,  general, 

born.    [213.    Dies.] 
363*  *  Pbilopopmen,    general,    statesman. 

born.    [182.     Dies.] 
3d  Century.    Aratus  of  Soli,  poet,  born. 
Aristarcbua,     astronomer,     mathematician, 

philosopher,  horn. 
Aristlrtea  of  Tlielies,  painter,  l>orn. 
Calliinacbua.  poet  of  Alexandria,  bom. 
Chares,  statuary  in  bronze,  born. 
Cineas,  Tliessalian  orator,  negotiator,  born. 
Heron,  or  Hero,  matbeniatidan,  writer,  born. 
Theocritus,  jmBtoral  i>oet,  born. 
Tinianthes,  painter,  born. 
Zenoflotus,  grammarian,  bom. 
235  *  *  Philip  v.,  of  .Macedon,  b.     [179.    D.] 
325  *  *  Aristoplianes  of  Alexandria,  gramma- 
rian, critic,  born. 
220  *  *  Cleomenes  III.,  King  of  Sparta,  dies. 
213*  *  Carneades,  philosopher,   orator,  fdr. 

New  Academy,  bom.    [129.    Dies.] 
204  *  *  PolybluB.  hist.,  born.    [123.     Dies.] 
200*  *  (or  300),  Cleomenes,  Athenian  sculp- 
tor, born. 

LETTERS. 

306  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Epicurus  opens 
a  school.  [306-270.  He  writes  about  300 
volumes,  only  fragments  are  extant.] 

300-250  B.  c.  Egy.  TheSeptuai,'int  ver- 
8i«>n  of  the  Scriptures  is  written  at 
Alexandria. 


GREECE. 


311b.c.-179**b.c.    1027 


300-288  B.  C.    History  of  Plants,  Ethical 

Characters,  and  other  works,  by  Theo- 

pbrastua,  appear. 
270±  *  *  B.  c.     Theocritus    writes    30 

poems  called  Idyls. 
233  *  *  B.  c.     The   Athenians    lend   to 

Ptolemy   the   original    manuscript  of 

/Esohylus,  Euripides,  and  Sophocles,  on 

a  pledge  of  15  talents. 
222-205  B.  c.    ApolloniuB  Fergseus 

writes  on  Cwiic  Sections  in  eight  books, 

and  other  geometrical  works. 
198  *:*  *  B.  c.    Asia  AL    Books  with 

leaves  of  vellum  are  introduced. 
194*  *  B.  c.  ApoUoniua  of  Rhodes  writea 

Argonautica  and  other  poems. 
2<!  Century  B.  c.     The  Battle  of  Frogs  and 

Mice  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

294  *  *  B.  r.  Turk.  Demetrius  Polior- 
cetes.son  of  Antigonus,  murders  Alex- 
ander, son  of  Cassander,  and  seizes  the 
crown  of  Macedonia. 

*  *  *B.  c.  An  ag^rarian  agitation  arises 
at  Sparta ;  the  movement  is  put  down. 

220  *  *  B.  c.  Egy.  Cleomenes,  King  of 
Sparta,  kills  himself  in  Egypt. 

213*  *B.  c.  Aratus,  the  statesman,  a 
former  friend  of  Philip,  is  slowly  pois- 
oned by  order  of  the  king  at  ..^ium. 

STATE. 

311*  ♦B.C.  Cassander  kills  Roxana  and 
her  son,  the  last  of  Alexander's  family, 
and  becomes  master  of  Greece. 

308  •  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Cleopatra,  the  last 
survivor  of  the  royal  house  of  Macedon, 
is  assassinated  by  order  of  Cassander. 

307*  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Demetrius  I., 
Poliorcetes,  son  of  Antigonus,  expels 
Demetrius  Phalerius,  and  restores  to 
power  the  democracy. 

306  *  *  B.  r.  Antigonns  and  his  son  De- 
metrius assume  the  title  of  king. 
[Their  example  is  followed  by  Seleucus, 
Lysimachus,  and  Cassander.] 

301  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  After  the  battle 
of  Ipsus,  a  third  and  final  division  of 
the  empire  of  Alexander  is  made. 

Seleucus  and  Lysimachus  share  be- 
tween them  the  possession  of  Antigo- 
nus, who  was  killo<l  at  Ipsus.  Demetnua 
becomes  a  fugitive. 

206  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Cassander  dies, 
and  is  succeeded  on  the  throne  of  Mace- 
donia by  his  eldest  son,  Philip  IV. 

295  •  *  B.  c.  Epirus  is  ruled  by  Pyr- 
rhus,  the  greatest  soldier  of  his  day. 

*  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Philip  IV.  dies,  and  his 
brothers,  Antipater  and  Alexander 
v.,  dispute  for  the  throne. 

204  •  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Demetrius  I.,  Po- 
liorcetes, murders  Alexander  V.,  and 
seizes  the  crown  of  Macedon.  He  also 
reigns  over  the  greater  part  of  Greece. 
[287.    Forced  to  abandon  Macedonia.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Antipater  II.  is  put  to  death  by 
Lysimachus. 

293**B.c.  Asia.  SeleucuBdivides 
Ills  empire,  and  gives  his  son  Antiochus 
all  lying  east  of  the  Euphrates. 


287  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Pyrrhus  becomes 
King  of  Macedon.  [281.  Ptolemy  Ce- 
r  annus. 

286*  *B.  c.  Turk.  Lysimachus  is 
king  of  Thrace ;  he  drives  Pyrrhus  out 
of  Macedonia. 

281  *  *  II.  c.  The  empire  of  Alexander 
for  a  few  weeks  seems  about  to  unite 
again  under  Seleucus  after  the  battle  of 
Corpudion. 

280  *  ♦  B.  c.  Turk.  Seleucus  is  assas- 
sinated by  Ptolemy  Ceraunus,  who 
thereby  gains  Thrace  and  Macedonia. 
Ptolemy  is  killed  by  the  Gauls. 

±  •  *  B.  c.  The  Achaean  League  is  es- 
tablished, or  revivetl. 

Four  cities  — Dynie,  Patrae,  Tritaea, 
and  Pherje  — unite  in  a  confederation 
against  Macedonian  domination.  [In  a 
short  time  they  are  joined  by  most  of 
the  principal  cities  of  Greece.] 

— ^—  The  JEjtolian  League  is  founded. 
i'Etolians  and  other  tribes  of  northern 

Greece  confederate  ;  and  although  their 

object  is  national  unity,  the  League  often 

takes  sides  with   Macedonia  or  Rome, 

against  the  Achaean  League. 
270':*  *B.  c.    Turk.    Sostlienes,  ruler  of 

Macedonia,  dies,  and  anarchy  follows. 
278-246    B.C.    Turk.    Antigonus Gon- 

atas,  son  of  Demetrius,  gains  permanent 

possession  of  Macedonia. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  vast  empire  of  Alexander 
Is  under  three  governments ;  Egypt  is 
ruled  by  the  descendants  of  Ptolemy 
Soter,  Asia  by  the  Seleucidffi,  and  Mace- 
donia by  the  Antigonid;«. 

277  *  *  B.  r.  A  triangular  league  is 
formed  between  Athens,  Sparta,  and 
Egypt, 

273  •  *  B.  c.  Pyrrhus,  King  of  Epirus, 
having  defeated  Antigonus  the  second 
time,  is  proclaimed  king. 

272  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Antigonus  is  re- 
stored to  the  throne  of  Macedonia. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Athens  ceases  to  have  any 
political  influence  in  Greece  ;  it  contin- 
ues the  seat  of  learning  and  culture. 

255  ♦  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Antigonus  libe- 
rates the  Athenians. 

251  *  •  B.  c.    Aratua  liberates  Sicyon. 

250*  •B.C.  Asia.  Arsaces  revolts 
against  Antiochus  11.,  Kingof  Syria,  and 
founds  the  Parthian  monarchy. 

245  *  *  B.  c.  Aratus  of  Sicyon  is  first 
elected  general  of  the  Achaean  League. 
[It  very  soon  rises  to  national  impor- 
tance. 243.  He  captures  Corinth,  and 
it  immediately  joins  the  League.] 

244  *  *  B.  c.  Agis  rV,  attempts  to  re- 
vive the  laws*  of  Lycurgus,  and  the 
ancient  virtue  in  Sparta.  [241.  He  fails, 
and  is  killed.] 

243  *  *  B.  c.  Ijeonidas  II.  vacates  the 
throne  of  Sparta,  and  becomes  a  fugitive. 
[241.  Recalled;  becomes  sole  sovereign.] 

241  *  *  B.  r.  Sicily.  All  the  Grecian 
colonies  pass  under  Roman  rule  ex- 
ce])t  Syracuse. 

239  *  *  B.  ('.  Turk.  Antigonus  Gona- 
tas,  King  of  Macedon.  dies.  Demetrius 
H.  iaking.    [229.    Philip  \^,  eight  years 


of  age,  succeeds  his  father.  Antigonus 
Doson,  his  uncle,  is  regent.] 
236  *  *  B.  c.  Cleomenes  III.  becomes 
King  of  Sparta.  [2'2.'i.  Ho  carries  out 
the  reformation  attempted  by  Agis.  219. 
Agesipolis  and  Lycurgus  reign.] 

*  *  B.  < .  The  Athenians  join  the  Achae- 
an League. 

228  *  *  B.  c.  Sparta  and  the  .ffitolian 
League  join  forces  against  tho  Achaean 
League. 

*  *  It.  c.  Koman  ambassadors  are  first 
received  at  Alliens  and  Corinth.  [225+:. 
A  second  embassy  is  received.] 

225 ±  *  *  B.  c.  Antigonus  Doson  of 
Macedonia  is  elected  general  of  the 
Achaean  League.  [221.  He  enters  Sparta, 
and  restores  the  oligarchy,  and  forces 
an  alliance  with  the  Achjean  League.] 

220^*  *  B.  r.  Turk.  Macedonians  at- 
tain supremacy  in  the  Achaean  League. 

*  *  B.  0.  Antigonus  dies,  and  his  nephew, 
Philip  v.,  succeeds  him. 

215  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Philip  V.  of  Mace- 
don concludes  a  treaty  with  Hannibal 
against  Home. 

211  *  *  B.  f.  The  ^tolian  League  forms 
an  alliance  with  the  Romans  against 
Philip  V.     [198.    Against  the  Achjeans.] 

209  *  *  B.  c.  The  Achaeans,  being  hard 
pressed  by  the  ^Etolians,  call  in  the  aid 
of  Philip  V. 

208*  *  E.  0.  Philopoemen/'theliistof 
the  Greeks,"  is  elected  general  of  the 
Achaean  League. 

205  *  *  B.  c.  The  Romans  make  peace 
with  Philip  V. 

204  *  *  B.  c.  Philip  V.  makes  a  treaty 
with  Antiochus  the  Great  for  the  parti- 
tion of  the  Egyptian  dependencies,  by 
which  he  receives  Thrace  and  western 
Asia  IVUnor.  [This  leads  to  war  with 
Attalus  of  Pergamus  and  Rhodes.] 

198  *  *  B.  r.  The  Achaean  League  enters 
an  alliance  with  the  Romans,  and  de- 
serts Philip  V. 

197  *  *  B.  c.  Philip  v.,  being  defeated  at 
Cynoscephalje,  is  compelled  to  abandon 
all  the  Greek  cities  which  he  held, 
either  in  Europe  or  Asia,  and  pay  a  large 
war  indemnity. 

196**  B.C.  Athens.  TheRomanssol- 
enmly  proclaim  liberty. 

192  *  *  B.  c.  Sparta  joins  the  Achsean 
League. 

190  *  *  B.  c.  The  entire  Peloponnesus  is 
under  one  government— the  Achaean 
League.    [1S3±.    Its  power  declines.] 

189  *  *  B.  c.  The  JEtolians  are  defeated 
by  the  Romans,  and  obtain  peace  on 
humiliating  terms  ;  their  League  is  prac- 
tically crushed. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Romans  declare  the  free- 
dom of  £!pirus. 

188  *  *  B.  c.    The  laws  of  Lycurgus  in 

Sparta  are  abrogated  by  Philopoemen. 
183*  *  B.  c.   The  Messenians  withdraw 

from  the  League,  and  war  follows. 
179  *  *  B.  c.     Turk.     Philip  V.  dies,  and 

is  succeeded  by  his  son,  Peraeus  [the 

last  king  of  Macedonia]. 


1028     171  *  *  B.c.-A.  D.  394,  Sept.  6.     GREECE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

171-168  B.  ('.  Turk.  Third  war  with 
Rome. 

Cause  :  Perseus,  son  of  Philip  V.,  seeks 
revenge,  and  desires  to  regain  the  former 
houndaries  of  Macedonia.  The  war  ends 
in  the  destruction  of  the  monarchy,  and 
in  the  annexation  of  Macedonia  as  a  prov- 
ince of  Konie.  (168  Autumn.)  Perseus 
defeats  the  Romans  in  Thessaly. 

168  Jiiiie  22.  B.  c.  Turk.  Battle  of 
Pydna. 

The  Romans  under  L.  ^Emilius  Pau- 
lus  utterly  defeat  Perseus,  killing  20,000 
and  capturing  11,000  Macedonians.  [Im- 
mense spoils  are  taken  to  Rome.  Paulus 
receives  a  splendid  triumph.] 

148-146    Fourth  war  with  Rome.    (See 

Italy.) 
146  *  *  B.  c.    The  Achaean  War. 

It  is  incited  by  tlie  anti-Uonian  party  : 
the  Achaean  League  attacks  Sparta,  aiul 
Romans  come  to  its  aid. 

*  *  B.C.  Turk.  The Achseans under Crito- 
laus  are  defeated  by  Quintus  Csecilius 
Metellus,  the  Roman  general  at  Scar- 
phea,  in  Locris. 

*  *  B.  c.    Battle  of  Leucopetra. 

Bireus  summons  all  on  the  isthmus  ■who 
can  bear  arms,  and  enlists  12,(XX)  slaves, 
but  he  is  defeated  by  Romans  under  I.. 
Mummuis. 

*  *  B.  c.  Corinth  falls  without  a  blow  ; 
its  art  treasures  are  sent  to  Rome,  and 
its  people  made  slaves. 

88  *  *  n.  c.  The  Athenians  obtain  assis- 
tance against  the  Romans  from  Mithri- 
dates,  King  of  Pontus  ;  Archelaus,  his 
general,makeshimself  master  of  Athens. 

86  Mar.  1.  b.  c.  Athena,  long  be- 
sieged, is  forced  to  surrender  to  Sulla. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Roman  general  Sulla,  with 
30,000  to  40,000,  defeats  Archelaus  with 
110,000+:  at  Clijeronea  and  Orchomenos. 
[Peace  follows  between  Rome  and  Mith- 
ridates.] 

78-67  B,  c.  Rome  is  at  war  with  the 
pirates,  who  sail  1,000  ships.  Crete  is 
seized  as  their  ally. 

72  *  *  B.  c.  S.  It.  Thurii,  a  Greek  city, 
is  captured  by  Spartacns  and  compelled 
to  make  heavy  contributions. 

42  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  The  battle  of  Phil- 
ippi  in  Macedonia. 

Tlie  republicans  under  Brutus  and  Cas- 
sius  are  defeated  by  Octavius  ami  Mark 
Antony  ;  the  fate  of  the  republic  is  here 
decided. 

31    Sept.  ♦    B.  c.    Battle  of  Actium. 

The  combined  fleets  of  Antony  and 
Cleopatra  are  defeated  byOctavian,  who 
thereby  secures  supreme  rule  over  the 
Roman  realm. 

211-217  A.  T).  The  Germanic  troops 
invade  Greece.  [■244-249.  Devastating 
hordes  of  Germans  appear.  249-251. 
Turk.  Goths  and  Germans  ravage 
Thrace  and  Moesia.] 

249  *  *  Turk.  A  great  battle  is  fought 
near  Philippi  ;  the  city  is  taken,  and  the 
Komans  defeated  by  barbarians  ;  100,000 
inhabitants  are  put  to  death. 

251*  *  Bulgaria.  (?)  The  Romans  are  de- 
feated in  a  battle  with  the  Goths,  near 
Abricium  on  the  Danube ;  the  Emperor 
Decius  and  his  son  are  killed. 

256  *  *  The  Goths  make  piratical  expe- 
ditions into  Greece.  [267.  They  ravage 
southern  (ireece  without  hindrance,  and 


pillage  Corinth,  Sparta,  Argos,  Tegea, 
and  Athens.] 

267  *  *  Two  Roman  armies  destroy  or 
expel  the  Goths. 

269  *  *  Turk.  A  great  host  of  320,000 
Goths  invade  Greece,  but  are  defeated 
by  Claudius  II.  ;  they  settle  in  Thrace, 
or  are  drafted  into  the  Roman  legions. 

314*  *  Indecisive  hostilities  occur  be- 
tween Constantine  and  Licinius,  his  col- 
league.   Peace  follows. 

323  July  3.  Turk.  Constantine  com- 
pletely defeats  lacinius  near  Adriano- 
ple. 

367  *  *  Many  Goths  perish  in  a  naval 
engagement  with  the  Romans  near  the 
Hellespont. 

378  Aug.  9.  Turk.  The  emperor  Va- 
lens  is  defeated  at  Adrianople  by  the 
Goths  ;  he  and  most  of  his  generals  are 
killed. 

382  *  *  Thirk.  T  h  e  o  d  o  s  i  u  s  enrols  the 
Goths  in  the  Empire. 

388  June*  Aust.-Hung.  Theodosius 
the  Great  defeats  and  kills  Maxinuis 
Magnus,  at  Aquileia ;  but  nearly  anni- 
hilates his  own  army  in  the  struggle. 

394  Sept.  6.  Aust.  Eugeniua,  the 
usurping  emperor  of  the  West,  is  de- 
feated and  killed  by  Theodosius  at  Fri- 
gidus,  near  Aquileia. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE . 

160-125  B.C.  Hipparchusof Nicfea, in 
Bithynia  [first  and  greatest  of  Grecian 
astronomers],  flourishes. 

He  founds  scientific  astronomy,  cata- 
logues the  stars,  invents  the  planisphere, 
calculates  eclipses,  and  discovers  the 
eccentricity  of  the  solar  orbit,  some  of 
the  inequalities  of  the  moon's  motions, 
and  the  procession  of  the  equinoxes. 

105*  *B.  0.(106?)  Four  cities  in  Asia, 
two  in  Greece,  and  two  in  Galatia  are 
overturned  by  earthquakes. 

22  *  *  B.  c.  Bfrnie.  Pantomime  plays 
are  introduced  on  the  Roman  stage  by 
Pylades  and  Bathyllus. 

17  *  •a.  D.  Asia  M.  Ephesus  is  nearly 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake. 

67  *  *  The  Emperor  Nero  despoils  Cor- 
inth of  its  treasures  in  art ;  he  projecta 
a  canal  across  the  isthmus. 

170*  *  Galen,  an  eminent  surgeon, 
flourishes. 

262  *  *  Asia  M,  The  hordes  of  Goths 
destroy  the  famous  temple  of  Diana 
in  Ephesus,  having  120  pillars  and  con- 
taining masterpieces  of  art,  the  chief 
of  which  are  the  works  of  Praxiteles. 

340  *  *  Many  Grecian  cities  are  destroyed 
by  earthquakes. 

346-379  Athens.  Hilaritis,  a  painter, 
arrives  from  Bithynia. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

160*  *  Arlstarchus    of   Samothrace,    gram- 
marian, critic,  born.     [88.     Dies.] 
'Jd  Century.      Apollodorus,    Athenian    gram- 
marian, born. 
HipparchuB  of  Nicsea,  founder  of  science  of 
aBtronomy,  born. 
135  ♦*  PoBidonius,  Stoic  phil.,b.     [51.    Dies.] 
2d  or  1st  Century.     Dioacorides,  phy.,  wr.,  1). 
74  *  *  Damascenns,  NicolauB,  historian,  phi- 
losopher, born. 
70*  *  Dionysius  of  HalicarnaaeuB,  hist.,  b. 
lat  Century.    Andronicus  of  Rhodea,  Peripa- 
tetic pliilosopher,  born. 
Aselepiadea  BitliynuB,  physician,  born. 
I)iodorns  Siculua,  historian,  born. 
Menippiis,  poet,  Cynic  philosopher,  born. 


63  *  •  Strabo,  geographer,  b.    [24  a.  d.    1>.] 
4  *  *  ApolloniiiB  Tyanieua,  Pythagorean  i)hi- 
loBopher,  born.     [97  a.  u.    Dies.] 


46  A.  o.  *  *  Plutarch,   biographer,    phlloBo- 

pher,  born.     [120.     Dies.] 
50*  *  Archelaus, sculptor, born.  [117.  Dlea.] 
1st  Century.    Apion,  ^aramarian.  hist.,  bom. 
60  i     Epictetus,  .Stoic  philosopher,  born. 
95  *  *  DtonysiuB    the   Areopagite,   Christian 

bialiop,  dies. 
lOO  •  *  Arriaii,  historian,  born.     [170.     Diea.j 
103  *  *  Justin  the  Martyr.  Christian  Father, 

born.     [165.     Dies.] 
104*  *  Herodea,   Til>eriua  Claudius  Atticus, 
Athenian  orator,  statesman,  b.     [180.    I).] 
120*  *  Lucian.  mis.  wr.,  b.    [210.    Dies.] 
139  *  *  Aristides,  ora.,  sopliist,  b,     [186.     I>.] 
130*  *  IrenajuB,  Saint,  bishopof  LyonB,boni. 

[202.     Dies.] 
131  *  *  Galen,  Claudiua,  phys.,  au.,  phil.,  b. 
i'd  Century,    .^lian,  Claudius,  rlietorician,  b. 

.\lcephron, epistolary  author,  born. 

Athenieus,  grammarian,  born. 

Athenagoraa,  philosopher,  born. 

Aquila  Ponticua,  translator,  born. 

Cleomedea,  astronomer,  born. 

Dionysius  of  IJyzantium,  poet,  bom. 

Hermogenes,  rhetorician,  born. 

Marcion,  (ireek  heresiarch,  bom. 

]Vlo8chu8,  poet,  born. 

Oppian,  poet,  born. 

Pausanias,  traveler,  writer,  born. 
155  *  *  Dion  Cassiua,  historian,  born. 
175  t     Philostratus,  biog.,  b.  [246±.     Dies.] 
2d  or  3d  Century.    Alexander  of  Aphrodiaias, 

philoaopher,  born. 
233  *  *  Porphyry,    Neoplatonic    philoaopher, 

anti-Christian  writer,  born.     [304.    Diea.] 
3d  Century.    Diogenes  Laertius,  hist.,  phil.,  b. 

Herodian,  historian,  born. 
250  *  *  Alexander,  first  bp.  of  Cappadocia,  d. 
256+     Ariue,  fdr.  Arianism,  b.    [336.    D.] 
265*  *  DionysinsofAlexantiria,  Saint,  bp.,d. 
266  *  *  Eusebiue.  bishop  of  Cwsaria,  histo- 
rian, born.     [349.     Dies.] 

272  *   *  Constantine   the   Great,    emperor, 
born.     [337.     Dies.] 

273  *  *  Longinns,  Dionysius  Cassius,  phil.,  d. 
380  *  *  Dexippua,  Publiiia  H.,  hist.,  gen.,  d. 
318*  *  EpiphaniuB,  bp.,au.,  b.     [403.     Dies.] 
326  *  *  Basil,  Saint,  a  Father  of  the   (jreek 

Church,  born.     [379.    Diea.] 
333*  ♦Gregory,    Saint,    bishop    of    Myssa, 

Greek  Father,  born.     [390+.     Dies.] 
347  *  *  Eimapius,  physician,  sophist,  born. 
ChryaoBtom,  .lolin,  archbishop  of  Constanti- 
nople, writer,  born.     [407.     Dies.] 
4th  Century.     Arnobius,  rliet.,  aiiologist.  b. 

Heliodorua,  hp.  of  Emeaaa,  romance  wr.,  b. 
870  •  *  Hypatift,  phil.,  math.,  b.  [416.  D.] 
375  •  *  Eutyches,   heresiarch   of   Eastern 

Church,  born.     [464.     Dies.] 
390*  *  MarcianuB,  emperor,  born.    [457.    D.] 
Theodoret,  bp.  of  Cyprus,  hist.,  b.    [457.    D-i 


CHURCH.  ■ 

Note.  —  For  the  list  of  popes  see  Italy. 

52  *  'A.  D.  St.  Paul  visits  Philippi.  Thes- 
saloniea,  Berea,  also  Athens  and  Corinth. 
[57.  He  returns  to  Corinth.  58.  He 
visits  Philippi.  63.  He  visits  Macedo- 
nia.   67.    He  visits  Nicopolis.]    (See  It.) 

150±  *  *  The  Christian  apologists  tlourisb. 

312  *  *  Turk.  Constantine  the  Great 
professes  the  Christian  religion. 

Oct.  29.  Turk.  Constantine,  by  edict, 
restores  the  civil  and  religious  rights. 

319+  *  *  Immersion  is  practised  among 
the  Eastern  Christians,  while  sprinkling 
is  practised  in  the  Western  churches. 

+  *  *  £gy.  Alexander,  bishop  of  Alexan- 
dria, investigates  the  Arian  heresy. 
f.321.  Arius  is  excommunicated.  336. 
Recalled  from  exile.] 

*  *  *  Athanasius  defends  the  doctrine  of 
the  Trinity. 

324  i:  *  *  Asia  ^r.  Constantine  restores 
religious  liberty  to  the  Christians. 

325  June  19-Aug.  25.  Asia  M.  T!ie 
second  general  Council,  of  318  bish- 
ops, is  held  at  Nice,  the  Emperor  Con- 
stantine presiding.  The  Arians  are  con- 
demned. 

328*  *  Egy.  Athanasius  is  made  pa- 
triarch of  Alexandria  (1).  654). 


GREECE.      171  *  *  B.c.-A.n.  394,  Sept.  6.    1029 


330^*  *  Constantinople.  Constantine 
iiiul  hif»  court  lavor  the  condemned  doc- 
trine of  Arius.  He  ordeifi  the  heathen 
temples  to  be  destroyed. 

341i  •  *  Ciynstantinople..  Macedonius, 
u  senii-Arian,  is  nmde  bishop  of  Con- 
stantinople :  his  followers  are  called 
Maoedonians;  much  bloodshed  follows 
his  appointment.    [3G0.    He  is  expelled.] 

361  Nov.  3.  Julian  the  apostate  be- 
comes emperor.  [He  opposes  Chris- 
tianity, and  attempts  the  restoration  of 
heathen  worship.] 

*  *  *  Asia  Af.  Basil  the  Great  and 
Gregory  the  Theologian,  two  of  the 
Fathers,  flourish  in  Cappadocia. 

370*  *  Constantinople.  Archbishop 
£iusebiu8  (organizer  of  the  Arians)  dies, 
and  Basil  succeeds  hini'in  the  Metro- 
{>oUtau  See ;  he  strongly  supports  tlie 
orthodox  doctrine  against  Arianism. 

379  Jan.  1.  Constant mopfe.  Bishop 
Basil  dies,  and  is  mourned  by  all,— 
pagans,  Jews,  and  Christians. 

380  *  *  Constantinople.  Theodosius,  by 
edict,  proclaims  tue  Athanasian  doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity  as  orthodox, 
brands  as  heretics  its  oijposers,  and 
turns  over  the  churches  of  Constantino- 
ple to  the  exclusive  use  of  the  Trinita- 
rian minority. 

381  July  0.  Constantinople.  The 
third  General  Council  is  convoked  by 
Theodosius  t<>  determine  the  catholic 
tloctrine  regarding  the  Holy  Ghost. 

It  is  attended  by  150  orthodox  bishops 
and  :J6  semi- Arians  (Macedonians).  The 
Macedonians,  Arians,  Eunoniians,  Eu- 
4loxlaus,  and  others  are  condemned,  and 
the  resolutions  of  the  Council  of  Nice 
are  conrtrme<l.  The  bishop  of  Constan- 
tinople is  assigned  the  second  rank,  next 
to  the  bishop  of  Rome. 

*  *  Nectarius  is  elected  bishop  of  Con- 
stantinople. 

LETTERS. 

145-122  B.  c.  A  History  of  Rome  in  40 
books  is  written  by  Polybius. 

90t  *  *B.  <?.    Athens.     Apellicon,  a 

Peripatetic  philosopher,  makes  a  great 

collection  of  twoks. 
84  *  *  B.  0.    Athens.    The  libraries  are 

removed  to  IU>me  by  Sylla  tlie  Dictator. 
79  *  *  B.  c.    Athens.    Cicero  is  a  student 

here.    [42.    Horace  also.] 
68*  *  B.  r.   Andronicus,  the  Peripatetic 

philosopher  of  Rhodes,  flourishes. 
10*  *  B.  c.      Historical     Library,    in   40 

books,  is  written  by  Diodorus  Siculus. 
7t  *  *  B.  <:.    Dionysius  of  Halicamas- 

8U»  writes  a  history  of  Rome  and  other 

historical,  rhetorical,  and  critical  works. 

10  *  *  A.  D.  Strabo  composes  a  geograph- 
ical work  in  17  books. 
46  *  *  Plutarch,  the  biographer,  philostt- 
pher,  moralist,  is  born  in  Bceotia. 

He  writes  Parallel  JAvcs  of  GO  eminent 
Greeks  and  Romans  [46  of  which  are  ex- 
tant). Several  other  biographies,  also 
various  philosophical,  ethical,  and  other 
works. 
52  *  *  St.  Paul  writes  tlie  First  Epistl? 
to  the  Thessalonians  from  Corinth. 

r.W.  The  Second  Epistle  to  the  Thexsn/oni- 
aris  from  Corinth;  .57,  First  Epistle  to  the 
Corinthians  from  Kpliesus  and  the  Mecon^i 
from  Macedonia,  and  Epistle  to  the  (lalatitms 
from  Corinth ;  .58,  Epistle  to  the  liomaus  from 
Corinth;  62,  Epistle  to  Philemon.  Epistle  to 
the  Colossians,  Epistle  to  the  Philippians^ 
from  Konie;  67,  First  Epistle  to  Timothy  from 
Macedonia,  and  Epistle  to  Titus  from  Kphe- 
Bus;  68,  Second  Epistle  to  Timothy  from 
Rome.  J 
81  *  *  Dio  ChrysCffltomus,  rhetorician 
and  philosopher,  writes  orations.  [Eighty 
of  them  are  extant.] 


117  *  *  The  Oncmasticon,  a  collection  of 
vocabularies  in  Greek,  by  Julius  Pollux, 
appears. 

140±  *  *  A  History  of  Home,  in  24  booKS, 
by  Appian,  appears. 

169  *  *  Diogenes  Laertius  writes  a  his- 
tory of  philosophy  in  10  books. 

2d  Century.  Flavins  Arrianus  writes 
Lectures  of  Epictetua,  and  publishes  an 
abstract  of  Epictetus's  philosophy,  a 
book  on  Alexander's  Asiatic  expedition. 
Athenaius  writes  lianquet  of  the 
Learned  and  other  works, 

*  *  * 'L\\cia.n-wT\le)»  Dial og^tes of  the  Gods, 
lJialo(fues  of  the  Dead,  Auction  of  Philos- 
opher's, Timon,  and  I'eracioxis  History. 

230±  *  *  Dion  Cassins  writes  a  History 
of  Home  in  80  books. 

249  i:  *  *  Ilerodian  writes  a  History  of 
Home  (180-238). 

3d  Century.  Pausanias  writes  Perieffesis 
of  Greece. 

276  *  *  Porphyry  writes  a  treatise 
against  the  Christians,  a  I/ife  of  Plo- 
tinus,  A  Life  of  Pythagoras. 

3d  Century.  Dionysius  Cassius  Longi- 
nus  writes  many  critical  philosophical 
works  [now  lost]. 

SOCIETY. 

167  *  *  B.  c.  Home.  Perseus  and  his  sons 
walk  in  chains  before  the  chariot  of 
iEmilius  in  his  triumph. 

390*  *  A.  D.  Massacre  at  Thessalo- 
nica ;  7,000  persons  are  invited  into  the 
circus  and  put  to  the  sword,  because  of 
sedition,  by  order  of  Theodosius. 

STATE. 

168  *  ♦  n.  c.  Tu7'k.  The  Macedonian 
empire  ends  in  the  defeat  of  Perseus. 

167*  *  B.  r.  One  thousand  of  the  princi- 
pal Greek  citizens  are  carried  to  Rome. 

155  *  *  B.  c.  Diogenes,  Carneades,  and 
Critolaus  are  sent  (»n  an  embassy  to 
Rome. 

148*  *  B.  r.  'Furl,:  The  insurrection 
of  Andriscus,  calling  himself  Philip, 
son  of  Perseus,  is  quelk-d. 

147  *  *  B.  V.  Two  Roman  commis- 
sioners are  sent  to  (ireece  to  settle  the 
disputes  between  the  states. 

146  *  *  B.  ( .  The  Achaean  League  be- 
comes extinct  after  the  surrender  of 
Corinth.  Macedonia  becomes  a  Roman 
province. 

145-1453.  Greece  is  subject  to  Rome. 
(See  Italy.) 

140  *  *  B.  c.  A  Roman  proconsul  ar- 
rives. 

120  ±  *  *  B.  c.  Hu8.  Kherson,  the  Do- 
rian colony,  comes  under  the  sway  of 
Mithridates,  King  of  Pontus. 

84*  *  B.  r.  Asia  M.  Mithridates  makes 
peace  with  the  Romans. 

He  stirrenders  Bithynia  and  Cappa- 
docia to  their  former  rulers,  Paphla- 
gonia  and  Asia  Minor  to  the  Romans, 
and  is  secured  in  the  possession  of  the 
rest  of  his  dominions. 

67  *  *  B.  ('.  Crete  becomes  a  Roman 
province. 

46  *  *  B.  c.  Corinth  is  rebuilt  by  Julius 
Cseaar. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Greece  is  the  center  of  con- 
tention in  the  great  civic  wars  of  the 
Ko) 


42  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Sadales,  King  of  the 
Odrysae,  bequeaths  his  territory  t<)  the 
Romans. 

31-14  B.  c.  Home.  Augustus  reigns. 
[21.    He  visits  and  favors  Greece.] 

27  *  *  B.  c.  Achaia  and  Macedonia  be- 
come senatorial  provinces  of  Rome 
under  the  name  Acuaia. 


67  *  *  A.  D.  Nero  visits  Greece,  and 
takes  part  in  the  Olympic  games. 

117-138    Home.    Hadrian  reigns. 

He  becomes  popular  at  Athens  because 
of  his  restoration  of  temples,  patronage 
of  art,  and  the  granting  of  Roman  citi- 
zenship to  Athenians.  [138-lGl.  An- 
toninus Pius  reigns.  161-180.  Marcus 
Aurelius;  he  is  deeply  interested  in 
Grecian  art  and  literature.] 

193-211  Home.  Septimius  Se varus 
secures  the  throne  in  a  struggle  among 
five  claimants  ;  the  cities  of  Greece  suf- 
fer in  the  contention,  which  shakes  the 
foundations  of  the  empire. 

211-217  Home.  Caracalla  reigns;  he 
is  cruel  and  relentless.  An  invasion  of 
the  Germanic  tribes  takes  place. 

[217-218.  Macrinus.  218-222,  Klafiabalus; 
222-235,  Alexander  .Serverus;  235-237,  Maxi- 
mlniiB;  237,  (lordlanus  I.,  (lordianus  II.; 
238,  Pupienns  Maximus,  Jialbinus;  238-244, 
Gordtaiius  111.] 

244-249  Hmne.  Philip  the  Arabian 
reigns  ;  Germans  invade  northern 
Greece. 

249-251    Rome.    Decius  reigns. 

251-253  Home.  Trebonianus  Gallua 
reigns ;  he  purchases  peace  with  the 
barbarians  by  the  payment  of  tribute, 
and  permitting  thera  to  carry  away 
booty  and  captives. 

253  *  *  Home,  ^milianus  reigns  ;  ir- 
ruption of  Scythians. 

253-260    Valerian  reigns. 

The  irruption  of  Scythians  continues  : 
they  destroy  temples  and  edifices,  and 
murder  and  plunder  without  restraint. 

260-268  Home.  Gallienus  reigns  ;  the 
(;oths  from  the  lUack  Sea  come  in  ships 
to  invade  the  empire. 

270-275  Home.  Aurelian  reigns ;  in- 
vasion of  Goths  ;  Dacia  is  sacrificed  iu  a 
treaty  of  peace. 

276-282    Rome.    Probus  reigns. 

He  cedes  to  the  Goths  vast  territories 
iu  Thrace  after  defeating  them  in  bat- 
tle ;  he  also  admits  them  to  the  rights 
and  privileges  of  Roman  citizens. 

305  *  *  Galerius,  one  of  the  four  Cjpsars, 
rules  in  Illyricum,  including  Macedonia 
and  Greece. 

323  *  *  Home.  Constantine  is  the  sole 
emperor. 

330  May  11.  Turk.  Constantine  dedi- 
cates Constantinople  as  the  new  cap- 
ital of  the  Roman  Empire,  styling  it 
Second  or  New  Rome.  [337.  May  21. 
He  dies,  and  is  succeeded  in  a  divided 
empire  by  his  three  sons ;  widespread 
anarchy  follows.] 

364  *  *  The  Roman  Empire  is  divided 
into  the  Eastern  or  Grecian,  and  the 
Western  Empires. 

June*  Home.  The  Emperor Valentinian 
bestows  on  his  brother  Valens  tlie  title 
of  Augustus,  with  the  government  of 
the  East. 

378  Aue.  9.  Valens  is  killed  in  bat- 
tle by  the  (fOths  [who  overrun  Thrace, 
Macedonia,  and  Tnesaaly]. 

379  Jan.  * -395  *  *  Constantinople. 
Theodosius  the  Great  reigns  in  the 
East :  he  supports  Christianity. 

388  June  *  It.  Theodosius  I.  makes 
Valentinian  sole  emperor  of  theW"***^- 


1030      395,*  *-711,= 


GREECE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

395  ±  *  *  Alaric,  King  of  the  West  Goths, 
lays  waste  Macedonia,  Illyria,  Pelopou- 
nesus,  and  other  parts  of  Greece. 

306  *  *  Athena  is  taken  by  Alaric,  but 
spared  from  slaughter. 

398*  *  Asia  M.  The  Huns  lay  waste 
many  provinces.  [405.  The  Huns  under 
L'ldih  misuccessfully  invade  Thrace.] 

419  *  *  The  great  walls  of  Constantino- 
ple are  built  as  a  protection  against  the 
barbarians  by  Athemius,  the  general  of 
Theodosiua  II. 

424*  *  Turk.  Attila,  the  Scourge  of  God, 
leads  the  ravaging  Huns  to  the  suburbs 
of  Constantinople.  [441.  He  besieges 
the  city.    445.    He  ravages  the  empire.] 

474  *  *  Tiu-k.  Theodoric  the  Great, 
chief  of  the  Ejist  Goths,  invades  the 
Eastern  Empire,  and  ravages  Thrace. 
[476.    Zeno  makes  him  his  general.] 

489  Aug.  28.  Theodoric  defeats 
Odoacernear  Aquileia.  [Sept.  27.  Again 
near  Verona,  Italy.  490.  Aug.  *  He  de- 
cisively defeats  him  on  the  banks  of  the 
Adda,  in  Italy.  490-493.  He  besieges  and 
captures  Ravenna,  and  subdues  all  Italy. 
493.    Mar.  5.  He  puts  Odoacer  to  death,] 

493  *  •  Sicily.    Goths  invade  Sicily. 

497  *  *  The  Saracens  invade  the  empire. 

499-678  The  Bulgarians,  a  Slavonic 
tribe,  harass  the  empire. 

511  *  *  Constantinople.  An  insurrec- 
tion resulting  from  the"Nika"  squab- 
bles occurs,  10,000  people  are  killed.  [It 
is  suppressed  by  bribing  the  leaders.] 

617  *  *  Turk.  Illyria,  Macedonia,  and 
other  provinces  are  ravaged  by  the 
Getie  [from  Bulgaria]. 

629  *  *  War  with  the  Persians;  Beli- 
sarius  defeats  Chosroes. 

532*  *  Constantinople.  Belisarius  res- 
cues Justinian  from  the  insurrection  of 
the  Green  circus  faction ;  30,000  Greeks 
are  slain,  and  the  city  burned. 

532-539  Belisarius  [the  greatest  gen- 
eral of  the  Eastern  Empire]  commands 
the  armies. 

633-534  Aj'r.  Belisarius  destroys  the 
Vandal  power  in  Africa.  [534.  With 
16,000  mercenaries  he  defeats  Gelinier, 
and  takes  Carthage.  The  first  triumph 
witnessed  in  Constantinople  occurs  on 
his  return.] 

535  *  *  Sicily  is  subjugated  by  Belisa- 
rius. [5;i6.  He  takes  Naples.  536-537.  He 
conquers  Southern  Italy.  536.  He  cap- 
tures Rome  and  defeats  the  East  Goths.] 

537-638  Mar.  *  It.  Belisarius  suc- 
cessfully defends  Rome  against  Vitiges, 
King  of  the  Goths.  [539.  He  captures 
Ravenna.  540.  He  takes  Vitiges  to 
Constantinople.] 

541-543  Belisarius  defends  the  eastern 
frontier  against  the  Persian  king, 
Chosroes.  [He  is  recalled  through  Jus- 
tinian's jealousy  of  his  fame.] 

545  *  *  Belisarius  is  sent  against  the 
Goths  in  Italy.  [546.  He  quells  a  re- 
volt. 548.  He  is  again  recalled,  and  su- 
perseded byNarses.] 

551  *  *  Aust.  The  Slavonians  ravage 
Illyria. 

552  *  *  It.  Narses  defeats  and  kills  To- 
tilas,  King  of  the  Goths,  near  Kome.  [553. 


Mar.  *  Narses  utterly  defeats  and  kills 
Teias,  the  last  king  of  the  West  Goths, 
on  the  Sarnus  River,  in  Italy. 

559  *  *  Constantinople.  Belisarius  is 
called  from  his  retirement  to  repel  the 
Bulgarian  invaders.  [569.  He  is  dis- 
graced and  imprisoned  by  Justinian.] 

563*  *  Narses  becomes  disaffected 
towards  the  empire. 

572  *  *  "War  with  Persia.  [573.  Asia  M. 
Daras,  the  bulwark  of  the  empire,  is 
taken  and  Syria  ravaged  by  Chosroes.] 

574-576  Justin  II.  obtains  several 
splendid  victories  over  the  Persians  ; 
he  also  suffers  some  defeats.  [577i. 
Maurice  conducts  successful  campaigns 
against  the  Persians.] 

590  *  *  The  Avars  invade  the  empire, 
and  spread  over  much  of  Central  Europe. 
[594-620.  The  Greeks  have  severe  con- 
tests with  them.] 

603-628  Chosroes  U.  wages  a  success- 
ful war  against  the  Eastern  Empire, 
which  is  brought  to  the  brink  of  ruin. 

610  *  *  Constantinople.  Heraclius  and 
Crispus,  son-in-law  of  Pbocas,  raise  an 
insurrection.  Heraclius  takes  the 
capital,  kills  Phocas,  and  makes  him- 
self emperor. 

614  June  *  Asia.  The  Persians  cap- 
txire  Jerusalem. 

619  *  *  The  provinces  between  the  Bos- 
porus and  the  Danube  are  devastated 
by  the  Bulgarians,  Avars,  and  Slavoni- 
ans ;  250,000  prisoners  are  carried  off. 

622-628  Heraclius  vanquishes  the 
Persians  in  five  campaigns. 

632  *  *  The  Saracens  invade  the  empire. 
[634.  They  defeat  Heraclius  at  Azna- 
din.    636.    Again  at  Yermuk.] 

641-668  The  Eastern  Empire  suffers 
great  losses  from  the  attacks  of  Arabs 
and  Xiombards.  [638.  Syria  is  con- 
quered by  Arabs.  640.  Also  Alexandria 
in  Egypt.  648.  The  Greek  provinces  in 
Africa.   658.   Constans  purchases  peace.] 

669  *  *  Sicily.  Constantine  IV.  quells  a 
rebellion, 

672  *  *  Constantinople  is  besieged  by 
the  Sara^iens  for  live  months.  [Tliey  re- 
turn for  seven  years  in  sxiccession.] 

677  *  *  Constantinople  is  again  besieged. 

Callinicus    destroys    their    fleet   with 

Greek  fire ;  the  caliph  is  forced  to  pledge 

the  yearly  payment  for  30  years  of  3,000 

pounds  of  gold  as  tribute  to  secure  peace. 

697  *  *  A.'<ia  M.  The  Saracen  caliph, 
Abdalmalek,  subdues  the  provinces 
between  the  Black  and  Caspian  Seas. 

698  *  *  Tunis.  The  Saracens  raze  Car- 
thage, ami  subjugate  thenorthern  coast, 

711  *  *  Turk.  The  Bulgarians  ravage 
the  country  up  to  Constantinople. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

460  *  *  Constantinople.  An  earthquake 
of  40  days'  duration  destroys  the  greater 
part  of  the  city.  [r>57.  Another  destroys 
many  buildings  and  lives.] 

500*  *^tius,  an  eminent  surgeon, 

flourishes. 

648±  *  *  Cotton  paper  Is  introduced. 

672*  *A8^a^f.  The  Colossus  of  Hhodes 
is  broken  up  by  the  Saracens.  Tbey  sell 
the  metal,  720,900  pounds  of  brass,  to  a 


Jew,  who  conveys  it  on  900  camels  to 
Alexandria. 

*  *  *  Greek  fire,  a  combustible  compo- 
sition to  be  thrown  from  engines,  is  in- 
vented ^?)  by  Callinicus,  an  engineer  of 
Heliopolis,  in  Syria,  j 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

410*  *  Proclus,     >'eoplatonic     ptitlosopher, 

born.     [487.    Dies.] 
430*  *  Anastasius  I.,  emperor,  h.     [518.    D.] 
439  *  *  Nestorius,  patriarch  of  Const.,  founder 

of  Nestorians,  dies. 
450  *  •  Justinor  Ju8tinuBl.,emp.,b.  [527. 1).] 
5th  Century.     Diophantus  of  Alexandria,  aU 
gebraist^  born. 

Sozomen,  ecclesiastical  historian,  born. 

Zosinius,  historian,  born. 
474  •  *  Leo  II.,  the  Younger,  emperor,  dies. 
480  *  *  Damascius,  Athenian  philosopher,  b. 
483*  *  Justinian  I.,  emperor,  b.     [565.    1).} 
491  *  •  Zeno,  emi>eror,  dies. 
495  *  *  ProcopiuB,  historian,  b.    [565.    Die8.J 
605  ♦  *  BeliBarlus,  general,  b.     [565.     D.] 
539  ♦  *  Manricius,  Flavius  Tib.,  emperor,  b. 

[602.     Dies.]- 
548  *  *  Theodora,  empress,  I.,  dies. 
()th   Century.    Agathias,  historian,  born. 

Alexander  Trallianns,  medical  writer,  bora. 
673  *  *  Narses.  general,  dies;. 
575  *  *  Heraolius  I.,  emperor,  b.    [641.    I).] 
610*  *  Phocas,  emperor,  dies. 
71 1  *  *  Justinian  II.,  emperor,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

397  Sept.  27.  Turk.  Xectarius  dies, 
and  is  succeeded  (398.  Feb.  26)  by  John 
Chrysostom,  the  "Golden-mouthed." 
[403.  He  exasperates  the  triflers  and 
the  aspiring  clergy,  and  is  sent  into  exile 
after  an  ex  parte  trial.  An  exasperated 
mob  kills  his  enemies,  recalls  him  :  he 
is  restored  to  the  patriarchate.  4(i4. 
June  10.  He,  having  again  angered  the 
Empress  Eudoxia,  is  exiled  to  Armenia.] 

428    Apr.  10.    Turk.    Nestorius  is 

made  patriarch  of  Constantinople. 

431  June  *AsiaM.  The  Fourth  Gen- 
eral Council  is  convoked  at  Ephesus  by 
the  Emperors  Theodosius  and  Valentin- 
ian  III.,  to  condemn  the  Nestorian  her- 
esy. [Nestorius  is  deposed  and  banished.] 

435  *  *  The  Nestorian  heresy  prevails 
in  the  East. 

445  *  *  Turk.  Flavian  is  patriarch  of 
Constantinople. 

461  *  *  The  Monophysite  controversy 
jfrevails,  respecting  the  human  and 
divine  natures  of  Christ. 

The  churches  of  Egypt,  Syria,  and 

Armenia  separate  from  the  church  of 
Constantinople. 

484  *  *A  schism  separates  the  Greek 
and  Roman  Churches. 

Pope  Felix  II.  (?)  excommunicates  the 
Greek  patriarch  Acaclus  of  Constanti- 
nojile,  the  patriarch  of  Alexandria,  and 
the  emperor,  because  of  their  support  *>{ 
the  Henoticon  decree  of  unison.  [Com- 
munion is  interrupted  until  519.] 

492±  *  *  Anastasius  I.  persecutes  Cath- 
olics, and  protects  the  Monophysites. 

*  *  Turk.  The  emperor  Leo  attempts  to 
procure  the  assassination  of  the  Pope, 
who  is  protected  by  the  Romans. 

614*  *  Vitalianus,  a  Gothic  prince  in 
the  service  of  the  emperor,  with  a  pow- 
erful army,  besieges  Constantinople,  and 
forces  Anastasius  to  withdraw  his  sup- 
port from  the  Monophysites. 

518  *  *  Justin  I.  restores  the  orthodox 
bishops  to  their  sees.  [525.  TheArian 
bishops  are  deposed.] 

510  *  *  The  reconciliation  of  the  Greek 
and  Roman  Churches  is  effected. 


GREECE. 


395,**-711,* 


1031 


532  *  *  Constantinople.  The  erection  of 
St.  Sophia  is  begun.    [560.    Dedicated.] 

540 1  *  *The  Monothelites  arise;  they 
teach  that  Jesus  Christ  had  but  one  will. 

553  *  *  Constantinople.  The  Sixth  Gen- 
eral Council  meets. 

It  contleiuns  the  three  chapters  written  by 
Theodore  of  Mopsuestio,  and  others;  also 
the  doctrines  of  Origen,  Arius,  the  Macedo- 
nians, and  others;  Vigilius,  bishop  of  Rome, 
and  others  protest  [afterwards  they  assent]. 

606  *  *  Phociis  is  induced  by  Pope  Boni- 
face III.  to  contine  the  title  "  Universnl 
Bishop"  to  the  bishops  of  Home. 

622  July  16.  Arabia.  The  flight 
(Hegira)  of  Mohammed  occurs  ;  he  es- 
tablishes himself  as  a  prophet  of  God. 

626  *  *  The  Mohammedans  have  cut  off 
from  the  Christian  world  the  churches 
of  Jerusalem,  Alexandria,  and  Antioch. 

634*  *  The  (ireek  Church  begins  the 
struggle  with  the  Mohammeaans. 

638  *  *  Constantinople.  Hera<-lcus  issues 
the  «<Ekthe8i8  or  Exposition/*  by 
which  he  forbids  further  controversy 
respectingoneortwowillsin  JesusChrist. 

676  *  *  It.  The  popes  become  inde- 
pendent of  the  tireek  emperor. 

±  *  •  Syria.  The  Maronite  sect  begins 
to  prevail.  [Maronites  are  readmitted 
into  the  communion  of  the  Roman 
Church  in  the  twelfth  century.] 

681*  *  Constantinople.  The  Seventh 
General  Council  is  called  by  the  em- 
peror to  condemn  the  Monothelites. 

The  emperor  presides  over  its  delibera- 
tions ;  Pope  Honorius  and  several  bish- 
ops are  anathematized. 

690*  *  Armenia.  The  Pauliciansect  is 
severely  persecuted. 

They  abhor  the  worship  of  images, 
believe  in  the  two  original  principles  of 
good  and  evil,  reject  external  forms  in 
religion,  and  hold  to  the  universal  use 
of  toe  Scriptures. 

LETTERS. 

425  •  *  The  Emperor  Theodosius  attempts 
the  revival  of  learning  by  the  establish- 
ment of  public  schools. 

5tk  Century.  Damastesof  Sigeum  writes 
several  works  on  the  history  of  Greece. 

430  *  *  Zosimus  writes  a  history  of  the 
Roman  Empire  in  six  books. 

*  *  Olimpiodorus  writes  a  history  of  the 
Western  Empire  (407-425). 

6tk  Century.  Alexander  Trallianus 
writes  medicjil  works. 

529  *  *  Tlie  schools  of  Athens  are  sup- 
pressed because  they  teach  anti-Chris- 
tian doctrines  in  Platonic  theology. 

*  •  Constant inrtple.  The  Justinian  Code 
is  compiled  and  published  by  command 
of  the  Km]>er<)r  Justinian. 

SOCIETY. 

450  i  *  *  Eudocia,  wife  of  Theodosius 
II.,  is  disgraced  and  exiled.  [She  goes 
to  the  Holy  Land,  where  she  spends  the 
rest  of  her  life  in  works  of  charity  and 
piety.    [460t.    She  dies  in  JeruBalem,] 

4914:*  *  Anastasius  I.  suppresses  the 
cruel  and  degrading  spectacles  where 
men  fought  with  wild  beasts.  He  abol- 
ishes the  sale  of  offices. 

498-520  Constantinople.  Bloody  con- 
flicts frequently  occur  between  the 
Blues  and  Qreens  —  the  circos  fac- 
tions. 

565  Mar.  13.  Belisariua,  the  great 
general,  dies  in  prison.  (?) 


641  *  *  The  Emperor  Constantine  III., 
Heraclius,  is  poisoned  by  his  step- 
mother, Martina. 

668  *  *  Coustaus  II.  ia  assassinated  in  a 
bath. 

695i  *  *  Justinian  II.,  given  to  exac- 
tions, cruelty,  and  debauchery,  is 
mutilated  by  Leoutius,  his  successor. 

698  *  *  Leontius  is  himself  dethroned  and 
mutilated  by  Tiberius  Absiraarus. 

704±  *  *  The  usurpers,  Leontius  and  Ti- 
berius, are  degraded  in  the  Hippodrome 
and  executed. 

711  Dec.  *  The  Emperor  Justinian  11. 
is  murdered. 

STATE. 

395-408  Constantinople.  Arcadius 
reigus. 

*  *  *  Greece  is  absorbed  in  the  East- 
em  or  Greek  Empire. 

408-450  Const  ant  iiUiple.  Arcadius  dies, 
and  is  succeeded  by  his  son  Theodosius 
II.,  but  seven  years  of  age.  Anthemiusia 
his  minister.    [Buys  peace  of  the  Huns.] 

414-453  Constantinople.  Pulcheria, 
the  emperor's  sister,  is  regent.  [454.  Dies.] 

433  *  *  A.  i>.  Constant im^pte.  Fire  de- 
stroys a  great  part  of  the  capital  of  the 
Greek  Empire.  [532.  Jan.*  Nearly  de- 
strttyed  by  fire.] 

438  *  *  Constantinople.  The  Theodo- 
sian  code  of  laws  is  promulgated. 

450-457  Constantinople^  Marcianus 
reigns;  he  is  a  Thracian  of  obstnire 
family ;  refuses  to  pay  tribute  to  Attila. 

453  *  *  The  empire  is  relieved  by  the 
death  of  Attila. 

457-474  Constantinopl e ,  XiCO  I.,  a 
Thracian,  reigns ;  he  is  chosen  by  the 
soldiers,  and  crowned  by  the  I'atriarch 
Anatotius  —  the  first  so  crowned. 

461  *  *  Constantinople.  Theodoric  [the 
Great]  son  of  Theodemir,  King  of  the 
East  Goths,  eight  years  of  age,  is  received 
as  a  hostage  for  peace. 

468  *  *  The  principle  of  justice  is  estab- 
lished; every  accused  person  is  to  be 
tried  by  his  peers. 

474  *  *  Cmistantinople.  IiCO  I.  dies  [and 
is  succeeded  by  his  daughter's  son,  Iieo 
n.,  who  lives  but  a  short  time]. 

474-491  Consfantinople.  Z  e n  o,  the 
Lsaurian,  usurps  the  crown.  Great  dis- 
asters are  causetl  by  intestine  commo- 
tion and  foreign  wars. 

483*  *  Constantinople.  Zeno  makes 
Theodoric  the  Ostrogoth  [the  Great] 
his  general,  and  appoints  him  consul. 

491-518  Constantinople.  Anastasiusl., 
a  native  of  Epirus,  reigns,  he  having 
married  the  widow  of  Zeno. 

*  *  Constantinople.  The  Green  and  Blue 
factions  stir  up  intense  strife,  which 
agitates  the  state. 

*  *  The  emperor's  persecutors  incite  the 
Catholics  to  rebellion. 

518-527  Constantinople.  Justinl. reigns. 
He  rises  from  the  ranks  as  a  private 
soldier,  and  is  illiterate  and  ignorant. 

518-565  Brilliant  period  of  the  empire. 

527-565  Constantinople.  Justinian  I. 
reigns.  Remarkable  victories  are  won 
by  his  generals  Belisarlus  and  Narses. 

528*  *  Constantinople.  Justinian's 
code  of  laws  is  begun  by  compilers. 


640  •  *  The  Greek  Empire  is  enlarged 
by  annexing  the  conquests  of  Belisarlus 
in  North  Africa,  Corsica,  and  Sardinia. 

545  *  ♦  The  Turks  are  first  mentioned  ; 
they  dwell  in  Central  Asia. 

553  *  *  Rome  is  recovered  by  Narses, 
and  annexed  to  the  Eastern  Empire  [ami 
the  Senate  abolished]. 

654-568  Italy  is  governed  by  Greek 
exarchs,  with  the  capital  at  Kavenna. 

561  *  *  Peace  is  made  between  the  Greek 
Empire  and  Cho.sroes,  King  of  Persia. 

565*  *  Constantinople.  Justin  II.,  a 
weak  prince,  reigns.  [Tiberius  associated 
with  Justin.  575.  The  Thirty  Dukes 
rule.    57&-582.    Tiberius  H.  reigns.] 

569  *  *  The  Turks  form  an  alliance 
with  Justin. 

582-602  Constantinople.  Maurice,  the 
Cappadocian,  reigns.  [Under  his  vigor- 
ous reign  the  empire  is  extended  to 
the  Aras  and  almost  to  the  Caspian  Sea.] 

600  *  *  Avars  invade  the  empire  ;  also 
spread  over  Hungary,  Poland,  Prussia. 

602-610  Constantinople.  Phocas,  the 
usurper,  reigns  ;  he  is  a  centurion,  noto- 
rious for  his  crimes  and  cruelties.  [610- 
C4I.    Heraclius  I.  reigns.] 

612  *  *  Syria  is  ravaged  by  the  Arabs. 

622-628  Heraclius II.  reigns;  he  anni- 
hilates the  power  of  the  Persians  in  a 
series  of  brilliant  campaigns;  he  recov- 
ers his  lost  territories. 

638  *  *  Asia  M.  Antioch  is  taken  by 
the  Arabs. 

641  *  *  Constantinople.  Herocleonas 
(Constantine  III.)  reigns  for  a  few 
months.  641-668.  Constans  11.  reigns. 
He  loses  SyriJi  and  Rhodes,  which  are 
taken  by  the  Arabs  ;  and  Northern  Italy 
is  given  up  to  the  Lombards.] 

646  *  *  Cyprus  is  taken  by  the  Arabs. 
[648.    Recovered.] 

660  *  *  Constans  purchases  peace  with 
the  Arabs. 

668  *  ♦  Sicily.  Constans  is  murdered  by 
rebellious  subjects  in  Syracuse,  who 
elevate  Mizizus  to  the  throne. 

668-685  Constantinople.  Constantine 
(IV.),  Pogonatus,  reigns.  He  is  the  son 
of  Constans  II.  [669.  He  suppresses  the 
rebellion,  killing  Mizizus.] 

670-676    Constantinople  is  besieged. 

670-695  Constantinople.  Justinian  II., 
llhinotmetus,  succeeds  his  father. 

678*  *  Bulgaria.  The  Bulgarians  set  up 
a  kingdom  in  Mcesia. 

695  *  *  Constantinople.  Justinian  II.  is 
dethroned,  and  his  nose  cut  off,  by 
Leontius  his  general,  who  banishes  him. 
[695-C98.  liContius  reigns.  697.  Deposed 
by  his  general,  Absimarus  Tiberius.  608- 
704.    Absimarus  Tiberius  U,  reigns.] 

704-711  Constantinople.  Justinian  II. 
is  restored,  having  escaped  from  exile. 

711  *  •  Bulgarians  invade  the  empire. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

542  *  *  Constantinople  Is  plague-smit- 
ten; 5,000  to  10,000  people  die  (iaily  for 
tliree  months.  [746-749.  Greece  is  vis- 
it<Mi  by  the  plague.] 


1032      711,**-1202, 


GREECE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

718  Aug.  15-720  Aug.  16.  Constan- 
tinople is  besieged  by  tbe  Saracens. 

Tbeir  army  of  120,000  men  is  aided  by 
1,800  ships;  the  city  is  delivered  by  the 
use  of  Greek  iire,  which  nearly  destroys 
the  fleet;  28,000 Arabs  are  killed. 

739  *  ♦  Acronius  defeats  90,000  Avar  in- 
vaders of  the  Eastern  Empire. 

746  *  *  Constantiiie  V.  defeats  the  Sar- 
acens, and  takes  Rhodes,  Cyprus,  and 
Antioch.     [774.    The  Bulgarians.] 

793  *  *  Turk.    Thrace   is   ravaged   by 

Saracens. 

811  July  28.  liul().  A  Greek  army  is 
annihilated,  and  tbe  Emperor  Nicepho- 
ru8  killed, by  Bulgarians  under  Crum. 

821-823  Constantinople.  Thomas,  the 
general  of  the  murdered  Leo,  attempts 
to  take  the  city  and  dethrone  Michael. 

844±  *  *  Frequent  wars  occur  between 
the  Greeks  and  Saracens. 

864  *  *  Constantinople  is  unsuccess- 
fully besieged  by  22  Uussian  ships 
[which  are  destroyed  by  a  stormj. 

897-911  The  empire  is  at  war  with  the 
Bulgarians,  J^onibards,  and  Saracens. 

904  *  *  Turk.  Tbe  Saracens  take  Thes- 
salonica  with  great  blootlshed.  [911. 
Capture  a  Greek  fleet  off  Samos.] 

941  *  *  The  Kussians,  under  Ingor,  with 
10,000  vessels,  enter  the  Black  Sea,  and 
are  defeated  by  Homanus. 

961  *  *  Saracens  are  expelled  from  Crete. 

963  *  *  Asia  M.  Nicephorus  invades 
Asia  with  80,000  men,  defeats  the  Sara- 
cens in  several  battles,  and  captures 
Aleppo,  Antioch,  and  other  Syrian  cities. 

964-969  Tbe  Greeks  gain  victories 
over  the  Saracens,  and  bring  the  Mo- 
hammedan empire  near  the  brink  of  ruin. 

970  *  *  Syria  is  conquered  by  the  Fati- 
mite  caliphs.     [lOJ-1.    Driven  out.] 

987-1018  Turk.  Basil  II.  subdues  the 
Bulgarians,  andannexes  their  kingdom. 

1042  *  *  Asia  M.  The  Seljuk  Turks 
first  invade  the  empire. 

1043  *  *  Turk.    Thrace  is  invaded  by 

100,000  Turks,  who  are  repeate^lly  de- 
feated by  the  Greeks. 

1064i  *  *  Ania  M.  Alp  Arslan,  the 
sultan,  subdues  Armenia. 

1067  *  *  Syria.  The  emirs  of  Damas- 
cus revolt.     [1071.     Emirs  of  Aleppo.] 

1068-71  AsiaM.  The  Turks  invade 
tbe  country. 

1071  Aug.  26.  AsiaM.  Komanus  IV. 
attacks  Alp  Arslan  at  Malazkurd  near 
theAraxeSjbut  is  defeated  and  captured. 

1074  *  ♦  Aftia.  Melek  Shah  subdues 
Syria  and  Palestine. 

1080  It.  The  Normans  conquer  South 
Italy. 

1081-84  Turk.  Alexius  C  o  ni  n  e  n  u  s 
struggles  with  the  Normans  under 
Robert  Guiscard,  who  invade  the  empire. 
(1081.)  Guiscard  defeats  Alexius  at  Du- 
razzo.    (1082.)    Guiscard  takes  Durazzo. 

1097  *  *  The  first  Crusaders  invade  the 
empire.  [1104.  They  take  the  city  of 
Acre  in  Syria.  1109,  Tripolis  ;  1111,  Ber- 
ytus;  1124,  July  7,  Tyre.] 

1141  *  *  Asia  M.  Sdessa  is  retaken  by 
the  Turks  ;  this  gives  rise  to  the  Second 
Crusade. 


1148  *  *  Constantinople.  Normans,  led 
by  Roger  of  Sicily,  are  successfully  re- 
pulsed. 

1152*  *  Tbe  Greeks  repel  the  invading 

Hungarians. 

1152-55  It.  Manuel  unsuccessfully  at- 
tempts to  conquer  Italy,  and  master  the 
Western  Empire.  [1155.  Apulia  and 
Calabria  are  reduced.  Peace  is  made 
with  the  Normans  in  Sicily.] 

1172  *  *  The  Eastern  Empire  wages  war 
with  the  Turks  and  the  Venetians. 

1176  *  *  Asia  M.  The  Turks  under  Az- 
ed-Deen  defeat  Manuel  I.  at  Myroceph- 
alus.  [1177.  Manuel  defeats  the  Turks 

in  l.ydia.] 

1185    Aug.  15.     Turk.     Thessalonica 

is  taken  by  the  Normans  from  Sicily. 

1187*  *  Syria.    Saladin  captures  Tyre. 

*  *  Isaac  II.  refuses  a  passage  through 
the  empire  to  the  armies  of  the  Third 
Crusade. 

1190  May  18.  Asia  M.  Iconium  is 
taken  by  Frederick  I.    [Restored.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

816  *  *  Earthquakes  and  famine  dis- 
tress the  empire.     [1038.    Again.] 

936  *  *  Constantinople  is  overturned  and 
all  Greece  shaken  by  an  earthquake. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

730  *  *  Anastasius  II.,  eini>eror,  dies. 
741  *  *  Leo  III.^  the  Isaurian,  eniiKtror,  dies. 
753  *  ♦  Irene,  emi)re8H,  born.     [8t)3.     Dies.] 
816  *  *  Photiiis,  iiatriarch  of  Constantinople, 

critic,  author,  born.     [891.    Dies.] 
eao  *   *  Basil  I.,  emperor,  born.     [886.     Dies.] 

Leo  v.,  the  Armenian,  emperor,  dies. 
865  *  *  Leo  VI.,  the  Philosopher,  emperor, 

born.    [911.     Dies.] 
870*  *  Alexander, emperor, born.    [912.    I).] 
905*  ♦  Constantine    VII.,    Porphyrogenitus, 

emperor,  author,  born.    [969.     Dies.] 
931  ♦  •  Cbristoplier,  emperor,  dies. 
960  *  *  Leo  Diaconus,  historian,  born. 
968  *  *  liasil  II.,  emperor,  born. 
loth  Century.    SulUas,  lexicographer,  gram,,  b. 
1034*  *  Romanus  III.,  enipero^,  dies. 
1048*  *  Alexius    Comnenus,   emperor, 

born.    [1118.    Dies.] 
1060*  *  Zee,  empress,  dies. 
1070*  *  Tlieophylact,  archbishop  of  Achris, 

writer,  born.    [1115.    Dies.] 
1083  *  *  Anna  eomnena,  daughter  of  Alexis 

I.,  historian,  born.     [II48.     Dies.] 
1088*  *  Calo-Joannes,  emp.,  b.     [1143.  D.] 
1120*  *  Manuel     1.,   Comneuus,     emperor^ 

born.     [1180.     Dies.] 
12th  Century.    Cinnamus,  Joannes,  hist.,  b. 
1300*  *  Eustathius,  archbishop  of   Thessa- 
lonica, commentator,  dies. 


CHURCH. 

726*  *  Constant inoj)h-.  Leo  III.  forbids 
the  worship  of  images.  [The  Iconu- 
clast  controversy  follows,  and  hastens 
the  separation  of  the  Kastern  and  West- 
ern Churches.] 

728*  *  Constantinople.  Leo  III.  orders 
that  the  Pope  be  arrested. 

729*  *  It.  Pope  Gregory  II.  excom- 
municates Leo  111.;  this  leads  to  the 
separation  of  the  Greek  and  Roman 
Churches. 

734  *  *  Image  worship  is  condemned  by 
the  Greek  Church.  [7^(J.  Images  are 
destroyed  throughout  the  empire  by 
order  of  Leo  III.     Also  in  754.] 

736  *  *  The  monks  are  persecuted. 

787  *  *  Asia  M.  A  General  CouncU  is 
held  at  Nice  (p.  6G4).  [794.  Charlemagne 
calls  a  counter  synod  at  Frankfort.] 

830±*  *Imagewor8hipersare  again  I'er- 
secuted.  [8.'>'2.  Painters  and  statuarie.-* 
are  banished  from  theempireby  Tbeoph- 
ilus.  842.   Image  worship  is  restored.] 


844  *  *  Onistantinople.  Ignatius  is  pa- 
triarch of  Constantinople. 

He  excommunicates  Pope  Stephen. 
858.  Ignatius  is  deposed  ;  succeeded  by 
Pbolius.  867.  Photius  is  deposed  and  Ig- 
natius restored.  877.   Photius  restored.] 

858  *  *  A  quarrel  between  Pope  Nicholas 
and  the  patrian-h  Photius  causes  a  tem- 
porary separation  of  the  Greek  and 
lloman  Churches. 

869*  *  Cmistantinople.  The  Ninth  Gen- 
eral Council ;  it  establishes  the  reunion 
of  the  Greek  and   Komau  Churches. 

879  *  *  Constantinople.  A  Council  held 
by  Photius  repeals  the  decisions  of  the 
General  Council  of  8G.0.  [It  is  beld  to  be 
ecumenical  by  the  Greeks.] 

886  *  *  Constantinople.  Photius  the  pji- 
triarch  is  exiled  by  the  emperor ; 
Stephen  is  bis  successor;  he  accepts 
the  demands  of  tbe  Pope.  [1043.  Michael 
Cerularius.     1054.    Exc<mimunicated.] 

1054  July  *  The  Greek  Church  sep- 
arates from  Home  after  two  centuries 
of  contentions,  ami  betromes  indepen- 
dent. 

1058  *  *  Constantinople.  The  Emperor 
Isaac  exiles  Cerularius,  vjiinlyseeking 
thereby  to  reunite  the  two  churches. 

1097  *  *  Asia  M.  Tbe  first  Crusaders 
arrive. 

*  *  Pope  Urban  holds  a  Council  at  Bari 
in  Apulia  to  restore  the  union  of  tbe 

two  churches. 

1123*  *  Itame.     Church  Council  (p. 

669). 
1179      Mar.  5-19.      Rome.      Church 

Council  (p.  670). 

1201  *  *  Pope  Innocent  III.  has  a  fruit- 
less corresj>ondence  with  John  Loma- 
terus,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  re- 
specting ft  union  with  Home. 

1202  *  *  The  Fourth  Crusade  begins. 

LETTERS. 

9th  Century.  George  Syncellus  writes  A 
Select  Chronicle  from  Adam  to  Diocletian. 

870*  *  Photius,  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople, writes  Myriobiblion,  extracts  from 
classical  authors,  and  Amphilochia. 

10th  Ctntury.  Exploits  of  Iiagilio.t  r)ifi€vi.t 
Acritas  appears  [the  earliest  specimen 
of  modern  Greek]. 

1055±  ♦  *  Michael  Constantius  Psel- 
lus,  tbe  philosopher,  composes  a  great 
many  works  in  both  prose  and  poetry. 

1090±  *  *  Learning  somewhat  revives. 

1099^  *  *  Anna  Comnena,  the  daugh- 
ter of  the  Emperor  Alexis,  writes  Alexis. 


SOCIETY. 

713*  *Tlie  Emperor  Pbilippicus  Harda- 
nes  is  assassinated. 

800i  *  *  Constantinople.  The  Empress 
Irene  proposes  marriage  to  Charle- 
magne. (?) 

802  *  *  Constantinople.  [Saint]  Irene  is 
deposed  and  exiled  because  of  lu^r  cru- 
elties and  murders  while  on  the 
throne  with  Iier  young  son,  whom  she 
made  sightless. 

820  Dec.  25.  Constantinople'.  Leo  V. 
is  killed  in  the  temple  by  conspirators 
favoring  bis  successor. 

842  *  *  Emperor  Michael  is  called  the 
Drunkard.  [867.  Sept.  M,  He  is  as- 
sassinated.] 

959*  *  Roman  us  III.  banishes  his 
mother  ami  his  five  sisters. 

963  *  *  Theopbania,  the  widnw  of  Homa- 
nus, becomes  the  wife  of  Xicephorus  II. 
[969.  She  secures  his  assassination  hj 
John  Zimiscesin.] 


GREECE. 


711,*  *-1202,**       1033 


1034*  *ltumanu8  III.  is  poisoned  by 

Zoe,  his  protligate  wife. 
1050  •  •  Zoe,  the  wife  of  four  empe- 

rorsiand  tbemurderessof  two,  finally 

dies. 

STATE. 

711-713  Constantinople.  Philippicus 
Bardanes  reigus.  He  is  the  son  of  Ni- 
cepburus  Patricius.  deposed.  [712-71(J. 
Anastasius  U.  reigns.  [His  fleet,  sent 
against  the  Arabs,  returns  in  mutiny, 
and  enthrones  Theodosius.] 

716-717  Constantinople.  Theodosius 
HI.  reigns  ;  he  retires  to  a  uiouastery. 

717-741  Constantinople.  IJeoXII,  reigns. 

The  Isuaric  race  of  emperors  begins. 

Leo  exhibits  great  abilities  ;  the  empire 

is  convulsed  for  many  years  by  religious 

controversies. 

718  *  *  The  edict  against  images  occa- 
sions the  loss  r>f  the  Greek  possessions 
in  Italy. 

721  *  *  Anastasius  is  charged  with  con- 
spiracy »^  and  put  to  death  by  Leo  111. 

741-775  Constantinople.  Constantino 
v.,  Copronymus,  reigiis. 

741  *  *  Artavasdes,  snn-in-law  of  Con- 
stantine,  rebels  ;  he  defeats  and  deposes 
Constantine,  and  is  declared  emperor. 

743  *  *  Constantine  is  restored,  Arta- 
vasdes having  been  put  to  death. 

751  *  *  It.    The  Greek  exarchate  ends. 

775-780  Constantinople.  LeoIV.,Cha- 
zarus.  the  Iconoclast  or  Image-breaker, 
reigns.  He  is  the  son  of  (>onstantine  V., 
and  his  wife  is  the  ambitious  Irene. 

780-707  Constantinople,  Constantine 
VI.  reigns. 

He  being  only  nine  years  of  age,  Irene, 
his  mother,  boooined  regent ;  she  restores 
the  worship  of  images.  When  Constan- 
tine attains  bis  majority,  she  attempts 
to  exclude  him,  and  is  ihiprisoned. 

782*  *Asia.  The  [caliph  of  Bagdad], 
Harun-al-Raschid,  invades  the  em- 
pire. [He  advances  as  far  as  the  Bos- 
IM>ru8;  and  the  emperor  is  terrified  into 
making  peace  with  him,  stipulating  an 
annual  tribute  of  60,000  pieces  of  gold.] 

787  *  *  Constantinople.  Constantine  im- 
prisons Irene,  his  mother,  for  her 
cruelty  while  regent. 

790*  *  Constantinople.  Constantine 
VT.  takes  authority  alone,  in  coub©- 
quence  of  the  unpopularity  of  his  mother. 

792*  *  Constant tjuiple.  Irene  again  rules 
with  her  son. 

707  *  *  Constantine  is  murdered  by  as- 
sassins hired  by  his  mother. 

797-802    Irene  reigns. 

802-811  Nicephorus,  the  great  treas- 
urer, reigns. 

He  leads  a  conspiracy,  dethrones  and 
banishes  Irene,  and  assumes  the  govern- 
ment;  killed  in  war  with  the  Bulgarians. 

803-806  "War  breaks  out  with  the  Sara- 
cens. Asia  Minor  is  ravaged  by  Harun- 
al-Iiaschid. 

807  *  *  Xioephorus  makes  a  disgraceful 
peace  with  Haruu-al-Raschid,  agreeing 
to  an  annual  tribute  of  30,000  pieces  of 
gold. 

811*  *  Constantinople.  Stauraoius 
reigns.  [811-813.  Michaell.,  Rhangalie, 
reigns.  He  succeeds  his  brother-in-law, 
but  is  soon  deposed  by  Leo  V.,  and  retires 
to  a  monastery.] 


813-820  Constantinople.  Leo  V.,  the 
Armenian,  reigns.  Supported  by  the 
army  he  has  corrupted,  he  rebels,  and 
usurps  the  throne  ;  he  is  finally  assas- 
sinated by  Michael  the  Stammerer. 

820*  *  Constantinople.  Michael H.,  the 
Stammerer,  reigns.  He  had  aided  I..eo 
in  deposing  Michael  I.,  and  then  deposes 
Leo  for  his  own  election. 

823  *  *  The  Saracens  occupy  Crete  [and 
found  the  city  of  Candia]. 

825  *  *  Asia  M.  The  empire  loses  Dal- 
matia.    [827.    Sicily  and  Crete  are  lost.] 

829-842  Constantinople.  Theophilus 
reigns.  He  is  the  son  of  Michael  IL,and 
a  zealous  iconoclast. 

842-867  Michael  HI.,  Porphyrogenitus. 
"  the  Drunkard,"  succeeds  his  father  at 
the  age  of  three  years. 

842-1056    The  Macedonian  Dynasty. 

866*  *  CmistantiHople.      Michael   III. 

makes  Basil  the  Macedonian,  a  person 

of  humble  origin,  his  colleague.     [8G7. 

Basil  assassinates  Michael.] 
867-886    Constantinople     Basil  I.  reigns. 

He  restores  somewhat  of  the  departed 

glory  of  the  empire. 

886-911  Constantinople.  Leo  VI.,  the 
Philosopher,  reigns.  He  exiles  the  pa- 
triarch Photius,  and  establishes  a  better 
reputation  as  author  than  as  ruler. 

890  *  *  South  Italy  is  annexed. 

897  *  ♦  A.<iia  M.  The  Saracens  take  pos- 
session of  the  island  of  Samos. 

01 1-959  Constantinople.  Constantine 
Vn.  reigns.  He  is  esteemed  for  his  hu- 
manity and  justness,  and  divides  the 
government  with  liis  four  sons,  making 
five  emperors. 

911*  ♦Alexander  is  the  colleague  of 
Constantine  VII.,  who  is  only  six  years 
of  age ;  Zoe,  his  mother,  is  regent.  [911. 
Alexander  dies.] 

019-044  Constantinople.  Homanus  I., 
Lecapenus,  commanding  the  fieet,  usurps 
the  government,  and  divides  the  author- 
ity with  his  three  sons;  he  rules  a  few 
months.  [920-928.  Christopher, Stephen, 
aiui  Constantine  VIIL,  sons  of  Komanus, 
reign.] 

928  *  *  Naples  ia  acquired. 

931  *  *  Constantinople.  Romanus  is  ex- 
iled by  his  sons  Constantineand  Stephen. 
[9.'i2.  The  two  sons  are  themselves  Dan- 
ished.] 

944*  *  Constantinople.  Constantine 
Vm.  reigns  alone. 

959-963  ConstaniiiwpU: .  Romanus  II. 
reigns  after  poisoning  his  father.  He  is 
Idmself  poisoned  by  his  wife,  Theophaus. 

960  *  *  Crete  is  recovered  from  the  Sara- 
cens by  Nicephorus  Pliocus.  [OGO.  An- 
tioch  also.] 

963-969  Constantinople.  Nicephorus 
II.,  Phocas,  reigns.  He  is  a  successful 
general ;  is  assassinated  by  John  Zlmi- 
ces,  the  agent  employed  by  the  empire. 

969-976    Constantinople.    John  I.,  Zim- 

ices  reigns.    He  is  a  successful  general. 

He  divides  authority  with  Basil  II.  and 

Constantine  IX.,  eons  of  Komanus  II. 

John  is  poisoned.  (?) 
069-1026     Constantinople.     Basil    II. 

reigns  —seven  years  as  colleague  with 

John. 
976-1028     Constantine    IX.   reigns  — 

4()  years  a  colleague  of  Basil  II. 

070-  *  *The  empire  again  sinks  into 
insignificance. 

980  *  *  //.  Apulia  and  Calabria  are  re- 
stored to  the  empire. 


1025-28    Constantinople.     Constantine 

IX.  reigns  as  sole  emperor.      He  dis- 
graces his  reign  by  cruelty  and  vice. 

1028-34  Homanus  III.  reigns.  He  is 
poisoned  by  his  profligate  wife,  Zoe. 

1034-41  Conatantino^le.  Michael  IV., 
the  Paphlagoniau,  reigns.  Having  mar- 
ried Zoe,  the  widow  of  Komanus,  he 
gains  the  throne. 

1041-42  Constantiiwple.  Michael  V., 
Calapbates,  reigns.  Zoe  dethrones  him, 
and  has  his  eyesight  destroyed  ;  he  re~ 
tires  to  a  monastery. 

1042-54  Constantinople.  Constantine 
X.,  Monomachus,  reigns.  [1050.  Zoe 
dies.] 

1054-56  Ccmstantinople.  Theodora 
reigns.    She  is  the  widow  of  Constantine 

X.  ;  the  IMacedonian  dynasty  terminates. 

1056-57  Constantinople.  Michael  VI., 
Stratioticus,  reigns.  He  is  an  able  gen- 
eral ;  deposed  by  Isaac  Comnenus,  and 
retires  to  a  monastery. 

1057-59  Constantinople.  Isaac  I.,  Com- 
nenus, reigns. 

He  is  enthroned  by  the  army ;  he  re- 
tiree to  a  monastery  m  poor  health. 

1059-67  Constantinople.  Constantine 
XI.,  Ducas,  reigns. 

1067-7 1  Constantinople.  Homanus 
XV.,  Diogenes,  reigns. 

He  marries  Eudocia,  the  widow  of  Con- 
stantine, and  gains  the  throne  by  ex- 
cluding Michael,  Constantine's  sou. 

1071-78   Constantinople.  Michael VH., 

Ducas,  reigns. 

1078-81  Constantinople.  Nicephorus 
HI.,  Botoniates,  reigns. 

He  gains  the  throne  by  leading  a  re- 
volt, and  becomes  an  ally  of  Solyman 
the  Turk.  He  is  overthrown  bv  a  revolt, 
and  deposed  by  his  general,  Alexius. 

1081- 1118  Constantinople.  Alexius 
I.,  or  Alexius  Comnenus,  reigns. 

He  is  proclaimed  emperor  by  the  sol- 
diers, and  defends  the  empire  against 
the  Turks  and  the  Normans. 

1097*  *The  First  Crusade  occurs; 
Alexius  I.  recovers  Asia. 

1099-1268  Si/ria.  Antioch  is  a  Chris- 
tian principality. 

1118-43  Constantinople.  John  II., 
Comnenus,  reigns. 

By  the  abilities  and  bravery  of  the 
Comneni,  the  empire  becomes  a  power 
among  the  states  of  Kurope  and  Asia. 

1143-81     ConstantinoiHe.     Manuel    I., 
Comnenus,  relgn.s.    He  permits  tlieCru- 
.  saders  to  pa-ss  thnmgh  his  donunions. 

1181-83  (Constantinople.  Alexius  H., 
Comnenus,  reigns.  The  Empress  Maria, 
liis  mother,  is  recent ;  ho  is  deposed  ami 
strangled  by  Andronicuf^. 

1183-85  Constantinople.  Andronicus 
I.,  Comnenus,  reigns. 

He  obtains  the  appointment  as  regent 
for  the  young  emperor,  puts  to  death 
the  prince  and  his  mother  the  Empress 
Maria,  then  ascends  the  throne,  and 
rules  with  great  cruelty  until  the  people 
rise,  torture,  and  kill  llim. 

1185*  *The   House  of   Angeli   is 

founded. 

1185-95  Constantinople.  Isaac  II., 
Angelus  Comnenvis,  reigns.  Dethroned 
and  blinded  by  his  brother  Alexius, 

1190  *  *  Cyprus  is  lost  to  the  empire, 
being  taken  by  King  Richard  of  England. 

1195-1203  Constantinople.  Alexius 
III.,  the  tyrant,  reigns.  Ho  is  deposed 
and  blinded  by  the  Crusaders,  who  rt- 
store  Isaac  II.  to  the  throne. 


103-4     1203,  May  9-1828,  Feb.  2. 


GREECE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1203  May  9.  Constaiatinople  is 
taken  by  tlie  Crusaders,  ostensibly  to 
restore  Isaac  II.  to  his  throne.  [1204, 
It  is  plundered.]     (See  State.) 

1205  *  *  Baldwin  I.  is  defeated  by  the 
Bulgarians,  and  taken  prisoner. 

1235  *  *  Cojistantvwple.  Baldwin  II., 
King  of  Jerusalem,  unsuccessfully  be- 
sieges the  city. 

1261  July  2  5.  Constantinople  is 
captured  by  the  revolting  Greeks,  and 
the  Xjatin  empire  ends. 

1291  *  *  Syria.  Acre  is  taken  by  the 
Saracens.  [1294.  Aula  M.  The  Moguls 
end  the  Seljuk  sultanate  of  Iconium.J 

1321-28    Civil  War. 

Andronicus  II.  and  his  grandson  An- 
dronicus  III.  struggle  for  the  possession 
of  the  throne  ;  the  Tatter  is  successful. 

1340  *  *  Asia  M.  Turks  ravage  Mysia 
and  other  parts  of  Asia.     [1345,    Again.] 

1347  *  *  Constantinople  is  captured  by 
John  Cantacuzenus. 

1352*  *  The  Greeks  and  Venetians  are 
defeated  in  a  war  with  the  Genoese. 

1357  *  *  'I'lirk.     Turks  take  Gallipoli. 

1362*  *The  Sultan  Anuirath  takes 
Adrianople.  [He  organizes  the  Jani- 
zaries, and  is  everywhere  successful.] 

1390  *  *  Civil  war,  confusion,  and  dis- 
tress prevail  among  the  Greeks.  All 
their  Asiatic  possessions  are  lost. 

1395  Sept.  28.  Turk.  Bajazet  I.,  Sul- 
tan of  the  Turks,  defeats  Sigismund  of 
Hungary  at  Nicopolis,  in  Epirus. 

1422  *  *  Constantinople  is  unsuccess- 
fully besieged  by  200,000  Turks  under 
Amurath  II. 

1430  *  *  Turk.  Thessalonica  is  taken 
by  Amurath.     [1446.     Corinth  also.] 

1453  Apr.  6.  Constantinople.  Mo- 
hammed H.  begins  the  siege  of  the 
city  with  a  fleet  of  300  ships  and  an  army 
of  300,000  men.  [May  29.  The  city  ia 
taken ;  the  Greek  empire  falls.] 

1456  *  ♦  The  Turks  under  Mohammed 
II.  enter  Greece,  and  capture  Athens, 
[1460.  Tliey  capture  nearly  all  of  (Jreece. 
1461.  Trebizonrt  in  Asia  Minor.  1470.  Euboea 
(Negropont)  on  the  jEgean  Sea,  is  captured 
from  the  Venetians.  1478.  They  complete 
the  subjugation  of  Albania.  1840.  Take 
Otranto,  Italy.    1516.    Syria  and  Palestine.] 

1521  Aug.  Servia.  The  Turks  under 
Solyman  take  Belgrade  and  annex  it. 

[1522*  ♦  They  take  Rbocles.  The  Knights 
of  St.  .Tohn  lose  100,000  men  in  its  defense. 
1540*:.  They  take  Arhaia.  1574.  Cyprus.  1669. 
They  besie^ie  and  (-ajiture  Candia  ;  200,000 
people  i>eri8h  during  the  blockade.] 

1685  *  *  Francesco  Morosini  leads  the 
Venetians  and  the  German  mercenaries 
under  Konigsmark  to  the  conquest  of 
Morea;  this  marks  the  beginning  of 
the  rescue  of  Greece  from  the  Turks. 

1686  *  *  Argos,  the  most  ancient  city,  is 
taken  by  the  Venetians.  [1687.  Corinth 
is  taken ;  Athens  is  devastated.  1689. 
Morea  ia  also  taken  from  the  Turks.] 

1715  *  *  The  Venetians  are  driven  out 
of  Morea  by  the  Turks  ;  Corinth  falls. 

1710*  *  The  Turks  are  defeated  by  the 
Venetians  under  Count  J.  M.  Schlen- 
burg,  who  holds  Corfu. 

1769*  *  The  Hussians  send  an  expedi- 
tion under  Orloif  to  the  Peloponnesus 
in  aid  of  the  Greeks. 


1799  Mar.  3.  Corfucaptured  from  the 
French  by  a  Russian  and  Turkish  fleet. 

1803  *  *  Suliots  unsuccessfully  rebel. 

1821  *  *  "War  for  independence. 

Mar.  *-June  *  Itoumania.  Prince  Alex- 
ander Ypsilanti  leads  a  Grecian  revolt 
in  Moldavia  and  Wallachia ;  he  is  de- 
feated, and  flees  to  Austria,  and  is  de- 
tained for  six  years.  Apr.*  An  uprising 
in  Morea  occurs.     June  *   Successful. 

*  *  Distressing  reports  of  Turkish  cru- 
elty to  Christians  in  Constantinople, 
Adrianople,  and  other  cities  are  circu- 
lated; 20,000  Greeks  are  murdered. 

Oct.  5.  Tripolitza  is  stormed  by  the 
Greeks ;  they  commit  dreadful  cruelties. 
[Nov.  21.    Missolonghi  is  taken.] 

1822  Jan.  *  Turks  besiege  Corinth. 

Apr.  11.  The  Turks  bombard  and  cap- 
ture Scio;  about  40,000  peaceful  inhabi- 
tants are  massacred,  and  others  sold  into 
slavery.  [Civilized  Europe  is  thrilled 
with  horror.] 

July  13.  The  Greeks  defeat  the  Turks 
at  Thermopylse. 

*  *  Cyprus.  The  Turks  commit  a  ter- 
rible massacre  in  suppressing  an  insur- 
rection. 

Sept.  16.    Corinth    is    taken  by  the 

Turks.     [182;5.    Retaken  by  the  Greeks.] 

*  *  Constantine  Canaris,  a  Greek  ad- 
miral, burns  a  part  of  the  Turkish  fleet, 
and  puts  3,000  Turks  to  death. 

1823  Apr.  20.  Marco  Bozzaris  is 
killed  at  Carpenisi. 

*  *  Civil  war  prevails  among  the  Greek 
partisans  [for  two  years]. 

*  *  Athens.  The  Greeks  unsuccessfully 
besiege  the  Turks  in  the  fortress. 

1824  Jan.*  Lord  Byron  joins  the 
Greeks  at  Cephalonia.  [Apr.  10.  He 
dies  at  Missolonghi.] 

Aug.  16.  The  Capitan  Pasha  is  de- 
feated at  Sanios. 

*  *  The  Turks  commit  terrible  atroci- 
ties in  the  islands  of  Kasos  and  Ipsara. 

*  *  Jean  Gabriel  of  Geneva  devotes  him- 
self to  the  cause  of  Greek  independence. 

*  *  Civil  war  again  breaks  out.     [Brief.] 

1825  *  *  Mehemet  Ali  of  Egypt,  and 
his  stepson  Ibriihini,  invade  Greece. 
[Apr.  27.  Ibrahim  begins  the  siege  of 
Missolonghi.  May  18.  He  takes  Nava- 
riuo.    June  30.    He  takes  Tripolitza.] 

June  *  The  Greek  fleet  defeats  the  Cap- 
itan Pasha. 

1826  Apr.  26.  Ibrahim  Pasha  as- 
saults and  captures  Missolonghi. 

*  *  Volimteers  come  from  Europe  and 
America  in  aid  of  the  Greeks. 

*  *  Argos  devastated  by  the  Turks.  [June 
2.    Reschid  Pasha  takes  its  citadel.] 

1827  Oct.  20.  The  Egjrp to- Turkish 
fleet  is  annihilated  at  Navarino  by  the 
united  British,  French,  and  Russian 
fleets,  under  Vice-Adm.  Codrington. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1687  *  *  Athens.  A  Venetian  bomb  de- 
stroys the  roof  and  most  of  the  walla  of 
the  Parthenon. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1304*  *  AleihiB  IV.,  emperor,  dies. 
1220*  •  Acropolita,8tate8.,lnst.,b.  [1282.  !>.] 
1S24*  *  Michael    VIII.,    Palffiologus,    em- 
peror, born.    [1282.    Dies-J 


1330  *  *  ChumnuB,  Nicephorus,  author,  d. 

1348*  ♦Manuel    II.,  Palieologus,  emiwror, 
born.  [425.  Died.] 

J4th  Century.    Nicephorus  Gref^oras,  hist.,  1-, 

1390  *  *  Bessarion,  John,  cardinal,  patrian-h 
of  Constantinople,  born.     [1472.     IHes.j 

1400  *  *  Gaza,  Theodore,  scholar,  b.  [147«.  1'.; 

1403  *  *  Constantine  XIII.,  I'alaologus,  em- 
peror, born.     [1453.     Dies.  J 

15th  Century.    Ducas,  Michael,  historian,  b. 

1616*  *  Uarbarossa,    or    Horuc,  Greek-Al- 
gerine  jiirate,  dies. 

1535*  *  Larcaris,  Andreas  Joannes,  8chol.,d» 

1603  •  ♦  Fuca,  Juan  de,  navigator,  dies. 

1636*  *  Mavrocordatos,   Alexander,    physi- 
cian, statesman,  scholar,  b.    [170(1.    Dies.) 

1748*  *  Coray,    Adamaiitios,  poet,   patriot,' 
born.     [1833.     Dies.] 

1768  *  ♦  Miaulis,  Andreas  Vokos,  patriot,  ad- 
miral, born.     [1835.    Dies.] 

1770*   *  Christopulus,  Athanaslos,  poet, 
born.     [1847.     Dies.] 

1776  *  *  Capod'Istria,  Count  John,  president 
of  Greece,  born.    [1831.    Dies.]  ' 

1790  ♦  ♦  Itozzaris,  Marco,  patriot,  born. 
Canaris,  or  Kanaris,  Constantine,  admiral, 

statesman,  born.     [1877.     Dies.] 

1791  *  *  Mavrocordatos,   Alexander,    states- 
man, born.     [1S65.     Dies.] 

1792  *  *  Ypsilanti,  Alexander,  patriot,  born. 
[1827.     Dies.] 

1793  *  *  Ypsilanti,  Demetrius,  patriot,  born. 
[1832.     Dies.] 

1801  *  *  liulgaris,  Dimitri,  statesman,  born. 

[1878    Jan.  10.     Dies.] 
1810*  *  Rizo-Khangab6,     Alexander,    poet, 

orator,  staesman,  b.     [1892.    Jan.  10.     D.] 
1816  *  *  Ottho  I.,    Otto    Friedrich    Ludwlg, 

king,  born.    [1867.    July  26.    Dies.] 
1833   Apr.  SO.  Uozzaris,  Marco,  patriot,  A 38. 


CHURCH. 

1205*  *Konian  Catholic  miBsions  in 
Greece  are  opened. 

1215*  *  Home.    Church  Council  (p. 

670). 
1245    June  28.     Church  Council  (p. 

672). 
1274    May  7-June  17.   Fr.  The  15th 

Church  Council  (p.  672).   A  temporary 

union  of  the  churches  is  effected. 

1277+  *  *  The  Greek  Christians  are  per- 
secuted hy  the  Roman  Catholic  party. 

1285±  *  *  The  Greek  and  Roman 
Churches  again  divide. 

1307+  *  *  Constantinople.  The  Emperor 
Andronicus  opposes  union  with  the 
Roman  Church,  and  imprisons  the  pa- 
triarch for  advocating  it.  [Andronicus 
is  excommunicated  by  the  Pope.] 

1311  Oct.  16+.  Fr.  The  16th  Church 
Council  (p.  672). 

1363-76    The  Emperor  John  VI.,  Palse- 

ologus,  and   three   patriarchs  reenter 

communion  with  Rome. 
1414*  *  Baden.     The  17th  Church 

Council  (p.  676). 
1431     July  23.     Siintz.     The     18th 

Church  Council  (p.  676). 

1438*  *John  VIII.,  distressed  by  the 
Turks,  Rnlicits  help  from  Western  Eu- 
rope, and  submits  to  the  Pope. 

1439  July  5.  //,  The  Council  of 
Florence  having  agreed  to  the  union 
of  the  Greek  and  Roman  Churches,  the 
Pope  signs  the  decree.  [Entirely  repu- 
diated by  the  Greeks.] 

1453  *  *  With  the  fall  of  Constantinople 
every  trace  of  union  with  the  Western 
Church  disappears. 

1456+  *  *:\Iohammed  grants  to  the  Chris- 
tians personal  security,  and  the  free  ex- 
ercise of  their  religion. 

1460  *  *  The  patriarchs  of  Jerusalem, 
Antioch,  and  Alexandria  declare  in  fa- 
vor of  union  with  the  Roman  Church. 
[Fruitless.] 

1628  *  *  Christianity  is  reestablished 
in  Greece.  []64,S.  The  Greek  orthodox 
confession  of  faith  appears.] 


GREECE. 


1203,  May  9-1828,  Feb.  2.     1035 


1760±  *  *Spria.  The  Albanians  change 
their  religion,  and  profess  Mohamme- 
danism. 

1774  July  21.  Peace  of  Kutchuki  Kai- 
nardji,  between  Russia  and  Turkey  ;  the 
Greek  Church  is  to  be  protected. 

1819  *  *  The  Ionian  Bible  Society  is  or- 
ganized at  Corfu. 

LETTERS. 

1450-1500  07i  the  Deeds  of  the  Great 
dmnnnmier  of  the  Romans^  by  Georgiaa 
Limeuitis,  appears. 

lath  Century.  The  Erotocritoi,  by  Vin- 
cenzo  Conaro,  a  Cretan,  appears. 

1726*  *The  printing-press  is  intro- 
duced into  Turkey  from  Paris. 

18th  Century.  Great  revival  of  educa- 
tion; schools  established  in  every  city. 

1811-21*  *'0.\6yLo<;  'EpM^?  is  issued  at 

Vienna  by  Anthimos  Gagi. 
1822  *  *  A  university  is  established  at 

Corfu  for  the  louiau  islands. 

SOCIETY. 

1204  Jan.  28.  Alexius  IV.  is  murdered 
by  Alexius  Ducas,  the  usurper. 

1822  Apr.  11.  The  Turks  massacre 
40,000  people  in  the  Greek  insurrec- 
tion on  Isle  of  Chios  [Scio]. 

STATE. 

1203-O4  Constantinople.  Alexius  IV, 
reigns  for  six  months.  He  is  put  to 
death  by  Alexius  Ducas. 

1204*  *  Constantinople.  Alexius  IV. 
being  unabie  to  fulfil  a  compact  made 
with  the  Crusaders,  —  to  secure  the  union 
of  the  Greek  and  Roman  churches,  be- 
sides raising  a  large  sum  of  money  for 
their  deliverers  from  the  Turks,  — the 
Crusaders,  urged  by  the  Pope,  attack 
and  capture  Constantinople. 

•  *  Crete  is  ceded  to  the  Venetians. 

1204-61  Constantinople.  The  French 
or  liatm  emperors  reign. 

May  9.  Baldwin  I.,  Count  of  Flanders, 
is  elected  emperor  by  the  Latins.  [*  * 
He  confers  the  kingtfom  of  Salonika  on 
Boniface,  Marquis  of  Montferat.] 

1204-61  Asia  M.  Greek  emperors  reign 
at  Nicea. 

[1204-22.  Theodore  Laacaris  I.  reigns. 
1222->'>5,  John  Vatatzes  (son-in-law)  j 
I26r>-.'i9,  Theodore  Lascaris;  1259-60,  Jolin 
Lascaris  ;  r2(iO.  Michael  Palaeologus  be- 
comes joint  emperor.] 

1205  *  ♦  Athens  is  acquired  by  Otho  de 
la  Roche,  who  makes  it  a  dukedom. 

William     of    Chaniplitte    organizes 

Achaia  (Greece)  into  a  principality. 

1206-16  Cousfantiiwple.  Henry  I.  of 
Hainault  reigns. 

1208  *  •  Theodorus  Angelus,  Comne- 
nuB,  seizes  Kpirus  and  .^tolia,  and  erects 
them  into  a  kingdom.  [1222-30.  Em- 
peror.] 

1210  •  *  Geoffrey  Villehardouin  be- 
comes ruler  of  Achaia.  [1218,  Geofrrey 
II. ;  1246,  William,  his  brother.] 

1221-28  Constantinople.  Robert  de 
Courtenay,  brother-in-law  of  Henry  I., 
reigns. 

1228-61  Constantinople.  Baldwin  II., 
brother  of  Robert,  a  minor,  reigns.  John 
de  Brienne,  of  .lerusalem.  becomes  re- 
gent and  associate  emperor. 


1230  *  *  Theodorua  is  defeated,  cap- 
tured, and  deprived  of  his  eyes  by  the 
Bulgarians.  His  brother,  Manuel, claims 
the  succession ;  but  Theodorus  regains 
his  liberty,  and  succeeds  in  deposing  the 
usurper.    John,  his  son,  succeeds. 

1246-1430    Achaia  is  a  fief  of  Naples. 

1261  July  25.  After  57  years,  the 
Greeks  under  Michael  Palaeologus  re- 
cover Constantinople,  and  put  an  end 
to  the  I>atin  empire  iu  the  East. 

1261-82  Constantinople.  Michael, 
iiaving  deposed  John  hascarius,  reigns 
aloue. 

1268  *  *  Syria.  Antioch  is  captured  by 
the  Sultan  of  Egypt. 

1277*  *  Isabella  succeeds  William, 
Prince  of  Achaia.  [1311.  Maud,  her 
daughter,  becomes  princess.] 

1282-1328  Constant  inoph'.  Androni- 
cua  II.,  Paheolugus,  the  Elder,  reigns. 
He  is  deposed  l)y  Androuicus  his  grand- 
son. 

1299  Asia  M.  Othman,  the  Turk,  in- 
vades Nicomedia,  and  founds  the  Otto- 
man Empire. 

1324  *  *  Maud,  Princess  of  Achaia,  after 

being  thrice  married,  is  forcibly  mar- 
ried to  John  do  (iravina,  and  dies  in 
prison. 

1328-41  Constantinople.  Andronicus 
III.,  the  Younger,  reigns. 

1330  *  *  Asia  M.  The  Turks  conquer 
Nicea.    [i;J46.     Also  the  Morea.] 

1341  *  *  Constantinople.    John  VI.,  Pa- 

la'ologus,  aged  nine,  succeeds  his  father, 
with  John  Cantacuzenus  as  guardian. 

1342  *  *  The  councilors  and  guanlian  of 
the  young  emperor  quarrel,  and  Canta- 
cuzenus escapes  death  on  a  charge  of 
high  treason  by  declaring  himself  em- 
peror, and,  with  the  assistance  of  the 
Turks,  maintains  his  claim.  [Greece  is 
desolated  by  civil  war  for  five  years.] 

1347-55  Constantinople.  John  V., 
Cantacuzenus,  reigns  as  sole  emperor. 
[Weary  of  the  disorder  of  the  empire, 
abdicates,  and  retires  to  a  monastery.] 

1353*  *  Turk.    The  Turks  settle  on 

the  coast  of  Thrace. 
1367  *  *  The  Greeks   are   compelled  to 

pay  a  heavy  tribute  to  the  Turks. 

1371*  •Tlio  Sultan  Amurath,  by 
treaty,  takes  a  large  part  of  the  Greek 
emperor's  territory. 

1390*  *  Greeks  surrender  Asia  Minor 
to  the  Turks. 

1391-1425  Constantinople.  Manuel 
II.,  PalaiologUH,  reigns.  He  succeeds 
his  father,  having  been  associate  ruler 
since  1372. 

1400  *  *  The  emperor  visits  the  courts 
of  England  and  France,  and  solicits  aid 
as:ainst  the  Turks. 

Dissension  and  civil  war  distress  the 

Greeks. 

1401  *  *  Athens.  A  Turkish  pasha  is 
established. 

1402*  *The  empire  is  saved  from  the 
Turks  by  the  timely  invasion  of  Ti- 
mur,  who  defeats  the  Sultan  Bajazet  at 
Angora,  takes  him  prisoner,  and  dis- 
members his  empire.  [The  Greeks  be- 
come his  allies,  and  pay  him  tribute.] 

1403-12*  *  Dissension  among  the 
Turks  prevents  the  fall  of  Constanti- 
nople. 


1413  *  *  Manuel  II.  aids  Mohammed  1. 

[the  Great]  to  become  Sultan. 
1425  *  *  Constantinople.    Peace  is  made 

between  the  Greeks  and  Turks. 

1425-48  Constant ifwple.  John  VH., 
PalEeologus,  reigns. 

The  tlirone  is  claimed  by  his  three  brotliers  ; 
he  appeals  to  tlie  Latins  for  alt)  against  ttie 
Turks,  ami  makes  a  reconciliation  witli  the 
Roman  Church  to  secure  it. 

1448-53  Constantinople.  Constantino 
XIII.,  Pal%ologus,  the  last  emperor, 
reigns.  The  empire  has  been  reducetl 
to  a  small  state. 

1453  Constantinople.  The  Greek 
Empire  falls.    (See  Army.) 

*  *  All  the  Latin  principalities  in  Greece 
are  swept  away  by  the  conquest  of  the 
Turks. 

1663  *  *  The  Turks  hold  all  Greece,  ex- 
cept the  Ionian  islands,  which  are  held 
by  the  Venetians. 

1685  *  *  The  Venetians  begin  to  invade 
Greece,  and  overthrow  the  power  of  the 
Turks.  [1G89.  They  take  Morea.  Ex- 
pelled by  the  Turks.] 

1699    Jan.  26.    Aust.    Morea  is  ceded 

to  Venetians  (p.  513). 
1718    July  21.    Servia.    PeaceofPas- 
sarowitz;  Morea  ceded  to  Turks  (p.  513). 

1770*:  *  *  Greece  struggles  for  indepen- 
dence, receiving  aid  from  Russia. 

1774  *  *  Peace  is  made  between  Kussia 
and  Turkey. 

1797  Oct.  17.  If.  The  Ionian  Isl- 
ands areceded  to  France  (p.  519).  [1799. 
Capitulate  to  the  Russo-Turkish  fleet.] 

1800  Mar.  21.  The  Ionian  Islands 
are  formed  into  the  republic  of  the 
Seven  United  Islands,  under  Russia  and 

Turkey, 

[1807.  July  7.  They  are  restored  to  France 
(p.  717).  1809.  Oct.  3-12.  Taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish. 1815.  Nov.  5.  Formed  into  an  inde- 
pendent state  under  a  Hritisli  protectorate,, 
SirTIionias  Maitland  lord  liigheoiiunissioner. 
1817.    July  II.    A  constitution  is  ratifled.] 

1803*  *  Turk.  The  Suliotes  unsuccess- 
fully rebel  against  the  Turks. 

1815  *  *  The  Hetaeria  Philike  is  estab- 
lished at  Odessa,  as  a  secret  political 
society  for  tlie  liberation  of  (Greece. 
[1820.  Choses  Prince  Alexander  Vpsi- 
lanti  leader.] 

1821  Mar.  *  Independence  is  de- 
clared; Greece  revolts  against  'I'urkey. 
Alexander  proclaims  a  general  uprising 
against  the  Turks.  Gemarios,  arch- 
bishop of  Patrje,  and  Theodorus  Koloko- 
tronis  are  leaders  of  the  patriots. 

1822  Jan.  27.  Independence  is  pro- 
claimed. 

1823  Apr.  10.    A  National  Congress 

meets  at  Argos. 

*  *  Kolokotronis  is  made  commander  In^ 
the  Peloponnesus;  civil  war. prevails 
[for  two  years]. 

1824  Oct.  12.  A  provisional  govern- 
ment is  set  up.  [1825.  July  *  It  invites 
the  protection  of  England.] 

1826  *  *  Sympathy  for  the  Greeks  is 
widespread  in  Europe. 

1827  July  6.  Tlie  powers  agree  in  re- 
quiring Turkey  and  Greece  to  accept 
their  mediation  that  peace  may  be  re- 
stored in  the  East  (p-  943). 

1828  Jan.  18.  Count  Capo  d'lstria 
is  elected  president  for  seven  years, 
through  the  influence  of  the  Russian 
party  ;  Greece  is  nominally  a  republic. 

Feb.  2.  The  Grand  Council  of  State 
is  established.  [Feb.  14.  Athens.  The 
National  Bank  is  founded.] 


1036     1828,  June  9-1894,  Dec.  15.         GREECE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1828  Oct.  6.  Patra3,  Navarino,  and 
Modou  surrender  to  a  French  force. 

Oct.  28.    The  Turks  evacuate  the  Mo- 

rea.  [Tripolitza  is  given  up  to  the 
Greeks.  1829.  May  16.  Also  Mifisolonghi.J 

1850  Jan.  18.  The  harbor  of  Piraeus 
is  blockaded  by  a  British  fleet  under 
Adm.  I'arkor  to  force  the  Greek  Gov- 
ernment to  pay  moneys  due  to  British 
subjects,  and  to  surrender  the  islands  of 
Sapienzaaud  (v'aprera.  [INIar.  1.  France 
interposes  her  k"<^'1  offices,  and  the 
blockade  is  discontinued.] 

1853    Nov.  30.    The  Turkish  fleet  of 

11  vessels  near  Sinope  is  attacked  by  a 
Russian  fleet  of  11  vessels  under  Adm. 
Nachimoff,  and  destroyed. 

1877*  *The  •*  Sacred  Band,"  origi- 
nally formed  by  Kpamiuondas  in  3T7 
It.  c,  is  revived. 

1878  Jan.  28.  An  insurrection 
breaks  out  in  The^aly  against  tlie 
Turks.  [Mar.  28,  29.  Engagements  oc- 
cur at  Macrinitza.] 

Feb.  *  Turk.  Thessaly  is  occupied  by 
10,000  Greeks  who  have  captured  the 
frontier.     [They  retire  at  the  armijstioe.] 

Apr.  *  The  insurgents  are  driven  out 
at  Macrinitza  by  the  Turks.  [May  6. 
Suppressed  by  British  intervention.] 

1882  Aug.  27,  28.  Greek  troops  en- 
ter the  ceded  territory,  and  have  two 
battles  with  the  Turkish  garrison  re- 
maining there.  [The  powers  procure 
an  armistice  ;  the  Turks  finally  retire.] 

1886  Jan.  234:.  Increased  warlike 
demonstrations  are  made,  butinterven- 
tion  is  supported  by  the  great  powers. 

May  7,  8.  Tlie  Greek  troops  are  or- 
dered to  the  front. 

May  8.  The  blockade  of  Greek  ports 
is  enforced  by  the  powers.  [June  7. 
liaised.] 

May  20,  21.  Fighting  occurs  at  the 
outposts  near  Nezeres  ;  '200  are  killed  and 
wounded.     [May  24.    An  armistice.] 

1889  Aug.  6.  A  Cretan  insurrection 
is  spreruling. 

Greece  asks  the  powers  to  assist  in  re- 
storing order  on  the  ishuid. 

A\ig.  7.  The  Greek  fleet  is  assembling 
in  the  harbor  of  Salamis. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1840  Oct.  30.  Ionian  Isfcs.  Great 
earthquakes  occur  at  Zante,  where 
many  persons  perish.  [1853.  Aug.  18. 
Thebes  is  nearly  destroyed  by  an  earth- 
quake. 1858.  Feb.  21.  Corinth  is  de- 
stroyed. 1861.  Dec.  26.  The  Pelopon- 
nesus is  shaken.  1867.  Feb.  4.  One  in 
ArgOBtoli  and  Cephalonia  destroys  50 
lives.  1870.  The  Grecian  Archipelago 
is  shaken  ;  Sautorin  is  nearly  destroyed.] 

1874  Mar.  *  Dr.  Schliemann,  by  exca- 
vating, discovers  the  supposed  site  of 
Mycense.    [Reported.] 

1875  Oct.  4.  The  Germans  begin  ex- 
cavations at  Olynapia.  [Important 
discoveries  are  made.] 

1878  Nov.  28.  Dr.  SchHemann  an- 
nounces the  discovery  of  the  ti>mb  of 
Agamemnon  and  others,  besides  many 
treasures,  at  Mycenae. 

1883  ♦  *  The  foundations  of  the  Temple 
of  Jupiter  at  Dodona,  Epirus  [with 
other  relics],  are  discovered. 

1886  *  *  Athens.  A  great  discovery  of 
statuary  is  made  near  the  Acropolis. 

1888  Sept.  *  Dr.  Schliemann  niakes 
discoveries  in  excavations  at  Mycenie. 


1889  Jan.  3.  Athens.  The  American 
School  of  Archeology  resumes  its 
sessions. 

Jan.  22.  Earthquake  shocks  are  felt 
at  Athens,  Megara,  and  elsewhere. 
[Apr.  11.    In  Epirus.    Au.:.  26.    Again.] 

1893  Jan.  19.  A  hurricane  causes 
much  damage. 

Jan.  30.  An  earthquake  occurs  on  the 
island  of  Zante;  villages  are  destroyed, 
many  persons  killed,  and  100  injure)! ; 
10,000  persons  are  homeless.  [About  300 
shocks  occur  within  five  months.] 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1845    Dec.  34.     George  I.,  son  of  Christian 

IX.  of  Denmark,  King  of  the  Hellenes,  b. 

1889    Feb.  11.    ProkoploB,  Monslgnor,  pa- 

triarcli,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

1828  June  0.  The  sultan  appoints  a 
patriarch  whom  the  Greeks  reject. 

*  *  Jfhnta.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
Cbuieli  of  i:.  S.  A.  opens  a  misslon ; 
also  the  American  Board  (Cong.). 

1831  *  *  The  Amerieim  Board  (V.  S.  A.) 
op4>ns  a  mission  al  Ten«is.  [ls;J4.  An- 
other at  Argos.  18.;7.  Abandoned  be- 
cause of  interference  by  tlie  Govern- 
ment.    One  opened  at  Areopolia.J 

1836  Dec*  The  Baptists  (U.  S.  A.)  open 
a  mission.  [Abamioned  by  the  Ameri- 
cans after  19  years  of  moderate  success.] 

1864  Nov.  16.  Athens.  The  National 
Assembly  rejteals  the  article  of  the  con- 
stitution requiring  Roman  Catholic 
priests  to  be  Hellenic  subjects. 

1867*  *  Athens.  A  Danish  mission  is 
opened.    [1SG8.    Abandoned.] 

1868*  *  It.  The  Pope  invites  the  Greeks 
to  attend  the  approaching  General 
Council.    [Declined.] 

1871  *  *  The  Baptists  (U.  S.  A.")  resume 
mission-work  after  suspension  for  15 
years.  [After  struggling  for  IG  years 
against  the  restrietions  of  the  Govern- 
ment, it  is  suspended.] 

1873  *  *  The  Southern  Presbyterian 
Church  (South,  U.  S.  A.)  assumes  the 
care  of  the  Greek  Kvangelical  Church. 
[1874.  It  opens  a  mission  in  Saloniea. 
1S85.    The  native  church  withdraws.] 

1874  *  *  Prokopios,  the  archbishop  of 
-Messenia.  is  elected  metropolitan  of 
Attica,  and  presideut  of  the  Holy  Synod. 

1876  *  *  The  synod  of  the  church  im- 
]>(tses  an  interdiction  for  three  years 
on  the  archbishops  found  guilty  of 
simony.    (See  State.) 

LETTERS. 

1831  *  *  Kiyivala  is  issued  at  MginB.. 

1833  *  *  "Ipis  is  issued. 

1834  *  *  'XvBoKoyi.a  is  issued  at  Corfu. 

*  *The  journal,5a.rior  is  issued. 

1837  *  *  The  University  of  Athens  is 
founded. 

1842-55  Hellenic  Antiquities,  by  Alex- 
ander RizfvRhangab^,  appears.  [18G7, 
Literary  History  of  Modern  Greece.] 

1850-72     Ilai'5u.pa  is  issued. 


SOCIETY. 

1831  Oct.  9.  Count  Capo  d'Istria, 
is  assassinated  by  the  brother  and  son 
of  a  Mainote  chief  whom  he  had  nnpris- 
oned.  [1831.  Oct.  39.  The  assassins  are 
immured  within  brick  walls  closely 
built  around  them  as  high  as  their  chins  : 
lierethey  are  fed  till  they  die.] 

1857  Oct.  27.  The  king  marries  the 
Grand  Duchess  Glga  of  Russia. 

1868  Aug.  2.  Constantine,  Duke  of 
Sparta?  lieir  to  the  crown,  is  horn.   [1869, 


June  25,  George,  Prince  of  Greece; 
1S70,  Aug.  30,  Alexandra ;  1872,  Feb.  9, 
Nicholas  ;  1876  Mar.  3,  Maria.] 

1870  Apr.  11.  Near  Kigrattionaband 
of  20  brigands  capture  Lord  and  Lady 
Mucaster,  Count  (le  Boy),  and  five  otlier 
persons,  and  b<:ild  them  for  a  ransom  — 
i;25,000;  the  ladies  are  released. 

Apr.  21.  The  brigands,  being  closely 
jiressed  by  Greek  troops,  murder  all 
four  of  their  prisoners.  [Seven  of  the 
brigands  are  soon  caj)tured  and  decapi- 
tated.   JLater,  live  more.] 

Mayf  *  Influential  citizens  are  charged 
with  connivance  at  brigandage. 

1889  Oct.  27.  Athens.  The  crown 
prince  of  Greece  and  I'rincess  Sopliie  of 
Prussia  are  united  in  marriage. 

1891  Apr.* -May*  Anti- Jewish  riots 
break  out  in  the  Ionian  Islands. 

May  1.  A  riotous  and  fatal  encounter 
occurs  between  Greek  Christians  and 
Hebrews  at  Zante;  the  Christians  are 
the  aggressors. 

May  12.  In  Corfu  the  Christians  at- 
tack the  Jews;  two  are  killed.  [A 
state  of  siege  is  declared  at  Corfu.  The 
Jew^s  are  confined  within  tlieir  houses 
at  Corfu  for  weeks,  and  suffer  for  food.] 

May  16.  Ion  inii  Isles.  The  anti-Sem- 
itic riots  break  out  in  Corfu. 

1894  Aug.  8.  A  bomb  explosion  in 
Corfu  City  kills  seven  persons  in  the 
Hebrew  quarter. 

Sept.  2.  A  newspaper  is  wrecked  by 
soldiers  for  unfavorable  comment  ou 
army. 

Dec.  15.  Armenian  refugees  nmke 
their  way  to  Athens. 

STATE. 

1829  July  23.  The  National  Assem- 
bly commences  its  session  at  Argos. 

Sept.  14.  Turkeyacknowledgesthein- 
dependence  of  Greece. 

1830  May  21.  Prince  Leopold  de- 
clines the  crown. 

1831  Oct.  9.  President  Capo  d'Istria 
rules  with  severity,  and  is  assassinated ; 
anarchy  follows. 

*  *A  Senatorial  Commission  conducts 
the  government. 

1832  May  7.  Otto  of  Bavaria,  son  of 
Lewis,  is  made  king  of  Greece.  A  con- 
vention is  signed  by  which  definite 
Hmits  are  assigned  the  new  kingdom 
by  the  powers. 

1834  *  *  Athens  becomes  the  capital. 

1835  Jan.  1.-62  Oct.  20.  Otto  I. 
reigns.  A  regency  of  three  Bavarians  is 
selected  by  his  father. 

1843  Sept.  14.  Athens.  The  constitu- 
tion being  ignored,  a  new  constitution  is 
established  by  a  bloodless  revolution; 
it  provides  for  a  responsible  and  repre- 
sentative government. 

1844  Mar.  16.  King  Otto  dismisses 
his  Bavarian  Ministers,  and  accepts 
the  new  constitution. 

1854*  *  Greece  sides  with  Bussia 
against  Turkey  in  the  Crimean  War. 

Jan.  *  The  Ministry  favors  the  insur- 
rection in  Thessalv  aiul  P^pirus  agjiinst 
Turkey.  [Mar.  28.*  Rupture  of  dijibv 
matic  "relations  with  Turkey.] 

May  *  The  English  and  Frencli  troops 
which  arrive  at  the  Pira-us  force  the 
observance  of  neutrality,  and  a  change 
of  policy  respecting  additional  terri- 
tory; a  change  of  Ministry  ensues. 


GREECE.         1828,  Junes   1894,  Dec.  15.     1037 


1856  *  *  The  three  protecting  powers 
iippoiut  H  coxnznission  to  investigate 
(ireoian  flnaiiees.  [IStiO.  Report;  their 
tiianagemeiit  is  conUenmed.] 

1860  Sept.  15.  Au  asHassiu,  Aristidee 
Dositm,  fails  in  au  attempt  to  assassi- 
nate the  queen  as  a  patriotic  duty. 

Oct.  18,  Great  Britain,  France,  and 
Russia  remonstrate  with  the  Greek  Gov- 
ernment respecting  its  debts. 

1861  Mar.  *  The  Ionian  Islands  agitate 
for  annexation  to  Greece;  the  Pari ia^ 
ment  declares  in  favor  of  it. 

1862  Feb.  12.  A  military  revolt  oc- 
curs against  the  usurpation  of  the  king. 
The  insurgents  demand  reforms  and  a 
new  succession.     [Apr.  20.     Subdued.] 

Sept.  23.  Athena,  The  king  prorogues 
the  Chamber  lie  cannot  silence,  and  con- 
tinues an  oppressive  administration. 

Oct.  17.  An  insurrection  arises  at  Pe- 
ine and  Misst>longlihi. 

Oct,  20.  Athf'us.  King  Otto  abdi- 
cates, having  lost  power  and  influence. 

Oct.  23.  A  provisional  government  is 
formed ;  Denjetri  Bulgaris,  president, 
fit  is  generally  accepted.] 

*  *  A  general  election  is  held,  and 
Prince  Alfred  of  England  is  chosen 
king  by  2;J0,01f>  out  of  241,202  votes. 

But  the  agreement  entered  by  the 
three  powers  forbids  the  elevati(ni  of 
a  prince  of  either  power  to  the  throne. 

Dec.  4.  Athens.  The  Provisional  (iov- 
ernnient  tlecrees  a  modification  of  the 
Constitution  of  1843;  universal  suf- 
frage is  introduced,  and  the  executive 
department  of  government  reorganized. 

1863  Feb,  21,  A  military  revolt  oc- 
curs against  Bulgaris,  president  f»f  the 
council,  ami  Rufos,  minister  of  finance. 
[They  resign.] 

Mar.  30,  The  Xational  Assembly  pro- 
claims George  I.  the  king  of  Greece. 
(Son  of  Christian  IX.  of  Denmark.) 

May  27.  Ijondim.  Great  Britain,  France, 
and  Russia  sign  a  protocol  declaring  the 
throne  of  Greece  vacant.  [June  .'>. 
They  sign  a  treaty  relative  to  the  acces- 
cession  of  Prince  William.] 

July  3.  The  Powers,  by  an  identical 
note,  inform  the  Assembly  that  they  will 
quit  Greece  if  order  is  not  restored. 

July  9.  Alliens.  A  military  revolt  is 
suppressed. 

Oct.  18.  The  Ionian  Parliament  votes 
that  the  protectorate  of  England  shall 
cease  immediately,  and  the  islands  be 
forthwith  annexed  to  Greece.  [1864. 
June  2.    The  protectorate  ends.] 

Oct.  31.  Athenn.  Tlie  king  takes  the 
oath  of  fidelity  to  the  Constitution. 

Nov.  14.  The  protecting  powers  and 
.\ustria  sign  a  treaty  relative  to  the 
Ionian  Islands. 

1864  July  30.  Athens.  Ionian  repre- 
sentatives to  the  Assembly  first  arrive, 

Oct.  21.  Athena.  The  Constitutional 
Convention  provides  for  a  Council  of 
State. 

Tlie  legislative  authority  is  vested  in  a 
single  chamber  called  the  Boule,  hav- 
ing 207  flelegates  elected  for  four  years 
by  universal  suffrage. 


Nov.  1.  Athens,  The  Convention,  iu 
spite  of  the  opposition  of  the  king,  adopts 
a  new  Constitution.  [>;ov.  28.  The 
king  takes  the  constitutional  oath, 

and  the  convention  is  dissolved  ;  Count 
Sponueck,  a  Dane,  is  his  chief  adviser.] 

1865  Sept,  25.  Athens.  The  king  sur- 
renders one-third  of  his  civil  list  to  re- 
lieve the  strain  on  the  treasury. 

Dec.  1.  Count  Sponneck,  the  Danish 
adviser,  yields  to  tlie  popular  opposition, 
and  retires  from  (ireece. 

1866  Aug± .  A  popular  agitation  favors 
the  Cretan  insurrectionists  who  desire 
annexation  with  Greece.  [18(i7.  Apr.  * 
Greeks  aid  the  revolting  Cretans.] 

1868  Dec.  *  Turkey  and  Greece  come 
to  au  open  rupture,  caused  by  Grecian 
intervention  in  Crete. 

1869  Jan.  9 -Feb.  18.  Paris.  Tlie 
European  Conference  proposes  an 
amicable  adjustment  of  Cretan  difficul- 
ties acceptable  to  Greece  and  Turkey. 

1875  *  *  The  king  gives  great  offense  by 
his  unconstitutional  methods;   they 

force  a  ciiange  in  the  ministry. 

1876  *  *  Greece  assumes  neutrality  in  the 
Servian  war. 

Sept.  *  Great  Britain  unites  with  Turkey 
in  remonstrating  \\\i\\  Greece  for  arm- 
ing against  Turkey. 

1878  Jan.  22.  Athens.  Tlie  popular 
demand  for  war  with  Turkey  causes 
the  Ministry  to  resign.  [President  Com- 
oundouros  forms  a  new  one.] 

Jan.  31.  Athens.  The  Chamber  empow- 
ers the  (iovernment  to  take  mihtary 
measures  against  Turkey.  Vote,  121~(i. 
[The  minority  proposes  the  armed  occu- 
pation of  Thessaly,  Epirus,  and  a  part  of 
Macedonia,  to  protect  Greek  citizens.] 

July  24t,  The  Sultan  proposes  the  rec- 
tification of  the  frontiers.  [Aug.  8.  The 
claims  of  Greece  are  rejected.] 

Aug.  *  Athens.  The  (ireek  Government 
requests  the  powers  to  bring  about  a 
settlement  of  the  Kastern  Question. 

1879  Jan.  *  The  Turco-Grecian  Com- 
mission, appointed  under  the  Berlin 
Treaty  to  rectify  the  frontier  boundaries 
between  Greece  and  Turkey,  meets. 

1880  Jtine  15^.  lierlin.  A  confer- 
ence of  plenipotentiaries  of  the  powers 
unaninu>usly  agree  upon  a  new  line 
of  demarcation  between  Greece  antl 
Turkey. 

(Jreece  receives  8,500  square  miles, 
and  5.^,000  population.  Greece  rejoices. 
Turkey  resists.     [Unexecuted.] 

July*  Greece  prepares  for  war  in  exe- 
cution of  the  Berlin  Conference. 

1881  Feb.  7.  Athens.  Tlie  Government 
calls  out  the  National  Guard,  also  the 
Reserve,  — 80,000  men. 

Feb.*  Constantinople.  A  new  line  of 
demarcation  is  agreed  to  by  the  pow- 
ers; Turkey  accepts,  Greece  opposes  it, 
amid  intensest  excitement.  It  cedes  to 
Greece  26r)  square  miles. 

Apr,  7.  Athens.  The  Ministry  accepts 
the  new  line  of  demarcation. 

May  24.  Cfrtistnntinnple.  Tlie  Porte  and 
the  powers  sign  a  convention  respect- 
ing ceded  territory  ;  Thessaly  is  ceded 
to  Greece  :  territory,  .'>,142  square  miles. 
[July  2.    Signed.    July  6.   Effectuated.] 


*  *  The  burdebsorae  revenue  tax  of  one- 
tenth  in  kind  of  all  agricultural  prod- 
ucts is  abolished. 

1885  Oct.  11,  Athens.  A  decree  is 
issued  calling  out  the  reserves;  ^30,000 
men  are  enrolled  within  five  days. 

1886  Jan.  11.  The  six  great  powers  by 
jiu  identical  note  call  on  Greece,  Bul- 
garia, and  Servia  to  disarm. 

[Jan.  26.  A  collective  note  declares 
that  iu  absence  of  cause,  no  naval  attack 
on  Turkey  will  be  permitted.  Jan.  31. 
Another  declares  that  the  powers  will 
take  action  against  either  state  that 
breaks  the  peace.] 

Mar.  15±.  Athens.  The  (iovernment 
calls  out  two  more  classes  of  reserves 
for  the  army,  raising  its  nominal 
strength  to  100,000  men. 

Apr.  26,  A  collective  note  conveys  to 
tireece  the  ultimattun  of  the  powers  ; 
it  demands  demobilization  within  one 
week.  [Apr.  29.  The  French  Minister 
makes  a  special  intervention.  Greece 
proposes  a  gradual  disbanding.] 

May  6.    The  powers  demand  of  (ireece 

aspeciiic  statement  of  the  time  required. 

The    representatives    of    the    jHiwers 

leave  Athens,  and  a  pacific  blockade  of 

the  coasts  of  Gi'eece  is  declared. 

May  24.  Athens.  The  king  signs  a  de- 
cree for  a  speedy  disarmament. 

Jime  24.  Athens.  The  Chamber  passes 
the  Electoral  Beform  Bill;  it  reduces 
the  number  of  deputies  from  24C  to  150 
by  enlarging  the  constituencies. 

1889  Aug.  6.  The  Ministry  sends  a 
circular  letter  to  the  powers,  demand- 
ing that  they  take  action  for  the  resto- 
ration of  order  in  Crete. 

Oct.  27,  Prince  Konstantinos,  Duke 
of  Sparta,  heir  apparent,  is  married  to 
Princess  Sophia  of  Prussia,  the  sister  of 
the  German  emperor. 

1890  Apr.  3.  Athens.  A  charter  is 
granted  for  the  completion  of  the  canal 
across  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth,  its  French 
promoters  having  abandoned  it ;  $4,000,- 
(XK)  are  voted  for  its  completion. 

Oct.  *  The  Young  Greek  Party  tri- 
umphs in  the  election. 

1893  Jan,  1.  The  national  debt  is 
569,220,353  dracbmai  payable  in  gold, 
161,758,822  payable  in  paper,  and  11,000,- 
000  issued  as  treasury  warrants. 

Nov.  26.  Greece  announces  that  she  is 
temporarily  unable  to  keep  her  finan- 
cial engagements  with  foreign  iwwers. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1869  *  *  The  first  railroad  is  opened  be- 
tween Piragua  and  Phaleruni,  distance 
less  than  one  mile.  [1872.  The  rail- 
road between  Pirffius  and  Lamia  is 
begun.] 

1882  May  5.  The  cutting  of  a  canal 
across  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth  is  begun. 
[1893.    Aug.  6.    Opened.} 

1884  May  4,  A  fourth  railway,  from 
Volo  to  Larissa,  is  opened  by  the  king. 
[1885.  Apr.  15.  A  railway  is  opened 
between  Athens  and  Orinth.] 


1038    876,  **-1774,= 


GREENLAND. 


* 


Gbbsinland  is  a  continental  island,  lying  in  the  North  Polar  Sea,  entirely  unconnected  with  any  portion  of  Europe  or 
America.  It  belongs,  for  the  most  part,  to  Denmark,  and  is  ruled  by  a  governor  appointed  by  the  crown.  Estimated  area, 
612,000  square  miles  ;  population  in  1890,  i0,500±,  chiefly  Eskimos,  and  including  about  300  Europeans. 


CHURCH. 

1121*  *Erio  Gnupsson  appointed 
bishop  (p.  11).  [1124  *  *  Bishop  Arnold. 
1640.    The  last  bishop  dies.] 

1686  Jan.  31.  Normay.  HansEgede, 
the  "Apostle  of  Greenland,"   is  born. 

tl721.  Arrives  in  Greenland.  1723. 
bounds  Good  Hope  Mission.  1723-36. 
Converts  Eskimos.  1740.  Becomes  super- 
intendeutof  missions.  1758.  Nov. 5.  D.] 

1708*  *  Norway.    Paul  Egede,  author, 

is  born.  [1734-40.   Paul  Egede,  mission- 
ary.superintendent.    1789.    Dies.] 

1725    Jan.  1.    Frederick   Christian, 

the  first  convert  of  the  Danish  mission- 
aries, is  baptized  [becomes  a  teacher]. 

1728  *  *  Godthaab  becomes  a  Danish 
mission-station. 

1733  May  20.  Moravian  mission- 
aries from  Herrnhut,  Saxony,  first  ar- 
rive at  Godthaab.     [1738.     Kajarauk  is 


their  first  Eskimo  convert.    1774.    Ijich- 
tenan  becomes  a  mission-station.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

876*  *  Greenland  is  discovered  by 
Gunnbjorn.     [985±.    Eric  Kande]  (p.  11). 

1135  Apr.  *  Greenland  is  visited  by 
Scandinavians. 

1235  *  *  Colonists  penetrate  as  far  as 
73°  north  latitude. 

1261  *  *  Republican  government  is  abol- 
ished, and  Greenland  is  incorporated 
with  Norway. 

1342  *  *  The  Eskimos  appear.  [1350. 
They  distress   the  settlers.] 

1393(1394?)  July*  Greenland  is  visited 
by  Nicolo  Zeno,  a  Venetian. 

14ih-15th  Centuries,  Black  death,  foreign 
enemies,  and  the  attacks  of  the  Eskimos, 
decimate  the  settlements.  [1490±. 
Colonization  appears  to  have  ceased.] 


*  *  *  Greenland  is  neglected— almost 

forgotten— for  200  years. 

1396+  *  *  Antonio  Zeno,  a  brother  of 
Nicolo,  explores  the  coast. 

1418  *  *  Settlements  of  Norsemen  are 
destroyed  by  natives,  and  the  foreigners 
reduced  to  slavery, 

1578  *  *  Sir  Martin  Frobisher,  while 

seeking  a  Northwest  Passage,  takes  pos- 
session of  the  west  coast  for  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth, and  calls  it  West  England. 

1733-34  Smallpox  destroys  many 
thousands  of  people,  nearly  depopulat- 
ing some  of  the  villages. 

1750  *  *  A  Greenland  Danish-Latin  Dic- 
tionary, by  Paul  Egede,  api>ears.  1756, 
A  Greenland  Catechism;  1760,  A  Green- 
land Grammar;  1766,  New  Testament  ia 
the  Greenland  tongue ;  1877,  a  transla- 
tion of  Thomas  d,  Kempis.} 

1774  *  *  The  Danish  crown  makes  trade 
with  Greenland  a  strict  monopoly. 


GUATEMALA. 

Guatemala  is  a  republic  of  Central  America,  having  its  executive  power  vested  in  a  president,  and  its  legislative  power  in  a 
National  Assembly,  representing  22  political  departments.  The  chief  religion  is  Eoman  Catholic,  but  other  faiths  are  tolerated. 
Area,  46,800  square  miles  ;  population  in  1890,  1,460,017. 


ARMY. 

1827  *  •  Guatemala.  The  Salvadorians 
attack  the  city  after  the  assassination 
of  Vice-President  Flores,  and  are  re- 
pulsed. [1829.  Apr.  *  They  attack  and 
capture  it.  1840.  Mar.  18.  Carrera,  the 
revolutionist,  defeats  them.] 

1851  *  *  Carrera  defeats  the  Hondurians 
and  San  .Salvadorians  at  La  Arada,  near 
Chiquiniula,  and  expels  them. 

1854-55    Filibusters.    (See  State.) 

1863  June  16.  The  Salvadorians 
severely  defeat  the  Guatemalans  at 
Coatepeque.  [A  truce  follows.  Guate- 
mala secures  Nicaragua  and  Costa  Ilica 
as  allies,  and  San  Salvador  is  captured. 
Peace  follows.] 

1871  May*  Miguel  Garcia  Granados 
invades  Guatemala  from  Chiapas,  and 
defeats  and  deposes  President  Cerna. 

1876  *  *  War  with  Honduras  and  San 
Salvador  follows  Barrios's  attempt  to 
form  a  confederation  of  the  Central 
American  republics. 

1885  Apr.  2.  Barrios  invades  Salva- 
dor, is  defeated ;  killed  at  Chalchuapa. 

1800  July  17.  A  Guatemalan  army 
invades  San  Salvador,  but  is  defeated 
with  heavy  loss. 

July  254^.  Salvadorian  invaders  un- 
der Gen.  Ezeta  are  routed  in  two  battles. 

July  27+-.  Both  Guatemala  and  San  Sal- 
vador maas  their  troops;  the  former 
has  40,000  and  the  latter  10,000  under 
arms.  [Aug.  6.  The  revolutionists  de- 
feated.   Aug,  15.    Hostilities  resumed.] 

1802  Feb.  23.  Gen.  Enriquez  and 
several  companions  are  killed  by  a 
Guatemalan  force  near  Jacapa. 

STATE. 

1820  *  •  Guatemala  begins  to  shake  off 
the  Spanish  yoke. 

1821  *  *  Independence  is  declared. 

1822-23  The  people  support  the  Mexi- 
can patriot  Iturbide.  [1823.  Guate- 
mala withdraws  from  the  Mexican  Con- 
federation.] 


1824  *  *  A  confederation  of  Central 
American  states  is  formed,  and  a  demo- 
cratic con  v  e  n  t  ion  established.  The 
United  States  of  Central  America 
consists  of  (Tuatemala,  San  Salvador, 
Honduras,  Nicaragua,  and  Costa  Rica. 

1826    Sept.  6.    President  Barrundia 

having  been  imprisoned,  Cerilo  Flores 
becomes  acting  president.  [Oct.  13. 
Flores  is  assassinated.] 

1820  *  »  The  Salvadorians  establish  Gen. 
Morazan  as  President,    (See  Army.) 

1847  Mar.  21.  A  new  declaration 
of  independence  is  made  ;  allegiance 
to  Spain  is  altogether  withdrawn. 

1848  *  *  Haf  ael  Carrera  is  elected  pres- 
ident. [Reelected  for  life.] 

*  *  A  new  Constitution  is  promulgated. 

1854-55    American  filibusters  under 

Kenny  and   William  AValker  make  an 

unsuccessful  invasion. 
1863  ♦  *  Rivalry  between  Carrera  and 

Barrios,  the  president  of  San  Salvador, 

leads  to  open  war. 
1865    May  3.    Gen.  Vicente  Cerna  is 

made  president  for  four  years.     [1871. 

June  29.     Deposed  by  Granados.] 
1870+  *  *  The  Liberal  party  begins  to 

rise  in  influence. 
1871*  *The  archbishop  of  Guatemala 

and  the  Jesuits  are  exiled  as  political 

intriguers  favoring  the  clerical  party. 
May  •  -73    June  4.    Granados  rules  as 

provisional  president. 

1872  Mar.  *  An  alliance  is  entered 
with  Honduras  against  .San  Salvador. 
[1873.    With  San  Salvador.] 

*  *  The  Jesuit  order  is  proclaimed  ex- 
tinct and  its  property  confiscated. 

1873  Juno  4.  Justo  Euflno  Barrios 
is  elected  president.  [Successively  re- 
elected till  his  death  in  1885.] 

1876  *  *  President  Barrios  invites  other 
republics  to  a  Confederation  Confer- 
ence. [The  Conference  is  broken  up 
by  quarrels,  and  war  follows  in  which 
Guatemala  is  victorious.] 

1881  *  *  The  United  States  of  America 
is  requested  to  settle  the  disputed 
boundaries  with  Mexico.    [Mexico  de- 


clines the  mediation.  1884.  Definitely 
traced.] 

1885  Feb.  28.  President  Barrios  is- 
sues a  proclamation  for  the  imion  of  the 
five  Central  American  republics. 
Nicaragua  and  Costa  Rica  refuse,  and 
declare  war  against  Guatemala.  [Hon- 
duras alone  favors  the  union.] 

Apr.  16.  Gen.  Barillas  succeeds  Bar- 
rios as  president.    [Peace  follows.] 

1886  May  25.  A  law  is  passed  pro- 
hibiting torture  as  punishment. 

1880  Oct.  30.  Another  revolution 
breaks  out.  [Nov.  *  Insurrectionists 
attack  tlie  Mataes-ciuntla  barracks,  and 
seize  the  arms.    Nov.  3.    Order  prevails.] 

1800  Mar.  27.  Guatemala  enters  the 
union  of  the  Central  American  States. 

Aug.  20±.  Salvador  .and  Guatemala  ac- 
cept the  mediation  of  tlie  United  States. 
[Aug.  21.  Peace  is  concluded.  Aug. 
27.  Signed.  Nov.  10.  The  final  treaty 
of  peace  signed.  1891.  ,)uly25.  Ratified.] 

Aug.  28.    Gen.  Martin  Barrundia,  the 

revolutionist,  is  shot  down  on  board  an 
American  steamer. 

1891  July  12.    Disorder  prevails. 
Sept.*  Another  revolt  breaks  out ;  Gen. 

Barillas  declares  himself  dictator  ;  hun- 
dreds are  killed  in  a  fight  between  sol- 
diers and  insurgents  in  the  streets. 

1892  Jan.  16.  Dr.  Lainfiesa  is  elected 
president.  [Over  60  persons  are  killed 
and  100  wounded  in  election  riots.] 

Feb.  •  A  revolt  headed  by  Gen.  Enri- 
quez is  suppressed. 

1804  Got.  *  The  president  declares  him- 
self dictator. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1730  *  •  Guatemala.  The  cathedral  is 
erected. 

1773  June  7.  An  earthquake  de- 
stroys Santiago  and  all  its  inhabitants. 

1774  *  *  Old  Guatemala  is  destroyed  by 
the  Volcan  de  Agua. 

1770  *  *  Cerilo  Flores,  acting  president, 
born.    [1826.    Oct.  13.    Dies.] 


GUATEMALA.         1730,  *  *-1893,  Jan.  23.     lOS'J 


*  *  Jo9^  Fraucisuo  Barruiiilia,  president, 
lx>rn.    [1864.    Aug.  4.    Dies.] 

1814  *  •  llafael  Carrera,  revolutionist, 
president,  born.    [18G5.    Apr.  14.    Dies.] 

1824  *  •  Slavery  is  abolished. 

1834i:  *  *  .lusto  Kuflno  Barrios,  presi- 
dent, born.    [1886.    Apr.  2.    Dies.) 

1862  Deo.  19.  Guatemala.  An  earth- 
quake destroys  150  buildings  and  14 
JUurches.  [1874.  Sept.*  Old  Guatemala 
is  nuicli  damaged. J 


1868  ♦  *  A  telegraph  line  is  con.;  .eted 
from  the  capital  to  Amatillan. 

1875  *  '  A  railroad  from  San  Jos^  to  Es- 
cuintha  begun.  [1880.  June  18.  Opened.] 

1882  *  •  Guatemala.  The  Presbyterian 
Church,  U.  S.  A.,  establishes  a  mission. 

1884  *  *  Work  is  commenced  on  the  In- 
teroceanic  Railroad.  [1886.  Dec.  27. 
Also  on  one  to  connect  La  Antigua  with 
the  Central  Railroad  of  Guatemala.] 


1886    Jan.  6.    A  telegraph  line  is  laid 

between  Jocotun,  Guatemala,  and  Santa 

Kosa,  Honduras. 
1889     Deo.*  Guatemala.     Cholera 

causes  1,200  deaths. 
1891    Oct.  10.    Two  letters  written  by 

Columbus  are  found  in  an  old  convent. 
Sept.  23.    The   Government   closes  the 

ports  as  a  quarantine  against  cholera. 
1893    Jan.  23.    The  British  Legation  is 

attaclted  by  rioters. 


GUIANA. 


On  AN  A  is  a  country  lying  on  the  north  coast  of  South  America,  and  divided  into  three  colonies.  British  Gitiana,  in  the 
vest,  consists  of  the  three  united  British  colonies  of  Berbice,  Demerara,  and  Essequibo ;  capital,  Georgetown  ;  area  (claimed), 
109,000  square  miles;  population  in  1891,  288,324.  The  people  are  chiefly  negroes,  mulattoes.  East  Indians,  and  Chinese.  The 
religions  are  numerically  represented  in  the  following  order ;  Hindus,  Moravians,  Reformed  and  Lutherans,  Roman  Catholics, 
Mohammedans,  Jews,  and  Buddhists.  Dutch  Guiana,  in  the  center,  is  a  colony  of  the  Netherlands,  with  Paramaribo  for  its 
capital ;  area,  40,000  square  miles  ;  population  in  1890,  56,873.  Fkkncii  Gui.vna,  in  the  east,  is  a  colony  of  France,  having  Cay- 
enne for  its  capital.    The  boundary  on  the  east  is  in  dispute  with  Brazil.    Area  (claimed),  46,858  square  miles ;  population,  25,796. 


ARMY  —  STATE. 

1580  *  *  Dutch  settlers  appear  on  the 
Pomeroon. 

iei3±  *  *  n.G.  Acolonyof  Zealanders 
llourisltes  on  the  banks  of  the  Essequibo. 

1614*  *  Xeth.  Holland  grants  four 
years'  monopoly  to  any  Dutch  citizen 
discovering  jmy  harbor  or  place  of  com- 
merce in  this  region.  [1627-^7.  i>.  G. 
Dutch  colonists  arrive.] 

1626-43  J>.G.  French  colonists  settle 
on  the  Sinnamary  and  on  the  Surinam. 

1630*  'D.G.  EngUsh  colonists  settle 
in  Surinam.  [1652.  Return  to  Paramaribo.] 

1634  *  *  F.G.  French  traders  settle  in 
Cayenne.    [1664.  Taken  by  the  French.] 

1662  *  •  Eng.  Charles  II.  grants  the 
whole  colony  to  Lord  Willoughby. 

1664*  *D.G.  Many  Jews  remove  from 
Cayenne  to  the  Surinam  district. 

1666*  »/).«.  Zealanders  take  the 
English  settlement  by  storm,  and  100,000 
pounds  of  sugar  are  exacted  as  a  ransom. 

1667  *  *  By  the  Peace  of  Breda,  the 
Dutch  are  formally  recognized  as  tlie 
masters  of  Guiana.  [1674.  Confirmed 
to  them  by  the  Treaty  of  Westminster.] 

1674  Dec.  21.  F.O.  The  French  at- 
tack Cayenne.    [1677.    Capture  it.] 

*  *  y.  <1.  The  colony  passes  under  the 
direct  control  of  the  crown. 

1682  »  •  Neth.  The  Dutch  "West  India 
Company  receives  (iuiana  by  charter 
from  the  States-General.  [1683.  It  cedes 
one-third  of  their  territory  to  the  city  of 
Amsterdam,  another  tiiird  to  Cornelius 
Van  Aerssens,  Lord  of  Sommelsdijk.] 

•  *  *  \eth.  The  new  company  incorpo- 
rate themselves  as  the  Chartered  So- 
ciety of  Surinam ;  Sommelsdijk  is  the 
governor.  [1688.  He  is  massacred  in  a 
mutiny.  His  claim  is  purchased  after 
a  time  by  .-Vinsterdam.] 

1712  •  *  l).  G.  The  French  under  Cas- 
sard  attack  the  Dutch,  and  exact  a  con- 
tribution of  Paramaribo. 


1732  *  *  Jl.  O.  Berbice  receives  a  con- 
stitution from  Holland. 

1760  *  *  D.  G.  Peace  is  made  with  the 
Aukan  negroes.  [1762.  With  Sara- 
maceans.] 

1763  *  *  D.  G.  An  insurrection  of  ne- 
gro slaves  breaks  out.    [Suppressed.] 

1764  *  *  F.  G.  Many  French  colonists 
arrive. 

1772  *  *  D.G.  The  Maroons,  bush  ne- 
groes, revolt.    [1776.    Suppressed.] 

1776  *  *  /;.  G.  The  Bonni  tribe  of  In- 
dians attack  the  colonists. 

1781*  *  D.  G.  Adm.  Rodney  takes 
possession  for  Great  Britain.  [1783.  Re- 
stored to  Holland.  1796.  Regained  by 
England.    1820.  Restored  to  the  Dutch.] 

1786  *  *  D.G.    Indians  become  pacified. 

1795  *  *  D.G.  Tlie  Chartered  Society 
is  dissolved,  and  Surinam  is  committed 
to  a  committee  of  21  members. 

•  *  D.G.  The  College  of  Electors  com- 
missions some  of  its  members  to  act  with 
the  court  in  financial  matters. 

1799  *  *  D.  G.  The  English  assume  a 
protectorate  over  tlie  colony.  [1815. 
The  Dutch  authority  restored.] 

1800*  *F.G.  Victor Hugoisappointed 
governor,  and  the  colony  prospers. 

1803  *  •  British  Guiana  is  tinally  ac- 
quired, and  its  separate  history  be- 
gins; Sir  Charles  Green,  governor. 
[1814.  Formally  ceded  by  the  l)uti;h.  It 
consists  of  the  three  colonies,  Demerara, 
Essequibo,  and  Berbice.  1831.  July  * 
Three  colonies  consolidated.] 

1809  *  *  F.G.  The  Portuguese  and  Brit- 
ish invade  the  territory. 

1814*  *  F.  G.  Authority  is  nominally 
restored  to  the  French. 

1817  *  *  F.  G.  The  Portuguese  finally 
restore  the  country  to  the  French. 

1828**  D.G.  Surinam  and  the  "West 
Indies  are  placed  under  a  common  gov- 
ernment.   [1845.    Separated.] 

1848  *  *  F.  G.  France  sends  many  po- 
litical prisoners  to  Cayenne. 


1868  *  *  B.  G.  John  Scott  becomes  gov- 
ernor. [1874,  James  Robert  Long(ien  ; 
1876,  G.  C.  H.  Cortright ;  1882,  Sir  Henry 
T.  Irving ;  1887,  Dec.  *  Viscount  Ger- 
mans town.] 

1870+  *  *  n.  G.  The  organized  impor- 
tation of  Chinese  is  prohibited. 

1891  May  13.  D.  G.  A  serious  revolt 
breaks  out. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1498  *  *  The  coast  is  discovered  by  Co- 
lumbus. [1504.  Vasco  Nunez  lands. 
1531.    Diego  de  Ordas  makes  discoveries.] 

1596  *  *  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  makes  ex- 
plorations.    [1607,  1617.    Explorations.) 

1643  *  *  F.  G.  The  Compagnie  du  Cap 
Xord  is  formed  in  Rouen. 

1645  *  *  F.  G.  The  Compagnie  de  la 
France  Equinoxiale  is  established.  [1652. 
The  second  compagnie  is  established.] 

1664  *  *  F.G.  Tlie  Compagnie  des  Indes 
Occidentaies  is  chartered. 

1683+  •  *  D.G.  The  canal  of  Sommels- 
dijk is  constructed. 

1735+  *  *  n.  G.  The  Moravians  estab- 
lish mission-stations  at  Paramaribo, 
Clevia,  and  other  places  on  the  Surinam. 

1807*  *D.G.   Slave-trade  is  abolished. 

1819  •  *  Gold  is  first  discovered. 

1842  *  *  II.  G.     Slavery  is  abolished ; 

but  by  w^ay  of  compensation  to  owners, 
the  negroes  are  to  be  worked  as  appren- 
tices without  pay  until  1863.  [1863.  Ac- 
tually abolished.] 

1852**i>'.  G.  More  than  8,000  convicts 
are  sent  out  by  France  as  a  penal  colony. 

1870  Apr.  24.  B.  G.  The  waterfall 
Kaieteur  (,S22  feet)  is  discovered. 

1877  Dec.  31.  B.  G.  The  estates  em- 
ploy 23,500  East  Indian  emigrants 
working  under  a  five  years'  indenture. 

1878  *  *B.G.  The  Church  of  Eng- 
land claims  90,000  members. 

*  *  B.  G.  The  Moravians  establish 
missions  at  Graham's  Hall  and  Ueter- 
verwagtung  in  Demerara. 

*  *  Roman  Catholics  report  several 
churches  and  mission-stations. 


HAITI. 

Haiti  is,  next  to  Cuba,  the  largest  of  the  West  India  group.  It  is  politically  divided  into  the  Republic  of  Haiti  in  the  west, 
and  the  Rei)ublic  of  Dominica  in  the  east.  Area  of  the  Republic  of  Haiti,  10,204  square  miles ;  population,  672,000,  only  one- 
tenth  are  whites.  The  government  is  republican  in  form ;  the  executive  branch  is  vested  in  a  president  elected  for  a  term  of 
seven  years ;  the  legislative  brancli  is  vested  in  an  Assembly  comprising  a  Senate  and  Chamber  of  Representatives.  Its  capital 
is  Port-.4u-Prinoe.    The  popular  language  is  debased  French,  and  the  nominal  religion  is  Roman  Catholic. 


1040    1492,  Dec.  6-1894,  Mar. 


HAITI. 


STATE  —  SETTLEMENT. 

1492  Dec.  6.  Columbus  discovers  the 
island  (of  Haiti),  which  he  iiaiues  His- 
paniola,  and  lands  at  St.  Nicolas  Mole. 

1496  *  *  Santo  Domingo  is  settled. 

1505  *  *  Negro  slaves  are  introduced. 

1517  *  *  Sp.  The  importation  of  4.000 
African  negroes  yearly  is  authorized. 

1632  *  *  French  buccaneers  arrive. 

1674  *  *  Bertrand  Denis  d'Og^ron  de  la 
liouere,  an  adventurer,  i>laiits  a  colony. 

1696  Sept.  30.  The  western  part  of  the 
island  is  ceded  to  France  by  the  Treaty 
of  Kyswick.  [1795.  July  '22.  By  the  Treaty 
of  Basel,  called  Saint  Dominique.] 

1722  *  *  The  restrictions  on  trade  being 
removed,  the  languishing  French  colony 
becomes  prosperous. 

1790*  *  Vincent  Oge,  a  mulatto,  edu- 
cated in  France,  having  300  followers, 
leads  a  revolt.     [Quickly  suppressed.] 

1791  May  15.  Fr.  The  National  Con- 
vention gives  to  free-born  mulattoes 
citizens*  rights.    [Sept.  24.    Repealed.] 

Aug.  25.  The  plantation  slaves  rise 
against  the  oppressive  whites.  [Tous- 
saint  L'Ouverture  ttghts  the  Spanish 
Dominicans.  Sept.  11.  The  whites 
yieUi,  and  grant  civil  rights.] 

1793  Aug.  *  The  abolition  of  slavery 
is  proclaimed  to  conciliate  the  xincon- 
querable  mulattoes. 

Sept.  *  A  British  force  invades  Haiti. 

1794  Feb.  *  Fr.  The  National  Con- 
vention guarantees  universal  freedom 
to  all  in  the  French  colony. 

*  *  Toussaint  deserts  the  Spanisli  and 
joins  the  French,  whereby  the  latter 
gain  ascendency. 

1798  *  *  Toussaint,  the  leader  of  the 
blacks,  aiding  the  French,  drives  the 
British  from  the  island,  after  they  had 
conquered  the  whole  western  coast. 

1709  *  *  Gen.  E-igaud,  a  mulatto,  f;i- 
voring  the  British,  is  defeated  by  Tous- 
saint, who  thereby  acquires  control  of 
the  western  part  of  the  island. 

1801  July*  Toussaint,  the  real  ruler 
of  the  entire  country,  adopts  a  constitii- 
tional  form  of  government,  and  pro- 
claims the  independence  of  Haiti. 

*  *  Toussaint  occupies  the  eastern  part 
of  the  island  ;  the  French  claim  it. 

1802  Feb.*  A  French  army  uhder 
Gen.  Leclerc,  30,000  strong,  lands  to  re- 
store i^avery. 


May  *  A  truce  is  agreed  to.  Toussaint 
capitulates,  and  is  pardoned.  [Yellow 
fever  makes  French  army  powerless.] 

July  *  Toussaint  is  arrested,  charged 
with  conspiracy.     [Sent  to  France.] 

1803  Nov.  30.  The  French  army. 
8,000  strong,  capitulates  to  a  British 
squadron  under  Gen.  Dessalines. 

1804  Jan.  1.  The  Haitians  formally 
declare  their  political  independence ; 
the  aboriginal  name  of  Haiti  is  revived. 

*  *  Gen.  Jean  Jacques  Dessalines,  the 

successor  of  Toussaint,  is  declared  gov- 
ernor for  life.  [1805.  June  16.  He  pro- 
claims himself  emperor,  and  is  crowned 
with  great  pomp,  Jacques  I.  1806.  Oct. 
17.  He  is  assassinated  by  military  con- 
spirators. Several  chieftains  then  di- 
vide authority,  and  the  east  part  of  the 
island  is  repossessed  by  Spain.] 

1807  *  *  Christophe,  the  leader  of  the 
blacks  in  the  north,  is  appointed  gover- 
nor for  life.  [1811.  He  changes  his  title 
from  emperor  to  that  of  King  Henry  I.] 

Mar.  10.  Alexander  Sabes  p6tion  be- 
comes governor  in  the  southern  part. 
[1818.  May  *  He  dies.  Jean  Pierre 
Boyer  succeeds  him.] 

1820  Oct.  *  Christophe  commits  sui- 
cide. [Boyer  becomes  practical  dictator 
of  the  whole  island.] 

1821  Nov.  30.  The  Haitians  in  the 
west  throw  oft'  the  Spanish  yoke,  and 
proclaim  an  independent  repubhc. 

1822  *  *  Boyer  invades  the  disturbed  dis- 
trict, annexes  it,  and  calls  the  new  gov- 
ernment the  BepubUc  of  Haiti. 

1825  *  *  France  agrees  to  recognize  the 
independence  of  Haiti  on  the  pajment 
of  an  indemnity  of  90,000  francs. 

1842  *  *  A  revolution  breaks  out. 

1843  *  *  President  Boyer  is  an  exile. 

1844  Feb.  27.  Tlie  Dominican  Re- 
public is  formed  in  the  east  (p.  643). 

Apr.  9.  President  Herrard  Riviere  fails 
to  subdue  the  revolting  Dominicans. 

*  *  Gen.  Guerrier  becomes  president. 
[Pierrot  and  Gen.  Riche  follow.  1847. 
Faustin  Soulouque.  He  attempts  to 
subdue  the  l>ominicans  in  the  east.] 

1849  Apr.  21.  The  Dominicans  un- 
der Gen.  Santana  defeat  the  Haitians 
at  Jjas  Carreras. 

Aug.  26.  Soulouque  assumes  the  title 
of  Faustian  1.,  emperor,  and  appoints  a 
court  an4l  a  nobility.  [1859.  He  flees 
before  an  uprising  of  the  people.] 


1859  *  *  The  Bepublic  of  Haiti  is  again 
proclaimed  ;  Fabre  Geilrard,  president. 
[1867  He  flees  before  an  Insurrection, 
and  Sylvestre  Salnave  succeeds  bim.] 

1868    May  10.    An  insurrection 

breaks  out  against  President  Salnave. 
[Juno  3.  He  defeats  the  insurgents. 
Aug.  *  Proclaims  himself  emperor.  Dec. 
18.  He  is  Anally  defeated,  and  flees.  1870. 
Jan.  15.    Captured,  tried,  and  shot.] 

1870  Jan.  *  It  is  proposed  to  sell  Sa- 
mana  Bay  to  the  United  States.  [Pro- 
ject dropped.] 

May  15.  Gen.  Nissage  Saget  is  inaugu- 
rated president. 

1873  Oct.*  Gen.  Ganier  d'Aton  is 
elected  president.  [1874.  June  14.  Mi- 
chael Dominique.] 

1876  Mar.  7±.  Louis  Tanis  heads  an 
insurrection.  [Apr.  *  Dominique  is 
defeated,  and  flees.  July  11*.  Boisrond 
Canal  is  elected  president.  187J).  July 
17±.  Deposed,  by  revolutioiusts.  Oct. 
22.  Succeeded  by  <ien.  Salomon.  1880. 
July  14.    Salomon  is  reelected.] 

1883  Mar.  25.  A  revolution  breaks 
out.  [Mar.  31.  Government  troops  are  de- 
feated. May  *  Rebels bbiw  up  a  bridge, 
killing  2,000  persons.  June*  Insurrec- 
tion is  quelled;  amnesty  proclaimed.] 

1888  Aug.  *  Gen.  Salomon  is  deposed 
by  a  revolution.  [Sept.  19.  Gen.  Tele- 
maque  and  300  others  are  killed  in  an 
attack  on  the  Palais  Nationale  at  Port- 
au-Prince.  Oct.  *  Civil  war  prevails 
between  north  and  south  Haiti.] 

Oct.  22.    Gen.  Legitime  is  elected 

president. 
Dec.  7.    Cape  Haytien  is  bombarded. 

[Dec.  21.    Gens,  ifyppolite  and  Li%itinie 

engage  in  an  indecisive  battle.] 
1889    Jan.  1.    President  Louis  Mondes- 

lin   Florvil    Hyppolite    is    installed    at 

Haitian. 

Jan.  29.  Legitime  is  defeated  by  Hyp- 
polite.  [Feb.  20.  Gen.  Hyppolite  is  de- 
feated. Apr.*  Dessalines  is  captured. 
June  1.  Gen.  Legitime  is  defeated, 
and  Gen.  Hyppolite  lieconies  provis- 
ional president.  Oct.  14.  Elected  pres- 
dent.  Oct.  15.  Inaugurated.  1890.  May 
15.    Again  elected  for  seven  years.] 

Oct.  *  The  Constitution  is  revised,  and 
modeled  after  that  of  the  United  States. 

1894  Mar.  *  An  insiu-rection  breaks 
out.     [Oct.  1.    Suppressed.] 


HAWAIIAN    ISLANDS. 


This  group  of  islands  lies  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  and  was  formerly  called  the  Sandwich  Islands  ;  its  government  is 
republican  in  form,  and  Honolulu  is  its  capital ;  the  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Hawaiian  natives,  Chinese,  Japanese,  Portuguese, 
Americans,  British,  and  Germans. 

1850  •  *  The  Hawaiian  Missionaiy  So- 
ciety, composed  of  native  Cliristians.  i» 
formed  for  extending  the  gospel.  [1851. 
It  opens  a  mission  in  Micronesia.] 

1852  *  •  The  natives,  with  the  aid  of 
the  American  Board,  take  tlie  gospel 
3,0(»  miles  to  the  Caroline,  Marshall, 
and  Gilbert  Islands. 

1853  ♦  *  Two  native  missionaries  and 
their  wives  are  sent  to  the  ilarquesas 
by  the  society  at  Hawaii. 

1861  *  *  An  Englisli  bishopric  is  erected. 

1862  Aug.  18.  Dr.  Thomas  Staley  is 
consecrated  (English)  bishop  for  the 
Islands.     [1870.     Aug.  •  Resigns.] 

1863  *  •  The  mission-work  of  the  Amer- 
ican Board  is  transferred  ti.  the  Ha- 
waiian Evangelical  As.sociatioii. 

*  *  The  Hawaiian  churches  report  sn.Offl) 
commimlcants  and  the  islands  Cll^i^- 
tianized. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE . 

1789  *  *  Tlie  earliest  recorded  volcanic 
eruption  of  Kllauea  occurs.  [1832. 
Mauna  Loa  is  active ;  lava  flows  on 
several  sides.  Kilauea  is  also  in  a  state 
of  eruption.  1843.  Mauna  Loa  dis- 
charges three  great  streams  of  lava  from 
five  to  six  miles  wide,  and  moving  from 
20  to  30  miles  long.  1851,  1852,  1855. 
.\gain  active.  1859.  Streams  of  lava 
flow  to  the  sea.  18G8.  More  discharges, 
with attenillng earthquakes.  1877.  Feb.* 
A  stream  of  lava  flows  for  six  hours.] 

1804  Deo.  3.  Hawailis  severely  shaken 
by  an  earthquake. 

CHURCH. 
1819-20    By  a  spontaneous   movement 
the  idols  and  temples  are  destroyed 
by  natives. 


1819  *  *  The  first  missionaries  reach 
Honolulu:  the  people,  having  already 
cast  away  their  idols,  are  ready  to  re- 
ceive Christian  teaching. 

1821*  *Kamehameha  II.  abolishes 

idolatry. 

1820  Mar.  31.  The  first  missionaries 
of  the  American  Board  arrive. 

1824  *  *  The  principal  chiefs  agree  to 
recognize  the  Sabbath,  and  adopt  the 
Ten  Commandments  as  the  basis  of 
government. 

1827  *  *  A  prefecture-apostolic  (Roman 
Catholic)  is  established.  [1841.  A  vioa- 
riate-apostolic  is  created.] 

1831  *  *  The  fourth  company  of  Ameri- 
can missionaries  arrives. 

1847  Oct.  31.  Louis  D.  Maigret  is  conse- 
crated vicar-apostolic  for  the  Islands. 


HAWAIIAN    ISLANDS.     1542,*  * -1894,  Aug.  8.      1041 


1872  Feb.  2.  Eiig.  Alfred  Willis  is 
consecruted  bishop  for  the  Islands. 

1881  Aug.  21.  Hermann  Koeckmann 
ia  oonsecfrtted  (R.  C.)  vicar-apostoUc. 

SOCIETY. 

1779  Feb.  14.  Capt.  Cook  Is  mur- 
dered by  the  natives. 

1824  *  *  The  kinj;  and  queen  visit  !Eng. 
land,  where  buili  die  of  the  measles. 

1856  *  *  Kamehameha  IV,  is  married 
to  Miss  Emma  llooker. 

1866  *  *  Population,  62.000.  Honolulu 
about  doubles  its  population  during  the 
\vlialing-se;ison  by  the  influx  of  transient 
seamen,  who  bring  many  evils  with  them. 

1890  *  ♦  The  natives  are  steadily  de- 
creasing in  numbers,  owing  to  the  vices 
Introduced  by  foreigners.  It  is  found 
iieeefsaryto  resunie  mission-work  to  cor- 
rect these  evils. 

STATE. 

1642  *  *  Gaetano,  a  Spaniard,  discovers 
these  islands.  [1750.  Lord  livron,  Kng- 
liflh  navigator.    1778.   By  Capt.  Cook.] 

1784-1810  Kamehameha  I.  reigns. 
[1819-24.     Kamehameha  II.] 

1792  *  *  Vancouver  visits  the  islands. 

1812i:  *  *  Kamehameha  T.  consolidates 
the  government  of  the  largest  islands  by 
subduing  his  rivals. 

1822*  *The  Hawaiian  language  is  re- 
duced to  writing. 

1824-54    Kamehameha  m.  reigns. 

1834  Feb.  9.  Kamehameha  IV.  (Alex- 
ander Liholilio),  king,  born. 

1836    Nov.  16.    KalalauaI.,king,born. 

1840  *  *  The  islands  are  declared  an  in- 
dependent kingdom.  A  written  con- 
stitution recognizes  Christianity  as  the 
foundation  of  the  govenniient. 

1844  *  *  The  independence  of  the  isl- 
ands is  guaranteed  by  the  United  States 
of  America,  Great  Britain,  and  France. 


1862*  *The  Constitution  is  revised 
by  the  king  and  slightly  liberalized. 

1854    Dec.  15.    Kamehameha  IV. 

succeeds  his  father.     [Dies  Nov.,  1863.] 
1864     Aug.  20-72  *    *  Kamehameha 
V.  reigns.    [1872.    Dec.  11.    Dies.] 

1873  Jan.  8.  Prince  William  C.  Luna- 
lilo  is  king.    [1874.    Feb.  3.    Dies.] 

1874  Feb.  12.     David   Kalakaua    is 

electetl  king  by  ballot,  tliere  being  no 
heirs.    Queen  Emma  is  his  rival. 

1875  *  *  A  reciprocity  treaty  is  made 
with  the  United  States. 

1876  Dec. *  Thekingvisitsthe United 
States.  [1881.  duly  *  He  visits  Eng- 
land.   1884.    Feb.  *  He  is  crowned.] 

1882  *  *  Junell  Maigret  (V.  A.)  dies. 

*  *  Titus  Coan,  missionary,  dies,  A82. 
"  He  had  received  into  the  church  11,900 
persons." 

1887   June  25.  The  people  rise  against 

a  corrupt  ministry. 
July  7.    Tlie  king  grants  a  more  liberal 

Constitution. 
1889    Apr.  10.    Father  Damien,  "leper 

priest  of  Molakai,"  dies  at  Kalawa. 

1891  Jan.  30.  Kalakaua,  king,  dies  at 
Sau  Francisco. 

*  *  liiliuokalani  becomes  queen. 

Feb.  4.  A  plot  to  capture  the  Govern- 
ment is  discovered. 

Feb.  28.    A  new  cabinet  is  selected. 

Sept.  2.  The  new  queen  daily  grows 
more  unpopular  with  the  natives,  and 
republicanism  is  spreading. 

1892  July  28.  The  cabinet  resigns. 
[Nov,  l(j.    A  new  cabinet  is  formed.] 

A  bill  to  establish  a  lottery  in  Hono- 
lulufor  25  years,  at  $500,000  a  year,  is  iji- 
troduced  in  the  legislature  ;  the  lottery 
to  be  exempt  from  taxes  and  license 
fees,  and  to  have  free  use  of  the  mails. 


1893  Jan.  15.  Queen  Llliuokalani  at- 
tempts to  force  the  cabinet  to  ap- 
prove a  new  Constitution,  extending  her 
power,  and  limiting  that  of  foreigners.   . 

Jan.  17.  A  Committee  of  Public 
Safety  deposes  the  queen,  and  forms  a 
provisional  government,  with  Sanford 
B,  Dole  as  president. 

Jan.  18.  The  Provisional  Government 

has  a  strong  force  of  men  under  arms, 
and  the  palace  is  strongly  fortilied. 

Jan.  28.  Revolution;  the  queen  is  de- 
throned, and  the  new  Government  seeks 
annexation  to  the  United  States. 

Feb.  9.  The  American  Minister  estab- 
lishes a  protectorate  by  proclamation. 

July  4.  The  Hawaiian  Republic  is 
proclaimed,  with  Sanford  B,  Dole  as 
first  president. 

July  21±.  The  new  Republic  is  gener- 
ally recognized  by  the  various  consuls. 

July  24^:.    The  ex-queen  sends  aprotest 

to  Washington  against  recognition. 

Aug.  31±.  In  Honolulu  a  royalist  dy- 
namite plot  is  frustrated  by  Adra.  Sker- 
rett  cooperating  with  the  Provisional 
Government. 

Nov.  7.  Minister  "Willis (U.S.  A.)  pre- 
sents his  credentials  to  President  Dole. 

Nov.  20±.  }f'ash.  President  Cleve- 
land (U.  S.  A.)  takes  steps  for  reinstat- 
ing the  Queen,  and  condemns  Minister 
Stevens,  who  encouraged  the  revolution. 

Dec.  14.  The  Provisional  Govern- 
ment has  given  notice  to  Minister  Wil- 
lis that  any  attempt  to  restore  the  queen 
will  be  resisted  by  force. 

1894  Aug.  8.  U.  S.  A.  President 
Cleveland  recognizes  the  Kepublic. 


HONDURAS. 

HoxDURA.s  i8  a  republic  of  Central  America;  capital,  Tegucigalpa.    The  executive  is  a  president ;  the  legislative  authority 
is  vested  in  a  Congress  composed  of  a  single  house  ;  the  religion  is  KomanCatlmlic.    Area,  46,400  square  miles  ;  population,  380,000+. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1523  *  *  Conquered  by  the  Spaniards. 

1871  May  •  AWar  with  San  Salvador. 
[1872.    May  *  lienewed.] 

1873  Aug.  10.  The  British  ship  Niobe 
bombards  Omoa  to  redress  Injuries. 

1890  Nov.  17.  The  insurgent  Sanchez 
is  shot. 

1892  June  1.  The  rebel  troops  occupy 
Puerto  Cortes.  [Sept.  5.  The  cai)ture 
of  Gen.  Miller  ends  the  rebellion.] 

1894  Feb.  10 1.  Tlie  Honduras  troops 
are  defeated  in  a  tight  with  Nicaragua 
concerning  the  boundary  line. 

STATE. 

1502*  *  Columbus  views  the  high 
mountains  of  Honduras.  [Aug.  14.  Lands 
at  Cabo  de  Honduras,  and  takes  posses- 
sion for  Spain.] 


1540  *  *  Large  cities  flourish, 

*  *  Alfonso  de  Caceres,  one  of  the  lien- 
tenants  of  Alvarado,  founds  the  [capital] 
city  of  Comayagua. 

1824  •  *  Honduras  throws  off  the  Span- 
ish yoke,  and  joins  the  union  of  the  Cen- 
tral American  States.    [1839.  Dissolved.] 

1825*  *The  Wesleyau  Methodists 
open  a  mission. 

1832  *  *  The  publication  of  papal  bulls 
is  prohibited  throughout  Central  Amer- 
ica, and  religious  freedom  proclaimed. 

1854  *  *  Congress  proclaims  religious 
freedom. 

1855  *  *  President  Cabanos  is  exiled. 
[1856,  Feb.  1,  Gen.  Guardiola  is  presi- 
dent; 18&J,  Gen.  J.  M.  Medina;  1869, 
reelected.] 

1856  *  »  Peace  with  Guatemala. 

•  *  By  the  terms  of  a  convention,  Kngland 
abandons  her  claim  to  a  portion  of  the 
Mosquito  Coast. 


1859  Nov.  28.  Great  Britain  cedes  the 
Bky  Islands  to  Honduras. 

1862  *  *  An  insurrection  arises. 

1865  *  *  A  new  Constitution  is  adopted. 
[1870.  The  Constitution  limits  the  suf- 
frage to  those  who  can  read  or  write.] 

1872  Dec.  *  C.  Arias  is  provisional 
president.  [1875,  P.  Leiva  is  president ; 
1877,  May  29,  M.  A.  Soto  ;  1883,  Nov.  27, 
Gen.  Lewis  Bogran  ;  1887,  reelected  ; 
1S91,  Oct.  10,  Ponciano  Leiba.  1894, 
Feb.  *  Polyc^rpo  Bonilla.] 

1801  May  7.  An  insurrection  arises. 
[May  10.  Quelled.  1892,  Ang.  1 ;  1893, 
June  6.    Others  end.] 

Sept.  18.  The  assassination  of  ex-Presi- 
dent Bogran  is  reported. 

1802  July  22.  a'he  Gojpernment  closes 
its  coast  to  foreign  commerce. 


ICELAND. 

This  island  of  the  North  Atlantic  Ocean  lies  IGO  miles  east  of  (Ireenland,  and  belongs  to  Denmark.  The  language  is  Ice- 
landic, and  the  religion  Lutheran.  The  executive  is  a  governor-general  appointed  by  the  king  of  Denmark  ;  an  Assembly  legis- 
lating for  local  Interests  has  two  chambers.     Capital,  Reikiavik.    Area,  39,75t>  square  miles  ;  population  in  1S90,  70,927. 


860  *  *  Iceland  is  discovered  (p.  11). 


870-890    Ingolf.  son  of  Oran,  Ketil 
Hwng,  Skalla-Grim,  and  Thorolf,  Nor- 


wegian noblemen,  settle  in   tlie  souUi- 
west  with  a  colony. 


1042      875,  *  *-1882, 


ICELAND. 


875i:  *  *  Tiie  commonwealth   founded 

(p.  n). 

.  890-900  Queen  Aud,  -widow  of  Olaf ,  the 
king  of  Dublin,  and  many  others  arrive 
from  Ireland. 

900-930  Another  large  colony  arrives 
from  Norway. 

930  *  ♦  The  Althing  begins  (p.  11). 

964*  *The  reforms  of  Thord  Gellir 
settle  a  fixed  number  of  local  moots  and 
chieftaincies,  dividing  the  island  into 
quarters. 

1056  *  *  Christianity  introduced  (p.  11). 

12th  Century.  Iceland  nourishes  learn- 
ing (p.  U). 

1096  *  *  Tithes  are  established. 

1100*  *  The  population  is  50,000. 

1 133-1296  Benedictines  establish  sev- 
eral religious  houses. 

1168-1300  The  Augustinians  establish 
several  religious  houses. 

1208-22,  1226-58  Civil  wars  devas- 
tate the  land. 


They  are  caused  by  disputes  about  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  clergy,  and  questions 
of  patronage  and  rights  over  glebe  and 
mortmainland. 

1215±**The//c*m«A:riw^(a  written  (p.l3). 

1241  Sept.  22.  Snorro  Sturleson  is 
murdered  (p.  13). 

*  *  *  The  people  are  remarkable  for  their 
moral  qualities. 

1262-64  Iceland  is  conquered  for  the 
King  of  Norway  by  Gigur. 

1264  *  *  Iceland  has  well-developed  lit- 
erature (p.  13). 

1264  *  *  The  republican  independence  is 
lost,  and  Iceland  becomes  subject  to 
Hakon,  king  of  Norway.    (1280  ?) 

1271  *  *  The  old  common  law  is  re- 
placed by  the  new  Norse  code. 

1362  *  *  Iceland  suffers  from  volcanic 
eruptions.  [1389,  1783,  1875,  Mar.  29, 
Again.] 

1477  Feb.  *  Visited  by  Columbus  (p.l2). 

\5th  Century.  The  period  of  decadence 
begins.     Art,  science,  letters,  and  in- 


dustry are  neglected ;  all  remembrance 
of  the  commonwealth  utterly  perishes. 

1550  *  ♦  Bishop  Jon  Aaronson  is  exe- 
cuted. 

1579-1627  English,  Gascon,  and  Alger- 
ine  pirates  cause  widespread  panic  and 
devastation. 

1707  *  ♦  Smallpox  destroys  one-third 
of  the  population. 

1721  *  *Eggert01afsen,  the  naturalist, 
is  born.  He  writes  An  Ilistoricai  Ac- 
count of  the  Nature  and  ConsolUlation  of 
Iceland,  and  poems  in  Latin  and  Danish. 

[1770±,Dies.    A49±.] 

1753-54  The  failure  of  crops  causes 
famine;  thousands  perish.  [1759.  An- 
other occurs,  causing  10,000  deaths.] 

1872  *  *  Icelanders    emigrate    to  West 

Canada. 

1874  Jan.  5.  The  king  si^is  a  new 
Constitution.  [Aug.  1.  Effective ;  it 
gives  home  rule.] 

Aug.  1.    The    1000th   anniversary  of 

the  colonization  of  Iceland  is  celebrated 
at  Reikiavik. 

1882  *  *  Iceland  suffers  from  a  terrible 
famine.     [Relief  is  sent  by  England.] 


INDIA.  I 

The  empire  of  British  India  Includes  Bengal,  Madras,  Bombay,  Sind,  Aden,  Assam,  Berar,  Ajmere,  Central  Provinces,  Coorg, 
Northwest  Provinces,  Oudh,  Punjab,  Lower  Burma,  Upper  Burma,  Andamans,  Quetta,  and  Bolan.  The  capital  is  Calcutta ; 
the  administration  of  government  is  vested  in  a  secretary  of  state  for  India  witli  a  council  of  10±,  all  resident  in  England;  also 
a  governor-general  appointed  by  the  crown,  resident  in  India  ;  for  administrative  purposes  India  is  divided  into  presidencies  and 
provinces  under  the  governor-general,  governors,  lieutenant-governors,  and  chief  commissioners. 

Three-fourths  of  the  people  are  Hindus  in  religion,  and  over  50,000,000  are  Mohammedans.  Area,  9G4,992  square  miles  :  popu- 
lation in  1891,  221,172,952.  Besides  the  states  above  mentioned,  there  are  many  feudatory  states,  having  an  area  of  695,107  square 
miles,  aud  a  population  in  1891  of  66,050,479.  J 

Authentic  history  begins  about  the  middle  of  the  14th  century.  fl 

The  history  of  the  crown  colony  of  Ceylon  is  here  combined  with  that  of  India.  It  has  an  area  of  25,364  square  miles,  and  a 
population  in  1891  of  3,008,466. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

625i  *  *  B.  c.  A  Scythian  horde  over- 
runs India. 

327  *  *  B.  c.  [The  Punjab]  is  traversed 
by  Alexander  the  Great.  [326.  He  de- 
feats Porus  on  the  banks  of  the  (Jhelum) 
Hydaspes.    He  traverses  Sind.] 

256-150  B.C.  The Greco-Bactrian kings 
from  the  northwest  send  invading 
hosts  into  the  Punjab. 

57 1  *  *  B.  c.  Vikramaditya  drives  the 
Scythians  beyond  the  Indus. 


78:t  *  *  A.  D.  King  Salivahana  rises 
against  the  Scythians.  [Indian  dynas- 
ties continue  the  struggle  for  300  years.] 

664  *  *  The  first  Mohammedan  inva- 
sion, 

•  *  History  becomes  credible. 

1001  *  •  Mahmud,  Sultan  of  Ghaznl, 
on  the  first  of  17  invasions,  defeats  the 
rajah  of  Punjab.  [1010.  He  subdues 
Ghur.  1024.  On  his  16th  invasion  he 
conquers  Gujarat.] 

1030  •  *  The  Hindus  reconquer  all 
India  excej)t  Lahore. 

1151*  »  The  Ghuro  capture  Ghazni. 

1176  *  *  Mahmud  of  Ghur  takes  Mnl- 
tan  and  Uchch. 

[1186,  Gha/.nivides;  1186,Lahore.  1191. 
He  is  routed  at  Thaneswar  in  the  Pun- 
jab while  advancing  on  Delhi.  1193.  He 
renews  the  advance.  1199.  Conquers  Bi- 
har.   1203.    Also  lower  Bengal.] 


1219  •  *  Genghis  Khan,  the  Mongol  con- 
queror of  Persia,  invades  India. 

1284  *  •  Burma.  Invading  Chinese 
destroy  the  city  and  dynasty  at  Pagan. 

1294  •  *  Ala-ud-din,  makes  extensive 
conquests  in  Southern  India. 

[1297.  He  defeats  Mogul  invaders  at 
Delhi.  1297.  Reconquers  Gujarat.  1300. 
Captures  Kintunbur  from  the  Jaipur 
Rajputs.  1303.  Takes  the  fort  of  Chittur. 
Begins  the  conquest  of  .Southern  India. 
1303^.    Defeats  four  Mogul  invasions.] 

1398-99    Tamerlane  invades  India. 
He  takes   Delhi,   and  massivores  the 
people  for  live  days  ;  desolate  cities. 

1519-26     Baber    the   Mogul    conquers 

India. 
[1526.   Apr.  21.  He  defeats  the  (Afghan) 

sultan  of  Delhi  at  Panipat.     1527.    Mar. 

1.    An  army  of  the  Rajputs  of  Chitor  at 

Kanweh. 
1539*  ♦  Shere   Shah    Soor    conquers 

Delhi.     [1656.    Akbar  dethrones  him  at 

Panipat ;  soon  subdues  most  of  India.] 

1564  *  *  The  Moguls  take  Agra.  [1565. 
They  sack  Bijanugar.] 

1565  •  *  Battle  of  Tilikot.  The  Hindu 
power  in  South  India  is  broken. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  LETTERS. 

3101*  *  B.  c.  (or  3348).  TheHinduEra 
begins, 

2000-1500  B.  c.  The  /tiij-Veda,  a  col- 
lection of  hymns,  appears. 

1400±  *  *  B.  c.  The  Sama-Veda,  Yojur- 
Veda  Athar-  Veda,  collections  of  sacred 
literature,  appear. 


244  *  *  B.  c.  The  Tripitaka  is  prepared 
by  the  council  of  Patna.  These  sacretl 
writings  of  the  Southern  Buddhists  con- 
sist of  Aphorisms,  Jytscfntrses  for  the 
Laity,  Discipline  for  the  Order,  and  Met- 
aphysics. 

430+  *  •  A.  D.  linddhaghnsa's  Parables, 
a  commentary  on  the  Dhammapada,  or 
Buddha's  Paths  of  Virtue,  appears. 

700±  *  ♦  Parsee  priests  from  Persia  in- 
troduce the  Zend-Avesta  [of  which  three 
out  of  21  are  extant]. 

800+  *  *  The  caves  of  the  Ellora  rock- 
cut  temples  are  made. 

1206+  *  »  The  Kutab  minar,  a  lofty 
column,  is  erected  at  Delhi  by  the  Mus- 
sulmans in  memory  of  their  decisive 
victory  over  the  Rajputs  in  1193. 

1439  *  *  The  Jaya  Stbamba,  a  tower  of 
victory,  is  erected  by  Khumbo  Rana  to 
commemorate  the  defeat  of  Mohammed 
of  Malwa.  (?) 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

624  4:  *  *  B.  c.     Ootama  Buddha,  founder 
of  Buddhism,  born.    [543 1.    Dies.] 


S50+  *  *  Kalidasa.  Hindu  poet,  dramatist,  b. 

867  ♦  *  Malunuil,  Sultan  of  Ghazni,  Moham- 
med conqueror,  born.    [1030.     I).] 

1150+ *  *  Malimud  II.,  conqueror,  b.     [1206. 
Dies.] 

Ilea  •  *  Oenebis  Khan,  Mongol  conqueror, 
born.    [1227.    Dies.] 

12th  Century.     Chund,  or  Chand,  Hindu  poet, 
born. 
.Tavadeva,  Hindu  poet,  bom. 

1246  "   *  Mahmud  II.,  Sultan  of  Delhi,  bom. 
[1266.    Dies.] 

1316*  *  .\lah-ud-din,  conqueror,  dies. 


INDIA. 


3101  B.C.  *  *  -AD.  1565, 


1043 


1333  •  *  Tam«rlane  (Tinioiir),  Tartar  con- 

'jupror,  born.    [1405.    I>ie8.J 
1380*  •  Mahiiiuii  IV.,  eiii^ieror, b.  [1394.  I>.] 
1406*  •  Mabimul  v.,  eiuiteror,  b.   [1443.  1).] 
J  ''th  t'fntitry.     Kablr,  Hindu  author,  born. 
1483*  *  italter,   Zalieir    Adin,    Mohammed, 

conqueror,  born.    [1530.    I>ie8.] 
1608  •  •  Huniavtin  (Houmayoun),  emperor, 

born.    [l.V)6.'  Dies.] 
1643*  •  Akbar.    Mogul    emperor,   born. 

[I60.t.    Dies,  A63.J 

CHURCH. 

1400t  *  *  B.  r.  Brahmaniam  is  intro- 
duced. 

800i*  •B.C.    Hinduism  is  established. 

600  :  *  *  B.  (;.  The  Buddhist  creed, 
b:ised  on  tlie  Braliman  religion,  appears. 

643  t  ♦  *  B.  c.  Gotama  Buddha  dies, 
age<l  81. 

[Bt  the  chronology  of  the  Tibetans  he 
liveil  2'il4  to  21M ;  the  Japanese  place 
his  birth  at  1027;  European  scholars, 
6iH±  to  M3.] 

244  *  •  B.  0.  Asoka,  King  of  Madodha  or 
Bihar,  becomes  a  convert  to  Buddhism. 
He  oonvenes  the  third  Buddhist  Coun- 
cil at  Patna.  It  adopts  the  Pali  text 
of  the  Little  Vehicle,  constituting  the 
Buddhist  scriptures. 

307  *  *  n.  c.  Ceylon  becomes  the  seat 
of  Buddhism,  where  it  is  established  by 
Mahindo  as  the  national  faith. 


40 «  *  A.  D.  Kanishka,  the  Scythian, 
becomes  the  royal  founder  of  Northern 
Buddhism.  He  convenes  the  fourth 
and  last  great  Buddhist  Council  of 
Elders. 

410  •  *  Burma.  Buddhist  missionaries 
arrive. 

410-430,  The  holy  books  of  Buddhism 
are  rendered  into  Pali. 

430  •  *  Ceylon.  Tlie  Dhammapada,  or 
■•  Path  of  Holiness,"  is  written  by 
Buddhaghosa. 

634*  *Siladitya  convenes  a  general 
council  for  the  extension  of  Buddhism. 

640  *  *  The  Brahmans  regain  power. 

Sth  Century.  Kumarila,  the  Brahman 
apostle  of  Berar,  begins  to  preach. 

SIh  nr  !)t?i  Century.  Sankara  Acharya 
founds  the  philosophical  Sivaite  sect, 
and  popularizes  the  Vedanta  philosophy 
into  a  national  religion. 

700-800  Various  great  reformers  of 
the  Brahman  faith  arise. 

711*  •TlieMohammedans,  led  by 
Casin,  appear  in  the  Indus  Valley. 

800±  *  *Brahmanism  gradually  be- 
comes the  ruling  religion. 

997  ±  **Mahmud  introduces  Moham- 
medanism.   [11!H.    Dominant.] 

1045  i  *  *  The  Vishnu  Purana,  contain- 
ing the  Vishnuite  doctrines  and  tradi- 
tions, (s  written. 

1050 1  Ramanuja,  a  Briihman  (S.  Ind), 
appears  as  a  Vishnuite  reformer;  he 
teaches  the  unity  of  God  untler  tlie  title 
of  Visluiu,  the  Cause  and  Creator  of  all 
things. 

1300-1400  Bamanand,  a  Vishnuite, 
teaches  the  masses  (N.  Ind.).  [1380- 
1420.  Kabir,  his  disciple,  spreads  the 
reformed  doctrine  in  Bengal.] 

1487-1525  Chaitanya  is  the  incarna- 
tion of  Vishnu :  he  works  signs  and 
wonders  in  Bengal  and  Orissa. 

1498  *  •  Roman  Catholic  missionaries 

land  at  (Calicut. 

1820  *  *  Vallabha-Swami,  preaching  a 
religion  of  pleasure  (N.  Ind.),  teaclies 
that  the  liberation  of  the  soul  does  not 


depend  on  the  mortiilcation  of  the  body, 
that  Go<l  is  to  be  sought  amid  the  enjoy- 
ments of  life. 

1542  May  6.  The  Jesuit,  Francis 
Xavier,  "  the  Apostle  of  India,"  lands 
in  Goa.  tlC(X>'  ^  Jesuit  mission  Is  be- 
gun in  Madura.] 

STATE. 

1600±  •  *  B.  c.  The  Hindus,  having  en- 
tered India  from  the  northwest,  settle 
in  the  Valley  of  the  Ganges. 

643  *  •  B.  c.  Ceylon.  Vijaya,  an  Indian 
prince,  lauds,  and  becomes  sole  ruler. 

315  B.  r.-450  A.  i).  The  Gupta  dy- 
nasty reigns  in  the  Valley  of  the  Ganges. 
[315-291.  Sandrocottus  is  the  first.  263- 
22G.    Asoka,  his  grandson.] 

126±  •  'B.C.  The  Su  tribe  of  Scythians 
drives  out  the  Greek  dynasty  from 
Bactria  (Afghanistan.) 


226  *  *  A.  D.  The  Indo-Scythio  empire 
is  founded.  [375.  It  is  divided  into  Yeta 
(Northern)  and  Indo-Scythio  kingdom 
proper  (Southern.)] 

319-470  The  Gupta  kings  reign  in  Mag- 
adha,  and  introduce  an  era.  [465-^70. 
Overthrown  by  White  Huns  (Tartars) 
from  the  northwest.] 

480-772  The  Valabhis  dynasty  reigns 
in  northwestern  Bombay,  Cutch,  and 
Maliva ;  overthrown  by  Arab  invaders. 

524-644  The  Scythians  and  Huns  de- 
part. 

828  *  •  The  Hindus  regain  power  in 
Sind. 

838  *  *  Ceylon.  The  Tamils  establish  a 
kingdom  at  Taffra. 

1001-1186  House  of  Ghazni;  Turki. 
[1001-24.  Mahmud  reigns.  1001.  Annexes 
part  of  Hindustan.  1024.  f'nthrones 
Vallabha  of  Gujarat.  1030,  Bhoja,  raja ; 
1048,  Mahichandra  Kantore.] 

1118-1565  Bijanagar  is  a  Hindu  king- 
dom (S.  Ind.). 

1176-1206  Mahmud  of  Ghur  rules  the 
frontier.    [IISC.    Occupies  Lahore.] 

1205  *  *  The  Pathan  (Afghan)  kingdom 
is  founded.    [12O0.     Falls.] 

1206-00  The  slave  kings,  chiefly  Turki, 
reign. 

1206  •  *  Kutab-ud-din,  slave  of  Mah- 
mud of  Ghur,  becomes  sultan  of  Delhi. 

[1211.  Altmush  reigns ;  1236,  Empress 
Eazya  ;  1245,Nas8r-e4-<iin  ;  1200,  Balban  ; 
1287,  Kaikobad  ;  I2a(),  Tallah-ud-din,  a 
ruler  of  Khilji.] 

1200-1320   The  House  of  Khilji  reigns; 

capital,  Delhi. 
1205  *  *  AUa-ud-din,  viceroy  of  Oudh, 

obtains  the  throne  of  Delhi.     [1299-1300. 

He  reigns  ;  subdues  rebellious  relatives.] 

1316-20  Khusru  Khan,  a  low-caste 
renegade  Hindu,  is  sultan. 

1320-25     Ghiyas  -  ud  -  din  -  Tughlak 

leads  a  revolt,  and  overthrows  Moham- 
medan rule.  [1325-51.  Mahmud  Tughlak.] 

1320-1414  The  House  of  Tughlak 
reigns,  Turki ;  capital,  Delhi. 

1338-51    The   provinces  revolt,   and 

throw  off  the  Delhi  yoke. 

1340  *  ♦  Lower  Bengal  becomes  inde- 
pendent of  Delhi.  [1330-1573.  Kuled  by 
Afghan  kings.] 

*  *  Authentic  history  begins. 


1347-57     The    Alla-ud-din    dynasty, 

Bahmani,  reigns  in  the  Deccan  (S.  Ind.}. 
[1351.    Firuz    Shah    Tughlak    reigns ; 
1388,  Geias-ud-din  ;  1389,  Abubekr ;  1390, 
Nassr-ad-din.] 

1371  *  *  Gujarat  (W.  Ind.)  becomes  an 
independent  Mohammedan  king<lom. 
[1391-1575.  A  Mohammedan  dynasty 
reigns  at  Ahmadabad.] 

1308  *  *  Tamerlane  overthrows  Tugh- 
lak dynasty  [but  leaves  no  permanent 
results.    Anarchy  prevails  for  15  years]. 

1405  *  *  Mahmud  Tughlak  regains 
Delhi. 

1414-50  House  of  the  Sayids  reigns ; 
they  hold  Delhi  and  a  little  more. 

(1414),  Sayid  Khiz  Khan  reigns  in  the 
name  of  Tamerlane.  (1421),  Mubaric  ; 
(1435),  Mahmud  ;  (1446),  Aladdin. 

1450-1526  House  of  Lodi  reigns,  Af- 
ghans. Its  power  is  feeble  and  the  inde- 
pendent states  multiply. 

1450*  *Beloli  reigns  at  Delhi;  he 
founds  Lodi,  and  enlarges  the  realm. 
[1488.    Sekander  Lodi.] 

1480  »  *  The  Bahmani  Empire  in  the 
Deccan  falls. 

[Five  independent  kingdoms  divide  it 
between  them.  1484.  The  Imad  Shahi 
dynasty  of  Berar.  1489-1686.  The  Adil 
Shahi  dynasty ;  capital,  Bijapur.  1490- 
1636.  The  Nizam  Shahi  dynasty ;  cap- 
iat, Ahmadnagar.  1492+.  The  Barid 
Shahi  dynasty;  capital,  Bidar.] 

1408  *  *  Vaaco  da  Gama  discovers  a  pas- 
sage to  India.    [l.'',24.    Returns  to  India.] 

1500  ♦  *  The  Portuguese  send  Pedro 
Alvarez  Cabral.  [l.'>03.  A  If  onsod*  Albu- 
querque sails.  1505.  Dom  Francisco  de 
Almeida  sails  with  22  vessels  and  1,500 
men.  He  lands  at  Colombo,  Ceylon. 
1505-09.  Is  Viceroy.  1509-15.  Albu- 
querque is  viceroy  at  Goa,  conquers 
Goa,  Malabar,  Ceylon,  the  Sunda  Isl- 
ands, and  Malacca.  1517.  Portuguese 
settle  in  Ceylon.  1520.  They  discover 
Pegu,  Burma.] 

1512-1687  The  KutabShaih  dynasty, 
founded  in  the  Deccan  by  a  Turkoman 
adventurer,  reigns;  capital,  Golgconda. 

1517  *  *  Ibrahim  Lodi  reigns  at  Delhi. 

1526-1857  House  of  Tamerlane;  In- 
dia is  a  Mogul  empire. 

1526-30  Baber,  the  grandson  of  Tam- 
erlane, founds  the  Empire ;  capital, 
Delhi ;  Kabul  and  Kan<laliar  annexed. 
[1530-56.     Humayun,  son  of  Baber.] 

1542  *  •  Shere  Shah,  the  Afghan  gov- 
ernor of  Bengal,  revolts,  and  Humayun 
flees  to  Persia.  [15i>6.  Hmnayun  restored.] 

1556-1605  Akbar  I.,  the  great  Mogul 
emperor,  reigns. 

He  rules  a  larger  portion  of  India  than 
any  one  before  him  ;  his  reign  is  a  series 
of  military  conquests,  and  the  divided 
country  becomes  united. 

1560  ♦  *  Akbar  rejects  the  regency  and 
assumes  authority.  [1.561-68.  He  sub- 
dues the  Hindu  Rajputs.] 

1565  *  ♦  The  five  kingdoms  of  the  Dec- 
can  combine,  and  crush  the  Hindu 
kingdom  of  Bijanagar  (S.  Ind.). 


1044     1566,  *  *-1793,  Nov.  10. 


INDIA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1566*  *Akbar  defeats  Hakim,  his 
rival  brother  from  Kabul. 

[1568.  He  conquers  Ajmir.  1570.  He 
possesses  Oudh  and  Gwalior.  157:^.  Ex- 
pels Afghans  from  Bengal.  1572-73. 
Conquers  the  Mohammedan  dynasty  of 
Gujarat.  1578.  He  obtains  Orissa.  1581. 
Kabul.  1586.  Subdues  the  Valley  of 
Kashmir.  1592.  Conquers  Sind  and  re- 
volting Kashmirs.  1593.  Also  revolt  in 
Gujarat.  1594.  Subdues  Kandahar.  1595. 
Sends  an  expedition  against  Ahmadna- 
gar.  1599.  Captures  the  town,  but  fails 
to  subdue  the  people.] 

1592  *  *  The  Portuguese  repulse  Mizam 
Shah  in  Choul.  [HJirt.  They  defeat  the 
Knglish  off  the  Bombay  coast.] 

1602  *  *  Ceifhn  .  The  Dutch  land  on 
the  east  coast.  [1638-39.  They  raze  the 
Portuguese  I'orts.  1G44.  They  capture 
Negombo.  1656.  Also  Colombo.  1658. 
Expel  the  Portuguese.] 

1617  *  *  Shah  Jehan  revolts. 

1637  *  *  The  Mahrattas  at  Ahmadnagar 
revolt  against  Mogul  rule.  [It  finally 
breaks  down  the  Mogul  empire.] 

1658-83  Aurungzebe*s  generals  wage 
war  against  the  Hindus. 

1662  *  *  Mir  Junila  invades  Assam. 

1662-65  Sivaji  rebels.  [1663.  Pillages 
Surat.  1664.  Defeated  at  Sural  by  Sir 
George  Oxenford.  1670.  Ravages  Khan- 
desli  and  the  Deecau.  1672.  Defeats  the 
emperor's  troops.] 

1677-81  Aurungzebe  unsuccessfully 
attempts  to  subdue  the  revolting  Raj- 
put states.     [1681-1707.     Mahratta  war.] 

1680-89  War  arises  between  the 
Hindus  and  the  Portuguese  settlers. 

1686-88  The  Mogul  army  conquers  Bi- 
japur  and  Golconda. 

[1686-90.  Also  the  Deccan.  1672-1700. 
The  Carnatic.  1699.  It  defeats  the 
Mahrattas,  and  captures  Ginji.  1702. 
Also  the  forts  of  Satara  and  Mahratta. 
1702-05.  The  Mahrattas  recover  their 
forts.  1706.  The  emperor  retreats.  1707. 
He  dies.] 

1710  *  *  Bahadur  Shah  crushes  the  re- 
volting Sikhs  — an  oppressed  sect  of 
Hindus.  1716.  The  Sikhs  are  extermi- 
nated.] 

1718*  *  Balaji  enters  Delhi  with  an 
army  to  support  the  two  Sayids,  Husain 
Ali  and  AduUah,  the  "  king-makers." 

1739-61  Persian  and  Afghan  hosts  in- 
vade the  empire. 

1739  *  *  Nadir  Shah  plunders  Delhi  of 
£32,000,000  sterling,  and  massacres  a 
multitude  of  people.    He  conquers  Sind. 

1740-49  War  between  the  English 
and  French.  [1746.  Sept.  14.  Madras 
surrenders  to  a  French  squadron  under 
Adm.  Bernard  Francois  Mahe  de  La 
Bourdonnais.  1749.  Restored.  1751-54. 
Another  war.     1754.    Peace.] 

1746-48     British  war  in  the  Carnatic. 

1747  June  16.  French  fleet  taken 
(p.  700). 

*  *  Shah  Durani,  the  Afghan,  invades 
the  empire.  [1751-52.  Second  invasion  ; 
conquers  the  Pmijab.  1756.  Third  inva- 
sion ;  he  sacks  Delhi.] 

1748  *  *  The  French  at  Pondicherry  re- 
pulse Ailm.  Boscawen  and  a  land  force 
under  Jlaj.  Stringer  Lawrence. 

1751  *  *  English  capture  Arcot  (p.  700). 

1752  *  *  Afghans  conquer  Kashmir. 

1755  *  *  Clive  conquers  Orissa,  Bengal. 

1756  June  22.  Calcutta  is  captured 
by  Surajah  Dowlah. 

It  is  taken  by  an  army  of  70,000  and 
400  elephants.  Of  the  British  prisoners, 
146  are  crowded  into  the  "Black  Hole 


prison,**  a  room  about  18  feet  square 
with  two  small  windows.  Only  23  are 
alive  the  next  day. 

1757  June  23.  [Lord]  Clive  with  3.200 
British  defeats  50,000  natives  of  Ben- 
gal at  Flasseyj  85  miles  from  Calcutta. 

1758  Dec.  12.  The  French  under  Gen. 
Thomas  Arthur  de  Lally  besiege  Madras. 
[1759.  The  French  lose  nearly  all  their 
power  in  India  (p.  702).  1700.  July  2. 
Col.  ^ir  Kyre]  Coote  decisively  defeats 
the  French  under  Gen.  Lally  at  Wan- 
dewash,  and  invests  Pondicherry.  {1761. 
Jan.  *  It  capitulates.  1763.  It  is  re- 
stored. Later,  the  French  surrender  the 
hill  fortress  of  Ginji  to  Col.  Coote,  Brit- 
ish ascendency  Is  confirmed.] 

1764  Oct.  23.  Maj.  Hector Munro with 
7,000  British  totally  defeats  40,000  na- 
tives under  Shah  Alam  at  Baxar,  and 
becomes  master  of  Oudh,  [He  blows  24 
mutineers  from  the  cannon's  mouth.] 

1776*  *Nepaul  is  conquered  by  the 
Goorkhas. 

1778  Oct.  *  The  British  take  pondi- 
cherry from  the  French.  tl78;J.  Re- 
stored. 1793.  Aug.  23.  Taken  by  the 
British.  Later,  restored.  1803.  Again. 
1816.    Kestored  to  the  French.] 

1779-81  First  Mahratta  war.  (Indt- 
ciaive.) 

Caused  by  the  English,  who  attempt  to 
enthrone  Kagbuba  aa  peshwa  at  Poona. 
[1779.  Mar*  Gen.  Arthur  \V  ell  es  1  e  y 
marches  for  Poona.] 

1780-81  War  with  Mysore;  Hyder- 
Ali  resents  the  conduct  of  Madras. 

1780  Sept.  10.  Hyder-Ali  overruns 
the  Carnatic.  [Oct.  31.    He  takes  Arcot.] 

1781  July  1.  At  Porto  Novo,  Sir 
Eyre  Coote  with  9,500±  men  defeats 
Hyder-Ali  with  80,000.  British  loss, 
587  ;  Hindoo  loss,  lO.OOO-fc. 

1782  Feb.  18.  Ceylon.  The  British 
fleet  defeats  the  French  off  Trinco- 
malee  (p.  704).  [Apr.  12,  July  6.  French 
defeated.] 

1789-90  Tippoo  Sahib  attacks  the  raja 
of  Travancore,  an  ally  of  the  British, 
causing  the  second  Mysore  war. 

1790-92    Second  Mysore  war. 

1791  Jan.  29.  LordCornwallisa8Sume.s 
command.  [Mar.  21.  Captures  Ban- 
galore from  Tippoo.  May  15.  Defeats 
hlmat  Arikera,Seringapatam.  Dec.  21. 
TakeSeverndroogis.  1792.  Feb.  6.  Corn- 
wallis  storms  Seringapatam,  Tippoo  is 
conquered.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  LETTERS. 

1600  *  *  The  Portuguese  introduce  the 
tobacco  plant. 

1628-58  Taj  Mahal  is  erected  at  Agra 
by  Shah  Jehan,  in  honor  of  his  wife. 

1737  Oct.  11.  Hundreds  of  vessels  are 
wrecked  by  a  storm  and  30,000  people 
perish.  [1782.  Apr.  22.  A  storm  de- 
stroys 7,000  lives  in  Surat.] 

1781  *  *  Calcutta.  The  Calcutta  Ma- 
drasa,  or  Mohammedan  col  lege,  is 
founded.  [1801.  Calcutta  College.  [1820. 
Bishop's  (.'ollege.  1824.  Calcutta  Col- 
lege of  Sanskrit.  1835.  Calcutta  College 
of  Medicine.] 

1784*  *  Calcutta.   The  Asiatic  Society 

is  founded. 

1790  *  *  The  Calcutta  yfonthhj  Iteffister  is 
issued.  [1830.  Calcutta  Literary  Gazette. 
1844.     Calcutta  Literary  lieview.] 

1791*  *TheSanskritCollege, Benares, 
is  founded.    [1827.    The  Agra  College.] 

*  *  *  The  literature  of  Buddhism  chiefly 
comprises  the  teachings  of  (4otama,  con- 
sisting of  brief  aphorisms. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1618*  *  Aurungzebe,  Mogul  emperor, 

born.     [1707.     Dies.] 
1637*  •  Sivaii.  Mahratta, chief, bom.   (1680. 

Dies.] 
1661  *  ♦  Govinda  Singh,  chief  of  Sikhs,  born. 

[1708.     Dies.] 
1666  *  *  8hab-Jehan,  Mogul  emperor,  dies. 
1685*  *Mahmud    XIII.,   emperor,  iKiin. 

[1718.     Dies.] 
1 688  *  *  Nadir  Shah,  conq.,  b.    [  1747.     I).  ^ 
1700*  ♦  Mahmud     XIV.,    Mogul    emperor, 

born.     fI748.    Dies.] 
1711*  *  .\lompra.    King   of    Burma,    bom. 

[1760.     Dies.] 
1713  *  *  Bahadur  Shah,  Mogul  emperor,  d. 
1713  *  *  .lehander  Shah,  Mogul  enii>eror,  li. 
1718  *  *  Hyder-AU,  Sultan  of  Mysore,  imrn. 

[1782.     Dies.] 
1749  *  *  Tippoo  Sahib.  Sultan  of  Mysore, 

horn.    [1799.     Dies.] 
1757  *  *  Surajah  Dowlah,  Nawab  of  Bengal, 

(Ues. 
1773  *   •  Ahmed  Shah  el  Abdali,conq.,  A5flt. 
1774*  *  Kimmiohun  Hoy,  theistical  reformer, 

horn.     [18^3.     Dies.] 
1780*  *  Knnjeet     Snigh,     Sikh    conqueror, 

horn.    [1H39.    Dies.} 
1783*  •  Jeejeebhoy,  Sir  Jamsetjee,  Parses 

merchant,  born.    [1859.    Dies.] 


CHURCH. 

1617  *  *  Ceylon.  The  Portuguese  intro- 
duce Christianity. 

1706  *  *  The  Danes  open  a  Protestant 
mission  in  Tranquebar,  the  Bay  of  Ben- 
gal, the  first  field  for  mission-work  in 
India.    [1758.     In  Calcutta.] 

1728*  *  Gudalur,  Madras,  becomes  a 
Halle  mission. 

1793  Nov.  10.  Calcutta.  The  Eng- 
lish Baptist  missionaries,  "William 
Carey  and  .John  Thomas,  arrive.  [1800. 
Carey  baptizes  his  first  Hindu  convert.] 


STATE. 

1573*  *Akbar  annexes  Gujarat  (W.  I.). 
[1576.  Also  Lower  Bengal.  1581.  Gu- 
jarat revolts.  1592.  He  annexes  Sind. 
1593.  Gujarat  is  subdued.  1595.  He  con- 
solidates the  Mogul  empire  in  all  of 
North  India.  IGOl.  Annexes  Khandesh, 
removes  capital  from  Oelhi  to  Agra.] 

1579  *  *  Thomas  Stephens  is  the  first 
Kuglishman  to  appear  in  India. 

1596  *  *  The  Dutch  send  out  an  expedi- 
tion under  Cornelius  Houtman. 

1600  Dec.  31.  Eng.  [The  East  India 
Company]  chartered  (p.  877). 

[1611.  It  establishes  an  agency  at  Ma- 
sulipatam.  1612-15.  Also  a  factory  at 
Ahmadnagar,  Bombay,  and  agencies 
at  Gogra,  Ahmadabad,  and  Cambay. 
1612.  ft  trades  at  Calcutta  and  Cranga- 
nore,  Madras.  1620±.  Trades  as  far  east 
as  Patna,  Bengal.  1626.  Opens  a  factory 
at  Armagaon,  Coromandel  Coast.] 

1602  Mar.  20.  The  Dutch  East  Indir. 
Company  is  founded  by  amalganiatin;: 
several  privateciunpanies.  [1619.  Founds 
Batavia  as  a  seat  of  government.] 

1604  *  *  The  first  French  Ea^t  India 
Company  is  founded.  [1611,  the  second : 
1615,  the  third  ;  1642,  the  fourth  by 
Kichelieu;  1644,  the  fifth  by  Colbert; 
1754,  Suspended.     1790.    Abolished.] 

1605-27  Akbar's  son,  Jahangiir,  is  Mo- 
gul emperor. 

1612  *  *  The  first  Dajaish  East  India 
Company  is  formed. 

[1616.  Danes  settle  :U  Tranquebar  and 
Serampur,  Bengal.  1845.  Company  ac- 
quired by  the  Knglisb.  1870.  The  second 
Danish  Company  formed.] 

1621  *  *  The  Persians  wrest  Kandahar. 

(1653.    Finally  lost  to  the  empire.] 

1647  *  *  The  Dutch  begin  trade  at  Sadraa 
(S.  E.  Ind,).  [1652.  Open  their  first  fac- 
tory in  India,  at  PalakoUa,  Madras.] 


INDIA. 


1566,  *  *-1793,  Nov.  10.     1045 


1627-80  The  powerful  kingdom  of  the 
Mahrattl  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
llinilu  tribes  in  the  Deccan  under  Sivaji. 

1628-58  Shah  Jehan  is  Mogul  em- 
pi>riir;  Aura,  the  capital.  [1657.  Au- 
rungzebe,  his  son,  rebels.] 

•  *  *  The  Golden  Age  of  the  Moguls. 
1634  •  •  The  English  trade  in  Bengal, 

where  they  gain  the  seaboard.  [1640. 
Open  a  factory  at  Hugh.  1612.  Another 
at  Ualasor.] 

1635-50  Eng.  Courten's  Associa- 
tion (Assada  Mertdiants)  is  established. 
[1050.  Combined  with  the  London  Com- 
p:uiy.) 

1639  •  *  The  English,  led  by  Francis 
Day,  buy  a  site  at  Madaraspatam,  Ma- 
dras. [1640.  Build  Fort  St.  George, 
found  Madras.    1503.    A  presidency.] 

1645  *  *  The  English  obtain  exclusive 
trade  privileges. 

1650  *  *  The  great  Hindu  revival  com- 
mences [and  develops  the  Mahratt;i 
Confederacy ;  it  finally  overthrows  the 
Mogul  power], 

1657  •  *  Bareli  is  founded  by  the  Hindu 
raja. 

1658  •  *  Bengal  is  placed  under  the 
government  of  iladras.  [1681.  Sepa- 
rated.] 

•  *Aurungzebe  deposes  his  father. 
[1658-1707.  He  reigns.  Obtains  all  India.] 

1660 »  »  ion</oii.  The  East  India 
Company  is  incoriX)rated  (p.  891). 

1661  *  *  Bombay  is  ceded  to  England 
(p.  801).  [166.J.  Transferred.  1008.  Oeded 
to  the  East  India  Company  for  £10  paid 
annually.] 

1664  *  *  Sivaji,  the  Mahratta  raja,  de- 
clares his  independence  of  the  Moguls. 
[1665.     Makes  8ul>mission  ;  he  escapes.] 

•  *  The  Dutch  talie  the  Portuguese  set- 
tlements on  the  coa«t  of  Malabar. 

1666  *  'Sivaiirevoltsagainut  theMoguls. 

[1067.    He  makes  peace,  and  obtains 

more  territory  in  Southern  India.] 
1672  *  •  The  French  settle  in   Pondi- 

cherry. 
1674  *  *  Raja  Sivaji  crowns  himself  an 

independent  sovereign  at  Itaigarh. 

1677  *  •  The  Rajput  states  combine  (N. 

W.    Ind.)  against  the  ."Mogul  emperor. 

[1679.  Auruugzebe'sson.Akbur, rebels, 

and  joins  the  rebellious  Alahrattas.] 
1680  •  •  Sivaji  dies  ;  his  son  Sambhaji 

reigns.  [1680.  Executed  by  Aurungzebe.] 

•  •  Calcutta  is  founded  by  the  English. 

1687  *  *  The  seat  of  the  English  govern- 
ment is  removed  from  Surat  to  Bom- 
bay. [1708.  Bombay  is  a  presidency. 
1753.    It  is  subordinate  to  Calcutta.] 

1689  *  *  Emi.  The  East  India  Company 
resolve  "  to  make  us  a  nation  in  In- 
dia ; "  Sir  John  Child  is  appointed  gov- 
ernor-general and  admiral  of  India. 

1692  *  *  The  Mogul  power  is  at  its 
height:  revenue,  £32,000,000. 

1695  •  *  Scot.  The  Scotch  start  an  un- 
successful East  India  Company. 

1698  •  *  Eng.  The  New  East  India 
Company  is  chartered  (p.  901). 

1700  •  •  Calcutta  is  purchased  by  the 
English.    [1707.    Made  a  presidency.] 

1707  Feb.  22.  Aurungzebe  dies;  the 
Mogul  power  rapidly  declines. 

1707-12  Muazzim,  son  of  Aurungzebe, 
a  puppet,  reigns  as  Bahadur  Shah. 

1709  ♦  »  The  Sikhs  in  Lahore,  Punjab, 
organize  as  a  politico-religious  commu- 
nity against  the  oppressiouof  theMoguls. 


1712-13  Jehandar  Shah  is  Mogul  em- 
peror ;  capital,  Delhi.    He  is  dethroned. 

1713-19  Farokhsir  revolts  against  his 
uncle,  and  gains  the  throne.  He  is  mur- 
dered by  the  two  Sayids.  [1719.  The 
Sayids  nominate  two  boy  emperors, 
who  soon  die.   1720.  Sayids  overthrown.] 

1719-48  Mahmud  Shah,  a  boy,  is  Mo- 
gul emperor  ;  capital,  Delhi. 

1719  *  »  Fr.     The   Company  of  the 

Indies  is  formed  by  the  union  of  four 

companies. 
1721-40    Baji  Kao  is  sovereign  in  the 

Deccau. 
1723  *  *  Aust.    The  Ostend  Company 

is   formed.      [1727.    Charter  suspended. 

1784.     Bankrupt.] 

1730  *  *  The  Mahratta  families,  Holkar 
and  Sindian,  become  important. 

1731  June  13.  .Swe.  The  Swedish 
Company  is  chartered.    [Unsuccessful.] 

1732-42  Gudh  becomes  practically  in- 
dependent of  Deliii. 

1735-51  The  Mogul  empire  declines 
under  the  invasions  from  without  and 
the  revolts  within.  [1730^8.  The  Dec- 
can  is  independent.'  1738.  Kabul.  1743. 
Malwa  ceded.     1751.    Also  Orissa.] 

1740-61  Balaji  Baji,  peshwa  of  the 
Mahrattas,  terrifies  the  Mogul  empire. 

1747  *  *  Sind  is  transferred  to  the  em- 
pire of  Delhi. 

1748-54  Ahmed  Shah  is  Mogul  em- 
peror.   The  emperors  are  only  puppets. 

*  »  Tlie  rivalry  of  the  French  and  Eng- 
lish in  India  is  at  its  height. 

1750  *  *  J'rus.  An  East  India  Company 
is  formed.    [Short-lived.  1753.  Another.] 

1750+  *  •  The  Mahratta  power  in  cen- 
tral and  western  India  is  at  its  height. 
[1751-1853.  The  Bhonslasdynasty  reigns 
at  Kagpur  (C.  Ind.).] 

1753  *  *  Burma.  Rangun  is  founded 
by  King  Alompra. 

1754-59  Alamgir  H.  is  Mogul  emperor 
at  Delhi. 

1756-65  The  British  acquire  Lower 
Bengal. 

1757  June  23.  The  British  Empire 
in  India  begins  with  the  victoryof  [Lord] 
Clive  at  Plassey.    (See  Army.) 

•  •  The  British  exact  compensation  of 
the  nawab  of  Bengal  for  losses,  demand- 
ing £2,697,750  ;  only  one-half  the  demand 
can  be  satisfied.  He  grants  tlie  East 
India  Company  landholders'  rights 
over  882  square  miles  around  Calcutta. 
[17K>.  He  grants  the  land-tax  to  Lord 
Clive.] 

1758-1858  British  governors  rule  in 
India  under  the  East  India  Company. 

1758-60  Col.  [Lord]  CUve  is  governor. 
[1760.  J.  Z.  Holwell  officiates.  1765-07. 
Clive  again.] 

1759-1806  Shah  Alam  n.,  a  British 
pensioner,  titular  emperor  ;  capital,  Al- 
lahabad. [1771.  Goes  over  to  the  Mah- 
rattas.] 

1760-64  H.  Vansittart  is  British  gov- 
ernor.   [1764.   John  Spencer  officiating.] 

1761-65  Fall  of  the  Mogul  Empire ; 
Europeans  become  supreme. 

1761  •  *  The  British  dethrone  Mir  Ja- 
far,  their  nawab  of  Murshidabad,  and 
enthrone  Mir  Kasim ;  they  receive 
thereby  a  grant  of  three  districts,  Burd- 
wan,  Midnapur,  and  Chiltagong.  [Mir 
Kasim  revolts.  1764.  They  dethrone 
Kasim,  restore  Jaf  ar ;  secure  donations.] 


•  *  Hyder-Ali  dethrones  the  maharaja  of 
Mysore.  [1763-64.  Hyderusurps  author- 
ity. 1765.  Subject  to  the  British.  1766. 
British-Mahratta  league  against  him. 
1799.    The  British  sue  for  peace.] 

1763  •  *  Ceylon.  Intercourse  with  the 
British  begins. 

1765-67  [Lord]  CUve  is  again  British 
governor. 

1765  *  *  The  treaty  of  Allahabad  Is 
signed.  Lower  Bengal,  Bihar,  and  the 
greater  part  of  Orissa  pass  to  the  British. 

•  *  A  system  of  dual  government  is 
adopted. 

The  English  receive  the  revenues  of 
Bengal,  Bihar,  and  Orissa,  and  under- 
take to  maintain  the  army  while  the 
nawab  holds  the  criminal  jurisdiction. 

1766  Nov.  12.  The  British  make  a 
treaty  with  Nizam  Ali,  the  usurper  of 
My.'iore,  and  obtain  the  Northern  Circars 
(D'istricts).    [Feudatory  to  the  British.] 

■  1767-69  Harry  Verelst  is  British  gov- 
ernor.   [1769-72.    John  Cartier.] 

1771  Sept.  *  Sir  R.  Hartland  is  gov- 
ernor of  Madras.  [1776,  Lord  Pigot ; 
1781,  Lord  Macartney  ;  1792,  Sir  C.  Oak- 
ley;  1880,  Oct.  11,  W.  P.  Adam:  1881, 
June*  M.  E.  Grant  Duif;  1886,  Robert 
Bourke  [Lord  Connemara.] 

1772-74    "Warren  Hastings  is  British 

governor  of  Bengal.   (Apr.  13.)    Assumes 
office.    [1774-85.    Governor-general.] 

1773  *  *  Hastings  sells  Allahabad  and 
Korea  to  the  Einperor  Shah  Alain.  He 
refuses  £300,000  tribute  to  Delhi. 

•  *  Enff.  The  Regulation  Act  is  passed  ; 
the  governor  of  Bengal  is  raised  to  the 
rank  of  governor-general,  and  with  a 
council  of  four  members  controls  tlie 
gove'-nments  of  Madras  and  Bombay. 

1779  *  »  Conflicting  French  and  English 
alliances,  with  different  claimants  for 
the  office  of  peshwa,  bring  on  the  first 
Mahratta  war  with  the  British. 

1782  Dec.  *  Tippoo  Sahib  succeeds  his 
father,  Hyder-.\li,  a  Hindu  rebel,  as  sul- 
tan of  Mysore.  [1784.  Mar.  11,  He  forces 
the  British  to  sign  an  Ignoble  peace.] 

1784*  *  Eng.    India  Bill  passes  (p.  923). 

1785  Feb.  1-86  Sept.*  Sir  John 
Macpherson  is  British  governor-gen- 
eral.   [1786-93.    Earl  CornwalUs.] 

1786  July  *  Straits  Settltmenta.  Capt. 
F.  Light  receives  Penang  as  the  mar- 
riage portion  of  his  bride,  the  daughter 
of  the  raja  of  Kedah  ;  lie  makes  the 
first  British  settlement.  [1798.  Sir 
George  Leith  purchases  [Province 
Wellesley]  opposite  Penang  for  £400. 
1806]    Penang  is  a  British  province. 

1788*  *  Eng.    Trial  of  Hastings  (p.  925). 

1791*  *  British-Ghourkhas  treaty  is 
signed  at  Nepaul,  [1801.  Another.  1779. 
Dec.  31.  Treaty  with  Mahrattas.for  a  pro- 
tectorate. 1815.  Dec. 2.  With  Nepaulese.] 

1792  Mar.  19.  The  English  make  a 
definitive  treaty  with  Tippoo  Sahib. 
He  loses  half  of  his  dominions,  and  pays 
£3,000,000  indemnity  ;  his  two  sons  are 
hostages.    [1794.    Mar.  29.    Restored.] 

1793  Oct.  28-98  •  *  Sir  John  Shore 
(Lord  Teignmouth)  is  governor-general. 
[1798,  Sir  Alfred  Clarke,  officiating.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1770-71  A  famine  in  the  Bengal  presi- 
dency ;  one-third  of  the  people  perish. 

1775  May  30.  Accusations  are  made 
against  'Warren  Hastings  for  receiving 
a  bribe  from  a  concubine  of  Mir  Jaf- 
fier.  [1776.  Mar.  11.  Nuncomar,  a  Brah- 
man, accuses  him  of  accepting  bribes. 
1781.  Sept.  19.  He  makes  a  treaty  with 
the  nawab  of  Gudh,  and  is  accused  of 
receiving  a  bribe  of  £100,000.] 


1046       1796,*  * -1855,  July 


INDIA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1799  *  *  Third  Mysore  war.  Caused 
by  Tippoo'fl  intrigues  with  the  French, 
and  his  refusal  tu  adhere  to  a  new  sub- 
sidiary system. 

Apr.  5.  Gen,  Harris  arrives  before  Se- 
ringapatam.  [May  4.  Maj.-Gen.  Baird 
gtorms  the  palace,  and  Tippoo  Sahib  is 
killed ;  the  city  is  taken,  and  the  sultan's 
dominioTis  are  divided  among  Nizam,  the 
JNIahrattas,  and  the  English.] 

1802-04  The  second  Mahratta  war. 
Sir  Arthur  "Wellesley  conimauds  in  the 
Deccan^and  Gen.  Lake  in  Hindustan. 

1802  *  *  Jeswunt  Kao,  son  of  Tukaji 
Holkar,  Prince  of  Indore,  defeats  the 
united  forces  of  Sindhia  and  the  Mah- 
ratta pesUwa  at  the  battle  of  Poena. 

1803  Feb.  20.  Ceylon,  The  British 
take  Kandy.  [June  23.  Disease  com- 
pels the  British  to  capitulate.] 

Apr.  19.  Gen.  "Wellesley  captures 
Poena.  [Sept.  8,  Gen.  Lake  defeats 
the  Mahrattas  near  Delhi.  Sept.  2;i.  At 
AB8aye9,r>00  British  under  Wellesley  de- 
feat 50,000  Mahrattas,  losing  1,800  men. 
Nov.  1.  Gen.  Lake  with  4,000  troops 
defeats  9,000  Mahrattas  at  Laswari ; 
later, he  captures  Delhi.    Thewarends.] 

1805  *  *  Gen.  Lake  ia  repulsed  at  the 
siege  of  Bhartpur.     [1827.    Taken.] 

1807  Nov.  21.  Cumoona  surrenders 
to  the  British. 

1808  July  10.  Madras  sepoys  mu- 
tiny at  Vellore.  [Suppressetl  after  800 
sepoys  are  killed  aud  200  wounded. 

1814  Nov.  1-15  Apr.  27.  "Warwith 
Ghurkhas  of  Xepaul,  caused  by  the  na- 
tives terrorizing  British  subjects. 

1817  *  *  "SATar  with  the  Pindaree. 

The  Pindaree  send  out  plundering 
bands  from  Malwa ;  Lord  Hastings  col- 
lects an  armv  120,000strong,  and  speedily 
suppresses  them. 

1817-18    Third  Mahratta  war. 

Nov.*  *The  Mahrattas  at  Poona,  Nag- 
pur,  and  Indore  separately  rise  against 
the  British.  Nov.  26.  The  raja  of  Nag- 
pur  is  defeated,  and  Nagpur  is  taken  by 
the  British.  Dec.  21.  The  Mahrattas 
under  Holkar  are  completely  defeated 
at  Mehadpur  ;  the  Mahratta  power  is  for- 
ever broken.  [1818.  Jan.*  Peace  is  con- 
cluded.] 

*  *  Ceylon.  The  natives  unsuccessfully 
revolt.     [1843,  1848.     They  revolt.] 

1819  *  ♦  The  Sikhs  conquer  Kashmir. 

1824-26    First  Burmese  "War. 

Caused  by  encroachments  upon  British 
districts  in  Bengal. 

(1824  May  5.)  Kangun  is  taken  by  Sir 
Archibald  Campbell.  (Aua.30.)  A  Bur- 
mese attack  on  Kangun  is  repulsed  with 
great  slaughter.  (Later.)  The  fort  and 
pagoda  of  Svriam  are  taken  by  the  Brit- 
ish. (1825.  bEC.  25.)  Gen.  Campbell  de- 
cisively defeats  the  Burmese  near  Prome. 

1827  Jan.  18.  Lord  Comber  mere 
storms  Bhartpur  citadel. 

1839-42  "War  with  the  Afghans  to 
advance  British  interests  (p.  4). 

1845 1-  *  *  The  first  Sikh  war. 

(Dec.  14.)  The  Sikhs,  60.000  strong,  cross 
the  Sutlej  Kiver,  and  attack  the  British  at 
Ferozepur.  (Dec.  18.)  Sir  H.  Hardinge 
reaches  Mudkee ;  the  Sikhs  (20,000)  make 
an  attack  and  are  defeated,  losing  their  guns. 
(Dec.  21.)  Sir  Hu^h  Gough  defeats  theiu 
at  Ferozeshah,  in  the  Punjab;  British  loss, 
2,415  killed.  (1846.  Jan.  28.)  Gen.  Sir 
Harry  .Smith  defeats  them  at  Aliwal.  (Fkb. 
lO.r  At  Sobraon,  Gens.  Smith  and  Gough 
totally  defeat  them ;  British  loss,  2,0i)0  killed ; 
Sikh  loss,  13,000  killed.  (Fkb.  20.)  Cien. 
Gough  occupies  the  citadel  of  Lahore. 


1848-49    Second  Sikh  war. 

The  Sikhs  assassinate  two  British 
officers  at  Multan  ;  a  general  rising  in 
the  Punjab  follows. 

(JfNE  18.)  Lient.  Edwardes  joins  Gen. 
Courtlandf  and  defeats  the  Sikhs  under 
Mookaj.  Gen.  Whish  besieges  Multan  Ken- 
nyree.  (Sept.  2.)  (.'onii^lled  to  raise  the 
siege.  (Dec.  3.)  Gen.  Thackwell  attacks 
Shere  Shlng  at  Sadoolapore.  (  Dec.  *  )  Mul- 
tan is  again  besieged  )>y  Gen  VVliish.  (1849. 
Jan.  4.)  Surrenders.  (.Jan.  13.)  Gen.  Gough, 
w^ith  22,(K)0  troops,  loses  2,400  in  an  indecisive 
battle  at  Chillianwalla.  (Kkh.  22.)  The  cita- 
del of  ilultan  surrenders.  Gen.  (Jough,  25,000 
strong,  defeats  60,000  Sikhs  at  (;ujarat.  (Mai:. 
14.)  Shere  Shing  surrenders  unconditioually. 

1852-53     Second  Burmese  war. 

It  is  caused  by  the  ill-treatment  of 
British  merchants  at  Kangun,  and  in- 
sults offered  a  British  captain. 

(Apr.  5.)  Martaban  is  taken  by  the  British. 
(Apr.  14.)  <ien.  (Jodwin  captures  Kangun. 
(Way  19.)  Bassein  is  stormed.  (.IrNE4.)  .\l80 
Pegu.  (J  I  LY  9. )  Capt.  Tarleton  captures 
Prome.  (Nov.  21.)  Pegu  again  captured. 
(Dec.  21.)    Annexed  to  the  empire. 

1855  July  *  The  Sonthals  of  Bengal 
revolt ;  [1856.    May  *  Suppressed.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  LETTERS. 

1819    June  16.     Earthquakes    cause 

Cutch  to  sink,  burying  2,000  persons. 

♦  *  The  Journal  of  Literature  and  Science 
and  the  Oriental  Magazine  and  Indian 
Hurku,  are  issued  at  Madras. 

1833  *  ♦  The  ReUgious  and   Theological 

Magazine  is  issued  at  Colombo. 

1836  *  *  Hoogly  Madrasa  is  founded. 

1847-55  Straits  Settlements.  The  Jour- 
nal of  the  Indian  Archipelago  is  issued. 

1854  *  *  A  system  of  education  is  de- 
veloped; universities  are  established  at 
Calcutta,  Bombay,  and  Madras ;  all 
other  schools  (private,  government,  and 
church)  are  to  be  affiliated  with  these 
universities  aud  lead  up  to  them. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1815  *  *  Jung-Bahadur,   Nepaulese    soldier, 

born.     [1871.     Dies.j 
16244:  *  *  Nana-Sahih,     inciter     of    sepoy 

mutiny,  born.     [1860+.     Dies.] 
1844  *  *  Scott-Biddons,  Mrs.,  actor,  bom. 


CHURCH. 

1798  *  *  Calcutta.  The  London  Mis- 
sionary Society  sends  a  missionary  to 
Calcutta.    [He  enters  the  interior.] 

*  *  The  Society  for  the  Propagation  of 
the  Gospel  opens  amission  in  Nazareth, 
Madras.  [18*20.  In  Calcutta.  1829.  In 
Tinnevelli,  Madras.] 

1799*  *The  English  Baptists  send 
four  missionaries  to  Seranipur,  India,— 
Ward,  Grant,  Brunsdon,  and  Marshman. 
[Enter  14  miles  above  Calcutta.  1812, 
Upen  a  mission  in  Ceylon.] 

1804  *  *  The  London  Society  opens  a 

mission  in  Vizagapjitam,  Madras. 

[1805,  In  Madras;  1809,  Nagarkoil;  I8I0, 
Beliary,  Madras;  1815,  Surat,  Donibay;  1816, 
Calcutta;  1820,  Bangalore,  .Mysore;  and  Be- 
nares; 1821,Qnilon  in  Travancore;  1824,  Ber- 
haminir  anil  Salem,  Madras;  1828,  N'eyoor  in 
Travancore;  1830,  Coimhatnr,  Madras.] 

1807*  *  Burma.  English  Baptists 
make  the  first  attempt  to  plant  a  Prot- 
estant mission.  [1808.  The  London  So- 
ciety sends  out  two  missionaries.] 

1812*  *  The  Church  Missionary  Soci- 
ety (Eng.)  opens  a  mission  in  Agra. 

[1814,  In  Madras;  1R15,  Calcutta;  1817,  Ity 
Daniel  Corrie  in  Ilenarefl;  Cochira,  S.  Ind.; 
Cotlavani,  Madras,  also  In  Ceylon;  1818, 
Kandy,  Ceylon;  1820,  Bomhay;  Tinnevelli, 
Madras;  1827,  Dohnavur.] 


Feb.  12.  U.  S.  A.  Adoniram  Judaon 
and  others  sail  for  India  as  missionaries 
of  the  American  Board.  [1813.  June 
17.    Arrive  in  Calcutta.] 

1813  *  *  The  first  Christian  mission  is 
opened  in  Bombay  hy  Gordon  Hall  and 
Samuel  Nott. 

July*  The  bishopric  of  Calcutta  id 
erected.  [1837,  Of  Bomhay;  1845,  Of 
Colomho,  Ceylon ;  1877,  Of  Kangun, 
Burnta.] 

July  13.    Burma.    Adoniram    Judson 

and  wife,  heing  the  second  time  expelled 
from  India  by  the  Company,  arrive  at 
Kangun,  where  they  establish  a  mission. 

1814*  *  Ceylon.  Fire  "Wesleyan 
Methodist  missionaries  settle  at  daifna 
and  Batticaloa  for  the  Tamil  work,  and 
at  Matura  and  Galle  for  the  Ciiigalepe 
work.  [1815.  The  American  Board 
sends  four  missionaries  to  the  island.] 

1816  ♦  *  The  English  Baptists  open  a 
mission  in  Dacca,  Bengal. 

[1829.  They  found  Serampnr  College. 
1846.  A  college  in  Cuttack.  1857.  Open  a 
mission  in  Poona,  Jiombay.  1868.  In  Nalale, 
Ceylon,  and  in  MacMillanpatna,  Orissa.] 

1817  *  *  The  English  "Wesleyans  open 
a  mission  at  Madras. 

1819  June*  Burma.  Dr. Judson hajv 
tizes  his  first  Burmese  convert. 

After  three  years  of  preparatory  work. 
Dr.  Judson  preaches  his  first  sermon  iu 
Burmese.  [1823.  He  is  forced  to  remove 
to  Ava,  and  suspend  work  at  Kangun, 
1824.  Opens  at  Ava,  but  soon  suspended 
by  war.  1826.  At  Amherst.  1828.  Mis- 
sion opened  at  Tavoy  by  George  Dana 
Boardman  and  wife ;  Dr.  Jmlson  has  his 
first  Karen  convert,  Kothah-byu,  who 
becomes  the  "  Karen  apostle."]' 

1823  *  *  The  Scottish  Missionary  So- 
ciety opens  a  mission  in  Bombay.  [\83o. 
Transferred  to  the  Free  Church.] 

1829    Dec.  4.    The  burning  of  widows 

is  prohibited  by  law. 

*  *  Scot.  Alexander  Duff  dei)arts  as  a 
missionary  to  India  for  the  Established 
Church  of  Scotland. 

[1830.  July  12.  Dr.  Duff  opens  his  first 
school  in  Calcutta  under  a  banian-tre© 
with  five  young  men.  1834.  Keturns  to 
Scotland.     1839.    Returns  to  India.] 

*  *  A  high-caste  Brahman,  Hammohtin 
Roy,  founds  a  reformed  Brahman  mono- 
theistic church  (Brahmo  Somaj). 
[1842.  Revived  by  Debendra  Nath 
Tangore.] 

*  *  Burma.    The  Bible  is  translated. 

*  *  The  Free  Church  of  Scotland  opens 
a  mission  in  Poona.     [1S45.    In  Nagpur.] 

1831*  *  Burma.    American  Baptists 

open  missions  in  Mergui  and  Maulniain. 
[1832.  A  Karen  station  in  iManlniain. 
1833.  Ava  reopens  Rangnn  and  Maubee. 
1835.    Mission  opened  in  Arakan.] 

*  ♦The  American  Board, U.S.A., opens 

a  mission  in  Ahmadnagar, 

[1834,  in  ^Vladura;  in  Singapore,  Straits  Set- 
tlements; (1844,  removed) ;  1836,  in  Madras, 
chiefly  as  a  publishing  establislinient:  1853, 
in  Arcot;  1851,  In  ^landapasalia.  Madura; 
1864,  in  Manaraadura.  Madras;  1K76.  in  Mo- 
lung,  Assam;  1878,  in  Koliima,  Assam:  1887, 
in  Myngyan  and  in  Tliayetniayo,  liurma.] 

*  ♦  The  Church  Society  (Eng.)  opens  a 
mission  in  Krishnagar,  Bengal. 

C1832,  in  Benares;  1839,  in  Krishnagar,  900 
converts  are  baptized  in  one  service;  1841, in 
Telngu;  1847,  in  Kotgur;  1H49,  in  Failre-Polli; 
1850,in  Karachi, W. Ind.;  ia^4.in  Haidarabad, 
Sinilh;  18.^,  in  .labalpur.  Cent.  I'rov.;  also 
Kangra  in  tbe  Punjab,  and  K  unnankulani, 
.^Ia<ira3;  1866, in  Multan;  1859,  in  Allahabad, 
>'.  W.  Prov.;  1860,  For  Kols,  on  tbe  Upper 
(lOdavari;  1863,  in  Faizabatl,  Omlh.j 


INDIA. 


1796,  *  *-1855,  July  *.     1047 


1834  •  ♦  The  Evangelical  Missionary 

Society  of  Basle  begins  mission-work 

on  the  west  coast. 

flf36.  Opens  a  mission  In  Coinbaconum, 
Madras;  1872,  in  Karakai,  Madras.] 

1835  Feb.  14.  Enti.  Rev.  Dr.  Corrie 
is  appointed  first  bishop  of  Madras. 

•  *  The  Society  for  the  Propagation  of 
the  Gospel  opens  a  mission  in  Nega- 
patam,  Madras. 

[1838,  In  Ceylon;  1840,  Sikandarabad;  1841, 
In  Cawnpur;  1842,  in  Alimadabad,  Koinbay; 
1852,  in  l>ellil;  13.^3,  In  Tungn,  Burma; 
18M,  in  Karnnl,  Madras;  1858,  in  Pudiikat- 
tai,  .Madras;  18.59,  in  Burma  and  in  Horn- 
bay;  1868,  in  l-piier  Burma;  181)9,  re<^eives 
the  Chutla  Nagpur  mission  with  17,000  Kol 
t'Onverts  from  Pastor  Gossner;  1870,  in 
Ahmadnagar;  1871,  in  Knrki,  Punjab;  1878, 
in  Nangur,  Madras,  1887,  in  Tolligunge, 
Bengal.] 

•  •  Burma.  American  Baptists  organ- 
ize a  native  mis-sionary  society  in  Tavoi. 

[1836,  oi>en  a  mission  in  .\Bsaui;  in  Bassein, 
Burma,  among  tlie  Telugus;  1837,  in  Bas- 
sein Sgau,  t!ominitted  Karen  converts  in  a 
few  days.  Its  2,000  converts  sntfer  terrible 
{lersecutions  without  a  single  apostasy;  1840, 
they  open  missions  —  English,  Tamil,  and 
Telngu  stations  In  Burma,  also  in  .Sibsagor; 
IH41,  in  Nowgong,  Assam;  1843.  in  (lauhati, 
.Vssam;  1844,  in  Salongs,  Burma;  1847,  great 
ingathering  of  converts  in  Assam.] 

1836  •  ♦  The     Presbyterian     Church 

(North),  U.  S.  A.,  opens  a  mission  in  Sji- 

bathu  in  the  Punjab. 

[1838,  in  Futtehgurh;  1843,  In  Mynpurl; 
1844,  in  Fnrrukhabad;  1846,  In  Jalandhar; 
1848,  in  I'mballa;  1849,  in  Lahore;  18.53,  in 
Kothapur;  1863,  in  Etawah,  N.  W.  Prov.; 
1867,  in  Hoshiarpur,  Cent.  Prov.;  1884,  in 
Sangll,  Bombay.] 

•  •  The  Reformed  Presbyterian  Syn- 
od, U.  S.  A.,  opens  a  mission  in  Laha- 
ranpur. 

1837  ♦  •  A  bishopric  is  erected  at  Bom- 
bay. 

•  •  The  London  Society  opens  a  mission 
in  Mirzapur. 

[184iS,  Parev-chaley;  1850,  in  Alniora;  1852, 
In  Colombo,  tevlou ;  18.55,  in  Oooty,  Madras; 

1869,  in  Kanikhet,  N.  W.  Prov.] 

•  •  The  Free  'Will  Baptists,  U.  S.  A., 
open  a  mission  in  Sumbalpur,  Orissa. 

[1840,  in  .Tellasore,  Bengal;  1844,in  Midna- 
pur;  1865,  in  Santipur,  Bengal;  1873,  in 
Bhlmi)Ore,  Bengal;  1877,  in  Dantoo,  Bengal ; 
1886,  in  VInucouda.] 

1838  *  *  Straits  Settlemeutt.  St.  An- 
drew's (Cathedral),  Singapore,  is  con- 
secrated. [1861,  present  bullaing  erected; 

1870,  made  the  cathedral.] 

1840 *  •  Ca/cuf fo.  The  cathedral  Is 
founded. 

•  *  The  Welsh  Calvinistic  Methodists 
open  a  mission  in  the  Khasi  Hills. 
[IWl,  in  Assam  ;  1870,  iu  Jiwai.) 

1841  •  *  The  Irish  Presbyterians  open 
a  mission  in  Rajkot. 

[1844,  at  Gogo;  1846,  receive  Sarat  from 
the  London  Society;  1860,  in  Borsad,  Bom- 
bay; 1861,  in  .\hmadabad,  Bombay;  1877,  in 
Anand,  Bombay;  1887,  in  Broach,  Bombay.] 

•  *  The  'Welsh  Presbyterians  open  a 
mission  in  Cherrapooujee.  [1846,  at 
Jiwai;  1787,  in  Sylhet.] 

»  'The  Evangelical  Lutherans, 
U.S.  A.,  open  a  mission  in  (iuntur,  also 
Palnadn.  Madras.  [1S49,  in  Palnadu ; 
1861,  in  Samulcotta,  Madras.] 

1845  •  *  Ceyton.  The  bishopric  of  Co- 
lombo is  erected. 

1846*  'Burma.  Roman  Catholics  open 
a  mission  in  Rangun.    [1853,  in  Tungu.] 

1847  *  *  The  Leipsic  Evangelical  Lu- 
therans receive  the  Tranquebar  mission. 


[1856,  open  one  in  Cuddalore,  M  ad  rajs ; 

1869,  in  Manikraramain,  Madras ;  1804, 
iu  Negapatam,  Madras.] 

1849  *  *  The  American  Baptists  open 
a  Karen  mission  iu  Pwo. 

[1852,  Heopen  one  in  Rangun,  Burma;  1863, 
in  Tungu,  Burma;  1854,  in  Prome,  Burma; 
1855,  in  Thongze,  Burma;  1861,  Ava,  Burma, 
is  abandoned;  1866,  for  the  Shans,  Burma; 

1870,  in  Ongole  915  converts  are  baptized  in 
one  year;  mission  oj>ene<l  in  Kamapatam. 
Bengal;  1876,  in  Pwo  Karen,  Burma;  1877, 
in  Itahmo,  also  in  Tura,  Assam;  1879,  in 
Maubln,  Burma;  1880,  in  .Maubin  and  Tha- 
tone,  Burma;  1885,  in  Udayagirl,  Madras; 
1886,  in  Mandalay,  Burma.] 

1851    June  *  The  State  allowance  to  the 

temple  of  Juggernaut  is  withdrawn. 

*  ♦TheEvangelicalLutherans, U.S.A., 
receive  the  North  German  mission  in 
Rajamahendri,  Madras.  [1888,  open  a 
mission  iu  Kotapati,  Ceut.  Ind. ;  1887,  in 
Jeypur.] 

1853*  ♦The  Reformed  Church, 
U.  S.  A.,  opens  a  mission  iu  Arcot,  Ma- 
dras. 

[1854,  in  Chittra,  Madras;  1858,  it  receives 
the  Arcot  Mission  from  tlie  .\merican  Board; 
1863,  opens  iu  Madauapalli,  Madras.] 

1854*  *TheAssociate  Church,  U.S.A., 
opens  a  missiou  in  Sialkot,  Punjab. 

STATE. 

1796  *  *  Ceylon.  The  British  seize  the 
Dutch  settlements.  ( IStt.  The  whole 
seaboard  becomes  a  British  possession.] 

1798  May  17-1805  •  •  The  Earl  of 
Momington  [Marquis  Wellesley]  is  gov- 
ernor-general. 

1799  June  22.  Mysore  is  divided. 
(See  Army.) 

1801  *  *  Treaty  of  Lucknow  j  the  Mogul 
emperor  cedes  more  of  the  territories 
of  Oudh  to  the  British. 

±  *  *  The  British  annex  the  Carnatic 
(.S.  E.  Ind.)  by  conquest. 

1802  *  •  The  Mahratta  Holkar  refuses 
to  receive  a  British  force  according  to 
the  treaty,  and  the  second  war  follows. 
[1805.    Bee.  34.    Peace  is  signed.] 

1803  *  *  The  Mahratta  power  is  over- 
thrown.   [1809.    Holkar  signs  a  treaty.] 

*  •  Owalior  (Cent.  Ind.)  is  placed  imder 
British  protection. 

1805  Jtily  30.  Eng.  Marquis  Com- 
wallia  .again  becomes  governor-general. 
[Oct.  5.  He  dies.  Oct.  10-1807.  Sir 
George  Barlow  is  acting  governor. 
1807,  July,  3-1813,  Lord  (Earlof )  Minto.] 

1806-37  Akbar  II.  is  Mogul  emperor 
under  British  protection. 

1813    July*£nfl.    The  East  India  Com- 

gany's  charter  is  renewed  for  20  years, 
ut'its  monopoly  of  trade  is  abolished. 
[1814.  Apr.  10.  Operative.  1&33.  Re- 
newed for  30  years.] 

Oct.  4-23  Earl  of  Moira  [Marquis  of 
Hastings]  is  governt>r-general .  [1823, 
John  Adam,  officiating  governor.] 

1815  Mar.  2.  Ceylon.  By  treaty  with 
the  chiefs  the  sovereignty  of  the  island 
passes  to  the  British. 

1819  *  *  Ghazee-ud-deen  becomes  the 
king  of  Oudh. 

*  •  .limits  Settlements.  Sir  Stamford 
Rallies  founds  a  British  factory  iu  Singa- 
pore, [1824.  The  island  is  purchased 
from  the  Sultan  of  Johore  for  £13,600 
and  a  life  annuity  of  £5,400 ;  Malacca  is 
ceded  to  the  British  by  the  Dutch,  and 
with  Singapore  is  incorporated  with 
Penang.    1832.    Singapore  the  capital.] 

1820  •  *  Eng.  George  IV.  becomes 
king. 


1823  Aug.  1-28  »  *Lord  [Earl]  Am- 
herst  is  governor-general.  [1828,  Mar. 
18,  Wm.  Butterworth,  officiating.] 

1826    Feb.  *  A  treaty  of  peace  is  made 

with  Burma. 
1826-52  IjowerBin:maanne3[ed(p.943). 

1828  July  4-35  liOrd  "William  Cav- 
endish Bentinck  is  governor-general. 

He  abolishes  suttee  (widow-burning), 
and  exterminates  the  roving  g.ings  of 
thugs.  [1835-36.  Sir  Charles  iletcalf 
(Lord  Metcalf)  is  temporary  governor.] 

1829  Feb.  24.  Peace  is  made  with 
Burma  ;  it  agrees  to  pay  an  indemnity 
of  £1,000,000,  and  cedes  a  great  extent  of 
territory. 

1830-37    Eng.     William  IV.  king. 

*  *  Mysore  is  taken  uniler  British  ad- 
ministration. [1734.  Alir.  JO.  Coorg, 
iVladras,  is  annexed.] 

1834  May  1.  Natives  are  admitted  to 
the  magistracy. 

1836  Mar.  4-42  »  •  Lord  [Earl]  Auck- 
land is  governor-general. 

Dec,  *  Aden.  A  wrecked  British  ship  is 
plundered  at  Aden  by  Arabs.  [The 
sultan  agrees  to  cede  Aden  to  Great 
Britain  as  compensation.  His  son  hav- 
ing repudiated  this  agreement.  Great 
Britain  sends  an  expedition.  1830.  Ta- 
ken by  Capt  H.  Sniith.    Annexed.] 

1837  *  *  Eng.    Victoria  becomes  queen. 
1837-42    Mahmud  Ali,  nawab  of  Oudh. 

1837-57    Mahmud  Bahadur  Shah  is 

titular  Mogul  emperor. 

1830*   *  China.     Hongkong  taken. 

[1842.    Aug.  29.    Ceded  (Pp.  GIG,  G17).] 

1842  Feb.  28.  Lord  [Earl  of]  Ellen- 
borough  is  governor-general.  [1844.  July 
23-18JS,  Sir  Henry  Hardinge.] 

1843  Mar.*  Sind  is  conquered  and  an- 
nexed. .A.rea,  54,P23  square  miles  ;  popu- 
lation [recent],  2,542,976;  Sir  Charles 
Napier,  governor. 

1845  *  •  The  English  purchase  the  Da- 
nish possessions. 

*  *  A  part  of  Lahore  is  annexed  by  con- 
quest from  the  Siklis. 

1847-56  "Waud  Ali  Shah  rules  in  Oudh. 
[1856.  Feb.  7.  Deposed  by  British,  and 
territory  annexed.] 

1848-56    Earl  [Marquis]  of  Dalhousie 

is  governor-general. 

1849  Mar.  29.  The  Pimjab  is  an- 
nexed by  proclamation.  [Satara  lapses 
to  the  British,  it  having  no  direct  heir. 
1853.  Dec.  11.    Nagpur  lapses,] 

1852  Dec.  20.  liurma.  Pegu  and  Ran- 
gun are  annexed  by  proclamation. 

1853  Jan.  *  Burma.  The  king  of  Ava 
is  deposed  by  his  younger  brother.  [June 
20.    Peace  with  Great  Britain.] 

*  *  Lord  Elphinstone  is  governor  of  Bom- 
bay. [I860,  Sir  R.  G.  Clerk  ;  1862,  Sir 
Henry  Bartle  Frere ;  1866,  W.  R.  Sey- 
mour Fitzgerald  ;  1872,  Sir  Philip  Wode- 
house ;  1880,  Sir  .Tames  Fergusson  ;  1884, 
Lord  Reay.] 

*  •  Straits  Settlements  is  made  a  sepa- 
rate dependency  under  the  governor- 
general  of  liuiia.  [1866.  Aug.  10.  Sep- 
arated ;  made  a  crown  colony.  1867. 
Apr.  *  Elfective.  Sir  Harry  St.  George 
Ord,  governor ;  1873,  Sir  Andrew  Clarke.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1837-38  A  terrible  famine  in  north- 
west India  destroys  800,000  lives. 

1851  *  *  Chohan  chiefs  agree  to  resolu- 
tions against  the  killing  of  female 
infants. 

1853  Apr.  16.  The  first  railway  is 
opened,  from  Bombay  to  Taimah  ;  dis- 
tance about  25  miles. 

1854  •  *  The  Ganges  canal  is  opened. 


1048    1855,**-1894,  Jaii.8. 


INDIA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1857-58   The  sepoy  rebellion. 

Alleged  cause :  requiring  men  to  use 
cartridges  greased  with  lard  and  cow's 
tallow,  the  cow  being  a  sacred  animal 
and  the  hog  abhorred.  The  native  ar- 
mies of  Madras  and  Bombay  remain  loyal 
to  the  British. 

(Mar.  *  )  Tlie  trooi)8  at  llarrackpur  nm- 
tiny.  (Mat  10.)  At  Meerut,  near  Delhi. 
(Mat  II.)  The  helpless  Europeans  at  Delhi 
blow  up  the  magazine,  tien.  Anson,  coni- 
mauder-in-chief,  marches  on  Delhi.  (May 
27.)  He  Is  killed.  (Mat  30.)  The  sepoys 
at  Lucknow  join  the  mutiny.  Sir  Henry 
Lawrence  fortifles  and  provisions  the  resi- 
dency. (JtNE  3.)  The  mutiny  is  suppressed 
at  Benares.  (Junk  6.)  At  AUahaba.l  the 
native  soldiers  rise  and  massacre  17  officers 
and  all  the  women  and  children  tliey  can  Qnd. 
Nana  Sahib  of  Cawnpur  mutinies,  and  Is  pro- 
claluieilpesliwaof  the  Malirattas.  (Jise  8.) 
The  siege  of  Delhi  begins;  30,000  men  besiege 
8,000  at  the  maximum.  (Ji  ne  27.)  About 
450  Euroi>eans  are  treacherously  massacred 
by  Nana  Sahib,  chiefly  women  ami  children ; 
only  four  men  and  125  women  escape  death. 
(June  *)  Sir  Henry  Barnard  succeeds  (ien. 
Auson  (deceased).  (Ji  ly  2.)  Sir  Henry 
Lawrence,  with  a  weak  regiment,  and  tlie 
Europeans  of  Lu<'know  are  besieged  in  tlie 
residency;  be  Is  wounded.  (Jri.v  4.)  He 
dies.  (Jilts.)  Maj.-Qen.  Reid  succeeds 
Sir  Henry  Barnard,  deceased.  (Jri.v  12.) 
Gen.  Nicholson  defeats  rpl)el3  at  Sealcote. 
(July  15.)  Gen.  Havelock  <Ieteats  Nana 
.Sahib  and  recaptiues  Cawnpur.  (Jily  18.) 
The  mutiny  ia  8Ui)pres8ed  at  Kaldarabad. 
(Jily  19.)  Also  at  Bitboor.  (Jily  20.)  At 
Lahore.  (Ji  ly  22.)  Sir  Archdale  'Wil- 
Bon  assumes  couunand  at  Delhi.  (July  27.) 
The  mutiny  lireaks  out  at  I  hnajtur;  Britisli 
repulsed  at  Anak.  (Ji  ly  2()-Ai  <■.  15.)  Gen. 
Havelock,  hy  i)rodigious  ehurt,  wins  many 
victories  over  the  rebels,  although  a  sufferer 
from  disease.  (Aug.  15.)  I{el>el8  defeated 
at  Pandoo  IVCuddee.  Gen.  Nicholson  defeats 
them  at  N'uguffgur.  (Sept.  14.)  Tlie  Brit- 
ish assault  Delhi.  (Sept.  20.)  The  entire 
city  taken.  (Sept.  21.)  The  Mogul  emperor 
Bahadur  Shah  is  captured  at  Delhi.  (Sept, 
23.)  CoL  Hodson  kills  witli  Ids  own  hand 
the  son  and  grandson  of  Bahadur.  Gen. 
Nicholson  dies.  (Sept.  25.)  Gen.  Havelock 
relieves  tlie  besieged  residency  at  Lucknow. 
(Sept.  26.)  Kebels  defeated  at  Boland- 
ahhar.  {Sept.  29.)  AtMolaghur.  (Oct.  5.) 
At  Aligarh.  (Oct.  10.)  At  Agra.  (Nov. 
3.)  Sir  Colin  Campbell  [Lord  Clyde],  com- 
mander-in-chief, arrives  at  (^awnpur.  (Nov. 
13.)  Cawnpur  is  taken.  (Nov.  16.)  Camp- 
bell takes  Sikandarabad.  (Nov.  18-25.) 
He  and  Gen.  Havelock  rescue  the  besieged 
residency  at  Lucknow  by  hard  fighting. 
(Xov.  27.)  The  rebels  at  Cawnpur  repulse 
Gen.  Windliam.  (Nov.  2K.)  Campbell  re- 
captures Cawnpur.  (Dec.  6.)  He  defeats 
the  Gwalior  contingent.  (Dec.  14,  17,  27.) 
The  rebels  are  defeated  at  Seaton.  (Deo. 
27.)  At  Gorakbpur.  (185S.  Jan.  2.)  At 
Futtigarh.  (J.vn.  *)  The  rebels  still  bold 
and  fortify  Lucknow.  (Jan.  29.)  Sir  Hugh 
Rose  relieves  Sagar.  (Feb.  31.)  He  enters. 
(Mak.  8.)  SirColin  Campbell  Iwsieges  Luck- 
now. (Mak.  19.)  Lucknow  surrenders;  50,- 
000  rebels  hastily  retire.  (Mak.  30.)  Gen. 
Roberts  takes  Kotah.  (Apr.  4.)  Sir  Hugh 
Rose  takes  Jhansi.  (Apr.  13.)  Azlmgrarhis 
relieved  by  Sir  K.  Lugard.  (Apr.  It'.)  Gen. 
Whitelock  takes  Budaun.  (May  7.)  The 
liritish  recai)ture  Bareli.  (May  II.)  Sir 
Hugh  Rose  defeats  the  rebels  at  Kooneh. 
(May  23.)  Also  near  KalpL  (May  13.)  Sir 
Hope  Grant  defeats  them  at  Newabzunge. 
(Mat  29.)  Sir  E.  Lugard  defeats  them  at 
Juerdespore.  (June  13.)  The  rebels  seize 
Gwalior.  (June  17.)  Rose  again  defeats 
them;  the  Rani  princess  Jhansi  Is  killed 
while  leading  her  troops.  [Rose  captures 
Gwalior.]  (Ji;ly  *)  Several  raias  sur- 
render. (AiG.  14.)  Gen.  Roberts  destroys 
the  remnant  of  the  Gwalior  rebels.  (Atg. 
*)  Chiefs  in  Oudh  surrender.  (Arc.  31.) 
A  rising  of  dismissed  soldiers  at  Multan  is 
suppressed;  300  are  killed.  [ Later  800  more 
killed  or  captured.]  (Sept.  Oy.)  Gen.  Mit- 
chell defeats  Tantla  Topi  near  Rajghur. 
(Nov.  24.)  Lord  Clyde  defeats  Beni  Mabdo 
atBhooden  Khera.  (Nov. 25.)  .\gainde- 
feated  at  Gujarat  by  MaJ.  Sutherland. 

1859  Feb.  10.  Gen.  Horsford  de- 
feats the  begum  of  Oudh  and  Nana  Sa- 
hib, the  rebel  peshwa. 


Apr.  2.  Maun  Singh  surrendt^rs  to  the 
British.  [Apr.  7.  Tantia  Topi  is  cap- 
tured.   Apr.  18.    Hanged.] 

May  23.  Sir  Hope  Grant  defeats  Nana 
Sahib  in  the  Jorway  Pass, 

1860  July  *  Sir  Hugh  Hose  assuxnes 
command. 

Nov.  *  The  natives  repulse  the  British  at 
Sikkim. 

1863  Oct.  *-Dec.  *  War  with  the  hill 
tribes  on  the  northwestern  frontier. 

1864  *  *  The  British  are  at  war  with 
the  Bhutanese. 

Dec.  12.  The  Bhutanese  defeated.  [1865. 
Jan.  29.  llepulsed  at  Dewangiri.  Feb.  * 
The  British  evacuate.  Apr.  2.  Ketake 
it.] 

1865  Apr.  23.  Sir  William  Mans- 
field assumes  command. 

1868  Oct.  4.  War  arLses  with  the 
Bazotee  sect  on  the  northwest  frontier. 

1872  Jan.  15-17.  An  outbreak  of 
the  ICookas  near  Ludhiana  ia  severely 
suppressed. 

1873  Nov+.  *  Straits  Settlements.  The 
Malays  revolt,  besiege  the  residency. 

(Nov.  6.)  Capt.  Inness  relieves  the  resi- 
dent. (  Dkc.  7.)  Trooj)8  from  Calcutta  and 
Hong-kong  under  (ien.  Sir  Francis  Colborne 
defeat  tiie  Malays.  (Okc.  22.)  They  de- 
feat them  again.  (Dhc.  17.)  The  Ilritlsh 
take  Klntl,  the  capital  of  I'erak,  and  force 
ei-8ultan  Ismail  to  retreat.  (Deo.  27.) 
'i'be  Malays  are  subdued  at  I'erak.  (Mak. 
2\.)     Ismail  Burrendera  to  the  British. 

1878-81    Second  Afghan  war  (p.  4). 

1881    Jan.  *   Sir  Donald   Stewart   is 

appointed  commander-in-chief. 

1885  July  30  i:.  Sir  Frederick  Kob- 
erts  is  appointed  commander-in-chief, 

1885-86    War  with  Btirma. 

(Nov.  17.)  The  Rritisb  capture  the  Bur- 
mese forts,  Minhla  ami  Giirgyong.  (Nov. 
20.)  Also  Magwe.  (Nov.  27.)  They  occupy 
the  Ava  forts.  (Nov.  28.)  Also  Pagan  and 
Myingyan  and  Mandalay.  (Dec.  2.)  Also 
Nadan.  (Dec.  29.)  Maj.  Williamson  de- 
feats the  Burmese  at  Moutsbobo.  {IH86. 
Jan.  16.)  They  are  defeated  at  Kadol. 
(Jan.  19.)  Again  at  Kunnab.  ^Jan.  27.) 
At  Mas.  (Mar.  18.)  At  Yindaawango. 
(MAR.2fi.)  Near Zeme then.  (Apr.5.)  Again 
defeated.  (Ji  ne  6,  7.)  Defeated  at  Ngape. 
(JiNE  19.)  They  repulse  the  British  near 
Tummoo.  (Ott.  21.)  Gen.  Sir  Frederick 
Roberts  succeeds  to  the  chief  command. 
(Nov.  18.)   He  arrives  at  Mandalay. 

1887  Feb.  *  Burma.  Gen.  Roberts  re- 
tires ;  Gen.  Arbuthnot  assumes  com- 
mand. 

1888  Mar.  20.  A  British  force  defeats 
the  Tibetans  at  Lingtum. 

Tibetans  have  erected  a  fort  contrary 
to  the  terms  of  their  treaty.  [May  2;J. 
Defeated.  Sept.  25.  Again  at  Jelapla 
Pass.] 

1880  Jan,*  A/ghnnistnn.  The  British 
complete  the  fortress  at  Quetta,  mak- 
ing it  the  bulwark  of  India. 

1891  Mar.  30.  Hostile  Muneepuris, 
after  two  days'  fighting,  massacre  400 
Goorkhas  in  the  British  service.  [Apr. 
16  fc.  The  Mimeepuris  are  defeated,  los- 
ingrjOkiUed.  Apr.  18+, Apr.21±.  Again 
defeated.  Apr.  27.  Imphal  is  captured.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  LETTERS. 

1855  ♦  ♦  The  Bombay  Quarterly  is  is- 
sued. 

1864  Oct.  5.  Calcutta.  A  cyclone, 
followed  by  a  stonn-wave  over  the 
delta  of  the  Ganges,  destroys  45,000  lives, 
and  100  ships. 


1367  Nov,  1.  Cofrutfa.  A  cyclone 
unroofs  30,000  small  houses  ;  90,0iK)  peo- 
ple are  drowned  by  it  in  Lower  Bengal. 

1871  Aug.  5.  Eng.  The  Royal  Indian 
Engineering  College,  Cooper's  Hill,  is 
opened. 

1872  Dec.  14,  15.     An    earthquake 

destroys  Lehree  ;  .500  peoi)le  perish. 

1874  Oct.  *  A  cyclone  destroys  .Me<l- 
napur  ;  2,000  people  perish. 

1875  July  *  A  Mohammedan  college 
is  established  for  N<)rtluvest  Provinces. 

1876  Oct.  31.  A  cyclone  sweeps 
southeast  Bengal ;  215,000  people  perish. 

1883  *  *  The  Christian  College  .Magazine 
is  issued. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1857  *  *  Gholab  Singh,  maharaja,  dies. 
1881    Mar.  *  (iholam  Hussein  Khan,  friend 

of  the  British,  dies. 
1800     Oct.    12.      Jeejeebboy  liyramjee,  of 

Bombay,  A66. 


CHURCH. 

1856*  *The  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  U.  S.  A.,  sends  Br.  William 
Butler  to  open  mission-work  in  Bareli. 

[1858,  be  plants  bis  first  mission  at  Luck- 
now; 1859,in  liudaun  and  Mora(lal)arl;  1861, 
in  lIaidarabad,Mind;  18fi4,iii  (iarhwal;  1871, 
in  Bombay;  1881,  in  Chandausi,  N.  W.  Frov.J 

1857  *  *  The    Wesleyan    Methodists 

(Eug.)  open  a  mission  in  Ceylon  among 
the  Veddahs  ;  in  Tunikur,  Madras. 

[1863,  In  Karur,  Madras,  antl  Shimoga, 
Mysore;  1876,  in  l-'aizabad,  Oudh.] 

1858  *  *  Baboo  Keshub  Chunder  Sen 

joins  the  society  of  the  Brahma  Soniaj. 
[Heing  much  opposed  he  forms  the  new 
Brahma  Somaj  of  India.} 

1860  *  *  The  United  Presbyterians 
(Scot.)  open  a  mission  in  Kajputana. 

[1861,  in  XInsaeerabad  and  Narsinhimr, 
Madras;  1862,  in  Ajmere,  liengal;  IS63,  in 
Todgarth;  1866,  in  .Jaipur;  I«71,  in  Deoli,  N. 
W.  I'rov.;  1877,  in  I'daipur,  also  in  Alwar; 
1885,  in  Jodhpur.J 

1861  *  *  The  Danish  Missionary  So- 
ciety opens  the  New  Tamil  Mission. 

[1881,  one  for  the  Malays  in  the  Sjervaroij 
Mountains;  isftfi,  in  Assaiui>ur;  1887.  in  Ar- 
ret, IJanipet,  and  Sallasajiet;  18«8,  in  ila- 
dras.] 

*  *  The  Finland  Missionary  Society 
opens  a  mission  in  Suouii. 

*  *  The  Geneva  Baptists  open  a  mission 
in  liusselkonda,  Madras. 

*  •  Tlie  Strict  Baptists  (Kng.)  oi>en  a 
misaion  in  Talleygaum. 

1863  Dec.  *  The  Government  with- 
draws its  support  of  the  Hindu  religion. 

*  *  The  EstabUshed  Church  of  Scot- 
land opens  a  mission  in  \Vazir:ibad  in 
the  Punjab.  [ISfiTi.  in  Chunia  ;  18(i9,  Dar- 
jiling,  Bengal ;  1SS6,  in  Bhutan.] 

1864  ♦  *  Calcutta.  The  Cathedral  Mis- 
sion CoUege  is  opened. 

1866  Apr.  *  The  question  respecting 
marriage  of  iiindu  converts  is  settled. 

*  *  The  English  Friends  Society  sends 
its  first  missionary.  [18G9,  opens  a  mis- 
sion in  Benares,  soon  changed  to  «7ubal- 
pur  ;  1874,  in  Hoshangabiul,  Cent.  Frov.] 

*  *  The  United  Presbsrterians,  U.  S.  A., 

open  a  mission  at  Zafarwal,  Punjab. 

*  *  The  Church  Society  opens  a  mission 

in  Lahore. 

[1878,  in  Mandla.  Cent  Prov.;  1879,  one 
for  tlie  Gondwaua,  in  N.  Ind.;  18»*fl.  another 
for  the  Ilblls,  N.  Ind.;  1882,  In  (iurakhpur, 
N.  W.  Prov.;  1887,  in  Snkkur,  Sin<l;  1888, 
Kummamett,  S.  lud.;  1889,  In  Ceylon.  2 


INDIA. 


1855,  *  *  - 1894,  Jan.  8.    1049 


4.870  *  *  A  wide.-ii_)rejttl  revival  occurs 
in  Methodist  missions  and  great  cities, 
under  the  labors  of  the  American  evan- 
gelist, [Bishop]  "WiUiam  Taylor. 

1872  July*Ei}g.  The  Christian  mar- 
riage bill  is  passed. 

1875  *  *  Canadian  Presbyterians  open 
a  mission  in  Madras.    [1877.    lu  Judore.] 

1877  Jan.  *  The  South  Indian  Confer- 
ence (Meth.  Epis.)  is  organized.  [18SC, 
The  Bengal  Conference.] 

•  *  Burma.    The  bishopric  of  Rangun 

is  erected. 

1877-78  During  the  famine  about  60,- 
000  persons  in  Southern  India  cast 
away  their  idols,  and  seek  Christian  in- 
struction. 

1878  June  15.  InlGdaysthe American 
baptist  Telugu  missionaries  baptize 
8,691  converts,  and  2,222  of  .thera  in  one 
day. 

•  ♦  The  Swedish  Society  opens  a  mission 
iu  Narsinhpur,  Madras. 

*  *  Tlie  £higlish  Presbyterians  open  a 
mission  in  Kampur-Beauleah,  Bengal. 

•  ♦  The  census  reports  nearly  70,000  Ro- 
man Catholics  iu  JNIaduru. 

*  *  Tlie  Old  Testament  is  printed  in  Pwo 
Karen  for  the  Burmese. 

1882*  *TheChristianSociety(U.S.A.) 

opens  missions  in  Bilaspur,  Mungeli,  and 
Chapa,  Cent.  Prov. 

1883  *  *  The  "Western  Foreign  Mis- 
sionary Society  (U.  S.  A.)  opens  a  mis- 
sion iu  Lodiana,  in  the  Punjab. 

1884  *  *  The  Breklum  Society  ((ier.) 
opens  a  mission  in  Coropat,  Madras. 

1886  *  *  Ceylon.  The  Salvation  Army 
arrives,  and  adopts  the  native  food  and 
dress  of  the  Hindu  mendicants. 

1889  *  *  The  Protestant  Missionary  So- 
cieties report  4,223  stations  and  out- 
stations.  Foreign  mission-workers,  816, 
ordained  missionaries,  69  laymen,  460 
missionaries*  wives,and  243  other  women. 
Native  workers  :  912  ordained,  6,692 
teachers,  8,569  other  helpers.  Also  2,533 
preaching  places,  1,855  churches,  222,283 
communicants,  83  schools  for  higlier  edu- 
cation, with  8,0.">1  pupils.  6,574  common 
schools,  with  273,585  pupils;  native  con- 
tributions for  all  purposes,  $477,283. 


STATE. 

1855-60  Ceylon,  Sir  H.  Ward  is  gover- 
nor. [18G5,  Mar.  7,  Sir  Hercules  G. 
Robinson  ;  1872,  Jan.  9,  Wm.  H.  Gregory ; 
1876,  Nov.  *  Sir  J.  R.  Longden  ;  1883, 
Feb.  •  Sir  Arthur  Gordon.] 

1856-58  Viscount  [Earl]  Canning  is 
viceroy.    [1858-62,  Earl  Canning.] 

1857  May  11.  At  Meernt  the  sepoys 
proclaim  the  king  of  Delhi  emperor. 

1857-58  The  nizam  of  Haidarabad 
supports  the  British  during  the  mutiny. 

1858  Jan.  27-Mar.  9.  The  king  of 
Delhi  is  tried  for  complicity  in  the  mu- 
tiny, and  sentenced  to  transportation. 

Aug.  2.  London.  The  East  India  Com- 
pany's administration  is  transferred 
to  the  crown.  A  secretary  of  state  is 
provided  for  its  management.  [Sept.  1. 
Transferred.] 

Nov.  1.  The  queen  is  proclaimed  sover- 
eign over  India. 

1858-62  The  Earl  of  Canning  is 
viceroy. 

1859  Jan.  1.  The  Punjab  becomes  a 
presidency. 

-Jan.  •  Sir  CharlesTrevelyan  is 
appointed  governor  of  Madras.  [1860, 
S.  Ward ;  Sir  Wm.  Deu-son  ;  1866,  Jan. 
31,  Lord  Napier.] 


18G1  Aug.  *  A  new  Indian  council 
and  new  high  court  of  judicatiu*e  are 
established. 

1862  Jan.  18.  Calcutta.  The  first 
meeting  of  the  new  legislative  council. 

Mar.  1.  Calcutta.  Xiord  Elgin,  the  gov- 
ernor-general, arrives.  [Mar.  12.  In- 
stalled. 18G3,  Nov.  20.  Dies.  1863,  Sir 
Robert  Napier,  officiating  governor ; 
1863-G^l,  Sir  William  Denison.] 

1864  *  *  The  Dwars  is  annexed. 

1864r-69     Sir  John   Lawrence   [Lord 

Lawrence]  is  viceroy. 
1S66    Sept.i  *    Burma.     A    rebellion 

against  the  native  king  breaks  out. 
1869-72    Earl  of  Mayo  is  viceroy.  [1872, 

Feb.  23,  Lord  Napier,  acting  governor.] 

1872-76    Lord  [Earl  of]  Northbrook  is 

viceroy.     [1872,  Sir  John  Strachey,  of- 
ficiating viceroy;  later.  Lord  Napier.] 

1874  Jan.  20.  Straits  Settlementst. 
Governor  Clarke  signs  a  treaty  at  Pan- 
korin  the  Dindings. 

It  establishes  Abdullah  as  sultan,  and 
provides  for  a  British  resident  with 
plenary  power  at  Perak,  The  British 
Government  begins  to  exercise  super- 
vision over  the  native  courts  through  a 
staff  of  European  officials.  [1875.  Oct.  * 
Sir  William  F.  D.  Jervois  becomes  gov- 
ernor. Nov.  1.  J.  W.  Birch,  the  British 
resident,  issues  a  proclamation  at  Perak. 
Nov.  2.  He  is  assassinated.  1877.  Sir 
W.  C.  F.  Robinson  is  governor  1880, 
Sir  Frederick  A.  Weld  ;  1887,  Aug.'*  Sir 
C.  G.  Smith.] 

1875  Apr.  23.  The  Maharatta  Gack- 
war  of  Baroda  is  dethroned  for  niis- 
governnient,  [May  22.  His  eldest  son 
is  appointed  his  successor.] 

June  18±.    Burma.    ThO'Submission of 

the  king  to  the  British  is  announced. 

1876-80  Lord  [Earl  of]  Lytton  is  vice- 
roy. 

1877  Jan.  1.  The  viceroy  proclaims 
Queen  Victoria  Empressof  India,  with 
magnificent  ceremonies,  at  Delhi. 

1879  Feb.*  Burma.  Thebaw, thenew 
king,  kills  many  members  of  the  royal 
family  and  their  friends. 

1880-84    Marquis  of  Ripon  is  viceroy. 

1884  Dec.  13.  Calcutta.  TheEarlof 
Dufferin  assumes  office  as  viceroy. 

*  •  Mir  Mahbub  Ali  is  installed  nizam 

of  Haidarabad. 

1885  June  7.  Strait. t  Settlements.  Let- 
ters patent  detlue  the  Straits  Settle- 
ments. 

Oct.  18^^.  Burma.  The  British  envoy 
(iiid  his  proposals  are  rejected.     The 

Frenchenternegotiationswith  theking. 

Wov.  22.  A  revolution  occurs  at  Ne- 
paul ;  the  prime  minister  and  son  are 
murdered. 

Nov.  *  Burma.  The  British  force  the 
king  to  sign  an  agreement  to  settle 
disputes,  and  receive  a  British  resident. 

Dec.  *  Burma.  King;  Thebaw  and  his 
court  are  sent  to  Madras.  [Dec.  18i. 
His  brother  issues  a  proclamation 
against  British  rule;  Mr.  Bernard  es- 
tablishes a  provisional  government.] 

1886  Jan.  1.  Upper  Burma  is  an- 
nexed by  proclamatinii. 

May  15.  London.  AH  Burma  is  in- 
cluded in  British  India  by  a  royal  decree-. 

*  *  The  Keeling  Islands  are  detached 
from  f'eylon  and  ndniiniwtratively  placed 
under  Straits  Settlements.  [188*9.  Jan. 
8.    Christmas  Islands  so  placed.] 

1887  Feb.  15.  16.  Burma.  The 
Queen's  Jubilee  is  celebrated. 

1888*  *  The  Marquis  of  Lansdowne  is 
viceroy. 


1889  Aug.  27.  A  native  council  is 
established  at  Kashmir. 

1890  Aug.  21.    A  revolution  occurs 

!n  Manipur  ;  tlieniaharajah  seeks  refuge 
in  the  British  residency.  [Sept.  25. 
Suppressed.] 

1891  Feb.  23.  A  meeting  of  4,000 
Hindus,  held  in  Bombay,  resolves  that  a 
law  is  necessary  for  the  protection  of 
child-wives,  [i^eb.  25.  Calcutta.  About 
50,000  Bengalese  protest  against  the  bill 
for  the  protection  of  child-wives.] 

May  25.  The  maharaiah  of  Muneepur 
abdicates  in  favor  of  his  brother. 

Dec.  29.  The  Indian  National  Con- 
gress opens  at  Nagpur.  [1893.  Dec.  30. 
It  meets  at  Allahabad.] 

1892  Apr.  1.  Burma.  The  China 
revolt  against  British  rule. 

Dec.  21.  Kizam-ul-Mulk,  son  and  heir 
of  the  late  Mehtar  of  Cliitral.  places 
himself  and  the  state  at  the  disposal  of 
the  Indian  Government. 

1893  June  26.  The  Government  issues 
an  order  suspending  the  free  coinage 
of  silver. 

Oct.  11.  Lo7ifiov..  The  Earl  of  Elgin  is 
ajipointed  viceroy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1855  *  *  Calcutta.  The  Calcutta  rail* 
way  is  opened. 

1856  Nov.  7.  The  first  marriage  of  a 
Hindu  widow  is  celebrated  at  Calcutta. 

*  *  *  Sir  Jamsetjee  Jeejeebhoy,  a  Parsee 
of  Bombay,  erects  several  hospitals. 

1860-61  A  famine  affects  northwest- 
ern India,  and  thousands  perish. 

1865  Mar.  1.  Eu(j.  The  Indo-Euro- 
pean telegraph  line  is  opened,  and  a 
despatch  from  Karachi  received. 

1866  Aug.  *  -Nov.  *  A  terrible  famine 
afflicts  Orissa,  Bengal,  and  1,500,000  peo- 
ple perish. 

1867*  *  Calcutta.  Cholera  destroys 
75,000  lives. 

1868-69  A  severe  famine  afflicts  Raj- 
putana;  1,500,000  people  die. 

1870  Mar.  *  The  railway  between  Cal- 
cutta and  Bombay  is  completed. 

1872*  *  The  telegraph  line  connecting 
Bombay  and  Suez  is  completed. 

1875  Feb.  24.  Lieut.  Holcombe  and  a 
surveying  party  of  70  persons  are  maa- 
sacred  by  natives  in  Assam. 

Nov.  8.  -76  Mar.  13.  The  Prince  of 
"Wales  visits  India. 

1877  Jan.  1.  The  Order  of  the  Em- 
pire of  India  is  announced. 

Mar.  1.  In  Nepaul  several  widows  of 
Sir  Junn  Bahadoor  bum  themselves 
as  suttees  on  his  funeral  pyre. 

Dec.  31.  The  Imperial  Order  of  the 
Crown  of  India  is  instituted  for  ladies. 

1877-78  A  widespread  famine  has 
6,000,000  victims.  (Governmentesti- 
mates  of  deaths,  1,350,000.) 

1879  Mar.  31.  Railways  opened  to 
date,  8,545  miles ;  cost,  £120,000,000. 

1882  Nov.  24.  The  Sirhind  irrigating 
canal,  502  miles  long,  is  opened  in  the 
Punjab. 

1883  Mar.  29.  Calcutta.  The  Euro- 
pean and  Anglo-Indian  Defense  Asso- 
ciation is  formed. 

Dec.  4.  -84  Mar.  10.  Calcutta.  An 
International  Exhibition  is  held. 

1889  Feb.  27.  The  railway  between 
Uangun  and  Mandalay,  Burma,  is 
opened. 

Mayi  *  Famine  and  cholera  prevail  in 
Ganjam,  Madras  ;  deaths,  1,400  weekly. 

1802  May  30.  Cholera  prevails  in 
Kashmir;  1,600  deaths  in  one  week. 

1894  Jan.  8.  Religious  riots  occur 
between  Mohammedans  an<t  Hindus  at 
Yeola,  95  miles  from  Bombay. 


1050    1240*  *  B.C. -362*  *  B.C. 


ITALY: 


Italy  Is  a  kingdom  of  Southern  Europe ;  capital,  Rome.  It  comprises,  besides  the  peninsula,  Sicily,  Sardinia,  and  some 
smaller  islands  ;  its  governmental  divisions  comprise  69  provinces.  Its  government  is  vested  in  a  hereditary  constitutional 
monarch,  with  a  Parliament  of  two  houses,  having  390  members  in  the  Senate  aud  508  deputies  in  the  Chamber.  The  prevailing 
religion  is  Roman  Catholic,  and  the  language  chiefly  used  is  Italian.  Its  foreign  possessions  are  Massowah  and  Assab  on  the 
Red  Sea  coast,  aud  the  neighboring  Dhalak  Islands  ;  these  possessions  are  officially  known  as  Eritrea ;  they  have  a  population 
estimated  at  450,000.    Area,  110,623  quare  miles  ;  population  in  1892,  30,535,848. 

Note, —  The  period  of  the  early  kiugs  is  highly  traditional  and  largely  mythical ;  neither  the  dates,  names,  nor  deeds  recorded 
are  reliable  as  facts.  Historical  records  are  of  an  uncertain  value  until  265  h.c.  The  list  of  popes  follows  that  of  the  Roman 
almanac,  Gerarchia  Cattolica,    Roman  Catholic  writers  disagree  respecting  the  order,  accession,  and  periods  of  the  early  popes. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

748  *  *  B.  c.    Rome  taken  by  Sabines. 

747  *  *  B.  c.  The  Ceenlnians  are  de- 
feated, and  the  tirst  triumphal  proces- 
sion is  witnessed  at  Rome. 

671  *  *  n.  0.  Zancl^  (Messina)  is  seized 
by  the  Messenese. 

669i:  *  ♦  B.  c.  The  rival  Romans  and 
Albans  settle  the  contest  for  supremacy 
by  combat.  Three  Horatii,  Roman 
knights,  as  champions,  overcome  the 
three  Curiatii,  Alba's  champions. 

665  ♦  *  B.  c.  War  with  the  Fidenates ; 
Alba  Longa  is  destroyed. 

616  *  *  B.  r.  Successful  wars  are  waged 
with  the  Sabines,  Latins,  and  Etruscans. 

*  ♦  *  B.  c.  Wars  with  the  Veii,  near 
Rome. 

•  •  *  B.  c.    Rome.    The  wall  is  built. 
590  ♦  •  B.  c.    Sicily.     Carthaginians  in- 
vade the  island.    [480.    Again.] 

609  *  *  B.  c.  A  long  war  follows  the 
overthrow  of  the  monarchy. 

508  *  *  B.  c.  Unsuccessful  war  occurs 
with  Porsena. 

601  *  ♦  B.  c.  The  Latins  and  the  Tar- 
quins  attack  the  republic.  [498.  The 
Tarquins  are  finally  defeated  at  Lake 
Regillus  by  Aulus  Postumius.] 

497  *  *  B.  r.  The  Tusculans  are  totally 
defeated  at  Tusculum. 

492  *  *  B.  r.  Coriolanus  defeats  the 
Volsci. 

488*  *B.  c.  Rome.  The  banished  Co- 
riolanus, with  the  Volsci,  besieges  Rome, 
but  withdraws  when  entreated  by  his 
wife  and  his  mother. 

487  *  ♦  B.  c.    Hemici,  invaders  from 

the  South,  are  defeated  by  Spurius  Cas- 

Bius. 
477  *  *  B.  c.     All   the   grown-up  Fabii 

(306)  are  slain  from  ambush  by  Veientes, 

at  the  brook  Cremera. 
460  *  *  B.  €.    Rome.    Herdonius  and  his 

political  refugees  surprise  the  Capitol. 
458  *  *  B.  c.    Cincinnatus  defeats  the 

.Equi    tribe,    dwelling    east    of    Rome. 

[446.    They  reappear  before  Rome  for 

the  last  time.] 
449*  *  B.  c.    Rome.   The  people  revolt ; 

plebeian  soldiers  occupy  the  Aventine 

and  the  Sacred  Mount. 
442±  *  *  B.  c.    Romans  conquer  Ardea. 
437  *  *  B.  c.    The  Romans  totally  defeat 

the  Veientes. 
434  *  *  B.  c,    "War  with  the  Tuscans. 

431*  *B.  0.  The  iBqui  and  Volscii  are 
defeated  by  Tubertus,  the  dictator. 

423  *  *  B.   c.     Samnites  capture  Capua. 

415-413  B.  0.  Sicily.  Athenian  inva- 
sion (p.  1020). 

406  *  *  B.  c.  The  Roman  troops  first 
receive  regular  pay. 

396  *  *  B.  c.  Marcus  Furius  Camillus 
takes  Veil  after  a  siege  lasting  10  years. 

390  *  *  B,  c.    Gauls  besiege  Clusium. 

July  16.     B.  r.     Defeat  at  Allia  (p.  662). 


*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  Gauls  sack  the 
city,  and  make  an  unsuccessful  attempt 
to  surprise  the  Capitol  ;  the  geese  of 
Juno  alarm  the  guards.  After  a  seven 
months'  siege,  the  withdrawal  of  the 
Gauls  is  purchased  with  gold, 

389*  *B.  c.  Rome.  Camillus  expels  the 
Gauls  (Volscii).  [379.  They  defeat  the 
Romans.    350-345.    Another  war.] 

367  ♦  *  B.  r.  Dionysius  the  Elder  cap- 
tures Khegium. 

367-349  *  *  B.  c.  "Wars  with  the  in- 
vading Gauls  in  Central   Italy. 

362-358  B.  c.  War  with  the  Hemici 
and  the  revolted  Latin  cities. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

753*  *B.  c.  The  Roman  calendar 
dates  from  the  founding  of  Rome.  [713. 
Numa  Pompilius  corrects  the  calendar 
by  adding  two  months,  making  12.] 

616*  *  B.  C.  Rome,  Tarquinius  Priscus 
lays  the  foundation  of  the  Capitol ;  it 
covers  eight  acres.     [507.     Dedicated.] 

616-578  B.  c.  Rome.  Tarquinius  builds 
the  city  walls,  and  begins  the  temple 
of  Jupiter. 

605+  *  *  B.  c.    Rfrnie.     The  first  circus 

is  established. 

600-500  B.  c.  The  temple  of  Minerva 
at  Syracuse  is  erected.  Also  the  tem- 
ple at  Paestum,  the  temple  of  Con- 
cord, and  of  Juno  at  Agrigentum. 

594  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  temple  of 
Ceres  Iiiber  and  Libera  are  decorated 
by  (iorgasus  and  Damophilus. 

534-510  B.C.  Rome.  Tarquinius  Su- 
perbus  completes  the  temple  of  Jupiter 
Capitolinus. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

Note.  — The  letters  b.  c.  are  mostly  omitted 
in  Births  and  Deaths  to  save  space;  the  i»e- 
riod,  however,  is  inaiked  in  the  first  item. 

*  •  *  B.  c.    RomuluB.  legendary  founder  of 

Rome,  born.    [716.    Dies.] 

*  *  *  Numa  romptUus,  second  king  of  Rome, 

born.     [672.     Dies.] 
672  *  *  TuUuB  Hostilius,  legendary  hero,  b. 

[640.    Dies.] 
578  *  •  Tarquinius  Priscus,  legendary  k.,  d. 
616±  ♦  •  Cincinnatus,     Luc.     Q.,    legendary 

hero,  born. 
607  *  *  Brutus,  Lucius  Junius,  fdr.  of  repnb- 

lie,  dies. 
489  *  *  Coriolanus,  Cnscus  Mareius, legendary 

hero,  dies. 
430  *  *  Dionysius  the  Elder,  tyrant  of  Syra- 
cuse, born.     [365.     Dies.] 
408*  *  Dion,    Syracusan    statesman,   born. 

[354.     Dies.] 
395  *  *  Dlonvsius    the    Younger,   tyrant   of 

Syracuse,  "born .    [  343.    Dies.  ] 

CHURCH. 

*  *  *B.  c.  The  religionof  the  Romans 
is  a  system  of  polytheism  in  which  na- 
ture is  deified.  Worship  consists  chiefly 
in  prayers,  sacrifices,  and  games,  with 

the  observance    of   strict  ceremonials. 
The  head  of  the  state  c<mducts  public. 


and  the  heads  of  families  the  domestic, 
worship. 

The  chief  gods  of  the  Itoiiians  are  Jupiter, 
the  god  of  the  sky;  Juno,  his  wife,  who  jire- 
sides  over  maternity;  Minerva,  the  goddess 
of  the  intellect,  wlio  presides  over  the  arts; 
Mars  the  god,  and  Beilona  the  goddess,  of 
war;  Vesta,  god<ie8s  of  Roman  heartlis; 
Satnrnns  the  god,  and  Ceres  the  goddess, 
presiding  over  agriculture;  Ops,  the  goddess 
of  harvest  and  riches;  Hercules,  the  god  of 
gain,  pre8i<Iing  over  contracts ;  IM  ercurins.  the 
god  of  traffic,  and  Neptune,  the  god  of  the 
sea.  There  are  also  a  great  multitude  of 
lesser  gods. 

710*  *  B.  C.  Jnuma  Pompilius  regulates 
religious  ceremonies  by  the  advice  of 
the  Camcenus  (prophetess).  Egira,  his 
consort,  institutes  the  priesthood,  the 
augurs,  and  vestals. 

♦  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  temple  of 
Janua  is  erected, 

*  *  ♦  B.  C.  Rome.  The  five  pontifices 
are  appointed,  Pontifex  Maximus  being 
the  first ;  also  the  fiamines,  fetiales,  the 
four  augurs,  and  the  four  vestal  vir- 
gins.   [Later,  six.] 

507+  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  king  is  high 
priest,  and  head  of  the  state  religion, 

431*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  A  temple  is  dedi- 
cated to  Apollo  in  a  time  ot  pestilence. 

399  *  *  B,  c.  The  Lectistemian  festi- 
val is  instituted^ 


SOCIETY. 

750±  ♦  *  B,  C.  The  Romans  seize  the 
Sabine  women  in  attendance  at  a  pub- 
lic spectacle,  and  detain  them  for  wives. 

*  *  *  Romulus  divides  the  people  into 
Patricians  and  Plebeians.  [732.  He 
establislies  the  Circensian  games.  716. 
He  is  murdered  by  senators.] 

616-578  B.  o.  Rome.  Tarquin  estab- 
lishes annual  games  in  the  Circus  Max- 
imus. 

578*  *  B.  c.  Servius  TuUius,  successor 
of  Tarquinius,  is  the  son  of  a  slave- 
woman,  Ocrisia,  and  a  god,  and  is  ail- 
vanced  because  of  the  utterance  of  an 
oracle. 

510  •  *  B.  c.  The  overthrow  of  the  Tar- 
quins and  the  establishment  of  the  re- 
public follow  the  rape  of  Lucretia, 
wife  of  Tar.quinius  Collatinius,  by  Sex- 
tus  Tarquinius ;  Lucretia  kills  herself. 

491  *  *  B.  C.  Some  Plebeians,  called  cli- 
ents, are  (iirectly  dependent  on  the 
great  Patrician  families,  called  patrons ; 
they  receive  support  and  render  service, 
yet  without  actual  slavery. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  mass  of  Plebeians  are 
freemen,  without  political  rights  or  bur- 
densome taxes,  but  possessed  of  commer- 
cial rights.  A  great  social  gulf  lies  be- 
tween the  Plebeians  aTid  the  Patricians. 
Slaves  from  all  countries  are  numerous  ; 
owners  hold  the  power  of  life  or  death. 

473  *  *  B.  c.  The  male  proi)erty-hold- 
ers  between  the  ages  of  17  and  GO  are 
divided  into  five  classes  by  Servius  Tul- 
lius, 

*  *  *  B,  c.  Incessant  wars  prevail ;  the 
condition  of  the  poor  people  grows  worse 
and  worse. 


ROMAN    EMPIRE.    1240**b.c.-362**  b.c.    1051 


466±**B.c.    Itomf.     The   Secular 

ffaznes  are  first  celebrated. 
445  *  *  B.  c.     The   Canulelan   law    is 

passed,  permitting    marriages  between 

Patricians  and  Plebeians. 
444  *  *  n.  c.    Plebeians  become  eligible 

to  the  office  of  military  tribunes. 

307  *  *  B.  C.  Sicily.  All  the  Carthagin- 
ians are  massacred  by  the  Komans. 

390-376  n.  c.  The  equalization  of 
the  old  orders  and  the  new  nobility  is 
originated  in  both  the  Patrician  and  Ple- 
beian families  of  office-holders. 

367  *  *  B.  c.  Home.  One  of  the  three 
great  colleges  uf  priests^  having  charge 
of  the  Sibylline  books,  is  opened  to  the 
plebeians. 

STATE. 

1240-510    Mythical  Period. 
1240*  •  n.  <■.    Ijatinus,  Kingof  Janicu- 
lum,  rules  over  Latium. 

1183  *  *  B.  r.  Antenor  founds  Padua. 
[1050±.  Cum»  is  founded,  1154.  Naples.] 

1182  *  *  n.  o.  .tineas  and  the  Trojana 
settle  in  I^atium  [Cent.  It.]. 

753-510    B.C.    Mythical  period  of  the 

kings. 
753-716    B.  c.    Romulus  reigns. 

747  *  *  B.  c.  The  Sablnes  are  incorpo- 
rated with  the  Komans  as  one  double 
state  under  Komulus  and  Tatius. 

742  *  *  B.  c.  Home.  Romulus  is  sole 
king ;  he  institutes  a  senate  of  100  mem- 
bers, and  divides  the  people  into  tribes 
and  curi88. 

735  *  *  B.  c.  Sicily.  Naxos  is  founded. 
r734.  Also  Syracuse  by  Corinthian 
Greeks  under  Archias.] 

730±  *  *  B.  c.  Leontini  and  Catana  are 
founded.  [721,  Saberis;  710,  Crotona ; 
690,  Gela.] 

716*  *  B.  c.    Interregnum. 

716-673    B.C.    Borne.    NumaPompil- 

ius,  a  Sabine,  is  king.    [673-640,  Tullus 

Hostilius,  a  Latin.] 

705*  *B.C.  Tarentum,  in  Southern  Italy, 
is  colonized  by  Spartans.  [It  becomes 
the  leading  city  oi  Magna  Grsecia.] 

633*  *B.  c.  Locri  Epizephyrii  [S.  It.] 
is  founded  by  Locriaus  of  Greece.  [G48, 
Uimera,  Sicily.] 

665  *  *  B.  c.  Alba  is  conquered,  and 
annexed  to  Rome. 

664*  *  B.  C.  Sicily.  Syracuse  sends 
out  a  colony,  and  founds  Acrse.  [ij44, 
GasmiB ;  GOO,  Camarina.] 

640-616  B.C.  Home.  Ancus  Martius, 
a  Sabine,  reigns.  [GlG-578.  Tarquinius 
Priscus,  an  Etruscan.] 

640  •  •  B.  c.  Ostia,  the  port  of  Rome,  is 
built. 

600±  *  *  B.  c.  Pisa  is  founded.  Also 
Milan.  (Traditional.)  [579.  Agrigeu- 
tum,  Sicily.] 

578-534  B.  c.  Rome.  Servius  Tullius 
reigns.    He  organizes  the  Comitia  Cen- 

turiata.] 

578  *  *  B.  c.  Rome  joins  the  liatin 
Ijeagrue.     [566.     First  Roman  census.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Lands  are  allotted  to  the  Ple- 
beians. 

634-510  B.C.  Rome.  Tarquinius Su- 
perbus  reigns.  He  disregards  the  laws 
and  the  Senate,  subjugates  the  Latin 
League,  and  conquers  Suessa  Pometia. 

620±  *  *  B.  C.  The  Latins  become  allies 
of  Rome. 


510  *  *  B.  c.  Royalty  is  abolished,  and 
the  consulship  instituted. 

The  overthrow  of  the  monarchy  ;  L. 
Junius  Brutus  leads  the  insurrection  ; 
theTarquius  are  expelled.    (See  Society.) 

510-264  B.  c.  Struggles  between  the 
Patricians  and  the  J'lebeians  arise.  Cen- 
tral and  Lower  Italy  are  subjugated. 

500-265  B.  c.  Rome  is  a  republic  es- 
tablished by  the  Patricians ;  it  is  aristo- 
cratic in  its  spirit. 

500±  *  *  B,  c.  Junius  Brutus  and  Lu- 
cius Tarquinius  Collatinus  are  llie 
first  consuls. 

508  *  *  B.  c.    Alliance  with  Carthage. 

*  ♦  B.  C.  Porsena  of  Clusium  attempts 
to  reinstate  the  Tarqulns  in  Etruria. 

480  *  *  B.  c.  Titus  Lartius  becomes  the 
first  dictator ;  heisap^Kjintediuacrisis 
for  the  expulsion  of  Tarquinius  and  his 
allies  from  tlie  Latin  towns. 

404*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  oppressed  Ple- 
beians secede.  Plebeian  tribunes  are 
elected,  and  they  return. 

493+ *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  alliance  with 
the  Latin  Leacue  is  renewed  by  Spurius 
Cassius  Viscellinus.  [486.  He  proposes 
the  first  agrarian  law.  Patricians  and 
Plebeians  quarrel  respecting  it. J 

492  *  *B.  c.  Rome.  The  ediles  (magis- 
trates) are  first  elected. 

491*  *  B.  C.  Roine.  Cnieus  MarciusCo- 
riolanuB,  the  consul,  is  banislied  for 
attempting  to  bribe  the  Plebeians  to  give 
up  their  political  rights  for  grants  of 
corn,  and  for  contempt  of  court. 

486*  *  B.  c.  The  Hemici  join  the  Latin 
and  Roman  League. 

486  *  *  B.  r.  Sicily.  The  oligarchy 
are  expelled,  and  Gamori  Cielon,  ruler  of 
Gela,  becomes  tyrant  of  Syracuse.  [467. 
Thrasybulus.    4(>G.     Expelled  (p.  1019).] 

484  *  *  B.  c.    Questora  are  appointed. 
480  •  *  B,  c.    The   Fabia  gens  secede 
from  Rome  for  political  reasons. 

471  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  law  of  Volero 
Publilius,  giving  greater  authority  to 
the  Plebeians,  is  carried  by  the  tribune 
of  the  people. 

462  •  *  B,  c.  Rome.  C.Terentilius  Arsa, 
the  tribune,  is  opposed  by  the  Patricians. 
He  proposes  the  appointment  of  ten 
men  to  reduce  tlie  laws  to  a  written 
code.  [450.  The  ditticulty  is  settled  by 
compromise ;  three  ambassadors  are  sent 
to  (freece  to  study  its  laws,  and  codify 
Uontan  laws. 

458  *  *  B.  <\  Lucius  Quinctius  Cinoin- 
natus  become!*  dictator.    [43U.    Again.) 

457  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  tribunes  of 
the  people  are  increased  from  five  to  ten. 

451  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  decemvirs, 
a  comndssion  of  10  men,  chosen  from  the 
Patricians,  are  in  power. 

They  formulate  the  code  of  laws  defin- 
ing the  rights  of  Plebeians.  By  their 
action  the  Patrician  administration  b*'- 
comes  subject  to  the  control  of  public 
judgment. 

450  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  decemvirs 
are  appointed  again. 

Three  of  their  number  being  Plebeians, 
they  add  two  more  tables,  thus  forming 
the  laws  of  the  1*2  tables.  [449.  They 
refuse  to  relinquish  power,  and  rule  as 
tyrants  during  another  year.] 

440  *  *  B.  r.  Rnme.  A  revolt  of  the 
moderate  aristocracy,  under  Valerii  and 
Horatii,  against  the  oppression  of  the 
deoemvlrs  fails. 


A  later  revolt  against  the  tyranny  of 
the  decemvirs  is  haHtened  by  the  stab* 
bing  of  Virginia  in  tbe  Forum  by  Vir- 
ginius  her  father,  to  keep  her  from  the 
power  of  Appius  Claudius,  a  decemvir. 
The  decemvirs  enter  a  compromise  by 
which  they  abdicate;  two  commit  8\ii- 
cide  in  prison,  the  others  are  banished. 

447*  *  B.  <'.  RoT)}e.  Two  additional 
questors  are  aj(p<)inte(l  by  the  Plebeian 
comitia  trihuta ;  they  have  special  charge 
of  the  military  treasury. 

444  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Six  military  tri- 
bunes, with  consular  power,  open  alike 
to  Patricians  and  Plebeians,  are  created 
as  successors  of  the  decemvirs. 

443  *  *  B.  c.  The  office  of  censor  is  in- 
stituted and  two  Plebeians  are  appointed. 
They  supervise  state  revenues  and  ex- 
penditures, and  guard  the  public  morals. 

421  *  *  B.  r.  Rome.  The  first  Plebeian 
questor  is  elected.    [409.    Three  chosen. 

410**  B.C.  Sicily.  The  Carthagin- 
ians conunence  their  aggressions  on 
Syracuse. 

408  *  *  B,  c.    Milan  is  built  by  the  Oauls. 

405-367  B.  c.  Sicily.  Dionysius  the 
Elder  rules  in  Syracuse  as  despot. 

396  *  *  B.  c.  The  Etruscan  power  be- 
gins to  decline. 

393*  *B.  c.  The  liCague  of  the  Achaean 
cities  is  reconstructed. 

391  *  *  B.  c.  The  Gauls  demand  the  sur- 
render of  the  three  ambassadors  (the 
three  Fabii)  who  took  part  in  the  war 
of  the  Etruscans  of  Clusium  against  the 
Gauls;  the  Senate  consents,  but  the 
citizens  refuse. 

390±  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Marcus  Furius 
Camillus,  the  liictator,  is  condemned 
for  speculation,  and  exiled  to  Ardea. 

*  *  B.  c.  Invasion  of  the  Gauls ;  Home 
is  sacked  and  burned  by  Brennus. 

388  *  *  B.  c.  The  Latins  desert  tbe  Un- 
mans. 

386*  *  B.  c.  M.  Manlius  Capitolinus, 
charged  with  aiming  at  royal  pitwer,  is 
thrown  from  tbe  Tarpeian  rock ;  he  had 
paid  the  debts  of  bankrupt  Plebeians. 

385  *  *  B.  0.  A  Latin  colony  is  estab- 
lished at  Satricum.  [379,  At  Setia ;  384^*-, 
Antium  and  Tarracina.] 

377*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  C.  Licinius  Calvus 
Stole  and  Lucius  Sextus,  tribunes  of  the 
people,  make  proposals  for  the  union 
of  all  sections  of  the  plebs. 

1.  Consuls  to  be  electett  in  place  of  consular 
tribunes.  2.  One  to  be  a  Plebeian.  3.  One- 
lialf  of  tbe  10  members  of  the  priestly  college 
having  charge  of  tbe  Sibylline  books  to  be 
I'lebeians.  4.  Tbe  possession  of  public  lands 
to  be  limited  to  500  atTea  for  a  single  citizen, 
ft,  lAnd-owners  to  employ  free  as  well  as 
slave  labor.  t».  Debtors  to  be  relieved  by  tbe 
deduction  of  interest  i)ald  from  tbe  principal, 
and  the  remainder  to  be  paid  In  instalments 
within  tbree  years.   [367.  They  become  laws.] 

374  *  *  B.  c.  The  other  Latins  harass 
the  Tusculans  because  of  their  friend- 
ship for  Rome,  and  take  their  city. 

369  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Military  tribunes 
are  abolished. 

367  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Thecurulemag;is- 
trates  are  first  appointed.  [.'JCC.  Lucius 
Sextus  Laternaus  is  the  first  Plebeian 
consul,  and  the  colleague  of  Licinius.] 


1052    362**B.c.-218*  *  B.C. 


ITALY 


ARMY -NAVY. 

368-351  B.C.  'Wars  with  the  Etruscan 
cities  Tarquinii,  Csere,  and  Falerii ;  Ro- 
mans subdue  all  Southern  Etruria. 

346  *  *  B.  c.  The  consul  Valerius  Cor- 
vus  defeats  the  Volscii  at  Sutrium. 

343-266  B.  c.  War  with  both  tlie  Ital- 
ian and  Greek  cities  of  Italy. 

343-341  B.  c.  The  first  Samnite  war 
in  Central  Italy. 

Caused  by  the  demand  of  the  Capuaus 
for  assistance  against  the  Samultes. 

340-338    B.  c.    The  Great  Latin  "War. 
The  Latin   league  demands   equality 
with  the  Romans  ;  its  cities  finally  sur- 
render to  the  Romans  at  discretion. 

338  *  *  n.  c.  Titus  Manlius  Imperiosus 
Torquatus  decisively  defeats  the  united 
Latins  and  Campanians  nearTrifanum  ; 
Campania  submits  to  Rome. 

335  *  *  B.  c.  The  Tiburtines  are  de- 
feated, and  all  Latiura  soon  after,  for 
which  M.  Furius  Camilius  the  younger 
obtains  a  triumph  and  statue. 

331  *  *  B.  c.    Alexander,  King  of  Epi- 

rus,  invades  South  Italy.  [32G.  He  is 
defeated  and  killed  at  Pandosia  by  the 
Bruttians.] 

326-304  B.  c.  Second  war  with  the 
Samnites  and  other  Italians,  caused  by 
an  encroachment  of  the  Romans,  and 
their  capture  of  Paheopolis. 

Alliance  of  the  Romans  with  the  Apu- 
lians  and  Lucanians,  and  later  with  the 
Sabellian  cities  south  of  the  Volturnus ; 
the  Romans  are  successful  in  the  early 
part  of  the  war. 

321  *  *  B.  c.  The  Samnites,  under  Ga- 
vins Pontius,  decisively  deteat  the  Ro- 
mans, iinder  the  consuls  Sp.  Postumius 
and  T.  Veturius,in  the  Caudine  Forks, 
and  force  them  to  pass  under  the  yoke. 

320  *  *  B.  c.  Tlie  Romans  defeat  the 
Samnites  at  Luceria  and  Fregelhe, 
and  compel  them  to  pass  under  the  yoke. 

313  *  *  B.  c.  Nola,  Campania,  ia  taken 
by  the  Romans. 

311  *  *  B.  c.  The  Etruscan  cities  (Tus- 
cany) take  part  in  the  war  against  Rome. 
They  besiege  the  border  fortress,  Su- 
trium. 

*  *  B.  r.     Sicily.      The    Carthaginians 

defeat  Agathocles,  the  tyrant  of  Syra- 
cuse, at  Ecnomus. 

311±  *  *  B.  c.    A  fleet  is  begun. 

310*  *B.C.  Theconsul  FabiusMaximus 
Rullianus  decisively  defeats  the  Etrus- 
cans at  the  Vadimonian  Lake,  near 
the  Tiber. 

Because  of  this  defeat,  the  cities  of 
Perusia,  Cortona,  and  Arretium  con- 
clude a  truce  with  Rome. 

309  *  *  B.  c.  The  Romans  under  Lucius 
Papirius  Cursor  defeat  the  Samnites 
in  a  great  battle. 

308  ♦  *  B.  c.  The  Umbrians  are  defeated 
by  Consul  Rullianus. 

*  *  B.  c.  A  provisional  truce  is  declared 
throughout  Etruria. 

*  *  B.  r.  The  Roman  navy  first  appears 
in  the  capture  of  the  town  of  Nuceria. 

*  *  B,  c.  The  consul  L.  Postumius  in- 
vades Samnium  from  the  Adriatic  Sea. 

*  *  B.  c.    Military   roads   are   built   in 

North  Italy. 

-305  *  *  B.  c.  The  Romans  gain  a  decisive 
victory  at  Bovianum ;  the  Samuitea  sue 
for  peace. 


301  *  *  B.  c.    The  Marsi  finally  yield  to    264-241    b.  c, 
the  Romans.    [300i.    Perusia  reduced.] 


300*  *B.f.    The  Greek  colony  of  CumsB 

[Naples]  is  allied  with  Rome. 

298-290    B.  r.    Third  Samnite  war. 
It  is  caused  by  the  Samnites  conclud- 
ing a  league  with  the  Lucanians,  looking 
toward  the  independence  of  1  taly.   Other 
Italians  are  involved. 

297  *  *  B.  c.  Fubius  Rullianus  defeats 
the  Samnites  at  Tifernum  (X.  It.). 

296  *  *  B.  c.  The  Samnites  place  three 
armies  in  the  field,  Rullianus  and  Pub- 
lius  Oecius  Mus  command  G0,000  Romans. 

295*  'B-c.    BattIeofSentinum(p.662). 

293  *  *  B.  c.  Lucius  Paplrus  Cursor  and 
Spuriu8  Carvilius  defeat  a  strong  army 
of  Samnites  at  Aquilonia.  [292.  The 
Samnites  under  Gains  Pontius  defeat 
the  Romans.  290.  The  Samnites  are 
subdued  by  M.  Curius  Dentatus.] 

285-282  B.  0.  Rome  is  at  war  with  a 
new  coalition  of  Italian  states. 

284  *  *  B.  r.  The  Celtic  Senones  besiege 
Arretium  [ Arezzo]  (N.  It.),  because  it  re- 
fuses to  take  part  against  the  Romans. 

L.  Caecilius  Metellus  with  a  relieving 
force  is  defeated  ;  he  is  slain  with  seven 
military  tribunes  and  1,300  men;  the 
survivors  are  made  prisoners. 

283  *  *  B.  c.  Consul  Lucius  Cornelius 
Dolabella  routs  the  Seuones,  and  erases 
the  tribe. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Boii,  a  Celtic  Cisalpine  i»eo- 
ple,  are  defeated  at  the  Vadimonian 
liake.    [282.     AtPopulcuiia].    (P.  GC2.) 

281-272  B.  c.  "War  with  Tarentum. 
Cause  :  the  aggressions  of  the  Romans 
in  sending  war-.ships  beyond  the  promon- 
tory of  Lacinium  contrary  to  treaty  stip- 
nlations,  also  by  the  demagogues,  wlio 
urged  their  capture.  ThoTarentines  se- 
cure Pyrrhus,  King  of  Kpirus,  as  an  ally. 

281-275    B.  c.    War  with  Pyrrhus. 

Milo  lands  in  South  Italy  (p.  1020). 
One  Roman  army  is  sent  to  Etruria,  but 
the  main  army  to  Lower  Italy. 

282  ♦  *  B.  c.  Sicily.  The  mercenary 
soldiers  of  Campania,  cnlled  Mamer- 
tines,  seize  Messana.  [The  Romans  and 
the  Carthaginians  are  invited  by  differ- 
ent parties  to  come  to  their  aid.  279. 
The  mutineers  capture  Rhegium.  270. 
Retaken  (p.  1026).] 

279  *  *  B.  C.  Pyrrhus  with  70,000  men 
routs  an  equal  force  of  Romans  at  As- 
culum;  Roman  loss,  6,000;  allies,  3,500. 

278  *  *  B.  0.  Pyrrhus,  wearied  with  the 
struggle,  signs  a  truce  with  the  Romans, 
and  entersSicily  to  aid  theGreeks  against 
the  Carthaginians.  [276.  He  takes  Pa- 
normus  [p!tlernn>].  275.  He  is  defeated 
at  Beneventum  (p.  1026).] 

277  *  *  B.  c.  Fabricius  Luscinus  defeats 
the  Samnites,  the  Brutians,  and  other 

allies  of  Pyrrhus. 

272  *  *  B.  r.  Tarentum  is  surrendered 
to  Rome  with  30,000  prisoners.  Alilo, 
is  given  a  free  departure  to  Epirus. 

*  *  B.  C.  The  Lucanians,  Samnites,  and 
Brutians  are  subdued;  all  cede  terri- 
tory to  the  liomans. 

269  *  *  B.  c.  Servia.  Claudius  II.  de- 
feats the  Goths  and  Scythians  near 
Naissus  [Nish] ;  320,000  Goths  are  slain. 

268  *  *  B.  r.  Tlie  Romans  reduce  Pice- 
num  (Cent.  It.),  and  transfer  many  of 
the  Picenlini  to  Campania.  They  aid 
the  Mamertines  (p.  1026). 

266  *  *  B.  c.  The  Sallentini  in  Calabria 
are  defeated ;  Italy  is  now  subdued 
from  the  Rubicon  to  the  Marca. 


First  Punic  War, 
It  is  a  contest  with  the  Punic  people 
(Carthaginians)  over  Sicily,  caused  by 
the  rivalry  between  the  first  sea-power 
and  the  first  land-power  of  the  West : 
its  nominal  cause  is  the  interference  of 
the  Romans  in  aid  of  the  Mamertines 
besieged  in  Sicily  by  Hiero  II,  in  282±. 

264*  *  B.  c.  Sicily.  Roman  invaders 
are  besieged  at  ftlessana  [Messina]  by  a 
Carthaginian  fleet. 

Consul  AppiusClaudiusCaudex  crosses 
the  strait,  and  drives  the  C'arthaginian 
garrison  from  Messana,  but  fails  in  an 
attempt  to  take  Syracuse. 

263  *  *  B.  c.  Sicily.  Two  Homan  ar- 
mies arrive. 

Consul  Valerius  Maximus  [Messalla] 
defeats  the  combined  Carthaginians  and 
Syracusans.  Hiero  II.  deserts  the  Car- 
thaginians and  goes  over  to  the  Romans. 

262**  B.C.  Sicily.  The  Romans  defeat 
Hanno,  who  was  sent  to  relieve  Agri- 
gentum,  and  then  take  the  city. 

*  *  B.  0.  The  Romans  build  their  first 
five-deck  naval  vessel. 

260*  *B.C  The  Carthaginians  capture 
the  first  naval  expedition  of  the  Ro- 
mans, consisting  of  17  ships  under  Con- 
sul Cneius  Cornelius  Scipio,  who  is  taken 
prisoner. 

*  *  B.  c.  Sicily.  The  Romans  under 
Cains  Duilius  with  120  ships  win  their 
first  naval  battle  near  Myla;.  [257. 
Another  indecisive  action  occurs  off  the 
promontory  of  Tyndaris.] 

257  *  *  B.  c.  The  Romans  fit  out  a  fleet 
of  360  ships  against  Carthage  under 
the  consuls  5larcus  Atilius  Regulus  and 
L.  Manlius  VuLso.  [256.  It  utterly  de- 
feats 350  Carthaginian  ships  near  Kcno- 
mus,  Sicily.  It  then  lays  waste  the 
Carthaginian  coasts.] 

256  *  *  B.  c.  A/r.  Consul  Eegulus  re- 
mains with  ]5,(KX)  men,  while  Consul 
Manlius  returns  with  half  the  army. 

*  *  B.  c.  Jfr.  The  defeated  Carthagin- 
ians sue  for  peace. 

But  they  resent  Regulus's  humiliating 
demands  for  the  cession  of  Sicily  and 
Sardinia,  the  surrender  of  all  war-ves- 
sels except  one,  and  the  acknowledg- 
ment of  the  supremacy  of  Rome. 

*  *  B.  r,  Jfr.  The  Carthaginians  pre- 
pare for  a  great  struggle ;  they  gain 
many  mercenaries  in  Greece,  iiuMuding 
the  Spartan  general  Xanthippus. 

255*  *  B.  c.  A/r.  Xantliippus  routs 
the  Romans  under  Regulus  at  Tunis, 
and  the  consul  is  captured  ;  part  of  the 
army  escapes  to  Culpea.  [Out  of  364 
vessels,  284  are  lost  in  a  storm  at  sea.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Sicily.  The  Carthaginians  un- 
der Hasdrubal  land  at  Lilybaeum,  and 
renew  the  war.  The  Romans  proceed 
to  build  another  fleet.  [254.  They  de- 
feat Hasdrubal  and  capture  Panormus. 
250-241.    They  take  Lilybseimi.] 

253**  B.C.  Afr.  The  Roman  fleet  dev- 
astates the  co'ast ;  later  it  is  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  a  storm.  The  Senate  declines 
to  continue  the  naval  warfare. 

249*  *  B.  c.  Sicily.  The  Carthaginian 
navy  under  Adherbal  defeats  Publius 
Claudius  near  Drepanum,  and  captures 
the  greater  part  of  their  ships. 

*  *  B.  c.  Sici/y.  The  Romans  lose  two 
or  more  fleets  by  storms  on  the  south 
coast,  and  again  abandon  naval  war, 

248-242  B.C.  Sicily.  Many  indecisive 
battles  with  the  Carthaginians  under 
Hamilcar  occur  on  the  south  coast. 


ROMAN    EMPIRE.      362*  *  b.c.~218  *  *  b.  c. 


105a 


241  *  *  B.  0.  Sicily.  A  fourth  Boman 
fleet,  built  by  private  and  patriotic  con- 
tributions, commanded  by  Consul  Caius 
Lutatius  Catulus,  destroys  tbe  Cartha- 
ginian fleet  uniler  Hanno  at  the  JEgn- 
tian  Islands.     The  tirst  Tunic  war  ends. 

236  *  ♦  B.  c.  Sp.  Hamilcar  begins  the 
conquest  of  Spain.  t228-2'-'l.  Succeeded 
by  Hasdrubal.] 

229-228  B.C.  Turk.  Tlie  Romans  con- 
quer the  piratical  Illyriana  of  Scodra. 

226  *  *  B.  r.  Gauls  are  defeated  at  Tel- 
amon.    [2-_>2.    At  Clastidum.j   (!'.  662.) 

225-222  B.  c.  The  Romans  conquer 
Cisalpine  Gaul. 

222  *  *  B.  c.  Consuls  Cneius  Scipio  and 
M.  Claudius  Marcellus  capture  Medio- 
lanum  [Milan],  the  capital  of  the  Insu- 
bres,  and  afterward  take  Comuiu. 

♦  *  *  B.  c.  Tbe  Romans  erect  frontier 
fortresses  at  Placentia,  Cremona,  and 
Mutina  [Modena]. 

221  *  *  B.  c.  Venice  is  conquered  by 
Marcellus,  and  the  Gothic  king  is  slain. 

220  *  •B.C.  The  Flaminian  "Way,  ex- 
tending from  Rome  to  Ariminum,  is 
built  by  the  censor  Caius  Flaminius. 

219  •  *  B.  c.  Sp.  Hannibal  ignores  the 
treaty  with  Rome,  besieges,  conquers, 
and  destroys  Saguntum. 

218-201  B.  c.    Second  Punic  war. 

Caused  by  tli©  envy  of  tlie  Carthagin- 
ians at  Roman  prosperity  and  the  ex- 
tension of  the  power  in  Spain,  and  also 
by  the  spirit  of  revenge. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

312-308  B.  c.  TheAppian  Way  is  built 
from  Rome  to  Capua.  TheAppian  Aque- 
duct is  commenced. 

300±  *  *  B.  C.  Caius  Piotor  Fabius  deco- 
rates the  temple  of  Salus. 

265  •  ♦  B.  c.  Tbe  solar  year  is  found  to 
comprise  365  days,  five  hours,  48  minutes, 
51  seconds,  and  six  decimals. 

264  *  *  B.  c.  Home.  The  first  gladiato- 
rial show  is  exhibited. 

240*  *  B.  c.  Livius  AndroiJicus  pro- 
duces on  a  Roman  stage  a  drama  witli  a 
definite  plot. 

220*  *  B.  c.  Home.  Caius  Flaminius 
addf>  a  second  annual  festival,  called  the 
Plebeian  Games,  and  a  second  circus. 
He  builds  tbe  Flaminian  Way. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

860  *  •  Curilus,  Marcus,  legendary  hero,  b. 

3d  Century.  Livius,  Andronicus,  actor,  dra- 
matic poet,  born. 

fi56  *   •  Kegulus,  Marcus  .\tlllu8,  gen.,  dies. 

260  *  *  Plantua,  Marcus  Accius,  dramatist,  b. 
[184.     Dies.] 

337  *  *  Scipio.  Africanus,  tlie  Elder,  general, 
born.    [183.    Dies.] 

084  •  *  Cato.  Marcus  Porcius,  the  Elder,  pa- 
triot, born.    [149.    Dies.] 

S80  *  *  ^milius.  Panlus  Lucius,  consul,  gen- 
eral, born.     [160.     Dies.] 


CHURCH. 

300  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  colleges  of 
the  pontifices  and  augurs  are  first 
opened  to  Plebeians  as  priests. 

201*  *B.  c.  Home.  The  worship  of 
.^jSCtilapiua  as  the  god  of  medicine  is 
introduced. 

LETTERS. 

235i'205i;  B.C.  Tbepoem  on  the  First 
Punic  War,  a  play,  fHastidium.  the  first 
•'  fabulaprsetexta,"  Alimfmium  RomudH 
Remi,  and  a  number  of  tragedies  adapted 
from  tlie  Greek,  by  Nsevius,  appear. 


SOCIETY. 

300  *  •  B.  c.  The  Patricians  cease  to 
exist  as  a  legally  privileged  caste,  and 
continue  only  as  a  social  order  or  rank. 

J:  *  *  B.  c.  The  new  nobility  regard 
every  citizen  who  obtain.s  office  without 
belonging  to  their  set  as  an  upstart. 

263  *  *  B.  c.  Gladiators  exhibit  at  fu- 
neral ceremonies. 

235  *  *  B.  c.    Rome.     Universal  peace 

prevails,    and    the  temple  of  Janus  is 
closed. 

STATE. 

356  *  ♦  B.  c.  Sicily.  Bionysius  is  ex- 
pelled by  Dion  for  his  debaucheries  and 
tyranny,  [346.  Regains  power.  343- 
337.    Expelled  ;  Timoleon  reigns.] 

*  *  B.  c.    The  Latin  Iicague  is  renewed. 
356  i  *  *  B.  c.    Venice  is  conquered  and 

made  a  kingdom  by  the  Gauls. 

*  ♦  n.  c.  Rome.  C.  Marcius  Rutiliu8,tbe 
firstPlebeian  dictator  is  elected.  [350. 
The  first  censor.    338.    Legalized.] 

354  *  *  B.  c.  The  Samnites  enter  an  alli- 
ance with  the  Romans. 

35 1  *  *  B.  c.  The  Romans  and  Etruscans 
enter  a  truce  for  40  years.  Southern 
Ktruria  [Tuscany]  is  annexed  to  Rome. 

348  *  *  n.  c.  Tlie  first  treaty  with  Car- 
thage is  entered  to  repress  Greek  piracy. 

*  *  B.  v.  A  new  nobility  is  gradually 
formed  in  political  life  from  those  Pa- 
trician and  Plebeian  families  that  have 
retained  public  otfices  for  a  long  time. 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Tbe  tribunes  of  the 
people  ohtain  seats  in  the  Senate,  also 
tbe  right  to  convene  it. 

*  *  B  c.  Rome.  The  Senate  grows  in 
importance  ;  it  becomes  the  chief  execu- 
tive body  in  tbe  government;  senators 
are  selected  by  vote. 

341  *  *  B.  c.  A  treaty  ends  tbe  first 
Samnite  war  ;  Rome  receives  Capua ;  the 
Samnites,  Teanum  ;  and  the  Volscians, 
the  upper  Liris. 

338  *  *  (339  ?)  B.  c.  Rome.  The  laws 
of  PubliliuB  Philo,  the  first  consul  and 
dictator,  are  proposed. 

I^wa  iia8se<I  by  the  comitia  cetituriala  are 
to  ai)i)ly  to  all  citizens.  Laws  presented  to 
the  centuries  are  to  be  api)roved  beforehaud 
by  the  ciiriffi.    One  censor  is  to  be  a  I'lebeian. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Latins  are  subjugated, 
and  incorporated  with  Rome.  Also 
Sardinia  and  (338+)  tbe  Volsciuna. 

337  *  *  B.  c.    Rome.    Publius  Paulus 

becomes  a  censor, 

*  *  B.  c.  Tlio  pretorships  are  first  filled 
by  Plebeians. 

328  *  *  B.  r.  Neopolis  [Naples]  is  con- 
quered by  the  Romans. 

324  *  *  B.  c.  An  embassy  is  sent  to 
Alexander  the  Oreat. 

321  ♦  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Tbe  Senate  refuses 
to  approve  the  treaty  made  with  the 
Samnites  ;  it  delivers  the  consuls  who 
signed  it  to  the  Samnites,  who  refuse  to 
receive  them. 

320^*  *B.  r.  The  conquered  Latin 
towns  are  settled  by  Roman  colonists. 

317-289  B.C.  Si(yilv.  Agathocles, 
the  tyrant,  rules  in  Syracuse. 

312**B.c.  Rome.  Universal  suf- 
frage is  introduced.     [301.     Limited.! 

312-308  B.C.  R,yme.  A ppi us  Clau- 
dius is  censor.    [306  and  296.    Consul.] 


300  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  Ogulnian  law 
is  passed.    It  opens  the  pontificate  and 

the  augurite  to  the  Plebeians.  ["Con- 
sidered the  establishment  of  tbe  Roman 
Constitution."] 

295-146  B.  c.  Rome  extends  author- 
ity over  the  countries  bordering  the 
Mediterranean. 

290  *  *  B.  0.    The  conquered    Samnites 

secure  peace  without  the  cession  of  ter- 
ritory or  loss  of  independence.  The  Sa- 
bine country  is  annexed. 

286  *  *  B.  c.    Rome.    Tbe    Horteusian 

Xiaw  is  passed,  because  of  a  secession  of 

the  Plebeians. 
It  is  enacted  that  all  decrees  of  the 

comitia  trihuta  shall  be  binding  upon  all 

citizens,  not  excepting  tbe  Plebeians. 

This  ends  the  long  struggle  between  the 

orders. 
285-283    B.  c,    Rome  controls    Central 

Italy  from  sea  to  sea. 

280  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  Senate  rejects 
the  offer  of  peace  made  by  Pyrrhus 
through  Cineas.  Fabricius  Luscinus, 
the  incorruptible  consul,  is  sent  on  an 
emhassy  to  Pyrrhus. 

279  *  *  B.  c.  Rome  and  Carthage  en- 
ter an  offensive  and  defensive  alliance. 

273  *  *  B.  c.  A  new  colony  is  founded 
at  Paestum.  [268,  At  Beneventum  and 
Ariminum  [Rimini]:  2(>r),  At  ./Esernia ; 
2G4,  AtFirmum,Castrum,andNuvum.] 

270  *  *  B.  r.  Sicily.  Hiero  II.  is  recog- 
nized as  Kins  of  Syracuse.  [20-1.  He 
becomes  an  ally  of  Cai'tbage.J 

266*  ♦  B.  0.  Rome  is  supreme  in  It- 
aly. The  Etruscans  totally  lo.se  their 
independence. 

264  *  *  B.  c.  Afr.  The  Carthaginians 
declare  war  against  the  Romans. 

263  *  *  B.  c.  Catana  submits  to  the  Ro- 
mans [and  becomes  a  leading  town]. 

*  *  B.C.  Sicily.  Syracuse becomestrib- 
utary  to  Rome  by  c<^>nquest.  lliero  II. 
signs  a  treaty  [and  keeps  it]. 

254  *  *  B.  c.  Sicily.  Panormus  [Paler- 
mo] is  taken  from  the  Carthaginians. 

250*  *B.  c.  Afr.  Regulus  is  sent  from 
Carthage  to  Rome  by  his  captors  to  sue 
for  peace  and  an  exchange  of  prisoners. 
[Unsuccessful,  and  put  to  death.] 

241  *  *  B.  c.  Peace  between  Rome  and 
Carthage. 

CarthaRinlaiia  give  up  Sicily,  an<l  pay  a 
war  mdeninity  of  3,200  talents  (;p4,UOU,000)  in 
10  years.  Western  Sicily  becomes  the  tlrst 
Koman  province;  the  smaller  eastern  part 
continues  under  Syracuse,  an  ally  of  Hume. 

241+  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  A  democratic 
reform  is  made  of  the  constitution  of 
the  centuries. 

240  *  *  B.  c.  Spoletium,  Umbria,  is  col- 
onized by  Romans. 

238  *  *  B.  c.  Afr.  An  insurrection  of 
the  mercenaries  and  Libyan  subjects 
against  Carthage  is  utilized  by  the  Ro- 
mans to  extort  tbe  cession  of  Sardinia 
by  the  Carthaginians.  [231.  It  becomes 
the  second  Roman  province.  Corsica  is 
added.] 

234±  *  ♦  B.  c.  Ravenna,  founded  by 
Greek  colonists,  is  annexed  by  Rome. 

228  *  *  B.  c.  The  first  Roman  embassy 
is  sent  to  Greece.  C.  Flaminius  proposes 
an  Agrarian  law.    (232?) 

220±  *  *  B.  C.  Romans  found  Placentia. 
[219.    Cremona,  Lombardy,  and  Emilia.] 


1054   218**B.c.- 


147 


B.  C. 


ITALY 


ARMY  -  NAVY. 
218  *  *  B.  c.    Hannibal  conducts  a  re- 
markable   expedition  from  Africa  to 
Italy  through  Spain. 

He  crosses  the  Pyrenees  with  50,000 
foot,  9,000  horse,  and  37  elephants;  he 
advances  through  Gaul  toward  Italy. 
He  captures  Taurasia  [Turin]. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  consul  Publius  Cornelius 
Scipio  falls  to  intercept  Hannibal  so 
as  to  prevent  his  crossing  the  Ithone. 

*  *  B.  o.  Aiist.  Hannibal  advances  up 
the  Khone  to  Vienna,  thence  eastward 
t<->  the  Alps,  forcing  his  way  by  hard 
tighting. 

Hannibal  crosses  the  pass  of  IjittleSt. 
Bernard,  and  rtnally  enters  the  valley  of 
the  Dora  Haltea,  Piedmont,  with  about 
2G,000  soldiers  and  a  few  elephants, 
llonie  can  muster  700,000  men. 

Sept.  *  B.  r.  Hannibal  defeats  Publius 
Scipio  ou    the    Ticinus,  near  Pavia  (?). 

*  *  Lomhar(hj.  Hannibalisreenforced  by 
60,000+:  revolting  Gauls. 

Dec.  *  B.  c.  Consuls  Scipio  and  Tiberius 
Sempronius  Longus  are  defeated  by 
Hannibal  at  Trebia. 

217-211  Sp.  Scipio  enters  with  the 
main  army  to  expel  the  Carthaginians 
remaining  there.  The  Ilomans  defeat 
Hasdrubal  on  the  Iberus  [Ebro]. 

217  *  *  B.  C.  The  Romans  send  two  new 
armies  against  Hannibal  ;  one  under 
Cneius  Servilius  advances  by  the  Via 
Flaminius,  and  the  other  under  Cains 

Flaminius  by  the  Via  Cassia. 

*  *  B.  c.  Hannibal  having  released  all 
prisoners  from  the  Roman  allies  without 
ransom,  all  Italy  is  incited  to  desert 
Rome, 

*  *  B.  c.  Hannibal  flanks  the  Romans  by 
crossing  the  Apennines  and  entering  the 
regi(m  of  the  Arno  [in  Tuscany]  with 
severe  fighting  ;  he  himself  loses  an  eye. 

Apr.  *  B.  <_'.  Hannibal  annihilates  an 
army  of  30,000  men  at  the  Trasimene 
Lake;  Flaminiua  is  killed  by  Dusarius, 
the  Gaulic  leader,  in  single  combat. 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Terror  prevails  be- 
cause of  the  near  approach  of  Hannibal 
and  the  Ions  of  an  army.  Preparations 
are  made  fur  the  defense  of  the  city  ; 
the  bridges  over  the  Tiber  are  destroyed. 

*  *  Hannibal  fails  in  an  attempt  to  sur- 
prise Spoletium,  and  passes  on  to  Pi- 
cenum  on  the  Adriatic,  where  he  opens 
communication  with  Carthage. 

*  *  B.  c.  Hannibal  passes  through  Sam- 
nlum,  thence  to  Arpi  in  Apulia,  followed 
at  a  discreet  distance  by  the  Roman 
army  under  Fabius  Maximus,  who 
avoids  a  pitched  battle,  but  provokes 
many  skirmishes. 

*  *B.  c.  ]M.  Minucius  has  a  fortunate 
skirmish  with  the  enemy,  and  is  given 
command  of  half  the  army  as  a  second 
dictator,  by  the  populace  of  Rome.  He 
attacks  Hannibal,  and  is  saved  from  an- 
nihilation by  the  first  dictator. 

216  *  *  B.  c.  L.  .^milius  Paulus  and 
Caius  Terentius  Varro  are  elected  con- 
suls to  crush  Hannibal  with  a  force  of 
86,000  Romans  and  allies. 

Aug.  2.  B.  c.  Varro's  army  is  annihi- 
lated by  Hannibal  at  Cannre,  with  50,000 
men. 

Eighty  men  of  senatorial  rank  fall,  also 
the  Consul  Paulus.  Incompetent  Varro, 
with  only  a  small  force,  escapes.  Three 
bushels  of  rings  are  taken  from  the  hands 
of  Roman  kniglits  and  sent  to  Carthage. 
Hannibal's  loss  is  4,600  men. 


*  *  B.  c.  The  legion  sent  to  (Jisalpine 
Gaul  is  almost  entirely  destroyed. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Romans  levy  a  new  army 
from  the  youug  and  old  of  all  classes  and 
including  slaves.  Marcus  Claudius 
Marcellus  commands.  The  dictator 
M.  Junius  is  given  a  second  army. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Romans  successfully  de- 
fend Naples,  CumiB,  and  Nola. 

*  *  B.  c.  Hannibal  enters  winter  quarters 
at  Capua,  Campania. 

215  *  *  B.  c.  Three  Roman  armies  are 
led  by  the  two  consuls,  Maximus  and  Ti- 
berius Gracchus,  and  the  proconsul,  M. 
Claudius  Marcellus. 

*  *  B.  c  .  Turk.  Philip  V.  of  Macedonia 
enters  an  alliance  with  Hannibal.  [214. 
The  King  of  Syracuse  becomes  his  ally.] 

215-206  B.  o.  The  Romans  engage  in 
the  first  Macedonian  war  (p.  1026). 

They  prevent  Philip  V.,  an  ally  of  Han- 
nibal, sending  reenforcements  into  Italy. 

*  *  B.  c.  Marcellus  defeats  Hannibal  at 
Nola  ;  but  he  retires  to  Apulia. 

214-212  B.  c.  Sicily.  The  Romans 
carry  the  war  into  Sicily,  and  besiege 
Syracuse.  [212.  Marcellus  captures  and 
plunders  the  city  after  a  vigorous  de- 
fense by  Archimedes.] 

214  ♦  *  B.  c.  Aust.  Philip  V.  fails  at 
ApoUonia  (p.  1026).  [211.  He  is  diverted 
by  (irecian  complications.] 

212  *  *  B.  c.  Hannibal  gains  Tarentum 
through  treachery,  and  besieges  the  cit- 
adel. 

*  *  B.  <\  Hannibal  defeats  two  Roman 
armies  in  Lucania  and  Apulia,  and  re- 
tires to  Tarentum. 

*  *  B.  c,  Sp.  The  Carthaginians  and 
their  ally,  Masinissaof  Numidia,  defeat 
and  kill  both  of  the  Scipios;  the  Ro- 
mans retreat  across  the  Ebro. 

211  *  *  B.  r.  The  Romans  repulse  Han- 
nibal at  Capua,  Campania.  Hannibal 
marches  upon  Rome,  and  encamps  within 
a  mile  of  the  city  ;  Rome  is  prepared  to 
resist,  and  he  returns. 

*  *  B.  c.  Capua  surrenders  to  the  Ro- 
mans, and  is  terribly  punished. 

Fifty-three  citizens  are  beheaded, 
many  are  sold  into  slavery,  and  all  de- 
nied the  right  of  self-government ;  au- 
thority is  reestablished  in  many  cities. 

210  *  *  B.  c.  Publius  Cornelius  Scipio,  24 
years  of  age,  is  sent  into  Spain  with  pro- 
consular powers.  He  captures  New 
Carthage. 

*  *  B.  c.  Cneius  Fulvius  is  defeated  by 
Hannibal  at  Herdonia. 

*  *  B.  o.  Sirily.  The  Romans  take  Agri- 
gentum,  kill  the  Carthaginian  garrison, 
sell  the  populace  as  slaves,  and  subju- 
gate the  whole  island. 

209  *  *  B.  0.  Hannibal  defeats  M.  Mar- 
cellus ;  the  next  day  Marcellus  defeats 
Hannibal.  Marcellus  is  killed  in  a 
cavalry  skirmish  at  Venusia  [Potenza]. 

208  *  *  B,  c.  Sp.  Scipio  fights  an  inde- 
ctBiv'e  battle  at  Baicula  with  Hasdru- 
bal,  who  escapes  across  the  Pyrenees  to 
join  his  brother  Hannibal  in  Italy. 

207**  B.C.  N.If.  Hasdrubal  arrives, 
and  incites  the  (iauls  to  arms. 

Great  endeavors  are  made  by  the 
Romans  to  prevent  his  union  with  Han- 
nibal, who  advances  toward  him  from 
South  Italy.  The  consuls,  M.  Livius 
Salinator  and  C.  Claudius  Nero,  are  sent 
against  Hannibal  with  a  great  army. 


*  *  B.  c.  Q.  Fabius  Maximus  captur«f 
Tarentum,  and  sells  30,000  people  as 
slaves.  Hannibal  retires  toMetapoutum. 

*  *B.  c.  Indecisive  battleof  Grumentum  ; 
Hannibal  escapes  from  Nero  toward 
Apulia,  and  encamps  at  Canusium. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  two  consuls  decisively  de- 
feat Hasdrubal,  near  the  River  Me- 
taurus,  south  of  Rimini,  and  nearly 
annihilate  his  army  ;  Hasdrubal  is  killed, 
and  his  head  thrown  into  Hannibal'n 
camp;  Hannibal  retires  to  Bruttium. 

*  *  B.  c.  Sp.  Scipio  defeats  the  Car- 
thaginians at  Baecula.  He  conquers 
Gades  [Cadiz],  and  expels  the  Cartha- 
ginians from  Spain. 

206*  *  B.  c.  Mago,  the  youngest  brother 
of  Hannibal,  lands  at  Genoa. 

He  brings  from  Spain  the  remnant  of 
the  Carthaginian  army,  and  incit'es  the 
Ligurians  to  rise  against  the  Romans. 
The  Romans  levy  three  armies  to  defeat 
this  cowardly  commander. 

204*  *  B.  r.  Afr.  Scipio  crosses  over 
from  Sicily  into  Africa. 

He  has  only  small  volunteer  force,  but 
he  is  joined  by  Masinissa,  King  of  Nu- 
midia, who  had  been  driven  from  his 
throne  by  the  Carthagiidans. 

203  *  *  B.  c.  Afr.  Scipio  makes  a  suc- 
cessful attack  and  threatens  Carthage. 

*  *  B.  0.  Scipio  and  Hannibal  make  fruit- 
less negotiations  for  peace. 

*  *  B.  c.  Calabria.  The  Carthaginians 
recall  Hannibal  and  his  brother  Mago 
from  Italy  to  protect  Carthage. 

Hannibal  massacres  the  Italian  sol- 
diers who  refuse  to  go  with  him  to  Africa, 
and  embarks  at  Croton  for  Leptio. 

202  *  *  B.  r.  Afr.  Scipio  [Africanus]  an- 
nihilates Hannibal's  army  at  Zama, 
85  miles  from  Carthage. 

200-191  B.  c.  The  Cisalpine  Gauls  and 
Ligurians  are  suppressed,  and  Upper 
Italy  is  again  subjugated  after  a  ter- 
rible stfuggle. 

200-197  B.  c.  Second  Macedonian 
war. 

Caused  by  King  Philip's  interference 
by  furnishing  mercenaries  to  fight 
against  the  Romans  at  Zama;  Rome  is 
also  entreated  to  become  the  ally  of 
the  King  of  Pergamus  and  the  citizens 
of  Rhodes  and  Athens  against  oppres- 
sions of  Philip. 

200*  ♦B.C.  Ausf.  P.  Sulpicius  Galba 
lands  at  ApoUonia  in  lUyria.  His  fleet 
guards  Piraeus  and  threatens  Eubo'a. 

*  *  B.  c.  Via  .Emilia  is  constructed  as 
a  military  road  from  Ariminum  [Rimini] 
to  Placentia  (N.  It.). 

*  *  B.  c.  Placentia  is  nearly  destroyed 
by  the  Gauls. 

*  *  B.  0.  Or.  Philip  V.  is  repulsed  by 
the  Romans  before  Athens,  and  driven 
out  of  Central  Greece. 

199  *  *  B.  c.  Gr.  The  ^tolians  and  the 
Achaeans  join  the  Romans  against  the 
Macedonians. 

198  *  *B.c.  Gr.  Flaminiua  takes  com- 
mand of  the  army  and  subdues  Epirus. 

197  ♦  *  B.  0.  Philip  V.  routed  (p.  1026). 
Philip  gives  up  all  possessions  beyond 
Macedonia,  and  agrees  to  pay  1,000  tal- 
ents ($1,250,000)  in  ten  years,  and  to  limit 
his  army  to  5,000  soldiers,  and  to  retain 
only  five  ships  of  war.  Thereby  Macedo- 
nia is  degraded  to  a  second-rate  power. 

196  *  *  B.  c.  The  Insubres,  north  of  the 
Po,  are  subdtied. 


ROMAN    EMPIRE.      218  *  *  b.c.-147  *  *  b.c.    1055 


192-189  B.  c.  War  with  Antioohus 
m.  of  Syria. 

He  refuses  to  restore  the  Egyptian 
provinces  to  Kome.  The  Achaian  League 
supports  the  Romans,  who  also  nnd 
allies  in  the  Macedonians,  Eumenes  II., 
King  of  Pergamus,  ami  in  Rhodes. 

191*  *B.c.    Antiochus  defeated  {p.  1026). 

•  •B.C.  Consul  Manius  Aoilius  Gla- 
brio  lands  in  Epirus.  and  ntarchei^  into 
Thessaly. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Romans  conquer  the  Boii, 
of  Cisalpine  Gaul ;  32.000  are  killed. 

*  *  B.  c.  Gr.  The  ^^tolians  are  surprised 
and  defeated  by  ]Marens  Procius  Cato  in 
a  mountain  pass.  Later  besieged  in 
Naupactus  [Lepanto].  Also  again  de- 
feated in  a  naval  battle  near  Chios. 
[190.    They  submit.] 

190  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  The  Rhodian  al- 
lies defeat  the  fleet  of  Antiochus  liL, 
commanded  by  Hannibal  the  Carthagin- 
ian, at  the  mouth  of  the  Evirymedon. 

•  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  The  combined  fleets 
of  Rhodes  and  Rome  under  L.  ^i^milius 
defeat  the  Syrian  fleet  commanded  by 
Antiochus  III.  at  Myonnesus. 

•  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  The  Romans  are  vic- 
torious at  Magnesia  (p.  102C). 

171-168  B.C.  Third  Macedonian 
war  (p.  1028). 

*  *  B.  c.  Tiirk.  The  Romans  make  three 
unsuccessful  campaigns  against  Per- 
seus, son  of  Philip  V. 

168*  *  B.  c.  TnrK:  Lucius  iEmilius 
Paulus  obtains  command,  restores  dis- 
cipline, and  drives  back  Macedonians. 

June  22.  b.c.  Battle  of  Pydna  (p.  1028). 

*  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Samothrace  is  taken 
by  Paulus;  the  conquest  of  Macedonia 
is  completed. 

*  *  B.  c.  Aitst.  The  Romans  subdue 
Genthlus,  King  of  Illvria,  an  ally  of 
Perseus,  and  divide  his  kingdom. 

154t-140J:  B.C.  Sp.  "War  with  the 
Lusitanians. 

150  *  *  B.  c.  Asia.  Demetrius  Soter  is 
defeated  and  slain  by  Alexander  Balas, 
the  usurper. 

149-146  B.  c.  The  third  Punic  war. 
It  is  caused  by  the  Carthaginians  mak- 
ing an  attack  on  Masinissa,  the  King  of 
Numidia,  an  ally  of  Rome,  who  seized 
their  territory.    Carthage  is  destroyed. 

149*  *  B.  c.  A/r.  Two  Roman  armies 
land  at  Utica,  25  miles  from  Carthage. 
The  Carthaginians  deliver  up  their 
arms  and  war-ships,  but  refuse  to  aban- 
don their  city,  and  establish  a  new  town 
10  miles  from  the  sea.  With  patriotic 
ardor  they  proceed  to  manufacture  arms 
ami  prepare  for  war ;  all  ranks  and  ages 
and  both  sexes  unite  in  the  struggle, 

•  •  B.  c.  Having  constructed  a  new  fleet, 
they  repel  an  attack  of  the  Romans  in 
the  harbor.  The  Romans  besiege  Car- 
thage. 

148-146  B.  c.  Fourth  Macedonian 
war. 

The  Macedonians,  led  by  Andriscns, 
the  alleged  Philippus,  brother  of  Per- 
seus, revolt  against  the  Romans. 

147-139  B.  c.  Sp.  War  in  Lusitania 
against  the  brave  chief  Viriathus;  it 
ends  in  his  betrayal  and  death. 

147  ♦  *  B.  c.  Afr.  P  u  b  1  i  u  s  Cornelius 
Scipio  .-Emiliaiius  Africanus  Minor,  the 
adopted  son  of  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Afri- 
canus  and  son  of  ^Kmilius  Paulus,  as- 
sumes command  against  Carthage.  [14G. 
Captured  and  burned  ;  survivors,  slaves.] 

•  *  B.  c.  Asia,  Alexander  I.  (Balas)  is 
defeated  by  Ptolemy  PhUometor  (p.  652). 


ART  —  SCIENCE  -  NATURE. 

216*  *  B.  c.  A  water-organ  is  invented 
by  Archimedes. 

212  *  *  B.  c.  The  Ludi  Apollinares  are 
instituted  as  a  fourth  festival. 

204**  B.C.  Home.  A  fifth  festival,  in 
honor  of  the  "  Great  Mother,"  is  insti- 
tuted. 

173  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  games  in  honor 
of  Flora  are  instituted.   (238?) 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

208  *  *  Fabiua,  Maxinms,  Cnnctator,  consul, 

dictator,  general,  dies. 
186*  *  Gracchus,  Tiberius  Sempronlus,  pa- 
triot, born.    [133.    Dies.] 
Scipio,  p.  C.  S.  K.,  Africanus  Minor,  gen- 
eral, born.     [129.     Dies.] 
Terence,  PuMlus  Terentius  Afer,  comic  poet, 
born.    [159.    Dies.] 
167  •  »  MariuB.  Caius,  gen.,  b.    [86.    Dies.] 


LETTERS. 

210i:-184  B.  c.  Amphitruo,  Adularia, 
Captivi,  Mensecftmi,  Miles  Gloriosus,  Ru~ 
(fensy  and  many  other  comedies,  and  the 
7'rinummus,  by  Flautus,  appear. 

200±-169  B.  c.  Annaies  and  a  number 
of  comedies  and  tragedies,  by  Snnius, 
appear. 

184±-149  B.  C.  De  lie  JiusHca.the  Ori~ 
gines,  and  a  collection  of  apophtheg- 
inata,  by  Cato  the  Censor,  appear. 

169*  *B.c.  7'/i?/cs<rj?,  a  tragedy, by  Quin- 
tus  Enniua,  appears  ;  he  writes  the  An- 
nates. 

167  *  *  B.  c;  Rome.  The  first  library 
is  brought  from  Macedonia. 

166  *  *  B.  c.  The  Andrice,  by  Terence, 
appears;  also  [1(J5,  the  Uecyra;  16.'{,  the 
Heautmi-timoroumetios ;  161,  the  Eunu- 
i-hus  and  Pkormio;  160,  the  Adelphi.] 

161  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Philosophers  and 
rhetoricians  are  banished. 


SOCIETY. 

215i  ♦  ♦  B.  c.  Gladiatorial  fights  take 
place  at  festivals. 

211  *  •  B.  c.  Gracchus  massacres  2,000 
Capuans  who  favor  Hannibal. 

201  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Scipio  Africanus 
celebrates  his  triumphs  with  a  splendor 
never  before  seen. 

168  *  *  B.  o.  The  Romans  plunder  and 
destroy  70  towns  in  Epirus  .and  sell  as 
slaves  150,000  of  the  people. 

167  *  *  B.  c.  Polybius,  and  1,000  other 
Achaeans  of  high  standing,  arrive  for 
examination  [and  are  detained  in  Ital- 
ian cities  under  surveillance,  but  with- 
out trial,  for  16  years]. 

STATE. 

217  *  *  B.  c.  Rome  is  terrified ;  Q.  Fabiua 
Maximus  is  appointed  dictator. 

The  Samnites,  Lucanlans,  and  many  cities 
of  lower  Italy  aecede  from  Rome.  [Tlie 
.Sra,te8  of  Magna  (inccia  are  ruined  by  siding 
with  Hannibal.] 

216*  *B.c.  Sicily.  Hieronymus  be- 
comes ruler  of  Syracuse  [and  an  ally  of 
Carthage,  which  creates  a  rupture  with 
Rome]. 

211*  ♦B.C.  Hannibal  having  failed  in 
his  attacks  upon  lihegium  and  on  the 
citadel  of  Tarentum,  he  is  abandoned 
by  his  Italian  allies. 

207  *  *  n.  c.  Hasdrubal  succeeds  in  in- 
citing the  Cisalpine  Gauls  to  arms 
against  the  Romans. 

206  *  *  B.  c.  Scipio,  the  conqueror  of 
Spain,  enters  a  secret  alliance  with  Mas- 
inissa, and  returns  to  Rome. 


205  *  *  B.  c.  Scipio  is  elected  consul, 
and  prepares  an  African  expedition. 
[201.    He  is  named  Africanus.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Spain  is  regarded  hereafter  as 
a  Roman  province.  [197.  Two  provinces 
are  made  — Hispania  Citerior  and  His- 
pania  Ulterior.] 

202  •  *  B.  c.    Rome.    The  last  dictator 

is  nominated  for  municipal  business. 

201  *  *  B.  €.  Carthage  makes  peace. 
Terms  :  (1)  She  abandons  !ier  possessions 
in  Spain  and  in  the  islands  of  the  Mediterra- 
nian,  but  retains  her  territory  in  Africa  in- 
tact; (2)  transfers  the  kingdom  held  by 
Syphax  to  Masinissa;  (3)  assumes  an  indem- 
nity of  10,000  talents  in  50  years  (;gi2.'i0,000) ; 
(4)  surrenders  all  her  ships  but  10,  and  her 
elephants;  {h)  is  to  undertake  no  war  with- 
out the  consent  of  Rome. 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome  punishes  the  Itahan  al- 
lies of  Hannil)al. 

They  are  in  part  required  to  cede  large  por- 
tions of  their  territory,  also  in  jiart  are  sub- 
jugated to  Rome.  Kastern  Sicily  is  united 
with  tlie  western  part  as  one  i)roviuce. 

±  *  *  B.  c.    Numerous  Roman  colonies 

are  founded  in  lower  Italy. 
198*  *B.c.    RoTne.  Titus  QuinctiusFla- 

minius  becomes  consul. 
196*  *  B.  C.     Gr.     Flaminius  proclaims 

the  decree  of  the  Senate  declaring  the 

Greek  states  free  and  independent. 

[194.    Roman  troops  withdraw.] 

196  *  *  B.  n.  Afr.  A  democratic  reform  of 
the  Cartliaginian  constitution  is  carried  out 
through  the  influence  of  Hauni-bal,  who  Is 
defamed  before  the  Roman  senate  by  the  oli- 
garchs and  his  surrender  demanded;  Hanni- 
bal becomes  a  fugitive  in  the  East. 

19S  *  *  B.  r.  Syria.  Interference  of  Anti- 
ochus III.  with  Grecian  afTalrs  and  of  Ro- 
mans in  Asiatic  politics  causes  war  in  Syria, 
wliere  Hannibal  has  been  received. 

191  *  *  B.  c.  Cisalpine  Gaul  is  formed 
into  a  fifth  Roman  province. 

190  *  *  B.  c.  Antiochus  m.  makes 
peace  with  Rome. 

He  surrenders  all  his  European  territories 
and  Asia  Minor  as  far  as  tlie  Taurus;  agrees 
to  pay  an  indemnity  of  16,000  Euboean  talents 
(§19,125,000),  and  to  give  up  Hannibal  to  the 
Romans;  but  [the  Cartliaginian  escapes]. 

183  *  *  B.  c.  Matiua  [Modena]  beconies 
a  Roman  colony.     [177.    Luca,  Tuscany.] 

180  *  *  B.  c.  The  lex  annalis  of  the  trib- 
une, I-..  Villius,  is  established,  a  military 
service  of  10  years  is  prescribed,  and  a 
fixed  age  for  all  the  curule  officers. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  higherofflces,  especially 
that  of  senator,  gradually  become  the 
especial  privilege  of  the  nobility. 

168  *  *  B.  C.  Aiist.  Illyria  is  subdued 
and  divided  into  three  tributary  districts 
with  federal  constitutions.  It  is  made 
the  sixth  Roman  province, 

*  *  B.  c,  Egypt  formally  acknowledges 
the  suzerainty  of  Rome. 

167  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  The  Romans  pun- 
ish their  unfaithful  allies,  Kumenes  of 
Pergamus,  and  Rhodes,  and  take  all  their 
territory  on  the  mainlantl  (p.  1029). 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  Senate,  as  guardian  of 
both  powers,  interferes  In  a  war  between 
Egypt  and  Syria;  C.  ropiUius  La-nas,  the 
Roman  ambassador,  arrogantly  orders  Antio- 
chus I  v.,  King  of  Syria,  to  abandon  the  niarcti 
on  Alexandria  (p.  t>52.) 

155  Jan.  1.  b.c.  Rome.  Consuls 
henceforth  enter  office  on  this  day,  pay 
sacrifice  to  Jupiter  Olympus,  after  which 
the  Senate  convenes  in  solemn  session. 


1056    146*  *  B.  C.-84**  B.C. 


ITALY 


\ 


ARMY -NAVY. 

146  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Metellu8  defeats 
the  reyoltiug  Macedouiana,  led  by  An- 
ilriscus,  an  alleged  son  of  Perseus,  in 
two  battles,  ana  takes  hini  prisoner. 
[Twice  defeated.  Corinth  falls.]  (P.  1028.) 

*  *  B.  c.  Greece  is  completely  subju- 
gated. 

143-31    B.  c.    Jioyne.    Civil  wars. 

143-33  B.  c.  Sp.  War  with  tlie  Celti- 
berians,  called  Numantines  ;  it  ends  in 
the  destruction  of  Numautia. 

143*  *  B.  c.  Sp.  Q.  Caecilius  besieges  the 
fortified  city  of  Nixmantia  in  vaiu ;  he 
is  succeeded  by  less  competent  generals. 

135-132    B.  c.    First  servile  war. 

The  terribly  maltreated  slaves  of  Sicily 
rise  against  the  Romans. 

134*  *  B.  c.  Sp.  Publius  Cornelius 
Scipio  /Einilianus  Africauus  jNIiuor  as- 
sumes command  of  the  besieger-s. 

133  *  *  B.  c.  Sp.  Scipio  starves  the 
Numantines  into  submission. 

132  *  *  B.  c.  Sicihj.  Eunus,  leader  of 
the  slaves,  is  captured,  and  dies  in  prison. 

125-113  B.  C.  The  Romans  conquer  the 
southeiistern  portion  of    Transalpine 

■  Gaul. 

119*  *B.  c.  Aust.  The  Teutones  and 
Cimbrl  defeat  the  Romans  in  Illyria. 

113-101  B.  c.  Invasion  of  Northern 
tribes. 

Romans  are  at  war  with  the  300,000  in- 
vading Cimbri,  Teutones,  and  Gauls. 
[113.  The  array  of  Consul  Cueius  Pa- 
pirius  Carbo  is  overwhelmed  and  annihi- 
lated near  Noreja.  109.  They  defeat 
the  Romans  under  M.  Junius  Silanus, 
near  the  Rhine.] 

111-106  B.  c.  Afr.  The  Jugurthiue 
war  in  Numldia. 


110-109  B.C.  Afr.  Jugurtha,  the 
usurper,  defeats  'a  Roman  army  under 
Aulus  Posthumius,  and  sends  it  under 
the  yoke  ;  he  dictates  a  peace  which  is 
rejected  by  the  Senate. 

109  *  *  B.  c.  Afr.  Quintus  Metellus  as- 
sumes command  of  the  Romans,  and  is 
more  successful  ;  he  defeats  Jugurtha 
in  Numidia.     [107.    Again  defeated.] 

108-63  B.  c.  Asia  M.  The  Mithrida- 
tic  war  between  Rome  andMithridates, 
King  of  Pontus. 

He  had  attacked  Paphlagonia,  Cappa- 
docia,  and  Bithynia.  which  were  client 
states  of  Rome,  and  massacred  the 
people. 

107  *  *  B.  c.  Afr.  Marias  conquers  the 
Gsetulians  in  Numidia.  He  repulses  a 
combined  attack  of  Jugurtha  and  Boo- 
chus,  king  of  Mauretania,  his  ally,  at 
Cirta.  Bocchus  I.  treacherously  deliv- 
ers Jugurtha  up  to  Marius. 

107  *  *  B.  c.  Swifz.  The  Tigurini  de- 
feat Consul  Lucius  Cassius  Longinus 
on  the  Garonne,  and  destroy  his  army. 

105  Oct.  6.  B.  c.  Fr.  The  hordes  of 
Germans  and  Helvetians  defeat  and  an- 
nihilate two  large  Roman  armies  in 
southern  Gaul  ;  one  under  Q.  Servilius 
Ciepio  and  M.  Mallius  Maxirausat  Arau- 
sic  [Orange]  on  the  Rhone. 

104  *  *  B.  c  Fr.  Consul  Marina  reor- 
ganizes his  army  in  the  Provinoia  Nar- 
bonensis  [Provencel,  and  prepares  for  a 
struggle  with  the  barbarians. 

103  *  *  B.  c.  Oer.  The  Cimbri,  with 
the  Teutones  and  Helvetian  tribes  of 
Germany,  invade  Italy  in  two  bodies. 


103-99  B.  c.  Sicily.  Second  servile 
insurrection  under  Tryphou  and  Athe- 
DJon  ;  put  down  by  Nepos  Aquillius. 

102  *  *  B.  c.  Fr.  Marius  covers  the  two 
military  roads  (Pass  of  the  Little  St.  Ber- 
nard and  the  shore  road). 

*  *  B.  c.     Barbarians  defeated  (p.  662). 

*  *  B.  c.  Marius  crosses  the  Alps  to  reen- 
force  Quintus  Lutatius  Catulus  against 
the  other  band  of  invaders. 

101  July  30.  B.  c.  Battle  of  Vercel- 
lae  [Raudine  Plains]. 

Marius  and  Catulus  join  their  forces 
in  Lombardy,  and  overwhelm  and  anni- 
hihite  the  Cimbri,  who  lose  90,000  killed 
and  prisoners. 

92  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Sulla,  the  procon- 
sul of  Cilicia,  attacks  Mithridates  VI., 
and  reinstates  the  king  of  Cappadocia. 

90-89    B.  c.    The  Social  "War. 

Rome  is  at  war  with  the  Marsi  and 
other  Italian  allies  in  Central  and  South- 
ern Italy,  who  are  denied  the  privileges 
of  Roman  citizenship. 

90  *  ♦  B.  c.    Marsius  defeats  the  Marsi 

and  other  Sabellians. 

*  *  B.  c.  CneiusPompeiusStrabo  defeats 
the  Marsi,  after  first  suffering  defeat 
himself. 

89  *  *  B.  c.  The  Romans  triumph  in  the 
north,  and  the  war  ends  ;  Sulla  succeeds 
in  the  south,  capturing  Bovianum.  [88. 
War  nearly  ends  in  the  south.] 

38-82  B.  c.  Home.  Civil  war  between 
the  rivals  Sulla  and  Marius. 

88  *  *  B.  c.  Demagogues  use  the  populace 
to  dismiss  Sulla  from  chief  command  of 
the  army,  and  give  it  to  Marius. 

Sulla  gathers  an  army  in  Campania  of 
dissatisfied  Italians,  liberated  slaves, 
and  others  ;  Rome  surrenders,  and  his 
enemies  are  given  up  to  slaughter,  plun- 
der, and  outrages  for  five  days  ;  Marius 
escapes  to  Africa. 

88-84    B.  c.    First  Mithridatic  war. 

It  is  caused  by  the  encroachment  of 
Mithridates  VL,  King  of  Pontus,  the 
ruler  of  Thrace,  Bithynia,  Macedonia, 
and  Greece,  as  well  as  by  the  rashness 
of  Roman  officials.  Pontus  has  an  army 
of  250,000  infantry,  40,000  cavalry,  besides 
a  fleet  of  400  vessels  (p.  1028). 

88*  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Mithridates  routs 
Nicomedes,  King  of  Bithynia,  on  the 
River  Ainnias.  He  defeats  Oppius,  Cas- 
sius, and  Aquillius. 

87  *  *  B.  o.  Sulla  assumes  command  in 
the  Mithridatic  war. 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome  is  besieged  by  four 
armies.  ~  those  of  JMarius,  Cinna,  Carbo, 
and  Sertorius,  —  and  taken  by  them. 

86  *  *  B.  c.  Gr.  Mithridates  VI.  de- 
feated Cp.  1028). 

*  *B.C.   SulladefeatsArchelausfp.  1028). 

*  *  B.  O.  Asia.  The  democratic  partv 
sends  an  army  to  Asia  under  Consul 
Flaccus;  it  defeats  the  younger  Mithri- 
dates in  Nicomedia.  It  goes  over  to 
Sulla. 

85  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  ^f.  Sulla  defeats  Ar- 
chelauB  again  fit  Orchomenus  ;  nego- 
tiations for  peace  follow. 

84  *  *  B.  c.  Athens.  Besieged  and  cap- 
tured (p.  1028). 

*  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Sulla  fines  the  Gre- 
cian cities  of  Asia  Minor  20,000  talents 
(•¥25,000,000).  and  leaves  a  force  under  Lu- 
cullus  to  collect  it :  he  repairs  to  Italy. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  army  under  Marius  muti- 
nies at  Ancona  ;  Marius  dies. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

146  *  *  B.  c.    Consul  L.  Mummius  send* 
the  art  treasures  of  Corinth  to  Rome, 


BIRTHS— DEATHS. 


1 


140  *  *  Crassus,  Lucius  Licinius,  ora.,  states- 
man, born.     [91.     Dies.] 

138  *  *  Sulla,  Lucius  Cornelius,  dictator,  b 
[78.     Dies.] 

133  *  ♦  Gracchanus,  M.  .Jurnus,  historian,  d. 

121  *   *  Sertorius,  Quintus,  gen.,  b.     [12.    D.] 

lie  *  *  Varro,    Marcus    Terentius,    author^ 
born.    [28.    Dies.] 

1 15  *  *  CrassuB,  Marcus  Licinius,  consul,  d. 

110*  *  LticulluB,  Lucius   Licinius.   general, 
born.     [57.     Dies.] 

108  *  *  fatiliue,  Lucius  Serguis,  politician, 
conspirator,  born.     [62.     Dies.] 

106  *  *  Cicero,  Marcus  'I'uUiiis,  orator,  bora. 
[43.    Dies.] 
Pompey,  Cneius  Fonipeius,  general,  born. 
[48.     Dies.] 

105  *  *  Crassus,  Dives  Marcus  Licinius,  gen- 
eral, statesman,  born.     [53.     Dies.] 

lOO  July  12.  Ceesar,  Julius,  general,  states- 
man, born  (or  102).    [44.    Dies.] 

95  *  *  Cato,    Marcus  I'orclus,  the  Younger,, 
statesman,  born.     [46.     Dies.] 
Lucretius,  Titus  Lucretius  Carus,  poet,  born. 
[44.     Dies.] 

86  •  *  Sallust,  Caius  Crispus,  historian,  born. 
[34.    Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

104*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  comitise  re- 
ceive tlie  power  to  elect  the  priests. 
[82.  The  power  to  fill  vacancies  in  the 
priesthood  passes  to  the  priestly  col- 
leges.] 

LETTERS. 

133^-102    B.  o.    liucilius  invents  and 

develops  the  poetic  satire, 

130±-80:r  B.  c.  Afranius  writes  come- 
dies  in  imitation  of  Menander. 

130±-80±  B.  c.  The  Annals,  Brutus^ 
and  other  dramas,  by  Accius,  appear. 

88±  *  *  B.  c.  Rhetorica,  by  Cicero,  ap- 
pears. 

[81,  Sept.  *  He  delivers  the  oration.  Pro 
Qmvttco;  80,  Pro  Sexto  Roscio  Amerino; 
76,  Pro  Q.  HosciOy  Comcpdo;  70,  In  Verrem; 
66,  Pro  Lege  Mavilia :  63,  De  Lege  A^raria ; 
62,  iiov.  8-^  Cicero's  Speeches  Against  Cati- 
line. (See  State.)  59,  Pro  Aulo  Ltatno  Ar- 
chia  and  Pro  L.  Vulerio  Flacco ;  56,  Pr& 
Publio  Sextw  and  Pro  J/.  Coebo  Rufo ;  55, 
Jn  L.  Calpurnium  Piso?tem  and  Oratore 
hire  ires  ad  Quintum  Fratrem  ;  54,  De  Ite- 
publica  anA  Pro  Cneio  Plavcxo  ;  53,DeLegi- 
bus  ;  52,  Pro  Tito  Armio  Milone ;  47,  Pro  L. 
Ligario  and  Pro  M.  Marcello ;  46,  Brutus ; 
45,  JJe  Finibus  and  Acade7nica  ;  44,  De  Ami' 
citia,  Topica,  Be  Setiecfute,  Tusciilanarum 
Disputation  um,  and  De  Natura  Deorum  ;  44, 
Sept.  *- 43,  Jlay  *  Orationes  quatuordecim 
in  M.  Ajitomuin^  the  "  Philippics."] 

.86**  B.C.  Athens.  The  library  of  Ap- 
pellicon  is  sent  to  Rome  by  Sylla. 


SOCIETY. 

135-132  B.  c.  Sicily.  The  terribly  mal- 
treated slaves  rise  in  rebellion. 

133*  *  n.  c.  Rome.  Sempronius Gracchus 
makes  laws  favorable  to  the  poor. 

*  *  B.  c.  Slaves  greatly  increase  in  con- 
sequence of  succes'Sful  wars. 

121  *  *  B.  C.  R(Yme.  Tliree  thousand 
democratic  prisoners  are  strangled. 

105  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Jugurtha,  the  cap- 
tured Numidian  king,  is  led  in  triumph, 
and  then  sent  to  prison  to  die  of  himger. 

STATE. 

146  *  *  B.  c.  Afr.  Carthage  with  the 
north  coast  becomes  the  seventh  Roman 
province. 

»  *  B.  c.  Gr.  The  return  of  300  prominent 
Acheeane  from  Italy  after  a  captivity  of  Ifl 


ROMAN   EMPIRE. 


146**  B.C.-84**  B.C.    1057 


J'CArs  stirs  all  the  (Cities,  and  the  Achaean 
e&gue  Attacks  Sparta,  with  whom  the  Ro- 
mans take  sides. 

•  *  B.  r.  Rome.  Th  Senate  declares  the 
Achaean  league  dissolved  (p.  1029). 

•  •  B.  C.  (^r.  Corinth  is  in  part  given  to 
Sicyon.and  in  part  transformed  into  Ro- 
man public  land. 

•  •  B.  c.  Rome.  Other  Greek  cities  retain 
their  own  administration  in  subordination  to 
the  governor  of  Macedonia,  and  as  tribute 
cities  to  Kome. 

•  *  B.  c.  Turk.  Macedonia  is  made  the 
eighth  Roman  province.  [Greece  and 
Aehaia  are  afterward  added.] 

143-31  B.  c.  The  universal  power  of 
Home  is  firmly  establishe*!. 

133*  *B.  C.  Asia  J/.  Attains  III.  of 
Pergamua  bequeaths  his  kingdom  and 
wealth  to  the  Romans.    (R.  Province.) 

133-121  B.  c.  Rome.  Civil  disturb- 
ances afre  led  by  the  Gracchi. 

Tiberius  Sempronins  Graochus  and  his 
brother,  Caius  Sempronins,  urge  political  ami 
social  reforms  by  revolutionary  means.  The 
peasantry  are  crowded  out  of  tlie  rural  dis- 
tricts by  tlie  slave  labor  of  the  rich,  who 
chiefly  monopolize  the  land.  Kome  Is  full  of 
an  idle  rabhle,  who  live  on  bribes  and  the 
gifts  of  grain.  The  public  ofHces  and  sena- 
torial positions  are  controlled  by  family 
cliques. 

Tiberius  projtoses  the  reenactment  of  the 
Xilcinlan  agrarian  law,  with  slight  changes, 
for  the  subdivision  of  land  in  favor  of  poor 
tenants;  the  tribune,  Marcus  Octavius,  re- 
■ists,  and  is  deposed  by  an  unconstitutional 
decree  of  the  people.  The  people  accept  the 
law,  and  entrust  its  execution  to  tlie  (jracchi 
and  AppiuB  Claudius. 

133  *  ♦  B.  0.  Rome,  Tiberius  Gracchus 
is  elected  tribune  of  the  people. 

He  proposes,  in  a  popular  assembly,  to  di- 
Tide  the  treasures  betiueallied  by  the  King  of 
Pergamus  among  the  new  laiid-owners,  for 

Surchasiug  necessary  e<iulp"i*'nt;   by  usage 
le  Senate  has  the  control  of  such  bequests. 

•  ♦  B.  c.  Rome.  Popular  laws  are  pro- 
posed for  shortening  the  term  of  military 
service  and  extending  the  right  of  appeal. 

133-129  B,  c.  The  division  of  the  pub- 
lic lands  under  the  agrarian  laws  is 
partially  carried  out.  The  democracy 
and  optimates  continue  the  struggle  for 
supremacy. 

132  •  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Tiberius,  in  defi- 
ance of  the  Constitution,  attempts  to 
secure  a  reelection  to  the  tribunate  ;  the 
Senate  violently  interposes  and  stops 
the  election.  Tiberius  and  300  followers 
are  killed  hy  the  optimates. 

•  •  B.  o.  Rome.  Two  Plebeian  consulii 
are  chosen. 

120  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Pergamus  be- 
comes a  Roman  province  called  Asia. 

•  *  B.  C.  The  political  murder  (?)  of  P. 
Scipio  ^milianus,  leader  of  the  opti- 
mates, occurs. 

125  *  *  B.  c.  Home.  The  Senate  sends 
the  democratic  consul,  M.  Fulvius 
Flaccus,  to  tight  the  Gauls,  in  order  ti> 
put  him  out  of  its  way,  he  havine  pro- 
posed to  give  the  riglit  of  citizensYiii)  t<> 
all  Italians.  He  establishes  land  com- 
munication between  Jtitly  and  Spain,  and 
lays  the  foundation  of  R«>man  rule  in 
Transalpine  Gaul. 

123  *  *  B.  c.  Fr.  The  proconsul  Rex- 
tius  founds  the  colony  of  Aquae  Sex- 
tise  [Aix]. 

•  •B.C.  Med.  Sea.  The Baleariclslands 
become  subject  to  Rome. 

•  *  B.  c.  Caius  Gracchus,  the  questor  of 
Sardinia,  openly  declares  himself  an  en- 
emy of  the  Senate,  and  returns  to  Itome  ; 
he  is  elected  tribimeof  the  people. 


He  attempts  to  execute  the  social  re- 
forms proposed  by  his  brother,  and  is 
charged  with  attempting  to  subvert  the 
Constitution. 

*  *B.  c.  Rome.  Jury  duty  is  transferred 
from  the  order  of  senators  to  that  of  the 
equites,  which  further  divides  the  two 
branches  of  the  aristocracy. 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Colonies  are  sent  out 
by  the  decrees  of  the  people,  instead  of 
the  decrees  of  the  Senate. 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Tlie  Senate  favors  the 
tribune,  M,  Livius  Brusus,  to  undermine 
the  popularity  of  Gracchus. 

123+^*  *  B.  c.  Caius  Gracchus  makes 
new  roads,  marked  by  mile-stones, 
throughout  the  empire. 

122*  *B.  c.  Rome.  C.  Gracchus  secures 
hia  election  to  the  tribunate  for  the  sec- 
ond time. 

*  *  B.  c.    Rome.    Boman  citizenship  is 

denied. 

Tlie  motion  of  C.  (;racchus  and  SI.  Fulvius 
Flaccufl,  his  colleague,  to  grant  tlie  rights  of 
citizenship  to  alt  Latins,  and  Latin  rights  to 
other  Italians,  is  defeated  by  the  combined 
effort  of  the  Senate  and  the  lower  classes  of 
Home.  tjracchuB  also  fails  of  election  as 
tribune  for  the  third  year. 

121  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Civil  war  is  occa- 
sioned by  political  mui'ders. 

C.Gracchus  and  M.  Fulvius  and  several 
hundred  followers  are  killed.  Power  is 
now  restored  to  the  Senate. 

*  *B.c.  Rome.  M. XilvIuaDrususremovestbe 
ground  rent,  and  repeals  the  law  prohibiting 
tlie  alienation  of  assignments  of  public  land, 
which  jterniits  the  optimates  to  repurchase 
their  confiscated  lands. 

120  *  *  B.  c.  Fr.  Gallia  Narbonensis  (S. 
and  S.  E.  Gaul)  becomes  a  Roman  prov- 
ince. 

116*  *  B.  c.  Fr.  Narbo  Martina  founds 
the  colony  called  Gallia  Narljonensis 
[Provence].    Tolosa  is  also  settled. 

*  *  B.  c.  A/r.  Jugurtha  buys  a  peace 
from  the  consul,  L.  (^alpurnius  Bestia, 
but  the  Senate  refuses  to  ratify  it. 

115  *  *  B.  c.  /(.  The  people  of  Genua 
[Genoa]  submit  to  the  Romans. 

Ill*  *  B.  o.  Afr.  The  Senate's  com- 
missioners are  bribed  to  assist  dugur- 
tlia  in  his  struggle  for  the  throne  of 
Numidia. 

He  captures  Cirta  from  his  rival,  and 
puts  to  death  the  entiremalepopulation, 
including  many  Italians,  which  excites 
indignation,  and  provokes  war  at  Rome. 

*  *  B.  c.    Rome.    Agrarianism  fails;    a 

law  is  passed  making  all  land  still  held 
in  occupation  private  land. 

107  *  •  B.  c.  Rome.  C.  Marius  receives 
the  consulate  and  chief  command  of 
the  army,  notwithstanding  the  opposi- 
tion of  the  aristocracy.  (lOl-lOO.  He  is 
elected  consul  five  limes  in  succession.] 

105  *  *  B.  c.  Rome  is  terrorized  by  the 
annihilation  of  two  armies  iji  (iaul. 

The  democratic  leaders  denounce  the 
incapable  generals  of  the  optimateu,  es- 
{jecially  Ccepio  and  Maximus. 

104  *  *  B.  o.  Rome.  The  comitise  re- 
ceive the  power  to  elect  the  priests. 

*  •  B.  c.  Rome.  A  new  military  system 
is  adopted. 

The  Servian  ndlitary  organization,  making 
military  service  a  tax  on  property^  is  abol- 
ished; a  citizen  levy  is  substituted,  sup])le- 
niented  by  a  recruiting  system,  and  reen- 
forcements  from  subject  and  vassal  princes. 

100  *  ♦  B.  c.  Rome.  Marius  is  elected 
consul  for  the  sixth  time. 

He  seeks  to  overthrow  the  Constitu- 
tion, and  make  himself  king.    He  joins 


C.  Servilius  Glaucia,  and  L.  Appuleiua 
Saturninus,  the  leaders  of  the  people. 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Saturninus,  as  tribune, 
by  violent  means  procures  a  division  of 
lands  among  the  veterans  of  Marius. 

*  *  B.  o.  Rome.  The  consul.  Q.  Metel- 
lus,  goes  into  voluntary  exile.  [99.  Re- 
called.] 

98*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  MariuB  loses  his 
popularity ;  hated  by  both  parties,  he 
retires  to  Asia. 

91*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Three  bills  are 
brought  forward  by  Marcus  Livius  Dru- 
sus,  the  tribune  of  the  Plebeians. 

One  is  for  the  reform  of  the  law  courts 
and  enlarging  the  Senate,  another  for 
a  new  division  of  public  lands,  a  third 
bestowing  the  right  of  citizenship  on 
Italians.     Drusus  is  assassinated. 

*  *  B.  c.    The  Italian  allies  revolt. 

Except  the  Latins,  most  of  the  Etrus- 
cans, and  some  southern  cities,  because 
of  the  assassination  of  Brusus. 

90**  B.C.  Rome.  Tlie  contending  par- 
ties become  reconciled  in  the  presence 
of  danger  arising  from  the  revolt.  Re- 
peated levies  are  made,  and  citizens  and 
freedmen  are  enrolled  in  the  armies  ; 
the  war  is  popular  with  both  parties. 

*  *  B.  c.    The  enfranchisement  of  Italy 

begins.  The  right  of  ci  ti  zensh  ip  is 
granted  to  all  the  J^atins,  and  to  all  who 
had  not  revolted. 

80*  *  B.  c.     Ro7ne.     Citizenship  is 

granted  to  all  applicants  within  CO  days, 
from  among  eight  tribes  mentioned. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  municipalities  of  Cisal- 
pine Gaul  i-eceive  Latin  rights. 

88  *  *  B.  c.  The  political  concessions 
cause  the  social  war  in  the  south  to  end. 

*  *  B.  c.  Gr.  The  Grecian  cities  revolt, 
and  join  the  victorious  banner  of  Mith- 
ridates  (p.  1028). 

*  *  B.  c.    Rome.    Sulla  becomes  consul. 

88-82    B.  c.    Civil  war.    (See  Army.) 

The  tribune  I*.  Salpicius  Rufus  makes 
revolutionary  proposals  respecting  the 
new  citizens,  Italians  and  freedmen, 
which  are  carried  by  violent  means.  (88.) 
Demagogues  precipitate  a  crisis.  (See 
Army.) 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Sulla  introduces  con 
solidated  legislation  ;  restores  the  old 
order  of  voting  in  the  centuries,  and 
decrees  that  no  vote  shall  be  taken  by 
the  people  until  the  measure  has  first 
been  approved  by  the  Senate. 

87*  *  B.  c.  Gr.  The  chief  cities  of 
Greece  join  Archelaus  against  the 
Romans. 

*  *  B,  c,  CuKus  Octavius  (democrat)  and 
Lucius  Cornelius  Cinna,  a  partizan  of 
Marius,  are  elected  consuls. 

*  *  B.  c,  Rome.  Cinna  makes  a  violent 
attempt  to  renew  the  laws  of  Sulpiciue 
while  Sulla  is  absent  in  the  war ;  he  is 
driven  out  of  the  Forum  by  the  opti- 
mates, after  a  fierce  struggle. 

*  *  B.  c.  Cinna  gathers  an  army  luider 
Marius,  and  takes  Rome.    (See  Army,) 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  A  violent  revolution  Is 
attended  by  a  reign  of  terror  under  Ma- 
rius and  Carbo. 

The  optimates  are  slaughtered  for  five 
days  by  command  of  Marius,  and  their 
property  is  confiscated  ;  plundering  and 
outrages  by  the  armed  bands  follow. 

83*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Marius  is  elected 
consul  for  the  seventh  time;  Ciana  is 
also  elected  ;  Sulla  is  deposed  while 
absent  with  the  army. 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  On  the  death  of  Marius, 
Xi.  Valerius  Flaccus  is  elected  consul 
by  the  democrats.  M\irdered  by  Fim- 
bria.] Cinna  rules  three  years.  [Mur- 
dered.] 


1058      84  *  *  B.c.-49**B.c. 


ITALY: 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

83  *  *  R.  c.  Sulla  lands  with  40,000  men 
aud  many  exiled  uubles  at  Brundusium. 
He  is  welcomed  by  his  partizan,  Cneius 
Pompeius,  23  years  of  age,  and  three 
legions  of  volunteers,  who  join  him  after 
being  guaranteed  their  rights. 

83-81    R.  c.    Second  Mithridatic  war. 
Mithridates  fails  to  completely  evac- 
uate Cappadocia  ;  the  propraetor  Mureua 
occupies  it,  invades  Pontus,  but  is  forced 
to  retire. 

*  •  B.  c.  Sulla  conquers  Norbanus  on 
Mt.  Tifata,  near  Naples,  during  negotia- 
tions. Scipio's  army  goes  over  to  Sulla. 

82  *  *  H.  C.  Sulla  winters  in  Capua,  then 
marches  against  the  consuls  (younger) 
Marl  us  and  Carbo. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  Marians  are  defeated  at 
SpoletiumbyCrassusandPompey.  SuUa 
defeats  Marius  at  Sacriportus. 

*  •  B.  c.  Sulla  advances  rapidly  on  the 
democrats  under  Carbo  in  Etruria.  They 
are  defeated  at  Faventia.    (N.  It.) 

Nov.  *  B.  c.  Home.  Sulla  repels  an  at- 
tack of  Samnites  at  the  Colline  Gate; 
he  slaughters  3,000  prisoners. 

*  *  B.  c.  Sp.  Sertorius,  a  Marian  com- 
mander, is  driven  out  by  Sulla's  generals. 

*  *  B.  c.  Home.  Prasneste  surrenders  to 
Sulla's  army  ;  he  executes  terrible  ven- 
geance on  the  conquered  cities  and 
towns  of  Italy. 

81  *  *  B.  c.  Asia.  Pompey  reduces  Nu- 
midia,  and  obtains  a  triumph. 

80-72  B.  c.  Sp.  War  against  Serto- 
rius; Q.  Metellus,  and  later  Pompey. 
conduct  operations. 

78-67  B.  c.  "War  against  pirates  (p.  1028). 

77  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Lepidus,  at  the  head 
of  an  army  of  reformers,  is  defeated 
by  Quintus  Lutatius  Catulus  and  Pom- 
pey on  the  Campus  Martius ;  again  de- 
feated at  Cosa  ;  he  flees  to  Sardinia. 

*  *  B.  c.  Marcus  Junius  Brutus  surren- 
ders to  Pompey  at  Mutina  [Modena]. 

76  *  *  B.  c.  Sp.  Sertorius,  a  partizan  of 
Marius,  defeats  Pompey  in  two  bat- 
tles, one  at  Sucro  and  the  other  near 
Saguntum.    [72.    Murdered.] 

75  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  P.  Servilius  fights 
the  pirates,  and  takes  Isauria,  Pain- 
phylia,  and  Pisidia  for  Rome,  under  the 
name  of  CUicia. 

74-63  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Third  IMUthri- 
datic  war.    (See  State.) 

74  *  *  B.  c.  The  two  consuls,  L.  LucuUus 
and  M.  Aurelius  Cotta,  are  defeated. 

73  *  *  B.  c.  Mithridates  is  driven  out 
of  Cyzicus  with  great  loss  ;  LucuUus  is 
victorious  in  a  sea-fight  oflf  Lemnos ;  he 
defeat!  Mithridates  at  Cabira,  driving 
him  out  of  his  kingdom. 

73-71  B.  c.  Sicily.  War  of  the  gladi- 
ators, or  third  servile  war, 

Spartacus,  a  Thracian  slave,  and  70 
others,  escape  from  Capua,  and  occupy 
Vesuvius  ;  plundering  follows,  and  nu- 
merous slaves  and  impoverished  peas- 
ants join  them,  until  an  army  of  70,000  is 
formed,  which  defeats  four  Roman  ar- 
mies in  succession. 

72  *  *  B.  c.  Sp.  Sertorius  is  assassi- 
nated by  Perperna  and  his  accomplices  ; 
Pompey  defeats  and  executes  Perperna. 

*  *  B.  c.    Spartacus  threatens  Rome. 

The  legions  are  routed,  and  the  city  is 
terrorized,  and  the  chief  command  given 
to  the  praetor  Crassus ;  the  insurgents 
turn  aside,  and  plunder  parts  of  Italy. 


72-70  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Lucius  Licinius 
LucuUus  captures  the  trading  cities, 
Heraclea,  Sinope,  AmisuB,  from  Mithri- 
dates, and  occupies  Armenia  Minor. 

71  *  *  B.  c.  Crassus  defeats  the  insur- 
gents at  Petelia  in  Apulia.  Pompey  an- 
nihilates their  bands. 

70  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Unauthorized  by 
the  Senate,  LucuUus  invades  Armenia, 
and  opens  war  on  Tigranes,  the  son- 
in-law  of  Mithridates,  and  King  of  Syria. 

69  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Lucullus  defeats 
Tigranes  at  Tigranocerta  in  Armenia. 

The  Asiatics  are  panic-stricken  and 
easily  routed,  losing  100,000  infantry  and 
all  the  cavalry  ;  Roman  loss,  105. 

68  *  *  B.C.  Asia.  Lucullus  crosses  the 
Euphrates,  and  wins  another  battle ;  a 
mutiny  of  his  soldiers  compels  a  retreat 
to  Mesopotamia. 

67  *  *  B.  c.     Metellus    subdues    Crete 

after  a  prolonged  effort. 

*  *  B.  c.  Pompey  receives  unlimited 
command  over  the  Mediterranean  prov- 
inces for  50  miles  inward  from  the  coast, 
and  a  fleet  of  200  ships,  for  the  suppres- 
sion of  piracy. 

He  frees  the  Mediterranean  from  pi- 
rates, capturing  3,000  vessels,  and  killing 
10,000  pirates  ;  20,000  more  he  settles  in 
the  interior  of  tbe  country. 

±  *  *  B.  r.  Asia  M.  Mithridates,  hav- 
ing returned  to  Pontus,  defeats  a  Roman 
army  under  Triarius  at  Zela.  He  rav- 
ages parts  of  Bithynia  and  Cappadocia. 
[66.     He  is  driven  out  by  Pompey.] 

*  *  B.  c.     Asia.     Lucullus  takes  Nisibi.«. 
66  *  *  B.  c.    Asia  M.    Pompey  defeats 

Mithridates  on  the  Lycos  in  Armenia. 
[65.  Pompey  abandons  his  pursuit.  63. 
Mithridates  commits  suicide.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Tigranes  tenders  his 
submission  to  Pompey  at  Artaxata. 

He  is  to  retain  bis  hereditary  kingdom, 
but  deprived  of  his  conquest.'*  in  Syria  and 
Asia  Minor,  aud  to  a  fine  of  6,000  talents. 

64*  ♦B.C.  Asia.  Pompey  reduces 
Syria  to  a  Roman  province. 

63  *  *  B.  c.  Asia.  Pompey  captures 
Jerusalem,  and  enters  the  sanctuary  of 
the  temple  of  the  Jews. 

*  *  B.  c.  An  insurgent  army  is  organ- 
ized in  Etruria  under  C.  Manlius,  in  aid 
of  the  schemes  of  Catiline. 

*  *  Home.  B.C.  Antonius  is  put  in  com- 
mand of  the  army  against  Catiline. 

62  *  *  B.  c.  Catiline's  army  of  two  le- 
gions is  defeated  by  the  lieutenant  of  An- 
toniu8,'commauding  the  army  of  the  Sen- 
ate at  Pistoria,  and  their  leader  killed. 

61*  *  B.  c.  Pompey  dismisses  his  army 
at  Brundusium,  and  enters  Italy  as  a  pri- 
vate citizen. 

68-50  B.  c.  Fr.  Caesar  conquers  Gaul. 
[58.  He  defeats  the  invading  Helvetians 
at  Bibracte.  Also  Ariovistus  [near  MiU- 
hausen].    57.    Also  the  Belgii  (p.  662).] 

57  *  *  B.  c.  Switz.  Csesar  occupies  Oc- 
todurum  to  secure  tbe  pass  of  Great  St. 
Bernard.  [56.  He  subdues  the  Veneti 
in  Armorica  [Bretagne].  Publius  Cras- 
sus subdues  the  Aquitani  [Guienne?].] 

*  *  B.  C.  Belg.+-  The  MoriniandMenapii 
yield  to  the  Romans.  [Belgic  Gaul  is 
subdued.] 

55*  *B.c.  Fr.  Ceesardefeats  and  drives 
across  the  Rhine  the  invading  German 
tribes  of  Usipetes  and  Tenchteri. 


*  *  B.  c.  £yi</.  Csesar  crosses  the  Chan- 
nel with  two  legions.  [They  soon  re- 
turn. 54.  Again  with  five  legions  and 
2,000  Gallic  cavalry]. 

53*  •B.C.  Asia.  Parthians  defeat  Cras- 
sus in  Mesopotamia,  anddestroy  his  army, 

*  *  B.  c.  Prus.  Csesar  crosses  the  Rhine 
on  a  bridge  of  piles  [between  Coblenz 
and  Andernach],  and  recrosses  15  days 
later,  after  devastating  the  cotintry. 

*  •  B.  c.   Prus.  Ambiorix  subdued  (p.  662). 

*  *  B.  c.    Fr.   The  Gauls  revolt  (p.  662). 

*  *  B.  c.  Titus  Labienus,  Caesar's  legate, 
occupies  Lutetia  Parisiorum  [Paris], 
the  capital  of  a  Gallic  tribe,  tlie  Parisii. 

*  *  B.  c.  Fr.  Csesar  besieges  Gergovia, 
soutli  of  Clermont-Ferrand  ;  Venunget- 
orix,  chief  of  the  Arverni,  forces  him  to 
retreat,  and  he  joins  his  army  with  that 
of  Labienus. 

49-48  B.  c.  Rome.  Civil  war  arises 
between  the  two  rivals,  Ca;sar  and 
Pompey. 

49*  *  B.  c.  Csesar,  with  one  legion, 
crosses  the  Kubicon  [near  Rimini]. 

It  is  a  small  brook  marking  the  boun- 
dary of  his  province ;  he  thus  begins  the 
civil  war  against  the  Senate. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

69  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  Capitol,  rebuilt  by 
Sulla,  is  dedicated  by  Quintus  Catulus. 

60*  *  B.  c.  Cr.  Julius  Cassar  revives 
the  Isthmian  games. 

58*  *B.c.  Rome.  The  theater  of 
^milius  Secannus  is  erected. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

82  *   *  Varro,  Publius  Terentius,  poet,  bom. 

[39.     Dies.] 
80 »  *  lirutns,  Marcus    Junius,    conspirator, 

born.    (36.     Dies.] 

70  *  •  Miecenas,  Caius  Cilnius,  states.,  born. 
[8.     Dies.] 

Vergrll,  Publius  Vergilius  Maro,  poet,  born. 
[  19.     Dies.  ] 
65  *  *  Horace.    Quintus    Horatius    Flaccos, 

poet,  born.     [8.     Dies.) 
63*   *  Agrippa,  Marcus  v.,  states.,  born.    [12. 
Dies.] 
Aug-uBtuB.   C'aiuB  JuUus  -Csesar  Octavius, 
first  emperor,  born.    [U  a.  d.    Dies.] 
69  *  *  liiviuB.    or    Livy,    Titus,    historian, 

born.    [17  A.  D.    Dies.] 
1st  Cejitury.    ^Esopius  ClodluB,  tragedian,  h. 
DiodoruB  Siculus,  historian,  born. 


LETTERS. 

70±-55  B.  c.  IJe  RerumKatura,hyIj}X' 
cretius,  appears. 

62-54  B.  c.  The  poems  of  Catulus  ap- 
pear. 

51  ♦  *  B.  o.  Comment arii<Je  Hello  GallicOj 
by  Csesar,  appears.  [47,  Commentarit 
de  Bella  Civili.] 

50±-34  B.  c.  Bellum  Catilinarum^  Bel- 
lum  Jitgurthinum,  and  Historiarum  Libri 
r.,  by  Sallust,  appear. 


SOCIETY. 

82  *  *  B.  c.  Sulla  orders  more  than  3,000 
Samnite  prisoners  to  be  slaughtered. 

*  •B.C.  Sulla  liberates  10,000  slaves  be- 
longing to  the  proscribed  citizens,  and 
rights  of  citizenship  are  given  them. 
(Called  Cornelians.) 

78-67  B.  c.  A  pirate  conunvuiity  is 
gradually  organized,  with  its  central 
authority  in  Crete  and  Cilicia. 

62  *  *  B.  c.  Crassus  pays  a  part  of  the 
large  indebtedness  of  C.  Julius  Ciesar. 


ROMAN    EMPIRE. 


84**  R.c.-49**B.c.    1059 


61  •  *  B.  C.  Rome.  Pompey  celebrates  a 
magnificent  triumph,  lasting  two  days. 

60^  *  *  B.  c.  Caesar's  daughter,  Julia, 
23  years  of  age,  is  given  to  Pompey  in 
marriage,  thus  uniting  with  family  ties 
the  two  popular  leaders. 

STATE. 

84** B.C.  Sulla  makes  a  treaty  of 
peace  with  Mithridates  (p.  1029). 

•  •  B.  C.  Home.  Caius  Papirius  Carbo 
Marius  and  the  younger  Sertorius  be- 
come leaders  of  the  democratic  party. 

83*  *  B.  c.  Home.  Lucius  Cornelius 
Scipio  and  Caius  Norbanus,  two  incapa- 
ble men,  are  elected  consuls. 

82*  •  B.  c.  Rome.  Sulla  causes  himself 
to  be  appointed  dictator  for  an  unlim- 
ited time,  in  order  to  reorganize  the 
commonwealth. 

Another retern  of  terror  follows;  proscrip- 
tion hats  are  inatleof  the  evil-minded.  Sulla 
outlaws  4,7UO  citizens,  and  conliseates  their 
property.  Allotments  of  land  are  made  to 
his  veteraiiB;  military  colonies  are  estal)- 
Ushed  with  full  rights  of  citizenship  among 
the  territories  dominated  by  the  hostile  party, 
whose  rights  of  citizenship  are  abrogatetl. 

Sulla  attempts  a  conservative  aristo- 
cratic reform  of  the  government. 

The  Senate  is  reorganized  ;  300  addi- 
tional inenil>er8  are  to  be  chosen  by  the 
coviitia  tributa;  20  questors  to  be  an- 
nually elected  by  the  same.  The  cen- 
sor's privilege  of  revising  the  roll  of  the 
Senate  every  five  years  is  abolished.  [72. 
Restored.]  Senators  are  made  irremova- 
ble, and  places  in  the  juries  restored 
from  the  equites  to  the  Senate. 

The  power  to  elect  the  priests  is  with- 
drawn from  the  comitise.  Sulla  abol- 
ishes the  Servian  order  of  voting. 

81*  •B.C.  Rome.  Sulla  permits  the 
election  of  consuls,  but  retains  to  him- 
self the  office  of  dictator,  and  conducts 
the  government. 

80  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Sulla  causes  himself 
and  Quintus  Csecilius  Pius  Metellus,  one 
of  his  generals,  to  be  elected  consuls. 
(79,  He  voluntarily  abdicates,  and  re- 
tires to  private  life.    78.    Dies.] 

74  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Bithynia  is  be- 
queathed to  the  Romans  by  Xicomedes 
III. ;  it  becomes  a  Roman  province. 

•  *  B.  C.  Asia  M.  Mithridates  VI.  de- 
clares war,  because  of  the  aggressions 
of  Tigranes  of  Annenia,  who  takes  pos- 
session of  Cappadocia  and  Syria;  also 
because  of  the  hequest  ofNicomedes 
III.,  bestowing  Bithynia  on  the  Romans. 

70  *  *  B,  c.  The  consuls  Marcus  Licinius 
Grassus  and  Pompey  [the  Great]  re- 
store to  the  tribunate  the  privileges 
withdrawn  by  Sulla. 

•  •  B.  c.  Rome.  Tlie  Sullan  Constitu- 
tion is  overthrown. 

The  Aurelian  law  is  passed;  jurors 
are  no  longer  to  be  taken  exclusively 
from  senators ;  one-third  are  to  be  sena- 
tors, and  two-thirds  men  belonging  to 
the  equestrian  census. 
67  *  *  B.  c,  Cyrene  and  Crete  become 
provinces  of  Rome.  (74  B.  c. ;  27  b.  c. 
United.) 

•  •  B.  c.  Pompey  has  all  the  public  treasu- 
ries and  the  resources  of  all  the  provim-es 
and  client  states  placed  unconditionally  at 
his  dt8i>08al,  for  the  suppression  of  piracy, 
which  nearly  paralyzes  commerce. 

•  *  B.  c,  Rome.  Julius  Caesar  is  questor. 
[65,  Curule  edile ;  63,  Pontifex  maximus.} 

66-62  B.C.  Rome.  Conspiracy  of 
Catiline. 


The  democrats, led  by  M.  Crassus  and  Caius 
Julius  Ciesar,  unite  with  the  anarchists,  led 
by  Lucius  Sergius  <'atilina  an  ei-pretor. 
The  democrats  urge  the  overthrow  of  the  ex- 
isting govern  men  t  liefore  the  return  of  Pom- 
pey; and  the  anarcliists  urge  the  cancellation 
of  debts,  the  i)ro8cription  of  the  wealthy,  and 
the  confiscation  of  their  property. 

66*  *B.  c.  Rome.  Catiline's  first  con- 
spiracy to  murder  the  consuls  fails 
through  the  indecision  of  coiinpirators, 
and  because  of  Cicero's  eloquence. 

65  *  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Pompey  dethrones 
King  Antiochus  Asiaticus. 

64  *  *  B,  c.  Rome.  The  conspiracy  of 
Catiline  is  renewed,  and  fails. 

It  is  proposed  to  defeat  Cicero,  and  se- 
cure the  election  of  Catiline  and  Caius 
Hybrida  Antonius  at  the  consular  elec- 
tions for  63,  by  the  intluence  of  Csesar 
and  Crassus;  Antonius  alone  secures 
election,  and  is  detached  from  the  con- 
spirators by  Cicero,  his  colleague. 

63  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Cicero  is  elected 
consul  by  the  middle  class  of  citizens. 

*  *  B.  c.     Rome.    Catiline  conspires 

with  others  to  murder  his  competitors 
at  the  consular  election  for  62,  also  the 
consul,  Cicero,  who  would  preside  over  it. 

Cicero  is  informed  of  the  conspiracy  by  his 
sjiies  and  on  the  day  of  the  election  exposes 
and  denounc^'s  it,  before  the  8euate,  having 
armed  guards  present. 

(Nov.  8.)  Cicero  delivers  his  first  speech 
in  the  Senate  against  the  conspiracy  of  Cati- 
Une,  who  flees  in  the  night  to  the  insurgent 
army  of  C.  Manlius  in  Etruria. 

(Nov.  9.)  Cicero  makes  his  second  speech 
against  Catiline  to  the  jieople. 

(  *  *  )  vVrrestof  the  accomplices,  Lentu- 
hiB,  Cethegus,  Gabinius,  Statilius,  and  Ca;pa- 
rUiB. 

(I)KC.  3.)  Cicero  makes  his  third  speecli 
against  Catiline  to  the  people. 

(I>KC.  5.)  Cic:ero  makes  his  fourth  speech 
against  Catiline  in  the  senate.  The  senate 
decrees  that  the  conspirators  shall  be  stran- 
gled in  person  without  trial;  Caisar  votes 
against  it;  Cato's  Bi>eech  secures  the  vote. 
[Consul  Cicero  executes  the  imprisoned  con- 
spirators, and  is  greeted  as  pater  patrix.  ] 

*  *  B.  c,  Judea  is  made  tributary.  Syria 
and  Cilicia  (1023),  capital.  Tarsus,  be- 
come Roman  provinces.    [65.    Pontus.] 

62  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Julius  Caesar  ad- 
ministers the  prsetorship. 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  Senate  disaffects 
Pompey  toward  the  government  by  re- 
fusing to  grant  the  allotment  of  lands 
he  requests  for  his  veterans, 

61  *  *  B.  c.  Sp.  C.  Julius  Caesar  goes 
to  Hispania  Ulterior  as  propretor. 

He  lays  the  foundation  of  his  military 
fame,  and  secures  much  money;  he  re- 
fuses a  triumph  on  his  return. 

60  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  first  triumvi- 
rate is  formed  by  Pompey,  Caesar,  and 
Crassus.  [59.  They  secure  the  election 
of  Cajsar  as  consul.  The  republic  is 
powerless  in  the  hands  of  these  citizens.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Caesar  receives  the  government 
of  Gallia  Cisalpina  and  Illyricum  by  a 
popular  decree,  for  five  years,  with  ex- 
traordinary powers.  On  the  motion  of 
Pompey  the  senate  adds  Gallia  Narbo- 
nensis  [S.  Fr.]  to  his  province. 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Aulus  Gabinius  (favor- 
able to  Pompey)  and  Lucius  Calpurnius 
Piso,  the  father-in-law  of  Caisar,  are 
elected  consuls  for  the  next  year. 

59  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Ciesar  proposes  an 
agrarian  law  especially  favoring  Pom- 
pey's  veterans. 

It  is-opposed  by  his  colleague,  M.  Bibulns, 
an  optimate,  and  also  by  the  Senate ;  this  law 
and  the  ratification  of  the  organization  of 
Asia  are  both  submitted  to  the  popular  as- 


sembhes,  wliere  they  are  passed  upon  without 
the  consent  of  the  Senate. 

68  ♦  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Publius  Clodius,  the 
tribune  of  the  people,  procures  the 
absence  of  Marcus  Porcius  Cato  and 
Cicero  from  Rome. 

Cato  is  sent  to  possess  the  kingdom  of  Cy- 
prus by  a  popular  vote.  Cicero  is  outlawed 
for  executinga  Koman citizen  wlthoutalegal 
trial  (see  63  b.  c.).  Clodius  causes  (Mcero's 
house  to  be  burned,  and  both  liis  Tusculan 
and  Foruiicean  estates  to  be  ravaged. 

57-52  B.  c.  Rome.  The  partizans  of 
Clodius  and  Titus  Auuius  Milo  create 
tumults. 

57*  *B.  c.  The  recall  of  Cicero  is  pro- 
cured by  the  efforts  of  the  tribune  Milo, 
to  assist  in  opposing  Clodius  (democrat). 
Cato  also  returns. 

56*  *B.  c.  Csesar,  Pompey,  and  Crassus, 
with  200  senators  belonging  to  their  party, 
meet  in  Luca  [in  Tuscany],  and  renew 
the  triang:ular  alliance. 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Pompey  and  Crassus  are 
elected  consuls  for  the  year  55  by  the 
use  of  force,  in  harmony  with  the  plans 
adopted  at  Luca. 

55  *  *  B.  c.   Rome.  Democratic  decrees 

are  issued. 

The  people  decree  the  government  of  both 
Spains  to  Pompey  for  five  years,  and  that  of 
Syria  to  Crassus,  and  they  extend  Ca-sar's 
proconsulship  in  <;aul  for  five  years;  they 
decree  the  payment  by  the  state  of  troops 
recruited  by  Ca'sar  on  his  own  authority. 
The  aristocratic  party  are  unable  to  resist. 

64*  *B.  c.  ^«a.  Crassus,  having  closed 

his  year  as  consul,  goes  to  Syria  as  ruler. 

52  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Disorders  prevail. 
The  armed  democratic  bands  of  Clodius  pa- 
trol the  streets  and  forum,  and  are  opposed  by 
the  armed  bands  of  Milo,  in  the  aristocratic 
reaction.  Clodius  and  Milo  meeting  in  Via 
Appia  occasions  a  fight  between  their  fol- 
lowers, in  which  Clodius  is  wounded,  and  at 
Milo's  command  put  to  death. 

*  *  B.  c.    Fr.  The  Gauls  revolt  (p.  662). 

[50,  Suppressed.] 
52-51  B.  c.  Rome.  Pompey  iselected 
sole  consul ;  dictatorial  power  is  given 
him  to  put  down  the  unruly  mobs.  [51. 
Sept.  30.  He  enters  Home,  and  is  given 
a  third  magnificent  triumph.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Caesar,  the  leader  of 
the  democracy,  and  Pompey,  the  leader 
of  the  republican  aristocracy,  are  alien- 
ated from  each  other. 

Pompey  selects  his  new  father-in-law,  Me- 
tellus Scipio,  tor  his  colleague  in  the  consulate, 
and  extends  his  governorship  in  Spain  for 
five  years,  claiming  as  a  pretext  tlie  neces- 
sity of  the  Parthian  war  (now  vlctorlousiy 
ended) ;  lie  weakens  Cassar's  command  by 
recalling  two  legions. 

51  *  *  B.  c.  The  alliance  of  Csesar, 
Pompey,  and  Crassus  is  renewed. 

Caused  by  an  attempt  of  the  republi- 
cans in  the  Senate  to  free  themselves 
from  the  influence  of  their  rulers,  and 
to  revise  the  agrarian  law  which  was 
passed  while  Caisar  was  consul. 

*  *  B.  c.  Fr.  Aquitania,  Qaul  becomes 
a  Roman  province.    [27  Lugdunensis.] 

49  Jan.  1.  Rome.  Caesar  makes  his 
last  offer  of  compromise  with  the 
Senate. 

The  Senate  demands  that  he  resign  his 
proconsulship,  and  become  a  private  cit- 
izen before  his  term  expires,  as  the  Gallic 
war  is  ended ;  that  he  disband  his  \e~ 
zions  on  pain  of  outlawry.  [War  fol- 
lows.] 


1060     49?^  *  B.c.-17**B.c. 


ITALY : 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

49  *  *  B.  c.  Ciesar  is  reenforced  by  a 
second  legion. 

The  two  legions  successfully  march 
through  Umbria,  Piceiiuni,  and  Apulia 
to  Brundusium.  Cortinium,  under  Do- 
mltius,  is  captured  while  on  the  way. 

*  *  B.  c.  Cflpsar,  strengthened  by  a  third 
legion,  besieges  Hruntlusiuin,  and  levies 
three  new  legions.  The  rapidity  of  his 
movenieuts  bewilders  his  foes. 

*  *  B.  c.    Pompey  escapes  with  his  army 

to  (Jreece,  wliither  <J:»isar  in  unable  to 
follow  for  the  lai'k  of  vessels. 

49-44    B.  c.    Caesar  is  supreme. 

Mar.  *  B.  r.  ficsar  commences  the  con- 
struction of  a  fleet,  and  marches  for 
Rome,  he  having  been  ordered  by  the 
Senate  to  liisband  his  army.  He  is  al- 
ready the  master  of  Italy. 

*  •  B.  o.  Fr.  Caius  Trebonius  besieges 
and  captures  Massilia  [Marseilles]. 

Aug.  *  B.  c.  Sp.  Csesar  compels  Afra- 
nius  and  Marcus  Petreius,  the  legates  of 
Pompey,  to  surrender  at  Ilerda. 

*  *  B.  C.  Sp.  Most  of  the  cities  of  Hispa- 
nia  Ulterior  join  Caesar ;  Varro,  its  com- 
mander, finally  capitulates  at  [Cadiz]. 

*  *  B.  c.    Caesar  marches  back  to  Italy. 

*  *  B.  r.  Sicily  is  subjugated  by  Caius 
Scribonius  Curio,  Caesar's  legate. 

*  *  B.  c.  Afr.  Curio  crosses  the  Medi- 
terranean to  Africa. 

He  invades  the  Koman  province,  and 
captures  Utica.  He  is  defeated  by 
tJuba,  the  ally  of  Pompey,  near  the  Ba- 
gradas,  where  he  is  killed  in  battle, 

48  *  *  B.  c.  Or.  Caesar  lands  a  part  of 
his  army  in  northern  Epirus  at  Oricum. 

*  •  B.  c.  Gr.  Pompey  captures  most 
of  Csesar's  transport  when  returning 
for  more  of  his  army ;  this  delays  for 
several  months  their  embarkation  under 
Antony. 

*  ♦  B.  c.  Turk.  Caesar  with  his  united 
army  blockades  Pompey  at  Dyrrha- 
chium  by  a  chain  of  military  posts. 

*  'E.G.  Turk.  Pompey  breaks 
througb  Ctesar's  besieging  line,  and 
defeats  him ;  Caesar  retires  to  Thessaly, 
and  is  pursued  by  Pompey. 

Aug.  9  B.  c.  Gr.  Decisive  battle  of 
Pharsaliis. 

CaBsar,  with  about  22,000  infantry  and 
1,000  cavalry,  utterly  defeats  Pompey, 
having  47,000  infantry  and  7,000  cavalry. 
[Aug.  10.    24,000  Pompeyans  surrender.] 

48-47  B.C.  Egy.  Csesar's  Alexan- 
drine war. 

The  Alexandrians  and  the  Roman  army 
of  occupation  rise  up  against  Caesar,  and 
besiege  him  in  the  royal  palace  ;  he  nar- 
rowly escapes  (p.  652). 

47*  *  B.  c.  Egy.  Caesar  fires  the 
Eg3?i)tian  fleet,  whereby  the  famous 
Alexandrian  library  is  al.so  burned.  He 
defeats  theEgyptianson  theNile(p.  652). 

*  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Csesar  wars  against 
Phamaces,  King  of  Bosporvi.**,  for  en- 
croachments in  4)ccupying  Pontus,  Ar- 
menia Minor,  and  Cappadocia. 

*'  Veni,  Vidi,  Viin."  In  a  campaign  of 
five  days  Csesar  defeats  Pharnaces  at 
Zela,  and  forces  him  to  fly.  Ctesar  su>>- 
dues  a  mutiny  in  the  10th  legion. 

47-46  B.  c.  Afr.  Ctesar's  war  in  Af- 
rica against  Pompeyans. 

46  *  *  B.  c.    Jfr.    Battle  of  Thapsus. 
Caesar  with  a  much  smaller  army  de- 
feats the  rep\iblican  army ;  50,000  are 


killed  in  and  after  the  battle  by  Caesar's 
infuriated  soldiers.  Soipio  kills  him- 
self in  his  flight ;  patriotic  Cato  despairs 
for  Bome,  and  commits  suicide  in  Utica ; 
.Juba  and  Petreius  agree  to  kill  each 
other,  but  Juba  is  finished  b^  his  slave; 
Labienus  and  Sextus  Pompeius  escape. 

*  *  B.  c.  Algeria.  A  part  of  Mauritania 
is  conquered  by  the  Romans. 

46-45  B.  C.  Caesar  wars  against  the 
sons  of  Pompey  and  other  Pompeyans. 

46  *  *  B.  c.  Sp.  Caesar  is  repulsed  be- 
fore Corduba  by  Sextus  Pompeius. 

45  Mar.  17  b.  c.  Sp.  Decisive  bat- 
tle of  Munda. 

Csesar  defeats  Sexttis  and  Cnseus,  two 
sons  of  Pompey,  in  southern  Spain. 
J\Iore  than  30,000  Pompeyans  are  killed, 
including  Labienus,  Varus,  Cnscus  Pom- 
peius ;  Sextus  Pompeius  escapes. 

44  Mar.  15  b.  c.  Caesar  is  assassi- 
nated.   (See  Society . ) 

*  *  B.  c.  Caius  Julius  Caesar  Octavian us 
[Augustus]  receives  the  comman<t  of 
two  legions. 

44-43  B.  c.  "War  of  Mutina  [Modena] 
against  Mark  Antony. 

Antony  blockades  Becimus  Brutus  at 
Mutina,  hut  is  defeated  on  tlie  arrival  of 
reenforcements. 

*  *  B.  c.  Octavian,  as  propraetor,  is  sent 
against  Antony  the  usurper. 

43   Apr,  27.  B.C.  Antony  is  defeated 

at  Mutina  by  the  consul,  Aulus  Hirtius, 
and  Caius  Vibius  Pansa ;  Hirtius  is 
killed. 

*  *  B.  c.  Octavian  receives  the  sole 
command  of  the  army  of  the  Senate. 

He  takes  the  field,  pretending  to  op- 

Eose  Antony,  yet  in  fact  coworking  with 
im  for  secret  ends. 

*  *  B.  c.  Decimus  Brutus  being  de- 
serted by  his  troops,  fails  to  escape,  and 
is  put  to  death  by  Antony. 

43-42  B.  c.  Rome.  "War  against  the 
republican  party  by  the  triumvirs. 

*  *  B.  c.  Gr.  The  triumvirs,  Antony 
and  Octavian,  enter  (Ireece  to  subdue 
Marcus  Brutus  and  Caius  Cassius. 

42  *  ♦  B.  c.    Battle  of  Philippi  (p.  1028). 

*  *  B.  c.  Aula  M.  Antony  ravages  the 
provinces  of  Asia  and  Syria. 

*  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Cleopatra,  Queen  of 
Egypt,  meets  Antony  by  his  order  at 
Tarsus  ;  he  follows  her  to  Egypt  (p.  653). 

41-40  B.  c.  Civil  war  of  Perusia. 
Octavian  and  Paulus  yKmilius  Lepidus 
oppose  Lucius  Antonius,  the  brother,  and 
Fulvia,  the  wife,  of  Mark  Antony.  (40 
Jan.  *)  Antony  is  compelle<i  to  surren- 
der Perusia  after  a  siege  of  one  year. 

41-40  B.C.  Egy.  Antony  whiles  away 
the  winter  at  Alexandria  with  Cleopa- 
tra. 

39  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Antony  carries  on 
war  with  the  Parthians,  led  by  Quintus 
Labienus,  through  his  legate,  P.  Ventid- 
iuB  Bassus.  [38.  Defeated  again  near 
the  Euphrates;  Pacorus  is  killed.] 

38-36  B.  c.  Sicily.  War  with  Sextus 
Pompeius.    (See  State,  39.) 

38  *  *  B,  c.  Sicily.  Octavian  is  left  to 
conduct  the  war  alone. 

37  *  *  B.  c.  Octavian  sends  two  legions 
to  aid  Antony  in  the  Parthian  war. 

Antony  furnishes  Octavian  100  ships 
under  Marcus  Vipsanius  Agrippa  to  aid 
him  in  the  Sicilian  war. 

36  *  *  B.  c.  Sicily.  Lepidus  lands,  and 
demands  the  island  for  himself.    He  is 


abandoned  by  his  soldiers,  who  are  weary 
of  war,  and  surrenders  to  Octavian. 
[He  becomes  a  prisoner  for  life.] 

*  *B.  C.  Sicily.  Agrippa  utterly  de- 
feats Sextus  Pompeius'  fleet  off  Mylse. 
[Sept.  3.    Again  off  Naulochus.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Antony  finally  con- 
ducts the  war  against  the  Parthiana  in 
person,  with  IC  legions  and  40,000  allies. 
[He  is  forced  to  retreat  from  Cazaca.j 

35-33  B.  c.  Bosnia,  r  The  Panno- 
nian  war. 

Octavian  conducts  campaigns  along 
the  line  of  the  Save,  for  rectification  of 
boundaries  and  defense  of  frontiers. 

34  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Antony  treacher- 
ously captures  Artavasdes,  King  of  Ar- 
menia, his  lukewarm  ally,  an<i  as  pris- 
oner leads  him  in  triumphat  Alexandria, 

31'  *  *B.  c.  Conquest  of  Germany 
(p.  768). 

31-30    B.C.    Gr.    "War of Actium. 

31  Sept.  2  B.  c.  Gr.  Battle  of  Ac- 
tium (p.  1028). 

30  *  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Octavian  advances 
through  Syria, Into  Egypt. 

Antony,  being  deserted  by  his  troops, 
commits  suicide,  and  Cleopatra  poisons 
herself.  [Oct.  1.  Octavian  captures  Al- 
exandria.] 

29  *  *  B.  c.  Bulgaria.^-  Moesia  is  sub- 
jugated. 

27-25  B.  c.  Sp.  Augustus  leads  an 
expedition  against  the  Cantabri  and  As- 
tures  ;  because  of  sickness  he  surrenders 
to  his  legates. 

25  *  *  B.  C.  The  Salassi,  an  Alpine  tribe, 
are  finally  subjugated. 

*  ♦  B.  c.    Arabian  expedition  (p.  483). 

22-21  B.  c.  Afr.  Petronius,  the  pre- 
fect in  Egypt,  'subdues  the  Kthiopians. 

20*  ♦B.C.  Asia.  Augustus  conducts  a 
campaign  against  the  Parthians. 

Phraates,  their  king,  is  alarmed,  and 
restores  the  Koman  standards  and  pris- 
oners taken  from  Crassus  (53  b.  c). 

19  *  *  B.  C.  Sp.  The  Cantabri  and  As- 
tures  and  all  Spain  are  finally  subdued. 

*  *  B.  c.  Tyrol.+  KjBtia  and  Vindelicia 
are  conquered.  [15.  Rjetia  and  Nori- 
cum  are  subjugated  by  Drusus.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

46±  *  *  B,  c.      Home.     Many  magnificent 

buildings  are  commenced. 
45  *  *  B.  c.    The  Boman  year  is  again 

corrected  by  Julius  Cajsar ;  he  makes 

it  3661  d^ys- 
27    Feb.  14.    b.  c.    The  Augustan  era 

begins,  7'27  years  after  the  foundation 

of  Rome.    [27.    Pantheon  built.J 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

43*  •  Ovid, PubliusOvidiusNaso, poet, boriL. 

[17  oris  A.  n.     Dies.] 

*  *  Cicero,  Marcus  TulUua,  orator.    A63. 

43  *  *  Tiberhis,  Claudius  Nero,  euij^ror,  bom. 

C37  A.  i>.     Dies.] 
38  *  *  Drusus   Gernianicus,    Claudius    Nero, 

general,  born,     [9.     Dies.] 
S4*  *  Galba,  Servlu8.SulpiciuB,emperor,born. 

[69  A.  n.    Dies.] 

LETTERS. 

42-37  B.  c.  The  Eclogiies.  by  Vergil, 
appear.  [37-30,  The  Georgics;  30-19, 
The  ^neid.] 

35  *  *  B.  c.  The  first  book  of  Satires,  by 
Horace,  appears.  [29.  second  book : 
24±,  The  first  three  books  of  the  Odes; 
13,  fourth  book  ;  also  Epistles  and  Epis- 
tles to  the.  Pisos^  or  Ars  Poetica.] 


I 


ROMAN   EMPIRE. 


49*  *  B.c.-17**B.c.    1061 


31  B.  C.-14  A.  D.  Golden  Period  of 
Roman  literature. 

29i  B.  c. -17  A.  I).  A?inaleB,  by  Iiivy, 
iu  142  books,  appears. 

25  *  *  B.  c.  Cynthia,  by  Propertius,  ap- 
pears.    [2-i±  -16±  Syntaxis.] 

25-24  B.  c.  The  first  book  of  poems  by 
Tibullua  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

46    Feb.  5.    B.  c.    Marciis   Cato  kills 

Ulmself. 

45  *  •  B.  c.  Egy.  Cleopatra  marries 
Mark  Antony.     (Or  41.) 

44  Mar.  15.  b.  c.  Julias  Gsesar  is  as- 
sassinated.   (See  State.) 

40*  *  B.  c.  OctJivianus  Caesar,  at  Peru- 
sia,  orders  300  Itoinan  senators  and  other 
persons  of  distinction  to  be  sacrificed 
to  the  manes  of  Julius  Cresar. 

31  *  *  B.  c.  E(nj.  Cleopatra  abandons 
Mark  Antony  in  battle. 

29  *  *  B.  c.  Octavian  celebrates  three 
triumphs  in  Rome. 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  temple  of  Janus 
is  closed  for  the  third  time  in  Roman 
history.    [25.    Also  for  the  fourth  time.] 

17*  *  B.  c.  Rome,  ('aius  Ciesar  and  Lu- 
cius Cajsar  are  adopted  by  Augustus, 
and  designated  as  liis  successors. 

STATE. 

49  Jan.  *  b.  c.  Rome.  The  Senate  de- 
clares Caesar  an  enemy  of  the  Repub- 
lic if  he  fails  to  disband  his  army  within 
a  given  time. 
.  •  *B.c.  Caesar  marches  toward  the 
capital ;  his  friends  among  the  tribunes 
of  the  people  fiee  tu  him  at  Ravenna. 

*  *  B.  c.    Rome  is  alarmed. 

The  tidings  of  Ca3sar's  crossing  the 
Rubicon  with  his  army,  whicli  Roman 
generals  were  forbidden  to  do,  is  re- 
ceived. Pompey  and  many  senators  flee 
from  Rome  to  Hrundusium. 

*  *  B,  c.  Rome.  Caesar  arrives,  and  re- 
lieves the  apprehension  of  cruelty  by  his 
magnanimity  toward  Itis  foes. 

48-44    B.  c.    Rome.    Caesar  is  dictator. 
He  is  proclaimed  dit^tator  by  the  pre- 
tor,  Marcus  ^-Kmilius  In^pidus,  (luring  liis 
absence  in  the  army. 

48  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Caesar  abdicates 
the  office  of  dictator  after  U  days. 

He  secures  the  office  of  consul  with 
Puhlius  Servilius.  The  fugitive  part  of 
the  Senate  prolongs  the  term  of  Pompey 
and  of  all  officials  of  the  previous  year. 

*  *  B.  r.  Rome.  Caesar  receives  distin- 
guished honors. 

He  is  given  the  consulate  for  five  years, 
the  tribunate  for  life,  and  the  dictator- 
ship for  one  year.  He  begins  to  bear 
the  title  of  imperator. 

*  *  B.  c.  Caesar  visits  Alexandria,  and 
decides  between  the  regal  claims  of 
Ptolemy  XII.  <l»  years  of  age)  and  his 
sister  Cleopatra  (16  years  of  age);  this 
occasions  war  with  Kgypt  (p.  653). 

46  *  *  B.  c.  .4fr.  C'sesar  conquers  and 
unites  a  part  of  Numidia  [Algeria]  as 
a  province,  and  gives  the  remainder  of 
his  conquest  to  Bocohus,  King  of  Eastern 
Mauritania  [Morocco]. 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Cjesar  returns,  and  is 
honored  with  four  trinmphs,  for  Gaul, 
Egypt,  Pharnaces,  and  Africa. 

*  *  B.  c.  Caesar  is  appointed  dictator  for 
10  years,  and  censor  without  a  colleague 
for  three  years.    [45.  He  causes  the  Sen- 


ate to  appoint  him  consul  for  10  years. 
44.    It  appoints  him  dictator  for  life.] 

44  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  Senate  again  be- 
comes only  an  advisory  council. 

*  *  B.  c.  Cffisar  reorganizes  the  military 
system ;  also  the  financial  system  of  di- 
rect taxes,  which  substitute  tax-farming. 
His  veterans  receive  Italian  lands. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  colonization  of  the  prov- 
inces is  promoted,  for  the  purpose  of 
Latinizing  their  populations,  and  reliev- 
ing Rome  of  some  of  its  proletarians. 

Mar.  15.  n.  c.  Rome.  Caesar  is  assas- 
sinated in  the  senate-house  by  Marcus 
Junius  Brutus,  Cains  Gassius  Longiuus, 
and  others. 

About  50  republican  senators  are  in 
the  conspiracy,  and  he  falls  with  23 
wounds  at  the  foot  of  Pompey's  statue. 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  The  Senate  rewards  the 
conspirators. 

M.  Brutus  receives  the  government  of 
Macedonia,  Cassius  that  of  Syria,  I>eci- 
mus  Brutus  that  of  Gallia  Cisalpina. 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Usurpations  of  Mark 
Antony. 

Antony,  one  of  the  two  consuls,  obtains 
possession  of  Ctesar's  papers  and  makes 
an  unscrupulous  use  of  them,andiisptres 
to  supreme  power,  pretending  to  execute 
the  will  of  Ca!sar. 

*  *  B.  c.  Antony  receives  from  the  peo- 
ple tiie  province  of  Gallia  Cisalpuia, 
which  the  Senate  refused  to  give  him. 

Apr,  *  B.  c.  The  Senate  seeks  to  regain 
power  by  entering  negotiations  with 
Caius  Octavius  [Octavian],  the  grandson 
and  heir  of  Julius  Caesar,  18  years  of 
age.  [43.  Antony,  the  usurper,  is  de- 
clared an  enemy  of  the  republic] 

Sept.  2.  B.C.  Rome.  Cicero  delivers  bis 
first  philippic  against  Mark  Antony. 

43*  *  B.  c.    Rome.   Hirtiusand  Pansaare 

consuls.    Hirtius  is  killed  in  the  battle 
of  Mutina.     Pansa  dies  of  wounds. 

*  *B.  c.  Rome.  Octavian  marches  to 
Rome,  and  compels  his  own  election  as 
consul,  also  the  repeal  of  the  amnesty 
granted  the  conspirators  against  Csesar, 
and  sentence  for  their  punishment. 

Uov.  *  B.  c.  The  second  triumvirate 
is  formed  by  Mark  Antony,  Octavian, 
and  Marcus  ^li^milius  Lepidus,  against 
Marcus  Brutus  and  other  republicans. 
Their  rule  is  ratified  for  five  year.s  by 
the  people ;  a  reign  of  terror  follows. 
Hundreds  of  senators  ami  'J,000  equites 
are  outlawed,  and  property  confiscated. 
[Dec.  7.   Cicero  is  proscribed  and  killed.] 

42  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  P.  Ventidius  Bassus 
is  elected  consul. 

*  *  B.  c.  The  republicans  are  over- 
thrown by  the  defeat  at  Pliilippi. 

41  *  *  B.  c.  Octavian  makes  the  prom- 
ised allotments  to  veterans  in  Italy,  and 
proceeds  to  crush  Pompey.  Antony  re- 
stores order  in  the  Kast. 

Feb.  5.  B.  c.  Octavian  [.Augustus]  is 
saluted  by  the  laurel-crowned  senators 
as  the  father  of  his  country. 

40  *  ♦  B.  c.  Octavian,  having  obtained 
supreme  authority  in  Italy,  assumes  the 
administration  of  Gaul  and  Spain,  giv- 
ing Marcus  /Emillus  Lepidus  only  the 
government  of  Africa.  Antony  ap- 
proaches Italy  to  secure  his  rights. 

*  *  B.  c.  Civil  war  is  threatened,  but 
prevented  for  a  time  by  a  truce  agreed 
to  at  Brundusium. 


Aiitony  marries  Octavia,  the  sister  of 
Octavian,  Fulvia  his  former  wife  being 
dead.  Octavian  governs  the  West,  An- 
tony the  Kast,  and  Lepidus,  Africa. 

39  *  *  B.  c.  Sextus  Pompeiua,  son  of 
Mark  Antony,  having  created  a  naval 
empire  and  mastered  Sicily,  obstructs 
the  grain  supplies  for  Kome,  ami  thereby 
compels  tiie  triumvirs  to  enter  the  treaty 
of  Alisenum,  by  which  he  receives  Sicily, 
Sardinia,  Corsica  (?),  and  Peloponnesus. 

*  *  B.  c.  Antony  goes  to  the  East;  he 
remains  chiefly  with  Cleopatra  (p.  653). 

38  *  *  B.  c.  Menas,  the  admiral  of  Sex- 
tus, treacherously  surrenders  Sardinia 
with  fleet  and  troops  to  Octavian ;  this 
provokes  war. 

37  *  *  B.  c.  Octavian  and  Antony  meet 
atTarentum,  and  settle  differences  ;  the 
triumvirate  is  renewed  for  five  years. 

*  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Marcus  VipsaniusAgrip- 
pa  is  elected  consul. 

36*  *  B.  c.    Lepidus  is  ejected   from 

the  triumvirate. 

Octavian  assumes  the  administration 
of  Africa,  and  i.s  sole  ruler  of  the  West. 
Cireat  honors  are  showered  upon  him. 

34:*:  *  *  B.  c.  Eijy.  Antony  proclaims 
Cleopatra"  Queen  of  Kings,"  and  gives 
to  her  and  her  sons  Roman  provinces ; 
it  is  also  announced  that  CEesariou,  her 
natural  son  by  Julius  Cfesar,  is  Caesar's 
true  heir  (p.  653). 

31  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Octavian  obtains  a 
decree  from  tlie  people  dismissing  An- 
tony from  his  command,  and  declaring 
war  on  Cleopatra. 

31  (30  ?)  B.  c.  —  476  A.  D.  The  Roman 
Smpire. 

31    B.  c. -14    A.  D.    [Augustus]  Caesar 

Octavius  rules  tlie  Roman  world ;  tlie 

first  of  the  emperors. 
31  *  *  B.  c.     Octavian  makes  Egypt  a 

Homan   province.      [It    becomes   the 

granary  of  Rome.] 

27  Jan.  1.  b.  c.  Octavian  restores  the 
republic  under  his  own  presi<lency. 
[Jan.  13.  The  transfer  of  the  govern- 
ment is  completed.  The  Senate  bestows 
on  him  the  title  Augustus.] 

28  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Augustus  is  made 
*'  princeps  senatus."  [23.  He  causes  the 
Senate  to  give  him  the  *  *  tribunician 
power,"  and  the  proconsular  imperium 
for  life.  12.  Becomes  pontifex  maxi- 
mus.] 

27-19  B.  c.  The  Roman  provinces  are 
redivided  into  senatorial  and  imperial. 
The  senatorial  provinces  romprific  the  paci- 
fied provinces  of  Africa,  Asia,  Acliaia,  lllyrl- 
cuni,  Macedonia,  Sioilia,  (reta,  with  ryfen- 
alea,Bithynia,.Sarilinia,anil  Hi8paiiiaba>tica. 
The  inij)erial  iirovinces  rfcpilre  an  army  to 
sustain  tlie  legates,  who  govern  in  the  name 
of  Augustus,  and  comprise  Hispania  Tarraro- 
nensis,  l.usitania;  the  (Gaulish  provinces  of 
Narbonensis,  Lugdunensis,  Aquitania,  an>l 
Uelgica;  (iermanis  Superior  et  Inferior,  Mce- 
sla,  Syria,  Cilicia,  Cyprus,  and  iEgyptus. 

26  *  *  B.  c.  Jsia  M.  New  provinces 
established  in  Galatia  and  Pamphylia. 
Africa  and  Numidia  are  united. 

23-13  B.C.  Asia  M.  M.  Vipsanius 
Agrippa  commands  in  the  East. 

19  *  *  B.  c.    Spain  submits. 
18-17    B.  c.     Augustus  makes  reforms 
in  government,  society,  and  morals. 


1062       17**B.c.-A.D.83,**. 


ITALY : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

16  *  *  B.  c.  Fr.  The  Siganibrians  and 
other  German  tribes  invadeGaul, and  de- 
feat the  Romans  under  Marcus  LoUius. 

13-6  B.  c.  Ger.  Claudius  Nero  Dru- 
8U8  extends  Roman  rule  (p.  768). 

12-0*  *  B.  c.  Ausi.r  Tiberius  subju- 
gates Pannonia.  [8-7.  He  compels 
some  of  the  Gennanic  tribes  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Khine  to  recognize  the 
supremacy  of  Rome.  5.  He  marches 
against  the  Suevl.] 

1  •  *  A.  D.  Asm.  Caius  Caesar,  the  pro- 
cousui,  makes  peace  with  the  Farthlans. 

6-0*  *  Bofiemia^ .  Tiberius  attacks  the 
Suevian  kingdom  of  Marbod. 

He  finally  subdues  the  revolting  Illyr- 
ian  and  Paunoniau  tribes. 

6*  *  Ger.    Quiiitilius  Varus  commands. 

0*  *  Ger.  Konum  defeat  at  Teutoburg. 
The  Germans  under  Arminius  (Her- 
mann) [the  national  hero],  an  ex-Roman 
soldier,  surprise  and  annihilate  three 
legions  of  Romans  in  three  days.  Varus 
kills  himself.  Rome  accepts  the  Rhine 
as  its  frontier. 

14-16  Ger.  The  Romans  under  German- 
icus  revenge  the  Teutoburg  disaster  in 
three  successful  campaigns. 

16  *  *  Arminius  is  defeated  on  the  Cam- 
pus Idistaviso  [on  the  Weser]. 

17  *  *  Home.  Tiberius,  being  jealous,  re- 
calls Germanicus,  and  sends  him  to 
conquer  Cappadocia.  [19.  Germanicua 
defeats  the  Marcomanni.J 

39-40  Fr.  Caligula  leads  a  military 
expedition  to  the  Gallic  coast,  which 
euds  with  a  collection  of  mussels. 

43  *  *  Eng.  The  conquest  of  Britain 
begins  under  Claudius  (p.  839). 

58-63  Asia.  War  with  the  Farthians 
and  Armenians ;  Artazata  is  taken. 

61  *  *  Asia.      Armenia   is    subdued  by 

Domitius  Corbulo. 

*  *  Eng.    Revolt  in  Britain  (p.  839). 
65-70,    Juffea,  The  Jewish  war  against 

Rome.  [67.  Vespasian  goes  to  suppress 
the  revolt.  69.  He  transfers  his  com- 
mand to  Titus,  his  son,  and  returns  to 
Rome.] 

69  *  ♦  Discipline  is  restored  in  the  army. 

*  *  Cremona,  Lombardy,  is  destroyed  by 
Vespasian. 

69-71    Ger.    Batavians  revolt  (p.  662). 

70  Sept.  8.  Judea.  Titus  takes  Jeru- 
salem after  an  heroic  defense. 

The  city,  ravaged  by  factions,  pesti- 
lence, and  famine,  is  leveled  to  the 
ground.  Many  thousands  of  Jews,  assem- 
bled at  the  Passover,  perish,  and  many 
are  taken  captive  to  Rome. 

73  *  *  Vespasian  subdues  Lycia,  Rhodes, 
Thrace,  Cilicia,  Byzantium,  andSamos. 

77*  *  Asia.    The  Parthians  revolt. 

78-84  JE"«ff.±  Julius  ARTicola  conquers 
Britain.  [83-84.  Subdues  the  Caledo- 
nians.]   (P.  839.) 

81-96  Ger.  Domitian  erects  a  boun* 
dary  wall  (p.  768). 

ART  —  SCIENCE  ~  NATURE. 

1  Jan.  1.  A.  D,  The  Christian  era  com- 
mences with  the  traditional  date  of  the 
birth  of  Ciirtst.    (4  (?)  b.  c.) 


This  occurs  in  the  middle  of  the  fourth 
year  of  the  194th  Olympiad,  the  753d 
year  from  the  founding  of  Rome,  and  the 
4,717th  year  of  the  Julian  period. 

*  *  Rome,   'Water*mills  are  in  operation. 

*  ♦  *  Pliny,  born  in  23  and  reputed  the 
most  learned  man  of  his  age,  devotes  his 
leisure  to  scientific  studies,  and  writes  a 
Xatural  History  in  37  books  [which  are 

still  extant]. 

30  *  *  Augustus  becomes  a  patron  of  art, 

38+  *  *  Seneca  notices  gravitation  as  an 
innate  power ;  also  the  attraction  of 
tides  by  the  moon. 

40±  *  *  Rome.  Numerous  male  and  fe- 
male choristers  sing  in  the  tragedies. 

41-54  Rome.  Claudius  constructs  his 
aqueduct,  and  the  conduit  connecting 
the  Lake  Fucinus  with  the  River  Laris. 

50±  *  *  Seneca  mentions  the  magnifying 
power  of  convex  lenses;  also  concave 
mirrors,  and  the  prismatic  colors. 

64±  *  *  Home  is  rebuilt  on  a  grandscale. 
Nero  erects  a  magniticent  golden  palace 
which  encloses  green  lawns. 

69+ *  *  Rome.  Vespasian  erects  the  Col- 
osseum. 

70  *  *  R(nne.  Titus'  Triumphal  Arch 
is  erected. 

75  *  *  Rome,  Vespasian  erects  a  temple 
to  peace. 

79  Aug.  24.  The  first  recorded  erup- 
tion of  Vesuvius  occurs ;  the  cities  of 
Pompeii  and  Herculaneum  are  over- 
whelmed ;  200,000  lives  are  lost. 

*  ♦  Theaters  are  found  in  the  chief  cities 
of  Italy.    Glass  "windows  are  used. 

80+  *  *  Rome.  The  liaocoon  group  is 
produced.  Splendid  paintings  adorn  the 
baths. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

12  *  *  Agrippina,  mother  of  Caligula,  born. 

[33  A.  D.     Dies.] 
lO*  •  Drusus  Cajsar,  gen.,  1).     [23  a.  n.     !>.] 
4  *  *  Apolloniua  of  Tyana,  plilloBoplier,  born. 
C97  A.  D.     Dies.] 
Seneca,  Lucius  Anna^us,  philosopher,  states- 
man, born.    [65  A.  u.    Dies.] 


9*  *  A.  D.    Vespasianus.  Titus  FlaviusSabi- 
nu8,  emperor,  born.     [70.     Dies.] 

13  *  *  Caligula.  Caius  Casar,  emperor,  born. 
[41.    Dies.] 

14  *  *  Ai)lciu8,  jSIarcus  Gabius,  epicure,  born. 
[37.    Dies.] 

16  *  *  Agrippina,  Julia,  mother  of  Nero,  born. 
[59  or  60.     Dies.] 

31  *  *  Sejanus,  courtier,  criminal,  diea. 

33  *  *  Nerva,  Marcus Cocceius, emperor,  born. 
[98.     Dies.] 
Otho,  Marcus  Salvlus,  emp.,  bom.    [69.    D.j 

34*  *  Persius  Kla<!iMi8,  Aulus,  satirical  poet, 
born.     [62.     Dies.] 

35  *  *  Quintillian,   Marcus   Fabius,   rhetori- 
cian, born.    [95.    Dies.] 

37  *  *  Agrioola,  Cnaeius  Julius, general,  born. 
[93.    Dies.  ] 

Josephus.  Flavins.  Jewish  historian,  born. 
Nero,  emperor,  born.     [68.     Dies.] 
Seutonius  I'aulinus,  warrior,  born. 

38  *  ♦  Pilate.  Pontius,  governor  of  Judea,  d. 
39*  *  Lucan,  Marcus  Annajus,  poet,  born. 

[65.    Dies. ) 
40*  *  Juvenal,  Decimua  J.,  satirical  poet,  b. 
[125.    Dies.] 
Martial,  Marcus  Valerius,  poet,  b.    [103.    D.] 
Titus,    Klavius    Sabinus  Vespasianus,   em- 
peror, born.    [81.    Dies.] 
1st    Century.    Asconius,   Pecliamus    Quintus, 
critic,  commentator,  born. 
Celsus,  Aurelius  Cornelius,  medical  writer,  b. 
Clement  of  Home,  church  father,  writer,  h. 
Columella,  Lucius  Junius  Moiieratus,  agri- 
cultural writer,  born. 
Curtius,  Quintus,  historian,  born. 
Favorinus,  rlietorinian,  autlior,  boni. 
Flaccus,  Caius  Valerius,  poet,  born. 
Phaedrus,  fabulist,  born. 
Valerius,  Maximus,  historian,  bom. 
61  *  *  Domitian,  emperor,  l)orn.   [96.    Diet.] 


63:*r  *  ♦  Ti-ajanuB.  Marcus  Ulpins,  emp.,  b. 

[117.     Dies.] 
66  *  *  Britannicus  Tiberias  Claudius  German- 

icu8^  prince,  A14. 
*  *  Tacitus,  Caius  Comehus,  hist.,  b.  [135.  D.] 
61  *  *  Pliny,  Caius   Phnius   Citcilius  Secun- 

dus,  author,  born.     [  1 13.    J)ies. J 
63  *   *  Kestns,  Porcius,  pro«uratorof  Judea,d. 
65  *   *  Seneca.  Lucius  Ann»u8,  phil.,  A68±. 
68:>:  *  *Paul,  the  Apostle,    beheaded  at 

Rome. 
73.^  *  *  Seutonius,  iranquilius  Cains,  hist.,  b, 
76*  *  Hadrian.  Pnblius  j£Iiu8  Hadrianus, 

emperor,  born.    [138.    Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

4  (?)  *  *  B.  c.    Judea.    Jesus    Chriat  is 


born  (traditional  date). 

1^  *  *  A.  D.  Many  of  the  deities  of  the 
Romans  are  patterns  of  vice.  Almost 
universal  corruption  of  morals  prevails 
among  their  worshipers,  especially  with 
regard  to  licentiousness  and  cruel'ty. 

29*  *  Judea.   PontiusPilate,  the  Roman 

procurator,  gives  up  Jesus  of  Nazareth 
to  be  crucified  by  the  Jews. 

*  *  Judea.  "Strangers  from  Rome"  are 
present  at  Jerusalem  at  the  inaugura- 
tion of  the  Christian  Church  at  Pente- 
cost. 

40±  *  *  The  Emperor  Cains  orders  bis 
statue  to  be  set  up  in  the  Jewish  Tem- 
ple at  Jerusalem. 

*  *  *  Jerusalem.  The  Apostles*  Creed 
is  formulated  (traditional). 

42(?)*  *  Rome.  St.  Peter  (?)  is  bishop. 
[67,  [St.]  Linus;  78,  [St.]  Cletus;  90,  [St] 
Clement  I.;  100,  [.St.]  Anacletus;  112,  tSt.j 
Evarlsles;  121,  [St.]  Alexander  I.;  122,[St.] 
Sixtua  1.;  142,  [St.]  Telesphorus;  154,  [St.] 
Hyglnus;  168,  [St.]  Pius  1.] 

60±  *  *  Rome.  Claudius  banishes  the 
Jews. 

61±  Spring.  St.  Paul  arrives  as  a  pris- 
oner from  Judea.  [63.  Acquitted ;  de- 
parts. 68±.  Paul  again  arrives  as  a 
prisoner.    May  (June).    Beheaded.] 

64  June  24.  Rome.  Nero  begins  the 
firstpersecutionof Christians.  Clothed 
in  the  skins  of  beasts,  many  are  torn  by 
dogs,  many  are  crucified,  burned  alive, 
and  tortured  in  many  ways. 

68i:  *  *  Christians  celebrate  Easter. 

70*  *  Titus  destroys  the  Temple  at 
Jerusalem. 

LETTERS. 

17*  *B.  c.  Horace  is  commanded  by 
Augustus  to  compose  the  sacred  hymn 
for  the  celebration  of  the  secular  games. 

8  B.  C.-17  A.  D.  The  Fasti,  Tristia,  and 
Ex  Ronto,  by  Ovid,  appear.  [2,  Ars 
AmatoHa,  and  Remedia  Amoris;  8  A.  I>. 
J\Ie  tamorp  hoses.] 

8±*  *  A.  P.  The  fables  of  PhEedrus  ap- 
pear in  elegant  Latin  iambics. 

9  *  *  Vellius    Paterculus,  the  historian, 

flourishes. 

20±-65  Orations,  Saturales  Qtiesfiones, 
Satire  on  the  Death  of  Clandius,  Dia- 
logues, On  Benefits,  Letters  to  Lucilius, 
and  several  tragedies,  by  Seneca  appear. 
[56,  De  dementia  ad  Neronem;  41-49, 
Consolatione  ad  Jlehnam.'] 

42±  *  *  Lucius  J.  M.  Columella  writes 
De  Re  Rttstica. 

49-64  The  Epistles  of  St.  Paul  are  writ- 
ten.   (See  Turkey.) 

41-54    Quintus  Curtius  writes  a  History 

of  Alexander  the  Great. 
50±  *  *  Aurelius  Cornelius  Celsus  writes 

an  enoyclopedia  of  farming,  medicine, 


ROMAN   EMPIRE.      17  *  *  b.c.-a.  d.  83, 


1063 


military  art,  oratory,  jurisprudence,  and 
philosophy. 

54-68    Persius  writes  hie  six  Satires. 

70-79     Caius    Valeri  us    Flaccua    writes 
■  ^  Argonautica. 

70-79    Pliuy  writes  his  Natural  History. 

83  *  *  Rome.  Philosophers  are  expelled, 
and  their  schools  suppressed,  by  Doiiii- 
tiau. 


STATE.  cesBoriusteadof  hisownsonBritaunicuB, 

by  Meesalina,  his  first  wife.    [64.    She 
poisons  Claudius  to  enthrone  Nero.l 


SOCIETY. 

17*  *B.C.  Asia.  Herod  the  Great  spreads 
Roman  luxury  and  licentiousness  over 
Palestine ;  he  claims  to  be  a  Jew. 

lOi  •  ♦  B.  c.  Julia  (the  elder),  daughter 
of  the  first  emperor,  is  banished  to  Pan- 
dataria  because  of  her  excesses, 

5  *  *  B.  c.  The  temple  of  Janus  is  closed 
for  the  fifth  time  in  Roman  history  be- 
cause of  universal  peace. 

4  (?)  •  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Jesus  Christ, "  the 
Prince  of  Peace,"  is  born  at  Bethlehem. 


9  *  *  A.  D.  Julia  (the  j^ounger),  grand- 
daughter of  Augustus,  is  banished. 

19  *  *  Syria.  Germanicus  is  poisoned 
by  Piso.  (?) 

23  *  *  Home.    Sejanus  poisons  Drusus. 

29  •  *  Tlie  elder  Agrippina,  the  mother 
of  Nero,  is  banished. 

32±  *  *  Sicily.  The  runaway  slaves 
captured  on  the  defeat  of  Sextius  Pom- 
peius  are  cruelly  punished  ;  6,000  are 
crucified,  and  30,000  returned  to  their 
masters. 

41  *  *  Rome.    Califirula  is  murdered  by  a 

tribune. 
±  *  *  Rome.  Claudius  is  ruled  by  his 
favorites,  the  freedmen  Narcissus  and 
Pallas,  and  by  bis  shameless  wife,  Messa- 
lina,  mitil  he  causes  her  to  be  killed; 
and  afterward  by  his  wife  Agrippina,  the 
ambitious  and  horrible  mother  of  Nero. 

47  *  *  Rome.  The  Secular  games  are 
celebrated.  Claudius  aliolishes  the  fu- 
neral games,  which  include  horse-races, 
dramatic  representations,  processions, 
and  mortal  combats. 

48  *  *  Rome.  Messalina,  wife  of  Clau- 
dius, vicious  and  shameful ,  goes  through 
the  form  of  marriage  with  one  of  her 
lovers,  and  is  executed. 

49  *  *  Rome.  Agrippina,  daughter  of 
Germanicus,  is  elevated  to  be  imperial 
consort.  [Full  of  intrigue  and  perfidy, 
she  removes  from  her  path  all  whom  she 
fears  or  envies.] 

53  *  *  Rome.    Nero  marries  Octavia. 

66*  *  Rome.  Nero  poisons  Britannicus, 
son  of  his  predecessor,  and  step-brother 
by  adoption.  He  is  fascinated  by  the 
freed  woman  Acte.  [58.  He  is  enslaved  by 
the  charms  of  cruel  Pop^aea.  He  vainly 
begs  his  friend  Otto  to  divorce  his  young 
wiie,  that  he  himself  may  have  her.] 

59  *  *  Rome.  Nero  orders  the  death  of 
Agrippina,  his  mother.  [60.  Executed. 
G2.  He  orders  the  execution  of  his  wife 
Oetavia ;  marries  Poppiea.  64.  He  ap- 
pears  on  the  stage  as  an  actor  at  Naples  ; 
also  as  chariot-driver  in  the  races.] 

64  *  ♦  Rome.  Nero  burns  the  city  to 
the  ground,  and  charges  the  crime  to  the 
Christians. 

•  *  Rome.  Nero  detects  a  conspiracy 
against  his  life,  and  many  eminent  per- 
sons are  killed. 

65  •  *  Seneca,  the  moralist  and  philoso- 
pher, and  Lucian  an  eminent  Christian, 
are  put  to  death  by  Nero. 

68  *  *  Rome.  Tlie  AjKWtle  Paul  is  be- 
headed. 

69  Dec.  *  Aulus  ViteUius  is  pat  to 
death. 


16  *  *  B.  c.  Ksetia  is  made  a  Homan 
province,  together  with  Gallia  Belcica, 
VindeliciaaudNoricum.  [14  AlpesAlari- 
timae.    6±  Mcesia  Superior.] 

12  *  *  B.  c.  Ger.  Treviri  [Treves]  is  a 
prosperous  city  in  Kheuish  Prussia. 

6  *  *  B.  c.  Tiberius  is  vested  with  the 
tribuuician  power,  and  sent  to  Armenia. 

4  *  *  A.  i>.  Rome.  Tiberius  is  adopted 
by  Augustus,  and  invested  with  the  im- 
perium  and  trihunician  power.  [13.  He 
is  authorized  to  take  the  census,  and  is 
joint  administrator  in  the  provinces.] 

6  *  *  Asia.     Judea  is  made  a  separate 

(Syria  Palestina)  province. 

9  *  ♦  Ovid  the  poet  is  banished  to  Tomos. 

*  *  Ger.    Arminius  revolts  (p.  768). 

10*  *Hu'ng.    Pannonia  is  made  a  Roman 

province. 

14-37  Tiberius  (Claudius  Nero  Csesar) 
re^^s.  Augusta,  the  empress-mother, 
shares  the  power  with  her  son. 

14  *  *  Tiberius  sends  Germanicus,  his 
nephew,  to  pacify  the  revolting  legions 
In  Germany. 

*  *  The  laws  permit  the  sovereign  to  exile 
any  person  he  deems  dangerous  to  the 
state.  Rewards  are  given  to  informers. 
Trifling  offenses  are  legally  high  treason. 

15  ♦  *  The  formal  rieht  of  ratifying  the 
laws  is  transferred  from  tixa  conlitibB  io 
the  Senate. 

17  *  *  Asia  M.  Cappadocia  is  made  a 
Roman  iirovince.  [dtr.  Also  Germania 
Superior  and  Ciermania  Inferior.] 

*  *  Sp.  North  and  Northwest  Spain  are 
annexed  to  the  empire. 

23-31  Rome.  Sejanus,  the  confidant 
and  favorite,  becomes  tlie  infamous  in- 
strument of  Tiberius's  cruelties.  [He 
lays  the  foundation  of  the  power  of  the 
pretorians  of  later  times  by  uniting 
their  cohorts  in  one  camp  near  Rome.] 

26-37    Tiberius  retires  to  Capreae  [Capri], 

*  *  Ger.    The  Druids  appear. 

31  *  *  Rome.  Sejanus  is  disgraced,  and 
put  to  death  for  his  cruelties.  Macro,  a 
terrorizer,  is  in  power  as  the  favorite, 

37-41  Caligula  (Caius  Ciesar  Germani- 
cus) reigns.  (41.  Jan.  14.)  He  is  mur- 
dered by  a  tribune. 

40  *  *  Provinces  are  formed  in  Maure- 
tania  Tingitana,  and  Mauretania  Ciesa- 
riensis. 

41-54  Claudius  (Tiberius  Claudius 
Nero)  reigns.  Ho  is  ruled  by  his  favor- 
ites and  wives ;  weakness  and  stupidity 
are  conspicuous. 

41  *  *  All  Palestine  is  a  dependent  king- 
dom; Herod  Agrippa,  procurator. 

43  *  *  South  Britain  and  Lycia  become 
Roman  provinces.  [44.  Judea  is  again  a 
province.  46.  Thracia.  54i:  AlpesCot- 
tiie.] 

48  *  *  Rome.  The  census  reports  a  total 
population  of  6,944,000. 

49  *  *  Eiuj.  London  is  founded(?).  [50. 
Ger.    Cologne  (p.  769).] 

*  *  Agrippina  rules  her  husband. 

She  persuades  him  to  adopt  her  son, 
L.  l>omitiu8  (Nero)}  and  make  him  sue* 


54-68  Nero  (Claudius  Caesar  Drusus 
Germanicus)  reigns. 

He  prospers  under  the  good  influence 
of  the  prefectus  prsetorio,  Afranius 
Burrus,  and  his  teacher,  L.  Seneca;  later, 
becomes  a  human  monster. 

*  *  *  A  law  against  informers  corrects 
a  great  abuse. 

59  •  *  Nero  murders  his  mother.  [62. 
Also  Octavia,  his  divorced  wife.] 

*  *  Eng.    Britons  revolt  (p.  839). 

62*  *  Tigellinus  and  Poppiea  become  the 
advisers  of  Nero. 

63  *  *  Turk.  Armenia  is  annexed.  The 
Parthian  prince,  Tiridates,  is  placed  on 
the  dependent  throne.  [81  ±  Moesia  In- 
ferior is  made  a  province.] 

64  July  18+.  Bome  is  burned;  six 
days  the  tire  continues,  and  consumes  a 
large  part  of  the  city.  Soon  after  an- 
other fire  burns  for  three  days. 

64^78    Rome  is  rebuilt. 

65*  *  Rome.    The  conspiracy  of  C.  Cal- 

purnius    Piso,    the    popular    patrician, 

against  Nero,  is  discovered. 

*  *  Judea.    The  Jews  revolt. 

*  *  Rome  is  smitten  with  pestilence.  [80. 
Another  plague  ;    10,000  perish  daily.] 

67  *  *  Gr.    Nero  visits  Greece  (p.  1029). 

68  *  *  Revolts  break  out  against  Nero  in 
Gaul,  Spain,  and  among  the  legions  on 
the  Rhine.  Sulpicius  Galba,  governor 
of  Hispania,  is  proclaimed  and  acknowl- 
edged imperator.  [June  9.  Nero  es- 
capes execution  by  committing  suicide.] 

68  *  *  Fr.    Galba  proclaimed  (p.663). 

68  June* -69  Zona..  *  Rome.  Galba 
(Servius  Sulpicius  Galba)  reigns.  He  is 
hated  for  his  avarice,  and  is  assassi- 
nated by  the  revolting  pretorians. 

69  Jan.  *  -Apr.  *  Otho  (Marcus  Salvius) 
kills  Galba,  and  reigns.  He  is  defeated 
by  Vitellius,  and  commits  suicide. 

*  *  Vitellius  (Aulus),  elevated  by  his 
army,  reigns  eight  months.  He  is  de- 
feated by  Vespasian,  and  put  to  death. 

69-79  Vespasian  (Titus  Flavius  Vespa- 
sianus)  reigns.  The  legions  on  the  Rhine 
proclaim  as  emperor  their  leader,  an 
able  general  of  humble  origin.  He  moves 
the  frontier  camps  near  the  Danube. 
[69-71.  Ger.  The  Batavians  revolt. 
IVIost  of  the  Gallic  tribes  join  it  p.  662.] 

70  *  *  Vespasian  visits  Greece.  It  is 
again  reduced  to  a  Roman  province. 

79-81  Titus  (Titus  Flavius  Sabinus  Ves- 
pasianus),  son  of  Vespasian,  reigns.  [81, 
Assassinated.] 

79*  *  Pliny  ig  appointed  questor  of  Anda- 
lusia, Sp.   [Celer,  legate  in  Tarragona.] 

81-96  Domitian  (Titus  Flavius  Domiti- 
anus  Augustus),  brother  of  Titus,  reigns. 
(84.)  Enriotis  of  Agricola*8  success,  he 
recalls  him  from  Britain.  (96.  Sept.  18.) 
Murdered  by  Stephanus,  with  the  ap- 
proval of  Domitia,  his  wife  (self-defense). 


1064      83,**-237,' 


ITALY  ; 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

83  •  *  Oer.  The  Chattl  war.  Domitian 
returns  without  seeing  his  powerful  foe, 
but  indulges  in  a  triumph. 

86-90     Transyi.T    A  Dacian  war. 

Domitian  is  defeated  by  king  Dece- 
balus,  who  compels  him  to  pay  yearly 
tribute. 

101-107     Transyl.'     A  Dacian  war. 
(101)  Trajan  reduces  Dacia,  and  forces 
Deoebalus  to  cede  territory. 

102  •  •  Asia.  Trajan  defeats  the  Par- 
thians. 

105-107     TransyL-     A  Dacian  war. 
Trajan  builds  a  stone  bridge  across  the 
Danube,  crosses  over,  and  conquers  the 
country. 

115-117    Asia  M.    A  Parthian  war. 
The  Romans  drive  Chosroes  into  Ar- 
menia, and  hold  liis  territory. 

116  •  *  Asia.  Trajan  seizes  Ctesiphon, 
after  conquering  Seleucia;  he  sails  down 
the  Tigris  to  the  Persian  Gulf. 

118  *  •  Rus.  War  with  the  Roxolani  be- 
tween the  Don  and  Dnieper. 

121  •  *  Eng.  Hadrian's  wall  is  built 
(p.  839).  He  also  completes  the  defen- 
sive wall  extending  from  the  Rhine  to 
the  Danube  in  Germany  (p.  708). 

132-135  Juifea.  The  Jews  revolt. 
[135.    Subdued.] 

145*  •  Antonius' armies  are  victorious 
over  tlie  Moors,  Germans,  and  Dacians. 

162-165    Asia.    A  Parthian  war. 

Tlie  ilissipated  laicius  Verus,  in  nomi- 
nal command,  carries  on  tlie  war  by  his 
legates,  wlio  conquer  Artaxata,  and  de- 
stroy Seleucia  and  Ctesiphon  by  fire. 

166  '  *  War  with  the  confederacy  of  Ger- 
man tribes. 

Marcus  Aurelius  resists  their  attaclcs 
(p.  769).  Tliey  besiege  Aquileia  land 
burn  Opitergium.     180.     Bought  off], 

166-167  Asia.  Avidius  Cass  i  us  con- 
cludes the  Parthian  war. 

174*  »The  "Thundering  Legion" 
make  their  escape  from  the  Invading 
Marcomanni,  after  prayers  have  been 
offered  by  Christians. 

*  *  TransyL+  Marcus  Aurelius  defeats 
the  Goths  in  Dacia ;  after  three  great 
battles  they  sue  for  peace. 

175  •  *  Rome.  Aurelius  subdues  the  re- 
bellion under  Avidius  Cassius. 

189  *  *  .l.sia.  The  Saracens  are  success- 
ful in  the  East. 

194  *  *  Turk.  Severus  besieges  Byzan- 
tium; he  overtlirows  Niger,  liis  rival, 
at  Issus.    [197.    Albinus  al.>io  (p.  662).] 

197  •  *  Asia.    War  with  the  Parthians. 

214*  *  Ravaria.  The  Alemanni  revolt, 
but  are  subdued  by  Caracalla. 

217  *  *  Asia.  Macrinus  is  signally  de- 
feated by  the  Parthians  at  Nisibis.  [218. 
,Tune  *  Again  near  Antiodi  l>y  the  par- 
tizans  of  Elagabalus.] 

226  •  •  Mutinies  occur  because  of  the 
emperor's  strictness  with  the  soldiers, 

230  •  *  Asia.    Parthians    invade  Syria. 

232  •  *  Asia.  The  Romans  are  at  war 
with  the  Persians.  Alexander  Severus 
"defeats  their  army  at  Palmyra. 

236  *  •  Fr.t  The  Alemanni  cross  the 
Rhine.  [238.  They  are  driven  back  by 
Maximinus  Thrax.] 

*  *  The  invasion  of  the  northern  barba- 
rians begins  ;  the  Goths,  Vandals,  Alaui, 
and  Suevi  attack  the  empire. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

84  *  *  A  Roman  fleet  circumnavigates 
Britain,  and  discovers  that  it  is  an  i.-*- 
laud. 

114»*;?om«.  Trajan's  Pillar,  1271  feet 
high,  is  executed  by  Apollodorus. 

*  *  Trajan's  Arch  at  Beneventum  is 
erected. 

115*  *  Trajan  builds  a  bridge  across 
the  Danube  ;  length,  4770  feet. 

117-138  Rome.  Adrian  erects  the 
double  temple  of  Venus,  a  temple  to 
the  goddess  Eoma,  the  Atheneeum, 
and  the  magnificent  villa  at  Tibur. 

120±  •  •  Period  of  the  Roman  mosaics. 

140  r  *  *  The  Ptolemaic  system  of  as- 
tronomy is  introduced. 

It  fixes  the  earth  in  the  center  of  tlie 
universe  with  the  heavenly  bodies  re- 
volving round  it. 

175  ±  •  *  .Rome.  The  equestrian  statue 
to  Marcus  Aurelius  is  erected. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

86*   •  AntonlnuB  Plus,  emp.,  b.    [161.    D.] 

100  *  •  Clement  I.,  bishop  of  Rome,  dies. 

103±  *  *  Justin.  .St.,  "the  Martyr,"  pjiiloso- 
pher,  born.    [  165.    Dies.  ] 

llS-t  *  •  Ignatius,  St.,  Tlieophorufl,  bishop  of 
Antioch,  martyred. 

121  *  *  Antoninus,  Marcus  Aurelius,  em- 
peror, Iwrn.     [180.     Dies.] 

lae*  •  Pertiuax,  Helvius,  emp.,  b.  [193.  I>.) 

146  *  *  I'apinian,  .dCiiiilius,  lawyer,  born. 
[212.     Dies.) 

146  *  •  Severus,  Lucius  Septimus,  emperor, 
born.    [211.    Dies.] 

150*  *  Tertullian.  yuintus  Septimus  Flo- 
rens,  church  father,  author,  b.  [230  t.   D.J 

I'd  Century.  Ca?liu8,  Aurelianus,  pliyBician,  b. 
Celsus,  Platonist  philosopher,  architect,  b. 

168  *  *  (iordianus  I.,  Marcus  Antonius,  em- 
peror, born.    [238.    Dies.] 

161  *  *  Commodus.  Lucius  jElius  Aurelius, 
emperor,  liowi.    [li)2.    Dies.] 

173*  *  Maxiniinus,  emperor,  born.  [238.  D.] 

175  *  *  .\vidiuB,  Cassiua,  general,  dies. 

188*  *  Caracalla,  Marcus  Aurehus  Antoni- 
nus, emperor,  bom.    [217.    Dies.] 

189  ♦  *  Ceta,  Pui>liu8  Septimius,  emperor,  b. 
[212.    Dies.] 

192  *  *  (Iordianus  II.,  Marcus  Antonius,  em- 
peror, born.     [238.     Dies.] 

aoo  •  *  Tacitus,  Marcus  Claudius,  emperor, 
born.     [27b.     Dies.] 

305  *  *  .\lexander  .Severus,  Marcus  Aurelius, 
emiteror,  liorn.    [236.    Dies.] 

SIS*  *  Auxelian.  Claudius  Lucius  Valerius 
Domitius,  emiieror,  I'orn.     [275.     Dies.] 

314  *  *  Claudius.  Marcus -Vurelius,  emperor, 
born.    [270.    Dies.] 

223  *  *  Carus,  Marcus  Aurelius,  emperor, 
born.    [283.    Dies.] 

2S4*  *  GordianuBlIL, Marcus  AntoniusPtus, 
emperor,  born.    [244.    Dies.] 

230  •  '  Cecdia,  St.,  martyr,  dies. 

233  •  •  Gallienus,  PubUus  Licioius,  emperor, 
born.    [268.    Dies.] 


CHURCH. 

95  *  •  R<me.  Second  persecution  of 
Christians,  under  Domitian.  [98.  Tra- 
jan prohibits  their  assemblies.] 

100*  *iJomp.  Third  persecution. 
Trajan  persecutes  Christians  under  an 
edict  issued  against  secret  societies. 

102  *  *  Pliny  the  Younger,  proconsul  in 
Bithynia,  sends  I'rajan  an  account  of 
the  Christians. 

110±  *  *  Christians firstsignwithacross 
to  distinguish  believers  from  pagans. 

118  •  •  Rome.  Persecution  again  breaks 
out.  Hadrian  continues  the  persecution 
of  Christiiins. 

120±  *  *  Holy  water  is  used  by  Chris- 
tians. (?) 


130±  *  *  Ijent  ia  observed  as  a  fast  for 

40  days. 
131  •  *  Judea.    The  Jews,  led  by  Baro- 

chab,   revolt  against    Hadrian.      [132* . 

About  680,000  are  killed  and  the  remain- 
der banished.] 
135  ♦  *  Pope  Sixtus  I.  first  erects  altars 

in  the  churches. 
146*  *  Rome.    Antoninus  introduces  the 

worship  of  Serapis. 
150  *  *  ;fome.    Justin  Martyr  presents 

his  Apology  for  Christians  to  Antoninus. 

[152.    Their  persecution  ceases.] 
152±  *  *  The  Canon  of  Holy  Scripture 

is  fixed. 
154i  *  •  Rome.     Bishop  Hyginus  is  the 

first  to  appoint  sponsors  (godfather.i) 

at  baptism.  (?) 
158  *  *  The  Church  is  agitated  by  violent 

disputes  respecting  tlie  time  for  observ- 
ing the  Easter  festival. 
161-177    The  fourth  persecution; 

Christians  suffer  under  Aurelius. 

167  *  *  Rome.  [St.]  Anicetus  is  pope. 
[175,  [.St.]  Soterus;  182,  [St.]  Klatlierius; 
193,  [St.]  Victor  I.;  203,  [St.]  Zephyrinus; 
221,  [St.]  Calixtusl.;  227,  [St.]  Crlian  1.;  233, 
[St.]Pontianu8;  238,[St.]  Anteriua;  240,1S1.] 
Fabian;  254,[St.]  Cornelius;  255,[.St.]  Lucius 
I.:  257,  [St.]  Stephen  1.;  260,  [St.]  Sixtus  II.; 
261,  [St.]  Dionysius;  272,  [St.]  Felix  1.;  275, 
[St.]  Kutychianus;  283,  [St.]  Caius.] 

169±  •  *  Tlie  festivals  of  the  martyrs 
are  instituted. 

171  *  *  Asia  M.  The  heresy  of  Monta- 
nus,  respecting  two  Holy  Ghosts,  arises. 

•  *  *  Fr.  Irenfieus,  bishop  of  Lyons,  re- 
fers to  each  of  the  Gospels  by  name. 

196  *  *  Rrnne.    Severus  favors  the  Jews. 

197-202  Fifth  persecution  of  Chris- 
tians by  Severus. 

Z02*  *  Afr.  Tertullian,  a  heathen,  em- 
braces Christianity,  and  becomes  aMon- 
tanist;  he  is  a  prolific  writer. 

±  *  *  Clement  of  Alexandria,  a  Chris- 
tian father  and  teacher,  fiourishes. 

•  *  Fr.    Irenaeus  is  martyred  (p.  662). 

•  *  Rome.  The  authority  of  the  bishops 
is  much  increased  ;  various  new  ecclesi- 
astical offices  are  instituted. 

211  *  *  Origen  of  Alexandria  visits 
Rome. 

214i  *  *  The  churching  of  women  he- 
gins  by  returning  thanks  after  child- 
birth. 

226  *  *  Maximinus  kills  many  Chris- 
tians, including  Leonidas,  Victor,  Per- 
petua,  and  Felicitas. 

235-238  Sixth  persecution  of  the 
Christians,  uiuler  Maximinus. 

LETTERS. 

93*  *(or94)  Aniiyuities  of  the  Jems,  by 
Flavius  Josephus,  appears. 

98  *  *  The  Uipean  library  is  establhjhed. 

»  *  *  Education  is  diffused  in  Roman 
provinces  by  public  schools. 

100±  *  *  Martial  writes  14  books  of  epi- 
grams. 

±  •  *  The  Satires  of  Juvenal  appear. 

±  *  *  Ignatius,  bishop  of  Antjocb,  author 
of  epistles,  fiourishes. 

±  *  *  Lucilius  writes  satires. 

130±  *  *  Papias,  bishop  of  Hierapolis  in 
Phrygia,  writes  Exposititm  of  the  Ora- 
cles of  tlie  Lord. 

±  *  *  Ptolemy  devises  the  circles  and 
epicycles  that  distinguisli  his  system. 

228+*  •AthensBus'  Deipnosojihislx,  or 
Banquet  of  the  Learned,  is  compiled. 


ROMAN   EMPIRE. 


83. 


-237, 


1065 


SOCIETY. 

86  •  •  The  Capitoline  Secular  games 
are  celebrated  with  great  niagiiificeiice  ; 
10,000  gliuliatora  appear  in  contests. 

90 1  *  *  Home.  Domitian  adds  eohl  antl 
8c:trlet  to  the  colors  green,  blue,  red, 
and  white,  which  distinguish  the  factions 
in  the  circus. 

92  *  •  Tlie  vestal  Cornelia  Maxiniiliana 
18  charged  with  incontinence, andburnetl. 

103  *  *  Rome.  Trajan  celebrates  liis  tri- 
umph over  the  Dacians  ;  1,000  glatlia- 
tors  fight  for  123  days. 

106  fc*  *  Rome.  Trajan  establishes  or- 
phan houses. 

115  *  *  .Afr.  The  Jews,  headed  by  one 
Andne,  put  to  death  100,000  Greeks  and 
Romans  in  and  near  Cyrene. 

175*  *  Rfvne.  Marcus  Aurelius  cele- 
brates a  triumph. 

176  *  *  Commodus  orders  his  wife  Cris- 
uiana  to  be  put  to  death,  and  takes  in 
her  place  .Marcia,  a  concubine.  He  re- 
quires his  subiects  to  offer  homage  to 
him  as  Hercules. 

193  *  *  Pertinax  is  murdered,  after  a 
reign  of  two  months,  by  the  pretorlans 
who  enthroned  him. 

212  *  *  Caracalla  murders  his  royal  as- 
sociate and  half-brother  Geta  in  hi.s 
mother's  arms,  while  she  attempts  to 
save  him  ;  he  also  kills  thousands  of  his 
adherents.  He  massacres  many  citizens 
In  Kgypt. 

218 1  ♦  *Klagabalus  surrenders  hinmelf 
to  debauchery  and  cruelty  ;  he  is  mur- 
dered by  the  pretorians  because  of  his 
enormitie.s. 

STATE. 

^Oi  *  *  Ger.  The  Romans  are  constrained 
to  pay  tribute  to  German  tribes  (p.  769). 

96-98  Nerva  (Marcus  Cocceius  Nerva) 
reigns  by  authority  of  the  Senate  ;  he  is 
upright,  but  enfeebled  by  age  (64). 

97-117  Trajan  (Marcus  Ulpius  Tra- 
jan us)  reigns.  He  subdues  and  annexes 
Dacia.  (•  *  *)  Pontus  becomes  a  prov- 
ince.   (105.)    Arabia-Petraea. 

The  empire  Is  extended  to  ita  largest  limit, 
and  comprises  Arabia,  Armenia,  Asia  Mi- 
nor, Hrttatu,  <Jau(«i8U8  region  in  i)art,  Cor- 
sica, (.'rete,  Cyprus,  CjTenaica,  Dacia,  I>al- 
matia,  Kgypt,  (iaul,<;reeee,  Italy,  :Macedonia, 
Manretania,  Moesia,  Noricum,  N'umidia,  I'an- 
nonia,  Kietla,  Sardinia,  Sicily,  Spain,  Syria, 
Tlirace,  Tunis,  Western  Germany. 

98  •  *  Eng.    Severus  is  military  ruler. 
100*  *  Hung.      The    Huns    emigrate  to 

countries  westward. 
101  *  *  Trajan    refuses    to    pay    further 

tribute  to  the  Dacians,  and  war  follows. 

107  *  *  Au8t.+  Dacia  is  made  a  prov- 
ince. Many  Roman  colonists  enter  [Ro- 
manians].   (107.±)    Pannonia  divided. 

114*  *  Asia,  Armenia  is  made  a  Roman 
province.  [115.  Mesopotamia  and  As- 
syria.] 

117  *  *  Trajan  dies  in  Cilicia  while  re- 
turning from  the  Parthian  war.  He  is 
succeeded  by  his  nephew. 

117-138  Hadrian  (Publius  .Ellas  Ha- 
drianus)  reigns. 

He  spends  13  years  inspecting  the  prov- 
inces, reforming  abuses,  and  rebuilding 
cities.  He  abandons  some  of  the  new 
provinces,  leaving  the  Euphrates  as  the 
eastern  boundary  of  the  empire. 

120*  *  Fr.  Hadrian  begins  his  prog:reas 
through  the  Roman  provinces  by  visit- 
ing Gaul  (p.  663). 

*  *  Rome.  Salviufl  Julianus,  the  jurist, 
commences  the  coUeotiou  of  the  edicts 
of  the  pretors. 


132  *  *  Hadrian's  i>erpetual  code  is  pub- 
lished, and  jurisprudence  is  improved. 

*  *  Home.  Hadrian  adopts  T.  Aurelius  An- 
toninus, subject  to  a  condition  retjuirinK 
Antoninus  to  adopt  In  place  of  a  son,  M. 
Annius  Verus,  under  the  name  of  Marcus 
Aurelius.  and  also  adopt  L.  Commodus,  sou 
of  the  deceased  Cajsar,  L.  jlilius  Verus. 

138-161  Antoninus  Pius  (Titus  Aure- 
lius Antoninus  Fulvus  Boionius  Arrius) 
reigns. 

138*  *  Scot.  LoUius  Urbicus  is  gover- 
nor of  Caledonia.  [140.  He  enlarges 
the  Koman  dominions.  161.  Calphur- 
nius  Agricola  is  governor.  197.  Vlvius 
Lupus.] 

158  *  *  A  terrible  plague  spreads  over 
the  known  world.  [165.  Plague  in  Na- 
ples ;  400,000  people  die  within  six 
months.  166.  Plague  and  famine  at 
Rome.    180.    liome  again  smitten.] 

160  *  *  Antoninus  sends  an  embassy  to 
Chiua. 

161-180  Marcus  Atirelius  (Antoninus) 
reigus. 

He  repels  the  barbarian  invaders. 
Lucius  Verus,  his  brother  by  atloption, 
is  coregent  until  169. 

165±  *  *  Asia.  A  part  of  Mesopota- 
mia is  again  made  a  Roman  province. 

175*  * /Syria.  Avidius  Cassius,  gov- 
ernor, revolts,  and  claims  the  imperial 
throne. 

180*  *Aust.  The  virtuous  Marcus  Aure- 
lius dies  at  Vindobona  [Vienna],  and  is 
succeeded  by  his  degenerate  son. 

180-192  Commodus  (Lucius  ^Elius  Au- 
relius) reigns. 

He  pays  tribute  to  the  Germans  for 
peace,  and  intrusts  the  government 
to  his  favorite  Perennis  juid  others  ; 
he  abandons  himself  to  dissipation. 

♦  *  Aust.'      The    Goths    enter   Bacia ; 

Commodus  purchases  peace. 
181±  *  *  Aust.    Aquileia  is  colonized  by 

the  Romans. 
183  *  *  Rome.     Oleander,    the   corrupt 

prime  minister,  once  a  Phrygian  slave, 

obtains  great  power. 
189  *  *  Sp.    The  revolution  of   Mater- 

nus  is  defeated    by  Caius    Pescennius 

Niger. 

192  Dec,  31.  Rome.  Commodus  is 
strangled  by  the  athlete  Narcissus,  tool 
of  Marcia,  the  emperor's  mistress,  and 
the  favorites  Laetus  and  Kclectus. 

193-284  Period  of  the  imperators, 
who  are  chiefly  elevated  by  the  soldiers, 
and  also  usually  killed  by  them. 

193  Jan.  1.  f    Helvius  Pertinax  reigns. 
This  venerable  soldier  is  proclaimed 

by    the    pretorian    guards.    [193.     Mar. 
'28.    Murdered  by  them.] 

193  Mar.  ♦  -June  *  Julianus  (Didius 
Salvius)  reigns. 

He  is  opposed  bv  the  legions,  but  buys 
the  empire  of  the  pretorians.  He  "is 
the  highest  of  several  bidders.  Put  to 
death  ny  the  Senate. 

193-211  Severus  (Lucius  Septimus) 
reigns. 

He  is  favored  by  the  lllyrian  guards, 
and  is  recognized  dv  the  Senate,  though 
opposed  by  his  rivals,  Caius  Pescennius 
Niger  in  the  East,  and  Clodius  Albinus 


in  the  West  (p.  663).    (194.)    He  crushes 
Niger.    (197.)    Overthrows  Albinus, 

196*  *  Niger,  the  pretender,  is  pro- 
claimed emperor. 

203  *  *  Papinianus,  the  pretorian  pre- 
fect,   improves    the    administration    of 

justice. 

208*  *  Eng.    Caracalla  rules  (p.  841). 

*  *  Scot.    Severus  extends  his  conquests. 
211  *  *  Eng.    Severus  dies  at  Eboracuni 

(York),  and  is  succeeded  by  his  two  sons. 

211-284  The  empire  is  disturbed ;  23 
emperors  come  to  the  throne;  20of  them 
die  violent  deaths  at  the  liands  of  muti- 
nous soldiers,  one  dies  in  battle,  one  in 
prison,  and  another  of  pestilence. 

211-217  Rome.  Caracalla  (Marcus  Au- 
relius Antoninus  Bassiaiius)  reigns. 

(211)  Hemurders  Geta,  his  half-brother 
and  coregent,  with  thousands  of  his 
friends.  He  inspects  the  provinces  bor- 
dering on  the  Danube.  He  makes  the 
vilest  persons  his  chief  magistrates. 

*  *  Roman  citizenship  is  conferred  upon 
the  inhabitants  of  all  the  provinces,  be- 
cause of  the  increased  revenue  arising 
from  higher  taxation  as  citizens,  and 
other  sources. 

*  *  The  provinces  are  systematically  plun- 
dered. 

212^  *  *  Asia.  Palmyra  (Tadmor)  be- 
comes a  lioman  colony. 

216±  *  *  Asia.  Caracalla  leads  a  plun- 
dering expedition  into  Parthia.  [217. 
Apr.  8.    Killed  by  one  of  his  soldiers.] 

217  *  *  Rome.  Macrinus  (Marcus  Ope- 
lius)  reigns. 

As  prefect  of  the  guards  he  instigated 
the  assassination  of  Caracalla,  and  is 
confirmed  by  the  Senate  ;  he  purchases 
peace  of  the  Parthians.  [218.  He  is 
killed  by  his  soldiers  in  Cappadocia.J 

218-222    Elagabalus  reigns. 

A  priest  of  the  sun-god  at  Eniesa  in  Svria 
and  the  alleged  son  of  Caracalla  (his  first 
cousin),  Is  proclaimed  imi>erator,  when  14 
years  of  age,  by  the  soldiers.  The  govern- 
ment is  conductf'd  by  tlie  emperor's  mother 
and  grandmother,  while  he  surrenders  him- 
self to  infamous  debauchery  and  cruelty. 
Murdered  by  the  pretorians. 

222-235    Alexander  Severus  (Marcus 

Aurelius)  reigus. 

He  rules  under  the  excellent  counsel 
of  two  distinguished  jurists,  Domitius 
Ulpianus  and  Julius  Paullus.  (235)  He 
is  assassinated  by  soldiers  on  the  Rhine. 

222  *  *  The  Romans  pay  the  Goths  an 
annual  tribute  for  exemption  from  their 

incursions. 


235-238    Maximinus  Thrax  (Maximin 

Caius  Julius  Verus),  a  Thracian,  reigns. 
He  is  elevated  by  the  soldiers,  aiid 
noted  for  his  great  size  and  strengtli. 
(238.  May  *)  He  is  assassinated  by  liis 
soldiers  near  Aquileia. 

237-238    Six    emperors  perish  during 
the  course  of  a  few  months. 

237  *  *  Afr.    Gordianus  revolts  agianst 
the  cruelty  of  Maximiniua. 

237-238    Rome.    Gordianus  I.  (Marcus 
Antonius)  reigns  for  two  months. 

He  is  proclaimed  by  the  legions  in  Africa 
in  opposition  to  Xlaxhninus,  and  is  coiiflrineil 
by  the  Senate;  he  appoints  his  son,  Marms 
Antonius  Gordianus  II.,  coregent.  Tlie  son 
is  defeated  and  killed  in  battle  and  the 
father  conmiits  suicide. 


1066     237,**-312,^ 


ITALY 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

237  *  *  A/r.  The  prefect  Capellianua, 
governor  of  Mauretania,  defeats  Gordi- 
anus  I.  and  his  son  in  battle. 

238  *  *  Fr.  The  Pranks  ravage  Gaul 
(pp.  663,  768). 

244  *  •  Asia.    Gordianus    m.   defeats 

the  Persians  under  Sapor. 
244-268    The  Alemanni  and  Franks 

sweep  over  Gaul  andSpain.anddescend 

on  the  coasts  of  Africa  (p.  7G8). 
244  »  •  Oer.    The  Franks  are  repulsed 

at  Mogantiacum  [Mentz]. 

249  •  *  Philip  is  defeated  and  killed  by 
the  revolting  legions  in  Verona. 

250  ♦  *  Goths  invade  the  empire  (p.  768). 

251  •  •  Turk.    Decius   defeats  Goths. 

*  *  West  Goths  and  East  Goths  ravage 
Germany  (p.  768).    Macedonia  (p.  1028). 

253  *  *  Asia  M.  The  Goths  make  more 
destructive  raids  ;  ravage  seaports. 

254  •  *  Valerian  and  his  son  defeat  the 
Franks  in  Gaul,  the  Alemanni  in  North- 
ern Italy,  and  the  Goths  on  the  Danube. 

260*  *  Asia.  Persians  under  King  Sapor 
defeat  the  Romans  at  Edessa.  Valerian 
is  taken  prisoner,  his  body  used  as  a 
horse-block.     [He  is  flayed  alive.] 

261  *  •  Sapor  captures  Antioch,  Tarsus, 
and  Cffisarea;  he  penetrates  Europe  as 
far  as  Ravenna,  Italy.  [263.  He  is 
driven  back  by  Odenathus.] 

262  •  *  Gr.  The  Goths  take  Athens. 
[Corinth,  Argus,  and  Sparta  are  sacked.] 

*  *  Sp.    Posthumus  defeats  the  Franks. 

267  *  *  Gr.  Goths  and  Scythians  are 
defeated  by  Cleodamus  and  Athenians. 

268  Mar.  24.  Claudius  H.  defeats  the 
Alemanni  of  Southwest  Germany,  and 
becomes  Germanicus. 

269  *  *  Senna.  Claudius  II.  utterly  de- 
feats an  immense  army  of  320,000  Goths 
and  Alemanni  at  Naissus  [Nish], 
Moesia ;  50,000±  Goths  perish. 

271  *  •  Aurelian  repulses  the  invading 
Marcomanni  and  the  Alemanni. 

*  *  Rome.  Aurelian  begins  the  erection 
of  the  new  wall,  which  includes  the  en- 
larged imperial  city.    [276.   Completed.] 

272  *  *  Asia.  Aurehan  defeats  Queen 
Zenobia  at  Antiochia  and  Edessa,  and 
carries  her  to  Rome.  [273.  He  conquers 
Tadmor  [Palmyra],  and  executes  Lon- 
ginus,  Greek  philosopher  and  minister  to 
Zenobia.    He  reconquers  Egypt.] 

274  *  *  Aurelian  reduces  to  obedience 
France,  Spain,  and  Britain.  He  captures 
Tetricus,  the  pretender  and  usurper  in 
Ch&lons,  France. 

275*  *  Asia  hf.  Tacitus  defeats  the 
Alani,  invaders  of  Pontus. 

276  *  *  Probus  defeats  Florian.  He  re- 
pulses a  raid  of  Franks  and  Alemanni. 

278-285  Fr.  Probus  conducts  cam- 
paigns against  the  German  tribes. 

He  kills  400,000,  and  recovers  70  towns. 
He  drives  back  the  Franks,  Burgundlans, 
Alemanni,  and  Vandals,  across  the 
Rhine  ;  he  strengthens  the  wall  between 
the  Rhine  and  IJanube  (p.  769). 

280*  *  Probus  enrolls  many  German 
mercenaries,  and  employs  soldiers  in 
planting  viney  ards,  building  roads, 
draining  marshes,  and  making  canals. 

283  *  *  Asia.  Carus  defeats  the  Sarma- 
tians,  and  afterward  captures  Ctesiphon, 

292  •  *  Egy.  Achllleus  leads  a  revolt. 
[298.  Diocletian  takes  Alexandria,  and 
the  revolt  is  subdued.] 


296  *  *  Eng.  Constantius  I.  defeats 
the  Picts,  and  restores  Britain  to  Rome. 
He  defeats  the  Alemanni  in  Germany. 

*  *  Asia.  Galerius  Valerius  Maximinus 
is  defeated  by  the  Persians.  [297.  He 
defeats  the  Persians  under  Xarses.] 

306  *  *  Constantine  [the  Great)  defeats 
invading  Franks  and  Bructeri.  [310. 
Again.] 

310  *  *  War  occurs  between  the  rival 
emperors,  Maxentius  and  Constantine. 

312  *  *  Constantine  defeats  Maxentius 
at  Susa,  Turin,  and  Verona. 

Oct.  27.  Constantine  defeats  Augustus 
Maxentius  at  Saxa  Rubra,  near  Rome, 
h.aving  the  sign  of  the  cross  on  his  ban- 
ners, "  In  hoc  signo  viilces." 

*  •  The  pretorian  guard  is  broken  up 
by  Constantine  because  of  its  lawless 
violence  and  political  abuses. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

274  •  •  Rome.    The  temple  of  the  sun 

is  burned. 
280+  *  *  Diocletian   builds  a  palace  at 

Spalatro. 
291  *  *  Rome.    An  eclipse  of    the  sun 

causes  total  darkness  at  midday.  (Livy.) 
306  *  *  Rome.    The  original  St.  Peter's 

Church  is  erected  by  Constantine. 

312  •  •  Rome.  The  Appian  Way  com- 
menced by  Appius  Claudius  Cseus  con- 
nects with  Capua. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

245*  *  Diocletian.  Caius  .^urelius  Valerius, 
emperor,  born.    [313.    Dies.) 

250  *  *  Constantius  I.,  Flavins  Valerius  Chlo- 
rus,  emperor,  born.     [306.     Dies.) 

251  *  *  Decius,  Cains  Messius  Quintus  Tra- 
jan us,  emperor,  dies. 

263  ♦  *  Callus,  Caius  Vibius  Trebonianus, 
emperor,  dies. 

258  *  •  Cyprian,  Thascius  CseciliuB,  bishop 
of  Cartilage,  dies. 

269  •  *  Valerian,  I'ublius  AureUus  Licinius, 
emperor,  dies. 

272  Feb.  •  Constantine  I.,  the  Great,  Fla- 
vins Valerius  AureUus,  emperor,  born. 
[337.    May  22.     !>.] 

282+  *  *  Probus,  Marcus  AureUu8,emperor,  d. 

296+  *  *  AltranasiuB.  patriarch  of  Alexan- 
dria, born.     [373.     D.) 

303+  •  *  Agnes,  St.,  martyr,  A  13. 
Maximianus,  Marcus  AureUus  Valerius,  em- 
peror, dies. 

311*'  Galerius,  Caius  Valerius  Maxiraianus, 
emperor,  dies. 

312  •  •  Constantine  II.,  Flavins  Claudius, 
emperor,  born.    [340.    Dies.) 


CHURCH. 

244+*  *Diony9ius,  patriarch  of  Alex- 
andria, is  elected. 

248*  *  Afr.  St.  Cyprian  is  chosen 
bishop  of  Carthage. 

249±  *  *  Rome.  The  Emperor  Philippus 
becomes  a  Christian  (?)  in  secret. 

249-250  The  seventh  persecution ; 
Decius  is  more  bloody  than  his  prede- 
cessors ;  Pope  Fabian  is  martyred. 

250+  *  *  Monasticism  appears  in  the  re- 
tirement of  Paul  Thebias  to  the  deserts 
of  Egypt  to  escape  persecution. 

±  *  *  The  doctrine  of  purgatory  becomes 
conspicuous. 

*  *  Sp.  Churches  are  established  at 
Leon,  Elvira,  and  other  towns. 

251  •  •  Rome.  Novatian  becomes  the 
first  anti-pope. 


He  is  a  strict  disciplinarian,  and  founds 
the  Novatians,  who  deny  restoration  to 
believers  who  have  lapsed  during  perse- 
cution. 

*  *  The  churches  of  Rome  and  Africa  dis- 
pute respectingthebaptismof  heretics. ' 

253+*  *  Egy.  Origen,  a  presbyter  of  Al- 
exandria, "  the  greatest  luminary  of  th» 
age  in  which  he  lived,"  is  martyred. 

257-260  Eighth  persecution ;  Valerian 
destroys  Christians.  Pope  [St.]  SixtuB 
11.  and  [St.]  Laurence  suifer  death. 

260  •  *  Sabelliusof  .Africa  is  condemned 
as  a  heretic. 

He  teaches  but  one  person  in  the  god- 
head, having  three  different  names. 

*  *  Paul  of  Samasata  is  made  bishop  of 

Antioch. 

His  followers  are  called  Pauliana; 
they  deny  the  divinity  of  Christ  and 
the  doctrine  of  the  Holy  Trinity. 

261  *  *  Pers.    The  Manlcheans  arise. 
Manes  teaches  the  two  principles  of 

light  and  darkness,  rejects  the  Old  Tes- 
tament, and  approves  dogmas  taught  by 
ancient  fire-worshipers.  [277.  He  is 
burned  alive  by  the  Iving  of  Persia.] 

270  (Feb.  14.)  Rome.  [St.]  Valentine, 
a  Roman  bishop  (or  presbyter),  is  be- 
headed by  Claudius.    Noted  for  his  love. 

274  •  *  Ninth   persecution  ;    Aurelian 

briefly  persecutes  the  Church. 

283+  •  •  Religious  ceremonies  in  the 
churches  increase.  Many  pagan  rites 
are  imitated. 

284  Aug.  29.  The  Age  of  Diocletian 
hegins  ;  called  the  Era  of  the  Martyrs. 

286±  *  •  The  Thebean  Legion,  com- 
posed of  Christians  under  [St.]  Maurice, 
submits  to  martyrdom  rather  than  to 
sacrifice  to  the  gods. 

±  •  *  Egy.  The  heresy  of  Hierax  pre- 
vails ;  his  followers  are  called  Absti- 
nents. 

296  *  »  Monks  abound  in  Spain  and 
Egypt. 

*  *  Rome.    [St.]  Mareellinus  Is  pope. 

[304,  [.St.]  Maroellus  I. ;  309,  [.St.]  p;u8ebia», 
311,  [St.]  MclchiadeB;  314,  [St.]  Sylvester  1.; 
337,  [St.]  Marcus;  341,  [.St.]  Julius  I.;  3.')2; 
[.St.]  Liberius;  363,  [St.]  Felix  II.;  366,  [St.] 
Damasus;  3«4,  [St.]  Siricius;  399,  [St.]  .Vna«- 
tasius.] 

300  *  *  Controversies  occur  concerning 
the  use  of  Images  in  worship. 

±  *  *  Armenia.  The  Greek  church  is  es- 
tablished. 

302-313  The  tenth  and  last  persecu- 
tion occurs  ;  it  is  the  severest  of  all. 

Diocletian  issues  an  edict  against 
Christians  ;  he  prohibits  divine  worship; 
houses  are  fllfed  with  Christians  and 
burned.    Many  are  cast  into  the  sea. 

*  *  *  A/r.  Amobius,  a  Latin  father  and 
eloquent  apologist,  flourishes. 

304  *  *  Egy.    An  edict  is  issued  against 

Christians  and  Jews. 
305*  *  Egy.    [St.]  Anthony  is  the 

founder  (?)  of   a  regular  monasticism. 

Monks  inhabit  caves  and  desolate  places. 

*  *  Sp.  The  provincial  council  of  Elvira 
forbids  the  nuptial  intercourse  of  priests 
after  consecration. 

306  •  *  Constantius  stops  persecution. 
311  *  *  Inimersion  is  practised  (p.  1028). 
311±  *  *  Egy.    Arius  of   Alexandria  is 

ordained  a  priest. 
[He  becomes  the  founder  of  Arlanism, 

a  heresy  denying  the  divinity  of  Christ. 

creating    the    greatest    schism    of    the 

Church  before  the  Reformation.     321 


ROMAN   EMPIRE. 


237,**-312, 


106T 


Excommunicated.  325.  Views  condemaed 

by  the  Council  of  Nice.] 

•  *  Afr.  The  Donatists  arise  at  Carthage 
as  opposers  of  the  extreme  reverence 
paid  to  the  relics  of  martyrs  ;  they  claim 
to  be  the  only  true  church. 

LETTERS. 

280i;  *  *  The  first  treatise  on  optics  is 
written  by  Euclid. 

290  ±  *  •  The  Gregorian  and  Hermo- 
Sinian  codes  are  published. 

310±  *  *  ^lius  Spartianus,  Julius  Capi- 
tolinus,VulcaciusGallicanu8,TrebelUua 
PoUio,  ^lius  Ijampridius,  and  Flavius 
Volpiscus  write  The  Augustan  History. 

SOCIETY. 

248  *  *  Rome.  The  Secular  games  are 
restored  by  the  Emperor  Philippus. 

249  *  ♦  Philip  is  assassinated  by  his 
own  soldiers  ;  his  gou  l^hilip  is  murdered 
at  the  same  time  while  in  his  mother's 
arms. 

251  *  *  Hostillius  and  his  son  Volusianus 
are  both  killed  by  mutinous  soldiers. 

302  *  *  Valentinian  is  murdered  by  Ar- 
bogast,  one  of  his  officers. 

STATE. 

238  *  *  Home.  The  Senate  elects  two 
senators,  Puplenus  Maximus  and  Caelius 
Balbinus,  as  augusti  in  opposition  to 
Maximinus.  The  Senate  adds  soon  after 
the  young  (13)  grandson  of  Gordianus  I. 
at  the  demand  of  the  people. 

238  *  *  Rome.  The  pretorians  murder 
the  two  augusti,  leaving  the  grandson  oi 
Gordianus  I.  to  reign  akme. 

238-244  Rome.  Gordianus  III.  (Mar- 
cus AntonLus  Pius)  reigns. 

240  *  •  Afr.    A  revolt  arises. 

242  *  *  Fr.    Vandals  appear  (p.  663). 

243*  *  Rome.  The  emperor  accepts 
Philip  the  Arabian  as  coregent  on  the 
demand  of  the  soldiers.  [244.  Gordi- 
anus III.  is  murdered.] 

244-249  Rome.  Philip,  the  Arabian 
(Marcus  Julius  Philippus)^  reigns. 

*  •  Peace  is  made  with  the  Persians  under 
Sapor. 

249*  *  The  armyrevolts  against  Philip. 

249-251  Decius  (Caius  MessiusQuintus 
Trajanus)  reigns. 

He  is  comi>elled  by  the  Moesian  and 
Pannonian  legions  to  assume  the  purple, 
and  march  against  Philip  1.,  when  sent 
by  Philip  to  quell  their  mutiny. 

250±  ♦  •  Ger.  The  East  Goths  appear 
(p.  768.)  [251.  They  kill  Decius.  252. 
Invade  Greece.]    (P.  1028.) 

251-253  Rome.  Gallus  (Caius  Vibius 
TrebonianuB)  reigns  with  Hostilianus, 
son  of  Decius,  as  his  colleague.  He  (?) 
causes  the  death  of  Hostilianus  (p.  1029). 

261  •  *  The  Huns  appear  near  the  Cas- 
pian Sea. 

263*  *  Rome,  -^milianus,  the  conqueror 
of  the  Goths,  deposes  GalluSj  reigns 
four  months,  and  is  killed  by  soldiers. 

253-260  Rome.  Valerian  (Publius  Au- 
relins  Licinius  Valerianos)  reigns. 


The  legions  in  Gaul  and  Germania 
make  him  emperor,  (253.)  He  appoints 
his  son  Gallienus  his  colleague.  (260.) 
Captured  by  the  Persians.  (268±.)  Exe- 
cuted. 
255  *  *  Prus.  Gallienus  holds  his  court 
at  Treviri  [Treves]. 

259+-  *  *  Fr.t^  Posthunius  establishes  a 
provincial  empire  in  Gaul.    [272.    Knds.] 

260-268  Rome.  Gallienus  (Publius 
Licinius  Valerianus  Eguatius)  reigns 
alone. 

Numerous  aspirants  and  many  pre- 
tenders claim  the  throne;  central  au- 
thority is  paralyzed,  and  confusion 
abounds  in  all  provinces  ;  period  of  *'  the 
thirty  tyrants." 

267-274  Tetricus  In  Gaul  and  Spain 
maintains  some  pretensions  to  imperial 
authority.. 

*  *  Gallienus  recognizes  Odenathus, 
Prince  of  Palmj^ra,  as  colleague  for  the 
East,  after  having  driven  the  Persians 
out  of  Mesopotamia,  Syria,  and  Asia 
Minor. 

266  *  *  Asia.  Queen  Zenobia  is  regent 
in  Palmyra  after  the  murder  of  Odena- 
thus, for  her  yoxmg  son  V'aballathua. 
She  receives  the  province  of  Egypt. 

268  *  *  Caius  Aureolus,  the  usurper,  is 
put  to  death.  GaUienus  is  murdered 
by  Claudius. 

268-270  Rome.  Claudius  II.  (Marcus 
Aurelius  Claudius  Gothicus)  reigns.  He 
is  enthroned  by  the  soldiers. 

270-275  Rome.  Aurelian  (Claudius 
Lucius  Valerius  Domitius  Aurelianus) 
reigns. 

He  is  enthroned  by  the  army  in  Illyr- 
icum  ;  Quintillus  is  elected  emperor  "by 
the  senate.  The  Danube  becomes  the 
boundary  of  the  empire.  He  is  a  great 
soldier. 

270 i  *  *  Bulgaria. 'r  Roman  colonists 
of  Dacia  are  transported  to  Moesia. 

271-274  Aurelian  reconquers  the 
£!ast,  Egypt,  and  subdues  Gaul,  Spain, 
and  Britain.  The  Senate  calls  him  the 
restorer  of  the  Roman  Empire. 

273  *  *  Syria.  Firmus  revolts,  seizes 
Alexandria,  and  assumes  royal  power. 

275  *  *  Turk.  Aurelian  is  murdered 
near  Byzantium.  An  interregnum  of 
six  mouths  follows. 

Sept.  25-276  Apr.  13.  Rome.  Tacitus 
(Marcus  Claudius)  reigns.  He  is  en- 
throned by  the  army  and  election  of  the 
Senate.    (276.)    Dies  at  Tarsus,  Cilicia. 

276  *  *  Rome.  Florian  (Marcus  Flori- 
anus),  the  brother  of  Tacitus,  makes  a 
fruitless  eifort  to  secure  the  throne  ;  he 
is  killed  by  his  soldiers. 


276-282  Rome.  Probus  (Marcus  Au- 
relius) reigns  (p.  769). 

(282.)  Killed  by  mutinous  soldiers  who 
are  required  to  serve  as  laborers  (p.  1029). 

282-283  Rmne.  Cams  (Marcus  Aure- 
lius) reigns. 

A  prefect,  enthroned  by  the  army,  ap- 
points his  sons,  Carinus  and  Numeri- 
anus,  caesars,  and  later  augusti.  (283.) 
He  is  killed  by  lightning  (?)  and  is  suc- 
ceeded by  his  sons. 

284  •  *  Rome.  Marcus  Aurelius  Nume- 
rianus  and  Marcus  Aurelius  Carinus 
reign.     Numerianus  is  an  orator  and  a 

f»oet ;  he  is  murdered  by  his  father-in- 
aw  (?)  when  returning  from  the  East. 
Carinus  is  compelled  to  yield  to  Diocle- 
tian, who  is  chosen  by  the  army  in  Asia. 


284-305  Diocletian  (Caius  Aurelius 
Valerius  Diocletianus)  reigns. 

He  establishes  an  oriental  form  of 
government,  having  an  hereditary  mon- 
archy, and  with  caesars  nominated  as  co- 
rulers.  He  divides  the  empire  into 
eastern  and  western.  (285.)  He  rules 
the  East  from  Nicomedia.  (286.)  He 
makes  Mazimian  his  colleague  to  rule 
the  West  from  Mediulanum  [Milan]. 

285i:  *  *  Diocletian  sends  ambassadors 
to  China. 

286-305  Rome.  Maximian  (Marcus 
Aurelius  Valerius  Maximianus)  Hercu- 
lius  reiens.  Resigns.  [306-308.  Resumes.} 

287+-*  *  Eng.  Marcus  Aurelius  Valerius 
Carausius  leads  a  successful  revolt  for 
seven  years. 

*  *  Barbarians  attack  the  empire  in  the 
north.  Tyrants  usurp  several  of  the 
provinces.  Franks  from  Thrace  settle 
in  Gaul. 

291  *  *  Fr.  The  Franks  assume  au- 
thority in  Batavia  and  Flanders. 

292  Mar.  1.    Partition  of  the  empire. 

Diocletian  appoints  two  more  coUeagnesaa 
Cfesars.  (!)  Constantius  Chlorus  receives 
the  government  of  Gaul,  Britain,  and  Spain; 
capital,  Treves.  (2)  Maximian,  his  father- 
in-law,  has  Italy,  Africa,  and  .Sidly;  capital^ 
Milan.  (3)  Gulerius,  son-in-law  of  I>iocIe- 
tian,  receives  Illyrletmi  and  the  Danublan 
countries,  including  Macedonia  and  Greece; 
capital,  Sirmmm.  (4)  Diocletian  Ima  Thrace» 
l^gypt,  Syria,  and  Asia;  capital,  Nicomedia. 

293  *  *  Sp.  Galerius  Valerius  Maximin 
visits  Spain. 

292  *  *  Egy.    Egyptians  revolt  (p.  65a). 

294  *  *  Ketk.  The  Romans  expel  the 
Franks  from  Batavia. 

*  *  The  Romans  reconquer  Armenia,  Mes- 
opotamia, and  Assyria. 

296*  *  Eng.    Britain  is  restored  to 

Rome  by  Constantius. 
297  *  *  Asia.    Galerius    extends   the 

boundary  of  the  empire  to  the  Tigris. 

*  *  Afr.  Maximian  suppresses  an  insur- 
rection. 

305-323    Period  of  internal  conflict. 

305  *  *  Diocletian  compels  Maximian 
to  resign  ;  he  also  abdicates.  Constan- 
tius and  Galerius  become  augusti. 

*  *  Rome.  Severus  and  Maximinus  are 
appointed  to  the  rank  of  c^esars  ;  the 
first  having  Italy  and  Africa,  and  the 
other  having  Syria  and  Egypt. 

306  *  *  Eng.    Constantius  dies  at  York. 

306-312  Constantine  [the  Great]  be- 
comes ctesar,  having  the  government  of 
Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain. 

306-312    Rome.    MaxentiuB(Marcu8 

Aurelius  Valerius)  reigns. 

He  is  chosen  imperator  by  the  preto- 
rians ;  his  father,  Maximian,  reassumea 
the  dignity  of  coregent  or  augustus. 
The  empire  is  now  under  six  rulers,  three 
augusti,  Galerius,  Maxentius,  and  Max- 
imian, and  three  ciesars,  Constantine, 
Severus,  and  Maximinus. 

307  *  *  Severus  is  put  to  death  by  Max- 
entius at  Ravenna. 

*  *  Galerius  appoints  Ijicinius(Caius  Fla- 
vius Valerius  Licinianus)  as  colleague 
and  augustus  to  fill  the  vacancy.  Con- 
stantine (Flavius  Valerius  Aurelius 
Constantinus)  assumes  the  title  augus- 
tus, making  six  rulers  of  that  dignity. 

310  *  *  The  rival  rulers  struggle  for  su- 
premacy, and  Maximian  is  defeated  in 
Massilia.  Because  of  defeat  in  a  con- 
spiracy against  Constantine  his  fathecr 
in-law,  Maximian  commits  suicide.  [313. 
Galerius, defeated, perishes  in  the  flight.} 


1068      312,**-401, 


ITALY 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

314  Apr.  *  Asia  M.  Xjicinitis^  the  em- 
peror of  the  East,  decisively  defeats 
Maximin  at  Heraclea. 

315  Oct.  8.  Turk.  Constantine  defeats 
XjlciniuB,  the  rival  emperor  in  Thrace, 
and  conipeU  him  to  cede  lllyricuwi,  Ma- 
cedonia, and  Achaia  totlie  Western  Kni- 
pire.  [323.  July  3.  Again  decisively 
(p.  1024).  Sept.  18.  Asia  M.  Again  de- 
feated at  Chrysopolis.  He  surrenders  in 
Niconiedia,  and  is  cruelly  murdered.] 

331*  *  Asia.  Sajwr  II.  renews  the  war, 
and  is  defeated  by  Constantine. 

334  *  *  S.  Iiu8.  The  revolt  of  300,000 
Sarmatian  slaves  is  suppressed.  [They 
are  scattered  over  the  empire.] 

340*  *  Au8t.  Constantine  II.  is  defeated 
by  Constans,  and  falls  near  Aquileia. 

350-359  Fr.  Julian  conducts  war  in 
Germany  against  the  Alemanni  and  Ri- 
puarian  Franks  (pp.  502,  GG2). 

351  *  *  Aust.  Constantius  II.  defeats 
Magnentius,  the  usurper,  uu  tlie  Drave 
[heescajjes  (rapture  by  suicide].  He  also 
crushes  Vetranio,  another  usurper. 

4ih  Century.    Apulia  is  conquered  by  the 

Romans. 
362-363    Asia.    War  with  Persia. 

(363.)      Julian   leads  an   expedition 

against  Sapor  II.,  and  is  defeate*!.  (June 

26.)    Killed  by  an  arrow. 

366  *  *  Aula.  The  army  of  Valens,  led 
by  Sallust,  defeats  and  kills  Procopius, 
his  rival. 

367  *  *  Turk.  The  Goths  are  defeated 
near  the  Hellespont  (p.  1028). 

368-370  "War  with  the  Goths.  It  ends 
in  an  agreement  not  to  cross  the  Danube. 

371  *  *  Ger.  Valentinian  I.  and  Severus 
defeat  the  Alemanni,  anil  strengthen 
the  frontier  against  the  Huns  and  Alani. 

378  Aug.  9.  Turk.  A  horde  <)f  Goths, 
revolting  under  Fritliigern,  defeat  Va- 
lens.  [They  ravage  the  country,  and  ad- 
vance to  Constantinople.]    (P.  1028). 

382+:  *  *  Theodosius  I.  makes  a  success- 
ful campaign  among  the  West  Goths. 

383  *  *  Fr,  Maximus  removes  his  army 
from  Britain  to  Gaul  (p.  662), 

388  June*  Ausf.  Theodosius  I.  de- 
feats Maximus.  Also  Eugenius  (p.  1028). 

•  *  Fr.  The  Franks,  having  utterly  de- 
feated Quintinius,  follow  up  their  victory 
by  invading  Gaul. 

394  *  *  Alaric,  King  of  the  West  Goths, 
first  appears  in  history.  [395.  Desolates 
Macedonia.  396.  Takes  Athens,  lie  is 
driven  out  of  the  Peloponnesus  by  Fla- 
vins Stilicho  (p.  1030).] 

*  *  Aust.  Theodosiusl.,  aided  by  Alaric 
I.,  defeats  Arbogustand  Eugenius,  two 
usurpers,  at  the  Krigidus,  near  Aquileia  ; 
he  becomes  sole  emperor. 

400±  *  *  ^«s^  Alaric  first  invades 
Italy,  bringing  the  families,  wagons,  and 
treasures  of  his  people.  He  wins  a  vic- 
tory at  Aquileia,  and  crosses  the  Po. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

330-900  R<yme.  The  Basilicas  are 
erected. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

317  *  *  Constantius  II.,  Flavins  Julius,  em- 
Ijeror.  born.    [abi.     I)ies.j 

330  *  *  Constans  1.,  Flaviua  Julius,  emperor, 
born.     [360.     Dies.] 

331  *   *  Valentinian  I.,enip.,b.     [375.     Dies.] 
338  •   •  Helena,  Flavia  Julia,  St.,  dies. 

V'alena,  Flavins,  emperor,  b.     [378.     !>.] 
330  •  "  Ammlanus,  Marcelllnus,  historian,  h. 
[375.     Dies.] 
Jovlanus,  Flavins  Claudius,  emperor,  born. 
[364.     Dies.] 
340  i:  *   *  Ambrose,  St.,  bishop  of  Milan,  au- 
thor, born.     [397.     Dies.] 
Jerome.  St..  cnurcli  father,  b.     [420.     D.] 
346*   'Theodosius,  Flavius, emperor, born 

[395.     Dies.] 
364    Nov.   13.     Auerustine,  St.,  Christian 

father,  born.     [430.     Aug.  28.     Dies.] 
359*  *  Gratian,  emperor,  born.     [383.     D.] 
37 H:  *   *ValentinianII..enip.,b.   [392.  D.] 
394  *  *  Arbogast  or  Arbogastes,  general,  d. 
396*  *  Aetlus.  general,  born.     [454.     Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

312i:  *  *  Constantine  [the  Great]  is  con- 
verted. 

The  vision  of  the  shining  cross'appears  ; 
"  hi  ftoc  signo  vinces.''  [He  becomes  the 
protector  of  Christians.] 

*  *  Kfjy.    The  Coptic  Bible  is  written. 

313  Jan.  *  Constantine  and  Licinius 
stop  the  persecution  of  Christians. 
Christianity  is  favored  by  the  state  at 
the  expense  of  paganism.    (1028.) 

314  *  *  Constantine  makes  gifts  of  land 
to  Pope  Sylvester  I.,  laying  the  founda- 
tion of  the  temporal  power.  ("Apoc- 
ryphal," Cyc.  Bib.  Liternturc) 

*  *  Asia  M.  The  f)rovinGial  synod  of  A'j- 
cyraallows  marriage  t'  >  deacons  (priests) 
only  when  stipulated  before  ordination. 

*  *  The  bishops  of  York  and  London, 

Elngland,  are  appointed. 

*  *  Fr.  A  council  of  the  Church  meets  at 
Aries  to  suppress  the  Donatista. 

*  *  The  Donatian  controversy  respect- 
ing the  fallibility  of  the  Church  is  very 
bitter. 

*  *  Surplices  are  first  worn. 

316*  *  Afr.  Donatus  is  elected  bishop 
of  Cartilage  by  the  Donatists. 

318*  *The  Greek  Church  is  founded 
in  Georgia  or  Iberia. 

321  Mar.  7.  Constantine  I.  issues  the 
first  civil  law  for  the  observance  of 
Sunday,  combining  it  with  that  of  the 
seventh  day  and  other  festivals. 

325  June  19-Aug.  25.  Asia  M.  The 
first  (?)  ecumenical  council  at  Nice  (p. 
1028).  The  Nicene  (Anti-Ariau)  creed  is 
adopted.  The  celebration  of  Easter  is 
ordained.  Thetitle  metropolitan  is  given 
to  certain  bishops.  Celibacy  of  priests 
la  rejected.    (The  latter  is  disputed.) 

*  *  Judea.  The  Empress  Helena  erects 
a  cruciform  church  at  Bethlehem  to 
mark  the  place  of  the  Saviour's  birth. 

328  May  28.  Jerusalem.  Tlie  Empress 
Helena  claims  to  find  the  true  cross.  (?) 
Pilgrimages  begin  with  her  journey. 

330  *  *  Heathen  temples  are  destroyed 
(p.  1028). 

335*  *  Council  of  Tyre;  the  doctrine 
of  Athanasius  is  <'onsidered. 

337*  *  Egy.  Athanasius  (Anti-Arian) 
is  restored  (p.  &'54).  :J41.  Again  deposed. 
he  goes  to  Rome.  342.  Declared  inno- 
cent. 349.  Restored,  35^-355.  Con- 
demned by  council.   363.    Restored. 

337  i  *  *  Christians  invoke  saints,  rever- 
ence the  cross,  and  burn  incense  in  wor- 
ship. 


339*  *  Constantinople.  Susebius,  a  lead- 
ing Arian,  is  elected  bishop. 

340*  *  Egy.  Pachronius  builds  a  large 
monastery  on  an  island  in  the  Nile. 
[Others  soon  follow.] 

341*  *Ulfila8  is  consecrated  Arian 
bishop  of  the  West  Goths. 

i  *  *  Constantine  forbidg  pagan  sacri- 
fices. Maceilonius  is  elected  bishop ; 
bloody  opposition  occurs  (p.  1028). 

±  *  *  Public  churches  are  erected. 

342*  *  Rome.  Pope  .Julius  calls  a  synod, 
and  declares  Athanasius*  innocence. 
[Athanasius  introduces  munasticism.] 

346*  *  Abyssinia.  Frumentius preaches 
to  the  natives. 

Asia  M.    The  council  at  Sardis, 


347^ 

Lydia,  is  attended  by  370  bishops  ;    it 

condemns  the  Arians. 
351  *  *  [St.]   Cyril  is  chosen  bishop  of 

Jerusalem.    [:k>8.    Deposed.    380±.    Be- 

stored.] 

353  *  *  Constans  persecutes  the  Jews. 

355*  *  Constantius  II.  enthrones  Felix 
n.  as  anti-pope,  after  having  exiled 
Liberius.     [Felix  restored.] 

4th  Century.  The  Apostles*  Creed  i» 
formulated.    The  cathedral  of  Ravenna 

is  founded. 

*  *  *  The  heated  Nestorian  controversy 
respecting  the  dual  nature  of  Christ 
pushes  the  orthodox  to  increase  the  hon- 
ors given  to  the  Virgin  Mary. 

356±  *  *  Rome.  [St.]  Hilary,  bishop  of 
Rome,  claims  preeminence  for  his  see. 

*  *  *(?)  The  Athanasian  Creed  is  formu- 
lated, declaring  the  procession  of  the 
Holy  Ghost  from  both  the  Father  and 
the  Son.     [Author  unknown.] 

359  *  *  The  Council  at  Rimini,  having400 
bishops  present,adopts  a  new  confession 

of  faith. 

*  *  Constantinople.  The  [first]  church  of 
St.  Sophia  is  dedicated. 

*  *  Jerusalem,  .Julian  [tlie  Apostate]  fails 
in  an  attempt  to  rebuihl  the  temple. 

*  *  Fr.    The  first  convent  (p.  6G2). 

361i:  *  *  The  Knipcror  .Julian  renounces 

Christianity.  [3G3.  He  favors  the 
Jews.] 

362  *  *  Many  martyrs  fall  in  the  perse- 
cution of  Christians. 

366±  *  *  Beads  are  used  in  reckoning 
prayers. 

*  *  The  emperor  favors  the  Arians;  the 
orthodox  Christians  suffer  opposition. 

*  *  Rome.     Ursicinus  is  anti-pope. 

*  *  AgapiP,  or  love  feasts,  are  forbidden 
by  the  Council  of  Laodiceu  because  of 
tlisorderly  conduct.  [300.  By  the  Coun- 
cil of  Carthage.] 

370  *  *  Asia  Af.  [St.]  Basil  [the  Great] 
is  elected  bishop  of  Caesarea. 

372  *  *  The  Bible  is  translated  into  lan- 
guage of  the  Goths  by  Ulfilas. 
374-397    [St.]  Ambrose  is  archbishop 
of  Milan. 

379*  *  Home.  Tlie  prerogatives  of  the 
Holy  See  are  greatly  enlarged. 

*  *  Theodosius,  having  recovered  from  ill- 
ness, zealously  supports  the  Orthodox 
Church. 

380  *  *  Sp.  A  church  council  is  held 
at  Saragossa. 

381  July  9.  Constantinople.  Third 
general  council  (p.  1029). 


ROMAN    EMPIRE. 


312. 


401, 


1069 


384  •  •  Koine.  The  Senate  discusses  the 
i-oinpurative  merits  of  Christianity  and 
paganism,  and  decides  in  favor  of  the 
former.  [St.]  Ambro.se  pleads  for  Chris- 
tianity, and  Sj'mmaolius  for  paganism. 
±  •  •  Jiome.     [St.]    Jerome    collects    and 

prepares  the  Vulgate  Bible. 
385  *  •  Fr.    Priscillian,  a  Spanish  eccle- 
siastic, founder  of  Friscillianists  (gnos- 
ticism and  Christianity),  is  beheaded  as 
a  heretic  at  Treves  by  the  emperor. 

*  *  Pope  Siricius  uses  title  of  pope  (papa). 

lie  decides  that  priests  are  not  alloweil 
to  marry.    Celibacy  is  established. 

389*  *  Egi/.  Christianity  is  supreme 
(p.  654). 

*  •  Constantinople.  Theodosius  abolishes 
the  holy  Eleusinian  Mysteries. 

390±  *  *  [St.]  .Jerome  introduces  the  use 
of  hallelujah  and  amen  in  Christian 
worship. 

*  •  Augustine  (?)  and  Ambrose  (?)  com- 
pose TV  Deum  as  a  song  of  praise. 

*  *  The  Emperor  Tlieodosius  is  expelled 
from  the  church  for  his  cruelty  by  Am- 
brose, the  archbishop  of  Milan. 

392  *  *  Theodosius  issues  an  edict  for  the 
suppression  of  idolatry, 

394±  •  »  The  mass  is  first  celebrated.  (?) 

396*  •  Tunis.  [St.]  Augustine  is  chosen 
bishop  of  Hippo,  Africa. 

397  •  *  Constantinople.  [St.]  Chrysos- 
tom  is  chosen  patriarch  (p.  1030). 

400+ *  *  Litanies  are  first  (?)  used  in 
processions. 

*  •  Rome.  Pelagianism,  rejecting  origi- 
ualsinand  foreordination.is  introduced 
by  Pelagius,  a  Briton.  [418.  Banished 
from  Italy.] 

LETTERS. 

367  •  *  Epiphanius,  bishop  of  Constan- 
tius  in  Cyprus,  writes  Panarium,  against 


heresies. 

398±  •  ♦  Heliodorus,  bishop  of  Tricca  in 
Thessaly,  writes  ^lithiopica,  relating  to 
the  loves  of  Theagcnes  and  Chariclela. 
[It  is  the  first  known  romance.] 

SOCIETY. 

323  *  *  Constant inopie.  The  splendor  of 
the  court  of  Constantiue  I.  exceeds  the 
cost  of  the  legions. 

324*  *  Constantiue,  I.  puts  to  death 
his  eldest  son  Crispus,  and  one  of  his 
nephews,  through  the  plotting  of  Fausta, 
his  wife,  who  is  nerseff  executefl  at  last. 

325  *  *  Constantine  I.  in  the  East  sup- 
presses gladiatorial  combats  in  pub- 
lic theaters. 

334 »  *A    revolt   of    300,000   Sarmatian 

slaves  is  suppressed. 
362  *  *  Gr.    The  Emperor  Julian  revives 

the  Isthmian  games. 
•  *  Rmne.    Hospitals  for  travelers,  the 

indigent,  and  the  sick,  are  founded  bv 

Julian. 

364  •  »  Rnme.  Marriage  is  forbidden  in 
Lent. 

387  •  *  Rome.     The  CapitoUne  games 

are  instituted. 
393  •  •  Polygamy  is  forbidden  by  the 

Emperor  Arcadias. 
384  *  •  Constantinople.    The  festival  of 

the   Olympic  games  is  abolished  by 

Theodosius. 


STATE. 

313  *  *  Constantine  and  Liciuius  (who 
married  Constantia,  the  emperor*8  sis- 
ter) enter  an  alliance. 

313-323  Constantine  and  Licinius 
rule  the  empire ;  the  former  in  the  East, 
and  the  latter  in  the  West. 

323-337      Constantine  .sole  emperor  (p. 

1020). 
323-353    The  empire  is  again  united 

under  a  sole  ruler, 
330   May  11.    Turk.    Byzantium  (Con- 
stantinople) is  dedicated  by  Constantine 
as  tlie  nevir  capital  of  the  empire. 

The  empire  is  rearranged,  having  four  great 
prefectures,  Oriens,  lllyrlcum  orlentale, 
Italia,  (iallla  ;  these  are  divided  Into  13  dio- 
ceses, and  these  again  into  116  provinces. 

337  *  *  Partition  of  the  empire. 

Constantine's  three  sons  divide  the 
empire  between  them  as  augusti,  and 
his  two  nephews  as  caesars. 

337-340  Constantine  II.  (Flavins  Clau- 
dius Constantinus)  reigns  over  Britain, 
Gallia,  Spain,  and  a  part  of  Africa. 

337-350  Constans  I.  (Julius  Flavius) 
reigns  over  the  prefectures  of  lllyrlcum 
orlentale,  Italia,  and  a  part  of  Africa. 


364-394  The  Koman  Empire  is  again 
divided. 

367-383  Gratian  (Gratianus)  reigns  in 
the  West  as  colleague  fif  his  father, 
rank  of  augustus.  (375.)  He  succeeds 
his  father  with  Valentinian  II.  as  joint 
augustus. 

369+  •  *  The  West  Goths  are  admitted 
into  the  Koman  territories  on  condition 
of  their  rendering  military  service. 

370*  *  Scot.   Valentia  made  a  province. 

375-392  Milan.  Valentinian  II.,  son 
of  Valentinian  I.,  only  four  years  of  age, 
reigns  in  the  West  as  joint  augustus. 
[383-392.     As  colleague  of  Theodosius.] 

375  *  *  Beginning  of  the  migration  of 
the  Teutonic  tribes. 

376  *  *  The  Goths  revolt. 

±  •  *  The  Huns  invade  Pannonia  [Hun- 
gary], and  expel  the  (ioths  (p.  709). 


378-395  Constantinople.  Theodosius 
[the  Great]  rules  in  the  E.-ist  as  joint 
augustus  by  the  choice  of  tJratian. 

383  Aug.  25.  Fr.  Gratian  is  captured 
by  MaximusatLyons,and  killed  (p.  062). 

*  *  Eng.  Maximus  (Magnus)  Is  pro- 
claimed emperor  by  his  army. 

ConstanUus  (Julius)  reigns  in    383-388    Treres.    Maximus  Magnus 

Clemens  reigns  in  Gaul,  Spain,  and 
Britain  as  colleague  of  Theodosius. 
386  •  *  Maximus  attempts  to  oust  Valen- 
tinian II.  from  Italy  and  Africa.  [388. 
Theodosius  crushes  Maximus.]  (See 
Army.) 

392  May  15.    Fr.     Valentinian  II.  is 

strangled  (p.  663). 

*  *  Eugenius,  a  tyrant,  is  proclaimed 
emperor  by  Arbogast.  [394.  Crushed 
by  the  Theodosians.] 

393  *  »  Sp.  Theodoric  establishes  the 
East  Goth  kingdom  In  Spain. 


337-361 

the  East. 

340  *  *  Constantine  II.  is  defeated  and 
killed  by  Constans,  his  brother^it  Aqui- 
leia.  The  Eastern  and  Western  Empires 
are  reunited  under  Constans. 

350**,S7).    Constans  I.  is  killed  while 

hunting  near  Illiberis,  by  emissaries  of 
Magnentius. 

350+  *  *  Rnssia.  The  Huns,  a  Mongo- 
lian race,  cro.ss  the  Volga,  moving  west- 
ward ;  they  drive  back  the  Goths. 

351-361  Constantius  reigns  alone  ;  the 
unity  of  the  empire  is  restored. 

351*  *Flavius  Claudius  Constantius 
Gallus,  nephew  of  Constantiue  I.,  is 
made  cnisar  and  ruler  of  the  East.  [364. 
Executed  for  his  tyranny.] 

355*  *  Constantius  makes  Julian,  his 
cousin,  caisar.  and  sends  him  to  rule  in 
Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain  ;  capital,  Paris. 

361  *  *  Fr.  The  army  in  Gaul,  under 
Julian,  proclaims  him  emperor. 

*  *  Constantius  dies,  and  is  succeeded 

by  his  cousin. 

361-363  Julian  (Flavius  Claudius  Juli- 
an us),  the  Apostate,  reigns  (p.  769). 

363  June  26.  Constantinople.  Julian 
being  killed  in  battle,  Jovian  (Flavius 
Claudius  Jovlanus)  reigns. 

He  is  enthroned  by  the  army.  He 
buys  peace  with  the  Persians  by  ceding 
five  Roman  provinces  beyond  the  Tigris 
to  them.    [.(04.     Feb.  17.    Jovian  dies.] 

364-375  .Milan.  Valentinian  I.  (Fla- 
vins Valentinlanus)  reigns  in  the  West ; 
capital,  Milan. 

He  is  elected  by  the  army  at  Nictea ; 
boundaries,  Caledonia  in  the  West  to 
Mount  Atlas  in  the  East. 

364-378    Constantinople.  Valens  reigns 
in  the  East ;  capital,  Constantinople. 
He  is  made  associate  emperor  by  V^al- 


394-395  Theodosius  [the  Great,  the 
last]  sole  emperor  of  both  the  Eastern 
and  Western  Empires. 

395    Jan.  17.    Theodosius  dies  at  Milan. 

*  *  The  empire  is  permanently  divided 
between  the  sons  of  Theodosius. 

395-1453  The  Eastern  or  Grecian  Em- 
pire.   (See  Greece.) 

395-408  Constantinople.  Arcadius 
reigns  in  the  East. 

395-423  Rome.  Flavius  Honoriua,  11 
years  of  age,  reigns  in  the  West ;  capi- 
tal, Home.  (402.)  Ravenna  becomes 
the  imperial  residence.  The  Vandal 
Stilicho  becomes  the  guar<Ilan  and 
chancellor  of  tlie  king. 

395  *  *  (imalantinople.  Kufinus  is  mur- 
dered by  Gainus,  coninmnder  of  the 
Gothic  mercenaries.  Eutiopius  becomes 
the  guardian  of  Arcadius. 

398*  *  Or — Serriat.  Alario,  King  of 
the  West  Goths,  is  made  ruler  of  East 
Illyrioum  by  Arcadius. 

5th  Century ,  Tlie  Western  Empire  is  grad- 
ually disintegrated  by  the  incursions 
of  Goths,  Franks.  Vandals.  Burgundians, 
Angles,  and  Saxons,  and  the  Huns. 


entinian,  his  brother  :  boundaries  from    401+  *  *  (402)  The  'West  Goths  overrun 
the  lower  Danube  to  Persia  (p.  1029).  Europe ;  under  Alaric  they  invade  Italy. 


1070      402,  **-568,= 


ITALY : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

■402  *  *  Alaric  is  repulsed  at  Polentia 
Uy  Stilicho.  He  is  compelled  by  disease, 
hunger,  and  desertion  to  abandon  the 
invasion  of  Italy. 

404-406  German  hosts  under  Rada- 
gaisus  invade  Italy,  but  are  defeated  by 
Stilicho  at  Fsesulfe,  and  then  annihilated 
by  constant  fighting, disease,  and  hunger. 

406-409  Bands  of  Vandals,  Suevi,  and 
Alani,  from  the  region  of  the  Danube, 
cross  the  Rhine,  and  successfully  with- 
stand the  Franks.    (409.)    Invade  Spain. 

408-409  Alaric  again  crosses  the  Alps, 
and  invades  Italy ;  he  is  bought  off  with 
a  ransom.  [410.  Aug.  24.  He  takes 
Rome  and  sacks  it ;  later  dies  at  Cosena.] 

410-415     Fr,    Atawulf  invades  Gaul. 

410*  *Eng.   The  Romans  retire  (p.  840). 

413  *  *  HeracUan  unsuccessfully  in- 
vades Rome  from  Carthage. 

415  *  *  Sp.  Atawulf,  the  brother-in-law 
of  Honorius,  conquers  Barcelona  from 
the  Vandals  and  Suevi. 

418+*  *'Wallia,  KingoftheWestGoths, 
fights  for  the  Romans. 

420  *  *  "War  with  Persia. 

425  *  *  Ravenna  is  taken  by  Aapar,  the 
first  of  the  Patricians,  and  dohn  the 
usurper  is  defeated. 

428  *  *  Fr.  Franks  and  Goths  defeat 
the  Roman  general  Aetius  (p.  662). 

429  May  *  Afr.  Vandals  under  Gen- 
seric  invade  Africa. 

435-55  Fr.  Goths  and  Alemanni  are 
defeated  by  Aetius. 

439  Oct.  *  Afr.  Genseric  captures 
Carthage,  and  makes  it  his  capital. 

440+  *  *  Sicily.  The  Vandals  invade 
the  island,  and  capture  Palermo. 

448  *  *  AStius  defeats  the  Huns  ;  he  in- 
vades and  ravages  Gaul. 

451  *  *  Fr.  Aetius,  aided  by  the  West 
(;oths,  defeats  Attila  (pp.  662,  768).      . 

452  ♦  *  Lombardy  is  overrun,  and  Pavia 
is  taken  by  Attila.  He  threatens  Rome  ; 
it  is  saved  from  conquest  by  Pope  Leo. 

*  *  Ausi.  Attila  destroys  Aquileia.  He 
sacks  Milan. 

455  July  15+.  Rome  is  taken  and 
pillaged  by  the  Vandals  under  Genseric 
for  14  days  ;  the  empress  and  many  other 
captives  are  taken  away. 

*  *  Alsace.  The  Alemanni  capture  Ar- 
getitoratum  [Strasburg]. 

456  *  *  Romans  under  Ricimer  defeat  the 
Vandals  in  a  naval  battle  off  Corsica. 

457  *  *  War  with  the  Goths. 

468*    *  Rome.      An    expedition    is    sent 

against  the  Vandals. 
476*  *  Rome  is  taken  by  Odoacer,  leader 

of  the  Heruli  ;  the  city  is  sacked. 

*  *  Pavia,  Lombardy,  is  taken  by  Odoacer. 
486*  *  Fr.     Clovis   defeats    Sygarius 

(p.  662). 

488-^93  Theodoric  [the  Great]  sub- 
dues Italy  (p.  1030). 

533-535  Afr.  Belisarius,  Justinian's 
general,  overthrows  the  Vandal  power 
(p.  1030). 

536-540  Belisarius  defeats  the  East 
Goths.  [536-537.  He  conquers  Southern 
Italy,  and  delivers  Rome.  540.  Vitiges 
surrenders  Bavenna.]    (P.  1030.) 


538  *  *  Invasion  of  Franks. 

539  *  *  Goths  destroy  Milan ;  they  rav- 
age Lombardy. 

544^549    Belisarius  returns  (p.  1030). 

543  *  *  Totila  takes  Naples.  [552.  Re- 
taken.] 

546  *  *  Totila  takes  Rome. 

He  plunders  the  city,  and  reconquers 
the  greater  part  of  Italy,  while  Belisa- 
rius is  fighting  in  Persia. 

547  *  *  Rome  is  recovered,  and  King 
Vitiges  captured.  [549.  Rome  taken 
by  Totila.    552.     Retaken  by  Narses.] 

552  July  *  Narses  defeats  the  Goths, 
and  mortally  wounds  Totila  in  battle  at 
Tadince.  [553.  Defeats  the  Goths  at 
Mons  Lactarius.] 

554  *  *  Narses  defeats  the  Alemanni  and 
Pranks  at  Casilinimi  [Capua]. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  ~  NATURE. 

425  *  *  The  San  Giovanni  Evangelista 
Church  at  Parma  is  founded. 

440  *  *  Gr.  The  computation  of  Olym- 
piads ceases  with  the  305th. 

472  *  *  Vesuvius  is  in  a  state  of  erup- 
tion;  the  illumination  is  seen  in  Con- 
stantinople. 

493+  *  *  Theodosius  introduces  into  Italy 
the  superior  architecture  of  Greece. 

516  *  *  Dionysius  Exiguus,a  monk  of  the 
Western  Church,  introduces  the  chro- 
nology of  the  Christian  Era,  by  dating 
events  from  the  birth  of  Christ.  He 
erroneously  begins  his  dates  from  three 
to  six  years  late. 

539  *  *  Floating  mills  are  erected  on 
the  Tiber. 

543  *  *  An  earthquake  is  felt  in  many 
countries. 

555  ±  *  *  Belisarius  (?)  invents  water- 
mills  for  grinding  corn. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

408  *  *  Stilicho,  Flavins,  general,  dies. 
419*  *  Valentiriian    III.    (Flavius   Placidns 

Valentinianus),  emperor,  born.    [455.    1).] 
430  *  *  pelag-ius,  fdr.  of  Pelagianisin,  dies. 
434*  *  Odoacer,  King  of  Italy,  b.     [493.     D.] 
455  *  *  Theodoric    the    Great,    East-Goth, 

King  of  Italy,  born.    [526.    Dies.] 
468*  *  Cassiodorus,  Marcus  Aurelius,  states- 
man, historian,  born.     [560.    Dies.] 
473i:  *  ♦  Anthemius,  emperor,  dies. 
475  *  *  Boethius,  Anicius  Manilas  Severinus, 

philosopher,  born.    [524.    Dies.] 
476*  *  Romulus  Augustinius,  lastemperor  of 

the  West,  dies. 
480*  *  Benedict,    St.,    founder   Benedictine 

order,  born.    [543.    Dies.] 
496*  *  Grelasiusl.,  pope,  dies.   [498.  Anasta- 

Bius  11.  ;  526.  John  I.;  530.  Felix  IV.; 

535,  John  II.] 
540*  *  Greerory  I.,  the  Great,  pope,  born. 

[604.     Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

402  *  *  Home.    [St.]  Innocent  I.  is  pope. 

[417,  [St.]  Zosinms;  418,  [St.]  Boniface  I.; 

423,  [St.]  Celestine  1.;  432,  [St.]  Sixtus  111.] 

404    Jan.  1.    Rome.    Telemachus,    an 

Asiatic  monk,  rushes  into  the  arena  and 
tries  to  separate  the  gladiators;  he  is 
stoned  to  death  by  the  people.  [Con- 
tests are  soon  abolished.] 

412+  *  *  Scot.  [St.]  Ninian  founds  the 
church  in  Galloway. 

*   *  Egy.    [St.]  Cyril  is  bishop  (p.  654). 

415  *  *  Asia  M.    The  Council  of  Ephesus 

condemns  Felagrianisxn.    [530.   Also  the 

Council  of  Carthage.] 

420  *  *  Syria.  Theodoret  is  chosen 
bishop  of  Antioch. 


±  *  *  Syria.  Simeon  [Stylites]  becomes  a 
'•pillar  saint.'*  He  spends  his  last  thir- 
teen years  on  a  pillar  nearly  50  feet  high. 

431  Jtine  22.  AsiaM.  The  general 
Council  of  !Ephesus  meets. 

It  condemns  Isestorianism  and  Pela- 
gianism,  favors  the  original  Nicene 
Creed,  and  regards  the  worship  of  the 
Virgin  as  heretical  (p.  1030). 

*  *  Crosses  are  used  in  churches  and 
chambers. 

432  *  *  Ire.    [St.]  Patrick  arrives  (p.  840). 

440  *  *  Rome.    [St.]  Leo  the  Great,  pope. 

[461,  [St.]  Hilary;  468,  [St.]  Simplicius; 
483,  [St.]  Felix  IH.;  492,  [St.]  Oelasius;  496, 
[St.]  Anastasius  11.] 

448  *  *  Constantinople.  A  synod  con- 
demns the  doctrines  of  Eutyches,  who 
teaches  that  Christ  had  only  one  nature. 
[449.  Bishop  Eusebius  of  Doryl£eum,'hi8 
prosecutor,  is  deposed.] 

449  Aug.  8.  AskiM.  The  [Robber] 
Council  of  Ephesus  meets.  Dioscorus, 
bishop  of  Alexandria,  employs  intimida- 
tion and  force;  many  bishops  are 
wounded. 

450±  [Aug.  6.j  The  Feast  of  the 
Transfiguration  is  celebrated. 

±  *  *  Asia.  The  Monophosyte  sect  is 
founded,  and  teaches  the  single  will  of 
Christ. 

451  Oct.  8-.  AsiaM.  The  Fourth 
Ecumenical  Council  is  held  at  Chal- 
cedon. 

It  declares  the  union  of  the  divine  and 
human  natures  in  Christ,  condemns  the 
lieresies  of  Eutyches  and  the  Monopho- 
sytes,  and  gives  the  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople equal  authority,  but  not 
equal  honor,  with  the  Pope  at  Rome. 

457i  *  *  The  Church  is  dominated  by  an 
oligarchy  of  ambitious,  self-seeking 
bishops,  including  those  of  Rome,  Con- 
stantinople, Antioch,  Jerusalem,  and 
Alexandria. 

482  *  *  Constantinople.  The  Emperor 
Zeno  issues  the  Henoticon,  a  decree  of 
union,  for  merging  the  Monophysite 
and  orthodox  bodies. 

483  *  *  Constantinople.  The  Patriarch 
Acacius  excommunicates  Pope  Pelix 
II. 

484  *  *  Huneric,  King  of  the  Vandals, 
persecutes  the  Christians. 

*  *  Schism  divides  the  Greek  and  Boman 
churches  (p.  1030). 

487  [Sept.  29].  Michaelmas,  the  Feast  of 

St.  Michael,  the  guardian  of  the  Cath- 
olic Church,  is  instituted. 
498  *  *  St.  Symmachus  is  pope. 

[514,  St.  HormiRdas  ;  523,  St.  John  I.;  526, 
St.  Felix  IV.;  530,  Boniface  II.,  532,  John  II.; 
535,  St.  Agapetus  I.;  536,  St.  Sylverius;  538, 
Viglhus;  655,  Pelagius  I.] 

511+  ♦  *  Ger.  [St.]  Fridolin,  an  Irish- 
man, goes  as  an  apostle  to  Germany. 

518*   *  Turk.    Arians  deposed  (p.  1031). 

529  *  *  [St.]  Benedict  founds  the  Bene- 
dictines.   (Or  515.) 

He  establishes  his  first  monastery  at 
Monte  Casino.  [541.  Benedictines  enter 
Sicily.  543.  Enter  France.  Later,  they 
monopolize  nearly  all  the  ecieuce  and 
learning  of  Europe.] 

533  *  *  Constantinople.  The  Greek  em- 
peror first  acknowledges  the  Pope's  su- 
premacy. 

541  *  *  Syria.  Jacob  Baradeus  founds 
the  Jacobites. 


I 


ROMAN    EMPIRE. 


402, 


568, 


1071 


642  *  •  The  Feast  of  the  Purification,  in 
honor  of  the  V  irgin's  visit  to  the  Temple, 
is  ordered  by  the  Pope  ;  its  procession 
bears  wax  tapers  (Candlemas). 

S50  *  *  The  second  Talmud  is  completed 
by  Rab  Kabina,  after  the  labors  of  six 
compilers  for  123  years. 

553  *  *  Constantinople.  The  sixth  gen- 
eral council  meets  (p.  1031). 

554  *  *  Asia.  A  synod  of  Armenian  bish- 
ops at  Thevin,  or  Tiben,  called  by  Patri- 
arch Nierses  II.,  separates  the  Arme- 
nians from  the  (ireek  church.  [629.  An 
attempt  at  reunion  is  made  by  the  synod 
of  Garin,  but  they  soon  divide.] 

660  *  •  John  III.  is  pope. 

[574,  Benedict  I.;  578,  Pelaglus  II.;  590, 
St.  Gregory  I.  the  Great;  604,  Sabinianus; 
607,  Boniface  in.;  608,  St,  Boniface  IV.;  615, 
St.  Adeodatus  i.;  619,  Boniface  V. ;  6:i5,  IIo- 
norius  I.) 

LETTERS. 

498t  *  *Tlie(7e7n<ira,orTalmudofBaby- 
lon,  is  published. 

620i:  ♦  *  Bfethius  writes  De  Consolatione 
Philo&ophe. 

629  *  *  The  schools  of  Athens  are  sup- 
pressed <p.  1031). 

STATE. 

404  »  *  Borne  is  placed  under  the  By- 
zantine exarch,  or  governor,  with  Ua- 
venna  the  capital  of  the  Empire  of  the 
West  [until  470]. 

406  *  *  Romans  permit  Vandals  and 
Burgundians  to  settle  in  Gaul  and 
Spain  (p.  G63). 

408*  *  Alaric,  being  refused  the  assign- 
ment of  lands  in  Northern  Italy  for  the 
permanent  settlement  of  Goths,  marches 
on  Rome  [and  compels  the  Senate  to 
appoint  Flavius  Friscus  Attains,  the 
prefectof  the  city,  emperor.  [410.  Rome 
taken ;  burned.] 

*  *  Stilicho,  the  guardian  of  Honorius, 
is  killed  by  Heraclian  by  order  of  the 
emperor,  to  whom  he  had  been  defamed., 

*  *  Theodosius  11.,  son  of  Aroadius, 
seven  years  of  age,  is  emperor  of  the 
West.  Athenius  is  his  minister ;  bis 
sister  Pulcheria  and  his  wife  Eudocia 
largely  control  him. 

410  *  *  Atawulf ,  a  brother-in-law  of  Al- 
aric 1.,  leads  the  West  Goths  into  Gaul. 
[412.    He  makes  peace  with  Houorius.j 

411  *  •  Vandals  in  Spain. 

*  •  Atawtilf  succeeds  Alaric  I. ;  he 
evacuates  Italy.  [412.  He  conquers  Aqui- 
tania,  Gaul.  414.  The  West  Goths  con- 
quer and  extirpate  the  Alani,  and  ex- 
tend their  rule  into  Spain]  (p.  6G3). 

413  »  »  Fr.  The  Burgundians  settle  on 
the  Saone.  [443.  The  A  lemanni  extend 
over  Alsace  (p.  769).] 

414  *  *  Pulcheria  becomes  regent. 

415-507  Fr.  The  West  Gothic  kingdom 
of  Tolosa  [Toulouse]  is  founded  by  King 
Walja.    It  soon  becomes  independent. 

418  *  »  Sp.  The  West  Gothic  kingdom  is 
established  (p.  663). 

420  *  *  Scot.    The  Bomans  withdraw. 

423  Aug.  27.  Honorius  dies  at  Ra- 
venna. [John,  the  secretary  of  Hono- 
rius, usurps  the  throne.  He  is  conquered 
by  Theodosius  II.] 

425-455  Valentinian  HI.  (Flavius  Pla- 
cidius  Valentinianus),  16  years  of  age, 
reigns  in  the  West.  PUoidia,  bis  mother, 
is  regent. 


428  *  •  Afr.  Coimt  Boniface  rebels  ;  in- 
vites the  Vandals  to  come  from  Spain. 

420-439  Afr.  The  Vandal  kingdom 
is  established  by  Genseric ;  capital, 
Carthage. 

433  *  •  Attila,  the  Scourge  of  God,  rules 
an  immense  empire,  extending  from 
China  to  the  Atlantic.  [445-450.  He 
ravages  the  Eastern  Empire.  451.  He 
invades  Italy,  but  soon  retires.] 

435  *  *  Afr.    A  treaty  cedes  territory  to 

the  Vandals. 
437  *  *  The  Western  Empire  acquires, 

froni  the  Eastern,  Pannouia,  Dalmatia, 

and  Noricum. 

430+  *  *  Afr.  The  Vandals  under  Gen- 
seric takeCarthage.anil  plunder  Italy 
by  the  use  of  their  numerous  fleets. 

441  *  *The  Hims,  Persians,  and  Saxons 
invade  the  Roman  territories  from  vari- 
ous directions. 

446  *  *  Britons  invoke  aid  against  the 
Picts  (p.  S40). 

450  *  •  St.  Marinus  foimds  the  republic 
of  San  Marino. 

452  *  *  Venice  is  founded  by  families 
from  Aquileia  and  Padua,  who  flee 
before  Attila. 

453  *  •  The  monarchy  of  the  Huns  falls 
with  the  death  of  Attila;  the  German 
tribes  and  the  Slavic  people  become  free. 

*  *  Valentinian  m.  is  assassinated  by 
his  successor. 

455  *  *  Pretonius  Maximus  reigns  a 
short  time  in  the  West. 

Aug.  15-456  *  *  Ravenna.  Marcus 
Msecilius  Avitus,  the  usurper,  reigns 
in  the  west  for  14  months.  He  obtains 
the  throne  by  the  aid  of  Theodoric  II. 
[Deposed  by  Ricimer,  the  leader  of  the 
German  mercenaries  in  the  army.] 

July  15  * .  Rome.  Eudocia  calls  in  the 
Vandals  after  the  murder  of  her  hus- 
band, Valentinian ;  they  plxuider  the  city. 

456  *  »  The  Vandals  take  Sardinia. 

456-472  The  actual  ruler  of  Italy  is 
Ricimer,  the  Sueve. 

457-461  Ravenna,  Majorain  (Julius 
Majorianus)  reigns  in  the  West  by  the 
appointment  of  Ricimer.  (461.)  Mur- 
dered by  the  order  of  Ricimer. 

457  *  *  Kicimer  causes  himself  to  be 
created  Patrician. 

461-465  liibius  Severus  reigns  in  the 
West  by  the  appointment  of  Ricimer. 
[4G5.   Deposed  and  poisoned  by  Ricimer.] 

465-467  Interregnum.  Ricimer  is  in 
power,  and  conducts  the  government 
without  even  a  royal  figurehead. 

467-472  AnthemiusrcignsintheWest. 
He  is  nominated  by  Emperor  Leo,  and 
confirmed  at  Rome  through  the  agency 
of  Ricimer. 

468  *  *  .<;/).  The  West  Goths  expel  the 
Romans. 

*  *  Trial  by  peers  becomes  an  estab- 
lished principle  in  courts  of  justice. 

472  *  ♦  Olybrius  reigns  in  the  West.  He 
is  enthroned  by  Ricimer. 

Aug.  18.    Ricimer  dies.    Olybrius  dies. 

473  *  »  Glycerins  reigns  In  the  West ; 
he  is  appointed  by  Leo  I. 

473-475  Julius  Ifepos  reigns  in  the 
West;  he  is  appointed  by  Leo.  He  is 
deposed  by  his  general,  Orestes,  to  make 
place  for  Orestes*  son. 


475-476  Romulus  Augustulus  reigns 
in  the  West. 

476  *  *  Odoacer,  chief  of  the  Heruli  and 
other  German  bands,  captures  Rome, 
and  dethrones  Augustulus ;  he  rules  Italy 
as  Patrician,  and  is  nominally  the  vicar 
of  the  Eastern  Emperor  Zeno.  The  title 
of  emperor  is  extinguished.  [493.  Mar. 
5.    Odoacer  is  killed  by  Theodoric] 

*  *  About  1228  years  after  the  founding  of 
Rome,  the  empire  falls  in  consequence 
of  domestic  revolutions,  and  not  by  con- 
quest. The  provinces,  long  occupied  by 
barbarians,  have  no  tie  to  bind  them  into 
one  political  body. 

480  *  *  Pavia  is  developed  by  Theodoric. 

493-555  The  kingdom  of  the  East 
Goths  in  Italy  is  founded  by  Theodoric 
after  overthrowing  Odoacer. 

(493.  Feb.  27.)  They  enter  a  treaty 
of  peace  at  Ravenna.  Odoacer  is  to  be 
only  the  military  subordinate  of  Theo- 
doric. 555.  The  East  Goths  as  a  nation 
vanish  from  history. 

526  *  •  Athalario,  grandson  of  Theod- 
oric, is  King  of  the  East  Goths  in  Italy. 
[534,  Theodates  ;  530,  Vitiges  ;  640,  Hilde- 
bald  ;  541,  Totila  ;  Eraric  ;  552,  Teias.] 

543  *  *  Naples  becomes  the  capital  of  a 
duchy.  [808  (.'".72?).  It  is  subject  to  the 
Eastern  Empire.  593.  This  is  nominally 
much  extended.] 

553  *  *  Rome  is  recovered  from  the 
Goths  by  Narses,  and  annexed  to  the 
Eastern  Empire  as  an  exarchate. 

553-567  Karses  rules  Italy  as  duke  ; 
Italy  is  under  Greek  exarchs ;  capital, 
Ravenna.    The  Senate  is  abolished. 

566  *  *  The  Gepida;  are  incorporated  with 
the  Lombards. 

568-774  The  Teutonic  kingdom  of  [Lom- 
bardy].  [573-774.  Pavia  is  the  capital.] 
It  is  formed  by  .-^Iboin,  and  becomes 
supremo  in  most  of  North  and  Central 
Italy.  A  part  of  Italy  is  yet  attached  to 
the  Eastern  Empire. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

414*  *  Atawulf,  the  leader  of  the  West 
Goths  in  Gaul,  marries  Placidia,  the 
sister  of  Honorius,  while  held  as  a  hos- 
tage in  Narbonne.  [416.  Atawulf  is 
murdered.] 

425  *  *  Valentinian  Til,  is  murdered  at 
the  instance  of  his  successor. 

450  •  *  A  terrible  famine  prevails ;  pa- 
rents eat  their  own  children. 

467  *  *  Anthemius,  the  emperor,  is  mur- 
dered by  Ricimer. 

500  *  *  Gladiatorial  contests  are  sup- 
pressed in  the  West  by  Theodoric. 

±  *  *  Fairs  and  wakes  of  Saxon  origin 
are  introduced. 

528  *  »  Civil  oaths  are  taken  on  the 
Gospel. 

536  *  *  King  Theodates  is  assassinated. 
[540.  Theodebald  (Hildebald)  is  assassi- 
nated. 573.  Alboin,  king  of  the  Lom- 
bards, is  poisoned  by  his  wife  Rosa- 
munda,  for  compelling  her  to  drink  wine 
out  of  a  cup  formed  of  her  father's  skull. 
676.  King  Cleoph  is  assassinated.  691. 
King  Autbaris  is  poisoned.  625.  Also 
King  Adaload.  663.  King  Rodoald  is 
assassinated.] 

530*  *  Pestilence  and  famine.  [558. 
Again.    816.    Again.] 


1072 


568,**-1028,* 


ITALY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

568-774  The  [Lombards]  under  Alboin, 
with  20,000  Saxou  allies,  cross  the  Alps, 
and  enter  the  plain  [of  Lombardy]. 
Pavia  is  taken. 

The  Longobardi  conquer  and  hold 
Northern  Italy  until  subdued  byOharle- 
maene.  [577.  They  defeat  the  Uomans 
under  Baduarius.  591.  Their  king, 
Autharis,  resists  the  invading  Greeks 
and  Franks.] 

600  *  ♦  Italy  is  ravaged  by  the  Slavo- 
nians [from  Hungary]. 

712  *  *  King  Liutprand  (I,ombard)  cap- 
tures Ravenna  from  the  Greek  exarchs*. 
[749.  Aistulf  captures  Ravenna.  750-  . 
He  attempts  to  take  Rome,  but  is 
driven  away  by  P^piu.]     (P.  664.) 

8.30-878  Sicily  is  conquered  by  tlie 
Saracens.    [842.    They  settle  at  Bari.] 

844  i  *  *  Wars  with  the  Saracens.  [84R. 
Tliey  destroy  the  Venetian  fleet  at  Cro- 
tona.] 

848-852  Home.  Pope  Leo  encloses  and 
fortifies  the  Leonine  City. 

896  *  *  Rome.    Arnulf  takes  Rome. 

899  *  *  Successful  invasion  of  Hims  and 
Sardinians. 

023  July  29.  Berengar  I.  is  decisively 
defeated  by  Rudolf  at  Fiorenzuola. 

034  *  *  Tlie  invading  Huns  burn  Pavia. 

051*  ♦  Otho  invades  Italy  (p.  772). 
[961-966.    Again.]    (Pp.  772,  774.) 

064  *  *  Romans  revolt  (p.  775). 

080-083    Wars  in  Italy  (p.  774). 

*  *Otho  II.  claims  Apulia  and  Calabria 
by  his  marriage  of  Theophano,  and  cross- 
ing the  Alps,  enters  Rome,  and  defeats 
the  Greeks  in  Southern  Italy. 

1003+  *  *  Henry  II.  leads  three  expedi- 
tions into  Italy  (p.  774). 

1004-39    Civil  wars  respecting  tenures. 

1011-17  The  Normans  in  Sonth  Italy 
expel  the  Saracens. 

1026*  *  Conrad's  expedition  into  Italy 
(p.  774).     [1036.     Another.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

650±  *  *  The  glazing  of  windows  be- 
comes common. 

800+  *  •  Marcus  Graecus  makes  gun- 
powder. 

807  Mar.  17  +  .  A  largo  spot  on  the 
sun  is  observed. 

1000  +  •  *  The  application  of  escape- 
ments to  clocks  is  devised  by  Gerbert 
(Pope  Sylvester  II.). 

1022  *  *  Quidod'Arezzo,  a  monk,  invents 
the  system  of  musical  notes. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

873  •  *  Alboin,  King  of  the  Lombards,  dies. 

John  III.,  pope,  ciies. 
690*  •  PelaglttS  II.,  poiie,  dies.    (819.  Aileo- 

datual.;  638.  Honoriusl. ;  642.  John  IV.; 

649.  Theodornsl.j  666.  Martini.;  656. 

EugenlUB   I.;    677.    Adeofiatiis  11.;   684. 

Leo  II.;  701.  Serglus  I.;  706.  John  VI.; 

707.  John  VII.;  752,  Zachary;  787.  Paul 

I.;  795.  .Vdrlan  I.] 
800*  *  Nicholas  I.,  the  Great.  St..  pope, 

born.    (867.    Dies.] 
816*  *  Leo  III.,  pope,  dies.    [824.  Paschal 

I.;  827.  Eugenlus  II.,  Valentine;   847. 

Serglus  II]. 
9th  Century.    Angello,  Andrea,  abbot  and  his- 
torian of  Ravenna,  horn. 
855'  'Leo    IV.,    pope,    dies.      [882.    John 

VIII.;   884.  Martin   II.;    898.  Theodore 

II.] 
lOth  Century.    Marozia,  infamous  woman,  ri. 
900  •  »  John  I.X.,  pope,  dies.    [903.  Leo  V. : 

913.  AnastaslBS  III.,  Serglus  III.;  914. 

Lando.] 
920  *  *  Liutprand,  Lombard  historian,  born. 

(972.     Dies.] 


928  •  •  John  X..  pope,  dies.    [929.  Leo  VI. ; 

936.  John  .XL;  939.LeoVll.;  965.1.^0 

VIII.;  972.  John  XIII. ;  985.  John  XIV.; 

996.  John  XV.  and  John  .XVl.] 
980+  *  *  tiuido  d'Arezzo,  monk,  inventor  of 

gamut  of  music,  born.    (1050+.    Dies.] 
998  •  •  Damlanl,  I'letro,  card.,  b.  [1072.    I).) 
999*  *Jolm  XVII.,  pope,  dies. 
1002*  *  Leo  I.\.,  pope,  liom.    [1054.    Dies.) 
1003*  *John  XVUI.,  pope,  dips.     [1009. 

John  XIX.;   1012.  Serglus  IV.] 
1016  *  •  Ouiscard,    Robert,  tlrst  Duke  of 

Calabria,  Iwrn.    [108S.    L>l».] 
1020  •  •  Gregory  Vn..  .St.  Hllacbrand,pope, 

born.    [1085.    Jlay25.    Dies.] 


CHURCH. 

568  •  *  Crosses  adorn  church  spires. 
572  *  »  Alleged  miracles  multiply. 
590-604    [St.]   Gregory  the  Great  en- 
throned ;  he  takes  the  title  of  Universal 
Bishop. 

He  is  a  great  statesman  as  well  as  church- 
man; he  builds  schools  and  churdies,  semis 
out  mlBsionariesto  many  lands,  increases  the 
numbers  and  wealth  of  the  Churctt,  and  lays 
the  foundation  of  the  great  power  of  the 
papacy. 

Gregory  appoints  Quinquagealma  Bun- 
day.    He  introduces  tile  Idea  of  purgatory  as 
a  burning  away  of  sins,  and  maJtes  it  a  dogma. 
Also,  the  invocation  of  the  Virgin  Mary  and 
the  saints  in  worslilp.    Also  the  cregorian 
modes,  as  musical  scales.     He  revises  the 
Missal  or  Mass  Book. 
590+  *  •  King  Autharis  accepts  Chris- 
tianity. 
506t  •  •  The  first  (?)  Christian  burial- 
place  is  established. 
602  *  *  Rome.    Pope  Gregory  introduces 

church  music. 
604+  *  *  Relics  are  common  and  highly 
esteemed.    Candles  are  burned  by  day 
in  worship. 
606  *  *  Pope  Boniface  III.  obtains  the 

exclusive  title  of  pope  (p.  1031). 
608  *  *  .Romp,     'llie  Pantheon  is  dedi- 
cated as  a  Cbristiau  Church. 
600  *  *  Syria.    The  .lews  of  A  n  t  i  o  c  h 

massacre  the  Christians. 
612  *  *  Arabia.    The  Koran  appears. 
615    Sept.  14.     Asm.    Tlie    Emperor 
Heraciius  defeats  King  Chosroes  of  Per- 
sia, and  recovers  part  of  the  true  cross, 
which  the  Persians  had  taken  in  plun- 
dering Jerusalem. 
626+  *  *  Monks  and  monasteries  mul- 
tiply. 
640*  *Severinus  pope;  later,  John  IV. 
[642,  Theodorns  I.;  64!l,  St.  Martin  I.;  6.55, 
St.  Eugenlus  1.;    657,   St.   Vltallanns;    672, 
Adeodatus  II.;  676,  Doniis  I.;  678,  .St.  Aga- 
thou;  682,  .St.  Leo  II.;  684,  .St,  Henedlct  II.; 
685,  John  V.;  686,  fonon;   687,  St.   Serglus 
I.J  701, John  VI.;  708,  .SIslnnlus,  later,  Con- 
stantlne;  715,  St.  Gregory  II.;  731,  St.  Greg- 
ory III.;  741,  .St.  Zacliarv;  7.52,  St.  Stephen 
II.,  later,  Stephen  III.;  757,  St.  Paid  1. ;  76H, 
Stephen  IV.] 
642  *  »  Pope  Theodorus  assumes  the  title 

Sovereign  Pontiff. 
Sept.  14.    The  festival  of  the  exaltation 

of  the  cross  is  established. 
649+  *  »  Rome.     Pope  Martin  I.  ordains 
the  celibacy  of  the  clergy ;  it  creates 
disturbances. 
640*  *A  Church  Coimcil  is  held:  it 

condemns  the  monothelitic  doctrine. 
663*  *Pope    Vi  tali  anus  orders    the 
church  services  to  be  read  in  Latin. 
680-681     Constantinnple.    The  seventh 
general  council ;  2.S1  bishops  present. 
The  Council  of  tlie  Church  In  the  Trullan 
palace  enacts  that  bishops  may  observe  celi- 
bacy, yet  presbvters  and  deacons  may  live 
with  tiieir  wives.   Pope  Honorlnsand several 
bishops  are    anathematized.      [Rejecteil   by 
Roman  Catholic  Church.]  (p.  1031). 


682  •  *  Rome.  Pope  Leo  II.  usmps  the 
right  of  investiture. 

+  •  *  Rome.  Holy  water  is  introduced 
into  the  churches. 

687  *  •  Sergius  I.  is  the  first  to  chango 
his  name  when  elected  pope. 

600+  *  *  Pope  Sergius  I.  establishes  the 
Feast  of  the  Nativity  of  the  Virgin 
Mary. 

710*  *  Constantine  introduces  the  cere- 
mony of  kissing  the  Pope's  toe  as  a 
sign  of  respect  from  the  secular  power  ; 
Justinian  II.  pays  this  honor. 

715  *  *  Gregory  II.  sends  [St.]  Boniface 
to  convert  the  Germans. 

726  *  *  Controversies  concerning  images 

occur  (p.  1032). 

745  *  *  Adelbert  condemned  (p.  664). 

755*  *The  temporal  power  of  the 
popes  begins  (p.  664). 

761  *  •  Constantine  V.  forbids  his  sub- 
jects becoming  monks.  [770.  He  dis- 
solves the  monasteries.] 

771  *  *  Romt.    Adrian  I.  becomes  pope. 

[795.    [St.]  Leo  III.] 
774  *  *  Charlemagne   annexes    the  con- 

(inered    kingdom  of    Lombardy  to   the 

dominions  of  the  Pope. 

786  ♦  *  Home.  Pope  Adrian  I.  generally 
jntruduces  surplices. 

787  Aug.  17.  Asia  M.  Council  of 
Nice  (p.  664).  [Sept.  24.  Reconvened. 
794.    Counter  synod  at  Frankfort,  Ger.} 

799  •  *  Rome.    Leo  HI.  is  driven  out 

[and  restored].     (P.  770.) 

*  *  *  Masses  said  for  money. 

800  *  *  Leo  III.  becomes  supreme  bishop 
of  the  Western  Empire. 

It  is  separateil  from  thS  Eastern.  He 
introduces  indulgences  as  an  absolute 
pardon  of  sin,  rather  than  a  mitigation 
ot  punishment. 

813  *  *  The  Feast  of  the  Epiphany  is 

established  to  celebrate  the  appearance 
of  the  Star  of  Bethlehem. 

*  *  Bishoprics  and  monastic  institutions 
rapidly  multiply. 

816  *  *  Stephen  V.  becomes  pope. 

[817,  St.  Paschal  I.;  824,  Eugenlus  II.;  827 
Valentius;  827,  Gregory  IV.;  844,  Serglus  II.; 
847, , St.  Leo  IV.;  855,  Benedict  III.;  858, Nich- 
olas I.  the  Great;  867,  Adrian  II.;  872,  John 
VIII.] 

817  *  *  The  college  of  cardinals  ap- 
pears  iu  embryo. 

824  *  *  Mysticism  introduced  into  Italy. 

840  *  *  St.  Mark's  church  at  Venice  i« 
erected.  [902.  The  campaidle  is  com- 
menced. 970.  The  basilica  is  rebuilt. 
1052.  The  basilica  is  given  its  superb  de- 
finitive form.] 

*  *  Gregory  IV.  institutes  the  Festival  of 
the  Holy  Trinity. 

844  *  •  Stephen  V.  is  excommunicated 
(p.  1032). 

858  *  *  Pope  Nicholas  I.  is  the  first  of  the 
popes  to  be  crowned.  Temporary 
schism  (p.  1032). 

864  •  *  The  Scriptures  are  translated 
into  the  Slavonian  tongue. 

860*  *  Constantinople.  Council  (p. 
1032). 

882  *  *  Rome.  Marinns  I.  becomes  pope. 
[884,  Adrian  III.;  885,  Stephen  VI.;  891, 
Forniosns,  and  Sergius,  antl-poi>e;  896,  Boni- 
face VI.;  897,  Stephen  VIII.:  898,  RonianttS, 
Theodorus  II..  and  .lohn  IX.:  900.  Benedict 
IV.:  90.1,  Leo  V.  and  Christopher;  904,  .Ser- 
gius III.;  911,  Anastasins  HI.:  913,  Ijindo; 
91.5,JohnX:928.LeoVI.;  929,  Stephen  VII.  ; 
931,  .lohn  XL;  936,  Leo  VII.;  939,  Stephen 
IX.;  Marinus  II.;  946,  Agapetiis  11. ;  9.'i«, 
John  XII.} 


1 


ITALY. 


568, 


1028, 


1073 


868  *  *  Saints  are  commonly  venerated, 
and  a  geueral  piission  for  relics  prevails. 

963  *  *  The  Romans  are  compelletl  to 
promise  never  to  elect  another  pope 
without  the  consent  of  the  emperor. 

964  •  *  Pope  John  XII.  is  deposed  by 
a  synod  for  a<lultery  and  cruelty,  heo 
Vlll.,  the  anti-pope,  is  elected. 

•  •  Home.  Benedict  V.  is  elected  pope  by 
a  council  of  Romans. 

[965,  .lohn  XIII.  becomes  pojjp;  bis  crimes 
and  scandals  cause  his  banisluneiit.  972, 
Benedict  VI.;  973.  Donus  U.;  974,  Henedict 
VII.;  9S4,  .lolin  XIV.;  9S5,  lionl face  VII., 
John  XV.;  996,  John  XVI.,  (iregory  V.;  999, 
.S.vlTeater  II.;  1003,  Joiin  .KVII.;  later,  John 
.XVIII.;  1009,  Sergius  IV.;  1012,  lienedlct 
VIII.;  1024,  .lohn  XIX.;  1033,  lienedlct  IX., 
aged  10  years;  1044,  Gregory  VI.;  1046,  Clc 
ment  II.;  1048,  Damasus  II.;  1049,  St.  Leo 
IX.;  IO.W,Victor  II.;  10.^7,  .'itcphen  X.;  1058, 
Benedict .*£.;  1059,  Nicholas  II.] 

993*  *  Jtome.  Saints  are  first  canon- 
ized. 

999*  *Otho  III.  expels  Pope  John 
XVI. 

•  *  •  The  papal  crown  is  the  object  of 
almost  constant  contention;  force, 
fraud,  and  bribery  are  employed  to  gain 

•  •  *  The  doctrine  of  transubstantia- 
tion,  or  the  conversion  of  sacramental 
elements  into  the  real  body  of  Christ,  is 
commonly  accepted. 

1000  *  *  A  wide-spread  belief  prevails 
that  the  end  of  the  world  is  near  and 
the  kingdom  of  Christ  to  be  ushered  in 
with  great  glory  ;  many  pilgrims  visit 
Rome. 

1009  •  •  The  monasteries  are  reformed. 

•  ♦  Simony  and  corruption    prevail    (p. 

774). 

•  *  Rnme.  The  confirmation  of  German 
prelates  becomes  costly  (p.  774). 

1013  *  »  The  church  San  Miniato  al 
Monte  at  Florence  is  rebuilt. 

1028*  *The  cathedral  of  [Fiasole]  is 
foimded. 

LETTERS. 

680  *  *  The  Latin  ceases  to  be  a  spoken 
language  in  Italy. 

636  *  *  The  Italian  language  begins  to 
assume  definite  form. 


STATE. 

668  •  *  The  Ijombards  overthrow  the 
municipal  system  of  the  Romans,  and 
the  federal  system  takes  its  place. 

•  *  Rome  gradually  becomes  indepen- 
dent.   [600±.    At  its  lowest  state.] 

569  *  •  Milan  is  included  in  the  kingdom 
of  the  Lombards. 

673  »  *  Cleoph,  a  Lombard,  is  King  o£ 
Italy.  Jle  extends  the  conquests  of  the 
Lombards  in  Lower  Italy. 

675  *  *  Aiitharis  is  Lombard  King  of  Italy. 
[WO,  Clutharis;  .wl,  Agllulpli;  615,  Adaload; 
825,  Arioald ;  636,  Hotharis ;  652,  Kodoald ;  653, 
Arlbertl.;  661,  ISertliarIt  and  (lodebert;  671, 
Bertharit  restored;  686,  Onrribert;  700,  Liilt- 
bert;  701,  Kagimbert;  Arllwrt  II.,  his  son;  712, 
Ansprand;  Luitprantl,  a  great  prince,  and 
frlenil  of  the  Church.) 

662  *  •  Grimoald,  as  Duke  of  Beneven- 
to,  violently  usurps  the  throne,  and 
completes  the  conversion  of  the  Lom- 
bards. 

e97±  *  ♦  The  dogate  is  instituted  at  Ven- 
ice; Anafesto  Paolluccio  the  first  dofie. 


700+  *  *  Jlome.  The  Eastern  empe- 
rors cejise  to  exercise  their  authority ; 
the  popes  become  the  guardians  of  the 
city.    [723i.    It  becomes  independent.] 

718±  *  *  Calabria  and  Sicily  are  confis- 
cated to  the  Eastern  Empire  by  Leo 
III. 

720-740    Saracens  possess  Sardinia. 

737  *  *Or8o,thedogeof  Venice, is  killed; 
the  magistrate  is  appointed  annually. 
[742.  Ulodato  is  doge.  777.  Maurizio 
Galbaio  and  his  son  Giovanni.] 

744  *  *  Hildebrand  is  King  of  Lombar- 
dy,  Italy;  later  Rachis.  [749,  Aistulf ; 
756,  Desiderius  is  the  last  king.] 

752  »  •  The  Lombai'ds  subdue  Kavenna. 
[754.  It  is  surrendered  to  Pepin,  King 
of  France.  755.  He  gives  it  to  Pope 
Stephen,  founding  the  Papal  States.] 

774  •  *  Charlemagne  conquers  Lom- 
bardy,  and  annexes  it  to  the  dominions 
of  the  Pope. 

800-1806  Period  of  the  Holy  Boman 
Empire. 

It  is  called  holy  because  of  the  inter- 
dependence of  Ciiurch  and  State  (p.  666). 

800-814  Charlemagne  reigns  as  em- 
peror. 800.  Dec.  25.  Charlemagne  is 
crowned  (p.  6C6).  [Also  others  at  Rome 
until  1462.] 

800-887  The  Carolingians  rule  North- 
ern Italy.  The  Eastern  emperors  rule 
most  of  Soutliern  Italy. 

803  *  *  The  Republic  of  Venice  is  com- 
pletely founded. 

(81L  Rialto  is  the  capital.  9th  Cen- 
tury. The  first  permanent  settlement 
is  made  on  the  site  of  Venice.] 

814  Jan.  28.  Fr.  Charlemagne  dies; 
his  son  P6pin  is  made  regent  of  Italy, 
which  becomes  a  separate  kingdom. 

814-840  Louis  I.,  emperor.  [840-&'',5. 
Lothaire.)    (P.  667.) 

850  ^*  *  Under  the  aristocratic  feudal 
system,  the  hereditary  nobility  and  the 
clergy  rule  the  State. 

855-875  Louis  II.,  son  of  Lothaire,  is 
king  and  emperor.  [877-887.  Charles 
m.,  the  Fat.  887-899.  Amulf .]  (Pp.  Cfi7, 
773.) 

884  *  *  Italy  is  again  a  part  of  the  em- 
pire of  the  Franks. 

*  *  The  barons  increase  in  independence  ; 
Roman  and  common  law  are  gradually 
introduced. 

887±  *  *  The  people  of  Italy  eagerly  de- 
sire an  Italian  king. 

888-924  Berengar  I.  is  King  of  Italy. 
He  is  Duke  of  Friuli  and  grandson  of 
Louis  le  D^bonnaire.  Guido,  Duke  of 
Spoleto,  is  a  rival ;  Rudolf  I.  of  Burgundy 
is  set  up  by  the  nobles.  [894.  Berengar 
I.  and  Lamlet  reign.  924.  Berengar  is 
assassinated.] 

805±  *  *  The  chief  towns  of  Lombardy 
are  fortified,  and  become  republics. 

896*  •Amulf,  King  of  the  East  Franks, 
takes  Rome.  He  is  crowned  emperor. 
[.\narchy  for  60  years.]    (P.  773.) 

899  •  *  The  Htins  and  Sardinians  se- 
cure the  government.  [They  hold  it  for 
30  years.] 

901-905  Lotus  in.  is  crowned  king  by 
the  barons.  [905.  Berengar  puts  out 
Louis'  eyes.] 


901*  »LouisI., son  of  the  Klngof  Aries, 
is  King  of  Italy. 

010*  *  Theodora  "the  Touiiger"  tind 
the  profligate  Marozia  are  in  power  at 
Rome. 

915  »  *  Berengar  I.  is  restored.  [921. 
Berengar  I.  and  Rudolf  of  Burgundy 
are  kings.  926.  Hugh  of  Provence  is 
king-  936.  Hugh  cedes  his  conquests 
in  Italy  to  Provence.  947.  Kxpelled  by 
Berengar.] 

950-61  Berengar  II.  and  Adelbert  his 
son  are  kings. 

951  *  *  Otho  I.,  King  of  Germany,  is 
crowned  at  Pavia  as  King  of  Lomhaniy. 
[952.  Berengar  II.  submits  to  Otho  1. 
as  a  feudatory  ;  later  rebels.] 

962  Feb.  2.  The  imperial  office  re- 
newed. 

The  crown  of  Italy  passes  from  the 
descendants  of  Charlemagne  to  the  sov- 
ereigns of  Germany.  Otho  I.,  the 
Great,  is  crowned  emperor  at  Rome. 

»  *  Rome.  Pope  John  XII.  attempts  to 
free  himself  from  im])erial  protection 
by  joining  Otho's  foes.  [Otho  marches 
against  Rome,  and  the  Pope  flees.] 

964  •  *  Berengar  II.  is  deposed  by  Otho 
I.,  who  adds  Italy  to  the  German 
Empire  (p.  773). 

966-67  Othol.  invades  Italy.  [973.  He 
causes  his  sou  Otho  II.  to  receive  the  im- 
perial crown  at  Rome.  983.  Dec.  7.  Otho 
II.  dies.] 

083-1002    Otho  in.  is  emperor  (p.  775). 

990  *  *  Rome.  Crescentius,  son  of  Theo- 
dora, proposes  a  repubUc.  Frustrated 
by  Pope  Gregory  and  Otho  III.  [1001. 
Anti-German  revolt  (p.  774+).] 

097  •  *  Venice  becomes  independent 
of  the  Eastern  Empire  ;  the  doge  ac- 
quires Dalmatia  and  Istria ;  he  takes 
the  title  Duke  of  Dalmatia. 

1000  •  *  Genoa  becomes  a  free  city ; 
Pisa  is  already  free.  [1022.  The  Geno- 
ese posses  Sardinia.] 

1002  »  •  Ardoln  is  king  (p.  775). 

1004^39  Civil  war  is  caused  by  conten- 
tions respecting  tenures. 

1005  *  ♦  Henry  II.  of  Germany  is  King 
of  Italy.    [1014.    Emperor.]     (P.  775.) 

1016*  *  Adventurous  Normans  first 
settle  at  Aversa,  near  Naples.  [1036± 
The  elder  sons  of  Tancred  de  HautTille 
arrive.] 

1026*  *Conrad  II.  becomes  king. 
[1027.    Emperor.]    (Pp.  774,  775.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

659  *  •  The  Lombards  first  employ  trial 

by  combat. 
8th  Ct^ntury.     Ignorance,    poverty,    and 

profligacy  abound. 

800±  *  *  Charlemagne  encourages  both 
agrictilture  and  horticulture. 

808  *  •  The  Lombard  .Jews  start  the  first 
bank  in  Italy. 

847-855  Leo  IV.  founds  the  Leonine 
City. 

1014  July  29+.  The  Emperor  Basil  II. 
blinds  16,000  prisoners  at  Zeluninm, 
except  one  in  a  hundred,  to  whom  he 
leaves  one  eye.    [Basil  dies  of  grief.] 


1074     1032,*  *-1239, 


ITAL\' 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1036  r  *  *  The  Norman  colonists  defeat 
the  Greeks,  and  occupy  Apulia. 

1040  *  *  Sicily  is  temporarily  taken  by 
the  Christians. 

104d     *  *  Expeditions   of    Henry    HI. 

into  Italy  (p.  774). 

105a-90.  Sicili/.  Koger  I.,  the  Nur- 
luan,  drives  out  the  Greeks  and  Saracens. 
[1061.    He  takes  Messina.    1090.    Malta.] 

•  1070-1284     Genoa    has    frequent  wars 

with  Fisa,  her  rival. 

1070*  *  Robert  Guiscard,  the  Norman, 
conquers  a  part  of  Sicily  from  the  Sara- 
cens ;  he  takes  Bari.  [1072.  He  takes 
Palermo.  1077.  Salerno.  1080.  Con- 
quers South  Italy.  1081.  Defeats  Alex- 
ander Coninenus  at  Durazzo,  Turkey. 
1082.    Takes  the  city.] 

1083  *  ♦  Home.      Gregory    VII.    is    he- 

Biege<l  (p.  776). 

1084  Mar.  *  Home  is  taken  by  flenry 
IV.  after  a  siege  lasting  two  years. 

1113  *  *  The  Pope  ef>nfirnis  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Knights  of  Malta. 
1119-30    War  between  Pisa  and  Genoa. 

1124*  *  Ankf.  Tlie  Venetians  aid  in 
the  capture  of  Tyre,  receiving  a  third 
part  of  the  spoils.  [1125.  They  ravage 
the  islands  of  the  Greek  archipelago.] 

1125'  *  *The  Venetians  obtain  many 
victories  over  the  Eastern  emperors. 

1135-37    The  emperor  Lothair  conquers 

the  Normans  of  South  Italy. 
1136i  *  *  Naples  is  taken  by  the  Nor- 
.         mans  after  a  long  siege. 

1140i:  *  *  The  wars  begin  between   the 

Guelfs  and  Ghibellines.    (See  State.) 
1154-77    Wars  with   Frederick  I.  (p. 

776  0- 
1155  *  *  The  Greeks  subdue  Apulia  and 

Calabria. 
1176    May  29.    Defeat  at  Legnano  (p. 

778). 
1183     June  25.     Peace    of    Constance 

(p.  779). 
1194  *  *  Henry  VI.  wins  Sicily  (p.  778). 
1198-1215    Civil  Wars  prevail  (p.  778). 

1202  *  *  The  Venetians  supply  the  Cru- 
saders with  men,  horses,  and  ships.  [Nov. 
24.  Venetians  capture  Zara,  Dalmatia, 
by  the  aid  of  French  Crusaders.] 

1210  *  *  First  war  between  Genoa  and 
Venice.    [1218-32.     Frequent  wars.] 

1236-50  Frederick  and  the  Lombard 
League  are  at  war ;  he  aims  to  make 
Italy  and  Germany  one  empire,  and  C4Hi- 
quers  Lombardy  (p,  780). 

1249-50    War  with  the  Pope  (p.  780). 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

IJffi  Centurii.  The  cathedral  of  Aqui- 
leiais  founded. 

1032*  *The  cathedral  of  Bari  is 
founded.     [Later,  remodeled.] 

1067  *  *  The  cathedral  atPisais  begun. 

1078^*  ♦Tide-mills  are  in  use  at 
Venice. 

1084  *  *  The  cathedral  of  San  Matteo 
at  Salernum  [Salerno]  is  dedicated. 

llSOi:  *  *  Sicily.  Silk  culture  is  intro- 
duced. [1146.  Sicilians  spin  and  weave 
Bilk.] 

1137  *  *  Sicily,  An  earthquake  in  Ca- 
tania destroys  15,000  lives. 


1148  *  *  Sicily.  Sugar-cane  culture  is 
introduced. 

12th  Century.  The  plays  of  Ceres  are 
instituted ;  ladies  clad  in  white  bear 
torches  as  if  searching  for  Proserpine. 

1169  *  *  An  earthquake  ruins  Catani. 
1174*  *The  campanile  of  Pisa  is  be- 
gun ;  it  leans  13  feet,  eight  inches. 

1186  Sept.  *  One  of  the  cities  of  Cala- 
bria is  swallowed  up  in  the  Adriatic. 

1220±  *  *  The  four  bronze  horses  by 
I^ysippus,  brought  from  Constantinople, 
are  placed  at  St.  Mark's,  Venice. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1033  *  *  John  XX.,  pope,  dies. 

1036  ♦  *  Anselmo,  St.,  bishop  of  Lucca,  born. 

[1086.     Dies]. 
1047  *  *  Clement  II.,  pojie,  dies. 
1066  *  ♦  Arialdus,  archdeacon  of  the  Church 

of  Milan,  dies. 
1090*  *  Innocent  11.,  pope,  b.     [1143.    D.] 
1096*   *  Roger  I.,  KingofSicily^b.  [1154.  I).] 
1099  *  *  Urban  II.,  pope,  dies. 
1100*  *  Arnold   of  Brescia,   religious   re- 
former, politician,  born.    [1155.    Dies.] 
1105*  *  Dandolo,    Kiirico,  doge  of    Venice, 

born.     [1205.     Dies.] 
1118*  *  Paschal  1 1.,  pope,  d.    [11S4.  CaUx- 

tiisll.;   1153.  Kugenius  III.;   1154,  An- 

astasius  IV.;   1159,  Adrian  IV.,  Nicholas 

Breakspere.] 
1119*  *  Gelasius  II.,pope.    [1119.    Dies.] 
I'^th  Century.     Hassianus,  jurist,  born. 

Gratian,  canonist,  born. 
1161*  *  Innocent  III.,  pope,  b.    [1216.    D.] 
1182*  *  Francis   of    Asslsi,    Bt..    founder 

Franciscans,  born.    [1226.    Dies.] 
1187*  *  Urban    111.,    pope,   dies.      [1191. 

Clement  in.] 
1195*  *  Anthony.  St..  of  Padua,  Francis 

can  monk,  born.    [1231.    Dies.] 
1206±  *  *  Pisano,   Niccolo,    sculptor,  arclii- 

tect,  born.    [1278.    Dies.] 
1320*  ♦  Charles  of  Anjou,  King  of  Naples 

and  Sicily,  born.     [1286.     Dies.] 
1221  *  *  IJonaventura,  St.,  theologian,  born, 

[1274.     Dies.] 
12243=*  *  Aquinas,    St.    Thomas,   theolo- 
gian, born.     [1274.     Dies.] 
1288  *  *  Boniface  VIII.,  Cardinal  Benedetto 

Gaetani,  pope,  born.     [1303.    Dies.] 
1230*  *  Crescenzi,  Pietro  de,  writer,  born. 

[1307+.     Dies.] 
1231*  *  Manfred,    King    of    Naples,    born. 

[1266.     Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

1038±  *  ♦A  Benedictine  abbey  Is 
founded  by  fJohn  Gualbert  at  Vallom- 
brosa,  Central  Italy. 

1042  *  *  The  Emperor  Henry  III.  ap- 
points three  popes  (p.  774). 

1044  *  *  Rome.  Pope  Benedict  is  again 
dethroned,  and  followed  by  Sylvester 
III.  as  anti-pope.  Oregory  VI.  is  also 
pope. 

1046  *  *  The  emperors  receive  the  right 
to  nominate  the  popes  (p.  774). 

1048-49  Rome.  [St.]  Leo  IX.  is  the  first 
pope  who  provides  himself  with  a  regru- 
lar  army. 

1048  *  ♦  Leo  IX.  reforms  the  Church ; 
simony  and  incontinence  are  punished  ; 
piety  and  discipline  improve.  (Hilde- 
brand  is  the  practical  ruler  of  the 
Church.) 

1050  *  *  Rome.  The  cardinal  bishops 
arrogate  powers  not  previously  claimed. 
(Contested.) 

1053  *  *  Leo  TX.  is  defeated  and  taken 
prisoner  by  the  Normans. 

*  *  Damasus  is  the  first  pope  to  wear  a 
crown  or  papal  cap. 

1054*  *  The  Greek  Church  becomes  in- 
dependent. 

1059  *  ♦  Rome.  A  conclave  of  cardi- 
nals first  elects  a  pope. 


+  *  *  German  emperors  and  popes  quar- 
rel respecting  investitures  and  nomi- 
nations to  the  papal  throne.  The  Pope 
claims  clerical  exemption  from  civil  ju- 
risdiction, and  calls  the  emperor  to  ac- 
count (p.  774). 

1061  *  *  The  papacy  is  at  the  summit  of 
its  power ;  it  claims  supreme  dominion, 
temporal  and  spiritual,  over  every  Chris- 
tian state. 

*  *  Rome.    Alexander  JI.  ia  pope. 

[1073,  St.  Gregorv  VII.;  1087,  Victor  III.: 
1088,  I'rban  II.;   1099,  I'asclial  II.] 

1066  *  *  The  Pope  deposes  Harold  II., 

King  of  England,  and  gives  the  kingdom 
to  William  of  Normandy. 
1073  *  *  Rome.    [St.]    Gregory    (Hilde- 
brand)  is  elected  pope  ;  he  is  a  vigorous 
reformer  (p.  774). 

1075  *  *  Pope  Gregory  sends  legates  to 
the  various  courts  ol  Europe  as  his  rei>- 
reseutatives. 

1076  *  *  The  emperor's  diet  deposes  the 
Pope;  the  Pope  excommunicates  the 
emperor  and  his  adherents.  Henry  final- 
ly  submits.  Quarrel  renewed  and  pro- 
longed (pp.  775,  776^). 

1077  *  ♦  Matilda  of  Tuscany,  ruler  of 
the  greater  part  of  Italy,  makes  the  Pope 
a  present  of  Tuscany  and  Genoa  (p.  776). 

1078*  *Pop6  Gregory  establishes 
wakes. 

1084  *  *  Carthusians  founded  (p.  776). 

1095  *  *  A  Church  council  meets  at 
[Piacenza],  North  Italy.  It  finally  es- 
tablishes   the  celibacy   of   the   clergy. 

[1132.    Another  council  meets.] 

1096  *  *  Pope  Urban  11.  (?)  restricts  the 
laity  to    bread   alone    in    the    Lord's 

Supper. 

*  *  The  Crusade  led  by  Peter  the  Her- 
mit and  Walter  the  Penniless  is  com- 
posed of  an  immense  rabble ;  300,000 
perish  before  their  pilgrimage  begins. 

1096-99    First  Crusade  (p.  668). 
1099  *  *  The  Knights  of  St.  John  are 
instituted. 

1107*  *The  cathedral  of  Cremona  is 
begun. 

1109*  *  Henry  V.  makes  the  Pope  a 
prisoner. 

1116  *  *  [St.]  Bernard  reforms  the  Ben- 
edictine monks. 

1118  *  *  Rome.    Gelasius  II.  is  pope. 
[1119,   Caliitus  II.;    1124,   Honorius   II.; 
1130,  Innocent  II.;  1143,  Celestlne  II.;  1144, 
Lucius  II.;  1145,  Eugenius  III.] 

1123  Mar.  18-Apr.  5.  Rome.  Firat 
liateran  Council  (p.  669). 

1139  Apr.  20+.  Rome.  Second  Lat- 
eran  Council  (p.  669). 

The  recf>very  of  the  Holy  Land  is  con- 
sidered ;  the  preservation  of  ecclesiasti- 
cal temporalities  is  the  chief  issue. 

*  *  The  cathedral  of  San  Sisto  at  [Pia- 
cenza] is  consecrated. 

1143-55  Arnold  of  Bresica  attempts  a 
revolution.  He  preaches  against  clerical 
corruption,  temporal  power,  and  cleri- 
cal wealth.  [1146.  Driven  out.  1155. 
Burned.]    (P.  776.) 

1147*  *  Second  Crusade.  St.  Bernard 
leading  agitator  ;  unsuccessful  (p.  660). 

12th  Cent.  The  cathedral  of  Perugia  is 
erected. 


ITALY. 


1032,**-1239, 


1075 


1163  •  *  Some.    Anastasius  IV.  is  pope. 
CUM,  A.lrlan  I\'.;   1159,  Alexander  III.; 
1181,   Lucius    III.;    1185,   Uriian   111.;    1187, 
Oregory  VIII.;  later,  Clement  III. J 

1155  *  •  The  Emperor  Frederick  pays 
reluctant  homage  to  Pope  Adrian  by 
holding  bis  horse's  stirrup  while  be 
luoimts,  and  by  leading  his  palfrey. 

1159  **  Home.  Schism  (p.  770).  Victor 
IV.  is  anti-pt)i»e. 

*  •  The  order  of  Carmelite  monks  Is  iu- 

etitutod. 

1164-88  Paschal  and  Calixtus  are  anti- 
popes. 

1170*  •/•r.    The 'Waldenses  (p.  67(H  ). 

1179    Mar.  5-19.    Third  Lateran 
Council  (p.  67U). 
It  confirms  tlie  Truce  of  God, 

1181*  •The  cathedral  of  Modena  is 
consecrated. 

1187  *  'Pope  Clement  III.  sells  indul- 
gences for  money. 

1180-92  *  •  Third  Crusade  (p.  778). 

1191*  *  Home.    Celestine  111.  is   pope. 

[II98.    Innocent  III.] 

11991  *  *  Innocent  III.  ordains  that 
marriages  shall  be  celebrated  iu 
churches.  [1200.  He  grants  ecclesiasti- 
cal dispensations.] 

1200  Jan.*  Philip  U.  of  France  is  ex- 
communicated (p.  670). 

1202-04    Fourth  Crusade  (pp.  670, 778). 
1204*  *  Auricular  confession  is  intro- 
duced. 

1208-20  fr.  Persecution  of  the  Albi- 
geuses  (p.  670). 

1210  *  •  The  monastic  order  of  Francis- 
can friars  is  instituted.    (1208  or  1206?) 

*  *  Innocent  III.  excommunicates  the 
Kmperor  Otho  IV  (p.  778). 

1212**  The     Children's    Crusade; 

thousands  of  children  perish  or  become 
slaves. 

1214  *  *  Innocent  III.  declares  King 
John  of  England  an  usurper  (p.  852). 

1215  Nov.  11-30.  Home.  Fourth 
Ijateran  Council  fpp.  670,  778). 

It  accepts  the  term  transubstantiation, 
and  tacitly  adopts  it.  Auricular  confes- 
sion is  regularly  enjoined. 

*  *  The  Dominicans  are  organized  with 
the  approval  of  Innocent  III.  [Char- 
tered as  .an  independent  order  by  Hono- 
rius  III.] 

1216  *  *  Home.    Honorius  III.  is  pope. 
C1227,  Gregory  I.V.;   1241,  Celestine  IV. j 

1243,  Innocent  IV.) 

1227±  *  *  Home.  Gregory  IX.  perfects 
the  organiz.ation  of  the  Holy  Office  [In- 
quisition], and  commits  its  work  to  the 
Dominicans. 

1228-20    Fifth  Crtisade  (p.  780). 

1220  ♦  *  Home.  Gregory  decrees  a  bell 
is  to  be  rung  as  a  signal  for  the  people 
to  adore  the  host.  He  prohibits  the 
reading  of  the  Scriptures  by  the  laity. 

*  *  Fr.  The  Inquisition  established 
(p.  670).     [1249.     In  Venice.] 

LETTERS. 

llOOi  »  •  The  University  of  Salerno, 
Naples,  is  founded,  as  a  school  of  medi- 
cine, by  Robert  Guiscard,  the  Xorman. 

1113i:  *  *  Imerius  commences  his  lec- 
tures on  civil  law  at  Bologna. 

1116*  'The  university  of  Bologna  is 
founded.  [I200+.  ITie  faculties  of  medi- 
cine and  philosophy  are  formed  ;  10,000 
students  are  in  attendance.] 


12th  Century.  Ciullo  d'  Alcamo  writes 
C&ntrasto  and  otlier  poems. 

1145±  *  *  University  degrees  are  insti- 
tuted at  IJologna.  (Student  guilds  pre- 
cede the  university.) 

1150i  *  *  Decretum  Gratianif  by  Gratl- 
anus,  appears. 

1204  *  »  The  University  of  Vicenza  is 
formed  by  the  migration  of  students 
from  Bologna. 

1215  *  *  Arezzo  is  a  center  for  the  study 
of  civil  laws.  [1255.  It  receives  its  first 
statutes.  1338.  Becomes  important. 
1377.    Declines.    1470+.    Closes.] 

1222*  *The  University  of  Padua  is 

founded.  [1225.  The  University  of 
Naples.  1231.  The  faculty  of  medicine 
is  withdrawn  by  the  emperor.  12.'»8. 
Kestored.  I228  +  .  The  University  of  Ver- 
ceUi  is  founded.  IM1  +  .  The  Univer- 
sity of  Sienna  is  commenced.  1257.  Char- 
tered. 1408.  Charter  confirmed.  1248. 
Feb.  6.  The  University  of  Flacenza  is 
chartered.  1398.  Reconstructed  by  (Ja- 
leazzo  Visconti.  A  brilliant  period 
follows.] 

STATE. 

1032  *  *  The  dukes  of  Savoy  acquire 
Turin. 

1037  May  28.  Milan  forces  Conrad 
to  acknowledge  by  a  constitution  tlie 
hereditary  character  of  all  Italian  fiefs. 

1039-56    Henry  III.  is  emperor.    (1046. 

Dec.  25.)  Crowned  at  Rome.    (1040.)    He 

invests  Drogo  the  Norman  with  Apulia 

(p.  775). 
1050  *  *  Sardinia  and  (Corsica  are  taken 

from  the  Saracens  by  the  Genoese  and 

Pisans. 
1054  •  *  The   Normans  wrest  Apulia 

and  Calabria  from  the  Pope,  and  form 

a  duchy. 

1057*  *  Robert  Guiscard  becomes 
leader  of  the  Normans  in  .■\pulia.  [1059. 
The  Pope  confirms  his  title  as  duke  of 
Apulia  and  Calabria.] 

1071-90  RogerI.,theNorman,i8Cotmt 
of  .Sicily  and.  Calabria.  [IIOl.  Suc- 
ceeded by  Roger  H.,  his  son.] 

1073-85  Pope  Gregory  VII.  (Hilde- 
brand)  has  great  power  in  affairs  of 
state. 

1076-1115  Matilda  reigns  as  countess 
in  Tuscany  and  other  parts  of  northern 
Italy.  [1077.  Makes  rev  isionary  grants 
of  all  her  vast  dominions  to  the  x>Opes. 
1102.    Renewed.] 

1085  •  •  The  Normans  are  supreme  in 
all  southern  Italy. 

1101  *  *  Milan  becomes  an  independent 
republic. 

1102*  *  Matilda  bequeaths  the  south- 
eastern part  of  Tuscany  to  the  Pope. 

1 120i:  *  The  free  cities  of  Genoa,  Ven- 
ice, and  Pisa  rise  to  importance. 

1127  *  *  Civil  law  is  restored.    (Blair.) 

•  *  Sicily .  Roger  II.  is  king.  [1130. 
Crowned.  He  forms  a  great  Italiau 
dominion.  .Sicily  and  southern  Italy 
are  united.] 

1130+  *  *  Normans  under  Roger  II. 
subjugate  Naples,  after  Lombards, 
Franks,  and  Germans  had  failed  in  their 
attempts.  As  first  King  of  Naples  and 
Sicily  he  is  crowned  by  the  anti-pope. 

±  *  *  Naples  becomes  the  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  Naples  and  the  Two  SioiUes. 


1140t*  *TheGuelphsandGhlbellines 
arise  in  Germany,  later  in  Italy  (p.  777). 

1 143-55  Arnold  of  Brescia,  a  religious 
reformer  and  political  agitator,  advo- 
cates the  deposition  of  the  Pope,  and  the 
restitution  of  the  ancient  republic. 
(1155.)    Executed  (p.  770). 

1154-66  WilUam,  son  of  Roger  11.,  is 
King  of  Naples.  [1160-89,  William  U. ; 
1189-94,  Tancred  ;  1194-97,  William  III. ; 
succeeded  by  Constance  (p.  779).  1197- 
1250,  Frederick  II.  of  Germany  ;  1250-64, 
Conrad ;  1254-58,  Couradin  ;  1258-06,  Man- 
fred ;  1266-82,  Charles  of  Anjou.] 

1 155  *  *  Home.  Frederick  I.  is  crowned 
emperor  (p.  777). 

1158+  *  *  Venice  becomes  a  great  mari- 
time power.  [1172.  The  Great  Council 
is  established  with  450  or  more  members. 
1204.    Venice  purchases  Crete.] 

1165*  *  Pisa  possesses  Sardinia. 

1167  Apr.  7.  The  Lombard  League 
arises  (p.  779).   [Dec.l.  Another  league.] 

•  *  Milan  rebuilt  (p.  779). 

1177    Jtine  23.    Peace  signed  (p.  779). 

*  *  Tlie  Pope  gives  to  Venice  dominion 
over  the  sea,  "  as  a  wife  luider  the  do- 
minion of  her  husband." 

1183  June  25.  The  Peace  of  Con- 
stance is  signed  (p.  779). 

1191  Apr.  15.  Henry  VI.  crowned 
emperor,  [1193.  Crowned  at  Palermo.] 
(P.  779.) 

1194-1266  The  German  house  of  Ho- 
henstaufen  rules  Naples  and  Sicily  as 
an  inheritance  received  by  marriage  of 
Constance  to  Henry  VI.  (p.  779). 

1 106  *  *  Sp.  Peter  II.,  King  of  Aragon, 
renders  his  kingdom  tributary  to  the 
Holy  See,  and  receives  from  the  Pope 
the  title  of  Catholic. 

1201  Mar.  1.  Home.  Otho  I.  is  ac- 
knowledged emperor  (p.  779). 

1202  *  *  Zara,  Dalmatia,  revolts  from 
Venice.     [Soon  subdued.] 

1204  *  *  The  republic  of  Venice  becomes 
one  of  the  great  commercial  powers  ; 
Genoa  is  a  rival  city.  [1238.  Peace 
made  by  the  mediation  of  the  Pope.] 

1212  *  *  King  Frederick  II.,  anti-em- 
peror (p.  779).  [He  struggles  with  the 
successive  popes.] 

1226  *  *  Another  league  of  cities  is 
formed  against  Frederick  II.  (p.  780). 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1054  *  *  Godfrey  the  Bearded  marries 

Beatrix  of  Tuscany. 
1077  ♦  *  Matilda  of  Tuscany  marries 

Welf  v.,  son  of  the  Duke  of  Bavaria. 
1101  •  *  Venice  is  burned. 
1106  *  *  The  Crusaders  enrich  Venice, 

Genoa,  and  Pisa. 

1127*  *  Quarantine  is  enforced  at 
Venice. 

1140  *  •  The  ducat  is  first  struck  in 
Apulia.  , 

1157*  'Tlie  Bank  of  Venice  is  founded. 
[1407,    The  Bank  of  Genoa.] 

1177  *  *  The  doge  droi)8  a  ring  into  the 
sea  at  Venice,  thereby  wedding  the 
city  to  the  sea.  [The  ceremony  is  re- 
peated annually.] 


1076      1239,**-1387, 


ITALY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1241     Apr.  *  Battle  of  Meloria  (p.  780). 

1258  *  *  Naval  war  between  Venetians 
and  Genoese.  [It  lasts  with  iutermis- 
elons  till  li^UO.] 

1263  *  *  Gr.    The  Venetians  defeat  the 

(Jenoese  in  the  JEgean  Sea,  near  Negro- 

pont. 
1266    Feb.  26.    Battle  at  Benevento 

(p.  672). 
1268    Aug.  23.    Conradin  defeated  (p. 

780). 

1282*  *  Sicihj.  Messinarevolts against 

Charles  of  Anjou  ;  tinds  jim  ally  in  Peter 
(»f  A  rag  on,  whose  lieet  defeats  the 
French. 

1284  Aug.  6.  The  Genoese  totally  de- 
Btroy  the  Pisan  fleet  off  the  island  of 
Meloria.  [TiOa-OO.  Venice  at  war  with 
Genoa.  1298.  Sept.  8.  The  Genoese  de- 
cisively defeat  the  Venetian  fleet  in  the 
Adriatic.] 

1206  *  *  Lamba  Doria,  with  78  Genoese 
galleys,  terribly  defeats  Andrea  Dan- 
dola,  off  Curzola,  burning  C6  Venetian 
vessels,  and  capturing  18  others  with  7,000 
prisoners. 

1302*  *Matteo  Visconti  defeats  the 
Torriani  party,  and  drives  their  leader 
out  of  Milan.  [1324.  Galeazzo  Visconti 
defeats  a  papal  army  aided  by  Crusa- 
ders at  Milan.] 

1327  *  *  Ix)uis  IV.  invades  Italy  (p.  782). 

1330*  *  John  of  Bohemia  conquers 
liombardy. 

1339  *  *  The  Condottieri  appear  ;  they 
are  bands  of  soldiers  ready  to  serve 
those  who  pay  the  most. 

1346    July  1.     Anst.     The  Venetians 

defeat  L(mis  <»f  Hungary  at  Zara.  [13-18. 
He  invades  Naples  (p.  506^]. 

*  *  Venice  and  Genoa  are  again  at  war  ; 
Venice  has  Pedro  IV.  of  Aragon  and  the 
Greek  emperor  as  allies.  [Ki52.  Feb.  13. 
The  Genoese  defeat  the  allies  near 
Constantinople ;  enormous  losses  on 
both  sides.] 

1350  *  *  Venice  and  Genoa  at  war. 

1353  Aug.  29.  The  Venetians  defeat 
the  Genoese,  and  break  their  naval 
power,  off  Sardinia. 

1354  Nov.  3.  The  (ienoese  reorganized 
navy  defeats  the  Venetians  in  the  Gulf 
of  Sapienza.    [1355.    Peace.] 

1366-73    Venice  and  Hungary  at  war. 

1362  *  *  Pisa  and  Florence  are  at  war. 

1377  *  *  Venice  and  Genoa  begin  a  des- 
perate war. 

[1378.  May*  The  Genoese  are  defeated 
off  Antiurn.  1379.  May  29.  The  Venetians 
are  decisively  defeated  oflf  Pola.  Aug.  16. 
Tlie  Genoese  force  the  i>ort  of  Chioggia,  thus 
opening  the  canals  to  the  city.  1380.  June 
24.  The  Venetians  surrender  at  discretion. 
1381.    I'eai*.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1260*  *The  pulpit  of  the  cathedral  of 
Kiccola  Pisano  is  erected. 

±  *  *  Madonna  irifh  Angels  is  painted  by 
Giovanni  Ciniahue,  at  Florence.  "The 
Father  of  Modern  Painting." 

1272i  *  *  Marco  Polo  travels  in  the 
East  as  far  as  Peking,  and  adds  much  to 
European  knowledge  of  the  Chinese. 

1280  *  *  Stucco-work  is  invented  by 
Magar'*.one. 


1285i  **  Spectacles  are  invented  by 
Alexander  di  Spina  (?),  a  monk  at  Flor- 
ence. [1300  -t- .  Ascribed  to  Salvinus  Ar- 
matus  of  Pisa.] 

1288  *  •  Borne  is  embelllBhed  by  Pope 
Nicholas  IV. 

1300  r  *  *  liooking-elasses  are  made 
only  at  Venice. 

1308  *  *  Majesty  is  begun  by  Duccio  di 
liuoninsegna  in  Sienna. 

1320  *  *  The  Campanile  at  Florence  is 
begun. 

1338  *  *  The  musical  notes  are  per- 
fected [and  arranged  as  in  modern  usej. 

1340  *  *  A    paper-mill    is    efitablished 

near  Fabrianu ;  linen  paper  is  made. 
1350±  *  *  Gold  wire  is  first  made. 
1354  *  *  The  Doge's  Palace  in  Venice 

is  begun  [the  present  building]. 
1365  *  ♦  Agnolo  Gaddi  paints  a  double 
series  of  frescoes,  the    Virgin  and  the 
SaA:red  Girdle,  at  Prato. 

1377  *  *  Rome.  The  Pope  first  resides  at 
the  Vatican,  a  palace  with  700  room.''. 
[Finally  11,000  (?)  rooms,  chapels,  etc.] 
(Originator  uncertain.) 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1340*  *  Ciniftbue,  <;iovannl,   painter,  born. 

[1302.     Dies.] 
13th  Century.     Guido  della  Colonne,  Sicilian 

historian,  born. 
lS50_t  *   *  Abano,  Pietro  dl,  philosopher,  b. 

[1316.     iJiea.] 
Visconti,  Matteo,  the  Great,  Lord  of  Milan, 

born.     [1322.     Dies.  J 
1S54  *  •Polo,  M  a  r  c  o,  Venetian  traveler, 

born.     [1324.     Dies.] 
1264  •  •  I'rban  IV.,  pope,  dies. 
1365  •   •  Dante  Alig-hierl,  poet.  b.  [1321.  !>.] 

1368  •  ♦  Clement  IV.,  i)ope,  dies. 

1370*  •  Pisano,     Andrea,     scnlptor,     horn. 
[1349.     Dies.] 

1376  *  *  Giotto,  or  Giotto  dl  Bondone,  painter, 
architect,  sculptor,  born.     [1337.     Dies. J 

1377*  *  John  XXI.,  poj>e,  dies. 

1278  *  *  Kalieri,    Marino,   doge    of   Venice, 
born.     [1355.     Dies.] 

1280  *  *  Villani,  Giovanni,  historian,  born. 
[1348.     Dies.] 

1285  •  *  Martin  IV.,  pope,  dips. 

1300  *  *  (iaddi.  Taddeo,  Florentine  architect, 
born.    [1366.     Dies.] 

1304  *  *  Petrarch.  Francesco,  poet,  born. 
[1374.     Dies.] 

1313  *  *  Boccaccio,  Giovanni,  poet,  novel- 
ist, born.     [1375.     Mies.] 
Rienzi,  Coladi,  patriot,  born.     [1354.     Dies.] 

1314*  *  IJartolus,  jurist,  born.     [1357.     !>.] 

1328  ♦  ♦  Orc^na  (di  Clone),  Andrea,  painter, 
sculptor,  arcliltect,  byrii.     [1368.     Dies.] 

1333*   *  Gaddi,  Agnolo,  painter,  b.  [1396.1).] 

1334  ♦  *  .John  XXll.,  pope,  dies. 

1340i  *  *  Zeno,  Nii^olo,  Venetian  navigator, 
born.     [1395.     Dies.] 

1348*  •  Ilarlaani,    ISernard,  monk,  contro- 
versialist, dies. 

1352  *  •  Clement  VI.,  pojie,  dies. 

1369  *  *  lirnni,  Leonardo,  historian,  human- 
ist, born.     [1444.     Dies.] 

Chrysoloras,   Manuel,   Greek  scholar,  horn. 
[1415.     Dies.] 

1370  *   *  I'rban  V.,  pojie,  dies. 

1372  *  *  Fostrari,  Francesco,  doge  of  Venice, 

born.     [1457-     Dies.] 
1378*  *  Fiesole,    tiiovannl    Angellco   da, 
painter,  Ijorn.     [1455.     Dies.] 
Ghiberti,    Lorenzo,    Florentine   sculptor, 

painter,  born.     fl4.^6.     Dies.] 
Medici.  Cosmo,  or  Coeimo  de,  the  Elder, 

banker,  atateanian,  born.    [1464.    Dies.] 
I'rban  VI.,  pojte,  dies. 
1379*  •  lirnnelleschi,    Filippo,  architect, 

sculptor,  born.     [1444.     Dies.] 
1386  ♦  *  Capistrano,  Giovanni  da,  preacher, 
horn.     [1466.     Dies.] 
Donatello,  sculptor,  born.    [1466.    Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

1239*  *Frederick  il.  excommuni- 
cated (p.  780). 

1241  *  *  Rome,  Celestine  IV.  dies  18 
days  after  his  election  and  before  conse- 
cration. [Papal  throne  vacant  19 
mouths.] 


1243i:  *  *  Innocent  IV.  has  a  struggle 
with  the  Emperor  Frederick  11. 

1245  *  *  Church  council  (p.  672). 

*  ♦  The  sect  of  Flagellants  appears.  [1260. 
Established  at  Perouse  ;  they  lash  them- 
selves while  in  procession.]    (P.  674.) 

1248-50    Sixth  Crusade  (p.  672). 

1260  *  *  The  church  of  Santa  Maria 
Novella  at  Florence  is  begun. 

1254  *  *  Rome.  Alexander  IV.  is  pope. 
[1261,  Urban  IV.;  12G5,  Clement  AT] 

*  *  Pietro  de  Mnrrone  [Pope  Celestine  V.] 
founds  the  Celestines  as  a  monastic 
order. 

1256*  *  Rome.  The  Augustinian 
order  of  monks  is  established, 

*  *  *  The  monastic  orders'secure  great 
influence  by  their  wealth  and  I'iyiia  dis- 
cipline, as  well  »H  for  the  assistance  ren- 
dered to  the  popes. 

1265  *  *  The  Pope,  having  obtRined  the 
dominion  of  Italy,  places  Charles  of  An- 
jou on  the  throne  of  Naples. 

1268  ^  *  *  The  papal  throne  is  vacant  33 

months. 

1270  *  *  Seventh  Crusade  (p.  672). 

1271  *  *  Rome.    Gregory  X.  is  pope. 
[1276,  Innocent  V.,  later  Adrian  V.,  later 

John  XXI.;  1277,  Nicholas  111.;  12«1,  Mar- 
tin IV.;  I2S5,  Honoriiis  IV.;  1288.  Nicholas 
IV.;  1294,  [St.]  Celestine  v.;  later  Boniface 
Vlli-J 

*  *  Rome.  The  conclave  for  the  election 
of  popes  first  appears. 

1272  *  *  Tlie   cathedral  of  Naples   is 

begun  by  Charles  of  Anjou. 

1274  May  7-June  17.  Fr.  The  union 
Council  of  Lyons  (p.  672). 

1275 -:  *  *  The  Pope  orders  the  knee  to 
be  bent  at  the  mention  of  the  name  of 
Jesus. 

1277  •  *  The  Eastern  and  Western 
Churches  are  again  separated.  [12S5. 
Again.]     (P.  1034). 

1276  *  *  Pope  John  XXI.  encompasses 
the  papal  cap  with  a  crown.  [I29ri. 
lioniface  VIII.  adds  a  sectnid  crown. 
1336.    Benedict  111.  (?)  adds  a  third.] 

1284  *  *  The  church  of  San  Michele  at 

Florence  is  begun  by  Arnolfo. 

1292  f  *  *  Rome.  The  Holy  See  is  va- 
cant 27  months.  [1302.  A'acant  one  year. 
1304 r.     Two  years.     1314.     One  year.] 

1294    Dec.  10.    The  Santa  Casa,  the 

veritable  house  of  the  Virgin,  is  alleged 
to  have  been  brought  by  angels  from 
Palestine  to  Dalniatia.  [Later  lintught 
to  Loreto,  and  visited  by  pilgrims.] 

*  *  The  church  of  Santa  Croce  at  Flor- 
ence is  begun  by  Arnolfo. 

1296*  *  The     [present]    cathedral    of 

Santa  Maria  del  Fiore  at  Florence  is  be- 
gun. [1420.  Erected  to  the  base  of  the 
dome.  1446.  The  dome,  13Si  feet  in  di- 
ameter, completed  ;  apex,  387  feet  high. J 

*  *  *  The  controversy  between  realists 
and  nominalists  agitates  the  Churtdi, 

1303  *  *  Philip  IV.  seizes  the  person  of 
the  Pope  (p.  672).  J 

*  *  Benedict  XI.  is  pope.  " 

ri305.    Clement  V. ;  1316,  John  XXII.] 

1307-08    Fr.    The  Knights  Templars 

are  suppressed,  (p.  67'->).  [1312.  Order 
abolished  by  a  Church  council.] 

1309-77  Fr.  The  popes  reside  at  Avi- 
gnon —  "  Babylonish  captivity  "  (p.  672). 

1311  12    Council  of  Vienne  (p.  672). 

1313  *  *  Avigium.  Clement  V.  offers  in- 
dulgences at  public  sale.  [1314+  The 
Holy  See  is  vacant  two  years,  the  car- 
dinals being  ujmble  to  agree.] 


ITALY. 


1239,**-1387/ 


1077 


1316*  *  Nicholas  V.,  the  anti-pope,  ia 
nominated  by  Louis  IV.,  who  hoida  his 
court  at  Rome,  where  he  is  seized  by 
Pope  John  and  imprisoned. 

1324  *  *  Louis  IV.  excommxmicated  (p. 

"S'l).     [ i;i28.     Loiiia  sets  up  as  anti-pope, 

Nicholas  v.] 
1334  *  *  Home.    Benedict  XII.  is  pope. 
CI342,  Clement  VI.;   1352,  Innocent  VI.; 

1362,  rrban  V. ;  1370,  Gregory  XI.;   1378.  Tr- 

ban  VI.;  I3H9,  Boniface  IX.;  1404,  Innocent 

VII.;  1406,  Gregory  XII.] 

1338  •  *  Ger.    The  temporal  power  is 

tlenied  (p.  782). 

1348  *  *  Flagellants  Increase. 

•  *  Fr,  Avignon  passes  into  the  posses- 
sion of  the  popes. 

14th  Century  The  cathedral  of  Genoa  is 
begun.  T*lj«  cathedral  of  [Kiniini]  is 
erected. 

1372  [Nov.  21.1  Tlie  Feast  of  the  Pre- 
sentaUon  of  the  Virgin  is  instituted  by 
Gregory  XI. 

1378-1447  The  Great  Schism  of  the 
West  (pp.  674,  784). 

The  anti-popes  reside  at  Avignon  ;  the 
popes  at  Rome. 

1387  *  *  The  Cathedral  of  Milan  is  be- 
gun. [Length,  4X6  feet;  breadth,  252; 
transept,  288 ;  height  of  vaulting  above 
the  floor,  153;  height  of  spire,  355.] 


LETTERS. 

13th  Century.  SuNa  Xn/nra  d*A7nor€,hy 
Guide  Cavalcanti,  appears. 

Cantico  del  Sole,  by  Francis  of  Assist  (?), 
appears. 

Dei>ozioni  del  Giovedi  e  Venerdi  Santo, 
appears. 

Tesoretto,  by  BrunettoLatini, appears. 

Del  Regqimtfttto  e  dei  Costumi  delle 
Donne,  and  Documentid' Aniore,\)y  Fran- 
cesco da  Barberini,  appear. 

Composizioiie  dH  Mondo,  by  Ristoro 
d'Arezzo,  appears. 

Cento  Novelie  Antiche  appears. 

Intelligenza  appears. 

The  Chronicle  of  Dino  Compagni  ap- 
pears. 

Di  un  Monacho  che  andd  al  servizio  de 
Dio  appears. 
1264  *  *  University     of     Ferrara     is 
founded.    [1391.     Chartered.] 

1272  *  *  Thomas  Aquinas  teaches  the- 
ology in  the  University  of  Naples. 

1280-87  Guido  delle  Colonne,  the  Sici- 
lian poet,  writes  Historia  Destructionis 
TYojans,  and  Historia  de  reffibus  et  rebus 
Anfflix. 

1300*:  *  •  The  Ecnerinus,  by  Albertlno 
Mussato,  appears. 

J.300±-18  Divina  Commedia,  by  Dante, 
appears.  [1307,  I'ita  Nuovn;  1310,  De 
Monarchia :  1320,  De  Aqtta  at  Terra.] 

1303  *  *  The  University  of  Rome  is 
founded  by  Boniface  VIII.  [1318.  It  is 
restricted  to  faculties  in  the  canon  and 
civil  law.  1308.  The  University  of 
Perugia  is  chartered  by  Clement  VIII., 
after  having  been  recognized  by  the 
civic  authorities  for  two  years.  1355. 
Receives  new  privileges.  1318.  The 
University  of  Treviso  is  chartered  by 
Frederick  the  Fair.  1326.  The  College 
of  Brescia  is  founded  at  Bologne,  for 

W>or  foreign    students,  by   William  of 
rescia.] 

1320  •  •  Academic  instruction  is  given 
at  Florence. 

1327  Apr.  6.  Petrarch  meets  Iiatira 
in  the  Cnurch  of  St.  Clara  of  Avignon. 
[1327-48.  The  sonnets  of  Petrarch  to 
Laura  appear.  1351 ,  Epistle  to  Posterity ; 
1358,  Remedy  Against  Either  Extreme  of 
Fortune ;  1353,  De  Otio  Religiosorum.] 


1341f  *  *  Filcopo&nd  Teseide,hyJioccHC- 
cio,  appear.  [1341-44,  Ameto  and  L^A' 
morosa  Visione;  1334 i:,  L'Amornsa  Fiam- 
metta:  1353,  The  Decameron ;  1363-73, />e 
Geneaiogia  JJtorum  Libri.] 

Apr.  8,  Petrarch,  the  first  and  greatest 
lyric  poet  of  Italy,  is  crowned. 

1343  *  *  The  University  of  Pisa  is 
foimded.  [1348-49.  All  the  universities 
suffer  from  the  prevalence  of  the 
plague.  1349.  May  31.  The  Univer- 
sity of  Florence  is  chartered.  1388.  Feb. 
14.   It  adopts  statutes.    1437.    Enlarged.] 

14th  Century.  Pecoroni,  in  imitation  of 
the  Decameron,  by  Ser  Giovanni  Fioreu- 
tino,  appears. 

Franco  Sacchetti  writes  a  large  num- 
ber of  sonnetti,  canzoni,  ballati,  madri- 
galli,  etc. 

Bindo  Bonichi,  Arrigo  di  Castruccio, 
Cecco  N  uccoli ,  and  others  excel  in  comic 
poetry. 

1360  *  ♦  Innocent  VI.  recognizes  the 
University  of  Bologna  as  a  place  of 
theological  education  for  all  students. 
[I3&i.  The  Spanish  College  is  f  oiuided.] 

1361  *  *  The  University  of  Pavia  is 
chartered byCharles  IV.  [1404^:.  Trans- 
ferred to  Fiacenza.  1412.  Oct.  *  The 
lectures  are  resumed  in  the  University 
of  Pavia.    A  brilliant  perio«.i  follows.) 

1364  *  *  The  University  of  Florence 
obtains  the  grant  of  imperial  privileges 
from  Charles  IV.  [1472.  The  students 
are  removed  to  Pisa.] 

STATE. 

1239  *  *  Venice  forms  an  alliance  with 
the  remaining  cities  of  the  Lombard 
League  against  Frederick  II. 

1254  *  *  Piacenza  comes  under  the  sway 
of  the  family  of  the  Scotti. 

1260  f  *  *  Italy  is  ruled  by  despots. 

*  *King  Charles  of  Anjou  is  ambitious 
for  the  sovereignty  of  Italy. 

1268    Oct.  29.    The  Hohenstauf  ens  in 

■  Italy  are  overthrown  in  the  death  of 

Conradin,  beheaded  at  Naples  (p.  780). 

1270±  *  *The  Doria  and  Spinola  fam- 
ilies gain  ascendency  in  Genoa. 

1277i:  *  *  The  Visconti  family  gain  as- 
cendency in  Milan. 

1282  Mar.  30.  Sicily.  Sicilian  Ves- 
pers: massacre  of  the  French  (p.  673), 

Sicily  revolts  against  the  Angevins; 
the  Spanish  house  of  Anjou  holds  su- 
premacy. 

1282-1442    Naples  and  Sicily  are 

separate  kingdoms.  [1442-58.  Reunited. 
1458-1504.  Separated.  1504-1861.  lie- 
united  with  brief  interruptions.] 

1282-85    Charles  I.  of  Anjou  is  King 

of  Naples. 

[1285-1309,  Charles  II.:  1309-43,  Robert  the 
Wise;  1343-62,  .loanna  I.  with  Andrew  her 
husband;  1343-45,  with  Louis  of  Tarento, 
her  husband ;  134S-82,  Alone.  (1382.  May 
22.  She  is  put  to  death  by  the  usurper  Charles 
III.)  1382,  Charles  III.;  1385-86,  Louis  I.; 
1386-1414,  Ladislaus;   1414-35,  Joanna  II.3 

1282-85  Peter  I.  (HI.),  of  Aragon,  is 
King  of  Sicily. 

[128.^!)5.  .Tames  T.  (TL);  1295-1337,  Freder- 
ick II.;  1337-42,  Peter  11.;  1342-55,  Louis; 
I3.5.'>-76,  Frederick  III.;  1376-1402.  Maria  and 
Martin lier  husband;  1402-Oft,  Martin  I.;  1409- 
10, Martin  II.;  1410-16,  Ferdinand  I.;  1416-35, 
.\Ifon80  I.] 

1282  *  *  Florence  adopts  a  new  system 
of  government  by  members  of  a  guild. 

1284  Au^.  6.  Fiaa  ceases  to  be  a  naval 
power, 

1288*  *  Matteo  Visconti  is  chosen 
"Captain  of  the  People"  at  Milan  for 
five  years.     [He  gains  sovereign  power.] 


1288-1796  Modena  is  governed  by  the 
House  of  Este.  The  last  male  of  this 
House  is  expelled  by  the  French. 

1296  *  *  Sicily  is  separated  from  Ara- 
gon, Spain.     [1412.    Reunited.] 

1298  *  *  The  Great  Council  of  Venice 
ceases  to  exist. 

1302  *  *  Alberto  Scotto  is  overcome, 

and  Placentia  is  united  with  Milan  un- 
der the  sway  of  the  Visconti. 

1309*  *  Robert  the  Wise,  King  of 
Naples,  aspires  to  the  sovereignty  of 
Italy. 

1310*  *  Venice  is  governed  by  the 
Council  of  Ten.  [1313.  By  Matteo 
Visconti.     1319.    By  an  oligarchy.] 

1316*  *  Castrucio-Castracana  by  a 

revolution  becomes  master  of  Lucca  and 
Pisa ;  he  drives  out  the  Guelphs. 

1322  *  *  Galeazzo  (I.)  Visconti  ia  lord  of 
Milan.  [1329,  Azzo  Visconti ;  1339,  Luc- 
chino  Visconti;  1349,  Giovanni  Vis- 
conti.] 

1328-1708  Mantua  is  ruled  by  theGon- 
zagas  family. 

1330  *  ♦  The  dogate  is  established  at 
(lenoa  ;  Simon  Boccanegra  is  the  first 
doge.  [1344.  Set  aside  by  the  nobles. 
1356.    Keappointed.] 

*  *  Rome.  Struggles  occur  between  the 
Coloua  and  tlie  Ursini  families. 

1343  *  *  Venice  enters  a  commercial 
treaty  with  the  Sultan  of  Egypt  and 
Syria. 

J4th  Century.  liOmbardy  sides  with  the 
Ghibelliues,  and  comes  under  the  rule 
of  the  Visconti. 

1345  Sept.  18.  Andrew  of  Hungary, 
husband  of  Joanna  1.,  is  nairdered. 

1347  May  20.  Rome.  ColadiRienzi 
leads  a  revolution,  overthrows  the  aris- 
tocracy, reforms  the  government,  and 
becomes  the  tribune  of  the  people.  [Be- 
comes arrogant  and  visionary.  1347. 
Dec.  15.  Expelled.  1354.  Oct.  8.  Killed 
in  a  riot.] 

1352  *  *  Tlie  Aragonese  possess  Sar- 
dinia. 

1353  *  *  Rome.  The  dominion  of  the 
Pope  is  restored. 

*  ♦  Marino  Falieri  becomes  doge  of  Ven- 
ice. [1355.  He  is  beheaded  for  conspir- 
ing against  the  republic] 

1358*  *  Hungary  takes  ^tria  and  Dal- 

matia  from  Venice. 
1370  *  *  Lucca  becomes  an  independent 

rspublic. 

1377  *  *  The  Medici  family  in  Florence 

rise  to  power. 
Sylvester  de   Medici  is  chosen  chief 

magistrate  against  the  nobility. 
1387  *  *  Venice  acquires  Corfu. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

13tk~14th  Century.  Venice  is  mistress 
of  the  seas. 

1252  Apr,  6.  An  accused  gonfalonier 
murders  (St.J  Pietro  da  Verona,  an  in- 
quisitor who  burned  heretics. 

1282  Mar.  20.  Sicily.  Sicilian  Ve«. 
pers  (p.  673).    [French  expelled.] 

1312  Apr.  *  Rome.  Pope  Clement  V. 
abolishes  the  order  of  Knights  Tem- 
plars. 

1315  *  *  The  golden  book  of  the  nobil- 
ity of  Venice  is  i88ue<l. 

1355  Apr.  1 4.  Marino  Faliero's  con- 
spiracy to  exterminate  the  tyrannical 
nobility  of  Venice  on  the  next  day  ia 
diacoTered. 


1078      1389,  ** -1503,^ 


ITALY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1404  *  *  Venice  obtains  Padua  and  Ve- 
rona by  conquest. 

1405-06  Florence  besieges  and  con- 
quers Pisa. 

1413  *  *  Kome  is  sacked  by  Ladislas, 

King  of  Naples,  who  attempts  to  unite 

all  Italy  under  bis  rule,  but  is  opposed 

by  tbe  Pope,  ■whom  be  expels. 

1424  *  *  Filippo  Maria  Visconti,  Buke  of 
Milan,  is  at  war  with  Florence. 

1425  *  *  Venice  takes  Brescia  from  Mi- 
Ian.    [U30-;JG.     War  renewed.] 

1463-79  Venice  is  at  war  with  the 
Turks  with  intermissions  ;  it  loses  Eu- 
boea,  Lemnos,  and  Morea.  [1466.  The 
Venetians  take  Athens.    1477.    Cyprus.] 

1492  *  *  The  period  of  invasions  begins. 

1494  *  *  France  invades  Italy  (p.  678). 

1499  *  *  The  Turks  take  Lepanto,  Plos, 
Modon,  and  Coron  from  Venice. 

*  •  The  French,  aided  by  the  Venetians, 
subdue  the  revolting  Milanese,  and 
take  Duke  Ludovico  Sforza  captive  to 
Paris  (p.  678). 

1501-03  France  and  Spain  conquer  Na- 
ples and  Sardinia,  and  then  quarrel  (p. 
678J. 

1503-13    Pope  Julius  II.   conquers 

Komagna,  Bologna,  and   Perugia  from 
Cesare  Borgia.    Takes  Urbiuo  (p.  680). 

ART  -  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1390  ♦  *  The  Virgin  and  Child  is  painted 
by  Taddeo.  [1395,  The  altar-piece,  Ma- 
donna tcith  Saints;  1403,  Detcent  of  the 
Holy  Spirit.] 

1400±  *  *  Delftware  is  made  by  Luca 
della  Robbia  at  Florence. 

1402  *  *  Charles  VI.  licenses  the  per- 
formance of  a  sacred  drama. 

1410-24  Donatello  (Bonato  di  Niccolo 
di  Betto  Bardi)  executes  statues  of  the 
Campanile  at  Florence. 

1413  *  *  The  Palazzo  di  Mendicita  at 
Lucca  is  begun. 

1420±*  *  Plane  charts  and  the  mariner's 

compass  come  into  use. 
1423'*'  *  Itome.     Gentile  da  Fabriano 
paints  Adoration  of  the  Magi.     [1426.    A 
fresco  of  the  IMadonna  at  Orvieto.] 

1440  *  *  The  Academy  of  Naples  is  es- 
tablished. 

1444  *  *  The  seven  Eugubine  Tablets, 
of  brass,  probably  made  in  400  B.C.,  are 
discovered  at  Gubbio, 

1450+  *  *  Rome.  Pope  Nicholas  V.  com- 
mences a  new  St.  Peter's. 

*  *  Finiguerra  Masso  is  the  first  artist  to 
engrave  on  copper  in  Italy. 

1456  Dec.  5.  An  earthquake  at  Na- 
ples destroys  40,000  lives. 

1457  *  *  The  Cambio.  or  Hall  of  the 
Money  Changers,  is  built  at  Perugia. 

1464  *  *  St.  George  and  the  Dragon  is 
painted  by  Andrea  JVlantegna. 

1466  *  *  Andrea  Verrochi  is  the  first  to 
take  casts  from  the  face. 

1472  *  *  Piero  Delia  Francesca  paints 
the  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Urbino. 

1473  *  *  Antonello  da  Messina  of  Venice 
introduces  the  use  of  oil  for  painting. 

1478*  *Sandro  Botticelli  paints  ^i/e<7orj/ 
of  Spring.  [1480t,  The  Adoration  of  the 
Magi;  l48},CoroHatioti  of  the  Virgin.] 

1480±  *  *  L  e  o  n  a  r  d  o  da  V  i  n  o  i  makes 
water-mills  and  river-locks.  [1483±, 
He  paints  St.  Jerome;  1484,  Temptation 
of  Christ,] 

1481  *  *  The  Plazzo  Vendramin-Ca- 
lergi  at  Venice  is  built. 

1482  *  *  The  cathedral  of  Lucca  is 
GommeDced. 


1484  ♦  *  Franchino  Gafurid  of  Milan 
opens  the  first  public  school  of  music. 

1488-04  Michelangelo  executes  a  bas- 
relief  of  the  Battle  bet^oeen  Hercules  and 
the  Centaurs;  he  paints  Disposition  from 
the  CrosSf  and  Madonna  icifh  Angels,  at 
Florence. 

1488  *  *  Giovanni  Bellini  paints  Madon- 
na and  Doge  liarbtrigo  at  Venice. 

1492*  *  Christopher  Columbus,  a 
Genoese,  discovers  America  (p.  13tJ. 

1493  *  *  La  Spienza,  at  Pisa,  is  com- 
menced. 

1496-1500  Rrnne.  Michelangelo 
sculptures  the  Pietd.  da  San  Pietro. 

[1495.  An  Angel  for  St.  Dominique's  altar, 
1502-04.  He  paints  the  IJolt/  Family  at  Flor- 
ence. 1504.  Completes  tlie  statue  of  tlie 
STe&tDarido/the  Sifjnorui.  1506-07.  Bronze 
statue  of  Julius  II.  at  Kome.  1508-12.  Deco- 
rates the  Sistine  ('liaiiel.  1520.  Begins  the 
Sacristy  of  San  Lorenzo  and  the  tombs  of 
Giultano  and  Lorenzo  Medici.  1529.  Leda. 
1535-41.  He  p&ints  the  Laat  Judgment.  1542- 
49.  He  paints  the  fresros  of  the  Pauline 
Chapel.  1547.  Jan.  1.  He  is  appointed  ar- 
chitect of  St.  Peter's.] 

1406*  *Fra  Bartolommeo  paints  the 
portrait  of  Savonar(tla.  ri509,  Madonna 
with  Saints;  also,  (iod  the  Father  irith 
Saints;  1509 ±,  Holy  Familu ;  1512,  Ma- 
donnawith  Saints;  1515,  The  Annuncia- 
tion; 1516,  The  Assumption.] 

1497  *  *  John  and   Sebastian  Cabot, 

Venetians,  make  discoveries  in  the  New 
World. 

1498  *  *  Leonardo  da  Vinci  paints  The 
Last  Supper  at  Milan. 

1499  *  *  Amerigo  Vespucci  makes  dis- 
coveries in  America. 

±  *  *  Francia  paints  Madonna  irith  An- 
gels and  Saints;  also  The  Nativity. 

1500  *  *  Lorenzo  Lotto  paints  St.  Jerome. 
*  •  Sanzio  (or  Santi)  Kaffael  paints  the 

Crucijixion. 

[1503,  Coronation  of  the  Virgin;  1504,  Spo- 
sahzio:  1504+:,  St.  George  and  the  Dragon  ; 
also,  The  Marriaoe  of  the  Vin/in  ;  1504-05  (?) 
The  Three  Graves;  1506,  Thelioly  Family  of 
the  Palm;  Also,  The  Holy  Favtdy  u-ith  the 
Beardless  Joseph  ;  1507.  Holy  Family  —  Del 
Cordero;  1607-08,  The  Entombment;  1508-11, 
Disputeofthe  Sacrament ;  1509,  Tornarma  ; 
[1510-15,  The  Cartoons  in  the  Vatican;  1511, 
Madonna  di  Foligno  ;  also,  Gregory  Promul- 
gating the  Decretals  ;  1512,  The  Expulsion  of 
Hehodorust  in  fresco;  1512-13,  TheHoly  Fam- 
ily of  Loreto;  1513-14,  God  Appearing  to 
Noahi  in  fresco;  also,  Dream  of  Jacob  ;  1514, 
Madonna  del  Pesce  ;  also,  6?cr;a/^rt,  in  fresco; 
miS-n,  Madonna  del  Sedia  ;  1511 ,  History  of 
Psyche;  also.  Holy  Family  — Del  Lagarto 
(?) ;  1517^,  Holy  Family  —  La  Perla ;  1517-18, 
Holy  Family  ;  1518,  Holy  Family  of  Francis 
/.,-  1519-20,  The  Tran^guration  ("The 
greatest  picture  in  the  worhl,"  Poussin) ;  1519, 
Madonna  di  San  Si.-ito;  also,  History  of 
Venus  and  Cupid.'} 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1390  ^  *  ♦  Castagno,  Andrea  del,  painter,  b. 

[1451.     Dies.] 

Carinagnola,  Francesco,  gen.,  b.     [1432.    D.] 

1398  *  *  >'ichola8  V.,  pope,  b.    [1455.     Dies.] 

1400*  *  Robbia,    Luca   della,    Florentine 

sculptor,  born.    [1482.    I>ies.J 
1401  *  *  Albizzi,  Ilartolommeo,  Tuscan  wr.,(l. 
Masaccio,    Tonmiaso    (juidi,  painter,  born. 

CI429.     Dies.] 
Sforza,    Fram-eseo,   Dnke  of  Milan,  born. 
:U66.     Dies.] 
1403*  *  Lippi,Fihppo.  painter,  b.    [1469.  !).] 
1404*  *  AU>erti,    Leon    Battista,    architect, 
l>orn.     [1472.     Dies.] 
Boniface  IX.,  i)ope,  dies. 
1407  *  *  Valla,    Loren/.o,     humanist,    crillc, 

born.     [1457.     Dies.] 
1409  *  *  Barblano,    Alberico,    Count,    com- 
mander,  dies. 
Ren^,  Duke  of  Anion,  King  of  Sicily,  born. 

[1480.     Dies.] 
Sextus  IV.,  pope,  born.     [1484.     Dies.] 


1418*  •  Accolti,    Francesco,    jurist,    born. 

[1483.    Dies.] 
Paul  II.,  pope,  born.     [1471.    Dies.] 
1419*  •John  XXIII.,  pope,  dies. 
1430*  *  Siena,  Guidoda,painter,l>orn.  rl4f)5. 

Dies.] 
1437*  *BeUini, Gentile, painter, bom.  rioiiT. 

Dies.]  »»~         . 

1428  ♦  *  Bellini,    Giovanni,    painter,   burn. 

C15I6.     Dies.] 
1431*   'Alexander  VI..    Rodrigo    Borgia, 
pope,  born.     [1503.     Dies.] 
Martin  V.,  pope,  dies. 
1433  *  *  Cadftniosta,     Luigi    da,    navigator, 
born.     [1480.     Dies.] 
Pulci,  Luigi,  Florentine  poet,  b.     [1487.     I).] 
1433  *  •  Karcino,  Marsilio,  Platonic  philoso- 
pher, born.     [1499-    Dies]. 
1435  *  •  Calepino,  Ambrogio,  lexicographer, 

born.    [1511.    Dies.] 
1439*  ♦  IMn8lII.,pope,born.     [1503.    Dies.] 
1443*  *  Julius  11.,  poi>e,  born.    [1513.    D.] 
1444*  *  Bramante,  Donate    Lazzari,  archi- 
tect, born.     [1514.     Dies.] 
1445  *  *  Sangallo,    Giuiiano    da,   architect, 

born.    [1516.     Dies.] 
1446*  *  Columbus.    Christopher,    discov- 
erer of  America,  born.     [150H.     Dies.] 
Perugino,    Pietro   Vanucci,    painter,   l>orn. 
[1524.     Dies.] 
1447*  *  Botticelli,  Filipepi  Sandro,  painter, 
born.     [1515.     Dies.] 
Engenins  IV.,  pojie,  dies. 
1448  *  *  Medici,  Lorenzo  de,  "  tbe  Magnifl 
cent,"  l'rin<'e  of  Florence,  b.     [14H2.    D.] 
1449*   *Manutiu8,   Aldus,  painter,  born. 

[1515.     D.] 
1450*  'Francia,  Francesco  Raibolini, 

painter,  born. 
1451  *  *  Vespucci.  Amerigo,  navigator,  h. 
1463  *  *  Colonna,  Prospero,  general,  born. 
Savonarola.  Oirolamo,  religious  reformer^ 

orator,  born. 
Vinci,  Leonardo  da,  Florentine  iiainter,  b. 
1454  *  •  Polltlan,  Angrelo.  poet,  humanist. 

bom.     [1494.     Dies.] 
1458*   *  Calixtns  111.,  pope,  dies. 

Sannazaro,  Jacopo,  poet,  born. 
1469  *   *  Adrian  Vt.,  pope,  liorn. 
Credi,  Lorenzo  <ii,  painter,  born. 
1460  •  *  Agnolo,  Baccio  d',  architect,  born. 
Emilio,  J'aolo,  historian,  bom. 
Oggione,  Marco,  painter,  born. 
1463  *   *  AchJUlni,  Alessandro,  physician,  b. 
Pico,  Giovanni,  Count  of  Mirandola,  philoso- 
pher, born.     [1494.     Dies.] 

1468  *  *  Doria,  Andrea,  statesman,  lx>rn. 

1469  *  *  C'ajetaii,  Tonmiaso  de  Vio,  can!.,  b. 
MachiaveUl,  Niccolo,  statesman,  an.,  b. 

1470  *  *  Benibo,  Pietro,  car(hiial.  scholar,  b. 
Bibblena,  Bernardo,  cardinal,  born. 
Ingliirami,  Tommaso,  scliolar,  born. 

1473  *   *  Klias,  Levita,  sdiolar,  born. 

1474  *  *  Albertinelli,  Blariolto,  painter,  b. 
Arlosto,  Lodovico,  poet,  born. 

1476  Mar.  6.    Michelangelo  ( Buonarrotti) 
sculptor,  painter,  arcliitect,  poet,  born. 

Leo  X.,  poi)e,  born. 

Raimondi,  Marc  Antonio,  engineer,  born. 

1477  *  *  Glorgione,    11    Giorgia    liarbareUl, 
painter,  born. 

1478*  *  Borgia.    Cesare.   cardinal,  states- 
man, born. 
Titian.  Tiziano  Vecellio,  painter,  born. 

1480  *  *  Bandello,  Matleo,  bp.,  novelist,  b. 
Borgia,  Lucrezia,  sister  of  Cesare  Borgia,  b. 
Palma,  Jacopo,  painter,  born. 
Verrazzano,' Giovanni,  da,  navigator,  born. 
Vida,  Marco  Girolamo,  poet,  born. 

1481  •  *  Garofalo,  Benvenuto  Tislo,  paint,,  b. 
I'eruzzi,  Baldassare,  architect,  born. 

1483  *  *  Guicciardini,    Francesco,    states- 
man, historian,  born. 

1483  *  •  Giovio,  Paolo,  historian,  born. 
Raffael,  Sanzio  d'Urbino,  painter,  born. 

1484  *  *  Bagnacavallo,  Baitolonnneo,  paint., 
born. 

Ferrari,  Gaudeuzio,  painter,  Twrn. 
.Scaliger,  Julius  Cwsar,  philosopher,  born. 

1486  *  *  Piondio,  ."Sebastian  del,  painter,  b. 
Ranuisio,  (Jiovanni,  author,  born. 

1486*  *  Beccafunii,    Dome  nice  de  Pace, 
l>ainter,  born. 
Sarto,  Andrea  del,  painter,  born. 

1487  *  *  Julius  III.,  pope,  born. 

1490  *  *  Colle,  Raftaellino  dal,  painter,  b. 

Colonna,  Vittoria,  poet,  born. 

Pescara,  Marquis  of,  Ferdinand   Francesco 
d*  Avalos,  general,  born. 
1493  *  *  .\conzio,  (iioconio,  Protestant  au.,b. 

Aretino,  Pietro,  satirist,  born. 

Ginlio,  Romano,  painter,  born. 
1493  *   *  Kirenzuola,  Agnolo,  poet,  born. 

TasBO,  Bernardo,  poet,  born. 
1494*  *Correggio,   Antonio    Allegrl   da,, 
painter,  born. 

Kiccio,  Donienieo  del,  painter,  bom. 


I 


ITALY. 


1389,**- 1503, 


1079 


149S  *  •  Alamanni,  Liiigi,  poet,  born. 

C'aldamt  I'olUloro,  jMiinter,  born. 
X498  *  *  Berni,  Frant^seo,  burlesque  poet,  b. 

Gelll,  (iiovunni  liattista,  born. 

Savonaxola.  Qirolamo.  religious  refonner, 
pulpit  onitor,  A  46. 
1499  *  •  rius  IV.,  pope,  born. 
1600  *  •  Alessi,  Galeazzo,  architect,  born. 

Ilascht,  monk,  born. 

Campi,  t;iulio,  painter,  born. 

CastellOf  (liovanni  iiattista,  painter,  born. 

Cellini,  Benvenuto,  sculptor,  born. 

Peter  Martyr,  I'rolestant  theologian,  born. 
1501  *  *  Cardan,  .leronie,  phys.,  math.,  b. 
1603  *  •  Bordone,  I'aride,  painter,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1389  *  *  The  Festival  of  the  Immacu- 
late Conception  is  appointed  [for  De- 
cember 8]. 

1399  *  *  Penitents  of  both  sexes,  called 
Rianchi,  travel  through  Italy  clothed  in 
white.     [1400.    Siipi>res8ed.] 

1409  Mar.  25.   Coimcll  of  Pisa  (p.  784). 

*  *  Rome.     Alexander  V.  is  pope. 

[1410,  Joliu  XXIII.;  1417,  Martin  V.;  1431; 
Eugenius  IV.;  1447,  Nicholas  V.;  1455,  fa- 
Ilxtns  III.;  1458,  J'ius  II.;  1464,  Paul  II.; 
1471,  Sixtua  IV.;  1484,  Innocent  VIII.] 

1414-18    Su'itz.    Anti-Hussite  Council 

of  Constance  (pp.  676,  784). 
1414  +*  *  Tlie  papal  throne  is  vacant  for 

nearly  three  years  after  two  popes  are 

deposed  by  the  17th  Council. 
1417  *  *  Clement  VIU.,  anti-pope  of 

Avignon,  resigns ;    the   great    schism 

ends. 
1425  *  *  The  Church  of  San  Lorenzo, 

Florence,    is    begun     by    Brunelleschi. 

[Michelangelo  decorates  the  interior.] 

1431  *  *  Council  of  Basel  (p.  7»1). 

1436  *  *  Francis  de  Paula  founds  the 
hermit  monks  —  Fratres  Minimi. 

1439  Feb.  9.  Council  of  Florence. 
It  sets  forth  the  doctrine  of  purgatory 
(pp.  785,  1034). 

1440  June  24.  Rome.  Felix  V.  enters 
as  anti-pope.    [1449:     Resigns.] 

1445  *  *  The  emperor  opposes  reforms 

(p.  785). 
^446-*  *  Concordat  of  Vienna  (p.  785). 
1450-1626     Rome.     St.    Peter's   is 

erected.    (1506.)    Active  work  begins. 

1455  *  *  Ger.  The  Bible  printed  (p.  7m). 

1465*  *Anti- Hussite  Crusade  (p.  508). 

1466  *  *  The  lia  Badia  Monastery  of 
Fiesole  is  built. 

1478  *  ♦  Rome.  The  Pope's  bull  revives 
the  Inquisition.  [1484.  Nov.  29.  "  In- 
structions" promulgated.] 

1484*  *  Rome.  Innocent  VIII.  issues  a 
bull  against  witchcraft,  of  which  thou- 
sands are  accused  and  killed. 

1488  *  *  The  Conceptionists  become  an 
order  of  nuns. 

1492*  *  Rome.     Alexander  VI- is  pope. 
[1503,   Pius   III.;   later,  Julius  11.;    1513, 
Leo  X.] 

1493    IVIay  3,  4.    Bull  of  demarcation 

issued  (p.  14). 
1494+  *  *  Girolamo  Savonarola   leads 

the  reformation  in  Italv.    [1497.  Excom- 

nuinicated.     1498.     3Ia"y  23.     Strangled 

and  then  burned.] 
1496  *  *  Pope  Alexander  VI.  revives  the 

Knights  of  the  Holy  Sepulcher. 


LETTERS. 

1404  •  *  The   University  of  Turin   is 
founded. 


1415  *  *  Ilisforpof  Flore Hce,hyljQoi\SLrdo 
liruni,  appears. 

1445  *  *  The  University  of  Catania  is 

founded. 
1448  *  *  Pope   Nicholas   V.   founds  a 

library  at  the  Vatican. 

ir}th  Century.  Mumbriano,  by  Francesco 
Bello  of  Ferrara,  appears. 

Rispetti  Rallate,  <>r/Vo,  and  Stanze.per 
la  Gwstra,  by  Poliziano,  appear. 

The  Sacra  Rappresentazioiie  are  given 
in  Florence. 

San  Panunzio  and  Ahranio  eil  Isac 
(drama),  by  Maifeo  Belcari,  appear. 

Savonarola    writes    Italian    sermons, 
hymns  (laudi),  and  ascetic  and  political 
treatises. 
1460-92    San  O'torannie  rw>/o  (drama), 
by  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  appears. 

Ambra,  Caccia  del  Falrone,^  and  Xcncia 
da  Barhfrino,  by  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  ap- 
pear at  Florence. 

1481  *  *  //  Moryande  Maggiore,  by  Luigi 
l*ulci,  appears  at  Venice. 

1482  *  *  The  first  printed  edition  of 
Fuclid's  FAements  appears  at  Venice. 
[1505.  The  first  printed  translation  is 
published  at  Venice  by  Itartholomew 
Zambert.     1560.    Auother  translation.] 

1485  *  *  Epistles,  by  Francesco  FilelfoT 

appears.     [1497.     Latin   Odes;  also  La 

Sforziade.] 
*  *  De  Re  jEdificatoria,  by  Leon  Battista 

Alberti,  appears. 
1495  *  *  Orlando  Innamorato,  by  Matteo 

jSIaria  Boiardo,  api)ears. 

1500+  *  *  Ambrose  Calepini,  a  Venetian 
friar,  writes  in  Latin  [the  tirst  known] 
polyglot  dictionary. 

STATE. 

1391  *  *  Pisa  becomes  subject  to  (iian 
Galeazzo  Visconti  [Duke  of  Milan], 

1394*  *  Disorder  aboun<l3  in  Genoa; 
many  doges  are  appointed.  [1396.  Genoa 
comes  under  the  protection  of  France. 
1410,  Under  Naples  ;  1419,  Under  Milan.] 

1395  *  *  Gian  Galeazzo  Visconti  takes 
the  title  of  Duke  of  Milan.  [The  title 
continues.  1447.  The  Visconti  line 
ends.] 

1398  *  *  Rrnne.  Pope  Boniface  IX.  over- 
throws the  republican  privileges  of  citi- 
zens by  8ui)pres8ing  municipal  liberties. 

1405  *  *  The  Venetians  seize  Padua. 

1406  *  *  Florence  rules  Pisa. 

1408  *  *  Rome  is  ruled  by  Ladislaus. 

1416  Feb.  19.  Sigismund  erects  Savoy 
into  a  duchy;  Count  Anunievw  111.  is 
made  duke. 

1421-1512  Genoa  loses  and  regains 
freedom, 

1421  *  *  Venice  is  at  the  height  of  its 
power.  Dalmatia,  Greece,  and  the  Le- 
vant are  its  outlying  possessions. 

[1423-57.  Francesco  Foscari  is  doge. 
He  enlarges  Venetian  territory.] 

1431  *  *  Sigismund  is  King  of  Italy. 
[1433,  emperor ;  1437,  deposed.]  (P.  785.) 

1434  *  *  The  Medici  family,  led  by  Cos- 
mo de  Medici  (elected  chief  ruler  142C), 
becomes  paramount  in  Florence. 

1435*  *  Alphonso  V.  of  Aragon  seizes 
Naples  on  the  death  of  Joanna  II. ;  she 
had  bequeathed  her  dominions  to  Ke- 

gnier  of  Anjou. 

1440  *  *  Frederick  HI.  emperor  (p.  785). 

1442  *  *  The  kingdom  of  the  Two  Sici- 
lies is  restored. 

1447  *  *  Placentia  revolts  from  Milan, 
but  is  subdued  with  great  cruelty. 


1450-1535    The  duchy  of  Milan  is  ruled 

by  the  House  of  Sforza. 
h'ith  Century.     Count    Thomas    acquires 

Piedmont. 
1454  *  *  Three    *'  inquisitors"    exercise 

government    with    despotic    power   in. 

Venice. 
1458  *  *  Genoa  is  ruled  by  the  French. 

*  *  Naples  and  Sicily  are  separated. 

1458-79  Siciht.  John  of  Aragon  is 
king.  (1479-1503.  Ferdinand  the  Catho- 
lic of  Spain.] 

1458-94  Ferdinand  I.  is  King  of  Na- 
ples. [1494-95.  Alfonso  II.  lie  ab<li- 
cates.  1495-96.  Frederick  I.  1496-1501. 
Frederick  II. ;   expelled  by  the  French.] 

1464-69  Piero  (I.)  de  Medici  is  the  un- 
titled chief  ot  the  Florentine  republic. 

1466-76  Galeazzo  Maria  Sforza  is  Duke 
of  Milan.    [1476.    Assassinated.] 

1469-92    Francisco  de  Medici,  "The 

Magnificent,"  rules. 

[1492-1519.  Alessandro  de  Medici  rules 
as  the  tirst  duke  of  Florence.  1493.  Ex- 
pelled. 1512.  llestored.  1527.  Expelled. 
1531.  Restored.  1537.  Jan.  5.  Assassi- 
nated.] 

1474  *  *  The  duchy  of  Urbino  is  created. 
[1502.  Urbino,  the  capital,  is  treacher- 
ously seized  by  Cesare  Borgia.] 

1476 '  -99  Ludovico  Sforza  rules  as 
usurper  in  lililan.  (1500.)  The  Milanese 
revolt  (p.  679). 

1478  *  *  .lacopo  Pazzi  with  others  forms 
a  conspiracy  in  the  name  of  liberty 
against  L.  de  Medici  at  Florence.  It 
fails. 

1479  *  *  Tltyria.  Albania  Scodra  [Scu- 
tari] is  taken  from  the  Venetians- by  the 
Turks. 

1483  *  *  Venice  joins  the  league  against 
Naples. 

1489  *  *  Venice  acquires  Cyprus  by  the 
gift  of  Catherine  Cornaro,  widow  of 
James  II.,  its  last  king. 

1494-98  Florence  is  again  a  theoretical 
republic  under  Girolamo  Savonarola, 
after  overthrowing  the  Medici. 

1494  *  *  Charles  VIU.  of  France  claims 
and  enters  Naples  (p.  679). 

1498*  *Niccolo  Machiavelli  is  ap- 
pointed official  secretary  at  Florence. 
[1527.     June  22.     Dies.] 

♦  *  Pisa  becomes  independent  under  the 
protection  of  Charles  VI 1 1,  of  France. 

1499-1526  The  possession  of  the  duchy 
of  Milan  is  disputed  with  France;  LouJs 
XII.  claims  it  as  an  inheritance  from  his 
grandmother,  Valentine  Visconti. 

1501-40  The  French  and  Spanish  con- 
tend for  power  in  Italy. 

1501*  *Sicily  and  Naples  are  con- 
<iuered  anil  unsuccessfully  divided 
(p.  678).    [1503.     Annexed  to  Spain.] 

1503-16  Ferdinand  III.  of  Spain  is 
King  of  the  Two  Sicilies. 

[1516-56,  Charles  I.  (V.  of  Ger.)  ;  1556-98, 
Philip  1.  (II.  of  Sp.);  1598-1621,  Philip  II. 
(III.  of  Sp.);  1621-55.  Philip  III.  (IV.  of 
.^^p.);  16JW-1700,  Charlpsll.  (of  Sp.);  1700-07, 
Philip  IV.  (V.  of  Sp.);  1707-13,  Charles  III. 
(of  Aust.).] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1446+  *  *  Christopher  Columbus  is 
horn  at  Genoa.  [1473+.  He  goes  to 
Portugal.] 

75/ft  Century.  Christians  are  first  al- 
lowed to  receive  usury,  the  same  as 
Jews. 

1462+ *  *  Fawnbroking  is  introduced 

in  Perugia. 

1497  *  *  Venice  declines  after  the  dis- 
covery of  the  passage  to  India,  following 
the  discovery  of  America.  [1577.  It  is 
devastated  by  fire.] 


1080       1503,**-1579, 


ITALY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1609  *  *  France  at  war  with  Venice  (p. 
680). 

1515-21  War  with  Charles  V.  and 
Francis  I.  (pp.  680,  788). 

1522  *  *  Spaniards  and  Italians  under 
Prospero  Colonna  suck  Genoa.  [1526. 
Sept.  29.  Rome  is  taken  by  the  partizans 
of  Cardinal  Colonna  ;  they  plunder  the 
Vatican,  St.  Peter's,  and  the  Pope's  min- 
isters and  servants.  1527.  May.  6.  Rome 
is  taken.]    (P.  680.) 

1528  *  *  Second  war  with  the  Emperor 

Charles  V.  (p.  680). 
1554    Aug.  3.    Battle  at  Marciano  (p. 

682). 

1557    May  15.     Civitella  relieved  (p. 

682J. 
1559    Apr.  3.   French  wars  end  (p.  683). 

1570  *  *  Venice  at  war  with  Turkey. 

1571  Oct.  7.  Gr.  Great  battle  near 
Xiepanto. 

The  combined  fleets  of  Spain,  Venice, 
and  P*iu8  V.  defeat  the  Turks  in  a  great 
naval  battle.  Allies'  force,  206  galleys 
and  30,000  men.  Turks,  250  galleys; 
they  lose  100  galleys  and  30,000  men  in 
killed  and  prisoners, 

*  *  The  Turks  take  Cyprus. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1503-06  Marioto  Albertinelli,  a  Floren- 
tine, paints  The  Holy  Family. 

1503t*  *Tiziano  Vecelli  Titian,  a 
Venetian,  paints  Sacred  and  Profane 
Love. 

[1505-08,  Portrait,  Z)ocfe  Nircolo  MarceUo: 
aUo,  Marcus  Barberifjo  ;  1614.  the  Christ  of 
the  Tribute  Money;  15I«,  The  Assumption; 
1520,  ^Vorct;  1621,  Antonio  Grimaiii^  I>oge; 
1522,  the  altar-piece  of  lirescia.  1623,  The 
Entombment;  also,  The  Annunciation  and 
Bacchus  and  Ariadne;  1524,  Andrea  Gritti, 
Doge;  1528-30,  St.  Peter  the  Martyr;  1530, 
The  Holy  Family;  1631,  St.  Jerome;  1644, 
Empress  Isabella ;  154S,  portrait  of  Charles 
V. ;  1554,  La  Gloria ;  1663,  St.  Jerome;  1565, 
St.  James  of  Compostella.'} 

1505  *  *  Giovanni  Bellini  paints  the  Ma- 
donna with  Saints. 

1506  *  *  Rome.    The  first  stone  is  laid  in 
the  erection  of  St.  Peter's  Cathedral. 
[1514.    Raffael  is  appointed  architect. 
1547.    Michelangelo,  architect.] 

1510  *  ♦  Marco  Basaiti  paints  Calling  of 
James  and  John. 

*  *  Lorenzo  Costa  paints  Court  of  Isabella 
D'Este. 

1512  *  *  Sebastino  del  Piombo  paints  the 

Holy  Family. 
1513*  *Giuno  Romano  paints  Sbly 

Family  —  Del  Divino  Amore. 
1513-21    Borne  is  embellishedby 

Leo  X. 
1514*  *  Antonio   AUegrl   da   Correggio 

paints  the  MadontuxofSt.  George.    [1522 

^r  1528),  La  Notte ;  1530,  Madfrnrui  delta 

Scodella.] 
1515*  *  R&me.  The  first  regrular  drama 

acted  in  Europe  is  Sophonisba,  presented 

in  the  presence  of  Leo  X. 

1516  *  *  Fra  Bartolommeo,  of  the  Flor- 
entine school,  paints  the  Holy  Family. 

1521  ±  *  *  Andrea  del  Sarto,  a  Floren- 
tine, paints  the  Holy  Family.  [1529J:, 
Holy  Family.} 

1522  i:  *  *Bice  culture  is  an  industry 
in  Lombardy. 

1525  *  *  The  Three  Orace$  Ifl  painted  by 

Palma  Veccio. 
1527  *  *  Girolamo  Saroldo  paints  Holy 

family. 


*  *  Parmigiano  paints  Visitm  of  St. 
Jerome. 

1532  *  *  Stching  on  copper  with  aqua 
fortis  is  invented  (?)  by  Parmigiano. 

1533  *  *  Botanical  gardens  are  estab- 
lished at  Padua. 

1538  fc  *  *  N.  Yaroll  of  Bologna  discovers 
optic  nerves. 

1540  *  *  Giorgio  Vasari  paints  Supper  of 
St.  Gregory. 

*  *  The  Academy  of  Florence  is  estab- 
lished. 

1541  *  *  Daniel  da  Volterra  paints  De- 
scent from,  the  Cross.  ("  Tlie  third  paint- 
ing in  the  worid."    Poussin.) 

1542  *  *  Sicily.  Syracuse  is  destroyed 
by  an  earthquake.  [1693.  Jan.*  Again 
destroyed.     1757.    Aug.  6.    Again.] 

1543  *  ♦  Copernicus,  canon  and  phy- 
sician at  Frauenberg  publishes  his  sys- 
tem of  astronomy. 

*  ♦  Andreas  Vesalius  publishes  his 
Seven  Books  on  the  Structure  of  the 
Human  Body. 

*  *  Qatide  rio  Ferrari,  of  the  Milanese 
school,  paints  the  Last  Supper. 

1546-1601  Tycho  Brahe's  astronomi- 
cal drawings  are  published. 

^552  *  *  Marco  Basaiti  paints  St,  George 
and  the  Dragon. 

1556  *  *  Rome.  San  Felippo  Neri  intro- 
duces the  first  oratorio, 

1560i  *  *  The  camera  cbscura  is  in- 
vented by  Glambattista  della  Porta. 

±*  *  Bartolommeo  Eustachius  discovers 
the  [Eustachian]  tube. 

1564  *  *  Galileo  discovers  the  pressure 
of  the  atmosphere  to  be  15  potmds  to  the 
square  inch, 

[1583.  Discovers  the  hydrostatic  balance. 
1597.  Makes  a  thermometer.  160y.  A  tele- 
scope. 1610t.  Discovers .Iupiter'sinoon8,and 
notes  the  sun's  spots.  1616.  Doctrines  con- 
demned at  Home.  1633.  Forced  by  Inqnlsltors 
to  abjure  the  Copernican  theory.  1637.  Dis- 
covers tlie  libration  of  tlie  moon.] 

1569  *  *  The   Descent  from  the  Cross  is 

painted  by  Baroccio,  at  Perugia. 
1573  *  *  Paolo  Veronese  paints  the  Mar- 

tyrdoinof  St.  George. 

BIRTHS—  DEATHS. 

1004*  *  Mazzola,     Girolamo    Francesco 
Maria,  painter,  bom.    [1640.    Dies.] 
Pius  v.,  pope,  born. 
1507  *  *  Borgria,  Cesare.  card.,  states.,  A29. 
1609  *  *  Volterra,  Daniele  da,  painter,  born. 
1510  *  *  Sforza,  Lodovieo,  Duke  of  Milan,  d. 
1011  •  *  Animanati,  Bartolommeo,  arcliiteet, 
sculptor,  born. 
Giorgione,  II  (iiorgia  Barbarelli,  painter,  A34. 
Medici,  I  ppolitode,  card.,  born.  ;;I535.  Dies.] 
1513  •  *  Ac.hillini,  Alessandro,  phi!.,  A4fl. 
Vasari,  Giorgio,  painter,  architect,  born. 
Vespucci.  Amerigo,  navigator,  A6I. 
lots'*  *  All>ertinelU,  Mariotto,  painter,  A4I. 
iJeri,  Filippo  de,  St.,  founder  "Priests  of  the 
Oratory,"  born. 
1516*  •  Inghirami,  Tommaso,  scholar,  poet, 
A46. 

1 5 1 7  *  *  Bartolommeo,  F'ra,  painter,  A42. 
Belon,  Pierre,  naturalist,  born. 

1518  *  •  Francla,  Francesco  Raibolini, 
painter,  A68. 

Palladio,  Andrea,  architect,  bom. 
Tintoretto,  Jaroi)o  Kohu3ti,  painter,  born. 

1519  *  *  Benzoni,  Geronimo,  traveler,  born. 
Borgia,  Lucrezia,  sisterof  Cesare  Borgia,  A  :t». 
Medici,  Cosmo  de,  Grand  Duke  of  Tus- 
cany, born. 

Vinei,  Leonardo  da,  painter,  A67. 
1620  *  *  Bibbiena,  Bernardo,  cardinal,  A50. 

Raffael  Sanzio,  or  Santi,  d'  Urbiuo,  paint., 
A37. 
1521  •  •  Leo  X.,  pope,  A46. 
1533  *  *  Adrian  VI.,  pope,  A64. 

Colonna,  I'rospero,  general,  A69. 

Kallopio,  Gabrlello,  anatomist,  born. 
1534*  *  Kiesco,  Giovanni  Luigi,  Coimt  of  La- 
vagna.  conspirator,  born.    [1547.     Dies.] 

I'alestrina,  Giovanni  Pierlidgi  da,  nmsic,  b. 


1525*   *T*c9cara,   Marqnis  of,  Fenlinand 

Francesco  d'  Avalus,  general,  A35. 
1537*  •  Machiavelli.  Niccolo,  statesman, 
author,  A58. 
Verrazzano,  Giovanni,  navigator,  A47. 

1538  *  *  Barocci,  Fiori   Federigo  d'  irrblno, 
painter,  born. 

1538*  •  CagUare,   Paolo    (Paul    Veronese), 
painter,  born. 

Palma,  Jacopo,  painter,  A48. 

Muzlano,  (iirolamo,  painter,  born. 
1539*  *  Kinilio,  Paolo,  historian,  A69. 
1530  *  *  John  of  Bologna,  sculptor,  bom. 

Ogglone,  Marco,  painter,  A60. 

Sannazaro,  .Jacopo,  poet,  A72. 
163 1  »  »  Sarto,  Andrea  del,  painter,  A45. 
1633  •  *  Ariosto,  Ludovico,  poet,  A5!). 
1534*  *  Cajetan.Tommasode  Vlo,  cardinal, 
scholar,  A  65. 

Clement  VII.,  pope,  dies. 

Kaimondi,  Marc  Antonio,  engraver,  A59.         "1 
1635  *  *  Allori,  Alessandro,  painter,  born.       \ 

1536  *  •  Bernl,  Francesco,  poet,  A38. 
PeruzzI,  Baldassare,  painter,  architect,  A55. 

1537  *  *  Credi,  Lorenzo  di,  painter,  A78. 
(iuarlnf,  Giovanni  Battlsta,  poet,  born. 
Medici,  Alessandro  de,  Didie  of  Florence, 

A27. 
1638  *  *  Baronius,  Cesare,  cardinal,  hist.,  h. 
Borromeo,  Carlo,  Count,  cardinal,  born. 

1539  *  *  Campeggio,  Lorenzo,  cardinal,  A65. 
Socinus,  Faustus.  rationalist,  born. 

1540*  *  Gulcclardinl.   Francesco,    states- 
man, historian,  A58. 

Colle,  Baffaellino  dal,  painter,  A50. 

KIzzlo,  David,  musician,  born.    [1566.    Dies.) 
1543*  •  Aleandro,  Girolamo,  scliolar,  cardi- 
nal, A  62. 

Bagnacavallo,  Bartolommeo,  painter,  A48. 

Bellarmino,  Koberto,  cardinal,  autlior,  born. 
1543  •  *  Varoli,    Costanzo,    surgeon,    bom. 
[1575.     Dies.] 

Asnolo,  Baccio  d',  engineer,  architect,  A83. 

(Jaldara,  Polidoro,  painter,  A48. 

Fontana,  Domenico,  an-'aitect,  born. 

Porta,  (ilamhattista  della,  physicist,  born. 
1644  *  *  Palma,  Jacopo,  the  Younger,  paint., 
born. 

Taeso,  Torquato.  poet,  born. 
1546  *  *  Flrenzuola,  Agnolo,  poet,  A52. 

Vecellio,  Marco,  iminter,  born. 
1546  *  *  Ferrari,  <;andenzio,  painter,  A62. 

Romano,  Giulio,  painter,  A54. 
1547*  *  liembo,  IMetro, cardinal, scholar, A77. 

Colonna,  Vittorla,  poet,  A57. 

Farnese,   Alessandro,   Duke  of  Parma  and 
Piacenza,  general,  born. 

Piombo,  Sebastiano  del,  painter,  A62. 

1548  *  *  Bruno.  Oiordano.  philosopher,  b. 

1549  *  *  Elias  Levita,  scholar,  A77. 
Paul  III.,  pope,  dies. 

Itith  Century.    Giambelli,  or   Gianlbelli,  Je- 
derigo,  military  engineer,  pyrotechnist,  b. 
1560*  *  Amati,  Antonio,  violin  maker,  1j. 
1661  *  ♦  Beccafumi,    Domenico    de     Pace, 

painter,  A65. 
1552*  *  llaschi,   monk,  founder  of    Capu- 
chins, A.52. 

Chial)rera,  Gabriello,  lyric  poet,  born. 

Giovio,  Paolo,  historian,  A69. 

Paul  v.,  pope,  born. 

Sarpi,  Paolo,  theologian,  author,  born. 
1553*  *  Baldi,  Bernardino,  scholar,  math.,  b. 

Fracastioro,  (ilrolamo,  ast.,  poet.,  phys.,  A70. 
1554  •  *  Itazzi,  tiiovanni,  painter,  A75. 
1565  *  *  Caracct,  Ludovico,  painter,  bom. 

Julius  111.,  pope,  A68. 
1566*  *  Alemanni,   Luigi,  poet.  A61. 

Casa,  Gtovannl  della,  poet,  A.^3. 
1567  *  ♦  Arellno,  Pietro,  satirist,  A65. 

Ranmsio,  Giovanni  liattista,  author,  A72. 
1568*  •  Aldobrandinl,  Sil vest ro,  jurist,  A59. 

Caracci,  .^gostino,  painter,  born. 

Scaliger,  Julius  Cwsar,  philosopher,  A74. 
1559  •   *  BandetU,  Baccio,  sculptor,  A72. 
<;arofalo,  Benvenuto  Tfsio,  painter.  A78. 
Paul  IV.,  pope,  dies. 
1660*  ♦  Caracci,  Annibale,  painter, bora. 

Dorla,  Andrea,  admiral,  statesman,  A92. 
1563*  *  Handello,  Matteo,  novelist.  A8L 

Capello,  Blanca,  Grand  Ducliess  of  Tuscany, 
born. 

Fallopplo,  (lahrlello.  anatondst,  A38. 

Peter  Martyr,  I'rotestant  theologian,  A62. 

1064  Feb.    1^     Mlchelang-elo    (Buonar* 
rotti),scnlp.,i)ainter,  architect,  poet,  A89. 

OEiUlel,  Galileo,  astronomer,  horn. 
Borromeo,  Federigo,  cardinal,  archbishop  of 
Milan,  born. 

1065  *  *  Cesari,  Giuseppe,  hist,  painter,  born. 
Plus  IV.,  pope,  A66. 

1066  •   *  Bracclolinl,  Francesco,  poet,  bom. 
Rlzzto,  David,  musician,  A26. 

VIda,  Marco  (.iirolamo,  poet,  A86-* . 
Volterra,  Daniele  da,  painter,  A67. 

1567  *   •  Riccio,  Domenico  del,  i>alnter,  A73. 

1568  ♦  *  Aloystus,  St.,  Jesuit,  devotee,  born. 


ITALY. 


1503,  *  *-1579, 


1081 


1668  •   *  Montevenli,  ClaiiUio,  roiiiposer,  h. 

1670  •  •  Sansovino,  Jacopo  Tatti,  sculptor, 
architect,  A9I. 

1671  •  •  Abbate,  Nlccolo,  painter,  dies. 

1672  •   •  Alessi,  <;aleazzo,  arcliitect,  A72. 
Plus  v.,  pope,  A68. 

1573  *  *  KagUone,  GloTanni,  painter,  bom. 
1674*  *  Aleandro,   Gerolamo,  the   Younger, 
poet,  l>orn. 
Brlzzi,  Francesco,  painter,  born. 
Manutius,  I'aultis,  scholar,  painter,  A63. 
Medici,  CoBimo  de,  Grand  Duke  of  Tus- 
cany, A55. 
Vasarl,  tJiorglo,  painter,  A63. 

1675  *  *  (iatti,  Ilernaniino,  painter,  ASO^:. 
(inido.  Rent,  painter,  born. 

1576  •  •  Astnari,  Federigo,  Count  of  Canie- 
rano,  poet,  A  49. 
Davila,  Enrico  C'aterino,  historian,  born. 
Spada,  Lionello,  painter,  born. 
Tttlan.  Tizlano  Vecellio.  painter,  A99. 

1677  •  *  Allori,  Christofaiio,  painter,  l)orn. 
Castelll,  Itenedetto,  mathematician,  horn. 

1676  *    '  Albani,  Francesco,  painter,  born. 
Piccolomini,  Alessandro,  cardinal,  philoso- 
pher, A70. 

1678  *  *  CaateUo,  Giovanni  Battlsta,  painter, 
A79. 

CHURCH. 

1511  *  *  Roine.  Martin  Luther  visits 
the  Vatican. 

Nov.  1+.  Coxincil  of  Pisa.  [1512.  May 
10-17.  Counter  Lateran  Council.]  (P. 
786.) 

1512  *  *  The  Reformation  in  France  (p. 


1513  *  *  Tlie  Church  is  corrupt  (p,  786). 
1517i  *  *  Reformation  in  Germany. 

[1521.  Luther  exconiriumicateil.]  (P.  788.) 
•  *  Pope  Leo  X.  replenishes  lii.s  treasury 
by  the  sale  of  indulgences  (p.  786). 

1521  *  *  Ger.    Diet  of  'Worms  (p.  788). 
1522*  *  Home.     Adrian     VI.     is     pope. 
[1.V23,  Clement  Vll.] 

1524  June  24.  The  Order  of  Thea- 
tines  is  founded  by  Hishup  Caraffa  in 
Naples  and  conlirnied.  It  aims  to  re- 
vive poverty  anion^^  the  clergy. 

±*  *  Many  ••witches"  are  burned  in 
the  diocese  of  Cumo. 

1526  *  *  MaUeo  di  Baschi  of  Urbino 
founds  [the  order  of  Capuchins]  for  the 
strictest  observance  of  the  rule  of  St. 
Francis.  [They  are  much  persecuted  by 
the  Fninci.scahs.  1536.  Keceive  their 
name.} 

1530  *  *  Malta  is  given  by  the  emperor 
to  the  Knights  of  Malta. 

1632*  *The  Barnabite  monks  are 
founded  by  three  priests  in  Milan  ;  thev 
add  to  the  three  monastic  vows  a  fourth 
—  not  to  seek  any  office  or  dignity. 

1534  Aug.  13.  Jesuits  founded  (p. 
681). 

[1540.  Sept.  27.  Plan  sanctioned.  1541. 
Apr.  17.  Loyola  enters  office  as  a  general. 
1S57.  June  19.  Jacob  Lainez,  second  general. 
1565-72.  Francis  Horgia  of  Sp. ;  1.^72-80. 
Mercnriaii,  a  Itelgian;  1581-16!.^  Claudius 
Aquaviva  of  Naples;  1615-45,  Mutius  Vitel- 
lesohi  of  Kome.] 

1535  Nov.  25.  The  order  of  Ursuline 
nuns  is  founded  at  Brescia  by  Angela 
Merici.    [1544.  JuneO.  Orderconfirmed.] 

1541*  *  Swiiz.  John  Calvin  intro- 
duces the  Reformation  (pp.  680,  790). 

1545-63  Aust.  Council  of  Trent  (p. 
510). 

1546  *  *  Lfl'lius  Socinus  founds  a  Uni- 
tarian society  at  Vicenza. 

1648*  *  Pnis,  Second  Council  of 
Treves ;  10 chapters  and  adecree  against 
the  concublnary  clergy  are  published. 
[1549.     A  tliird  council.) 

*  •  Home.  Filippo  de  Neri  Institutes  the 
Trinity  Fraternity. 


1650  *  *  R<yme.    Julius  III.  is  pope. 

[1555,  MarceUos  II.:  later  Paul  IV.:  I55». 
Plus  IV.] 

1551*  *The  church  of  San  Gorgio 
degU  Schiavoni  is  begun. 

1557  ♦  *  Paul  IV.  publishes  the  first  In- 
dex Purga  torsi  (forbidden  books) . 
The  Bible  is  prohibited  to  lay  readers 
with  certain  exceptions. 

1566  •  •  Rome,  [St.]  Pius  V.  ia  pope. 
[1572,  Gregory  XI 11.;  1585,  Sixtus  V.;  he 
displays  activity,  and  corrects  abuses  in 
the  Church;  1590,  Urban  VI I.,  Gregory  XIV.; 
1591,  Innocent  IX.  reigns  two  months;  1592, 
Clement  VI 11.;  1605,  Leo  XI.  reigns  25  days; 
later  I'aul  V.  (Itorghese).] 

1572  Aug.  *  Rome.  Thanksgiving  for 
massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  (p.  684). 

1575  *  *  Rome.  The  Brotherhood  of 
the  Oratory,  founde<l  by  Filippo  de 
Neri,  is  regularly  organized  by  the  Pope. 

1576  *  *  Holy  Catholic  League  (p.  684). 


LETTERS. 

1503  *  *  History  o/ 3/i/aM,  by  Bernardino 

Corio,  appears. 

1504  *  *  Arcadia^  by  Jacopo  Sannazzaro, 
appears. 

1513  *  *  /^nnnpi,  by  Machiavelli,  is  com- 
pleted. [151.01 ,  Discorsisul  primo  libra 
ffetle  (lerJiP  de  Tito  Livio ;  1520,  /  sette 
Litrri  dell '  Arte  di  (hierra  and  Vita  di 
Cnstruccio;  1524,  Mandragola;  lG24t-, 
Clizia.'] 

1516  *  *  Orlando  Furioso,  by  Ariosto, 
appears  in  40  cantos,  [1534.  Complete 
in  46  cantos.] 

*  *  On  the  Immorfalitif  of  the  Soul,  by 
Pietro  Pomponazzi,  appears. 

1518*   *  The    first    Rabbinical    Hebrew 

Hi ble,  containing  the  MaHorahjTarguma, 
and  comments,  is  printed  at  Venice. 

1519  *  *  History  of  the  War  between  Fer- 
diiuind  I.  and  the  Duke  of  AiiJoUy  by 
Giovanni  Poutanu,  appears. 

1520  Mar.  21.  Leo  X.  permits  the 
publication  of  the  i'omplutensian  Poly- 
glot, a  magnificent  edition  of  the  Bible. 

±  **  Italia  lilterata  dai  Goti,  by  Gian- 
Giorgio  Tri.ssino  of  Vicenza,  appears. 
[15^.    Sofonistxi.] 

1520-23  The  Talmud  Rabylmicum,  In 
12  volumes,  and  the  Talmud  Hierosoly- 
tnnum,  in  one  volume,  are  printed  at 
Venice. 

1525  *  *  Rosmunda,  by  Giovanni  Rucel- 

lai,  appears.     [15;J1).    Api.] 
1528  *   *  II    Cortigiano,    by    Baldassare 

CastigUone,  appears. 
1536i  *  *  The  Gaaef^ia  appears  at  Venice. 

1541  •  •  Francesco  Berni  produces  a 
modification  of  Boiardo's  Orlando  In- 
iiamorata.  [Writes  also  Rime  Rurlesche.] 

1542  *  ♦  University  of  Pisa  revived. 

1543  *  *  Copernicus*  system  is  pub- 
lished. 

1547  *  *  Dialogue  on  the  Infinity  of  Love, 

by  TuUia  d'Aragona,  appears. 
l/ifh  Century.     Vitedi  Uomini  Illustri,  by 

Vespasiano  da  Bisticci,  appears. 
Reali  di  Francia^  by  Andrea  da  Bar- 

berino,  appears. 
1552  ♦  *  History   of    Venice,    by    Pietro 

Bcmbo,  appears. 

1554^73  Tales,  by  Mattco  Bandello,  ap- 
pears. 

1557  *  *  Sonetti,  by  Benedetto  Varchi, 
appears.  [1570,  U  Ercolano;  1721,  His- 
tory of  Florence.'] 

1558*  *  Gaiaico,  by  Giovanni  dellaCasa, 

appears. 

*  *  Exercitationes,  bv  Julius  Caesar  Sca- 
liger,  appears.    [1561,  Poetices,] 


1561-64  Storia  d'/talia^  by  Guicciar- 
dini,  appears. 

1562  *  *  Rinaldo,  by  Torquato  Tasso,  ap- 
pears. [1573,  Aminta:  1574,  Gerusale.vime 
Liberata  (1580,  published);  1586,  Torris- 
mondo]. 

1563*  •  *  Palestrina  writes  the  Misra 
Papse  MarcelU  at  Trent. 

1576  *  *  Giustiniani  publishes  a  polyglot 

psalter. 

STATE. 

1503  ♦  *  Cesare  Borgia  destroys  the  in- 
dependence of  the  republic  of  San  Ma- 
rino for  a  brief  time.  [1504.  He  receives 
Urbino.] 

1504  *  *  The  French    expelled  from 

Xaples  by  the  Spaniards.    [1525.    From 
Milan.] 

1508  Dec.  10.    League  of  Cambray 

rises  against  Venice  (p.  681).    [1509.  Ven- 
ice despoiled  of  its  Italian  possessions.] 

1509  *  *  Pisa,  conquered  by  the  Floren- 
tines, loses  its  independence. 

1511    Oct.  9.     The  Pope's   League 

rises  against  France  (p.  681). 
1512*  *Bologna  is  united  with  the 
States  of  the  Church.     [1513.    Piacenza 
united.] 

1516*  *  The  duchy  of  Urbino  is  given 
to  Lorenzo  de  Medici  (Second).  [1522 
Recovered  by  Duke  Francesco.  1G21. 
Annexed  to  the  Papal  States.] 

1526  Jan.  14.    France  resigns  Milan 

and  Naples  (p.  681). 

1527  May  6.    Rome  is  taken  (p.  680). 
1523  *  *  Andrea  Doria  liberates  Genoa 

from  the  French ;  the  repubhc  is  rees- 
tablished. 

'15294-  *  *  Period  of  Spanish-Austxian 
ascendency. 

Aug.  5.  The  Ladies*  Peace  of  Cambray 
is  signed  (p.  681). 

1531  Jan.  5.  Ferdinand  I.,  brother 
of  Charles  V.,  is  elected  King  of  the  Ro- 
mans by  the  electoral  college. 

1531-37   Alessandrode  Medici  is  duke 

of  Tuscany.  [l.f'K'JS.  Duke  of  Florence. 
1537-74.  Cosiino  de  Medici  is  duke  of 
Tuscany.] 

1535*  *  Milan  passes  to  the  rule  of 
Spain.  [1556.  It  becomes  an  api)anage 
of  the  Spanish  crown.  1559.  Spaiu  is 
supreme  in  Italy.] 

1536-62    The  French   occupy  Turin. 

[1562.    Recovered  by  Savoy.] 
1540  *  *  The  Emperor  Charles  V.  gives 

Milan  to  Philip,  his  son  (p.  791). 
1545*  *  Pope  Paul  III.  gives  Placentia 

[Piacenza]   with  Parma  as   a  duchy  to 

Peter  Louis  Farnese,  and  it  is  united 

with  Parma. 

1547  Jan.  2.  John  Lewis  Piesco, 
leader  of  a  cons]>iracy  against  Andrea 
Dorla  at  Genoa,  is  drowned. 

1558  *  *  The  province  of  Bari  is  an- 
nexed to  Naples. 

1569  *  *  Tuscany  becomes  a  grand  duchy 
in  the  Medici  family  (Cosimode  Medici, 
1569-74) ;  Florence  is  historically  merged 
with  it. 

[I574-H7,  Francis  I.,  grand  duke;  1587-1608, 
Ferdinand  (I.)  de  Medici;  lb08-21,  Cosimo 
II.;  1621-70,  Ferdinand  II.;  1670-1723,  Cosimo 
III.;  1723-37,.Iohn<;aBton,la8tof  the  Medici: 
1737-65, 1'Yancts  11.  (lator,  Knip.  <;er.);  1765- 
90,LeopoldI.;  1790-1800,  Ferdinand  III.;  also 
1814-24.]  ' 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1547  *  *  The  Grand  CouncU  Palazzo 
Ducale  at  Venice  is  burned. 


1082      1580,  *  ^-1724,**. 


ITALY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1628  *  *  The  death  of  the  Duke  of  .Maji- 
tiia  precipitates  a  general  war  respect- 
iug  the  succession. 

1628-31  Venice.  The  Pope  and  France 
are  at  war  with  Tuscany,  Savoy,  and 
Spain.  (1G30.)  Mantua  is  sacked  by  the 
Imperialists. 

1640  *  *  France  takes  Turin  (p.  088). 

1645-47  The  Turks  conquer  a  part  of 
Crete.    [IGGit.    (Joiupleted.J 

1646  *  *  Tlie  French  and  Spaniards  are 
expelled  from  Iiombardy. 

1647  July  *  Revolt  in  Naples. 

Masaniello  leads  a  revolt  against  the 
oppressive  Duke  of  Arcos,  the  Spanish 
viceroy  ;  50,000  followers  force  the  duke 
to  abolish  an  unpopular  tax,  and  give  up 
the  charter  of  exemption. 

1651*  *The  Venetians  defeat  the 
Turks  near  Scio,  in  the  ^gean  Sea. 
[1656.  Again  in  the  Dardanelles.  1661- 
62.    Other  naval  victories.] 

1653-56  The  Genoese  conquer  the 
Turks. 

1669*  *The  Turks  take  Crete  from 
Venice  after  a  siege  lasting  24  years. 
The  Kioprili  take  Candia,  [1684.  Venice 
renews  the  war.] 

1670  *  *  Genoa  and  Savoy  are  at  war. 
[1684.  May*  The  French  bombard 
Genoa.  1690-96.  War:  Oenoa  and 
France.] 

1676*  *  Sicily.  The  Dutch  and  Span- 
iards blockade  Messina. 

1685*  *  Venice  begins  the  rescue  of 
Greece  (p.  1034). 

1693  Oct.  4.  Battle  of  Marsaglia  (p. 
694). 

1701-14  War  of  the  Spanish  succes- 
sion ;  it  commences  in  Italy  (pp.  512,  694, 
798). 

1708*  *  The  Duke  of  Savoy  takes  Peru- 
gia. 

Jan.  15.  The  British  under  Sir  John 
Leake  and  (ien.  James  Stanhope  con- 
quer Sardinia. 

1714-18    Venice  at  war  with  Turkey. 

1719*  *  Sicily.    Invaded  by  Spain. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1580  *  *  Monks  at  Pisa  invent  carmine. 

1582*  *  Home.  Gregory  XIII.  reforms 
the  calendar  to  conform  to  the  true 
solar  year. 

He  strikes  out  leap-year  at  the  close  of  each 
century,  excepting  every  fourth  century, 
thus  retreiicliiiig  three  days  in  400  years,  or 
about  11  minutes  for  each  year.  Ten  days 
are  dropped  out  of  1582.  October  5  becomes 
October  15. 

1583  *  *  Caesalpinus  classifies  plants  by 
their  flowers. 

1584  *  *  Bartolomeo  Vivarini  paints  .SV. 
George  and  the  Dragon. 

1589  *  *  The  Bridge  of  Sighs  at  A'enioe 
is  built. 

1600  *  ♦  Rome.  The  first  true  oratorio, 
Emiliodel  Ca.vw.WGY&'sllappreifentazione, 
is  presented. 

*  *  The  opera  Kurkhce  is  publicly  pre- 
sented at  Florence. 

*  *  An  Academy  of  Arts  is  founded  at 
Bologna. 

1601  July  *  Rubens  visits  Rome  to 
copy  pahitings. 

1603  *   *  Fabrigio   discovers   valves   in 

veins. 
1607  *  *  Claudio   Monteverde   produces 

the  opera  Arianna.     [1608,  Orfeo.] 


1610  *  *  Zacharia  Jansen  of  Middleburg 
invents  the  telescope.    [Disputed.] 

1620  *  *  Testatori  of  Milan  invents  [the 
present  form]  of  the  violin.  (?) 

1622  July  23.  Caspar  Asseili  of  Cre- 
mona discovers  the  lacteals  wliile  ilis- 
secting  a  dog. 

1626  July  30.  A  n  earthquake  in 
Naples  destroys  .'JO  villages  and  70,000 
lives.  [1638.  "Mar.  27.  Another  devas- 
tates Calabria,] 

Nov.  18.  I'ome.  St.  Peter*s  is  conse- 
crated. 

1631  Dec.  17.  An  eruption  of  Vesu- 
vius destroys  Torre  del  Greco  and  4,000 
lives.  [17KI.  Nov.  '24.  Another  sud- 
denly breaks  out.] 

1641  *  *  Domenieo  Zanipieri  Donieni- 
cliino  paints  Communion  of  St.  John. 
("  The  second  jiainting  of  the  world." 
Poussin.) 

1643  *  *  Evangelista  Torricelli  of  Flor- 
ence discovers  the  principle  of  the 
barometer. 

1647  *  *  Home.  Claude  Lorrain  i>aints 
Cleopatra  Landing  at  Tarsus.  [lti5.'J, 
Golden  Calf;   1GC7,  Rape  of  Europa.] 

1650  *  *  The  flint-lock  musket  is  in- 
vented. 

1661±  *  *  Marcello  Malpighi  [the  father 
of  microscopic  anatomy]  discovers  [the 
Malpighian  layer]  in  dissectijig  the  lungs. 

1662  ±:  *  *  Giovanni  Francesco  Barbieri 
Guercino  paints  \^tsion  of  St.  Jerome. 

1667  Apr.  6.  An  earthquake  ruins 
Kagusa;  r>,000  lives  are  lost.  [1072.  Apr. 
14.    One  at  Rimini  tiestroys  1,500  lives.] 

1670±  *  *  Folding  umbrellas  are  intro- 
duced. 

1680-1725  Alessandro  Scarlatti  write.-* 
over  100  operas  and  200  masses,  besides 
other  works. 

1687  *  *  Rome.     The  Venetians  destroy 

the  roof  of  the  Pantheon. 
1693    Sept,  *  Sicily.     An  earthquake 

occurs. 

It  destroys  54  cities  and  towns,  and  300 
villages:  Catania  is  swallowed  up  with  its 
18,000  inhabitants;  100,000  i>eople  perish. 
[1703.  Feb.  2.  Aquila,  Italy,  is  rnlneil; 
15,000  people  perish.  1706.  Nov.  3.  Wnwr./A 
is  destroyed;  l.'),000  i)eri8h.] 

1709t  *  *  Bartolomeo  (niristofori  of  Fhn-- 

ence  makes  a  pianoforte. 
1714  *  *  An  observatory  is  erected  at 

Bologna. 
1719  *  *  The  Royal  Academy  of  Savoy 

is  established. 

1722+  *  *  Luca  Giordano  paints //ercH/f.* 
and  Omphale. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1580  ♦  *  Aj^restl,  Livio,  historical  painter,  d. 
Allegri,  (iregorio,  i-oniposer,  born. 
TremeliuB,  Kninianuel,  orientalist,  A70. 

1581  *   •  liadaloccliio,  i)ainter,  born. 
Domenichino,  Domenieo  Zanipieri,  arch.,  b. 

1588  •   *  Carissinii,  <;iovanni,  composer,  h. 
1584*   •  Borronieo,    Carlo,   count,   canliiial, 
A  46. 

Vaiiinl,  Lucilio,  philosopher,  born. 
1585  *   *  (.'ainbiaso,  [,uea,  painter,  A5H. 
1586*  *  Allatius,  Leo,  scholar,  born. 

Aromatarl,  (;iu8epf)e  depli.  physician,  born. 

1587  *  *  Ceecht,  (llovanni  Maria,  comic  poet, 
lawyer,  A70. 

1588  •  *  Itordone.  Parlde.  painter,  A7«. 
Cagliari  Paolo,  painter,  A  60. 

158G*   *  Ciampoli,   (Jiovanni   Battista,  lyric 

poet,  horn. 
1590*  •  Beneiletti,<ilovanniBattista, mathe- 
matician, dies. 
Circlgnano,  Niccolo,  painter,  .\74. 
Costanzo,  Angelo  di,  historian,  A84. 
Corenzio,  Belisario.  painter,  born. 
T'rl)an  VII.,  pope,  dies. 
1691  *  *  Aloysiua,    St.,   or    Luigi    Gonzaga, 

Jesuit,  devotee,  .\23. 
1583*   *  Amnianati,    liartolonnneo,    arch., 
ARl. 
Bassano,  <iiacomo  da  Bonte,  painter,  AK2. 


Famese.  Alexander,  Duke  of  Parma  and 

Piacenza,  general,  A45. 
Muziano,  Girolamo,  painter,  A64. 
1694*  »  Palestrina,  (iiovanni  I'ierluigi  da, 

composer,  A  66. 
1595  *  *  Pellegrini,  I'ellegrino,  painter,  archi- 
tect, At>8. 
Neri,  Kilippo  de,  St.,  founder  **  I^riestB  of  the 

Oratory,"  A80. 
TaBSO.  Torquato.  poet,  A51. 
1596*  *C'orlona,    I'ietro    Berrettini    da, 

painter,  born. 
1597  *  •  Itarherini,  Francesco,  cardinal,  li. 
1598*  *  Beniini,  Giovanni, painter, 8«.ulptor. 

architect,  born. 
1699  *   *  Cavalli,  I'ietro  Francesco,  eonip.,  b. 
Cencl,    Beatrice^    Koman    girl    famous   for 
beauty,  A 19. 
1600*   *  Bruno,  Giordano,  philosopher,  A.VJ. 
Claude  Lorrain  (t'laiide  (iel^e),  painter,  b. 

1603  •  *  Algardi,  Alessandro,  s^-ulplor,  born. 
Caracci,  Agostino,  painter,  A44. 

1604  *   •  SocinuB,  Faustus,  rationalist,  A61. 

1605  *   *  Aldrovandi,  or  Aldrovandus,  liye- 
aes,  naturalist,  A83. 

Clement  VIII.,  pope,  dies. 
Leo  XI.,  pope,  dies. 
1607*  *  Baroniu8,Cesare, cardinal, hist.,  A69. 
Fontana,  Domenieo,  arehiteet,  A64. 
I'allavicino,  Sforza,  historian,  l)orn. 

1608  *  *  Bartoll,  Daniele,  Jesuit  historian,  b. 
Borelli,  (iiovanni  Alfonso,  pbilos.,  math.,  b. 
Montecurnli,  Count  Ralmondo,  general,  b. 
John  of  Bologna,  scnlptor,  A78. 

1609  *   *  Caracci,  Aniubale,  painter,  A49. 
Caravaggio,  Michelangelo  Amerighi  da, 

painter,  A40. 

1610*  *  Bella,  Stefanodella, engraver, born. 

1611  *  *  Innocent  XL,  Benedetto  Odescalchi, 
pope,  born. 

1613  *  *  Bargagli,  Scipione,  writer,  dies. 
Barocci,  Fiori  Federigo  d'  I'rlnno,  painter, 

ASS. 
Ouarinl,  Giovanni  Battista,  poet,  A"."). 

1613  *  *  Poussin,  (iaspar,  painter,  born. 

1616  *   •  Kosa,  Salvator,  painter,  horn. 

1616*   *  Castiglione,    Giovanni     Benetletto, 
painter,  born. 
Ttolci,  Carlo,  painter,  born. 

1617*   *  Baldi,  Bernardino,  scholar,  mathe- 
matician, A64. 

1618  *   *  Fabretti,  Raffael,  antiquary,  born. 

1619  *   •  Cara('cl,  Lmlovieo.  jiainler,  A64. 
1621  *  •  BellarmlnQ.  Roberto,  cardinal,  au- 
thor, A  79. 

Conrtois,  Jacques,  painter,  born. 
Paul  v.,  poi)e,  A69. 
1633  *  *  Masaniello.  Tonmiaeo  Aniello,  in- 
surgent, born.     [1647.     Dies.] 
Viviani,  Vincen/o,  mathematician,  bom. 

1623  *  *  Sarpi,  Paolo,  historian,  A71. 

1624  *   *  Baldinucei,  Filii>po,  art  critic,  born. 
OBuna,  Duke  of,  Pedro  Tellez  y  Giron,  Vice- 
roy of  Naples,  A45. 

1635  *  *  CasBlrii,  Giovanni  Domenieo,  a8t.,b. 

Maratti,  Carlo,  jiainter,  born. 
1626  *   *  Aselli,  Gasparo,  anatomist,  A46. 

Kedi,  Franc-eseo.  I'oet,  naturalist,  phys.,  b. 

1628  "   *  Ciguaui,  Carlo,  i)ainter,  born. 
Malpighi,  Mareeilo,  anatomist,  born. 
I'alma,  Jaeojio,  the  Younger,  painter,  A84. 

1629  *   *  (Jiordano,  Luea,  painter,  born. 
1631  *  *  Borromeo,  Federigo,  cardinal,  arch- 
bishop of  Milan.  A67. 

Davila.  Enri<'0  Caterino,  historian,  A55. 
1633  *   *  Magliabecchi,  Antonio,  scholar,  bib- 
liographer, liorn. 
1635  *    •  Baldovini,  Francesco,  poet,  l)om. 

Bartoli,  I'ietro  Sanii.  arti.st,  born. 

1637  •   *  Cbiabrera,  Gabriello.  poet,  ARfl. 

1638  *   *  <'ardu(;cio,  A'incenzo,  j)ainter,  A70. 

1640  *  *  Cesart,  *.;iu8eppe,  historical  painter, 
A75. 

Mancini,  Hortensia,  Duchess  of  Mazarin,  b. 

1641  *   *  Arnaud,  Henri,  Waldensian  clergy- 
man, patriot,  born. 

Domenichino,  JJomenicoZampieri,  arcli.,A60. 
1643*   *  Baldncci,  Francesco,  .'Sicilian  poet, 
dies. 

Filicaja,  Vincenzo  da,  poet,  bom. 

Guido,  Keni.  painter,  A67. 

Oalilel.  Galileo,  astronomer,  A78. 
1643*   ■  Monteverde.  Claudio.  conipo8er,A77. 
1644  *    *  Crban  VIII. ,  pope,  A76. 

1646  *   *  Stradella,  Alessandro,  composer,  b. 

1647  *   •  Badalocchio,  painter,  A66. 
Cavalieri,  Bonaventura.  mathematician,  AJl*. 
Torricelli,  Kvangelista,  i)hy8icl8t,  A39. 

1648  *   *  Cantarini.  Simone,  painter,  A36. 
Franceecbini,  Mareantonio,  painter,  born. 

1649  *  •  Clement  XL,  i>oi>e,  born. 
Stradivarius,  or  Stradivari,  Antonio,  violin- 

maker,  born. 
17 th    Century.      Tonti,    Lorenzo,    banker    In 

France,  born. 
1650*   *  Coronclli,  Marco  Vincenzo,  geog.,  b. 
Guidi,  ("arlo  Alessandro,  poet,  born. 


ITALY. 


1580,**-1724, 


1083 


1668  •  *  Allegrl,  Gregorio,  musician,  A72. 

Clement  XII.,  pope,  born. 

VaUe,  i'ietro  della,  traveler,  A66. 
1654*   •  Alfirardl,  Alessandro,  sculptor,  A52. 
1665  •  •  Krescobaldi,     Girolamo,     organist, 

composer,  A59. 
1658  '  •  Marsigli,  Luigi  Ferdinando,  nat,,  b. 
1659*  *  Scarlatti,  Alessandro,  composer,  b. 
leeo  *  *  Albani,  Francesco,  painter,  A82. 

1663  •  *  Ilianchini,   Francesco,  philosopher, 
mathematician,  born. 

1663*  •  Crescimbem,  GlOTanni  Slaria,  poet, 
born. 

1664  *  *  Hella,  Stefano  della,  engraver,  A54. 
(iravina,  tUovanni  Vincenzo,  jurist,  born. 

1665  ♦  *  Crespi,  Giuseppe  Jlaria,  painter,  b. 
1666*  *  Balestra, Antonio, Veronese  paint.,  b. 

Uuerclno,    Giovanni   Francesco    B  a  r b  1  n  i, 

painter,  A76. 
Valsalva,  Antonio  Maria,  anatomist,  born. 

1667  *  *  Pallavicino,  Sforza,  historian,  A60. 
Victor  Amadeus  II.  (1.,  King  of  Sardinia), 

Duke  of  Savoy,  born. 
1668*  *  Hentivoglio,  Cornelio,  cardinal,  art 
patron,  born. 

1668  *  ♦  Clement  IX.,  pope,  dies. 

1670*  *  Castiglione,  Benedetto,  painter,  AM. 
1673  *  •  .Muratori,  Ludovico  Antonio,  arche- 

ologlst,  born. 
1673  •  *  Rosa,  Salvator,  painter,  A59. 
1675*   •  Benedict   XIV.,  Prospero   Lamber- 
tini,  pope,  born. 
Maffei,  Francesco  Scipione,  author,  born. 
Toussln,  Gaspar,  painter,  A63. 
1676*  *  Cavalll,     Bietro    Francesco^    com- 
poser, ATT. 
Clement  X.,  pope,  dies. 
Courtois,  Jacques,  painter,  A55. 
Giannone,  I'ietro,  historian,  born. 
1679*  •  Borelli,  Giovanni  Alfonso,  philoso- 

plier,  mathematician,  ATI. 
1681  *  *  Astorga,  Kmanuele  d*,  composer,  b. 
Montecnculi,  Count  liaimondo,  general,  A72. 
Stradella,  Alessandro,  composer,  ASti. 
1683*  *  Claude  Lorrain  (Claude  Gelt5e), 
painter,  A  82. 
Facciolati,  .lacopo,  philologist,  born. 
Morgagni,  Giovanni  Battista,  anatomist,  b. 
1684*  •  Durante,  Francesco,  composer,  b. 
1685  *  *  Bartoli,  Daniele,  Jesuit  hist.,  ATT. 

Salvi,  Giambattista,  painter,  ABO. 
1686*  *  Dolct,  ("arlo.  Scripture  painter,  A70. 
Marcello,  Benedetto,  composer,  born. 
Porpora,  Nicolo,  composer,  born. 
1688"  *  Forcellini,  Kgidio,  lexicographer,  b. 
1689  *  *  Bottarl,  Giovanni  Gaetano,  sch.,  b. 
Innocent  ,\I.,  Benedetto  Odescalchi,  pope, 
ATS. 
1693  *  *  Tartlni,  iiiuseppe,  violinist,  born. 
1693  *  •  Clement  XIII.,  poi)e,  born. 
1694*  •  Malpiglii,  Marcello,  anatomist,  A66. 
1696  •   *  Baldiuucci.  Filippo,  art  critic,  AT2. 
Foscjirini,  Marco,  statesman,  author,  born. 
Liguorl,  Alfonso  Maria  de,  St.,  theologian, 
founder  Itedemptorlsts.  Itorn. 
1698*  "Metastaslo  (I'ietro  Antonio  Do- 
menlco  Bonaventura  Trapassi),  poet,  l>orn. 
1699*  *Mancinl,  Ilortensia,  Duchess  of 

Mazarin,  beautv,  AA9. 
1700  *   *  Bartoli,  i'ietro  Santi,  artist,  Aes. 

Fabretti,  Itflffael,  antiquary,  AH2. 
1703*  *  (."affarelli,    Gaetano    Majorano,    so- 
prano singer,  born. 
Galuppi,  Baldassare,  musician,  l>orn. 
1704*  *  Bellini,   Lorenzo,  physician,  anato- 
mist, A6I. 
Vivlani,  Vlnoenzo,  mathematician,  A8«. 

1705  •   *  Clement  XIV.,  pope,  born. 
Farinelli,  Carlo,  singer,  liorn. 
Giordano,  Luca,  painter,  ATS. 

1706  *  *  Cignaroli,  Giovanni  Bettino,  paint., 
born. 

Martini,  (Jiovannl  Battista,  composer,  born. 

1707  *  *  Filicaja,    Vincenzo   da,  Florentine 
l>oet,  A 65. 

1710*  *  Tergolesi,  Giovanni  Battista,  com- 

l>oHer,  horn. 
171 1  •  *  Bassi,  l^ura  Maria  Catarina,  au..  1>. 

Boscovicli,  Kugglero  (iiusei)j»e,  pliysicist,  li. 
1713*  *  Algarottl,  Francesco,  author,  born. 

Cassinl,  <>iovanni  Domenlco,  .\87. 

Guidi,  Carlo  Alessanrlro,  lyric  poet.  A62. 
1713  *  *  i,o-£/A,  Count  Gasparo,  essavist,  b. 
1714*   *  Audiffredi,    Giovanni    Battista,  a.%- 
tronomer,  born. 

Jomelli,  Niccolo,  composer,  born. 

Maglial)eccbi,  Antonio,  bibliog.,  schol.,  A8I. 

1716  *   *  Baldovini,  Francesco,  poet,  A8I. 

1717  *  *  Plus  VI.,  pope,  bom. 

1718  •  •  Agnesi;  Maria  Gaetana,  math.,  b. 
Coronelli,  .Marco  Vincenzo,  geographer,  A68. 

1719*  *  Baretti,    Giuseppe    Marc   Antonio, 
writer,  born. 
Clgnanl,  Carlo,  Count,  painter,  A9I. 

1780  *  •  Carli,  Gian  Ktdaldo,  antiqnarv,  b. 

1781  *  *  Arnaud,  Henri,  Waldenaian  clergy- 
man, patriot,  A80. 


1731  •  *  Clement  XI.,  pope,  AT2. 

1733  '  •  Felice,  Fortnnato,  Bartolommeo,  au- 
thor, born. 

Valsalva,  Antonio  Maria,  anatomist,  AST. 

1734  *  *  Innocent  XIII.,  pope,  Ati9. 


CHURCH. 

1580  *  ♦  [St.]  Carlo  Borromeo  intro- 
duces Sunday  instruction  of  children  ut 
Milan,    (lladen.) 

1585  *  *  Home.  Sixtus  V.  abolishes  all 
persecuting  statutes  against  the  Jews 
which  were  issued  by  his  predecessors. 

1594*  *  Fr.  Jesuits  are  expelled.  [1603. 
Recalled.    170*.    Nov.  26.    Expelled.] 

1600  Feb.  9.  Giordano  Bruno,  a 
philosopher,  is  burned  at  Venice  as  a 
teacher  of  heresy. 

1607  *  *  The  Jesuits  are  exiled  from 
Venice  as  anti-republicans.  [1707.  Nov. 
3.    From  Naples.] 

1608  *  *  The  «!hapel  of  St.  Janarius  at 

Naples  is  erected. 

1619  *  *  Ambaasadors  from  Japan  visit 
the  Pope. 

1620  July  19.  Protestants  are  mas- 
sacred at  Valtelline,  North  Italy. 

1621  *  *  Home.     Gregory  XV.  is  pope. 
[1623,   Urban    VIII.;    1644,    Innocent    X.; 

1655,  Alexander  VII.;  166T,  Clement  IX.; 
1670,  Clement  X.;  16T6,  Innocent  XI.;  1685!, 
Alexander  VIII. ;  1691,  Innocent  XII.;  ITOO, 
Clement  XI.;  1T21,  Innocent  XIII.;  1724, 
Benedict  XIII.;  1730,  Clement  Xll.;  1T40, 
Benedict  XIV.;  1T5H,  Clement  XIII.;  1T69, 
Clement  XIV.] 

1622  June  22.  Rome.  The  Congre- 
gatio  de  Propaganda  Fide  is  estab- 
lished by  Gregory  XV. 

1626  Nov.  18.  Rome.  St.  Peter's  is 
dedicated. 

1634  *  *  Fr.  Sisters  of  Charity  organ- 
ized (p.  688). 

1682^*  *  Fr.  Louis  XIV.  quarrelBwith 
the  Pope  (p.  692). 

1699*  *  Rome.  Innocent  XII.  condemns 
Quietism. 

1713  Sept.  18.  Bull  "Unigenitue"  is- 
sued (p.  697). 

LETTERS. 

1582  *  *  History  of  the  Kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, 1250-148U,  by  Angelo  di  Costanzo, 
appears. 

*  *  History  of  Florence^  by  Jacopi  Nardi, 
appears. 

1583  *  *  History  of  lUs  Own  Times,  by 
Giovanni  Battista  Adriani,  appears. 

1584  *  *  Spaccio  della  Jiestia  trionfante, 
Delia  Causa,  Principio  e  Uno,  s,i\6.  DelV 
Tnjinito  Universo  e  Mondi,  by  Bruno, 
appear. 

1591  ♦  *  Philosophy  Demonstrated  by  the 
Senses,  by  Toininasi^o  Campanella,  ap- 
pears. [1617,  Introduction  to  Philosophy  ; 
1623,  Realis  Philosophia  Epilogistica  and 
Civitas  Solis.] 

1605  *  *  History  of  Venice,  by  Paolo  Pa- 
ruta,  appears. 

1616  *  *  On  the  Admirable  Secrets  of  Xa- 
ture,  the  Quftn  and  Goddess  of  Mortals, 
by  Lucilio  Vanini,  appears. 

1622  *  ♦  Rape  of  the  Bucket,  by  Alessan- 
dro Tassoni,  appears. 

1623  *  *  Rome  receives  the  famous  li- 
brary of  the  Palatine  at  Heidelberg. 

*  *  Adone,  by  Giovanni  Battista  Marini, 
appears.  [163.'J,  La  Strage  degli  Inno- 
centi.] 

1627  *  *  On  the  Lacteal  Veins,  by  Gas- 
paro  Aselli,  appears. 

1632  •  *  Dialogue  on  the  Two  Chief  Sys- 
tems, by  Galileo,  appears.  [1638.  Iha- 
loghi  delle  Nuove  Scicnze.} 


1651  *  *  Trattura  Della  Pittura,  by  Leo- 
nardo  da  Vinci,  appears. 

1653-63    Two  volumes  of  -Scriitorid'/to- 

lia,  by  Mazzuchelli,  appear. 
1688-90    Giornale  de'  Letterati  is  issued 

by  Bacchinl  at  Parma.     [1692-97.    Also 

at  Modena.] 

1690*  *The  Academy  of  Arcadia  is 
foun<)ed  by  Giovanni  Maria  Crescim- 
beni  and  Giovanni  Vincenzo  Gravina. 

1696  *  *  The  GalleHa  de  Minerva  is  is- 
sued at  Venice. 

1708*  *  De  ratione  studlorum,  by  Gio- 
vanni Battista  Vico.  appears.  [1721,  l)e 
constantia  jurisprudent  is;  1725,  Princi- 
pii  d' una  Scienza  yunra.] 

1710  *  *  Giornale  de'  Letterati,  by  Apos- 

tolo  Zeno,  appears.    [1752,  iHssertazioni 

Vossiani.] 
1713*  *  Merope,  by  Francesco  Scipione 

Maffei,  appears.      [1731,    Verona   Illua- 

trata.] 

1716  *  *  Diariodi  Rorna  is  issued. 

1721  *  *  Gli  Orti  Fsperidi,  by  Metastasio, 
appears.     [1724,  Dxdione  Abbandonata.] 

1723-38  Rerum  ftalU^arum  Scriptorea, 
by  Ludovico  Ant<mio  Muratori,  appears. 
[1738,  Antiquitates  Italicas  Medii  jEvi.'] 


STATE. 

1597  *  *  Ferrara  is  annexed  to  Rome. 

1607  *  *  Venice  contemptuously  disre- 
gards the  Pope's  interdict. 

1618*  *  The  conspiracy  of  liedmar,  the 
Spanish  ambassador,  to  destroy  the  reimbllc 
and  subjugate  Venice  to  Spain,  is  suppressed 
by  hanging  many  conspirators. 

1631  Apr.  6.  France  loses  and  Spain 
acquires  increased  influence  in  Italy  (p. 
689). 

1647  July  *  Toniaso  Aniello  Masaniello 
leads  a  revolt  in  Naples  against  oppres- 
sive taxes.  (Oct.*  Don  John  of  Austria 
leads  a  revolt.] 

1648  Apr.*  Henry  II.,  Duke  of  Guise, 
lauds  at  Naples,  ami  is  proclaimed  king. 
[Soon  imprisoned.] 

1669  *  *  Venice  surrenders  Crete  to  the 
Turks.    Peace  follows. 

1674  *  *  Sicily.  Messina  revolts  in  fa- 
vor of  France. 

1683-99    Gr.     Venetian  authority  is 

restored  in  part  of  the  Morea.    [1715-39. 

Again  overthrown.] 
1684  *  *  Venice,  Poland,  and  the  Roman 

Empire    join    in    an    alliance    against 

Turkey. 

1699  Jan.  26.  Or.  Tlie  Morea  is  given 
to  Venice  by  the  Peace  of  Karlowitz  (p. 
513). 

1707  *  *  The  Austrians  possess  Sicily 
and  Ifaples. 

They  are  abandoned  by  Spain. 

1708  *  *  The  Emperor  Joseph  I.  seizes 
the  duchy  of  Mantua. 

1713  Apr.  11.    Sicily  ceded  to  Savoy 

(p.  697). 

1714  *  ♦  Milan.  Naples,  and  Sardinia  are 
ceded  to  Austria  ip.  515). 

1718    June  22.    Peace  with  Turkey  (p. 

r.15). 

1720  Mar.*  Amadeus  II.  of  Savoy  ex- 
changes Sicily  for  Sardinia  (p.  607),  and 
receives  the  title  king. 

Sardinia  becomes  a  kingdom ;  it 
includes  Astoa,  Montferrat,  Piedmont, 
Genoa,  and  Sardinia. 

1720-30  Sardinia.  Victor  Amadeus 
II.,  king.  [1730-73.  Charles  Emmanuel 
1.  (III.  of  Savoy),  king.] 


1084      1725,**-1813,* 


ITALY. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1734  May  25.  The  Spaniards  imder 
Gen.  Montemar  defeat  the  Austrians  at 
Bitonto;  Spaia  obtains  the  kingdom  of 
Naples. 

June  29.    Battle  near  Parma  (p.  698). 

1744  *  *  Tlio  French  and  Spaniards  oc- 
cupy Savoy. 

1745  Sept.*  The  English  bombard 
Genoa.  [They  take  Parma,  Milan,  and 
Piacenzia.  1746.  Genoa  taken  by  Im- 
perialists.] 

1746  *  *  "War  in  Italy  between  Spain, 
France,  and  Austria. 

June  16.    Battle  of  Piacenza  (p.  700). 

*  *  Sardinia  captures  Savona.  [Restored 
to  Genoa.] 

1792  *  *  Fr.  The  French  capture  Nice. 
[1814.    Kestored  to  Sardinia.] 

1793  *  *  The  lazzaroni  of  Naples  are 
enrolled  as  pikemen;  several  thousand 
unite  in  the  interest  of  the  court  party. 

1796  Apr.  12-97  Sept.  17.  Bona- 
parte's first 'Italian  campaign  (pp.  518, 

712). 

*  *PavIa  is  seized  by  the  French.  ,[1798.  Turin. 
1799.  Turin  recovered  by  Austrians.  Mar. 
28.  French  enter  Florence.  July  30.  Lose 
Mantua;  later,  lose  Milan.] 

1800  *  *  Napoleon's  second  campaign 
in  Italy. 

*  *  French  retake  Rome.  Nice  is  taken 
by  Austrians  under  Michael  von  Melas. 

1806  Feb.  6.  A  French  force  subdues 
Naples.  [July  4.  Defeated  at  Maida 
(p.  716).  1807.  The  French  again  occupy 
Tuscany.    1808.    Occupy  Rome.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  -  NATURE. 

1726    Sept.  1.   SicUy.    An  earthquake 

destroys  6,000  lives  in  Palermo.  [1732. 
Nov.  29.  Another  at  Naples  destroys 
1,940  lives.] 

1760  *  *  Rome.  Niccolo  Piccini's  La  Lu- 
ona  Figliuota  is  presented. 

1767  Aug.  8.  A  destructive  eruption 
of  Vesuvius  occurs.  [1794.  June  *  An- 
other destroys  Torre  del  Greco,  5,000 
acres  of  cultivated  land ;  the  top  of 
Vesuvius  falls  into  the  crater.] 

1775  *  *  Cleopatra,  by  Alfieri,  is  per- 
formed at  Turin.    [1782,  Saul.] 

1783  Feb.  5.  An  earthquake  devastates 
Calabria,  and  destroys  towns  in  Sicily;  40.- 
000  persons  perish,  [  1789.  Sept.  30.  At  Borgo 
di  San  Sepolero  1,000  i>erson8  and  houses  are 
swallowed  up.  1805.  July  26.  In  Kaples; 
20,000  persons  perish.  1819.  Thousands  per- 
ish in  (ienoa,  Rome,  Palermo,  and  other 
towns.    1823.    Another  in  Sicily.] 

1789  *  *  Luigi  Galvani  experiments  witli 
electricity  at  Bologna  [galvanism].  By 
the  twitching  of  a  frog's  legs  he  lays  the 
foundation  of  the  galvanic  battery. 

1792  *  *  [Voltaic]  or  chemical  electri- 
city is  discovered  by  Alessandro  Volta 
of  Como.  [1800.  The  Voltaic  battery  in- 
vented.] 

1.801  Jan.  1.  Giuseppe  Piazzi  discov- 
ers the  planet  Ceres,  160  miles  in  di- 
ameter. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1735*  *  Caldani,  Leopoldo  Marco  Antonio, 
anatomist,  born. 
Scarlatti,  Alessandro,  composer,  founder  of 

modern  opera,  A66. 
Victor  AmadeuB  III.    [11.,   King  of   Sar- 
dinia], born. 
1737  ♦  *  Guglielmi,  Pietro,  composer,  bom. 
.1736  *  *  Bartolozzt,  Francesco,  engraver,  b. 
Creseimbeni,  Giovanni  Mari»,  poet,  wr.,  A65. 
Franceschlnl,  Marcantonio,  hist,  paint.,  A80. 
Gallani,  Fernando,  political  economist,  born. 
Plccini,  Niccolo,  composer,  bom. 


1729*  *  Abergati,   CapaceUl   Francesco  d* 
dramatist,  born. 
Parini,  Giuseppe,  poet,  bom. 

1730  *  *  Benedict  XIII.,  pope,  dies. 
Cesarotti,  Melcbiore,poet,  born. 
Gabrielle,  Catarina,  singer,  born. 
Marsigll,  Lulgi  Ferdinando,  naturalist,  A22. 

1 73 1  *  *  Denina,  Giacomaria,  historian,  born. 
1732*  *  Rentivoglio,  Cornelio,  cardinal,  art 

patron,  A64. 
Fabroni,  Angelo,  biographer,  born. 
Lanzi,  Liiigi,  writer  on  art,  bora. 
Victor  Amadeus  II.  (1.,  King  of  Sardinia), 
A66. 
1733  •  *  Caprara,  Giovanni  Battista,card.,b. 
1736*  *  Astorga,    Emanuele  d',   composer, 
A55. 
Pergolesl,  Giovanni  Battista,  composer,  A26. 
1737*  *  Galvani,  Alvisio,  physicist,  physiol., 
born. 
Stradivari  IIS,  or  Stradivari,  Antonio,  violin- 
maker,  A58. 

1738  *  *  Ueccaria,  Cesare  Bonesana,  Marquis 
di,  author,  born. 

1739  *  *  Marcello,  Benedetto,  composer,  A53. 
Pignotte,  Lorenzo,  fabulist,  historian,  born. 

1740  *  *  Clement  XII.,  pope,  A88. 
Meli,  Giovanni,  Sicilian  poet,  born. 

1741  •  *  Paisiello,  Giovanni,  composer,  born. 

1743  *  *  Bondi,  Clemente,  poet,  born. 
IMus  VI  I.,  pope,  born. 

1743*  *  Cagliostro,     Count     Alessandro    di 
((Jinseppe  Balsamo),  adventurer,  born. 

1744  *  *  Vico,  Giovanni  liattista,  pliilos.,A56. 

1745  *  *  Volta.  Alessandro,  piiysieist,  elec- 
trician, born. 

174Q  *  *  Piazzi,  Giuseppe,  astronomer,  born. 
1747  *  *  Crespi,  Giuseppe  Maria,  painter,  A82. 

Scarpa,  Antonio,  anatomist,  born. 
1748*  *  Breislak,  Scipione,  geologist,  born. 

Caraccioli,  Francesco,  Prince,  admiral,  born. 

Giannone,  Pietro,  historian,  A72. 

1749  *  *  Alfieri,  Vittorio,  poet,  liorn. 
Aznni,  Domenico  Alberto,  autliur,  born. 
Da  Ponte,  Lorenzo,  poet,  born. 
Lamballe,  Marie  Tli^rese  Louise  de  Savoie- 

Carignan,  Princess  de,  born. 

1750  *   *  Mnratori,  Ludovieo  Antonio,  arche- 
ologist,  A78. 

Salieri,  Antonio,  composer,  born. 

1751  *  •  Ferdinand  1.  (IV.  of  Naples),  King 
of  Two  Sicilies,  born. 

1752  *  *  Carpani,  Giuseppe,  dramatic  poet,  b. 
Clementi,  Muzio,  composer,  born. 
Filangieri,  Gaetano,  publicist,  born. 
Zingarelll,  Niccolo,  composer,  l>orn. 

1753  *  *  Monti,  Vincenzo,  poet,  born. 
1754*  *  Appiani,  Andrea,  painter,  born. 

Maistre,  .Joseph  Marie  de,  statesman,  born. 

1755  *  *  Cimarosa,  Domenico,  composer,  b. 
Durante,  Francesco,  composer,  A71. 

1756  *  *  Landi,  Gasparo,  painter,  born. 

1757  *  *  Canova,  Antonio,  sculptor,  born. 
Concalvi,  Ercole,  cardinal,  stat^esman,  born. 

1758  *  •  Benedict  XIV.,  pope,  A83. 
Dandola,  Vincenzo,  Count,  chemist,  born. 
Fonseca,  Eleonora  Pinientel,  Marchioness  de, 

heroine,  martyr,  born.     [1799,  D.] 

Morghen,  liaffaelo  S.,  engraver,  born. 

Rosmini,  Carlo,  historian,  born. 
1769  *  *  Abamonti,  Giusepi>e,  statesman,  b. 

Victor  Emmanuel  I.,  King  of  Sardinia,  born. 
1760*  *  Clierubini,    Maria    Luigi    Carlo    Z. 
Salvatore,  composer,  born. 

Fra  Diavolo  (Michell  Fezza),  bandit,  born. 

Leo  XII. ,  pope,  bom. 
1761*  *  Pius  VIII.,  pope,  born. 

1763  *  *  Aldini,  Giovanni,  natural  philos.,  b. 
Cagnola,  Luigi,  Marquis,  architect,  born. 
Geniiniani,  Francesco,  composer,  A82. 

1763*  *  FoBcarint,    Marco,    statesman,    au- 
thor, A67. 

1764  *  *  Algarotti,  Francesco,  author,  A52. 

1766  *  *  Bassi,  Luigi,  singer,  born. 

Botta,  Carlo  Giuseppe  Guglielmo,  hist.,  born. 
I'orpora,  Niccola,  composer,  A80. 

1767  *  *  Cicognara,  Conteda,  Leopoldo,  anti- 
quarian, born. 

1768*  *  ForcelUni.    Egidlo,    lexicographer, 

A  80. 
1769*  *  Bosio,     Frangois    Joseph,     Baron, 
sculptor,  born. 
Clement  XIII.,  pope,  A76. 
Crescentini,  Girolamo,  singer,  born. 
Facciolati,  Jacopo,  philologist,  A77. 
1770*  *  Albrizzi,  Isabella  Teotochi,  Countess 
of,  author,  bom. 
Clgnaroli,  Giovanni  Bettino,  painter,  A64. 
Tartini,  Giuseppe,  violinist,  A7fi. 
1771  *   *  Morgagni,  Giovaiml  Battista,  anat- 
omist, A89. 

1773  *  *  Inghirami,  Francesco,  archeol.,  b. 

1774  *   •  Clement  XIV.,  pope,  A69. 
Giordani,  I'ietro,  critic,  born. 
Jomelli,  Niccolo,  composer,  A60. 
Mezzofanti,  Giuseppe  Gaspardo,  cardinal, 

linguist,  born. 


Rpontini,  Gasparo  Lnigi  Paciflco,  comp.,  b. 
1776  *  *  Bottari,  Giovanni  Gaetano,  scholar, 
A  86. 

1776  *  *  Lambrnschini,  Luigi,  cardinal,  born. 
lEosini,  Giovanni,  author,  born. 

1777  *  *  Bossi,  Giuseppe,  painter,  poet,  b. 
Foscola,  Ugo,  poet,  born. 

1778  *  *  Bassi,   Laura   Maria  Caterina,  au- 
thor, A67. 

1781  *  *  Beccarla,  Giovanni  Battista,  physi- 
cist, A  65. 
Borghesi,  Bartolommeo,  Count,  numis.,  b. 
1783  *  *  Balbi,  Adriano,  geographer,  born. 
Farinelli,  Carlo,  singer,  A  77. 
Mai,  Angelo,  cardinal,  librarian,  scholar,  b. 
Metastasio,  Pietro  Antonio  Domenico  Bona- 
Ventura  Trapassi,  poet,  A84. 
1783*  *  CaffareUi,   Gaetano   Majoranp,  so- 
prano singer,  A80. 
liossetti,  Gabriele,  poet,  born. 
1784*  *  Aniici,  Giovanni  Battista,  optician, 
astronomer,  physician,  born. 
Castiglione,  Carlo  Ottavio,  Count,  linguist,  b. 
Manzoni,  Alessandro,  Count,  writer,  l>orn. 
Martini,  Giovanni  Battista,  composer,  A78. 
Paganini,  Nicolo,  viohnist,  born. 

1785  *  *  Carafa,  Mlchele,  composer,  born. 
Galuppi,  Baldassare,  musician,  A82. 

1786  •   *  Gozzl,  Count,  Gasparo,  es8ayi8t,A73. 
1787*  ♦  Boscovich,  Ruggiero  Giuseppe,  phy- 
sicist, A76. 

Galiani,  Ferdinando,  political  economist,  A69. 
LikTuori,  Alfonso  Maria,  St.,  theologian,  fdr. 

Kedenijitorists,  A91. 
Kossi,    Pellegrlno  Luigi  Odoardo,  Count, 
statesman,  born. 
1788  *  *  Filangieri,  Gaetano,  publicist,  A36. 

Pellico,  Silvio,  poet,  born. 
1789*   *  Ballto,    Cesare,    Count,  statesman, 
writer,  born. 
Baretti,  Giuseppe  Marc  Antonio,  writer,  A70. 
Cicogna,  Ennnanuele  Antonio,  author,  born. 
Felice,  Fortunate  Bartolommeo,  author,  A66. 
Laugier,  Comte  de,  C^sar  de  Bellecour,  gen- 
eral, author,  born. 
Tenerani,  Pietro,  sculptor,  born. 
1791  *  *  Grossi,  Tommaso,  poet,  born. 
1793*  ♦  Codazzi,  Agostino,  geographer,  b. 
Lamballe,  Marie  Th^rese  Louise  de  Savoie- 

Carnignan  de.  Princess,  A43. 
Pius  IX..  pope,  born. 
Rossini,  Gioaechino  Antonio,  composer,  b. 
1793  *  *  Foresti,  E,  Felice,  patriot,  born. 

Goldoni,  Carlo,  dramatist,  A86. 
1794*  *  Audiffredi,  Giovanni    Battista,  as- 
tronomer, A80. 
Lablache,  Luigi,  singer,  born. 

1795  *  *  Cagliostro, Count  Alessandrodl  (Giu- 
seppe Balsamo),  adventurer,  A52. 

Carli,  Gian  liidaldo.  Count,  antiquary,  A76. 
Kubini,  (iiovanni  Battista,  singer,  born. 

1796  *   *  Pacini,  Giovanni,  composer,  born. 
Victor  Amadeus  III.    (11.,  King  of  Sar- 
dinia), A7I. 

1797  *  *  Mercadante,  Saverio.  composer,  b. 
Panizzi,  Sir  Anthony,  bibliographer,  litera- 

teur,  born. 
Rosmini,  Serbati,  Antonio,  cl.,  pliilos.,  born. 

1798  *  ♦  Berry.  Ducliesse  de,  Caroline  Ferdi- 
nande  Louise,  of  Naples,  tiorn. 

Charles  Albert,  King  of  Sardinia,  bom. 

Donizetti,  Gaetano,  composer,  born. 

Galvani,  Alvisio,  physicist,  physiologist,  A6I. 

Leopardi,  Giaconio,  Count,  poet,  bom. 

Pasta,  Giuditta,  singer,  born. 

Sclopis,  Federlgo,  Count,  historian,  born. 
1799*  •  Agnesi,  Maria  Gaetana,  mathema- 
tician, A81. 

Caraccioli,  Francesco,  Prince,  admiral,  A57. 

Parini,  (Jinseppe,  poet,  A70. 

Pius  VI.,  pope,  A82. 
1800*  *Azeglio,  Massimo   Taparelli   d', 
statesman,  born. 

Bandini,  Angelo  Maria,  writer,  A74. 

Plccini,  Niccolo,  composer,  A72. 

Rosellinl,  Ippolito,  antiquarian,  bom. 
1801  *  *  Cimarosa,  Domenico,  composer,  A46. 

Gioberti,  Vincenzo,  philosopher,  states.,  b. 

Melloni,  Macedonio,  savant,  born. 
1803  *  *  liellini,  Vincenzo,  composer,  born. 

Brofferio,  Angelo,  author,  liorn. 

Cibrario,  Luigi,  historian,  jurist,  liorn. 

Calamatta,  Luigi,  engraver,  born. 

Mamiani,  Terenzio  della  R.,  philosopher,  b. 

1803  *  ♦  Alfieri,  Count,  Vittorio,  dram.,  A54. 
Fabroni,  Angelo,  biographer,  A71. 

1804  *  *  Caetani,  Mi<rhelangelo  artist,  au.,  h. 
Gugllelmi,  I'ietro,  composer,  A77. 

Manin,  Daniele,  patriot,  statesmail,  born. 

1805  *  *  Cantu,  Cesare,  nov.,  poet,  hist.,  b. 
Guerrazt,  Francesco  Domenico,  pol..  au.,  b. 
Marochetti,  Carlo,  Baron,  sculptor,  born. 

1806  *  *  Amari.  Mlchele,  historian,  states.,  b. 
Antonelll,  Giacoino,  caniinal,  slates.,  1j. 
Fiorentino,  Pier  Angelo,  author,  l)orn. 

Fra  Diavolo  (Mlchele  Pezza),  bandit,  A37. 
Gozzl,  Carlo,  Count,  dramatist,  A8ti. 


ITALY. 


1725,**-1813, 


1085- 


1807  *  *  Oaxlbaldl,  Giuseppe,  patriot,  born. 

1808  •  •  Cesarutli,  MeU-liiore,  ikh-I,  A78. 
Mazzlni,  Oluseppe,  patriut,  lK>ri]. 

1609  *  *  (Jiiistt,  (jinsepi*,  satirical  i>oet,  b. 

Iticaaoli,  Iicltino,  liaron,  statesman,  born. 
1810  *  *  Caprara,  titovauiii  Battista,  cardi- 
nal,  A77.  ' 

Oavour,  Count  di,  Camillio  Benao,  Btates- 
man,  bom. 

Costa,  Sir  Michael,  composer,  born. 

Rattazzl,  I'rbano,  statesman,  Ix>rii. 

Curci,  Carlo  Mart»,  theologian,  born. 

Ferrari,  Lutgi,  snilptor,  born. 

Lanzi,  Liiiiii,  writer  on  art,  A78. 

Iieo  Xin.f  pojie,  born. 

Mario,  Giuseppe,  ginger,  born, 
1611*  •  Cialiiini.   Knrico,    l>uke   of  Uaeta, 
general,  diplomatist,  born. 

Ferrari,  (iiuseppe,  i>hilo8opIier,  born. 
181S*  *  Andrea,  Girolainod',  cardinal,  born. 

Gindici,  Paolo  Kniiliani,  author,  born. 

Matteucci,  Carlo,  physiologist,  born. 

I'ignotti,  Lorenzo,  fabulist,  historian,  A73. 
1813  *  *  Ilartoloz/.i,  Fratu-esco,  eiigrav.,  A85. 

Caldanlf   l^^opotdo  Marco  Antonio,   anato- 
mist, A  88. 

Denina,  Giaoomaria  Carlo,  historian,  A88. 

Depretis,  Agostino,  statesman,  born. 

Lagrauge,  Joseph.  Louis,  mathematician,  A77 . 


CHURCH. 

1732*  'The  Bedemptorists  are 
founded  by  Alfonso  Maria  di  Liguorl  in 
Scala.    [1749.     Feb.  25.    Approved.] 

1739  Jan.  14,  The  Pope  interdicts  as- 
semblies of  Freemasons  ujider  penalty 
of  rack  and  condemnation  to  the  galleys. 

1757  June  13.  Pope  Benedict  XIV. 
Issues  a  decree  pn^hibiting  the  use  of 
of  any  version  of  the  Bible  in  the  com- 
mon language  of  the  people. 

1759  Feb.  28.  Pc.pe  Clement  XIII. 
permits  the  Bible  to  be  translated  into 
all  the  languages  of  the  Catholic  states. 

1773  July  21.  Home.  Jesuits  abol- 
ished (p.  804),  [Aug.  IG.  The  bull  an- 
nounced.] 

•  *  Rome.  Clement  XIV.  abolishes  the 
ceremony  of  kissing  the  Pope's  toe. 

1775-99  lionic.  Pius  VI.  is  pope.*  [1800- 
23.  PiusVII.] 

1781  *  *  Tolerance  granted  by  the  em- 
peror (p.  80o). 

1787  *  *  The  Inquisition  is  abolished 
in  Lombardy  and  Tuscany. 

1798  Feb.  20.  Home.  Pius  VI.,  80 
years  of  age,  is  forced  by  the  French  to 
retire,  stripped  of  his  teniporal  posses- 
sions.   [He  is  conveyed  to  Florence.] 

1801  July  15,  Borne  is  restored  to 
Piua  VII.  (p.  715). 

1809  May  17.  Fr.  Napoleon  abol- 
ishes the  temporal  i)ower. 

[June  10.  Pius VIJ.  excommunicates 
Napoleon  and  his  abetters.  July*  -1814. 
The  Pope  is  deposed  and  held  a  captive.] 
(J*.  719.) 

LETTERS. 

1734  *  ♦  lielisario,  by  Carlo  Goldonl,  ap- 
pears. [1761,  Una  del  Sere  di  Camevale,] 

1740-70  Tlie  Xovefle  Letterarie  is  issued 
by  Lami. 

1750  *  *  The  Book  of  the  Mazorah,  the 
Hedge  of  the  Law,  is  first  printed  at 
Florence. 

1761  *  *  Amore  tfelle  tre  Afelarance,  by 
Carlo  Gozzi,  appears.     [1768,  Ossenmtore 

Veneto.] 

1763  •  *  //  ^rattino,  by  Giuseppe  Parini. 
appears.  \\7C^),  Jl  Mezzogiorno ;  17971, // 
Vespro,  and  La  Sottt.^ 

1763-65  Frttstra  Letteraria  is  issued  at 
Venice. 


1764  •  •  Frattatodie  Delitti  e  delle  Pene, 
by  Cesare  IJeccaria,  appears. 

1771  *  *  A  iiioniale  is  issued  at  Pisa. 

1780  *  *  The  fi  rst  volume  of  Scienza  delta 
Legislazione,  by  Gaetano  Filangieri,  ap- 
pears. 

1785  *  *  Aristod^mo,  by  Vincenzo  Monti, 
appears.    [1793,  liassevilliaiui,] 

1797  *  *  Tieste,  by  Ugo  Foscolo,  appears. 
[180Of,  Lettere  de  Jacopo  Ortis;  1807,  / 
Sepolcri;  1826,  Discourse  on  the  Text  of 
JJaiite.] 

1806  *  *  Cioryiale  Enciclopedico  is  issued 
at  Naples. 

1806-09  Vocaholario  della  Cruaca,  ed- 
ited by  Antonio  Cesari,  appears. 

1809  *  *  GiieT^a  defl'  Indipendenza  Ame- 
rictina,  by  Carlo  Uotta,  appears.  [1824, 
JList&ry  of  Italy  178!)  to  1H14.\ 

1811  *  *  Poligrafo  is  issued  at  Milan. 


STATE. 

1730  *  *  Corsica  revolts  against  Genoa. 

[1735.    Independent.] 

*  *  Victor  Amadens  abdicates  the  throne  of 
Sardinia  in  favorof  his  son,  Charles  Knnnan- 
nel  (III.  of  Savoy).  [1732.  He  falls  in  an 
attempt  to  recover  it,  and  is  imprisoned.] 

1734 !  *  *  Spain  rules  Sicily  and  Naples 

by  conquest. 
1735-59  Charles  TV.  fill,  of  Sp.)  is  King 

of  theTwoSicilies.  [1759-1806.  Ferdinand 

IV.] 

1736*  *  Sardinia  acquires  territory  from 

Milan. 

1738  Nov.  18.  Tuscany  is  ceded  to 
Francis,  Duke  of  Lorraine  Milan  and 
Mantua  to  Austria,  tlie  Two  Sicilies  to 
Spain  (p.  701). 

1739  *  *  San  Marino  becomes  subject  to 
the  Pope. 

1748   Oct.  7.    Austria  cedes  to  Spain 

l*arma,  Piaeenza,  and  Gustalla  (p.  515). 
[1748-97.    Austria  rules  Lorabardy.] 

1754  *  *  Corsica  revolts  against  Genoa ; 
it  is  led  by  Pasquale  di  Paoli.  [1768. 
Ceded  to  1^  ranee  hy  Genoa.  1794.  To 
England  by  Paoli.] 

1773-96    Sardinia.     Victor  Amadeus 

II.  is  king,  [1790-1802.  Charles  Emman- 
uel II.  1798-1814.  Kings  reside  in  Sar- 
iliuia.] 
1790  *  *  Leopold  I,,  Grand  Duke  of 
Tu.seany,  becomes  emperor  (Leopold  II.) 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

1792*  *  Fr.  Nice  is  seized,  and  annexed 
to  France.    [1814.    Ceded  to  Sardinia.] 

1796  *  *  Bonaparte  forms  the  Trans- 
padane  republic  (Lombardy). 

May  *  Savoy  antl  Nice  ceded  to  France 
(p.  713). 

June  30.  Milan  is  seizeci  by  the  French. 
[1796.  Genoa  is  transformed  into  the 
Ligurian  republic] 

1797  Feb.  19.  The  Pope  cedes  terri- 
tory to  France  (p.  713). 

May  *  Bonaparte  forms  the  Cisalpine 
republic,  with  French  control. 

It  includes  the  possessions  of  Milan, 
Mantua,  Modena,  Bergamo,  Ferrara, 
Bologna,  Ravenna;  capital.  Milan.  It 
absorbs  the  Cispadane  and  Trajispadane 
republics.  [1798.  Sept.  *  It  receives  a 
new  constitution.  1799.  Abolished.  1800. 
Restored.] 

Oct.  17.    Venice  and  Venetia  are  ceded 

to  Austria  (p.  519). 

1798  Feb.  15.  Rome.  Insurrectionists 
proclaim  a  republic.  [They  adopt  a 
constitution  imitating  that  of  France. 
1799.  Xov.  *  Suppressed  by  the  allies 
and  the  Neapolitans,  and  toe  Pope  re- 
stored.] 


Mar.  20.  Rome.  The  French  enter, 
and  proclaim  the  Roman  Hepublic  re- 
vived. [1799.  Sept.  30.  The  Neapoli- 
tans recover  the  city,  1801.  Restored  to 
the  Pope.] 

1799  Jan,  1.  The  French  take  pos- 
session of  Turin  and  the  strong  places 
in  Piedmont,  and  force  the  king  tc 
remove  with  his  family  to  Sardinia. 

Jan.  23.  Tlie  French  establish  the  Par- 
thenopian  Republic  at  Naples.  [June  * 
Overthrown.] 

1800  *  *  The  French  expel  the  grand 
duke,  Ferdinand  III.,  from  Tuscany. 
They  organize  Mont  Blanc  (Savoy)  as  a 
department. 

1801  Feb.*  N:ipoloon  dispossesses  the 
grand  duke  of  'I'uscany,  and  forms  the 
kingdom  of  Etruria  (Tuscany;,  and 
makes  Louis  I.,  J)uke  of  Parma,  its  king. 
[1803.    Louis  II.  king.] 

1802  Jan.*  The  Italian   Republic  is 

formed  (p.  715). 
May  31.    The  French  regain  Milan. 
1802-05    Victor  Emmanuel  I.  is  king 

of  Sardinia.     [1802.    June  4.     11*-  ;ibdi- 

cates.   1814-21.  Restored.    1821.   Mar.  13.. 

Abdicates.] 

1805  Mar.  18.  The  Cisalpine  Republic 
is  merged  into  tlie  kingdom  of  Italy, 

It  comprises  the  Cisalpine  Republic, 
Venetia,  Valtelline,  the  bishopric  of 
Trent,  and  the  march  of  Ancona;  capi- 
tal, Milan.  Napoleon  I.  is  itroclaimed 
king.  [May  20.  <'rowned  at  Milan,  the 
capital.    1814.     Abdicated.] 

June  4.  Genoa  is  incorporated  with 
France. 

*  *  Napoleon  makes  Eugdne  Beauhar- 
nias  his  viceroy  of  Italy. 

Dec.  26.  Venice  ceded  to  Italy  by  Aus- 
tria (p.  519).     [1806.    Jan.  1.     Ratified.] 

1806  *  *  The  kingdoms  of  Naples  and 
Sicily  are  sei)arated. 

Feb.  6.  Joseph  Bonaparte  is  crowned 
King  of  Naples  (18(M;-<J8.  p.  717).  [1808. 
June  *  Abdiratesforthecrowii  of  Spain. 
July  1-1815.     (ioaeliim  Murat  is  king.] 

1806-15  Ferdinand  IV.  (restored)  is 
King  of  Sicily.  Sicily  is  practically  a 
separate  kingdom  under  British  protec- 
tion. > 

Aug.  6.  The  Holy  Roman  Empire 
ends  (p.  717). 

1808  May  *  Napoleon  annexes  Rome 
to  the  kingdom  of  Italy  as  the  second 
city  of  the  empire.  [l808-14.  Rome 
annexed  to  France.] 

*  *  Napoleon  annexes  to  France  the 
grand  duchy  of  Tuscany,  anti  gives  it 
to  his  sister  Eliza.  [1814.  Restored  to 
the  Hapshurgs.] 

1810  Feb,  17.  Tlie  States  of  the 
Chtirch  are  annexed  to  France.  [Gov- 
erned by  a  commission.] 


-MISCELLANEOUS. 

1724-30  Rome.  Benedict  XIII.  pro- 
hibits lotteries.  [173040.  Sanctioned 
by  Clement  XII.] 

1799  June  29.  Adm.  Prince  Caracciolo 
is  executed  by  order  of  Adm.  Nelson. 

1805  May  26.  Napoleon  Bonaparte 
institutes  the  order  of  the  Iron  Cross 
of  Italy.  [1814.  Abolished.  1816.  Feb. 
12.  Revived  by  the  Kinperor  of  Austria.], 


1086       1813,*  *- 1855,  Oct.  28. 


ITALY. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1814  Feb.  8.  The  French  win  on  the 
Mincio  <p.  720). 

Apr.  14.  Genoa  surrenders  to  the  Eng- 
lish aud  Sicilians. 

1815  Apr.  11.  Joachim  Murat,  in- 
vading Modena,  is  defeated. 

[May  3,  Austrians  win  at  Tolentino 
(p.  722).  May  22.  Naples  taken.  June 
17.  It  surrenders  to  the  British  fleet. 
Oct.  13.     Murat  is  executed.] 

1821  Mar.*  Austrians  subdue  Na- 
ples (p.  520). 

1828  Mar.  7.  Austrians  defeat  revo- 
lutionists in  Naples  under  Gen,  Gugli- 
elmo  Pepe. 

Aug.  *  The  Austrians  suppress  an  upris- 
ing of  the  Carbonari,  a  secret  society  of 
Kepublicans  in  Naples. 

1831  *  *  Austrians  aid  in  suppressing  the 
uprising  of  the  Young  Italy  party  in 
Bologna;  also  other  insurrections.  [1832. 
Jan.  *  Papal  troops  enter  Bologna  (p. 
520).] 

1847  Mar.  23.  Sardinians  enter  Mi- 
lan (p.  520). 

1848  May  15.  The  royal  troops,  aided 
by  lazzaroni,  nearly  annihilate  a  force 
of  Liberals  and  the  National  Guard  at 
Naples. 

1848-49  War  between  A  ustria  and  Sar- 
dinia (p.  520). 

1849  Apr.  3.  Insurrectionists  seize 
Genoa,  driving  out  the  garrison. 

Apr.  6.  Sicily.  The  Neapolitans  take 
Catania  by  assault.  [Apr.  23.  Syracuse 
surrenders  to  them.     May  15.    Palermo.] 

Apr.  30.  Home.  The  French  expedition 
to  restore  the  Pope  arrives.  [  Repulsed . 
reenforced.  July  2.  Rome  surrenders. 
July  4.    The  French  enter.]    (P.  730.) 

May  19.  Garibaldi  defeats  the  Neapol- 
itans at  Velletri.  [Aug.  2.  He  escapes 
with  300  men  on  fishing-vessels.] 

1855  May  *  Gen.  Alfonso  Ferrero  La 
Marmora,  with  10,000  men,  joius  the  allies 
in  the  Crimean  war. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1813  Mar.  13,  14.  Bed  snow  and 
hail  with  red  dust  fall  in  Tuscjiny.  [Apr. 
15.  Red  snow  falls  on  Tonal  and  other 
mountains.] 

*  *  Gioachino  Antonio  Rossini  writes  the 
opera  //  Tancredu  [1323.  He  has  writ- 
ten 20  operas.     1829.     Guillaume  Tell.] 

1826  *  *  Leopoldo  Nobili  demonstrates 
animal  electricity. 

1829±  *  *  The  accordion  is  invented  at 

\'ienna. 
1830    May  15.    An  extended  shower  of 

red  dust  is  observed  in  many  places. 

1834  Mar.  9.  Rome  is  visited  by  a 
snowfall,  the  first  in  240  years. 

1835  Apr.  29.  Many  villages  in  Cala- 
bria and  1,000  lives  are  destroyed  by  an 
earthquake. 

[1S51.  Aug.  14.  Another  in  South  Italy 
destroys  14,000  hves.  1857.  Der.  16.  In  Ca- 
labria several  towns  and  10,000  Hves  are 
destroyed.  1870.  Oct.  ♦  Several  villages  are 
destroyed.  1873.  June  29.  One  in  North 
Italy.  1881.  Mar.  4.  One  in  South  Italy; 
loss,  289  houses  and  114  lives.  Mar.  15.  An- 
other. 1887.  Feb.  23,  24.  Destructive  shocks. 
1883.  July- Aug.  Shocks  in  Casamicciola 
destroy  several  villages  and  1,990  lives.  1891. 
June  *  Northern  Italy.  J 

1837  *  *  The  Italian  Association  for 
the  advancement  of  science  first  meets 
at  Pisa. 

1841  Feb.  22.  A  landslide  in  the  com- 
mune of  Gregans  destroys  113  lives. 

1843-74    Giuseppe  Verdi  writes  many 

operas. 


1649  Apr.  12.  .\.  de  Gasparis  of  Naples 
discovers  the  asteroid  Hygeia.  [  1850,  May  1 1, 
Parthenope ;  Nov.  2,  Egeria  ;  1861,  July  29, 
Eunomia;  1852,  Mar.  17,  Psyche;  Sept.  19, 
Massalta;  1853,  Apr.  5,  Themis;  1861,  Feb. 
10,  Ausoma  ;  Apr.  29,  Hesperia;  1865,  Apr. 
26,  Beatrix.^ 

186B  May*  A  great  eruption  of  Vesuvius 
occurs.  [1858,  May  *  -June  *  destructive 
eruption;  1861,  Dec.  •  another;  1865,  Feb.  • 
another;  1867,  Nov.  12-68,  Mar.  •  another; 
1868,  Oct.  8,  another;  1872,  Apr.  23-May  3*, 
another;  60  persons  perish.  1876  *  *  another 
eruption.  1878.  Sept.  30  ±:.  Another  begins. 
1892,  June  t  *  Another.] 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1814  •  •  Verdi,  Giuseppe,  composer,  born. 
1816  *  *  Bossi,  Giuseppe,  painter,  poet,  A38. 

Fanfani,  Pietro,  philologist,  born. 

Lanza,  Giovanni,  statesman,  born. 

Meli,  Giovanni,  poet,  A75. 

Prati,  Giovanni,  poet,  senator,  bom. 

1816  *  *  Paisiello,  Giovanni,  composer,  A75. 

1817  *  *  Bandiera,  Attilio,  patriot,  born. 
Manrini,  Pasquale,  statesman,  born. 
Sanctis,  Francesco  de,  author,  statesman,  b. 
Vera,  Angusto,  philosopher,  born. 

1818  •  *  Abamonti,  Giuseppe,  states.,  A59. 
Appiani,  Andrea,  painter,  A64. 
Giuliani,  Glanbattista,  scholar,  born. 
Jlinghetti,  Marco,  statesman,  born. 
Secchi,  Pietro  Angelo,  cl.,  astronomer,  b. 
Visconti,  Emlro  Quirino,  archeoiogist,  A67. 

1818  *  *  Bandiera,  Eniilio,  patriot,  born. 
Dandolo,  Vincenzo,  Count,  chemist,  A67. 
Fagnani,  Giuseppe,  portrait  painter,  born. 
Orsini,  Felici,  conspirator,  born. 

1830  Mar.  14.    Victor  Emmanuel  (II.  of 
Sardinia),  King  of  Italy,  born. 

1831  *  *  Bondi,  Cleinente,  poet,  A79. 
Franchi,  Ansonio  (Cristoforo  Bonavino),  phi- 
losopher, born. 

Maistre,  Joseph  Marie  de.  Count,  states.,  A  67. 

llistori,  Adelaide,  Marchioness  del   Grillo, 
actor,  born. 
1833*   *  Arditi,  Luigi,  actor,  born. 

Canova,  Antonio,  sculptor,  A66. 

FarinI,  Carlo  Luigi,  statesman,  author,  born. 

Hossi,  Giovanni  BattlsLa  de,  archeoiogist,  b. 

Peruzzi,  Ubaldino,  statesman,  born. 
1833  ♦  *  Alboni,  Marietta,  singer,  bom. 

Belzoni,  Giovanni  Battista,  traveler,  A45. 

Pius  VI  I.,  pope,  A65. 
1834*  *  Consalvi,   Ercole,    cardinal,  states- 
man, A  67- 

Victor  Emmanuel  I.,  King  of  Sardinia,  A65. 
1836  •  *  Ferdinand  L  (IV.  of  Naples),  King 
of  the  Two  Sicilies,  A74. 

Pepoli,  Gioachino,  Marquis,  politician,  born. 

Saiieri,  Antonio,  composer,  A75. 

Schiaparelli,  Giovanni  Virginio,  astron.,  b. 

1836  •  *  Breislak,  Scipione,  geologist,  A78. 
Donati,  Giovanni  Battista,  astronomer,  b. 
Piazzi,  (liuseppe,  astronomer,  A80. 

1837  *  •  Azuni,  Domenico  Alberto,  an.,  A78. 
Foscolo,  Ugo,  poet,  dram.,  essayist,  A50. 
Bosmini  Carlo  de,  historian,  A69. 

Volta,  Alesaandro,  physicist,  A82. 

1838  *  •  Cesari,  Antonio,  critic,  trans.,  A78. 
Monti,  Vincenzo,  poet,  A75. 

Nicotera,  Giovanni,  Baron,  politician,  born. 

1839  *  *  Gioja,  Melehiorre,  economist,  A62. 
Graziani,  Fra.ncesoo,  violinist,  born. 

Leo  XII.,  pope,  A69. 

Rossi,  Ernesto,  actor,  born. 
1630*  *  Borghi-Mamio,  Adelaide,   contralto 
singer,  born. 

Landi,  Gaspare,  painter,  A74. 

Pius  Vlll.,  pope,  A 69. 

Salvlnl,  Tommaso.  tragedian,  born. 
1831  *  ♦  Longlii,  Giusepiie,  engraver,  A65. 
1833  *   •  Clementi,  Muzio,  composer,  A80. 

Scarpa,  Antonio,  anatomist,  A85. 
1833  •   ♦  Bartoli,  Adolfo,  critic,  historian,  b. 

Cagnola,  Luigi,  architect,  A7I. 

Morghen,  itaffaello  S.,  engraver,  A75. 
1834*  *  Aldini,   Giovanni,  natural    philoso- 
pher, A  72. 

Cicognara,  da,  Conte,  Leopoldo  antiquarian, 
A  67. 

1836  •   *  Bellini,  Vincenzo,  composer,  A32. 
1836*  *  Albrizzi,  Isabella  Teotochi,  Countess 

of,  author,  A66. 
Francis   II.,   Maria   Leopoldo,  King  of  the 
Two  Sicilies,  born. 

1837  *  •  Botta,   Carlo,  Giuseppe  Guglielmo, 
historian,  A71. 

Leopardi,  Giacomo,  Count,  poet,  A39. 
Zingarelli,  Niccolo,  composer,  A85. 
1838*   *  Da  Ponte,  I,orenzo,  poet,  dram.,  A89. 

1839  *  *  Gtoja,  Melclioir,  economist,  A72. 

1840  Pa^aninl,  Nicolo.  violinist,  A.56. 
1843  *  *  Cherubini,  Maria  Luigi  Carlo  Z.  S., 

composer,  A82. 


1643  *  '  I'atti,  Adelina  Maria  ClorindA,  so* 
prano  singer,  born. 

Kosellini,  Ippolito,  antiquarian,  A43. 
1844*  *    Mar.  14.     Humbert,  King,  bom. 

Bandiera,  Attilio,  patriot,  A27. 

Bandiera,  Kmilio,  patriot,  A25. 

1845  *  •  Bbsio,  Francis  Joseph,  Baron,  sculp- 
tor, A  7  6. 

1846  *   *  Campanini,  Italo,  singer,  bom. 
Crescentint,  Girolanio,  singer,  A77. 
Gregory  XVL,  poj)e,  A81. 

Inghirami,  Francesco,  archeoiogist,  A74. 
1848*  *  Balbi,  Adriano,  geographer,  A66. 

Donizetti,  Gaetano,  composer,  A50. 

Giordani,  Pietro,  critic,  A74. 

Hossi,  Pellegrino  Luigi  Odoardo,  statesman, 
A61. 
1849    July  38.     Charles  Albert   (Carlo  Al- 
berto Aniadeo),  King  of  Sardinia,  A5l. 

Catalan!,  Angelica,  singer,  A70. 

Mezzofantl,  Giuseppe  Oaspardo,  cardi- 
nal, linguist,  A75. 

Raniorino,  Girolanio  Giovanni  Pietro,  A57. 

Vaccai,  or  Vaccjij.  Klcolo,  composer,  A58. 
1850*  *  Giustl,  (;iu8eppe,satirlcalpoet,  A41. 
1851  *  *  .Spontlnl,    Gasparo    Luigi    Paciflco, 

composer,  A77. 
1853*   *  Gioberti,Vincenzo,phIL,Btates.,A5L 
1853  *  *  Balbo,  Cesare,   Count,  statesman, 
writer,  A64. 

Grossi,  Tommaso,  poet,  A62. 
1854*  •  Lambruschlnl,  Luigi,  cardinal,  A78. 

Mai,  Angelo,  cardinal,  librarian,  A72. 

Melloni,  Macedonio,  savant,  A53. 

Pellico,  Silvio,  poet,  A  66. 

Pepe,  Guglielmo,  general,  A75. 

Rubini,  Giovanni  Battista,  singer,  A59. 

Rossetti,  Gabriele,  poet,  artist,  critic,  A71. 


CHURCH. 

1814  May  24.  R<yme.  PiuB  VII.  makes 
a  grand  public  entry,  and  is  welcomed 
to  the  papal  throne.  [Aug.  2.  He  rees- 
tablishes the  Inquisition.  Aug.  7.  Ke- 
stores  the  Jesuits.  Sept.  25.  Prohibits 
secret  societies  (Freemasons).] 

1815-17  Home.  Pius  VII.  annuls  all 
innovations,  and  arouses  great  opposi- 
tion. 

1816  June  29.  Home.  Pius  Vll. issues 
an  edict  against  all  Bible  societies. 

1823-29    Rome.    Leo  XII.  is  pope. 

C1829-30,Pius  VIII.  ;183I-46,Gregory  XVL: 
1846-7S-,  Pius  IX.] 

1830    Dec*  Rome.    Gregory XA' I. issues 

a  bull  against  the  slave  trade. 

1838  *  *  The  Campo  Santo  of  Genoa  as 

a  place  of  burial  is  begun. 

Aug.  10.  Rome.  Gregory  XVI.,  by  a 
decree,  forl)ids  the  introduction  of  in- 
fant schools  into  the  Papal  States. 

1847  *  *  Rome.  The  Knights  of  the 
Holy  Sepulcher  are  revived.  [I8C8. 
Reorganized.] 

*  *  Rome.  Pius  IX.  attemtps  to  reform 
the  discipline  of  the  religious  bodies. 

1848*  ♦  Rome.  Pius  IX.  creates  a  high 
council  and  a  chamber  of  dei)uties  for 
limited  legislation;  he  retains  a  full 
veto  power.  [Apr.  29.  He  announces  a 
return  to  illiberal  methods.] 

*  *The  Jesuits  are  expelled  from  Sar- 
dinia. [18G0.  From  Sicily  and  Naples. 
1873.    From  Italy.] 

1849  Feb.  8.  Rome.  The  temporal 
power  is  abolished.    (See  State.) 

July  15.  Rome.  The  reestabllshmentof 
papal  authority  is  proclaimed.  [Nov. 
29.  The  Pope  escapes  in  disgidse.  (Be© 
State.)    l&V).    Apr.  13.    Ketnrns.] 

1850  Sept.  24.  Rome.  Pius  IX.  estab- 
lishes a  hierarchy  in  England. 

*  *  Rome.  The  Southern  Baptists  {V.  S. 
A.)  open  a  mission. 

1854  Dec.  8.  Rome.  Pius  IX.  decrees 
the  doctrine  of  the  Immaculate  Con- 
ception of  the  Virgin  Mary. 


J 


ITALY. 


1813,** -1855,  Oct.  28.      1087 


LETTERS. 

1816-40    Biblioteca  Italiana  is  issued  at 

Milau. 
1818-20     Conciliator  is  issued  at  Milan. 
1819  *  *  Oiornale  Arcadicn  is  issued  at 

Home. 

1826  *  *  II  Conte  di  Carmagnola,  by  Ales- 
sandro  Manzuni,  appears.  [1827,  I  prtt- 
messt  Spost.] 

1827  *  *  Operette  mnrali,  by  Giacomo  Leo- 
pard!, api>ears.    [1B31,  Canti.] 

*  *  Antonio  Foscarini,  bv  Niccolinl,  ap- 
pears. [1830,  Giovanni  (la  Procida;  1847, 
Fitippo  StrozziJ] 

1828  *  *  Ija  Battaglice  di  Jienerento,  by 
Francesco  D.  GueVrazzi,  appears.  [18.51, 
Apologia;  1854,  Jieatrice  Cenci.] 

1833-48  Progrexso  del  Science  is  issued 
at  Naples. 

1834  *  *  Giomale  di  Statistica  is  issued 
at  Palermo. 

*  *  Storia  del  Reame  di  Neapoli  dal  1734 
al  1S25,  by  Pietro  CoUetta,  appears. 

1835  *  *  On  the  Death  of  Francis  /.,  by 
Giuseppe  Giusti,  appears. 

1837  *  *  Afaraherifa  Pnsferla  and  Storia 
Cniversale,  by  Cesare  Cantu,  appears. 
[1854,  Storia  degli  Jtaliani.] 

1839  *  *  Politecnico  is  issued  at  Milan. 

1842  *  *  Archivio  Storico  is  issued. 

1843  *  *  Del  primato  morale  e  civile  degli 
Jtaliana,  by  Vinceiizo  Gioberti,  appears. 

*  *  Speranze  d*  Italia,  by  Cesare  Balbo, 
appearK. 

1847  Dec.  26.  />'  Opinion  is  issued  at 
Turin. 

*  *  II  liisorgimento  is  issued  by  Cavour. 

1850  *  *  Revista  Contemporanea  Is  issued 
at  Turin. 

*  *  Rome.     Civilta  Cattolica  is  issued. 

1851  *  ♦  The  Florence  Dritto  is  issued. 

*  *  Storia  del  comuni  Italiani,  by  Paolo 
Kaiiliani  Guidici,  appears.  [1855,  Storia 
delta  Letteratura  Italiana.] 

1852  *  *  Revista  Contemporanea  is  issued. 

1853  May  10.  The  Pope  prohibits  the 
circulation  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  iu  the 
papal  <lominions. 

*  *  It  Politecno  is  issued. 


STATE. 

1814  Jan.  *  Murat,  King  of  Naples, 
enters  an  alliance  with  Austria. 

Jan.  23.  The  Italian  kingdom  ceases 
with  the  overthrow  of  Napoleon  ;  au- 
thority is  restored  to  the  Pope,  who 
returns  to  receive  it. 

1814-15  The  Congresa  of  Vienna. 
It  g^res  the  duchies  of  Parma,  Pia- 
cenza,  and  Gustalla  to  the  ex-eniprees, 
.Maria  Louisa.  The  old  dynasties  are 
restored  iu  Italy  on  the  downfall  of 
Napoleon.  Piedmont,  Nice,  anil  Turin 
are  restored  by  France  to  Sardinia.  The 
Lombard-Venetian  kingdom  is  given  to 
Austria  as  a  recompense  for  the  loss  of 
her  Flemish  possessions  (p.  721). 

1814-46  Francis  IV.  is  grand-duke  of 
Modena. 

1815-25  Naples  and  Sicily  are  united. 
Ferdinand  1.  (formerly  Ferdinand  IV.) 
is  ICing  of  the  Two  Sicilies. 

1815  May  15.  Joachim  Murat,  King 
of  Naples,  declares  war  against  Austria. 
[Oct.  15.     Murat  is  executed.] 

*  *  Genoa  is  made  a  duchy,  and  annexed 
to  Sardinia. 

1815-17  Rome.  The  papal  gOTemment 
attempts  to  annul  all  innovations. 

It  thereby  provokes  stronc  opposition. 
[The  Carbonari,  favoring  liberal  govern- 
ment, rapidly  increase.] 


1817  *  *  San  Marino  is  confirmed  to  the 
Pope. 

1820  *  *  Sicih/.  A  revolution  in  Pa- 
lermo is  suppressed. 

July  15.  The  Carbonari,  led  by  Gen. 
Pepe,  rise  in  Naples,  and  compel  the 
tyrannical  king  to  promise  a  liberal 
constitution.  [Sept.  16.  Suppressed. 
1821.  Mar.  23.  Constitutional  govern- 
ment is  overthrown.] 

1821-31  Charles  Felix  is  King  of  Sar- 
dinia. (1821.)  An  insurrection  is  sup- 
pressed by  the  aid  of  Austria. 

1824  June  18-59  July  21.  Leopold 
II,  is  grand  duke  of  Tuscany. 

1825-30  Francis  I.  is  King  of  the  Two 
Sicilies.    [1830-59.     Ferdinand  II.] 

1830  Jan.  24.  Venice  is  declared  a 
free  port. 

1831*  *  Francis  IV.,  Grand  Duke  of 
Parma,  is  expelled  by  his  subjects,  [Soon 
restored  by  the  Austrians.  1846.  Jan. 
21.    Francis  V.  becomes  grand  duke.] 

1832+  *  *  Giuseppe  JVIazzini  founds  the 
Young  Italy  Party,  having  for  its  ob- 
ject the  unification  of  all  Italy  under 
Republican  rule.  [1833.  It  rises  in  re- 
volt at  Bologna ;  soon  suppressed.] 

1832-38    The  French  hold  Ancona. 

1837  *  *  The  King  of  Sardinia  promul- 
gates a  new  code. 

1844  July  25.  The  two  patriots,  At- 
tilio  and  Kmilio  Bandiero,  with  18  others, 
are  stiot  for  attempting  an  insurrection 
in  Calabria. 

1846  *  ♦  Rome.  Pope  Pius  IX.  ascends 
the  throne. 

He  institiitea  political  reform,  and  aims 
at  the  unification  of  Italy  under  papal 
supremacy. 

1847-48    Rome.    Cardinal  Giacomo  An- 

tonelli  is  president  of  tlie  ministry  for 
the  Pope.  [1850t.  Secretary  of  foreign 
affairs.] 

1847  *  *  Lucca  is  united  to  Tuscany. 

*  *  Rome.  ThePope  proclaims  amnesty, 
authorizes  a  national  guard,  and  the  es- 
tablishment of  municipal  institutions. 

1848  Jan.  12.  Sicih/.  A  provisional  in- 
dependent governm'ent  is  proclaimed. 

The  oppressed  people  rise  against 
the  king  in  Palermo.  [Jan.  27.  Also  in 
Naples.] 

Jan.  20.  The  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies 
grants  a  liberal  constitution,  and  ap- 
points a  liberal  ministry. 

Feb.  7.  Sicily,  An  insurrection  In 
Messina  is  subdued.  [Apr.  13.  The 
Bourbon  family  is  excludetfby  a  decree.] 

Feb.  15.  Tlie  grand  duke  of  Tuscany 
grants  a  new  constitution. 

Mar.  22.  Anti- Austrian  insurrections 
break  out  in  Lombardy  and  Venice  [hav- 
ing the  favor  of  the  Pope  and  of  the  King 
of  Sardinia].    Milan  revolts. 

Mar.  *  The  Republic  of  Venice  is  pro- 
claimed by  Daniele  Manin,  its  provis- 
ional president. 

May  1.  Rome.  An  insurrection  is 
caused  by  a  refusal  to  <leclare  war  against 
Austria.  [.June  12-15.  Quelled  by  a 
bombardment.] 

June  28.  Lombardy  is  incorporated 
with  Sardinia.     [July  4.     Venice  also.] 

Nov.  15.  Rome.  A  republican  insur- 
rection breaks  out. 

The  Pope  having  pronounred  auainst  the 
Austrian  war  anri  the  Italian  alliance,  his 
minister,  Count  Pellegrini,  is  assassinated. 
[The  Poi)e  escapes  from  the  Republicans  in 
disguise.] 


Nov.  20.    Rome.    A  free   constitution 

is  proclaimed.  [Nov.  28.  A  provisional 
government  is  formed,  notwithstanding 
the  protests  of  the  Pope.] 

1849  Feb.  5.  Home.  A  constituent  Na- 
tional Assembly  meets. 

[Feb.  8.  It  deprives  the  Pope  of  temporal 
power,  adopts  a  republican  form  of  govern- 
ment, and  [appoints  a  triumvirate  to  conduct 
it,  couBistingof  Giu&epi>e  Mazzini,  Armelllni, 
and  8am]. 

Feb.  9.  Rome.  The  downfall  of  tlie 
temporal  power  and  the  establishment 
of  the  new  republic  are  proclaimed. 
[Feb.  18.  The  Pope  appeals  to  the  Cath- 
olic powers.  The  republic  of  France 
undertakes  to  restore  the  Pope.] 

The  grand  duke  of  Tuscany  flees  from 
his  people  :  a  provisional  government  is 
established.  [1850.  July*  Restored  by 
the  Austrians.] 

Feb.  11.  Insurrectionists  proclaim  a 
republic  in  Florence ;  the  grand  duke 
escapes. 

*  *  An  insiUTection  breaks  out  in  Genoa. 

Mar.  23.  The  defeated  Charles  Al- 
bert, King  of  Sardinia,  abdicates  in 
favor  of  his  son,  Victor  ^Emmanuel. 

July  4.  Rome.  The  National  Assem- 
bly is  dissolved. 

Home  is  restored  to  Pins  IX.  l)y  the  French ; 
a  Frenc!)  officer  presents  tlie  keys.  [July  15. 
The  Pope's  anthority  is  i)roclaiine(l.  Aug.  3. 
The  Pope's  commissioners  assume  the  gov- 
ernment relinquislied  by  tlie  French  army.] 

Aug.  *  The  Lombard- Venetian  king- 
dom is  again  subject  to  Austria. 

Aug.  9.  Austria  and  Sardinia  sign  the 
Peace  of  Milan. 

1850  Apr.  9.  Sardinia  adopts  a  law 
abolishing  ecclesiastical  jurisdictions. 

1852  *  *  Count  Cavour  bec^omes  prime 
minister  of  Sardinia. 

1853  Feb.  6.f  A  revolt  occurs  at  Mi- 
lan ;  the  revolutioni.'its  are  suppressed 
and  severely  punished.  [Aug.  13.  Con- 
spiracy at  Rome  ;  146  arrests  are  made.] 

1855  Mar.  2.  Sardinia  passes  a  bill  for 
the  suppression  of  convents,  an<l  with- 
drawing state  support  from  the  clergy. 

Oct.  28.  The  Knglish  and  French  am- 
bassadors withdraw  from  Naples  be- 
cause of  their  unheeded  protests  against 
the  tyranny  of  the  king.  [ISTjIJ.  Jmie* 
Diplomatic  relations  resumed.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1815  Nov.  16-June  *  Naples  suffers 
by  the  plague. 

1816  Aug.  8.  The  Kingof  Naples  pro- 
hibits Freemason  and  other  secret  so- 
cities. 

1820  *  *  A  Frenchman  commits  suicide 

liy  throwing  himself  into  the  crater  of 

Vesuvius. 
1837  *  *  The  cities  of  Italy  suffer  by  the 

cholera.     [1854.    Again.    1865.    Again. 

1S6G.   At  Naples.    1867.   In  Italian  cities.] 

1848  Nov.  15.  Rome.  Count  Rossi, 
the  Pope's  minister  of  justice,  is  assas- 
sinated. 

1852  May  *  The  Grand  Duke  of  Tus- 
cany inflicts  rigorous  imprisonment  on 
Rosa  and  Frau  Madiai  for  reading  the 
Bible. 

1854  Mar.  27.  An  assassin  stabs 
Charles  III.  at  Parma. 

May  *  The  railway  from  Lusa  to  Turin  i.q 
opened.  [1862.  Nov.  *  Between  Rome 
and  Naples.  1864.  Nov.  4.  Between 
Turin  and  Florence.l 


1088      1855,  *  *-1878,  Dec.  28. 


ITALY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1859  Apr.  *  -  July  *  War  :  France  and 
Sardinia  with  Austria  (pp.  524+,  734). 

1860-61  Kevolution ;  the  beginning  ot 
United  Italy  (p.  I'H). 

1860  *  *  Ganbaldl's  campaign  for  the 
liberation  of  Italy  from  the  King  of 
Naples. 

[May  11.  (JaribaUii  lands  with  a  small 
armyat  Marsala,  Sicily.  May  14.  Abaniions 
his  sliips.  May  15.  With  2,000  men  defeats 
fien.  Landi  with  3,600  at  Calatadml.  May 
27.  Storms  I'alernio.  May  31.  Annistii-e. 
.Tone  6.  Palermo  evacuated.  .Inly  20,  21. 
Wins  at  Melazzo.  .Inly  21.  Knters  Messina. 
Aug.  18.  [.Ands  at  Melito  on  the  main  land. 
Aug.  21.  Takes  Keggio.  Sept.  II.  (lives  up 
the  captured  Neapolitan  fleet  to  Sardinia. 
Sept.  19,  21,  Oct.  I.  Wins  at  Voltnrno,  near 
Capua.  Nov.  18.  CaribaUli  retires  from  the 
Sardinian  service.  ] 

May  *  French  troops  leave  Italy. 

Sept.  7.  An  insurrection  breaks  out  in 
the  Papal  .States. 

Sept.  11.  Sardinian  troops  under  Gens. 
Enrico  Cialdiiii  and  Manfredo  Fanti  en- 
ter the  Papal  States. 

r  Sept.  12.  Gen.  ?'anti  takes  Pesaro.  Sept. 
14.  Also  Perugia,  with  HiOO  prisoners.  .Sept. 
18.  Gen.  Claldinl  defeats  i)aiial  troops  under 
Marshal  Lanioriciere  at  Castelfldardo.  Sept. 
2ft.  Ancona  is  taken.  Oct.  4.  Victor  Emman- 
nel  assumes  connnand  of  the  army.  Sardin- 
ians enter  Naples.  Oct.  I".  Winatlsernla. 
Nov.  2.  Take  t'apua.  Nov.  3.  Win  at  Oa- 
rigliano.  Also  besiege  Gaeta.  1861.  Feb.  13. 
It  surrenders.  Mar.  14.  CivatelladelTronto, 
the  last  of  the  Uonrbon  fortresses,  surren- 
ders.] 

1861  Feb.  28.  Sirih/.  Gen.  Claldinl 
blockades  tlie  citadel  of  Messina,  [liar. 
13.    It  surrenders.] 

Sept.  15.  JosS  Borges  lands  in  Cala- 
bria, but  fails  to  rouse  a  llourbouist  re- 
action In  lavor  of  Francis  II.  [Deo.  8. 
Taken  and  shot.] 

Oct.+  *  Skirmishes  with  brigands  and 
reactionists  occur  in  South  Italy. 

1862  Aug.  *  Garibaldi  attempts  to  se- 
cure the  freedom  of  Bome  without  the 
approval  of  the  king. 

He  embarks  at  Catania  with  a  force  of 
volunteers,  lands  at  Melito,  Calabria. 
[Aug.  29.  Wounded  and  taken  prisoner 
in  a  skirmish  with  royal  troops.] 

1863  Oct.  •  The  army  of  Italy,  250,000 
strong,  Is  organized. 

1865  Nov.  »  A  part  of  the  French 
force  guarding  the  Pope  leaves  his  do- 
minions. [1866.  Dec.  2-12.  More  leave 
Rome.] 

1866  June  16-July  22.  Austro- 
Prussian  war:  Italy  is  an  ally  of  Prus- 
sia (p.  822  <)• 

Sept.  21.  Sicih/.  Italian  troops  sup- 
press an  insurrection  in  Palermo. 

1867  *  *  Garibaldi  makes  another  [un- 
successful] attempt  to  liberate  Home. 

[Sept.-Oct.  Garlbaldian  ttands  invade  pa- 
pal territories.  Oct.  22.  /tome.  An  insurrec- 
tion is  suppressed.  Zouave  barracks  are 
blown  up.  A  state  of  siege  Is  proclaimed. 
Oct.  25.  Garibaldi  is  defeated  at  Vilerbo. 
Oct  26.  Defeats  Papal  troops  at  Monte  Ko- 
tonilo.  Oct.  28.  A  Kreni*  army  arrives  at 
the  port  of  Rome.  Nov.  3.  Garibaldi  Is  de- 
feated at  Mentana  by  papal  and  French 
troops.  Nov.  4.  Hetreats  Into  Italy.  Nov. 
25r.  lie  issent  to  Caprera.J 
1870  Aug.  8.  Rome  is  entirely  evacu- 
ated by  the  French  troops  In  conse- 
quence ot  the  disastrous  war  with  Ger- 
many. 

[Sept.  12.  Italian  troops  enter  the  Papal 
Stales.  Sept.  l.",  ^ .  They  occupy  Civita  Vec- 
cliia,  the  seaport  of  Home.    Sept.   17.  The 


Papal  Zouaves  in  Rome  refuse  to  surrender. 
Sept.  20.  The  Zouaves  make  only  a  brief 
resistance  by  order  of  the  Pope  ;  the  Italians 
breach  the  walls  and  enter  Home,  with  a  loss 
of  22±  killed  and  117  wounded;  the  Papal 
troops  lose  55  killed  and  wounded.] 

1876    May  8.    The  ironclad  Dailio  is 
launched. 

[187G,  July  10,  The  Dandolo;  1880,  Sept. 
29,  The  Italiti :  1883,  Mar.  17,  The  Le- 
panlo;  1887,  Jan.  26,  The  Castelfidardo ; 
July  30,  The  Francisco  Morosini ;  1888, 
Oct.  IC,  The  Jie   Umberto.} 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1857  Aug.  31.  The  Mont  Cenis 
Tironel  is  commenced.  [1870.  Dec.  2. 
Completed.  Length,  7J  miles  ;  cost, 
$13,000,000.] 

1858  June  2.  Dr.  Giovanni  Battista 
Donati  discovers  [Donati's  magnificent] 
comet. 

1865  May  14.  A  statue  of  Dante  at 
Kavenna  is  unveiled. 

1870    Dec.  27+.   Great  overflow  of  the 

Tiber. 
1873    Nov.  8.     A  monument  to  Ca- 

voiu*  is  inaugurated  at  Turin. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1805  *  *  RosinI,  Giovanni,  poet,  novelist,  A79. 
Rosmlni-Serbati,  Antonio,  cl.,  philos.,  A58. 

1866  ♦  ♦  Cesare,  Giuseppe  Cavallere  di,  his- 
torian, A7.1. 

1857*  *  Manin,  Panicle,  statesman,  patriot, 

A53. 
1858  *  *  ForestI,  E.  Felice,  patriot,  A65. 
Lablanche,  Luigl,  singer,  .\67. 
Orsini,  Felice,  conspirator,  A37. 
1859*  *  Codazzi,  Agostino,  explorer,  geog- 
rapher, A67. 

1860  *  *  liorgbesi,  Bartolommeo,  Count,  nu- 
mismatist, .\79. 

1861  *  *  Cavour,  Count  dl,  Camillo  Benso, 
statesman,  A51. 

1863  *  *  .\micl,  Giovanni  Battista,  physicist, 

A79. 
1864'  •  Kiorentino,  pier  Angelo,  author,  A58. 

1865  *  *  Pasta.  Giudltta,  singer,  A67. 

1 866  *  *  Azegllo,  Massimo  TaparelU  d*,  states- 
man, A  66. 

lirofferio,  Angelo,  author,  A64. 

1867  *   *  Pacini,  Giovanni,  composer,  A71. 
1868*  *   Andrea,  Girolaniod', cardinal, A56. 

Clcrogna,  Eminanuele  Antonio,  author,  A79. 
Maocliettl,  Carlo,  sculptor,  A63. 
.MattenccI,  Carlo,  physiologist,  A67. 
Rossini.  Gloacchino  .\ntonio,  composer,  A76. 

1869  Nov.  11.    Victor  Emmanuel,  Ferdi- 
nand, son  of  Prince  Humbert,  born. 

1870  •  *  lierry,  Dnchesse  de,  Caroline  Ferdl- 
nanile  Louise,  of  Naples,  A72. 

Clbrario,  Luigl,  historian,  A68. 
Mercadante,  Saverio,  composer,  A73. 

1871  *  *  lielgiojoso.    Princess  of,   Christina 
dl  Trivulzlo,  patriot,  author,  A63. 

I.augier,  Comte  de  cesar  de  Bellecour,  gen- 
eral, author,  AP2. 
1873*  *  Gludici,  Paolo  Emillano,  hist.,  A60. 

Mazzlnl,  Giuseppe,  patriot,  .^64. 
1873*  *  Donati,  Giovaiml  Battista,  astrono- 
mer, A47. 
Fagnani,  Giusepne,  portrait  painter,  A54. 
GuerrazzI,  Francesco  Doinenico,  politician, 

author,  A68. 
JIanzonI,  Alessandro,  Count,  writer,  A89. 
Rattazzi,  L'rbano,  statesman,  A63. 
1876*    *Antonelli,  Giacomo,  cardinal, 
statesman,  A86. 
Ferrari,  Giuseppe,  philosopher,  A65. 
1878    Jan.  9.     Victor  Emmanuel   (II.   of 
Sardinia),  first  King  of  Italy,  A58. 
Plus  IX.,  pope,  A86. 
Secchi,  Pietro  Angelo,  cl.,  astronomer,  A 60. 


1862  *  •  A  declaration  against  temporal 
power  is  signed  by  2,000±  priests. 

1864  Deo.  8.  Pius  IX.  issues  a  sylla* 
bus  censuring  80  errors  In  religion,  phi- 
losophy, and  politics.  [18C5.  Sept.  30. 
Also  an  allocution  condemning  secret 
societies.] 

1866  Mar.  10.  Protestants  are  mas- 
sacred at  Barletta,  Naples. 

July  7.  A  bill  to  suppress  monasteries 
and  contiscate  certain  Church  properties 


1867    June  26.    The  canonization  of 

25  martyrs  is  attended  by  599  bishop* 
and  thousands  of  priests. 

*  *The  Presbyterian  Church  South, 
U.  S.  A.,  opens  a  mission  in  Naples. 

1869    Apr.  11.    Hmne.    Pius  IX.  cele- 
brates a  jubilee. 
1869-70    Jtdine.   The  Vatican  Council. 

(Dec.  8.)  It  oi)ens:  present,  6  arcliblah- 
op-princes,  49  cardinals.  It  patriarchs,  680 
archbishops  and  blshojis,  28  abbots,  29  gene- 
rals of  orders.  Total.  803.  (1870.  Al'H.  24.) 
New  canons  are  Issued.  (.It  i,y  18.)  The 
infallibility  of  the  Pope  is  promulgated  as  a 
doctrine  of  the  Church. 
1870*  Jan.  12.  Home.  Pius  IX.  by  de- 
cree condemns  the  Fenians.  [Sept.  II. 
He  refuses  the  proffered  sovereignty  of 
the  Leonine  City  as  a  compromise. 
Nov.  23.  He  excommunicates  all  per- 
sons who  have  aided  in  tlie  annexation 
of  Rome  to  Italy.] 

1871  Jtme  25.  Home.  The  Pope's 
jubilee  is  celebrated  after  25  years  of 
dominion. 

1873  Jan.  25.  Home.  The  American 
Protestant  Church  is  dedicated.  [Oct. 
25.    An  Anglican  Church.] 

*  *  The  Methodist  Bpiscopal  Church 
(U.  S.  A.)  opens  a  mission  in  Bologna. 
Also  in  Florence.  [1874,  in  Milan  ;  1875, 
in  Perugia  ;  Dec,  in  Kome.] 

1875  Feb.  9.  Jiome.  Pius  IX.  again 
appeal's  at  St.  Peter's  after  an  absence 
of  four  years. 

*  »  The  FirstSynodoftheltallan  Catho- 
lic Church  meets  at  Naples. 

1877  Feb.  20.  Jiome.  Leo  XTTT.  is 
elected  pope.    [1878.  Mar.  3.  Crowned.] 

1878  Dec.  28.  Jiome.  Leo XIII. issues 
an  encyclical  condemning  communism, 
Bocialisra,  and  nihilism  as  fruits  of  the 
Reformation. 

LETTERS. 

1855  *  *  Gmelta  del  Popolo  is  Issued  at 

Turin. 
1857  *  •  Jiome.     The   ancient    Vatican 

Codex  of  the  Old  andXew  Tettament  in 

Greek  is  published. 
1866*  *  Kuora  Antologia  is  issued. 
1867  *  *  Annali  di  Mathematica  is  issued. 
1869  *  ♦  Nuova  (liomale  J5o(anico issued. 
1871*  *  Archir-io  Tenefo  is  issued. 

1874  Jan.  *  The  Academy  of  San  I.uca 
is  replaced  by  a  new  academy. 

*  *  Archivio  Storico  J^omhardo  is  issued. 

1876  *  *  II  Filangioni  is  issued. 

*  *  Annali  di  Statiscica  is  issued. 


CHURCH. 

1860  Mar.  26.  Tfomc.  Pins  IX.  ex- 
communicates all  abetting  the  rebel 
lion  of  the  Papal  States.  [1861.  June  9. 
Issues  a  severe  allocution  against  the 
Italians.] 

•  *  Jiome.    Methodist  mission  oi>ened. 


STATE. 

1857    Apr.  »  Bupture  between  Austria 
and  Sardinia.     [War  follows.]    (P.  525.) 

1859    Apr.  27.      Peaceful    revolution 
at  Florence. 

A  provisional  government  Is  formed  in  Tuft- 
cany,  with  the  King  of  Sardinia  dictator,  in 


ITALY. 


1855,  *  *-1878,  Bee.  28.      1089 


consequence  of  the  ^and  duke's  refusal  of 
an  alliance  with  .Sardinia.  [Apr.  30.  Dicta^ 
torslilp  declined;  command  of  the  Tuscan 
army  accepted.  July  21.  The  grand  duke 
abdicates.] 

May  3.  Peaceful  revolution  at  Parma. 
[.June  15.  At  Modena.  June*  Insur- 
i-ections  break  out  in  Uoin.'igna,  at  Bo- 
logna, Ferrara,  and  Modena.] 

May  22-60  Sept.  6.  Francis  II.  is 
King  of  the  Two  Sicilies.  [1860.  Deposed.] 

June  11.  The  fugitive,  Francis  V.  of 
Modena,  establishes  a  regency  at  Ve- 
rona. [Jiuie  13.  Abolished,  and  a  pro- 
visional government  is  set  up.] 

July  12.  Rome.  The  Pope  appeals  to 
Burope  against  Sardinia. 

Preliminaries  of  peace  are  signed  with 
Austria  (p.  525).  Sardinia  gains  Xxinibar- 
dlan  territory.  [The  cities  of  Italy  are 
greatly  agitated  by  the  terms  of  the 
peace,  which  restore  Austrian  author- 
ity.] 

July  21.  Ferdinand  IV.  becomes 
grand  duke  of  Tuscany, 

July*  Marohese  Alfonso  Ferrero  di  I.a 
Marmora  is  prime  minister.  [1864-^1^. 
Again.] 

•  *  The  states  of  Tuscany,  Modena,  and 
Parma,  with  the  papal  state  of  Ro- 
magna,  implore  Victor  £mm:uiuel  to  an- 
nex them  to  his  kingdom.  Opposed  by 
the  Pope. 

Nov.  10.  Sifitz.  Pea<:e  of  Zurich 
signed  (p.  525). 

Dec.  7.  A  new  constitution  for  Sardinia 
is  proclaimed. 

Deo.  24.  The  province  of  Emilia  is 
formed  by  uniting  Romagna,  Modena, 
and  Parma.  [1860.  Mar.  14.  They  vote 
by  universal  suifrage  for  union  with 
Sardinia.] 

Mar.  16.  Tuscany  votes  for  union  with 
Sardinia.    [Mar.  22.    Decreed.] 

1860  Mar.  24.  Nice  and  Savoy  an- 
nexed to  France  (p.  735). 

Uar.  28.  Tlome.  The  Pope  excommu- 
nicates all  concerned  in  the  rebellion  of 
his  states. 

Apr.  *  Smly.  Insurrections  against 
oppressive  government  break  out  in  Pa- 
lermo, Messina,  and  Catania. 

May  18.  The  Sardinian  government  pro- 
fesses disapproval  of  Garibaldi's  ex- 
pedition for  the  deliverance  of  Sicily. 
[June  3.  A  provisional  government  is 
formed  at  Palermo.] 

June  26.  Francis  II.  of  Naples, 
alarmed  by  the  revolutiouiMts,  proclainis 
amnesty  and  promises  a  libera!  minis- 
try. [.July  2.  Proclaims  the  reestab- 
lishment  of  the  constitution  of  1848.] 

July  30.  The  Neapolitans  agree  to 
evacuate  Sicily,  only  retaining  the  for- 
tress of  Messina. 

Aug.  3.  Sicily.  A  new  constitution  is 
proclaimed. 

Sept.  6.  Francis  II.,  the  last  King  of 
Naples  and  Sicily,  is  deposed. 

[Sept.  8.  Garibaldi  assumes  the  dicta- 
torship. Oct.  21.  The  Two  Sicilies  by 
universal  suffrage  vote  for  union  with 
Sardinia.  Vote,  4.'!2,0M-667.  Nov.  7.  Vic- 
tor Emmanuel  enters  Naples  as  king.] 

Sept.  7.  The  people  of  Fossombrone  ap- 
peal to  Sardinia  for  relief  from  the 
papal  troops,  by  whom  they  have  been 
subdued. 

Sept.  28.  Home.  The  Pope  issues  an 
allocution  against  France  and  Sardinia, 
and  appeals  to  Exu'ope  for  prc^«ction. 


Nov,  *  The  Marches  vote  for  annexation 

to  Sardinia. 
*  *  Urbino,    I^ologna^  and    Ravenna  are 

united  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy. 

1861  Feb.  18.  The  first  Italian  Parli- 
ament meets. 

[Mar.  17.  It  confers  the  title  King  of 
Italy  on  Victor  Emmanuel,  King  of  Sar- 
dinia. Apr.  15.  The  Pope  protests 
against  the  kingdom,] 

Mar.  31.  Fngland  recog:nizes  the 
kingdom  of  Italy.  [June  2i.  Recog- 
nized by  France.  Oct.  1.  By  Portugal. 
1S62.  Alar.  1.  Ry  Prussia.  July  3.  By 
Russia.     1865.    June*  By  Spain.] 

Oct.  13.  The  Italian  kingdom  is  divided 
into  59  prefectures. 

1862  July  19.  .lirih/.  Garibaldi  calls 
for  volunteers  under  the  watch-cry, 
"  Roue  or  death." 

Aug.  19.  Sicily.  Garibaldi  organizes 
a  provisional  government  in  Catania, 
although  opposed  by  the  king. 

[Sept.  28.  (iaribaldi  appeals  to  the 
English  people  for  aid,  in  the  name  of 
liberty.  Oct.  5.  Amnesty  is  grautetl  to 
him  and  his  followers.] 

1863  Mar.  24-64  Sept.  •  Marco  Min- 
ghetti  is  prime  minister.  [1873-76. 
Again.] 

1864  Jan.  *  The  moderate  party  are 
victorious  in  the  general  electi(Jii. 

Sept.  15.  France  agrees  to  withdraw 
her  troops  from  Rome  (p.  737). 

Dec.  11.  Florence  is  decreed  to  be  the 
capital  of  Italy.    [Temporary.] 

1865  Nov.  7.  The  Bank  of  Italy  is 
established. 

Nov.  18.    The  new  Parliament  meets 

in  Florence. 
Dec*  -66     Jan.*  Rupture     with 

Russia. 

An  alliance  is  entered 


declared   against 


1866  May  12. 

with  Prussia. 
Jime  18.      War 

A  ustria  (p.  626). 
Julys.    Austria  cedes  Venetia  to 

France. 
[Oct.   II.     Transferred  by  France  to 

Italy.  Oct.  21.  Plebiscitum,  641,768  votes 

for  annexation,  69  against  it.] 

Oct.  3.  Aust.  Italy  and  Austria  sign 
the  Peace  of  Vienna.  [Oct.  12.  Eati- 
lied.] 

Oct.  11.  Austria  restores  Mantua  to 
Italy. 

Nov.  7.    The  king  enters  Venice. 

1867  Mayi  *  The  kingdom  suffei-s 
financial  embarrassment;  the  king 
surrenders  a  part  of  his  civil  list  for  its 
relief. 

Oct.  27.  Floretu-e.  'The  king  issues  a 
proclamation  against  the  Garibaldian 
invasion  of  the  Papal  States.  Riots 
break  ont  in  many  cities.  [Oct.  30.  The 
revolution  is  suppressed.  Dec.  5.  Am- 
nesty proclaimed  at  Florence.] 

1868  Apr.  4.  Florenee.  The  Deputies 
adopt  the  grist-tax  after  a  debate  last- 
ing 21  days.  [June  *  Adopted  by  the 
Senate.] 

1870  Mar.  24i.  Republican  upris- 
ings in  Pavia  and  other  towns  are  sup- 
pressed. 

July  18.  Flnrmct.  Neutrality  in  the 
Franco-Prnsalan  war  Is  proclaimed. 


Sept.  11.  The  Pope  refuses  to  com- 
promise. 

The  king  offers  the  Holy  See  the  sov- 
ereignty of  the  Leonine  City,  containing 
the  Vatican,  the  Castle  of  St.  Angelo,  and 
the  Borgo  district,  with  the  retention  of 
his  income. 

Sept.  26.  Rnme.  Cardinal  Antonelli  is- 
sues a  protest  ag.ainst  the  Italian  occu- 
pation of  the  Holy  City. 

Sept.  22.  Rome,  A  provisional  gov- 
ernment is  formed  by  10,000  people 
assembled  in  the  Colosseum. 

Oct.  2.  Plebiscite  of  the  Papal  States  : 
133,681  votes  for  union  with  Italy,  1,807 
against  it. 

Oct.  9.  United  Italy  is  accomplished ; 
Rome  and  its  territories  are  united  to 
the  kingdom.    [Oct.  19.    Decree  issued.] 

Deo.  5.  Rome.  The  Parliament  meets; 
Rome  is  declared  the  capital  city.  [1871. 
July  1.  The  government  is  removed 
to  Rome.    July  3.    Inaugurated.] 

1872  Mar.  27.  San  Marino  enters  a 
convention  with  Italy. 

1876  Mar.* -79*  •  Agostino  Depretis 
is  prime  minister.    [1881-80.    Again.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1859  Jan.  30.  Prince  Napoleon 
Jerome  marries  the  Princess  Clotilde. 

Mar.  7.  Poerio  and  66  companions  rise 
when  being  conveyed  as  exiles  to  North 
America,  seize  the  vessel,  and  sail  for 
Cork,  Ireland.  (The  English  subscribe 
£10,000  in  their  aid,] 

1860  *  *  Sicily.  Secret  terrorists  called 
Mafia  commit  many  murders ;  the  so- 
ciety becomes  prominent. 

1862  Mar.-Apr.*  Garibaldi  makes  a 
triumphant  progress  through  Italy ;  be 
establishes  many  rifle-clubs. 

Sept.  27.  The  Princess  Maria  Pia  by 
Iiroxy  is  married  to  the  King  of  Por- 
tugal. 

1865    May  14.    A   Dante  festival   is 

opeued  at  Florence  by  the  king. 

1865  June  21.  A  cable  telegraph  line 
is  opened  between  Marsala,  Sicily,  and 
La  Calle,  Algeria. 

1868  Feb.  20.  The  order  of  the  Crown 
of  Italy  is  instituted. 

Apr.  22.    Prince  Humbert  is  married 

to  his  cousin,  Margherita  at  Turin. 

Apr.!  *  Brigands  abound  in  South  Italy, 
[1872,    Revived.] 

June  15.  The  railway  over  Mont  Cenis 
IS  opened  ;  length,  48  miles.  [1871,  Oct 
16,    Opeued  for  traffic] 

1870  Dec.  31.  Much  suffering  is  caused 
by  an  inundation  of  the  Tiber.  [1872, 
Also  by  the  inundation  of  the  Po,] 

1874-75  The  Government  makes  vigor- 
ous efforts  to  suppress  the  disorderly 
Mafia  and  their  enemies,  the  Ga- 
morra.  [1S76.  Oct.  2.  Capraro,  the 
chief  of  brigands,  is  killed.] 

1877  Mar.  *  The  work  of  improving 
the  Tiber  and  making  a  new  port  is 
commenced. 

June  *  -Nov.  *  The  brigands  are  nearly 
exterminated.     [1878.     Revived  in  South 

Italy,] 

1878  May  31.  The  draining  and  plant- 
ing of  the  Campagna  is  authorized. 

Nov,  17.  Giovanni  Passanante,  an  in- 
ternationalist, attempts  to  assassinate 
the  king,  whom  he  wounds. 


1090     1879,  *  *-1894,  Dec,  27. 


ITALY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1887-94    War  with  Abyssinia  (p.  2). 
1890    Sept.  20.     A    new    ironclad    is 
launched,  the  largest  in  the  navy. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1883  Jan.  21.  Rome.  An  International 
Exhibition  of  Pine  Arts  opens.  [1887. 
May  2.    Another  at  Venice.] 

1889  June  0.  A  statue  of  Giordano 
Bruno  (burned  in  1600)  ia  unveiled  in 
Venice. 

1890  Sept.  20,  A  statue  of  Victor 
Emmanuel  is  unveiled  at  Florence. 

1892  Sept.  28.  A  statue  of  Mazziui  is 
unveiled  at  Carrara. 


BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1879  *  *  Fanfanl,  Pletro,  philologlBt,  A64. 

1880  *  *  Ricasoli,  Bettino,  Baron,  statesman, 
A71. 

1881*  *  Pepoli,  Gioachino,  Marquis,  politi- 
cian, A56. 

1888  *  •  Garibaldi,  Giuseppe,  patriot,  A75. 
Lanza,  Giovanni,  statesman,  A61. 

1883  *  *  Mario,  Giuseppe,  singer,  A73. 
Giuliani,  Giambattista,  scholar,  A66. 

1885  *  *  Mamiani,    Terenzio   della    Rovere, 
Count,  philosopher,  A83. 

Vera,  Augusto,  pliilosopher,  A68. 

1886  *   •  Mlnghetti,  Marco,  statesman,  A68. 

1887  July  29.       Depretis,    Agosto,    prime 
minister,  A79. 

1889  •  *  Amari,  Mlchele,  historian,  A83. 
Pattl,  Carlotta.  singer,  A49. 
Tamberlik,  Enrico,  singer,  A  69. 

1891  June  lO.    Curci,  Carlo  Maria,  theolo- 
gian, AAl. 

Sept.  9.     I'eruzzt,  rbaldino,  Btate8nian,A70. 
1692    Jan.  14.    Simeoni,  Giovanni,  cardi- 
nal, statesman,  A76. 
Sept.  8.    Cialdini,  Enrico,  Duke  of  Gaeta, 
general,  diplomatist,  A81. 
1894    June  13.     Nicotera,  Giovanni,  Baron, 

politician,  A56. 
Dec.  27.    Francis  H.,  last  King  of  Naples, 
or  the  Two  Sicilies,  A  48. 
Alboni,  Marietta,  singer,  A71. 

CHURCH. 

1888  Jan.  1-5.  Rome.  The  Pope*B 
g^and  jubilee  is  celebrated  by  masses 
at  St.  Peter's  ;  present,  48  cardinals, 238 
archbishops  and  bishops,  and  30,000± 
laymen. 

1891*  *The  Evangelical  Alliance 
holds  its  ninth  anniversary  in  Florence. 

1892  Jan.  4.  Leo  XIII.  accepts  the 
terms  proposed  by  Prance  for  concilia- 
tion between  the  Vatican  and  the  king- 
dom. 

1894  Dec.  17.  Rome.  Leo  xni.  cele- 
brates mass ;  15,000  persons  present. 


LETTERS. 

1879  *  *  Nitova  Revista  intemazionale  is 
issued. 

1880  Jan.  1.    Rome.    Aurora,  a  papal 
daily  newspaper  is  issued. 

June  *  New  Italy  and  old   Zealots,  by 
Ber.  Carlo  Maria  Curci,  appears. 


1881  *  *  La  Ressagna  Italiana  is  issued. 

1882  *  *  Archivio  Trentico  is  issued. 

1883  *  *  Giomale  storio  della  Letteratura 
Italiana  is  issued. 

*  *  Giomale  degli  Eruditi  is  issued. 

*  •  Annuario  di  Giurisprudenza  is  issued. 

*  *  Revue  Internationale  is  issued. 

1884  *  *  Revista  storica  Italiana  is  issued. 

*  *  Z,a  ^afwra is  issued. 

STATE. 

1881  Dec.  *  The  Buffrage  is  extended 
to  all  who  can  read  and  write  ;  minority 
representation  is  provided  for. 

1884  Nov,  28.  Twenty-one  new  mem- 
bers are  added  to  the  Senate. 

1887  Mar.  13.  A  treaty  of  alliance  for 
defense  is  signed  with  Austria-Hungary 
and  Germany  (Dreibund). 

Aug.  *  -91  Feb.  1.  Francesco  Crispi 
is  prime  minister. 

1888  June  *  Capital  punishment  is 
abolished  by  the  Chambers. 

1889  May  8.  A  treaty  is  signed  with 
Abyssinia  (p.  2).  [Nov.  11.  A  protecto- 
rate is  declared  (p.  3J]. 

1890  May  5.  The  Senate  passes  the 
Charities  Bill,  providing  for  church  ex- 
penses, and  averts  the  resignation  of  the 
Ministry. 

Nov.  30.  Rome.  A  general  amnesty  is 
promulgated. 

1891  Feb.  2-92  May  6,  Marquis 
A.  di  Hudini  is  premier. 

Mar.  15.    Rome.    The  Baron  de  Fava, 

minister  to  Washington,  is  instructed  to 
earnestly  protest  against  the  action  of 
the  anti-Italian  mob  in  New  Orleans. 
[Mar.  16.  President  Harrison's  regrets 
are  received.] 

June  29.  The  Triple  AUiance  (Drei- 
bund) is  renewed  for  six  years  ;  it  guar- 
antees the  integrity  of  each  nation. 

1892  Apr.  16.  Baron  de  Fava  i.<)  or- 
dered to  resume  his  diplomatic  post  at 
Washington. 

May  10.    Signer  Giollltti  is  premier. 

1893  Jan.  20.  Rome.  Premier  Giol- 
lltti presents  a  report  to  tlie  chamber  of 
Deputies  respecting  the  bank  scandal. 
[1894.    Flees  to  escape  arrest.] 

Nov.  23.  Many  prominent  men  are  in- 
volved in  the  bank  scandal,  which  is  re- 
ported to  the  Assembly  by  a  commission. 
[Nov.  25.  The  bank  scandal  causes  the 
resignation  of  the  Cabinet.] 

Dec.  15^.  Rome.  Francesco  Crispi  ia 
premier. 

1894  Jan.  4,  A  state  of  siege  is  de- 
clared in  Sicily  because  of  the  anti-tax 
agitation.  [Jan.  17.  Also  in  Carrara 
and  Mnssa  de  Carrara.] 

Feb.  18.  Rome.  A  democratic  con- 
gress meets,  havine  67  delegates,  who 
oppose  governmental  despotism. 


July  11.  Rome.  The  Chamber  passes  a 
bill  to  suppress  theoretical  propaganda 
of  anarchy,    [July  16.    The  Senate.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1881  Mar.  23.  A  fire  panic  occnVs  in 
the  opera-house  at  Nice;  70±  lives  are 

lost. 

1882  May  21,  22.  The  St.  Gothard 
railway, between  Lucerne  and  Milan,  is 

opened. 

1883  Jan.  31.  Rome.  An  international 
Fine  Arts  Exliibition  is  opened. 

1884.  Jan.  5.  Rome.  Victor  Emman- 
uel's body  is  removed  to  the  Pantheon. 

•  *  The  Asiatic  cholera  appears  in  Italy. 
[IS86.    Again.    1893.    Again.] 

1889  Feb.  8+.  Rome.  Kioters  destroy 
an  immense  amount  of  property  ;  30  per- 
sons are  injured. 

1890  Apr.  18.  The  Italian  East  Africa 
Company  is  organized. 

1891  Mar.  17.  The  Utopia  sinks  after 
a  collision  in  Gibraltar  Bay  ;  500  Italians 
are  drowned. 

May±  *  Testimony  in  a  trial  at  Bari 
shows  that  the  Mala  Vita  brigands  sen- 
tence persons  to  death  and  execute  them. 

May  15.  The  police  arrest  16  anar- 
chists, having  plans  for  the  pillage  and 
destruction  of  banks  and  other  proper- 
ties. 

May  311.  The  International  Peace 
Congress  meets  at  Milan.  [1892.  Nov. 
3.    At  Rome.] 

1893  Jan.  19.  Rome.  Dynamiters 
twice  attempt  to  blow  up  a  hotel  crowded 
with  people,  causing  only  slight  damages. 

Apr.  22.  Rome.  The  25th anniversary 
of  the  king's  marriage  is  celebrated  with 
general  festivity. 

July  12.  Over  200  Senators  and  Deputies 
are  charged  with  complicity  in  the  Banca 
Romana  scandal. 

[Oct.  23.  An  investigating  committee 
reports  to  the  Deputies,  and  criticizes 
many  prominent  men  ;  13  nobles  and  30 
Dei>uties  are  implicated,  also  Premier 
Giollitti.     1894.    May  2.    Trial  begins.] 

Oct.  *  Sicily.  The  Government  declares 
martial  law  for  extermination  of  bri- 
gandage. 

Nov.  30.  Rome.  The  Credit  Mobilier 
suspends  payments ;  a  panic  follows. 
[Dec.  13.  The  Banca  Romana  suspends.] 

Dec.  18.  Sicily.  Anti-tax  riots  break 
out.    [Dec.  24.     1894.    Jan.  3+.    Again.] 

1894  Mar,  8.  Rome.  A  bomb  explo- 
sion injures  eight  persons. 

June  16.  Rome.  An  anarchist  fires  two 
bullets  at  Premier  Crispi  while  riding, 
both  missing  the  mark. 

Jtily  20.  The  prisons  are  full  of  anar- 
chists awaiting  trial. 


JAPAN. 

The  empire  of  Japan  consists  chiefly  of  four  islands,  Honshu,  Tesso,  Shikokn,  and  Kiushiu,  with  about  4,000  near-by  islands, 
and  the  more  remote  Liukiu  and  Kurile  and  Bonin  groups ;  capital,  Tokyo.  The  government  is  a  limited  monarchy,  with  the 
legislative  power  lodged  in  a  Parliament  composed  of  two  houses,  a  House  of  Peers  and  a  House  of  Representatives.  Shinto 
and  Buddhism  are  the  chief  religions.     Area,  147,655  square  miles.     Population  in  1891,  40,453,461. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1150-86    A.  D.    The    Minamoto    clans 
nearly  annihilate  the  Talra  clans  in  a 


civil  war.    [115&-59.    War  for  the  posses- 
sion of  the  emperor's  person.] 
1274-81    Mongols  attempt  to  conquer 
rJapan. 


(1274.)  A  Chinese  expedition  of  10,000 
men  is  repulsed. 

(1281.)  An  expedition  of  100,000  Chi- 
nese and  Koreans  is  defeated. 


1 


JAPAN.      660  *  *  B.  c-A.  D.  1853,  July  7.      1091 


133 1  *  *  A  revolt,  caused  by  the  ill-treat- 
ment of  the  mikado  by  the  Hojo ;  it  is 
led  by  Kustinoki-Masashige  and  Nitta 
Yoshisada,  descendants  of  the  Mina- 
nioto  clan.    [1336.    Kioty  is  talcen.] 

1333  *  ♦  Nitta  Yoshisada  attacks  and  de- 
stroys Kamakura. 

1660  *  •  Ota  Nobunaga  defeats  Toshi- 
moto  in  a  feudal  war. 

1570  *  •  The  united  forces  of  Nobunaga, 
Sokugawa,  lyeyasu,  and  Yoshiaki  defeat 
Toshikage  at  the  battle  of  Anagawa. 

1592  •  •  The  Koreans  utterly  defeat  a 
Japanese  invasion.  [1597.  Another  in- 
vasion defeats  a  Chinese  fleet,  but  soon 
evacuates  Korea.]   (P.  614f.    See  Korea.) 

1600  »  »  Battle  of  Sekigahara ;  lyeyasu 
decisively  defeats  and  subdues  his  ene- 
mies. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1108 »  *Isono  Zenji,  "the  mother  of 
the  drama,"  flourishes.  [1G24.  The  first 
theater  in  Japan  is  opened  at  Yeddo.] 

1703  *  *  Yeddo  is  almost  ruined  bv  an 
earthquake;  200,000  lives  lost.  [1855. 
Nov.  11.    Again.] 


CHURCH. 

552  *  *  Buddhism  is  introduced  from 
Korea. 

1540  *  *  Francis  Xavier  carries  the  gos- 
pel to  Japan.  [1553.  More  Roman  Catho- 
lic missionaries  arrive.  1582.  Perse- 
cution begins.] 

1582  •  •  Japanese  Christians  number 
200,000,  with  three  baptized  daimios. 

1685  *  *  The  Japanese  Christians  send  a 
mission  to  the  Papal  See,  headed  by 
three  noblemen.  [1590.  General  perse- 
cution of  Christians  begins.  Four 
Franciscan  monks  arrive.] 

1693*  *  Hideyoshi  seizes  nine  mission- 
aries, and  burns  them  at  Nagasaki. 
[1597.  Feb.  5.  Six  Franciscans,  three 
Jesuits,  <ind  17  other  Christians  are  cru- 
cified. 1598.  Christianshave  a  respite. 
1600.  lyeyasu  decrees  the  expulsion 
of  foreigners.  1610.  200  missionaries 
and  2,000,000  converts  are  reported.] 

1611  *  'Persecution  again  begins; 
Christians  exalt  their  religion  by  their 
fortitude ;  princess,  nobles,  men,  women, 
and  children  suffer  heroically. 

1614  •  *  Thousands  of  native  Christians 
fiee  to  China  and  Formosa. 

1624  »  »  Father  Sotelo,  papal  legate,  is 
put  to  death. 

1637*  *  Eevolt  at  Shlmabara. 

Thousands  of  Christians  and  others 
seize  and  repair  an  old  castle  in  Kiushiu, 
and  there  withstand  the  siege  of  the 
armies  during  two  months;  27,000 
prisoners  surrender,  most  of  whom  are 
sent  into  exile,  but  many  hundreds  are 
executed  by  decapitation  and  drowning. 

SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

1280*  *  A.  D.  Japan  is  visited  by  I£arco 
Polo,  the  Venetian  traveler. 

1533*  *OtaNobunaga,  nobleman,  war- 
rior, born. 

1535  *  •  Japan  Is  visited  by  Mendez 
Pinto,  a  Portuguese.  [His  countrymen 
soon  obtain  permission  to  make  a  set- 
tlement.] 

1600*  *The  Dutch  first  trade  with 
Japan.  [1612.  The  English  come.  1690. 
EngelbertK&mpfer,  the  Uerman  trav- 
eler, comes.] 


1717-44    During  the  reign  of  Yoshimune, 

a  free  hospital  is  established  at  Yeddo. 

The  sugar-cane  is  introduced. 
1805*  *Takato  Ogi,  minister,  born. 

[1877.    Dies.] 
1829  *  *  Juzammi  T.  Oknho,  statesman, 

born. 

1837  *  *  Skighenobu  Okumo,  statesman, 
scholar,  born. 

1844*  *  Kins  ho  Mitsuktu-i,  Secretary 
Council,  born. 

1852  Nov.  3.  Mutau  Hito,  Mikado, 
born. 

STATE. 

660-585  B.  c.  Jimmu  Tenno,  the  first 
mikado,  reigns  ;  he  leads  hither  invaders 
from  Asia,  and  establishes  a  dynasty 
[which  continues  till  now]. 

07-30  B.C.  Sujin,  the  10th  mikado, 
reigns.  He  promotes  civilization,  and 
opens  interoourse  with  Korea. 

71-130    A.  D.    Keiko  reigns. 

131  *  *  Yamato-Dake  reigns ;  annexes 
Koanto. 

201  •  *  Chinai,  the  14th  mikado,  dies, 
and  is  succeeded  by  his  wife,  .Jingu-Koeo. 
She  subdues  Korea,  and  enters  diplo- 
matic relations  with  China. 

270-310   Ojin,  a  warlike  mikado,  reigns. 

500±  ♦  *  History  becomes  authentic. 

603  *  *  The  government  is  divided  into 
eight  great  administrative  departments 
and  a  number  of  smaller  ones.  [The 
court  nobility  conduct  the  departments.] 

*  •  *The  people  are  divided  into  two 
classes,  the  agricultural  and  the  military. 

*  •  *The  Fujiwara  nobility  gradually 
acquire  all  the  civil  offices  ;  the  Hei  and 
Gen  families  (Taira  or  Miuamoto)  fill  the 
military  offices. 

Sth-ISth  Century.  The  Taira  and  Mina- 
inoto  clans  struggle  for  supremacy ;  the 
emperors  are  puppets  of  the  dominant 
faction. 

794*  *  Kyoto  becomes  the  capital. 

1160-81    Taira  no  Kiyomori  is  prime 

niinister. 
lieOi  •  •The  exiled  Minamoto  estai)- 

lish  a  realm  under  Yoritomo  and  Yoshit- 

sune  in  the  Koanto  plain  ;  Kamakura, 

capital. 
1181*  *  Kiyomori  dies;  the  rival  clans 

renew  civil  war. 

1185-1210    Minamoto  supremacy. 

1192  *  •  The  Mikado  Takahlra  appoints 

Yoritoma  generalissimo  of  the  empire. 

He  extends  the  realm  by  conquests, 

and  makes  Kamakura  the  metropolitan 

city  [and  later  the  capital]. 

1100  •  *  Yoritomo  dies,  and  is  succeeded 
by  his  sons,  Yoriiyfi  and  Sanetomo. 
[1219,  The  death  of  Sanetomo  closes  the 
main  line  of  the  Minamoto  family.] 

1226-1575  The  H6j6  family,  favoring 
the  Minamoto  line,  hold  the  military 
administration  ;  the  office  of  shogun, 
or  general,  is  conferred  on  various  mem- 
bers of  the  Fujiwara  family. 

1250J:  •  •  The  shogtms  become  the 
"  Mayors  of  the  Palace,"  who  conduct 
the  military  and  civil  government,  while 
the  mikado  serves  in  spiritual  functions. 

1310-38    The  Mikado  Oo-Daigo  reigns. 

1331-02  Two  rival  cotirts,  the  northern 
and  southern,  dispute  the  succession. 
(See  Army.)  It  is  settled  by  an  agree- 
ment that  the  mikailos  shall  be  taken 
alternately  from  each  house.  [The  north- 
em  branch  at  Kyoto  survives  only  a  few 
generations.] 


1336-1573  The  Ashikagashoguns rule 
Japan. 

15th  Cmtury.  Civil  wars  devastate 
Japan. 

1510+  *  •  The  Later  H6j6  family  mle 
for  four  generations ;  capital,  Odawara, 

1558-88  Oki-Machj  reigns  as  mikado  ; 
Nobunaga,  Hideyoshi,  and  Togugawa  rise 
to  power  as  great  men, 

1560+  *  *  Yoshiake  is  shogun.  [Dis- 
possessed by  Yoshikage.  Reinstated  by 
Nobunaga,] 

1573-82    Nobunaga  is  shogun. 

He  favors  Christianity  and  opposes 
Buddhists,  capturing  their  fortified 
temples,  (1682,)  Revolt.  Nabunaga  com- 
mits suicide. 

1582-02  Hideyoshi,  the  shogun,  (7) 
subdues  the  revolt. 

[1582-98.  He  is  shogun.  1588.  He  de- 
crees the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  (inop- 
erative).] 

1508*  *  Hideyoshi  dies;  Tokugawa 
lyeyasu  is  regent  for  his  infant  son. 

[1603.  lyeyasu  becomes  shogun.  He 
favors  education  and  foreign  intercourse, 
and  removes  the  capital  from  Kamakura 
to  Yeddo.  1614.  He  decrees  the  isola- 
tion of  Japan  from  the  world.] 

1603-68  The  Tokugawa  shoguns  rule. 
[Some  of  the  shoguns  assume  the  title 
Tai-knn,  or  Tycoon,  "  High  Prince."] 

1605  •  *  lyeyasu  resigns  his  title  to  his 
son  Hidetada  [but  retains  power  till 
death.  In  1616.    He  leaves  a  code  of  laws]. 

1620  *  *  Hidetada  sends  a  messenger  to 
Europe  to  study  Christianity.  [The  sho- 
gun opposes  his  favorable  report  of  it, 
and  forbids  its  introduction.] 

1630-43  Too-Fuku-no-in,  daughter  of 
the  Mikado  Go-mino-o,  and  the  daughter 
of  the  shogun  Hidetada,  succeed  to  the 
throne  as  Miosho-Tenno, 

1653  *  *  lyemltsu  becomes  shogun. 
He  opposes  Christians  and  closes  Japan 
against  foreigners  ;  only  the  Chinese  and 
the  Dutch  are  allowed  to  trade  at  Na- 
g.asaki.     [1619.     He  dies,] 

1637  *  *  The  Christiana  at  Shimabara 
revolt.    (See  Church.) 

1650-81  lyetsuua  is  shogun.  Yeddo  in- 
creases in  importance. 

1681-1708  Tsunayoski  Is  shogun.  He 
is  a  scholar,  and  favors  learning. 

1717-44  Yoshimune  is  shogun,  and 
rules  with  great  ability.  The  criminal 
code  is  revised.  Hygienic  infonnation 
is  distributed  throughout  the  empire. 

1744  •  *  Population,  26,080,000  people. 

1763-70  An  empress  is  on  the  mikado's 
throne. 

1763-86    lyeharu  is  shogun. 

1780-1816    Kohaku  is  mikado. 

The  Dutch  gain  great  commercial  in- 
fluence ;  the  Russians  fail  in  attempting 
to  gain  intercourse. 

1787-1838  lyenori  is  shogun.  [1838-63, 
lyeyoshi ;  1853-59,  lyesada.  1859.  Sept. 
16.    Dies.] 

1817-46     Ninko   is   mikado.      [1846-66, 

Komei-Tenno.] 
1853    July  7.     Com.   Perry,  U.S.N., 

enters  the  harbor  of  Yeddo  with  four 

vessels,  and  is  favorably  received  after 

using  his  big  guns. 


1092       1859,  July  *-1894,  Dec.  20.  JAPAN. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1863  July  15-19.  Some  English, 
French,  and  American  vessels  bombard 
the  forts  and  ships  of  the  Prince  of 
Negato,  in  retaliating  an  attack  on  Nov. 
15-19,  1862. 

Aug.  16.  Adni.  Kuper  bombards  Kago- 
shinia  in  retaliating  the  lire  of  batteries. 

1868  *  •  -69  June  *  War  between  the 
mikado  and  Reiki,  the  ex-shoguu. 

(1868.    Jan.  26-30.)     Rebels  defeated. 
(Mav   10-17.)    iiebels  victorious  at  Fu- 
shimo,  near  Yeddo. 
1883    July  23.    Korea.     Anti-Japanese 

riots  (p.  1094). 

1894  Feb.  *-Apr.  *  The  anti-Korea 
party  makes  an  unsuccessful  insurrec- 
tion. 

Aug.  2-95     Mar.  *   "War  with  China 

(p.  626). 
July  23.     Korea.    The    Chinese    faction 
fire  on  the  Japanese  guards  at  the  capi- 
tal ;    tlie  Jaj)anese  occupy  the  palace 
and  oust  their  enemies. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1888  July  15-18.  A  volcanic  erup- 
tion destroys  400  lives  at  Sho-Bandai- 
San.  [1889.  Apr.  13-14.  Another  oc- 
curs on  Ishima  Island  ;  170  persons  are 
killed.] 

1889  June  2.  Chang  Ping  and  Ping 
Yueng  districts  are  flooded  by  a  water- 
spout ;  6,000  lives  are  lost, 

Aug.*  The  town  of  Kuniamoto  is  de- 
stroyed bv  an  earthquake  ;  nearly  38,000 
lives  are  lost. 

Aug.  19.  The  Kinogawa  River  bursts 
its  banks  in  the  province  of  Kii ;  15,000 
lives  are  lost. 

Aug.  30.  Floods  in  Wahayama  destroy 
10,000  lives. 

Sept.  11.  Besides  terrible  floods  and 
landslides,  a  typhoon  sweeps  over  Yoko- 
hama. 

In  Wakayama  alone  1,238  lives  are 
lost :  82,777  persons  are  immediately  de- 
pendent on  charity. 

1891  Oct.  28.  An  earthquake  on  the 
Nippon  islands  kills  10,000  people.  [Dec. 
6.  Several  rivers  are  choked  by  land- 
slides caused  by  an  earthquake.] 

1893  Nov.  13.  Floods  drown  1,500  per- 
sons. 

1894  Oct.  22.  Several  villages  are  de- 
stroyed by  lava  from  tlie  volcano  of 
Galoeugong,  in  the  Preang  district. 

CHURCH. 

1869  Nov.  *  Presbyterians  (L'.  S.  A.)  open 
amission  at  Kanugawa,  near  Yokuhanm. 
[1862.  Removed  to  Yokohama.  1869.  One 
at  Kanagawa.] 

Dec.  28.  Tlie  Reformed  (U.  S.  .\.)  mission- 
aries arrive.  [1^72.  Organize  a  churcli  at 
Kaigan.] 

1860  Apr.  1.  American  Baptists  arrive. 
[1872.  At  Yokohauia  oi)en  a  mission.  1873. 
Organize  a  cliurcli  there.  1874.  <)i>en  at 
Tokyo.  1876.  Organize  a  church  there.  1881. 
Open  at  Kolie.  1884,  At,  Sendai;  l8«ti,  At 
Sliimonoseke;  I8S7,  At  Merioka.] 

1861  •  *  The  London  Society  open  a  hospi- 
tal at  Nagarkoil. 

1869  Nov.  39.  Missionaries  of  the  Amer- 
ican Board  arrivi'.  [open  work  at  Kolm. 
1872.  Mar.  10.  'I'lit-re  form  a  churcli;  open 
in  Yokohama.  1873.  Formchurche8atKol>e 
and  Osaka.  1875.  Nov.*  At  Kiota.  1883. 
Open  at  Niigata.} 

•  *  Yokoi  Heishlro,  counselor  of  the  mikado, 
is   suspected   of   holding   "evil   opinions 
(Christianity),  and  assassinated. 

•  *  MisBionarlesof  tbe(Kng.)  ChurchSociety 
arrive. 

1870*  *  Russian  (Greek)  missiouariea 
arrive. 


1 87 1  *  •  Goble'8  version  of  Bt.  Matthew  is 
published;  it  is  the  first  complete  book  of 
the  Bible  in  Japanese.  [1880.  The  New 
Testament.  1884.  The  entire  Jai)ane8e 
version  of  the  Bible  appears.] 

1873*  *  The  Government  abolishes  the  de- 
partment of  relieioa  having  Shinto  as  its 
especial  care. 

1873*  *  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Chxirch 
(U.  S.  A.)  begins  mission- work.  [1874,  at 
Hirosaki;  1876,  at  Nagasaki;  1884.  Bible  wo- 
men's training-school,  Yokohama,  founded. 
1885.  Philander  Smith's  Biblical  Institute 
and  Theological  School  at  Tokyo  founded.] 

*  *  Tokyo.    The  first  native  church  Is  formed. 

*  *  The  Methodist  Church  of  Canada  opens 
work  at  HlUdzuoka. 

*  ♦  The  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the 
Gospel  oiwns  work  at  Tokyo. 

1 874  *  •  * '  The  United  Church  of  Christ  in 
Japan  "  is  formed  l>y  the  union  of  tlie  United 
Tresbyterlan  Churcti  of  Scotland,  the  Pres- 
byterian Cliurcli  (North)  V.  S.  A.,  with  tlie 
Reformed  Church  of  Japan. 

*  •  The  United  Presbyterian  Church  of 
Scotland  opens  a  mission  at  Tokyo. 

*  •  The  Chinese  Missionary  Society  opens 
a  mission  at  Hokodato. 

1876*  *  The  Evang^ellcal  AsBOciatlon  {V. 

S.  A.)  opens  mlsalon-work. 
1877*  *  The   Cumberland    Presbyterians 

(T.  S.  A.)  I)egln  mission-work.     1887.     Open 

a  mission  at  Nagoya. 

*  *  The  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Female 
Education  in  the  Kast  enters  Japan. 

1 878  *  *  Kngrllsh  Baptists  send  missionaries 
to  Japan. 

*  *  The  Reformed  (German)Church  (IT.  S.  A.) 
sends  missionaries  to  Japan.  [1884.  May  * 
Forma  church  at  Nihon  BashL  1885.  Open 
at  Sendai.] 

1880  *  *  The  Methodist  Protestant  Church 
(U.  S.  S..)  sendsmlssionaries to  Japan.  [1883. 
Also  the  Disciples  of  Christ.  Tlie  Christian 
Society  open  at  Akita  and  sponai.] 

1884  AuK-  11-  The  (Jovernment  disestab- 
lishes the  national  religion  ;  promises  tol- 
eration for  all  religions. 

1885  *  *  The  Society  of  Friends  Ijegin  mis- 
sion-work. Also  the  Southern  Presbyterians 
(U.  S.  A.).  [1887.  They  oi)eu  at  Koclii  and 
Nagoya.] 

*  *  German  pastors  arrive  to  preach  *'  liberal 
theology." 

1886*  *  The  Southern  Methodlstsd'.S.  A.) 

open  at  Kobe. 
1887*  *  Tlie  Christian  Church  (T.  S.  A.) 

opens  missions  at  Tokyo,  Ishinomoki,  and 

Ichisokaki. 
1888*  *  The    Wyclif    College   mission   of 

Canada  opens.     The  American  Unitarians 

begin  work. 
1889  *  *  The  Roman  Catholics  at  Kiiishiu 

number  40,538. 
1890*  *  The  American  Unlveraallsts  begin 

mission-work  at  Tokyo. 


SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

1859  July  ♦  Certain  ports  are  opened 
to  foreigners. 

*  *  ITokohaxna  is  an  insignificant  fishing- 
place. 

1862  June  27.  Foreign  Ministers 
transfer  their  residence  from  Yeddo 
to  Yokohama. 

1866  Nov,  26.  Yokohama  and  much 
of  the  European  settlement  are  de- 
stroyed by  fire. 

1867  Apr.  25.  TheGovernment  opens 
Yeddo  and  other  places  to  trade. 

1872  June  12.  The  first  railway  is 
ijpened ;  it  connects  Yokokanui  with 
Tokyo.  [Oct.  *  Extended  to  Shinogawa.] 

*  *  A  public  library  is  founded  at  Tokyo. 

1873  *  *  The  University  of  Tokyo  is  es- 
tablished. 

1874  Jan.  1.  The  Gregorian  calen- 
dar is  adopted. 

1878  May  17.  Okubo,  the  Minister  of 
tlm  Interior,  is  kilhMl  by  six  men  who  are 
actuated  by  political  motives. 


1880  *  *  One  year's  production  of  alco- 
holic liquids :  ordinary  sake,  200,603,360 
gallons;  turbid  sake,  2,519,760  gallons; 
wliite  sake,  60,000  gallons  ;  sweet  sake 
for  corking,  1,542,760  gallons;  liquor, 
144,600  gallons  ;  spirits,  3,348,320  gallons. 

1882  *  *  The  Government  has  established 
53,760  primary  schools;  compulsory 
education  has  been  established. 

1884  Jan.  *- Sept.  *  Cholera  causes 
37,000  deaths. 

Sept.  *  A  new  order  of  hereditary  no- 
bility is  instituted. 

1885  *  *  A  Japanese  dictionary  in  Ro- 
man characters  appears. 

*  *  Alphabetical  writing  in  place  of  ideo- 
graphic is  adopted  through  the  agency 
of  the  Koma-ji-Rai,  or  Roman  Alphabet 

Association. 

1887    Dec.  6.     Shimadju  Saburo,  ex- 

Trince  of  Satsuma,  dies. 

1889  Apr,  ♦  The  mikado  opens  the  In- 
ternational Exhibition  at  Yokohama. 

1887*  *  "Western  dress  and  habits  are 
introduced  by  the  Count  Ito,  the  prime 
minister. 

1889  Feb,  14.  Viscount  Arm  or  i. 
Minister  of  Education,  is  assassinated 
at  Tokyo  by  a  fanatic. 

1890  May  *  The  mikado  institutes  the 
Order  of  the  Golden  Falcon,  in  commem- 
oration of  the  2555th  coronation  of  Jim- 
mu  Tenno. 

June*  The  failure  of  the  rice  crop 
causes  thousands  of  people  in  Tokyo  and 
other  large  cities  in  Japan  to  suffer  for 
the  want  of  food.  One  nobleman  is  feed- 
ing 1 ,000  people  a  day  at  his  own  expense. 

1891  May  11.  At  a  resort  near  Kyoto 
tlie  Czarewitch  of  Russia  is  attacked 
by  a  native  with  a  sword  and  slightly 

injured. 

1894  Mar.  *  The  Japanese  begin  to  re- 
gard Sunday  as  a  day  of  rest.  The  clos- 
ing of  government  establi-shments  inau- 
gurates the  custom  iu  Japan,  Business 
18  nearly  suspended  in  Tokyo  on  the 
Sabbath. 

Dec.  14.  Four  hundred  dynamite  bombs 
are  seized  at  the  homes  of  three  alleged 
rebels,  arrested  at  Kyoto. 

STATE. 

1854  Mar.  31.  A  treaty  is  made  with 
the  United  States  (p.  175).  [Oct.  14.  An- 
other with  Great  Britain.  1855.  Jan. 
26.  With  Russia  and  France.  1858. 
Aug.  19.  Another  for  unrestricted  com- 
merce with  Russia.] 

1859  *  *  A  reaction  occurs  against  the 
treaties  made  witli  foreigners  ;  the  court 
at  Tokyo  and  the  mikado  oppose  them  ; 

tlie  shogun  is  assassinated. 

1859-66  lyemochi  Is  shogun.  [1866.  Sept. 
*  Dies.] 

1860  May  14i .  An  embassy  visits  tbe 
United  States.  [1862.  Apr.  13: .  An- 
other visits  Paris  and  lK>ndon,] 

1863  June  24.  It  is  announced  that  the 
ports  opened  according  to  treaty  terms 
will  be  closed. 

Aug.*  Japan  isforced  to  pay  *100,000in- 
denmity  for  C)utrages  committed  by  na- 
tives on  foreigners. 

1864  Sept.  4-6.  The  combined  Amer- 
ican, Dutch,  and  French  fleets  make  a 
successful  naval  demonstration  to 
force  Japan  to  abide  by  the  treaties. 
[Japan  pays  an  indemnitv  to  the  foreign 
powers  amounting  to  83,000.000,  of  which 
$785,000  goes  to  the  United  States.  1883. 
Feb.  *  U.  S.  A.  The  House  of  Represen- 
tatives votes  to  repay  the  indemnity.] 

1865  Nov,  25.  Japan  ratifies  treaties 
with  England,  France,  United  States, 
and  other  powers. 


JAPAN. 


1859,  July  *  -1894,  Dec.  20.    1093 


1866-^8  Kelki  is  [the  last]  shogun. 
[1868.    Nor.  19.     Ue  resigns.] 

1867  Feb.  13.  Mutsu  Hito  succeedji 
hiA  father  as  mikado. 

•  •  Treaty  with  China. 

1868  Jan.  1.  Osaka  and  Nlogo  are 
opened  to  commerce. 

Jan.  3.  The  dual  goveminent  by  mi- 
kado and  shogun  is  ended  by  a  procla- 
mation ;  the  mikado  resumes  entire  au- 
thority.  [A  prolonged  rebellion  follows.] 

1868  Nov.  *  The  capital  is  transferred 
from  Kyoto  to  Yeddo,  and  the  name  of 
the  city  changed  from  Yeddo  to  Tokyo. 

1870*  *  Mutsu  Hito  welcomes  for- 
eigners to  Japan. 

1871  *  *  Feudalism  is  abolished. 

The  titletl  nobility  become  private  cit- 
izens, a  code  of  criminal  law  is  issued, 
pofltal  service  established  [and  railroads 
and  telegraphs  follow]. 

•  *  Embassies  are  sent  to  the  United 
States  and  to  Europe. 

1874  Aug.  18.  China  demands  that 
the  Japanese  withdraw  from  Formosa, 
and  threatens  war.  [Japanese  with- 
draw under  British  persua.'iion,  Oct. 31. 
A  treaty  is  signed.] 

•  *  Japan  annexes  the  Liukiu  Islands. 

1875  Apr.  14.  The  mikado  decrees  a 
new   constitution,  providing  for   two 


chambers  and  other  reforms.  [June  20. 
He  opens  a  parliament  of  state  officials, 
nominated  by  himself.] 

1877  Feb.  *  -Oct.  *  Rebellion  of  the 
Satsuma  clans. 

The  daimios  are  effectually  over- 
thrown. Money  is  provided  by  the  issue 
of  irredeemable  paper  currency. 

1878  *  *  Local  elective  government  is 
extended.  The  elective  franchise  is  ex- 
tended to  all  male  citizens  21  years  of 
age  who  pay  a  land  tax  of  $5.00. 

1881  *  *  Japan  negotiates  with  treaty 
powers  to  secure  a  hij^her  tariff  and  the 
abolition  of  the  privilege  affordeci  for- 
eigners of  living  under  the  juri8dictif)n 
of  courts  of  their  own  countries. 

1883  *  *  Japan  decides  to  open  all  its 
ports  to  foreign  trade,  with  mixed  tri- 
bunals. 

1889  Feb.  11.  The  mikado  promul- 
gates a  new  constitution. 

It  provides  for  a  House  of  Peers  and  a 
House  of  Commons  of  300  members.  Suf- 
frage is  limited  to  men  25  years  of  age 
who  pay  $25  in  taxes,  l^iberty  in  religion 
and  freedom  of  speech  are  provided. 

June  6.  Japan  enters  a  treaty  with  Mex- 
ico.    [Aug.  8.    "With  Russia.] 

Oct.  9.  Nine  non-treaty  ports  are  opened 
to  commerce. 

1890  Apr.  21.  A  new  civil  code  is 
formulated. 


July  9.  First  election  for  the  House  of 
Peers ;  22  farmers,  15  merchants,  and 
only  one  noble  are  elected. 

Nov.  29.  Tokyo.  The  first  Japanese  Par- 
liament opens. 

1891  Dec.  29.  Tokyo.  An  imperial  de- 
cree dissolves  the  Parliament  because 
of  its  opposition.  [1892.  May  6.  A  new- 
one  meets.  1893.  Dec.  31.  Dissolved  by 
decree.] 

1893  Apr,  11.  Spain  is  excited  over 
the  seizure  of  the  Pelew  Islands  l>y 
Japan. 

1894  Aug;.  3.  War  is  declared  against 
China. 

It  grows  out  of  the  occupancy  of  Korea 
by  both  parties  ;  the  Chinese  faction  op- 
pose the  introduction  of  reforms  in 
Korea. 

Aug.  25.  Japan  ratifies  a  new  treaty 
with  Great  Britain.  [Sept.  11.  It  signs 
a  treaty  of  alliaitce  with  Korea.] 

Oct.  19.  Parliament  meets  in  special 
session  to  consider  the  war  question. 
[Oct.  21.  One  hundred  million  yen  are 
appropriated  for  the  war.] 

Nov.  22.  A  new  treaty  is  made  with  the 
United  States. 

Nov.  29.  Japan  declines  to  receive  any 
Chinese   envoy,  except  one  directly 

credited  by  the  government. 

Dec.  20.  China  sends  an  envoy  to  Japan 
to  sue  for  peace.  Japan  demands  tlie 
cession  of  the  conquered  territory  and 
four  hundred  million  yen. 


KONGO  FREE  STATE. 

This  State  lies  chiefly  in  the  interior  of  Africa,  but  connects  with  the  coast  by  a  strip  of  country  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Kongo.  All  nations  and  religions  have  equal  privileges.  An  administrator  at  Boraa  conducts  the  government  for  the  King  of 
Belgium,  who  is  the  sovereign  of  Kongo  State.    Estimated  area,  900,000  square  miles  ;  estimated  population,  14,000,000. 


STATE  -MISCELLANEOUS. 

1816*  •James  H.  Tuckey's  KngUsh  expedi- 
tion explores  the  Zaire  River  [Kongo]  as  far 
as  the  highest  rapids.  [1826.  Capt.  Owen's 
Knglish  eipeditlou  surveys  26  miles  of  tlie 
[Kongo].  1841.  The  Portuguese  discover 
the  ntouths  of  tlie  Kongo,  and  claim  the  terri- 
tory. 1857.  I>r,  Adolf  JIastian,  a  <ierman, 
reaches  Sao  Salvador  ;  Capt.  Hunt  ascends 
the  [Kongo]  as  far  as  the  cataracts.  1863. 
.mr  Richard  F.  Burton  reaches  the  cataracts, 
and  advances  to  banza  Noki.] 

1827-28  Jean  Baptiste  Douvllle,  a  French- 
man, dwells  In  [Kongo]. 

1872-73  Vernon  L.  Cameron  (Eng.)  is  the 
first  to  cross  the  continent  from  east  to  west, 
arriving  at  I^anda. 

1873  Mar.  •  Lieut.  Grady's  Livingstone  re- 
lief exi>editlon  leaves  Ambriz.  [Mar.  23.  Ar- 
rives at  lienilw.  May  15.  Arrives  at  Kongo. 
It  ascends  the  Kongo  a  distance,  and  returns 
with  tidings  of  Livingstone's  death.] 

1875  *  *  Capt.  Von  Homeyer'sfierman  expe- 
dition explores  tlie  lower  Kongo. 

1876*77  Henry  M.  Stanley  reports  the 
survey  of  Lake  Tangany ilea  ;  he  identi- 
fies the Lualaba,  and  descends  it,  finally 
reaching  the  Atlantic. 

*  *  Belg.  Leopold  II.,  King  of  Belgitmi, 
assembles  a  Congnress  of  African  ex- 
plorers. [It  proposes  the  regeneration 
of  Africa.] 

1879-^0  Stanley  explores  the  Kongo 
basin  under  the  auspices  of  the  Interna- 
tional African  Association.  He  lays  the 
foundation  of  the  Kongo  Free  State. 

1880  ♦  *  Dr.  Paul  Pogge  and  Lieut,  von  Wiss- 
mann  discover  new  regions  near  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Kassal  aud  Lulua.  Wissmann 
crosses  the  continent  to  Zanzibar. 


1881  *  *  Stanley  founds  Leopoldville, 
and  places  a  steamer  on  the  Upper 
Kongo.  [1882.  Aug.  14.  He  opens  a 
trade  route  with  four  stations  on  the 
great  river.] 

1883  Jan.  *  By  the  disinterested  benev- 
olence of  the  King  of  Belgium,  settle- 
ments have  been  planted  in  Kongo. 
Great  Britain  becomes  jealous,  and 
partly  recognizes  Portuguese  rights 
to  the  territory.  [Later,  modifies  the 
recognition.] 

*  *  Capt.  'Wifistnann  with  a  Belgian  ex- 
pedition visits  Lubuku  ;  founds  Lulu- 
burg  and  Luebo. 

Summer.  Sir  F.  Goldamid's  (Expedi- 
tion) African  Association  starts  for  the 
interior. 

July  12.  Stanley  reports  12  stations 
formed,  and  4,500  miles  of  navigation 
opened  in  the  development  of  Kongo. 

Nov.  5.  Portugal  claims  the  mouths 
of  the  Kongo.  [1885.  Jan.  15.  Occupies 
them.] 

1884  Apr.  9.  Tlie  International  Afri- 
can Association  reports  30  stations 
formed  ;  Capt.  Strauch,  the  president, 
suppresses  the  slave-trade.  [June  * 
Francis  de  Winters  is  appointed  admin- 
istrator-general.] 

May  *  -  June  *  Kongo  is  formed  into  a 
federal  state. 


Nov.  15'.  Berlin.  A  conference  of 
the  nations  of  Christendom  meets  under 
the  presidency  of  Bismarck  to  form  the 
Kongo  Free  State.  It  provides  for  free 
trade. 

1885  Aug.  6  .  King  Leopold  II. 
takes  the  title  of  independent  sover- 
eign of  the  Kongo  State. 

1886  Apr.*  Berlin.  An  International 
Conference  is  lield. 

1889  May  25 1.  A  Portugal-Kongo 
treaty  is  signed.  Portugal  receives  new 
territory  on  the  west  coast ;  most  of  the 
Kongo  State  claims  are  allowed. 

Aug.  2.  Belg.  King  Leopold  II.  be- 
queaths to  Belgium  all  his  sovereign 
rights.  [1890.  July  3.  He  gives  to  Bel- 
gium the  right  to  annex  Kongo  State  at 
any  time  within  ten  years.] 

1890  Jan.t*  Work  begins  on  the 
Kongo  railway  for  passing  the  rapld.s. 
[1893.  Dec.  4.  Opened  for  24  miles.  1898. 
Fully  opened.] 

Jxily  27.  Portugal  notifies  the  powers 
of  her  exclusive  rights  over  the  mouths 
of  the  Kongo. 

Aug.  9.  The  Kongo  State  annexes  a 
large  southern  district.  [Eleven  prov- 
inces are  laid  out.] 

1892  *  *  Arabs  on  the  Upper  Kongo  rise, 
and  massacre  the  government  troops. 
[1894.    The  slave  traders  are  crushed,] 


1094      1877,**-1890,**       KONGO   FREE   STATE. 


CHURCH. 

1877*  ♦  The  English  llaptists  establish  nii»- 

siona  on  the  Upperand  Lower  Kongo.   [\Slti. 

Mission  opened  at  Sao  .Salvador.   1888.   Eiglit 

stations  and  24  workers  reported.] 
*  *  Tlie  Lon<lon  Society  opens  a  mission  on 

lAke  Tanganyika  and  at  Fwamboon  on  tlie 

mainland.    .Steamer  Good  News  is  launched.] 
1878*  ♦  The     Livingstone    Inland    mission 

(English)  opens  a  station  at  Banana.     [1881. 

The  steamer  Livingstone  is  launched.    1883. 


Opens  at  LeopoldTllle;  opens  a  station  at 
Equator.  1884.  Sept.  9.  Its  seven  stations 
and  25  missionaries  are  transferred  to  the 
American  Baptists.] 

1884*  *  American  Baptists  begin  mission- 
work.  (See  item  above.)  [Nov.  24.  Launcli 
steamer  Henry  Reid.'^ 

1885*  *  The  Baptist  General  Association 
(colored;  U.  S.  A.)  opens  a  mission  on  the 
Kongo. 

1888*  •  F'rederick  S.  Arnot  opens  his  mis- 
sion in  the  sontheast. 


*  *  Belgian  Roman  Catholics  open  a  mission  at 
Kwa-mouth,  on  the  Upper  Kongo. 

188G  ♦  *  Bishop  Wni.  Taylor  ( Methodist  Epi*. 
copal,  r.  S.  A.)  opens  a  mission  at  Lueba. 

Aug.  *  Tlie  East  London  Institute  opens  its 
Balolo  mission.  [1890.  It  launches  tlie 
I*ioneer.'\ 

1890*  *  The  Presbyterian  Church  South  (l". 
.S.  A.)  prospects  for  a  mission -site. 

♦  *  The  Koman  Catholics  report  a  mission  at 
Boma  and  Banana. 


KOREA. 

KoBEA  is  a  peninsular  kingdom  of  Kastem  Asia,  bordering  China  on  the  northeast.  The  government  is  an  absolute  monarchy^ 
and  formerly  tributary  to  China.  The  chief  religions  are  Buddhism  and  Confucianism.  Kstimated  area,  82,000  square  miles  ; 
estimated  population,  10,500,000. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

109*  *  A.  D.    The   Chinese   conquer 

northern  Korea. 
201-269  Reign  of  Jingru-Kogo  in  Japan; 

she  leads  an  army  whiuit  mibdues  the 

Koreaus. 

1597  *  *  The  Japanese  Emperor  Taiko- 
Sama  invades  Korea  with  1G3,000  men. 
Although  8uppc>rted  by  two  Chinese 
kings,  with  100.0<K)  Iiorsemen,  the  Kore- 
aus are  repeatedly  defeated,  and  three- 
fourths  of  their  country  is  occupied. 
[1598.     Evacuated.]    (P.  614.) 

1867  *  *  The  United  States  sends  Com. 
Schufeldt  to  remonstrate  because  of  the 
burning  of  American  vessels  ;  he  obtains 
no  satisfaction. 

1870*  *  Adm. Rogers,  U.S. X., ascends 
the  river,  silences  the  forts,  but  fails  to 
communicate  directly  with  the  govern- 
'■    ment,  and  retires. 

1875 +:  *  *  The  Koreans  attack  the  Jap- 
anese gunboat  in  violation  of  treaty. 

1888  *  *  A  fanatical  outbreak  against 
foreigners  occurs  at  the  capital,  SeouL 

1890  July  15.  Bear-Adm.  Belknap 
(U.  S.  N.)  withdraws  the  protecting  ma- 
rines from  the  king's  palace  at  Seoul. 

1894  July* -95  Mar.  *  "War  between 
China  and  Japan  caused  by  the  ques- 
tion of  suzerainty  over  Korea  (p.  626). 

CHURCH. 

1784*  *  Nl-tek-tao,  aroused  by  a  Chinese 
work  on  tlie  Christian  religion,  sends  an 
embassy  to  China  for  more  information.  A 
Catholic  mission  is  established.  [1831.  A 
vicar  apostolic  arrives.} 

1866*  *  All  the  missionaries,  with  other 
Europeans,  are  expelled. 

1884*  *  Dr.  R.  8.  Maclay.  of  the  Japan 
Methodist  ICpiscopal  Conference/opens a  mis- 
sion.   [Dr.  H.  N.  Allen  becomes  the  first 


resident  Protestint  missionary.  The  Ameri- 
can Presbyterians  open  a  mission  at  8eoul.] 

1886*  *  Persecutions  begin;  nine  French 
and  a  number  of  native  Cliristians  are  be- 
headed. 

Oct.  *  Foreign  residents  at  Seoul  organize  a 
Union  Christian  Church. 

1888*  *  The  Society  for  the  Kvangelization 
of  Korea,  of  Toronto,  Can.,  opens  a  mission. 

*  ♦  The  (Jovernment  issues  an  edict  forbid- 
ding the  teaching  or  preacliing  of  Christian- 
ity.   [Unenforced.] 

1889*  *  The  Society  for  tlie  Propagation  of 
tlie  Gosi>el    opens  a  mission. 

STATE  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

1122*  *  n.  c.    Korea  appears  for  the 

first  time  in  Chinese  history  ;  Viscount 
Ke  seeks  asylum  here. 
67-30    B.  c.    The  Japanese  open  inter- 
course with  Korea. 

1392  *  *  A.  i>.    A  revolution  is  caused 

by  the  fall  of  the  Mongolian  dynasty  in 
China  ;  Tai-tso,  or  Li-tan,  becomes  ruler 
of  the  country  [and  founds  the  dynasty 
of  Tsi-tsien]. 

1506-44  Siong-Siong  rules.  He  carries 
on  a  successful  war  with  Japan. 

1615  *  *  A  treaty  of  peace  is  signed  with 
Japan. 

Korea  is  to  pay  a  tribute,  an<l  the  Jap- 
anese are  to  retain  the  fort  of  Kusau- 
kai ;  the  Korean  king  must  send  an  em- 
bassy to  China  to  announce  his  accession. 

1636  *  *  The  Koreans  adopt  the  policy  of 
complete  isolation. 

1874  Oct.  31.  A  convention  is  arranged 
with  the  Japanese. 

1876+  *  *  Treaty  with  Japan. 

Japan  acknowledges  the  independence 
of  Korea,  which  agrees  to  allow  a  Jap- 
anese resident  at  the  capital  ;  three  ports 
are  opeued  to  Japanese  trade. 


1882  May  7.  Fom:  ports  are  opened 
to  commerce  by  treaty  with  the  United 
States  aud  China. 

Sept.i:  *  The  king  is  reinstated. 

1883  *  *  A  treaty  is  signed  with  the 
United  States.  [Nov.  26.  Another  with 
Great  Britain.  1884.  Treaties  made 
with  Great  Britain,  Germany,  Italy,  and 
Russia  are  ratified.] 

July  23.  An  insurrection  breaks  out 
against  the  foreigners,  and  11  of  the 
Japanese  legation  are  killed. 

1884  Feb.  28.  Telegraphic  cable  line 
is  opened  from  Kaga.saki  to  Fusan  and 
the  rest  of  the  world. 

Dec.  1.  An  attempt  is  made  to  assassi- 
nate the  king  ;  a  riot  is  in  progress  and 
a  battle  ensues. 

Dec.  4-6.  An  anti-foreigner  insurrec- 
tion of  Koreans  and  Chinese  arises ;  the 
king  is  attacked,  and  his  Ministry  mas- 
sacred. 

Dec.  13±.  Japan  interrenes,  and  peace 
is  restored. 

1885  Feb.  *  Japan  and  China  accept 
foreign  mediation. 

May  7.  A  treaty  is  signed  by  which  the 
troops  of  Japan  and  China  are  with- 
drawn. 

1886  *  *  A  treaty  is  made  with  France. 
*  *  Cholera  becomes  epidemic  ;  l,000per- 

sons  are  carried  off  daily. 

1887  Dec.  *  China  issues  a  proclama- 
tion reasserting  her  claims  to  Korea. 

1888  May  *  Korea  attempts  to  estab- 
lish independent  diplomatic  relations 
with  foreign  countries.  [Aug.  8.  A 
treaty  is  entered  with  Russia.] 

1889  Jan.  5.    China  claims  supremacy. 

June  23.  Russians  occupy  Dear  Island 
as  a  coaling  and  naval  depot. 


MADAGASCAR. 

MA.DAQASCAK  IS  a  large  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean;  capital  Antananarivo.  The  government  is  administered  by  the  French, 
the  language,  Malagasy,  and  the  state  religion,  Christianity.  The  Hovas  are  the  leading  tribe.  Area,  228,500  square  miles; 
estimated  population,  3,500,000. 


CHURCH. 

1540*  *  The  Portuguese  undertake  to  en- 
slave and  Christianize  the  natives. 

1811  •  *  Roman  Catholic  priests  labor  for 
the  natives. 

1818  •  *  The  I^ndon  Society  opens  a  mis- 
sion. [1863,  Isandra  opened;  1867,  Isotry; 
1868,  Tsovina  and  Faravohltra;  1869,  Ilhrn- 
gina  and  Imandandriana.j 

1833  *  *  The  queen  forbids  the  baptism  of 
converts. 


183S  Feb.  6.  Notification  is  given  that  re- 
ligious meetings  are  prohibited  among  the 
natives.  [Mar.  1.  Native  Christians  are  ter- 
rorized. 1837.  More  tlian  1,000  tlhristians 
have  been  martyred.  1839-42.  Astonishing 
accession  of  converts  amid  persecutions. 
1849.  Persecutors  kill  2,000  ChriBliaiis.  1857. 
Persecution  renewed  with  great  terror.] 

1864*  'The  Society  for  the  Propagation  of 
the  Gospel  (Kng.)  sends  out  missionaries. 
[1884.    Mahanoro  opened.] 

1866*  *  Norwegian  missionaries  arrive  at 
Antananarivo.  [1870,  Menandona  oi»ened; 
1^8,  Kianaranteoa.] 


1868  *  *  English  Friends  send  missionaries. 
[188a    Mandridrano  opened.] 

1869  Feb.  21.  The  queen  and  her  hns- 
band  are  baptized.  [July  *  She  begins  a 
memorial  church.  Sept.  8.  AU  the  national 
idols  are  burned.] 

1872  Dec.  *  Eng.  Henry  Rowley  is  conse- 
crated bishop  of  Madagast-ar.  [1874.  K. 
Kestell-Cornish.  ] 

1889*  'Roman  Catholics  report  84,000  ad- 
herents. Protestant  missions,  56,539  comma- 
nlcants. 


MADAGASCAR.       1506,  *  *-1885,  Dec.  20.      1095 


STATE  —MISCELLANEOUS. 

1506  *  *  The  Portugraese  make  explora- 
tions.   [Settle.] 

1648  •  *  Natives  massacre  the  Portu- 
guese.   [1615.    Again.] 

1642  •  •  The  French  plant  a  colony. 
[1669.  They  destroy  a  Portuguese  settle- 
ment. 1754.  Another  French  settle- 
ment, soon  broken  up  by  a  massacre. 
1774.    They  settle  at  Antongel  Bay.] 

1810-11  The  British  take  Fort  Dauphin 
from  the  French. 

1810  *  *  Young  Hadma  becomes  king. 
[1817.  Feb.  4.  Makes  a  treaty  with  the 
English,  and  agrees  to  abolish  export 
slavery.] 

2818  *  *  The  French  cede  their  settle- 
ments to  him. 

1828  *  *  Raboda,  one  of  the  king's  wives, 
usurps  the  throne  as  Ranavalona  I. 

The  queen  kills  all  her  near  relatives 
as  rivaU.    [1831-34.    She  kills  25,000  sub- 


jects, and  sells  50,000  women  and  youth 
as  slaves.] 

1845  June  *  A  French  and  English 
expedition  makes  an  unsuccessful  at- 
tack on  Tamatave.  [1855.  Oct.  19.  The 
French  try  again  and  fail.] 

1861  Aug.  18.  Prince  Kakoto  is  en- 
throned on  the  death  of  liis  mother ;  he 
proclaims  equal  protection  and  religious 
toleration, 

1862  Sept.  12.  Treaties  signed  with 
(ireat  Britain  and  France.  [1865.  Again 
with  Great  Britain.] 

1863  May  *  Revolution :  The  king  and 
his  ministers  are  assassinated,  and  Ka- 
soherina  reigns. 

1867    Apr.  1.    Hanavalona  U.  reigns. 
1873  ♦  *  Slavery  is  prohibited.     [1877. 

Again.] 
1879  *  *  Land  disputes  occur  with  the 

French. 


1882  July* -Aug.*  France  claims  a 

protectorate  over  the  northwest,  by  vir- 
tue of  a  treaty  made  with  a  rebel  chief 
in  1840-41.  [Dec.  23.  An  embassy  visits 
Paris,  but  accomplishes  nothing.] 

1883  Mar.  14±.  Treaty  with  the 
United  States.    [May  15.    Another  with 

Germany.] 

May  34.  The  French  bombard  and  capture 
Majunga.  [June  II.  Itouibard  Tamatavt*. 
June  13.  Taken.  French  ultimatum  rejected. 
June  *  Tenoarino  destroyed.  Sept.  22.  Ma- 
banoro  bombarded.  Sept.  *  Hovas  retake 
French  posts  except  Najunga.  Dec.  2.  Ho- 
Tas  severely  defeated.  Sept.28i:.  Indecisive 
battle.] 

July  13.  Razafindrahety  reigns  as  Ha- 
navalona 111. 

1885  Dec.  20.  A  treaty  with  France 
is  signed.  It  concedes  partial  Freiicli 
ccmtrol  of  foreign  alfairs  and  £400,000 
indemnity. 


MEXICO. 


Mexico  is  a  federal  republic  in  the  southern  part  of  North  America;  capital,  Mexico.  It  comprises  27  states,  one  federal 
district,  and  two  territories.  The  chief  executive  is  a  President,  and  the  legislative  authority  is  lodged  in  a  Congress,  having  54 
members  in  the  Senate,  and  227  in  the  House  of  Representatives.  The  popular  language  is  Spanish,  and  the  chief  religion  is 
Roman  Catholic.    Area,  757,760  square  miles;  estimated  population  in  1893,  11,984,483. 

NoTB.—  For  the  earliest  history  and  the  conquest  by  Cortez,  see  America. 


AEMY  — NAVY. 

1810-11  First  war  of  the  revolution 
against  Spain,  led  by  Miguel  Hidalgo  y 
Costilla. 

(Oct.  30.)  Hidalgo  defeats  the  Span- 
iards at  Truxillo.  (Xov.  7.)  He  is  de- 
feated by  Felix  Maria  Calleja  del  Rey 
nearQueretaro.  (1811.  Jan.  17.)  Again 
at  the  Bridge  of  Calde]X)n.  (J as.  *). 
Hidalgo  resigns  and  retires  to  the  United 
States.  (Mar. 21.)  Captured.  (July27.) 
Tried  and  shot. 

1811-13  Josfi  Maria  Moreloa  y  Pavon, 
a  priest,  continues  the  revolt. 

(Feb.  17-May  2.)  Morelos  is  besieged 
by  Calieja  at  Cuautla,  but  finally  escapes 
with  his  army.  (1813.)  He  is  repeatedly 
defeated.  [1815.  Xov.  15.  Captiu-ed. 
Dec.  22.    Shot.] 

1817  Apr.  *  Francisco  Javier  Mlna 
lands  a  foreign  esqpedition  at  Tamau- 
lipas  in  aid  of  the  patriots.  [Oct.  27.  He 
is  surprised,  captured,  and  shot,  after 
many  successes.] 

1817-21  The  patriots  continue  a  guer- 
rilla war  against  the  Spanish. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

•  ♦  •  Early  historv,  see  America. 

ISOOi:  •  *  Ixtlilxochitl,  chief  of  Tezcuco,  b. 

1668Jr  •  »  IxtlUxochitl,  Ferdinand  de  Alva 
Cortes,  htstorian,  born.    [1648.    Dies.] 

1600?*  •  Alarcon  y  Mendoza,  Don  Juan 
Ruiz  de,  poet,  born.    [1639.    Dies.] 

16S1  *  *  Cruz,  Juana  In^s  de  la,  poet,  born. 
[1695.    Dies.] 

1620*  •  Clavigero,  Francisco  Xavler  (Sa- 
verio),  historian,  born.     [1787.     Dies.] 

1731*  *  Landiver,  Rafael, poet,  b.  [1793.  D.] 

1760*  *  Calteja  del  Rev,  Felix  Maria,  gen- 
eral, iMjrn.     [1820.     Dies.] 

1763*  *  Hidalgo  y  Costella,  Miguel,  revolu- 
tionist, born.    [1811.    Dies.] 

1766  *  *  O'Donoju,  Joan,  general,  viceroy, 
bom.    [I82I.     Dies.] 

1766*  *  Morelos y  Pavon,. Jo8^  Maria, clergy- 
man, patriot,  born.     [1815.     Dies.] 

1774  •  *  Itustainente,  Carlos  Maria  de,  states- 
man, historian,  born.     [IK48.    Dies.] 


1780*  *  Alvarez,  Juan,  general,   president, 
born.    [1867.    Dies.] 
Bustamente,  Anastaslo,  general,  president, 
born.     [1855.     Dies.] 
1783*  •  Guerrero,  Vicente,  gen., b.  [1831.  D.] 
Iturbide,  Augustin  de,  emperor,  b.  [1824.  D.] 
1789*  *  liarragan,    Miguel,   general,   presi- 
dent, born.     [1835.     Dies.] 
Mina,    Francisco   Javier,   patriot,   general, 

born.     [1817.     Dies.] 
Victoria,  Guailalu|>e  (Juan  Felix  Fernandez), 
general,  president,  born.    [1843.    Dies.] 
1790*  •  Bravo,  Nicolas,  gen.,  b.    [1854.     D.] 

*  *  Paredes  y  ArriUaga,  Mariano,  general, 
president,  born.     [1849.     Dies.] 

1793*  *  Herrera,  Jo8<5  Joaquin  de,  general, 
president,  born.    [1854.    Dies.] 

1796  *  *  Santa  Anna,  Antonio  Lopezde,  presi- 
dent, general,  born.    [1876.    Dies.] 

1801*  •  King,  Austin  .\.,govemorof  Mexico, 
born.    [1870.    Dies.] 

1802  *  *  Arista,  Mariano,  general,  president, 
bom.     [1855.    Dies.] 

1806*  *  Juarez.  Benito  Pablo,  president, 
born.    [1872.    Dies.] 

1811  •  *  Comonfort,  Ignacio,  president,  bom. 
[1863.     Dies.] 

1812*   *  Almonte,  Juan    Nepomuceno,  gen- 
eral, l)orn.    [1869.    Dies.] 
±    Mejlcl,    Toinas,    Indian    general,   born. 
[1867.     Dies.] 

1814  *  *  Lerdo  de  Tejada,  Miguel,  politician, 
author,  born.    [1861.    Dies.] 

•  *  Mejia,  Ignacio,  statesman,  born. 
1816*  *  Orozco  y  Berra,  Manuel,  publicist, 

author,  horn.     [1881.     Dies.] 
1820  •  *  Marqiiez,  Leonardo,  general,  born. 
1823*   *  Iglesias,     Jos6     Maria,     politician, 

lawyer,  author,  born.    [1867.    Dies.] 


STATE. 

*  *  *  For  the  early  history,  see  America 
(p.  11). 

1375"'  *  The  Aztecs  elect  Acamapichtli, 
"  chief  of  men."  [He  becomes  the 
founder  of  the  Mexican  Empire.] 

1403*  ♦The  Aztecs  enthrone  Huitzili- 
huitl.  [1414,  Cbimalpopocu  ;  1427,  Izco- 
atzin;  1440*:, Montezumal.;  1477. Tizoc; 
1486,  Ahuizotl ;  1502,  Montezuma  H.] 

1521  Aug.  13.  Cortez  makes  Mexico 
a  Spanish  province  (p.  19). 

1535  Oct.  *  -49  *  •  Antonio  de  Men- 
doza  is  the  first  viceroy  of  New  Spain 
(Mexico). 


1789  Oct.  17-94  May  15.  Guemcz 
Pacbeco  de  Padilla  Horcasitas,  Count  of 
Revillagigedo,  is  viceroy.  The  colony 
bas  great  prosperity. 

1810  Sept.  16.  Miguel  Hidalgo  y  Cos- 
tilla, a  patriotic  priest,  proclaims  a  re- 
volt against  Spanish  authority. 

1810-11  First  struggle  for  indepen- 
dence. 

1813  *  *  Yucatan  declares  for  indepen- 
dence. 

Mar.  4-16  Sept,  19.  Felix  Maria  Cal- 
leja del  Rey  is  viceroy. 

1821  Feb.  24.    Augustin  de  Iturbide 

issues  the  manifesto.  "  Plan  of  Iguala," 
proposing  the  independence  of  Mexico 
under  a  Spanish  Bourbon  prince.  [Sev- 
eral rebel  leaders  acquiesce,  and  force 
the  viceroy  to  resign.] 
Aug.  24.  Juan  O'Donoju,  acting  viceroy, 
signs  a  treaty  with  Iturbide,  virtually 
accepting  the  "Plan." 

1822  May  18.  Ferdinand  VII.  having 
refused  the  crown  of  Mexico,  Iturbide 
proclaims  himself  emperor.  [July  21. 
Crowned.] 

1823*  *  Santa  Ajina  proclaims  a  repub- 
lic at  Vera  Cruz.  [Iturbide  is  over- 
thrown.] 

1824  Apr.  * -Oct.  *  A  proviBional  gov- 
ernment rules. 

*  *  California  becomes  a  part  of  Mexico. 

Oct.  4,  Mexico.  A  federal  republic  is 
proclaimed.  [Oct.  10.  Guadalupe  Vic- 
toria is  elected  president.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1790*  *  An  immense  stone  is  found,  en- 
graved with  the  astronomical  cycle  of 
the  Aztecs. 


1096      1825,  *  ♦-1894,  Dec.  14. 


MEXICO. 


ARMY  —  MAVY. 

1829  Sept.*  A  Spanish  expedition 
eurreuders  to  the  patriots. 

1838  Mar.  31.  The  French  demaud 
reparatiou  for  injuries  inflicted  on 
French  citizens,  and  are  refused.  [A 
blockade  follows.  Dec.  •  An  attack  on 
Vera  Cruz  is  repulsed.] 

1845-47    War  with  the  United  States 

(p.  1580. 
1858-60   Civil  war  between  the  Liberals 

and  the  Clerical  Party. 

1860  Mar.  5.  President  Miramon  bom- 
bards Vera  Cruz.  [Mar.  12.  Forced  to 
raise  the  siege.  Aug.  10.  Defeated  by 
Liberals.  Dec.  22.  Utterly  defeated  at 
Colpualpani  by  Benito  Pablo  Juarez.] 

1861  Deo.  17.  Vera  Cruz  surrenders 
to  a  Spanish  force  sent  by  the  allies. 
[18C2.    .Jan.  *  Invested  by  Mexicans.] 

1862  Mar.  *  Revolt:  Jos6  Amaldo 
Marques  rises  against  Juarez  in  favor 
of  the  Spanish.  Juarez  puts  Mexico  in 
a  state  of  siege. 

May  *  The  Comte  de  Lorencez  commands 
a  French  force  of  invaders. 

[May  .').  Repulsed  near  Puebla.  May 
18.  Defeated  at  Orizaba.  June  13,  U. 
Mexicans  are  defeated  near  Orizaba. 
Aug.  28.  2,500  more  French  under  Gen. 
Forney  arrive.  18G3.  Jan.  13.  The 
French  evacuate  Tampico.  Feb.  24. 
Advance  on  .Mexico.  May  IS.  Puebla 
surrenders.  .June  5.  Mexico  is  occupied 
by  Uen.  Bazaine.  Aug.  11.  Iteoccupy 
Tampico.  Oct.  1.  He  becomes  coni- 
niander-in-chief.  Dec.  24.  San  Luis  Po- 
tosi  is  occupied  by  Imperialists.  1SG4. 
Dec.  1 7.  They  are  defeated  at  San  Predo. 
1865.  Feb.  9.  Take  Oaxaca.  Apr.  2. 
Gen.  Diaz  takes  Puebla.  Oct.  16.  Im- 
l>erialists  shoot  Juarist  generals  held  as 
prisoners.  1806.  Jan.  4, 5.  Americans 
favoring  Juarez  cross  the  Kio  Grande  and 
occupy  Bagdad.  Mar.*  -May*  Juarez 
keeps  up  a  guerrilla  warfare.  Jmie  23, 
24.  (Jen.  Escobedo  captures  Matamoras 
for  Liberals.  Aug.  1.  Juarez  takes  Tam- 
pico. 1867.  Jan.-.Mar.  *  The  French  sail 
for  France.] 

1867  Feb.  19.  Maximilian  arrives 
with  an  army  at  Queretaro. 

[May  15.  Captured  in  Queretaro.  June 
19.  Maximilian  and  his  generals,  Miguel 
Miramon  and  Tomas  Mejia,  are  snot. 
June  21.  Juarez  takes  Mexico  City  after 
a  siege  lasting  67  days.  June  25.  Vera 
Cruz  is  surrendered.] 

1871  Apr.  12+.  Mexicans  kiU  40  + 
Americans  who  have  crossed  the  boun- 
dary line  in  jjursuit  of  Indian  depre- 
dators. 

1872  Apr.  * -June*  Civil  war,  caused 
by  the  anti-Juarez  party,  led  by  Porflrio 
Diaz. 

(May  29).  Insurgents  are  defeated  at 
Oaxaca.  (June*)  Again  at  Quinretaro. 
[1867.  Not.  12.  Diaz  victorious  at  Tekoar. 
1877.  Feb.  *  He  defeats  JosfS  Maria 
Iglesias.  1879.  Junel6±.  Hesuppresses 
an  insurrection  led  by  Gen.  Negrete.] 

1885  Dec.  *  An  insurrection  in  Nuevo 
Leon  is  suppressed.  [1886.  July  *  An- 
other suppressed.] 

1891  Sept.  20.  Revolutionists  \inder 
Gen.  Catarina  G:ircia  are  defeated  near 
Mier.    [Many  small  encounters  follow.] 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1886  *  •  Lerdo  de  Tejada  y  Correal,  Sebas- 
tian, president,  born.    [1889.    Dies.] 

1837  •  *  Escoledo,  Mariano,  general,  politi- 
cian, born. 

1880  •  ♦  Diaz,  Porflrio,  general,  president,  b. 

1832  *  *  Garcia  Onbas,  Antonio,  mathemati- 
cian, geographer,  born. 
Maximilian,  emperor,  born.    [1867.    Dies.] 


+    Miramon,  Miguel,  general,  b.    [1867.    D.] 
1833  *  *  Gonzales,  Manuel,  president,  born. 
[1891.    Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

1856  Mar.  31.  Church  property  is 
sequestrated.  [1859.  July  13.  Confis- 
cated.] 

1857  *  *  A  reformed  church  ia  begiui. 

1861  *  *  Abbeys  are  suppressed. 

1864  •  *  American  Baptists  begin  mis- 
sion-work. 

1871  *  *  American  Friends  begin  mis- 
sion-work. 

*  •  The  Southern  Methodists  (U.  S.  A.) 
open  a  mission  on  the  Rio  Grande.  [1874. 
At  Monterey;  also  the  Border  Mission. 
1883.  At  Guadalajara.  1886.  The  Cen- 
tral Mission  Conference  is  organized.] 

1872*  *  The  American  Board(U.S. A.) 
opens  a  mission  at  Guadalajara.  [187.'.. 
Jan.  *  At  Mexico  City  ;  1874,  at  Mata- 
moras ;  1882,  at  Chihuahua;  1883,  at 
Parral;  1886,  at  Sonora;  1&S7,  at  Zita- 
cuaro;  1888,  at  Cdsibulriaobic] 

1873*  *TheMethodists(North)U.S.A. 
open  amission  in  Mexico  City,  under  Dr. 
\Vm.  Butler. 

*  *  The  Southern  Presbyterians  (U.  S. 
A.)  open  a  mission  at  San  Luis  Potosi. 
[1881,  Tampico.] 

*  *  Presbyterians  (U.  S.  A.)  open  a  mis- 
sion at  Zacatecas  and  San  Luis  Potosi. 
[1876,  San  Miguel  del  Mezquital ;  1884,  at 
Guerrero  and  at  Saltillo.] 

1873-75  Roman  Catholics  persecute 
Protestants;  some  are  murdered. 

1886*  *The  Cumberland  Presbyte- 
rians (U.  S.  A.)  begin  mission-work. 
[1888.  Open  a  mission  at  Aguas  Ca- 
lientes.] 

STATE. 

1828  *  *  Manuel    Gomez    Pedraza    is 

elected  president.   [Annulled.  1832,  Dei. 
26-33  Apr.  1.    Again  i>resident.] 

1820  Jan.  12.  Vicente  Guerrero  is 
elected  president.  [Dec.  23.  Deposed  by 
Gen.  Santa  Anna.] 

Mar.  *  The  expulsion  of  the  Spaniards 

is  decreed. 

Dec.  4.  A  revolution  arises.  Anastasio 
Bustamente  becomes  acting  president. 
[1833.    Banished.) 

1832  *  *  Santa  Anna  overthrows  Busta- 
mente. 

1835*  *  Santa  Anna  makes  himself  dic- 
tator. 

1836  Deo.  28.  Spain  recognizes  the 
Independence  of  Mexico. 

1837-41  Bustamente  is  again  president- 
[1841.    Oct.  *  Forced  to  resign.] 

1841  Oct.  *  -45  *  *  Santa  Anna  is  pres- 
ident. [1845.  Deposed  and  exiled.  1846. 
Dec.  *  Reinstated.] 

1843  June  12.  A  new^  constitution  is 
proclaimed ;  Santa  Anna  is  practically 
dictator. 

1846  May*  A  boundary  dispute 
causes  war  with  the  United  States  (p. 
163). 

1851  Jan.  15-53  Jan.  6.  Mariano 
Arista  is  president.    [Resigns.] 

1853  Apr.  *  -55  Jan.  •  Santa  Anna 
is  again  elected  president.  [He  assumes 
dictatorial  powers.    Abdicates.] 

1855  Jan.  •  -55  Deo.  *  Gen.  Carera 
is  president.  [1855.  Dec.  *  Juan  Al- 
varez ;  later,  Ignacio  Comonfort.] 

1857  Feb.  5.    A  new  constitution  is 

proclaimed. 

1858  Jan.  11.  The  chvirch  party  over- 
throws the  constitution,  and  forces 
President  Comonfort  to  retire. 


Jan.  21-26.  Gen.  Zuloaga,  a  reactionist, 
assumes  authority.  [1859.  Feb.  2.  Abdi- 
cates.] 

Feb.  11.  Benito  Pablo  Jtiarez,  presi- 
dent of  the  Supreme  Court,  is  declared 
president  by  succession. 

1858-60    CivUwar. 

1859  Feb.  2.  Gen.  Miguel  Miramon 
is  declared  president  by  the  reactionist 
faction.  [Apr.  10.  He  obtains  posses- 
sion of  the  capital.  1860.  May  1.  De- 
posed by  Zuloaga,  »  ho  assumes  the  office 
himself.  May  9.  Arrested  by  Miramon. 
Sept.  •  His  injustice  and  tyranny  cause 
foreign  Ministers  to  retire.] 

1861  Jan.  10-65  Nov.  30.  Juarez  is 
president.  [June  30.  Dictator  by  author- 
ity of  Congress,    Dec.  15.    Receives  full 

powers.] 

Oct.  31.  The  British,  French,  and  Span- 
ish governments  agree  to  a  convention 
for  intervention  in  Mexico  for  the  re- 
dress of  outrages  and  the  payment  of 
bondholders. 

1862  Feb.  *  The  British  and  Spanish 
governments  disapprove  of  a  project  for 
establishing  Maximilian  of  Austria  on 
the  throne  of  Mexico. 

Apr.  16.  France  declares  war  against 
.Juarez. 

1863  May  31.  The  republican  capital 
is  removed  to  San  Luis  Potosi.  [18G1. 
-\pr.  3.    To  Monterey.] 

July  *  An  imperial  government  is 
formed  by  the  opponents  of  Juarez. 

July  6-10.  An  assembly  of  notables  un- 
der French  influence  agree  to  offer  the 
crown  to  Maximilian.  [1864.  Apr.  10. 
Heacceptsit.  June2.  Arrives  at  Mex- 
ico.] 

1864  Feb.  27.  Gen.  Santa  Anna  re- 
turns from  exile  and  accepts  theem])ire. 
[Mar.  2.     Dismissed  by  the  French.] 

1865  Apr.  10.  A  new  constitution  is 
promulgated. 

Oct.  2.  Maximilian  decrees  that  all  re- 
sisting the  empire  shall  be  taken  as  ban- 
dits and  shot.     [Very  unpopular.] 

Nov.  *  -Deo.  *  The  United  States,  evolv- 
ing from  the  Civil  War,  protests  again.st 
the  French  occupation  of  Mexico. 
[1866.  Feb.  12.  It  demands  the  with- 
drawal of  French  troops.  Apr.  *  Napo- 
le<tn  HI.  assents.] 

1866  July  30.  Maximilian,  by  a  con- 
vention, agrees  to  transfer  the  receipts 
of  custom  to  France. 

Sept.  *  -Oct.  *  Three  rival  presidents, 
Juarez,  Ortega,  and  Santa  Anna,  are 
supported  by  their  factions.  [1867. 
Three  rivals  again.] 

1867  June  19.  Maximilian  is  shot. 
(See  Army.) 

June  21.  The  Republic  is  reestab- 
lished. [.Juarez  acts  as  provisional 
president.] 

Dec.  25±.  Mexico.  Juarez,  being  elected 
president,  is  inaugurated.  [1871.  Oct.  * 
Reelected.] 

1868  Jan.  * -Feb.  *  Yucatan  and  other 
provinces  revolt  against  .Juarez.  [1869. 
At  Puebla  :  suppressed.] 

1871  Aug,  *  -Oct.  *  Insurrections. 

1872  Jvily  18.  Juarez  dies.  Sebastian 
Lerdo  di  Tejaday,  president  of  the  Su- 
preme Court,  succeeds  to  the  presidency. 
[1876.    Dec.  *  Retires.] 


MEXICO. 


1825,  *  *-1894,  Dec.  14.        1097 


1876  Mar.  *  Oen.  Diaz  leads  an  insur- 
rection. [Nov.  '20.  Assumes  office  as 
provisional  president.  1877.  Feb.  18. 
Gen.  Iglesias  makes  rival  claims.] 

1377  Feb.  18.  Gen.  Porfirio  Diaz  is 
elected  president.  [May  fi-SO  Dec.  1. 
Uules.  18*4-88.  Again.  ]88*-9'i.  He- 
elected  ;  rules.] 

1880  Dec.  1-84  Dec.  1.  Manuel 
Gonzalez  is  president. 

1884  Oct.  *  A  federal  constitution  is 
adopted. 

1892    Feb.i  *  Gen.  Oarcia  revoltt^. 

1894  Dec.  14.  The  Government  adopts 
severe  measures  against  dueling. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865  *  *  Emperor  Maximilian  institutes 
the  order  of  the  Mexican  Eagle. 

1873  July  23.  A  railway  connecting 
Mexico  and  Vera  (Jruz  is  opened. 

1886  Jan,  23.  A.  Jv.  Cuthing,  a  Texan 
editor,  is  imprisoned  for  libel.    (Aug.Z'J. 

lieleased.J 

1889  Apr.*  Mexican  women  at  Socono 
organize  a  branch  of  tlie  Woman's  Chris- 
tian  Tempertince  Union. 

May  *  The  ruins  of  a  great  city  are  found 
in  the  forest  near  Falenque-  buildings 
tive  stories  high  are  well  preserved. 


June  6.    Cave-dwellers  are   found   in 
Chihuahua  having  stone  hatchets. 

*  *  Mexico.    Street-cars  introduced. 

1890  Apr.  12.     Four  men  are  shot  for 
attempting  to  kiU  President  Diaz. 

•  *  A  great  influx  of  Chinese  alarms  labor- 
ing men. 

1891  Feb.  8.    Tin  ore  is  found. 

Oct.  10.    A  concession  is  granted  for  a 

railway  connecting   Mexico  with    the 

Pacific  coast. 
1893  *  ♦  Coal   is    discovered    in    three 

states. 
Dec.  31.     Popocatepetl   is   in   violent 

eruption. 


MONTENEGRO. 

Montenegro  is  a  principality  of  Southern  Europe,  slightly  bordering  the  Adriatic  Sea.  Capital,  Cettinje.  It  is  ruled  by  an 
liereditary  prince,  who  is  practically  absolute.  Tlie  religion  is  that  of  the  (ireek  Church.  Estimated  area,  3,630  square  miles  ; 
population,  200,000i  . 


1467*  *  InTasion  of  Turks.  [183.3.  Again. 

1714.    Again;  the  country  wasted.     ITfVS. 

Again.] 
1516*  'A  theocratic  government  is 

established  under  a  i>rin<'e-bish4)p  elected 

by  the  people.    [1697.     Ends.] 

1607  *  *  Petrovicht  N  y  e  g  u  s  h  is  en- 
throneii ;  to  nominate  his  successor, 
subject  to  popular  approval. 

1796  *  •  The  Turks  are  defeated,  and 
Montenegrin  independence  is  virtually 


established  under  Pietro  1.  [1830.  Oct.* 
Pietro  II.  rules.  18.11,  Danilo  I;  ISliO, 
Xov.  8,  Nicolas.] 

1820  **  Invasion    of    Turks.     [18.-!2. 
.Vgain.     \8r>'2.     Distracting  skirmislics.j 

1834  *  ♦  The  press  is  introduced.    [1870. 
The  first  newspaper  issued.] 

1851  *  *  Only  one  school  in  Montenegro. 

1852-53     War    with    Turkey   (p.    ono). 
[1858.  War  renewed.] 


1853    Feb.  15.    Peace  by  mediation. 
1876-78    Kusso-Turkish  war. 

1878  Mar.  3.    Independence  by 

treaty.    (See  Turkey.) 

July  13.  Montenegro  made  indepen- 
dent. A  seaport  given  by  Treaty  of 
Berlin   (p.  831.) 

1879  *  *  A  state  council  of  eight  mem- 
bers introduced. 


MOROCCO. 


iroROCCo  is  a  country  in  Northwestern  Africa,  having  capitals  at  Fez,  Morocco,  and  Mequinez.  The  government  is  absolute, 
and  the  religion  is  chiefly  ^lohamniedan.  Estimated  area,  219,000  square  miles  ;  the  estimates  of  population  vary  from  3,000,00<J 
to  9,400»000. 


429  *  *  The  countrv  is  conquered  bv  tlie 
Vandals.  [533-534.  Hy  Belisarius. 
1051.  By  the  Almoravides  for  Kgypt, 
1269.    By  tlie  Beni-Merin  princes. j 

670^  *  *  Moosa  etablish«-s  Mohammed- 
ism.    The  Arabs  first  appear. 

lOBOi:  •  •  The  Almoravides  dynastv. 
[1121  i  ,  the  Amohade.s  ;  1270-  ,  the  Meri- 
Hites;  1.510',  the  Sherifs ;  IfiSOs  the 
Alides.] 

1091-1102  The  Moors  conquer  Spain. 
[1492.    Overthrown.] 

1436  *  *  Portugal  wends  an  expedition 
against  Tangier.  [1437.  Defeated.  1871. 
Alfonzo  V,  succeeas.] 

1459*  •  Alcacer     Seguir     is     captured. 

{1632.    Sallee,  a  pirates'  port,  captured, 
687.     Larish  captured  from  Spaniards.] 

1578  Aug.  4.  The  Portuguese  are  de- 
feated at  Alcacer  Quibir,  and  Kijig 
Sebastian  killed. 


1661  *  *  Tangier  is  ceded  to  England. 
[Hi84.    Abandoned.] 

1664-72  Arshid  reigns  — the  first  as 
sultan.  [1672-1727.  Ishmael.  1727-30. 
Disputed  succession.  17r>7-89.  Moham- 
med. 1794-1822.  Soliman  ;  he  abolishes 
Christian  slavery.] 

1727  *  *  Timbuctoo  becomes  partially 
independent. 

1780  *  *  The  Dutch  trade  at  Agadir. 

1799*  *The  plag:ue  in  Barhary  ;  3.000 
die  daily. 

1844  Aug.  *  Ahji'ria.  The  Moors  at- 
tack the  I'"rt'neh  and  are  defeated  (p.  8). 

1859  Oct.  22.  Spain  declares  war 
against  the  pirates.  [I860.  Feb.  4.  Span- 
iards decisively  defeat  the  Moors  at 
Castillejtm,] 

1859-73  Sidi  Mohammed  reigns.  [187;J- 
94.    Muley  Hassan.] 

1889    Sept.  17.    BifBan  pirates  ran- 


sack a  Spanish  vessel  near  the  coast, 
and  take  away  several  persons.  [Sept. 
22.  A  Spanish  squa<lron  arrives  at  Tan- 
gier. Sept.  29.  Prisoners  released ;  in- 
demnity promised.] 

1890  Feb.  *  An  alarming  rebellion 
arises.  [Aug.  29.  Another.  Sept.  26. 
Rebels  are  defeated  at  Ait  Spokhman. 
1891.  Aug.  8.  Ilebels  victorious  near 
Tangier.  1892.  Many  indecisive  con- 
flicts with  rebels.] 

1803  Oct,  2.  At  MeliUa  6,000  Moors 
attack  the  Spanish  garrison.  [Hostili- 
ties active  for  several  weeks,] 

Dec.  13.  The  sultan  accedes  to  the  de- 
mand of  Spain.  [The  Spanish  expedi- 
tion witlidraws.] 

1894  Jan.  20.  Spain  claims  an  indem- 
nity of  20,000,000  francs  for  the  attack  at 
Melilla. 

June  11.  Abdul  Azziz  is  proclaimed 
sultan  at  Fez. 


NETHERLANDS. 


Th  k  NetUerlandrt  iire  a  kingdom  of  Western  Europe  bordering  the  North  Sea,  having  two  capitals,  Amsterdam  and  The  Hague. 
It  comprises  U  provinces,  and  the  executive  government  is  lodged  with  an  hereditary  constitutional  monarchy ;  the  legislative 
jwwer  is  with  the  States-General,  having  50  members  in  the  Upper  Chamber,  and  100  in  the  hower.  The  popular  language  is  Dutch, 
and  the  chief  religions  are  the  Dutch  Refonned  and  Roman  Catholic.    Area,  12,&i8  square  miles  ;  population,  in  1891,  33,000,000±. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
750  *  •  Charles  Mattel  routs  the  Prie- 


CHURCH. 

622-632  The  first  Christian  church  is 
founded  at  tJtrecht.  [695.  Made  the  seat 
of  an  Independent  see.] 


765  •  •  St.  Boniface,  "  the  apostle  to  the 
Germans,"  preaches  to  the  heathen  in 
Friesland,  and  is  martyred  at  Dokkum. 

STATE. 

28-47    The  Romans  in  a  long  struggle 

finally  subdue  the  Friesians. 
200+  *  »  The  Franks  appear.  [481.  Clovis 

masters  most  of  the  country.] 


Bth  Ceniury+.  The  Saxons  and  Friesians 
struggle  against  Frankish  conquest  for 
400  years. 

800  *  *  Charlemag^ie  is  supreme  ruler. 
[843-8C9.  The  country  is  included  in 
Lotharingia.  880-870.  Under  French 
lordship.  870-879.  Rule  divided  be- 
tween French  and  Germans.  879-91*2. 
Germans  rule.] 

879  •  •  The  feudal  system  prevails. 


1098     925,**-1600,** 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
984*  *  The  French  take  Luxemburg. 

[1443,  1479,  1&42-43.     Taken  again.    1644. 

Taken  by  the  Spanish.] 
1047  •  •  Dirk  IV.  attacks  the  Emperor 


NETHERLANDS. 


1591  •  *  Maurice  of  Nassau  takes  sev- 
eral cities,  and  all  Gelderland  submits  to 
him. 

L1593.  He  takes  Geertruidenberg.  1594. 
30  Uroiiingeu,  the  last  Spanish  strong- 
hold in  the  Seven  Provinces.] 


Henry's  fleet,  defeats  his  army,  and  die-    1596  *  *  The  Spanish  recover  Hulst,  and 


tates  the  terms  of  peace. 
1071  •  ♦  Robert    the    Frlesian    defeats 

Philip  of  France  at  Cassel. 
1100  **  Amsterdam.    The  castle  of  Am- 

stel  is  begun. 
1304  *  *  The  Flemings  are  driven  out 

of  Holland. 
1350  *  •  Civil  war ;  the  nobles  adhering 

to  Margaret,  Countess  of  Holland,  con- 
tend with  those  adhering  to  her  son  and 

rival.  Count  William  V. 
1351*  *  William  defeats  the  "Hooks" 

and  the  Knglish  at  Vlaardingen  ;  this 

ruins  Margaret's  cause. 
1417  *  *  Civil  war  between  those  who 

favor  and  those  who  oppose  a  female 

sovereign. 

*  •  "Bread  and  Cheese  'War;"  it  is 
caused  by  a  famine  in  the  northern 
provinces. 

1543*  *  Charles  V.  besieges  Venlo;  it 
capitulates.  [1568.  Taken  by  The  Neth- 
erlands and  the  Duke  of  Parma.  1632. 
By  Prince  Henry  of  Orange.] 

1567  *  *  The  War  of  the  Revolution 
begins  between  the  Reformers  and  the 
Spanish  Court. 

The  Duke  of  Egniont  and  others  cut  to 
pieces  a  rabble  of  colonists  who  attempt 
to  raise  the  siege  of  Valenciennes.  The 
Duke  of  Alvais given  conunandof  20,000 
mercenaries,  with  unlimited  powers. 
[Louis  of  Nassau  and  William  of  Orange 
lead  the  revolutionists.  Sieges  rather 
than  battles  ensue.] 

1570*  »'Wllliani'8  navy  vexes  the 
Spaniards  by  taking  many  rich  prizes. 

1572  *  *  The  Spaniards  take  Rotterdam 
by  strategy,  and  cruelly  afflict  the  inhab- 
itants. 

Apr.  1.  The  "Water  Beggars"  seize 
Briel,  and  make  it  a  port  of  refuge  ;  they 
also  take  Flushing. 

*  •  Adra.  Dirkson  defeats  Alva's  fleet. 
Dec.  *  The  Spaniards  invest  Haarlem. 

[1573.  July  *  It  surrenders  ;  Spaniards' 
loss,  12,000  troops;  the  Duke  of  Alva 
violates  the  capitulation  by  butchering 
one-half  of  the  inhabitants.] 

1573  Oct.  31-74  Oct.  3.  The  Span- 
iards twice  besiege  Leyden ;  .after  6,000 
inhabitants  have  died  of  famine  and 
pestilence,  it  is  relieved  by  a  fleet. 

1574  Jan.  *  The  Dutch  take  Mlddel- 
burg,  and  the  Spanish  thereby  lose  their 
last  hold  on  Zealand. 

Jan.  4.  The  Duke  of  Alva  retires  from 
the  task  of  subduing  the  revolution  he 
had  caused. 

1584*  'The  Duke  of  Parma  besieges 
Antwerp.    [1585.    Taken.] 

1685  *  •  The  Spaniards  t,-vke  Nimegfuen. 
[1591.  Retaken  by  the  Dutch.  1672, 
1694.    Taken  by  the  French.] 

1586*  *Sir  Philip  Sidney  invades 
Flanders  in  aid  of  the  Dutch.  [Sept.  22. 
He  is  mortally  wounded  before  Zutphen.] 

1588  *  *  The  English  and  Dutch  repulse 
the  Duke  of  Parma  from  the  walls  of 
Bergen-op-Zoom. 

1580-1609    ViTar  with  Spain. 


the  Dutch  destroy  Cadiz,  also  the  Span- 
ish fleet. 
1598  *  *  The  Dutch  are  aided  by  70,000 
volunteers  from    England,  who    man 
their  ships. 

1599-1604  Campaigns  of  Maurice 
against  the  Spanish  under  Ambrosio  di 
Spinola. 

(16(M.  July  2.)  Maurice  invades  Flan- 
ders and  utterly  defeats  the  Archduke 
Albert  at  Nieuwpoort.  (1604.)  Maurice 
takes  Sluis. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1150±  *  *  'WindniiUa  are  in  general  use. 

1200±  *  *  Beer-brewing  is  known  in  Bra- 
brant. 

1360  *  *  Limburg-Uaestricht  Passover 
Play  appears. 

1400  *  *  Our  Ltn-d  's  Resurrection  is  per- 
formed at  The  Hague. 

1415±  *  *  John  Van  Eyck  and  his  brother 
Hubert  of  Bruges  found  the  Flemish 
school  of  painting  in  oil. 

1440±  *  *  Laurens  Janszoon  Coster  in- 
vents the  art  of  printing  with  movable 
types.  (?) 

*  *  *  The  herring  fisheries  make  Hol- 
land rich  by  the  discovery  of  the  curing 
process  :  *'  the  foundation  of  Amster- 
dam is  laid  in  herring-bones." 

1452  *  *  Our  Lady  the  Virgin  is  per- 
formed at  Arnheim. 

1498  *  *  The  Three  Kings  is  performed 
at  Delft. 

1500  *  *  Mystery  of  the  Holy  Sacrament 
is  performed  at  Breda. 

1590+  *  *  The  microscope  is  invented 
by  Zacharias  Jansen  at  Middelburg. 
[1621+.    Or  by  Drebbel.] 

1597  *  *  Christ  Bearing  the  Cross  is 
painted  by  Frans  Francken.  [1608. 
Works  of  Mercy :  1616,  Adoration  of 
Christ  and  the  Virgin.] 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

988»  •Dirk  II.,  Count,  dies.    [1039,I>irkIlI.i 

1049,  Dirk  IV.;  1061,  Floris  I.;  1091,  Dirk 

v.;  1122,  Flnris  II.;  1157,  Dirk  VI.;  1190, 

Floris  III.;  1203,  Durlc  VII.;  1224,  William 

I.;  1235,  Floris  IV.;  1304,  Jolm  III.;  1337, 

WiUlani  III.;  1345,  William  IV. ;  1354, Lord 

Margaret;  1356,  WUliam  V.;  1404,  Albert; 

1417,  William  VI.] 
1370i  *  ♦  Coster  (Koster),  Laurens  Janszoon, 

printer,  born.    [1440±.    Dies.] 
1386*  *  Eyck.   Jan   van,    painter,   born. 

C1440.    Dies.] 
1436  *   *  Lord  .lacoba,  dies. 
1443  •  *  .Igrisola,  Kudolph  Roelof  Huysman, 

born.     [1485.     Dies.] 
1446  ♦  'Margaret,    Duchess    of   Burgundy, 

bom.    [1503.    Dies.] 
1460*  *  Bosch  (Bos),or  B08CO,  Hieronymus, 

painter,  born.     [1530±.     Dies.] 
1465    Oct.    28.     Erasmus.   Dcslderlus. 

scholar,  satirist,  born.  [1536.  July  12.    I).] 
1468  *  *  KnKClbrechtsen,  Cornelius,  painter, 

born.    [l.'>33.    Dies.] 
1480*  *  llargaret  of  Austria,  regent,  bom. 

[1630.    Dies.] 
1492  •  *  Menno     Simons,    reformer,    born. 

[1559.     Dies.] 
1494  *  *  Leyden,  Luens  van,  painter,  bom. 

r  1 533      Dies.! 
1498  '  •  Heemskerk,  Martin,  painter,  born. 

[1574.     Dlcs.J 
1B07*   *Ayta,  ITlrlc  van   Zulchen  Vigillus, 

statesman,  born.     [1577.     Dies.] 
IB  12*  *  Mercator,  Gerard,  geographer,  born. 

[1594.     Dies.]  ,  ,    ^ 

1514  *  *  Vesalius,  Andreas,  anatomist,  born. 

[1564.    Dies.] 
1B30*  *  Backer,  Jakob  van,  painter,  born. 

[1560.     Dies.] 


1683  •  *  Orange.  William.  Prince  of,  fdr. 

of  republic,  born.    [1584.    Dies.] 
1B38  *  *  Nassau- Dillenburg,  Count  Louis  of, 

general,  born.    [1574.    Dies.] 
1547  *  *  Lipsius,   Justus,  philologist,  critic, 

born.    [1606.    Dies.] 
1649±  *  *  Barneveld,  Jan  van  Olden,  states- 
man, born.    [1619.    Dies.] 
1560  *  *  Anuinlus.     Jacobus,    theologian, 

born.    [1609.    Dies.] 
1S63  *  *  Gomarus,  Francis,  theologian,  bom. 

[1641.    Dies.] 
1564+  *  *  Bioeineart,  .\braliam,  painter,  b. 

[1651.    Dies.] 
1672  *  *  Aarssens,    Frans  van,   diplomatist, 

born.    [1641.    Dies.] 
1575*   *  Elzevir,  Joost,  printer,  b.    [1617.   D.] 
1577*  *  Cats,  Jakob,  states.,  b.      [1660.    D.] 
1581*  •  Ilooft,  P.O. , poet,  hist.,  b.  [1647.  D.] 
1583*  *  Elzevir,  Bonaventure,  printer,  born. 

[1652.     Dies.] 
Episcopius,  Simon,  theol.,  b.    [1643.    Dies.] 
1565  *  *  Jansen.    Cornelius,    founder   of 

Jansenists,  bom.    [1638.    Dies.] 
1587  *  *  Vondel,  Joost  van  den,  poet,  born. 

[1679.     Dies.] 
1688*  •  Zyll,  Otho  van,  poet,  b.     [1656.     I).] 
1590*  •  Mytens,  Daniel,  painter,  b.    [I662+. 

Dies.] 
1691  "  *  Ryckaert,  Martin,  landscape  painter, 

born.     [1636.     Dies.] 

1592  *  *  Elzevir,  Abraham,  printer,  bora. 

1593  *  *  llieman,    Anthony    van,    admiral, 
born.    [1645.    Dies.] 

1597  *  *  Barentz,  Willem, arctic  navlgator,d. 
Tromp,  Marten  Harpertzoon  van,  admiral, 

born.    [1653.    Dies.] 
1699*  *  Vandyke.  Sir  Anthony,   painter, 

bom.    [1641.    Dies.] 
1600*  •  Wynants,  Jan,  painter,  b.  [1678.  D.] 


CHURCH. 

1430  *  *  The  Church  is  enriched  and 
corrupted  by  Philip  "  the  Good." 

1510  *  *  Many  Anabaptists  fleeing  from 
persecution  come  to  The  Netherlands. 
[1539.  Baptists  are  persecuted  ;  31  refu- 
gees from  England  are  put  to  death.] 

1562  ■•  *  The  Reformation  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *  Granvella  becomes  the  first  arch- 
bishop of  Mechlin. 

1565  *  *  .5p.  Philip  determines  to  en- 
force the  decrees  of  the  Coimcil  of 
Trent. 

1566  *  *  Philip  II.  establishes  the  Inqvii- 
sition  for  the  suppression  of  reformed 
doctrines  ;  the  nobles  form  the  Confed- 
eracy of  Guex  (Beggars)  against  it. 

Jan.  *  The  nobles,  led  by  Count  Brede- 
rode,  sign  [tlie  famous]  ■*  Compro- 
mise" with  which  the  rebellion  be- 
gins. 

*  *  Open-air  preachings  are  guarded  by 
armed  men  tlir()ugh<iut  the  provinces. 
Iconoclastic  tumtilts  give  excuse  for 
military  interference  in  religion. 

±  *  *  William  of  Orange  declares  his 
conversion  to  Calvinism.  [1568.  He  re- 
enters The  Netherlands  at  the  head  of 
an  army.] 

1567  •  *  Sp.  Philip  II.  decides  on  se- 
verer measures  to  suppress  Protestant- 
ism, and  sends  the  Duke  of  Alva  to  be 
his  bloody  tool. 

1574  *  *  William  undertakes  to  protect 
Calvinism,  and  to  suppress"  all  reli- 
gion at  variance  with  the  gospel." 

LETTERS. 

1250  ±  ♦  *  Floris  et  Blanchefleur,  by  the 
Flemish  minstrel,  Diderik  van  Assenede, 
appears. 

1263±  *  *  Flowers  of  Kature^'by  Jakob 
van  Maerlant,  apjiears.  [1270±,  Tiyin- 
bijhel;  1284±,  Spieghel  Hlstoriael.] 

1280  *  *  Roman  de  la  Rose  is  translated 
into  the  Dutch  by  Hein  van  aken.  [1310*, 
Benrico  en  Maryriete.] 


NETHERLANDS. 


925,** -1600,**. 


1099 


ISOOi:  •  •  A  Life  of  Jesus  appears. 
1315*  *  Itrahftittsche  3'ees(e7i,  by  Janvan 
Boendale,  appears. 

1398  •  •  "The  Alpha  and  Omega"  is 
established  at  Ypres.  It  is  the  earliest 
Chamber  of  Khetoric. 

14th  Century.    Ilrt  Baghet  in  den  Oosten 
appears. 
kijinkronits,  by  Melis  Stoke,  appears. 

1496*  •  Tlie  "£j7ian(in«"  is  established 
at  Amsterdam. 

1528-67    yocm^t  by  Anna  Bijus,  appears. 

1540  *  *  Sonter- Lierfehens  [the  earliest 
printed  collection  of  the  PsuimsJ  appears. 

1544  •  *  The  earliest  collection  of  Dutoh 
folk-songa  appears. 

1650£  •  *  Dutch  scholars  distinguish  J 
from  I.  [The  letter  is  introduced  by 
Qiles  Beys  at  Paris.] 

1568*  •  WilhelmusHed,  by  Filips  van 
Mariux,  appears.    [1569,  B'iencorf.] 

1585-90    ZeiiekansI,    by   Direk    Coorn- 

hert,  appears. 
1588  *  *  Gensen  Lieden Boecxl:ena,ppea.rs. 

1598  *  *  Achilles  and  Pnhjxena,  by  Pieter 
Cornelissen  Hooft,  appears.  [1605,  Gra- 
nida;  IG26,  Life  of  Henry  the  Great;  1028- 
42,  History  of  Holland.] 

SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 
1203  *  *  Amsterdam  is  founded. 

1328  *  *  Edward  HI.  of  England  weds 
the  third  daughter  of  William  111. 

1430*  *Tlie  brilliant  Order  of  the 
Golden  Fleece  flourishes. 

1496  *  *  Count  Philip  weds  Joanna  of 
Aragon,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella of  Spain  [heiress  of  the  new  mon- 
archy]. 

1609  *  •  The  commerce  of  Antwerp  is 

transferred  to  Holland. 
1530  •  •  The  dikes  fail  to  withstand  the 

sea ;  72  villages  and  100,000  people  lust 

at  Doit. 

1581i:  *  *  Sp.ain  offers,  by  proclamation, 
rewards  and  honors  to  any  rufiian  wlio 
would  murder  William  of  Orange. 

STATE. 

988  i  •  •  Count  Dirk  I.  reigns— little  known. 
[942i-,DlrklI.  ;  983-903,  Count  Arnuf  :  993- 
1039.  Dirk  in.  1039-49.  Count  Dirk  IV. 
rules.  He  begins  a  strife,  lasting  400  years, 
with  the  (^ouQt  of  Klanders.    1047.  Ilecon- 

?uer8  territory  from  the  emperor.  1049-61. 
k)unt  Kloris  I.  rules.  1061-91,  the  (child) 
Count  Dirk  V.;  1091-1122,  Floris  II.;  1122- 
57,  regency  and  Dirk  VI.:  1157-90,  Florls 
III.:  1190-1206,  Dirk  Vll.;  1206',  William 
1.;  1224-35,  l-'lorls  IV.;  1235-60,  WfUlam  II.] 

993  »  »  The  true  history  of  Holland  be- 
gins with  Dirk  III.,  whose  realm  lies 
along  the  Bhine  and  Meuse.  He  sub- 
dues the  Friesians. 

1206+  *  •  ■William  I.  gives  liberal  char- 
ters to  cities. 

1225 ±  •  *  Holland  prospers;  the  Frie- 
slan  Ostergrow  and  Westergrow  are  an- 
nexed [and  soon  lost]. 

1248  •  *  •William  II.  is  crowned  King 
of  the  Romans.  [1245-56.  He  rules  a 
large  part  of  Germany.] 

1250-96  Count  Floris  V.  rules.  [1296-99. 
John  I.] 

1209-1433    House  of  Hainaut. 

1899-1304  John  of  Avennes  rules  as  count. 
C1301.  He  forces  ITtrccIit  Into  an  allianre. 
1304-37.  William  III.  1323.  He  makes  peace 
with  Flanders.  1337-46.  William  IV.,  killed 
in  battle.] 


1345*  *  Margaret,  sister  of  William 
IV.,  claims  lordship  in  the  absence  of 
heirs  ;  her  son  William  is  a  rival  claim- 
ant. 

1347  *  *  The  country  is  agitated  by  two 
parties ;  the  Hooks  favoring  the  female 
claimant,  and  the  Codfish  party  fa- 
voring the  male.  [A  long  civil  war  en- 
sues.] 

1349  *  *  Margaret  resigns  the  lordship 
in  favor  of  William  (V.).  [1350.  Re- 
sumes it.] 

1358-1404  Count  Albert  of  Bavaria, 
William's  younger  brother,  rules. 

1477-84  The  ""White  Hats"  struggle 
with  the  Count  of  Flanders  for  suprem- 
acy. 

1404-17  The  Hooks  maintain  William 
VI.,  son  of  Albert,  [1417.  Jacob;i, 
daughter  of  William  VI.,  claims  the 
lordship,  and  bitter  contention  follows. 
1433.  She  is  forced  to  cede  four  counties 
to  her  uncle,  Philip  "  the  Good,"  of 
Burgundy.] 

1436-77    House  of  Burgimdy. 

1436*  *PhillpannexesHoUand.  [1404. 
lie  euninions  the  States-General  to 
their  first  meeting.] 

1464-82  Mary  of  Burgundy,  succeed- 
ing her  father,  rules.  [1477.  Mar.  «  She 
grants  the  *'  Great  Privileges,'*  recog- 
nizing the  power  of  cities  and  provinces 
to  hold  diets,  and  terminating  arbitrary 
government.] 

1477  *  •  The  Netherlands  are  annexed 
to  Austria  by  the  marriage  of  Mary  to 
the  Archduke  Maximilian. 

1477-1502    House  of  Hapsburg. 

1482-94  Maximilian  of  Austria  rules 
as  regent  for  his  son  Philip.  [1194-1502. 
Count  Philip  the  Handsome.] 

1502-1795    House  of  Orange. 

nollaiut  is  ruled  by  princes  of  Orange 
as  stadholders. 

1502-30  PhiUbert  de  Chalons,  Prince 
of  Orange,  is  stadholder.  [1515-32  •. 
Charles  II.  (V.  as  emperor).  1534.  He 
iinnexes  Friesland  by  purchase.  1528. 
He  acquires  temporalities  in  Utrecht, 
and  rules  over  17  provinces,  having  four 
duchies,  seven  counties,  one  margra- 
viate,  and  five  lordships.] 

1530-44  B€n€  de  Nassau,  nephew  of 
Charles,  rules.  [1532 ';.  Charles  appoints 
Mary  of  Hungary  regent.  1639.  Holland 
is  agitated  by  Mary's  demand  of  a  hearth- 
tax  ;  refused.] 

1544-84  "William  of  Nassau,  cousin 
of  R^nt5,  rules. 

1555  Oct.  25.  .Syj.  Philip  II.  succeeds 
to  The  Netherlands  by  the  abdication  of 
his  father,  Charles  V. 

1555-80    Philip  II.  of  Spain  rules. 

(1559).  He  appoints  Margaret  of 
Parma,  a  natural  daughter  of  Charles 
v.,  regent  during  his  absence  in  Sjtain  ; 
4,000  foreign  troops  remain  to  enforce 
authority.  Cardinal  Perrenot  [Gran- 
vella],  chief  of  the  Council  of  Three,  is 
the  actual  ruler  of  The  Netherlands. 

1559  *  *  William  of  Nassau  recovers 
the  principality  of  Orange  (p.  541). 

1561  •  *  William  of  Nassau  and  Count 
Hoom  withdraw  from  the  Council  of 
Three  because  they  are  powerless 
against  the  tyranny  of  Oranvella  [who, 
1563,  withdraws  into  Burgundy]. 


*  *  *  William  and  Counts  Hoom  and  Eg- 
mont  resist  the  introduction  of  the  In- 
quisition. 

1566  Apr.  5.   Compromise  of  Breda. 

Count  Bred  erode  with  300  nobles 
united  in  this  league  (signed  in  January), 
in  opposition  to  tlie  Inquisition,  present 
a  petition  to  Margaret  the  regent  against 
it.  They  are  refused  and  called  Guex 
(Beggars),  aiul  assume  the  name  (p.  541). 

Aug.  14 1.  A  Protestant  insurrection 
in  Flaniiers  damages  cliurches  and  mon- 
asteries for  a  fortniglit. 

*  *  Margaret  attempts  to  capture  the 
chief  men. 

*  *  W^iUiam  of  Orange  retires  to  Nassau 
because  of  personal  peril.  [Ho  is  out- 
lawed because  of  his  refusal  to  appear 
before  the  Council  of  Blood.  ] 

1567  Sept.  9.  Counts  Egmont  and 
Hoorn  are  treacherously  seized  by  the 
Dukeof.ilva.  [1568.  June  5.  Beheaded 
at  Brussels.] 

*  *  Revolution  under  William  of  Orange. 
1567  *  *  Margaret  resigns,  and  the  Duke 

of  Alva  becomes  regent  for  Philip  II. 

The  country  suffers  from  his  tyranny, 
and  are  appalled  by  his  bloodthirsty 
ferocity. 

1572  *  *  The  provinces  revolt  against 
Alva  (p.  641.) 

Tlie  people  are  treated  as  rebels,  aiul 
their  property  is  plundered  everywhere. 
[1573.  lie  is  recalled ;  successor  ap- 
pointed.]   (P.  Ml.) 

1573*  *  Requisens  is  viceroy.  [1577,  Don 
John  ;  1578,  Farnese.]     (P.  5JI.) 

1574  Nov.  *  "William  of  Orange  is 
proclaimed  governor  by  the  States 
(p.540i). 

1576  Oct.*  ISily.  Pacification  of 
Ghent  (p.  541). 

1577  Jan.*  The  "Union  of  Brus- 
sels'* is  proclaimed. 

It  engages  signers  to  assist  in  ejecting 
foreign  troops,  in  executing  the  Pacifi- 
cation, in  maintaining  the  Catholic 
faith,  and  to  recognize  the  sovereignty 
of  Philip  II. 

Feb.  17.  The  "Perpetual  Edict"  is 
signed ;  it  ratifies  the  Pacification. 

1578  *  •  Amsterdam  is  recovered. 

1579  Jan.  23.  Union  of  Utrecht 
(p.  Ml). 

1580  Sept.  29.  The  Hague.  The  Seven 
United  Provinces  declare  their  inde- 
pendence of  Spain.  [1581.  July  2G. 
They  issue  a  declaration  of  indepen- 
dence.] 

1582  Aug.  *  "William  of  Orange  ac- 
cepts the  title  of  count.  [1584.  July  10. 
Murdered  by  Balthasar,  a  fanatic] 

1584  *  *  Maurice  of  Nassau  is  stad- 
holder. He  is  son  of  William,  and  only 
17  years  of  age. 

1585  *  •  The  10  southern  provinces  are 
subdued  by  the  Prince  of  Alva. 

•  ♦  Eng.  Elizabeth  is  offered  the  sov- 
ereignty (p.  875). 

1591  *  *  Uaurice  subdues  all  Gelder- 
land. 

1598*  *  Sp.  Philip  III.  cedes  The 
Netherlands  to  Albert  of  Austria  and 
to  the  Infanta  Isabella. 


1100      1600,**-1795,  May9.       NETHERLANDS. 


1 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1601  July* -04  Sept.*  Bel,/.  The 
AicUduke  Albert  besieges  Ostend;  it 
rtnally  accepts  Uonorable  terms  of  capit- 
ulation. 

1604  •  *  'War  on  land  languishes,  but  it 
is  vigorously  and  successfully  pursued 
on  the  sea. 

1607  *  *  Sp.  The  Dutch  ruin  the  Span- 
ish fleet  at  (iibraltar,  and  become  the 
lords  of  the  sea. 

1609  Mar.  29.  Spain  and  the  United 
Provinces  conclude  the  Truce  of  Ant- 
werp for  12  years. 

1621*  •The  war  with  Spain  is  renewed ; 
Maurice  saves  Bergen-op-Zoom.  [I62:f, 
He  captures  Maestrioht  by  a  masterly 
siege.] 

1623  *  *  The  Dutch  attack  Peru,  con- 
quer San  Salvador  and  a  large  part  fit 
lirazil,  all  belonging  to  Spain. 

*  *  Several  Spanish  galleons  are  taken, 
valued  at  £-'0,IXK),000  sterling. 

1625  **  Spinola  takes  Breda.  [1637.  It 
is  taken  by  Henry  of  Orange.] 

1638*  *  The  war  is  favorable  to  Spain. 

1639  *  *  The  remarkable  victories  ot 
Adms.  Van  Tromp  and  De  Witt  turn 
the  scale  in  favor  of  the  Dutch. 

Sept.  16-Oct.  21.  Jing.  Adm.  Van 
Tromp  takes  two  Spanish  fleets  off  the 
Downs. 

1652-53  VVTar  with  England  under 
Cromwell  (p.  888). 

(1652.  Sept.  28.)  Defeat  in  the  Chan- 
nel (p.  888).  (Oct.  23.)  De  Uuyter  is  de- 
feated by  the  English  under  Blake. 
(Nov.  30.)  Victory  in  the  Downs.  Van 
Tromp  sails  through  the  Channel  with  a 
broom  fastened  to  the  masthead.  (1653, 
July  31.)    Van  Tromp  defeated  (p.  888). 

1659  *  *  War  with  Sweden ;  Holland 
is  victorious,  and  saves  the  Danes  from 
(^Jharles  Gustavus. 

1665-67    ASTar  with  England  (p.  892). 
(June  1^.)     In<iecisive  naval  engage- 
ments occur.    (.July  25.)    De  Ruyter  i.* 
ilefeated  by  Monk,  and  the  British  be- 
come masters  of  the  sea, 

1667-68    First  French  war  of  conquest 

(p.  690). 
1670  *  *  War  with  France  and  England. 

*  *  Charles  1 1,  of  England  deserts  Holland 
and  joins  France. 

1671*  *  Holland  is  overrun  by  the 
French. 

*  ♦  The  French  are  repelled  hy  the  sluices 
being  opened  to  let  in  the  sea  and  drown 
the  land. 

1672-78  Second  war  with  France  (pp. 
540,  632,  892). 

1673  Aug.  11.  An  indecisive  naval 
engagement  (p.  892j. 

1673-77   Indecisive  fighting  continues. 

1684  ♦  •  The  French  take  Luxemburg. 
[1097.  Restored  to  Spain.  1701.  Taken 
again  by  the  French.] 

1688  Oct.  19.  The  invasion  of  Eng- 
land fails  (p.  896).     [Nov,  1.     Succeeds,] 

1689-96    W^ar  with  France. 

1690  June  30.  Belg.  The  allies  are 
defeated  at  Pleurus  (p.  542).    (July  1.) 

1701  Feb.  *  The  French  take  the  "  har- 
rier fortresses  "  (p.  902). 

1702-13    War  with  France  and  Spain. 


1702  Sept.  19.  The  French  surrender 
Venlo  (p.  902).  1747.  July  2.  Also 
Kauooux  (pp.  700,  912). 

1706  June  6.  Antwerp  surrenders 
after  the  fall  of  Raniillies  (p.  542). 

1746  Feb.  16.  Marshal  Saxe  takes 
Brussels.  [.May  9.  Takes  Antwerp.] 
(P.  700.) 

1781-83  Holland  loses  her  colonies 
in  a  war  with  England  for  naval  suprem- 
acy. 

1787-89  The  Low  Countries  are  in  a 
state  of  civil  war. 

*  *  The  Prince  of  Prussia  invades  Hol- 
land in  favor  of  the  stadholder,  and 
Amsterdam  is  surrendereii  to  the  king. 

May  9.    Utrecht  is  surrendered  to  the 

Prussians. 
1792-93    The  French  occupy  Antwerp. 

[1S14,    Recovered  from  France.] 
1793   *  *  The  people  of  Holland  declare 

in  favor  of   the   French   republican 

invaders, 

*  *  Dumouriez  takes  Breda. 

1704  *  *  The  Duke  of  York  makes  un- 
successful campaigns  in  Holland, 

*  *  The  French  under  Gen,  Picliegru  con- 
quer The  Netherlands  (p.  710), 

1795  Jan.  18.  Amsfenlam.  Entered 
by  the  French  (|i.  710).  [Jan.  19.  They 
take  possession  of  The  Hague  and  the 
people  declare  in  their  favor;  the  stad- 
holder and  his  family  flee  to  England.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1600±  *  *  Christ  and  the  Adulteress, 
liaising  of  Jairus^s  JMughter,  and  Christ 
on  the  Mount  of  Olives,  painted  by  Am- 
brosius  Francken. 

1601*  *  Amsterdam.  William  Blaue im- 
proves the  first  printing-press. 

1620  *  »  The  submarine  ship  is  invented 
by  Drebbel. 

1624±  *  *  Willebrord  Snell  discovers  the 
law  of  refraction. 

1627  *  *  The  Rape  of  Proserpine  and  Jo- 
seph are  painted  by  Rembrandt. 
[1630-31,  Old  man  with  Gospel  and  Tur- 
ban ;  1631,  Presentation  in  the  Temple : 
1632,  Lesson  in  Anatomy ;  1633,  Portrait 
of  Saskia  van  Ulenburch  and  Susanna: 
1634,  Descent  from  the  Cross  and  the  In- 
credulity of  St.  Thomas;  1637,  The  He- 
turn  of  the  Prodigal  Son:  1646,  The  Holy 
Family;  1G48,  Supper  at  Etnmaus  and 
Christ  at  Emmaus;  1653,  The  Nativity: 
1656,  The  lilessirui  of  Jacob;  lSi7,  The 
Jewish  Bride;  1662-64,  Rembrandt  and 
Family.] 

1628  *  *  Maqdalen  Washing  Christ's  Feet 
is  painted  by  Frans  Praiicken.  tl'''34. 
Feeding  the  Five  Thousand.] 

1634  *  •  Amsterdam.  The  Exchange  is 
built,  [1618,  The  Stadhouse.  costing 
3,000,000  guilders,  is  built  on  13,659  piles.] 

1637  *  *  Cornelius  Drebbel  invents  the 
thermometer. 

1651  •  *  Dog  Devouring  Game  is  painted 
by  Jan  Fyt.    [1061,  Fancy  Birds.] 

1654  *  *  Huygens  completes  the  discov- 
ery of  Saturn's  ring.  [1055.  He  deter- 
mines the  annular  form  of  Saturn.  Mar. 
25.    He  discovers  one  of  its  satellites.] 

1656  *  *  Blessing  of  Jacob  is  painted  hy 
Rembrandt. 

*  *  Pendulum  clocks  are  invented  by 
Huygens. 

1658  *  *  The  cannel  engine  for  raising 
ships  is  invented  by  Baker. 


1650'-  *  *  Fromantil  improves  the  {pen- 
dulum. 

1670*  *  Christian  Huygens  introduces 
the  theory  of  oscillation. 

1672  *  *  Hose  for  flre-engines  are  in- 
vented by  Van  der  Heyde, 

1677  *  *  I.eeuwenhoek  discovers  ani- 
malcules. 

1678  *  •  Huygens  proposes  the  undu- 
latory  theory  of  light  and  the  law  of 
double  refraction. 

1690*  *An  observatory  is  established 
at  Utrecht. 

1701  *  *  Boerbaave  founds  organic 
chemistry. 

1731  *  *  The  pyrometer  is  invented  by 
Musschenbroeck. 

1745±  *  *  Kleist,  Musscheubroeck,  and 
others  invent  the  Ijeyden  jar. 

1785  *  *  An  electric  machine  is  con- 
structed at  Haarlem  by  Van  Marum. 


BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1603  *  *  (^occelns,  Johannes,  clergyman,  bib- 
lical critic,  born,     [16ljit.    Dies.] 
1604*  •  Klzevlr,  Louis,  printer,  b.   [1670.  D.] 
Nassau-Slegen,    Count    of,   Joan    Mauzity, 
"  Maurice  of  Nassau,"  b.    [I(i7!i.    P.] 
1607  *  *  Ileeniskerli,  Jacob,  admiral,  dies. 
Rembrandt,  Harmanzoon  van  Ityn,  painter, 

born,     [1669,     Dies,) 
Ruyter,  .Micliael  .\(lriaanzoon  de,  admiral 
born,     (1676,     Uies,) 
1608*  *  llranwer,    Adrian,    painter,    born. 

[1640,     Dies.) 
leiOt  *  *  I)ekker(Van  Decker),  Jeremiasde, 
poet,  born.     [1666.     Dies,] 
*  *  Vandervelde,  Willem,  the  elder,  painter, 
born,     [1693,     Dies,] 
1612*  •  lioxhorn,    Jlareus   Zuerius,    critic, 

historian,  liorii,     [16'i3.    Dies,] 
1616*  *  Mctzu,(ialmel, painter, b,  [1658,  I),] 
Kyckaert,  David,  painter,  b,    [1677,    Dies.) 
leiO  *  •  Leniaire,  Ja(^ques,  navigator,  dies, 
16S1  *  *F, eckliout,     Gerbrant    van    der, 

painter,  liorn,     [1674,    Dies,] 

1624*  *  IJergliein,    Nikolaas  van   Harlaem, 

painter,  born,     [1683,    Dies.] 

Leuadeji,  .Ian,  philologist,  born,     [1669,    D,] 

1626*   •  De  Witt,  John,  states,,  b,  [1673.  I),) 

Wouveritians.  I'cler,  printer,  b.      [I6S3,    D,) 

1626*   *  Klzevir,  Daniel,  printer,  b,  [1680.  D.) 

1627*  *  Van  iler  Meer,  Jan,  painter,  bom. 

[1685.    Dies,] 
1628  •  *  Oraat,  liarnet,  painter,  b.  [1709,  D,] 
Huygens,  ChrlBtian,  natural  philosopher, 
born.     [1695,    Dies,] 
1629*  *  Tromp,  Cornelius  van,  admiral, 

born,    [1691,    Dies,] 
1630  *  *  (linkel,  Uodard  van.  Earl  of  Athlow, 

general,  bom,    [1703,    Dies,] 
1632*  *  Leeuwenboek,    Antonius  van,  nat- 
uralist, ln)rn.     [1723,     Dies.] 
5Iaas,Nikolaas,  painter,  born,    [1693.    Dies.] 
Spinoza.  Baruch,  pbilos.,  b.    [1677.    Dies.] 
1633*  *  Itaan,    Jan    van,    portrait    painter, 
l>orn.    [1702.    Dies.] 
LIniliorch,  PhiUppiis.  tlieol.,  an.,b.  [1712.  D.] 
Vandervelde,  Wtllein,  the  younger,  painter, 

horn.    [1707.    Dies.] 
Mierls,  Frans,  painter,  bom,    [1681,    Dies,] 
1636  *  •  Witzins,  Hermann,  theologian,  bora. 

[1708.     Dies,). 
1641  *  *  Coehorn,   Menno   van.  Baron,  en- 
gineer, l>orn.    [1704,     Dies,] 
(Jraaf.  Iteguier  van,  plivBiol.,  b.  [1673.    D.] 
Ileinsins,  Antonius, states., b.     [1720.     Dies.) 
1644  *  *  Weeninx,  Jan,  tlie  yoimger,  painter, 

l)Orn.     [1719.     Dies,] 
1647  *  *  Goes,  Joliann  Antonides  van   der, 
poet,  horn,     [1684,    Dies,] 
V.aart,  Jan  van  der,  painter,  b.    [1721.    D.] 
1649*  *  Hentinck,  William,   Earl  of   Port- 
land, statesman,  born.     [1709.    Dies.) 
1 650  *  *  Ulocb,  Joanna  Koerten,  artist,  born. 
[1715.    Dies,] 
^Villlam  m,.  William  Henry  of  Naasan. 
Prince  of  Orange,  King  of  Eng,,  b.  [1702.  D.] 
Tasman,  .\lM'l,  navigator,  dies, 
1654*  *  Nlenwentvl,  Hernardus, philosopher, 

born,    [1718,    Dies,] 
1666*  *  Eeckhout, painter, born.    [1695.    !>,] 
1657*  *  Ky8hraeck,Pieter,lanascapepaint*T, 

born.    [1716.    Dies,) 
1659*  'Van   der   Werf,    Artriaan,    painter, 

horn.    [1722.    Dies.) 
1668*  *  Boerbaave,     Hermann,    physician, 
philosopher,  born.    [1738.    Dies.] 


NETHERLANDS.        1600,*  *-1795,May  9.      1101 


1069  *  *  Albemarle,  Karl  of,    Arnold    van 

Keppel.  courtier,  born.    CHIS.    Dies.] 
16efl*  *  Hiiysum,  Jan  van,   painter,   boru. 

[1749.     Dies.] 
1684  *  *  KfTen,  Justus  van,  litti^rateur,  born. 

[1735.     Dies.] 
1687*  *  Hoogvliet, Arnold, poet, b.  [1763.  D.] 
1668*  *  (jraveaande,  Willein  Jakob  van  S., 

philosopher,  born.     [1742.     Dies.] 
1693*  •  MusBflienbroek,  Pleter  von,  nmtlie- 

matlt'ian,  born.     [1761.     Dies,] 
1684*   '  Keilainii,  Sibrand.iwet,  b.  [1758.  D.] 
1700*  *  Swiet«n,     Gerard    van,     pbysii^iati, 

born.    [1772.    Dies.] 
1703*  *  ChaufTepie,    Jacques     (Jeorjie    de, 

clergyman,  author,  born.     [1786.     Dies.] 
1713*  •Haren,WiUeni  van, poet,  b.[176H.  D.] 
1730*  *  Heniaterhuys,    Frans,    pldlosophei, 

born.    [1790.    Dies.] 
1733  *  •  Cami>er,  Pieter,  anatomist,  natural- 
ist, born.     [1789.     Dies.] 
1784*  *  I^nnep,  Jan  Daniel,  linguist,  critic, 

born.     [1771.     Dies.] 
1738*  *  liekker,   Elizabeth,   novelist,    poet, 

born.     [1804.    Dies.] 
Lannoy,  Karoness  of,  Juliana  Cornelia,  poet, 

born.    [1782.    Dies.] 
1741*  ♦  Deken,  Aagjen,  au.,  b.     [1804.     D.] 
1748*  *  Eynden,  Roland  van,  artist,  histo- 
rian, born.     [1819.     Dies.] 
1760  *  •  Marum,     Martin     van,      physicist, 

bom.    [1837.     Dies.] 
1766  *  •  Bilderdijk      (Bilderdyk),     Willem, 

poet,  born.     [1831.    Dies.] 
1767*  *  liellaniy,  Jacobus,  poet,  b.  [178&.  D.] 
1760*  •  Verhuel,    Carel    Hendrik,  admiral, 

born.    [1845.     Dies.] 

1766  *  *  Chasst^,  David  Heindrick,  baron,  gen- 
eral, bora.    [1849.     Dies.] 

1767  *  ♦  Helmero,  Jan  Frederick,  poet,  born. 
[1813.    Dies.] 

1770±  *  *   Temmlnck,  C.J. ,  naturalist,  born. 
[1858.    Dies.] 

1773  Aug.    34.      WiUIam    I.,    Frederick 
WUhelm,  king,  born.     [1843.    Dies.] 

1774  *  *  Lennep,   David   Jacob  van,  jurist, 
poet,  born.    [1853.    Dies.] 

1776  •  *  Kami)en,    Nikolaus    Godfried    van, 

historian,  born.     [1839.     Dies.] 
1778  *  •  Bonaparte,     Louis,     king,    horn. 

[1846.     Dies.] 
1784  *  *  Kessels,  Matthias,  sculptor,    t>orn. 

[1836.    Dies.] 
1791  *  *  Aa,  Christian  Peter  Robide  van  der, 

poet,  born.    [1851.    Dies.] 
1793    Dec.    6.     William    H..    king,    born. 

[1849,  Mar.  17.     Dies.] 
1793  *  *  Eeckhoul,  Jacob  J.,  painter,  horn. 

CHURCH. 

1603  *  *  Arminius  assails  the  current 
Calvinistic  theology  while  professor  of 
theology  at  Leyden.  The  upper  classes 
embrace  Anninianiein.  The  bulk  of 
the  clergy,  peasantry^  town  populace, 
and  army,  with  Maurice  at  their  head, 
support  Calvinism  vigorously. 

*  *  Jews  are  favored. 

1607  •  *  An  English  Baptist  Church 
is  formed  by  John  Srayth.  [The  first 
recorded ;  for  fear  of  discovery  their 
meetings  have  been  held  in  private 
houses.] 

1610*  *  The  Remonstrants  (Arminians) 
formulate  their  creed  In  five  articles. 

1610-19  Dissensions  occur  between 
the  Arininian  and  Gomorist  parties. 

1618  ♦  *  The  Synod  of  Dort  favors  the 
Calviuists ;  the  persecution  of  Ar- 
minians  follows.  [1621.  Tliey  fly  to 
Holsteiu  and  elHewhere.j 

1640  *  *  Cornelius  Jansen,  bishop  of 
Ypres,    intensifies    controversy    by  tlie 

? publication  of  Jitgusthins :  he  advocates 
ree  grace.     [1642.     It  is  condemned  by 
the  Pope.] 

1708  *  *  The  Jesuits  are  expelled. 

LETTERS. 

160&-21  Galathea,  the  Maeckdenplirbt, 
and  Sinne  en  Minne  Seelden,  hy  Jakob 
Cats,  appears. 

1611  *  *  RodeHckand  Alphonsus,  drama- 
tized by  Q^rbrand  Adriaanssen  Bre- 
dezTOO,  appears.    [1G15±,  Farce  of  the 


Cow;  IQI%± fJtrolimOf  the  Upanuh  Bra- 
banter.] 
1612  *  *  Fenicis  the  Boor,  by  J>r.  Samuel 
Coster,  appears. 

1620  *  *  Jerusalem  laid  Desolate,  by 
Joost  van  der  Vondel,  appears.  [1625, 
Palamedeg,or  Murdered  Jnnocetwe ;  1638, 
Jan.  3,  The  tragedy,  Gysbregkt  van  Aevis- 
ttl.] 

1621  *  *  Bntava  rempc,  by  Sir  Constan- 
tijn  Huygenfi,  apijears. 

1625  *  *  Friesche  LusthoJ\hyf\iinA'Anmm\ 
Starter,  appears. 

*  *  Ofiorum  Liltri  Sex,  by  Huygens,  ap- 
pears. 

1637  *  *  Batavian  Arcadia,  by  Johan  van 
Heeniskerk,  appears. 

1639*  *  Ilooselijua  Cochjenn  (hilhed,  by 
Jan  Luiken,  appears. 

1641  *  *  Aaron  and  Titus,  by  Jan  Vos, 
appears.    [1605,  MedeaJ\ 

1647  *  *  Oogenfrofint,  by  HuygenSi  ap- 
pears. 

1648*  *  Johanna  (!rny,  hy  Joatrhim  Oii- 
daen,  appears^. 

1654  *  *  The  tragedy  Lucifer,  by  Von- 
del, appears. 

1671*  *  Ijstroom,  by  Johan  Antonides 
van  der  Goes,  appears. 

16754:*  *  Mirandas,  by  Nikolaes  Hein- 
sius,  appears. 

1677  *  *  The  Art  of  Poetry  Expounded, 
by  Andries  Pels,  appears. 

1691-93  Retoverde  fKcrcW,  by  Balthasar 
Uekker,  appears. 

1692-1708  Boekzaal  van  Europa  is  is- 
sued.    [Also  1715-48.] 

1697-1702  Thesaurus  Antiquitatum 
GrsBcorum,  by  J.  Groiiovlus,  appears. 

17th  Century.  Masquer  of  the  World,  by 
Adriaen  Poirters,  appears. 

1710-48  liepublijk  der  Geleerden  is  is- 
sued. 

1711-12    Misanthrope  is  issued. 

1728  *  *  Falkener's  Journal  appears. 

1731-35   Hollandsche  Spectator  is  issued. 

1741  *  *  Gevallen  ran  Friso,  by  Willem 
van  Haren,  appears. 

1761  *  *  Fad^rlandscfie  Letteroefeningen 
is  issued. 

1780±  •  *  Letters  on  IHvers  Subjects,  by 
Betjen  'Wolff  and  Aagjen  Deken,  ap- 
pears. 

1782  *  *  Sara  Burqerhart,  by  the  la<lies 
Wolff  and  Deken,  appears.  [1785,  M'il- 
lem  Leevend;  1792,  Cornelia  JVildschut.] 

1783  *  *  Julia,  by  Rhijnvis  Feith,  ap- 
pears. 

1786  *  *  Elias,  by  "Willem  Bilderdijk, 

appears. 
1788  *  *  Algemeene  Kumsten  Letterbode  is 

issued. 
1792*  *  The    Grave,  by  Khijnvis  Feith. 

appears. 

SOCIETy—  MISCELLANEOUS. 

1602  *  *  The  Dutch  East  India  Com- 
pany is  formed.  [1607.  The  Dutch  are 
the  leading  traders  of  tlie  world.] 

1607  *  *  Tlie  Bank  of  Amsterdam  is 
founded.    [1635.     Bank  of  Rotterdam.] 

1619  May  13.  Maurice  stains  his  bril- 
liant record  by  the  infamous  trial  and 
execution  of  the  illustriotis  statesman. 
Jan  van  Olden  Bameveld,  a  Remon- 
strant, 70  years  of  age. 

1648  *  *  The  imposition  of  toll  on  the 
Miinster  greatly  injures  the  trade  of 
Amsterdam. 

1672  Aug.  20.  John  and  Cornelius  I>e 
Witt  are  torn  in  pieces  by  a  mob. 

1699  *  *  Two-thirds  *)f  the  population 
of  Leyden  perish  by  fever. 


STATE. 

1609  Apr.  9.  Spain  acknowledges  the 
independence  of  the  United  Provinces, 
and  signs  a  truce  (p.  541). 

1616  *  *  Maurice  favors  the  Calvinists, 
and  aims  at  kingly  power.  [1618.  He 
becomes  Prince  of  Orange.  lG2;i.  His 
tyranny  provokes  a  conspiracy  ;  16  per- 
sons are  executed.] 

^  *  *  E.  hid.  The  Dutch  rule  is  estab- 
lished. 

1625-47    Frederick  Henry,  a  brother, 

succeeds  Maurice. 
1635  *  *  Holland  enters  an  alliance  with 

France  (p.  680). 
1647-72     WiUiam    H.   becomes    stad- 

holder. 

1648    Oct.  24.     The    independence    is 

recognized  by  Europe  (pp.  541,  689). 

17th  Century.  Period  of  greatest  pros- 
perity. 

1651  Oct.  9.  Eug.  Anti-Dutch  Navi- 
gation Act  passes  (p.  S^). 

1653-58  Jan  De  Witt  is  grand  pension- 
ary of  Holland.  [1658-63,  1663-68,  Re- 
elected.] 

1664  Apr.  5.    Peace  with  England. 
1659    May  21.   Treaty ofThe Hague. 

England,  France,  and  Holland  unite  in 
an  alliance  to  preserve  the  equilibrium 

of  the  North. 

1665  *  *  Eng.  The  Navigation  Act  is 
renewed  against  Dutch  commerce  ;  war 
Collows.     [1665.    Treaty  of  peace.] 

1667  *  *  The  Perpetual  Edict  is  passed; 
it  is  averse  to  the  House  of  Orange. 

1668  Jan.  23.  Triple  alliance  against 
France  (p.  691). 

1672-1702  WilUam  III.,  Prince  of 
Orange,  is  stadholder. 

[1677.  He  marries  Mary  of  England, 
daughter  of  the  Duke  of  York,  later 
James  il.  1689-1702.  He  is  King  of 
England,] 

1686  July  9.  Ger.  League  of  Augs- 
burg (p.  799).  William  III.  heads  the 
anti-France  movement. 

1689-1702  The  Netherlands  are  allied 
with  England  as  a  part  of  the  realm  of 
William  III. 

1697  Sept.  20.  Peace  of  Ryswick 
(p.  69.'i). 

1702-47  John  Williahn,  nephew  of 
WiUiam  111.,  is  stadholder. 

1713  Apr.  11.  Peace  of  Utrecht; 
the  Spanish  Netherlands  are  united  to 
the  United  i*rovinces  (p.  697). 

1715    Nov.  16.    Barrier  treaty  (p.  543). 

*  *  *  Holland  is  of  small  importance  in 
European  politics. 

1743-48  Supports  the  claims  of  Empress 
Maria  Theresa. 

1747-61    William  Henry  is  stadholder. 

1748  Oct.  18.  Peace  of  Aix-Ia-Clia- 
peiip  (\i.rAr>). 

1793  *  *  Holland  joins  the  first  coali- 
tion against  France  (p.  709). 

1794r-95   French  conquerors  rule  (p.  710). 

1795-1806  The  Netherlands  are  formed 
by  France  into  the  Batavian  Republic. 
[1805.  Apr.  26.  The  republic  receives  a 
new  constitution.] 

1795  May  9.  Utrecht  is  annexed  to 
France. 


1102    1795,Jtay*-1893,Jaii.20.    NETHERLANDS. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1795  July*  Luxemburg  is  surrendered 
to  the  French  after  a  siege  of  seven 
months.  [1814.  May  ♦  Retaken  by  the 
allies.] 

1797  Oct.  11.  Defeat  at  Camper- 
down  (p.  928). 

1799  Aug.  30.  The  Britiflh  take  the 
I>utch  fleet  (p.  928). 

Sept.  9.  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby  repulses 
the  French  under  Krune  at  Zuyper 
Slays.  [Sept.  19.  Allies  defeated.]  (P. 
712.) 

1804  July  28.-Dec.  23.  The  "Wa- 
tcheren  British  expedition  against  the 
French.  (Aug.  *).  It  takes  Flushing, 
fails  to  take  Antwerp,  and  retires. 

1813  Nov.  *  The  Hague.  Evacuated 
by  the  French. 

1830  Oct.  27.  The  Belgian  troops  en- 
ter Antwerp,  and  a  dreadful  conflict 
ensues  with  the  Dutch  garrison  (p.  542). 

1832  Dec.  4.  The  French  bombard  the 
citadel  at  Antwerp.  [Dec.  23.  It  is 
surrendered  by  Gen.  Chass^.] 

1838  Aug.  3.  Holland  declares  war 
with  Belgium. 

1873  Apr.  *  -79  Mar.  *  Sumatra.  Suc- 
cessful war  with  the  Achinese.  [1882. 
A  second  war ;  Dutch  victorious.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1844±  *  *  Gerard  Andreas  Mulder  intro- 
duces the  term  protein  for  the  basis  of 
albumen,  flbrin,  and  casein. 

1878  Apr.  •  The  Dutch  polar  expedi- 
tion sails. 

1879  May  6.  The  Willem.  Ba/rentz%9\\% 
for  arctic  explorations. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1798*  *  Da  Costa,  Izaak,  poet,  b.    [1860.    D.] 

Thorbecke,  Jan  Rudolph,  states.,  b.  [1872.  D.] 

1803  *  *  Lennep,  Jacobus  van,  novelist,  born. 

[1868.     Dies.] 
1803*  •Koekkoek,    Bernard     Cornelius, 

painter,  born.    [1862.    Dies.] 
1808  *  •  Potgieter,  Everhard  JobanneSf  poet, 

critic,  born.     [1875.     Dies.] 
1809*  *  Hammerich,  Frederik  Ueder  Adolf, 

author,  born.     [1877.     Dies.] 
1811  *  *  Scliolten,  Johannes  Hendrik,  clergy- 
man, author,  born.     [IH85.    Dies.] 
1813*  *  Toussaint,  Anna  Luize   Ueertrinde, 

novelist,  born.     [1886.     Dies.] 
1817    Feb.  19.    "William  HI.,  king,  born. 

[1890,  Nov.  23.     Dies.] 

1831  *   *  Ppzooiner,  Carolus  Wilhelmus,  pbi- 
losopher,  born.     [1892,  Aug.  23.     Dies.] 

1826  *  *  Caland,  Pieter,  engineer,  born. 
1828*  *  Genestet,  Peter  Anton  de,  poet,  born. 

CI861.     Dies.] 
1833*  *  De   Haas,   Maurice   F.   H.,  painter, 

born.    [1880.    Dies.] 
1877    Junes.    Sophia,  queen,  dies. 

1879  Jan.  13.    Henry,  prince,  brother  of 
William  III.,  A58. 

1880  Auff.  31.    Wllhelmina.  queen,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1797  ♦  •  The  Netherlands  Missionary  Society 
is  organized  at  Uotterdam. 

1816  *  *  The  Netlierlands  Bible  Society  is  or- 
ganized. 

1839  •  ♦  The  Christian  Reformed  Missionary 
Society  is  organiised  at  Leyden. 

1840*  *  Amsterdam.  The  Mennonite  Mis- 
sionary Society  is  founded. 

1853    Mar.*  The  Roman  Catholic 

hierarchy  is  reestablished. 

1886  •  *  Pastor  Witteveen  founds  the  Ermelo 
M  tflslonary  Society  at  Ermelo. 


1858  *  *  The  Utrecht  Missionary  Society  is 

founded. 

*  *  Amsterdam.  The  Dutch  Reform  Mission- 
ary Society  is  founded  for  the  conversion  of 
tlie  Jews  in  heathen  countries. 

1861  *  ♦  Amsterdam.  The  Netherland  So- 
ciety of  Israel  is  formed  by  a  union  of  two 
societies  in  Amsterdam  and  The  Hague. 

1875  *  •  The  Christian  Reformed  Mission 
among  the  Jews  is  founded  by  the  Free 
Church  of  Holland. 

1891  July  24,  Amsterdam.  A  memo- 
rial tablet  in  honor  of  the  Pastor  John 
Bobinsonj  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  is 
unveiled  in  St.  Peter's  Church. 

Aug.  12.  Amsterdam,  The  12th  Inter- 
national Convention  of  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  opens 
with  300  delegates. 

LETTERS. 

1800±  *  *  Charlotte    van    Bourbon,    by 

Adriaan  Loosjes,  appears. 
1803  *  *  Jiecensent  is  issued. 
1807  *  *  The  Disease  of  the  Learned^  by 

Bilderdijk,  appears. 
1812  *  *  The  Dutch  Nation,  by  Helmero, 

appears. 
1816  *  *  Gedenkschri/t   van   Nederlanda 

Herstelling,  by  Johannes  Henricus  van 

der  Palm,  appears. 

1818  July  11.  The  use  of  the  French 
language  in  judicial  proceedings  is  abol- 
ished with  a  proviso. 

1819  *  *  A  Winter  in  Nova  Zembla,  by 
Hendri  ToUens,  appears. 

1820  *  *  Oiulergang  der  eerate  Wereld,  by 
Bilderdljk,  appears. 

±  ♦  ♦  Poems,  by  Antoni  Christian  Winand 
Staring,  appears. 

1835  *  *  Jochtbed,  by  Adrianus  Bogaers, 
is  printed.  (It  had  been  in  existence  for 
more  than  thirteen  years.) 

*  *  Nederlandsch  Museum  is  issued. 

1836  *  *  Voyage  of  Heemskerk  to  Gibral- 
tar, by  Adrianus  Bogaers,  appears.  [1846. 
Rom<ince8  and  Ballads.] 

*  *  Camera  Obscura,  by  Nicolaes  Beets, 
appears. 

1837  *  *  The  Oids  Is  issued. 

1840  ♦  *  Truth  and  Dreams,  by  Johannes 
Pieter  Hasebreek,  appears. 

1848  *  *  Tijdschrift  voor  Nederlandsch 
Indie  is  issued. 

1855  *  *  Nederlandsch  Spectator  is  is- 
sued, 

1857  *  •  The  Tijdstro<ym  is  issued. 

1867  *  *  Theologisch  Tijdschrift  is  issued. 

1877  *  *  Amsterdam.  A  new  university 
is  opened. 

1889  Dec.  6.  Free  State  education 
is  abolished  except  for  paupers  ;  grants 
in  aid  of  denominational  schools  substi- 
tute free  schools. 

SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

1815+  *  *  The  Society  of  Beneficence  for 
colonizing  indigent  people  is  unsuc- 
cessful. 

1825  *  *  The  North  Holland  canal,  con- 
necting Amsterdam  and  the  Holder,  is 
opened;  length  51  miles. 

1849-5 1    Haarlam  Lake  is  drained . 


1854*  *  Amsterdam.  Asociety  is  formed 
for  advancing  the  welfare  of  working- 
people. 

1859  *  *  Free  and  penal  colonies  are 
formed 

1865+ *  *A  canal  is  dug  connecting 
Amsterdam  with  the  North  Sea.  [1876. 
Nov.  1.    Opened.] 

1873  Sept.  8.  A  new  port  at  Flush- 
ing is  opened. 

1879  Jan.  23.  The  300th  anniver- 
sary of  the  union  of  the  Seven  United 
Provinces  is  celebrated  at  Utrecht. 

1883  May  1.  Amsterdam.  An  inter- 
national exhibition  is  opened. 

1889  Sept.  *  Dock  laborers  at  Rotter- 
dam strike.    [Oct.  2.    Compromised.] 

1892  Aug.  4.  The  canal  connecting 
Amsterdam  and  the  Rhine  is  opened. 

Sept.  26.    The  Hague.   Cholera  appears. 

1893  Jan.  20.  Amsterdam.  The  un- 
employed become  riotous. 

STATE. 

1806  June  5.  Holland  is  made  a  king- 
dom under  the  rule  of  Liouis  Bona- 
parte.    [1810.    July  1.    Abdicates.] 

1810  Apr.  9.  Annexed  to  France 
(I).  543).  [1813.  Nov.  17.  Bestored  to 
the  House  of  Orange.] 

1815  Mar.  23.  Holland  and  Belgium 
united  to  form  the  kingdom  of  The 
Netherlands  (p.  543).  [Dec.  6.  Luxem- 
burg annexed.  1830.  Part  given  to  Bel- 
gium.] 

1815-40    "William  I.  is  king. 

1830  Oct.  4.  Revolution:  Belgium 
separates  (p.  542,  543). 

1831  Jime  18.  William  [III.]  weds  So- 
phia of  WUrtemberg. 

1839  Apr.  19.  Treaty  with  Belgium 
signed  (p.  545). 

1840-49    "William  U.  reigns. 

1848  Apr.  17.  William  grants  a  con- 
stitution. 

1849-89  "William  III.  reigns.  [1879. 
Jan.  7.  Weds  Emma  of  Waldeck-Pyr- 
mont.] 

1853  Sept.  8.  The  Lower  Chamber  en- 
acts religious  liberty,    ^'ote,  22-16. 

1863  May.  12.  A  treaty  is  signed  for 
capitalizing  the  Scheldt  dues. 

1867  May  7+.  Luxemburg  Confer- 
ence (p.  971). 

1870  *  *  Capital  punishment  is  abol- 
ished. 

1871  July  7.  The  Chambers  vote  to 
cede  Dutch  possession  in  Quinea  to 
Great  Britain. 

1875  Aug.  *  A  new  penal  code  is  pro- 
mulgated. 

1887  Nov.  30.  The  revised  constitu- 
tion is  promulgated. 

1889  Mar.  25.  The  queen  becomes 
temporary  regent,  the  king  being  inca- 
pacitated. [Apr.  3.  The  regency  is  es- 
tablished by  the  Parliament.  May  6. 
The  king  resumes  the  government.] 

1889+ *  *"Wilhelmina,  daughter  of 
William  III.,  reigns. 


NEWFOUNDLAND.    i347,**-i893,Dec.io.   liu;: 


Newfoundland  is  a  large  island  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  nearly  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Iiawrence  Kiver.  It  is  a  crown 
«olony  of  Great  Britain  ;  capital,  St,  Johii*8.  The  government  is  conducted  by  a  governor,  Executive  GoojioU,  Legislative  Coun- 
cil, and  a  House  of  Assembly.    Area,  42,*-!00±  square  miles  ;  population,  in  1891,  197,934. 


1347*  •Norwegian  sailors  arrive  (p.  12). 

1497  June  25.  John  Cabot  arrives  in 
the  harbor  of  St.  John's  (p.  14), 

1500±  •  *  Cod-fishing  begins. 

1577  *  *  The  fisheries  have  become  im- 
portant to  the  Catholic  countries  of  Eu- 
rope ;  hundreds  of  tishing- vessels  arrive. 

1616*  *Ijord  Baltimore  plants  a  col- 
onv  on  the  southern  peninsula.  [He  is 
driven  away  by  the  French.] 

1621  ♦  *  The  English  make  the  first  im- 

Sortant  settlement  under  Sir  George 
alvert  in  Avalon.  [1633.  It  is  removeil 
to  Maryland.] 

*  *  King  Charles  makes  a  grant  to  Sir 
David  Kirke,  who  establishes  himself 
on  the  island. 

1625  *  *  Fish  are  taken  in  great  quan- 
tities to  the  niarket.s  of  Spain.  Portugal, 
and  Italy.  [1674.  Nearly  11,000  English 
seamen  are  employed.] 

1697  *  *  Peace  of  Ryswick  ;  the  French 
are  to  occupy  certain  parts  of  the  coa.'it, 
with  Placentia  for  a  capital  (p.  695). 

1702  *  *  The  French  possess  almost  the 
entire  island. 


1713*  *  Treaty  of  Utrecht;  the  island 
goes  to  England  (p.  59). 

1832  *  *  Representative  government 
by  a  legislature  is  granted  by  the  crown. 
[1855.  Responsible  government  estab- 
lished.   1894.    Still  in  force.} 

1852*  ♦Tlie  Newfoundland  Electric 

Telegraph  Company  is  chartered.    [1858. 

Aug.  5.    Atlantic  Cable  laid  (p.  185).] 
1857    Jan.  14.    French  fishery  i)rivi- 

leges  are  exchanged  for  others.     [Much 

dissatisfaction  follows.] 

1869  *  *  Newfoundland  declines  to  enter 
the  union  with  Canada. 

1870  *  *  Sir  Stephen  J.  Hill  is  governor. 
[1883.  Sir  John  H.  Glover.  1886.  Sir 
G.  AVm.  des  Voeux.] 

1877  Jan.  13.  Nets  of  United  States 
fishermen  are  fixed  at  Fortune  Bay, 
contrary  to  local  regulations,  and  forci- 
bly removed.  [An  international  dispute 
follows.  £15,0()0 compensation  awarded 
by  arbitrators.] 

Nov.  23.  Halifax  Fishery  Commis- 
sion award  (p.  297^). 

1882  Sept.  9.  The  French  flag  is  run 
up  at  Cumberland  Stage, 


1886  Feb.  *  The  long  dispute  with 
France  respecting  the  fisheries  is  set- 
tled.    [1888.    Again  revived.] 

1889  Jan.  25.  Claims  for  damages  are 
presented  to  the  Government  because  of 
damage  done  to  nets  in  St.  George  Bay 
by  the  French. 

Mar.  4.  American  fishermen  are  de- 
nied the  right  to  buy  bait. 

1890  Apr.  28.  The  Bait  Lavir  vexes 
American  fishermen  on  the  Banks. 

May  29±.  French  marines  land,  and 
destroy  nets ;  tlie  people  refuse  to  pay 
taxes  without  protection. 

1891  Mar,  12.  A  new  modus  vivendi  is 
decided  on  for  Newfoundland. 

Apr.  20.  The  enforcement  of  the  Bait 
Law  provokes  a  riot  at  Fortune  Bay. 

Dec.  9.  Retaliation  duties  are  levied 
on  Canadian  goods. 

1892  July  8.  St.  John's  is  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  fire ;  loss,  $20,000,000i.  [The 
British  Government  bestows  i;i4,400  to 
sufferers.] 

1893  Dec.  10.  A  financial  crisis  oc- 
curs at  St.  John's.     [Great  destitution.] 


NEW    ZEALAND. 

New  Zkaland  is  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  the  largest  two  being  North  Island  and  South  Island.  It  is  a  Brit- 
ish colony  of  nine  provincial  districts,  with  Wellington  for  a  capital.  The  government  is  conducted  by  a  crown  governor  and 
a  General  Assembly  of  two  houses,  the  Legislative  Council  and  the  House  of  Representatives.  Area,  104,471  square  miles  ;  popu- 
lation in  1891,  668,651,  includiug  41,993  natives. 


1642  Dec.  *  Discovered  by  Abel  Jans- 
zen  Tasman,  a  Dutch  navigator,  and 
named  Van  Diemen's  Laud. 

1814  *  *  A    missionary    settlement    is 

made.  [1822.  Wesleyan  mission  opened.] 

1839*  *  Eng.    The  New  Zealand  Com- 


pany is  organized ;  it  founds  a  settle- 

at  Wellington. 
1840*  *  Auckland  is  founded.     [Later 

it  has  a  college  and  a  cathedral.     1841. 

Nelson  is  founded  ;  also  New  Plyinoulh. 

1848.    Otago.     1850.     Canterbury.] 
1852  *  *  Representative   government 

is  established. 


1893  Sept,  8.  The  Legislative  Council 
pfisses  a  bill  granting  the  franchise  to 
women. 

1894  Oct.  28.  The  steamer  Wairarapu 
is  wrecked  on  the  coast ;  134  lives 
are  lost.  [Nov.  I.  Another  wreck  ;  78 
lives  lost. 


NICARAGUA. 

NicAHAGUA  is  one  of  the  Central  American  States ;  capital,  Managua.  The  chief  executive  authority  is  lodged  with  a  presi- 
dent elected  for  nine  years,  and  the  legislative  authority  with  a  Congress  of  two  houses  ;  estimated  area,  40,000  square  miles ; 
estimated  population  in  1894,  3fi0,000. 


1502  *  *  Columbus  views  the  coast. 
[1521-22.  Gil  Gonzalez  Davila  first  ex- 
plores the  country  from  the  Pacific 
coast.] 

1524-25  Francisco  Hernandez  de  Cor- 
dova founds  Granada.  [The  country 
becomes  a  province  of  Guatemala  dur- 
ing the  Spanish  colonial  history.] 

1550  •  •  A  revolt  against  Spain  falls. 

1610*  •Leon  is  founded.  [Later,  a 
cathedral  city.  1685.  Sacked  by  William 
Darapier,  tlie  English  freebooter.] 

1821  Sept.  21.  \  declaration  of  in- 
dependence is  issued. 

1824-39  A  State  of  the  Central  Amer- 
ican Federation. 

1826  •  •  A  ship  canal  route  is  partly 
surveyed.  fl8.!7-38.  Again.  1872-73. 
Again,  by  the  U.  S.  Government.] 

1840-04    PeritKl  of  Revolutions. 

1847  Dec.  *  Great  Britain  seizes  San 
Juan  del  Norte,  the  onlv  seaport  on  the 
Atlantic  coast.    [1848.    Jan.  •  The  Brit- 


ish guard  at  San  ,Juan  are  dispersed ; 
restored  by  war-vessels.] 

1847-48  Boundary  dispute  with  Great 
Britain. 

1848  *  *  Moravian  missionaries  arrive. 
[1848.  Mission  at  Bluefields  ;  1853,  at  Mag- 
dala ;  1800,  at  Ephrata ;  1889,  at  Rapia.] 

1840  *  *  Concessions  made  to  Americans 
for  the  construction  of  a  ship  canal. 
[1880.    Again.    1858.    To  a  Frenchman.] 

1850  Apr.  •  The  United  States  and 
Great  Britain  mutually  agree  not  to 
enter  or  interfere  in  Central  America. 

1855  ♦  *  The  country  is  divided  chiefly 
l>y  two  parties,  who  engage  in  civil  war. 
[The  democrats  invite  the  aid  of  William 
Walker  (American  filibuster).  Oct.  13. 
He  takes  Granada.  1856.  July*  Forced 
out ;  he  burns  the  city.  1857.  May  1. 
The  united  armies  of  the  Confederated 
States  of  Central  America  drive  Walker 
out  of  the  country.] 

1856  Feb.  10.  President  Rivas  decrees 
the  annexation  of  the  entire  Mosquito 
Coast.    (Claimed  by  Great  Britain.) 


July  •  Dissensions  enable  'Walker  to  se- 
cure his  election  as  president. 

1858  May  1.  Nicaragua  and  Porto 
Rico  appeal  to  Europe  for  protection. 

1859  *  *  T.  Martinez  is  elected  president. 
[1863.  Reelected.  1867,  Mar.  1,  Fer- 
nando Guzman:  1871,  Feb.  1,  Vincentl 
Quadra;  1875,  Feb.  1,  Pedro  .loaquin 
Chamorro  ;  1879,  Mar.  1,  Joaquin  Zavala; 
1883,  Jan.  *  Dr.  Adam  Cardenas ;  1886, 
Dec.  16,  SeBor  Carazo  ;  1889,  Dr.  Roberto 
.Sacaza  arf  interim;  1890,  Nov.  •  Again] 

1860  *  ♦  England  cedes  the  protectorate 
of  the  Mosquito  Coast  to  Nicaragua, 
which  agrees  to  pay  £1.000  yearly  foi- 
ten  years  to  its  chief.  [18<M.  Refuses 
to  recognize  the  succeeding  chief.] 

1885  *  •  A.  G.  Menocal  surveys  a  ahip- 
canal  route  connecting  the  two  oceans, 
for  the  United  States  Government. 

1887  *  *  Concessions  for  100  years  are 
granted  to  the  Ificaragua  Canal  Com- 
pany. [Transferred  to  the  Maritime 
Canal  Company.] 


1104     1889,  May  4-1894,  July  5.      NICARAGUA. 


1889  May  4.  The  Maritime  Canal 
Coini)anyi8organized(U.  S.  A.).  Route 
selected,  length  169}  miles  (excavatious 
27  miles).  [1889.  June3.  Work  begun. 
1892,  Dec.  3.  Stopped  by  exhaustion  of 
funds.  1893.  Aug.  30.  The  Maritime 
Construction  Company  passes  into  the 
bauds  of  a  receiver.] 


1892  Feb.  23.  A  perpetual  charter  is 
granted  to  the  liouisiana  Lottery  Com- 
pany. 

1893  May  *  President  Sacaza  is  over- 
throwu  by  revolutionists.  [May  31. 
He  signs  a  treaty  of  peace.  A  provis- 
ional government  assumes  ottice  at 
Managua.     Aug.  23.    Sacaza  arrests  and 


exiles  his  prominent  opponents;  riotingf 
follows.] 

1894  Feb.  24.  Honduras  is  surren- 
dered to  Nicaragua  troops. 

July  5.  Mosquito  chiefs  revolt  and  cap- 
ture Bluefields.  [July  10.  Chief  Clar- 
ence proclaimed.  Nov.  28.  Andreir 
Hendy  elected.] 


NORWAY. 

Norway  is  a  country  of  northwestern  Europe ;  capital,  Christiania.  The  government  is  a  limited  monarchy;  and  it  is  united 
with  Sweden  under  one  king  and  diplomatic  authority,  but  with  its  own  parliament,  or  Storthing.  The  popular  language  is  Norwe- 
gian, and  the  state  religion  is  Lutheran.     Area,  124,495  square  miles  ;  population  in  1891,  2,001,000i:. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

872  *  *  Harold  I.  defeats  his  enemies  in 
a  sea-flght  at  Hafsfiord.  [He  subdues 
the  petty  kings  and  their  freebooting 
expeditions ;  many  migrate  to  Iceland 
and  Normandy.] 

1000  *  *  Olaf ,  the  Lap,  defeats  Olaf , 
King  of  Sweden,  in  the  battle  of  Svold. 

1028  *  *  Canute  II.,  King  of  England, 
conquers  Norway. 

1060  *  *  E?i(f.  Harold  HI.,  Hardrada, 
invades  Knglaud  (p.  846). 

1096-1103  Magnus  HI.  invades  the 
Orkneys,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  ;  killed 
before  Dublin. 

1136*  *  Civawar. 

1186  *  *  Magnus  V.  is  defeated  by  Swer- 
ro,  an  adventurer. 

1261  *  *  Scot.  Hakon  I.  invades  Scot- 
land.   [Killed.] 

1814  July  16.  Swedes  invade  Nor- 
way. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

863  *  *  Ilalfdan,  king,  drowned. 

834  *  *  Harold  Harfager,  king,  dies. 

863  *  *  Hakon  the  Good,  king,  dies. 

877  *  •  Harold  II.,  king,  dies. 

lOOO  *  *  Olaf  I.,  king,  slain  in  battle. 

1030*  *  Olaf  II.,  king,  slain  in  battle. 

1047  *  ♦  Magnus  I.,  king,  dies. 

1203  *  *  Swerro,  adventurer,  dies. 

1263  ♦  *  Hakon  V.,  king,  dies. 

1280*  *  Magnus  VII.,  king,  dies. 

1622  *  *  Adelaar,  Cort  Sivertsen,  naval  coni- 

nianiier.  born.     [1675.     Dies.] 
1756*  *  Pram,    Christian    Henriksen,    jour- 
nalist, poet,  born.     [Ift21.     Dies.] 
1784*  *  Hansteeu,   Chriatoffer,  astronomer^ 

born.     [1873.     Dies.] 
1800*  ♦  Lassen,  Christian,  orientalist,  born. 

[1876.     Dies.] 
1802  4-  *  *  Abel,  Hiels  Henrik,  mathematician, 

born.     [1829.     Died.] 
1805*  *  Sars,  Michel,  zoologist,  b.  [1869.  D.] 
1808  ♦  *  Wergeland,    Henrik    Arnold,    poet, 

born.    [1845.    Dies.] 
1810*  *  Hull,     Ole     Bornemann,    violinist, 

composer,  born.     C1*W>.     Dies.] 
Munch,  Peder  Andreas,  hist.,  b.     [1863.     D.] 
1813*  *  Aasen,  Ivar  Andreas, botanist,  poet, 

bom. 
Moe,  .forgen,  poet,  bishop,  b.     ri882.    Dies.] 
1814  *  •  Colban,  Marie,  novelist,  poet,  born. 
1832  ♦  *  IJJornson,  BJornstjern,  author,  b. 
Nordenskjold,  Baron    Nils    Adolpli    Erik, 

arctic  explorer,  born. 
1834  *  *  Dietrichson,  Lorentz  H.  S.,  poet,  b. 
1841  *   *  Janson,  Kristoflfer  N.,  poet,  an.,  b. 
1861  ♦  ♦  Hansen,  Kridtjof,  artic  explorer^  b. 

LETTERS. 

1643  *  *The  first  book  printed  in  Nor- 
way is  an  almanac,  by  Tyge  Neilsen,  a 
wandering  printer. 

1651  *  *  Christianiae  Statls  Beskrifiiefse, 
by  Stephenseu  Bang,  appears. 

1656  *  *  A  small  glossary  or  glosebog  of 
the  local  dialects,  by  Christen  Jensen, 
appears. 


1679  *  *  PreRbyterologia  Nortnegica,    by 

Gerhard  Milzow,  appears. 
1719*  *  Nnrriges    Kongers    Nistorie,  by 

.lonas  Ramus",  appears.    [1735,  Norriges 

Jieskrivelse.]  ' 

1760-61     Ugentlige  korte  Afhandlinger  is 

issued. 

1762  *  *  Maaiifdlige  Afhandlinger  is  is- 
sued. 

1763  *  *  InteUige.ntssedler  is  issued  at 
Christiania. 

1765  *  *  Adressecontora  Efterretniger  is 
issued  at  Bergen. 

1767  *  *  Beskrivelse  over  Finwarkens 
Lapper,  by  Knud  Leem,  appears. 

1772  *  *  The  Norwegian  poets  in  Copen- 
hagen organize  a  Korske  Selskah,  and 
influence  Danish  letters  to  a  large 
degree. 

1807-10    Politik  og  Historic  is  issued. 

1811  *  *  The  University  of  Christiania 
is  founded. 

1813  ♦  *  Smaadigte,  one  of  the  first  pul>- 
licationa  of  liberated  Norway,  by  the 
Trefoils,  Bjerregaard,  Hansen,  and 
Schwach,  appears. 

1816  *  *  Poems,  by  Mauritz  Christopher 
Hansen,  appears.  [1819,  Ottar  de  lire- 
tagne.'\ 

1816-20    Saga  is  issued. 

1817-21  Den  Norsk  Tilshneris  issued  at 
Bergen. 

1819  *  *  The  Morgenblad  is  issued. 

1821-27     Hermoder  is  issued. 

1822-23    Iduna  is  issued. 

1828  *  *  Sinclair's  Death,  by  Henrik 
Arnold  "Wergeland,  appears.  [1829, 
A  volume  of  lyrical  and  patriotic  poems  ; 
1830,  Skahelsen,  Mennvsh-t  og  Mesian : 
1837,  fV7tHw6e//er7J- (The  Campbells) ;  1840. 
Jan  Van  liuysums  liloniaterstykke ;  1841, 
Sralen:  \&i2,  Jodfn  :  IS4S,  t'enetianerne ; 

1844,  Jodinden  and  Den  Engelske  Lods.] 
*  *  EJeldeventyret,  hy  Henrik  Anker  Bjer- 
regaard, appears. 

1832  *  *  Henrik  WergelamVs  Poetry,  by 
Johann  S.  C.  Welhaven,  appears.  [I&'H, 
Xorges  Dsemrinq ;  1854,  Hotherg ;  18<>;j, 
Evald  and  the  Nonvegian.\ 

1832-34     Vidar  is  issued. 

1835  *  *  SkiUing  Magazin  is  issued. 

1837  *  *  Knng  Sverres  Ungdom,  by  An- 
dreas IVIuuch,  appears.  [1848, /*oe?n8  A>w 
and  Old :  l&M,  Solomon  de  Cans;  1857, 
Lord  William  Russell:  1861,  Kongedat- 
tereus  Brudefort.'] 

1838  *  *  Nor,  by  Peter  Christen  Asbjorn- 
sen,  appears.  [1842.  Xorttke  Eolkeerentyr ; 

1845,  mtldreeventyrJ] 

1847-55  Norsk  Tidsskri/t  for  Videnskab 
og  Litteratur  is  issued. " 

1850  *  *  Catilina,  by  Henrik  Ibsen,  ap- 
pears (his  first  tragedy).  [1856,  Gildvt 
pa^  Solhauq ;  1857,  Fru  Tnaer  til  Os- 
troMt ;  1858,  Hsemifendenepaa  Helgeland  : 
1862,  Kjserlighedena  h'ornedic :  1863,  A'ongs- 
Emnerne;  1866,  Brand;  1867,  Peer  G%jnt: 
1869,  De   Unges  Forbimd ;  1871,  Lyrical 


Poems:  1873,  Kejser  og  Galilseer;  1877, 
Samfundets  StMter;  1879,  Et  Dukkehjem: 
1881,  GJengangere ;  1883,  En  Folkefiende.] 

1850-53     Poems,  by  Jorgen  Moe,  appear. 

1851-66  Illuslreret  Ny  hedsbl ad  is  issned.. 

1852  *  *  En  Fjeldbygd(A  Mountain  Par- 
ish), by  Nicolai  Ramm  Ostgaard,  appears. 

1853  *  *  Norske  -/''o^-eriser,  or  Norwegian 
folk-songs,  by  Magnus  Brostrup  Land- 
stadt,  appears. 

1855  ♦  *  Amtmandens  Dottre  (The  Gov- 
ernor's Daughters),  by  Jacobine  Camilla 
Collet,  appears. 

*  *  TidsnorneTvie,  bv  Henrik  Hermann 
Foss,  appears  (The  Norns  of  the  Age). 

1856-60    Norsk  Maanedsskrift  is  issued. 
1857  *  *  En  Erindring,  by  Peter  Andreas 
Jensen,  appears. 

*  *  Synnove  Solbakken,  by  Bjornstjern 
Bjornaon,  appears.  [1358,  Arnt  and 
Ifalte  Hulda  :  1859.  Mel/em  Slagene  :  1861, 
Kong  Svtrrt :  l8Gf2,  Sigurd  Slembe  :  1863, 
Maria  Stuart  i  Skot/and :  1865,  Z>f  Np- 
gifte;  1868,  Fiskerjenten ;  1873,  Brudet- 
laaten  and  Sigurd  Jorsalfar :  1875,  ^f- 
daktoren  and  En  Fallit:  1877,  A'ongen 
and  Magnhild :  1879,  Det  Nye  System  and 
Leonarilo:  1883,  Over  jEvnes  and  En 
JIanske.] 

1865*  *  Fraa  Bygdom,  by  Kristoffer 
Janson,  appears.  [1867,  Jon  Ai-ason ;  1872, 
Torgrim:  1875,  Era  Dansketide:  1878. 
Han  og  Ho:  1879,  En  Kvindeskiebne  and 
Austanfyer  Sol  og  Vestanfyre  Afaane.] 

1866*  *.S/orei9tt/ (BigLad), byAasmund 
Olafsen  Vinje,  appears. 

*  *  Norden  is  issued. 

1870  *  ♦  Den  Fremsynte,  by  Jonas  Lie, 
appears.  fl87'2,  Tremasteren  Fremfiden; 
1874,  Losdev  oq  hans  Hustru;  1878,  Thomas 
Boss;  1879,  Adam  Schroder;  1880,  But- 
land ;  1883,  Livs-Slaven.'\ 

1879  *  *  Garman  og  Norse,  by  Alexander 
Kielland,  appears.    [1880,  Arbeidsfolk.] 

STATE. 

*  *  *  Petty  kings  rule. 

630+  *  *  Olaf  Traelilia,  the  last  of  the 
pontifical  kings  of  the  race  of  Odin, 
driven  outof  Sweden,  settles  with  othert 
in  Vermeland.  [&«).  Killed  by  his  peo- 
ple.] 

640-700  Halfdan  I.  reigns.  [730-784. 
Halfdan  II ;  784-SS4,  Gudrod;  824,  Geir- 
stade  and  Halfdan  HI. ;  866-930,  Harold 

863i  *  *  The  chiefs  successfully  revolt 
during  the  youth  of  Harold  I.  [Sub- 
dued.] 

872  *  *  Harold  I.  consolidates  his  king- 
dom. [885.  Makes  conquests.  (See 
Army.)  930.  He  divides  his  kingdom 
among  his  sons,  making  the  oldest,  Eric 
Blodoxe,  overlord.] 

934-940  Eric  I. ,  son  of  Harold  I.  reigns. 
[940-963,  Hakon  the  Good ;  963-977,  Har- 
old II.,  Graafeld.] 

977*  *  Hakon  Jar!  governs  several 
provinces  by  the  appointment  of  Harold 


i 


NORWAY. 


630,  *  *-1893,  Apr.  30.     1105 


of  Denmark.  [995.  Deposed  for  tyraniiy 
and  licentiousness.] 

905-1000    Olaf  Trygresson  reigns. 

1000  *  *  Norway  is  divided  among  the 
victors  of  the  battle  of  Svold. 

1015-30  Olaf  the  Saint  rules  ;  he  con- 
solidates the  kingdom.  [1030.  Keturns 
from  exile  ;  killed  iu  battle.] 

1035  ^  -46  Magnus  I.  reigns.  (^1046-C6, 
Harold  H I . .  H  ardrada ;  10(i«-69,  Harold's 
two  sons,  Olaf  III.,  the  Quiet,  and  Mag- 
nus II.;  1069-93,  Olaf  III,  alone;  1093- 
1103.  Magnus  III.,  Barford  ;  1103-22.  Mafj;- 
nus'  three  sons.  Sigurd  I..  Ky.stein  II., 
and  Olaf  IV.;  1122-30,  Sigurd  alone; 
1130-34,  Magnus  IV.  and  Harold  IV.] 

1103  *  *  Or.  Brit,  Magnus  HI.  makes 
conquests. 

1134*  *  Magnus  IV.  is  dethroned. 
[1136.     Harold  IV.  is  murdered.] 

1136-62  Sigurd  and  other  sons  of  Har- 
old reign,  and  fi;j:ht  each  other,  besides 
pretenders  and  other  competitors. 

1162-86  Magnus  V.,  son  of  Erling 
Skakke,  makes  pledges  to  the  church, 
and  is  crowned  by  an  archbishop. 

1186-1202  Magnus  V.  is  overthrown  by 
Swerro,  an  adventurer,  who  succeeds 
him.  [1202-04,  Hakon  III. :  120M)5,Guth- 
rum;  1205  07,  Inge  II.;  1207-63,  Hakon 
IV. ;  1-263-80,  Magnus  VI.  1280-99.  EricTT. 
father  of  the  iSIaid  of  Norway.  1299-1319, 
Hakon  V.  He  abolishes  the  Lendermenu, 
and  establishes  the  Storthing  at  Bergen. 
1319-43,  Magnus  VII.  (III.  of  Sweden); 
1343-80,  Hakon  VI.;  1380-«7,  Olaf  V. 
(TI.,  of  Denmark).] 

1286  *  *  Eric  IT.  marries  Margaret  of 
Scotland  (p.  855). 

1397-1524  Union  of  Sweden,  Norway, 
and  Denmark. 


1397  July  20.  An  assembly  at  Calmar 
unites  three  kingdoms  (p.  637). 

1448^0  Sweden  and  Norway  separated 
from  Denmark, 

1468*  *The  Orkney  and  Shetland 
Islands  pass  to  the  Scottish  crown. 

1523-1814  Denmark  and  Norway 
united;  Sweden  separated. 

1624*  *  Christian  IV.  founds  Chris- 
tiania  as  the  capital. 

1814  Jan.  14.  Norway  is  ceded  to 
Sweden  (p.  639).  pVIay.  17.  Norwegians 
declare  their  independence.  Oct.*  Claim 
abandoned.]     (For  rulers,  see  Sweden.) 

1821  *  *  The  nobility  is  abolished. 

1847  *  *  King  Oscar  I.  founds  the  order 
of  St.  Olaf. 

1883  June*  nirittfJania.  The  Storthing 
impeaches  Christian  Selmer  and  ten 
other  Ministers  for  advising  the  king  to 
veto  a  reform  bill  for  Ministerial  re- 
sponsibility.    [Tried  and  condemned.] 

1884  Mar.  19.  The  Crown  Prince  of 
Sweden  is  appointed  viceroy. 

1891     Feb.  35.     Christiania.    The  majority 

of  the  Storthing  demands  the  control  of 
Norwegian  foreigrn  affairs.  [1893.  Mar.  17. 
It  passes  a  resolution  asserting  the  right  of 
Norway  to  a  separate  consular  service 
ahroad,  and  complete  autonomy  at  home. 
Vote  64-50.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

998  *  *  Olaf  establishes  Christianity  by 
force.   He  makes  it  unsafe  to  be  pagans. 

1018-21  Olaf  H.,  the  Saint,  promotes 
Christianity  in  Norway  and  Iceland. 


1153  *  *  Nicholas  Breakspeare  [  Pope  Adrian 
I  V.J  arrives  from  HomCf  and  founds  the 
biehoprfc  of  Drontlieim. 

1530  *  *  The  first  sawmill  is  erected. 

1816  *  *  The  Norwegian  Bible  Society  Is  or- 
ganized. [1828.  Tlie  SlaveiiKer  Uible  So- 
ciety. 1842.  Aug.  8.  Norwegian  Mission  So- 
ciety by  consohdation.  1864.  Aug.  31.  Sea- 
men Society.  1876.  Methodist  Episcopal 
Conference  (I'.  S.  A.).  1890.  The  Pentecost 
Baud  opens  a  mission.] 

1842  *  *  Christiania.  The  Storthing  en- 
acts a  law  prohibiting  the  manufacture, 
sale,  or  importation  of  distilled  liquors. 
[1S48.  It  passes  a  virtual  license  law. 
1871.  It  adopts  the  I5olag  or  Sarnlag 
system  of  license,  eliminating  personal 
gain  from  the  liquor-traffic] 

1853  July  4.  The  first  railroad  is 
opened;  it  extends  to.Copenhagen. 

1872  Apr.*  An  Arctic  expedition 
sails  under  Prof.  Kordenskjold.  [1873. 
Returns.  1879.  Sept.  2.  He  arrives  at  Yo- 
kohoma,  having  accomplished  the  north- 
east passage.  1893.  June  24.  Fridtjof Nan- 
sen's  arctic  expedition  sails  in  the  Fravt 
(enters  the  drift  ice  hoping  to  drift  across 
the  Pole  and  arrive  at  Greenland).] 

July  18.     The   millenial  anniversary 

of  the  establishment  of  the  kingdom  is 

observed, 
1890  *  *  Christiania.     A    fire   destroys 

property  valued  at  $3,500,000. 
1893    Jan.  28.    A   fishing   fleet  is 

wrecked  oflf  the  Lofoden  Isles  ;  130  lives 

are  lost. 
Apr.  30.    The    viking   ship   for   the 

World's  Fair  sails  from  Bergen.    [June 

17.    Arrives  at  New  York.] 


ORANGE   FREE   STATE. 


Ora-NOE  Free  State  is  a  South  African  republic;  capital,  Bloemfontein.    The  executive  is  a  president,  and  tho  legislatnre 
Is  called  the  Volksraad.    Area,  48,325  square  miles ;  population  in  1890,  207,.'i03,  more  than  half  of  whom  are  whites. 


1824  *  *  Nomad  farmers  from  Cape  Col- 
ony cross  the  Orange  River,  seeking  pas- 
turage for  their  flocks. 

1834  *  *  The  Berlin  Missionary  Society 
opens  a  mission  at  Bethany.  [1845,  at 
iTiiel.  *  *  *  at  Adamshoop,  founded  by 
the  wealthy  son  of  atslave.j 

1835-36  Large  bodies  of  Dutch  Boer 
emigrants  arrive  from  Cape  Colony, 
which  they  leave  to  escape  British  con- 
trol. They  form  a  rude  republican  gov- 
ernment. 

*  •  *  Tlie  Boers  collide  with  the  Cape 
Colony  authorities  by  attempting  to  dic- 
tate to  the  Griquas,  who  claim  British 
protection. 

1837  *  *  The  Paris  Evangelical  Mission- 
ary Society  opens  a  mission  at  Thaba- 
Bosiou.  fl857.  At  Lenbe.  1883.  At 
Mafube.    *  *  •  At  Smithfield.] 

1841  *  *  A  Paris  missionary  opens  a  mis- 
sion at  Mamusa.  [Later  adopted  by  the 
London  Society.] 


1845  ♦  *  Sir  P.  Maitland,  Governor  of 
Cape  Colony,  assists  the  Griquas  with 
an  armed  force. 

*  *  A  British  resident  is  appointed  to 
protect  the  wards  of  Great  Britain. 

1848  Feb.  3.  Governor  Sir  H.  Smith 
of  Cape  Colony  visits  this  territory,  and 
proclaims  the  authority  of  Great'Brit- 
ain  over  it. 

+  *  *The  Boers,  led  by  Pretorius,  re- 
sent the  British  claim  of  authority,  rise 
against  the  magistrates,  and  drive  tbeni 
out  of  the  coimtry. 

1851  Mar.  *  A  British  force  under 
.Sir  U.  Smith  defeats  the  Boers  at  Bo(im- 
plaats,  reestablishes  British  authority, 
and  annexes  the  territory  to  England  as 
the  Orange  River  Territory. 

1852  *  *  The  British  Governor  Catbcart 
punishes  the  Basutos  for  outrages  com- 
mitted. [Battle  of  Berea;  the  Basutos 
surrender.] 


1854    Jan.  30.     The  British  agree  to 

abandon  the  territory  on  condition  that 
slavery  be  abolished.  [Mar.  29.  The  au- 
thority is  transferred  to  a  provisional 
government.] 

Mar.i:  *  A  free  state  is  formed,  having 
a  Volksraad  for  making  laws, and  a  gov- 
ernor as  chief  executive.  [Apr.  10.  Con- 
stitution proclaimed.  18C6.  It  is  revised. 
1879.    Again  revised.] 

*  *  *  The  Society  for  the  Propagation  of 
the  Gospel  opens  a  mission  at  Thlotse 
Heights.     Also  at  Bloemfontein. 

1863  *  *  Sir  John  Henry  Brand  is  elected 
president.     [1888.    July  14.     Dies.] 

1868  *  *  Disputes  with  Great  Britain  re- 
specting tlie  diamond  fields. 

1875  *  *  The  German  Lutherans  open  a 
mission  at  Bloemfontein. 

1880  Mar.  13.  Tlie  Republic  enters  a 
defensive  treaty  with  the  South  African 
Republic.     [May  2.5.     Ratified.]      ' 

1889  Jan.  11.  F.  W.  Reitz  is  Inaugu- 
rated president.    [1893.    Reelected.] 


PARAGUAY. 


Pabaottav  is  a  repablic  of  the  interior  of  South  America  ;  capital,  Asuncion.  The  executive  government  Is  lodged  with  a 
president  quadrennially  elected,  and  the  legislative  power  with  a  Congress  having  two  houses.  Language  Spanish,  or  a  corrupted 
native  dialect ;  religion  chiefly  Roman  Catholic.  Area,  92,000ir  square  miles  ;  population  in  1886,  329,645  (perhaps  greater),  besides 
100,0001-  Indians. 


1628*  *  Discovered  by  Sebastian  Cabot. 

[153&.     Conquered    by  Alvarez   NuOez. 

1B36.   Settled  by  Spain.   1637.    Aionoion 

foupded  (p.  21>.]  .  bit  missionaries  arrive 

1S40-60    Tlie  Franciscans,  Armenta,  Le-    1620*  *  [Buenos  Ayres]  is  separated. 


bron,  Solano  [the  Apostle  of  Paraguay!,    1620*  *  Spaniards  become  slave  raiders 
and  Bolanos,  introduce  Christianity.       /„  vn 
[1605.    Jesuits  arrive  (p.  26).    1608.     '—        ^^'     '' 


Jes- 


1735*  *The  anti-Jesuits  and  quasi-na- 
tional party  is  crushed. 


1106     1750,*  *-1891,  Oct.  22. 


PARAGUAY. 


1750  *  *  Ferdinand  VI.  cedes  a  large 
tract  to  the  Portuguese  In  exchange  for 
Colinia  del  Sacramento.  [1761.  Treaty 
revoked.] 

±  *  *  The  Jesuits  resist  the  transfer  of 
their  reductions ;  they  are  Unally  de- 
feated, after  several  engagements,  by  the 
combinedSpanisliand  Portuguese  forces. 
[1767.    The  Jesuits  are  expelled.] 

1776  *  •  Rio-de-la-Flata  Is  erected  into 
a  vice-royalty,  with  its  jurisdiction  ex- 
tending over  Paraguay. 

1811  *  •  Independence  is  declared. 

1813-40  Dr.  ,Ios4  G.  R.  Francia  is  elected 
dictator.  tISW-62.  Carlos  A.  Lopez. 
1862-70.     F.  L.  Lopez.] 

1814*  *  Foreigners  are  excluded.  [1844. 
Tolerated.] 


*  •  •  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Cbarch 
(U.  S.  A.)  opens  a  mission  in  Asuuslon. 

1864-70  'War  with  Brazil.  It  impov- 
erishes and  nearly  ruins  the  nation  (p. 
556). 

1869  Aug.  17.  A  provisional  govern- 
ment is  formed.  Gen.  Lopez  is  pro- 
claimed an  outlaw. 

1870  June  20.  Peace  is  signed  with 
Brazil  anil  Argentine  Republic. 

1871  Dec.  12.  Salvador  Jovellanos  is 
elected  president  for  three  years. 

1872  »  *  A  treaty  of  peace ;  $200,000  in- 
demnity is  to  be  paid  Brazil ;  $35,000  to 
Argentine  J  $1,000,000  to  Uruguay;  the 


debt  averages  $680  to  each  person  In  Pt^ 
raguay. 

1873  *  »  An  attempted  English  colonj' 
fails. 

1874  Nov.  25.  Juan  Bautista  Gill  ii 
elected  president.  [1877,  Apr.  12,  Higlnlo 
Uriarte ;  1878,  Nov.  25,  Candido  Barelro  ; 
1882,  Nov.  25,  B.  Caballero ;  1886,  Sept. 
25,  Gen.  Escobar ;  1890,  Sept.  25,  Juan 
G.  Gonzalez.] 

1878  *  *  Paraguay  is  awarded  the  dis- 
puted country  to  the  west,  by  President 
Harrison,  U.  S.  A.,  the  arbitrator. 

1879  *  *  Germans  settle  at  San  Bernar- 
dino. 

1891  Oct.  22  i:.  A  revolt  is  suppressed 
by  the  troops. 


PERSIA. 

Persia  is  a  country  of  southwestern  Asia;  capital,  Teheran.  The  government  is  an  hereditary  absolute  monarchy,  con- 
ducted by  a  shah.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Mohammedanism  of  the  Shiite  sect.  Area,  628,000  square  miles  ;  estimated  popu- 
lation in  1891,  9,000,000. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

649  *  ♦  B.  c.  Cyrus  the  Great  conquers 
all  of  Asia  Minor.  [538.  He  takes  Baby- 
lon.] 

529  *  *  B.  c.  "War  with  the  Massaget^ ; 
Cyrus  is  killed. 

527  *  *  ».  c.  Cambyses  conquers  Egypt 
(p.  650). 

512  •  *  B.  c.  The  Babylonians  revolt, 
but  are  subdued. 

500-449  B.  c.    Wars  with  the  Greeks. 

498  *  *  B.  c.  loniana  revolt  (p.  1017). 
(For  Greco-Persian  wars,  see  Greece.) 

493  r  *  *  B.  c.  Four  grand  expeditions 
are  sent  against  the  Grecians.  (See 
Greece.) 

486  •  *  n.  c.  Tlie  Egyptians  are  sub- 
dued (p.  651). 

334  *  »  B.  f.  Alexander  the  Great  be- 
gins his  conquests  in  Asia  (p.  1024). 

250t  *  *  B.  c.  Persia  is  partly  recon- 
quered from  the  Greeks  by  the  Par- 
thians.  

260-t  *  *  A.  I).  Sapor  conquers  Grecian 
cities,  captures  Valerian,  and  enters 
Italy  (p.  1066). 

277  *  *  Varanes  II.  is  defeated  by  the 
Roman  Emperor  Probus  ;  peace  follows. 

283  *  •  The  Roman  Emperor  Carus  in- 
vades Persia ;  he  conquers  Seleucia  and 
Ctesiphon. 

298  *  »  The  Emperor  Galerius  conquers 
Mesopotamia  (p.  1067). 

327-360  Sapor  II.  successfully  eon- 
tends  with  Rome  for  the  lost  provinces 
of  Mesopotamia  and  Assyria. 

362-363  VlTar  with  Julian  (p.  1068). 
The  Emperor  .lovian  purchases  a  re- 
treat for  the  Romans  by  surrendering 
provinces. 

412  *  *  Yezdejird  I.  conquers  Armenia. 
[421.  Varanes  V.  conquers  Arabia  Fe- 
lix.) 

430-32  War  with  the  Huns  and  also 
with  the  Turks. 

458-476    Civil  war  prevails. 

531-580+  Wars  with  the  Romans  with 
varying  fortunes. 

540  *  *  Chosroes  devastates  Syria ;  the 
Emperor  Justinian  pays  him  to  obtain 
peace. 

541-542  Belisarius  conducts  his  suc- 
cessful campaigns. 

590  •  •  Civil  war  follows  the  attempt  to 
degrade  Baharam,  a  general  who  de- 


poses the  king,  but  in  the  end  is  de- 
feated. 

591  *  *  Chosroes  II.  renews  the  war  with 
the  Bomans,  and  cuts  to  pieces  an 
army  of  50,000  men.  [614-616.  He  sub- 
dues Asia  Minor.  627.  He  is  utterly 
vanquished  by  the  invading  Emperor 
Heraclius.] 

642  *  *  Arabs  subdue  Persia  (p.  484). 

1256  *  *  Hulaku,  the  grandson  of  Gen- 
ghis Khan,  invades  Persia.  [1258.  Feb.  * 
He  takes  Bagdad.] 

1380  *  *  Tamerlane  the  Tartar  invades 
Persia.  [1384.  Takes  Ispahan.  Finally 
conquers  the  country.] 

1519*  *Ismail(lshmael)conqner8Qeor- 

gia. 
1739  *  *  Nadir  Shah  conquers  India. 
1795*  *Agha   Mahmoud   captures 

Kerman,  and  massacres  or  enslaves  the 

people. 
1826-29    "War  with  Bussia. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

*  *  *  B.  c.    Zoroaster,  philosopher,  reUgioos 

teacher,  born,  dies. 
600±  *  *  KouBtam,  or  Konstem,  hero,  born,  d. 
559  *  ♦  Cyrus  tlie  elder,  foumier  of  i'erslan 

Empire,  born.     [.'>29.     Dies.] 
6th  Century.    AsfiUHliyar,  hero,  l)orn,  dies, 
5S3  *  *  Sinerdis  (tlie  Kales)  is  killed. 
531*  *  Cambyses.  King  of  I'ersia,  dies. 
519'  •  Xerxes  the  (ireilt,  king,  b.    [465.    D.] 
485  *  *  Darius  Hy8tasi>es  I.,  king,  dies. 
479  *  *  Mardonlus.  Persian  gen.  in  Greece,  d. 
425  *  *  Artaxerxes  I..  Longimanus  (Ahas- 

uerus),  king,  dies. 
400+  *  *  Cyrus  the  younger,  king,  dies. 
362  *  *  Artaxerxes  II.,  Memnon,  king,  dies. 

Datames,  general,  dies. 
339  *  *  Artaxerxes  111.,  king,  murdered. 
336  *  *  Arses,  king,  murdered. 

Bagoas,  minister,  killed. 
330  »  •  Darius  III.  killed. 

226  •  •  A.  D.    Manes,  or  Manicha>UB,  founder 

of  Manichjeans,  born.     [277.     Dies.) 
240+ *  * -ArdeslUr  liabegan,  king,  flourishes. 
3d  Century.    Arsaces,  founderof  kingdom  of 

Parthia,  born,  dies. 
272  *  *  Sapor  1.,  kmg,  assassinated. 
478  •  *  Narses,  general  of  .lustinian  1.,  born. 

[573.     Dies.] 
679  *  *  Chosroes  I..  Ssssanide,  king,  dies. 
628  ♦  *  Chosroes  11.,  kmg,  dies. 
662*  *  Yezdegerd  111,  king,  dies. 
837  *  •  Babek,  Al  KJiorremi,  Impostor,  dies. 
10th  Century.    Hoodakee,  blind  poet,  born  d. 
940±  *  *  t'lrdusi,  Firdouai,  or  Firdausi  Abui 

Cashn  Mansur,  poet,  bom.    [1020+,D.] 


loss  *  *  Abu  Hamed  Mohammed,  writer  and 

teacher,  born. 
1119*  *  Attar- Ferid.cd-Din, poet, born.  [1221. 

Dies.] 
1136  *  *  Imad-ed-Din,  Mohannned  .\1-Kateb, 

poet,  born.     [1201.     Dies.] 
1166  *  *  Abd^el-Kader-Ghilanee,  religious 

writer,  dies. 
1190  ••  .'iadi,  poet,  born.     [1191.    Dies.) 
1200±  *  *  .\nwari,  lyric  poet,  dies. 
1201  *  *  Nassir-ed-Din,     astronomer,     bom. 

[1274.     Dies.] 
1282  *   *  Abaka  Khan,  Mongol  king,  dies. 
1300+  *  *  liaflz,  Mohammed  .Shems-ed-Dln, 

poet,  born.     [1390+.    Dies.] 
1414  •  •  .Tamee,  poet,  born.    [1492.    Dies.] 
1433  •  •  Mirkhond,  historian,  b.     [1498.     D.] 
1557*  •  A  blias  the  Great,  king,  b.    [1628.  D.] 
1560+  *  *  Ferlshtah  Mohammed-Kasin,  his- 
torian, born.     [1626+ .     Dies.] 
1688*  'Nadir    Shah,  or  Kuh  Khan,  bom. 

[1747.     Dies.] 
1711*  •  Altheu.Jehan,  orJean,!).  [1774.  D.) 
1785+ •  'Abbas  Mir2a,shali,b.    [1833.    D.) 
1831  *  *  Nassr-ed-Dln,  shah,  l)orn. 


CHURCH. 

1000±  *  *  B.  c.  Zarathushtra,  or  Zoroas- 
ter, a  philosopher,  becomes  the  foimder 
of  the  order  of  priests  called  Magi. 
They  worship  an  invisible  God,  and  re- 
gard fire  as  the  emblem  of  his  power 
and  purity.    (Date  conjeetural.) 

1+  *  *  A.  D.    Buddhism  is  introduced  in  ' 

Cashmere,  Persia. 
90±  »  *  Christianity  is  introduced. 
227  *  *  The  new  government  restores  the 

old  religion  of  Zoroaster,  and  perecutes 

('hristians. 

272  *  *  Hormisdas  I.  favors  the  Maui- 
chees. 

273  *  *  Varanes  I.  persecutes  both  the 
Maniehees  and  the  Christians. 

326  *  •  Sapor  II.  proscribes  the  Chris- 
tian religion.  [330-60.  Terrible  perse- 
cution of  Christians  continues ;  250 
clergy,  and  16,000  others  suffer  martyr- 
dom.] 

410  *  *  The  Council  of  Seleucia  in  Chal- 
dea  meets  to  reestablish  ecclesiastical 
discipline  in  Persia  and  Mesopotamia. 

418-468    Christians  are  persecuted. 

421  *  •  Christians  are  persecuted  under 
Varanes  V. 

638  *  *  The  Parsees,  followers  of  Zo- 
roaster, are  driven  out  of  Persia  into 
India  by  the  Arabs. 


PERSIA.        1000*  *  B.  c.-A.D.  1845,  Dec. 


HOT 


652  ♦  *  The  religion  of  the  Magi  is  super- 
seded by  Mohammedanism. 

eei  *  •TheShilteorFatimite Mohamme- 
dans make  Persia  tlie  seat  of  their  power. 
Christians  are  persecuted,  and  many 
are  driven  into  exile,  wliile  the  great 
mass  of  the  people  apostatize  to  the 
Mohammedan  faith. 

1811*  'Henry  Marty n  attempts  to 
carry  the  gospel  to  Persia.  [1812.  June* 
He  completes  Itis  Persian  translation  of 
the  Testament.] 

1833  *  *  The  Basel  Society  begins  mis- 
sion-work. 

1838*  *ReT.  William  Glenn,  D.I).,  a 
Scotch  missionary,  enters  Persia. 

1844  *  *  The  American  Board  opens  a 
mission  at  Tabriz. 

1845  Deo.  19.  A  Christian  revival  be- 
gins in  Urumlah. 

*  *  Mirza  Ali  Mahmoud,  an  enthusiastic 
youth  of  Shiraz.  announces  a  new  revela- 
tion and  himself  tlie  Bab  (l>oor>  of  true 
religion,  iience  the  sect  called  Babi  or 
Babist  have  their  origin. 

1845-46  Persia.  Revivals  prevail  in  the 
missions  of  the  American  Board  to  the 
Nestorians.  (1849.  Again.  1871.  The 
missions  are  transferred  to  the  care  of 
the  American  Presbyterians.] 

STATE. 

1000±  (?)  *  *  B.  c.  Zoroaster,  king  of 
Bactria  ("Western  Persia),  reigns. 

600±  *  *B.C.  TheancientPersianscome 
from  Parsua.  [549.  They  overthrow  As- 
tyages.] 

538-529  B.C.  Cyrus  the  Great  reigns. 
[338.  (?)  He  overthrows  the  Medo-Baby- 
lonian  empire,  and  annexes  it.  [.'>3G.  He 
subdues  all  the  Kast.] 

529-521  B.  c.  Cambyses,  son  of  Cy- 
rus, reigns.  [521-485,  Darius  Hys- 
taspes ;  485-4G5,  Xerxes  ;  465-4'25,  Ar- 
tazerxes  Longimanus ;  4'25,  Xerxes 
II. ;  after  a  few  months  he  is  assassi- 
nated by  Sogdianus,  his  half-brother,  a 
usurper,  who  is  deposed  by  Ochus  Da- 
rius II.,  Nothtis.  405,  Artaxerxes  11., 
Memnon  ;  359,  A rtaxerxes  III. ;  kills  all 
his  relatives.  338.  Arses,  son  of  Arta- 
xerxes  111.,  is  placed  on  the  throne  by 
Bagoas,  the  king's  murderer.  336.  Ba- 
goas  kills  Arses,  and  enthrones  Darius 
III.,  Codomanus.] 

328*  *  *  B.  c.  Alexander  the  Great 
founds  the  Greco-Persian  monarchy. 

312-30e±  B.C.  Seleucus Nicator reigns 
in  the  provinces  east  of  the  Euphrates. 

260  B.  c.-250i  A.  D.  Persia  is  partly 
taken  from  the  Greeks,  and  is  ruled  by 
the  Farthians,  who  establish  a  mon- 
archy.   

226-642  A.  I).  Dynasty  of  the  Sassi- 
nidea. 

(226)  Artaxerxes,  a  common  soldier, 
raises  himself  to  eminence,  revolts,  de- 
feats and  kills  .Arsaces  XXVIII.  (Arta- 
ban  us  IV.),  King  of  Parthia  ;  he  annexes 
Parthia  to  Persia. 

240  •  *  Chosroes  secures  independence 
for  Armenia. 

»  *  Sapor  I.  reigns.  (258.  He  recovers 
Armenia  by  conquest.  260.  He  repels 
the  itomans,  and  kills  the  Emperor  \a- 
lerian.] 

272*  »  Hormizdasreigns.  [273,  Varanes 
I.  (Bahram) ;  277,  Varanes  II.;  293,  Va- 
ranes III.  ;  294,  Narses  ;  he  resumes  the 
war  with  the  Romans.] 

293  f  *  *  Varanes  m.  is  saccessfal,  and 
resists  the  Romans  for  a  time,  bat  is  de- 


feated by  Galerius,  who  destroys  his 
army,  and  conquers  Mesopotamia,  As- 
syria.   Peace  follows. 

301  *  *  or  303.  Hormizdas  reigns.  [310- 
380  (.381?)  Sapor  II.;  he  is  brutal  and 
proud.  363.  The  Romans  surrender  the 
captured  provinces  to  Sapor.  365.  Sapor 
annexes  Armenia.  366.  He  annexes 
Iberia.  372.  He  makes  peace  with  the 
Romans.] 

303  ±  *  *  Ormuz,  on  the  Gull,  is  founded. 

380±  *  *  Aj-tazerzes  II.  reigns.  [384- 
389.    Sapor  HI.] 

386  *  *  Armenia  and  Iberia  become  in- 
dependent. [428.  Armenia  is  again 
annexed.] 

390*  *  Varanes  rv.  reigns.  [404.  Yezde- 
gerd  I. ;  he  concludes  a  peace  f)f  100  years 
with  the  Romans.  420,  Varanes  V.  ;  440, 
Yezdegerd  II. ;  457,  Hormizdas  III. ;  458, 
Feroze;  484,  Pallas;  486,  Kobad ;  497, 
Kobad  again  ;  497,  Jamaspes.] 

458-684    Civil  war. 

531+  *  *  Chosroes  I.,  the  Great,  reigns. 
He  engages  in  long  wars  with  the  Ro- 
mans. 

590 1  •  *  Hormizdas  IV.  reigns.  [591. 
('hosroes  II.  ;  he  renews  the  Roman  war 
with  success.  614-G16.  He  subdues  Egypt 
and  Asia  Minor.] 

629  *  *  Artaxerxes  m.  reigns.  [6.30, 
Purandokt,  the  daughter  of  Chosroes ; 
G31,  .Shenendeh,  her  lover;  631,  Arzem- 
dokt,  her  sister;  631,  Kersa  ;  632,  Fe- 
rokhdad ;  632,  Yezdegerd  III.] 

642  *  *  Arabs  rule. 

651  *  *  The  last  of  the  Sassanides  dies. 

661  *  *  Persia  becomes  the  seat  of  the 
Shiite  or  Fatimite  sect  of  Mohamme- 
dans. 

813-872  The  Mohammedans  set  up  the 
Taherite  dynasty.  [872-902.  The  Sof- 
faride.    902-999.    The  Samanide.] 

1037-50  Togrul  Beg  and  the  Seljuk 
Turks  subdue  and  rule  Persia.  [1194. 
Driven  out  by  the  Kharesmians.] 

1194-1220    The  Kharesmlans  reign. 

1220*  *The     Mongol    Tartars,   under 

Genghis  Khan,  subdue  Persia.    [1258. 

Occupy  Bagdad.      1.345.     Make  it  the 

capital.] 

1387  *  *  Tamerlane  ravages  Persia. 

1468*  *The  Turkomans  conquer 
Persia. 

1499*  *The  Shiite   Mohammedans 

ilrivo  out  the  Turkomans,  and  set  up  the 
.Sufi  dynasty  under  Ismail. 

1499-1796    The  Suffavean  dynasty. 

1488-1536  Ismail  I.,  Sufl,  reigns  as  shah. 
[1576-77,  Ismail  II.,  Meerza;  1.577-86,  Mo- 
hammed Meerza ;  civil  strife  aliounds.  1586- 
16'J3.  Abbas  I.,  the  Great;  be  has  a  glorious 
reign.  1628.  ,Ian.  27.  He  dies.  1628-41.  .Shah 
Sufl;  be  is  barbarous.  1641-68.  Abbas  II., 
son  of  Sufi;  he  is  tolerant  of  all  religions, 
but  a  drunkard.  1668-94.  Shah  ,Sufl  II. 
(.Sulaiman)  succeeds  his  father.  1694-1722. 
Huseln;  he  prohibits  the  use  of  wine;  de- 
posed by  his  successor.] 

1530i  »  *  A  part  of  Afghanistan  is  an- 
nexed. 

1590  *  *  Ispahan  becomes  the  capital. 
[1796.    Teheran.] 

17aS-35  Mahmoud,  the  Afghan,  gains  the 
throne  by  conquest,  and  reigns  like  a  savage. 
[1725-30.  Ashrall,  the  cousin  of  Mahmoud, 
the  usurper,  reigns.  1730-32.  Tahmasp  II. 
defeats  the  usurper  and  recovers  the  throne. 
1732-36.  Abbas  III.,  Infant  son  of  Tabniasp 
II;  Nadir  Kull  Is  regent.  1736.  The  regent 
causes  himself  to  be  proclaimed  as  Shah 
Nadir.  1736-47.  Nadir  .Shah.  1737.  .Subdues 
Afghan*.  1747.  Assassinated  at  Khorassan.] 


1747-73  Afghaniatan.  Ahmed  Khan 
throws  off  the  Persian  yoke,  and  sets 
up  the  kingdom  of  Afghanistan.  He 
founds  the  kingdom  of  Candalahar. 

1747-61  Sliab  Hukh  reigns.  [1751.  Inter- 
regnum; anarchy  prevails.  1759-79.  Karim 
Khan;  three  rivals  contest  for  supreme 
power.  1779-94.  Many rivalsclaimtbethrone, 
and  assassinate  their  enemies  and  devastate 
the  land. ) 

1783*  *  Georgia  revolts,  and  is  an- 
nexed to  Russia. 
1795+  •  *  Kajar  dynasty. 

*  *  Aga-Mahmoud  I.  obtains  sole  an- 
thority,  and  founds  the  Turkoman  dy- 
nasty; capital,  Teheran.  (1797.  He  is 
assassinated.  1798-J834.  Fatah  Ali 
Shah ;  rebellions  are  subdued.  1834-48. 
Mahumud  Shah,  grandson  of  Fatah ;  two 
rivals  are  subdued.] 

1827  *  *  Russia  annexes  Persian  Ar- 
menia by  conquest. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
465  *  ♦  B.  I .    Xerxes  is  murdered  in  his 
bed  by  Artabanus.     [425.    Xerxes  II. 
by  Sogdianus.] 

359  *  »  B.  c.  Artaxerxes  III.  kills  all 
his  relations  when  he  becomes  king. 
[338.  He  is  assassinated  by  Bagoas,  his 
minister.] 

336  *  *  B.  c.  Arses,  the  king,  is  mur- 
dered by  his  father's  murderer. 

*  *  B.  c.  Bagoas,  the  minister  and  mur- 
derer of  two  kings,  is  himself  murdered. 

330  July  •  B.  <•.  Darius  IH.  is  assas- 
.sin.'ited  by  Bess  us  (who  is  torn  in 
pieces). 

312  Oct.  •  B.  c.  The  Seleucidan  Era 
begins ;  its  chronology  dates  from  the 
recovery  of  Babylonia  from  Antigonus. 
[At  one  time  in  general  use  in  the  coun- 
tries of  Central  and  Western  Asia.] 

240*  *A.  I).  Artaxerxes  I.  is  mur- 
dered. 

260*  *  Sapor  I.  flays  alive  the  Roman 
Emperor  Valerian,  his  prisoner. 

628  *  *  Chosroes  II.,  the  Great,  is  put 
to  death  by  his  son  Si  roes.  The  fratri- 
cide also  murders  his  brothers. 

632  June  26.  The  beginning  of  the 
Yezdegerd  or  Persian  Era,  with  the 
election  of  King  Yezdegerd  III.  [For- 
merly of  universal  use  in  Persia,  and 
now  used  by  the  Parsees  in  India.] 

1079  Mar.  15.  The  Persian  Calendar 
is  reformed  by  a  conference  of  Eastern 
astronomers,  and  called  the  Gelalean 
Era. 

1384  *  *  Tamerlane  builds  a  pyramid  of 
human  skulls. 

1747  June  20.  Persia.  Nadir  Shah 
is  assassinated  by  the  men  whom  he  de- 
signed to  assassinate  the  next  day. 

1755  June  7.  An  earthquake  in  Ka- 
Rchan  destroys  40.000  lives.  [1784.  An- 
other near  Ezeroum  buries  5,000  people. 
1893.  Nov.  26.  Another  at  Kushan  kills 
1,200  people.] 

1795*  *  Agha  Mahmoud  massacres 
captured  people  in  Karman  ;  70,000  eyes 
are  brought  to  him  on  platters. 

1804  June  4.  Vaccination  for  the 
cowpox  is  successfully  introduced. 

1840  *  *  The  printing-press  is  set  up  in 
Urumiah  by  the  missionaries. 


1108     1856,  *  *-1891,  Nov.  9. 


PERSIA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1856-57    War  with  India. 

1856  Nov.  1.  England  declares  war 
against  Persia  for  taking  Herat  (p.  5). 
[1857.  Gen.  Sir  James  Outram  defeats 
the  Persians  at  Kooehab.  Mar.  26.  Cap- 
tures Mohammerali.] 

1880  Oct.*  Savage  tribes  of  Kurds 
ravage  Persia.    [Nov.  *  Subdued.] 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1891    170V.  9.    Khain,  Ameer  of  Rborassan. 
A.M. 

CHURCH. 

1848  Sept.  10.  Nassr-ed-Din,  son  of 
Mahmoud  Shah,  is  enthroned;  he  sub- 
dues two  insurrections.  [1873,  1878, 1879. 
He  visits  Europe.] 


1856*  *The  English  Church  Society 
opens  a  mission  at  Julfa  (Ispahan). 

1862  *  *  The  Neatorians  and  the  mis- 
sionaries meet  in  their  first  church 
council. 

1869  *  *  Dr.  Bruce  opeus  a  Church  of 
England  mission.  [1875.  Mission  adopted 
by  the  Church  of  England  Society.  1871. 
Dr.  Bruce  distributes  £16,000  among  the 
starving  Persians.] 

1872*  *The  American  Presbyterians 
open  a  mission  at  Teheran.  [1873,  at 
Tabriz;  1881,  at  Hamadau ;  1886,  at 
Salmas.] 

1885  *  *  The  celebration  of  the  jubilee 
of  Persian  missions  is  followed  by  re- 
vivals. 

1880  •  *  The  Reformed  Evangelical 
Church  reports  many  missions. 


STATE. 

1853  Sept.  0.  The  government  is  reor- 
ganized. 

1857  Apr.  14.  Teheran.  Peace  with 
Great  Britain  is  ratified. 

July  27.  Persia  gives  up  Herat  to  Af- 
ghanistan. 

1881  Deo.  22.  The  shah  signs  a  treaty 
with  Kussia. 

1888  Sept.  9.  The  shah  issues  a  de- 
cree opening  the  river  Karuu  to  the 
commerce  of  all  nations. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865*  *  Railways  are  begun.  [1873. 
Sept.  11.  Opened  at  Resht.  1888.  June 
25.  Opened  between  Teheran  and  Shab- 
Abdul-Azim.J 

1867  *  *  Electric  telegraph  is  intro- 
duced. 


PERU. 

Peru  is  a  republic  of  western  South  America  ;  capital,  Lima.  It  is  politically  divided  into  18  departments.  The  chief  exec- 
utive is  a  president,  and  the  Congress  is  composed  of  two  houses.  The  common  language  is  Spanish,  and  the  chief  religion  is 
Roman  Catholic.    Area,  463,747±  square  miles ;  population,  3,000,000±, 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1533-34    Spanish  conquest  (p.  18+). 

1775  *  *  Peru  assumes  its  modem  limits 
(p.  489). 

1815  Mar.  12.  First  struggle  for  inde- 
pendence. The  Spaniards  defeat  the 
patriots  at  Umachiri. 

1817-24    "War  for  independence. 

1817    Jan.  17.    Gen.  San  Martin,  with 

4,000  men,  starts  for  the  coast ;  he  crosses 

the  Andes  12.300   feet  high.    [Feb.   12. 

Defeats  the    Spaniards    at  Chacabuco. 

1818    Feb.  19.     Defeats  Cancha  Rayadii. 

Apr.  5.  Expels  the  Spaniards  from  Chile. 

1821.    July  9.    Occupies  Linia.] 
1824    Aug.  6.    The  Peruvians  defeat  the 

Spanish  at  Junin. 
Dec.  9.    The  patriots  utterly  defeat  the 

Spanish  armyat  Ayacucho,  and  liberate 

Peru  and  Chile. 
1827    Mar.  ♦  The    Colombian   troops 

leave  Peru. 
1829*  *  Disastrous  war  with  Colombia. 

1855  *  *  Civil  war  for  six  months. 

1856  Dec.  * -68  Mar.  *  Gen.  Vivanco's 
insurrection  is  subdued. 

1865  Feb.  28.  A  formidable  revolt 
arises  against  President  Pezet.  [Oct.  * 
TTie  insurgents  declare  war  against 
Spain.] 

1866  "War  with  Spain ;  Peru  and  Chile 
are  allies. 

May  2.  Adm.  Nufiez  attempts  to  bom- 
bard Callao,  and  is  repulsed.  [May  10. 
The  Spanish  squadron  withdraws  from 
Peruvian  waters.] 

1872  July  *  A  military  insurrection 
breaks  out  at  Lima. 

1874  Dec.  3.  Insurrectionists  led  by 
Nicolas  de  Pierola  are  defeated  by  Presi- 
dent Prado  at  Scrota,  nearTarata.  [1876. 
Oct.*  Pierola  rises  again.] 

1879-83  "War  of  the  Pacific.  Chile 
defeats  Peru  and  Bolivia  (p.  550,  606). 

(1879.  Ski't.  1).  The  allies  capture 
Calama.  (Sept.  19.)  Peruvians  are  de- 
feated at  San  Francisco,  Peru.  (1881. 
Jan.  17.)  (Chileans  enter  Lima.  (Oct. 
23.)  Evacuated.  (1882.  Feb.  20i:.)  Pe- 
ruvians burn  Pasco  on  the  coast ;  many 
people  are  killed.   (1883.  Oct.20.)  Peace. 

1886  May  3+.  The  Government  defeats  In- 
surrection l8t8   at   Ayacucbo.    [May  284;. 


Insurgents  defeated  at  Huancayo.  Oct.  16. 
Again  defeated.  Nov.  19* .  Again  at  Jania. 
Dec  2.  Victorious  at  Lima,  defeating  Presi- 
dent Iglesiaa.j 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1054  (P)  *  *  Uanco  Capac.  founder  of  Pern» 

dies. 
1471  ♦  *  Pizarro,  Francisco,  discoverer,  born. 

[1541.    June  26.     Assassinated.] 
1583  *  *  Henriquez,  the  viceroy,  dies. 
1797*   *  Oastilla,   Don   Kanion,   pres.,  born. 

[1867.     Dies.] 
1826  *  *  Prado,   Mariano   Ignacio,  Peruvian 

president,  born. 
1836  *  *  Itermndez,  Gen.    Rainijio   Morales, 

president,  born.     [1H93.    Apr.l.     Dies.] 
1839*  *  rierola,Nicolasde,lVruvian  soldier, 

born.  ^ 

STATE. 

470  i  *  *  B.  c.  The  Pirua  dynasty  be- 
gins. (?)    (For  early  history,  see  p.  18-  .) 

1533  *  *  A.  D.    Spanish  rule  begins. 

1780  Nov.  *TupacAjnaru,ai)retended 
Inca,  leads  a  rebellion  for  the  redress  of 
injuries.  [1781  Mar.*  His 00,000 followers 
are  suppressed.  The  Spaniards  proceed 
to  exterminate  the  Indians  ;  80,000  per- 
ish.] 

1814  Aug.  3.  Chief  Mateo  Garcia  Pa- 
macagua  leads  a  rebellion  of  Indians. 

1821  July  28.  Gen.  Jost^de  San  Martin 
proclaims  the  independence  of  Peru. 

1823  Sept.  1.  Bolivar  goes  to  Peru,  and 
is  made  dictator.  [1826.  Sept.  3.  Re- 
jected ;   leaves  the  country.] 

1824  Nov.  28.  Gen.  Mariano  Prado  is 
chosen  president.  [1845,  Kamon  Castilla; 
1851,  Apr.  20,  Jos^  Kuflno  Echenique;  1854, 
June  I,  Castilla  again  provisional  president 
in  Southern  Peru,  1855,  Julv  14.  regularpresi- 
dent  again  ;  1862,  Oct.  24,  Marslial  San  Ro- 
mon;  1863,  Aug.  5,  Gen.  Juan  Antonio  Pe7.et; 
1866,  Aug.  2,  Mariano  Ignacio  Prado;  1867, 
(Jen.  Ta  Puerta,  a  few  months;  1868,  .\ug.  2, 
Jos^  Balta;  1872,  Aug.  2,  Manuel  Pardo;  1876, 
Mariana  I.  Prado;  1879,  Dec.  23,  Nicolas  de  Pi- 
erola, dictator;  1881,  Mar.  *  Francisco  (Iracia 
deCalderon, provisional  president.  1882.  Adm. 
Lizardo  Montero  assumes  tlie  presidency, 
Calderon  being  held  by  Chileans.  1883.  Mi- 
guel Iglesias  does  the  same.  1886,  July  3, 
Andres  Avelino  Caceres;  1890,  Aug.  8,  Re- 
mljio  Morales  Permudez;  1894,  May  10,  Gen. 
A.  Caceres  again.] 

1828  Mar.  21.  A  new  constitution  is 
approved.  [1856,  Another.  1860.  Modi- 
fied.] 


1829  Feb.  28.  Peace  is  signed  with 
Colombia. 

1853*  *  Revolt  against  Echenique. 
[1855  Jan.  *  Defeated  by  Castilla  and 
exiled.] 

1864  Apr.  14.  Spain  seizes  guano 
Isles  to  force  a  settlement  of  claims. 
[1865.    Chincha  Isles  restored.] 

1865  Jan.  27.  Pezet  agrees  to  the 
Spanish  claims  for  indemnity. 

*  *  Revolt  against  Pezet  because  of  his 
temporizing  with  Spain.  [Oct.  *  luaur- 
geuts  assume  authority,  and  declare  war 
against  Spain.] 

1866  Feb.  *  Peru  joins  Chile,  and  de- 
clares war  against  Spain. 

1867  Jan.  *  Insurrectionists  force 
Prado  to  resign.  [1872  July*  Tomas 
(Jutierrez  raises  an  insurrection  against 
Balta.  July  26.  Hanged  to  a  lamp-post 
by  the  people.  1874.  Another  revolt 
against  Prado.] 

1879  Apr.  2.  Peru  joins  Bolivia  in  dfr 
daring  war  against  Chile. 

Dec.  22.  Lima.  Revolution.  [1881.  Apr. 

*  Anarchy.] 

1883  Oct.  20.  Iglesias  signs  a  peace 
with  the  Chileans,  ceding  valuable  terri- 
tories. [Oct.  26.  Arequipa  is  surren- 
dered, also  Arica  and  Tacna  till  1893. 
1884.    Mar.  *  Ratified  by  the  Senate.] 

Dec.  11.  Treaty  with  Chile  and  Bo- 
livia ;  all  the  coasts  of  Bolivia  and  Tara- 
paca  in  Peru  are  surrendered  to  Chile. 

1893  Oct.  24.  The  Lower  House  pro- 
vi<Iea  that  only  Peruvian  silver  coin 
will  be  legal  tender. 

1894  Aug.  24.  The  President  is  clothed 
with  dictatorial  power. 

IHISCELLANEOUS. 

1598*  *  The  University  of  San  Antonio 
A  bad  is  founded  at  Cuzco. 

1791  *  *  The  Mercvrio  Pertiaiw  begun  at 
Lima.  [It  was  completed  in  11  volumes 
in  1891,  and  contains  many  valuable  ar- 
ticles on  scientific  subjects.  1792.  A 
medical  school  is  established.  1794.  a 
nautical  school  at  Lima.  1862,  GeograM 
ftfl  Peru,  by  Dr.  Don  Mariano  Felipe 
Paz  Soldan,  appears.    1868,  Historiadel 


PERU. 


470,^ 


B.  C. 


1894,  Aug.  24.     1109 


Peru  Independiente^  by  Dr.  Don  Mariano 
Felipe    Pax  Soldan  ;    1877,    IHccionario 
geograjico  eatadistico  del  Peru,  by  Dr. 
Don  Mariano  Felipe  Paz  Soldan.] 
1846  •  •  Guano  is  first  exported. 


1867  Apr.  15.  Lima.  Religious  tole- 
ration provokes  riots. 

1868  Aug.  13-15.  Earthquakes  cause 
the  loss  of  25,000  lives  and  $300,000,000: 
four  cities  and  many  towns  in  Peru  and 
Ecuador  suffer. 


1871  Oct.  *  Gold  ia  discovered  at  Hu- 
acho. 

1892  Sept.  10.  Lirna.  A  priest  and 
two  accomplices  are  sentenced  to  long 
imprisonments  for  burning  to  death  an 
Indian  girl  charged  with  witchcraft. 


PORTUGAL. 

Portugal,  is  a  kingdom  in  southwestern  Europe;  capital,  Lisbon.  It  is  politically  divided  into  eight  provinces,  and  gov- 
erned by  a  constitutional  hereditary  monarchy,  with  the  legislative  power  vested  in  a  Cortes  comprising  a  Senate  and  Chamber  of 
Representatives.  The  language  is  Portuguese,  and  the  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  Area,  38,034  square  miles  ;  popula- 
tion in  1881, 4,708,178.    Its  foreign  possessions  have  704,718  square  miles,  and  a  population  of  4,d85,200:b! 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

713  *  *  The  Moors  conquer  the  Alains 

and  West  Goths. 
716*  *  The  Saracens  capture  Lisbon. 

[900.    The  kings  of  Asturias  subdue  some 

of  the  Saracens.] 
1095  *  *  (1004?)    Portugal  is  connected 

with  Castile  as  a  feudatory  countship. 
1139    July  26.    Alfonso  [I.],  Count  of 

Portugal,  defeats  five  Moorish  kings 

at  Ourique ;    the  country  is  thereafter 

called  the  kingdom  of  Portugal.    [1147. 

Oct.  25.    Aided  by  Crusaders  he  takes 

Lisbon.] 
1189*  *Sancho  I.  takes  a 'part  of  Al- 

grave  from  the  Moors. 
1416  *  *  John  I.  invades  Africa  to  fight 

the  Moors. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  LETTERS. 

1200*  *  Concordantim  MorcUes  and  /»- 
terpretatio  Mistica,  by  St.  Anthony  of 
Lisbon,  appear. 

JStfi  Century.  Loendu  de  Santa  Iria  and 
the  Cancan  do  Figueiral  appear. 

1290  *  •  The  University  of  Coimbra  is 
founded.  [1309.  Receives  its  charter. 
1537.  Permanently  attached  to  Coimbra.] 

1400i:  •  *  Amadis  de  Gaul  turned  into 
prose  by  Vasco  de  Lobeira. 

1419-30    Many  maritime  discoveries  are 

made. 
1425  *  *  A  code  of  laws  is  digested. 
1448  •  •  The  Azores  are  discovered. 
I5th  Century.    Dom  Eurives  and  Brancc^ 
Flor  appear. 

Satyra  da  feltce  e  in/etice    Vida  ap- 
pears. 

VisHo,  by  Duarte  de  Brito,  appears. 
Fingimento     de     Amore,    by     FernSo 
Brandt,  appears. 

Book  of  the  Chase,  written  for  John  I., 
appears. 
Chronicles  of  Femio  Lopes  appears. 
1460*  *The  Cape  de  Yerd  Islands  are 

discovered. 
1497    Nov.  20.    Vasco  da  Gama  makes 
the  first  passage  to  the  East  Indies  by 
roMnding  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
1499  •  •  Discovery  of  the  Brazils  (p.  16). 
1600*  *  In^z  Periera,  by  Gil    Vicente, 

appears. 
1633  •  *  The    University    of    Evora    Is 

founded  (or  1451). 
J6th  Century.    Kufrosina,  by  Jorge  Ferri- 
era,  appears. 
Patmeirim  d*  Inglaterra  appears. 
The  Eclogues  of  Bemadin  Blbeiro  ap- 
pears. 

Cancioneiro  Oeral,  by  Garcia  de  Re- 
sende,  appears. 

Conqiust  of  the  Indies^  by  J<^  de 
Barroe,  appears. 


Fabulas  de  Narctso  and  Fenix  Renas- 
cida,  by  Jacinto  Freire  de  Andrade,  ap- 
pears. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1110*  •  AUonao  I.,  first  king,  b.  [1185.  D.] 
ISei  •  •  DinU  I.,  king,  born.  [1325.  Dies.] 
1360+  *   *  Almeida  Brites,  d*,"  Joanof  Arc," 

born.    [13S6.     I>ie8.] 
1365  *  •  Castro  Inez,de,  wife  of  crown  prince 

Dom  Pedro,  assassinated. 
1367*  *  John    I.,   the    Great,   king.   born. 

[1433.    Dies.] 
1360*  *  Lobeira    Vasco,    de   author,   born. 

[1403.     Dies.] 
1394*  *  Henry  the  Navigator,  b.    [1460.    D.] 
1437  *  *  Abrabanel,    Isaac,      Kabbi,     born. 

[1508.     Dies.] 
1445*  *  Diaz  Bartolomeu,  navigator,  bom. 

[1500.     Dies.] 
1446i  *  *  Fernandez,  Dinlz,  navigator,  b.  D. 
1450  ♦  *  Cortreal,  Gaspar.  navigator,  born. 

[1501.     Dies.] 
Covilh&o,  or  Covilham,  Pedro  da,  explorer, 

born.     [1540.     Dies.] 
i:    O  a m  a,   Vasco   da.    navigator,    born . 

[1524.     Dies.] 
1453*  *  Albuquerque,   Alfonso  de,    Albo 

de,  conqneror  of  India,  l>orn.     [I6l5.    D.] 
25th  Century.    Cam,  Diogo,  navigator,  born, 

dies.] 
1460  ♦  •  Cabral,  Pedro  Alvarez,  navigator, 

born.     [1526.     Dies.] 
1469*  *  Emmanuel    Manoel,  king,  bom. 

[1521.     Dies.] 
1470±  *   *«il    Vicente,  dramatist,  bom. 

[1557.     Dies.] 
1480 i:  *  *  Alvarez,  Francisco,  traveler,  born. 

[15454.     Dies.] 
t    Magellan.  Fernando,  navigator,  born. 

[1521.     Dies.] 
149S  *  *  Nufiez,  Pedro,  mathematician,  born. 

[1577.     Dies.] 
1496*  *  HarroB,  .Toao  de,  hist.,  b.    [1570.  D.] 
1500*  *  Castanheda,  Femfio  Lopez  de,  liis- 

torian,  born.    [1559.    Dies.] 
Castro,  Joao  dCj  navigator,  b.    [1548.    Dies.] 
1503i:  *  *  Galvao,  or  Galvan,  Antonio,  mili- 
tary captain,  writer,  born.    [1557.    Dies.] 
1505  •  *  (iouvea,  Antonio   de,  jurist,  born. 

[1565.     Dies.] 
1510±  *  •  Pinto,  FernSo   Mendez,  traveler, 

born.     [1583.     Dies.] 
1620*  *  Camoens,  Luis  de,iK>et,b.  [1580.  I).] 
Montemayor,  .Jorge  de,  poet,  novelist,  born. 

[1561.     Dies.] 
1625  •  *  (lOmez,  Kstevan,  explorer,  dies. 
1528*  *  Andrada,   Diogo  Payva  d',  cler^- 

man,  born.    [1575.    Dies.] 
Ferrelra,  Antonio,  poet,  bom.    [1569.    Dies.] 
1664  •  *  Sebastian,  king,  bom.    [1578.    D.] 
1560*  *  Queiros,  Pedro  Fernandez  de,  navi- 
gator, born.    [1614.    Dies.] 

STATE. 

*  *  •  The  country  is  inhabited  by  Celtic 
tribes.  [140.  Finally  subjugated  by  the 
Bomans.] 

6th-Sth  Centuries.  Country  Is  overrun  by 
West  Goths.  [713.  By  the  Moors. 
Sth^llth  Centuries.    They  hold  it.] 

900  *  *  The  kings  of  Asturias  subdue  the 
Saracens  in  part. 

1095  *  *  Alfonso  gives  a  part  of  the  conn- 
try  to  Henry  of  Burgundy  as  a  mar- 
riage portion  with  his  daughter  Theresa. 

1095-1112  Henry,  Count  of  Portugal, 
reigns.  [1112-86,  Alfonso  I.  (son); 
Theresa,  queen ;  1128,  Alfonso  L  alone.] 


1139  July  25-85*  *  Alfonso  [I.] 
Ilenriquez,  Duke  of  Portugal,  having 
defeated  the  Saracens,  is  proclaimed 
king  by  his  army. 

*  *  Dominion  of  Moors  overthrown. 

July  27.    A  monarchy  is  e.'itablished. 

1175  ♦  *  Portugal  a  fief  of  the  Holy  See. 

1185-1212  Sancho  I.,  son  of  Alfonso,  is 
king;  he  extends  the  area  and  enlarges 
prosperity.  [1212-23,  Alfonso  II.  (Cras- 
sus);  1223-45,  Sancho  II.;  1245,  deposed 
by  the  Pope;  1248-79,  Alfonso  III.] 

1279-1325  Dionysius  I.,  father  of  his 
country,  reigns ;  he  builds  44  cities  or 
towns.  [1325-57,  Alfonso  IV.;  1357-€7, 
Pedro  ;  1367-85,  Ferdinand  I.] 

1385-1433  John  I. ,  the  Great,  the  ille- 
gitimate son  of  Pedro  I.,  reigns;  he  re- 
pels the  invading  Castilians,  and  invades 
liarbary,  and  (1420)  acquires  ]VIadeira 
and  (1432)  the  Azores.  [1433-38,  Edward 
reigns;  1438-81,  Alfonso  V.;  1481-95,  John 
11.,  the  Great;  1495-1521,  Emmanuel.] 

1420  *  *  Madeira.  The  grape-vine  and 
sugar-cane  are  planted. 

14334:  *  *  Lisbon  becomes  the  capital. 

1521-57  John  HI.  reigns.  He  makes 
great  efforts  for  the  colonization  of 
Brazil. 

1542  *  *  A  commercial  treaty  is  made 
with  Japan.  Commerce  with  the  East 
Indies  and  South  America  is  very  pros- 
perous. Lisbon  is  the  chief  market  of 
the  world. 

1557-78  Sebastian  reigns.  He  becomes 
king  when  only  three  years  of  age,  and 
is  trained  by  the  Jesuits.  He  leads 
quixotic  expeditions  against  the  Moort. 
Dies  without  heirs.  [1578-80.  Henry  the 
cardinal  (uncle)  reigns.  1580.  Anthony, 
prior  of  Crato.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

900*  *AlonzoIII.  establishes  bishopo. 

1481  *  *  The  Kongo  and  Angola  slave- 
trade  begins. 

1493*  *Jews  numbering  160,000  are 
banished. 

1519*  *Ferdinand  Magellan  saita 
around  South  America  (p.  18). 

1526  *  *  The  Inquisition  is  established. 

1631     Feb.  26.     Lisbon.     An    earthquake 

destroys  1  ,.S00  houses  and  kills  30,000  persons; 
several  neighboring  towns  are  engulfed. 
[17.56.  Nov.  I.  vVnotlier  occurs;  in  eight 
months50,000  people  are  engulfed.  The  cltlec 
of  Coimbra,  Oporto,  and  Braga  suffer,  and 
St.  Ubes  is  wholly  overturned.  The  earth- 
quake extends  a  distance  of  5,000  miles.] 


1110      1569,  *  *-1894,  April  27.         PORTUGAL. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1578  Aug.  4.  Dom  Sebastian  invades 
Morocco,  and  is  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Alcazar  Kebir  (Al-Kasr-al  Kebir). 

1580  *  *  Pbilip  II.  of  Spain  conquers 
Portugal. 

1640  *  *  Revolution. 

1665  *  *  The  iuvading  Spaniards  are  de- 
feated at  Villa  Viciosa;  a  long  war 
terminates. 

1704  Mar.  7.  Lisbon.  An  English 
army,  10,000  strong,  arrives  xuider  Lord 
Galway  and  the  Archduke  Charles. 

1717  *  *Thekine8endaafleetagaintthe 
Turks,  at  the  bidding  of  the  Pope. 

1762-63  The  Spaniards  and  French 
invade  Portugal ;  Bragan^aaud  Almeida 
are  taken  ;  England  aids  in  their  ex- 
pulsion, 

1801    Mar.  3.    "War  with  Spain. 

1807*  ♦FranceinvadesPortugal.  [Nov. 
30.  Marshal  Junot  enters  Lisbon  ;  Eng- 
land aids  in  its  liberation  (p.  934).] 

1808-14  Tlie  Peninsula  "War  (pp.  718, 
934). 

1820  *  ♦  Revolutionary  outbreak. 

1832  July* -33*  *  Dom  Pedro  arrives 
from  Brazil  with  7,5<K>  men,  Jind  besieges 
Oporto.  [Oct.  11.  (Jount  Sartorius  de- 
feats the  fleet  of  Dom  Miguel.] 

Sept.  19.  Dora  Miguel*8  forces  are  re- 
pulsed at  Oporto.  [1833.  July  '24.  They 
evacuate  Lisbon.] 

1833  July  5.  Adm.  liapier  captures 
Miguel's  squadron  off  Cape  St.  Vincent. 
[1834.     May  26.     Miguel  capitulates.] 

1846  Dec.  22.  The  Marquis  of  S;il- 
danha  with  a  Pedro  force  defeats  Count 
Bonfinn  at  Torres  Vedras. 

1847  June  26.  The  junta  at  Oporto 
capitulates  to  the  Pedro  army. 

1800  Apr.  13  i.  A  force  is  ordered  to 
be  sent  to  the  Shire  district,  Sast  Af- 
rica.   [189L    rlan.3L    More  troops  sail.] 

1801  Jan.  31,  The  regiments  at  Oporto 
revolt  and  proclaim  the  republic  ;  sup- 
pressed by  loyal  troops, 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  LETTERS. 

1569  *  *  Creacdode  Homen,  by  Andre  Fal- 
cSlo,  appears. 

1572  *  *  The  great  epic  poem,  Lusind,  by 
IjuIz  de  Camoens,  appears. 

1600  *  *  Monarchia  Lusitnna,  by  Ber- 
nardo de  Brito,  appears. 

1650  *  *  Pahneiriv  de  Oliva,  by  Francisco 
de  Morales,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  D.  Jodo  de  Castro,  by  Jacinto 
Frei're  de  Andrade,  appears. 

1700  *  *  An  adaptation  of  Pilgrim*s  Prog- 
ress appears  in  the  Portuguese. 

IHtk  Century.  Hyssope,  by  Antonio  Diniz 
da  Cruz  e  Silvaj  apj>ears. 

1772  *  ♦  The  University  of  Coimbra  is 
entirely  reconstituted. 

1779-1806  Jortml  Knciclnpedico  is  is- 
sued. 

1800  *  *  Researches  in  Pnrtiuju^se  Chro- 
notogy,  by  JoJlo  Pedro  Kibeiro,  appears. 

1812-20    Jomal  de  i'oimbra  is  issued. 

1814  *  *  OrientCt  by  Jo8<^  Agostino  de 
Macedo,  appears. 

1836-57    The  Panoramu  is  issued. 

1841-53  Remsta  Universal  Lisbonense 
is  issued. 

1863  *  *  Institute  is  issued. 

1857  *  *  Archwo  PUtareaco  is  issued  at 
Usbon. 


1868  *  *  Voz  Femenina  is  Issued  (con- 
ducted by  women). 

1869  *  *Jardim.do  Teo.by  EloideSaSoto- 
maior,  appears. 

1880  Sept.  20.  Lisbrm.  The  Interna- 
tional Literary  Association  meets. 

1889*  *82  per  cent  (including  infants) 
of  the  population  are  illiterate. 

1890  Mar.  *  The  Government,  by  a  de- 
t-ree,  restricts  the  liberty  of  the  press. 

Apr.  7.  A  special  Ministry  of  Education 
is  created  to  watch  over  and  restrict 
public  meetings  and  entertainments. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1590  *  *  Faria-y-Sousa,  ]\Ianvel  de,  historian, 
poet,  born.    '"1649.     Dies.] 

1591  •*  Ac!08ta,rriel,  author,  b.    [1647.    D.] 
1503  ♦  •  Lobo,  Jeroniuio,  inias.,  b.  [1678.  D.] 
1595  *  *  Tellez,  Halthazar,  historian,  born. 
1611  *  *  Melo,  Francisco  de  Alanuel,  author, 

born.     [1666.     IHps.] 
1699*  *  I'ombal,    Sebastiao     de,    Marquis, 

statesman,  born.     [17H2.     Dies.] 
1708*  *  Aveiro,  Don  Jo8(^  de  Maacarenhaa, 

Duke  of,  horn.     [1759.     Dies.] 
17S4i:  *  *  *iar<;ao,  or  (5arnam,  Pedro  Anto- 
nio Correa,  lyric  poet,  born.    [1772.    Dies.] 
1734*  *  Manuel,  or  Manoel,  Krancisco,  poet, 

born.     [1819.     Dies.] 
1745  *  *  Almeida,   Nicolao    Tolentino,  poet, 

born.    [1811.     Dies.] 
1750*  *  Correa   de    Serra,    Jost^    Francisco, 

botanist,  born.     [1823.     Dies.] 
1754*  *  Araiijo  d'.\zevedo,  Antonio,  states- 
man, born.     [1817.     Dies.] 
1765  *  *  Boccage,  Manoel  Maria  Barbosadu, 

poet,  born.    [1805.    Dies.] 
1769  *   *  John  [VI]..  king,  born.  [1823,  Mar. 

10.     Dies.] 
1784*   *  Ahrantes,  .Io86,  Mariiuis  of,  born. 

[1827      Dies.] 
1786*   *  Pedro  <ie  Souza-Holstein,  Duke  of 

Palmella,    prime  minister,  horn.     [1864, 

Apr.  2.     Dies.] 
1791  *  *  Saldanha.  Oliveria  e   Daun,  born. 

[1876.     Dies.] 
1792*  •  Sousa,   Antonio    Jos6  de,   Duke  of 

Terceira,  born.     [I860.     Dies.] 
1798*  *  Dom  Pedro,  king's  brother,  born. 

[1834,  Sept.  24.     Dies.] 
1799*  *  Almeida-tlarrett,  Joao   Baptista 

Leitao  de,  born.     [1854.     Dies.] 
1803  *   *  Mig-uel,  Dom  Maria  Evaristo,  rival 

of  DonCarlos,  prini-e,  I).  [1866,  Nov.  16.  D.] 
1803*   *  Costa    Cabral,    Antonio    Bernardo, 

Duke  of  Thomar,  states.,  b.     [I8H9.     D.] 
1819*  *  Maria  II..  queen,  born.    [1853.    D.] 
1837*  *  Pedro  v.,  king,  born.     [1861.     D.] 
1838*   *  liOulB.  king,  b.     [1889,  Oca.  19.     D.] 
1846  *  *  Serpa-Pinto,  Alexaiuler  A.  daliocba, 

explorer,  born.     [1811.     Dies.] 
1863    Sept.  38.    Dom  Carlos,  heir  to  the 

the  throne,  born. 
1885    Dec.    15.     Ferdinand,   queen's  con- 
sort, A69. 
1887    Mar.  31.     Louis  Pbllippa,  prince,  b. 


STATE. 

1580  *  *  Philip  H.  of  Spain  seizes  Por- 
tugal ;  it  is  also  claimed  by  the  Prince 
of  Parma  and  the  Duchess  of  Braganya. 

1580-1640  Portugal  is  annexed  to 
Spain. 

A  disastrous  period.  The  Dutch,  Eng- 
lish, and  French  prey  on  the  colonial 
possessions. 

1598-1621  Philip  m.reigniOTer  Spain 
and  Portugal.     [1021-10.     Philip  IV.] 

1602-20  The  Dutch  seize  the  Portu- 
guese possessions. 

1640  *  *  Independence  of  Spain. 
House  of  Braganpa. 

Dec.  1.  The  Portuguese  throw  oflF  tlie 
oppressive  yoke  of  Spain,  and  make 
Jonn,  Duke  of  Braganva.  king ;  it 
proves  a  bloodless  revolution.  [Dec.  18. 
(browned  at  Lisbon.] 

1640-56  John  TV.  reigns.  [1556-67.  Al- 
fonso VI.,  a  boy;  his  mother  is  regent. 
1662.    He  suddenly  declares  himself  of 


age,  and  assumes  the  government.  1667- 
83.  Pedro,  the  brother,  is  regent.  1683- 
1706.    Pedro  II.  reigns  as  king.] 

1607-1828    The  Cortes  does  not  meet. 

1703  Dec.  27.  Lisbon.  The  [famouaj 
Methuen  treaty  is  signed,  relating  to 
English  importations. 

1706-50  John  V.  reignp.  A  long  peaee 
ensues. 

1737  *  *  Amicable  relations  are  restored 
between  Spain  and  Portugal. 

1750-77  Joseph  Emmanuel  reigns. 
After  marriage  witli  his  niece,  Donna 
Maria,  they  reign  jointly  as  Maria  I.  and 
Pedro  HI.  Many  claimants  afflict  Por- 
tugal. The  Marquis  of  Pombal,  prime 
minister,  institutes  social  and  agricultu- 
ral reforms.  [1777.  Maria  I.  reigns  atone. 
1792.     Insane.] 

1763    Feb.  10.    Peace   is   made   with 

Spain. 
1793-1816    John  [VT.],  son  of  Maria  I., 
is  regent ;   he  joins  the  first  coalition 
against  France. 

1800  *  *  France  insists  on  Portugal's 
abandonment  of  the  English  alliance, 
and  the  closing  of  its'ports  toKnglandand 
the  opening  of  them  to  France,  and  a 
cession  of  a  part  of  Portugal  to  France. 
[Kejected.] 

1804  *  *  Napoleon  insists  on  Portugal's 
declaring  war  against  England.  [1807. 
He  aims  to  annihilate  Portugal.] 

1807  Nov.  27.  The  French  conquer 
Portugal.  [Owing  to  the  French  inva- 
sion of  Portugal,  John  withdraws  to  his 
Brazilian  dominions,  leaving  Portugal 
in  care  of  a  council  of  regents.] 

Nov.  29,  A  treaty  is  signed  between 
France  and  Spain  for  the  conquest  and 
division  of  Portugal  into  tliree  parts, 

1807-21  Brazil.  The  royal  house  re- 
sides at  Kio  de  Janeiro. 

1808*  *  Rise  of  the  Portuguese.  They 
welcome  the  invading  French  republi- 
cans. 

Feb.  1.  Marshal  Junot  proclaims  that 
the  house  of  Bragan9a  has  ceased  to 
reign. 

1814  **  Portugal  cedes  Guiana  to 
France. 

1815-22    Portugal  and  Brazil  are  one 

empire. 

1816-26  John  VI.,  the  ex-regent, 
reigns. 

1820  Aug.  29.  The  revolution  be- 
gins in  Oporto ;  the  people,  wearied  by 
the  absence  of  the  court,  rise  almost 
unanimously  and  without  bloodshed* 
[Oct,  1.  The  constitutional  junta  to 
established.] 

1821*  *A  liberal  constitution  is 
adopted.  [1823.  June5.  The  king  amends 
the  constitution.] 

*  *  The  citizens  secure  the  return  of  King 
John  VI.  from  Brazil. 

1822   Oct.  12.   Brazil.  Independence 

of  Brazil;  the  prince  regent,  John  VI.. 
is  proclaimed  emperor,  and  the  two 
countries  are  separated. 

1824  May  1-9,  Lisbon.  Disturbances 
arise  ;  Dom  Miguel,  head  of  the  absolu- 
tist party,  is  expelled.  [1828.  Feb.  22. 
He  becomes  regent.  1828-34.  Usurper. 
1834.    May  26.    Deposed.] 

1825  Auc.  20.  A  treaty  Is  mad*  with 
Brazil. 


PORTUGAL.  1569,*  *-1894,  AprU  27.     1111 


1826  •  *  Pedro  IV.  reigiw.  [May  2.  He 
grants  a  constitutional  charter  contain- 
ing the  basis  of  moderate  parliamentary 
government.  He  abdicates  the  regency 
In  favor  of  the  Infanta  Isabel  Maria, 
seven  years  of  age,  who  becomes  queen, 
and  retains  the  throne  of  Brazil.] 

1826-5 1    The  darkest  period ;  disorders 

abound. 

1826-28    Maria  H.  [da  Gloria]  reigns. 

1826  Dec.  2.  Portugal  solicits  aid  of 
Great  Britain  against  disorders. 

1828  Apr.  28.  The  British  f  oroe 
leaves  Portugal.  [May  3.  The  foreign 
Ministers  also  withdraw.] 

July  4.  The  regent  I)om  Miguel  assumes 
the  title  of  king.  [July  12.  H«  dis- 
solves the  three  estates  of  the  realm, 
and  civil  contentions  increase.] 

1830  Mar,  *  The  Duke  of  Palmella, 
a  parliamentarian,  is  appointed  regent. 

1832  Apr.  2.  Dom  Pedro  proclaims 
himself  regent  at  Terceira, 

1833  *  *  The  constitutional  monarchy 
is  restored. 

Jtily  24.  Lisbon.  Maria  II.  is  pro- 
claimed queen.  [Sept.  22.  She  arrives. 
1834.  Sept.  18.  The  Cortes  declare  her 
of  age  (15  years).  Party  struggles  con- 
tinue.] 

1836  Jan.  *  Maria  II.  weds  Prince  Fer- 
dinand of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  nephew 
of  Leopold  of  Belgium. 

Aug.  9.    LinboH.    Revolution. 

[Sei>t.  *  The  reestablishnient  of  the 
constitution  of  1822  is  proclaimed.  Nov, 
8.    Another  uprising.] 

1837  Aug,  18.  The  Duke  of  Terceira 
successfully  proclaims  the  restoration 
of  Pedro's  charter. 

1846  Apr.  20  h .  The  northern  province 
revolts,  caused  by  the  unpopularity  of 
the  ministry  of  Costa  Cabral,  Duke  of 
Thomar. 

Oct.  31.  The  Duke  of  Palmella,  one 
of  the  commanders  of  the  constitutional 
army,  resigns.     [Nov.  26.    Banished.] 

1847  May  21.  Xiondon  conference; 
England,  France,  and  Spain  agree  to  as- 
sist Queen  Maria  II.  to  terminate  the 
civil  war. 

June  11.  Sa  da  Baudiera,  a  partizan  of 
Dom  Pedro,  submits. 

1850  June  22.  An  American  squad- 
ron arrives  in  the  Taeus  to  enforce 
claims  for  damages  in  the  war  of  1812. 

July  •  "War  claims  of  the  United  States 
are  refused ;  the  minister  (U.  S.  A.) 
leaves. 

1851  Apr.  *  Insurgents  in  Oporto  de- 
clare for  the  fugitive  Duke  of  Saldanha. 
fApr.  29.  Arrives  at  Oporto.  May  2.'J. 
Made  prime  minister.] 

May  23-56  June  5.  Ministry  of  the 
Duke  of  Saldanha. 

1852  *  *  The  charter,  m<xlified  by  the 
Cortes,  is  sanctioned  by  the  queen. 

1853  pec.  19.  The  king-consort,  Dom 
Ferdinand  II.,  assumes  the  regency  for 
his  sou,  Dom  Pedro. 


1853-61  Pedro  V.  reigns.  [1865.  Sept. 
16.     Inaugurated.] 

1857  *  *  The  king  weds  the  Princess  So- 
phia Stephanie  of  llohenzoUern. 

Oct.  13.  Napoleon  HI.  sends  an  ulti- 
matum. 

He  demands  compensation  for  the  con- 
fiscation of  the  French  slave-ship,  Charles 
et  Georges,  and  the  imprisonment  of  its 
captain  in  Mozambique.  [1858.  Oct.  13. 
Restored.] 

1861  Nov.  11.  Pedro  V.  dies  of  the 
cholera  plague  ;  succeeded  by  Dom  Luis, 
I>uke  of  Oporto. 

1861-69    Luis  I.  (brother)  reigns. 

1862-65  Ministry  of  the  Due  de 
Lould. 

1862  Jan.  3.  The  succession  is 
changed  to  favor  the  king's  sisters. 

Oct.  6.  Lisbon.  The  king  by  proxy  weds 
Princess  Maria  Pia  of  Savoy,  daughter 
of  Victor  Emmanuel. 

1865-69  Ministry  of  the  Marquis  Sa 
da  Bandiera.  Constitutional  privi- 
lesTGS  granted  to  the  colonies. 

1867  *  *  An  extradition  treaty  is  made 
with  Spain. 

1868  *  *  Complete  amnesty  is  granted 
to  all  political  offenders. 

1870  *  *  Insurrection. 

May  19.  The  Duke  of  Saldanha  heads 
a  coup  d'4tat,  seizes  the  royal  palace, 
and  forms  a  new  Ministry. 

1871  Sept.  13.  Pontes  Pereira  de 
Mello,  the  leader  of  the  "  regenerador 
party,"  forms  a  new  Ministry.  [1871-77. 
Prime  minister.     1878-83  t  ,    Again.] 

1878  *  *  The  House  of  Peers  is  changed 
from  a  hereditary  assembly  to  one  of 
life  peers. 

1883  Oct.  *  A  circular  to  the  powers  is 
issued  dertning  Portuguese  rights  over 
the  Kongo  coast  district. 

1884  Feb,  8.  Lisbon.  The  Govern- 
ment Bill  for  reform  of  constitution  is 
udoptetl  by  the  deputies. 

1889  July  27.    The  king  dies. 

Oct.  19.  Carlos  I.  (Duke  of  Bragan9a) 
assumes  the  government.  [Dec.  28,  29. 
Proclaimed  at  Lisbon.] 

1890  Jan.  19.  Portugal  demands  Ger- 
man mediation  in  the  African  dispute 
with  England. 

May  2.  Portugal  accepts  arbitration  in 
the  Delagoa  Bay  question,  provided  that 
some  impartial  nation  shall  first  affirm 
that  that  is  a  proper  question  for  arbi- 
tration.   [Affirmed.] 

June  14.  Lisbon.  The  Cortes  fnrniallv 
de<'lares  tlie  king's  son,  IjOuIs  Philippe, 
heir  t(»  the  throne  of  Portugal. 

Aug.  29.  Portugal  protests  against  tlie 
incorporation  of  the  Lunda  and  the 
Muatayaiiioo  territories  by  the  Kongo 
State. 

Sept.  17.  The  Portuguese  Cabinet  re- 
signs, owing  to  the  popular  dissatisfac- 
tion over  the  African  treaty  with  Eng- 
land. 

1891  Apr.  24.  Portugal  yields  to 
Great  Britain's  ultimatnm,  ana  consents 


to  the  free  passage  of  the  Pungwe  River 
Southeast  Africa. 
1894    Apr.  16.    Portugal  asks  Eng- 
land's good  offices  in  bringing  about  a 
reconciliation  with  Brazil. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1647  *  *  The  first  fleet  of  the  Brazil 
Company  sails  (pp.  61,  71). 

1714  *  *  Lisbon,  The  Royal  Academy 
of  Sciences  is  founded. 

1736  *  *  Dom  Guzman  first  makes  a  bal- 
loon inflated  with  hot  air. 

1758  *  *  Joseph  I.  tortures  to  death 
some  of  the  first  families,  in  order  to  dis- 
cover and  punish  would-be  assassins. 

1759  *  *  The  Jesuits  are  expelled. 

1760  *  *  Joseph  1 .  obtains  a  papal  dispen- 
sation, permitting  his  daughter  to  marry 
her  uncle. 

1761  *  *  Lisbon.  Gabriel  Malagrida,  a 
Jesuit,  is  burned  at  the  stake  by  inquis- 
itors. 

1776  *  *  Trial  by  torture  is  abolished. 

1777  *  *  Prince  John  of  Brazil  marries 
Maria  Francesca,  his  aunt. 

1809  *  *  Methodism  is  introduced. 
1834    June  9.    Massacres  occur. 

*  *  Abbeys  are  suppressed  and  Jesuits 
expelled. 

*  *  The  Oporto  Wine  Company  is  abol- 
ished.   [1838.    Apr.  7.     Reestablished.} 

1836*  *Dec.  10.  The  queen  of  Por- 
tugal decrees  the  abolishment  of  the 
slave-trade  in  her  realm. 

1854  Dec.  30.  The  slaves  on  the  royal 
domains  are  emancipated. 

1856  Oct.  26.  The  first  railway  is 
opened  ;  it  connects  Lisbon  and  Santa- 
rem.  [1881.  Oct.  8.  Another  connecting 
Lisbon  and  Madrid.] 

1862  *  *  California  grape-vines  are  in- 
troduced. 

1865  Sept.  18.  An  International  Ex- 
hibition opens  at  Oporto. 

1867  *  *  Capital  punishment  is  abol- 
ished. 

1872    June  13.    Lisbon.    Great  fire. 

1876    Aug.  19-24.    Financial  crisis. 

1887  *  *  Aboutone-half  of  the  vineyards 
suffer  from  phylloxera. 

1889  Mar.  24.  The  Portuguese  Anti- 
Slavery  Society  is  founded. 

June  17.  Parliament  presents  the  king 
with  S750.000,  as  a  token  of  loyalty  and 
love. 

1890  Jan.  24.  Xisftojt.  A  National  De- 
fense Fund  is  started  ;  the  king  sub- 
scribes $45,000;  the  queen  $20,000,  and  the 
queen  dowagerthesame.  Feelingtoward 
Great  Britain  is  very  bitter  because  of 
British  action  in  the  Portuguese  dispute. 
[Sept.  15.  Englishmen  are  mobbed  in 
Lisbon.] 

1891  Jan.  22.  The  Mozambique  Com- 
pany is  authorized  to  extend  its  terri- 
tory from  Sabi  to  the  Zambesi. 

May  11^.  Financial  panic;  the  Gov- 
ernment grants  60  days'  delay  in  paying 
obligations.  Gold  disappears  from  circu- 
lation. 

1893  Aug.  27.  A  new  cable,  connect- 
ing with  the  Azores,  Is  opened  for  busi- 
ness between  Portugal  and  the  Azores. 

1894  Apr.  27.    Cholera  is  prevalent. 


PORTUGUESE    EAST   AFRICA   (MOZAMBIQUE). 

This  dependency  of  Portugal  was  formerly  known  as  Mozambique,  and  now  called  Estado  d'Africa  Oriental ;  capital  Mozam- 
bique.   The  government  is  administered  by  a  Portuguese  commissioner.    Area.  261,700  square  miles  ;  population,  1,500,000. 


1498  •  ♦  Vasco  da  Gama  arrives  at  the    1842  »  •Missionaries    introduce  Chris-    1883*  »  The    American  Board  opens  a 
island.    [15fiO.    Conquered  by  Tristan  da       tianity  into  Uallaland.  mission  at  liihambane.    fAlso  at  Kam- 

Cunha  and  Albuquerque.  1S08.  Settled.]  biui  and  at  Makodweni.J 


1112     1498,**-1892,  Mar,  3.      PORTUGUESE   EAST    AFRICA. 


1886  Oct.  *  The  natives  revolt ;  sub- 
dued. [1887.  Feb.  *  War  with  Zanzi- 
bar over  territory.  Feb.  16.  Portuguese 
storm  Tuugi.    Mar.  *  War  ends.] 

1889    Jan.  *  Bonga  revolts ;  subdued. 

May  21+.  The  Portuguese  cease  to  ob- 
struct the  passage  of  British  mission- 
aries en  route  for  Lake  Nyassa. 

June  *  Work  is  commenced  on  the  Dela- 
goa  Bay  railway  by  the  English.  Portu- 
guese stop  the  work,  claim,  and  forcibly 
occupy  the  port  of  Tungi.] 

Aug.  19.  The  government  decrees  the 
formation  of  a  Roman  Catliolic  coloniza- 
tion mission  at  Mponda,  Lake  Nyassa. 

Dec.  5.  Portuguese  officers  haul  down 
the  British  flag  at  the  headquarters  of 
the  British  South  African  Company. 
[1890.    Mar.  14.     Capture  their  steamer, 


Countess  of  Camavon,   when  ascending 
the  Limpopo  with  arms,} 

Dec.  14+.  Maj.  Serpa  Pinto  attacks 
and  partly  subdues  the  Makoiolo  people. 

*  *  The  government  makes  a  contract  for 
the  completion  of  the  Delagoa  Bay 
Railway  to  the  frontier  lines.  England 
contests  the  Portuguese  rights  in  the 
Shire  River  valley. 

*  *  A  line  of  trade  steamers  is  organized 
for  the  Shire  and  Zambesi  rivers. 

*  ♦  The  Primitive  Methodists  (Eng.)  open 
a  mission  on  the  Zambesi  River.  [The 
Universities  Mission  opens  a  mission  on 
the  east  shore  of  Lake  Nyassa  at  Chitesi.] 

1890  Mar.  17.  The  British  consul 
raises  a  British  flag  in  the  Shire  dis- 
trict. [Diplomatic  complications  with 
Portugal  follow.] 


Aug.  20.  The  Anglo-Portuguese 
agreement  is  signed. 

The  I'ortuguese  to  hold  the  territory  of  An- 
gola hinterland  from  UJ^  degrees  south  to  the 
German  sphere  on  the  north;  Great  Britain 
westward  from  Lake  Nyassa,  with  free  pas- 
sage between  its  nortliern  and  Bouthern 
colonies. 

Oct.  8.  British  gunboats  enter  the 
Zambesi   River  in  spite  of  Portuguese 

protests. 

1891  Apr.  20.  The  Portuguese  fire  on 
aBritish  steamer  ascending  thePungw© 
River  with  the  Willoughby  expedition. 

June  11  +  .  A  native  chief  and  4,000  fol- 
lowers revolt  against  the  Portuguese, 
and  go  over  to  the  British. 

1892  Mar.  3.  Qullimane  is  besieged 
by  6,000  natives. 


RUMANIA. 

Rumania  is  a  kingdom  of  southeastern  Europe,  formed  by  the  union  of  Wallachia,  Moldavia,  and  Dobrudja ;  capital,  Bucha- 
rest. The  government  is  a  constitutional  monarchy  under  a  king  and  a  Legislature  of  two  chambers.  Rumanian  is  the  common 
language,  and  the  dominant  religion  is  Greek  Catholic,  but  Jews  and  Roman  Catholics  are  numerous.  Area,  48,307  square  miles ; 
population  in  1892,  5,500,000±. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1397  ±  *  *  Turks  under  Bajazet  lay  waste 
Wallachia.  [1402.  Timour  captures  Ba- 
jazet.] 

*  *  *  Internecine  Strife  of  the  sons  of 
Bajazet. 

1475  Jan.  17.  Stephen  the  Great  de- 
feats 120,000  Turks  at  Lake  Rakovietz, 
with  great  slaughter. 

1476*  *  A  Turkish  army  fails  to  regain 
prestige  in  Moldavia. 

1484  *  *  Stephen  withdraws  before  Ba- 
jazet, and  saves  his  army. 

1487  *  *  Stephen  repels  an  invasion  of 
80,000  Poles. 

1522  *  *  The  Wallachians,  with  allies,  de- 
feat Mohammed  Bey  at  Grumatz. 

1594-97     "War  against  Turkey. 

(1594.  Nov.  13.)  The  Wallachians  and 
Moldavians  suddenly  rise  and  mas- 
sacre the  Turkish  guards.  (1595.)  Mi- 
chael the  Brave  wins  a  great  victory 
over  the  Turks  at  Mantin  ;  their  army  is 
annihilated. 

The  sultan  sends  100,000  men  to  in- 
vade Wallachia,  and  the  patriots  retire 
to  the  mountains. 

The  Wallachians  assume  the  offensive, 
storm  Bucharest,  cut  to  pieces  the  sul- 
tan's rear  guard,  and  capture  enormous 
booty. 

1599  *  *  Michael  the  Brave,  in  league 
with  an  imperial  force,  defeats  Andreas 
Bathori  in  Transylvania,  and  seizes  the 
reins  of  government. 

1824  *  *  The  Turks  evacuate  Wallachia 
and  Moldavia. 

1885  Sept.  3.  Kunianian  troops  invade 
Silistria,  and  seize  territory, 

STATE. 

1330*  *  Wallachia.  Hungarian  su- 
premacy is  broken.  [1344.  Eestored. 
1367.    Again  temporarily  broken.] 

1383-1419    Wallachia.    Mircea  reigns. 

1458  *  *  Moldavia.  Stephen  the  Great 
develops  a  formidable  principality. 
[1504.    He  dies.] 

1504*  *  Moldavia.  Bogdan  (son)  reigns  ; 

he  pays  increased  tribute  to  Turkey. 
1512  *  *  Wallachia.    Nagul  Bessaraba 

reigns.    [1521.    It  sinks  into  a  Turkish 

pashalic] 
1524*  *  Wallachia.  The  sultan  Is  forced 

to  recognize  Radul  as  prince. 


1561  *  *  Moldavia.  The  impostor  Jacob 
Basilicus  succeeds  in  seizing  the  gov- 
ernment. [1563.  The  people  rise,  and 
murder  Basilicus.] 

1591  *  ♦  Wallachia.  Alexander  ob- 
tains the  government  by  purchase  from 
the  Turks. 

1593-1601  Wallachia.  Michael  the 
Brave  becomes  the  deliverer  from  the 
oppressive  Turks. 

1597*  *The  sultan  submits  to  the 
choice  of  the  Wallachians,  and  appoints 
the  victorious  Michael  as  prince. 

1599  *  *  Michael,  by  conquest,  obtains 
Transylvania. 

1600  *  *  Michael  annexes  Moldavia  to 
his  "  Grand  Baeian  "  realm.  [1601.  He 
dies.] 

*  *  *  Wallachia.  A  succession  of  princes 
buy  their  appointment  of  the  Turks. 

1618  *  *  Moldavia.  The  sultan  recov- 
ers Jloldavia. 

1633  *  *  Comparative  prosperity  re- 
turns under  the  rule  of  Mathias  Bessa- 
raba. 

1634  *  *  Moldavia.  VasUje  Lupul  rules 
with  ability  and  success. 

*  *  *  Wallachia.  Serban  Cantacuzene 
becomes  prince.     [1688.    He  dies.] 

1688 ±  *  *  Wallachia.  Constantine 
Brancovan  is  elected  prince,  and  his 
coronation  constitutes  an  historical 
landmark.  [1714.  Apr.  4.  The  sultan 
proclaims  his  deposition.  Beheaded 
soon  after.] 

1711  *  *  Moldavia.  Demetria  Gante- 
mir,  rendered  desperate  by  Turkish  ex- 
actions, agrees  to  become  tlie  vassal  of 
Kussia.     [The  arrangement  miscarries.] 

*  *  *TheofHceof  waywode.orhospodar, 
is  sold  by  the  sultan  to  the  highest 
bidder. 

1747*  *  Constantine  MavTocordato 
decrees  the  manumission  of  the  serfs. 

1769  *  *  Wallachia.  The  bishops  and 
the  clergy  take  an  oath  of  fidelity  to 
the  Empress  Catherine  of  Kussia,  when 
overawed  by  a  Kussian  army. 

1774*  *  Treaty  of  Kutchuk-Kai- 
nardji;  Kussia  returns  Wallachia  and 
Moldavia  to  Turkey,  but  guaranteeing  a 
large  measure  of  liberty.  [1783.  Russia 
secures  a  new  agreement  defining  the 
liberties  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia.] 

1777*  *  Moldavia.  The  province  of 
Bukowina  is  ceded  to  Austria  by  the 
Sultan. 

*  *  *  The  Porte  disregards  its  agreement 
and  governs  arbitrarily  ;  exciting  revolt. 


1802*  *  Kussia  forces  the  sultan  to 
agree  to  a  veiled  protectorate  of  the 
czar  over  the  principalities. 

1808  *  *  Russia  is  at  war  with  Turkey. 
and  occupies  the  principalities  and 
forms  a  government.  [1S12.  Kestored 
under  liberal  conditions.] 

1821  Moldavia.  Unsuccessful  revoltof 
the  Iletserists  is  followed  by  Turkish  oc- 
cupation. [1822.  Withdrawn  by  influ- 
ence of  the  powers.] 

1829  *  *  The  sultan  having  confirmed 
the  privileges  of  Moldavia  and  Walla- 
chia, Russia  guarantees  them  by  the 
Peace  of  Adrianople.  [1834.  The  Porta 
ratifies  the  peace ;  Russians  evacuate 
the  two  principalities,] 

1832  *  *  Demetrius  Ypsilanti,  general, 
dies,  A39. 

1839  *  *  Prince  Charles  [I.]  is  born. 

1848  *  *  Moldavia.  A  revolutionary 
movement  occurs. 

1849±  *  *  A  joint  Russo-Turkish  dic- 
tatorship restores  the  organic  law,  and 
appoints  Barbii  StirbeiQ  as  prince  of 
W^a!lachia,and  Gregoria  Ghika  for  Mol- 
davia. 

1853-54  *  *  Kussian  and  Austrian  occu- 
pation; the  hospodars  flee  to  Vienna. 
[1854.    The  Russians  withdraw.] 

1857  Sept.  *  Tlie  representative  coim- 
cils  of  Wallachia  and  Moldavia  vote  to 
unite  the  principalities  under  the 
name  of  Rumania.  [1858.  The  powers 
object,  and  provide  a  central  commis- 
sion.    1862.    Abolished.] 

1859  Jan.  *  Alexander  John  Cuza  is 
chosen  prince. 

*  *  A  new  conference  at  Paris  ratifies 
the  election. 

1861  Bee.  23.  The  imion  of  the  two 
principalities  under  the  name  of  Ru- 
mania is  proclaimed  at  Jassy  and  Bu- 
charest. 

1862  Feb.  5.  A  single  assembly  and  a 
single  ministry  are  formed  to  meet  in 
Bucharest. 

1864  May  2.  Bifliculties  between  the 
Government  and  tbe  aristocrats  of  the 
General  Assembly  cause  its  dissolu- 
tion by  Cuza  ;  and  a  new  constitution  is 
submitted  to  universal  suffrage,  grant- 
ing greater  authority  to  the  prince,  and 
creating  a  Chamber  of  .Senators,  beside* 
the  Deputies.    [May  28.     It  is  adopted.] 

Aug.  *  A  law  is  passed  enabliiij^  peas- 
ants to  own  land. 

*  *  Capital  punishment  is  abolished. 


RUMANIA. 


1330,  *  *-1892,  Dec.  27.      1113 


1866  Aug.  *  The  people  of  Bucharest 
revolt.    [Aug.  15.    Suppressed.] 

1866  Feb.  22.  Revolution  at  Bucha- 
rest. The  vices  of  Alexander  are  so 
olTensive  he   is  forced   to  abdicate.    A 

f>rovisional  soTernment  is  estab- 
Ished. 

Apr.  20.  Prince  Charles  of  Hoheu- 
zoIlern-Si^niaringen  is  elected  Prince 
of  Kuinania  by  a  popular  vote.  [May  2"J. 
He  is  welcomed  at  Bucharest.  Oct.  * 
He  iB  recognized  hereditary  hospodar 
by  the  sultan.] 

1877  May  21.  The  Senate  approves  a 
declaration  of  independence,  and  de- 
clares war  with  Turkey. 

1877-78  Kuniania  is  an  ally  of  Hussia 
in  the  war  with  Turkey. 

1878  Mar.  3.  Rumania  is  declared  in- 
dependent by  the  Treaty  of  San  Stefano. 


June  13-July  13.  The  Treaty  of  Ber- 
lin declares  Rumania  independent,  it 
receiving  Dobrudja  in  return  for  ceding 
Bessarabia  to  Russia, 

1881  Mar.  26.  Charles  I.  is  nomi- 
nated king.  [May  13.  Charles  1.  and 
Queen  Elizabeth  are  crowned.] 

1889  Mar.  26.  Prince  Ferdinand,  King 
Charles's  nephew,  is  proclaimed  crown 
prince. 

June  11.  The  gold  standard  of  cur- 
rency Is  approved  by  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies. 

June  6.  The  czar  protests  against  the 
Rumanian  Government  erecting  forti- 
fications. 

1891  May  16.    Jean  Bratiano,  the 

statesman,  dies. 

1892  Dec.  27.  The  Senate  adopts  com- 
mercial convention  with  Great  Britain. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1680  *  *  The  first  printing-press  is  set 
up  at  Bucharest. 

1775^:*  *An  evansellcal  church  is 
erected  at  Jassy. 

1840  *  *  The  Dacia  Literaria  is  issued. 
[1841,  Archiva  Jiomaneaca ;  1845,  Maga- 
niiial  istorica  peutru  iJacia.] 

1862  June  20.  M.  Catargi,  President 
of  the  Ministerial  Council,  is  assassi- 
nated near  the  Chamber  of  Deputies. 

1866    July±  *  The  Jews  are  persecuted 

at  Bucharest. 
1800  *  *  The  Society  for  the  Propagation 

of  the  Gospel  (Eng.)  opens  a  mission  in 

Bucharest. 
1891    Aug.  14±.    A   cordon    of  troops 

lines  the  frontier   to  keep  out   Jews 

exiled  from  Russia. 


RUSSIA. 

Russia  is  an  empire  of  eastern  Europe,  having  vast  possessions  in  northern  and  central  Asia,  and  two  capitals,  St.  Peters- 
burg and  Moscow,  the  latter  being  the  coronation  city.  The  empire  is  politically  divided  into  68  governments,  or  provinces, 
besides  the  Asiatic  departments. 

The  government  is  vested  in  the  czar  as  an  hereditary  absolute  monarch  ;  he  is  assisted  In  its  administration  by  the  Council  of 
the  Empire,  the  Senate,  the  Holy  Synod,  and  the  Imperial  Ministry.  The  chief  language  is  Russian,  and  the  state  religion  is  that 
of  the  Greek  Church.  Area  of  European  Russia,  1,90'2,092  square  miles  ;  and  the  population,  88,665,796.  Including  Russian  Poland 
and  the  Duchy  of  Finland,  the  area  is  2,095,504  square  miles ;  and  the  population,  99,531,929.  Area  of  the  entire  empire,  8,660,282 
square  miles  ;  population,  117,561,874. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
376  •  *  Invasion  of  Huns. 
707*  *  Arabs  subjugate   Samarcand. 

[1220.    Taken  by  Ghengis  Khan.] 
883*  *01eg,  the  regent,  takes  Smolensk. 

[907.    He  invades  Constantinople.] 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

3d  Centary.  Florian,  patron  saint  of  Polanrl, 
born. 

SS3  •  •  TotUa,  King  of  the  Ostrogoths,  dies. 

7th  Century.  Demidoff,  Nikita,  serf,  capital- 
ist, bom. 

879  •  •  Rurlk.  foonderof  Russian  Empire,  d. 

889  ^  •  •  Olga,  .Saint,  wife  of  Igor,  Prince  of 
Kieff,  dies. 

lOlS  *  *  Vladimir,  Saint,  the  CJreat,  Grand 
Duke  of  ItusBia,  dies. 

1068  ♦  •  Caalmlr  I.,  the  Pacific,  King  of  Po- 
land, dies. 

CHURCH. 

860  •  *  OyriUiis,  the  apostle  of  Thaza- 
ria  [the  Crimea],  preaches  Christianity. 

884  ••  Christianity  is  tolerated.  [940 1. 
Sviatoslaf  introduces  Christianity.] 

955ji  *  *  Conilantinople.  Olga,  widow 
of  Duke  Igor,  is  baptized,  and  lays  the 
foundation  of  the  Russian  Chtirch. 

965  *  *  Poland.  Iliecislas  I.  becomes  a 
Christian.  (980.  He  establishes  Chris- 
tianity by  law.  986.  Vladimir  I.,  the 
Great,  is  baptized.] 

1H4  *  *  The  Jews  suffer  persecution. 

LETTERS. 

1018-S4  Jlustlcvaia  Pravda,  a  codifica- 
tion of  Russian  laws,  is  written  by  Ya- 
res  lav. 

1056-57  The  Ostromir  Codex,  a  Russian 
recension  of  the  Slavonic  Gospels,  la 
written. 

1073-76  The  Hsbomik  (Miscellany)  of 
Sviatoslaf  appears. 

J2th  Century.  Discourse  •concerning  the 
Old  and  New  Testament  is  written  by 
Biabop  Ilarim,  of  Kieff. 


THscourse  to  the  Brethren  is  written 
by  Luke  Zhidiata,  bishop  of  Novgorod. 

Pouchenia  (Instructions)  are  written 
by  Theodosius. 

The  Chronicle  of  Nestor  is  written. 

Bishop  Cyril  of  Turoif  writes  Sermons. 

SOCIETY. 

988  *  *  Vladimir  the  Great  marries 
Anne,  sister  of  the  Emperor  Basil  II. 

1070  *  •  Poland.  Boleslas  II.  murders 
St.  Stanislaus,  bishop  of  Cracow,  with 
his  own  hands.  [1174.  Andrew  I.  Is 
murdered.  1296,  Premislas ;  LigS,  Feo- 
dor  I.] 

STATE. 

500±  *  •  B.  c.  The  Crimea  Is  colonized 
by  the  Greeks. 

469±  *  *  B.  c.  Tiflis  is  built  by  Vakh- 
tang. 

476  ♦  *  A.  D.  Slavs  and  'Wends  occupy 
the  northeast  of  Europe.  [500.  They 
spread  from  the  Vistula  to  the  Dnieper.] 

550  *  *  Poland  becomes  a  duchy  under 
Lechus,  or  Lesko,  I. 

600  *  *  Obotrittii,  Wllze,  and  Pomerani- 
ans inhabit  the  shores  of  the  Baltic  Sea. 

680  *  *  Kabazarenes  subdue  the  Bulgari- 
ans and  Hungarians  westward  to  the 
Theiss. 

700  »  *  Poland.  Crascus  I.  is  duke.  [Later 
Lechus  II.,  deposed  ;  750,  Vendal,  who 
drowns  herself  ;  760,  Premislaus,  named 
Lescus,  or  Less:  810,  Lechus  III.:  81.'), 
Popiel  I. ;  830,  Popiel  II.] 

826  *  *  Normans  and  Danes  Inhabit  the 
West.  The  Swedes  conquer  the  Slavs, 
among  whom  they  settle. 

842±  *  •  Poland.  Piastus,  a  peasant,  is 
elected  duke.  [861 ,  Zlemovitus,  son  of  Pi- 
astus, is  duke  :  892,  I^skoor,  or  l.«chus, 
IV. :  913.  Ziemomislas,  son  of  Lechus : 
965,  Mleclslas  I. ;  he  becomes  a  Chris- 
tian.] 


862  *  »  Rurik,  the  leader  of  the  northern 
pirates,  being  invited  by  the  Novgorodl- 
ans  to  help  them,  founds  the  Russian 
monarchy  by  becoming  grand  duke  of 
Kieff.    [879.    He  is  succeeded  by  Oleg.] 

860  *  »  Oleg  Is  grand  duke  of  Kletf.  [913, 
Igor;  945,  Olga,  widow,  is  regent;  956, 
Svaitoslaf.] 

970  *  *  Svaitoslaf  divides  the  kingdom 
among  his  three  sons.  [973.  Jaropolk  I. 
Is  duke.    980.    He  seizes  Novgorod.] 

•  *  Vladimir  I.,  the  Great,  becomes 
grand  duke.  [1015,  Swiatopolk ;  1018, 
Jaraslaw  I. ;  1054,  Islalaw  I.] 

992*  *  Poland.  Boleslas  I.  becomes 
duke.  He  obtains  the  title  of  king  from 
the  emperor  Otbo  III.  [He  is  succeeded 
by  Mleclslas  II.] 

1034  *  *  Poland.  Rlcheuse,  consort  of 
Boleslas  I.,  Is  regent ;  she  Is  driven  from 
the  government.  [1037.  Anarchy  pre. 
vails.] 

1041*  *  Poland.  Casimir  I.  is  en- 
throned. [1058,  Boleslas  II.  1059.  Red 
Russia  is  added  to  Poland.  1081.  Liidis- 
laus  I.] 

1072  *  *  Wsewolod  drives  Islalaw  from 
Kieff;  he  solicits  aid  of  Henry  IV.  of 
Germany. 

1078  •  *  Wsewolod  I.  is  duke.  [1093.  Swi- 
atopolk II.] 

1102  *  *  Poland.  Boleslas  III.  Is  en- 
throned. [1138,  Ladlslaus,  his  son  ;  1146, 
Boleslas  IV. ;  1173,  Mleclslas  III.,  de- 
posed; 1177,  Casimir  II. ;  1194,  Lechus  Y., 
abdicated ;  1200,  Mleclslas  IV.] 

1113  *  ♦  Vladimir  becomes  duke  of  Kieff. 
[1125,  Mitlslaw  ;  1132,  Jaropolk  II. ;  1138, 
Wiatschelaw ;  1139,  Wsewolod  II. ;  1146, 
Islalaw  II.  and  Igor  II. ;  1149,  Jurie,  or 
George,  I. ;  1163,  Kostlsliuv] 


1114       1156,** -1760,* 


RUSSIA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1223±  •  •  The  Golden  Horde  of  Tartars 

makes  extensive  conquests. 
1237  •  *  The  Polowzes  and  Petchingans 

are  exterminated. 
•  *  Baty,  the  grandson  of  Ghengis,  invades 

Bulgaria  and  Bussia.    [1240.    Ho  burns 

Kieff.] 

1240  •  *  Mongols  sack  Kieff. 

1241  *  ♦  Tartars  invade  Poland. 
1380*  *  War  with  the  Tartars.    Dimitry 

defeats  Mamai  the  Don. 

1382  *  *  Tamerlane  plunders  and  burns 
Moscow.  [1451-77.  Plundered  by  Tar- 
tars.] 

1449  *  ♦  The  Moscow  princes  renounce 
their  claims  to  Smolensk.  [Yet  Moscow 
and  Lithuania  constantly  contend  for 
its  possession.  1514.  Russians  dominate 
It.  1611.  Sigismund  111.  of  Poland  holds 
it.  1G54.  Russians  retake  it.  168G.  Rus- 
sians definitely  annex  it.] 

1470  *  *  Ivan  takes  Kasan,  and  subju- 
gates Novgorod. 

1479  *  •  Hosts  of  Tartars  invade  the 
country. 

[1481.  Ivan's  general,  Svenigorod, 
breaks  their  power.  1482.  Lithuania  is 
invaded,  also  Poland.  1541.  Another 
invasion.] 

1505-23  Russia  wages  a  successful  war 
with  Poland. 

1621  *  ♦  Tartars  capture  Moscow  ;  soon 
expelled.  [1611.  Ravaged  by  Ladislaiis 
of  Poland.] 

1531  *  *  The  Poles  drive  out  the  Walla- 
chian  invaders. 

1544  *  *  Ivan  conquers  Kasan. 

1568  *  •  The  Strelitz  is  organized  as  a 
royal  body  guard.    [1704.    Abolished.] 

1571  May  15.  Mosoovir  is  burned  by 
the  Tartars. 

1575  *  *Stephen organizes Cossacksinto 
a  militia.    [1671.    Cossacks  subjugated.] 

1656    Jiily  28-30.    The  Swedes  defeat 

the  Poles  at  'Warsaw. 
1700    Nov.  30.    Ch.arle8  XII.  of  Sweden 

(20,000)  totally  defeats  Peter  the  Great 

(60,000)  at  Narva;   18,000  Russians  are 

killed  and  30,000  taken  prisoners.     [1703. 

"Warsaw  surrenders  to  Charles.    Mayl. 

He  defeats  Augustus  II.  at  Pultusli  (p. 

1134).] 
1705    Sept.  4.    Russians  take  Jltitau. 
1709    July  8.    Defeat  of  Charles  at  Pul- 

towa(p.  1134). 
*  »  ■War  with  Turkey.   [1773-74.  Again.] 

1711  June  *  Peter  crosses  the  Pruth, 
and  is  surrotirided  by  the  Turks.  The 
Russians  escape  after  hard  lighting  with 
great  difficulty ;  Catherine  obtains  a 
truce.  " 

1741-43    War  with  Sweden. 

1748  *  •  The  Swedes  commence  the  for- 
tifications of  Sweaborg. 

1757  Aug.  13.  The  Russians  are  de- 
feated at  Norkitten.  [1758.  Allies  of 
Austria  (p.  516).] 


ART—  SCIENCE—  NATURE. 

1367  *  ♦  The  Kremlin    is    founded   at 

.Moscow,  [1816.  Rebuilt.] 
1690  *  *  Kamchatka  is   discovered   by 

Morosco,  a  Cossack  chief. 
1087  *  *  Peter  the  Great  visits  Holland 

and  England,  and  works  in  thedockyard 

at  Deptford,  iSng.,  to  learn  the  art  of 

shipbuilding. 


1725  »  *  St.  Petersburg.    The  Observa,- 

tory  is  erected. 
1736*  •ThegreatbellofMoscowlsmade; 

weight,  25  tons. 
1756*  *  St. Petersburg.  ThehntthealteT 

is  built. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1210  •  •  Alexander  NevakI,  hero,  saint,  born. 

[1263.    Dies.] 
1233*  *  Kaiilubek,  Vincent,  bishop  of  <'ra- 

cow,  historian,  dies. 
laeo*  *  I..adislaus  1.,  King  of  Poland,  born. 

[1333.    Dies.] 
1 309  •  •  Caslmlr  lU. ,  the  Great,  King  of  Po- 
land, born.    [1370.    Dies.] 
1336*  *  Ivan  II.,  Grand  Duke  of  Moscow, 

born.    [13.59.    Dies.] 
1340    Mar.31.    Ivan  1.,  Ralita,  Grand  Duke 

of  Moscow,  (lies. 
1348  *  •  Laiilslaus  II.,  King  of  Poland,  born. 

[U34.    Dies.] 
1424*  *  Ladlslaus    III.,   King    of    Poland, 

born.     [1444.     Dies.] 
1473  *  *  Copernicus,  Nicholas.  Polish  as- 

tronomer,  iKjrn.    [1543.    Dies.] 
1488*  *  TamowskI,   ,Jan,     Polish     general, 

born.    [1561.    Dies.] 
1495  *  *  Bielski,   Marcln,  Polish    historian, 

born.    [1576.    Dies.] 
1499  *  *  Alasco,  John,  Polish  reformer,  born. 

[1560.    Dies.] 

1605  Oct.  27.  Ivan  m.,  the  Great,  Grand 
Duke  of  Moscow,  dies. 

1630    Aue.  26.    Ivan  IV., the  Terrible, czar, 

born.    [1584.    Mar.  18.    Dies.] 
1532*  *  Bathorl,  .Stephen,  King  of  Poland, 

born.    [1586.     Dies.] 
1541  *  *  Zainolski,    .Ian,    Polish   statesman, 

general,  born.    [1605.    Dies.] 
1553*  •  Oodoonof,  Boris,  czar,  b.   [1605.  D.] 
1557*  *  Feodor  I.,  czar,  b.     [1598.     Dies.] 
1567*  *  BzowskI  (Bzovius),  Abraham,  Polish 

theologian,  born.    [1637.    Dies.] 
1693  ♦  •  ChinielnlnkI,  Bogdan,  Cossack  chief, 

bom.     [1657.     Dies.] 
1505  •  *  Ladlslaus    IV.,    King    of    Poland, 

liorn.     [1648.     Dies.] 

1606  May  17.  Demetrius  I.,  usurper,  dies. 
1610  Dec.  11.  Demelrlus  II.,  usurper,  «1. 
1611*  *  Hevelius  (Hewel),  Johannes,  Polish 

astronomer,  born.    [I6B7.    Dies.] 
1626^*  •  .SobleskI,  John    III.,   King  of  Po* 

land,  born.     [1696.     Dies.] 
1688*  *  Polotzkl, .Simeon, poet, author, Iwrn. 

[1680.    Dies.] 
1629  *  *  Alexis,    MIchaelovltch,  czar,  bom. 

[1675.    Dies.] 
1633  *  *  G.allltzin,  VassUi,  prince,  statesman, 

born.     [1713.     Dies.] 

1644  *  *  Mazeppa,  Ivan,  adventurer,  born. 
[1709.     Dies.] 

1645  •  »  Romanof,  Michael,  czar,  founder  of 
reigning  Russian  dynasty,  dies. 

1656*  *  Lefort,  Francois,  Swiss  general  In 

Russia,  born.     [1699.    Dies.] 
1657  *  ♦  Cruys,  Cornells,  naval  officer,  born. 

[1727.     Dies.] 
1660*  *  Patkul,  Jobann  Relnhold,  Livonlan 

patriot,  born.     [1707.    Oct.  10.     Dies.] 
1661  *  *  Buflier,   Claude,  grammarian,  phi- 
losopher, author,  born.    [1737.    Dies.] 
1666    Aug.  27.    Ivan  v.,  czar,  bom.    [1696. 

•Ian.  29.    Dies.) 
1667*  *  Dolgoruki,   Vasslli  Viaillinlrovitch, 

lield-marshal,  born.    [1746.    Dies.] 
1670*  *  Augustus  I.,    Frederick,  Klector  of 

Saxony,  King  of  Poland,  b.     [1733.     Dies.] 
1673    June  0.    Peter   I..  Aleiievltch,   the 

Great,  czar,  born.    [1725.    Jan.  2S.    Dies.] 
Menschikov,  Prince  Alexander  Danllovltch, 

general,  statesman,  born.    [  1730.    Dies.  ] 

1673  *  *  Cantemir,  Demetrius,  historian, 
orientalist,  born.     [1723.     Dies.] 

1674  *  *  Gallitzln,  Mikhail  MIkhailovltch, 
general,  born.     [1730.    Dies.] 

1677*  •Stanislaus  L,  Leszcynski,  King  of 
Poland,  born.     [1766.     Dies.] 

1683  *  •  Feodor  11. ,  czar,  dies. 

1685±*  'Catherine  I.,  empress,  wife  of 
Peter  I.,  born.    [1727.    Dies.] 

1600  *  *  .\lexis,  Petrovltch,  prince,  son  of 
Peter  I.,  born.    [1718.    Dies.] 

1603  *  •  Bestusbeff-Rlumin,  Alexis  Petro- 
vltch, count,  dlplomalist,  b.  [1766.    Dies.] 

1701*  *Zaluskl,  .Tospf  Andrew,  Polish 
bishop,  bibliophile,  born.     [1774.     Dies.] 

1706  *  *  Miiiler,  Gerhard  Frederick,  histo- 
rian, born.    [1783.    Dies.) 

1709*  •  Oantemlr    (Kantemir),  Antlochus, 

prince,  poet,  diplomatist,  bom.    [1744.    D,] 

Elisabeth-Petrovna.  empress,  b.    [1762.    D.] 

1711  *  *  I.omonosoff,  Mikhail, poet, gramma- 
rian, bom.     [176.5.     Dies.] 


Richmann,  Georg  Wilhelm,  naturalist,  bom. 
[1753.     Dies.] 

1714*  *  Peter  II., czar, born.    [1730.    Dies.] 

1716±  *  *  Zamoiski,  .\ndroej,  count,  Polish 
statesman,  born.    [1792.    Dies.] 

1718  •   *  Khilkof,     Andrei     Yakof    Levltch, 
prince,  historian,  dies. 

1727*  •  Sumarokoff,  Alexander,  dramatist, 
born.    [1777.    Dies.] 

1728*  •  I'eter  111,  czar,  born.    [1762.    Dies.) 

1729*  'Catherine    II..   empress,  wife  of 
I'eter  III.,  born.     [1796.     Dies.) 
Suvarov,  .\lexel   Vasillpvltch,  count,  field- 
marshal,  l»orn.     [1800.    Dies.] 

1738*  'Stanislaus,  Augustus,   king  of  Po- 
land, born.     [1798.     Dies.) 

1733*  ♦  Kheraskoff,     Mikhail,    poet,  bora. 
[1806.     Dies.) 
Naruszewlcz,  Adam  Stanlslaw.  Polish  histo- 
rian,  poet,  born.     [1796.    Dies.] 

1734  *  *  Kraslckl,  Ignatius,  Polish  poet, born. 
[1801.    Dies.] 
Orloff,  Grigorl,  gen.,  pol.,  b.    [1783.    Dies.] 

1736i  *  *  Potenikin,  Gregori,  A.,  field-mar- 
shal, born.    [1791.    Dies.) 

1737*  •  Platen,    Lefshin    (Leffschin)   arch- 
bishop of  Moscow,  author,  b.     [1812.    D.] 
Orloff,  Alezei,  count,  admiral,  born. 

1739  Nov.    6.      Dolgoruki,    Ivan   Alexelo- 
vltch,  nobleman,  executed. 

1740  AuK.  34.     Ivan  VI.,  czar, born.  [1764. 
Dec.  5.    Dies.) 

Dec.  29.    Ann,  czarina,  dies. 

1743  *  •  BoRilanovltch,  Ipjiolit  F.,  lyric  poet, 
born.     [1803.     Dies.) 

Dcrzhavln,  Gabriel  R.,  poet,  states.,  bom. 

1744  *  ♦  Dashkoff,    Yekaterina.    Komanova, 
princess,  born.     [1810.    Dies.) 

Novlkoff,  Nikolai  Ivanovltch,  author,  born. 

1745  *  *  Benningsen,  Levin,  general,  born. 
Chemnltzer,  Ivan  Ivanovltch,  fabulist, born. 

[1784.     Dies.] 
Kutuzoff,  Mikhail,  general,  born. 

1746  •  »  KoscluBko,  Ttaaddeus.  Polish  pa- 
triot, born. 

1747  *  •  Pulaski,  Caslmlr,  count,  Polish  pa- 
triot, born.    [1779.    Dies.] 

1754  *  *  Paul  I.,  czar,  born. 

1756  •  *  Barclay  de  Tollv,  Michael,  gen.,  b. 
Dombrowski,  Jan  Henryk,  Polish  gen.,  born. 

1757  *  ♦  Nemcewicz,  Julian  I'rsin,  an.,  b. 
1760*  *  Dmitrlef,    Ivan    Ivanovitdi,    poet, 

politician,  born. 
Martos,  Ivan  P.,  sculptor,  bom. 


CHURCH. 

1157  *  *  Henry,  bishop  of  Upsala,  an 
Englishman,  Introduces  Christianity 
into  Finland. 

1326  *  *  The  Cathedral  of  Assumption 
at  Moscow  is  built.  [1328.  The  Cathe- 
dral of  the  Transfiguration.] 

1563  •  •  Poland.  The  Socinians  estab- 
lish a  church  at  Rakow,  and  make  pros- 
elytes in  Trans  y  1  v  an  ia.  [1574.  The 
KakoTian  Catechism  is  published.] 

1582  *  *  The  patriarchate  of  Moscow  is 
established.    [1762.    Suppressed.] 

1643  *  »  A  Confession  of  Faith  is  com- 
posed by  Mogila,  metropolitan  of  Kielf. 
[This  is  the  present  standard  of  the 
Russo-Greek  church.] 

1654  •  *  The  cruelties  of  the  Patriarch 
Nicon  cause  a  revolt  and  a  schism. 
[The  revolters,  calling  themselves ' '  Old 
Believers,"  profess  to  adhere  to  the  old 
reailing  of  the  Slavonian  sacred  books. 
1658.    They  are  expelled  from  Poland.] 

1718*  *  The  Jesuits  are  expelled. 

1724  •  *  I'oland.  The  Protestants  are 
persecuted  at  Thorn. 

LETTERS. 

12004:  *  •  The  Expedition  of  Igor  againtt 
Polotzk  appears. 

1497  *  *  Sitdebnik,  a  code  of  laws,  is  is- 
sued by  Ivan  III.  [1550.  Another  by 
Ivan  IV.] 

1533-84  The  Domostroi  (Book  of  House- 
hold Management),  by  Sylvester,  and 
Cheia-Minei  (Book  of  Monthly  Beail- 
ings),  by  Macarius,  appear. 


RUSSIA. 


1156,** -1760/ 


1115 


1553  *  *  A  printing-press  is  set  up  at 

Moscow.    [1564.    The  first  book,  Apoatol, 
is  printed.] 

16th  Century.  Stepcnnaya  Kniga  (Book 
of  Degrees)  appears  ;  also  the  Life  of  the 
l^zar  Feodor  fvanovitch,  by  the  patriarch 
Job. 

1581*  •The  first  Slavonic  Bible  is 

printed  at  Ostrog  in  Volhynia. 
1586  •  ♦  Slavic  Grammar,  by  Tzitzania, 

appears. 
1610i:  *  *  Chronograph,  by  Sergius  Ku- 

baso£f,  appears. 
1632  •  *  The  University  of  Dorpat  is 

founded  by  Gustavus  Adolphus.    [ISO'i. 

Reconstituted  by  the  Czar.] 
1640  *  *  Finland.     Tlie    University  of 

Helsingfors  is  founded  at  Abo.    [1826. 

RenioTed  to  Helsingfors.] 
1670±  •  •  Vienetz  Vien  (The  Garland  of 

Faith),  The  Prodigal  Soil,  Xeburhadnez- 

zar,  and  other  works,  by  Simeon  Polot 

zki,  appear. 
1700-18    History  of  Russia,  by  Andrei 

Yukof  Lievitch,  appears. 

1702  Dec.  16.  Moskovskia  Wiedomosti 
is  iuued  at  Moscow. 

1714  *  •  St.  Petersburg.  The  Imperial 
Library ,  principally  consisting  of  spoils 
of  Poland,  is  founded. 

1726  •  *  The  Russian  Academy  of  Sci- 
ence Is  opened  by  Catherine  1. 

1739  •  •  Ode  on  the  Taking  of  Khotin 
from  the  Turks,  by  Mikhail*  Vasilievitch 
Lomondsoff.    [Later,  the  Pefriade.] 

1755  *  ♦  The  University  of  Moscow  is 
founded. 

1755-64  Yeiem'yesyatchnvja  Sotchine- 
m{ja,  (.Monthly  Works)  are  issued  by 
MUller. 

1759*  •  Trttdotyubivaya Ptcheld iladiis- 
trioufl  Bee)  Is  issued  by  Smnarakoff. 


SOCIETY. 

13th  Century.  Poland.  The  custom  of 
killing  old  men  when  unable  to  labor, 
and  such  children  as  are  born  imperfect, 
is  practised. 

1498  •  *  Polaiul.  The  Wallachian  inva- 
ders capture  100,000  Poles,  and  sell 
them  to  the  Turks  as  slaves. 

1605  June  13.  The  czar  is  overthrown 
in  a  riot  in  Moscow  [and  murdered]. 

1606  •  *  Otrefief,  a  young  Polish  monk 
and  impOBtor,  gains  the  throne.  [May 
2.  Kxposed  ana  killed,  with  his  adhe- 
rents.   "  Matins  of  Moscow."] 

1718  July  7.  Prince  Alexis,  son  of 
Peter  the  Great,  charged  with  rebellion, 
is  found  dead  in  prison. 


STATE. 

1156  Apr.  30.  Moscow  is  founded  by 
Duke  George  I.  [12th  Century.  Vladi- 
mir founded.] 

1157  *  *  Andrew  L  becomes  first  grand 
duke  of  Vladimir.  [1175.  Michael  I. ; 
1177,  Wsewolod  ill.;  1213,  Juri,  or 
George,  II. ;  1217-18,  Constantine.] 

1157-1328    Vladimir  is  the  capital  of  a 

grand  duchy. 
1193*  *The  Genoese  settle  in  the 

Crimea. 

1202  •  •  Polnnd.  Ladislaus  III.  Is  en- 
throned; retired.  [1206,  I.,e8ko  V..  re- 
stored, assassinated;  1227,  Boleslas  V., 
an  infant ;  1279.  I.esko  VI.] 

1206-27    Tartary    is    held    by   Genghis 

Khan. 
1223  •  •  The  "  Gtolden  Horde  "  of  Tar- 

tars  conquers  extensive  territories. 


1235  *  *  Moscow  becomes  the  capital  on 
the  occupation  of  South  Russia  by  the 
Tartars.    [1237.   They  invade  Novgorod.] 

1238*  *  Jaraslaw  111.  beconiCH  grand 
duke  of  Vladimir.  [1245,  Alexander 
Nevski;  he  pays  tribute  to  the  iM<ui- 
gols.  1252.  He  becomes  the  grand  duke 
of  Uussia.] 

1242  ♦  *nieempireoftheKhanofKapt- 
schak  is  established  by  the  Tartars. 

1263  *  *  Jaraslaw  II.  is  enthroned  grand 
duke  of  Russia.  [1270.  Vasilii  I.,  or 
Basil  I.  ;  1275,  Diniitri  I.  ;  I82I,  Andrew 
II.  ;  1294,  Daniel  Alexandrovitch  is 
grand  duke  ;  1303,  Jurie,  or  (ieorge,  HI., 
deposed;  i;J05,  Michael  III. ;  1320,  Vasilii, 
or  Basil,  IX. ;  1325,  .Jurie,  or  (ieorge,  111., 
restored;  1327,  Alexander  II. J 

1289*  *  Poland.    Anarchy  prevails. 

1295*  *  Poland.  Preniislas  is  enthroned 
as  king ;  assasinated.  [1296,  Ladislaus 
III.(I\  .)  reigns  ;  1300,  Wenceslaus,  King 
of  Bohemia,  abandons  Poland ;  1304, 
Ladislaus  IV.,  the  Short.] 

1328  ♦  *  Ivan  L,  or  John  1.,  is  enthroned 
as  the  tirst  grand  duke  of  Moscow. 
[i:}40,  Simon  is  duke  ;  1.353,  Ivan,  or  John, 

II.  ;  1359,  Dmitri  11.,  prince  of  Susdal  ; 
1382,  Dmitri  III.  (Douskoi) ;  1389,  Vasilii 
III.,  or  Basil  III.  (Temnoi) ;  1425,  Vasilii 
IV.,  or  Basil  IV.  1433.  He  is  banished, 
but  soon  returns  to  the  throne.] 

1333*  *  Poland.  Casimir  III.,  the 
Great,  is  enthroned  ;  he  amends  the  laws. 
[1370,  Louis,  King  of  Hungary;  1382, 
Maria  and  1384,  lledwige,  daughters  of 
Louis,  together  with  the  latter's  consort 
Jagello,  Duke  of  Lithuania,  styled  La<l- 
islaus  v.;  1399, Ladislaus  11.  (V.)  alone; 
he  annexes  Lithuania ;  1434,  I^adislaus 

III.  (VI.),  son.  1440.  Succeeds  a  king  of 
Hungary.  1444.  Short  interregnum,  fol- 
lowed by  accession  of  Casimir  IV.] 

1462  *  *  Ivan  Basilovitz,  or  John  III.,  is 
enthroned  as  grand  <luke  of  Moscow. 
[1478.  He  conquers  Novgorod.  1480.  He 
frees  himself  from  the  suzerainty  of  the 
Tartars,  1482.  He  takes  the  title  of 
Czar  of  Muscovy.] 

1474  ♦  •  The  Crim  Tartars  expel  the 
Genoese  from  the  Crimea. 

1492  •  *  Poland.  John  (Albert)  1.  is  en- 
throned. [1501,  Alexander,  prince  of 
Livonia;  1506,  Sigismuud  the  Great; 
1548,  Sigismuud  II.,  Augustus's  son;  he 
annexes  Livonia.] 

1505  *  *  Vasilii,  or  Basil.V.  is  enthroned 
as  Czar  of  Muscovy ;  he  receives  the  title 
of  emperor  from  Maximilian  I. 

[1.533,  Ivan  IV.  ;  1584,  Feodor,  or  Theo- 
dor,  I.,  and  his  son  Dmitri,  both  mur- 
dered by  the  successor.  1598.  Throne 
usurped  by  Boris-Godontif.] 

1566  *  *  Poland.  The  diet  is  removed 
from  Cracow  to  Wareaw. 

1569*  *  Poland.    Lithuania  is  annexed. 

1573  *  •  Poland.  Henry  de  Valois,  duke 
of  Anjou,  brdther  to  the  King  of  France, 
is  the  first  elected  monarch. 

[Later  he  ascends  the  French  throne. 
1575.  Stephen  Bathori,  prince  of  Tran- 
sylvania ;  he  establishes  the  Cossacks  as 
a  militia.  1586.  Interregnum.  1687.  Si- 
^ismundllL.son  of  the  King  of  Sweden, 
18  elected  in  exclusion  of  Maximilian  of 
A  ustria.] 

1581  *  *  Siberia  is  conquered  by  the  Rus- 
sians. 

1606  *  *  Dmitri  (Otreflef).  the  impostor, 
claims  to  be  the  murdered  Prince  Dmi- 
tri, and  Is  made  czar.  Vasilii  Choniski. 
or  Zouinski,  succeeds.  [1610,  Ladislaus 
of  Poland  ;  1613,  Mlchael-Feodorovitch 
of  the  house  of  Bomanoif.] 


1617  Mar.  9.  Gufitavus  Adolphus 
compels  Russia  to  cede  to  him  Kexholm, 
Karelia,  and  Ingermanland. 

1632  *  *  Poland.  Ladislaus  IV.  (VII.). 
Vasa,  son  of  Sigismund  III.,  is  en- 
throned.   [1648,  John  II.,  or  Casimir  V.] 

1645  *  *  Alexis,  "  Father  of  his  Coun- 
try," is  enthroned  as  czar.  [1676,  Feo- 
dor, or  Theodor,  II.;  1682,  Ivan  V.  and 
Peter  L,  brothers  of  Feodor;  1689, 
Peter  I.  [the  Great]  alone.] 

1655  *  *  Poland  is  conquered  by  the 
Swedes.  [I6()0.  Independence  recovered.] 

1668*  *  Poland.  John  Casimir  abdi- 
cates, and  retires  to  France.  [1672.  He 
dies.  An  Interregnum  follows,  1669.  Mi- 
chael Koribiith-Wiesnowiski  ;  in  this 
reign  the  Cossacks  join  the  Turks,  and 
ravage  Poland.  1674.  John  lU.,  So- 
bieaki,  the  last  independent  king ;  he 
wins  great  victories  over  the  Cossack 
Turks  and  Tartars.] 

1672  *  *  Poland  cedes  to  the  Cossacks 
the  vast  fertile  plain  of  Ukraine.  [1682. 
Transferred  to  Russia.] 

1683  Mar.  31.  The  aUiance  ofWar- 
sawr  is  entered  by  Austria  and  Poland 
against  Turkey. 

1689  *  *  Poland.  Warsaw  becomes  the 
capital. 

1697  *  *  Poland.  Interregnum.  Frede- 
rick Augustus  I.,  son  of  John  George, 
elector  of  Saxony,  is  enthroned.  [1704. 
Deprived  of  his  crown ;  Stanislaus  I., 
Leszcynski ;  he  is  deposed  in  1709,  and 
Frederick  Augustus  restored.] 

1698  *  *  Peter  is  recalled  from  England 
by  a  rebellion  of  the  Strelitz,  which  he 
cruelly  punishes  ;  2,000  are  tortured,  and 
killed. 

1700  Jan.  1.  This  date  begins  the  new 
year,  but  the  old  style  is  retained. 

1703  Mar.  27.  Peter  the  Great  foimds 
St.  Petersburg.  [1711.  Becomes  the 
capital.] 

1715  *  *  Peter  travels  in  Germany,  Hol- 
land, and  France. 

*  *  Esthonia,  Livonia,  and  a  large  part  of 
Finland  are  annexed. 

1721  Oct.  22.  Peter  I.  [the  Great]  as- 
sumes the  title  of  emperor. 

1725  *  *  Catherine  I.,  wife  of  Peter  I,, 
is  enthroned.  [1727,  Peter  II.,  grand- 
son of  Peter  I.,  deposed  ;  1730,  Anne, 
Duchess  of  Courland,  daughter  of  Ivan 
v.;  1740,  Ivan  VI.,  an  infant,  grand- 
nephew  of  Peter  the  Great,  imprisoned 
in  a  dungeon  for  18  years  (1764,  mur- 
dered); 1741,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Peter  the  Great ;  she  reigns  during 
Ivan's  captivity.] 

1733-63  Poland.  Frederick  Augustus 
lL,sonof  Frederick  Augustus  I.,  reigns. 

174  8  *  *  Russia  becomes  the  ally  of  Aus- 
tria and  France  against  Prussia. 

1759  *  *  The  Baltic  Sea  is  declared  neu- 
tral for  commerce  by  a  treaty  with  Swe- 
den. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1699  *  *  Peter  the  Great  reopens  the  an- 
cient gold-mines. 

1736  *  *  St.  Petersburg.  A  fire  destroys 
2,000  houses.  [1780.  '  Another  destroys 
11,000  houses.  18.37.  Dec.  29.  The  "Win- 
ter Palace  is  burned.] 


1116      1762,  Jan.  5-1846,  Nov.  16.         RUSSIA. 


ARMY  —  HAVY. 


ART  ^  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 


1769-84   Russia  successfully  invades  the    1799  **  Siberia.    An  entire  mammoth, 
"  .  with  flesh  and  bones  intact,  is  discov- 

CTVoaea.  ered. 

1774-75    A  rebellion  of  Cossacks  under    ig^  t  ^  st.  Petersburg.    Sugar  is  made 

from  starch  by  Kischof . 
1828*  •Von  Baer's  law  of  embryo- 
logical  development  appears. 


Pugatcheff  is  suppressed, 

1787-92    War  with  Turkey. 

1787  *  *  Count  SuvaroT  defeats  the  Turks 
at  Kinbum.  [1789.  At  Fokshani  and 
Rymnik.  1790.  Dec.  22.  He  takes  Is- 
mail by  storm,  and  puts  the  garrison  (30,- 
000)  todeath ;  6,000  women  are  massacred; 
Russian  loss,  20,000.] 

1794    Apr.  17.    The  Russian  garrison  is 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

I7aa»  *  Ponlatowski,  Joseph  Anthony,  Po- 
lish general,  born. 
1764*  *  i*ozzo  di  Borgo  Carlo,  Andrea, dip.,  b. 
Dolgoruki,  Ivan  Mikhailovltch,  poet,  born. 
[1823.    Dies.] 


expelled  from  AWairsaw  with  the  loss  of     1766  *  •  Bagratlon,  Peter,  prince,  general,  b. 

2,000  killed,  600  wounded,  and  36  cannon. 
-Oct.  10.    Polanil.    After  many  successes, 

Kosciusko  is  tlnally  defeated  and  cap- 
tured by  the  Russians  at  Maclejovice. 

[1796.    Deo.  25.    Released.] 
Nov.  4.    Count    Suvarov    defeats    the 

Poles    at  Prague  near  Warsaw ;    30,000 

Poles  are  killed,  and  the  town  is  sacked. 

[Warsaw  is  also  taken.] 
1797  i  *  •  The  Poles  enter  the  French 

army. 
1799  *  ♦  Count  Suvarov  helps  the  Aus- 

trians  to  check  the  French  in  Italy. 
1806    Deo.  26.   Napoleon  wins  at  Pul- 

tUBk(p.  716). 


Karamsln,  i^'ikolai,  historian,  born. 
Hostoptchin,  Feodor,  count,  general,  born. 
1766*  *  Storch,  lleiiirich  Friedrich  von,  po- 
litical economist,  born. 
1768  *  *  liandtke,  Samuel,  Polish  hist.,  born. 

Kriloff,  Ivan  .\ndrievitch,  fabulist,  bom. 
1770*  *  Czartoryski,    Atlatn    Jerzy,   prince, 
Polish  statesman,  born, 
flallitsin,  Diraltri  Augustine,  miss.,  born. 
Krusentern,  Adam  Johauu   von,  navigator, 
admiral,  born. 

1771  *  ♦  Fischer,  Gotthelf,  naturalist,  born. 
Linde,  Samuel  Hognmil,  lexiiographer,  born. 

1772  *  *  Chlopicki,  Joseph,  Polish  general,  b. 
.Siieranskl,  Mikhail,  count,  statesman,  born. 

1774t  •   *  Cancrln,  Georg,  count,  states.,  b. 

1776  *  *  Golovnln,  Vasili,  navigator,  born. 

1777  *  *  Alexander  1.,  Pavlovitch,  czar,  b. 
1779*  •  Constantine,   Pavlovitch,  grand 

<Uike,  born. 
1780  it  •  *  Krasinski,    Waleryan,  connt,  Po- 


lish author,  born. 
_.      _,      ,  Nesaelrode,  Karl  Kobert,  count,  diplo.,  b. 

1809    Sept.  26.    BuUiaria.   The  Turks    1783  •*  tirabowski,  .\inbro8e,  Polish  arche- 


defeat  the  Russians  near  Silietria. 

1811  *  *  The  Russians  defeat  the  Turks 
at  Rustcbuk. 

1812  June  •  War  with  France  (p.  718). 

1813  May  26.    The  Poles  defeat  the 
Russians  at  Ostroleiika. 

1826  •  *  'War  against  Persia. 
1828-33    War  with  Turkey  (p.  000). 
(1828.    A.VS..  26.)    War  is  declared. 


oiogist,  born. 
Paskevitch,  Ivan  Feodorovltch,  general,  b. 
Vorontzof,  Mikhail,  prince,  fleld-marshal,  b. 
1783*  *  Zhookovaky,    Vasilli    Andreievitch, 

poet,  born. 
1786  *  *Bludofr,  Count,  Dndttl  Nikolaye- 
vltch,  statesman,  diplomatist,  born. 
Diebitsch,  Hans  Karl  V.  A.,  marshal,  born. 
1786  r  *  *  Lieveii,  Dorothea,  princess,  dip.,  b, 

1786  *  *  Lelewel,  Joachim,  historian,  born. 

1787  *  *  Batuskof,  Constantine,  critic,  born. 
Kotzebue,  Otto  von,  navigator,  born. 
Orloff,  Alexei,  count,  general,  diplomatist,  b. 

1788  *   *  Glinka,  Feodor,  jioet,  bom. 


Jvily  15.     Turk.    Russians  under  Paske-    1789*  *  Menschikov,      Alexander      Sergei 


vitch  take  Kars. 


vltch,  prince,  general,  born. 


«  o/i       o   .n„  „f    AV>,a1.HVh    i„    n,«        Zagoskln,  Mikhail,  uovellst,  bom. 

Aug.  24.    Battle  of  Akhalzikh  m   the    j^gg,  .  ijerg,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Rembert, 


Caucasian  region, 
1829  June  11.  The  Russians  defeat 
the  Turks  at  Kuleftscha.  [June  30, 
Silistria surrenders  to  the  Russians.  July 
2.      Armenia.      Gen.    Paskevitch    takes 


count,  fleld-marshal,  diplomatist,  born. 

Buturlin,  Dmitri  Petrovitcb,  general,  born. 

1791  *  *  Bern,  Jozef,  Polish  general,  Turkish 

pasha,  born. 

Dembinski,  Henryk,  Polish  general,  bom. 


„                     .         „     laSKevucn    laiteo  1793 ..  j^ijierberg,  Vladimir,  count,  general, 

Brzerum.    Aug.  20.    Russians  advance  '"^teaman,  born.' 

on  Adrianople.    Aug.  29.    Armistice.]  Mooravief,  Mikhail,  general,  bora. 

1830    Nov.  29.    The  Poles  rise  against  1794  *^*  Gnbolcdoff,  Alexander,  poet,  bora. 

Sjogren,  Andreas  Johann,  Finnish  philolo- 
gist, born. 
1796  i  *  ♦  Bestusheff,  Alexander  Alexandro- 
vltch,  novelist,  born. 
Choris,  Louis,  painter,  born. 
Elchwald,  Edward,  naturalist,  born. 
Gortschakoff,  Michael,  prince,  general,  born. 
Wrangell,  Ferdinand  von,  explorer,  born. 

1796  *  *  Nicholas  I.,  czar,  born. 
Polevoi,  Nikolai,  auttior,  born. 

1797  *  *  Brunnow,  Philipp  von,  connt, diplo- 
matist, born. 

1798*  ♦  GortBChakofI,  Alexander,  prince, 
statesman,  bom. 
Mickiewicz,  Adam,  poet,  born. 


Russia  for  independence. 
1831    Feb.  5.    Russians  (160,000)  enter 
Poland  at  several  points. 

[Feb.  19-20.  The  Poles  (45,000)  are  victo- 
rious at  Orochow,  near  Prague ;  Russian 
(70,000)  loss.  7,000;  Polish,  2.000.  Feb. 
25.  Gen.  Giemsar  is  defeated  at  Prague 
by  the  Poles ;  Russian  loss,  4,000  killed, 
6,000  prisoners,  and  12  cannon.  Mar.  31. 
The  Poles  under  Skrzynecki  decisively 
defeat  the  Russians  at  Warsaw  ;  Russian 
loss,  12,000  killed  and  wounded,  and  2,000 
prisoners;  Polish  loss,  small.    Apr.  10 


The  Poles" are  victorious  at  Seidlice,  tak-     1799  *  •  Pushkin,  Alexander,  poet,  born 
ing  4,000  prisoners.     May  2(!.    The  Poles        "'        '"'   '*"* '"* 


May  2 
retain  the  fleM  after  a  bloody  battle  at 
Ostrolenka,  Poland.  June  19.  The  Poles 
are  defeated  at  Wilna,  Poland.  Sept.  6, 
7.  Russians  capture  Warsaw  after  two 
days'  6ghting.  The  insurrection  is  sup- 
pressed.] 

1839  *  *  An  expedition  against  Khiva  is 
unsuccessful. 

1846*  *  "War  with  Hungary. 

Feb.  23.  Poland.  Insurrectionists (40,- 
000)  march  on  Cracow,  but  are  defeated. 
[Nov.  16.  Austria  seizes  Cracow,  aud 
itB  Independence  ends.] 


Wysockl,  I'eter,  patriot,  born. 

1800  •  *  iiaratynski,  Kugenij,  poet,  born. 
Chodzko,  Leonard  Jacob,  Polish  hist.,  born. 
Pogodin,  Mikhail,  historian,  born. 

1801  ♦  *  Paul  I.,  czar,  A47. 

1803  •  *  l>ahl,  Vladimir  Ivanovitch, novel. ,b. 
Lonnrot  ( Loennrot) ,  Elias,  Finnish  philol.,  b. 
Zaleski,  liohdan  Joseph,  Polish  poet,  born. 

1804  •  *  Chodzko,  Alexander,  Polish  poet,  b. 

1805  *  *  Gurowski,  Adam,  count,  Polish  pa- 
triot, author,  born. 

1806  *  *  tlarczvnski,  Stephen,  Polish  poet,  b. 
Ivanoff,  Alexander  Andreyevitch,  painter,  b. 

1807  *  *  Dolgoruki,    Peter    Vladimtrovitch, 
author,  bom. 

Libelt,  Karol,  Polish  author,  bom. 
X808  *  *  Czajkowaki,  Michael,  noTcUftt,  gen- 
eral, born. 


Orloff,  Alexei,  count,  admiral,  A71. 
Trentowski,  Ferdinand  B.,  Polish  phll.,  b. 

1809  *  *  Gogol,  Nikolai,  author,  born. 
Wysocki,  Joseph,  Polish  iiatriot,  born. 

1810  *  •  Chopin,  Frederic  F.,  Polish  pianist, 
musical  coiniK>8er,  born. 

Pirogof,  Nicholas,  surgeon,  bom. 
1812*  *  Bagration,  Peter,  prince,  gen.,  A47±. 
Hertzen,  Alexander,  political  agitator,  au- 
thor, born. 

1813  *  *  Castren,  Matthias  Alexander,  Fin- 
nish philologist,  born. 

Kutuzoff,  Mikhail,  general,  A67. 
Ponlatowski,  Joseph  Anthony,  Polish  gen- 
eral   A  52 

1814  ♦'*  Bakunin,  Mikhail,  nihilist,  born. 
Gagarin,  Ivan,  Jesuit,  author,  bom. 
Lermonioff,  Mikhail  Vurievitch,  poet,  bora. 
Mieroslawski,  Ludwig,  Polish  revolut.,  b. 

1815*  *  Blelnski,     critic,   journalist,   bom. 

[1848.    Dies.] 
1816  *  *  Derzhavin,  f;abriel,  poet,  A73. 
1817*  *  KoBClusko.  Thaddeufl.  Polish  pa 
triot,  A71. 
Kostoiuaroff,    Nicholas    Ivanovitch,    histo- 
rian, born. 
Tolstoi,    Count,    Alexis    KonsIantinoTltch, 
novelist,  dramatist,  born. 

1818  *  •  Alexander  II.,  Nlcolaevitch,  czar, 
born. 

Barclay  de  ToUy,  Miohael,  general,  A63. 
Dawlson,  Bogumil,  Polish  actor,  born. 
Donibrowskl,  Jan  Henryk,  Polish  gen.,A6l. 
Kaufmann,  Konslantin  Petrovitch,  gen.,  b. 
Novikoff,  Nikolai  Ivanovitch,  autlior,  A74. 
Todleben,  Franz  Kduard,  military  eng.,  b. 
Topellus,  Zacharias,  Finnish  novelist,  born. 
Tnrgeneff,  Ivan,  novelist,  poet,  born. 

1819  *  •  Struve,  Otto  Wilhelm,  astron.,  b. 

1820  *  *  Cliwolson,  Daniel,  antiquary,  born. 

1821  *  *  Nekrasoff,  Nikolai,  poet,  born. 

1822  *  *  Dostoyefsky,  Feodor,  novelist,  b. 
Grigoroviteh,  Nicholas,  novelist,  born. 
Jackniann,  Kdouard  K.  F..,  admiral,  bora. 
Ledochowski,  lliecislas  Dalka,  cardinal,  b. 

1823  *  *  Tolstoi,  Count  Dmitri,  politician,  b. 
1624  *  •  Fadeyev,  liatislav,  general,  an.,  b. 
1835    Dec.    1.      Alexander    1.,    Pavlovitch, 

czar,  A 48. 
1826  *  *  Benningsen,  Levin  August  TheophU, 
count,  general,  A80. 
Karamsin,  Nikolai,  historian,  A6I. 
Loris-Melikoff,  Mikhail  Tarielovit«h  Talnow, 

count,  general,  Btat^sman,  born. 
Hostoptchin,  Feodor,  count,  general,  A61. 
1827'  *  Constantine,  Nikolayevitch,  grand 
duke,  born. 
Shoovalof ,  Peter,  count,  statesman,  born. 
1828    Aug.    28.     Tolstoi,    Lyeff,  or  Lyoff, 
Nikolaievlch,  novelist,  born. 
Choris,  Louis,  painter,  A33. 
Goiirko,  Joseph  V lad imiro vitch,  count,  gen- 
eral, born. 
Tebernyshevsky,  Nikolai,  novelist,  born. 
1830*  *  Rubinstein.    Anton,  composer, 

jiianist,  born. 
1831*  •Constantine,  Pavlovitch,  grand 
duke,  A52. 
DIebitsch,  Hans  Anton,  count,  fleld-marsnai, 

A  46. 
Nicholas,  grand  duke,  general,  born. 
1822*  *  Golovnln,     Vassili     M ikhailoTltcn, 
navigator,  A56. 
Ignatteff,  Nikolai  Pavlovlch,  diplomatist,  b. 
1833  *  *  Garczynski,  Stephen,   Polish  poet, 
A  27. 
Martos,  Ivan  P.,  sculptor,  A75.      „.   ^^ 
1835  •  *  Bandtke,  Jerzy  .Samuel,  Polish  his 
torian,  A67.  .  ^^     , 

Storch,   Heinrich    Friedrich   von,   poliUcal 
economist,  A69. 
1837  *  *  Bestuscheff,     Alexander,    novelist, 
A42.  .  ^ 

Pushkin,  Alexander  Sergeievlch,  poet,  A38. 
Dmitrieff,  Ivan  Ivanovitch,  poet,  pol.,  A77. 
Wysocki,  Peter,  Polish  patriot,  A38. 
1839^  *  *  Speranski,  Mikhail,  count,  states- 
man, A67t.  , 
1840*  *  Gallitsin,  Dimitrl    Augustine,  mi*. 
sionary,  A70.                              ,^           „  ,,  . 

1841  *  *  Niemcewicz,    Julian    Ursin,   Pollsn 
author,  A  84. 

1842  *  *  Vereschagin,  Basil,  painter,  bom. 
Zukertort,  Johannes  Hermann,  chess-player, 

born.  ^    , ^ , 

1844  *  *  Baratynski,  Eugenij,  poet,  A44. 

Fedchenko,  Alexis,  explorer,  born. 

Kriloff,  Ivan  Andrievitch,  fabulist,  A76. 

Modjeska,  Helena,  Polish  actress,  born. 
1846    Mar.  10.    Alexander  HI,  czar,  b. 

Cancrin,  Georg,  count,  statesman,  A71. 

Skobeleff,  Mikliail  Dimltr  ye  vitch,  gen.,1). 

CHURCH. 

1812  *  *  The  Finnish  Bible  Society  is  or- 
ganized at  Abo.    Also  the  Russian  Bible 


RUSSIA.         1762,  Jan.  5-1846,  Nov.  16.      1117 


Society  at  St.  Petersburg.  [1826.  The 
Hossiau  Bible  Society  suspends  its  work 
by  an  imperial  ukase.] 

1819  *  *  Siberia.  Selinglnsk  bec(^es  a 
missiou-fitation  of  the  Ijondon  Society. 
[IMl.    Suppressed.    1869.    Resumed.] 

1821  *  *  The  Evangelical  Missionary  So- 
eietyat  Basel  sends  uussionaries  to  south- 
ern Russia. 

1831  *  *  The  Russian  Evangelical  Bible 
Society  is  organized  at  St.  Petersburg. 

1832  July  31.    Many  convents  are 

abolished. 

1836  Aug.  23.  The  German  mission- 
work  is  suspended  by  an  imperial  ukase. 

1838  July  24.  St.  Saviour's  Cathe- 
dral, built  in  Moscow  to  commemorate 
the  retreat  of  the  French  in  1812,  is 
founded  by  Nicholas  I.  [1883.  June  7. 
Consecrated.] 

1839  *  *  The  czar  issues  a  ukase  permit- 
ting the  title  of  citizen  of  the  first  class 
to  Ee  held  by  worthy  Jews. 

LETTERS. 
1766  •  *  Wiedmno$ti  is  issued  at  Moscow. 

1784  •  •  Ode  to  God,  by  Gabriel  Bomano- 
▼itcb  Derzbavin,  appears. 

1802*  *  St.  Petersburg,  Coarrier de  I' Bur 
rope  is  issued. 

•  •  V^yestnik  Evropi  is  issued  by  Karam- 
sln. 

•  •  A  translation  of  Gray's  Elegy  in  a 
Country  rA«rcA?/arrf,  by  Vasilii  Andrei- 
evitch  Zhookovsky,  appears.  [Later,  The 
Poet  in  the  Camp  of  the  Russian  War- 
riors.] 

1803*  "The  University  of  Kieff  is 
founded  at  Vilna.  [1833.  Removed  to 
Kieff.] 

1804*  'The  University  of  Kazan  is 
founded.  Also  the  University  of  Khar- 
kov. 

1808  •  •  Russkoi  V'yestnik  is  issued. 

1800-11-16  Fables,  by  Ivan  Andrie- 
vitch  Kriloff,  appears. 

1812  *  •  .Sin  Oletchestva  Is  Lssued. 

1815  ♦  *  Invalide  Russe  is  issued. 

1816-19  History  of  the  Russian  Empire, 
by  Nikolai  Mikhailovitch  Karamsin, 
appears. 

1819  •  •  St,  Petersburg.  The  university 
is  founded. 

1821  •  ♦  Ruslan  and  Liudmita,  by  Alex- 
ander Sergeievich  Pushkin,  appears. 
[182'2.  Prisoner  of  the  Caueasue, ;  1821, 
The  Fountain  of  Bakhtchisarai.  Later, 
Eugene  Onegin,  the  Gypsies,  Poltava, 
Boris  Godoonof,  and  History  of  the  Iron 
Mask.] 

1822  *  •  Severnni  Arkhiv  is  issued. 

1829  •  •  The  Young  Muscovite,  by  Mi- 
khail Zagoskin,  appears. 

1830  *  *  Poland.  Pamietnik  Vartzawski 
Is  issued. 

1834  •  *  Biblioteka  dl'ya  Ichtemia  (Li- 
brary of  Reading)  is  issued. 

1837  *  *  On  the  Death  of  Pushkin,  by  Mi- 
khail Ivanovitch  LermontoiT,  appears. 
[Later,  The  Demon,  The  Novice,  and 
Hadjii  Abrek ;  1840,  A  Hero  of  Our 
Time.] 

1840  ♦  *  Dreams  and  Elves,  by  Nikolai 
Alexievitch  Nekrasoff,  appears.  [1863. 
Red-nosed  Frost;  later,  Rnssi'an 
Women.] 

1841  *  *  Finland,  .'iuomi  is  issued  (writ- 
ten in  Swedish). 

1842  •  •  Dead  Souls,  by  Nikolai  Vasilie- 
vftch  Gogol,  appears. 

1843  •  «  Life  of  Peter  the  Great,  by  Niko- 
lui  I'i'levoi.  appears. 


1845-57  Memoirs  of  a  Sportsman,  by 
Ivan  Sergyevitoh  Turgenef  f ,  appears. 
[1866,  Kudine:  1858,  A  Nest  of  Nobles: 
1876,  Virgin  Soil ;  later.  Poetry  in  Prose, 
and  Clara  Milich.] 

SOCIETY. 

1767  *  *  Catherine  II.  abolishes  capital 
punishment,  except  for  treason.  [1796. 
She  abolishes  the  torture  of  criminals.] 

1770  *  *  Poland.  Stanislaus  abolishes 
torture. 

1775  Jan.  17.  Poland.  Nine  old  women 
are  burned  as  witches,  charged  with 
making  lands  of  KaU.sk  unfruitful. 

1801     Mar.  24.    Paul,  son  of  Catherine 

the  Great,  is  murdered. 
1831    July  10.    Alexander  II. murders 

(?)  the  Princess  Dolgoruki. 

1841  Apr.  20.  Alexander  II.  marries 
Mary,  Princess  of  Hesse. 

1842  *  •  Nicholas  I.  abolishes  slavery 
in  the  imperial  dominions. 

STATE. 

1762  Jan.  5.  Peter  m.,  Duke  of  Hol- 
stoin-Gottorn  reigns.  [July  9.  Deposed 
by  his  ^vlfo,  Catherine,  Princess  of  Au- 
halt-Zerbst,  and  soon  after  murdered. 
She  is  enthroned  as  Catherine  II.] 

May  5.  The  Peace  of  St.  Petersburg  be- 
tween Russia  and  Prussia  (p.  517). 

1764  *  *  Poland.  Stanislaus  II.,  Augus- 
tus Pouiatowski,  is  enthroned. 

1766±  *  *  Poland.  Equal  rights  with  the 
Roman  Catholics  are  granted,  at  the  re- 
quest of  Russia  and  Prussia,  to  the 
dissenters,  adherents  of  the  Greek 
Church,  and  Protestants.  [The  oppo- 
nents of  this  measure  form  the  Con- 
federacy of  Bar,  which  fails  in  an 
attempt  to  abduct  tlie  king.  Civil  war 
follows.  1768.  Feb.  24.  Russia  signs  a 
treaty  at  Warsaw,  agreeing  to  support 
Poland  against  the  confederacy.  The 
Turks  are  allies  of  the  confederacy.  The 
Russians  are  successful.] 

1772  *  •  Poland.  Civil  war  so  weakens 
the  kingdom  that  it  falls  an  easy  prey  to 
Russia,  .'Vustria,  and  Prussia. 

July  25.  Poland.  First  partition 
treaty.  [Aug.  5.  The  public  partition 
treaty  is  signed.  Sept.  18.  Enforced.] 
(P.  803.) 

1774  July*  The  treaty  of  Kutchuk 
Kainardji  is  signed ;  the  independence 
of  the  Crimea  and  the  freedom  of  the 
Black  Sea  are  secured  to  Russia.  [1791. 
Further  secured.] 

1780  Feb.  14.  A  manifesto  is  issued 
announcing  "armed  neutrality,"  on 
the  liasis  that  free  trade  makes  free 
goods. 

1786  ♦  *  The  Bank  of  St.  Petersburg  is 
formed. 

1791  May  3.  Poland.  A  new  consti- 
tution i.s  granted  by  the  king. 

1702  ♦  •  Poland.  The  Russians  enter 
the  kingdom  on  various  pretexts. 

1793  *  *  Poland.  The  second  partition 
treaty  is  signed  (p.  807). 

July  17.  Poland,  The  crown  revenue 
is  sequestered  by  order  of  the  Russian 
ambassador. 

1794  Mar.*  Poland.  An  insurrection 
under  Thaddeus  Kosciusko  breaks 
out. 

1705  Nov.  25.  Poland.  Stanislaus 
resigns  his  crown  at  Grodno ;  the  third 
partition  (p.  807). 


1796  Nov.  17.  Catherine  dies.  She  ia 
succeeded  by  her  son. 

1796-1801  Paul  I.  reigns.  [1800.  He 
becomes  insane.  1801.  Mar.24.  Assassi- 
nated.] 

1709-lSOO  Russia  joins  the  coalition 
against  France  (p.  713). 

1801-25    Alexander  I.  reigns. 

1801    June  17.    A  treaty  with  England 

(p.  931). 

*  *  Tifiis  is  made  the  capital  of  the  Trans- 
Caucasian  provinces. 

*  *  Georgia  is  annexed. 

1805    Sept.  8.    Coalition  against 

France  (p.  715). 

1807  Mar.  8.  Russia  declares  war 
against  Bngland  because  of  its  attack 
on  Copenhagen  (p.  933). 

July  7.    Treaty  with  France  (p.  717). 

Aug.  •  'Warsaw  is  made  a  duchy  and  an- 
nexed to  Saxony. 

1812  Mar.  24.  St.  Petersburg.  A 
treaty  of  alliance  is  signed  by  Berna- 
dotte,  prince  royal  of  Sweden,  and  Alex- 
ander I.  ;  the  former  becomes  an  ally 
against  France,  in  return  for  which 
Sweden  is  to  receive  Norway. 

Jtme  *  Poland.  A  general  diet  is  held 
at  Warsaw. 

1813  *  *  Russians  overrun  Warsaw ;  a 
Russian  viceroy  makes  it  his  residence. 

July  8.  Coalition  of  Russia  and  Prus- 
sia against  France  (pp.  521,  811). 

1815  Apr.  30.  Poland.  The  central 
provinces  are  united  to  form  the  king- 
dom of  Poland,  with  Alexander  I.  as 
king. 

*  *  The  Holy  Alliance  against  France  is 
formed  (pp.  621,  721). 

1820  Sept.*  Poland.  The  Diet  is 
opened. 

1822  Jan.  26.  The  Grand  Duke  Con- 
stantine  renounces  the  right  of  succes- 
sion. 

1825    Dec.  1.    Alexander  I.  dies,  and  Is 

succeeded  by  his  brother. 

1825-55  Nicholas  I.  reigns.  (1826. 
Skpt.  3.)    Crowned  at  Moscow. 

Dec.  26-20.  Pestal's  conspiracy  against 
Nicholas  1.  is  detected  and  punished, 
and  an  insurrection  of  troops  at  Moscow 

is  suppressed. 

1828    Feb.  22.    Peace  with  Persia. 
1820    Sept.  14.    Peace  of  Adrianople 

(See  Turkey.) 
1830    Nov.  20.    Poland.    A  revolu- 
tion at  Warsaw  breaks  out ;  the  army 
favors  the  people. 

[1831.  Jan.  25.  The  Diet  deposes  the 
emperor  as  king.  Apr.  3.  An  insurrec- 
tion occurs  in  Wilna  and  Volhynia.  Oct. 
6.  Suppressed.  1832.  Feb.  26.  A  ukase 
issued  by  Nicholas  I.  reduces  Poland  to 
a  province  of  the  empire.  1847.  May  * 
Declared  a  province.] 

1846  Feb.  22-27.  An  unsuccessful 
revolution  occurs  in  Austrian  Poland. 

Nov.  16.  Poland  is  blotted  from  the 
map  of  nations  (p.  621). 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1770  •  *  Poland.  Pestilence  destroys 
250,000  lives. 

1796  Jiine  *  Fire  destroys  a  large  mag- 
azine of  naval  stores  and  100  vessels. 


1118     1846,*  * -1879,  Apr. 


RUSSIA. 


ARMY  -  NAVY. 

1860  Aug.  *  Seven  men  in  each  thou- 
sand of  the  population  of  Western  Russia 
are  enrolled  in  the  army  by  an  imperial 
decree,  adding  130,000  men. 

1863  *  *  War  with  Turkey  respecting 
possession  of  the  holy  places  in  Paleij- 
tine. 

(June  13.)  Asia  M.  The  English  and 
French  fleets,  sent  for  observation,  arrive 
in  Besika  Bay.  (Sept.  14.)  Enter  the 
Dardanelles.  (Nov.  2.)  Enter  the  Bot?- 
porus.  (July  2.)  Humania.  Russians 
under  Gen.  Luders  enter  Moldavia.  (Oct. 
8.)  Turk.  The  Sultan  declares  war 
against  Russia.  (Oct.  23.)  The  fortress 
of  Issaktocha  opens  fire  on  a  Russian 
flotilla—  the  first  act  of  war.  (Oct.  28- 
Nov.  3.)  The  Turks  cross  the  Danube 
from  Widdin  and  enter  Kalafat.  (Nov. 
2,  3.)  Humania.  Osnian  Pasha  occupies 
Oltenltz  ;  the  Russians  are  repulsed  with 
the  loss  of  9,000  men.  (Nov.  4-14.)  Aaia. 
The  Turks  are  defeated  at  Bayanduv, 
Atskur,  and  Achaltzik.  (Nov.  30.)  A 
Turkish  fleet  is  destroyed  at  Sinope, 
on  the  Black  Sea. 

1854-56    Crimean  war  (p.  958±). 

1861  May  *  Poland,  The  presence  of 
80,000  Russian  soldiers  causes  a  reign  of 
terror  in  Warsaw. 

1863  Jan.  14.  Poland.  A  severe  mili- 
tary conscription  is  ordered  without 
notice.  [Jan.  22-24.  This  causes  the 
breaking  out  of  an  insurrection.] 

[Feb.  23.  Louis  Mieroslawski's  band 
iBdefeatedanddispersed.  Mar.  * -Apr.  * 
The  Poles  conduct  a  successful  guerrilla 
warfare.  July  1.  The  Poles  make  an 
unsuccessful  invasion  of  Volhyuia  under 
Wysocki  and  Horodycki.  18G4  Jan.  * 
-Apr.  *  Numerous  skirmishes  and  many 
executions  of  Poles  occur ;  the  insurrec- 
tion is  subdued.] 

Mar.  31.  The  Russians  win  a  great  vic- 
tory over  the  revolting  Oubykhs  in  the 
Caucasus.  [Apr.*  Many  tribes  emigrate 
to  Turkey.] 

May  * -Nov.  *  War  with  Bokhara ;  in- 
decisive conflicts.  [18t>8.  May  26.  llus- 
Bians  are  victorious,  and  occupy  Samar- 
cand.] 

1870  Nov.  16  ^. .  The  reorganization  of 
military  reserves  is  decreed,  [1871. 
ilan.  *  The  reorganization  of  the  army.] 

1872  Apr.  *  Cent.  Asia.  Russians  at- 
tack Dzoungaria.  [July  4.  The  Sultan 
Abel  Oghlan  is  compelled  to  surrender 
to  Gen.  Kolpakoviski.J 

Aug.  *  The  ironclad  Peter  the  Great  is 
launched  at  St.  Petersburg. 

1873  Feb.*  Russian  expedition  is  sent 
to  Khira,  seeking  redress  for  outrages. 
[June  10.  Khiva  surrenders  uncondi- 
tionally.] 

July  25-27.    The  JumudenTiurkomans 

are  defeated  at  Tsychandyr. 

1875  Sept.  4-Oct.  *  Asia.  "War  with 
Khokand. 

(Sept.  4.)  Gen.  Kaufmann  defeats  30.- 
000  men,  and  advances  on  Khokand. 
(Sept.  21.)  He  defeats  a  force  of  5,000. 
(Nov.  28±.)  The  people  massacre  the 
Russian  garrison.  (1876  Jan.. 30.)  Thev 
are  totally  defeated  at  Assake,  and  the 
revolt  is  subdued.] 

1877  Apr.  *  -78  Mar.  *  Turko-Rus- 
sian  war  (pp.  565, 566.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATXTRE. 

1861  May*  InundationsoccuratKiefl', 
Moscow;  615  houses  are  submerged. 

1871  Nov.*  An  electric  telegraph  be- 
tween St.  Petersburg  and  Nagasaki, 
Japan,  is  completed. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1846  *  *  Kotzebue,  Otto  von^  navigator,  AS9. 
Rruaenstern,  Adam  Johann  von,  navigator, 

admiral,  A76. 
Miclilucho-Maclay,  Nikolas,  explorer,  born. 
Polevoi,  Nikolai,  autbor,  A50. 

1847  *  *  Linde,  Samuel  Bogumll,  Polish  lexi- 
cographer, A  76. 

1849*  •Chopin.   Frederic    FranQois.  Po- 
lish musician,  A3ii. 
1850  *  *  Bern,  Josef,  Polish  general,  Turkish 
pastia,  A  56. 
Kuturlin,  Dmitri  Petrovitch,  general,  A60. 
1853*  •  Castren,  Matthias  Alexander,  Fin- 
nish philologist,  A3M. 
ilogol,  Nikolai,  author,  A43. 
Zaguskin,  Mikhail,  novelist,  A63. 
Zhookovsky,  Vasilii,  poet,  ABW. 
1853  *  *  Fischer,  (Jotthelt,  naturalist,  A82. 
1854*  *  Chlopicki,  ,1.,  Polish  general,  dic- 
tator, A  82. 
Ilatiuakof,  Constantiue,  critic,  poet,  A68. 
1 855    Mar.  S .     Nicholas  I. .  czar,  A5». 
Krasinski,  Waleryan,  count,  author,  A75. 
Mickiewicz,  Adam,  Polish  poet,  A57. 
Sjogren,  .\ndreas  J.,  Finnish  philologist,  A6t. 
1856*  *  Paskevitch,  Ivan  F.,  general,  A74. 
Vorontzo,  Mikliail  Seminovitch,  prince,  fleld- 
marshal,  A74. 
1857*  *  Lieven,    Princess    of,    Dorothea, 

di]>loinatiHt,  A72  '  . 
1868  •  *  Ivanoflf,    Alexander   Andreyevitch, 

painter,  A52. 
1861  *  *  Czartoryski,   Adam   J.,   jirlnce,   Po- 
lish statesman,  A91. 
Cortsrliakoff,  Mikhail,  prince,  general,  A66. 
Lelewel,  .(oachlm,  Polish  historian,  A75. 
Orloff,  Alexei,  count,  general,  diplo.,  A74. 
1862*  *Nes8elrode,    Karl    Kobert,    von, 

count,  diplomatist,  A 82. 
1864*   *Bludoff,      Dmitri     Nikolayevitch, 
statesman,  dli)loniatist,  A79. 
Dembinski,  Henryk,  I'olisli  general,  A73. 

1865  Apr.  24.     Nicholas,  czarowitch,dies. 

1866  *  *  tiurowski,  Atlam,  count,  Polish  pa- 
triot, A61. 

Mooravieff,  Mikhail,  general,  A72. 
1868*  *  Dolgoruki,     Peter     Vladimirovitch, 
author,  A6I. 
Grai)0\v8ki,  Ambrose,  Polish  archeol.,  A86. 
Pirogof,  Nicholas,  surgeon,  A58+ . 
1869*  *  Menschikov,      Alexander     Sergeie- 
viteh,  prince,  general,  A80. 
Trentowski,  Ferdinand  K.,  Polish  phil.,  A6I. 
1870*  *  llertzen,  Alexander,  political  agita- 
tor, autlior,  A58. 
Wrangell,  Ferdinand  von,  navigator,  A75. 
1871  *  ♦  Cbodzko,  Leonard  Jacob,  Polish  his- 
torian, A71. 
Shamyl,  Caucasian  leader,  A74. 
1873  *  *  Dahl,  Vladimir,  novelist,  A70. 
Dawison,  Itogurail,  Polish  actor,  A54. 
Fedchenko,  Alexis,  exi)lorer,  A29. 
1874*  *  lierg,  Friedricli  Wilhelm    Rembert, 
count,  field-inarshal,  diplomatist,  A84. 
Wysocki,  Joseph,  Polish  patriot,  A66. 
1875  *  *  lironnow,  I'hllipp  von,  count,  diplo- 
matist, A  7  8. 
Pogodin,  Mikhail,  historian,  A76. 
TolBtoi,    Alexis     Konstantinovitcti,    count, 
novelist,  dramatist,  AftK. 
1876*  *  Klchwald,  Kdward,  naturalist,  A81. 

1877  *   *  Nekrasoff,  Nikolai,  poet.  A56. 
Libelt,  Karol,  Polish  atUbor,  A70. 

1878  *  *  Bakunin,  Mikhail,  nihlliBt,  AM. 
Mieroslawski,  Ludwig,  Polish  revolutionist, 

A  64. 


CHURCH. 

1854  Apr.  23.  The  czar  issues  a  mani- 
festo deelaring  that  he  will  conibat  only 
for  the  faith  and  Christianity. 

1857  June  18.  Finland  celebrates  the 
700th  anniversary  of  the  introduction  of 
Christianity. 

1859  *  *Finland  Mission  Society  is 
founded. 

1861  Oct.  17.  Poland.  Military  ar- 
rests occur  in  the  churches  of  Warsaw ; 
the  priests  close  the  doors.  {Dec.  18. 
Archbishop  liialobzeski  is  tried  and  sen- 
tenced to  death  as  a  rebel  for  closing  the 
churches  ;  he  soon  dies.] 

1862  Jan.  26.  Increased  political  priv- 
ileges are  granted  to  the  JewB.  [June  * 
Also  in  Poland.] 

Feb.  15.  Poland.  The  new  Archbishop 
Felinski  of  Warsaw  exhorts  the  Poles  to 
submission  to  Russia.  [1863.  July  *  lie 
is  banished.] 


1863  Bee.  28.  Poland.  The  Abb^ 
Machiewicz,  a  patriotic  priest  venerated 
as  a  martyr,  is  hanged  by  the  Govern- 
ment. 

1864  July  30.  Poland.  The  Pope 
promulgates  an  encyclical  letter  ad- 
dressed to  the  Polish  church. 

Nov.  *  Many  Koman  Catholic  convents 
are  abolished  for  participating  in  the 
insurrection. 

1865  May  23.  Poland.  The  Abb^ 
Stanislas  Bioski  and  his  lieutenant  are 
captured  and  executed. 

1866  Jan.  9.  Poland.  The  Govern- 
ment appropriates  the  church  property 
and  provides  for  the  pay  of  the  clergy. 

Jan.  *  -Feb.  *  A  rupture  occurs  with  the 
Pope,  who  resents  severity  to  the  Polish 

clergy. 

1867  Aug.  2.  St.  Petersburg.  A  Ro- 
manist college,  to  replace  the  authority 
of  the  Pope,  is  established. 

1868*  *  St.  Petersburg.  The  Imperial 
Russian  Bible  Society  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1846-54  History  o/  /(ussia  till  the  Inva- 
sion of  the  Monifols,  by  Mikhail  Petro- 
vitch Pogodin,  appears. 

1846  *  *  The  Village,  by  (irigorovitch, 
appears.  [Later,  The  Fisherman  ana 
The  Emigrants.] 

*  *  Poor  People,  by  Bostoyefsky,  appears. 
[1858.  Letters  from  the  House  of  the 
Dead.] 

1847  *  *  Suometar  is  issued  at  Helsing- 
fors. 

*  *  Whose  Faulty  by  Alexander  Hertzen, 
appears.  [1856.  He  publishes  in  Lon- 
don, Eng,,  the  newspaper  Kolokol  (The 
Bell).] 

1863-55  Sevastopol,  by  Count  Lyeff 
N,  Tolstoi,  appears.  [1865-68,  War 
and  Peace :  1875-78,  An  ita  Karenina ; 
1886,  The  Cossacks,  Ivan  Ilyitch  :  1885. 
Two  Pilgrims;  Childhood,  Jioyhood,  ana 
Youth:  My  Religion:  18D0,  My  Con/es- 
8io7t .  A  Commentary  on  the  Gospel ; 
Life:  The  Kreutzer  Sonata  ;  1892,  War.] 

1856  *  *  Russkoi  F'yestnik  is  revived  at 
Moscow. 

1861  Oct.  6-9.  The  University  of  St. 
Petersburg  is  closed  because  of  the  stu- 
dent riots.     [Oct.  24.     Reopened.] 

*  *  Prince  Ser^brany,  by  Count  A.  K.  Tol- 
stoi, appears.  [1867,  Death  of  Ivan  the 
Terrible;  1868,  Czar  Feodor ;  J870,  Czar 
lioris.] 

1861-66  Dictionary  of  the  Living  Rus- 
sian   Tongue,  by  Vla^irair  Ivauovitch, 

appears. 

1862  June  *  The  Government  sup- 
presses many  educational  institutions. 

1863  *  *  The  statutes  of  all  the  univer- 
sities are  remodeled. 

1864  Sept.  11.  Poland.  A  decree  is 
issued  for  recognizing  education  at  War- 
saw ;  it  provides  for  a  university.  [1866. 
The  University  of  Odessa  is  founded.] 

1865  Sept.  13  +  .  The  censorship  of  the 
press  is  relaxed. 

1867  July  7.  A  decree  orders  the  ub« 
of  the  Hussian  language  in  the  Baltic 
provinces.  [1868.  July  *  Polish  lan- 
guages interdicted  in  public  places. 
1876.  June  *  Prohibited  generally  in 
courts  of  law  and  public  offices.] 

1869  Jan.  13.  St.  Petersburg.  The 
Government  Messenger,  an  official  jour- 
nal, is  issued. 

1870  Jan.  *  The  Government  detects  a 
secret  conspiracy  among  Socialist  stu- 
dents; it  is  led  by  Sergius  Netshajew. 
The  informer  is  assassinated. 

1872  •  *  The  Great  Rnssia7i  Encyclopas- 
dia  is  undertaken  by  Prof.  Beresina. 


i 


RUSSIA. 


1846,  **-1879,  Apr. 


1119 


•  •  History  of  Russia,  by  Koustautine  Nlk- 
olaieritcb  Bestusheff'Klumin,  appears. 

1878  Dec.  *  St,  Petersburg.  College 
students  present  an  address  to  the  czare- 
vitch concerning  grievances.  [Dec.  11. 
They  are  attacked  and  punished  by  the 
police  and  Cossacks.] 

SOCIETy. 

1868  July  2.  The  czar  decrees  the  par- 
tial emancipation  of  the  serfs  on  the 
imperial  domains.  [1861.  Mar.  3.  lie 
decrees  the  total  emancipation  of  all  the 
23,000,000  serfs  throughout  the  empire. 
1862.     Feb.  19.     Becomes  etfective.] 

Apr.  8.  Poland.  A  ^eat  meeting  is 
held  at  Warsaw  to  protest  against  abol- 
ishing the  Agricultural  Society.  The 
military  charges  the  crowd,  killing  or 
wounding  100  people. 

May  *  -June  *  An  impostor  in  South 
Russia  asserts  himself  to  be  a  descen- 
dant of  Peter  III.  Many  peasants  who 
engage  in  disturbances  are  shot  or 
flogged. 

Jnly  *  Poland,  The  Government  issues 
oppressive  regulations  respecting  dress. 
[1863.  Oct.  27.  The  Poles  at  Warsaw- 
are  forbidden  to  wear  mourning,  Nov. 
3.  Forty-one  ladies  are  arrested  at  night 
for  wearing  it.] 

Oct.  25.  Poland.  GeneralGerstenzweig, 
the   military  governor,  is   killed  by  an 


1862  Sept.  20.  The  1000th  anniversary 
of  the  foundation  of  the  empire  by  Duke 
Uurik  is  celebrated  at  Novgorod. 

1864  Sept.  28.  The  Czarevitch,  Alex- 
ander III.,  is  betrothed  to  the  Princess 
J  >:ijnnar  [Mary]  of  Denmark.  [1866.  Nov. 
i'.    Married.] 

Dec.  *  Serfdom  is  abolished  in  the  Trans- 
caucasian  provinces. 

1866  Apr.  16.  Karakozow  attempts  to 
assassinate  the  czar.  [Sept.  15.  He  is 
executed.  1867,  June  6.  Paris.  Tlie  czar 
again  escapes  from  Berezowski.] 

Nov.  11.  All  state  serfs  in  Poland  wlio 
had  not  participated  in  the  rebellion  are 
emancipated. 

1867  Sept.  *  St.  Petersburg.  Many  So- 
cialists, implicated  in  a  conspiracy,  are 
condemned  to  imprisonment. 

I874  Jan.  23.  The  Grand  Duche-ss  Ma- 
rie is  married  to  the  Duke  of  Kdinburgh. 

Nov.  *  Mitrophania,  the  mother  abbess 
of  Serpouchow,  Moscow,  is  tried,  con- 
victed, and  sentenced  to  exile  for  14 
years,  for  fabricating  commercial  bills. 

1877  Oct.  31.  Nihilists  are  tried  for 
propagandism.  [1878.  Feb.  9±.  About 
160  are  sentenced  to  hard  labor  ;  al>out 
90  acquitted.] 

1878  Apr.  12.  The  young  Vera  La- 
sulitch  (or  SasRulitch)  is  acquitted  by  a 
Jury  of  firing  at  Gen.  Trepoff,  prefect  of 
St.  Petersburg,  on  Feb.  5,  for  outrages 
inflicted  on  prisoners,  although  she  had 
acknowledged  the  offense. 

Aug.  5.  Riots  follow  the  conviction  of 
Nihilists  at  Odessa. 

Aug.  16.  St.  Petersburg.  General  de 
Mesentzoff.  chief  of  police,  is  assassi- 
nated by  Nihilists  in  the  street. 

1879  Feb.  21-.  Prince  Demetrius 
Krapotkin    is  iissas.sinated  at  Kharkov. 

Mar.  25.  Alexander  Solovieff,  a  school- 
roaster,  attempts  to  assassinate  the  czar 
at  Drentelen.  [June  7.  Solovieff  is  con- 
demned.   June  9.    Executed.] 

STATE. 
1853    Mar.  9.    Palestine.    Rival  claims 
for  the  holy  places.  fSee  Turkey.)  [War 
follows.] 


Oct.  5.  Turkey  declares  war.  (See 
Turkey.) 

Dec.  5.    Peace  with  Turkey  (p.  959). 

1854-66  The  Western  powers  unite 
against  Russia  (p.  525). 

The  war  is  caused  by  Nicholas  I.,  who 
revives  old  Russian  plans  of  conquest  in 
expectation  of  an  effective  alliance  with 
Austria  and  Prussia,  and  believing  it  im- 
possible that  England  and  France  could 
unite  as  allies  against  him.  He  proposes 
Russian  protection  for  several  of  the 
smaller  states  of  Europe,  which  should 
be  independent,  and  als<»  to  occupy  Con- 
stantinople provisionally  with  Russian 
troops  while  Crete  and  Egypt  were  prizes 
awaiting  England. 

1854  Feb.  27.  The  ultimatum  of 
France  and  Great  Britain  is  sent  to  the 
Czar  (p.  g.'iO). 

Apr.  20.  A  treaty  is  made  between 
Austria  and  Prussia. 

They  declare  the  passage  of  the  Bal- 
kans by  the  Russians  an  act  of  war,  and 
soon  require  them  to  evacuate  the  prin- 
cipalities (p.  525). 

1855  Mar.  2.  The  Emperor  Nicholas 
dies,  and  is  succeeded  by  his  son. 

1855-81    Alexander  U.  reigns.    (185G. 

Skpt.  5.)    Crowned  at  Moscow. 
Apr.  29.    Alexander  Gortschakoff  is 

appointed  foreign  minister. 

Dec.  12.  Austria  makes  proposals  of 
peace  wiiich  are  sent  to  St.  Petersburg. 

1856  Feb.  25.  An  armistice  till  Mar. 
.31  is  agreed  to. 

Mar.  30.  The  Peace  of  Paris  is  agreed 
to  (p.  733). 

May  27.  Amnesty  is  granted  to  the 
Poles. 

1861  Apr.  7.  Poland.  The  Govern- 
ment arrests  agitation  by  promising 
certain  reforms  and  the  reestablishment 
of  Poland  as  a  separate  kingdom. 

Nov.  *  The  nobles  petition  the  Govern- 
ment for  a  political  constitution. 

June  *  Poland.  A  new  administrative 
council  is  appointed. 

Oct.  *  Poland.  Fresh  disturbances 
break  out ;  Warsaw  is  put  in  a  state 
of  siege  by  the  Government. 

1862  Apr.  29.  Poland.  The  Govern- 
ment gnmts  amnesty  to  89  political 
prisoners. 

Sept.  20.  The  1000th  anniversary  of 
the  founding  of  the  Russian  monarchy 
at  Novgorod  is  publicly  observed. 

Sept.*  Poland.  Count  Zamoyski,  a 
loyal  Pole,  is  exiled  by  the  Government 
for  presenting  the  report  of  a  meeting  of 
the  nobles  at  Warsaw. 

Oct.  14.  The  Government  decrees  the 
reorganization  of  the  department  of  jus- 
tice ;  trial  by  juries  is  promised.  [186C. 
Aug.  8.     Begun.] 

1863  Jan.  22-24.  Poland.  An  insur- 
rection breaks  out. 

The  Poles  kill  many  Russians  ;  Poland 
is  put  in  a  state  of  siege.  [Feb.  *  The 
insurrection  spreads  ;  landowners  favor 
it.  Mar.  18.  Margan  Langiewicz  be- 
comes the  dictator  of  Poland.  Mar.  • 
The  secret  central  committee  assumes 
supreme  authority.  Apr.  12.  Poles  re- 
ject offers  of  amnesty.] 

Feb.  2.  Poland.  The  secret  provisional 
government  issues  its  first  proclama- 
tion. 

June  *  Poland.  European  powers  make 
a  fruitless  attempt  at  interventior. 


Oct.  *  Poland,  Russia  executes  many 
prominent  Poles.  [The  Government 
grows  more  rigorous.] 

1863-82    Prince  Alexander  Gortschakoff 

is  chancellor. 

1864  Aug.  5.  Poland.  Bomuald 
Traugott,  formerly  a  Russian  colonel 
and  late  head  of  the  provisional  govern- 
ment, and  five  others,  are  hanged. 

Sept.  21.  Poland.  The  secret  provis- 
ional government  announces  that  50,- 
000  Poles  have  been  killed  and  100,000 
exiled  to  Siberia,  yet  summons  the  pa- 
triots to  enter  a  national  war. 

Bee.  *  A  new  judicial  system  is  promuU 
gated. 

1865  Jan.  24.  The  nobles  unite  in  a 
request  that  the  czar  establish  two 
houses  of  representatives.    [He  refuses.] 

Feb.  14.  Cent.  Asia.  The  province  of 
Turkestan  is  formed. 

1866  July  *  -Nov.  *  The  Polish  exiles 
in  Siberia  revolt.  [Suppressed  j  many 
are  put  to  death.] 

1867  Jan.  1.  Three  decrees  are  issued 
which  completely  abolish  the  remains  of 
Polish  nationality. 

Mar.  30.  Hussian  America  is  sold  to 
the  United  States.  [May  15.  Ratified.] 
(P.  257.) 

May  5.  A  congress  of  Slavs  meets  at 
Moscow. 

May  31.  Poland.  The  Government  jiro- 
claims  amnesty  for  political  offenses. 
(1867.  Jan.  6.  Again.  1868.  Jan.  * 
Poland  is  named  the  Vistula  province.] 

1871  Jan.  17.  London.  A  conference 
of  the  Povirers  meets  to  consider  the 
Russian  claims  respecting  the  Black 
Sea.  [Mar.  13.  The  Black  Sea  clauses 
of  the  treaty  of  ]VIarch  30, 1856,  are  abro- 
gated.] 

July  *  Cent.  Asia.  Dztmgaria  is  an- 
nexed. 

1873-74  Khivans  revolt  against  Rus- 
sian aggressions. 

1873  Oct.  13.  Part  of  Khiva  U  an- 
nexed. 

1874  Sept.  *  A  new  law  for  the  organi- 
zation of  the  army  is  made. 

1876  Jan.  29.    The  Baltic  provinces 

are  incorporated  with  the  empire. 

Feb.  29.  Cent.  Asia.  Khokand  is 'an- 
nexed as  Ferghana. 

1877  Apr.  24.  "Vyar  is  declared  against 
Turkey  (pp.  565,  566). 

1878  Mar.  3.  Treaty  of  San  Stefano 
(p.  566). 

June  13-July  13.  Berlin  Congress 
held  (pp.  566,  831). 

1879  Apr.  *  A  ukase  is  issued  abolish- 
ing the  poll-tax. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 
1851    Sept.  1.    The  railway  from  St. 

Peters4)urg  to  Moscow  is  opened. 

[1851.  The  St.  Petersburg  and  Warsaw 
Railway  is  begun  by  the  Government. 
1856.  Ceded  to  Great  Russian  Railway 
Company.  1862.  May  5.  The  railway 
to  Berlin  is  opened.  1888.  May  *  Thw 
Central  Asian  (Transcaspian)  Railway 
is'  opened.] 

1862   Sept.  20.    The  czar  inaugurates  a 
national  monument  at  Novgorod. 


1120       1879,  Apr.  *-1891,  Jan.  22.         RUSSIA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1880  Dec.  24.  Gen.  Skobeleff  leads  an 
expedition  into  Central  Asia  to  subdue 
marauders.  [Jan.  14.  He  has  coutlicts 
with  the  Tekkfe  Turkomans.  Jan.  24 
He  captures  Geok  Tep6,  and  subdues  the 
country.] 

1882  *  *  Gen.  Tchemaieff  is  appointed 
to  command  in  Central  Asia. 

1884  Feb.  14±.  Cent.  Asia.  The  sur- 
render of  Merv  to  Kussia  is  effected  by 
Gen.  Komaroff. 

1886  May  18.  The  ironclad  rcAcsm^  is 
launched  at  Sebastopol. 

1889  Jan.  7.  A  flotilla  of  war- vessels 
is  placed  on  the  Vistula  Kiver. 

Nov.  9.  The  Lebel  rifle  and  smokeless 
powder  are  adopted  for  the  army. 

1890  Jan.  14.  Several  officers  of  the 
czar's  body-guard  kill  themselves. 

Feb.  8.  Russian  forces  are  being  massed 
at  Manchuria. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1884  May  4.  St.  Petersburg.  Produc- 
tive gold-fields  are  discovered  in  the 
valley  of  the  Djolgute  River.  [1889.  Feb. 
28.  Siberia.  A  peasant  discovers  gold 
near  Irkutsk.] 

1886  Oct.  26.  Si.  Petersburg.  A  war 
memorial  is  uncovered  by  the  czar. 

1889  Jan.  9.  Ice  is  seven  feet  thick  on 
the  Black  Sea. 

July  12.  Djarkend  is  half  destroyed  by 
an  earthquake.  [Aug.  28.  An  earth- 
quake buries  129  people  alive.] 

1890  May*  Troopsareordered  to  Trans- 
caucasia to  fight  the  swarms  of  ravaging 
grasshoppers. 

June  5.  A  silver  lode  is  discovered  in 
southern  Russia. 

Sept.  30,  An  expedition  is  organized 
to  explore  the  desert  of  Gobi,  in  Central 
Asia. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1880  *  *  Glinka,  Feeder,  poet,  A92. 
Mary  of  Hesse,  czarina,  dies. 

1881  Mar.  13.  Alexander  II.,  czar,  A63. 
Dostoyefsky,  Fedor,  novelist,  A  69. 

1883*  *  Kaufmann,  Konstantin  Petrovitch, 
general,  A64. 
Lutke,  Fedor  Petrovitch,  traveler,  A85. 
Skobeleflf,  Mikhail  Dimitryevitch,  gen.,  A37. 

1883  ♦  *  Gagarin,  Ivan,  Jesuit,  author,  A68. 
Gortschakoff,  Alexander,  prim^e,  states.,  A85. 
Turgeneff,  Ivan  Sergyevitch,  novelist,  poet, 

A65. 

1 884  *  •  Adlerberg,  Vladimir,  count,  general, 
statesman,  A<)1. 

Lonnrot  (Loennrot),  Elias,  Finnish  philol., 

A82. 
Todleben,  Franz  Eduard,  military  eng.,  A66. 
1886  *  *  Kostomaroff,   Nicolas    Ivanovltch, 
historian,  A68. 
Orioff,  Nicholas,  prince,  diplomatist,  A58. 
1886  *  *  Zftleaki,  Boghan  Joseph,  Polish  poet, 
A84. 

1888  June  30.    Zukertort,  Johannes  Her- 
mann, chess-player,  A46. 

LoriB-Melikoff,  Mikhail  Tarielowitch  Tainoff, 

count,  general,  statesman,  A 62. 
Nichailovitcli,  Nicolal,  explorer,  A49. 

1889  Mar.  33.  Schouvaloff,  Count  Peter,  d. 
May  7.  Tolstoi,  Count.  Dimitrl.polit.,  A66. 
Oct.  39.  Tchernyshevsky,  Nikolai,  au.,  A61. 
Dec.  38.    Karageorgeviteh,  prince,  dies. 


CHURCH. 

1879  ♦  *  The  Stundists,  a  puritan  sect 
in  South  Russia,  suffer  cruel  persecu- 
tions from  the  bigoted  peasantry  of 
Yossnessensk  in  Kherson. 

1880  *  *  Finland.  The  Swedish  Mission 
Union  begins  its  work.  The  Finland 
Seamen's  Mission  Society  at  Finska  is 
organized. 


1881  May  *  The  Jews  are  severely 
persecuted  in  South  Kussia.  [1882.  In 
St.  Petersburg  and  other  towns.  1884. 
Continued.  1888.  Apr.  *  The  Govern- 
ment decrees  the  expulsion  of  Jews  from 
Odessa  and  Finland.] 

1883  Oct.  16.  St.  Petersburg.  A  me- 
morial church  is  founded  by  the  czar  at 
the  place  where  Alexander  II.  was  as- 
sassinated. 

1884  *  *  The  Government  prohibits  the 
circulation  of  many  relig:ioiis  books. 

1886  *  *  A  Seventh-day  Baptist  Churt-h 
is  organized  in  the  Crimea. 

1889  Jan.  *  Bishop  Alban  Dunajewski 
is  made  a  prince  of  the  empire  and  pri- 
mate of  Poland. 

Sept.  9±.  At  Vilna  8,000  Czechs  leave 
the  Roman  Catludic  Church,  and  join 
the  Greek  Church, 

Oct.  10.  A  convention  with  the  Vati- 
can is  signed,  whereby  the  Propaganda 
appoints  five  Kussian  bishops. 

Dec.  17.  The  governor  of  Kielf  closes 
20  Itomau  Catholic  churches. 

1890  Mar.*  The  Minister  of  the  Interior 
assumes  the  riglit  to  dismiss  Lutheran 
pastors  and  to  control  pastoral  confer- 
ences. 

July  27.  The  Minister  of  the  Interior 
orders  the  prevention  of  foreign  mis- 
sionaries from  working  among  the  Jews 
to  the  detriment  of  the  exclusive  richt 
of  conversion  possessed  by  the  orthodox 
church. 

July  30.  The  Government  decides  to 
enforce  the  edicts  of  1882  against  the 
Jews. 

[Aug.  9.  The  czar  orders  the  applica- 
tion of  the  anti-Jewish  laws  to  be  post- 
poned for  one  year,  Aug.  *  Many  emi- 
grate to  Brazil  and  Jerusalem.  Sept,  1. 
The  government  of  the  Transcaspian 
territories  orders  all  Jews  to  quit  the 
country  within  a  month,  Sept.  *  -Nov.  * 
About  300,000  Polish  Jews  emigrate  to 
Brazil.  Dec.  I3±.  The  Government  in- 
creases its  energy  in  persecuting  the 
Jews,  as  a  defiant  response  to  the  pro- 
tests of  opinion  outside  of  Kussia.  A 
new  edict  forbids  the  Jews  buying  or 
holding  mortgages,  or  taking  in  pledge 
any  landed  property.  Dec.  15.  Stringent 
orders  are  sent  to  the  officials  in  the  Cau- 
casus for  the  expulsion  of  all  Jews  not 
authorized  to  live  there.] 

Aug.  9.  Finlarnl.  The  authorities  for- 
bid the  Salvation  Army  iiarrying  on  its 
propaganda  work  in  this  country.  [1891. 
Nov.  9.  Stringent  measures  are  adopted 
at  Helsingf ors.  ] 

Oct,  31.  The  Procurator  of  the  Holy 
Synod  advises  the  czar  to  suppress  all 
foreig:n  worship  except  in  the  Baltic 
provinces,  whei:e  Lutheranism  will  be 
barely  tolerated. 

1891  Jan.  9.  The  Minister  of  the  Inte- 
rior orders  the  expulsion  of  all  Jews 
in  the  Terek  regions  of  the  Caucasus. 
[»Tan,  24±.  The  Senate  decides  that  He- 
brews are  not  entitled  to  acquire  or 
hold  real  estate  beyond  five  versts  from 
the  district  or  provincial  courts.  Feb.  6, 
The  Minister  of  Finance  obtains  a  sus- 
pension of  further  repressive  measures 
against  the  Hebrews.  Mar.  10±.  The 
anti-Jewish  penal  laws  are  enforced 
with  increased  severity;  because  of  this 
100,000  of  the  poorest  Hebrews  profess 
Russian  orthodoxy.  Apr.  14.  Another 
ukase  against  the  Hebrews  is  issued 
which  will  expel  14,000  from  Moscow. 
Apr.  29.  A  decree  is  issued  to  enforce 
the  expulsion  of  Hebrews  from  St,  Pe- 
tersburg. May  6.  It  is  suspended.  May 
17.  The  Government  orders  immediate 
steps  to  be  taken  in  all  the  provinces  to 
compel  the  removal  of  Hebrews  to  the 
quarters  in  which  they  are  permitted  to 
live.  May  *  The  Government  suspends 
the  expulsion  of  the  Jews  long  enough 
to  allow  one  year's  grace  to  Jews  who 


do  not  own  real  property,  and  two  years 
grace  to  those  who  do.] 
Jan.  21±.  Koman  Catholic  churches 
are  being  closed,  despite  earnest  pro- 
tests. [Dec.  26.  Ordered  closed  in  Vol- 
dislav  and  Buzski.] 

LETTERS. 

1870  Apr.  *  Land  and  Liberty,  a  Nihil- 
ist newspaper,  is  freely  yet  surrepti- 
tiously circulated. 

Nov.  *  -Dec.  ♦  Will  of  the  People,  a  rev- 
olutionary paper,  is  freely  circulated. 

*  *  7/is(or2/o/i2u«5ia,bySergiu8Solovieff, 

appears. 

1880  Oct.*  7?»58U{,  a  new  national  dally 

paper,  is  issued. 

1884    Oct.  27  +  .     The  Nihilist  journal 

Sarodnaia  J'oiia  reaj)pears. 

1887  Nov.  *  Tlie  czar  accepts  Baron 
Hirsch's  offer  of  £2,000,000  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  primary  Jewish  schools. 

Nov.  *-Dec.  *  Governmental  restriction* 
on  the  courses  of  study  cause  rebellion 
of  students.  The  universities  of  Mos- 
cow, St.  Petersburg,  Odessa,  and  many 
other  institutions  are  closed.  [1888, 
Feb.  *  Many  are  reopened.  1889.  June 
10.  Forty-one  students  of  the  Cracow 
University  are  sentenced  to  three  days' 
imprisonment  and  to  pay  a  fine  of  GOO 
florins  for  singing  Polish  songs  while  on 
an  excursion.] 

*  *  Transportable  schools  in  railway-cars 
tarry  at  stations  in  Central  Asia  to  fur. 
nish  instruction  in  destitute  villages. 

Dec.  22.  St.  Petersimrg.  The  Imperial 
Academy  of  Arts  decides  to  exclude 
Jews  from  membership. 

*  *  Number  of  books  published  during  the 
year,  8G99. 

1890  Mar.  *  The  students  in  Moscow, 
Kieff ,  and  St.  Petersburg  engage  in  riot- 
ous demonstrations  whicn  are  suppressed 
by  the  police.  The  university  and  the  Col- 
lege of  Husbandry  at  Moscow  are  closed 
by  the  Government  on  account  of  these 
disorders.  [Apr.  2.  Stringent  measures 
are  adopted  to  suppress  student  agita- 
tion. Apr.  4.  The  czar  resolves  to 
close  the  universities.  Apr.  8.  Twenty- 
eight  students  are  expelled  from  St. 
Petersburg  for  rioting.  Apr.  11.  Scores 
of  students  are  sent  home  or  expelled 
from  the  universities.] 

May*  Finland.  The  use  of  the  Russian 
language  in  the  schools  has  been  made 
compulsory, 

Nov.  24.  The  authorities  forbid  news- 
papers publishing  a  petition  asking  that 
Jews  be  placed  on  a  civil  equality  with, 
other  classes  in  Russia. 

*  *  Number  of  periodicals  issued,  694. 

SOCIETY. 

1879  May  * -Aug.  *  There  are  many 
convictions  and  executions  of  Nihilists 
at  Kieff  and  Odessa. 

Nov.  27,  28.  heon  Mirsky  is  sentenced 
to  die  for  attempting  to  assassinate  Gen, 
Drentelen,  chief  of  police. 

Dec.  1.  An  unsuccessful  attempt  to  as- 
sassinate the  czar  by  wrecking  a  train  is 
made  near  Moscow.  [Dec.  12.  St.Peters- 
burg.  A  Nihili.sts'  plot  to  blow  up  the 
Winter  Palace  is  frustrated.] 

1880  Feb.  17.  St.  Petersburg.  Nihil- 
ists explode  dynamite  and  gun-cotton 
under  the  dining-room  window  of  the 
Winter  Palace  ;  the  czar  and  family  es- 
cape through  being  delayed  in  coming 
to  dinner;  11  soldiers  are  killed  and  47 
wounded.  [Nov.  10.  Kviatofaki  and  four 
others  are  condemned  to  death,  eight 
men  and  three  women  to  imprisonment. 
Nov.  16  KviatofskiandPriessnakoflf  are 
hanged.] 

Mar.  4.  HippolyteMolodzofiF,aconverted 
Jew,  attempts  to  shoot  Gen.  Loris-Mel- 
ikoff.     [Mar.  5.     Hanged.] 


RUSSIA. 


1879,  Apr.  *-1891,  Jan.  22.      1121 


Auk.  7±.  -At  Kieff  21  extreme  Nihilists 
are  convicted.  [Capital  sentences  are 
remitted.] 

Oct.  *  Tlie  czar's  marriage  to  the  Priu- 

cess  Dolgorulti  is  announced. 
1881   Mar.  13.   A  Nlliilist  assassinates 
the  czar  (Alexander  ]!.)  t)y  throwing  a 
bomb  at  liim  while  sleigb-riding. 

[Mar.  Ki:.  A  mine  of  the  Nihilists  is 
discovered  in  the  center  of  St.  Peters- 
burg. Mar.  23.  Sopiiie  Peroffskaja  and 
other  Nihilists  are  arrested.  Apr.  8. 
Hisakoir.  Sophie  Perotfskaja,  Jelaboff, 
Jessie  Hcljmann,  Ivihaichick,  and  Mi- 
chailotf  are  condemned  to  death.  Apr. 
15.  Kisakotf  and  others  are  hanged,  and 
Heljmann  is  reprieved.  1882.  Feb.  28. 
St.  i'etersburij.  Ten  Nihilists  are  sen- 
tenced to  death.  Mar.  *  Commuted  to 
penal  servitude.] 

May  *  A  supplementary  ukase  for  eman- 
cipating serfs  and  remitting  payments 
to  many  peasant  proprietors  is  Issued. 

June  *  The  czar  is  closely  guarded  by 
armed  men  ;  he  lives  in  close  seclusion. 

1882  Mar.  30.  Gen.  Strelnikoff,  the 
public  prosecutor,  is  assassinated  at 
Odessa  by  two  Nihilist  students.  [Apr. 
3.    Executed.] 

Apr.  15±.  A  Nihilists*  mine  is  discov- 
ered under  the  cathedral  at  Moscow ;  80 
workmen  are  arrested.  [1883.  Mar.  20+ . 
St.  Petersburg.  Arrest  of  200  Nihilists. 
Apr.  I9±.  Tried  ;  sentenced.  Oct.  19  +  . 
sixty-four  are  sentenced  to  Siberia.  Dec. 
28.  29.  Lieut.  Sudeikin,  the  chief  of  the 
secret  police,  and  his  nephew,  M.  Sa- 
dovsky,  are  assassinated  by  Nihilists.  (?) 
Oct.  11.  A  secret  court-martial  convicts 
14 Nihilists ;  eight  aresentenced  to  death. 
Oct.  18.    Two  men  are  executed.] 

1884  Jan.  •  Thirty-seven  students  at 
Moscow  are  arrested. 

Sept.  11  +  .  Maria  WassilieouaKaliouch- 
naia  is  tried  at  Odessa,  and  sentenced  to 
20  years'  hard  labor,  for  attempting  to 
shoot  Col.  Katensky. 

1886  Apr.  •  Mihtary  officers  are  ar- 
rested for  plotting  against  the  life  of  the 
czar. 

1887  Mar.  13.  Students  are  detected 
with  dynamite  and  other  explosives  in  a 
plot  against  the  czar ;  200  are  arrested. 
TMar.  31.  Three  are  executed.  May  1. 
Seven  are  sentenced  to  death,  and  the 
rest  to  imprisonment.  May  16.  More 
arrests ;  Hv^  executions.] 

1880    Jan.  19.    The  czarina  is  insane. 

Feb,  7.  Polish  tradespeople  are  forced 
by  the  Palm  Vitua  to  sign  a  declaration 
that  they  will  not  speak  Polish  among 
themselves  or  their  customers. 

Mar.  27.  Several  persons  are  arrested 
for  complicity  in  a  plot  against  the  czar's 
life. 

Apr.  3.  Pnlantl.  An  extensive  Nihilist 
printing  establishment  is  discovered  in 
Warsaw,  and  many  persons  arrested. 

Apr.  10.  A  Nihilist  plot  to  blow  up  the 
czar  with  dynamite  is  discovered  ;  sev- 
eral arrests  are  made.  (May  27.  Two 
enormous  bombs  are  found  beneath 
streets  of  Odessa  which  royal  visitors 
traverse  on  their  way  to  the  palace.  [Aug. 
6.  Eighty Nihilistsarearrested  at  Khar- 
kov. Sept.  24.  St.  Pttersbttrg.  A  box 
of  dynamite  explodes  at  the  station  just 
previous  to  the  czar's  departure  for  Co- 
penhagen. Dec.  13.  Several  arrests  are 
made  tor  plotting  to  kill  the  czar.  Dec. 
31.  Another  Nihilist  plot  against  the 
czar  is  discovered.  1890.  Jan.  10.  M. 
Salotouchine,  chief  of  the  secret  police, 
is  shot  and  killed  by  a  woman,  while 
raiding  a  Nihilist  club  ;  the  woman  com- 
mits suicide.  Mar.  2.  Another  Nihilist 
plot  is  discovered,  with  headquarters  at 
Basil  Island.] 


May  12.  St.  Petersburg.  A  conspiracy 
to  assassinate  the  czar  Is  discovered 
among  military  ofticers. 

June  16.  The  Grand  Duke  Paul  Alexan- 
drovitch  is  married  to  Princess  Alex- 
andra of  Greece  at  St.  Petersburg. 

Sept.  10.  All  the  judges  in  the  District 
and  Circuit  Courts  at  Riga  are  under 
arrest  for  using  the  German  language, 
after  having  been  ordered  to  use  the 
Kussiau. 

1800  Feb.  11.  Outrages  in  Siberia  on 
Kussian  exiles  continue. 

Mar.  *  A  noble  Russian  lady  is  exiled  to 
Siberia  for  sending  the  czar  a  petition 
for  liberty,  justice, and  redress  of  wrongs 
for  the  Russian  people. 

Apr.  14.    A  grand  duke  is  arrested 

f^tr  being  connected  with  revolutionary 
progaganda. 
Apr.  10.    An  artillery  staiT-olBcer  com- 
mits suicide  on  account  of  a  plot  to  se- 
cure plans  of  the  fortresses. 

Apr.  21.  Anti-Jewish  riots  in  Bessa- 
rabia are  suppressed  by  the  authorities. 
[June  14.    Also  in  Lithuania  at  ijohojsk.] 

May  *  Petitions  are  pouring  in  upon  the 
czar  from  England,  France,  America, 
Germany,  and  other  countries,  asking 
for  reforms  in  the  treatment  of  Siberian 
exiles.  [June  1.  The  czar  promises  a 
strict  inquiry  into  Siberian  scandals.] 

June  16.  The  imperial  palace  at  Gats- 
china  is  undermined  ;  a  widespread  con- 
spiracy against  the  czar's  life  is  discov- 
ered, and  several  arrests  are  made.  [Aug. 
1.  St.  Petersburg.  Another  Nihilistic 
plot  against  the  czar  is  discovered  ;  two 
Russian  oflRcers  of  high  rank  commit 
suicide.  Sept.  27.  The  governor-general 
of  Nijni-Novgorod  is  shot  at  by  a  young 
man,  who  is  at  once  arrested.  Oct.  27^ 
Another  attempt  is  made  to  kill  the 
czar ;  Nihilists  wreck  a  train  on  which 
he  is  supposed  to  be  traveling.] 

Sept.  25.  Solitary  confinement  is  substi- 
tuted for  corporal  punishment  for  female 
prisoners  in  Siberia. 

Sept.  »  A  band  of  political  exiles  on  the 
way  to  Siberia  revolt  against  their 
guards  ;  20  of  the  prisoners  are  killed 
and  12  wounded. 

Oct.  12.  The  Grand  Duke  Nicholas  be- 
comes insane.  [Nov.  2.  Becomes  para- 
lyzed.] 

Oct.+  *  Anumberof  educatedandwealthy 
Russians  found  a  colony  at  ^'ishni  Vo- 
lotcbok,  intending  to  practise  the  doc- 
trines of  Tolstoi. 

Dec.  0.  SI.  Petersburg.  The  body  of  the 
captain  of  the  secret  police  is  found 
stripped,  mutilated,  and  tied  to  a  tree 
in  the  forest  near  SharnoiT. 

Dec.  13.  Madame  Kartner  is  found  in 
her  elegant  Jloscow  residence  with  her 
head  nearly  separated  from  her  body. 

Dec.  17.  Another  plot  is  discovered  to 
kill  the  czar.  (1891.  July  ?9.  St.  Peters- 
Imrg.  Another  plot  is  discovered;  seven 
Nihilists  are  killed  in  an  attempt  to  ar- 
rest them.] 

Dec.  *  It  is  announced  that  300  persons 
have  been  transported  to  Siberia  during 
the  year. 

1801  Jan.  22.  The  first  strike  is  or- 
dered ;  2,000  miners  at  Sosnowice  go  out. 

STATE. 

1870  Apr.  17.  Martial  law  is  de- 
clared for  the  provinces  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, Moscow,  Kieff,  Odessa,  and  War- 
saw. 

1880  Feb.  •  Nihilists  terrorize  the  gov- 
ernment. Melikoff  becomes  practical 
dictator  of  all  Russia. 


Aug.  18.  Count  Ijoris-Melikoff  be- 
comes minister  of  the  interior. 

Oct.  25-+.  MelikofT's  scheme  for  admin- 
istrative reform  is  adopted. 

1881  Mar.  13.  Alexander  III.  suc- 
ceeds his  father. 

Mar.  22.  NihiUsts  by  manifesto  otter 
peace  to  the  Czar  if  he  grants  a  legisla- 
tive assembly,  universal  suffrage,  and  a 
free  press. 

Mar.  31  +  .  A  representative  council 
for  St.  Petersburg  is  elected. 

Apr.  *  A  treaty  of  peace  is  made  with 
China. 

1882  June  •  The  gradual  abolition  of 
the  poll-tax,  imposed  by  Peter  the 
Great,  begins.  [1883.  June  8.  The  tax 
is  abolished  for  the  poorest.  1884.  Jan. 
1.    It  is  reduced  for  others.] 

June  12+.  Gen.  Nikolai  Pavlovitch  Ig- 
natietf.  Minister  of  the  Interior,  resigns, 
and  is  succeeded  by  Cotmt  Dimitri  Tol- 
stoi. [1889.  May  11±.  M.  Durnova;he 
opposes  the  reforms.] 

1883  May  27.  The  czar  and  czarina 
are  crowned  at  Moscow. 

1885  Feb.'*  The  Russian  advances 
toward  Herat  cause  a  diplomatic  dis- 
cussion with  England  respecting  the 
Afghan  boundaries.  [1885.  Sept.  10. 
Settled.] 

1886  July  ■''  Russia  declares  Batum 
not  to  be  a  free  port,  in  opposition  to 
the  terms  of  the  Treaty  of  Berlin. 

Sept.  *  -Dec.  *  Russian  interference  in 
Bulgaria  (p.  567). 

1880  June  22.  The  law  forbidding 
heirs  to  the  throne  contracting  mar- 
riages with  persons  not  members  of  the 
Greek  Church  is  again  enacted. 

Oct.±  *  The  Government  abolishes  the 
Provincial  Council  of  Nobles  of  the 
Baltic  provinces,  and  substitutes  ordi- 
nary assemblies,  colleges,  and  private 
committees,  whereby  the  Independent 
aristocracy  will  be  suppressed. 

1800  Jan.  *  The  Government  decides 
to  abolish  the  autonomy  of  Finland. 

Apr.  4.  Payment  of  war  indemnity  is 
pressed  on  Turkey.  [May  18.  Renewed. 
'The  Porte  makes  no  response.] 

May  15.  Owing  to  the  refusal  of  the 
Rothschilds  to  negotiate  the  Russian 
loan,  orders  are  issued  to  enforce  the 
anti-Hebrew  laws. 

Sept.  15.  The  Government  makes  apro- 
vision  of  22,000,000  roubles  for  the  relief 
of  the  distress  occasioned  by  the  failure 
of  the  crops. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1885  Feb.*  The  ship-canal  connecting 
St.  Petersburg  and  Cronstadt  is  com- 
pleted.   [:May  27.    Opened.] 

1888  ■*  »  Estimated  annual  consumption 
of  tobacco  per  capita  is  182  pounds. 
(Beaulieu.) 

1880  Feb.  12.  The  Government  grants 
a  concession  for  81  years  to  a  comjiany 
having  85,000,000  francs  capital,  which 
proposes  to  join  the  Black  Sea  and  the 
Sea  of  Azov  by  a  canal  72  miles  long. 

Deo.  5-0.  Influenza  appears  at  St. 
Petersburg.  [1891.  Aug.  8.  It  reappears 
in  JIoscow.] 


1122      1891.  Mar.  10-1894,  Dec. 


RUSSIA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1891  Oct.  19.  The  Government  is  for- 
tifying VladiTOstoki  on  the  Pacific, 
expending  7,000,000  roubles  to  make  it 
almost  invulnerable. 

Ifov.  19.    Russian  troopsentertheFamir 

territory  at  two  points. 
±     Government  orders  40,000  soldiers 

to  the  Polifih  frontier. 
Nov.  20.    Three  new  war-ships  are 

launched. 

1892  Mar.  9.  An  ironclad  of  9,000 
tons  is  launched  at  Sebastopol. 

1893  Sept.  25.  The  Russian  monitor 
lioosalkay  with  all  on  board,  is  lost  in 
the  Gulf  of  Finland.  Also  60  lives  lost 
by  the  burning  of  the  steamer  Alphonse 
Zeevecke. 

Oct.  29.  The  recent  annual  conscrip- 
tion adds  252,592  men  to  the  army,  of 
which  70,948  are  married ;  and  the  He- 
brew recruits  equal  one  in  sixteen. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  Sept.  5.  Immense  coal-oil  fields 
are  discovered  in  the  region  of  the  Cas- 
pian Sea. 

1892  Mar.  22.  An  enormous  aerolite 
falls  near  the  peninsula  of  Apsheron,  in 
the  Caspian  Sea. 

1893  Jan.  29.  Five  villages  are  de- 
stroyed by  earthquake  in  Transcaucasia. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1891    Apr.    S4.    Nicholas,     grand   duke, 
fleld-marslial,  A60. 
July  a.    Dolgoroukoff,  prince,  governor  of 
Moscow,  AHO. 
1893    Jan.  25.     Con8tantine,Nikolayevitcb, 
grand  duke,  A64. 
Feb.  13.    Junker,  Wilhelm,  explorer,  A5l. 
May  11.    Grosser,  general,  prefect  of  St. 
Petersburg,  A59. 
1883    Apr.  a  1 .     Alexeieff,  M.  Vassili,  mayor 

of  Moscow,  assassinated. 
1894*  *  Yadrintsef,  Nikolai  M.,  author,  pub- 
licist, dies.  

Nov.  1.    Alexander  m..  czar,  A49. 
Nov.   SO.     Rubinstein.    Anton    Qreffor, 
pianist,  A63. 


CHXmCH. 

1891  Apr.  25.  Protestant  religious 
services  are  invaded,  and  the  worship- 
ers persecuted. 

June  5.  The  Chief  of  the  Holy  Synod 
issues  regulations  providing  that  stu- 
dents of  all  religious  denominations 
must  attend  lessons  in  the  orthodox 
catechism. 

July  7,  Hebrews  leave  Lithuania  In 
preference  to  joining  the  Greek  Church, 
as  they  are  commanded  to  do  if  they 
remain. 

[July  19.  St,  Petersburg.  Harsh  meas- 
ures toward  the  Jews  are  relaxed.  Sept. 
22.  An  order  is  issued  at  Odessa  prohib- 
iting Jews  from  giving  Christian  names 
to  their  children.  Oct.  24.  Peasants  at- 
tack Hebrew  residents  of  Starodreb,  pil- 
laging and  burning  their  houses  and 
shops.  1892.  May  30.  The  Cabinet  de- 
cides that  Hebrews,  desirous  of  emigrat- 
ing, shall  be  provided  with  permits  free 
of  charge,  and  be  relieved  of  military 
service.  Dec.  17.  The  Senate  promnl- 
gates  a  law  that  Jewish  artisans  sliall 
only  reside  in  places  where  official  boards 
of  trade  exist,  of  which  there  are  only 
10  in  Russia.] 

Sept.  8±.  The  Holy  Synod  claims  to 
have  possession  of  the  holy  coat  in  the 
cathedral  at  Moscow,  and  says  that  it  Is 
the  genuine  garment,  and  that  the  coat 
at  Treves  is  a  spurious  copy  of  it. 


Pec.  3.  The  czar  urges  vigorous  action 
against  the  Stundlsts,  a  Protestant  sect 
numbering  over  1,000,000  members,  who 
are  alleged  to  be  injuring  more  and  more 
the  faith  of  our  fathers. 

1892  Jan.  6.     Numerous    Methodists 

cross  the  Prussian  frontier,  intending  to 
make  their  homes  in  America. 

1893  May  19.  A  new  ukase  is  issued 
expelling  the  Hebrews  from  the  Asiatic 
provinces.  [1894.  July  4.  The  Govern- 
ment orders  closed  all  Hebrew  syna- 
gogues near  Russian  churches  in  War- 
saw.] 

Nov.  30.  Twenty  persons  are  killed  and 
100  wounded  in  a  Roman  Catholic  church 
in  Krosche  by  troops  sent  to  close  the 
church. 

1894  Jan.  1.  The  czar,  responding  to 
Pope  Leo's  autograph  letter,  promises 
that  peace  shall  be  observed  toward 
Catholics  throughout  the  empire. 


LETTERS. 

1891  June  27.  The  Government  noti- 
fies all  teachers  in  German  schools  that 
unless  they  pass  an  examination  in  the 
HuBsian  language  by  September,  they 
will  be  suspended.  [Oct.  10.  The  Gov- 
ernment closes  the  University  of  Kieff, 
and  arrests  COO  students.] 

SOCIETY. 

1891  Mar.  10.  The  anti- Jewish  penal 
laws  are  being  enforced  witli  Increased 
severity.  [June  28.  Serious  anti-Semitic 
riots  occur  at  Kherson.  18iH.  Aug.  5. 
Also  at  Yelizavetgrad,  in  which  some  are 
killed,  their  dwellings  looted,  and  the  au- 
thorities doing  nothing  to  defend  them.] 

Aug.  28.    Hungry  peasants  revolt   at 

Vitebsk,  attack  the  Hebrew  graln-deal- 
•  ers,  also  the  railroad  officials,  and  are 
fired  upon  by  troops,  several  beingkllled. 
The  peasants  of  Central  Russia  emigrate 
in  large  numbers.  [Sept.  10.  Distress 
leads  to  disorder  ;  jails  are  crowded  with 
prisoners  who  commit  crime  to  escape 
starvation,  Oct.  15.  The  czarina  gives 
20,000,000  roubles  from  the  privy  purse 
for  the  relief  of  the  destitute.] 

Sept.  26i:.  Seven  thousand  Jews  leave 
Berditcheff  for  the  Argentine  Republic. 
The  exodus  continues  from  Odessa, 
Kieff,  and  Kishlneff. 

Oct.  12,  A  conspiracy  against  the 
czar's  life  is  discovered  in  Kieff;  many 
arrests  are  made.  [Nov.  2.  St.  Peters- 
burg, A  new  Nihilist  society  is  discov- 
ered with  branches  in  Kharkoff  and 
Odessa.] 

Oct.  22.  Owing  to  peculation,  it  is  dis- 
covered that  tliere  is  no  reserve  grain 
with  which  to  supply  the  starving  and 
destitute  people:  many  prosperous  peo- 
ple are  found  receiving  help,  while  those 
needing  it  most  are  unsupplied.  Dec.  3. 
A  number  of  grain-dealers  in  Riazan  and 
Kazan  mix  fine  earth  with  thin  flour, 
and  then  sell  it  to  the  poor ;  each  is 
sentenced  to  one  week's  imprisonment. 
1892.  Jan.  3±.  The  sufferings  of  the 
peasants  in  the  famine  districts  increase, 
notwithstanding  the  measures  taken  to 
afford  relief.  Jan.  26.  Thousands  of 
starving  peasants  In  Siberian  towns  are 
huddled  in  rough  sheds  without  fires  to 

Erotect  them  from  the  cold,  and  without 
elp  in  prospect.] 

Nov.  13.  Sixty  persons  are  arrested, 
charged  with  complicity  in  a  plot  for 
the  establishment  of  a  representative 
assembly. 

Nov.  16.  St.  Petersburg.  A  central 
committee  Is  appointed  to  supervise 
the  entire  machinery  for  the  relief  of  the 
famine  sufferers. 


1892  Jan.  25.  The  centenary  of  the 
partition  of  Poland  la  celebrated  by 
total  abstention  from  pleasurable  resorts 
at  Warsaw.  [Feb.  16.  For  this  offense 
many  are  sent  to  Siberia  without  trial.] 

Mar.  4.  The  Coimcil  of  the  Empire  orders 
that  two  grain-depots  shall  be  established 
to  every  300  peasant-huts,  from  which 
seed-corn  shall  be  distributed  in  tbe 
spring. 

Mar.  16.  The  famine  relief  steamer 
Iiutiana,  from  Philadelphia,  V.  S.  A,, 
reaches  Llbau. 

Mar.  18.  Another  plot  against  the  czar's 
life  is  discovered.  [May  15.  St.  Peters- 
burg. Another  plot  is  discovered  against 
the  czar ;  mines  are  found  under  the 
Gaschlna  palace.  Dec.  27.  A  wide-spread 
conspiracy  against  the  czar  is  discovered ; 
many  arrests.] 

June  12.  PoultneyBigelow,  an  Amer- 
ican traveler  and  writer,  is  expelled  from 
Russia. 

Sept.  7.  A  dynamite  bomb  explodes  in 
an  orthodox  Greek  church  in  Warsaw, 
killing  the  man  who  threw  it. 

Dec.  4.  Twenty-three  persons,  concerned 
in  the  cholera  riots  in  Saraloff,are  sen- 
tenced to  death. 

Dec.  29,  The  Russian  Minister  of  Jus- 
tice decides  to  stop  flogging  women 
convicts  in  Siberia. 

*  *  Hebrew  persecutions  continue. 
[1893.  Mayl9±.  A  ukase  expels  the  He- 
brews from  Russian  Asiatic  provinces.] 

1893  Jan.  20.  The  centennial  of  the 
second  pMi;ition  of  Poland  is  ordered 
to  be  celebrated,  and  leading  Polish 
nobles  are  commanded  to  attend  a  ball 
given  in  honor  of  the  occasion.  Several 
Poles  are  arrested  for  slHglng  patriotic 
hymns. 

June  2.    Two  princes  are  killed  in  a  duel 

in  Pultava. 
June  4.    Valuable  plate  and  money  are 

stolen  from  the  Chudov  Monastery  in 

the  Kremlin,  Moscow  ;  loss  estimated  at 

2,750,000  roubles. 
Sept.  16.    An  imperial  ukase,  abolishing 

tbe  use  of  the  knout  by  Russian  police, 

Is  Issued. 
Nov.  20.    Poland.     Eighty   anarchists 

are  arrested  in  Warsaw. 

1894  Jan.  12.  A  Nihilist  plot  is  dis- 
covered against  the  czar.  [Apr.  10.  St. 
Petersburg.  Bombs  are  found  near  the 
imperial  "palace,  and  many  arrests  are 
made.  May  11.  Many  Nihilists  are  ar- 
rested ;  the  prisoners  belong  to  the 
higher  classes.  May  13.  A  large  num- 
ber of  students  are  arrested.  May  18. 
Four  bombs  are  found  near  the  Imperial 
palace,  and  many  arrests  are  made.] 

Feb.  13.  Col.  Gregorloff  is  hanged  at 
Odessa  for  betraying  military  secrets  to 
Austria,  receiving  from  that  power  25,000 
francs  annually  for  his  services. 

July  25.  A  riot  occurs  at  Scharnow 
over  an  attempt  to  bury  persons,  dying 
of  cholera,  in  the  town  cemetery. 

Aug.  6.  Grand  Duchess  Xenia  is  mar- 
ried to  Grand  Duke  Alexander  Michail- 
ovitch  in  the  imperial  palace  at  Feterkof. 

STATE. 

1892    Jan.  12.    The   Russian    treasury 

appropriates   65,000,000  roubles  for  th« 

relief  of  famine  sufferers. 
June  16.    The    attempt    to    establish  ft 

zoUverein  between  Russia  and  Finland 

falls. 
July  23.    The  czar  personally  receives 

Dr.  Talmage  of  U.  S.  A.,  and  through 


RUSSIA.         1891,  Mar.  10-1894,  Dec.  *.      1123 


him  extends  thanks  to  the  American 
people  for  their  aid  to  the  famine  suf- 
ferers. 
Oct,  15.  China.  A  telegraphic  treaty 
between  Kussia  and  China  is  signed  at 
Peking. 

1893  Mar.  23.  The  coinage  of  Bilver 
roubles  is  suspended. 

June  13.  The  authorities  enact  a  law  to 
more  severely  punish  sealiug  poachers 
in  Bering  Sea  — 16  months'  imprison- 
ment and  confiscation  of  vessels  with 
cargo  and  tackle. 

1894  Feb.  13.  A  widespread  conspir- 
acy to  accomplish  the  freedom  of  Po- 
land is  discovered  by  the  police. 

Auff.  7.  Kussia  threatens  to  interfere  in 
the  Japan-Chinese  war  if  her  trade 
suffers  too  severely. 

IfoT.  2.  Nicholas  U.  is  proclaimed  Em- 
peror of  Kussia,  Czar  of  Poland,  and 
Grand  Duke  of  Finland. 


Dec.  *  Paris.  The  Rothschilds  receive 
subscriptions  to  the  new  Bussian  loan  of 
$75,000,000. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  June  1.  The  czarevitch  opens  a 
part  of  the  Trans-Siberian  Kailroad,  and 
lays  a  memorial  tablet. 

Aug.  25.  Feasants  in  the  province  of 
Kazen  are  starving.  The  destitution  is 
wide-spread. 

Sept.  15.  The  crops  in  thirteen  prov- 
inces are  reported  complete  failures, 
and  partial  failures  in  eight;  the  dis- 
tress is  intense. 

Nov.  3.  St.  Petersburg.  A  great  rye 
comer  is  forcing  up  prices. 


1892  Jan.  26.  In  one  Siberian  town 
there  are  14,000  peasants  fever-stricken 
and  starving. 

Apr.  3.  The  steamer  Afissouri^  bearing 
food  from  New  York  to  starving  Rus- 
sians, is  welcomed  at  Libau. 

July  10.  Cholera  is  spreading.  [July 
17-21,  14,839  cases,  2,590  deaths  ;  Aug.  9, 
4,000  are  dying  daily ;  Aug.  22,  3,313 
deaths  ;  Sept.  1,4,859  cases,  2,529  deaths  ; 
Sept.  2,  total  number  of  deaths,  150,000; 
Sept.  10,  4,679  new  cases,  2,358  deaths  ; 
Sept.  6,  St.  Petersburg  reports  103  new 
cases,  39  deaths;  Sept.  11,  2,.337  new 
cases,  1,869  deaths  ;  Sept.  28,  St.  Peters- 
burg reiHjrtB  18  new  cases  and  three 
deaths  ;  Oct.  12, 14  cases  and  two  deaths ; 
Oct.  19,  13  cases,  five  deaths.] 

1893  Jan.  30±.     Cholera   still  rages. 

iMar.  17±.  305  cases  in  the  province  of 
*odolia.  Aug.  27.  Several  thousand 
cases,  1,750  deaths.  Aug,  * -Dec.  *  The 
epidemic  increases.] 


SALVADOR. 

Salvador  is  a  centralized  republic  of  Central  America,  bordering  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  south  coast ;  capital  San  Salvador. 
The  government  is  vested  in  a  president,  and  a  Congress  of  a  single  house.  The  common  language  is  Spanish,  and  the  dominant 
religion  is  Roman  Catholic.    Area,  7,255  square  miles;  estimated  population  in  1891,  777,895. 


1524-26  Fedro  de  Alvarado  conquers 
the  country  for  Spain.  [1528.  Conquests 
made  by  Jorge  de  Alvarado.] 

1821  *  *  Independence  of  Spain  is  pro- 
claimed. [1842.  Independence  consum- 
mated.] 

1822  Dec.  2.  Congress  decrees  the  an- 
nexation of  San  Salvador  to  the  United 
States,  to  escape  annexation  to  Mexico 
by  reactionists.  [Iturbide  of  Mexico 
falls  before  acceptance,  and  the  state  is 
restored  to  the  Central  American 
Union.] 

1824-39  A  state  of  the  Central  Amer- 
ican Union  till  it  Is  dissolved. 


1853*  *  A  constitution  is  adopted. 
[1859.    Jan.  'M.    Established. 

1854  Apr.  16.  San  Salvador  is  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthquake.  [1873.  Mar. 
10.  Nearly  destroyed  ;  50  lives  are  lost. 
1891.    Sept.  9±.    Towns  destroyed.] 

1856  *  *  The  title  of  republic  isassumed. 
Gen.  Santin  del  Castillo  president.  [1858. 
Compelled  to  abdicate  by  Gen.  Gerardo 
Barrios,] 

1860  Feb.  1.  Gen.  Barrios  is  appointed 
president.  [1863.  Oct.  1.  Forced  to  flee 
the  country  ;  1865,  Apr.  *  Gen.  Duenas, 
president ;  1872,  Feb.  1,  Gen.  Gonzalez  ; 
1876,  May*  R.  Zaldivar ;  1885,  June* 
Gen.  Francisco  Menendez;  1887,  Mar.  1, 
Menendez  reelected  ;  1890,  Sept.  U,  Gen. 
Carlos  Kzeta;  1894,  June  5,  Gen.  Gu- 
tierrez.] 


1865  Aug.  *  Nicaragua  surrenders  ex- 
President  Barrios,  and  he  is  tried  and 
executed. 

1887  Sept.  6-10.  Kevolutionists  rise 
and  are  suppressed.  [1890.  Jan.  1±. 
Again.  June  22.  Successful  revolution  ; 
Menendez  is  deposed  ;  Ezeta  is  provis- 
ional president.  July  31.  Gen.  Jos6 
Maria  Kivas  rises.  Aug.  1.  Captured, 
shot.] 

1890  July  20.  San  Salvailorians  under 
(len.  Antonio  Ezeta  defeat  Guatema- 
lans in  battle.  [Sept.  22.  Peace  with 
Guatemala  ratified.] 

1894  June  3.  Rebellion :  Gen.  Ezeta 
and  Government  troops  are  utterly  de- 
feated, [dune  26.  A  provisional  gov- 
ernment is  formed.] 


SERVIA. 


Seevia  is  a  kingdom  of  southeastern  Europe  ;  capital,  Belgrad.  The  chief  authority  is  vested  in  a  constitutional  hereditary 
Icing,  and  the  legislative  power  in  the  Skupshtina.  The  common  language  is  Servian,  or  lllyrian,  and  the  dominant  religion  is 
Oraek  Catholic.    Area,  19,000  square  miles  ;  population  in  1891,  2,162,759. 


640±  •  *  ChrlBtlanity  is  introduced. 

7th  Century.  The  Serbs,  or  Croats,  drive 
out  the  Avars,  and  occupy  the  laud. 

1150t  •  *  The  Greek  Emperor  Manuel 
subdues  the  Serbs.  [1180.  Independence 
regained.] 

1334r>:-6e  Stephen  Dushan  enlarges 
the  realm  by  annexing  Macedonia,  Al- 
bania, and  other  territory.  He  assumes 
the  title  of  emperor. 

1389  Aug.  27.  Turk.  The  Turks  un- 
der Amurath  I.  defeat  and  overthrow 
the  Servians  and  their  allies  under  King 
Lazarus.  Tlie  authority  of  the  sultan 
is  established. 

1442  •  'Amurath  besieges  Belgrad. 
[1456.  Again  besieged  by  Mohammed  II. 
1621.  Again  by  Solyman  II.,  who  takes 
and  annexes  it.  1688.  Besieged  and 
taken  from  the  Turks  by  the  elector  of 
Bavaria.  1690.  Besieged  and  taken  by 
the  Turks.  1717.  Also  by  Prince  Eugene. 


1789.  Also  by  Austrians.  1791.  Restored 
to  the  Turks.] 

145o±  *  *  Servia  is  subdued  by  Moham- 
med II.  and  annexed. 

1718-39  Austria  annexes  the  greater 
part  of  Servia.  [1739.  Sept.  *  Restored 
to  the  Turks  by  the  Peace  of  Belgrad.] 

1788-90  Servians  aid  Austria  in  the 
war  with  Turkey. 

1804  •  *  Oeorge  Czemy  (Kara  George) 

leads    an    uprising   which    expels   the 

Turks. 
1807-11     George  Ozerny,  aided  by 

Russia,  establishes  a  government.   [1813. 

expelled.    1817.    July  *  Murdered.] 

1813  *  *  Reconquered  by  Turks. 

1817  •  *  Milosch  Obrenovitoh,  an  in- 
surgent peasant,  having  gained  several 
victories  over  the  Turks,  is  elected  ruler. 
[1827.  He  becomes  prince.  1829.  Aug. 
15.     Recogniied  by  the  sultan.     1839. 


June  13.  Oppressive,  and  forced  to  ab- 
dicate.] 

1839-40  Michael  II.  (son)  reigns.  [1840- 
42,  Michael  III. ;  1842-59,  Alexander,  son 
of  George  Czemy;  1869-60,  Milosch  Obre- 
novitch  again ;  1860-68,  Michael  IV. 
(son) ;  June  20,  Assassinated ;  1868-89, 
Milan  IV.  (nephew) ;  1877,  Deo.  22,  De- 
posed by  the  sultan.] 

1860+  *  *  The  struggle  against  Turkey 
for  Independence  begins. 

1862  Oct.  7.  Concessions  made  by  the 
sultan,  under  the  pressure  of  the  powers, 
are  accepted.  [1807.  Mar.  *  Turkish 
garrisons  evacuate.] 

1875  Oct.  17.  Prince  Milan  weds  Na- 
talie Keshko.  [1888.  July  18.  She  dis- 
agrees ;  gives  up  the  crown  :  separates. 
Oct.  *  Divorced  against  her  protest.] 

1876-77  Unsuccessful  war  with  Tur- 
key. [Dec.  24+ .  Complete  subjection 
averted  by  the  powers  meeting  at  Con- 
stantinople.] 


1124       1877,**-1894,  **. 


SERVIA. 


1877-78  Servia  sides  with  Russia  in 
the  Turko-KuB8ian  war.  (1878,  Mak.  3.) 
Absolute  independence  acquired  by 
the  Treaty  of  San  Stefano  (p.  566). 
(Alio.  28.)    Independence  proclaimed. 

1882-89  llilan  I.,  King  of  Servia.  [1882. 
Mar.  6±.    Proclaimed  by  the  Assembly.] 

1885  Nov.  *  -Dec.  *  Unsuccessful  war 
with  Bulgaria  (p.  666). 

1889  Jan.  2.  A  new  constitution  is 
enacted.    Vote,  494-73. 


Mar.  6.  Milan  I.  abdicates  in  favor  of 
hisyonngson.  [1891.  Nov.  16.  Renounces 
all  his  legal  and  constitutional  rights  in 

Servia.] 

;  *  *  Alexander  I.  reigns  by  regents. 
[1891.    Mar.  7.    Officially  proclaimed.] 

1891  May  5.  Ex-Queen  Natalie  (pro- 
Itussian)  is  expelled.  [1892.  Jan.  20. 
Reconciled  with  Milan.  Feb.  2.  Divorce 
pronounced  void.  1894.  Mar.  8.  An- 
nulled by  the  Synod  at  Belgrad.J 


1893-94    The  government  is  reaction- 
ary in  spirit. 

(1894.  Afr.  14.)  The  king  arrests  the 
regent  and  ministers  at  a  banquet,  and 
assumes  the  government.  (Apr.  21.)  H« 
overturns  the  constitution,  and  revives 
one  approved  25  years  ago.  (.May  21. > 
He  executes  another  coup  d'etat,  restor- 
ing the  old  constitution,  thereby  abol- 
ishing the  secret  ballot,  freedom  of  the 
press,  the  right  of  public  meetings,  and 
the  electoral  system  of  scrutin  de  liste. 


SIAM. 

SiAM  is  a  kingdom  of  southeastern  Asia ;  capital,  Bangkok.    A  king  and  council  conduct  the  government.    Bnddhism  pre- 
vails.   Area,  200,000±  square  miles ;  population,  5,000,000+. 


1340  *  *  The  Siamese  Invade  Cambodia, 
take  Angkor,  and  secure  90,000  captives. 

1350  *  *  Ayuthia  is  made  the  capital. 
[1555.  Taken  by  the  Burmese  and  Pe- 
guans.  1782.  Sacked  by  the  Burmese ; 
capital  removed  to  Bangkok.] 

74th  and  15th  Centuries.  Frequent  inva- 
sions of  Burmese  and  Peguans.  (1555.) 
Subject  to  Burma.  (1590+ .)  Recovers 
independence. 

1511i:  •  *  The  Portuguese  rediscover 
Slam  ;  establish  intercourse.  [1604. 
The  Dutch.  1612.  The  English  first 
appear.] 

1560+*  *PhraNaret,  the  national  hero, 
delivers  Ayuthia,  and  invades  Pegu. 

1580±  *  *  France  begins  intercourse  ; 
receives  a  Siamese  envoy.  [1585.  Inter- 
course stopped.] 

1592-1632  Japanese  traders  and  set- 
tlers arrive.  [1632.  Massacred  through 
jealousy  of  their  thrift;  survivors  ex- 
pelled.] 

1683  *  *  Constantine  Fhaulcon,  a 
Cephalonian  Greek  adventurer,  becomes 
foreign  minister,  and  opens  communica- 
tions with  France. 


1685  *  *  Louis  XIV.  sends  an  embassy. 
[The  French  Jesuits  introduce  Chris- 
tianity, and  intrigue  for  a  French  pro- 
tectorate, which  arouses  persecution.] 

1687  *  *  France  sends  another  embassy, 
also  500  soldiers,  who  occupy  the  fortress 
of  Bangkok.    [1690.    Expelled.] 

*  *  Agents  of  the  East  India  Company 
attack  the  .Siamese  for  employing  Kng- 
lishmen  who  are  not  ooniiected  with  its 
service.  [1719.  Attacked  by  the  British 
governor  of  Madras.] 

1731  *  *  Gold  is  discovered  in  Malacca. 

1745  *  *  Dutch  and  English  traders 
cease  their  visits. 

1760  *  *  The  Burmese  waste  the  coun- 
try. 

1764  *  *  The  Siamese  take  Mergni  and 
Tavoy. 

1782  *  ♦  [The  present]  dynasty  is  founded 
by  Phaya  Chakkri. 

1786  •  *  The  British  occupy  Penang. 

1811+  *  •  The  Siamese  twins  are  born. 
[Exhibited  in  Europe  and  America.] 

1822  •  •  A  treaty  is  made  with  the  East 
India  Company.  [1825.  Another.  1833. 
With  United  States  of  America.  1855. 
With  England.] 


1828  *  *  Protestant  missions  are  intro- 
duced.   [1833.    Established.] 

1831  *  •  The  American  Baptists  open  a 
mission  under  John  T.  Jones.  [1833.  To 
the  Chinese  ;  mission  removed  to  Bang- 
kok. 1836.  At  Macao.  1882.  Among 
the  Karens  in  Northern  Siam.  1885.  At 
Lakawn.    1889.    At  Bangkok.) 

•  *  The  American  Board  opens  a  mission 
at  Bangkok.  [1850.  Efforts  relinquished 
because  of  difficulties.] 

1840  *  *  The  American  Presbyterians 

open  a  mission  at  Bangkok.   [1867-68.   At 
Chung-Mai,  Laos.] 

1851  •  •  Two  kings  are  enthroned. 

1853  Sept.  21.  Prince  Khoulalonkoru 
is  born. 

1857  *  •  Ambassadors  are  sent  to  Eu- 
rope.   [1861.    Again.] 

1868    Oct.  1+-.   Khoulalonkornl. 

reigns. 

1873  Nov.  16.  A  constitutionde- 
creed. 

1883  July  14.  A  telegraph  Une  to 
France  is  opened. 

1887  Jan.*  The  inferior  king  dies,  and 
the  office  is  abolished. 

1893  July  19.  France  sends  an  ulti- 
matum in  resentment  for  alleged  out- 
rages (p.  765). 


SOUTH    AFRICAN    REPUBLIC. 

The  Republic  is  a  country  of  South  Africa ;  capital,  Pretoria.  It  is  politically  divided  into  18  districts,  and  the  govern- 
ment is  republican  in  form,  and  administered  by  a  president  and  ministerial  council ;  the  legislative  power  is  held  by  the  two 
Volksraden,  each  having  24  members.  The  chief  religion  is  Butch  Reformed.  Great  Britain  holds  a  nominal  suzerainty  over 
the  republic.    Area,  113,642  square  miles;  estimated  population  is  487,457,  including  368,329±  natives. 


1836  June  15.  The  American  Board 
opens  a  mission  at  Mosiga  [Pretoria]. 

±  •  *  Disaffected  Boers  begin  to  immi- 
grate from  Cape  Colony. 

1852  Jan.  17.  Independence  is  de- 
clared. [1848.  Feb.  13.  A  constitu- 
tion is  proclaimed.] 

1857  *  *  The  Herrmansburg  Society 
(Ger.)  opens  a  mission  at  Bethanien. 
[1889,AtEntombeandRamaliane;  *  *  • 
at  Cana,  Harmshope,  Hebron,  Ebenezer, 
Ekombela,  Emoyati,  Mahunaim,  Manu- 
ane,  Melorane,  Mosetta.] 

1864  *  '  The  Berlin  Evangelical  Lu- 
therans open  a  mission  at  Makhaberg. 
[1861,  at  Khalatlolu;  1865,  at  Ga  Mat- 
lale ;  1866,  at  Levdenburg  and  at  Pre- 
toria; 1867,  at  Modimolle,  or  Waterberg, 
and  at  Malokong;  1869,  at  Walmanns- 
thal ;  1873,  at  New  Halle ;  1874,  at  Tsa 
Kuioa;   1875,  at   Heidelberg;   1877,  at 


Georgenholz,  at  Lobethal ;  1880,  at  Taba 
Mossegu;  1881,  at  Mediugin ;  1884,  at 
Woyenthin.] 

1870*  *  The  Finns  send  10  missionaries 
to  Oden.     [1879.     .At  Elim.] 

•  *  •  The  WTesleyan  Methodists  (Eng.) 
open  missions  at  Bloemhof,  Klerksdorp, 
Polfontein,  Pretoria,  Waterberg,  Zoul- 
pansburg. 

•  *  •  The  Ix>ndon  Society  opens  a  mi.«- 
sion  at  Molepolole. 

1875  •  •  The  Free  Church  of  French 
Switzerland  opens  a  mission  among  the 
Gwamba  negroes. 

1876  July  + -79  •  *The  Boers  and 
Kafirs,  under  King  Secoc<pni.  are  at 
war.  The  Amazwasirs  aid  in  repulsing 
the  Kafirs.  (1878.  Nov.  28.)  Sir  Gar- 
net Wolseley  captures  the  Kafirs'  strong- 
hold.   (Dec.  2.)    Their  king  surrenders. 


1877  Apr.  12.  Sir  Theophilus  Shep- 
stone  proclaims  a  state  of  anarchy,  and 
the  country  is  annexed  to  Great  Brit- 
ain for  protection.  [May  30.  He  takes 
the  oath  as  administrator.  1889.  Mar.  * 
.Sir  William  Owen  Lanyon,  British  gover- 
nor.   1879.    May  •  Sir  G.  Wolseley.] 

1879  Dec*  The  Transvaal  is  pro- 
claimed a  British  crown  colony. 

Dec.  30.  The  Boers  issue  a  declaration 
of  independence  [three  signers  are  ar- 
rested by  the  British]. 

1880  Dec.  17.  The  Boers  establish  the 
South  African  Republic  with  S.  J. 
Paul  Kriiger,  president.  [Dec.  30.  The 
Republic  is  proclaimed.] 

•  •  The  Society  for  the  Propagation  of 
the  Gospel  (Eng.)  opens  a  mission  at 
Wakkerstroom.  [1887,  at  Heidelberg; 
*  *  at  Wakkersoom.j 


I 


SOUTH    AFRICAN    REPUBLIC.   1836,*  * -1890, 


1125 


Dec.  20-81  Mar.  14.  'War  with  the 
British.  [Mar.  21.  Boers  accept  Brit- 
ish terms  of  peace,] 

1881  Aug.  8.  Convention  agreed  to ; 
■eU-goTemment    is    restored.     The 


territory  is  given  up  to  "  The  Transvaal 
State,"  subject  to  British  suzerainty. 
1883     May  9-88    Apr.  30.    Stephen 
J.  Paul  Kriiger,  president.    [1888,  May 
8-1893,  May  12,  again  ;  1893,  May  n-t.] 


1884  *  •  British  control  is  restricted. 
1890  »  •  Small    portions    of    Swaziland 

and    Amatongaland    are    annexed    by 

agreement. 


SPAIN. 


Spain  is  a  kingdom  of  southwestern  Europe  ;  capital,  Madrid.  It  is  politically  divided  into  47  mainland  provinces,  and  two 
insular,  the  Canaries  and  Balearic  Islands.  The  government  is  an  hereditary  monarchy,  having  the  legislative  power  vested  in 
the  Cortes,  which  comprises  a  Senate  and  a  Chamber  of  Deputies.  Its  foreign  possessions  since  1898,  have  been  limited  to  the 
Carolines,  Ladrones,  and  some  other  islands,  and  small  possessions  in  Western  Africa.  The  common  language  is  Spanish,  and  the 
prevailing  religion  is  liomau  Catholic.    Area,  197,670  square  miles ;  population  in  1887, 17,550,246. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

238  *  "B.C.  Hamilcar,  the  Carthagin- 
ian, leaves  Africa  and  invades  Spain,  [219. 
Takes  Saguutum ;  because  of  this  the 
Romans  declare  war  against  Carthage. 
218.    Hannibal  enters  Italy  (p.  J054).] 

218^-212  B.  ('.  Scipio  carries  the  war 
into  Spain.  (210.)  Komans  drive  out 
the  Carthaginians  (p.  1064). 

154±-140t  B.  c.  Romans  are  at  war 
with  the  Lusitanians  (p.  1055). 

143-133   B.C.  Numantinewar(p.  1056). 

106  *  *  B.  c.    The  Cimbri  invasion. 

©7  *  *  B,  c.  The  Celtiberians  under  Ser- 
torious  revolt.  [72.  Subdued  by  Pompey.] 

■01  *  *  B.  c.  Julius  Caesar  makes  con- 
quests (p.  1058).  [4&45.  He  defeats  the 
sons  of  Pompey  (p.  1060).) 

27-25    B.  c.     Augustus  retires  (p.  1060). 

262  •  •  A.  D.     Posthumous  defeats  the 

Franks. 
395  *  •  AVest  Goth  Invasion.  [416.  Goths 

expel  the  Alani.] 
415  <  •  Atawulf  takes  Barcelona  (p.  1071). 
419  *  *  Vandals  conquer  Galicia.     [470. 

Goths  take  Saragossa.    572.    Cordova.] 
628  •  »  War  with  Childebert. 
686  *  *  Recared    I.   expels    the   Franks. 

[588.    War  renewed.] 
656  *  *  Recesuinto  subdues  the  Basques. 
fl76  ♦  *  Wamba,  the  West  Goth,  defeats 

the  invading  Saracens. 

710  *  *  The  Saracens  invade  Spain. 

711  July  26.  .\t  .lerez  de  la  Frontera 
the  Saracens  under  Tarik  and  Muza 
utterly  defeat  the  West  Goths  under 
Roderic.  [712.  Capture  Gibraltar.  712- 
713.     Subdue  the  country.] 

V77-778    Charlemagne*s    campaign    (p. 

6Gt).    [800.    He  defeats  the  Saracens.] 
■787  •  *  Hixem  proclaims  a  *'  holy  war." 

[812.    Truce  with  Charlemagne.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  -  NATURE. 

38  Jan.  1.  b.  c.  The  Spanish  era 
commences ;  this  is  the  next  year  after 
the  conquest  of  Spain  by  Augustus. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

139  B.  c.    Viriathns,  I.usitanian  warrior,  d. 
73  B.  c.    Sertorius,  Quintus,  general,  dies. 

£th  Ctntury.  A.  n.  Orosius,  Paulus,  presbyter, 
historian,  born,  dies. 

060 i:  *  *  Isldorua  Hispalensis  (Isidore  of  .Se- 
ville), bishop,  author,  born.    ;636.    Dies.) 


711  *  *  Roderic,  West  (iothic  king,  dies. 
757  *  *  Pelayo,  first  king  of  Asturias,  dies. 
788  *  *  Abd.er-Rahman  1.,  Ommeyade  sultan, 
dies. 

CHURCH. 

69  •  *  A.  i>.    Jews  settle  at  Merida. 

250  »  •  Christian  churches  are  estab- 
lished at  Leon,  Elvira,  and  other  towns. 

305  •  *  A  church  council  meets  at  Elvira. 

372  ±  *  ♦  The  Priscillianists  arise. 

589  •  *  Council  of  Toledo ;  the  West 
Goths  accept  the  Catholic  faith. 

275  *  •  Jews  are  expelled.  [1492.  Perse- 
cuted.] 

786  *  *  The  Great  Mosque  [church]  of 
Cordova  is  founded  by  Abd-er-Uahman. 

800±  *  *  The  Western  bishops  are  author- 
ized to  punish  spiritual  offenders  with 
death  ;  auto-da-f^,  or  an  act  of  faith,  is 
introduced.    [1484.    The  first  at  Seville.] 

LETTERS. 

471*  *The  laws  of  Hispania  are  first 
written. 

588  *  "  The  Ijatin  language  displaces 
the  Gothic. 

773±  *  *  Abd-er-Rahman  I.  foimds  acade- 
mies. 

STATE. 

1000 1  •  *  B.  c.  The  Fheneclans  found 
Cadiz.  [800.  The  Rhodians  plant  colo- 
nies iu  Catalonia.] 

480  *  *  B.  c.  Carthaginians  are  at- 
tracted by  the  rich  silver  mines.  [360. 
They  settle  in  Spain ;  242,  Found  New 
Carthage  (Cartagena).] 

238-233  B.  c.  Hamilcar  of  Carthage 
extends  his  dominion  into  Spain. 

205  *  *  B.  c.  Scipio  Africanus  annexes 
New  Carthage  to  Rome.  [206.  All 
Spain  is  under  the  Romans.] 

142  •  •  n.  c.  Fabius  Servllianus  makes 
peace  with  the  Celtiberians  and  Lusi- 
tanians.   [152.   Romans  found  Cordova.] 

78-72  B.  r.  Sertorius  revolts ;  subdued 
by  Pompey  (ii.  1058).  [67.  By  Julius 
Ceesar.] 

60-50    11.  r.    Pompey  is  governor.  (?) 

48-47  Ii.  c.  The  rapacity  of  Crassus 
incites  a  revolt. 

38  Jan.  1.  b.  c.  The  conquest  by  Au- 
gustus begins. 

27  •  *  B.  c.  Caisarea  Augusta  (Salduba) 
[Saragossa]  is  founded. 


256  *  *  A.  D.    The   Pranks  ravage  the 

country. 

256-409    Roman  governors  rule. 

409+  *  *  The  Vandals,  Alani,  and  Snevi 
overthrow  Roman  rule. 

409-425  Vandals  rule:  Gunderic  and 
Genseric.  [427.  Genseric  with  his  peo- 
ple pass  over  into  Africa.] 

411-415    Atawulf  rules  the  West  Goths. 

418-711  The  West  Goths  rule  (p.  663). 
[420-451.  Theodoric  reigns;  451-452, 
Thorrisnuind  ;  452-460,  Theodoric  II.  ; 
466-183,  Euric,  the  first  monarch  of  all 
Spain.  The  Gothic  power  reaches  its 
highest  point.  483-506,  Alaric  II.;  506- 
5n,Gesalric  ;  511-531,  Amalaric  ;  531-648, 
Theudis;  548-649,  Theudisela;  549-564, 
Agita ;  654-667,  Atanagildo.  He  makes 
Toledo  his  capital.  667-568,  Liuva  I.; 
568-586,  Leuvigildo,  co-ruler;  572,  sole 
king;  586-601,  Recared  I.  587.  He  expels 
the  Franks.  601-603,  I^iuva  II. ;  603-310, 
Vitericus  ;  610-612,  Gundemar  ;  612-621, 
Sisebut;  621,  Recared  II.;  621-631,  Suin- 
tila;  631-636,  Sisenando ;  636-640,  Chin- 
tella  ;  640-fM2,  Tulga ;  642-649,  Cindasu- 
into  ;  649-672,  Recesuinto,  cornier  ;  663, 
sole  king ;  672-682,  Wamba ;  680-687,  Er- 
Tigius  ;  687-098,  Egrica ;  698-710,  Witiza, 
coruler  ;  701,  sole  king.] 

710±  *  *  Roderic  becomes  the  [last] 
king  of  the  West  Goths  in  Spain.  The 
people,  oppressed  by  his  cruelty,  invite 
the  Arabs  to  enter  Spain. 

711-712  The  Saracens  are  established 
at  Cordova,  Toledo,  and  Saragossa  [and 
all  over  Sp.iin.  713.  They  subdue  .Murcia], 

714^1238    Mohammedans  rule. 

714-755  Emirs  rule  in  Cordova ;  Abd-el- 
Aziz  is  the  first;  Yussuf-el-Tehri,  the 
last. 

718-737  Pelayo  reigns  in  Asturias  and 
I.eon. 

He  is  the  founder  of  the  monarchy  of 
Asturias ;  first  sovereign  of  Christian 
Spain ;  he  overthrows  the  Moors,  and 
checks  their  conquests.  [737-739,  Astu- 
rias and  Leon.  Favila  reigns ;  739-757, 
Alfonso  the  Catholic  ;  757-768,  Froila  I. ; 
768-774,  Aurelius ;  774-788,  Mauregato, 
the  Usurper ;  788-791,  Veremundo  (Ber-  ' 
muda);  791-842,  Alfonso  II.,  the  Chaste; 
842-850,  Ramiro  I. ;  86(K866,  Ordoflo  II.; 
866-910,  Alfonso  m.,  "  the  Great."] 

755-1238  Cordova  is  the  capital  of 
Mohammedan  Spain,  Abd-er-Rahman  I. 
is  the  first  king,  and  Abu  All  the  last. 


1126      844,**-1513,**. 


SPAIN. 


ARMY  -  NAVY. 

844  *  *  Danish  invasion. 

845  *  *  Ramirokill870,000Saracen8inone 
battle. 

861  *  *  Salamanca  is  taken  from  the  Sar- 
acens.   [913.    Talavera  taken.  | 

866-910  Alfonso  conquers  the  Moors. 
(901.)    At  Zamora. 

938  Aug.  6.  The  Spaniards  defeat  the 
Moors  at  Suuincas. 

1060  *  *  Mohammed  Almuatid  conquers 
Cordova. 

1070-90  The  Cid  Rodrigo  has  engage- 
ments with  the  Moors. 

1085  Mar.  25.  Alfonso  VI.  captures 
Toledo. 

1091^  *  *  The  Saracens  are  aided  by 
the  Moors  in  resisting  the  aggressions 
of  the  Christians.  [1095.  Henry  of  Be- 
sanfon  defeats  the  Saracens.] 

1109  *  *  Urraca  of  Castile  attacks  her 
sister  Theresa,  Countess  of  Portugal. 

1126*  *  Alfonso  VII.  of  Leon  captures 
Saragossa.  [1144.  Defeats  the  Moors  in 
several  battles.] 

1162*  *  Alfonso  of  Aragon  conquers 
Provence. 

1184*  *  Port,  The  Almohades  besiege 
Santarem ;  defeated. 

1190  *  *  The  Moors  sack  Madrid. 

1195*  *The  Moors  defeat  the  Castil- 
ians  at  AlarQon.    [1197.    Take  Madrid.] 

1212  July  16.  The  allied  Christian 
forces  of  Spain  win  a  great  victory  over 
the  Almohades  under  Mohammed  at 
Navas  de  Tolosa  (S.  Sp.).  [The  break- 
ing up  of  the  Moorish  empire  follows.] 

1229  *  *  James  I.  of  Aragon  takes  Ma- 
jorca from  the  Moors.  [Minorca,  Va- 
lencia, Murcia,  also  taken.] 

1233-48  Ferdinand  of  Castile  and  Leon 
takes  away  from  the  Moors  Cordova, 
Toledo,  Seville,  and  Santiago  de  Com- 
postela.     [1240.    Also  Murcia.] 

1247  *  *  The  first  Spanish  war-fleet  ap- 
pears at  the  conquest  of  Seville. 

1278  *  *  Alfonso  is  defeated  at  Algeci- 
ras.  (?)  [1344.  (?)  Taken  from  the  Moors 
by  Alfonso  XL  of  Castile.] 

1282  *  *  Peter  III.  conquers  and  an- 
nexes Sicily. 

1285  *  *  Saucho  IV.,  the  Brave,  defeats 
the  Moors  at  Tarifa. 

1308*  *  Ferdinand  takes  Gibraltar  from 
the  Jews.  [1332.  Taken  by  the  Moors. 
1462.    Taken  from  Moors  by  Guzman.] 

1327  *  *  The  King  of  Granada  is  aided  by 
200,000  Moors.  [1340.  Alfonso  XL  de- 
feats, with  great  slaughter,  the  Moors 
under  Abool-Hassan  at  Tarifa.J 

1369  *  *  The  Moors  assist  Pedro  the 
Cruel  against  the  invading  Henry  IL  of 
Castile.  [Mar.  14.  Pedro  is  defeated 
and  captured  at  Montiel  by  his  brother 
Henry  of  Tastamare.    Mar.  23.    Killed.] 

1381  *  *  John  I.  of  Castile  invades  Por- 
tugal. 

1395  *  *  Martin,  King  of  Aragon,  defeats 
the  Genoese. 

1410*  *War:  Castile  against  Aragon. 


1492    Jan.  2.    Gonzalvo  Hernandez  de 

Cordova,  *'  the  Great  Captain,"  takes 
Granada,  and  breaks  the  power  of  the 
Moors. 

1512  *  *  Navarre.  Ferdinand  II.  con- 
quers and  annexes  the  greater  part. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

920:b  *  *  A  medical  school  is  founded 

at  Cordova. 
1150i:  *  *  The  Moors  introduce  the  study 

of  chemistry. 
13th  Century.    The  Moorish  kings  found 

the  Alhambra,  above  Granada. 

1200i  *  *  The  Moors  introduce  astron- 
omy into  Europe. 

1253  i:  *  *  The  Alphonsine  astronomical 
tables  are  composed. 

1486-1512  Discoveries  of  Columbus 
and  Vespucci  (p.  12+ ). 

1499+  *  *  Vincent  Pinzon  and  Alonzo  de 
Ojeda  make  discoveries  [Brazil].    (P.  15.) 

1500  *  *  Rodrigo  Bastides  and  Juan  de 
la  Cosa  make  discoveries  (p.  15). 

1513  *  *  Balboa  discovers  the  Pacific 
Ocean  (p.  16). 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

9th  Century.    Bernardo  del  Carpio,  hero,  b.,  d. 
853*  *  Abd-er-liahmaa  11.,   sultan    of    Cor- 
dova, dies. 

912  •  *  Abdallah-Ibn-Mohammed,  sultan  of 
Cordova,  dies. 

913  *  *  Alliakera  II.,  calif  of  Cordova,  born. 
[976.    Dies.] 

939  *  *  Al-Mansur,    Spanish-Moorish    states- 
man, born.     C1002.     Dies.] 

958  *  *  Garcia,  King  of  Navarre,  b.  [1001.  T).] 

961  *  *  Abd-er- Rahman  III.,  calif  of  Cordova, 
dies. 

1000  ?    Ferdinand  I.,  the  Great,  King  of  Cas- 
tile, Leon,  and  Galicia,  born.    [1065.  Dies.] 

1016*  *  Abbad  II.,   King  of  Seville,  born. 
[1069.    Dies.] 

1035  *  *  Cid,  El  Camx>eador,  Rodrigo  or  Ruy 
Diaz,  Castilian  hero,  born.     [1099.     Dies.] 

1039*  *  Abbad  III.,  King  of  Seville,  born. 
[1095.     Dies.] 

1043  *  *  Abbad  I.,  Moorish  Kingof  Seville,  d. 

1093 1  *  *  Aben-Ezra,  Abraham,  Jewish  com- 
mentator, born.     [1167.     Dies.] 

1105  *  *  Abdallali-lbnool-Hijaree,  Spanish- 
Moorish  historian,  born.     [1195.    Dies.] 

1 109  *   *  Alfonso  1.,  King  of  Castile,  dies. 

lllOi:*  *  Abool-1-Kasini,   Spanish- Arabian 
surgeon,  author,  dies. 

1135*  *  Mainionides,  Moses,  Jewish  rabbi, 
philosopher,  writer,  born.     [1204.    Dies.] 

1143±  *  *  Aboo-1-  Kasim,  Spanish -Moorish 
author,  born.    [1194.    Dies.] 

1157*  *  Alfonso  II.,  Kingof  Castile,  dies. 

1160*  *  Aboo-Voosuf-Yakoob,  Moorish  sul- 
tan, born.     [1198.    Dies.] 

1170*  *  Dominic  de  Guzman,  St.,  founder 
of  Dominicans,  born.    [1221.     Dies.]. 

1214*  *  Alfonso  VllL,  Kingof  Castile,  d. 

1321  *  *  Alfonso   X.,  King   of    Leon,  born. 
[1284.    Dies.] 

1335*  *  Lully,  Raymond,  phil.,  b.    [131.5.  D.] 

13th  Century.    Esclot,Bernat,  Catalan  chroni- 
cler, born,  dies. 

1356*  *  Aboo-Hayyan,  Spanish-Moorish  au- 
thor, born.     [1344.    Dies.] 

1358*  *  Guzman,  Alfonso   Perez   de,  com- 
mander, born.    [1309.    Dies.] 

1300  *  *  Albornoz,  Gil  Alvarez  Carilla,  arch- 
bishop of  Toledo,  card.,  states.,  b.,  [i3ti7.  D.] 

1304*  *Batootab,  Ibn,  Spanish-Moorish 
traveler,  born.    [1378.     Dies.] 

1311  ♦  *  Alfonso  XI.,  King  of  Castile,  born. 
[1350.    Dies.] 

1333*  *  Ayala,  Pedro  Lopez  de,  historian, 
poet,  born.     [1407.     Dies.] 

1334 1  *  *  Pedro  the  Cruel,  King  of  Castile, 
born.     [1369.     Dies.] 

1396  *  *  Alfonso  of  Cartagena,  historian,  b. 
[1456.    Dies.] 

141  li*  *  Mena,  Jnan  de,  poet,  b.    [1456.  D.] 

1420  ♦  *  Torquemada,  Tomas  de,  inquisitor- 
general,  born.     [1498.     Dies.] 

1438  *  *  Albo,  Jos6,  rabbi,  writer,  dies. 
Mendoza,  I*edro    (Jonzales   de,  the  "grand 
cardinal,"  statesman,  born.     [1495.    Dies.] 


1435  ?  *  *  Columbus,  Christopher,  discoverer^ 

born  in  Genoa,  1 1.    [  1506.    Dies.  ] 
1430*  *  Xinienes,    Francisco,  cardinal  and 

statesman,  born.     [1517.    Dies.] 
1441  *  *  Pinzon,  Martm  Alonzo,   navigator^ 

born.     [1493.     Dies.] 
1443  *  *  Cordova,    Gonsalvo    Hernandez 

de, "  the  great  captain,"  gen.,  b.    [1515.  I).] 

1451  Apr.  S3.  Isabella,  "  the  Catholic," 
queen,  patron  of  Columbus,  horn,  [istfi, 
Nov.  24.     Dies.] 

1452  Mar.  10.  Ferdinand  V..  King,  "the 
Catholic,"  born.     [15i6.    Jan.  23.     Dies.] 

1460  *  *  Pinzon,  Vincente  Yanez,  navigator, 

born.     [1524.    Dies.] 
Ponce  de  Leon,  J  uan,  discoverer  of  Florida, 

born.     [I52I.     Dies.} 
1464 1  *  *  Carvajal,      Francisco     de,     coin- 

nian<ler,  born.     [1548.     Dies.] 
1465  ±  *  *  Ojeda,  Alonzo  de,  adventurer  with 

Columbus,  born. 
1471±     Pizarro,   Francisco,   conqueror   of 

Peru,  born.     [1541.     Dies.] 

1474  *  *  Casas,  liartolom^  de  las,  missionary, 
born.     [1566.     Dies.] 

1475  t  *  *  Alniagro,  Diego,  adventurer  in 
Pern,  born.    [1538.    Dies.] 

Balboa,  Vasco  Nunez  de,  adventurer,  bom. 

[1517.     Dies.] 

±  Cordova,  Francisco  Hemandezde,explorer, 

born.     [1526.     Dies.] 

1478  *  *  Oviedo,  or  Oviedo  y  Valdds,  Gonzalo 

Fernandez  de,  historian,  b.     [1.567.    Dies.} 

Philip,  King  of  Castile,  born.     [1506.    Dies.] 

1480  *  *  Narvaez,   I'amfllo   de,  commander, 

born.     [1628.     Dies.] 
1483*  *  Catherine  of  Aragon,  Queen  of 
Henry  VIH.  of  England,  b.   [1536.   Dies.] 

1484  *  *  Toledo,  Pedro  de,  viceroy  of  Naples, 
born.     [1553.     Dies.] 

1485  *  *  Alvarado,  Pedro  de,  explorer,  born. 
[1541.    Dies.] 

Cortez,  Hernando,  or  Fernando,  conqaeror 

of  Mexico,  born.    [1547.    Dies.] 
±    Leo  Afrieanns,  Al- Hassan  Ibn  M.,  Moor- 
ish traveler,  born.     [i526±:.     Dies.] 
1487  *  *  Mendoza,  Don  Pedro  de,  discoverer, 

born.     [1536±.     Dies.] 
14904:  *  *  Nunez,  Alvar,explor.,b.  [1564.  D.] 
Orellana,  Francisco  de,  explorer  of  tlie  Ama- 
zon, born.     [1546.     Dies.] 
Padilla,  Don  Juan  Lopez  de,  patriot,  born. 
[1521.    Dies.] 
1491*  *  Loyola,    Ignatius    de,    founder    of 

Jesuits,  born.     [1556,  July  31.     Dies.] 
1492  *  *  Vives,  Jnan  Louis,  scholar,  writer, 

born.     [1540.    Dies.] 
1495ir  *  *  Alvarado,    Pedro,   adventurer  in 
Mexico,  born.     [1541.     Dies.] 
Co ntreras,  Rodrigo  de,  explorer,  b.  [1557.  D.] 
1496  ±*  *  Boscan  Almogaver,  Juan,  poet,  b. 
[1544.    Dies.] 
De  Soto,  Fernando,  explorer,  discoverer  of 
Mississippi  River,  born.     [1.542.     Dies.] 
1498i:  *  *  Diaz  del  Castillo,  Bernal,  soldier, 

author,  born.     [1593.     Dies.] 
1500  fc     Feb.  34.     Charles  1.  (V.),  K.  of  Sp., 
Emp.  of  Ger.,  born.    [1558,  Sept.  21.    Dies.] 
Alarcon,  Hernando  de,  explorer,  born. 
Coronado,  Francisco   Vasquez   de,   soldier, 
born.    [1642^.    Dies.] 
15024:  *  *  Bobadilla,  Francisco  de,  political 
administrator,  dies. 
Espinosa,  Don  Diego  de,  cardinal,  statesmaUt 

born.     [1572.     Dies.] 
Vargas,  Luis  de,  painter,  born.     [1568.  I)ie8.J 
1503  *  *  Carranza,  Bartolom6  de,  archbi8hop> 

of  Toledo,  writer,  born.     [1576.    Dies.] 

1503 1:    Garcilaso  de  la  Vega,  poet,  b.     [I5». 

Dies.] 

Mendoza,  Hurtado  Diego  de,  author,  diplomsr- 

tist,  born.     [1.576.     Dios.] 

1506*  *Xavler.  St.  Francis,  missionary, 

born.     [15.52.    Dies.] 
1508*  *  Alva,  Duke  of,  Fernando  Alvarea, 

general,  born.     [1582.     Dies.] 
1509  *  *  Servetus,  Michael,  theologian,  bom. 

[1553.     Dies.] 
1510?i  *  *  Valdlvla,  Don  Pedro  de,  conqueror 
of  Chile,  born.    [1659.    Dies.] 


CHURCH. 

1088  *  *  The    archbishop    of    Toledo  i» 

made  the  primate  of  Spain. 
llTOii  *  *  The  Order  of  Santiago,  or  St 

James,  is  founded.    [1223.    An  Order  ol 

Mercy. 
1202±  *  *  The  rosary  is  invented. 
1280  *  *  The  Holy  Office  (Inquiaition)  i* 

reestablished. 


SPAIN. 


1485-83    Columbus  ami  Church  (p.  M+). 

1409-1502  Mohammedans  perseouted 
and  expelled. 

LETTERS. 

1160±  *  *  Mystery  of  the  Magian  Kings 

appears. 
22th  Century.  (?)    Pvrma  del  Cid  and  the 
,     Vr6nica  rimada  del  Cid  appear. 
1200  *  *  Rasos  de  Trobar,  by  Ramon  Vi- 

dal,  appears. 
1209*:  *  *The  University  of  Palencia  is 

founded.   [1239.  Kemoved  to  Salamanca. 

1254.    The  University  of  Seville.] 
1250  fc  *  *  Eugaflos  S  Assay  am  ientos  de  las 

Mutjeres  (the  Sei^en  Sages)  appears. 
±  *  *  KalUa  and  I>imna,  translated  from 

the  Arabic,  appears. 
1 260-95     Libra  de  los  Casttgos  y  Docu- 

mentos  of  King  Sancho  1\'.  appears. 
13ih  Century.     Los  Siete  /*ar^i(fo.s  appears. 

Also  Libros  de  Astronomica ;  Hlstoria  de 

Bspa'R.a;  Appolonto;  Miracles,  by  Gon- 

zafo  de  Berceo,  appears  ;  also  Praises  of 

the  Virgin.  Alexandre  uppeHTS.  Alno  Li/e 

of  St.  Mary  the  Egyptian  ;  Lajfadario. 
1300t  *   *  Lo    Desconort,    by    Raymond 

LuUy,  appears. 

♦  *The  University  of  Lerida  is 
founded.  [1346.  University  of  Vaila- 
dolid.    1354.     University  of  liuesca.] 

1300-50  Libra  de  las  CaiJtigas,  or  de  los 
Cantares,  by  J uau  M an liel ,  appears . 
Also  El  Conde  Lucanor,  and  Libra  de  los 
Estadoa. 

1320-50  A  poem  on  bueji  amor,  by  Juan 
Ruiz,  appears. 

1360:t  *  *  Amadis  de  Gaula  appears. 

1350-69  Proverbs  Morales^  by  the  Jew 
Santob,  appears. 

14th  Century.  Facetus  Appears .  A\so  De- 
bate betwttn  Soul  and  Body:  General 
Vance  of  Death;  Grant  Crdnica  de  Es- 
paHa  and  Grant  Crdnica  de  los  CmiqueH- 
dores ;  Crdnica  General  de  Espaila. 

1400±  *  *  liimado  de  Palacio,  by  Pedro 
XjOpez  de  Ayala,  appears. 

1415  •  *  The  University  of  Salamanca 
is  founded.  [1450.  The  University  of 
Barcelona.] 

1420  *  *  Feyts  d^Armes  de  Catalunya,  by 
Bernat  Boades,  ends. 

1438  *  *  Histories  i  Conquesfes  del  Pe- 
yolme  d'Arago,  by  Pere  Tomich,  appears. 

1440-50  A  cancionero,  compiled  by  Al- 
fonso de  Baena. 

15th  Century.  Libre  de  les  Danes,  by 
Jnnine  Roig,  appears.  Also  Leys  d'Amor, 
by  <iillaume  Moliner.  Adoration  of  the 
Three  Kings ;  Crdnica  General :  Chro- 
nicle of  Pedro  Nifio,  by  Gutierre  I>iez  de 
Gamez;  El  fxibarinto  and  other  poems, 
by  Juan  de  Mena;  OrftooAo,  by  the  arch- 
priest  of  Talavera  ;  Trabajos  de  Hercules. 

1480-90i  Carcel  de  Amor,  by  Diego  de 
San  Pedro,  appears. 

1483-84  Crestid,  by  Francesco  Ximenes, 
appears. 

1490  *  *  Tirant  lo'  Blanche  appears  at 
Valencia. 

1492  *  *  La  Celestini  appears. 

1499     Oliveros  y  Artus  appears. 

*  *  The  University  of  Toledo  is  founded. 
1502-14    The  Cnmplutensian  Polygot,  in 

six   vols.,   is   printe<l   at   Alcala   (Com- 
plutensis).    [1522.    The  first  edition  costs 
260,000  ducats.] 
1511  *  •  Cancionero  General  appears  at 
Valencia. 

SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

1337  *  •  A.  D.  Private  revenge  is  pro- 
hibited in  Castile. 

1401*  *The  Barcelona  bank  is 
founded.     [Now  existing,] 


1458  *  *  Assurance  societies  are  estab- 
lished. 

1481  *  *  In  Andalusia  3,000  persons  are 
burned,  and  17,000  are  otherwise  pun- 
ished, by  tlie  Inquisition. 

1498  *  *  Black  substitutes  white  as  the 
color  for  naourning. 

1504^:  *  *  Isabella  of  Castile  founds  a 
hospital  for  lepers. 

STATE. 

873*  *  yavarre.  The  kingdom  is 
founded  by  Sancho  liligo.  [873-885,  He 
reigns;  885-905,  Garcia  I.;  905-924,  San- 
cho Garcia  1.;  924-970,  Garcia  11.,  the 
Trembler;  970-1035,  Sancho  II.,  "the 
Great."  1026.  He  becomes  King  of  Cas- 
tile through  his  wife.] 

010-914  Asturias — Leon.  Garcia 
reigns.  [914-923,  Ordoflo  II.  ;  he  recov- 
ers Valladolid  from  the  Saracens;  923- 
925,  Froila  II.;  925-930.  Alfonso  IV.,  the 
Monk  of  Leon  ;  930-950, Kamiro  U. ;  950- 
955,  OrdoHo  III.;  955-95G,  OrdoHo  IV.; 
950-967.  Sancho  I.,  the  Fat :  967-983,  lla- 
miro  III.;  983-999,  Veremundo  II.  (Ber- 
muda), the  Goutv ;  999-1027,  Alfonso  V. ; 
1027-1035,  Veremundo  III.  (Bermuda).] 

1000  *  *  Valencia  becomes  the  capital 
of  a  Moorish  kingdom. 

1035-54  Navarre.  Garcia  III.  reigns. 
[lOM-76,  Sancho  III.;  1076-94,  Sancho 
IV.;  1094-1101,  Peter  of  Aragon.] 

1035-65  Aragon.  Ramiro  I.  reigns. 
[1065-04.  Sancho  Ramirez  (IV.  of  Na- 
varre);  1094-1134,  Alfonso  I.,  the  War- 
rior, King  of  Navarre.] 

1035-65  Leon —  Castile.  Ferdinand  the 
Great  reigns.  [1065-72,  Sancho  11.,  the 
Strong,  son  of  Ferdinan<i ;  Alfonso  in 
Leon  and  Asturias,  and  Garcia  in  Gali- 
cia ;  1072-U09,  Alfonso  VL,  the  Valiant, 
King  of  Leon.] 

1037  *  *  Leon  and  Asturias  are  united 
to  Castile. 

1090  *  *  Abdallah-Ibn-Balkeen,  the  last 
sultan  of  Granada,  is  dethroned. 

1091±  *  *The  Saracens,  being  unable 
to  resist  the  Christians,  invite  the  aid 
of  the  Moors  from  Africa,  who  seize 
the  dominions  they  came  to  protect, 
and  subdue  the  Saracens. 

1094-1144  C&rdova.  The  dynasty  of 
the  Almoravides  reigns. 

1104-34  Navarre.  Alfonso  I.  reigns. 
[1134-50.  Garcia  IV.,  Ramirez;  1150-94, 
Sancho  V.,  "  the  Wise  ;  "  1194-1234,  San- 
cho VI.,  "  the  Infirm,"] 

1109-26  Leon  —  Castile.  Uraca  and  Al- 
fonso \'I1.  reign. 

1226*  *  Gal icia— Castile.  Alfonso, 
King  of  Galicia,  defends  Uraca,  his  dis- 
solute mother,  against  her  husband,  Al- 
f<mso  \'n.;  he  acquires  Castile  on  her 
death  ;  the  two  klug<lon]s  are  united. 

1126-57  Castile.  Alfonso  VII.,  Ray- 
mond, reigns.  [1157-58,  Sancho  111.; 
115^-88,  Alfonso  VIII.;  1188-1214,  Al- 
fonso IX.] 

1134-37  Aragm.  Ramiro  II.,  the  Monk, 
reigns.  [1137-63,  Petronilla  and  Ray- 
mond, Count  of  BHrcelona. 

1144-1225  Cordova.  The  dynasty  of 
the  Almohades  reigns. 

It  takes  its  wAiae  from  the  North  Afri- 
can Almoahedun  sect. 

1157-88  Ijeon  is  separated  from  Cas- 
tile under  Ferdinand  II. 


844,**-1513,**.       1127 

1163-96  Aragon.  Alfonso  II.  reigna. 
[119G-12I3,  Peter  11. ;  1213-70,  James  I. ; 
1276-85,  Peter  III. ;  1285-91,  Alfonso  III., 
the  Beneficent ;  1291-1,'!27,  James  II.,  the 
Just.] 

1214-17  Castile.  Henry  I.  reigns.  [1217- 
52,  Ferdinand  III.,  the  Saint.  Ijeonand 
Castile  are  permanently  united  by  bini. 
1352-84,  Alfonso  X.,  the  Wise;  12SJ-95, 
Sancho  IV.,  tlie  Brave ;  1295-1312,  Fer- 
dinand IV.] 

1233-48  Cordova,  Toledo,  and  Seville  are 
annesed  by  Ferdinand  III. 

1234-53  Navarre.  Theobald  I.,  third 
Count  of  Champagne,  reigns  1253-70 
Theobald  II. ;  1270-74,  Henry  Crassus  ; 
1274-1305,  Joanna,  she  marries  Philip  the 
Fair,  of  France.] 

1238*  *  Granada.  The  Moors  begin 
the  liingdom  ;  it  is  their  last  refuge  from 
the  aggressive  Christians. 

1240  *  *  Murcia  is  subdued  by  Ferdi- 
nand of  Castile.  [1305.  Divided  between 
Castile  and  Aragon.] 

1274  *  *  Navarre.  The  crown  passes  to 
the  royal  family  of  France. 

1305-16  Navarre.  Louis  Hutin  reigns. 
[1316,  John  ;  1316-22,  Philip  V.,  the  Long, 
of  France  ;  1322-28,  Charles  I.,  the  IV. 
of  France;  1328^3,  Joanna  II.,  and 
Philip,  Count  d'Evreux;  1343-49,  Joanna 
alone;  1349-87,  Charles  II.,  the  Bad; 
1387-1425,  Charles  III.,  the  Noble.] 

1312-50  Leon— Castile.  Alfonso  XI. 
reigns.  [1350-69,  Pedro  the  Cruel.  He 
is  deposed,  but  reinstated  by  bis  ally, 
Edward,  the  Black  Prince,  of  England  ; 
killed  by  his  natural  brother  and  suc- 
cessor. 1369-79,  Henry  II.,  the  Gracious. 
Poisoned  by  a  monk.  1379-90,  John  1. 
He  unites  Biscay  to  Castile.  1390-1406, 
Henry  III.,  the  Sickly  ;  1406-54, , John  1 1 . ; 
1454-74,  Henry  IV.,  the  Impotent ;  1474- 
1504,  Isabella.] 

1327-36  Alfonso  IV.  reigns.  [1336-87. 
Peter  IV. ,  the  Ceremonious  ;  1387-05, 
John  I. ;  1395-1410,  Martin  ;  1410-12,  in- 
terregnum.] 

1412-16  Aragon  — Sicily.  Ferdinand, 
the  Just,  reigns.  [1416-58,  Alfonso  V., 
the  Wise;  1458-79,  John  II.,  King  of 
Navarre,  brother  of  Alfonso.] 

1425-79  Navarre.  Blanche  and  her 
husband,  John  II.  (King  of  Aragon), 
reign.  [1479,  Eleanor:  1479-83,  Francis 
Phoebus  de  Foix ;  1483-1512,  Catherine 
and  John  d'Albret.] 

1469  Oct.  18.  Ferdinand  [II.  of  Ara- 
gon] marries  Isabella,  of  Castile. 

1479-1504  Aragon— Castile.  Ferdi- 
nand n.  and  Isabella  reign.  [1492.  He 
annihilates  the  power  of  the  Moors.] 

1504  *  *  Joanna,  daughter  of  Ferdinand 
II.  and  Isabella,  an<l  Philip  I.  of  Austria, 
rule  jointly  in  Castile.  [1506.  Philip 
dying,  and  Joanna  becoming  imbecile, 
Ferdinand  II.  reigns  as  regent  in  Cas- 
tile;  he  unites  Castile  with  Aragon.] 

1512  *  *  Ferdinand  II.  becomes  Ferdi- 
nand v.,  the  Catholic  ;  he  conquers  Na- 
varre and  Granada,  and  becomes  Ifing 
of  all  Spain. 


1128      1513,**-1766,** 


SPAIN. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1521-36    "War  with  France  (p.  680). 

[155&-59.  Again  (p.  682+).  1635-59.  Agaiu.] 
1538  *  *U.S.A.  Conquest  of  Florida. 
1564-1648    JSTetk.    The    Netherlands 

throw  off  the  yoke  (p.  540^ ). 

1571    Oct.  7.    A'ictory  at  Lepanto  (p. 

lORO). 

1588*  *  Philip  II.  prepares  the**  Invin- 
cible Armada"  for  the  conquest  of 
England.    It  is  destroyed  (p.  876). 

1589  *  *  Adm.  Drake  and  Sir  John  Mor- 
ris attack  and  burn  Vigo.  [1596.  Sept. 
15.    Cadiz  burned  (p.  876).] 

1607  Apr.  25.  The  Dutch  defeat  the 
Spaniards  in  the  Bay  of  Gibraltar.  [1640. 
Again  in  the  Downs  ;    fleet  destroyed.] 

1640  *  *  Port.    The  Portugruese  revolt. 

1643    May  19.    Fr.    Defeat  at  Rocroi 

(p.  688). 

1650-59    'W"arwithFrance(p.690,69l). 

[1673-78.    Another  (p.  693).] 

1663  *  *  Defeated  by  Portuguese  at  Es- 
tremoz.  [1665.  Again  at  Villaviciosa 
by  Gen.  Schomberg.] 

1673-78    War  with  France  (p.  540, 541). 

1691  *  *  The  French  invade  Araeon. 
[1694.  They  besiege  Barcelona ;  it  is 
relieved  by  Adm.  Kusseil  (Eng.).] 

1697  *  *  The  French  pillage  Cartha- 
gena.    (Value  of  treasure,  $6,000,000.) 

1701-14  %Var  of  the  Spanish  succes- 
sion ;  it  aims  to  prevent  the  union  of  the 
crowns  of  France  and  Spain  (p.  694  ■ ). 

1704±  *  *  The  British  occupy  Tarragona 
as  a  naval  station. 

1705  *  *  The  allies  unsuccessfully  be- 
siege Badajoz. 

1706  June  2.  Lord  Galway  takes 
Madrid. 

1710  Attg.  20.  Charles  III.  (VI).  takes 
Saragossa  [and  marches  to  Madrid]. 

Dec.  10.  Gen.  Vendome  defeats  the  Aus- 
trian Marshal  Starhemberg  at  Villa- 
viciosa; this  decides  the  strugrgle  for 
the  Spanish  crown  in  favor  of  Philip  V. 

1714*  *The  Duke  of  Berwick  (Ft.) 
storms  and  captures  Barcelona. 

1719*  *  War  with  France. 

*  *  Lord  Cobham  (Eng.)  takes  Vigo.  [Re- 
leased by  contributions.  Aug.  19.  St. 
Sebastian  taken  (p.  698).] 

1734-35  Jt.  Campaign  of  Charles,  son 
of  Philip  ;  he  defeats  Austria,  and  sub- 
dues Naples  and  Sicily. 

1739-48  War  with  Great  Britain  (p. 
910).  1762-63,  again  ;  1796,  again  (p.  927> ; 
1804,  again  (p.  933). 

1740*  *  Colombia.  Victoryat  Cartagena 

(p.  910). 
1756    July*  Minorca   taken   (p,   912). 

[1763.  liestored.  1782.  Taken  from  the 
British.  1798.  Nov.  15.  Taken  by  Gen. 
St.  Stuart  without  losing  a  man.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1516  *  *  Diego  Miruelo  makes  discover- 
ies (p.  17). 

1517  *  *  Fernando  de  Cordova  discovers 
Yucatan  (p.  17). 

1520  *  *  The  Spaniards  bring  chocolate 
from  Mexico. 

1553  *  *  Michael  Servetus  makes  public 
the  discovery  of  the  circulation  of  the 
blood  through  the  lungs. 

1557*  *  Madrid.  Philip  II.  lays  the 
foundation  of  the  Cscurial. 

1558  ♦  *  Tobacco  is  introduced  by  Her- 
nandez. 

1600i  *  *  Merino  sheep  are  introduced. 
1617  *  *  A  flood  in  Catalonia   drowns 
50,000  people. 


1629+  *  *  Los  Borrachos  is  painted  by 
Velasquez.  [1644,  Queen  Isabel  of  Bour- 
bon ;  1649,  The  portrait  of  Innocent  A'.  ,- 
1656,  Las  Meninas  and  Las  HHaruteras.] 

1655  *  *  St.  Isidoro  is  painted  by  Murillo. 
[1670,  ifo/y  Samily.^ 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

15X3*  *  Morales,   Ambroslo    de,   historian, 
born.    [1591.    Dies.] 
Toledo,  Francisco  de,  administrator,  born. 
[1584.    Dies.] 
1616*  *  Theresa,   St.,   nun,   mystic  writer, 

born.     [1582.     Dies.] 
IB  16  h  *  •  Solia,  Juan  Diaz  de,  navigator,  d. 
1517  *  *  Granvelle,  Cardinal  de,  Antoine  de 
Perrenot,  statesman,  born.    [15«6.    Dies.] 
16S0±    Becerra,  Gasparo,  painter,  sculptor, 
born.    [1570.    Dies.] 
±    Contreras,    Hernando    de,    adventurer, 

born.    [1550.    Dies.] 
±    Moya  y  Contreras,  Pedro  de,  archbishop 

of  Mexico,  administrator,  b.    [1591.    D.] 
Chacon,  I'edro,  olerg.,  snholar,  b.    [1607.    !>.] 
1606  *  *  Coronado,  Juan  Vasquez  de,  admin- 
istrator, born.     [1665.    Dies.] 
Henriquez,  Ahnansa  Martin  de,  administra- 
tor, l)orn.    [1583.    Dies.] 
1626  ♦  *  Ayllon,  Lucas  Vasqtxez  de,  compan- 
ion of  Cortex,  dies. 
Cano,  Juan  Sebastian  del,  navigator,  d. 
15»7    May  27.     Philip  II..  king,  born. 
[1598,  Sept.  13.     Dies.] 
Grijalva,  Juan  de,  navigator,  born. 
1528  *  *  Jeanne  d'Albret,  or  Joan,  Queen  of 
Navarre,  born.     [1572.     Dies.] 
Ponce  de  Leon,  Luis,  lyric  poet,  b.    [1591.   D.] 
1533*  *  Toledo,    Francisco    de,  cardinal, 

statesman,  born.    [1596.    Dies.] 
1633*  *  Ercilla  y  Zuniga,  Alonzo  de,  poet, 

born.    [1594.    Dies.] 
1535*  *  Molina,  Luis,  Jesuit,  theologian, 

born.     [1600i:.     Dies.] 
1536+ *  *  Boabdil,   last    Moorish    king    of 
Granada,  dies. 
Mariana,  Juan  de,  historian,  born.  [1623.  D.] 
1538±  *  *  Fernandez,  Juan,  navigator,  born, 

[1602±.    Dies.] 
1639  *  *  Acosta,  Jos6  d',  Jesuit,  author,  bom. 

[1600.     Dies.] 
1540Jr  *  *  Figneroa,  Francisco  de,  poet,  born. 
[1620*:.    Dies.] 
+     Perez,  Antonio,  courtier,  b.    [1611.     D.] 
±    Ulloa,  Francesco  de,  discoverer  of  Cal.,d. 
Vega,  Garcilaso  Inca  de  la,  historian,  born. 
[1616.    Dies.] 
1647    Oct.   8.    Cervantes  Saavedra,  Mi- 
guel de,  poet,  novelist,  b.  [1616,  Apr.23.  D.] 
1548*  *  Suarez,    Francisco,   Jesuit,    theolo- 
gian, born.     [1617.     Dies.] 
1549*  *  Galvez   de    Montalvo,    Luis,  poet, 
born.     [1610.    Dies.] 
Herrera  y  Tordesillas,   Antonio,  historian, 
born.    [1625.    Dies.] 
1650±  *  *  Alderete,  liernardo  de,  linguist,  b. 
Espinel,  Vicente,  poet,  novelist,  b.  [1634.  I>.] 
+    Victoria  (Vitoria), Francisco, theolo.,  d. 
1656*  *  Calasanzio,  Jo86  St.  de,  founder  of 
Pauline  Congregation   of    tlie   Mother   of 
God,  born.     [1648.    Dies.] 
1558  *  *  Castro,  Vaca  de,  magistrate,  dies. 
1560+ *  *  Cerda,  Juan   Luis    de  la,  Jesuit, 
critic,  born.    [1()43.    Dies.] 
Fuentes,  Pedro  Henriquez  d'Azevedo,  count, 
general,  born.     [1643.    Dies.] 
1561*  ♦  Gongora  y  Argote,  Luis,  poet,  born. 

[1627.     Dies.] 
1562  *  *  Lope  de  Vega  Carpio,  Felix,  poet, 

dramatist,  born.     [1635.     Dies.] 
1563+  ♦  *  Argeusola,  I^upercio  Leonardo  de, 
lyric  poet,  born.     [1613.     Dies.] 
Guevara,  Luis  Velez,  painter,  dies. 
1666*  *  Argensola,    Bartolomeo,    poet,    liis- 

torian,  born.     [1631.     Dies.] 
1568  *  *  Castro,  Guillem  de,  dramatist,  born. 
[1631.    Dies.] 
Spinola,   Ambrosio    de,    marquis,   general, 
born.     [1630.     Dies.] 
1570+ *  *  Aduarte,    Diego,  historian,  born. 
[1637.    Dies.] 
Tellez,  Gabriel,  dramatist,  b.    [1648.    D.] 
1571  *  ♦  Pacheco,  Francisco,  painter,  writer 

on  art,  born.    [1654.    Dies.] 
1674  *  *  Guevara,  Luis  Velez,  novelist,  born. 

[1646.    Dies.] 
1676  *  *  Chinchon,  Countess  of.  Ana,  intro- 
ducer of  Peruvian  bark,  born.     [1638.    D.] 
Herrera,  Francisco  de,  "  the  Elder,"  painter, 
born.     [1666.    Dies.] 
1577+  *  *  Avila,  Gil  Gonzalez  de, clergyman, 

historian,  born.    [1658.    Dies.] 
1578*  *  Philip  III.,  king,  born.     [1621.     D.] 
1580*  *  Quevedo  y  Villegas,   Francisco  de, 
satirist,  humorist,  novelist,  b.    [1645.    D.} 


1584*  *  Gracian,  Baltasar,  wr.,  b.  [1658.  D.] 
1686  •  *  Saavedra  y  Faxordo,  Diego,  diplo- 
matist, author,  born.     [1648.     Dies.] 
1687*  "Olivarez,  Gasparo  de  Guzman,  count, 

statesman,  born.     [1645.     Dies.] 
1588±  *  »  Alarcon  y  Mendoza,  Juan  Ruiz  de, 

dramatic  poet,  born.     [1639.     Dies.] 
Spagnoletto,  painter,  born.     [1656.     D.] 
1588*  *  Escobar  y  Mendoza,  Antonio,  casu- 
ist, born.     [1669.     Dies.] 
1696*  *  Villegas,  Est^ban  Manuel  de,  lyric 

poet,  born.     [1669.     Dies.] 
1598*  *  Zurbaran,  F'rancisco,  painter,  bom.  -^ 

[1662.    Dies.] 
1698*  *  Velasquez,    Diego    Hod.   de   Sivay, 

painter,  born.     [1660.     Dies.] 
1600*  *  Calderon    de    la    Barca,   Pedro, 

dramatist,  born.     [1681.     Dies.] 
1601*  *  Cano,  Alonzo,  painter,  b.    [1664.  D.] 
1602*  *  Montalvan,  Juan  Perez  de,  drama- 
tist, born.     [1638.     Dies.] 
1605    Apr.  *  Philip  IV..  king,  born.     [1665, 

Sept.  *.    Dies.] 
1610  *  ♦  Aleman,  Mateo,  novelist,  dies. 
Henriquez  de  Kivera,  Payo,  archbishop  of 

Mexico,  administrator,  born.     [1684.    D.] 

Soils,  Antonio  de,  hist.,  dram.,  b.   [1686.  D.] 

1614*  *  Carreno   de    Miranda,    Don    Juan, 

historical  painter,  born.     [1685.    Dies.] 
1615+  *  *  Vizcaino,  Sel)a8tian,  navigator,  d. 
1617*  *  Antonio,   Nicolas,    bibliographer. 

critic,  born.     [1684.     Dies.] 
1618*  *  Moreto  y  Cabana,  Don,  dram.,  bom. 

[1669.     Dies.] 
Murillo,  liartolom^  Est6ban,  painter,  bom. 

[1682.    Dies.] 
1620*  *lriarte,  ignacio,  painter,  b.  [1685.  D.] 
1621*  *  Coello,     Claudio,      painter,      born. 

[1693.     Dies.] 
1627*  *  Molonis,  Miguel  de,   mystic,  bom. 

[1696.     Dies.] 
17th   Century.    Atondo  y  Antillon,  Don  Isi- 
doro, admiral,  explorer  of  Lower  Cal.,b.,d. 
Bonet,  Juan  Pablo,  teacher  of  deaf  mutes, 

born,  dies. 
Contreras,  Hieronimo  de,  poet,  hist.,  b,,  d. 
Enriquez,  Gomez  Antonio,  poet,  born,  dies. 
1653*  *  Palomino  de  Velasco,  Acislo, 

painter,  l)orn.     [1726.     Dies.] 
1660+  *  *  Abarca,  Maria  de,  portrait  painter, 

dies. 
1664*  *  .\lberoni,    Guilio,    cardinal,  states- 
man, born.     [1752.     Dies.] 
1683    Dec.  18.    Philip  v.,  king,  bom.    [1746, 

July  9.    Dies.] 
1701  *  *  Florez,    Enrique,    monk,  historian, 

born.     [1773.     Dies.] 
1702*  *  Luzan,  Don    Ignacio,   poet,   critic, 

born.     [1754.     Dies.] 
1707*  *  yuiroga,Jos6,  Jesuit,  explorer,  born. 

[1784.     Dies.] 
1716*  ♦  riloa,  Antonio  de,  scientist,  naval 

officer,  born.     [1795.     Dies.] 
1718  *  *  Aranda,  Count  of,  Don  Pedro  Pablo 

Abarca  y  Bolea,  dip.,  states.,  b.  [  1799+.  D.] 
1720*  *  C amp o manes,  I'edro  Hodriguez, 

count,  states.,  author,  born.     [1802.    D.] 
Clavigero,  Francisco,  historian  of  Mexico, 

born.     [1793.     Dies.] 
1728*  *  Florida,    Blanca.   Count  of,  Jo86 

Moiiino,  statesman,  born.     [1808.    Dies.] 

1741  *  *  Cadalso,  Jo86  de,  painter,  satirist, 
born.     [1782.     Dies.] 

1742  ♦  *  Capmany,  Montpalan  y  Antonio  de, 
philologist,  liistorian,  born.     [1813.    D.] 

1743*  *  Aba  seal,    Jos6    Fernando,    com- 
mander, born.    [1821.    Dies.] 

1744*  *  Jovellanos,    Gaspar    Melchior   de, 
poet,  l)orn.    [1811.    Dies.] 

1745  ♦  *  Cavanilles,    Antonio    Jos^,   clergy- 
man, botanist,  born.     [1804.    Dies.] 

1746*  *  Azanza,  Miguel  Jos^  de,  states.,  b. 
[1826.     Dies.] 
Azara,  Don  Felix  de,  nat.,  boni.    [1811.    D.] 

1749*  *  Cean-Bennudez,     Juan     Augustin, 
writer,  bora.     [1830.     Dies.] 

1760*  *  Amat,  Felix,  clergyman,  historian, 
born.     [1824.     Dies.] 
Iriarte  (Yriarte),  Toniasde,  poet,  b.[179I.D.] 
Miranda,    Francis,    revolutionary  general, 
born.     [1816.     Dies.] 

1753*  *Carvajal,  Tomas  Jos^  Gonzales, 
author,  born.     [1834.     Dies.] 

1754*  *  Martini,    Vincenzo,   musical    com- 
poser, bom.     [1810.    Dies.] 
Melendez-Valdez,  Juan  Antonio,  poet,  bom. 
[1817.    Dies.] 

1755  *  *  Castafios,   Francisco   de,   Duke  of 
Baylen,  general,  born.     [1852.     Dies.] 

1766*  *  Llorente,    Don    Juan   Antonio,  his- 
torian, born.     [1823.     Dies.] 

1767  ♦  *  Villaneuva,  Joaquin  Lorenzo  de,  au- 
thor, bom.     [1837.     Dies.] 

1760*  *  Moratin,    Leandro     Fernandez   de, 
dramatist,  born.     [1828.     Dies.] 

1764*  *  Cevallos,  Pedro,  dip.,  b.    [1828.    !>.] 
Cienfuegos,  Nicasio  Alvarez  de,  poet,  bom. 
[1809.    Diei.] 


SPAIN. 


1513,**-1766,^ 


1129 


X  766  *  *  Clemencin,  DiegOf  statesman,  aathor, 

born.    [1834.    Dies.] 

iConde,  Jos6  Antonio,  orient.,  K  [1820.  I>.] 

Navarrete,M.  Fernamlezde, hist., b. [1844.  I>.] 

1766  •  •  HadiayLeblich,  Domingo  (All  Bey), 

traveler,  born.    [1818.    Dies.  J 

CHURCH. 

1550i:  •  *  The  Penitenta  organize. 

1565  *  *  An  edict  is  issued  against  Ana- 
baptists. 

1561+  •  *  Philip  II.  bitterly  persecutes 
Protestants. 

1575i:  *  *The  Uluminata,  or  Alombra- 
doB.  arise. 

1662±  *  *  Fenitents  of  Orvieto  organize 
as  an  order  of  nuns. 

1669*  *Nitard  the  Jestiit  is  expelled. 
[1766.  Mar.  31.  The  order  is  exoelled. 
1820.    Again  expelled.] 


LETTERS. 

1515  *  ♦  La  Demanda  del  Sancto  Grail 
appears. 

1517  *  *  Propaladia,  by  Naharro,  appears 
at  Naples. 

1524  *  *  Claros  Varones  de  Espaha,  by 

Fernando  del  Pulgar,  appears. 
1628i:  ♦  *  IHalogo  de  Afermrio  y  Caron , 

by  Juan  de  Valdes,  appears. 
1530*  *  An/ifes  de  la  Corona  de  Aragon, 

by  Gertiuimo  de  Zurita,  appears. 
1653*  *The  works  of  Garcilaso  de  la 

V^ega  appear. 

*  *  iMzarilfo  de  'formes,  by  Diego  de 
Mendoza,  appears. 

16th  Centunj.  El  Cmividado,  El  Rufian 
Cobarde,  Las  Accituttaa,  by  Lope  de'Ku- 
eda,  appear. 

1556  *  *  Felix  Marte  de  Hyrcania,  by 
Alelchor  Ortega,  appears. 

*  *  (htia  de  Pecadores,  by  Fr.  Xiuis  de 
Granada,  appears.  [1566.  Memorial  of 
the  Christ'mn  Life.'] 

1569  *  *  The  first  part  of  Atalaya  de  la 
Vida  Humana,  by  Mateo  Aleman,  ap- 
pears. [1599.  La  Vida,  y  Leckos  del 
picaro  Guzman  de  Al/arache.] 

1566ir  *  *  lUatoria  de  las  Indias,  by  Bar- 
tolom^  de  las  Caaas,  appears. 

1577  *  *  La  Cr6nica  general  EspaHaj  by 
Ambrosio  de  Morales,  appears. 

1582  *  *  The  poems  of  Fernando  Herrera 
appear. 

1583  *  *  La  Perfecta  Casaxla^  by  Fray 
Luis  de  Leon,  appears. 

1584*  *  Galatea,  by  Cervantes,  ap- 
pears. [I585±,  Numancia  and  Tratos  de 
Argtl.] 

1592  *  *  Obras  poeticas,  by  Gregorio  Sil- 
vestre,  appears. 

*  •  ILiatory  of  Spain^  by  Juan  de  Mariana, 
appears. 

1595-1619  Guerras  de  Granada,  by 
Gines  Perez  de  Hita,  appears. 

1598  *  *  Arcadia,  by  Lope  de  Vega,  ap- 
pears. [1599,  Isidro;  1602,  La  Dragon- 
tea  and  La  Ilermosura  de  Angilicn ;  1604, 
Peregrino  en  Sit  Patria;  1609,  Jerusalem 
C&nquistada  and  Arte  \uevo  de  Haser 
Comedias  en  este   Tiempo.'] 

1600*  *The  works  of  C'ristoval  Castil- 
lego  appear  at  Madrid. 

1600-48  El  liurlador  de  Sevilla,  El  Ver- 
gonzosa  en  Palaccio,  Don  Gil  de  laa  Cal- 
zas  Verdes,  Afarta  la  Piordosa,  and  other 
dramas,  by  Gabriel  Tellez,  appear. 

1601-09  Historia  de  EspaUa,  by  Juan 
de  Mariana,  appears. 

1605  *  *  La  Picara  Justtna,  by  Francisco 
Lopez  de  Ubeda,  appears. 

•  *  The  first  part  of  Don  Quixote,  by  Cer- 
vantes, appears  at  Mjidrid.  [1613,  Noce' 
las  Exemplaires:  1614,  Viage  al  Par- 
naso ;  1615,  Second  part  of  Don  Quixote ; 
1617,  Persiles  y  Sig\smunda.\ 


*  *  Vittoria's  Requiem  is  printed  at  Ma- 
drid. 

1610  ♦  *  Guerra  de  Granada,  by  Diego 
de  Mendoza,  appears  (incomplete) ; 
also  Poems. 

1611-20  La  Politica  de  Dios  Gobiemo 
de  Cristo,  by  Inevedo  ViUegas,  appears. 
[16tM,  Historia  y  Vida  ad  Gran  Taca'iio 
Pahlo  de  Segovia:  1631,  The  Constancy 
and  Patience  of  Job ;  1649,  Sueilos.] 

1612  *  •  Pastores  de  Relen,  by  Lope  de 
Vega,  appears.  [1621,  La  Filomena; 
1624,  />!  Circe;  1627,  Corona  Trigica; 
1630,  Laurel  de  Apolo;  1632,  La  Dorotea; 
1634,  Gatomaquia,] 

1614  *  *  Segundo  Tomo  del  tngemoso  Hi- 
dalgo Don  Quixote,  by  Aloiizo  Fernan- 
dez Avellaneda,  appears. 

1617  *  *  Amatoriaa,  by  Esterran  Manuel 
de  ViUegas,  appears. 

1618  *  *  Relacion  de  la  Vida  y  Adventu- 
ras  del  Esciidero  Marcos  de  Obregon,  by 
Vinceiite  Espinel,  appears. 

1619  *  *  The  works  of  Jean  de  la  Cruz 
appear. 

1622-81    Barca   de   la   Calderon 

writes  about  200  dramas  and  poems. 
1625  *  *  Las    Guerrns    de    los    Estados 
Baxos,  by  Carlos  Coloina,  appears. 

1627  *  *  The  poems  of  Luis  de  Gongora 

appear. 

1628  *  *  Comedies  by  Juan  Ruiz  de  Alar- 
con  appears.    [1634,  Second  volume.] 

1630*  *  El  ff^roe,hy  Baltasar  Gracian, 
appears.  [164ii,  La  Agudeza  y  Arte  de 
Inyenio.] 

1631  *  *  Obras  proprias  y  traducciones  of 
Fray  Luis  de  Leon  appears. 

1634  *  *  Garduila  de  Serilla,  by  Alonzo 
de  Castillo  Solorzano,  appears. 

1636*  *  Montalban,  in  his  Fama  Post- 
huma,  sets  down  the  total  of  Ijope  de 
Vega's  dramatic  productions  kt  1800 
comedies  and  400  antos  sacramtntales, 

1637  *  *  NovelaSy  by  Maria  de  Zayas,  ap- 
pears. 

1640  *  *  Idea  de  un  Principe  (Viristiano, 
by  Diego  de  Saavedra  Faxardo,  appears. 

1641  *  *  Diablo  Cojuelo,  by  Luis  Velez  de 
Guevara,  appears. 

1645  *  *  Historia  de  los  Novimientos  y 
Separacion,  etc.,  de  CataluMa,  by  Fran-' 
Cisco  de  Mello,  appears. 

1646  *  *  La  Vida  y  Hecuos  de  Estebanillo 
Gonzales  appears. 

1650i  *  *  Garcia  del  Castanar,El  Desden 
vengado,  Del  Rey  abajo  nitiguno,  Progue 
y  I'ilomena,  and  other  dramas,  by  Fran- 
cisco de  Rojas,  appear. 

±*  *  El  valiente  Justiciero,  El  Lindo  Don 
Diego,  Derdencon  el  Desden,  and  other 
dramas,  by  Augustin  Moreto,  appear. 

1684*  *  Conquistade  M^ico^  hj  Antonio 
de  Soils,  appears. 

1714  *  *  La  Real  Academia  Espafiola  is 
created. 

1726-39  Teafro  Critico  is  issued  by 
Francisco  Benito  Jeronirao  Feyjoo  y 
Montenegro.  (1738-4G.  Teatro  critico 
sobre  los  Errores  comunes.  1742-60.  Cartas 
Eruditas.} 

1737  *  *  La  Poetica  o  Reglas  de  la  Poesia 
en  general,  by  Don  Ignacio  de  Luzan, 
appears. 

1737-42    Diariode  los  Literatos  is  issued. 

1738  *  *  Mercurio  is  issued. 

1742  *  *  Granada  issues  a  newspaper. 

1757  *  *  Ret&rica,  by  Gregoria  Mayans 
y  Siscar,  appears. 

1758  *  *  Historia  del  Famosa  Predicador 
Fray  Geruvdio  de  Campazas,  by  Jos^ 
Francisco  de  Isla,  appears. 

1758-81  Diario  XoticiosoiBiBSueil.  [1762- 
67,  ^^  Pensador:  1765,  El  Belianis  Lite- 
rario;  1778-91,  Semanarin  Erudito;  1781, 
El  Censor;  1781-82,  El  Correo  Liter ario 


de  la  Europa;  17&4r-lS(i8,  Memorial  Lite- 
rario;  1786-91,  El  Correo  Literario.] 


SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

1536±  *  *  Auto-da- f6  bull-fights  be- 
come popular. 

1570  *  *  Pedro  de  Leon  makes  the  first 
systematic  attempt  to  instruct  the  deaf 
and  dumb. 


STATE. 

1516    Jan.  23    Ferdinand  dies. 

In  his  will  he  recognizes  Joanna  as  his 

heiress    in  Aragon,  and    his    grandson 
Charles  as  the  regent  in  both  kingdoms. 

15 16-56  Castile  —  Aragon.  Charles  I. , 
son  of  Joanna  of  Castile  and  Philip  of 
Austria,  reigns.  [1516-17.  Cardinal 
Francisco  Ximenes  is  regent.] 

1619  June  18.  Charles  I.  is  elected 
Emperor  of  Germany  (p.  681). 

1520-21    An  insurrection  in  Castile  is 

suppressed. 

1521  *  *  Mexico  becomes  a  province. 
1526    Jan.  14.  Treaty  of  Madrid,  signed 

by  Charles  V.  and  Francis  I.  (p.  681). 
1554    July  25.    Philip,  son  of  Charle.-* 

I.,  is  married  to  Queen  Mary  of  England 

(p.  871).    [He  becomes  King  of  Kaples 

and  Sicily.] 

1556    Aug.  27.    Charles  abdicates  (p. 

793). 

1556-98  Philip  IX.  reigns.  [1560.  He 
makes  Madrid  the  capital.] 

1567-70  The  Moriscoes  (Moors)  re- 
volt ;  suppressed. 

1579*  *  Neth.  Holland  revolts.  [1584, 
Becomes  independent  (p.  540r).] 

1580*  *  Port,  Philip  II.  conquers 
Portugal.  [1581.  Annexes  it  as  an  in- 
heritance by  the  right  of  his  mother.] 

1598-1621  Philip  HI.,  son  of  Pldlip 
11.,  reigns.  [1609.  He  drives  out  the 
Moors,  numbering  900,000.] 

1621-65  PhilipIV.,  son  of  Philip  III., 
reigns. 

1640  *  *  Portugal  revolts,  and  becomes 
a  separate  nation. 

1659  Nov.  7.  The  Peace  of  the  Pyre- 
nees with  France  (p.  691). 

1665-1700  Charles  II,,  son  of  Philip 
I \'.,  last  of  the  Austrian  line,  reigns. 

1668  *  *  Peace  is  made  with  Portugal. 

1689*  *  Spain  joins  the  Grand  Alli- 
ance (p.  695). 

1700-46  Philip  V.,  Duke  of  Anjon, 
grandson  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France, 
reigns.  His  accession  precipitates  the 
"  War  of  the  Succession  "  (p.  695). 

1713  Apr.  11.  Treaty  of  Utrecht 
ends  the  war,  and  secures  the  throne  to 
Philip  (p.  697). 

1714  Mar.f  ♦  Peace  of  Radstatt,  Spain, 

loses  much  territory  (!>•  697). 
*  *  Revolting  Catalonia  is  deprived  of  its 
peculiar  privileges. 

1715-20  The  government  administered 
by  Cardinal  Alberoni :  he  raises  Spain 
to  the  rank  of  a  first  power. 

1724  *  *  Philip  V.  resigns  the  throne  ; 
his  son,  Loms  I.,  reigns  but  a  few 
months ;  Philip  resumes  the  crown. 

1725  Apr.  30.  Treaty  of  Vienna  (p. 
515). 

1746-69  Ferdinand  VI. ,  the  Wise,  son 
of  Philip  v.,  reigns. 

1748    Oct.  17.    Treaty  of  Aix-la-Cha- 

pelle  (I).  515). 
1759-88    Ferdinand*8  brother,  Charles 

m..  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  reigns. 

1761  Aug.  16.  The  "Family  Com- 
pact" with  France  (p.  70a). 


1130      1768,**-1868,  Oct.  5. 


SPAIN. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1797    Feb.  14.    Defeat  off  Cape  St.  Vin- 
cent by  the  British  (p.  712). 
July*  The  British  bombard  Cadiz.  [1797- 

99.  Blockaded  by  Lord  St.  Vincent.  1800. 

Oct.  *  Again  bombarded,] 
1801  *  •  "War  with  Portugal. 
1805    Oct.  21.     Defeat  off  Trafalgar. 

[1807.    Mar.  »  France  Invades  Spain  (p. 

"6).] 
1810  *  *  An  insurrection  in  Valencia  is 

suppressed.    [1820.   Apr.  9, 10.   Another 

at  Cadiz.] 
1823  »  *  AATar  with  France  (p.  724). 
1833  *  *  Civil  war.    [Oct.  27.     Royalist 

volunteers  disarmed  at  Madrid] 

1835  *  *  A  British  legion  is  raised  by 
Sir  de  Lacy  Evans,  to  aid  in  suppressing 
the  Carlists. 

•  *Gen.  Carregui,  the  rebel  leader,  is 
killed  at  Bilbao. 

1836  May  5.  Gen.  Evans  defeats  the 
Carlists  at  Vigo.  [Oct.  1.  Defeated  at 
St.  Sebastian.  Dec.  25.  By  Gen.  Espar- 
tero  at  Bilbao.] 

1837  May  17.  Gen.  Evans  takes  Trun. 
[1838.  Juno  22.  The  CarUsts  are  defeated 
at  Pennecerrada.] 

1840  July  7.  Gen.  Cabrera  abandons 
the  contest  for  Don  Carlos,  and  retires 
to  France. 

1841  Oct.  2.  Gens.  O'Donnell  and 
Concha  lead  a  Christina  uprising  in 
Pampeluna.  [Oct.  21.  O'Donnell  retires 
to  France.] 

Oct.  7.  Madrid.  The  Queen's  Guard  re- 
pel the  attack  of  Don  Diego  Leon  on 
the  palace.    [Oct.  15.    He  is  shot.] 

Oct.  21.  Gen.  Martin  Zurbano  captures 
Bilbao  for  Christina. 

1842  Nov.  13.  An  insurreotiom  at 
Barcelona  joined  by  the  National  Guard. 
fSov.  15.  Bitter  fight ;  the  Guard  retire 
to  the  citadel.  Dec.  24.  Bombarded  by 
Gen.  Espartero  ;  surrender.] 

1843  July  15.  Madrid.  Gen.Narvaez 
compels  the  surrender  of  the  city  to 
Christina. 

July  25.  Gen.  Espartero  besieges  and 
bombards  Seville. 

1844  Nov.  12.  Gen.  Zurbano  revolts. 
[1815.    Jan.  21.    Betrayed  and  shot.] 

1854  June  28.  Madrid.  Gen.  O'Donnell 
leads  a  military  revolt  near  the  city. 

1856  Apr.  6.  An  insurrection  occurs 
at  Valencia.  [July  14.  Another  at  Madrid 
is  suppressed  by  Gen.  O'Donnell.] 

July  15,  16.    The  National  Guard  is 

disbanded. 
Jtily  15-23.    Gen.  O'Donnell  as  dictator 

quells  uprisings  at  Barcelona  and  Sara- 

gossa. 

1857  June  *  -Jtily  *  An  uprising  in 
Andalusia  is  suppressed ;  98  shot. 

1858  Dec.  *  France  and  Spain  send  a 
naval  expedition  to  Cochin-China. 

Apr.  3.  Gen.  Ortega  lands  near  Tortosa 
with  3,000  men  to  lead  an  uprising  in 
favor  of  Conde  de  Montemolin  as  Charles 
VI.  His  troops  resist,  and  he  is  captured. 
[Apr.  19.    Shot.] 

1859  Nov.  »  -Deo.  *  "War  with  Mo- 
rocco. [Feb.  4.  Gen.  O'Donnell  takes 
Tetuan.  Mar.  26.  Tetuan  held  to  secure 
payment  of  400,000,000  reals  indemnity.] 

1861  July  *  An  uprising  at  Loja,  Gra- 
nada, is  suppressed. 


1863  Sept.  *  W.  I.  Insurrection  in 
Santo  Domingo. 

1865  Nov.  26.  Capt.  Williams  for 
Chile  captures  the  Covadonga. 

1866  Jan.  3.  Gen.  Prim  heads  an  un- 
successful revolt  at  Aranjuez.  [Jan. 
20.     He  retires  to  Portugal.] 

June  22-26.  Madrid.  About  2,000  sol- 
diers revolt  in  favor  of  Gen.  Prim  ;  they 
are  subdued,  and  211  prisoners  are  shot. 

June  23.  Several  miUtary  revolts  occur. 

July  *  -Sept.  *  Insurrections  in  Catalo- 
nia, Aragon,  and  other  parts  of  Spain, 
are  suppressed. 

1868  Sept.  18.  An  insurrection  arises 
in  the  fleet  at  Cadiz,  fit  spreads  through 
nearly  all  Spain.] 

Sept.  27.  The  insurgents  under  Gen. 
Serrano  defeat  Gen.  Vevaliches  at  Al- 
colla.    [Sept.  28.    Royalists  surrender.] 

Sept.  30.    National  Guard  organized. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1826    May  15-17.    An  earthquake  in 

Granadadestroys  many  buildings.  [1S.'J4. 
Jan.  13.  Another  at  Fiana  crumbles 
down  a  large  part  of  the  Alcazaba  castle.] 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1768*  »  Alvarez,  Jos^,  sculptor,  b.  CI827.  D.] 
Cienfnegos  v  Jovellanos,  Jos»5,  general,  born. 
[1825.     Dies.] 

1769  *  *  O'Donnell,  Henry  Joseph,  Count  of 
Ablsbal,  general,  born.    [1834.    Dies.) 

1770*  •  Arrlaza,  Juan  Battista,  poet,  born. 
[1837.    Dies.) 

1771  *  *  Alava,  Miguel  Rlcardo  de,  politi- 
cian, general,  born.    [IS43.    Dies.) 

1773  *  *.  Quintana,  JIanuel  Jo86  de,  poet, 
historian,  born.    [1857.    Dies.] 

1773  *  *  Colomarde,  Francisco  Tades,  states- 
man, born.     [1842.    Dies.] 

1775*  *  Argiielles,     Augustin,     statesman, 
born.    [1844.    Dies.) 
Garcia,  Manuel  de   Populo  Vicente,   com- 
poser, vocalist,  born.    [1832.    Dies.) 

1777  ♦  •  Almodovar,  Count  of,  lldefonso 
Diaz  de  Rlbera,  states.,  b.    [1846.    Dies.] 

1780+  *  *  .\barca,  Don  Joaquin,  bishop  of 
Leon,  politician,  born.     [1844.    Dies.] 
Palafox  y  Melzl,  Jos6  <le,  Duke  of  Saragossa, 
general,    born.    [1847.    Dies.] 

1784  Oct.  14.  Ferdinand  VII.,  king,  born. 
[1833.    .Sept.  22.     Dies.] 

1786  *  *  Andrevi,  Francisco,  musician,  born. 
[1844.    Dies.] 
Tapia,  Don  Eugenie  de,  jurist,  littiSrateur, 
born.    [1860.    Dies.) 

1786*  *Toreno,  Jos«  Maria  Queypo  de 
Llano  Kuiz  de  Savarla,  statesman,  histo- 
rian, born.     [1843.    Dies.] 

1788  Mar.  29.  Carlos  V.,  pretender,  born. 
[18.55.    Mar.  19.    Dies.] 

1789  •  *  Duran,  Augustin,  critic,  litterateur, 
born.    [1862.    Dies.) 

Gallano,  Antonio  Alcala,  writer,  orator, 
born.    [1865.    Dies.] 

Martinez  de  la  Rosa,  Francisco,  statesman, 
antbor,  born.    [1862.    Dies.] 
1790*  *  Isturiz,  Francisco  Xavier  de,  states- 
man, born.    [1871.    Dies.] 

1791  •  •  Saavedra,  Angel  de,  Duke  of  Rtvas, 
poet,  politician,  dip.,  b.    [1865.    Dies.) 

1792  *  *  Cordova,  Fernandez  de,  general, 
born.    (1883.    Dies.) 

Espartero,  lialdoinero,  Duke  of  Vlttoria, 
general,  statesman,  born.    [1879.    Dies.) 

Miraflores,  Manuel  de  Pando,  statesman,  b. 
[1872.     Dies.] 

1793  *  *  Gil  y  Zarate,  Don  Antonio,  drama- 
tist, born.    [1861.    Dies.] 

1800  •  *  Cahallcro,  Flrniin  Agosto,  journal- 
ist, statesman,  born.     [1876.    Dies.) 
Herreros,  Manuel  Breton  de  los,  poet,  drama- 
tist, born.    [1873.    Dies.] 
Narvaez,  Ramon  Maria,  Duke  of  Valencia, 
statesman,  born.    [1868.    Dies.) 

1801*  *  Calderon,.Seratin, poet, b.  [1867.  D.) 

1802*  *  Orense,  Jos^  Marie  de  Albaida, 
statesman,  born. 

1803-t  *  *  Olozaga,  Don  Salustlano,  states- 
man, born.    (1873.    Dies.) 

1806*  *(;arcia.  Manuel,  muBlo-teacher, 
born.    [1879.    Dies.) 


1806  *  *  Hartzenbuscb,  Juan,  poet,  born,. 
[1880.    Dies.) 

La  Fuente,  Modesto,  hist.,  b.     [1866.    Dies] 
Madoz,  Pascuale,  statesman,  author,  born. 

[1870.     Dies.] 
Maria   Christina,  queen  dowager,  born  at 

Ijapies. 

1807  *  *  Escosura,  Patricio  de  la,  novelist, 
poet,  bom.    [1878.    Dies.] 

1809  *  *  Concha,  Jose  Gutierrez  de  la,  gen- 
eral, statesman,  born. 

Donoso  Cortes,  Juan,  states., b.  [1843.    D.) 
Gayangos,  Pascual  de,  hist.,  orientalist,  b. 
O'Donnell,  Leopold,  Count  of   Lucena  and 
Duke  of  Tetuan,  marshal,  b.    [1867.    D.] 

1810  *  ♦  lialmez,  Jaime  L.,  politician,  theolo- 
gian, philosopher,  born.    [1848.    Dies.) 

Cabrera,  Don  Ramon,  guerrilla  chief,  born. 

[1877.    Dies.) 
Espronceda,  Jose  de,  poet,  b.    [1842.    Dies.) 
Serrano  y  Domlnquez,  Francisco,  Duke  de 
la  Torre,  general,  statesman,  b.    [188.5.    D.) 

1814*  'Prim,  Juan,  Count  of  Reus  and 
Marquis  de  los  Castlllejos,  general,  slates- 
man,  born.    [1870.    Dies.] 

1816*  *  Avellaneda,  Gertrudis  de,  poet,  bom, 
[1864.     Dies.) 

1818*  *  Zorrilla  y  Moral,  Jose,  poet,  bom. 
[1893.    Dies.] 

1819*  *  Figueras  y  Moracas,  Estanislac, 
statesman,  born.    [1882.    Dies.] 

1820*  *Acevedo,  Fehx  Alvarez,  insurgent 
leader,  dies. 

1823  *  *  Caiiete,  Manuel,  poet,  dramatist,  b. 

1834  *  *  lialaguer,  Vittorio,  poet,  born. 

1835*  *  Fernandez  de  Castro,  Manuel,  geol- 
ogist, born. 

1827  *  *  sagasta,  Praxedes  Mateo,  states- 
man, born. 

1839  *  *  liarrantes.  Vicente,  author,  born. 

1830*  *  Isabella  11.,  queen,  born. 

1832  *  *  i^astelar,  Emilio,  statesman,  an.,  b. 

1834  *  *  Zorilla,  Manuel  Ruiz,  statesman,  b. 

1837  *  *  Zaniacois,  Eduardo,  painter,  born. 
[1871.     Dies.] 

1839  *  *  Fortuny,  Mariano,  painter,  bom. 
[1874.    Dies.] 

1843  *  *  I'attl,  Adelina,  singer,  b.  In  Madrid. 

1845  *  *  Perez  Galdos,  Benito,  novelist,  b. 

1848  Mar.  30.  Carlos  Vll.,  legitimist  pre- 
tender, born. 

1857    Nov.  12.    Alfonso  VII.,  king,  born. 

1861  Jan.  14.  Carlos  VI.,  legitimist  pre- 
tender (Conde  de  Montemolin),  dies. 


CHURCH. 

1781  Nov.  7.  The  inquisitors  burn 
their  last  victim  —  a  woman.  (1808. 
Dec.  4.  Napoleon  suppresses  the  In- 
quisition. 1813.  Feb.  3.  Abolished  by 
the  Cortes.  1814.  July  21.  Reestab- 
lished by  Ferdinand.  1820.  Again  abol- 
ished by  the  Cortes.] 

1809  *  *  Methodism  is  introduced. 

1835  Aug.  4.  Confiscation  of  Jesuits' 
property  approved ;  900  convents  sold  ; 
money  used  to  pay  the  debts  of  the  state- 

1837  *  *  Abbeys  and  monasteries  are 
suppressed. 

1862  Oct.  14.  Jos^  Albama  and  Ma- 
nuel Matamoras  are  sentenced  to  10  years'" 
imprisonment  as  Protestant  propagan- 
dists. 

1868  June  2.  Educationis committed 
by  law  to  the  priests.  [Oct.  12, 13.  Law 
annulled, religiousorders  are  suppressed, 
and  religions  toleration  decreed.] 


LETTERS. 

1771  •  •  Gramatica  de  la  Lengua  Castel- 
lana,  drawn  up  by  the  Academy  .appears. 

1776-79  Colleccion  de  las  obras  sueIKu, 
assi  en  prosa  como  en  verso  of  Ijope  de 
Vega  appears. 

1779  *  *  La  Musica,  by  Tomas  de  Irlarte, 
appears.    [1"82,  Fabulas  Literarias.) 

1787  *  •  Adventures  of  Gil  Bias,  stolen 
from  Spain,  adopted  in  France  by  Le 
Saqe.  and  restored  to  his  Xative  Comtry 
and  Language  by  Jos6 Francisco  delsla, 
appears. 


SPAIN. 


1768,*  *-1868,  Oct.  5.      1131 


1790  *  *  El  Vido  y  la  Nifla^hy  Leandro 
Fernandez  de  Moratin,  appears. 
[1791  i,  Ln.  Mogiffates:  1792,  El  C'a/i*,  or 
Xa  Comedia  \'ueva:  1798,  Traiiglatton  of 
Hamlet ;  1803,  El  Baron;  1S06,  El  Si  de 
las  Ninas;  1812,  Escuela  de  los  Maridos; 
1814,  El  Medico  a  Paris.] 

1792-98    El  Correo  Mercantil  is  issued. 

11797-1805,  El  Setnanario  de  Ayt^uliara ; 
803-^,  Variedades  de  Ciencias,  Litera- 
turay  Artes;  1808-11,  Semanario Patrio- 
tico  at  Caiiiz ;  1812-13,  Aurora  Mallor- 
quina  at  Pal  ma;  1817-20,  Crdnica  cien- 
t^ca  y  I  iter  aria. \ 

1793  *  *-1803  *  *  Treatise  on  the  Church 
of  Jesus  Christ,  by  Felix  Amat,  appears. 

1801  *  *  El  Duque  de  Visa,  by  Manuel 
Jos^  Quintana,  appears.  [1805,  Pelayo; 
1807,  Vidas  de  EspaUoles  Celebres;  1808, 
Odas  a  Espafla  lihre.] 

1819  *  *  Viila  de  Cervantes,  by  Martin 
Ferdinaiulez  de  Navarrete,  appears. 
[1825-37.  ColeccioH  de  los  Viajes  y  Des- 
cumbrimienios  que  hicieron  por  Alar  los 
Espafioles.] 

*  *  Mi. 'icetdneade  Comercio  is  issued.  [1820- 
23,  El  Censor;  1824-28,  Misctldnea  Ifis- 
pano-Ainericaiio;  1832,  Cartas  EspaHolas; 
1832-3(>,  changed  to  Revista  Espailola; 
1838,  called  the  lievista  Madrid.] 

1824  *  *  A  la  Vejez  Viruelas,  by  Manuel 
Breton  de  los  Herreros,  appears. 

1832  *  *  El  Conde  de  Candespina,  by  Don 
Patricio  de  la  Escosura,  appears.  [1835, 
Ni  Hey  ni  Roque ;  1843,  Manual  of  My- 
thology.] 

*  *  El  Pabrecito  Ilablador  is  Issued  by 
Don  Mariano  Jos<^  de  Larra. 

1833  *  *  Las  Poesias  del  Solitario,  by  Se- 
rafin  Calderon,  appears. 

1834  *  *  El  Moro  Exposito,  by  Angel  de 
Saavedra,  appears.    [1835,  Don  Alvaro.] 

*  *  El  Trovador,  by  Garcia  Gutierrez,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Sancho  Saldana,  by  Jos^  de  Espron- 
ceda,  appears. 

1835  *  *  Panorama  Mairiteuse,  by  Ramon 
Mesonero  Romanos,  appears. 

1836  *  *  Los  Amantes  de  Teruel,  by  Juan 
Eugenio  Hartzenbusch,  appears. 

1836-57  Semanario  pintoresco  Espaiiol 
is  issued.  [1839-^1,  El  Panorama;  1857- 
70,  La  America ;  1861-63,  Revista  Ib^rica,] 

1840  •  *  The  poetical  works  of  Jos^  de 
Espronceda  appear. 

*  •  The  Shoemaker  and  the  King  and  Don 
Jttan  TenariOy  by  Don  Jose  Zorrilla  y 
Moral,  appear;  l^\.  Songs  of  the  Trou- 
badours: 1853,  Granada,  an  Original 
Poem,  with  the  Legend  of  Al-Hamhr.] 

1842-44  El  Protestantisimo  compa- 
randa,  etc.,  by  Jaime  Balmez,  appears. 

1843-48  History  of  Cranada,  by  Modesto 
Lafuente,  appears. 

1866  Oct.*  Public  instruction  l8  placed 
tinder  the  clergy. 


SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

1781  Nov.  7.  At  Seville  a  woman  is 
burned;  she  is  charged  by  the  inquisi- 
tors with  making  a  contract  with  the 
devil. 

1802  Apr.  14.  Lorca,  in  Murcia,  is  in- 
iindate<l  by  a  bursting  reservoir;  1,000 
persons  are  drowned. 

1803  Sept.*  The  yellow  fever  appears, 
[1814.  Again  at  Gibraltar.  1819.  Again 
at  Cadiz.] 

1817  *  *  The  slave-trade  is  abolished. 

1851  Feb.  9.  The  Madrid-Aranj  uez 
railway  is  opened  for  traffic. 

1854  Mar.  31.  At  Barcelona  15,000  ar- 
tisans demand  that  the  authorities  re- 
duce the  price  of  provisions  and  increase 
wages. 


1863  Deo.  8.  During  the  celebration 
of  a  feast  the  illuminated  church  of 
the  Campania,  at  Santiago,  burns  down, 
and  2,000  worshipers  lose  their  lives. 

1865  Apr.  10.  Madrid.  Student  riota 
cause  the  death  of  several  persons. 

STATE. 

1782  Mar.  24.  Spain  acknowledges 
tlie  independence  oi  the  United  States. 

1783  Sept.  3.    Treaty  of  Paris  (p.  97). 

1788-1808  Charles  IV.  reigns.  He  is 
son  of  Charles  III. 

1793  *  *  Spain  joins  the  first  coalition 

against  France  (i>.  709). 
1802    Mar.  27.    Minorca  restored  (p. 

715). 

1807  July  25.  The  Prince  of  Asturias 
conspires  against  his  father. 

Oct.  27.  Treaty  of  Fontainebleau(p,717). 

1808  Mar.  19.  Charles  IV.,  spurred  by 
a  revolution,  abdicates  in  favor  of  his 
son.  [.May6.  He  i.s  forced  to  renounce  his 
throne  in  favor  of  Napoleon.  1808-13, 
Ferdinand  is  imprisoned  in  France.] 

1808-33    Ferdinand  VII.  reigns.  (?) 

May  2.  Madrid.  Popular  revolution; 
the  French  are  massacred.  [May  3. 
Asturias  revolts.  May  25.  Napoleon 
meets  the  notables  at  Bayonne.] 

July  12.  Madrid  receives  Joseph  Bo- 
naparte as  King  of  Spain.  [July 29.  lie 
retires.] 

Sept.*  Madrid.    The  supreme  junta 

is  formed. 

1812  May  8.  The  Cortes  grants  adem- 
ocratic  constitution.  [Abolished  by 
Ferdinand  VII.] 

1813  Dec.  8.  Fr.  Treaty  of  Valen- 
cay. 

Napoleon  restores  Ferdinand  VII.,  un- 
der an  agreenient  to  preserve  the  integ- 
rity of  the  kingdom. 

1817  *  *  Spain  abolishes  the  slave-trade 

for  a  compensation. 

1819  Feb.  22.  Spain  cedes  Florida  to 
the  United  States  (p.  127). 

1820  Jan.  1.  Rafael delRiegoyNuflez 
leads  a  revolution  for  the  restoration 
of  the  constitution  of  1812.  [Mar.  29. 
Restored.] 

1823  Mar.  *  The  Cortes  removes  the 
king  to  Seville.  [Later  to  Cadiz.  Oct.  * 
The  king  again  becomes  despotic.  Nov. 
7.  Kiego  executed.  *  *  The  constitu- 
tion is  abolished  again  by  French  inter- 
vention.] 

1828  Dec.  11.  Ferdinand  VII.  marries 
Maria  Christina  of  Naples. 

1830  Mar.  29,  Tlie  Salic  law  of  1700 
is  abolished.  [Carlist  and  Christina 
parties  are  formed.] 

1832  Oct.  25.  The  queen  is  appointed 
regent  during  the  illness  of  the  king. 

1833  Apr.  20.  Don  Carlos  declares 
himself  successor  to  the  king. 

Sept.  29.  King  Ferdinand  VIT.  dies  ; 
Maria  reigns  as  governing  queen  dur- 
ing the  minority  of  her  daughter,  Isa- 
bella II.  Don  Carlos  is  proclaimed 
king  by  the  Absolutist  party. 

1833-70    Isabella  H.  reigns. 

1834  Apr.  25.    The  anti-Carlist  treaty 

(p.  727). 
June  4.  Don  Carlos  leaves  for  England. 
[•July  10.  He  returns  to  Spain.  Aug.  30. 
The  peers  vote  his  exclusion.  1839. 
Sept.  14.  He  seeks  refuge  in  France. 
1845.  May  18.  Resigns  in  favor  of  his 
son,  Don  Carlos.] 

1840-42  A  Progressist  outbreak  occurs 
at  Barcelona. 

1840  Oct.*  The  queen  regent  abdi- 
cates. 


Dec.  29.  Espartero  expels  the  papal 
nuncio. 

1841  Apr.  12-43*  *  Baldomero  Espar- 
tero is  regent. 

1843  June  11.  The  revolutionary 
junta  assumes  power  again  at  Barcelona. 

Nov.  8.  The  Cortes  declares  Isabella 
U.,  13  years  old,  to  be  of  age. 

1845  *  *  The  Cortes  adopts  a  reaction- 
ary constitution. 

1846  Oct.  10.  Queen  Isabella  is  mar- 
ried to  Don  Francisco  d'Assisi,Duke  of 
Cadiz. 

1851  Dec.  11.  The  queen  pardons  the 
American  filibusters  taken  in  a  descent 
upon  Cuba  (p.  632). 

1852  Aug,  28.  Troops  escort  Dofia 
Maria  Christina,  the  queen  mother,  to 
Portugal,  much  against  the  will  of  the 
people.  [1854.  Aug.  28.  She  is  im- 
peached.    18G4.    Sept.  26.    She  returns.] 

1853  Jan.  2.  A  stringent  law  is  passed 
to  restrain  the  press.  [Jan.  *  Ex-Pre- 
mier Ramon  Maria  Isarvaez  is  exiled.] 

1854  June  28.  A  military  insurrec- 
tion breaks  out  near  Madrid  ;  Gen.  Es- 
partero is  leader  of  the  movement.  Bar- 
celona and  Madrid  favor  it. 

July  19.  Madrid.  Baldomero  Espar- 
tero is  welcomed  with  great  enthusiasm 
on  his  return  Jis  premier, 

July  31.    Madrid.    The  queen  presents 

herself  on  a  balcony  while  3,000  revolu- 
tionists from  the  barricades  defi  le  before 
the  palace. 

1855  Jan.  13.    A  new  constitution  is 

proclaimed. 

1861  May  19.  The  annexation  of  Santo 
Domingo  is  ratified. 

Dec.  8.     Spain  intervenes  in  Mexico. 

1863  Jan.  8.  Don  Juan  de  Bourbon 
renounces  his  claim  to  the  throne. 

1864  Apr.  *  A  rupture  occurs  with 
Peru.  (See  Peru.)  [Dispute  with  Chili 
(p.  007).  1805.  Jan.  27.  Peru  pays  in- 
demnity ;  peace.] 

Aug.  13.  Gen.  Juan  Prim  is  exiled  as 
a  conspirator. 

1865  May  5.  Santo  Domingo  is  relin- 
quished by  a  decree. 

June  10.  A  conspiracy  formed  at  Va- 
lencia, to  reunite  Spain  and  Portugal,  is 
suppressed. 

1866  Jan.  3.  Gen.  Prim  leads  an  in- 
surrection at  Aranjuez. 

Aug.+  *  Freedom  of  the  press  is  abol- 
ished. 

Dec.  *  Taxes  for  1867  are  collected  in 
advance. 

1868  Jan.  23.  A  general  amnesty  is 
proclaimed, 

July  6.  The  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Mont- 
pensier  are  arrested.  [£xiled.  July 
10.  Also  Marshal  Serrano,  Gen.  Dolce, 
and  others.] 

Sept.  17.  Gen.  Prim,  leader  of  the 
Progressist  party,  arrives  at  Cadiz ;  in- 
surgents rise  for  the  overthrow  of  the 
government. 

Sept.  19.  Gen.  Prim  announces  a  pro- 
visional government.  [The  Ministry 
resign.  Isabella  II.  is  <leposed  and  ban- 
ished. Sept.  29.  Madrid  favors  the  pro- 
visional government.  The  queen  leaves 
in  haste.    She  is  declared  deposed.] 

*  *  Smilio  Castelar  becomes  a  republi- 
can leader. 

Oct.  3.  Don  Juan,  son  of  Don  Carlos, 
renounces  his  hereditary  claim  to  the 
crown  in  favor  of  his  son  Carlos. 

Oct.  5.  Madrid.  Qen.  Francisco  Ser- 
rano y  Dominguez,  Gen.  Prim,  and  Sa- 
I  u.stiano  de  Olozaga  assume  the  govern- 
ment. 


1132    1868,  Oct.  13-1894,  Dec.  17. 


SPAIN. 


1 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1868  Nov.  6±,  Madrid.  Oen.Primis 
created  marshal. 

Dec.  5.  Cadiz  revolts.  [Dec.  12,  Sur- 
renilers  to  Gen.  Caballero  de  Roda.] 

Dec.  31.  Uprising  at  Malaga.  [Insur- 
rectionists subdued  with  cruelty.] 

1869  Mar.  16.   Anti-conscription  riots. 

Sept.  *  The  military  suppresses  republi- 
can uprisings  in  many  places.  fOct.  4. 
Reputnicans  defeated  at  Reus.  Oct.  16. 
They  surrender  Valencia.] 

1870  Aug.  27,  28.  CarlistsunsucceBS- 
fully  invade  Navarre.  The  Basque  prov- 
inces are  declared  in  a  state  of  siege. 

1872  *  *  Carlist  uprisings  occur  in  Na- 
varre, Ijeon,  and  other  parts.  [May  2. 
Marshal  Serrano,  with  40,000  men,  enters 
Navarre ;  Don  Carlos  enters.  May  4. 
Utterly  defeated  at  Oroquieta  by  Gen. 
Morioues  with  2,000  men.  May  13-20. 
Carlists  suffer  several  defeats.] 

Oct.  11.  A  Republican  uprising  occurs 
at  Ferrol.  [Oct.  17.  Defeated  insurgents 
disperse  or  surrender.] 

1873  Feb.  22,  23.  Carlists  appear, 
and  hold  part  of  Catalonia.  [Mar.  * 
-Apr.  *  Many  conflicts  with  Carlists  oc- 
cur in  the  provinces.] 

Apr.  23.  Don  Alfonso  de  Bourbon  re- 
tires to  France. 

Jiuie  7.  Carlists  besiege  Irun,  near  the 
French  line.  [June  26.  Defeated  at  Cas- 
tanon.  July  II.  Don  Alfonso  takes  Igua- 
lada  in  Catalonia.] 

1873-74  Insurrection  of  the  radical 
party,  called  Intransigentists. 

July  Hi.  Internationalists  rise  at 
Alcoy,  and  kill  the  mayor  and  others. 

July  26- Aug.  8.  TbeGovernment  troops 
take  Valencia.  [Aug.  4.  Cadiz  sur- 
renders to  Gen.  Pavia.  Aug.  10.  Insur- 
gents advancing  on  Madrid  aredefeated 
at  Chinchilla.  Nov.  22.  Cartagena  ia 
besieged  by  the  Government  troops.] 

Aug.  25.  Carlists  take  Estella.  [Sept. 
19.  Repulsed  at  Solosa.  Sept.  27.  De- 
feated in  Navarre.] 

Sept.  26.  Germans  surrender  the  Span- 
ish ironclads  Almanza  and  Vittoria, 
taken  from  the  rebels.  [Sept.  28.  The 
intransigentists  bombard  Alicante  with 
their  ironclads  Nitmancia  and  Mendez 
\unez.] 

Oct.  6.  Republicans  and  Carlists  fight 
an  indecisive  battle  at  Pueuta  de  la 
Reyna,  in  Navarre.  [Oct.  8±.  Carlists 
are  repulsed  at  La  Junquera,  Catalonia.] 

Oct.  11,  The  Intransigentists'  vessels 
are  repulsed  in  attempting  to  break 
the  blockade  at  Escombrera  Bay. 

Oct.  21.  The  insurgents  are  repulsed  in 
a  sortie  at  Cartagena.  [Oct.  25.  Carlists 
defeated  at  Salamanca.  Nov.  *  Cartagena 
is  bombarded.   1874.  Jan.  12.  Captured]. 

1874  Jan.  31.  The  Government  an- 
nounces the  blockadeof  the  coast.  [Mar. 
2.    Raised.] 

Mar.  8+.  Marshal  Serrano  assumes 
command  of  the  Government  forces. 

Kar.  16.  The  Carlists  claim  a  victory  at 
8an  Felice  in  Burgos.  [Mar.  25-27.  l>efeate(I 
at  SomorroBtro,  near  Bilbao.  May  2.  Fight- 
ing renewed  ;  (.'arlists  retreat.  May  20.  Re- 
Julsed  at  Kaniales.  June6±.  At  Gondesa. 
une  25-27.  Kepulse  Kepublicans  at  Estella. 
Victorious  at  Pena  Mura.  July  13.  Take 
<;ueuca.    July  17.    Massacre  86  Kepublican 


prisoners  at  Valfogona.  Aug.  12.  Defeated 
(?)  at  Oteiza.  Aug.  *  -Sept.  *  Besiege  Pay* 
cerda.  Sept.  9t.  Defeated  near  Mora.  Sept. 
25+.  Also  near  Tafalla.  Oct.  11±.  Defeated 
(?)  at  Fortuna  in  Murcia.  Dec.  7,  8.  Ke- 
pulse  Republicans  near  Tolosa.  1875.  Feb. 
3.  Defeat  Royalists  at  Lucar.  July  31.  De- 
feated. Aug.  2b.  Surrender  the  citadel  at 
Urgel.  1876.  Jan.*  The  stronghold  at  Tolosa 
is  surrendered  by  Carlists.  Feb.  •  Defeated 
at  Katella,  Vera,  and  Tolosa.  Feb.  18.  Car- 
lists  surrender  Kstella.  Feb.  27.  Don  Carlos 
and  Ave  batalions  surrender  at  St.  Jean  lied 
de  Port.] 

1878  Feb,  21.  T»'.  /.  The  end  of  the 
insurrection  in  Cuba  Is  announced. 

1883  Aug.  4-6.  A  militarv  insurrec- 
tion occurs  at  Badajoz  in  favor  of  Ke- 
publicans ;  insurgents  retire  to  Portugal. 

1885  Nov.  4,  6.  A  military  ineurrec- 
tion  at  Cartagena  is  suppressed.  [1886, 
Jan.  10,  11.    Another.] 

1886  Sept.  9,  Madrid.  The  garrison 
(300)  revolt;  suppressed. 

1892  June  12.  A  state  of  siege  ia  pro- 
claimed at  Barcelona. 

1893  *  *  Morocco.  Troops  are  sent  to 
Melilla  to  dislodge  the  hostile  tribes- 
men. [1894.  Jan.  2i .  liupidly  withdrawn.] 

1894  Jan.  8.  Santiago  is  declared  in  a 
state  of  siege. 

July  22.  Philippine  Isles.  Battle  with 
Malavs  at  Mindanao;  Spanish  loss,  14 
killea,47  wounded ;  Malays  leave  27  dead. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1869  *  *  The  Spanish  Marriage  painted 
byFortuny.    [1871.    Snake  Charjner.] 

1874  July  22.  A  landslide  at  Azagra 
kills  2iK)  people. 

1878  Oct.  16,  17.  Inundations  in 
Murcia,  Andalusia,  Alicante,  Almeria, 
and  Malaga ;  2,000  people  perish. 

1879  Oct.  13-17.  The  Segura  over- 
flows, and  1,000  people  perish. 

1884  Bee.  25-31.  Earthquakes  in 
Andalusia  and  Malaga  kill  UtJG  people. 
[Dec.  26,  27.  In  Albania,  (iranada,  an- 
other; many  perish: 900 killed  in  Periana. 
1885.     Feb.  28.     In  Granada  690  perish.] 

1886  May  12.  Madrid.  A  hurricane 
destroys  32  lives  and  injures  many  people. 

1891  Sept.  I6t.  Inimdations  cause 
2,000  deaths. 

1893  Sept.  15.  A  cloudburst  at  Villa' 
Cafios,  in  Toledo,  drowns  CO  people. 

1894  June  2.  A  flood  in  Lerida  drowns 
15  persons. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1876    Nov.  8.    Maria  Vlttorla,  duchess  of 

Aosta,  A  28. 
1878    June  26.    Queen  Mercedes  dies. 

1880  Sept.  11.    Maria  Mercedes  Isabella, b. 
1884  *  *  Fontanals,  Manuels  Milav,  wr.,  d. 
1886    May    17.     Alfonso  XIII.,  born. 

1889  Sept.  7.     Molin,    Marquis  de,  politi- 
cian, llttt^ratenr,  dies. 

1890  Jan.  2.     Gayarre,  Julian,  tenor,  A40. 
Jan.  18.     Aosta,  Duke  of,  Aniatleus  Ferdi- 
nand Maria,  ex-king,  A44. 

1891  Feb.   22.     Alvarez,   L.   H.  Plnzon  y, 
admiral,  dies. 

July  20.    Alarcon,  Pedro  A.,  de,  poet,  poli- 
tician, A58. 

1893  May  lO.    Lono,  Gomez  y,  adm.,  d. 

1894  Apr.    5.       Dushet,    Cardinal,    arch- 
bishop of  Catania,  A76. 

June  *  Madrazo,  Don  Federico,  painter,  A79. 


CHURCH. 

1868  Oct.  *  Jews  are  permitted  to  re- 
turn. * 

1869  May  28.  Madrid.  Spanish  Prot- 
estants hold  service  of  worship.  [1870. 
Aug.  *  Services  adopted  by  American 
Baptists.  Religious  liberty  in  the 
new  constitution.] 


1872  *  *  Barcelona  and  Santander  be- 
come missions  of  the  American  Boards 
V.  S.  A.  [  1873.  Barcelona  is  abandoned. 
1S75.    Saragossa  becomes  a  ntission.] 

1873  Sept.  13±.  The  papal  nuncio  op- 
poses toleration. 

1876    Sept.  *  The    public   worship    by 

Protestants  is  repressed. 
1889     Apr.  14.     Madrid.     A   Roman 

Catholic  congress  meets.     [Apr,  29.    It 

demands  the  restoration   of   temporal 

power  to  the  papacy.] 

1892  Oct.  2.  Father  Martin  is  elected 
general  of  the  Society  of  Jesus. 

1893  Mar.  18.  Madrid.  A  Protestant 
church  is  opened. 

1894  Sept.  23.  Rev.SeflorCabreracon- 
secrated  Protestant  bishop  of  IMadrld. 

LETTERS. 

1871*  *  La  Fontana  de  Oro,  by  Perez 
Galdos,  appears.    [1873-75,  JSai/en,-  1874, 

Cadiz.] 


1874  *  *  El  Sombrero  de  tres  Picos,  by 
PedroAntoniode  Alarcon, appears.  [1875. 
Arnores  y  Amorios  and  El  Escdndalo. 
1800.    ElXiHo  de  la  Bola.] 

1875  *  *  Grifos  del  Combat,  by  Caspar 
Nunez  de  Aroe,  appears.  [1880,  La  fi- 
sioii  de  Fray  Martin.} 

1884-86    HisUrria  de  las  Ideas  Estiticas 

en  EspanOyhy  MeudenezPelayo,  appears. 

1884  Nov.  *3/^a(/rw7.  The  professors  and 
students  are  expelled  from  the  univer- 
sity by  the  illiberal  government. 

1887  Oct.  8.  The  International  Lit- 
erary Association  meets. 

1889  May  *  Bon  Jos^  Zorrilla  is  called 
to  be  crowned  poet  laureate. 

SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

1870  Mar.  12.  The  Due  de  ^Montpen- 
sier  kills  Don  Enrique  de  Bourl>on, 
brother  of  the  ex-king,  in  a  duel. 

Mar.  *  Queen  Isabella  is  separated 
from  her  husband. 

Dec.  28.  Madrid,  Marshal  Prim  is 
shot  by  night  in  the  streets ;  the  assas- 
sin escapes. 

1872  July  19.  Fifteen  men  attempt  to 
assassinate  the  king ;  one  assassin  ia 
killed  and  two  are  captured. 

1873  Mar.  23.  Slavery  in  Porto  Rico 
Is  abolished. 

1875    Jan.  *  The  orders  of  knighthood 

are  reestablished. 

1878  Oct.  25.  An  unsuccessful  attempt 
is  made  to  kill  the  king.  [1879.  Dec.  30, 
Another.] 

1880  Feb.  18.  The  order  for  the  grad- 
ual abolition  of  slavery  in  Cuba  Is  pro- 
mulgated. 

1881  Oct.  8.  ITie  railway  between 
Madrid  and  Lisbon  is  opened. 

1883  Feb.  *  Socialists  and  anarchists 
create  disturbances  at  Seville. 

1885  May* -Sept.*  Cholera  breaks 
out  in  Granada.  Malaga,  Valencia,  and 
Murcia  ;  91,000  deaths  occur. 

1887  Jan.  9,  10.  The  Alcazar,  an  an- 
cient Moorish  palace,  occupied  by  the 
Emperor  Charles  V.,  is  burned. 

1888  May  20.  An  international  ex- 
hibition is  opened  at  Barcelona. 


SPAIN. 


1868,  Oct.  13  -1894,  Dec.  17.    1133 


1890  May  3.  Strikers  become  rioters 
at  Barcelona.  [Oct.  *  Cholera  breaks 
out.] 

June  •  -  July  *  Cholera  ravages  Valencia. 

July  31.  Socialists  cause  distiirbanuea 
at  Barcelona,  Malaga,  and  Valencia ;  a 
state  of  siege  is  declared. 

Dec.  7.  A  bomb-thrower  damages  the 
residence  of  the  archbishop  of  Valencia. 

1881    Jan.  29.    Election  riots  occur. 

Mar.  26.  Madrid.  A  workmen's  con- 
gress favors  a  general  strike  throughout 
Spain  to  secure  the  eight-hour  system. 

May  31.  Cavalry  disperse  riotous  stri- 
kers at  Bilbao. 

1892  Jan.  9.  Anarchists  attack  Xe- 
res ;  repulsed  by  troops.  [.Jan.  15.  They 
attack  another  town.] 

Apr.  4.  Madrid.'  A  Frenchman  and  a 
Portuguese  are  arrested  for  attempting 
to  blow  up  the  Cortes  with  dynamite. 

Apr.  20.  Anarchists  cause  explosions 
in  three  towns. 

July  31.  The  400th  anniversary  of  the 
departure  of  Columbus  is  celebrated  at 
Uuelva.  The  discovery  of  America  by 
Columbus  is  celebrated  at  Cadiz.  [Aug. 
3.    At  Palos.    Oct.  10.    At  Huelva.] 

Aug.  8.  The  caravel  Santa  Maria  sails 
from  Palos  with  its  escort. 

Aug.  31.  Moorish  pirates  board  the  Ja- 
cob, secure  400  bales  of  wool,  and  11  of 
the  16  members  of  the  crew. 

1893  Mar.  5.  Anarchists  create  dis- 
turbances at  Barcelona. 

Sept.  24.  Madrid.  Two  bombs  are 
thrown  at  Capt.-Gen.  Martinez  Campos 
while  reviewing  troops  at  Barcelona  ; 
he  and  others  are  wounded,  and  one  sol- 
dier is  killed. 

Nov.  3.  A  steamer  loaded  with  dyna- 
mite blows  up  at  Santander,  killing  200 
people  and  destroying  a  great  part  of 
the  town. 

Nov.  8.  Anarchists  throw  a  dynamite 
bomb  into  a  theater  at  Barcelona,  kill- 
ing 30  people  and  injuring  80  others. 

1894  Jan.  13.  Madrid.  A  bomb  with 
lighted  fuse  is  found  on  the  staircase  of 
the  palace  of  the  Marquis  de  Olivas. 

Mar.  27.  Unemployed  men  at  San  Lu- 
car  de  Barrameda  plunder  shops. 

Apr.  2.  Bread  riots  break  out  in  Anda- 
lusia. 

STATE. 

1868  Oct.  13,  The  United  States  of 
America  recognizes  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment. [Oct.  25.  England,  France, 
and  Prussia.] 


Oct.  26.  The  Government  issues  a  man- 
ifesto favoring  freedom  of  the  press,  uni- 
versal suffrage,  and  popular  education. 

1869  Jan.  23.  Rome.  The  special 
envoy  is  not  received. 

Feb.  *  Cubans  rise  for  independence. 

May  21.  The  Cortes  votes  for  a  mo- 
narchical government.  Vote,  214-17. 
[June  15.  Marshal  Serrano  is  elected 
regent.  Unionists  advocate  the  Due  <le 
Montpensier  as  king.] 

June  6.    New  constitution  promulgated. 

1870  May  *  Gen.  Espartero  declines 
the  proffered  crown. 

June  25.  Isabella  II.  abdicates  in 
favor  of  her  ehlest  son  [Alfonso  XII.]. 

Oct.  20.  AmadeuSj  Duke  of  Aosta,  sec- 
ond son  of  Victor  Immanuel, accepts  the 
candidature  for  the  vacant  throne.  [Nov. 
16.  Elected  by  the  Cortes.  Vote,  Ama- 
deus,  191 ;  Montpensier,  27  ;  63  for  a  re- 
public.   Nov.  17.    Proclaimed  king.] 

1870-73    Amadeus  reigns. 

1871  Jan.  2.  The  king  takes  the  con- 
stitutional oath.  [Jan.  21.  He  enters 
Madrid.] 

1872  Jan.*  Baldomero Espartero, Duke 
of  Vittoria,  is  created  Prince  of  Vergara. 

*  *  Spain  is  much  disturbed  by  Carlista 
and  Republicans. 

1873  Feb.  11.  King  Amadeus  resigns 
because  of  persistent  contentions. 

The  two  chambers  of  the  Cortes  unite 
and  vote  for  a  republic.    Vote,  136-.'J2. 

Apr.  26.  Madrid.  The  "Permanent 
Committee  "  is  di8solve<l ;  the  new  gov- 
ernment becpmes  operative. 

June  8.  The  newly  elected  Cortes  votes 
for  a  republic.    Vote,  210-2. 

July  13.  Bon  Carlos  enters  Spain  as 
Carlos  VII,    [July  31.     Enters  Biscay.] 

Sept.  *  -73  Jan.  *  Emilio  Castelar  is 
president  of  the  executive. 

1874  Jan.  2,  3.  Castelar  resigns, 
being  denied  a  vote  of  confidence  in  the 
Cortes  ;  Capt.-Gen.  Pavia  forcibly  dis- 
solves the  Cortes. 

Feb.  28.  Marshal  Serrano  becomes 
chief  executive. 

Dec.  29.  Gen.  Martinez  Campos  pro- 
claims Alfonso  king,  after  he  has 
been  approved  by  the  army  in  Murvie- 
dro.  [Dec. 31.  Proclaimed  kingby  Gen. 
Prinio  de  Kivera  at  Madrid.] 

1874-85    Alfonso  Xn.  reigns. 

1875  Jan.  22.    Alfonso  enters  Madrid. 


1876  Mar.  20.  Madrid.  Alfonso  XII. 
makes  a  triiunphal  entry. 

July  21.  The  Cortes  approves  a  new 
constitution. 

1877  Apr.  *  A  general  amnesty  is  of- 
fered to  Carlists  who  lay  down  arms. 

1878  Jan.  23.  Alfonso  Xll.  is  mar- 
ried to  his  cousin,  Mercedes,  daughter 
of  Due  de  Montpensier.  [1878.  De- 
ceased. 1879.  Nov.  29.  He  marries  Arch- 
duchess Maria  Christina  of  Austria.] 

1885  Sept.  4-6.    Madrid.    Rioters  at- 

tack  the  German  legation  because  the 
(iernians  have  occupied  the  island  of 
Vap,  one  of  the  Caroline  Islands.  [Sept. 
26.  Apology  made.  Mediation  of  the 
Pope.] 
Nov.  25.    Alfonso  XII.  dies. 

1886  May  17.  Alfonso  Xm.  born, 
and  proclaimed  king  on  the  same  day. 
ilis  mother,  Maria  Christina,  regent. 

1888  Feb.  27.  The  Senate  intnuluces 
trial  by  jury.  [1889.  May  20.  Ctpera- 
tive  at  Madrid.] 

1889  Jan.  23.  A  decree  of  amnesty  is 
issued  for  the  benefit  of  mutinous  sol- 
diers, press  and  political  offenders. 

1890  Apr,  30.  The  Senate  approves  of 
universal  suffrage. 

1801  Feb.  3.  The  election  returns 
show  314  Government  candidates,  60  hil>- 
erals,  35  Republicans,  and  7  Carlists. 

May  31.  Premier  Canovas  del  Castillo 
announces  a  convention  concluded 
with  the  United  States. 

June  26.  A  reciprocity  treaty  with  the 
United  States  of  America  is  promul- 
gatcil. 

1893  Jan.  26.  The  Infanta  Eulalia 
and  her  husband,  Prince  Antoine,  are 
appointed  to  represent  the  queen  regent 
at  the  World's  Fair  in  Chicago. 

Mar.  12.  Election  returns  ;  322  Govern- 
ment deputies  and  92  opposition. 

May  11.  Madrid.  Troops  guard  the 
Cortes  while  Carlists  and  Kepublicans 
tight  a  government  bill.  Great  excite- 
ment prevails.  [May  12.  A  session  of 
54  hours  ends.] 

Nov.  10.    Martial  law  is  proclaimed  at 

Barcelona    to    subdue  a  revolutionary 
outbreak. 

1894  Feb.  23±.  The  Sultan  of  Mo- 
rocco makes  a  satisfactory  settlement 
of  Spanish  claims  against  the  Kiftians. 

Apr.  10+.  Emilio  Castelar  leaves  the 
Republican  party  and  joins  the  mon- 
archists. 

Apr.  28.  The  United  States  claims  a 
large  sum  as  reimbursement  for  duties 
improperly  collected  in  Cuba. 

Sec.  17-  Spain  grants  partial  rule  to 
Cuba. 


SWEDEN. 

SWEDKX  is  a  kingdom  of  northwestern  Kurope ;  capital,  Stockholm.  The  government  i«  a  hereditary  constitutional  mon- 
archy, with  the  legislative  power  vested  in  the  king  and  a  Kiksdag,  of  two  houses.  Norway  is  under  the  same  king,  and  united 
with  Sweden  in  the  same  foreign  and  diplomatic  relations.  The  chief  religion  is  Protestant.  Area,  170,979  square  miles ;  popu- 
lation, in  1891,  4,802,751. 


CHURCH.  STATE. 

829-31    [St.]  Ansgar  introduces  Chris-  40-950    The  Skioldungs  rule. 

tianity.    [Or  1000±   by  Olaf  Skotkon-  980i:  •  *  Eric  the  Victory-Blest  reigns, 

ung.]  893-1026    Olaf  reins. 


[1026-51,  Edmund  Colbrenner;  1051-56, 
Edmund  Slemrae;  1056-60,  Stenkil ;  1066- 
90,  Halstan;  1090-1112,  Ingo  I.;  1112-18, 
Philip;  1118-35,  Ingo  II. ;  1135-55,  Swer- 
ker  Karlssou.j 


1134        1056,**-1803,^ 


SWEDEN. 


ARMY—  NAVY. 

1066  *  *  Civil  war ;  the  Swedes  are  un- 
able to  resist  Stenkl. 

1160*  •Civil  war;   Goths  against 

Swedes. 
1306  *  •  Civil  war ;  the  king  against  hlg 

brothers,  who  are  Imprisoned   and 

starved. 
1361  *  *  'Waldemar  IV.,  of  Denmark, 

ravages  Gothland. 
1363  »  *  War  with  the  nobles  (p.  636). 

The  king  is  defeated  at  Enkoping,  and 

made  a  prisoner.    [1389.    Again  at  Fal- 

koping  (p.  636).] 
1496  *  *  King  Hans  of  Denmark   and 

Norway  defeats  Sten  Sture. 
1500*  *The   Ditmarshes  defeat  the 

Danes. 
1523  *  *  GustavuB  I.  rebels  against  the 

Danes,  and  takes  the  fortresses  of  Ves- 

teras  and  Upsala. 
1563-70    War  with  Norway  and  Den- 
mark. 
Cause  :  Eric  XIV.  claims  the  right  to 

put  three  crowns  ou  his  coat-of-arms. 

1504-05    War  with  Prussia. 

1598  *  *  Sigismund  III.  is  defeated  by 
Duke  Charles  near  Linkoping. 

1621*  *Gustavua  H.  defeats  Sigis- 
mund III.  in  many  battles.  [1630-32. 
He  takes  part  in  the  Thirty  Years' 
War.] 

1643-45    War  with  Denmark  (p.  636). 

1656  *  *  Charles  X.  defeats  the  Poles 
near  Warsaw.  [1658.  He  invades  Den- 
mark (p.  636).  1660.  He  overruns  Poland.] 

1674  *  *  Charles  XI.  aids  the  Germans. 
He  defeats  the  Danes. 

1700  *  *  Charles  XII.  invades  Denmark 
(p.  638). 

Nov.  30.  Rus.  Charles  XII.  with  8,400± 
Swedes  defeats  40,000i  Russians  under 
Due  de  Croy  at  Narva. 

♦  *  Charles  XII.  compels  Augustus  II.  of 
Saxony  to  raise  the  siege  of  Riga. 
[1703.  May  1.  Rus.  He  defeats  him  at 
Pultusk.] 

1709  July  8.  (N.  s.)  Kiis.  Peter  tte 
Great  with  70,000i  Russians  completely 
defeats  Charles  XII.  and  25,000+  Swedes 
at  Pultowa.  [He  sends  14,000  prisoners 
to  Siberia.] 

1718  Dec.  11.  Nor.  Charles  XH.  is 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Frederickshald. 

1741-43  War  with  Russia.  [1788-90. 
Again  ;  Gustavus  fails  to  recover  Rus- 
sian conquests  in  Finland  and  Livonia.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1575  *  *  Tyoho  Brahe  erects  an  obser- 
vatory. [Also  founds  the  Tychonio  sys- 
tem of  astronomy.] 

1640  *  *  Otaus  Rudbeck  discovers  the 
lymphatics. 

1710  *  •  A  snow-storm  causes  7,000  sol- 
diers to  perish  on  the  mountains. 

1725-68    Carl  von  Linnaeus  founds  the 

"artificial    system"  in  botany.      [1741. 
Garden  at  Upsala  is  established.] 

1733  *  *  Georg  Brandt  discovers  cobalt. 
1751±  *  *  Axel  Frederick  Cronstedt  dis- 
covers nickel. 

1761  •  *  Torbern  Olof  Bergman  proves 
that  fixed  air  is  an  acid. 


1770  *  •  Karl  Wilhelm  Scheele  discovers 
tartaric  acid.  [1776.  Also  oxygen  ;  also 
bleaching  with  chlorin.  1779.  Glycer- 
in.   1782.    Prussio  acid.] 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1128*  *  Absalon^  Norse  bishop  of  Lund, 

born.    [1201.     Dies.] 

1470 •  •  Charles  VIII.,  king,  dies. 

148S  *  *  Andrea,  Laurentius,  reformer,  cl.,b. 
[1552.     Dies.] 

1496  •  •  Qustavual..king,b.    [1560.  Dies.] 

1503  *  ♦  Sten  Sture,  protector,  dies. 

1533*  •  Eric  XIV..  king,  born.    [1577.    D.] 

1560  '  »  Charles  IX.,  king,  b.    [leiL    D.] 

1594  *  *  Gustavus  II.,  Adolphus,  king,  born. 
[1632.     Dies.] 
Horn,  Gustaf,  count,  general,  b.    [1659.    D.] 

1695  »  *  Ban»5r  (lianier),  Johan  G.,  general, 
born.     [1641.     Dies.] 

1598  *  *  Lilja,  Goran    (Georg  Stjernhjelm), 
father  of  Swedish  poetry,  b.     [1672.    D.] 

1603  *  *  Torstenson,  Lennart,  Count  of  Or- 
tala,  general,  born.     [1661.    Dies.] 

1613*  *  Wrangel,    Karl    Gustaf   von,   high 
admiral,  bom.     [1676.    Dies.] 

1636*  •  Christina,  queen,  born.     [1689.     D.] 

1645  *  *  Spegel,  Haquin,  archliishop  of  Up- 
sala, author,  born.    [1714.    Dies.] 

1660    Feb.  3.    Charles -K.,  king,  dies. 

1670*  *  Celsius,  Olaus,  botanist,  orientalist, 
born.     [1756.     Dies.] 

1675  *  *  Benzel,  Eric,  archbishop  of  Upsala, 
author,  born.    [1743.    Dies.  ] 

1682*  *  Charles  XII..  king,  b.    [1718.    D.] 

1688*  *  Swedenborg,  Emanuel,  theologian, 
philosopher,  born.    [1772.    Dies.] 

1694*  •  lirandt,  Georg,  chemist,  b.  [1768.  D.) 

1701*  *  Celsius,  Anders,  astro.,  b.  [1744.  D.] 

1705*  *Aterdi,   Peter,    naturalist,   born. 
[1736.    Dies.] 

1707  *  *  Browal,  Jolian,  clergyman,  natural- 
ist, born.     [1755.     Dies.] 
Linnaeus,  Carl  von,  naturalist,  b.    [1778.    D.] 

1710*  *  Ehrensward.Countof,  August,  field- 
marshal,  born.     [1783.     Dies.  ] 

1722  *  *  Cronstedt,  Axel  Fredrick,  mineralo- 
gist, born.     [1765.     Dies.] 
Hasselquist, Fredrick, naturalist, b.  [1752.  D.] 

1735  *  *  Bergman,    Torbern   Olof,   chemist, 
naturalist,  born.    [1784.    Dies.] 

1736*  *Alstrbmer,  Klaudius,  naturalist, 
born.    [1796.    Dies.] 
Solander,  Daniel,  Charles,  naturalist,  born. 
[1782.    Dies.] 

1740  *  *  Bellman,  Karl  Mikael,  poet,  born. 
[1795.     Dies.] 

1742  *  *  Scheele.  Karl  Wilhelm,  chemist, 
bom.    [1786.    Dies.] 

1743  ♦  *  Ferber,  Johan  Jacob,  mineralogist, 
bom.    [1790.    Dies.] 

Thunberg,  Karl  Peter,  botanist,  b.  [1828.  D.] 

1746*  *  Gustavus  111.,  king,  b.     [1792.     D.] 

Troil,  Uno,  archbishop  of  Upsala,  author, 

born.    [1803.    Dies.] 

1748*  *  Charles  XIII..  king,  b.  [1818.  D.] 

1750*  *  Afzelius,  Adam,  botanist,  born. 

[1836+.    Dies.] 
1755  *  •  Essen,  Hans   Henrik,  count,  fleld- 
marshal,  born.    [1824.    Dies.] 
Fersen,  Axel  von,  count,  field-marshal,  bom. 
[1810.    Dies.] 
1757*  *  Arcbarius,  Erik,  botanist,  born. 
[1819.    Dies.] 
Armfelt,  Gustaf  Mauritz,  courtier,  lieuten- 
ant-general, born.    [1814.    Dies.] 
1767  *  *  Holjer,  Benjamin  Karl  Ilenrlk,  phi- 
losopher, born.    [1812.    Dies.] 
1776  *  *  Gustavus  IV.,  Adolphus, king, born. 
[1837.     Dies.) 
Ling,  Peter  H.,  physlol.,  poet,  b.    [1839.    D.] 
1779  *  *  Berzelius,    Jbna    Jakob,    barou, 
chemist,  born.    [1848.    Dies.] 

1782  **  Tegn^r.  Esaias,  poet,  b.    [1846.    D.] 

1783  *  *  Bystrom,  Jotian  Nils,  sculptor,  born. 
[1848.    Dies.] 

Qeijer   (Geyer),  Erik   Qustal,   historian, 
poet,  bom.    [1847.    Dies.] 
1785  *  *  Agardh,  Karl  Adolf,  botanist,  bom. 
[1859.     Dies.] 
Hammarskjbld,  Lars,  critic,  author,  born. 

[1827.     Dies.] 

Zettersedt,  Johan  W.,  naturalist, b.  [1874.  D.] 

1787+    Fogelberg,  Bengt  Erland,  sculptor, 

born.    [1854.    Dies.] 

Nilsson,  Sven,  zoologist,  born.    [1883.    Dies.] 

1788*  *  Palmblad,  Vilhelm  Fredrik,  author, 

born.    [18.52.    Dies.] 
1790*  *  Atterbom,  Peter  Daniel  Amadeus, 

poet,  born.    [1855.    Dies.] 
1791  *  *  Dahlgren,  Karl  Johan,  poet,  novel- 
ist, born.     [1844.    Dies.] 
1793  *  *  Almqvist,  Karl  J.  L.,  poet,  novelist, 
born.    [1866.    Dies.] 


1794  *  *  Fries,  Ellas  Magnus,  botanist,  ora. 
tor,  born.    [1878.    Dies.] 

1795  *  *  Crusenstolpe,  Magnus  Jakob,  novel- 
ist, political  writer,  born.    [1865.    Dies.] 

Fryiel,  Anders,  historian,  born.    [1881.    D.] 
1802  *  *  Bremer,   Fredrika,   novelist,   born. 

[1865.     Dies.] 
Lbnnrot,    Ellas,  Finnish  philologist,   bom. 

[1884.    Dies.] 


CHURCH. 

1150±  *  *  King  Swerker  petitions  the 
Pope  to  send  the  Swedes  a  bishop  and  a 
primate.  [1163,  The  archbishopric  of 
Upsala  is  established.] 

1152  *  *  The  synod  at  Linkoping  decides 
to  enforce  clerical  celibacy,  and  to  send 
yearly  contributions  to  the  Pope. 

1160 3-  *  *  Eric  I.  attempts  to  force  Chris- 
tianity on  the  Finns. 

1527  *  *  Gustavus  is  authorized  to  reor- 
ganize the  church.  (1528.  He  estab- 
lishes Lutheranism,  and  confiscates  cler- 
ical properties.] 

1568+  *  *  John  III.  attempts  to  make 
the  Swedes  Catholics.  Protestants 
resent  bis  proselyting.  Rome  condemns 
his  indecision. 

1593  *  *  A  great  assembly  accepts  the 
Augsburg  Confession.  [1601.  Sweden 
joins  the  general  Protestant  movement.] 

1743  *  *  Emanuel  Swedenborg,  foun- 
der of  the  New  Jerusalem,  begins  to 
have  "  visions." 


LETTERS. 

1230±  *  *  Elder  West  Oota  Law,  by  E»- 
kil,  appears. 

1303  *  *  Queen  Euphemia's  Songs  are 
written. 

1320  *  *  Eriksbronikan,  a  chronicle  lu 
rhyme,  appears. 

1325±  *  *  On  the  Conduct  of  Kings  and 
Princes  is  written. 

1347  *  »  General  Common  Law,  by  Mag- 
nus Ericsson,  appears. 

1350-1484    The  Bible  is  translated. 

1440+  *  *  Karlskronikan  is  written. 

1476  *  *  The  University  of  Upsala  ia 
founded  by  Sten  Sture.  [U77.  Sept.  21. 
Opened.] 

1495  *  *  The  first  book  printed  in  the 
Swedish  language  appears. 

1500+  *  *  Sturekr&nikorna  is  written. 

1530  *  *  Certain  Divine  Songs,  by  Olans 
Petri,  appear.  [He  writes  also  a  Chron^ 
icle,  and  a  mystery  play,  Tohie  Comedia, 
the  first  Swedish  drama.] 

1610  *  *  Tisbe,  the  first  comedy  in  Swe- 
dish, by  Magnus  Olai  Asteropherus,  ap- 
pears. 

1611-32  Gustavus  Adolphus  endows 
the  University  of  Upsala,  and  founds 
the  University  of  Dorpat  and  many 
schools  and  colleges. 

1643  *  »  A  Swedish  Dictionary  is  pub- 
lished, 

*  *  Ordinaire  Post-Tidende  is  issued  at 
Stockholm. 

1649  *  *  Cupid  Caught  and  The  Birth  o/ 
Peace,  by  Georg  Stjernhjelm,  appear. 
[1651,  Parnassus  Triumphans  ;  1653,  UtT- 
cules,'\ 

1658  *  *  Complaint  of  the  Swedish  Lan- 

?uage,  by  Gustaf  R'osenhane,  appears. 
1680,  Venerid;  1682,  Eighty  So7igs.] 
1668*  *The  University  of  Lund  is 

founded. 
1675-83    Svensk  Mercurius  is  issued. 
1675-98    Atlantica,  by  Olaus  RUdbeck, 

appears.    [1701,  Elysian  Fields.] 
1682-1701    Pelationes  Curiosx  is  issued 
in  Latin. 


SWEDEN. 


1056,^*-1803,**       1135 


1708  *  •  History  of  the  Swedish  Church, 
by  Haquin  Speffel,  appears.  [Later, 
God  *5  Labor  ana  Rest.] 

1733-34  Swedish  Argus,  by  Olaus  von 
Dalin,  ap{>ears.  [\736,  Thoughts  about 
lYitics;  1742,  Swedish  Freedom.] 

1739  *  •  Sinclairsvisa,  by  Anders  Odel, 
appears. 

1741  •  *  The  Royal  Academy  is  founded 
by  Linu%us. 

1742  *  *  Tidningar  om  den  LUrdas  Arbe- 
ten  is  issued. 

*  *  Gazette   Fran^aise  de    Stockholm    is 

issued. 
1742-45    Adalrik  och  Gothilda,  bv  Jakob 

HenrikMork, appears.  [IT-iD-SS,  VheclaJ] 

1743  *  *  The  Sorroicinq  Turtledove,  by 
Hedvig  Charlotta  Nordenflycht,  appears. 

1749-56  Arcana  Ccelestia,  by  Emanuel 
Swedenborg,  appears. 

1755-89    Swenska  Mercurius  is  issued. 

1760  *  *  The  Momi,  by  Karl  Mikael  Bell- 
man, appears.  [17(>5-90,  Fredman^s  Epis- 
tles and  Fredman^s  Songs.] 

1772  *  *  Mercure  de  Sukde  is  issued. 

1785  *  *  The  Expedition  Across  the  Belt, 
by  Gustaf  Frederik  Gyllenborg,  appears. 

1786  *  *  The  Swedish  Academy,  with  18 
members,  is  created  by  Gustavus  III. 

1796  *  ♦  Samlade  Skrifters,  by  Johan 
Henrik  Kellgren,  appears. 

1803  *  *  The  Vitterheteus  Viinner,  a  lit- 
erary society,  is  founded  at  Upsala  by 
Lars  Haniniarskold.  [1807.  Aurora 
Ffirbuiidet,  established  by  Peter  Daniel 
Araatleus  Atterbom  and  Vilhelm  Fred- 
rick Palmblad.J 

SOCIETY. 

1520  *  *  Christian  II.  orders  the  princi- 
pal nobles  to  a  feast,  where  they  are 
massacred. 

1561  *  *  Eric  XIV.  introduces  the  titles 
count  and  baron. 

1622  *  *  Gustavus  Adolphus  prohibits 
the  drinking  of  whisky. 

[1698.  Charles  XII.  prohibits  its  man- 
ufacture. 1718.  Its  manufacture  is  lim- 
ited to  four  distilleries.  1756.  The  party 
called  "  Hats  '*  secure  by  enactment  the 
prohibition  of  the  sale  of  whisky.  1771. 
Gustavus  III.  prohibits  it.  1774.  Repeals 
the  prohibition,  and  licenses  the  sale  for 
the  revenue ;  crown  stills  are  estab- 
lished. 1787.  Leasehold  stills  are  in- 
troduced. 1809.  Domestic  stills  are  in- 
troduced. 1855.  Licenses  are  enacted, 
and  domestic  stills  abolished.  18G5.  The 
Gothenburg  system  of  regulating  the 
trafBc  is  introduced.] 

1772  *  *  The  Order  of  the  Sword  is 

instituted. 

1792  Mar.  16.  Count  Ankerstrom 
shoots  Gustavus  III,  at  a  masquer- 
ade. 

STATE. 

1156  *  *  The  Swedes  choose  [St.]  Eric 
IX.,  Edwardson  ;  he  is  opposed  by  the 
Goths.  [The  Goths  and  Swedes  each 
choose  their  own  king,  and  fight  each 
other  for  100±  years.] 

1161-67  Charles  VII.  reigns.  [1167-99, 
Canute  Erickson  ;  linO-l'JlO.  Swerker  II. ; 
1210-16,  Kric  II.  ;  ]21(i~22,  John  I. ;  1222- 
60,  Eric  III.;  1250-G6,  Birger  Jarl,  re- 
gent.] 

1260  *  *  Stockholm  is  founded. 

23th  Century.  The  Goths  and  Swedes 
become  fused. 

1266-75  Waldemar  V.  reigns.  He 
fortifies  Stockholm,  and  subaues  the 
Finnish  pirates. 

1275-90    Magnus  I.,  Ladula^s,  reigns. 

[1279.     He  organizes  the  government  in 

regular  form.] 
1290-1310    Birger  II.,  nine  years   of 

age;    Torkel  Kuutsson,  regent.    [1295. 


The  code  of  laws  are  accepted  by  the 
Great  Thing ;  Savolax  and  Carelia  are 
annexed.  130G.  The  king  beheads 
Knutssou.] 

1319-63  Young  Magnus  II. .Smsek, reigns; 
Mats  Ketilmundssun,  successful  regent. 
[1365,  Deposed,  imprisoned ;  1371,  Re- 
leased, and  goes  to  Norway,] 

1319*  *  The  crown  is  made  elective. 

1336*  *  On  the  death  of  Mats  the  Danes 
recover  conquered  territory. 

1363-89  Albert,  Count  of  Mecklenburg, 
reigns.  He  is  elected  king  by  the  disaf- 
fected nobles  [and  later  by  the  Great 
Thing]. 

*  *  Haco  VIII.,  king  of  Norway,  Albert's 
son,  marries  Margaret  of  Denmark. 
[1389.  She  sends  an  army  to  aid  the  no- 
bles, and  subdues  most  of  the  country.] 

1389-1412  Margaret  of  Denmark 
reigns. 

1397  July  20.  Three  kingdoms  are 
united  in  the  Union  of  Calmar  (p.  637). 

1412-39    Eric  VII.  reigns. 

(1413.)  Hedeclares  the  duchy  of  Schles- 
wig  a  forfeited  ftef,  and  fights  [20  years] 
to  possess  it.  {14;J4.)  The  oppressed  peas- 
ants of  Dalecarlia  rebel.  (1436.)  The  no- 
bles pacify  the  peasants  by  promising  to 
dethrone  Eric  ;  but  tliey  reestablish 
him.    (1439.)    Finally  dethroned. 

1440-48    Christopher  IH.  reigns. 

1448  *  *  Christian  I.  is  elected  king  by 
the  Danes  (p.  637).  Sweden  secedes,  and 
the  kingdoms  are  separated. 

1448-57  Charles  Vm.  (Knutsson)  is 
elected  king  by  the  Swedes.  (1457.)  His 
enemies  in  both  the  spiritual  and  the 
temporal  aristocracy  drive  him  out,  and 
elect  Christian  I. 

1457-64  Christian  I.,  of  Denmark, 
reigns,  but  is  unable  to  dominate  the 
entire  country. 

1464-71+  Charles  ATIH,  again  reigns. 
(1466.)  Dethroned  for  a  short  time  by 
the  nobles.  Almost  continuous  wars 
with  the  Danes. 

1471-83  Interregnum;  Sten Sture, the 
elder,  rules  as  protector. 

1483-1502  John  II.  (I.  of  Denmark) 
reigns. 

1502  *  *  Interregnum. 

1503-12  Svante  Nilsson  Sture,  protec- 
tor.    [1512-20.   Sten  Sture,  the  younger.] 

1520-23  Christian  II.  of  Denmark,  the 
ferocious  conqueror,  reigns. 

He  massacres  90  prominent  men,  and 
is  expelled  by  an  uprising  under  Gusta- 
vus Ericsson  [Vasa],  who  overthrows  the 
Danish  power. 

1523-60  GustavTis  I.,  Vasa,  is  elected 
king  on  June  6th  by  a  diet,  which  repu- 
diates the  union  of  Calmar.  Sw^eden 
is  independent  (p.  637).  (1544.)  He 
makes  the  crown  hereditary;  he  is 
popular  with  his  subjects. 

1560-69  Eric  IV.  reigns.  Deposed  and 
imprisoned  by  his  brother,  who  succeeds 
him. 

1569-92  John  HI.  reigns.  (1570).  The 
Peace  of  Stettin  (Prus.)  ends  the  Danish 
war. 

1592- 1604  Sigismund  m.  of  Poland, 
son  of  John  III.,  reigns. 

As  an  ardent  Catholic  he  provokes  op- 
position, and  finally  makes  his  uncle, 


Duke  Charles  [IX.],  regent,  and  returns 
to  Poland.    (IGOO.)  Dethroned. 

1595  *  *  Peace  with  Russia. 

1604-11  Charles  IX.  reigns  by  the 
election  of  the  Diet.  Many  wars  fol- 
low. 

1611-32  GustavusII., Adolphu8,reign8 
with  distinguished  success. 

1613    Jime  29.    Treaty  of  Knared. 
Denmark  returns  all  conquered  terri- 
tory to  Sweden,  and  receives  one  million 
thalers. 

1617  Mar.  9.  Gustavus  forces  Russia 
to  cede  Kexholm,  Karelia,  and  Inger- 
manland,  at  Stobowa. 

1629  Sept.  16.  Poland  signs  an  armis- 
tice for  six  years. 

1631    Jan.  25.    Treaty  with  France  (p. 

689). 

1632-54  Christina  reigns.  (1644.)  As- 
sumes the  crown  on  her  18th  birthday. 
(1654.  June  16).  Abdicates  in  favor  of 
her  cousin,  Charles  (Justavus. 

1648  *  *Denmark    cedes    Ilugen    to 

Sweden. 

1654-60    Charles  X.,  Gustavus,  reigns. 

1660-97  Charles  XI.  reigns.  (1672.)  As- 
sumes the  government ;  16  years  of  age. 
Taxation  crushes  the  people.  (1680.) 
Reforms  are  made.  One-fonrth  of  the 
crown  lands  held  by  nobles  ai  e  restored. 
Many  families  are'  ruined.  The  crown 
becomes  independent  of  the  nobles;  it 
holds  ten  counties  as  ciown  lands. 

1697-1718  Charles  XII,  reigns,  "the 
madman  of  the  North  ;  "  15  years  of  age. 
(1699.)  He  abolisbes  the  Senate,  and 
becomes  an  absolute  ruler.  (170().)  Po- 
land, Russia,  and  Denmark  iniite  in  an 
alliance  against  Sweden  to  recover  lost 
territories.  Denmark  is  soon  alarmed, 
and  withdraws  from  the  alliance.  (1706.) 
Poland  makes  peace  at  Altranstadt. 
(1709.)  Charles  XII.  fiees  into  Turkey. 
(1714.)     He  returns. 

*  *  *  Numerous  wars:  the  nobles  re- 
cover their  power. 

1700-1800  Sweden  is  one  of  the  great- 
est powers  of  Europe. 

1718-41  (51)  Ulrika  Eleonora  and  her 
consort,  Frederick  I.,  landgrave  of 
Hesse-Cassel,  reign.  (1741.)  She  abdi- 
cates ;  he  reigns  alone. 

1719*  *  Despotism  is  abolished;  the 
powers  of  the  Diet  are  restored. 

Sweden  cedes  Bremen  and  Verden  to 
Hanover.  [1720,  Surrenders  Stettin  and 
part  of  Western  Pomerania  to  Prussia. 
1721.  Livonia,  Esthonia,  Ingermanland, 
and  part  of  Viborg  Jan,  go  to  Kussia. 
1743.  Russia  gets  Eastern  Finland  by 
the  Peace  of  Arbo.] 

1738-57  The  French  party  called 
"Hats'*  and  the  Russian  party  called 
"Caps'*  disturb  the  country.  [1770. 
Gustavus  in.  subdues  them.] 

1741-51    Frederick  I.  reigns. 
175 1-7 1    Adolphus  Frederick  of  Hol- 
Btein-Gottorp  reigns. 

1756  *  *  A  conspiracy  of  the  nobles  de- 
tected. 

1771-92  Gustavus  HI.,  Adolphus, 
reigns.  (1772.  Aug.  12.)  By  Kcoupd'Hat 
he  reduces  the  advisory  council  to  a 
mere  advisory  board. 

1792-1809  Gustavus  rV.  reigns.  He  is 
deposed  by  a  military  conspiracy,  and 
succeeded  by  his  uncle  Charles,  the  Duke 
of  Sudermania. 


1136        1803,*  *-1893,  July  22. 


SWEDEN. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1803  *  »  Jons  Jakob  Berzelius  discovers 
cerium.  [1817,  also  selenium ;  1818, 
silicon ;  1824,  tantalum  columbium ;  1828, 
tborlnum ;  1844,  zirconium.] 

1817±  *  *  Arfwedson  discovers  litbium. 

1872  July  21.  Nils  Adolf  Erik  Nor- 
denskjold  sails  on  an  Arctic  expedi- 
tion. [1875.  Another.  1878-79.  He  ac- 
complishes the  Northeast  Passage.] 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1803  *  *  ErlCBScn.   John,  engineer,  inven- 
tor, born.     [18«9.     Dies.] 

1804*  *  luniel)erg,  .Toban  Lndvig,  poet,  b. 
Taglioni,  Marie,  opera  dancer,  b.    [1884.    D.] 

1606*  *  Dahlhom,  Anders  G.,  entomologist, 
born.     [1S.W.     Dies.] 

1807  *  *  CarWn,  Emilia  Smith  Flygare,  novel- 
l8t,born.    [1892.    Dies.] 

1608  *  *  Chapman,  Kredrik  Henrik  af,  ad- 
miral, dies. 

1813*  *  Castr^n,  Matthias  .\lexander,  phi- 
lologist, horn.     [1852.    Dies.] 
Mellin.dustaf  Henrik, novelist, b.  [1876.  D.] 

1819  *  *  Scliwartz,  Alarie  Sophie,  author,  b. 

1831  *  *  Andersson,    Nils  Jolian,    botanist, 
born.    [1880.    Dies.] 
Lind,  Jenny   (Mrs.  Goldscbmidt) ,  vocalist, 
born.    [1887.    Dies.] 

1836    May  3.     Charles   XV.,   king,   born. 
[1872,  Sept.  18.    Dies.] 

1837*  *  Andersson,    Carl   Johan,  explorer, 
born.    [1867.    Dies.] 

1838    Jan.  31.    Oscar  II.,  born. 
Rydberg,  Abraham  Victor,  novelist,  born. 

1633  •  •  Kordenskjold,  Adolf  Erik,  arctic  ex- 
plorer, born. 

1843  *  ♦  Nilsson,  Christine,  singer,  bom. 

1608    June  16.    Prince  Gustavus,  born. 

1877  *  *  Runeberff,  Johann  LudvlK.  poet, 
A73. 

CHURCH. 

1809  •  •  The  Swedish  Bible  Society  is  or- 
ganized. [1829.  The  first  missionary  so- 
ciety, at  Goteborg.  1835.  Jan.  6.  Also 
the  Swedish  Missionary  Society.  1845. 
The  IMission  Society  of  I.und.  1855.  It 
is  absorbed  by  the  Swedish  Society. 
1877.  The  Mission  Union  for  the  Jews 
is  formed.  1880.  Mar.  17.  The  Friends 
of  the  Finns  Society  is  organized.] 

1834  *  *  American  Baptists  begin  mis- 
sion-work in  Sweden.  [1852.  Kev.  An- 
dreas Wiberg,  an  eminent  scholar,  be- 
comes a  Baptist,  and  foimds  the  Baptist 
church  of  Sweden.  1872.  The  Baptist 
Conference  organizes  a  missionary  soci- 
ety. 1880.  Mar,  17.  The  work  is  adopted 
by  the  American  Baptists.] 

1856  *  •  The  Evangelical  National  Insti- 
tution is  organized. 

1857  *  *  The  banishment  of  Roman 
Catholic  converts  from  Lutherauism 
is  decreed. 

1860*  •  Beligious  toleration  is  ex- 
tended. 

1865  *  *  Methodists  enter  from  Norway. 
[1868.  Mission  organized.  1874.  Theo- 
logical School  opened  at  Upsala.  1876. 
A  conference  is  organized.] 

1878  Aug.  2.  The  Swedish  JliBsion 
Union  is  formed. 


LETTERS. 

1808  ♦  *  War  Song  for  the  Militia  of 
Scania,  by  Esaias  Tegn^r,  appears. 
[1811,  Svea;  1820,  The  Children  of  the 
Lord's  Supper;  1822,  Axel;  1825,  Ji'ritTi- 
Jo/t  Saga.] 


1810-13    J'hospliorus  is  issued. 

1810-12    I'oiyfem  Is  issued. 

1811  •  *  The  Gothic  Society  is  founded  at 
Stockholm  ;  it  issues  the  Iduna. 

1813  *  *  Poems,  by  Lars  Hammarskold, 
appears.  [1817,  Hellvin  och  Elvina; 
1818,  Swedish  Literature;  1821,  Histori- 
cal Kemarks  on  the  Progress  and  Develop- 
ment of  Philosophic  Studies  in  Sweden.] 

1813-25    Svensk  Literatiir-Tidning  is 

issued. 
1810  *  *  National  Hymn-book  of  Sweden, 

by  Johan  Olof  Walfin,  appears. 

1820  *  *  Poems,  by  Erik  Sjoberg,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Poems,  by  Adolf  Iwar  Arwidsson,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Argus  is  Issued  by  Johannson. 

*  *  Poems,  by  Julia  Christina  Nyberg,  ap- 
pears. 

1823-79*  *  Narratives  from  Swedish 
History,  by  Anders  Fryxell,  appears. 

1829  *  •  Book  of  the  Thorn  Hose,  by  Karl 
Jonas  LudwigAlmqvist,  appears.  [Later, 
flabriele  Mimanso,  Amalie  Hillner,  Ara 
Minta  May,  Kolumbine,  and  Marjam.] 

1830*  *  Poems,  by  Johan  Ludvig 
Runeberg,  appears,  [1832.  The  Elk 
Hunters ;  1838,  More  Poems ;  1836,  Hamia ; 
1841,  Christmas  Eve  ;  1843,  Jlore  Poems; 
1844,  King  Fjalar ;  1848-60,  Ensign  Stdl's 
Stories;  1853,  Minor  U'ritin/fs.] 

'*  *  FOdemeslandbladet  is  issued  by  Crvi- 
seustolpe. 

*  •  Aftonblmlet  is  issued  by  Hjerta. 

1831  ♦  *  Columbus  and  the  Discovery  of 
America,  by  Frans  Michel  Franzen,  ap- 
pears. 

1832  •  *  History  of  the  Swedish  Nation, 
by  Eric  Gustat  Geijer,  appears.  [1834, 
Reminiscences ;  1839,  Sketch  of  the  Condi- 
tion of  Sweden;  1844,  Life  of  Charles 
XIV.] 

1833  •  *  History  of  Swedish  Literature, 
by  Peter  Wieselgren,  appears. 

1833-37    Skandia  is  issued. 
1833-34    Swenska  Argus  is  issued. 

1834  *  *  History  of  Stveden,  by  Anders 
Magnus  Strinnho"lm,  appears. 

*  *  Statistics  of  Sweden,  by  Karl  Oustaf 
af  Forsell,  appears. 

1835-57  Biographical  Dictionary  of  Em- 
inent Swedes,  by  Vilhelm  Fredrick  Palm- 
blad,  appears.  [184G,  Aurora  Konigs- 
mark.] 

1837  *  *  The  First  Years  of  Onstavus 
IV.,  hj  Magnus  Jakob  Crusenstolpe,  ap- 
pears. [1838-40,  Positions  and  Relations ; 
1840-44,  Moria7ien.] 

1838  *  *  Stallningar  och  Forhallanden  is 
issued. 

1838-40    Literaturbladet  is  issued. 

1840±  *  *  The  Neighbors,  by  Fredrika 
Bremer,  appears.  [1843,  The  Home ;  later, 
The  President's  Daughters,  The  Diary, 
The  H.  Family,  Strife  and  Peace,  Nina, 
and  Brothers  and  Sisters;  1853,  The 
Homes  of  the  New  World;  1850,  Hertha.] 

1841  *  *  The  Seers  and  Poets  of  Sweden, 
by  Peter  Daniel  Atterbora,  appears. 

*  *  Waldemar  Klein,  by  Emilia  Flygare 
Carl^n,  appears.  [1S44,  The  Professor 
and  Thistle  Island;  1850,  Home  in  the 
Valley.} 

1846  *  »  Erik  XIV.,  by  Johan  BHrJesson, 

appears. 
1850*  *Tid»sfcri/K/iir£i«ero«urielsBued. 
1852  *  *  Norsk  Tidstkrift  is  issued. 


1856  *  *  Poems,  by  Karl  Vilhelm  Bottl- 
ger,  appears. 

1858  *  *  The  Man  of  Family  and  the 
Man  from  the  People,  by  Maria  Sophie 
Schwartz,  appears.  [1859,  Work  En- 
nobles a  Man ;  1860,  The  Nobleman's 
Daughter;  1863,  The  Organ-Grinder's 
Son  and  (Sold  and  Name;  1873,  A  Child 
of  the  Time.] 

*  *  Revile  SuMoise  is  issued. 

1859  *  *  The  Last  of  the  Athenians,  by 
Abraham  Victor  Itydberg,  appears. 

1861  *  *  Little  Poems,  by  Carl  Johan 
Snoilsky,  appears.  [1862,  1869,  More 
poems  ;  1871,  Sonnets;  1881,  New  Poems.] 

1876  *  •  Poems,  by  Karl  David  Wirs^n. 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1847  Oct.  9.  Sweden  abolishes  sla- 
very in  its  dependencies. 

1855  •  *  The  police  arrest  11  persons  for 
every  100  of  the  population.  [1886.  Aver- 
age annual  consumption  of  distilled 
spirits,  2.47  gallons.] 

1857  June  6.  Oscar  II.  is  married  to 
the  Princess  Sophia  of  Nassau. 

1869  July  28.  The  Princess  Ijouisa 
is  married  to  Frederick,  Crown  Prince 
of  Denmark. 

1881  Sept.  20.  Prince  Gustevus  is 
married  to  Victoria  of  Baden. 

1888  Mar.  15.  Prince  Oscar  is  mar- 
ried to  Ebba  Munck  of  England. 


STATE. 

1809-18    Charles  Xm.  reigns. 

(1809.  June  7.)  He  decrees  a  repre- 
sentative constitution.  (Sept.  17.)  Fin- 
land is  ceded  to  Russia.  (1812.  Jan.  9.) 
Napoleon  I.  seizes  Swedish  Poraerania. 
(1813.  Mar.  13.)  Joins  the  alliance 
against  Napoleon  I.  (p.  521). 

1814  Jan.  14.  Denmark  cedes  Nor- 
way to  Sweden  by  the  treaty  of  Kiel 
(p.  639).    [Nov.  •  Transferred.) 

1815  *  *  Prussia  obtains  Stralsund  and 
the  Island  of  Rugen. 

1818-44  Charles  XTV.  (Jean  Baptiste 
Jules  Bernadotte,  and  crown  princej, 
formerly  a  French  general,  reigns. 

1844-59  Oscar  I.,  son  of  Berdanotte, 
reigns. 

1850-72    Charles  XV.  reigns. 

1864    Jan.  1.    Free  trade  begins. 

Dec.  4-8,  The  Chambers  adopt  a  new 
constitution. 

Dec.  *  Stockholm.  The  National  Scan- 
dinavian Society  is  formed  to  advance 
the  confederation  of  the  three  kingdoms, 
Sweden,  Denmark,  and  Norway . 

1870  Aug.  4.  Neutrality  in  the 
Franco-Prussian  war  is  announced  by 
proclamation. 

1872  Sept.  8.  Oscar  II.  succeeds  his 
brother.  [1873.  May  12.  The  king  and 
queen  are  crowned.  1884.  Mar.  10.  The 
crown  prince  is  made  viceroy  of  Nor- 
way.] 

1803  July  22.  The  Storthing  reduces 
the  king's  allowance  from  336,000  to 
256,000  kroner. 


SWITZERLAND. 


643,**-1781,**.    1137 


SwiTZEBLAND  ii  a  federal  republic  of  central  Europe ;  capital,  Bern.  It  contains  22  confederated  cantons, which  are  largely 
independent  in  local  government.  The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  an  Assembly  of  two  chambers,  the  State  Council  having  two 
menibers  from  each  canton,  and  the  Chamber  of  Representatives  having  147  Deputies.  The  joint  session  of  both  constitutes  the 
Federal  Assembly,  which  elects  the  executives  of  the  Federal  Council  and  its  president,  who  is  also  the  president  of  the  Swiss 
Confederation  for  a  term  of  one  year.  The  principle  of  the  referendum  is  also  employed  in  legislation.  Religion,  three-fifths 
Protestant,  two-lif tha  Roman  Catholic  ;  language,  German,  French,  Italian,  and  Bomansch.  Area,  15,976  square  milea ;  popula- 
tion, 2,933,334. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1315-1446    Important  Battles. 

(1315.  Nov.  15.)  Morgarten  (p.  604). 
(1386.  July  9.)  Sempach  (p.784).  (1388. 
Apr.  9.)  Nafels  (p.  784).  (1444.  Aug.  26.) 
St.  Jacob  (p.  784).  (1446  *  *)  Bagaz  (p. 
784). 

1386-89    War  with  Austria,  caused  by 

its  oppressive   rule.     [1394+.     Another 

war.     1412-62.     Another.] 
1436-50    Civil  war  between  Zurich  and 

Schwyz,  caused  by  territorial  disputes, 

(1443.)    Zurich  troops  are  defeated  at  St. 

Jacob  on  the  Sihl.    (1444.)    Zurich  is 

besieged. 
1440-46    War  with    Frederick  III.  of 

Austria  (p.  784). 
1458  •  »  'War  with  Sigismund. 
1476    Mar.  3.     Battle  at  Granson  (p. 

786).    [June 22.    At  Morat  (p.  786).    1477. 

Jan.  6.    At  Nancy  (p.  786).] 

1512  •  »  The  Swiss  in  Milan  (p.  786). 

1513  June  6.  A'.  It.  The  Swiss  defeat 
the  French  at  Navara  (p.  680). 

1515  Sept.  13,  14.  N.  It.  The  Swiss 
power  is  broken  by  the  defeat  at  Mele- 
g:nano  (p.  680).    [1516.    Peace  follows.] 

1529-31    "Wars  of  Kappel. 

Protestant  and  Roman  Catholic  can- 
tons in  conflict.  [1531.  Oct  11.  The 
Protestants  are  defeated  at  Kappel ; 
Zwingli,  their  leader,  is  killed.] 

1602  "  The  escalade ; "  Charles  Eman- 
uel of  Savoy  is  repulsed  at  (ieiieva,  after 
■caling  the  walls  and  entering  the  town. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

LETTERS. 

1459    Nov.  12.    The   University  of 

Basel  is  founded  by  a  papal  charter. 

1687  *  •  The  Geneva  Bible,  printed  by 
Rowland  Hart,  appears. 

1565  ±  *  *  Gesner  writes  at  History  of  An- 
imals; makes  a  classification  of  plants. 

1621*  *  A  Lexicon  Heln'aicum,  hyjoh&nn 
Buxtorf,  appears. 

1667  *  *  The  Universal  Lexicon,  by  Jo- 
hann  J.  Hoffman,  appears. 

1696  *  *  Ars  Critica,  by  Jean  le  Clerc, 
appears. 

1703-15  ATora  Literaria  Helvetica  is  is- 
sued at  Zurich. 

1728-34    Bibliotkeque  Italique  is  issued. 

1752  •  *  The  screw  ship-engine  is  in- 
vented by  Daniel  Bernoulli. 

1788  •  »  The  Death  of  Abel  is  painted  by 
Salomon  Gessner. 

1770  *  *  The  /^over's  Present  is  painted 
by  Sigmund  Frendenberger. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

Uth  Century-  Tell,  'William,  legendary  pa- 
triot, born. 

1888  •  »  Wlnkelried,  Arnold  von,  patriot,  d. 

1484  •  •  ZwlngU.  Ulrlc,  reformer,  born. 
[1831.    nies.) 

1496*  *  Itonnivanl,  Francois  de  (Genoese), 
patriot,  horn.     [1570.     Dies.] 

1004  •  *  IluUinKer,  Heinrich,  reformer,  au- 
thor, born.    [1.^75.    Dies.) 

1841'  •  Bauhln,. lean,  botanist,  b.  [1613.  D.] 

leSO  •  '  Hettinger,  Johann  H.,  orientalist, 
theologian,  born.    [1667.    Dies.) 

less*  *Tarretlnl,  Francois,  theologian, 
bom.    [1687.    Dies.] 


ie47«  'Marian,  Maria  Sibylla,  artist,  nat- 
uralist, born.     [1717.     Dies.] 

1654*  *  Bernoulli,  Jacques,  mathematician, 
born.    ( 1705.    Dles.1 

1657*  ♦  Le  Clerc,   Jean,  clergyman,  critic, 
born.    [1756.    Dies.] 

1667*  •Bernoulli,     Jean,    mathematician, 
born.    [1748.    Dies.] 

1671  *  *  Tiirretini,   Jean    Alphonse,   theolo- 
gian, born.    [1737.    Dies.] 

1694  *  *  Uurlamaqni,  Jean  Jacques,  jurist, 
born.    [1748.    Dies.] 

1698*  *  Bodmer,  .loliann  Jakob,  journalist, 
bom.    [1783.    Dies.) 

1700*  *  Bernoulli,    Daniel,   mathematician, 
physicist,  born.    [1782.    Dies.] 

1707*  *Euler,Leonhar(l,matli.,l).  [1783.  D.] 

1 708  *  *  llaller,  Albrecht  von,  physiologist, 
born.    [1777.    Dies.] 

1714  *   *  Vattel,  Enuneric  de,  publicist,  born. 
[1767.     Dies.) 

1730*  *  Bonnet,  Charles,  naturalist,  philoso- 
pher, born.    [1793.    Dies.] 

1737*  *  Berthoud.  Ferdinand,  inventor  of 
marine  clocks,  born.    [1807.    Dies.] 
Deluc,  Jean  Andr6,  geologist,  b.    [1817.    D.] 

1788*  'TlBsot,  Simon  Andr^,  physician, 
born.    [1797.    Dies.] 
Zimniermann,  Johann  von,  physician,  born. 
[1795.    Dies.) 

1735*  *  Clavlere,  Ktlenne,  financier,  born. 
(1793.     Dies.] 

1740*  *Delolme,  Jean     Louis,  political 
writer,  born.     [1806.    Dies.] 
Saussure,     Horace  Benedict  de,  naturalist, 
born.    [1799.    Dies.] 

1741*  *  Hess,  Johann  Jakob,  Protestant 
theologian,  born.    [1828.    Dies.] 
Kauffinann,  IVIarIa  A.,  painter,  b.    [1807.  D.] 
Lavater,  John    Caspar,    Protestant   clergy- 
man, physiognomist,  born.    [1801.    D.] 

1746*  *  Pestalozzl,  Johann  Heinrich,   edu- 
cator, born.    [1827.    Dies.] 

1760*  ♦  Huber,  Francois,  naturalist,  bom. 
[1831.    Dies.] 

IStli  Century.    Argand,  Aim6,  chemist,  Inven- 
tor, born.     [1805.     Dies.]       , 

1769*  *D  union  t,   Pierre   Etienne   Louis, 
scholar,  author,  born.    [1829.    Dies.] 

1771  *  *  Fellenberg,  Philippe  von,  education- 
ist, born.    [1844.    Dies.] 

1778*  *  Candolle,  Augustin  P.  de,  botanist, 
born.    [1841.    Dies.] 


CHURCH. 

643*  *  Irish  missionaries  introduce 
Christianity. 

1431  *  *  Council  of  Basel  (p.  784). 
1519  •  *  Ulrio  ZwingU  begins  the  Ref- 
ormation at  Basel. 

1633**  The  Anabaptists  appear.  [I.W.5. 
Fined  by  the  Senate.  1526.  Decree  of  death 
passed  by  the  Senate.  1527.  Felix  Mantz 
executed  by  drowning.  1529.  Become  numer- 
ous.    1671.    700  exiwlled  from  Bern.] 

1536  *  ♦  John  Calvin,  from  France,  set- 
tles in  Geneva. 

1553  May  27.  Michael  Servetus hav- 
ing denied  in  print  the  divinity  of  Christ, 
and  condemned,  is  bnrned  in  Geneva. 

1586  Oct.  5.  The  seven  Roman  Catho- 
lic cantons  of  the  Confederation  form 
the  Golden  Xjeagrue  for  the  maintenance 
of  their  faith  in  these  cantons. 

1620  July  20-22.  Protestants  are  mas- 
sacred in  Volteline. 


STATE. 

1032  *  *  Helvetia  is  subject  to  the  Ger- 
mans. 

1171  *  *  Freiburg  Is  founded. 

1191  *  *  Bern   is   founded.     [1218.    Be- 
comes an  imperial  city.] 


1231  *  *  Henry,  son  of  Frederick  II., 
grants  a  charter  to  Uri.  [1240.  Freder- 
ick II.  grants  one  to  Schwyz.  1297. 
Adolf  confirms  both.] 

1275  *  •  The    IJandsgemeinde  of   Url 

first  meets.  (1294.  That  of  Schwyz. 
1309.  June  3.  Henry  VII.  confirms  the 
charters  of  both  cautons.] 

1201  Aug.  1.  The  Swiss  confedera- 
tion begins  in  the  Everlasting  League 

for  self-defense,  formed  by  the  cantons 
of  Uri,  Schwyz,  and  Nidwalden  [Unter- 
walden].  [1315.  Dec.  9.  Renewed  at 
Brunnen.   1316.   Confirmed  by  Louis  IV.] 

1309  *  *  Uri,  Schwyz,  and  Unterwalden 
form  a  confederation.  [1315.  The  con- 
federates conclude  alliances  with  Glaus, 
Urseren,  Art,  and  Interlaken  for  protec- 
tion against  Austria.] 

1332*  *  Lucerne  joins  the  League.  [1351, 
also  Zurich  ;  1362,  Glarus  and  Zug ;  13S3, 
Bern.] 

1386-89  Iiuceme  revolts  against  the 
oppression  of  Austria.  [1389.  A  seven 
years'  peace  is  signed.  1.394.  .luly  16. 
Extended  for  20  years  ;  1412,  for50  years.] 

1400-10  The  Caddee,  or  League  of 
God's  House,  unites  the  Grisons  to  resist 
domestic  tyranny.  [1424.  A  second 
league.  1436.  League  oi  the  Ten  Juris- 
dictions.] 

1410-26  y^.It.  Much  territory  is  ac- 
quired by  conquest. 

1440-46    Zurich  an  ally  of  Austria. 

1446  »  *  Peace  with  France.    [1450.    Zu- 

ricti  makes  peace  with  the  Confederates. 

1452.    Alliance  with  France.] 

1474  Mar.  30.  The  Everlasting  Com- 
pact is  signed  at  Constance  ;  Sigismund 
renounces  all  Austrian  claims  on  Con- 
federates' lands. 

Oct.  9.  "War  is  declared  against  Charles 
the  Bold. 

1481  Dec.  *Tlie"  Compact  of  Stanz" 
is  formed.  Freiburg  and  Solothurn  join 
the  Confederation.  [1501.  Basel  and 
Schaflfhausen  join.    1515.    Appenzell.] 

1516*  *  The  Confederacy  is  acknowl- 
edged by  several  powers ;  peace  with 
France. 

1531  Nov.  *  The  warring  Protestants 
and  Catholics  make  a  peace  ;  neither  to 
attempt  to  convert  the  other  by  whole- 
sale. 

1544  *  *  The  Grisons  leagues  become 

Confederate  allies.    [1684.  Also  Geneva.] 
1648*  *  Treaty   of   Westphalia;    inde- 
pendence recognized  (p.  797). 

1712  Aug.  *  The  religious  wars  end  In 
the  Peace  of  Aargau. 

1777  May  25.  An  alliance  is  made 
with  France. 

1781  *  *  The  aristocratic  and  democratic 
parties  in  Geneva  quarrel  until  France 
interferes. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1345*  *TheBankof  Genevalsfonnded. 
1515  *  *  In  three  months500±  personsare 
burned  in  Geneva  as  witches. 


1138     1787,  *  *-1894,  July  9.        SWITZERLAND. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1799-1802    Switzerland  is  the  seat  of 

the  war  between  the  Second  Coalition 

and  Napoleon  I. 
1811    Aug.  24.    Switzerland  fumiBhes 

6,000  men  in  aid  of  France. 
1847    Nov.*  Civil  war  begins. 
1871    Feb.  1.    The  French  are  driven 

by  the  Germans  across  the  line  (p.  744). 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1787*  ♦  Dufoiir,  Guillaume  Henri,  general, 
born.     [1875.     DieB.] 
Orelli,  Kaspar,  plillologist,  born.    [1849.    D.] 

1794*  *  Merle  d'Aiibign^,  Jean  Henri,  his- 
torian, born.     [1872.     Dies.] 

1797  *  *  Vinet,  Alexandre  Kodolphe,  authori 
born.     [1847.     Dies.] 

1801  *  *  De  La  Rive,  Auguste,  natural  phi- 
losopher, Iwm.     [1873.     Dies.] 

1810*  *Calame,  Alexandre,  artist,  born. 
[1864.     Dies.] 

1811*  *I)e8or,  Edonard,   scientist,   born. 
[1882.     Dies.] 

1810  *  *  ThallHjrg,  Sigismund,  pianist,  born. 
[1871.    Dies.] 

1830*  *  Tschudl,  Friedrich  von,   zoologist, 
bom.     [1886.     Dies.[ 

1833*  *  Dubs,  Jakob,  states.,  b.  [1819.     D.) 

1830  *  *  Vautier,  IJenjaniin,  painter,  born. 

1889    Feb.   33.     Mermillod,   Caspar,  cardi- 
nal, A  68. 

1893    Apr.  4.     Candolle,  Alphonse  L.  P.  P., 
botanist,  A87. 
Auff.  14.     Kucbonnet,  M.  L.,  statesman,  d. 

1884    Feb.  3.     Herzog,  Hans,  general,  A76. 


LETTERS. 

1796-1815  Bibliothhque  Britannique  is 
issued. 

1806  Sept.  2.  A  landslide  on  the  Ross- 
berg  Mountain  causes  800  deaths. 

1816  *  *  Bibliothkque  Universelle  issued. 

1824  *  *  Auguste  de  la  Rive  invents  a 
galvanometer.  fl843.  Advances  the 
principal  of  the  telephone.] 

1830  *  ♦  Education  is  made  independent 
of  the  clergy  by  law. 

1838  *  *  lievut  Suisse  is  issued. 

1839  *  *  Christian  F.  Schonbein  discov- 
ers ozone  at  Basel.  [1845.  Guucotton 
and  collodion.] 

1848  Oct.  7.  Tlio  attempted  introduc- 
tion of  Jesuit  teachers  in  the  Catholic 
cantons  leads  to  a  revolution. 

1853*  *  Lake  dwellings  of  a  prehistoric 
race  are  discovered.  [1882.  Mar.  *  At 
Constance.] 

1857  Aug.  31.  The  Mont  Cenis  tun- 
nel is  begun  (p.  1088). 

1872  *  *  Prof.  Kopp  of  Lucerne  demon- 
strates that  the  popular  stories  concern- 
ing William  TeU  are  myths.  [1890. 
Aug.  *  Ordered  by  Government  to  be 
expunged  from  school-books.] 

1876  *  *  The  University  of  Greneva  is 

founded. 

1889  Oct.  6.  The  Council  of  State  for 
Freiburg  votes  S'2,250,000to  found  a  Ro- 
man Catholic  University. 


1891  July  11.  Aji  avalanche  on  the 
west  side  of  Mont  Blanc  causes  a  flood ; 
nearly  200  lives  are  lost. 

1893  Sept.  13.  The  erection  of  an  ob- 
servatory on  Mont  Blanc  is  completed. 

CHURCH. 

1804-19    Bible  societies  are  organized. 

(1804.)     The   Basel.      (1812.)     The  Zurich. 

(1813.)     The  Coire.     (1814.)     The  Lausanne 

and  the  Geneva.     (I81G.)    The  Neuuhatel. 

(1819.)  The  Olarus. 

1830  *  *  The  Society  of  Israel's  Friends  is 
organized  at  Basel. 

1839*  *  Methodism  is  introduced. 
[1849.  American  Methodists  introduce 
amission.    1886.  Conference  organized.] 

1840+  *  *  The  Protestants  and  Catholics 
struggle  with  the  education  question. 
[1846.  A  league  of  cantons  is  formed  to 
support  education  by  Jesuits.  1847. 
Sept.  3.  The  Diet  orders  the  expulsion 
of  the  Jesuits ;  civil  war  follows.] 

1847  Nov.  29.  The  Jeusits  expelled, 
and  the  monastic  property  confiscated. 

1861*  *The  Evangelical  Alliance 
meets  in  Geneva.  [1872.  Sept.  23-28. 
Again.    1878.    Sept.  2.    At  Basel.] 

1873  Feb.  17.  Monslgnor  Mermlllotl,  the 
papal  nuncio,  refusing  to  submit  to  the  civil 
authorities,  is  expelled.  [1874.  Sept.  5. 
The  Government  deprives  19  Uoinan  Catholic 
priests  of  their  parishes  because  they  will  not 
take  the  constitutional  oath.] 

1874  June*  The  Swiss  National 
Church  is  organized. 

1879  Aug.  17.  Old  Catholics  meet 
at  Bern.     [1880.     May  23.    At  Geneva.] 

1883  *  *  The  Salvation  Army  begins 
work.  [1884.  Sept.  2r.  Persecuted  by 
authorities  at  Bern.  1890.  Jan.  28. 
The  Bundesrath  decides  the  Army  is  en- 
titled to  state  protection.] 

STATE. 

1794  Jtily  19.  A  revolution  breaks 
out  at  Geneva ;  it  is  led  by  two  resident 
commissioners  of  the  French  revolution. 

1798  Mar.  *  The  French  occupy  Swit- 
zerland; the  Confederation  is  dissolved. 
[Mar.  29.  The  Helvetic  republic  is 
proclaimed,  Apr.  12.  Geneva  is  an- 
nexed by  France  (p.  713).  Uric  and  Vaud 
secede  from  the  republic] 

1803  Feb.  19.  The  Confederation  is 
restored  by  the  *•  Act  of  Mediation." 
The  cantons  of  St.  Gall,  Grisons,  Aar- 
gau,  Thurgau,  Ticino,  and  Vaud  join  it. 
[1813.  Dec.  30.  Also  Geneva,  Valais,  and 
Neuch3.tel.] 

1806  *  *  Neuchatel  is  ceded  to  France. 

1815  Aug.  1.  A  new  constitution  is 
adopted.  [1839.  Those  of  the  cantons 
are  revised.] 


1844  *  *  Protestant  cantons  oppose  the 
surrender  of  education  to  the  Jessuits. 

1847  *  *  The  Diet  is  at  war  with  the 
"  Sonderbund"  on  the  Jesuit  education 
question. 

1848  *  *  ITie  new  constitution  central- 
izes the  government  more  than  the  old 
one.    [1874.    It  is  revised.] 

1857  *  *  Neuchatel  is  freed  from  Prus- 
sian claims. 

1891  July  6.  A  plebiscite  favors  a  new 
law  empowering  50,000  citizens  to  sub- 
mit the  text  of  bills  to  the  Chambers,  and 
compelling  their  consideration. 

1894  July  9.  A  referendum  defeats 
a  proposal  to  insert  in  the  constitution  a 
declaration  of  the  right  of  every  male 
citizen  to  labor. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1787  *  *  A  savings-bank  is  opened  at 
Bern,  the  first  one  established.  [1792. 
Another  at  Basel.] 

1845  Dec.  5.  The  Fraternal  Order  of 
Templars  of  Honor  and  Temperance  is 
organized. 

1861    May  3.    Glarus  is  destroyed  by 

fire. 

1S07  Sept.  2.  The  Workmen's  Inter- 
national Congress  opens  at  Lausanne. 

Sept.  9-12.  An  International  Arbitra- 
tion and  Peace  Congress  is  in  session 
at  Geneva. 

1868  June  15.  Mont  Cenis  tunnel 
opened  (pp.  1088,  1089). 

Sept.  9-12.  An  International  Peace  and 
Iiiberty  Congress  opens  at  tieneva. 
[Sept.  22-26.    At  Bern.] 

1871  Dec.  18.  The  Alabama  Claima 
Arbitration  Commission  meets  at  Ge- 
neva (pp.  275,  279). 

1872  ♦  *  The  St.  Gothard  tunnel  is  !>•• 

gun,  9i  miles  long  (p.  1090). 

1873  Sept.  *  T  h  e  International  (So- 
cialists) Association  meets  in  Geneva. 

Aug.  18.    The  ex-Duke  of  Brunswick 

dies,  bequeathing  £764,000i:  to  the  city 
of  Geneva. 

1874  *  *  Capital  punishment  is  abol- 
ished by  referendum,  17  out  of  21  cantons 
favor.      [1879.      May  *  Restored.    Vote, 

191,197-177,263.] 

1875  May  23.   The  civil  marriage  and 

registration  law  is  approved  by  a  referen- 
dum.    Vote,  212,8&4-204,700. 

1887  May  16.  By  a  two-thirds  vote  of 
the  people,  the  manufacture,  importa- 
tion, and  sale  of  spirits  becomes  a  gov- 
ernment monopoly. 

1891  June  14.    A  broken  bridge  on  a 

railway  causes  150i:  deaths. 

1892  Aug.  22.  Bern.  An  International 
Peace  Congress  opens. 

1893  Aug.  1.  Tlie  600th  anniversaryof 
the  Swiss  nationality  is  celebrated. 


TRIPOLI. 

Tripoli  is  a  vilayet  of  the  Turkish  Empire,  on  the  northern  coast  of  Africa  ;  capital,^ Tripoli.    Area,  including  its  dependen- 
cies, Fezzan  and  Barca,  144,500±  square  miles;  population,  1,000,000±. 


7th  Century.    Conquered  by  Arabs. 

1146*  *  Tripoli  is  taken  by  Sicilians 
[1184.  Retaken  by  Yakoub.  1510.  Ta- 
ken from  Tunis  by  Ferdinand  of  Spain. 
1551.  Sultan  Solyman  takes  the  citadel, 
and  annexes  Tripoli  to  Turkey.] 

1551  *  *  The  Turks  make  Dragut  the 
first  governor.     [1553.    Corsairs  Dragut 


and  Sinan  expel  the  Knights  of  St.  John. 

The  pirates  terrorize  seamen.] 
1683*  *  The  French  bombard  Tripoli  to 

suppress  piracy;    the   pasha   professes 

submission. 
1714  *  *  The  Moors  successfully  rebel 

against  the  Turks,  and  acquire  indepen- 


dence. Ahmed  Caramanti  is  the  first 
pasha  elected  by  the  people. 

1801-05    War  with  the  United  States 

(p.  110).    Peace  (p.  113). 

1813*  *Mohammed  el-Senusi  comes 
from  Algiers.  [His  austere  doctrines 
are  enthusiastically  received  and  many 
thousand  adherents  gained.] 


TRIPOLI. 


1146,**-1889,July4.      1139 


1816  •  •  The  British  force  the  bey  to 

ronounce  piracy  (p.  938). 
1835  *  *  Tripoli  reconquered  by  Turkey. 


1881    Nov,  *  +  Ahmed  Kassim  is  pasha. 
1887  *  *  A  mission  opened  at  Tripoli. 


1889    July  4.    A  decree  is  issued  abol- 
ishing the  slave-trade. 


TUNIS. 


Tunis  is  a  French  protectorate  in  Northern  Africa ;  capital,  Tunis.    The  government  is  nominally  conducted  by  a  native  bey, 
vho  is  controlled  by  a  French  resident.    The  Mohammedan  religion  prevails.    Area,  45,000  square  miles  ;  population,  1,500,000±. 


509  *  *  B.  c.  Carthage  makes  a  treaty 
with  Rome.  [34S.  b.  c.  Utica  is  an 
illy  of  Carthage.] 

264r-242    B,  c.    Carthage  at  war  with 

Rome  (p.  1052-1053,  1055). 

247  *  *  B.  c.  Hannibal,  general,  born. 
1^183.    B.  c.    Dies.] 

229  *  *  B.  c.    Hamilcar,  general,  dies. 

29  *  *  B.  c.  Carthage  is  recognized  as  a 
Roman  city  by  Augustus. 

200  *  *  A.  D.  Carthage  is  a  Christian 
bishopric.  [218±,  251,  252  and  253,  254, 
255  and  236,  330,  397-398,  401,  408.  411  or 
412,  416,  418,  church  councils  are  held.] 

258  *  *  Cyprian,  bishop  of  Carthage,  dies. 

439±*  *  Conquered  by  "Vandals.  I7th 
Century.    By  Arabs.] 

533  *  *  Belisarius  takes  Carthage  for  the 
Greek  emperor.  [097.  Carthage  is  de- 
stroyed by  Saracens.] 

700±  *  *  Utica  flourishes  greatly. 

1050±  *  *  The  Fatimites  send  hordes  of 
Bedouins  from  Upper  Egypt  to  ravage 
Tunis. 

1148  *  *  The  Zihite  dynasty  is  extin- 
guished by  Roger  I.  of  Sicily ;  Norman 


authority  la  established.  [1160.  The 
Almohaae  Caliph  Abd-al-Mu'min  ends 
their  rule  in  the  capture  of  Mahdiya.] 

1267-70    Crusade  of  Louis  IX.  of  Franc© 

against  the  Moslems  (p.  672-I-). 
1336  *  *  Abu  Zakariya,  Prince  of  Tunis, 

proclaims  independence  of  the  Almo- 

hades'  decayed  rule  ;  founds  a  dynasty. 
1390*  *  The  Duke  of  Bourbon  conducts 

an  expedition  to  Tunis. 
1525  *  *  Disputed  succession  ;  Khair-ed- 

Din  Barbarossa,  urging  a  pretext,  claims 

it  for  the  sultan  of  Constantinople.  [1536. 

Barbarossa  takes  Tunis  for  the  Sultan 

Sol  y  man.] 

1537  *  *  Tho  expedition  of  the  Emperor 
Charles  ".  conquers  Tunis,  and  releases 

all  Christian  slaves. 

1570  *Algerines  under  All  Pasha  take 
Tunis.  [1.373.  By  Don  Juau  of  Spain. 
1575.  Taken  by  the  army  o*"  the  Sultan 
Selim  II.;  he  appoints  tne  first  bey,  who 
rules  as  a  Ti'  kish  province  ;  it  becomes 
a  piratical  state,  and  a  terror  to  seamen.] 

1603-1702  The  office  of  bey  is  heredi- 
tary in  the  house  of  Murad. 

1655  *  *  Adm.  Blake  reduces  Tunis  for 
refusing  to  surrender  British  captives. 


1702-05    Ibrahim  reigns,  the  last  of  the 

beys. 
1705+  *  *  The  Hussein  dynasty  reigns. 

181 0  *  *  ,  colleclive  note  from  the  pow- 
ers causes  the  abandonment  of  piracy. 

1856  *  *  The  bey  promises  constitutional 
reforms.  [1859.  Mohammed-es-Sadok, 
takes  the  constitutional  oath.] 

1871  Oct.  25.  The  sultan  decrees  that 
Tunis  is  a  part  of  the  Turkish  Empire. 

1879  Jan.*  Dispute  with  France; 
[settled  by  the  bey  ]  (p.  10). 

1881  Apr.  30.  A  FrencU  force  bom- 
bards and  captures  liizerta  in  redressing 

alleged  predatory  incursions  into  Alge- 
ria. [Oct.  10.  The  French  occupy  Tunis. 
Nov.  *  The  French  army,  20,000  strong, 
suppresses  resistance.] 

May  12.  The  French  sign  a  treaty  with 
the  bey,  which  guarantees  his  security 
of  person  and  dynasty  but  virtually  an- 
nexes Tunis  to  France  (p.  753). 

May  *  Tlie  Sultan  protests.  [1884.  Jan. 
1.    French  courts  of  law  set  up.] 

1882  Oct.  28+.    Sidi  Ali  Pasha  Is  bey. 
1884*  *  Tunis,    The  North  African  Mis- 
sion (Eng.)  opens  a  mission. 

1889  May  27.  Cardinal  Lavigerie 
lays  the  foundation  of  pro-cathedral. 


TURKEY. 

TunKEY  is  an  empire  having  territory  on  three  continents,  —  soutlieastern  Europe,  western  Asia,  and  northern  Africa  ;  capl* 
tal,  Constantinople.  Tlxe  government  is  an  absolute  monarchy  under  a  sultan,  and  administered  by  a  grand  vizier  and  cabinet. 
The  population, comprises  Turks,  Greeks,  Armenians,  Syrians,  Bulgarians,  Albanians,  Jews,  Egyptians,  and  Arabs.  The  chief 
religion  is  Mohammedanism,  but  many  others  are  tolerated.  Total  estimated  area,  1,147,578  square  miles  ;  population,  27,698,000±. 
Turkey  in  Europe,  area,  126,013  square  miles  ;  population,  8,987,000+. 

Note.  —  Dates  of  Biblical  events  marked  by  an  S  follow  McClintock  and  Strong  ;  by  W,  follow  Prof.  Owen  C.  Whitehouse ;  by  a  star,  fol- 
low Conybeare  and  Howson.  No  attempt  has  been  made  to  harmonize  the  contradictory  ancient  dates  assigned  by  the  various  authors  whose 
works  liave  been  used  in  this  compilation. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

37504:  *  *  n.  c.  Babylonia,  Sargon  is  a 
fighter ;  he  attacks  Elam,  conquers  "  the 
westlaud,"  also  the  *'  four  regions." 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Armenia.  (?)  Adam  is  a  hor- 
ticulturist in  Eden.  (4004,  Usher.) 
13875+.  Abel  a  shepherd;  Cain  is  an 
agriculturist.] 

*  •  •  B.  c.  Iiamech  is  the  head  of  a  fam- 
ily of  inventors.  [Tubal,  his  son,  in- 
vents wind  and  stringed  instruments  of 
music.  "  The  father  of  all  inch  as  han- 
dlethe  harp  and  the  organ."  Tubal- 
Cain  invents  a  method  of  forging  iron 
and  brass  weapons.  Jabal  is  the  first 
to  erect  a  tent,  and  to  possess  cattle  as 
property.]    (3875,  Usher.) 

3761 1  *  »  B.  c.  The  era  of  the  Jews 
begins. 

5750+ *  *  Jlabylonia.  Sargon  is  a  great 
builder.  [3700 1  N  aram-sl  n,  his  son, 
builds  a  temple  to  the  sun  at  Sippar, 
containing  records  found  550  B.  c.  by 
Marbonidus.] 


CHURCH. 

*  *  *  B,  c.  Armenia.  (?)  Adam  created ; 
the  church  a  theocracy.  Fall  of  Adam 
and  Eve  ;  Saviour  promised.    (4004,  U.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Animals  are  olFered  in  sacri- 
fice by  Abel ;  the  "  fruit  of  the  ground  " 
is  offered  by  Cain.    (3875,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Seth  becomes  the  preserver 
of  true  religion.    (3874,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  0.  Enoch  is  translated  at  the  age 
of  365  years.    (3186,  S. ;  3017,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Because  of  the  wickedness  of 
the  antediluvians,  the  Deluge  is  sent 
for  their  destruction,  and  continues  377 
days.  (3154,  Hales ;  2516-2515,  S.;  2348,  U.) 

SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

*  •  •  B.  c.  Asia.  The  family  is  insti- 
tuted.   (4004,  Usher.) 

*  *  ♦  B.  c.  Asia.  Polygamy  is  intro- 
duced by  Lamech,  who  takes  two  wives. 
(3130,  Usher.) 


STATE. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Theocracy  in  Eden  ;  Adam 
and  Eve.    (4004,  Usher.) 

•  *  *  B.  c.  Cain  builds  Enoch,  the  first 
city.    (3875,  Usher.) 

3750  *  *  B.  c.  Babylonia.  Sargon,  the 
tirst  historic  king,  reigns  in  the  north. 

[3700  +  .  Karani-sin  reigns.  2200.  Ur-Bahu 
consolidates  the  kingdom.  2287-32.  Ham- 
murab,  the  sixth  king,  reigns.  2232-2197. 
Sainsu-iluna  reigns,] 

2700  (or  2800)  *  •  Babylonia.  Ur  is  an 
important  ruling  city.  (The  oldest  kings 
of  Ur,  Ur-Gur  and  Dungi,  are  mentioned 
as  kings  of  Shumer  (Shinar)  in  the  South, 
and  Akkad  (Accad)  in  the  North.  2400. 
Guugunum  is  King  of  Ur,andthefounder 
(?)  of  the  second  dynasty.  2300.  Nur- 
Kamman  and  Sin-ldinnam  are  kings  of 
Larsam  in  South  Babylon.) 

2400  *  *  Babylonia.  Sumu-Ahi  founds 
the  first  dynasty  in  the  list  of  Babylonian 
kings. 


1140 


**  B.C. -1350±  **B.C. 


TURKEY. 


ARMY— NAVY. 

2280±  •  *  B.  c.  Babylonia.  Elamite 
invasion  from  the  east.  Babylon,  the 
capital,  is  conquered. 

2250  »  •  B.  c.  Babylonia.  Hammurabi 
defeats  Kim  Sin. 

2000+  ♦  •  B.  c.  Asia  Minor  is  the  bat- 
tle-field of  the  world. 

*  *  »  B.  c.  Assyr.  Chedorlaomer,  King 
of  Elam,  and  allied  kings  capture  the 
cities  of  the  plain  of  Sodom ;  Lot  is 
taken.  Abraham  defeats  the  four  kings 
and  rescues  Lot.    (1912,  Usher.) 

*  ♦  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Islunael  Iwcomes  an 
archer.    (1892,  Usher.) 

1600±  *  *  B.  c.  I'al.  The  Hittites  are 
defeated  by  the  Egyptians  at  Megiddo 
(p.  548).  ["I300±.  Rameses  II.  defeats 
them  at  Kadesh  on  the  Orontes.] 

*  *  ♦  B.  c.  Pal.  Mo8e8  8end8l2  spiesto 
Canaan.    (1490,  Usher.) 

*  •  *  B.  c.  Pal.  The  Israelites  defeat  the 
Ammonites  under  King  Sihon  and  take 
three  cities.  Joshua  defeats  the  Midi- 
anites,  exterminates  the  women,  and 
takes  great  booty.  (1452,  Usher.)  [He 
defeats  the  second  confederacy  of  Ca^ 
naanite  kings  and  their  allies.  Rahab 
receives  Josliua's  spies  at  .Jericho.  He 
kills  the  King  of  .Jerusalem.  Israelites 
defeat  Og,  King  of  Bashan ;  capture 
Jericho.  Defeat  men  of  Ai.  Also  de- 
feat confederacy  of  kings.  (1451,  Usher.) 
The  Canaanites  use  cavalry  in  battle. 
(1450,  Usher.)] 

*  •  •  B.  c.  Pal.  Israel  nearly  extermi- 
nates Benjamin.    (1406,  Usher.) 

*  •  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Deborah,  the  proph- 
etess, and  Barak,  the  captain,  defeat 
Sisera,  and  deliver  Israelites  from  their 
third  bondage.    (1396,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Othniel  delivers  Israel- 
ites from  rule  of  Cushan-Rishathaim. 
(1567,  S.;  1394,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  The  Israelites  are  de- 
feated, and  serve  Eglon,  king  of  -Moab. 
[Ehud  delivers  Israel :  10,000  Moabites 
are  killed.  (1336,  Usher.)]  (1509,  S. ;  1354, 
Usher.) 

1350±  *  *  B.  c.  The  Assyrians  are  gen- 
erally victorious  in  many  battles  with 
Babvlonians.  [1300±  Bel  Kudur-uzur 
gain's  much  land  from  the  .Assyrians. 
Assyrians  under  Tukulti-Adar  conquer 
Babylon.  1153  Ashur.  Dan  I.  of  As- 
syria defeats  the  Babylonian  king  Za- 
mama-sum-iddina.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

»  *  •  B.  c.  Armenia.  (?)  The  Ark  is  com- 
menced by  Noah.    (2468,  Usher.) 

The  oubit  is  used  for  measurements.  Calk- 
ing witli  pitch  employed,  and  doors  and  win- 
dows used.  [234S.  Ark  Is  completed.  "  Length 
about  540,  breadth  90,  and  height  54  feet." 
(Murphy.)] 

2349  Dec.  7.  b.  (■.  Armenia.  (?)  The 
Noachian  deluge  begins. 

It  continues  377  days.  (Blair.)  [2348.  May 
6.  Noah's  ark  rests  on  one  of  the  mountains 
of  Ararat,  (islair.)  Dec.  18.  Noah  and  fam- 
ily leave  the  .\rk.] 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Armenia.  "Noah  plants  a 
vineyard,  and  drinks  of  the  wine  and  is 
drunken."    (2347,  Usher.) 

2287-2232  B.C.  Hammurabi  builds  the 
great  canal  and  many  temples. 

2286  •  *  B.  f?.  Vhaldea.  King  Urukh 
builds  numerous  temples. 

•••B.C.  Babylon.  Tower  of  Babel  is 
built,  of  bricks  and  mortar,  as  a  means 
of  escape  in  time  of  flood.    (2247,  U.) 

2234  *  •  B.  c.  Babylmt.  Astronomical 
observations  are  inade  by  tlie  Chal- 
deans. [Calisthenes,  the  (ireek  philos- 
opher, is  present  when  Alexander  the 
Great  takes  Babylon ;  he  finds  in  the 
tower  of  Babel  calculations  of  eclipses 
lor  1,903  years  preceding.] 


2232-2197  B.  c.  Samsu-iluna  builds  a 
great  canal. 

*  •  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Oil  lamps  are  used  in 
the  days  of  Abraham.     (1921,  Usher.) 

*  •  *B.  c.  Pal.  AVells  are  dug  by  Abra- 
ham. (1892,  Usher.)  [By  Isaac.  (1894, 
Usher.)] 

1700*  •B.C.  Phenicia.  Alphabetical 
writing  is  discovered. 

1494*  'B.  c.  Europe.  'Writing  is  taught 
to  the  Latins  by  Europa,  daughter  of 
Ageuor,  King  of  Phenicia.  (Thucydides.) 

*  •  *  B.  c.  Arabia.  Manna  is  sent  for 
the  sustenance  of  the  Israelites  while 
journeying  througii  the  wilderness.  Ar- 
tisans are  inspired  for  the  production  of 
the  Tabernacle.  (1491,  U.)  [Bezaleel 
and  Aholiab  build  the  Tabernacle  of 
Moses  in  the  wilderness,  and  make  all 
the  vessels  and  ornaments.] 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Syria.  The  Sidonians  excel  in 
embroidery. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Joshua  commands  the  sun  and 
the  moon  to  stand  still  while  he  fights 
the  Cauaauite  confederacy.    (1451,  U.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  plow  is  in  use.  "  Thou 
Shalt  not  plow  with  an  ox  and  an  ass 
together." 

*  *  *  B.  c.  The  sling  is  used  in  battle 
with  great  skill  by  the  Benjamite 
slingers.    (1406,  Usher.) 

CHURCH. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Noah  erects  an  altar  ;  the  first 
mentioned  in  history.    (2347,  Usher.) 

*  •  •  B.  c.  Armenia.  Abram  departs 
from  Haran.    (2088,  S. ;  1921,  Usher.) 

*  *  •'B.C.  Pal.  Abram  receives  the  bless- 
ing of  Melchizedek,  after  delivering 
Lot  from  the  four  kings. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Abram  sends  away  Ishmael 
and  Hagar  the  coiicubine.  [Ishmael  be- 
comes the  progenitor  of  the  Arabs.] 
(1913,  Usher.) 

*  •  *  B.  c.  Pal.  The  rite  of  circum- 
cision is  instituted  as  the  seal  of  God's 
covenant  with  Abraham.  (2064,  S. ;  1898, 
Usher.) 

*  *  B.  c.  Pal.  The  cities  of  Sodom  and 
Gomorrah  are  destroyed  by  fire ;  the 
vale  of  Sodom  becomes  a  part  of  the 
Dead  Sea. 

*  *  •  B.  c.  Judea.  Abraham  intention- 
ally offers  up  his  son  Isaac.    (1872,  U.) 

'  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Esau  sells  his  birth- 
right to  Jacob  for  a  mess  of  pottage. 
(1805,  Usher.) 

'  *  »B.c.  Jtulea.  Jacob  flees  from  home; 
has  a  ladder-vision  in  Bethel.  (1927,  S. ; 
1760,  Usher.) 

'  *  •B.C.  Armenia.  Jacob  departs  from 
Laban.  He  wrestles  with  the  angel  for 
a  blessing.  His  name  is  changed.  (1907, 
S. ;  1739,  Usher.) 

»  *  *  B.  c.  Job,  the  patriarch,  flourishes. 
(1520+  ;  720+  ;  1730,  Usher.) 

»  •  »  (?)  B.  c.  Judea.  Joseph  is  sold  by 
his  brothers.  (1395,  S.  ;  1729,  U.)  [He  in- 
terprets the  Egyptian  prisoners'  dreams. 
(1885,  S. ;  1718,  U.)  He  becomes  gover- 
nor of  Egypt  under  Pharaoh.  (1883,  S. ; 
1715,  U.)  The  sons  of  Jacob  visit  Egypt, 
seeking  food.  (1875,  S. ;  1707,  U.)  Jacob's 
family  migrates  to  Egypt  by  the  invita^ 
ion  of  Joseph  and  Pharaoh.  (1750,  W.  ; 
17*4,  S. ;  1706,  U.)] 


*  *  •  B.  c.  Egy.  The  Isratjites  are  per- 
secuted by  Rameses  II.  Miamura.  (1573. 
U.)  [•  •  *  Their  male  children  are  cast 
intotheNile.    1571, Usher  (p. 048).] 

*  •  •B.C.  Egy.  Moses,  the  Hebrew 
child,  is  adopted  into  the  royal  family. 
(1571,  Usher.) 

[*  *  *  He  renounces  Pharaoh's  court, 
kills  an  Egyptian  oppressor,  and  flees 
f or  his  lif e  to  Midian  in  Arabia.  (1698,  S. ; 
1531,  Usher.)  He  beholds  the  burning 
bush  in  the  wilderness  near  Sinai,  'and 
receives  his  commission  to  deliver  Israel. 
(1491,  Usher).] 

*  •  *  B.  c.  Egy.  The  ten  plagues.  The 
river  is  changed  to  blood  ;  frogs  ;  lice  ; 
flies  ;  murrain  of  cattle;  boils  and  blains; 
hail;  locusts  ;  darkness  ;  death  of  the 
flrst-born.    (1491,  Usher.) 

*  •  •b.  c.  Egy.  The  Passover,  the  most 
solemn  festival  of  the  Jews,  is  instituted 
to  commemorate  their  escape  from  the 
land  of  bondage  ;  the  destroying  angel 
passed  over  their  homes.    (1491,  U.) 

*  *  •  b.  c.  Egy.  The  Exodus.  (1320, 
W.)  [A  pillar  of  cloud  by  day  and  a 
pillar  of  fire  by  night  lead  Israel  all 
the  way  from  Egypt  to  Canaan.  Pharaoh 
and  the  Egyptians  drown  in  the  Red 
Sea.] 

*  *  •  B.  c.  Arabia.  Israelites  murmur 
because  the  waters  of  Marah  are  bit- 
ter.   (1491,  Usher.) 

*  •  •  B.  C.Arabia.  The  Sabbath  is  sanc- 
tified in  the  omissionof  the  fall  of  manna. 
['Water  issues  from  the  rook  of  Horeb 
when  Moses  smites  it  with  a  rod.  Moses 
and  Aaron  are  forbidden  admission  to 
Canaan  for  speaking  unadvisedly.  The 
glory  of  God  seen  on  Sinai;  60  days 
after  leaving  Egypt,  it  is  displayed  to 
the  eyes  of  men.  The  voice  of  God  ut- 
ters tte  Ten  Commandments  in  hear- 
ing of  all  the  people  at  Sinai.  Moses  and 
70  elders  ascend  Sinai  tn  meet  God ; 
Moses  remains  40  days.  The  Israelites 
worship  the  golden  calf ;  3.000  idolaters 
are  killed.  Moses  breaks  the  t'wo  tables 
of  stone  in  his  indignation  ;  he  mediates 
for  Israel ;  beholds  the  glory  of  God  from 
a  cleft  in  the  rock  ;  he  spends  another 
40  days  with  God  on  Sinai ;  returns 
with  new  tables  of  stone.  Contrilnitions 
are  made  for  the  erection  of  the  Taber- 
nacle at  Sinai.  (1658,  S.)  Israelites  de- 
sire flesh  food.  Quails  are  sent  in  over- 
abundance, and  the  plague  follows.  El- 
dad  and  Medad  prophesy  in  tlie  camp, 
unforbidden  bv  Moses.  The  Tabernacle 
at  Sinai  is  dedicated.  (1657,  S.)  Aaron 
and  his  sons  are  consecrated  for  the 
priesthood.  Kadab  and  Abihu  offer 
strange  fire.  Animals  are  separated  into 
clean  and  tmclean  classes.  Laws  of 
purification  after  childbirth  and  sani- 
tary laws  are  given.  The  yearly  d^' of 
atonement  is  instituted  at  Sinai.  Ko- 
hibitions  are  annotmced.  The  Sanhe- 
drin  is  instituted  as  the  highest  council 
of  jurisdiction.  Pal.  The  Israelites  ar- 
rive at  Kadesh,  murmur,  and  are  sent 
back  to  wander  in  the  wilderness.]  (1490, 
Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Korah  and  his  rebellious  com- 
pany of  250  chief  men  are  swallowed  by 
an  earthquake.  Aaron's  rod  buds  and 
blossoms.    (1471,  Usher.) 

*  •  •  B.  c.  Aaron  dies  ;  Eleazar  suc- 
ceeds his  father  in  the  oflite  of  high 
priest.  (1619,  S.  ;  1452,  U.)  The  brazen 
serpent  is  set  up.  Balaam,  the  sooth- 
sayer, attempts  to  curse  Israel,  and 
blesses  them  instead ;  he  is  reproved  by 


TURKEY. 


*  *  *  B.C.  -1350  ±  *  *  B.C.        1141 


•  *  *B.c,  PaL  The  Jordan  ia  divided ; 

Israel  passes  over  dry  shod,  and  eutera 
the  laud  of  Canaan.  The  mauna  ceases. 
(1618,  S.)  The  captain  of  the  Lord's  host 
appears  uuto  Joshua  in  Canaan.  Cir- 
cumcision is  renewed  after  a  lapse  of  40 
years.  Jericho  is  destroyed  ;  Kahab  is 
preserved.  Joshua  commands  the  sun 
and  moon  to  stay  their  course  while  he 
flghts  the  Canaanite  kings.  Achan  sins 
in  taking  of  "  the  accursed  thing." 
Moses  prays  that  he  may  enter  the 
promised  land,  but  is  denied.  He  writes 
the  l»entateuch.  (?)    He  dies,    (1451,  U.) 

•  •  *B.  c.  PaL  Forty-eight  cities  are  as- 
signed to  the  Levites.  Tlie  Tabernacle 
is  established  in  Canaan  at  Shiloh  [near 
Jerusalem].  The  Israelites  erect  an  al- 
tar west  of  the  flordan.  The  land  of 
Canaan  is  divided  by  casting  lots. 
(1444,  U.) 

•  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  The  Israelites  worship 
Baal;  also  Ashtoreth,  a  Pheuician  god- 
dess of  the  Venus  type.  (1406,  S.;  1425,U.) 

•  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  The  Benjamites  are 
nearly  destroyed  by  their  brethren. 
Micah,  the  Danite,  has  a  Levite  for  a 
priest ;  also  household  gods.  Kleazar, 
the  high  priest,  dies ;  Fhineas  is  his  suc- 
cessor. (1406,  U.)  [AbisUua  ;  *  *  *  Bukki  j 
1255.    Uzzi.] 

■1402-1095  B.  c.  PaL  Judges  rule  Is- 
rael.   (1567-1093,  S. ;  1425-1095,  Usher.) 

LETTERS. 

•  •  *  B.  c.  A  Speech  of  Lamech  [the  old- 
est poetry  extant.]    (3874,  Usher.) 

•  •  ♦  B.  c.  A  confusion  of  tongues  oc- 
curs at  the  Tower  of  Babel.  (2347,  Usher.) 

1700  *  *  B.  c.  Accadian  or  Chaldean  li- 
braries are  formed.  (?) 

ifi30±  (?)  •  *  B.  c.  The  Book  of  Job  is 
written. 

•  *  *B.  c.  The  song  of  deliverance  and 
the  passage  throiigli  the  Re<l  Sea  is  writ- 
ten. The  Ten  (Jommandmenta  were 
written  on  two  tables  of  stone.    (1491,  U.) 

•  *  •  B.  c.  An  Amorite  poem  is  written. 
(Num.  xxii.)    (1452,  Usher.) 

•  *  *  B.  c.  The  Israelites  commanded  to 
set  up  great  stones,  with  the  words  of 
the  law  written  uponthem.  (1451,  Usher.) 

•  *  •B.C.  The  Song  of  Moses  is  written. 
(Deut,  XXX.)    (1461,  Usher.) 

SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

•  •  *B.c.  Asia.  Licentiousness  and 
Tiolence  precede  the  Deluge.    (2468,  U.) 

•  *  *  B.  c.  Armenia.  Noah,  a  vineyard- 
ist,  becomes  intoxicated.    (2347,  Usher.) 

a007**B.  c.  Assyr.  Bunuchs  are 
mentioned;  Queen  Semlramis  employs 
them. 

•  *  *  B.  c.  PaL  Gold  and  silrer  money 
are  first  mentioned ;  Abraham  buys  a 
burial-place.    (1920,  Usher.) 

•  •  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Salem  is  first 
mentioned.    (1913,  Usher.) 

•  *  'E.G.  PaL  Civil  oaths  are  taken 
by  Abraham.     (1892,  Usher.) 

■•  •  •  B.  c.  Judea.  Esau  grieves  his  par- 
ents by  marryins  two  Hittite  wiTes. 
<1796,  Usher.) 


*  *  *  B.  c.  Judea,  Jacob  uses  a  base 
stratagem  to  secure  his  aged  father's 
blessing,  and  then  fiees  for  his  life  from 
Esau,  his  wronged  brother.    (1767,  U.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Armenia.  Jacob  marries  his 
two  cousinSj  Leah  and  Rachel,  for 
whom  be  serves  14  years.    (1760,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Tlie  10  sons  of  Jacob 
sell  young  Joseph,  their  brother,  the 
favorite  of  their  father,  to  the  Ishmael- 
ites  as  a  slave.    (1729,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Egy.  Joseph's  property  is 
distributed  by  a  last  will.    (1689,  U.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Arabia.  Moses  accepts  the 
counsels  of  Jethro,  his  father-in-law. 
Miriam  and  Aaron  murmur  against 
Moses  because  of  his  Ethiopian  wife. 
(1491,  Usher.) 

*  *  B.  c.  PaL  Usury  from  strangers  is 
permitted,  but  forbidden  of  brethren. 
Jewish  law  requires  a  man's  brother 
to  marry  his  widow,  if  she  is  without 
children.  The  Jews  are  forbidden  to 
mar  their  beards.  Criminals  are  com- 
monly stoned.  Adultery  is  punishable 
with  death.  The  year  of  Jewish  Ju- 
bilee is  appointed.  Lands  revert  to  ori- 
ginal owners  ;  the  land  rests  ;  bondsmen 
are  set  free. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  PaL  Phineas  the  priest 
thrusts  a  man  and  woman  through, 
Israelites  destroy  the  Midianites  on  the 
plains  of  Moab,  but  spare  the  licentious 
women.    (1462,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Arabia.  Jews  are  forbidden 
to  wear  garments  of  wool  and  cotton 
mixed  together,  or  those  of  the  oppo- 
site sex.  Flogging  is  limited  to  forty 
stripes.  "Wilful  murder  is  punishable 
with  death  ;  accidental  homicide  is  not, 
but  the  killer  may  abide  in  one  of  the 
cities  of  refuge  until  the  high  priest  dies. 
King  Og,  a  giant,  has  a  bedstead  nine 
cubits  long  (13J  feet).     (1451,  Usher.) 

1433  *  *  B,  c.  Babylon.  Atossa,  daugh- 
ter of  Belochus,  introduces  the  custom 
of  selling  marriageable  females  annu- 
ally to  the  highest  bidder. 

*  *  *B.  c.  Pal.  The  tribe  of  Benjamin 
is  nearly  annihilated  for  defending 
beastly  criminals.    (1390,  Usher.) 

STATE. 

2287-2232  B.C.  *  *  Babylonia.  Hammu- 
rabi reigns  ;  he  drives  out  the  last  of  the 
Elamitic  invaders,  restores  the  union  of 
Shumer  and  Akkad,  and  makes  Babylon 
the  capital  city.  [The  kingdom  lasts 
2,000  years.]  He  saves  the  land  from  de- 
vastating floods  by  a  regular  system  of 
irrigation  and  a  wall  along  the  Tigris. 
He  built  the  great  Hammurabi-Canal. 

2250^  ♦  •  B.  c.    Phenicia.  Tyre  is  built. 

2232-2107  *  *  B.  c.  Babylwiia.  Samsu- 
iluna  reigns  ;  he  is  son  of  Hammurabi. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Dispersion  of  Noah's 
grandsons.     (2247,  Usher.) 

Sons  of  Shem:  Klam  to  Persia;  Ashiir  to 
Assyria;  Arphaxad,  ancestor  of  the  Jews; 
Luli  to  Lydia:  Aram  to  Syria, 

Sons  of  Ham:  Gush  to  Babylon;  Misralm 
to  Egypt;  Phut  to  Libya;  Canaan  to  Phenicia. 

Sou  of  Japbeth:    Qomer,  the  Indo-Oer- 


manic  races;  Magog  to  northern  Asia;  Madal 
to  Media;  .lavan  to  the  land  of  the  Greeks  or 
lonians,  fr'rance,  Kouie,  Spain,  etc. ;  Tubal  to 
Tartary;  Meshech  to  Muscovy  (?);  Tlras  to 
Thrace. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Armenia.  Haik,  a  fugitive  from 
Assyria,  arrives,  and  becomes  ruler.  [1827. 
Aram  reigns,  and  founds  [Gfesarea]  In  Cap- 
padocia.    1715.    Ruled  by  Assyria.] 

2094-1726  Babylonia.  First  dynasty. 
[1700± .  The  Kossaic  invasion  occurs,  and 
the  invaders  are  absorbed  without  in- 
jury to  the  Semitic  character  and  civili- 
zation,] 

S048  *  *  B.  c.  Ire.  Partholani  lands,  and 
founds  a  Pheniclan  colony.  (?) 

2000  (?)  *  *  B.  c.      The   Assyrians   have 

become    a   people   separate    from    the 

Babylonians. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Armeniu.  Abraham  leaves 
Padan-Aram  for  Canaan.  (1921,  Usher.) 
[1918,  He  visits  Kgypt.]  (2876±,  Wilkin- 
son.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Damascus  is  already 
a  city.  (1913,  Usher.)  [1702.  Altadea 
reigns.] 

*  •  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Salem  founded. 
(?)    (1913,  Usher.) 

1840:b-70±   B.  c.   Assyr.  Ismi-tlagon  reigns. 

1726-1150  Babylonia.  Second  dynasty. 
Kings  are  mostly  Kossaic.  An  indepen- 
dent Assyrian  kingdom  is  founded  dur- 
ing this  dynasty. 

1723  *  *  B.  c.  Babylonia.  Dynasty  of 
Assyrians.    (Kawlinson.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Egy.  Joseph,  the  ex-slave, 
is  governor.  (1715,  Usher.)  [1706.  (?) 
His   father    and    brethren    migrate  to 

*  *  *B.  c.     Egy.     Sesostris    (Barneses 

n.  ?),  King  of  Thebes,  extends  his  do- 
minions by  the  conquest  of  Arabia,  Per- 
sia, India,  and  Asia  Minor. 

*  *  *B.  c.  Egy.  Moses,  the  Hebrew,  is 

adopted  into  the  royal  family  by  Pha- 
raoh's daughter.    (1531,  Usher.) 

1518-1273  B.  c.  Babylon.  Dynasty  of 
the  Arabs.    (Kawlinson.) 

*  *  *B.  c.  Egy.  The  Exodus;  600,000 
Israelites,  besides  the  children,  escape. 
(1491,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  The  12  spies  report  gi- 
ants in  Canaan  (1490,  Usher);  the  Isra- 
elites rebel  [and  wander  38  years  in  the 
wilderness]. 

*  •  ♦B.C.  Pal.  Korah,  Batban,  and 
Abiram  mutiny  against  Moses.  (1471,  U.) 

*  •  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Beuben  and  Gad  so- 
licit an  inheritance  east  of  the  Jordan. 
Balak,  King  of  the  Moabites,  is  intimi* 
dated.    (1462,  Usher.) 

*  ♦  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Joshua  succeeds  Moses, 
(1451,  U.)  [He  leads  Israel  into  Canaan, 
where  the  journey  of  40  years  ends.] 

*  *  *B.c.  PaL  The  Gibeonites  deceive 
Joshua,  and  obtain  a  treaty  of  peace. 
He  makes  them  **  hewers  of  wood  and 
drawers  of  water."  [Joshua  partly  di- 
vides the  land  of  Canaan  among  the 
tribes  of  Israel.  (1445,  Usher.)  He  dies, 
and  the  elders  of  the  people  rule  Israel.] 
(1593,  S. ;  1443,  Usher.) 

1460*  *  B.  c.  Chaldea.  Kara-ln-das  reigns. 
[1445,  Purna-purlyas;  1405,  Kara-Khar-das; 
1401,   Nayibugas;  1400,  Kurri-Galzu;    1300, 

Tiglathinin.] 

*  *  *  B.  c.  First  bondage  of  the  Israel- 
ites, under  the  King  of  Mesopotamia. 
(1576,  S.;  1402,  Usher.) 

*  *  •  B.  c.  Othniel  judges  Israel.  (1567, 
S.  ;  1394-64,  Usher.)  [Ehud  (1509,  S.; 
1336,  Usher) ;  Shamgar  (1429,  S.) ;  Debo- 
rah and  Barak  (1409,  S. ;  1296,  Usher).] 

1374  *  *  B.  c.  Mysia,  Tros  reigns  in  II- 
lium  [Troy], Phrygia.  [1260 ;  Leomedon.} 


1142    1345±  *  *  B.c.-888±*  *  B.C.    TURKEY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Shamgar  kills  600  Phil- 
istines with  an  ox-goad.    ^1320,  Usher.) 

»  »  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Deborah  and  Barak  de- 
feat Sisera  and  deliver  Israel.  (1409,  S. ; 
1296,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Gideon  and  300  men  sur- 
prise the  vast  camp  of  Midianites  in  the 
night,  and  create  a  panic  by  torches  and 
trumpets.     (1262,  S. ;  1249,  Usher.) 

1240  •  *  B.  c.  Mysia.  The  Argonauts 
capture  Troy.  [1194-1183.  Siege  of  Troy.] 
(P.  1014.) 

1200-1150  Assyr.  Asur-dan  I.  conquers 
many  cities. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Jephthah  defeats  the 
Ammonites.    (1143,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Samson  slays  a  thou- 
sand Philistines  with  the  jawbone  of  an 
ass.    (1185,  S. ;  1140,  Usher.) 

*  ♦  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Samuel  defeats  the 
PhUistines  at  Mizpeh.    (1121,  Usher.) 

1120*  *  B.  c.  Babylonia.  Nebuchad- 
nezzar is  defeated  in  a  campaign  against 
Ashur-res-isi.  [Nebuchadnezzar  becomes 
famous  as  a  warrior :  he  conducts  a  cam- 
paign against  the  Elamites  ;  conquers 
the  Kumbaer,  the  westland,  and  the 
country  north  and  east  of  Babylon.] 

1120-1100  B.  C.  Assyr.  Tiglath-Pile- 
ser  I.  is  a  warlike  king ;  he  fought  42 
countries  and  their  kings. 

Assyr.      Tiglath-Pileser    I.  conquers 

Musku  (O.  T.,Mesech)  and  Babylon  ;  he 
conquers  and  attaches  42  lands. 

*  *  •  B.  c.  Pal.  Saul  delivers  Jabesh- 
Gilead  from  the  Ammonites.  (1084,  S. ; 
1037,  W. ;  1095,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Saul  forms  a  standing 
army;  Jonathan  defeats  the  Philis- 
tines. (1077,  S.;  1093,  Usher.)  [Jonathan 
with  his  armor-bearer  smites  the  Philis- 
tines.   (1087,  Usher.)] 

*  »  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Saul  with  200,000  men 
defeats  the  Amalekites,  and  disobedi- 
ently spares  King  Agag  and  the  spoil. 
(1070,  S. ;  1079,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  David  kills  Goliath,  the 
Philistine  giant.  King  Saul  defeats  the 
Amalekites  in  South  Palestine.  The 
Israelites  rout  the  Philistines  at  Ephes- 
dammin.    (1063,  S. ;  Usher.) 

*  *  *B.  c.  Pal.  David  defeats  the  Amal- 
ekites after  they  have  taken  Ziklag  and 
much  spoil.    (1056,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  The  Philistines  defeat 
King  Saul  at  Mount  Gilboa  j  he  com- 
mits suicide.    (1055,  Usher.) 

*  *  •  B.  c.  Pal.  Jerusalem  is  taken  by 
David.    (1044,  S. ;  1048,  Usher.) 

*  *  *B.  c.  Pal.  David  subdues  the  Phil- 
istines in  two  pitched  battles.  (1045,  S. ; 
1044,  Usher.)  [The  Ammonites  and  the 
Syrians.  (1043,  Usher.)  He  subdues  the 
Moabites.    (1040,  Usher.)] 

»  *  *B.  c.  Syria.  Damascus  is  taken  by 
David,  but  soon  surrendered.   (1040,  U.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Absalom  rebels 
against  David  his  father.  [Defeated  in 
the  woods  of  Ephraim  by  Joab ;  being 
caught  in  a  tree,  he  is  killed.  (1023,  S. ; 
1023,  Usher.)] 

866±  •  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Invasion  of  Shi- 
shak.  King  of  Egypt ;  he  captures  Je- 
rusalem, and  plimders  the  Temple.  (969, 
Usher ;  932,  Kent.) 

*  *  •  B.  c.  Pal.  Abijah  defeats  Jero- 
boam, who  loses  500,000  men.    (958,  U.) 

932  *  .*  B.  c.  Judea.  Invasion  of  Zerah, 
King  of  Ethiopia,  with  a  million  men  ; 
he  is  defeated  at  Mareshak  by  King  Asa. 
(941,  Usher.) 

*  *  *B.  c.  Samaria.  Benhadadl.,  King 
of  Syria,  besieges  Samaria,  but  is  re- 
pulsed by  Ahab  aided  bv  Jehoshaphat. 
(901,  Usher.)  [He  defeats  the  allies  at 
Ramoth  Gilead.    (853,  W. ;  897,  U.)) 

900***  B.C.  Judea.  Asa  establishes  a 
standing  army.    (955,  Usher.) 


*  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  The  Moabites,  Am- 
monites,  and  other  invaders  through 
dissensions  destroy  each  other ;  great 
spoil  is  taken  by  the  tribe  of  Judah. 
(896,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Jehoshaphat,  with  al- 
lies, invades  Moab;  its  king  offers  the 
heir-apparent  in  sacrifice.    (895,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Samaria  besieged  and 
delivered  from  Syrians.    (891,  Usher.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1120-1100  B.  c.  Tiglath-Pileser  is  a 
great  builder. 

1100±  *  *  B.  c.  Phenecia.  Architec- 
ture is  cultivated  by  the  Tyrians.  The 
Phenicians  trade  [with  England]  for  tin. 

»  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Files  are  used.  (1093, 
Usher.)  [*  *  *  Armor  is  used  in  battle 
by  Goliath.    (1063,  Usher.)] 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  David  commands  the 
use  of  the  bow  to  be  taught  to  the  He- 
brews.   (1055,  Usher.) 

1011-978  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  David's 
"house  of  cedar"  is  built  by  me- 
chanics sent  from  Tyre. 

978-938  B.C.  Jerusalem.  Naturalhis- 
tory  is  studied  by  Solomon. 

975  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Solomon  com- 
mences the  erection  of  the  first  Tem- 
ple. [Completed  in  seven  and  a  half 
years,  and  dedicated  by  a  layman  —  the 
king.  588.  Summer.  Burned  by  Nebu- 
chadnezzar]. 

937  *  *  B.  c.  Breastplates  are  invented 
by  Jason. 

890±  *  *B.  c.  Pal.  Year  of  the  Moabite 

stone. 

CHURCH. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Buth  and  Naomi  dwell  to- 
gether. (1312,  Usher.)  [Deborah  is 
prophetess.    (1296,  Usher.)] 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Gideon  overturns  the 
altar  of  Baal  built  by  his  father.  The 
Israelites  lapse  into  idolatry  after  his 
death.    (1362,  S. ;  1249,  Usher.) 

1171  (?)  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  EU  becomes  high 
priest  of  Israel.  [His  wicked  sons  min- 
ister in  the  priest's  office.    (1165,  U.)] 

»  »  *B.  c.  Pal.  Jephthah  makes  avow 
and  devotes  his  daughter.    (1143,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  The  child  Samuel  is 
called.  (1171,  Usher.)  [The  Israelites  are 
distressed  in  battle  with  the  Philistines, 
and  bring  the  Ark  of  God  into  the  camp 
and  lose  it ;  30,000  Israelites  are  killed  ; 
Eli  is  shocked  by  the  tidings,  and  dies. 
(1125,  S. ;  1141,  Usher.)  The  god  Dagon 
falls  before  the  Ark  of  God  ;  50,000  Phil- 
istines are  smitten  with  a  plague.] 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Beth-shemeshites  are 
smitten  of  God  for  looking  into  the 
Ark.  It  is  taken  to  Klrjath.  (1140, 
Usher.)  [Returned,  drawn  by  two  fresh 
milk  cows.] 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  The  Israelites  repent  at 
Mizpeh;  they  are  delivered  from  the 
Philistines.    (1105,  S. ;  1120,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  King  Saul  offers  the 
burnt  offering  in  the  absence  of  Samuel. 
Rejected  as  king.    (1093,  Usher.) 

*  *  *B.c.  Pal.  Ahltubl.ishighpriestof 
the  Israelites.    (?  1125-1085,  S. ;  1093,  U.) 

1037±  *  •  B.  c.  Pal.  Saul  spares  Agag 
and  the  best  of  the  spoil.  (1070,  S. ;  1079, 
Usher.) 

1014+ *  'B.C.  Jerusalem.  David  brings 
up  the  ark  with  great  joy ;  30,000  men 
accompany  it,  singing  the  68th  Psalm. 


The  Ark  of  God  is  placed  in  the  taberna- 
cle of  David,  after  resting  98  years  in 
Gibeah.  Uzzah  is  smitten  with  death 
for  laying  hands  on  the  ark  ;  it  rests 
with  Obed-Edom.    (1043,  S. ;  1042,  Usher.) 

1012+ *  »B.c.  Pal.  Nathan  is  prophet 
in  Israel ;  he  prophesies  of  the  Messiah 
as  the  Son  of  David.     (1042,  Usher.) 

1005±  *  *B,  c.  Judea.  David  sins  with 
Bathsheba ;  her  husband  is  killed.  (1035, 
S. ;  Usher.)  [987.  He  sins  in  numbering 
the  people ;  pestilence  follows.  (1023,  U.)] 

975*  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  The  Temple. 
(See  Art.)  [967+  Dedicated  with  great 
magnificence.]     (1003,  S.) 

950+  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Solomon  is 
seduced  into  idolatry  by  his  heathen 
wives.  He  builds  temples  for  profane 
rites  on  the  Mount  of  Corruption.  (985, 
Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Aliijah  is  prophet  in  Israel. 
(980,  Usher.)  [Hanani ;  Azariah  in  Ju- 
dah.   (941,  Usher.)] 

937  *  *  B.  c.  Samaria.  Jeroboam  I.  8et» 
up  two  golden  calves,  and  establishes 
idolatry  as  the  state  religion  of  the  ten 
tribes  of  Israel. 

932  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Shishak  captures 
Jerusalem,  and  carries  the  sacred  ves- 
sels of  the  Temple  to  Egypt. 

917+  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Asa  reforms  reli- 
gion, and  rebukes  the  idolaters.  (953,  S.) 
[941+  Asa  imprisons  Hanani,  the  re- 
proving seer.] 

900±  *  *B.  c.  Samaria.  Jehu  is  prophet 
in  Israel.    (930,  Usher.) 

LETTERS. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Deborah's  song  of  triimipli 
over  Sisera  is  written.    (1296,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Parable  of  the  ambitious 
bramble,  by  Jothaui  the  Israelite ;  the 
oldest  fable  extant, "  as  beautiful  as  any 
made  since."    (Addison.)    (1209,  Usher.) 

*  *  *B.  c.  The  first  enigma;  Samson's 
riddle.    (1141,  Usher.) 

1060+  •  *  B.  c.  The  Psalms  are  writ- 
ten. (?) 

990+  *  *  B.  c.  Nathan's  fable  of  the 
poor  man  is  declared. 

977±  *  *  B.  c.  The  Book  of  Ecclesiastes 
is  written.     (200?) 

960+  (?)  *  *  B.  c.  The  Song  of  Solomon  is 
written.    (58G-520?) 

950+  (?)  *  *  B.  c.  Solomon  collects  tha 
Psalms  of  David.  [Others  are  added 
later.] 

±  ♦  *  B.  c.  The  Book  of  Proverbs  is  com- 
piled or  written  by  Solomon. 

SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

*  *  *  B.  C.  Judea.  Buth,  the  Moabitess, 
is  married  to  Boaz,  the  Bethlehemite. 
Boaz  gives  his  reapers  vinegar  to  drink. 
(1312,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Abimelech  kills  his  70 
brothers.    (1236,  Usher.) 

*  •  •  B.  c.  Judea.  Samson  destroys  the 
vineyardsof  the  Philistines.  [1120.  He 
is  ensnared  by  DeUlah.  He  is  the  first 
Jewish  suicide.    (1195,  Usher.)] 


TURKEY.     1345±**B.c.-888±**B.c.    1143 


1143  •  •  B.  c.  Lydia.  The  temple  of 
Plana  at  Ephesus  is  burned  by  Amazous, 

•  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Samners  degenerate 
BODS  become  corrupt  judges.    (1 120,  U.) 

lOSOl  •  •  B.  c.  Judea.  David  becomes 
a  courtier ;  he  plays  the  harp. 

•  *  B.  c.  Judea.  David  marries  Michal, 
daughter  of  King  Saul,  [1017±.  Hemar- 
ries  Abigail,  the  widow  of  Nabal  the 
Carmelite.  Also  Ahinoam  of  Jezreel. 
992±.  Also  Bath-sheba,  the  widow  of 
Uriah.] 

•  •  *B.  c.  King  Saul  consults  the  witch 
of  Endor.    (1056,  Usher.) 

1020±  •  •B.C.  Judea.  David  hides  in  the 
cave  of  Adullam.  "Every  one  that  was 
in  distress,  ...  in  debt,  .  .  .  and  dis- 
contented, gathered  themselves  unto 
him." 

980±  ♦  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Absalom  causes 
Amnon,  his  half-brother,  to  be  assassin- 
ated because  of  his  incest  with  Tamar. 

070±**B.c.  Judea.  Bizpah  watches 
by  the  bodies  of  the  seven  sons  of  Saul, 
who  have  been  slain  by  the  Gibeonites. 

OeO±(?)»  *B.c.  Judea.  Solomon  mar- 
ries the  daughter  of  the  King  of  Egypt. 

888 1  *  *  B.  c.  Samaria.  Zimri  assassin- 
ates King  Elah  •'  while  [the  liing  was] 
drinking  himself  drunk." 

STATE. 

•  •  •  B.  c.  Pal.  Second  bondage  of 
Israelites,  under  Eglon.  (1527,  S. ;  13M- 
36,  Usher.)  [Elhud  delivers  Israel  by  as- 
sassinating Eglon.] 

1345 .t  *  *  Assyr.  Kam  man-Ni  rari  I. 
reigns.  911-890.  Kamman-Nirari  II. 
reigns. 

•  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  The  Israelites'  third 
bondage,  under  Jabin.  (1429,  S. ;  1316- 
1296,  U.sher).  Delivered  by  Deborah 
and  Barak.] 

1306  •  *  B  c.  Pal.^  The  Hittites  are 
a  powerful  people. 

1302J:  •  •  B.  c.  Assyr.  Tukuiti  Adar 
I.  reigns.  He  makes  conquests  in  the 
northwest,  and  brings  Babylonia  alto- 
gether under  Assyrian  rule. 

1300±  *  •  B.  c.  Assyr.  The  kingdom 
rises.  (Hawlinson.)  (1330).  Shalman- 
eser  I.  reigns.  [He  builds  (modern) 
Nimt^d.  He  plants  an  Assyrian  colony 
about  45  miles  west  of  Nineveh.  He 
brings  the  Lulumi  and  the  Musri  under 
hlg  rule.] 

1298  »  *  B.  c.  Babylonia.  The  Assyr- 
ian djmasty  —  of  which  little  is  known. 

1270-825  B.  c.  Babylon  Is  obscured 
by  Assyria;  its  political  life  is  sus- 
pended. 

1257  *  •  B.  c.  Phenicia.  Tyre  is  built 
the  second  time. 

•  •  •  B.  c.  Pal.  Fourth  bondage  of 
Israelites,  under  Midianites.  (1369,  S. ; 
1266-49,  Usher.)  [Delivered  by  Qideon. 
(1382,  S.)] 

•  •  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Gideon  judges  Israel. 
(1249-09,  Usher.)   [Abimelech  usurps  the 

•     government.      (1209-06,    Usher.)     Tola, 
(1206-1183,  Usher) ;  Jair  (1283+,  Usher.)] 


1224*  *  B,  c.  Mysia.  Priam,  the  last, 
reigns  in  Troy.    [1084,  Dercyius.] 

1221-716  B.C.  Lydia.  The  Heraclidse 
dynasty  reigns.  Heracles  is  founder. 
(Partly  fabulous.)   [1223.  Argon  reigns.] 

1220-930  B.  c.  Assyr.  Again  indepen- 
dent. 

(1210.)  Bel-kudur-njur  reigns;  (1205.) 
Adarpalesara.  (1200-1160.)  Asur-dan  1. 
reigns. 

1182  •  *  B.  c.  /(.  .fflneas  the  Trojan 
lands  in  Italy,  and  founds  Livinium. 
(Legendary.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pat.  The  fifth  bondage  of 
Israelites,  under  Ammonites.  (1274,  S. ; 
1161-43,  Usher.)  Sixth  bondage,  under 
Philistines.  (1225,  S. ;  1161-iil,  U.)  Deliv- 
ered by  Samuel  at  Mizpeh.    (1105,  S.)] 

*  •  •  B.  c.  Pat.  Jephthah  breaks  the 
yoke  of  the  Ammonites,  and  judges  a 
a  part  of  Israel.  (1135-37,  Usher.)  Eli 
judges  a  part  of  Israel.  (1181-41,  Usher.) 
[Ibzan,  (1137-30,  Usher);  Elon,  (1130-20, 
Usher) ;  Abdon,  (1120-12,  Usher).] 

1140-1120  Assyria.  Ashur-res-isi 
reigns. 

*  *  •  B,  c.  Pat.  Samson  judges  part  of 
Israel.  (1136-20,  Usher.)  Samuel.  (1120- 
1080,  Usher.) 

1120-1100  B.  c.  Assyr.  Tiglath-PUe- 
ser  I.  reigns ;  he  conquers  territory 
from  Mt.  Zagros  to  Syria. 

1115-06  •  *  B.  c.  Jlabytonia.  Marduk- 
nadin-achi  reigns. 

1100±-850  B.  c.  Assyr.  Carchemish, 
the  capital  of  the  Hittites,  is  a  city  of 
great  splendor.  [860.  Subjected  by 
Shalmaneser  II.  717.  By  Sargon,  and 
placed  under  a  governor.] 

1050  *  *  B.  c.  Phenicia.  TycQ  becomes 
preeminent, 

1050±  •  *  B.  c.  Babylonia.  Fourth  dy- 
nasty ends. 

1043±  *  •  B.  c.  Lydia.  Ephesua  is 
founded  by  lonians. 

1040+  *  •  B.  c.  ^gean  Sea.  Ionia  and 
adjacent  isles  are  colonized  by  the 
lonians. 

1037-837  B.  0.  Pat.  The  undivided 
Hebrew  monarchy  erected. 

1037-17  B.  c.  Pal.  Saul  is  the  first 
king  of  the  Israelites;  the  government  is 
changed  from  a  theocracy  to  a  mon- 
archy  to    assuage    popular  discontent. 

10H(?)**B.  c.  P/ienicia.  Hiram  of 
Tyre  is  king.  [991,  Baleazar ;  981,  Ab- 
dastartus ;  63,  Arstartus.] 

1010-977  B.  c.  Pal.  David  succeeds 
Saul  as  King  of  Israel,  (1010-1003,  he  is 
King  of  Judah  ;  1003-977,  King  of  Israel 
and  Judah  (1053,  W.  ;  S.)  Ishbosheth, 
the  son  of  Saul,  is  proclaimed  king  by 
Abner,  and  reigns  over  a  part  of  the  Is- 
raelites about  seven  years. 

1004±  *  »  B.  c.  Pal.  David  flees  from 
Saul's  court.  [1003±.  Saul  hunts  for 
David.  David  spares  Saul.  1000±.  David 
finds  refuge  from  Saul  among  the  Philis- 
tines, and  dwells  at  Ziklag.] 

1003*  'B.C.  Pal.  David  anointed  king 
the  third  time,  to  rule  all  the  tribes  of 
Israel.   (1046,  S.)^   Ho  makes  Jerusalem 


his  capital,  "  City  of  David."  (1044,  S.) 
[He  subdues  the  surrounding  nations. 
The  kingdom  is  at  its  maximum,  extend- 
ing from  the  Ited  Sea  to  Lebanon  on  the 
north,  and  to  the  Euphrates  on  the  east.] 

995+  •  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Damascus  is  an- 
nexed to  Israel. 

978±  ♦  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Absalom  rebels 
against  David,  his  father  ;  is  proclaimed 
king  at  Hebron,  and  supported  by  a  great 
multitude.  David  flees  from  Jerusalem. 
(1023,  S.) 

977+*  *B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Sheba,  a 
"  man  of  Belial,"  leads  asecond  rebellion 
against  David.  [940.  Adonijah  com- 
petes for  the  crown.] 

977-937  B.  €.  Solomon  reigns  over  all 
the  tribes  of  Israel. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Solomon  prosecutes  ex- 
tensive schemes  of  commercial  policy, 
sends  a  navy  to  the  east,  and  founds 
Palm3rra.    (995+,  Usher.) 

980  (?)  *  •  B.  c.    Syria.    Liberated  from 

Persia  by  Bezin  I.  [who  is  succeeded  by 

Hezion,  Tabrimmon.    91(M*70.    Benha- 

dad  I.  and  11.  reign]. 

966+  *  *  B.  0,    Judea.    Invasion  of  Shl- 

shak.    (See  Army.) 
960  *  *  B.  c.     Assyr.     Anaku-Merodach 
reigns.     [955,  Ophrataius  (?);    950±-930, 
Tiglath-Pileser  II.  (■>)] 
951*  *  B.  c.      Pftenicia.      Aserymus 

reigns.  (?)     [942,  Phales.] 
941  •  *  B.  c.    Judea.      The   invasion    of 
Zerah,  the    Cushite    (Osarkon),  is  re- 
pelled. 
937**  B.C.    Pat.    Solomon  dies,  and  the 
kingdom  is  divided.    Two  tribes,  Ju- 
dah and  Benjamin,  form  the  Kingdom 
of  Judah  ;  the  10  remaining  tribes  se- 
cede, and  form  the  kingdom  of  Israel. 
937-915    B.  c.     Jsrael.     Jeroboam    I. 

reigns. 
937-920    B.C.    Judea.     Behoboam 

reigns. 
934*  *  B.  c.    Assyr.   Ephecheres  reigns. 
[930-911,  Asur-dan    II.,    Ophratajus. 
930+-626±.     Brilliant  epoch.     911-890, 
Kamman-NIrari  II.  reigns  ;  890-884,  Tik- 
lat-Adar  II.] 
920-917    B.  c.    Judali.    Abijah  reigns. 
[917-876.    Asa.    He  makes  a  league  with 
Benhadad  I.  of  Syria.] 
920-880  *  •  B.  c.    Pal.     International 

war  between  Judah  and  Israel. 
916±  *  *  B.  c.     Phodes.     The    island    is 
peopled   from    Crete,    [The  Bhodians 
are  great  navigators.] 
915-914    B.  c.    Israel.     Nadab  reigns. 
[914-890,  Baasha ;  (914-901,  W.) ;  890,  Elah ; 
(901-900,  W.) ;   889,  Zimri ;  889-887,  Omri 
(900-875,    W.),    the    chief   captain,  and 
Tibni,  rival  kings.    885.    Tibni  is  killed.] 
910+  *  *  B,  c.    Syria.    Damascus  is  the 
capital  under  Benhadad  and  his  succes- 
sors. 
889*  *  B.  c.    Israel.    Zimri  conspires, 
and  assassinates  Elah,  and  obtains  the 
throne  for  seven  days.    (900,  W.) 
889+  *  *  B.  c.   Pat.    Samaria  is  built  by 
Omri ;  it  becomes  the  capital  of  Israel. 


114-i    887±**B.c.-626,**B.c. 


TURKEY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

*  •  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Invaded  by  Philis- 
tines and  Arabians  ;  Jerusalem  is  plun- 
dered.   (888,  Uslier.) 

886  •  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Fhenicia  is  con- 
quered by  Sardanapalus.  [His  military 
expeditions  visit  Zagros,  Armenia,  and 
(8tiO)  Babylonia,  as  well  as  Syria.] 

*  •  •  B.  c.  Samaria.  Jehu  revolts,  and 
subverts  to  himself  the  throne  of  Is- 
rael. (884,  U.)  [Subjugated  by  Shalman- 
eser  XL.,  who  also  c&feats  Uazael  (842, 
Usher.)] 

854*  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Invaded  by  Assyr- 
ians.   [850,  847,  842,  839,  again  invaded.] 

853  •  *  B.  c.  Shalmaneser  II.  defeats  a 
confederacy  of  western  kings  at  Karkar 
on  the  Orontes  (854,  Kent).  Abab,  King 
of  Israel,  and  Benhadad,  King  of  Syria, 
were  amouc  the  defeated.  [852.  He  in- 
vades Babylon,  and  kills  King  Marduk- 
bel-usati.] 

*  *  •  B.  c.  Judea.  Hazael  is  diverted 
from  an  invasion  by  the  gift  of  the  sa- 
cred utensils  and  treasures  of  the 
Temple.  Invaded  by  Syrians,  who  are 
defeated  three  times  by  Joash.    (840,  U.) 

839  •  *  B.  c.  Shalmanezer  II.  enters  Da- 
mascus, conquers  four  cities,  which  are 
forced  to  pay  tribute. 

*  •  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Captured  by  Is- 
rael under  Joash.    (826,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Idumeans  are  severely 
defeated  by  Amaziah.    (827,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Jeroboam  H.  recovers 
most  of  the  territory  lost  by  former 
kings :  he  captures  Damascus,  and  sub- 
dues the  coasts  of  Syria.    (825,  Usher.) 

813  *  *  B.  c.  Assyr.  Samsi  Ramman  II, 
punishes  the  king  of  Chaldffl  as  an  ene- 
my of  Babylonia.  [814.  Babylonians, 
Eiamites,  and  Chaldseic  tribes  are  allied 
against  Assyria,  but  are  defeated.] 

811-782  Assyr.  Ramman  Nirari  con- 
ducts 18  campaigns  ;  ho  subdues  a  Baby- 
lonian uprising  for  independence  ;  lie 
also  captures  many  cities. 

803  *  *  B.  C.  Syria.  Ramman-nirari  III., 
l^ing  of  Assyria,  defeats  Benhadad 
III.,  King  of  Damascus.    (797,  Kent.) 

782-772  Assyr.  Shalmaneser  in.  con- 
ducts six  campaigns  against  Armenia. 
(773.)  One  against  Damascus  ;  (772)  One 
against  Chatarika  (O.  T.  Hadrach). 

745-727  *  *  B.  c.  Assyr.  Tiglath-Pi- 
leser  1 1 1-  (Phul)  invades  Israel,  but 
departs  without  fighting.  [744-737.  He 
invades  Elam.  743-735.  He  makes  sev- 
eral expeditions  to  Babylonia  against 
King  Urartu.  741.  Captures  Arpad  near 
Aleppo.  (740.)  He  takes  Damascus,  but 
is  forced  to  return  to  establish  his  rule. 
(738.)    Subdues  part  of  Hamath.] 

742  *  •  B.  c.  Judea.  Rezin  H.,  King  of 
Syria,  harasses  Judah. 

741  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Besieged  by 
Fekah ;  120,000  men  of  Judah  are  killed 
in  one  day. 

740*  »B.c.  Judea.  Uzziah  is  defeated 
by  the  Assyrians. 

735  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Pekah  and  Rezin, 
Kings  of  Damascus  and  Syria,  unite 
against  Ahaz,  King  of  Judah.  [734- 
732.  Tiglath-Pileser  IH.,  the  ally  of 
Ahaz,  overthrows  them  near  the  Eu- 
phrates ;  many  captives  are  taken  from 
Samaria  and  Damascus  to  Assyria.] 

730-721  B.  c.  Pal.  Hosea  solicits  Sha- 
bak,  King  of  Egypt,  to  assist  him  against 
the  Assyrian  oppression. 

727-722  B.C.  Syria.  Shalmaneser 
rV.,  King  of  Assyria,  again  subdues  a 
revolt, 

723  *  *  B.  c.  Samaria.  Shalmaneser  IV. 
besieges  Samaria  for  three  years.  [722. 
It  la  captured  by  Sargon,  the  successor 


of  Shalmaneser,  who  takes  away  many 
captives.] 

720  *  *  B.  c.  Assyr.  Sargon  sends  an  ex- 
pedition against  Hamath.  [717,  against 
the  Hittites,  and  takes  Carchemish  their 
capital ;  711,  against  Ashdod.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Sabaco,  King  of  Egypt,  defeats 
Sargon,  King  of  Assyria  (p.  651). 

*  •  H.  c.  Syria.  Siege  of  Tyre.  [712. 
Shalmaneser  abandons  the  siege.] 

712  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Invasion  by  Sen- 
nacherib ;  his  army  of  185,000  is  de- 
stroyed by  pestilence.    (701,  W. ;  Peck.) 

702  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  King  Sennacherib 
takes  Ashdod. 

702+ *  *B.  c.  Assyr.  Tirhakah  of 
Ethiopia  defeated  by  Sennacherib  (p. 
650). 

701  *  *  B.  c.  Babylonia.  Seimacherib 
conducts  his  great  western  campaign. 
[689.  He  captures  and  destroys  Babylon. 
691.  Defeats  Elam  at  Halule.  681.  In- 
vades kingdom  of  Judah.] 

685-668  B.  c.  Greece.  The  second  Mes- 
aenian  war. 

680-631  B.  c.  Lydia.  Sardis  is  taken 
by  the  Cimmerians  during  the  reign  of 
Ardys.  [503.  It  is  burned  by  the  Athe- 
nians.] 

671  *  •  B.  c.  Egy.  Esarhaddon  makes 
conquests  in  £jg3rpt,  and  defeats  Tarku 
(Tirhakah)  at  Memphis.  [653.  Egypt 
successfully  revolts  underPsammeticixs.] 

662  •  *  B.  c.  Egy.  Invasion  of  Ashur- 
banipal. 

647  *  *  B.  c.  Phraortes  subdues  Persia 
and  Armenia. 

637*  *B.  c.  Lydia.  War  with  Miletus. 
[635.    The  Cimbri  besiege  Sardis.] 

633*  *B.  c.  Assyr.  Cyazares,  King  of 
Media,  attacks  isineveh. 

632±  *  •  B.  c.  Media.  The  Scythians 
repel  an  attack  by  the  Medes. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

875-853  B.  c.  Pal.  Ahab,  King  of  Is- 
rael, builds  a  ••  house  of  ivory  "  at  Jez- 
reel  [Samaria]. 

810+  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Angling  is  prac- 
tised (Amos  iv.  2). 

781  *  *  B.  c.  Greek  exact  chronology 
begins  with  the  first  Olympiad  of  776  B.C. 

763  June  15.  b.  c.  Ninereh.  Eclipse 
is  recorded  on  tablets.    (Kawlinson.) 

745-727  B.  c.  Assyr.  Tiglath-Pileser 
111.  is  a  lover  of  art  and  a  builder. 

721  Mar.  9.  b.  c.  The  Chaldeans  at 
Babylon  record  the  eclipse  of  the 
moon. 

712+  *  *  B.  c.  Ventriloquism  is  de- 
scribed in  Isaiah. 

668-626  B.  c.  Assyr.  Assyrian  art  is 
at  its  height. 

CHURCH. 

887+  *  *  B.  c.  Samaria.  Abab  practises 
idolatry.    (918+,  Usher.) 

880+-860i:  B.  c.  Samaria.  Elijah  is 
prophet  and  reformer  in  Israel.  (910- 
896,  Usher.)  (876+.)  He  foretells  a  famine. 
(872±.)  Prayer  test  on  Mount  Carmel. 
(860±.)    Translated. 

876+*  *B.  c.  Judea.  Jehoshaphat  sends 
princes,  priests,  and  Levites  to  teach  the 
people.    (915,  Usher.) 

862+  •  *  B.  c.  Sidon.  Miraculous  in- 
crease of  the  widow's  oil,  enabling  her 
to  redeem  her  children,  [Elisha  raises 
to  life  the  Shunamite'i  dead  child. 
(895,  Usher.)] 

860±-790+  B.  c.  Samaria.  Elisha  is  a 
prophet  in  Israel.  (852-&12,  \V. ;  896-838, 
Usher.) 


858+  •  *  B.  c.  Samaria.  Naaman,  the 
Syrian  captain,  comes  to  Elisha  to  b» 
healed  of  leprosy.    (894,  Usher.) 

855*  *  B.  c.  Samaria.  Micaiah  is 
prophet  in  Israel. 

842  •  *  B.  c.  Jehu  exterminates  idol- 
atry in  Israel  by  a  conspiracy.  Jeze- 
bel, the  widow  of  Ahab,  who  perverted 
the  religion  of  Israel,  is  thrown  over  the 
walls  of  Jezreel. 

814*  *B.  c.  Judea.  AthaUah,  the  idol- 
atrous mother  of  Ahaziah,  endeavors  to 
extirpate  the  race  of  David,  and  usurp 
the  throne  of  Judah.    (884,  Usher.) 

810  *  *  B.  c.  Samaria.  Jehoahaz,  hav- 
ing forsaken  God,  is  subdued  by  Hazael, 
King  of  Syria.    (849,  Usher.) 

810-760  B.  c.  Judea.  Joel  is  a  prophet 
of  Judah.  (800+,  Usher.)  [7W+-742±. 
Amos.  (787,  Usher.)  760+-738+,  Hosea. 
(785-725,  Usher.)  736+-683+,  Isaiah. 
(760-798,  Usher.)  720+-680+,  Micah. 
(750-710,  Usher.)] 

801+ *  *B.c.  Jerusalem.  The  Temple 
is  despoiled  to  purchase  peace  with  Ha- 
zael. Jehoash  falls  into  idolatry,  and 
kills  Zechariah  the  priest  for  reproving 
him.    (840,  Usher.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Samaria.  Another  corpse  re- 
vives when  thrust  into  the  sepulcher  of 
Elisha.    (838,  Usher.) 

791  *  *  B.  c.  Jehoiada  is  high  priest  in 
Israel.    (878,  Usher.) 

791+  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Jehoash  re- 
pairs the  Temple,  which  had  been  dam- 
aged by  the  sons  of  Athaliah.    (856,  U.) 

775+-745+  B.  c.  /Samaria.  Jonah  is 
prophet  in  Israel.  The  Nlnevites  re- 
pent at  the  preaching  of  Jonah.  (825- 
785,  \V. ;  862,  Usher.) 

736+*  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem,  Ahaz  profanes 
the  Temple  ;  he  introduces  an  altar  after  a 
Damascus  pattern,  and  remodels  the  furni- 
ture; he  makes  his  son  pass  through  the  flre 
"like  the  heathen."    (739,  Usher.) 

722  •  *  B.  c.  Babylon.  Tiglath-Pileser 
takes  many  Jews  into  captivity. 

715+ *  *B.C.  Jerusalem.  Hezekiah 
cleanses  the  Temple ;  he  restores  the 
worship  of  God,  and  destroys  idolatry ; 
keeps  the  feast  of  the  Passover  with 
imusual  solemnity.  A  Jewish  revival 
follows. 

e87±  *  *  B.  c.  The  Book  of  Esther  is 
written. 

686-641  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Manasseh, 
the  wicked  son  of  good  Hezekiah,  sur- 
passes all  his  predecessors  in  evil  doing ; 
he  restores  idolatry,  and  persecutes  the 
faithful. 

650±-630+  •  *  B.  c.  Samaria.  Nahum 
is  a  prophet  of  Israel.    (713,  Usher.) 

♦  *  *  B.  c.  Samaria.  The  Israelites  cause 
their  sons  and  daughters  to  pass  through 
the  flre  like  the  idolaters.    (721,  Usher.) 

e38+-e03±  •  *  B.C.,  Judea.  Habakkuk 

is  a  prophet. 
635+-612±  B.  c.    Judea.    Zephaniah  is 

a  prophet  in  Judah. 

SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

875+*  *B.c.  Samaria.  Israel  ."uifers  by 
drought  and  famine  as  predicted  by 
Elijah.  [850+.  Another  famine ;  deliv- 
erance by  four  lepers.] 


TURKEY. 


887±**B.c.-626,**B.c.    1145 


796±  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Amaziah  avenges 
hia  father's  death. 

737±  *  •  B.  e.  Samaria.  Shalluin,the  con- 
spirator, murders  Zachariah.  Menabem 
murders  Shallum. 

733±  »  'B.C.  Samaria.  Pekahmurders 
King  Pekahiah. 

700±  *  *  B.  c.  Babylon.  Eglbe's  bank 
is  mentioned. 

e30±  *  *  B.C.  Jndea.  King  Amon  is  mur- 
dered in  his  own  house, 

STATE. 

887-884  B.  c,  Israel.  Ahab  is  viceroy. 
[684-855,  Ahab  reigns  prosperously  as 
king,    (875-853,  W.)] 

884-860  B.  c.  Assyr.  Ashumazirpal 
reigns.  [860-824,  Shalmaneser  □,; 
8M-842.  Syrian  invasions.  Sai-Sll.  .Sham- 
shi-Ramman  II.,  who  had  overthrown  a 
revolt.  811-782,  Raminan-Nirari  III. ;  he 
captures  Damascus,  and  enforces  tribute 
from  Samariaand  Pliilistia,  Tyre,  Sidon, 
and  from  Jehu,  King  of  Isri^l.  His  wife 
Is  Semiramis.] 

876-851  B.  c.  Judea.  Jehoshaphat 
reigns.  (875-852,  W.)  [853.  Jehoram 
is  first  appointed  viceroy.  852.  Second 
appointment.    861-843.     Ho  reigns.] 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Jitdea.  The  Philistines  and 
Arabians  pay  tribute  to  Jehoshaphat. 

876-848  n.  c.  Media.  Arbaces,  the 
founder  of  the  Median  empire,  gov- 
erns without  the  title  of  king.    (747  ?) 

876  *  *  B.  c.  Israel  and  ,Iudah  unite  in 
an  alliance  against  Syria. 

871-824  B.C.  Phenicia.  Pygmalion 
reigns.  [860.  Phenicia  is  conquered  by 
Syria.] 

860±  *  *B.c.  Samaria.  Hazael,  King 
of  Syria,  oppresses  Israel. 

860±  *  »  B.  o.  Syria.  King  Benhadad 
H.  Is  sick,  and  Hazael,  his  minister, 
hastens  his  death  and  ascends  the  throne. 

866-854  B.  c.  Israel.  Ahaziah  reigns. 
[854-842,  Joram;  842-814,  Jehu ;  814-791, 
Jehoahaz.] 

864 *  'B.C.  Idumea.  The  Idumeana 
revolt  against  Ahaziah. 

862-840  B.C.  BabyUmia.  Mardnk- 
nadin-strum  reigns. 

842*  *B.c.  Judea.  Ahaziah  H.  reigns. 
(W3-842,  W.)  [842-83G.  AthaUah  usurps 
the  government.  836-796,  Jehoash,  or 
Joash,  reigns.] 

839  *  •  B.  c.  Assyr.  Tyre,  Sidon,  and 
Byblos  are  forced  to  pay  tribute. 

827  *  *  B.  c.  Assyr.  Shalmanezer's  old- 
est son  leads  a  revolt ;  27  cities  join  the 
rebellion.    [Subdued  after  six  years.] 

821*  *B.  c.  Media  — Assyr.  Arbaces 
reigns  after  taking  Nineveh. 

800±  *  »  B.  c.  Syria.  Benhadad  m. 
reigna.  [770±.  Damascus  recovered  by 
Jeroboam  II.  754.  Syria  is  annexed  to 
Assyria.] 

796-782  B.  c.  Judea.  Amaziah  reigns 
over  Judah.  (797-777,  W.)  [782-737, 
Uzziah  (Azariah) ;  751-737,  Jotham  as 
regent ;  737-735,  Jotham  as  king  ;  751-735, 
Ahaz  as  regent ;  735-715,  Ahaz  as  king 
<735-726,  W.).] 


701-781  B.  c.  Samaria.  Jehoash  reigns 
over  Israel  (798-782,  W.).  [781-740,  Jero- 
boam U.  is  regent  and  later  king ;  740, 
Zachariah;  Shalltmi;  740-737,  Mena- 
hem ;  737-735,  Pekahiah ;  735-733,  Pe- 
kah.] 
782-772  B.  c.  Assyr.  Shalmaneser 
III. reigns.  [772-754,  Asurdan  III. ;  754- 
745,  Asur-nirari.] 

747  Feb.  26-733  B.C.  Babylonia.  Na- 
bonassar  reigns,  and  the  Nabonassa- 
rian  Era  begins,  a  period  of  native 
rulers.  The  second  empire  of  Babylon 
is  commenced.  [733,  Nadius;  731,  Porus 
(Chinzirus) ;  726,  Jugteus ;  721-705,  Sargon, 
or  Merodach-Baladan  II.  (Berodach-Bal- 
adan  ?).  The  Tartar  usurps  the  throne 
of  Assyria,  and  consolidates  the  empire ; 
the  Babylonians  revolt.] 

745-727  B.  c.  Assyr.  Tiglath-PUeser 
III.  (Phul)  the  usurper,  reigns.  (738.) 
He  dominates  19  districts  of  Hamath. 
The  Assyrian  empire  is  divided  into 
the  Assyrian,  Babylonian,  and  Median 
kingdoms.  (741.)  Judah  becomes  trib- 
utary. (740+.)  Syria.  (736.)  He  invades 
and  subdues  Israel.  (735±.)  He  aids 
Ahaz,  King  of  Judah,  against  the  Kdo- 
mites. 

744*  *B.  c.  Cappadocia.  PhamaceB(?) 
founds  the  kingdom. 

743**  B.C.  Phenicia.  King  Aram  re- 
volts from  Assyria. 

*  *  B.  c.  Armeitia.  Baroir  achieves  in- 
dependence of  Assyria. 

735*  *B.  c.  Lydia.  Candaules  (or  Myr- 
silus)  reigns. 

733-722  B.  c.  Samaria.  Hoshea  reigns 
over  Isr-iel.  The  kingdom  of  the  ten 
tribes  of  Israel  ends  by  the  captivity : 
Shalmaneser  rV.,  Kingof  Assyria,  sub- 
dues Israel,  and  removes  the  king  and 
principal  inhabitants,  soldiers,  and  ar- 
tisans (27,290  people)  to  the  River  Cha- 
boras  (Chebar)  in  Assyria.  A  colony  of 
Cutheans  and  others  is  planted  in  de- 
populated Samaria. 

720  *  *  B.  c.  Babylonia.  Independence 
of  Assyria  achieved. 

727-722  B.  c.  Assyr.  Shalmaneser 
IV.  reigns  ;  be  subdues  the  revolting  cit- 
ies of  Phenicia,  and  subjugates  the  King 
of  Israel.  [722-705.  Sargina  (Sargon) 
reigns.  He  builds  Khorsavad,  and  re- 
ceives tribute  from  Arabia,  Egypt,  and 
the  Island  of  Cyprus.] 

727  •  *  B.  c.  Phenicia.  Elultteus  revolts 
against  Assyria. 

726  *  *  B.  c.  Samaria.  Hoshea  rebels 
against  Assyria.  [725.  He  is  imprisoned. 
724.    Again  revolts.] 

720±  *  *  B.  c.  Lydia.  The  Lydians  dis- 
possess the  Mseonlans. 

717  •  *  B.  c.  Sargon,  King  of  Assyria, 
ends  the  independence  of  the  Hittites; 
takes  Ashdod  from  Judah.  [711.  Sends 
an  embassy  to  Hezeklah  at  Jerusalem. 
710.  Subdues  a  revolt  in  Babylonia  and 
annexes  it.] 

716-646  B.C.  Lydia.  Lydian Empire 
founded  ;  Mermnadse  dynasty  reigns  ; 
period  of  greatest  prosperity. 


716-678  B.C.  Lydia.  Gyges,thefounder, 
kills  Candaules,  marries  his  queen,  and 
usurps  the  throne,  and  makes  great  con- 
quests. [678-629,  Ardys  reigns  ;  62&-617, 
Sadyattes.] 

715-686  B.C.  Judea.  Hezekiah reigns 
over  Judah.    (726-697,  W.) 

710*  *  B.  c.  Media.  Dejoces  revolts 
against  Assyria ;  the  war  of  indepen- 
dence follows.  [The  Modes  subdue  Asia 
Minor  ;  several  tribes  are  under  self- 
government  for  seven  years.  709±-656. 
Dejoces  reigns.] 

709*  *  B.  c.  Babylonia.  Archianes, 
brother  of  Esarhaddon,  reigns.  [702.  Be- 
libus  reigus.  70i.  Hagisa  reigns  30  days, 
after  killing  the  preceding  Assyrian  vice- 
roy. Marmaduk  reigns  for  six  months. 
Interregnum.  699.  Apronadius  reigns. 
Babylon  is  again  subdued  to  Assyria.] 

701-681  B.C.  Assyr.  Sennacherib 
reigns  at  Nineveh.  [681-668.  Esarhad- 
don reigns.  He  builds  the  southwest 
palace  at  Nimrdd.] 

701+  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Invasion  of  Sen- 
nacherib. 

693*  *  B.  c.     Babylonia.     Begibulns 

reigns.      [692,  Mesesimordacus ;    688,    a 

second  interregnum.] 
686-641     B.  c.     Jitdea.     Manasseh 

reigns.    (697-641,  W.)     [641-639,  Amon ; 

639-609,  Josiah.] 
685  *  *  B.  c.    Bithynia.     Chalcedon  is 

founded    by    Megarians   from   Central 

Greece. 

681-668  B.  c.  Babylon— Nineveh.  Ruled 
by  Esarhaddon  the  Assyrian.  (676.)  He 
destroys  .Sidon ;  invades  Judea.  (673.) 
He  subdues  the  Kings  of  Tyre,  Judah, 
Edom,  and  Moab.  (671.)  He  conquers 
and  practically  annexes  Egypt  and 
Ethiopia. 

680-668  B.  c.  Syna.  Baal  is  King  of 
Tyre ;  he  revolts  from  Sardanapalus. 

680  *  «  B.  c.  Phenicia.  Abdi-Milkut, 
King  of  Sidon,  revolts  from  Esarhaddon. 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Assyr.  The  empire  is  at  its 
zenith.  Esarhaddon  plants  colonies  in 
Babylon,  Cuthah,  Ava,  Sepharvin,  and 
the  cities  of  Samaria.  [671.  Egypt  re- 
volts. 668-626.  Asurbanipal  (Sardanap- 
alus n.),  O.  T.  as  Asenapper.  662. 
Egypt  invaded ;  660.    Thebes  falls.] 

667*  *  B.  c.  Babylon.  Samas-sumu- 
kin  reigns.  [626-607,  Ifabopolassar  as 
viceroy.  He  founds  the  new  Babylonian 
empire.    (Chaldie.)] 

658  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  E.  Byzantium  is 
founded  by  the  Argives. 

656-635  B.C.  iVfrfta.  Phraortes reigns. 
He  conquers  Armenia,  subdues  Persia 
and  other  neighboring  countries,  and 
invades  Assyria,  where  he  is  slain.  [640 
(or  650+).  Media  revolts.  635-584.  The 
warlike  Cyaxares  I.  He  is  the  founder 
of  Media's  greatness.] 

626**  B.C.  Assyr.  Asur-etil-ilini- 
ukinni.  [Sin-shar-ishkun,  or  Sarcos  of 
the  Greeks.  He  builds  the  south-east 
palace  at  NlmrAd.] 


1146     625,*  *  B.C.-331,**  B.C. 


TURKEY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

616-610  B.  c.    Lydia,    War  with  Media. 

609  *  •  B.  c.  Judea.  Pharaoh-Necho, 
King  of  Egypt,  defeats  aiid  kills  King 
Josiah  in  the  battle  of  Megiddo ;  the 
first  captivity  follows.  He  makes  con- 
quests in  Phenicia  (p.  650). 

607  *  *  B.  c.  Assyr.  Cyaxares,  King  of 
Media,  in  alliance  with  Nabopolassar, 
Viceroy  of  Babylon,  captures  Nineveh, 
and  overthrows  the  Assyrian  Em- 
pire. 

605  *  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Nebuchadnezzar 
invades  Syria.  [598.  He  captures  Jeru- 
salem, and  carries  away  many  captives 
to  B;ibyion.  586.  Again  conquered.  It 
Is  the  beginning  o£  the  captivity- 
proper.] 

605  *  *  B.  c.  Pharaoh-Necho  defeated 
at  Carcheinish  (G04,  Peck).    (P.  650.) 

e04i  *  *  B.  c.  As.tj/r.  Nabopolassar  the 

usurper,  being  defeated,  burns  himself 
in  his  palace. 

689-588  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Besieged. 
(58S-687.)  The  Babylonian  army  is  be- 
fore Jerusalem.  (587.)  City  taken  and 
destroyed,  the  people  massacred,  the 
Temple  burned,  and  the  walls  razed. 
The  survivors  are  carried  into  captivity. 

586  *  •  B.  c.    Asia  M.    Croesus  conquers 

extensive  territory. 
685-573  B.  c.   Syria.   Nebuchadnezzar 

besieges  and  takes  Tyre. 

681-568  B.  c.  Egy.  Nebuchadnezzar 
invades  and  conquers  Kgypt. 

659  *  *  B.  c.  Media.  Cyrus  [the  Great] 
commands  the  Medes  against  the  Per- 
sians. [548.  He  defeats  the  confederate 
army  aiding  Croesus  at  Thymbra.  546. 
Lydia.  He  takes  Sardis.  548±.  He  con- 
quers Ionia.  544.  Ephesus.  638.  He 
takes  Babylon  after  a  siege  of  two  years. 
537.    He  conquers  Syria.] 

646*  *  B.  c.  Lydia.  Harpagus  takes 
Xanthus  for  Cyrus.  The  inhabitants 
bui'ied  themselves  in  the  ruins. 

544  *  *  B.  c.  The  contest  between  Greeks 
and  Persians  for  possession  of  Asia 
Minor  begins. 

518*  *B.  c.  Babylonia,  Arevoltissub- 
dued  by  Darius. 

508  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  E.  Darius  crosses 
the  Bosporus. 

504  *  *  B.  c,  Lydia.  The  Greeks  take 
and  burn  Sardis ;  this  occasions  a  Per- 
sian invasion. 

602-470B.C.  Persian  wars  with 
Greece. 

499±  *  *  B.  c.  Lydia.  The  loniana  re- 
volt ;  Sardis  burned. 

498*  *  B.  c.  Lydia.  Cyrus  conquers 
Ionia;  IJIiletus destroyed. 

466  *  *  B.  c.  Pamphylia.  Battle  of  Eu- 
rymedon  (p.  1018). 

440-430  B.  c.  Bithynia.  Dydalsxis  re- 
volts, and  reigns  in  Bithynia. 

363  *  *  B.  c.  P<mtus.  Ariobarzanes  U. 
invades  Pont  us. 

351**  B.C.  Syria.  Phenicians  revolt 
against  Persia.  Ochus,  Artaxerxes  111., 
besieges  and  destroys  Sidon. 

350*  *B.  c.  Pal.  Ochus  takes  Jericho, 
and  carries  many  Jews  into  captivity. 

334 1  *  *  B.  c.  Afysia.  Alexander  [the 
Great]  near  the  Granicus  (p.  1024).  [331. 
Battle  of  Arbela  (p.  1024).  Alexander 
besieges  Tyre,  and  marches  on  Jerusa- 
lem.] 

331  *  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Alexander  mas- 
sacres 8.000  Tyrians.  and  crucifies  2,000 
more  for  refusing  to  surrender  Tyre. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

600+**  B.C.  Chaldea.  A  chart  of  the 
heavens  is  made,  In  which  1,4G0  stars 
are  correctly  described. 


585  May  28.  b.  c.  Almost  total  eclipse 
of  the  sun  occurs,  which  had  been  pre- 
dicted long  before  by  Thales  of  Miletus  ; 
it  interrupts  a  battle  on  the  river  Halys 
(Asia  Minor). 

570+  *  *  B.  c.  Babylon.  The  hanging 
gardens  and  many  beautiful  works  of 
art  are  constructed  by  Nebuchadnezzar. 

544**  B.C.  Lydia.  The  temple  of  Di- 
ana at  Ephess'us  [built  seven  times]  is 
planned  by  Ctesiphon. 

534  Spring,  b.c.  Jerusalem.  The  sec- 
ond Temple  Is  commenced  by  Jews 
under  the  patronage  of  Cyrus ;  Phenician 
workmen  are  employed.  [51(i,  Winter. 
Completed ;  37  walls  are  injured  wlien 
the  city  is  stormed  by  Herod  the  Great.] 

500  *  *  B.  c.  A/r.  Phenician  sailors 
round  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

413  *  *  B.  c.  A  total  ecUpse  of  the  moon 
is  observed  at  Sardis.    (Thucydides.) 

376-335  B.C.  Pergamus.  Kingx\ttaluB 
offers  100  talents  for  the  Dionysius  of 
Aristides, 

356  *  *  B.  c.    The  temple  of  Diana  at 

Ephesus  is  set  on  fire  by  an  obscure  in- 
dividual named  Hertostratus,  who  con- 
fesses on  the  rack  that  the  sole  motive 
was  the  desire  of  transmitting  his  name 
to  future  ages. 

353  *  *  B.  c.  The  Mausoleum  at  Hali- 
carnassus  is  erected. 

345  *  *  B.  C.  Circa  Ephorus  of  Ephesus 
is  the  first  master  of  Apelies. 

336  *  *  B.  c.  The  temple  of  Diana  at 
Ephesus  is  re-erected. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

661*  *  B.  c.  Nebuchadnezzar,  Chaldean 
King  of  Babylon,  dies. 

638  *  •  B.  c.    Darius,  the  Mede,  dies. 

486*  ♦B.C.  Darius  Hystaspes,  King  of 
Medo- Persia,  dies. 

480i:  »  *  B.  c.  Artemisia,  Queen  of  Halicar- 
nassus,  born.    Dies. 

366  *  *  B.  c.  Callisthenes,  Thranian  histo- 
rian, rhetorician,  born.     [328.    Dies.] 

360±  *  ♦  B.  0.  Artemisia,  consort  of  MauBO- 
lus  of  Caria,  flourished. 


CHURCH. 

624*  *B.  c.  Judea.  Huldah  the  proph- 
etess foretells  the  destruction  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

623  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Josiah  keeps 
the  feast  of  the  Passover  with  unusual 
solemnity  ;  Jewish  revival  attends  it. 

622±-530±  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Jeremiah 
is  a  prophet. 

621  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  King  Josiah 
repairs  the  Temple,  destroys  idols,  and 
burns  dead  men's  bones  on  their  altars. 
The  original  Book  of  the  Law  is  dis- 
covered by  Hilkiah,  the  high  priest ; 
Josiah  reads  it  to  aU  the  people  ;  a  great 
reform  begins. 

605  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Daniel,  a  He- 
brew youth  of  rank,  is  taken  to  Babylon 
as  a  captive.  [600-535.  He  prophesies, 
and  is  made  president  of  the  kingdom 
of  Babylon.  602.  He  interprets  Nebu- 
chadnezzar*8  dream  of  the  golden-headed 
image.] 

594  July*  B.C.  Ind.  Gotama  Sid- 
dartha,  having  retired  from  the  world 
disgusted  with  Brahminism,  begins  to 
preach  a  new  and  better  religion 
(Buddhism). 

586*  ♦B.C.  Jerusalem.  Ezekiel,  a  He- 
brew youth,  is  taken  to  Babylon  as  a 
captive.    [586±-540±.    He  prophesies.] 


*  *  B.  c.  JertLtalcm.  Taken  by  Babyloni- 
niaus ;  city  destroyed. 

685-570±B.  G.  Jtufea.  Obadiahpropb^ 
Bies. 

*  *  •B.C.  Babylon.  Shadrach,Meshacli, 
and  Abed-nego,  the  Hebrew  youths, 
are  cast  into  a  fiery  furnace.     (587,  U.) 

*  *  *  B.  c.  Babylon.  Daniel  interprets 
Nebuchadnezzar's  second  dream ;  the 
king  loses  his  reason.  (569,  U.)  [He  re- 
covers, (662,  U.)  Vision  of  the  ram.  (558, 
Usher.)  Vision  of  the  four  kingdoms. 
(555,  Usher.)] 

570-640*  *B.  C.  Deuteronomy  writ- 
ten. (?) 

660*  *B.  c.  Gr,  Temples  are  first 
erected. 

*  •  *  B.  c.  Babylon.  Daniel  is  cast  into 
the  lions' den.  (537,  Usher.)  [530.  King 
Cyrus  issues  an  edict  in  favor  of  the 
Jews.  He  returns  the  holy  vessels  which 
were  taken  from  the  Temple  by  Nebu- 
chadnezzar.   ]VIany  Jews  return.] 

634  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  The  building 
of  the  Temple  begins  at  the  command 
of  Cyrus.  [522.  The  building  stayed  on 
the  appeal  of  the  hostile  Samaritans.] 

636-456  B.  c.  The  Book  of  Ezra  is 
written. 

530±-520±*  *B.  c.  Pal.  Haggai proph- 
esies. 530±-610±.  Zeehariah  prophesies, 

521*  *B.  c.  JerusaUm.  Haggai  and 
Zeehariah  obtain  permission  to  com- 
plete the  rebuilding  of  the  Temple. 
[515.    Completed.] 

517*  *B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Dedication  of 
the  second  Temple.  [515.  Apr.  18.  The 
Passover  celebrated.] 

494*  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Joachim  is  the 
high  priest  of  the  Jews. 

480-460  B.C.  Jerusalem.  The  prophecy 
of  Malachi  i.s  uttered  (440  ?). 

463  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  £liashlb  is  high 
priest. 

459  *  *  B.  c.  Babylon.  Ezra  the  priest 
leads  back  to  Palestine  the  second  expe- 
dition of  6,000  Jews.  [446.  He  surren- 
ders his  commission  to  Neheniiah.] 

452  *  *  B.  c.  Persia.  Haaman  aims  to 
destroy  all  the  Jews ;  defeated  by  Esther. 

446-434+  (?)  B.  c.  Book  of  Kehemiah 
written. 

433  *  *  B.  c.  Babylon.  Nehemiah,  the 
courtier,  is  commissioned  by  Artaxerxes 
to  return  to  Jerusalem,  and  rebuild  its 
walls.  [425.  He  is  strongly  opposed  by 
Sanballat  the  Arabian  ;  he  corrects 
abuses,  and  restores  the  observance  of 
the  Sabbath.  He  returns  to  Persia.  422. 
He  returns  to  Jerusalem.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Ezra  the  priest  writes  the  BooJa 
of  Chronicles, 

419  *  ♦  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Jehoida  is  high 
priest.  [382,  Job  an  an  ;  351,  Jaddua;  321t 
Onlas  I. ;  314,  Simon  I.,  the  Just.] 

412  *  *  B.  c.  Samaria.  The  Samaritan 
Temple  is  erected  at  Gerizim. 

382 ±  *  *B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Jeshua,  the 
high  priest,  is  killed  in  the  inner  court 
of  the  temple  by  Johanan  ;  a  heavy  fine 
is  therefore  laid  on  the  daily  sacrifices. 
[Remitted  by  Ochus.] 

373+  *  •  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  The  govern- 
ment of  Jewish  affairs  is  committed  to  the 
higrh  priest  bv  the  governors  of  Syria,  after 
the  death  of  Neheiniah  ;  amliltlous  and  ava- 
ricious men  disgrace  the  office,  and  bring 
disaster  to  their  nation. 


TURKEY. 


625,B.c.**-331,' 


B.  C. 


114T 


833  *  •  B.  c.  JeruaaUm.  Alexander  the 
Great  is  informed  of  the  prophecies  of 
Daniel. 

332  *  *  D.  c.  Jerusalem.  Alexander  is 
deterred  from  destroying  the  city ;  he 
sacrifices  in  the  Temple  ;  he  grants  great 
priTlIeges  to  the  Jews. 


LETTERS. 

662  *  *  B.  c.  Lydia.  The  wise  men  of 
Greece  resort  to  the  court  of  Croesus. 

SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

669*  •  •  B.  c.  Babylon.  Nebuchadnez- 
zar is  troubled  because  of  a  dream. 
[B68.    Second  dream.] 

409  •  *  B.  c.    Lydia.    Sardis  is  burned. 

377  •  *  B.  c.  Caria.  Artemisia  marries 
her  own  brother,  Mausolus. 

366  Jmie  6.  b.  c.  Lydia.  Herostra- 
tufl  fires  the  great  temple  of  Diana  at 
Ephesus,  for  the  purpose  of  immortaliz- 
ing his  name. 

STATE. 

625  •  *  B.  c.  Lydia.  Alyattes  eipels  the 
iDTading  Cimmerians;  they  settle  in 
Galatia.  [624.  Scythian  invasion.  620. 
They  invade  Media.    612.    Expelled.] 

617-560  B.C.  Lydia.  Alyattes  II. 
reigns.  [560±-546.  Croesus.  He  con- 
quers Asia  Minor.] 

609**B.c.  Judea.  JehoahazII. 
reigns.  [G09-597.  Jehoiakim.  598.  Je- 
ohoniaor  Jehoiachin,  as  vassal  of  Baby- 
lon ;  he  reigns  three  months  and  10  days.] 

608  •  *  B.C.  Syria.  Phenloia  is  sub- 
dued by  Pharaoh  Necho  (p.  651).  [605. 
Annexed  to  Babylon.] 

607  *  •  B.  c.  Assyr.  Nineveh  is  talten 
and  destroyed  by  the  Medes  and  Babylo- 


607-662  B.  c.  Babylon.  Nebuchad- 
nezzar, son  of  Nabopolassar,  reigns. 
(607.)  He  returns  with  captives  and  the 
spoils  of  Jerusalem.  (802.)  Palestine  is 
coerced.    (600.)    Babylon  is  rebuilt. 

605*  *  B.  c.  Nebuchadnezzar  as  viceroy 
annihilates  Egyptian  power  in  Asia  (p. 
650).  He  invades  Judea,  and  exacts 
tribute. 

606-538  B.  c.  Babylon.  The  new  em- 
pire. Babylon  and  Media  are  the  rival 
nations  of  the  East. 

698*  *B.  0.  Judea.  First  general  de- 
parture of  Jews. 

King  Jehoiakim  revolts,  and  is  sent  to 
Babylon  with  10,000  "r  captives.and  the  spoils 
of  palareaiul  Temple.  Banlel  [the  prophet  J 
Is  among  the  captives.  The  Euphrates  di- 
vides Assyria  between  the  Medes  and  Ilaby- 
lonians. 

607-586  B.C.  Judea.  Zedekiah reigns 
as  vassal.  [587.  He  revolts,  and  makes 
an  alliance  with  the  King  of  Egypt.  Neb- 
uchadnezzar again  takes  Jerusalem. 
Zedekiahis  blinded,  and  taken  to  Baby- 
lon in  the  second  deportation  of  cap- 
tives to  Babylon.  The  kingdom  of 
Judah  falls.] 

696*  •B.C.  Media.  The  Scythians  are 
expelled.    [595.    Astyages  reigns.] 


580-536  B.  0.  Judea.  A  province  of 
Babylon. 

586-536  Pal.  Period  of  Babylonian 
exile. 

585*  *  B.C.  Judea.  Gedaliah  is  appointed 
governor. 

582  *  *  B.C.  Judea.  Third  general  de- 
portation of  captives  to  Babylon. 

570*  •B.C.  Judea.  Idimieans  join  the 
Chaldeans  against  Judah.  (See  Psalm 
137.) 

565  •  *  B.  c.  .Armenia.  Tigranes  reigns, 
and  restores  the  prestige  of  Armenia. 

*  *  •  B.  c.  Babylon.  Nebuchadnezzar 
recovers  his  reason  and  his  throne,  and 
then  imprisons  his  son,  Evil-Mero-dacL, 
for  maladministration  during  his  illness. 
(563,  Usher.) 

562-560  B.  c.  Babylon.  Evil-Mero- 
dach  reigns.  He  releases  King  Jehoia- 
chin.  [Killed.  660-566  Nerigissar  ;  Na- 
bonidus.] 

558-520  B.  c.  Pers.  Cyrus  reigns. 
[526-521.  Cambyses  III. ;  521-486.  Da- 
rius I. ;  487^66  Xerxes  I.  479.  Esther 
becomes  queen  consort.  474.  Mordeoai 
is  advanced  to  honor  and  power  in  the 
court.    Haman  plots  against  the  Jews.] 

556-538  *  •  B.  c.  Media.  Cyaxares  II., 
or  Darius,  reigns. 

553*  •B.C.  Babylon.  Labynetus (Bel- 
shazzar)  reigns.  [First  as  viceroy  under 
Darius,  and  later  as  an  independent 
prince.] 

651  *  *  B.  c.     Media.     Conquered   by 

Cyrus,  and  its  king  deposed.    [546.    He 

forms  the  great  Medo-Persian  empire. 

644.    He  subdues  Asia  Minor.] 
646*  *B.  c.  Lydia.  Conquered  and  made 

a  province  of  the  Persian  empire. 
544  *  *  B.  c.    Asia  M.    The  contest  for 

possession  begins  between  the  Greeks 

and  Persians. 
530  *  *  B.  c.     Fr.     Phenicians   colonize 

Massilia  [Marseilles]  in  Gaul. 
538  *  *  B.  c.    Babylon.     Laborosarchad, 

the  Belshazzar  of  Daniel,  reigns  nine 

months,  and  dies  at  his  feast. 
638-311   B.C.   The  Babylonian  empire 

ends.    Babylon  is  taken  by  Cyrus.  [538- 

333  B.  c.    Persian  rule  in  Palestine.] 
537  *  *  B.  c.    Phenicia.    Conquered  by 

Cyrus. 


536  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  The  first  caravan  of 
Jews  (42,300  in  all)  returns  under  Zer- 
ubbabel  from  Babylonian  captivity. 

525  *  *  B.  c.  Bgy.  Conquered  by  Per- 
sians, and  annexed  as  a  province  for  100 
years.    (527  ?). 

518**  B.C.  Babylon.  Kevolt  against 
Persia ;  it  is  taken  by  Darius  Hystaspes. 

515  *  *  B.  c.  Cappadocia.  Invaded  by 
the  Huns. 

504  *  *  B.  0.  jEgean  Sea.  The  lonians 
revolt,  and  are  subdued  by  the  Persians. 

602  *  •  B.  c.  Bosporus.  The  kingdom  is 
fotinded. 

601  *  *  B.  c.  Lydia.  Sphesua  revolts 
against  Persia. 


404  •  *  B.  c.  Judea.  The  High  Priests 
become  subrulers.    (See  Chronicle.) 

487  *  *  B.  c.  Pontus.  Artabazus  is  en- 
throned by  Darius  Hystaspes. 

466-425  B.  c.  Persia.  Artaxerxes 
Iiongimanus  reigns.  [425.  Xerxes  II. 
Sogdianus.] 

459  *  •  B.  c.  Babylonia.  A  second  de- 
cree is  issued  for  the  return  of  the 
Jews ;  Ezra  arrives  at  Jerusalem  with 
6,000  Jews. 

440*  *B.c.     Armenia.     Divided   by 

treaty  between  Rome  and  Persia. 
446  •  *  B.  c.  Persia.  Nehemiah  goes 
to  Jerusalem  and  views  the  ruins.  [435. 
Keturns  to  Persia.  He  is  sent  to  Judea 
as  governor.  Proceeds  to  rebuild  the 
walls.] 

438-431    B.C.    £ospo7-us  [Cir cassia]. 
Spartacus  I.  dispossesses  the  Archea- 
nactidsB  from  power,  and  reigns.    [431- 
407.    Seleucus  reigns.    407-363,  Satyrus  ; 
353-348,    Spartacus    II.  ;    348-304,  Pary- 
sades ;  304-286,  Eumelus.] 
425-406    B.C.    Persia.    DariusII.,No- 
thus,  holds  sovereignty  over  Palestine. 
[406-359,  Artaxerxes  II.,  Ochus  ;  401,  Cy- 
rus the  Younger  revolts.       359-338,  Ar- 
taxerxes III.;    338-336,  Arses;  336-330 
Darius  III.] 
410  *  •  Pal.     Menasseh   withdraws  to 

Samaria. 
408*  *B.  c.    Bhodea.    City  founded. 
400+  •  *  B.  c.     Pontus.     Ariobarzanes 
is  betrayed  by  his  son  Mithridates  to  the 
Persians.    [383.    Mithridates  I.  reigns.] 
387  *  *  B.  c.    .^gean  Sea.     Ionia  again 
becomes  subject  to  Persia.    The  Greek 
cities  of  Asia  Minor  pay  tribute  to  the 
Persians. 

378  *  *  B.  c.  Bithynia.  Botyras  reigns. 
[376,  Bas,  or  Bias.] 

363-337  B.  c.  Pontus.  Ariobarzanes 
U.  reigns.  He  is  the  real  founder  of  the 
kingdom.  [362.  He  revolts  from  Arta- 
xerxes.  337-302,  Mithridates  II. ;  302-266, 
Mithridates  III. ;  260-210+,  Ariobarzanes 
in. ;  240+-190,  Mithridates  IV.] 

362  *  •  B.  c.  Asia  M.  The  Persian  gov- 
ernor of  Asia  Minor  revolts. 

360  •  *  B.  c.    Sp.    The  Phenician  colo- 

mes  are  successfully  planted  on  the  coast. 

334*  *B.c.  AsiaM.  Alexander  [the 
Great]  declares  the  Grecian  cities  free 
from  Persian  rule.  [333.  He  annexes 
SyriaandPhenicia..Headvancesthrough 
Palestine  into  Egypt  without  opposition. 
332.  Lydia  and  Assyria  are  conquered. 
(Alexander  in  Asia,  p.  1024).] 

333  •  *  B.  c.  Sgy.  Many  Jews  settle 
in  Alexandria. 

'  *B.  0.  Syna.  The  Greeks  receive 
Damascus  from  the  Persians. 

333-320  B.  r,  Palestine  under  Greek 
rulers. 

331  *  *  B.  c.  Babylonia.  Mesoi>otamia 
and,  later,  Babylonia  are  traversed  by 
Alexander. 

Oct.  1.  B.C.  Persia.  Revolution;  de- 
struction of  the  Persian  empire  by  Alex- 
ander. (Battle  of  Arbela,  p.  1024.)  [He 
is  proclaimed  master  of  Asia.] 


1148      330,**  B.c.-130,**B.c. 


TURKEY. 


1 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

328  *  *  B.  c.  Bithynia.  King  Baa,  or 
Bias,  repulses  the  Greeks.  [223.  Pru- 
sias  defeats  the  Gauls,  and  takes  many 
cities.] 

322  ♦  *  B.  c.  Cappadocia.  Conquered  by 
Perdiccas.  [291.  Conquered  by  Mithri- 
dates.] 

320  •  •  B.  c.  Turk.  E.  Antigonus  de- 
feats Eumenea  in  Thrace. 

*  *  B.  c.  Juilea.  Ptolemy  Soter  Xiagus 
captures  Jerusalem,  and  takes  100,000 
Jews  to  Egypt. 

312  •  *  B.  c.  Babylonia.  Seleucus  Ni- 
cator  retakes  Babylon. 

301  *  •  B.  c.  Syria.  Battle  of  Ipsus 
(p.  1026).  [275.  Antiochua  I.  defeats 
the  Gauls.  262.  The  Gauls  defeat  him 
in  Lydia.] 

281  *  •  B.  c.  Phrygia.  Iiysimachus, 
King  of  Thrace  and  Bithynia,  is  de- 
feated and  killed  at  Cyropedium 
(Corns). 

252  *  *  B.  r.     Ponfua.    The  Gauls  besiege 

Mithridatea  IV.  in  his  capital.    [219. 

Mithridatea    attacks    Sinope,    but    is 

obliged  to  raise  the  siege  by  the  Kho- 

dians.] 
247  *  •  B.  c.    Asia  M.    Ptolemy  Euer- 

getea  III.,  King  of  Egypt,  makes  many 

conquests. 
219**B.c.    Syria.    Antiochua  III. 

subdues  Palestine. 

217*  *B.  f.    Vat.   Antiochua  III.,  King 

of  Syria,  conquers  Palestine,  but  is  to- 
tally defeated  at  Baphia  by  Ptolemy 
Philopator(p.  652).  (21i»,Peck.)  [205.  He 
returns  from  his  eastern  expedition.  198. 
The  Jews  assist  hin^  in  expelling  Scopas 
and  the  Egyptian  allies  from  Jerusalem. 
He  conquers  Palestine  and  Coele-Syria.] 

192  *  *  B.  c.  The  ^tolians  invite  Anti- 
ochua II I  of  Syria  to  join  them  and 
the  King  of  Macedon  against  the  Ro- 
mans. [Defeated  (p.  1036).  190.  At  Eu- 
rymedon  and  Myonessus  (p.  1055).] 

187  *  •  B.  c.  Bithynia.  King  Prusias 
employs  the  fugitive  Hannibal  as  gen- 
eral. 

183  *  •  B.  c.  Pmitna.  Pamacea  I.  sub- 
dues Sinope.  [131-129.  Mithridates  V. 
assists  the  Komans  in  the  third  Punic 
war.] 

172  •  •  B.  c.  Judea.  Antiochua  IH. 
sacks  .Jerusalem ;  he  plunders  and  pro- 
fanes the  Temple.  [167.  The  aged  Mat- 
tathias  leads  a  revolt.] 

166*  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Judaa  Macca- 
beua  routs  the  army  of  Apollonius  at 
Beth-horon ;  he  successfully  wars  against 
Syria. 

166**  B.C.  Syria.  Battle  of  Aahdod ; 
the  Jews  rout  the  army  of  Gorgias. 

165*  *  B.  c.  Armenia.  Antiochua 
fipiphanea  invades  Armenia. 

163  *  *  B.  c.  Iiysiaa  besieges  Bethsura 
with  100,000  men.  [162.  Judaa  defeats 
Nicanor  at  Capharsalama.  161.  Nica- 
nor  is  defeated  and  killed  in  Adasa. 
Battle  of  Eleasa;  Judas  is  defeated  and 
killed.] 

159  *  •  B.  0.  Syria.  Jonathan  Macca- 
beiia,  son  of  Judas,  conducts  the  war. 
(147.  He  defeats  Apollonius,  governor 
of  Coele  Syria,  at  Azotus.] 

153  *  •  B.  c.  Syria.  AleTander  Balaa 
defeats  and  kills  Demetrius. 

142  *  •  B.  c.  Jtulea.  The  Syrian  fort  on 
Moitnt  Sion  is  taken. 

137**  B.C.  Judea.  Simon  offers  to  aid 
Antiochus  VII.  against  the  usurper  Try- 

Ehon,  but  his  offeris  declined  ;  warwith 
yria  follows.    Simon's  sons,  Judas  and 
John,  defeat  the  Syrians  ivt  Jamnia. 

135  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Antiochus  VII. 
besieges  the  city.    [133.    Captured.] 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

283  *  *  B.  c.  Pergamus.  Philetaerus  is 
a  noted  patron  of  art. 

227±  *  *  B.  c.  An  earthquake  occurs 
at  Bhodes.  The  Coloaaus  is  thrown 
down. 

2 19  *  *  B.  c.  A  total  ecUpse  of  the  moon 
is  observed  in  Asia  Minor.    (Polybius.) 

198  »  *  B.  c.  Attalus,  foimder  of  the 
monarchy  of  Pergamus,  invents  parch- 
ment. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

323  *  *  R.  c.    Alexander  the  Great  dies  at 
Babylon. 

3S0  *  *  B.  c.    Athemon,  Thracian   encaustic 
l>ainter,  dies. 

301  *  *  B.  c.    Antigonus,  King  of  Asia  Minor, 
dies. 

3O0  ♦  *  B.  c.  Protogeng,  painter  of  Rhodes,  d. 

880  *  ♦  B.  c.    Chryslppus,  C'iiician  Stoic  phi- 
losopher, born.    [207.    Dies.] 
.Seleucus  I.,  Nicator,  King  of  Syria,  dies. 

3d  Century,    b.  c.    Erasiatratus,  Syrian  phy- 
sician, born.    Dies. 

237±  *  *  B.  c.  Antiochus  tlie  Great,  King  of 
Syria,  born.    [187.    Dies.] 

187±  »  *  B.  c.     Demetrius  Soter.   King  of 
Syria,  born.    [I.W.    Dies.] 

166*  *  B.  c.    Slattathias,  dies. 

164  (?)  *  *  B.  c.    Antiochus  Kpiplianes  mur- 
dered. 

160  *  *  B.  c.    Judas  Maccabeus,  patriot,  d. 

160  •  *  B.  c.    Eumenes  II.,  Kingof  Pergamus, 
dies. 
Hlpparchus.   Bithynian  founder  of  scien- 
tific astronomy,  born.    [120±    Dies.] 

140  *  *  B.  c.    Antipater  of  Tarsus,  Stoic  phi- 
losopher, dies. 

136*  *  B.  c.    MlthrldfttasVL.Kingof  Pon- 
tus,  born.    C63.    Dies.] 


CHURCH. 

299  *  *  B.  c.    Jerusalctn.  Simon  the  Just 

repaira  the  Temple,  and  encloses  it 

with  a  double  wall. 

291  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Eleazar  is  high 
priest.  (292,  W.)  [276.  Manaseeh.  (292, 
W.)  250.  Onias  n.  (292,  W.)  He  refuses 
to  pay  tribute  to  Ptolemy  III.    219.    Simon 

rr.   (240,  w.)] 

284*  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  The  sect  of  the 
Sadduceea  begins  to  appear. 

283-274  B.C.  Egy.  The Septuagint is 
written  (p.  652). 

237  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Ptolemy  Phil- 
opator,  King  of  Egypt,  attempts  to  enter 
the  Most  Holy  Place  in  the  Temple,  but 
is  prevented.  He  cruelly  requires  the 
Jews  to  renounce  their  religion,  but 
they  refuse.  He  kills  40,000  at  Alexan- 
dria. 

199*  'B.C.  Jerusalem.  Onlas  Xtl.  Is  high 
priest.  (198,  W.)  [175.  Onlas  is  banislied, 
and  Jason  purchases  the  ottice  for  350  talents. 
The  gymnasium  is  erected  for  young  Jews. 
172.  He  Is  defeated  by  Menelaua,  who  out- 
bids and  supplants  him.] 

198*  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  The  Jewiah 
Sanhedrin  is  first  mentioned. 

175  •  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Heliodorus  ar- 
rives to  obtain  the  Temple  treasurea. 

172  •  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Menelaus  sells  the 
Temple  veaaela  to  the  Tyrians  in  order 
to  bribe  Andronicus,  governor  at  Anti- 
och.  Onias,  his  accuser,  is  murdered. 
[168.    Deposed  by  Jason.] 

170  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Antiochus 
Epiphanes  plundera  and  defiles  the 
Temple.  He  attempts  to  abolish  the 
Jewish  religion,  and  kills  40,000  inhab- 
itants ;  40,000  more  he  sells  as  slaves. 


[He  sets  up  an  altar  to  Jupiter  in  the 
Temple,  and  compels  the  Jewish  priests 
to  inunolate  awine.  [168.  He  takes  Je- 
rusalem again  and  persecutes  the  Jews.] 

167  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Matthias  is  high 
priest.  He  rises  against  the  Syrians  wlio  sup- 
plant the  worship  of  Jehovah  in  the  Temple. 

164  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Judaa  Macca- 
beua  purifies  the  Temple,  and  restores 
the  recaptured  holy  vessels  and  the  Jew- 
ish worship  after  expelling  the  Syrians. 
The  Temple  is  rededicated,  and  the 
Feaat  of  the  Dedication  established. 
(166,  W.) 

161  *  *  B.  G.  Jerusalem.  Alclmus  is  high 
priest.    (162,  W.) 

*  *  B.  c.  Judas  kills  Nicanor,  who  is 
succeeded  by  Jonathan.  [153.  He  es- 
tablishes the  line  of  Asmonean  prieat- 
princea.] 

*  *  B.  0.  Jerusalem.  Judas  Maccabeus 
falls  in  battle  while  rescuing  the  Tem- 
ple from  Antiochus  Epiphanes. 

159*  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Alcimus  orders 
a  profane  alteration  in  the  Temple. 
[Ityi.  Jonathan  Maccabeus  is  his  suc- 
cessor. 143,  Simon  Maccabeus;  131, 
John  Hyrcanus.  (133,  W.)  He  quarrels 
and  turns  Sadducee.  107,  Judas  (Aris- 
tobulus  I.,  usurper,  W.) ;  106.  Alexander 
Jannseus ;  78,  Hyrcanus  II.] 

142  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  The  Tower  is 
purified  and  entered. 

LETTERS. 

298  ♦  *  B.  c.  The  Septuagint  transla- 
tion is  made. 

233  *  *  B.  c.  Pergamus.  The  library  at 
the  death  of  Attalus  III.  comes  into  the 
possession  of  the  Romans. 

197±  *  *  B.  c.  Smyrna.  Eumenes  II. 
collects  a  great  library. 

180±  *  *  B.  c.  Ecclesiastes  is  written 
by  Jesus  Sirachides.    (Or  977+ ). 

SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

320*  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Ptolemy  conveys 
100,000  Jews  to  Egypt. 

309  *  *  B.  c.  Bosporus.  Eumelus  kills 
all  his  relatives. 

300-200  B.  c.  Bhodes  is  a  flourishing 
city. 

297  *  *  B.  c.  Syria.  King  Seleucus  di- 
vorces his  queen,  Stratonice,  in  order 
that  his  love-sick  son  may  marry  her. 

162  *  •  B.  c.  Syria.  Demetrius  Soter 
murders  Antiochus  IV.,  and  seizes  the 
throne. 

STATE. 

330**  B.C.  Persia.  Alexander  ia en- 
throned, and  the  empire  is  annexed  to 
Macedon  ;  Susa,  the  capital. 

323  Jtme  28.  b.  c.  Babylonia.  Alex- 
ander dies  at  Susa,  the  capital. 

*  •  B.  C.  Armenia.  A  Greek  governor 
rules.  [317.  Ardoates  breaks  the  Gre- 
cian yoke.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Caria.  Caasander  rules.  Al- 
exander's empire  is  divided  among  his 
generals  (p.  1025). 


TURKEY. 


330,**  B.C. -130, 


B.C. 


1149 


*  *  B.  c.    Judea  becomea  a  proTince  of 

Syria. 

324*  *B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Onias  the  high 
priestissubrulerimderPtolemyl.  [310. 
Simon  I.] 

323-24  7  B.  c.  Egy.  Many  Jews  mi- 
grate to  Alexandria  and  receive  unusual 
favors. 

322*  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Jerusalem  is  talcen 
by  Ptolemy  I.,  Lagi ;  Judea  is  subjected 
to  Egypt.  [322-142.  Subject  to  the  Greek- 
Egyptian  and  Greek-Syrian  monar- 
chies.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Cappadocia.  Subdued  by  Per- 
diccas,  regent  of  Macedon.  [315.  Inde- 
pendent. 315-322,  Ariarathes  11.  reigns. 
•  •  *Ariarathes  III. ;  220-162,  Ariarathes 
IV. ;  1G2-130,  Ariarathes  V. ;  158.  Holo- 
fernes.  155-130.  .4riarathes  regains  the 
throne.  130-96.  Ariarathes  VI.  reigns 
successfully.] 

321  *  *  B.  c.  Babylon.  Given  to  the  sa- 
trap Seleucua  by  Antipater. 

*  *  B.  c.  Asia.  Antipater  succeeds  Per- 
diccas  (murdered)  as  regent  of  the  Mace- 
donian empire.    [319.    Dies,] 

317  *  *  B.  c.  Armenia.  Revolt  against 
Macedon ;  Ardvates  elected  king. 

314  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Wrested  from  Egypt 
by  Antigonus.  [310.  Again  subdued  by 
Ptolemy.] 

312**  B.C.  Syria.  The  Syrian  (Seleu- 
cid&e)  monarchy  is  founded  by  Seleucus 
I.,  Nicator  ;  Seleucia,  the  capital.  [312- 
280.  He  reigns  300^-.  A  part  of  S3rria  is 
•  erected  into  a  kingdom  by  Seleucus  ;  An- 
tioch,  the  capital.] 

310-219    B.  c.    Pal.    Egyptian  rule. 

309  *  *  B.  c.  Bosporus.  Prytanis  reigns ; 
soon  murdered  by  his  brother,  Eumelus, 
who  succeeds  him.    [304.    He  is  killed.] 

301  •  *  B.  c.  Phrygia.  Antigonus  falls 
in  the  battle  of  Ipsus,  and  his  son  De- 
metrius becomes  a  fugitive  and  a  pi- 
rate. 

300±  *  •  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Seleucus  I.,  Ni- 
cator, Grecian  king  of  Persia,  builds 
Antioch,  Edessa,  and  Laodicea. 

295  *  *  B.  c.  Cyprus.  Taken  by  Egypt 
(p.  663). 

291  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Eleazar  is  the 
Jewish  high  priest.  [276,  Manassas; 
250,  Onias  II.] 

386  *  *  B.  c.  Bithynia.  Ruled  by  Lysim- 
acbus ;  Thrace  also. 

285  *  •  B.  c.  Bosporus.  Conquered  by 
Scythians. 

283  •  •  B.  c.  Lydia.  Annexed  to  Per- 
gamus. 

280±  •  »  B.  c.  Pergamus.  The  kingdom 
Is  founded  by  Philetierus.  [280-263.  He 
reigns.  263-241,  Eumenes  I. ;  241-197,  At- 
Ulus  I.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Babylon.  Seleucus  Nicator 
dies,  after  transferring  the  government 
from  Babylon  to  Seleucia,  Syria. 

280-261  B.C.  Syria.  Antiochus  I., 
Soter,  reigns.  This  king  of  Upper  Asia 
succeeds  Nicator,  and  rules  the  East. 
[261-246,  Antiochus  IL.Theos.  j  246-226, 
Seleucus  Callinious;  226-224,  Seleucus 
Ceraunus.] 


279±  •  *  B.  0.  Qalatia.  Swarms  of  Gal- 
lic invaders  who  settle  here  give  the 
name. 

278  *  *  B.  c.  Bithynia.  Zipietes  dies ; 
Nicomedial.,  the  eldest  son,  succeeds 
his  father.  [He  invites  the  Gauls  into 
Asia.  250i.  Zelas  reigns.  228-180,  Pru- 
sias  I. ;  180-149,  Prusias  II.] 

264+  *  •  B.  c.  Palestine  is  the  battle- 
ground between  Egypt  and  Syria. 

261-264  B.  c.  Syria.  Antiochus  II.  is 
unable  to  hold  the  provinces  in  subjec- 
tion. The  Parthian  and  Bactrian 
kingdoms  begin. 

241-197  B.  c.  Pergamus.  Attains  I. 
reigns  over  a  powerful  state. 

224-187  B.C.  Syria  — Babylonia  — Me- 
dia. Antiochus  III.,  the  Great,  reigns. 
[218.  He  seizes  most  of  Palestine.  217. 
He  is  forced  to  cede  Coele-Syria,  Pheni- 
cia,  and  Palestine  to  Ptolemy  Philopa- 
tor.  187-175.  Seleucus  IV.,Philopator.] 

219  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Simon  II.,  the 
Just,  is  high  priest  and  subruler. 

202**  B.C.  Syria  — Judea.  Taken  by 
Antiochus  HI.  [193.  He  gives  Pales- 
tine to  Ptolemy  V.] 

199  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Onias  m.  is 
Jewish  higli  priest. 

Note.  —  Dates  respecting  the  high  priests  be- 
come more  trustwortliy. 

*  •  Pal.  Egyptians  are  supreme.  [198. 
The  Jews,  aided  by  the  Seleucidfe,  throw 
off  the  yoke  of  Egypt,  and  become  sub- 
ject to  Syria.] 

197-159  B.  c.  Pergamus.  Eumenes  II. 
reigns.  [159-138.  Attains  II.,  Philadel- 
phus.  Philadelphia  is  founded.  138-133. 
Attains  III.,  Philometor.] 

190±  *  *  B.  c.  Pontus.  Pharnaces  I. 
reigns.  [183.  He  makes  Sinope  his  capi- 
tal. 156±-120.  Mithridates  V. ;  120-163. 
Mithridates  VI.,  the  Great.  The  kingdom 
has  its  greatest  power.  War  with  the 
Romans.] 

*  •  B.  c.  Asia  M.  The  Greek  kings  dom- 
inate after  the  defeat  of  Antiochus  the 
Great  by  the  Romans  (p.  1055) ;  Ar- 
menia is  divided  into  Major  and  Minor. 
Artaxius,  the  Roman  governor,  pro- 
claims Armenia  Major  independent. 

±  *  *  B.  c.  Pergamus.  Attains  its  largest 
extent,  and  includes  Mysia,  Phrygia, 
Lydia,  Laconia,  Pisidia,  and  Pamphylia. 

188  •  *  B.  c.  Asia  Af.  Surrendered  by 
Antiochus  III.  to  the  Romans  (p.  1055). 

176  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Again  becomes  a  Syr- 
ian province. 

175*  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Jason  pur- 
chases the  office  of  high  priest.  [172. 
Menelaus  buys  it.] 

176-164  B.C.  Syria.  AntiochusIV., 
Epiphanes,  reigns.  Romans  interfere  (p. 
1056).  172.  Devastates  Jerusalem.  [164- 
162,  Antiochus  V.,  Eupator;  162-153, 
Demetrius  Soter.] 

167-63  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  The  Jewish 
princes  called  Maccabees  rise,  and  de- 
liver their  country. 

167  •  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Mattathias, 
the  founder  of  the  Maccabees,  rises 
against  the  Syrians  who  profane  the 
Temple.    [166.    Judas  succeeds.] 


163  *  *  B.  c.  Eleazar  Maccabeus  is 
killed  in  battle.  [160.  John  is  killed 
by  Arabs.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Antiochus  V.  acknowl- 
edges the  independence  of  the  Jews. 

*  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Antiochus  V.  is  mur- 
dered by  Demetrius  Soter,  who  usurps 
the  throne. 

*  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Alcimus  is  rejected 
by  the  Jews  as  high  priest,  because 
of  his  perfidy;  the  Syrians  invade  Ju- 
dea in  consequence.  [161.  Reinstated 
by  force.] 

161  •  •  B.  c.  Pal.  The  Jews  make  their 
first  recorded  treaty  with  the  Romans. 

160-143  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Jonathan 
Maccabeiis  succeeds  his  brother  Judaa 
as  Jewish  ruler ;  his  stronghold  at  seat 
of  power  is  at  Mlchmash.  (153.)  He  in- 
augurates the  line  of  Asmonean  priest- 
princes.  The  Jews  are  partizans  of 
Alexander  Balas,  and  reject  the  over- 
tures of  Demetrius  Soter. 

159+**  B.C.  For  Rulers  of  Judea,  see 
high  priests. 

158  *  *  B.  0.  Judea.  Peace  is  made  with 
Syria. 

153  *  *  Jerusalem.  Jonathan  Macca- 
beus is  nominated  Jewish  high  priest. 
[147.  He  resists  Demetrius.  146.  He 
goes  over  to  him.  144.  Declares  for  An- 
tiochus. 143.  He  is  decoyed  into  captiv- 
ity by  the  usurper,  Tryphon,  and  killed. 
143-135.  Simon  Maccabeus  succeeds 
him  as  prince.  He  rules  the  country 
from  Tyre  to  the  Egyptian  border.  135- 
103.    John  Hyrcanus,  the  Maccabee.] 

153  »  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Alexander  Balas 
usurps  the  throne.  He  is  favored  by  the 
Jews.  (146.  Killed  in  battle.  Deme- 
trius II.,  Nicator,  reigns.  Becomes  a 
captive.  144-142.  Antiochus  VI.,  The- 
os,  after  overthrowing  Demetrius  by 
the  aid  of  Tryphon.  142-138.  Diodotus 
Tryphon  kills  Antiochus,  and  succeeds 
him.    J38-I28.  Antiochus  VII.,  Sidetes.] 

149  *  *  B.  c.  Armenia.  Valarsaces,  or 
Wagharshag  I.,  establishes  the  dynasty 
of  the  Arsacidee.  [127,  Arsaces ;  114, 
Artaxes.] 

144*  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Antiochus  VT., 
Theos,  confirms  Jonathan  in  his  au- 
thority. [143.  Jewish  embassy  sent  to 
Rome.] 

142  •  •  B.  c.  Judea.  The  Jews  are  freed 
from  paying  tribute  by  Demetrius. 
[141.  The  Jews  confirm  the  rule  of  .Simon 
III.,  and  enjoy  a  period  of  prosperity 
and  peace.] 

135  *  •  B.  c.  Ptolemy  treacherously  as- 
sassinates Simon  and  his  two  sons,  Judas 
and  Mattathias. 

133  *  •  B.  c.    Ionia.  Annexed  to  Rome. 

•  *  B.  c.  Pergamus.  Bequeathed  to  the- 
Romans  (p.  1057). 

*  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Antiochus  VI.  grants 
peace  to  the  subdued  Jews,  and  placates 
the  Romans. 

130  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  John  Hyrcanus, 
the  high  priest,  completely  delivers; 
Judea  from  Syria,  and  subdues  Idumea. 


1150       130,  *  *  B.  c.  -26,  *  *  A.  D.  TURKEY. 


1 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

130  *  *  B.  c.  Persia.  Antioohus  VH. 
is  defeated  iu  Parthia.  [129.  He  invades 
Parthia ;  subdues  and  incorporates  Idu- 
mea.] 

Ill  *  *  B.  c.    Pontus.     Mithridates 

makes  extensive  conquests  in  Scytliia, 
Bosporus,  Cololiis.  [108-63.  Mithrida- 
tic  war  (p.  1056).] 

108  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Hyrcanus  destroys 
Samaria. 

105  *  »  B.  c.  Armenia.  Antiochus  VUI. 
invades  Armenia. 

97  *  *  B.  c.  Cappadocia.  Mithridates 
enters  Cappadocia.  Gaza,  in  Judea,  is 
captured. 

©4  *  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Antioohus  is  de- 
feated by  Seleucus.  Moab  and  Ammou 
are  subdued. 

88-84  B.  c.  Mithridatio  war  (pp.  1028, 
1056).  [83-81,  second  ;  74-63,  third.]  (P. 
1058). 

86  *  *  B.  c.  Cappadocia.  Ravaged  by 
Tigranes. 

82  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Triumph  of  Al- 
exander JannsBUS. 

80  *  *  B.  c.  Pontus.  Mithridates  VI. 
conquers  Bosporus. 

73  *  *  B.  c.  Pontus.  The  fleet  of  Mithri- 
dates VI.  defeats  the  Romans  under 
IjUCuUus  in  two  battles.  [68.  He  de- 
feats Fabius.  66.  Defeated  by  Pom- 
pey  (p.  1058).] 

70  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Aristobulus  II.  de- 
feats Hyrcanus  II.,  the  rival  king,  and 
captures  Jerusalem.  [69.  The  king  of 
the  Nabatheans  supports  Hyrcanus  with 
50,01K)  men,  defeats  Aristobulus,  and  be- 
sieges him  in  the  Temple  at  Jerusalem.] 

€9  *  *  B.  c.  Armenia.  Luoullus  defeats 
Tigranes,  at  Tigranocerta,  and  takes  the 
city  (p.  1058). 

68  ♦  *  B.  c.  Crete.  Conquest  by  the 
Komaus. 

67  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Hyrcanus,  the  de- 
posed high-priest,  appeals  to  Pompey, 
who  takes  Jerusalem  and  restores  hini. 

65  *  •  B.  c.  Armenia.  Tigranes  sub- 
mits to  Pompey,  who  enters  Syria,  and 
dethrones  Antiochus  XI. 

63  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Aristobulus  finally 
surrenders  Jerusalem  to  Pompey,  but 
the  Temple  continues  resistance  for  three 
months  longer,  till  12,000  Jews  are  killed 
(p.  1058). 

48  •  *  B.  c.  Armenia.  Artivosdes  as- 
sists Pompey  against  Julius  Caesar. 
Pompey  is  killed!  [36.  He  assists  the 
Parthians  against  Mark  Antony.  Si. 
The  king  is  taken  and  sent  to  Egypt 
(p.  1069). 

4:7  *  *  B.  c.  Bosporus.  Julius  Csesar 
defeats  Pharnaces  II.  (p.  1060). 

*  *  B  c.  Phenicia.  Conquered  by  the 
Komans. 

42  *  *  B.  c.  (Jr.  Battle  of  PhiUppi 
(p.  1028).  Antony  ravages  Asia  ;  Cleopa- 
tra meets  him  (pp.  653, 1060).  [36.  Par- 
thian war.] 

40  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Taken  by  Par- 
thians. 

37  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Herod  [the  Great] 
takes  Jerusalem,  after  a  siege  of  six 
months  and  killing  a  great  number  of 
Jews. 

32  •  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Malchus  defeats 
Herod. 

14  *  *  B.  c.      Bosporus.      Conquered    by 

Polemon.  

18  *  *  A.  D,  Armenia.  Reconquered  by 
Germanicus,  son  of  Augustus.  [58. 
"War.]    (P.  1062.) 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

65  *  *  B.  c.   Bosporus.    An  earthquake 

destroys  several  towns. 

63  *  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Scaurus,  the  Roman 
prefect,  builds  a  marble  theater  of 
great  magnificence ;  capacity,  30,000  peo- 
ple. 

60*  *  B.  c. -24*  *  A.D.  Strabo  dis- 
courses on  earthquakes  and  volcanoes. 

21*  *  B.  C.  Jerusalem.  Herod  the  Great 
commences  the  third  Temple,  the  sec- 
ond yet  standing.  [Finished  in  one  and 
a  half  years  by  an  army  of  workmen. 
Entirely  completed  eight  years  later. 
Additions  and  changes  follow  for  many 
years.]  

17  *  *  A.  D.  Devastating  earthquakes : 
17.  EphesuB  and  Uothercities.  19.  In.Syria 
116, 341, 458, 707,708, 325, 326, in  Antioch,  Syria; 
115,  Niconiedia,  126,  Nicomedia,  Nicea,  and 
Cassarea.  157.  In  Asia,  Pontus,  and  Macedo- 
nia, 160  towns  and  cities.  341,  In  .Syria;  258, 
Nicomedia,  inhabitants  buried  in  ruins.  568, 
936,  1509.  In  Constantinople.  566.  Beyrout 
destroyed.  742.  .Syria,  Palestine,  and  Asia 
Minor  shaken.  1114.  Antioch  and  many 
towns.  1168.  Syria  (2,000  lives).  1268.  In 
Cllioia  (60,000  lives).  1688.  July  10.  In 
Smyrna.  1752.  July  29.  Adiianople  is  nearly 
destroyed.  1769.  Oct.  30.  In  Syria  (20,000 
lives).  1778.  July  3.  In  Smyrna.  1784. 
July  23.    In  Armenia  (6,000  lives). 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

73  ♦  *  B.  c.  Herod  the  Great,  King  of  Judea, 
b.    [4  a.  D.    D.] 

20  (?)  *  •  B.  c.  Philo  Judieus,  Greek  philoso- 
pher, born.    [50  a.  d.    Dies.] 

6  (?)  *  *  B.  c.  John  the  BaptlBt,  born.  [30 
A.D.    Dies.)         

1*  *  A.  D.  HerodAgTlppal.,  King  of  Judea, 

born.    [44.    Dies.] 
10  (?)  *  *  Paul,  St.,  Apostle  of  the  Gentiles, 

born.    [66(?)    Dies.) 

CHURCH. 

130  *  *  B.  c.  Samaria.  The  Samaritan 
Temple  is  destroyed  by  Hyrcanus.  He 
builds  the  tower  [of  Antonia]  at  Jeru- 
salem.   (109  W.) 

86  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Alexander  Jan- 
nteus  cruelly  suppresses  a  rebellion  of 
Pharisees. 

70  Sept.  8.  B.  0.  Jerusalem  is  lev- 
eled to  the  ground  by  Titus,  a  Roman. 

69  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Aristobulus  H.  de- 
poses his  brother,  and  enters  tlie  high  priest- 
hood himself.  [65.  Pompey  restores  Hyr- 
canus to  the  throne  of  Judea,  and  carries 
King  Aristobulus  11.  captive  to  Rome.  63. 
Pompey  enters  the  Holy  of  Holies.] 

54*  'B.C.  Jerusalem.  Crassus plunders 
the  Temple  of  10,000  talents. 

41  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  AntiKonue  is  high 
priest.  [37,  Ananeel  ;  35,  Aristobulus  ;  later, 
Jesus  I.  ;  23,  Simon  IV.  (22,  W.)  ;  6  Mat- 
thias; 4  B.  C.-4  A.  D.  Jozar.] 

17-11    B.  c.    Jerusalem.     Herod,  son  of 

Antipater,  rebuilds  the  Temple. 
5    Feb.  *  B.  c.    Judea.    Birth  of  John 

the  Baptist. 
4  (?)  Aug.  (?)  *  B.  c.     Judea.     Birth  of 

Jesus  Christ  at  Bethlehem,  four  years 

before  the  vulgar  era.    (6  B.  c.  Strong ; 

B  B.  c,  Kent;  4  E.  c.,W.,  and  commonly 

accepted  date.) 
Sept.  (?)  *  B.  c.    Jerusalem.     The    infant 

Christ  presented  in  the  Temple,  to  be 

legally  redeemed. 
*  *  B.  c.    Jerusalem.    Two  leading  rabbis 

are  burned  alive  for  hostility  to  the 

Roman  eagle,  which  had  been  placed 

over  the  Temple  gate. 


3  July  (?)*  B.C.  Judea.  The  Magi  visit 
Christ  at  Bethlehem.  Joseph  flees  with 
the  babe  and  Mary  into  Egypt. 

Aug.  (?)  •  B.  0.  Herod  massacres  the 
Bethlehem  infants. 

1  Apr.  (?)  ♦  A.  D.  Galilee.  Joseph  re- 
turns from  Egypt,  and  fixes  his  home 
in  Nazareth. 

4  *  *  A.  D.  Jerusalem.  Eleazar  II.  is  high 
priest.  [4,  Jesus  II. ;  6,  Joazar;  7,  Annas;  21, 
Ishmael  I.  (15,  W.);  22,  Eleazar  III.  (16, 
Kent);  23,  .Simon  V.  (16,  W.;  17,  Kent);  25, 
Joseph  I.,  Caiphas  (17,  W.;  26,  Kent).] 

8  (?)  Apr.  9.  Jerusalem.  The  boy  Jesus, 
14  years  of  age,  first  visits  the  Temple 
with  Joseph,  in  the  celebration  of  the 
Passover ;  he  is  accompanied  by  his 
mother. 

26  *  *  Judea.  John  the  Baptist  begins 
to  preach.     [29.    Beheaded  by  Herod.] 

Aug.  *  Judea.  Christ  is  baptized  by 
John  in  the  river  Jordan.  (27,  W. ;  26 
or  27,  Kent.) 

26  (?)  -30  (?)  Pal.  Period  of  the  Minis- 
try of  Jesus  Christ. 

Sept.  (?)  *  -Oct.  (?)  *  Christ's  tempta- 
tion in  the  wilderness. 

SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

130  *  *  B.  c.  Cappadocia.  Queen  Laodice 
poisons  five  of  her  sons. 

124  *  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Queen  Cleopatra 
murders  her  son  Seleucus  with  her  own 
hand.    [128.    She  is  poisoned.] 

123  *  *  B.  c.  Pontus.  King  Mithridates 
V.  is  assassinated  in  the  midst  of  his 
court. 

115  *  *  B.  c.  Lydia.  King  Mithridates 
marries  Laodice,  his  own  sister.  [112. 
She  attempts  to  poison  him,  and  is 
killed.] 

88  *  *  B.  c.  Asia  M.  The  Roman  men, 
women,  and  children  throughout  Asia 
are  murdered  by  order  of  King  Mithri- 
dates. 

43  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Antipater  is  poi- 
soned. 

26  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Herod  builds  a 
theater  [also  an  amphitheater  at  Jeri- 
clio.  Games  are  appointed  in  honor  of 
the  Emperor  Augustus]. 

STATE. 

120*  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Demetrius  11.,  Ni- 
cator,  returns  from  captivity,  and  recon- 
quers Syria. 

128  *  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Antiochus  VI.  is 
defeated  and  slain  in  Parthia.  The  Jewa 
recover  independence  of  Syria. 

128-122  B.  c.  Syria.  Alexander  II., 
the  Pretender,  is  set  up.  [126-96.  An- 
tiochus Vm.,  Grypus,  son  of  Cleopa- 
tra, reigns.  114.  Damasctis  becomes  a 
separate  kingdom.  112.  The  kingdom 
is  divided  between  the  two  brothers 
Grypus  and  Cyzicenus.  112-96.  Antio- 
chus IX.,  Cyzicenus,  reigns  over  Caele- 
Syria  and  Phenicia ;  capital,  Damascus.] 

125»*B.  c.  Pal.  John  Hyrcanus 
subjugates  the  country  east  of  the  Jor- 
dan, and  endeavors  to  incorporate  the 
people  with  the  Jews. 


*4 


TURKEY. 


130,*»B.c.-26,**A.D.        1151 


108  •  •  B.  c.  PaL  Samaria  is  destroyed 
by  Ilyrcauus.    [25.     Rebuilt.] 

107-105  B.  c.  Judea.  Aristobulua  I. 
(Juda8Hyrcanu8),highprie8tof  thejews, 
assumes  the  title  of  kiug.  [104-78.  Alex- 
ander Jaiiiiieus.  92.  The  Pharisees  re- 
bel, and  drive  him  out  of  Jerusalem,  but 
he  soon  returns  in  triumph.] 

97  •  *  B.  c.  Cappadocia.  Conquered 
by  Mithridatea  VII.  lie  sets  up  various 
pretenders.  [92-C3.  Ariobarzanes  I. 
reigns  by  the  favor  of  the  Romans.  63. 
Ariobarzanes  II.,  Philopator,  reigns.  51. 
Ariobarzanes  III.,  Eusebes.] 

96-94  B.C.  Syria.  Antiochus  X.,  Euse- 
bes, succeeds  Antiochus  Cyzicunes.  [IWr- 
SC.  Demetrius  Eucerus.  86-83.  Anti- 
ochus XI.,  Dionysiua.  Deposed  by  Poni- 
pey.    70.    Possessed  by  the  Romans.] 

01-74  B.  C.  Bithynia.  Nicomedes  III., 
Philopator,  reigns.  91.  Expelled  by 
Mithridates.  90.  Restored  by  the  Ro- 
mans. 88.  Expelled  by  Mithridates. 
84.  Restored.  75.  He  bequeaths  his 
kingdom  to  Rome.  War  follows  (p. 
1059). 

89  ♦  *  B.  c.  Pontus.  Mithridates  VT. ; 
also  reigns  overTlirace,  Bithynia,  Mace- 
donia, and  Greece  (p.  1059).  [63.  Phar- 
naces  II.  ;  he  revolts  against  the  Ro- 
mans, but  is  subdued  by  Csesar.  39. 
Darius  reigns.  36.  Polemon,  son  of 
Zeno.] 

*  *B.  c.  Armenia,  Tigranes  I.  reigns.  [55. 
Artavasdes  reigns  with  his  father.  .36, 
Alone.  30.  Artaxes  II.  20.  Tigranes 
II.]. 

84**  B.C.  Pontus.  Peace  with  the  Ro- 
mans (p.  1029). 

83-69  B.  c.  Syria.  Tigranes  I.  an- 
nexes Syria  to  Armenia  by  the  gift  of 
Antiochus  XII.  [69.  Conquered  by 
Bomans  (p.  1058).] 

79  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Alexandra,  the 
widow  of  Jannieus,  governs. 

75±**B.  c.  Syria.  Antiochus  XUI. 
solicits  aid  of  the  Romans.  [69.  They 
set  him  up  as  king.  57.  Gabinus  is 
proconsul.] 

60  •  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Aristobulus  II., 
Bon  of  Alexander,  reigns  as  king  and 
high  priest.  [65.  Hyrcanus  II.,  his 
brother,  is  a  rival  claimant,  supported 
by  the  Pharisees.  30.  Executed  by 
Herod.] 

66  *  *  B.  c.  Pontus.  Mithridates  VI.,  de- 
feated by  Pompey  (p.  1058).  [65.  Pontus 
becomes  a  Roman  province.  63.  Phar- 
naces  reigns  ;  reduced  by  Pompey  to  the 
former  limits.] 

64  *  *  B.  c,  Syria.  A  Homan  province 
is  formed  after  the  victories  of  Marcus 
Scaurus,  Pompey's  lieutenant,  who  de- 
poses Antiochus  XIII.  [Damascus  is 
also  annexed.  G4.  Pompey  establishes 
his  court  at  Damascus.  Hyrcanus  is  sup- 
ported by  more  than  1,000  Jews,  who 
have  been  bribed  by  Antipater.  Pompey 
finally  favors  him,  but  Aristobulus  re- 
sists at  Jerusalem.  Hyrcanxis  is  restored 
to  nominal  authority.  62.  Marcus  Scau- 
rus is  the  Roman  prefect.] 


*  *  B.  c.  Armenia  Minor.  Seized  by  Dei- 
otarufl,  Kiug  of  Galatia. 

63  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Pompey  forces  the 
Jews  to  pay  tribute  to  Rome.  His  vic- 
tories make  Judea  a  Koman  province. 

56  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Divided  into  five 
districts ;  its  government  is  an  aristoc- 
racy. [49.  Csesar  releases  Aristobulus 
II.,  who  is  murdered  by  the  partizans  of 
Pompey.  47.  Csesar  appoints  Antipater 
the  Idumean,  and  father  of  Herod  the 
Great,  his  lieutenant,  having  aided  Cae- 
sar in  his  Egyptian  war.  Hyrcanus  is 
appointed  ethnarch.] 

54*  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Crassus  becomes 
proconsul.  [53.  He  is  overthrown  by 
the  Parthians  (p.  1058).] 

*  *  B.  c.  Armenia.  Artabarzes  reigns. 
Hedealstreacherously  with  the  Romans. 

47  *  *  B.  c.  Bosporus.  Asander  is  ap- 
pointed governor  by  Pharnasus.  The 
Romans  give  the  throne  to  Mithridates 
of  Pergamus.  [He  usurps  the  crown; 
confirmed  by  Augustus.] 

*  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Hyrcanus  is  re- 
stored to  power,  and  the  aristocratic 
government  ended. 

46*  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Antipater  appoints  his 
son,  Herod  [the  Great],  governor  of 
Galilee.  [42.  Herod  marries  Mariamne, 
a  granddaughter  of  Hyrcanus,  the  high 
priest,  and  daughterof  Alexandra.  An- 
tipater appoints  Phasel,  another  son, 
governor  of  Jerusalem.] 

43  *  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Casius  Longinus 
is  proconsul.  [Proconsuls  are  succeeded 
by  legati  as  rulers.] 

40  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  The  Parthians  take 
Syria,  capture  Jerusalem,  and  enthrone 
Antigonus,  the  last  of  the  Asmoneans, 
as  king  and  priest. 

37  *  *  B.  c.  Rome.  Herod  [the  Great] 
is  appointed  king  of  Judea  by  a  decree 
of  the  senate,  and  inaugurated  in  the 
capital.  He  is  promoted  by  the  favor 
of  Octavian  and  Antony. 

*  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Ananel  is  high 
priest.    [33.    Jesus,  and  later  Simon.] 

36  *  *  B.  c.  Antony  grants  Phenicia, 
Gyrene,  and  Cyprus  to  Cleopatra. 

34  *  *  B.  c.  Armenia.  Made  a  Koman 
province  by  the  victories  of  Ptolemy. 
[30.  Artaxes  II.  revolts,  expels  the  Ro- 
mans, and  rules  as  king.  20.  Put  to  death 
by  Armenians.  27.  Syria  a  province, 
ruled  by  a  prefect  as  legatus  Csesaris.'^ 

30*  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Octavian  establishes 
Herod  in  his  kingdom.  [29.  Herod  puts 
IV|ariamne  to  death.] 

27  B.  C.-14  A.  D.  Rome.  Augustus  Oc- 
tavianus  emperor. 

25  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Samaria  is  rebuilt  by 
Herod  the  Great. 

23  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  "Walls  are  re- 
built by  Antipater. 

23  *  *  B.  c.  Pal.  Caesarea  Philippi  is 
rebuilt  or  enlarged  by  Philip  the  te- 
trarch. 

21  *  ♦  B.  c.  Asia  M.  Augustus  makes 
a  visit.  [20.  Meets  Herod  in  Syria.  16. 
Agrippa  is  again  legatus."] 


20  *  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Tigranes  II.  is  en- 
throned by  the  Romans.  He  governs 
Syria  also,  later  Tigranes  III.  [C.  Ar- 
tavasdes. 5,  Tigranes  restored ;  12, 
Queen  Erato.] 

18  *  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Herod  [the  Great] 
visits  Rome  and  brings  back  his  two  sons, 
Alexander  and  Aristobulus,  who  had 
been  sent  there  six  years  before.  [16. 
He  invites  Agrippa  into  Judea.  11.  He 
accuses  Alexander  and  Aristobulus  be- 
fore Augustus,  but  becomes  reconciled. 
6.  The  two  sons  are  condemned  by  the 
Council,  and  strangled.  Antipater  en- 
ters into  aconspiracy  against  Herod,  and 
goes  to  Rome.  4.  Herod  orders  his  ex- 
ecution.] 

14  *  *  B.  c.  Turk.  E.  A  rebellion  of  the 
Vologasns  in  Thrace  is  quelled. 

9-8  *  *  B.  c.  Syrixi.  C.  Sentius  Satur- 
nius  is  legatus. 

7*  *B.  c.  Pal.  The  Romans  take  a  cen- 
sus. 

6-2  B.  c.  Rhodes.  Residence  of  Tibe- 
rius. 

6  *  *  B.  c.  Jerusalem.  Matthias  is  high 
priest, 

*  *  B.  c.  Judea.  Taxes  are  levied  by 
Cy renins  the  governor. 

*  *  B.  c.  Syria.  Varrus  is  appointed 
governor.  [4  A.  d.  Volusius  Saturninus, 
legate;  5,  Sulpicius  Quirinius;  11,  Aulus 
Creticus  Silanus.] 

4  Mar.  *  b.  c.  Herod  the  Great  dies 
from  a  loathsome  disease  after  suicidal 
attempts.  His  dominions  are  distributed 
by  Augustus  Cajsar  among  his  threesons. 
[3±  B.  C.-7A.  D.  Archelaus  has  Judea, 
Samaria,  and  Idumea.  He  bears  the  ti- 
tle of  ethnarch.  6  A.  D.  He  is  banished 
to  Gaul  for  misrule.  4  B.  C.-34  A.  D. 
Philip  rules  as  tetrarch  of  Iturea  and 
Trochonitis  (N.  E.  Palestine).  4  B.  c- 
39  A.  D.  Herod  Antipas  rules  Galilee 
and  Peraea  as  tetrarch.  39.  Exiled  to 
Spain.] 

2  *  *  A.  D.  Armenia.  Ariobarzanes,  a 
Parthian,  is  enthroned  by  the  Homans. 
[4.  Artavasdes  III.  5.  Queen  Erato. 
Interregnum.] 

6  *  *  Judea.  Augustus  banishes  Arche- 
laus.  Judea  a  province  (p.  1063).  Copo- 
nius  is  procurator.  [9.  M.  Ambivius  ; 
12,  Annius  Rufus  ;  15,  Valerius  Gratus.] 

11  *  *  Rome.  Tiberius  is  associate  em- 
peror.   [14-37.    Sole  emperor.] 

16  *  *  Armenia.  Subject  to  Parthia ; 
Venones,  a  Parthian,  is  king.  [17.  In- 
terregnum. 18.  Zeno  of  Pontus  (Artax- 
ias) ;  Tigranes  IV. ;  36,  Arsaces  II. ; 
Mithridates  of  Iberia;  61,  Rhamdaxn- 
istus.] 

17  *  *  Cappadocia.  A  Roman  province 
[47±.    Thrace  also.] 

*  *  Syria.  Cn.  Calpnrniiis  Piso  is  gov- 
ernor. [19,  Sextus  Saturninus  ;  20,  .^lius 
Lammia;  34,  Vitellius  rules  as  legatus. 
39.    P.  Petronius.] 

26-36  Judea.  Pontius  Pilate  is  procu- 
rator. [36.  Deposed,  and  succeeded  by 
Marcellus.  41.  The  Jews  have  the  right 
of  Itoman  citizenship.] 


1152        27,  Mar.  22-246,  *  *. 


TURKEY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

47  *  *  Jerusalem.    The  walls  are  rebuilt. 

65  *  *  Jiulea.  The  Jewish  wars  begin 
(p.  1062). 

70  Sept.  8.  Jerusalem.  Titus  takes 
the  city,  sacks  and  burns  the  Temple  ; 
1,100,000  Jews  perish  (p.  1062). 

71*  *  lihodes.    Taken  by  Vespasian. 

lie*  *  Syria.  Trajan  takes  Seleucia. 
[162.    Parthian  invasion.]    (P.  1064.) 

194  *  *  Asia  M.   Battle  of  Issus  (p.  1064). 

217  *  *  Syria.    Parthian  war  (p.  1064). 

246  *  *  Syria.  Persian  invasion.  [397. 
Invaded  by  Saracens.  502.  Again. 
629.  Again.  607.  Invaded  by  the  Per- 
sians.   609,    They  conquer  Asia  Minor.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

33  Mar.  19.  Pal.  A  general  eclipse 
of  the  sun  is  observed.    (Seyffarth.) 

190±  *  *  Carta.  Eumelus  flourishes  ;  his 
picture  of  Helen  adorns  the  Roman 
Forum. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

37  *  *  Herod  Agrlppa,  .Syrian  king,  born. 
[100.    Dies.] 

26  (?)  *  *  IJerenice,  Jewisli  queen,  favorite  of 
Titus,  born.    [70±.    I>ieB.] 

36±  *  *  Stephen,  St.,  first  Cliristian  martyr, 

stoned. 
37*  *  Josephus.  liist.,  warrior,  b.    [95.    D.) 
1st  Century.    Cerinthus,    Syrian    heresiareti, 

fountie'r  of  Cerintliians,  born.    Dies. 
Herod  Antipas.  tetrarch  of  Galilee,  b.    D. 
Shaminl,  Jewish  doctor,  born.    Dies. 
Jst,  2d  Century.   Hyrcanus  I.,  1 1.,  higli  priests, 

born.    Die. 
100  •  •  John,  the  Evangelist,  born.    Dies. 
107  *  *  Ignatius.  St..  bisliop  of  .\ntiocli,  d. 
115  *  *  Gamaliel,  the  younger,  dies. 
136  •  *  Barcochba,  Jewisli  impostor,  dies. 
'Jd  Century,    .\kiba  lien  Joseph,  Jewish  in- 
structor, born.    Dies. 
186  •  •  Polycarp.  bishop  of  Smyrna,  dies. 
838+:  *  *  Africanus,  Sextns  Julius,  Christian 

historian,  dies. 
833  •  *  Porphyry,  Syrian  Neo-Platonlc  phi- 

loBoplier,  born.    [304.    Dies.  J 
84S±  •  •  I'amphilus,  St.,  Syrian  martyr,  born. 

[309.    Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

27  Mar.  22.  Christ  attends  his  first 
Passover  (27,  W.;  27,  Apr,  *,  Kent),  and 
expels  traders  from  the  Temple. 

Mar.  *  John's  testimony  of  Jesus  ; 
Christ  obtains  his  first  disciples,  John 
(?)  and  Andrew ;  he  performs  his  first 
miracle,  water  is  changed  into  -wine  ; 
he  visits  Capernaum. 

The  first  year  of  Christ's  more  pub- 
lic ministry  begins. 

Mar.  22-28.  Interviewed  by  Nicode- 
mus. 

Summer.  Engages  in  public  work  west 
of  the  Jordan. 

Oct.  26.  John  the  Baptist  reproves 
Herod,  and  is  cast  into  prison. 

Dec.  *  Christ  converts  tlie  Samaritan 
woman  at  Jacob's  well.  Teaches  in 
Galilee. 

28  Jan.  (?)  *  He  heals  the  nobleman's 
son.  He  is  rejected  at  Nazareth,  and 
makes  Capernaum  his  residence.  He 
makes  a  niiraculous  drauglit  of  fishes, 
and  calls  into  liis  ministry  Peter  and 
Andrew,  and  James  and  »tohn.  He  re- 
stores a  demoniac  at  Capernaum, 
Cures  Peter's  mother-in-law. 

Feb.  *  -  Mar.  *  Makes  a  preaching;  tour 

of  Galilee.    Heals  a  leper. 
Mar.  (?)  *  Cures  a  paralytic. 


Apr.  (?)  *  Calls  Matthew. 

The  second  year  of  his  ministry. 
Apr.  12.     Attends   his   second  Pass- 
over.   Cures  an  invalid  at  the  Pool  of 

Bethesda. 
Apr.  19.    His  disciples  pluck  com  on 

the  Sabbath. 
Apr.  26.  (?)   He  cures  a  withered  hand. 
May  (?)  *  He  chooses  his  12  apostles. 
May  (?)  *  He  preaches  the  Sermon  on 

the   Mount.     Cures   the   centurion's 

servant.    Restores  the  widow's  son  to 

life. 
June  (?)  *  Receives  a  message  from  John 

the  Baptist.    Receives  the  kind  offices 

of  a  woman  at  a  Pharisee's  house. 
June  *  -Sept.  (?)  *  Makes  a  second  tour 

of  Galilee  [32]. 
Oct.  (?)  *  Restores  a  demoniac,  and  is 

slandered.    Teaches  the  multitudes. 

Stills  the  tempest  on  the  sea.    Cures 

two  demoniacs. 
Nov.  (?)  *  Attends  a  feast  at  Matthew's 

house   in  Capernaum.     Resuscitates 

Jairus's  daughter.    (Jures  two  blind 

men  and  a  dumb  demoniac. 
Dec.  (?)  *  Is  rejected  the  second  time  at 

Nazareth. 

29  Jan.  « -Mar.  •  He  makes  a  third 
tour  of  Galilee,  and  sends  forth  his  dis- 
ciples. 

Mar.  *  John  is  beheaded  by  Herod  at 
Machierus. 

Mar.  25.  (?)  Christ  feeds  the  5,000. 

Mar.  25,  26.     Meets    his    disciples    by 
walking  on  the  water. 
The  third  year  of  Christ's  ministry. 

Mar.  28.  He  avoids  attending  the  third 
Passover. 

Apr.  *  Discourses  on  the  superstitions  of 
the  Pharisees. 

Apr.  ('*)  *  Cures  tlie  demoniac  daughter 
of  a  Syro-Phenician  woman. 

May  (?)  *  He  feeds  over  4,000  people. 
Cures  a  blind  man.  He  predicts  tu  his 
disciples  his  passion.  He  is  transfig- 
ured on  the  mount ;  Moses  and  Elijah 
visit  him. 

June  (?)  *  Again  predicts  his  passion. 
Provides  a  sacred  half-shekel  from  a 
fish's  mouth. 

Sept.  (?)  *  Gives  the  seventy  disciples 
their  mission.  He  takes  his  final  de- 
parture from  Galilee  for  Jerusalem. 

Sept.  21-28.  Attends  the  Feast  of 
Tabernacles  at  Jerusalem. 

Sept.  29.    Pardons  an  adulteress. 

Oct.  *  The  Seventy  return,  and  report 
with  rejoicing. 

Oct.  (?)  *  He  defines  love  to  one's  neigh- 
bor for  a  lawyer. 

Nov.  (?)  *  He  visits  Mary  and  Martha. 

Nov.  27.  He  cures  a  blind  man  at  Je- 
rusalem. 

Nov.  28.  The  Sanhedrin  investigate 
the  cure  of  the  blind  man. 

Nov.  30-Dec.7.  He  discourses  in  the 
Temple  at  the  Festival  of  the  Dedica- 
tion.   (29,  Dec.  *,  Vf.) 

Dec.  *  He  returns  to  East  Bethany. 

30  Jan.  *  (?)  He  restores  Lazarus.  The 
Sanhedrin  decide  to  kill  him. 

Jan.  *  -Feb.  *  He  retires  beyond  the 
Jordan. 

Feb.  (?)  *  He  cures  a  female  of  8j)inal 
paralysis.  Teaches  in  Perea,  and  jour- 
neys slowly  toward  Jerusalem. 

Mar.  *  He  is  visited  by  a  rich  young 
ruler. 

Mar.  11.  (?)  He  predicts  his  passion  the 
third  time. 

Mar.  •  James  and  John  make  an  ambi- 
tious request. 

Mar.  *  Two  blind  men  are  cured  at 
Jericho. 


Mar.  12.  (?)  Zaccheus  entertains  Christ 
as  a  guest. 

Mar.  13.  (?)  Christ  arrives  at  Bethany. 
(Mar,  30,  W.)  Crowds  come  to  see  Laz- 
arus. 

Mar.  14.  He  leaves  Bethany,  and  makes 
a  public  entrance  into  Jerusalem,  rid- 
ing on  an  ass  over  a  road  bedecked  with 
palm-leaves.  He  sheds  tears  over  Je- 
rusalem, He  enters  the  Temple,  and 
expels  the  tradespeople  from  the  Gen- 
tiles' court. 

Mar.  15.  He  curses  the  barren  fig-tree 
wlien  returning  to  Jerusalem  from  Beth- 
any. 

Mar.  16.  Again  returns  from  Bethany, 
and  teaches  in  the  women's  court  of 
the  Temple.  He  is  questioned  respect- 
ing tribute  money,  the  resurrection, 
relative  importance  of  the  command- 
ments, discusses  the  paternity  of  the 
Messiah,  denounces  hypocrisy,  prefers 
a  widow's  mite.  With<iraws  from  the 
Temple,  and  premonishes  the  catas- 
trophe of  Jerusalem. 

Mar.  17.  The  Sanhedrin  plot  against 
the  life  of  Christ,  Judas  purposes  to 
betray  him.  He  eats  iiis  last  Passover, 
which  closes  with  a  hymn.  He  retires. 
to  the  Mount  of  Olives ;  enter.s  the 
Garden  of  Gethsemane,  offers  three 
prayers,  agonizes,  is  betrayed,  and  ar- 
rested. 

Mar.  18.  [/"rirfnw.]  He  is  brought  be- 
fore the  ex  high  priest ;  Peter  denies 
his  Master  ;  is  questioned  by  Hananiah, 
Is  arraigned  before  the  Sanhedrin  in 
Caiaphas's  palace.  Accused  before  Pi- 
late, Tried  by  Herod  ;  uncondenmed. 
Before  Pilate  again  ;  is  declared  inno- 
cent, yet  sentence  of  death  is  extorted. 
Judas  commits  suicide.  Christ  is  cru- 
cified in  Golgotha.  Buried  in  Joseph's 
tomb.    (30,  Apr.  6,  W.) 

Mar.  19.    [Sahbath.'\    His  tomb  guarded. 

Mar.  20.  [Sunday.']  (30,  Apr.  8,  W,)  He 
rises  from  the  tomb  ;  meets  his  disciples. 
Blesses  bread  at  Emmaus.  Salutes  ten 
apostles  in  the  evening. 

Mar.  27.  Salutes  eleven  apostles. 
Thomas  is  present. 

Mar.  30.  (?)  Present  at  IJake  Gennesa- 
ret. 

Mar.  31.  (?)  Commissions  his  apostles. 

Apr.  28.  Ascends  from  near  Bethany. 
(May  17,  W.) 

May  9.  (?)  Jerusalem.  The  baptism  of 
the  Holy  Ghost  falls  on  120  disciples. 

Dec.  29.  (?)  Jerusalem.  St.  Stephen  suf- 
fers martyrdom.    (36,  "W, ;  34,  Kent,) 

31  May(?)*  Damascus.  Saul  the  per- 
secutor becomes  a  Christian,  (37,  W.  ^ 
35,  Kent.)  [He  returns  to  Jerusalem. 
(40,  W.)] 

31  (?)  *  *  Jerusalem,  Christian  church 
greatly  prospers. 

31  (?)  *  *  St.  Matthew  writes  his  (lospel. 

32  (?)  *  *  St.  Peter  baptizes  Comeliu» 
and  family  at  Cajsarea.    (40,  \V. ;  Kent.) 

*  *  Philip  preaches  in  Samaria. 

•  *  *  Judea.  The  high  priests  purchase 
their  places  by  bribes  or  services,  and 
are  commonly  flagitious  in  their  conduct. 

36*  *  Jerusalem.  Jonathan,  son  of  An- 
anus,  becomes  Jewish  high  priest. 

[37,  Theophilus,  his  brother;  42.  Simon 
Cantheras;  43,  llattliias,  son  of  Ananus  (42, 
W.) ;  44,  Elionaeus,  son  of  Cantlieras  (43, n  ■); 
48,  Josepli,  son  of  Kami  (45,  W.);  later  Ana- 
nias, son  of  NebedKUS(49,  W,):  5.S.  Ismael, 
son  of  Fabi  (.W,  W,);  67,  Theophilus;  Uter, 
Pannius.] 

37*  *  Jerusalem.  St.  Peter  restores  Tab- 
itha.    The  Emperor  Caligula  eudeavois 


TURKEY. 


27,  Mar.  22-246, 


1153 


to  place  his  statue  in  the  Temple.  The 
Jews  are  persecuted  for  refusiug  to 
worship  him. 

41  *  *  Cyprus.  Simon  Magus  founds  the 
Simonians,  the  first  society  of  heretics. 

42  *  *  Syria.  The  disciples  are  first 
called  Christians  at  Antioch.  (38, 
Butler  ;  40,  Tacitus  ;  41,  W. ;  60,  some 
others.) 

44  *  *  Paul  and  Barnabas  visit  CTprus. 
(45.  They  visit  Antioch  in  Pisidia,  Ico- 
niom,  Lystra,  Derbe,  Pamphylla,  and 
Perga,  in  Asia  Minor.]    (45,  W.) 

45  *  *  Assumption  of  the  Virgin  (as- 
cent into  heaven)  [according  to  the 
Latin  and  Greek  churches]. 

48-49  St.  PauPs  first  mi^onary  tour. 
(45-48,  Kent.) 

50  Spring.  Jerusalem.  The  Council 
of  Apostles  is  held.  Gentile  Christians 
are  freed  from  the  yoke  of  the  Mosaic 
observances.    (48,  W.  ;  51,  Kent.) 

51-54  St.  Paul's  second  missionary 
tour.    (49-50,  W,  ;  54,  Kent.) 

52  *  *  St.  Paul  writes  the  First  Epistle  to 
the  TkessaUmians.    (52,  W.) 

He  visits  Antioch  in  Syria,  Tarsus, 
Derbe,  Lystra,  towns  in  Pliry^ia  and 
Galatia,  Pergamos  and  Troas  m  Asia 
Minor.  (51,  W.)  He  is  called  by  a  vis- 
ion into  Euroi)e,  and  visits  Philippi, 
Berea,  Thessalonica,  Athens,  and(52,w.) 
Corinth.  He  returns  to  Asia,  visits  Ephe- 
8US,  and  returns  to  Jerusalem. 

53  *  *  St.  Paul  writes  the  Second  Epistle  to 
the  Thessalonians.    (52,  W.) 

64r-5S  SLPaul'sthirdmissionarytour. 
(64-55,  W. ;  55-59,  Kent.) 

66  •  *  St.  Luke  writes  his  Gospel. 

67  *  *  St.  Paul  writes  the  Epistle  to  the 
Galatians.  (52,  W.,  or  57.)  St.  Paul 
vrites  the  First  (57,  W.)  and  Second 
Epistles  (57,  W.)  to  the  Corinthians.  He 
is  a  prisoner,  and  pleads  before  Clau- 
dius Felix,  governor  of  Judea  and  Cicsa- 
rea.  (60,  Kent.)  [60.  He  is  sent  to  Rome 
for  trial.    61.    Spring.    Arrives.] 

*  •  He  visits  Ephesus  (56-57,  W.),  Macedo- 
nia, Corinth,  Philippi,  and  Miletus. 

68  *  *  Epistle  to  tJie  Hebrews  is  written. 

*  *  St.  Paul  writes  the  Epistle  to  the  Ro- 
mans from  Corinth.  (58,  W.)  The  Book 
o/fAe^c/«  is  written  by  St.  Luke.  (63,  W). 

60  *  *  St.  Paul  is  shipwrecked  at  Malta. 

61-63  Home.  St.  Paul's  first  imprison- 
ment.   [He  is  acquitted  (p.  1062).] 

62*  *  Rome.  St.Paul  writes  the  ^7>is^^e« 
to  Philemon,  the  Colossians,  EphesianSy 
and  Philippians. 

±  ♦  •St.  James  writes  his  Epistle.  (62- 
63,  W.) 

•  *  Rome.  St.  Peter  is  bishop  of  Rome. 
[He  is  crucified  head  downward  ;  St. 
Linus  is  his  successor.]  (Homan  Catholic 
authorities.) 

Jerusalem.  Herod's  persecution.  St. 
James  beheaded ;  St.  Peter  arrested 
and  imprisoned. 

•  •  The  apostles  separate,  and  go  into 
different  parts  of  the  world  to  preach 
the  gospel. 

64-65  Sp.  St.Paulvisit8Spahi.  (?)  (65, 
W.) 


64-68  First  general  persecution  of 
Christians  by  pagans  (p.  1062). 

64±  *  *  St.  Peter  writes  his  first  Epistle. 
[65.    His  second  Epistle.] 

67  *  *  St.  Paul  writes  the  First  Epistle 
to  Timothy  from  Macedonia,  and  the 
Epistle  to  Titus  from  Ephesus.  He 
writes  the  Second  Epistle  to  Timothy 
from  Rome. 

*  *  St.  Mark  wjites  his  Gospel. 

68*  *AsiaM.  St.  Paul  is  arrested  at 
Nicopolis  (?)  as  a  conspicuous  leader  of 
Christians,  and  sent  to  Rome  as  a  victim 
of  Nero*8  persecution.  [May  (or  June). 
He  is  beheaded.] 

69  (?)  Nov.  30.  Gr.  The  Apostle  An- 
drew, having  refused  to  offer  sacrifices 
to  idols,  is  crucified  on  [St.  Andrew's 
(X)]  cross  at  Pr,tra). 

70*  *  Jerusalem.      The    Temple   is 

burned  by  the  Romans. 
90  (?)  *  *  St.  John's  Gospel  is  written. 

[A  little  later  (?)  his  two  Epistles  and 

the  Apocalypse.} 
95  *  *  Persecutions  (p.  1064). 
±  *  *  JEgean  Sea.    St.  John  is  exiled  to 

Patmos. 
97  (?)  *  *  Timothy  is  stoned.  (?) 
±  *  *  St.  John  returns  to  Kphesus  from 

Patmos. 

*  *  *  The  Christian  Church  advances. 
(See  Italy  for  later  development.) 

100  *  *  Persecution  (p.  1064). 

100-300    Armenia  receives  Christianity. 

130  *  *  Jerusalem.  Adrian  builds  a  tem- 
ple of  Jupiter  on  Mount  Calvary,  also  a 
temple  of  Adonis  over  the  manger  at 
Bethlehem. 

132  *  *  Judea.  Adrian  has  slain  580,000 
rebellious  Jews,  and  banishes  the  sur- 
vivors. 

135*  *AsiaM.  Polycarp  becomes 
bishop  of  Smyrna.  [167±.  Burned  at 
the  stake.] 

150±  *  *  Syria.  Septimius  Severus  builds 
a  temple  to  the  sun  at  Baalbec. 

LETTERS. 

230  *  *  A.  T).  The  Mischna,  called  the  Je- 
rusalem Talmud^  is  compiled  by  Jehuda 
Hanassi,  and  written  at  Tiberias. 

SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

70  *  *  A.  D.  Jerusalem.  A  multitude  of 
Jews  destroy  themselves  after  Titus 
takes  the  city. 

165  *  *  Syria.  Cassius,  a  Roman  general, 
puts  to  death  300,000  inhabitants  of 
Seleucia. 

STATE. 

33  *  *  Bosporus  (Clrcassia).  Polemon  II. 
reigns.  [41.  Mithri dates  II.  49.  He  is 
taken  to    Rome  as  a  prisoner.     Cotys 

reigns.] 

37-41  Rami.  CaUgnUa  is  emperor.  [41-54. 
Claudius;  64-68,  Nero.] 

38-44  Pal.  Herod  Agrippa  I. ,  grand- 
son of  Herod  the  Great,  is  tetrarch  of 
Abilene,  Balansea,  Trachonitis,  and  Au- 
ranitis  (N.  E.  of  Palestine  and  Syria). 
[41-44.  Judea  and  Samaria  are  annexed 


to  his  dominions.     All    Palestine  his 

independent  kingdom.] 
40  *  *  Rome.    A  Jewish  embassy  visits 

Caligula. 

44*  *  Judea.  Again  a  Roman  province. 

45-47  Judea.  Cusplus  Fadua  is  procura- 
tor. (44,  W.)  [47-49,  Tiberius  Alexander. 
(46,  W.);  49-53,  Ventidius  Cumanus  (48» 
W.);  53-55,  Antonius  Felix  (51,  W.);  55-62, 
Porcius  Festus  (60,  W.);  62-66,  Albinus;  65- 
Gessius  Floras  (62,  W.) 

45  *  *  Judea.  Theudas  leads  a  revolt, 
and  is  killed.  [51.  Quadratus,  the  le- 
gatus  of  Syria,  deposes  Cumanus,  and 
sends  Ananias,  the  high  priest,  in  bonds 
to  Rome  to  answer  for  quarrels  with  the 
Samaritans.] 

48  *  *  Herod  Agrippa  II.,  son  of  Herod 
Agrippa  1.,  is  made  prince  of  Chalcis. 
[52-91  (93).  He  is  king  of  Northern  Pal- 
estine. (52.)  He  pleads  at  Home  for  the 
Jews.] 

58±  *  •  Armenia.  Erovant,  a  usurper, 
rules  the  kingdom. 

63*  *  Armenia.  Annexed  to  Rome.  [65. 
Tiridates  H.  reigns.] 

65  *  *  Judea.  Revolt  against  the  Ro- 
mans.    [68.    Invasion  by  Vespasian.] 

68  ♦  *  Rome.  Galba  is  emperor.  [69,  Otho; 
Vitellius;  70-79,  VespaBiaii ;  79-81,  Titus;  81- 
96,  Doinitian;  96-98,  Nerva;  98-117,  Trajan.] 

69  *  *  Jerusalem.  Three  Jewish  parties 
contend  for  supremacy.  [70.  Destroyed. 
(See  Army.)  The  Jewish  policy  and 
nation  terminate.] 

71  *  *  Judea.  The  Romans  put  Basseua 
in  charge. 

93±  **  Syria.  Chalcis  is  annexed, 
Agrippa  II.  (deceased)  having  sided 
against  the  Romans.  [105.  Arabia  Pe- 
trjea,  a  Roman  province.  114.  Armenia. 
115.    IVIesopotamia  and  Assyria.] 

112  *  *  Bithynia.  Pliny,  the  younger,  is 
imperial  legate.  [124.  Nicomedia  is 
restored  by  Adrian.] 

1 15  *  *  Armen  ia.  Trajan  expels  the  Par- 
thian conqueror,  and  annexes  the  coun- 
try, [117.  Adrian  relinquishes  authority.] 

117  *  *  Cyprus.  The  Jews  revolt.  [132- 
135.    Again.] 

132*  *  Jerusalem.  Kevived  by  Adrian 
after  being  almost  uninhabited  for  50± 
years ;  he  plants  a  Roman  colony,  and 
names  it  .^lia.  [The  name  Jerusalem 
is  dropped  for  200±  years.  The  history 
is  almost  a  blank  until  the  era  of  Con* 
stantine.] 

132-135  Jerusalem.  Rebellion  of  Bar- 
cochba,  the  pretended  Messiah  ;  ho 
defeats  the  Romans. 

135-136  Judea.  Desolated  by  the  Syri- 
ans. [175.  Revolt  against  Rome.]  (P.  1065.) 

166  *  *  Armenia.  M.  Aurelius  breaks 
the  power  of  Parthia,  and  reigns  as  king. 
[199.  Julius  Severus  makes  Vologarses 
Til.,  the  Parthian,  king  of  part  of  Ar- 
menia. 232.  Armenia  becomes  subject 
to  the  Persian  empire.  286.  Tiridates, 
the  Parthian  king,  is  enthroned  by  Dio- 
cletian. 294.  Expelled  by  Karses.  298. 
Restored  by  Oaleri  us.  342.  Persians  rule.] 

212  *  *  Palmyra  becomes  a  Roman  col- 
ony.    [272.    Conquered.]    (P.  1066.) 


1154       255,**-1375, 


TURKEY. 


1 


ARMY— NAVY. 

255  *  •  Thrace.  luvaaion  by  the  Goths 
(pp.  106C-1068).  [395.  Kavaged  by  Alaric. 
By  Attila.] 

261  *  *  Asia  M,  Sapor's  conquests  (p. 
1066). 

314  *  *  Asia  M.  Constantine  defeats 
Licinius  three  times  (p.  1028). 

385  *  *  Constantinople.  Procopius  seizes 
the  city. 

369  *  *  Armenia.  Conquered  by  the  Per- 
sians. [577-687.  Conquered  and  recon- 
quered by  the  Greeks  and  Persians.] 

515*  *  Cappadocia.    Invaded    by   the 

Huns. 
603  *  *  Medea.    War  with  the  Lydlans. 

614  »  »  Jerusalem.  Talfen  by  Chosroes. 
[Retaken  by  tlie  Emperor  Heraclius. 
637.    Taken  by  the  Saracens.] 

633  •  *  Pal.  Calif  Omar  takes  .Joppa. 
[637.  He  takes  Jerusalem.  638.  Takes 
Syria.] 

637  *  *  Armenia.  Mohammedan  inva- 
sion. [830.  Invaded  by  the  Emperor 
Theophilus.  914.  Ravaged  by  Moham- 
medans.] 

646  *  *  Cyprus.    Seized  by  Arabs. 

672-718  *  *  Constantinople.  Saracens 
resi-sted  (p.  1030). 

693-1067  *  *  Armenia.  Conquered  and 
reconquered  by  the  Greeks  and  Mo- 
hammedans. 

717  *  *  Cappadnria.  Invaded  by  the 
Saracens.  [876.  The  Emperor  Basil 
recovers  it.  1074.  Captured  by  the 
Turks  under  Solyman.] 

864*  *  Constantinople.  Kesists  the  Rus- 
sians (p.  1032).  [904.  Again.  Ml.  Again. 
1043.    Again.] 

933  *  ♦  Arabia.  Al  Mutassem,  a  Sara- 
cen calif,  organizes  a  liody-guard  of 
Turkish  prisoners.  [963.  Saracens  and 
Eastern  empire  (p.  1032).] 

970  *  *  Syria.  Conquered  by  Fatlmite 
Califs.  [1034.  Expelled.  lOCr.  Revolt 
(p.  1032).  10681.  Turkish  invasion  (p. 
10.32).    1075.  Turks  take  Damascus.] 

1071*  *  Armenia.  Arslan  cajitures  Eo- 
manus  IV.  (p.  1032). 

1074*  *  Jerusalem.  Taken  by  the  Arabs 
(p.  487). 

1074r-84  *  •  Asia  M.  Conquered  by  the 
Turks. 

1078  *  *  Hithi/nia.  Nioomedia  surren- 
ders to  the  Seljukan  Turks. 

1081  *  *  Norman  invaders  (p.  1032). 

1097  *  *  Turk.  E.  Crusaders'  invasion 
(p.  1032). 

1099  June  9.  Jerusalem.  Crusaders 
besiege  the  city.  [June  12.  A.ssault  tlie 
city.  July  15.  Take  it  ;  70,000  iiitidels 
are  put  to  the  sword  and  a  new  kingdom 
is  founded.  1099.  Tliey  capture  Joppa. 
1124.    Take  Tyre.] 

1150i-1271  *  *  Pal.  Almostcontinuous 
wars  with  Christians. 

1166  *  *  Syria.  Conquered  by  Sultan 
Noureddin. 

1187  July  3,  4.  Pal.  Saladin  defeats 
Guy  de  Lusignan,  King  of  Jerusalem, 
near  Tiberias.  [Oct.  2.  Captures  Jeru- 
salem.   1193.    Takes  Jaffa.] 

1203  May  9.  Constantinople.  Taken 
by  Latins  (p.  1034). 

1204  *  *  Constantinople.  Taken  by  the 
Crusaders,  and  Emperor  JVIourzoufle 
put  to  death. 

1217  *  *  Jentsa/em.  Taken  by  the 
Turks,  and  Saracens  driven  out.  [1228. 
Surrenders  to  Frederick  II.  by  treaty.] 

1235  *  *  Armenia.  Overrun  by  Mongols 
[for  several  years]. 

1243  *  *  Jerusalem.  Captureil  by  Cru- 
saders. [1214.  Taken  by  Mohamme- 
dans.] 


1252  •  *  Pal.  Iiouis  IX.  of  France  cap- 
tures Jaffa. 

1259  *  •  Syria.    Overrun  by  Tartars. 

1261*  *  Constantinople.  Retaken  by 
Michael  Palaeologus  (p.  1034). 

1291  *  *  Jerusalem.  Taken.  [Sultan  of 
Egypt  expels  Christians  from  Syria.] 

1299  **  Bithynia.  Othman  invades 
Nicomedia.  [1338.  It  surrenders  to  Or- 
chan  and  the  Ottoman  Turks.] 

1330  *  *  The  Ottoman  Turks  capture 
Niceea. 

1341-53  Turk.E.  Thrace  is  conquered 
by  Turks.    [First  war  with  Venetians.] 

1346  *  *  Gr.  Morea  is  conquered  by 
Turks.     [1355.    Gallipoli,  It.] 

1361  *  *  Turk.  E.  Turks  enter  Thrace, 
and  take  Adrianople. 

1362  *  *  Amurath  I.  organizes  Jani- 
zaries. [HeconquersThrace,  and  makes 
Adrianople  his  capit;il  (p.  1034).  1363. 
He  cai)tures  Philippopohs.] 

1364  *  *  Crete.    Rebellion  subdued. 

1373  *  •  Armenia.  Overrun  by  Tamer- 
lane. [1400.  He  sacks  Heliopolis  :  over- 
runs Syria.  1401.  Jan.  *  Destroys  Da- 
mascus. 1402.  Invades  Asia  Minor, 
sacks  Sniyrna,  destroys  Sardis.  Turks 
defeated.]    (P.  1035.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

330-390  Syria.  Gregory  Xazianzen  sets 
the  history  of  the  Passion  to  dramatic 
music. 

401  *  *  The  Black  Sea  is  frozen  over  for 
20  days.  [  763,  Oct.  *  -764.  Feb.  »  Frozen 
100  miles  from  the  shore.] 

406*  *  Pal.  Swarms  of  locusts  darken 
the  air,  and  breed  pestilence  from  their 
putrid  bodies. 

705  *  *  Syria.  The  mosque  at  Damas- 
cus is  erected. 

1191  June  22.  Syria.  A  remarkable 
eclipse  of  the  sun  is  observed. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

2664;  *  *  Euseblus.  Syrian  church  historian, 

born.    [342r.    Iiles.] 
S76i;  *  *  Zenobia.  Queen  of  Palmyra,  dies. 
3001:*  *  Hilarion,  St.,  born.     [372.     I>ie8.] 
300  *  *  EuBeblus.  bishop  of  Kmiaa,  Syria, 

l)orn.     [360.    Dies.] 
310i  *  *  Meletius,  St.,   bishop  of   Antloch, 

born.    [381.    Dies.] 
315+  *  *  Cyril,  St..  of  .lernsalem, archbishop, 

author,  born.    [3861:.    Dies.) 
325  ^  •  •  Gregory  Nazlanzen,  St..  bishop 

of  Constantinople,  born.     [390±.     Dies.] 
340  *  *  .Vsterius,  bp.  of  Aniase  of  Pontus,  b. 
Kuseltius,  Patriarcli  of  ('onstantinople.  b. 
±    Nicholas,  St.,  bishop  of  Myra,  guardian  of 

cliildren,  dies. 
350^*  ♦Chrysostoxn,      John,    Syrian- 
creek  church  fatlier,  born.     [407.     Dies.] 
353  *  *  Ashi,  Itali.,  Jewish  savant,  author  of 

Hal).  Talmud,  born.    [477.    Dies.] 
36S  •  *  .\pollinari8,  tlie  younger,  bishop   of 

Laodicea,  born.    Dies. 
390 1'  '  Simeon     .Styhtes,     Syrian    ascetic, 

born.    [460.    Dies.] 
Theodoret,  Syrian  bishop,  church  historian, 

born.     [467.     Dies.] 
440  1:  *  *  NestoriuB.  Syrian  bishop,  dies. 
449  ♦  ♦  Flavianus,  bp.  of  ConBtantinojile,  d. 
018  *  *  Flavianus,  bishoi)  of  .\ntiocli,  dies. 
565  ♦  *  BellsariuB.  general,  dies  in  prison. 
581  ♦  ♦  Omar  I.,  calif,  captor  of  Jerusalem, 

born.    [644.    Dies.  ] 
eio*  *Moawiyah,  Ommlad    calif,   born. 

[680.    Dies.] 
611*  •  Aysheah,  favorite  wife  of  Moham- 
med, born.     [677.    Dies.] 
700  *  *  DamaBcene.     John,     governor   of 

Damascus,  born.    [760.    Dies.] 
730  ('.')*  *  .\bu-l-.Abba8-Abdallab,  Abbassid 

calif,  born.    [754.    Dies.] 


786*  *  Mamonn,  or  Al.   Mainini,   Abbassid 

calif  of  Bagdad,  Ijorn.    [»33.    Dies.] 
10th   Century.    Uenesius,   Josephus,   liyzan- 

tine  liistorian,  born.    Dies. 
864  *  *  .\nastasiu8,  St.,  patriarch  of  Antioch, 

born.    [1044.    Dies.] 
880  *  *  .\vicenna,    Mohanunedan    physiclail, 

philosopher,  born.     [1037.     Dies.] 
1030  *  *  Alp-Arelan.    Seljuk  sultan,  bom. 

[1072.     Dies.] 
1058  *  •  .■Vbu-Hami<I-.\lgbazalee,       Moslem 

clergyman,  l)orn.     [111.    Dies.] 
Baldwin  I.,  King  of  Jerusalem,  born. 
Gazzoli,  .\l>u  H.,  Mohammedan,  b.  [118.  D.] 
1116*  ♦  Nur-ed-dln,    Sultan   of    Syria  and 

Egypt,  l)orn.     [1173.    Dies.) 
1130*  *  Baldwin    111.,  King  of  Jerusalem, 

born.     [1163.     Dies.] 
1131  *  •  Baldwin  11.,  King  of  Jerusalem,  d. 
1135*  * -\niaury     1.,    Khig     of    Jerusalem, 

born.    [1173.     Dies.] 
Maimonides,  Moses,  rabbi,  born.    [1204.    D.] 
1137*  *  Saladin    the    Great,  sultan,  born. 

[1193,  Mar.  4.     Dies.] 
1160*  'Baldwin    IV.,  King  of  Jerusalem, 

born.    [1186.     Dies.] 
1306  *  •  Aniaury  1 1.,  King  of  Jerusalem,  d. 
1326  •  *  .\l)Ulfaraj,      Gregorius,     .\rmeniaii 

bishop,  liistorian,  born.     [1286.    Dies.] 
1259*  *  Othman,  or  Osman,  1.,  founder  of 

Ottoman  empire,  born.     [1326.     Dies.] 
1373*  •  A buUeda,  geographer,  b.    [1331.  D.] 
1388  *  *  Ertoglirul  dies. 
1347  *  *  Baiazet,    Ottoman    sultan,    bom. 

[1403.     Dies.] 
24th  Century.    Aladdin,  organizer  of  Janiza- 
ries, born.    Dies. 

CHURCH. 

276  *  *  Armenia.  St.  Gregory  converts 
Tridates  II.,  and  Christianity  is  adopted 
as  the  national  religion. 

314±  *  *  Asia  31.  A  church  council  is 
held  at  Ancyra. 

325  *  *  Council  of  Nice  (pp.  1028, 106S). 

370  *  *  Asia  M.  Gratian  massacres  80 
Christian  Fathers  at  Nicomedia ;  they 
are  put  on  lM>ard  a  ship,  which  is  set  on 
lire  and  driven  to  sea. 

3B1*  *  Constantinople.  Council  (p. 
1092). 

398  Feb.  26.  Constantinople.  Chrys- 
ostom  is  elected  bishop  (p.  10.30). 

428-431    Nestorians  arise  (p.  1030). 

431  Jime  22.  Council  of  Ephesus  (p. 
1030). 

5th  Century.  Syria.  Maronites  arise. 
[676±.    They  begin  to  prevail.] 

461  *  *  The  Churches  of  Egypt,  Syria,  and 
Armenia  separate  from  the  Church  of 
Constantinople  because  of  the  Monoph- 
ysite  controversy  (p.  1030). 

532*  *  Constantinople.  Justinian  founds 
the  second  St.  Sophia.  [537  and  560. 
Dedicated.] 

533  •  *  Syria.  The  sect  of  Zanzallans 
arises.  Water  imptism  is  rejected,  and  bap- 
tism by  Are  is  applied  with  a  red-liot  iron. 

541  *  *  Syria.  Jacobus  Baradaius  founds 
tlie  Jacobite  sect. 

553  ■''  *  Constantinople.  Church  cotm- 
Cil.    [681.    Another.]    (P.  1031.) 

554  •  *  Asia.  Greeks  and  Armenians 
separate  (p.  1071). 

634  *  *  Asia  M.  Mohammedanism  ad- 
vances (p.  1031). 

eSl  **  Jerusalem.  The  Mosque  of 
Omar  is  founded. 

♦  *  Armenia.  Mohammedan  invaders  at- 
tempt to  abolish  Christianity. 

690  *  *  Armenia.  PatUicians  i)ersecuted 
(p.  1031). 

726+  *  *  The  iconoclastic  oontrOTersy 
begins  (p.  1032). 


I 


TURKEY. 


255,**-1375/ 


1155 


£th  Ctntitry.  The  Karnit^s,  or  Readers,  led 
by  Anan-l>en- David  form  a  sect  of  refonnera 
who  adhere  to  the  Seriptiires,  and  reject  the 
Talmud  and  traditions. 


787  *  *  Council  of  Nice  (pp.  66i,  1072). 

856*  *  Armenia.  Mrtluininieilaiis  mar- 
tyr King  Seinprad  at  Uagdad. 

869*  *  Constantinople.  Council  (p.  1032). 

1054*  •The    Greek    Church  becomes 

independent  (pp.  1032, 1034). 
1056  *  *  The    Teaching    of  the    Twelve 

Apostles  is  written.    [1873.  Discovered.] 

1156+  *  »  Syria.  The  Carmelites,  or 
Wliite  Friar.s  of  Mount  Carniel,  are 
founded  by  Berthold. 

1182  *  •  Syria.  The  Maronites  join  the 
lionian  Church. 

1329  •   *  Constantinople.      Christian 

slaves  are  organized  as  Janizaries. 
1330*  *  Armenia.  The  Church  is  recon- 
ciled to  Koine. 

LETTERS. 

955±  *'  *  Cmistantinople.  A  library  is 
founded  by  Constantine. 

1100  *  *  The  Assize  of  Jerusalem,  a 
code  of  laws,  is  e.stablished  by  Godfrey 
of  Bouillon,  King  of  Jerusalem. 

SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

U27  *  *  Ltjilia.  Ephesus  is  already  in  a 
ruinous  condition. 

«32  *  •  Constantinople  suffers  from  the 

dissensions  of  religious  parties. 
*  *  Constantinople  is  splendidly  rebioilt 

by  .Justinian.   [746-749.  Desolated  by  the 

plagiue;  200,000  victims.] 
1063  **/>„/.     The   Knights   of  St. 

Catherine  are  instituted. 

1006-1272  Syria  is  desolated  by  the 
Crusaders. 

1112*  'Jerusalem.  Tlie  Knights  of  St. 
John  erect  a  hospital  for  travelers ;  it 
provides  for  2,000  guests,  also  an  infir- 
mary for  the  sick. 

1148  *  *  Cmmis.  The  sugar-cane  is  in- 
troduced from  Syria. 

1184*  *  Constantinople.  Andmnicus  or- 
ders the  massacre  of  the  Latins. 

1W5**  Cyprus.  The  Order  of  the 
Bword  is  established. 

STATE. 
284 J.  *  *  JSiUnjnin.     Diocletian  makes 
Nicomedia  the  capital  of  the  Eastern 
Empire. 

328  •  •  Constantine  removes  the  seat  of 
the  Eastern  Empire  to  Constantinople. 
[330.  Dedicated.]  (P.  10C9.)  (See  Greece.) 

334-376  Turk.  E.  Thrace  is  settled  by 
Sarmatians. 

4tlt  Century.  Cent.  Asia.  Turkish  power 
is  established  in  the  Altai  Mountains. 

384*  *  Armtnia.  Made  neutral  by  Rome 
and  Persia.  [442,  Persian  invasion  ;  6K, 
Ponrzan  reigns;  the  Huns  ravage  the 
country.  6.37.  By  Arabs  under  Ab-der- 
Eaham.   830.    By  Emperor  Theophilus.] 

560  *  *  The  Turks  become  allies  of  the 
Greek  empire  in  the  Persian  war.  [580. 
■Withdraw.] 

614*  *  Jerusalem.  Ruled  by  the  Persian 
conquerors. 

625  *  *  Asia  .V.  Smyrna  is  rebuilt  by 
Aotigonus  and  Lysimachua. 


636  *  *  Seleucia.  The  Arabs  unite  it 
with  Ctesiphon  (Mesopotamia).  [Syria, 
Antioch,  Cyprus,  etc.,  are  taken.]  (Pp. 
1031,  1033.) 

637  *  *  Jerusalem.  Surrendered  to  Mos- 
lems under  Calif  Omar.  [037-1000^. 
Under  Moslen  rule.] 

717  *  *  Cappadocia.  Invaded  bythe  Sar- 
acens. 

739  *  »  Greek  Empire.  Arab  invasion 
(p.  1032). 

850-1045  Armenia.  Ulie  dynasty  of  the 
Bagratides;  Aschod  1.  reigns  under  the 
Arab  title  Prince  of  Princes.  (914.)  Rav- 
aged by  Mahommedans. 

860  *  *  Cent.  Asia.  The  Turks  migrate 
to  Turkomania. 

874  *  *  Asia  M.  Basil  I.  partly  over- 
throws the  Arabs.  [876.  Cappadooia  re- 
covered.] 

905  *  *  Egy.  The  Abbassids  overthrow 
the  Tooloonide  dynasty. 

eeO*  *  Pal.  Passes  from  the  califs  of 
Bagdad  to  the  rule  of  the  Fatimite 
califs  of  Egypt.  [1073.  Dispossessed 
by  the  Turkomans ;  later  recovered  by 
Egyptians.] 

907-1030  Afgh.  The  Ghazni  dynasty 
of  Seljuk  Turks  is  established  at  Gh,izni 
by  Mahmud. 

*  *  Seljuk  leads  the  Turks  from  the  Cas- 
pian Sea  region  into  Bokhara,  Central 
Asia. 

1006*  *  Syria.  The  Turks  take  Damas- 
cus from  the  Saracens.  [1G67.  Theemirs 
of  Damascus  revolt.  1068.  Also  emirs 
of  Aleppo.] 

1037  *  •  Togrul  Beg,  the  grandson  of 
Seljuk,  is  made  sultan  by  election. 

1045  *  *  Armenia.  Constantine  XII.  ac- 
quires territory. 

1063  *  *  Alp-Arslan,  the  nephew  of 
Togrul,  rules  between  the  Gihon  River, 
in  Central  Asia,  and  the  Tigris  ;  he  takes 
Syria  and  Palestine  from  Egypt. 

1071  *  *  TheEmi)erorRomanu8  Diogenes 
purchases  peace  with  Alp-Arslan  by 
ceding  the  greater  part  of  Asia  Minor. 

1072-92  Malek  Shah  succeeds  Ali>- 
Arslan,  his  father ;  he  has  dominion 
from  China  to  Constantinople  ;  the  Sel- 
jukian  Turks  have  complete  supremacy. 

1007  *  *  Asia  M.    Iconium  becomes  the 

capital  of  the  Seljuk  sultanate. 
1092*  *  Asia.    The    Seljuk  dynasty  is 
divided  into  Persian,  Kerman,  Damas- 
cus, and  Iconium. 

1099  July  15.  Jerusalem.  Taken  by 
Christians. 

1099-1187  Pal.  A  Christian  govern- 
ment rules ;  Godfrey  of  Bouillon,  "Ba- 
ron of  the  Holy  Sepulchre,"  is  the  first 
king.  [1100±-18,  Baldwin  I. ;  1118-31, 
Baldwin  II.;  1131^2,  Eulo  of  Anjou  ; 
1143-62,  Baldwin  III.  ;  1162-73,  Amaury 
I.;  1173-83,  Baldwin  IV.;  1183-8.5,  Bald- 
win V. ;  1186-89,  Guy  de  Lusignan  ;  1192, 
Conrad  de  Montferrat,  appointed  by 
Richard  of  England.  (Assassinated.) 
1198-1205,  Amaury  de  Lusignan  ;  1210-26, 
John  de  Brienne  (crowned  at  Acre) ; 
12-29-39,  Frederick  II.  of  (ierniany.] 

1150*  *The  Seljuk  dynasty  of  Turks 
at  Iconium  becomes  dominant. 


*  *  Asia  M.  The  Turkish  Empire  is  con- 
solidated. 

ini**  Syria.  Saladin  overthrowa  the 
Fatimite  dynasty. 

1102  *  *  Mohammed  II.  rules  the  Kha- 
rismian  Turks. 

*  *  Cyprus.  Eichardl.  of  England  gives 
Cyprus  to  Guy  de  Lusignan. 

1198+ *  *  Jerusalem.  King  Amaury  de 
Lusignan  is  unable  to  resist  the  Sara- 
cens. 

1204-1461  Treblzond  becomes  the  seat 
of  an  empire  near  the  Black  Sea,  on  the 
surrender  of  Constantinople  to  the 
Latins. 

1204  Aug.  *Cre<e.  Ceded  to  the  Vene- 
tians. 

1206-61  Bithynia.    Aftercapturing Con- 
stantinople, the  Crusaders  establish  a 
Latin  empire  at  Nice. 
1224  *  *  Armenia.     David    II.    recovers 

part  of  the  territory  from  the  Turks. 
1228  *  *  Jerusalem.    Surrendered  to  the 
Emperor  Frederick  II.  by  treaty  with 
the  Saracens.    [1243.    Again  surrendered 
to  the  Crusaders.] 
1231*  *  Bithynia.  The  Oghusian  Tartars 
arrive  in    force.    [1234.    They  overrun 
Armenia.] 
13th  Century.  Asia  M.  The  Turks,  being 
harassed  by  other  Tartar  tribes,  return 
to  Asia  Minor.    [1250±.    Salman  Shah, 
chief  of  the  Oghusian  Turks,  leads  his 
tribes  westward  from  Khorassan  ;  they 
enter  the  service  of  Aladdin,  sultan  of 
of  Iconium.] 
1261*  *  Constantitwple.    The  capital  of 
tlie  Greek  Empire  is  moved  here  from 
Nice. 
1280±-88     Ertoghrul,  son   of   Salman, 
and  Sultan  Aladdin,  unite  in  the  country 
near  the  Euxine  Sea.    [1288.    Drowned.] 
1288*  *Othman  I.,  son  of  Ertoghrul, 
becomes  chief  of   the   Turko-Ottomau 
Empire. 
1299-1326    Bithynia.    Othman  I.,  the 
founder,  reigns  in  the  Ottoman  Empire. 
He  holds  the  title  emir,  but  rules  des- 
potically and  successfully. 
1309-1522    Bhodea.    Rhodes  is  held  by 

the  Knights  Hospitallers. 
1326*  *  Lyilia.    Ancient  Lydia  be- 
comes a  part  of  the  Turkish  empire. 
1326-69    Ottoman  Emp.     Orkhau,  son 
of  Othman,  reigns  as  sultan  over  the 
Ottomans.    (1327.)   He  takes  Prusa,  and 
makes  it  the  capital  [until  Constanti- 
nople is  taken]. 
1336  *  *  Asia  M.    The    Turks   become 

the  allies  of  France. 
1350-89  Ottoman  Emp.  Sultan  Amu- 
rath  I.,  son  of  Orkhan,  reigns.  (1.360.) 
He  occupies  Adrianople  j  he  is  the  first 
sultan  to  cross  into  Europe.  He  an- 
nexes Cappadocia.  (1382.)  Also  Ana- 
tolia in  the  interior  of  Asia  Minor. 
(1386)  He  appoints  the  first  grand  vizier. 
1375  *  *  Armenia.  Taken  by  the  Mame- 
lukes. Leon  VI.,  the  last  king,  is  taken 
prisoner,  and  carried  to  Egypt.  The 
kingdom  becomes  extinct.  [Partitioned 
between  Persia,  Turkey,  and  Russia.] 


1156     1389,  *  *-1854,  Jan.  14. 


TURKEY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1389  *  *  Bajazet  I.  overruns  the  prov- 
inces, and  takes  the  (Ireek  possessions 
in  Asia.  [1390.  Destr4>y8  Philadelpliia. 
1395.  Invests  Constantinople.  1396.  De- 
feats Sigismund  of  Hungary  at  Nicop- 
olis.] 

1410*  *  Constantinople.  Attacked  by 
Musa  Chelebi. 

1415  *  *  Bosnia.  Conquered  by  Moham- 
med I.    [1418.    He  conquers  Wallachia.] 

1422*  *  Constantinople.  Besieged  by 
Amurath  1. 

1424*  *AsiaM.  The  Turks  capture 
Smyrna. 

1443*  *  Joannes  Huniadea  defeats  Am- 
urath 11.  at  Nisli.  [1444.  Amurath  II. 
defeats  and  kills  Ladislaus  of  Himgary 
(p.  565).  1448.  Defeats  Huniades  at  Kos- 
sova  (p.  508).] 

1453  *  *  Constantinople.  Conqiiered  by 
Mohammed  H.  This  ends  the  Saet- 
ern  Empire. 

1460+  *  *  Gr.    Conquest  completed   (p. 

1034). 
1461  *  »  Asia  if.   Mohammed  II.  takes 

Trebizond,  etc.  (p.  1034).     [1467.     Turks 

defeat  Bey  Scanderbeg.  1480.  Otranto, 

It.] 
1493  •  »  'War  with  Egypt.    [1505.    "War 

with  Persia.    1611.    Persians  defeated 

at  Kalderoon.] 

1516  *  *  Eff!/.  Gained  by  the  defeat  of 
Mamelukes. 

**  Armenia.  Overrun  by  Turks.  [They 
take  Jerusalem.  1516-17.  They  con- 
quer Syria  and  Egypt.] 

1521  Aug.  *  Solyman  takes  Belgrade. 
[1522.  Dec.  *  Captures  Bhodes  (p.  1034). 
l.'>26.  Aug.*  Defeats  the  Hungarians  at 
Mohaca  (p.  508).  1529.  Oct.  *  He  is  re- 
pulsed before  Vienna  (p.  510).  Also  other 
cities  (p.  1034).] 

1534  *  *  Armenia.  Overrun  by  Persians. 

1547  *  *  The  Turks  defeat  the  Austri- 
ans. 

1565  *  »  Malta.    Besieged  by  Turks. 

1569  •  *  First  war  with  Kussia. 

1571*  *  Gr.  Defeat  at  Lepanto  (p.  1080). 

1574  *  *  Cyprus.  Taken  from  the  Vene- 
tians by  the  Turks. 

1583*  *  Armenia.  Overrun  by  the 
Turks.  [1604.  Subdued  by  Persians  led 
by  Shah  Abbas.] 

1585  *•  Persia.  Shah  Abbas  drives  out 
the  Turks. 

1590  *  *  The  Janizaries  revolt. 

1596  *  »  The  Turks  defeat  the  Austri- 
ans  at  Cerestes. 

1601-18    Disastrous  war  with  Persia. 

1606  *  *  The  Persians  defeat  the  Turks 
at  Basra.  [1621.  Turks  defeated  by  the 
Poles.] 

1638  *  *  Arabia.  The  Turks  defeat  the 
Persians,  and  capture  Bagdad. 

1659  *  *  The  Dardanelles  are  fortified. 

1661-64  War  with  Germany  (p.  613). 
[1682-99.     Again  (pp.  612,  798).] 

1664  •  *  Switz.  Turks  defeated  at  St. 
Gothard  (p.  512). 

IQQQ**  Crete.  The  Turks  take  Candia 
from  Venice  after  a  siege  of  24  years. 

1672  *  *  Rus.  Kamienic  is  taken  from 
the  Poles. 

1696  *  •  Rus.  Peter  the  Great  defeats 
the  Turks  and  subdues  Azov.  [1711.  Re- 
conquered by  Turks.] 

1709  *  •  War  with  Kussia  (p.  1114). 

1714-18   War  with  Venice  (pp.  514, 1034). 

1734-35  Persia.  The  Turks  lose  their 
possessions. 

1736-39    War  with  Hungary  (p.  514).     • 

1738-39  War  with  Germany;  Russia 
aids  Turkey  (p.  514). 


1739  *  *  Servia.  Turks  take  Belgrade 
from  Austria. 

1745*  *  Rus.  The  Turks  are  defeated  at 
Kara. 

1749  *  *  Arabia.  Insurrection  of  the 
'Wahabis. 

1764*  *  Cyprus.  Insurrection  sup- 
pressed. 

1770  *  *  JSgean  Sea.  The  Russian  and 
English  fleets  defeat  the  Turks  near 
Scio. 

1787-92    War  with  Russia  (p.  1116). 

1788-91  Disastrous  war  with  Austria 
and  Russia  (p.  616). 

1799  *  *  Syria.  lO'apoleon's  battles  (p. 
712). 

1807  Jan.  7.  War  declared  against 
Russia  and  England  (p.  932). 

1809  Sept.  26.  JIulgaria.  Turks  do- 
feat  the  Russians  at  Silistria.  [1811. 
Turks  defeated  at  Rustchuk.] 

1821-29  Gr.  War  with  Greece  (p. 
1034). 

1821  Mar.  6.  Rumania.  Moldavia  and 
Wallachia  revolt. 

May  27.  The  Turks  are  defeated  at  Val- 
tezza. 

1822  Apr.  11.  .lEgean  Sea.  Massacre 
at  Scio  (p.  1034). 

1823  **  Cyprus.  The  Greeks  revolt; 
suppressed  by  a  terrible  massacre. 

1824  Oct.  6.  jEgean  Sea.  The  Turks 
are  defeated  in  a  naval  battle  near  Mit- 
ylene. 

1826  May  29.  A  new  Mohammedan 
army  is  organized. 

June  14-16.  Constantinople.  The  Jani- 
zaries revolt,  and  are  massacred. 

1828-29  Unsuccessful  war  with  Russia 
(p.  1116). 

1828  *  *  Armenia.  Overrun  by  Ruasiana. 

Oct.  11.  Bulgaria.  Varna  surrenders 
to  Russia. 

1831-32    Syria.  MehemetAli  rebellion 

(p.  666).   [1833.   May  6.   The  powers  inter- 
vene.   1839.    He  again  revolts  (p.  656).] 

1851    Jan.  *  Hung.  The  Turks  of  Croa- 
tia rebel. 
1853  *  *  War  with  Russia  (p.  1118). 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1800+  *  *  Destructive  earthquakes : 
Sept.  26.  At  Constantinople  and  Roma- 
nia. 1822.  Aug.  *  -Sept.  »  Alei)po  destroyed 
(20,000  lives).  1837.  Jan.  22.  In  Southern 
Syria  (13,000  in  Jaffa).  1840.  July  27.  In 
Armenia.  18.'i5.  liroussa  (Tur.)  destroyed. 
1856.  Oct.  12.  Canilia  (500  lives);  Khodes 
(100  lives).  1859.  June  2-July  17.  In  Erze- 
rum  (Asia  M.).  1863.  Apr.  22.  At  Khodes 
(300  lives).  1875.  May  12.  In  Syria  (2,000 
lives).  1880.  July  29,  30.  In  Smyrna.  1881. 
Apr.  3.  In  Solo  (4000  lives).  1883.  Oct.  16±. 
Antalla;  Iscliesne  (100 lives).  1894.  July  11+. 
Constantinople  (200  lives). 

1839+ *  *  Assyr.  Sir  Austen  Henry  Lay- 
ard  and  others  make  discoveries  on  tlie 
site  of  Nineveh.  [IS.'Vl.  ilormusd  Ras- 
sam  discovers  an  ancient  palace.  1866. 
George  Smith  studies  ancient  inscrip- 
tions. 

1845  *  *  Assyr.  Paul  fimile  Botta  and 
Layard  diacover  ruins  of  cities. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1389  *  •  Amurath  I.,  sultan,  dies. 

1383  *  *  Leon  VI.,  King  of  .\rmenia,  dies. 

1404  •  *  Scanderbeg,  Geo.  Castriot,  Albanian 
chief,  born.    [1467.    Dies.] 

1405  •*  Amurath  II.,  sultan,  b.  [1451.  D.] 
1430  •  •  Mohammed  II.,  sultan,  b.  [1481.  D.] 
1467  ••  .lelim  I.,  sultan,  born.  (IS20.  I).] 
1495  ••  Solyman  II..  sultan,  b.  [1566.  I).] 
1545  ••  Amurath  HI., sultan,  b.  [1595.  I).] 
1586*  *  Courcelles,  Ktienne  de,   Armenian 

clergyman,  critic,  born.    [1660.    Dies.] 
leiO*  *  Amurath  IV.,  sultan,  b.    [1640.   D.] 


1634*  •  Cara-Mustapha,  grand  vizier,  bora. 

[1683.     Dies.] 
1639  ♦  *  Mustapha  1.,  sultan  of  Turkey,  d. 
1658*  'Hadji  Khalfa  (Mustapha  Ben  Ab- 

dallah),  historian,  dies. 
1664  *  *  Ecchellensis,    Abraham,    Maronite 

orientalist,  dies. 
1673*  ♦Ahmed,  or  Achmet,  III.,  emperor, 

born.    [  1739.    Dies.  ] 
1676*  *  Jlekhitar,  Peter,  Armenian  monk, 

born.    [1749.    Dies.] 
1686  *  *  .\ssemani,  Giuseppe  Simone,  Syrian 

orientalist,  born.     [1768.     Dies.]. 
1696  *  »  Mahmoud,  or  Mahmud,  1.,  sultan  of 

Turkey,  born.    [1754.    Dies.  ] 
1725  •  •  Abdul-Hamid  I.,  siUtan,b.  [1789.  D.) 
1740  *  *  Mouradgea     D'Ohason,    Armenian 

historian,  born.     [1807.    Dies.] 
1761  •»  .Selim  III.,  sultan,  born.    [1808.    D.] 
1769  *  *  Mohammed  Ali,    Pasha  of     Egypt, 

bom.     [1849.     Dies.) 
1786  *  *  Mahuioud,  or  Mahmud,  II.,  sultan, 

born.     [1839.     Dies.] 
1789  ♦  ♦  Ibrahim  Pasha,  viceroy  of  Egypt, 

born.     [1848.     Dies.] 
1803  *  *  Resheed  Pasha,  Mustapha  M.,  states- 
man, born.    [1858.    Dies.] 
1805  ••  Omar  Pasha,  general,  b.    [1871.   D.] 
1814  •  *  Fuad  Pasha,  states.,  b.     [1869.    D.] 
1815*  'AU  Pasha,  states.,  b.     [1871.    D.) 
1817  *  *  Dervish  Pasha,  soldier,  states.,  b. 
1822*  •  Hobart  Pasha,  admiral,  born.    [1886, 

June  19.    Dies.] 
Midhat  Pasha,  states.,  b.     [1884,  May  8.   D.) 
Said  Pasha  Mohammed,  viceroy  of  Egyp^ 

born.    [1863.    Dies.] 
1823*  •  Abdul  Mejid,  sultan,  b.     [1861.    D.) 
1830*  •  Abdul-Aziz,  sultan,  i).     [1876.    D.] 
1842  ♦  •  Abdnl-llamid  II.,  sultan,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1533*:*  *  Constantinople.  Andrew 
Falaeologus  becomes  a  Mohammedan. 

1592*  *  Croatia.  The  Turks  kill  65,000 
Christians. 

1625  *  *  The  Sultan  Amurath  IV.  pro- 
hibits amoking  as  unnatural  and  irre- 
ligious, and  affixes  the  penalty  of  <Ieatb. 

1757  *  *  Jerusalem.      The    Greeks  are 

excluded  from  the  care  of  the  sacred 

buildings. 
1808*  *  Jerusalem.    The    Holy  Sepul- 

cher  is  partly  burned  ;  it  is  rebuilt  by 

the  Greeks. 

1815*  'The  Church  of  England  opens  a 
mission  to  the  Mohammedans.  [1841.  At 
Jerusalem.    1878.    At  Gaza.] 

1831  Feb.  17.    Jerusale?n.    Levi  Parson  of 

the  American  Board  (U.  S.  A.)  arrives  toopcn 
a  mission.  [1823.  Keoi>ene{i  by  three  uiiB- 
Bionaries;  later  inergerl  with  .Syrian  mission. 
1844.  Abandoned  Ijecause  of  the  oppusttion 
of  the  government.  Oi)ened  at  Beirut.  1828. 
Abandoned.  1831.  Ojiened  at  ConstaTitino- 
ple  by  Dr.  Goodsell.  1839.  At  Jlardin;  at 
Erzerum.  1840.  At  Nlcomedia.  W.  Turk. 
1848.  At,Salonica.  1856.  .\tiandoned.  1850. 
Mar.  20.  At  Aleppo,  N.  Syria.,  where  in  1851 
a  church  is  formed.  18.54.  At  Cfpsarea.  1865. 
At  Marash,  Sivas,  and  Harpoot,  .Armenia. 
1872.    At  Van. 

Apr.  23.    Constantinople.    Greek  Chris- 
tians are  persecuted,  and  their  patri-  j 
arch  killed.  ' 

1823*  *  Syria.  Oassareabecomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  American  Bible  Society. 

1832  •  •  Constantinople.  The  Ladies'  Society 
of  Boston  (U.  8.  A.)  opens  a  mission  to  tM 
Jews. 

1837  *  *  Crete  becomes  a  mission-field  of  the 
Protestant  Eptst-opal  Church  ( C  8.  A.). 
[1839.    Moved  to  Constantinople.  ] 

1839  Mar.  3.  A  patriarchal  hull  prohibltg 
the  reading  of  books  puldislied  by  missiona- 
ries. [The  disol>edient  are  sent  into  exile. 
.Apr.  28.  One  anathematizes  all  who  lioUl  in- 
tercourse with  missionaries.) 

1839  *  *  Arjnenia.  Persecution  a);rainst  niis- 
Bionaries  rages.  [1840.  Favorable  rearlion. 
1847.  Mission  opened  at  .\intali;  grows  vig- 
orously.   1852.    .\t  Marsovan.] 

1841  Sept.  7.  Jerusalem.  -A  Protestant 
bishopric  is  erected  by  treaty.  [Nov.  7. 
S.  M.  S.  .\lexander  consecrated  bishop.  184*. 
Jan.  28.  The  erection  of  tlie  Anglican  ca- 
thedral is  begun.    1846.    Samuel  Oroatc 


TURKEY. 


1389,  *  *-1854,  Jan.  14.      115 


crated  bishop.  1878,  July  25.  Joseph  Bar- 
Hay.  1*H7.  Apr.  •  G.  F.  P.Blytheappoiiilea 
by  the  Arehbisliop  of  Canterbury.  1887-  Aug. 
16.  Formal  aniiounceinent  is  made  that  the 
bishopric  is  dissolved.] 

1643  •  •  Smyrna  becomes  a  mission-field  of 
the  Danes.    [1847.    Abandoned.] 

1643  *  *  Syria.  Damascus  becomes  a  mis- 
sion-station of  the  Irish  Presbyterians. 

1646*  *  Constantinople.  Persecution  forces 
the  evangelii'al  Armenians  to  organize  a 
cliurch.     [Three  others  are  soon  formed]. 

1849  June  *  Christians  are  admitted 

to  office. 

1850  Oct.  16.  Syria.  Mohammedaus 
massacre  thousands  of  Christians  with- 
out interference  from  the  pasha ;  the 

Sroperty  destroyed  is  worth  millions  of 
ollars. 

•  *  The  Catholics  and  Greeks  hotly  press 
their  rival  claims  to  the  Holy  Sepul- 
Cher ;  a  mixed  conimisalon  is  appointed 
to  settle  the  dispute.  [1852.  Mar.  9.  A 
flrraan  supports  the  claims  of  the  Greeks. 
1853.  France  and  Russia  favor  the  Cath- 
olics.] 

1853  *  *  A  firman  declares  that  Chris- 
tians and  Mohammedaus  are  equal  be- 
fore the  law. 

LETTERS. 

1825*  *  Smyrna.  Spectator  de  V  Orient 
is  issued. 

1831  *  ♦  Constantinople.  Moniteur  Otto- 
man is  Issued. 

1838*  *  Smyrna.  Echo  de  I 'Orient  is 
issued. 

1848-53  Layard'8  Discoveries  in  Assyria 

is  pablished. 
1863    LeSpectatorde  f 'Orient  Is  Issued  in 

French. 

SOCIETY  -MISCELLANEOUS. 

1554*  *  Constantinople.  Coffee-houses 
are  first  opened.  [1G06.  A  great  fire  oc- 
curs. 1611.  The  plague  destroys  200,000 
lives.] 

1678*  *  E.  Syria.  Englishmen  discover 
the  magnificent  ruins  of  Palmyra. 

1760  *  *  Syria  is  visited  by  a  terrible 
plag:ue. 

1810  *  *  Ijord  Byron  swims  across  the 
Hellespont. 

1822  •  *  Albania.  Ali  Pasha  and  his  two 
sons  are  executed,  after  surrendering 
under  a  promise  of  safety. 

1826  June  14.  Constantinople.  The 
sultan  provokes  a  revolt  of  the  Janiza- 
ries, and  massacres  many  thousands  ; 
the  organization  is  abolished. 

Aug.  30.  Constantinople.  Fire  destroys 
600  houses. 

1852  Aug.  *  Constantinople.  The  Im- 
perial Order  of  JMedjidi  is  instituted 
by  the  Sultan. 

1854  Jan.  14.  Turkey  is  designated  as 
•'  The  Sick  Man**  by  Czar  Nicholas. 

STATE. 

1389-1403  Ottoman  Emp.  Sultan  Ba^ 
jazet  I.,  Ilderim,  reigns.  Son  of  Amu- 
rath  I.  He  conquers  extensive  territory 
In  southeastern  Europe  and  in  Asia 
Minor  (p.  KX^^), 

1403^-13  ±     Ottoman  Eynp.    Ajiarchy. 

14034 -10±  Asia  M.  Solyman,  eldest 
son  of  Bajazet  I.,  is  an  independent 
ruler  in  Adrianople;  killed  in  battle. 

1413-21  Ottoman  Emp.  Sultan  Mo- 
hammed I.,  brother  of  Bajazet,  reigns. 


His  brother  Moosa  contests  the  throne, 
and  is  killed  in  battle.  [1421-61.  Amu- 
rath  XT.,  son  of  Mohammed  1.,  reigns. 
He  annexes  Macedonia,  and  subdues  the 
Morea.] 
1443-67     Albania   revolts    against   the 

Turks.    [1478.     Subdued.] 
1451-81     Ottoman  Emp.     Sultan  Mo- 
hammed  n.,    son    of    Amurath    II., 
reigns.    He  restores  the  empire,  takes 
the  Morea,  Albania,  Bosnia,  M^'allachia, 
and   the   Crimea    (p.  1034+).    Disputes 
with  the  Venetians  the  rule  of  the  sea. 
1453    May  29.    Constantinople.     Mo- 
hammed H.  takes  the  capital, andends 
the  Eastern  Koman  Empire  (p.  lOH^ ). 
1456i:  *  *  Tlie  Turks  subdue  all  Greece 

(p.  1034+).  [1463.  Bosnia  is  annexed.] 
1481-1612  Constantinople.  Sultan  Ba- 
jazet n.,  son  of  Mohammed  II.,  reigns. 
He  is  the  first  of  the  unwarlike  sultans. 
(1459-66.)  Servia  and  Albania  are  an- 
nexed. (1475.)  Crimea  also.  (1466.)  Epirus. 
1489  *  *  Cyprus.    Catherine  de  Cornaro 

sells  the  island  to  Venice. 
1503  *  *  Peace    is    made    with  Venice. 

[1533.  With  Austria.] 
1512-20  Constantinople.  Sultan  Selim 
I.  reigns  by  favor  of  the  Janizaries, 
after  deposing  Bajazet  his  father.  (1516.) 
He  annexes  Phenicia,  Syria,  and  Pales- 
line  ;  later,  Egypt  also. 
1520-26  Sultan  Solyman  I., "  The  Mag- 
nificent," son  of  Selini  I.,  reigns. 

The  empire  reaches  its  zenith.  He  annexes 
Mosul,  Hagdail,  and  part  of  Armenia,  and  a 
great  part  of  Hungarv  and  Transylvania  (p. 
508),  The  Ilarhary  .Slates  submit.  (1620.) 
Bosnia  annexed. 

1566-74  Constantinople.  Sultan  SeHm 
II.,  son  of  Solyman  1.,  reigns.  (1571.) 
He  conquers  Cjrprus. 

1574-94  Constantinonle.  Sultan  Amu- 
rath III.,  son  of  Selim  II.,  reigns;  he 
murders  his  five  brothers.  [1588.  Turks 
overrun  Armenia.] 

1595-1603  Constantinople.  Sultan  Mo- 
hammed III.,  son  of  Amurath  III., 
reigns.  [1603-17,  Achmet  I.,  son  of  Mo- 
hammed III. ;  1618-22,  Otliman  II.,  son  of 
Achmet ;  is  strangled  by  the  Janizaries  ; 
1622-23,  Mustapha  I.,  brother  of  Achmet 
I. ;  deposed  by  Janizaries  ;  1623-40,  Amu- 
rath IV.;  1640^8,  Ibrahim  II.,  brother 
of  Mohammed  IV. ;  1691-95,  Achmet  II. ; 
1695-1703,  Mustapha  II.] 

1637  *  *  Rus.    The  Cossaclcs  take  Azov. 

1656*  •  Mehemet  Koprlli  becomes  grand 
vizier.  [1689,  Mustapha  Koprih  ;  1691:*-,  Ko- 
prlli-Fasil- Ahmed.] 

1669  *  *  Crete.    Annexed  by  conquest. 

1696  *  •  Rus.    Peter  the  Great  takes 

Azov  from  the  Turks. 
1699    Jan.  26.    Peace  of  Karlowitz  (p. 

513). 

*  *  *  The  Turkish  power  declines. 

1703-30  Constantinople.  Sultan  Ach- 
met m.  reigns.  [1730-54,  Mahmud  I. ; 
1754-57,  Othman  III.  ;  1757-73,  Mustapha 
III.;  1774,  Jan.  21-89,  Apr.  7,  Abd-ul- 
Hamid  I. ;  1789-1807,  Selim  III.] 

1716    July  23.   Rus.   Peace  of  Pruth. 

A  treaty  is  signed  with  Russia.    Azov  is 

ceded  to  Turkey ;  Russian  army  relieved. 
1718    July  21.    Peace  of  Passarowitz 

(p.  515). 
1718-39    Servia.    Belgrade  is  held  by 

Austria. 


1739  Sept.  18.  Servia.  Peace  of  Bel- 
grade (p.  515). 

1764  *  *  Cyprus.  Insurrection  arises. 
[1823.  Insurrection  against  the  Turks, 
subdued  by  a  massacre.] 

1774  *  *  Kussia  gains  territory  on  the 
Black  Sea  by  the  Treaty  of  Kainarjii. 

1784    Jan.  *  Turkey  cedes  the  Crimea 

to  Russia. 

1788  *  *  Albania.  Ali  becomes  pasha  of 
Janina.  [1803.  He  subdues  the  Suliotes. 
1822.    Feb.  5.    Assassinated.] 

1789  *  *  Turkey  enters  an  anti-Franco 
league  with  England  and  Russia. 

1791    Aug.  4.    Oczacow  ceded  (p.  519). 

1799  *  *  Syria.    Taken  by  the  French. 

1807-08  Constantinonle.  Sultan  Mus- 
tapha IV.,  son  of  Ahd-ul-Hamid,  reigns. 
[1808-39.    Mahmud  II.] 

1812  May  28.  Rumania.  Treaty  of 
Bucharest.  It  establishes  the  Lower 
Danube  as  the  boundary  between 
Russia  and  Turkey. 

1818  *  *  Ibrahim  Pasha  overthrows  the 
Wahabis.    [They  expand  in  Arabia.] 

1823  *  *  The  empire  is  apparently  on  the 
verge  of  ruin. 

1829  Sept.  14.  Turk.  E.  Treaty  of 
Adrianople. 

Kussia  abandons  almost  all  her  conquests 
in  Turkey ;  Turkey  cedes  territory  and  for- 
tresses on  the  seacoast,  free  trade  to  Russians, 
and  free  navigation  of  the  lilack  Sea,  l)ar- 
danelles,  and  I>anube,  with  control  of  a  part 
of  the  left  bank,  and  recognizes  the  inde- 
pendence of  Greece.  [1830.  Apr.  »  Acknowl- 
edged.] 

1830-40  Crete.  Ceded  and  ruled  by 
Egypt.  [1840.  Restored.  1841.  Insur- 
rections suppressed.  1858.  Again  by  con- 
ciliation.] 

1831-41  Mehemet  AH  of  Egvpt  re- 
volts. Syria  is  conquered  and  held  (p. 
056-). 

1832    July  21.    Turkev  consents  to  the 
extension  of  the  Grecian  frontier. 
1833    May  14.    Treaty  with  Egypt  (p. 

657.) 

July  8.  Turkey  enters  a  treaty  of  alli- 
ance with  Russia. 

1838  Mar.  30.  The  office  of  grand 
vizier  is  abolished. 

1839  July  1-61  June  25.  Constanti- 
nople. Abd-ul-Medjid,  son  of  Mahmud 
II.,  16  years  of  age,  reigns.  He  is  pro- 
tected by  the  great  powers  from  Me- 
hemet Ali. 

*  *  Egypt  refuses  tribute  ;  war  follows ; 

Egypt  is  victorious. 

Nov.  3.     Constantinople.     The  hatti-sherll 

of  Giilhane,  an  organic  statue  for  the  refor- 
mation of  government,  and  guaranteeing  se- 
curity of  life  and  property,  is  issued.  [1840. 
Jan,  6.  Again  issued  at  Itiiodes.  1844.  Again 
issued.] 

1841*  *The  Dardanelles  is  closed 
against  foreign  war-vessels  by  stipula- 
tions. 

July  15.    Syria.    Restored  (p.  657). 

1849  *  *  Bosnia.     A  rebellion   against 

Turkey  is    quelled.     [1851.    Quelled  by 

Omar  Pasha.] 

1852  Feb.  13.  Turkey  enters  a  treaty 
respecting  places  in  the  Holy  Land. 

1853  Feb.  28.  Russia  makes  demands 
respecting  the  liberties  of  Greek  Chris- 
tians. [Oct.  5.  The  sultan  declares  war. 
Nov.  1.  Russia  also.  1854-GG.  War  fol- 
lows.]    (P.  1118.) 

June  26.  Russia  issues  a  manifesto 
against  Turkey.  [1854.  Mar.  '-'8.  Greece 
sides  with  Russia,  and  diplomatic  rela- 
tions are  ruptured.] 


1158      1854,*  *-1894,  Dec.  15. 


TURKEY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1854-55  Russia,  Crimean  "War.  The 
Western  Powers  and  Turkey  united 
against  Kussia  (p.  958+).  ' 

1857  *  *  Circassians  revolt;  subdued. 

1858  *  *  War  with  Montenegro. 

1860*  *  Syria.  War  between  the  Druses 
and  Maronltes.  Subdued  by  the  French 
and  Turks. 

1865  Dec.  30.  Syria.  The  Maronites, 
led  by  Joseph  Karara,  rebel.  [1866. 
Mar.  *  Suppressed.  1867.  Jan.  31.  Ile- 
newed  for  a  short  time.] 

1866-68  Crete  rebels.  [1869.  Sup- 
pressed.] 

1871*  *  Arabia.  Yemen  revolts.  [May 
*  Suppressed.] 

1875  May  1+.  Bulgaria.  A  revolt  is 
bloodily  suppressed  by  the  bashi-ba- 
zouks,  who  burn  65  Tillages  and  kill 
15,000  people. 

1876-78    War  with  Montenegro. 

1876  July  1.  Servia  declares  war 
against  Turkey.  [July  2.  Montenegro 
does  the  same.]  • 

1877  Apr.* -78  Mar.*  Turko-Kus- 
sian  war. 

1877.  Apr.*  War  declared.  June  22.  Rus- 
sians cross  the  Danube.  June  27.  Their  main 
army  crosaea  at  Sliistova.  July  17-19.  Their 
advance  takes  tlie  Shipka  Pass.  Julv  15. 
Tl  ey  take  Nicopoll.  July  20,  30.  They  are 
repulsed  near  Plevna.  Aug.  23,  Sept.  17.  Su- 
leiman Pasha  Is  repulsed  at  Shipka  Pass. 
Sept.  7-12.  Russians  unsuccessfully  storm 
Plevna  and  commence  a  siege.  Dec.  10.  Cap- 
tured; Osman  Pasha  and  40,000  men  surren- 
der. Dec.  *  — 1879.  Jan.*  Russians  occupy 
Sophia.  Jan.  16, 17.  The  Turks  are  defeated 
and  Adrianople  taken.    Jan.  20.    Occupied. 

In  Asia.  1877.  May  *  Russians  invest 
Kars.  Nov.  8.  Storm  and  take  Kars.  Jan. 
31.  Turkey  asks  for  peace. 

1879  Aug.  *  The  Hussians  complete 
the  evacuation  of  Turkey. 

1881  *  *  Albania.  A  rebellion  is  sub- 
dued. 

1880  *  *  Crete.    Another  rebellion. 

1889  July  22.  Cretan  insurgents  seize 
Vames  and  Cydonia,  drive  out  the  au- 
thorities, and  burn  the  archives.  [Desul- 
tory fighting  continues.  Aug.  30.  A 
Turkish  army  occupies  the  island.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1866  *  *  Cyprus.  Gen.  di  Cesnola,  the 
American  consul,  discovers  many  an- 
cient ornaments.  [In  New  York  Mu- 
seum.] 

1867-70  Jertisalem.  [Sir]  Charles  Warren 
makes  excavations. 

1868  *  *  Pal.  The  Moabite  stone,  hav- 
ing Hebrew-Phenician  characters  of  900 
(?)  B.  c,  relating  to  Mesha,  King  of  Moab, 
is  discovered. 

1870-^2  Heinrich  Schliemanu  (Ger.)  ex- 
plores the  site  of  ancient  Troy.  [1876. 
Explores  Mycenae.] 

1872-77  Pal.  A  systematic  trigonomet- 
rical survey  is  made  by  Capt.  Stewart, 
Eng.,  and  Lieuts.  Conder  and  Kitchener. 

1873-74  Assyr.  Geo.  Smith  of  Eng. 
makes  explorations.    [1875-76.    Again.] 

1887  Feb.  26.  Capt.  Conder  discovers 
the  key  to  the  Hittite  inscriptions. 

CHURCH. 

1864*  •  Assyr.  The  church  at  Dlarbekir  la 
reorganized  and  prospers.  [1858.  May* 
At  Bitis  and  Mardin.] 

1856  Feb.  18.  A  firman  authorizes  the 
free  exercise  of  religion. 

1858  June  15.  Mohammedans  mas- 
sacre Christians  at  Jedda. 


I860  *  *  The  Druses  and  Maronites  en- 
gage in  bitter  dissensions.  [May  29~July 
1.    The  Druses  kill  1000±  Maronites.] 

*  *  Crete.  Christians  are  persecuted  by 
Mohammedans . 

July  9-11.  Massacre  at  Damascus. 
Mohammedans  and  Maronites  niaasaore 
3,000±  Christians  in  conseqnence  of  a  dis- 
pute between  the  Druses  and  Maronites; 
Abd-el-Kader,  who  held  the  citadel,  rescnes 
a  great  number  from  death.  [Execution  of 
167  Moslems.] 

±  *  *  Syria.  Reformed  Presbyterians  (t'.  R. 
A.)  open  a  mission  at  Latakia.  [1867,  at 
Aleppo;  1875,  at  Suadea;  1882,  at  Tarsus, 
Mersina,  and  Syria. 

1862  Sept.  5.  Russia,  France,  and  Tur- 
key sign  a  convention  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  Holy  Sepulcher. 

*  *  Constantinople.  Robert  CoIIeg'e,  the 
mother  of  many  others,  is  oi>ene(l  by  the 
American  Board.  L1866.  The  Syria  Protes- 
tant College.] 

1863  Oct.  3  +  .  Constantinople.  The  patri- 
arch declines  the  Pojie's  Invitation  to  attend 
an  ecumenical  council  in  18t)Sl.] 

1869  *  *  The  American  Board  founds  a  theo- 
logical school  at  Abeih.  [1874.  Transferred 
to  Beirut.] 

1870*  *  Syria.  The  American  Board  mis- 
sions are  transferred  to  the  care  of  the  Amer- 
ican Presbyterian  Church. 

1872  *  *  The  American  College  for  Girls  Is 
established  at  Scutari,  Constantinople. 

1875  *  *  The  Russian  and  British  ambassa- 
dors remonstrate  against  tlie  ill-treatment  of 
Christians. 

*  *  Syria.  The  Reformed  Presbyterian  ChnrrJi 
of  Scotland  opens  a  mission  at  Antioch.  [  1884. 
At  Idlib,  Syria.] 

1879*  *  Constantinople.  The  Christian  So- 
ciety (U.  S.  A.)  oi)en8  a  mission. 

1881*  *  Constantinople.  The  Friends  open 
a  medical  mission. 

1883  Feb.  0.  Constantinople.  The  new 
church  of  St.  Sophia  is  consecrated. 

1884*  *  Syria.  The  Scotland  Jewish  So- 
ciety opens  a  mission  station  at  Tiberias. 

Oct.  13.  Constantinople.  Archbishop Dercos 
is  elected  Greek  patriarch.  [He  is  known 
as  Joachim  IV.    1886.    Nov.*  Itesigns.] 

1887  Feb.  4.  The  bishop  of  Adrianople  is 
elected  patriarch. 

1889  Apr.  4.  American  pilgrims  arrive  at 
Jaffa  on  their  way  to  Jerusalem. 

1890  Jan.  28.  The  Porte  orders  the  Ar- 
menian patriarch  to  dissolve  the  provincial 
council  of  Van,  and  depose  the  bishop  of 
Van. 

Feb.  38.  The  Armenian  patriarch  demands 
the  immediate  restoration  of  rights  to  the 
Armenian  Church,  and  the  execution  of  the 
reforms  promised  in  the  Berlin  Treaty. 

July  3.  Constantinople.  Turkish  soldiers 
abuse  Armenians.  [July  29.  Armenians  as- 
sault their  patriarch;  Armenians  and  Turk- 
ish soldiers  have  a  severe  light;  four  soldiers 
and  tlu'ee  rioters  are  killed.  Aug.  1.  The 
patriarch  resigns.  Recalled  when  the  Porte 
concedes  his  demands.] 

Aug:.  3.  Jerusalem.  The  Franciscan  Fathers 
are  expelled. 

Aug'.  3.  Turks  abuse  and  torture  Christians 
in  Alassona  and  Anaselitza  to  obtain  their 
money.  [Aug.  14.  Armejiia.  The  Christians 
are  panic-stricken.    Massacre  at  Moosh.] 

Aug.  14.  Constantinople.  The  Armenian  pa- 
triarch again  resigns.  [Aug.  16.  The  presi- 
dents of  the  two  councils  also  resign.] 

Oct.  10.  Constantinople.  The  Greek  patri- 
arch orders  all  the  Greek  churches  in  Tur- 
key closed. 

Nov.  6.  The  Porte,  by  order,  forbids  the 
holding  of  any  meetings  by  the  Armenians. 
[Dec.  14.    The  trouble  is  settled.] 

LETTERS. 

1869  Oct.*  Constantinople.  A  system 
of  compulsory  education  promulgated. 

1890  Jan.*  The  Porte  prohibits  the  use 
of  the  Greek  langruage  in  the  Cretan 


courts  ;  neither  lawyers  nor  judges  can. 
understand  the  Turkish  language. 
Sept.  24.  Turkish  newspapers  are  offi- 
cially forbidden  to  comment  upon  the 
affairs  of  the  Orthodox  and  Armenian 
Churches. 

SOCIETY  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

1854-55  Albania.  Florence  Nightin- 
gale of  England  with  a  band  of  nurses. 
alleviates  the  sufferings  of  the  Anglo- 
French  army  at  Scutari. 

1855  Feb.  28.  Turk.  A.  Brusa  i» 
nearly  destroyed  by  an  earthquake. 

1858  Sept.  19.  Turk:  A.  The  first 
Turkish  railway  is  opened  from  Aidin 
to  Smyrna.  [1859.  May  *  Telegraph 
line  opened  between  Aden  and  Suez.] 

1859  Sept.  10-14.  Constantinople^ 
Fire  consumes  1,000  houses. 

1860  *  *  Syria.  Mohammedans  massa- 
cre many  Christians. 

1861  Sept.  *  The  Imperial  Order  of 
OsmaniS  is  founded  ;  it  includes  both 
civil  and  military  persons. 

1865  Axig.+  *  Constantinople.  Cholera 
rages.  [Sept.  6.  Fire  roiisunit-s  '2.r>00 
houses.  1870.  July  11.  Fire  consumes 
1,500  houses.  1871.  June  7.  Another 
tire.] 

*  *  Syria  is  visited  by  a  plague  of  locusts, 
also  by  cholera. 

1866  Feb.  13.  Constantinople.  An 
international  conference  meets  to  con- 
sider the  cholera  question. 

1869  Nov.  9.  Jerusalem.  Visited  by 
the  Emperor  of  Austria. 

1870  *  *  Railway  and  telegraph  lines 
are  rapidly  promoted. 

1873  June  17.  Turk.  E.  The  Rume- 
lia  railway  is  opened  between  Con- 
stantinople and  Adrianople. 

Aug.  19.  Constantinople.  The  Shah  of 
Persia  arrives. 

1874-75    Asia  M.    Famine. 

1875*  *  Jerusalem.  Sir  Moses  Haim 
Montefiore,  an  English  Jew,  greatly 
benetits  the  city,  and  aids  the  Jews. 

1876  Jvme  4.  Constantinople.  Thft 
Sultan  Abdul-Aziz  is  murdered.  [Mur- 
derers convicted,  sentenced,  and  re- 
prieved.] 

June  15.  Constantinople.  Hassan,  a 
disgraced  officer,  assassinates  Hussein 
Avni,  the  war  minister.  Kasohid  Pasha, 
the  foreign  minister,  and  others.  [Juno- 
17.    Hanged.] 

Aug.  9*.  Bulgaria.  Turkish  barbarities 
and  massacres  occur. 

*  *  Syria.  American  colonists  establish 
themselves  at  Jaffa.  [Little  by  little  it 
diminishes  ;  finally  the  remnant  returns 
to  America  ] 

1878  Sept.  6.  Albania.  Mehemet  All 
Pasha  is  murdered  near  Scutari  by  ri- 
oters. 

1883  Sept.  14.  The  sultan  Is  made  knight 
of  St.  Michael  and  St.  tieorge. 

Oct.  6.  Constantinople.  A  Are  consumes 
many  homes. 

1888  Aug.  12-14.  Direct  railway  and 
steamer  connection  is  made  between 
Constantinople  and  London  via  Calais, 
Fr.  ;  time,  94  hours. 

1889  July  19.  The  sultan  contributes  jgJOO 
to  Jobnetown  (U.S.A.)  relief  fund. 

Dec.  12.  Constantinople,  Moussa  Bey, 
late  governor  of  Armenia,  a  Kurdish 
robber,  is  exiled  to  Syria. 

1890  Apr.  4.  Pal.  Work  is  com- 
menced on  the  railway  between  Jaffa, 
and  Jerusalem.  [1892.  Sept.  13.  Com- 
pleted.] 


TURKEY. 


1891,  *  *-1894,  Dec.  15.      1159 


Auff.  12.  Constantinople.  Fire  coDBumes 
property  worth  gt6,00(t,000. 

Sept.  4.  One  half  of  Balonlca,  the  second 
town  of  importance  In  European  Turkey,  Is 
burned. 

1801  Aug.*  BriKands  abound, and 
military  escorts  are  needed  between 
Coustantiuople  and  Adriauuple. 

1603  Feb.  16.  Asia  M.  A  Moslem  mob 
destroys  the  American  Girls'  College  at 
Marsivan,  without  hindrance  from  the  gov- 
ernor. 

Apr.  14.  Si/ria.  A  Moslem  mob  terror- 
izes Caesarea,  robbing  hundreds  of  Ar- 
menians, and  killing  many. 

May  10.  The  Turks  have  imprisoned 
about  2,000  ArmenlanB  on  suspicion  of 
seditious  conduct. 

Nov.  22,  Constantinople.  Cholera  pre- 
vails. 

1894  Nov.  25 1.  Asia  M.  The  sultan 
decorates  the  Mufti  of  Moosh,  an  oth- 
cial  implicated  in  the  outrages  against 

Armenians. 

Dec.  15.  Asia  M.  Many  new  outrages 
against  Armenians  are  reported. 


STATE. 

1856  Mar.  30.  Peace  with  Russia  (p. 
733).  The  integrity  of  Turkey  is  guar- 
anteed (p.  {>25). 

1858  Nov.  8.  Montenegrine  bounda- 
ries are  determined  by  the  powers.  [  War 
1862.    Sept.  23.    Feace.j 

1860  Aug.  3.  Paris.  England  and 
France  by  convention  agree  to  intervene 
in  behalf  of  persecuted  Christians  in 
Turkey.  [1861.  June  5.  French  occupa- 
tion of  Syria  ceases.] 

Aug.  20+.  Syria.  Fuad Pashaexecutes 
160  persecutors  at  Damascus,  including 
the  governor;  11,000  are  forced  into  the 
army. 

1861  June  26±-76  May  20±.  Con- 
stantinopfe.  Sultan  Abd-ul-Aziz,  sec- 
ond son  of  Mahmud  II.,  reigns. 

He  attempts  to  introduce  Western  civiliza- 
tion, whichawakens dissatisfaction, and  pro- 
duces his  deposition. 

1861  ♦  *  Constantinople.  Fuad  Pasha  is 
made  president  of  the  council.  [Nov.  22. 
Grand  vizier.] 

Dec.  *  Montenegro  rises  against  Turkey. 

1866  Jime  5.  Mohammed  Ali  Ruchdi 
supersedes  Fuad  Pasha  as  grand  vizier. 
[1867.    Feb.  11.    Ali  I»asha,J 

*  *  Rumania.  A  revolution  breaks  out 
in  Bucharest. 

Sept.  2.  Crete.  The  General  Assembly 
abolishes  Turkish  authority,  and  de- 
clares for  union  with  Greece, 

1867  Mar.  31.  Turkey  declines  to  give 
m)  Crete,  as  recommended  by  the  powers. 
[Sept.  4.  Declines  an  international  com- 
mission proposed  by  Russia.  Dec.  11.  Tlie 
vizier  grants  the  demands  of  Cretan 
delegates.] 

1868  *  *  Constantinople.  An  insurrec- 
tion by  the  Young  Turkey  Party  fails. 


*  *  Crete.  The  Christians  rise  against 
Turkey.  Greece  intervenes  (p.  1037). 
Dec. 30.  The  provisional governmentsur- 
renders  to  Turkey. 

1869  Dec.  *  Egy.  ITie  khedive  ac- 
knowledges the  Sultan  of  Turkey  as  his 
sovereign.  [1876.  The  Bey  of  Tmiis 
does  the  same ;  Tunis  annexed.] 

1871  Sept.*  Mahmud  grand  vizier. 
[1872.  July  30i.  Midhat  Pacha.  Dis- 
missed for  favoring  Austria.  Oct.  19. 
Mohammed  Ruchdi  again.  1873.  Feb. 
15.  Kssad  Pasha.  1874.  Feb.  *  Hussein 
Avni.] 

1875-76  Herzegovina.  Insurrection 
against  the  Turks,  and  for  freedom. 

1875  Aug.  25.  Mahmud  Pasha  grand 
vizier.  [1876.  May  lO.t  Mohammed 
Ruchdi.] 

1876  Feb.  10.  The  joint  note  of  the 
powers  respecting  reforms  is  agreed  to. 

May  *  -Sept.  *  Biilgaria.  Insurrection 
cruelly  suppressed. 

May  29.  The  Ministers  depose  the  sul- 
tan because  he  refuses  to  give  up  some 
of  his  treasure  to  save  the  nation. 

May  30-Aug.31.  Constantinople.  Amu- 
rath  v.,  nephew  of  Abd-ul-Aziz,  is  Sul- 
tan.   Deposed  because  of  ill  health. 

Aug.  31.  Constantinople.  Sultan  Abd- 
ul-Hamid  H.,  second  son  of  Abd-ul- 
Medjid,  reigns. 

Dec,  23+.     Conference  of  the  powers 

(p.  566). 

1877  Jan.  22.  Constantinople.  The 
National  Council  rejects  propositions 
made  by  a  conference  of  the  powers  re- 
specting Servia  and  Montenegro. 

Feb.  5±.  Edhem  Pasha  is  grand  vizier  ; 
he  was  educated  in  Paris,  and  favors  re- 
forms. 

Mar.  1.  Turkey  signs  a  peace  with 
Servia. 

Mar.  19.  Constantinople.  The  first 
Turkish  Parliament  opens,  with  30 
Senators  and  90  Deputies. 

Apr.  24.    Kt^sia  declares  war  against 

Turkey. 
Dec.  20±.  Crete.  Insurrection;  pro- 
visional government  formed.  [1878.  Feb. 
II.  Decrees  union  with  Greece.  Oct.  * 
Pacified  by  Turkish  concession  of  self- 
government.] 

1878  Mar.  3.  Peace  of  San  Stefano 
(p.  566). 

Peace  follows  the  Tiu-ko- Russian  war. 
Russia  receives  extensive  territory  in  the  Cau- 
casian region,  including  Dobrudja,  Kara, 
Batum.  Rumania,  Servia,  and  Montenegro 
declared  independent.  [1878.  Revised  by  the 
congress  of  Berlin.] 

June  4.  Cyprus.  Given  up  to  the  ad- 
ministration of  Sngland.  [July  3. 
Ceded.     July  12.    Possession  taken.] 

July  13.  Berlinconference(pp.629,566, 
831).  Turkey  loses  much  territory,  both 
in  Europe  and  Asia.  It  cedes  Kars,  Ar- 
dahan,  and  Batum  to  Kussia. 

*  *  Herzegovina  is  occupied  by  Austria. 


Oct.  *  Macedonia.  Insurrection.  [1879. 
Jan.  3.    Suppressed.] 

Nov.  11±.  Syria.  Midhat  Pasha  is  ap- 
pointed governor  to  institute  reforms. 

1860  June  16-July  1.  Conference  of 
Berlin  (p.  831). 

July  16.    The  powers  send  a  collective  note 

concerning  the  enforcement  of  the  provisions 
of  the  Berlin  Conference. 

Aug-.  *  Syria.  Kamed  Pasha  is  governor. 
Midhat  Pasha  goes  to  Smyrna. 

Sept.  15±.  The  powers  send  a  final  collec- 
tive note  demanding  the  cession  of  Dulcigno 
and  territory  to  Montenegro.  [Sejit.  *  Pow- 
ers' war-vessels  assemble  at  Ragusa.  Nov, 
26.    Effected.] 

1881  *  *  Rumania  is  made  a  kingdom. 

Mar  *  -Apr.  •  Constantinople.  Conference 
of  ambassadors;  Turkey  yields,  anti  decides 
to  transfer  to  cireece  most  of  the  territory  In- 
dicated by  the  Berlin  Conference. 

May  24.    Turkey  cedes  Thessaly  to 

Greece  (p.  1037). 

1882  June  23.  Constantinople.  A  con- 
ference of  the  powers  meets  to  consider 
the  Egyptian  question. 

Bee.  3.    Said  Pasha  is  made  grand  vizier. 

1884  Feb.  8.  Crete.  Religious  diffi- 
culties cause  an  insurrection.  [Mar, 
1.  Christians  appeal  to  the  sultan  for  a 
Christian  governor,  and  to  the  powers 
for  mediation.] 

1885  Sept.  18.  JiumeUa.  A  bloodless 
revolution  occurs  at  Philippopolis,  and 
reunion  with  Bulgaria  is  proclaimed. 
[Oct.  14.  Condemned  by  a  conference  of 
ambassadors.] 

Sept.  24.    Kiamil  Pasha,  grand  vizier. 

1889  May  27.  Crete.  The  Assembly  votes 
in  favor  of  annexation  to  Greece.  [Aug. 
1,  Anarchy  prevails.  Sept.  15.  Martial  law 
proclaimed.  Sept.  *  Greece  aids  insurgents. 
Kov.  11.    Amnesty  granted.] 

1890  Jan.  20.  Asia  M.  Erzerum  re- 
volts.   Armenians  are  killed. 

July  8.  Turkey,  by  a  note,  demands  of 
Great  Britain  a  fixed  date  for  the  evac- 
uation of  Egjrpt. 

July  19.  The  Porte  ignores  the  wrongs 
suffered  by  Armenians,  and  two  Min- 
isters resign  their  offices. 

Oct.  4.  Constantiiwple.  An  Armenian 
revolutionary  manifesto  urges  the  op- 
pressed people  to  fight  the  Turkish 
tyrants. 

Aug.  12.    Kurds  raid  Armenia. 

1891  Sept.  4.  The  sultan  dismisses  the 
Ministry  because  of  its  inefficiency  in  deal- 
ing with  brlg-anda^e. 

1894  Nov.  11±.  The  British  ambassa- 
dor investigates  the  reported  massacre 
of  8,000  Armenians  by  Turkish  troops. 

Dec.  7.  The  Government  explains  the 
massacre  of  Armenians  by  alleging  an 
uprising  which  was  subdued  ny  the 
troops. 

[Dec.  10.  Diplomatic  investigations  are 
suspended  pending  an  exchange  of  views  by 
the  treaty  powers  relative  to  joint  action. 
Dec.  14±.  The  Porte  consents  that  the  con- 
suls of  Great  Britain,  Russia,  and  France 
may  sit  with  the  investigation  conmiission. 
Dec  24.  The  commission  starts  for  Cassoon.] 


URUGUAY. 

Uruguay  is  a  republic  of  southeastern  South  America  ;  capital,  Montevideo.  It  is  politically  divided  into  19  departments, 
and  has  a  president  for  chief  executive.  The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  Senate  and  Chamber  of  Kepresentatives.  The  chief 
religion  is  Boman  Catholic,  and  the  language  Spanish.    Area,  72,172  square  miles  ;  population  in  1892,  728,447. 


1612  *  *  Arrival  of  Juan  Diaz  de  Soils 
from  Spain ;  he  enters  the  Farana-guazu, 
[1515-16.    Second  visit ;  killed.) 

1603  *  »  Indians  destroy  a  Spanish  force 
under  Gen.  Saavedra.  1603-63.  Three 
attempts  to  subdue  the  Indians  fail.] 


nth  Century.  The  Jesuit  missionaries 
begin  the  real  conquest  of  the  country. 
[Military  and  commercial  settlements  of 
the  Portuguese  follow  the  missionaries, 
and  later  those  of  the  Spanish  follow.] 


1729  *  *  Gen.  Zavala  establishes  a  Span- 
ish military  settlement  at  Montevideo. 
[1750.    A  provisional  government.] 

1777  *  *  Spaniards  destroy  the  Portu- 
guese settlement  at  Colonia, 


1160       1807,  Feb.  3-1891,  Oct.  12.      URUGUAY. 


1807  Feb.  3.  Montevideo  is  taken  by 
the  British.  [July  7.  Repulsed  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  they  evacuate  Montevideo.] 

1814  *  *  Gen.  Alvear  takes  Montevideo 
for  Buenos  Ayres. 

1817t*  *The  territory  is  joined  to 
Srazil.  War  with  Buenos  Ayres  fol- 
lows. [1821.  Brazilians  occupy  the 
country.  1825.  Aug.  25.  Uruguay  re- 
volts, and  declares  its  independence  of 
the  vice-royalty  of  Buenos  Ayres.  1828. 
Oct.  4.  Independence  recoe;mzed. 
Montevideo  becomes  the  capital.] 

18^6-28  "War  between  Brazil  and 
Buenos  Ayres  for  the  possession  of  Uru- 
guay. 


1830    July  18.    The   constitution   is 

promulgated. 
1838  *  *  The  University  of  Montevideo 

is  founded. 

1842-51  Gen.  Juan  Manuel  Rosas,  dic- 
tator of  Buenos  Ayres,  and  Gen.  Oribe 
and  his  native  partizans  besiege  Mon- 
tevideo. [1845.  It  is  blockaded  by  Eng- 
land and  France.] 

1842  *  *  Gold  is  discovered  in  Tacua- 
rembo. 

1851  *  *  The  Argentine  provinces  of  Cor- 
rientes  and  Entre  Rios  join  President 
Rosas ;  he  defeats  Gen.  Oribe. 

1854-55  Gen.  Venancio  Flores  is  presi- 
dent. [1856-60,  G.  A.  Pereyra;  18t)0-t>4, 
Bernardo  PrudencioBerro  ;  1864-65,  Gen. 


Aguirre;  18^-66,  Flores  again  (as  pro- 
visional president)  ;  1866-68,  F.  A.  Vidal ; 
1868-72,  Gen.  Lorenzo  Battle  ;  1872-75, 
Gen.  £llaz)o ;  1875-76,  Pedro  Varela  (as 
provisional  president) ;  1876-80,  Col.  L. 
Lalorre;  1880,  F.  A.  Vidal  again  (dies 
Mar.  17);  1882-86,  Gen.  J.  Maximo  San- 
tas ;  1886-90,  Gen.  Maximo  Tagfes  ;  1890- 
94,  Dr.  Julio  Herreray  Obes ;  1894r, 
Senhor  Idiarte  Borda.] 

1863-65  Gen.  Flores  creates  civil  war. 
[1868-72.  The  Blanco  party  revolts. 
1880-86.    Gen.  Arredondo  revolts.] 

*  *  *  The  American  Methodists  (North) 
open  a  mission  and  plant  stations  at 
Montevideo,  Colonia,  Tacuarembo,  and 
Trinidad. 

1891  Oct.  12,  Montevideo.  A  revolt 
[Oct.  13.    Suppressed.] 


VENEZUELA. 

Venezuela  is  a  republic  of  South  America,  bordering  the  Caribbean  Sea ;  capital,  Caracas. 

The  chief  executive  is  a  president ;  the  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  Congress  comprising  a  Senate  and  a  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties. Language,  Spanish.  Religion,  Roman  Catholic,  yet  all  religions  arc  tolerated.  Area,  597,960  square  miles  are  claimed ;  pop- 
ulation, 2,323,526. 


1498  Aug.  1.  Beheld  by  Columbus 
(p.  14).  [1499.  Visited  by  Ojeda  (p.  15), 
and  named  Terra  Firma.] 

1520  *  *  Spaniards  settle  at  Camana. 
[1527,  at  Coro  ;  1545,  at  Tocuyo ;  1552,  at 
Barquisimeto ;  1555,  at  Valencia  ;  1567, 
at  Caracas.] 

1615  *  *  The  captain-generalcy  of  Cara- 
cas is  erected. 

1783*  *  July  24.  Simon  Bolivar, 
'*  Father  of  his  Country,"  is  born.  [1830. 
Dec.  17.     l>ies.] 

1810  *  *  The  colony  sides  with  the  old 
Spanish  dynasty,  and  against  Joseph 
Bonaparte"  as  king. 

1811  July  14.  Seven  disaffected  prov- 
inces revolt,  ami  declare  for  indepen- 
dence.   [1812-13.   Partly  suppressed.] 

1812  *  *  Treaty  of  Victoria  ;  the  colony 
renews  its  allegiance  to  Spain. 

Mar.  26.  An  earthquake  at  Caracas 
destroysnearly  12,000  lives.  [1894.  May  9. 
Two  cities,  several  villages,  destroyed.] 

1813-23  Venezuela  revolts  under  Boli- 
var ;  the  war  for  independence  follows. 

.  [1813.    Aug.  4.     He  captures  Caracas.] 


1814  *  ♦  Bolivar,  having  defeated  the 
royalists,  is  made  dictator,  but  is  driven 
out  of  the  state.  [1816.  Returns,  and 
raises  another  army.  1817.  July  *  De- 
feats Spaniards  uiider  Gen.  Morillo  at 
Angostura.  1821.  June  24.  Royalists 
are  defeated  at  Carabobo  (p.  628). 

1819  Feb.  *  Bolivar  resigns.  [Dee.  17. 
He  is  elected  president  (p.  628).] 

1829    Nov.*   Venezuela  withdraws 

frt)m  Colombia  (p.  628). 

1831-35  Gen.  Jos^  Antonio  Paez.  [1835- 
36.  Dr.  Jos^  Maria  Vargaz.  resigns ; 
1836-39,  Carlos  Soublette  ;  I8.'Ja-43,  Paez 
again;  1843-47,  Soublette  again  ;  1847-51, 
Jos^  Tadeo  Monagas;  1851-55,  Jos»^  Gre- 
gorio  Monagas;  1855-58,  Gen.  J.  T.  Mo- 
nagas again ;  18.">8-59,  Don  Jo8(§  Castro, 
forced  to  resign;  1859-61.  Dr.  Pedro 
Gual  {ad  interim) ;  1861-C3,  Gen.  .los^ 
Antonio  Paez,  dictator,  chosen  by  the 
army,  resigns;  1863-67,  Juan  Crisostomo 
Falcon  :  driven  out  by  revolutionists. 
1868.  J.  T.  Monagas  elected  again  ;  he 
dies  before  he  is  sworn  in.  1868-70,  Gen. 
Pulger  (provisional).  1870-77,  Gen.  An- 
tonio Guzman  Blanco  elected.     1877-79, 


F.  L.  Alcantara  ;  1879-82,  Guzman  Blanco 
again ;  1882-86,  Gen.  Joaquin  Cresjto ; 
1888-90,  Dr.  J.  Pablo  Rojas  Paul;  1890- 
94,  Dr.  Rainiundo  Andrezia  Palacio ; 
1894,  Mar.  14-f,  Gen.  Crespo  again.] 

1845  *  *  Spain  recognizes  the  indepen- 
dence of  Venezuela. 

1846-70  Revolutions  and  wars  with 
intermissions. 

1854  Mar.  24.  The  emancipation  of 
slaves  is  enacted. 

1864    Mar.  28.     Federal  constitution 

prepared. 

1874  *  *  The  Church  bitterly  opposes 
the  action  of  the  Government  in  legaliz- 
ing civil  marriages. 

1892  Apr.  1-Aug.  *  Rebellion  under 
Gen.  Crespo. 

1890  May*  AdisputeariseswithGrejit 
Britain  respecting  the  old  boundary 
question. 

1894  Oct.  10.  Venezuelans  invade 
Guiana. 


WEST  COAST  OF  AFRICA. 

Angola  is  a  Portuguese  possession  lying  south  of  the  equator ;  capital,  St.  Paul  de  Loanda.  Area,  490,000  square  miles  ; 
population,  2,000,000+  ;  of  these  6,000±  are  whites.  Ashanti  is  a  nation  on  the  Gold  Coast ;  capital,  Kumassi.  Dahomey  is  a 
kingdom  on  the  Slave  Coast ;  capital  Abomey.  Area,  4,000  square  miles  ;  population,  600,000+.  French  Kongo  (Gabun)  com- 
prises territory  between  the  Kongo  River  and  the  Atlantic;  capital,  Libreville.  Area,  267,000  square  miles  ;  population,  3,000,000  J . 
Gold  Coast  is  a  British  crown  colony ;  capital,  Akkra.  Area,  13,000  square  miles ;  population,  1,905,000±.  Kamekus  is  a 
German  colonial  possession  lying  a  little  north  of  the  equator.  Area,  130,000  square  miles  ;  population,  2,000,000±.  Lagos  is 
a  British  settlement  and  island.  Area,  1,071  square  miles;  population,  100.000+.  Liberia  is  a  negro  republic;  capital,  Mon- 
rovia. Area,  14,360+  square  miles ;  population,  1,068,000+.  Senegal  is  a  French  colony  on  the  Senegal  Eiver ;  capital,  St.  Louis. 
Sierra  Leone  is  a  British  colony  ;  capital,  Freetown.  Area,  15,000+  square  miles ;  population,  180,000+.  Togoland  is  a  German 
protectorate  on  the  Slave  Coast ;  capital.  Little  Popo.  Area,  16,000±  square  miles  ;  population,  500,000+.  Yabbiba  is  a  kingdom 
on  the  Slave  Coast,  included  in  the  British  sphere  of  influence  ;  capital,  Oyo. 


1446  •  *  Tlie  Portuguese  discover  the 

West  Coast. 
1450+  *  *  The  Moors  begin  the  African 

slave-trade. 

1460  *  ♦  Sierra  Lerme  is  discovered. 

[1786.  Dec.  9.  An  unsuccessful  com- 
pany of  400  negroes  and  60  whites,  chiefly 
disreputable  in  character,  sail  from  Lon- 
don. 1787.  They  settle  at  Freetown. 
1791.  A  successful  colony  is  planted  un- 
der the  influence  of  Wilberforce  and 
others.    1794.    Sept.  •  Attacked  by  the 


French.  1802.  Feb.  *  Attacked  by  na- 
tives. 1807.  It  becomes  a  crown  colony, 
1814.  The  "Christian  Institution"  is 
founded  on  Leicester  Mountain  for  the 
education  of  freed  slave-children.  1827. 
Fourah  Bay  College  is  founded  by  the 
Church  Society.] 

18U4.  The  Church  of  England  opens  a  mis- 
sion on  the  Kio  Pongas.  [1808.  It  becomes 
effective.  1815,  at  (Jambler;  1816,  at  Free- 
town;  at  Sierra  Leone  :  1840,  at  Tort  I.okkoli 
(18.50,  closed;  1875,  resumed).  1843.  Samuel 
Crowtlier  Is  admitted  to  orders.  1852.  The 
diocese  of  Hierra  Leone  is  formed.    1811.  The 


Weslevansopen  a  mission.  1879.  at  Fouraca- 
riah  near  Kapto.  1842.  The  Union  Jlission- 
ary  Societv  (U.  .S.  A.)  opens  a  misaion  at 
Mendl.  1883.  Transferred  to  the  I'nlled 
Brethren  In  Christ.  18.55,  Tlie  Codrington 
College  of  Barbadoes  opens  a  mission  at  Fal- 
langia.  The  Southern  Baptists  (U.S.A.)  ojieii 
a  mission.  1886.  The  African  Metliodlsis 
(U.S.A.)  open  a  mission  in  Freetown.  1887. 
Also  one  by  the  .\merican  Wesleyans.! 

1480  •  *  Angola.     Discovered  by  Diego 
Cam,  a  Portuguese. 

[He  also  discovers  the  Kongo  River. 
14M±.    Portuguese  settle.    1578.    They 


WEST   COAST   OF   AFRICA.     1446  *  *-1890,  Mar.  3.      1161 


found  Loando.  1617.  Manoel  Corveira 
(Port.)  founds  St.  Felipe  de  Beiiguela. 
1640-48.  The  Dutch  attempt  to  expel 
the  Portuguese  from  Angola.  1641.  They 
succeed  in  occupying  Loando.  1855,  The 
t  Portuguese  establish  a  settlement  at 
Ambriz.  1858.  Feb.  *  The  Knglish  ap- 
point David  Livingstone  consul  for  the 
Portuguese  settlements  in  Africa.  1877. 
Nov.  *  A  water  supply  canal,  43  miles 
long,  is  contracted  for  the  supply  of 
Loando.] 
1490  *  *  Fr.  Kongo.  Gonzalo  de  Sousa, 
■with  an  embassy  from  Portugal,  arrives. 
[1758.  The  Portuguese  settle  Encoye. 
1839.  France  authorizes  Capt.  Bouet  to 
settle  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Gabun. 
1842.  He  establishes  better  positions  on 
the  right  bank  at  Louis  and  Quaben. 
1845.  The  French  found  their  chief  set- 
tlement, Libreville,  and  name  it  Le  Pla- 
teau. 1862.  The  French  extend  their 
authority  southward  to  the  Ogowe  River. 
1871.  They  practically  abandon  Gabun 
because  of  the  war  with  Germany.] 

1642  ♦  *  The  American  Board  opensa  mission 
on  the  Gabun  River.  CIH43.  At  Corisco. 
1850.  The  American  Presltyteriana  open  a 
mission  at  Corisco.  1870.  Missions  trans- 
ferred to  American  Presbyterians  North.] 

1643  *  *  Gold  Coast.  The  Dutch  capture 
Cape  Coast  Castle  from  the  Portuguese. 

[1637.  The  Dutch  capture  Elmina. 
1661.  Castle  demolished  by  the  British 
Adm.  Holmes.  I6G4.  Taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish. 1850.  The  Danes  transfer  their 
settlements  to  the  English.  1872.  The 
Dutch  cede  Elmina  and  other  posses- 
sions to  the  British.  1874.  Dec.  17.  Gov. 
Strahan  proclaims  the  slave-trade  of  the 
Gold  Coast  abolished.] 

1808  •  •  The  Danes  send  out  missionaries. 
C1822.  The  missionaries  Join  the  Basel  So- 
ciety. 1828.  Germans  open  a  mission.  1843. 
The  British  Wesleyans  open  a  mission  at 
Lagos.  1852.  Also  the  Church  Society  (Eng.). 
1865.  Also  the  Southern  Baptists  (U.  S.  A.).] 

17th  Century.  Senegal  becomes  a  French 
colony.  [18544-.  Much  extended  and 
developed.] 

2$ih  Century.  Dahomey  is  first  visited. 
[1732±.  Trudo  Audati  reigns  with 
great  ability.  Later,  a  succession  of 
cruel  kings  foster  the  .slave-trade.  1825. 
Befugees  from  towns  ruined  by  slave- 
hunters  establish  an  important  town  at 
Abbeokuta.  1829.  It  has  become  a 
Strong  walled  town,  inhabited  by  free 
negroes,  and  independent  of  the  king. 
1864.  Mar.  16.  The  king  is  repulsed  in 
an  attack  on  Abbeokuta,  and  many  Am- 
azons are  killed.  1885.  Oct.  7.  Da- 
homey is  placed  under  the  protection  of 
Portugal  by  request  of  the  king.  1890. 
Fob,  •  The  French  repulse  an  attack  of 


thekingatKotonou.  1890.  Feb.* -Oct. 5. 
War  with  France  (p.  758,  761).  Mar,  18. 
The  garrison  is  relieved  by  reenforce- 
ments.  Apr.  *  France  blockades  the 
coast.  Aug.  4.  France  demands  the  ces- 
sion of  Kotonou  and  Whydah  in  an  ulti- 
matum. Oct.  5.  Treaty  refused  (p.  761). 
1891.  Sept.  *  Second  French  expedition 
(p.  762).  Later,  King  Behanzin  is  de- 
feated, but  not  subdued.  1892.  Jan.  2, 
King  Behanzin  surrenders  to  Col, 
Dodds.  Mar.  10.  The  king  appeals  to  the 
civilized  world  against  his  treatment  by 
France.  May  2.  He  submits.  Sept.  * 
Col.  Dodds  leads  a  third  expedition. 
Nov.  21.    Enters  Abomey.] 

1807*  *  Ashantee.  The  warlike  Ashan- 
tees  conquer  the  Fantee  district,  which 
includes  British  Coast  Castle. 

[1831.  Apr.  29.  The  British  recognize 
by  treaty  the  independence  of  the  Fan- 
tees.  1864.  Sickness  defeats  the  British 
troops.  1873-74.  War  with  England ; 
Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  in  command  ;  he 
takes  and  burns  Kumasi,  but  fails  to 
occupy  the  territory.] 

1816  *  *  Liberia.  Henry  Clay  and  other 
Americans  establish  the  American  Col- 
onization Society  (U,  S.  A.)  for  the 
colonization  of  negroes. 

[1822.  A  colony  of  emancipated  slaves 
from  America  found  the  Republic  of 
Liberia,  with  Monrovia  for  its  capital. 
1826.  Feb.  16.  The  Liberia  Herald  is 
first  issued.  1847.  Becomes  a  republic, 
with  a  President,  Senate,  and  House  of 
Representatives.  Aug.  24.  Its  inde- 
pendence proclaimed.  1859.  The  Liberia 
Conference  Seminary  opened.  1861.  Rec- 
ognized by  the  United  States.  1875.  War 
with  the  aborigines  at  Cape  Palmas.] 

1844  *  *  The  Basel  Society  opens  a  mis- 
sion at  Akropong, 

1847-94  Presidents  :  1847-67,  J.  J.  Rob- 
erts ;  18&1-68,  Daniel  B.  Warner ;  1868- 
70,  James  S.  Payne  ;  1870-71,  E.  J.  Roy, 
1871,  Oct.,  deposed ;  1872-74,  J.  J.  Rob- 
erts again  ;  1876-79,  A.  W^«  Gardner ; 
1878-83,  A.  J.  Russell ;  1883-84,  H,  R.  W. 
Johnson;  1884-88,  H.  R.  W.  Johnson; 
1888-92,  Dr.  Blyden ;  1892,  Jan.  7+,  J.  J. 
Cheesman. 

1880  Feb.  *  The  kingdom  of  Medina  is 
peaceably  annexed. 

1832  *  *  Danes  open  a  mission  at  Usu. 

1 830  *  •  American  Presbyterians  open  a  mis- 
sion. [1833.  At  Monrovia.  1848.  They  con- 
stitute the  Synod  of  West  Africa.  1889.  Open 
a  mission  at  Brewerville.  1821.  American 
Baptists  open  a  mission;  Lot  Cary,  a  slave 
who  bought  his  own  liberty,  Is  the  first  mis* 
slonary.  1856.  Mission  suspended.  1884. 
One  opened  at  Vey.  1820.  American  Meth- 
odists open  a  mission  at  Sherbro.  1833, 
Mar.  7.    Melville  B.  Cox,  their  first  foreign 


missionary,  arrives.    1834.    The  Liberia  Con- 

ference  is  organized.  1884.  William  Taylor 
is  elected  (U.  S.  A.)  missionary  bishop.  He 
proceeds  to  organize  self-supporting  missions. 
1827-28.  The  Basel  Society  opens  a  mission. 
1830.  Also  the  American  Kpist^oi^alians  in 
Monrovia.  1857.  The  Cuml>erland  Presby- 
terians (V.  S.  A.)  ot>en  a  mission.  1834. 
The  American  Board  opens  a  mission  at 
Cape  Palmas ;  1844,  removed  to  the  Gabtm 
River.  1860.  Also  tlie  Evangelical  Luther- 
ans (U.  S.  A.)  at  MuhlenlMTg.  1889.  Tlie 
Pentecost  Band  (U.  S.  A.)  in  Monrovia.] 

1759  Aug.  19.  Yarriha.  The  British 
fleet  under  Adm.  Boscawen  defeat  the 
French  fleet  (p.  914). 

[1848.  The  Egba  chiefs  send  thanks 
to  Queen  Victoria  for  rescuing  many  of 
their  people  from  slavery.  1849.  May* 
A  great  gathering  of  people  receive 
presents  from  the  queen.  1851-76.  Tlie 
King  of  Dahomey  makes  seven  inva- 
sions. 1851.  The  British  capture  Lagos. 
1861.  Annex  it.  1862.  Dahomeans  en- 
tirely destroy  the  town  of  Ishaga,  and 
crucify  the  Christians  at  Egba.] 

1850*  *  The  Southern  Baptists  (U.S.A.) 
oiien  a  mission  at  Ogobomoshaw. 

1841  Aug.  20.  Eng.  The  great  colo- 
nizing expedition  sails  for  the  Niger, 
[Sept.  28.  At  Iddah,  320  miles  from  the 
coast,  it  fails  because  of  fevers.] 

1857*  *  Niger  River.  The  Church  of  Eng- 
land  opens  a  mission  on  the  Niger  at  Onicha. 
[1862.  Destroyed  by  civil  war.  1866,  at 
Bonny;  1868,  at  Braso,  in  the  delta;  1878,  at 
Aenso;  1884,  at  Okrika.] 

1844*  *  Calabar.  The  United  Presbyteri- 
ans open  a  mission  at  Creektown,  Old  Cala- 
bar. [1875.  The  Church  of  England  opens  a 
mission  at  New  Calabar.  1888.  One  at  Old 
Calabar  by  the  United  Scotch  Church 
(U.  S.  A.).] 

1866*  *  Senegambia.  An  English  settle- 
ment is  made  at  St.  Mary's. 

1881  *  *  Kamerun  is  made  a  German  pro- 
tectorate. [1884.  Aug.  *  Dr.  Nachtigal 
founds  a  colony.    Oct.  *  Recognized.] 

1858*  *  English  Baptists  open  a  mission  at 
Victoria ;  they  had  been  driven  out  of  Fer- 
nando Po  by  Spanish  persecution.  [1886. 
Missions  transferred  to  the  Basel  Society.] 
*  *  *  Dutch  Protestants  open  a  mission.] 

1884  *  *  Great  N'amaqualand  and  Dama- 
raland  are  made  a  German  dependency, 
and  called  Southwest  Africa.  [1889. 
Oct.  *  The  head  chief  of  Damaraland 
orders  all  Germans  to  depart ;  he  seizes 
the  missionaries.] 

1885  *  *  Fr.  Kongo.  The  Berlin  Confer- 
ence recognizes  the  French  territorial 
claims  (p.  1093). 

1890  Mar.  3.  Germany  and  France 
sign  an  agreement  for  a  uniform  tariff. 


I 


INDEX  AND  APPENDIX. 


1168 


EXPLANATORY  NOTES. 


The  Index  has  been  prepared  with  nncommon  fullness  of  detail,  so  as  to  aid  those  persons  who  may  torn  in  haste  to  find 
desired  information;  also  to  give  necessary  information  to  those  having  none  of  the  clews  which  a  general  historical  Icnow ledge 
atfords.  But  it  is  anticipated  that  many  readers  who  are  familiar  with  the  general  trend  of  the  history  will  commonly  ignore 
the  index  altogether  and  turn  at  once  to  the  text,  where  their  search  will  be  facilitated  by  its  topical  classification;  then  by 
glancing  at  the  dates  and  the  helpful  locality  words,  which  stand  as  double  guide-posts  before  each  item,  they  will  speedily 
find  the  desired  information. 

The  index  also  contains  some  items  which  were  omitted  from  the  text.    These  are  Umited  almost  entirely  to  dates, 
■which  are  always  enclosed  in  parentheses  so  that  they  can  be  distinguished  from  page  numerals. 

The  following  rules  which  have  been  observed  In  preparing  the  index  may  aid  the  reader  in  its  practical  use. 

Abbreviations.    Only  a  few  arbitrary  abbreviations  have  been  used.    See  the  full  list  facing  page  1. 

Books.    The  titjea^f  books  are  not  indexed,  but  may  be  found  by  following  the  references  under  the  author's  name. 

Colleges.  The  larger  American  and  British  colleges  are  indexed  twice;  once  under  the  name  of  the  city,  and  more  fully 
under  the  name  of  the  college  or  university.  The  smaller  colleges  and  many  foreign  universities  are  only  indexed  imder  the  name 
of  the  city  of  their  location.  Colleges  connected  with  universities  are  only  referred  to  under  the  name  of  the  university  to  which 
they  are  attached,  as,  "  Christ's  College'*  is  indexed  under  "Oxford  University." 

Conventions.  Commercial,  political,  and  other  conventions  are  indexed  under  the  name  of  the  body  convened,  and  not 
under  the  name  of  the  city.  Exception:  national  conventions  of  political  parties  are  important  items  in  the  history  of  cities,  and 
they  are  indexed  under  the  names  of  the  cities  where  convened,  as  well  as  under  the  party  name. 

Countries.  Each  country  appears  in  the  text  as  an  abbreviated  history,  therefore  it  is  not  again  abbreviated  In  the  index. 
But  items  in  foreign  countries  are  cross-indexed  under  the  name  of  the  country  to  which  they  relate,  to  give  a  fuller  history; 
if  the  items  are  duplicates  of  others,  they  are  omitted  in  the  index. 

Italics.  Italics  are  used  in  the  index  as  in  the  tfi2Lt«_£o£.lheJt^]sa.  of  books,  magazines,  and  newspapers;  also  for  titles  of 
paintings,  names  of  vessels  and  horses,  and  names  of  planetary  bodies.       " 

Xjegrialation.  Acts  of  State  legislation  are  indexed  under  the  names  of  States ;  those  of  the  National  Congress  under  the 
titles  of  the  Acts. 

liocal  SiVents.  Events  of  only  local  interest  are  indexed  under  the  names  ot  the  towns  or  cities  in  which  they  occur,  and  also 
under  the  names  of  the  persons  directly  connected  with  each  occurrence. 

Names.  The  name  of  every  town  and  city  is  indexed  in  its  alphabetical  order;  every  personal  name  is  also  indexed  except 
those  remotely  or  perfunctorily  connected  with  an  event. 

Newspapers,  etc.  The  names  of  newspapers  are  commonly  indexed  under  the  name  of  the  place  of  publication ;  the  denomi- 
national papers  are  indexed  under  the  names  of  the  denominations  who  publish  them ;  some  others  appear  under  their  own 
name. 

Personal  Names.  Full  personal  names  are  commonly  given  in  the  index,  but  often  abbreviated  in  the  text,  especially  those 
■of  Europeans,  Asiatics,  and  South  Americans.  Members  of  the  British  peerage  are  commonly  indexed  under  their  family  names, 
these  are  often  less  familiar  than  the  title  name;  but  the  former  may  be  readily  found  by  following  the  references  given  under 
the  title  name,  as  under  *'  Palmerston,  Viscount,"  may  be  found  "  See  Temple,  John  Henry." 

Religious  Assemblies.  These  are  commonly  indexed  under  the  denominational  name,  as  "General  Assembly"  under 
"  Presbyterians."  Church  councils  of  world-wide  interest  are  indexed  under  councils ;  some  unusual  or  very  important  national 
gatherings  are  indexed  under  their  proper  titles. 

Religious  Denominations.  Various  religious  denominations  having  a  common  family  name  are  grouped  in  the  index; 
under  the  general  name,  as  *'  Cumberland  Presbyterians  "  follow  "  Presbyterians." 

States.  States  forming  a  component  part  of  a  country,  as  Virginia,  or  Himgary,  are  quite  fully  indexed,  thereby  forming  a 
skeletonized  State  history.  These  references  may  be  much  extended  at  the  option  of  the  reader,  by  turning  to  the  references 
iound  under  the  names  of  important  cities,  as  Albany,  Buffalo,  and  New  York  City  to  obtain  a  fuller  history  of  New  York  State. 

1164 


INDEX  AND  APPENDIX. 

Note.  —  The  numerals  enclosed  with  parentheses  are  year-dates;  the  ahbrevlations  are  chiefly  those  in  familiar  use,  but  a  full 
list  may  be  foimd  on  the  opposite  page.    Text  figures  denote  page ;  superior  figures  indicate  column. 


Aa,  Charlemagne's  victory  at,  770'. 

,  Christian  Peter  Eobide  van  der,  b.-d., 

110-1'. 
Aachen.    See  Alx-la-Chapelle,  773' . 
Aagaard,  Niels,  b.-d.,  6362. 
Aagesen,  Svend,  b.  635' . 
Aahmes  I.,  b.,  0503  ;  patron  of  art,  646»-3  ; 

reigus  ;  marries;  war  Hyksos,  649'. 
Aangeleken  mission,  601' . 
Aarestrup,  Carl  Ludwig  Emil,  b.,  6382  ;  d., 

6103. 
Aargau  canton,  joins  Act  Mediation,  11382. 

,  peace  of,  11373. 

Aaron,  consecrated,  11403  ;  rod  of,  11403  ; 

forbidden  Canaiui ;  d.,  11403. 

,  Samuel,  b.  (1800) ;  il.,  ^47'. 

Aaronson,  Bp.  .Jon,  executed,  232, 1049*; 
Aarssens,  Frans  van,  b.-d.  10983.  '  "<' 

Aasen,  Ivar  Andreas,  b.,  1104' . 
Aba  or  Owen,  king,  5032. 

,  Samuel,  d.,  6022. 

Abaka  Khan,  emperor,  d.  11063. 
Abamonti,  Giuseppe,  b.,  10842  ;  d.,  10862. 
Abancourt,  Charles  Xavier  Joseph  Fran- 

queville,  b.,  7023  ;  d.,  7082. 
Abano,  Pietro  di,  b.-d.,  10762. 
Abanzit,  Piriuin,  b.,  6923  ;  d.,  703' . 
Abarca,  Don  Joaquin,  b.-d.,  11302. 

,  Maria  de,  d.,  11283. 

Abaeoal,  Jos^  Fernando,  b.-d.,  11283. 
Abbad  1.,  d.,  11262. 

U.,  b.-d.,  11272. 

III.,  b.-d.,  11262. 

Abbadie,  Antoine  Thomson  d',  b.,  719' . 

,  Amaud  Michel  d',  b.,  7222. 

,  Jacques,  b.,  6902  ;  Christian  Religion, 

6903  ;  d.,  6982. 
Abbas  the  Great,  b.-d.,  11063  ;  reigns,  11072. 

II.,  reigns,  11072  ;  d.  (1666). 

III.,  reigns,  11072  ;  d.  (1736). 

Mirsa,  b.-d.,  11063. 

Pasha,  b.-d.,  6.563  ;  reigns,  6573,  6613. 

Abbassides,  dynasty,  4853,  6^2, 
Abbassids,  overthrow  Tooloonide  dynasty, 

11552. 
Abbate,  Niccolo  de,  II.,  b.  (1512) ;  d.  1081' . 
Abbatucci,  Giacomo  Pietro,  b.,  6982 ,  d., 

7192. 
,  Jacques  Pierre  Charles,  born,  7082 ; 

d.,  7322. 
Abbe,  Cleveland,  b.,  1482. 
Abbendon,  Edmund  de',  archbp.,  852*. 
Abbeokuta,  settled,  11612. 
Abbett,  Leon,  b.  (1836) ;  gov.,  375'  ;  inaug. 

fov.,  3193;  nom.for.gov.,  345'  ;  d.,476T. 
beville  redeemed,  679';  monument  of 
Courbet,  760' . 

Abbey  Craig,  Wallace  monument  at,  972'. 

,  Edwin  .A.ustin,  b.,  170' . 

,  Fonthill,  erected,  9262. 

Abbeys  suppressed  in  Mexico,  10962 :  in 
Port.,  11113  ;  in  Spain,  1130*. 
•  Abbo  Cernuus,  b.,  6662  ;  d.  (923). 

—  Floriacensis,  b.-d.,  G662. 

Abbot,  Benjamin,  b.,  723  ;  d.,  166' . 

,  Ge<jrge,  b.,  872'  ;  Archbp.   Canter- 
bury, 8782  ;  d.  8822. 

— — > H.  (Almy),  Itills  Miss  Warden, 

3882 ;  hanged,  4303. 

,  Gorham  D.,  b.,  114'  ;  d.,  2842. 

Abbots  executed,  8683. 

Abbotsford  Club  fomided,  949'. 

Abbott,  Benjamin,  b.,  62';  d.,  106'. 

,  Charles,    b.  (1757);    speaker,   9313; 

d.  (1829). 

. L.  Colchester,  b.,9143  ;  d.,  946' . 

,   ,    Baron    Tenterden,    b.,   9162 ; 

chief  Justice,  9393  ;  d.  (1832). 

,  Edwin  Abbott,  9482. 

,  Emma,  b.  (1850   ) ;  d.,  S74». 

,  Evelyn,  b.,  9522. 

,  Ezra,  b.,  128' ;  d.,  3162. 


Abbott,  Henry  L.,  b.,  1382  ;  Col.,  322' . 

,  Jacob,  b.,  1102  ;  d.,  3022. 

,  Jo.,  M.  C,  b.  152' . 

,  Joel,  d.,  134'. 

,  John  Joseph  Caldwell,  b.  (1811) ;  new 

Ministry,  5923  ;  Premier,  593' ;  resigns, 

595';  d.,596. 
, Stephens  Cabot,  b.,  1122  ;  works, 

277';  2842;  d.,  2942. 

, T.,  envoy,  3513. 

,  Joseph  G., electoral  commission,  295' . 

,  Lyman,  b.,  144' ;  works,  2643  ;  2412  ; 

2683  ;  2803  ;   3163  ;    3503  ;  4203  ;  438' ;  in 

Plymouth  Church,  3463,  352' . 

,  Samuel,  b.,  62' ;  d.,  1182. 

Abbt,  Thomas,  b.,  8002  ;  d.,  8023. 
Abdallah,  revolts,  4852  ;  ruler,  4882 ;  d., 

4881. 

—  ben  Abd-el  Mottalib,  d.  483' . 
ebn  Zobeyr,  slain,  4853. 

Ibn-Balkeen,    dethroned,    11272; 

d.  (1073)«. 

Mohammed,  d.,  11262. 

Yasim,  b.,  9' ;  founds  Morabites, 

9';  d.,  4863. 

Ibnool  Hijaree,  b.-d.,  11262. 

Abdalmelek,  b.  (645) ;  reigns,  6562  ;  in  Asia 
M.,  10302  ;  d.,  4842. 

Abd-al-Mu'min,  in  Tunis,  11392. 

Abdastartus,  king,  11432. 

Abd-el-Aziz,  first  emir,  11253. 

Azziz,  sultan,  4873  ;  d.,  4863. 

Kader,  b.,  9';  revolts,  82;  sub- 
mits, 83  ;  at  Mecca,  9' ;  in  Fr.,  93  ;  res- 
cues Christians,  11582  ;  pilgi-image,4883  ; 
banished,  728' ;  released,  7332  ;  d.,  4863. 

Qhilanee,  d.,  11063. 

Wahab,  b.-d.,  founds  Wahabis, 

4863. 

Abd-er-Rahman,  califate  est.,  4853  ;  de- 
feated by  Charles  Martel,  486',  664'; 
d.  (732). 

I.,    b.-d.,    11252 ;    King   of 

Spain,  11253  ;  founds  academies,  founds 
Mosque,  11252. 

II.,  d.,  11262. 

III.,  b.  (891) ;  caUf ,  d.,  11262. 

,  ravages  Armenia,  1155' . 

,  poet,  53. 

Khan,  b.,  defeats  Shere  Ali, 

43  ;  rebels,  52  ;  in  Kandahar,  in  Herat, 
62 ;  resists  Kussians,  63  ;  Ameer,  sole 
ruler,  7';  reorganizes  government  at 
Kabub,  72. 

Abdi-Milkut,  revolts,  11453. 

Abdon,  judges  Israel,  11432. 

Abdoola.Jan,  the  heir,  53;  d.,43. 

Abdul-Assiz,  b.-d.,  11563;  reigns,  1159'; 
murdered,  11583. 

Hamid  I.,  b.-d.,  11563  ;  reigns,  11572. 

II.,  b.,  11563  ;  reigns,  11592. 

Abdul,  LatU,  died,  4863. 

Majiil,  b.-d.,  ll.'>63  ;  reigns,  11673. 

Abdullah,  sultan,  10492. 

College,  549' . 

Abdy,  John  Thomas,  b.  9403. 

A'Becket,  Arthur  William,  b.  (1837) ;  d., 
10062. 

,  Gilbert  Abbott,  b.,  936' ;  Punch,  or 

London  Charivari ;  d.  (1866). 

,  Thomas,  b.-d.,  8482  •  chanc,  opposes 

k.,  851 ' ;  ambassador  to  Fr.,671 2 ;  Archbp. 
Canterbury,  8602  ;  flees  to  Fr.,  reconciled 
to  k.,  8512  ;retums,murdered,  8512;  can- 
onized, 8602  ;  "  a  rebel,"  bones  burned, 
8683.  , 

Abed-nego,  fiery  furnace,  y463. 

Abeel, David,  b.,  112' ;  raiss.,  1363  ;  d.  (1846). 

Gustavus,  president  synod,  1702. 

Abeih,  Theological  School  est.,  11582. 

Abeille,  M.,  shot,  7623. 

Abel,    reigns,    637';    claims    Schleswig; 

1165 


against  archbp.,  636' ;  assassinates  Erlo- 
kUled,  637'. 

Abel,  shepherd,  1139' ;  sacrifice,  11392. 

,  Joseph,  b.,  5463  ;  d.,  5202. 

,  Niels  Henrik,  b.-d.,  1104' . 

,  Ougian  surrenders,  1118' . 

Abi51ard,  Pierre,  b.-d.,  6683  ;  heresies,  0683  ; 
condemned,  G69';  Introductions,  GG&^ . 

Abell,  G.  W.,  d.,468'. 

Abenezra,  Abraham  (Abraham  ben  Meir 
ibuEzra),  b.-<I.,  11262. 

Abensberg,  Austrians  defeated,  5183. 

Abercorn,  Earl  of,  title  created,  8772;  Mar- 
quis of,  title  created,  9252 ;  Duke  of, 
title  created,  967' .    (See  Hamilton.) 

Abercrombie  lost  at  sea^  9513. 

Abercrombie,  Baron,  title  created,  931 ' . 

,  James,  b.,  562  ;  at  New  York,  at  Al- 
bany, 70';  commander;  leaves  Ticon- 
deroga,  702  ;  d.,  9222. 

,  John,  b.,  9203  ;  d.,  9522. 

, ,  Jos.,  b.  (1802) ;  d.  294' . 

, ,  b.  (1802);   at  Martinsburg, 

1962  ;  d.  (1887). 

Abercromby,  James,  Lord  Dunfermline, 
b.,  9203  ;  speaker,  9473  ;  d.  (1858). 

,  Patrick,  b.  (1656) ;  d.,  9062. 

,  Sir  Ralph,  b.,  9082  ;  at  Aboukir,  at 

Alexandria,  656' ,  714' ;  at  Zuyper  Slays, 
1102' ;  d.,  9303. 

Aberdare,  Baron,  title  created,  975' . 

Aberdeen  fnd.,  8462  ;  burned,  858' ;  King's 
Coll.  fnd.,  university  fnd., 8663, 877 ' ;  see 
fnd. ,9063;  Aberdeen  Journal \i-s\ie(\,SlS^ ; 
Spalding  Club  fnd.,  949' ;  Social  Science 
Association  meets,  974';  Bp.  Douglas 
cons.,  9862;  Brit.  AsBO.  sits,  988';  statue 
of  General  Gordon,  998' . 

,  Countess,  gift,  6003. 

,  Earl,  title,  8932.    (See  Gordon.) 

Abergale,  W.,  railroad  accident,  9733. 

Abergati,  Capacelli  Francesco  d',  b., 
10842. 

Abergavenny,  Marquis  of,  title  created 
(Neville),  976'. 

Abergavenny  wrecked,  9333. 

Abernettry,  G.,  governor,  161' . 

,  John,  b.  in  Ire.,  8942  ;  d.,  9103. 

, ,  b.  in  Eng.,  9102  ;  d.,  9442. 

Abert,  John  James,  b.  (1788) ;  d.,  2272. 

Aberystwith  College  founded,  9763 ;  li- 
brary opened,  10082. 

Abich,  Wilhelni,  b.,  8082  ;  d.,  832'. 

Abigail,  marries  David,  1143' . 

Abihu,  offers  strange  fire,  11403. 

Abijah,  reigns,  11433. 

,  defeats  Jeroboam,  1142' . 

Abildgaard,  Nikolai  Abraham,  b.,  638' :  d*. 
6382. 

,  Peter  Christian,  b.-d.,  638' ,  2. 

Abilene,  Kan.,  capital  removed,  3333. 

Abimelech,  usurps  government,  1143'; 
kills  brothers,  11423. 

Abingdon  Presbytery  formed,  982. 

,  Del.,  Cokesbury  C*»ll.  opens,  99' . 

,  111.,  Hedding  Coll.  fnd.,  1782. 

,  Va.,  action  at,  2383. 

,  Earl,  title  created  (Bertie  Willongll- 

by),  8932. 

Abinger,  Baron,  title  created,  945'. 

Abiram,  mutinies  against  Moses,  11419. 

Abifihua,  high-priest,  1141' . 

Abjuration  Bill  disputed,  967' . 

Abkar  Khan  rules  Af^an,  52. 

Ablancourt,  Nicholas-Perrot  d',  b.,  686* ; 
d.,  6903. 

Abney,  Capt.,  photographs  disk,  988' . 

Abo,  Univ.  Helsingrors  fnd.,  rem.,  1115*. 

Abolition :  Soc.  organized,  141 ' ;  by  con- 
stitutional amendment  defeated,  2293 ; 
2362. 

Abolition  office  destroyed,  147' . 


1166 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        lNlJil.X^.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Abol-Addi. 


Abolitionists  org.  Liberty  Party,  1512;  in- 
cense the  Whigs,  153  ^;  vote  defeats 
Clay,  1573;  coalesce,  1651 ;  divided,  159  < ; 
(See  Liberty  Party,  Anti-Slavery.) 

Abomey,  entered  by  Gen.  Dodds,  11612. 

Aboo-Hayyan,  b.-d.,  11262. 

Kerltas  mission,  6571 . 

Abool,  Fowaris,  reigns,  6552. 

Hassan,  at  Tarifa,  11261 , 

Kasim,  b.-d.,  11262. 

,  reigns,  6552. 

Abooteeg  mission,  6571 . 

Aboo-Yoosiif-Yakoob,  b.-d.,  11262. 

Aboulcir  captured  by  French,  6561 ;  Turks 
defeated,  7123;  captured,  7141 . 

About,  Edmond  Frangois  Valentin,  b., 
7243;  d.,  7542. 

AbovilW,  Franfois  M.,  b.,  6983;  d.,  7222. 

'•  A.  B.  Plot"  culminates,  1331 . 

Abrabanel,  Isaac,  rabbi,  b.-d.,  11092. 

Abraha  defeated,  4831 . 

Abraham  departs  from  Haran,  11402 ;  visits 
Egyj)t,  6163;  11412;  rescues  Lot,  11401; 
receives  blessing ;  sends  Hagar  away; 
sacrifice  of  Isaac;  digs  wells,  11402;  takes 
civil  oaths ;  buys  burial-place,  11411 . 

,  A.  Sancta-Clara,  b.,  7963;  d.,  7983. 

,  Jarvis,  consecrated  bp.,  1082. 

Abrahams,  Simeon,  d.,  2561 . 

Abrahamson,  Werner  Hans  Friederich, 
b.,  6381;  d.,  6382. 

Abrantes,  Jos6,  Marquis  of,  b.-d.,  11102. 

Abranyi,  Herr,  resigns,  5351 . 

Abrial,  Jos.Andri?,  Comte,  b.,  7003;  d.,7243. 

Abriciuni,  battle  near,  10282. 

Abruzzi  destroyed,  10822. 

Absalom,  causes  assassiiiation,  1143' . 

,  rebels  against  David,  11433;  defeated 

by  Joab  ;  killed,  11421 . 

Absalou,  or  Axel,  archbishop,  b.-d.,  6351 ; 
conquers  Wends,  6352. 

Absimarus  Tiberius  II.,  reigns,  10313;  d., 
(698). 

Absolon,  John,  b.,  9363. 

Abstinents,  origin  of,  10663. 

Abt,  Franz,  b.,  8122;  J.,  8302;  monument, 
8341. 

Abu,  Abdallah  Mohammed,  d.,  4863. 

Ali,  king  Spain,  11253. 

Bekr,  b.-d.,  4931  ;  reigns,  10433,  4851 . 

el  Ala,  d.,  4862. 

Fazl,  d.,  4863. 

Feda,  d.,  4863. 

■  Kasim,  d.,  4863. 

Faras,  d.,  4862. 

Hamed  Mohammed,  b.,  11063. 

Hayyan  Athir-el-Dur,  d.,  4863. 

Klea-Wells,  defeat  at,  6602. 

Abul-Abbas-Abdallah,  b.-d.,  11542, 

Abul  Abbas,  calif,  4853,  6552. 

,  David,  missionary,  6163. 

Abulfaraj,  Gregorius,  b.-d.,  11543. 

Abulfeda,  b.-d.,  11643. 

Abu-Moslem,  d.,  4»42. 

Sofian  defeats  Mohammed,  4841 . 

Teman.  d.,  4862. 

Ahundantia  discovered,  5282. 

Abu-Yamid-Algbazalee,  b.-d.,  11543. 

Zakariya,  founds  dynasty,  11392. 

Abydos,  battle  near,  10203. 

Abyssinia.  (See  text,  pp.  1-3.)  War  wltli 
Great  Britain,  9701 . 

Academic  Legion  opposed,  5223. 

Academies  founded  in  Spain,  11252. 

Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  fnd.  (U.  S. 
A.),  1081 ;  of  Music,  N.Y.,  opened,  1761 ; 
burned,  2533;  of  Design,  Brooklyn, 2541 ; 
of  Medicine,  Conn.,  org.,  2901 ;  of  Natural 
Science,  Phila.,  org.,  1182,  2iK)i ;  of  Sci- 
ence, Phila.,  fnd., 1261  ;  of  Scienec(Aust.). 
6202;  of  Belles-Lettres  (Belg.),  6423;  for 
Painting  (Fr.),  6702;  „f  Fine  Arts,  688' ; 
of  Sciences ;  of  Belles-Lettres,  Paris, 
690';  of  Architecture,  Paris,  6922;  of 
Surgery,  6981 ;  of  Natural  Philosophy, 
7102.  direction  transferred,  6922,  7243;  of 
Sciences  unites  with  University  (Ger.), 
8132;  of  Science  opnd.  (llus.),  11151 ;  An- 
cient, of  Music,  inst.  (G.  B.),  9Mi;  of 
Art,  opnd.  (G.  B.),  9061 ;  of  Music,  fnd., 
9641 ;  of  Naples,  est.,  10781 ;  of  Florence, 
est.,  10802;  of  Arts  fnd.  at  Bologna,  10821 ; 
of  Arcadia  (It.),  fnd.;  of  San  Luca,  re- 
placed, 10883.    (See  National  Academy.) 

Acadia  arrives,  1633. 

Acadia.    (^See  Nova  Scotia.) 

Acadian  libraries  formed,  11411. 

Acamapichtli,  "  chief  of  men,"  10952;  d., 
(1420). 


Acanthus  fnd.,  10163;  canal  opnd.,  10181 . 
Acasius,  patriarch,  excommunicated, 

10303;  excommunicates  Felix  II.,  10703. 
Accius,  b.  (70  B.  c);  dramas  of,  10563. 
Accolti,  Francesco,  b.-<i.,  10783. 
Accordion  invented,  10861 . 
Accrington  riots,  9831 . 
Accum,  Friedrich,  b.,  8031 ;  d.,  8143. 
Acevedo,  Felix  Alvarez,  d.,  11303. 
Acha,  Jose  Maria,  b.  (1805) ;  pres.,  5501  ^ 

6511;  d.,  (1868). 
Acluean  League,  est.,  10272;  rules  Pelopo- 

nesus;  alliance  with  Romans,  10273;  war, 

10281 ;    extinct,    10292  ;    reconstructed, 

10513;  supports  Kome,  10661;  dissolved, 

10571. 
Acha^ans  join  Rome  against  Macedonia, 

10543  ;  detained,  10652  ;  return,  10563. 
Achiemenes  at  Artimisium,  10182. 
Achaeus,  b.,  10191 . 
Achaia,  senatorial  province,  10293;  taken, 

10341;   principality  org.;   Villihardouin 

obtains,6713;  rulers,1035i ;  fief  of  Naples, 

10352;  K.  province,  10571;  ceded,  10681. 
Aclialtzik,  action  at,  11181. 
Achan  sins,  11411. 

Achard,  Franz  K.,  b.,8022  ;  d.,  8122. 
,  Louis    Am^d^^    Eugfene,    b.    (1814); 

works,  7303  ■  d.  (1875). 
Achates,  naval  action,  9361 . 
Aclienbach,  Andreas,  b.,  8103. 
Achenwall,  Gottfried,  b.,  7983  ;  d.,  8031 . 
Achilles,  Tatius,  b.,  6642. 
,  in  Trojan  War,  10141 ;  d.,  10142;  statue, 

SM02. 
Acliilleus,  Lucius  Elpidius,  leads  revolt, 

10661 ;  becomes  einp.,  6551 ;  killed,  6M1 . 
Achilliui,  Alessandro,  b.,  10783;  d.,  10802. 
Acliinese,  war  with  Sumatra,  11021. 
Achniet  Bey  defeats  French,  726*. 

,  El  Mahdi,  d.,  6611 . 

I.,  b.  (1589)  ;  reigns,  11672;  d.  (1607). 

II.,  b.  (1642)  ;  reigns,  11572  ;  d.  (1696). 

III.,  b.-d.,  11563  ;  reigns,  11672. 

--Vchonry,  Ire.,  see    erected,  8403 ;    joins 

Tuani,9462;  John  Lyster,con8.  bp.,9983. 
Aclioris  reigns  (Egy.),  6513. 
Acldalius,  Valeus,  b.-d.,  7922. 
Ackermann,  ,Iohaun  Christian  Gottlieb, 

b.,  8023;  d.,  8071. 

,  Johannes,  work,  7851 . 

Ackland,  John  Dvke,  d.,  9203. 

Acland,  Arthur  Herbert  Dyke,  minister, 

10092. 
Aconzio,  Giocomo,  b.,  10783  ;  d.  (1566). 
Acorns  as  food,  10131 . 
Acosta,  Jasi  d',  b.-d.,  11282. 

,  Santos,  prov.  pres.,  6292. 

,  Tomas  de.  Gov.,  6303. 

,  Uriel,  b.-<l.,  11102. 

Acquia  Creek,  army  base,  2151 , 

Acra;  founded,  1061 1 . 

Acre,  siege  of,  6541-2,7122;  taken,4872-3; 

6562-3,  6701 ,  10321 ,  10341 . 
Acrelius,  Israel,  b.,  581 ;  d.,  1082. 
-\crisius  divides  kingdom,  10133. 
Acronius  defeats  Arabs,  10321 . 
Acropolis  taken,  10182  ;  seized,  10222. 
Acropolita,  b.-d.,  10342. 
Acs,  battle  at,  6222. 
Act  of  Grace,  8993;  passes,  9072. 

of  Mediation  passed,  11382. 

of  Settlement  passed,  9031 . 

of  Supremacy  passed,  8682,  8692. 

Actinometer  invented,  9421 , 
Actium,  battle  of,  10281 . 

,  war  of,  10603. 

Active  takes  ships.  9342. 

A<rtoii,  Baron,  title  created,  9651 . 

-lictors'Pmid  est.,  3131;  fair  receipts, 4063; 

statistics,  4311. 

,  Lord  Admiral's  Company,  8762. 

Actresses  dominate  king,  893" . 

Acts,  Book  of,  written,  11531 . 

i.yi    Parliament    printed,  8663.      (See 

Titles  of  Acts.) 
Actuarial  Soc.  meets,  3563;    fnd.,  Eng., 

9M1. 
Acuna,  Juan  de,  viceroy,  6I2. 
Ada  <7*/7«orf,  collision,  9973. 
Adair,  John,b.,  722;  gov. Ky., 1292;  d., 1511. 

,  Sir  Robert,  b.,  9162  ;  d.,  9603. 

,  station  robbed,  4223. 

Adairsville,  Confederate,  defeated,  2331 . 
Adalbert,  archbp.,  b.-d.,  7742  ;  against  re- 
gent ;  seclusion,  7753. 
St.,  Bp.  of  Prague,  b.-d.,  5022  ;  miss. 

to  Pruss. ;  murdered;  bones,  7742, 
,  Archbp.  of  Mentz,  d.,  776*. 


Adaload,  K.  of  It.,  10731 ;  poisoned,  10713. 

Adalulf  executed,  7712. 

Adam,  written,  6711 . 

created,  11392  ;  horticulturalist ;  fall, 

11391 . 

,  Adolphe  Charles,  b.,  7143  ;  d.,  732». 

,  Albreeht,  b.,  8043  ;  d.,  8202. 

,  Alex.,  b.,  9103  ;  d.,  9343. 

,  John,  b.    (1779) ;    gov.    Ind.,  10472  j 

d.  (1825). 

,  Lambert  Sigisbert,  b.,  6943  ;  d.,  7023. 

,  Melchior,  b.  (1551) ;  d.,  7943. 

,  Robert,  b.,  9081 ;  d.,  9262. 

,  Wm.,  b.,  9123  ;  d.,  9482. 

,  Wm.  Patrick,  b.  (1823) ;  gov.  Madras, 

1(M53  ;  d.  (1881). 

of  Bremen,  d.,  7742. 

,  duelist,  9212,  9292. 

Adams  ordered  to  Samoa,  3381 . 

,  inventor,  sewing-machine,  1261, 

,  Abigail,  b.,  662  ;  d.,  1262. 

,  Alva,  gov.  Colo.,  3292. 

,  Alvin,  express,  1533  ;  d.  (1882). 

,  Andrew  Leith,  b.,  9422. 

,  Charles  Baker,  b.,  1231 ;  d.,  1722. 

, Francis,  b.,  1141 ;  nominated  for 

vice-pres.,  1651 ;  electoral  vote,  1652  ;  on 
Committee  of  33,  1891 ;  in  Alabama  Ar- 
bitration, 2762;  d.,  3242. 

, Kendall,  b.,  1441 ;  leaves  Cornell 

University;  Pres.  University  Wis. ,4221; 
works,  2871,4781. 

,  Daniel,  b.  (1773) ;  d.,  2361 . 

,  Hannah,  b.,  711 ;  d.,  1401 . 

,  Henry,  b.  (1838);  works,  3123,  3502, 

3962,  3743. 

, deposed,  4341 . 

,  Herbert   Baxter,   b.    I68I ;    World's 

Fair,  3881. 

,  ilanies  Hopkins,  b.  (1811±1:  gov.  S.  C, 

1772  ;  d.  (1861). 

,  James  H.,  Conf.  Commissioner,  1892. 

,  fJewett  W.,  gov.  Nev.,  3153. 

,  John,  b.,  622  ;  graduates,  712  ;  mar- 
ries, 741 ;  Circular  Letter,  763  ;  on  Inde- 
pendence ;  prediction  ;  committee,  833  ; 
with  Howe,  853 ;  ambassador  to  Fr., 
892  ;  commissioner,  892,  952  ;  in  Paris, 
treaty  with  Holland ;  minister  to  Hol- 
land, 953  ;  minister  to  England,  973  ;  de- 
mands frontier  posts,  991 ;  recalled,  993* 
electoral  vote;  vice-pres.,  1012;  electoral 
vote,  1032  ;  re-elected  vice-pres. ;  leads 
Federalists,  1033;  vice-pres.,  105 1 ;  elec- 
toral vote ;  inaugurated  pres.,  1073 ;  elec- 
toral vote,  1112;  presidential  candidate; 
internal  improvements,  1332;  d.,  1341. 

, ,  Maj.-Gen.,  b.  (1825) ;  near  Jas- 
per, 2083  ;  d.  (1864). 

, Couch,  b.,  9383  ;  d.  (1892). 

,  J.  G.  B.,  commander  G.  A.  K.,  436». 

, — —  Quincy,    b.,   74 1 ;    works,    1043; 

1083;  marries;  minister  to  Prus.,  IO91 ;  to 
France,  1093  ;  prof,  at  Harvard,  1143 ; 
Treaty  of  Ghent,  1233  ;  Sec.  State,  1233; 
vote,  1292;  1332;  1372;  inaugurated  pres., 
1333;  pres.  candidate,  1371 ;  enters  Cong., 
1392  ;  signs  Delavan's  declaration,  1451 ; 
oration ;  organizes  House,  1512  ;  carries 
motion,  1591 ;  appearance  in  Cong.,  1652; 
honored,  1632;  d.,  1641. 

, ,  declines  nom.  for  pres.,  2792; 

d.  4681. 

, K.,  d.,  2542. 

,  Julius  Walker,  b.  (1812) ;  d.,  2482.        , 

,  Nehemiah,  b.,  II22  ;  d.,  2982. 

,  Robert,  envoy,  3513. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  6OI ;    on   taxation,  743  ; 

town  meeting,  773 ;  pardon  withheld, 
813  ;  gov.  Mass.,  1052  ;  electoral  vote  for 
pres.,  1073  ;  d.,  1102. 

, ,  gov.  Ark.,  1591 . 

,  Silas,  b.,  1502. 

Adams,  William,  b.,  1141;  moderator, 
1722;  d.,3Mi. 

, Forbes,  b.  (1833) ;  bp.,  2882. 

, Henry  Davenport,  a.,  10062. 

, Taylor,  b.,  1301 . 

.  Gen.  Wirt,  takes  Montgomery,  2461. 

Adainslioop,  mission  at,  IIO61 . 

Adans  le  Roi  (Adenet) ;  Les  enfances  Offitft 
Bcrte  aux  grans  Pies,  6731 . 

Adanson,  Michel,  b.,  6982  ;  d.,  7163. 

Adarpalesara,  reigns,  11432. 

Adrtelah,  occupied,  8332. 

Adderly,  Mr.,  Birminzliam  Park,  9602. 

Addington,  Baron,  title  creatcni,  9963. 

,  Henry,  Viscount  .Sidnioiith,  b.,  9143; 

speaker,   9253;   prime   minister,  9312; 


I 


f 


Addi-Agri. 


Text  Figures  danota  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1167 


resigns,  933a  ;  Green  Bag  Inquiry;  cir- 
ciilar  letter,  9-293  ;  d.,  9522. 
931»;  resigns,  9332;  Green  Bag  Inquiry, 
circular  letter,  92D3;  (I.,  9522. 

Addington,  Lord.    (See  Hubbard.) 

Addison,  David,  b.,  1»42. 

,  Josejih,  b.,  8922;  works,  9023,  gojs; 

minister,  9072;  d.,  9062. 

Additional  Curates'  Society,  fnd.,  9483. 

Addleti  Parliament  meets,  881  ^ . 

Add-Rau  Christian  Univ.  £nd.,  2823. 

Addyman,  John,  work  in  Canada,  5783. 

Adee,  Alvev  A.,  in  State  Dept.,  359'  ,4472. 

Adel.a.ar  (Cort  Sivertsen),  b.,  6362;  d.,6363. 

Adelaide,  fnd.,  4952;  bishopric  est.,  9543; 
library  fnd.,  4942;  Methodist  mission, 
4962;  'gold  income,  4973;  Parliament 
opens,  561t ;  Bp.  Kennion  cons.,  9862. 

,  Eugene  Louise,  b.,  70*3;  d.  730' . 

,  queen,  b.,  9262;  marries  Otho;  army 

of  deliverance,  773' ;  d.,  9542. 

Adelbero  of  Eppenstein,  duke,  5032. 

Adelbert,  King  of  Italy,  10733. 

,  St.,  murder  avenged,  7752;  con- 
demned, 10723. 

,  pretender,  6643. 

College.  (See  Western  Reserve  Col- 
lege.) 

Adelgreif,  .lohann  Albert,  d.,  7963. 

Adelheld,  Queen,  regent,  7752. 

Adeline  sinks  Lottery.  120' . 

Adelmus,  b.  (656);  teaches  Latin  in  Eng. 
843' ;  d.  (709). 

Adelon,Nieola8  Philibert,  b.,  705' ;  d.,  7.342. 

Adelung,  Friedrich,  von,  b.,  803' ;  d.  8162. 

,  Johann  Christian,  b.,  8OO2  ;  d.,  8082. 

Aden,  Br.  possession.  4882,9493;  mission, 
661';  seizure  at_,  5632;  Brit,  ship  plun- 
dered ;  expedition  against ;  annexed, 
10473;  telegraph  to  Suez,  11583. 

AdeJHlatus  I.,  St.,  pope,  1071' ;  d.,  1072' . 

II.,  pope,  10722  ;  d.,  1072' . 

Adeona.  asteroid,  discovered,  288' . 

Ader,  Michael  (Wandering  Jew),  in  Paris, 
6892. 

Adet,  Pierre  Auguste,  b.,  703' ;  d.,  726' . 

Adeer  College,  S.  C,  organized,  2963. 

Adhahahebi,  b.  d.,  4863. 

Adhemar,  Giraud,  rules  Orange,  6712. 

Adherbal,  naval  command.,  10523;  d.  (112). 

Adll  Shahi,  dynastv  reigns,  10433. 

Adjudication  of  Claims  Bill,  379' . 

Adler,  Dr.,  Uned  as  anarchist,  833' . 

,  Felix,  b.  (1851) ;  on  Ethical  Culture, 

3723. 

,  George  J.,  b.,  130' ;  d.,  2622. 

,  Herman,  chief  rabbi,  IOO62. 

,  Jakob  Georg,  b.,  638' ;  d.,  6382. 

,  Nathan  Marcus,  b.  (1803) ;  d.  1(X)2' . 

Adler  wrecked,  832' . 

./Idlerberg,  Vladimir,  b.,  11162;  d.,  1120' . 

Admella  lost,  4973. 

Administration  1st  U.  S.  A.  1012.  (See 
quadrenniums  ending  as,  1801-5-9-13-17- 
21,  etc.) 

Administrative  Tariff  Bill  passes,  353' . 

Admiral,  ranking  otHcer,  256' ;  rank  abol- 
ished, 280' . 

Admiralty  Board  abolition,  9652. 

Adneh  ceded,  6572. 

Adolf  (.\dolphu8)  of  Nassau,  b.,  7802  ;  en- 
throned, 5(Ca  ;  in  Meissen,  782' ;  king, 
conflict  with  Albert  I. ;  killed,  7823. 

the  Young,  receives  Holstein,  6353. 

Adolphus,  (;ount  of  Holstein,  b.-d.,  7762  ; 
captured,  035' ;  released,  6353. 

,  Duke  of  Cambriilge,  d.,  9562. 

— ,  Frederick  of  Holstein-Gottorp, reigns, 

George,  Prince,  married,  8343  ;  1005' ; 

d.,  836'" 
- — ,  John,  b.,  9163  ;  d.,  9522. 
Adolphustown,  L.  Cecil  drowned,  5882. 
Adonijah  competes  for  crown,  11433. 
Adonis,  temple  built,  11532. 
Adores,  asteroid,  discovered,  748' . 
Adrets,  Fran9oi8  de  Beaumont,  b.,  68O2  ; 

d.,6»42.        '  .      .  . 

Adria,  asteroid,  discovered,  5282. 

Adrian  College,  Mich.,  org.,  1843. 

,  Robert,  refuses  credentials,  449' . 

,  Garnett  B.,  d.,  2982. 

Adriani,  Giovanni  Battista,  Histryn/,  10832. 

Adri.uiople,  action  at,  10282;  taken,  1034' 
Kussians advance,  1116' ;  Peace  of,  11173 
11123;  earthquake,  11502;  capital,  11542 
taken  by  Turks,  11542  ;  occupied,  11563 
taken,  1158' ;  R.  R.  opened,  11,583. 

fanatic,  asteroid,  discovered,  9602. 


Adriatic,  launched,  1793. 

AduUah,  supported,  1044'. 

AduUam,  cave  of,  11433. 

Adulteration  of  food  prohibited,  855' . 

Adultery,  death  penalty,  41 ' , 

Adurate,  Diego,  b.-tl.,  11282. 

Advance,  for  Arctic  Sea,  166' ;  with  Kane's 
expedition,  173' ;  deserted,  176' . 

Adventists,  U.  S.  A.,  Battle  Creek  Coll. 
est.,  2863;  favor  temperance,  333' ;  Gen. 
Convention,  Mich.,  ^4' . 

Adventists,  Seventh  Day,  theory,  8822. 
(See  Baptists.) 

Advertisements,  duty  abolished,  9592. 

JK^ean  Sea  named,  10132. 

^Egeus,  King,  10133;  drowned,  1013' ,  2. 

.«;jtldius.  King,  66.33. 

j-Egila,  major-domo  ;  murdered,  771 ' . 

.^gina,  temple  of  Athene,  10162  ;  block- 
aded, 10183;  surrenders,  1019';  temple 
of  .Jupiter,  10203  ;  captured,  10262. 

j^gina,  asteroid,  discovered,  736' . 

iEgisthus,  paramour  of  Clytemuestra ;  as- 
sassinates Atreus,  10143. 

^gle,  asteroid,  discovered,  7382. 

.^g:ospotamos,  action  at,  1022',  10232. 

^Ifric,  b.  (955    )  ;  works,  8463. 

Society  founded,  9523. 

^lia,  colony  in  Jerusalem,  11533. 

iElian,  Claudius,  b.,  10283. 

^Ila  in  Sussex,  8412. 

jEmilia,  province  formed,  1089' . 

yEmilianus,  C.  Julius,  reigns,  10293, 1067' . 

i-Emilius,  Marcus,  regent  of  Egypt,  653' . 

,  Paulus,  contest  witli  Ger.,  768' . 

, Lucius  (Macedonius),  b.-d.,  1053' ; 

at  Pydna,  1028' ;  triumph,  10292. 

.i1i]neas,  settles  in  Latium,  1051' . 

,  the  Trojan,  in  It.,  11432. 

j^neas  founders,  9333. 

jEneid,  trans,  by  Thomas  Phaer,  873' . 

Jli^nso,  mission  at,  11613. 

^olpile,  constructed,  652*. 

^pinus,  Franz  Maria  Ulnch  Theodor 
Hock,  b.,  8002;  d.,  807'. 

^qui  defeated,  1050' . 

jEnolite,  in  Cal.,  Kan.,  426';  near  Ap- 
sheron, 1122' . 

.^ropus,  conquers  Illyrians,  1016' . 

Machines,  b.-<l.,  1023';  acquitted,  10252; 
orations,  1025'  ;  leader  Macedonian 
party,  10252. 

.fflschylus,  b.-d.,  10162;  works,  1017'; 
writes  music,  1019' ;  manuscript,  1027' . 

.ffisculapius,  worshiped,  1053' . 

^Esernia,  colonv  at,  10533. 

^sop,  b.,  10162  ;  Fables  appear,  10163 ; 
printed,  8643. 

iKsopius,  Clodius,  b.,  10583. 

vEthelwold,  Rule  of  Monastic  Life,  8443. 

^thra  asteroid  discovered,  280' . 

>Etlus,  b.-d.,  10682  ;  at  Lutchia  (Paris), 
6622;  expels  Franks,  6633;  defeats  Attila, 
768' ,  1070' . 

,  surgeon,  flourishes,  10302. 

..^tolia,  against  Athens,  1019' ;  seized, 
1035'. 

.^tolian  League,  fnd.,  10272;  against 
Philip  V. ;  against  Achiean  League ; 
crushed,  10273. 

iEtolians,  against  Macedonia,  10543;  de- 
feated in  Greece,  1055' . 

Affirmation  Bill  introduced,  9912. 

Affre,  Denis  Auguste,  b.,  7()82;  archbp.; 
killed,  7312;  d.,  7302. 

Afghanistan,  kingdom  set  up,  11073; 
partly  anjiexed  to  Persia,  11072;  bound- 
aries discussion,  11212.    (See  text,  p.  4.) 

Afghans  invade  India;  expelled  1044'; 
war  with,  1046' ;  war  second,  10482. 

Afraiiius,  Lucius,  writes  comedies,  10563. 

,  Nepos  ,    surrenders   at    Ilerda, 

1060'. 

Africa,  Greek  provinces  conqtiered,  10302; 
coast  devastated,  10523;  Ciesar's  war 
against,  1060' ;  united  to  Numidia,  10613; 
liquor  traffic,  5463;  Ger.  expedition; 
Ger.  obtains  coasting  trade,  8352,  8382  ; 
Ger.  possessions  sold,  8363;  Fr.  expedi- 
tion, 753';  reenforcenient  funds,  7672; 
By.  Smythies  cons.,  9862 

African  Association  formed,  924' ;  Co. 
chartered,  Eng.,  8773;  A.  excitement, 
Eng.,  8622;  A.  expedition  of  Mungo 
Park  by  Henry  Salt,  9322:  A.  and  East 
India  Co.  incor.,  9013;  A.  Institution 
fnd.,  9352;  A.  exploration  Fund  (Eng.), 
982' ;  expeditions.  (See  Kongo  Free 
State,  p.  1093-1094.) 


African  Meth.  Epis.  Ch.    (See  Methodist.) 

Travelers'  Congress,  544' . 

Africanus,  Sextus  Julius,  d.,  1152' . 
Afro.-Am.  League  org.,  359';  cuuvention, 

351 ' ;  at  Knoxville,  3872. 
Afzelius,  Adam,  b.-d.,  11342. 
Afzul,  Khan,  Brit,  resident,  7' . 
Ag:adir,  Dutch  trade  at,  lu972. 
Agag,  King,  spared,  1142' ,  2. 
Aga-Mahmaoud  I.,  reigns;  assasstnated, 

11073. 
Agamemnon.  King,  in  Trojan  War,  1014' ; 

reigns,  1015' ;  assassinated,  10143. 
Agamemnon  launched,  984';   lays  cable, 

1833. 
Agapetus  I.,  St.,  Pope,  10703;  d.  (536). 

II.,  Pope,  10723;  d.  (956). 

Agar,  Jean  Antoine  Michel,  d.,  7283. 
Agardh,  Karl  Adolf,  b.-d.,  11342. 
Agasias  of  Ephesus,  b.,  10243. 
Agassiz,  Louis  Jean  Rodolphe,  b.,  114'; 

scientific  expedition,  5562;    on   glacial 

period,  814' ;  on  fishes,  814' ;  d.  282' . 
Agatharchus,  b.-d.,  1019'. 
Agathias,  b.,  10303;  d.  (582). 
Agathocles,  eclipse,  10263;  at  Ecnorans, 

1052' ;  rules,  10532. 
Agathon,  b.  (447    );  prize  in  tragedy,  10212. 

,  St.,  Pope,  10722. 

Ageladas,  b.,  1021 ' ;  d.  (460    ). 

Agesander,  b.,  1021' . 

Agesilaus  II.,  b.-d.,  1021';  invades  Asia; 

leader,  1022';   ravages  Corinthian  ter. ; 

invades    Bocotis,    10222;    at    Mantinea, 

10223;  reigns,  10232;  in  Egypt,  10233. 
Agesipolis  III.,  reigns,  10273;  d.  (219  B.C.). 
Aghadoe,  bishopric  est.,  8403. 
Agha  Mahmoud,  captures  Kerman,  11062j 

massacres  captives,  11073. 
Aghrim,  battle  of,  898' . 
Agida;,  dynasty,  kings,  1015'. 
Agier  Pierre  Jean,  b.,  7003;  d.,  7242. 
Agilulph,  King  of  It.,  1073' . 
Agincourt,  battle,  676' . 
Agis  II.,  in  Attica,  10202,  a-  d.  (398  B.C.). 

III.,  killed,  10242. 

IV.,  reforms,  10272;  d.  (240  B.C.). 

Agita,  reigns,  11253. 

Agliardi,'M.,  internuncio,  6242. 

Agnadello,  battle,  680' . 

Agnes,  of  Poitou,  Empress  ;  regent,  7753; 

resigns,  7753;  d.  (1077). 

,  St.,  d.,  10662. 

Agnesi,  Maria  Gietana,  b.,  1083' ;  d.,  10843, 
Agnew,  Cornelius  Rea,  b.,  138' ;  d.,  330'. 

,  David  Hayes,  b.,  1262;  d.,  402' . 

Agnolo,  Baccio  d',  b.,  10783;  d.,  10803. 
Agobard,  Archbp.  of  Lyons,  b.-d.,  6642, 3; 
Agoult,  Marie  de  Flavigny  d',  b.,  714», 

d.,  750'. 
Agra,  taken,  10422;  Taj  Mahal  erected, 

10442;  mission,  10462;  rebellion,  1048' . 
Agrain  University,  opd.,  5283;  sovereign's 

visit,  629';  lives    lost,   630';    Croatian 

Diet,  5312. 
Agrarian  Law,  proposed,  10533;  reenact- 

ment,  1057';  effective  In  Rome,  1()67' 

fails,  10572;  Caesar's,  10592. 
Agresti,  Liviodo  Forti,  d.,  10822. 
Agricius,  Bp.  of  Treves,  7682. 
Agricola,    Cnajius    Julius,    b.-d.,    10622; 

commands    Romans,    builds   forts ;    at 

Grampians,    839';    in    Britain,    1062'; 

rules,  8393;  recalled  from  Britain,  10633. 
,  Georg,  b.,  7862;  mineral  system  of, 

790' ;  surveying,  7922;  d.,  792' . 
,  Johann,  b.,  7862;  works,  791';  d., 

7922. 
Agricultural  College  Act,  2093;  363' ;  372' . 
Colleges  est. ;  Pa.,  211' ;  Ky.,  2423;  est. 

Md.,Ky.,2502,  3;Mass.,2583;Me.,N.H., 

Ore.,  2623;   la.,  2662;   Mo.,  2733;  Ala., 

2782;  O.,   Tex.,  2922;   Miss.,  Ky.,  3042; 

S.   Dak.,   3183;    B.I.,   3323;    N.,J.,   3542; 

Utah,  3662;  N.  Dak.,  3742;  Okla.,  3962. 
Congress,  at  Vieima,  Aust.,  3543;  at 

Indianapolis,  2833. 

exhibition,  1173. 

experiment  stations,  3382. 

Holdings  Act  passes,  9812,  9932. 

Institute,  Belg.,  est.,  544' . 

Laborers'  Bill  passes,  10033. 

Agriculture,  Chilean,  605' . 

departinentfnd.,2073;  executive,  331' ; 

in  presi<iential  succession,  4403. 
Agrigentum,  fnd.,   1051';   temple,  1019'; 

Temple  of  Juno,  10502;  taken,  10542. 
Agrippa,  Heinrich  C,  b.,  7862;  d.,  7!X)2. 
,  Marcus  Vipsanius,  b.-d.,  10583;  con- 


1168 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Coiumn.  Ag^ri-Alar, 


Bul,  10613;  commancier,  10602;  defeats 

Sextus  Pompeius,  10603;   coimnamlB  iu 

Eaflt ;  pontifex  inaximus,  10613  ;  legatus, 

11512. 
Agrippina,   Julia,   b.-d.,   10622 ;    wife   of 

Claudius,  10631 ;  rules  Claudius,  10632  ; 

bauislied;  executed,  106;ii. 
Agrisola,  iludolph  Roel,  of  Huysman,  b.- 

d.,  10982. 
Aguado,  Juan,  interviews  Columbus,  153. 
Aguas,  Calientes,  mission  at,  10962. 
Aguero,  Joaquin  de,  b.  (1816) ;  leads  revolt, 

6323  ;  d.  (1851). 
Aguesseau,  Henri  Francois  d',  b.,  6903 ; 

work,  7032;  d.,  7011. 
Aguila,  Don  Juan  del,  in  Ire.,  8761 . 
Aguilar,  Grace,  b.,  9382  ;  d.  (1817). 

,Manuel,pres.,b.(1800!:),6303;d.(1846). 

Aguirre,  Gen.,  Pres.  Uruguay,  11602. 
,  Lope  de,  b.  (1508) ;  In  Colombia,  223  ; 

d.  (1561). 
Ahab,  defeats  Benhadad  I.,  11421;    de- 
feated, 11441 ;  idolatry  ;  builds  house  of 

ivory,  11142  ;  viceroy  ;  reigns,  11451 . 
Abaz,  alliance    against,  11441  j    profanes 

temple,  1144  3;  reigns,  11452. 
Ahaziah,  reigns  ;  revolt  against,  11451 . 

II.,  reigns,  11451 . 

Ahem,  Simon  J.,  sentence,  4143. 
Ahijah,  prophet,  11423. 
Ahinoam,  marries  David,  11431 . 
Ahitub  I.,  high-priest,  11422. 
Ahlwardt,  CTiristian  AVilhelm,  b.,  8023  ; 

d.,  8142. 

,  Theodor  Wilhelm,  b.,  8141 . 

Ahmadabad,    E.    I.    Co.  agency,  10443 ; 

mission,  l(«7i,  10481. 
Ahmadiiagar,    Mohanjmedan    dynasty, 

10433 ;     Mahrattas    revolt ;    expedition 

against;    captured,    10441;    factory   at, 

10443  ;  mission,  10463,  10471 . 
Ahmed  Caramanti,  elected  pasha,  11383. 

,  Ebn  Saood,  dynasty,  4873. 

,  Ibn  y  Tooloon,  reigns,  6552  ;  d.,  6542. 

Khel,  attacljed,  61 . 

,  Rassim,  pasha,  11392. 

,  Kitshdi  Pasha,  cruelty,  4881 . 

,  el  Abdali  Shah,  reigns,  10J52,  5i ; 

loses  Herat,  42  ;  poet,  53  ;  throws  off 

Persian  yolte,  11073  ;  d.,  43. 

,  in  power,  487 1 . 

Ahmes.    (See  Aalimes.) 

Ahn,  Johann  Franz,  b.,  8062;  d.,  8222. 

Ahnoob,  mission,  6571 . 

Aholiah,  builds  tabernacle,  11402. 

Ahrens,  Helnrich,  b.,  8083  ;  d.,  8281 . 

Ahuizotl,  d.,  161 ;  king  dedicates  temple, 

122  ;  enthroned,  10952. 
Ai,  defeated,  11401. 
Albek-Azad-ed-Din,  d.,  6542. 
Aldan,  St.,  Bp.  Lindisfarne,  8422  ;  d.,  8421 . 
Aidin,  railway  to  Smyrna,  11583. 
Aiguebelle,  Paul  Alex,Neuve  d',  b.,  7261 ; 

d.,  7501. 
Aiguebere,  John  Dumas,  b.,  6942  ;  d.,  7022. 
Aigues-Mortes,  riot,  7651 , 
Alguillon,  Due,  d'  (Armand  Vignerot  Du- 

plessis  Richelieu),  b.,  6982  ;  d.,  7062. 

,  Duchess  of,  fnds.  Hotel  Dieu,  5731 . 

Aiken,  S.  C,  cavalry  action,  2422 ;  race 

war,  2923. 

,  Judge,  limited  divorces,  3891 , 

,  Wm.,  b.,  1122  ;  gov.  S.  C,  1592 ;  d. 

(1887,  Sept.  7). 
Aikeuliead,  Thomas,  executed,  9002. 
Aiken,  Anna   Letitia,  b.  (1781) ;    Poems, 

9192  ;  d.  (1864). 

,  John,  b.,  9122  ;  d.,  9403. 

Aikins,  James  Cox,  b.  (1823) ;  gov.,  5833. 

Aillebout,  M.  d'  gov.  Can.,  5732. 

Ailly,  Pierre  d',  b.-d.,  6742. 

Ailsa,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  9451 , 

Ailsbury,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  9372. 

Alme-Martin,  Louis,  d.,  7301 . 

AlnmuUer,  Maximilian,  b.,  8083  ;  d.,  8262. 

Ainsley,  John,  lord  mayor  London,  9333. 

Ainslie,  Hew,  b.,  1022  ;  d.,  (1878). 

Ainsworth,  F.  C,  com.  col.,  4001 . 

, Henry,  b.(1671) ;  Communion  <if  Saints, 

8803 ;  d.  (1022). 

,  Robert,  b.,  890*  ;  d.,  9103. 

,  Wm.  Harrison,  b.,  9323  ;  d.  (1882). 

Aintab,  mission  at,  11563. 

Air,  experiments  by  Boyle;  Hooke,  use 

of,  8921 . 

brakes,  Westinghouse,  264* . 

gun,  invented,  7842,  7921 . 

pump,  invented,  7962. 

ship.  Prof.  Campbell's,  3421 ;  model 


exhibited,  3661 ;  travels,  3901 .  Company 
organized,  3841 . 

Airdrie,  miners'  riots,  9963. 

Aire,  gains  territory,  6933. 

Airlie,  E.  of,  title  created,  8831 . 

Airy,  George  Biddel,  b.,  9303  ;  pres.,  9761 ; 
d.,  10062. 

Aistulf,  K.  of  Lombardy,  10732  ;  captures 
Ravenna,  10271. 

Ait  Spokhmau,  action  at,  10972. 

Aitchison,  missionary,  6I91 . 

Aitken,  David  D.,  b.,  1741 . 

Alton,  William,  b.,  9082  ;  d.,  9262. 

Alx,  colony  at,  10571 ;  archbp.  fined,  7622  ; 
Univ.  fnd.,  6763. 

la-Chapelle,  a  capital,  6653;   sacred 

relics,  7323  ;  crowning  place,  7731 ;  Con- 
gress at,  8133  ;  treaty  of,  433, 6153,  6913. 

Aiyonsli  mission,  5842. 

Aizpuru,  arrested,  3201 . 

Ajax,  in  Trojan  war,  10141 , 

A^inere  mission,  10483. 

Ajmir  conquered,  l(V44i . 

Akaba,  Moslem  treaty,  4851 . 

Akbar,  Mogul  einp.,  b.-d.,  10431;  reigns, 
10433, 10443  ;  defeats  Hakim,  10441 ;  an- 
nexes Gujarat,  1(>443. 

II.,  Mogul  emp.,  10472. 

Klian  revi)lts,  41 ,  51 ;  rules,  52. 

Akbert,  Archduke,  at  Mortara,  5222. 

Aken,  Hein  van,  works,  10983. 

Akenside,  Mark,  b.,  9062  ;  work,  9111 ;  d., 
9183. 

Akerheilm,  Baron,  resigns,  6423. 

Akerman,  Amos  Tappan,  resigns,  2752  ;  d., 
3043. 

Akers,  Benj.  Paul,  h.,  1322  ;  Pearl  Diver, 
1781;  d.,  1943. 

Akhalzikh,  battle  of,  III61 . 

Akhmeem,  mission,  6563. 

Akiba,  Ben  Joseph,  b.-d.,  11521 . 

Akita,  mission  at,  10922. 

Akron,  O.,  Buchtel  Coll.  org., 2782  ;  Stan- 
dard Oil  Co.'s  purchase,  3833. 

Akropong,  mission  at,  II6I2. 

Alabama,  De  Soto  visits,  211 ;  first  settle- 
ment, .552  ;  French  expedition,  621 ,  641 ; 
ceded  to  G.  B.,  733  ;  war  with  Sp.,  902  ; 
Spaniards  take  Mobile,  90i ;  ceded  to 
U.S.  A. ,971;  treaty  with  the  Chickasaws, 
991 ;  Sp.  evacuates  Y!izoo,109i ;  Miss.  Ter. 
org.,  1092;  w.  Sargent,  gov. , 1093 ;  W.C.C. 
Claiborne,  gov.  (Ter.  1801) ;  Ga.  cedes  Ter. 
to  U.  S.,  1113  ;  B.  Williams,  gov.  (Ter.), 
1133 ;  first  Bapt.  church,  1143 ;  D.  Holmes 
(Ter.)  gov.,  1172;  Spaniards  surrender 
Ft.  Charlotte  to  Gen.  Wilkinson  (1813, 
Apr.  13);  West  Fla.  occupied  by  U.  S. 
(1812-13 ;  Creek  war,  1203  ;  first  action  on 
Burnt  Corn  Creek  (1813,  July  27) ;  Creeks 
take  Ft.  Mims,  1203  ;  defeated  at  Tal- 
luschatches,  Talladega,  Autosse,  1203  ; 
at  Emucfau,  at  Horse-shoe,  1221 ;  British 
at  Ft.  Boyer,  1222 ;  Indians  cede  ter.(1814, 
Aug.  9) ;  treaty  with  Indians,  1252  ;  Ala. 
ter.  org.,  1253  ;  Jackson  subdues  Semi- 
noles,  1261 ;  Win.  W.  Bibb,  gov.,  first  ter. 
legislatm-e  meets(1818,  Jan.  19);  State  ad- 
mitted ;  yellow  fever,  1273  ;  Tlios.  Bibb, 
gov.,  129*2 ;  first  gen.  assembly  meets 
(1825,  Oct.  19) ;  Cahaba,  capital ;  bank 
(1820) ;  Israel  Pickens,  gov.,  1293  ;  John 
Murphy,  gov.,  1333  ;  Tuscalossa  capital, 
Prot.  Epis.  diocese  org.,  1363,  1382  ;  Ga- 
briel Moore,  gov.,  1373  ;  Spring  Hill  Coll. 
fnd.,  1383;  X'niv.  of  Ala.  org.,  1391; 
Sam.  B.  Moore,  gov.  (1831,  Mar  .-Nov.) ; 
John  Gayle,  gov.,  1392  ;  first  cotton  fac- 
tory at  Madison  (1832) ;  Creeks  cede  lands 
(1832);  Meth.  Epis.  Conf.  org.,  1402; 
Cherokees  and  Seminoles  cede  lands, 
1463  ;  Clement  C.  Clay,  gov.,  1453  ;  Hugh 
McVay,  gov.  (1837,  July-Nov.) ;  settlers 
leave,  1471 ;  Arthur  P.  Bagby,  gov.,  1492; 
Howard  Coll.  org.,  1543  ;  Benj.  Fitzpat- 
rick,  gov.,  1552  ;  Joshua  L.  Martin,  gov., 
161 1 ;  Montgomery  the  capital,  161 3 ;  Reu- 
ben Chapman,  gov.,  1633  ;  Henry  W.  Col- 
lier, gov.,  1671 ;  John  A.  Winston,  gov., 
1743  ;  Southern  Uuiv.  chartered,  I8O2  ; 
railroad  lands  granted,  1813  ;  Ala.  Fe- 
male Coll.  fnd.,  1822;  Andrew  B.Moore, 
;ov.,  1832  ;  Ala.  Medical  Coll.  fnd.  at 
riobile  (1859) ;  Federal  forts  seized,  1901 ; 
State  conven.  for  secession,  1903,  191 1; 
secedes,  1911 ;  senators  withdraw,  1912  ; 
Confederate  Congress  in,  1913  (see  Con- 
federacy) ;  civil  war  items  (see  Text) ; 
Confederate   capital   removed   to  Va., 


M. 


1973  ;  4.i5,132  slaves  emancipated  (1863, 
Jan.),  2192  ;  John  G.  Shorter,  gov.,  2032  ; 
Thomas  H.  Watts,  gov.,  22!)3  ;  Mobile 
surrenders,  2461 ;  governmental  inter- 
regnum of  two  months  (1865) ;  Lewis  E. 
Parsons,  prov.  gov.,  2483  ;  secession,  war 
debt,  and  slavery  abolished,  2491 ;  Con- 
stitution ratified ;  ratifies  13th  Amend- 
ment, 2492 ;  Robert  M.  Patton,  gov., 251 1 ; 
Meth.  Epis.  Conf.  fnd.,  2602 ;  readmis- 
sion  Bill ;  ratifies  14th  Amendment,  2633 ; 
annexation   to,  2692 ;  civil    authorities 

fovern  (1868,  July  14) ;  North  Ala.  Meth. 
Ipis.  Conf.  fnd.,  2702  ;  Wm.  H.  Smith, 
gov.,  2652  -J  Immigration  Convention, 
2062  ;  political  contest ;  Robert  B.  Lind- 
say, gov.,  2732 ;  Polytechnic  Coll.  org., 
Univ.  of  Ala.  reorg.,  2742  ;  new  election 
law,  2773  ;  Agricultural  Coll.  chartered, 
2782;  Birmingham  fnd.  (1871);  Geo.  Gold- 
thwaite,  senator  (1870,  Dec.  7);  qualifie<l 
(1872,  Jan.  15) ;  election  returns  disputed, 
two  legislatures ;  David  B.  Lewis  de- 
clared gov.,  2793  ;  Normal  Coll.  at  Flor- 
ence, 2822  ;  Labor  Convention,  2831 ;  Geo. 
S.  Houston,  gov.,  2873  ;  Constitutional 
Convention  ;  Constitution  ratified,  2892  ; 
Congregational  Association  org.,  2903  ; 
State  debt  fund,  2912  ;  public  school 
system  est.,  2922  ;  bienniiil  sessions  est., 
2932  ;  Senator  J.  T.  Morgan  presents  cre- 
dentials (1877,  Feb.  27);  Selma  Univ. 
fnd.,  3002  ;  BufUB  W.  Cobb,  inaug.  gov., 
3012  ;  Pension  Act  Passed,  sa^i ;  Senator 
Geo.  S.  Houston  qualifies  (1879,  Mar.  18; 
d.  Dec.  31) ;  Senator  Luke  Pryor  quali- 
fies (1880,  Jan.  15) ;  Senator  James  L, 
Pugh  (1880,  Deo.  6) ;  Treas.  Vincent  ab- 
sconds, 3131 ;  stiite  Normal  School  opd. 
at  Tuskegee,  3082  ;  Edward  A.  O'Neal 
inaug.  gov.,  3132  •  Normal  Coll.  for  Girls 
est. ,3142;  NormalCoUeges  atLivingstone 
and  Jackson,  opd.,  3142  ;  Agricultural 
Dept.  est.,  3153  ;  Congress  grants  landfor 
Univ.,  3162;  Soldiers'  Monument,  3222; 
Thomas  Seay,  gov.,  3252,  3332  ;  Xormai 
School  at  Troy, 3282;  Southern  Interstate 
Conven. ,  3313  ;. Academy  for  Blind,  3333: 
Mardi  Gras,  Good  Fri<Iay,  an(i  Apr.  26 
made  holidays  (1888-89);  cyclone,  3361, 
3561;  Mormons  whipped,  3583  ;  injustice 
to  negroes ;  coal  miners, strike,  .3651;  co- 
operative fjirm,  3703  ;  Marshal  Nickerson 
killed, 3723;  Thomas  G.  Jones, gov., 3751 ; 
territorial  gov.  solicited.  3952 ;  Harvey 
Hinton  lynclied,399i ;  trainrobbery,417i : 
pension  fund,  4211;  negroes  disfran- 
chised, 4251 ;  white  caps,  4402;  negro 
conference,  4621;  miners'  riot,  4583; 
Democrats  elect,  4691  ;  race  fight,  4751; 
Wm.  C.  Gates,  gov.,  4793. 

Alabama  launched,  208i ;  sails,  2102  ;  preys 
on  commerce,  2143  ;  eludes  San  Jacinto, 
2161 ;  captures  Ariel,  2162 ;  sinks  Hot- 
teras,  2181 ;  destroyed,  2342. 

claims  urged,  2453  ;    transmitted  to 

Eng.,  2552  ;  commission  fruitless,  2652 ; 
treaty  rejected,  2652,  2672  ;  convention 
signed,  9732  ;  commission  org.,  2752  ;  cor- 
respondence published,  2692 ;  treaty. 
2751 ;  excitement  m  Eng.,  2773 ;  tribunal 
sittings,279i;decision,2792;  overcharges, 
2813';  Eng.  pays,  2832  ;  adjustment, 2853, 
2932  ;  commissioners  provided,  2852  j  at 
Geneva,  11383. 

letter.  Clay's,  1572. 

Univ.,  grant,  3163  ;  reorg.,  2742. 

Alacoque,  Marguerite,  b.,  6883  ;  d.  6942. 

Aladdm,  b.-d.,  11543  ;  reigns,  10433. 

Alagoas  mission,  5563. 

Alains  conquered,  1109 1 . 

Alajuela  R.R.  opened,  6313. 

Alam  II.,  Shah,  defeat,  10442  ;  emp.,  1046*. 

Alamanni,  Luigi,  b.,  10791. 

Alamanon,  Bertrand  d',  work,  671 1 . 

Alamayou,  Prince,  in  Eng.,  32  ;  d.,  33. 

Alamgir  II.,  emperor,  10462. 

Al  Amin,  calif,  4863. 

Alan,  Count,  fights  Northmen,  6661 . 

Alani  invade  Roman  Empire,  10641 ;  in- 
vade Sp.,  10701 ,  11263  ;  expelled,  11251. 

Alarcon,  Castilians  defeated,  11261 . 

Alarcon,  Hernando  de,  b.,  11263  ;  explorer, 
211. 

,  Pedro  Antonio  de,  works,  d.,  11322. 

y  Mendoza,  Don  Juan  Ruiz  de,  b.-d., 

11283. 

Alard,  Francis,  d.,  5403. 

Alaric  1.,  first  appearance ;  desolates  M»- 


I 


Alar-Aler. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INL/L-X.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1169 


cedonia;  takes  Athena;  overthrown;  in- 
vades It.,  lOiW',  10301,  1070;  rules  East 
Illyriuni,  I0G93  ;  Konie,  1071<;  ravages 
Thrace,  IIM' ;  takes  Rome ;  d.,  lOTO' . 

Alaric  II.,  reigns,  11253  ;  at  Vougel,  6<i4'j 
king,  7(S»  ;  d.  (507). 

Alasco,  .John,  b.-d.,  11142. 

Alaska,  missionaries  in,  2542;  Purchase 
Treaty  signed,  2572,3  ;  transferred  to 
U.  S.,  2592  ;  ter.  org.,  2(533  ;  reservation, 
267';  missions  planted,  2903,3082;  liquor 
traffic  prohibited,  317';  Moravian  niis- 
Blonaries,  3202  ;  Carmel  fnd.,  3223;  fish- 
ing prohibited,  337' ;  in  Congress,  3473  ; 
Lyman  E  Knapp,  gov.,  3492  ;  expedition 
to  explore,  356'.  glacier  dis.,  368' ;  Govt. 
Bill,  4213;  La  Grippe  rages,  4413;  bound- 
ary line,  5872  ;  J.  Sheakley,  gov.,  4793. 

seal  fisheries  set  apart,  297';  Cong. 

debates,  3513. 

Alaska,  speeii,  9893. 

Alaskan,  accident,  3412, 

Alassona,  Christians  persecuted,  11582. 

Alft-ud-din,  conquests  in  India,  10122. 

Alava,  Miguel  Iticardo  de,  b.-d.,  11302. 

,  Adm.,  in  b.  Trafalgar,  716' . 

Alba.  eonquere<l ;  annexed,  1051' . 

Longa,  destroved,  1050' . 

Alban,  .St.,  beheaded,  8402. 

Albani,  Francesco,  b.,  1081' ;  d.,  1083'. 

Albaniasubjugated,  1034' ;  annexed  Turk., 
11572;  revolts,  11572;  rebellions,  1158' ; 
Mehemet  Ali  Pasha  murdered,  11583  ■ 
Mohammedism  proposed,  1035' ;  All 
Pasha  executed,  11.57'. 

,  N.  J.,  named,  432. 

Soodra.    (See  Scutari.) 

Albans,  St.  John  of,  d.,  8542. 

Albany,  Can.,  mission,  5842. 

,  M-O.,  Anderson  killed,  2382. 

,  N.  Y.,  Dutch  build  Ft.  Orange,  292, 

31'  ,2;  Reformed  religion  est.,  32' ;  Dutch 
Church  begun,  40' ;  named,  43' ;  Eng. 
possession,  8932  ;  treaty  with  Indians, 
463,  512,  renewed,  532,  552,  591;  peace 
at,  493  ;  incorporated,  503 ;  expedition 
leaves,  562  ;  population,  573  ;  Reformed 
Church  built,  582,  402' ;  Colonial  Con- 
gress, 672,  693  ;  first  theatrical  perform- 
ance, 76' ;  Albany  Gazette,  77' ;  Shakers 
in,  782;  bank  discounts,  1033;  the  capital; 
emigrants  ru«h  through,  1073 ;  Foster 
efflgy  burned,  1172  ;  Albani/  Argus,  1212; 
carriages  manf'd,  123' ;  State  Library, 
fnd.,  127';  Albany  Inst,  org.,  136';  Jl- 
bany  Evening  Journal,  139' ;  railroad 
opened,  1393;  cholera  at,  1413;  Liberty 
Party,  National  Conven.  meets,  1513  ; 
Constitutional  Conven.,  I6I2 ;  recon- 
venes, 4G52 ,  Roman  Catholic  diocese 
est.,  1623;  tire,  1653, 1673, 479a;  gale,  174' ; 
Dutlley  Observatory  est.,  180' ;  f  mieral  of 
Lincoln,  2472;  new  capitol  begun,  2593, 
2673,  274' ,  2753;  opene<l,  3013;  cost,:!273, 
4493;  bridge  completed,  2613;  Prot.  Epis. 
diocese  est.,  2042  ;  Lowenstein  hanged, 
2843;  Whitncv<lefalcations,3583;  Sunrlay 
Telegram,  3242;  International  Congress 
delegates  visit,  3472 ;  R.  R.  wreckers, 
3662;  Univ.  convocation,  3862,464';  Mrs. 
L.  Stanford's  gift,  391 ' ;  train  robbers, 
393';  Univ.  extension  fnd.,  396';  Cornell 
portrait,  442' ;  illegal  registration,  4422; 
police arreBted,4443 ;  Cliu  Hingshot,4682. 

,  D.  of,  regent  in  Scot.,  8613;  regent, 

8873;  invades  Kngland,  866'. 

,  Wis.,  pearls  found,  3J4' . 

Albany,  U.  S.  sloop,  sails  ;  lost,  176' . 

and  Susquehanna  P..  R.  opnd.,  2653. 

Albardas,  Pr.  of  Wales  plundered,  6.M3. 

Albategnius,  Mohammed  Ben  Jabir,  b., 
(850-5;  d.,  4862. 

Albaugh,  John  W.,  b.,  148'. 

Albemarle,  N.  C,  Assembly  meets,  45' . 

Albemarle,  defeats  Federal  Wits,  2.32' ;  de- 
feated by  Snssarus,  2322;  blown  up, 239' . 

,  E.  of,  at  b.  of  Standard,  848' . 

,  Lord  (Geo.  Monck).  b.  (1608) ;  gov., 

672  ;  d.  (1670) ;  D.  of,  title  created,  899' . 
(See  Kepple.) 

Alber,  Erasmus,  d.,  7922. 

Albcroni,  Giulio,  b.-d.,  11283;  Card.,  ad- 
mmlsters  govt.,  11293  ;  dismissal,  6993. 

Albers,  Johann  F.  H.,  b.,  8082  ;  d.,  8243. 

Albert,  wrecked,  9.52' . 

Albert  I.,  Margrave  of  Aust.,  5032. 

——I.,  b.  (1350t);  sole Dukeof  Aust., 5052, 
7813;  displaced,  .5052;  against  Adolf  ;  de- 
leats  electors,  782' ,3;    king,  7823;  em- 


peror Ger.,  782' ;  alliance  with  Fr.,  783' ; 
111  Thuringia,  782';  assassinated,  5053, 
783'. 

Albert  II.,  b.  (1298) ;  Margrave  of  Aust., 
5043  :  duke,  507' ;  ruler,  5072  ;  d.,  6O62. 

III.,  b.  (1348) ;  Count  of  Tyrol,  5052  ; 

Duke  of  Aust.,  5072  ;  d.,  5062. 

IV.,  b.  (1377) ;  pilgrimage,  5062;  duke, 

6073  ;  d.,  5062. 

v.,  b.  (1397) ;  Duke  of  Aust. ;  mar- 
riage; possessions,  5073;  K.,  emp.,  509' ; 
d.,  5082,509'.    (See  Albert  II.  of  Ger.) 

VI.,  b.   (1418) ;  Duke  of  Aust.,  5073  ; 

claims  dukedom,  ,5092;  d.,  5082. 

I.,  the  Bear,  Margrave  of  Branden- 
burg, b.-d.,  7762  ;  invested  Mark,  7772  ; 
rules  Saxony,  7772  ;  abdicates,  7773  ; 
founds  Berlin,  7783. 

II.,  emp.   of  Ger.,  reigns;    d.,  7853. 

(See  Albert  V.  of  Aust.) 

of  Brandenburg,  first  D.  of  Prus.,  b., 

7862 ;  frees  Prus.,  7893  ;  embraces  Lu- 
theranism,  789' ;  d.,7922. 

Archduke  (Sp.  Neth.),  b.  (1559) ;  be- 
sieges Ostend,  1100' ;  defeated,  10982  ; 
d.,  5413. 

III.  (Saxony),  Ascanian  line,  7853. 

II.,  D.  of  Bavaria,  7872. 

III.,  D.  of  Bavaria,  793'. 

I.,  D.  of  Bohemia,  7853. 

,  Charles  d',  b.,  6»42  ;  d.,  6863. 

Edward,  Prince  of  Wales,  b.  (1»41) ; 

marries,  967' ;  tour  in  U.  S.  A.,  1882  ;  in 
Can.,  U.  S.  A.,  681' ,  6823;  in  Egv.  (1862); 
in  Ind.,  10493 ;  lays  first  stone  of  Grimsby 
docks,  9542;  Knight  St.  Patrick,  971'; 
gift  to  Zoological  Society,  9813  ;  grand 
master  of  Mark  Masons,  9923  ;  opens 
Sion's  Coll.  and  Hospital,  9942;  statue, 
986';  Royal  grant,  1U«12. 

,  Prince  of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha,  b., 

9383  ;  (Albert  Francis  Augustus  Charles 
Emmanuel)  marries  Victoria,9512;  opens 
Hort.  Gardens,  9663  ;  d.,  9142  ;  burie<l, 
9653;  statue,  950',  966', 2,  968',  996', 
1002'. 

Victor   Christian  Edward,    Duke  of 

Clarence  and  A vondale,b.,  9672;  peerage 
conferred,  1003' ;  in  Can.,  5823;  d.,  10062. 

,  Jean  Louis,  b.,  703' , 

,  Archbp.  Magdeburg,  b., 7862;  d., 7902. 

,  Archduke,  commander,  822' . 

,  Count,  rules  lower  Bavaria,   10992  ; 

d.,  10982. 

,    Count     of     Mecklenburg,     reigns 

(Sweden),  11352;  captured,  636' ;  d.(1412). 

Elector  of  Brandenburg,  b.-d.,|7842  ; 

Margrave,  7872. 

College,  Can.,  founded,  579' . 

Institute  inaug.,  984' . 

Nyanza,  discovered,  562' ,  9662. 

of  Orlaraund  receives  Holstein,  (J353. 

,  of  Saxony,  b.,  814' ;  king,  8292. 

Alberti,  Leon  Battista,  b.-d.,  10782;  work, 
10792. 

,  Solomon,  b.,  7902  ;  d.,  7922. 

Albertinelli,  Mariotto,  b.,  10783;  d.,  10802; 
painting,  1080'. 

Albertini,  Johann  B.  von,  b.,  803' ;  d.,  8142. 

Albertinus,  Aegidius,  b.,  7922;  d.,  7943. 

Albertus  Magnus,  b.-d.,  7782. 

Albery,  James,  d.,  1000' . 

Albigenses,  persecution,  6682,  670' . 

Albinus,  Bernard  S.,  b.,  7982;  d.,803'. 

,  procurator,  Judea,  11533. 

,  Decimus    Clodius,    emperor,    6632 ; 

overthrown,  1064' ;  d.,  6623. 

Albion,  captured,  recaptured,  120' . 

Coll.,  Mich.,  orgaidzed,  199' . 

Albis,  burned,  742' . 

Albitti,  Antoine  Louis,  d.,  7192. 

Albizzi,  Bartolommeo,  d.,  10782. 

Albo,  Josii,  d.,  11262. 

Alboin,  conquers  Po  country,  7703  ;  in 
Lombardv,  takes  Pavia,  d.,  1072';  poi- 
soned, 10713. 

Alboni,  Marietta,  b.,  10862  ;  arrives,  170' ; 
d.,  1090' . 

Albornoz,  Gil  Alvarez  Carilla,  b.-d.,  11262. 

.^Ibrecht,  Frederick  Rudolph,  b.,  5202  ; 
marriage,  5.362. 

,  Titurel,  7803. 

,  Prof.,  dismissed,  8162. 

Albret,  Henry  d*,  rules  Lower  Navarre, 
6812  ;  d.  (1655). 

,  Jeanne  d',  rules  in  Lower  Navarre, 

6832;  d.  (1572). 

Albright,  Jacob,  b.  (1769) ;  begins  in  Pa., 
1023 ;  Evan.  Metb.,  1103;  d.,  116' . 


Albrizzi,  Isabella  Teotochi,  Countess  of, 
b.,  10842;  d.,  10862. 

Albuera,  battle  of,  7182,  9342. 

Albumazar,  astronomer,  b.  (806±);  d.,4862, 

Albuquerque,  University  at,  3502. 

,  Alfonso  d',  tlie  Great,  b.-d.,  11092; 

sails  for  India,  10433;  conquers  Mozam- 
bique, 1111' . 

Alcacer  (Juibir,  action  at,  1097' . 

Alciemon,  arohon,  10152;  d.,  10142. 

AlciBinonidiB,  banished,  1017 ',2. 

Alcieus  of  Lesbos,  b.,  10162;  poet,  flour- 
ishes, 10163;  d.  (680±  B.  c). 

Alcala,  Conplutensian  Polyglot,  1127' . 

Alcamenes,  in  Messenian  war,  1014' . 

Alcamo,  Ciulo  d',  Contrasto,  poems,  10752. 

Alcantara,  F.  L.,  pres.  Venezuela,  11603. 

Alcazar,  burned,  11323. 

Kebir,  battle  of,  1110' . 

Alceste,  asteroid,  discovered,  278' . 

Alceste,  in  naval  warfare,  9342. 

Alcester,  Baron,  title  created,  987'. 

Alchemists,  forbidden,  86O2. 

Alcibiades,  b.-d.,  1021';  at  Cyzicus ;  in- 
vades Attica ;  goes  to  Persian  ruler ; 
prisoner,  10203 ;  against  Athens ;  re- 
called, 10213;  captures  Byzantium;  de- 
posed, 1U22' ;  returns,  10232. 

Alcide  taken,  912' . 

Alcimus,  high  priest, 11483;  rejected,  11493. 

Alciphron,  b.,  10283. 

Alcman,  b.,  10142;  works,  10143. 

Alrmene,  captured,  936' . 

Alcock,  John,  b.,  SI042;  d.,  9323. 

,  Sir  Rutherford,  b.  (1808) ;   Minister, 

6213. 

Alcohol,  school  instruction,  325' ,  3263  ; 
crime,  8343;  production,  10923. 

Alcolla,  action  at,  11302. 

Alcorn,  James  L.,  b.  (1816) ;  gov.  Miss., 
2732;  d.,478'. 

University  org..  Miss.,  2763. 

Alcott,  AniosBronson,  b.,  1082;  work, 2963. 

,  Louisa  May,  b.,  142' ;    works,  1783, 

2272,  2643,  2683,  277',  2802,  2943,  2963, 
3003,  3143,  3243;  d.,  328' . 

,  Wm.  A.,  b.,  108' ;  d.,  1842. 

Alcoy,  Internationalists  rise,  1132' . 

Alcuin,  Flaccus  A.,  b.-d.,  8422,  843';  in 
Fr.;  at  Tours,  665' ;  at  Court,  7703. 

Aldegonde,  Phillippe  van  Marnix,  b-d., 

&«)3. 

.\lden,  Chas.  H.,  commissioned  col.,  400' . 

,  John,  b.  (1599) ;  d.,  502. 

,  Joseph,  b.,  114' ;  d.,  3202. 

,  Timotliy,  b.,  762;  d.  (1481). 

Alderete,  Bernardo  de,  b.,  11282. 

Alderley,  Baron  of,  title  created,  945'. 

Aldermen,  life  system  (Eng.),  86I2. 

Alderson,  J.  D.,  b.,  174' . 

Aldeste,  discovered,  278' . 

Aldhelm,  b.  (640+);  works,  843' ;  d.,  8422. 

Aldie,  Va.,Confeds.  defeated,  219' ;  action 
at  2223. 

Aldi'ni,  Giovanni,  b.,  10842  ;  d.,  10862. 

Aldobrandini,  Silvestro,  b.  (1499);  d.,  10803. 

Aldrich,  Henry,  b.,  8862;  d.,  9042. 

,  J.  Frank,  b.,  1722. 

,  Louis,  b.,  156' . 

,  Nelson  Wilmarth,  b.,  1522  ;  closure 

rule,  3733,  3763,377'. 

,  Thomas  Bailey,  b.,  146' ;  works,  2683, 

2823,  278' ,  2923,  2963,  3063,  3143,  3902. 

Aldridge,  Ira,  b.,  1162;  d.,  2582. 

Aldringer,  Johann,  d.,  5123. 

,  Count,  leader,  7942. 

Aldrovandi,  Ulisse,  b.  (1.522)  ;  d.,  10823. 

Aleandro,  Gerolamo,  b.,  1081' ;  d.,  10803. 

Al*gre,  d'Yves,  Marq.,  b.,  6902;  d.,  6762. 

Alehayras  revolt,  7 ' . 

Alellaneda,  Alonza  Fernandez,  works, 
11292. 

Aleman,  Louis,  b.-d.,  6762. 

— ,  Mateo,  works,  1129' ;  d.,  11283. 

Alemanni,  in  Roman  provinces,  7693;  de- 
feated, 768' ,  770' ;  revolt,  lOOl' . 

— ,  Luigi,  b.  (1495);  d.,  10803. 

Alembert,  JeanleKond  d',b.,697' ;  works, 
7012,7032;  d.,705'. 

Alembert,  rf',  correspondence  of,  7682. 

Alemida  recaptured,  7182. 

Alencon  united  to  France,  6792. 

,  Franf  ois.  Due  d',  b.  (1654) ;  at  Ant- 
werp, 640',  684';  joins  Huguenots,6852: 
d.  (1584.) 

Aleppo,  war  with  Tartars,  6542;  Emirs  re- 
volt; captured,  1032' ;  earthquake,  11662: 
mission,  11562,3. 

Aleria,  Fr.,  founded,  6613. 


1170 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column.  Aler— Alha, 


^tert  encoiinterB  ^a«ea:,  1181;  Arctic  expe- 
dition. 9801 ;  returns  to  Brit,  gov.,  3212  ; 
at  Samoa,  3381 ;  wrecked,  11413. 

Ales,  or  Alane,  Alex.,  b.  (1500) ;  (1.,  8722. 

Alessandria,  Fr.,  expelled,  7123;  besieged, 
7781;  built,  7791. 

Alessi,  Galeazzo,  b.,  10791 ;  d.  10811 . 

Alethsia,  asteroid,  discovered,  3241 . 

Alexander,  Bp.  of  Cappadocia,  d.,  10283. 

,  Bp.  of  Constantinople,  investigates 

Arian  beresy,  10283. 

,  Bp.  of  Lincoln,  cbanc,  (1123) ;  ar- 
rested, 8493;  d. (1147). 

,  emp.,  b.-<i.,  10322;  colleague  of  Con- 

stantine  VII.,  10332. 

1,  reigns  in  Macedonia,  10173. 

II.,  reigns  in  Macedonia,  10233;  d.  (367 

B.C.). 

the  Great,  b.-d.,  10231 ;  pupil  of  Aris- 
totle, 10251 ;  regent,  10252;  at  Cbieronea, 
10241 ;  reigns,  10252;  subdues  Tliracians ; 
general  of  Greeks ;  conquest  of  Per- 
sia ;  at  b.  Grauicus,  10241 ;  in  Russia ; 
in  Turkestan;  in  Egy.,  6513;  conquests 
in  Asia,  10242;  in  Mysia,  11461 ;  iu  India, 
10242,  10421 ;  at  .lerusaleni,  10242;  sacri- 
fices in  Temple,  11471;  in  Mesopotamia, 
11473;  frees  Grecian  cities  from  Persia, 
11473;  conquests,  11473;  at  Arbella,  10242; 
marries  Barsine :  marries  Koxana  ;  plot 
against,  10251;  customs  adopted,  10253; 
worship  required,  10251 ;  reigns  in  Pers., 
11483;  social  cruelties,  102'ii ;  fnds.  Greco- 
Persian  dynasty,  11071 ;  returns  from  In- 
dia, 10252;  Roman  embassy  to,  10532; 
great  plan;  d.,  11482;  dominions  divided  ; 
buried  in  Egy.,  10253,  6513;  wars  of  suc- 
cessors, 10242;  family  murdered,  10251; 
third  division  of  empire,  10271;  empire 
seems  to  unite,  10272. 

IV.  mider  regent,  10253. 

v.,  Gr.,  fights  for  throne ;  inur.,  10271 . 

I.,  b.  (1078!:);   reigns    in  Scot.,  8492; 

d.  (1124),  8493. 

II.,  b.  (1198) ;  K.  of  Scot.,  8532,  expe- 
dition against  Argyle,  8541 ;  d.  (1249). 

III.,  b.  (1241) ;  K.  of  Scot. ;  at  Large, 

8541 ,  8561 ;  married,  8551 ;  sovereignty  of 
W.  Isle,  8552;  killed,  85.53. 

1.,  Joseph,  Pr.  of  Bulgaria,  b.,  6652; 

d.,  5681;  elected,  5663;  ruler,  ,5672;  arbi- 
trary, 5671 ;  aJ>dicates  :  expelled,  5672; 
estates,  5692-  pensioned,  5693. 

I.  reigns  (Servia),  11233,  11242. 

II.  set  up  Svria,  11503. 

1.,  St.,  bp.  Rome,  10623.  d.  (117). 

II.,  pope,  10742;  d.  (1073). 

III.,  pope,  10751 ;  revolts  against  Fred- 
erick I.,  7781 ;  d.  (1181). 

IV.,  pope,  10763;  d.  (1261). 

v.,  pope,  10791;  declared  pope,  7843; 

d.  (1410). 

VI.,  Rodrigo  Borgia,  b.-d.,  10783;  di- 
vides lands,  141 ;  pope,  10791 . 

VII.  b.  (1599) ;  pope,  10832;  d.  (1667). 

VIII.,  b.  (1610) ;  pope,  10832;  d.  (1691). 

1.,  Balas,  Egy.,  usurper,  6521 ;  de- 
feated; defeats  Demetrius  Soter,  10551; 
kills  Demetrius,  11481 ;  favored  by  Jews ; 
on  throne  of  Syria ;  killed,  11493. 

1.,  Pavlovitc'h,  Czar,  b.,  11162;  reigns  ; 

K.  of  Poland,  11173;  meets  Napoleon; 
compact  with  Prussian  K.,  8093;  in  Lon- 
don, 8112;  treaty  with  Bernadotte;  d., 
11163,  11173. 

II.,  Nicholievitcb,    Czar,    b.,  11163; 

reigns,  11192;  kills  Dolgcn-uki ;  marries 
Mary,  11172;  at  Brussels,  5451 ;  in  Aust., 
5262;  congratulated  by  U.S.,  2632;  anni- 
versary of  assassination,  3543;  d.  11201. 

III.,   b.,  11163;   betrothed   to  Mary  ; 

married,  11191,  16421;  crowned  at  Mos- 
cow, 11213;  conspiracy  against,  11212, 
11222;  at  Kremsier,  5312;  war  against 
Turkey,  628* ;  refuses  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, 11193;  marries  Dolgoruki, 
1121 1 ;  memorial  ch.,  11202;  gift  to  Leland 
Stanford  Univ.,  384i ;  guarded  ;  petitions 
from  foreign  powers,  11212;  reply  to 
Pope's  letter,  11222;  thanks  Americans, 
11231;  d.  11221. 

,  King  of  Epirus,  invades  S.  It.;  k., 

10521. 

,  Archibald,  b.,  762;  moderator,  1142; 

Prof,  at  Princeton,  1191 ;  Mfrral  Science, 
1731;  d.,  1682. 

,  Barton  Stone,  b.,  1281 ;  d.,  3001 . 

de  Bernay,  Alixaiulre,  6711 , 

,  Eben,  minister,  4473. 


Alexander,  Hieronymus,  suggestion  con- 
demned, 7883. 

— ,  .James  Waddel,  b.,  1121 ;  d.,  1842. 

,  Jannaeus,  higli  priest,  11483,  11511 ; 

suppresses  Pharisees,  11502;  triumph  of, 
'Jerusalem,  11503. 

,  John  H.,  b.,  1182;  d.  2561 . 

,  .Jos.  Addison,  b.,  H61 ;  d.,  I86I . 

,  Michailovitcli,  G.  Duke,  mar.,  11222. 

,  Nathaniel,  d.,  114i . 

,  Nevski,  b.-d.,  11142;  Grand  Duke  of 

Russia,  11152. 

,  Sarah,  murdered,  2912. 

,  Severus,  b.,  (205i);  reigns,  10293;  d. 

(■235). 

,  S.  D.,  d.,4741. 

,  S.  M.  S.,  consecrated  bishop  of  .Jeru- 
salem, 11563. 

,  Stephen,  b.  (1806) ;  zodiacal  theory 

2881 ,  d.  (1883). 

,  Stephen,  b.,  1123;  d.  (1883). 

,  Syndeham,  Baron,  b.,  1.521 . 

,  Trallianus,  b.,  10303;  medical  works, 

1031 1 . 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1824) ;  cons,  bp.,  9663. 

, ,  b.,  602;  d.,  961. 

, ,  Earl  of  Stirling,  8742;  grant  of 

Acadia,  8812;  obtains  patent,  303,5713; 
in  Canada,  31i;  sells  patent,  332;  d., 
8842. 

,  W.  P.,  reply  to  Blount,  4451 . 

of  Aphrodisias,  b.,  10283. 

,Pr.of  Livonia,  reigns  in  Poland,  11152. 

of  Wallacia,  purchases  government, 

11122. 

of  Hesse,  Pr.,  commander,  8241 . 

of  Pherai,  expedition  against,  10223; 

murdered,  10232. 

,  Romance  of,  8543. 

Alexandra,  Princess  (Den.),  b.  (1844) ;  mar- 
ries. 6411,9671. 

,  Princess,  of  Greece,  marries,  11212. 

governs  Judea,  11511 . 

Alexandre,  asteroid,  discovered,  7321 . 

Alexandria,  Egy.,  fnd.,  6613,  10252;  areo- 
meter used  ;  library  museum  fnd. ;  first 
observatory,  6502  ;  academy  fnd.,  6503  ; 
buildings  erected,  6522;  Jews  migrate  to, 
11491 ;  besieged,  6521 ;  art  center  ;  burned, 
0523,  10601;  library  fnd.,  6523;  restored, 
G533 ;  youth  ina,ssacred,  653 1 ;  ch.  comicils 
at,  6523;  taken  by  Firmus,  10672;  taken, 
6541 ;  religious  feuds  ;  library  destroyed, 
6651 ;  persecution  of  .Jews,  6543;  taken  by 
Saracens,  4841;  conquered,  10302;  taken, 
7122,  6501 ;  battle  of,  9301 ;  conven.  of, 
6672;  work  on  port  begun,  6593;  obelisk 
shipped  (N.Y.),  3041 ;  riots,  9881 ;  foreign 
war  vessels,  6592;  massacre,  6581 ,  3;  up- 
rising against  Europeans,  6592;  bom- 
barded, 6581 ;  fire ;  tower  collapses,  6613. 

,    Aust.,    Colonial    Bank    suspends, 

6013;  R.  C.  diocese  est.,  5901 . 

— ,  La.,  Gen.  Banks,  arrives  at,  2221 ,2303. 

,  Va.,  ransomed,  1222;  Federals  occupy, 

1943;  McClellan  arrives,  2122;  opened, 
2263;  Confed.  Soldiers'  monument,  34§i . 

Akxandria  lamiched,  9741 . 

Alexandrian  Codex  presented,  8823. 

Alexandrina,dr.Pr.  AlfredErnest,  b.,9832. 

Alexandrine  war,  IO6OI . 

Alexeietf,  M.  Vassili,  k.,  11221. 

Alexis,  Grand  Duke,  in  New  York,  2743 ; 
in  Paris,  7623. 

,  Wilibald  (Wilhelm  Haring),  b.,  8063; 

Walladmnr,  8132;  d.,  8262. 

Alexis,  Michfelovitch,  b.-d.,  11142;  en- 
throned, 11153. 

,  Petrovitch,  b.-d.,  III42, 11151 . 

•    I.,    Comnenus,    emp.,    b.nl.,    10322; 

reigns,  10333;  against  Normans,  10321; 
recovers  Asia ;  poisoned,  10333. 

II.,  b.  (1168+) ;  reigns,  10333;  d.  (1183). 

III.,  reigns  ;  deposed ;  blinded,  10333; 

(1.  (1210). 

IV.,  d.,  10342;  reigns  ;  k.,  10351 . 

Ducas,  usurper,  10351 ;  d.  (1204). 

Alfarabius,  scientist,  4861 ;  d.,  4862. 

Alfaro,  Gen.,  dictator,  Ecuador,  6443. 

,  .loB^  Maria,  President,  631 1 . 

Alfleri,  Vittorio,  Count,  b.,  10842;  Cleopcu- 
tra  :  Saul,  10851 ;  d.,  10843. 

Alfinger,  Ambrosio  de,  in  Venezuela,  203; 
d.  (1532). 

Alf(mso  I.  of  Aragon  (VU.  of  Leon  and 
Castile),  conquers  Provence,  11261 ;  King 
of  Navarre,  11272. 

II.,  b.  (1162),  reigns  in  Aragon,  11273; 

d.  (1196). 


.4,Ifon80  IU.,  b.  (1265);  in  Aragon,  11273;  d. 

(1291). 

IV.,  b.  (1299)  ;  in  Aragon,  11273 ;  d.  (1336). 

v.,  b.  (1385);  inAragon,  11273;  King  of 

Sicily  (Alfonso  I.),  10772;  seizes  Naples, 

10792;  d.  (1458). 
I.,  King  of  Asturias  and  Leon,  b.  (639), 

11253;  d.  (757). 

II.,  in  Asturias,  11253;  d.  (842). 

III.,  b.  (848);  in  Asturias  and  Leon, 

11253;  conquers  Moors  at  Zomora,  11261 ; 

d.  (912). 
IV.,  in  Asturias  ;  reigns  in  Leon  and 

Asturias,  11272;  d.  (933). 

v.,  b.  (994) ;  reigns  in  Asturias,  11272. 

I..  11.,  HI.  of  Leon.    (See  Alfonso  of 

Asturias). 

IV.  of  Leon,  reigns,  11272;  d.  (933i). 

v.  of  Leon  and  Castile,  b.  (994),  11272; 

d.  (1027). 
VI.  of  Leon,  b.,  11262, 11272;  as  Alfonso 

I.  of  Castile,   11272;   conquers  Toledo, 

11261 ;  d.,  11262. 
VII.  of  Leon.    (See  Alfonso  I.  of  Ara^ 

gon.)  Captures  Saragossa,  11262;  in  Leon 

and  Castile,  11272. 
VIII.  of  Leon,  as  Alfonso  II.  or  III.  of 

Castile ;  b.  (1106) ;  reigns,  11272;  d.,  11262. 
IX.  of  Leon,  11272. 

IX.  of  Castile  (or  VIII.  or  III.),  b. 

(1166) ; 11272;  d. (1214). 

X.  of  Leon  and  Castile,  b.-d.,  11262  ; 

reigns,  7812,  11273;  at  Algeciras,  11261. 

■  XL,  of  Leon  and  Castile,  b.-d.,  11262; 

rules,  11273  ;  at  Tarifa ;  at  Algeciras, 
11261. 

XII.  of  Sp.,  b.,  11,303;  reigns,  11332; 

takes  Igualada,  11321 ;  reigns ;  in  Madrid, 
11332 ;  marriages ;  in  Paris,  7543 ;  d. ,  11333; 

XIII.,  of  Sp.,  b.,  reigns,  11333. 

II.,  King  of  Naples,  10793. 

I.,  b.-d. ;  reigns  in  Port. ;  conquests, 

11091,  2,  3. 

II.  (CrasBUs),  b.  (1185) ;  reigns  in  Port., 

11093;  d.  (1223). 

III.,  b.  (1210) ;  reigns  in  Port.,  1109»j 

d.  (1279). 

IV.,  b.  (1290) ;  reigns,  11003;  d.  (1357). 

v.,  b.  (1432) ;  reigns,  11093;  d.  (1481). 

VI.,  b.(1643);  in  Port.,  11102;  d.(1683). 

de  Cartagena,  b.-d.,  11262. 

de  Galicia  defends  Uraca,  11272. 

Allord,  battle  at,  8861 . 

,  Henry,  9361 ;  d.  (1871). 

Alfred  taken,  882. 

Alfred,  Ernest  Albert,  D.  of  Edinburgh, 
b.,  9622;  marries  Marie,  9791;  in  Cape 
Colony,  5992;  in  Australia,  4982;  elected 
K.  of  Greece,  10371;  rules  Saxe-Coburg 
Gotha,  8371 ;  Annuity  Bill  for,  9773;  com- 
mands in  Mediterranean,  9941 ;  Admiral 
of  fleet,  10101 . 

the  Great,  King,  h.-d.,  8442;  Order 

of  Round  Table,  8411;  laws  est.,  8431, 
8443;  naval  engagement,  8441;  invents 
lanterns,  8442;  fairs  and  wakes ;  flour- 
ishes; fnds.  Univ.  of  Oxford,  8443;  de- 
serted, 8151,  2;  king,  8452;  trial  by  jury, 
8453;  restores  Oxford,  8463 

,  son  of  Pr.  Alfred  Ernest,  b.,  9793. 

Univ.,  Alfred,  N.  Y.,  est.,  1463. 

Alfred  I).  Srunv,  wrecked,  3293. 

Aigardi,  Alessandro,  b.,  10823;  d.,  10831. 

Algarotti,  Count  Francesco,  b.,  10831 ;  d., 
10842. 

Algazel,AbuHamidMohammed,b.-d.,486». 

Alijemeene  Kumsten  Letlerbode,  IIO12. 

Alger  College  organized,  2963. 

.Russell  Alex.,  b.(18.36);  gov.Mich.3233. 

,  William  Rounseville,  b.,  1302;  works, 

1802,  1991,  3082. 

Algeria,  Roman  conquests,  10622;  takes 
Tunis,  11392.     (See  text,  pp.  8-10.) 

Algerine  war,  1041,  1241. 

Algerines  seize  Am.  vessels,  1041 ;  peace 
with  America  ;  war,  1193;  sign  American 
treaty,  1251 . 

Algiers,  La.,  united  with  N.Orleans,  2731. 

,  Afr.    (See  text,  pp.  8-10.) 

Algoma,  Can.,  Bp.  Sullivan  cons.,  9862. 

Alf/oma,  founders,  5853. 

Algonquin.    (See  Indians.) 

Algrave,  taken  bv  Sancho  I.,  11G01. 

Al  Hadi,  calif  of  Bagdad,  4863. 

Al-Hakem  II.,  b.Kl.,  11262;  favors  learn- 
ing, 4861 ;  d.  (976). 

Ibn  Atta  (Almokenna),  d.,  4862. 

Albania,  .Jos^,  sentenced,  11303. 

Alhambra  founded,  11263. 


j 


Alha-Alth. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDI1.X.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1171 


Alliazen,  optics,  48G2  ;  d.,  48G3. 

All  Bey,  Mamoluke,  b.  (1728) ;  in  Arabia 
ami  Syria,  65(1';  promoted,  657';  d.,6563. 

Bin  Said,  d.,  6()42. 

calif,  b.  (C(X)±) ;  killed,  485». 

Alian  de  Lille,  b.-d.,  6683. 

Alibert,  Jean  Louis,  b.  (1766) ;  d.,  726*. 

Alibuud,  Louis,  assassinated,  7272. 

Alicante,  bombarded,  1132' . 

Alice  goes  ashore,  4233. 

Alice  Mary,  Princess,  b.,9912. 

Maud  Mary,  Princess,  b.,  9522  ;  mar- 
riage, 9652,  967'. 

Alicbur  Pamir,  skirmish,  63. 

Alides,  dynasty  reigns,  1097' . 

Alien  Act  passes,  Lng.,  9273. 

and  Sedition  Laws  pass,  1092. 

Immigrant  Bill,  Eng.,  10123. 

Land  Law  Bill  tabled,  3672. 

Landlord's  Bill  passes,  3252. 

— — ■  priories  seized,  Eng.,  8542. 

Aliens  in  U.  S.  A.  to  report,  1212. 

Aligarh,  Sepov  rebellion,  1048' . 

Ali-Ibn-Abi-Talib,  b.-d.,  4842;  calif,  6552. 

Ibn  ul  Albus,  d.,  4802. 

Alikhanotr,  Gen.,  b.  (1840) ;  arrested,  72. 

Alio  Masjidshelled,  43. 

All  Pasha,  b.-ii.,  11563  ;  grandvizier,  1159' . 

of  Janina,  11573  ;    subdues  Suli- 

otes  ;  assassinated,  1157'  ,3. 

Alison,  Archibald,  b.,  9143;  work,  925'; 
d.  9482, 

'sir   Archibald,    historian,    b.,   9262 ; 

Hlslori/  of  Europe,  9^63;  d.,970'. 

, ,  b.  (1826);  captures  Ramleh, 

658'. 

,  Wni.  Pulteney,  b.,  9243.  d.  (1859). 

Aliwal,  action  at,  1046' . 

Alizais  attack  the  British,  6' . 

Al  Kabitz,  philosopher,  4862, 

Kader,  calif,  487' ;  d.  (1031). 

Kaher  Billah,  calif,  487' . 

Kaim,  calif,  4872. 

Kindi,  d.,  4862. 

Alkindius,  astronomy,  medicine,  486' . 

Alkmar,  Henry  von,  b.-d.,  7863. 

Allallabad,  Bp.  Pesci  cons., 9862;  capital, 
10452;  sold  to  Shah  Alam ;  treaty  of, 
10453 ;  mission,  10463  ;  Sepoy  rebellion, 
1048' ;  Indian  mail  congress,' 10193. 

Allain-TargiS,  Francois  Ken(5,  b.  (1832); 
minister,  7532,  7552. 

Allainval,  Ltenor  J.  C.  S.  d",  b.,  6943  ;  d., 
701'. 

•Allan,  David,  b.,  9103  ;  d.,  9283. 

,  Sir   Hugh,  b.    (1810) ;    money  rec'd, 

5833;  d.  (1882). 

,  Thomas,  d.,  9462. 

,  William,  b.  (1782);  Army  of  N.  Vir- 
ginia, 4442  ;  d.  (1850). 

,  William,  b.,  9223  ;  ,1.,  9562. 

Allan,  Mary  Gay,  b.,  7003;  d.,  7223. 

Allatius,  Leone,  b.,  10822;  d.  (1669). 

Allatoona,  Ga.,  abandoned,  234' . 

Pass,  Johnston  occupies,  233' ;  battle 

of,  2383. 

AUa-ud-din,  dynasty,  10133;  Tlceroy,  10432; 
d.,  1W23. 

AUectus  rules,  841' ;  slain,  840' . 

AUeghanies,  forest  fires,  3833. 

Alleghany,  N.  Y.,  Benaventura  College 
org.,  1863. 

Camp,  W.  Va.,  action,  201' . 

Allegheny,  Pa.,  Western  Theological  Sem- 
inary est.,  135' ;  cemetery  est.,  Va^  ■ 
cures  at  St.  Anthony's  Church,  3403  ; 
fire,  3462;  Carnegie  Librarv  dedicated, 
3522;  grip,  3813;  Hastings' embezzles  ; 
strikes,  4002;  Wyman's  extortion,  4003  ; 
visitors  to  F.  Mollinger,  408' ;  Jennie 
Buchanan  killed,  4583  ;  Armstrong  Bri- 
bery, 4722. 

College  organized,  125' . 

.\llegri,  Gregorio,  b.,  10822;  d.,  1083' . 

Allem,  Joseph,  b.,  8822;  d.  (1668). 

,  Richard,  b.,  8782;  d.  (1681). 

Alleinet,  Joseph,  Sabbath  instructor,  916' . 

Allemard,  Zacharie  .Jacques  Theodore, 
Comte,  b.,  7023;  d.,  7242. 

Allen,  Bp.,  founds  life  assurance,  9022. 

,  David  O.,  b.,  1082;  d.,  225' . 

,  D.  H.,  moderator,  1723. 

,  Ethan,  b.,  642;  at  Ticonderoga,  80' ; 

at  Montreal,  803;  in  army,892;  d.,  100' . 

,  Grant,  (Chas.  Grant  Blairflnde),  b., 

B80';  Dxichess,  10082. 

,  G.  W.,  World's  Fair  Com.,  3633. 

,  Henry  F.,  resigns,  2473;  d.,  252' . 

,  H.  N.,  mUsionary  Korea,  1094' . 


Allen,  Horatio,  d.,  »48' . 

,  Ira,  b.,  683;  d.,  123'. 

,  John,  politician,  b.,  9183. 

,  John,  patriot,  b.,  662;  d.,  112*. 

,  John  B.,  b.,  158' ;  senator,  427' . 

,  John  M.,  b.,  1622. 

,  Joseph  H.,  b.  (1820) ;  work,  4782. 

,  Lee,  captm-ed,  3703. 

,  Philip,  b.  (1785) ;  gov.,  1602;  d.  (1865). 

,  Ralph,  b.(1694) ;  est.  cross  posts,  9073; 

d.  (1764). 

.Richard,  ordained,  1083;    bp.,  125'; 

d.,  1382. 

,  Solomon,  b.,  683;  d.,  130' . 

,  Stephen,  mayor  New  York,  1293. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  012;  d.,  1162. 

, ,  b.,  8682  ;  d.,  8822. 

, C,  History  U.  S.,  4782. 

,  William,  writer,  b.,  96' ;  d.,  2622. 

,  — — ,  chemist,  d.,  9522. 

, ,  b.  (1800) ;  gov.  O.,  2873  ;  candi- 
date for  pres.,  293' ;  d.,  3022. 

, Francis,  b.  (1830) ;  Roman  people, 

3743  ;  d.  (1889  Dec). 

, Ferneley,  lord  mayor,  969' . 

, v.,  b.,  1622  ;  long  speech,  441' ; 

bond  issue,  4492. 

, Henry,  b.,  96' ;  d.,  121'. 

,  Rev.,  duelist,  923' . 

AUentown,  N.J.,  Sober  Society  fmd.,  113' ; 
bank  robbery,  4183. 

,  Pa.,  Muhlenberg  College  org.,  2583; 

fire,  4413. 

Allerheim,  battle,  636' ,  796' . 

Alley,  J.  B.,  currency  resolution,  2493. 

Alleyn,  Edward,  b.,  8722;  d.,  882'. 

Alliance,  It.  and  Prus.  against  Aust.,  527' ; 
It.  with  Ger.,  5312;  Fr.  and  Milan  against 
Venice,  6793;  Fr.  and  Sp.  with  Noyon, 
6812;  Fr.withSp.  and  Sard.,  6993;  Aust. 
and  Prus.  against  Fr.,  709';  Fr.  with 
Rus.,  Aust.,  and  Swed.;  Eng.  with  Prus., 
8032;  Ger.  with  Aust.  and  Italy;  Eng. 
with  Ger.,  8332;  Eng.  with  Fr.,  8763, 
8792;  G.  B.  with  Rus.  and  Aust.,  9272  ; 
Holland  with  Fr.  against  Eng.,  Rus.,  and 
Aust.,  9273;  G.  B.,  Rus.,  and  Fr.  against 
Turkey,  9432. 

Alliance,  built,  90' ;  mutiny,  90' ,  94' . 

Alliance,  O.,  Mt.  Union  Coll.,  fnd.,  1843. 

AUibone,  Samuel  Austin,  b.,  1242;  work, 
277';  d.  (1888). 

AUier,  Louis,  b.,  703' ;  d.,  7242. 

Allineton,  William,  b.,  9423;  d.,  1002' . 

AUioli,  Joseph  Franz,  b.,  8062;  d.,  828' . 

Allison,  A.,  Chancellor,  killed,  4763. 

,  William  B.,  b.,  1362;  Monetary  Conf., 

4132;  Bland  Bill,  4,533;  speech,  4562. 

AUix,  Pierre,  b.,  6883  ;  d.,  697' . 

Allman,  Geo.  James,  b.,  9362. 

AUom,  Thomas,  b.,  9323  ;  d.  (1872). 

AUori,  Alessaiidro,  b.,  10803;  d.  (1607). 

,  Christofano,  b.,  1081' ;  d.  (1620). 

AUouez,  Claude  Jean,  b.,  262;  in  Canada, 
422;  in  Montreal,  5722,3;  with  Indians  ; 
visits  Catholic  missions,  443;  d,,  502. 

All  Souls'  College  fnd.,  8623. 

Allston,  Joseph,  b.,  912;  gov.  S.  C,  1193  ; 
d.,  1242. 

,  Robert  Francis  Withers,  b.,  110' .  gov. 

S.  C,  1812;  d.,  2312. 

,  Washington,    b.,   912  ;   works,    110' ; 

1182,  1212,  1281^  je83  ;  d.,  156'. 

AUyn,  Jack,  JoAna^Aan  . . .  CoK^iTien^  3502, 

Alina,  battle  of,  968' . 

Coll.  est.  at  Alma,  Mich.  (1887). 

Alnmgro,  Diego,  b.-d.,  11263;  in  Peru,  20' ; 
attacked,  202;  governor,  213,  005';  in- 
vades Chile,  604' ;  executed,  202,  213. 

Al  Mahdi  Billah,  calif,  4853  ;  d.  (785). 

Al-Mahmun,  b.  (789):  favors  literature, 
486';  calif,  4863;  d.(833). 

Almanac  stamps  abolished,  9473. 

Al-Mansur  (Abn  Jaffar  Abdallah),  b.-d., 
11262  ;  calif ;  foiuids  Bagdad ;  favors 
learning,  4853;  d.  (775). 

Atmanza,  surrendered  to  Spain,  1132' . 

Almanza,  battle  at,  696' . 

Alma-Tadema,  Laurence,  b.,  5442. 

Almeida,  captured,  9342  ;  taken,  1110' . 

,  Dr.  d',  gutta-percha,  952' . 

,  Brittesd',"  Joan  of  Arc,"  b.-d.,  11092. 

,  Francisco  de,  sails  for  India,  10W3  ; 

d.  (1500). 

(iarrett,    Joao   Baptista  Leitao   d', 

b.-d.,  11102. 

,  Nicolao  Tolentino,  b.-d.,  1110*. 

Almenara,  battle  at,  6962. 

Alm6ra«,  Louis,  b.,  7032;  d.,  7242. 


Almira  College  founded.  111.,  1782. 
Almodovar,  Coimt  of,  Ildefonso  Diaz  de 

Ribera,  b.-d.,  11302. 
Almohades,  dynasty,  92,  1127* ;    besiege 

Santarem,  1126' . 
Al  Moktader,  calif,  487' ;  d.  (931). 
Al  Moktadi,  calif,  487'  ,2;  d.  (870). 
Al  Moktafl,  calif,  487'  ,2:  d.  (908). 
Allnon,  John,  b.,  9102;  d.  (1805). 
Almonte,  Juan  Nepomuceno,  b.-d.,  10952. 

,  Ont.,  Gazette  issued,  6823. 

Al  Mootenabbee,  d.,  4862. 

Almora  mission,  1047' . 

Almoravides,  dynasty  fnd., 92, 1097', 11262; 

conquer  Morocco,  1097' . 
Al  Mortader,  calif,  4872. 

Mostadhi,  calif,  4872. 

Mostain,  calif,  487' . 

Mostakfl,  calif,  487' . 

Mostanjed,  calif,  4872. 

Mostanser,  calif,  487'  ,3. 

Mostarshed,  calif,  4872, 

Motadbed, calif,  487' . 

Motaki,  calif,  487' . 

Motamed,  calif,  487' . 

Motassem,  calif,  487'  ,3. 

Motawakkel,  calif,  487'. 

Motaz,  calif,  487' . 

Moti,  calif,  487'. 

Almquist,  Karl  Jonas  Ludwig,  b.-d.,  11342; 

works  of,  11.362. 
Alms  Knights  est.,  873' . 
Al  Muiisur,  reigns  (Egy.),  6552. 
Muta8em,org.  body  of 'Turk,  prisoners, 

1164' . 
Almy,  Frank.    (See  G.  H.  Abbott.) 
Al  Naser,  calif,  4872. 
Alnwick,  action  at,  850' . 
Alompra,  K.  of  Burma,  b.-d.,  10443;  fnds. 

Kaugun,  10*62. 
Aloysius,  St.,  or  Luigi  Gonzaga,  b.,  10803; 

d.,  10822. 
Alp-Arslan,  b.-d.,  11543;  castle  besieged, 

848' ;  rules;  takes  Syria,  Palestine,  11552; 

subdues  Armenia,  1032' . 
Alpena  lost,  3053. 
Afpes,  Cottite,  Rom.  province,  10632. 

Maritinue,  Rom.  province,  10632. 

Maritimes,  ceded  to  Italy,  7362. 

Alpha  Delphini,  sextuple,  286' . 
Alphege,  St.,  b.  (954);  Bp.  of  Winchester, 

killed,  6352,3,  8462. 
Alphonse,  Sister,  decision  sustained,  3482. 

,  opposed,  Fr.,  6702. 

Alphonse  Zeevecke  burned,  1122' . 
Alphonsine  tables  composed,  4862,  11262. 
Alpine,  Tex.,  cloud-burst,  414' . 

,  King,  reigns,  8332;  beheaded,  845' . 

Alps,  Bonaparte  crosses,  5182. 

Al  Radhi,  calif,  487' . 

Al  Ragel,  philosophers,  4862. 

Al  Baschid,  calif,  d.,  4872. 

Alsace,  battle  in, 662' ;  united  to  Fr., 6893; 

Bismarck-Bohlen,  gov.,    741';  ceded  to 

Ger.,  7451 ;  merged  in  Ger.  Enip.,  775' ; 

seized  by  Fr.,7963;  guilds  in  govt.,  7832; 

taken,  7973;  annexation  to  Ger.  opposed, 

8272;  annexed;  Option  day,  8273. 
Alsace  Chronicle  appears,  8322. 
Lorraine,  laws  abolished,  837' ;  pass- 

ports,8362. 
Alsen,  Prussia,  Danes  enter;  bombarded, 

6402. 
Alsina,  Valentine,  gov.,  491'  ,2. 
Alsop,  Richard,  b.,  723;  d.,  124' . 
Alsted,  Johann  H.,b.,7922;  Encyclopedia, 

795';  d.,  7963. 
Alstett's  frauds,  931'. 
Aletronier,  Klaudius,  b.-d.,  11342. 
Altades  reigns,  11413. 
Altahualpa,  d.,  202. 
AlTai,  calif,  487'. 

Altai  Mts.,  Turkish  power  est.,  1156' . 
Altaroche,  Marie  Michel,  b.,  719' ;  d.,754'. 
Altdorf,  Univ.  of,  7892,  7931,  7951,  7991 ; 

unites  with  Erlangen,  809' . 
Altdorfer,  Albrecht,  b.,  7862;  d.,  7902. 
Altenburg,  Saxony  holds,  7833  ;  assigned 

to   Ernestine   line,  7913  ;    independent, 

7933;  divided,   7973  ;    assigned  to  Saxe- 

Altenburg,  8133. 
Altenkirchen,  Austrians  defeated  ;  French 

defeated,  712' . 
Altgeld,  John  B.,  nom.  for  gov.,  4053;  in- 

aug.,  447' ;  protest  against  troops,  4652. 
Altham,  John,  R.  C.  Church,  322;  d.(1641). 
Althammer,  Andreas,  b.,  7863;  d.,  7922, 
Althen,  Jehan,  or  Jean,  b.-d.,  11063. 
Althing  begins,  1042' . 


1172 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Co/umn.  Alth-Amer, 


Althorp,  Viscount.    (See  Spencer.) 

Alting,  Heinrich,  b.,  7922  ;  d.,  7963. 

,  Jacob,  b.,  7943  ;  d.,  797 1 . 

Altmeyer,  Jean  Jacques,  b.,  5423  •  d., 
0442. 

Altmuflh  reigns,  10432. 

Alton,  Can.,  inundated,  5893. 

,    111.,  collision,  4233  ;    Lovejoy   Day 

celebrated,  4322  j  R.  c.  diocese,  1802. 

Altona,  Prus.,  a  city,  7973  ;  burned,  7981 ; 
Saxons  enter,6413 ;  occupation  protested, 
8223. 

Altoona,  Pa.,  Gardner  absconds,  4682. 

Altranafiiua,  b.-d.,  10662. 

Alva,  Duke  of,  Fernando  Alvarez  de  To- 
leilo,  b.-d.,  11263  ;  in  Belgium,  5401 ,5411 ; 
recalled,5412;  persecution  of  tradesmen, 
8733  ;  fleet  defeated ;  violates  capitula- 
tion, 10981 ;  tool  of  Philip  II.,  10983  ;  re- 
gent ;  tyranny,  10993  ;  retires,  1098i . 

Awa  sinks,  4133.  • 

Alvauley,  Lord  Richard  P.,  b.,  9103. 

Alvarado  surrendered,  1621 . 

,  Alonzo  de,  b.  (1490) ;  in  Peru,  232 ; 

d.  (1556). 

,  George  f  Jor^e)  de,  subdues  Indians, 

212  ;  conquests  in  Salvador,  11231. 

,  Juan  Bautista,  gov.  Cal.,  1472. 

■^— ,  Pedro  de,  b.-d.,  11263  ;  gov. :  invades 
Guatemala,  182 ;  conquers  Salvador, 
11231;  to  Quito,  201;  against  Quito,  6441 . 

Alvarez,  Diego,  governor,  173 ;  ship- 
wrecked, 5532 ;  d.  (1540). 

,  Francisco,  bt-d.,  11092 ;  in  Abys- 
sinia, 1 1 . 

,  Jos6,  b.-d.,  11302. 

,  Juan,  Gen.,  b.-d.,  10952 ;  at  Molino 

del  Key,  1622;  at  Montevideo,  11601; 
president,  10962. 

,  L.  H.  Piuzon  y,  d.,  11322. 

Alvensdorf,  Kerr  von,  nominated,  835'. 

Alvinczy  or  Alvinzi,  Joseph  von,  Baron, 
b.,  5143  •  first  coalition,  5182  ;  d.,  5202. 

Alvord,  Lieut.-Gov.,  Constitu.  Conv.,4693. 

Alwar  mission,  10483. 

Al  Wathek.  calif.  4871 ;  d.  (847). 

Alyattes  expels  Cimmerians,  11471. 

II.,  reigns,  11471 . 

Alydan,  defeat  at,  42, 

Al  Zaher,  calif,  4873. 

Alzerreca,  Gen.,  at  Concon,  6063. 

Amadeus  Ferdinand  Maria,  Duke  of 
Aosta,  b.  (1845),  d.,  11322. 

,  D.  of  Aosta,  proclaimed  king;  re- 
signs, 11332. 

II.  (Victor)  of  Savoy,  exchanges  ter- 
ritory;  receives  title,  10833  ;  reigns;  ab- 
dicates, 10852 ;  d.  (1080+). 

III.,  D.  of  Savoy,  10792  ;  d.  (1148). 

Amadis  de.  Gaulu  appears,  11271 . 

Amalaric,  of  Jerusalem,  reigns,  11253  ;  at 
war,  6541 . 

Amalric  of  Bene,  d.,  6702. 

Amalgam  introduced,  9122. 

Amalgamated  Association  f  md.,  3603, 461 1 . 

Society  of  E.  R.  Servants,  Congress, 

9971. 

Amalgamation  of  races,  Brazil,  5543. 

Amalia  discovered,  7561 . 

Amalie,  Anna,  Duchess  of  Saxe-Weimar, 
b.,8002;  d.  8083. 

Amalienslein  mission,  5983. 

Amanda  wrecked,  9513. 

Amari,  Michele,  b.,  10843  ;  d.,  10901 . 

Amasis  II.,  or  Aahmes,  b.,  6503  ;  reigns, 
6512  ;  erects  Grecian  buildings,  6502  •  d. 
(625  B.C.?). 

Amat,  Felix,  b.-d.,  11283  ;  Church,  11311 . 

,  Manuel  de,  b.  (1706i:) ;  governor,  6053  ; 

d,  (1780±). 

Amatetu-  Mechanical  Soc.  fmd.,972i ;  Am- 
ateur photographers  meet,  3723. 

Amati,  Antonio,  b.,  10803. 

Araatongaland  annexed,  11253. 

Amaury  I.,  b.-d.,  11543  ;  K.  of  Palestine, 
11552  ;  defeated  by  Saracens,  11553. 

II.,  King,  b.-tl.,  11543. 

Amaxosa,  pr()phet,  5993. 

Anuiziah,  reigns,  11451 ;  in  Palestine,  11441 ; 
avenges  father's  death,  11451. 

Amazon  destroyed,  9342. 

Amazon  burned,  9573. 

Amazons  conquered,  10131. 

Ainberg,  battle  at,  5181 . 

Am'>ergri8  found,  3421,  2. 

Araberkeletus,  King,  assassinated,  8431 . 

Ambivius,  rules  in  Judea,  11513. 

Ambler,  Jacob,  tariff  commissioner,  3111 . 

Amboise,  Georges,  de,  b.-d.,  6782. 


Ambo^yna  Island  massacre,  8813. 

Ambrmgen,  Catholic  leader,  5122. 

Ambrister,  Robert  C,  hanged,  126'. 

Ambriz  settled,  11611 . 

Ambroise,  peace  of,  682i ;  plot  of,  683*. 

Ambros,  August  Wilhelm,  b.,  5202  :  d., 
5282. 

Ambro8e,St.,b.-d.,10682;Archbp.of  Milan, 
10683;  composes  Te  Deum;  pleads  for 
Christianity,  10691. 

Ambrosia  discovered,  750 1 . 

Ambrosius,  King  of  Brit.,  8412  ;  d.  (508). 

Ameilhou,  Hubert  Pascal,  b.,  6983;  d., 
7191. 

Amelia,  naval  engagement,  936 1 . 

,  Duchess  of  Saxony,  b.,  8062  ;  d.,  8262. 

,  Princess,  d.,  9351 . 

Amelia  Court-Houae,  Sheridan  at,  2451 , 

Amelia  Thompson  wrecked,  9533. 

Amelot,  de  la  Houssaye,  Abraham  Nicolas, 
b.,  6882;  d.,  6962. 

Amendment,  Constitutional  (U.  S.  A.),  1-10 
passed,  1012;  nth  ratified,  1062;  r^th sub- 
mitted, 1131 ;  ratified,  1132 ;  isth  pro 
slavery  proposed,  1923,  1931  ;  ratified  by 
111.,  '.^2  ;  13th  Anti-Slavery  A.  intro- 
duced, 2293,  Cong,  action,  2352,  2431,  ap- 
§  roved,  2313,  13th  Anti-Slavery  A.  intro- 
uced,  2413;  ratified  by  B.  I.,  Mich.,  N.Y., 
Md.,Mass.,Pa.,W.Va.,  Kan.,  Me.,  Minn., 
Va.,  Ind.,  Nev.,  Wis.,  Miss.,  Vt.,  Ark., 
Conn.,  N.  H.,  Ky.,  2432,  Tenn.,  2453,  111., 
2511,  la,,  2512,  rejected  by  N.  J.,  2433, 
effective,  2493  ;  14th,  Civil  Bights  A., 
submitted  to  States,  2523,  2531,  ratified 
by  111.,  Ind.,  Kan.,  Kv.,  La.,  Mass., 
Me.,  Mich.,  Mmn.,  Md.,  Mo.,  Miss.,  Nev., 
N.  Y.,  O.,  Pa.,  R.  I.,  Wis.,  W.  Va.,  2572, 
Vt.,  2592,  la.,  2613,  Fla.,  Ga.,  N.  C,  Ala., 
La.,  becomes  law,  2633,  by  Tex.,  2711; 
ratification  rejected,  N.  C.,  2552,  Va,, 
2572,  Miss.,  2611,  ratification  withdrawn 
by  N.  J.,  2612,  o.,  2633,  Pres.  Johnson's 
objections,  3531 ;  15th  A.  resolution,  2653 ; 
approved,  rejected,  2653,  passed,  ratified 
by  Nev.,  La.,  2663,  Mass.,  111.,  W.  Va., 
Ky.,  Conn.,  S.  C,  267i ,  Ind.,  Fla.,  N.  H., 
Vt.,  2672,  Va.,  Ga.,  Mo.,  R.  I..  la.,  Minn., 
Neb.,  Tex.,  Kan.,  Tenn.,  2693,  becomes 
law,  2711 ,  Ore.  ratifies,  2811 ,  N.  j.  with- 
draws ratification,  2711,  also  Ga.,  2692, 
debated,  passed, House  passes, submitted 
to  States,  2531,  States  approve,  2532; 
15th  passes,  2653,  rejected,  3103,  Bill, 
3251,  resolution,  4103. 

Amen-em-hat  I.,  reigns  in  Egypt,  6471 ,  2, 

III.,  reigns,  6472  ;  engineer- 
ing works,  64C2. 

Amen-hotep,  I.  (Amenophis),  reigns,  6491. 

II.,  reigns,  6492  ;  takes  Nineveh, 

6481. 

III.,    reigns,    6^2;    favors   art, 

6481 ;  feminine  influence,  6482. 

IV.,  reigns ;  a  heretic ;  intro- 
duces Semitic  religion,  6482. 

Amen-meri-Pai-net'em  II.,  reigns,  6503, 

Pa-mai,  reigns,  651 1 . 

Pata-se-Bast,  reigns,  651 1 . 

se-Bast-Shashanq,  reigns,  6511 . 

Ameniritis,  Queen,  reigns,  6511. 

Am-en-set,  regent  (Kgy.),  649 1 . 

America  built,  941 ;  launched,  943  ;  defeats 
Titania;  wins  "Cup  of  All  Nations," 
1693,  9573-  Perpetual  Challenge  Cup; 
witli  N.  Y.  Yacht  Club,  1833 ;  Dunraven's 
challenge,  3393. 

America,  discoveries.    (See  text,  p.  ll-i-.) 

,  papal  benediction  upon,  3502. 

American  founders,  3052. 

American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences 
fnd.,  931 . 

Academy  of  Medicine  org.,  2901 . 

Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Sci- 
ence fnd.,  3481 ;  incorp.,3781 ;  meets,  4221 , 

Antiquarian  Soc.  Library  fnd.,  1191 . 

Art  Association  buys  Angelus,  3422. 

Art  Union  incorporated,  3121 . 

Asso.  for  the  Advancement  of  Sci- 
ence, 1521 ;  fmd.,  1581 ,  1622;  inN.Y.,244i , 
3261;  in  St.  Louis,  2981;  in  Toronto,  3442, 
5881;  in  Wash.,  3901;  in  Rochester,  4122; 
in  Madison,  4361 ;  in  Brooklyn,  4681 . 

Asso.  for  Deaf  Mutes,  3862,  4IO2. 

Asso.,  cure  of  Inebriates,  org.,  273* . 

Asso.  Medical  College  org.,  2901 . 

Association   Professional  Base  Ball 

Clubs  fmd.,  3091. 

Association  of  Colonists,  792. 

Authors'  GuUd,  475' . 


American  Bankers'  Association  meets,. 
3453,  3663,  3943,  4403,  4743. 

Baptist  Publication  Societyfmd.,lMl ; 

Bible  Department,  3102. 

Bar   Association    org.,   3011;    meets, 

3662,  3903,  3963,  4142,  4362,  4691 ,  4702. 

.Base  Ball  Association  fmd.,  3133. 

Bible  Soc.  org.,  1243  ;  Baptists  with- 
draw, 1462;  anniversary,  1523,  3822; 
erects  Bible  house,  1713  ;  annual  meet- 
ing, 3403  ;  income,  3542  ;  volumes,  3742. 

Bible  Union  fmd.,  1662. 

Bimetallic  League  Conven.,  4343. 

Board  of  Commissicmers  of  F.  M.  ger- 
minates, 1142  ;  constituted,  1163;  mission 
school,  1263  ;  2506ocieties,  1303  ;  reports, 
1343  ;  Indian  missions,  1343,  1:151,  isea 
1402,  1442,  1443,  1862  ;  confined  to  Con- 
gregational Ch.,2722 ;  anniversary,  3462. 
3701;  petitions  Cong.,  3702;  meets, 4161; 
Buenos  Ayres,  489i;  5283;  withdraws, 
5523;  eh.  census,  5982;  India  missions,. 
10463. 

Catholic  Church  fmd,  4701. 

Catholic  Clerical  Union  org.,  3522. 

Cath.  Quarteriy  appears,  2922. 

Cath.  Quarterly  Eeview,  3562. 

cattle  embargo,  Ger.,  4753. 

— —  Cereal  Company  organizes,  3853. 

Chemical  Society  org.,  296 1;  session, 

4683,  4781 . 

Church  Building  Fund,  est.,  3042, 

Church  Keinew  appears,  1642. 

claims  in  Switz,,  2752, 

Climatological  Association  org.,  3141, 

Coll.  and  Education  Soc.  fmd.,  2863. 

Coll.  of  Musicians  incor.,  324' . 

colonies,    Porto   Bello    named,   162 ; 

Nata,  Panama,  fnd.,  173  ;  Panama  fnd., 
193  ;  orthodoxy  enforced,  282  ;  Pilgrims 
in  Mass.,  293  ;  popular  govt,  in  Va.,293; 
duel  in,  302  ;  anti-emigration,  35' ;  civil 
govt,  in  Conn.,  353  ;  commerce  restricted, 
391 ,  413,  423  ;  Commissioners'  visit,  392; 
753;  commerce monopolize<l, 431 ;  restric- 
tions relaxed,  432  ;  postal  system,  473  j 
Fr.  colonists  in,  482  ;  rivalry  of  Fr.  ana 
Eng. ;  treaty  of  neutrality ;  consolidated; 
royal  dependence,  503  ;  first  Cong.;  Ger. 
refugees,  513  ;  Post  route  est.,  533  ;  or- 
thodoxy protested,  543  ;  population, 563. 
pitch-pme  tree,  for  na\"y,  572 ;  official 
corruption,  59=;  jjotatoes  intro.,  592; 
manufactures  restricted, 593;  protection^ 
601;  govt.,  611;  freedom  of  commerce, 
652;  prosperity,  653;  suppressed  by 
Pari.  ;  protection  ;  emigration,  673  ; 
Cong,  at  Albany,  672, 693  ;  religion,  69i ; 
arbitrary  instruction  ;  depots  for  home 
products,  692  ;  population,  093  ;  Ger.  of- 
ficers assist,  701;  discontent,  712;  Gov- 
ernors* Congress,  713,  5733  ;  boundaries 
defined ;  Eng.  occupy  Fr.  posts ;  taxSr 
tion,  733  ;  population,  732  ;  vessels  con- 
fiscated ;  taxation,  743 ;  first  Colonial 
Cong.,  752  ;  manufactures  checked;  irri- 
tation ;  Custom  House,  753  ;  Contraven- 
tion Act  resented,  77 1 ;  tax  on  tea  ;  trade 
crippled,  772  ;  no  govt.,  773  ;  Port  Bill 
fast  day,  783  ;  first  Post  Office  est.,  813 ; 
troops  mutiny  at  Pompton,  N.J.,  923; 
Peace  with  Eng. ,95 1,3.  (See  text,  p.l4±.) 

Colonists'  Congress,  R.  I.,  5733.    (See 

Congi-ess.) 

Colonization  Society  fnd.,  125i . 

Constitutional  Union  meets,  2832. 

Copyright  League  celebrates,  3803, 

Cotton-Mill  celebration,  3693. 

Daughters  of  Revolution  org.,  933. 

Dermatological  Association  org., 290'. 

Dist.  Telegraph  Co.  org.,  2813. 

dollar  standard  est.,  973. 

Economic  Asso.  Conv.,  3731 ,  4792. 

Elec.  Light  Asso.  at  Niagara,  5893. 

embargo  on  pork  removed,  Ger.,  386'. 

EncycTopedia  begun,  2291 . 

exhibit  at  Paris  Exposition,  7593, 

Farmer  issued,  1271. 

Federation  of  Labor,  fmd.,  3251;  at 

Detroit,  conv,,  3723 ;  at  Birmingham, 
3971 ;  at  Phila.,  419i;  anti-strike,  419»J 
meeting,  4462  ;  at  Denver,  4763. 

Federation    "Women's    Clubs,    4063 ; 

session,  8453. 

Fine  Art  Society  fmd,,  550i . 

Fisheries  Society  Conv.,  4071, 4G01. 

Fisheries,  treaty,  3293  ;  Eng.  afjsents,. 

3311  ;  in  Senate,  3312.    (See  Fisheries.) 

fishermen,  privileges,  5923. 


Amer-An. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDl^X.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1173 


American  Folk-lore  Society,  421  ^ . 

and  Foreign  Bible  Society  org.,  1403. 

Forestry  Assooiutionmeets, 397'  ,469^ . 

GaM  Investment  Co.  jit  Trenton,  3633. 

Geological  Soc.  meets,  3481 ,  3731 ,  3991 . 

grain,  duty  removed,  3933. 

Gynecological  S()ciety  org.,  '2001 . 

Hebrew  Uabbis,  Oonf.,  38(i2, 4101 ,4181 . 

Historical  Soc.  meets,  3482,  3731, 3971. 

History  Magazine  appears, '2963. 

Homo  Missionary  Society,  N.  S.  Pres- 
byterians, withdraw,  2023;  Educational 
Department  added,  3062;  meets  in  N.Y., 
3403. 

Humane  Soc.  meets,  3703,  3931 ,  4723. 

—  Independence,  struggle  for.  (See  text, 
pp.783  to 972.) 

Institute   of   Architects,    est.,   260i ; 

conv.  begins,  3703. 

liLstitute  Christian  Philos.,  3642, 4102. 

Institute  Electrical  Engineers  meets, 

4082. 

Institute  of  Homeopathy  meets,  4081 . 

Instituteof  Instruction  meets,  Narra- 

gansett  Pier,  R.  I.,  4101 ,  4642. 

Inst,  of  Mining  Engineers  meets,  3681 . 

International  Conference,  3471 . 

Jewish  Historical  Soc.  fmd.,  4081 . 

Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  127 1 . 

Knights  Sons  of  Liberty  org.,  2392, 

Knights' Supreme  council  meets,  3402. 

Latlies'  Asso.  collects  funds,  1.503. 

Laryngological  Asso.  meets,  358' . 

Legion  of  Honor  founded,  301 1 . 

Library  Association  meets,  3682, 40*2. 

Magazine  published  Phila.,   Boston, 

651;  atPhila.,  712,  763. 

Mechanics,  flags  on  schools,  3543. 

Medical  Asso., anniversary,  340 1 ;  con- 
vention, 4621. 

Medical  College  Asso.  org.,  2901 . 

Medico-Psychological  Asso.,  460i . 

Meteorological  Soc.  Conv.,  456i . 

Miss.  Asso.  frad.,  1603;  Chinese  n^is- 

sions,  1722;  in  1856,  1802;  leaves  north- 
west, 1862;  opens  day-school  for  freed- 
men,  2023;  opens  Avery  Inst.,  2483  ; 
opens  colored  Normal  Inst.,  2543;  opens 
Talladega  Coll. ;  opens  Emerson  Inst., 
3583;  opens  Burrill  School,  2623;  org., 
Dorchester  Acad.,  2763;  receives  Indian 
Missions,  3122,  3142;  org.  Bureau  of 
Woman's  Work,  3142  ;  conv.,  3462,  4741 . 

Monthly  Magazine  est.,  671 ;  appears, 

1271,  1423, 1443. 

Moslem  Inst.,  repudiates  Webb,  476' . 

MuRciim  published,  1003. 

Museum    of    Natural    History    est. 

(1369) :  new  wing  opened,  4161 ;  Sunday 
opening,  4141 . 

Xatiirfilist  Magazine  appears,  2583, 

Neurological  Asso.  org.,  290i . 

Newspaper  Publishers  Asso.  Conven., 

3362,  3523.  .3781 ,  4003,  4^2, 

Order  United  Workmen  excludes  sa- 

loonists,  3831. 

Oriental  Soc.  Columbia  Coll.,  347' . 

Ortoloeical  Society  organized,  2643. 

Paper  Manufs.  Asso.  meets,  J^i. 

Party  rises,  1743;  National  Conven., 

1772;  Phila.,  1792;  slavery  splits,  1772  ; 
conv.  in  Cincinnati,  1772. 

Patriotic  League  meets,  ;i603. 

Philological  Asso.  Conv.,  Mi^ .  3022, 

3862. 

Philosophical  Soc.  fnd.,  65i ,  67i ;  pub- 
lications, 761 ;  anniversary,  1.541 . 

Physicians  and  Surgeons'  Congress, 

3923,4601. 

pilgrims  to  Rome,  2842,  3362. 

pork  admitted  in  Austria,  5352;  im- 
portation, 6423,  7631 ,  8352,3. 

Press  incorporated,  4273, 

prisoners  aided,  89 1;  k.  at  Dartmoor, 

1231. 

Progressive  Party  org.,  4631 . 

Protective  League  address,  4443, 

Protective  Asso.,  450' ,  4751 . 

Protestant  Asso.  meets,  3852. 

Prot.  Church  in  Rome,  10883, 

Psychological  Asso.  meets,  4781 ,  4792. 

Public  Health  Asso.  fmd.,  2811 . 

Qu/irterly  Register  appears,  137'. 

Railway  Union,  men  dismissed,  4662. 

registry  denied  the  Chinese,  4113, 

Itevieip  and  Literary  Journal,  IIII . 

liei^iein  of  Histortf  and  Politics,  1191 . 

Revolution  begins,  732. 

• rirteraeu  at  Bremenhafen,  8343. 


American  Sabbath  Union  org.,  3302 ;  in 

Phila.,  3722; World's  Fair,  3911 ;  session, 

4441. 

Saint  Cecilia  Society  meets,  3642. 

salted  meat  in  Italy,  3951 . 

Seaman's    Friend    Soc.    org.,    1351; 

sends  missionaries,  1363. 

Secular  Union,  World's  Fair,  4022. 

Shipping    and     Industrial     League 

meets,  3531. 
Social  Science  Asso.  fnd.,  2501 ;  conv., 

3441,3901,3,4142,4703. 

Society  Authors  organized,  3802. 

Soc.  Civil  Eng.  or^.,  171' ;  meets,  3762. 

Soc.  Compar.  Religions  meets,  4601 . 

Soc.  Electrical  Engineers  org.,  3192. 

Soc.  of  Mechanical   Engineers    org., 

2743,  3071;  meets,  3852,  3951,4002. 

Soc.  Microscopists  meets,  3881 . 

Soc.  of  Naturalists  meets,  3481 ,  446I . 

Soc.  Prevention  of  Cruelty  org.,  2522, 

Soc.  Promotion  of  Temperance,  1362. 

Soc.  Railway  Supts.  meets,  3032. 

Society  Religious  Education,  4562. 

Sons  of  the  Revolution  meet,  4322, 

Stave  and  Cooperage  Co.  fmd.,  4273. 

Steam  Engineers  oppose  strikes,  4602. 

Strawboard  Company  formed,  3433, 

Street  Railway  Asso.  meeets,  4171 . 

Street  Railway  Convention,  417*. 

Sugar  Refining  Co.  answers,  4621 . 

Sunday-School  Union  formed,  1323. 

Temp.  Univ.  est.,  Harriman  (1892). 

Theosophists  meet,  3383. 

Tract  Society  org. ,  1333 ;  named,  131 1 . 

colportage  intro.,  1542;  American  Mes- 

se7ij7f/r  issued,  163i;  Child's  Paper,  1723. 

Unitarian  Asso.     (See  Unitarians.) 

University  of  Wash,  chartered,  3843. 

vessel  around  world,  993. 

Wheelman's  League  org.,  3043 

— -  Whig  Beview  appears,  1603. 

Whigs  named,  772, 

— -  Whist  Congress,  3883. 

Woman's   Sntfrage  Asso,    org.,  2692; 

meets,  3991,4222, 
Americanists'  conf.  in  Paris,  3711,  7603. 
AmericuB  Club  org.,  2562. 
Amerikanische   Cnristliche  Saengerbund 

nippts    4122 

Amerliiig,  Frederick,  b.,B19< ;  d.,B302. 

Ames,  Adelbert,  b.,  144i ;  Maj.-Gon.  ajjpt.; 
prov.  Gov.  of  Miss.,  26.32 ;  commands  4th 
dist.,  266';  gov.,  2873;  resigns,  2913. 

,  Edward  Raymond,  b.,  H22  ;  bp.,  1702; 

d.,  3002. 

,  Fisher,  b.,  71';  speech,  Jay  treaty, 

1072;  d.,  114'. 

,  Joseph,  b.  (1619);  d.,  278' . 

,  Mary  Clemmer,  b.,  1602;  d.,  3162. 

,  Oakes,  b.  (1804);  Credit  Mobilier  con- 
tract, 2593;  censured,  2812;  d.,  2802. 

,  Oliver,  gov.  Mass.,  3293. 

,  Samuel,  b.  (1806);  d.,  2482. 

,  la..  Agricultural  Coll.  opnd.,  2662. 

Amesbury,  Mass.,  flannel  mfd.,  132'. 

Amfrye,  Guillaume,  Epitres,  6952. 

Ainharic  dictionary  compiled,  12. 

Amherst,  Earl,  title  created,  Ml  2;  Baron, 
1009'. 

,  Lord  Jeffrey,  b.,  9062;  at  Louisburg, 

702;  commander-in-general,  703 ;  atMon- 
treal,  5743;  gov  .-gen.,  10473;  d..  9283. 

,  William  Pitt,  Earl,  b.,  9183;  dis- 
missed, 6172  ;  gov.-gen.  India,  iM13  ;  d., 
9622. 

Agricultural  College  opened,  2583. 

,    Mass.,    Amherst    Coll.    fnd.,    131'; 

library  fnd.,  118' ;  Merrill  E.  Gates,  pres., 
3642,  3862;  gelatinous  matter,  126'. 

Amherstburg,  Can.,  The  Echo,5»23. 

Amhurst,  Nicholas,  b.  (1687) ;  d.,  9103. 

Amicable  Fire  Insurance  est.,  9033. 

Amici,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.,  10843  ;  d., 
10882. 

Amidas,  Philip,  b.,  870' ;  d.  (1618+). 

Amiens,  Peace  of,  6973,  7152  ;  redeemed, 
679';  taken,  684';  Germans  repulsed; 
surrendered,  742. 

Amiot,  or  Amyot,  Joseph,  b.,  698' ;  d., 
7102. 

Amisus  captured,  10582. 

Amity  College  org.,  1822. 

Amman,  Paul,  b.,  7943;  d.,  7982. 

Annnanati,  Bartolomnieo,  b.,  10802;  d., 
10822. 

Aramianus,  Marcellinus,  b.-d.,  10682. 

Ammon,  temple  of,  at  Karnak,  6462;  wor- 
ship of,  &J63. 


Ammon,  Christoph  F.  von,  b.,  80^3;  d.,  8122. 

,  K.,  robbed,  4343. 

Ammonites  defeated,  1140' ;  destroyed, 
11422;  subdued,  1160' . 

Ammonius,  Litbotomuc,  d.,  6522. 

,  Saccas,  b.  (170+) ;  d.,  6522. 

Amnesty,  Cong,  opposes,  2252 ;  excep- 
tional ;  proclaimed,  ii473 ;  second  procla- 
mation, 249' ;  proclaimed,  253' ;  general, 
2632;  extended,2632;  unconditioiial,259' , 
2652;  Bill,  Universal,  fails,  2912;  to  se- 
cret societies,  N.  C,  283' ;  Fr.,  granted, 
7273  ;  to  prisoners,  7332  ;  granted,  7333; 
7362;  Bill,  7512,  7513;  favored,  761'; 
granted,  763' ;  granted  ;  refused  commu- 
nists,763'  ;  granted, 7552;  defeated, 2692; 
to  strikers,  761';  refused  rioters,  7(>33  ; 
Ger.,  granted,  7953 ;  treaty,  8192  ;  in 
Prus.,  8272;  G.  B.,  in  Eng.,  8912;  In  Ire., 
9293;  to  political  exiles,  9612. 

promulgated  (It.),  10902  ;   to  political 

offenders  (Port.),  IIII2  ;  to  prisoners 
(Kus.),  11182;  to  Poles  (Rus.),  11192;  pro- 
claimed (Sp.),  11313;  decree  issued  (Sp.); 
to  Carlists  (Sp.),  11333. 

Amnon,  assassinated,  1143' . 

Amohades  dynasty,  reigns,  1097' . 

Amon  reigns,  11453;  murdered,  1146'. 

Amontons,  Guillaume,  b.,  6903;  system  of 
telegraphy,  6942;  d.,  6962. 

Amorite  boem,  written,  1141'. 

Amory,  (Jol.,  at  Trenton  Bridge,  2072. 

Amos,  prophet,  11443. 

Amours,  tribe  rebels,  10' . 

Amoy,  flag  fired  on  ;  taken,  616' ;  mission, 
617' ,  6183,  619' ,  6223;  riots,  625' . 

Ampeita,  asteroid,  discovered,  748' . 

Ampere,  Andr6  Marie,  b.,  7043;  applies 
electro-magnetism,  7222;  d.,  7262. 

,  Jean    Jacques,    b.,    7142;    Literary 

Hist,  of  France,  7283;  d.,  7362. 

AmpHng,  battle  of,  601' ,  782' . 

Amphictyon  League  rule ;  prognostica- 
tions, 1013' . 

Amphictyonic  Council,  est.  at  Thernio- 
pylie,  10152  ;  fines  Phocians  ;  punishes 
Locrians,  1024' . 

societies  flourish,  10142. 

Amphion,  besieges  Thebes,  1013' . 

Amphipolis  fnd.,  10212;  taken,  10202. 
10223. 

Amphitheater,  Astley's,  reopened,  962' . 

Amphitrite  lost,  9473. 

AmphitHtey  asteroid,  discovered,  9582. 

Ampthill,  Baron,  title  created,  i)57' . 

.    (See  Russell.) 

Ampudia,  Pedro  de,  at  Monterey,  160' . 

Amras,  murderer,  arrested,  6382. 

Amr-Ibn-El-As,  invades  Syria,  655' ;  d. 
(663). 

Amru-ben-el-Ass,  b.  (663±);  at  Alexandria, 
484';  Mussulman;  d.,  4842. 

el-Kais,  d.,  4842. 

Amsdorf,  Nikolaus  von,  b.,  7862;  d.,  792*. 

Amsler,  Samuel,  h.,  8013;  d.,  8I82. 

Amsterdam,  Keth.,  Amstel  Castle  begun, 
1098';  founded;  Eglantine  est.,  1099'; 
recovered,  10993;  Prussians  enter,  11002; 
Fr.  enter,  710' ;  Exchange  and  Stadhouse 
built ;  surrendered  to  king,  11002;  trade 
injured;  bank  fnd.,  11012;  Evan.  Alli- 
ance held,  2602  ;  Univ.  opened ;  Interna- 
tional Conven.  Y.M.C.  A.,;  memorial  to 
Pastor  John  Robinson,  11022;  unem- 
loyed  riotous,  11023;  soc.  for  working- 
people  fmd. ;  International  exhibition 
opened,  11023. 

Island,  French  possess,  7633. 

Netherlands  Line  est.  in  N.Y.,  2873. 

Amurath  I.,  b.  (1319);  in  Servia,  1123'; 
reigns,  11553;  besieges  Constantinople, 
1156' ;  org.  Janizaries ;  conquers  Thrace ; 
captures  Phllippopolis,  1034',  11642; 
takes  Greek  territory,  ia352;  d.,  II662. 

II.,  b.-d.,  11562;  at  Nish,  1166';  reigns, 

11572;  at  Verna,  665'. 

III.,  b.-d.,  11662;  reigns,  11572. 

IV.,  b.-d.,  11662;  reigns,  11572;  sultan ; 

prohibits  smoking,  11563. 

(Murad)  Y.,  b.  (1840) ;  armistice,  528' ; 

reigns ;  deposed,  11592. 

Amusements  forbidden  in  Va.,  283. 

Amyntas  I.,  king  of  Macedonia,  10172  ; 
reigns ;  expelled,  10232. 

Amyot,  Jaques,  b.,  G8O2  ;  d.,  6842. 

Amyraut,  MoJse,  b.,  6842;  d.,  6803. 

Amyi-t.-eus  (Egy.),  rebel,  10183, 

,  reigns  (Egy.),  0513. 

An,  reigns  (Egy.).  617' . 


1174 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  Anah— Angl. 


Anabaptists,  death  penalty  for,  7891;  in 
N.J.,  502;  in  Neth.,  10983;  insurrection 
incited,  7872;  active,  7891 ;  est.  theocracy, 
7903;  at  Sw-ikau,  7891 ;  iu  Switz.,  1372;  fu 
Hesse;  beheaded,  7902;  seize  Muuster, 
7901 ;  edict  against,  Ger. ;  tortiu'ed,  7903; 
edict  against,  Sp.,  11291;  biu-ned,  8743; 
in  London,  8902. 

Anacletus,  St.,  Bp.  at  Rome,  10623;  d.  (91V). 

Anacreon,  b.-d.,  10162;  poet,  10163. 

Anaeawa,  battle  of,  10911 . 

Ananita,  discovered,  326i. 

Aiiahuac,  Aztecs,  Chichimes  enter,  132. 

Ajiak  Sepoy  rebellion,  10481. 

Auaku-Merodach,  reigns,  11433. 

Analytical  Maqazine  issued,  1212. 

Auan-ben-David,  leader  Karaites,  11543. 

Anand,  Bombay  mission,  1048'. 

Ananeel,  high  priest,  11502,  11512. 

Ananias,  son  of  Nebedseus,  high  priest, 
11523;  in  bonds,  11533. 

Anaquito,  battle  of,  22i . 

Anarchiad  Papers  published,  99 1 . 

Anarchism  in  army,  8361 . 

Anarchists,  Auat.,  5332,  5351,  5362;  Arg. 
Rep.,  iu  Buenos  Ayres,  4933;  munitions 
of  war,  5482;  at  Seraiug,  547' ;  Belg.,  in 
Liege,  5481 ;  Fr.,  insurrection,  7533;  dem- 
onstration, Paris,  7652 ;  flght  Com- 
munists, 7563;  arrested  at  St.  Denis, 
Paris,  7603;  plot,  Paris;  rout  Boulan- 
gists,  7611 ;  dynamite  explosion  in  Paris, 
7623;  convicted  at  Liege,  7631;  League 
against,  767i ;  expelled,  7662,  3;  in  Mar- 
seilles, 7671;  Ger.,  arrested,  8362;  op- 
position to,  8372;  It.,  arrested  ;  tire  at 
Premier  Crispi ;  suppression  movement, 
10903;  G.  B.,  meeting  stopped,  1011 1; 
await  trial,  10903;  Sp.,  active,  1133*; 
U.S.A.,  sentenced  in  Chicago,  3243;  sen- 
tenced, 3272;  plot  in  Chicago,  3591 ;  cele- 
bration, 371 1 ;  demonstration,  3943 ;  fined, 
3951;  Chicago  May-day  parade,  4063; 
monument  in  Chicago,  4161 ;  memorial 
service,  N.Y.,4183;  meeting,  4331 ;  Claus 
Timmerman  sentenced,  4381 ;  memorial, 
4423 ;  arrested,  4502;  deportation  of,  469* ; 
monument,  4321 ;  pardoned,  4323. 

Anarchy  in  India,  10433;  in  Transvaal, 
6013;  in  Fr.,  7523,  6752;  treaty  for  sup- 
pression, 7611 ;  League  against  anarchy, 
7662;  suppression  treaty,  8352;  in  Per- 
sia, 11073;  in  Peru,  11083;  in  Poland, 
11133, 11152. 

Auaselitza,  Christians  persecuted,  11582. 

Anastasiue,  St.,  Pope,  10663. 

II.,  St.,  Pope,  10703;  d.,  10702. 

III.,  Pope,  10723;  d.,  10721 . 

IV.,  Pope,  10751 ;  d.,  10742. 

,  St.,  b.-d.,  11542. 

I.,  emp.,  b.-d.;  persecutes  Catholics; 

withdraws  protection,  10303. 

I.,    reigns,    10312 ;    corrects    abuses, 

10311 ;  conspiracy  charges  ;  killed,  10331 . 

II.,  reigns,  10331 ;  d.,  10322. 

Anastatic  printing  invented,  8161 ,  9481 . 

Anatoli,  annexed  to  Ottoman  emp.,  11553, 

Anatomical  Society,  fmd.,  London,  99Ci . 

Anatotius,  patriarch,  crowns  Leo  I., 
io:ii2. 

Anaxagoras,  b.-d.,  10162;  notes  eclipses, 
10203. 

Ajiaxarchus,  b.,  10243. 

Auaximander,  b.-d. ;  theory  of  air,  10162; 
astronomical  calculations,  10163;  ob- 
serves Zodiac,  10162. 

Anaximenea,  b.,  10211. 

Ancaster,  Earl  of,  title  created,  11103. 

Anceiot,  Marguerite  Virginia  Chardon, 
b.,  7082;  a.,  7501. 

,  Jacques  Arsfene  Fran9oi8e  Polycarpe, 

b.,  7102;  d.,  7302. 

Ancenis,  treaty  signed,  6792. 

Anchor  Line  of  steamships  est.,  1713. 

Anchorage,  Ky,  Reform  Schoolj  2783. 

Anchoreua,  Tomas,  foreign  minister,  4923. 

Ancient  Academy  of  Music  fnd.,  9041 . 

Order  of  Foresters,  statistics,  4462. 

Order  of  Hibernians  fnd.,  147 1;  con- 
vention, 4621. 

Order  of  United  Workmen,  4463. 

Society  of  Germany,  7683. 

Ancients,  Council  of.     (See  Paris.) 

Ancillon,  Johann  P.,  b.,  8023;  d.,  8143. 

Anckarstrom,  Count,  shoots  Gustavna 
III.,  11351 . 

Ancon,  treaty  signed,  6073. 

Ancona,  Marius'  army  mutinies,  10562; 
captured,  635i ;  taken,  780i ;  capitulates, 


7121 ;  Fr.  occupy,  7261 ;  10872;  taken,  It., 

5222;  taken,  10881. 
Ancre,  Marquis  d'.  Baron  de  Lusigny  Con- 

cinio  Concini,  people  against,  6872;  d., 

6802,  6873. 
Ancus,  Martius,  reigns,  10511 . 
Ancyra,  church  council  at,  11543. 
Andalusia,  Inquisition  in,  11272;   upris- 
ing, 11301 ;  bread  riots,  11331 . 
Anderida.     (See  Pevensey,  8401 .) 
Anderlues,  colliery  explosion,  5473. 
Andernach,  battle,  7721. 
Andersen,  Hans  Christian,  b.,  6382;  works, 

9392;  d.,  6421. 
Anderson,  Adam,  b.,  900' . 

,  Alexander,  b.,  823;  d.,  2682. 

,  Alexander,  b.,  8742;  d.,  8802. 

,  A.  A.,  Mrs.,  gift,  4183. 

,  Andrew,  books,  8971 . 

,  Bill,  at  Centralia,  2382. 

,  Carl  Johan,  b.-d.,  11361 . 

,  Capt.,  in  S.C,  901. 

,    Capt.,    captured    in    China,    620* ; 

knighted,  9691. 

,  Charles,  gov.  of  Ohio.,  2511 . 

,  Col.  C.  I).,  at  Fort  Gains,  2371 . 

,  David,  Washingtonian,  151 1. 

,  E.  Ellery,  R.R.  director,  4473. 

,  Geo.  B.,  b.  (1831) ;  d.,  2172. 

,  Hugh  J.,  gov.  of  Me.,  1592. 

,  Isaac,  b.,  93i ;  d.,  180' . 

,  James,  b.,  9103;  d.,  9343. 

,  John,  gov.  of  N.J.,  632,  633. 

,  John,    editor,    issues    Cofistitutimial 

Gazette,  831. 

,  John,  Sir,  b.  (1814) ;  d.,  994i . 

,  Joseph,  b.  (1757) ;  pres.  senate,  1132; 

d.  (1837). 

,  J.  P.,  governor  of  "Wash.,  1832. 

,  Mary  Antoinette  (Mrs.  Navarro),  b., 

1842. 

,  Percy,  Sir,  signs  Agreement,  8352. 

,  Richard    C,    b.    (1750±) :     delegate, 

1352;  d.  (1826). 
,  Richard  Henry,   Gen.,   b.  (1816) ;    at 

Santa  Rosa  Island,  2001 ;  at  Kinderhook, 

2103;  at  Cold  Harbor,  234i;  at  Gettvs- 

burg,  2241 ;  at  Fort  Harrison,  2382;  reen- 

forces  Lee,  2382;  d.,  3002. 
,  Robert,  b.,  1122;  at  Charleston,  1881 ; 

at  Sumter,  1901 ;  in  Ky.,  1993;  d.,  2741 . 

,  Rufus,  b.,  1061 ;  d.,  3041 , 

,  Thomas,  M.,  made  col.,  3221. 

Anderson,  Ind.,  mills  closed,  4042. 
Anderson's  Univ.,  founded,  Glasgow,  9271 . 
Andersonville,    Ga.,    Feds,    imprisoned, 

2302;  prison,  a  park,  2733. 
Anderssen,  Adolph,  b.,  8122;  d.,  8301. 
Andersson,  Nils  Johan,  b.-d.,  11361. 
Andilly,  Robert  d\  b.,  6842;  d.,  6922. 
Andlau,  Count  D'.  imprisoned,  7562. 
Andover,  N.Y.,  oil  discovered,  338i. 

Theological     Seminary     organized, 

Mass.,  1143;  Andover  Case,  3701 . 

Andrada,  Diego  Payva  d',  b.-tl.,  11092. 
,  Gomez  Freire  de,  b.-d.,  5542. 

Machado    e    Silva    Antonio    Carlos 

Ribeiro  de,  b.-d.,  5542. 

e  Silva,  Jos^  Bonifacio  de,  b.-d., 5542; 

dismissal  opposed,  exiled.  5552. 

,  Sp.  Gen.,  at  Seminara,  6782. 

Andrade,  Ferd.  Perez  D',  Canton  River, 
executed,  6152. 

,  Jacinto  Freire  de,  b.  (1597) ;  works, 

11092,  11102;  d.  (1657). 

Neves,  Jos4  Joaquim  de,  b.-d.,  5542. 

Andral,  Gabriel,  b.,  7123;  d.,  750i. 

Andrassy,  Gyula  (Julius),  b.,  5202;  at 
Congress  of  Berlin,  8311;  premier,  5273; 
resigns,  5311;  minister,  5292;  represen- 
tative, 5293;  d.,  5322;  exiled,  5552. 

Andr^,  Father,  at  Lake  Huron,  442. 

,  John,  Maj..  Brit.  spy.  b.  (1751) ;  lands, 

921 ;  hanged,  921 ,931 ;  remains  exhumed, 
1293;  monument,  3021 . 

,  St.  Jacques  d'Albon,  killed,  6821 . 

Andrea,  Girolamo  d',  b.,  10851 ;  d.,  10882. 

,  Jakob,  b.,  7902;  d.,  7922. 

,  Johann  von,  b.,  7922;  d.,  7963. 

,  Laurentiiis,  b.-d.,  11342. 

Andreas,  Valentine,  Rosese  Crucis,  7961 . 

Andree,  Karl  T.,  b.,  8083;  d.,  8281 . 

Andreossi,  Antoine  Francois,  b.,  7023;  d., 
7243. 

Andrew  the  Apostle,  called,  11621 ;  cruci- 
fied, 11552. 

- —  I.,  Hung.  K.;  assassinated,  5022,  a. 

II.,  Hung.  K.,  b.-d.;  fifth  crusade, 

5042;  King,  5051. 


.  King,  5052;  d.,  5042. 
of   Vladimir,  III61, 


Andrew  III.,  Hung 

I.,  grand  diik 

murdered,  III32. 

II.,  reigns  in  Russia,  11152. 

of  Hungary,  murdered,  10773. 

,  James  Osgood,  b.,  1042;  ordained  bp. 

1402;  suspended,  1563;  d.  (1871,  Mar.). 

,  John,  b.,  662. 

, Albion,  b.,  1262;  gov.,  2032;  calls 

for  troops,  1953;  d.,  2582. 

Palreologos    becomes  Mohammedan, 

11563. 

Andrews,  ozone  theory,  964i . 

,  A.  T.,  World's  Fair  Com.,  3633. 

,  Carrie,  shot,  4502. 

,  Cbas.  B.,  gov.  of  Conn., -3012,  3033. 

,  Dr.,  Dublin  Observatory,  9222. 

,  E.  B.,  Pres.  Brown  Univ.,  3411;  de- 
clines Chicago  Univ.,  4482;  Monetary 
Conference,  4132;  in  Brussels,  5491 . 

,  Edward  Gayer,  b.,  1322;  consecrated 

bishop,  2763. 

,  Ethan  Allen,  b.,  98i ;  d.,  1841 . 

,  Geo.  L.,  Col.  b.  (1828) ;  at  Laurel  Hill, 

W.  Va.,  1962. 

,  Jedediah,  Bapt.  minister,  542. 

,  Judson  B.,  b.  (1834) ;  d.,  4661 . 

,  Lorrin,  b.  (1795) ;  d.,  2622. 

,  missionary,  57 1 ,  9191 , 

raiders,  monument,  3841 , 

,  Stephen  Pearl,  b.,  1182;  d.,  3222. 

,  W.  S.,  bribery,  4531 . 

Andrevi,  Francisco,  b.-d.,  11302. 

Andrieux,  Francois  Guillaume  Jean  Stan- 
islaus, b.  (1759) ;  Efmirt/is,  7063;  d.  (1833). 

,  M.,  Panama  Canal  scandal,  7042,  3; 

duel,  7643. 

Andriscus,  insurrection  of,  10292;  leader 
Macedonians,  10551 . 

Androcides,  b.-<i.,  IOI91. 

Androcles,  in  Messenian  war,  10141,  d. 
(740  B.C.). 

Andromache,  asteroid,  discovered,  2961 . 

Andromache  c}U)tures  La  Trai^e,  9361 . 

Andronicus  of  Rhodes,  b., 10282;  flourishes, 
10291. 

1.,    Comnenus,    b.    (lllOi);    reigns, 

10333;   orders   massacre  Latuis,    11551; 
d.  (1185). 

II.,  b.  (1259) ;  struggle,  10341 ;  reigns; 

deposed,  10352  ;  opposes  church  union, 

excommunicated,  10343  ;  d.  (1332). 
III.,  d.  (1296) ;  struggle,  10341 ;  reigns, 

10352  ;  d.  (1341). 
Andros,  besieged,  10182. 
,  Edmund,  Sir,  b.,  341 ;  gov.,  453  ;  est. 

authority.   46i ;    at   Boston ;    gov.  Am 

colony,  503  ;  at  Hartford  ;  gov.-gen.  Brit. 

Am.;  in  R.I. ;  N.  J.  submits;  tyranny  of, 

511 ;  recall ;  in  prison,  512;  gov.  Va.,532  ; 

d.,581. 
Anegenge  appears,  7783. 
Anesthetics  (U.S.A.),  introduced,  1622. 
Anethan,   Julius   Joseph,    Baron    d*,    b. 

(1803) ;  ministry  ;  resigns,  5452. 
Angeli,  House  of,  reigns,  10333. 
Angelhia  discovered,  7342. 
Angell,James  Burrill,  b.(1829);  treaty  ,6232. 

,  Joseph  Kinnicut,  b.,  1042;  d.,  (1857). 

Angelo,  Andrea,  b.,  10721. 
Angels,  Reliefs  of,  executed,  8541 , 
Anqelus,  exhibited  in  Fr. ;  bought  by  Am. 

Art  Asso. ;  in  N.Y.,  3422;  in  Chicago, 

3521 ;  gold,  3701 ;  in  Canada,  5901 . 
Angers,  A.  B.,  Minister  of  Agr.,  5952. 

,  University  founded,  6723. 

Angevin  line  of  counts  est.,  6732. 
Angibert,  St.,  b.  (740i) ;  d.,  6662. 
Angkor,  taken,  11241. 
Angles,  settle  in  Scot.,  7712;  enter  Eng., 

8401 ,3,  8412;  restore  arts,  letters,  8431 . 
Anglesey,  E.  of,  minister,  8933. 
,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  9372.    (See 

Paget,  Henry  William.) 
Anglican  Church,  est.,  8723;  in  Md.,  542; 

in  Rome,  10883;  service  ;  music,  8701 . 

Church  Quarterlu  iierietc,  est.,  980*. 

clergy,  restricted.  8883. 

Creed,  articles,  8723. 

Angling,  practised,  11442. 
Anglo-American  Telegraph  Co.  org.,  2533. 

Austrian  ctmven  .;  signed,  10063. 

Continental  Society  formed,  9583. 

Danish  exhibition  in  London,  998*. 

— —  *'r.  agreement  with  Africa,  7611 . 

Ger.  agreement,  836=,  5613,  5633. 

Jewish  Society  incorporated,  9751 

Mexican  treaty,  accepted,  5011. 

Norman,  bursts  boilers,  1692, 


Angl-Anti. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1175 


Anglo-Portuguese  Congress,  10072  ;  agree- 
ment signed,  11123. 

Saxan  wrecked,  9673. 

Saxons  advance  civilization,  843* . 

Turkish  Conven.  annulment,  10012. 

Angola  discovered,  1161*. 

Angora,  action  at,  10352. 

Angostura,  action  at,  11602. 

Angouleme,  Cathedral  erected,  669*; 
House  of,  enthroned,  6793. 

Duo  d',  Chas.  de  Valois,  b.,  6922  ;  d. 

(1650). 

Due  d*,  Louis  Antoine  de  Bourbon,  b. 

(1775) ;  enters  Sp.,  724< ;  d.  (1S44). 

,  Duchess  d",  Marie  Th^rise  Ciiarlotte, 

b.,  70*3  ;  d.  (1851). 

Anguilla,  W.I.,  settled,  8932. 

Angus,  E.  ol.    (See  Douglas,  Archibald.) 

,  Samuel,  b.  (178i) ;  d.,  1521 . 

Aiihalt,  belongs  to  Saxony,  779*  ;  inde- 
pendent, 7803  ;  duchy,  8223. 

Anheim  surrenders,  692* . 

Anhoui,  famine  in,  6253. 

Anicet-Bourgeois,  Auguste,  b.,  7163  ;  d. 
(1871). 

Anicetus,  St.,  Pope,  10643  ;  d.  (162i). 

Animal  magnetism,  practised,  5163. 

Animalcules  discovered,  11003. 

Animals,  remains  of  extinct,  9421;  Soc. 
Prevention  of  Cruelty  to,  2522. 

,  cruelty  in  passage,  285* . 

Anisansel,  Col.  H.,  near  Sutton,  2021 . 

Anilin,  invented,  8141 . 

Anjou,  united  to  France,  6792 ;  surren- 
dered, 8632. 

,  Duke  of,  regent,  6753. 

Anlaf .    (See  Olaf .) 

A.  y,  Johnson  explodes  boiler,  1633. 

Ann,  Czarina,  d.,  11143. 

Anna  Comnena,  b.-d.,  10322  •  Alexis,  10323. 

Aniinles  des  Travaux  Pitbliqv.es  issued, 
M43. 

Politimies,  Oiviles,  et  Littiraires,  7052. 

Annali  di  Mathematica  issued,  10883. 

di  Statistica  issued,  10883. 

Annaly,  Baron,  title  created,  9651 . 

Annam,  provinces  annexed  to  Fr.,  7373. 
(See  text,  pp.  480-483.) 

Annandale,  Scot.,  earthquake,  9981 . 

,  Va.,  bat.,  2183  ;  Coll.  org.,  1863. 

Annapolis,  capital  Md.,  533  ;  Washington 
surrenders  command,  96i ;  Cont.  Cong. 
meets,  972;  State  Library  fnd.,  1351; 
Gen.  Butler  commands,  1942 ;  Naval 
Academy  org.,  1583,  opnd.,  3501 ,  hazing 
prohibited, '.^1 ;  constitutional  conven. 
meets,  2333,2573  ;  earthquake,  3321 ;  ex- 
plorers* monument,  3701 ;  bicentennial 
celebrated,  4533. 

Ann  Arbor,  Locomotive  Brotherhood  in- 
junction, 4272. 

Anniis,  high-priest,  11503. 

Anne,  Duchess  of  Courland,  reigns,  11153, 

Hyde,  marries,  8912. 

of  Austria,  b.,  6862  ;  marries  Louis 

XIII.,  6873;  regent;  at  St.  Germain, 
6893;  d.,  6903. 

of  Beaujeu,  b.  (1462);    regent,  6792, 

6812  ;  d.  (1522) ;  est.  maids  of  honor,  679* ; 
vanquishes  princes,  6781 ,  2. 

of  Bohemia,  b.  (1366);  marries,  8611; 

d.  (ISMJ 

of    Brittany,    b.    (1476);    black    for 

mourning, 6791 ;  espoused;  marries,6793; 
d.  (1514). 

of  Denmark,  b.  1574 ;  queen ;  d.,  8801 . 

of  Eng.,  b.,  8902  ;  Queen,  9032  ;  cures 

for  scrofula,  9052  ;  d.,905i;  statue,  9041, 
9941. 

of  Russia  marries  Henry  I.,  6691 . 

of  Sweden,  marries,  8773. 

of  York,  marries  George,  8972  ;  de- 
serts father,  8973. 

Annenkoff,  Gen.,  Bus.,  director,  73. 

Annesley,  Arthur,  b.,  8801 ;  d.,  9862. 

,  Earl,  title  created,  9231 . 

,  Susannah,  marries,  899i . 

Anni  Franciscaiwrwm  issued,  7972. 

Annibile,  G.  d',  cons.  Cardinal  priest,  7582. 

Annie  E.  Hall,  loss,  3353. 

Jane,  wrecked,  9593. 

J.  Pardee,  wrecked,  4773. 

Anniston,  Ala.,  R.  B.  accident,  4733. 

Annms  Rufus  ;  rules  in  Judea,  11513. 

Anno,  Archl)p.,  abducts  K.,7753  ;  d.(1075). 

Annodine,  attacked,  823. 

Annuario  di  G iurispnidenza  issued,  10902. 

Annuity  Bill,  I),  of  Edinburgh,  9773. 

Tax  Abolition  Act  passes,  9752. 


Annville,  Lebanon  Valley  Coll.  org.,  2583. 

Anointing  at  coronations,  G.  B.,  8442, 8452. 

Anquetil-Duperron,  Abraham  Hyacinthe, 
b.,  6983  ;  d.,  7163. 

Anscarius,  or  Ansgar,  b.  (801) ;  mission  to 
Danes,  6351;  introduces  Christianity, 
11333  ;  d.  (865). 

Anseline  de  Leon,  b.-d.,  6682. 

Anselm,  St.,  Archbp.  of  Canterbury,  b.-d., 
8462  ;  in  monastery,  6682,  8463  ;  conse- 
crated archbishop,  8483. 

Anselme,  Antoine,  b.,  6902  ;  d.,  6983. 

Anselmo,  St.,  Bp.  of  Lucca,  b.-d.,  10742. 

Anson  wrecked,  3813,  9321 . 

Anson,  A.  I.  R.,  cons,  bishop.,  9922. 

,  Gen.  George,  b.  (1797) ;  Sepoy  rebel- 
lion, 10481 ;  d.  (1857). 

,  Lord  George,  b.,  9002  ;  captures  Fr. 

fleet  off  Finisterre,  7001 ;  admiralty, 
9133  ;  d.,  9162. 

Ansonia,  library  dedicated,  408*. 

Ansorge,  Charles,  b.  (1817)  ;  d.  2541 . 

Ansprand,  King  of  Italy,  10731 . 

Anster,  John,  b.,  926.2  ;  d.  (1867). 

Antalcides,  Peace  of,  10232. 

Antalia,  earthquake,  11562. 

Antananarivo,  mission  at,  10942. 

Antar,  warrior,  poet,  4831 ;  d.,  4842. 

Antarctic  Continent  discovered,  1501 . 

expedition  sails,  1481 . 

Antenor,  bronze  group,  10191 ;  founds 
Padua,  10511. 

Anterius,  St.,  Pope,  10643. 

Anthemius,  reigns,  10712;  seizes  Constanti- 
nople, 11541;  murdered,  1(»713  ;  d.,  10702. 

Authon,  Chas.,  b.,  1062;  Classical  Diction- 
ary,  1543  ;  d.,  2582. 

-,  translates  Horace,  1391 . 

Anthony,  Clement,  King,  8152. 

,  Geo.  T.,  gov.  Kan.,  2973. 

,  Henry  Bowen,   b.,   1241  ;  gov.  R.  T., 

leri ;  Pres.  Senate,  2671 ,  2711 ,  2733,  2753, 
2773,  2792  ;  d.  (1884.) 

,  St.,    b.,    6522 ;    fnds.    monasticism, 

10663  ;  d.,  6542. 

, .,  of  Lisbon  ;  works,  11091 . 

, .,  of  Padua,  b.-d.,  10742. 

,  Prior  of  Crato,  rules,  11093. 

,  Col.  at  Kansas,  Mo.,  2003. 

,  Susan  Brownell,  b.,  1282  ;  woman's 

suffrage,  2i592  ;  votes,  2783. 

,  Ulric,  Duke  of  Brunswick,  7992. 

,  Viscount  Falkland,  lord  admiralty, 

8992. 

Anthropological  Institute  fnd.,  9741 . 

Society  org.,  W&\. 

Anti-Amusement  Act  passes,  881 1. 

Anarchists  Bill,  passes  S.,  4692  ;  H. 

non-concurring,  4S92  ;  Ger.  Bill,  8372. 

-Law,    Fr.,    767*;   bill    passes    in 

France,  7673. 

manifesto  issued,  Fr.,  7642. 

Antiburghers,  reunite  with  Burghers, 9403. 

Anti-Catholic  schools  established,  8963. 

Chinese  Bill  passes  S.,  4051;  vetoed; 

second  bill  passes,  311 1 . 

riots  in  California,  2971 . 

Antichrist,  drama,  appears,  7763. 

Anti-Convict ;  Society,  Cape  Colony,  f  md., 
5991 ;  Labor  Bill  intro.,  3491 ;  passed,  3692. 

Corn  Law  League,  fmd.,  9493  ;  reor- 
ganized, 9673. 

Anticyra  captured,  10262. 

Anti-dancing  socials,  9,53 1 . 

Debris  Convention,  Cal.,  3113. 

Dutch  Navigation  Act,  8891 ,  11013. 

Dynamite  Bill,  Fr.,  passes,  7633. 

Effeminacy  Act  passed,  8772. 

Episcopacy  Bill,  Eng.,  8851 . 

Antietam,  Battle  of,  Md.,  2131;  National 
'     Cemetery  dedicated,  2593. 

Anti-Export  Law  passes,  Eng.,  9032. 

Gambling  Association,  find.,  4731 . 

Antigone  presented,  3801 . 

,  asteroid,  discovered,  280* . 

Antigonidae  rule  Macedonia,  10272. 

Antigonish,  Can.,  O^sket,  5803. 

Antigonus,  b.-d.,  10231;  regency,  10263; 
kills  Eumenes  ;  war  against,  10243  ;  k.  at 
Ipsus,  10261 . 

^~  Doson,  atSellasia,  10262  ;  regent ;  gen- 
eral Achsean  League ;  dies,  10273. 

,  Gonatus,  against  Gr.;  takes  Athens, 

10261;  title  of  king,  IO271;  restored  to 
Macedon  ;  liberates  Athenians,  10272  ; 
gains  Macedonia,  10272;  in  Thrace,  11481 ; 
takes  Palestine,  11491 ;  d.,  IO272. 

Antig(mus,  high  priest,  11502  ;  enthroned 
in  Syria,  11512  ;  relbuilds  Smyrna,  11551 . 


Antigua  discovered,  14* ;   ceded  to  Eng- 
land, 433,    8932 ;   bishopric    est.,  9483 ; 
Bishop  Jackson  consecrated,  9862. 
Auti-Hazing  Bill,  N.  Y.,  signed,  4662. 

Heretics  Law  passes,  Eng.,  86O2. 

Hussite  Crusade,  10791 . 

International    Society    Bill    passed, 

Fr.,  747 1;  manifesto  issued,  7642;  law 
abolished,  8343. 

Kellogg  Convention  at  N.  O.,  2832. 

Kuklux  Act,  enforcement,  2751 . 

Antillia  settled,  113  ;  found  on  maps,  123. 

Anti-Liquor  Bill,  9092. 

lords  resolution,  first,  10123. 

Lottery  Bill,  U.  S.,  passed,  3671 ,  3691 ; 

constitutional,  4012;  violated, 3762;  4451 . 

Lottery  League  org..  La.,  3623,  3863. 

Minor  laws,  G.  B.,  9471 . 

Stamp  Act,  Congress  meets,  762. 

AntistheneE,b.(444±  B.C.);  flourishes, 10231 ; 
fnds.  Cynic  school,  10232  ;  d.  (371  B.C.). 

Anti-Tammany,  woman's  movement,  4731 . 

Tax    insurrection,   Eng.,  8O6I;    riots 

break  out,  10903. 

Tobacco  Crusade,  fnd.,  G.  B.,  9591 . 

Trust  Bill  introduced,  XJ.  S.  A.,  3483, 

4272;  passes,  3571,3591. 

Union  Society  meetings  prohibited, 

9452. 

Antioch  built,  11491 ;  capital,  11491 ;  earth- 
quakes, 11502;  action  at,  10641 ;  captured, 
10661;  Christians  massacred,  10722; 
taken,  10313,  10321,  10352,  11552;  Chris- 
tian principality,  10333  ;  mission,  11582. 

College  org.,  1723. 

Antiochi\s,  K.  of  Messenia,  in  war,  10141 . 

1.,  b.  (323  B.C.) ;    enlarges  territory, 

10271 ;  reigns,  11491 ;  defeats  Gauls,  1148* ; 
d.  (261  B.C.). 

II.,  Theos,  b.  (300+  B.C.);  reigns,  11491 ; 

peace  with  Egy.,  6521 ;  d.  (246  B.C.). 

III.,  the  Great,  b.-d.,  11482  ;    reigns, 

11492  ;  invades  Greece ;  aids  .Sltolians  ; 
defeats  Asiaticus;  at  Magnesia,  10262; 
war  with  Rome  ;  fleet  defeated,  10551 ; 
fever,  10553  ;  subdues  Palestine ;  at  Ra- 
pbia;  sacks  Jerusalem,  1148* ;  takes  Syria 
and  Judea  ;  defeated  by  Romans,  11402  ; 
defeated  in  Palestine,  653* . 

IV.,  Epiphanes,  b.  (2«0±  B.C.),  invades 

Armenia,  11481 ;  plunders  Temple ;  cru- 
elty ;  sins  ;  war  with  Egy.,  6621 ;  reigns, 

11492  ;  murdered,  11482,  3. 

v.,  Eupator,  reigns,  11492  ;  indepen- 
dence of  Jews  ;  murdered,  11493. 

VI.,  Theos,   reigns ;    confirms  Jonar 

than  Maccabeus  ;  grants  peace  to  Jews, 

11493  ;  slain  in  Parthia,  11603. 

VII.,  Sidetes,  reigns,  11493  ;  besieges 

Jerusalem,  11481;  defeated  in  Parthia, 
11601. 

VIII.,  Grypus,  reigns,  11503  ;  invades 

Armenia  ;  in  Syria,  11501 , 

IX.,  Cyzicenus  reigns,  11503. 

X.,  Eusebus,  reigns,  11511 . 

XI.,     Dionysius,    dethioned,    11501; 

reigns;  deposed,  11511. 

- —  XIII.,  King  of  Syria ;  defeated  by 
Romans,  11511 ;  dethroned,  10592. 

Anti-Option  Bill  passes  S.,  4213, 4232  ;  dis- 
cussed in  S.,  4223  ;  put  down,  4251 ;  re- 
calendared,  4112  ;  laid  over,  4131 ;  killed, 
4252  ;  debate,  4632  ;  substitute,  4632. 

Antioquia,  federal  state,  6291 . 

Anti-Papist  laws,  Eng.,  88I2. 

Antipater  I.,  of  Macedon,  at  Crannon  ;  at 
B.  Megalopolis,  10242  ;  compels  peace ; 
regent ;   conquers  Spartans ;    territory, 

10253  ;  d.,  10261 . 

appointed  lieutenant ;  rebuilds  walls 

of  Jerusalem,  11512;  conspires  against 
Herod,  11513  ;  poisoned,  11503. 

fights  for  throne  ;  k.,  10271. 

of  Tarsus,  d.,  11482. 

Antiphilus,  b.,  10243. 

Antiphon,  b.,  10191 ;  d.,  10231 . 

Anti-Polygamy  Bill,  constitutional,  321*  ; 
approved,  3272. 

Pooling  Bill  passes,  4772. 

Anti-popery  Association,  Eng.,  9682. 

poverty  meetings  opposed,  3762. 

press  law,  Belg.,  5432. 

Antiquarian  Society  fmd.,  suspended,8741* 

Society  established,  9362. 

Antiquaries,  revived,  London,  9022. 

Antiquary  Magazine  issued,  9862. 

Anti-racing  law,  Eng.,  9112. 

renters  in  N.  Y.,  1571 ,  1591 . 

Revolutionist  Bill,  Ger.,  8372. 


1176 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Anti-Arch. 


Anti-saloon  League,  Boston,  4042. 

saloon  Bepublicaus,  national  conv., 

3252. 

Antiseptic  aurffery  introduced,  974' . 

Anti-slavery  tlecision,  G.  B.,  9192  ;  ques- 
tion, G.  B.,  9332;  Bill  passes,  Eng.,  9333; 
Act,  9472;  conference  at  Paris,  7603;  at 
Brussels;  expedition,  5403;  Act,  5472. 

slavery  movement  opposed,  583. 

slavery  Society  fnd.,  V.  S.,  1431 , 

slavery  Society  in  Port,  fmd.,  11113. 

slave  trade  efforts,  Eng.,  923^ . 

-. —  sorcery  law,  Eng.,  8791 . 

Trust  Bill  passed,  3591 . 

Antium,  Latin  colony  at,  10513  ;  action 
near,  10761. 

Autofagasta,  Bolivia,  occupied,  6961. 

Autoine  de  Bourbon,  b.  (1518) ;  in  Navarre, 
68;J2;  d.  (1652). 

,  Jacques  Denis,  b.,  6983;  d.,  7143. 

Antonella,  da  Messina,  b.  (1414t);  intro- 
duced oil  in  painting,  10781 ;  <l.  (1493). 

Antonelli,  Giaconio,  b.,  10843 ;  cardinal 
(1847);  pres.  ministry,  10872;  against  oc- 
cupation Holy  City,  10893;  d.,  10882. 

Antonia  discovered,  756' . 

Antonia,  Tower  of,  built,  11502. 

Antoninus,  Marcus  Aurelius,  b.-d.,  10642  ; 
reigns,  10292,  10652 ;  victories,  10G41 ; 
Intro,  worship  of  Serapis,  10643  ;  eel. 
triumph,  10651 ;  embassy  to  China  ;  repels 
invaders,  10652;  persecutes  Christians, 
10&43;  statue,  10042. 

Pius  (Titus  Aurelius  Fulvus  Boionius 

Arrius),  b.-d.,  10042;  wall  of,  8393;  in 
Britain,  8392;  adopted  by  Hadrian; 
reigns,  10652;  d.,  6522. 

Antonio,  Nicolas,  b.-d.,  11283. 

Antonius,  Felix,  procurator,  11533, 

,  Gains,  commands   army,    10582  ;    in 

conspiracy  of  Catiline ;  consul,  10592. 

,  Lucius,  war  against,  IO6O2. 

Antony,  Mark  (Marcus  Antoniu8),b.,106i2; 
1st  triumvirate,  10592;  usurpations  of, 
10612;  at  Mutina,  10602;  2d  triumvirate, 
10612;  in  Greece ;  in  Asia,  10602;  restores 
order  in  East,  10612;  nieets  and  marries 
Cleopatra,  1061 1 ,  6532;  marries  Octavia; 
war  with  Parthians,  IO6O2 ;  in  East,  10613 ; 
aids Octavian,  10002;  defeated,  6521 ,6533; 
replaces  library  in  Alexandria,  6523;  dis- 
missed, 10613;  suicide,  10603. 

Antozone  discovered,  8201 . 

Antrim,  Earl,  title  created,  9231 . 

Antwerp,  Northmen  take ;  in  Holy  Roman 
Empire ;  tournament  celebration ;  re- 
turned to  Brabant ;  prosperous,  5393  ; 
St.  James  Church  erected,  540i ;  com- 
merce transferred,  10991 ;  Notre  Dame 
Cathedral  completed ;  the  Exchange 
built,  5402,5441 ;  Spanish  take,  540i ;  de- 
clines, 5413;  besieged,  10981 ;  attempt  to 
seize,  6841;  truce  of;  concluded,  1100 1 ; 
surrenders  ;  taken ;  occupied  by  French, 
11002-  capital,  5432;  aimexation,  5432; 
Napoleon  visits,  5433;  occupied  by  Fr., 
5421,2;  Belg.  troops  enter,  11021 ;  stokers 
strike,  5462;  besieged,  544i ;  Bible  Soc. 
fud.,M42;  Precurseitr  issued,  5443;  Ex- 
change is  burned,  5453;  fortifications  are 
e»"ected,  544 1;  fortifications  destroyed; 
Napoleon  wharf  burned,  5453;  Fine  Arts 
Fdte,544i ;  opening  port,  5442;  Leopold's 
statue,  5441 ;  Due  de  Bordeaux  arrives, 
6452;  religious  riots,  5442;  centenary  of 
Rubens's  Dirth,  545 1 ;  Plantin  Mauretus 
Museum,  5441 ;  Exhibition  opened,  5473; 
riots, 5471 ;  Temperance Cong.,5462;dyna- 
mite  explosion ;  infiuenza ;  first-class 
port,  5473;  cholera, 5491, 2;  riots,  5481;  in- 
surance swindle,  5482;  Jesuit  College 
burned ;  World's  Exhibition  opens  ;  fire, 
5493. 

Anville,  Jean  Baptiste  Bourguignon  d', 
b.,  6943;  d.,  7051. 

Anwari,  d.,  11063. 

Anzin,  Fr.,  coal-mines  opened,  6993. 

Apache  Indians  driven  mto  Mexico,  3041 . 

Apachnae  Apophis,  reigns  (Egypt),  6473. 

Apaczai,  Joannes,  d.,5123. 

Apalachicola,  Fla.,  arsenal  seized,  1911; 
surrendered,  206i. 

Aparicio,  Gen.,  at  battle  of  Galte,  6432. 

Apelles  of  Colophon,  paintings,  10243. 

Aphidias  reigns  in  Athens,  10133. 

Apicius,  Marcus  Gabius,  b.-d.,  1062*, 

Apinn,  Peter,  b.,  7862;  d.,  7922. 

Aplon,  b.,  10283. 

ApoUlnaris,  b.-d.,  11542. 


Apollo  worship  of,  10142;  robber>  of  Tem- 
ple, 10161 ;  Temple  dedicated,  i0503. 

Epicurus,  Temple  of,  10203;  elected, 

10211. 

Apollodorus,  painter,  b.,  10211;  executes 
Trajan's  Pillar,  10642. 

,  granmiarian,  b.,  10282. 

Apollonia,  besieged ;  captured,  10262. 

ApoUonius  Pergieus,  geoni.  works,  10271 . 

,  gov.,  Syr. ;  at  Beth-horon;  at  Azotus, 

11481. 

of  Rhodes,  Argonautica^  poems,  10271 . 

of  Tyana,  b.-d'..  10622. 

Tyramiieus,  b.-d.,  10283. 

Aponte,  Gabriel  Cano  de,  governor,  6053. 

Apostles'  Creed,  formulated,  10623,  10683  ; 
translated,  7702. 

Apostlestrasse  missions,  6583. 

Apothecaries  exempt,  9051 . 

Apparel,  statute  of,  8651 . 

Appellants,  appeal  of,  6991 . 

Appellicon,  library,  10291;  gent  to  Rome, 
10563. 

Appian,  History  of  Home,  10292. 

Way,  built,  10531 ;  Capua,  10662. 

Appiani,  Andrea,  b.,  10ai2;  d.,  10862. 

Appius  and  Virgitiius  issued,  873 1 . 

Appledor,  action  at,  8441 . 

A pplegath,  Augustus,  b.,  9^2;  d.  (1871). 

Appleton,  Daniel,  publisher,  b.,  962. 

,  ^— ,  colonel  7th  Reg.,  .'J42i . 

, S.,  b.  (1814) ;  d.,  3701 . 

,  George  Swett,  b.  (1821) ;  d.,  2982. 

,  Jane  Means,  marries  Pierce,  1451 . 

,  Jesse,  b.,  762;  d.,  128i. 

,  John,  b.,  r^i ;  d.,  2373. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  741 ;  d.,  1722. 

,  Thomas  Gold,  b.,  1182;  d.,  3162. 

,  Wm.  H.,  d.,  2052. 

,  Wis.,  Lawrence  Univ.  org.,  1632. 

Appleton's  A'ew  Am.  Cyc.  begun,  2291 ;  Cyc. 
of  Am.  Biography,  3502. 

Appo,  George,  tnroat  of,  cut,  4722. 

Appomattox  Court  House,  Va.,  Lee  sur- 
renders ;  fight  at,  2461 ;  burned,  4013. 

Station,  Va.,  Confe<lB.  expelled,  2452. 

Apponyi,  Count,  Antoine-Rodolphe,  criti- 
cises emperor,  5371 . 

Apportionment  Bill  passes  Senate,  377'. 

Apprentice  Law  in  Transvaal,  6991. 

Library  founded,  1291 . 

Appropriation  Bills.    (See  text  U.  S.  A.) 

Appropriations  for  war,  U.  S.  A.,  I6II . 

Apraxin,  Steven-Feodorovitch,  Gen.  Ste- 
fan, leader,  5161 ;  d.  (1758). 

Apries  (Pharaoh  Hophra)  reigns ;  war 
with  Babylon,  0512;  attacks  Syria,  6501 ; 
defeated  ;  dethroned  ;  captured,  6502. 

Apronadius  reigns,  11453. 

Apsheron,  Asia,  aerolite  falls,  11221. 

Apsley,  Lewis  D.,  b.,  170i. 

Apula,  reduced,  10322;  restored  to  Greece, 
10333;  conquered  by  Romans,  IO68I;  oc- 
cupied; subdued, 10741 ;  taken  from  Pope; 
ducat  struck,  10753. 

AquiB  Sextae,  battle  at,  6621 ,    (See  Aix.) 

Aquatinta  invented,  eJK)i ;  improved,  7022. 

Aquaviva,  Claudius,  Jesuit  ^.ou.,  IO8II. 

Aqueduct,  water  iiitroduiM-d,  Boston,  1113; 
Croton,  N.y.,  complete.!.  14il3,  ir.r.3, 1653; 
Washington  begun,  1733 ;  Kllesmere 
Canal  opened,  9322. 

Aquia  Creek,  Va.,  McClellan  arrives  ;  Rey- 
nolds reaches,  2121 . 

Aquidaban  sunk,  5601 , 

Aquila,  ruined  bv  earthquake,  10822. 

,  Caspar,  b.,  7862;  d.,  7922. 

Ponticus,  b.,  10283. 

Aquileia,  besieged,  10641 ;  colonized,  10652; 
church  council  at,  5022 ;  destroyed, 
10701 ;  refugees  in  Venice,  10712;  Cathe- 
dral fnd.,  10741 ;  unites  with  Aust.,  5072. 

Aquilius,  Nepos,  subdues  Sicily.  10562. 

Aquilonia,  action  at,  10522. 

Aquinas,  St.  Thomas,  b.-<l.,  10742 ;  doc- 
trines, 8542;  teaches,  10771. 

Arab,  coin  issued,  6553;  horses  to  Queen 
Victoria,  4883  ;  insurrection,  IOI ;  tribes, 
allegiance,  4873. 

Arab,  trotting  record,  3273. 

Arabia  Felix,  conquered,  IIO61 . 

(Moslems.)    (See  text,  pp.  483-488.) 

Petraia,  Rom.  prov.,  10662,  11533. 

Arabi  Pasha,  at  Alexandria;  rebels  against 
Fr.,6581;  conspiracy  against ;  decorated 
by  sultan  ;  declares  war,  6583;  secretary 
of  war ;  conspiracy  ;  rebellion  of,  6592  ; 
trial  and  sentence,  6583,6593;  resigns; 
restored,  6592;  war  with  Eng.,  988i . 


Arabic  Bible  prepared,  4842. 

Arabic  speed,  3113. 

Arabs,  cultivate  sciences ;  Abyssiuians 
persecute,  4842;  heroic  period,  484'; 
conquer  Bokhara,  549i;  in  Egy,,  5541; 
explore  Atlantic,  112;  defeated  on  the 
Isly,  83 ;  subdued,  IO1 ;  starving  in  Alex- 
andria, 6593;  in  Turkish  army,  488'; 
accept  amnesty,  8382 ;  dynasty  of,  1 101 1 ; 
in  Eastern  Empire,  10302  ;  subdue  Per- 
sia, 11062  ;  rule  Persia,  11072 ;  ravage 
Syria,  10313;  in  Morocco,  10971 ;  inTuim, 
11391 ;  enter  Spain,  11253;  massacre  in 
Kongo,  10933. 

Arad,  battle  of,  5223;  executions,  5233. 

Arago,  D(miiniqueF.,b.,706i ;  magnetizes 
needle,  7222;  d.,  7322;  statue  of,  764 1. 

,  fitienne,   b.,  7143;    mayor  of  Paris, 

7412;  d.,  7621. 

,  Francois  J.  D.,  Annates  de   Chimiey 

7231 ;  experiments  in  steam,  7222. 

,  Francois  Victor  Emmanuel,  b.,  7192; 

d.  (1855). 

,  Jacques  Etienne  Victor,  b.,  7062;  d., 

7322. 

Aragon,  French  expelled,  688 1;  war 
against  Castile,  11261 ;  united  with  Cas- 
tile, 11273  ;  conquers  Sardinia,  10773  ; 
Kings  of  Aragon,  11272  ;  invaded  by 
French,  11281 ;  insurrections,  11302. 

Aragone,  war  with,  ends,  6721. 

Arakan  mission,  10463. 

Aram,  rules,  11413;  revolts,  11452. 

,  Eugene,  executed,  9152. 

Aranda,  Count  of,  Don  Pedro  Pablo  Ab 
area  y  Bolea,  b.-d.,  11283. 

Aranjuez,  insurrection  at,  11313. 

,  revolt  at,  11302. 

Arany,  Jomos,  b.,  5202. 

Atsltos,  ^olposicon  and  Cocalus,  10231. 

AratusofSicyon,  b.-d. ,10263 ;  Gen.  AchnRan 
League,  10272;  liberates  Sicyou,  10272; 
captures  Corinth,  10262;  poisoned,  1027' . 

of  Soli,  b.,  10263. 

Araucanians,  assaults  of,  221 ;  war  with. 
6041 ;  treaty  with  Spain,  6062. 

Araitcano  in  navy,  6O6I . 

Araujo  d'  Azeveao,  Antonio,  b.-d.,  IIIO2. 

Lima,  Pedro  de,  b.  (1793);  regent,  5653 ; 

d.  (1870.) 

Arbaces,  governs  Media ;  reigns,  1146' . 

Arbela,  battle  at,  10242. 

Arbitration  Court,  Fr.,  431*;  Brazil  and 
Argentine  Republic,  4512. 

,  Congress  of,  4763;  Newfoundland  dis- 
pute, 7612;  clause  ;  adopted,  5581 ;  E.  Af. 
claims,  5632;  A.  and  Peace  Cong.,  at 
Geneva ;  at  Bern,  11383  ;  A.  of  labor 
troubles,  Aust.,  5062  ;  Boards  of,  Fr., 
7551 ;  Board  of,  G.  B.,  9403;  Act  passes, 
9771,  9793;  niiuisters'  meeting,  10071; 
favored,  10112;  Delagoa  Bay,  IIII2. 

of  American  bomidaries,  1353;  treaty 

signed,  3572;  Sherman  resolution,  3491; 
4(^3;  ratified,  4051 ;  Bering  Sea  commis- 
sioners, 4251 ;  decision,  4361 . 

Arblay,  Madame  d',  Frances  Burney,  b., 
9123;  works,  9211,9291;  d.,  9483. 

Arbo,  Peace  of,  11353. 

Arbogast,  Louis  Fran^oise  Antoine,  b. 
7023;  d.,  7143. 

or   Arbogastes,   murders   Valentlan, 

10671;  d.,  10682. 

Arboleda,  Julio,  b.  (1817) ;  alliance ;  assas- 
sinated, 629 1. 

Arbor  Day.    (See  Am.  States.) 

Arbuckle,  James,  b.,  9002;  d.,  9082. 

Mts., Indian  Territory,gold  discovered, 

3701. 

Arbuthnot,  Adm.  Marriot,  b.  (1711);  de- 
feats Fr.  fleet,  941 ;  d.  (1794). 

,  Alexander,  hauged,  1261 . 

,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  885 1 . 

,  John,  b.,  8922;  John  Bull,  9051  ;  d.» 

9082. 

,  Gen.,  in  Burmese  war,  10482. 

Arc,  emigrants  on,  land  in  Md.  322. 

Arc,  Joan  of.    (See  Joan.) 

Arcadia,  invaded,  10202;  acad.  fnd.,  10833. 

Arcadians  oppose  liberty  of  press,  7391. 

Arcadius,  b.  (383  or  377?);  emp.,  7693; 
reigns,  10312,  10693;  appoints  Alaric, 
10693;  forbids  polygamy,  10791 ;  d.,  10312. 

Arce,  Aiceto,  Pres.,  5512;  k.,  5503. 

,  Gaspar  Nufiez  de,  works,  11323. 

,  L.  F.  de  Cordova  y,  governor,  6052. 

Arcesilaus,  b.-d.,  10251. 

Arch,  used,  648i ;  appears,  10131 . 

Archarius,  Erick,  b.-d.,  11342, 


Arch-Arka. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDKX,       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column, 


1177 


Archdale,  Gov.  John,  protects  Indians, 
53 1,  533;   favors  moderate  party,  533; 
refuses  official  oatli,  901  ^ . 
Archelaus,  rules  Pal. ;  banished,  11513. 

,  h.-d.,  10283;  rules  Macedonia,  10213; 

murdered,  1023*. 

of  Cappadocia,  against  Rome,  10573; 

masters  Athens  ;  defeated,  10281 . 
Archemorus,  games  to,  10132. 
Archenholz.  .Tohaun  W.,  b.,  8003;  Seven 

Years'  War,  807' ;  d.,  8102. 
Archeological  Institute  in  Athens,  314*. 
Archer  captures  Caleb  Gushing,  3232. 
Archer  City,  Tex.,  Are ;  court  house,  3793. 

,  Frederick  James,  d.,  994' . 

, Scott,  dis.  collodion  process  in 

photography,  95G2;  d.  (1857). 

,    Stevenson,    State-treas.,    shortage, 

3553;  sentenced,  3543. 
Archianes,  reigns,  11453. 
Archias  f nds.  Syracuse,  1051 ' . 
Archibald,  Adams  George,  b.  (1814) ;  gov- 
ernor, 5832;  lieut-gov.,  5833;  d.  (1892). 

Win.  E.  of  Eglington,  lord-lieut.,  9573. 

Archidamus    II.,    King,    invades  Attica, 

1020' ;  defeats  Arcadians,  10223. 
Arohidochus,  b.-d.,  10142;  iambic  verse, 

10143. 
Archimedes,  b.-d.,  1026' ;  screw  cylinder, 
1021)3;  defense  of   Syracuse,   10542;  in- 
vents water-organ,  10552. 
Archipelago,  freedom  of  trade,  ,5522. 
Architecture,  early,  of  G.B.,  842' ;  (jothic 
appears,  8182,  854',  8582,  8662;  revived, 
942' ;  Grecian  revived,  880' ;  cultivated, 
11422;  Royal  School  of  Naval,  est.,  967' ; 
Ionic  ;  Doric  appears,  1013' ;  Corinthian 
order  invented,  10162.    (See  Cathedral.) 
Archius,  b.,  10142. 
Archiva  Romanesca  issued,  11133. 
Archivio  Storico  issued,  1087'. 

Storico  Lombardo  issued,  10883. 

Trentico  issued,  10902. 

Vmeto  issued,  10883. 

Archons,  early,  govern,  1015'  ,2. 
Archytas  of  Tarentum,  b.,  10343;  Invents 

carpenters'  tools,  1021 ' . 
Areola,  battle  at,  5182. 
Arcon,  Jean  Claude  Eleonore  leMichaud, 

d',  b.,  6983;  d.,  7142. 
Arcot,  E.  I.,  captured,  700' ;  taken,  703' , 
914'  ,1044'  ,2;  mission,  10463, 10472, 10483. 
Arctic  collides  with  Vesta,  1773. 
Arctic  Expedition,  Cabot's  ;  Thorpe,  8662; 
Expedition,  870';  Frobisher's  874'; 
Knight's  Muscovy  Co.,  878' ;  Weymouth 
and  Knight ;  Sir  Thomas  Button,  878' ; 
Bylot's  and  Baffin's,  880' ;  Luke  Foxe's, 
822';  Morris  and  Smith,  sails,  912"; 
leaves  Phila.,  683;  Hearne's,  918' ;  Capt. 
Duncan's  ;  Mackenzie's,  9242;  Captain 
David  Buchan's  ;  Sir  John  Franklin's, 
938' ;  Liddon's  ;  Parry's  ;  Franklin's  sec- 
ond, 9382;  Capt.  Parry's  ;  Capt.  Lyon's, 
940' ;  Capt.  George  Francis  Lyon's ;  Sir 
John  Franklin's,  942';  Sir  William  Ed- 
ward Parry,  M22 ;  return  of  ;  Capt.  John 
EoBs,  946' ;  Sir  James  Ross,  954' ;  Capt. 
Fitzjames  ;  Sir  John  Franklin's ;  Capt. 
Crozier'8,  9522 ;  sir  John  Franklin's, 
954' ;  Kane's  sails,  172' ;  Kane's  2d  sails, 
173' ;  Hartstein  sails,  176' ;  Hall's  sails, 
235' ;  returns,  266' ;  from  Ger.,  826' ;  sails 
from  Norway,  11053;  Lieut.  Qreely's 
Expe<lition  starts,  306' ;  penetrates,  310'; 
Jeannette  exp.,  310' ;  Peary  Relief,  462' . 
Arctic  sails  to  search  for  K!ane,  176' ;  re- 
turns, 178' ;  sunk,  1673. 
Arcturus  appears,  1523. 
Arclagh, bishopric  est.,  ^403;  see  with  Kel- 

moro,  9402;  Bp.  Woodlock  cons.,  9823. 
Ardahan  cede<i  to  Russia,  1159*. 
Ardea  coiuiuered,  1050' . 
Arden,  Edward,  b.  (1531) ;  executed,  8752. 
Ardent  burned,  926' . 
Ardeshir  Habegan  flourishes,  11062. 
Ardfelt,  bishopric  established,  8403. 
Ardilaun,  Baron,  title  created,  987' . 
Arditi,  Luigi,  b.,  10862. 
Ardoates  breaks  Grecian  yoke,  11483. 
Ardoin,  or  Arduin,  King  of  Italy,  7752, 
10733;  resists  Henry  II.,  7752;  defeated, 
7741;  resigns,  7752;  d.  (1015). 
Ardvates,  reigns,  Armenia,  1149>. 
Ardys,  reigns,  11463. 

Arendtschildt,  Gen.,  at  LangenBalza,824' . 
Arene,  Jean  Paul  de  Rome,  b.  (1689) :  Le 

CVvre  il'Or,  7582;  d.  (1769). 
Areometer  invented,  6502;  used,  792'. 


Areopagus  instituted  at  Athens,  10133. 

Arequipa  surrendered,  11083. 

Arete  discovered,  5282. 

Arethusa  in  St.  Lawrence,  594' . 

Aretin,  Baron  Johann  Christopher  Anton 

Maria  von,  b.,  804' ;  d.,  8123. 
Aretino,  Pietro,  b.,  10783;  d.,  10803. 
Arezzo,  study  of  civil  laws,  10752. 

.    (See  Guido  d*  Arezzo.) 

,  Ristoro  d',  Composizion^  del  Monde, 

1077'. 
Arfastus,  Bp.  chaplain,  8473;  d.  (1084). 
Arfwedson,  John  A.,  dis.  lithium,  1136'. 
ArgiBUS,  reigns  in  Macedon,  10232. 
Argall,  Capt.  Samuel,  b.  (1572+),  at  Mt. 
Desert  Island,  28';  in  Jamestown;  de- 
stroys colonies,  governor,  292  ;  d.  (1626). 
Argand,  Aimi,  b.^i.,  11372;  lamp,  9222. 
Argeans,  reigns,  10153. 
Argelauder,  Friedrich  W.  A.,  b.,  8003;  d., 

828'. 
Argens,  M.  Joan  Baptiste  de  Boyer,  b., 

6962;  d.  (1771). 
Argensola,  Bartolomeo  Leonardo  de,  b.-d.; 
11282. 

,  Lupercio  Leonardo  de,  b.-d.,  11282. 

Argenson,  M.  d',  governor,  5732. 

,  Keni   Louis  Voyer,  M.  d',  b.  (1694) ; 

Gouvemement  de    la  France,   7033;    d. 
(1757). 
Argentine  Republic.  (See  text,  pp. 489-493.) 
ArginusEe,  battle  of,  1022' . 
Argives  at  war  with  Spartans,  1016' ;  de- 
stroy Mycena;,  10193. 
Argolis,  action  at,  10183. 
Argon,  reigns,  11432. 
Argonautic    expedition,   Golden    Fleece, 

1013'. 
Argonauts  in  Troy,  1142' . 
Argos,  kingdom  founded ;  Feast  of  Flam- 
beaux, 10132;  kingdom  divided,  10133; 
peace  with  Sparta ;    democratic  party 
overthrown,     10213;     pillaged,     10282; 
taken,  1034';  devastated,  10342. 
Argout,AntoineM.A.d',b.,705';  d.,  7342. 
Arguedas,  Gen.,  at  Viacha,  550' . 
Arguelles,  Augustin,  b.-d.,  11302. 
Argiiello,  Jos^,  governor  Cal.,  1233. 

,  Luis  Antonio,  b.  (1784) ;  gov.  Cal.,  1313. 

d.  (1830). 
Argus  captured  by  Pelican,  1203. 
Argus  sacked,  1066' . 
Arqyle  seized,  6173. 

Argyll,  see  of,  erected,  852' ;  bishopric 
est.,  9543;  Bp.  Macdonald  cons.,  984' ; 
Bishop  Ciiinnery-Haldane  consecrated, 
9862. 

,    D.    of,    title   created,    903'.     (See 

Campbell.) 
Argyllshire,  Scot.,  ravaged,  8842. 
Anadne  against  Alfred,  882. 
Arlaldus,  d.,  10742. 
Arianismfnd.,  10663;  controversy  distorba, 

6623,  8402;  in  New  England,  643. 
Arians  favored,  10683;  bps.  deposed,  10^3; 

condemned,  1029' ,  10683. 
Ariarathes  II.,  Ariarathes  III.,  Arlara- 

thes  IV.,  Ariarathes  V.,  reign,  1149'. 
Arias,  C,  president,  10413. 

,  (Jen.  A.  R.,  commander,  6343. 

Aribort  I.,  King  of  Italy,  1073' . 

II.,  King  of  Italy,  1073' . 

Arica,  Peruvians    arrive ;    naval  battle, 

6062  ;  ceded,  6073  ;  surrendered,  1108». 
Arichat,  N.  S.,  diocese  est.,  5783;  changed, 

5843. 
Ariel  captured,  2162. 
.Arikera,  action  at,  10442. 
.iriminum,  colony  at,  10533;  British  bps. 

at  Council,  8402. 
Arioald,  King  of  Italy,  1073' . 
Ariobarzanes  I.,  reigns,  1151';  enthroned 
in  Armenia,  11513;  betrayed,  11473. 

II.,  reigns,  11473, 1161' ;  invades  Pon- 

tus,  1146'. 

III.,  reigns,  11473, 11511. 

Arion,  b.,  10142. 

Avion  trots  at  Stockton,  3953. 

Ariosto,  Lodovico,  b.,  10783;  Orlando  Fu- 

rioso,  10812;  d..  10803. 
Ariovistus  in  Gaul,  662' ,  6O32. 
Arista,  Mariano,  b.-d.,  10952,  at  Palo  Alto, 

160' :  president ;  resigns,  10962. 
Aristarchus,  b.,  10263. 

of  Samothrace,  b.-d.,  10282. 

Aristides,  commander, 10183;  at  Marathon; 
at  Pharos,  1018' ;  leading  statesman  ;  re- 
forms, banished ;  recalled,  IO192 ;  d., 
10191 . 


Aristides,  orator,  b.-d.,  10283. 

of  Thebes,  b.,  10263;  flourishes,  1023' . 

Aristippus,  b.,  10211. 

Aristobulus,  philosopher,  b.,  6522. 

,  Gen.,  b.,  10243. 

,  high  priest,  11502;  surrenders  Jeru- 
salem, 11.501 ;  King,  11611 . 

II.,  captures  Jerusalem,  II6O1 ;  King 

of  Jerusalem,  1151 ' ;  priesthood  ;  captive, 
11602;  released  j  murdered,  II6I2. 

Aristocracy,  British,  841 1 . 

Aristocrates  I.,  killed,  IOI6I. 

—  XI.,  stoned,  10163. 

Aristodemenes,  last  king.,  10153. 

Aristodemus,  leader,  1015 1;  at  Corintb, 
10222;  d.,  10231. 

Aristogoras,  Ionian  leader,  10173. 

Aristomenes,  Roman  regent  (Egy.),  6531 . 

— — ,  Messenian  gen.,  d.,  IOI42. 

Aristophanes,  b.-d.,  10211 ;  works  of,  1021*. 

of  Alexandria,  b.,  10263. 

Aristotelian  Society,  fnd.,  9843. 

Aristotle,  b.-d.,  IO231  ;  religious  belief, 
10163;  manuscript  in  London,  10043; 
pupil  of  Plato  ;  astronomical  discourses, 
10^1 ;  fnds.  peripatetic  school ;  on  me- 
chanics, 10243;  royal  tutor;  first  private 
library,  10251 ;  constitution,  3802;  trans- 
lated, 486' . 

Arius,  b.,  0522;  d.,  6542;  priest,  10663; 
doctrine  condemned,  5022,  investigated ; 
exiled  ;  recalled  ;  d.,  10283,  io67' . 

Aristoxenus,  major  and  minor  tones, 10243. 

Arizona,  U.  S.  A.,  territory  fmd.,  2193  ; 
John  A.  Gurley,  gov.,  2173  ;  org.  gov., 
2292;  John  A.  Goodwin,  gov..  2293;  R. 
C.  M'Cormack,  gov.,  2553;  A.  P.  K.  Saf- 
ford,  gov.,  2692;  Indian  war  ends,  286' ; 
John  P.  Hoyt,  gov.,  2973;  John  C.  Fre- 
mont, gov.,  3012  ;  pres.  proclamation, 
311'  ;  Frederick  A.  Tuttle,  gov.,  3132; 
Indians  trouble,  320' ;  Train  Robbery 
Bill  passed,  3362;  c.  Meyer  Zulick,  gov., 
3252;  Admission  Bill,  3371,  4032;  4091, 
4471 ;  Lewis  Wolfley,  gov.,  3492;  dam 
bursts,  3633;  gold  found,  3561 ;  cloud- 
bursts, 3641 ;  troops  overawe  Indians, 
3861;  new  constitution,  3971;  Harqua 
Hala,  mine,  gold-brick,  4073;  Indian 
uprising,  4181  •^,  0.  Murphy,  gov.,  4212; 
Iiouis  C.  Hughes,  gov.,  4471 ;  stage  rob- 
bery, 4703 ;  robbers  sentenced,  4763 ;  Az- 
tec city  dis. ,402' ;  troop8withdrawn,468' . 

Arizona  speed  record,  9913. 

Ark  begun  by  Noah,  1140' . 

of  Tabernacle ;  journey  of ;  lost,  11422. 

Arkansas,  U.S.A.,  La  Salle  in,  49'; 
James  Miller,  gov.,  1273;  Arkansas  Ga- 
zette, 129' ;  Geo.  Izzard,  gov.,  1333;  John 
Pope,  gov.,  1373;  Wm.  S.  Fulton,  gov., 
1453;  admitted  ;  James  S.  Conway,  gov., 
1472;  Archibald  Yell,  gov.,  153';  'Thos. 
S.Drew,  gov.;  Samuel  Adams,  gov.,  159' ; 
Elias  S.  Conway,  gov.,  1712;  Eldership 
of  the  Ch.  of  God  org.,  1822;  Henry  M. 
Rector,  gov.,  1903;  gov.  refuses  troops 
for  Lincoln,  195' ;  secedes,  1952;  senators 
Sebastian  and  Mitchell  expelled,  1973; 
battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  2012;  action  near 
Searcy ,208' ;  military  canal,2092;  Mound 
City  burned,  2182;  Confeds.  defeated  at 
Arkadelphia,  2183;  Free-State  governor 
inaugurated,  2292 ;  free  labor  State,  231 ' ; 
constitution  ratified,  2313;  senators  not 
admitted,  235 3;  Isaac  Murphy,  gov.,  2412; 
ratifies  13th  Amendment,  2432;  Home- 
stead Bill  disposes  land,  253' ;  new  con- 
stitution ratified,  2613;  Readmission 
Bill,  263', 2;  martial  law  ;  Powell  Clay- 
ton,gov.,  2652;  Prot.  Epis.  diocese  fma., 
2762;  Arkansas  College  or^  ;  Industrial 
Univ.  org.,  2763;  Orzo  A.  Hadley,  gov., 
2772;  Elisha  Baxter,  gov.,  281';  disor- 
derly bands  proclaimed :  constitutional 
convention,  2852;  constitution  ratified, 
2853;  A.  H.  Garland, gov.,  2912;  gold  dis., 
336';  Thomas  J.  Churchill,  gov.,  3093, 
James  H.  Berry,  gov.,  3152;  Simon  P. 
Hughes,  gov.,  3233;  election  riot;  sher- 
iff killed,  339';  James  P.  Eagle,  gov., 
3492;  Wm.  R.  Miller,  gov.,  2973;  reform 
ballot  law  passes,  3372;  White  Caps, 
3662;  World's  Fair  ignored,  377',  3813; 
gov.  manages  election,  379' ;  negroes 
lynched,  393';  J.  P.  Eagle,  gov.,  399'; 
natural  gas  dis. ,402' ;  crops  swept  away  ; 
gold  found,  406'.    Wm.    M.   Fishback, 

fov.,447';  negro  burned,  4583 ;  counter- 
eiters,  4702;  Democrats  elect,  471' . 


1178 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDliA^,        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Arka-Arno. 


Arkansas  ascends  Miss.,  210' ;  fired,  210a. 

City  flooded,  366i . 

College  org.,  2763. 

Industrial  UniT.  org.,  2763. 

Post,  Vicksburg  Expedition  at,  2182; 

captured,  2181. 

Arklow,  Ire.,  action  at,  928' . 

Arkwright, Sir  Ricliard,  b.,9082;  spinning- 
wheel  patent,  9143;  water-power  spin- 
ning, 918';  d.,  9262. 

Arlanges,  Marshal  d',  defeated,  82. 

Aries,  taken,  6G22;  church  council  at,  6623; 
m>2;  annexed  to  Fr.,  6732. 

Arleux,  Marlborough  enters,  6962. 

Arlincourt, Charles  victor Pr6vot,Vicointe 
d',  b.,  7062  ;  d.,  7322. 

Arlington,  Mass.,  library,  3482. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  975'' . 

,  Earl  of,  minister ;  tea  importer,  8933. 

(See  Bennet,  Henry.) 

Heights,  Va.,  Federals  occupy,  1943  ; 

contraband  village,  2292. 

,  Maj.,  at  Corinth,  Miss.,  207i . 

AnuHgaon,  factory  at,  10443. 

Armagh,  bishopric  est. ;  cathedral  built, 
8403  ;  ravaged,  844' ;  archbishopric  est., 
8502  ;  Orange  lodge,  9272;  Prot.  alliance 
at,  9523  ;  Bp.  Logua  cons.,  9823  ;  pro- 
claimed, 9952;  Archhp.  Knox  cons.,  9962; 
R.  R.  accident,  10013. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9252, 

Armaguac,  Gomte  d',  Bernard,  b.-d.,  6742; 
head  of  Pr.  party,  0772. 

Armaguacs,  army  of,  6763,  6771 ,2,3. 

Armathwaite,  rioting  at,  975' . 

Armatus,  Salviuus,  invents  spectacles, 
10672. 

Armed  neutrality,  U.  S.,  accepted,  933; 
fmd.,  9213,  9312;  dissolved,  9312. 

Armenia,  subdued,  11442,  i032i ;  ruled  by 
Greek  gov.,  11483;  revolt  against  Mace- 
don,  lllbi ;  divided,  11473, 11492-  Bulga- 
rian refugees,  5653;  reconquered  by  Ger- 
m^Jiicus,  11501;  Roman  province,  10651, 
11512,  11533;  invatled,  10582,  11501;  re- 
ceives Christianity,  11532;  ruled  by  Ero- 
vant;  annexed  to  Rome,  11533;  subject 
toPersia,11533;  subject  to  Parthia,  11513; 
war  with  Rome,  1062 1 ;  Romans  conquer, 
10673;  Greek  Church  est.,  10663;  neutral, 
1155 1 ;  conquered  by  Persians ;  conquered 
by  Greeks,  11541 ;  independence  of, 
11071,2;  recovered,  11071 ;  conquered, 
11061;  annexedtoPersia,  11072;  Moham- 
medans invade,  11541;  Mohammedans 
against  Christianity;  Christianity  as 
nat'lreligion,11543;  overrun  by  Mongols, 
11541;  church  reconciled  to  Rome,  11551 ; 
kingdom  extinct;  taken  by  Mamelukes; 
overrun  by  Tartars,  11553;  conquered  by 
Persians;  overrmi  by  Turks,  11561  ^  11572; 
earthquake,  11502,  11562;  overrun  by 
Russians,  11562;  annexed  to  Bus.,  11073; 
missionaries  persecuted,  11563;  partly 
annexed  to  Turk.,  11572;  M.  Aurelius 
reigns,  11533;  raided  by  Km'ds,  11593. 

Minor  occupied,  10582. 

Armenians,  10232;  protest,  4122;  appeal 
for  aid,  4762;  Investigating  Commission, 
4771,3;  mass-meeting  for,  10102;  massa- 
cres denounced,10122, 3;  make  fermented 
beverage ;  chiu'ch,  at  Constantinople, 
1157 1 ;  separated  from  Gr.  Church,  1071 1 ; 
restoration  of  chiu'ch  rights;  persecuted, 
11682;  imprisoned,  11591. 

Armenta,  missionary  in  Paraguay,  11051 . 

Armfelt,  Gustaf  Mauritz,  b.-d.,  11342. 

Armidale,  dioce8e,498i ;  ElzearTorregiani, 
bp.,  9803. 

Armvde  captures  Fr.  ships,  934' . 

Arminianism,  supported,  1101 1. 

Arminians, called  Remonstrants;  creed  of ; 
persecuted ;  dissension  with  Gomorists, 
11011. 

Arminius,    at    Teutoburg;     defeated    on 
Weser,  10621;  revolts,  10632;  chief, 769»; 
assassinated,  709i ;  statue,  768i ,  828i . 
,  Jacobus,  b.-d.,  10983;  assails  Calvin- 
ism, 1101 1;  d.,  5403. 
Arminius,  Music  Festival,  3921 . 
Armistead,  Gen.  Lewis  Addison,  b.  (1817): 

at  Malvern  Hill,  2092;  d.,  2251 . 
,  Gen.  Walker  Keith,  b.(1786+);  in  In- 
dian wars,  1521 ;  d.  (1845). 
Armitage,  Edward,  b.,  9382. 

,  Thos.,  Bapt.  cl.,  b.,  128i . 

,  Wm.  Edmond,  b.  (1830);  cons.bp.,  2542. 

Armond,  David  A.  de,  b.,  1562. 
Armor  used  in  battle,  11422. 


Armori,  Viscount,  assassinated,  10923. 

Armor-plates  tested,  3941 ;  fraud ;  charges, 
-4572;  investigation, 4623,  4633,4672;471i . 

Armory,  Thomas,  b.,  9002. 

Armour  Inst,  of  Technicology,  org.  (1893). 

Armstrong,  Baron,  title  created,  9962. 

,  David  Hartley,  b.  (1812) ;  d.,  4261 . 

,  F.,  moderator,  1123. 

,  James,  Gen.,  electoral  vote,  1012;  d., 

1042. 

,  James,  Com.,  b.  (1794);  yields  navy- 
yard,  1901;  avenges  outrage,  6182;  d., 
2622. 

,  J.  F.,  murdered,  301 1 . 

,  J&ne,  suicide,  5361 . 

,  John,  poet,  b.,  9042;  d.  (1779). 

, ,  author,  b.,  71 1;  sec.  war,  1213; 

d.,  1561. 

,  Lawrence,  Col.,  gov.  Can.,  5752. 

,  Robert,  b.,  1022;  a.  (1854). 

, ,  bribery,  4722. 

,  Samuel  C,  b.,  1502;  d.,  428*. 

, T.,  b.  (1784) ;  gov.  Mass.,  1453  ; 

d.  (1860). 

,  S.  T.,  applies  gutta-percha  to  wires, 

1641. 

J  William  George,  b.,  9351 ;  hydro-elec- 
tric machine  invented,  9501 ;  hydraulic 
crane  patented,  954i ;  foundation  Coll.  of 
Physical  Science,  9963;  knighted,  9631; 
d.  (1868). 

, H.,  against  liquor  traftic,  1823. 

, Joseph,  b.  (1796) ;  d.,  I6O2. 

,  Col.,  b.  in  Pa.,  70i . 

,  Gen.,  at  Bolivar,  2122. 

Army,  U.S.A.,  Continental  army,  adopted; 
census,  802;  uniforms  for,  842;  milk  for 
soldiers,  812;  Congress  votes  to  create 
army,  812;  foreign  engineers  employed, 
813;  bad  condition,  861 ;  Board  of  War, 
892;  revolt  in  Phila.,  96i ;  disbanded, 
97 1;  etiquette  in,  933;  mutiny  in,  92 1; 
regular  est.,  1013;  in  1789,  100 1 ;  in  1790, 
1021;  in  1792;  in  1794,  l(Hi ;  Militia  Act 
passes  Congress,  1051 ;  provisional  raised, 
1061;  War  Department,  navy  separated 
from,  1092;  addition  to,  1192;  rations, 
1511;  occupation  of  Rio   Grande,  160 1 ; 

frade  of  lieut. -general  revived,  1772; 
lill  fails,  1811;  strength  in  1855,  1781, 
in  1860,1801:  Department  of  the  Ohio; 
1942;  army  in  1864,2321;  in  May,  1865, 
2463;  Western  Department  under  Gen. 
Fremont,  1962;  Department  of  Ohio 
under  Gen.  Rosecrans,  1963;  Department 
of  Washington  and  N.  E.  Va.  under  Mc- 
Clellan,  198i ;  army  of  the  Potomac  un- 
der McClellan,  1981,  2001,2,3;  enlist- 
ment three  vears,203i ;  strength,  2062,3, 
2071,2082,2091;  on  James  River,  2101; 
changes  base,  2051 ,2102,3;  strength,  2103, 
2131,  2141;  in  1861,  1921,  1962;  in  1862, 
2021,  2003;  call  for  300,000  men,  211'; 
ih-aft  of  300,000,2113;  at  Aquia  Creek, 
2121;  enters  Va.,  2143;  McClellan  re- 
lieved, 2151;  Depts.  of  Gulf  and  South 
creat^,  2051;  reorganized,  2052;  Dept. 
of  Rappahannock  fmd.,  2061 ;  of  Tenn., 
reorganized,  2063 ;  Pope  commands,  2102 ; 
negroes  enlisted,  2103,  215i ;  medals  for 
soldiers,  2112 ;  suspicious  conduct  in, 
2192 ;  Monongahela  department  fmd., 
2222;  Sheridan  commands  cavalry,  2311 ; 
march  on  Richmond,  2322  ;  Burnside's 
corps  incorporated,  2332;  Comtede  Paris 
with,  3703;  100,000  men  called,  2233;  draft 
of  300,000  men,  2253;  army  threatens 
Fr.  in  Mex.,  225  2;  300,000  volunteers 
called  out,  2273;  negroes  in,  2293;  grade 
of  lieut.-gen.  revived,  2302;  500,000  men 
called  out,  2312;  draft  of  200,000  men, 
2313 ;  army  of  Cumberland,  Thomas 
commands,  2322;  500,000  men  called  out, 
2373  ;  army  of  the  James,  Butler  com- 
mands, 2322  ;  army  of  Ohio,  Schofield, 
commands,  2322  ;  army  of  Tenn.,  Mc- 
pherson commands,  2322;  Department 
of  South,  Maj.-Gen.  Foster  commands, 
2341 ;  Gen.  O.  O.  Howard  commands, 
2363 ;  Shenandoah  army,  Sheridan  to 
command,  237i ;  bounty  granted,  2861 ; 
300,000  more  men  called,  2413;  reviewed 
at  Washington,  2463  ;  Sunday  parades 
forbidden  by  President  Harrison,  3401 ; 
recruiting  stopped,  2462 ;  drafting  sus- 
pended, 2472J  statistics  of  Civil  War, 
2463;  discontmuance  of  corps ;  reduced, 
2481 ;  peace  establishment  increased, 
2532;  officers' pay  increased,  2561;  peace 


footing  reduced,  2712-  headquarters  at ; 
St.  Louis,  2861 J  restricted  use  of,  2992  ; 
Brevet  Promotion  Bill, 3521 ,3541  ;  nurse's 
pension  bill  passed,  3651;  census,  444i, 
expenses  reduced,  4573;  concentrated, 
4701 ;  army  bill  for  enforcing  laws  fails ;, 
1811.    (See  Pension.) 

Army  of  France,  est., 6762;  leaves  Naples, 
6802 ;  Turkish  cavalry  in  army,  7261 ; 
ArrayBill  passes,  7381 ,7391 ;  armies  unite^ 
7401 ,  7571 ,  7591 ;  strength,  7601 . 

of  Germany,   reserves  formed,  7402; 

first  armed, 7861 ;  weakened, 819i ;  budget 
agitation,  8231;  service  in,  8261,  8273, 
8371;  commission  reduced,  8341;  peace 
eJfective;  strength,  8361;  Bill  rejected, 
8371;  passed,  8331. 

of  Great  Britain,  first  standing,  8441 ; 

strength,  8863;  army  vs.  Pari.,  886I, 
8871,2,8891 ;  authority  of  mai..gen.,8892; 
disbanded,  8912,8991 ;  Grenadiers;  North- 
umberland Fusileers(Fifth);  Kiiig's Own 
Regiment  (Fourth)  raised,  8961 ;  Camero- 
nian  regiment  fmd., 8981 ;  reduced, 9013; 
Hussars  enrolled,  9141 ;  artillery  car- 
bine used  ;  percussion-musket  used,  9501 ; 
rifle  musket,  956 1 ;  foreigners  in,  9592; 
flogging  restricted,  9621 ;  abolished,  9861 ; 
strength,  IO88I ;  re-organized.,  III8I ; 
death-rate  reduced,  9741 ;  abolishing  pur- 
chase,9753;  organization  lawmade,  11193; 
Irish  Arms  Bill  passes;  assent,  9872; 
conscription,  11221. 

worm  in  Wisconsin,  4661 . 

Arnaud,  Franfois  T.  M.  deBaculard  d', 
b.,  6981;  d.,  7163. 

,  Gen.,  murdered  by  mob,  7432. 

,  Henri,  b.,  6883;  d.,  6982. 

Arnauld,  Ang^lique,  b.,  6863  -  reforms  Port 
Royal  des  Champs,  6871 ;  d.,  6923. 

- — ,  Antoine,  orator,  b.,  6822;  d.,  6863. 

. »pliii.,  b.,  6862;  works,  6911;  d., 

6943. 

Arnault,VincentAntoine,b.,703i  ;d.,7262. 

Arnd,  Johann,  b.,  7922 ;  works,  7931 ;  d., 
7943 

Amdti  Ernst  Moritz,b., 8031;  works,  8083, 
8103;  d.,8202. 

Arne,  Thomas  Augustine,  b.,9042;  Arta- 
xerxcs,  9161 ;  d.,9203. 

Arnheim,  The  Virgin  performetl  at,  10982. 

— ,  Johann  G.  von,  b.,  7922j  d.,  7962. 

Arnim,  Elizabeth  von  Bettina,  b.,  8042 ; 
d.,  8202. 

,  Harry  Karl  Kurt  Eduard  von.  Count, 

b.,  8123;  arrested  ;  trial ;  sentence,  8291 ; 
Quid  Faciamus  ?«)«,  8303;  against  papal 
infallibility,  8262;  d.,  8301 . 

,  Johan  Georg  von,  b.  (1581) ;  at  Prague, 

7942  ;   d.  (1641). 

— — ,  Ludwig  Joachim  (Achim)  von,  b., 
8012;  works,  8103;  d.,  8142. 

Arnobius,  b.,  91 ,  10283;  flourishes,  10663. 

Arnold  of  Brescia,  Archbp.,  b.-tl.,  10742; 
preaches,  7763;  revolution  of,  10743;  agi- 
tator, 10753;  condemned,  6691;  burned, 
7763. 

,  bp.,  cons.,  122;  d.,  10381 . 

,  Abraham  K.,  commis.  col.,  3741 . 

,  Benedict,  b.(1615);  gov.R.1..412,45i, 

473;  d.  (1678). 

, ,  Gen.,  b.,  642  ;  in  Can.,  803  ;  at 

Quebec,  803;  captures  Cedars,  822;  on 
Lake  Champlain  ;  at  Crown  Point,  842; 
commissioned  maj.-geu.,  862 ;  quarrel- 
some ;  at  Fort  Schuyler,  87 1 ;  at  Saratoga 
battle,  872;  commands  in  Phila.,  883; 
charges  against,  90i ;  court-martialed, 
91 1 ;  resigns  ;  treasonable  correspond- 
ence,902  ;  acquitted,  91 1 ;  at  West  Point, 
921;  treason,  92i,2;  on  Vulture,  922; 
sentenced,  2482 ;  treason  of ;  address, 
933  ;  commander-in-chief ;  at  Peters- 
burg, 941 ;  in  Brit,  army ;  at  Richmond, 
Va.,923;  d..  1101. 

,  Edwin,  Sir,  b.  (1831) ;  works,  10W3  ; 

in  Ne^  York,  3942,  3983;  d.,  9982. 

-^,  George,  b.  (1834);  Jefftrson  Davis, 
2503  ;  d.,  2482. 

,  James,  embezzler,  4502. 

,  John,  b.,  9103;  d.  (1799). 

,  Lemuel  H.,  b.  (1762) ;  gov.  R.I.,  1393; 

d.  (1852). 

,  Marshall,  b.,  1581. 

,  Matthew,  b.,  9403  ;  works,  9551 ,  964», 

9783,  9842,  9983  ;  d.,  9982. 

Samuel,  plan  to  assassinate  Lincoln, 

2431;  arrested,  2471. 

, ,  composer,  b.,  9103  ;  d.,  9303. 


Arno-Assa. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX,        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1179 


Arnold,  Samuel,  Green,  b.,  1301 ;  d.  (1880). 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9263  ;  d.,  9502. 

, K.,  b.,  930*  :  History  of  Rome, 

W9I ;  d.  9582. 

Aruohlus,  Villa  Nova  de,  b.-d.,  6702. 

Arnolfo  (li  Cainbio  or  dl  Lapo,  b.  (1232) ; 
begins  San  Michele  and  Santa  Croce  at 
Florence,  10703  ;  d.  (1300). 

Arnot,  Frederick  S.,  missionary,  10942. 

Arnott,  Neil,  !>.,  9242;  ventilator  work, 
9482  ;  d.,  978' . 

.Vrnoul,  bp.,  d.,  6702. 

Arnould,  Ambrose  Marie,  b.,  7003;  d.,  719' . 

Arnuf.  Count,  reigns  (Notb.),  1099'. 

Arnulf,  b.  (SSOi) ;  takes  Rome,  7721 ,  10721 ; 
defeats  Northmen,  7721;  reigns,  773*; 
crownied  Emp.,  10732  ;  d.  (899). 

Arny,  F.  N.,  Wm.,  gov.,  2593. 

■Arogie,  battle  of  (Abys.),  21 . 

Aromatari,  (iiuseppe  degli,  b.,  1082* ;  d. 
(lOtiO). 

Aronson,  Louis,  petitions,  5882. 

Arpad,  b.-il.,  5022  ;  conquests  in  Hung., 
5031 ;  dynasty  expires,  5053. 

,  captured,  11441 . 

Arquebus  comes  into  use,  6782. 

Arques,  battle  at,  6841 . 

Arran,  Earl,  title  created,  9132.  (See 
Hamilton.) 

Arras,  Fr.,  peace  congress  ;  treaty  of,  6773, 
6792 ;  acquired  by  Aust.,  6793  ;  Metho- 
dists, est., 7171 ;  battle  at,680i ;  Congress 
of,  8632. 

,  Gautier  d',  lile  et  Galeroii,  6711 . 

Arrears  of  Bent  Bill,  in  H.  C,  9893  ;  re- 
jected, 9991 ;  passed,  9992. 

Arreboe,  Anders,  b.ni.,  6362  ;  Uexsemeron, 
6371. 

Arredondo,  Gen.,  revolts,  11603;  captured, 
4!K)2. 

Arrest  for  debt  abolished,  9731 . 

,  Heinrich  Ludwig  d',  b.,  8122  ;  discov- 
ers Freia,  6403  ;  d.,  8281 . 

Arrests,  French,  annulled  by  Pari,,  7022. 

Arretium,  battle  of,  6621 ;  besieged  ;  truce 
with  Itome,  10521. 

Arrian  (Flavius  Arrianus),  b.-d.,  10283. 

Arrighi,  Jean,  Duo  de  Padoue,  b.  (1778) ; 
d,,  7322, 

Arrillaga,  Jo8i5  J.  de,  gov,,  1051 ,  2,  m  1 . 

Arrington,  Alfred  W,,  b,  (1810);  d,,  2582. 

Arrogante  sinks,  7501 . 

Arrow  seized,  6182. 

Arrowrock,  Ark.,  gold  discovered,  3361. 

Arrowsmith,  Aaron,  b.,  9122  ;  d.,  9403. 

John,  geog.,  b.,  9243  ;  d.,  978i . 

, ,  cl.,  b.  (1602) ;  d.  8902. 

Area,  C.  Terentilius,  opposed,  10512. 

Arsaces,  b.-<l.,  11062  ;  revolts,  IO272. 

1.,  reigns,  Armenia,  11493. 

II„  Kmg  of  Armenia,  11512. 

XXVIII.,  d.  (226±).    (See  Artabanus 

IV,) 

Ar8es,reigns,1107i ;  murdered,  11062,11073, 

Arshid,  reigns,  10972, 

Arsinoe  II,,  b,,  (K03  ;  married;  k,,  6523, 

Arslan,  captures  liomanus  IV.,  11541 . 

Arson  as  high  treason,  8632. 

Arstartus,  King,  11432. 

Art  Amateur  issued,  3023. 

Art  Academy,  at  Berlin,  8321 . 

Association  est.,  Brooklyn,  1902. 

,  first  exhibition,  9142. 

Poitique  appears,  6931 . 

,  Soc.  Am,  Fine,  fmd,,  3501 , 

0nion,find.,948i ;  IndemnityAct,9532, 

Am,,  est,,  3121 , 

Artabanus  IV,,  killed,  IIO71, 

,  Hyrcanian,  murders  Xerxes,  11073, 

Artabarzes,  reigns,  11512, 

Artabazus,  reigns,  11472;  Pels,  war,  IOI81, 

Artaguette,  d",  Fr,  leader,  defeated,  621 ; 
k.  (1736), 

Artapbernes,  crosses  iSgean;  at  Marathon, 
10181,  ^* 

Artaud,  Nicolas  Louis,  b,,  7102  ;  d,7343. 

Artavasdes  I,,  reigns,  Armenia,  11511; 
captured,  10603, 

Ill,,  rules  in  Armenia,  11513, 

,  gov,  Syria,  11513. 

,  or  Artabastus,  rebels,  10331 ;  d,  (743), 

Artaxata  conquered,  10<^i , 

Artaxerxes  I.,  Ixjugimanus,  reiimB,  HOT' ; 
d,,  11062. 

II,,  -Vlemnon,  reigns,  11473,  11071,2; 

revolt  against,  10221 ;  d,,  1106i- 

Ill,,  reigns,  11071,2,  0513;   destroys 

Sidon ;  takes  Jericho,  11461 ;  kills  rela- 
tives, 11073  ;  k,,  11062. 


Artaxerxes,  revolts ;  kills  Arsaces;  reigns; 

annexes  Parthia,  1107 1 ;  killed,  11073. 
Artaxes,  reigns,  Armenia,  11493. 

II.,  reigns,  Armenia,  1151 1 ,  2. 

Artazata  taken,  10621 . 

Artemis,  iisteroid,  discovered,  I881 . 

Artemisia,  Queen,   b,-d,,  11462 ;    marries 

Mausolus,  11471 ;  flourishes,  11462, 
Artemisium,  naval  battle  at,  10182, 
Artenion  invents  battering-ram,  10203, 
Artenay,  Bavarians  defeat  Fr,,  742i, 
Arteta,  Pedro  Jose  de,  in  Ecu,,  6442, 
Artevelde,  Philip  van^  b,-d,,  5392, 
Arthur,  Chieftain  ;  King,  8412,  3  ;  <xt  Mens 

Badonicus,  7701,  840';  killed,  8402, 
,  P,  of  W,,  b,  (1486) ;  marriage,  868I ; 

d.  (1502), 
,  Uuke  of  Brittany,  b,  (1393) ;  claims 

Eng,  throne,  6701 ;  supported  for  Eng, 

throne,  6713 ;  on  Fr,  throne,  853 1 ;  k,,  853 1 , 
,  Arthur- William-Patrick-Albert,    b., 

9562  ;  title  of,  9793  ;  marries,  9843  ;  pre- 
sented to  Grant,  2691 , 
,  Chester  Alan,  b,,   1381 ;    graduates, 

1613  ;  vote  for,  3051 ;   pres,  vote,  3072  ; 

inaug,,  3072,  3092  ;  renomiuation  vote, 

3173:  d,,3242. 

,  Frederick,  Prince,  b.,  9912. 

,  George,  Sir,  b.  (1784) ;  gov.,  6773  ;  d, 

(1854), 

,  Lillie,  Modem  Mastics,  4782, 

Articles  of  Confederation  set  aside,  693, 

of  Religion,  8082  ;  signed,  8703, 

of  Union,  Eng.,  9033, 

.Artillery  first  used,  6122, 

Artists'  Widows'  Society  est,,  9431 , 

Artists'  wives,  gift  of,  7073, 

Artivosdes  against  Julius  Ciesar  ;  against 

Mark  Antony,  11501, 
Artois  annexed  to  France,  6712  ;  Louis  re- 
ceives, 6792  ;  dispute,  7913, 
,  Comte  d'  (Charles  X.),  duel,  7053  ;  in 

Paris;  regent,  7213;  King,  7252, 
ArtS(  Association  of  Fine,  formed,  9461 , 

improve,  Fr,,  6721 . 

,  revolution  of  peaceful,  9142. 

,  Koyal  Academy  of,  instituted,  9162, 

and  Sciences,  Am,  Aacdemy,  f  md,,93' , 

,  Scotch  Academy  of,  organized,  942' , 

,  Society  of,  est,  (London),  9122, 

— -,  Society  of,  fnd,  (Edinburgh),  940' , 
Arundel,  Earl    of,  "rliomas  Howard,  b, 

(1353),  arrested,  861 2  ;  d,  (1413), 

,  Earl  of,  minister,  8712, 

,  B,  of,  Tho,  Howard,  b,,  8762  ;  d,,8862. 

,  Henry,  Lord,  liberated,  8972;  d,(1694), 

Society  formed,  954' , 

Yacht  Club  formed,  949' , 

Arvieux,  Laurent  d',  b,  6882  ;  d,,  6962. 
Arwidsson,  Adolf  Iwar,  b,  (1791) ;  Poems, 

11362  ;  d,  (1858), 
Arzemodkt,  Queen,  reigns,  11072  ;  d,  (6.32), 
Asa,  reigns  ;  rebukes  iilolatry,  11423  ;  eat, 

army,  11422  ;  at  Mareshak,  1142' , 
Asaker,  reigns  (EgyO,  6552, 
Asander,  governor,  Bosporus,  11512, 
Asbestos  used  for  paper,  7982, 
Asbjomsen,    Peter    Christen,   b,    (1812) ; 

works,  11042  ;  d,  (1885), 
Asboth,  Alex,  Sandor,  b,,  1162 ;  at  Pea 

Ridge,  2042  ;  captures  conscripts,  2362  ; 

d,,  260', 
Asbury,  Francis,  b,,  662 ;  in  Phila,,  763  ; 

general  assistant,  763  ;  fined,  83' ;  stops 

preaching,  87 ' ;  supt,  Methodism,  932  ; 

ordained    bp,,   963,   121';  last   sermon, 

1243  ;  d,,  1242, 
Park,  baby  parade,  389',  4343;  gam- 
bling-house, 469'  ;  Italians  aroused,  4063, 
A§calon,  action  at,  860'  j  Crusaders  victo- 
rious, 654' , 
Ascension  Island  occupied,  9392, 
Ascbaifenburg,  action  at,  526' ;  concordat 

of,  785', 
Ascham,  Roger,  b,  (151.5);  2'oxopAt!i4»,869' ; 

Sclioolmaster,  873' ;  d,,  8722, 

Society  formed,  9862, 

Aschera  discovered,  5282, 
Aschod  I,,  reigns,  Armenia,  11,552, 
Asclepiades  of  Bithynia,  b,,  10282, 
Asclejjiodotus,  Roman  consul,  840' , 
Asconius,  Pediamus  Quintus,  b,,  10622  ; 

d,  (88±), 
Ascot,  races  at  (Eng,),  909' , 
Asculum,  action  at,  1026' , 
Aselli,    Gaspare,   Lacteal    Veins,    10832 ; 

d,,  10823. 
Aserymus,  reigns,  11433. 
Asgill,  Charles,  Sir,  b.,  9162  ;  d.,  940a. 


Asgill,  John,  b.  (1659) ;  d.,  910*  ;  expelled 
from  seat,  9031 . 

Aghantees,  conquered,  1161 2  ;  war  with 
England,  9661 ;  sign  treaty,  9792, 

Ashbourne, Baron, title, 9871 ,  (SeeGibson,) 

Ashbrook,  Viscount,  title  created,  9132. 

Asbbrooke,  Abigail,  refuses  taxes,  4223. 

Ashburn,  George  W,,  d.,  2602, 

Asbburner,  Charles  Albert,  b,,  1741, 

Ashburnham,  E,  of,  title  created,  9051 . 

Ashburton  Treaty  signed,  5793. 

Ashby,  Turner,  b.,  1321 ;  d.,  2092. 

Aslibyville,  Ky,,  Confeds,  defeated,  2403, 

Asbcled,  see  Dublin,  8393. 

Ashcombe,  Baron,  title  created,  10083. 

Ashdod  besieged,  0501 ;  expedition  against ; 
taken,  11442,  11452  ;  battle  of,  11481 . 

Ashe,  John,  b.  (1720) ;  d.,  93i . 

,  Samuel,   b.  (1725) ;    at  Brier  Creek, 

902  ;  gov.  S.  C,  1072  ;  d.  (1813). 

Aslieville  Coll.,  N,  C,  org,  (1842), 

Ash  Grove,  Mo,,  Ash  Grove  Coll.  fnil.,  3143. 

Ashi,  Rab.,  b,-d,,  11542, 

Aslilkaga  shoguns,  rule  Japan,  10913, 

Ashland,  O,,  Ashland  College  org,,  2883, 

College,  Ger,  B,,  org,,  3003, 

,  Ky,,  Agricultural  College,  2503, 

College,  Ore,,  org,,  3023, 

,  Va,,  Randolph-Macon  college  organ- 
ized, 1403, 

,  Wis,,  strike,  3551 , 

Ashley,  Pa,,  earthquake,  3321 ;  mine  acci- 
dent, 3593, 

,  Utah,  ice-cave  discovered,  3442, 

,  James  Monroe,  b,  (1824) ;  prohibi- 
tion of  slavery,  2292  ;  introduces  13th 
Amendment,  2413  ;  intro,  impeacbmeiit, 
2*253;  accuses  Johnson,  2553;  in  ini- 
peacnment  investigation,  2672, 

Ashley,  Ix>rd.    (See  Shaftesbury,) 

Ashmead,  Isaac,  b.  (1790) ;  d,,  2701 , 

Ashmole,  Elias,  b.  88O1 ;  d,  (1692), 

Ashmolean  Museum,  fnd,,  8941 , 

Society,  Oxford,  fnd,,  9431 , 

Ashmun,  George,  b.  (1804) ;  d.,  270*. 

,  Jehudi,  b.,  1042  ;  d.,  1361 . 

,  John  Hooker,  b.  (1801) ;  d.,  1421. 

Aslineh  mission,  6571 . 

Ashpitel,  Arthur,  b,,  933' ;  d,,  9722, 

Ashratf,  reigns,  IIO72. 

Ashrof  Khaleel,  takes  Acre,  6542, 

Ashtabula  Bridge,  O,,  falls,  2933, 

Asbton,  John,  tried  ;  executed,  8993. 

,  Robt.  de.  Sir,  gov.,  8693  ;  d.  (1834). 

Ashtoreth,  worship  of,  1141' . 

Asbtown,  Baron,  title  created,  931' . 

Ashurnazirpal,  reigns,  1145';  invasion  of, 
11442. 

Asia  Minor,  possession  contested,  10172  ; 
cities  abandoned,  10213  ;  retreat  of  ten 
thousand,  1022' ;  subdued,  10242;  earth- 
quakes, 10282 ;  surrendered  to  Rome, 
10292  ;  subdued,  11062  ;  11072  ;  Greeks 
surrender,  10352 ;  conquered,  1106' ; 
world's  battlefield,  1140' :  conquered  by 
Turks,  1154', 

Asia  founders,  6853, 

Asia  discovered,  964' , 

Asinari,  Federigo,  b,  (1527);  d,,  lOSl'. 

Asinje  Aziz  Pasha  killed,  6652, 

Askabad,  Russians  at,  7' , 

Aske,  Robt,,  executed,  868' . 

Askew,  Anne,  b,  (1521) ;  burned,  869' , 

Asoka,  a  Buddhist,  1043' ;  reigns,  10432, 

Aspar  takes  Ravenna,  1070' , 

Aspasia,  captured  by  Volontaire,  123', 

Aspendos,  action  at,  10222, 

Aspern,  battle  of,  5183, 

Asphalt  discovered,  344' ,  3442, 

Asplnwall,  Wm,  H,,  fnds,  Aspinwall,  6293, 

fnd,,  fire ;  yellow  fever,  6293, 

Aspy  Bay,  steamer  wrecked,  5873, 

Asqnith,  Herbert  Henry,  Parnell's  coun- 
sel, 9993  :  minister,  10092, 

Assake,  defeat  of  garrison,  1118' , 

Assam  acquired  ;  Eng.  acquires,  9432  ; 
mission,  1047'  ;  surveyors  massacred, 
10493  ;  invaded,  10441 . 

Assampnr  mission,  10483. 

Assas,  Chevalier  d',  Nicolas,  d.,  7023, 

Assassination,  Lincoln's,  2482,  3. 

Plot,  Eng.,  901'. 

Assassinations,  Abdul-Aziz,  Sultan,  11833 ; 
Atfre,  Dennis,  Archbp.,  7312;  Albert  I., 
Emp.,  7823.  Artaxerxes  III.,  11062^  11073 ; 
Beaton,  Cardinal,  8692;  Becket,  'Thonias 
a',  8512;  Berry, Charles F.,  Due  de,7233; 
Capo  d'lstria.  Count,  1036*;  Cffisar,  .lu- 
Uus,  10612;  Oarnot,  Pres.,  7663.  Charles 


1180 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,       INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


Assa-Atla. 


III.  of  Parma.  10873;  Clayton,  J.  M,, 
candidate  for  Cougre88,3343 ;  Darius  III., 
11073;  Edraond,  K.,  Si5i;  Edward  K., 
8463 ;  Edward  II.,  Edward  V.,  8563 ; 
Fisk,  James,  Jr.,  shot  by  E.  S.  Stokes, 
2772;  Garaeld.Pres.,  3072;  Gustavuslll., 
1135 1 ;  Harrison,  Carter  H.,  shot  by  Pen- 
dergast,  442^ ;  Hennessy,  D.  C,  shot  by 
Italians,  3703;  Henry,  Duke  of  Guise, 
6851:  Heury  III.  of  Fr.,  6853;  Henry  IV. 
of  Fr.,  6872;  James  I.  of  Scot.,  8632; 
James  III.  of  Scot.,  8672;  John  the  Fear- 
less, 6773;  Kotzebu,  August  F.  F.  von, 
8132;  Louis  of  Valois,  D.  of  Orleans, 
6763;  Louis  of  Guise,  685';  Lincoln, 
Pres.,  '^7t ,  ^182,  3;  Michael  IV.  of  Ser- 
via,  11233;  Marat,  by  Charlotte  Corday, 
7083;  Murray,  James,  regent,  8733;  Paul 
I.,  Czar,  11173;  Philip  II.,  10251 ;  Perce- 
val, Spencer,  9372;  Prim,  Marshal, 
11323;  Richard,  Earl  of  Mayo,  9771; 
Rossi,  Count  Pellegrino,  10873;  Strelin- 
kotf,  Gen.,  11211 ;  ViUiers,  George,  D.  of 
Buckingham,  8831 ;  William,  Prince  of 
Orange,  541 1.  (See  the  names  of  other 
victims  in  their  alphabetical  place.) 

Assaye,  action  at,  10461 . 

Asseli,  Caspar,  discovers  lacteals,  10822. 

Assemani,  Giuseppe  Simone,  b.-d.,  11563. 

Assenede,  Diderik  van,  Moris  et  Blanche- 
Jieur,  10983. 

Asser,  d.,  8442. 

Assignatis  issued,  Fr.,  7073,  7112. 

Assiout,  mission  station,  657' . 

Assisj  reigns  (Egy.),  6473. 

Asstai,  Don  Francis,  D',  marries,  7292. 

Aasisi,  Francisco  d.,  marries,  11313. 

Assize  of  Arras,  Eng.,  8501 , 

Associate  Reformed  Church,  Gen.  Synod 
fmd.  fl802);  partial  union  with  Presb. 
Churcn  fmd.,  95' ;  secession,  1422;  mis- 
sion (1821);  unites  in  forming  United 
Presb.  Church,  1842;  work,  1463;  Erskine 
College  est.,  1511;  Geneva  College  est., 
1642;  begins  mission  work,  2902. 

Associated  Loyalists,  Board  of,  933, 

Press  organized,  1643. 

Association,  The,  1860,  1882. 

Bill  discussed,  Fr.,  7632. 

^^  (See  International.) 

for  Free  distribution  of  Scriptures, 

9803. 

for  Oral  Instruction  opd.,  9763, 

for  Prevention  Poverty  fmd.,  9731 . 

for  Protection  of  Insane  fnd.,  3071 . 

forRelief  of  Widows  established, 911 2. 

of  Am.  Authors,  4042. 

of  Fine  Arts  founded,  9461 . 

of  Lay  Helpers  org.,  9682, 

of  Medical  Sup,  for  Insane  org.,  2731 . 

^of  Nobles,  Ger.,  7852. 

of  Railroads  formed,  3893. 

Associations  wrecked,  9021 , 

Assouan  mission,  6571 ;  occupied,  66O1 . 

Assurance  Societies  established,  11272. 

Assyria,  Rom.  province,  10651 ;  conquered, 
10673,  11072;  kingdom  rises,  11431 ;  inde- 
pendent, 11432,  11452;  empire  at  zenith, 
11453;  ill  Egy.,  fortiflcations;  war  in  Egy., 
6501 ;  empire  overthrown,  11461 ;  divided, 
11471. 

Ast,  George  Anton  Fried.,  b.,  8042;  d.,8161. 

Astbury,  John,  b.,  9892;  d.,  9103. 

Astell,  Mary,  b.,  8922;  d.,  9082. 

Asterius,  b.,  11542. 

Asterodt,  George  A.,  plan  to  assassinate 
Lincoln,  243i  ;  sentenced,  2482. 

Asteropherus,  Magnus  Olai;  Tisbe,  11343. 

Astle,  Thomas,  b.,  9082;  d.,  9322. 

Astley,  John,  Sir,  d.,  10121 . 

Philip,  b.  (1742);  amphitheater,  9182; 

d.,  9363. 

Astolphns,  cession  to  Pope,  7713. 

Aston,  Arthur,  Sir,  massacred,  8862. 

Astor,  John  Jacob,  b.,  723;  fnds.  Astoria, 
1173;  fnds.  library,  1663;  opd.,  174n;  d., 
1641. 

, ,  d.,3521 ;  will  probated,  3533; 

library,  3542;  library  improvements, 
3023;  bronze  church  doors,  3562. 

,  Wm.,  estate  bequeathed,  4073. 

,  Wm.   Backhouse,  b.   (1792);  gift  to 

Astor  Library  (1859)  ;  d.,  2881 . 

Place,  riot,  1643. 

Astorga,  Emanuele  d*,  b.,  10831 ;  d.,  10842. 

Astoria,  Ore.,  fnd.,  1173;  settled,  1192; 
sold,  1213. 

Astrolabe  adapted,  121 . 

Astrological  Society  founded,  Eng.,  9841 . 


Astronomer,  royal,  James  Bradley,  9102; 
John  Flamsteed,  8941 ;  Edmund  Halley, 
9061 ;  Nath.  Bliss,  9161 ;  Nevil  Maskeline 
(1765) ;  John  Pond,  9343;  George  Biddell 
Airy  (1835) ;  Wm.  H.  M.  Christie  (1881). 

Astronomical  Congress  in  Paris,  7561. 

Society  of  Fr.,  ijiaug.,  7561 . 

Astronomy,  early  study  of,  11461;  Ptole- 
maic system,  10642;  studied  in  Egypt, 
6522;  introduced;  Alphousine  tables 
composed,  11262;  Copernican  system  of , 
7902,  10802;  spectrum  analysis,  9642. 

Astrue,  Jean,  b.,  6923;  d.,  7031. 

Asturias,  monarchy  fnd.,  11253;  united  to 
Castile,  11272. 

Astyages,  reigns,  11471 ;  overthrown,  11071 ; 
rulers  of  Asturias-Leon,  11253,  11272. 

Asuncion  fnd.,  11051,  4892;  abandoned, 
5561;  mission  in,  11062. 

Ashur-res-isi,  reigns,  11432. 

Asurdan  I.,  reigns,  11432;  conquestg,  11421 . 

II.,  reigns,  11433. 

III.,  reigns,  11452, 

Asur-etil-ilani-ukinni,  reigns,  11453. 

nirari,  reigns,  11452. 

Ata,  reigns  (Egypt),  6453. 

Atahualpa,  b.,  6443;  rules  Ecu.  and  Peru, 
64;ji;  6441;  usnrper,  212,  0141 ;  meets 
Pizarro,  0441 ;  captured,  killed,  20i . 

Atala  discovered,  748' . 

Atalanta  discovered,  748', 

Atalanta  loses  race,  3093. 

Atalmita  lost,  9841 . 

Atanagildo,  reigns,  11253. 

Atawulf,  King,  in  Gaul,  6633;  reigns, 
10711;  marries  Placidia,  10713;  takes 
Barcelona,  11251 ;  rules  West  Goths, 
11253;  invades  Gaul ;  murdered,  10713. 

Atchinotf  manifesto,  Fr.,  7563. 

Atchison,  Kan.,  St.  Benedict's  Coll.  org., 
1822;  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Homeopd.,3271 . 

R.  R.;  train  robbers,  4163. 

,  David  R.,  b.  (1807) ;  pres.  S.,  IOI2,  3, 

1632,1712,1732;  leaves  Kan.,  1811  ;d.,3222. 

,  Gen.,  Mormons  surrender  to,  148i . 

Ate  discovered,  2701 . 

Aterdi,  Peter,  b.-d.,  11»42. 

Atet,  reigns  (Egypt),  &i53. 

Atf-Haider  mission,  6571 . 

Athabasca,  Bp.  Young  cons.,  9922. 

River,  petroleum,  590i . 

Mackenzie,  vicariate,  5802, 

Athalaric,  King  of  E.  Goths,  10713;  d.  (534). 

Athaliah,  usurps  govt,,  11451 ;  against 
Judah,  11443. 

Athanasian  Creed  formulated,  10683; 
inodilications  defeated,  9762. 

Athanasius,  Saint,  b.,  6542,  10283;  defends 
Trinity,  10283;  doctrine,  10682;  deposed; 
at  Rome ;  restored,  10682;  innocent ;  est. 
moniisticism,  10683;  archbishop,  6543; 
exiled,  6543;  d.,  6542. 

Athelstan,  b.  (895);  invades  Scot.,  8442; 
kingof  Wessex;  mint  regulations;  league 
against,  8453;  protector  of  princes;  en- 
courages commerce,  8451 ;  killed,  8442, 

Athemon,  d.,  11482. 

Athenajum,  Rome,  erected,  10042. 

Athenseum  liclqe,  issued,  5443. 

Club  founded,  1871 ,  941 1 . 

Athenseus,  b.,  10283;  Banquet,  10643. 

Athenagoras,  b.,  10283. 

Athenas,  Pierre  Louis,  b.,  701 1 ;  d.,  7243. 

Athene,  Temple  of,  10162;  begun,  10203. 

Athenion,  insurrectionist,  Sicily,  10562. 

Athens,  Ala.,  skirmish  near,  2071;  Fed- 
erals defeated,  2382. 

Gr.  fnd.,  Areopagus  instituted,  10133; 

Prianepsa;, 10151  ;be8ieged, 10141  ;archons 
elected,  10152;  war  with  Mitylene,  1016 1 ; 
written  laws  demanded  ;  early  archons, 
10171 ;  architecture  flourishes,  1019 1 ; 
ascendency  period  of,  10192;  war  against, 
10183  ;  Parthenon  completed,  10203, 
dedicated,  1021 1;  theater  of  Bacchus 
built;  first  theater,  11201;  war  with 
Sparta,  10222;  league  against,  10223; 
taken  by  Alaric,  10301;  Athens  cap- 
tured, 1(^62;  libraries  removed,  10291; 
surrenders  to  Sulla,  10281 ;  Romans  pro- 
claim liberty,  10273;  Romans  aid,  10262; 
Roman  ambassadors  received,  10273; 
fortress  of  Athenfeum  built,  10262;  hi 
Achaean  League,  10273;  liberated,  10272; 
pillaged,  10282;  Athens  taken,  lOCrG^ ; 
attempt  to  tlirow  off  Macedonian  rule, 
10262;  no  political  influence,  10272; 
taken,  10261;  in  Triangular  League; 
10272;  democracy  restored,  10271 ;  school 


of  Stoics  fnd.,  10263;  surrenders,  10243; 
submits  to  Alexander,  10241  ;  Academy 
fnd.,  10231 ;  height  of  greatness  ;  confea- 
eration  against  Sparta,  10233;  restora- 
tions begun,  10222;  taken  by  Alaric, 
10681;  rule  of  Thirty  Tyrants;  rear- 
ranged; democratic  govt,  restored,  10232; 
besieged ;  w^alls  of  Piraeus  destroyed, 
10221;  power  destroyed,  10232;  Erech- 
theum  fnd.,  10223;  council  of  Four  Hun- 
dred ;  council  of  Five  Hundred  reest. ; 
oligarchy  est.,  10213;  fleet  increased, 
10203;  distressed  by  Spartans,  10213; 
prisoners  in  Sicily,  10203;  terrified  by 
eclipse;  Hermes  statues  mutilated, 1021 2; 
builds  walls  Constantinople,  10301 ;  ar- 
mistice with  Sparta,  10202;  in  Sicily  af- 
fairs, 10213;  war  against,  10212;  golden 
number  discovered,  10211 ;  Propyla?a  be-  „ 
gim,  10203;  fortifications  conmleted, 
10201 ;  satirical  comedies  prohibited, 
10211,  2;  Athenian  league  Independent, 
10212;  revolt  against,  10201,  10202; 
height  of  power,  10212;  Odeum  Tlieater 
fnd.,  10203;  fleet  destroyed,  10191 ;  long 
walls  begun.  10183;  tyrannizes  Greece ; 
treasury  in  Acropolis  ;  law  of  ephialtes  ; 
democratic  rule,  10193;  Tlief^eum  built, 
10191;  hegemony  transferred  to,  10183; 
Temple  of  Victory  built,  10191 ;  Buprem- 
acy  of  Hellenic  fleet,  10183;  hearts  Hel- 
lenic confederacy,  10192;  abandoned ; 
burned,  10182;  burned  ;  rebuilt ;  reinhab- 
ited,  10192;  war  against  ^'gina ;  military 
power  against  Persia,  1018 1 ;  nobles  re- 
volt ;  nobles  murdered,  10173;  social 
reform,  1017';  ostracism  est.;  political 
changes,  10173;  public  library  (first), 
est.  by  Pisistratus,  10163  ;  schools 
of;  suppressed,  10311;  first  comedy  at, 
101G2;  taxes  levied  ;  dissatisfaction  with 
govt. ;  parties  formed,  10172;  victorious, 
10161 ;  archons  of ;  authentic  dates,10153; 
authentic  history  ;  court  of  Ephetse 
est.,  10151 ;  acquired;  dukedom,  10351; 
Turkish  Pasha,  10353;  captured,  10341 ; 
taken,  1078' ;  devastated,  10341 ;  Parthe- 
non destroyed ;  Turks  besieged,  10342* 
bank  fnd.,  10353:  British  School  or 
Archeology  opened,  9942. 

Athens,  O.,  Univ.  org.,  1131 ;  troops,  4603, 

,  Tenn.,    East    Tennessee    and    Wes- 

leyan  University  organized,  2602. 

Atherstone,  trains  collide,  9653. 

Atherton,  Alice,  b.,  1741 . 

,  Charles  Gordon,  b.  (1804) ;  3d  "  Gag- 
Law,"  1493;  d.  (1853). 

,  John,  b.  (1598) ;  bp.,  d.,  8823. 

Athlumney,  Baron,  title  created,  9671. 

At  hoi  ^  asteroid,  discovered,  290 1 . 

,  Duke  of,  title  created,  9031 . 

,  Earl  of,  executed,  8632, 

Athothis,  King,  on  anatomy,  6452. 

Atkins,  Hiram,  d.,  4161 . 

,  John,  lord-mayor,  London,  9393, 

Atkinson,  private,  wins  rifle  prize,  9741, 

,  A.  M.,  pres.  convention,  4202. 

,  Edward,  b.,  1^2. 

,  Gen.  Henry,  b.  (1782) ;  against  Black 

Hawks,  1401 ;  d.  (1842). 

,  Thomaa,b.  (1807) ;  cons.  P.  E.  bp.,  1723 ; 

d.  (1882), 

,  Thomas  Wm.,  b.,  9283;  d.,  9642. 

,  W.  Y.,  nom.  for  gov.,  4672, 

Railroad  Bill,  2732. 

Atkinson's  Casket  appears,  1311 . 

Atlanta,  Ga.,  campaign,  Sherman  begins, 
2:322,  2363;  Confed.  conscripts  flee  to 
Feds  ,2343;  battleat, 2361 ,2,  3;  Sherman 
at  Atlanta,  2363;  burns,  2401 ;  besieged, 
2371 ,  2381 ;  Kilpatrick  sent  on  raid,  2372; 
Hood  evacuates,  2381;  Sherman  burns 
part  of,  2401 ;  constitutional  conv.  meets, 
2593;  made  capital  of,  2611;  Methodist 
Advocate,  262 1 ;  Atlanta  Constitution 
issued,  2621;  Clark  Univ.  org.,  2863, 
2962;  Southern  Medical  Coll.  opd.,3023; 
Inter.  Cotton  Exposition  held,  3093; 
Gammon  Theological  School  fnd.,  3143; 
Southern  Church  Conf.,  3163;  Techno- 
logical School  opd.,  3303;  capitol  com- 
pleted, 3553;  Nothern  Soc.  org,,  3563; 
protests  against  Federal  Election  Bill, 
3r>43;  Direct  Trade  Conv.  org.,  3693; 
Gradymonument,;i94i  ;tire.3953;  Scotch- 
Irish  Conv.,  4062;  mayor  vetoes  licensee, 
3863;  H.  C.  Brown  arrested,  ;J883;  bomb 
explosion,  4611 ;  Sherman  leaves,  240*. 

Atlanta  captured,  2223. 


1 


Atla-Anst. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1181 


Atlanta  sails,  3341 ,  428t . 

Atlanta  Univ.  (non-sect.)  org. 

Atlantic  balloon  voyage,  282' . 

Atlantic  burn.s  oif  Halifax,  2813. 

Atlantic  collides  witli  Ogdenstmrg,  1713. 

Atlantic,  explored,  112. 

and  PaciUc  R.  R.,  chartered,  2633. 

and  St.  Lawrence  R.  R.,  opd.,  1752. 

Cable  Co.;  org.,  1753;  laying  begun, 

183',  3;  laying  of,  5833;  breaks,  1833; 
laid,  9602, 9621 ;  2d  laying  begins  ;  breaks, 
2493  ;  laying  begun  ;  tnird  completed  , 
reorganized ;  message  from  Victoria, 
2533  ;  ends  at  Brest,  7382  ;  laid,  2833  ; 
6th  laid,  2853  ;  N.  Y.  to  Ire.,  and  New- 
foundland,2893;  Anglo-Amer.  and  Anglo- 
French  Co.  unite,  2693  ;  break  in,  3453  ; 
Fr.  Atlantic  cable,  7533  ;  new  laid,  9893. 

cable.    (.See  Anglo-Am.  Tel.  Co.) 

Atlantic  Magazine  issued,  1323. 

(Sea)  Hotel,  corner-stone,  4633. 

wrecks,  9793. 

Atlay,  James,  cons,  bishop,  9663. 

Atmospheric  pressure,  experiments,  9501. 

wave  discovered,  2781 . 

Atomic  theory  announced,  9322, 

Aton,  Gen.  Ganier  d',  president,  10403. 

.\tondo  y  Antillon,I>oiiIsidoro,b.-d., 11283. 

Atossa,  mtroduces  sales  of  women,  11412. 

Atreus,  assassinated,  10143. 

Atskur,  aetion  at,  1U81 . 

Attalia  Co.,  Miss.,  mol),  3951. 

,  Mo.,  cyclone,  4703. 

Attalus,  King,  otfer  for  Dionysius,  11462  ; 
invents  parchment,  11482. 

1.,  reigns  in  Pergamus,  11491 ,2. 

II.,  reigns,  11492. 

III.,  Puilometor,  reigns,  11492. 

III.,  of  Pergamus,  bequeaths  kingdom 

to  Rome,  10571. 

,  Flavlus  Priscus,  Emperor,  10711. 

Attar-Ferid-ed-Din,  b.-d.,  11063. 

Atterbom,  Peter  Daniel  Amadous,  b.-d., 
11342  ;  works,  11362 ;  fnds.  Aurora  For- 
Imndet,  11.351. 

Atterhury, Francis, b., 8902;  arrested, 9062  ; 
condemned,  9073  ;  d.,  9082. 

Attica,  entered,  10182  ;  invasions,  10201  ^2, 
10221  ;  ravaged,  10203. 

Attlla,  King  of  Huns,  6793  ;  in  It.,  10701 ; 
empire  of,  5023,  5031,  6622,  10712  ;  rav- 

fages  Thrace,  11541;  invades  Gaul,  768'; 
Tmiders  Worms,  7693  ;  destroys  Aqul- 
iea ;  sacks  Milan,  10701;  be-sieges  Con- 
stantinople, 1030' ;  tributerefused,  10312  ; 

sutfocated,  5033,  5021 . 
Attleboro,  .Mass.,  bicentennial,  4733. 
Attucks,  Crispus,  d.,  76i . 
AttwiMd,  T.,  forms  Political  Union,  9452. 
Atwlll,  Edwin  R.,  cons.P.E.  bp.  Mo.,370i . 
Atwood,  George,  b.,  9122. 
Atyens,  ally  of  Arglves,  10183. 
Aubanel,    Joseph    Marie    ,Jean-Baptlste 

Theodore,  Hal/  Open  Pomegranate,  7351 . 
Aube,  Adm.,  minister,  7552,3. 
Auber,  Daniel  Francois  Esprit,  b.,  7061 ; 

Muette  di  Portici,  7241 ;  d.,  7461 .  • 

Auberlin,  Jean  Louis,  b.,  6983  ;  d.,  7211 . 

,  Karl  A.,  b.,  8123  ;  d.,  8221 . 

,  Thomas,  on  St.  Lawrence,  163,6711. 

Anbert,  du,  Bayet,  Jean-Baptlste  Annibal, 

b.,  7023  ;  d.,  7123. 
Aubertin,  Edmond,  b.,  6842  ;  d.,  6902. 
Auberville.P.L.dePounoyde  l',cons.,575i . 
Aubery,  Antolne,  b.,  6862  ;  d.,  6943. 

Louis,  Sieur  du  Manner,  d.,  6942. 

AubignS,     Theodore    Agrlppa    d',    6822 ; 

works,  6843,  6871 ;  d.,  6882. 
Aublet,  Jean-Baptiste  CJhrlstophe  F.,  b., 

6982;  d.,  7M3. 
Aubrey,  John,  b.,  8821 ;  d.,  9002. 
Aubry,  Claude  Charles,  Comte  d',  b.,  7042  ; 

d.,  7203. 

,  Gen.  d',  at  Seminara,  6782. 

,  Francois,  b.,  7003  ;  d.,  7142. 

Auburn,  Ala.,   Polytechnic  College  org., 

2742  ;  Agricultural  College  opened,  2782, 

,  Me., Tabor  riot,  4.383. 

,  N.  Y.,  prison  opd.,  1272  ;  Tlieological 

8em.  org.,  1283  ;  first  electrocution,  3651 ; 

centennial,  4.333. 
Auburndale,  M.iss.,  La8elleSem.org.,2412. 
Auburn  Park,  111.,  It.  R.  accident,  3453. 
Anbusson,  Pierre  d',  b.-d.,  6762. 
Anchmuty,  Richard  T.,  d.,  4341 . 

,  Samuel,  b.,  6O1 ;  d.,  891 . 

.  Samuel,  Sir,  b.,  9143  ;  Montevideo, 

4891;  d.,9403. 
Auckland,  N.Z.,fnd.,  HO32  ;  see  est.,  9722 ; 


Bp.  Luck  cons.,  9862  ;  Lord,  gov.-gen., 
9492,  10473. 

Auckland,  Baron,  title  created,  9231 ,  9252. 
(See  Eden.) 

Auction  sale,  Eng.,  9013. 

Aud,  Queen,  arrives,  10421 . 

Andatl,  Trutlo,  reigns,  1161 1. 

Audebert,  Jean  B.,  b.,  7023  ;  d.,  7142. 

Audef rol,  de  Bastard,  Belle  Idione,  671 1 . 

Audenaerde,  Robert  van,  b.-d.,  6411 . 

Audenreid,  Pa.,  Molly  Maguires,  2292. 

Audiffredl,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.,  10831; 
d.,  10843. 

Audiffret,  Marquis  d*,  C.  L.  Gaston,  b., 
7062  ;  d.,  7502. 

Pasquier    (Edme    Armand   Gaston), 

Due  d',  b.  (1823) ;  Pres.  Nat'l  Assein. ; 
life  senator,  7493  ;  pres.  Senate,  751 1 ; 
Mimoires,  7641 . 

Audlguier,  Vital,  b.,  6823  ;  d.,  6882. 

Audiphone,  invented,  R.  G.  Rhodes,  3061 . 

Audley,  Thomas,  b.,  8661  ;  at  Blore  Heath, 
8621 ;  keeper,  8692  ;  minister,  8693  ;  d., 
8682. 

Audouin,  Jean  Victor,  b.,  7123  ;  d.,  7282. 

Audran,  G(5rard,  b.,  6883  ;  d.  (1703). 

,  Jean,  b.,  6903  ;  d.,  7022. 

Audrein,  Yves  Marie,  d.,  7142. 

Audubon,  John  James,  b.,  931 ;  works, 
1391,  1403,  1441,  1523,  1603,  1863;  d., 
1682  ;  monument,  4281. 

Auenbrugger,  Auenbrug  Leopold,  b. 
(1722)  ;  d.,  5192. 

Auer,  Anton,  b.,  8042  ;  d.,  8IO2. 

,  -John  Gottlelb,  cons.  miss,  bp.,  2802. 

Anerbach,  Bcithold,  b.,  8IO2  ;  works,  8I52, 
8263  ;  d.,  8302. 

Auersperg,  Adolf,  b.  (1821) ;  d.,  6302. 

,  Prince  Karl  'William,  b.  (1814) ;  new 

ministry,  5292  ;  resigns,  5311 . 

Auerstadt,  battle  of,  7161 ,  8O81 . 

Auerswald,  Gen.  Hans  Adolf  Erdmann 
von,  b.  (1792) ;  killed,  817 1 . 

Auffenberg,  Joseph  von,  b.,8063  ;  d.  8201. 

Auger.L'AbbiS,  Athanase,  b.,6983 ;  d.,7082. 

,  Hippolyte  Nicolas  Just,  b.,  7123  ;  d., 

7522. 

,  Louis  Simon,  b.,  7042  ;  d.,  7243. 

Augereau,  Pierre,  Due  de  Castiglione,  b., 
7022  ;  at  Areola,  6182  ;  d,,  7222. 

Augier,  Gulllaume,  Victor  Emile,  b.,  7223  ; 
works,  7303,  7383,  7502  ;  d.,  7682. 

Augsburg,  Theological  Sem.  opd.,  2663. 

,  Ger.,  fnd.,  7691 ;  Ger.  defeated,  5021 ; 

peace  of,  5103  ;  ceded,  6193  ;  breweries, 
7782;  Dletof,  7813  ;  ribbon-workers  est., 
7842;  Diet  at,  7902,  7912,3;  Interim  of, 
7913 ;  edict  revoked,  7912 ;  captured, 
7921 ;  peace  of,  agreed,  7923  ;  League  of, 
7992  ;  annexed,  8092  ;  prime  ministers 
meet,  8232  ;  Confed.  Diet  retires  to,  8261 ; 
Diet  dissolved,  8252  ;  Diet,  religious  dis- 
putes settled,  5102  ;  Confession,  11343, 

Auguis,  Pierre  Jean  B.,  b.,  7003  ;  d.,  7191 . 

Augur,  Christopher  Colon,  b.,  1301 ;  de- 
fends E.  R.,  2391 ;  against  Indians,  2581 . 

■,  Hezekiah,  b.  (1791) ;  sculptor,  128' ; 

d.,  1841. 

Augurs  est.,  10503. 

.Imjust  Flower  lost,  3353, 

Augusta  in  collision,  1893. 

Augusta  marries  William  I.,  8152, 

,  Princess,  d.,  6421 . 

,  rules  with  Tiberius,  10632. 

Victoria,  b.  (1858) ;  marries,  8203. 

,  Ga.,  fnd.,  633  ;  fortbiiilt,  62i ;  taken, 

901;  besieged;  captured,  942;  burned, 
1373;  arsenal  seized,  1901 ;  capital  moved 
from,  2611;  soldiers'  monument  inaug., 
2982  ;  fire,  4133  ;  Exposition  opd.,  4433  ; 
Press  Associations  miite,  4453  ;  Immi- 
gration Congress,  4603. 

,  Ger.    (See  Augsburg,  7691.) 

,  Ky.,  Confed.  capture,  2141 . 

,  Me.,  State  Library  org.,  1403. 

Augustan  Era  begins,  10603. 

Augustana  College  organized,  1863. 

Auguete,  Alexandre,  leader,  7432. 

August!,  Christian  J.  W.,  b.,  8031 ;  d.,  816' . 

Augustin,  Jean-Baptiste  Jacques,  b.,  7023 ; 
d.,  7261. 

Augustln-Tliierry,  Gilbert,  works,  7641 . 

Augustine,  St.,  b.-d.,  10682 ;  composes  Te 
JJeum ;  Bishop  of  Hippo,  10691 . 

. ,  St.,  b.,  9' ;  in  Britain,  8422  ;  archbp., 

8422;  d.,842'. 

Augustine's  Oak,  bishops  meet,  8422. 

AuguBtines,  arrive  in  Chill,  605'. 

Augustinian  age  of  literature,  666<. 


Augustinian  order  of  monks  est.,  10763. 

Augustulus,  Romulus,  reigns,  10713. 

Augustus  I.,  Frederick,  K.  of  Poland,  b., 
7963  ;  d.,  8002. 

I.,  Frederick,  b.-d.,  11142. 

II.,  at  Pultusk,  1114' . 

III.,  election  ;  inherit.,  515'  ,2. 

,  Prince,  married,  538' ; 

,  Caius  Julius  (^iesar  Octavius,  b.-<l. 

10583  ;  fails  in  Ger.,  7691 ;  against  An- 
tonius  ;  command  of  legions  ;  against 
Antony  ;  commands  army,  IO6O2  ;  Senate 
negotiates  with,  1061 2  ;  In  second  trium- 
virate, 10602  ;  in  Greece,  IO6O2  ;  consul ; 
action  for  Caesar  ;  allotmentstoveterans  ; 
against  Ponipey  ;  father  of  comitry  ;  su- 
preme inlt.;  goveriisGaulandSp.,  10612  ; 
governs  West,  10613  ;  orders  for  sacri- 
ces,  10611;  in  Sicily,  1060  2;  conquest 
begins,  11252  ;  sends  legions  to  Antony, 
10602  ;  receives  Sardinia ;  meets  Antony, 
10613  ;  campaigns  along  Save,  10603  ; 
reigns,  10613  ;  inEgy. ;  captures  Alexan- 
dria, 10603  ;  patron  of  art,  10622 ;  cam- 
paign against  Parthians,  10603 ;  cele- 
brates triumphs,  1061 1;  games  In  honor 
of,  11503  ;  title  bestowed,  10613  ;  retires, 

Corvianus,  in  Syria,  11512. 

11251 ;  in  Sp.,  10603  ;  reforms,  10613. 

,  D.  of  Brunswick,  b.  (1666),  7953. 

,  D.  of  Grafton.    (See  Fitzroy.) 

,  D.  of  Oldenburg,  b.  (178;i);  8152. 

,  elector,  b.  (1526),  7932  ;  d.  (1586). 

Frederick,  D.  of  Sussex,  Pres.  Royal 

Academy,  9441 ;  d.  (I843). 

,  Friedrich,  b.  (1773) ;  d.,  8162. 

,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Heinrich,  Prince 

of  Prussia,  b.,  8042  ;  d.,  8162. 

Wilhelm,  Pr.,  b.,  8O02  ;  d.,  8023. 

William,  D.  of  Brunswick,  7992. 

Auk  wrecked,  9933. 

Auldearn,  action  at,  8842. 

Aulich,  Louis,  b.,  5191 ;  d.,  6223. 

Aulick,  John  H.,  b.  (1789) ;  d.,  2802. 

Aulnaye,  Fran9oi8  Henri  Stanislaus  de  P., 
b.,  7002  ;  d.,  7261 . 

Aulnoy,  or  Annoy,  Comtesse  d',  Marie 
Catherine  (Juinelle  de  Berneville),  b., 
6883  ;  works,  6951 ;  d.,  6962. 

Aulus  Postumius,  at  Lake  Regillus,  10501 ; 
commands,  10561 . 

Aunjale,  Due  d'  (Charles  de  Lorraine), 
b.  (1556)  ;  d.,  6882. 

,  Due  d'  (Claude    II.),  b.,  6803;    d., 

6841. 

,  Due  d',  Henri  Eugene  Philippe  Louis 

d'  Orltens,  b.,  724';  in  Algeria,  83; 
letter  to  Nap.,  7363  ;  in  Nat'l  Assem., 
7433;  manifesto,  745';  In  Assem.,  7453; 
council, 7472;  exiled,  7553;  revoked,  7572, 

Aumont,  Jean  d',  b.,  6803  ;  d.,  6842. 

Aurania  and  Alaska  race,  4133. 

Auray,  battle  of.  6741 . 

Aurelian  (Claudius  Lucius  Valerius  Domi- 
tlus  Aurelianus),  b.-d.,  10642  ;  Emperor, 
defeats  B'ranks,  6622  ;  defeats  Zenobia, 
6521 ,  eti.13  ;  reconquers  East  Egypt;  sub- 
dues Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain ;  mur- 
dered, 10661 ,  10672  ;  persecutes  Chris- 
tians, 10663  ;  abandons  Dacia,  7602. 

- — law,  passed,  10591 . 

Aurelius  Ambrosius,  monument,  8402. 

,  reigns  in  Asturias,  11253. 

(See  Marcus  Aurelius.) 

AnreIledePaladines,Claude  Michel  Louis, 
b.,  7151 ;  d.,  7502. 

Auresperg,  Count  Anton  A.  von,  b.,  8O82  ; 
d.,  8282. 

Auricular  confession,  Intro.,  10751;  pro- 
tested, 9822. 

Auriesvllle,  pilgrimage  to,  3902 ,  414 1 ,  468 1 . 

Aurifaber,  Andreas  G.,  b.,  7863  ;  d.,  7922. 

,  Johann,  b.,  7882. 

Aurora,  N.  Y.,  Wells  CoUege  fnd.,  2623. 

Aurora  wrecked.  9333. 

borealis  display,  1441 ,  1481 ,  2761 ,  310' , 

4001 ,  452' ,  874' ;  alarming,  9042. 

Fiirbundet  fnd.,  1185' . 

Aurungzebe,  b.-<l.,  10143  ;  generals  subdue 
Rajput  states,  l()44i ;  reigns ;  rebels  ;  d., 
10451. 

AuHculta  Fill,  burned,  6733. 

AusoniUf  asteroid,  discovered,  10862. 

Ausonius,  Deeimus  Magnus,  b.  (310±)  i 
works,  6631 ;  d.  (394±). 

Austell,  Ga.,  R.  R.  collision,  3213. 

Austen,  Jane,  b.,919i;works,9352;d.,938a. 

Austerlitz,  battle  of,  7161 . 

Coll.  org.,  Sherman,  Tex.  (1849). 


1182 


Text  Figures  i:eiiote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Aust-3aca 


1 


AnsHn,  Alfred,  b.  (1835);  works, 9783, 988*, 
10082,  10122. 

,  Horace,  gov.  Minn.,  3732. 

■ ,  Jane  Goodwin,  b.  (1831);  Betty  Alden, 

3982  ■  d    454' . 

,  Sarah  Taylor,  b.,  92G2  ;  d.,  970' . 

,  Stephen  Fuller,  b.  (1793) ;  grant  of 

Texas,  1313  ;  d.,  146< . 

,  Miss.,  race  not,  2843. 

,  Tex.,  M.  E.  conf.  fmd.,  2903  ;  legis- 
lature meets,  161 ' ;  State  convention 
meets,  2513, 2832,  289*  ;  State  University 
org.,  308< ,  3143  ;  Normal  School  opd., 
3082  ;  dam,  4313  ;  train  robbery,  445' . 

Australia,  bishopric  est.,  9473  ;  gold,  9573. 

(See  text,  pp.  493-501.) 

Australian  voting  system,  3332,  3363, 
337' ,  2,  339' ,  2,  3492,  399' ,  2. 

Austrea^  satellite,  discovered,  5282. 

Austria.  (Seetext,pp.502-.538.)  Hannibal  in, 
1054';  Romans  subdue,  1055';  Komans 
defeated,  1056' ;  peace  with  Turk.,  11572  ; 
Koraan  rule,  1062' ;  Gotlis  invade,  10652; 
signs  Peace  of  Vienna,  10892;  Duchy 
reest.,  7733  ;  separated  from  Bavaria, 
7773  ;  acquires  Tyrol,  7883  ;  war  with 
SmtE.,  1137' ;  annexes  Neth.,  1()992;  Max- 
imilian I.  possesses  lands,  7872 , 3;defeated 
by  Turks,  1156' ;  peasant  uprisings,  7893 ; 
annexes  Tyrol,  7973;  war  with  Fr.,  7962; 
Peace  of  Radstadt,  6973  ;  amiexes  Ser- 
via,  11232  •  war  of  Succession,  800' ;  envy 
of  Pru8.,8013  ;  Seven  Years'  War,  8032  ; 
alliance  with  Prus.,  8072  ;  war  of  Suc- 
cession, 910' ;  peace  of  Leoben,  7132  ; 
empire  frad.,809' ;  war  against  Fr.,  8093, 
8112,  7212  ;  treaty  with  Eiig.,  9373  ;  Lai- 
bach  conference  meets,  9412  ;  compen- 
sation, 9413  ;  war  with  Hung. ;  war  with 
Sardinia,  816' ;  Slavonic  Congress  meets, 
8172;  revolts;  Diet  at  Kremsier,  8173;  in- 
fluence, 8183;  againstPrus. alliance, 819'  ; 
disagrees  with  Prus.;  old  Confederation 
called;  ultimatum,  8192  ;  absolute  govt, 
claimed ;  treaty  with  Prus.,  8193  ;  alli- 
ance against  Rus.;  signs  concordat,  821 ' ; 
emperor  crowned ;  liberal  constitution, 
8212  ;  federal  reform,  8213  ;  proposal  re- 
jected, 8222 ;  secedes  from  protocol ; 
manifestoes  issued,  8233  ;  Austro-Prus. 
controversy,  8232,  3  ;  Austro-Prus.  war, 
822',  1088';  allies  named;  declines 
mediation  ;  withdraws  from  Ger.,  825' ; 
allies  join  Ger.  Confederation,  8252  ;  em- 
peror in  Berlin,  8263  ;  treaty  with  It., 
10902  ;  treaty  with  Prus.,  11193  ;  Austro- 
Ger.  treaty,  8353. 

Austria  burned  9633. 

Autenrieth,  Johann  H.  F.  von,  b.,  803'; 
d.,  8143. 

Autharis,  King  of  Longobards,  1072' ;  King 
of  It.,  1073';  Christian,  19722;  d.,  10713. 

Authors,  Am.  Soc.  org.,  3802,  4751 . 

memorial  to  U.  S.  Congress,  147' . 

Authors'  Club,  Carnegie  gift,  3562. 

Autobiography  Michele.t.  7582. 

Auto-darf(S,  11252;  bull-fights,  11293;  in  Pe- 
ru; in  Mex.,  242. 

Autosse,  Ala.,  battle  of,  1203. 

Autran,  Joseph,  b.,  7192;  works,  7272, 
7303  ;  d.,  7502. 

Auvelais  cholera,  5493. 

Auvergne,  Fr.,  mummy  fotmd,  702*. 

Lauranguais,  Pr.  de  la  Tour,  7392  ; 

foreign  mluister,  7392,  3. 

,  Pierre,  b.-d.,  6702. 

Stephen,  est.  Grandmontines,  6083. 

Auvigny,  Jean  du  Castre,  d',  b,,  6963  j  d., 
7002. 

Auvray,  F«ix,  b.,  7142  ;  d.,  7262. 

.\uvrigny,  Hyacinthe  Robillard,  d*,  b., 
6923  ;  a.,  698' . 

Anzout,  Adrien,  b.,  6882  ;  d.,  6942. 

Auzoux,  Theodore  Louis,  b.,7123;  d.,7522. 

Ava.  Burmah  mission,  10472  ;  forts  occu- 
pied, 10482. 

,  colony  planted,  11453. 

Avalanche,  Burke,  Ida.,352' ;  Great  North- 
ern R.R.,  420';  Rocky  Mts.,  448';  St. 
Gervais-les-Bains,  762';  Mont  Blanc, 
11382  ;  Alps,  534' ;  in  Colo.,  334' . 

Avalanche  collides  with  Portland,  9833. 

Avalon  Coll.,  Trenton,  Mo.,  org.  (1869). 

Avars,  in  Gaul,  664' ;  in  Hung.,  503' ;  in- 
vade Thuriiigia,  770';  defeated,  502'; 
expelled  from  Servia,  1123' ;  devastate 
Gr.,  10302,  ia312,  1032' ;  subdued,  7713. 

Avaugour,  M.  de,  gov.  Can.,  5732. 


Avaux,  Comte  d',  Claude  de  Mesnies,  b., 

6842;  d.,6883. 
Aveiro,  Duke  of  (J086  de  Mascarenhas), 

d.-d.,  11102.  . 
Avellanda,  Nicolas,  b.  (1836) ;  pres.,  4912  ; 

d.  (1885). 
Avellaueda,  Ger.  Gomez  de,  b.-d.,  11303. 
Aveiiipace,  d.,  4863. 
Avenar's,  John  E.,  ffebraicum,  793' , 
Avenger  lost,  954' . 
Avensoar,  d.,  4863. 

Aveutinus,  Johannes,  b.,  7862  ;  d.,  7902. 
Averell,  Gen.  Win.  Woods,  b.  (1832) ;  raids 
W.  Va.,  2262  ;  raid,  228' ,  3  ;  at  Droop 
Mountain,  228' ;  near  Wytheville,  2323  ; 
at  Lynchburg,  2343  ;  at  Stephenson's  De- 
pot, 2362  ;  at  Hancock,  2363  ;  at  Moore- 
tield,  237' ;  at  Berryville,  238' . 
Averroes,  Il>n  Koshd,  d.,  4863, 
Aversa,  It.,  Normans  settle,  10733. 
Avery,  John,  b.,  146'. 

,  Samuel  P.,  library  gift,  3622. 

,  Waightstill,  b.,  662  ;  d.,  130' . 

Averyon,  mine  explosion,  7573. 
Averysboro,  N.C.,  Confeds.  defeated,  244' . 
Avicebron.     (See  Salomon.) 
Avicenna,  b.-ti.,  11543. 
Avidius,  Cassius,  prefect  of  Egy.,  6533  ; 

revolts,  10652  (?) ;  d.,  10642. 
Avignon,  besieged,  6702  ;  University  rec- 
ognized, 673';  Holy  See  est.,  6723;  Pope's 
residence,  7822,  8562  ;  possession  of 
Popes,  1077';  papal  residence,  10763; 
seized,  690' ;  annexed,  709' . 
Avila,  Gil  Gonzalez  de,  b.-d.,  11282 ;  in 
Costa  Rica,  630' . 

,  Pedro  Arias  de,  b.  (1442) ;  at  Chira, 

630' ;  founds  Panama,  193  ;  d.  (1531). 
Aviler,  Augustin  Chas.,  b.,  6902;  d.,  6943. 
Avilez,  y  del  Fierro  Gabriel  de,  b.  (1745  i); 

governor,  6053  ;  d.  (1810). 
Avitus,  Alcim.-Ecdicius,  b.,  6623  ;  d.,  6642. 

,  Marcus   Maeciiius,   reigns ;  deposed, 

10712  ;  d.  (456). 
Avizard,  Gen.,  governor  Algeria,  92. 
Avon-by-the-Sea,  N.  J.  Assembly,  3862. 
Avondale  coal  mine,  fire,  2673. 
Avonmore,  Viscount  of,  title  created, 933' . 
Avricourt,  Balny  D',  at  Hanoi,  480' ,  2. 
Avrigny,   Charles    Joseph  Loeuillard  d', 

b.,  7023  ;  d.,  7242. 
Avril,  Jean  Jacques,  b.,  7003  ;  d.,  726' . 
Axaycatl,  leader,  12' ;  enthroned,  132,  3  ; 

d.,  122. 
Axes  are  manufactured.  Conn.,  134' . 
Axtell,  Samuel  B.,  b.  (1819) ;  gov.  N.  Mex. 

(Ter.),  295';  d.,388'. 
Ayacucho,  Spaniards  defeated,  490' ;  bat- 
tle of,  550' ,  643' . 
Ayala,  Balthasar  de,  b.-d.,  6403. 

,  .Tuan  de  Dios  de,  gov.,  6303. 

,  Pedro  Lopez  de,  b.-d.,  11202  ;  Rimculo 

de  Palacio,  1127'. 
Ayesha,  b.  (6II1) ;  slain,  484' . 
Aylesford,  E.  of,  title  created,  905' . 
Ayllon,  Lucas  V.de,  b.(1475±) ;  expedition, 

19' ;  catches  slaves,  192,  3  ;  d.,  11282. 
Aylmer,  Baron,  title  created,  905' . 

,  Lord,  gov. -gen.,  5792. 

Aymar,  Jacques,  b.,  6902  ;  d.,  697' . 
Ayolas,  Juan  de,  in  Parag.,  213  ;  d.  (1638). 
Ayoob  Khan,  in  Afg.,  6'  ,2,7'. 
Ayrault,  Pierre,  b.,  6803  ;  d.,  6862. 
Ayreulioff,  Cornelius  Hermann,  b.  (1733)  ; 

Der  Postzug,  8032  ;  d.  (1819). 
Ayrer,  or  Ay'er,  Jacob,  d.,  7923. 
Ayres,  Eomeyn  Beck,  Gen.,  b.  (1825) ;  at 

Boydton ;  at  Five  Forks,  2443. 
Ayscue,  Sir  George,  d.,  8923. 
Aysheah,  b.-d.,  11542. 
Aytoun,  William  E.,  b.,  9363  ;  d.,  968' . 
Aynthia,  capital  Siani ;  taken,  1124' . 
Azaimeh  mission,  667' . 
Azais,  Pierre  Hyacuithe,  b.,  703' ;  d.,  7283. 
Azan  bin  Gheo,  killed,  4883. 
Azanza,  Miguel  Jos6  de,  b.-d.,  11283. 
Azara,  Don  Felix  de,  b.-d.,  11283. 
Azariah.     (See  Uzziah) ;  prophet,  11423. 
Azeglio,  Massimo  TapareUl  d',  b.,  10843  ; 

d.,  10882. 
Azi,  Pasha,  killed,  5662. 
Azim,  in  Afg.,  43,  52. 
Azli  Pasha,  command,  566' . 
Azores,  14' ;  Columbus  voyage,  14' ,  2. 
Azores  cable  to  Portugal,  11113. 
Azotus,  action  at,  1148'. 
Azov,  canal,  11213  •  taken,  11672. 
Aztec  Club  formed,  1632. 


Axtecs'  migration,  Chicomoztoc,  112  ;  ar- 
rive in  i^jiahuac,  Mex.;  new  cycle:  mi- 
gration of,  132  ;  ferocious,  12' ;  language, 
15' ;  spread,  172  ;  city  in  Driz.  dis.,4<^i. 

Azuni,  Domenico  Alberto,  b.,  10842  ;  d., 
10862. 

Azzarkal,  math.,  astron,  486' ;  d.,  4862. 


B. 

Baader,  Franz  X.  von,  b.,  8023  ;  d.,  816' . 

Baal,  worship  of,  1141 ' . 

.King  of  Tyre;  revolts,  11453. 

Baalbec,  Temple  to  Sun  built,  11532. 

Baan,  Jan  van,  b.-d.,  11003. 

Baasha,  reigns,  11433. 

Baba-Ali,  d.,  9' . 

Babbage,  Charles,  b.,  9262  ;  d.  (1871). 

Babbitt,  Isaac,  b.  (1799) ;  d.,  2092. 

Babcocic,  Jolin,  vaccination  lymph,  950' . 

,  Joseph  W.,b.,  168'. 

,  Orville  E.,  Gen.,  b.  (1835) ;  in  whisky 

frauds,  2912  ;  d.  (1884). 

,  Thomas  S.,  Speaker  Confed.,  2.393. 

Bahek,  Al  Khorremi,  d.,  11062. 

Babel,  Tower  of,  built,  1140' ;  confusion 
of  tongues,  1141 ' . 

Bab-el-Moluk,  tomb  excavated,  648' . 

Babenburg,  House  est., .5032;  extinct, 505'. 

Baber,  the  Mogul,  b.,  43  ;  conquers  India, 
4 ' ;  f nds.  Empire,  10433 ;  reigns,  6 ' ;  takes 
Kabul,  4' ;  d.,  43. 

,  Edward  C,  d.,  10022. 

,  Zaheir  Adln,  b.-d.,  1043' . 

Babeuf,  Fraii9oi8  Noel,  b.,  703' ;  leader, 
713';  d.,  7123. 

Babinet,  Jacques,  b.,  7102  ;  d.,  746' . 

Babington,  Antliony,  b.  (1501) ;  conspiracy, 
8752,  3  ;  d.  (1586). 

Babo,  Franz  M.  von,  b.,  8023  ;  d.,  8122. 

Baboo  Keshub  Chunder  Sen,  fms.  Brahma 
Somaj,  10483. 

Babylon,  capital,  11412;  conquered,  1140', 
1142' ;  destroyed,  11442  ;  colony  planted, 
11453;  rebuilt;  new  empire,  1147';  em- 
pire ends, 6512, 11472;  siege,  taken,  1106', 
1146',  11472;  revolt,  given  to  Seleucus, 
10253  1149';  retaken,  652',  1148';  war 
with  Egy.,  650' ;  captured,  652' ,  10242. 

Babylonia,  dynasties  of,  11413, 1143' ;  pays 
tribute  to  Egv.,  6492  ;  under  Assyria, 
1143' ;  annexed  to  Assyria,  11452. 

Baccarat  scandal,  5922,  10063. 

Bacchante  launched,  980' . 

Bacchini,  b.  (1651),  10833  ;  d.  (1721). 

Bacchyliees,  b.,  IOI62. 

Bacciocchi,  Felice  Pasquale,  b.  (1762);  d., 
7282. 

Bach,  Johann  Christian,  b.,  7963  ;  d.,798S. 

,  Johann  Christoph  Friedrich,  b.,  8002; 

d.,  8063. 

,  Johann  Sebastian,  b.,  7982  ;  d.,  8022. 

,  Karl  Philippe  Emanuel,  b.,  7983;  d., 

80J3. 

Wilh.  Friedmann,  b.,  7983  ;  d.,  8042. 

•ache,  Alexander  Dallas,  b.,  1122  ;  Sani- 
tary Commissioner,  197' ;  d.,  256' . 

,  Franklin,  b.  (1792) ;  d.,  2312. 

,  George  M.,  b.,  152' . 

,  Hartman,  d.,  278' . 

,  Sarah,  b.,  662  ;  d.,  114' . 

Bachelet,  Jean  Ixjuis  Theodore,  b.,  7223. 

Bachmaier,  Anton,  dictionary,  825' . 

Bachman,  John,  b.,  1022  ;  d.,  284' . 

Back,  Sir  George,  b.,  9283  ;  Arctic  expedi- 
tion, 946';  on  Wager  River,  9*8';  on 
Black  River,  578' ,  d.,  9822. 

Backer,  A.,  arrested,  3892. 

Backus,  Azel,  b.,  74' ;  d.,  1242. 

,  Charles,  b.,  662  ;  d.,  IIO2. 

. ,  Isaac,  b.,  602;   at  Middleborongh, 

71';  d.,  1122. 

- — ,  Jay  S.,  b.,  1162. 

,  J.  Chester,  moderator,  197' . 

,  J.  T.,  moderator,  2702. 

,  William  W.,  will,  4103. 

Bac-Ninh,  Chinese  defeated,  482' . 

Bacon,  Alice  Mable,  Japanese,  3963. 

,  David  F.,  d.,  2423. 

,  David  W.,  d.,  286' . 

,  Ezekiel,  b.  (1776)  ;  d.,  272' . 

,  Francis,    Lord    Verulam,    b.,    873' ; 

works,  877' ,  8783, 8803  ;  king's  sergeant, 
8792  ;  heat  as  motion,  880' ;  character, 
881';  titles:  bribery,  8812  ;  d.,882'. 

,  -loel  S.,  b.  110' . 

,  John,  b.,  9103  ;  Mars,  918' ;  d.,  9283. 


II 


Baco-Bald. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDtX.        Superior  Figures  Imilcate  Column. 


1183 


Bacon,  Leonard,  b.,  110' ;  d.,  308*. 

, Woolsey,  b.,  138' ;  works,  2803, 

3123. 

,  Nathaniel,    b.,    36' ;    rebellion,  462, 

47' ,  a;  traitor,  47' ;  sustained,  472;  d.,462. 

Bjicon,  Nicholas,  Sir,  b.,  866' ;  clxanc;  min- 
ister, 8732,  8753  ;  baron,  879' ;  d.,  (1579). 

.Roger,  b.-d.,  85'2';   telescope,  magic 

lantern,  camera,  spectacles,  854' ;  works, 
854' ,  3  ;  in  Fr.,  8543  ;  gunpowder,  8562. 

Society  fnd.,  9912. 

Bacone,  Indian  University  fnd..  3043. 

Bactria,  Scythians  expelled,  10432. 

Bactrian  kingdom  fnd.,  11492. 

Badajoz,  Sp.,  taken,  7182,9342  ;  besieged, 
1128' ;  insurrection,  11322. 

,  Hernan  Sanchez  de,  fnd.,  630' . 

Badalocchio,  b.,  10822  ;  d.,  10823, 

Bad-.\xe  Hiver,  Indian  wars,  140' . 

Bad-Debt  Agency  swindlers,  4522. 

Ikulen^  explosion  on,  836' . 

Batlen-Baden,  m.argrave  of,  Ludwig  W., 
b.,  6902  ;  d.,  6963  ;  bridge  blown  up,  738' ; 
Undolf,  D.  Swabia,  7733  j  Ernst,  D. 
Swabia.  7752 ;  Cliarles  William,  mar- 
grave, 7973  ;  treaty,  7993  ;  Charles  Fred- 
erick, margrave,  8012  ;  acquired,  8033  ; 
receives  territory, 809',  2  ;  Charles  Fred- 
erick, grand  D.;  territory  added,  grand 
duchy,  8093  ;  Charles  Lewis  Frederick, 
I).,811' :  constitutional  monarchy,  811' ; 
leaves  Confederation,  8112  ;  new  consti- 
tutions, 8113  ;  Louis  William  Leopold, 
E-and  D.,  8133  ;  press  suppressed,  815' ; 
iberals'  demands,  817';  invaded,  818' ; 
republican  insurrection,  8172;  autonomy 
granted,  8202;  political  offenses,  821'; 
concordat  with  pope ;  ecclesiastical  law, 
8212;  civil  marriage,  825';  peace  with 
Prus.,  8252  ;  joins  Tariff  Union,  8253  ; 
universal  suffrage,  827';  joins  North 
Ger.  Confederation,  8272 ;  gambling- 
houses,  829'. 

,  Jacob,  b.,  638' ;  d.,  6382. 

Hill,  Saxons  defeated,  840' . 

Powell,  George,  Sir,  b.  (1*17) ;  arrives, 

387'. 

,  George  Smyth,Sir,  arbiter,  10073 ; 

commissioner,  593'. 

Badens,  Col.,  at  Nam-Dinh,  4802. 

Badger,  George,  Edmund,  b.  (1795) ;  Sec. 
Navy,  1532  ;  d.  (1866). 

, Percy,  d.,  9982. 

,  Joseph,  b.,  71' ;  d.,  1602. 

,  Oscar  C,  b.,  1302. 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1779)  ;  gov.,  1452  ;  d.  (1852). 

Badia  y  Leblich,  Domingo  (Ali  Bey),  b.-d., 
11291. 

Badius,  .Jodocus,  b.-d.,  5402. 

Bad  Lands,  S.  Dak.,  Hghting,  372' . 

Baduaris,  commantls  Romans,  1072' . 

Bieda.    (See  Bede.) 

Baeker,  Jacob  van,  b.-d.,  10982. 

Baena,  Alfonso  de,  Cancionern,  1127' . 

Ba-en-neter,  reigns,  Egy.,  6453, 

Baer,  Ern.st  von,  on  mammals,  814' ;  law 

of,  11162. 

Baert,  Baron,  Alexandre  Balthasar  Fran- 
cois de  Paule,  b.,  7003  ;  d.,  7242.  _ 

Baez,  Buenaventura,  b.  (1810) ;  pre's.  Dom. 
Rep.,  6i;S2  ;  overthrown,  6433  ;  d.  (1884). 

Bafnn,  William,  b.,  8742  ;  arctic  expedi- 
tion, 28' ,  880' ,  5702  ;  d.,  8802. 

Bay,  dis.,  5702,  3  ;  monument,  123. 

Baflinland,  coinmmiion  in,  5703. 

Bafoulahe,  fort  at,  753' . 

Bagaces,  burned,  6302, 

Bagagem  mission,  5563. 

Bagamoyo,  massacre  ;  burned,  5623  ;  Stan- 
ley's supplies,  563' ;  war,  8383. 

Bagas,  Karl,  d.,  820' . 

Bagby,  Arthur  Pendleton,  b.  (1794) ;  gov., 
149*  ;  d.  (1858). 

Bagdad,  King  Semprad  martyre<l,  1155' ; 
fnd.,  4853  ;  apothecary's  shop,  4873;  t;ap- 
ital,  487';  books  burned,  4862;  calilate 
ended,  4873;  Tartars  take,  486';  taken, 
11062,  1155';  occupied,  11072;  annexed 
to  Tur.,  11572. 

,  Mex.,  occupied  by  Am.,  1096' . 

Salerno,  medical  schools,  4*42. 

Bage  rebellion,  560' . 

Bagehot,  Walter,  b.,  9422  ;  d.,  9822. 

Baggalley,  Sir  Richard,  b.  (1816) ;  lord  jus- 
tice, 9812;  d.,9982. 

Baggesen,  Jens  Immanuel,  b.,  638' ;  Cnmi- 
cal  Tales;  Alpenlied ;  Lalmrinth,  639'; 
a.,  6382.  ./  .  . 

Bagioli,  Antonio,  b.  (1795) ;  d.,  272' . 


Biigley,  John  J.,  b.  (1832);  gov.  Mich., 
285';  d.  (1881). 

Baglione,  Giovanni,  b.,  1081' ;  d.  (1650). 

Bagnacavallo,  Bartolommeo,  b.,  10783  ;  d., 
10803. 

Bagnal,  Lieut.,  in  duel,  9372. 

,  Edward,  Sir,  at  Blackwater,  876'. 

Bagneux,  attacked,  742' . 

Bagoas,  assassinates  Artaxerxes  III., 
11073  ;  killed,  11062,  11073. 

Bagore,  mission,  6571. 

Bagot,  Baron,  title  created,  9212, 

,  Sir  Charles,  b.,  9222;  gov.-gen.,  5793  ; 

d.  (1843). 

Bagratides,  dynasty  of,  11552. 

Bagration,  Pr.  Peter,  b.,  11162 ;  at  Moho- 
low,  7162  ;  at  Smolensk,  7182  ;  d.,  11163. 

Bagshawe,  Edward  G.,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  9742. 

Bagshot,  Koyal  Albert  Orphan  Asy.,  9672. 

Bahadur  Shah,  b.  1642 ;  crushes  Sikhs, 
1044' ;  reigns,  1(V45' ;  d.,  10443. 

,  killed,  1048' . 

Bahama  wrecked,  3113. 

Bahamas,  W.L,  granted  to  S.  C,  433  ;  see 
of,  est.,  9583. 

Bahia  discovered,  142  j  Portuguese  colony, 
5532  ;  Alvarez,  gov.  of,  173  ;  gold,  5522 
Jesuits,  553' ;  colony  plundered,  24' 
taken,  30' ;  army  reembarks  ;  revolu- 
tion, 554';  royalty  arrives,655' ;  Iloritla 
seized,  556' ;  mission,  5562  ;  boycotting 
leagues,  6583,  2383. 

Bahmani  Empire  falls,  1(H33. 

Bahnsen,  Julius  Fred.  Augustus,  d.,  830' . 

Bahr,  Johann  Chris.Pelix,  b.,8063;  d.,828' . 

Bahrdt,  Karl  Friedrich,  b.,  8003  ;  d.,  8062. 

Bale,  St.  Paul,  typhoid  fever,  5872. 

.  Chaleurs  li.  K.  Co.  investiga.,  593' . 

BaYf,  Jean  Antoine  de,  b.,  6803  ;  Mimes, 
685';  d.,  6842. 

Baihaut,  M.,  minister,  7552  •  Panama 
Canal  Scandal,  7643. 

Baikie,  William  B.,  b.,  9402  ;  d.,  968' . 

Bail,  Charles  Joseph,  b.  (1777) ;  d.,  7243. 

,  Bennett  G.,  surrendered,  242' . 

,  Gamaliel,  b.,  114' ;  d.,  1842. 

,  Jacob  Whitman,  b.,  1162  ;  d.,  180' . 

,  James  Roosevelt,  b.,  123' . 

,  Joseph,  Lieut.-col.,  at  Falls  of  Alex- 
andria, 232';  d.,  256'. 

,  Joseph  C,  com.  colonel,  400' . 

,  Joseph  W.,  b.,  229' , 

— -,  Philip  James,  b.,  9382  ;  works,  9503, 
9G03. 

,  Samuel,  d.,  9742. 

,  Silas,  b.,  116' ;  d.,  2842. 

,  Theodorus,  1122  ;  d.,  294'. 

,  informer,  murdered,  989' . 

Baillargeon,  Charles  Francis,  cons.,  582'  ,2. 

Baillet,  Adrion,  b.,  6883  ;  d.,  6962. 

Baillie,  Joanna,  b.,  9162  ;  d.,  9662. 

,  Matthew,  b.,  915' ;  d.,  9403. 

,  Robert,  b.,  8762  ;  d.,  8902. 

Baillot,  Pierre  Marie  Frajicois  de  Sales, 
b.,  7042  ;  d.,  7282. 

Baillou,  Guillaume  de,  b.,  6803  ;  d.,  6862. 

Ballly,  leader  of  Feuillants,  707' . 

,  Antoine,  d.,  7302. 

,  M.,  works,  7292. 

,  Jean  Sylvain,  b.,  6983  ;  d.,  7082. 

Baily,  Edward  Hodges,  b.,  9242  ;  paints, 
9343,940';     d.  (18CT). 

,  Francis,  b.,  9183  ;  red  flame,  9502  ; 

d.,  9522. 

Bain,  Alexander,  b.,  9382  ;  electric  clocks, 
918' ;  d.,  9822. 

,  Francis,  d.,  596' . 

Bainbridge,  William,  b.,  78' ;  at  Tripoli, 
110' ;  captures  Java,  1182 ;  captured, 
122';  d.,  142'. 

Baines,  Edward,  jour.,  b.,  9183  ;  d.,  1002' . 

, ,  polit.,  b.,  9302  ;  d.  (1890). 

,  Matthew  'Talbot,  b.,  9283  ;  d.  (1860). 

Bains,  Albert,  moderator,  1702. 

Baird,  Absalom,  b.,  132'. 

,  Charles  Washington,  b.,  136' . 

,  David,  Sir,  b.,  9143  ;  atSeringapatam, 

1046' ;  at  Cape  Town,  597' ;  d.  (1829). 

,  George  A.,  d.,  426' . 

,  Henry  Martyn,  b.,  140' . 

,  Spencer  Fullerton,  b.,  1302  ;  d.  (1887). 

Bait  Act,  unenforced,  5912. 

Baius,  Michael,  b.-d.,  5402. 

Bajada  del  Parana,  capital,  591' . 

Bajazet  I.,  conquers  Bulgaria,  565';  an- 
nexes, 5653  ;  defeats' Sigismund,  1134' . 

,  Ilderim,  b.-d.,  11543;  reigns,  1157'; 

overruns  Turkey,  1156';  in  Wallachia; 
strife  of  sons,  1112' ;  defeated,  10362. 


Bajazet  II.,  defeats  Hmig.,  508' ;  against 

'Turks,  6542  ;  reigns  ;  deposed,  11572. 
Baji  Rao,  reigns,  10462. 
Baker,  Albert  S.,  promoted  captain,  398' . 

,  Conrad,  gov.  Ind.,  2593  ;  mobs,  2752. 

,  David  S.,  nom.  for  gov.  R.  I.,  4272. 

,  Edward  Dickinson,  b.,  11162  ;  speech, 

1883,  1991  ;  at  Ball's  Bluff,  d.,  200' . 

,  Frederick  S.,  drowned,  4762. 

,  G.  F.,  Metropolitan  Museum,  368'. 

,  Gen.,  in  Afg.,  6' . 

,  Harrietto  Newall  Woods,  b.,  1262. 

,  Henry,  b.,  9002  ;  d.  (1779). 

,  Henry  M.,  b.,  1522. 

,  Jacob,  d.,  2742. 

,  John  Gilbert,  b.,  9462. 

,  John  R.,  accused,  3723. 

,  Joshua,  gov.  La.,  2652. 

,  Lafayette  C,  d.,  262' . 

,  Lewis,  minister,  4473. 

,  Nathaniel   Bradley,  b.  (1818) ;   gov. 

N.  H.,  1772;  d.  (1876). 
,  Osmon  C.,  b.  (1812) ;  ord.  M.  E.  bp., 

1702  ;  d.,  2742. 

,  Peter,  b.,  870' . 

,  Sam.  White,  Sir,  b.,  9403  ;  discovers 

lake,  9662  ;  in  Afr.,  6603  ;  expedition ; 

course,  668';  in  Egy.,  6583;  expedition 

to  Nile,  973' ;  d.  (1893). 
Valentine  (Baker  Pasha),  b.  (1825) ; 

defeated  near  'Tokar,  6582  ;  d.,  9962. 

,  William,  b.,  1382. 

,  Wm.  Mumford,  b.,  131' ;  d.,  3142. 

,  W.  T.,  World's  Fair,  4053. 

,  invents  canal  engine,  11002. 

City,  Ore.,  robbery,  4762. 

Univ.,  Kan.,  fnd.,  1822, 

Bakersfleld,  Cal.,  Are,  3433. 

Baki  Meheinet  Khan, rules  Bokhara, 6492. 

Bakunin,  Mikhail,  b.,  111C3  ;  d.,  11182. 

Balaam  curses  Israel,  11403. 

Balabanow  in  England,  5662. 

Balaguer,  Vittorio,  b.,  11303. 

Balaii  enters  Delhi,  1044' ;  terrifies,  10162. 

BalaK  intimidated,  11413. 

Balaklava,  occupied  ;  battle,  968' ,  960'. 

Balambangan,  English  possess,  511 ' . 

Balance  wheel  movement  dis.,  8882. 

Balard,  Antoine  J.,  b.,  7143  ;  d.,  760'. 

Balasor  factory  opened,  1045' . 

Balban,  reigns,  10432;  d.  (1'286). 

Balbi,  Adriano,  b.,  10843;  d.,  10863. 

Balbimonus,    Decimus     Cailius     elected, 

augustus,  1067';  k.  (238). 
Balbm,  Jos^  Antonio  Lacayo  de,  gov.,  6302. 
,  Ixirenzo  Antonio  de  Granda  y,  gov., 

0302. 
Balbo,  Cesare,  Count,  b.,  10843  ;  Speranze 

d  'Italia,  1087 ' ;  d.,  10863. 

,  Pietro  hanged,  3043. 

Balboa,    Vasco    Nunez   de,   b.-d.,  11263 ; 

lands,  10393  ;  in  Guiana ;  discovers  Pa- 
cific, 163  -beheaded,  173. 
Balcarres,  Earl  of,  title  created,  885'. 
Balch,  George  B.,  b.,  130' . 
Balchen,  Sir  John,  b.,  8922  ;  lost,  910'. 
Balde,  Jacob,   b.,  7923  •  works,  797' :  d., 

7963. 
Balderic,  Bishop,  b.-d.,  6683. 
Baldermus  inv.  anastatic  printing,  816'  . 
Baldi,  Bernardino,  b.,  10833  ;  d.,  10823. 
Baldinger    Ernst  Gottfried,  b.,  8002 ;  d., 

8082. 
Baldinucci,  Filippo,  b.,  10833  ;  d.,  1083' . 
Bald   Knob   terrorists  hanged,  3303  ;  re- 
venge, 331';  robbed;  hanged,  339'. 
Baldovini,  Francesco,  b.,  10823  ;  d.,  1083'. 
Balducci,  Francesco,  d.,  10823. 
Baldung,  Hans,  b.,  7862  ;  d.,  792' . 
Baldwin  I.,  Count  of  Flanders,  d.,  6662. 
II.,  Coimt  of  Flanders,  founds  Dun- 
kirk, 6673  ;  Fourth  Crusade,  6703. 
I.,  b.  (1171) ;  defeated ;  prisoner,  1034' ; 

Emp.  of  Constantinople,  1035' . 

v.,  of  Flanders,  regent,  6692. 

1.,    b.    (1058) ;    King    of    Jerusalem, 

11552  ;  d.  (1118). 
n.,  K.  of  Jerus.,  11552  ;  Emp.,  lOB' ; 

besieges  Constantinople,  1034' ;  d.,  11543. 
III.,  b.-d.,  11543  ;  King  of  Jerusalem, 

11552. 
IV.,  b.-d.,  11543  ;  King  of  Jerusalem, 

11652. 

v.,  King  of  Jerusalem,  11652. 

,  heir  of  Philip  of  Flanders,  b.,  6442. 

,    Abraham,    b.  (1764) ;  pres.   senate, 

1112  ;  d.  (1807). 

,  E.  P.,  Treasury  Dept.,  4472. 

,  Henry,  b.,  912  ;  d.  (1844). 


1184 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  B&ld— Bank. 


Baldwin,  Henry  Porter,  b.  (1814);  gov. 
Mich.,  2692. 

,  John  Dennison,  b.,  116' ;  d.,  3141 . 

,  Mattliias  Wm.,  b.,  1061 ;  d.,  2541 . 

,  Melvin  R.,  b.,  1482. 

,  M.  S.,  cons,  bp.,  9922. 

,  Eoger  Sherman,  b.  (1793);  gov.  Conn., 

1591 ;  a.  (1863). 

,  Stephen  L.,  missionary,  6203. 

,  Theoron,  b.  (1801) ;  d.,  2702. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  683  ;  d.,  1322. 

,  Fla.,  captured,  2302. 

,  Kan.,  Balier  Univ.  fnd.,  1822. 

,  Tenn.,  Beauregard  at,  2082. 

Bale, John,b.(1495) ;  )rriter«,871i ;  d., 8721 . 

Balearic  Islands  under  Rome,  10571 . 

Baleazar,  King,  11432. 

BriliSchou,  Jean  Jos.  Nich.,b.,697i ;  d.,703i . 

Balen,  Hendrik  van,  b.-d.,  5403. 

Bales,  Peter,  b.  (1547) ;  stenography,  8771 ; 
d.  (1610). 

Balestier,  Charles  Wolcott,  b.  (1861) ;  Ifaa- 
tallica,  4203  ;  d.  (1891). 

Balestra,  Antonio,  b.,  10831 ;  d.  (1740). 

Balfe,  Michael  William,  b.,9343  ;  d.,  9742. 

Balfour,  Arthur  James,  b.  (July  25,  1848) ; 
minister,  9933, 9953, 9972;  Land  Purchase 
Bill  passes,  10033;  Irish  Relief  Fund, 
10052 ;  Irish  Local  Govt.  Bill,  lOOOi ; 
lord  treasurer,  10073. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  8772, 

,  George,  Sir,  d.,  IOIO2. 

,  James,  Sir,  d.,  8742. 

,  John,  leader,  8943. 

, Hatton,  b.,  9343  ;  d.  (1884). 

Balinharil,  Baron,  title  created,  9651 . 

Baliol,  Edward  de,  K.  of  Scot.,  8573  ;  de- 
feated, 8581 ;  in  Eng.;  made  King,  8591 ; 
sells  right  to  throne,  8592;  d.  (1363). 

,  John  of.  King,  b.-d.,  8542;  contests 

crown,  8553  ;   reigns,  8563  ;   surrenders 
crown  ;  prisoner,  8571  •  d.  (1269). 

Balize,  Spaniards  routed,  5641 . 

Balkans,  mission,  5652;  earthquakes,  5693. 

Balkh,  held  by  Shere  All,  52. 

Ball,  Ephraim,  b.,  1182;  d.  (1872). 

,  Hannah,  est.  Sunday-school,  9191 . 

,  John,  preaches,  8582  ;  insurrection- 
ist, 861 1;  d.  (1381). 

,  John,  explorer,  d.,  IOOO1 . 

, T.,  lord  chancellor,  9793. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  1281. 

Ballads,  popular,  8623. 

Ballanche,  Pierre  Simon,  b.,  7043  ;  d.,  7301 . 

Ballantine,  William,  b.,  9362  ;  d.,  9962. 

Ballantyne,  James,  b.,  9183  ;  d.,  9462. 

,  James  Rob.,  b.  (1813) ;  d.,  9681 . 

Ballarat,  gold  fieUls,  4961 ;  insurgent  mi- 
ners, 4972  ;  bank  roll bery;  riots,  #63;  dio- 
cese, 4982;  see  of,  est.,  9722  ;  Bp.  Thorn- 
ton elected,  9803;  Bp.  Moore  cons.,  9862; 
Home-rule  meetings,  5002. 

Ballard,  David  W.,  gov.  Ida.  Ter.,  2553. 

,  Jolui,  in  conspiracy,  8753. 

BaUinahinch,  .iction  at,  9281 . 

Ballinamuck,  Pr.  defeated,  7122. 

Ballivlau,  Adolfo,  b.  (1831) ;  pros.,  6512  ;  d. 
(1874). 

,  Jos6,  b.  (1804);  pres.,5503;  d.  (1852). 

Balloon  ascension.  Prof.  Wise,  84 1;  at 
Phila.,  1041;  in  army,  1993;  in  Boston, 
4093;  Atlantic  voyage,  2821 ;  first  made, 
9222;  first  in  Fr.,  70*1 ;  ascensions,  7433; 
hot  air  invented,  11113. 

Society  fnd.,  9861 . 

Ballot,  first  used,  302;  in  N.  Y.,  3552. 

BUI  passed,  Fr. ,  757  2 .  . 

box    stuffed,    Jersey   City,  3591 ;    of- 
fenders released,  421 1 . 
rejected,  G.  B.,  9613. 

Ballon,  Hosea,  b.,  762;  d.  (1852). 

, ,  b.,  1061 ;  Unitarian,  1062;  views 

announced,  1083;  d.,  1701. 

Balls,  masked,  prohibited,  1171 . 

Ball's  Bluff,  Va.,  battle,  2001 ;  Cong.,  2013. 

Ballybay,  Ire.,  riot  at,  9432. 

Ballycastle,  coal  mine  discovered,  9181 . 

Balmaceda,  Jos«^  Manuel,  b.  (1842) ;  pres., 
6073;  persecuting;  bomb  for,  6083;  re- 
volt against,  6O8I ;  manifesto  ;  dictator, 
0091 ;  risings  ;  suicide,  OO92. 
Balmerino,  Artliur  Elphinstone,  Lord,  b. 

(1688);  executed,  9112. 
Balmez,  .Jaime  L.,  \>.-t\.,  11303;  El  Protea- 

tantisimo  comparanda,  11311 . 
Balo,  invaded  ;  punished,  63. 
Balolo,  mission  at,  10943. 
Balonya  riot,  5343. 
Baloza  settlement  threatened,  5642, 


Baloze  mission,  5643. 

Balta,  Jos^,  b.  (1816) ;  pres.,11082;  d.(1872). 

Baltard,  Victor,  d.,  748. 

Baltcheff,  M.,  shot.,  5682,  5693. 

Balthasar  murders  Wm.  of  Orange,  10993. 

,  Theodor,  b.,  7983. 

Baltic,  vessels  pay  dues,  6373 ;  frozen,  6362 ; 
neutral  for  commerce,  6392, 11153  ;  Ger- 
man ports  blockaded,  7401 . 

Canal  opened,  6393. 

fleet.  Queen  reviews,  9581 . 

,  Ire.,  fishing-school  est.,  9961 . 

provinces  incor.  with  Rus.,  11193. 

.    (See  Calvert.) 

Baltimore,  Md. ;  founded,  032  ;  first  Epis. 
Church,  643;  Meth.  Conf.  at,  932,  9,51; 
umbrellas  intro.,  771 ;  first  theater,  891  - 
981 ;  streets  lighted,  953;  first  Bapt.  Ch., 
982;  R.  C.  see  erected,  1002;  St.  Mary's 
Sem.  fnd.;  Baltimore  Dailij  fiepository  ; 
First  Gen.  Conf.,  M.E.,  meets,  1023;  cen- 
sus; center  of  yiopulation,  U.  S.,  1033; 
Constellation  launched,  1061;  mob.  II91 ; 
British  attack,  1222  j  Tract  Society  org.; 
Portico  issued,  1251 ;  American  Farmer-, 
1271 ;  yellow  fever  ;  First  Savings  Bank 
est.,  1273;  Wm.EUery  Channingpreaches, 
1282;  Meth.  reformers  meet,  1322;  fire- 
brick mfg.,  1341 ;  public  school  est.,  1371  ; 
Meth.  Prot.  Gh.  org.,  i;i82  ;  locomotive 
mfg.,11381 ;  Nat.  Republican  Party  meets; 
Anti-Masons  meet,  1392;  ist  Nat.  Demo- 
cratic Conven.  meets,  1411;  BankofMd., 
riot,  1452  ;  Baltimore  Transcript,  1463  ; 
Baltimore  Sun  issued,  1471;  Mercantile 
Library  Asso.  fnd.;  City  Coll.  fnd.,  1503; 
Dem.Nat.Conven.  meets,  1513,  1572,1651 , 
1711,1882;  2792;  Green  Mount  Cemetery 
dedicated, 1513;  telegraph  to  Wash. ,1561 ; 
WliigNat.  Conven.  meets,  1572, 171 1 ,  1812; 
Md.flistoricalLibrary  find.,  1583;  Ladies' 
China  Miss.  Soc.  org.,  1642;  Dem.  Nat. 
Conven.,  I651 ,  171i ;  Whig  Nat.  Conven., 
1711;  R.  R.  collision,  1753;  o.  S.  Pres., 
synod  org.,  1763;  Know-Nothings  riot; 
"Rip  Raps"  and  "  Wampanags  riot, 
1803;  Whig.  Nat.  Conven.,  1812;  R.  R.to 
St.  Louis,  1833;  "Plug  Uglies"  rule, 
1832;  streetcars  run, 1873;  acquires  Druid 
Hill  Park,  1902;  secession  mob;  Mass.  6th 
Regt.  mobbed,  1941 ;  troops  again  pass; 
Butler  occupies,  1942 ;  secession  fiag,  1943 ; 
troops  excluded,  1951 ;  John  Merryman 
arrested;  disloyalty  in,  1953;  troops  pass, 
3031 ;  martial  law,  2232;  Early  moves  on, 
235 1;  Republican  Nat.  Conven.  meets, 
2352;  Ricketts  arrives;  Early  approaches, 
2361 ;  First  Nat.  LaborCong.  meets,2413; 
Lincoln  obsequies,  2472-  hail-storm, 
2521 ;  Peabody  Inst,  fnd.;  Centenary  Bib- 
lical Inst,  org.;  Morgan  Coll.  and  Dela- 
ware Conf.  Acad,  org.,  2543;  negroes cel- 
15th  Amendment,  2703;  Coll.  of  Phys. 
and  Surgeons,  2782;  Nat.  Dem.  Conven., 
2792  ;  fire,  2833  ;  Maniing  Herald,  2883  ; 
Johns  Hopkins  Hospital,  2913;  Johns 
Hopkins  Univ.,  2922;  Peabody  Inst.  Li- 
brary fnd.,  2922;  Metliodists  unite,  2942; 
Presbyterian  Hospital  ofKl.:  mob  stones 
troops,  2971 ;  W.  C.  T.  U.,  Nat.  Conven. 
3011;  anniversary  of  founding,  3053; 
Charity  organization  Soc.  fno.,  3071; 
aqueduct opd.,  3093;  G.  A.  R.  meets,  3103; 
pier  gives  way,  3153 ;  R.  C.  Plenary  Coun- 
cil, 3182;  Public  Library  opd.,  3231 ;  Wo- 
men's Meth.  Coll.  fnd.,  3332;  i5ub-Treas. 
thief  dis.,  3333;  R.  C.  clergy holdservices, 
3382;  Sweet  Potato  Trust  fmd.,  3433;  R. 
C.  high-license  mass-meeting;  Arclibp. 
Satolli  arrives;  Cong.  R.  C.  laymen  opens, 
3463;  Catholic  Young  Men's  Soc.  org., 
3482;  Morgan  Coll.  org.,  3543;  fire,  JVIa- 
sonio  Temple,  3733;  Corpus  Christi 
Church  con.,  3742;  highlicenselaw,3761 ; 
Mass.  Volunteers  entertained,  .3821  j  fire, 
3853,  4193;  Sunday  closing,393i ;  Detroit 
launched,  K>41 ;  Montgomery  launched, 
3901;  Nat.  Prison  Reform  Asso.,  4183; 
distillery  seized,  4263;  anniversary  of 
Stamp  Act,  4403 ;  Southern  Immigration 
Land  Co.,  4613. 

and  Ohio  R.R., corner-stone,  1353;  opd., 

1373,  1752;  strikes,  1823;  strike  begins, 
2963;  extended.  3533-  Co.  circular,  3611. 

and  Susquehanna  Railroad  opd.,  1393. 

and  Washington  R.  R.opd.,  1453. 

and  Wilmington  R.  R.,  ojjd.,  1493. 

,  Lord.    (See  Calvert,  Cecil.) 

Baltimore,   Pres.    Harrison   received    on 


board,  3661 ;  resails  for  Sweden,  3061 ;  at 
San  Francisco,  3981 ;  to  recapture  Jtuta, 
3821 ;  sailors' outrage,  3951,  398t,  3992,3, 
4003,  4011,  4021;  sails  fr<mi  Valparaiso, 
4181 ;  to  Korea,  4601 ;  ordered  to  Taku, 
4761. 
Balton,  Baron,  title  created,  9252. 

,  Ensign  de,  in  due),  9352. 

Baltzer,  Jiihann  B.,  b.,  8082  ;  d.,  8262. 

,  Wilhelm  E.,  b.,  8IO2  ;  d.,  8321 . 

Baluc,  Jean  de  la,  b.,  6762  ;  d.,  6783. 
Baluchi ;    population  ;    religion ;    Gospels 
translated,  5393. 

Baluze,  fitienne,  b.,  6882  ;  d.,  6981 . 

Balzac,  Jean  Louis  Guez  de,  b.,  6842 ;. 
works,  6872,  6891 ,  6903  ;  d.,  6902. 

— — ,  Honors  de,  b.,  7142  ;  works,  7252, 
7271 ,  7283,  7303  ;  d.,  7302. 

Bamberg,  Peace  of,  7853. 

,  bishopric,  7742  ;  Diet  of,  7791;  taken, 

7942  ;  Univ.  opd.,  7971 ;  faculty  theology, 
8011;  Faculty  of  Medicine,  8032;  sus- 
pends, 8091 . 

Bamberger,  Ludwig,  b.,  8122. 

Bamjur,  Gambia,  burned,  IOIO1 . 

Bampton  Theological  Lectures,  921 1 . 

Ban  of  Croatia  at  Velencze,  5221 . 

Banana  mission,  10943. 

Banat  ceded,  5161 . 

Banbarre,  Livingstone  reaches,  561 1 . 

Banca  Roniana  suspends  payments,  10903. 

Bancroft,  Aaron,  b.,  71i ;  d'.,  1502. 

,  George,  b.,  1082  ;  works,  1322,  1443  ; 

est.  Annapolis  Naval  School,  1581 ;  Sec- 
retary Navy,  1592  ;  d.,  3761 . 

,  Hubert  Howe,  b.,  1401 ;  riah,  3502. 

,  John  Chandler,  b.,  1301 . 

Richard,  b.  (1544) ;  archbp.  Canter- 
bury, 8782  ;  d.  (1610). 

Bancroft  launched,  4061 . 

Band,  Eng.,  permanent  military,  866I . 

of  Hope  (Temp.),  fmd.,  9551 ,9611. 

of  Hope  Union  formed,  9991 . 

Bandel,  Ernst  von,  b.,  8063  ;  statue  of  Her- 
mann, 8281 ;  d.,  8282. 

Bandello,  Matteo,  b.,  10783  ;  Tales,  10812; 
d.,  10803. 

Bandelli,  Baccio,  b.  (1488) ;  d.,  10803. 

Bandiera,  Attilio,  b.,  10862  ;  shot,  10872. 

,  Emilio,  b.,  10862  ;  d.,  o0863,  10872. 

,  Sada,  submits,  11111 ;  minister,  IIII2. 

Bandini,  Angelo  Maria,  b.  (1726) ;  d.,  10843. 

Bandmann,  Daniel  Edward,  b.,  8143. 

Bandits  in  Chile,  6083  ;  at  Nfmes,  7221 ;  re- 
lease prisoners  (Cuba),  6342. 

Baudon,  Earl,  title  created,  9311. 

Bandtke,  Samuel,  b.,  III02. 

,  Jerzy  Samuel,  b.  (1768) ;  d.,  11163. 

Bane,  Donald.    (See  Donald  VII.) 

Baneda,  Fr.,  Sanchez  de  la,  gov.,  6053. 

Baner  (Banier),  Johan  G.,  b.-d.,  11342  ; 
marshJil  at  Wittstock,  6121 . 

Banffy,  Baron,  new  ministry,  5383. 

Bang,  Peder  Georg,  b.,  6382  ;  d.,  6«)3. 

,  Stephensen,   Christianise  Stalls  Bes- 

krifuelse,  11041. 

Bangal  Afghans  expelled,  10441 . 

Bangalore  taken,  9241;  captured,  10442; 
Musore  mission,  10462. 

Bangeolo,  Lake,  discovered,  661 1 ,  6003. 

Bangkok,  capital  Siam,  11241;  Fr.  troops 
in,  11242  ;  mission,  11243,  6163. 

Bangor ;  see  erected,  8403. 

,  Viscount,  title  created,  9231. 

,  Cal.,  hotel  fire,  4093. 

,  Eng.  monastery  burned,  8422. 

,  Me.,  Theological   Sem.    cpd.,  1243  ; 

Democrat  destroyed,  1991;  mob,  19»1; 
Reform  Club,  2851. 

,  N.  W.,  Univ.  College  fnd.,  9923. 

Bangs,  Francis  C,  b.,  1461 . 

,  Heman,  b.  (1790) ;  d.,  2681 . 

,  Nathan,  b.,  912  ;  d.,  2072. 

Banim,  John,  b„  9283  ;  d.,  9502. 

B.<inionenvo,  Fr.,  Fernando,  bp.,  6051 . 

Ban  Jellaohlch,  gov.  of  Himgary,  6213. 

Banjermassin,  settlement  at;  Sultan  of; 
appeal,  5512.  „„,,,» 

Bank,  opened  for  patriotic  gifts,  932  first 
in  Am.,  952,3  ;  2d  est.,  973  ;  first  U.  S. 
enactment,  1032  ;  second  (1816-1830) ;  it 
discounts,  1033;  recharter  vetoed,  1233. 
1252,  1411;  Jackson  against,  1372;  re- 
chartered,  1411 ;  vetoed,  1411;  "removal 
of  deposits,"  1432;  not  rechartered,  1433; 
incorporated  at  Phila.,  1473 ,  suspends, 
1493  ■  fails,  1613,  1553. 

— — ,  Fiscal  Bill,  1532;  passes  ;  vetoed,  1532, 
second  bill  passed  ;  vetoed,  1532, 3, 


Bank-Bapt. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Coiumn. 


1185 


Baukj  Australian  .Joint-Stock  fails,  10123. 

,  Charitable,  621 1 . 

,  first  in  It.,  10733  ;  of  It.,  est.,  1088*. 

fnd.  at  Barcelona,  1127^. 

notes  ;  Tax  Kepeal  Bill  debate,  4G13  ; 

suspended;  rejected,  4C3'. 

of  Amsterdam  fnd.,  11012. 

of  Copenhagen  formed,  6393. 

of  France  established,  7153. 

of  Eng.,  est.,  9012;  flrst  stone,  9093; 

suspends  ca.sh  payments,  9292,  3  ;  contri- 
bution to  govt.,  9293  ;  Alstett's  frauds, 
Dan;  forged  notes  on,  9392;  specie  for 
notes,9393;  completed,  9401 ;  specie  pay- 
ments, 9412;  diminishes  circulatu)n; 
monopoly  broken,  9432  ;  loss  by  forgery, 
845' ;  rechartered,  9472 ;  Bill  for  renewal, 
9532  ;  gov.  in  privy  council,  10072. 

of  Geneva  founded,  11.373. 

of  Genoa  founded,  10753. 

of  Ireland  instituted,  9233. 

of  Rotterdam,  11012. 

of  St.  Petersburg  founded,  11172. 

of  Scotland  foumled,  9012. 

of  Venice  founded,  10753. 

robbery,  U.  S. :  3783,  4163,  4171 ,  4183, 

4222,  4443,  4542,  4602,  4663,  4702,  4723, 
4743,4762,  479';  at  Balarat,  Australia, 
4963. 

Bankers  drafts  stamped.  Q.  B.,  9632. 

imprisoned,  Ger.,  827' . 

save  national  credit,  1893  ;  loan  U.  S. 

money,  1992  ;  loyalty,  1952. 

Bankhead,  Jolrn  H.,  b.,  154' . 

.  .John  P.,  b.,  130' . 

Banking  bills  pass,  2333. 

Bankrupt  Act  passes  G.  B.,  9373,  9732. 

Bankruptcy  Bill  passes,  1532  ;  repealed, 
1553,  2992  ;  Bill,  349' ,  3652,  443' ,  4452  ; 
Ger.,  8033. 

Bank  scandal,  Italian  statesmen  in,  10902. 

Banks,  Cape  Town,  suspend,  6033. 

,  Eng.,  est.,  9433  ;  suspend,  9433. 

,  State,  New  York,  est. ;  Portsmouth, 

1033  ;  in  Cincinnati,  1133  ;  suspend,  1233; 
In  Windsor,  Vt.,  1273  ;  Savings,  at  Balti- 
more, 1273  ;  of  Md.,  riot,  1452  ;  est.  at 
Chicago,  1453  ;  in  N.  Y.,  resume,  1493  ; 
Wild  Gat  currency  issue,  1413  ;  specie 
payment  suspended,  1473  ;  general  bank- 
ing law  pas.setl,  N.  Y.,  1492  ;  Cal.  B's.  sus- 
pend, 1T73  ;  Boston  est.  clearing-house, 
1793  ;  state  B.  abolishment,  2013. 

,  National,  system  approved,  2173  ;  Na- 
tional B.  Bill  intro.,  2192;  currency  dis- 
credited, 2293 ;  Bills  pass,  2333  ;  tax  of, 
defeated  ;  local  taxation  enacted,  2333  ; 
Tax  Bill  approved,  2352  ;  National  org, 
in  PhUa.,  2373  ;  State  Bs.  taxed,  2433  ; 
First  National,  est.  at  Portland,  2493; 
loans  prohibited,  2ft)3  ;  circulation  lim- 
ited, 2712;  must  restore  capital,  285'; 
Owego  suspends,  3593  ;  Chicago  Park  B. 
suspends,  3613  •  officers,  jury  duty,  N.Y., 
351' ;  Western  banks  suspend,  4293, 4333; 
resume,  4;i53 ;  suspend,  4.332;  at  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  4353;  time  limit  rule,  4353  ;  re- 
sume, 4.373  ;  Southern  close,  4333 ;  Circu- 
lation Bill,  Amendment,  437' ;  swindle, 
Chicago,  4503  ;  Bs.  org.  In  1863,  2293. 

,  Joseph,  Sir.  b.,   9103 ;    pres.    Royal 

Society,  918*  ;  African  Association,  924 ' ; 
d.,  9402. 

.  Nathaniel  P.,  b.,  1242;  M.  C.  speaker, 

179' ;  condidate  for  v. -pres.,  gov.,  1803  ; 
vote  for  v.-pres.,  181 2  ;  Mass.,  1852;  in 
the  Shenandoah,  198' ,  205' ;  crosses  po- 
tomac,  204' ;  in  army  of  Potomac,  2043  ; 
in  Va.,  2052;  at  Woodstock,  2052,  3 ;  near 
Winchester,  2082  ;  at  Cedar  Mountain, 
2103;  supersedes  Butler,  215' ,  2162;  sails 
for  New  Orleans,  2162;  attempt  to  assas- 
sinate, 2183;  starts  for  Fort  De  Bussey, 
2202;  captures  Opelousas,  2203 ;  arrives  at 
Alexandria,  222' ;  at  Port  Hudson,  2222; 
retakes  Brashear  City,  La.,  223' ;  takes 
Port  Hudson,  2242;  at  Sabine  Pass,  2262; 
at  Brazos  Island,  227' ;  at  Alexandria, 
2303  ;  leaves  Natcjiitoches  ;  at  Pleasant 
Hill;  at  Grand  Ecore,  2313;  at  Mata- 
gorda ;  at  Cane  River  Ferry  ;  to  abandon 
Ked  River  Expeilition,  232' ;  succeeded 
by  Canby,  2332;  enrolls  negroes,  237'; 
nominated  for  governor,  4372  ;  d.,  470' . 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9082;  d.,  9323. 

Bannatyne,  George,  b.,  868' ;  d.  (1608). 

Banneker,  Benj.,  b.,  62' ;  d.,  1122. 

Bannerman,  Sir  A.,  governor,  5792. 

Banner  of  Light  issued,  1823. 


B-annister,  Henry,  d.,  1183. 

Bannockburn,  action  at,  756' . 

Banquo,  Thane,  d.,  8462. 

Bantry  Bay,  lighthouse  destroyed,  9893. 

Banu  Nadir,  expelled,  4843. 

Banville,  Thiiodore  Faullain  de,  b.,  7242; 
works,  728'  ,2,  733' ,  7363,  737' ,  7523;  d., 
760'. 

Baptism  (Infant),  upheld,  363;  inconsis- 
tent with  slavery,  67' ;  anc.  Gr.,  10283. 

Baptists,  in  Am.;  first  Bapt.  in  Am.,  262; 
iu  R.  I,,  262;  church  in  Providence ; 
Williams  a  non-Baptist,  343;  church  at 
Newport ;  as  heretics  ;  church  divided, 
383;  miscellaneous,  382,  422,  603,  742; 
fine,  763,  81',  823;  i„  Mass.,  b.anisbed, 
342;  persecuted,363,383,402;  flrstchurch, 
422;  miscellaneous,  532,  712,  742,  912, 
1102,  1142,  1183;  in  N.Y., 402, 1023, 125', 
128',  1683,3122;  Six  Principle  B.  secede, 
402,  703;  in  Va.,  403,  422,  582,  663,  782, 
823 , 1 143 ,  151 ',  1523 ,  3143 ,3383 ;  in  Boston, 
422,  482,  582,  65' ,  742, 782,  42G' ;  Seventh 
Day  org., 422;  i„  Me.,  422, 129' ;  in  S.  C, 
422,3,  542,  543,  023,  691,  1723,  1763;  in 
N.  J.,  502,  57' ,  711 ;  in  phila.,  523,642, 
563,  663;  in  X.  Y.  City,  67',  583,  602, 
723,  1232,  1542,  3622,  3842;  1„  Pa.,582, 
163',  1663,2623;  in  Coun.,503,571 ,  623; 
in  N.  H.,  583,  663,  932;  i„  N.  c.,  603, 
711,742,1423,1783,  1843,2503,3322;  Gen. 
(Arminian),  B.,  org.,  603;  in  Mil.,  05', 
663,  982;  In  Tenn.,  742,  1443, 1643, 1063, 
1703,  1723,  2863;  Brown  Univ.  eat.,  742; 
in  Vt.,  702;  In  Miss.,  932,  1123,  1703, 
2023,  2063;  Free  Will,  org.,  932  ;  in  Ky., 
95' ,  139' ,  1762;  number  inU.S., 903, 1843, 
2623,  2823;  Separate  and  RSgular  unite, 
983;  against  slavery,  1002;  in  111.,  1062, 
135',  1782,  2803;  1„  Ind.,  1083,  143'; 
Lake  Missionary  Society  fmd.,  1142; 
Indian  Missions,  1142,  1263;  1282,  1303, 
131',  1323,  1343,  135',  1402,3,  1423,  1542, 
1042, 1722, 1843, 2452,  2983;  in  Ala.,  1143, 
1543, 1822;  in  la.,  119' ,  173' ,  2703;  mis- 
sionary funds,  121 ' ;  National  For.  Mis- 
sionary Soc.  fmd.;  Woman's  Missionary 
Soc.  fmd.;  Triennial  Convention  fmd., 
1232;  Madison  Univ.  est.,  125' ;  Christian 
Watchman,  127' ;  only  For.  Missions, 
1283;  Hamilton  Theological  Institute; 
Colby  Univ.,  Colgate  Univ.,  129' ;  Mrs. 
Judson  returns  ;  Publication  Soc,  131' ; 
Newton  Theo.  Inst.,  1323;  Campbellites 
disfellowshipped,  1343  ;  Shurtleff  Coll., 
135';  Judson's  gift;  Zlon*s  Advocate, 
1363;  GeorgetownColl.,139' ;  Home  Miss. 
Soc.  org.,  1402;  Deimison  Univ.;  Baptist 
Weeicly  Journal,  1403;  in  O.,  1403,  3283; 
JoKrftaZrtnrfJ/essen^er,  1403  ;inChicago, 
1422,  3403;  Mercer  Univ.;  Kalamazoo 
Coll.;  Wake  Forrest  Coll.,  1423;  in 
Micli.,  1423,  1783:  in  Ga.,  1423,  1062; 
1782,  2902;  Franklin  Coll.,  143' ;  in  la., 
144' ,  1703,  1731 ,  2502  ;  Christian  Jitview  ,■ 
The  Baptist,  1443  ;  Jlapt.  lianner,  145' ; 
leave  Am.  liible  Soc,  1403;  org.  Am. 
and  Foreign  Bible  Soc,  1462;  Examiner, 
1503;  Bapt.  Advocate,  1503;  Rector  Coll., 
151 ' ;  Consolidated  Missionary  Conven- 
tion, 1.522;  Bapt.  Weeicly,  1623;  in  Tex., 
1522,  163',  1(M2,  1783,  2982  3082;  Rich- 
mond Coll.,  1523;  Tract  and  Book  Soc, 
org.,  1,542;  Howard  Coll.,  1543;  in  Ore., 
1583,  1803,  3322;  Mich.  Christian  Herald , 
157' ;  divided  by  slavery;  Southern  Bapt. 
secede;  Providence  Conven.,  1582;  Dr. 
Judson's  visit ;  Am.  Bapt.  Miss.  Union 
f  md.,  1603  ;Bucknell  Acad. ,BaylorUniv.; 
163' ;  Lewisburg  [Bucknell]  Univ.,  1063; 
in  Wis.,  1482, 1631 ;  defeat  revision;  Am. 
Bible  Uni(m  fmd.,  William  Jewell  Coll., 
1662;  Mary  Sharp  Fein.  Coll.;  Browns- 
ville Fem.  Coll.;  Mississippi  Coll.;  Bur- 
lington Coll.,  1703;  Monroe  Fem.  Coll., 
1062;  in  Mo.,  1662, 1683,  1802, 1843  3003 
3063;  Carson-Newman  Coll.,  1663;  (Jrand 
River  Coll.;  Univ.  of  Rochester,  1083; 
HistoricalSoc  fmd.,  FurmanUniv.,  1723; 
Central  Univ.;  Mt.  Lebanon  Univ.,  173' ; 
Bethel  Coll.,  1762;  Kalamazoo  Coll.; 
Bapt.  Fem.  Coll.,  1783;  Stephen's  Coll., 
1802;  McMinnville  Coll.,  1863;  Cedar 
Valley  Seni.,  211';  Des  Moines  Coll., 
2502;  Shaw  Univ.;  Natumal  Bapt.,wa3., 
Ottawa  Univ.,  2543;  Quarterly  Review, 
2583;  in  Kan.,  2543;  Richmond  Theo. 
8em.,  2603;  Blandville  Coll.;  Concord 
CoU.;  Monongahela  Coll.,  2623;  Leland 


Univ.,  2733;  Woman's  Bapt.  For.  Mis- 
sionary org.,  2702;  Judson  Univ.,  2703; 
in  Arlc.,2763;  BroadusCoU.,  277'  ,2963; 
Benedict  lust,  fnd.,  277';  in  W.  Va., 
277' ;  State  Univ.,  Ky.(cidored)  ;BlueMt. 
Fem. Coll.,  2822;  Ewing  Coll.;  Southwest- 
ern Univ.,  2863,  2903;  Shorter  Coll.,  2962; 
Eastern  Conven.  fmd.;  Women's  Bapt., 
Home  Missionary  Soc. org. ,2982;  Chinese 
■work;  withdrawals,  3002  ;  South  West 
Bapt.  Coll. ;  Bant.  Quarterly ;  Bapt.  Re- 
vieic,  3003;  Jackson  Coll.  (colored),  3023; 
Shuqualak  Fem.  Coll.;  Pierce  City  Coll., 
3063;  Bishop  Coll.  (colored),  3083;  Min- 
ister's Home  est.;  Miss.  Union  and  Pub. 
Soc.  org.,  3122;  Stetson  Univ.;  Sioux 
Falls  Univ.;  Hartshorn  Memorial  Coll., 
S.  W.  Va.  Inst.,  3143;  in  Fla.,  3143;  in 
S.  Dak.,  3143;  Plan  of  Cooperation  fmd., 
3202;  flrst  Chinese  Church,  3263;  Los 
Angeles  Univ.,  3282;  in  CaL,  3282;  Shep- 
herdson  Coll.,  3283;  High  Point  Fein. 
Coll.,  3322;  Chicago  Univ.  endowment, 
3403,  3622, 3622, 3682,4202, 422',  442'  ;  Dr. 
Bridgeman  leaves,  3842;  Young  People's 
Union,  1st  conven.,  410' ;  conven.,  434'  , 
466';  Annual  Meetings;  held  in  Cin- 
cinnati, 163' ;  Troy,  1612;  Phila.;  Buffalo, 
1662; Pittsburg;  Albany,  1722,3;  Phila., 
1762;  Chicago,  1782;  N.  Y.,  1802;  Boston, 
182' ;  Phila.,  1»13 ;  N.  Y.,  1862 ;  Cincinnati, 
1902;  Brooklyn,  2023;  Providence,  219' ; 
Cleveland,  2272;  Phila.,  241';  St.  Louis, 
2502;  Boston,  2542;  Chicago,  2582:  N.Y., 
2642;  Boston,  2682;  Phila., 2722;  Chicago, 
2762;  N.  Y.,  2802;  Albany,  2822;  Wash., 
2862;  Phila.,  2902;  Bullalo,  2942;  Provi- 
dence, 2982;  Cleveland,  3002;  Saratoga, 
3023,  3062;  Indianapolis,  3082;  N.  Y., 
3122;  Saratoga,  3142;  Detroit,  3182;  Sar- 
atoga, 3222;  AsburyPark,  3242;  Minne- 
apolis, 3282;  Wash.,  3332;  Boston,  3402; 
Boston,  360' ;  New  Haven,  3702;  Cincin- 
nati, 398';  Phila.,  408';  Detroit,  4742; 
Triennial  meetings  held;  at  Phila., 
1232, 1263,  1283;  Wash.,  1303 ;N.  Y.,  1343; 
Phila.,  1363;  N.  Y.,  1402;  Richmond, 
1462 ;  N.  Y.,  1483 ;  Baltimore,  1542;  Phila., 
1582;  Brooklyn;  changed  to  Ain.  Bapt. 
Union,  1603. 

Baptists,  Can.;  inN.S.,5703,577' ;  inP.Q.; 
5763,6782,  6882;  in  Ontario,  5782:  5882, 
in  N.  B.,  675',  6782,  58O',  5802;  Indian 
Missions,  5783;  Foreign  Missions,  5783, 
5822;  Bapt.  Missionary  Maqazi7ie,S78^; 
Union  find.,  6783;  in  p.  '^.  I.,  B822; 
Woman's  Boards  find.,  5842. 

,  Free  Communion,  org.    conf..  982; 

unity  with  Freewill  Bapt.,  1543;  Hills- 
dale Coll.  est.,  1782. 

,  Freewill,  U.  S.  A.,  org.,  932;  Groton 

Conf.  org.,  982;  igt  meeting,  1042;  Gen. 
Conf.,  1343,  1383;  For.  Miss.  Soc.  org., 
1402 ;  Free  Commimion  Bapt.  unite,  1643 ; 
Female  Miss.  Soc,  163' ;  Ridgville  Coll., 
Md.,  org.,  2583;  W.  Va.  Coll.,,  2613; 
Woman's  Miss.  Soc,  2842:  Rio  Grande 
Coll.,  0.,  2922. 

,    German,     Dunkers    (Mennonites), 

U.  S.  A.,  inPa.,  482;  arrive,  582;  org.,  603; 
monastic  est.,  622;  Sunday  School,  643; 
Indian  Missions,  1103,  3062;  Bates  Coll., 
2232;  Orphans'  Home,  2803;  Miss.  Soc. 
fmd.,  2»42:  begins  For.  Miss,  work, 2902; 
Ashland  Coll.,  3003;  National  Conf.; 
remove  from  Ky.,  39J2  •  anti-tobacco, 
3403;  in  Md.,  3842. 

,  Seventh  Day,  Chiu-ch  org.,  422  ;  se- 
cede, 443;  at  Ephrata,  622;  In  New  Eng- 
land, 742;  Alfred  Univ.  est.,  1463;  Miss. 
Soc  fmd.,  1643;  Tract  Soc,  1563;  Five 
Asso.  fmd.,  1603:  Education  Soc.  fmd., 
1782;  Milton  Coll.,  Wis., 2003;  Woman's 
Executive  Board,  3182. 

,  Six  Principle,  secede,  402;    yearly 

meetings,  622;  secede,  702. 

,  Southern,  secede;  Augusta  conven., 

1582;  conven.  meets  in  Tex.,  1642,  2602 
3042;  Union  Coll.,  1043;  Monroe  Fem. 
Coll.,  1662;  Soule  Coll.,  1703;  Purman 
Urdv.,  1723;  GreenvilleFem. Coll., 1763; 
New  Ebenezer  Coll.  est.,  1782;  Thomas- 
ville  Fem.  Coll.  est.;  Fem.  Coll.  at  Bel- 
ton,  1783;  Indian  Missions,  1822;  in 
Mont.;  Ala.  Fem.  Coll.  est.,  1822;  South- 
ern Tlieo.  Sem.  est.,  1843;  Judson  Coll.; 
La  Grange  Coll.,  1843 ;  Trinity  Coll.,  1863  ■ 
Cane  Coll.,  2663  ;  Women's  Miss.  Soc; 
Doyle  CoU.,  3183;  Ouachita  Coll.,  Ark., 


1186 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column.  Bapt-BarO. 


3242;  conv.,  Memphis,  favors  prohibi- 
tion, 3402;  Missionary  Union  meets, 
3502 ;  National  Asso.  Colored  Bapt., 
3442;  Woman's  Miss.  Union  org.,  3502. 

Baptists  in  Eng., doctrine  condemnecl,8683; 
opp08e<l,  8683 ;  congregation  in  London, 
8743;  Associations  fmd.,  8882;  confession 
of  faith;  accept  Unitarian  views,  8983; 
form  New  Connection;  TheologicalSemi- 
nary  at  Bristol,  919< ;  coll.  fnd.,  9352; 
Missionary  Asso.  fnd.,  9aG3;  Missionary 
Soo.  fnd.,  9383 ;  Young  Men's  Missionary 
Asso.  fnnL,9543;  Ladies'  Asso.  for  Ind. 
fmd  ,  9702;  Conference  at  Leeds;  unite 
with  Particular  B.,  10002;  Church  org. 
at  Edinburgh,  Scot.,  9163;  New  Coimec- 
tion  Bapts.  fmd.,  919';  Eng.  Chm-ch 
fmd.  in  Neth.,1101 1 ;  persecuted  in  Neth., 
10983;  services  in  Madrid,  11322;  in  Swe., 
11361 ;  Seventh  Day  Baptists,  org.,  Eng., 
8863;  in  Crimea,  11202;  strict  Bapt.  Mis- 
sion org.,  Eng.,  9642;  Particular  Bapt. 
Church  fmd.,  8822. 

in  Fr.,  Am.  mission,  7263;  missions, 

7323;  Am.  missionaries  in  Ger.,  8143; 
Triennial  Convcn.,  8182;  Am.  missions, 
India,  10463,  1IM7< ;  in  Mex.,  10962;  Eng. 
B.  missions  in  India,  10462;  found  Ser- 
ampur  Coll.,  10403.  ^    „„ 

United  Churches  of  Christ  fmd.,  983. 

Baptista,  Pros.,  assumes  oftice,  5513. 

Baquedano,  Manuel,  b.-d.,  6063;  elected  ; 
at  Arica,  6062.  ^    ,^. 

Bar  Association,  N.  Y.,  Instituted,  2691 ; 
mass-meeting,  4421. 

Bara,  M.,  opposes  ministry,  6452. 

,  Mahdi  is  defeated,  6581 . 

Barach,  Moritz,  b.,  6202. 

Baracoa,  settlement  at,  6313. 

Baradeus,  Jacob,  founds  Jacobites,  10703 ; 

Bfrig^'prederick,  b.,  1062;  d.,  260' . 
Baraguey  d'Hilliers,  AchiUe,  b.,  7102;  d., 

7502. 
Barail,  Gen.  du,  minister,  7473. 
Barak,  judges  Israel,  11413 ;  delivers  Israel, 

11431 ;  defeats  Sisera,  1140' ,  11411 . 
Barallis,  Gen.,  dictator,  10383. 
Baranoas,  Fla.,  reduced,  1261 . 
Barante,Claude  Ignace,  Baron  d6,Ainiable 

Guillaume  Prosper  Brugifere,  h.,  705i ; 

works,  7171    7251 ;  d.,  7362. 
Baratier,  Johann  P.,  b.,  7983;  d,  8002 
Baratynski,  Eugenij,  b.,  11162;  d.,  IHB?. 
Barbadoes,    Moravian  missionaries,  74z, 

Eng.  settlers,  8792;  Codringtoii  College 

fnd.,  583;  bishopric  est.,  9371;  Bp.  Bree 

cons.,  9862.  J  „,., 
Barbara,  asteroid,  discovered,  314 1. 
Barbarossa,  or  Horuc,  pirate,  d.,  1(B43. 
Hadher-ed-Din,  in  Algiers,  8i,  93; 

takes  Tunis,  11392;  d.,  91. 
Barbaroux,  Charles  Jean  Mane,  b.,  703i : 

Barbary,  plague  at,  10972;  invaded,  11093; 

pirates,  81 ,  690' ;  submit  to  Turk.  11572; 

wire  trust  fmd.,  4013. 

pirates,  8i ;  Fr.  fleet  against,  (MOi . 

Barbastro,  Louis  Cancer  de,  in  Fla.,  222, 

232 
Barbiuld,  Anna  Letitia,  b.,9102;  d.  (18«). 
Barbazan,  Arnauld  Gmlhelni  de,  a.,^'62. 
fetienne.  Fables  of  the  French  Poets, 

7032;  d.  (1770). 
Barbe,  M.,  minister,  7563 
Barber,  Francis,  b.,  683;  d.,  961. 
,  Edward  Altee,  pottery  and  porcelain, 

— f?lbhn  Warner,  b.,  IO8I ;  d.,  3202. 

,  Jonathan,  missionary,  622. 

Barberiui,    Francesco,  b.,  10823;   works, 

10771  ;d.  (1348). 
Barber iuo,  Andrea  da.  Beak  ih  trancta, 

10812. 
Barbers  and  surgeons  unite,  868 1 ;  corpo- 

Ba?be°s?Armand,  leader,  7293;  b.  (1809); 
Barb6u-D'ubourg,Jacques,b.(1709);d.,7043. 
Barbey,  M.,  minister,  78C3,  7611. 

Bill  in  Assembly,  7543. 

Barbeyrac,  Charles,  b.,  686 ;  d.,  6943. 

,  .feau,  b.,  6922;  d.,  7003. 

Barbiano,  Alberico,  Count,  d.,  10782. 
Barbier,  Antoine  A.,  b.,  7031 ;  d.,  /242. 
,  Charles,  invents  raised  printing,  |2G' ; 

d.  (18301). 
,HenryAuguste,  b.,  7163;  lambed,  1I1 1 ; 

d.,  7522. 


Barbier,  Paul  Jules,  b.,  7241 . 

Barbour,  James,  b.,  823;  gov.  Va.,  1193; 
pres.  Senate,  1272;  Sec.  of  War,  1333; 
d.,  1541. 

,  John,  b.,  8562;  The  Brace,  d.,'8602. 

, S.,  b.  (1790) ;  d.,  406i . 

,  Philip  Pendleton,  b.,  961 ;  speaker, 

1291 ;  justice,  1472;  d.,  1522. 

Barbourville,  Ky.,  Union  Coll.  fnd.,  3282. 

,  W.  Va.,  action  at,  1962. 

Barbusse,  Henri,  Pieureuses,  7662. 

Barca,  North  Africa,  founded,  10172. 

Barcelona,  Sp.,  taken,1125i ;  Univ.  of,  fnd., 
11271;  treaty  at,  6793;  surrenders,  6961 ; 
siege  of,  9021 ;  captured,  11281 ;  insurrec- 
tions, 11301 ;  Progressist  outbreak,  11312; 
revolutionary  junta  in  power,  11313;  ar- 
tisans' demands,  11311 ;  mission  ;  exhibi- 
tion opens,  11323;  besieged,  11322;  Anar- 
chists disturb  ;  bomb  in  theater,  11331 ; 
martial  law  proclaimed,  11333;  strikers' 
riots,  11331 .  ,  .     „, 

Barchou  de  Penhoen,  Baron  Auguste  1. 
H.,  b.,  7143;  d.,  7322. 

Barclay,  Alexander,  b.,  8642 ;  Ship  of  Fools, 
8663;  d.,  8701. 

,  George,  Sir,  org.  Assassination  Plot, 

9011. 

,  Jean,  b.,  6S42;  d.,  6863. 

,  John,  Com.  on  Lake  Erie,  1203. 

,  John,  b.,  9082;  d.  9283. 

. Jos.,  cons.  Bp.  of  Jerusalem,  11571 . 

,  Robert,  d.,  602;  gov.,  492;  Quaker 

leader,  8863;  d.,  8982. 

de  Tolly,  Michael,  b.,  11143;  d.,  11163. 

,  William,  b.,  8682;  d.,  8781. 

Barcocliba,  rebellion,  11533;  impostor,  d., 
11521;  11533. 

Barcos,  Martin  de,  b.,  6862;  d.,  6923. 

Bard,  Samuel,  b.,  642;  d.,  1301 . 

Bardeu-Dubourg,  Jacques,  b.,  6963. 

Bardili,  Christoph  G.,  b.,  8023;  d.,  8083. 

Bardolf ,  Lord,  at  Bramham  Moor,  86OI . 

Bardou,  .Joseph  L.,  cons.  K.  C.  bp.,  9742. 

Bardoux,  Agenor,  b.  (1829) ;  minister,  7512. 

Bardsley,  John,  embezzler,  3851 ,  3872;  ju- 
risdiction, 3952;  sentenced,  3871 . 

,  J.  Wareing,  cons,  bp.,  9962, 10082. 

Bardstown,  Ky.,  raiders,  2143;  outrage, 
4423. 

,  B.  C.  see  erected,  1143. 

Bardwell,  Ky.,  lynching,  4331 . 
Barebone's  Parliament  assembles,  889i . 
Bareiro,  Candido,  elected  president,  11063. 
Bareli,  fnd.,  10451 ;  Brit,  capture,  10181 ; 

mission,  10483.  .„„„.» 

Barontz,  WiUem,  explorer,  243;  d.,  10983. 
Barfere  deVieuzac,  Bertrand,  b.,7022;  d., 

Barettij  Giuseppe  Marc  Antonio,  b.,  10831 ; 

d.,  10843.  ,      ,   X      J. 

B.irtield,  Capt.,  at  Merriwether's  Landing, 

2103. 
Barford,  Paul  Frederik,  b.,  6382. 
Bargagli,  Scipione,  d.,  10823 
Bargfes,  Jean  Joseph,  Leandrft,  b.,  7191 . 
Barghash  rules  Zanzibar,  5613. 
Bargiel,  Woldemar,  b.,  8141 . 
Barhain,  Lord,  lord  admiralty,  9332. 

,  Richard  Harris,  b.,  9242;  Ingoldshy 

Leqends,  9503 ;  d.,  9542. 
Bar  Harbor,  Me.,  indictments,  ^2 
Bari,  Saracens   settle,  10721;    Cathedral 
fnd. ;  taken,  10741 ;  annexed  to  Naples, 
10813. 

leader,  killed,  6833. 

Barillas,  Gen.,  president,  10383. 

Baring,   Lord  Alexander  Asliburton,  b., 

9183;  signs  treaty,  5793;  d.,  9542. 
Brothers  suspensions,  10073;  liabil- 
ities, 10123. 

,  Cha^.,  b.  (1807)  ;  bp.,  9583  ;  d.,  10021 . 

;  Evelyn,  Sir,  b.  (1841) ;  comptroller- 
general,  6592. 
— -,  Francis,  Sir,  b.,  9103;  d.,  9351 . 

F   Thornhill,  Sir.  b.  (1796) ;  minister, 

9492;  lord  admiralty,  9552;  d.  (1866). 

Gould,  Sabine,  b.,  9462. 

,  Thomas  Charles,  d.,  100*2. 

; George,  minister,  9852.    (Earl  of 

Northbrook.) 
Barker,  Fordvce,  b.,  1281 ;  d.,  3842. 

,  George  Frederick,  b.,  44i . 

Mrs.,  pres.  W.  C.  T.  U.,  2831. 

Thomas  Jones,  b.,  9363  ;  d..  (1882). 

,  William  Morris.  Bp.  Colo.,  422i. 

Barkhusen,  Hermann,  works,  7871 
Barkly,Henry.Sir,b.(181,5);gov..4972,601i. 
Barlaam.  Bernard,  d.,  10762. 


Bar-le-Duc,  Prus.  headquarters,  7401. 
Barlee,  F.  P.,  governor.  5643. 
Barletta,  Protestant  massacre,  10883. 
Barlow,  Allan,  endowment,  4702. 

,  Chris.  Geo.,  cons,  bp.,  10062. 

,  C.  G.,  installed,  5002. 

,  explorer,  5743. 

,  Gen.    Francis    Channing,   b.,    1422 ; 

near  Kapidan,  2321 . 

,  Gen.  Geo.,  gov  .-gen.  Ind.,  1012, 98)2. 

,  Joel,  b.,  683;  works,  1003, 1103,  1143; 

d.,  1183. 

,  John  W.,  commissioned  col.,  4581 . 

,  Peter,  b.,  9203  ;  invents  clocks  and 

watches,    8941 ;   deviation    of  compass, 
9401 ;  d.,  9662. 

,  Samuel  Latham,  b.  (1826) ;  library, 

3642  ;  d.,  3422. 

,  Wm.,  compass  box,  8781 ;  d.  (1625). 

Barmouth,  gold  discovered,  IOO6I . 
Barnabas,  events  of  life,  11531 . 
Barnabite  Monks  fnd.,  1081 1 . 
Barnard,  Lady  Anne,  b.,  9122  ;  d.,  9422. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  8091 . 

of  Ascania,  Duke,  7991 . 

,  Charles,  b.,  1441 . 

,  Daniel  Dewey,  b.,  1062  ;  d.,  1943. 

,  D.  M.,  d.,  4681. 

Edward  Emerson,  b.  (1857) ;  discovers 

comet,  3261 ,  3301 ,  4141 . 

,  F.  A.  P.,  will  made  public,  3143. 

,  Frederick  Augustus  P.,  b.,  II6I ;  d., 

3381,2  ;  will,  3443. 

,  George,  d.,  IOO41 . 

, C.,  degraded,  2783. 

,  Henry,  Sir,  Sepoy  rebellion,  10481 . 

, ,  b.,  1162  ;  com.,  2562. 

,  John  Gross,  b.,  1241 ;  d.,  3102. 

,  Judge,  N.  Y.,  decision  ignored,  3952 ; 

election  case,  4451 . 
Barnard's  comet  visible,  9941 . 
Barnave,  Antoine  Pierre  J.  M.,  b.,  7023  ; 

d.,  7082. 
Barnburners  withdraw,  1651 ;    Dem.  con- 

ven.,  nom.  Van  Buren  for  Pres.,  1651 . 
Barnegat  Inlet,  men  drowned,  4233. 
Barnes,  Albert,  b.,  IO81 ;  d.,  2721 . 

,  Jaines,'b.(1809±);  in  Va.,2132;  d.  (1869). 

,  Joseph  K.,  b.,  1261 ;  d.,  3122. 

,  Lyman  E.,  b.,  1761 . 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9242  ;  d.  (1841). 

,  William,  b.,  9302  ;  d.  (1886). 

Barnesboro,  miners'  riot,  4682. 

Barnet,  battle  of,  86*1 . 

Bamett,  Chas.  R.,  commissioned  major, 

4501. 
,  John, b.  (1802);  Mountain  Sylph,9K^ ; 

d      /  jHnf)\ 

Barneveld,  Jan  van  Olden,  b.-d.,  10983, 

11012. 
Barney,  Joshua,  b.,  722  ;  d.,  1262. 
Barnlield,  Richard,  b.,  8742  ;  d.  (1627). 
Barnham,  Gen.,  k.  at  Fort  Harrison,  2382. 
Barnier,  Vicomte  Henri  de,  academician, 

7661 . 
BarnsleyR.R.  collision,  9753;  coal  mmers 

strike  9931 , 
Barnum',HenryA.,pensioned,369i;d.,400l' 
,  Phineas  T.,  b.,  1162;  museum  burned,. 

2493,2613,3273;  purchases  Jumbo, 9893; 

banquet  to,  10023  ;  d.,  3801. 

,  William  H.,  b.  (1818) ;  d.,  3382. 

,  Zenas,  b.  (1818);  d.,  '2452. 

Barnwell,  S.  C,  lynchers  in,  3511. 

,  Col.  Robert,  b.  (1762);  at  New  Beme, 

N.  C,  581  ;  d.,  (1814). 
Robert  Woodward,  b.  (1801) ;  commis- 
sioner S.C,  1892  ;  d.  (1882). 
Barocci,Fiori  Federigod'Urbincb., 10803, 

Descentfrmn  Cross,  10802;  d.,  10823. 
Barochba,  leader  of  Jews,  10043;  11533. 
Baroche,  Pierre  Jules,  b.  (1802);  minister 

of  justice,  7371 ;  d.  (1870). 
Baroir,  independence  of  Assyr.,  11462. 
Barometer  invented,  7962,  10822. 
Baron,  Felix  Platel.  d„  7562. 
H.  F.  Ton  Stein,  fnds.  Society  Oer. 

History,  8131. 

Laudon,  .4^ust.  leader,  6162. 

,  Pierre,  d.,  6861. 

,  Vincent,  b.,  6862;    d.,  6922. 

Baronets,  hereditary,  est.,  Eng.,  879'. 
Baronius,  Cesare,  b.,  10803  ;  d.,  10823. 
Barondess,  .Joseph,  sentence,  4072. 
Barons,  rule    Fr.,    6673;    war,   Jr.,  678', 

created,  Eng.,  8482  ;  censured,  8522  ;po8- 

sessious  limited,  8533  ;  rule,  S»2  ;  refMB 

king's   demands,  S)7i ;   rebellion,  8572; 

in  lepeiident,  10732. 


Baro-Bath. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1187 


Barosa,  battle  at,  718 1 . 

Baross,  Herr,  minister,  533*. 

Barquisimeto,  Veuez.,  fud.,  232  ;  settled, 
1160'. 

Barr.  Matthiius,  b.,  M42. 

Barraband,  Pierre  Paul,  d.,  719' . 

Barrackpur,  troops  rebel,  10481 . 

Barrag:iii,  Miguel,  b.-<l.,  ioy.52. 

Barraude,  .Joachim,  b.,  714»  ;  d.,  7M1 . 

Barraiiquilla,  insurrection,  6281 . 

Barrantes,  Vicente,  b.,  11303. 

Barnas,  Count  de  (Louis),  arrives  in  Am., 
W  :  puts  to  sea,  94*. 

,  Pavd  Jean  Francois  Nicolas  de,  b., 

70"-ia  ;  cominantler  in  Paris,  7113;  d.,7243. 

Barre,  Antoine  le  Ftivre  de  la,  b.  (1605±) ; 
gov.  Canada,  3733  ;  at  Niagara,  48i ;  d. 
(1688). 

,  Col.  Isaac,  b.  (1726) ;  d.,  9303. 

Barrelier,  Jivcques,  b.,  6862  ;  d.,  6922. 

Barrdme,  M.,  assassinated,  7543. 

Barres,  Maurice,  Le  Calie  dti  Moiy  7622. 

Barrdt,  Michael,  convicted,  971 1 . 

Barrett,  Capt.,  takes  prisoners,  9342. 

,  Col.,  defeated  at  Palo  Pinto,  2463. 

,  Elizabeth.    (See  Browning.  9491 ,) 

,  James,  convicted  of  murder,  9903. 

,  Lawrence,  b.,  1482  ;  d.,  3801 . 

Barrias,  Felix  .Joseph,  b.  7241 . 

Barrie,  Capt.,  burns  French  ships,  9342. 

,  James  .Matthews,  b.   (1860)  ;  works, 

10063. 

Barrier  treaty,  515' ,  5431 ;  signed,  11013. 

Barringer,  John  Walker,  b.  (1832) ;  com- 
missioned colonel,  4701 . 

Barrington,  Viscomit  of, title  created,  9051 . 

,  Daines,  b.,  9081 ;  d.,  9302. 

,  (ieorge,  b.,  9123  ;  transported,  9252  : 

d.,9502. 

,  Henry  St.  John,  Viscount,  b.,  8942. 

,  Jonah,  Sir,  b.,  9163  ;  d.,  94G2. 

,  Wm.  Wildman,  Lord,  b.,9042 ;  d.  (1793). 

Barrios,  Gen.  Gerrado,  b.  (1810±) ;  over- 
throws Pres.  Castillo,  11232  ;  appointed 
pres.;  confederation;  invades  Salvador, 
10381 ;  rivalry,  10382  ;  killed,  10381 . 

,  .Justo  Kuiiuo,  b.-d.,  10391 ;  president, 

10:J82. 

Barristers,  Eug.,  appointed,  8563. 

Barron,  Charles,  b.,  1.522. 

,  Elwyn  Alfred,  The  Viking,  3323. 

,  James,  b.,  761 ;  Com.;  kills  Decatur, 

1291;  d.,  1682. 

Barros,  JoSo  de,  b.-d.,  11092  ;  Conquest  of 
the  Indies,  11091 ;  captaincy,  5532. 

Barrosa,  battle  of,  9*12. 

Barrot,  Camille  Hvacinthe  Odillon,  b., 
7082  ;  excluded,  7293  d.  (1873),  7461, 

Barrcjw,  Capt.,  massacre  of,  6041 . 

,  Frances  Elizabeth  (Amit  Fanny),  b. 

I         (1822) ;  d.,  4581 . 

in-Furness,  Bp.  Ware  cons.,  10022. 

,  Isaac,  b.  8822  ;  d.,  8942. 

,  Jolln,  Sir,  b.,  9162  ;  d.,  9542. 

i     ,  Washington,  d.,  2541 . 

j     Barrowe.  Henry,  executed,  8763. 

'     Barrundia,  Jose  Francisco,  b.-d.,  10391. 

,  Gen.  Martin,  shot,  3773 ;  investiga- 
tion, 3691 ;  widow's  claim,  3793. 

,  imprisoned,  10382. 

Barry,  Alfred,  bishop,  4982. 

,  Beekman  Du,  War  Dept.,  3512. 

,  Due  de,  assassinated,  7232. 

,  Charles,  Sir,  b.,  9263  ;  d.,  9042. 

,  Edward  Middleton,  b.,9442  ;  d.,  98fi1. 

,  James,  b.,  9103  ;  d.,  9323. 

,  (Jeanne  Bc^cu),  Comtesse  du  b.  (1746 

or  1743) ;  influence,  7(B2  ;  d.  (1793). 

,  John,  b.,  662  ;  captures  Edward,  86*. 

d.,  1102. 

1 S.,b.  (1785);  gov.  Mich. ,1572,  1692. 

,  Martin,  b.,  9322  ;  d.,  (1885). 

,  William  Farquhar,  b.,  1362  ;  d.,  302*. 

— r> Taylor, P.M.  Gen.,  b.  (1785),  1372; 

d.(1835).  <      ^        h 

— — ,  Judge,  report  on  country,  9871 . 

Barrymore,  .Maurice,  b.,  9542. 

Barsme,  marries  Alexander  the  Great, 
10251.  ' 

Barstow,  William,  d.,  2482. 

. A.,  b.  (1811) ;  gov.  Wis.,  1751 .       " 

- — ,  John  L.,  gov.  Wis.,  3132. 

Bar-sur-Aube,  battle  of,  7203. 

B^irt,  Jean,  b.,  6902;  d.,  6962. 

Bartas,  Guillaume  deSallustedu,  b.,  6803; 
works,  6*43,  8771;  a.,  6842. 

Bartelot.  M,aj.,  assassinated,  B62i . 

Barth,  Heinrich,  b.,  8122  ;  d.^  8222. 

Barth^lemon,  Franyois  H.,  b.,  7002;  de- 
posed, 7132;  (!.,  7163. 


Barth^lemy,  M.,  Avant  la  Bastille,  7542. 

,  Auguste  Marseille,  b.,  7123;  d.,  7362. 

,  Jean  J.,  b.,  6971 ;  Anarcharsis,  7063  ; 

d.,  7102. 
,  St.  Hilare,  Jules,  b.,  7163;  minister, 

7632. 
Barthema,  Ludovico,  in  Borneo,  551 1 . 
Barthez,  Paul  Joseph,  b.,  6983;  d.,  7163. 
Barthold,   Friedrich    Wilhelm,  b.,  8063; 

d.,8201. 
Bartholdi,    Frf^df^ric   Auguste,    b.,    7262; 

Statue  of  Liberty,  7541 . 
Bartholdt,  R.,  b.,  1722. 
Bartholdy,  Jakob  Salomon,  h.,  8042;  d., 

8123. 
Bartholin,  Kaspar,  b.,  6362;  d.,  6363. 
,  Thomas,  b.,  6362;  disc,  lymphatics  ; 

dcmble  refraction,  6062;  d.,  6363. 
Bartholomew,  Edward  Sheffield,  b.,  1301 ; 

d.,  1841. 
Bartholow,  Roberts,  b.,  1382. 
Barthou,  M.,  minister,  7672. 
Bartine,  David  W.,  b..  1141 . 
Bartlett,Chas.  G.,  commissioned  col.,  3561 . 

,  Franklin,  b.,  1622. 

,  John  Kussell,  b.,  1122  ;  gov.,  2032  ; 

d.  (1886). 
, R.,  commissioned  captain, U.S.A., 

3981. 

, Sherren,  b.,  1022  ;  d.  (1863). 

,iJo8iah,b.,602;  gov.N.H.,  1051  ;d.,106i . 

,  Sidney,  d.,  3;j6i . 

,  Wash.  A.,  b.  (1820±);  gov.,  Cal.,  3292; 

d.  (1887). 

,  Wm.,  Francis,  b.,  1521 ;  d.,  2921. 

, H.,  b.,  9343;  d.,  9582. 

, H.C.,b.,  1161. 

Bartley,  Mordeoai,  b.  (1783);  gov.  O.,  1592; 

d.,  2702. 

,  Thomas  W.,  gov.  O.,  1592. 

Bartol,  Cyrus  Augustus,  b.,  1211. 
Bartoli,  Adolfo,  b.,  10862, 

,  Daniele,  b.,  10823;  d.,  10831. 

,  Pietro  Santi,  b.,  10823;  d.,  1086'. 

Bartolommeo,  Fra.,  b.  (1475);  d.,  10802; 

paintings,  10782,  10801 . 
Bartolozzi,  B'rancesco,  b.,  10841 ;  d.,  10851 . 
Bartolus,  b.-d.,  10762. 
Barton,  religious  troubles,  5083. 

,  Benjamin  Smith,  b.,  741 ;  d.,  1541 . 

— -,  Bernard,  b,,  9233;  d.,  9542. 
— — ,  Clara,  b.  (1830);  pres.  Red  Cross  Asso- 
ciation, 4242. 
— ,  Joseph  L.  B.,  d.,  1004'. 
— -,  William,  b.  (1748);  d.,  1382. 

, Paul  Crillon,  b.,  981 ;  d.,  178' . 

Bartram,  John,  b.,  54' ;  botanist,  65' ;  d., 

891. 

,  William,  b.,  642;  d.,  1302. 

Bartsch,JohannA.B.von,b.,B143;d.,5202. 

,  K.arl  F.,  b.,  8142;  d.,  8321 . 

Barye,  Antoine  Louis,  b.,  7102;  d.,  7501 . 
Baa,  reigns,  11473;  repulses  Greeks,  11481 . 
Basaiti,  Marco,  paintmgs,  10801 ,2. 
Basan,  Pierre  Fran9ois,  born,  6982;  died, 

7113. 
Baschi,  Malteo  di,  b.,  10791 ;  founds  Order 

Capuchins,  10811;  d.,  10803. 
Bascom,  John,  b.,  1342  ;  works,  2111 ,  2683, 

3031,  3083,  3231. 
,  Henry  Blddleman,  b.,  1061 ;  bp.,  1683; 

d.,  168'. 

, Clay,  nom.  for  pres.,  4092. 

Bascon,  Badenese  troops  defeated,  7422. 
Baseball,  curve  pitching  Intro.,  2693;  Pro- 
fessional clubs,  fmd.,  309' ;  Am.  Asso. 

fmd.,  3133. 
Basedow,  Johann  Berend,  b.,  8002;  Orbis 

I'ictus,  805' ;  d.,  8043. 
Basel,  Switz.,  Church  Council  at,  6763; 

peace  of,  7113;  Univ.  fnd.,  1137' ;  Refor- 

mationat,  11372;  ozone  discovered,  1138' ; 

Savings  Bank  opened,  11383;  Society  of 

Israel's  Friends  org.,  11382. 
Bashford,  Coles,  gov.  of  Wis.,  1792;    d., 

2982. 
Basil,  Saint,  b.-d.,  10283. 

,  heretic,  5652. 

1.,  Emperor,  b.-d.,  10322;  kills  Michael 

III.,  10332-  overthrows  Arabs,  11552;  re- 
conquers Cappadocia,  1154' . 
—  II.,  Emperor,  b.,  10322;  subdues  Bulg., 

1032'  defeats  Bulg.,  565'  ,3;  reigns,  10332; 

blinds  prisoners,  10733;  d.  (1025). 
the  Great,  bp.  of  Caesarea,  10683 ;  suc- 
ceeds Ensebius  ;  d.,  1029' . 
Basilicas  erected,  1068'. 
Basilicus,  Jacob,  impostor,  k.,  11122, 
Basin,  Thomas,  b.-d.,  6762. 


Basing,  Baron,  title  created,  9963. 
Baskerville,  John,  b.,  9022;  d.,  919'. 
Baskewill,  makes  papier-maeh(5,  9102. 
Baskiii,  AlonzoP.,nom.  for  gov.  Fla.,4113. 
Basking  Ridge,  N.  J.;  Lee  captured,  843. 
Basnage  de  Beauval,  Henri,  b.,  6902  ;  d., 

6963. 

,  Jacques,  b.,  6902;  d.,  6982. 

Basque  Provinces  subdued,  1125' ;  siege  of, 

1132'. 
Basra,  action  at,  1156' . 
Bass,  Edward,  b.,  602;  bishop  Vt.,  1043; 

of  Mass.,  1063;  d.,  1102. 

,  George,  surveyor,  494' ;  d.  (1812). 

Straits  discovered,  4941 . 

Bassano,  French  victory,  7121 . 

,  Giacomo  da  Ponte,  d.,  10822. 

Bassanville,  Comtesse  de  Anal's  (Lebrun), 

b.,  7163. 
Basse,  Jeremiah,  governor,  55'. 
Bassein  stormed,  10462;  mission,  1047' . 
Basselin,  Olivie,  b.-d.,  0742. 
Baasett,  Richard,  gov.  Del.,  1093;  d.  (1815). 
Bassens,  in  charge  of  Judea,  11533. 
Bassi,  Laura  Maria  Catarina,  b.,  1083' ; 

d.,  10843. 

,  Luigi,  b.,  10842  ;  d.  (1825). 

Bassianus,  Joannes,  b.,  10742. 
Bassini,  Carlo,  d.,  272' . 
Bassompierre,  Francois,  b.,  6842;  d.,  6883. 
Bassus,  Publius  Ventidius,  legate  for  An- 
tony, 10602;  consul,  10012. 
Bast,  Friedrich  J.,  b.,  803' ;  d.,  8102. 
Bastian,  Adolph,  b.,  8123 ;  at  San  Salvador, 

1093'. 
,  Henry  Charlton,  b.  (1837);  lieyinnings 

of  Life, '^163. 
Bastiat,  Frdd&lc,  b.,  7143;  works,  7303; 

d.,  7302. 
Bastidas,    Rodrigo,  in  Venez.,  15' ;    New 

Granada,  162;  discoveries,  11262;  visits 

Colombia,  162. 
Bastide,  Jules,  b.,  7142;  d.  (1879). 
Bastie,  M.  de  la,  tempering  glass,  748' ;  d., 

752'. 
Bastien-Lepage,  Jules,  b.,  7302;  Joan  of 

Arc,  736' ;  paintings,  736' ,  750' ;  d.,  754' 
Bastile,  fall  celebrated,  3643.    (See  Paris.) 
Bastwick,  Robert,  fined,  883' . 
Basutoland,warin,5S93,602' ;  underBrit., 

5992-    annexed,   601';    armistice,    602'; 

conflict  of  chiefs,  6022;  peace;  self-govt., 

6031 ;  punished,  11052. 
BatHiig^upar,  pirates,  5521 . 
Batavia,  seat  of  govt.,  10443;  Franks  ex- 
pelled, 10073. 
,  N.  Y.,  Rowell  acquitted,  3151;  Hoi. 

purchase  commemorated,  4733. 
Batavian  Republic  fnd.,  5432,  11013;  rec- 
ognized,  5193;    alliance,    7113;    revolt, 

7681,  10633. 
Batbie,  Anselm  Polycarpe,  b.  (1828);  min- 
ister, 7473;  d.  (1887). 
Batchelder,  Brig.-Gen.  Richard  N.,  in  War 

Department,  4472,  3513,  3021 . 
Batchelor,  John,  Aim  of  Japan,  446' . 
Batchford,  Samuel,  mo'derator,  1212. 
Bate,  William  B.,  gov.,  3153;  speech,  439*. 
Bateman,  Baron,  title  created,  946' . 

,  Isabel,  b.,  174'. 

,  John,  settlement,  4953. 

,  Kate  Josephine,  b.   (1842);  appears, 

9662. 
Bates,  Almena,  fnd.  Soldier's  Relief,  1923. 
,  Edward,  b.,  1042;  sustains  Lincoln, 

1973;    Atty.Geu.,  193';  sustains  habeas 

crjrmis,  2112;  d.,  266' . 

.Frederick,  gov.  Mo.,  1332. 

,  Gen.,  at  Mnrfreesboro,  2402. 

,  Henry  Walter,  b.,  9422;  d.  (1892). 

,  John  C,  com.  colonel,  400' , 

— -,  Joshua,  b.,  86' :  d.,  1741 . 

• , ,  b.  (1864);  d.,  2392. 

,  June,  missionary,  5822. 

,  Samuel  Penniman,  b.,  1342. 

,  Sergeant,  arrives   in  London,  2793; 

wins  rifle  prize,  1002' . 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1625);  d.,  9002. 

, W.,  lYeas.  Dept.,  3512. 

,  W.  M.,  lynched,  4083. 

College  organized,  2232. 

Batesville,  Ark.,  Coll.  organized,  2763. 
Bath,  Eng.,  burned,  8493;  Church  Cong., 

9742;  R.  R.  collision,  9813;  Brit.  Asso. 

meets,  996' ;  Bp.  Kennion  cons.,  1012' . 
,  Me.,  squadron  at,  3(H';  fire,  4513; 

steel  ship  launched,  4513. 
,  N.   Y.,    centennial,  4313;    Soldiers' 

Home,  2923;  Soldiers'  Monument,  466'. 


1188 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INJJKX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Belh-Beat 


Bath,  W.  Va.,  Federals  retire,  2021 . 

,  E.  of,  minister,  8972.  (See  Pulteney.) 

,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  9232. 

and  West  of  Kng.  Soc.  fnd.,  9212. 

Beach,  l>r.  MoGlynn's  mass  at,  4341 . 

Bathori,  Andreas,  defeated,  11121 . 

,  Stephen,  b.-d.,  11142;  pr,  of  Transyl- 
vania ;  reigns  in  Poland,  11152. 

Baths  and  \vash-house  nuLsance  Act,  9552, 

Bathshoba  marries  I>avid,  11431 . 

Bathurst,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9152. 

,  Earl,  Allen,  b.,  9862;  d.,  919i . 

,  Earl,  Henry,  b.  (1762);  minister,  9433; 

d.  (1834). 

, ,  b.  (1714);  lord  chancellor,  9193; 

d.  (1794). 

,  Ralph,  b.,  8802;  d.,  9022. 

,  Australia,  see  established,  9722. 

pastures,  4941 ;    diocese,  4981 ;    gold 

disc,  4942;  Bp.  Camidge  cons.,  9962. 

,  West  Africa,  action  at,  lOlOi . 

Bathyllus,  introduces  pantomime,  10282. 

Batiuskof,  Constantino  Nicolacavitch,  b., 
(1787),  d.,  11182. 

Batoche,  defenses  carrieit,  5841 . 

Baton  Rouge,  La.,  Louisiana  Univ.  org., 
1863;  action  at,  2103;  Federals  evacuate, 
211 1 ;  Grover  sent  to  capture,  2163 ;  dis- 
cordant Repub.  meet,  2791 ;  capital,  3013. 

Batootah,  Ibn,  b.-d.,  11262. 

Batory,  Christopher,  grand  prince,  5112. 

,  Sigismund,  granapr.,  5112,3 ;  d.  (1613). 

,  Stephen,  b.  (1522);  Hungarian  leader, 

6081  ;  J.  (1586). 

Batsch,  Admiral,  sentenced,  8281 . 

Battalian,  91st  org.  in  Can.,  5881 . 

Battard,  Victor,  b.,  7163. 

Battering-ram  used,  10203. 

Battersea,  London,  Eng.,  Royal  Masonic 
Institute  fnd. ,9252;  Training-school  fnd., 
9503;  Baron,  title  created,  9591 , 

Battery,  electric,  tirst  constructed;  nitric 
acid,  constructed,  9501 . 

Batteux,  Charles,  b.,  6963;  d.  (1780). 

Batthyanyi,  Pr.  Karl  von,  b.  (1697);  leader, 
5142:  d.  (1772). 

,  Kasimir,  b.,  5191 ;  d.,  5242. 

,  Louis,  Ct.,b.(1809) ;  gov.,  5231 ;  d.,5233. 

Batti,  see  created,  S483. 

Battle,  Lorenzo,  Pres.  Uruguay,  11603. 

Creek,   Mich.,   Adventists'    Conven., 

3541 ;  K.  B.  accident,  +413,  4651 ;  street 
fight,  3641 ;  B.  C.  College  fnd.,  2863. 

Battleford,  besieged,584i ;  Indians  hanged, 
5851. 

Battle  of  Fro(js  and  Mice  appears,  10271 . 

Battles,  partial  list  of  famous  [see  others 
in  alphabetical  place,  naval  battles  are 
marked  with  a  dagger] ;  Actium,t  10281 ; 
Arbela,  10242;  Agmcourt,  6761 ;  Antie- 
tam,  2131 ;  Atlanta,  2362  ;  Auerstadt ; 
Austerlitz,  716i ;  Beachy  Headt,  6941; 
Benevento,  6721 ;  Blenheim,  6961 ;  Bon- 
hoinine  Richard  captures  the  Serapis,^ 
903;  Borodino,  Rus.,  7181;  Bosworth 
Field,  8661 ;  Boyne,  Ire.,  8981 ;  Bull  Run, 
Va.  (1st),  1%3;  I2d),  2122;  Bunker  Hill, 
802;  Ca:mie,  10541;  Carthagena,  Sp.,t 
6942;  Cedar  Creek,  2391 ;  Chalons,  6622; 
Champion's  Hill,  2221 ;  Chancellorsville, 
221 1 ;  Chattanooga,  2282 :  Chesapealce 
captures  Shannoit^^  1202;  Chickamauga, 
2263;  Cold  Harbor,  2341;  Copenhagen,t 
6381 ;  Corinth,  2061 ;  Crecy,  6741 ;  >on- 
tenoy,  700' ;  Franklin,  Tenn.,  2402;  Get- 
tysbiu'g,  2*i4i ;  (iravelotte  (R^zonville), 
7401 ;  Guerriere  (Brit.)  taken  by  Constitit- 
tioni  (Am.)  1181;  Hastings,  8461 ;  Holland 
Coast,  Monk's  Victory ,t  8921 ;  Hornet  de- 
feats Peacock, [  1201;  Issus,  10242;  Java 
taken  by  the  Constitution,^  1182;  Je- 
mappes,518i ;  Kearsarge  sinks  Alabama,^ 
2313;  Koniggrittz,  Bohemia,  8342;  Leip- 
bio,  7942  ;  Lepanto,t  IO8OI ;  Lexington, 
801;  Lutzen,  5121;  Magenta,  524' ;  Mal- 
plaquet,696i ;  Marathon, IOI81 ;  Marengo, 
7141;  Marston  Moor,  8842 ;  Mobile  Bay,t 
2371  ;3/ont<orand.)/erri;nact,t2043;  Mun- 
da,  10602;  Murfreesboro  (Stone  River), 
2171;  Naseby,8842;Nashville,2402;New 
Orleans,  1223;  Orleans,  Fr.,  relieved  by 
Joan,  6721 ;  Peacock  (Brit.)  taken  by 
Hornet  (Am.),t  1201;  Pharsalus,  1060 1 ; 
Philippi,1028i;PittsburgLanding,Tenn., 
206';  Plattsburg,  N.  Y.,  1222;  Plevna, 
6652;  Poitiers,  Fr.,  674';  off  Portland, 
Eng.,t  888' ;  Prague,  Bohemia,  516' ;  Pul- 
towa,  Rus.,  11341 ;  Ramillies,  Belg.,  542' ; 
B^zonville,  740' ;  Rossbach,  702' ;  SalEi- 


mis,  Gr.,t  10182;  Salamis,Cypru8,t  lOM' ; 
Saratoga,  872;  Sedan,  738';  SImnnon 
(Brit.)  captures  Cliesapeake  (Am.),t 
1202;  Solferino,  524' ;  Spanish  Armada 
destroyed,!  876';  Spottsylvania,  2323; 
Teutoburg  Forest,  1062' ;  Torgau,  5162  ; 
Trenton,  85';  Valmy,  708';  Wagram, 
5183;  Waterloo,  Belg.,  542';  Wilderness, 
2322;  Worcester,  Eng.,  888' ;  Yorktown, 
943;  Zama,  10543. 

Batmn,  free  port,  11213;  ceded  to  Russia, 
11592. 

Batuskof,  Constantine,  h.,  11162. 

Baty  invades  Bulgaria  and  Russia,  1114' . 

JiaiuHs  discovered,  748' . 

Baudelaire,  Charles,  b.,  7223;  Flowers  of 
Evil,  733' ;  d.,  7362. 

Baudin  des  Ardennes,  Charles,  b.,  706' ; 
Vice-admiral ;  d.,  7322;  body  in  Pan- 
theon, 7593. 

Baudouin,  Prince,  funeral,  547'. 

<le  S^btmrg  appears,  673' . 

Baudr^,  M.,  stone  pianoforte,  736' . 

Baudrillart,  Henri  Joseph  Leon,  b.,  7223  ; 
d.,762'. 

,  Jacques  Joseph,  b.  (1774) ;  d.,  726' . 

Baudry,  Paul  Jacques  Aim6,  b.,  7243  ;  d., 
7542. 

Bauerj  Bruno,  b.,  8083;  d.,  8302. 

,  Daniel,  indictment,  4383. 

,  Ferdinand,  b.,  8003;  d.,  8123. 

,  Georg  L.,  b.,  8O22  ;  d.,  8082. 

,  Henry,  indictment,  4143. 

,  Wilhelm,  b.,  8122;  d.,  8281 . 

Baugher,  Henry  L.,  b.  (1805±)  ;  d.,  2602. 

Bauhin,  Gaspard,  b.,  6822;  d.,  6863. 

,  Jean,  b.,  6803;  d.,  6862.     . 

, ,  b.-d.,  11371. 

Bauldelocque,  Jean  Louis,'b.,7003  ;  d.,719i . 

Baum,  Friedrich,  Col.,  at  Bennington,  871 ; 
d.  (1777). 

Baum^,  Antoine,  b.,  6082;  d.,  7151 . 

,  Nicolas  A.  de  la,  b. ,  6882 ;  d. ,  697 1 . 

Baumgarten,  Alexander  Gottlieb,  b.,  7983 ; 
works,  8011;  d.,  8023. 

Sigismmid  Jakob,  b.,  7983;  d.,  8023. 

Crusius,  Ludwig  Friedrich  Otto,  b., 

8M3;  d.,8162. 

,  Hermann,  b.,  8123. 

Baumgartner,  Karl  Heinrich,  b.,  8063. 

Baumstark,  Reinhold  Ludwig,  b.,  8142. 

Baunbargar,  Albert,  murderer,  4331 . 

Baur,  Ferdinand  C,  b.,  8062;  d.,  8202. 

Bausset,  Louis  Fran90is  de,  b.,  7003;  d., 
7242. 

Bautain,  Louis  E.  M.,  b.,  7123;  d.,  7362. 

Bautzen,  Battle  of,  7201 . 

Bauvais,  A.,  governor  La.,  1873. 

Bavaillac,  Francois,  b.,  6842. 

Bavaria,  Ger.,  anti-Rom.  revolt,  10G41 ;  at- 
tacked, 5021 ;  dispute  Bettled,5173;  added 
toAust.  ;  revolt,  5031;  In  Moravia,  5032; 
Pr.  Elector  dies,  5033;  unites  with  Aust., 
5043;  attempt  to  reconquer,  5041 ;  Tilly 
wounded,  5121;  conquered,  5142  ;  sur- 
renders claim,  5153;  conquests  restored, 
5153;  Austrians  invade,  5182;  new  con- 
stitution,8113;  constitutional  monarchy; 
Louis  I.,  King,  8133  ;  enlarged,  6193  ; 
lotteries  abolished,  8163;  Louis  1.  abdi- 
cates, 8171;  Landtag  fmd.,817i;  Maxi- 
milian II.,  King,  8I7I;  Maximilian  Jo- 
seph II.,  King,  8I73;  Imperial  Constitu- 
tion ;  signs  treaty,  8191 ,  5233;  commerce 
conf.,  8211 ;  Louis  II.,  King,  8231 ;  ceiles 
territory  to  Prus.,8262;  Ministry  resigns, 
8271 ;  truce  ;  joins  N.  Ger.  Confed.,  8272; 
Popular  Cath.  Party  fmd.,  8293;  centen- 
ary, 8303;  queen,  d.,  8321 ;  King  drowns, 
8322;  Luitpold,  regent,  833';  labor  dis- 
turbances, 8343;  emperor  visits,  5362;  k. 
Otho  opposed  ;  Luitpold  supported,  8372. 

Bavaria,  mfernal  machine  in,  987' . 

Evan.  Luth.  Asso.  formed,  8182, 

Protestant  Inst,  org.,  813' . 

Volkesf est  opened,  3663 ;  king,  ally  of 

France,  7202;  govt,  of,  7712;  margravate 
est.,  7713;  loses  Carinthia ;  East  Mark 
given  to  Luitpold  ;  restored  to  Henry, 
Duke  of  Bavaria,  775' ;  restored  to  Henry 
the  Lion,  7773;  taken  from  Henry,  779' ; 
French  invade,  796' ;  allies  expelleil, 
800' ;  succession  ;  war  in  Ger.,  804' ;  Aust. 
in,  808' ;  Aust.  expelled,  808' ;  new  con- 
stitution, 8113;  constitutional  charter, 
8133;  clergy  readmitted,  8322. 

Baxter,  Andrew,  b.,  9802;  d.  (1750). 

,  David,  Sir,  b.  (1793);  Park opnd., 9662; 

University  fnd.,  Dundee,  9902. 


Baxter,  Elisha,  b.  (.1827) ;  gov.  Ark.,  281' j 
recognized  gov.  Kan.,  2852. 

,  George  W .,  nominated  gov.,  367' . 

,  James  P.,  library,  3362. 

,  Jedediah  H.,  d.,  372' . 

.Richard,  b.,  880';  works,  8803;  re- 
fuses indulgence,  8963 ;  iniprisoned,  897' ; 
d.,  8982;  statue  unveiled,  9802. 

Baxter's  Springs,  action,  2263. 

Bay,  J.  L.,  Ark.,  defaulter,  3902. 

City,  Mich.,  lire,  4133. 

Bayamo,  taken,  032'. 

Bayandur,  action  at,  1118' . 

Bayard,  Chevalier  de  (Pierre  du  Terrail), 
b.-d.,  6782;  slain,  680'. 

,  George  D.,  b.,  144' ;  at  Dranesville, 

Va.,  2003;  d.,  2172. 

,  .James  Ashton,  b.,  74' ;   Treaty  of 

Ghent,  1233;  d.,  124'. 

,  Nicholas,   b.  (1644±) ;  mayor  N.  Y., 

503;  d.  (1707). 

,  Stephen,  mayor  N.  Y.,  653. 

,  Thos.  Francis,  b.,  136' ;  ambassador, 

4473;  candidate  for  Pres.  nomination, 
293',  305',  3173;  Committee  of  Seven, 
2933;  Electoral  Commission,  295' ;  pres. 
Senate,  3092;  minister,  321' . 

,  Trmnan  H.,  b.,  144'. 

Bayazid,  occupied,  565' . 

Bayer,  Adolf,  b.,  8143. 

,  Gottlieb  Siegfried,  b.,  7982;  d.,  8OO2. 

,  Johann,  b.,  7922;  d.,  7963. 

Bayeux,  captured,  676' . 

Bayle,  Pierre,  b.,  6883  ;  Nouvelles  de  la 
Ripublique,  6932;  d.,  6903. 

Baylen,  battle  of,  7162. 

Bayley,  Lieut.,  killed,  9392. 

,  James  Roosevelt,  b.  (1814);  d.,  290'. 

Baylor,  John  R.,  at  Fort  Fillmore,  198' . 

,  Robert  Einmett  Bledsoe,  b.  (1793)  j 

founder  of  univ. ;  d.,  284' . 

University  org.,  163' . 

Bayly,  Thomas  Haynes,b.,9283;  d.,  (1839). 

Baynan,  William,  b.,  662. 

,  Wm.,d.,  123'. 

Baynes,  A.  H.,  cons,  bishop,  IOIO2. 

,  Thomas  Spencer,  b.,  9403;  d.  (1887). 

Bayonet  invented,  6882. 

ring  adopted,  900' . 

Bayonne  Decree  issued,  II52. 

,  N.  J.,  tire,  3693. 

Bayou  Cache,  Ark.,  defeat  Confed.,  210' . 

Chico,  La.,  Bapt.  church  org.,  119' .  ^ 

Coteau,  La.,  action,  228' .  ^| 

— —  'reche.  La.,  action,  2203.  WM 

Bay  Psalm  Book  published,  37' .  ™ 

Bayview,  Wis.,  work  resumed,  4393. 

Bazaine,  Fransois  AchlUe,  b.,  719';  at 
Metz,  738' ;  at  Vionville  ;  at  b.  of  Grave- 
lotte,  740' ;  atColombey-Nouilly,armyof 
Rhine,  7401 ;  at  Noisseville,  7402-  surren- 
ders Metz,  7423 ;  army  of  Loire  def eated» 
7422;  letter  of,  7433;  trial,  748';  d.,756a. 

Bazalgette,  Joseph,  Sir,  d.,  10042. 

Bazar  issued,  Ger.,  8202. 

Bazotee,  sect  war  with,  10482. 

Beach,  Moses  S.,  b.  (1826) ;  d.,  4122. 

Beachy  Head,  naval  battle,  691' ,  898» . 

Beacon  Li</ht  strikes  iceberg,  3593. 

BeaconsHeld  mission,  5982. 

.    (See  Disraeli.) 

Club  opened,  9972. 

Beads  used  in  prayers,  10683. 

Beale,  Edward  F.,  b.  (1822) ;  d.,  428' . 

Beall,  John  Y.,  b.  (1835) ;  hanged,  3422. 

Beamsville  Auxiliary. 

Bean,  John  Wm.,  threatens  Queen,  951'. 

,  Tarlton  Hoffman,  b.,  I6O2. 

Bean's  Station,  Tenn.,  repulse,  2283  ;  raht 
from,  2402. 

Bear  ordered  north,  404' . 

baiting  prohibited,  G.  B.,  947' . 

Beard,  George  Miller,  b.,  1502;  d.,  312'. 

,  James  Henry,  b.  (1814) ;  in  Nat.  Acad- 
emy Design,  280' . 

,  Wm.  Holbrook,   b.,   132';   in   Nat. 

Academy  Design,  217' . 

Beardsley,  Eben  Edwards,  b.,  114'  ;  0. 
(1891). 

,  Lester  A.,  b.,  146' . 

,  Nelson,  b.  (1808)  ;  d.,  448'. 

Beasley,  Frederick,  b.,  89' ;  d.,  I681 . 

Beath,  Bobt.  B.,  commander,  G.A.R.,  315' . 

Beaton,  David,  b.,  8662;  d.,  870' . 

,  James,  Card.,  b.  (1494) ;  assassuiated, 

869', 2. 

Beatrice,  Neb.,  Inst,  for  feeble-m.,  327'. 

,  Princess,   b.,  9932  ;    marries  Prin09 

Henry,  9942. 


• 


Beat-Belg. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        lNlJil.X.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1189 


Beatrix,  asteroid,  discovered,  10862. 

of  Tuscany,  marries  Godfrey,  10753; 

d.  (1076). 
Betittie,  James,  b.,  308*;  works,  017';  d., 

932*. 
Beatty,  Pa.,  St.  Vincent's  Coll.  org.,  2722. 

Chas.  C.,  motlerator,  217*. 

,  .Tolui,  b.,  1361. 

,11.  J.,  guilty,  4223. 

,  D.  of,  title  created,  9372. 

Boauchamp,  Alphonsede,  b.,  703' ;  d.,  7261 . 

,  Karl  of,  Fredericlt  Lygou,  d.,  1U042. 

,  Kicli.,  E.  of  Warwick,  Gen.,  b.,  8602  ; 

d  (1439). 
Beaucharmais,  Deux  ^mis,  7052. 
Beauclerk,  Topham,  b.,  9103;  d.  (1780). 
Beaufort,  Baron,  title  created,  8932. 

,  Henry,  b.,  8582;  cardinal ;  d.,  8633. 

, li.,  Duke  of  Somerset,  prisoner, 

8833;  beheaded,  864' . 

,  .lane,  marriage,  8632. 

,  Louis  de,  d.,  7103. 

,  N  G.,  Nashville  escapes,  2042;  taken, 

2052. 
Beaugency,  taken,  7423. 
Beauharnais,  Eugene  de,  b.,  7051 ;  viceroy 

of  It.,  7153;  at  Miickern,  7183;  defeats 

Aust.  on  Mincio,  7202;  d.,  7242. 

,  Horten.se  Eugenie,  b.,  7051 ;  d.,  7262. 

Beanharnois,  P.  Q..  rebellion,  5781 . 

,  Ohai-les  de  la  Boische  de,  b.  (16701:)  ; 

Can.  gov.,  5752;  d.  (1749). 
Beaulieu,  Capt.  Morel,  protection,  4302. 
Beauuianoir,  Philippe  de,  b.  (1250±) ;  d., 

6722. 
Beaumarcbais,  Pierre  Auguste  Garon  de, 

b.,6983;  works,  7033,  7052,  7063;  agent  in 

Am.,  8.'!3;  d.,7142. 
Beaumelle,  Laurent  Angliviel  de  la,  b., 

6982 ;  d.  (1773). 
Beaumont,  Fr.,  French  defeated,  7402. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  8551 , 

,  Basil,  b.,  8922;  d.  (1703). 

,  Christopbede,  Arohbp.,b.  (1763) ;  per- 
secutes Jansenists,  701 1 ;  d.  (1781). 
,  Francis,  b.,  8762;  works  of,  8783;  d., 

8801. 
,  de  la  Bonnifere,  Gustave  Auguste  de, 

b.,  7143;  d.,  7.302. 

,  Jcis.,  b.  (1615) ;  Psyche,  8863;  d.  (1699). 

,  .lolm  G.,  b.,  1301 ;  d.  (1882). 

,  \Vm.,  b.,  1061 ;  d.  (18M). 

Vassy,  Vicomte  de,  Edouard  F.  de  la 

Bonniiire,  b.,  7222;  d.,  750' . 

,  Mr.,  operates  railway,  8781 . 

Beaonais  and  Binet,  work,  766' . 
Beamie,  Florimond,  de,  b.,  6862;  d.,  6902. 
Beaune-la-Iiolande,  Loiret,  battle,  7423. 
Beaunus,  St.,  bp.,  Banffshire,  8462. 
Beauplan,  Guillaume   Levasseur  de,   d., 

6922. 
Beaupres,  Abbey  of,  bull  hanged,  6791 . 
Beauregard,  Chas.  Victor,  b.,  7031 ;  d.,  7191 . 
,  Pierre  Gu-stave  Toutant,  b.,  1262;  at 

Charleston,    1921;    proclamation,   1961; 

commands  Confeds.,  1961,  2042;  at  Bull 

Run,  Va.,  1963;  in Tenn.,  2051 ;  at  Shiloh, 

2061 ;  evacuates  Corinth ;  at  Bahhvin  and 

Okolona,  2082;  at  Charleston,  2182,  2261 ; 

at  Drury's  Bluff,  2331;  at  Petersburg, 

2343;  at  Columbia,  2122;  council  with 

Davis,  2461;  d.,4a4i. 

,  Miss.,  cyclone,  312* . 

Beaurepaire,  Nicolas    Joseph,  b.  (1740) ; 

Gen.,  executes  ladies,  8072;  d.  (1792). 

^Eohan,  Henri  de,  b.,  7223. 

Beausobre,  Lsaac  de,  b.,  6902;  d.,  7002. 
Beautemps-Beauprti,     Charles    Francois, 

b.  (1766) ;  d.,  7322. 
Beauvais,  siege,  6781 ;  taken,  7403. 

,  Charles  Theodore,  b.,  7042;  d.,  7261. 

Beauz^e,  Nicolas,  b.,  6971 ;  d.,  7062. 
Beaver,   James    Adams,    gov.    Penn.,  b. 

(1837);  3293;  Log  College  celeb.,  3443; 

ship  canal  commission,  3473. 

Dam  Creek,  Va.,  repulse,  2092. 

Falls,  Geneva  Coll.,  org.,  1643. 

,  Pa.,  Coll.  and  Musical  Inst,  tnd.,  1731 . 

Bebar,  riots,  5351 . 

Bebb,  Wm.,  gov.,  1613. 

Bebee,  Geo.  M.,  gov.,  2032. 

Beber,  falls,  6601. 

Beccafumi,  Domenico  de  Pace,  b.,  10783; 

d.,  10803. 
Beccaria,  Cesare  Bonesana,  Marquis  di, 

b.,  10842;  work,  10852. 

,  Giovanni  Battista,  d.,  10843. 

Becerra,  Diego,  explorer,  203;  d.  (1533). 
,  Gaspare,  b.-d.,  11282. 


Becher,  Johann  J.,  b.,  7943;  pit-coal  tar, 
9221;  d.,  7982. 

Bechsteiu,  Johann  M.,  b.,  8023;  d.,  8122. 

Bechuanaland,  missionaries  enter,  5972; 
freebooters,  6022;  physical  tests  ;  mis- 
sionaries change  society,  6023 ;  Brit,  pro- 
tectorate ;  military  govt.  est. ;  annexa- 
tion opposed,  6032;  Customs'  Union, 
6043;  settled,  9951 ;  aimexed,  10072. 

Bechuaufis,  physique,  6023. 

Beck,  Christian  D.,  b.,  8023;  d.,  8142. 

,  James  Burnie,  b.  (1822);  d.,  3581; 

congressional  obsequies,  3692. 

,  Johann  T.,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8282. 

,  John  Broadhead,  b.,  1042;  d.,  1682. 

,  Lewis  C,  1081 ;  b.-il.,  1722. 

,  Queen,,  assaults  George  111.,  9212. 

,  Theodric  Homeyri,  b.,  1022;  d.,  1761. 

,  Thomas,  wins  rifle  prize,  9821 . 

Becker,  August,  b.,  8141 . 

,  Ernst  Albert,  b.,  8142. 

,  Georges,  b.,7283. 

,  Jean,  b.,  8142. 

,  Karl  Ferdinand,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8282. 

,  Nikolaus,  b.,  8121;  works,  8152;  d., 

8162. 

,  Thomas  A.,  cons.  E.   C.  bp.,   2062; 

transferred  to  Savannah,  3223. 

,  attempts  to  assassinate  king,  8203. 

Beckford,  William,  b.,  9143;  d.,  9522. 

Beckmann,  Johann,  b.,  8002;  d.,  8102. 

Beckwith,  A.  C,  senator,  4252. 

,  -John  Watrous,  b.  (1831) ;   cons,  bp., 

2602;  d.,  3721. 

Beck\vith'8  Farm,  Mo.,  action  at,  2001 . 

Becquerel,  Alexandre  Edmond,  b.,  7223; 
d.,  7602. 

,  Antoine  CiSsar.  b.,  7062;  d.,  7502. 

Bective,  Countess  of,  woolen  mfg.,9883. 

Beddoes,  ThoniiUi,  b.,  9143;  d.,  9343. 

,  Thomas  Lovell,  b.,  9322;  works,  9411 , 

9563;  d.  (1849). 

Bede,  Venerable,  b.-d.,  S42i ;  Olstory,  »43i . 

Bedel,  Timothy,  b.  (1740) ;  d.,  98i . 

Bedell,  Gregory  Thurston,  b.,  1261 ;  con- 
secrated bp.,  1802;  d.,  4021. 

, Townsend,  b.,  1042;  d.,  1422. 

Bedford,  Bunyan  statue  unveiled,  9781 . 

,  D.  of,  title  created,  8991 .    (See  Plan- 

tagenet,  Russell.) 

,  D.  of,  statue  erected,  9343. 

,  Gardner  thank-ott'ering,  4242. 

,  Gunnuig,  b.  (1747) ;  gov.  Pa.,  1073;  d., 

2702. 

Bedingfleld,  V.  L.,  robbed,  4282. 

Bedle,  .Joseph  D.,  gov.  N.J.,  2912;  d.,  4741. 

Bedmar,  Alfonso  de  la  Cueva,  b.  (1572) ; 
conspiracy  of,  10373;  d.  (1665). 

Bedouins,  ravage  Tunis,  11391. 

Bedr,  battle  of,  4841. 

Bee,  Bernard  E.,  b.,  132' ;  d.  (1861). 

,  Gen.  H.  P.,  at  Cane  Eiver  Ferry,  2321 . 

Beecher,  invents  padlock,  7902. 

,  Catherine  Esther,  b.,  1082;  d.,  2982. 

,  Chas.,  b.,  1241. 

,  Edward,  b.,  1102. 

,  Henry  Ward,  b.,  1211 ;  lectures,  1583; 

works,  1783,  1863,  2603,  2643,  2683,  2771  ; 
speaks  in  Eng.,  2272;  pres.  Woman's 
Suffrage,  2692;  introduces  P^re  Hya- 
cinthe,  2691 ;  demands  investigation, 
2843;  scandal  charges,  2872;  country 
place,  3493;  d.,  ,3261. 

,  Lyman,  b.,  823;  graduates,  1083;  or- 
dained, 1083;  installed,  1163;  at  Hanover 
St.  Church,  1342;  pres.  Lane  Sem.,  1403; 
d.,  2191. 

,  Thomas  Kinnicut,  b.,  1321 . 

Beechey,  Frederick  Win.,  b.,  9283;  d.,  9603. 

,  William,  Sir,  b.,  9123;  d.,  9482. 

Beef -cattle,  exported  to  Eng.,  2833. 

steak  Club  fnid.,  London,  9092. 

Beekman,  Gerardus,  gov.,  693. 

— — ,  Wm.,  gov.  Pa.  in  (1658). 

Beer,  brewing  kno^vn,  10982;  from  barley, 
6462;  tax  restored,  2313. 

,  Adolf,  b.,  5202. 

,  Michael,  b.,  8063;  d.,  8142. 

Beers,  W.  H.,  b.,  1302;  Life  Insurance  Co., 
4003;  d.,444t. 

Bees,  introduced  in  N.  Eng.,  44i . 

Beethoven,  Ludwig  van,  b.,  8031;  works, 
5191;  funeral  eel.,  5311;  d.,  8123;  bust, 
3181. 

Beethoven's  Conserv.  est.,  St.  Louis,  2761 . 

Beet-sugar,  produced,  8002;  free  admis- 
sion, 3933. 

Beets,  Nicolaes,  b.  (1814) ;  Camera  Ob- 
scura,  11022. 


Beezadeeza  mission,  6571. 
Begas,  Karl,  b.,  8062;  d.  (1854). 
Begasces,  pirates  sack,  6302. 
Beggars,  Eng.  law  against,  8583. 
Jieffyar's  Bush  produced,  8911 , 

Opera  produced,  9081 . 

Beggs,  John  F.,  discharged,  3482. 
Begin,  L.  N.,  cons.  K.  C.  bn.,  5861 . 
Begole,  Josiah  W.,  gov.  Mich.,  3152. 
Bcgon,  Michel,  b.,  6882;  d,,  6063. 
Heguine  Order  of  Nmis  est.,  5392. 
Behacs  taken,  5281 . 
Behaim,    Martin,    b.,    7842;    improbable 

voyage,  143;  d.,  7863. 
Beham,  Bartholomaus,  b.,  7863;  d.,  7902. 

,  Hans  S.,  b.,  7863;  d.,  7921 . 

Behanzin,    King,    surrenders,    7661 ;    de- 
feated, 11612;  surrenders,  11612. 
Behar,  under  British  rule,  9173. 
Beheram  Khan,  rebellion,  5391 . 
Behic,  M.,  minister,  7371. 
Behm,  Ernst,  b.,  8142;  d.,  8302. 
Behmes,  William,  d.,  9681 . 
Behn,  Aphra,  b.,  8842  ;  Oroonoko,  8883  ; 

d.,  8982. 
Behring,  Vitus,  poet,  b.,  6362;  d.,  6363. 

, ,  b.,  6363;  navigator  ;  d.,  6381 . 

Beiderlindeu,  Bernard,  cons.  bp.  E.  C, 

9962. 
Beirut,  mission  at,  11563;  Theo.  School, 

11582. 
Beissel,  Johann  Conrad,  b.,  502;  d.,  761 . 
Beke,  Charles  Tilestone,  b.  (1800) ;  disc., 

4881  ;d.  (1874). 
Bekker,  Balthasar,  b.  (1634) ;  Beioverdet 

11012;  d.  (1698). 

,  Elizabeth,  b.-d.,  1101 1 . 

,  Immanuel,  b.,  8042;  d.,  8202. 

Bela  I.,  king,  5033;  d.,  5022. 

II.  enthroned;  eyes  put  out,  5043; 

enemies  slain,  5043:  d.  (1141). 

III.,  enthroned  ;  marriage  ;  intro- 
duces Greek  civilization  into  Hmigary, 
5043. 

IV.  defeats  Frederick  II. ;  defeated  at 

Moravia,  5041 ;  enthroned,  5051 ;  d.  (1270). 

,  B.  Edward,  b.,  1101 . 

Belalcazar,  at  Bogota,  213. 

Beljisyse,  Lord,  liberated, 8972;  lordtreas., 
8973. 

Belcari,  Matfeo,  works,  10792;  d.  (1454). 

Belcher,  Sir  Edward,  b.,  9283;  d.,  9822. 

,  Jonathan,  b.  (1681) ;  gov.,  632,  672, 

5753;  d.  (1877). 

,  Joseph,  b.  (1794) ;  d.,  1842. 

Belckow,  steel  works  closed,  10073. 

Belcredi,  Eicliard  von,  b.  (1823) ;  ministry 
est.,  8231 ;  resigns,  5272. 

Belden,  Chas.,  shoots  four  persons,  4383. 

,  James  J.,  b.,  1322  ;   offers  library, 

3843. 

Belein,  Braz.,  founded,  292. 

BeWtre,  Mich.,  surrenders,  72'. 

Belfast,  Ire.,  royal  grant,  8793 ;  bridge 
built,  896';  Castle  burned,  9033;  B.Newa 
tetter  issued,  9091 ;  Bank  est., 9253;  Me- 
chanics' Inst,  est.,  9421 ;  choler.'i  in,  9453  ; 
Queen's  Bridge  built,  9601 ;  BritLsh  Asso. 
meets,  9641,  9741 ;  religious  riots,  9571, 
9003 ,  9623 ;  National  Social  Science  Asso. 
meets,  9G4i,2,  9662;  Orangemen  riots, 
9671,  2;  election  riots,  9683;  religious 
riots,  9771 ,  9863, 9943  ;  proclaimed,  9953  ; 
strike,  10003  ;  Albert  Bridge  fnd. ;  new 
dock  opnd.,  10013  ;  statue  of  Wm.  of  Or- 
ange, 1002' ;  Ulster  Conven.  meets,  10083; 
riots,  10103;  Pan-Presby.  Conf.,  3182. 

,Me.,iire,2833. 

Beifort  annexed  to  Fr.,  (3893  ;  besieged, 
7422  ;  bombarded  ;  sorties  from,  7423  ; 
battle  of,  7441 ;  capitulates,  7441 ;  retro- 
ceded  to  Fr.,  7471 ;  Gcr.  victory,  826' . 

on  Hant-Rhin  fnui.,  7473. 

Belgic  Gaul,  Belgium,  subdued,6622,10582. 

Belgioioso,  Princess  of,  Christina  di  Tri- 
vulzio,  d.,  10882. 

Belgium  (see  text,  pp.  539-549),  revolt 
against  Fr.  gov.,  672' ;  IjOuis  de  Male  ex- 
pelled, 6753  ;  first  war  of  Conquest,  690 ' . 
Barrier  Treaty  signed,  9053  ;  annexed  to 
France,  7093  ;  crown  of,  refuseil,  7273  ; 
neutrality  declared ;  proposals  for  an- 
nexation, 7393;  war  with  HoU.,  1102'; 
treaty  with  Neth.;  separates  from  Netli.* 
11023. 

Belgius  invades  Macedonia,  1026' . 

Belgrade  besieged,  11-23' ;  taken,5082,514'i 
1156' ,  2  ;  ce<led,  6I6I ;  restored  to  Porte, 
treaty  of,  6I52  ;  Austrians  capture,  51(53. 


1190 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        IJaL)i1.X.,        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


Belh-Bent. 


Belhaven,  Baron,  title  created,  885^ . 
Belibus,  reigns,  11453. 
Belisarius,  Gen.,  ij.-d.,  10803  ;  overtlirows 
Vandals,  1070' ;  conquests,  8i ;  command 
of  army,  1030' ;  remarltable  victories  ; 
conquests,  10313 ;  conducts  campaigns, 
11061 ;    invents    water-mills    for    corn, 
10702;  imprisoned,  10302  ;  d.,  11642. 
Belknap,  George  E.,  b.,  1401 ;  commands 
fleet,  3361;  commodore,  3361 ;  witlidraws 
marines,  10941 , 

,  Jeremy,  b.,  662  ;  d.,  1081 . 

,  Wm.  G.,  b.,  1042  ;  d.,  1682. 

, Wortli,  b.,  1362;  Sec.  of  War, 

2692  ;  minister,  2813  ;  bribery  impeach- 
ments, 2912  J  conviction  fails,  2932  ;  d., 
3701. 
Bel-kudur-ujur,  reigns,  11432. 

uzur  gains  land,  11401 . 

Bell,  Alex.  Graham,  b.  (1847) ;  telephone, 
2841,  2901,  2941,  9821;  invents  photo- 
phone,  2982  ;  sound  by  electricity,  3081  j 
invents  graphophone,  3281 ;  gift  to  Deaf- 
Mute  Association,  3781 . 

,  Andrew,  b.,  9123  ;  d.,  9461 . 

,  Chas.  Henry,  b.  (1823) ;  gov.  N.  H., 

3093;  d.,  2861. 

, K.,  b.,  1722. 

,  George,  d.,  10041 . 

,  Henry,  b.,  (1767);  steam  passage  boat, 

9343  ;  d.  (1830). 

, Haywood,  b.  (1808);  d.,  2601 . 

,  John,  b.,  1062  ;  gov.,  1373  ;  Speaker, 

1433  ;  Sec.  War,  1532  ;  for  Pres.,  1872  ; 
vote,  1883,  1913  ;  d.,  2662. 

, ,  b.,  9162  ;  d.,  9422. 

,  Louis,  d.,  2423. 

,  Lowire,  P.  O.  Dept.,  3612. 

,  Patrick,  Kev.,  reaping  machine,  9701 , 

,  P.  Hausborougli,  gov.  Tex.,  1671 . 

,  llobert,  b.,  9302  ;  n.,  9701 . 

,  Sam.,  b.  (1770) ;    gov.  N.  H.,   1273  ; 

d.  (1860). 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9262  ;  d.  (1880). 

, ,  gift,  10062. 

,  Columbian  Liberty,  cast,  4332,  4373. 

ringing,  signal  for  worship,  10751 . 

Rock  Lighthouse  erected,  9322. 

Beliary,  Madras,  mission,  10162. 
Belidor,  Bernard  Forest  de,  b.,  6942  ;  d., 

7023. 
Belisann,  discovered,  5283. 
Bella,  Stefano  della,  b.,  10823  ;  d.,  10831 . 
Bellamont,  Eichard  Coote,  Lord,  gov.,  533, 
551 ;  commission,  561 . 

,  Lord,  in  duel,  9192. 

Bellamy,  Edward,  b.,  I68I ;  S'.  Natian,  3781 . 

,  Jacobus,  b.-d.,  IIOI1 . 

,  Joseph,  b.,  582  ;  d.,  1022. 

Bellarmino,  Koberto,  b.,  10803  ;  d.,  108  23. 
Bellay,  Joachim  du,  b.,  6831 ;  works,  6831 ; 

d.,  6822. 
Belleau,   Narcisse    Fortunate,    Sir,   gov- 
ernor, 5832  ;  d.,  6941 . 

,  Eemi  b.,  6803;  works,  0831 ;  d.,  6841 . 

Belle  Fontaine  established,  1673. 
Bellefonte,  Pa.,  Agr.  Coll.,  fnd.,  211 1 . 
Belle  Isle,  Can.,  Montreal  wrecked,  5893. 

,  Marshal,  at  Prague;   Fr.  fleet 

captured,  7001 ;  captured,  7021 . 

Plain,  la.,  fire,  4673. 

Poule  captured,  7041 ;  remains  of  Na- 
poleon, 7292. 

Zaiie  capsizes,  1593. 

Bellenden,  John,  d.,  8701 . 
Befteropiton  launched,  9681 . 
Belleville,  Frederick  de,  b.,  7283. 

,  Can.,  Ontario;  Intelligejicer ;  Albert 

College,  5791 ;  flres,  5873  ;  log  jam,  5892. 
,  111.,  convent  burned,  3173  ;  K.  C.  dio- 
cese organized,  3282. 

,  Pans,  mission,  7462. 

Bellevue  Med.  Hospital,  N.  Y.,  opd.,  1091 . 
Bellew,  Baron,  title  created,  9531 . 
Belliard,  Cointe,  Augustin  Daniel,  b.,  7042; 

d.  (1862). 
Bellingham,  Sir  Edward,  deputy,   8712  ; 
d.  (lo49). 

,  Kichard,  b.  (1592?);  gov.  Mass.,  372, 

393,422,  3  ;  d.  (1672). 
Bellini,  Gentile,  b.-d.,  10783. 

,  Giovanni,    b.-d.,    10783  ;    paintings, 

10782, 10801 . 

,  Lorenzo,  d.,  10831 . 

,  Vincenzo,  b.  (1802);  d.,  10862. 

Bellman, KarlMikael, b.-d., 11342  ;  works, 

11351. 
Bello,  Francesco,  Mambriano,  10702, 
Bellona,  worshiped,  10503, 


Bellot,  Joseph  Een«,  b.,  7242  ;  d.,  7322. 

,  invents  percussion-caps,  7222. 

BellovarVakarel  K.  R.,  possession,  5682. 
Bellows,  Albert  F.,  b.  (1830);  paintings, 

2601 ,  3001 ,  3081 ,  316I  ;  d.  (1883). 
,  Henry  W.,  b.,  1231 ;  sanitary  commis- 
sioner, 1971 ;  d.,3101. 
Belloy,   Pierre   Laurent   Byrette   de,    b. 

(1727) ;  Siiae  de  Calais,  7033  ;  d.  (1775). 
Bellport,  L.L,  train-wreck,  4002  ;  schooner 

ashore,  4453. 
Bells  introduced,  France,  6642. 
Bellwear,  George,  confesses,  4(>43. 
Belmont,  Mo.,  battle  of,  2002. 

,  August,  b.,  1252  ;  d.,  3721 . 

Belmore,  Earl,  title  created,  9252. 

— ,  Earl  of,  gov.,  N.  S.  W.,  4982. 

Beloit  College,  Wis.,  organized,  1631 . 

Beloli  reigns,  10433. 

Belon,  Pierre,  b.,  IO8O2  ;  d.,  6842. 

Belot,  Adolphe,    b.   (1829);    works,  7343, 

7371,  7432;  d.,  7601. 
Belper,  Baron,  title  created,  9591 . 
Belsham,  Thomas,  b.,  9122  ;  d.,  9441 . 
Belshazzar  reigns,  11472. 
Belton,  Tex.,  Bapt.  Female  Coll.  fnd.,  1783. 
Belts,  The,  frozen  over,  6362. 
Beltzhover,  Frank  B.,  b.,  1522. 
Belvidere,  Eng.,  appears,  8772. 
Belzoni,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.  (1778) ;  ex- 
plorer in  Egypt,  6563  ;  d.,  10862. 
Belzu,  Gen.,  president,  5503. 
Bern,  Jdzef,  b.,  11162  ;  at  Hermannstadt, 

5221;  to  Turkey,  5233;  d.,  5223. 
Beman,  Nathaniel  Sydney  Smith,  b.,  962  ■ 

moderator,  1402  ;  i,  (1871). 
Bembo,  Livingstone's  letter,  501 1 . 

,  Pietro,  b.,  10783  ;   Venice,  IO8I2  ;  d., 

10803. 
Bemis  Heights,  N.  Y.,  fortified,  87i . 
Benanger  coast  line  ceded  ;  5631 . 
Benares,  Sanskrit  Coll.  fnd. ;  Agra  Coll. 
fnd.,    10442;    mission,    10402,3,    10483; 
mutiny  suppressed,  10481. 
Benavides,  Ambrosio  de,  governor,  6053. 
Benbow,  John,  b.,  8882 ;    at  Cartagena, 

6942;  d..  9022. 
Benbow  launched,  9921 . 
Benburb,  battle  of,  8861 . 
Bencoolen  wrecked,  9673, 
Benderinann,  Eduard,  b.,  8IO2  ;  Jeremiah, 

8281;  d.,8321. 
Benedek,    Ludwig    von,    b.,   5191 ;    com- 
mander, 8221;  d.,5302. 
Benedetti,  Giovanni  Battista,  d.,  10821 . 

,  Vincent,  request  to  William  I.,  7393. 

Benedict  Institute  fnd.  at  Columbia,  277 1 . 

,  St.,  b.-d.,  10702  ;  fnds.  Benedictines, 

10703. 

I.,  Pope,  10711. 

II.,  St.,  Pope,  10722. 

III.,  Pope,  10723  ;  adds  crown,  10763. 

IV.,  Pope,  10723. 

v..  Pope,  10731 ;  deposed,  7722. 

VI.,  Pope,  10731 . 

VII.,  Pope,  10731 . 

VIII.,  Pope,  10731. 

IX.,  Pope,  10731 ;  simony,  7743  ;  de- 
throned, 10742. 

X.,  Pope,  10731. 

XL,  Pope,  10763  ;  d.  (1304). 

XII.,  Pope,  10771 ;  d.,  7832. 

XIU.,  Pope,  10832;  prohibits  lotteries, 

10853;  deposed,  7843;  d.,  10842. 

XIV.,  Prospero  Lambertini,  Pope,  b., 

10831 ;    edict   against   Bible,  10851 ;  d., 
10842. 

,  Julius,  Sir,  b.,  8082  ;  d.,  8302. 

,  T.  E.,  gov't  printer,  4473. 

,  Voyage  de  Brendan,  6691 . 

,  Md.,  British  land  at,  1222. 

Benedictines  fnd. ;  influence  in  Europe, 
10703  ;  begin  Hi.itoire  de  la  France,  6992; 
expelled  from  Fr.,  7522  ;  in  Great  Brit., 
8422. 
Beneficent  Asso.  (Eng.)  founded,  9671 . 
Benefices,  quarrel  respecting,  8543  ;  for- 
bidden clergy  (Eng.),  86O2. 
Benefit  of  clergy  abolished  (G.  B,)  9432. 
Beneke,  Friedrich,  b.,  8063  ;  d.,  830 1. 
Benet,  Stephen  v..  War  Dept,  3512. 
Benevento,  battle  of,  6721 . 
Beneventum,  action  at,  10261 ;  colony  at, 

10533  ;  Trajan's  Arch  erected,  10642. 
Benevolences  extorted  (Eng.),  8603. 
Benevolent  Asso.  commenced,  9293. 

Fraternity  organized,  1442. 

— —  Order  Elks  ;  statistics,  4463. 
Benezet,  Anthony,  b.,  6%3;  d.,  7061 . 


Benfey,  Theodor,  b.,  8083  ;  d.,  8301 . 
Bengal :  G.  B.  rules,  9173  ;  Belief  Fund 
started,  9791 ;   conquered,  10421 ;    inde- 
pendent, 10432  ;  annexed,  10443;  English 
trade,  1045' ;  Brit,  acquire  Lower,  10152; 
under   Madras,    10451 ;    famine,    10453 ; 
cyclone,  10483. 
Bengel,  Johann  A.,  b.,  7992;  d.,  8022. 
Ben-Habib,  condemned,  4862. 
Benhadad  I.,  at  Ramoth  Gilead,  11421 ;  be- 
sieges Samaria,  11421 . 

II.  reigns,  11433;  king  of  Damascus, 

11451 ;  d.,  11451. 

Ul.  reigns,  11451 ;  defeated,  1144' . 

Benham,  Gen.  Henry  W.,  b.  (1817) ;  at  Mo- 
Coy's  Mill,  W.  Va.,  2003;  at  Secession- 
ville,  2091 ;  d.  (1884). 

,  Com.  Andrew  E.  K.,  b.  (1832)  ;  rear- 

adm.,  3641 ;  course  approved,  4511 ;  gold 
medal,  4721 ;  retired,  4561 . 
Beni-Adi  mission,  657' . 
Benicia,  Cal.,  St.  Augustine's  College  or- 

anized,  2583. 
Beni-Hassan,  art  patron,  6462.  j 

Mahdo,  Sepoy  rebellion,  l(H8i .  ]■ 

Merin  pr.  conquers  Morocco,  10971 .  H 

Beniowsky,  Moritz  A.,b.,5143;  d.,  5163. 
Beniseouf  mission,  6571 . 
Benjamin,  Judah  Philip,  b.  (1811) ;  Atty.- 
Gen.,  1913;  Senator  withdraws,  1913;  d., 
3162. 

,  Park,  b.  (1809) ;  d.,  2392, 

Franklin,  excursion  boat,  1373. 

Benjamites,  nearly  destroyed,  11401 ,  1141 1 . 
Bennet,  Justice,  names  Quakers,  8863. 

,  A.,  b.  (1750) ;  Gold  leaf  electrometer, 

9242  ;  d.  (1799). 

,  Henry,  E.  of  Arlington,  b.  (1618) ;  in 

Va.,  452;  surrenders  interest,  493. 

,  Caleb  P.,  governor  Del.,  1433. 

College  founded,  2823. 

Chas.  Wesley,  b.,  1361 ;  d.  (1891). 

,  James  Gordon,  b.,  IO61 ;  New  York 

Herald,  1403 ;  sends  Stanley  to  Afr.,  2701 ; 
Afr.  expedition  starts,  2721 ;  d.,  2781 . 

, ,  Jr.,  b.  (1841) ;  sends  Arctic 

expedition,  3021  •  d.  (1879). 

, Eisdon,  Sir,  b.,  9343;  d.,  10062. 

,  Jesse  L.,  in  Virginia  City,  2822. 

,  John,   Sir,   rejected   by   Aldermen, 

9832. 

,  Eichard,  governor  Va.,  393. 

,  Thos.  W.,  Col.,  b.  (1831) ;  at  Gallatin, 

2141;  gov.  Idaho,  2772. 

, ,  governor  S.  C,  1292. 

,  Wm.  Sterndale,  b.  (1816) ;  d.,  9802. 

, ,  Sir,  b.,  9382. 

,  W.  W.,  Sergeant-at-arms,  4!)93. 

Law,  against,  3582  ;  divided  by  Rep., 

3602 ;  rescinded,  3703  ;  indorsed  by  Welsh 
Presb.  3602. 
Bennett's  Mills,  action  at,  1982. 
Benneville,  George  de,  introduces  Univer- 

salism,  651. 
Benningsen,  Levin  August  Theophil,  b., 
11143  ;  (Jen.  Fr.  campaign  in  Prus.,  716' ; 
at  battle  Pultusk,  716' ;  in  Prus.,  720' ;  at 
Heilesburg,  808' ;  d.,  11163. 
Bennington,  battle  of,  87';  steel  squares 
manf.,  128' ;  Soldiers'  Home,  3263;  anni- 
versary, 2973,  3662;  monument,  390' . 
Bennington    launched,    300' ;    ordered  to 

Braz.,  446' . 
Benoft,  Reni,  b.,  6803;  d.,  6862. 

invents  miner's  safety  lamp,  7342. 

Benserade,  Isaac  de,  b.,  6862;  Job,  689'; 

d.,  6942. 
Ben  Slierrod,  burns,  1473. 
Bensington.  action  at,  8421 . 
Benson,  Egbert,  b.,  662;  d.,  1421 . 

,  Henry  Eoxby,  d.,  1008' . 

,  Ky.,  mail  withdraws,  2743. 

Bent,  (jovernor  Charles,  killed,  1632. 
Bentham,  Jeremy,  b.,  9122;  works,  725', 
9211,9251;  d.,9461. 

,  Wm.,  Sir,  d.,  9582. 

Bentinck,  Geo.  A.  F.  Cavendish,  judge- 
advocate-general,  9812. 
— ,  Lord  Wm.  Cavendish,  b.  (1774) ;  goT.- 
gen.,  10473;  d.,  9482. 

— — , ,  Earl  of  Portland,  b.-d.,  11003. 

, Geo.  Fred.  Cavendish  (L.  Geo. 

Bentinck), b., 9303;  d.,9542;  statue, 9541. 
,  Henry  Cavendish,  D.  of  Port- 
laud,  b.,  9103;  minister,  9432,3;  Premier, 
9333  ;  d.,  9343. 
Bentivoglio,  Comelio,  b.,  10831 ;  d.,  10342. 
Bentlev,  Kichard,  b.,  8902;  work,  9003; 
d.,  9103. 


Bent-Berr 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDil^X^,        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1191 


Benton,  Nathaniel  S.,  b.  (1792) ;  d.,  2662. 

,  Thomaa  Hart,  b.,  95i ;  il.,  184< ;  mon- 
ument, 262 1. 

Bentonvillo,  battle  of,  2141 . 

Bentzou,  Th,,  Jacqtteline,  7641 . 

Benzel,  Erie,  b.-a.,  liwa. 

Benzin  discovered,  942 1 . 

Benzoni,  Ueronimo,  b.,  1080*. 

Beuzouia,  Grand  Traverse  College  organ- 
ized, 2232;  B.  Coll.  org.  (1891). 

Beon,  reigns  (Egypt),  6473. 

Bequeathment  law  est.,  England,  8492, 

Beranger,  Pierre  Jean  de,  b.,  705' ;  Stmgs, 
723';  punished,  7252;  d.,  7322. 

B^rard,  Auguste,  b.,  7143  ;  d.,  7283. 

.Auguste  Simon  Louis,  b.,  705';    d. 

(1859). 

,  Pierre  Honors,  b.,  7123;  d.,  7342. 

Berardi,  M.,  elected  bp.,  9803. 

Berbice,  British  Guiana,  capitulates,  9313; 
constitution,  10392. 

Berceo,  Gonzalo  de,  works,  1127'. 

Berchem,  Xicholiis,  b.  (1621) ;  d^5403. 

Berchou.\,  Joseph,  b.,  703' ;  d.,  re82. 

Berchtesgadeu,  ceded,  5193. 

Bere,  John  Baghot  de  la,  decision  against, 
9862. 

Berea,  Africa,  battle  of,  10052. 

,  O.,  Baldwin  Univ.  org.,  1802;  German 

Wallace  Coll.  org.,  2352. 

Berengaria,  marries  Kichard  I.,  8513. 

Berengar  I.,  King,  of  It.,  10732;  defeated  at 
Fiorenzuol.1, 1072';  restored,  10733;  re- 
signs ;  assiissinated,  1073*. 

II.,  rebels,  in  battle  Fiorenzuola,  7722; 

King  of  It. ;  submits  to  OtUo,  I. ;  de- 
posed, 10733.  accepts  suzerain,  7733. 

BJrenger,  Alphonse  H.  M.  F.,  b.,  706' ;  d., 
7362. 

de  Tours,  b.-d.,  6662. 

Berenice  U.,  Queen;  regal  style;  killed, 
6523. 

in.,  reigns  (Egy.),  6532. 

IV.,  reigns  (Egy.),  6532;  d.,  6532. 

,  Jewish  queen,  b.-d.,  1152'. 

Beresford,  Capt.,  at  Lewiston,  Del.,  120' . 

,  Charles,  Lord,  at  Barnum's  l>anquet, 

10023. 

,  Qen.,atBueno8Ayres,932i ;  at  battle 

Albuera,  7182. 

,  Viscount  Wni.Carr,b.,9163  ;  d.,9582. 

Hope,  Alex.  James,  b.  (1820);  d.,  9962. 

Beresina,  France,  passage  of,  7183. 

,  Prof.,  Jtus.  Encyclopalla,  11183. 

Berezowski  attempts  assassination.  737'. 

Berg,  Albert  W.,  b.,  1322. 

,   Friedrich    Wilhelm    Eembert,    b., 

11162;  d.,  11182. 
^— ,  Joachim  von,  b.,  7882  ;  d.,  7922. 

,  M.,  sentence  of,  6423. 

Bergasse,  Nicolas,  b.,  701' ;  d.,  7262. 
Bergen,  N.  J.,  Dutch  settle,  292  ;  settled, 

412;  G.  Du  Bois  installed,  71'. 
,  Neth.,  allies  defeated,  7123;  Adrea- 

tecontors  Etterretniaer,  11W2;  jjeu  Norsk 

Tilahher,  11012;  Viking  ship  sails.  11053. 
— ^,  Prussia,  skirmish  at,  802' . 
op-Zoom  (Neth.),  taken,  700' ;  action 

at,  1098';  saved,  1100'. 
Bergenroth,  Gustav,  b.,  8102;  d.,  8282. 
Berger,  Jean  Jacques,  b.,  7062;  a.,  7342. 

,  Johann  Eric,  b.-d.,  6383. 

,  Ludwig,  b.,  8M2;  d.,  8162. 

Bergerac,  Peace  of,  signed,  6862. 

,  Savinien  Cyrano  de,  b.,  6862  •  works, 

689' ;  d.,  6902. 
Bergeret,  Gaston,  Ckmsin  Babylaa,  7582. 
Bergh,  Henry,  b.,  1302;  pres.  S.  P.  C.  A., 

2522;  statue,  3823;  d.,  3282.  ' 

Berghaus,  Heinrich,  b.,  8063;  d.,  8302. 
Berghem,  Nikolaas  van  Haarlaem,  b.-d., 

11003. 

Bergman,  Torbern  Olof,  b.-d.,  11342;  ex- 
periments with  air,  1134' . 

Bergnis  Dictioniiaire,  723'. 

Bergsoe,  Wilhelm  Jorgen,  b.,  6383. 

Berliampur  mission,  10462. 

Berhtuald,  archbp.  Canterbxiry,8423. 

Bering  Sea,  decision  ;  seal  killing,  3412  ; 
poachers  pmiished,  1123' . 

■  exp.,5702  ;  speeches,  5872  ;  Cong. 

action,  3363,  3633,  3753,  3803,  4552,  4593, 
*772  ;  sealers  seized ;  sealing  persisted 
In, 5892;  poachers,  5913;  closed  by  proc- 
lamation, 339' ;  vessels  numerous,  5913  ; 
Jurisdiction  in,  591';  arbitration  session, 
4272;  Blaine's  letter,  3832;  controversy, 
«»';  Brit,  vessels  prohibited,  10072; 
Brit,  restricted,  10072,3;  Brit,  agents  ar- 


rive, 5932;  complaints,  5933 ;  districted, 
3892;  eommissioners  meet,  3892;  negoti- 
ations ;  Salisbury's  communication,  3803 ; 
proclamation  issued,  3812;  Pres.  procla- 
mation, 3853;  sealing  season,  3872;  Su- 
preme Court,  3753;  treaty  agreement, 
3952;  committee  visit  Alas.,  3873  j  Atty.- 
Gen.  Miller's  decision,  377' ;  arbitrators 
appointed,  4012;  arbitration  treaty, 403' ; 
405';  controversy,  403';  arbitrators 
named, 4072  ;correspondencepublic, 403' ; 
court  of  arbitration,  7643;  flsheries  pro- 
hibited, 10092;  Lord  Salisbury's  note, 
4033;  modus  Vivendi  approved,  4052,3; 
patrolled,  4l>4',  10092;  seal  question  dis- 
agreement, 403';  commissioners  meet, 
4252;  Court  of  Arbitration  argues,  4272, 
4292,  431',7C53;  court's  decision,  4363, 
437',  447',  457',  477', 2,  10122;  arbitra- 
tion ;  refuses  Brit,  report ;  award  Eng., 
10112;  Cong,  approves  award,  4552;  fleet 
sails,  4573 ;  illegal  sealing  prevented, 
4572;  Russian  treaty  ratified,  4593;  otti- 
cers  report  seals,  4693;  vessels  confis- 
cated, 4612. 

Strait,  voyage,  9202. 

,  Vitus.    (See  Behring.) 

Beriot,  Charles  Auguste  de,  b.,  5423;  d., 
5442. 

Berkeley,Cal.,Univ.ofCal.  org.,2623,2822. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  8623. 

,  Duke  of,  title  created,  8932. 

,  George,  in  II.  I.,  613. 

, ,b.,  8962;  works,  9043,909',  9112; 

d.,  9123. 

,  James,  Earl  of,  L.  admiralty,  9031 . 

,  John,  Lord,  committed,  885';  lord 

lieutenant,  8932. 

,  William,  Sir,  b.,  28' ;  gov.  Va.,  372; 

commission,  392;  purchases  land,  43' ; 
opposes  education,  443  ;  unequal  taxar 
tlon,  45' ;  d.,  463. 

Berkman,   Frick's   aasailant,  geutenced, 
4103. 

Berkshire,  Earl  of,  title  created,  8772. 

conquered,  840' . 

and  Columbia  Miss.  Soc.  fmd.,  1083. 

Berlepsch,  Baron  von,  minister,  8372. 

Berlichingen,  Gotz,  or  Gottfried  von,  b., 
7862;  d.,  7922. 

Berlin,  Conn.,  tinware  mfg.,  76' . 

Ger.,  fud.,  7783;  Academy  of  Sciences 

est. ;  observatory  erected,  7982;  districts 
united,  7993;  peace  of,  800',  8013;  burned 
by  Russians,  5162;  captured;  burned, 
8021,2;  bank  est.,  8053;  Berlin  Mcmat- 
achnft,  8052;  French  enter,  7161,  808'; 
conven.  of,  9353;  Berlin  decree  issued, 
115',  1172,  7172,  9332;  Napoleon  enters, 
BerUn decree  issued, 8092;  Berlin  decree 
opposed,  9333  ;  conven.  signed,  8093  ; 
Univ.  est.,  8103;  Missionary  Soc.  fmd., 
813' ;  Literariscke  Zeitunff,  815^ ;  Russian 
troops  enter,  7183  ■  flrst  Gen.  Estates 
meet,  817' ;  truce  of,  signed,  640' ;  steam 
railroad  opened  ;  siege  of,  816' ;  Work- 
ingmen's  Union,  8163  ;  Woman's  Mis- 
sionary Soc.  fmd.,  8162;  besieged,  8173; 
insurrection,  8163  ;  anarchy  prevails ; 
students'  insurrection;  troopsleave,817' ; 
Ger.  Princes  Congress,  6223,  819' ;  truce 
of,  818' ;  Industrial  Exhibition,  8183  ; 
peaceful  measures  supported,  8192 ; 
Democratic  conspiracy,  8193 ;  Evang. 
Alliance  meets,  8202;  military  disagree- 
ments, 8213;  R.  R.  opened,  11193;  peace 
meeting,  8232 ;  Berliner  Jlevue,  8'202; 
Prussians  enter,  8243  ;  synagogue  cons. ; 
Workmen's  Congress,  825' ;  rejoicing, 
827' ;  disarmameiitrefused,827i ;  armies 
enter,  826' ;  Emp.  of  Aust.  arrives,  8263; 
sovereigns  meet,  8273;  chancellors  meet, 
8292;  Monument  of  Victory,  828' ;  Swe- 
den's K.  and  Q.  visit,  829'  ;  Imperial 
Bank  opens ;  Anti-Socialism  Bill  re- 
jected, 8293  J  Berlin  Congress  meets, 
9832  ;  treaty  of,  1113' ;  treaty  debated, 
9832;  treaty  signed,  5293;  electric  rail- 
way; new  Parliament  House,  830'  ;  Cong, 
of,  called,  831' ;  conf.  held,  8312;  treaty 
ratified,  831 ' ;  Hygienic  Conf.  (Internat.), 
8313;  conf.,  10933;  Internat.  Art  Exhi- 
bition, 832' ;  Volka-Zeitung  suppressed, 
8322;  masons'  strike,  8323;  Court  of  Ap- 
peals created,  8333;  Samoan  Conf.,  a'!92; 
schools  opened  for  training  socialistic 
laborers,  8342 ;  influenza,  8433 ,  8353, 8.J73 ; 
art  exhibition,  834' ;  cholera,  8353 ;  Em- 
peror William  on  edncational  system ; 


Jews  excluded  from  schools,  8342;  alco- 
holism and  crime  ;  socialists'  meetings, 
8343;  univ.  refuses  American  diplomas, 
8322;  treaty  reforms  toArmenian  Church, 
11582;  Deutsche  Bank  loss,  835' ;  Kaiser 
Wilhelm  Memorial  Chapel,  8342;  w'oin- 
en's  rights  refused,  8343 ;  rye  prohibited, 
8353;  strikes  occur,  8343;  Arbeiter  Zei- 
tung  suppressed,  8362;  exposition,  non- 
supported, 8372 ;  cholera  ;  fire  ;  long  ride, 
8373;  Schultz  Bank  fails,  8373;  military 
ride  to  Vienna,  5373 ;  infernal  machines, 
8363;  longitudinal  standard,  836';  Sun- 
day closing  enforced,  8363. 

Berlm,  N.  y;,  R.  R.  wreck,  4373. 

,  Ont.,  town  bell  rings,  5863. 

Berliner,  Emilie,  invents  gramophone, 
328'. 

Berlingske  Tidende  issued  in  Gemum, 
6383. 

Berlioz,  Hector,  b.,  7143;  d.,  7382. 

Bermingham,  Sir  John  de,  at  Tagher,  856' ; 
gov.,  8572. 

,  Walter  de,  gov.,  8592. 

Bermuda,  cable  laid  to  Can.,  5913. 

Hundred,  Va.,  Butler  at,  2322;  skir- 
mish, 234' ;  Feds,  captured,  210' . 

Bermudas,  disc,  19' ;  Eng.  colony,  8793. 

Bermudez,  Gen.  Ramijio  Morales,  pres. 
Peru;  b.-d.,  11082. 

,  quarrels  in  Abyssinia,  1' . 

Bern,  Switz.,  fnd.,  11372;  independent, 
7793;  peace  Cong.,  savings  bank  opd.; 
peace  and  liberty  Cong.,  11383. 

,  Josef,  d.,  11182. 

Bernadotte.    (See  Charles  XIV.  of  Swe.) 

,  Johan.    (See  Charles  XIV.) 

Bernard,  governs  Lippe,  7772. 

,  Auguste  Simon  Louis,  b.  (1783) ;  d., 

7342. 

,  Charles  de,  works,  7272. 

,  Claude,  b.,  7203;  d.,  7502. 

,  C.  B.,  cons,  bp.,  9663. 

de  Menthon,  Saint,  b.-d.,  6662. 

,  Duke  of  Carinthia,  505' . 

,  Edward,  b.,  8822. 

,  Francis,  Sir,  b.,  562;  d.,  912;  gov., 

713;  sails  for  Europe,  772. 

,  Paul,  anarchist  leader,  7663. 

,  Saint,  b.-d.,  6683 ;  founds  monastery, 

6683;  reforms  Benedictine  monlts ;  in 
Second  Crusade,  10743;  canonized,  6702. 

VIII.,  Pope,  ill  Reformation,  7923. 

Bernardin,  de  Saint  Pierre,  Jacques  Henri, 
b.,  699' ;  works,  7052,  7063;  d.,  721' . 

Bernardo  del  Carpio,  b.-d.,  11262. 

Bernardow,  V.  F.,  cons,  cardinal  priest, 
7542. 

Bernays,  Wilhelm,  murder  of,  546' . 

Berneart,  Auguste,  premier  ;  Relief  Bill, 
5472. 

Berner,  Wm.,  convicted  of  murder,  317' . 

Berners,  Juliana,  b.  (1388);  works,  8642. 

Beruhard,  revolts,  667' . 

,  Karl,  b.,  7923;  at  Eheinfelden,  7961 ; 

Thirty  Years'  War,  7942. 

,  Karl,  b.,6382;  d.,6421. 

Bernhardi,  August  F.,  b.,  8031  •  d.,  8122. 

Bernhardt,  Sarah,  b.,  7283;  in  N.  Y.,  3(M1 ; 
Ze?ia,758i ;  passion  play  prohibitea,758i . 

Berni,  Francesco,  b.,  1079' ;  works,  10812; 
d.,  10803. 

Bernier  Franfois,  b.,  6882;  d.,  6942. 

Bernini,  Giovanni,  b.,  10823;  d.  (1680). 

Bernoulli,  Daniel,  b.-d.,  11372;  invents 
screw  engine,  1137' . 

,  Jacques,  b.-d.,  11372. 

Bernstein,  Georg  H.,  b.,  8M3;  d.,  8202. 

Bernstortf,  Andreas  Peter  von,  b.  (1735) ; 
Minister  in  Den.,  0392;  d.  (1797). 

,  Johann  Hartwig  Ernst  von,  b.,  638' ; 

d.,6382. 

Bemwald,  treaty  concluded,  6892. 

Berquin,  Arnaud,  b.,  7003;  d.,  7082. 

Berrien,  John  McPherson,  b.,  93' ;  atty.- 
gen.,  1372;  d.,  178'. 

Berro,  Benrardo  Prudencio,  Pres.  Uru- 
guay, 11602. 

Berry,  Capt.,  authority  of,  462. 

,  Due  de,  Chas.  F.  d'Artois,  b.,  7043; 

d.,  7223. 

,  Duchesse   de,  Caroline  Ferdinande 

Louise  of  Naples,  b. ,  10843 ;  in  Fr.  society, 
6972;  scandal,  7272;  attempts  rebellion, 
7273;  sent  from  Fr.,  7273;  d.,  10882. 

,  Graham,  premier,  protectionist, 4991 ; 

ministry,  499'  ,2  ;  Bills  rejected,  499' . 

,  Hiram  Geo.,  b.  (1824);  d.,  2212. 

,  James  J.,  b.,  1522. 


1192 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX,        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column.  Beri— BlCy^ 


Berry,  Jas.  11.,  gov.,  Ark.,  3152, 

,  Natli.  Springer,  b.  (179G);  gov.,  N.  H., 

2032. 

Berryer,  Antoine  Pi  erre,  b. ,  7062 ;  d.,  7382, 

Berry  ville,  Va.,  Confeds.  defeat,  216^2371 . 

Bersier,  M.,  pres.,  7482. 

Bert,  Andrew  S.,  commissioned  col.,  400' . 

,  Paul,  b.  (1833) ;  Fr.  resident,  4833 ; 

minister,  7532;  d.,  4833. 

Bertaut,  Jean,  b.,  6823;  d.,  6862. 

Bertha,  asteroid,  discovered. 

,  Queen,  imprisoned,  6692. 

Bertharit,  King  of  Italy,  1073' . 

Berthaut,  M.,  minister,  751». 

Bortlielot,  M.,  minister,  7553. 

Berthet,  Elie  Bertraud,  b.,  7222;  d.,  7601 , 

Berthezfene,  Pierre,  Gen.,  b.  (1775);  iii  Al- 
giers, 82. 

Berthier, Louis  Alexandre,  Pr.  of  Wagram, 
b.,  7011 ;  Pr.  of  NeuehAtel,7172;  d.»7222. 

Berthold,  fads.  Carmellites,  11551. 

,  Arnold  Adolf,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8202. 

,  Bp.  of  Bulg.,  scandal  life,  5042. 

,  Duke,  5033. 

Berthollet,  Comte  Claude  Louis,  b.,  7003; 
W(U-k.s,  7052,  7063,7151;  fulminating  sil- 
ver dis.;  muriatic  powder,  700i ;  d.,724i. 

Berthoud,  Ferdinand,  b.-d.,  11372. 

Bertin,EdouardFran9ois,b.,7123;  d.,746i. 

,  Jean  Louis,  b.,  7043;  d.,  7282. 

,  Louis  Franyois,  b.,  7031 ;  d.,  7282. 

,  Louis  Marie  Armand,  b.,  7143 :  d., 7322. 

,  Louise  Ang^lique,  b.,  7163;  d.,  7502. 

Bertini,  Henri  Jerome,  b.,  7131 ;  d.,  7501 . 

Bertrand,  Mo.,  action  at,  2011 . 

,  Comte  de,  Henri   Gratien,  b.,  7043; 

at  battle  Wartenberg,  7202;  d.,7283. 

de  Gourdon,  kills  Richard,  853 1 . 

,  Joseph    Louis   Franyois,   b.   (1822) ; 

Academician,  7521. 

,  de  MoUeville,  Marquis  de,  Antoine 

Francois,  b.,  7003;  d.,  7223. 

Bertrande  de  Montfort,  elopes,  6692. 

Bortuch,  Friedricb  J.,  b.,  8003;  d.,  8122. 

Burtun,  Geo.,  Madame  Lajnbaldf,  764' . 

BoruUe,  Pierre,  b.,  6841 ;  d.,  68G3. 

Berwick,  Baron,  title  created,  9231 . 

,  Duke  of.     (See  Fitzjames.) 

,  Bay,  La.,  defeat  at,  2201 ,  2231 ;  cap- 
tured, 8561,  8581;  surrender  attempted, 
8652. 

Berwin,  Colo,,  cloud-burst,  4673. 

Berytus,  taken,  ia32i . 

Berzclius,  Jons  Jakob;  b.-d.  11342;  dis- 
covers minerals,  11361. 

Besanyon,  free  city,  6712  ceded  to  Spain, 
6893. 

Besant,  Annie,  Bos  ton,  makes  address, 3822. 

,  Walter,  Sir,  b.  (1838);  works,  9763, 

9902,9983,  10103. 

Bescherelle,  LouisNicola8,b.,  7143  ;d., 7541. 

Beshaine,  Pigncaux  do,  Bishop,  in  Aunam, 
4801;  d.,  4813. 

Besika  Bay,  fleets  arrive,  11181. 

Besley,  Robert,  lord  mayor,  9691 . 

Bossaraba,  Na^ul,  reigns,  11121. 

,  Constautme  Brancovan,  beheaded, 

11122. 

,  Mathias,  reigns,  11122. 

Besarabia,  ceded  to  Bus.,  11132;  Anti- 
Jewish  riots,  11212. 

Bessariou,  John,  b.-d.,  10343. 

Bessl>orough,  E.  of,  title  created,  9112. 

Bessel,  Friedrich  W.,  b.,  8042;  parallax  of 
star,  8141,8162. 

Bessemer,  Henry,  b.,  9363;  process  mfg., 
steel,  1801,2641,9002. 

Besser,  Joliann  von,  b.  (1634);  works,  7991 ; 
d.  (1729). 

Bessie  Morris  wrecke<l,  5873. 

Bessieres,  Jean  Baptiste,  Due  d'lstria,  b., 
7023;  at  Medina  do  Kio  Seco,  7162;  d., 
7203. 

Bessus,  taken,  10242;  murders  Darius  lU., 
11073. 

Bestlara,  written, .8523. 

Bestushetf,  Alexander  Alexandrovitcb, 
b.,  111G2;  d.,  11163. 

Riumin,   Alexis    Petrovitch,    b.-d., 

11142;  works,  11191. 

Betanzos,  Fra  Pedro  Alonzo  de,  in  Amer- 
ica, 630i. 
Beth  Israel  Hospital  opened,  3832. 

Bethan,  William,  Sir,  b..  9203. 

Bethanien,  mission  at,  11241  ^ 

Bethany  College  org.,  W.  Va.,  1543. 

— — ,  mission  at,  1105 1 . 

Union  Society  organized,  9383. 


Bethel,  Alaska,  mission,  3202,  3742. 

,  Richard,  Lord  Westbury,  b.  (1800); 

lord  chanc,  9653;  resigns, 979i ;  d.  (1873). 

Bethel,  Union  org.,  N.Y.,  1283;  Eng.,9383. 

Bethell,  Christopher,  elected  bishop,  9383; 
for  Exeter,  9423. 

Bethencourt,  Jean  de,  d.,  6762. 

Bethlehem,  Jesus  Christ  Dorn,1063i ;  Tem- 
ple of  Adonis  built,  11632;  ceded  to  Cru- 
saders, 6552. 

,  Eng.,  asylum  cruelties,  9391 . 

,  N.H.,  Inst,  of  Instruction,  4642. 

,  Pa.,  mission, 643  ;fnd., 651 ,2;gheetzinc 

rafd.,  2452;  Lehigh  Univ.  org., 2543;  Mo- 
ravian service,  3^i ;  Linderman  Library, 
3082;  tornado,  4061 ;  cl(»udburst,  4701 . 

,  W.  I.,  abandoned,  172. 

Bethlen,  Gabriel,  b.  (1580) ;  invjules  Hun- 
gary, 5101 ;  d.  (1629). 

Bethnal  Green,  market  opened,  9733. 

Bethsura  besieged,  11481 . 

Bethuue.  Geo.  W.,  b.,  1122;  President  Re- 
formed synod,  1503;  d.,  2072, 

,  Maximilien  de,  Metnoires,  6891 . 

Betislav  I.,  Duke,  5032. 

Betterton,  Thomas,  b.,  8822;  d.,  90t2. 

Betting  suppressed,  Fr.,  7603;  regulated, 
Fr.,  7612;  suppressed,  Eng.,  9591 . 

Betts,  Beverly  R.,  b.,  1342. 

,  E.  C,  Agri.  conmiissioner,  3153. 

Betty,  William  Henry  West,  b.  (1791) ;  ap- 
pears, 9302. 

Beudant,  Fran9ois  Sulpice,  b.,  7062 ;  d., 
7321 . 

Beugnot,  de,  Arthur  A.,  work,  7271 . 

Beule,  Charles  Ernest,  b.,  7242;  d.,  7482. 

Beurnonville,  Marquis  de,  Pierre  de  Ruel, 
b.,  7011;  d.,  7223. 

Beustj  Baron  Friedricb  F.  von,  b.,  8083; 
minister,  5272;  Pres.,  5273;  Premier, 
5272  ;  call  for  army,  5281 ;  dismissed, 
5292;  d.,  5302. 

Beveridge,  J.  T.,  arrested,  4723. 

,  John  L.,  b.  (1824)  ;  gov.  111.,  2851 . 

Beverly,  Alfred  of,  d.,  8482. 

,  Robert,  Virginia,  571 ;  d.  (1716). 

,  Eng.,  Bp.  Crosthwaite  cons.,  10022. 

Foru,  action  at,  2223. 

,  Mass.,  first  cotton  mill,  982. 

,  W.  Va.,  action  at,  1962;  Feds,  de- 
feated, 2203;  Confeds.  occupy,  2403. 

Bewick,  John,  b.,  9143;  d.  (1795). 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9123;  ^vood  engraving 

imp.,  9242;  works,  9251 ;  d.,  9423. 

Bexley.    (See  Vansittart.) 

Beyle,  Marie  Henri,  b.,  7051 ;  works,  7231 , 
7251 ,  7263,  7283;  d.,  7282. 

Beyrout  bombarded,  6563,  9501;  earth- 
quake, 11502. 

Beys  subdued,  6562. 

,  Giles,  intro.  letter,  10991 ;  d.  (1593). 

Beza,  Theodore,  b.  (1519) ;  d.,  6862. 

Bezaleel,  buiUls  Tabernacle,  11402. 

Boze,  Theodore  de,  b.,  6802;  works,  6831; 
d.  (1605). 

Beziers  captured,  6701 . 

Bezout,  Etienne,  b.,  6983  ;  d.,  7051 . 

Bhamo  mission,  6223, 

Bhartpur,  siege,  10461 ;  stormed,  10461 . 

Bhils  mission,  10483. 

Bliimpore  mission,  10471 . 

Bhoja  reigns,  10433. 

Bhonslas  dynjisty,  reigns,  10452. 

IShutan  mission,  10482. 

Bhutanese  war  with  British,  10482. 

Biala,  Anti-Semitic  riots,  5331 . 

Biaiobzeski,  Archbp.,  arrested,  11182. 

Jiianca  discovered,  5282. 

liianchi,  in  Italy,  The,  10791 . 

Biancbini,  Francesco,  b.,  10831 ;  d.  (1729). 

Bianci,  General,  at  Tolentino,  5201 . 

Biard,  Francois  Auguste,  b.,  7142;  d., 
7522. 

Biarritz,  Napoleon  meets  Bismarck,  8232. 

IJiart,  Father,  in  Canada,  5703. 

Bias,  b.,  10162 ;  one  of  Seven  Sages, 
10163. 

Bibb  County,  Alabama,  cyclone,  336i . 

,  Thomas,  governor,  Alabama,  1292. 

,  Wm.  Wyatt,  b.  (1780) ;  governor.  Alar 

bama,  1273;  d.  (1820). 

Bibbiena,  Bernardo,  b.,  10783;  d.,  IO8O2. 

Biberach,  battle  of,  7121 ,  8OO2. 

Bible,  Septuagint  versi(m  written,  10263 ;  in 
Ethiopic,  11 ;  Coptic  written,  100S2; 
Gothic,  10083;  Vuljjiite  prepared,  10(i9i ; 
prohibited;j)ermis8ion  to  translate, 10851 ; 
Slavonic  printed,  7051 ,11151  ;dividedinto 
chapters  and  verses;  Pope  forbids,  8522; 


first  concordance  of,  0723;  translation  by 
Wyclif,  8602,  9503-  printed  in  Ger.,  7871 , 
10791 ;  tirst  Rabbinical  Hebrew,  10812; 
Tyndale's  trans.,  8663;  Coverdale's  read 
in  churches,  Eng.;  petition  for  general 
reading,  8682;  prohibited  laymen,  It., 
10812;  Matthew's  in  English,  8683;  read- 
ing, permitted  some,  8692;  Taverner's  ; 
Cromwell's  (great  Bible);  Craumer's ; 
forbidden  to  women,  Eng.,  8683;  Danish 
published, 6371 ;  Welsh;  usedinchurches, 
8723;  decreed  in  churches,  8743;  decreed 
in  houses,  8753;  King  James's  trans., 
8782,3;  Rouse's  trans.;  ordered  read  in 
churches,  8843-  Eliot's  Indian,  403;  first 
in  Ire.,  9023;  Ger.  edition  in  Am.,  652; 
first  Am.  publication,  952;  in  Amharic, 
6563;  translated  into  Burmese,  10463; 
in  raised  characters,  9543;  readers  im- 
prisoned, 10873;  gift  at  Paris  exposition, 
7382;  convocation  for  revision,  9742; 
trans,  into  Japanese,  10922;  Old  Testa^ 
ment  revised  and  pub.,  3203;  pope  en- 
joins B.  studj',  4441 ;  banished  from 
schools.  Providence,  3582 ;  Conf.  at 
Northfleld,  Mass.,  3G42,  4341 ;  school  for 
scientific  study,  3702  ;  school  use  uncon- 
stitutional, Tex.,  3923. 

Bible  Association  of  Friends  org.,  1383. 

and  Common  Prayer  Book  Soc.  orga- 
nized, 1542. 

-Christian  Soc,  fnd.,  9271;  Christian 

Foreign  Miss.  Soc.  organizeil,  9411 . 

Societies  fnd.  (chronological   order) : 

First,  Eng.,  9002;  Fr,.  7083;  K aval  and 
Military  ;  London,  9211 ;  for  Wales,  9303; 
Brit,  and  For.,  9931 ;  Basel,  Switz..  11382; 
Berlin  ;  Prussian  Central,  8083,  ^103 ;  Nu- 
remberg, 8083;  Hihernian,933i ;  Norway, 
11361;  Finnish,  9331;  Russian,  11163,  U 
suspends,  11171  ;Berg,  Ger.,  8103;  Zurich, 
11382;  Netherlands,  11021  ;WUrteml>erg; 
Saxon;  Hanover;  Hamburg;  Altona; 
Lubeck  ;  Coire  ;  Lausanne  ;  Geneva, 
11382;  Schleswig-Holstein  ;  Brunswii-k  ; 
Bremen,  8103;  Danish,  6383;  LaucJilair^- 
Ratzeburg  ;  Lippe-Detmold  ;  Ruslock  ; 
Waldeck  ;  Frankfort  ;  Strasburg  ;  Hesse- 
Darmstadt  ;  Eutin ;  Pyrmout,  8123; 
American,  1243;  Marine,  1251 ;  Neu- 
chatel,  11382;  Waldensian  at  Paris,  723i ; 
Marburg,  5203;  Ionian,  10351 ;  Eisenach  ; 
MUlhausen;  Hesse-Cassel;  Colmar,  8123; 
Gottingen  ;  Hanau  ;  8123;  Glarus.  11382; 
Baden ;  .Vjihalt ;  Bernburg,  Weimar; 
8123;  Bavarian,  8131;  Trinitarian.  9442; 
9922;  French  and  Foreign,  7263;  Staveit- 
ger,  11053;  Russian  Evang.  Soc,  11171; 
Antwerp ;  Belgian  ;  Ghent,  5442;  Anhalt- 
Dessau,  8151 ;  American  and  Foreign, 
1463,  Biblo  House  built,  1713 ;  Altonburg, 
8182;  Am.  Bible  Union,  1662;  National 
for  Scot., 9642;  of  France,  7362;  Imperial 
Russia,  11183;  Am.  Baptist,  3102;  Eng. 
Auxiliary  in  Australia,  9363;  societies 
prohibited,  Hung.,  5203. 

Biblical  Archeology  Society  fnd.,  9762. 

lust.  Baldwin  University,  I8O2. 

liepositori/  and  Bibiwtheca  SatTa  es- 
tablished, lt03. 

Repertfyry  and  Princeton-  Beview,  1331 , 

liiblioteka  f/'i/a  Ichttniia  issued,  11171 . 
Bibliotheca  A'ovissima  established,  799'.     4 

Washinqtoniana  est.,  3502. 

BlhJiotiiek   (ler    sckonen    Wissenschaftenf 

8031. 
lUhliothkque  Choisie  issued,  6971 . 

Ancienne  et  Moderne  issued,  6972. 

Anglais  issued,  16972. 

Britannique  Issued,  6992,  1138I . 

de  VEcole  des  Charter  issued,  7283. 

des  Sciences,  etc.,  issued,  7032. 

Germanigue,  6991 . 

Historic  issued,  7231 . 

Italique  issued,  11371 . 

Baisonn&e,  etc.,  est.,  6992. 

Universelle  issued,  11381 . 

Universelle  et  Historique,  695* . 

Bibracte,  action  at,  10582. 

Bichat,  Marie  Francois  Xavier,  b.  (1777) ; 

works,  7131 ;  d.,  7143. 
Bickerstaff,  Isaac,  b.,  9082;  d.,  9242. 
Bickersteth,  Edward,  b.,  9242;  d.,  9562. 

,  E.,  appointed  bp.  for  Japan,  9962. 

,  Edw.  Hen.,  b.  (1825) ;  cons.  bp..  992*. 

Bicocca,  Swiss  defeat,  68OI ;  battle  of,  788* . 
Bicycle  clubs  fmd.,  Eng.,  981 1 . 

intro.,  2973  ;  pneuinatie  tires,  3741 , 

B.  li.  Co.,  L.  1.,  est.,  3853. 


i 


Bicy-Bixa. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        IJSIJDll/A..        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1193 


Bioyolo  relay  race,  40(ii ,  4003. 
Blddle,  James,  b.,  96< ;  ou  Hornet,  123< ; 
d.,  1&1< . 

, ,  commissioned  col.,  3&li . 

,  John,  b.,  8801 ;  d.,  8902. 

,  Nicholas,  financier,  b.,  98' ;  d.,  1562. 

, ,  naval  officer,  d.,  912. 

Univ.  org.,  2583  •  chartered,  2903. 

Bidwell,  Darnel  D.,  Gen.,  b.  (1810±);  skir- 
mish with  Karly,  aSfi' ;  d.,  'ZKIZ. 

,  John,  nom.  for  pres.,  4092  ;  popular 

vote,  4192  ;  electoral  vote,  4243. 

,  Shelford,  phonograph,  302*;  tele- 
photography invented,  988'. 

Biela  taken,  565< . 

,  Wilhelm  von,  b.,  8012  ;  d.,  820'. 

Biela's  comet  discovered,  5202. 

Bielnski,  critic,  b.-d.,  11103. 

Bielski,  Maroin,  b.-d.,  11142. 

Biencourt,  de,  in  Canada,  5703. 

Bienville,  de,  .Jean  Baptiste  Lemoino,  b., 
48';  in  La. :  on  Red  lliver;  commands, 
552  j  fnds.  New  Orleans  ;  gov.-gen.j592  ; 
against  Chickasaws,  02' ;  commission 
from  king,  033  ;  d.  (1768). 

Bierstadt,  Albert,  b.,  138';  Academy  De- 
sign, 1902;  paintings,  2023,  229',  25i', 
272' ,  316' ,  318' . 

Biezwaag,  famine,  5333. 

Bigamy,  disfranchised  by,  297';  statute 
of,  passed,  Eng.,  8552. 

Big  Bear  captured ;  escapes,  534' . 

Big  Bethel,  Va.,  Federals  repulsed,  190' ; 
occupied,  202'. 

Big  Blue,  Mo.,  Price  defeated,  2302. 

Bigelow,  Allen  Ciilman,  d.,  388' . 

,  Erastus  Brigham,  b.,  123' ;  d.,  3022. 

,  Hobart  B.,  governor,  3093  ;  d.,  3922. 

,  Jacob,  b.  (1787) ;  d.,  300' . 

,  John,  b.,  120' ;  works,  1802, 2643, 3323, 

3082. 

,  Poultney,  German  Emperor  appears, 

3502  ;  expelled  from  Rus.,  11223. 

Big  Foot.,  Ind.,  at  Wounded  ICnee,  374' . 

Biggar,  Joseph  Gillis,  b.  (1828) ;  reporters* 
eKclusion,  9772  ;  d.,  1002' . 

Bigger,  Samuel,  gov.,  Ind.,  153'. 

Biggs,  Benj.  T..  gov.  Del.,  3293. 

BigHorn  Mts., Mont., Sioux  def.,258' ,292' . 

Big  Hurricane  Creek,  Mo.,  defeat  at,  200' . 

Bigler,  John,  b.  (1804);  gov.,  1712;  d.  (1871). 

,  William,  b.  (1813)  ;  d.,  304' . 

, ,  b..  78' ;  gov.  Pa.,  1712  ;  on  Com- 
mittee of  13,  1892. 

Biglow,  William,  b.  (1773) ;  d.,  1562. 

Bignon,  Louis  Pierre  Edouard,  b.,  7042  ; 
d.,  7282. 

Big  River  Bridge,  Mo.,  action,  200' . 

Big  Rock,  Minn.,  log-jam,  3452. 

Big  Springs,  Kan.,  Free-State  Conv.,  1772. 

Big  Water  Lake,  Taylor's  victory,  140' . 

Bihar,  Ind.,  conquered,  1042'. 

Biheron,  Marie  C,  b.,  098' ;  d..  700' . 

Bijanjlgar,  sacked,  10422 ;  Hindu  kiug- 
(lom,  10432  ;  crushed,  10433, 10441 . 

Bijus,  Anna,  Poems,  1099' . 

Bilaspur  mission,  1049' . 

Bilbao  captured,  1130' ;  strikers,  1133' . 

Bilderdijk,  Willem,  d.-d.,  1101';    works, 

11012,   11022. 

Bilflnger,  Georg  Bernhard,  b.,  7982  ;  d., 

8022. 
BlUard,  Charles  Michel,  b.,  7142  ;  d.,  7262. 
Billaud-Varenn^s,  Jean  Nicohis,  b.  (1756); 

d.,  7223. 
Billault,  Auguste  Adolphe  Marie,  b.,  7163 ; 

d.,  730' . 

,  Gustave,  minister,  737' ;  d.,  737' . 

Bill  of  indemnity,  royal  assent,  9013. 

of  Rights,  passed,  Eng.,  8993. 

Billo,  Steen  Andersen,  b.,  6382  ;  d.,  642' . 
Billing,  House  of,  rules,  7732. 
Billings,  Jesse,  Jr.,  acquitted,  299' . 

,  Edward  C.,  d.,  414' . 

,  Jolm  Shaw,  b.  (1838)  ;  work,  4462. 

,  Josh.    (See  H.  W.  Shaw.) 

,  Wm.,  b.,  662  ;  music  for  schools,  76' ; 

d.,  1082. 
*'  Billion  Dollar  Congress"  ends,  3793. 
Billot,  Gen.,  minister,  7532,  3. 
Billroth,  Theodore,  b.  (1829) ;  d.,  836' . 
Bills.    (See  Titles  of  Bills.) 
Biloxi,   Miss.,  fortified,   514' ;    captured, 

202';  fire,  4733. 
Bilsborrow,  John,  cons,  bishop,  IOO82. 
Bimbia,  Ger.  colony  founded,  8313. 
Binieni  settled,  173. 
Bimetallic  league  conven.,  4343  ;  motion 

lost,  G.  B.,  10033. 


Bimetallic  Convention,  Pan-Am.,  4402. 

Binders,  automatic,  introduced,  276' . 

Binding-twine,  free  list,  593' . 

Binet,  Jacques,  b.,  706' ;  d.,  7322. 

Bing,  Jost.,  inv.  measuring-compass,  792' . 

Bingham,  George  C,  E.  of  Lucau,d.,  9982. 

,  Henry  H.,  b.,  1522. 

,  Hiram,  missionary,  1263. 

,  John  A.,  b.  (1815) ;  Com.  of  Recon- 
struction, 2493  ;  ou  impeachment,  2612. 

,  Judson  B.,  commis.  col.,  314' . 

,  Kinsley  S.,  b.  (1808);  gov.  Mich.,  1792; 

d.  (1861). 

,  Mary  A.,  Pres.  Mt.  Holyoke,  3383. 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1752) ;  pres.  Senate,  1073  ; 

d.  (^1804). 

Binghampton,  N.  Y.,  Asylum  for  Inebri- 
ates opd.,  2412;  Euloif  hanged,  2742; 
training-school,  4702  ;  Commercial  Trav- 
elers' Home  Association,  4723. 

Binney,  Amos,  b.,  II02  ;  d.,  1622. 

,  Herbert,  b.,  578'. 

,  Horace,  b.,  93' ;  d.,  288' . 

liioffraphie  Universelle  de  Musiciens,  5443. 

Bion,  b.,  10263. 

Bioski,  Stanislaus,  executed,  11183. 

Biot,Jean,b., 7043;  ascension,7142;d., 7342. 

Birague,  Ren6  de,  b.,  68O2  ;  d.,  0842. 

Birch,  Charles  B.  A.  R.  A.,  d.,  IOIO2. 

,  J.  C,  on  Com  33,  189' . 

,  J.  W.,  proclamation,  10492. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  5303. 

, ,  Lord-Mayor  London,  9353. 

— ,  Thomas,  b.,  9022  ;  d.,  9162. 

Creek  reservoir  destroyeil,  1763. 

Birchall,  Reginald,  trial  of,  5903,  5OI2. 

Birck,  Sixt,  Susanna,  791'. 

Bird,  Chancellor,  opin.on,  3042. 

^—,  Ohas.  W.,  gov.,  O.,  1113. 

,  Frederick  Mayer,  b.,  1482. 

^—,  Golding,  b.,  9363  ■  d.,  0582. 

-,  Isabella,  Tracks  in  Japan,  9863. 

— -,  Robert  Montgomery,  b.,  1102  ;  works, 
1443,  145';  d.,  174'. 

Birde,  William,  b.,  8682  ;  d.  (1623). 

Birdie,  Non  Nobis  Dnmine,  8803. 

Birds'  Protection  Act  passes,  9772. 

Bire,  Edmond,  Victor  Hugo,  1852,  764' . 

Birger  II.,  b.  (1281);  reigns,  113S' ;  d.  (1324). 

,  Jarl,  regent,  1135', 

Birkenberg  mines  burned,  535' ;  fire,  6353. 

Birkenf eld  added  to  Oldenburg,  8113. 

Birkenhead,  Eng.,  docks,  962';  street  rail- 
ways opd.,  964' ;  religious  riots,  967' . 

Birkenhead  sinks,  598' . 

Birmingham,  Ala.,  fnd.,  2973  ;  Howard 
Coll.  org.,  1543;  Age  7/<;raW,3282;  strike, 
3523  ;  Real  Estate  Cong,  meets,  3803  ; 
explosion,  Pratt  mines,  3853  ;  Federa- 
tion of  Labor  Conv.,  307' ;  train  derailed, 
4382  ;  govt,  defrauded,  4522  ;  fire,  4673. 

,  Conn.,  solid  head  pins,  1.50' . 

Eng.,   small    town,    8452 ;    grammar 

school  fnd.,  871' ;  besieged,  884' ;  button 
manufactories, 8!H' ;  cotton  mill  erected, 
9102;  Arts' s  Gazette,  911';  Soho  Works 
est.,  9173;  Dr.  Ash's  hospital  fnd.;  musi- 
cal festival  held,  9172  ;  Lunar  Soc.  org., 
9212;  anti-Dissenters'  riots,  9252;  Asylum 
for  Deaf  andDumb,039' ;  theaterburned, 
9413;  borough,fl453;  town  hall  built,  946' ; 
B.  and  Liverpool  railway  opd.,  948'; 
Brit.  Asso.  meeting,  0482,  954',  9662; 
incorporated ;  police  act  passes,  9493  ; 
Queen's  Coll.  incor.,  0523,  9.^3  ;  Inst,  of 
Mech.anical  Engineers'  fmd.,  954' ;  Corn 
Exchange,  0553  ;  B.  and  Midland  Inst, 
incor.,  959' ;  Music  Hall  opd.,  9602  ;  Na- 
tional Social  Science  Asso.  fmd.;  park 
opd.;  public  park  opd.,  OG02;  Post  issued, 
0623;  Free  Library  op«l., 0643;  almshouses 
erected,  965' ;  Social  Science  Asso. meets, 
9602,  0881;  Shakespeare  Library  fnd., 
967';  Reform  meeting,  969';  Exchange 
opd., 9693  ;  anti-popery  riots, 9703;  horse 
show,  9713;  first  house;  Erdington  Or- 
phan Houses  est.,  973'  ;  explosion  in  Lud- 
low's factory,  9753 ;  Itoyal  Horticultural 
Exhibition  opd.,  976' ;  Joseph  Priestley 
statue,  978' ;  Josiah  Mason's  Coll.  est., 
079' ;  Philosophical  Soc.  fnd.,  980' ;  Lib- 
eral Federation  fmd.,  9823  ;  Bp.  Isley 
cons.,  0822;  statue  of  Queen,  902' ;  riots, 
reform  demonstration,  093' ;  Brit.  Asso. 
meets,  996' ;  statue  of  John  Bright,  098' ; 
Liberal  Unionist  Asso,  fmd.,  9902  ;  cre- 
ated city,  1001'. 

Birney,  David  Bell,  b.,  1322  ;  near  Kapi- 
dan,  232' ;  d.,  2392. 


Birney,  James  Gillespie,  b.,  1022 ;  Abolition 
destroyed,  147';  nominated  for  pres.; 
*leclines,  1513;  vote,  153';  pres.  candi- 
date, 157' ;  renominated,  1573;  vote,  1672; 
electoral  vote,  I092  ;  d.,  180' . 

Biron,  Armand  I^uis  de  Gontaut,  Due  de 
Lauzun,  b.,  7003  ;  d.,  7082. 

Birot,  Jean  B.,  works,  717' ,  723' . 

Births  taxed,  9003  ;  923' . 

Biscay,  united  to  Castile,  11273. 

Biscayans  discover  America,  123. 

Bischotf,  Theodor  Ludwig  Wilhelm,  b,, 
8083. 

Biscop,  Benedict,  imports  glass,  842' ;  fnds. 
monasteries,  8423  ;  fnds.  Wearmouth  Li- 
brary ;  Jarrow  Library,  843' ;  d.  (690). 

Bishop,  Bridget,  convicted,  53' . 

,  Edward,  imprisoned,  523, 

,  Henry   Rowley,  Sir,  b.,  9242  ;  organ 

pedal,  9343  ;  regulator,  9402  ;  d.,  9603. 

,  Richard  M.,  pres.  conven.,  2682,2722, 

2762,2802,2822,2862;  gov., 3012;  d.,424'. 

,  Washington     Irving,    mind    reader, 

libel  suit,  993' ;  d.,  3382  ;  autopsy,  3412. 

,  William    Henry,  works,  303',  3163, 

3183,  3263,  4482. 

Bishoprics  multiply.  It.,  10723 ;  Ger., 
tithes  to  Fr.,  7813  ;  given  away,  Eng., 
8483  ;  act  passes,  9822,  9832. 

Bishop's  College,  Knoxville,  579'. 

Bishops  dispute.  Can.,  590'. 

consecrated    (see    personal    names) ; 

excommunication  opposed  (Ger.),  8273  : 
electing  (Eng).,  8543;  married,  deprived 
of  oftlce,  8703  ;  war,  in  Scot.,  882' ;  ex- 
cluded from  voting,  8823  ;  excluded  from 
House,  8852  ;  order  abolished,  8863  ;  in 
H.  L.,  8002;  restored,  8012;  refuse  oaths, 
8982;  deprived  of  office,  8083  ;  number 
reduced,  9462 ;  Resignation  Act,  072*, 
9802  ;  Conference  9982  ;  est.  in  Port., 
11093  ;  absolute  power,  II252. 

Biskupitz,  crueltv,  5362. 

Bisland,  Mary,  world  tour,  3533,  3593. 

Bismarck,  N.  Dak.,  settled,  2793;  capital, 
2972,3,  3451 ;  first  legislature,  3483. 

Bismarck-Bohlen,  Ct.,gov.  of  Alsace,  741'. 

,  Count     Herbert,  minister;    resigns, 

8351;  married,  8362. 

,    Prince    Otto    Eduard  Leopold,  b., 

8103  ;  at  Univ.  of  Giittingen,  815' ;  mar- 
ries, 8163 ;  in  Landtag,  810' ;  Confed.Diet; 
envoy  to  Aust.,  8193;  in  St.  Petersburg, 
821';  in  Paris;  in  Chamber  Deputies  ; 
minister  ;  sustained,  8213;  escapes  assas- 
sination; olfends  deputies, 8'222;  Dukeof 
Lauenburg,  825' ;  premier, 8232;  quarrels 
with  Aust.;  new  constitution,  8232,3; 
retires  ;  chancellor  j  circular  letter,  8253, 
8272;  war  declaration;  created  prince, 
827', 2;  negotiations  with  Favre,  8272; 
circular  letters,  7412,3;  meets  ejules 
Favre, 741 2 ;  demandsof  Fr.,  7413 ;  reply  to 
Brit.  Govt.,  7432;  armistice  to  Fr.,  7433; 
first  chancellor,  8273;  life  threatened, 
8'20';  resigns  presidency,  8'292  ;  Eastern 
policy,  8293;  birthday  eel.;  at  Berlin 
Cong.,  8311;  alliance  with  Aust.;  and 
Pope ;  disclaims  Liberals  ;  meets  Jacob- 
in! ;  resigns,  8312;  defeated  ;  Germanizes 
Posen  ;  colonization,  8313,  8332;  statue 
at  Stuttgart,  8321;  premiershi])  eel. ,8322; 
resigns,  8333;  on  over-education,  8342; 
birthday  ;  refuses  dukedom  ;  press  utter- 
ances, 8343,4,351 ;  leaves  Berlin ;  in  Reich- 
stag, 8353;  honored,  8363. 

Schierstein,  Count  von,  Friedrich  Au- 
gust Ludwig,  d.,  8361 , 

,  Count  William,  presi.  Landtag,  8332, 

Bissell,  Clark,  b,  (1782) ;  gov.,  10:)3;  d.  (1857). 

,  Josiah  Wolcott,  Col.,  b.  (1818) ;  boats 

under  Island  No.  10  ;  in  Mo.,  2052. 

,  Williiim  H.,  b.  (1811) ;  gov.  111.,  1832; 

d.  (18C0). 

, Henry  Augustus,  b.  (1814) ;  cons. 

bishop,  2622;  d.,  4301. 

,  Wilson  S.,  P.  M.  General,  427' . 

Bisticci,  Vespsisiano  da,  Vite  di  Uomini 
lllustri,  10812. 

Bistritz,  famine,  5333. 

Blthoor,  Sepoy  rebellion,  1048' . 

Bithynia  surrendered,  10292;  bequeathed 
to  Romans,  1059';  ruled  by  Lysimachus, 
1149' ;  overnui  by  Tartars,  11553. 

Bitis  church  reorganized,  1158' . 

Bitonto,  action  at,  1084' . 

Bittenfeld,  Gen.,  commander,  822', 

Bitto  ministry  formed,  5*292. 

Bixa  appears,  5553. 


1194 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDt-X,        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Bize-Bloo. 


Blzerta  captured,  11393. 

Bjerregaard,    Uenrik   Anker,  b.    (1792); 

works,  UW2;  d.  (1842). 
Bjornson,  Bjornstjern,  b.,  1104* ;  works, 

Uftta. 
Blachford,  Lord,  Henry  Rogers,  d.,  10021 . 
Black,  Baron,  title  created,  975* . 
,  Francis,  b.  (1782) ;  chief  justice,  9532, 

9573;  lord  chanc,  9692;  d.,  1008*. 
,  James,  pres.  candidate,  2773;  popular 

vote,  2792;  d.,  4461. 

, C.C.,b.,  1541. 

,  Jeremiah  Sullivan,  b.,  1162  ;  Atty.- 

Gen.,  1831 ;  strengthens  Buchanan,  1893; 

treasurer,  1892;  d.,  3141. 

,  John  C.,  b.,  1502;  speech,  4392. 

,  Joseph,  b.,  9081 ;  dis.,  9142;  d.,  9283. 

, C.  S.,  b.,  1482;  amendment,  4403. 

,  Luke  P.,  inaug.  gov.,  3033. 

,  Samuel  W.,  governor,  1871 . 

,Wm.,  b.(1811) ;  works,9723, 9882,10103. 

, ,  b.,9502;  works,  9983,  10103. 

Ball  Line  established,  1273. 

Bartholomew's  Day,  Eng.,  8903. 

Caps  at  Kingston,  Can.,  5803. 

Creole  at  Niblo's  Garden,  2581 . 

Death  prevails,  5073 ;  appears,  9693 ;  in 

Great  Britain,  8593;  Germany,  7822.3. 
Diamond,  seizure  of,  5891;  reported, 

5892;  Victoria  harbor,  5893. 
Eagle  conspiracy  formed,  6331 . 

Flags,  Tongking,  4802;  Fr.  protecto- 
rate, "^12;  Fr.  defeat,  4821;  massacre, 
4823. 

Friday  occurs,  2673. 

Hawk,  b.,  741 ;  in  Wis.,  1401 ;  d.,  1482. 

Hawic  explodes,  1493. 

Hawk  War  remiion,  3903. 

Hills,  S.  Dak.,  silver  ;  copper  dis.,  2541 ; 

Prohibition  Law  opposed,  3682 ;  gold 
found,  3701 . 

Coll.  org.  at  Hot  Springs,  3283. 

Hole  tragedy,  9141 . 

Jolct  attacked,  6161 . 

Monday,  111.,  massacre,  8523. 

Prince.    (See  Edward.) 

Prince  in  collision,  lOOOi . 

Kiver,  Miss.,  defeat  at,  2221 . 

,  Mo.,  action  at,  1982. 

Rock,  N.  Y.,  action  at,  1201 ;  burned 

by  British,  1211. 

Sea:  storm,  9582;  free,  11172;  Rus- 
sian claims,  11193;  canal  to  sea  of  Azov, 
11213;  frozen,  11541. 

stone,  4863. 

vomit  plague,  6743, 

Walnut  Creek,  Mo.,  action  at,  2003. 

Warri<vr  seized,  1753. 

Black's  Run,  Pa.,  dynamite  explosion,  4553. 

Blackburn  riots,  9831;  cotton-miners 
strike,  9843;  strike  closes,  9983. 

Blaokburu's  Ford,  Va.,  battle,  1563. 

Univ.,  org.  at  Carlinville,  111.  (1859). 

Blackfan,  Joseph  H.,  commissioner,  2732, 

Blackfeet  Mission,  1822. 

Blackford,  A.  L.,  missionary,  5562. 

Blackheath,  Eng.,  action  at,  8661 ;  Tunnel, 
collision,  9673. 

Blackie,  George  S.,  b.,  1422. 

,  iTobn  Stuart,  b.,  9343;  many  works, 

9623,  9791 ,  9983. 

Blacking,  oxymuriatic  used,  9241 . 

Blackman,  Geo.  Curtis,  b.,  1281 ;  d.  (1871). 

Blackmore,  Richard  Doddridge,  b.  (1825) ; 
works,  9723,  9763,  9963,  10013. 

Blackshear,  Ga.,  R.R.  accident,  3293;  anti- 
negro  mob,  3871. 

Blackstock,  N.  C,  battle  at,  923. 

Blackstone,  William,  Sir,  b.,  9062;  Com- 
mentaries, 9171 ;  d.,  9203. 

Canal  opened,  1373. 

Blackwall,  Eng.,  railway  opened,  9501  • 
Benbow  launched,  9921;  Sans  Pareil 
launched,  9961. 

Blackwater,  battle  of,  8761 . 

Bank  ;  Pomona  wrecked,  1853. 

Blackwellj  A.  J.,  tortured  by  Indians,  4762. 

,  Antoinette  Brown,  b.,  1322. 

,  Elizabeth,  b.,  1301 ;  M.  D.,  1663. 

,  John,  gov.  Pa.  (1688). 

,  Lucy  Stone.    (See  Stone,  Lucy.) 

,  Samuel,  Interior  Dept.,  4472. 

Blackwell's  Is.  Bridge  Bill  passed,  3592. 

Blackwood,  William,  b.,9203;  d.,9462. 

,  Frederick  T.,  E.  of  Dufferin,  b.,  9422; 

gov. -gen.  Can.,  5833  ;  gov.-gen.  of  East 
India,  9932;  Brit.  Ambassador,  10073; 
viceroy,  10492;  Ameer  meets,  7i ;  resigns, 


Bladen,  Thomas,  governor  Md.,  653. 

Bladensburg,  battle  of,  1222. 

Blaidsdell,  Henry  G.,  gov.  Nev.(Ter.;, -.^^i-*. 

Blaine,  James  Gillespie,  b.,  1381;  amend- 
ment to  Constitution,  2512;  encounter 
with  Conkling,  2523;  speaker,  2671 ,  2733, 
2832;  calls  for  investigation, 2793;  candi- 
date for  speaker,  defeated,  2893 ;  nom. 
for  pres.  contest,  2931,  3043;  vote  for, 
3043,3051;  Sec. State, 3072, 3372;  resigns, 
3092;  eulogy  on  Gariield,  3111 ;  nom.  for 
pres.,  3172;  popular  vote,  3192;  electoral 
vote,  321 1 ;  withdraws  from  candidacy, 
3311;  presidency  declined,  4012,  4053; 
nom.  for  pres. ;  resigns,  4091 ;  proclama- 
tion, 4231  ;  d.,4221 ;  fmieral  services,  4233. 

and  Sherman  men  unite,  3051 . 

,  James,  Jr.,  marriage,  4022. 

Blainville,  Henri  Marie  Ducrotay  de,  b., 
7043;  d.,  7302. 

Blair,  Austin,  b.  (1818) ;  gov.  Mich.,  2032; 
d.,  4681. 

,  David,  Sabbath  instructor,  9151 . 

,  Francis  Preston,  b.,  1022;  d.,  2921 . 

, ,  b.,  1301 ;  offer  to  Lee,  1941 ; 

atTuscumbia,227i ;  reenforces Sherman, 
2342,  2363;  before  Atlanta,  2363;  nom. 
for  Vioe-Pres.,  2633;  vote  for,  2653;  d., 
2881. 

,  Henry  W.,  b.,  1422;   prohibitionist, 

2923;  in  Senate,  3291 ;  Educational  Bill, 
3233,  ,3531 ,  3542,  3552. 

— — ■,  Hugh,  b.,  9062;  Sermons;  Bfietoric, 
9211;  professor,  9152;  d.,  9303. 

,  James,  b.  (1656) ;   commissary,  483 ; 

pres.  college,  523 ;  d.,  642. 

,  Jolin,  b.,  621 ;  lieut.-goveraor  Va., 

772;  justice,  S.  C,  1012;  d.  (1800). 

,  Montgomery,  b.,  1211;  p.  M.  Gen., 

1931;  d.,  3141. 

.Robert,  d.,9122. 

Blake,  Edward,  b.  (1833) ;  premier,  5833. 

,  Henry  Arthur,  Sir,  governor,  5003. 

,  John  Henry,  shot,  9891 . 

, L.,  b.,  1001 ;  d.,  1801 . 

,  Joseph,  b.  (1620*:);    governor  South 

Carolina,  533;  d.  (1700). 

,  Robert,   admiral,   b.,  8762;  battle  in 

Channel ;  in  Downs  ;  destroys  Sp.  fleet ; 
reduces  Tunis,  11392;  punishes  pirates; 
defeats  Dutch,  llOOi ;  d.,  8882. 

,  Rufus,  b.,  1122;  d.,  2212. 

,  William,  b.,  9143;  works,  9231,  9271; 

d.,  9422. 

,  William  Phipps,  b.,  1341. 

Blake  launched,  Loudon,  10021. 

Blakely,  Cant.  Johnston,  b.  (1781);  cap- 
tures Reindeer,  1221 ;  d.  (1814). 

Blakeman,  B.,  d.,  4721 . 

Blakey,  Robert,  b.,  9263;  d.  (1878). 

Blanc,  Auguste  Alexandre  Philippe 
Charles,  b.,  7222;  d.,  7522. 

,  Dr.,  in  Abyssinia,  3i . 

,  Jean  Joseph  Charles  Louis,  b.,  7203  ; 

works,  7291 ,  7302;  organization  of  labor, 
7311 ;  in  Paris,  7412,  7451 ;  d.,  7522. 

Blanchard,  Ed.  Laman,  b.  (1820) ;  d.,1000i . 

,  Franf ois,   b.,  7002;  ascension,  1041; 

parachute;  velocipede,  7041;  d.,  7191. 

,  .Jonathan,  d.,  4061 . 

,  Laman,  b.,  9322;  d.,  9522. 

,  Newton  C,  b.,  I661 . 

,  Thomas,  b.,  IOO1 ;  d.,  2332. 

Blanche,  reigns  in  Navarre,  11273. 

Blanche,  wrecked,  9321 . 

Blanco  Encalada  captured,  6082. 

party  in  Uruguay,  11603. 

,  Antonio  Guzman,  pres.,  11603. 

Bland,  Richard,  b.,  1441 ;  Silver  Coinage 
Bill,  4.532.    (See  Silver  BilL) 

Blandville  College  founded,  Ky.,  2623. 

Blankenburg,  Proebel's  kmdergarten 
opens,  8I52. 

Blankets  first  made,  8582. 

Blanqui,  Jerome  Adolphe,  b.,  7131 ;  Politic 
cal  Economij,  7272;  <r.,  7332. 

,  Louis  Auguste,  b.,7163;  leader, 7432; 

insurrectionist,  7451;  sentenced,  7463; 
elected,  7531 ;  in  Assembly,  7523 ;  d.,7522. 

Blanshard,  R.,  gov.,  Canada,  5812. 

Blanton,  Lieut.-Col.,  Lancaster,  Va.,2003. 

Blantyre,  Earl  of,  title  created,  8772. 

mission,  6003. 

Blaquire,  Baron  De,  title  created,  931 1 . 

Blashfleld,  Edwin  H.,  b.  (1848);  Academy 
of  Design,  3321. 

Blasphemies  suppressed,  England,  8872. 

Blatchford,  Samuel,  b.,  1282  ;  justice  of 
Supreme  Court, 3132:  d.,  4321 . 


Blaue,  William,  printing-press,  11002. 

Blauvelt,  C.  F.,  in  Acad,  of  Design,  I861 . 

Blavatsky,  Madame  (Helena  Petrovna 
Hahn-Hahn),  theosophist.  2902;  d.,100Gi . 

Bleaching  works  established,  Ger.,  7842. 

"  Bleeding  Kansas,"  1791 ,  1821 . 

Bleecker,  Ann  Eliza,  b.,  683;  d.  (1783). 

Bleek,  William  Heinrich  Immanuel,  b., 
5973  ;  d.  (1875). 

Bledsoe,  Albert  Taylor,  b.,  1161 ;  d.,  2962. 

Bleichfeld,  battle  at,  7761 . 

Bleking  annexed,  6372. 

Blemco,  Gen.    revolutionary  leader,  5503. 

Blenean,  Royalists  defeated,  6901 . 

.BteiAeim  lost,  9321. 

,  battle  of,  6961. 

Blervie  Castle  wrecked,  9633. 

Blessinff  of  the  Bay  built,  321 . 

Blessington,  Countess  of,  Margaret  Power, 
b.,9243;  d.,9542. 

,  Viscomit,  lord  keeper,  9013. 

Blicher,  Steen  Steenson,  b.,  6382;  d.,  0403. 

Bligh,  William,  b.,  9123;  d.  (1817). 

,  Capt.,  William,  b.  (1753);  botanist, 

4941 ;  gov.;  deposed,  4951 ;  d.  (1817). 

Bligni^res,  M.  de.,  Miinster  Egy.,  comp- 
troller-general, 6591 ;  resigns,  6592. 

Blind,  Karl,  b.,  8122. 

Jolm,  elected  king,  5053;  k.,  6O6I. 

,  printing  for,  commenced,  9422. 

Blisdell,  Henry  G.,  governor,  2413. 

Bliss,  Frederick  John,  Many  Cities,  478^. 

,  Nathaniel,  b.(1700);  astronomer  royal, 

9161  ;  d.  (1764) . 

,  Philip  Paul,  b.  (1838);  d.,  2921 . 

,  Porter  Cornelius,  b.,  1641 ;  d.  (1885). 

,  Willard,  b.,  1322. 

,  William  Root,  Colonial  Times,  3323. 

,  Zenas  R.,  commis.  colonel,  3221. 

Blissot,  Jean,  b.,  7022.  , 

Blizard,  Sir  William,  b.,  9103. 

Blizzard,  Okla.,  I.  T.,  4501 ;  in  Eastern 
States,  3281;  S.  Dak.,  3561;  in  Neb.;  in 
Wyoming,  4541. 

Bloch,  Joanna  Koerten,  b.-d.,  11003. 

,  Markus  E.,  b.,  8OO2  ;  d.,  8063. 

Blocher,  John,  gift,  3043. 

Block  Island,  R.  !._,  Indians  annoy,  34i . 

,    Adriaen,    builds    Onmst;    explores 

Sound,  281 ;  in  Conn.,  292. 

— -,  Victor,  forms  Missionary  Soc,  6403. 

printing,  invented,  6122. 

Blockade  :  of  Am.  by  G.  B.,  1193, 1213  ;  of 
Delaware  River,  1201 ;  of  Charleston, 
1942  ;  of  Confed.  ports,  1941 ;  in  N.  C.  and 
Va.,  1942 ;  procUiinied,  1951 ;  Confed. 
States  removed,  2483  ;  Sp.  causes,  5522. 

Blockholt,  John,  Anabaptists'  theocracy, 
7903. 

Blodget,  missionary,  6191 . 

Blodgett  claim,  decision  against,  4753. 

,  Henry  W.,  arbitrator,  4252. 

,  Leonard,  criminal,  4711 , 

,  Rufus,  b.,  1422. 

Blodoxe,  Eric,  over-lord,  11043. 

Bloeman,  John  Francis  van,  b.,  5411;  d., 
6422. 

Bloemeart,  Abraham,  b.-d.,  10983. 

Bloemfontein,  Bruce  cons,  bp.,  9962. 

,  O.,  Free  State,  mission,  11053. 

Bloemhof,  mission,  11242. 

Blois,  ceded  to  crown,  6713  ■  treaty,  6793  : 
alliance  signed  at,  681 2  ;  States-General 
meets,  6852  ;  Germans  occupy,  743 1 . 

Blomfield,  Charles  James,  bishop  of  Lon- 
don, b.,  9241 ;  d.,  9701 . 

Blommaert,  Samuel,  resident,  5511 . 

Blondel,  Francois,  b.,  6802;  d.,  6942. 

Blondin,  Charles  Emile  Gravele,  b.  (1824) ; 
crosses  Niagara,  1853. 

Blood,  Col.  Thomas,  b.  (161S) ;  abuses  Or- 
monde ;  theft,  8931 ;  d.  (1680). 

—  circidation  discovered,  882i . 

Bloodg<K)d,  Sam.  DeWitt,  b.  (1799) ;  d.,252i . 

Bloody  Brook,  Mass.,  battle  at,  401 . 

Pond,  N.  Y.,  massacre  at,  702. 

Bloomer,  Mrs.  (Amelia  Jenks),  b.  (1818); 
costume,  1663. 

Bloomtteld,  Conn.,  tramp  muider,  3903. 

,  Tnd.,  bank  robbers,  4723. 

,  N.  J.  Theo.  School  opd.,  2663. 

,  Joseph,  d.,  1302. 

,  Robert,  b.,  9163  ;  d.  (1823). 

Blooming  Gap,  Va.,  action,  2041 . 

Bloomington,  111.,  Wesleyan  Univ.,  org., 
1731;  Hiram  Buck's  gift,  3923;  mercury 
rises,  3382;  Schureman,  embezzler,  4303. 

,  Indiana  Univ.  org.,  1363. 

,  Tenn.,  Bloomington  Coll.,  fnd.,  3183. 


I 


Bloo-Bois. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        lJ\L)ll.X..        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1195 


Bloonisbury,  EiiglaiKl,  Working  Women's 

College  begun,  9(>82. 
Blooniville,  O.,  temperanoe  crusade,  3803. 
Hl.)ro  Heath,  liattle  of,  863^ . 
Blouet.Paul  (MaxO'Kell),b.(1848);  Brother 

J(mntkan,  3503. 
Blount,  Alfred,  lynchers,  4303. 

,  Charles,  b.,  8882  ;  d..  9001 . 

,  James  H.,  minister,  4272,  4292. 

,  Win.,  b.  (17445 ;    gov.  Tenn.,  1032  ; 

1172  ;  d.  (1800). 

Blow,  Henry  T.,  b.  (1817) ;  Com.  of  Kecon- 
struction,  2493  ;  d.  (1875). 

Blow-pipe,  compound,  invented,  110^ . 

Bloxham,  Wm.  D.,  gov.  Fla.,  3093. 

Bloxland,  explorer,  4i*4i . 

BlUcher,  Marshal  Gebhard  Leberecht, 
b.,  8003  ;  in  Dresden,  7183  ;  commands 
Silesian  army,  720'  ;  at  Brienne;  at 
Mockern,7202  •  in  Prus.  campaign,  7203  ; 
campaign  in  Belg.,  7221 ;  pr.  of  Wahl- 
statt,  8111;  d.  (1819);  monument,  836i; 
d.,  8122. 

Bludoff,  Count,  Dmitri  Nikolayevitch,  b., 
11162;  d.,  11182, 

Blue  and  Gray  reunion,  Champion  Hill ; 
at  Port  Gibson,  3591. 

Blue  Cross  Society  established,  54G2. 

Blue  Gap,  West  Va.,  action  at,  202i . 

Spring,  Mo.,  Fed.  defeated  near,  2201 . 

Licks,  battle,  anniversary,  3113. 

Mills  Landing,  Mo.,  battle  at,  1983. 

Mountain,  Miss.,  Female  Coll.,  2822. 

University  organized,  2922. 

Laws  published,  952. 

Kibbon  movement,  London,  9831  j  be- 
gins, 9231 ;  prominent,  9903. 

Ridge  bursts  boilers,  1633. 

Bluefields,  Nicaragua,  mission,  11032  ;  cap- 
tured, 11043  ;  report,  455' . 

Bluhme,  or  Blume,  Friedrich,  b.,  8063  ; 
d.,8281. 

Blum,  Robert,  Nat.  Acad,  of  Design,  446' . 

,  Robert,  b.,  8083  ;  d.,  8162,  8173. 

Blumauer,  Aloys,  b.,  8022  ;  d.,  80()3. 

Bluindell,  Lieutenant,  killed,  9372. 

Blumenau,  battle,  8242. 

Blumenbach,  JohannF.,b.,8022;  d.,8143. 

Blumenthal,  Oscar,  Das  Z.  Gesichf,  8362, 

Blumhardt,C.  H.,  missionary  in  Abys.,  12. 

Blunt,  Edmund  March,  b.,  7Gi ;  d.,  2023. 

,  Gen.,  b.  (1826);  in  Ind.  Ter.,  2101 ;  at 

Cane  Hill,  2161 ;  at  Prairie  Grove,  2162  ; 
at  Honey  Springs ;  at  Elk's  Spring,  2251 . 

,  Matthew  M.,  comrais.  colonel,  3141 , 

,  R.  F.  L.,  consecrated  bishop,  10062. 

Biy.  Nellie.    (See  Bisland,  Mary.) 

Blyden,  Etlmund  W.,  works,  9963  ;  presi- 
dent west  coast  Africa,  11612. 

Blyth,  G.  F.  P.,  consecrated  bisbop,  9062. 

Blythe,  James,  b.  (1765) ;  moderator,  1243; 
d.  (1W2). 

Blythswfjod,  Baron,  title  created,  10091 . 

B'na)  B'rith,  I.  O.,  statistics,  4463. 

Boabdil,  Moorish  king,  d.,  11282, 

Boades,  Bernat,  Feyts  d'Arnu-s,  11271 . 

5oarfioea  lost,  9381. 

Boadicea,QueenofIceni,839i,3  ;  d.,8392. 

Board  of  Commissioners,  Eng.,  est.,  9173. 

of  Health:  N.  Y.,  est.,  251' ;  in  Mich., 

2831 ;  in  N.  J.,  2972  ;  in  Ky.,  in  R.  I.;  in 
Ma6S.,301i;325i;  in  la.,  3071 ;  in  W.  Va., 
3072;  in  Mo.,  3151;  in  Me.,  3231;  Nat.,  ap- 
pointed, 3013  ;  Gen.  Board  of  Health  est., 
Eng.,  9552  ;  B.  of  H.  convention,  4263. 

of  Trade  :  for  American  colonies,  533 . 

(See  also  large  cities.) 

of  Trade  and  Plantations,  England, 

established,  8892  ;  abolished,  923i . 

Boardman.  Captain,  killed,  9352. 

,  George  Dana,  b.,  llOi ;  missionary, 

10463  ;  d.,  1382. 

,  Henry  Augustus,  b.  (1808)  ;  moder- 
ator, 1762  ;  (1.  (1880). 

[ Richard,  b.,G42  ;  inPliiladelpliia,762; 

missionary,  9191 , 

Boat,  submarine,  tried,  9182. 

Boatner,  Charles  J.,  b.,  1661 . 

Boaz  marries  Ruth,  H423. 

Bobadilla,  Francisco  de,  b.  (1502) ;  impris- 
ons Columbus,  152  ;  gov.,  153  ;  (I.,  11263. 

Bobbin  lace,  machine  lor,  9^3 

Boblingen,  battle  at.  7881 . 

Boccaccio,  Giovanni,  b.-d.,  10762  ;  works, 
10772. 

Boccage,  Manoel  Maria  Barbosa  du,  b.-<l., 
11102. 

,  Marie  Anne  le  Page  du,  b.,  6963  ;  d., 

7143. 


Boccanegra,  Simon,  b.  (1300) ;  first  doge  of 
Genoa,  10773  ;  d.  (1363). 

Bocchoris  reigns,  6511 . 

Bocchus  1,,  treachery,  10561. 

Bochart,  Samuel,  b.,  6861 ;  d.,  6903. 

Bockh,  August,  b.,  9042;  works,  8131,  2, 
d.,  8213. 

Bocock,  Thos.  S.,  speaker,  Confed.  House; 
2393;  d.,3881. 

Bocskai,  Stephen,  Protestant  leader,  5101 ; 
5113  ;  prince,  5113  ;  d.  (1606). 

Bode,  Johann  Ehlert,  b.,  8003  ;  d.,  8123. 

Bodel,  Jean,  works,  6711 . 

Bodenstedt,  Friedrich,  b.,  8122  ;  d.,  8361 . 

Bodenstein,  Andrew,  b.  (1480) ;  friend  of 
Luther,  7883  :  d.  (1541). 

Bo^Uchon,  Barbara  Leigh  Smith,  d.,  10061 . 

Bodin,  Jean,  b..  6803  ;  lUpublique ;  d.,  6843. 

Bodleian  Library  founded,  8772. 

Bodley,  Sir  Thomas,  b.,  8682  ;  d.  8782. 

Bodmer,  Johann  Jakob,  b.-d.,  11372. 

Bodyke,  Ire.,  evictions  resisted,  997'. 

Boece,  Hector,  b.  (1465) ;  History  of  Scots ^ 
8671;  d.  (1536). 

Bcehm,  Henry,  b.  (1775) ;  centenarian,  d., 
2902. 

,  Jos.  Edgar,  statue  of  Darwin,  992i ;  of 

WeIlesley,998i;ofQueen,1000i;d.,10W2. 

Boehine,  Jacob,  Aurora,  7931 , 

Jioekzaal  van  Europa  Issued,  11012. 

Boemia,  George,  anathema  against,  5083. 

Boen,  Baldor  E.,  b.,  1682. 

Boendale,  Jan  van,  b.  (1280) ;  Brahantsche 
Yeesten,  10991 ;  d.  (1365). 

Boeotia,  fnd.,  10151 ;  Ogyges  reigns,  10133  ; 
invaded,  10191 ,  10222  ;  revolt,  10212. 

Boerhaave,Hermaan,b.-d.;  founds  organic 
chemistry,  11003. 

Boers,  disaifected ,  new  settlements,  5992; 
defeat  Zulus,  5981 ;  in  Orange  Free  State, 
11051 ,  2  ;  demand  independence,  986i ; 
suppressed,  6032;  leave  Cape  Colony, 
11241 ;  war  -with  Kaffirs,  11242  ;  declara- 
tion of  independence,  11243;  formation 
disbanded,  10062. 

£oe(Ams  written,  6663. 

— -,  Aniens  ManliusSeverinue,b.-d., 10702. 

De  Consolatione  Philosophe,  10711 . 

,  or  ^oec.  Hector,  b.,  8G4i ;  d.,  868i . 

Boetie,  Etieiine  de  la,  b.,  6803  ;  contre  un, 
6812;  d.,  6822. 

Boetler,  Alex.  R.,  Tariff  Commiss.,  311' . 

Boettcher,  Herr  von.  Black  Eagle,  8342. 

Bogaers,  Adrianus,  b.  (1795) ;  works,  11022; 
d.  (1870). 

Bogardus,  Everardus,  letter,  343;  d.,38i . 

,  James,  b.,  1082;  d.,  2842. 

Hogatzky,  Karl  H.,  b.,  7982;  d.,  8041 . 

Bogdan  reigns  in  Moldavia,  11121 . 

Bogdanovitcb,  Ippolit  F.,  b.-d.,  11143. 

Boggs,  Charles  Stuart,  b.,  1162. 

,  Liburn  N.,b.  (1798)  ;  gov.,1472;d.(1861). 

BogotA,  Colombia,  Helalcazar  at ;  capital, 
6283;  mission,  6293;  captured,  6281 ;  riot- 
ing, 6382  ;  Cong,  meets,  6291 , 

Bogran,  Gen.  Lewis,  president,  10413. 

Bogue,  David,  b.  (1750) ;  d.,  9422. 

forts,  taken,  616i ;  destroyed,  6162, 

Bohemia,  Slavs  revolt,  7712;  invaded, 
5021  ;  Premysl  rules ;  Prague  fnd. ;  Bor- 
zivoj,  D. ;  dukes  rule,  5031 ;  Christianity 
in,  5022  ;  Spitciiney  I.,  D.,  503i ;  Vratis- 
lav,  D.,  5032  ;  Christianity  aboimds, 
7723  ;  St.  Ludmila  murdere<I,  5023;  Vac- 
slav,  D. ;  Boleslav,  D. ;  tribute ;  resists 
Poland ;  Jaromir,  D.,5032  ;  surrendered, 
7741  ;  Oldric,  D.,  5032;  Betislav  I.  con- 
quers, 5021;  conquered;  Spitchnev  IL, 
D, ;  Vrastislav  II.,  D.,5033;  Ger.  influ- 
ence in,  7781 ;  Vesovici  massacred,  5023  ; 
Borzivoj,  D. ;  Vladislav  or  Ladislaus 
I.,  D. ;  Sobieslaus  I.,  D. ;  Emperor 
resigns  ;  Vladislav  II.,  D.,  5033  ;  Silesia 
restored ;  kings  rule ;  Sobieslaus  II. 
reigns ;  Vladislav  abdicates,  505i ;  bp.,  of 
Prague  rebels,  6042 ;  Konrad  Otho  reigns ; 
Premysl  Ottocar,  6051;  monks'  schools, 
5042;  royal  title;  Wence8lausI.,D., 5051 ; 
Premysl  Ottocar  II.  reigns ;  aciiuires 
Austria,  Rtyria,  Carinthia,  5052;  Ottocar 
against  Prus.,  604 1;  truce;  Wenceslaus 
II.  reigns,  5052  ;  Rukopis  Kralodwors/K'ij, 
written,  5043  ;  Wenceslaus'  possessions, 
.•5041;  Wenceslaus  III.  reigns;  Rudolf 
reigns ;  Henry  reigns  ;  Blind  John  king, 
5053  ;  reign  divided  ;  Charles  I.  reigns  ; 
annexes  Silesia  and  Lusatia ;  Wences- 
laus, K.,  5072  ;  Albert  V. ;  insurrection, 
5073  ;  Hussites  ravage,  5063  ;  Sigismund 


reigns  ;  Hussite  uprising,  5073  ;  Ger.  re- 
pulsed; Hussite  conquests;  Sigismund 
repulsed,  6061 ;  John  of  Prague  attacked, 
6062  ;  Taborites  annihilated,  5071  ;  Com- 
pactata  accepted,  6073  ;  Albert  I.,  D., 
5091,  7853;  civil  law,  7841;  Ladislaus, 
K.,  5092  ;  Ladislaus  III.,  K.,  6091 ;  elects 
native  kings,  7872;  Moravian  brothers 
appear,  5082  ;  printing  introduced ;  tol- 
eration, 5083  ;  Podiebrad  rules,  5091 ,  2  ; 
Hungarian  war  ends  ;  invaded ;  Victo- 
rin  invades  Aust.,  5081 ;  oppression,  5092; 
serfs  of  soil  ;  Albert  V.  reigns,  5091 ; 
Matthias  acquires,  5092  ;  literature  flour- 
ishes, 5111  ;  Louis,  K.  ;  independent 
representative  system,  6093 ;  under  Haps- 
bur^  rule,  7893 ;  persecutions,  6103 ;  Max- 
imilian, K.,5112;  Sacramental  cup  sanc- 
tioned, 6103;  Rudolph  II. drowned, 5112; 
Matthias,  K.;  ceded  ;  Diet  org.,  6113;  arts 
and  science  cultivated,  611i;  adminis- 
tration changes ;  Protestants  revolt, 
7951 ;  Thirty  Years'  War,611 1 ;  Ferdinand 
II.  crowned  ;  deposed  ;  Protestants  re- 
volt,5113;  subdued, 6101 ;  becomesCatb- 
olic,  7962 ;  Protestantism  extirpated, 
7943  ;  Catholic  invasion,  6101 ;  subdued, 
books  destroyed  ;  Ferdinand  persecutes, 
6131 ;  leaders  executed,  5132;  war  against 
anti-Protestants,  6101 ;  Benedictines  im- 
ported, 6131 ;  Catholicism  restored, 5123; 
new  constitution,  6132  ;  persecutions, 
5123  ;  Protestants  awed,  6132  ;  Saxons  in- 
vade, 7942;  Saxons  driven  out,  5121; 
Peace  of  Prague,  6132  ;  plague,  7961 ; 
Swedes  leave,  796 1 ;  Wran^el  departs, 
5122;  Aust.  secures,  5132;  allied  army  iji- 
vades,  5141;  Pragmatic  Sanction,  515i; 
taken  by  Charles  Albert ;  Maria  Theresa, 
Queen,5152;  allies  driven  out ;  Frederick 
II.  invades,  6142  ;  Ger.  in  schools,  5171 ; 
peasantry  revolt,  6172 ;  Frederick  in- 
vades, 5162  ;  Diet  curtailed,  6173  ;  peace 
negotiations  at,  7211  ;  Slavonic  Cong.  ; 
Czechs  rise,  5231 ;  prua.  enter,  5261 ;  evac- 
uated, 8243;  Moravian  Mission,6282;  self- 
government,  5291  ;  floods,  5321 ;  strikes, 
5323,  5331 ,  2;  German-Czech  Conf.,5333; 
floods  ;  waterspouts,  6341 ;  emancipation 
demanded,  5362;  Czechs  oppose  Ger.;  dis- 
order, 5362,  6371  ;  collision  in  Landtag, 
5371 ;  tribute  to  Otho,  7733  ;  conquered, 
7741 ;  struggle  for  independence,  7753; 
royal  charter  granted,  7933  ;  arrested; 
executed ;  refuses  allegiance  to  Emp., 
7952  ;  religious  liberty,  7923. 

Bohemia,  cholera  aboard,  4153, 

Bohemian  brothers  banished,  5123, 

soldiers'  monument,  Chicago,  4061 . 

Bohemond  I.,  b.-<i.,  0682;  Crusade,  6683. 

Bohlen,  Henry,  b.  (1810) ;  d.,  2132. 

,  Peter  von,  b.,  8063;  d.,  8143. 

Bohler,  Peter,  b.  (1712) ;  d.,  823. 

Bohm,  Johann,  b.,  7963. 

,  Theobald,  b.,  8082  ;  d.  (1881). 

Bohme,  or  Bohm,  Jakob,  b.,  7922;  d.,  7943. 

Bohmisch-Brod,  battle  of,  7841 . 

Bohn,  Henry  George,  b.,  9283;  work,  9611 
9902  ;  d.,  9922. 

,  Johami,  b,  (1040) ;  Proverbs,  9623;  d., 

7983. 

Bohnenberger  invents  electroscope,  8121 , 

Boiardo,  Matteo  Maria,  b.  (1434) ;  Orlando 
Innamorato,  10792;  10812;  d.  (1494). 

Boieldieu,  Fran9ois  Adrien,  b.,  7043  ;  d., 
7262. 

Boies,  Henry  M.,  Prisoners,  Paupers, 4402, 

,Horace,nom.forgov.,345i  ;gov.,375i , 

3872,  4212,  4371 ;  nom.  for  pres.,  4092. 

Boileau-Despreaux,  Nicolas,  b.,  6882 ; 
works,  691^ ,  2, 6931 ,  6952;  historiograph- 
ers-royal, 0932  ;  d.,  6963, 

Boiler  manfs.,  meeting.  New  York,  3623. 

Bois,  R.  M.,  Jiobin  Dai/,  1511. 

Boisbaudron,  Paul  E.  F.  Lecoq'de,  works, 
7483. 

Boisgobey,  Fortunti  Abraham,  Du,  b. 
(1821);  works,  7482,  7502,  7523,  7542  ;  d., 
7601. 

Bois-le-Duc.    (See  Hertogenbosch.) 

Boisrobort,  Francois  le  Metal  de,  b.,  684»  ; 
d.,  6902. 

Boissard,  Jean  Jacques,  b.,  6803  ;  d.,  6862. 

Boisseree,  Sulpice,  b.,  8042  ;  d.,  8201 , 

Boissieu,Jean  Jacques  de,b.,  (©82;  d., 7191 . 

Boissonade,  Jean  P.,  b.,  7043;  d.,  7322, 

Boissy,  Louis  de,  b.,  6943  ;  d.,  7023. 

(rAnglas,  Francois  Antoine,  b.  (1756)  i 

d.,  7242. 


1196 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Bois-Bord. 


Boiste,  Pierre  Claude  Victoire,  b.(n65) ;  d., 
7242. 

Boivm,MarleA.V.G.,b.,  7042  ;  d.,7282. 

Boker,  George  Henry,  b.,  1302  ;  d.,  350' . 

Bokhara,  Turks  invade,  11552  ;  conquered, 
549' ;  war  of  succession  ;  Mesdjidi  Mogak 
built,  5492  ;  war,  1118' ;  Komaroff  in,  02. 

Bolan  Pass,  British  loss  at,  4' . 

Bolnn  founders,  10013. 

Boiandshahr,  Sepoy  rebellion,  1018' . 

Boles,  Arkansas,  cyclone  destroys,  428'. 

,  John,  missionary,  242. 

Boleslas  I.,  becomes  D.  of  Poland,  11133  ; 
war  with  Henry  II.,  774' ;  d.  (1025). 

II.,  b.  (lOW)  ;  murders  St.  Stanislaus, 

11132  ;  K.  of  Poland,  11133  ;  d.  (1090 1). 

III.,  reigns  in  Pol.,  11133  ;  d.  (1138). 

IV.,  reigns  in  Pol.,  11133  ;  d.  (1173). 

v.,  Duke  of  Pol.,  1115' ;  d.  (1279). 

Boleslav,  of  Bohemia,  war  with,  7722  j 
vassal  of  Germany,  7733. 

of  Prus.  avenges  St.  Adelbert,  7752  ; 

defeats  Henry  V.,  776' ;  d.  (1025). 

11.,  duke,  5032 ;  d.,  5022. 

Boleyn,  Anne,  b.,  866' ;  marriage ;  be- 
headed, 869'. 

Bolingbroke,  Viscount,  title  created,  905' . 

,  Vis.  Henry  St.  John,  b.  (1678) ;  in- 
trigues, 9ftj2  ;  impeached,  9053  ;  intro. 
Schism  Act,  9043  ;  d.,  9123. 

Bolivar,  Mo.,  Southwest  B.apt.  Coll.,  3003. 

,  Tenn.,  action  at,  2122,  2183. 

,  Siiuon,  b.-d.,  1160';  forms  Repub- 
lic ;  dictator,  6283,  11082  ;  resigns,  6283; 
aids  Ecuador,  613' ;  statue  of,  318' . 

Bolivia.    (See  Text,  pp.  550,  551.) 

Belles,  It.,  Aust.  troops  enter,  .520' ;  siege 
of,  5222;  siege  raised,  680' ;  Univ.  of,  fnd.; 
Irnerius  lectures,  1075' ;  Univ.  degrees 
lust.,  10752-  Coll.  of  Brescia  fnd.,  1077' ; 
Univ.  of  theological  education,  10772  ; 
conquered,  1073' ;  united  with  States  of 
Church,  10813;  Acad,  of  Arts  fnd.,  1082' ; 
observatory  erected  at,  10822  ;  uprising, 
1086' ;  insurrection  in,  10872,  1089' ; 
united  to  Italy,  10892;  mission  in,  10883. 

,  Prank,  d.,  '448' . 

,  Lucius,  b.  (1779) ;  d.,  1562. 

,  Glovanna  de,  Bologna,  b.-d.,  5403. 

Bolton,  Eng.,  miners  strike,'981' ;  cotton 
workers  strike,  9823;  engineers  strike, 
9913. 

-,  Miss.,  action  at,  2242,  230' . 

,  Alderman,  bribery  trial,  417'. 

,  Duke  of,  lord-lieutenant,  9072. 

Boma,  Roman  Catholic  mission,  10943. 

Bomarsund,  fort  captured,  958'. 

Bombay,  ceded  to  Kiig. ;  govt,  seat ;  pres- 
idency, 1045'  ;  mission,  10462,3,  1047', 
10483  ;  bishopric  erected,  1047' ;  first  rail- 
way opd.,  10473  ;  univ.  est.,  10462  ;  hospi. 
tals  erected ;  railway  completed,  10493  ; 
telegraph  line  completed,  10493  ;  Bp. 
Mylne  elected,  9803  ;  Bp.  Porter  cons.  K. 
O.  bp.,  9962  ;  Bp.  Dalhoff  cons.,  10082  ; 
British  dollar  coined,  10123. 

London,  telegraph  line  opd.,  9693. 

Bombay  burned,  9673. 

Bombay  collides  with  Oneida,  2693. 

Bomford,  James  V.,  b.  (1811) ;  d.,  398' . 

Bompard,  Mile.,  sentenced,  7603. 

Bompas,  W.  C,  elected  bishop,  9742. 

Bon,  Mayer,  a  Jew,  burned,  7822. 

Bonacum,  Thomas,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  3282. 

Bonald,  Louise  Gabriel  Ambroice  de,  b. 
(1754) ;  works,  7133,  7151 ;  d.  (1840). 

Bonaparte,  Charles,  b.  (1746) ;  d.,  707' . 

, Lucien  Jules  Laurent,  b.,  7143  ; 

d.  7322. 

',  JdrO'me,  b.,  706' ;  marries,  7152,  717' ; 

K.  of  Westphalia,  7172 ;  king,  8093;  flees 
from Cassel,  7212  ;  returns, 7293;  d.,7342. 

, ,  suit  of  rights,  735' . 

,  Joseph,  b.,  7032 ;  K.  of  Naples,  7172, 

10S53  ;  of  Sp. ;  retires  from  Sp.,  7173, 
11312;  at  Talavera  de  la  Beina,  718'; 
evacuates  Madrid,7182  ;  at  battle  of  Vit- 
toria,  938';  Venezuela  opposes,  1160'; 
d.,  7283. 

,  Letizia,  b.,  701' ;  d.,  7282. 

,  Louis,  b.,  7043  ;  K.  of  Holland,  7172, 

11J23 ;  abdicates,  7193  ;  d.,  7283. 

,  Lucien,  Pr.  de  Canino,  b.,  7M3;  d., 

72J2. 

,  Marianne,  d.,  7602. 

,  Napoleon.     (See  Napoleon  I.) 

, ,  IV.,  Eugime  Louis  Jean  Jos.,  b., 

7322;  of  age,7483;k.,  752' ,3; statue, 986'. 

> ,  Joseph  (jharles  Paul,  Pr.  Napo- 


leon, b.,  724' ;  minister,  93  ;  marries  Clo- 
tilde,  735' ;  expelled,  7463,  7472;  Imperial 
Pr.,  policy;  a  Rep.,  7483  ;  leader,  753' ; 
manifesto,  7533;  d.,  7602,  7612. 

Bonaparte,  Napoleon,  Pr.  Louis,  head  of 
Bonaparte  house,  7612. 

, ,  Victor,  Pr.,  b.,  721' . 

,  Pierre,  kills  Victor  Noir,  7383  ;  ac- 
quitted, 739'. 

Bonaparte's  Expulsion  Bill,  Pr.,  7553. 

Bonaventiu*a,  St.,  b.-d.,  10742. 

,  Giovanni  di  Fidenza,  b.  (1221) ;  inter- 
dicts Bacon's  lectures,  8543  ;  d.  (1274). 

Bonaventure,  Jean,  work,  681'. 

Bonchamp,  Marquis,  Charles  Melchoir 
Artus,  b.,  7023  ;  d.,  7082. 

Bonchor,  Maurice,  Allch^l  Lando,  7623. 

Bon  de  Saint-Hilaire,  Francois  Xavier,  b., 
6923  ;  d.,  7023. 

Bond,  George  Phillips,  b.,  134';  dis.  Hy- 
perion, 1(^4';  satellite  of  Saturn,  954'; 
Satitrn's  inner  ring,  956';  receives  gold 
medal ;  d.,  2423. 

,  HughL.,  d.,  440'. 

,  J.  W.,  shoots  Mayor  Harman,  4743. 

,  Shadrjich,  governor  Illinois,  1272. 

,  Thom,as  Emerson,  b.,  95' ;  d.,  178' . 

,  William  B.,  elected  bishop,  9803. 

, Cranch,  b.,  100' ;  d.,  1842. 

issue,  letter ;  denounced  ;  subscrip- 
tion, 4492;  awarded;  upheld,  451';  cir- 
cular bids,  4752 ;  Stewart  Syndicate, 
477';  circular  for  bids,  4772. 

Bondholders,  agitation  against,  299' . 

Bondi,  Clemente,  b.,  10842;  d.,  10862. 

,  Jonas,  b.  (1804)  ;  d.,  284' . 

Bonds  :  U.  S.,  slow  sale,  1882  ;  6's,  issued, 
1913;  authorized,  2013,  2313;  sale  of  U.S., 
197' ;  issue,  2193;  issue  authorized,  2313, 
2353,  2433,  2753;  low  interest,  3033;  re- 
demption, 3712;  redeemed,  3853;  syndi- 
cate bids,  4772;  Can.  guaranteed,  5912. 

Bone,  Ueury,  b.,  9123  ;  d.  (1834). 

Bone-dast  fertilizer,  808' . 

Boner,  Ulrioh,  Jewel,  7823. 

Bone-setting  practised,  England,  880' . 

lionet,  Juan  Pablo,  b.-d.,  11283. 

lionfinn.  Count,  at  Torres  Vedras,  1110' . 

Bonga  revolts,  1112' . 

Bonham,  G.,  Sir,  to  Nanking,  6193. 

,  .lohn  At.,  Secularism,  4783. 

,  Milledge  L.,  b.,  124' ;  governor  South 

Carolina,  2173. 

Bouheur,  Rosalie,  b.,  724' ;  Horse  Fair, 
732' ;  Lion  at  Home,  752' . 

Bonhomme,  .Jacques,  leader,  0743. 

Bnnhomme  Richard,  battle  with,  902. 

Bonichi,  Blndo,  poetry,  10772  ;  d.  (1337). 

Boniface  I.,  St.,  Pope,  10702;  u.  (422). 

II.,  Pope,  10703;  d.  (532). 

III.,  Pope,   1071';    confines  title  to 

bishops  of  Rome,  1031 ' ;  d.  (607). 

IV.,  St.,  Pope,  1071' ;  d.  (615). 

v..  Pope,  10711  ;  d.  (624). 

VI.,  Pope,  10723;  d.  (895). 

\ll..  Pope,  1073' ;  d.  (985). 

VIII.,  Cardinal  Benedetto  Gaetani, 

b.-d.,  10742 ;  Pope,  10703 ;  anathema 
against  K;.,6722;  seized,  6733;  adds  crown 
to  cap,  10763;  fnds.  University  of  Rome, 
1077'. 

IX.,  Pope,  1077' ;  opposes  municipal 

liberties,  10792  ;  d.,  10782. 

,  George  C,  b.,  140' . 

— — ,  Joseph  Xavier,  St.,  b.,  713' ;  Picciola, 
727^;  d.,  7362. 

,  Marquis  of  Monferrat,  crusade,  6703, 

kingdom  of  Salonika,  1035'. 

of  Savoy,  archbp.,  8522  ;  d.  (1270). 

jWinfred,  St., b., 7702;  priest;  archbp.; 

missionary,  8423;  cons,  archbp.;  burned, 
7702,  10723. 

, Coimt,  rebels,  10712;  d.  (432). 

Bonilla,  Polycarpo.  pres.  Honduras,  10413. 

Benin,  Adolf  von,  b.  (1803);  Gen.  at  Kold- 
ing,  MO' ;  d.  (1872). 

Bonjean,  Christopher,  cons,  bishop,  968'. 

,  President,  executed,  7453. 

Bonn,  Prussia,  taken,  692' ,  902' ;  Univer- 
sity founded,  813'. 

Bounard,  Communist,  shot,  7-^3, 

Bonnechose,  Francois  Paiil  Kmile  Bois- 
normand  de,  b.,  7143  ;  d.,  750' , 

Bonner,  Edmund,  b.,  866' ;  bp.  of  London; 
minister,  8713  ;  d.,  8722. 

,  Robert,  b.,  132' ;  Ledger,  1583;  Scotch- 
Irish  Cong.,  4302  ;  trotter  Sunol,  3473. 

Bonnet,  Charles,  b.-d.,  11372. 

,  Mme.,  spy,  sentenced,  7603. 


Bonneval,  Claude  Alexandre,  Comte  de, 
b.,  6923:  d.,  7003. 

Bonneville,  Benj.  L.  E„  b.,  106' ;  d.,  2982. 

Bonney,  explorer,  Stanley  meets,  562'. 

,  Samuel  W.,  d.,  6202. 

Bonnia,  Leopold  claims,  5133, 

Bonnier,  Gen.,  killed,  10'. 

Bonn  Island,  Jesuit  mission,  5703. 

Bonnivard,  Francois  de,  b.-d.,  1137'. 

Bonnivert,  Seigneur  de,  leader,  788', 

Bonny,  mission  at,  11013. 

Bonnycastle,  John,  d.,  9403. 

Bonpland,  Aim^,  b.,  7042  ;  explorer,  8062; 
d.,  7342. 

Bonvouloir,  M.  de,  sounds  Congress,  813. 

Boocock,  Murray,  canoe  journey,  5933, 

Boodle's  Club  established,  917' 

Book,  first,  in  England,  8042 

first  printed  in  Ire.,  871 ' . 

Book  of  Commonl^rayer  Amiiricamzed,1002; 
used,  1022  ;  enriched,  3162;  first  Eng.; 
8702  ;  in  churches,  8722 ,  revised,  8903  ; 
alterations  considered,  9762  •  Reforma- 
tion League,  9623. 

of  fHscipline,  first  in  England,  8722. 

of  HomUifs  published,  Eng.,  8702. 

of  AJormo7l  translated,  139'. 

of  Psalms  published,  037'. 

of  Sports   published,   88O2  ;  burned, 

8843  ;  clergy  refuse  to  read,  8823. 

of  the  Chase  written,  1109'. 

of  the  Dead,  0453  ;  copies,  0483. 

of  the  Law,  origmal,  11463. 

Books.  (See  publications.)  Amer.  publi- 
cations yearly,  3283,  3322,  SOU",  3743  ; 
costly,  England,  8583  ;  infected  ;  magic, 
871';  patents  (or,  877';  auction  sale, 
897' ;  religious,  prohibited,  11563. 

Booksellers,  first,  8503  ;  convention,  4683, 

BfK)mers  driven  out,  Okla.,  336'. 

Boone,  Col.,  at  Van  Buren,  2143. 

,  Daniel,  b.,  622  ;  settles  Ky.,  693,  76' ; 

explorations,  772,  791  builds  fort,  802  ; 
captured,  882  ;  repels  Indians,  883  ;  d., 
1282. 

,  Thomas,  governor  N.  J.,  732. 

,  Wra.  J.,  missionary,  d.,  6242. 

, ,  Jones,  cons,  bp.,  1563  ;  d..  0202. 

Court  House,  Va.,  action  at,  1982 

,  N.  C,  captured,  2442. 

Boonesboro,  Ky.,  Indians  attack,  862, 

Boonsborough,  Cane  Hill  Coll.  org.,  1703, 

Boonville,  Mo,,  action  at,  196' ,  1982,  21O' . 

Boorman,  James,  b.  (1783)  -  d.,  250' . 

Booth,  Agnes,  b.,  4973. 

,  Barton,  b.,  8'J42  ;  d.,  9082. 

, ,  Catherine,  d,,  1004'. 

,  Clitford,  Mrs.,  arrives,  394'. 

,  Edwin,  b.,  142' ;  in  Boston,  160' ;  in 

N.Y.,  241' ;  in  London,254'  ,258' ;  theater 
opd.,  264' ;  birthday,  3712  ;  d.,  430' . 

,  (Jeorge,  Sir,   insurrectionist,    888'; 

Royalist  leader,  8893. 

,  G.  Sclater,  Koyal  Commission,  995' . 

,  John  Wilkes,  b.,  1502  ;  plan  to  assas- 
sinate Lincoln,  243' ,  247 ' ;  arrives  at  Dr. 
Mudd's,  247' ;  shot,  2472. 

— — ,  Junius  Brutus,  b.,  9283 ;  appears,  938 ' ; 
in  America,  128' ;  d,,  9582. 

,  Major,  at  Fort  Pillow,  231 ' . 

,  Mary  L.,  b,,  1382  ;  d,,  336'. 

,  Newton,  b.  (1825);  gov.  Cal.,281 ' ;  nom. 

for  president,  293' ;  d.,  410' 

- — ,  Sanmel,  d.,  474' . 

,  Wm.,  Gen.,  b.  (1829);  fnds.  Salvation 

Army,  9682  ;  fund  for  poor,  IOO42  ;  Dark- 
est England  and  the  Way  Out,  10O13  ; 
social  regeneration,  IOO52 ;  renounced 
by  Am.  Sal.  army,  334' ;  arrives,  474' . 

,  William,  Mrs,,  funeral  of,  1005'- 

Boothbay,  schooner  seized,  3372. 

Boothia,  explored.  68O2. 

,  Felix,  discovered,  944' . 

Boots  and  shoes,  mfg.  machine,  924' ,  2, 

Bopp,  Franz,  9043  ;  works,  813' ;  d.,  8243. 

Bora,  Katharina  von,  weds  Luther,  789'. 

Borbetomanus.    (See  Worms.) 

Borda,  Jean  Charles,  b,,  6983  ;  d..  7142, 

Senhor  Idiarte,  pres.  Uruguay,  n(503. 

Borde,  Andrew,  b.  (1500  O ;  named.  871 ' . 

Bordeaux,  Fr.,  held  by  Eng.  king,  C712  ; 
capitulates;  occupied,  678';  mnv  fnd., 
6783;  revolts,  6832,  7112;  strike,  7003  ; 
occupied,  7203 ,  738 ' ;  banner  raised,  7212. 

Line,  steamers  established,  .3073. 

Borden,  Andrew  J.,  murdered,  4123. 

,  Gail,b.(1801);  invents  condensed  milk, 

166' ;  meat  biscuit,  168' ;  d.  (1870). 

,  Lizzie,  acquitted,  429'. 


Bord-Bost. 


Taxt  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1197 


Borden,  Siraeou,  b.,  1081 ;  d.,  1781 . 

Bordeutown,  N.J.,  Female  CoU.  opened, 
1703;  monuineut,  3921. 

Border  Mission  in  Mexico,  109G2. 

State  Convention,  ll»52,  1971 . 

Bordes,  Borgnis  de,  defeats  pirates,  4823. 

Bordeu,  Th^ophile  de,  b.,  6982  ;  d.  7043. 

Bordoue,  Paride,  b.,  107i)i ;  d.,  10822. 

Boreas,  wrecked, 9321 . 

Borel,  Jean  Louis,  b.  (1819) ;  minister,  7512; 
d.  (1884). 

Borelli,  (iiovanni  Alfonso,  b.,  10823;  dis- 
covers planets,  73*Ji ,  7481 ;  d.,  10831 . 

Boreman,  Arthur  Ingraham,  gov.,  221(3. 

Borges,  .Jt)s^,  in  Calj^>ria ;  shot,  1088 1 . 

Borghesi,  Bartolouiiueo,  Count,  b.,  10843  ; 
d.,  10882. 

Borghi-Maniio,  Adelaide,  b.,  108G2. 

Borgia,  Cesare,  b.,  10783  ;  loses  provinces, 
10781 ;  subjects  San  Marino ;  receives  Ur- 
bino,  10813;  d.,  IO8O2, 

,  Francis,  (1510 1);  Jesuit  gen.,  1081 1; 

d.  (1572). 

,  Lucrezia,  b.,  10783  ;  d.,  IO8O2. 

Borgne,  Lake,  La.,  Brit,  fleet  enters,  1223. 

Borgo  (le  San  Sepolero,  earthquake,  10841 . 

Bor^ono,  Sefior,  premier,  6093. 

Borica,  Diego  de,  governor,  1053, 

Burie,  Adolpb  E.,  b.  (ISlOi:);  sec.  navy, 
2671  ;  resigns,  2672  ;  d.,  3022. 

Borinage  district,  strike,  5463, 

Boris  introduces  Christianity,  5652. 

Godonof,  usurps  throne,  Hus.,  III52. 

Borivoy,  Christian  prince,  5022, 

Borjesson,  Johan,  b.  (1790) ;  Erik  XIV., 
11362  ;  d.  (1866). 

Borland,  Solon,  gov.  N,  Mex.,  1743 ;  d.,  2312. 

Born,  Ignaz  von,  b.,  5143  ;  d.,  5191 . 

Borna,  prince  of  Croatia,  5031 . 

Borne,  Ludwig,  b.,  8043  •  Writings,  8151  ; 
d.,  8143. 

Borneo,  die.,  5511  ;  Christianity  repelled; 
Spaniards  favored ;  Dutch  trade  ;  fac- 
tories, 5513;  insurrection ;  disturbances ; 
Dutch  in  ;  piracy,  5512  ;  Dutch  protecto- 
rate, 5521  ;  Spanish  ter.,  5522  ;  Brit,  pro- 
tectorate fnid.,  5523  ;  civil  administra- 
tion;  Brit.  ter.  enlarged,  5522. 

Bornhoeved,  battle  of,  635i ,  7782. 

Bornu  troops  in  Sudan,  661 1 . 

Borodino,  battle  of,  7182. 

Boron,  Robert  de,  Saint  Graal,  S503. 

Boroughbridge,  action  at,  8561 . 

Boroughs  treated  as  counties,  G.  B.,  9992. 

Borreo,  Dr.,  president  Ecuador,  6443. 

Borromeo,  Carlo,  b.,  10803  ;  Sunday  in- 
struction of  children,  10832  ;  d.,  10822. 

,  Federigo,  b.,  10803  ;  d.,  10823. 

Borrow,  George,  h.,  8323  ;  d.,  9882. 

Borsad,  Bombay,  mission,  10471. 

Bort  de  Teisserenc,  Pierre,  minister,  7512  ; 
d.,  7621 . 

Bortel,  English  defeat,  7101 . 

Borthwick,  Baron,  title  created,  863' . 

Borup,  Capt.  Henry,  accomplice,  7631 . 

BoruBsia  conquers  Veuedi,  7683. 

Bnrussia,  sinks  5853. 

Borut,  prince,  503' . 

Bory  de  Saint  Vincent,  Jean  Baptiste 
George  ilarie,  b.,  7051 ;  d.,  7283. 

Borzivoj,  duke,  50;ii ,  3. 

Bosanquet,  commissioner,  9473. 

Bosboom,  Mme.  (Anna  Luize  Geertruide 
Toussaint),  b.-tl.,  11021. 

Boacau,  Almogaver,  Juan,  b.-d.,  11263. 

BoBcawen,  Edward,  b.,  9042  ;  Adm.,  takes 
Ft.  ships,  9121  ;  in  battle,  9141  ;  at  Yarri- 
ba,  11613  ;  at  Pondicherry,  IOU1 ;  d.,  915i . 

Bosch,  or  Bosco,  Hieronymus,  b.-d.,  10982, 

Boscobel,  Beecher's  country  place,  3493. 

Boscovich,  Ruggiero  Giuseppe,  b.,  10831 : 
d.,  10843, 

Bose,  Col.,  at  Mupng,  4823, 

Bosio,  Franyois  Joseph,  Baron,  b.,  10842  ■ 
d.,  10863. 

BoBKowitz,  lightning  kills  persons,  5321 . 

Bosnia,  kiiigdlnu  ;  Pannonian  War,  10603  ; 
king  defeated,  5072  ;  joins  Turkey,  5092  ; 
conquered  by  Mohammed  I.,  11561 ;  capi- 
tal founded,  5093  ;  Turks  conquer,  5112  ; 
ceded,  5151;  rebellion  quelled,  5243; 
Herzegovinians  revolt,  5262  ;  rebellion, 
5232  ;  Austrians  enter,  5281,5293  ;  Turks 
aid, 5281 ;  against  Turks  ;  revolts  ;  revolt 
subdued ;  to  Aust.,  529  3;  war  ends,  5301 ; 
occupied;  quiet,  531';  insurrection, 
5312;  avalanche,  5341 ;  annexed,  5352. 

B080,  Duke  of  Burgundy  ;  revolts,  6672. 

Bosporus,  kingdom  fnd.,  11472  ;    Eumelus 


kills  relatives,  11483  ;  Scythians  conquer, 
11491  ;  conquered,  11501. 

Bosporus,  earthquake,  11502. 

entered,  III8I. 

Bosquet,  Pierre  Joseph  Francois,  b.,  719*  ; 
d.,  7:^2. 

Bosqxiillion,  EdouardF.M.,l>.,7003;  d.,7222. 

Bosse,  Dr.  von,  minister,  8363. 

,  F.  X.,  prefect,  5842. 

Bossi,  Giuseppe,  b.,  10iH3  ;  d.,  10862. 

Bossuet,  Jacques  B.,b.,6863;  works,  6931 ,2, 
6951;  d.,  6962. 

Bossut,  Cliarles,b.,  6983  ;  d.,  7211. 

Boston,  Trimountain,  fnd.;  gen.coiu't  held, 
331 ;  ttrst  church,  322  ;  school  est.,  343  ; 
commissioners  opposed,  43 1 ;  training- 
days,  441 ;  secession  church,  442  ;  print- 
ing-press, 443  ;  Castle  destroyed,  453  ; 
slave  traffic,  471 ;  Savoy  confession  ap- 
proved, 463  ;  church  quarrel,  482  ;  char- 
ter expires,493 ;  Huguenot  Presb.church, 
King's  Chapel  erecteil,  502  •  capital  of 
seaboard,  511 ;  Eng.  revolution  Known, 
512  ;  Public  Occurrences  suppressed, 503; 
Br.  fleet  arrives,  52' ;  disease  decimates, 
533  ;  Manifesto  church  est.,  542  ;  fire,  473; 
population,  553,  633  ;  antislavery,  55i ; 
Queen  Anne  proclaimed,  553;  Neivs-Let- 
ter,  571 ;  great  fire,  573  ;  Bank  of  Credit, 
593  ;  deep  snow,  58 1 ;  sale  of  books,  583 ; 
Boston  Gazette  pub.,  583 ;  New  Eng. 
Courant,  603  ;  inoculation  controversy, 
611;  smallpox  scourge,  013,  603-  first 
Freemasons,  631 ;  stage  line,  633;  Weekly 
Museum;  Christian  History ,  651;  seamen 
impressed,  67i ;  King's  Chapel  built,  66I ; 
theatrical  exhibitiou8,67i ;  cong.  of  govs., 
713  ;  smallpox,  693;  Neio  Eng.  Magazine, 
792  ;  Are,  733  ;  taxation  resisted  ;  stamp 
agent  resigns,  751;  Liberty  Tree,  753; 
Royal artiller}]  in ;  liomnty  irritates, 74i ; 
Bnt.  officers  impeded ;  vexes  Brit,  sol- 
diers; citizens  board  schooner,  771 ;  Gage 
invades,  76i ;  riot,  743  ;  Brit,  troops  in ; 
non-importation,  771 ;  massacre ;  troops 
withdrawn,  76i ;  conven.  of  delegates  ; 
Castle  William  delivered;  liberty  pole 
cut,  773;  Tea  Party;  Port  Bill,  782,  791 ; 
9193;  funds  for  poor,  783  ;  illuminated, 
793,  Period  of  Revolution  :  siege  of, 
801 ,2  ;  buildings  for  fuel,  813  ;  delivers 
guns,  etc.;  blockaded,  801 ;  conflicts  in 
harbor,  802  ;  The  Neck  fortified,  801 ; 
Putnam  on  Hog  Island ;  invaded,  8O2  ; 
attack  pushed,  811;  storm  favors  Am.; 
Brit,  bombarded ;  evacuated ;  cannons 
protect,  821;  churches  destroyed,  85i ; 
conven.  troops,  88I ;  Constitutional  Con- 
ven, at,  933  ;  Am.  Academy  Arts  and 
Sciences,  93 1;  Mass.  Sentinel;  Jiepuhlh- 
can  Journal,  963  ;  slavery  decision,  972  ; 
First  church  organ,  982  ;  fire,  99  3;  nxass 
said,  1001 ;  Washington  arrives,  1013  ; 
first  theater,  1021;  census,  1033;  Prices- 
Current  and  Mari)U'  /iitrl/if/ttnrr  itumtid, 
1043;  Mass.  Maf/>rJnr,  ']IHJ3  ;  Meth. 
church opd.,  1062;  CnisiitiUUiH  hunii-licd, 
1061;  aqueduct  water,  1112;  Female 
Soc.  org.,  1102  ;  sheet  copper  mfd.,  IIOI ; 
Daniel  Webster  arrives ;  ice-trade  be- 
gins, 1133  ;  Library,  Athenseum  fnd.;  R. 
C.  see,  1143  ;  Park  St.  Church  erected; 
Mrs.  Dutf  appears,  II6I  ;  Evan.  Tract  Soc. 
org.,  1183 ;  Monthly  Anthology,  1123 ; 
Christum  Disciple;  Daily  Advertiser, 
1212  ;  Linnean  Soc.  org.,  1231 ;  corset  pa- 
tented, 1241 ;  B.  Han(lel  and  Haydn  So- 
ciety org.,  1241 ;  B.  Soc.  org.,  1243  ;  Meth- 
odist Magazine,  1251 ;  Handel's  MessUih; 
Havdn's  Creation,  126'* ;  Christian  Exam- 
iner, 1273, 1323;  Christian  Register,  1291 ; 
B.  C-nuri^r,  1312  ;  gas  used,  1313;  Lyman 
Beecher  pastor.  1342  ;  State  Library  fnd., 
1351;  lithogra|>hs  made,  1353;  tempera- 
turein,  136i ;  Benjamin  Franklin,  thefirst 
steamboat,  1373;  Seaman's  Friend  Soc. 
org,,  1362;  Ladies^  Magazine,  1363  ;  asy- 
lum for  blind  ;  Globe,  137* ;  Daily  Morn- 
ing Post;  Liberator,  1391 ;  Mount  Auburn 
Cemetery  dedicated,  1393  ;  B.  and  Wor- 
cester R.R.,  1413,  1471;  B,  Dailif  Jour- 
nal; New  Eng.  Magazine, 142^  ;  ^benevo- 
lent Fraternity  org".,  1442  ;  Select  Journal 
of  Literature,  1423  ;  indignation  meeting, 
1432;  ice  exported,  1433  ;  Charlotte  Cush- 
nian  appears,  1441 ;  b.  &  Providence 
U.R.  opd.,  1453  ;  Christian  Review,  1443  ; 
B.  &  Lowell  R.R.  oikI.,  1453  ;  Transcen- 
dental Club  fmd.,1471 ;  B.  Quarterly  lie- 


view  est.,  1483;  Wendell  Phillips  appears, 
1491;  singing  in  sch(x>ls,  1481;  dis.  of 
printing  eel.,  1511 ;  iron  front  building 
erected,  1521 ;  jjial,  1523  ;  S.S.  Union  dis- 
solved ;  City  Mission  Soc.  org.,  1542  ;  B. 
and  Maine  R.K.,  1573;  Littell's  Living 
Age;  New  Eng.  Hist.  Soc.  library  fnd., 
1583 ;  American  Messenger ;  B.  Univ.  fnd., 
1631;  water  intro.;  Forest  Hills  Ceme- 
tery est.,  1653  ;  Edwin  Booth  appears, 
1661;  cholera  at,  1673;  Y.M.C.A.  org., 
1683;  Woodlawn  Cemetery  est.,  1712; 
New  Eng.  Hist. and  Genealogicallitqister ; 
library  fnd.,  1703  ;  Tremont  Temple 
burned,  1712  ;  telegraphic  fire  alarm, 
1713  ;  Congregational  Library  fnd.,  1731 ; 
rescue  of  Anthony  Burns,  1742  ;  B.,  Con- 
cord, and  Montreal  R.li.,  opened,  1752  ; 
Public  Library  erected,  1782  ;  clearing 
house  est.;  B.  and  Cambridge  StreetR.R. 
opd.,  1793  ;  fire  at ;  industrial  exhibition 
opens,  1813  ;  Dr.  Hayes  sails,  1881 ;  New- 
ton Cemetery  opd.,  1893.  Civil  War 
Period:  6th  Regt.  leaves,  1941;  troops 
on  Common,  1953  ;  first  colored  troops, 
1961 ;  Jievieic,  1991 ;  Mason  and  Slidell  ar- 
rive, 2003, 2012;  City  Hall  8tonelaid,2173 ; 
B.  Coll.org.;  Union  Club  org.,  2642  ;  54th 
Regt.  leaves,  2222  ;  non-union  mob,  2253; 
South  End  City  Hospital,  2333;  Horticul- 
tural Hall,  2493;  Mass.  Inst,  of  Technol- 
ogy opd.;  Young  Women's  Christian 
Asso.,  2502;  Masonic  Temple,  2573;  New 
Eng.  Conservatory  of  Music  est.;  statue 
of  Edward  Everett,  2581 ;  Roxbury  an- 
nexed, 2613;  Board  of  Missions  fmd., 
2642;  Women's  Club  org. ,2651 ;  Univ.  and 
Coll.  of  Liberal  Arts  fnd.,  2662  ;  school 
fordeaf,2663  ;  Congregational  Cluborg., 
2682;  B.  Univ.  opd.,  2763,  Peace  Peri- 
od:  World's  Peace  Jubilee  eel.,  2661, 
2781,3;  G/o6e,2782;  great  fire, 2793,  2883 ; 
Sunday  reading-room,  2811 ;  Mass.  Nor- 
mal Art  School  f nid. ;  Beethoven  Quintet 
Club  find.,  2821  ;  enlarged,  2882-  E.  C. 
archdiocese,2862;  anniversary  of  Bunker 
Hill ;  aqueduct  built,  2893  ;  Jesse  Pom- 
eroy  arrested ;  Winslow  forgeries,  2911 ; 
R.R.  engineers  strike,  2943;  MarcellaSt. 
Home  opd.,  2971 ;  Back  Bay  Park  system 
est.,  2973  ;  Doi'chester  annexed,  2693; 
Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  270i ,  3542  ;  New 
Eng.  Coiiservatoryof  Music  incorp.,2701 ; 
Literary  World;  Old  and  New  est., 270^  ; 
Chinese  scliool  org.;  Wide  Awake,  2922  ; 
Prot. Epis. Church Conv., 2962, 4761 ;  first 
telephone,  294i ;  library  repts.,  2962 ; 
Daily  Evening  Jfecord,'MO^;  Associated 
Charities  org.,  3011;  settlement  eel., 
3053;  Symphony  Soc.  est.,  3061;  Nat. 
Conven.  W.  C.  T.  U,,  307i ;  Law  and  Or- 
der League  org,,  3103  ;  Unit.  Ministers- 
Monday  Club  org.  3142 ;  Foreign  Expo- 
sition opens,  3153  ;  Algonquin  Club  org., 
3231 ;  statue  of  Wm.  L.  Garrison  un- 
veiled, 3241;  Channing  Club  org.,  3262; 
Unit.  Nat.  Bureau  of  XInity  Clubs  org., 
3262  ;  R.R.  accident,  3273  ;  State  Houflo 
enlarged,  3333  ;  liquor  licenses  raised, 
3362  ;  schools  and  politics,  3423  ;  Nat. 
Guild  Unit.  Alliance  org.,  3463  ;  school 
history  trouble,3463 ;  Am.  flag  on  schools, 
3471 ;  Maritime  Exhibition  opens,  3473  ; 
squadron  of  evolution,  3481 ;  cong.  of 
churches,  3482  ;  T.  H.  Hart  reelected, 
3491 ;  fire,  3492  ;  first  electric  street  rail- 
road, 3513  ;  Art  and  Science  Inst,  pro- 
jected ;  Brewers' Syndicate,  3553  ;  brick- 
layers' agreement,  3563  ;  carpenters 
strike,  3583 ;  Ancient  and  Honorable 
Artillery  eel.,  360i,  3851;  Bunker  Hill 
anniversary,  3611;  monument  to  Comit 
Schwab,  3641;  Meth.  centennial,  3642^ 
3701;  emancipation  eel.,  3683;  Journal, 
change,  3862  ;  Irish  members  of  Parlia- 
ment in,  371 1 ;  Nathan  Matthews  mayor, 
3732  ;  free  coinage  protest,  3763  ;  strike, 
3782  ;  Neiv  Nation  appears,  3781 ;  Naval 
Order  U.  S.  est.,  3871 ;  Republican  Press 
Club  org.,  3883  ;  Kindling  Wood  Trust 
fmd.,  3893;  temperance  petition,  3931; 
W.  C.  T.  U.  conven.,  3943  ;  Confed.  bat- 
tle-flag returned,  400 1 ;  flre,  3933,  4213, 
4273,  $613  ;  bank  swindle,  3943  ;  Burn- 
ham's  gift,  3951;  run  on  savings  bank, 
3953  ;  New  Chamber  of  Commerce,  4013  ; 
Maverick  Bank  directors  indicted,  4023  ; 
negroes'  mass  meeting,  4082  ;  balloon  ac- 
cident, 4093  ;  banquet  to  Dr.  E.  E.  Hale, 


1198 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        IrMlJl^X..        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Bost-BoyL 


4012;  World Magazineti202.^  Anti-saloon 
League  fmd.,  4<Ha ;  Columbus  statue, 
4161 ,  4461 ;  carriage-makers'  strike,  4'J63; 
Treuiont  Temple  ourned,  42Gi ;  petitions 
Senate,  4411;  trainmen  attackeii,  4442; 
low  wages  protested,  4482  ;  lizard  orna- 
ments,4513;  laborers  demand  work,452i ; 
Patriots'  Day,  4571;  jail-tlelivery,  4643  ; 
Elevated  U.K.  Bill,  4073  ;  garment-work- 
ers strike,  4722  ;  E.  U.  Curtis,  mayor 
4772;  Public  Library  Building,  4781 ; 
Dennison  Mfg.  Co.  anniversary,  4793, 
(See  Massachusetts.) 

Boston,  damaged,  3421 . 

Boston,  E.  of,  title  create<l,  0152. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  8942  ;  d.  (1732). 

Bostrom,  Baron,  Minister  of  State,  &123. 

Boswell,  .James,  b.,9103  ;  Life  of  Johnson, 
9251;  d.,9263. 

,  T.W., surety  for  .Jefferson  Davis, 2563. 

Bosworth  Field,  battle  of,  8«ii . 

,  Joseph,  b.,  9243  ;  d.,  9802. 

Soc,  Eoyal,  org.,  9182. 

Botany  Bay,  felons  transported  to,  9251 ; 
settled,  9252. 

Gardens,  Kew,  9541 ;  Oxford,  880' . 

Botanists,  journeys  of,  SK>2. 

Botetourt,  Lord  Norbonne  Berkeley,  b., 
(1734  J:) ;  gov. ;  dissolves  Assembly,  772  ; 
d.  (1770). 

Bothwell,  Earl.    (See  Hepburn,  James.) 

Bridge,  action,  8911 . 

Botiller,  Edmmid  le,  viceroy,  8572. 

Botreaux,  Baron,  title  created,  8591 . 

Botta,  Carlo  Giuseppe  Guglielmo,  b. ,10842; 
works,  10852  :  d.,  10882. 

,  Paul  Emile,  b.,  7142 ;   explorations, 

7281 ;  Monuments  of  Mnereli,  7302  ;  dis- 
covers ruins  of  Assyria,  11562  ;  d.,  7382. 

Bottarl,  Giovjumi  Gaetano,  b.,  10831;  d., 
10843. 

Bottcher,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  (1681) ; 
Dresden  China,  7982  ;  d.  (1719). 

Bottger  invents  matches,  816' . 

Botticelli,  Filipepi  Sandro,  b.-d.,  10783  ; 
works,  10781 . 

Bottiger,  Karl  A.,  b.,  8023  ;  d.,  8143. 

Vilhelm,  b.  (1807; ;  Poems,  11363  ; 

d.  (1878). 

Botts,  John  Alinor,  b.,  1101 ;  surety  for 
Jefferson  Davis,  2,)03  ;  d.,  2Gti . 

Botume,  Elizabeth  H.,  Contrabands,  4462. 

Botyras  reigns,  11473. 

Bou  Ameema,  leader,  101 . 

Bouohain,  Fr.  gains,  6933  ;  captured,  6962. 

Boucliardon,  Edme,  b.,  6943  ;  d.,7033. 

Boucher,  Jonathan,  b.,  9102  ;  ,i.,  g^f>3. 

de  Perthes,  Jacques,  b.,  7062  ;  d.,  7382. 

Boucherville,  M.  de,  minister,  5932, 

Boucliet,  Claude  Autoine,  b.,706i ;  d.,7282. 

Bouchier,  Thomas,  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, 8682  ;  d.  (1486). 

Boucicault,  Dion,  b.,  9403  ;  d.,  10041. 

Bouck,  William  C,  b.  (1786) ;  governor  New 
York,  1553  ;  d.  (1859). 

Boudet,  Paul,  b.  (1800) ;  minister,  7371. 

Boudinot,  Elias,  b.  (,1740) ;  d.,  l,30i . 

Bouet  invents  pastel  painting,  6861 . 

,  Capt.,  on  West  Coast  of  Afr.,  11611 . 

,  Gen.,  at  Hanoi,  4802  ;  Black  Flags, 

4803  ;  at  Sontay,  4821 . 

Boufflers,  Due  de,  Louis  Fran9ois,  b.,  6883 ; 
d.,  6963. 

Bougainville,  Ijouis  Antoine  de,  b,,  6983  ; 
Around  the  World,  7052  ;  d.  (1814), 

Boughton,  Geo,  Henrv,  b,  (1836) ;  in  Nat, 
Academv,  2761 . 

Bouguer,  i'ierre,  b.,  6943 ;  to  Peru,  6981 ;  he- 
liometer  ;  earth's  density,  7002;  d.,  7023. 

Bouguereau,  William  Adolphe,  b.  (1825) ; 
Homer,  748 1 . 

Bouliours,  Dominique,  b.,  6863  ;  works, 
6931 ;  d.,  6932. 

Bouill^,  PVanyois  Claude  Amour,  Marquis 
de,  b.,  7002  ;  d.,  7142. 

Bouillerie,  M.  de  la,  minister,  7473. 

Bouillon,  Godfrey  do,  b.-d.,  5392  ;  Assises 
de  .Jerusalem,  6691 , 

Henri  de  la  Tour  d'Auvergne,b,,  6822; 

d.,6863. 

Boulainvilliers,  Comte  Henri  de,  b.,  6902  ; 
works,  6992,  7013  ;  d.,  6982. 

Boulanger,  Georges  Ernest  Jean  Marie,  b., 
(1837);  inTunis,7541 ;  minister,7552,3;  life 
exposed  ;  pronunciamento  ;  duel ;  ar- 
rested, 7563,  7571 ;  dismissed  ;  trial,  7561 ; 
Invasion  Xo.  1,  7562  ;  dispute  in  Clham- 
bers,  7571 ;  demonstrations  favor,  7572  ; 
greeting;  indictment;  manifesto;  leaves 


Paris  ;  name  erased,  7583  ;  treason ;  in- 
dictment ;  prosecution  of ;  warrants  for; 
trial,  7591 ;  demands  court-martial;  man- 
ifesto ;  sentence,  7592  ;  defeated  ;  pub. 
letter,  761';  suicide,  7471 ;  visitors,  1001 1 . 

Boulanger,  Bernet,  minister,  7672. 

Boulder,  Colo.,  Univ.  College  org.,  2962. 

Boule,  M.,  minister,  7473. 

BouUougne,  Bon,  b.,  6883  ;  d.  (1717),  6971 . 

Boulogne,  Fr.,  taken,  6802  ;  edict  of,  6843; 
encampmeut  at,  7141 ;  pilgrimages  to, 
7342;  captured,  8681 ;  surrendered,  8693. 

Boulton,  Matthew,  b.,  908';  est.  Soho 
works,  9173;  with  J.  Watt,  918' ;  d.,9343. 

Bou  Ma'za,  Si  Mohammed,  b.,  4882. 

Boundbrook,  N.  J.,  action  at,  862. 

Jiounty,  crew  mutinies,  924' . 

Bouuty,  drafted  men's,  U.  S.  A.,  236' . 

Bouquet,  Henry,  b.  (1719) ;  at  Fort  Du 
Quesne,  702;  against  Ladiaus,  74';  d., 
(1766). 

Bourbaki,  Charles  Denis  Sauter,  b.,  7222  ; 
at  Nancy,  738' ;  army  of  North;  at  Tours, 
742';  commands,  7423;  at  Dijon,  743'; 
at  Belfort ;  in  Switzerland,  744' . 

Bourbeau,  Louis  Olivier,  b.  (1811) ;  minis- 
ter, 7392. 

Bourbon,  Ind.,  church  wrecked,  3903. 

,  Alfonso  de,  retires  to  Fr.,  1132' . 

,  Cardinal  de,  proclaimed  K.,  6853. 

,  Charles,  b.-il.,  6783, 

,  Duke  of.  Prime  Minister  ;  dismissed, 

6993  ;  banishment,  7092. 

,  Duke  of,  in  Tunis,  11392. 

family  enthroned,  6853  ;  reconciled, 

7333;  dethroned,  7172;  from  Sicily,  10S72 ; 
restored,  7213,  7232. 

,  Francois  de  Paule  de,  d.,  762' . 

,  Jacques  de,leadaagainst  Pope;  killed, 

680'. 

,  Juan  de,  renounces  claim,  11313. 

Bourbonnaia,  St.  Viateur's  College  (R.  C.) 
organized,  2863. 

Bourcet,  Pierre  Joseph,  b.,  6943  ;  d.,  706'. 

Bourdaloue,  Louis,  b.,  6882  ;  d.,  6962. 

Bourdeilles,  Pierre  Barntome  de,  b.  (1540); 
works,  685' ;  d.  (1614). 

Bourdin,  Martial,  blows  up,  1011'. 

Bourdon,  Isidore,  b.,  7123  ;  d.,  7342. 

,  Louis  Pierre  Marie,  b.,  7142  ;  d.,  7322. 

,  Sebastien,  b.,  6862  ;  d.,  6922. 

Bourdonnaise,  Adm.  B.  F.  Mahe  de  la,  b., 
(1699) ;  commander,  1044' ;  d.  (1775). 

Bourgade,  P.,  cons.  B.  C.  bishop,  3202, 

Bourgainville,  Louis  Antoine  de,  d.,  721'. 

Bourgas,  insurrection, 5673. 

Bourgeois,  Auguste,  d.,  746' ,  747' . 

,   Leon,  minister,  7G1',  7632,  765',  2; 

resigns,  7652. 

Bourges  :  Church  Council,  6703  ;  Univer- 
sity of,  founded,  6783. 

Bourget,  Paul,  Academician,  756';  works, 
7602. 

Bourguet,  Louis,  b.,  6923  ;  d.,  7002. 

Boungnon,  Antoinette,  b.,  5403  ;  founder, 
6903  ;  d.,  5422. 

Bourke,  Capt.,  J.  G.,  killed,  4183. 

,  Itichard,  Sir,  b.  (1777);  governor  Aus- 
tralia, 4952  ;  d.  (188.5). 

, Southwell,  E.  of  Mayo,  assassi- 
nated, 977', 

,  llobert  L,  Connemara,  gov.,  10453. 

,  Walter,  shot,  989' . 

Bourmof,  M.,  president,  5663. 

Bourniont,  Comte  Louis  Auguste  A'ictor, 
b,,  70*2  ;  in  Algiers,  82,  92  ;  d.,  7283. 

Bourn,  Augustus  O.,  gov.  R.  I.,  3153. 

Bourne,  Stm-ges,  b.  (1769) ;  minister,  9432; 
d.  (1846). 

,  Vincent,  b.,  1698+) ;  d.,  7003. 

,  William,  mentions  log,  874' . 

Bournemouth,  convent  opened,  9802  ;  New 
Victoria  Hospital  opened,  10023. 

Bournet,  J.G.  Ernest,  cardinal  priest,  7622. 

Bourrienne,  Louis  Ajltoine  Fauvelet  de, 
b.  (1769);  d.,  7262. 

Boursault,  Edme,  b.  (1638);  works,  091', 
6932  ;  d.  (1701). 

Bourse  Taxation  Bill  passes,  Ger.,  8372, 

BousHeld,  Henry  B„  elected  bishop,  9803, 

Bousmard,  Henri  J,  B.  de,  b., 7003;  d., 7163. 

Bousquet,  M.,  minister,  7563. 

Boussingault,  Jean  B.  J.  D.,  b.,  7143  ;  d., 
756'. 

Bouteler,  Alex.  B.,  Com'tee  of  33, 189' . 

Boutclle,  Charles  A,,  b,,  1502;  on  Hawaiian 
question,  447' ;  resolution,  449' . 

Bouterwek,  Friedrich,  b.,  8023;  d.,814' . 

Bouton  invents  diorama,  724' . 


Boutwell,  Geo. Sewall, b.,  1262;  gov,,  1692; 
Reconstruction  Com,,  2493 ;  impeach- 
ment manager,  2612  ;  gee.  treas.,  267'. 

Bouvain,  Fr.  Damieii's  monument,  6493. 

Bouvart,  Alexis,  b.,  703' ;  d.,  7'282. 

Bouvianum,  action,  1052' ;  captured,  10562. 

Bouvier,  Hannah  M.,  b.,  1162. 

John,  b.,  98' ;  d.,  1682. 

Bouvines,  battle  of,  6701 ,  8521 . 

Bow,  use  of,  11422, 

Bowden,LemuelJackson,  b,  (1815);  d.,231i . 

Bowditch,  Nathaniel,  b., 781 ;  works,  llli, 
137';  d.,  1482. 

,  Thos.  Edward,  b.,  9243  ;  d.,  9422, 

Bowdoin  Coll,  fiid.,  10«3 ;  Library  est..  Ill ' ; 
boat-race,  3173,  3213,  3253,  3273;  centen- 
nial, 4G4' . 

,  James,  b.,  602  ;  d.  (1811). 

— — , ,  b.,  683  ;  Articles  of  Confedera- 
tion, 973  ;  governor,  99' ;  d.,  1022. 

Bowdon,  Ga.,  B.  College  organize<I.  1822. 

Bowell,  Sir  Mackenzie,  Min.  Customs, 
593' ;  Commerce,  6952  ;  Premier,  5963. 

Bowen  mission,  500' . 

,  Chas.,  Sir,  S.  C,  lord  justice,  9912. 

,  Francis,  b.,  1162  ;   Lowell  lectures. 

1663  ;  Modem  Philosophy,  2963  ;  d.  (1890). 

,  George  Fergusson,  Sir,  b.  (1821) ;  gov- 
ernor Australia,  4972,  4983. 

,  Henry,  d,,  3162, 

,  John  S,,  b,  (1829) ;  Gen.  at  Salem,  Mo., 

2003  ;  at  Port  Gibson,  221' ;  d.  (1803). 

,  Nathaniel,  b.,912  ;  consecrated  Prot. 

Ellis,  bishop,  1263  ;  d.,  I6O2. 

Bower,  Hubert,  consecrated  bishop,  3022. 

. ,  William  H.,  b.,  168'. 

Bowers,  Mrs.  D.  P.,  b.,  138' . 

,  Theo.  S.,  b.,  140' . 

,  William  W.,  b.,  1422. 

Bowes,  Baron,  title  created,  9963. 

,  Lord,  lord  chancellor,  9153. 

Bowlby,  Henry  B.,  cons,  bishop,  10062. 

Bowler,  K.  B,,  Treasury  Department,  4472, 

Bowles,  Sam,,  b.,  134' ;  work, 2683;  (l.,2982. 

,  William  Lisle,  b.,  9162  ;  d.,  0562. 

Bowlesby,  Alice  A.,  murdered,  2783. 

Bowling  Green,  Kv.,  occupied,  1983  ;  Con- 
fed,  capital,  2012";  Ogdeu  Coll.org.,  2903. 

Bowman,  Samuel,  b.,  1082  ;  cons.  Prot. 
Epis.  bishop,  1842  ;  d.,  1983. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  126' ;  cons,  bishop,  2763. 

Bowne,  Anthony,  lord  mayor  London,  9413. 

,  Walter,  mayor  New  York,  1372. 

Bowring,  James,  b.,  9262. 

,  Dr.  John,  b.  (1792) ;  British  minister, 

6193  ;  d.  (1872), 

Bowyer,  George,  Sir,  b.,  936' ;  d.  (1883). 

Bf»x,  copper-plate  mill,  876' . 

lioxer,  surrenders,  1203. 

Boxer,  life-saving  rocket,  982' , 

Boxhom,  Marcus  Zuerius,  b.-d.,  11003. 

Boyce,  mowing-machine,  9282. 

,  James  P.,  b.,  1342. 

,  W.  W.,  on  Committee  of  33, 189' . 

Boycott,  Capt.,  besieged,  9863. 

of  merchants,  4602  ;  paper  mills,  4662; 

British  goods,  5583. 

Boycotting;  breweries, Chicago,3603;  legal 
Mlecision,  427' ,  2,4352  ;  illegal,  4793;  con- 
demned, 5002  ;  advocated,  Eng.,  9863  ; 
iiMireases,  9883  ;  tenants,  1001'. 

Boyd,  Andrew  K.  H.,  b.,  1322  ;  d.,  2482. 

,  Capt.,  killed,  9352. 

,  Charles,  killed,  985' . 

,  James,    ineligible,    3832  ;     governor 

Neb.,  399' ;  decision,  4012. 

,  John  Parker,  b.,  76' ;  first  Preshyteri- 

aii.563 ;  at  Chrystlcr's Field,  1203 ;  k.,  90' . 

,Linn,  b.  (1800);  speaker,  1692,  1732; 

d.  (1869). 

,  Thomas,  attacked,  985'. 

,  Vincent,  consecrated  bishop,  3.342. 

,William,  Lord  Kilmarnock,  executed, 

9112. 

Bovdell,   John,  b,,   9062  ;    Shakespeare's 

rt'ort-s,  931';  d.,  9.323. 
Boyden,  Scth,  b.,100' ;  patent  leather ,126' ; 

malleable  castings,  130' ;  d.,  270' . 
Boydton  andWhite  Oak  R()ads,battlo,2443, 
Boyer,  Abel,  b.,  6903;  d.,  0983. 

,  Baron  Alexis,  b,,  7022  ;  d.,  7262. 

,  Gen.,  meets  Bismarck,  742'. 

,  Jean  Pierre,  b.,  85' ;  succeeds  Petion 

practical  dictator ;  exile  ;  invades  df- 

turbed  dis. ;  annexes,  10402  ;  d.  (1850), 
Boyesen,  Hjalmar  Hjorth,  li.  (1848) ;  Gun- 

iinr,  2823  ;  works,  2823,  2903,  2923,  3003, 

.3083,  3123,  3163. 
Boyle,  Baron,  title  created,  903' . 


1 


Boyl-Braz. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1199 


Boyle,  Bernardo,  vicar  W.  I.,  142. 

,  Cluirles,  b.,  8942  ;  d.,  9082. 

,  Father,  sentenced,  .589' . 

,  George  Fred.,  E.  of  Glasgow,  d.,  10022. 

,  Henry,  minister,  9032,3  ;  d.  (1725). 

,  Mary  Louisa,  d.,  10022. 

,  Richard,  E.  of  Cork,  b.  (1556);  d.,  8»43. 

, ,  Great  Earl,  b.,  8722  ;  d.  (1643  or 

1644). 

,  Robert,  b.,  882t ;  experiments  on  air, 

8921 ;  electrical,  894 1 ;  institutes  lectures, 
8983  ;  d.  (1691). 

,  Roger,  b.,  8802  ;  d.,  8942. 

Boylston,  Xichohia,  b.,  58t  ;  d.,  762. 

,  Zaudiel,  b.,  48' ;  d.,  74' . 

Boyne,  battle  of,  898' ;  anniver.,  3G43, 6922. 

,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  905' . 

Bozeman,  capital  of  Montana,  3432, 

Bozman,  John  Leeds,  b.  (1757) ;  d.,  1302. 

Bozzaris,  Marco,  b.-d.,  10343;  killed,  10342. 

Brabant,  t.aken  from  Sp.,0972;  beer-brew- 
ing known,  10982;  William  of  Orange  en- 
ters, 5401 . 

Brabazon,  Capt.,  captured,  620' . 

,  William,  Sir,  deputy,  8712. 

Brabourne,  Baron,  title  created,  9871. 
(See  Knatchbull-Hugessen.) 

,  TheopUilus,  on  Seventh  Day,  8822. 

Braociolini,  Francesco,  b.,  10803. 

Brace,  Charles  Loring,  b.,  134i ;  Unknown 
God,  3743  ;  arrested,  5243  ;  d.  (1890). 

,  Julia,  b.,  1122  ;  d.  (18*4). 

,  Memorial  Farm  School  opd.,  470' . 

Bracepeth,  Baron,  title  created,  965'. 

Brachvogel,  Albert  Emil,b.,  8123  ;d.  (1878). 

Brackel,  Ferdinande  von,  b.,  8143. 

Brackenbury,  Charles  Booth,  d.,  10022. 

Braekenridge,  Henry  M.,  b.  (1786) ;  Voyage 
to  Smith  America,  1283;  d.  (1871). 

Hugh  Henry,  b.  (1748) ;  Modern  Chiv- 

alrii,  603;  d.  (1816). 

Bracket,  Albert,  Gallatin,  b.,  1362  ;  col., 
near  Village  Creek,  209' . 

Braokett,  J.  Q.  A.,  gov.  Mjiss.,  3692,  3751 . 

Brackettville,  Tex.,  silver  mine,  4141 . 

Bradburn,  Mrs.  Samual,  est.  S.  S.,  9223. 

Braddell,  John,  shot,  9071 . 

Braddock,  Pa.,  steel  works  reopen,  4633. 

Edward,  b.,  9042  ;  leaves  Md.,  681 ;  in 

Va.,  681 ,  2  ;  effect  of  defeat ;  at  Fort  Du 
Quesne,  682  ;  on  colonial  taxation,  693  - 
d.,9123. 

Braddon,  Mary  Elizabeth,  b.,  9482. 

■Braden,  John,  b.,  1311. 

Bratlenburg  conquered,  5121 . 

Bradtield,  reservoir  breaks,  9673. 

Bradford,  Eng.,  Nat.  Asso.  for  Social  Sci- 
ence meets,  9621 ;  Br.  Asso.  meets,  9741 ; 
memorial  to  W.  E.  Forster,  10021 ;  weav- 
ers' strike  ends,  10051 ;  cholera,  10113. 

,  Alex.  Warfleld,  b.,  1241 ;  d.,  2582. 

.Andrew,  b.,  642:  publisher,  583;  d. 

(1742). 

,  Duke  of,  title  created,  9372. 

,  John,  d.,  8702. 

, ,  N„  pres.  Synod,  1232,  1263. 

,  Joseph  Jl.,  b.,  1321 ;  d.  (1872). 

,  Maj.,  at  Fort  Pillow,  231 1 . 

,  William,  b.  (1588) ;  governor  Mass., 

303,  352,  3,373;  d.  (1657). 

, ,  printer,  b.,  421,523.;  issues  al- 
manac, 483;  New  York  Gazette,  <Xi3;  d., 
683. 

, ,  atty.-gen.,  b.  (1755) ;  d.,  1061 . 

, ,  b.,  (1729) ;  pres.  Senate,  109i ;  d. 

(1808). 

, ,  b.,  1342;  paintings,  2901,  3021, 

3121,3161,3181;  d.,4(>41. 

, ,  H.,  b.  (1800) ;  d.,  2023. 

,  Pa.,  fire,  4273,  4613. 

Bradlaugh,  Charles,  b.,  9462  ;  loses  elec- 
tion, 9792  ;  refuses  oath,  9852  ;  affirms  ; 
refuses  to  withdraw,  9:i">3  ;  reelected  ; 
expelled,  9872;  police  interference,  9873 ; 
denied  in  II.  C.,9SU2  ;  refused  oath,  9912; 
arrested,  9913;  administers  oath  to  him- 
self ;  trial,  9932  ;  iKitli  H.  C. ;  refused 
oath,  9951;  Oaths  Bill,  9993  ;  expxilsion 
records,  10012 ;  oaths  resolution  ex- 
punged, 10053  ;  d.,  10042. 

Bradley,  Edward,  b.,  9422  ;  light  of  stars ; 
variation  of  axis,  9081  •  astronomer, 
9102  ;d.,  9162. 

,  G.  M.,  Koch's  remedy,  3773. 

,  James,  b.,  9001 ;  d.  (1762). 

,  Joseph  P.,  b.,  1211 ;  a.ssociate  justice, 

2731 ;  ElcetoralCommission,295i ;  d.,400i . 

,  Louia  R.,  gov.  Nevada,  2772. 

,  Martin,  Miss,  weds,  4283. 


Bradley,StephenR.,pres.Senate,1113,1153. 

,  Thomas,  explorer,  151 . 

, ,  shoots  Mathes,  4423. 

,  Warren  Ives,  b.  (1847) ;  d.,  2G21 . 

Bradshaw,  .John,  b.,  8781 ;  pres.  council, 
8873;  d.,  8902;  disentombed,  8911. 

Sits.,  Ariz.,  cliff-dwellers,  4701 . 

Bradstreet,  Anne,  b.,  261 ;  Poems,  39i ;  d., 
442. 

,  John,  b.,  562  ;  at  Fort  Frontenac, 

5743  ;  d.,  662. 

,  Col.  John,  b.  (1711) ;  campaigns  on 

Great  Lakes,  741 ;  d.  (1744). 

,  Simon,  b.,  262  ;  governor,  473  ;  re- 
stored to  power,  512  ;  d.  (1697). 

Bradstreefs  issued,  3023. 

Bradwardine,  Thomas,  Archbp.  Canter- 
bury, b.-d.,  8542;  works,  8533. 

Brady,  James  T.,  b.,  1241 ;  d.,  2641 . 

,  John,  cons,  bp.,  3981 ;  d.,  3801 . 

,  .Joseph,  convicted,  991 1 . 

,  Meziere,  b.  (1796) ;  L.  chancellor,  9533 ; 

9632  ;  chief  justice,  9573. 

,  Michael,  dismissed,  4643. 

,  Nicholas,  Psalms,  9003. 

,  Patrick,  murderer,  3931 , 

,  T.,  street-car  robber,  4743. 

,  Thomas  A.,  resigns,  3073. 

, ,  J.,  indictments,  3103;  acquitted, 

3132 

,  Wm.  v.,  mayor  N.  Y.  City,  1632. 

Bradyville,  Tenn.,  action  at,  2191 . 

Braga,  earthquake,  11093. 

Bragan^a  taken,  lllOi ;  House  est. ;  Duch- 
ess claims  Port. ;  11102  ;  House  ceases, 

11103. 

Bragg,  Braxton,  b.,  1261 ;  commands  Con- 
feds.,  1931 ;  enters  Ky.,  2121 ;  at  Frank- 
fort, 2142  ;  at  Mumfordville,  2131 ,  2163  ; 
at  Murfreesboro,  2171 ;  in  Tenn.;  at  Sliel- 
byville,  2231 ;  pursued  by  Rosecrans  ;  at 
Lookout  Mt.,2262;  at  Cliic-imauga,  2263 ; 
at  Chattanooga  ;  atMissionary  Ridge  ;at 
Tunnel  Hill,  2282  ;  Hardee  supersedes, 
2283;  at  Kinston,  2303,  a44i ;  d.,  2921 . 

,  Thomas,  b.  (1810)  ;  gov.  N.C.,  1792  ; 

senator,  expelled,  1973. 

,  Walter  L.,  Interstate  Commissioner, 

3512;  d..  3902. 

Braliam,  John,  b.,  9183  ;  first  appearance, 
9241 ;  d.  (1856). 

Brahe,  Tyclio,  b.-<l. ;  astronomical  discov- 
eries, 6362;  invents  sextant,  7921 ;  erects 
observatory  ;  system  of  astronomy, 
11341 ;  drawings,  10802. 

Bralima  SomaJ  of  India  formed,  10483. 

Bralimanisnt  in  India  ;  ruling  religion  ; 
reformers  arise,  10431 . 

Brahmans  regain  power,  10431 . 

Bralims,  Joliannes,  b.,  8142. 

Braid,  Spencer  Fullerton,  d.,  3262. 

Braidwood,  Tiiomas,  opens  Asylum  for 
Deaf  and  ]>uinb,  9352;  9391 . 

J  111.,  striking  miners,  3401 . 

Braine,  Daniel  Lawrence,  b.  (1829) ;  pro- 
moted rear-admiral,  3201 . 

Brainard,  David,  b.,  581 ;  d.  (1747). 

Brainerd,  John,  b.  (1720)  ;  missionary,  663; 
d.,  6«2. 

, Gardiner  Calkins,  b.,  IO61 ;  d., 

1361 . 

,  fhos.,  b.  (1804) ;  moderator,  241 1 ;  d., 

2821. 

Braitliwaite,  John,  steam  fire-engine,  9441. 

Bramah,  Joseph,  b.,  9122  ;  safety-lock, 
9202  ;  hydraulic  press.,  9222 ;  planing 
machine,  9302  ;  d.,  9363. 

Bramante,  Donato  Lazzari,  b.-d.,  10783. 

Bramlette,  Thomas  E.,  b.  (1817) ;  vote  for 
vice-pres.,  2812  ;  gov.,  2293;  d.  (1876). 

Bramliara  Moor,  battle,  86OI . 

Brampston,  John,  Sir,  b.  (1576) ;  chief  jus- 
tice, 8833  ;  d.  (1654). 

Bramwell,  Baron  George  William  Wil- 
shire,  b.  (1808) ;  d.,  IOO8I . 

Branca  Flor  appears,  11091 . 

Branch,  John,  b.  (1782) ;  sec.  navy,  1372  ; 
objects  to  defense  of  Wash. ,1923 ;  d.  ,219 1 . 

,  Gen.  Lawrence  O'Brien,  b.  (1820) ;  at 

New  Berne,  2051 ;  d.  (1802). 

,  William  A.  B.,  b.,  1622. 

Brand,  Henry  Wm.  Bouverie,  Sir,  b.  (1814) ; 
Visi^nmt  Ilampden,  Speaker  II.  C.,9772. 

,  .lolin  Henry,  Sir,  pres.,  d.,  11053. 

Brandao,  Fernao,  work,  11091 . 

Brande,  William  Thimias,  b.,  9242;  d.,  9701 . 

Brandenburg,  bishopric,  7723,  7741 ;  est., 
7772;  mark  of,  attacked,  7821;  Louis, 
margrave,  7831 ;  margravate  sold,  7853  ; 


Albert  III.,  margrave  ;  John  III.,  7872  ; 
incorporates  Teutonic  knights,  7892  j 
Joachim  II.,  7913;  dukedom  of  Prus. 
annexed,  7933,  7951 ;  ,Joacliim  Frederick, 
margrave ;  John  Sigisinund,  elector, 
7933;  invaded,  7942;  Frederick  III.,  elec- 
tor ;  king  ;  powerful,  7972  j  annexations  ; 
annexes  Magdeburg,  7973;  sovereigns  at, 
8192  ;  Herr,  minister,  8353. 

Brandenburg,  O.,  Morjjan  raids,  2242. 

Brandos,  George  Morris  Cohen,  b.,  6403. 

,  Otto,  mobbed,  7642. 

Bramliez,  battle  of,  7961 . 

Brandis,  Christian  August,b.,8(V43;  d.,8243 

Brauiion,  Can.,  Sun,  5843. 

,  Miss.,  meteor  falls,  4321 . 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9031 . 

,  Gerard  C,  gov.  Mississippi,  1353. 

Brandreth,  .Teremiali,  insurrection,  9K)3. 

Brandt,  Carl  L.,  mem.  Acad.  Design,  2801 , 

,  Count,  beheaded,  6392. 

,  Isabella,  marries  Rubens,  541 1 . 

,  Georg,  b.-d.,  11342;  discovers  phos- 
phorus, 7962;  cobalt,  11341. 

Brandy  Co.,  Cal.,  org.,  3433. 

Station,  fight  at,  2223,  2303. 

Brandy  wine,  battle  of,  871. 

Brandywine  burns,  1413. 

Brannan,  John  M.,  b.,  1281 ;  at  Pocotaligo, 
2143;  d.,4181. 

Brant,  Joseph,  b.,  642;  Indian  chief  at 
Fort  Schuyler,  871;  raids  N.  Y.,  883;  iji 
N.  Y.,  903;  d.,  1141. 

,  Sebastian,  b.,  7862  -    ship  of  Fools, 

7871;  d.,  7882. 

Brantford,  Can.,  Weekly  Expositor,  5803; 
Congregational  Union,  5882. 

Brantly,  Wm.  Theopliilus,b.,1242;  d.  (1846). 

Brantome,  Pierre  de  Bourdeilles,  b.,  6803: 
d.,  6862. 

Brascassat,  Jacques  Raymond,  b.,  7163. 

Brashear  City,  La.,  captured,  2231 , 

Brasidas,  commander ;  k.,  10202;  d.,  10211. 

Brasilia  discovered,  lOOOi . 

Braso,  mission  at,  11613. 

Brass  mfg.  from  copper  and  zinc,  7902. 

Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,  Charles  Etienne, 
b.,  7211;  d.,  7482. 

Brassey,  Baron,  title  created,  9963. 

Brasso,  action  at,  5222. 

Bratiano,  .Jean,  d.,  III32. 

Bratton,  Robert  F.,  b.,  1581 . 

Braun,  August  E.,  b.,  8083;  d.,  82fli . 

,  Karl,  invents  nejdioscope,  7382. 

Brauwer,  Adrian, b.-d.,  11003;  makesbroad- 
cloth,  8921 . 

Bravais,  Auguste,  b.,  7191 ;  d.,  736'. 

Bravalle,  battle  of,  634i ,  6363. 

Bravo,  Gen.  Nicolas,  b.-d.,  10952;  at  Cha- 
pultepec,  1622. 

Bray,  Mrs.  (Ann  Eliza  Kempe),  b.,  9302;  d., 
9922. 

,  Rev.  Dr.,  deposed,  3382. 

Braybrooke,  Baron,  title  created,  9232. 

,  Lord,  experiment  succeeds,  9392, 

Brayman,  Mason,  b.  (181.3) ;  gov.  Ida.,  295'. 

Brayr,  Baron,  title  created,  8672. 

Brawley,  William  H.,  b.,  1522. 

Brazen,  wrecked,  9301 . 

Brazil.  (See  Text,  pp.  562-560.)  Cabral  pos- 
sesses, 142;  discovered;  Amazon  Kiver 
dis.,  151 ;  navigated,  21 1 ;  Rio  de  Janeiro 
Bay  dis. ;  Ojeda's  second  voyage,  162  ; 
colony  at  All  Saints,  172;  colonized,  173, 
11093;  divided,  212;  gold  dis.,  221 ,  232  ; 
bp.  arrives  ;  first  Prot.  mission  ;  Jesuits 
arrive,  222;  est.  coll.,  223;  Jewish  refu- 
gees,222;  iniportant,232;  Prot. colony  ar- 
rives,232, 3;  colony  divided;  Veiga,  gov. ; 
Prot.  return  to  Fr. ;  under  Sp.,  252;  com- 
munism; Jesuits  in,  291 ;  invaded,  312  ; 
raids  for  slaves,  322;  marriage  with  na- 
tives ;  toleration,  323;  govt,  eat.,  332;  in- 
surrection, 361;  slaves,  37i;  Port,  pos- 
sess, 372,  393,  11103;  insurrection;  war 
of  colonists,  381 ;  against  missionaries, 
401 ;  gold  mining,  533  ;  diamonds  dis., 
573,  613,  653,  5.541,2;  .Jesuits  expelled, 
723;  Rio  de  la  Plata  dis.,  163;  naval  bat- 
tle, 1182,  1231 ;  King  of  Port,  in,  11103  ; 
separated  from  Port. ;  independence, 
11103:  w!lr  with  Buenos  Ayres,  II6OI ; 
Florida  captured,  2.383 ;  representatives 
welcomed,  3531 ;  miners  out  of  work, 
4273  ;  Amnesty  Bill  passes,  5593  ;  ac- 
cepted, 5003  -  Republic  recognized,  6423 ; 
dispute  with  G.  Br.,  9672;  war  with  Pa- 
raguay ;  peace ;  indemnity,  11062;  recon- 
ciliation of  Port.,  11113 . 


1200 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


Braz-Brik. 


Brazil  Company,  Port.,  abolished,  61  * . 

,111(1.,  strike,  317'. 

Brazilian  wood  introduced,  874'. 

Brazos  Island,  Banks  lands,  227) ;  French 
steamers  arrive,  2*28 ' . 

,  Santiago,  Tex.,  Federals  occupy,  216' ; 

Gen.  Dana  at,  227'. 

Bread  and  Cheese  War,  Neth.,  1098' . 

making  invented,  1013' . 

riots,  in  Versailles,  7073;  Eng.,  9272. 

Breadalbane,  E.  of,  title  created,  893*. 

,  Marquis,  title  created,  i)87' . 

Breaker  Island,  N.Y.,  fire,  :i&i3. 

Breakspeare,  Nicholas,  fnds.  bishopric  of 
Drontheim  ;  arrives  from  Koine,  H(fia  ; 
Pope  Adrian  IV. ;  d.,  10742. 

Breaniore,  England,  R.  K.  accident  near, 
9933 

Breathitt,  John,  b.  (1789) ;  gov.  Ky.,  1412  ; 
d.  (1834). 

Brebeut,  Jean  de,  b.  (1598) ;  in  Can.,  302  ; 
tortured,  382. 

,  Guillaunie  de,  b.  (1618)  ;  PharsaHa^ 

6903  ;  d.  (1661). 

Brechin,  see  of,  erected,  8502,  9083. 

Breck,  Samuel,  commissioned  col.,  436'. 

Breckenridge,  W.  C.  P.,  b.,  148' ;  Pollard 
Case,  4562;  contest  bitter,  4703. 

Breckinridge,  Clifton  11.,  b.,  1602;  speech, 
4392;  minister,  4473. 

,  Desha,  stabs  Livingstone,  4722, 

,  Henry  M.,b.,  98'. 

,  James,  b.,  723;  d.,  142' . 

,  John,  d.,  1622. 

or  Breckenridge,  John  Cabell,  b.,  130' ; 

nom. for  vice-pres.,  1803,  i823;  vote,  1812; 
nom.  forpres.,  1882;  vote  for,1883, 1913; 
disloyal  speech,  199 ' ;  joins  Conf  ed. ,  1993 ; 
expelled,  2013;  at  Baton  Kouge,  2103;  at 
Murt'reesboro,217'  ;atNewMarket,233' ; 
at  Bull's  Gap,  240';  driven  back,  2402; 
d.,288'. 

,  Joseph  0.,  brig.-gen.,  U.  S.  A.,  334' . 

, N.,  in  War  Sept.,  3512,  4472. 

,  Robert  J.,  b.,  1082;  moderator,  1542  ; 

chairman  Rep. Convention,  '2^152;  d.,  2742. 

,  William  L.,  moderator,  1803. 

Breda,  treaty  of,  433 ;  declaration  of,  891 ' ; 
Mj/slery  performed,  10982  ;  compromise 
of,  10993;  taken,  1100' ,2. 

Brederode,  Hendrik,  b.-d.,  5403;  compro- 
mise, 10983;  petition  to  Margaret,  10993. 

Brederroo,  GerbrandAdriaanssen,b.(1585); 
works,  UOl',2;  d.  (1618). 

Bredow,  Gabriel  G.,  b.,  804' ;  d.,  8102. 

Bree,  Herbert,  consecrated  bishop,  9862. 

Breech-loaders  in  Brit,  army,  974' . 

Breese,  Kidder  Randolph,  b.,  1382;  d. 
(1881). 

Bretfltt,  Edgar,  elected  alderman,  9832. 

Bregenze,  league  formed  at,  8192. 

Brehm,  Alfred  Edmund,  b.  (1829) ;  d.,  8302. 

Breislak,  Scipione,  b.,  10»12;  d.,  10862. 

Breitenfeld,  Catholics  defeated,  512' . 

Breithaupt,  Johanu  A.,  b.,  8043;  d.,  828' . 

Breitkopf,  Johann  Gottlob  Emmanuel, 
b.,  7982;  musical  notes,  8022;  d.,  8002. 

Brember,  Nicolas,  executed,  8C03. 

Bremen,  fnd.,  7713  ;  bishopric,  7703  ;  free 
city,  7972  ;  Danish  rule,  7993  ;  taken, 
802';  sold  to  Hanover,  8012;  independ- 
ence of,  8112;  restored,  8113;  new  con- 
stitution, 819';  Agr.  Exhibition,  8293; 
Polish  Jews  in,  8^3  ;  statue  of  Emp., 
836';  strikers, 835';  cholera, 8373;  ceded 
to  Eng.,  9072;  ceded  to  Hanover,  11353. 

Bremeimafen,  Am.  riflemen  at,  8343. 

Bremer,Eredrika,b.-d. , 11343;  works,11362. 

,  Gordon,  Sir,  in  Opium  War,  GIG^ . 

Brenda  coUidfjs  with  Dolphin,  9953. 

Brendel,  Karl  F.,  b.,  8102  ;  d.,  8243. 

Brenham,  Tex.,  lynching,  395' . 

Breiman,  W.  I.,  trade  tribunal,  4103. 

,  T.  F.,  consecrated  bishop,  3982. 

,  Thomas,  arrested,  985' ;  Phoenix  Park 

murders,  991 ' . 

Brenner,  Adolph,  attempts  murder,  4603. 

Bremieville,  battle  of,  668' . 

Brennus,  invades  Greece  ;  defeats  Gauls, 
1026' ;  sacks  Rome,  10513. 

Breutano,  Clemens,  b.,  8042;  works,  813' ; 
d.,  8162. 

Brentford,  England,  inundated,  950' . 

Brentius,  founds  Ubiquarians,  7903. 

Brenton,  Samuel,  b.  (1810) ;  d.,  180' . 

,  Wm.,  gov.  B.  I.,  412,  433;  d.  (1674). 

Brentwood,  Tenn.,  action  at,  220' . 

Breogwine,  Archbishop  Canterbury,  &43' . 
Brescia,  stormed, 680' ;  taken,5222;  battle 


of,  784' ;    coll.  fnd.,  1077' ;   conquered, 

1078'. 

Breslau,  fnd.,  7732;  bishopric,  7743;  capi- 
tal, 7783  ;  burned,  780' ;  Bohemia  an- 
nexes, 7832;  uiiiv.  fnd.,  5083  ;  captured  ; 
peaceof,800' ;  conquered,  8012;  battle  of, 
516' ,  808' ;  recov.,  802' ;  sin:.,  8112;  univ. 
unite,5203,  809' ;  meat  famine,  8353. 

Bressani,  Francis  Joseph,  captured,  363. 

Bresse  surrendered,  6973. 

Brest,  Fr.,  cable  laid,  2673;  revolts,  712' . 

BretagiWy  gold  shipment,  4233. 

Breteuil  taken,  742' . 

Brethren  sect  appears,  9442;  schools  sup- 
pressed, 743' . 

Bretigny,  peace  of,  6753. 

Bretislav,  conquests  (Bohemia),  502' . 

Breton,  E.,  bomb-thrower,  7663. 

,  Francois  Pierre  Hippolyte  Ernest,  b., 

7192;  d.,  750'. 

,  Jules  Adolphe  Aim^  Louis,  b.,  7243. 

,  Lily  le.    (See  Langtry.) 

,  missionary  at,  7283. 

Bretschneider,  Herr,  fined,  833' . 

,  Karl  G.,  b.,  804' ;  d.,  8162. 

Brett,  Jacob,  Atlantic  cable  planned,  9522. 

,  J.  Watkins,  Atlantic  cable,  9522. 

,  Philip  M.,  d.,  186'. 

,  Sergeant,  killed,  971' . 

Bretwalda  I.,  leader  of  Saxons,  8413 ;  con- 
verted, 8422. 

II.,  King,  8413. 

IV.,  christianized,  8422. 

Bretz,  John  L.,  b.,  170' . 

Breughel,  Abraham,  b.,  541 ' ;  d.  (1690). 

,  Jan,  b.-d.,  5403. 

Brevet,  promotion  U.  S.  A.,  352'. 

Brevoort,  J.  E.,  Nat,  Acad.  Design,  229' . 

Brewer,  David  Josiali,  b.,  1482;  decision, 
3232  ;  Associate  Justice,  3433,  3513. 

,  Leigh   Richmond,    b.  (1839) ;   cons. 

bishop,  3042. 

,  Thomas  Mayo,  b.  (1814) ;  d.,  3022. 

Breweries,  Eng.  syndicates  purchase,  3333, 
3393,3473,3833. 

Brewers'  Association  fmd.,  2152, 297' ;  fa- 
vors political  action,  2563  ;  session  in 
Wash.,  3593;  in  Boston,  407 ' ;  coll., 3983. 

Cong,  opposes  Woman  Suffrage,  309' . 

and    Maltsters'    Association  define 

trade,  3163  ;  eoiiven.,407'. 

Brewerville,  mission  at,  1161 2, 

Brewster,  Abraham,  b.  (1797) ;  lord  chan- 
cellor, 9712. 

,  Beiiiamin  Harrison,  b.  (1810) ;  ap- 
pointed attorney-general,  3092. 

,  Daniel,  b.,  9222  ;  suggests  kaleido- 
scope, 9362  ;  Edinburgh  Ency.,  93S2  ; 
spectrum  analysis,  9402  j  inv.  stereo- 
scope, 9602  ;  lithoscope,  966=  ;  d.  (1868). 

,  James,  b.  (1788);  d.,  254' . 

,  O.  H.,  speaker  La.  House,  2772. 

Brewsters,  N.  Y.,  P.  O.  robbery,  4743. 

Brialmont,  Alexis  Henri,  b.,  5423. 

Brian-Boroihme,  King,  at  Clontarf,  &46' ; 
assassinated,  8463. 

Briand,  John  Olivier,  cons,  bishop,  5763. 

Bribers  punished,  U.  S.  A.,  3362. 

Bribery,  remonstrance  against,  572;  Thos. 
de  Weyland  punished,  855';  Wm.  de 
Thorpe,  hanged,  859' ;  in  Eng.  Pari., 
889' ;  in  H.  C,  893' ;  political,  prevails, 
9153  *  in  Legislative  Union  of  Ire.,  9293; 
Mr.  Swan,  M.  P.,  and  Sir  M.  Lopez  fined 
and  imprisoned  for,  9392  ;  vitiates  elec- 
tions in  Derby,  9592;  Yarmouth  disfran- 
chised for,  9703;  of  Emp.  Frederick  III., 
7872;  New  York  aldermen  punished, 
3232±  ;  Jacob  Sharp,  convicted  327' . 

Brice,  Benjamin  W.,  b.  (1809) ;  d.,  418' . 

,  Calvin  S.,  b.,  158';  chairman  Dem. 

National  Convention,  3412. 

,  W.  F.,  embezzler,  4763. 

Brice's  Cross  Roads,  Miss.,  action  at,  2.342. 

Briceville,  Tenn.,  miners'  uprising,  388' ; 
convict  labor,  3882,  391' . 

Brick,  Mfgs.  Association  fight,  3663. 

Brickner,  Geo.  H.,  b.,  1422. 

Bricks,  manufacture  of,  28' ;  first  made  in 
N.  Y.,  40' ;  made  by  slaves,  6483. 

Bridaine,  Jacques,  b.,  6943  ;  d.,  703' . 

Bridewell  Prison.    (See  London.) 

Bridge,  Horatio,  Nath.  Hawthorne,  4783. 

Bridgeport,  Cal.,  Indians  murder,  3852 ; 
Chmese-Indian  feud,  387'. 

,  Conn.,  soldiers'  relief,  1923  ;   strike, 

4323,4483;  menagerie  burned,  3273. 

,  Tenn.,  Hooker  at.  227';  Sherman's 

advance  at,  228' . 


Bridges,  Mr.,  killed,  981'. 

,  Robt.  S.,  Overheard  in  Arcady,  4782, 

Bridges :  Bridge  of  Sighs  built,  1082' ;  Bri- 
tannia Tubular,  954 ',2;  Caisar's  over 
Rhine,  10582  ;  East  River  B.,  268',  3122, 
3133,  316',  3833,  3873;  East  River,  New 
B.,460';  Essex  B.,  Dublin,  894';  Foyle 
B.,  982';  Fourth  B.,  1002';  Hungerford 
suspension  bridge  opened,  952',  9662; 
Kelso  B.,  9282  ;  Lambeth  and  Westmins- 
ter, 966' ;  London  B.,  stone.  8502,  9441 ; 
Long  B,,  Belfast,  896' ;  Menai  chain  sus- 
pension bridge  erected,  942' ;  Minneapo- 
lis, 176'  j  Memphis  B.,  4073  ;  New  Bruns- 
wick Bridge  built,  940'  ;  Niagara  Suspen- 
sion, 170' ;  Niagara  Cantilever.  3153  ; 
Niagara  International,  2833  ;  Queen's 
B.,  Dublin,  9172,  950' ;  Severn  iron 
erected,  9202,  9262  ;  St.  Louis  Tubidar, 
284' ;  TayB.,974' ;  Tower  Bridge  opened, 
1012';  Trajan's,  1064';  first  chain  over 
Tweed,  940';  Tyne  B.,  974';  Vauxhall, 
9343;  Victoria  Tubular,  Can.,  5813;  Wa- 
terloo, 9343,  9382  ;  Westminster,  9102, 
9122,  906';  Wire  bridges  inv.,  9642; 
Xerxes,  boats,  1018'. 

,  Bill  intro.,  N.  Y.,  4012  ;  passes,  4673. 

Bridgewater  canal  opened,  9143. 

.    (See  Egerton.) 

,  Eng.,  surrendered,  886' . 

,  Mass.,  Indians  attack,  462. 

,  Treatises,  9443. 

Bridgman,  Rev.  D.,  enters  P.  E.  eh.,  3842. 

,  Elijah  C,  miss.,  1363,  6163  ;  d.,  6202. 

,  Frederick  Arthur,  b.,  1622  ;  in  Na- 
tional Academy  of  Design,  308' . 

,  Laura   Dewey,    blind-deaf-mute,  b., 

1362;  d.,  340'. 

,  Orlando,  Sir,  keeper,  8932  ;  d.  (1674). 

,  William  M.,  made  captain,  398' . 

,  School  est.,  621' . 

Bridie,  Benjamin  C,  Sir,  d.,  9GC2. 

Bridport,  Baron,  title  created,  9252  ;  yig- 
count,  title  created,  965' .    (See  Hood.) 

Brie,  taken,  7423. 

,  Matthaeus  Z.  van,  b.,5422  ;  d.,  5442. 

,  Philip  Jacob  van,  b.,  5422  ;  d.,  5442. 

Briel,  Neth.,  seized,  1098' . 

Brienne,  Fr.  Archbp.  de,  minister,  7OT' ; 
Gen.  Bliicher  repulsed,  7202. 

Brier  Creek,  battle  of,  902. 

Brigandage  of  barons  suppressed,  Fr., 
6683  ;  extermination  of,  10903. 

Brigandet,  Paul  A.,  cons,  bishop,  9603. 

Brigands  in  It., 1088' ,  10893 ;  inTurk.,1159' . 

Briggs,  Mr.,  murdered,  967' . 

,  Ansel,  gov.  la.,  1613. 

,  Dr.  Charles  Augustus,  b.  (1841) ;  In- 
stalled prof.,  376' ;  protest  to Presbyterj-, 
3822  ;  sends  statement,  3842  ;  replies  to 
charges  ;  trial,  3923 ;  case  appealetl,  3942  ; 
trial  for  heresy,  4062,  4162;  suspended, 
4302  ;  case  reopened,  432' ;  case  in  Pres- 
bytery, 432' ;  charges  dismissed,  440' . 

,  George  Nixon,  b.,  106' ;  gov.  Mass., 

161';  d.  (1861). 

,  Henry,  b.,  872' ;  completes  loga- 
rithms, 880' ;  d.,  8822. 

,  John,  d.,  53' . 

,  William,  d.,  5782. 

,  Willoughby  L.,  d.,  10082. 

Brigham,  Charles  Henry,  b.,  1282;  d.  (1879). 

,  J.  G.,  missionary,  489' . 

Young  College  opened,  3003. 

Bright,  Charles  T.,  Sir,  d.,  9982. 

— ,  Jacob,  M.  P.,  971' . 

,  Jesse  D.,  pres.  senate,  177',   1792; 

expelled,  2033. 

,  John,    b.,    935' ;     leader    anti-corn 

law  league,  9493  ;  in  Pari.,  9613,  9633 ; 
minister,  973',  9752,  9852;  resigns  as 
chanc.,9893  ;  statue,  998' ;  d.,  1000'. 

,  Richard,  b.,  9243. 

,  Timothy,  works,  8763. 

Brighton,  Colo.,  Coxeyites  drowned,  4633. 

,  Eng.,  chain  pier  completed,  9402;  rail- 
way opened,  950' ;  pavilion  sold,  9653  ; 
second  pier  erected,  9693  ;  Hastings  rail- 
way collision,  9633;  cliff  falls,  9333  ;  rail- 
way collision,  9653  ;  Brit.  Asso.  meets, 
974' ;  Social  Science  Asso.  meets,  974' ; 
church  cone,  at,  9742  ;  aquarium  opd., 
inauguratetf,  976' ;  free  library  museum, 
picture  gallery  opd.,  977'j  Burrows' 
statue,  982' ;  Hove  Town  Hall  opened, 
9913  ;  Preston  Park  oixl.,  992' . 

- — ,  Mass.,  archbp.  holds  meeting,  3642  j 
St.  John's  B.  E.  Sem,  org.,  3183. 

Brikania  captured,  1010' . 


Bril-Broo. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        IWL/iiX^.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1201 


Bril,  Paulans,  b.-(l.,  6403. 

Brille  captured,  5401 . 

BrillUmt,  explodes,  1713. 

Brindley,  James,  b.,  9062  ;  Improves  canal 
walls,  9143;  builds  tunnel,  916<;  d.,9183. 

Brinton,  Daniel  Garrison,  b.,  1422;  Races 
and  People,  3962. 

Brinvilliers,  Marquise  (Marie  d'Aubray), 
b.  (1630?) ;  executed,  6932. 

Brisach,  revolts,  6792. 

Brisay,  Calbeck  de,  gov.  Can.,  5771 . 

,  Col.  J.  F.  W.  de.,  gov.  Can.,  577< . 

Brisbane,  Charles,  Sir,gainsCura(foa,932< ; 
d.  (1829). 

,  Thomas  MacDougal,  Sir,    b.,  9183  ; 

gov.  Can.,  4951 ;  ,1.,  9642. 

-,  fud.,  4951 ;  bishopric,  4962  ;  first  pari., 

4972  ;  floods,  5001 ;  Archbp.  Dunne  cons., 
9862  ;  Bp.  Webber  cons.,  9922. 

River  explored,  4941 . 

Brisbin,  James  S.,  d.,  3981 . 

Brisson,  Barnabe,  b.,  6803  ;  d.,  6812. 

,  Henri,  pres.;  resigns,  7.552. 

,  Mathurin  .Jacques,  b.,  6982  ;  d.,  7163. 

,  M.,  pres.  Chamber,  7532. 

Brissot  de  Marville,  Jean  P.,  b.,  7022  ;  d., 
7082. 

Bristed,  Charles  A.,  b.,  1282  ;  d.,  284' . 

Bristol,  Conn.,  nickel-in-slot  machines, 
4631. 

,  Eng.,  J.  Cabot  sails,  143;  taken,  8481 ; 

St.  Mary's  church  built,  8562  ;  rights 
granted,  8593  ;  see  erected,  8083  ;  sassa- 
fras expedition  leaves,  8793  ;  Bapt.  Ch. 
built,  8823  ;  surrenders,  8»4i,  8861 ;  hos- 
pital fnd.,  9031 ;  liristol  Times  issued, 
9043 ;  rechartered,  9052  ;  new  exchange 
built,  9113  •  bread  riots,  9132  ;  bridge 
built, 9153;  Bapt. TlieologicalSem., 9191 ; 
riot,'927i ,  9451 ;  docks  built,  9322  ;  orphan 
houses  est.,  9491 ;  railway  opd.,  9501  ; 
cholera  appears,  9693  ;  Brit.  Asso.  meets, 
9741;  University  Coll.  opd.,  9811;  flre, 
9813  ;  Avonm<mth  Dock  opd.,  9833  ;  Mor- 
ley  8t.atue  unveiled,  9961 ;  labor  riots, 
10083  ;  Burke  memorial,  lOlOi . 

,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  9412. 

,  K.  I.,  tired  upon,  803  ;  burned,  3333  ; 

State  Soldiers'  Home  opened,  3851 . 

,  Tenn.,  Ccmfed.  captured,  2402  ;  King 

Coll.  org.,  2602  ;  K.  B.  wreck,  4733. 

,  Va.,  Confeds.  captured,  2402. 

Bristow,  Benj.  H.,  b.,  1401 ;  sec.  of  treas., 
2852,2931 ;  investigates  whisky  ring,2892. 
resigns  ;  nom.  for  pres.  contest,  2931 . 

,  F.  M.,  on  Committee  of  33, 1891 . 

,  George  F.,  b.,  1322. 

Bristow's  Station,  Va.,  Confederates  re- 
pulsed, 2271. 

Britain,  invaded  by  Romans,  8391 ;  popu- 
lation, 8392  ;  an  island,  8;i92,  106*2  ;  Ro- 
mans rule,  8,'J93,  10672;  restored  to  Rome, 
10G73.    (SeeText,  p.  849±). 

Britannia,  Cunard  steamer,  9513. 

wins  race,  4073,4693;  against  Vigilant; 

beaten  I  Afeteor  challenge  won ;  wins 
Yacht  Club  race,  10113;  ^'tjfifcin*  beaten  ; 
outsails  I'lgilant,  10123. 

,  cable  ship,  10123. 

Tubular  Suspension  Bridge,  first  loco- 
motive passes,  9542, 

Britannicus  Tiberius  Claudius  Germani- 
cus,  b.  (42,4) ;  set  aside  for  Nero,  10633  ; 
d.,  10622. 

British  Admiral,  wrecked,  9793. 

and  Foreign  Anti-Slavery  Soc.  est., 9511. 

and  Foreign  Bible  Society  fnd.,  9331 ; 

report,  5322  ;  penny  Testament,  9922. 

British  Arohaiiogical  Society  find.,  9521. 

Army,  Koyal  Dragoon  Guards  fmd., 

8961;  death-rate  reduced,  9741;  mobili- 
zation, 9981. 

Association     org.,    9441;     meetings, 

9461 ,  9482,  9.521 ,  9.541 ,  9602,  9661 ,  3,  9741 , 
9881 ,  99BI ,  10041 ,  ioi2i ;  presented  with 
Kew  Observatory,  9501 . 

Borneo  Co.,  gazetted,  5522. 

Central  Afr.  Protectorate  fmd.,  6043. 

claims,  message,  2672. 

Columbia,  Vancouver  Is.,  dis.;  settled; 

Spaniards  seize;  Geo.  Vancouver  in,  5772 ; 
colony  est.,  9632  ;  Victoria  capital, 5793; 
gold  (lis.;  diocese  est. ,5801 ;  Metlakahtla 
e8t.,5802;ro/oni»ns8ued,581i ; Vancouver 
granteil ;  Douglas,  gov.;  Kennedy,  gov.; 
5812  ;  }jp.  Durien  cons.,  .5823  ;  province 
fnid.,.58;3i  ;ad<!edtoCan.;San  .Juan settle- 
ment,,58,32;  Trutch,gov.;  Richards,  gov.; 
Cornwall,  gov.;  federal  relation  to, 5833; 


Dmican,miss.;  missions, 5842;  mineexp., 
5853  ;  coal  mines  close,  5872  ;  for  reci- 
procity, 5892  ;  sealers  arrive,  5893,  5913, 
5933  ;  salmon  pack,  5913  ;  Chinese  re- 
strictions, 5923  ;  K.  U.  strike,  5!»43  ;  Scot- 
tish crofters  in,  5951;  Majestic  arrives, 
5953  ;  floods,  5961 , 3  ;  gee  of,  est.,  9583, 
9803  ;  Bp.  Perrine  consecrated,  10102. 

British  (hmmerce  collides  ;  sinks,  9913. 

British  Commercial  Geog.  Soc.  fnd.,  9922. 

East  Africa,  imperial  decrees ;  re- 
vived, 5603  ;  coast  blockaded,  5622. 

East  India.    (See  Burma.) 

East  India  Co.  formed,  9033. 

Foreign  Temperance  Soc.  fnd.,  9431. 

Gourkhas  treaty  signed,  10153. 

Guiana.  (See  'Text,  p.  1039.)  Bishop- 
ric est.,  9483. 

Home   Rule  Association  fmd.  9952  ; 

Union  formed,  9953. 

Honduras  acquired,  8932. 

Institution  for  Artists  fnd.,  9332. 

Jews,  Congregation  formed,  9502. 

Magazine  issued,  9463. 

— -  Medical  Asso.  org.,  9461 . 

Mineralogical  Society  est.,  9201 . 

Museum  founded,  9122;  lottery,  9132; 

opened,  9142  ;  Pliigalian  marbles,  9381 . 

Navy,  strength  of,  9721 . 

North  Am.  Act  passes,  5831 ,2. 

North  Borneo  ceded,  9832. 

Nurses'  Association  founded,  9972. 

Orplian  Asylum  established,  9432. 

Opium  trade  destroyed,  6161 . 

■  Orchestral  Society  formed,  9761 . 

Qnarterly  Review  issued,  9531 . 

,  Royal  Meteorological  Soc.  org.,  9561 . 

.Settlement  Act  passed,  5003. 

.  Soc.  Propagation  of  Gospel  fmd.,  9503. 

South  Africa  Co.  chartered,  6033. 

Spoliations,  Am.  indemnitication,  1352. 

Women'sTemperance  Asso.  fmd., 9811 , 

Brito,  Bernardo  de,  b.  (1569) ;  Monarchia 
Lnsiiania,  lllOi ;  d.  (1617). 

,  Duarte  de,  Visao,  11091 . 

,  Richard,  kills  Becket,  8512. 

Britons,  repel  invaders,  7693  ;  war  with 
Romans,  8391 ;  aid  of  Romans,  &401 ;  Ro- 
mans retire,  8411;  embassy  to  Rome, 
8412  ;  revolt,  10633. 

Brittain,  Nathan,  d.,  2761 . 

BrittJiny,  independent,  6672  ;  Duke  of,  re- 
volts ;  secured  to  French  crown,  6793. 

Britton,  John,  b.,  9183. 

Britton'a  Lane,  Confeds.  defeated,  2122. 

Brixton,  Central  Free  Library  opd.,  10103. 

Brizeux,  Julien  Auguste  Pelage,  b.  (1806) ; 
Marie,  7^1;  d.  (1856). 

Brizzi,  Francesco,  b.,  10811 ;  d.  (1623). 

Broach,  Bombay,  mission,  10171 . 

Broad-Bottom  admin,  formed,  Eng.,  9113. 

Church  School,  prominent,  9483 . 

Broadcloth  made,  Eng.,  8801 ;  dyed,  8921 . 

Broadhead,  Jacob,  pres.  of  synod,  1323. 

,  James  O.,  minister,  4473. 

Broadus,  John  Albert,  b.,  1342. 

Broadway  Magazine,  Eng.,  issued,  9702. 

Brock,  Isaac  Sir,  b.  (1769) ;  gov.  Canada, 
5772  ;  killed  at  Queenstown,  1182. 

Brockes,  Barthold  Heinrich,  b.  (1680); 
works,  7991. 

Brockhaus,  Friedrich  A.,  b.,  8031 ;  Conver- 
saticms  Lexicon,  8131 ;  d.,  8122. 

Brocklesby,  Richard,  b.,  9062  ;  d.  (1797). 

Brockport,  N.  Y.,  Normal  Schools,  2603. 

Brockton,  Mass.,  strike,  3211 . 

Brockway,  Supt.,  charges  against,  4343  ; 
case  dismissed,  4483. 

Brocton,  N.  Y.,  Socialists'  community 
fomided,  2583. 

Broderkind,  issued,  5443. 

Broderick,  Baron,  title  created,  925*. 

,  Case,  b.,  1502. 

,  David  Colbreth,  b.  1282;  senator  Cal.; 

d.,  1871 ;  monument  restored,  3421 . 

Brodhead,  Col.  Daniel,  b.  (1736) ;  against 
Indians,  903  ,  d.  (1809). 

,  J.ocob,  b.  (1782);  pres.,  1242  ;  d.  (1855). 

,  John  Romeyn,  b.  (1814) ;  d.,  2802. 

Brodie,  Benjamin  Collins,  Sir,  b.,  9223  j  d. 
(1802) ;  pres.  lioyal  Society,  9621 . 

Brodribb,  J.  H.    See  Henry  Irving,  9482. 

Brodrick,  Alan,  Viscount  Middleton, chief 
justice,  9952  ;  lord  chancellor,  9053. 

Brody,  raft  capsizes,  5353. 

Broen,  Miss  de,  mission  Paris,  7462,  7432, 

BroiTerio,  Angelo,  b.,  10843;  <i.,  10882. 

Brogden,  Curtis  H.,  b.  (1815+) ;  gov.,  2873. 

Brogham,  L.  Henry.    (See  Hobhouse.) 


Broglie,  Due  de,  AcliiUe  Charles  L^once 
Victor,  b.,7061 ;  ministry,  7263,  7273;  d., 
7382. 

,  Due  de,  Jacques  Victor  Albert,  b., 

7223;  academician,  7321 ;  minister,  7473, 
7511 ;  Pr.  Talleyrand,  7602  ;  d.,  7501 . 

,  Marshal  Claude    Victor  Marie,   b., 

(1757);  to  supersede  Washington,  85i  ; 
executed  (1794). 

Brohm,  Albert  E.,  b.,  Sl42  ;  d.  (1884). 

Broiham,  Cord,  invents  beer,  7882. 

Broke,  C.apt.,  b.  (1763) ;  at  Burlington 
Heights  ;  at  Cape  Ann,  1202  ;  d.  (1851). 

,  Baron  Willoughby  de,  title,  8671 . 

Bromin  discovered,  7241 . 

Bromley,  Isaac  Hill,  b.,  1421 . 

,  Th(  )ma8  Sir,  b.  (1530) ;  lord  chancellor; 

minister,  8753;  d.  (1587). 

Bromoy,  Pierre,  d.,  6942. 

Brompton,  Eng.,  Consumption  Hospital 
fnd.,  9511 ;  Cancer  Hospital  fud.,  9571 . 

,  F.,  manager,  d.,  5861 . 

Bromsebro,  pe.ace  of,  6373. 

Brondel,  John  D.,  cons.  R.  C.  bishop,  3022. 

Brondon,  Silas,  founds  library,  2703. 

Brondsted,  Peter  Olaf,  b.,  6382  ;  d.,  6403. 

Brongniart,  Adolphe  Th&phile,  b.  (1801)  ; 
d.,7501. 

,  Alexander,  b.  (1770) ;  d.,  7301 . 

Bronk,  Robert,  pres.  ret.  synod,  1442. 

Bronnow,  Philipp  von,  d.,  11182. 

Bront(5,  Anne,  b.  (1820) ;  Wild/eld  Hall, 
9551 ;  d.  (1849). 

,  Charlotte,  b.,  9382 ;  works,  9543 ,  9623 ; 

d.,  9603. 

,  Emily,  b.  (1819) ;   Wuthcring  Heights, 

9543  ;  d.  (1848). 

Brooke,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9112. 

,  Francis  K.,  bishop  Okla.,  4202. 

,  Henry,  b.,  9022;  work,  9171 ;  d.,  9223. 

,  Henry,  L.  Cobham,  conspirator,  8792. 

,  James,  Sir,  b.,9323  ;  appeal,  5522;  ap- 
pointment ;  at  Sarawak ;  gov.  Bolivia, 
in  Eng.;  treaty,  5521;  defeats  pirates, 
5522;  d.,6523. 

,  John    B.,    military  gov.  La.,    2872  ; 

com.  brig.  gen. ,3281;  at  Pine  Ridge,  3741 . 

,  Stopford  Augustus,  b.,  9402;  Early 

En<flish  Literature,  10103. 

Brookhaven,  Miss,  White  Caps,  4281 . 

Brookings,  Agricultural  Coll.  opd.,  3183. 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  first  birth,  303;  chartered, 
391 ;  first  church, 422;  Brooklyn  Hall  Su- 
per-Extra Gazette,  952;  Sands  St.  Meth. 
Epis.  Ch.org.,  1062;  navy-yard  est.,  IIOI ; 
first  steam  terry,  1213, 1333;  brick  house 
erected,  1313;  Mission  andTractSoc.org., 
13G3  ;  Young  Misses'  Magazine,  1443  ; 
Brooklyn  and, Jamaica  R.R., 1473;  Green- 
wood Cemetery  incorp.,  1513;  Eagle  is- 
sued, 1523  ;  gas  intro.;  flre,  1053,  3773, 
3953,  4033,  4073,  4173,  4233  ;  dry  dock; 
Evergreen  Cemetery  dedicateti,  1673 ; 
opd.,  1712;  B.  C.  diocese  est.,  1723;  street 
preaching  riot,  1742;  cholera;  street  cars 
riui,  1753;  Hartstein's  expedition  sails, 
1761;  Polytechnic  Inst,  org.,  1762;  en- 
larged, 1773;  river  frozen,  1781,  3573; 
aqueduct  water  intro.,  1853;  Art  Asso. 
est.,  1902.  civil  War  Period  :  Woman's 
Relief  Asso.  org.,  2192;  Long  Is.  Hist. 
Soc.  incor.,  2213,3042;  draft  riots, 2253; 
Park Theaterop(i., 2291 ;  Standard  Union, 
2412,3562.  Peace  Period  :  Acad,  of  De- 
sign est.,  2541 ;  East  River  Bridge  begun, 
2681 ;  St.  John  Baptist's  Coll.  org.,  2722; 
Prospect  Park  completed,  2773;  'Taber- 
nacle burned,  2793;  new  Tabernacle  Ch. 
ded.,  2842  ;  new  charter,  2851 ;  Home  for 
Aged  fnd.,  2911;  theater  burns,  2933; 
Bureau  of  Charities  fmd.,  2991 ;  Foreign 
S.  S.  Asso.  fnd.,  3002;  St.  Mary's  Hos- 
pital opd.,  3103;  Caicilia  Ladies'  Vocal 
Soc.  org.,  3141 ;  Elevated  R.H.  opd.,  321 3; 
B.  Inst,  opens  training-school,  3223;  Cit- 
i2enissuea,l.3242;  Mission  org.byWoman's 
Auxiliary,  3262;  Pratt's  Inst,  org.,  ,3283; 
Meth.  Epis.  Home  for  the  Aged  ded., 
3402, 3883 ;  air-ship,  3421 ;  Memorial  Arch, 
3281 ,  3422,  3461 ;  Lyman  Abbot,  pastor, 
3463,  3521 ;  schools  presented  with  flags, 
.3463 ;  Adelphi  Acad.  burned,3482 ;  Art  and 
Science  Inst,  projected,  3541 ;  Dr.  Cuyler 
receives  §30,000;  Murat  Halstead  ed., 
Standard  f/nion,  3562;  carpenters  strike, 
3583;  elevated  roads  sold,  3013;  arrears 
of  taxes,  syndicate  formed,  3653  ;  An- 
archists' meeting  forbidden,  3683;  Bp. 
Loughlin's  Golden  Jubilee,  3701 ;  woman 


120: 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Broo-Bmn. 


robbed,  3802  ;  Memorial  Hospital  opd.; 
memorial  for  Gen.  Sherman,  383< ;  bridge 
promenade  free,  3833;  Froebel  Soc.  est.; 
Stranahan  statue,  384' ;  Pratt's  gilt  to 
Institute,  3»i3;  Beecher  statue,  380'; 
Mazzini's  birtbday  eel.,  3863;  medical 
attendance  free,  387' ;  Bridge  funtlB  for 
both  cities,  3873;  boy  convict;  female 
burglar,3892;  Chinamen  ill-treated,3y3i ; 
plans  for  dry-dock,  navy-yard,  390' ; 
many  licences, 4022 ; Lar8enoutrage,4042 ; 
Excise  Enforcement  League  fnitl.,  4083; 
youthfulburglars;  railway  franchise  pro- 
tests, 4103;  How,  defaulter,  4123;  fran- 
chise veto,  4133 ;  shoemakers  strike,  4142; 
ColumbianceIebrationovercharges,4183; 
4211,  4222,  445',  4573;  Dr.  McGlymi's 
ovation,  420' ;  B.  Institute,  Kayuiond's 
gift,  4202;  navy-yard  laud  sale  ;  Hebrew 
Orphan  Asylum  ded.;  Traction  Co.  lease 
K.  li.,  4213  ;  overcharges  legalized,  4223  ; 
anti-personal  taxation  organization, 
4^2;  Bryce  A.  White  embezzles,  4262; 
Chinamen  ostracized,  4263 ;  free  trol- 
ley franchises,  427';  burglaries,  4282; 
Hebrew  Charitable  Soc.  est.,  4322;  ex- 
^^  else  moneys  spent,  4342,  4502;  explosion, 
4352 ;  ice  cream  poisoning,  4353 ;  Howlock 
suicide,  4382;  Independent  Com.  of  100 
meets,  4392;  Hamilton  statue,  440'; 
Beecher  anniversary;  bridge  siirveys, 
459' ;  comiterfeiters;  McKane  trial  (see 
McKane,  J.  Y.);  brewers'  investments, 
4522;  boxing  stopped;  Irish  flag  not  on 
City  Hall,  453'  ,4542, 4553;  Anti-Compul- 
sory Vaccination  League,  457'  ;house  col- 
lapses,4573 ;  Talmage  pastorate  eel. ,458' ; 
bankwreckers  indicte<l,4582;  Tabernacle 
burned,  460' ,  4613 ;  anarchist  murderer 
Sutherland  sentenced;  street  railway 
strike,  4603;  Japanese  Soc.  fmd.,  .461'; 
Gessner  murder,  VA^;  Orangemen's 
parade  forbidden,  4643;  illicit  still  cap- 
tured, 4682;  home  for  epileptics  opd.; 
Huber  suicide,  4702;  Standard  Oil  con- 
trols Gas  Companies,  4713;  German  Hos- 
pital, 4742;  Law  Enforcement  League 
org.,  475';  Cath.  Hist.  Soc.  est.,  476'; 
thieves  raid,  4762;  Kurth  and  Deterling 
bribery;  consolidation  carried,  4772; 
starvation;  wharfage  trust,  4773, 

Brooklyn  Bridge.    (See  East  Kiver  Bridge.) 

Ilrooklun  bloc;kades  New  Orleans,  202' . 

Brooks,  Charles  T.,  b.  (1813) ;  d.,  3122. 

,  David,  d.,  3S42. 

,  Erastus,  b.,  124' ;  d.,  3242. 

,  Jas.,  b.,  1162;  nom.  forspeaker,  2492  ; 

protest,  2572  ;  censured,  2812  ;  d.,  2802. 

,John,b.(1752);gov.Mass. ,1252  ;iil., 1322. 

, A.,  nom.  tor  vice-pres.,  331' . 

,  Maria  Gowen,  b.,  106';  works,  129', 

133':  d.,  158'. 

,  >(.  M.,  in  P.  O.  Department,  4472. 

,  Peter  Chardon,  b.,  74' . 

,  Phillips,  b.,   144' ;    P.  E.  bp.,  3822, 

3923;  d.,  422';   memorial  service,  4242; 
in  Westminster,  1010'. 

,  Preston  Smith,    b.  (1819) ;    assaults 

Sumner,  179';  indicted,  1803;  d.  (1857). 

,  Wm.  Keith,  b.,  104' ;  I'lie  Oyster,  3963. 

,  W.  R.,  discovers  comets,  3222,  330' , 

334'    342'    994' . 

,  Wm.  Thomas    Harbaugh,  b.,  1282  ; 

dismissed,  2182  ;  d.,  2702. 

Brookshire,  Elijah  V.,  d.,  178'. 

Broome,  James  E.,  gov.  Florida,  1743. 

,  JohnL.,  b.,  132'. 

,  Napier,  Sir,  gov.  Australia,  4992. 

Brooms,  broom-corn  mfd.,  102' . 

Brorson,  Hans  Adol,  Psalm  Book,  6383. 

Brosius,  Marriot,  b.,  156' . 

Brosses,  Charles  de,  b.,  6963;  d.  (1777), 

Brotas,  mission,  5562. 

Brother  Jonathan  issued,  1212. 

Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Engineers  at 
New  Haven,  359' ;  at  Jersey  City,  3923. 

Locomotive  Firemen,  strikes,  409'. 

of  Philip  and  Andrew  conveii.,  440' . 

of  Railway  Trainmen  founded,  317' ; 

convention,  3703  ;  statistics,  4463. 

of  St.  Paul  established,  10(H2. 

of  the  Oratory  org.,  1081 2. 

Brothers  of  the  Cross  org.,  7602, 
Brotier,  Gabriel,  b.,  6982  ■  d.,  7062. 
Brough,  John,  governor  Ohio,  2413. 
Brougham,  John,  b.,  1162  ;  d.  (1880). 
Broughton,  Bishop,  arrival,  4942 

iRlioda,  b.,  9502. 

,  T.,  gov.  8.  C,  633. 


Brotmcker,  Lord,  pres.  Royal  Soc,  890' . 

Broussa,  earthquake,  11502. 

Broussais, Francois  Joseph  Victor, b., 7042; 
d.,  728'. 

Broussel  arrested,  6893. 

Broussonnet,  Pierre  Auguste,  b.,  7023;  d., 
7163. 

Browal,  Johan,  b.-d.,  11342. 

Brown,  Aaron  F.,  P.-M.  General,  183' . 

, Veuable,  b.  (1795);  governor  Ten- 
nessee, 161';  d.  (1859). 

,  Albert  G.,  1572. 

,  Benjamin  Gratz,  b.,  134' ;  gov.  Mo., 

2772  ;  Liberal  Rep.  nominee  for  vice- 
pres.,  3783,  3792  ;  vote,  2812. 

,  Blower,  champion  pedestrian,  9853. 

Brothers  expelled,  32' . 

,  Captain,  at  Arkadelphia,  2183. 

,  Charles  Brockden,  b.,  762  ;  works, 

1063,  109',  1103,  111',  113';  d.,  1102. 
,  D.  Russell,  nominated  for  gov.  R.  I., 

4032,  4272,  4533  ;  inaugurated,  4793. 
,  Ethan  A.,  b.  (1770) ;  governor  Ohio, 

1272  ;  d.  (1852). 

,  Ford  Madox,  b.,  9403  ;  d.  (1893). 

,  Frank,  inaug.  gov.  i\ld.,  4212. 

,  Frederick,  killed,  181'. 

,  General,  at  SpringHeld,  Mo.,  218' . 

,  George  Loring,  b.  (1814) ;  Bay  of  New 

York,  1902;  Cujm,  300' ;  Vmioe,  312' ;  d., 

3402. 

,  George,  Captain,  promoted,  326' . 

-__,  George,  Sir,  b.  (1790);  d.,  968' . 

— -, . P.,  absconds,  3543. 

— ,  Goold,  b.  (1791);  d.,  180' . 

,  Harvey,  b.  (1795);  d.,  2S4' . 

,  H.  C,  arrested,  3883. 

,  Henry  B.,  b.,  146' ;  justice,  3513, 3733. 

, Kirk, b.,  123' ;  statues,  152',  158', 

187' ;   Washingtm,  158' ;  d.,  324' . 

Horace,  Col.,  on  Lake  Cieorge,  87'. 

,  J.  A.,  works,  290' ,  308' . 

,  Jacob,  b.,  823  ;  defends  Ogdensburg, 

1182  ;  Gen.  at  Sackett's  Harbor,  1202  ; 
at  Williamsburg,  1203 ;  at  Chippewa ;  at 
Fort  Erie ;  at  Lundy's  Lane ;  burns 
Sackett's  Harbor,  122';  major-general; 
commander  of  army,  124' ;  d.,  136' . 

,  James  M.,  at  Garfield  Park,  4143. 

,  Jason  B.,  b.,  1502. 

,  John   and    Samuel,  est.    Episcopal 

worship,  302. 

, ,b.,1082;  atOsawatomie,  180' ;  in 

Va.,  186' ;  seizes  Harper's  Ferry ;  con- 
victed, 187' ;  d.,  1842, 1863  ;  monument, 
296'. 

,  ,  b.    (1757) ;    president    Senate, 

113',  2;  d.  (1837). 

, ,  clergy,  b.  (1784)  ;  d.,  9622. 

, ,  Eng.  cl.,  b.,  9042  ;  d.  (1766). 

, ,  moderator,  2942. 

, ,  physician,  b.,  9082  ;  d.,  9243. 

, ,  Scot,  b.,  9062  ;  d.,  9242. 

, Allen,  b.,931 ;  paints  SpHnqtlme, 

318' ;  Baleolithic  Man,  9963  ;  d.,  2782. 

, Calvin,  h.  (1827) ;  governor  Ten- 

nes.'see,  2772;  d.  (1889). 

, G.,  moderator,  286*. 

, ,  George,  b.  (1831) ;  member  Na- 
tional Academy  Design,  229' . 

. Henry  Hobart,  b.  (1831);  cons. 

P.  E.  bp.,  2882;  d.,  3301. 

, Mason,  Beginnings  of  Ky.,  3743. 

, Y.,  governor  Kentucky,  399' . 

,  Mrs.  John  Crosby,  gilt  to  Museum, 

338'. 

,  Joseph Emmerson, b.  (1821);  gov.Ga., 

1832;  calls  out  militia,  236' ;  withdraws 
troops,  238' ;  d.,  476' . 

,  Morris,  bp.  African  M.  E.  Oh.,  1363. 

,  Neil  S.,  gov.  Tenn.,  1633  ;  d.  (1886). 

,  Nicholas,  b.,  70' ;  d.,  1522. 

,  Robert,  b.,  870' ;  conforms  to  estab- 
lished church,  8743  ;  d.,  8822. 

, ,  botanist,  b.,  9183. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  9382  ■  d.,  9603. 

,  Susan,  gift  to  Princeton,  3602. 

,  Thomas,  governor  Florida,  167' . 

, ,  b.,  9203  ;  ruling-machine,  9302  ; 

d    9402 

. — '',  ■ ,"  writer,  b.,  8902;  d.  (1704). 

. ,  Thompson  S.,  d.,  170' . 

Coimty  of  Indiana,  gold  dis.,  344' . 

Univ.,fnd..  742;  boat-race,  3213;  E  B. 

Andrews,  president,  341 ' . 
Browne,  Baron,  title  created,  947' . 

,  Bordon  P.,  PiiU.  of  Theism,  3323. 

,  Chas.Farrar(Arte'mii»Ward),b.,  1422; 

Artemus  Ward,  His  Book,  211' ;  d.,  266' . 


Broivne,  Edward  Harold,  b.  (1811) ;  elected 
bishop,  9742;  d.,  10062. 

,  Felicia  Dorothea,  work,  937'. 

,  George,  arclibp.,  in  Reformation,  8682. 

,  Horace,  Col.,  at  Manwyue  ;  retreats 

to  Rangoon,  622' . 

,  Isaac  Hawkins,  b.,  9022;  d.  (1760). 

,  James,  b.,  9262  ;     consecrated   Bp. 

Ferns,  9922  ;  d.  (1841). 

,  J.  Mills,  Navy  Department,  3512. 

,  John  M.,  d.,  476' . 

,  John  Ross,  b.,  1262  ;  d.,  288' . 

,  Maximilian  Ulysses,  b.,  5123;  in  Sax- 
ony, 5142  ;  wounded,  516' ;  d.,  5143. 

,Tlios.,Sir,b.,878' ;  works,885'  ;<l.,896a, 

,  Thomas  M.,  d.,  388' . 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1590) ;  works,  8803  ;  d.  (1045). 

Brownell, Henry  Howard,  b.,1282;  d.,  278' . 

,  Thomas  Church,  b.,  912  ;  cons,  bp., 

127' ;  invited  to  Ala.,  1383;  d.,  2422. 

Browning,  Abraham,  Bp.  of  Ossory,  9922. 

,  Daniel  M.,  in  Int.  Dept.,  4472. 

,  Elizabeth  Barrett,  b.,  9343  ;  works, 

943',  949',  961';  d.,  9462. 

,  Orville  Hickman,  b.  (1810);  secretary 

of  interior,  2532;  d.  (1881). 

. ,  Robert,  b.,  9362  ;  works,  9463,  9603, 

9682,  9843,  10022;  d.,  1002'  ;  buried,  10023. 

Society  foumied,  London,  9882. 

Brownlee,  .John  T.,  moderator,  3242. 

,  Wm.  Craig,  b.  (1784);  president  synod, 

1562;  d.  (I860). 

Brownlow,  Duke  of,  title  created,  9372. 

,  Wm.  Gannaway,  b.  (1805);  gov.  Tenn., 

251';  Unionist,  2253;  proclaims  martial 
law,  2653  •  d.  (1877). 

,  Wm.  R.,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  1012' . 

Brown-Sequard  Edouard,  b.,  7223  ;  elixir 
tested,  342' ,  344' ;  d.,  766' . 

Brown's  Ferry,  Coufeds.  defeated,  227' . 

Brownson,  Orestes  Auguste,  b.,  IIO2  ;  est. 
Boston  Quarterly  lleview,  1482  ;  d.,  290' . 

Brownstown,  Mich.,  Indian  victory,  118' . 

Brownsville,  Kentucky,  action  at,  201'. 

,  Tennessee,  Female  College  founded, 

1703;  action  at,  2102. 

,  Tex.,  occupied,  192' ,  210' ,  228' ;  R.  C. 

vicarate  erected,  2802;  raids  of  bandits, 
390'. 

Bruce,  Blanche  K.,  b.  (18415'  colored  sen- 
ator, 3012. 

,  David,  returns  to  Scot.,  &592;d.,414'. 

,  Dr.,  mission  in  Persia,  11082. 

,  Edward,  crowned,  8572;  invades  Ire- 
land; defeated;  killed,  856' ,  8502. 

,  Frederick,  Sir,  b.  (1814);  English  am- 
bassador, 6213:  d.  (1807). 

,  George,  b.  (1781) ;  d.,  252' . 

,  G.  W.  H.  K.,  cons,  bishop,  9962. 

,  Henry,  General  Houston,  3982. 

, Austin,  minister,  973' . 

,  James,  b.,  9082;  in  Abyssinia,  12,3  ; 

fired  on,  020' ;  on  Nile,  9102;  d.,9263. 

,  E.  of  Elgin,  b.,6703;  gov. -gen., 

5812,  10492;  viceroy,  6182,  6212,  10493; 
signs  conven.,6212;  Elgin  marbles, 9302; 
embassy  to  China,  9613;  at  Peking,  9652; 
d.,580'. 

,  moderator,  446' . 

,  J.  W.,  nom.  for  gov.  N.  Y.,  3912. 

,  Michael,  b.,  9122;  d.,  9163. 

,  Robert,    contests    crown,   8553  ;    at 

Loudon  Hill;  conquests,  866';  King  of 
Scotland ;  defeated  ;  flees,  857' ;  murders 
Comyn,  8663,  867' ;  d.,  8573. 

,  Thos.,  E.  of  Elgin,  b.,  9103;  d.,  9502. 

,  Victor  Alexander,  minister,  9952. 

,  William,  moderator,  3023. 

Brucke,  Ernest  W.,  d.,  5342. 

Bruckner,  Johann,  b.,  7922;  d.,  803' . 

Brudenell,  James  Tliomas,  Earl  of  Cardi- 
gan, b.,  9283;  d.,  9722. 

Bruenn,  anarchists  arrested,  5362. 

Brueys,  David  Augustine  de,  Grondeur, 
695' ;  Attocat  Pathelin,  697' . 

,  Admiral  Fran90is  Paul,  b.,  701'  •  k., 

7122;  d.,  713'. 

Bruges,  John,  b.-d.,  5392. 

Brugsch,  Bey  Heinrich  K.,  b.,  814' ;  d., 
661'. 

Brninsburg,  Miss.,  McClernand  at,  221'. 

Bruiser,  collides,  9693. 

Brumidi,  Constantine,  b.  (1805) ;  frescoes 
dome  of  U.  S.  capitol,  250' ;  d.  (1880). 

Brummell,  George  Bryan  (Beau),  b.,9203; 
d.,  9502. 

Brumov,  Pierre,  b.  (1088) ;  d.,  7003. 

Brun,  Charles  Marie,  minister,  7543. 

Brunanburh,  battle  of,  8442. 


Brun-Buff. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDtX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


1203 


Hniiick,  Riphard  Fianjois  Philippe,   b., 

KW3;   (1.,  7143. 

Bruiulisiuin  Beizeil,  1060^ . 

Bnimlow,  Uaroii,  leaves  England,  9592. 

ijiuue,  Gulllaunie  Marie  Anna,  b.,  703' ; 
general,  5182:  at  Bergen,  7123;  d.,  7222. 

Bruiicau,  Abb6,  guillotined,  6761 . 

Brunehilde,  or  Bruneliaut,  marries ;  cruel- 
ty ;  prisoner  ;  revenge  on  nobles  ;  flees ; 
forsaken  ;  punisht^d,  771 1 ;  d.,  6651 . 

Brunei,  Sultan  dethroned,  661';  treaty 
with,  5612  ;  Portuguese  trade,  6513  ; 
.agreement,  5521;  settlement  at,  9993. 

Brunei,  Marc  Isambard,  Sir,  b.,  9182  ;  d., 
9542. 

,  Isambard  Kingdom,  b.,  9323 ;  Thames 

tmjnel,  9421 ;  Great  Eajsttnt,  9602  ;  d., 
9622. 

Brunelleschi,  Filippo,  b.-d.,  10762;  church 
of  San  Lorenzo,  10791 . 

Bruner,  Deputy  marshal,  kUled,  4223. 

Brunet,  Gilbert,  b.,  9012. 

,  Jacques  Charles,  b.,  705' ;  d.,  7362. 

,  M.,  minister,  751 1 ;  liquidator  of  Pa- 
nama Canal  Company,  7573,  7593. 

Bruneti^re,  Marie  Ferdinand,  b.  (1849) ; 
Academician,  7561 . 

Srimhilila,  asteroid,  discovered,  2781 . 

Bruni,  Leonardo,  b.-d.,  10762  ;  Florence^ 
10792. 

Brunn,  siege ;  abandoned  ;  5122;  Prussians 
enter,  5261 ,  strikers  resume,  6323  ;  siege 
of,  7961;  occupied,  8242. 

,  Henry,  b.  (1822) ;  d.,  836' . 

Bninnow,  Philipp  von,  b.,  11162  ;  d.  (1875). 

Bruno,  Saint,  b.-d.,  6681 . 

,  Giordano,   b.,   10803  ;  works,   10832 ; 

burned,  10823, 10832;  statue,  10901. 

,  The  Great,  archbp.,  counselor,  7733. 

Bruns,  archbp.,  founds  Brunswick,  7732. 

Brmiswick,  D.  of  (Charles  Frederick  Wil- 
liam), b.  (1735) ;  at  Valmy  ;  withdraws 
from  Fr.,  7081 ;  manifesto,  7091 ;  at  Pir- 
masens,  7101 ;  at  Auerstadt,  7161 ;  op- 
posed, 8113;  d.  (1806);  monument,  5461 . 

,  Duke  of,  Ferdinand,  b.,  7983;  d., 8062. 

,  ex-duke,  gift  to  Geneva,  11383. 

,  Ua.,  captured,  2042;  niob  lynches  ne- 
groes, 3782;  cloud-burst,  4141;  people 
leave,  4373;  yellow  fever,  4393. 

,  Ger.,  fnd.,  7732;  flourishes,  7773;  for- 

tifled,779i ;  Otho,  first  duke,  781 1 ;  Henry 
I.,D.;  William  I.,  D.;  Henry  II. ,D.,  7853; 
Frederick  ;  William  II.  ;  Henry  III. ; 
Eric,  7872  ;  Henry  IV.,  7873  ;  Julius ; 
Henry  Julius,  7933 ;  Frederick  Ulric, 
795';  Augustus,  7953;  Danish  kings  de- 
feated, 512';  Rodolph  Augustus,  7973; 
Augustus  William,  D. ;  Lewis  Rudolf 
Charles,  7992;  Ferdinand  Albert,  8012  ; 
Seven  Years'  War  effects,  8032;  Charles 
William  Ferdinand,  8063  ;  taken,  808' ; 
William  Frederick  ;  annexed  to  West- 
phalia, 8093;  independence,  8112;  insur- 
rection, 8133;  tariff  convention,  825'. 

,  Me.,  Bowdoin  College  fnd.,  1063. 

,  House  of,  9053. 

jubilee.  Great  Britain,  9372. 

Brunswick-Bevern,  Anton  Ulrich,  D,,  b. 
(1714) ;  captured,  516' ;  d.  (1714). 

Bruuton,  Mary  Balfour,  b.,  9203;  d.,  9382. 

Bruselas  founded,  630' . 

Brush,  Charles  Francis,  b.  (1849) ;  invents 
dynamo  and  lamp,  290' . 

,  <}.  R.,  d.,  476' . 

,  Mary,  patent  for  corset,  124' . 

,  Run  Church,  Disciples,  org.,  1163. 

lirusquet,  b.,  6802  ;  d.,  6822. 

-Urussels,  Belg.,  St.  GuduleCathed.,  5392  ; 
capital;  Prots. executed, 5412;  Union  pro- 
claimed, 10993;  convent  fnd. ;  Courrier 
Viritahle  des  Pays-Jianfiil ' ;  bombarded, 
5421;  taken  by  Fr.,  513',  11002;  upris- 
ing, 542'  j  taken,  708' ;  Gen.  Boulanger  ; 
International  Penal  Law  Congress  ;  Afr. 
Conf. ;  Shah  visits,  5462  ;  Anti-Slavery 
Conf. ;  Caf^  populaire  ;  Miners*  Conf. ; 
Leopold  vs.  Stanley,  5463 ;  dynamite  car- 
tridge, 547' ;  outbreak ;  Nat.  Cong, 
meets,  5433;  Natinnal  attacked,  5423  ; 
troops  enter ;  Leopold  enters,  5433  ;  riots ; 
Observateur;  Philanthropic  Conf.,  5443  ; 
Czar  visits,  545' ;  Maritime  Conf.,  5453  ; 
statistical  Cong.,  International  Society  ; 
Science  Asso.,  544' ;  Cong,  of  Workmen, 
547' ;  Koyal  Botanical  Garden,  M4'  ,645' ; 
International  Conf.  held  ;  Industrial  Ex- 
hibition, 5453;  Health  Conf.,  545' ;  elec- 
tion riots,  5442;  vaccine  used,  544' ;  In- 


rffpriw/enHssued,  5443 ;  Artistic  Conven. ; 
patriotic  f^te ;  temperance  discussed, 
546' ;  Petition  of  Radical  Asso.,  64(i3  ; 
Connnercial  Museum  opnd. ;  Inter.  Rail- 
way Conf.  ;  Palace  of  Justice  opnd.,  5473; 
riots,  547';  Suffrage  Conf.,  5463;  Bou- 
langists  warne<l ;  Constitution  revision, 
5472;  strikers,  547' ;  dock  improvements  ; 
flre,  5473 ;  treaty  rejected,  3793  ;  ratified, 
3992;  Monetary  Cong,,  549';  riots;  So- 
cialists' riot ;  cashier  Ins.  Co.  absconds, 
548' ;  Fr.  delegates  expelled ;  Miners' 
Cong. ;  mayor  beaten,  6482  ;  military 
disperse  crowds,  548' ;  Pr.  Charles  mar- 
ried ;  strikes,  5482. 

Brute,  Simon  Gabriel,  b.,  912  ;  d.,  1502. 

Brutians  sub<Iuetl,  10522. 

Brutus,  Decimus,  at  Miitina,  10602  ;  re- 
ceives Gallia  Cisalpiua,  10612  •  killed, 
10602. 

,  Lucius  Junius,  leader  insurrection, 

one  of  the  first  consuls,  10512;  d.,  I«i02. 

,  Marcus  Junius,  b.-<l  ,  10583;  surren- 
ders at  Modena,  1058' ;  triumvirs  against, 
10602;  receives  Mace(lf>nia  ;  assassinates 
Caesar,  10612;  at  Philippi,  1028' . 

Bruyfire,  Jean  de  la,  b.,  6883  ;  Caracteres, 
695'. 

Bruys,  Pierre  de,  burned,  669' ;  d.,  6943. 

Bryan,  Francis,  Sir,  deputy,  8712  ;  lord 
marshal,  8712;  d.  (1550). 

,  Wm.  Jennmgs,  b.  186' ;  for  Free  Wool 

Bill,  4032  ;  against  silver  repeal,  4363. 

Bryant,  Henry  G.,  Arctic  exped'n.,  402' . 

,  Jacob,  b.,  9042  ;  d.,  9323. 

,  Wm.  Cullen,  b.,  1042  ;  works,  127', 

1311,2723  ;  d.,2982. 

Bryantown,  Va.,  assassins  in,  247' . 

Bryant's  Station  attacked,  943. 

Brydges,  SirSam.Egerton,b.,9162;d.,9482. 

Brydon,  Dr.,  wounded,  52. 

Brydone,  Patrick,  b.  (1741  b);  d.,  9383. 

liubastis,  Egy.,  capital,  651' . 

Bube,  Adolph,  b.,  8082;  d.,  828' . 

Bubua,  Littz,  Ferd.,  Ct.,  b.,  5163  ;  d.,  5202. 

Buccaneers,  in  Haiti,  1010' . 

Buccleuch,  D.  of,  title  created,  8932. 

,  D.  of,  d.,  9922. 

IJuch,  Leopold  von,  b.,  804' ;  d.,  8201 . 

Buchan,  David,  Polar  exped.,  938' . 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  8643. 

,  William,  d.,  9323. 

Buchanan,  Claudius,  d.,  9363. 

,  George,  b.,  8662  ;  d.,  8742. 

, ,  address  on  slavery,  103' . 

,  James,  b.,  1022;  nom.  for  Pres.,  1803; 

elected;  vote,  1812;  inaug.,  1823; message, 
1833;  financial  message,  1852;  first  cable- 
gi'am,  1853;  resents  inquiry,  1872;  vetoes 
Preemption  Bill,  1882;  n()n-coercive pol- 
icy, 1883;  declines  to  reinforce  Sumter  ; 
appoints  day  of  prayer,  1892  ;  refuses  to 
surrender  Sumter;  receives  Conf ed. Com- 
missioners unofficially ;  drops  vacillating 
policy,  1893  •  Conf  ed.  Commissioners  ig- 
nored ;  decides  to  reinforce  Sumter, 1903 ; 
patriotic  message,  191' ;  d.,  262'. 

,  Jennie  killed,  4.583. 

,  John  P.,  gov.  Teun.,  3992  ;  hanged  in 

effigy,  4123. 

,  McKean,  actor,  d.,  2762. 

— — ,  Robt.  C.,8ucceedsGen. Hancock,  260' . 

, ,  W.,  Scotch  poet,  d.,  9,502. 

, , ,  arrested,  4082,  4283. 

,  Dr.,  sells  false  diplomas,  307' . 

Blicher,  Lothar,  d.,  336' . 

Biichner,  Friedrich,  K.  C.  L.,  b.,  8123. 

Buckeley,  Morgan  G.,  gov.  Conn.,  3492. 

Buckingham,  Dukes  of.  (See  Stafford, 
Villiers,  and  Grenville.) 

,  James  Silk,  b.,  9242  ;  d.,  9603. 

,  Lady,  plays  faro,  fined,  9292. 

,  William  A.,  gov.  Conn.,  1852;  memo- 
rial unveiled,  316' . 

Buckinghamshire,  Eton  Coll.  est.,  8623. 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Sheffield,  John.) 

Buckland,  Frank  Trevelyan,  b.,  9422. 

,  William,  h.,  9223. 

Buckland's  Mills,  Va.,  action  at,  227' . 

Buckle,  Henry  Thos.,  b.,  9463;  d.,  9662. 

Buckley,  Arabella  Burton,  b.  (1840) ;  Moral 
Teachings  of  Science,  4203. 

,  D.  J.,  convicted,  4503. 

Samuel,  Botsford,  b.,  116' ;  d.  (1884). 

,  William,  assassinated,  4323. 

Bucknilnster,  Joseph,  b.  (1751) ;  d.,  1183. 

,  Joseph  S.,  b.,  96' ;  d.  (1812). 

Bucknell  Univ.  fnd.,  163' ;  observatory 
est.,  3281. 


Bucknell,  Simon  Bolivar,  b.,  1.302;  orders 
State,  Guards,  Ky.,  1902  ;  at  Bowling 
Green,  1983 ;  address  in  Ky.,  1993 ;  at  Fort 
Donelson,  204' ;  evacuates  Knoxville 
and  Kingston,  2262;  gov.  Ky.,  3293. 

Buckner,  James  F.,  d.,  3422. 

,  Simon  IS.,  against  Lincoln,  1993;  sur- 
renders, 2041 ;  gov.  Ky.,  3293. 

,  Judge  against  lottery,  377 1 . 

Bucknill,  J.  C.,  works,  9583. 

Bucquio,  ChaB.deL.,Ct.,  b.,5102;  d.,612a. 

Buckstone,  John  Baldwin,  b.,  9303  ;  ap- 
pears in  N.  Y.,  1521 ;  d.,  9&J1 . 

Buda,  Synod  of,  5042;  Univ.  (Ofen)  char- 
tered, 5071;  captured,  5082;  library  est., 
6083;  retaken,  6122;  Catholics  treaty, 
5641 ;  stormed,  7981 ;  Turks  lose,  7992. 

Budapest,  Univ.,  fnd.,  5131;  steamboats, 
5212  ;  taken,  5221 ;  Austrians  recover  ; 
captured,  5222;  execution  of  Batthyani, 
6233  ;  Francis  crowned,  5263  ;  emperor 
welcomed,  5263 ;  crowned,  6273 ;  stormed, 
6282  ;  capital,  6292;  R.  R.  accident,  5293; 
Socialists  arrested,  6312;  duel;  Shah  of 
Persia  visits  ;  students  arrested,  6323  ; 
anarchists;  royal  eel.,  6351;  Szapary 
shot ;  Honved  monument ;  Kossuth's 
birthday  eel., 5361 ;  embezzlement, 5362;' 
Marriage  Bill ;  mobs  of  students  ;  riots  ; 
honors  Kossuth,  5363,  5373  ;  delegates 
meet, ,537' ;  cholera  ;  Hygienic  Congress, 
5381;  Religious  Freedom  Bill, 6382;  Hy- 
gienic Cong,  opd.,  5383.    (See  Pestli.) 

Jiudapeiili  ,^zemle  at  Hung., 6242. 

Budaun  taken,  10181 . 

Budd,  flames  H.,  election  contested,  477', 

,  William,  b.,  9351 . 

Buddaeus,  Johann,  b.,  7963  ;  d.,  8OO2. 

Buddha,  Gotama,  b.-d.,  1042',  3;  fnds. 
Buddhism,  114G2  ;  bone  of,  6123. 

Buddhaghosa  writes  Dhammapadn,  10131 . 

Buddhism  fnd.,  11462  ;  Annam,  4S23 ;  intro. 
in  China,  6103;  abolished,  6122;  h,  Tiht-t, 
6123  ;  favored,  6132  ;  6142  ;  i,r,,liil.ili-d, 
6143;  Pali  text  adopted,  1043';  intro.  in 
Japan,  1091' ;  opposed,  10913  ;  intro.  in 
Persia,  11063. 

Buddhist  creed  in  India  ;  Council  at  Patni; 
missionaries  in  Burma,  1043' . 

Buddhists  banished,  6123;  massacre,  6203. 

Bude,  Guillaume,  b.-<l.,  6782. 

Budgell,  Eustace,  b.,  8962  ;  The  Bee,  909' . 

Budington,  Wm.  Ives,  b.,124' ;  d., 602, 3022. 

Buduan  mission,  10483. 

Budweis,  R.  R.  connections,  5213, 

Bueil,  Honorat  de,  The  Btrgeries,  6872. 

Buel,  Jesse,  b.,  912  ;  d.,  1502. 

Bueli,  Don  Carlos,  b.,  1262  ;  at  Nashville, 
2042  ;  at  Pittsburg  Landing,  206' ;  at 
Louisville,  214' ;  at  Perryville,  3142. 

Buena  Vista,  battle,  162' . 

Buenos  Ayres,  fnd.,  20' ;  destroyed,  23' ; 
reestablished,  23' ;  colonized,  262  ;  pros- 
perous, 253  ;  bishopric,  282  ;  gov.,  293  ; 
captured,  932' ;  Spaniards  attack;  taken; 
re-taken,  489' ;  Brit,  repulsed,  1160' ;  aid 
to  Chileans,  006' ;  separated,  11052;  Con- 
stitution decreed,  4903  ;  war  against, 
554' ;  mission,  4902;  burned,  4892;  block- 
ade ;  blockade  raised;  capitulates;  in- 
vaded ;  Urquiza,  490' ;  Presb.  mission, 
4902;  secedes  ;  refugees  enter,  491' ;  civil 
war,  4902  ;  National  Cong.,  4912  ;  mob, 
Jesuits,  Coll.  burned,  4913  ;  separated 
from  Peru,  4893  ;  Bank  closed  ;  Govt, 
exhibit ;  amnesty  bill,  4913;  Theological 
Inst.,  4903  ;  bank  deposits  suspended ; 
Custom  House  defalcations,  4922  ;  con- 
spiracy, 492', 3  ;  financial  panic;  immi- 
grants, 4923;  legations  abolished  ;  panic, 
4922;  revolution,  492' . 

Bnffalo.N.Y.,  laid  out,  1113;  burned,  121'; 
Library  fnd.,  1463  ;  R.  R.  to  Rochester, 
1663;  gale,  1.56';  Nat.  Liberty  Conven., 
167' ;  O.  S.  Pres.  Synod  org.,  1563  ;  R.  C. 
diocese  est.,  1623  ;  Free  Soil  Convention, 
165' ;  cholera,  1673  ;  Forest  Lawn  Ceme- 
tery,  1693 ;  street-preaching  riot,  1742 ;  St. 
Joseph's  Coll.  opd.,  199' ;  Society  Nat. 
Sciences  org.,  201' ;  Academy  Fine  Arts 
ineorp.,  217';  Historical  Society  org., 
219';  Lincoln  obsequies,  2472;  Fenians 
gather,  2522  ;  Orpheus  Singing  Society 
org., 268';  CanisiusColl.org., 2722;  park 
system  begun,  276' ;  Normal  school  est., 
2763;  Insane  Asylum,  2783;  Interna- 
tional Bridge,  282' ,  opd.,  2833  ;  Evening 
News,  2823;  tornadoes,  332';  fire,  3353, 
3773 ;  Free  kindergartens  est. ,3803 ;  Army 


1204 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


Buff-Burn. 


of  Potomac  reunion,  387' ;  lithographers 
strike,  3931 ;  Home  for  Aged  Men,  3943  ; 
Dem.  mass-meeting,  4051 ;  Fatlier  Dent, 
Bp.  Ryan  slander-suit,  406*  ;  Nat;  Bank 
fails,  3083  ;  strike  ;  U.  S.  troops,  4121  ±, 
4141 ;  K.  11,  open,  4133  ;  State  Arbitrators 
at, 4142;  H.  It.  blockade, 4153;  riot, 4163. 
School  Protection  League  fmd.,  4182  • 
election  frauds,  4192,  4423;  Police  Bill 
protest,  4282,  4292  ;  fire,  4292,  4:i32,  4372; 
4573,4773,  4793  ;  largest  elevator,  4433  ; 
freshet,44(ii ;  R.R.men  strike,4(H3  ;  Wm. 
Gipps,  murderer,  4743. 
Buffalo  Mills,  Mo.,  action  at,  2001 . 
Buffet,  Louis  Joseph,  minister  finance ; 
resigns,  7392  ;  pres.  Nat.  Assem.,  7473, 
7491 ;  minister,  7492  ;  resigns,  7511. 
Buffler,  Claude,  b.-d.,  11142. 
Bufftngton,  AdelbertR.,  b.  (1837);ordnajioe 
dept.,  3341. 

Island,  O.,  raiders  captured,  2251 , 

Buffon,  Oomte  de,  Georges  Louis  Leclerc  ; 
b.,  6962  ;  Xaticral  History,  7002  ;  a.,  7062. 
Buffum,  Arnold,  pres.  Abolition  Soc,  1411 . 
Buford,  Col.,  massacred,  92i . 

,  John,  b.,  1341 ;  Col.  in  Kau.,  1792. 

, ,  b.  (1825) ;   Brig.-Gen.  in  court 

martial,  2161 ;  at  Beverly  Ford,  2223 ;  d., 
2291. 

,  NapoleonBonaparte,b.,114i ;  d.(1883). 

,  Tliomas,  Col.,  acquitted,  3031 , 

Bug:eaud  de  la  Picomierie,  Thomas,  Due 
de  Tolly,  b.,  7061;   in  Algeria,  82,  93, 
7281 ;  d.,  7302. 
Bugenhagen,  Johann,  b.  (1485) ;  d.,  7922, 
Bugge,  Thomas,  b.,  6381 ;  d.,  6382. 
Buhle,  Johaim  G.,  b.,  8023  ;  d.,  8122. 
Builder  issued,  9503. 
Bukki,  high-priest,  11411 . 
Bultowina,  Galicia  acquires,  5172. 

province,  ceded  to  Aust.,  11122. 

Bulak,  Egy.,  nnssion,  6591 ;  Museum,  6563. 
Bulgaria,  Romans  in,  10281;  invaded  by 
Gr.,  10321 ;  est.  kingdom  in  Moesia,  10313; 
Christian  powers  defeated,  5061 ;  Leopold 
claims,  5133  j   insurrection  suppressed, 
11592;  Turkish  barbarities,  11583  ;  Rus- 
sian interference,  11213  ;  reconciled  to 
Pr.,  7632.    (See  Text,  pp.  565-570.) 
Bulgarians,  invade  empire,  10,301 ;  devas- 
tate Greece,  10302  ;  invade  Gr.;  kingdom 
in  Moesia,  10313  ;  annihilate  Gr.  army  ; 
at  war  with  Gr.,  10321 . 
Bulgaria,  Diniitri,  b.-d.,  10343. 
Bulger,  Capt.  X.,  gov.  in  Can.,  5773. 
Bulkeley,  M.  ,J.,  gov.  Conn.,  proclamation, 
3763  ;  refuses  to  resign,  3853  ;  lawful  ex- 
ecutive, 3992-  gov.,  3991 . 
Bull  Ausculta  Fni,  burned,  6733. 

,  Edward,  kills  wife,  4603. 

,  Henry,  b.  (1609);  gov.  R.  I.,  493,  613  ; 

d.  (1693). 

,  John,  b.  (1563) ;  God  Save  the  King, 

8783  ;  d.  (1625). 

,  Ole  Bornemann,  b.-d.,  11041 ;  appears, 

1561 ;  at  Peace  Jubilee,  266i ;  il.  (1881). 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1710);  gov.  S.  C,  653, 732  ;  d. 

(1791). 

,  Col.,  burns  Inverness,  821 . 

of  Demarcation,  153. 

U)iam  Sanctum  issued,  6733. 

Unigenitus,    dispute,    6991;    Issued, 

697 1 ,  10832 ;  clergy  forced  to  accept,  701 1 . 
BuUant,  Jean,  b.,  6803  ;  d.,  6842. 
Bullark,Ruf  us  B., director  U. P.  K.R.,3512. 
Bullen,  Mai.  J.  D.,  at  Donaldsonville,  2232. 
Buller,  Charles,  b.,  9323  ;  d.  (.1848). 

,  Gen.  R.,  commander  in  Ire.,  9953. 

Bulletin  de  r Industrie  issued,  5443. 
Bullets  as  currency,  352. 
BuUhouse  Bridge,  B.R.  accident,  9933. 
BuUi  colliery  ;  explosion  ;  4993. 
Bullinger,  Heinrich,  b.-d.,  11371. 
Bullions,  Peter,  b.,  1023  ;  moderator,  1862  ; 

d.,  2312. 
Bullock,  Alex.  Hamilton,  b.  (1816);  gov. 
Mass.,  aws. 

,  Archibald,  b.  (1730+) ;  gov.  Ga.,  853  ; 

d.  (1777). 

,  Ruf  us  Brown,  b.  (1834);  gov.  Ga.,  2652; 

accused  of  fraud ;  leaves,  2752  j  d.,  310i . 

,  "William,  murdered,  2772. 

,  Wm.  A.,  b.  (1813) ;    web-perfecting 

press,  2212  ;  d.,  2561. 
Bull  Run,  Va.,  first  battle,  1963;  2d,  2122. 
Bull's  Ferry,  Va.,  skirmish  at,  921 . 

Gap,  Tenn.,  Federal  defeat,  2401 . 

Bulmer,  Gippsland  mission,  4963, 
,  Sergt.,  wins  rifle  prize,  9941 , 


Bulnes,  Gen.,  b.  (1799) ;  president,  6072  ; 

d.  (1866). 
Bulow,  Count  Friedrich  Wilhelm  von,  b., 
8022;    at  b.  Deimehitz ;    at   b.,  Gross- 
beeren,  7201 ;  d.,812i. 

,  Hans  Guido  von,  b.,  8142  ;  at  Kolding, 

8181;  d.,  8361. 
Bulthaup,  H.,  Eine  Neue  Welt,  8362. 
^uluwayo,  captxu-ed,  GOli . 
Bulwer,  Sir  H.  E.  G.,  gov.  of  Natal,  6013. 

,  William    Heni-y   Lyttou,  Karle,  b., 

9323  ;  d.,  9761 . 

Clayton  treaty,  I672. 

E.  G.  E.  L..    (See  Lytton.) 

Bunce,  Francis  M.,  b.,  1461 . 
Bundy,  Jonas  M.,  d.,  3902. 
Bxmgay,  George  W.,  d.  4101 . 
Bunker  Hill,  Mass.,  battle  of,  802;  monu- 
ment, 1321 ;  completed,  dedicated,  1541 ; 
anniversaries  of,  2891 ;  3011 ;  4321 . 

,  W.  Va.,  occupied  ;  vacated, 1963  ; 

Early  at,  2371,2,3. 
Bun-Lan,  b.,  4813. 
Bunn,  Beni.  H.,  b.,  1562. 

,  Wm.  N.,  inaug.  gov.  Ida.,  3193. 

Bunsen,  Clievalier  Christian  K.  J.  von,  b., 
8043  ;  made  life-peer,  8203  ;  d.,  8202. 

,  Robt.  W.  E.,  carbon  battery,  8I61 . 

Bunting,  .labez,  b.,  9203  ;  d.,  9622. 
Bunyan,  John,  8822;  converted  ;  preaches, 
8882;  in  Bedford  jail ;  refuses  to  conform, 
8902 ;  released,  8923,  8932  ;  PUyrlm's 
Progress ;  Holy  War,  8943  ;  refuses  indul- 
gence, 8963  ;  d.,  8982  ;  statue,  9781 . 
Buoi-Schauenstein,  Karl  F.  von,  b.,  5191 ; 

d.,  5262. 
Buoninsegna,  Duccio  di.  Majesty,  10762. 
Bura  destroyed,  10223. 
Burbage,    Ricliard,   Lord   Chamberlain's 

company,  8762. 
Burbank,  .John  A.,  gov.  Dak.,  2692. 
Burbeck,  Henry,  b.,  083  ;  d.,  l(«i . 
Burbridge,  Gen.,  at  Bayou  Coteau,228i ;  at 
Cythiana  ;  at  Mount  Stirling,  2342  ;  at 
Abingdon,  2383;  atBristol;  at  Kingsport, 
2402  ;  relieved,  2J22. 

,  Stephen  Gano,  b.,  1382. 

Burchard,  Dr.  Samuel  Dickinson,  alliter- 
ation, 3192  ;  d.,  3932. 
Burckhardt,  Johann  K.,  b.,  8OJI ;  d.,  8123. 
Burdeau,  Auguste,  minister,  7633,  7051 , 

7671;  d.,  7661. 
Burdell,  Dr.  Harvey,  murdered,  1803. 
Burden,  Henry,  b.,  1022  ;  d.,  2721 . 
Burdett,  Robert  Jones,  b.,  1562. 

,  Sir  Francis,  b.,  9183  ;  in  duel,  9332  ; 

in  Tower,  9353  ;  radical,  9393;  d.,  9522. 

—,  Baroness,  Angela  Georgina,  b., 

9363;  made  burghess,  9772. 

Coutts,  Baron,  title  created,  9751 . 

Burdette,  S.  S.,  com.  G.  A.  B.,  S»3. 
liurdon,  J.  Shaw,  elected  bp.,  9742. 
Hurdwan,  grant  of,  10452. 
Burger,  GottfriedA.,  b.,8003;  works,  8052; 

d.,  8062. 
Burgess,  Alex.,  b.  (1819);  cons,  bp.,  2983. 

,  Edward,  b.  (1848) ;  d.  3861 . 

,  George,  b.,  II61 ;  cons.  Prot.  Epis.  bp., 

1263;  d.  (1866). 

,  John  William,  b.,  1562. 

,  Neil,  b.,  1661 . 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9143;    elected  bp.,  9423  ; 

bp.  of  Salisbury  ;  d.,  9482. 

,  Tristam,  b.,  762;  d.,  1732. 

Burgh,  Hubert  de,  regent,  deprived  of  of- 
fice, 8533  ;  defeats  Fr.  fleet,  6701 ;  cou- 
q\iers  Galway,  8521;  d.  (1243). 

,  Walter  de.  Earl  of  Ulster,  8652  ;  d. 

(1'271). 
Burghers,  reunite  with  Antiburghers,  9403 . 
Burgkmair,  Hans,  b.,  7862;  d.,  7922. 
Burglary,  capital  crime,  9443. 
Burgo,  Wni.  Fitzalden  de,  viceroy,  8512. 
Burgos,  Castle  besieged,  9361 . 
Burgovne,  John  Gen.,  b.,  9082  ;  arrives  in 
Am.;  801 ;  blockades  Boston,823;  in  Can., 
86';    in  N.Y.;  at  Crown  Point,  862;  at 
Fort  Kdward  ;  at  Hubbardtown  ;  meets 
Six  Nations  ;  takes  Fort  Ticonderoga  ; 
proclamation  ;  at  Whitehall,  863  ;  leaves 
Fort  Edward,  871;  iuN.Y.,  872;  surren- 
ders at  Saratoga,  88I;    army  detained, 
882  ;  defence  in  Pari.,  893, 3213;  army  in 
Va.,  901 ;  controversy,  913  ;  d.,  9262. 

,  Sir  John  Fox,  b.,  9223  ;  d.,  9761 . 

Burgundians  in  Germany,  6662;  settle  near 

Worms,  7693  ;  subdued,  7712. 
Burgundionum  PBurgunily],  est.,  6633. 
Burgundy,  kingdom  est.,  6212,  6633,  7693  ; 


Maximilian  acquires,  5092  ;  conquered  ; 
tributary,  6652  ;  Fr.  acquires,  6732;  occu- 
pied, 6753  ;  uniteil  to  Fr.  crown,  6792  ; 
occupied,  6013  ;  united  to  Ger.,  7313  j 
fief  of  empire,  7733  ;  acquired  by  Ger. 
Emp.,  7872. 
Burgundy,  House  of,  reigns,  10992  ;  pos- 
sessions, 541 ' . 

,  Louis,  Duke  of,  b.  (1682) ;  at  Ouden- 

arde,  696' ;  d.  (1712). 
Burial  Act  passes,  986' ;  Fr.,  759' . 
Burials  Bill  rejected,  9783,  9803. 
Burldan,  Jean,  d.,  6722. 
Bnrigny,  Jean  Levesque  de,  b.,  6942  j  d., 

706'. 
Burke,  Ida.,  avalanches  destroy,  352', 

,  N.  Y.,  caterpillar  plague,  386' . 

,  Andrew  H.,  gov.  N.  Dak.,  3992. 

,  Daniel  W.,  commissioned  major ,456'. 

■ ,  Edmund,  b.,  9082  ;    agent  of  N.  Y., 

773,9193;  famous  speech,  79' ;  works, 
915' ,  919' ,  929' ;  against  Amer.  taxation, 
9193  ;  minister,  9232  ;  moves  Hastings's 
impeachment,  9233  ;  Dagger  Scene  in 
H.  C,  9272;  d.,  9283  •  memorial,  IOIOI . 

,  Sir  John  Bernard,  b.  9363;  d.  (1892). 

,  Martin,  arrested,  5863  ;  committed, 

5883  ;  sentence,  3482,  589' . 

,  M.  F.,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  3262. 

,  Richard,  convicted,  9723. 

- — ,  Robert  O'Hara,   b.,  9403  ;  eiplorer, 
4962. 

,T.H.,  stabbed,  989'. 

,  Thomas,  M.  A.,  bp.  of  Albany,  464' . 

, N.,  b.,  941' ;  d.  (1883). 

,  (Fenian),  sentenced,  9703. 

,  murderer,  executed,  9443. 

Burkersdorf,  defeat  at,  5162. 
Burkesville,  Ky.,  Morgan's  raid,  2242. 
Burkujanna,  mission,  6OO2. 
Burlamaqui,  Jean  Jacques,  b.-d.,  11372. 
Burleigh,  Edwin  C,  gov.  Me.,  399' ;  3492. 

,  Lord  William  Cecil,  b.,866' ;  d.,  8762. 

,  Va.,  Bapt.  church  fmd.,  582. 

Burlingame,  Anson,  b.,  130' ;  special  am- 
bassador, 2613  ;  at  San  Francisco,  2613  j 
Chinese  representative,  6213  ;     treaty, 
2633,  2653  ;  d.,  270' . 
Burlington,  Ind.,  masked  men,  4.582. 

,  la..  Coll.  fnd.,  1703  ;   Association  of 

Unitarian  churcli  org.,  2942  ;  fire,  4293. 

,  N.  J.,    Quakers    meet,   482;     Fpis. 

church  erected,  563 ;  AVw  Jersey  Gazette, 
85' ;  coll.  fnd.,  163' ;  B.R.  accident,  1773. 

,  Pa.,  air-ship  Co.  organized,  384' . 

,  Vt.,  university  fnd.,  1023;    northern 

army  at,  1182;  R.  C.  diocese  est.,  1723; 
Louis  De  Goesbriand  cons.bp.,  1723,3642; 
St.  Joseph's  College  est.,  3183;  home  est. 
for  chiltlren,  2552. 

Heights  Can.,  Brit,  repulsed,  1202. 

Burma,  conquered,  614';    invaded.  616'; 
9421;    tribute   mission,  6252;   province 
fmd.,  9672  ;  mission,  10462, 1047' ;  treaty 
with  ;    king  of   Ava  deposed  ;    peace ; 
Lower  annexed,  10473;  war;  (Queen's  Ju- 
bilee, 10482;  Brit,  envoy  rejected;  Upper 
annexed  ;  submission  ;  natives  rebel ;  in 
Brit.  India  ;  provisional  govt,  est.,  10492; 
railway  opd. ;  Chins  revolt,  IOO81 ,  10493. 
Burmannus,  P.,  works,  8003. 
Burmudez,  Edward  E.,  b.  (1832);  d.,  414'. 
Burmeister,  Hermann,  b.,  8083  ;  d.  (1891). 
Burmese,  in  Siam,  11242;  treaty  with  G.B., 

9432;  war,  1046';  second  war,  10462. 
Burn,  John,  patents  machine,  i)343. 
Burnap,  George  Wash.,  b.  (1802);  d.,  1842. 
Burnand,  Francis  Cowley,  b.,  iH82. 
Burnes,  Alex.,  b.,  9323;  in  Afghan.,  5' ;  at 
Kabul,  9493;  d.,9502. 

,  Daniel  D.,  b.,  1682. 

,  James  N.,  eulogized  in  Cong.,  337' . 

, ,  Ld.  Monboddo,b.,9042;  d.,9283. 

Burnet,  David  G.,  b.  (1789);   pres.   Tex., 
1472, 153' ;  d.  (1870). 

,  D.  S.,  moderator,  2642. 

,  Gilbert,  b.,  8843;    works,  8943,  goT'; 

d.  (1715). 

,  Thomas, b., 8822;  work;  S943;  d.,90»». 

,  William,  b.  (1688);    gov.  N.Y.,  trana- 

ferred  Mass.,  613;  d.  (1729). 
Burnett  Creek,  Indians  assault,  116'. 

,  Francis    Eliza    Hodgson,    b.,    166' J 

works,  2903,  2923,  3003,  3063,  313' ,  3243. 

,  H.  C,  obstructionist,  203' . 

—,  Peter  Hardeman,  b.  (1807);  gov.,  167'. 

,  Mr.,  Iiequests  of,  923' . 

Burney,  Charles,  composer,  b.,  9063. 
, ,  auth.,  b.,  9143;  d.,  9363. 


I 


I 


Bum-Cabr. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1205 


Burnhani,  Carrie,  admitted  tol)Jir,  3523. 

,  James  C,  b.  (1820±);  U.,  254' . 

,  8.  \i .,  on  Alplm  Delpliinl,  2861;  an- 

nouiK'es  eclipse,  350' ;  vesigns,  408' . 

,  T.  O.  H.  P.,  cift,  395< . 

Burning  lens  used  at  Alliens,  10203. 

Blirnington,  Geo.,  gov.,  N.  C,  G32. 

Burnlev,  riots,  983'. 

Burnoiif,  Eugtoe,  b.,  7143;  works,  727', 
7292,  73C3;  d.,  732'. 

Burns,  Anthony,  b.  (1830! );  rescue,  174*. 

,  Francis,  b.,  116' ;  bp.,  1843  ;  d.,  2213. 

,  George,  Sir,  d.,  10022. 

,  .John,    arrives,   4762;      in    Socialist 

League,  995' . 

,  Robert,  b.,  9143;  poems,  925' ;  d.,  9283; 

statue,  306' ,  982' ,  986' ,  992' ,  1006' . 

Burnside,  Ambrose  Everett,  b.,  132' ;  com- 
mands in  X.  C,  202';  Hatteras  expedi- 
tion, 2022;  takes  Roanoke  Is.,  204';  at 
New  Berne, 20.'>' ;  takes  Fort  Macon,2063 ; 
recalled,  2102;  at  Antietam,  213';  .suc- 
ceeds McClellan;  changes  base,  215' ;  at 
Fredericksburg,  2162;  relieved,  2182; 
army  of  0.,2'^';  issues  order  No.  38, 
2202";  arrests  Vallandigham,  2212;  sup- 
presses C/iica(/o  Times,  2222;  declares 
martial  law  in  Ky. ;  leaves  Camp  Nelson; 
leaves  Crab  Orchard,  226' ;  at  Cumber- 
land Gap;  at  Knoxville;  crosses  to  Tenn., 
2203;  at  Phila.,  Tenn.,  227';  at  Knox- 
ville, '228' ,2;  defeats  Longstreet,  2282; 
north  of  Kapidan,  232 ' ;  at  Spottsylvania, 
2323;  corps  incorp.  A.  of  Potomac,  2332; 

fov.,  R.  I.,  2553;  commander  G.  A.  R., 
743,281';  d.,308'. 

Bvirr,  Aaron,  b.,  71' ;  electoral  vote,  1033, 
1073, 1112;  becomes  V.  Pres.,  1112;  chal- 
lenges Hamilton,  113' ;  treasonable  con- 
spiracy, 1133;  arrested,  115';  d.,  146'. 

,  Enoch  Fitch,  b.,  1262. 

Burra  Burra  mines  opened,  496' . 

Burrill,  Alex.  M.,  b.  (1807) ;  d.,  264' . 

Burrill,  James,  b.,  762;  d.,  1282. 

Burrill  School,  Ala.,  opened,  2623. 

Burrington,  Geo.,  gov.  N.  C,  612. 

Burritt  College,  Tenn.,  org.,  1043. 

,  Elihu,  b.,  1162;  d.,  3002. 

Burroughs,  A.  J.,  murder  of,  255' . 

,  G.  S.,  pres.  Wabash  College,  4162.      ' 

,  John,  b.,  1482  ;  Locusts,  303' . 

Burrow,  James,  Pres.  Royal  Acad.,  9162  ; 
Royal  Society,  9182. 

Burrows,  Sir  John  Cordy,  statue,  982' . 

,  Julius    C,    b.,    1482  ;   motion,  4052  ; 

amendment,  4492. 

,  Gen.,  ixi  Afg.,  6' ;  at  Maiwand,  6' . 

Burrus,  Afranius,  influence  over  Nero, 
10633  ;  d.,  e2±. 

Burscough  Junction,  R.  R.  accident,  9853. 

Burt,  Francis,  gov.,  177'. 

Burton,  .\sa,  b.,  683  ;  d.,  1462. 

,  F.  N.,  Sir,  gov.  Can.,  5773. 

,  Hutchins  G.,  gov.  N.  C,  1332. 

,  John  Hill,  b.,  9343;  d.,  9882. 

,  Mary  F.,  police  judge,  3833. 

,  Richard  Francis,  Sir,  b.,  9403  ;  as- 
cends Kongo  River,  1093' ;  explores  Ara- 
bia, 4883  ;  dia.  gold,  498' ;  d.,  lOOl' . 

,  Robert,  b.,  8742;  lined,  883' ;  d.,8822. 

,  William,  gov.  Del.,  187' . 

, ,  b.  (1575) ;  work,  8803;  d.  (1645). 

,  Eng.,  bridge  built,  850' . 

,  title  created,  9963. 

Burtsell,  Richard  Lalor,  papal  approval, 
352' ;  farewell  at  Roiuulout,  N.  Y.,  3642. 

Burwell,  Lewis,  gov.  Va.,  672. 

Bury,  Eng.,  action  at,  8442. 

Busaco,  battle  of,  718' . 

Busancy,  regiment  destroyed,  7402. 

Busbecq,  Angler  Ghislen,  b.,  &402;  d.,6403. 

Busby,  Richard,  b.  (1606) ;  d.,  9002. 

Busching,  Anton  F.,  b.,  8002;  d.,  80G2. 

Buschmann,  Johann  Karl  E<luard,  b.,  808' . 

Busembaum,  Hermann,  b.,  7922;  d.,  7963. 

Bush,  George,  b.,  106' ;  d.,  1M2. 

Bushe,  Charles  Kendal,  b.  (1767) ;  chief  jus- 
tice, 9413;  d.  (1843). 

Bushey,  dynamite  on  R.  R.,  9863. 

Bushire,  caiitured,  960' . 

Busliiri,  defeated  at  Zanzibar,  503' . 

,  Arabian  commander,  838'  ,2;  d.  (1889). 

Buslimen,  mission,  597' ;  habitation,  6023. 

Bushnell,  IJavid,  invents  torpedoes,  920' . 

,  Horace,  b.,   110' ;  works,  1663,  1843, 

2G43,  2083  ;  d.,  2902. 

Buslieiihagen,  Heiirv,  murdered,  3903. 

Bushrangers'  Act,  K.  S.  W.,  4952,  4963. 

Bushville,  Ind.,  license  refused,  4723. 


Bushville,  N.  Y.,  Jacob  Moore  murdered, 
4542. 

Bushwick,  consolidated,  1773. 

Bushy  Run,  battle  of,  74' . 

Busiei,  Chas.  A.,  noni.  for  gov.  N,  H.,  4712. 

Business  Education  Asso.  Conven.,  3(>12. 

failures,  U.  S.,  4333  ;  in  1838,  1493. 

Men's  Protective  Asso.,  N.  Y.,  369' .    - 

Busra,  mission,  657' . 

Bussey,  Benj.,  154' ;  Harvard  gift,  276' . 

,  Cyrus,  in  Interior  Dept.,  3512. 

BuKsy-Rabutin,  Roger,  Comte  de,  b.,  6862  ; 
d.,  6942. 

Bustameiite,  Anastasio,  b.-d.,  10952;  acting 
pres. ;  banished,  10962. 

,  Carlos  Maria  de,  b.-d.,  1095';  over- 
thrown ;  president ;  resigns,  10962. 

,  Pedro  Ruiz  de,  gov.,  6302. 

Bustard,  bombards  Samoa,  1012'. 

Bute,  Earl  of.    (See  Sir  John  Stuart.) 

,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  9252. 

Butler,  missionary  ctpposed,  1383. 

,  Mo.,  action  near,  2143. 

,  N.  J.,  St.  Anthony's  shrine,  436' . 

oil-well  burns,  394' . 

,  Alban,  b.,  9(M2;  d.,  9183. 

,  Andrew  Pickens,  b.  (1796);  d.,  180' ; 

Sumner  on,  1792. 

,  Benjamin  Franklin,  b.  (1795) ;  Atty.- 

Gen.,  1392,  1473;  resigns,  1512;  d.  (1858). 

, ,  b.,  1262;  commands  at  An- 
napolis ;  occupies  Bjiltimore  ;  seizes  Re- 
lay House,  1942  ;  at  Fortress  Monroe, 
1943;  slaves  declared  contraband,  196' ; 
197',  in  Hatteras  expedition,  198';  in 
Gulf,  2052;  invests  Ft.  Jackson  and  St. 
Philip  ;  lowers  Confed.  flag,  2063  ;  order 
No.  15,  2072  ;  arrests  otticiats  N.  Orleans, 
208' ;  aversion  against,  2083  ;  Bftton 
Rouge  evacuated,  211' ;  in  N.  C.,  2142  ; 
superseded,  215' ;  proclamation  against, 
2173;  sails  for  Bermmla  Hundred,  2322, 
240' ;  at  Drewry's  Blutt',  2.33'  ,3;  fails  at 
Petersburg,  2342.;  digs  Dutch  Gap  Canal ; 
on  James  River,  2;J9 ' ;  command  of  New 
York,  2392;  leaves  Hampton  Koads,  2402 ; 
at  Fort  Fisher  ;  removed  from  command, 
2403;  impeacliment  manager,  2612;  opens 
case  ;  against  Pres.,  2613  ;  inaug.  gov. 
Mass.,  3132;  declared  disorderly,  3823; 
nom.  for  president,  3172;  popular  vote, 
3192  ;  Autobiography,  4202  ;  d.,  422' . 

,  Charles,  b:,  9122;  d.  (1832). 

, ,  gift  accepted,  a582. 

,  David,  gov.  Neb.,  2553,  2593. 

, P.,  impeached,  275' . 

,  Ezra,  b.  (1763) ;  gov.  1352  ;  d.  (1838). 

,  Geo.  B.,  Academy  Design,  284' . 

,  James,  gov., 8.593;  Duke  of  Ormonde, 

863' ;  lord  lieut.,  895' ,  9032. 

, ,  Duke  of  Ormonde,  b.,  8782;  gov., 

8853;  surrenders  Dublin,886';  lord  lieut., 
8873,8913;  wounded,  8,93' ;  d.,8782. 

, ,  b.  (1665) ;  D.  of  Ormonde  ;  lord 

lieut.,  9052;  impeached,  9053;  d.  (1748). 

,  John,  d.,  1042. 

,  Joseph,  bp.,  b.,  900' ;  Analogy  of  Re- 

/i(/ioH,909';  d.,  9123. 

,  Matthew  C,  b.,  1462;  Negro  Emigra- 
tion Bill,  349' ;  speech,  4403. 

,  Pierce  M.,  b.,  108' ;  gov.  S.  C,  1472  ; 

d.,  1622. 

, ,  d.,2582. 

,  Richard,  d.,  1022. 

,  Sam.,b.,8782;7/ij<H6ra5,891';d.,8942. 

,  Thomas,  E.  of  Ossory,  b.  (1634) ;  tea 

importer,  8933  ;  in  Eng.  Channel,  892' ; 
captures  Dutch  ships,  8933;  d.  (1080). 

, ,  deputy,  8613. 

,  Wm.,  missiimarv,  10183, 10962. 

,  William  Allen,  b.,  1322. 

, Orlando,  b.,  1042;  succeeds  Gen. 

Scott,  1622;  nom.  for  Vice-pres,,  165' ; 
vote,  1662;  d.,  3M'. 

University,  Ind..  org.,  1782. 

Butt,  Sir  Charles  P.,  d.,  10082. 

,  Isaac,  b.  (1813) ;  M.  P.,  9753;  d.  (1879). 

,  John,  cons,  bp.,  9922. 

Butte, -Mont.,  flre,4293;  Penrose  shot,  3852. 

it-la-  Rose  La,  captured,  2203. 

Butter,  Nathaniel,  News  from  Spain,  8783. 

Butterfteld  Claim  arbitrated,  6423. 

.Daniel, Gen.,  b.  (1831);  presents  medal, 

341' ;  entertains  Rus.  otiicers,  4342. 

,  John,  b.  (1783) ;  d.,  268' . 

,  Ralph,  gift,  426'. 

odometers,  894' . 

Butterworth,  William,  gov.,  10473. 

mission,  5972. 


Buttman,  Philipp  K.,  b..  8023  ;  d.,  8142. 
Button,  Sir  Thomas,  at  Port  Nelson,  5702; 

Arctic  voyage,  878' ;  d.  (1634). 
Buttons  manufactured,  894' . 
Butmlin,  Dmitri  Petrovitch,  b.,  11162;  d  r 

11182. 

Buxar,  action  at,  916' . 

Buxtcm,  Jedediah,  b.,  9022  ;  d.,  9183. 

,  Thomas  Fowell,  Sir,  b.,  9242;  d.,9522. 

Buxtorf,  Johann,  b.  7922  ;  Lexicon  Hebrai- 

rum,  1137';  d.  7943. 
Buyide  dynasty  founded,  487' . 
Buzacott,  Aaron,  b.  (1800) ;  d.,  4973. 
Buzzard's  lioost,  skirmish  at,  2323. 
Jiylilis,  asteroid,  discovered,  302', 
Byblos,  tribute  to  Assyr.,  1145'. 
Bytord,  Wm.  Heath,  b.,  126' . 
Byland,  Adm.,  action  with  Fieldin,  920' . 
Byles,  Mather,  b.,  562;  d.,  100' . 
liylot,  Robert,  explorer,  28' ,  5702. 
Byng,  Viscount,  John,  b.,  9022;  shot,  912' ; 

d.,  9143. 
Byng.    (See  Torrington.) 
Bynum,  William  D.,  b.,  152'. 
Byrd,  Gov.,  reelected,  367' . 
Byrne, Chas.  Albert, /)ram.A>M!s  fnd.,2863. 
— ^,  Frank,  leaves  Dublin,  991' . 
Byrnes,  Thomas,  appointed  Police  Supt., 

4053;  charges  against  Parkhurst,  419' . 
Byron,  George  Noel  Gordon,  Lord,  b.,9243; 

"in  duel,  917';  works,  933',  937',  941'; 

joins  Greeks,  10342  ;  swims  Hellespont, 

1157' ;  d.,  9422  ;  statue,  984' . 

,  Henry  James,  b.,  9462;  d.  (1884). 

,  John,  b.  (1692)  ;  d.,  9102. 

, ,  Adm.,  b.,  9062;  commands  Br. 

fleet,  883;  d.,  9'242. 

, ,  stenography,  9162. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  883' . 

,  Lord,  in  Civil  War,  Eng.,  884' . 

Bystrom,  John  Nils,  b.-d.,  11342. 
lij/wi'll  Castle  collides  Princess  Alice, QS3^. 
Byzantine  rule,  revolt  against,  5653. 
Byzantium,  colonized,  10153;  conquered, 

10182  ;  captured,  1022' ;  revolts  against 

Athens,  10233  ;    siege,  1024' ;  subdued, 

1062';  seized,  10(H' ;  capital  empire,  10692. 
Bzowski  (Bzovius),  Abraham,  b.-d.,  11142. 


Caamafis,  Jos^  Maria  Placido,  b.  (1838) ; 
Pres.  Ecua.,  6443. 

Cabal  Ministry  find.,  8932. 

Caballero,  B.,  elected  pres.,  11002,3. 

,  Firmin  Agosto,  b.-d.,  11302. 

Cabanel,  Alexandre,  b.,  724' ;  d.,  7562. 

Cabauis,  Pierre  Jean  George,  b.,  7022 ; 
liapports  (iit  physique,  715' ;  d.,  7163. 

Cabannes,  sentenced,  8332. 

Cabanos,  Pres.,  exiled,  10412. 

Cabarrus,  Francois,  b.,  701 ' ;  d.,  719' . 

Cabat,  Nicolas  Louise,  b.,  7192. 

Cabell,  Wm.  H.,  gov.  Va.,  1133. 

,  Gen.,  at  Mine  Creek,  239' . 

Cabet,  fetieiine,  b.,  7062  ;  Icaria,  729' ;  d., 
7322. 

Cabin  Creek,  Kan.,  Confeds.  at,  2382. 

Cabiiietoftlcers,ttrst,  1012,  and  gee  U.S.A., 
Mar.  4  in  following  quadrennial  years ; 
opponents  excluded,  1112;  p.  Q,  Gen., 
part  of,  1372;  quarrels  in,  1392;  Tyler's  re- 
signs, 1533  ;  InTenureof  Office  Bill,  2563. 

Cabira,  action  at,  1058' . 

Cable,  Geo.  Washington,  b.,  1562  ;  works, 
.303' ,  3063,  319' ,  323' ,  3;i23,  3503,  3743. 

Caiile  :  Bermuda  and  Halifax  ;  purchaseof 
Fr.,  10012;  between  Eng.  and  Fr.,  956': 
Can.,  5893.  (See  Atlantic  Telegraph.)  Red 
Sea,  accelerates  telegrams,  9622;  to  Ft. 
Monroe,  2033. 

Caboche,  Simon,  loader,  0763,  6772. 

Cabot,  John,  Arctic  expedition,  8662  ;  dis- 
coveries, 8062,  10782,  1103' ;  commission 
at  Cape  Breton  ;  sails  for  Am.,  143. 

,  Sebastian,  b.,  8642  ;  seltlement,  4892; 

in  Davis  Strait,  570' ;  discoveries,  570' ; 
671', 8062,  14', 3,  11(161;  Sp.  service,  163; 
in  Can.,  17';  explorations,  19';  builds 
fort,  193;  d.,872'. 

Cabot,  attacked  by  Brit,  sloop,  822. 

,  Geo.,  b.,  683;  sec.  navy,  1092;  d.  (1823). 

Cabral,  Pedro  Alvarez,  b.-d.,  11092;  in 
'Brazil,  142,  15' ;  erects  cross,  5523;  sails 
for  India,  10433;  d.,  5523. 

Cabrera,  Antonio  de  Acuna  y,  gov.,  6052. 

,  Don  Ramon,  b.-d.,  11303;  Gen. ;  re- 
tires to  Fr.,  1130'. 


1206 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Supenor  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Cabr-Cali, 


Cabrera,  Senor,  Bp.  of  Madriii,  11323. 
Cabrillo,  .Juan,  explorer,  223;  d.  (1543). 
Cacere.s,  Alfonso  de,  fnds.  capital,  1041*. 

,  Andres,  Avellno,  b.  (183«);  pres.,  11082. 

Cacboeira,  mission,  5563. 
Cadallac,  Sieur  de  la  Motte,  at  Detroit, 
552;  d.  (1720). 
"  '  o,  Jo 


Cadalso,  Jo8(5  de,  b.-d.,  11283. 
Cadamosta,  Luigi  da,  b.-d.,  10783. 
Caddee,  formed,  11373. 
Cade,  John,  insurrection,  802' ;  at  Seven- 
oaks  ;   in  London  ;  killed,  7621 ,  8622. 
Cadell,  Francis,  explorer,  498' . 
Cadet  de  Gassioourt,  Charles  L.,  b.,  7042  ; 
d.,  7223. 

,  Louis  Claude,  b.,  6083  ;  d.,  7142. 

Cadillac,  Antoiue  de  la  Mothe,  b.,9203;  d., 

697'. 
Cadiz,  fnd.,  11252;  conquered,  10543  ;  Co- 
lumbus lands,  143;  destroyed,  10982;  ta- 
ken, 876'  ;  burned,  1128' ;  attacked,  696' ; 
bombarded,  1130';  yellow  fever,  1131'; 
Insurrection,  1130'  ,2;  surrendered,  724' ; 
revolts,  1132' ;  eel.  dis.  Am.,  1133'. 
Ccutiz,  wrecked,  9793. 
Cadmus,  Cornelius  A.,  b.,  1562. 

,  Phenician  writer,  10132;  worship  of 

Bgyptian-Phen.    deities,    1013';     builds 
Thebes,  10133;  picture  of,  10263. 
Cadmus,  takes  Fr.  ships,  934' . 
Cadogan,  D.  of,  title  created,  931' . 

,  Geo.  Henry,  b.  (1840) ;  minister,  9953. 

Cadoudal,  Georges,  b.,  7042;  d.,715' . 
Cadwallaiier,  D.  Colden,  mayor  N.Y.,  1272. 

,  John,  b.,642;  fights  duel, 892;  d.,98'. 

Cadwallon,  in  Britain,  813' . 
Oadwell's  Manor,  church  frad.,  5763. 
Cady,  Ernest,  nom.  for  gov.  Conn.,  473' . 
Ccecilian  Musical  Society  fnd.,  9222. 
Cajcilins,  Q.,  besieges  Numantia,  1056'. 
Csedmon  flourishes,  843' ;  d.,  842' . 
Ciedonian  monarchy  revived,  8412. 
Cselius,  Aurelianus,  b.,  10642. 
Csecillia  discovered,  760' . 
Caen,  Fr.,  Trinity  Ch.  fnd.,  6683;  captured, 

676' ;  Univ.  fud.,  8763  ;  retaken,  878' . 
Caenlnians,  defeated  at  Rome,  1030' . 
CiBpio,  Q.  Servllius,  in  South  Gaul,  1056' ; 

denounced,  10572. 
CiBsalpinus,  classifles  plants,  1082' . 
Ciesar,  Julius,  b.-d.,  10563;  in  conspiracy 
of  Catiline,  1059' ;  indebtedness,  10583  ; 
pretorship,    10592 ;    propretor ;    in    His- 
pania  Ulterior ;  flrst  triumvirate;  agra- 
rian law ;  consul,  10592  ;    commander, 
663' ;  conquers  Gauls,  etc.,  10582,  1125' ; 
proconsul,    6632;      subdues     Sertoriua, 
11252;    in  Belgium,  539';  in  Brittany; 
Gaul,  662' ;  triangular   alliance,  10693  ; 
invades  Britain,  839' ;  proconsulship  ex- 
tended ;  alienated  from  Pompey,  10593  ; 
works;  crosses  Rubicon,  10583;  compro- 
mise, 10593;  war  with  Pompey,  10S83 ; 
reinforced,  1060' ;    at  Brindisium  ;    su- 
preme ruler ;  fleet  against  Pompey  ;  up- 
held by  Sp. ;  in  It. ;  army  in  Epirus  ; 
transports  captured;  at  Dyrrhachium  ; 
retires  to  Thessaly  ;  defeats  Pompey  ;  at 
Pharsalus ;     Alexandrine    War ;    flres 
Egyptian  fleet ;  against  Pharnaces  ;   at 
Zeia ;  war  in  Afr.;  at  Thapsus,  1060' ;  at 
Corduba ;    at   Munda,   10602 ;    declared 
enemy ;  marches  toward  Rome ;  as  dic- 
tator ;    abdicates  ;  at  Alexandria ;  con- 
quers Numidia ;  triumphs  ;  oHioes  ;  govt, 
reforms,  1061', 2;  at  Alexandria,  652'; 
rebuilds  Corinth,  10292  ;  corrects  calen- 
dar, 10603;  assassinated,  1060'  ±. 

,  Calua,  adopted  by  Augustus,  1061'; 

peace  with  Parthians,  1062' . 

,  Lucius,  adopted  by  Augustus,  1061'. 

Csesarea,  fnd.,  11413  ;  earthquakes,  11502  ; 
rebuilt,  11512;  captured,  1006';  mission 
of  Am.  Bible  Soc,  11563  ;  mob,  1159'. 
Csesarion,  Ciesar's  true  heir,  10613. 
C^tani,  b.,  10*43. 
Caffarel,  Gen.,  scandal,  7563. 
Catfarelll.  GiBtano  Majorano,  b.,  1083' ;  d., 

10^3. 

Cattery,  Donelson,  b.,  1442;  speech,  4372. 
Caffieri,  Jean  Jacques,  b.,  6982;  d.,  7082. 
Catfrey,  Thomas,  executed,  991 ' . 
Cagliarl,  Paulo.     (See  Veronese.) 
CaJllostro,  Alessandro  di  (Giuseppe  Bal- 

^mo).  Count,  b.,  10842;  d.,  10843. 
Cagnola,  Luigi,  Marq.,  b.,  10842;  d.,  10862. 
Cahlrciveen,  Ire.,  attack  collapses,  9703  ; 

Fenian  outbreaks,  9712. 
Cahours,  AuguBte,  b.,  7203. 


Cahors,  annexed,  6732;  Univ.  fnd.,  6743  ; 

statue  of  Gambetta,  754' ;  seized,  684' . 
Caigniez,  Louis  Charles,  b.,7023  ;  d.,7282. 
Cailan,  St.,  Bp.  of  Down,  8403. 
Caillaux,  M.,  minister,  749'  ,3, '51' . 
Caille,  L'Abb^,  Nicolas  L.  de  la,  b.,  6963  ; 

d    7023. 
Caille,  or  Caillie,  Reni,  b.,  7142;  d.,  728' . 
Caillet,  Guillaume,  named  Bonhomine,  b., 

6743;  d.,  6742. 
Cailliaud,  Fr<;d(5ric,b.,  7062;  d.,  7382. 
Cain,  builds  Enoch,  11393  ;  agriculturist, 
1139' ;  offers  fruit  as  sacrifice,  11392. 

,  Auguste,  d.,  766' . 

Caine,  ilall,  works,  10043. 
Cainsville,  Tenn.,  action  at,  2183. 
Caird,  Sir  James,  b.,  9382  ;  d.,  1008' . 

,  James  Tennant,  d.,  9962. 

Cairnes,  John  Elliott,  b.,  9403  ;  d.,  9802. 
Cairns,  Earl  of,  title  created,  976' . 

Hugh  MacCalmont,  Lord,  b.,   9383; 

lord  justice,  9693;  lord  chanc,  9713; 
Land  Transfer  Bill,  9773;  p.  minister, 
9792;  lord  chanc,  986' ,  d.,  994' . 

,  William    W.,  gov.  Australia,  4983, 

499',  6643. 
Cairo,  blown  up,  2162. 
Cairo,  disappears,  9832. 

,Egy.,fnd.,654'  ;capitalFatimites,487' ; 

6552;  taken;  earthquake,  6542,  B,'i63 ; 
Mosque  Amro  ;  Mosque  Tooloon,  6542  ; 
Univ.  fnd.,  655' ;  taken,  6553,  656' ;  mis- 
sion ;  school  for  Copts  and  Mohain.,  6563; 
railroad  opnd.,  6573;  Brit,  occupy,  0582; 
Nile  bridged,  6593;  palace  burned,  6613; 
revolt  in,  7122;  Fr.  capitulate,  714' . 

111.,    levee   breaks,   184';    occupied, 

194' ;  Grant  expedition,  1982,  2002,2022  ; 
Stonewall  burned,  2693  ;  fish  fall,  368' . 

,  Ky.,  Grant  leaves,  2022. 

Caithness,  see  erected,  8502  ;  tithe  rebel- 
lion, 852'.  ^  „_„, 

Earl  of,  title  created,  863' . 

,  Earl  of,  Invents  steam  road-carnage, 

964' . 
Caius,  CsBsar  Germanicus.    See  Caligula. 

,  St.,  pope,  10643. 

Aureolus,  put  to  death,  10672. 

Caixias,  Duke  de,  pres.  Brazil,  5572. 
Cajetan,  Touimaso  de   Vio,  b.,  10783  ;  m- 

terviews  Luther,  7882;  d.,  10803. 
Calabar,  Afr.    See  text,  p.  1161. 
Calabria,  b.-d.,  10722. 

,    reduced,    10322 ;    restored   to   Gr., 

10332 ;  confiscated  by  Leo  III.,  10732  ; 
subdued,  1074' ;  cities  destroyed,  10742  ; 
taken  from  Pope,  10752;  earthquake, 
10822, 1086' ;  devastated,  1084' ;  insurrec- 
tion fails,  10872.  

Calais,  capitulates,  674' ;  taken,  675' ;  Eng. 
troops  at,  6802;  Eng.  loses,  6832;  taken, 
682' ;  Sp.  possession,  6863  ;  new  harbor, 
7593;  strike,  7603;  Eng.  surrenders,  8733. 

and  Dover  steamboats  est.,  9413. 

Calama,  battle  at,  6062  ;  captured,  1108' . 
Calame,  Alexandre,  b.-d.,  1138' . 
Calamy,  Edmund,  b.,  8922;  d.,  K)62 
Calaniitta,  Luigi,  b.,  10843;  d.  (1869). 
Caland,  Pieter,T>.,  1102' . 
Galas,  Jean,  b.  (1698) ;  executed,  7033. 
Calasanzio,  Jos^  St.,  de,  b.-d.,  11282. 
Calataflini,  action  at,  1088' . 
Calcinato,  Imperialists  routed,  696' . 
Calcutta,    Black    Hole    tragedy  ;    taken, 
914';  bishopric  est.,  937';  Bp.  Goethals 
cons.,  9822;  captured,  1044' ;  Asiatic  Soc. 
fnd    1(442  ;  Bp.  Johnson  elected,  9803  ; 
Literary    Gazette   est.  ;  LUerarii  Eeviem 
est. ;  C.  Mohammedan  Coll. ;  Bishops  C. 
Coll.;  C.  Coll.  of  Sanscrit;  C.  Coll.  of 
Medicine,  fnd. ;  Monthly  Register  est., 
10442  ;  E.  I.  Co.  agency,  10443  ;  London 
missionary  in,  10462;  mission opd.,  10443; 
Bp.  cons.,  5623  ;  fnd. ;  purchased,  1045' ; 
mission ;    univ.  est.,  1M62;     bishopric 
erected,  10463  ;    Cathedral   fnd.,  IWi ' ; 
Cath.  Mission  Coll.  opd.,  10483;  cyclone, 
10482,3;  legislative  council,  10492  ;  chol- 
era ;  Defense  Asso.  fnid.;  Inteinat.  Exhi- 
bition ;  marriage  of  Hindoo  widow  eel. ; 
railway  completed,  10493. 
Caldani,   Leopoldo,   Marco   Antonio,    b., 

1084';  d.,  1086'.  ,      „„„, 

Caldara,  Polidoro,  b.,  1079' ;  d.,  10803. 
Caldas,  Francisco  Jos*,  b.,  76*. 
Caldecott,  Randolph,  d.,  994' . 
Caldeira,  founds  Belem,  292. 
Calder,  Sir  Robert,  b.,  9103  j  takes  vessels, 
932' ;  d.  (1818). 


Caldera,  battle  at,  6082  ;  reopened,  6302. 
Calderon,  Bridge  of,  battle,  1095'. 

de  la  Barca,  Pedro,  b.-d.,  11283 ;  works, 

11292. 

Francisco  Gracia  de,  pres.  Peru, 11082. 

,  Serafln,  work,  1131' ;  b.-d.,  11302. 

Calderwood,  Henry,  h.,  9442. 
Caldiero,  battle,  6182, 3. 
Caldmi,  Gen.,  at  Castelfidado,  d.,  734' . 
Caldwald,  James,  b.,  622;  d.  (1781). 
Caldwell,  Charles,  b.,  762;  d.,  1722. 

,  John  C,  b.  (1831),  at  Florida,  2102. 

,  Joseph,  b.,  78' ;  d.,  1442. 

Mary  B.,  marriage,  301 ' , 

,  Tod  R.,  gov.  N.C.,  2772. 

,  Judge,  decision,  4503. 

,  Maj.,  gov.  Can.,  5773. 

Caleb,    conquers  Arabia,  1';    king,    13; 

kingdom,  4833. 
Caleb  Cusliing,  captured,  2232. 

Grimshaw,  buims,  1673. 

Caledon,  E.  of,  title  created,  931' . 
Caledonia  recaptures  Jllnon,  120' . 
Caledonians,  repelled,  839' ;  in  Scot.,  840' ,  ; 
Calef,  Robert,  d.,  60' . 

Calendar,  changed.  Am.,  692  ;  m  Braz., 
6573;  in  Fr.,  6852;  708' ;  reformed,  &.  B., 
8742;  Gregorian  adopted,  G.B.,9122;  New 
Style  used,  It ;  Eng.,  9133  ;  Gregorian 
regulated,  1082' . 
Calepino,  Ainbroglo,  b.-d.,  10783  ;  polyglot 
dictionary,  10792. 


Calf  Rock  Lighthouse,  destroyed,  9893. 
Calgary,N.W.  Ter.,  The  BeraU,  5843;  The 

JYi&une,  585' .  ,      ^      . 

Calhoun,  Ji>hn  Caldwell,  b.,  95' ;  leader  m 
Cong.,  1173;  slavery  agitation,  129' ;  Sec. 
War,  1253;  1292;  vote  for  V.  Pres.,  1332, 
3;  1372;  inaugurated,  1333,  1372;  opposes 
Jackson,  1373;  resigns  ;  senator  ;  on  re- 
moval of  funds,  1412  ;  nullification  de- 
bate, 1413;  Sec.  State,  1572;  favors  Texas, 
159'  ;  gov.  S.C,  1692;  d.,  168' . 

Ga.,  Moonshiners,  4563. 

Calico  imported,  8833;  prohibited,  901'; 

printing  begun,  9102. 
Calicut,  Ind.,  missionaries  at,  1043' . 
Calieia  at  Cuautla,  1095' .  ^  ,       . 

California,  dis.,  19' ,  203  ;  Lower  Cal.  set- 
tled,213;  Jesuits'  land  grant, 642;  Diego 
de  Borica,  gov.,  1053;  Presidios  est.,  i9' ; 
Philippe  deNeve,  gov.,  79' ;  Missions  est., 
963, 1083  1  Pedro  Fajes,  gov.,  963  ;  Jose 
A.  Roman,  gov.,  1032  ;  Dominican  mis- 
sions est.,  1123:  Jos*  J.  de  Arrillaga, 
111' ;  Pablo  V.  de  Sola,  gov.,  1262;  1312; 
a  part  of  Mex.,  10953;  Luis  Arguello, 
gov.,  1313;  J.  M.  de  Echeandia,  gov., 
1333  ;  Jos*  Figueroa,  gov.,  1433  ;  inde- 
pendence proclaimed,  1472,  I6I2;  Mari- 
ana Chico,  gov.,  1472;  JuanB.  Alvarado, 
gov.,  1472;  Pio  Pico,  gov.,  1412,  161'; 
Manual  Micheltorena,  gov.,  1553  ;  Com. 
J  D.  Sloat,  gov.,  1613;  Am.  flag  raised, 
1612;  Military  govt,  est.,  I6I2  ;  indepen- 
dent of  Mex.,  1612;  Mormon  Missiona- 
ries 1623;  annexation  proclaimed,  1632; 
annexed  U.S.,  1632,  3  ;  immigration  to, 
1652;  gold  dis.,  1622;  Mex.  attempts  tore- 
gain,  1602;  C.  and  Ore.  Meth.  Epis.  conf. 
Inid.,  1642  ;  U.  S.  troops  occupy,  I6O2 ; 
Treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo  ;    Johja 
C.  Fremont ;  Gen.  S.  W.  Kearny  ;  Col. 
R.  B.  Mason  govs.,  1633  ;  Gold  excite- 
ment, 1652;  Constitution  adopted,  167" ; 
admission  recommended  ;  State  consti- 
tution fnid.,  167' ;  admitted,  lb'2;  Prot. 
Epis.  diocese  org.,  1682  ;  State  Library 
fnd.,  1683;  christian  Adrocate,es,t.,}W^ , 
P    H.    Burnett,   gov.,    167';    reprieved 
prisoner  hanged,  169' ;  John  M'])o«g>»ll, 
eov     1692  ;    Vigilance  Committee  org., 
1703'-  179' ;  1803;  C.  Meth.  E.Conf .  meeM, 
1722  ;  telegraph  line  est.,  1733;  Gen.__B. 
Rilev  gov.,  167';  Unnks  suspend,  l(r3; 
John  Sigler  gov.,  1712  ;  R.  R.  opened, 
1793 ;  Insurrectionin  San  Francisco,  1803 , 
Cong.  Conference  org.,  1822  ;  N.S.Pres- 
byterian synod  org.  l*?' ;  J- \eey  John- 
son gov.,  1812;  Judge  Terry  kills  -RtoA- 
erick,  187' ;  John  B.  Weller  gov.,  1852 , 
Japanese  embassy,  1872;  Inst,  for  Deaf 
Mutes,  1903;  John  G.  Downey  B<'X;.  1303, 
Pony  express  est.,  1933;  daily  mail  route 
est.,  1973;    floods,  201';  becomes  Rep^ 
2012;    convicts    escape,   2113;    Leianu 
Stanford,  gov.,  2173;  ±  »; Latham,  go^. 
1903;  ratifies  13th  amend.,  2492  ;  Conl. 
Afr  M.E.  Ch.  fmd.,2502;  silk  worm  lo- 


i 


Cali-Came. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column 


1207 


du8try,260^ ;  CliiueBe  missions  find. ,2&42, 
2722 ;  Univ.  org.,  2623 ;  Fred.  F.  Low,  gov., 
2293 ;  Southern  K.  R.  chartered,  2693  ; 
earthquakes,  2761;  Henry  Haight.gov., 
2662  ;  Univ.,  located,  2822  ;  (Jonipulsory 
£duoatioual  law  passed,  2863;  death  pen- 
alty, 2871;  Newton  Booth,  gov.,  281'; 
Southern  Metli.  Epis.  Gonf.  find.,  2903  ; 
R.  R.  commissioners,  2913 ;  O'Connor 
law  passes,  2913  ;  goc.  for  Prev.  Cruelty 
to  Chihlren,  2923  ;  Workingman's  Party 
org., 2972;  Constitutional  conveu,  meets, 
2992;  Dennis  Kearney,  political  orator, 
2992  ;  ntjw  Constitution  effective,  3032  ; 
Wm.  Irwin, gov.,  2912  ;  Geo.  C.  Perkins, 
gov.,  3033  ;  Southern  California  Univ. 
opened.,  3042  ;  Big  Bend  mming  Tunnel, 
3113;  FreeMeth.Conf.org.,  3122;  Norm. 
School  opd.,  3123;  Wash.  Coll.,  Irvine, 
fnd.,  3143;  G.  Stonenian,  gov.,  315^ ;  Lick 
Ob8ervatorycompleted,318i ;  Pacific  Uni- 
tarian conf.;  Arbor  l>ayest.,3'.Si ;  women 
vote  for  soh.  eommissiouers,  3362  ;  Con- 
gregational Gen.  Aaso.  S.  Cal.org.,  3262; 
Univ., State  tax, 3282;  \v.  Bartlett,  gov.; 
H.  H.  iMarkman,  gov.,  3292;  3671 ;  3D9»  ; 
Lick  observatory  erected,  330' ;  earth- 
quake, 3321,  3521,  3741;  women  voting, 
3362;  Anti-Insurance  Trust  Bill,  337 1; 
Brandy  Countyorg.,3423;  gold  inFeather 
River,  346 1 ;  Veterans'  Home,  3503; 
Preston  School  of  Industry  fnd.,  3503  ; 
filibustering,  3591;  train  falls,  3593;  Fire 
in  grain-fields,  3613-  40th  anniversary 
eel.,  3683;  Big  Trees  Park,  3691 ;  asylum 
for  insane,  3723 ;  Camieries  organize, 
3773;  tires,  3933  ;  World's  Fair  exhibit 
fund.,  3791 ;  Anti-Chinese  Bill,  3811 ;  De- 
sert Lake  appears,  386i ;  earthquake  and 
tidal  wave,  388 1 ,  4011 ,  450 1 ;  bush  fires, 
3873,  3U73,  4113  ;  Scotchmen  swindled, 
3943;  Yumalndianssentenced, 3951 ;  fires, 
3973;  meteorite  found,  4001 ;  flour  trust, 
4133;  admission  anniversary,  4153;  prize- 
fights prohib., 4262;  ParoleBill;  convicts 
release,  4263  j  Chinese  immigration  regis- 
ter test,  4291 ;  outlaws  encounter,  4322  ; 
Geo.  C.  Perkins,  senator,  4251 ;  Curtis  ac- 

guitted,  4362;  troops  for  Chinamen,  4363; 
hiuese  registration  begins ;  outlaw 
Evans  sentenced,  4451 ;  train  robbery, 
4603;  six  companies  register,  4513;  wheat 
corner,  4553  ;  Chinese  and  Japanese 
houses  looted,  4563;  M.  W.  Estee  nom. 
for  gov., 4632;  labor  outrages,  4563;  Ital- 
ian distilleries,  4623;  free  silver,  female 
suffrage,  4632;  Cannery  Co.  formed, 4633; 
8trikers8Ubdued,4642,  4652;meteor,466i ; 
stage  robbery,  4703,  4723 ;  mammoth  cav- 
erns dis.,  4721 ;  J.  H.  Budd,  election  con- 
tested, 4771 ;  Coll.  est.  at  Oakland  (1872); 
Peninsula  dis„  203;  213. 

Caligula,  Caius  Ciesar,  b.-d.,  10622  ;  emp., 
7691;  expedition,  839 1,  6622,  10621; 
statue  in  Temple,  10623;  visited  by  Jew- 
ish embassy,  11633  ;  reigns,  murdered, 
10632. 

Calixtua,  Georgius,  b.,  7922  ;  d.,  7963. 

I^  St.,  pope,  10W3  ;  d.  (223). 

11.,  pope,  10743  ;  (1.,  10742. 

III.,  pope,  10791 ;  d.,  10783. 

,  anti-pope,  10751 . 

Calkins,  W.  H.,d.,  4501. 

Call,  Richard  Keith,  b.  (1757);  at  Wahoo 
Swamp,146l  ;gov.Fla.,1472,l552;d.(1792). 

,  Wilkinson,  b.,  1422  ;  senator,  3972  ; 

sneech  4403 

Callahan',  John  T.,  bribery,  4622. 

Callan,  riots,  983 < . 

Callauan,  James  Joseph,  d.,944'. 

Callao,  Peru,  destroyed;  earthquake,502, 
66<;  bombarded,  1108';  blockaded, 6062; 
taken,  6063  ;  occupied,  6073. 

Callaway,  «.,  patents  steam  plow,  954' . 

Callcott,  Sir  Augustus  Wall,  b.,  9203  ■  d. 
(18«),  9523. 

,  John  Wall,  b.,  9163  ;  d.,  9403. 

,  Maria  Oraham,  b.,  9243. 

Calleja,  Gen.  E.,  captain-general,  6343. 

del   Key,  Felix   Maria,  b.-d.,  1096'; 

viceroy,  10953. 

Callendar,  Elisha,  ordained,  583. 

,  Ellis,  pa,stor,  543. 

Callet,  Jean  Francois,  b.,  7003;  d.,  7131 . 

Callias.coiumander,  1020' ;  treaty  of,  10233. 

Callicratidas  at  Mitylene,  1022' . 

Calliferes,  rran9ois  de,  b.,  6883  ;  d.,  697'. 

,  Bounevue,  Louis  Hector,  b.  (1639) ; 

gov.  Can.,  5763  ;  d.  (1703). 


Callimachus,  poet,  b.,  10203  ;  lives,  6523. 

,  b.,  10162;  invents  architecture,  10162. 

Callinicus  conquers  Saracens,  10302;  in- 
vents Greek  lire,  10333. 

Callinus,  b.,  10142. 

CallippusofCyziGus,b.;  calculates  eclipses, 
10243. 

of  Syracuse  reigns,  10252. 

Callisen, Adolf  l<;arlPader,b.,6382;  d.,6i2' . 

,  Hendrik,  b.,  638' ;  d.,  6382. 

Callisthenes,  b.-d.,  11462;  dis.  in  Tower  of 
Babel,  1140' ;  killed,  1025' . 

Callisto,  asteroid,  discovered,  5282. 

Callistratus,  b.,  10243. 

Callot,  Jacques,  b.,  6842  ;  d.,  6882. 

Calmar,  assembly  at,  ll<te2. 

,  Unionof  Norway,  Sw.,  and  Den. ,6372; 

dissolved,  6373. 

Galmels,  Antoine  C^lestin,  b.,  724' . 

Calmet,  Augustine,  b.,  6922  ;  d.,  7022. 

— -,  Dom  Augustine,  works,  6972,  699' . 

Calmon,  Marc  Antoine,  b.,  7222,  760' . 

Calo-Joaniies,  emp.,  b.-d.,  10322. 

Calonne.  Charles  Alexandre  de,  b.  (1734) ; 
comptroller,  dismissed,  707' ;  d.  (1802). 

Caloric  ship  on  Potomac,  at  N.  Y.,  172' . 

engine,  Ericsson's,  180' . 

Calov,  Abraham,  b.,  7923;  d.,  7982. 

Calpreni;de,  Seigneur  de  la,  Gautier  de 
Costes,  b.  (1610) ;  d.,  6903. 

Oalpurnius  Agricola,  gov.,  10652. 

Calpurnius,  Bestia  L.,  sells  peace,  10572. 

CJalthorpe,  Baron,  title  created,  9262. 

Calumet,  Mich.,  mine  accident,  4312. 

Calverly,  Walter,  executed  (1605),  879' . 

Calvert,  Benedict  C,  renounces  faith,  582; 
hereditary  rights,  59' ;  gov.  Md.,  613. 

,  Cecil,  b.  (1605) ;  landgrant,333;  plants 

colonies,  1103';  d.,  463. 

,  Sir  Charles,  confirmed,  413 ;  L.  Balti- 
more, b.  (1629);  proprietor,  47' ;  gov.  Md., 
593:  d.  (1714). 

,  Dionisi,  b.-d.,  5403. 

,  Sir  Geo.,  b.  (1580) ;  in  N.  F.,  1103' ; 

d.  (1632). 

,  George  Henry,  b.,  1102;  d.  (1889). 

,  Leonard,  b.,  262  ;   sails,  333  ;    gov., 

36' ;  resigns,  373  ;  d.,  38' ;  monument, 
384'. 

,  Philip,  gov.  Md.,  412. 

Calvin,  John,  b.,  6802  ;  preaches,  6803  ; 
drivenoutof  Fr.  ;work8,681' ;  in  Geneva; 
exiled,  7903;  d.,6822. 

Calvinism,  est.,  protected,  10983;  assailed, 
1101'. 

Calvisius,  Sethus,  b.,  7922  ;  d.,  7943. 

Cam,  Diego,  b.-d.,  11092 ;  dis.,  Angoa,  1161 ' . 

Caniacho,  Gen.,  stops  revolt,  5502. 

Camagiiey,  armistice  agreed  to,  632' . 

Camaua,  Spaniards  settle,  1160' . 

Camargo,  Alonzo  de,  in  Peru,  21 ' . 

Camarina,  fnded.,  10153. 

Cambaoferes,  Due  de,  Jean  Jacques  Begis 
de,  b.  (1753);  consul,  7133;  d.,  7212. 

Canibahee  Kiver,  S.  C,  raid,  224' . 

Cambellsburg,  Ky.,Home  Coll.  fnd.,  3143. 

Carabert,  Kobert,  b.,  6863;  works,  690', 
6922;  d.,  6923. 

Cambiaso,  Luca,  d.,  10822. 

Canibio,  built  at  Perugia,  1078' . 

Camboa,  Alonso  de  Anguciana  de,  gov- 
ernor, 630' . 

Cambodia,  invaded,  1124';  Christianity, 
4803;  foreigners  ;  Dutch  in,  4813;  Phara- 
Norodom  king,  4812;  Fr.  protectorate, 
483',  7373;  rebels,  4833. 

Camborn,  Jules,  governor  Algiers,  102. 

Camborne,  anti-Irish  riot,  991 ' ;  Wesleyan 
Methodist  Conf.  held,  9982. 

Cambrai,  League  of,  fmd.,  6812  ;  with- 
dr.awal,  7872  ;  Ladies'  Peace,  6813  ;  cap- 
tured, 692' ;  Fr.  gains,  6933  ;  Fr.  defeat, 
730';  bombarded,  744'. 

Cambreleng,  Churchill,  b.,  98' ;  d.,  2073. 

Cambrensis,  Giraldus,  works;  d.,  8523. 

Cambria,  races,  2713. 

,  steamer,  founders,  9753. 

Cambrian  Archieological  Asa.  fmd.,  954' . 

Cambrics  first  worn,  8753. 

Cambridge,  Eng.,  burned,  844' ,  846' ;  plun- 
dered,848'  ;  dnronic/e  issued,  911' ;  statue 
of  Newton,  9122 ;  railway  to  London 
opd.,  9522  ;  Clarkson  statue,  988' . 

Heath,  Eng.,  Fem.  Befuge  est.,  9443. 

,  Mass.,  Congregational  Synod,  fmd., 

342;  printing-press  est.,  343;  general  as- 
sembly meets,  353;  gen.  synod  meets,  38' ; 
printing-presses  limited,  422;  432;  gen. 
court  at,  772;  provincial  cong.  at,  793; 


Union  flag,  82'  '.Literary  Miscellany  est., 
113' ;  Gen<'ral  hepertory  and  Review  est., 
119';  sewing-machine  inv.,  154';  com- 
memoration day  eel.,  2482;  Washington 
centeimial  eel.,  2893;  John  Harvard 
statue,  318';  no  license  adopted,  3723; 
L.  Wetherell,  burglar,  385';  great  lens, 
478' .    (See  Harvard  University.) 

Cambritlge  University  fnd., 843' ;  restored, 
8443;  Franciscan  teachers,  8523;  Domin- 
ican teachers,  8543,  8.563,  8603;  Peter- 
house  Coll.;  Baliol  Coll., fnd.,  8543  ;  rec- 
ords burned,  8543,  8603  ;  discipline  re- 
formed, 8543  ;  Trinity  Hall  fnd. ;  Pem- 
broke Hall  Coll.,  fnd.,  8583, 881 1 ;  "King's 
Scholars"  fnd.;  MicliaelhouseCon.,fnd.; 
King's  Hall  fnd.,  8563;  Clare  Coll.,  fnd., 
8583;  King's  Coll.;  Christ's  Coll.,  fnd., 
8623;  Univ.  library,  fnd.;  St.  Catherine's 
Coll.  fnd.,  8642;  l>ivinity  professorship, 
fnd. ;  Christ's  Coll.  endowed,  8663  ;  St. 
John's  Coll.  endowed,  867'  ;  professor- 
ships est.,  869' ;  Trinity  Coll.  endowed, 
8703;  chartered,  8723;  Gonville and  Caius 
Coll.  enlarged,  8723;  Emmanuel  Coll.  en- 
dowed, 875';  Sidney-Sussex  Coll.  fnd.; 
Pilgrimage  to  Pamamtus ;  Petum  to  Par- 
nasnits,  acted,  877', 2;  Pari,  represen- 
tatives, 8792  ;  Arabic  prof.,  8823  ■  Luca- 
sian  prof,  est.,  8903;  music  prof.,  896'; 
against  king,  8963  ;  chemistry  prof. ;  as- 
tronomy prof.,  9023,  912' ;  anatomy  prof, 
est.,  903' ;  receives  books,  9043;  Downing 
Coll.  fnd.,  9063  ;  9:j03  ;  Thos.,  D.  of  New- 
castle, chancellor,  913';  mathematical 
tripods  inst.,  912' ;  Augustus  Henry,  D.  of 
Grafton,  chancellor  of ,  917 ' ;  philosophy 
prof.  fnd.  923';  mineralogy  prof.,  fnd., 
935' ;  philosophical  soc.  est.,  0382,  9391 ; 
observatory  erected,  942';  poiit.  econ, 
prof,  est.,  943',  9063;  Fitzwllliam  Mu- 
8euiuest.,954' ;  commissionersappointed, 
961' ;  newstatutesconlirmed,  9632;  Newn- 
ham  Coll.  opd.,  9803  ;  Cavendish  Coll. 
est.,  981' ;  Eidley  Hall  est., 9812;  Selwyn 
Coll.  fnd.,  9863 ;  museum.  Classical  Ai-t 
and  Archajology  opd.,  9J)2' . 

platform  submitted,  382;  adopted,  833. 

,  Adolphus    Frederick,    Dulte   of,    b., 

919' ;  viceroy  of  Hanover,  8113;  d.  (1850). 

,  Augusta  Wilhelmina  Louisa,Duchess 

of.  Princess,  d.,  lOUO'. 

,  George WilliamFrederickCharles,  b., 

(1819);  commander-in-chief,  960',  996'; 
field-marshal,  906' . 

Cambridgeport,  Mass.,  Congregational, 
conf.  org.,  2542. 

Cambriels,  Albert,  at  Chatillon  le  Due, 
7422;  d.,  7621.     , 

Cambronne,  Baron  de  Pierre  J.  ^tienne, 
b.,  7042;  d.,7282. 

Cambyses,  conquers  Egy.,  1106';  reigns, 
1107' ;  d.,  11062. 

III.,  reigns,     11472;    disasters,  6502; 

cruelty,  0503;  conquests,  6512. 

Camden,  collides  with  J>lone,  9933, 

Camden,  Australia,  sheeij-f arming,  495' . 

Corner,  N.  C,  Bapt.  church  est.,  603, 

,  lud.,  oil-well,  418' . 

,  La.,  action  at,  231' . 

,  Me.,  fire,  4193. 

,  N.  C,  confeds.  defeated  at,  2062. 

,  N.  H.,  public  library  opd.,  3362. 

,  N.  J.,  steam  ferry,  1213;  burns,  1793; 

murderer  punished,  301';  library  opd., 
3362;  abduction, 3883;  riot, 4423;  suicide, 
4623;  collision,  4713. 

,  S.  C,  evacuated,  94' . 

Historical  society,  fnd.,  G.  B.,  949' . 

Town,  Lend .,  rebuil  t,  9253 ;  V  eteriuary 

coll.  est.,  926' ;  Cobdeu  statue,  972' . 

,  K.  of.    See  Pratt,  Charles. 

,  Johnson  N.,  d.,  136' ;  speech,  4392. 

,  Marquise  of,  title  created,  9372. 

,  William,  b.  (1551);    Pritatmia,  875' ; 

d.,8802. 

and  Amboy  Bailroad  opd.,  1433 ;  train 

derailed,  1773;  surrenders  rights,  2673. 

Camelon,  builds  castle,  8393;  taken,  844', 
»16'. 

Camera  lucida  invented,  854' ,  9342. 

obscura  invented,  10802. 

Camerarius,  Joachim,  b.,  7863;  d.,  7922, 

, ,  botanist,  b.,  7902;  d.,  7922. 

,  Kudolf  J.,  b.,  7963;  d.,  7983. 

Cameron,  Mo.,  action  at,  200' ;  Wesleyan 
Univ.,  fnd.,  3283. 

,  Angus,  wins  prize,  966' . 

,  Dr.,  for  disestablishment,  9992. 


1208 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        IInIJJlLX.        Superior  figures  indicate  Column. 


Came-Canu. 


Cameron.  Sir  Duncan  A.,  b.(1808);  d.,9982. 
,  James  Donakl,  b.,  142^ ;    comiaittee 

Foreign  Relations,  2733;  speecli,  4^2. 

, S.,  pres.  synod,  1282. 

,  .lolin,  b.,  8742;  u.,  8802. 

, ,  cons,  bp.,  N.  S.,  6822. 

,  Uicliard,  d.,  8942. 

,  Simon,  b.,  1082;  nom.  for  president, 

1873;  see.  war,  1931 ;  „s.  K.  E.  Lee,  1941 ; 

resigns,  2032;  d.,  3402. 
,  \  erney  Lovett,  d.,  10121 ;    in  Kongo, 

10931. 

,  William  E.,  gov.  Va.,  3132. 

Cameroon,  Afr.  SeeKanierun,  text,p.  IIGI. 
Oamidge,  Chas.  E.,  cons,  bp.,  9962. 
Camilla,  asteroid,  discovered,  9602. 
Camillus,  Marcus  Furius,  takes  Veil,  1050t ; 

expels  Gauls  froni  Rome,  10502;  exiled, 

10513;  celebrates  triumph,  10521. 
Camiuetti,  Anthony,  b.,  1741 . 
Camisards,  suppressed,  (5J6i ;  revolt,  (J07i. 
Camoens,  Luis    de,  b.-d.,  H092;    Luslad, 

11101. 
Camons,  M.,  minister,  7491 . 
Camoys,  Baron,  title  created,  8591 . 
Camp,  Maxime  du,  Academician,  7521 . 
Campagna,  draining  begun,  10893. 
Campai/iie  tie  1870,  7432. 
Camp  Alleghany,  W.  Va.,  action  at,  2011 
Campan,JeannieLouiseHenrietteGeneste, 

b.,7011:  work,  7243;  d.,  7.J41. 
Campaneila,  Tominasco,  b.  (1568);    many 

works,  10832;  d.  (1639). 
Campanha,  Braz.,  church  org.,  5563. 
Campania,  submits  to  Rome,  10521. 
Campania,   record,  4353,  4432,  4392,  4692, 

4713, 10113. 
Cainpanini,  Italo,  b.,  10863;  appears,  3141. 
Campbell,  Pa.,  R.  R.  accident  at,  1813. 

-,  A.  J.,  d.,4761. 

,  Sir  Alex.,  commissioner,  5852 ;  d.,594i . 

, ,  fnder.,  b.,  IOO1 ;  immersed,  1183  ; 

est.  Christian  Baptist,     1312;    expelled, 

1343;  moderator,  1682  ± ;  d.,970i. 

,  Allen,  d.,4541. 

,  Archibald,  E.  of  Argyll,  treason, 8953 ; 

expedition  sails;  beheaded,  8961 . 
, E.  of  Argyll,  in  civil  war,  8842; 

beheaded,  8913. 
, ,  Sir,  Gen.,  b.  (1739);  ^ov.,  N.  B., 

6773  ;  invades  Burma,  9411 ;  10461 . 
,  Arthur,   Col.,  b.  (1742);  at  Augusta, 

Savannah,  901 ;  King's  iVlouutaiu,  922  ; 

d.  (1815.) 

-, ,  Washingtoniau,  1511 . 

liaunerman,  Henry,  chief  secretary, 

9932;  minister,  9952;  IOO91. 

,  Hartley,  b.,  1561 ;  d.  (1888). 

,  Charles  W.,  d.,  10121 . 

,  C.  L.,  address,  4703. 

,  Cleveland,  J.,  b.  (1836) ;  d.  2481 . 

,  Sir  Colin,  Lord  Clyde,  b.,  9282  ;  gov. 

N.  S.,  5792  ;    in  Sepoy  rebellion,  1048' ; 

d.,  9662;  statue,  9721. 

,  Uavid,  gov.  Va.,  1492. 

,  Oonald,  Sir,  gov.  Can.,  5792. 

,  Douglas,  Puritans,  4203; 

, ,  Goo.,    D.    of  Argyll,    b.,  9403; 

minister,   9593,  9633,   9691,  9731,  9852, 

9873;  works,  9702,  10103. 

,  Duncan,  K.,  b.  (1814);  d.,  2481 . 

,  Sir  George,  d.,  IOO8I . 

_, .,  1,.,  9062  ;  Ithetnric,  9211  ;  d.,  9283. 

Helen  Stuart,  Anne  Bradstreet,  3962. 

,  .Tabez  Pitt,  b.,  1241 ;  d.  (1891). 

,  .James,  b.  (1812) ;  P.  M.-Gen.,  1732  ; 

d.,  4221. 

, C,  elected  bp.,  9583. 

. E.,  gov.  O., 3451,  3751,  3873;  nora. 

for  Pres.,  4092. 

,  John,  I),  of  Argyle,  b.,  8M2;  d.,  9103. 

, ,  Baron,  b.,  9203  ;   lord  chancel- 
lor, 9512  ;  d.,  9642. 

, ,  b.,  (1653);  editor,  57i ;  d.  (1728). 

, ,  Rev.,  trial  of,  5942. 

, Archibald,  b.,  1162;  justice,  1743; 

in  Coufed.,  1952  ;  peace  commissioner, 

24)1 ;  paroled,  2491 ;  d.,  33g2. 

, ,  Nicholson,  b.  (1798);  d.,  2312. 

,  J.  H.,  on  Com.  of  33, 1891 . 

,  Niel,  Lord,  gov.  N.  J.,  503. 

, ,  inN.  Y.,  841. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9203  ;  works,  9292,  9352  ; 

d.,  9522  ;   statue,  9821. 
, ,   b.   (1763) ;    seceder,   1143  ;    Im- 
mersed, 1183  ;  d.  (1854). 

, Cockburn,  Sir,  d.,  6013. 

, \V.,  consecrated  bp.,  3842. 

,  Timothy  J.,  b.,  1622. 


Campbell,  Walter  G.,  swims  Niagara,  3453. 

,  William,  gov.  S.  C.,813,  83i ;  d.(1778). 

, Henry,  b.  (1808);  pres.synod,1603. 

,  W.,  disappearance,  4482. 

,  W.,  Lord,  gov.  N.  S.,  6753. 

, Powen,  b.(1807);  gov.  Tenn.,  1692; 

d. (1867). 

,  W.  J.,  Nat.  Republican  Com.,  4092. 

,  Adjt.,  statue  erecteti,  3861 . 

,  Col.,    at   Williamsburg,   2123  j   near 

Franklin,  2211. 

,  Major,  in  duel,  9352. 

,  .Mr.,  libel  suit,  10031 . 

,  Prof.,  air-ship  fails,  342*. 

Caiupbellites  (Disciples  of  Christ)  expelled 
by  Baptists,  1343. 

Campbell's  Station,  Tenn.,  action  at, '2281. 

Camp  Creek,  Ga.,  skirmishes  near,  2331 . 

Dick  Robinson,  Ky.,  org.,  1982. 

Douglas,  conspiracy,  '2413,  2421 . 

Jackson,  Mo.,  Capt.  Lyon  at,  1942. 

Camp-meetings,  many,  U.  S.,  3423. 

Cainpe,  Joachim  Heinricli, b., 8003;  d., 8122. 

Campeachy  wood  introduced,  8741 . 

Campeggio,  Lorenzo,  b.  (1472) ;  d.,  10803. 

Cainpenon,  Francis  Nicolas  Vincent,  b., 
7042  ;  d.,  7'282. 

,  J.  B.  M.  E.,  (Jen.,  minister,  7532, 7531 ; 

resigns.  7.552  ;  d.,  7601. 

Camper,  Pieter,  b.-d.,  11011. 

Caniperdown,  E.  of,  title  created,  9461 . 

,  Neth.,  naval  battle,  9'281 . 

Camperdoirn  launched,  9921 ;  collision, 
10101 . 

Campero,  Marcico,  b.  (1813) ;  Pres.,  66I2. 

Camphauseii,  Ludolf ,  b.,  8082  ;  minister ; 
resigns,  8'293  ;  d.  (1848). 

mine  explosion,  8313. 

Campi,  Giuho,  b.,  10791 ;  d.  (1572). 

Campinas,  boarding-school,  6562. 

Campistron,  Jean  Galbert  de,  b.,  6902  ; 
works,  695' ,  d.,  6982. 

Cainpo,  Francisco,  minister,  6443. 

Campobello,  Me.,  Fenians  gather,  2522. 

Campo-Formio,  peace  of,  5432,7132;  treaty, 
5182. 

Canipomanes,Pedro  Rodriguez, b.-d. ,11283. 

Campos,  Gen.  Martinez  de,  sent  to  Cuba  ; 
peace  negotiations,  6321 ;  commander; 
in  Havana  ;gov.-gen.,  6332;  bombs,  11331 . 

,  Braz.,  revolt,  5,'J8i ,  5592. 

Campra,  Andre,  b.,  6902  ;  d.  (1744). 

Cainpuzano,  Diego  de  Herrera,  gov.,  6302. 

Camus,  Armand  Gaston,  b.,  7002  ;  d.,715i . 

,  Ch;is.  fitienne  Louis,  b.,  6943 ;  d.,  7032. 

Caua,  Cal.,  mission,  ll'24i. 

Canaan,  land  divided,  11413. 

Canada:  see  text,  pp.  570-596  ;  suriendered 
to  British,  7033;  Brit,  colony,  9153  ;  ac- 
quires Vancouver's  Is.,  9*233  ;  divided, 
9253  ;  Lower  C.  rebels,  9492  ;  Britannia 
Tubular  Suspension  Bridge,  9542  ;  govt, 
troops  for,  9653;  Dominion  find.,  9712; 
legislative  freedom,  10tt)2;N.  F.  declines 
alliance,  11032.    (See  New  France.) 

Canada,  launched,  'J861 . 

(^anadinn,  wrecked,  9653. 

Canadian  Pacific  R.  R.,  5873;  strike,  5942. 

Canaioharie,  N.  Y.,  burned,  92i . 

Canal,  first  great,  opd.,Eug.,9143;  greatca- 
nal  tunnel  opd.,  9182  ;  Dismal  Swamp 
Canal  destroyed, '2063;  Erie  C.  opd.,  1273; 
Bridgewater  opil.,  9143  ;  Gloucester  and 
Berkeley,  9421;  water-tight  walls,  9143. 
(See  Panama  Canal ;  .Suez  Canal.) 

,  Boisrond,  president ;  deposed,  10403. 

,  conservative  leatler,  Colombia, 629' . 

de  Haro, international  boun<lary,2792. 

(in  Midi,  Fr.,  completed,  7353. 

Canals  in  1831,  U.  S.,  1413. 

Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  burned,  903. 

Canaris,  or  Kanaris,  Constantine,  b.-d., 
10343  ;  burns  Turkish  fleet,  10342. 

Canary  Isles,  naval  battle,  1182. 

Canas,  ,Tuan  Manuel  de,  gov.,  6303. 

Canby,  Edward  Richard  Siirigg,  b., 1281 ;  at 
Valverde,  2042  ;  at  Fort  Fillmore,  2103  ; 
at  Dumfries,  2163;  succeeds  Banks,  2332; 
enrolls  citizens,  2.363  ;  besieges  Mobile, 
aU2  ;  .at  Spanish  Fort  and  Fort  Blakely, 
2422,  'i452  ;  2d  military  district,  2581, 
2601 ;  military  gov.,  Va.,  2672  ;  massar 
cred,  280' ,  2. 

Cancale  Bay,  Fr.  vessels  in,  702' . 
Cancan  do  Fiffuerial,  appears,  1109' . 

Cancha  Rayada  defeated,  1108' . 
Can<-if>riero  Ginl^ral,  appears,  1127'. 

Cancrin,  Georg,  b.,  11162  ;  d.,  11163. 

Caudace,  Queen,  invades  Egy.,  663' . 


Candahar,  kingdom  fnd.,  11073. 

Candaules,  reigns,  11452. 

Candia,  city   fnd.,    IO332  ;    taken,    1034' , 

1082' ;  earthquake,  11562. 
Candlemas  instituted,  1071'. 
Candle  molds  made,  8022. 
Candles  devised,  8442;  tallow  used,  854'; 

wax,  8563  ;  in  worship,  10722. 
Candlesticks  used,  8442. 
CandoUe,  Augustin  P.  de,  b.-d.,  11372. 
Candor,  N.  Dak.,Kreeders  murdered, 433' . 
Cane  College,  Mo.,  fnd.,  2663. 

Hill,   Ark.,    Confederates   defeated, 

216' ;  C.  H.  Coll.,  org.,  1703. 

River,  La.,  Confeds.  defeated,  231' . 

Ferry,  La.,  action,  2322. 

Canesteo,  N.  Y.,  natural  gas  dis.,  3382. 

Cailete,  Manuel,  b.,  11303. 

Canisius  College,  N.  Y.,  org.,  2722. 

Canmore,  Malcolm,  rebuilds  castle,  &49' . 

Caume,  action  at,  1054'. 

Cannel  engine  invented,  IIOO2. 

Cannes,  Dom  Pedro  arrives  at,  557' . 

Canning,  Chas.  John,  Earl,  b.,  9362;  minis- 
ter, 9592  ;  viceroy,  Ind.,  1019' ;  d.  (1862). 

,  George,  b.,  9183  ;  enters  H.  C,  9273  ; 

minister,  9332,3,  9412,3,9432  ;  wounded, 
9352  ;  flees,  9432  ;  d.,  9422. 

,  Samuel,  knighted,  969'. 

,  Stratford  de  KedcliU'e,  Viscount,  b., 

9242  ;  d.  (1880). 

Cannon,  Henry  W.,  Monetary  Confer- 
ences, 4132. 

,  James  Spencer,  b.  (1776);  pres.  Synod, 

r212  ;  d.,  (185'2). 

,  Jos.  G.,  b.  1462  ;  on  committee,  349' . 

,  Marion,  b.,  1422. 

,  Newton,  b.  (1781)  ;  gov.  1453;  d.  (1812). 

,  Wm.,b.(1809);gov.Del.,'2'293;d.(1865). 

Cannons  invented,  782' ,  868' ;  brass  nuide, 
882';  from  church  bells,  7433;  colonial 
factory,  Phila.,  853  ■  plant  at  West  Troy, 
3501;  leathern  fired,  9'24i;  breech-load- 
ing, orders  for,  9S4i . 

Cano,  Alonzo,  b.-d.,  11283. 

,  Juan  Sebastian  del,b.(1400);  d.,1128i. 

Canog,  Alexis,  cons,  bp.,  9541 . 

Canon  City,  Colo.,  water-spout,  410' . 

Canonbury,  collision  in  Tunnel,  9893. 

Canonicut  Island,  destroyed,  81 ' . 

Cauoonan,  Australia,  gold  dis.,  4961 . 

Cauopus,  Nathaniel,  intro.  coffee,  8853. 

Canova,  Antonio,  b.,  10842  ;  d.,  IO8O2. 

Ciuirobert,  Francois  Certain,  b.,719i ;  com- 
mander,958'  ;  at  Chalons  ;  atNancy,738i ; 
council  of  war,  7472. 

Causey,  Peter  F.,  gov.  Del.,  1791. 

Canso,  Me.,  fort  destroyed,  6»i ;  6742. 

,  Strait  of,  new  seaport,  5913. 

Canstein,  Baron  Carl  Hilderbrand  von,  b., 
7963  ;  d.,  7983. 

Cantarini,  Simone,  b.  (1612) ;  d.,  10823. 

Cantemir,  Antiochus,  D.-<1.,  11142. 

.  Demetrius,  b.-d.,  11142  ;  becomes  vas- 
sal of  Rus.,  11122. 

Canterbury,  Eng.,  Cathedral  fnd.;  arch- 
bishopric est.;  first  choir  service,  8422  ; 
churchbuilt,84'23;  taken,844i  ,846'  ;early 
bps.,  8442,3,  8462,  8483;  archbps.  of,&')03, 
8562  ;  school  by  Theodore,  843' ;  cominis- 
sionfor  Am.,  333 ;  Cathedral  begun,  8502. 

,  N.  Z.,  fnd.,  11033; 

,  Archbp.,  peers  address,  9963. 

,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  946' . 

, .    (See  Chas.  Sutton.) 

Canton,  Ala.,  Feds,  capture,  2412. 

,  China,  fnd.,  6113;  Europeans  in;  Eng. 

factory,  6153  ;  military  expedition,  616» ;  t 
Brit,  withdraw;  earthquakes  ;  flood;  fop-  j 
eigners  leave;  ransomed,  6162;  Napier ap-  j 
rives, 6172;  convention  signeil;  fire;  open  f 
to  Brit. ;  opium  fired,  6173  ;  bombardedj  , 
rebellion;  siege  of,  6181,2;  blockaded;  : 
forts  taken,  6182  ;  niission,  6183,  619»,  j 
6'203,e23i ;  bombarded;  robbers  executed;,! 
massacre  ;  mob,  6192  ;  restoretl  to  Chi-  1 
nese,G213 ;  anti-foreign  excitement, 623*;  I 
gold,  eu^ ;  coll.  st.arted,  6'243  ;  Are,  6'27».  ,' 

,  Mo.,  Christian  Univ.  fnd.,  1731. 

,  N.  Y.,  St.  Lawrence  Univ.  org.,  ISO*., 

River  overflows,  6'24' . 

— — ,  John,  b.,  9062;  introduces  amalgu 

9122  ;  d.,  9183. 

Cantu,  Cesare,  b.,  10843  ;  works,  1087'. 

Canuleian  law,  passed,  1051 ' . 

Canusiuin,  Hannibal's  camp,  10543. 

Canute  the  Great,  b.-d. ;  conquers  Norwayt  j 
6351,2;  K.  of  Eng.,  6.352,3;  pilgrimage,  J 
6352  ;  advances  into  Scot.  ;  battles  with  j 


Canu-Carl. 


Text  figures  denote  Page.        INDI1.X,        Superior  Figures  iridicate  Column. 


1209 


Ediniuid  II.,  8461 ;  Christijuiized  ;  patron 
of  church,  »Ki2  ;  baiiislies  .Jews,  84li3  ; 
prohibits  slavery;  reigns,  847*;  holds 
council,  »472  ;  killed,  8472,  848t. 

Canute  II.,  elected,  635*. 

III.,  enthroned,  635*  ;    Canute  IV., 

Canute  V.,  Canute  VI.,  enthroned,  6363. 

Krikson,  reigns,  11351 , 

Canveau,  Pierre  J.  O.,  b.,  5781 . 

Canz,  Israel  G.,  b.,  7982  ;  d.,  8022. 

Caonabo  captured,  141 . 

Capac,  Huayna,  reigns,  133  ;  d.,  182. 

,  Inc.'i  Mayta,  reigns,  132. 

, Tupac,  reigns,  133. 

Cape  Ann,  Mass.,  settled,  31*  ;  naval  bat- 
tle near,  1202. 

Breton,  Am.  continent  dis.,  143  ;  fish- 
eries, colony,  5711;  restored  to  Fr., 
5722  ;  Eng.  settlement,  5732  ;  Eng.  pos- 
sesses, 5743,  5753  ;  restored  to  Fr.,  5753; 
Highlanders  in,  5773,  5792  ;  reannexed, 
6792;  fires,  5941 ;  coal-mines  syndicate, 
Whitney  syntlicate,  5952. 

Coast  Castle,  Afr.,  taken,  8913,  IICII . 

Cod,  Mass.,  Indians  drive  oil'  Fr.,  272; 

Pilgrims  at,  293  ;  colony,  312  ;  Jason 
wrecked,  4453. 

Colony.    (See  Text,  pp.  697-GM.) 

de  Verd  Islands  dis.,  IIO91 . 

Fear  Kiver,  N.  C.  colonists,  431 ;  block- 

atle-rminers,  2421 . 

Finisterre,  Fr.  fleet  taken,  7001 . 

Girardeau,  Mo.,  St.  V'incent'sColl.org., 

1583  :  collision,  1633  ;  action,  212i ;  2203. 

Hatteras,  Monitor  founders  olf,  2171 ; 

Gtiieral  Lyon  burned,  2443.' 

Henry,  (^onstctlatUiU  ashore,  3401 . 

Lookout,  liglithouse  blown  up,  231 1 . 

May,  N.  .!.,  purch<ased,  332  ;  against 

cijj;  irettes,  3711;  President  at,  3871; 
wh  lies  stranded,  4432. 

ni(;,,odli"pe,l'henicians  round,  11462; 

dis  '..  5973;  taken,  9273;  Eng.  acquires, 
9332;  ceiled,  9373;  action  at,  9561;  Par- 
liament opens,  6O43. 

Palmas,  war,  11612;  mission,  11613. 

llace,  Va.,  naval  encounter,  681 . 

St.  lioque,  Vespucci  at,  5531 . 

St.  Vincent,  battle  otT,  1231 . 

Town,  colony  captured  ;   Royal  Ob- 

serv.atory,  6971;  bishopric,  6972  ;  Moffat 
in,  5971,  2;  fnd.,  6973  ;  library  inaug. ; 
So.  African  Coll. ;  storm,  5981  •  bp.  ap- 
pointed, 5982;  representative  govt.  est. ; 
first  U.  K.,  5993;  Cetewayo  in;  P.  O. 
robbery,  6012;  Confederation  debate; 
restK>nsible  govt,  est.,  6012;  exhibition, 
first  telegram  ;  harbor  inaug.;  K.  K.  ap- 
propriations ;  telegraph  open,  6013;  dele- 
gates conference  refused,  6O31 ;  ministe- 
rial crisis  ;  Natal's  offer  declined,  6032  ; 
Bank  suspends  ;  Conference  for  Customs 
Union,  6033 ;  Brit,  infiuence  defined, 
6033;  Bp.  Gibson  cons.,  10121. 

York,  explorers,  4961 . 

■Capetigue,  Jean  BaptisteHonor^Baymond, 
b.,  7143;  d.,  7461. 

Capehart,  .James,  b.,  1623. 

Capel,  Arthur,  E.  of  Essex,  b.,  8822  ;  lord 
lieut.,  Ire.,  8932;  conspiracy,  8971;  d. 
(1683). 

,  Sir  Henry,  lord  of  admiralty,  8933  ; 

lord  lieutenant.  Ire.,  9012. 

Capell,  Edward,  b.,  9042  ;  d.,  9222. 

Capellen,  Theodorus  Fredrik,  b.  (1760i:) ; 
bombards  Algiers,  82  ;  d.  (1821). 

Oapellianns,  defeats  Gordianus,  10661. 

Capello,  Adm.,  defeats  Algerines,  81 . 

,  Bianca,  b.,  10803  ;  d.  (1587). 

Capers,  Ellison,  cons.  bp.  (S.  C),  43*1 . 

,  William,  b.,  1022;  bp.,1603  ;  d.,  1761. 

Capet,  Hugh,  b.-d.,  6662. 

Capetian  dynasty  reigns,  6673. 

Capes,  Aust.,  gossips  arrested,  5311 . 

CaphviB,  battle  at,  10262. 

Capilliis,  Francis  de,  beheaded,  6183. 

Capistrano,  Giovanni  da,  b.-d.,  10762. 

Capital,  issued,  2662. 

Capital  punishment,  abolished,  III.,  2591 ; 
in  N,  Y.,4682;  for  train  robbers,  Ariz., 
3362;  re-est.  in  Maine,  3292;  abolishment 

,  opposed,  Belg.,  5451 ;  restored  Fr.,  7333; 
abolished, Ger., 8173;  within  Prisons  Bill, 
G.  B.,  9731 ;  abolished,  Neth.,  11023;  abol- 
ished in  It.,  10902;  abolished,  Koumania, 
11123;  abolished,  Port.,  11113;  abolished. 
Bus., 11172;  abolished, Switz.,  11383;  Bill 
rejected,  Fr.,  7672. 
■  Capital  Univ.,  Columbus,  O.,  fnd.,  1683 


Capital!  Pasha  defeated  at  Samos,  10342. 

Capitation  tax,  Aus.,  5133. 

Capito.  Wolfgang  F.,  b.,  7862;  d.,  7902. 

Capitoline  games  eel.,  10691 . 

Capitolinus,  .Julius,  Augustan  Hist.,  10671 . 

Capmany,  Montpalan  y  Antonio  de,  b.-d., 
11283. 

Capo  d'Istria,  Count  John,  b.-d.,  10343  ; 
elected  pres.  Gr.,  10353. 

Cappa,  Charles  Albert,  b.  (1834) ;  d.,  4201 . 

Cappadocia  subdued,  11491 ;  conquered, 
1148 1 ,  1151  • ;  independent,  1149 1 ;  ravaged, 
11501  ;surreiutered,  10292:Kom. province, 
10632;  annexed,  11553;  Huns  in,  11472, 
11541  ;Saracen8  in, 11552;  recovered, 11652. 

Cappel,  Louis,  b.,  6*42;  d.,  6902. 

Capperounier,  Claude,  b.,  6922;  d.,  7003. 

Caprara,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.,  10842;  d., 
10851. 

Capraro,  chief  of  brigands,  killed,  10893. 

Caprivi,  de  Caprara  de  Montecucoli,  Georg 
Leo  von,  b.,  8142;  order  of  Black  Eagle, 
8342;  chancellor,  8351 ;  Anglo-Ger.  agree- 
ment, 8352;  decorations;  defeated;  in- 
fernal machine,  8363  ;  gold  standard ; 
resigns,  8371. 

Caprotti,  Peter,  cons.  K.  C.  bp.,  9862. 

"  Caps,"  disturb  country,  11353. 

Captain,  lost,  9741 . 

Captaincies,  power  revoked,  Braz.,  6533. 

Capua,  diet  at,  7811  ;takeii,  10501 ;  Konians 
annex, 10532;  action;  Hannibalin, surren- 
ders, 10542  ;  action,  10702  ;  taken,  IO88I . 

Capuchins  sail  for  Am.,  3462  ;  released 
from  vows,  7522;  order  fnd.,  10811 ;  c.  of 
Hasbrouck,  order  dissolved,  7353. 

Capus,  Alfred,  AmUes  d'Adventures,  7662. 

Caque,  Peru,  Pizarro  plunders,  201 . 

Carabobo,  Venez., royalists  defeated, 6281 ; 
action  at,  IIOO2. 

Caracalla,  Marcus  Aurelitis  Antoninus, 
b.-d.,  10642  ■  massacre  at  Alexandria, 
6531 ;  rules  in  Brit.,  8411 ;  reigns,  10293  ; 
subdues  Aleinauni,  10641 ;  murders  rela- 
tives, 1065 1;  cruelty;  Parthian  expedi- 
tion, killed,  10653. 

Caracas,  Venez.,  Audiencia  in,  233;  fnd., 
261;  settled,  earthquake,  II6O1 ;  capt.- 
generalcy,  llGOi . 

Caracas,  steamship  affair,  4151 . 

Caracci,  Agostino,  b.,  10803;  d.,  10823, 

,  Annibale,  b.,  10803  ;  d.,  10823. 

,  Ludovico,  b.,  10803;  d.,  10823. 

Caraccioli,  Francesco,  Pr.,  b.,  10842;  exe- 
cuted, 10853. 

Oaractacus,  King,  prisoner,  8391;  leads 
Britons,  8303. 

Carafa,  Michele,  b.,  10843;  d.  (1872). 

Caratfa,  archbp.,  fnds,  Theatines,  10811. 

Cara-Mustapha,  b.-d.,  11563. 

(Jaranus  reigns  in  Macedon,  IOI52. 

Caratheodori,  Pa^slia  Alex.,  at  Berlin,  831 1 . 

Carausius,  Marcus  Aurelius  Valerius, 
reigns,  10673  ;  Saxons  aid  7692  ;  rules 
Britain,  8411;  d.,  8402. 

Caravaggio,  Michaelangelo  Amerighi  da, 
b.  (1569);  d.,  10823. 

Carazo,  Senor,  pres.  Nicaragua,  11033. 

Carbery,  John,  Earl,  pres.  K.  Soc,  8961 . 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9051 . 

Carbo,  Ciieius  Papirius,  army  lost,  10561 ; 
terrorizes  Koine,  10573 ;  in  Etruria,  1058 1 ; 
d.(n9). 

,  Pajdrius  Marius,  leads  Dem.  party, 

10591 ;  besieges  Home,  WXX  ;  d.  (82  Ii.c.'). 

Carbon  Hill,  Ala.,  race  riot,  3761 ,  2. 

battery  invented,  8I61 . 

Carbonari  revolt,  IO86I ,  10872  ;  increased, 
10871. 

Carbondale,  111.,  Normal  Univ.  opd.,  2863. 

,  Pa.,  miners  rescued,  4733. 

and  Honesdale  li.  H.  trip,  1373. 

Carcassone,  Fr.,  taken,  6701 ;  sacked,  6741 ; 
bp.  of,  salary  stopped,  7622. 

Carchemish,  history  of,  11432 ;  battle  of, 
6601;  taken,  11442. 

Car-couplerand  buffer.  Miller  patent, 2291 . 

liill  passes,  4243. 

Cardan,  Jerome,  b.,  10791 ;  d.  (1676). 

Garden,  Robert  W.,  Lord  mayor,  9612. 

, Walter,  d.,  9962 

Cardenas,  Adam,  pres.  Nicaragua,  11033. 

,  Cuba,    Lopez    lands,  6321 ;    Cubans 

land,  6322  ;  sugar  refinery,  6333. 

Cardiff,  W.,  Univ.  Coll.,  fnd.,  9923  ;  bridge 
opd.,  10053  ;  Meth.  Coilf.  at,  10062. 

Carilillac,  Antoine  de  la  Mott,  b.,  62i ;  in 
Detroit,  54' ;  652. 

Card-making  machines  Invented,  7002, 


Cardonne,  Dennis  Dominique,  b.,  6982  ; 
d.,  7051. 

Cardoso,  Francisco,  kidnapped,  6342. 

Cardova,  K.  C.  missionary,  6143. 

Cardoza,  F.  L.,  ex-treas.,  convicted,  297 1 . 

Cardross,  Lord,  in  Port  Koyal,  S.  C,  493. 

Cards  invented,  6762. 

Carduccio,  Vincenzo,  b.  (1568) ;  d.,  10823. 

Cardwell,  Edward,  Viscount,  minister,  b. 
(1813),  9633,  9692,  9731 ;  on  vivisection, 
9812;  d.,9941. 

Careil,  Comte,  Louis  S.  F.,  d.,  760'. 

Careiia,  annexed  to  Sweden,  11361 ,2. 

Careme,  Mario  Antoine  A.,  b.,  706' ;  d., 
7262. 

Carera,  Gen.,  pres.  Mex.,  10962. 

Carew,  Baron,  title  created,  Eng.,  945' ; 
Ire.,  9471. 

,  Bamfylde  Moore, "  king  of  beggars," 

b.,  9001  ;  d.  (1770). 

,  Sir  Benj.  Hallowell,  b.,  9143 ;  d.  (1834). 

,  Sir  Geo.,b.  (1555);  besieges  Spaniards, 

8761  ;  d.  (1629). 

,  J.  L.,  warrant  for,  IOOO2  ;  sentenced, 

10003. 

- — ,  Thomas,  b.,  8762  •  works,  8831  8843  ; 
d.,  8822. 

, ,  Sir,  opposes  royal  treaty,  8713. 

Carey,  Eleanor,  b.,  6003. 

,  Henry,  work,  9071 ;  d.  (174:3). 

, Chas.  b.,  1042;  d.,  3022. 

,  James,  b.  (1845) ;  confesses  crimes, 

shot,  991'. 

,  J.  Brenton  ;  at  Imbabani,  6OO2  ;  sen- 
tence quashed,  601 1 . 

,  Jos.  M.,  b.,  1581 ;  Wyo.  Bill,  3491 . 

,  Matthew,  b.,  722;  d.,  1502. 

,  Samuel  F.,  electoral  vote,  2952. 

,  Thos.,  gov.,  572  ;   trial ;  rebels,  573. 

,  Win.,  b.,  9151 ;  fnds.  Baptist   Miss. 

Asso.;   miss.,  9263. 

, ,  bp.  for  Exeter,  9383  ;  In  Calcutta, 

10443  ;  d.,94«2. 

Carford,  Britons  defeated,  8401 , 

Carhart,  Jeremiah,  b.  (1813);  d.,  2622. 

Caribbee  Islands,  discoveries  in,  142. 

Caritjoo  i'ly,  explorations,  5861 . 

Carignan,  Fr.  repulsed,  7402. 

Carinthia,  Aust-Hung.,  early  princes  and 
dukes,  5031,3;  Freilerick  II.  receives; 
Premysl  Ottocar,  D.,  505' ;  Albert  I.,  I). ; 
Imperialfief ;  Menhardt  II.,D.;I{udolph, 
II.,  D.;  Ulrich  III.,  D., 5052;  inherited, 
6072;  Turks  inv.ade,  508' ,  2;  earthquakes, 
6302,  6321 ;  railway  accident,  5341 ;  made 
duchy,  7761. 

Carinus,  Marcus  Aurelius,  appointed  Au- 
gustus, 10672;  reigns  ;  subdued  ;d.  (285). 

Carissimi,  Giovanni,  b.,  10822. 

Carlen,  Emilia  Smith  Flygare,  b.-d.,  1136' ; 
works,  11362. 

Carleton,  Baron,  title  created,  9232. 

,  Sir  Guy,  b.,  9002  ;  gov.,  772,  992;  in 

Can.,  82';  842;  on  Lake  Champlaiu, 
842;  in  N.  York,  943;  peace  negotiations, 
953;  expels  Americans,  676' ;  gov.-gen., 
577' ,  2;X.  Dorchester  (1797) ;  d.  9343. 

,  G.  W.,  Oar  Artint  in  Peru,  255' . 

,  Henry,  b.  (1785) ;  d.,  2213. 

,  Thos.,  b.  (1736)  ;  gov.,  5772  ;  d.  (1817). 

,  Will,  b.,l!i8';  works,  2823, 2903,  2942, 

3143,  323' ,  3503;  d.,  9283,  9722. 

Coll.  est.  at  Northfleld,  Minn.,  2722. 

Carli,  Gian  Bidaldo,  Count,  b.,  1083' ;  d., 
10843. 

Carlin,Thos.,  b.  (1791) ;  gov.,  1512  ;  d.  (1862). 

,  William   i*assmore,  b.   (1829);    pro- 

nn>ted  brig.-gen.,  4301 , 

Carling,  John,  b.  (1828) ;  minister  Can., 
5931,5952. 

Carlingford,  Baron,  title  created,  9751. 

Carlingford,  L.     (See  S.  Fortescue.) 

Carlisle,  Eng.,  built,  8492  ;  gee  erected, 
8483;  surrenders,  88O1 ;  taken,  9101 ;  Bp. 
Bardsley  cons.,  10082. 

,  Pa.,  Dickinson  Coll.  fnd., 963. 

School  fnd.,  1323  ;  Gen.  Ewell  at,  2232  ; 
cavalry  at,  2241. 

,  Sir  Anthony,  b.,  9163  ;  voltaic  bat- 
tery, 930' ;  d.,  9502. 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  8911 .  (See  How- 
ard.) 

,  John  Griffin,  b.,  1442;  speaker,  3152, 

3212,  3292;  noin.  for  president,  4092;  sec. 
treas.,  4271 ,  42:!i ;  bankers  confer,  4292. 

,  Lord,  minister,  9113. 

Carlists  put  down,  7273;  defeated,  1130'; 
party  find.,  11312;  many  conflicts,  11321 , 
2;  amnesty  ottered,  11333. 


1210 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDt,X.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Carl-Case. 


Carloman  I.,  king,  in  monastery,  6653  ;  de- 
feats SaxonB,  7711;  reigns,  7713;  <i., 
6(V12. 

n..  enip.,  d.,  6672. 

Carlos  I.  (D.  of  Braganza),  reigns,  11112. 

v.,  b.-<l.,  11302. 

VI.,  d.,  11303. 

VII.,  b.,  11303. 

,  Don,   b.,  11102;   claims  succession, 

in  Eng.,  excluded  from  Sp.,  retires,  pro- 
claimed K.,  11312;  in  Navarre,  11321; 
surrenders;  enters  Sp.,  11332. 

Carlovingian,  or  Carolingian,  dynasty 
reigns,  6653,  7712;  Isings  reign,  667', 
7731 ,  10732. 

Carlow,  Eng.,  castle  erected,  8501 ;  insur- 
gents routed,  9281 . 

Carlowitz,  Baromie  AloYse  Cliristine,  b., 
7123;  ,1.,  7361. 

Carlsbad,  floods,  53ii ;  sovereigns  at,  8223. 

Carlstadt,  Andreas,  b.,  7862  ;  d.,  7902. 

Carlton,  Caleb  H.,  commis.  col.,  4001, 

Carlyle,  Jos.  Daere,  b.,  9143;  d.,  9323. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9263  ;  works,  9423,  9463, 

9563,  9882;  d.,  statue,  9901 . 

Society  fnd.,  9M3. 

Carmagnola,  Francesco,  b.-d.,  10782. 

Carman,  Albert,  b.  (1833) ;  bp.  Can.,  6823. 

Carmaux,  Fr.,  strike,  7631 , 

Carmel  Mission,  fnd.  by  Moravians,  3223. 

,  Mt.,  Pal.,  prayer  test,  11442. 

Carmelite  monks,  order  fnd.,  10751 ,  11551 ; 
expelled  from  Fr.,  7522 ;  convent  in 
London,  9822. 

Carmine,  color  produced,  10821. 

Carmontelle,  Louis  Carrogis,  b.,  6971;  d., 
7163. 

Carmouche,  Pierre  Fr^dt^ric  Adolphe,  b., 
7123;  d.,  7382. 

Carnahan,  James,  b.  (1775) ;  d.,  1842. 

Carnarvon,  Wales,  besieged,  86OI , 

•^,  D.  of,  title  created,  9252. 

,  E.  of.     (See  Herbert.) 

Carnatic,  Brit,  war  in  ;  conquered,  10441 ; 
annexed,  10472. 

Camborne,  Viscount,  minister,  9633. 

Carneades,  b.-d.,  I02G3. 

Carnedes,  Roman  embassy,  10292. 

Carnegie,  Andrew,  b,  (1835) ;  rebuilds 
Johnstown  library,  3443,  4021 ;  Pittsburg 
library,3463,  3522,  3983-  gift  to  Authors' 
Club,  3562  ;  GospH  of  Wealth,  4002  ;  li- 
brary gift,  Ayr,  library  opd.,  10023. 

,  Mrs.,  library  at  Peterhead,  10063  ;  at 

Music  Hall,  35S3. 

,  Phipps  and  Co.,  navy  contract,  3773. 

Carney,  Tlios.,  gov.  Kan.,  2032. 

Carniau  festival  instituted,  10151 . 

Carnefax  Ferry,  W.  Va.,  battle,  1982. 

Carniola,  Aust.-Hung.,  to  Frederick  II., 
5051;  imperial  tief,  5052;  Turks  invade, 
5081 ,  2,  5101 ;  peasant  war,  6082  ;  Ameri- 
can's suicide,  536i . 

Carnoohan,  John  M.,  b.,  1261 ;  d.,  3262. 

Carnot,LazareHippolyte,b.,7143  ;  d.,7562. 

, Nicolas    Marguerite,    b.,   7011; 

deposed,  7132;  d.,  7241 . 

,  Marie-Franfois  Sadi,  b.,  7262  ;  min- 
ister, 7532,  7.552  ;  Pres.  of  Fr.,  7571 ;  as- 
sassinated, 7591 ,7663,7672;  inPantheon, 
7593;  funeral,  7663. 

Camwath,  E.  of,  title  created,  8831 . 

Caro,  Venez.,  German  settlement,  193. 

J  Miguel  A.,  pres.  Colombia,  €B92  ;  de 

clines  honors,  6292. 

Caroline,  steamboat,  attacked,  1481 . 

Caroline,  Immaculata,  married,  5381 . 

of  Saxe-Meiningen,  marries,  9392. 

,  Princess  Amelia  Eliz.,  weds,  9272,  3  ; 

investigation,  9332  ;  acquittal,  9411 ;  re- 
tui'ns  ;  riots  ;  divorce  refused;  trial, 9412; 
claim  rejected,  9413;  d.,  9413. 

Isles,  gospel  received,  10403, 

Caron^  Sir  Adolphe, petitionsagainst,  5923 ; 
minister,  5931;  corruption,  6942,  post- 
master, 5952. 

,  Franfois,  d.,  6922, 

,  Ken6  Edouard,  b.,  5762  ;  gov.  Can., 

6832;  d.,5841. 

Carondelet   passes  Island  No.  10,  2061 . 

,  Mo.,  annexed  to  St.  Louis,  2613. 

Carpani,  Giuseppe,  b.,  10842;  d.  (1825). 

Carpenter,  Chas.  C,  Rear-Adm.,  4481. 

,  Cyrus  C,  gov.,  la.,  281 1 . 

,  G,  E,,  sentenced,  4083. 

,  Gilbert  S.,  commissioned  maj.,  4501 . 

■ ,  L.  L.,  pres.  convention,  3223. 

,  Matthew  Hale,  b.  (1824) ;  pres.  Senate, 

2813,  2832,  2873;  d.  (1881). 


Carpenter,  Peter,  explorer,  4931. 

,  Wm,  Beilj.,  b.  9363;  d.  (1885). 

, Boyd,  cons,  bp.,  9922. 

Carpentier,  Pierre,  b.,  6943;  d.,  7031. 

Carpet,  machinery  for,  1581 , 

"  Carpet  Baggers,"  corruption,  2652;  nick- 
named, 2772. 

Carpi,  Lombardy,  French  defeat,  6941 . 

Carpzov,  Benedict,  b.,  7922;  u.,  7963. 

Carr,  Caleb,  gov.  K.I.  (1695). 

,  Elias,  inaug.  gov.  (N.C.);  4472, 

,  Eugene  A.,  Gen.,  b.  (1830) ;  near  St. 

Charles,  2351. 

,  Robt.,  b.  (1589)  ;  inadeD.  of  Somerset, 

minister,  8793;  condemned,  8791;  d. 
(1045). 

, ,  Sir,  gov.  Pa.,  423;  d.,  422, 

,  Robt,  James,  elected  bp,,  9423, 

,  R.  S.,  gov.  of  W,  Va,,  3372, 

,  Thomas,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  9802. 

Carranza,  Bartolome  de,  b.-d.,  11263. 

,  Bruno,  pres.  Costa  Rica,  6311 . 

Carrara,  It.,  Mazzlni  statue,  10901  j  siege, 
10902. 

Carrasco,  Fr.  Antonio,  gov.  Chili,  6053. 

Carre,  Michel,  b.,  7223;  d.,  7401, 

Carregui,  Gen,,  killed,  11301 . 

Carrel,  Nicolas  Armand,  b,,  7142;  d,,  7262. 

Carrell,  Geo.  Aloysius,  b.  (1803)  ;  d.,  2641 , 

Carreno  de  Miranda,  Juan,  b,-d.,  11283. 

Carrera,  Rafael,  b.-d.,  10391 ;  defeats  Sal- 
vadorians  ;  vs.  Revolutionists,  10381; 
Barrios'  rival;  pres.  Guatemala,  10382. 

Carrfere,  Jos.  B.  F.,  b.,  7002;  d.,  7143. 

Carriages  mfg.  in  Am.,  1231 ;  intro  in  Ger., 
7711 ;  used  in  Eng.,  8721 ,  8733. 

Carrick,  E.  of,  title  created,  9112. 

Carrick's  Ford,  \V.  Va,,  battle  of,  1962. 

Carrier,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  7022;  d.,  7102. 

Carrifcre,  Moritz,  b.,  8121 ;  work,  8342. 

Carillo,  Braulio,  pres.  Costa  Rica,  6303. 

Carrington,  Baron,  title  created,  9252. 

,  Col.,  at  MafeUng,  6021 . 

,  Lord,  gov.  Australia,  4993. 

Carrion,  Geronimo,  Pres.  Ecu.,  reelected ; 
resigns,  6442. 

Carroll,  Charles,  b.,  642  ;  d.,  1401 . 

,  Sir  George,  L.  Mayor  London,  9492. 

,  John,  b.  (1735) ;  cons,  bp,,  IOO2;  Pre- 
fect Apostolic,  903  ;  d.  (1815). 

, ,  cons,  bishop  Shrewsbury,  IOIO2. 

, D.,  b.,  022  ;  d.,  1241 . 

, Lee,  Pres.  Sons  of  Revol'n,  3563. 

,  Wm.,  b.(1788) ;  gov.  Tenu.,  1293,1373; 

d.  (1844). 

Station,  Tenn.,  action  at,  2382. 

Carroilton,  Ga.,  White  Caps,  4283, 

,  Miss.,  annexed  to  New  Orleans, 2873 ; 

negroes  killed,  3232. 

Carroll,  Scot.,  snielting-works  est.,  9142. 

,  Guy    Toussaint     Julien,    b.,     7023 ; 

d.,  7223. 

Carr's  Rock,  R.  R.  accident  at,  2613, 

Carskadon,  T.  K,,  nom,  for  vice-pres.,  4093, 

Carslake,  Lieut.,  wins  prize,  9661 . 

Carson  City, Nev.,  capital,  2013;  state  Con- 
vention, 2353  ;  Orphans'  Home,  2691  j 
capitol  opd.,  2753. 

Newman  Coll.,  Tenn.,  fnd,,  1663, 

Valley,  Nev.,  Sutro  Tunnel  opd.,  3033. 

,  Christopher  (Kit),  b.,  II61 ;  explores, 

1541;  d.,  2621. 

,  John,  death,  3991 , 

,  W.  David,  moderator,  3082, 

Carstares,  Wm.,  b.,  8862  ;  d.,9042. 

Carstens,  Asmus  Jakob,  b,,  638i ;  d.,  6382. 

Carstenz,  explorer,  4931 . 

Carthagena,  Colombia.    (See  Cartagena.) 

Cartagena,  Afr.,  fnd. ;  annexed  to  Rome, 
11252;  pillaged,  11281;  besieged,  11321; 
insurrection,  11322. 

,  Colom.,  taken,  241, 6281 ;  naval  battle, 

6942;  expedition, 641 ,9101 ;  secedes, 6291. 

Cartago,  Costa  Rica,  convent,  6301 ;  earth- 
quake, 6313. 

Cartas  Enpa^olas  issued,  11311. 

Carte-de-visite  taken,  7321. 

Cartellier,  Pierre,  b.,  7022  ;  d.,726i . 

Carter,  EUz.,  b.,  9062  ;  d.,  9323. 

,  E.  R.,  defalcation,  4792. 

,  Franklin,  b.  (1837) ;  M.Hopkins,  4203. 

,  Geo.  W.,  speaker,  2772. 

,  H.(?),Col.,at  Cumberland  Mts.,  2051. 

,  H.,  Gen.,  at  Monticello,  Ky,,221i, 

,  James,  Lord  Mayor  London,  9612. 

, Coolidge,  b.  (1827) ;  in  Arbitra- 
tion Court,  4272,  4292;  resigns,  4491; 
Pres.  American  Bar  Association,  4702. 

,  Josiah  Mason,  b.  (1813) ;  d,,  2602. 


Garter,  Martha,  accused,  631 , 

,  Robt.,  gov.  Va.,  613. 

— — ,  SamuelPowhatan,  d.,  3842. 

,  Thos.  H.,  Nat.  Rep.  Committee,  4112. 

,  William,  hanged,  8743. 

— -,  W.  M.,  cons,  bishop,  10062. 

Carteret,  Sir  Geo.,  b.  (1080);  purchase, 
431 ;  grant  conlirmed,  463 ;  minister, 
8933  ;  d.  (1680). 

,  John,  Lord  Granville,  b.,  8982  ;  lord 

lieut.,  9073;  minister,  9113. 

,  Philip,  gov.  N.  J.,  431 ;  returns,  463  ; 

deposed,  452;  arrested,  473. 

, ,  vovage,  9161 ,  4932;  d.  (1796). 

Carthage,  Air,,  alliance  with  Rome,  10512, 
10532;  naval  expedition  captured,  10523; 
peace  with  Rome,  10533,  10553  ;  war 
against,  11251 ;  attacked,  10543 ;  besieged ; 
captured;  burned,  10551;  Roman  prov- 
ince, 10563;  Rom,  city  ;  Christian  bishop- 
ric, 11391 ;  Vandal  capital,  10712;  cap- 
tmed,  10711,2,10301;  razed,  10302, 11391. 

,  Council  VH.  Pelagianism,  10702. 

College,  111.,  org.,  2703;  anti-Mormon 

mob,  1563. 

,  Mo.,  battle  of,  1962. 

,  Tenn.,  storm  ruined,  1301 . 

Carthaginians  in  Sicily,  10601 ;  at  Syra- 
cuse, 10513;  massacred,  10511 ;  in  Spain, 
11252  ;  sue  for  peace,  10523  ;  against 
Rome,  10533;  expelled  from  Sp.,  10513, 
11251 ;  constitution  reformed,  10553;  est. 
new  town,  10551. 

Cartheuser,  Johann  F,,  b.,  7983  ;  d.,  8042, 

Carthusian  Monks,  order  fnd,,  7762. 

Cartier,  Sir  Geo.  foienne,  b.,6703;  min- 
istry defeated,  5812  ;  d.,  6821 . 

Cartouche,  Louis  D.,  b.,  6942  ;  d.,  6982. 

Cartwright,  C,  president  N.  C.,  453, 

,  Ecunund,  b.,  9103  ;  invents  power- 
loom,  9222;  rope  machine, 9261 ;  d.,  9403, 

,  Maj..  John,  b.,  9103;  Radical,  9393  ; 

d.,  9422  ;  statue,  9441. 

,  Peter,  b.,  962  ;  d.,  2781 . 

,  Sir  Richard,  treaty-making,  5871 ;  on 

reciprocity,  5931 . 

,  Samuel,  gov.  N.  C.  (1674). 

, A.,  d.,  2212. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  868I ;  opposes  Epis.  in- 
tolerance, 8742  ;  d.,  8781 . 

Cams,  Karl  G.,  b.,  8043  ;  d.,  8262. 

,  Marcus  Aurelius,  b.-d.,  10642;    de 

feats  Samartians,  1061 1 ;  invades  Persia, 
11061 ;  reigns  ;  killed,  10672. 

,  Victor  Julius,  b.,  8122. 

Caruth,  Asher  G.,  b.,  1502. 

,  George  W.,  U.  S.  minister,  4473. 

Carvajal,  Cardinal,  at  Prague,  5082. 

,  Francisco  de,  b.-d.,  H2(»3. 

,  Tomas  Jos6  Gonzales,  b.-d.,  11283, 

Carver,  John,  b,  (1590±)  ;  gov.,  293;  d.,  301 . 

, ,  traveler,  b.,  62i ;  d,,  93i .  ^j- 

,  Jonathan,  b,  (1732) ;  d,,  93i .  fi 

Carvilius,  Spnrius,  at  Aquilouia,  10522.       ~ 

Cary,  Alice,  b.,  1282  ;  works,  I8O2,  2561; 
d.,  2721. 

,  Geo.  Wjj  Committee  of  Seven,  2933. 

,  Henry  Francis,  b.,  9183  ;  d.,  9502. 

,  Lot,  missionary,  IIOI2. 

,  Lucius,  Viscount  Falkland,  b.,  8782 ; 

administrator,  8851 ;  k.,  8841 ,3. 

,  Phuibe,  b.,  1321;  works,  1763,  26iat, 

d.,  2741. 

,  Samuel  Fenton,  b,  (1814) ;   nom,  for 

Vice-pres.,  2931. 

Casa,  Giovaimi  della,  b.  (1603) ;  GalateOt 

10812  ;   d.,  10803.  j 

More,  Count  de,  fimeral,  6343.  ■ 

Casablanca,  Louis,  b.,  7022  ;  d.,  713*.       ,T 

Casauate,  Pedro  Portale,  governor,  6O52. 

Casas,  Bartolome  de  las,  b.-d.,  11263  ;  work, 
11291;  sails  with  Columbus ;  friend  ox 
slaves  ;  priest,  I61 ;  protector  of  Indians, 
173,  212  :  Dominican  ;  on  Pearl  Coast, 
183  ;  in  Guatemala,  203  ;  bp.  of  Chiapa ; 
resigns,  222  ;  d.,242. 

,  Las,  Capt.-Gen.  Cuba,  6323. 

Casati,  Capt.,  leaves  for  Rome,  5032. 

Casaubon,  Isaac,  b.,  0822;  d.,  686*. 

Casco,  Me.,  destroyed,  601 . 

,  Bay  devastated,  6721 . 

Case,  Augustus  Ludlow,  b.,  1382. 

School  Applied  Science  est.  in  ClevO* 

land,  O.  (1880). 

Caselius,  Johannes,  b.,  7902  ;  a.,  7943. 

Caseneuve,  Pierre  de,  b.,  6842  ;  d.,  0902. 

Caserio,  Santo,  stabs  Pres.  Camot,  7663  ; 
trial ;  executed,  7671 ,3. 

Casey,  James  P.,  kills  James  King,  1T9<. 


Case-Cava. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        IlN  L)rL.X.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1211 


Casey,  Lieut.,  at  Wounded  ICnee,  374<. 

,  Lyman  L.,  b.,  148*. 

,  Silas,  b.,   U4I ;  at  Fair  Oalis,  2082  ; 

court,  216' ;  d.  (1882). 

, ,  b.  (1841) ;  Capt.  U.S.N.,  3341 . 

,  T.  A.,  Vicar-Gen.,  d.,  450' . 

^,  Thomas  L.,  comniis.  brig.-gen.,  328' ; 

in  war  dept.,  3.512,  4472. 
Cashel,  see  erected,  8443  ;  archbishopric 

est.,  ffi02  ;  Bp.  Day  cons.,  9742. 
Casilear,  John  W.,  b.  (1811) ;  in  Nat.  Acad. 

Design,  170' ;  paintings,  264' ,  276' ,  2U0' , 

294' ,  298' ,  300' ,  310' ,  314' ;  d.  (1893). 
CasiUa,  Alonso  de  Guzman  y,  gov.  Costa 

Bica,  6302. 
Casimir  I.,  K.  of  Poland,  11133  ;  d.,  1113' . 

II.,  b.  (1138) ;  K.  of  P.,  11133  ;  d.(1194). 

III.,  the  Great,  b.-il.,  11142  ;  King  of 

Poland,  11152  ;  f„ds.  Univ.,  507' . 
IV.,  b.  (1427) ;  K.   of  Poland,  III52  ; 

aids    Prus.,    7842  ■     against    Teutonic 

Knights,  7853  ;  d.  (1492). 
Perier,  minister, 747 '  ,3  ;  resigns,  747 ' ; 

for   Republic,  749' ,2  ;    pres.    Chamber, 

7852,  7672  ;  forms  ministry,  767' ;  Pres. 

France ;  pardons  prisoners,  7672. 
Casiu,  Moliammedau  leader,  1043' . 
Caslou,  makes  tirst  cast  types,  906' . 
Casmie  founded,  1051'. 
Casopis,  Ceskebo  Museum  issued,  5203. 
Caspari,  Karl  Paul,  b.,  8IO2. 
Casper,  Johann,  b.,  8063  ;  d.,  822' . 
Cass  Co.,  Ariz.,  cyclone,  364' . 

,  Pa.,  Molly  Maguires  operate,  2172. 

,  Lewis,  b.,  95' ;  sec.  war,  1392  j  nom. 

for  Pres.,  165';    vote,  1652;    at   Dem. 

Conven.,  171' ;  pres.  Senate,  177' ;  cau<li- 

date  for  Pres.,  1803  ;  sec.  state,  1823  ; 

resigns,  1892;  d.,252'. 
Oassaguac,   Paul    Granier  de,  b.    (1843) ; 

duel,  7383,  7463;  lined,  7503. 
Gassander,  b.  (354  B.  c.) ;  at  Athens,  10243; 

marries   Thessalonica,   10253 ;    rebuilds 

Thebes  ;    marries  ;  fnds.    Thessalonica, 

10253  ;  rules  Caria,  11483  j  regent ;  rules  ; 

war  with  Polysperchon  ;  expelled  from 

Gr.,  1026' ;  kills  lloxana;  master  of  Gr., 

1027';  d.,  10263. 
Cassandra,  asteroid,  di-scovered,  2742. 
Cassano,.  It.,    Imperialists    defeat,  696' ; 

action  at,  5182. 
Cassard,  Capt.,  attacks  Dutch,  1039' . 
Cassas,  Louis  Fran9ois,  b.,  7022  ;  a    7243. 
Cassel,  Prussians  enter,  5233  ;  royal  defeat, 

692' ;  Fr.  gains,  6933  ;  observatory,  792' ; 

Congress  meets,  8192;  action,  1809' . 

,  .Johann  P.,  b.,  7983  ;  d.,  8OI2. 

Cassianus,  .Johamies  Massiliensis,  or  Jo- 

anesEreTnita,b.(360);  works,663' ;  d.(433). 
Cassidy,  G.  W.,  b.  (1836) ;  d.,  408' . 
Cassilis,  Baron,  title  created,  867' . 
Cassin,  John,  b.,  121'  ;  d.,  264'. 
Cassini,  C^sar  Franyois  de  Thury,  b.,  6963  ; 

draws  the  meridian  line,  190' ;  d.,  706' . 
— -,  Giovanni  Domenico,  b.,  10823  ;  disc. 

satellites,  6922  ;  chart  of  moon,  6942  ;  d., 

1083'. 
^— ,  Jacques,  b.,  6923  ;  d..  7022. 
— -,  Jean  Dominique,  b.,  6863  ;  d.,  6963. 
Cassiodorus,  Marcus  Aurelius,  statesman, 

b.-d.,  10702. 
Cassius,  Andreas,  gold  purple  for  making 

red  glass,  7982. 
,  Avidius,    in    Parthian    war,    1064'; 

rebel,  1004'. 
,  Longinus  Caius,   triumvirs  against, 

10602;  assassinates  Caesar;  rules  Syria, 

10612,    11512;    massacre    in    Seleucia, 

11532  ;  at  Plillippi,  1028' ;  d.  (42  B.  c). 

,  Louginus  Lucius,  destroyed,  1056' . 

,  Spurius  Viscellinus,  defeats  Hernici, 

1050';  Latin  alliance,  10512. 
Cassivelaunus  against  Cjcsar,  839' ,  8403. 
Cagtagno,  Andrea  del,  b.-d.,  10782. 
Castalio,  Sebastien,  b.,  6802;  d.,  6822. 
Castalla,  Sp.,  contest  at,  7183. 
Castanheda,  FernSo  Lopez  de,  b.-d.,  IIO92. 
Castanon,  action  at,  1132' . 

,  Qonzalo,  murdered,  6323. 

GastaBos,  Francisco  Xavier  de,  D.  of  Bay- 

len,  b.-d.,  11283;  at  Baylen,  7162. 
Oastel,  Louis  Bertrand,  b.,  6942;  d.,  7022. 
,  Ben^  Richard  Louis,  b.  (17581;  works, 

713' ;  d.  (1832). 
Gastelar,  Emilio,  b.,  11303;  repub.  leader, 

11313;    pres.    executive;  resigns,  11332; 

a  monarchist,  11.333. 
Castelbon,  M.,  canal  scandal,  7642,3. 
Qutelfidardo,  launched,  10882. 


Castelfldardo,  It.,  Papal  army  defeated, 
734' . 

Castell,  Edmund,  b.,  878' ;  Lexicon  Hepta- 
glotton,  893' ;d.,  9862. 

Castellan,  Autoine Louis, b., 7042;  d.,728'. 

Castelli,  Benedetto,  b.,  1081' ;  d.,  1644. 

,  Ignaz  F.,  b.,  8042;  d.,  8202. 

Castello,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.,  1079';  d., 
1081 ' . 

Castelnau,  de  la  Mauvissifere,  Michel,  b., 
6803;  d.,  6842. 

Castelnaudary,  Fr.,  battle  at,  688' . 

Castelnuovo,  Aust.,  Aust.  defeated,  712' , 

Castigan,  John,  minister.  Can.,  693' . 

Castiglione,  It.,  battle,  518' . 

,  Baldassare,   b.  (1478);  11   Cortigiano. 

10812;  d.  (1529). 

,  Carlo, Ottavlo,  Ct.,  b.,  10843;  d.(1849). 

,  Giovamii,  Benedetto,  b.,    10823  ;    d,, 

1083'. 

Castile,  Sp.,  connected  with  Portugal, 
1109' ;  against  Aragon,  1126' ;  no  private 
revenge,  1127';  united  with  (jalicia, 
11272;  with  Aragon,  11273;  insurrection, 
11293;  rulers  of.    See  text,  pp.,  1125-1173. 

Castilla,  Ramon,  b.-d.;  chosen  pres.,  11082. 

Castille,  Chas.  Hippolyte,  b.,7223;  d.,7542. 

Castillego,  Cristoval,  b.  (1494) ;  works, 
11-29'  ;  d.  (1556). 

Castillejos,  Morocco,  action  at,  10972. 

Castillion,  siege  of,  678' . 

Castillo,  Canovas  del,  convention,  11333. 

,  Ignacio  Maria  capt. -gen.,  frees  slaves, 

6333;  in  Cuba,  6332. 

,  Santin  del,  pres.,  San  Salvador,  11232. 

Castine,  Me.,  captured,  412,  441,402;  Brit, 
occupy,  402. 

Cast-iron  mfg.,  Eng.,  868' ;  malleable,  pre- 
mium for,  136' ;  rails  for  railroads,  9162. 
See  Iron. 

Castle,  Nicholas,  elected  bp.,  2983. 

Garden,  N.Y.,  erected,  102' ;  perform- 
ances at,  176' ;  receiving  station,  1793; 
closed,  3573. 

Island,  Ire.,  moonlighters,  9943. 

Castlebar,  Ire.,  occupied,  7133. 

Castlemain,  Lord,  ambas.,  8973;  d.  (1706). 

Castlemaine,  Baron,  title  created,  9372. 

,  Lady,  presented,  891'. 

Castle-Pollard,  Ire.,  riots,  945' . 

Castles,  Fr.  demolition,  6873. 

Castleshock,  Ire.,  police  resisted,  945'. 

Castle-Stuart,  Earl,  title  created,  931'. 

Castleton,  Baron,  title  created,  966' . 

,  Vt.,  normal  school  opd.,  2603. 

Castle  William,  Brit,  hold,  773. 

Cast  mirrors  invented,  6942. 

Castor  and  Pollux,  recover  Helen,  10143. 

Castren,  Matthias  Alex.,  b.,  11163 ;  d.,11182. 

Castro,  Guillem  de,  b.-d.,  11282. 

,  Inez  de,  assassinated,  IIO92. 

•,  Jos6  Maria,  b.  (1818);  pres.,  631' ;  re- 
signs, 11602. 

,  Lope  Garcia  de,  gov.  Peru,  25' . 

,  Vaca  de,  inspector,  213;  d.,  11282. 

Castruecio,  Arrigodi,  comic  poet,  10772. 

Castruccio-Castracana,  b.  (1282);  power  in 
It.,  10773;  d.(1328). 

Castrum,  colony  at,  10533. 

Cast  steel,  first  made,  948' . 

Caswell,  Alexis,  b.,  1082  ;  d.,  294' . 

,  Richard,   b.   (1729);  gov.  N.  C.,  863, 

973:  d.  (1789). 

Catalani,  Angelica,  b.  (1779)  ;  d.,  10863. 

Catalonia,  Sp.  plants  colonies  in,  11252  ; 
flood,  1128';  conquered,  11293;  insurrec- 
tions, 11302;  Carlists  hold,  1132'. 

Catalpa,  Fenians  escape  in,  981 ' . 

Catainarca,  Argentine,  insurgents,  4922, 

Catana  (Catania),  f  nd.,  1051 ' ;  Romans  rule, 
10533;  taken,  1086';  earthquake,  1074'; 
univ.  fnd.,  10792;  destroyed,  10822;  in- 
surrection, 1089' . 

Catapultai  invented,  10223, 

Catargi,  M.,  assassinated,  11133. 

Catawba  coll.,  est.  at  Newton,  N.  0.  (1861). 

Catchings,  Thos.  C,  b.,  1623. 

Catel,  Charles  Simon,  b.,  7042;  d.,  726' . 

Catelier,  .lean  Baptiste,  d.,  6942. 

Caterham  Junction,  railway  ace,  9693. 

Caterpillar  plague,  U.  S.,  386' . 

Catesby,  Mark,  b.,  8942;  d.,  9122. 

,  Robt.,  gunpowder  plot,  8792;  d.  (1606). 

Cathcart,  Baron,  title  created,  863' . 

,  D.  of,  title  created,  9372. 

,  Sir  George,  Earl  of,  b.,  9263;    takes 

Danish  vessels,  638' ;  gov.-gen..  Can., 
6793;  Kaflr  war,  698':  defeats  Basutoe, 
11052;  d.,  9682. 


Cathedrals,  Aquileia,  1074' ;  Assumption' 
at  Moscow,  11143,  Bari,  1074' ;  Cremona* 
10743;  Lucca,  1078';  Milan,  1077';  Mo" 
dena,  1075' ;  Naples,  10763;  Niccola  Pisa- 
no  pulpit  erected,  1076' ;  Perugia,  10743; 
Pisa,  1074';  Salisbury,  852';  San  Sisito, 
fnd.,  10743;  Transfiguration,  11143.  (See 
Cologne ;  St.  Paul's  ;  St.  Peter's ;  Stras- 
burg.) 

Catherine,  Queen,  Eng.,  crowned,  863' ; 
ex-queen,  d.,  9033. 

-  I.,  emp.  Ru8.,  b.-d.,  11142;  Acad.  Sci- 
ence, 1115' ;  enthroned,  11153. 

II.,  emp.,  Rus.,  b.-d.,  11143;  enthroned, 

reforms,  11172;  d.,  11173. 

■  Adamson,  wrecked,  4973. 

of  Aragon,  b.-d. ,11263;  marries  Henry, 

8663,  8672,3. 
- —  of  Braganza,  b.  (1638);  marries,  8913  ; 

d.,  1705. 

de  Cornaro,  sells  Cyprus,  11572. 

- —  of  M*^dici,  b.,  0802;    marries  Henry, 

6813;  calls  Poissy  Conf.,  6823;  power  in 

Fr.;  regent,  6833;  d.,  6842. 

Parr.     (See  Par.) 

of  WUrtemberg,  weds  Bonaparte,  717' . 

\  Princess,  b.  (1401);  weds  Henry  V.  of 

Eng.,  6773;  d.  (1468). 

,  Saint,  d.,  6542. 

Catherwood,  Mary  Hartwell,  Tonty,  3743, 
Catholic  Univ.  of  Am.  org.,  3282;     Mc- 

Mahon  Hall  of  Philosophy  erected,  4042. 

(See  Roman  Catholic.) 
Catiline,    Lucius    Sergius,  d.,    10.563;    at 

Pistoria,  10582;  conspiracy,  10591 ;  fails, 

10592;  renewed,  10692. 
Catinat,  Nicolas  tie,  b.,  6882;  at  Carpi ;  at 

Marsaglia;  at  Nice,  694';  d.,  6963. 
Catlett's  Station,  Va.,  Confeds.  take,  212' . 
Catlin,  George,  b.,  106' ;  d.,  2782. 

,  S.  P.,  money  found,  4313. 

Catlyn,  Robt.,  Sir,  chief  justice,  8732. 

Cato  wrecked,  922' . 

,  Marcus  Porcius,  (Elder),  b.-d.,  1053' ; 

defeats  ,/Etolians,  1055' ;    works,  10552. 
, Porcius  (Younger),  b.-d  ;  against 

Cyprus,  10593;  suicide,  IO6O2,  10011. 
Catron,  John,  b.,98i ;  justice,  1492;  d. (1866). 
Cats,  Jakob,  b.-d.,  10983;  works,  1101'. 
Cattell,  Alex.  Gillraore,  b.(1816) ;  civil  ser- 
vice commissioner,  2732. 

,  Wm.  C,  b.,  1343. 

Cattermole,  George,  b.,9302;  d.,  9722. 
Cattle,  Intro.  New  Eng. ,31 2;  live,  exported, 

2833;  Ger.  prohibition  of,  475'+,  8363; 

acclimated,  4953;  diseased,  9102,  9763. 

plague.  Hung.,  5153;  Eng.,  969'. 

thieves  in  Wash.,  3802. 

Catullus,  Caius  Valerius,  b.,  87 B.C.;  poems 

of,  10583;  d.,  54  B.C. 
Catulus, Lutatius,    b.  (152  b.  c);    de- 
stroys Carthaginian  fleet,  1053' . 
,  Q.  Lutatius,  b.  (152  B.  c.) ;  reenforced 

by  Marius,  10562 ;  on    Campus   Martins, 

1058' ;  dedicates  capitol,  10583  ;d.  (60  B.C.) 
Caub,  monument  to  Von  Bliicher,  836' . 
Caucasia,  Amazons  conquered,  1013' . 
Caucasus,  Russian  victories,  1118' . 
Cauchon,  Joseph  Edward,  b.  (1816);  gov., 

6833;  d.  (1885). 

.Pierre,  d.,  6782. 

Cauchy,  Augustin  L.,  b.,  7062;  d.,  7322. 
Caucuses,  Congressional,  held,  1072. 
Caudaules,  killed,  11463. 
Caudine  Forks,  It.,  Roman  defeat,  1052' . 
Caulaincoiirt,  Armand  A.  L.,  de.  Due  de 

Vincenza,  b.,  7042;  d.,  7243. 
Caulfield,  Sir  Geo.,  chief  justice,  9133. 
Cauniont,  Arcisse  de,  b.,  7143;  d,,  746'. 
Cans,  Salomon  de,  b.,  684' ;  invents  steam 

apparatus,  680' ;  d.,  6863. 
Causey,  John  W.,  b.,  1622. 
Caussin,  Nicholas,  b.,  6842;  d,,  6902. 
,  Percival  de,  Armand  Pierre,  b.,  7102; 

d.,  746'. 
Cautley,  Sir  Proby  Thos.,  b.,9303;  d.,976' . 
Cavaignac,  Eleonore  Louis  Godefroy,  b., 

7143  ;  resigns,  7633  ;  d.,  7283. 

,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.  7023  ;  d.,  7243. 

,  Louis  Eugene,  b.,  7143  ;  gov.  Alger., 

93  ;    dictator ;    pres.  of  council,  7312 ; 

minister,  7632  ;  d.,  7322, 
Cavalcanti,  Guido,  b.,  (1240) ;  d.  (1300) : 

work,  1077' . 
Cavalier,  Jean,  b.,  6933  ;  d.,  700*. 
Cavaliere,  Emilio  del,  oratorio,  1082', 
Cavalieri,  Bonaventura,  d.,  10823, 
Cavaliers  org.,  Eng.,  8852. 
Cavalli,  Pietro  Francesco,  b.,  10823  :   d., 

1083'. 


1212 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  Cava-Chai. 


•Cavalloii,  Juan  de,  gov.  Costa  Rica,  630' . 
Cavalry,  flret  used,  11401 , 
•Cavan,  E.  of,  title  createil,  881' . 
■Cavanagh,  Maurice,  murderer,  8663. 
CavaniUes,  Autoiiio  Jose,  b.-d.,  11283. 
Caviizza,  Elizabeth,  J'tne/ope,  33'23. 
Cave,  Edward,  b.,8982  ;  UeiUlnman's  Mag- 

asine, 9091;  d.,9123. 
,  Stephen,  in  Egy.,  659';  judge-advo- 

cate-gen.,  9792. 

,  William,  b.,  8822  ;  d.,  9042. 

■Cavelier,  Pierre  Jules,  b.,  7211. 

Caven,  J.  B.,  shot,  4722. 

Cavendish,  Lord  Edwanl,  d.,  10061 . 

,  Lord  Frederick  Charles,  b.  (1836)  ;  in 

Ire.,  9892  ;  stabbed,  9891 ;  conspirators, 

9911 ;  reward  ottered,  9892. 

,  George,  Life  of  Wtmlsey,  8711 . 

,  Henry,  b.,'9082  ;  hydrogen  gas,  9161 ; 

electricity,    9182  ;   water    composition ; 

gases,  9221 ;  nitric  acid,  9222  ;  water  elec- 
tricity, 924' ;  d.,  9351. 

Judge  de,  beheaded,  8603. 

,  or  Caudish,  Thomas,  b.,  8722  ;  com- 
mander, 6051 ;  at  Sao  Vicente,  6521 ;  d., 
8762. 

, ,  Duke  of  Newcastle,  b.,  876*  ; 

d.,  8942. 
,  Wm.,  Duke  of  Devonshire,  b.  (1640) ; 

minister,  8992  ;    lord  lieut.,    9093 ;    d., 

10062. 
, ,  E.  of  Harrington,  b.  (1720) ;  lord- 

lieut.,  9133  ;  d.  (1747). 
, Henry,  forms    ministry,    9232  ; 

dismissett,  9233. 
, ,  Sir,  b.,  8662  ;  d.  (1.557). 

Spencer  Gompton,  Marquis  Harting- 

ton,  b.  (1833) ;  minister,  9731 ,  9852,  9912  ; 
Liberal  leader,  9793  ;  on  Labor  Commis- 
siou,  10072. 

Society  founded,  9543. 

Caventou,  Joseph  B.,  b.,  7103  ;  discovers 

quinine,  7222  ;  d.,  7502. 
Cavill,  Mr.,  swims  Eng.  Channel,  9833. 
Cavour,  Camillio  Benso,  Count  di,  b.  1085' ; 
11  Risoraimento,  10871 ;  prime  minister, 
10873  ;  d.;  monument,  10882. 
Cawdor,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9412. 
Cawein,  Madison  Curtis,  Acciilon,  3302. 
Cawnpur  missi<m,  10471 ;  captured,  10481 . 
Caxamarea,  Peru,  entere<l,  201 . 
Caxton,'\Vm.,  b.,  8622  ;  drst  printing-press, 
8642  ;  works,  8642,  3,  8663;  d.,  866' . 

Society  formed,  9521 . 

Cayenne,  Guiana,  attacked,  10391 ;  French 

traders,  10391. 
CaylertsoUle,  Ky.,  conflict,  4211. 
Cayley,  Sir  George,  b.  (1773) ;  hot-air  en- 
gine ;  934s  ;  d.  (1857). 
Caylus,  Comte  de,  Anne  Claude  Philippe 
de  Tubiferes,  b.,  6942 ;  encaustic  pamt- 
Ing,  7002  ;  d.  (1763). 

Marquise  de,  Marthe  Marguerite  de 

Villette  de  Murcay,  b.  (1673) ;  d.,  0983. 

Caynal,  David,  ministerof  interior  affairs, 

France,  767'.  ■,,,-, 

Cayuga  and  Seneca  Canal  completed,  13i  a. 

fiidians  sell  lands,  101 1 . 

Cayvan,  Georgia,  b.,  184' .  .      .      ., 

Cazales,  Jacques  Antoiue  Mane  de,  b., 

7023  ;  d.  7163. 
Cazauran,  Augustus  R.,  d.,  331' . 
Cazotte,  Jacques,  b.  (1719) ;  Umble  Amour 

reux,  7052  ;  d.  (1792). 
Cean-Bermudez,    Juan    Augustin,    b.-d., 

11283.  .     . 

Ceara,  Braz.,repiiblic,.')552;  missions, 6o63; 
insurrections,  538'  ;  gov.  deposed,  5592. 
Ceawlin  at  Wimbledon,  840' ;  d.  (593). 
Cecchi,  Giovanni  Maria,  <1.,  10822. 
Cecil,  Lord  A.  P.,  drowned,  5882  ;  d.,  588' . 

,  Hobt.,  Earl  of   Salisbury,  b.,  872'; 

minister,  8773,  879' ,  2  ;  d.,  8792. 

, .    (See  Salisbury.) 

,  Win.,  Sir  [Lord  Burleigh],  b.  (1520); 

minister,  8712,  8732,  8753, 8773  ;   d.  (1598). 

,  Lieut.,  in  <luel,  9372. 

Cecilia,  St.,  d.,  10642. 
Cecilian  Coll.,  Ky.,  org.,  1863,2583. 
Cecrops,  king,  b.;  erected  altar  to  Jupiter, 
10131 ;  est.  matrimonial  ceremony,  10132 ; 
in  Attica;  king;  fnd.  civilization,  10133. 
Cedar  Bridge,  \«..,  encounter,  803. 

Creek,  Va.,  battle  of,  239' . 

Falls,  Tex.,  Normal  School  opd.,  2923. 

Hill  Cemetery  laid  out,  2513. 

Keys,  Fla.,  captured,  2022  ;  Mayor 

Cottrell  threatens  life,  3583. 
Mountain,  Va.,  battle,  2103. 


Cedar  Valley  Seminary  find.,  211' . 
Cedars,  The,  Can.,  captured,  822, 
Ceillier,  Remi,  b.,  0942;  d.,  7083. 
Celakowsky,  Frantisck  Ladislav,  b.,  519' ; 

d.  (1852). 
Celer,  legate  in  Tarragona,  10633. 
Celestial  globe  intro.,  1023' . 

maps  issued,  820' . 

Celestiue  I.,  St.,  pope,  10702  ;  d.  (432). 

II.,  pope,  10743;  d.  (1144). 

111.,  b.  (1106) ;  pope,  1075' ;  d.  (1198). 

IV.,pope,1075' ;  fnds.Celestiue8,10763; 

d.,  10762. 

v.,  b.  (1215) ;  pope,  10763. 

Celestines,  monastic  order  fnd.,  10763. 
Celibacy  of  clergy  imposed,  Aust.,  5042  ; 
in    It.,  10691,  10722;  in  Ger.,  10743;  en- 
forced, 7743;  inSwe., 11343;  in  Fr.,  7612. 
Oellarius,  Christoph,  b.,  7963  ;  d.,  7983. 
Cellier,  Alfred,  d.,  10062. 
Cellini  Benveuuto,  b.,  10791 ;  d.  (1570). 
Celman.    (See  Juarez  Celman.) 
Celsius,  Anders,  b.-il.,  11342. 

,  Glaus,  b.-d.,  11342; 

Celsus,  Aurelius  Cornelius,  b.,  10622;  £«. 
cyclnntedia,  10623. 

,  Platonist,  b.,  10642. 

Celtes,  Conrad,  b.,  7802;  d.,  7863. 
Celtiberians  revolt,  11251. 
Celtic  Society  flourishes,  9532. 

tribes,  Belgium,  5393. 

Celtis,  Konrad,  b.  (1459);   Amores,  7871; 

d.  (1508). 
Celuta,  asteroid,  discovered,  748i . 
Cemeteries,  Nat.  Congress  provides,  257 1 ; 

Gettysbm-g  soldiers'  dedicated,  2293. 
Cemetery  llidge,  battle  for,  224' . 
Cenci,  Beatrice,  b.  (1577) ;  d.,  10823. 
Cenidie,  captui'ed,  10262. 
Censure  of  govt,  pniiishahle,  Fr.,  7353. 
Census,  U.  S.  A.,  first  taken,  1033;  decen- 
nially taken,  1293,  18U3,  2713,  3053,  3613, 
3633, 3723, 373' ,  3823;  Investigating  Com- 
mittee resolution,  3993. 

,  Eng.,  9132,  9652. 

,  financial  census,  2733. 

(!eM/«ur,  sinks,  922'; 

Centenary  Biblical  Inst,  org..  Bait.,  2543. 

Coll.,  La.,  est.,  1323. 

Centennial,  Johnson's  voyage  in,  2933. 
Centennial  Day,  Y.  P.  S.  C.  E.,  3862. 

Exhibition,  Phila.,  2732,  2773,  2852,3, 

290' ,2,3,  2!).33,  7493. 
Loan  Exhibition  opens  in  N.  Y.,  333' . 

of  First  Kepublio,  Fr.,  763' . 

,  Washington's    inauguration,  N.   Y., 

338', 3,  3392. 
Centeno,  Diego  de,  b.  (1505) ;  Lake  liticaca, 

22';  d.  (1649). 
Centerburg,  O.,  fire,  4393. 
Centerville,  Dak.,  coal  discovered,  332'. 
,  Mich.,  tobacco  mnf.,  146' . 

Md.,  negro  Ivncbed,  3832. 

,  Va.,  McDowell  reaches,  1963  ;  occu- 
pied, 2043  ;  Conteds.  driven  west,  2122  ; 
evacuated,  2123;  Meade  advances,  228'. 

Contlivre,  Susannah,  b.,  9062;  d.,  8922. 

Cento  Novelle  Antlclie  appears,  1077'. 

Central  Africa,  liquor  traffic  petitions, 
3972.  (See  Congo  Free  State  Ger.  East 
Africa  ;  British  Slast  Africa.) 

Central  Agency  for  For.  Miss,  est.,  9902. 

Central  America,  wrecked,  1833. 

Central  America,  Toltecs  enter,  113;  semi- 
civilized,  14' ;  Federation  find.,  0303; 
Nicaragua  enters,  1103' ;  States  dissolve 
union,  6303  ;  Republics  treaty ;  Union, 
resolutions  6312  ;  non-interference  of 
Powers,  11032. 

Inter-Ocean  Canal,  Buhver-Clay- 

ton  treaty,  1672. 

A8ia,to  explore,  760' ;E.R.,opd., 11193. 

China  Mission  est.,  621'. 

City,  Neb.,  Central  Coll.  opd.,  322». 

W.  Va.,  explosion,  3993, 

Coll.,  fnd.  at  Enterprise,  Kan.,  3962. 


Central  Pennsylvania  Coll.   org.  at  New 
Berlin  (1855). 

R.  R.,  Ky.,  train  robbery.  111.,  4423. 

Tennessee  Coll.  chart,  !fe22. 

Univ.,  la.,  org.,  173' . 

,  Ky.  (S.  Pres.),  org.,  2863. 

Wcsleyan  Coll.,  Mo.,  fnd.,  2412. 

Centralia,  Mo.,  Bill  Anderson  at,  2382. 
Centre  College,  Ky.,  org.,  127'. 
Cepeda,  Argentine,  Urquiza  in,  4902. 
Cephalonia,  Byron  joins  Greeks,  10342, 


,' Lafayette,  Mo,,  org,,  1823, 

-    -•     -  •      usli: 


,  AjaiayeH''^,  i'l".,  "<&■,  »'-'-    • 

Falls,  R.  I.,  figured  muslin  in.  136' . 

Labor  Union,  Anti-militia,  4142. 

N.  Y.,  Conf.  Meth.  Epis.,  2762. 

Ohio  College,  fnd.,  3123. 

Pacific  E.  R. ;  ground  broken,  2193; 

connects  with  U.  Pacific  R.  R.,  2673; 
train  robbers.  3932. 

Park  suggested,  170';  begun,  182'; 

Morse  statue,  274' ;  Fitz-Greene  Hal  leek 
statue,  21H' ;  Egyptian  obelisk  ;  Burns 
statue  ;  Thomas  SVIoore  statue.  30<!' ;  lo- 
custs in,  3122;  obelisk  deteriorates,350' . 


Cephreu,  Egy,,  pyramid  opened,  6563, 
Ceracchi,  Giuseppe,  b,  (1760);  busts  by, 

102';  d,  (1800), 
Certjere,  captmed,  930' , 
Cerberus,  escapes,  920' ;  takes  ships,  934». 
Cer^eau,  Jean-Autoine  du,  b.,  6922;  d,, 

6983, 
Cerda,  Chris,  de  la,  gov.  Chili,  0052, 

,  Juan  Luis  de  la,  b,-d.,  11282. 

, Fernandez  Salinas  y,  gov.,  6302. 

Cerdague,  Sp.,  acquired,  679' ;   restored, 

6793.  „    ^    J 

Cerdic,  settles  in  Eng.,  7693  ;  at  Carford, 

840' ;  fnds.  Wessex,  8413. 
Ceres,  asteroid,  discovered,  1084' . 

captured,  936' . 

takes  Alfred,  882. 

wrecked.  Ire.,  9693. 

Liber  Temple  decorated,  10502. 

plays  introduced,  10742. 

teaches  bread-making,    1013' ;    wor- 
shiped, 10603. 
Cerestes,  action  at,  1156' . 
Cerignola,  It.,  battle  at,  6782. 

Cerinthus,  b.-d.,  1152' . 

Cerisier,  Antoine  Marie,  b.,  7003  ;  d.,  7243. 

Cerisoles,  It.,  battle  at,  68O2 

Cerium  discovered,  1130' . 

Cerna,  Gen,  Vicente,  pres,  Guatemala, 
10382:  defeated,  1038'. 

Cerne,  Eng.,  waterspout  damages,  1000'. 

Cerro  Blanco,  mines,  N.  Mex.,  3493. 

Gordo,  Mex.,  battle,  162' . 

Cersobleptes  captured,  1024' . 

Certott,  Salomon,  b.,  6822  ;  d„  6862, 

Cervantes  Saavedra,  Miguel  de,  b,-d., 
11282  ;  works,  1129', 

Cerveira,  Mauoel,  fnds,  St,  Felipe,  1161' . 

Cervolle,  Arnaud,  de,  b,-d.,  6732, 

Cesari,  Antonio,  b.,  (1760) ;  work,  10852  ; 
d.,  10862. 

Giuseppe,  painter,  b.,  10803  ;  d.,  10823. 

,  Giuseppe  Cavaliere  di,  b.  (1570) ;  d., 

Cesarotti,  Melchiore,  b.,  10842  ;  d.,  1085' . 

Cesnola,  di  Luigi  Palma,  b.,  140' ;  discov- 
eries in  Cyprus,  1158'  •      ,      ,     ,      „„, 

Cespedes,  Carlos  Manuel,  b.-<l.,  0322; 
fights  for  life,  632' ;  at  Yara  ;  insurrec- 
tionist, 6331  ;  leader,  632' ;  deiwsed,  6332. 

Cetewayo,  chief;  conflict;  death,  000' ,2,3. 

Cethegus,  conspirator,  10592, 

Cevallos,  Pedro,  b,-d.,  11283. 

Cevlon,  Eng.  takes,  9273  •  9392  ;  bishopric 
est.,  9483  ;  seat  of  Buddhism,  1043' ;  con- 
quered ;  Portuguese  in,  10133;  Dutch  in, 
1044' ;  Christianitv  intro.,  10443;  Brit,  in, 
10153  ;  revolt,  1046' ;  mission,  10402,3; 
1047',  10183;  Brit,  control;  Brit,  set- 
tlements seizeil,  1(M72. 

Chabannes,  Antoine  de,  b.-d.,  6762. 

Chabanon,  Michel  Paul  Guy  de,  b.,6983  ; 
d.,  7082. 

Chabas,  Franc  Joseph,  b.,  7222 

Chabert,  Jos.  B.  de,  b.,  0982  ;  d.,  7163. 

Chabot,  Philippe  de,  b.  (1480) ;  d-,  ;>8p3. 

Observatory,  Oakland,  Cal.,324i . 

Chabrias  in  Egypt,  10233  ;  d.,  10231 . 

Chabrillan,  Celeste  A'emard  de,  ComtesBO 
de  Moreton,  b.,  7242        ^^^    ,     „,,. 

Chabrol,  de  Volvie,  Gilbert  J.  G.,  b.,  (042  , 

d.,  7283.  .      J       ,    ^rj., 

Chabrouillaud,  editor  m  duel,  ;5C3. 
Chacabuco,  Spaniards  defeated,  6O61 . 
Chacon,  Pedro,  b.-d.,  ir2S2. 
Chacornac,  Jean,_b.  (1823) ;  discovers  plan- 

CharilImr\U'fpa«?Ansel,b.,  1302  ;d.  (18^2- 

ChM.ldo.k  Coll.,  fnd.  at  Quincy,  111..  2^3. 

Cliaa..„ine,  :SI.,  expelled  f rom  Bulg.,  .632. 

Chadwick,  Edwin,  b.,  9303  ;  d.,  10022. 

F.  E.,  Com.,  in  navy  dept.,  44i'«. 

S.  F.,  gov.  Ore.,  2973. 

Cha;ronea.  Gr.,  Philip  defeats  'Athenians 
andThebans,  10241 ;  SuHa  defeats  Arche- 
laus  ;  Mithridates  makes  peace,  1028' . 

Chain.  Gunter's,  made,  8781 , 

bridge,  first,  Eng.,  9401 . 


Chai-Char. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1213 


Chain  Pier  completed,  Eng.,  9402. 

Cbaitanya,  incarnation  of  V  islinu,  1043* . 

Chaix  (I'Est  .\nge,  GuBtave  Louis  Adolphe 
Victor  Cliarles,  b.,  7142  ;  d.,  7501 . 

Ghaka,  king,  .'>U73  ;  assassinated,  5992. 

Chalcodon,  fnd.;  10153  ;  taken,  lO*^' ;  Ecu- 
menical Council,  6543,  10703. 

Chalchuapa,  Barrios  killed,  10:i8' . 

Chalcis,  annexed  to  Syria,  11533. 

Chalgrin,  .Joan  F.  T.,  b.,  7002  ;  d.,  719' . 

Chalk  Bluff,  Ark.,  Gen.  Jeff  Thompson 
surrenders  at,  ^63. 

Challemel-Lacour,  Pierre  Marie  Paul 
Amand,  b.  (18'J7) ;  juinister,  7543  j  Pres. 
Senate,  7(i52. 

ChaHfUf/er,  life-boat,  patented,  95C2, 

Challis,  Thomas,  lord  mayor  London,  9572. 

Challoner,  Richard,  b.,  8982  •  bp.  of  Lou- 
don ;  d.,  92-22. 

Chalmers,  Alex.,  b.,  9143  ;  d.,  9462. 

,  Charles,  !>.,  d.,  10102. 

,  George,  b.,  9103  ;  d.,  9422. 

,  Robert,  d.,  9982. 

,  Thos.,   b.,  9203;  works,  9371,  9543; 

d.,9542  ;  statue  9821. 

ChAlons,  House  of,  in  Orange,  G813. 

,  taken,  7203,  7431 ;  Kepublican  out- 
break. 7351. 

sur-Marne,  occupied,  7401 . 

Chamapier,  Symphoren,  b.-d.,  6782. 

Chamberlain,  Dan.  H.,  gov.  S.  C,  2912, 
2932  ;  withdraws  claim,  2953. 

,  E.  T.,  in  treas.  dept.,  4472. 

— — ,  Joseph,  b.  (laifi);  banquet,  3272;  at 
Wash.,  D.  C,  3273, 4402;  minister,  9852, 
9952;  prest.  Unionist,  9992;  leader,  10091 . 

,  Joshua  Lawrence,  b.,  1361 , 

,  J.  L.,  gov.  Me.,  2593. 

Chamberlayne,  makes  iron  pens,  8962. 

Chambers,  B.  .J.,  nom.  3051 ;  vote,  3072. 

,  Ephraim,  b.,  8042;  d.,  9103. 

,  James  K.,  nom.  for  gov.,  3452. 

,  John,  gov.  La.,  1552. 

,  Itobert,  publisher,  b,,  9303;  d.,  9761 . 

, ,  publisher,  d.  9982. 

,  Sir  Thomas,  d.,  10062. 

,  Walter,  d.,  10102. 

,  Sir  Wm. ,4b., '9063;  builds  Richmond 

observatory,  9181 ;  d.  (1796). 

, ,  b.,  9302;  d.,  9922. 

, ,  cons,  bp.,  10082. 

Chambers's  Edinburgh  Journal,  9463. 

Chambers's  Encyclnusedia,  9983. 

Chambers,  of  Keunion  est.,  Fr.,  6933. 

Chambersburg,  Pa.,  raided  by  Confeds., 
2223;  Lee  enters,  2231 ;  burned,  2303. 

Chambly,  N.  Y.,  captured,  8O2. 

Charabon  de  Montaux,  Nicolas,  h.,  7003  • 
d.,  7242. 

Chambord,  Comte  de,  Henri  C.  F.  M.  D. 
d'Artois,  b.,  7223  ;  protests,  7332  ;  head 
of  Bourbons,  7473;  manifesto,  7492;  d., 
7541. 

Chambray,  Marquis  de,  Georges,  b.,  7051  • 
d.,  7302. 

Cliamfort,SebastienEochNioola8,b.,7002; 
d.,7102. 

Chamier,  Daniel,  b.,  6823;  d.,  6863. 

Chamillard,  Michel,  b.,  6902;  d.,  6982. 

Chaniilly,  Marquis  de,  Noel  Bouton,  b., 
6882;  d.,  6971. 

Chamisso,  Adelbert  von,  b.,  8042  ;  work, 
8103;  d.,  8143. 

Chamorro,  Pedro  Joaquin,  pres.,  11033. 

Chamousset,  Chevalier  de,  Claude  lliun- 
bert  Piarron,  b.,  6971  •  d.,  7042. 

Champagne,  I'hilliimede,  b.,B403;  d.,641i . 

Champaign,  111.,  Univ.,  org.,  2583. 

Champaubert,  allies  defeated,  7202. 

Champe,  John,  b.,  683;  d.,  IOSI . 

Champeaux,Guillauinede,b.-d.,6G82;fnd6. 
Univ.  of  Fr.,6711. 

Champfleury,  Jules  Fleury-Husson,  b. 
(1821)  ;  works,  7302,  7323  73G3,  7502;  d., 
(1889). 

Champigny,  Fr.,  taken,  7423. 

Charapillion,  Jean  Frauyois,  b.,  7082. 

Champion,  Edmund,  tortured,  8743. 

,  H.  H.,  in  Socialist  League,  9951 , 

Jim,  lynched,  3782. 

Championnet,  Jean  E.,  b.,  7023;  d.,  7142. 

Champion's  Hill,  Miss.,  battle,  2221 ;  Blue 
and  Gray  at,  3691. 

Champliiin,  Samuel  de,  b.-d.,  5703;  inCan., 
261,  273,  5713  ;  Des  Sauvaqes,  5711 ;  on 
Lake  Chainplain,  26i ;  explorer,  5713, 
Toyages,i571i;  battle  with  Indians;  on 
Lake  Huron,  28';  gov.,  31 1,  5731;  re- 
pulses Kirk,  5721 ;  at  Quebec,  301 . 


Champlain, Canal  navig.,1273;  eel.,  133'  ,3. 

,  Lake,  discovered,  261 . 

Valley,  Indians  in,  923. 

Champlin,  E.  T.,  speaker,  Minn.,  3752. 

,  John  Denison,  b.  (1834) ;  work,  3502. 

,  Stephen  Gardner,  b.  (1827);  d.,  2312. 

Champmesld,  Marie  JJesmares,  b.,  6883  ; 
d.,  tB43. 

Champney,  Benjamin,  b.,  1261 . 

,  James  Wells,  b.,  1561 . 

ChampoUion,  Jean  Francois,  b.  (1778) ; 
works  of,  7211 ,  7251 ,  7271 ;  d.,  72(52. 

Figeac,  Jacques  Joseph,  b.  (1778)  ;  d., 

7362. 

Champs  de  Mars,  Fr.,  attack  in,  7091. 
(See  Paris.) 

Chancellor,  Rich.,  explorer,  8701 ;  d.  (1,556). 

Chancellorsville,  Va.,  battle,  2221 ;  Grant 
attacked,  2322  ;  Battle-Field  Asso.,  2921 . 

Chancery  and  Common-Law-Offices  Act 
passes,  3712. 

Chan-Chia-wan,  Chinese  defeat,  6201. 

Chanch  Kayada,  battle  of,  606 1 . 

Chantl.'iusi  mission,  10483. 

Chandler,  Okla.,  bandits  attack  bank, 4663. 

,  Abiel,  b.,  891 ;  d.,  1082. 

,  Amelie  Rives,  works,  3331 . 

,  Charles  Frederick,  b.,  1462. 

,  Edward  Barron,  b.  (1800) ;  gov.  N.  B., 

D831:  d.  (1880). 

,  George,  in  interior  dept.,  3512. 

,  John  G.,  commis.  colonel,  4001. 

,  Richard,  b.,  9102  ;  d.,  935' . 

,  Samuel,  b.  (1794) ;  d.,  2582. 

,  S.  C,  Scientific  Soc;  dis.,  3942. 

,  William  Eaton,  b.,  1442  ;  minister  to 

Rus. ;  sec.  navy,  3111;  Hawaii  resolu- 
tions, 4232;  Roach  investigation,  4291 ; 
investigation  resolution,  4672. 

,  Zachariah,  b.  (1813) ;   sec.  interior, 

2892  ;  war  investigation,  2031 ;  d.,  3022. 

Chanfrau,  Frank  S.,  b.,  1482;  produces 
Mose:  liowerij  liny,  1041 ;  rt.  (1884). 

Chang,  enthroned,  6122  ;  dynasty ;  rules, 
6111;  overthrown,  6112. 

and  Eng,  twins,  d.,  2841 . 

Keo,  defeated,  6121 ;  controls,  6123. 

Ping,  waterspout,  6241 ;  flooded,  10921 . 

Changarnier,  Nicolas  A.  T.,  b.,  7082  ;  de- 
prived of  command,  7301 .  7313  ;  military 
demonstration,  7301 ;  d.,  7502. 

Changchow  taken,  6203, 

Changsunchi,  patroness  of  letters,  6122. 

Changti  I.,  enthroned,  6113. 

—  II.,  enthroned,  6113. 

Chang-wang,  executed,  6202. 

Yin  Huan,  power  to  make  peace,  6271 . 

Chan-King  port  opened,  0253. 

Cliannel,  Eng.,  naval  battle  in,  888I ,  9261 . 

Islands,  earthquake,  IOOOI . 

Channing,  Edward,  EnqVish  History, 4482. 

,  Edward  Tvrrel,  b.'(1790) ;  d.,  1781 . 

,  William  illlerv,  b.,  93i ;  works,  1271, 

1371 ;  preaches,  1282  ;  d.,  IM1 ;  birth  cel- 
ebrated, 3042. 

Chanson  de  Roland,  written,  6691 . 

Chansons  in  Fr.  literature,  6721 ,  6711 . 

Chantal,  Jean  F.  F.  de,  b.,  6823  ;  d.,  6883. 

Chantilly,  Va.,  action  at,  2122. 

Chantry,  Sir  Francis  Legatt,  b.,  9222  ;  d., 
9502. 

Chanzy,  Autoiiie  E.  A.,  b.,  7241 ;  gov.,  102; 
at  Bazoche  des  Hautes,  7423  j  at  Dijon 
le  Mans,  7431 ;  at  siege  of  Le  Mans:  de- 
feated, 7441 ,  8201 ;  d.,  7541 . 

Chaodyna8t.v,  6112. 

Chaohow,  enthroned.  Oil  1 . 

Chaoti,  enthroned,  6113. 

(^ha^>u  Kwang-yin,  war  with  Tartars,  6121 . 

Wang,  enthroned,  611 2. 

Chaoyang,  insurgents  defeated,  6261 . 

Chapa  mission,  10491 . 

Chapelaiu,  Jean,  b.,  6842;  Pucelle,  6911; 
d.,  6!)22. 

Chapel  Hill,  University  N.  C,  org.,  1063. 

,  Va.,  action  at,  2191 . 

Chapclle,  Claude,  E.  L.,  b.,  6863  ;  d.,  6942. 

Chapin,  Edwin  H.,  b.,  1331 ;  d.,  .3042. 

,  Mayor,  reviews  Italians,  3803. 

Chaplains  first  appointed,  Eng.,  88O2. 

Chapleau,  Jos.  X.,  scandal,  5922  j  gee. 
state,  5931 ;  resigns,  ,5932;  minister,  5943. 

Chaplin,  Henry,  minister,  9933,  10013. 

Chapman,  Alvan  Wentworth,  b.,  II6I . 

,  Fre<lrik   Heurik   af,    b.    (1721);    d., 

11361. 

George,  b.,  8721 ;  works,  8772,  8803, 

8771 ,  8783,  8883  ;  d.,  8822. 

,  Nathaniel,  b.,  93i ;  d.,  1722. 


Chapman,  OrlowW.,  in  justice  dept. ,351 2. 

,  Reuben,  b.  (1799) ;  gov.,  1033;  d.  (1882). 

,  Maj.   Wm.,   b.   (1810) ;    near  Pooles- 

ville,  Md.,  2123. 

Chapmansville,  W.  Va.,  action,  1983. 

Chapone,  Hester,  b.  (1727) ;  d.,  9303. 

Chap(x>,  attacked,  6162. 

Chappaqua,  N.Y.,  fire,  3553. 

Chiippe,  Claude,  b.,  7031;  first  telegraph; 
optical  telegraph,  7061 ,  7082;  d.,  7163. 

Chapsal,  Clias.  Pierre,  b.,  7062  ;  d.,  7342. 

Chaptal,  Jean  Antoine,  Comte  de  Chaiit«- 
loupe,  b.  (1756) ;  d.,  7262. 

Chapu,  Henri  M.  A.,  d.,  7602. 

Chapultepec,  Mex.,  battle  of,  1622. 

Charas,  Molse,  b.,  6863;  d.,  6943. 

Char-asiab,  battle  of,  61 . 

Charcot,  Jean  Martin,  d.,  7(H1. 

Chardin,  Jean,  b.,  6883;  d.,6963. 

Chardjin,  Komaroff,  Gen.,  arrives,  62. 

Chardon  de  la  Rochette,  Simon,  b.,  7011; 
d.,  7211. 

Charenton,  Fr.,battle,  6882;  colli8ion,7533.. 

Chares,  Gen.,  b.,  10243. 

,  bronze  statuary,  b.,  10263. 

Charibert,  king,  0052;  d.,  6652. 

Chariiatis,  hostilities,  10141. 

Charitable  Relief  Society,  org.  Eng.,  973'. 

CJharities  and  Correction  Conf.,  3583. 

Charity  Schools,  est.,  8903;  fnd.,  9043. 

Society,  Mass.,  find.,  991 . 

Charlemagne.    (See  Charles  the  Great.) 

Charlemagne,  published,  8483. 

Charlemo'nt,  Vise,  title  creat.,  8911,  9051.. 

C/tarlemojit  Packet,  wrecked,  9253. 

Charleroi,  riots,  5462  ;  mine  explosion, 
5473;  miners  strike,  5482. 

Charles  I.  of  Anjou,  b.-d. ,10742;  king  of  Na^ 
pies,  10153, 10763;  struggles  for  It.,  10772. 

III. of  Aust.,  k.  of  TVoSicilies,  10793. 

I.  of  Bohemia,  reigns,  5072. 

I.,  K.  of  Eng.,  b.  4^762  ;  reigns  ;  mar- 
ries ;  dissolves  Pari. ;  dismisses  Queen's 
servants,  8813 ;  aids  Waldeiises,  8822; 
exacts  war  loan ;  in  Edinburgh,  8831 ; 
Second  Hook  of  Sports,  8831 ;  rules  with- 
out Pari. ;  crowned  in  Scot.,  88;J2;  levies 
ship-money  impost  ;  agrees  with  Scots  ; 
meets  Covenanters  ;  favors  Episcopacy, 
8833;  in  Civil  War,  8841 ;  in  Edinburgh, 
8851 ;  at  Hull ;  distrusted  ;  retires  to 
Y'ork,  8852  ;  defeated  at  Chester  ;  sur- 
renders, 8861 ;  rejects  terms  ;  struggle 
with  Pari.,  8871;  agreement  with  Scot., 
8872  ;  in  Isle  of  Wight,  8872;  trial ;  be- 
headed, 8873;  d.,8862  ;  executioners  pmi- 
ished,  8912;  statue,  894 1 . 

II.,  b.  (1030) ;  king  of  Eng.,  8873  ;  in 

Scot.,  8862  ;  invaties  Eng. ;  at  Worces- 
ter; raises  regiment  in  Belg.,  8881 ;  proc- 
lamation against  Cromwell, 8892 ;  healer ; 
proclamation,  891 1 ;  tonnage  and  pound- 
age grant ;  income ;  abolition  ;  est.  coun- 
cils; proclaimed  king,  891 2;  king  A' a., 41 2; 
restoration  ;  crowned  ;  dowry.  8913;  pre- 
sents Lady  Castlemaine,  8911 ;  niarries, 
8913;  grants  Guiana,  10391;  promises, 
8911;  intro.  racing,  8931;  deserts  Hol- 
land, 11001 ;  closes  exchequer,  8932;  first 
lord  of  admiralty,  8933,  8972  ;  gift  from 
Fr.,  8951;  peace  with  Holland,  6933; 
treaty  with  Fr. ,  8053 ;  Winchester  palace, 
8961  ;  d.,  8972. 

I.,  the  Great,  or  Charlemagne,  b.-d., 

6642;  revives  learning,  7703;  reign,  7713, 
7722;controlsfreeinen,  7703;  defeats  Sax- 
ons, 7701 ;  description  of,  6651 ;  rebellion 
against,  7713;  subdues  Saxons,  6641 ;  de- 
stroys Lombard  kingdom,  7713,  10733; 
conquers  Desiderius,  0641 ;  king  of  N. 
Italy,  7713;  enlarges  kingdom  of  Pope,  . 
10723;  convenes  synod  ;  supports  Christi- 
anity, 64'>43  ;  at  war  with  Sp.,  7701 ;  im- 
poses tithes,  7702  ;  in  Westphalia,  7701 ; 
punishes  idolaters, 7702;  est.  school, 605 1 ; 
111  Pannonia,  6641 ;  est.  free  schools,  6651 ; 
at  Frankfort,  7713  ;  war  with  Avars, 
7701 ;  Frankfort  council,  10322  ;  delivers 
Aust., 5031 ;  naval  expedition,  7701 ;  shel- 
ters'and  restores  Pope,  7703, 7713; favors 
arts  and  sciences,  666 1 ;  patronizes  learn- 
ing, 6662;  crowned,  6663,  7713,  10733;  re- 
forms church,  6662;  intro.  heraldry,  7702; 
unites  It.  and  Ger.  ;  distributes  auminis- 
tration,  7731 ;  Homilarium,  7703  ;  against 
Danes,  7731;  d.,  6671;  canonized,  7782; 
monument,  5441 , 

II.,  the  Bald,  b.-d.,  6662;  oath,  666»;  at 

Fontenay, 7721;  king;  reigns,  6671,7731 ; 


1214 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column.  Char-ChaS. 


/" 


at  Andernach,  7721;  treaty  with>ortli- 
men  ;  emp.  of  Romans ;  6672;  invades  It. ; 
crowned  ;  poisoned,  7732  ;  d.,  6672. 

Charles  II.,  ttie  Bad,  of  Fr.,  revolutionist, 
6752;  rules  in  Navarre,  11273. 

theBoldo£Pr.,b.-d.,6762;atM,ontlh(5ry, 

at  Li^ge,  6781 ;  1).  of  Burgundy,  6792;  at 
Beauvais  ;  war  on  Swiss,  678' ;  war  ivitli, 
7861 ,  11373  ;  at  Granson  ;  at  Morat ;  at 
Nancy ;  killed,  6781 ,  786' . 

U.  or  111.,  the  Fat  of  Fr.,  b.-d.,  6662; 

king,  6672,  7732,  10732;  deposed;  abdi- 
cates ;  Qer.  empire  united,7732;  deposed, 
6672. 

III.,  the  Simple,  Fr.,  reigns;  d.,  6672. 

IV.,  the  Fair,  of  Fr.,  b.-d.,6722;  reigns, 

6751,  11273;  d.,  6751. 

v.,  the  Wise,  Fr.,  b.-d.,  6742;  refuses 

currency;  reigns,  6753;  war  in  Low 
Countries,  6801 ;  invades  Provence,  6802; 
in  Tunis,  11392;  d.,  6753. 

VI.,  Fr.,  atBoosebeke,  6742;  governs, 

6752,  6772;  reigns,  6753;  licenses  drama, 
10781;  marries  Isabelle;  insane,  6772; 
d.,  6773. 

VII.,  the  Victorious,  Fr.,  b.-d.,  6762; 

reigns,  6773;  est.  standing  army,  6762; 
siege  of  Metz,  7811 ;  at  Uoueu,  6781 ;  d., 

6791. 

VIII.,  the  Affable,  Fr. ,  conquers  Italy, 

goes  to  Fr.,  6782;  reigns,  6792;  marries 
Anne;  in  Italy,  6793;  in  Naples,  10793, 
6793;  d.,  6793. 

IX.,  Fr.,  b.,  6822;    reigns,  6833;    d., 

6853. 

X.,  Fr.,  b.,  7023;  crosses  the  Belts, 

6362;  king,  6853,  7253;  abdicates ;  In 
Eng. ;  sustains,  dismisses  ministers,  7253 ; 
leaves  Eng.,  7272;  family  banished,7273  ; 
d.,  7262. 

IV.,  Emp.,  b., 504  2 ;  reigns,  5072 ,  7832 ; 

at  Rome,  7821;  fnds.  Univ.  of  Prague, 
5071 ;  rebuilils  Prague;  issuesfjfo/rfeniiiiM, 
7833  ;  receives  Brandenburg,  7833  ;  di- 
vides lands,  7852;  d.,  7852. 

v.,  Emp.,  (Charles  I.  of  Sp.)  b.,  7863; 

king  of  Two  Sicilies,  10793;  K.  of  Sp., 
11293;  war  with  Rome,  lOSQi ;  elected 
emp.,  7892, 11293;  emp.  in  (ier.;  Diet  at 
Worms;  treaty  with  pope,  7892,3;  war 
with  Fr.,  7881  •  marries,  alliance  against, 
7893;  crowned,  7913,5093;  against  Prot- 
estants; war  with  Francis;  religious  war; 
decree,  7913;  besieges  Veulo,  10981;  in 
Fr.,  6832;  divides  kingdom ;  abdicates  ; 
resigns  Neth.;  resigns  empire;  in  monas- 
tery; d.,  7922,  7932. 

VI.,  Emp.    H.  K.  emp.,  5143,    7993  ; 

treaty  of  Vienna,  5151 ,2;  issues  Prag- 
matic Sanction,  7993;  d.,  5143,  8OI2. 

VII.,  Charles  Albert,  b.,  7982;  emp., 

8012;  refugee,  5152;  d.,  8003,  8013. 

II.,  king  of  Naples,  10772. 

I.,  of  Itoumania,  b.,  11123;  elected  Pr., 

11131 ;  king,  11132.  „     ,    u    , 

1,  of  Sp.  (Carlos),  (V.  of  Ger.),  b.-d., 

11263;  reigns,  11293.    (See  Charles  V.) 


-  IL,  Sp.,  reigns,  11293. 
huu 


III.,  Archduke  of  Aust.,  pretender, 

reigns  in  Sp.,  6972,  9031 ;  in  Eng.,  9031 ; 
in  Sicily,  10793  ;  takes  Saragossa,  11281 ; 
leaves  Sp.,  9W1 . 

III.,  of  Sp.,  b.  (1716) ;  king  of  Sioihes, 

10852  ;  reigns  in  Sp.,  11293  ;  d.  (1788). 

IV.,  of  Sp.,  b.  (1748) ;  reigns  ;  abdi- 
cates, 11312  ;  d.  (1819). 

I.  or  VII.,  of  Sw.,  reigns,  11351 . 

VIII.,  of  Sw.  (Knutsson),  b.  (1409) ; 

reigns  ;  dethroned,  11352  ;  d.,  11342. 

IX.,of  Sw.,b.-d.,  11342;  regent ;  reigns, 

11353. 

X.,  Gustavus,  of  Sw.,  b.  (1622);  defeats 

Poles;  invades  0en.;  in  Poland,  11341, 
6382 ;  reigns,  11353  ;  d.,  11342. 

XI.,  of  Sw.,  b.  (1655) ;  aids  Ger. ;  de- 
feats Danes,1134i  ;  reigns;  reforms,  11353; 
d.  (1697). 

XII.,  of  Sw.,  b.-d.,  11S42  ;  in  Holstein, 

6362  ;  prohibition  of  whisky,  11351 ;  in- 
vadas  Den. ;  at  Narva  ;  at  Riga  ;  at  Pul- 
tusk  ;  against  Peter  ;  in  Warsaw,  11141 ; 
despot;  Bees  to  Tur.,  11363;  k.,  11341. 

XIII.,  of  Sw.,   b.-d.,  11342  ;  reigns ; 

against  Napoleon  I.,  11363. 

XIV.,of  Sw.,  Jean  Baptiste  Jules Ber- 

nadotte  reigns  as,  11363  ;  treaty  with 
Alex.  I., 11171 ;  at  Mohrungen,  7161 ;  com- 
mands army  ;  in  Pomerania,  7201 ;  re- 
gains Hanover,  811 2, 


Charles  XV.,  of  Sw.,  b.-d.,  11361 ;  reigns, 

l.,'of  Bohemia,  enthroned,  5072  ;  d., 

6062.    (See  Charles  IV.)       . 

v.,  of  Aust.,  1).  of  Lorraine,  b.  (1643); 

Imperialist  gen.,  5122  ;  d.  (1690).        . 

L,  of  Wlirteinberg,  b.,  8122  ;   king, 

8231;  d.,  8361. 

,  Archduke  Aust.,  b.,  5163  ;  Fr.  War 

Coalition,  6I81 ;  takes  bank  of  Rhine, 
8073  ;  at  Zurich,  7122  ;  d.,  5203. 

,  Archduke,  in  Port.,  IIIO1 . 

,  Due  d'  Orl&ins,  b.-<l.,  6762. 

,  Duke  of  Brunswick,  7992. 

,  Duke  of  Graftcm,  lord  lieut.,  9073. 

III.,  Duke  of  Parma  (1849,  Mar.  14) ; 

stabbed,  10873. 

Duke  of  Richmond,  postmaster,  9452. 

,  Duke  of  Rutland,  d.,  9242. 

,  Prince  of  Aust.,  possessions,  5112. 

,  Prince  of  Bavaria,  in  army,  5261. 

,  Prince  of  Ger.,  married,  5482. 

,  Prince  of  Orleans,  works,  6763. 

of  Anjou,  war  with  Pedro  ;  at  Bene- 

vento,  6721 ;  K.  Two  Sicilies,  6732,  of 
Naples,  7803,  7813,  of  Sicily,  7813. 

of  Bavaria,geii.of  Confederation,824i . 

of  Blois,  at  Auray,  6741 ;  contends  for 

dukedom,  6751 

of  Bourbon,  married,  5363. 

of  Burgundy,  killed  ;  unites  with  l-d- 

ward  of  Eng.,  6792. 

of  Lorraine,  Silesian  Wars,  5141 ,  2. 

of  Luxemburg,  anti-king,  7832. 

Albert    (Carlo   Alberto   Amadeo),  of 

Sardinia,  b.,  10843  ;  aided  by  Fr.,  7013  ; 
D.  of  Bavaria,  8012;  archduke;  king; 
emp.,  8012, 5152;  Aust.  inheritance, 6152; 
enters  Milan,  5201 ;  abdicates,  10873  ;  d., 
10863. 

Alexander,  D.  of  Wiirtemberg,  8012. 

Alex.,  grand  D.  of  Saxe-Weimar,  8193. 

.\nthony,  Pr.,  resigns,  8191 ;  d.,  8302. 

Augustus,  invades  Denmark,  6361 . 

Edward,  Louis  Philip  Casimir  (Young 

Pretender),  b.  (1720) ;  in  Scot..  910i ,  9113; 
escapes  to  Fr.,  9101 ;  d.  (1788). 

Emmanuel  I.  (III.  of  Savoy),   king, 

10833, 10852  ;  at  Geneva,  11371 ;  d.,  6882. 

Eugene,  Duke  of  Wiirtemberg,  8012. 

,  Felix,  king  of  Sardinia,  10872. 

,  F.  M.,  cons,  cardinal  priest,  5322. 

,  Frederick,  margrave,  8012;  acquires 

Batlen-Baden.  8033;  Grand  D.,8093,  8152. 

Wm.,  Duke  of  Brunswick,  8113; 

assumes  gov't  Brunswick,  8133. 

,  Jacques  Alex.  C<;sar,  b.,7003;  d.,  7241 . 

.Joseph,  d.,  7202. 

Lewis  Frederick,  Grand  Duke,  811 1 . 

Louis,  heir  Aust.,  5313  ;  putative  re- 
gent, 5332. 

Martel,  Duke  of  Austrasia,  b.-d.,  7702. 

Robert,  king  of  Hungary,  5053. 

,  Theodore,    elector,   8013  ;    claims  of 

Aust. ;  duke  of  Bavaria,  8053. 

William,  margriive,  7973. 

Wm.  Ferd.,  duke  of  Brunswick,  8053. 

Charles  W.  Wetmore,  sails,  3853. 
Charlesbourg,Can.,fortr.  at,23i ;  fnd.,5712. 
CharleMon,  CTuiser,  3381 ,  »44i ,  3821 ,  3901 . 

,  Ind.,  Baptist  Church,  at,  1083. 

,  Mo.,  action  at,  1981. 

,  N.  C,  Savannah  escapes,  1961 . 

,  S.  C,  fnd.,  451 ;  Baptist  Ch.  est.,  482, 

522,  542;  Episcopal  Ch.  est., 482;  c.apital, 
491 ;  settlements,  493;    Huguenot  Presb. 
Oh.,  .502;  custom  officer,    est.,  503;    Fr. 
defeated,  56i ;  massacre,  581 ;    printing- 
press,  623;  s.C.  Gazette,  623  ;St.  Michaers 
ch.   built,  683  ;  Bap.    Asso.    fmd.,    691; 
Jewish  congregation,  742  ;  theater  opd., 
781;  981;  Brit,  fleet  off,  822;  Lafayette 
at,  862;    attacked;   invaded,  91 1;  bom- 
barded ;  taken  by  Brit.,  92i ;  evacuated, 
941-    Prot.  Epis.  Conven.,  982;    Ed.  O. 
Genet   at,  1051;    flre,    1073    1493,  2013; 
Monthly  Reqlster,  1131 ;  earthquake,124i ; 
yellow  fever,  1273;    R.  C.  diocese  est., 
1283  ;  night  or  Sunday  schools  prohib- 
ited for  slaves,  131 2 ;  Howard  monument, 
1361 ;  SouthernAgriciiltnralistest.;  .'South- 
ern Reriew  est.,  1371 ;  Railroad  to  Ham- 
burg, 1393;   army  at,  1412;  proslayery 
mob,  1462;  Snuthem  Quarterlii  Review, 
est.,  1651;  Elliot  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  org., 
1721-  fire,  1793;  Russell's  Mariazine  eat., 
1823;  Echo  arrives,  1851 ;  Maj.  Anderson 
at  ;  arsenal  seized  ;  flag  removed  ;  State 
seizes  the  forts,  I88I ;  excited  by  election; 


war  meeting,1883;  State  Conven.  at,1892; 
under  Gen.  Beauregard,  I92i ;  forces  un- 
der Confederacy,  193' ;  blockaded,  1942, 
202 1 ,  2033 ;  blockade  run,  200 1 ,  2002 ,  202 1 , 
2072  ;  harbor  obstructed,  2022;  harbor 
attacked,  2182;  ttredou,2261 ;  Weehawken 
sinks,  2283  ;  Hausatonic  destroyed,  2302; 
Patapsco  blown  up,  2421  ;  Confeds.  retire, 
2422  ;  martial  law,  2422;  Fed.  flagat,2432; 
mass  meeting,  2471 ;  Freednien's  conven., 
2483  ;  new  constituti<m  ;  State  Conven. 
meets,  2611 ;  H.  P.  Northrop  cons,  bp., 
3102;  H.  D.  Howren,  preaches, 3383;  Mil- 
itary Acad.,  reopd.,  3102;  cyclone,  3201 ; 
earthquakes,  3241, 3741;  longshore-men 
(white)  secede,  3543;  gala  week,  4171; 
liquor  stores  raided,  4502;  chamber  of 
commerce  eel.,  4503;  C.  Coll.  org.  (1785). 
Charleston,Tenn.,  Confeds.  defeated,  2283. 

,  w.  Va.,  retreat  to,  1903;  action  near, 

2142,  2161 ;  Constitutional  Conven.,  2772; 
capital,  2972. 
Charlestown,   Mass.,   fnd.,  313  ;  Court  of 
Assistants,  331 ;  paper-mill,  601 ;  arsenal 
emptied,   78i ;    tea  arrives,  783;  burnt, 
802  ;  troops  disheartened,  82i ;  Howard, 
1432. 
Charlet,  Nicolas   Toussaint,  b.,  7082;  d., 
monument,  1361  •  Cath.  persecuted,  728». 
Charlevoix,  Can.,  laudslide,  6961 . 

,  Pierre  Franfois  Xavier  de,  b.,  48i ;  d., 

6923;  in  Can.,  5751 ;  is'ew  trance ;  ascends 
Mississippi,  5752;  d.,  7523. 
Charlois,  disc,  planets,  6CO1 ,  7661 . 
Charlotte,  N.  C,  Brit,  enter,  922;  branch 
mint  est.,  1452;  mint  seized,  1951 ;  Davis 
arrives, 2462;  BiddleUniv.org.,2683,2963. 

,  Augusta,  Princess,  b.  (17%) ;  d.,  9382. 

Countess  of  Derby,  defense,  8841 . 

,  Empress  of  Mexico,  in  Paris,  7371 ; 

mission  to  Fr.,  7372. 

,  Princess,  b.,  9283;  weds,  9391. 

,  Sophia,  b.  (1744);  weds.  9153;  d.  (1818). 

Charlottenburg,Ger.,statue  William, 8321. 
Charlottesville,  Va.,  Sheridan  in,  2423;  ob- 
servatory est.,  3201 . 
Charlottetown,   Can.,  diocese  est.,  5i82  ; 
battery's    prize,    5881;    Examiner  and 
Island  Arqus,  6803. 
Charlton,  Sir  John,  gov.  Ire.,  8673. 
Charnier,  Adni.,  in  Fr.  Coeh.-China,  4801 . 
Charnock,  Kobt.,  executed,  9011 . 
Charost,  Arniand  Joseph  de  Bethune  de, 

b.,  6982;  d.,  7142. 
Charpeutier,  Francois,  b.,  6863;  d.,  6962 
Charras,  Jean  Baptiste  A.,  b.,  7191;  d., 

7362 
Charrifcre,  Madame  de  St.  Hyacinthe  de, 
Isabelle  Agnes  Van  Tuyll,  b.,  7002  ;  d., 


7163 
Charron,  Pierre,  b.,  6803;  work,  6871 ;  d., 

Charter  Oak,  Conn.,  hiding,  6II;  blown 
down,  1813. 

of  Liberties  passed,  492,  8492,  85i  1 . 

schools  est..  Ire.,  9091. 

Charters,  Can.,  revoked,  5731 . 

Chartier,  Alain,  b.-d.,  67G3;  works,  6763. 

Chartists  org.,  G.  B.;  Asso.  est. ,9472;  meet- 
ing, 9492;  petition  of,  9493;  demonstra- 
tion occiirs,  9552. 

Charton,  Edouard,  b.,  7163;  d.,7502. 

Chartres,  Fr.,  Northmen  routed,  666'; 
ceded  to  Crown,  6713;  taken,  7421;  an- 
nexed to  Crown,  6732;  treaty,  6772. 

Due  de,  Robert  Philippe  Louis  Eugene 

Ferdinand  d'Orltons,  pr.,  b.,  7282  ;  in 
V  S.Army,1983.    (See  Robert  Philippe.) 

Chase,  Carleton,  b.,  1042;  cons.  P.E.bp., 
1503;  d.,  2682. 

Ira  J.,  b.,  1042;  gov.  Ind.,  3962, 4092; 

d.;  2392. 

,  Philander,  b.,  823;  cons.  bp.  of  Ul., 

1263,  1443;  d.,  1701. 

,  Salm<m  Portland,  b.,  1142;  pres.:^ee 

Soil  conven.,  1651 ;  gov.  O.,  1812;  bw. 
Treas.,  1931 ;  Nat.  Banking  system,  2013, 
resigns,  2363;  d.,  2802  ;  bust,  2^2. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  642;  justice,  1073,  m»; 

d.,  1162. 

,  Wm.  F.,  b.,  1661. 

Chaska,  Minn.,  accident,  4722. 

Chasles,  Michel,  b.,  7(«2;  d.,7522. 

,  Victor  E.  PhilarMe,  b.,7142;d.,746i. 

Chasse,  David  Heindrick,  b.-d.,  llOn  ;  su> 
renders  Antwerp,  11021 .  ^     ^.     »r. 

Chasseloup-Laubat,  Marquis,  Justm  JS»- 
poleon  Samuel  Prosper,  b.  (1805);  pre6. 
state  council,  7392;  <!.  (1873). 


Chas-Chic. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1215 


Chassepot,  Antoiue  Alphonse,  b.,  7262  ; 

rifle,  adopted  by  Fr.,  736i . 
Chiistolaiu,  Georges,  b.-<l.,  5393. 
Chastelard,  Pierre  Boscoscel  de,  b.,  6803  ; 

d.,  6S22. 
Chast^loer,  Marchioness  de,  k.,  6462. 
Cha^^teler,  Jean  du,  b.,  5163  ;  a.,  5202. 
Chastelet,  Gabrielle,  Marquis  Uu,  b.,  6963; 

d.,  7003. 
Chastellaine,  Georges,  b.  (1405±) ;  Jacques 

de  Lalaing,  6783  ;  d.  (1475). 
CUastellux,  Fraiiyois    Jean,  Marquis  de, 

b.,  6983  ;  a.,  7062. 
Chatard,  Francis  Silas,  b.  (1835) ;  cons.  R. 

C.  bishop,  2983. 
Chateaubriand,   Francois  Rend,  Vicomte 

de,  b.,  7(>42;  visits  U.  S.,   105»;  works, 

7131 ,  7151 ,  7251 ;  d.,  7302. 
Cliateau-Cambresis,  treaty.  6832,  8732. 
Chateau  Gaillard,  Fr.,  captured,  6701 . 
Chateaudun,  Fr.,  massacre,  6712;  stormed, 

7421 ;  recaptured, 7422. 
Chjiteauroux,  ^Marquis  de,  b.  (1717)  ;  guides 

Louis  XV.,  7013  ;  d.  (1744). 
Chatel,  Abb6,  fails  in  eatab.  church,  7263. 
,  Jean,  b.,  684 1 ;  assjiasin  faila,  6861; 

d.,6*t2. 
Chatham,  Can.,  R.  C.  diocese  est.,  5802;  The 

World  issued,  6843. 
,  Eng.,  vessels  launched,  966i,  9701. 

(See  names  of  vessels.) 

,  Earl  of.    See  Pitt,  Wm. 

ChEltillon-sur-Seine,  Fr.,  Congress,  7212. 
Ch^tilion  le  Due,  attacked,  7422. 
Chatnole,  Eng.,  water-spout  at,  lOOOi . 
Chutrain,  Alexandre,  b.,  7242  ;  d.,  7601, 
Chatsworth,  111.,  R.  R.  accident,  3273. 
Ckfittahi^icliee,  Confeds.  burn,  2462. 
Chattanooga,   Tenn.,  Rosecrans  at,  2262; 

Biege  of,  2262,3;  Sherman  tights  battles, 

2282,  2322  ;  Johnston  at,  2361 ;  survivors' 

reunion,  3441 ;    (j.  S.  Grant  Univ.  org., 

2543,  Confed.  reunion,  3623;  tire,  3833, 

3933;   raiders'   monument,  3841;  negro 

trial,  4082  ;  lynching,  4303  ;  AVcrts  shot, 

4502. 
Chatterton,  Thos.,  b.,  9123  ;  poems,  9163  ; 

d.,  9183. 
Chatti  War,  10641. 
Chaucer,    Geolfrey,    b.-d.,    8562 ;    works, 

8683,  8603. 
Chaudet,  Antoine  Denis,  b.,  703i ;  d.,719i. 
Chaudi^re  Valley,  Can.,  inundated,  5921 . 
Chauffepie,  Jacques  George,  b.-d.,  1101 1 . 
Chau-Kia-Keo  mission,  6242. 
Chaulieu,  GuUlaume,  Amfryede,  b.,6882  ; 

d.,  6982. 
Chaul-Mong,  emp.  of  Annam,  4382. 
Chaumette,  Pierre  Gaspard,  b.,  703i ;  d., 

7102.    . 
Chaumonot,  treaty  of ,  9373;  allies  at,  8112. 
,  Pierre  Marie  Joseph,  b.  (1611);  mis- 

Bionary,  40i j  d.  (1693). 

, M.  J.,  b.,  6862  ;  a..  6942. 

Chauncey,  Isaac,  b.,  762  ;  a,,  162i . 

,  Jolm  S.,  Cominoaore,  d.,  274i . 

Chauncy,  or  Chauncey,  Charles,  b.,  562  j 

Pres.  of  Harvard,  39i ;  d.,  442. 

,  Charles,  lawyer,  b.,  891 ;  a.,  1661 . 

Chaussard,  Pierre  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  7031 ; 

d.,7241. 
Chaussde,  Pierre  Claude  Nivelle  de  la,  b., 

e942  ;  works,  6992  ;  d.,  7022. 
Chaussier,  Francois,  b.,  7003  ;  d.,  7243. 
Chautauqua,  N.Y.,  Chautauqua  Coll.  est., 

2823  ;  first  Assembly,  2^3  ;   College  of 

Liberal   Arts  ond.,    4102  ;    c.    Literary 

and  Scientific  Circle  org.,  3003  ;  w.  R. 

Harper  at,  3423. 
Chauvelin,  Francois  Bernard  de,  b.,  7031 ; 

d.,7262. 

,  Germaine  Louis  de,  b.,6923  ;  d.,7023, 

Chauvenet,  Wm.,  b.,  1282  ;  a.,272i . 
Chauvin,  Can.,  colony  of,  5713. 

,  Etienne,  b.,  6883  ;  a.,  6982. 

Chaxiz,  Fray  Fuan  de,  gov.  Costa  Rica,  6302. 
Chavez,  Honors  Jos.,  b.,6423  ;  d.  (1877). 
Chaves,  Juan  de,  gov.  Costa  Rica,  6302, 
Chavigny,  Th^aore,  a.,  7012. 
Chawortli,  Baron,  title  createa,  9451 . 
Chazal,  Antoine,  b.,  7082  ;  a.,  7322. 
Chazelles,  Jean  Mathieu  de,  b.,  6902  ;  d., 

6963. 
Cheat  Mt.,  W.  Va.,  battle,  1982. 
Cheatham,  Benjamin  Franklin,  b.  (1820) ; 

at  Murfreesboro,  2171 ;  a.  (1886). 
Chedel,  Quentin  Pierre,  b.,  8902  ;  d.,  7023. 
Chedorlaomer,  in  Assyria,  11401 . 
Chee-Foo,  famine,  persecution,  6251. 


Cheesinan,  J.  J.,  pres.  Liberia,  11612. 

Cheetham  College  founded,  8883, 

Cheever,  Ezekiel,  b.,  26i ;  d.,  662. 

,  Geo.  B.,  b.,  1141 ;  a.  (1890). 

Chefket  Pasha,  at  Plevna,  6652. 

Chefu,  mission,  6203,  6222,3  J  rioters,  6243; 
fleet  returns,  6261;  Russians  at,  6203; 
convention  signed,  9812. 

Cheke,  Sir  John,  b.  ^514)  a.,  8721. 

Cheliemen,  ^longol  leader,  6151. 

Chelius,  Maximilian  J.,  b.,  8062;  d.,  8282. 

Chelmsford,  Eng.,  St.  Mary's  Church  built, 
9293. 

,  Baron,    title    created,    959i.     (See 

Thesiger.) 

Chelsea  Hospital  fnd.,  8951 ;  waterworks 
built,  9073;  Carlyle  statue,  9901;  Chem- 
ical Industrial  Society  fiia.,  3061 ,  9881 ; 
chemical  rays  ais.,8062. 

Chemical  mnf.  at  Salem,  Mass.,  1182. 

Society  formed,  9501 ,  9881 . 

,  Am.,  2961 ,  4G43,  4781 . 

Chemistry,  system  fnd.,  8001  ^  Moors  intro- 
duce, 11262. 

Chemnitz,  Johann,  b.,  8002  ;  d.,  8063. 

,  Martin,  b.,  7882  ;  d.,  7922. 

Chemnitzer,  Ivan  Ivanovitch,  b.-d.,  11143. 

Che-nan-foo  mission,  6222. 

Chenango  Canal,  N.  Y.,  completed,  1493. 

Chenavara,  Paul  Joseph,  b.,  7163. 

Client^aoll^,  Charles  Julien  Pioult  de,  b., 
7W2;  Genius  of  Man,  111'^ ;  d.,7262. 

Chenevix,  Richard,  b.,  9191 ;  d.,  9442. 

Cheney,  Benj.,  gives  Webster  statue,  3222. 

— — ,  Charles  Eaward,  b.,  1462  ;  cons.  Re- 
formed Episcopal  bishop,  2822. 

,  John,  racing  calendar,  9071 . 

,  Person  C,  governor  N.  H.,  2912. 

Cheng  Ku,  mission,  6243. 

Chenier,  Andr4  Marie  de,  b.,  7031 ;  works, 
7063  ;  d.,  7102. 

Cli^nier,  Ix>ui8  de,  b.,  6982  ;  d.  (1796). 

,  Marie  Joseph    de,  b.,  703' ;   works, 

7063,7171;  d.,  7191. 

Chenot,  Claude  Bernard  Adrien,  b.,  7143  ; 
d.,  7322. 

Chentu  fu  mission,  6231 . 

Chenu,  Jean  Charles,  b.,  7163  ;  a.,  7521 . 

Chen-Yeun,  sunk,  6261 ;  damaged,  6272. 

Cherasco,  treaty  of,  6892. 

Cheraw,  S.  C,  Confeds.  defeated,  2423. 

Cherbourg,  Fr.,  captured,  6761 ,  6791  •  for- 
tiflcations  razed,  702i,  9141;  Alabama 
destroyed  otf,  2343  ;  Brit,  fleet  at,  7371 ; 
occupied,  7431 ;  torpedo  boat  sinks,  7581 , 
7601. 

Cherbuliez, Charles  Victor,  b.,7262;  works, 
7351 ,  7383, 7482, 7522, 7562 j  Academician, 
7522. 

Cheri,  Rose  Marie  Cizos,  b.,  7242;  d.,  7342. 

Cherif  Pasha,  minister,  6592. 

Cherino,  Diego  de  Artieda,  fnd.,  Esparza  ; 
gov.,  Costa  Rica,  6301 . 

Cherizy,  attack  repulsed,  7421. 

Chermside,  Col.,  in  Sudan,  0603. 

Cherokee  I.  Ter.,  boomers  expelled,  3541. 

County,  Kan.,  lead  discovered,  296i . 

Strip,    Okla,,  3653,     3363;      settlers; 

boomers,  4393,8382;  White  Caps  terror- 
ize, 4442;  bonds  bid,  4331 . 

Cherokees,  at  Fort  Loudon,  war  with, 
721 1;  treaty,  1072;  mission,  1103,  1343, 
1263,1303,1322;  expelled,  1271;  alpha- 
bet invented,  133i ;  seminary  for  girls, 
3423. 

Charon,  Elizabeth  S.,  b.,  6883;  a.,  6963. 

Cherops  rules  Gr.,  10152. 

Cherrapooujee  missii^in,  1047'. 

Cherry  Valley,  N.Y.,Inaian  massacre,  901. 

,  Philippe,  b.,  7023;  a.,  728* . 

trees,  Eng.,  protected,  9051 . 

Cherub,  captures  Essex,  1221 . 

CUerubini,  Maria  Luigi  Carlo  Z.  Salvatore, 
b.,  10842;  lA)doiska,\3'2A2;  d.,  10862. 

Chervreuse,  Duehesse  de,  b.,  686I . 

Chesapeake,  attacked  by  Leopard,  1141, 
1173;  takes  prizes;  captured,  1202,9333. 

and  Ohio  R.  R.,  op.,  2853. 

canal,  completed,  1533. 

Bay,  Va.,  explored,  ^3 ;  Brit,  in,  902; 

Am.  vessels  in,  942;  blockaded,  1201 . 

Chesebro,  Caroline,  b.,  1361 ;  a.,  2802. 

Cheseiaon,  William,  b.,  8982;  a.,  9123. 

Chesham,  Baron,  title  created,  9691 . 

Cheshire,  inundated, 8402;  Royalist  rising, 
8893. 

,  Joseph  B.,  Jr.,  cons.  bp.  N.  C,  4401 , 

Cheshunt  College,  W.,  opene<i,  9171 . 

Chess-player,  mechanical  automaton,  918i . 


Chester,  Eng.,  battle,  &421,  886 1 ;  walls 
built,  8463;  ravaged,  8461 ;  mysteries 
performed,  854 1 ;  tire,  8653;  gee  erected, 
8G83;  practical  technical  school,  find., 
9603;  Fenians  attack,  9703,  9712;  town 
hall  opa.,  9733;  cathearal  opa.,  9762, 
9803;  Bp.  Jayne  cons.,  9983. 

,  Mass.,  R.  R.  aeciaent,  4373. 

,  N.  S.,  Bapt.  miss.  soc.  org.  5783. 

,  Pa.,  colonists,  conven.,  492;  Progres- 
sive Friends,  org.,  1723;  explosion,  31i3; 
syndicate,  3633;  leprosy  in,  3713;  largest 
steel  plate,  4701. 

,  John,  moderator,  1311. 

,  Joseph  L.,  b.,  130i ;  a.,  3102. 

,  Wm.  Bennett,  cons,  bp.,  9922. 

Chesterfleia,  Duke  of,  title  created,  8831. 
See  Stanhope. 

Chestertown,  JNId.,  Wash.  coll.  org.,  952. 

Chestnut  James,  b.  (1815) ;  senator,  ex- 
pelled, 1973. 

- —  Ridge,  Md.,  Bpt.  church  built,  651 . 

Chesub  Chunaer  Sen.,  in  Loudon,  9742. 

Chetham,  James,  buys  papers,  1103. 

Chetwyna,  Viscount  of,  title  created, 905' . 

Cheu  Kin  Lung,  capturea,  6251 . 

Chevalier,  Antoine  de  Rodolphe,  b.,  6783; 
d.,  6823. 

,  Michael,  b.,  7163  ;  Material  Interests, 

7212;  d.,  7521. 

.  Sulpice  G.  P.,  b.,  7143;  d.,  7362. 

Chevallier,  Jean,  Baptietie  Alphonse,  b., 
7082;  d.,  7621. 

Chevereau,  M.,  minister  interior,  7393. 

Chevreau,  Urbain,  b.,  6862  ;  d.,  6943. 

Chevreul,  Michel  Eugene,  b.,  7061 ;  w"ork, 
7251;  d.,  7581. 

Chevreuse,  Duehesse  de,  Marie  de  Rohan, 
b.  (1600);  a.,  6923. 

Cheverus,  Jean  Louis  Anne  Madeleine  Le- 
febre  de,  b.,  7032  ;  cardinal,  7262  ;  d. 
(1836). 

Cheverus,  John,  missionary,  982. 

Cheves,  Langdon,  b.,  85i ;  speaker,  1232; 
d.,  1801.* 

Cheyenne,  Colo.,  riot,  4163. 

,  Guiana,  Fr.,  settlements,  333, 

,  Wis  ,  grasshoppers, '4701 . 

,  Wyo.,  C.  Evening  Leader,  est.,  2582  ; 

R.  C.  dio.  est. ;  deaf  and  dumb  school, 
3342;  constitutional  conven.  346i ;  flrst 
state  legislature3713  ;  Mormons  church 
est.,  3622. 

Cheylesmore,  Baron,  title  created,  9963. 

Ch^zy,  Antoine  L^on.  de,  b.,  7042;  d.,  7262. 

Chlabrera,  Gabriello,b.,  10803;  d.,  10823, 

Chiapas,  Garcia  Granados  invades,  10381 . 

Chiang  Chin  mission,  6203. 

Chiari,  Lombardy,  French  defeat,  6941 . 

Cliiaroecuro  engraving  invented,  7862. 

Chicago,  wrecked,  4113. 

,  Fort  Dearborn  est.,  1133;  McCormick 

theological  seminary  est.,  1383 ;  lots  sold; 
surveyed,  1393- on  frontier;  a  steamboat 
arrives,  1413  ;  Baptist  church  org.,  1422  ■ 
The  Democrat  est.,  1423;  bank  est.;  mail 
in  1834,  1453  ;  incorporated,  1473  ;  water 
supplied,  1533  ;  R.  C.  see  erected,  1581 ; 
theater  opd.,  1622  ;  Chicago  Tribune  est., 
1631 ;  River  and  Harbor  Conven.  meets, 
1633  ;  cholera,  1673,  1753  ;  nullifies  Fu- 
gitive Slave  Law,  169 1;  Board  of  Traae 
org.;  gas  in,  1693  ;  through  train  arrives, 
1713 ;  R.  R.  coll  ision ;  Galena  ana  Chicago 
Union  R.  R.  opd.,  1733  j  Masonic  Temple; 
water-works,  1753  ;  license  riot,  1763  ; 
wooden  pavement,  1813  ;  Theolog.  Sem. 
opd.,  1822  ;  first  street-cars ;  Rose  Hill 
cemetery  est.,  1873  ;  charter  amended, 
1931 ;  Board  of  Public  Works  org.,  1963  ; 
Graceland  cemetery  est.,  2033  ■  Chicago 
Times  suppressed,  2052,  2222  ;  Dearborn 
Observatory  fnd.,  217 1 ;  Branch  Sanitary 
Commission  org.,  2172  ;  Sanitary  Fair 
opd.,  2273,  2472  ;  water-works  tunnel, 
2313,  2553,  2573;  Democratic  National 
Conven.,  ^3  ;  Confed.  prisoners  near; 
Oakwood  Cemetery  est.,  2413  ;  funeral 
of  Linuoln ;  Union  Stock  Yards  opa., 
2493;  Ger.'Mannerchor  org.,  2501 ;  Cook 
County  Hospital,  est. ,2503 ;  Crosby  Opera 
House  lottery,  256 1 ;  Douglas  monument, 
2553  ;  burned,  2613  ;  Republican  Nat. 
Conven.,  2631 ;  Der  Nordamerikanische 
Sangebund  org.,  2641 ;  Wash.  St.  tunnel 
opd., 2663  ;  Lake  Side  Monthly  est.;  St. 
Ignatius  Coll.  est.,  2062;  Nat.  Temper- 
ance Conven.,  meets,  2663  ;  West  Side 
Park  Commissiou  org.,  2672,  a  j  Nat.  Pro- 


1216 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDKX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


Chic-Chin. 


hibition  Party  org.;  Irish  Nat.  Couven. 
meets,  2G72  ;  parks  laid  out;  Douglas 
Park  ;  Lincoln  Park  ;  Humboldt  Park  ; 
Garfield  Park  ;  Jacksou  Park,  2693  ; 
Public  Library  est.,  2822;  Grand  Pacific 
Hotel  opd.  ;  Palmer  House  opd,,  2833  ; 
circulating  library  opd.,  2843  ;  C\  Daily 
News  est.,  2883  ;  Union  ISigiial  est.,  28ti3  ; 
C.  Club  fmd.,  2691;  Foundling's  Home 
opd.,  2733;  ApoUo  Musical  Club,  org., 
274»:  aid  to  sutferers,  2743  ;  great  fire; 
La  Salle  St.  Tunnel  opd.,  2753  ;  Inter- 
Ocean  est.,  2771;  Exposition  Park  pur- 
chased, 2773  ;  day  schools  for  deaf,  2911 ; 
Horn.  Med.  Coll.  opd.,  2922  ;  Bed  fl^  in, 
2W3  ;  Socialists  discouraged ;  W.  C.  T. 
U.  Nat.  Conven.,  297i ;  Citizens*  League 
fmd.,  2972;  Calumet  Club  fmd.;  Hlinois 
Club  fmd. ;  Union  Club  fmd.,  2991 ;  Ex- 
position opd., 2993;  Academy  of  Fine  Arts 
incor.,  3001 ;  Central  Music  Hall  opd., 
3021 ;  Graphic  est.,  3023  ;  Rep.  Nat.  Con- 
ven. held,  3043:  Govt.  buiKlings  com- 
pleted, 3053  ;  Herald  est.,  308i ;  Home 
Protection  Party  org.,  3112  ;  cable  rail- 
way opd.,  3113  ;  Coll.  of  Phys.  and  Sur- 
geons opd.,  3123  ;  Charity  Organization 
Soc. fmd.,  3131 ;  bricklayers'  strike, 3132; 
telegraph  to  N.  Y.j  3133-  Washington 
Park  Cluborg. ;  Voice  and  Hearing  Sch. 
est.,  3151 ;  Ephphatha  Sch.  for  Deaf  opd., 
3191 ;  public  buildings  opd.,  3193  ;  Opera 
House  opd,,  3201 ;  ivf.  E.  Training  School 
fnd. ;  Gnurch  Extension  Society  fnd., 
3203  ;  anarchists'  riot ;  Imnber-shovers 
strike,  3232  ;  Board  of  Trade  building ; 
22  anarchists  indicted,  3233,  sentenced, 
3243  J  Western  Unitarian  Association 
org.,  3242  ;  meat-packers  strike,  3243  ; 
pork-packers  strike,325i ;  Lincoln  statue, 
3281;  Burlington  and  (juincy  strike, 
3291 ;  gas  dis.,  3321 ;  Saturday  Blade  est., 
3322  ;  Wesley  Methodist  Hospital  est., 
3331 ;  P.  H.  Cronin  suspected,  339i ;  De 
Witt  0.  Cregier  mayor,  3392  \  fire,  3393  ; 
Drainage  Bill  passes,  341i;  0.  Hincke- 
ley's  Univ.gift,  3411;  wind-storms,  3421; 
fire;  seconcT city  in  XJ.  S.,  3432;  La  Salle 
statue,  ^461 ;  Cxerar  Library  fnd,  (see 
Crerar)^  3471 ;  horse  show  opens,  3473  ; 
Patti  sings,  3481;  Clan-ua^Gael  conspi- 
rators sentenced,  3482  ;  (see  Cronin) ;  J. 

F.  Beggs  discharged,  3483  ;  influenza  in, 
3501;  Afro-Am.  League  Conven.,  3511; 
Am/elus  exhibited,  3521 ;  p,  B.  Hutchin- 
son robbed,  3522  ;  j.  .j.  West  sentenced, 
3523  ;  Lieut.  Schwatka  in,  3533  ;  Grant 
Monument,35Gi ;  bucket  shops  attacked; 
cai'penters  strike;  plumbers  strike,  3562; 
strikers  active,  3563^  3582,3;  Dally  Neios; 
exposS;  eight-hour  movement,  3563;  Pub- 
lic School  Protectors  org.,  3762  ;  finan- 
cial panic  ;  ice-dealers'  trust ;  World's 
Fair  incorporated,  3573;  (see  Coltimbiau 
Exposition);  Lakeview  Cemetery;  Gar- 
field Memorial  dedicated,  358i ;  anar- 
chists fail ;  Cronin  monument ;  dynamite 
bomb  found  ;  waiters  strike,  359 1 ;  Pres, 
Garfield  buried,  3593  ;  Garneld  Memo- 
rial, 3601  ;  Irish  boycott  breweries,  3603  ; 
Bunker  Hill  anniversary,  361 1 ;  Park 
Nat.  Bank  closes,  3613  ;  (jhicago  Univ. 
incorp.,  3622  (gee  below);  World's  Fair 
Commission  org.  (see  Columbian  Expo- 
sition) ;  explosion  on  Tiago,  3633  ;  new 
armory;  meteor  seen,  3641;  Switchmen's 
strike  off,  3663 ;  M'Vicker's  theater 
burned,  3673 ;  leg-vaccination  forbidden, 
3683;  fire,3693,3713,38I3,  4293;  Woman's 
Temple  begmi,  370i ;  Archbp.  Feehan's 
silver  jubilee,  3702;  Harry  Vamell 
raided,  4711 ;  anarchists'  eel.,  3711  j  area 
increased ;  Irish  delegates  welcomed, 
3723  ;  Rolling  Stock  Co.  assign  ;  Window 
Glass  Trust,  3733  j  Bureau  of  Justice 
org.,  3751 ;  air-ship  model  exhib.,  3761; 

G.  J.  Gibson  accused,  3781 ;  Italians  vs. 
Union  men,  3782  ;  Carter  Harrison  for 
mayor,  3811;  five  candidates  for  mayor, 
3812  ;  Grij)  doubles  death-rate  ;  sash  and 
door  combination,  3813;  gambling  houses 
closed  \  marble  cutters  strike,  ^3  j  la- 
bor unionists  boycott ;  molders  strike ; 
Pr.  George  of  Gr.  in,  3863  ;  R.  R.  strikers 
fined,  3891  ;  Nat,  Building  and  Loan  Asso. 
swindle,  3892  j  cabinetmakers  strike, 
3903;  Dittlinger  defalcation,  391 1 ;  wheat 
advanced,  3913  ;  Grant  statue,  392 1 ;  ca- 
ble-loop ordinances  ;  U.  S.  Warehouse- 


men's Asso.  org.,  3932  ;  women  register, 
3942;  anarchists,  3943,  3951 ;  miionmen, 
vandals,  395i ;  land  syndicate  ;  railway 
accident,  3953 ;  mail-wagon  robbed,  397 1 ; 
Brewer's  Coll.  est.,  3983  ;  Crerar's  Li- 
brary Fund,  4001 ;  school  furniture  trust 
4013;  World's  Fair  Sunday  closing  op- 
posed, 4032  (see  World's  Columbian  Ex- 
position) ;  "boodle"  aldermen,  4023; 
brewers'  trust,  4033, 4133;  colored  mnss- 
meeting,  4042  ;  relay  bicycle  despatcli ; 
soldiers'  monument,  4061 ;  anarchist 
flags  ;  Conven.  Federation  of  Women's 
Clubs,  4063  ;  corn  di'ops  ;  elevated  R.  R. 
opd. ;  Wergeland  arrives,  4073  ;  Demo- 
cratic Nat.  Conven.,  4092  ;  forged  deeds, 
4123  ;  trotting  record  broken,  4133  ;  Gar- 
field Park  raid,  4143  ;  anarchists'  mon- 
ument, 4161 ;  liverymen's  trust,  4172  ; 
Asso.  Press  or^.,  4182  ;  Williams,  em- 
bezzler; Kean  indicted;  jurymen  sen- 
tenced, 4183 ;  Conven.  Nat.  Farmers' 
Alliance,  4222,  4231 ;  stockyards  syndi- 
cate, 4232  ;  strikers  wreck  train,  4242 ; 
police  blackmail ;  Spiritualism  decision, 
4263  ;  Carter  Harrison  mayor  ;  hotels  ex- 
orbitant;  strike  at  World's  Fair,  4271; 
bankers  offer  gold,  4273  ;  anti-treaty 
mass-meeting,  4282 ;  Duke  of  Veragua 
in ;  Pres.  Cleveland  in,  4291 ;  banks  sus- 
pend ;  Richter  statue,  430i;  World's 
Temperance  Cong.,  431 1 ;  Exposition 
Flyer ;  time,  4313  ;  anarchists'  monu- 
ment, 4321;  pardoned;  gambling-house 
investigation,  4323  ;  riots  feared,  433* ; 
Amnion  robbery,  4.'J43-  masked  robbers, 
4343;  excursion  rates;  fireworks  explode, 
4352  :  fire,  4353,  4373,  4513,  4533  ;  finan- 
cial depression,  4353;  Jewish  Cong.;  R.C. 
Cong., 4361;  laborers  violent;  meetings 
for  unemployed,  4.'J62  ;  Theosophists, 
4363  ;  trainmen  armed  ;  World's  Pari, 
of  Religions,  4381 ;  shooting  in  Board  of 
Trade,  4383;  Evang.  Alliance  Cong.;  Y. 
M.  C.  A.  Cong.,  4401 ;  Chicago  day  at 
Fair,  4402;  World's  Agricultural  Cong., 
4413;  Mayor  Harrison  assassinated,  4421 , 
body  in  state,  4432;  anarchists*  demon- 
stration ;  Prunty  outrage,  4423  •  G.  B. 
Swift  mayor,  4431,4452;  Columbian  Me- 
morial Museum,  4432;  collision,  4433; 
criminals  vanish,  4442;  registry  fraud, 
4443;  J.  p.  Hopkins  nom.  for  mayor; 
unemployed  relief  fund;  stamps-depart- 
ment robbery,  445i ;  Hopkins  mayor, 
4471 ;  Campbell  defalcation;  gambling 
houses  closed,  4482'  Alderman  Mulvihill 
wounded,  4502;  bank  swindle,  4503; 
Coughlin  acquitted,  4522  ;  Chinamen 
smuggled,  4542;  W.L.  Clifford  shot,  4543; 
painters  strike,  4562 ;  gas  trust  illegal, 
4582;  Pullman  strike,  4583, 4591 ;  Liberal 
Religious  Cong.,  4602;  Field  Columbian 
Museum  dedicated,  4601 ;  Viking  ship 
donated;  Fr.  republic  law  suit;  popu- 
lation, 4613;  female  inspector;  J.  Cane 
attempts  murder,  4622;  labor  coalition; 
money  for  Home  Rule,  4623  ;  Simrott 
absconds,  463i ;  Pren<lergJist  sentenced, 
4&13;  injunction  against  strikers,  4651; 
gas  trust  dissolveti,  4653;  Eugene  Debs 
held,  4662,  4691 ;  postal  clerk  Tufts  ar- 
rested, 4663;  troops  to  remain,  467 1 :  Uni- 
versal Gas  Co.  contract,  4672;  Pullman 
shops  open  ;  rioters  damage  Park,  4673; 
Pullman  charter  test ;  stockyard  strike 
ends  ;  Sunday  baseball  opposed,  4682; 
infernal  machine ;  counterfeiters  ar- 
rested: train-wreckers  arrested,  4683; 
Fr.  exhibitors  damage  suit ;  Pullman 
strikers  resume,  4693;  Nat.  Labor  Com- 
mission, 4702^  R.  R.  oflieers'  cases,  4703; 
gamblers  resist,  471 1 ;  whisky  trust  ille- 
gal, 4722;  lottery  scheme,  4723  •  Anti- 
gambling  Asso.,  4731 ;  Pullman  Co.  tax- 
ation ;  W.  C.  T.  U.,  fountain,  4733;  Rus- 
sian emigrant  trouble  ;  train  attacked, 
4742;  electionriot;jewelrystolen;  trouble 
at  polls  ;  street>-car  robbery,  4743;  R.  R. 
officials  indicte<l,  475 1 ;  Merchants'  Asso. 
org.,  4752*  employees  colonize,4753;  E.P. 
Hilliard,K.,4762;  civil  service  resolut'ns, 
4763  ;  cable-car  collision,  4773  ;  Pres. 
Purinton  disappears,  4791 ;  switchmen's 
wages,  4873;  C.,  Burlington,  and  Quincy 
R.R.;  C.  and  Fort  Wayne  R.K.,  1813;  c., 
Milwaukee,  and  St.  Paul  R.R.,2853  ;  C. 
and  Mobile  R.  R.  grant,  1691 ;  R.  R.  acci- 
dent, 3613;  C.  and  Rock  Island  K.B.  opd., 


1713,  1753, 1813;  R.  R.  accident,  1773;  C 
and  St.  Louis  R.  R.,  1833;  C.  Theological 
Semmary  org.,  1822. 


Wm.  K.Harper  pres.,  3682;  Rockefeller's, 
gift,  3682;  ;h02,3,  4421 ;  buildings,  3862- 
opening  ceremonies,  4162;  purchase  of 
lenses,  4182;  campus  fund,  4221. 

Chicha,  ruins  Peru,  I02. 

Chichele,  Henry,  b.-d.,  8582;  archbp.  Can- 
terbury, 8622. 

Chicheley,  Sir  Henry,  gov.  Va.,  473. 

,  Sir  Thomas,  minister,  8973. 

Chichester,  bp.  l>urnford  cons.,  9742. 

,  Sir  Arthur,  lord  deputy  ;   b.  (1563), 

8793;  d.  (1625).  j 

,  D.  of,  title  created,  9311 ,  J 

,  E.  of.    (See  Pelham,  Thomas.)  ^ 

Chichimecs  migrate.  Hi ; invasion,  112;  In 
Mex.,  132;  converted,  133. 

Chicahoininy,  Va.,  battles,  2092;  Johnston 
crosses,  2072;  Grant  crosses,  2342. 

Chicamauga,  Ga.,  battle,  2263  ;  Nat.  Park 
est.,  3673. 

Chic/camauga,  preys,  2202;  blown  up,  242' . 

Chickasaw  Bayou,  Miss.,  action,  217 1. 

Nation,  silver  dis.,  3461 , 

Chickasaws,  defeat  Fr.,62i±  J  missionaries 
to, 1273,  1351. 

Chickering,  Chas.  A.,  b.,  1561. 

,  Jonas,  b.,  1062;  d.,  1722.  « 

Chico,  Cal.,  Normal  School  opd.,  3482.       ■ 

,  Mariana,  gov.  Cal.,  1472.  aj 

Chicot,  b.,  6822^;  d.,  6*42.  -^ 

Chicoutiini,  Can.,  R.  C.  diocese  est.,  5842, 

Chifflet,  Jean  Jacques,  b.,  6*42;  d.,  6902. 

Chiliuahua,  Mex.,  mission,  109G2  ;  cave 
dwellers  fnd.,  10973. 

Child,  Francis  James,  b.,  1322. 

,  Sir  John,  gov.-gen.  India,  10451 . 

,  Sir  Josiah,  b.,  8822;  d.,  9002. 

,  Lydia  Maria,  b.,  IIOI ;  d.,  3041. 

,  Mr.,  opens  Homestead,  4103. 

Childebert,  L,  b.  (495)  ;  king,  6652 ;  war 
with  Sp.,  11251  ;d.,  6642. 

II.,  b.Hl.,  6642. 

HI.,  b.-d.,  6642. 

Childeric  I.,  takes  Lutchia  [Paris],  6622; 
kmg  of  Franks,  6633;  d.,  6623, 

n.,  b.-d.,  6642;  assassinated,  6651. 

III.,  king,  6653. 

Childers,  Hugh  Culling  Eardley,  b.  (1827); 
minister,  9731,  9852,  9912,  9952;  Lond. 
Conference,  9932. 

Childershurg,  Ala.,  negro  lynched,  3931. 

Childevert,  Pr.,  saved,  771 1 . 

Child  labor,  regulated,  Fr.,  7633. 

Children  in  mines,  G.B.,  9511.  . 

,  cruelty  to,  bill,  1001 2. 

,  John  Geo.,  b.,  9203;  d.,  9582. 

Children's  Crusade,  10761. 

Special  Service  Mission  org.,  9702. 

Childress,  Sarah,  weds  Pres.  Polk,  133i. 

Childs,  Col.,  besieged,  1622. 

,  George  Wm.,b.,  1362;  birthday,  3832; 

d.,4501. 

,  Henry  H.,  phys.  fb.  1783) ;  d.,  2602. 

,  Robert  A.,  b.,  1581 . 

ClUld's  J'aper,  issued,  1723. 

Chile.    (See  Text,  pp.  604-4J09.) 

Chill ian walla,  battle  at,  10462. 

Chillicothe,O.,fn(L,1073;  Brit. officers  im- 
prisoned, 1221 ;  The  Recorder,  1232;  cen- 
ter of  population,  1873;  relics  of  mound- 
builders,  3961 ;  R.  R.  wreck,  4633. 

ChUUngwortli,  Wm.,  b.,  8781 ;  works,  8831 ; 
d.,  8843. 

Chilmead,  Edmund,  b.,  8782;  d.  (1653). 

Chiloof  Lacedajmon,  philosopher,  10163. 

Chilon  of  Sparta,  b.,  10162. 

Chilperic  I.,  b.;  king,  6652;  d.,  6642  ;  mar- 
ries, 6651 ,  7711 ;  assassinated,  6651, 

II.,  b. ;  king,  6653;  d.,  6642. 

Chiltagong,  India,  grant  of,  10452. 

Chilton,  Wis.,  pearl  clams  found,  3681 . 

,  Horace,  b.,  1722. 

Chimalpopoca,  enthroned,  10952. 

Chimay,  Belg.,  fire,  5473. 

,  Pr.  Jos.  de,  b.  (1808) ;  d.,  5481 . 

,  Princesse   de,  Jeanne  Marie  Ignace 

Th^rfise,  de  Cabarrus,  b.,  7043;  d.,  7262j 

Chimney  Corner,  fnd.  by  Leslie,  2503, 

Chimney  tax  imposed,  8913. 

Chimneys  hitroiluced,  G.  Brit.,  8521. 

Chin  dynasty,  rules  Egy.,  613i . 

China,  ashore,  3492;  breaks  record,  3553, 

China,  see  text,  pp.  610-627,  treaty 


1 


Chin-Chri. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1217 


U.  S.,  1572  ;  gospel  promulgated,  9502 ; 
Fr.aiid  Kng. expedition, 7341 ;  A.m,  treaty 
signed,  185  • ;  French  ambassador  turned 
bacl£,  7352  ■  Com.  Tattnall  ;tgsists  Kng., 
l»t< ;  Gen.  Ward  not  iidmitted,1853;  Bur- 
Ungame  treaty,  Am.,  'iG^i^  ;  treaty  witli 
Japan,  1«)3< ;  treaty  witli  Kus.,  11213  ; 
ally  of  Aunam,  4813  j  conquers,  rules, 
abandons  Ajuiam,  S40i,  4iili,a;  war, 
482'  ±  ;  peace  with  Franco,  7552;  suprem- 
acy in  Korea,  HJ;i43  ;  minister  in  Am., 
4311,2;  envoy  refused,  101)33;  treaty  dis- 
OUBsed,  U.  S.,  455',  4592  ;  ratified,  4692, 
4771;  war  with  Japan,  10933. 

Chi-Nan-Fu,  mission,  6223,  6243. 

Chiucha  Isles,  restored  to  Peru,  11083. 

Chinchilla,  Sp.,  action  at,  11321 . 

,  J.,  Gen.,  capt.-geu.  Cuba,  6^3. 

Chinchon,  Countess  of.  Ana,  b.-d.,  11282. 

Chinese,  emb;issy  arrives  U.  S.  A.,  2611 ,3^ 
2992  ;  inxmigration  opposed,  citizenship 
refuseil,  2712;  grievances,  2913  ;  on  re- 
striction bill ;  vetoed,  3012  ;  mission  be- 
gun, 2962;  Sunday-School  for, 3002;  treaty 
with  U.  S.,3052  ;  eouttrjued,  3073;  exclu- 
sion operative,  3112  ;  attacked  in  Wyo., 
3203,  protected,  3212  ;  indemnity  bill, 
3252;  labor  forbidden,  immigration  pro- 
hibited 20  yrs.,  3293, 3312;  approved,3312; 
valid,  :iil  1 ;  Charitable  and  Benevolent 
Asso.,  N.  Y".,  3541;  schooner  seized  for 
smuggling,  3613  ;  -Indian  feud,  387* ;  ab- 
duction Am.,  3883  ;  ill-treated,  3931 ;  de- 
nied Am.  registry,  4113  ;  sailors  forbid- 
den, 4132  ;  Civil  Kights  League,  4163  ; 
smuggled,  4342 ;  protected  by  troops, 
4363 ;  mob,  violence  to  Chinese,  4383  ; 
six  companies  register,  4493  ;  conquer 
Bokara,  5491;  immigration  to  Borneo, 
5511 ;  rise  in  Borneo,  5522;  executions  of, 
Braz.,  5523  ;  punishment  of,  Can.,  5922  ; 
immigration  of,  Chile,  6071 ;  smuggling 
of,  5953  ;  mission  to  Blind,  Eng.,  9962  ; 
Immigrants  excluded,  Australia,  4982, 
4992;  in  Korea,  lOWi ;  great  influx,  Mex., 
10973. 

^—  Enumeration  Bill,  protest,  3542;  re- 
jected, 3571. 

Registration  Law,  4263. 

Exclusion  Act,  correspondence,  3531 . 

Exclusion  Bill,  4051,  2,  4071,  2,  4162, 

4273,  4292,  4341,   2,  4332    4351   4371     2 
4383,4431. 

-. —  restriction  Bill,  N.  S.  Wales,  5003. 

ChingCho  Fu,  mission,  6222. 

-Kiang-Fu,  rioters,  6251 . 

Ohingti,  enthroned,  313< ,  6113. 

Gtilngting  Wang,  enthroned,  6II2. 

Chiugtsong,  d.,  6142. 

Ohing  Wang,  destruction  of  books  ;  im- 
provements, 6102  ;  reformer,  6103  ;  en- 
throned, 6112;  a.,  0103. 

OUnhai,  attacked  ;  taken,  6IO2  ;  bom- 
barded, 6241  ;  mission,  6242. 

Chining  Chow,  mission,  6243. 

Chiaiquy,  ex-priest,  lectures  prohib.,389i. 

Chin  Kaiig,  in  embassy,  0213. 

Keang,  taken,  6162. 

Ghinkiang,  mission,  023 1. 

Ching-king,  mission,  6203. 

Chinnery-Haldane,  James  R.  A.,  cons,  bp., 
9862. 

Ohinsurah,  Dutch  capitulate,  9141 . 

Ohinten  Wang,  enthroned,  6II2. 

Ohintella,  reigns,  11253. 

Obloggia,  port  forced,  10761. 

Chios  revolts  against  Athens,  10213, 10233; 
naval  battle  near,  10551. 

Ohipman,  J.  Logan,  d.,  436'. 

,  Nathaniel,  b.,  083;  a.,  156' . 

Chippenham,  Eng.,  taken,  844'. 

Chippewa,  battle  of,  122' . 

Ohira,  Isle  of,  possession  of,  630' . 

Ohisholm,  Caroline,  b.  (1810) ;  Home  est., 
4863^  d.  (1877). 

Chlswick  Horticultural  Garden,  9402. 

Ohitachnan,  Ariz.,  intrenched,  338' . 

Chitohze  Tzeng,  d.,  6242. 

Ohitesi,  mission,  11122. 

Ohiti,  enthroned,  0113. 

Chitsoo,  expedition,  614' . 

Chittenden,   Martin,  b.  (1776),  gov.,  1213. 

,  Simoon  B.,  d.  (1840) ;  3382. 

,  Thos. , gov. ,b.  (730),  913, 1032;  d. (1797). 

Ohittra  mission,  10472. 

Chittor,  fort,  taken,  1(M22. 

Chitty,  Joseph,  b.,  9203;  d.,  950*. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9303  ;  d.  (1878). 

Chivalry,  rise  of,  Fr.,  665' ;  in  Ger.,  7763; 
in  Eng.,  8491,8591. 


Chivington,  Col.,  attacks  Indians,  240' . 

Chladni,  Ernst  F.  F.,  b.,  8023;  d.,  814' . 

Chladnitz  invents  glass  harraonia,  804' . 

Chlopicki,  Jos.,  b.,  11162  ;  d.,  11182. 

Chloral  discovered,  814' . 

Chlorin  bleaching,  discovered,  11342. 

Chloroform  dis. ;  used,  140' ,  814' . 

Climel,  Joseph,  b.,  519' ;  d.,  5242. 

Chmielnicki,  Bogdan  b.-d.,  11142. 

Choate,  Joseph  Hodges,  b.  (1832),  pres. 
conveii.,  4593. 

,  Rufus,  Capt.,  b.  (1834) ;  d.,  250' . 

, ,  senator,  b.,  1082;  d.,  1842. 

Chocolate  iutro.,  Eng.  8873  ;  in  Sp.,  1128' . 

Choctaw,  mission  est.,  1203,  1283,  1343, 
1351 ;  Am.  Board,  1802;  Christians,  IS02. 

Chodowiechi,  Dan.  N.,  b.,  8002;  d.,  807' . 

Chodzko,  Alexander,  b.,  11162. 

,  Leonard  Jacob,  b.,  11162;  d.,  11182. 

Choerilus,  b.-d.,  1019'. 

Choir  service,  first  in  G.  B.,  8422. 

(Jhoiseul,  Due  de,  fitienne  Fran9oi8,  b., 
098' ;  dismissed,  7053;  d.,  706' . 

Uouliler,  Conite  de,  Marie  Gabriel 

F.  A.,  b.,  7011 ;  d.,  7222. 

Choisy,  Franpois  Timolton,  de,  b.,  6883  ; 
d.,  6982. 

Choisy-le-Koi,  statue  of  Rouget,  762' . 

Chokang,  enthroned,  611'. 

Chokier,  Surlat  de,  regent,  Belg.,  6433. 

Cholera,  Asiatic,  appears  in  U.b.A.,  1413  ; 
in  New  York,  1453,1673  ;  in  Jersey  City, 
N.J.,4373;  in  Bus.,  4413;  in  Belg.,  5491, 2; 
in  Jiddah,  4883  ;  in  Galicia,  5373,  6383  ; 
in  Quebec,  6793  ;  in  Egy.,  6613  ;  in  Fr., 
7373,  7553  ;  in  Ger.,  8141 ,  8373  ;  in  Eng., 
9453,  9.553,  9093,  10903,  10923  ;  in  Korea, 
10943;  inlt., 10873;  in  Port., 11113:  in  Kus., 
11233  ;  in  Sp.,  11323  ;  in  Valencia,  11331 . 

Cholmely,  Sir  Roger,  chief  justice,  8712. 

(Jlioimondeley,  Viscount  of,  title  created, 
8911;  Marquis,  9372. 

Chomel,  Auguste  Fran9ol8e,  b.,  7062  ;  d., 
7312. 

Choo,  against  Mongols,  614' . 

Yuen-Chang,  Duke  of  Woo,  6152. 

Chopart,  Fran9oi8,  b.,  701' ;  d.,  7102. 

Chopin,  Frederic  F.,  b.,  11103  ;  d.,  III82. 

Choroebus,  Elean,  fir^  victor,  10142,3. 

Choron,  Alexandre  Etienne,  b.,  7042  ;  d., 
7262. 

Cborrillos,  Peru,  battle  of,  6063. 

Chosen  Friends  Order,  statistics,  4463. 

Chosroes  I.,  the  Cireat,  reigns,  I1072  ;  in 
Arabia,  1',  4833;  expedition,  483';  de- 
feated, 10301 ;  put  to  death,  11062,  n072. 

II.,    against    Eastern    Enip.,   10302  ; 

peace  with  Gr.,  10313  ;  devastates  Syria, 
11061;  takes  Jerxisalem,  11541;  war  with 
Romans,  11062;  frees  Armenia,  1107'; 
reigns,  IIO72. 

ni.,  captures  Alexandria,  654' ;  driven 

into  Armenia,  1064'. 

Chotimir,  Prince  of  Carinthia,  503'. 

Chotusitz,  Moravia,  battle  of,  800' . 

(jhou,  entlironed,  Oil ' . 

Choulant,  Lud\vig,  b.,  8043  ;  d.,  8202. 

Choules,  John  Overton,  b.,  9303  ;  d.  (1856). 

Chousin,  enthroned,  China,  OII2. 

Chowmodo,  China,  battle  at,  616' . 

Chow  Ping,  mission,  6243. 

Slang,  enthroned,  6112. 

Wang,  d.,  6103. 

Chremoiiides,  leader  in  Athens,  10202. 

Chri5tieu  de  Troyes,  b.-d.,  0083;  chritim 
Beige  at  V  Union  founded,  5443. 

Chrestien,  Florent,  b.,  6803  ;  d.,  0842. 

Christ,  Jesus,  b.,  10623  ;  events,  1152'  ,2,3. 

Christ  on  the  Cross,  painted,  7862. 

Christian  I.,  b.-d.,  6362  ;  K.  of  Den.,  6373  ; 
and Swe.,  11352;  cede8lsle8toScot.,65'. 

n.,  b.-d.,  6362;  K.  of  Den.  and  Swe., 

6372  ;  executions,  637' ;  reigns,  expelled, 
11352  ;  massacre  of  nobles,  1135'  ;  de- 
posed, 637', 3. 

III.,  Den.,  b.-d., 6362  ;  at  Copenhagen, 

636' ;  annexes  church  lands  ;  establishes 
Lutheranism,  6363  ;  fnds.  library,  637' ; 
enthroned,  6373. 

rv..  Den.,  b.-d.,  6362;  aids  Ger.  Prot- 

testants,  512' ,  6363  ;  K.  of  Nor.  and  Den., 
6373 ;  fnds.  Christiania,  11052;  leads 
Prot.  League,  0373, 7952;  in  Thirty  Tears' 
War,  794 ' ;  receives  lands  ;  peace  with 
Wallenstein  ;  prom,  to  Ger.  Emp.,  7953. 

v.,  Den.,  b.,  6362;  enthroned,  6373  ; 

d.,  6363. 

VI.,  Den.,  b.,  6363  ;  d.,  638' ;  K.  Den. 

and  Nor.,  6392. 


Christian  VII.,  Den., b., 638' ;  reigns, abol- 
ishes slavery,  6392  ;  d.,  6382. 

VIII.,   Den.,  b.,  6382  ;  reigns,  6393  ; 

Schleswig-Hol. Union,641 '  ,817  • ;  d.,  6103. 

IX.,  Den.,  b.,  6382  ;  weds,  641' ;  reipis, 

6112;  proclamation,  6413;  Crown  Pr.D. ; 
in  Iceliind,  042' ;  golden  wedding,  6422. 

I.,  elector  of  Saxony,  7933. 

II.,  elector  of  Saxony,  7933, 

,  David,  d.,  638'. 

,  Ernest,  est.  order  of  Concord,  7972. 

,  Frederick,  first  convert,  Greenland, 

1038' ;  baptized,  002. 

,  Pr.   of    Anhalt-Bernburg,  b.,    7922 ; 

under  ban.,  5123  ;  d.,  7943. 

,  Pr.  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  -weds,  9692. 

Christian  ml.,  fired  at,  818' . 

Alliance  Asscjciatioii  formed,  9523. 

apologists  flourish,  10283. 

Brothers'  Coll.,  Mo.,  org.,  1782  ;  in 

Tenu.,  2782. 

burial-place,  first,  10722. 

College,  Ky.,  established,  3163. 

,  Mo.,  established,  1683. 

,  Ore.,  established,  2543. 

Commission,  org.,  201' ;  meets,  D.  C- 

3901. 

Community,  Eng.,  founded,  8962. 

Church  divided,  6543. 

Students'  Conference,  3622. 

Endeavor,  Yoiuig  Peoples  Society  of, 

first  soc.  org.,  3062  ;  u.  g.  census,  3302  ; 
Soc.  in  Am.,  3423;  9th  internat.  conven., 
3601 ;  conven.  inN.Y.,4101 ;  World'sFair 
action, 4291 ;  census, 4381 ;  (Jleveland  con- 
ven., 4641 ;  Montreal  conven.,  6942  ;  del- 
egates mobbed,  Can.,  5943. 

era  commences,  10621 ;  in  Gr.  B.,8442; 

restored,  Fr.,  7172. 

Evidence  Society  organized,  9742. 

Faith  Society  formed,  8983. 

institution  founded,  Africa,  II6O2. 

Knowledge  Society,  organized  9002. 

Marriage  Bill  passes,  10491 . 

Philosophy,  Amer.  Inst.,  3643,  4102. 

Reformed  Mission  Society  org.,  11022. 

Social  Purity  League  est.,  3803. 

liemembrancer  est.,  9391 . 

republic,  plan  for,  6863. 

Scientists  org.,  3222  ;  meet,  3602. 

Socialism  est.,  9603. 

Teacher,  established,  9471 . 

Unity  Association  formed,  9603. 

XJniversity  founded.  Mo.,  1731 . 

"Vernacular  Eiiuc.  Society  fnd.,  9622. 

Workers'  Conven.,  Hartford,  3702;  in 

Boston,  4181. 

Christiania,  Nor.,  fnd.,  11052;  fire,  11063  ; 
Univ.  fnd. ;  Intelliyentssedter  est.,  llOi^; 
liquors  prohibited,  11053;  parties,  11312. 

_,  Pa.,  antislavery  riot,  1691 . 

Christiancy,  Isaac  P.,  d.,  3081 . 

Christianenburg,  mission,  5983. 

Christianity  intro.  in  Den.,  6351 ;  in  Fr., 
6662;  Ger.,  7682,  7711,  7843;  in  G.  B., 
8402  ;  (2d)  in  Gr.,  10343;  jn  Hung.,  5022  ; 
in  India,  10443;  in  Japan,  1091 1 ;  in  Pa. 
raguay,  11052;  In  GuUaland,  11112;  in 
Rus.,  11131 ;  in  Finland,  11143,  ii'i43;  in 
Servia,  11231 ;  in  Siam,  11242;  jn  Swe., 
11333;  inSwitz.,  11372;  banished  in  Fr., 
6103;  proscribed,  7111;  reest.,  7151; 
spreads  uiG.B., 8422;  exterminated,  8403; 
inaug.  in  It.,  10623;  sign  of  cross,  10042  ; 
renounced,  10683;  merits  discussed;  su- 
preme in  Egy.,  1069 1 ;  prohibited  in  Mad- 
agascar, 10942  J  in  Paraguay,  IIO52. 

Christians  of  Early  Church.  (See  Text, 
Turkey,  and  Italy.) 

,  origin  of   name,  11631 ;    freed  from 

observances.  11631;  equal  with  Moham- 
medans, 1157';  Fr.  and  Eng.  intervene 
forj  11591 ;  war  with  pagans,  840z;  vene- 
ration of  saints,  8443 ;  persecuted  ;  1st 
gen.,  10621 ;  2d,  3d,  4th,5th,  6th,  10G41 ,2; 
7th,  8th,  9th,  10th,  IO661 ,2  ;  Apostolic 
church,  11523 ;  inAfr.;  inAntioch,  10722; 
in  Croatia,  11503  ;  in  Fr.,  0623,  6631 ;  in 
Ger.,7682,7821;  in  Japan, 10911,  in  Jedda, 
11.581,3;  in  Korea,  10942;  in  Persia,  11063; 
11071 ;  in  Syria,  11571 ;  in  Turkey,  10342; 
against  Saracens,  1126' ;  celebrate  Eas- 
ter, 10623  ;  use  holy  water,  10642 ;  tol- 
erated ;  worship  of,  10682 ;  allowed  usury, 
10793. 

(Denomination)    in   Am.,    Abingdon 

Coll.,  est.,  1782 ;  Eminence  Coll.  est., 
1822  ;  Hesperian  Coll.,  Cal.,2622  ;  Pierce 
C.  Coll.,  (5al.,  '2763  ;  S.  Ky.  Coll.,  3082  ; 


1218 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        iVi  DiL\.,        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Chri-Cinc, 


Christian  Coll.,  Ky,,  3123  ;  For.  Miss. 
Society  organizeil,  'S'ZG^. 

Christie,  Alex.,  gov.,  5773. 

,  Samuel  Hunter,  b.,  9223  ;  d.,968i. 

Christina,  queen,  b.-U.,  11342;  reigns  in 
Sweden  ;  abdicates,  11353. 

Christine,  Buntzen,  b.,  G38a  ;  d.,  G403. 

— -  de  Pisan,  b.-d.,  6742;  gong,  67G3. 

Christlich,  Theodor,  b.,8142. 

Christman,  Chris,,  murderers,  418*. 

Christmas,  a  fast  day,  8843. 

Islands  annexed  t4)  G.  B.,  1001 1 ;  under 

Sraits  Settlements,  10192. 

Soc.  org.,  39G3  ;  gifts,  4211 . 

Christofle,  Charles,  b.,  71G3  ;  d.,  7361. 

Christofori,  Bartolomeo,  makes  piano, 
10822. 

Christophe,  Henri,  b.  (1767) ;  gov.  Haiti ; 
commits  suicide,  10402. 

Christopher,  pope,  10723. 

,  emp.,  10332  ;  d.,  10322. 

1.,  Den.,  b.,  6362;  reigns;  poisoned, 

6371. 

II.,  b.-d.,  6362;  reigns;  dethroned,  6372. 

III.,  kmg  Nor.,  Swe.,  aud  Den,,  6372, 

11352. 

,  Edward  R.,  embezzler,  463i . 

,  the  Pacific,  D.  of  Wiirtemberg,  7931. 

Christopolus,  Athanasios,  b.-d.,  10343. 

Chromium  discovered,  7123. 

Chromolithography  intro,,  IWi . 

Chronicle,  by  E.  of  Simeon,  ends,  Eng. 

of  Worcester,  ends,  Eng.,  8483. 

,  London,  issued,  9702. 

of  Dino  Compayni,  est.,  10771 . 

Chronicles  of  England,  8643. 

of  Eng'.,  Scot.,  and  Ire.,  compiledf  8751 . 

yBooks  of,  written,  11463. 

Chronique  de  Reims,  appears,  6731 . 

Chrysander,  Friedrich,  b.,  8123;  d.,2862. 

Chryseis,  asteroid,  discovered,  3021 . 

Chryseus,  Johann,  Ilofteitftl,  7911 . 

Chrysippus,  b.-d.,  102G3. 

Ghrysoloras,  Mauuel,  b.-d.,  10762. 

Chrysopolis,  action  at,  1068*. 

Chrysostom,  John,  St.,  b.-d.,  10283;  patri- 
arch, 10691 ;  elected  bp.  Constantinople, 
11543;  exiled,  10303. 

Dio,  writes  orations,  10291. 

Chrystler's  Field,  Can.,  action,  1203. 

Chubb,  Thomas,  b.,  8942;  a.,9122. 

Chu  Chia  Tsai,  mission,  621 1 . 

Chudov  Monastery,  robbery,  11223. 

Chuhsieu,  escapes,  624* . 

Chuma  mission,  10483. 

Chumnus  Nicephorus,  d.,  10343, 

Chun,  drainage,  G113;  reigns,  6111, 

,  Pr.,  dictator,  6233;  d.,  6242, 

Chund,  or  Chand,  b.-d.,  10423. 

Chung-Ho,  battle  at,  6262. 

Chung-How,  cashiered ;  signs  treaty,  6232. 

Chungkang,  enthroned,  GUI. 

Chung-king,  mission,  assaulted,  6243. 

Chung-Mai,  Laos,  mission  at,  11243. 

Ghungti,  enthroned,  GU3. 

Chungting,  enthroned,  6112. 

Ghungtsoiig,  poisoned,  G123. 

Chung  Tsun,  mission,  G203. 

Chung  Wang,  leader,  G-201 ;  d,,  6202. 

Chun-king,  mission,  622* . 

Chuntche,  mathematician,  6153;  d.,  6142. 

Chunti,  reigns,  G113,  G152;  flees,  G152. 

Chupas,  battle  of,  22i . 

Chuquingua,  battle  at,  221, 

Chuquisaca,  Independence  of,  5503. 

Chui-ch  vs.  State,  Ger.,  8282±  ;  Fr.,  7622. 

and  State  separated,  U.  S.  A.,  983, 

communicants  in  1870,  U.  S.  A.,  num- 
ber, 2722,  3062. 

Antislaver^  Soc,  fmd.,  1862. 

army  constituted,  London,  9902. 

councils.    (Bee  councils.) 

of  England,  payments  to  Kome  pro- 
hibited, 8552  ;  form  of  ordination,  8702  ; 
English  church  services  decreed,  8722  ; 
retains  former  creeds,  8703;  est.,  8723  ; 
attendance  decreed,  8743;  law  est.,  8782; 
suppressed,  8863  ;  Am.  colonists  resist, 
571 ;  Low  Church  party,  formed,,  9023  ; 
Churches  Act  passed,  9042;  unites  with 
Ire.,  9303;  c.  Missionary  Soc,  est.,93G3; 
C.  Building  Soc.,est.;C.  donations,  9383; 
C.  Building  Act  passes,  945  "• ;  C.  Inquiry 
Commission,  9462;  c.  Penitentiary  Asso- 
ciation, fmd.,  9571;  c.  Discipline  Act 
passes, 9502 ;  c.  Union,  est.;  divided, 9G42; 
C.  Cone,,  Cambridge,  Manchester,  Bris- 
tol, Norwich,  York,  Wolverhampton, 
Dublin,  Liverpool,  9643  ;  at  Wakefield, 


Wolverliampton,  Manchester,  9942; 
Hull,  1U(M2,  Birmingham,  Exeter,  10102; 
Educational  Soc,  fnd.,9G8i ;  asso.  against 
popery;  readers  permitted;  union  of 
Eng  and  Gr.  churches,  9682;  disest,  of 
Irish C,  9702;  C.  Reform  Soc,  org.;  C.  of 
Ire.,  convention.  9722;  Cong.,  Swansea; 
Athanasian  Creed,  9742;  resolution  for 
disest.,  9743;  against  Komanists,  9762; 
Temperance  Soc,  fnd.,  9762;  Cong,  in 
Scot,  (first),  9782;  Workiugmen's  Soc, 
est.;  Lambeth  conf.,9803;  Book  Soc  org.; 
ritualism,  9862:  conferences  ;  Leicester, 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  Derby,  Keading, 
Carlisle,  Portsmouth,  9862 ;  Catholic 
League, fmd.,9882;  C.  Army,  constituted, 
9902;  Purity  Soc,  fnd,;  School  Co,,  fmd,, 
9922;  House  of  Laymen  meets;  C.  Pat- 
ronage Bill,  intro,,  9942;  Conf.  of  Bish- 
ops, 8982;  Conf,  at  Folkestone,  10082. 

Church  of  Kng.,  in  Can.,  missions  ;  bishop- 
ric of  Can.  fmd.;  bp.  of  Que.  appd.,5763; 
Cathedral  at  Que.,  5771;  Education  and 
Home  Mission  Soc,  fmd.,  5782;  in  Ont., 
5783,5861,5882;  in  Br.  Col.,  5801 ,  6842; 
inP,  Q,,5802,  5861,  5882;  missions,  Br, 
Col,,  5782;  Woman's  Board  For.  Mis- 
sions, fmd.,  5822;  Domestic  and  For.  Mis. 
Soc,  fmd,,  5^2;  iu  Man,,  5882. 

,  Free,  Epis.,  secession,  9822. 

of  God,  in  Am,,  org.,  1382;  in  Pa.,  1383, 

1582;  inO.,  1462:  Miss,  Soc  org.;  in  Ind,, 
1603,1821,2;  in  Ia.,l&42;  mill. ,1741,3463; 
in  Tex.;  in  Ark,,  1802;  in  Ind,  Ten,  1822; 
German  Eldership,  1762;  Triennial  Gen. 
Eldership  meets,  2522;  in  Kan.;  in  Mo., 
2762;  in  M<L;  in  Va.,  2802,  3182;  temper- 
ance movement,  327 1 ;  in  Neb.,  2882  j  in 
Me.,  3002;  conf.  in  Chicago,  3463. 

of  Ire.,  disestablished,  9722, 

of  Scotland,   patronage    condemned, 

9503,  and  abolished,  9782;    disestablish- 
ment, 9992, 10022. 

of  Wales,  disest.,  10012,  10123. 

property  confiscated,  Mex.,  10962. 

and  State  Bill,  Fr.,  intro.,  7622. 

,  Belli.,  b.,  341;  traitor,  812;  d.,  581. 

,  Fred.  Edwin,  b.,  1341 ;  Nat.  Acad.  De- 
sign, 1G61 ;  3221 ;  paintings  inLond.,2501 . 

, Stuart,  paintings,  3022,3061 ,3181 , 

3221 . 

,  Jolin,  arrested,  false  charges,  9843. 

, Adams,  b.,  1561 . 

,  Levi  Ruggles,  d,,  5941 . 

,  Louis  K.,  gov.  Dak,,  3252. 

,  Pharcellus,  b.,  llOi ;  d.  (1886). 

,  Richard  William,  d.,  10042. 

,  Sanford  EliiW,  b.  (1813)  ;  d.,  3041. 

Churches,  public,  erected,  10683, 

,  Eiistern  and  Western,  separated,  rec- 
onciled, 10303;   separated,  10322,3,10343, 

of  Christ,     (See  Disciples  of  Christ.) 

Churchill,  Baron,  title  created,  9372. 

,  Clias.,  b.,  9082;  works,  9152  ;  d.,  91G2. 

,  Henry  Adrian,  d.,  9941 . 

,  .John,  D.  of  Marlborough,  b.,  8882  ; 

joins  Wm.  of  Orange,  8973  ;  dismissed, 
restored, 8993;  letter,  9012;  embarks  for 
Ire.,  8981;  war  of  Sp.  succession,  69Gi; 
envoy, 9032;  takes  Venlo  ;  inNeth.,902i ; 
created  D.,  9032;  at  Blenheim,  6961 ;  at 
Ghent,  542i ;  dismissed  from  army,  9041 ; 
appointed  capt-gen.,  9041 ;  takes  Bou- 
chain,  9041;  minister,  9053;  d.,  9062. 

Spencer,  George  Charles,  D.  of  Marl- 
borough, d.,  10082. 

,  Lord  Randolph  Henry,  b.  (1849)  ; 

minister,  9933,  9953;  liquor  trafiic  ;  at 
Barnum's  banquet,  10023;  bill,  10031. 

,  Sylvester,  b.,  96i ;  at  Arkansas  Post, 

2181;  d.,2172. 

,  Thomas  J.,  gov.  Ark.,  3093. 

Churton,  Edward  T.,  cons,  bp.,  9962. 

Churubusco,  battle  of,  1621 . 

Chusan,  evacuated,  6161 ;  taken,  6162. 

Chutia  Nagpur,  Bp.  Whitley  cons.,  10042; 
converts  in,  10471 . 

ChwangSiaiig  Wang  reigns,  6112;  d.,6103, 

Wang  enthroned,  6112. 

Chwenhio  enthroned,  611 1. 

Chwolson,  Daniel,  b.,  11163. 

Chytraus,  David  K.,  b,,  7902;  d.,  7922. 

Cialdini,  Enrico,  D.  of  Gaeta,b.,  10851 ;  at 
Casteltidardo,  10881;  at  Messina,  10881; 
d..  10901, 

Ciampoli,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.,  10822. 
Cibber,  Caius  Gabriel,  b.,  G362;  d.,  6381 . 

,  CoUey,  b.,  8922;  poet  laureate,  9091 ; 

d.,9143. 


Cibola,  Mex.,  wonders  of,  203. 
Cibrario,  Luigi,  b.,  10843;  d.,  10882, 
Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius,  b.-d.,  10603;  stu- 
dent,   10291;    orations,    10563;    consul; 
against  Catiline;  speeches,  10592,  10612; 
exiled;  recalled;   house  burned,  10593: 
proscribetl;  k.,  10G03,  106I2 
Cicogna, Emmanuele  Antonio, b.,  10843;  d., 

10882. 
Cicognara,  Conte  da  Leopoldo,  b.,  10842; 

d.,  108G2. 
Cid,  The  El  Campeador,  Rodrigo  or  Ruy 
Diaz,  b.-d.,  11262;  against  Moors,  11261. 
Cidonia,  seized,  11581 . 
Cider  first  made,  8533, 
Cienfuegos,   Nicasio   Alvarez   de,    b.-d., 

11283, 
Cienfuegos  y  Jovellanos,  Jos^,  b.-d,,  11302. 
Cigarette  Manufacturers'  Trust,  3633;  li- 
censed, Ind.,37G2. 
Cigarmakers'  luternat.  Union  org.,  241*. 
Cignani,  Carlo,  b.,  10823;  d.,  10831 . 
Cignaroli,  Giovanni  Bettino,  b.,  10831 ;  d., 

10842. 
Cilicia,  capital,   10592;    subdued,   10621; 
Koine  takes,  10581;  pirates  org.,  10583; 
earthquakes,  11502. 
Cilley,  Jonathan,  killed,  1491. 
Clinabue,  Giovanni,  b.-d.,  10762;  Madonna 

with  Angels,  10761 . 
Cimarosa,  Domenico,  b.,  10842;  d.,  10843. 
Cimarron,  Kan.,  train  robbers,  4322. 
Cimbri,  invjision,  10561 ,2,  11251 ,  GG2i ;  mi- 
gration,   7691 ;    defeat   Romans  ;    over- 
whelmed, 10562, 
Cimburg,  Cltbor  de,  political  works,  5083. 
Cimon,  b.-d.,  10162;    in    Thrace;    expels 
Persians,  10193,  1019 1 ;  form  under  dra- 
pery ;  rival  of  Pericles  ;  banished  ;  re- 
called ;  leader;  reconcileti,  10193. 
Cinaithon,  poet,  fiourishes,  10143. 
Cincinnati,  sinks,  2063;  lost,  2222. 

,  cruiser,  launched,  4181 . 

- — ,  O. ,  fnd.,  933 ;  laid  out,  1013 ;  first  bank; 
1133;  wine  mfg.,  130 1 ;  Commercial  Reg- 
ister est.,  1351 :  Lane  Theological  Semi- 
nary opd.;  Western  Review  est.,  1371; 
Ohio  River  rises,  1401 ;  St.  Xavier,  Coll. 
fnd.,  1403,  1423,  1523;  R.  c.,  archbishop- 
ric created,  1422;  Mercantile  Librarv 
fnd.,  1443;  Philanthropist  destroyeu, 
1463;  AboUtio7i  oflice  destroyed,  1471 ; 
anti-abolition  riot,  1531 ;  observatory 
erected,  1541 ;  Wesleyan  Coll.  fnd.,  1551 ; 
Spring  Grove  Cemetery  incorp.,  1693; 
steam  fire  engine  mfg.,  1721;  Know- 
Nothings  meet,  1772  ;  Democratic  Nat. 
Convention  at,  1803;  saved  from  Confed- 
erates, 2123;  Kirby  Smith  threatens; 
martial  law,  2123,  2243;  Soldiers'  Monu- 
ment, 2411 ;  Pike's  Opera  House  burned, 
2533 ;  Public  Library  fnd. ,  2583  ;  musical 
festivals  est.,  2G4i;  Hospital  opd.,  2661; 
Harmonic  Society  org,,  268 1 ;  encamp- 
ment of  G.  A.  R.,2691 ;  St.  Mary's  Hos- 
pital est.,  2G91 ;  Univ.  incorp.,  2702;  opd., 
2722  ;  Industrial  Exposition,  Southern 
Conven  ,  2713;  Sunday  reading  rooms, 
opened,  2731 ;  annexations,  2733;  Tyler- 
l)avidson  fountain  est. ,2741 ;  Unionstock 
Yards  Co.  fmd. ;  Cotton  Exchange  est., 
2773  ;  Liberal  Republican  Convention, 
2783;  Eden  Park,  Burnett  Wood  laid 
out,  2801 ;  St.  Joseph's  Coll.  ore.,  2823; 
League  of  Rep,  Clubs,  3832;  biennial 
musical  festivals,  2841 ;  Univ.  org.,  2863; 
Queen  City  Club,  org,,  2872 ;  Hebrew 
Union  Coll.,  org,,  2883;  2t,'at.  Repository 
est.,  2922;  Republican  Nat. Conven. ,293* : 
Coll.  of  Music  est.,  3001 ;  Widows'  ana 
Old  Men's  Home  est. ;  Associates!  Chari- 
ties org.,  3031 ;  Museum  est.,  3061 ;  Daily 
Post  est.,  3063;  Ohio  River  rises,  3121; 
flood,  31G1 ;  Kirk  murdered  ;  riots,  3171 ; 
Church  Extension  Soc.  org.,  3282  ;  Cen- 
tennial Exhibition  fire,  3;U3  ;  reform 
ticket,  3363;  fire.  3533,  3873;  Carpenters 
strike,  3603,  3663;  soap-works,  capital- 
ized, 3633;  explosion,  3653  ;  Volk-nfrtund 
is  seize<i,  3683  ;  League  of  Rep.  Clubs 
meets,  3832;  Nat.  Union  Conf.,  fnds. 
People's  Party,  3852;  German  Teachers 
Asso.,  3862;  water  bonds  issued,  4051; 
Prohibition  Nat.  Conven..  4092;  Rev.  H. 
P.  Smith's  trial,  4181;  ice-gorge,  4201; 
Cathedral  mortgaged.  4202  ;  Herr  von 
Koutskv disappears,  4222;  iron  and  steel 
syndicate, 4273;  Baur-Bribery,  4383;  anti- 
negro  mob,  4483 ;  union  men  refuse  work, 


Cinc-Clau. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1219 


4493;  jealouspriest,  4581 ;  Music  festival, 
4ti0'  ;  K.  K.  wrecls,  4673  ;  adulteiated 
drugs,  4723. 

CiJiciiiuHtus,  LuciiiiusQuintus,b.  (519B.C.), 
iaV)2  ;  defeats  ^Equi,  10501;  dictator, 
10B12. 

Ciiui:i;^uinto,  reigns,  11253, 

Cincas,  b.,  102()3;  d.  (277). 

Ciiiua,  Lucius  Cornelius,  besieges  Rome, 
10662;  consul;  driven  froiu  Foruin;  gath- 
ers army;  talies  Itome;  rules;  k.,  10573. 

Giunamus,  Joannes,  b.,  10322. 

Ciunebar,  prepared,  7982. 

Cinq-Mars  (Henri)  Collier  de  Ruz^,  Mar- 
quis de,  b.,  0803;  beheaded,  0892. 

Cintra,  Convention  of,  7173. 

Cipher  telegrams,  investigation,  3012. 

Ciquard,  missionary,  982. 

Circa  Ephorus,  master  of  Apelles,  114G2. 

Circassia,  Poiemon  11.^  Mithridates  11., 
Cotys  reign,  11532. 

Girc:tfisiaiis,  revolt,  11581 . 

C^rce^  asteroid,  discovered,  7321 . 

Circensian  games  est.,  10503. 

Circignano,  Xiccolo,  b.  (1616);  d.,  10822. 

Circles,  Gernuuiy,  divided  into,  5093. 

Circuit  court  districts,  Eng.,  8512. 

Circular  saw,  invented,  8(^41 . 

Circumcision,  rite  instituted,  11402. 

Circus,  tirst,  10)02;  faction  colors,  10651 . 

Cirencester,  Richard  of,  d.,  8602. 

Clrrha,  destroyed,  10161 ;  punished,  10172. 

Cirta,  captured,  10572. 

Cisalpine  Republic,  est. ,7132, 10852;  recog- 
nized, 5193. 

Gaul,  couqueredj  10531;  Rom.  prov- 
ince, 10553;  Latin  rights,  10573. 

Cisco,  Tex.,  cyclone,  4281 ,  4293. 

Cisneros,  Salvador,  Cuban  pres.,  6332. 

Cisplatina,  rebellion,  5552, 

Cissa,  in  Sussex,  8412;  K.,  S.  Saxons,  8413. 

Clssey,  Ernest  Louis  Octave  Courtot  4ie, 
b.,  7192;  minister,  7473,7491,7493,7511; 
dismisseii,  7511 ;  d.,  7522. 

Cistercian  monies  est.,  6683;  in  Eng.,  *483. 

Cities  chartered,  Fr.;  become  commimes, 
6693  J  defection  of  Ger.,  7813  ;  miaruled, 
U.S.,  18;i2. 

Citizens  disfranchised,  Fr.,  7491 . 

Citizens',  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Conven., 
2252. 

Citizen's  Union  org.,  in  Mich.,  3291. 

rights,  born  abroad,  1772;  naturalized, 

protected,  2633. 

Citrouelle,  Ala.,  confeds.  surrender,  2462. 

City  of  Alexandria,  burned  at  sea,  4432. 

Cittj  of  Atlanta,  burned,  4232. 

City  nf  Boston,  wredtage;  Cornwall,  2713. 

City  0/ Bristol,  wrecked,  9513. 

aty  of  Columhus,  wrecked,  3173. 

City  of  aiasqoic,  flvst  trip,  1693;  lost,  9593. 

City  of  Hamlmrq ,  collides,  10113. 

aty  of  Montreal,  burns,  3273. 

Citu  of  New  iork,  hi  trans-ocean  race, 
3452;  speed,  3453;  ashore,  4432. 

Gty  of  Para,  Kearsarge  crew  on,  6293. 

CUy  of  Paris,  speed,  3433, 4133, 4173,  iooi3. 

Gty  of  Rome,  on  Fastnet  Rocks,  3613. 

(My  of  Vera  Cruz,  founders,  3053. 

aty  of  Waco,  burns,  2893. 

City  Point,  Va.,  Butler  takes,  2322  ;  gun 
explodes,  237i ;  Sheridan  arrives,  2442. 

Cinaad  Rodrigo,  captured,  7181, 2. 

Clvlale,  riean,  b.,  7082;  operations  in  lith- 
Otrity,  7241;  ,|.,  7362. 

Clyil  disabilities  of  Jews  removed,  9452. 

^—  Engineers'  Society  org.,  9381 . 

— ^ ,  Am.,  org.,  1711 ;  meets,  2762. 

gov.,  in  Conn.,  353. 

—  Marriages  Bill  passes  ;  royal  assent, 
6291;  opposed,  5361,2,3;  passes;  sub- 
mitted, 5372;  supplement;  passes,  5382,3. 

passes,  Ger.,  8292,3;  church 

opposes,  Uruguay,  11603;  approved, 
Switz.,  11383. 

oaths  taken,  11411 ;  on  Gospel,  10713. 

office,  "Iron  Clad  Oath  "  for,  2112. 

— -  Rights  Act,  amendment,  2891 ;  decis- 
ion, 3152. 

Bill  passes,  2512,  2791 ;     vetoed ; 

overrides  veto,  2523;  amendment,  2891 . 

Service  Bill  introduced,  2493,2563. 

Exam.  Bill  passes  senate,  4243. 

— Reform,  tirst  step,  2493 ,  U732 ;  Bill 

Intro,,  2563;  commissioners  meet,  2751; 
rules  enforced,  2953;  reforms,  opMsed 
In  Congress,  2973. 

' Asso.,  3052;  resolution,  .■?472; 

meets,  3583;  conven.,  3923;  regulations, 


4763;  Bill  passed,  3112,  3132;  rulesvio- 
lated,  3112;  repeal  postponed,  3251 ;  pro- 
moted, 3252;  custom-house  censured, 
3412;  Commission  vs.  N.  Y.  P.  O.,  3432; 
mail  service,  under,  3392;  appropriation 
deniei-i,  3783;  extended,  4131;  Internal 
Revenue  Ortice  under,  4752;  dassitied  ser- 
vice; examination  system  intro.,  9752. 

Civil  War,  U.  S.  A.  (I86O1.),  I881 +;  media- 
tion urged,  1651 ;  ends,  24«3, 2523.  See  S. 
Confederacy. 

Fr.,  6661 ,  6701 ,  6781 ,  6822,  6841 . 

,  in  England,  8841 . 

Civilis,  Claudius,  b.-d.,  7681 ;  leader,  6622. 

Civilization  laws,  Gr.,  10143. 

Civilized  state,  Cliina,  6123. 

Civita  Vecchia,  occupied,  IO88I . 

Civitella,  siege  raised, 6821 ;  relieved,  IO8O1 . 

Claassen,  Peter  J.,  arrested,  3522,3802. 

Cla<iel,  Leon,  b.,  7262. 

ClaUin,  Horace  Brigham,  b.  (1811) ;  d.,  3202. 

,  Lee,  b.  (1791) ;  d.,  2721 . 

,  William,  b.  (1818) ;  gov.,  Mass.,  2692. 

Univ.,  org.  at  Orangeburg,  S.C.  (1869). 

Claggert,  Tlios.  .lohn,  b.,  642;  cons.,  1023. 

Clague,  John  .1.,  commissioned  maj.,  4561 . 

Claiborne,  Wm.,  settles  Kent  Island,  333  ; 
armed  Ijoats  ;  dispossessed,  34 1 ;  pinnace 
seized,  351 ;  rebel,  36i . 

,  .  Charles  Cole,  b.  (1775) ;   gov., 

1132;    d.  (1817). 

Clairaut,  Alexis  Claude,  b.,  6963;  d.,  7031 . 

(Jlairon,  Claire  Jos^phe  Leyr&s  de  laTude, 
b.,  6982;  d.,  7143. 

Clairvaux,  monastery  at,  6683. 

Clairville,  Louis  Franf  ois  Nicolaie,b.,719i ; 
d.,  7521. 

Clajus,  .Johannes,  b.  (1533);  Grammar, 7931 ; 
d. (1592). 

Clamageran,  M.,  minister,  7552. 

Clamenges,  Matheiu  M.  de,  b.-d.,  6742. 

Clan  Macduff,  founders,  9893. 

Clanbrasil,  Baron,  title  created,  9372, 

Clancarty,  Earl,  title  created,  931 1 ;  Vis- 
count, 9412. 

ClanConal,  Baron,  title  created,  9531 . 

Clancy,  John  M.,  b.,  1482. 

Clanmorris,  Baron,  title  created,  931 1 . 

Clan-na-Gael,  condemns  Dr.  Crouin,  3381 ; 
archbp.  denounces,  3403 ;  in  Parnell 
forgery,  IOO32  ;  secret  soc,  fmd.,  9871 . 

Clanricarde,  Marquis,  titl«  created,  9412. 

Clanton,  Gen,,  at  Pine  Barren  Creek,  2442. 

Clanwilliain,  Earl,  title  created,  9172; 
Baron,  9412. 

Clap,  Roger,  b.,  262;  d.  (1691). 

,  Thos.,  b.,  541 ;  pres.  Yale,  651 ;  d.,74i. 

Clapp,  Col.  W.  W.,  Bo.iton  Journal,  3Sax. 

Clapisson,  Louis,  b.,  7191 ;  d.,  7362. 

Clapperton,  Hugh,  b. ,  9^43 ;  crosses  Sahfira, 
9402*  d    9422. 

Clare,'john,  b.,'9262;  d.  (1864). 

,  Richard  de  (Strongbow),  E.  of  Pem- 
broke, d.,  8502;  in  Ire.,  8501 . 

Clarence,  Chief,  proclaimed,  11043. 

,  Duke  of,  b.,  5393. 

— -,  D.  of,  minister,  irt32;  funeral,  11072. 

,  E.  of,  in  duel,  9411 . 

,  Earl  of,  on  Ala.  Claims,  2652. 

Clarendon,  Ark.,  action  at,  2103. 

,  N.  C,  colony  abandoned,  433. 

,  D.,  title  created,  9212. 

,  Earls  of.    See  Hyde  and  Villiers. 

constitutions,  Eng.,  adopted,  8512. 

Ciaretie,  .Jules  Ars^ne  Arnaud,  b.,  7282; 
Academician,  7561 , 

Claridge,  Richard,  b.,  8862;  d.  (1723). 

Clarina,  Baron,  title  created,  9311 . 

Clarinda,  jisteroid,  discovered,  7561 . 

Clarionet,  invented,  7982. 

Clarissa,  asteroid,  discovered,  7601 . 

Clark,  Aaron,  mayor  Kew  York.  1492. 

— — .  Alvan,  b.,  1121 ;  dis.  Comptmion  of  Si- 
rius,  2191 ;  equatorial  at  Princeton.. 314 1 ; 
lens  for  Chicago  Univ.,  47S1 ;  d.,  3262. 

,  Sir  Andrew,  b.,  9422;  d.  (1893). 

,  Billy  James,  b.  (1788) ;  org.  tirst  tem- 
perance society,  1151 ;  d.,2561. 

,  Champ,  b.,  I68I. 

,  Charles,  paroled,  2491. 

,  Daniel,  pres.  senate,  2292,  2332. 

, ,  murdered,  9152. 

,  Davis,  Wasgatt,  b.,  1183;    ord.  bp., 

2332;  d.,  2741 . 

,  Edward,  gov.  Tex.,  2032  ;  proclama- 
tion, 1972. 

,  Emmons,  Col.,  brig.-gen.,  3421 , 

,  Francis  15.,  organizer  of  Christian  En- 
deavor Society,  3002. 


Clark,  George  Rogers,  b.  683  ;  in  Ky.,793; 

in  Ohio,  883 ;  at  St.  Vincent,  Ky. ;  at  Vin- 

cennes,  Ind.,  901 ;    Miami  Indians ;    at 

Detroit,  943;  d.,  1263. 

,  Henry  T.,  gov.  N.  C,  2032. 

,  .James,  b.  (1779),;  gov.  Ky.,  1472, 1613; 

d.  (1839). 

,  John  B.,  moderator,  2502. 

,  Joseph,  moderator,  II02. 

,  J.  T.,  shoots  Dr.  Moffett,  4183. 

,  Laban,  b.  (1778);  d.,  2641 . 

,  Lewis    Gay  lord,    b.    (1810);    Knicker- 

backer  Magazine  est.,  1403;  d.,  2821 . 
,  Mary  Ann,  mistress  of  Duke  of  York, 

9352. 
,  Myron  HoUey,  b.  (1806);  gov.  N.  Y., 

1792;  d.,414I. 

,  Thos.,  memorial  obelisk,  9841 . 

, March,  b.,  1183;  cons,  bp.,  1762. 

,  W.  H.,  shoots  Randolph,  3511 . 

,  Wm.,  b.,762;  inPacilic,1121;d.,1482. 

,  Wm.  Travis,  b.,  1362. 

,  Willis  Gaylord,  b.,  1162;  d.,  1522. 

,  Capt.,  explores  Bering  St.,  5762. 

,  Mr.,  kills  George  Payne,  9.'J52. 

Univ.,  Ga.,  org.,  2863,  2962;  Gammon 

Tlieo.  School  Ind.,  3143  ;  Chrisman  Hall 

dedicated,  4182. 

Univ.,  Worcester,  Mass.,  ded.,  3463. 

Clarke,  Neb.,  wife  murder,  3782. 

,  Adam,  b.,  9151 ;  d.  (18,32). 

,  Alured,    D.  (1745)  ;    at   Cape   Town, 

597 1;  d.  (1832). 

,  Sir  Alfred,  gov. -gen.,  India,  10453. 

,  Sir  Andrew,  gov.,  10473  ;    treaty  at 

Pankor,  10492;  d.,  IOIO2. 

,  Charles,  gov.,  2413;  arrested,  2503. 

, Cowcien,  b.,9242-  d.  (1877). 

,  Edward,  in  Interior  Dept.,  3512. 

,  Sir , minister, 9953;  counsel,  10063. 

, Dan.,  b.,  9182;  d.,  9403. 

,  E.  S.,  Rock  Fountain  mission,  601 1 . 

,  George,  gov.  N.  Y.,  633;  d.  (1763). 

,  Henry,  b.,  9363;  d.  (1818). 

,  James  Freeman,  b.,  1162;  d.  (1888). 

,  Jeremiah,  b.,  8922;  d.  (1707). 

,  John,  b.,  262;  at  Newport,  353;  pun- 
ished, 383;  d.,463. 

, Sleeper,  b..  1442. 

,  Mary  Victoria  Cowden,b.,  9343;  Con- 
cordance to  Shakespeare,  9531 . 

,  Richard  H.,  b.,  1561 . 

,  Samuel,  b.,  8941 ;  d.,  9082. 

,  Walter,  gov.  R.  I.,  47i ,  503,  533. 

,  William.    (See  Clark.) 

Clarkesville,    Tenn.,   surrendered,    2121; 

2181. 

,  Col.,  at  Mafeling,  6021 . 

,  Father,  arrested,  10003. 

Clarkson,  James  S.,  in  P.  O.  Dept.,  3512; 

retirement,  361 1 ;  President  Republican 

I-eague,  3832. 

,  Lloyd,  d.,  4481. 

,  Robert  Harper,  b.  (1826);  cons.  P.  E. 

bp.,  2482;  d.   (1884). 
,  Thos.,  b.,  9161;  philanthropy,  9232; 

d.,9522;  statue,  9881. 
Clarksville,  Ga.,  lynching,  4063. 

,  Southwestern  Univ.,  Tenn., org.,  2903. 

,  W.  Va.,  Broaddus  Coll.  chartered, 

2963  ;  org.,  2771. 
Clarksville,  burns,  1653. 
Classen,  P.  J.,  arrested,  3522. 
Clastidum,  battle  of,  6621 . 
Clauberg,  Johann,  b.,  7943;  d.,  7963. 
Claucon,  leader  in  Athens,  10262. 
Claude,  Jean,  b.,  6863;  d.,  6942. 
,  Lorrain,  b.  6862;  paintings,  10822;  d., 

6922. 
Claudia,  discovered,  7601 . 
Claudius,  Marcus  Aurelius,  b.-d.,  10642; 

nearNaissus,  10522;  defeats  Goths,  10282; 

conquests  in  Ger.,  named  Germanicus, 

10661;  reigns,  10672,  11532. 

,  Agrippa,  plants  colony,  emp.,  7691 . 

,  Appiiis  Claudius  Crass  us  Sabinus  Re- 

gillensis,  designs  against  Virginia,  10513. 

— , 0.  Caudex,  in  Sicily,  10523. 

, Ciecus,  censor,  consul,  10532. 

, (Pulcher),  power  at  Rome,  1057' . 

,  Mathias,  b.,  8003;  d.,  8103. 

,  Publius,  near  Drepanum,  10523. 

,  Tiberius  Clau<lius  Nero,  proscribes 

Druids,  6623;  in  Britain,  8391 ;  aqueduct 

and  conduit,  10622 ;  banishes  Jews,  10623 ; 

ruled  by  favorites,  10631 ;  reigns,  10682; 

poisoned,  10633. 
Claughton,  Thos.  Legh,  b.  (1808);  elected 

bp.,9803;  d.,  10081. 


1220 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indleate  Column. 


Clau-Clin, 


Clans,  Karl  Friedrioh  Willielm,  b.,  8143. 
Claosel,  Bertrand,  b.  (1772);  in  Algeria, 

82,92,3;  d.  (1842). 

Clausen,  HeiirikNioolai.b.,  6382;  d.,6i2i. 

Clausenitz,  Karl  von,  Prus.  Gen.,  b.,  8(H2; 
d.,  8142. 

Clausius,  Rudolf  J.  B.,  b.,  8122;  d.,  8321 . 

Claussen,  Peder,  Heimsicringla,  &W. 

Claverhouse.     See  Graham,  John. 

OLavifere,  Etienne,  b.-d.,  11372. 

Clavigero,  Francisco,  b.-d.,  11283. 

,  —  Xavier,  b.-d.,  1095'. 

Clavius,  Christoph,  b.,  7902;  d.,  7923. 

Clay  burned,  1713. 

Co.,  Ala.,  outrage,  3583;  Mormon  el- 
ders whipped,  3583. 

Creek,  S.  Dak.,  Indian  outbreak,  374' . 

,  Cassius  Marcellus,  b.,  1163. 

',  Clement    Claiborne,   b.,    100' ;    gov. 

Ala.,  1463;  captured,  2473;  d.  (1882). 

,  Henry,  b.,  89' ;  at  Fort  Meigs,  1202; 

peace  coimnission,  1233;  Speaker,  1173, 
1252,  1273,  1313;  leader  of  Democracy, 
1233;  Treaty  of  Ghent,  1213;  Colonization 
Soc.  fnd.,  125';  slavery  agitation,  129'; 
presidential  vote,  1332,  1392,  1412,  1572; 
vote  in  House,  1333 ;  welcomes  Lafayette, 
1332;  sec.  of  state,  1333;  duel,  1352;  re- 
moval of  funds,  1412;  Compromise  Tar- 
iff, 1413;  censuring  Jackson,  1433;  re- 
signs in  Senate,  1K>2;  Alabama  letter, 
1572;  withdraws  from  campaign,  l(*ji; 
compromise  slavery  bill,  167',  1672; 
medal,  1712;  d.,  170';  obsequies,  171'; 
statue, 160'. 

, ,  Jr.,  b.  (1811);  d.,  1623. 

Clayborne,  "William.    (See  Claiborne.) 

,  W.  C.  C,  gov.  la.,  1193. 

Clayton,  Abner,  b.,  622, 

,  John,  b.,  8962;  d.,  78'. 

, Middleton,  b.,  106' ;  sec.  state, 

1653;  treaty,  1793;  d.,  178' 

,  Joshua,  gov.  Del.,  1013;  d.  (1798). 

,  Powell,  b.  (1833);  gov.  Ark., 2652;  de- 
clares martial  law,  2652. 

,  Dr.,  gas-lights,  9102. 

Bulwer  Treaty,  1793 ;  resolution,  4552. 

Tunnel,  Eng.,  collision,  9653, 

Claviio,  Ruy   Gonzalez   de,  in  Bokhara, 
M9';  d.J1412). 

Claxton,  Kate,  b.,164'. 

Clazoraense  revolts  against  Athens,  10213. 

Cleander,  prime  minister,  10652;  d.  (189). 

Cleanthes,  b.-d.,  10263  ;  invents  painting, 
1013'. 

Clearchus,  d.,  1023'. 

Clear  Creek,  Colo.,  miners  est.,  1853. 

Clearing-house  est.  in  Boston,  1793;  assists 
banks,  3713;  certilicates,  3733. 

Cleary,  James  v.,  cons.  i>p.,5842;  archbp.; 
denies  absolution,  590' . 

,  Win.  C,  reward  for  capture,  24*3. 

Cleaveland,  John,  b.,  880' ;  d.  (16S9). 

,  Parker,  b.,  93' ;  d.,  184'. 

Cleaves,  Henry  B.,  lie.,  4092,  4471 ,  463'. 

Cleburne,  Pat.  K.,  b.  (1828);  at  Hiuggold, 
2282;  k.,  2402,  2411. 

Cleef,  Henry  van,  b.,  5402;  d.,&«)3. 

,  Jan  van,  b.,  5403;  d.,  6422. 

or  Cleve,  Joost  v.an,  b.-d.,  5402. 

Cleisthenes,  social  reforms,  1017' ;  est.  os- 
tracism, expelled,  10173. 

CWmenceau,  Eugene,  b.,  7282;  duel,  7612, 
767' ;  Panama  Canal  scandal,  7642. 

Clemens,  Archie,  desperado,  2562. 

,  Jeremiali,  b^  123' ;  d.  (1865). 

,  Samuel  Langhorne  (Mark  Twain),  b. 

(1835);  works,  2603,2683,2782;  2823,2863, 
&12,  3063,  3123,  3163,  3183,  3503,  478' . 

Clement  1.,  St.,  bp.  at  K.,  10623  ;  d.,  10642. 

II.,  pope,  1073' . 

III.,  pope;  sells  indulgences,  1075'; 

d.  (1047),  10742. 

IV.  rules,  7803;  d.,  10762. 

v.,  b.  (12G4) ;  pope  ;  offers  Indulgences, 

10763;  abolishes  Knights-Templar,  10773; 
d.  (1314). 

VI.,  b.   (1292);  pope,  10763, 1077' ;  d., 

10762. 
VII.,  b.  (1342) ;  pope,  78*2,1081';  im- 
prisoned, 680' ;  escapes,  68O2  ;  d.,  10803. 

VIII.,  antipope,  resigns,  1079' ;  pope, 

10812  ;  charters  Univ.,  1077' ;  d.,  10823. 

IX.,  b.  (1600);  pope,  5723,   10832;  d., 

1083'. 

X.,  b.  (1590)  ;  pope,  10832  ;  d.,  1083' . 

XI.,  b.,  10823  ;  pope,  10832  ■  decision, 

6163  :  d.,  10832. 

XII.,  b.,   1083' ;  pope,  10832  ;  against 

lotteries,  10853  ;  d.,  1O842. 


Clement  XIII.,  b.,  1083' ;  pope,  10832  ;  fa- 
vors translation  of  Bible,1085' ;  d., 10842. 

XIV.,  b.,  1083';  pope,  10832;  pope's 

toe,  10851;  d.,  10842. 

,  Jacques,  assassin,  b.  (1565),  6853  ;  d. 

(1589). 

,  .Joseph,  planes  iron,  942' . 

,  Minister,  Bulg.,  5672. 

of  Alexandria,  b.,  6522;  lives,  10613. 

Cltoent,  Ambroise,  b.,  7163  ;  d.,  7342. 

,  FiSlix,  b.,  724' ;  d.,  7642. 

,Fran9ois,  b.,  6963  ;  d.,  7082. 

Clementi,  Munzio,  b.,  10842  ;  d.,  IO8O2. 

Clementina,  asteroid,  discovered,  748' . 

Clements,  Baron,  title  created,  945' . 

,  Judson  C,  Commerce  Com.,  4473. 

Clemincin,  Diego,  b.-d.,  1129' . 

Clendennin,  D.  li.,  Lieut.-Col.,  raids,  234' ; 
commissioner,  2472. 

Cleobulus,  K.,  b.,  10162  ;  gage,  10163. 

Cleodamus,  defeats  Gotlis,  1066'. 

Cleombrotus  invades  Buiotia  ;  slain,  10222. 

Cleomodes,  b.,  10283. 

Cleomenes  I.,  against  Athenians  ;  capitu- 
lation ;  expels  Hippias,  10173  ;  d.,  lOlU' . 

III.,    b.,  10263  ;    war  with    Achiean 

League,  10262  ;  K.  of  Sparta,  10273  ;  d., 
10263,  1027'. 

Cleon,  leads  democrats,  10212 ;  refuses 
peace,  10213 ;  at  Amphipolis ;  takes 
Spacteria,  1031' ;  killed,  10202,  102I' . 

,  paints  Cadmus,  10263. 

Cleopatra,  asteroid,  discovered,  750' . 

Cleopatra,  sails  for  Cuba  ;  seized,  1693. 

Cleopatra,  b.,  6522  ;  seeks  throne  ;  mar- 
ried, 652' ,2;  poisons  brother,  653' ,2; 
and  Antony ;  expelled  ;  reigns,  Egy. ; 
visits  Antony,  6532  ;  at  Tarsus,  IO602  ; 
territory  by  Antony,  11512  ;  marries, 
abandons  Antony, 1061 ' ;  war  on  ;  "  Queen 
of  Kings,"  10613  ;  murders  Seleueus, 
11503  ;  d.,  6522,  10003  ;  tomb  dis.,  661 ' . 

[II.],    regent,   Egy.,  653' ;   reigns  as 

queen,  6532. 

v.,  reigns,  Egy.,  6532. 

VI.,  war  with  Ptolemy,  652'. 

of  Maced(m  assassin.,  1027'  (308  B.C.). 

Cleoph,  K.  of  It.,  1073' ;  assassinated,  10713. 

Clerc,  Jean  le,  Ars  Critica,  1137' . 

,  Laurent,  b.,  706' ;  d.,  7382. 

,  Nicolas  Gabriel,  b.,  6982  ;  d.,  713' . 

Clerfayt,  Francois  Sebastian  Charles  de 
Croix,  b.,  5143;  at  Hockst,518' ;  at  Wa(> 
tignies,  710';  d.,  619'. 

Clergy,  Hung.,  corrupt,  5042  ;  power  op- 
posed, Belg.,  5423;  j)roperty  confiscated, 
renounce    privileges,    7062  ;    sup- 


l.-r 


ported  by  Htiite,  7073  ;  power  limited, 
7011 ;  under  .surveillance,  709' ;  ex- 
cluded in  education,  755^,7552,3  ;  to  re- 
spect Republic,  Fr.,  7622  ;  political  activ- 
ity, Fr.,  7632  ;  Reserves,  Can.,  5762,  5772, 
5882,  5S91;  Govt,  dispute,  Ger.,  8282; 
fineii,  8283  ;  subordinate  to  State,  8302  ; 
drunkenness,  G.  B.,843i ;  disputes,  8443; 
degraded,  8503;  orders  forbidden,  854^ ; 
inoonies  demanded,  8562;  (jp^<>sed,  857^ : 
exempt  from  arrest  ;  education  confiueu 
to,  8582,3  ;  vices,  8431. 

Clerical  Fund  Bill  passes,  8352;  forbidden 
Pari.;  I'egulations,  8683;  restrictions  re- 
moved, 8702;  absolved,  8703;  forbidden 
civil  office,  8852  ;  persecuted,  8963  j  re- 
stricted in  State  alfairs,  9043  ;  corrup- 
tions, 9093  •  against  inoculation,  9142  ; 
Incapacitation  Act,  9303  ;  property  con- 
fiscated, 11343. 

Clericis  Laicos  issued,  6733. 

Clerk,  Sir  R.  G.,  gov.  Bombay,  10473. 

Clermont,  Australia,  strikers,  5002. 

Cfertnont,  sails  from  New  York,  1141 . 

Clermont,  on  Seine  River,  7142. 

Clermont,  Baron,  title  created,  9591 . 

,  Comte  de,  b.  (1V09) ;  commander,  516 1 ; 

at  Ivrefeld,  702i ;  d.  (1770). 

Tonnerre,  Comte  de  Stanislaus,  b., 

7003;  d.,  7082. 

,  Fr.  ch.  council  at,  6683 ;  subdued,  7403 , 

Cleron,  Otbenin  Paul  de,  Comte  d*Hauson- 
ville,  Academician,  7561 . 

Cl6singer,  J.  B.  Auguste,b.,721i ;  d.,754i. 

Clesse,  Antoine,  b.,  5423  ;  d.,  5461 . 

Cletus,  St.,  bp.  at  Rome,  10623. 

Cleveland,  0.,  fnd.,  1063,  1073;  mob,  171i ; 
fire,  1773;  Perrymonument,  1881 ;  Lincoln 
obsequies,  2472  ;  Soldiers'  and  Sailors' 
meet,  2252;  Historical  Soc.  org.,  2583  ; 
Public  School  Library  fnd.,  2623  ;  Nat. 
Temperance  Conven.,  263i ;    Bessemer 


steel  mfd.,  264i ;  Standard  Oil  Co.  fmd., 
2653  ;  Evening  Ntws  and  Herald  est,, 
2663  ;  Woman*^B  Sult'rage  Conven.,  2691: 
Lake  View  Cemetery  est.,  2733;  Vocal 
Soc.  org.,  2801;  Lake  View  Park  est., 
2853;  vf.  C.  T.  U.  org.,  2862;  Cong.  Club 
fmd.,  2902;  Bach  Soc.  org.,  300i ;  South 
Side  Park  est.,  3033;  Democratic  Nat. 
Conven.;  Prohibition  Nat.  Conven.,  305' ; 
Soc.  for  Organization  Charities,  307*; 
School  of  Science  opd.,  3081 ;  strike,  3103; 
Adelbert  Coll.,  3123-  electric  cars,  3173; 
strike  in  rolling-mills,  3203  ;  Union  Got' 
pel  News  est.,  3322;  Epworth  League 
org.,  3402,  4321 ;  Br.  Quigley  suspemled, 
3423;  OtiaSteel  Co.  purchased,  3433;  Bp, 
Gihnour  investigation,  346* ;  Cleveland 
Daibf  World  est.,  3502;  breweries  pur- 
chi»j^ed,  3533-  Gartield  Memorial,  3581; 
Pres.  Gartield  buried,  3593  ;  switchnien'g 
strike,  3611;  Gallery  of  Arts  est.,  3721; 
MacQueary's  trial,  3742  ;  street^car 
strikers,  4083;  Epworth  League  Conf., 
4321;  Saengerbund  festival,  4342;  dyuar- 
miter,  4423;  K.  K.  clerks  arrested,  4443  ; 
mobs,  4582  ;  Soldiers'  Monument,  4641; 
Christian  Endeavor  Conven.,  4641 ;  J.  B. 
Cavenshot,  4722;  C.  Robinson  confesseSk 
4731 ;  w.  C.  T.  U.  Conven.,  4743;  \v.  H. 
Price  killed,  4763. 

Cleveland,  Chas.  Dexter,  b.,  llOi ;  d.,266a. 

,  Grover,  b.,  1482  ;  elected  gov.  K.  Y,j, 

3112  ;  inaug,,  3153  ;  nom.  for  pres.,  3178; 
popular  vote,  3192 ;  resigns  governorshij^ 
3193 ;  message  to  Cong, ;  electoral  vote ; 
inaug.,  3211 ;  proclamation,  3212  ;  decis- 
ion, Paeific  Islands,  3213;  married,  323*; 
renom.  for  pres.,  3311;  popular  vote^ 
3312;  arbitrator,  3353;  in  Tammany  Soc.^ 
3372 ;  at  Centennial,  3523 ;  practice  in  Su- 
preme Ct.,3582;  denial,  379 1 ;  daughter 
D.,3931 ;  address  Univ.  Mich.,402i ;  nom. 
for  pres.j  4092, 4113;  acceptance;  World'* 
Fair  dedication,  4171 ;  popular  vote,  4191  j 
electoral  vote,  4243  ;  maug. ;  arrival^ 
4253;  reviews  ships,  4283;  Sultan's  pres- 
ent, 4331 ;  Esther  b.,  4381 ;  intercedes  for 
Hawaiian  queen ;  recognizes  Hawaii^ 
10413;  ridiculed,  4391 ,2;  arbitrator,  4512; 
against  rioters  ;  action  in  strike,  4652,3; 
amnesty,  473 1. 

Cleves,  O.,  railway  wreck,  4073. 

Julich,  quarrel  settled,  7973. 

Clevia,  mission  established,  10393. 

Clifden,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  9231. 

Clitf-dwellers  dis.,  334i,  »48i ;  traces  itt 
Ariz.,  4701. 

Clifford,  Alfred,  cons,  bishop,  10082. 

,  Anne,    Countess   of  Pembroke,  b., 

7862  ;  d.,  8942. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  8932, 

,  John   Henry,  b.  (1809) ;  gov.  Mass., 

1743  ;  d.,  2902. 

,  Nathan,  b.,  1102  ;  articles  of  peace, 

1651 ;  justice  U.  S.  S.  Court,  1852;  Elec- 
toral Commission,  295' ;  d.  (1881). 

,  Sir  Robert  C.  Spencer,  d.,  10062. 

,  Rosamond,  poisoned,  851 1 . 

,  Sir  Thomas,  minister, 8932,3;  resigns*. 

8933. 

,  Lord,  in  Parliament,  9452. 

Clitiin,  Eng.,  action  at,  910i ;  Suspenslott. 
Bridge,  9662. 

,  Aaron  B.,d.,  3501. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  8772. 

,  William,  cons,  bishop,  9603. 

Cli/ton,  captured,  2262. 

Clifton  Junction,  R.  R.  accident,  977». 

Springs,  N.  Y.,  Miss.  Union,  3602. 

Climatological  Asso.,  fmd.,  Am,,  314*. 

Clinch  County,  Ga.,  tight,  3983. 

,  Duncan  Lamont,  b.  (^1787) ;  defeat* 

Seminoles,  1441 ;  aids  Games,  1461 ;  d., 
(1849). 

Clinchamp,  Francois  E.  V.,  b.,  7062 ;  d,, 
7522. 

Cliue,  James  C,  assassinated,  2772. 

Clingman,  Thomas  Lanier,  b.  (1812) ;  sen- 
ator, expelled,  1973. 

Clinical  Soc.  org.,  9641 . 

Clinton,  Ky.,  Cedar  Valley  Seminary  fmiLi 
2111;  tornado,  3501 . 

,  Mass.,  factory  burned,  4293. 

,  Miss.,  College  org.,  1703;  Confeds.  re- 
pulsed, 2301 ;  riots,  289' . 

,  N.Y.,  Hamilton  College  org.,  119*. 

,  Charles,  b.,  9892  ;  d.  (1773). 

.  De  Witt,  b.,  761 ;  duel,  111' ;  mayor 

N.Y.,  1132,  1153,  1192 ;  electoral  vote^ 


t 


M 


Clin-Cohn. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1221 


t21»  ;  gov.  N.  Y.,  1332  ;  anti-Mason  ex- 
citement, 1352  ;  ,1.,  1301 . 

Clinton,  Edwarti  Finnes  de,'Liord,  b.  (1512); 
minister,  8732,  8753  ;  d.  (1585). 

,  George,  b.,  fji!42  ;  gov.  N.Y.,  ()53  ;  de- 
mauds  royal  revenue,  672;  commissioned 
gen.,  86< ;  gov.,  892  ;  defeated,  1U33  ; 
electoral  vote,  1012, 1033, iu73, 1132, 1153; 
vioe-president,  1132  ;  1171 ;  d.,  H83. 

,  Sir  Henry,  b.,  9102;  arrives,  80';  at 

Charleston,  822;  in  N.Y.,  841;  ascends 
Hudson  Uiver  ;  captures  forts,  872  ;  com- 
mander, 882;  leaves  B.I.,  903;  in  s.  O.; 
in  Savannah,  91 1 ;  returns  toN.Y.,  921; 
with  reenforcements,  943;  d.,  9263. 

, Fynes,  b.,  9222  ;  d.,  9582. 

,  .James,  b.,  G22  ;  d.,  1183. 

,  Joseph  ,J.,  b.,  1302. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  8.563. 

Clisson,  Olivier  de,  b.  (1332) ;  in  Brittany, 
0742;  d.  (1407). 

Clitus  in  Hellespont,  10343  ;  d.,  10251 . 

Clive,  Caroline,  b.,  9303  ;  k.  (1785). 

,  Eobt.,  Lord,  b.,  9062  ;  at  Trichinopli, 

7001;  conquers  Orissa,  9121;  created 
biiron,  9132;  at  Chinsurali ;  taites  Cal- 
cutta, 9141 ,  and  Orissa,  1044' ;  at  Plassey, 
10442  ;  gov.  India,  10452,  3  ;  d.,  9191 . 

Clock,  sent  to  Fr.,  6642;  tirst  striking,  Ger., 
gift  to  Charlemagne,  7722  ;  electro-mag- 
netic telegraiih,  950' ;  astronomical,  at 
Strasburg,  816' ;  striking,  in  London, 
8582  ;  electric,  illuminated,  9562  ;  intro., 
593  ;  mnf.  in  Conn.,  104' ;  by  electricity, 
948' ;  revolutionized,  148' ;  magnetic 
Inv.,  164' ;  inv.,  666' ;  first  in  Eng.,  8833; 
inv.,  666' ,  894' ;  pendulum  inv.,  IIOO2. 

Glodion,  conquers  Gaul,  6622  ;  king  of 
Salic  Franks,  6133. 

Clodius  Fublicus,  partisans  riotous ; 
agaiust  Cato  and  Cicero ;  d.,  10593. 

Clodomir,  king,  6652;  d.  (524). 

Clogher,  bishopric  est.,  8403. 

,  Bp.  Stack  cons.,  9962. 

Clokey,  .Joseph,  moderator,  1903. 

Clonbrock,  Baron,  title  created,  9252. 

Cloncurry,  Baron,  title  created,  923' ,  945' . 

Clonfert,  Bp.  Duggan  cons.,  9762  ;  Bp. 
Healy,  coadjutor,  9922. 

Clouinacnois,  Ire. ;  see  erected,  8403. 

Clonmel,  Ire.,  surrenders,  8862. 

,Earl,  title  created,  9252. 

,  Earl  of.     (See  Jolin  Scott.) 

Clootz,  Baron  Jean  Baptlste  (Anacharsis), 
b.,8023;  d.,  8062. 

dorinde,  captured,  936' . 

Glosson,  Henry  W.,  a  colonel,  3301 . 

Closure  liesolution,  Intro.,  3763  ;  unfin- 
ished, 3771. 

,  new  rules  passed,  G.  B.,  9872 ;  rule 

adopted,  9912,  9072  ;  applied,  9933. 

Clot,  Antoine  Barth^lemy  (Clot-Bey),  b., 
7103;  d.,  7382. 

Clotaire  I.,  b.-d.,  6623  ;  king,  kingdom 
divided,  6652;  condemns  son,  6651 ;  pun- 
iBhes  Brunehildc,  7711 . 

H.,  b.-<l.,  6642  ;  king,  6652  ;  executes 

Brunehaut,  6651;  holds  Pari.;  6652. 

IV.,  d.,  6642. 

Cloth  nifg.  improved,  G.  B.,  8982  ;  mfg., 
9222,  9582;  encouraged,  G.  B.,  9041 . 

workers,  settled,  G.  B.,  8562. 

Clotho,  asteroid,  discovered,  7342. 

Clotilde,  St.,  b.-d.,  6623;  weds  Clovis,6632. 

marries  Pr.  Xaitoleon,  7351 . 

Cloture.    (See  Closure.) 

Cloquet,  Bar.  Jules  Germain,  b.,  706» ; 
d.,  7541. 

Olouet,  Peter,  b.,  5403;  d.,  6422. 

Olough,  Arthur  Hugh,  b.,  9383  ;  worlis, 
9543;  d.,  9642. 

Oloute,  Adm.  minister,  753*. 

Clover  Hill,  Va.,  action  at,  M6I. 

Oloverport,   asphalt  deposits  discovered, 

CloTio,  Giulio,  b.,  5082;  d.,  5102. 

Olovls  I.,b.,  6623;  at  I'olbiacum;  power  in 
Oaul,  6622;  baptized,  6631 ;  weds  Clotilda, 
6632;  a  Christian;  K.  of  Franks,  6633;  at 
Aries,  at  Vougle,  G(>4i ;  conquests  ;  king- 
dom divided  ;  treaty  with  Tlieodoric  ; 
patrician,  8852;  defeats  Alemanni,  7681 ; 
rebuilds  Worms  ;  sole  ruler,  7693  ;  d., 
6652,7712. 

ir.,  b.-d.,  6642  ;  king,  6653. 

III.,  b.-d.,  6642;  king,  6653. 

Cloyd's  Mountain,  Confed.  defeat,  2323. 

Cloyne,  see  est. ,  8403 ;  uniteil,  8622 ;  9462. 

Olne,  Adm.  de  la.  In  naval  battle,  914< . 


Cluke,  Col.,  at  Mount  Sterling,  2201 . 
Ciuseret,   Gustave   Paul,    b.,   7242 ;   near 

Winchester,  2082;  signs  manifesto, 7413; 

flees,  7413. 
Glusiuin  (Chiusi),  besieged,  1050' . 
Glut,  J.,  cons.,  5822. 
Clutharis,  king  of  Itally,  10731. 
Cluver,  Philip,   b.,  7922 ;    Oermania  An- 

tiqua,  7951 ;  d.,  7943. 
Clyde,  steam-vessel  sou,  9363;  strike,  9823 ; 

10023;  lockout,  10003. 

Baron.    (See  Colin  Campbell.) 

Clydebank,  Soot.,  strike,  10063. 
Ctymenet  asteroid,  discovered,  7342. 
Clyiner,  Christopher  P.,  b.,  1211 . 

,  George,  b.,  642;  d.  (1813). 

,  Hiester,  vote  for  .speaker,  2832. 

,  Mr.,  Columbian  printing-press,  9362. 

Glytemnestra,  y.,  cruelty,  10143;  k.,  10143. 
Cit/temtiestraf  asteroid,  discovered,  2961 . 
Ciytlctf  jisteroid,  discovered,  2072. 
C.  M.  Palmar  collides  with  Ludworth^  9333. 
Cnidus,  battle  of,  10222. 
Coaclimakers  licensed,  G.  B.,  9222. 
Coadoii,  .John,  cons.  B.C.  bp.,  9862. 
Coal, dis.  in  Pa.,  1021;  mined,  1153;  iniufg. 

iron,  1261,   1501;   anthracite  marketed, 

1293  ;  use,  1461 ;  in  dwellings,  132' ;  on 

K.  B.,  1473  ;  dis.  Indiana,  278' ;  dis.  in 

Dak.,  332' ;  exportation  stopped,  Belg., 

5472;  dis.  in  Braz.,5542;  dis.  Can.,  588' ; 

dis.  G.  B.,  8521 ,  9181 ;   use  opposed,  8563; 

marketed  Eng.,  8613  ;    used,  8813  ;  dis. 

Mex.,  10973;  gas  from,  G.  B.,  9102. 

and  coke,  substitute  charcoal,  924' . 

combine,  decision  against,  4142. 

Creek,  Tenn.,  convict  miners'  trouble, 

3983 ;  strikers,  4041 ,  4121 ,  4131 ,  4341 ,  4241 , 

4343,  4493. 

gas,  experiment,  926' . 

lands,  gi'eat  siile,  285 1 . 

miners'  strike.    (See  strike.) 

stations,  established,  4462. 

tar  colors,  invented,  814' . 

Coalition,  first,  against  Fr.,  8072,  3,  9272; 

second,  7133,  8073  ;  war  of,  8062,  8073; 

third,   7153,  8093,   9332  ;    fourth,  7172  ; 

fifth,  718' ,  7193;  sixth,  7212. 
Goan,  Titus,  b.,  110' ;  d.,  3102. 
Coast  defenses  and  fortifications,  3993. 
Coastwise  slave-trade  bill,  approved,  2353. 
Coatepeque,  Guatenialaus  defeated,  1038' . 
Goatlan,  Mex.,  temple  dedicated,  162. 
Cobalt  discovered,  1134' ;  312' . 
Cobb,  Col.,  at  Moore's  Mills,  2102. 

,  Geo.  T.,  b.  (1813) ;  d.,  2702. 

,  Howell,  b.,  1242;  speaker,  167' ;  gov. 

Ga.,  1692;  sec.  treas.,  1823;  resigns,  189' ; 

chairman  Confed.  Cong.,  1913;  d.,  2622. 

,  .James  E.,  b.,  1442. 

,  Seth  W.,  b.,  1482. 

,  Thomas  R.  K.,  b.  (1857) ;  d.,  2172. 

, W.,  b.,  961  ;  d.,  138' . 

Cobbe,  Frances  Power,  b.,  9403,  4782. 
Cobbett,  Wm.,  b.,  9163;  in  Phila.,  105'; 

works,  9311,9391;  radical,  93S)3 ;  d.,9402. 
Cobbs,  Nicholas  Hanner,  b.  (1796) ;  cons. 

P.  E.  bp.,  1563;  d.,  1902. 
Cobiien,  Miss.,  action  against,  10051. 
,  liichard,  b.,  9323  ;  treaty  with  Fr., 

7352;  testimonial,  9533;  censured,  9612; 

leader  Anti-Corn  Law  League,  9493;  d., 

9681  ;  statue,  9721. 
Cobham,  Viscount,  title  created,  9051. 

,  Lord.    (See  Brooke,  Henry.) 

, ,  takes  Vigo,  11281 . 

Cobiago,  Cal.,  petroleum  oil  dis.,  390' . 
Cobourg,  Can.,  Sentinel  Star,  6783  ;  Vic- 
toria Univ.  fnd.  5791. 
Coburg,  Pr.  of,  at  Wattignies,  7101 . 
Coburn,  Abner,  gov.  Me.,  2293. 

,  Col.,  near  Franklin,  2201 . 

Cocaine,  as  anesthetic,  318'. 

Cocarde  forgeries,  Paris,  765' ;  documents 

pub.,  7653. 
Cocceius,  Johannes,  b.-d.,  11003;  est.  Coc- 

ceians,  7971 . 
Coccius,  Ernst  Adolf,  b.,  8123. 
Cocheco,  Me.,  Indians  defeated,  462. 
Cochecto,  N.  Y.,  B.  B.  wreck,  4133. 
Cocherel,  battle  of,  Fr.,  6741 . 
Cochery,  M.,  minister,  7532,  7,543. 
Cochet,  L'.\bb^,  Jean  Baptlste  l>^sir6,  b,, 

7192,  d.,  7501. 
Cochin,  Chas.  Nicolas,  b.,  6971 ,  d.,  7062. 
China,  won,  614';    annexed;    rebels, 

6152;  Fr.  conquest,  6193;  see  est.,  9803; 

mission,  10462;  naval  expedition,  11301. 
Cochlaus,  Johann,  b.,  7862;  d.,  7921 . 


Cochran,  Qa.,  New  Ebenezer  Coll.  fnd., 

1782. 

,  .John  P.,  gov.  Del.,  2912. 

,  Melville  A.,  commissioned  col.,  3642. 

,  William,  b.,  9102;  d.  (1785). 

Cochrane,  Alexander  D.  B.,  Ld.  Laming- 

ton,  d.,  10042. 
,  Sir  Alex.  Inglis,  b.  (1758);  squadron, 

5541 ;  destroys  frigates,  9341 ;  d.  (1832). 
,  John,  Gen.,  b.  (1813);  nom.  for  vice- 

pres.,  2352;  pres.  Soc.  Cincinnati,  4642. 
,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Dundonald,  b.,919i ; 

d.,  9642. 

,  E.  of  Mar,  murdered,  8643. 

,  Lord,  Radical,  9393. 

Coohren,  Henry  S.,  takes  gold,  4383. 

Cock,  Thomas,  d.,  2662. 

Cockburu,  Sir  Alex.  James  Edmund,  b., 

9303;  Alabama  arbitration,  2752;  d.,  986' . 

,  Mrs.  Alison,  b.,  9042;  d.  (1794). 

,  Sir    George,    b.,   9183;    burns   Am. 

to«-ns,  1202;  d.,  9582. 

,  Lord  Henry  Thos.,  b.,  9203;  d.,  9582. 

Cocker,  Edward  b.,  8822;  Arithmetic,  8943  ; 

d.,  8941. 
Cockerell,  Chas.  Robert,  b.,  9243;  d.,  9662. 

, ,  b.  (1788);  d.,  9722. 

,  John  A.,  Pres.  of   Press  Club,  3482; 

Morning  Advertiser,  3962. 

,  Mr.,  St.  Paul's  repaired,  9402. 

Cockerill,  Francis  Marion,  b.  (1834);  Gen., 

near  Butler,  Mo.,  2143. 
Cock-fighting  prohibited,  Gr.  Br.,  8891 . 
Cockin  s  Sound,  N.  Am.,  entered,  5702. 
Cochran,  P.  E.  (Nelly  Bly),  tour,  3533. 
,  W.   Bonrke,  b.,  1741 ;  nom.  for  vice- 

pres.,  4092;  speech,  437' . 
Cockrell,  Francis  M.,b.,  1422;  speech,  4411, 

,  Jeremiah  V.,  b.,  142' . 

Cockrill,  John,  editor,  acquitted,  3103. 
Codazzi,  Agostino,  b.,  10843;  d.,  10882. 
Coddington,   Win.,   b.,  262;   at  Newport, 

353;  gov.  B.  1.,  392,  453;  d.,  463. 

, ,  Jr.,  gov.  R.  I.,  492. 

Code  Napoleon  promulgated,  7153. 
Codex  Alexandrian,  presented,  8823. 

Sinaiticns,  discovered,  8162,  488'. 

Cod-fishing  in  Newfoundland,  1103' . 
Cod-liver  oil  a  remedy,  922' . 
Codrlngton  Coll.,  W.  I.,  founded,  583. 
,  Sir  Edward,    b.,  9183;  vice-admiral  J 

otr  Navarino,  724' ,  10342;  d.,  9562. 

,  Sir  Wm.  John,  b.,  9:S02;  d.  (1884). 

Codrus,  king,  d.,  10142, 10151. 

Medon,  first  archon,  IOI51 ;  d.,  10142. 

Cody,  Wm.  Frederick,  b.,  1581. 

Coe,  James,  moderator,  1623. 

Coll.  (Presb.)  org.  at  Cedar  Rapids,  la., 

(1881). 
Coehorn,  Meimo  van,  b.-d.,  11003. 
Coele-Syria,  ceded  to  Ptolemy,  11492. 
Coelho,  Goncalo,  sails  with  Vespucci,  162. 
Coello,  Claudio,  b.-d.,  11283. 
Cuiparius,  conspirator,  10592. 
Coercion  Act  for  Ire.,  9472, 9872,9973,  9892, 

9972. 
Coetus  formed,  N.  Y.,  663. 
Cu'ur,  Jacques,  b.-d.,  ()762. 

d'Al^ne  mining  trouble,  4112. 

Coffee  introduced,  Arabia,  4873;  in  G.  B., 

8863. 
CoU'ee-house  in  Eng.,  8883,  8903. 
plant  intro.,  Borneo,  5541 ;  in  Costa 

Rica,  0313. 
Cott'ee,  Col.,  at  Lone  Jack,  211' . 

,  John,  b.,  1421 ;  fights  Indians,  1203. 

Coffeen,  Henry  A.,  b.,  1522. 
Cotfeeville,  Miss.,  action  at,  2162. 
Cotteyvillo,  Kan.,  bank  robbers,  4163. 
Cottln.Chas.  Carleton,  b.,  1301 ;  work, 396*. 

,  Geo. W.,b., 1581 ;  proniotedcapt.,4201 . 

,  Sir  Isaac,  b.,  9143;  d.,  9482. 

,  James  Henry,  b.,  2802;  d.  (1873). 

,  .Joshua,  b.  (1792);  d.,  2351. 

,  O.  Vincent,  nom.  gov.  Conn.,  4731. 

Cogan,  Thomas,  b.,  9082;  d.  (1818). 
Coggeshall,  .John  ;  gov.  R.  I.,  39i . 
Coggia,  M.,  discovers  asteroids,  7382,7501; 

dis.  comet,  7481 ,  760' . 
Cc)gnac  alliance  against  emp.,  7893. 
Cogswell,  .Joseph   Greene,  b.,  98' ;    New 

York  liefiew,  149'  ;  d.,  2742. 

,  William,  b.,  1482;  d.  (1850). 

Polytechnic  Coll.,  Cal.,  opd.,  3322. 

Cohansey,  Mass.,  Bapt.  church  est.,  62*. 
Cohen,  Carl, to  assassinate  Bismarck,  8222. 

,  Jacob  Da  Silva  Soils,  b.,  1482. 

Colm,  Ferdinand,  b.,  814'. 
Gobulieim,  Julius  F.,  b.,  8143;  d.  8302. 


1222 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  CohO-ColO. 


Cohoes,  N. Y.,h08iery  mannfactured,  140' ; 

strike,  3103;  assessors  indicteil,  40B3. 
Coigny,  Uuo  de,  Franvois  de  Franquetot, 

b.,  C922;  d.,  70-23. 
Coillard,  Mr.,  luission,  6022,3. 
Coimbatore,  Bp.  Bardou,  cons.,  974*. 
Coimbatur  mission,  10462. 
Coimbra,  Port.,  earthquake,  11093;  Univ. 

est.,  11091,  U101. 
Coin,  Eng.,  debased;  interest,  8693;  clip- 
ping, 9003. 
—— and  Currency  Bill  passes  S.,  37.53, 3763, 
Coinage,  silver,  authorized,  293' ;  Brit,  dol- 
lar, 10123 ;  silver  dollar,  U  .S. ,  3193 ;  three- 
cent  discontinued,  3692;  silver  dollars, 
467' ;  souvenir  half-dollars  coined,  4193; 
Sp.  driven  out,  1793;  20^!ent  pieces,  289' , 
same  suspended,  299' .    (See  Silver.) 
Coit.,  Irene  \V.,  admitted  to  Yale,  3862. 

,  .J.  C,  noni.  lieut.  gov.,  3652. 

Stanton,  Ktltical  Vulture,  372^. 

,  Tlionias  Winthrop,  b.,  1102  ;  d.,  3202. 

Coke,  archbp.,  letters  conv.,  10052. 

,  Sir  Edward,  b.,  870' ;  sjieaker,  8773; 

chf.  just., 8793;  lmprisoned,8813;d.,8822. 

,  Levi,  indictment,  4222. 

,  Kichard,  b.,1362;  gov.  Tex., 2873;  vote 

for,  2832;  speech,  4372. 

,  Tho.,  b.,  662;  bp.,  963:  9223;  in  Am., 

963;  at  Baltimore,  1062;  d.,  123'. 

and  coal,  substitute  charcoal,  924' . 

workers.  Pa.,  mob,  3803. 

Cokesbury  Coll.,  Del.,  opens,  99' . 
Colani,  Timoth<;e,  b.,  7242;  <!.,  7562. 
Colban,  Marie  Adolflne  Schmidt,  b.,  1104' . 
Colberg,  Prus.,  Russians  take,  6162. 
Colbert,  .Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  6863;  est.  Acad, 
ol  Sciences,  of  Belles-Lettres,  690' ;  con- 
troller,6913;Marq.deSeiguelay;d.,6923. 
Colborne,  Can.,  grip  rages,  5913. 

,  Sir  Francis,  in  India,  ll>i82. 

,  Sir  John,  b.  (1778)  ;  gov.,  5773,  5792  ; 

leaves  Can.,  5793;  d.  (1863). 
Colbrenner,  Edmund,  reigns  in  Swe.,11333. 
Colburu,  Warren,  b.,  1042;  d.,  142' . 

,  Zerah,  b.,  112' ;  d.,  162' . 

Colby,  Anthony,  b.  (1792) ;    gov.  N.  H., 
1613;  d.  (1873). 

C.  C,  pres.  of  council,  6892. 

.George,  d.,  372'. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9223;  d.,  9682. 

University,  Me.,  fnd.,  129' . 

Colchester,  Eng.,  surrenders,  8862;  cong. 

of  cyclists,  9943. 
Colchester,  lost,  910' . 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9372. 

,  Lord,  postmaster-general,  9632. 

, .    (See  Abbott,  Charles.) 

Colchis,  Argonautic  expedition,  1013' . 
Colcomb,  Col.  de,  in  Algeria,  83. 
Colcord,  Ross  K.,  gov.  Sev.,  399' . 
Cold,  in  New  Eng.,  180' ;  northwest,  398' ; 
in  Eng.,  906',  916',  9262,  964'.     (See 

Coldbath  Fields,  London,  cruelties,  9312 
Colden,  Oadwallader,  b.  (1688) ;  gov.  N.Y., 
732;  d.  mi6).  ^^    ^ 

,_— David,  b.  (1769);  mayor  N.  Y., 

1272;  d.  (1834). 

,  Mr.,  stereotyping,  91 ' . 

Cold  Harbor,  Va.,  battle  of,  234' . 

Coldinghaiu,  convent  est.,  8423. 

Cold  Knob  Mountain,  Va.,  defeat,  216' . 

Springs,  O.,  explosion,  4133. 

Coldstream  Guards,  Eng.,  instituted,  890' . 

Coldwater,  Miss.,  action  near,  213' ;  Con- 
feds,  defeated,  2183. 

,  Teuii.,  Confeds.  defeated,  2203. 

Colebrook,  William,  Sir,  gov.,  5792 

Colebrooke,  Hen ry  Thos. ,1). ,  9162 ;  d.  (1837). 

Colebrookdale,  Iron  railway,  924' ,  9253. 

Colechuroh,  Peter,  Thames  bridge,  846' . 

Cole  City,  Ga.,  jail  delivery,  3863. 

,  Fr.,  occupied,  7422. 

,  Asahel  N.,  d.,  3422. 

,  Henry  A.,  d.,  10022. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  110' ;  works,  136' ,  138' , 

140',  142',  154';  d.,  164'. 

,  Capt.,  at  Winchester,  2043. 

,  Dean,  fnds.  St.  Paul's  School,  867' . 

Colehour,  111.,  R.K.  collision,  4392. 

Coleman,  Tex.,  train  robbery,  4303. 

,  George,  b.,  9162. 

,  .lames  D.,  pres.  Catli.  Knights,  3402. 

,  Leighton,  b.,  1502  ;  cons,  bp.,  3302. 

. ,  Samuel,  in  Nat.  Acad.  Design,  217'. 

,  Willi.am  T.,  d.,  444' . 

,  Sec,  executed,  895'. 

Colenso,  John  Wm.,  b.  (1814) ;  bp. ;  Penta- 


teuch, 5983 ,  9663 ;  work  condemned,  ,5983 ; 

deposed;     excommunicated,    599';    in 

Kng.,  6003  ;  d.,  6033. 
Coleridge,  Baron,  title  created,  976' . 
,  .John  Duke,  b.  (1821)  ;  Lord  Justice, 

9872;  visits  Am.,  316'  ;  d.,  1012' . 
,  Hartley,  b.,  9283;  works,  9483,  9563; 

d     9642 
1',  Samuel  Taylor,  b.,  9183  ;  works,  927' , 

929' ,  9362,  9431  ;  d.,  9462. 

,  Sarah,  b.,  9323;  d.  (1852). 

Coles,  Col.,  captures  Suttolk,  2303. 

,  Edward,  b.  (1786);  gov.,  1312;  d.,262a. 

,  Elizabeth,  will,  399' . 

Colet,  Louise  (Kevoil),  b.,  719' ;  d.,  750' . 
Colfax,  Schuyler,  b.,  1302;  speaker,  2292, 

2492,2572,2653;  resigns,  267';  nom.  for 

vice-pres.,  263':   vote,  2653,  279';  inau- 
gurated, 267 ' ;  d.,  3182. 
ColBan,  John,  cons.  K.C.  bp.,  9862. 
Colgate,  James  B.,  Univ.  gift,  3383,  3843. 

,  Samuel,  b.  (1822);  d.,  4241. 

Univ.,  Madison  Univ.  name  changed, 

341' ;  Colgate's  gift,  3843. 
Colhoun,  Edmund  R.,  b.,  130' . 
Coligiii,  Gaspard  de,  b.,  6802;  est.  colony, 

222,  5531 ;  at  Jarnac,  6822  ;  Prot.  leader, 

6833;  d.,  6823;  statue,  7581 . 
Colin,  Alexander,  b.,  6403;  d.,  5403. 

,  Heinrich  J.,  works,  8072. 

CoUamer,  Jacob,  b.,1022;  P.M.-Gen.,  1653; 

on  com.  of  13,  1892;  d.,  2482. 
Coll«,  Charles,  b.,  6963;  d.,  705' . 
Colle,  Rattaelliiio  dal,  b.,  10783;  d.,  10803. 
College,  Stephen,  executed,  8953. 

of  cardinals,  appears,  10723. 

of  City  N.  Y.  org.,  (1847). 

(j(  Emporia  (Pres.),  Kan.,  org.  (1882). 

of  Montana  org.,  3143. 

of  St.  Joseph  org.  Mo.  (1869). 

Park,  Cal.,  University  of  the  Paciflo 

fud.,  1702. 

students    Conf.,      Northfield,    3622; 

grievances  of  Rus.,  1119' . 
— ^  Springs,  la..  Amity  Coll.  org.,  1822. 
Colleges,  Europe,  etc.    (See  under  respec- 
tive names  iu  alphabetical  place.) 

of  U.  S.  A.    (Those  having  thirty  or 

less  instructors  may  be  found  in  their 
alphabetical  place.)  Adelphi,  Brook- 
Ivn    org.  (1896)  ;    Armour    Institute  of 


■f  echnoTogv,  Chicago,  org.  (1893)  ;  Bar- 
nard, for  women.  New  York,  founded, 
3443;  org.  (1889)  ;  Berea,  Berea,  Ky.,  org. 
(1855) ;  Bryn  Mawr,  Bryn  Mawr,  Pa.  org., 
3223;  Central  Tennessee,  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  chartered,  2.522;  College  of  the 
Citv  of  New  York,  org.,  1642;  Colorado, 
Colorado  Springs,  fnd.,  2863;  Cornell, 
Mt  Vernon,  la.,  fnd.,  1822;  Dartmouth, 
Hanover,  N.  H.,  fnd.,  763;  Coll.  Agri- 
culture and  Mechanics  est.,  2023,  W.  ,J. 
Tucker,  pres.,  4022;  Girard,  Phila.,opd., 
1632;  Hampton  Institute,  Hampton,  Va., 
org.,  2643;  Iowa,  Griuuell,  la., org.,  163' ; 
Iowa  State,  Agricultural,  2662  ;  Knox, 
Galesburg,  111.,  1483;  Mass.  Institute  of 
Technology  opd.,  2522;  Mich.  Agricul- 
tural, Landsing,  org.  (1857)  ;  Mount  Hol- 
yoke,  South  Hadley,  Mass.,  org.,  (1837), 
M.  A.  Bingham,  pres.,  3383,  E.  S.  B. 
Mead,  pres.,  3562;  Momit  St.  Marv  s, 
Emmitsburg,  Md.,  fnd.,  1143;  Oberlm, 
Oberlin,  O.,  fnd.,  143';  Penn.  State,  at 
State  College,  1823;  Polytechnic  Insti- 
tute, Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  org.,  1762  ;  Pratt 
Institute,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,    org.,  3283 


endowment,  .3843;  Radcliffe,  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  fnd.,  3023,  est.,  444'  ,2,  A.  Irwin, 
dean,  4602 ;  St.  Francis  Xavier,  New 
York,  org.,  16:i';  Smith,  Northampton, 
Mass.,  org.,  2883,  observatory  erected, 
324' ;  Teachers',  New  York,  chartered, 
3342,  renamed,  4182,  gift  for,  4262  opd., 
4742;  Tufts,  Mass.,  org.,  1703;  U.  S.  Mil- 
itary Academy,  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  est., 
110',  111',  Library  fnd.,  119',  observa- 
tory erected,  150',  admission  limited, 
262'  462' ;  U.  S.  Naval  Academy,  Anna- 
polis, Md.,  org.,  1.5.83,  opd.,  350',  hazing 
Srohihited,  2»4';  Vassar,  Pouglikeepsie, 
[  Y  fnd.,  199',  name  changed,  2562, 
observatory  erected,  300';  Wellesley, 
Wellesley,  Mass.,  org.,  2883,  Martmeau 
statue,  3241,  stetson  gift,  3362,  School 
of  Art  dedicated,  3471.  (See  those  of 
other  countries  under  their  names.) 

,  grant  reduced.  Can.,  6883;  anti-reli- 

gious,  691 ;  Am.  below  Ger.,  8322. 


Collet,  Philibet,  b.,  6883;  d.,  698' . 
CoUetet,  Guillaume,  b.,  686' ;  d.,  6902. 
Colleton,  James,  gov.,  503;  banished,  513. 
Colletta,  Pietro,  b.  (1775) ;  work,  1087' ;  d. 

(1833). 
CoUey,  Clara  B.,  reception,  N.  Y.,  3802. 

,SirGeo.  Ponieroy,  gov.,601' ;  k.,603'. 

Colli,  Gen.,  b.  (1760);  at  Mondovi,  712' ;  d. 

(1812). 
Collier,  Alfred,  Mmmtebanlcs,  416' . 

,  Arthur,  b.,  8942;  d.,  9082. 

,  Sir  George,  d.,9263. 

,  Henry  W.,  b.  (1801);  gov.  Ala.,  167'  ( 

d.  (1855). 

,  Jeremy,b.,8882;  works,9003;  d.(1726). 

,  John  Payne,  b.,  9243;  d.,  9922. 

;  Robert  Laird,  b.  (1837);  d.,  .'itti' . 

Colliersville,  Tenn.,  action  at,  2263. 
Collin,  Heinrich  J.  von,  b.,  803' ;  d.,  8IO2. 

d'Harleville,  .Jean  F.,  works,  7063. 

CoUingwood,  Lord  Cuthbert,  b.,  9122  ;  at- 
tacks Fr.  fleet,  934' ;  d.,  936' . 
Collins,  Anthony,  b.,  8912;  d.,  9082. 

,  John,  b.,  68' ;  gov.  R.  I.,  992,  129*; 

d.  (1795). 

H.  J.  F.,  defaulter,  4382. 

J.  W.,  suicide,  4022. 

Napoleon,  Com.,  b.  (1814) ;  captures 

Florida,  2383;  d.  (1875). 

.William,  b.,  9062;  works,  9131,948'; 

d.,  9143. 

,  b.,  9243;  d.,  9542. 

; ,  Wilkie  b.,  9422  ;  works,   9623; 

d.  (1889). 

Line,  jra»Ai«</'o»  sails,  1633. 

Pres.,  commits  suicide,  Cal.,  4022. 

CoUinson,  Peter,  b., 900';  expedition,  9542. 
'  Collinsville,  Tenn.,  Confed.  defeat,  228'. 
CoUis,  Cal.,  train  robbery,  4123. 
Collisions  (see  Railroads)  at  Sea  (see  dis- 
asters), Bill  to  prevent,  3632. 
Collodion,  asteroid  discovered,  1138' . 
CoUombet,  Fran?.  Zenon.b.,  7163;  d.,7322. 
Collot  d'Herbois,  Jean  Marie,  b.,  701' ;  d., 

7123. 
CoUyer,  Robert,  b.,  1302. 
Colman,  George,  b.,  9082;  d.,928S. 
Colniar,  Ger.,  occupied,  7402. 
Cologne,  Ger.,  fnd.,  769';  invaded,  6792; 
bishopric  fnd.,  7682;  imperial  city,  7733; 
Univ.  est.,  785' ;  it  suspends,  8072;  peace 
with,  Soest,  7853;  Jews  expelled,  7863; 
Diet  of,  7873;  Protestants  expelled,  7943; 
occupied,  798' ;  taken,  806' ;  archbishop- 
ric secularized,  8071;  musical  festival, 
8121 ;  archbp.  confined,  8I6I  ;stoned,8322; 
riots,  8163,  8171;  archbp.  dispute,  exhi- 
bition 8222. 

Cathedral,  commenced,  18O2;  worE 

suspended,  7862  ;  collections,  8103  ;  re- 
paired, 8162;  opd.,  8161,3;  coinpleteo, 
8301;  opd.,  8302;  Bp.  McCarthy  comk, 
9782. 
Coloma,  Carlos,  Las  Guerras,  11292 
Coloman,  King,  takes  Dalinatia,  5021 . 
Colomarde,  Francisco  Tades,  b.-d.,  11302, 
Colombia,  S.  Am.,  see  Text,  pp.  b28-fcffl, 
kingdom  of  Granada,  est..  662;  RepubUO 
fmJ.,  6442  ;  treaty  with  U.  S-.lff  jM^: 
Colombo,  Ceylon,  bi8hopnce8t.,9483,lUM», 

captured,  10441 ;  mission,  10471. 
Colombo,-/;,  and  T.  Magazine,  10462. 
Colon.    (See  Aspinwall.) 
Colouia,  Uru.,settlement  destroyed,  IIWJ 

mission,  11603. 
Colonial  Branch  Army  Act  passes,  9712. 

and  Brit.  Congress  meets,  9943. 

Clergy  Act  passes.  9793. 

and  Continental  Ch.  Soc,  fmd.,  964». 

Institute  fnd.,  9721, 2. 

Missionary  Society  org.,  9983. 

Naval  Act,  G.  B.,  9691 .  

office,   G.  B.,  created,  4972;   reooB- 

Btructed,  495' .        .    .  „  „    ,„„, 

Order  incorporated  u.  ».,  4bu^. 

Society  meets,  973' . 

treaties,  Eng.,  IO072. 

Colonna,  Prospero,  h     IW^^;:  "  f«2P 
680';  at  Genoa;  atRome,1080' ;d.,  IO8O2. 

,  Vittoria,  b.,  10783;  d.,  IttSOS 

Colonne,  Guide  delle,  works,  10.<'. 
Colorado,  gold  dis.,  181  ;  .s«"led,  1»»; 
Ter  org.;  1933;  first  legislature,  203"  i 
Conf edlrates  taken ,  2a5 ' ;  .1 .  Evjins,  ^^. 
2173;  severe  winter, '2293;  I'lH  f «' "'SS 
Mis';  Meth.  Epis.  Conf.,  2332;  Indian 
camp  attacked,  240';  Al^x.  Curami^ 
gov.:  251';  Cong,  admits^  S^,'.  a  ft 
mitted,  2553;  ter.  enlarged,  261',  A.  V. 


Colo-Cone. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1223 


Hunt,  gov.,  25i)3;  Denver,  capital,  2652; 

E.  M.  M'Cook,  (?ov.,  2002;  narrow-gauge 
R.  R.,  27i)3;  Territory  org. ;  constitution 
ratitied,  289' ;  Sam.  A.  En)ert, gov., 2831 ; 
J.  L.  Kouatt,  gov.,2Iil2,  21151 ,  3991 ;  Univ. 
org.,  2i)62  ;  gold  and  silver,  2992;  silver 
dis.;   Indians    troublesome,  3021,  3031; 

F.  W.  Pitkin,  gov.,  3033  ;  Denver  City 
capital,  3093;  Labor  Day  legalized,  3131 ; 
J.  B.  Grant,  gov.,  3152;  B.  H.  Katon, 
gov., 3233, 3563.;  Prot.  Epis.  diocese  est., 
3282;  avalanches,  3»li ;  river  rises,  3422: 
Job  A.  Cooper,  gov.,  .3492;  Soldiers'  and 
Sailors'  Home  est.,  3503;  prairie  fires, 
3553 ;  cloud-bursts,  3041 ;  snow  falls,  3661 ; 
Indians  dis.,  3662;  collision,  3693;  police 
killed,  3751 ;  legislative  factions,  3753  ; 
train  robbers,  3903;  silver  mines  closed, 
4053  ;  timberland  burned,  4152  ;  R.  R. 
strike,  417i ;  desert  crossed  ;  mine  expe- 
dition, 4233  ;  silver  mines  closed,  4333  ; 
strikers,  4343  ;  Free  Coinage  of  Silver 
appeal,  435i ;  Xat.  banks  close,  4352; 
miners  resume  work,  4382  ;  frauils  in 
land-grants,  4383-  extra  Legislature  ses- 
sion, 4491 ;  gold  dis.,  442i ;  Woman  Suf- 
frage granted,  4452;  snowfall,  4521 ;  de- 
cision against  governor,  4551;  cloud- 
burst, 4601,  4673;  militia  for  strikers, 
4651 ;  stage  robbery,  4663  ;  H.  W.  Mcln- 
tyre,  nom.  for  gov.,  4712. 

Colorado  Beetle,  in  N.  Y.,  2833;  in  G.  B., 

9833. 

Caiion,  Maj.  Powel  descends,  266' . 

Springs,  Col.  Coll.  fnd.,  2863;  Childs- 

Drexel  Home  est.,  3712;  dedicated, 4063; 

Tarsney  outraged,  4631 . 
Color  caste  in  government,  2112. 
- — printing  invented,  3121 . 
Colored  cotton-pickers  organize,  391'. 

Educational  Conven.,  2891 . 

labor,  protest,  Austral.,  5003. 

lawyers.  Bar  Asso.,  Miss.,  3783. 

Men's  Conven.  in  D.  C,  3523. 

People  Conv.,  2653,  29C3,  2971,  3322, 

3523,3591,4042. 
Colosseum  erected,  10622. 
Colossi,  San  and  Abydos,  6462. 
Colossians^  Epistles  to,  written,  11531. 
Colossus  thrown  down, 10263;  broken, 10333. 
Colossus,  launched,  9861 . 
Colquhoun,  Patrick,  b.  (1745);  d.,9402. 
Colquitt,  Alfred   Holt,  b.,  1321;  vote  In 

conven.  for  pres.,  2812;  gov.,  2973;  sen- 
ator   (1883-94);    paralytic    stroke,  4542; 

d.,4541;  funeral;  moniorial,  4652, 

,  Walter  T.,  b.,  1082;  d.,  1761 . 

Colston,  Edward,  b.  (1636)  ;  hospital  fnd., 

9031 ;  d. (1721). 
Colt,  Samuel,  b.,  123i ;    patents  revolving 

pistol,  1441;  d.,  2023. 
Coltman,  Robert,  Jr.,  The  Chinese,  430^. 
CoUon,  Calvin,  b.  (1789)  ;  d.,  I8OI . 

,  Gardner  Quincy,  b.,  1231 . 

,  George  Hooker,  b.  (1818) ;    American 

li^view,  1583  ;    d.  (1847). 

,  John,  gov..  Ire.,  86II. 

,  Walter,  b.,  1062  ;  d.,  1682. 

Golomban,  Saint,  b.-d.,8402;  expelled  from 

Ger.,  7711 ;  fuds.  lona,  8403. 
Columbia,  cruiser,  launched,  4121;  speed, 

4441 ;  sails,  4661. 
Columbia,  steamship  record,  3613. 
,  wins  race,  2753. 

asteroid,  discovered,  7601 . 

City,  Ind.,  defalcation,  4502. 

,  Ky.,  Christian  college  fnd.,  3123. 

,  Mo.,  University  org.,  1543;  Stephens 

College  fnd.,  1802;  fire,  3993, 

,  S.  C,  coll.   org.,    1111;    theological 

seminary  est.,  1403;  state  conven.,  1412; 
small-pox,  1892;  action,  2401 ;  Schofield 
reaches,  240 1 ;  tire  at,  2422;  Gen.  Sher- 
man reaches,  2422;  secession  repealed, 
2491 ;  takes  military  district,  2572;  tax- 
payers' conven. ,2742- Normal  school  est., 
2843;  Winthrop  Teachers'  Training 
school  opd.,  3242  ;  negroes'  State  Fair, 
3513;  Farmers*  State  conven.,  3552;  Afro- 
Am.  League  org. ;  negroes  assemble,  359 1 . 

,  Tenn.,Confed.  cavalry  defeated,  2281. 

Columbia,  Va.,  Sheridan  arrives,  2441. 

College  (King's  coll.),  N.  Y.,  est.,  543; 

Bill  intro.,  67i,69i;  King's  Coll.  char- 
tered; opens;  S.  Johnson,  first  pres.; 
gifts  to,  691;  comer-stone,  712;  Myles 
Cooper,  pres.,  731 ;  Benj.  Moore,  pres., 
831:  military  hospital,  85i ;  Columbia 
Coll.  8onamed,97i ;  receives  library ,2622, 


4282;  Sam.  Johnson,  pres., 991 ;  incorpo- 
rated, 1002;  Dr.  Mofjre,  pres.  of;  Dr. 
Wharton,  pres.  of,  III1 ;  new  site,  173i , 
1822,  4021;  boat-race,  3113,  3173,  3213, 
3253,  3273,  3313,  ^422;  annual  meeting 
held,  3261;  Barnard's  gift,  3443;  geth 
Low,pres.,'3t63,  3512;  library  gift,  3622; 
Aristotle's  constitution,  3802;  library, 
Emanu-El  Theo.  Sem.,4042. 

Columbia  Kiver  discovered,  1021. 

Columbian  caravels,  at  Montreal,  5953, 

celebration,  U.S.A.,  4113,  4132, 4162,3, 

4171;  frauds,  4211;  foreign  ships,  4261; 
naval  officers  ;  International  flotilla  ; 
Sp.  squadron,  4281 ;  legal  holiday,  4283. 
(See  World's  Fair.) 

Univ.  of  Wash,  org.,  1311, 

Leagues,  fmd.,  4583. 

Columbian  Magazine,  Phila.,  est.,  991 . 

,  Ore.,  est.,  1583. 

Columbian  Museum  Fund,  gift,  4433. 

printing-press  produced,  9362. 

univ.  fnd..  Wash.,  1311. 

Columbus,  Ga.,  Federals  capture,  2462. 

,  Ky.,  state  guards  at,  1962;  occupied, 

1982;  evacuated,  2042. 

,  Miss.,  Industrial  Institute  and  Col- 
lege opened,  3203. 

,  O.,  laid  out;  capital,  1193;  state  li- 
brary fnd.,  1251 ;  Capital  Univ.  fnd.,  1683; 
State  House  burned,  1712;  two  regiments 
for  Wash.,  1941;  Crinis  wrecked,  2213; 
Morgan  escapes,  2283;  Lincoln  funeral, 
2472;State  Univ., 2823;  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  Coll.  opd.,  21*22;  Trades 
Unions  Cong.,  3251;  gas  explosion,  3523; 
strike,  361 1 ,  4182,  4622,  mine  workers  of 
Am.  meet,  3763;  Elliott  convicted,  38S3; 
leather  trust,  4393;  McDonald  indicted, 
4402;  miners' conf.,  4622,3;  commission- 
ers indicted,  4723;  Winthrop  Teachers' 
training-school  opd.,  3242. 

Columbus,  attacked  by  Br.  sloops,  822. 

,  Bartholomew,  Indians  shipped,   152; 

sea-charts  intro.,  8663;  d,  (1514). 

,Christopher,b.-d.,  10783;  many  events, 

122±;  dis.  Cuba,  6312;  Haiti,  10401; 
signs  document,  6312;  dis.  Guiana  coast, 
10393;  dis.  Costa  Rica,  6301 ;  Views  Hon- 
duras, 10411 ;  and  Venez.,  II6O1 ;  and  Ni- 
caragua, ll(>3i;  remains  removed,  &433, 
6343;  canonization  desired  ;  letters  fnd., 
10392,3;  statues,  4101,  4161,4461,4601. 

before  Isabella,  group  in  capitol,  320i . 

,  l)iego,  governor,  173.  • 

Colimaella,  Lucius  Junius  Moderatus,  b., 
10622;  De-Re-Itustica,  10623. 

Colve,  Anthony,  gov.,  N.  Y.,  441 ,  453. 

Colver,  Nathaniel,  b.  (1794) ;  d.,  2721 . 

Colville,  Baron,  title  created,  8772. 

of  Culross,.  Baron,  title  created,  9871 , 

Colvin,  Sir  Auckland,  adviser,  6593. 

,  Verplanck,  surveyor,  2813. 

Colvocoresses,  Geo.  M.,  b.  (1816) ;  d.,  2781 . 

Comana,  Venez.,  settled,  192. 

Comarford,  M.,  cons  R.  C.  bishop,  9983. 

Coraayagua,  founded,  10412. 

Combaconum,  Madras,  mission,  10471 . 

Combahee,  last  battle  of  Rev,,  943. 

Combat,  trial  by,  8491 ;  forbidden,  8831 . 

Combe,  Andrew,  b.,  9283  ;  d.  (1847). 

,  George,  b.,  9243  ;  d.,  9622. 

Combermere,  Vise,  title  created,  9412. 
(See  Cotton  Stapleton.) 

Combes,  Edmond,  b.,  7193;  d.,  7461 . 

Comegys,  Cornelius  Parsons,  b.  (1813) ; 
gov.  Del.,  1492. 

,  Joseph  P.",  d.,  4221 . 

Comenius,  John  Amos,  b.,  5102  ;  works, 
5131 ;  d.,  5123  ;  eel.,  4(^1 ,  4122,  5351 . 

Comet,  disappears,  36i ;  visible,  42',  463, 
481;  discovered,  2092,  2111,  2941,  2981, 
3101,3121,  3141,  3201  3341,  3481,3421, 
3461,  5001,  6003,  6022,  8421,  8581,  §902, 
8941 ,  8961 ,  9022,  9162,  9343,  9621 ,  9641 . 

Comedians,  English,  in  Ger.,  7921. 

Comfort,  George  Fisk,  b.,  1421 . 

Comines,  Philippe  de,  b.,  6782  ;  M&moires 
et  Lettres,  6783  ;  d.,  68O2. 

Commentry,  dynamite  explosion,  763 1 . 

Commerce,  vexed,  U.  S.,  1152,3  ;  restric- 
tions removed,  1173  ;  open  to  Brit.,  1393. 

,  early,  Great  Britain,  841' . 

Commercial  Conven.  at  Keokuk,  la.,  2673; 
at  Louisville,  Ky.,  2693;  at  Cincinnati, 
271 1 ;  at  Kansas  City,  3822 ,  3833  ■  at  New 
York,  4383. 

Cong.  (International),  7583. 

depression,  Fr.,  7553;  Eng.,  9353,9513. 


Commercial  panic,  Eng., 9272,3, 9533, 9553 

9613.    (See  panic.) 

Temperance  League  org.,  3251, 

Travellers'  Bill,  4031 . 

Coramerson,  Philibert,  b.,  6982  ;  d.,  7043. 
Commissioners  for  peace,  Va.,  1912  ;  Eng. 

Board  for  Am. ,  753 ;  office  abolished,  947*. 
Committee  of  Five  appointed  on  traitors, 

1911 ;  of  i3on  concession,  members,  1892, 

reports,  1893;  of  33,  on  pacification,  1891  • 

report,  1912  ;  on  Public  Safety,  Fr.,  7093. 
Commodus,  Lucius  iElius  Aurelius,  b.-d., 

10642;  reigns  ;  tribute  to  Ger. ;  govt,  of 

Ger. ;      conduct ;     executes    Crispiana, 

10651 ;  strangled,  10652. 
Common  wins  the  Derby,  10053. 
Common,  Ainslie,  telescope,  9841. 
Commouus,  peace  with  Romans,  7691 . 
Comm/ynweai,  Anarchist  paper,  10083, 
Commonwealth  est.,  Eng.  ;  seal  of,  8873. 
Common  Carriers  Contract  Bill,  4232, 4252. 
Prayer  Book,   first,  8702  ;   outvoted, 

8843;  opposed,  8863 ;  adopted,  9042;  issued 

in  Am.,  2942  ;  reformation  league,  9623, 

(See  Book  of  C.  Prayer.) 

Prayer  Book  and  Tract  Soc.org.,  1243. 

Commons,  House  of,  Eng.    (See  text.) 
Commons  suppressed,  Fr.,  6663, 
Commune  est.,  Fr.,70fi3.    (See  Parib.) 
Commimication  of  Houses,  G.  B.,  9612, 
Communion  sanctioned,  Ger.,  7843, 

service  instituted,  Eng.,  8702. 

Communists'  flag  in  Chicago,  2923.    (g^ 

Anarchists.) 
Commutation  Act  passes,  9233. 
Comnenus,  Alex.,  at  Durazzo,  10741. 
Como,  Colo.,  mine  explosion,  4232. 
Comonfort,  Ignacio,  b.-d.,  10952; president; 

forced  to  retire,  10962. 
Coniorn,  earthquake,  5163. 
Compact  Law  subscribed  to,  C.  Rica,  630>, 

of  Stanz  formed,  11373. 

Compagnie  de  la  France  Equinoxiale  est. ; 

dea  Ijides  Occidentales  est.,  10393. 
Companion  of  Sirius  disc(»vered,  ia)23. 
Compass  used,  Hi ;  theory  published,  9401 ; 

various  forms,  944i ;  box  invented,  8781 ; 

mariner's  used.  10781. 
Compensation    Bill     intro.,    Eng.,    8983; 

passes;  rejected,  9853. 
Compi^gne,  siege  of,  6762. 
Complete  Library  issued,  9002. 
Compfutensiaii  Polyglot  printed,  1127' . 
Compromise  Bill  mtro.,  I67i;  referred  to 

committee,  1672. 
Compromise  Tariff  passes,  U.  S.,  1432, 
Comptoir  d'Escompte,  fails,  7573;  iu  finan- 
cial panic,  7593. 
Compton,  Alwyne,  Lord,  bp.,  9663,  9922. 

,  Barnes  W.,  b.,  1381 . 

,  Chas.  E.,  commissioned  colonel,  3261 . 

,  Henry,  b.,  8822;  suspended,  8963  •  d. 

(1713). 
Compton's  Ferry,  Mo.,  Confeds.  defeated, 

2103. 
Compulsory  Act  passes,  G.  B.,  9512. 

Attendance  Bill  rejected,  9793. 

Education.     (See  Education.) 

Comstock,  Anthony,  b.,  1562;  arrests,  4691 . 

,  Cyrus  B,,  commissioned  col.,  3301 , 

,  John  Lee,  b.,  100 1 ;  d.,  1841. 

,  J.  M.,  in  treasury  dept.,  4472. 

Tunnel  Co.  incorporated,  3452. 

Comte,  Isidore  Auguste  Francois  Xavier, 

b.,7131;  works,   725',  7291,  7393    7323; 

d.,  7322. 
Comudett,  Deputy,  duel,  7563. 
Comum,  captured,  10531 . 
Comyn,  John,  defeats  Eng.,  8561 :   mur- 
dered, 8563,  8571. 

,  bailitf,  8712, 

Conant,  Edwin,  gift  to  Harvard,  3781 . 
,  Hannah   O'Brien  Chaplin,  b.  (1809) : 

d.,  2423.  " 

,  Roger,  b.  (1693)  ;  d.,  463. 

,  Thomas  Jefferson,  b.,  IIOI ;  d.,  3821. 

C<maro,  Vincenzo,  Eroto("ritos,  10351. 

Concalvi,  Ercole,  b.,  10842. 

Concepcion,  Chile,  earthquake,  6051 ,  6063; 

fnd.;  destroyed,  6052;  mission, 6071 . 
Conceptionists,  order  founded,  10791. 
Concertina  invented,  9421 , 
Concert-room  est.,  Eng., 9441. 
Concerts,  ancient ;  king's  concerts  begin  ; 

subscriptions  est.,  9202. 
Concha,  Jos^  Gutierrez  de  la,  b.,  11303  ;  in 

Pampeluna,  11301 ;  antislave  trade,  6323. 

,  Jos^  de  Santiago,  gov.  Chile,  6053. 

Conciliatory  Bills  in  Pari.,  893,  9213. 


1224 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  CoUC— Coilg. 


Concino  Coiicini.    (See  Ancre,  Marquis  d*.) 
Concon,  battle  of,  6083. 
CoHconuUy,  Wash.,  cloud-burst,  4641 , 
Concord,  Mass.,  founded,  352  •  battle  of, 
801;  centeimial.  2893. 

,  N.  H.,  railroad  to  Nashua  opd.,  1553; 

Boston  Univ.  fnd.,  1631 ;  Uro,  1673,  2013; 
first  regiiuentleaves,  1943;  JPierce  speaks, 
2253;  Mrs.  M.  H.  Woodworth  elected, 
357 1 ;  Webster  statue,  322 1 ;  Stark  statue, 
3701;  Hale  statue,  4121;  granite  cutters 
independence,  4143 ;  Abbot  hanged,  4303. 

College,  Ky.,  org.,  2623. 

and  Nashua  R.  K.  opened,  1553. 

,  Order  of,  instituted,  Fr.,  71*72. 

,  Temple  of,  built,  10502. 

Concordat  signed,  5'^i;  observed,  5273; 
on  infallibility,  5282  ;  susi)ended,  5291; 
bill  to  abolish,  5292;  of  Aschatfenberg, 
signed,  785';  with  Pope,  Belg., 5423;  Fr., 
signed,  with  pope,  6812;  for  religion,  Fr., 
7151 ,2;  new,  Fr.,  721 1 ,  723t ;  Fr.  govt,  sup- 
ports, 76*1  ;  at  Worms  ;  disputes  compro- 
mised, 7763;  settles  papal  dispute,  7772  ; 
of  Vienna  concluded,  7851 . 

Concordia,  Kan.,  K.  C.  diocese  org.,  3282. 

,  Miss.,  Federals  burn,  2162. 

,  Coll.  fnd.  at  Fort  Green,  1503. 

Coiidamine,  Charles  Marie  de  la,  b.,  6943  ■ 

toPeru,  69S1;  d.  (1774). 
Conde^  trotting  record,  3273. 

Cond4,  Henry  1.  de  Bourbon,  Prince  de,  b., 
at  Jarnac,  6822;  d.,  6842. 

,  Jos6  Antonio,  b.-d.,  11291 . 

,  Louis  I.  de  Bourbon,  Prince  de,  b., 

68i)3;  Huguenot  leader;  d.,6823. 

,  Louis  II.  de  Bourbon  Pr.de,  Due  d'En- 

ghien,  b.,  6863 ;  viceroy,  29i ;  imprisoned, 
6873  ;  arrested,  6893  ;  in  Guienne ;  in 
Sp.;liberated,6912;atb.Allerbeim,79Gi; 
pardoned,  6913  ;  in  Belg.,  6921 ;  d.,  6942. 

,  Fr.  gains,  6933. 

Condensation,  Eng.  method  of,  9161. 

Conder,  Lieut.,  survey  of  Palestine ;  Hit- 
tite  inscriptions,  H58i. 

Condict,  John,  b.  (1834) ;  d.,  1422, 

CondiUac,  fetienne  Bonnot  de,  b.,  697'; 
works,  7012,  7032,  7102  ;  a.,  7051. 

Condit,  J.  B.,  moderator,  2023. 

Condon,  Thomas,  imprisoned,  10003. 

Condorcet,  Marie  Jean  Antoine  Nicolas 
Caritat,  Marquis  de,  b.,  7002  ;  Human 
M'>"d,  7103  ;  d.,  7102. 

Condottieri  appear.  It,,  10761. 

Cone,  Soencer  Houghton,  b.  (1785);  d.,  1761 . 

Couecte,  Thomjis,  b.  (1434) ;  preacher,  6771  j 
burned  (1434). 

Conemaugh  Valley,  Johnstown  relief 
fund,  religious  meeting,  3403. 

Conestoga,  N.Y.,  Indian  Conference,  6II. 

Coney  Island,  N.  Y.,  assault,  4563. 

Confederate  laws,  Ger.,  new,  8153. 

States   of   America.     (See  Southern 

Confederacy.) 

Confederacy  of  the  Bar,  Pol.,  fmd.,  11172. 

of  Guex,  fmd.,  10983. 

Confederation,  Ger.,  of  Rhine,  7172;  treaty 
for  revision, 8191  ;l)iet  of;  return;  restora- 
tion considered,  8192  ;  dissolved,  8251 . 

Confederations,  German,  free,  7712. 

Confereutie  of  Ref.  Dutch  church,  711 . 

Confessio  AmantiSf  issued,  8643. 

Confession,  auricular,  opposed,  Eng.,  9622. 

Cotifession  of  Auqsburg,  read,  7903. 

of  Faith,  adopted,  Rimini,  10683. 

—~-  liosese  Onic'ts,  appears,  795' . 

Confiscated  estates,  disposal  of,  Ger.,  7953. 

Confiscating  Act,  (Am.)  Eng.,  9193. 

Confiscation  Act,  Confed.  property,  1953, 
1992,2013  ;  passes,  2112. 

Confiscations,  royal,  8693. 

Conflans,  Comt^  de,  b.  (1G90) ;  off  Belle 
Isle,  7021 ;  d.  (1777). 

Conformity  Act  passed,  Eng.,  8763. 

Confucius,  b.-*l.,  6102-   disappointed,  6103. 

Congaree  Creek, S.G.,Confe(l.  repulse,  2422. 

Congdon,  Chas.  Taber,  b.  (1821) ;  d.,  3761 . 

Congleton,  Baron,  title  created,  951 1 .  (See 
Parnell.) 

Congregational  Church,  Can.;  Theological 
Coll.  fnd.,  5791 ;  Conf.;  Miss.  Soc.  fmd., 
5802;  in  N.  S.,5801 ;  Union  at  Brantford, 
5882;  Woman's  Board  of  Miss,  org.,  5942. 

— ,  G.  B.;  Ch.  fmd.,  8763;  at  South- 

wark,  8782;  Fund  Board  est.,  9002;  C. 
Union  org.  (Scot.),  9363;  Union  of  Eng. 
and  W.  org.,  9442;  dissenters,  pub.  dec- 
laration, 9463;  Board  of  Education  org., 
9523;  Memorial  Hall,  London,  9782;  (Co- 


lonial Miss.  Soc.org.,  9983;  Nat.  Pas- 
tors' Koinoinia,  10002;  Internat.  Council, 
London,  10062;  Union  in  London  meets, 
10102. 
Congregationalists  in  Am.;  fii-st  in  Am., 
282;  in  Mass.,  282;  2d  church,  302; 
taxes;  intolerance,  32i ;  1st  church  in 
Boston ;  election  sermons  begin,  322; 
Thomas  Hooker  arrives  ;  Anne  llutchin- 
son vexes;  1st.  Gen.  Synod,  342;  Har- 
vard Coll.  projected ;  pillory  for  the  het- 
erodox,362;2d.  Gen.  Synod,38i ;  missions, 
382;  organized,  382,  3;  Half-way  Cove- 
nant, 383;  3d Cliurch, Boston,  442;  Savoy 
Confession,  463 ;  State  support,  522 ; 
Manifesto  Church,  542;  Old  S.  Church, 
603;  Edwards's  great  awakening,  623; 
instrumental  music,  Boston,  982;  mis- 
cellaneous, 1102,3,  1143, 1311, 1713, 1881, 
2&42,  2682,  2802,  2862,  2882,  3122,  3142, 
3162,  3262,  3462,  3502;  in  n.  H.,  322;  in 
Dover,  342;  Dartmouth  Coll.  est.,  763; 
Gen.  Asso.org.,  1163;  in  Md.,  322;  iu 
Conn.,  toleration  enacted,  443;  Yale 
Coll.  est.,  543;  absentees  punished  ;  Say- 
brook  Platform  ;  union  with  Presbyteri- 
ans, 563;  Gen.  Asso.  org.,  57i;  partial 
toleration ;  New  Lights  vs.  Old  Liglits, 
651 ;  unite  with  Presbyterians,  742;  Ly- 
man Beecher  in,  1163;  miscelliineous, 
1431 ,2962,3162,3182.  Indian  Missions, 
382,3,  402,3,  422,442,3,  623,  0i3,  663,683, 
1263, 1283, 1363, 1382, 1402, 1442,3, 1862,3; 
John  Eliot,  a  missionary,  382,3;  Jona- 
than Edwards  with  Indians,  603;  Ed- 
wards at  Stockbridge,  69';  unite  with 
Presbyterians,  742,  1062, 1102,  li(i3, 1171 , 
1183,1463,1722;  in  Vt.,  1062,  a322;  in 
Ohio,  1062,  1431,  1702,  2742,  2i»02,  3502, 
3742;  in  Me.,  1063, 1243, 134i  ,2882,3022, 
3062.  Bowdoin  Coll.,  1063  ;  Lyman 
Beecher  in  N.  Y.,  1083;  Mass,  mission- 
ary Soc,  1083;  Boston  Female  Soc.  org., 
1103;  Am.  Board  Missions,  1142,  1163, 
1171,  1183,  1503,  3142;  Conn.  Religious 
Tract  Soc.  org.,  1142;  Andover  Sem.  opd., 
1143;  in  R.  I.,  1163,  3502;  in N.  H.,1163. 
Disrupted  m  N.  Eng.,  1171 ,  1243;  Female 
Foreign  Miss.  Soc.  org.,  110 1;  Bangor 
Theo.  School  opd.,  1243;  niission  school, 
1261 ;  Amherst  Coll.  est.,  1311 ;  in  Mich., 
1343,  1543,  2232,  3282, a502;  inlll.,  1382, 
1562,3,1822,1863.  Wabash  Coll.,  1403; 
in  N.  Y.,  1423,  3022,  3I62,  3322,  3463, 
3521 .  Hartford  Theo,  Sem.  est.,  1431 ; 
Oberlin  Coll.  est.,  1431,  1443;  Marietta 
Coll.  est.,  1443;  union  with  Presb.  ends, 
1463;  in  Wis.,  1522,  i63i ,  3322;  in  la., 
1522,  1631,3502,3742.  Coll.  Soc.  fmd., 
157';  Beloit  Coll.,  Wis.,  est.;  la.  Coll., 
est.,  1631;  in  Ore.,  1642, 1723;  in  Minn., 
1702,1801,3002.  3d  Conven.,  1722;  C.  li- 
brary fnd.,  1731;  in  Kan.,  1762,  2502; 
in  Neb.,  1522,  1822,  2782,  3123,  3162;  in 
Cal..  1822,  2702,  2882,  3162,  3262,  3502. 
Chicago  Theo.  Sem.,  1822;  in  Chicago, 
1822;in  Ind.;  Triennial  Conven. of  N.W., 
1842;  Wheaton  Coll.  est.,  1863;  Grand 
Traverse  Coll.  est.,  2232;  National  Conf., 
2452;  in  Mo.,  2482,2502;  2823,3182,3262. 
4th  Gen.  Synod ;  Washburn  Coll.  est., 
2502  ;Tabor  Coll.,2543 ;  Gen.Conf  .of  Conn, 
org.,  2582;  Fiske  Univ.,  2602;  in  Tenn., 
2G02,2742;inN.J.,2662.  StraightUniv., 
2662;  in  La.,  2662,  2683;  in  Tex.,  2742. 
National  Council  fmd. ,  2742 ;  meets,  2862, 
2962,  3062,  31G2;  at  Worcester,  3462;  in 
S.  Dak.,  2762;  in  N,  Dak.,  2763,  3142. 
Fargo  Coll.,  2763;  Doane  Coll.,  2782; 
Drury  Coll.,  Mo.,  2823;  in  Colo.,  2863, 
3262,  3322.  Colorado  Coll.,  2863;  Am. 
Coll.  and  Education  Soc.  org.,  2863;  in 
Ala.,  2903.  New  West  Educational 
Commission,  2983;  in  Ga.,  3002, 3722;  in 
N.  C,  3002.  First  Y.  P.  Soc.  Christian 
Endeavor,30e2;  in  Utah,  3102;  in  Miss., 
3122.  Gates  Coll.,  3123;  in  Fla.,  3142, 
3223,  Ind.  Missions  tranferred,  3142  ; 
Declaration  of  Faith,  3162;  in  Mont.; 
in  Ariz.;  in  N.  Mex.,  3163;  in  D.  C. 
Rollins  Coll.,  3223;  in  Pa^.  3242;  in 
Ark.,  3263;  in  Wash., 3502.  On  Sun- 
day closing,  3701;  Am.  Board  meets, 
3701 ,  4161 . 
CoiiffresSf  bombards  Guayamas,  1622, 

\  Colonial;  Ist  Am.,  513;  at  Albany, 

673 ;  at  Alexandria,  693  ;  at  Boston, 
713;  at  New  York, 752;  first  Continental, 
792;  second,  79a,  812;  votes  for  army ,802, 


813*  issues  manifesto;  issues  bills  of 
credit,  813  ;  i(,an  proposed,  833  ;  creates 
naval  cjiptains,  842;  third  C.  Cong.,  852  ;, 
abolishes  troop  distinctions,  86*;  lourth- 
sixth  C.  Cong.,  873  ;  tlie  agent  of  the 
States, 892;  seventh  C.Cong., 893;  meets 
at  Phila.,  893  ;  of  Revolution  closed  ;  of 
Confederation ;  eighth  C.  Cong,  opens, 
933;  ninth  to  fourteenth,  97i,9it3;  dies, 
1011 ;  intimidation  proposed,  95' ;  five 
commissioners,  952;  Ordinance  of  1787 
passes  ;  requisitions  of,  992;  ratifies  con- 
stitution; lirst  Federal  opens,  101 1;  J. 
Langdon,  pres.  pro  tern;  F.  A.  Miihleu- 
burg,  speaker;  removed  from  New  York 
to  Phila.  ;foun(Is  nat.  bank  ;  three  execu- 
tive depart,  org.,  1012;  j.  Trumbull, 
speaker,  1032;  opens  (see  Dec.  every  odd 
year  following),  101 1 ;  accepts  N.C.  lands; 
funds  the  war  debts  of  States,  103' ; 
parses  Fugitive  Slave  Act ;  organizes 
militia,  105i ;  favors  discriminating  du- 
ties ;  open  doors  ;  embargo  law  ;  provides 
for  a  navy,  1052;  Neutrality  Act,  1053; 
ratifies  Jay's  treaty,  107' ;  \\'ashington't 
farewell ;  special  session,  1073;  organ- 
izes Mississippi  Territory,  1092;  al.^o  In- 
diana Territory,  1093;  passes  Alien  Act, 
1092;  capital  transferred  to  Washington, 
1093;  establishes  West  Point  Academy; 
abolishes  internal  revenue,  1112;  niakts 
Louisiana  purchase,  1113;  submits  12th 
Amendment, 1131 ;  forms  Michigan  Terri- 
tory ;  impeachment  of  Chase  (senate), 
1132;  prohibits  British  ntanufactures, 
1133;  prohibits  importation  of  slaves; 
prohibits  coasting  by  foreigners,  1162; 
forms  Illinois  Territory,  1153;  extra  ses- 
sion, 1172  ;  Temperance  Society  org., 
1551;  annexation  of  Tex.;  denies  rigiit 
of  petition,  159i;  reduces  postage,  1592; 
Wilmot's  proviso,  1593;  admits  Fla.;  first 
overrides  veto ;  fixes  elections  on  ujii- 
form  day,  1592  ;  Library  burned ;  end- 
ing hour  fixed,  1692;  new  library  fnd., 
1731 ;  Banks's  speakership  struggle, 1791 ; 
investigate  Kan.  politics,  1792,  1812; 
Com,  or  Five,  181 1  +,  1911 ;  called  to  pass 
Army  Bill,  181 1 ;  Representatives  enter 
new  hall,  1832;  Southern  Senators  in, 
1833;  Lon^  contest  for  Speaker;  on 
Brown's  raid,  187i;  Committee  of  thir- 
teen, 1891  +,  it  reports,  1912;  loan  of  $10,- 
000,000;  promotes  secession,  1892;  South- 
ern members  withdraw,  1893  + ;  nat.  vote 
on  secession  proposed,  1903;  confiscates 
slaves,  1991 ;  Jef.  Davis  on  secession, 
1911,2;  counts  vote;  Lincoln  elected; 
5-20  bonds,  1913;  admits  merchandise  lo 
mail;  passes  Thirteenth  Amendment; 
defense  of  Wash,  ojiposed  ;  authorizes 
loan, 1923 ;Senate  passes  aThirteeiithPro- 
slavery  Amend.,  1931 ;  slaves  as  contra- 
bands, 1961 ;  Army  Act ;  admits  Senators 
from  W.Va.;  expels  ten  Con  fed. Senators; 
War  loan  passes  H.,  1973,  1992;  confis- 
cates Confed.  property,  1992,2013;  eman- 
cipation in  D.  C,  1993  ;  slavery  divities, 
2013  ;  Committee  on  Conduct  of  War, 
2013, 2031 ;  bonds  aiUhorized:  Ball's  Blull 
investigation;  thanks  Capt  Wilkes, 2013; 
opposes  slavery;  increases  duties;  Val- 
lantligham  obstructs,  2031 ;  early  peace 
predicted;  Senator  Bright  expelled,  2033; 
demand  notes  increased  ;  certificotes  of 
indebtedness  ;  A.  Johnstm  resigns ;  fu- 
gitive slaves  in  army,  2053;  abolishes 
slavery,  2072,3;  Grant  defended  by 
AVashburn;  appoints  sanitary  ins]fiector8, 
2073;  excludes  slavery  from  territories; 
passes  Agricul.  Coll.  Act.,  2093  ;  julmits 
w.  Va.;  passes  Tariff  Act;  reorgiinizes 
navy;  passes  Confiscation  Act  ;  forbids 
polygamy;  passes  Oath  of  Office  Bill; 
provides  medals  for  soldiers  ;  passes  In- 
ternal Revenue  Law,  211 2 ;  postage 
stamps  legal  tender,  2113;  thanks  Gen. 
Grant  and  army,  2283;  slavery  prohibi- 
tion amendment  ;  authorizes  eidist- 
ment  of  negroes,  2293;  grants  freedom, 
2302,2313;  authorizes  bonds,  2313,  2a'j3; 
representation  refused  to  Ark.,  '226^; 
thanks  Sherman,  2403;  abolishes  slaver5', 
2431;  salaries  increased,  2433;  constitu- 
tional amendment  proposed,  2492,2512; 
excludes  Southerners,  2493;  disagree- 
ment with  Pres.  Johnson,  2511 ,2, 2611  ±; 
more  radical,  2511;  fails  to  override  veto, 
2513;  thanksGen.Hanoock^2i ;  Amend- 


Cong-Cons. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,       INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1226 


meiit  Bill  passes,  '^3' ;  Beconstructiou 
Com.  reports,  "2531 ;  suffrage  for  negroes, 
repeals  Amnesty  Act,  2552;  Totuperauce 
Society  revived  ;  honors  Cyrus  \v. Field, 
25C2;  terms  begin  March  4,  25G3;  eighty 
members  absent,  '-ioTS;  Credit  Mobilier, 
stock  in,25[>3 ;  approvesSheridan'scourse, 
261 1 ;  resolves  to  inipoaoh  Johnson  ;  (See 
A.rJohnson);  congratulates  Knip.  of  Kus., 
2632;  removes  disabilities,  2oy2;  South- 
ern states  all  represented,  271' ;  depart- 
ment of  justice  provided,2712;  increases 
salaries,  2812;  Senate  and  Fres.  in  con- 
troversy, 3233;  House  favors  eomuiercial 
union  with  Can.;  Elections  Bill  in  Sen- 
ate, 337 1;  approves  Indian  contract 
schools,  3423;  Aiaska.  demands  repre- 
sentation, 3473 ;  enfranchisement  of 
women,  3593;  eighty-ttve  meiabers  ex- 
cluded, 3493;  committee  on  works  of 
art  restored,  360^ ;  two  sessions  of  H. 
same  day,  379 1 ;  Code  of  Rules;  H. 
adopts,  4372;  bribery  investigation, 
4572,3,  4631 ;  closure  defeated  in  S.,  4772; 
favored, 4792. 

Congress  of  churche.s,  Boston,  3482. 

of  Cyclists,  Colchester,  9943, 

of  Indian  Xational,"  at  Njigpor,  1(^3. 

of  Liberal  Religions,  4002. 

of  Orientalists,  London,  1007'. 

of  Rastadt,  falls,  7132. 

Oongreve,  William,  b.,  3922;  works,  9002.3; 
d.,9082. 

,  Sir  Wm.,  b.,  9183  ;  military  rockets, 

9322;  color-printing,  9402;  d.,  9423. 

Oonham,  Eleanor,  marriage,  8623. 

Oonkling,  Roscoe,  b.,  1362;  aids  recon- 
struction, 2493;  proposes  amundment, 
2512;  legislative  encounter  with  Blaine, 
2523;  conveu.  contest ;  eandiflate  for 
pres.,  2931;  leader  of  Stalwarts,  3043; 
Opposes  civil  service  reforms,  2973:  re- 
signs, 3073;  d.,  3301. 

Oonmy,  John,  cons.  E.  G.  bp.,  10082. 

Connaught.  D.  of,  tour  in  Can.,  5903;  at 
Alexandria,  6581;  marries,  83U3. 

Oonueau,  Henri,  b.,  7143;  d.,  7502. 

Connecticut,  U.S.,  settled,  292;  land  grant, 
332;  Dutch  traders  in  ;  valley,  emigra- 
tion, 3.J3;  Indian  ontrage,  321 ;  Saybrouke 
Ft.built,34i ;  Winthrop,  gov.,  35i ;  Dutch 
expelled;  Hooker  migrates;  waragaiiwt 
Pequots,  352;  colony  formed,  ;i53;  Bible 
for  a  constitution,  343;  civil  govt.;  Col. 
Hayues,  gov. ;  New  Haven  colony  est. ; 
T.  Eaton,  gov.,  353  ;  E.  Hopkins,  gov., 
372,3 ;  Republic  of  N.  Haven ;  Say- 
brooke ;  named;  G.  Wyllys,  gov.,  373; 
T.  Welles,  gov.;  boundary;  John  Web- 
ster, gov.,  411;  F.  Newman,  gov.;  T. 
Welles,  gov.;  J.  Winthrop,  gov.,  412, 
432;  Wm.  Leete,  governor,  413;  intem- 
perance punished,  41 1;  chartered,  413; 
sorrenders  claim,  43i ;  J.  Haynes,  gov- 
ernor, 373;  county  courts,  433  ;  claim 
for  Duke  of  York,  47 1;  H.  Treat,  gov- 
ernor, 492,  513;  writs  against,  503;  char- 
ters rescinded,  51* ;  gov't  resumed,  512; 
royal  power  over  militia ;  resumes  char- 
ter, 532;  Assembly  divides ;  Fitz-John 
Winthrop,  gov.,  55i ;  Yale  Coll.  com- 
menced,^3;  gov't  meets, 552;  Saybrooke 
Platform  adopted ;  church  doliuqueuts 
fined  ;  ministers  exempt  from  taxes,  563; 
Soc.  of  Cong.  Ministers  org. ;  tolera- 
tion of  dissenters,  57 1,  65i ;  G.  Salton- 
stall,  gov., 572;  election  sermon,  563;  j. 
Taloott,gov.,612;  English  laws  enforced, 
613;  Baptist  yearly  meetings,  622;  N.  Y. 
boondary  settled,  632;  Indian  church 
successful,  623 ;  Jonatlian  Law,  gov. ,653; 
R.  Wolcott,  gov.,  673;  T.  Fitch,  gOV.,693; 
in  Wyoming  Valley,  733;  colonists  vs. 
Stamp  Act,  743;  Wm.  Pitkins,  gov.,  753; 
J.Trurabull,gov.,772, 10!)2;  copper-mine 
as  prison;  Indian  population,  793;  dis- 
coiufort  in  churches,  823;  Conn,  Journal, 
743;  Declaration  of  Independence,  833; 
offers  lands, 933;  Blue  Laws,  952;  cedes 
western  claims,992;  ratilles  constitution, 
1011;  farmers  combine,  1003;  alienates 
"Western  Reserve,"  107i;  S.  Hunting- 
ton, gov.,  991;  o.  Wolcott,  gov.,  1073, 
1272;  Missionary  Society  of,  fnd.,  1083; 
brilliant  meteor,  1141;  Conn.  Religious 
Tract  Society  organized,  1142;  Lyman 
Beeoher  installed.    1163  ;  J.  Treadwell, 

SOT.,  1172;  R.  GriswoM,  gov.,  1192;  J.C. 
mlth,  gov.,   1213;  Brit,  surprise  Say- 


brooke, 1221;  Trinity  Coll.  org.,  1312; 
Historical  Soc.  Library  org.,  1323;  G. 
Tomlinson,  gov.,  1353;  J.  S.  Peters,  gov., 
1392;  H.  W.  Edwards,  gov.,  1433,  1453; 
S.  S.  Foote,  gov.,  1452-  liquor  license 
optional,  151i ;  Wm.  W.  Ellsworth,  gov., 
1512;  G.  F.  Cleveland,  gov.,  1553;  The 
New  Kng laiuler  est.,  1563;  R.  S.  Baldwin, 
gov.,  1591 ;  I.  Toucey,  gov.,  1613;  0.  Bis- 
sell,  gov.,  1633;  J.  Trumbull,  gov.,  1671 ; 
T.  H.  Seymour,  gov.,  1691 ;  drawbridge 
disaster,  1733;  floods,  1741;  Emigrant 
Aid  Asso.  incorp.,  1742;  prohibitory  law 
passed,  1742.  repealed,  2803 ;  H.  Dutton, 
gov.,  1771 ;  W.  T.  Minor,  gov.,  1791 ;  A.  H. 
HoUoy,  gov.,  1832;  w.  A.  Buckingham, 
gov..  1852;  leads  in  soldiers'  relief,  1923; 
ratines  13th  amendment,  2432;  ratifies 
14thamendment,253i ;  J.R.Hawley,gov., 
2553:  J.  E.  English,  gov., 2593,  2732,2973; 
ratines  15th  auiendmeiit,267i ;  M.Jewell, 
gov.,  2692,  2772;  election  returns  exam- 
ined, 2751 ;  CoiLstitutiou  amended,  2832; 
Ghas.  R.  IngersoU,  gov.,  285i;  Constitu- 
tion ratified,  2892;  new  capitol  opd.,299i : 
election  fails, 2992;  C.B.Amlrews  elected 
gov.,  3012,  3033;  H.  B.  Bigelow,  gov., 
3093;  T.M.Waller,  gov.,  3151;  h.  B.Har- 
rison, gov.,  3233;  P.  C.  Lounsl)ury,  gov., 
3293;  Secret  Ballot  Bill  passes,  3412; 
Oleomargarine  Bill  passes,  34:ji ;  M.  Ci. 
Buckeley,  gov.,  3492, 3853, 3991 ;  restricts 
sale  of  tobacco,  3363;  female  suffrage 
defeated,  341 1 ;  earthquakes,  3741 ,  4501 ; 
Dem.  candidates  sworn  in,  3753;  Rep, 
officers  in  Senate,  3763;  canvass  of  votes, 
3772;  Jndson  Bill  pjisses  H.,  3811;  gov. 
claimants,  3932  ;  largest  tobacco  crop, 
3933;  World's  Fair  Fund  meeting,  4012, 
4033;  Gen.  Merwin  nominated  for  gov., 
4151 ;  Republicans  win  election  case, 
4172;  gambling  prohibited,  4282;  Anti- 
Oleomargarine  Bill,  4312;  elections,  no- 
license,  4422;  L.  B.  Morris,  inaug.,  4471 ; 
E.  Cady  nominated  for  gov.,  4731 ;  o.  V. 
Coffin  nominated  gov.,  473* ,  (See  New 
England.) 

Connecticut  Farms,  N.  J.,  burn6<l,  921 . 

Conuellsville,  Pa.,  collision,  3173;  strike, 
3763;  mob,  3803;  attack  deputies,  3822. 

Connelly,  captured,  803. 

Ci)nnemara,  Baron,  title  created,  9963. 

,  Lord.     (See  Robt.  Bourke.) 

Conner's  Crossing,  Pa.,  explosion,  4193, 

Connet,  Capt.,  near  Athens,  2071 . 

ConuoUy,  Henry,  gov.  N.  Mex.,  2032. 

Connor,  Ire.,  bishopric  est.,  8403. 

Connor,  David,  Com.,  b.  (1792);  occupies 
Tampico,  1602;  bombards  Vera  Cruz, 
1G21;  d.,  (1856). 

,  Selden,  gov.  Me.,  295* . 

Connors,  John,  suicide,  4682. 

Conolly,  John,  b.,  9263;  d..  9701. 

Conon  at  Mitylene,  10221  j  Athens  restora- 
tions, 10222;  d.,  10231. 

,  pope,  10722. 

Cononcally,  Wash.,  tire,  4152, 

Conover,  Thomas  A.,  b.  (1794);  d.,  2392. 

Contjiierory  lamiched,  9861 ;  lost,  9142. 

wrecked,  95.S3;  lost,  9611 . 

Conrad  I.,  is  warlike,  772i ;  elected  K.:  re- 
sisted, 7732;  d.,  7722. 

II.,  attacks  Hungarians,  7741 ;  con- 
quers Provence,  6(^2;  restores  pope, 
7743;  expedition  to  It.,  7741;  k.  of  It., 
10733;  emp.,  7752;  returns  from  It.;  d., 
7753. 

Jll.j  b.-d.,  7762;  at  Weinsberff  ;  joins 

Crusade,  7761 ;  In  Second  Crusade,  7763, 
7773;  king;  emp.;  puts  Henry  under 
ban  ;  gives  Saxony,  7772;  d.,  7772. 

IV.,  emp.  of  Ger.,  K.  of  It.,  b.-d.,  7802; 

reigns  ;  defeated,  7S0i ;  d.,  7812. 

III.,  duke  of  Carinthia,  5033. 

,  son  of  Fred  II.,  king,  7811 ;  crowned, 

7771. 

,  son  of  Henry  IV.,  rebels,  777i . 

de  Montferrat,  K.  of  Pal.;  k.,  11552. 

,  RnlandsUed,  7763. 

,  king  of  Naples,  10753. 

the    Red,    rules    Lotharingia,    7733 ; 

rebels,  7733. 

I.  of  Wormsfeld,  duke,  5032. 

,  Chas.  M.,  b.  (1804±);  sec.  war.,  1672; 

d. (1878). 

,  Holmes,  in  dept.  of  just.,  4473. 

.  Robert   Taylor,   b.   (1809);      ' 

1731;  d.,  1841. 

,  Timothy  Abbott,  b.  (1803);  d.,  290i . 


Conradin,  b.  (1252);  king  of  Sicily,  7813;  of 
Naples,  10752;  defeated;  beheaded, 7803, 
7813,  10772, 

Consalvi,  Ercole,  b.  (1757);  d.,  10862. 

Consarbruck,  Gen.,  defeats  Fr.,  7962. 

Conscience,  Hendrik,  b.,  5423;  d.,  546I. 

Conscription  Bill  passes  Cong.,  2193. 

Conseils  de  Prudhommes,  organized,  717* . 

Consid^rent,  Victor,  b.,  7163. 

Consistory,  first,  est.,  Ger.,  7911. 

Conspiracy  of  Catiline  fails,  renewed, 
10592;  of  Aaron  Burr,  1133;  against  Ed- 
ward II.,  8573,  punished,  8612;  against 
Henry  V.  find.,  8631;  to  Murder  Bill, 
En^.,  9632;  against  D.  of  Orleans,  6992  ; 
against  emp.,  7372,  arrested;  of  Lincoln's 
assassins,  2432  ;  political  in  Rus.,  11222  ; 
of  nobles  detected,  Swe.,  11353.  (See 
Lincoln — assassination.  See  Gunpowder 
Plot.) 

Conspirators  pimislied,  Fr,,  7391 , 

Constable,  Archibald,  b.,  9191 ;  d.,  9422. 

,  John,  b.,  9203;  work,  9441 ;  d.,  9482, 

Constan,  M..  minister,  7531 ,  7572, 761' ;  re- 
signs ;  receives  explosives,  761 1 . 

Constance,  Council  of,  7843,  ]079i;  lake 
dwellings,  li;JSi ;  papal  conven.,  7773. 

Constans  I.,  Flavins  Julius,  b.-d.,  10682; 
reigns,  10692;  persecutes  Jews,  10683; 
defeats  Constantine  il.,  IO68I ;  k.,  10692. 

II. ,  reigns  ;  peace  with  Arabs,  10313; 

purchases  peace,  10302;  k.,  10312,3. 

Constant  Warwick,  built,  8821. 

Constant,  Benjamin,  d.,  5583. 

de  Rebecque,  Henri  Benj.,  b.,  703' ; 

d.,  7'26i. 

Constantine,  Algeria,  taken  by  Fr.,  83. 

I.,  the  Great,  Flavius  Valerius  Aure- 

lius,  b.-<l.,  10662;  emp.  Gaul,  6633;  de- 
feats Franks, etc.,  10662;  becomes  Ciesar, 
10673;  erects  St.  Peter's  Church,  10662; 
at  Susa,  Turin,  and  Verona ;  at  Saxa 
Rubra ;  dissolves  Pretorian  guards  ;  a 
Christian,  10283;  favors  church,  6543, 
10283,  10291 ;  founds  papal  power,  10682; 
defeats  Licinius,  10282;  1068 1 ;  alliance 
with  Licinius,  co-rulers  ;  emp.,  10692  ; 
fnds.  library,  11551.  enacts  Sunday  ob- 
servance, 10682;  sole  ruler,  10293,  10673; 
splendor  of  court,  IOG91 ;  sons  divide  em- 
pire, 10692. 

II.  (Cains  Flavius  Valerius  Aureliua 

Claudius  Constantinus),  b.-d.,  10662; 
reigns,  10692;  defeated,  IO68I ;  k.,  10692. 

—  III.,  Heraclius,  poisoned,  10312. 

IV.  (Pogonatus),  b.  (905);  quells  re- 
bellion, 10302;  reigns,  10313, 10331 ;  mur- 
dered, 10331 . 

V.,Copronymu8,  b.  (719);  reigns,  10331 ; 

defeats  Saracens,  1032i ;  sends  organ  to 
Ft.,  6642;  forbids  monks,  10723;  deposed, 
10331 ;  d. (775). 

VII.,  b.-d.,  10322;  reigns;  banished, 

10332. 

VIII..  b.  (1394);  reigns,  10332;  d. (1453). 

IX.,  reigns,  10332,3. 

X.,  reigns,  10333. 

XL,  reigns.  10333. 

XII. ,  acquires  territory,  11552. 

XIIL,  Palceologus,  b.-d.,  10343;  reigns, 

10353.  ^^ 

I.  of  Scot.,  reigns,  8412;  k.  8411. 

II.  of  Scot.,  reigns,  8462 ;  beheaded, 

8451. 

IV.  of  Scot.,  reigns,  8471 ;  slain,  8463. 

,  pope,  10722;  intro.  kissing  of  pope's 

toe, 10723. 

.  Geo.  A.,  Marquis  of  Normandy,  d,, 

10022. 

,  grand  duke  of  Vladimir,  1115* ;  re- 
nounces succession,  11173, 

Nikolayevitch,  b.,  11163;  d.,  11221. 

,  Pavlovitch,  b.,  11162;  d.,  11163. 

Constantinople,  capital, 11551 ,  10293,10692; 
library  fnd.,  11551;  council  of,  10201; 
Procopius  seizes,  11541;  bp.  second  to 
Rome,  10291;  walls  built,  10301;  earth- 
quake, 10:i02;  Green  and  Blue  factions, 
10301,  10311,2;  Nika  squabbles;  second 
St. Sophia  fnd.,  10303, 11543;  burned  ;  re- 
ligiousdis8eiisions;rcbuilt, 11551 ;  plague- 
smitten,  10313;  council  meets,  10711 ;  be- 
sieged, 10302,  ia313, 10321 ;  invasion, 4842; 
Church  Council,  10722;earthquake,10322, 
11502.  11562  ;  Dth  Council  at,  10323  ;  in- 
vaded, 11131 ;  taken,  plundered,  10341; 
fall,  5092-  Latin  emperors  reign,  10351 ; 
recovered  by  Greeks,  10352 ;  action  at, 
10761 ;  invested  ;  besieged,  11561 ;  peace 


1226 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  ConS-Corb. 


of  Greeks  and  Turks,  10353;  fall  pre- 
vented, 5212;  attacked,  C662;  conquered, 
11561;  cotfee-houses  opd.,  11571;  fire, 
1157',  11583;  plague,  1157';  Christians 

Sersecuted,  11563;  mission,  11563, 11582; 
foiiiteur  Ottoman  issued ;  Armenian 
Ch.  org.,  1157' ;  alliance  with  Eug.,95i)2; 
telegraph  with  Lond.,  9633 ;  llobert  Coll. 
opd.,  11582;  cholera  rages,  11583;  com- 
pulsory education,  11582;  Shah  of  Per- 
sia visits  ;  railway  to  Adi-ianople,  11583; 
first  Turkish  Parliament,  11592;  Conf. 
on  Turkish  rule,  5662;  Conf.  of  Ambas- 
sadors, 11593 ;  St.  Sophia  Ch.  cons.,  11582; 
Conf.  of  powers,  6592;  Anglo-Turkish 
Conven.  meets,  5672,  6612;  first  express 
from  Paris,  7573  ;  steamer  to  London, 
11583;  manifesto  against  Turkey,  11.593; 
Greelc  churches  closed ;  religious  riots, 
11582;  brigands  abound  ;  cholera,  1159' . 

Constantius  I.,  Flavins  Valerius  Chlorus, 
b.-d.,  10662;  receives  Gaul,  Britain,  and 
Sp.,  10673;  overthrows  Alleotus,  811'; 
restores  Britain  to  Rome ;  elected  Au- 
gustus, 10673 ;  defeats  Franks,  6622; 
Christians  rest,  10663. 

II.,  Flavins  Julius,  b.-d.,  10682;  de- 
feats Maguentius,  crushes  Vetranio, 
1068';  exiles  Liberius,  10683;  reigns, 
10692. 

Constellation^  Ifiviached,  106';  takes  L^ In- 
surgent, 108' ;  Brit,  barges,  118' ;  to 
Norfolk,  120' ;  ashore,  340' . 

,  cargo  of  provisions,  985' . 

Constituent  Assembly  convoked,  Fr.,  7412. 

Constitution,  launched,  106' ;  takes  Java, 
1182 ;  Gu^rriere,  118' ;  Cijane  and  Le- 
vant. 123' ;  out  of  commission,  308' . 

Constitution  Criminatis  Theresiana  pub- 
lished, 517' . 

Constitution,  Federal,  U.  S.  A.,  plan  for, 
693;  signed,  993;  religious  amendment, 
1002;  Congress  ratities ;  enforced,  101'; 
States  ratify,  101 ',3,  1023,  1032.  (See 
Amendments  of  Constitution.) 

,  Fr.,  (deni.)  adopted  ;  immolation  of, 

7073;  accepted,  709';  new,  7093,  7153; 
ratified,  7133;  proclaimed,  7213;  new, 
7312,  7332,  7473,  7493;  govt,  by  C.  intro.; 
modified,  7392  ;  amended,  7492;  Consti- 
tution Revision  Bill,  7572. 

-^— ,  Ger.,  revi-sed,  8183;  considered,  8192; 
new,  8233;  adopted,  8272,3. 

,  Neth.,  granted,  11023. 

.  (;See  under  several  American  States.) 

Constitutional  Union  Party,  Nat.  Conven., 
1872. 

,  America,  meets,  2832. 

Constitutions,  Am.  States  adopt  new,  853. 

Consulate  governs  Fr.,  7133. 

Consumers'  League  fmd.,  3603. 

Contagious  Disease  Act  passes,  Eng.,  971 ' ; 
prevention,  Am.,  2993. 

Cont6,  Nicolas  .Jacques,  b.,  7022;  d.,  7143, 

Contemporaire.  issued,  7323. 

Conteras,  battle  of,  162' . 

Conti,  Prince  of,  Francis  Louis  de  Bour- 
bon, b.,  6903;  d.,  6963. 

Continual  Council  appointed,  Eng. ;  dis- 
missed, 861'. 

Contreras,  Francisco  Antonio  de  Hivas, 
gov.,  6302. 

,  Hernando  de,  b.-d.,  11282. 

,  Hioronimo  de,  b.-d.,  11283. 

,  liodrigo  de,  b.-d.,  11263. 

Conventicle  Act  passes,  8903,  8913,  8903. 

Convention,  Fr.,  with  U.  S.,  1392;  Fr.- 
Switz.,  7372;  Fr.  with  Ger.,  747',  7472; 
Fr.  with  Nor.  and  Swe.,  7632;  G.  B.  with 
U.  S.  A.,  1272;  Eng.  with  Fr.,7573;  G.  B. 
with  U.  S.  A.,  1272,  1352,  9132. 

,  Nat.  Association  of  Publishers  and 

Booksellers,  4683. 

Convents  abolished,  1117^ . 

Converse,  Julius,  gov.  Vt.,  281' . 

Conveyancing  Act  passes,  9793. 

Convict  Labor  Bill,  U.  S.,  3672,  369', 
3732;  opposed,  471'. 

Convicts,  transportation  abolished,  973' ; 
census  of  U.  S.  A.,375'.    (See  Australia.) 

Convocation  of  clergy,  Eng.,  8782;  graded, 
8982;  meetings  cease,  9063 

Convulsionaires,  excesses,  Fr.,  699' . 

Conway  Tubular  Bridge.  W.,  erected,  954' . 

,  Baron,  title  created,  905' . 

,  Sir  Edward,  minister,  88I2,  8832. 

,  Elias  S.,  gov.  Ark.,  1712. 

,  Frederick  B.  b.  (1819) ;  appears,  166' ; 

d.  (1874). 


Conway,  Henry  SejTuour,  b.,  9062;  minis- 
ter, 9173;  commander,  922' ;  d.  (1795). 
Hugh,  cons,  bp.,  9762. 


-,  James  S.,  gov.  Ark.,  1472. 

Da 

3962;  4202. 


,  Moncure   Daniel,    b.,    140' ;    works. 


,  Thomas,  Comit  de,  b.,  62' ;  Am.  brig.- 

gen.,  86' ;  duel ;  Cabal  exposed,  892;  mo- 
tion approved,  953;  d.  (18U0±). 

,  Win.  Martin,  Hlmatayas.  4782, 

Conybeare,  Wm.  I)auii51,  b.,  9242;  d.,  9622. 

Conyers,  Baron,  title  created,  8672. 

Conynham,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  9372. 

Conyngham,  Capt.,  sent  out,  862. 

Conze,  Alex.  Christian  Leopold,  b.,  8142. 

Coode,  John,  leader,  512. 

Cook  Arctic  Expediti(ui,  N.  Sydney,  470' . 

,  Clarence,  b..  136' ;  d.,  184'. 

,  Eliza,  b.  9382;  d.,  1000'. 

— — ,  F.  C,  Speaker's  Comtnentary,  9763. 

,  Henry  P.,  d.,  2272. 

,  James,  b.,  908' ;  explorer,  4932,  6762, 

5772,9102,  9182,9202;  transit  of  Venus, 
4932;  d.,  9203;  monument,  498' . 

,  John,  b.,  1322;  near  Warsaw,  196'. 

,  Joseph,  b.,  1482  ;  works,  2883,  2963, 

3003,  303' ,  3063,  3183,  3243. 

,  Perry,  captured,  4722. 

,  Russell  S.,  b.  (1811);  d.,  2392. 

,  Thomas,  excursionist,  d.,  1008' . 

Cooke,  Edward  William,  b.,936' ;  d.  (1880). 

,  Edwin  F..  d,,  2582. 

,  Geo.  Frederick,b.  (1756);  Kiohardlll., 

116' ;  d.  (1811). 

,  Jay,  b.,  130' ;  panic,  2833. 

,  John  Esten,  b.,  138';    works,    1763, 

1802,  255',  2603,  2683,  2722,  277',  2823, 
3143,  323' ;  d.,  3242. 

,  .Josiah  Parsons,  b.,  1.342. 

,  Nicholas,  b.,  58';  gov.  K.  I,,  813,  83' : 

d.  (1782). 

,  Parsons,  b.  (1800);  d.,  2312. 

,  Rose  Terry,  b.,   1M2;  works,  188', 

2903,3083,3982;  d.;  410'. 

,  Wm.  Fothergill,  b.  (1806);  telegraph, 

948' ;  d.  (1879). 

Cookman,  Alfred,  b.,  136' ;  d.,  2742, 

,  Geo,  G.,  b.  (1800) ;  d.,  1522. 

Institute  established,  Fla.,  2922. 

Cooley,  Thos.  Mclntyre,  b.,  132' :  Inter- 
state Commission,  3512;  Amer.  Bar  As- 
sociation, 4362. 

Coolgardie,  Australia,  gold  disc,  500' . 

Coolidge,  Carlos,  b.  (1792);  feov.  Vt.,  167' ; 
d,  (1866). 

,  Susan,    (See  Woolsey,  Sarah,) 

Coombe,  William,  b.,  9103;  d.,  9403. 

Coombs,  William  J.,  b,,  142' , 

Coon  River  Crossing,  Wis.,  wreck,  3863, 

Cooper,  Anthony,  E.  of  Shaftesbury,  b,, 
8922  ;  d.,  9012. 

, Ashley,  b.,  88O2  ;  attacks  govt,, 

8893  ;  lord  chancellor,  leader  against 
court,  8933  ;  deposed,  8952  ;  committed, 
released,  d.,  8953,  8963;  statute,  994', 
998', 

, ,  E.  of  Shaftesbury,  b,,  9303  ; 

provides  playgrounds,  d.,  994' , 

,  Sir  Astley  Paxton,  b,,9163;  d.  (1841). 

,  Charles  M.,  d.,  178' . 

,  Constance   Fenimore,  works,  3123, 

3163. 

,  Edward  b.  (1824);  mayor  N.  Y.,  3033. 

,  George  Henry,  b.  (1821);  d.,  394'. 

,  George  W.,  b.,  1682. 

,  James,  b.,  1162;  at  Elk's  Spring,  225'; 

d.  (1863). 

,  James  Fenimore,  b.,  100' ;    works, 

129',  131', 2,  135',  137',  1403,  145',  149', 
151',  1523,  1543,  155';  1583,  1643,  1683; 
d.,  1682. 

,  Job  A.,  gov.  Colo.,  3492. 

,  Joseph  rj.,  moderator,  2172. 

,  Julia  D.,  d.,  2602. 

,  Miles,  b.,  622  ;  pres.  lOng's  Coll.,  73' ; 

mob  annoys,  81 ' . 

,  Peter,  b.,  1022;  mnf.  locomotive,  138' ; 

org.  Cable  Co.,  1753 ;  nom.  for  pres.,  293' ; 
vote,  2932;  d.,  3122. 

,  Phillip  H.,  b.  (1844) ;  captain,  448'. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  602;  d.,  96' . 

, ,  b.,  8782;  d.  (1672). 

,  S.  B.,  b.,  168'. 

,  Thomas,  scientist,  b.,  722;  d.,  152' . 

, ,  poet,  d.,  1008' . 

, S.,  b.,  9323;  d.,  9522. 

,  T.  C,  first  appearance,  106'. 

,  Wm,  B.,  gov,  Del.,  153' . 

,  William  E.,  b.,  9522  ;  d.  (1878). 


Cooper,  Lieut.,  killed,  MV. 

Limestone,  Inst,  fnd.,  3083, 

Huddleston  Coll,  org,  at  Dalevllle,. 

Miss,  (1865),    (Addenda,) 

Cooperative  industry,  steel  conipanv,  3703. 

Cooper'sHill,  Civil  EngineeriligColI.,  opd., 
10483. 

Coorg,  Madras,  annexed,  10173. 

Coornhert,  Dirk  V<dkerszoon,  b.  (1522) ; 
Zedelcunst,  1099'  ;  (1.  (1590). 

Coosa  River,  Gen.  Hood  crosses,  2;i83, 

Coote,  Sir  Eyre,  b.,  9063;  d.,  9223;  at 
Wandewash,  10442;  at  Porto  Novo,  10442. 

,  Richard,  b.  (lKi6);  gov., 552;  d.  (1701). 

,  Thomas,  lord  keeper,  9013. 

Cope,  Charles  West,  b.,  935' ;  d.  (1890). 

,  Edward  Drinker,  b.,  152' . 

,  Sir  John,   at  Prestonpans,  910' ;  d. 

(1760). 

,  Thos.  Pym,  b.  (1768) ;  d.,  174' . 

Copeland,  Wm.  Taylor,  lord  mayor,  9453. 

Copenhagen,  Den.,  built,  6353;  attacked; 
captured  ;  against  Frederick  I. ;  yields 
to  Christian  III.,  636' ;  astronomical 
tower  ;  blockade  ;  siege ;  invested,  6362; 
Univ.  fnd. ;  first  press,  6.363 ;  royal  library 
fnd.,  637';  capital,  6372;  treaty,  6373; 
bombarded,  638';  college  of  Missions, 
opens  ;  Univ.  reopened,  6383;  bank  fnd.; 
palace  burns  ;  fire;  6393;  fire,  6413;  con- 
quered, 782' ;  bombarded,  9333;  Norske 
Selskahor,  11(H2  ;  mission  school,  6403  ; 
theater  fnd.,  Frederick  VII. 's  statue, 
theological  school,  642' ;  Scandinavian 
Exhibition,  6423  ;  fortification  decreed, 
821' ;  treaty  signed,  9613  ;  railroad  opd., 
11053. 

Fields,  Ltmdon,  cattle  market,  9613, 

Copernicus,  Nicholas,  b,,  7862;  describes 
attraction,  7882;  system  of  astronomy 
pub, ;  meridional  instrument,  7902 ; 
Heavenly  Bodies,  7912;  d.,  7902. 

Copiah  Co.,  Miss.,  White  Caps,  4263. 

Copland,  W.  H.,  shoots,  4563. 

Copleston,  Edward,  bp.  of  Llandalf,  b., 
9203;  d.,  9542. 

,  R.  S.,  elected  bp.,  9803. 

Cop'ey,  John,  b.,  9082  ;  Sifge  of  Gibraltar, 
9242. 

,  John  Singleton,  Baron,  LjTidhurst.b., 

9183;  minister,  9433,  9473,  9512;  d.,  966». 

, ,  b.,  G42;  works,  722,  9202;  d.» 

1242. 

,  -^ ,  b,  (1772) ;  minister,  9433;  d. 

(1863). 

,  Sir  Lionel,  gov.  Md,,  513,  532. 

Coponius,  procurator,  11513. 

Copp^e,  Fran9ois  Etlouard  Joachim,  b.^ 
7282;  works,  7363.  7502,  7523,  7582;  Aca- 
demician, 752' . 

,  Henry,  b.,  130'. 

Copper  engraving,  used,  1078'. 

etching,  invented,  IO8O2. 

plate  Mill,  invented,  876' . 

engraving  known,  Ger,,  7842. 

ring  coTlai>se,  Eng,,  10013. 

River,  S,  C,  Baptist  Church,  483. 

Copperamaha  mission,  498' ,  2, 

Copperhead,  anti-war  I>emt)cratfi,  229S. 

Coppuiger,  John  J.,  a  colonel,  374' . 

Coptic  alpbabot,  invented,  G539. 

Bible  written,  655' . 

Copying  machine  invented;  d.,  9202. 

Copyright,  30  years,  Fr.,  729' ;  Agreement 
with  Ger.,  signed. 4052;  Association.  U.8. 
Congress  memorialized,  147' ;  Interna- 
tional meeting  held,  333';  League,  offi- 
cered, 3712;  cel.,3803;  Bill,  International, 
U.S.,  373',  3302,  372',  ,378',2,  3791,2; 
Harrison's  proclamation,  3862, 951 2;  ben- 
efits extended.  4172;  Law  amended  :  Act 
passed,  Eng.,  9052  ;  Bill  passes,  1553. 

Coquelin,  Benolt  Constant,  b.,  7282. 

Coquerel,  Athanase  Josu^,  b.,7223;  works, 
7863;  d.,  750'. 

, Laurent  Chas.,  b.,  7102;  works, 

7272  ;  d.,  7382. 

Coques,  Gonzales,  b.,  5403;  d.,  5422. 

Coquillart,  Guillaume,  works,  6783 ;  d. 
(1490). 

Coquimbo,  Chile,  troops  defeated,  608' . 

Coral  Miss.  Magazine  and  Fmid,  9483. 

Coram,  Capt.  Thos.,  b.  (1668) ;  est.  hospital, 
9112  ;  d.  (1751). 

Corax,  rhetorician,  1019' . 

Coray,  Adamantios,  b.-d.,  10343. 

Corbet,  Richard,  b.,  8742;  d.  (16.V:). 

Corbett,  James   J.,  pugilist,  4143,  4133, 
4462,4482,3. 


Corb-Cost. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1227 


Corbett,  Thomas,  cooking  estab.,  9643. 

Corbie,  Fr.,  surrenders,  ^> . 

Corbiesdale,  action  at,  8862. 

Corbit,  Wni.  P.,  b.,  1262. 

Ctorboald,  Edward  Henry,  b.,  9363. 

Corbulo,  I>oinitiu8,  in  Armenia,  1062' . 

Ooreor.'in  (.Tallery  of  .'Vrt,  est.,  '2701 . 

,  Michael,  b.,  1W2;  at  Sutfoik,  218' ;  at 

Deserted  House,  2182  ;  d.,  '.'2U< . 

,  Wra.   Wilson,   b.  (1798) ;    deeds  Art 

Gallery,  2621 ,  2701 ;  gift  to  Univ.  of  Va., 
2922,3;  d.  (1888). 

Coroyra  (Corfu)  fnd.,  lOl.'js  ;  revolt,  10141 ; 
Spartans  defeated,  10202. 

Cordage  trust,  5933, 

Corday,  M.arie  Anne  Charlotte  d'  .*Vrmans, 
b.,  7032  ;  stabs  Marat,  7083,  7093  ;  exe- 
cuted, 7093; 

Cordeliers,  rise  of  club,  7071 . 

Cordera,  Pres.  of  Ecuador,  6443. 

Cordial,  Caxton  finishes,  8642. 

Cordier,  Pierre  Louis  A.,  b.,  7043;  d.,  7342. 

Cordova,  Argentine  Republic,  fnd.,  4892  ; 
mission,  4903  ;  plot,  4931 ;  K.  K.  tracks 
demolished,  4933. 

,  Sp.,  taken,  11251 ;  capital,  11253;  C.-ili- 

fate,  4853  ;  Great  Mosque  fnd.,  11252  ; 
med.  school  fd.,  11262;  free8chools,4862; 
conquered,  11261 ;  annexed  Sp.,  11273. 

,  Fernandez  de,  b.-d.,  11302  ;  discov- 
eries inSp.,  11281. 

— ^,  Fernando  de,  in  Yucatan,  17' ;  slave 
ships,  172;  belieaded,  193. 

^— ,  Francisco  Hernandez  de,  b.Ki.,  11263; 
founds  Granada,  110.31 . 

——,  Gonzales  de,  commander,  5401 . 

— ,  Gronsalvo  Hernandez  de,  b.-d.,  11263; 
takes  Granada,  11262;  at  Serignola,  6782. 

^— ,  -Jorge,  Pres.  Bolivia,  5502,  5511 ;  ex- 
iled, 5511. 

Corduba,  Caesar,  repulsed,  IO6O2. 

Ojrenzio,  Belisario,  b.,  10822;  d.  (1043). 

Orey,  Charles,  d.,  4561 . 

Corfe,  Ohivs.  John,  cons,  bp.,  10022. 

Corflnium,  It.,  captured,  1060* . 

Corfu,  captured,  10342;  univ.  est.,  10351; 
Roman  conquests  in,  10262  ;  acquired, 
10773.    (See  Gorcyra.) 

Corinth,  Greece,  fnd. ,  10133 ;  first  warships, 
10141 ;  potters  flourish,  10142  ;  early 
kings,  10152;  Bacchiatiie  obligarchy  gov- 
erns, overthrown ;  gov.  by  prytanes, 
10153;  legends  ou  vases,  IOI61 ;  Tempieof 
Jupiter  erected,  10162  ;  forms  republic, 
10172  ;  in  Persian  war,  10182  ;  war  with 
Athens,  10183;  war  with  Corcyra,  10201 ; 
architectureinvented, 10162;  action  near, 
10222;  taken,  10262;  captured,  in  Achiean 
lieaijue,  10272  ;  Roman  ambassadors  at, 
10273;  falls,  10281;  despoiled,  10282;  re^ 
built,  10292;  taken,  103*1,2;  besieged, 
10342;  falls,  10561 ;  divided,  1057' :  sacked, 
1066'. 

,  -Miss.,  Confederates  unite,  205' ;  Fed- 
erals defeated,  207',  2162;  action  near, 
208',  2,  2141;  evacuated,  2082;  Feds, 
evacuate,  2301 . 

Corinthiniis,  Epistles  to,  written,  11531 . 

Corio,  Bernardino,  b.  (1459) ;  History  of 
.mian,  10812  ;  d.  (1519). 

— — ,  Sannazzaro,  Jacojx),  Arcadia,  IO8I2. 

Coriolanus,  Cnaeus  Marcius,  defeats  Vol- 
sci;  at  Rome,  1050' ;  banished,  10512;  d., 
1(B02. 

Oorisoo  mission,  1161' . 

Cork,  Ire.,  chartered,  8513;  Sp.  invasion, 
876' ;  see  erected,  8403,  8622;  garrisoned, 
8501;  burned,  8813;  see  separated,  8942; 
taken,  8981 ;  gee  unites,  9462  ;  cathedral 
built,  9063;  National  Exhibition,  9573; 
Fenians  arrested,  9692;  British  -A^sso.  in, 
952' ;  railroad  est.,  956' ;  Fenians  rise, 
9703,  9711;  Tenants  C(mf.,  9732;  mayor 
resigns,  9732 ;  Cathedral  cons.,  9742; 
constabulary  differences,  9903 ;  Bp.  Greg 
elected,  9803  ;  arms  stolen,  9863 ;  riots, 
987';  Industrial  E-xhibition  opens,  9913; 
Bp.  O'Callaghan  cons.,  9922  ;  Defense 
Union  fmd.,  9943;  anti-Parnellite  riots, 
10003, 10083  ;  faction  fights,  10083  ;  Chi- 
cago, wrecked,  4113. 

——.  Earl  of,  created,  881 1 . 

Corkey,  W.,  wins  championship,  9833. 

Corliss,  Charles  G.,  shot.  1552. 

Cormac,  Ulfada,  king,  Ml'. 

Corinenin,  Vicomte  de,  Louis  Marie  de  la 
Haye,  7062;  d.,  73S2. 

— ^,  F.,  duty  on  corn,  7672. 

Cornbury.     (See  Hyde.) 


Corneille,  Pierre,  b.,  6862;  takes  advocate's 
oath,  6872;  works,  6872,  689' ;  Academi- 
cian, 6891 ;  d.,  6923. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  6862  ;  works,  6911 ,  6952  ; 

d.,  6963. 

Cornelia  Maximiliana,  burned,  1065' . 

Cornelius,  baptized ;  d.,  11622. 

,  St.,  pope,  10643. 

,  Peter  von,  b.,  8043;  d.,  8243. 

Cornelius  Hargreaves,  collides,  3713. 

Cornell,  Alonzo  B.,  b.,  140' ;  gov.  N.Y., 
3052;  portrait,  at  (Japitol,  442'. 

Univ.,  opened;   Library  fnd.,  2623; 

boat-races,  3153,  3173,  3213,  3273,  .3432, 
3623;  Fisk  will,  3582  ;  library  building, 
S423,  3923;  defeats  Harvard  and  Yale, 
3623;  Aristotle's  Constitution  rec'd,  3802; 
Pres.  Adams  resigns  ;  Prof.  Schurman 
pres.,  4042. 

College,  la.,  fnd.,  1822. 

,  Ezra,  b.  (1807)  ;  d.,  2861 . 

,  Wm.  A.,  makes  galvanometer,  3201 . 

, W.,  b.  (1823) ;  d.,  2701 . 

porters  strike,  Eng.,  1005' . 

Cornet,  Comte  de,  Matnieu  Augustin,  b., 
701';  d.  7262. 

Cornish,  George  H.,  b.,  578*. 

,  Johnston,  b.,  1842. 

Corn-Laws  repealed,  G.  B.,  9532. 

Cornthwaite,  Robert,  cons,  bp.,  9603. 

Cornu,  St'bastien  Melchior,  715' ;  d.,  7382. 

,  measures  light,  748' . 

Cornwall,  schoolship  est.,  963' . 

Cornwall,  Can.,  Freeholder,  5803  j  strike, 
5862,3;  earthquake,  594' . 

,  Eng.,    action    at,  844'  ;    refuge    for 

criminals  ;  see  created,  8443 ;  see  luiites, 
8463;  duchy  of,  859';  given  to  Robert, 
8491 ;  earthquake,  594' ,  9622,  IOO8I . 

,  C.  F.,  gov.  Can.,  5933. 

,  Lord  Charles,  lord  admiralty,  8992. 

Cornwallis,  Charles,  Earl  and  Marq.  of, 
b.,  9102;  gov.  Can.,  5752;  crosses  Hudson 
River,  843  ;  at  Boundbrook,  862  ;  ma- 
neuvers, 863 ;  at  Charleston,  91 1 ;  at  .Sand- 
ers' Creek,  922  ;  eviided  by  (Jreene,  923; 
in  S.  C.,y23  ;  at  Guilford  Court  House, 
941 ;  at  Wilmington,  N.  C. ;  conquest  of 
Va.,941 ;  at  Petersburg,  attack  ordered, 
blockaded  ;  evacuates  Williamsburg  ; 
evacuates  Richmond  ;  contemns  Arnold, 
942;  surrenders,  943,  9202;  command  in 
E.  I.,  924';  conquests  in  India.  10442; 
gov-gen.  India,  10453,  10472;  at  Ballina- 
muck,  7122;  lord.-lieut.,  9293;  d.,  9323. 

,  Falliott  H.,  elected  bp.,  9303. 

,  Fred.,  archbp.  Canterbury,  915' 

Coro,  Venez.,  settled,  1160' . 

Coron,  taken  by  Turks,  1078' . 

Corona,  boiler  explodes,  3473. 

Corona,  variable  star,  seen,  252', 

Coronatlo,  Francisco  Vasquez  de,  b.-d., 
11263;  explorer,  21 ' ;  atZmii,21';  turns 
back, 223. 

,  Gonzalo  Vasquez  de,  gov.  Costa  Rica, 

630'. 

,  .Juan  Vasquez  de,  b.-d.,  11282;  mayor, 

630' ;  gov.  C.  B.,  630' ;  d.  (1565). 

Coronatton,  founders,  8981 . 

Coronea,  action  at,  10201 . 

CJoronel,  surrenders,  608' . 

Coronelli,  Marco  Vincenzo,  b.,  10823,  d., 
1083'. 

Coronet,  defeats  Dauntless,  3293. 

Coropat  mission,  1049' . 

Corous  murdered,  7712. 

Corporation  Act,  Eng.,  passes,  8913  ;  re- 
pealed, 9253. 

and  Test  Acts  repealed,  9423,  9433. 

Corpsey,  J.  F.,  Old  Church,  306' . 

Corpus  Christi  Ch.,  consecrated,  3742. 

—  festival  inst.,  8542. 

Pass,  Tex.,  taken,  228' . 

Correa  de   Serra,  J086  Francisco,  b.-d., 

11102. 

Correggio,  Antonio  Allegri  da,  b.,  10783; 

works,  1080' . 
C^rreo  Literario,  issued,  6063, 
Correoso,  Pres,,  Colombia,  628' ,  6292, 
Correspondence  Litteraire  S^crHe,  7052, 
Corresponding  Soc,  of  London,  fmd.,  927' , 

treason  of,  927 1 . 
Corrie,    Daniel,   fnds.    Benares    mission, 

10462;  bp.  Madras,  10171 , 
Corrientes,  war  at,  4902  ;  rebellion,  4921 ; 

joins  Pres.  Rosas,  II6O2, 
Corrigan,  J.  H.,  d.,  372i, 
,  Michael  .\ugustine,  b,  (1839) ;  assist- 
ant at  Pontifical  Throne,  3262;  archbp. 


of  N,  Y.,  3203;  circular  letter,  3342;  sails, 
3521 ;  call  for  conf,,  3761 ;  M'Glynn's  re- 
storation, 3942  ;  approves  Satolli's  deci- 
sion, 4662, 

Corrigan, Patrick,accused,3642;  trial, 4182, 

Corruption,  official,  prosecuted,  Fr.,  7652. 

Corry,  Pa,,  R,  R,  wreck,  2793. 

,  Henry  Lowry,  lord  admiralty,  9712. 

,  Samuel,  gov.  Me.,  2413. 

Corryvil'.e,  annexed  to  Cincinnati,  2733. 

Corse,  .lohn  Murray,  b.  (1835) ;  at  Alla- 
toona  Pass,  2383;  d.,  4281 . 

Corsica, Rom.  province,  10533;  taken,10313, 
10752;  Carthaginians  expelled,  6621 ;  van- 
dals possess,  6622  ;  conquered,  666I ; 
under  Genoa,  6833;  revolts,  10852;  revo- 
lution, 6993;  sold  to  Fr,,  7033;  ceded  to 
Fr.,  10852;  revolt  in;  unites  with  Gt. 
Brit.,  7112  ;  ceded  to  Eng.,  10853  ;  Eng. 
parliament  opens,  7113  ;  revolts,  7121 ; 
Brit,  leaves,  7132;  annexed,  7211 ,  9273. 

Cort,  Henry,  b.  (1740) ;  puddling  iron,922' ; 
d,  (1800), 

Cortenuova,  battle  of,  7801, 

Corteroal,  Gaspar,  b,-d,,  11092  ;  in  New- 
foundland, 123;  explorer,  15';  takes  In- 
dians, 171 ;  in  Can,,  571' ;  lost,  162. 

,  Miguel,  lost,  162, 171 , 

Cortez,  Hernando,  or  Fernando,  b.-d., 
11263;  in  San  Domingo,  172;  in  New 
World,  173;  in  Mex,,  I61 ,  IS1 ;  conquers 
Narvaez ;  elected  gen,,  captures  Hon- 
duras, 182;  exploring  fleet,  191 ;  letters 
of  exploraticms,  192;  in  Sp,,  193,  213;  at 
Veracruz,  212  ;  d,,  221, 

Corti,  Count,  in  Cong,  of  Berlin,  831' . 

Cortland,  Ala,,  burglars,  4483. 

Cortlandt,  Jacobus  van,  mayor,  573,  503. 

,  S.  van,  mayor  N.  Y.,  473,  51' . 

Cortona,  It.,  truce  with  Rome,  1052' . 

,  Pietro  Berrettini  da,  b.,  10823  ;  0. 

(1669). 

Cortone,  Domenico  da,  builds  Hotel  de 
Ville,  6802, 

Cortot,  Jean  Pierre,  b,,  7062;  d,,  7283. 

Cortriglit,  G,  C,  H,,  gov.  Guiana,  10393. 

Corumba,  taken,  556' . 

Corundum  wheel-makers  combine,  4233.. 

Corunna,  Sp.,  battle  at,  7162. 

Corupedion,  battle  of,  1026' . 

Corvallis,  Ore.,  Agricul.  Coll,  opened,262S. 

Clorvino,  John  de  Monte,  miss,,  6143, 

(jorvinus,  Matthias  I,,  b,,5082;  conquests, 
5081;  king,  5081,  5092;  invasions,  8O8I; 
expels  Fred,  III,  from  Hung,,  7861;  at- 
tacks Podiebrad,  5092;  d,,5082. 

Corvus,  Valerius,  defeats  Volscii,  1052'. 

Corwin,  sails,  444' . 

Corwin,  Tlxomas,  b.,  1042;  gov.  O.,  153' ; 
sec,  treas,,  1672  ;  on  Committee  of  33, 
189' ;  d,,  2482, 

Corwyn,  Col,,  at  Tupelo,  2212. 

Cory,  Giles,  executed,  .53' . 

,  Isaac,  in  duel,  9-2:i2. 

Coryatt,  Thomas,  b.,  8742;  d.,  880' . 

Cos,  revolts  against  .\thens,  10233. 

Cosa,  action  at,  1058' . 

,  .Juan  de  la,  expedition  Venez.,  15' : 

S.  Am.  voyages,  163  ;  discoveries,  11262  ; 
makes  map,  17' ;  d.  (1509), 

Cosihuiriachic.  mission  at,  10962. 

Cosimo  I.,  Duko  of  Tuscany,  1081' . 

11.,  Duke  of  Tuscany,  10813. 

UI„  Duke  of  Tuscany,  10813, 

Cosin,  .John,  bp,,  b.,  8762;  Cosin  Hall  fnd., 
9.563  ;  d.  (16721. 

Cosme,  Jean  Baseihac,  b,,6962  ;  d,,  705'. 

Cosnac,  Daniel  de,  b.,  6882  ;  d,,  6963. 

Cospatrick,  takes  Are,  9793, 

Cossacks  in  militia,  suljjugated,  1114' ;  re- 
bel, 1116' ;  take  .\zov,  111572, 

Cosse,  Charles  de,  b,,  6783  ;  d,,  6822. 

Cossham,  Handel,  d.,  10022. 

Cossigny,  de  Palma,  Jos.  Fran9ois  Char- 
pentier,  b.,  6983  ;  d.,  719' . 

Costa  Rica  (see  pp.  630-631),  dis.,  162;  re- 
named, 233  Sp,;  massacre,  56' ;  Caldera 
opd,,  633  ;  dispute  with  Nicaragua,  3353. 

,  (Jiabral,    Antonio    Bernardo,  D.    of 

Thomar,  b.-d.,  11102. 

Cabral,  D.  of  Thomar,  b.  (1803) ;  un- 
popular, 1111' ;  d.  (1889). 

,  Duarte  da,  Capt.-Gen.,232. 

, de,  gov  .-gen.  Brazil,  5532. 

,  I.rf>renzo,  b.  (1450) ;   paints   Court  of 

Isahella  D'Este,  1080' ;  d.  (1530). 

,  Sir  Michael,  b.,  1085' ;  d.  (1884). 

Costanzo,  Angelo  di,  b.  (1507)  ;  History  qf 
Naples,  10832  ;  d.,  10822. 


1228 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Hgures  indicate  Column.  Cost-Crab. 


Co8t6,  Jean  Fran9ois,  b.,  7002  ;  d.,  7223. 
Coste,  Jean  Jacques  Cyprieu  Victor,  b., 

7163  ;  d.,  746'. 
Costello,  Dudley,  b.,  9323  ;  d.,  9<i8' . 
Coster,  Joseph  Frau9ois,  b.,  6983;  a.,  7203. 

,  Laurens  Janszoon,  b.-d. ;    movable 

types,  10982. 

,  Samuel,  FenwU  the  Bofrr,  1101*. 

Costes,  trautier  de,  works,  689' . 
Costigau,  John,  sec.  state, 595*;  minister, 

5963. 
Costlogon,  Col.,  in  Sudan,  6582. 
Cosway,  Richard,  b.,  9103  ;  ,!.,  9423. 
Coteau  Landing,  Can.,  bridge  opd.,  5913  ; 

canal,  593*. 
Cotelier,  Jean  Bapti8te,b.,6863;  d.  (168G). 
Cotes,  Roger,  b.  (1682) ;  d.,  9062. 
Cothell,  Capt.,  captures  KuUms,  118' . 
Cotner,  Uuiv.  (ChriBt)  org.,  Lincoln,  Neb., 

(1889). 
Cotopaxi,  Mount,  eruptions,  6432. 
Cotta,  Berniiard,  b.,  8083  ;  worlc,  815' ;  d., 

8301. 
Cotta,  M.,  Panama  Canal  scandal,  7642. 

,  Marcus  Aurelius,  defeated,  1058' . 

Cottage  City,  Mass.,  Soldiers'  niim't.,388' . 
Cottayam,  Madras,  mission,  10462. 
Cottenhani,   Earl  of,  title  created,  951'. 

(See  Pepys.) 
Cotter,  Josepli  B.,  cons,  bishop,  3482 ;  Presi- 
dent of  Union,  389'. 

,  Patrick,  b.  :  giant,  9153. 

Cottesloe.    (See  Fremantle,  Thomas  F.  ) 
Cottln,  Sophie  Ristand,  b.,  7013  ;  ElfM- 

beth,nT>;  d.,  7163. 
Cottington,  Lord,  minister,  8833. 
Ctottoft  destroyed,  218' .  .„  „„. 

,  cultivation  in  Am..  31'  ;Urstmill,98' ; 

exportation  of,  993;  factory,  H.  I.,  102' ; 
-yarns  ranf.,  104' ;  mill  at  New  Ipswich, 
112' ;  print  goods  mfg.,  1173;  mill  at  Fall 
River,  1182;  export  of  niuf.,  1353;  power 
mill  erected,  123' ;  stripper  exhibited, 
172' ;  "  Cotton  is  King,"  1833;  price  rises, 
1913,2033;  2113,2153;  burned  byConfeds., 
2063;  sold  in  N.  Y.,  2433;  in  South,  2553; 
not  taxed,  261 ' ;  crop  m  1869, 268' ;  anni- 
versary eel.,  3693  ;  crop  increjiscd,  3913  ; 
cultivation  increased,6573 ;  tirst  imported 
in  Eng.,  922', 2,  9413  ;  price,  9493;  picker, 
mechanical,  392';  paper  made,  CI02, 
10302;  supply  ceases,  9653 ;  worm  ravag- 
ing. Egy.  ,661 3 ;  spinning  machinery  used, 
706' ;  famine  causes  distress,  Fr.,  7373  ; 
stockings  made,  Eng.,  908':  first  mill  in 
Eng.,  9102  ;  goods  exported,  Eng.,  9153  ; 
bounty,  922' ;  duty  reduced,  Eng.,  9472  ; 
districts  distressed,  967' . 

crop  in  Egypt,  6613, 

,  Charles,  b.,  8822  ;  d.,  9862. 

, S.,  promoted  captain,  398' . 

,  Sir  Henry,  chief  justice,  9832. 

John,  b.  (1585) ;  election-day  services, 

322;  in  Mass.,  422  ;  d.,38'. 

B.,  in  justice  department,  3512. 

,  Pierre,  b.,  0822  ;  d.,  6863. 

,  Stapletoii,Visc.Coniberniere,b.,9183; 

at   Lilerena,    7182  ;    storms   citadel    of 
Bhartpur,  1046';  d.,968'. 

,  Win.  James  Richmond,  Lord  mayor, 

9812;  inaug.  poultry  market,  9813. 
Cottrell,  W.  W.,  violent,  3582  ;  k.,  371' . 
Cotys  reigns  in  Thrace,  11533. 
Couch,  Darius   Nash,  b.  (1822) ;    gen.,  at 
Malvern  Hill,  2092  ;  at  Fredericksburg, 
2162;  at  ChanceUorsvllle, '221 ' ;  at  Kins- 
ton,  N.C.,  244' . 

,  w.  L.,  at  Stillwater,  319' . 

Coucy,  Robert  de,  d.,  6722. 

Couder,  Ijoms  Charles  Auguste,  b.,  7062  ; 

d.,746'. 
Coudert,  F.  R.,  anti-Maynard,  4023  ;  May- 
nard  investigation,  405' ;  in  Arbitration 
Court,  4252,  4293. 
Coues,  Elliot,  b.,  154' . 
Coughlan,  Lawrence,  d.,  5782. 
Coughlin,   Daniel,  sentenced,  3482  ;  new 
trial,  4422  ;  acquitted,  4522. 

,  John,  infernal  machine,  4683. 

Coulanges,  Marquis  de,  Philippe  Emman- 
uel, b.,  6882  ;  d.,  697'. 

Numa,  Denis  Fustel  de,  b.  (1830) ;  d., 

758'. 
Coulomb,  Charles  Augustin  de,  b.,  ()983  ; 

d.,  7163. 
Coulter,  Thomas  B.,in  treas.  dept.,  3512. 
Council  Blurts,  la.,  Army  of  Tenn.,  4723  ; 

inspectors  injured, 479' . 
,  Church,  at  Ariiniuuni,8402;  at  Aries, 


0623  ;  at  Basel,  Switz.,  6763,  7843  ;  at 
Bourges, 6703;  at  Chalcedon,  10703,1071 ' ; 
at  Clermont,  6683  ;  at  Constance,  Switz., 
6762;  at  Constantinople,  1029',  1031', 
10323,  10722  ;  at  Elvira,  11252  ;  at  Ei)he- 
sus,  10303,  10702  ;  at  Frankfort,  7703  ;  at 
Ferrara-Florence,  785';  at  Lyons,  6722; 
at  Nice,  Asia  M.,  6643,  10283,  10683  ;  at 
Nice,  Fr.,  7913;  at  Soissons,  6643,  6683; 
at  Piacenza,  l(ff43;  at  Pisa,  1079' ,  1081' ; 
at  Rome,  669',  6702,3  ;  at  Saragossa  ; 
at  Sardis,  10683 ;  of  Sutri,  7743 ;  of  loledo, 
11252;  at  Tours,  6812;  at  Trent,  5102,3, 
6S1';  at  Trfeves,  7682,  7843,  1081';  at 
Tyre,  10682  ;  at  Vienna,  6723  ;  Vatican 
held, 10883. 

Council  ot  Ancients  dissolved,  7133. 

,  Ecclesiastical,  at  Whitby,  8423. 

,  Grand,  of  state,  est.,  Gr.,  10353. 

of  Nobles  abol.,  11213. 

of  Sixteen  fmd.,  Fr.,  6852. 

of  State  revived,  Ger.,  8313. 

,  State,  Montenegro,  10973. 

of  Ten  governs  Venice  ;  ceases  to  ex- 
ist, 10773. 

olTliirty,  Eng.,  8952. 

at  Wash.,  3'292. 

of  War,  Fr.,  7472. 

of  Women,  Paris,  7583. 

Councils  of  Conciliation  Act  passes,  9703. 

of  India  Amendment  Bill,  IOO32. 

Count  ISdqinso,  wrecked,  9233. 
Count  Ituilof,  issued,  7783. 
Counterfeiters,  hanged,  8493. 
C<mnlins  EreltjH,  wrecked,  10113. 

of'  Carnarvon,  captured,  11122. 

ot'  Jinftrin,  loses  Am.  cup,  2933. 

of  FlauderSy  collision,  5473. 

Country  P.arty  formed,  Eng.,  8812,9023. 
County  assessments,  8613. 

Councils  est.,  G.  B.,  9992. 

Officers  and  Court,  Act  passes,  9832. 

Count!/  ofAberrieen,  collides,  9913. 
Coupd'E'tat.    (Seel'aris.) 


7583. 
■  7733. 


Courageux,  wrecked,  928' . 

Courayer,  Pierre  Frauvois  le,  b.,  0923  ;  a., 
7043. 

Courliet,  Adm.,  captures  Hu^,  4803  ;  at 
Soiitay  forts,  482' ;  at  Fuchau,  622' ;  mon- 
ument of,  760' . 

,  Gustave,  b.,  7223  ;  d.,  7502. 

Cource,  Baron  de,  arbitrator,  4252. 

Courcel,  M.  de,  minister,  7572. 

Courcelles,  battle  of,  740' . 

feienne  de,  b.-d.,  11562. 

,  M.  de,  gov.,  423,  432. 

Courcy,  Gen.  de,  in  Aimam,  4822. 

,  John  de,  E.  of  Ulster,  86I2. 

Cournot,  Antome  Augustin,  b.,  7143  ;  d., 
7502. 

rourritr,  issued,  927'.  . 

Courrier  de  M(Sr6,  Paul  Louis,  b.,  1O42  ; 
Pamplilet  des  Pamphlets,  725' ;  d.,  i242. 

Courrier  de  la  Mode,  issued,  7032. 

Court  of  Chancery  inst.,  Eng.,  8432,  8453  ; 
refounded,  8473. 

CombiningBillpasses  Asso.,  4033. 

of  Exchequer  est.,  8492. 

deG(§belin,Antoiue,b.,6982;  d.,706'. 

of  Justice  in  Senate,  Fr. 

officers  first  appear,  Ger 

Party  find.,  Eng.,  88I2. 

of  Referees  est.,  969'. 

,  Supreme,  anniv.,  3523. 

Coijr(o/'Z.OT'e,  issued,  8642.       

Courtenay,  John,  b.,  9103  ;  d.,  9382. 
Courteney,  Win.  R.,  E.  of  Lucan,  d.,  998*. 

,  Wm.  R.,  E.  of  Devon,  d.,  9982. 

Courten's  Association  founded,  1015' . 
Courtland,  Gen.,  in  Sikh  war  10462^ 
Courtney,  F.,  consecrated  bishop,  99sa. 

.Philip,  governor,  861'. 

Coultois,  Gulllanme,  b.,  6863;  d.,  6923. 

,  .Jacques,  b.,  6862  ;  d.,  6922. 

,  M.  de,  discovers  iodine,  719' . 

Courtown.  Earl,  title  created,  9252. 
Courtrai,  Belg., battleof,  672' ;  surrenders, 

688',  6922. 
Courts,  "  not  guilty,"  9432  ;  supremacy  of, 

upheld,  2591.  ^  .    ,  .       ^   ,^-. 

Courvoisier,  Jean  Joseph  Antome,  b. ,  7043 , 

d.,  7262. 
Cousin,  Jean,  b.,  6783  ;  d.,  6842. 

,  ]x)uis,  b.,  6863  ;  d.,  6963. 

,  Montauban,  Gen.,  minister,  7383. 

,  on  S.  American  coast,  13' . 

,  Victor,  b.,  7082  ;  works,  725' ,  7272, 

7292,7323  ;  d.,  7362. 
Cousins,  Robert  G.,  b.,  1842. 


Coustou,  Guillaume,  sculptor,   b.,  6923  ; 
d.,  7003. 

,  sculptor,  b.,  607' ;  d.,  7043. 

,  Nicolas,  b.,  6902  ;  d.,  6983. 

Coutances,  Fr.,  captured,  676' ., 
Coutinho,  Francisco  Periera,  captain,  5532. 

,  Vasco  Feriiandes,  failure,  5532. 

Coutras,  Fr.,  battle  at,  684' . 
Couture,  Thomas,  b.,  7222  ;  d.,  752'. 
(^•<,i-a</o«nn, captured, 11M2;  blown up,606». 
Cove  Creek,  N.C.,  Confed.  defeat,  216' . 
Covenant,  Scotch,  lirst ;  second  ;  signed, 

8722;  illegal,  8913. 
Covenanters,  meet,  8942 ;  persecuted,  8943. 
Covent  Garden  Theater,  908' . 
Coventry,  strike,  9643;  Pari.,  lawyers  ex- 
cluded, 8013.  

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  899' . 

— -,  Henry,  minister,  8933. 

,  Sir  Tiiomas,  b.  (1578) ;  keeper,  8813  ; 

minister,  8832  ;  d.  (1040). 
Coverdale,  Miles,  b.,  866' ;  Bible  transla- 
tion, 8083  ;  d.  (1568). 
Covert,  James  W.,  b.,  154' .  ... 

CovilhSo,  or  Covilham,  Pedro  da,  b.-d. 

11002  ;  in  Abyssinia,  13.  ^    „.„ 

Covington,  Ind.,  Normal  Coll.  opd.,  3242 

,  Ry.,  diocese  est.,   1723  ;  Gen.  Heth 

arrives,  2123  ;  Suspeusi<m  Bridge  com^ 
pleted,  2553  ;  White  Caps  raid,  3543. 
— — ,  Tenn.,  Confeds.  defeated,  220' ;  earth 

quake,  332'. 
Covode  resolution  ;  adopted  Cong.,  IS72. 
Cowan,  Sir  Edward  P.,  d.,  1002' . 

,  Sir  John,  Lord  mayor  London,  9492. 

Cowan's  Ford,  S.  C,  skirmish  at,  91' ,  93' 
Cowdry,  Robt.  H.,  vote  for  Pres.,  3312. 
Cowes,  Eng.,  Henrietta  arrives,  2553. 
Cowie,  Williain  G.,  cons,  bp.,  9603. 
Cowles,  S.  P.,  accused  ot  murder,  3782. 

Tobacco  Tax  Bill,  in  Cong.,  337' . 

Cowley,  Earl,  title  created,  959' . 

,  &.  of.    (See  Welleslcy,  H.  R.  C.) 

\ ,  Abraham,  b.,  880' ;  works,  8863 

8923*  d    8922. 
Cowpe'ns.'s.  C,  battle  of,  923;  eel.,  3073. 
Cowper,  Archdeacon,  d.,  4963. 

,  Earl,  title  created,  905' .     _ 

,  lord  lieut.,  9852  ;  resigns,  989a 

minister,  9053;  d.  9062. 

,  William,  b.,  8902  ;  keeper,  903* 

,  Edward  Alfred,  d.,  1010' . 

Temple,    Wm.    Francis,   Baron 

Mount-Temple,  d.,  9982. 

,  Wm.,  anatomist,  b.,  8022;  d.,  9042 

; ,  poet,  b.,  9082;  works,  921'  ,9263; 

d.,  9;M2. 
Cox,  Chastine,  hanged,  3043. 

,  David,  b.,  9062;  d.  (1859). 

C,  commissioner,  273*. 

George  William,  b.,  9422. 

Henry  G.,  b.  (1819);  d.,  2521. . 

Jacob  Dolson,  b.  (1827);  at  Princeton, 

W  Va.,  208' ;  at  Town  Creek  ;  at  Kms- 
toii    2303,  244';  near  Goldsboro,  244'; 
eov.  O.,  2553 ;  sec.  int.,  267' ;  resigns, 273' . 
_,  John  Ednumd,  b.  (ISI'2);  d.,  1004' . 

Melville  B.,  missionary,  1013. 

,  Nicholas,  b.,  1482. 

Sir  Richard,  b.  (1500);  L.  chancellor, 

903' ;  chief  justice,  9052;  d.  (1581). 

,  Samuel  Hanson, b.,  1042;  moderator, 

1623;  d.,308'.  ^       , 

,_!_  Sullivan,    b.,    132';     vote    for 

Speaker,  2832;   Why  We  Laugh, '23i^;  li.., 
3442;  statue,  386'. 

,  Detective,  killed,  9903. 

Coxcie,  Michael,  b.-d.,  5102. 
Coxe,  Arthur  Cleveland,  b.,  1262;  cons. 
bp.,2412. 

,  Brinton,  Judiaal  Pmrer,  4783. 

,  Daniel,  interest  in  N.  J.,  51' . 

.William,  b.,  9122;  d.,  9423. 

Coxey,  J.  S.,  proclamation  against,  467' , 
resolution  opposed,  «92;  Army  of  the 
Commonwealth,  4543,  4582,3,  4593  4612, 
46"2  4633,  4682;  home  burned,  4i43. 
Coypel,  Antoine,  b.,  6902;  d.,  6982 
Co/sevox,  Antoine,  b.,  6883;  d.,  6982  _ 

Cozzens,  Frederick  Swartwout,  b.,  X2b^ , 
d    268'. 

'.'  Wm.  B.,  b.  (1787);  d.,  2312.  

—bole,  b.(lSll?;  «ov.,  ■2293;  d.(l£^. 

Cpo,  Andrea  Arias  .Mai.  Mtre.;  gov.,  SWJ. 
Crab  Orchard,  Ky.,  Burnside  leaves,  226' . 
Crabb,  Gen.,  at  Springtield,  218' . 

George,  b.,  9-203;  d.,  9562. 

Crabberoeo'.,  b.,  912^  ;  works,  923' ,  933' , 
9383,939';  d.,946'. 


J 


Crab-Croe. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


122& 


Crabbe,  Thomas,  b.  (1788);  d.  278< . 

Crabtree,  Lotta,  b.,  1623. 

Oracow,  Auat.-Hung.,  capital,  50153  ;  gtu- 
dium  general ;  Univ.  fiid.;  Univ.  recon- 
structed, 507^;  given  to  Aust,,  5192;  in- 
Burroction,  520 ^ ;  Univ.  opd.,  5203;  free 
republic,  521 2,3 ;  annexation  objected  to, 
6213  ;  tire,  5233  ;  insurrection  ;  seized, 
11161 . 

Craddock,  Cliarlcs  Egbert.  (See  Murfree, 
Mary  Noalles.) 

Cradi,  ,Tuan  Fernandez  de  Bovadilla  y, 
gov.,  ti303. 

Crafts,  Samuel  Chandler,  b.  (1768);  gov. 
Vt.,  1372;  d.  (1853). 

Craggs,  James,  sec.  war,  9072;  d.  (1720). 

Cragier,  mayor,  renominated,  3811 . 

Cragsford,  Baron,  title  created,  9311 . 

Craig,  A.  K.,  Congressman,  d.,  4121 . 

,  Sir  James  H.,  gov.-geu.  Can.,  5773. 

,  John,  b.  8661 ;  d.,  8762. 

,  Oscar,  d.,  4481 . 

,  Sir  Thomas,  b.  8682;  d.,  8781 . 

,  W.  a,,  moderator,  4301 . 

Craige,  Kerr,  in  P.  O.  Dept.,  4472. 

CraighiU,  William  P.,  corps  of  engineers, 
3361. 

Craigie,  Capt.,  in  Afgan.,  42. 

Craik,  Mrs.  (Dinah  Maria  Mulock),  b., 
M22  ;  works,  9611  ;  d.  (1887). 

,  George  Lillie,  b.,  9283;  d.,  9701 . 

,  James,  b.,  021 ;  d.,  I231 . 

Crain,  William  H.,  b.,  llHi . 

Cramer,  Johann  A.,  b.,  8002;  d.,  8043. 

Crampton,  Sir  John  Fiennes  Twisleton, 
b.  (1807);  minister;  1793;  d.  (1886). 

,  Thomiw  Russell,  d.,  9982. 

Cranach,  Lucas  von,  b.,  7862  ;  encaustic 
painting,  7882;  d.,  7922. 

Cranbrooke,  D.  of,  title  created,  10091. 
(See  Hardy,  Gathorne.) 

Cranburno,  Charles,  executed,  9011. 

Craiich,  Christopher  Pearse,b.(1813);  mem- 
ber Nat.  Acad.  Design,  2411 ;  d.,  3981 . 

,  William,  b.,  761 ;  d.  (1855). 

Crane,  Sir  Francis,  tapestry  making,  88O1. 

,  Jonathan  T.,  b.  1281 ;  d.  (1880). 

,  Wm.  Carey,  b.,  1242;  d.  (1885). 

,  William  H.,  b.,  1,581. 

Crautteld,  Edward,  gov.,  473;  d.  (1704). 

CraaUll,  James  B.,  uom.  for  vice-pres., 
4093;  vote,  4192;  electoral  vote,  4243. 

Cranford,  X.  J.,  traiu-robbers,  4682. 

Crauganore,  E.  I.  Co.  agency,  10443. 

Cranmer,  Thomas,  b.,  8662;  archbp.  Can- 
terbury, 8682,  8G92;  revision  of  Bible; 
decree  against  Baptists,  8683;  niiuister, 
8712;  burned,  8722. 

Crannon,  battle  of,  10253. 

Cran<ton,  Henry  Y.,  d  ,  2312. 

,  .John,  gov.  R.  I.,  473;  d.  (1680). 

,  Sam.,  gov.  R.I.,  55i ;  d.  (1727). 

Cranworth.     (See  Rolfe.) 

Cranz,  David,  b.,  8002;  d.,  8012. 

Cnionne,  Fr.,  allies  checkeil,  7203. 

Crapo,  Henry  H.,  gov.  Midi,  2511 ;  d.,  2681 . 

Crasa  burned,  7843. 

Craacus  I.,  Duke  of  Poland,  11132. 

Oraghaw,  Richard,  b.,  8781 ;  steps  to  Tem- 
p(«,  8863;  d.,  8882. 

OraBsus  Dives,  Marcus  Licinius,  b.-d., 
10563;  in  conspiracy ;  restores  tribunate, 
10591 ;  triangular  alliance,  10502,  3;  rules 
Syria,  10593,  11512;  plunders  temple  at 
Jerusalem,  11502;  renews  alliance ;  con- 
sul, 10593  ;  rapacity  incites  revolt,  11252. 

,  Lucius  Licinius,  b.-d.,  10563. 

,  Publius,    at    Rome ;    at   Spoletium, 

10581 ;  in  Apulia  ;  subdues  the  Aquitani, 
10582  ;  in  Mesopotamia ;  pays  Caesar's 
debts,  10583. 

Oraterus,  reenforcesAntipater,  10212;  ter- 
ritory, 10253;  d.,  10251. 

Orates  of  Thebes,  b.,  10243. 

Cratinus  b.-d.,  10162;  comic  poet,  10171; 
Flagon,  gains  prize,  10212. 

Cravant,  battle  of,  6761 . 

Craven,  Eug.,  zinc-mine  discovered,  9343. 

,  Braxton,  b.,  1302. 

,  Chas.,  gov.  N.  C,  59i ;  d.  (1754). 

,  Pauline,  b.  (1820);  works,  7363,  7482; 

d.(1891). 

,  Tho9.  T.,  b.,  1142;  captures  Georgia, 

,  Tunis  Augustus  M.,  d.,  2373. 

,  Col.,  at  Fayetteville,  2143. 

,  D.  of,  title  created,  931 1 . 

,  Earl  of,  wedding,  4283. 

Crawfifl,  ex-treaa.,  embezzling,  4443. 


Crawford,  Francis  Marion,  b.,  1581 ;  works, 
3123,  3143,  3183,  3243,  3283,  3331,  3S02, 
3743,  3962,  3982,  4462,  4783. 

,  Geo.  W.,  b.,  1081 ;  gov.  Ga.,  1611 ;  sec. 

war,  1653. 

,  John,  gov.,  6832. 

,  Martin  Jenkins,  b.,  1282;  commis- 
sioner, 1931;  d.  (1883). 

,  Nathaniel  Macon,  b.,  1162;  d.,  2741 . 

,  Samuel  J.,  gov,  Kan.,  2511 . 

, Wylie,    b.,  1362;  takes   Orange 

Court  House,  2102;  civil  (far,  3323. 

,  Thoina«,  b.,  1211;  works,  152i,  1661, 

1681 ;  d.,  1801 . 

,  C;ol.  Wm.,  against  Indians,  943. 

, ,  b.  (1676);  d.,  10022. 

, Harris,  b.,  762;  leader  in  Cong., 

1173;  pres.  senate,  1192;  sec.  treas.,  1253, 
1292;  presidential  candidate;  charges 
against ;  vote,  1332;  d.,  1422. 

, T.,  b.,  1781 . 

,  Capt.,  killed,  3221. 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  8603. 

Crawfordsville,  Ga.,  Stephens  montunent, 
4301. 

,  Ind.,  Wabash  Coll.  fud.  at,1403;  Pres. 

Burroughs  accepts,  4162. 

Crawley,  Richard,  d.,  lOlOi. 

,  Tliomas,  lord  justice,  8631 . 

Crawsliaw,  Baron,  title  created,  10091 . 

Crayer,  Qaspard,  b.,  5403;  d.  (1669). 

Craysfort,  Earl,  title  created,  9231. 

Creasy,  Sir  Edward  Shepherd,  b.,  9362 ; 
Decisive  Battles,  9563  ;  d.,  9822. 

Crebillon,  Prosper  Jolyot  de,  b.,  6922  ; 
works,  6971 ,2;  e!)92  ;  d.,  7023. 

Cr^cy,  Fr.,  battle  of,  6741  j  cannon  tiret 
used, 6742. 

Credi,  Lorenzo  di,  b.,  10783  ;  d.,  10803. 

Cr6iit  Mobilier  of  Am.  incor.,  2453  -char- 
ter purchased,  2i"i73  ;  contracts  Pacitic 
Railroiul ;  stock  distributed,  2593;  scan- 
dal, 2792,3  ;  exposed,  2803  ;  investiga- 
tion, 2812  ;  senator  expelled,  stock 
owned  by  Congressmen,  2813. 

,  Fr.,  formed,  7333  ;  fails,  7373  ; 

directors  held  liable,  7383. 

Creditors,  Northern,  unpaid,  1971. 

Credulity,  religious,  Eng.,  8582. 

Creed,  phonograph  projected,  9121 . 

Creeden,  police  capt.,  fund  raised,  4531; 
restored  to  office,  4791 . 

Creedmoor,  N.Y.,  rifle  match,  2923. 

Creek  Indians,  warriors,  541 ;  defeated, 
1001 ;  treaty,  1031 ,  1072  ;  war  with,  1203; 
in  Fla.,  126 1 ;  mission,  1311;  land  con- 
troversy, 1.333. 

Creektown,  mission  at,  11613. 

Crefeld,  battle  of,  6161 ;  transferred  to 
Prus.,  7992  ;  house  falls,  8353. 

Creighton,  Mandell,  cons,  bp.,  10062. 

,  Robert,  b.,  8822  ;  d.,  9082. 

,  William,  b.  (17a>) ;  d.,  2471 . 

Univ.,  Omaha,  Neb.,  org.,  3003. 

Creil,  Fr.,  explosion  of  bridge,  7402. 

Creile,  August  L.,  b.,  8(H2  ;  d.,  8201 . 

Crema,  It.,  attacked,  7761 ;  taken,  7781. 

Cremation  legalized,  9931 ,  3  ;  societies  in 
London,  9792. 

Cr^mieux,  Gaston,  executed,  7471. 

,  Hector  J.,  d.,  7621. 

,  Isaac  Adolphe,  b.,  7123  ;  minister  jus- 
tice, 7412  ;  in  govt,  delegation  ;  minister 
of  war,  7413;  3.,  7622. 

Cremona,  It.,  Diet  of,  7802 ;  fortress 
erected,  10531 ;  destroved,  10621 ;  fnd.  by 
Romans,  10533  ;  Cathedral  of,  10743. 

Creole,  slaves  uprise  on,  1531 ;  dispute,  1.552. 

Creoles  defeat  Spaniards,  6321;  insurrec- 
tion, 6331 ,2  •  plot  discovered,  6332. 

Creon,  elected  archon,  10153. 

Cr^qui,  Fran9oi8  de  Bonne  de,  Due  de  Les- 
digui^res,  b.,  6863  ;  at  Luxemburg,  6922; 
defeated  (Ger.),  7962  ;  d.,  6942. 

Crerar,  John,  founds  library,  3471,4001; 
will,  4322. 

Crescent  City,  Spaniards  board,  1711 . 

Crescentini,  Girolamo,  b.,  10842  ;  d.,  10863 

Crescentius,  defeated,  7741 ;  proposes  re- 
public, 10733. 

Crescenzi,  Pietro  de,  b.-d.,  10742. 

Crescimbeni,  Giovanni  Maria,  b.,  10831 ; 
fnds.  Academy,  10833  ;  d.,  10841. 

Cresco,  III.,  Are,  3453. 

,  .Joaquin,  pres. ;  rebellion,  11603. 

Cresphontes,  leader,  10151. 

Crespi,  Giuseppe  Maria,  b.,  10831 ;  d.,  10841 . 

Crespv,  peace  of,  7913. 

Crested  Butte,  miners,  conflict,  3961 ,  3971 . 


Creswell,  John  A.  J.,  b.  (1828) ;  P.  M.  Gen., 
2671    2813  ;  resigns,  2852  ;  d.,  39«1 . 

Creswick,  William,  d.,  9982. 

Crete,  seized,  10281;  pirates  org.,  10583; 
Roman  province,  10292  ;  subdued,  1U582; 
,  Greeks  lose,  occupied,  taken  from  Sar- 
acens, 10332  ;  Saracens  expelled,  10321 ; 
ceded  to  Venetians,  10351;  purchased, 
10753  ;  rebels  subdued,  11542;  conquered, 
10821 ;  surrender,  10833  ;  annexed  by 
Turk.,  11572;  under  Egypt,  11573;  against 
Tm-k.,  11591;  mission,  11563  ;  Christians 
persecuted,  11582;  Turk,  rule  abolished, 
11591 ;  rebellion  in,  11581 ;  insurrection, 
11693;  Gr.  language  forbidden,  11682. 

,  Neb.,  Doane  College  fomided,  2782. 

Cretin,  Guillauine,  clironicle,  6811 . 

,  or  Chrestin,  de  Troyes,  works,  671 1 . 

Creusen,  battle  of,  7741. 

Creuze  de  Lesser,  Auguste  Francois,  b., 
7042  ;  d.,  7282. 

Creuzer,  Georg  F.,  b.,  8a3i ;  d.,820i . 

Cr^vecffiur,  Hector  St.  Jean  de,  b.,  698*  ; 
d.,  7203. 

Crevier,  Jean  Bapt.  Louis, b.,  6942;  d.,703i . 

Crew,  Sir  Benjamin,  d.,  9462. 

Crewe,  Sir  Randolph,  chief  justice,  8813. 

Crew's  Farm,  Va.,  battle  of,  2092. 

Creuzot,  strike,  7383. 

Crickets,  plague  of,  103. 

Cridge,  Edward,  cons,  bishop,  2921 . 

Crillon,  Ijouis  des  Balbes  de  Berton  de,Duc 
deQuierB,b.,6803;Minorca,704i;d.,ti862. 

Crime,  Eng.,  8731 ;  statistics,  9671 ,  9661 . 

Crimea,  Rus.,  allied  armies  in, 9581 ;  ceded 
to Rus.,  11573;  annexed  Turk.,  11672;  in- 
vestigation committee.  9592;  evacuated, 
932i,9()0i;  colonized  by  Gr.,  11132;  Gen- 
oese expelled,  11152;  inviuled,  11161 ;  in- 
dependence of,  11172. 

Crimean  War,  7321 ,9581  ±;  war  ends,  9601 . 

Crimes  Act  expires,  9943. 

,  notable.   (See  Assassination,  murder, 

trials,  etc.) 

Criminal  Justice  Act,  G.  B.,  9572. 

Criminals,  Fr.,  execution  of,  7672  ;  be- 
headed, Eng.,  8491;  tr.insported,  881 1; 
l)hotographed,  977 1 . 

Criminal  Law  Amend.  Act  opposed,  9772. 

Crinoline  skirt  introduced,  1773. 

Cripple  Creek,  Colo.,  troops  leave,  4553  j 
striking  miners,  4581 ,  4611 . 

Crisp,  Chas.  Frederick,  b.,  1581 ;  speaker, 
3972,  4351 ;  reply,  4253;  senator,  4552. 

Crispi,  Francesco,  b.  (1819) ;  premier,  10902; 
lired  at,  10903. 

Crispiana,  executed,  10651 . 

Crispin,  St.,  patron  of  shoemakers,  6623. 

Crispus,  Flavins  Julius,  iu  Insurrection, 
10302  ;  executed,  10691 . 

Crissa  destroyed,  10161. 

Critalla,  Pers.  troops  concentrated,  10181 , 

Critchlow,  Sylvester,  trial, 411 1 ,  4183. 

Critias  killed,  10221 ,  10231 . 

,  statuary,  d.,  10162. 

Criticism  legalized,  Eng., 927^. 

Critolus,  leader,  10281  ;lt.  embassy,  10292. 

Crittenden  County,  Ky.,  mob,  4743. 

,  A.  P.,  murderer  of,  2742. 

,  Geo.  B.,  b.  (1812) ;  d.,  3042. 

,  Jolin  Jordon,  b.,  98i ;  senator,  re- 
signs, 1273  ;  atty.-gen.,  1532,  1672  ;  gov. 
Ky.,  1662;  plan  of  concession,  on  Coni- 
mitteeof  13, 1892;  vote  on  secession,  1903; 
Compromise,  1903, 1912, 1931;  M.C.,  1972; 
resolution,  1973  ;  d.,  2272. 

,  Thomas  Leonidas,  b.  (1819) ;  at  Mur- 

freesboro,  2171 ;  in  Chattanooga,  2262  ; 
at  Chicainauga ;  relieved,  2263 ;  d.,  (1893). 

, T.,  gov.  Mo.,  3093. 

Croasdale,  Samuel,  d.,  2133. 

Croatia,  Aust.-Hung.,  conquered,  B021; 
early  princes,  5031;  Stephen  I.,  king; 
early  kings,  5032,3  ;  united  to  Hung., 
6033;  unites  with  Aust.,  5111 ;  Pragmatic 
Sanction,  5151 ;  massacre  of  Christians, 
11563  ;  Diet  abolished ;  amnesty,  5253  ; 
Diet  dissolved  ;  protests,  5273;  'Turks  re- 
volt, 11562;  union  witll  Hmig.;  deputies 
in  Reichstag,  5291;  taxes,  5292;  insur- 
rection, 5301 ;  anti-Jewish  riots,  5303  ; 
Diet  opens,  dissolved,  531 2 ;  Croatian-Sla- 
vonic I>iet,  5223  ;  against  Hung.,  5312. 

Croats,  drive  Avars  from  Servia,  11231 . 

Crockett,  David,  b.,  98i ;  d.,  1462  ;  birth 
celebrated,  3662. 

,  S.  R.,  works,  10103. 

Croes,  John,  b.  (1762) ;  cons,  bishop,  1243  ; 
d.  (1832). 


1230 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


Croes-Cunn. 


Crcesus  reigns,  1147';  conquers  cities, 
10161;  court,  1147';  dethroned,  1017*. 

Croft,  Elizabeth,  seditious  speeches,  871 ' . 

,  William,  b.,  8942  ;  d.  (1727). 

Crofton,  Baron,  title  created,  9252. 

,  Col.,  governor,  5773. 

,  Robert  E.  A.,  commissioned  col.,  322' . 

Croghan,  Col.  George,  b.  (1791) ;  at  Fort 
Stephenson,  1203  ;  in  O.,  673  ;  assaults 
Mackinaw,  1222  ;  d.  (1849). 

Croke,  Thos.  W.,  cons,  bp.,968';  censures 
Land  League,  9982. 

Croker,  John  Wilson,  h.,  9203  ;  d.,  9622. 

,  Richard,  resignation,  4593,  from  Man- 
hattan Club,  4623. 

,  Xhos.  Crofton,  b.',  9283  ;  d.  (1854). 

Croly,  David  Goodman,  b.  (1829) ;  d.,  3382. 

,  George,  b.,  9223  j  works,  939' ,  943' ; 

d. (1860). 

,  Mrs.  Jane  Cunningham  (.Jenny  June), 

b.  (1831) ;  work,  3982  ;  pres.  clubs,  475'. 

Cromer,  telegraph  liue,  820'. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  10083. 

Crompton,  Samuel,  b.  (1753) ;  spinning- 
jenny,  9182 ;  d.  (1827). 

Cromwell,  Bartlett  J.,  capt.  U.S.N.,  322' ; 
336'. 

,  Henry,  b.  (1628) ;  gov.,  8893;  d.  (1674). 

,  OUver,  Gen.,  b.,  8762  ;  Puritan,  35' ; 

against  N.  Scotia,  38';  rejected  in  Va., 
392,3  ;  against  Fr.,  572' ;  in  H.  C,  8832; 
lieut.-gen.,  8812  ;  in  civil  war,  884' ,  886' ; 
in  Dublin ;  leaves  Ire. ;  in  Scot.,  8862  : 
escapes  enemies,  887';  in  Ire.;  lord 
lieut. ;  aids  Waldenses,  8873;  attempt  to 
kill ;  partisans ;  dissolves  Rump  Pari. ; 
lord  protector,  889';  proclamation 
against ;  excludes  members  from  Pari., 
8892  ;  refuses  title  of  king  ;  organizes 
H.  Lords;  d.,  8893;  disentombed,  891'; 
statue,  980'. 

,  Richard,  b.,8822;  protector  ;  dissolves 

Pari.,  8893  ;  resigns;  d.,  9012. 

,  Thomas,  b.,866' ;  vicar-general,  8682; 

Royal  In,/ii/icttonSf  869' ;  minister,  8G92  ; 
privy  seal ;  E.  of  Essex,  executed,  8693  ; 
d.,  8682. 

Cronica  cientlfica  y  liiteraria  issued,  1131 ' . 

General  tie  EspaHa^  appears,  1127' . 

rima  del  Cid,  appears,  1127' . 

Cronin,  Patrick  Henry,  suspected  treach- 
ery, 339' ;  funeral,  3412  ;  murderers  sen- 
tenced, 3482  J  Asso.  monument,  359' . 

Cronstadt,  ship-canal  opened,  11213. 

Cronstedt,  Axel  Frederick,  b.-d.,  11342  ; 
discovers  nickel,  1134' . 

Cronuse,  Lorenzo,  nom.  for  gov.  Neb.,  4132. 

Crook,  George,  b.,  136';  at  Lewisburg, 
208' ;  at  Gloyd's  Mountain  and  New 
River  Bridge,  2323;  iu  Shenandoah  Val- 
ley, 2322;  at  Lynchburg,  2343;  atKearns- 
towu,  2363  ;  Army  of  Shenandoah,  237' ; 
commands  Dept.  W.  Va.,  233' ;  reen- 
forces  Meade,  2403 ;  captured,  2422;  sur- 
renders, 286'  ;  against  Indians,  312' ,  320' ; 
succeeded,  322',  354' ;  d.,  354'. 

Crooked  Run,  Va.,Gonfed3.  repulsed,2372. 

Crookes,  William,  b.  (1832) ;  investigates 
Spiritualism,  976' . 

Croaks, Geo.  Rich., b. (1822);  Simpson, 3743. 

Cropredy  Bridge,  action  at,  884*. 

Cropsey,  Jasper  Frank,  b.,  1302  ;  paintings, 
1622,  170',  1821,  217',  272',  302',  SOi', 
316'  ,318' ,  322' ;  Nat.  Acad.  Design,  170' . 

Crosbie,  Thomas,  Bar.  Dacre,  d.,  1002' . 

Crosby,  Alpheus,  b.,  1162. 

,  Edward,  killed,  4G83. 

,  Ernest  H.,  bill, 3372;  judge,  3412. 

.Howard,  b.,  134';  moderator,  2822  : 

Chairman  couf .,  3702  •  asserts  official 
bribery,  371';  d.,  380'. 

,  John  Schuyler,  b.  (1839) ;  gov.,  3132. 

,  Lord  Mayor,  in  Tower,  9193. 

,  WUliam,  gov.  N.  Y.,  632. 

, B.,  d.,  2452. 

, George,  b.  (1806)  ;  gov.  Me.,  1743  ; 

d.  (1881). 

Grosland,  Newton,  Mrs.,  Landmarks,  4783. 

Cross  Keys,  Va.,  battle,  20S3. 

Lanes,  Federal  defeat,  198'. 

posts  est.,  Eug.,  9073. 

,  Delia,  made  capt.,  3623, 

,  Edward,  est.  Zoo.  Gardens,  944' . 

,  Mrs.  (Mary  Ann,  or  Marian,  Evans), 

George  Eliot,  b.,9383;  works,  9623,  9763; 
d.,  986'. 

,  Sir    Richard     Assheton,    b.    (1823) ; 

minister,  9933,  9953. 
,  Viscount,  title  created,  9962. 


Crosse,  Andrew,  b.,  9223;  d.,  9603. 

Crosses  in  churches,  10703;  on  spires,  10722. 

Crossley,  John  T.,  d.,  1000' . 

Crosswell,  Charles  M.,  b.  (1825) ;  gov. 
Mich.,  2973;  d.  (1886). 

Crosthwaite,  R.  J.,  cons,  bp.,  10022. 

Croswell,  Edwin,  b.  (1797) ;  d.,  274' . 

Croton  (Crotona),  It.,  fnd.,  1015',  »; 
Venetians  defeated,  10722. 

Crotopas,  reigns,  10133. 

Croven,  Gadred,  takes  Isle  of  Man,  848' . 

Crow  Indians  cede  laud,  3733. 

Crowder,  Thos.,  b.,  156' . 

Crowe,  B.  W.,  negro  school  question,  4262. 

Crown, ecclesiastical  power,  Eng.,  872 ;  offi- 
cers, H.  C,  9153  ;  imperial  state,  G.  B., 
9493;  c.  elective,  11352. 

jewels  sold,  Fr.,  7523. 

Land  Sales  Act,  passages,  Eng.,  497' . 

of  It.,  order  instituted,  10893 

Point,  N.Y.,  fortress  est.,  574';  sur- 
rendered, 703;  occupied,  72' ;  expedition 
against,  68' ;  taken,  80';  Carletou  oc- 
cupies, 842;  Burgoyne  advances,  576' . 

Crowninshield,  Arrant  Scliuyler,  b.,  156' ; 
promoted  capt.,  448' . 

,  Benj.  Williams,  b.  (1772) ;  sec.  navy, 

1253;  d.  (1851). 

,  Jacob,  b.  (1770);  sec.N.,1132;  d.(1808). 

Crowther,  John,  hydraulic  cr.ine,  942'. 

,  Samuel,  takes  orders,  11G03. 

, Adjai,  cons,  bp.,  968' ;d.  (1891). 

Croxton,  John  T.,  d.,  2842. 

Croydon,  Church  Congress  at,  9742  ;  iron 
tramroad,  930' . 

Crozat,  Anth.,  trade  monopoly,  59' ,  5752. 

Crozier,  Francis  Rawdon  Moira,  capt.,  b. 
(1795) ;  attacks  rebels,  584' ;  Arctic  expe- 
dition, 9522. 

,  Judge,  decision,  3592. 

Crudeu,  Alexander,  b.,  9022;  Concordance, 
909';  d.,  9183. 

Cruelty  to  Animals  Act,  G.  B.,  947' . 

to  animals  in  transit,  law,  285' . 

Cruger,  John,  b.,  662;  mayor,  N.  Y.,  652, 
713;  d.,  1022. 

Cruikshank,  George,  b.,  9262;  d.  (1878). 

,  Wm.,  b.,  9103;  water  gas,  patented, 

930';  d.,  9302. 

Crum,  leads  Bulgarians,  1032'. 

Crump,  W.  W.,  surety  for  J.  Davis,  2563. 

Crusade  of  persecution  in  Fr.,  670. 

,  Children's,  1075' . 

Crusades,  first,  776' ,  848' ;  crosses  Hung., 
6023;  cause  of,  4872;  papal  favor,  668'; 
proclaimed,  6683  j  in  Gr.,  1032' ;  in  Asia 
M.,  10323;  conquests,  4872;  take  Jerusa- 
lem, 4872,  654';  desolate  Syria,  1155'; 
second,  6692,  7763;  cause,  1032';  awaken 
Ger.  Intellect,  777';  third  (Ger.),  7782, 
6042,  670' ,  3,  7792,  850' ,  10322  ;  Fourth, 
6703,  7732,  10323  ;  at  Constantinople, 
1035';  Fifth,  5042,  6703;  Sixth,  672',  2, 
6802;  Seventh,  6722;  results  of,  673'. 

Crusaders  attack  Prague,  7843. 

Crusenstolpe,  Magnus  Jakob,  b.-d.,  11343; 
works,  11362. 

Criisius,  Christian  A.,  b.,  7983;  d.,  804'. 

Cruys,  Gornelis,  b.-d.,  III42. 

Cruz,  Gaspar  da,  introduces  Christianity, 
4803;  d.  (1670). 

,  Jean  de  la,  works  of,  11292. 

,  Jos6  Maria  de  la,  b.  (1801) ;  leader, 

606',  6072;  J.,  6063. 

,  -Juana  In^z  de  la,  b.-d.,  1095' . 

Crypteia,  Gr.,  formed,  10143. 

Cserhalom,  battle  of,  Aust.,  502' . 

Csokonai,  Vitez  Mihaly,  b.,5163;  d.,5192. 

Csoma  de  Koros,  Sandor,  b.,5163;  d.,  5-203. 

Ctesiphon,  plans,  erects  Temple  of  Diana, 
10162,1146'. 

,  Asia,  seized,  burned,  1064';  con- 
quered, 1106'. 

Cuadra,  Antonio  Vasquez  de  la,  gov. 
Costa  Rica,  6302. 

Cuba,  see  Text,  pp.  631-«35,  Columbus 
reaches, 122;  visited,142;  tobacco  known, 
15' ;  Columbus  signs  document,  143;  cir- 
cumnavigated, 163 ;  conquered,  16' ,  173; 
Baracoa  settled ;  Havana  settled,  173  ; 
negroes  for,  212;  De  Soto  gov.,  213;  Ha- 
vana, capital,  232  ;  Indians  gone,  23' ; 
Eng.  colonists  attack,  64';  Havana  re- 
stored, 733  ;  cyclone,  76' ;  port  opened, 
773  ;  U.  S.  offers  to  buy,  1652;  Lopez  in- 
vades, 1663;  and  defeated,  168' ;  he  again 
lands,  169' ;  filibusters  denounced,  633' ; 
Ostend Manifesto,  177' ;  bill  to purchtise, 
in  Cong.,  1852 ;  Thomas  Jordan, filibuster. 


lands, 2663;  massacre  of  Americans, 2833; 
insurrection  ended,  11322  ;  slavery  pro- 
hibited, 11323  ;  conimercial  duties  with 
Am.,  463' ,  6333;  colonies  eel.,  3702;  Keci- 
procity  Treaty,  U.  S.,  377' ;  C.  S.  claims 
for  duties,  463',  11333;  for  independence, 
11332  ;  partial  home  rule  granted,  11333. 
(See  Havana.) 

Cuban  League  fmd.  in  V.  S.,  6332. 

Cubitt,  Sir  Wm.,  b.,  9223  ;  invents  tread- 
mill, 938'  ;  Lord  mayor,  9652;  d.,  9042. 

Cuckoo  and  Niyhtinaale,  issued,  8603, 

Cudahy,  John,  pork  conspiracy,  4163. 

Cuddalore  mission,  10472. 

Cuddeu,  Dr.,  drowned,  8322. 

Cudworth,  Ralph,  b.,  890' ;  works,  8943, 
909' ;d.,  8982. 

Cuenca,  Sp.,  taken,  1132' . 

Cuesta,  Gregorio  Garcia,  Gen.,  b.' (1740) ; 
at  Talavera,  718' ;  d.  (1812). 

Cueva,  Fernando  dc  la,  gov.  C.  R.,  630' . 

Cuffee,  Paul,  b.  (1759) ;  d.,  1262. 

Cu.ia8,  Jacques,  b.,  6803;  d.,  6842. 

Culberson,  David  B.,  b.,  138' . 

Culbertson,  Chas.  A.,  nom  for  gov,,  4692. 

,  Matthew  Simpson,  b,  (1818) ;  d.,  eJO*. 

Cullen,  Scot.,  action  at,  846' . 

,  King,  murdered,  8463. 

,  Paul,  b.,  9323;  cons,  archbp.,  9B6SI; 

d.,  9822. 

,  William,  b.,  9043;  d.,  9243. 

Cullman,  Ala.,  fire,  4633. 

Culloden,  Scot.,  battle  of,  910' . 

Cullom,  Shelby  Moore,  b.,  1362  ;  speech, 
4372. 

Cullura,  Geo.  W.,  b.  (1809)  ;  Sanitary  Com- 
missioner, 197' ;  will,  4023;  d.,  402'. 

Culpepper,  Va.,  Lee's  army  at,  2*222 ;  ac- 
tion, 2263  ;  winter  quarters,  2*283 ;  Grant's 
headquarters,  2303. 

John,  Pres.  N.  C,  473. 

,  Lord  Thomas,  land  grant,  392;  gov, 

Va.,  453,  472,  3;  in  Va.,  453;  d.,  5«2, 

Cultivation  of  Oysters  Act,  G.  B.,  9693. 

Cumacho,  Gen.,  defeated,  6513. 

Cumie.    (See  Naples.) 

Cumans,  defeated,  602' . 

Cumberland,  sunk,  2043. 

purchased,  606' . 

Cumuerland,  Eng.,  fief  to  Malcolm,  8453; 

strike,  1001' ;  works  close,  10073. 
Ford,  Ky.,  occupied,  1982. 

Gap,  Tenn.,  works  seized,  209' ;  Con- 
feds,  defeated,  2123;  evacuated,  2132. 

,  Va.,  Confeds.  defeated,  '2*262. 

Islands  discovered,  6712. 

,  Md.,  Confeds.  defeated,  237' ;  miners 

strike,  4622. 

. Mountains,  Confeds.  defeated,  206'. 

,  R.  I.,  cold-cut  nails,  89' . 

Stage,  N.  F.,  Fr.,  flag  at,  11032. 

,  W.  Va.,  Federals  captured,  2422. 

,  Duke  of,  marries,  6422. 

,  Richard,  phil.,  b.,  8822;  d.,  9062. 

, dramatist,  b.,  9082;  d.,  936'. 

,  William  Augustus,  Duke  of,  b.,  906*;  I 

Capt.-gen.,  910' ;  Royalist  commander,  , 

910' ;  d.  (1766) ;  statue,  918' .  ' 
,  Army   of,    moves   southward,  226'  J 

Gen.  Thomas  commands,  2322. 

and  Oxford  Canal  completed,  1373. 

Univ.  org.,  Tenn.,  156'. 

,  Vise,  of,  title  created,  9252. 

Cuming,  T.  B.,  gov.,  1772.  ] 

Cummmg,  Alfred,  b.  (1802+) ;  gov.,  1832  j] 

peace  est.,  184' ;  resigns,  197' ;  d.  (1873).  j 
,  Bonaleyn    Geo.    Gordon,   b.    (1820) ;  | 

Hunter's  Life,  9563;  d.  (1866). 
Cummmgs,  Alex.,  gov.  Colo.,  261' . 

,  Amos  Jay,  b.,  1622. 

,  Arthur,  intro.  curve  pitching,  2693. 

,  Thomas  Seir,  b.  (1804);  in  Nat.  Acad.  1 

of  Design,  134'. 
Cummins,  Geo.  David,  b.,  130' ;  cons.  bp. 

2542;  presiding  bp.,  2822;  deposed,  284»;  1 

d.,292'. 

,  Maria  S.,  b.,  1342;  d.,  264'. 

Cummiskey,  M.  T.  G.,  defaulter,  407'. 
Cumoona  sm-renders,  1046' . 
Cunagheen,  Ire.,  R.  R.  collision,  9833. 
Cunard,  Samuel,  Sir,  b.,9242;  linesteamem  I 

est.,  1533;  d.,  968' 
Cunaxa,  Asia,  action  at,  1022' . 
Cundell,  Wm.,  beheaded,  9352. 
Cuilha,  Tristan  da,  in  Mozambique,  1111'. 
Cunningham,  Allan,  b.,  9223;  i'oems, 936»j  J 

d.,  9502, 

, ,  botanist,  494' . 

,  George,  killed,  4222. 


Cunn-LahL 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indioate  Co'.uy.iiu 


1281 


•Cunningham,  Haines  W.,  ed.  QtPre»s,3Vli . 

,  Thomas,  d.,  3341 . 

,  Capt.,  at  Sturgeon,  2141 . 

,  Mrs.,  trial  in  N.  Y.,  1803. 

Curni;o,  bombards  Samoa,  1012< . 
Cara'yoa,  W.  I.,  surrendered,  9321. 
Curaudau,Fran9ois  Bene,  b.,  7031 ;  d.,  7203. 
Curbellis,  William  de,  arclibp.,  8483. 
Curcl,  Carlo  Maria,  b.,  10851;  works;  d., 

loaoi. 

Ctirffw,  sinks  in  Suez  Canal,  6G13. 

Curfew  bell  rings,  Eng.,  8491 . 

Curiatii,  champions,  10501 . 

CurieiLte  Bibtiotliek,  issued,  7991 . 

Curio,  Caius  Scribonius,  in  Sicily  ;iuAfr., 
defeated  by  Juba,  k.,  lOfiOi . 

Curius  Dentatus  Manilas  against  Sam- 
nites,  10522. 

Curley,  Daniel,  convicted  ;  executed,  991 1 ; 

Curr,  John,  iron  railway,  9202. 

Curran,  J.  J.,  solicitor  gen.,  Can.,  5952. 

,  .John  Philpot,  b.,  9122;  in  duel,  9252; 

d.,9382. 

Currency,  Am., tobacco, 302;  wampum,  313, 
413;  bullets,  352;  province  bills  ;  inflated, 
59 1 ;  issue  prohibited,  593 ;  hemp  and  flax, 
611;  tobacco,  632;  paper  depreciated, 
861 ,  933,  issue  restrained,  653,  paper 
redeemed,  67  2;  in  Conn. ,793;  scarce, 913; 
Wild  Cat  Banks,  1413;  contracted  by 
"  Specie  circular,"  1472;  specie  payment 
suspended,  2032;  postage  stamps,  2113; 
C.  Bureau  opd.,2352;  vast  paper  in  1865, 
2492;  contraction  begun,  2193,  2511; 
Schencli  Bill,  reduction  forbidden,  2592; 
reduction  prohib.,  261i ;  "Greenback" 
agitation,  2652  ;  provision  against  con- 
traction, 3792  ;  silver  dollar  unrainted ; 
trade  dollar  coined,  2812;  expansion  bill 
passes,2852;  legal-tenderforbiddeu,  2992; 
no  premium,  4373;  ta.xes  in,  4411 ;  imita- 
tion unindicted,4752;  imitators  arrested, 
4703;  Carlisle  C.Bill  substituted;  reform, 
debate,  4792;  depreciated,  Argen.,  4913; 
issue,  4922  ;  copper  money,  Ecu.,  G443  ; 
nationalization  of  silver,  Fr.,  7653;  con- 
ven.  in  Ger.,  8211 ;  uniform,  G.  B.,  9432; 
gold  standard,  Rumania,  11132 ;  silver 
roubles,  coinage  suspended,  lius.,  11231 . 

■Current  Island,  fisheries  fail,  5893. 

Ourribert,  king  of  Italy,  10731 . 

Currie,  James,  b.,  9143  ;  hydropathy  re- 
vived, 9282;  d.,9323. 

Currier,  Moody,  gov.  N.  H.,  3233. 

Curry,  Daniel,  b.,  1161 ;  d.  (1887). 

,  Geo.  law,  b.  (1820) ;  gov.  Ore.,  174a  ; 

d.  (1878). 

,  .Jabez  Lamar  Monroe,  b.,  1322, 

Cantor  Mundi,  issued,  8563. 

CursHs,  asteroid,  discovered,  9061 . 

Curthose,  Robt ,  builds  Newciwtle,  8481. 

■Curtin,  Ajidrew  Gregg,  b.  (1817) ;  prepares 
for  war,  1952;  gov.  Pa.,  2032;  calls  for 
men,  2131,2223;  d.,4721. 

Curtis,  Alfred  A.,  b.  (1833) ;  cons,  bp.,  3242. 

,  Benj.  R.,  b.,  1161 ;  justice,  l(iU2  ;   in 

iinpeachment  trial,  2612,3;  d.,  2861. 

,  Charles  M.,  b.,  1S61 . 

,  Edwin  U.,  mayor  Boston,  4772. 

,  George  Ticknor,  b.  (1812);  d.,  4541 . 

, Wm.,  b.  1321 ;  works,  1703,  1731 , 

1802,3962;  Civil  Service  Comini.ssioner, 
2732,  2751 ;  pres.  of  Civil  Service  Ref<irm, 
3472,3703;  chancellor  of  Regents,  3.522 ; 
presides  at  Convocation,  3862;  d.,  4141 . 

,  James  Ij.,  vote  for  pres.,  3312. 

. ,  Harvey,  sho^^ts  Philip  Moran,  4623. 

,  M.  B.,  acquitted,  4362. 

,  Newton  Martin,  b.,  1442  ;    appeals, 

3112. 

,  Samuel  R.,  b.  (1807 ') ;  on  Com.  of 

33, 1891 ;  commands  in  Mo.,  2021 ;  at  Pea 
Ridge,  2042  ;  at  Little  Bock,  2091 ;  at 
Helena,  2121;  rules  Dept.  of  Mo.,  2132; 
reli«ve<l,  2222;  at  Mine  Creek  ;  at  Little 
Blue,  2391 ;  carries  Fort  Fisher,  2421 ;  d. 
(1866). 

-— ,  Wm.  E.,  in  treas.  dept.,  4472  ;  d.,  3(Mi . 

Curlis's  liotaniciil  Magazine,  issued,  9251 . 

Curtius,  Georg,  b.,  8122;  d.,  8302. 

,  Kufus  Quintus,  b.,  10622;  Alexander 

tiM  Great,  10623. 

,  Ernst,  b.,  8102;  works,  8103. 

,  Marcus,  b.,  10531. 

Curule  otftcers,  age  proscribed,  10553. 

Curupaiti,  Brazil,  attack  on,  ,5561 . 

Cururuyuqui,  Bolivia,  battle  at,  5502. 

Curwen,  .John,  b.  (1816);  tonic  sol-fa  sys- 
tem, 9521 ;  d.  (1880). 


Cusack,  Thos.,  mayor,  8613. 

Uushing,  first  topedo  boat, 3521 ;  spe«d,3602. 

Cushing,  Caleb,  b.  (1800);  China  treaty, 
1592,  6192;  atty.-gen.,  1732;  conciliator, 
1892;  d.,  3001. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  602;  d.,  lOOi . 

,  Wm.,  b.,  621 ;  justice  1012;  d.  (1810). 

,  Lieut.  W.  B.,  b.  (1»42±);  blows  up  yli- 

fcemarie,  2391;  d.,  28«i. 

Cushinan,  Charlotte  Saunders,  b.  1242;  in 
Boston,  1441 ;  in  N.  Y.,  1481 ;  d.,  2902. 

,  Pauline,  sentenced,  2253. 

,  Robert,  b.  (1580);  d.,  301 . 

,  Thos.,  b.  (1608) ;  elder,  382;  d.  (1691). 

Cuspius  Fadus,  procurator,  11533. 

Custer,  Geo.  Armstrong,  b.,  1502;  near 
Waynesboro,  2422;  at  Appomattox  Sta- 
tion, 2452;  ag.ainst  Indians,  2561,  261 1, 
2811,2921;  d.,  2921. 

Custine,  Comte  de,  Adam  Philippe,  b., 
7002  ;  conquests  7081 ;  guillotined,  7093. 

Custis,  Martha,  marries  Washington,  712. 

Custom-House,  Eng.,  est.,  9173. 

Customs  Administration  Bill,  U.S.,  passes, 
3591 ;  C.Bureau  Bill,  U.S.,4S3i;C. and  In- 
land Revenue  Bill,  G.  B.,  10033  ;  c.  and 
Internal  Revenue  Bill,9992;fraud8,Eng., 
9092;C. League,  fmd., Ger., 8353;  C.  Pari., 
first,  Ger.,  8253 ;  c.  Union,  Pan-Am. 
Cong.  3613  ;  c.  Unions  est.,  Ger.,  8153. 

Custozza,  battle  at,  8161;  8241. 

Cutemi,  Prince,  k.,  92. 

Cuthah,  colony  planted,  11453. 

Cuthbert,  Capt.,  in  duel,  9271. 

,  St.,  archbp.  Canterbury,  843' ;  d.,842i . 

Cuthbertson,  Kev.,  in  Pa.,  691 . 

Cuthing,  A.  K.,  libel,  10972. 

Cutler,  Nathan,  gov.  Me.,  1373. 

,  Timothy,  b.  (1684) ;  rector  Tale,  683 ; 

d.  (1765). 

Cutlery,  table,  mnf.  in  Am.,  1421 . 

Cuttack,  India,  Bapt.  Coll.  fmd.,  1421 . 

Cutter,  Gen.,  near  Mattapony  River,  2103. 

,  Geo.  W.,  b.  (1814) ;  d.,  2482. 

Cutting,  Francis  Brockholst,  b.  (1805) ;  d., 
2702. 

Cutts,  John,  gov.  N.  H.,  473. 

Cuvier,  Baron,  Georges  Chr(5tien  Leopold 
Fred(5ric  Dagobert,  b.,  7012;  anatomical 
classification,  7123  ;  anatomy,  7142  ;  pe- 
riods of  life,  works,  7191 ,  7221 ;  d.,  7262. 

,  FriSd(5rio,  b.,  7043;  d.,  7281. 

Cuyaba,  Borneo,  gold-mines,  6523. 

Cuyler,  Cornelius  C,  b.  (1783);  pres.  Re- 
formed synod,  1343,  1351 ;  d.  (1850). 

,  Theo.  Ledyard,  b.  (1822) ;  Total  Absti- 
nence, 2771 ;  retires,  3562;  president  Nat. 
Temperance  Soc,  3831 . 

Cnza,  Alex.,  John, pr.  of  Roumania,  11123. 

Cuzco,  Peru,  besieged,  202  ;  monastery, 
203;  earthquake,  6281 ;  Univ.  fnd.,  11083. 

Cyane  captured,  1231 ;  bombards  San  Juan 
de  Nicaragua,  1741 ;  bombards  Grey  town, 
1773. 

Cyaxares,  attacks  Nineveh,  11442;  in  Me- 
dia, 11453;  captures  Nineveh,  11461. 

II.  (Darius),  reigns,  11472;  d.,  11462. 

Cyclists,  cong.  of,  9943;  Touring  Club, 
fnd.,  9843. 

Cyclopedia  written,  Arabia,  4862. 

Cyctopa  launched,  9741 ; 

Cygni,  distance  from  earth,  8141 . 

Cylinder  carding  machine  invented,  9161 . 

Cylon  seizes  Acropolis;  executed,  IOI71. 

Cyinry,  war  against,  8421. 

Cynewulf,  works,  8431 . 

Cynics  school  founded,  10231 . 

(^ynoscephalse,  Pelopidas,  slain  at,  10223  ; 
battle  of,  10262. 

Cynosseina,  action  near,  10203. 

Cynric,  in  Eng.,  7693;  conquers  Berkshire, 
8401:  fiids.  Wessex,  8413. 

Cynthta,  in  collision,  5873. 

C'ynthiana,  Ky.,  attack  on,  2101 ;  Federals 
defeat,  2312;  meteor  falls,  2941 . 

Cyprian,  bp.  of  Carthage,  10662;  d.,  11391 . 

,  Tha.sciiis  C.-Bcilius,  d.,  10662. 

Cyprus,  granted  to  Cleopatra,  11512;  bat- 
tle of  Salamis,  10261;  war  with  Egv., 
6502;  Egy.  loses,  6513;  Ptolemv  holds, 
6.531 ;  a  kingdom,  6532;  taken, 6542, 6552; 
Cato  in,  10593;  ceded  to  Eng., 9851 ;  Gre- 
cians rule,  10153;  conquers  Gr.  cities, 
10172;  surrendered,  10212;  Jews  revolt, 
11533;  taken,  10313,  I032i,  10341;  seized 
by  Arabs,  11541 ;  Gr.  reigns,  10153;  sugar- 
cane, intro.,  11551 ;  Gr.  loses, 10,'i!33;  given 
toGuydeLusignan,  11553;  Order  of  Sword 
est.,  11561;  taken  by  Venetians,  lOTSi, 


10793,11572;  conquered,  11572;  taken  by 
Turks,  10801 ,  11561 ;  insurrection,  11573; 
massacre,  10342;  Gr.  revolt,  11562;  orna- 
ments disc,  11581 . 

Cyrene,  asteroid  discovered,  2801 , 

Cyreiie,  given  to  Euergetes,  6521 ;  fnd., 
10153  ;  nnissacre,  10651 ;  granted  to  Cleo- 
p.atra,  11512. 

Cyrenius,  levies  taxes,  11513. 

Cyril,  b.-d.,  6542;  bp.  of  Alexandria,  6543; 
of  Jerusalem  deposed,  restored,  10683; 
Sermons,  III32. 

,  St.,  miss,  to  Slavs ;  to  Moravians, 

6022;  adopts  Gr.  alphabet,  6023 ;  preaches 
Christianity,  III31. 

Cyropedium,  action  at,  11481. 

Cyrus  the  Great,  b.-d.,  11062;  reigns,  11071 , 
11472;  conquers  Asia  M.,  t.akes  Babylon, 
11061;  aids  Temple,  11462,  11463;  con- 
quests, 11461;  in  Media;  in  Phenicia, 
11472;  k.,  11061. 

the  Younger,  revolts,  10221 ;  d.,  11062. 

Czajkowski,  Michael,  b.,  11162. 

Czar,  wrecked,  9633. 

Czarewitch,  attacked  in  Japan,  10923. 

Czartoryski,  Adam  Jerzy,  b.,  11162;  d., 
11182. 

Czaslau,  Boh.,  Austrians  defeated,  6142. 

Czechic  literature,  golden  age,  5083. 

Czechs,  in  Hung.,503i;  in  Moravia,  6032; 
uprising,  5231;  emperor,  king  of;  sep- 
arate govt.,  5273;  reconciled  to  Ger., 
6331 ;  oppose  Ger.,  5362;  in  Landtag,  5371. 

Czermak,  Johann  Nepomuk,  b.,  5202;  d., 
5282. 

Czernowitz,  Univ.  est.,  6131 ,  5283. 

Czerny,  Geo.,  b.  (1766);  expels  Turks ;  est. 
government;  killed,  11^2. 

,  Karl,  b.,  5191 ;  d.,  6242. 

Czuczor,  Gergely,  b.,  6191 ;  d.,  626a. 


D. 

Dabentone,  Jean,  d.,  6742. 

Dablon,  Claude,  b.  (1618) ;  missionary,  40' , 
442,3  ;  d.  (1697). 

Dabney,  Chas.  W.,  Jr.,  in  agri.  dept.,  4473. 

Dabney's  Mills,  Va.,  Confeds.  retire,  2421. 

Daboll,  Nathan,  b.,  662,  ]262. 

,  William  S.,  d.,  4141 . 

Dacca,  Bengal  mission,  10463. 

Dacia,  conquered  by  Romans,  5023;  Rom. 
province.  7691 ,  10651 ;  sacrificed  by  Rome, 
10293;  Goths  in,  10652;  Romans  trans- 
ported, 10072;  abandoned,  7692;  war  in 
Transly  vania,  106J 1 . 

Dacia  Literaria,  issued,  11133. 

Dacians,  revolt,  7691 . 

Dacier,  Andr<5,  b.,  6902;  d.,  6982, 

Da  Costa,  Isaak,  b.-d.,  11021 . 

Dacre,  Baron.    (See  Crosbie,  Thomas.) 

Dacres,  Capt.,  surrenders  GMerrih'e,  1181  j 
commands  Tiber,  1231 . 

/).  Adams,  confiscated,  6892. 

Dade, Francis  Langhorne,  in  Seminole  In- 
dian war,  1531 ;  killed  (1836). 

Daedalus,  myth,  10132. 

Dseijsastan,  battle  at,  8421 . 

Dael,  Jan  Franz  Van,  b.,  5422;  d.,  544*. 

Daendels,  Hermann  Willein,  b.  (1762) ; 
commander,  5512;  d.  (1818). 

Dajfger  scene  in  H.  C,  9272. 

Daggett,  David,  b.,  74i ;  d.,  1682. 

,  Naphtali,  b.  (1727);    pres.  Yale  Coll., 

743;    ,f.  (1780). 

D'-4gincourt,  Jean  Baptiste  Louis  George 
SiSroux,  b.,  6983;  d.,  7211 . 

Dagobert  I.,  b.  (602);  patronizes  clergy; 
builds  St.  Denis,  6612;  mistresses,  6KI : 
king,  6652;  d.  (638). 

11.,  king,  7712;  d.  (679). 

III.,  king,  0653;  d.  (716). 

Dagoli,  action  at,  22. 

Dagon,  falls,  11422. 

Daguerre,  Louis  Jacques  Mand^,  b.,  7062; 
invents  diorama,  7241 ;  invents  daguerre- 
otype, 7222,  7281 ;  d.,7302. 

Daguerreotypes,  made  in  America,  1521 . 

D'Aguesseau.    (See  Aguesseau.) 

Dahl,  Vladimir  Ivaiiovitch,  b.,  11162;  d., 
11182. 

Dahlbom,  Anders  Gustaf,  b.-d.,  11361 . 

Dahlgren,  John  Adolf,  b.,  IIO' ;  at  Freder- 
icksburg, 2151;  at  Charleston,  2242;  at 
Ft.  M'aguer,  2251 ;  at  Ft.  Sumter,  2261 ;  at 
Ft.  Wagner,  2262;  d.,  2702. 

.  Karl  Johan,  b.-d.,  11342. 

,  Ulric,  b.  (1842) ;  d.,  2312. 


1232 


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Dahl-Dari. 


Dahlmann,  Frieilrich  Christoph,  b.,  8042  • 
works,  815'  ,2,  81G3;  d.,  8202. 

Dahlonega,  Ga.,  branch  mint  est.,  1452. 

Dahn,  ifelix,  b.  (18W) ;  works,  8203,  829 «, 
8342;  poems,  8203. 

Dahomey,  W.  Africa,  first  visited,  1161  * ; 
under  Port. ,1101 2;  natives  repuls6d,762i, 
(See  text  p.  1161.) 

Dailio,  launched,  1088*. 

DaiUe.  Jean,  b.,  6842;  d.,  692*. 

Dain,  Olivier  le,  b.-d.,  6762. 

Daireaux,  M.,  Life  on  La  Plata,  7553. 

Dairymen,  convention  in  Can.,  5863. 

Dakin,  Thos.,  L.  mayor  o£  London,  9753. 

Dakka,  Afghan.  Baker,  occupies,  6* . 

Dakoof,  mission,  657' . 

Dalayrao,  Nicolas,  b.,  701' ;  d.,  7191 . 

Dalberg,  Karl  Tlieodor  Anton  Maria  von, 
b.,8003;  grant  of  Frankfort, 8092;  Duke 
of  Hesse,  8111;  d.,  8121. 

Dale,  Richard,  b.,  71 ' ;  d.,  1341 . 

,  Sir  Thomas,  b.  (1619);  enforces  ortho- 
doxy, 282;  in  Va.,  291 ;  gov.;  resigns,  292; 
d.,282. 

Dalechamps,  Jacques,  b.,  6802;  d.,  6842. 

0'Alembert.    (See  Alembert.) 

D'Alenyoii.    (See  Alen^on.) 

Dales,  John  B.,  moderator,  2802. 

,  W.,  lynched,  3803. 

Dalgarno,  George,  b.,  8821 ;  d.,  8962. 

Dalhoff,  Tlioodore,  cons,  bp.,  10082. 

Dalhotisie,  founders,  9593. 

,  wrecked,  9673. 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  8831 . 

,  Marquis  of.    (See  Ramsey,  James.) 

,  College,  corner-stone,  5783. 

Dalimil,  Rhyming  Chronicler  of  Boh.,5(M3. 

Dalln,  Olaus  von,  b.  (1708) ;  works,  11351 ; 
d.  (1783). 

Dallas,  Ga.,  action  at,  2331 ;  Sherman  near, 
2332. 

,  Tex.,  Buckner  Orphans'  Home  fnd., 

2691 ;  Walton  absconds,3523;  Tom  James 
killed,  3543;  flre,  3893;  E.  M.  Tate  shot, 
3912;  archbishopric  created,  4161 ;  Capt. 
Vial  shot,  4171 ;  hurricane,  4481 . 

,  Alex.  James,  b.,  722;  d.,  1261. 

,  George  Mifflin,  b.,  1022;  nom.,   1572; 

vice-president,  1592;  d.,  2411 . 

,  Isabella.    (See  Glyn.) 

Dalles,  Ore.,  Indian  mission,  1483,  1631 ; 
robbery,  473'. 

Dalmatla,  taken  by  Coloman,  5021 ;  Roman 
province,  5023;  ceded,5192;  insurrection, 
529 1 ,  531 2 ;  disturbances,  5301 ;  coast,  ship 
capsizes,  5353;  Gr.  lose,  10332;  acquired, 
10712,10733;  captured,  1074',  10773. 

Dalong,  Pierre  Louis,  steam  experiments, 
7222. 

Dalrymple,  Sir  David,  Ijord  Hailes,  b., 
9063;  d.,  9262. 

,  James,  b.,  8801 ;  d.,  9002. 

,  John,  B.    of    Stair,   b.    (1673) ;     at 

Dettingen,  7001 ;  commander-in-chief, 
9101 ;  a. (1747) . 

Dalston,  Eug.,  Ger.  Hospital,  fnd.,  9531 . 

Dalton,  Ga.,  Johnston  at,  2322;  Confeds. 
evacuate,  2331 ;  Confeds.  defeated,  2372; 
Federals  surrender,  2383. 

,  O.,  tornado,  4561 ;  flre,  4713. 

,  John,  b.,  9163;  works,  9271,9322;  d., 

9522. 

, Call,  b.,  1322;  d.,  334' . 

Daly,  Fenian  leader,  killed,  9703. 

,  Augustin, b.,  1482;  theater,268i. 

,  Sir  Dominick,  gov.  Australia,  4972, 

6792;  d.,4993. 

,  M.  B.,  lleut.-gov.,  N.  S.,  5912. 

,  Thos.  M.,minister  Can.,  5952,  5903. 

Dalzell,  John,  b.,  1581 . 

Dalziel,  Gen.,  defeats  Covenanters,  892' . 

Dam,  Rip  van,  gov.,  N.  Y.,  632. 

Damad  AH,  defeated,  5141 . 

Daman,  Christian,  b.,  7983. 

Damaraland,  missionaries,  5982;  a  Ger- 
man dependency,  11613. 

Damas,  Franfois  Etienne,  b.,  7031;  d., 
7243. 

Damascene,  John,  b.-d.,  11542. 

Damascenus,  Nicolaus,  b.,  10282. 

Damascius,  philosopher,  b.,  10303, 

Damascus,  city,  11413;  taken,  11421, 11541, 
10242;  annexed  to  Israel,  capital,  11433  ; 
captured,  11441 ,  11551 ;  recovered,  1145' ; 
given  to  Greeks,  11473;  separate  king- 
dom, divided,  11503;  annexed  to  Rome, 
1151' ;  emirs  revolt,  1032' ;  destroyed  by 
Tamerl{ine,  11542;  mosque  erected,  11.54' ; 
emirs  revolt;    taken   by  Turks,  11552; 


royal  residence,  4852;  Saracens  capture, 
484';  mission,  11571;  massacre,  11582; 
persecutors  executed,  11591. 

Damastes  of  Sigeum,  history  of  Gr.,  1031' . 

Damasus,  St.,  pope,  10663. 

II.,  pope,  10731 ;  wears  papal  cap, 10742. 

Danier,  Lionel  S.  W.  Dawson,  Earl  of  Por- 
tarlington  ;  d.,  10082. 

Damiam,  Pietro,  b.-d.,  10722. 

Damianics,  Janos,  b.,  619' ;  at  Szolnok, 
5222;  d.  (1849). 

Daiuien,  Father,  b.  (18W) ;  d.,  10412;  monu- 
ment, 5493. 

Damiens,  Robt.  Francois,  b.,  6963;  at- 
tempted regicide,  7033 ;  trial ;  punished, 
7033;  d.  (1757). 

Damietta,  Egy.,  captured,  6541 ,  6561 ;  chol- 
era, 6593;  restored  to  Turks,  6721. 

Daniinhoor,  mission,  6571. 

Damiron,  Jean  P.,  b.,  7102;  works,  7251, 
7292;  d.,  7342. 

Damjanies,  Janos.    (See  Damianics.) 

Damm,  Chris.  Tobias,  b.  (1099) ;  d.,  8042. 

Damnonii,  descent  of,  8393. 

Damont,  Charles  Albert  Eug6ne  Auguste, 
d.,  7541. 

Damophilus  decorates  temples,  10502. 

Dampier,  Wni.,  b.,  8882;  explorer,  4932; 
sacks  Leon,  Nic,  IIO31 ;  d.,  9042. 

Dampierre,  Marquis  de,  Auguste  Henri 
Marie  Picot,  b.,  7022;  d.,  7082. 

Damremont.    (See  Danremont.) 

Damrosch,  Walter  J.,  b.,  8202. 

Dan  I.  defeats  Babylonians,  11401 . 

Dana,  Chas.  Anderson,  b.,  128' :  Am.  Cy- 
clopaedia, 2823;  minister  to  Eng.,  ap- 
pointment rejected,  2913. 

,  Francis,  b., &42;  minister ,933 ;  d.,  II82. 

,  James  Dwight,  b.,  121' ;  works,  1843, 

2272,  2803. 

,  John  Winchester,  b.  (1808);  gov. Me., 

1633;  d.  (1867). 

,  Napoleon    Jackson    Tecumseh,     b., 

130' ;  occupies  Brazos,  S.antiago,  and 
Brownsville,  216', 227';  228'. 

,  Nathan,  d.,  1442. 

,  Richard  Henry,  b.,  98' ;  works,  1311 , 

1351;  d.,3002. 

,  Jr.,  b.,  1242;  1523;  d.  (1882). 

,  Samuel  Luther,  b.,  IO61 ;  d.,  2602. 

,  T.,  bank  swindler,  3943. 

,  William  Parsons,  b.  (1833) ;  National 

Acad.  Design,  2291. 

,  William  Star,  Wild  Flowers,  4462. 

Danse,  asteroid,  discovered,  7321 . 

Danaus,  arrives  ;  king,  dethroned,  10132,3. 

Danhury,  Conn.,  raided,  802;  flre,  3533;  re- 
lief fund,  4443;  strike,  4502. 

Danby,  Francis,  b.,  9262;  d.,  9642. 

Dance,  Polka,  in  N.  Y.,  1571 . 

Dancing,  intro.  in  Eng.,  8681 . 

Danckers  in  New  York,  463. 

Dancourt  (Florent  Carton),  b.,  6902 ; 
works,  695'  ,2  ;  d.,  6982. 

Dandolo,  launched,  10892. 

,  Enrico,  b.-d.,  10742. 

,  \'incenzo,  count,  b.,  10842;  d.,  10862. 

Dandridge,  Tenn.,  Fed.  defeat  near,  2301 . 

Dane,  Nathan,  b.  (1752);  draws  up  ordi- 
nance, 992;  d.  (1835). 

Danegelt  abolished,  8473  ;  revived,  849' . 

Danenhower,  John  Wilson,  b.,  166' ;  d. 
(1887). 

Danes,  terrorize  nations,  6352;  invade  Gt. 
Brit.,  844';  war  with,  770',  7722;  de- 
feated, 772' ;  in  Rus.,  11132;  invade  Sp., 
1126';  emigrate  to  Eng.,  6352;  in  East 
Anglia,  8452;  destroy  schools,  8443; 
Christianized,  8443 ;  invade  Fr. ;  attack 
It.,  835' ;  last  invasions,  846' ;  rebel,  774' ; 
treaty  with  Normandy  ;  paid  to  depart, 
847', 2;  masters  of  Eng.,  8472;  dynasty, 
ends  in  Eng.,  6362;  tribute  from  Eng., 
6353;  in  Ger.,  635' ;  demand  toll,  6372; 
lose  territory,  7803;  recover  territory, 
11352;  expelled  from  Aust.,  7961;  est. 
East  India  Co.,  6373;  settle  at  Tranque- 
bar,  10443;  defeated,  11341 ;  Wallenstein 
scatters,  636 1 ;  mission  work,  10443;  fleet 
surrenders,  6381 ,  6393;  possessions  pur- 
chased, 10473  •  subscription  for,  1641 1; 
driven  from  Prus.,  6261 ;  political  pro- 
ject, 8211. 

D'Anethan,  Baron.    (See  Anethan.) 

Danewerk,  Den.,  Austrians  advance,  626' ; 
defeat  at,  640' ;  defended,  abandoned, 
6402  ;  battle  at,  816' . 

Danforth,  Thos.,  b.  (1622);  gov.,  Mass., 
613;  d.  (1699). 


Dangan,  D.  R.  pres.  conven.,  3142. 

Dangerneld,  Lord,  imprisoned,  8952. 

Danham,  Sir  John,  d.,8922. 

Danican,  Franfois  Andri,  b.,  6982;  works, 
7053;  d.,  7102. 

Daniel,  written,  671 ' . 

,  captive,  prophesies,  rules,  11462  ;  in 

lions'  den  ;  interprets  dreams,  11463. 

,  Alexandrovitch,  reigns,  III52. 

,  Anthony,  b.  (1601);  in  Can.,  302;  joins 

Hurons,  34' ;  killed,  382,  5723. 

,  Gabriel,  b.,  6883;  />.,  6972;  d.,  6982. 

,  Hermann  Adalbert,  b.,  8102;  d.,  828'. 

.John    W.,    b.,    1&12;    oration,   320'; 

speech,  4391 ;  defense,  4513. 

,  Peter  Vivian,  b.,  962;  justice  U.  S.  8. 

'  Ct.,  1552;  d.  (1860). 

,  Robert,  gov.  N.  C,  672,  592. 

,  Sam.,  b.,8721 ;  works,  8771 ,8772,878'; 

poet  laureate,  pensioned,  8803;  d.,  88O1. 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1806) ;  nominated  for  vice- 
president,  3173;  d.  (1873). 

Daniell,  John  Frederick,  b.,9243;  pyrom- 
eter, 9401 ;  d.,  9522. 

,  Thonms,  b.,  9122  ;  d.  (1840). 

,  William,  b.,  9182  ;  d.,  9482. 

Daniels,  Charles,  b.,  1341 ;  speech,  438>. 

Danilo  I.  rules,  10972. 

Danish  affairs,  conference  on,  6413, 

,  Church  org.  in  America,  2802. 

,  Language  Society  fnd.,  6383. 

Missionary  Society  fnid.,  6383;  mis- 
sions, 6403,  6421 . 

Danviark,  rescued  by  Missouri,  3393;  sinks, 
6423. 

Dann,  Edward  S.,  defaulter,  4083. 

Dannecker,  Johann  H.,  b.,  8023;  d.,  8161. 

D'Annibile,  G.    (See  Annibile.) 

Danremont,  Chas.  Marie  Denis,  k.,  83. 

Dansk  Maandesskrift,  issued,  6403. 

Danske  Meravims,  issued,  6371 . 

Dantaii,  Jean  Pierre,  b.,  7142;  d.,  7382. 

Dantas,  Manuel  Pinto  de  Souza,  b.  (1825) ; 
ixjlicy  supported,  resigns,  5572. 

Dante  Alighieri,  b.-d.,  10762;  works,  7063, 
10771 ;  statue,  10882. 

Danton,  George  Jacques,  b.,  7023;  leader 
of  Cordeliers,707i  ;guillotmed,7103,711i. 

Dantoo  mission,  10471 . 

Daiitz,  Johann  A.,  b.,  7963  ;  d.,  8OO2. 

Dantzic,  fnd.,  7733;  captured,  7162;  free, 
7172;  allies  possess,  7212;  ruled  by  Teu- 
tonic Knights,  783' ;  ceded  to  Poland, 
7872;  taken,  800' ,  810' ;  battle,  8O8I ;  re- 
taken, 8101 ;  inundated,  8141;  riots,  8362; 

Dantzy,  Edward,  deputy,  8631 . 

Danube,  sealer,  arrives,  5933. 

Danube,  fleet  on, 5122;  navigation  of,5213; 
rocks  removed,  5253;  inundation,  5262; 
new  channel,  5273,  5293;  frozen.  5302; 
overflows, 5341 ,  2;  5342;  passage  ol,.''>65i . 

Dannbian  provinces,  troops  recalled,  524' ; 
occupied,  525  ;  conference  on,  735' . 

Danvers,  111.,  natural  gas  dis.,  402' . 

— ,  Mass.,  Whittier's  birthday  eel.,  373'. 

Danville, la., 525' ;Bapt.Cbnn-li.irg.,  1442. 

Junction,  III.,  non-unionist  sliot,  4662. 

,  Ky.,  Center  Coll.  org.,  127';  Theo- 
logical Seminary  est.,  173' . 

,  N.  C,  J.  Davis's  address,  2453. 

,  Va.,  race  riot,  315' . 

,  Vt.,  library  gift,  3443. 

Daphne,  launched,  9913. 

,  asteroid,  discovered,  732' . 

,  produced,  7943. 

Da  Ponte,  Lorenzo,  b.,  10842;  d.,  1086*, 

Daran,  Jacques,  b.,  6942,  706' . 

I)ara«  taken,  10302. 

D'Arblay,  Mme.  (Frances  Burney).  See 
Arblay. 

Darboy,  Georges,  b.,  7203;  arrested,  exd- 
cuted,  7443 ;  d.,  746' ;  assassins  con- 
demned, 7463. 

Darby,  Abraham,  bridge  builder,  9202, 

Darbytowu  Boad,  Va.,  action  on,  238*. 

Darcare  sentenced,  7623. 

Darcet,  Jean,  b.,  6982;  d.,  7143. 

Darcey,  John  S.,  b.  (1788) ;  d.,  2272. 

Darcy,  Lord,  executed,  868' . 

D' Arcy,  Sir  John,  gov.  Ire.,  8573. 

.  Sir  Roger,  gov.  Ire.,  8592. 

Dardanelles,  fortified,  1150' ;  closed,  1157*; 
Brit,  fleets  sail  for,  9592,  enter,  lllS'. 

,  Ark.,  Price  crosses  at,  238' . 

Dare,  Virginia,  b.,  253. 

Dar-es-Salaam  attacked,  8381 ,  2. 

Darien,  Colombia,  dis.,  163  ;  company  to 
colonize,  533  ;  Scotch  colony  est. ;  sur- 
renders to  Spain,  6283. 


I 
1 


Dari-Davo. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1233 


Darlen,  Ga.,  Feds,  destroy,  2223. 

,  Gulf  of,  explored,  1&3. 

Danes,  Joachim  G.,  b.,  71183;  d.,  8043. 

Darius  1.,  reigiis,  11472;  subdues  revolt  in 
Babylouia,  10371,  ii46i ;  crosses  Bos- 
porus, 11461 ;  fleet  destroyed,  lOlCi ;  con- 
quers Milesians  ;  sends  heralds  to  Gr., 
10173  ;  takes  Babylon,  11472  ;  <l.,  110C2. 

11.,  deposes  Sogdiauus  ;  reigns,  11071 ; 

rules  Palestine,  11473. 

III.,  CodomaniLs  reigns,  11473;  de- 
feated at  Issus,  10242;  enthroned,  11071 ; 
dethroned;  murdered,  10242,  11073. 

,  reigns  over  Pontus,  1151' . 

Dariiling  mission,  10483. 

DarK  Ages,  period  of,  6631 , 

Day  in  New  England,  931 , 

Darkness,  phenomena.  Can.,  5762. 

remarkable,  in  Eng.,  8941 , 

D'  Arlaiiges,  Marshall.    (See  Arlanges.) 

Darley,  Felix  Octavius  Carr,  b.,  1301 ;  a., 
3282. 

Darling,  Australia,  floods,  5001 . 

,  Sir  Charles,  gov.  Austral.,  4973. 

,  Grace,  b.,  9363;  saves  lives,  9493;  d., 

9602. 

,  Henry,  b.  (1824) ;  moderator,  3082;  d., 

3821. 

,  Sir  Kalph,  gov.  Austral.,  4951 ,  4952. 

,  Lady,  gift  to,  4973;  objections,  4983. 

Darlington,  Eng.,  strike, 9883. 

,  Vfilliam,  b.,  951 ;  d.  (1863). 

Darmeister,  James,  d.,  7061 . 

Darmstadt,  Ger.,  Prussians  occupy,  5261 ; 
Polytechnic  schools  est., .8151 . 

Darnford,  Capt.,  at  Mobile,  91 1 . 

Darnley,  E.  of,  title  created,  9072. 

,  Henry  Stuart,  Lord,  b.,  8701;  mur- 
ders Kizzio,  8731;  married,  killed,  8733. 

Darrah,  Lydia,  informs  Washington,  881 . 

D'  Arras,  Gautier.    (See  Arras.) 

D'  Arrest,  H.  L.    (See  Arrest.) 

D'  Artaguette.    (See  Artaguette.) 

Dartford,  Eng.,  nrst  paper-mills,  8742. 

Dartmoor,  Eng.,  Am.  prisoners  k.,  1231 ; 
taken,  8861 ;  riot,  9372. 

Dartmouth,  Can.,  Davis  sails,  5702;  drown- 
ing disaster,  5913. 

Dartmouth^  cargo  of  tea,  782. 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  9031 . 

,  Earls  of.    (See  Legge.) 

N.H.,  Coll.  fnd.,  763;  Coll.  of  Agri- 
culture and  Mechanics  est.,  2623;  \Vm. 
J.  Tucker,  president,  4022,  4221 ;  Butter- 
fleld  collection,  4261 . 

D'Artois,  Comt^.    (See  Artois.) 

Dartrey,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9651 . 

Daru,  Napoleon,  Comte,  b.(1807) ;  minister, 
resigns,  7392;  d.,  7582. 

,  Pierre  Antoine  Noel  Bruno,  Comte, 

b.,  7031;  d.,  7243. 

Darvall,  William,  mayor  New  York,  47i . 

Darwin,  Charles  Robert,  b.,  9343;  works, 
9503,  9621 ,  2,  9631 ,  9763,  9882  ;  d.,  9901 ; 
statue.  9921. 

,  Erasmus,  b.,  9082;  in  Lunar  Society, 

9212;  d.  (1803). 

Daseut,  Sir  George  Webbe,  author,lawyer, 
b.,  9402. 

Iku  H*iideU)ergische  Jahrbuch,  issued,  8091 . 

Daghiel,  Robert  L.,  b.,  1341. 

Dashkoir,    Yekaterijia  liomanova,  b.-d., 

11143. 

Dathan,  mutinies  against  Moses,  11413. 

Dathe,  .Johann  A.,  b.,  8002;  a,,  8043. 

Datis  commands  at  Marathon,  1018 1 . 

Daub,  Karl,  b.,  8023  ;  d.,  8143. 

Danbenton,  Louis  .Jean  Marie,  b.,  6971; 
Atmlomy,  7002  ;  d.,  7142. 

Daubeny,  Charles  Giles  Bridle,  b.,  9263  ; 
d.,  9701 . 

,  James,  d.,  IOIO2. 

D'Aubigii<5,  T.  Agrippa.    (See  Aubign^.) 

Daubigny.Chas.  Francois, b., 7222;  d.,7502. 

D'Aubry,  Gen.    (See  Aubry.) 

Daudet,  Alphonse,  b.  (1840) ;  works,  7383, 
7482,  7503,  7542. 

,  Lfon,  Les  Morticolet,  7662. 

Daudin,  Franyois  Marie,  b.,  7043;  d.,  7151 . 

Daughter  ofJairus,  painted,  8201 . 

Daughters' College,  Ky.,  fnd.,  I8O2. 

Daughters  of  Liberty  org.,  932;  at  Water- 
bury,  Conn.,  3903  ;  Nat.  Council,  4691 . 

of    the    Revolution,    Am.,  org.,  933, 

3662  ;  plant  liberty  tree,  4573. 

Daujoutm,  Fr.,  storiued,  7431 . 

D'Aulnoy,  Marie  C.    (See  .\ulnoy.) 

Dauinas,  Melchior  Joseph  Eugene,  b.,  7143 ; 
d.,7461.  f        n       ,    ,         , 


Danmer,  Georg  P.,  b.,  8063  ;  d.,  8282. 

Daumesnil,  Pierre,  b.,  7043  ;  d.,  7262. 

Daun,  Leopold  Joseph  Maria  von,  b.,  5123; 
at  Koliu,516i ;  Fink  surrenders  to,  5162; 
d.,5163. 

Daunou,  Pierre  C.  F.,  b.,  7023  ;  d.,  7282. 

Dauntless,  loses  race,  2713 ;  wins  ocean- 
race,  defeated,  3293. 

Dauphin,  H.  Albert,  minister,  7553. 

Dauphin^,  province,  sold,  6751 . 

Dautresme,  Lucien,  minister,  757'. 

D'Auvergne.    (See  Auvergne.) 

Dauvray,  Helen,  b.,  1841 . 

Davatsi  subdued,  6I61 . 

Davenport,  la.,  ttrst  house,  1413  ;  incorp., 
1712  ;  Griswold  Coll.  org.,  1843  ;  Home 
for  Children,  2192;  R.C.  diocese  est.,  3082. 

,  111.,  cyclone,  1741 . 

,  Edward  L.,  b.,  1231 ;  d.,  2961 . 

,  Fanny  Lily  Gipsey,  b.,  I661 . 

,  Henry  Kallock,  b.  (1820)  ;  d.,  278' . 

,  Isaac,  surety  for  Davis,  2563. 

,  John,  b.  (1598);  in  Mass.,  343;  Puri- 
tan, 353  ;  d.,  442. 

, I.,  naturalization  frauds,  4091 . 

,  Nicholas  T.,  b.  (1831) ;  d.,  2582. 

Female  College  N.  C,  fnd.,  1823. 

Bavenant,  Sir  William,  b.,878i ;  Ontulibert, 
8883  ;  intro.  operas,  8961 ;  d.,  8922. 

Davey,  Sir  Horace,  solicitor  gen.,  9951. 

,  Robert  C,  b.,  1722. 

David,  K.  of  Israel,  kills  Goliath,  11421 ; 
a  courtier  in  cave  Adullam  ;  mjyriages, 
11431 ;  flees  from  Saul,  11432  ;  defeats 
Amalekites,  11421 ;  anointed  king,  11432; 
takes  Jerusalem,  11421;  brings  Ark  to 
Obed-Edom,  11432;  house  of  cedar,  11422; 
conquers  Ammonites,  Syrians,  Moabites, 
takes  Damascus,  11421 ";  sins,  11423  ;  re- 
bellious against ;  flees  from  Absalom, 
11433  ;  Psalms  of,  collected,  11423. 

1. ,K. of  Scot., 849 2;  improves  churches, 

8483  ;  sole  K.  ;  est.  feudal  barons,  8493  ; 
d.  (1153). 

II.,  b.  (1324) ;  K.  of  Scot.,  8573;  impris- 
oned, ransomed,  8592  ;  d.  (1371). 

II.  in  Armenia,  11553. 

,  Fflicien  Cfear,  7191 ;  d.,  760'. 

,  George,  fanatic,  d.,  541 1 . 

,  Horatio,  Oath  of  the  Horafii,  706' . 

,  Jacques  Loui8,'b.,  7003;  d.,  7242. 

,  Jerdme,  Baron,  minister,  7393. 

,  Pierre  Jean,  b.,  70«2  ;  d.,  7322. 

,  Saint,  d.,  8421. 

David  Crockett,  seized,  3693. 

David  J.  Adams,  seized,  5852. 

Davidson,  George,  b.,  9422. 

,  John,  works,  10103. 

, W.,  b.  (1824);  Hood  surrenders  to, 

24G3;  d.  (1881). 

,  Lucretia  M.,  b.,  II42  ;  d.,  1322. 

,  Margaret  Miller,  b.,  1302  ;  fl.,  1482. 

,  Randall  T.,  cons,  bp.,  9862,  10062. 

,  Robert,  moderator,  1063. 

,  Warner,  comet,  5001 . 

,  Wm.,  Lieut.-Col.,  b.  (1786) ;  k.,  93' . 

College,  N.  C,  org.,  149' . 

Davie,  Margaret,  executed,  8692. 

,  Wm.  Richardson,  b.  (1750) ;  gov.  N.C., 

1093  ;  d.,  1282. 

Daviel,  Jacques,  b.,  6943;  d.,  7023. 

Davies,  Chas.,  b.,  IO81 ;  d.,  292'. 

,  David,  d.,  1004'. 

,  Enoch,  shot,  4711 , 

,  Henry  Eugene,  b.,  1462  ;  d.  (1881). 

,  Sir  John,  b.,  8722  ;  d.  (1626). 

,  Samuel,  b.,  602  ;  d.,  723. 

,  Thomas  F.,  bp.  of  Mich.,  3462. 

,  Sergt.,  wins  rifle  prize,  10021 . 

Daviess,  Jos.,  Hamilton,  b.,  78i ;  d.,  1162. 

Uavila,  Enrico  Caterino,  b.,  IO8II;  d., 
10823. 

,  Gil  Gonzalez,  explorer,  191 ;  founds 

Granada,  193  ;  in  Nicaragua,  IIO31 . 

Davis  Mills,  Miss.,  Confed.  defeat,  2163. 

,  And.  Jackson,  spiritualist,  b.,  1341. 

,  A.  J.,  at  Murfreesboro,  217' . 

,  Charles  Augustus,  b.  (1795) ;  d.,  256' . 

, Henry,  D.  (1807) ;  succeeds  Foote, 

207';  d.,  294'. 

,  Cushman   Kellogg,    b.,    1482  ;    gov. 

Minn.,  2873  ;  Pension  Bill  intro.,  3483. 

,  Daniel  F.,  gov.  Me.,  3033,  3052. 

,  David,  b.,  1242  ;  justice,  2173  ;  pres- 
idential candidate,  2773  ;  declines  nom., 
279';  vote,  2812;  senator,  296';  pres. 
Senate,  3092  ;  d.,  324'. 

,  Edmund  J.,  gov.  Tex.,  2732,  2832. 

,  Emerson,  b.  (1798) ;  d.,  262' . 


Davis,  Garrett,  b.  (1801) ;  d.,  278' . 

,  Geo.  R.,  director  World's  Fair,  3693. 

,  G.  S.,  Arctic  Seas,  421' . 

, ,  W.,  commissioned  major,  456' . 

,  Henry  Q.,  in  America's  Cong.,  346' . 

,  —  Winter,  b.,  126' ;  on  Committee 

of  33,  189';  d.,  250'. 

,  Jefferson,  b.,  1142;  graduates,  134' ; 

Black  Hawk  War,  138';  against  Paw- 
nees, 142';  resigns,  marries,  1452;  be- 
gins in  politics,  1572;  in  electoral  coll., 
1573;  marries,  159';  Member  of  Cong., 
1593  ;  resigns,  1613  ;  Col.,  charges  Fort 
Teneria,  160' ;  idol  of  army,  1602;  Gen. 
Taylor  compliments,  162' ;  appointed 
senator,  1632  ;  opposes  Taylor,  1643  ; 
elected  senator,  1652  ;  agamst  free  Pa- 
cific coast,  1672  ;  in  State  Kignts  Party  : 
resigns  senatorship,  1692;  nom.  gov.  or 
Miss.,  defeated,  1692;  Sec.  War,  1732; 
sends  expedition  to  Pacific,  1743;  second 
term  in  Senate,  183' ;  Dem.  leader,  187' ; 
proslavery  resolutions,  1872  ;  speech  on 
Union,  189' ;  on  Com.  of  13,  1892  ;  justi- 
fies secession,  191';  defends  State  sov- 
ereignty, 1912  ;  pres.  Confederacy,  1913, 
1923  ;  calls  for  troops,  192' ;  letters  of 
marque,  194' ;  calls  for  men,  1942;  coun- 
teracting proclamation,  1943  ;  igt  inaug- 
iu*al,2d  inaugural,  threatens  retaliation, 
1973,  2152,  2163  2173  ;  elected  Pres.  Con- 
federacy, 2012  ;  inaugurated,  2053;  proc- 
lamation against  Butler,  2173  ;  annual 
message;  on  Lincoln's  emancipation, 
2192  ;  conscription  proclamation,  2253  ; 
funding  of  the  finances,  2a)2;  visits 
Hood's  army,  2382;  message,  2d92'  pro- 
claims fast  day,  2423  ;  appoints  Peace 
Commissioners,  '243' ;  last  message  ;  ad- 
dress to  Southerners  ;  flees  from  Rich- 
mond, 2453  ;  council  of  war,  '246';  at 
Charlotte,  N.  C,  '2402  ;  changes  route, 
2463  ;  captured,  2463,  2473  ;  at  Fortress 
Monroe,  '2472;  Miss,  petitions  for  pardon, 
249';  trial  deferred,  2492;  uidicted  for 
treason,  253';  admitted  to  bail,  2563  ; 
released  on  bail,  '2673  ;  in  Can. ;  returns 
to  Richmond  ;  trial  adjourned,  2592;  am- 
nesty for  treason  case ;  trial  abandoned, 
2653  ;  seat  in  Senate  occupied,  267' ;  am- 
nesty granted,  2912;  refused,  2913;  ac- 
cepts gift,  3032  ;  Jtise  and  Fall  of  the 
Confederate  Government,  3083  ;  ovation 
to,  3'232  ;  lays  Confed.  monument,  3222  ; 
d.,  3481;  memory  in  the  Southern  So- 
ciety, 361 1 ;  birthday  a  legal  holiday, 
4082;  entombed  in  Va.,  4313. 

, C,  b.  (1828) ;  at  Chapmansville, 

1983;  at  Milford,  Mo.,  2011;  at  Pea 
Eidge,  2042;  takes  Memidiis,  2083;  at 
Helena,  2121;  Brig.-Gen.,  shoots  Maj.- 
Gen.  Nelson,  2133;  at  Rome,  2331;  at 
Jonesboro,238i;  d.  (1879). 

,  John,  b.  (1630)  ;  explorer,  '243  ;  ex- 
plorer, 6702;  in  Labrador,  5712  ;  d.,  8781. 

, ,  Capt.,  plunders  St.  Augustine, 

421. 

, ,  b.,  1341 ;  gov.,  Mass.,  981 ;  1452  ; 

defeats  Wilniot  proviso,  IGI2;  d.,  174'. 

, A.,  accounts  short,  3643  ;  par- 
doned, 3971. 

— , Sir  Francis,  b.,  9263  ;    Napier's 

assistant,  supt.  trade,  6I72 ;  minister, 
6192;  d.,  10041. 

, Lee,  b.  (1826) ;  d.,  336' . 

, W.,  gov.  R.  I.,  3293  ■  again,  375' . 

,  Dr.  J.  W.,  killed,  4083. 

, ,  b.  (1799) ;    speaker,    1693  : 

gov.  Ore.,  1772  ;  a.   1842. 

,  Mrs.,  gift  to  Johns  Hopkins,  3702. 

,  Noah,  b.,  1262. 

,  N.  S.,  pres,  Medical  Congress,  3882. 

,  Rebecca  Harding,  b.  (1840±) ;  works. 

'2011,2603,2643,2863,4203. 

,  Reuben,  b.  (1813) ;  on  Committee  of 

33,  1891. 

,  Thos.  E.,  nom.  for  gov.  W.  Va.,  4132. 

, Fred.,  b. (1801);bp.,  17'23;  d.  (1871). 

,  measuring-angles ;  invents  quadrant, 

8762.  ^  ' 

Davison,  John  R.,  judge  adv.-gen.,  9891 . 

Davis's  Strait  discovered,  243. 

Davitt,  Michael,  b.,  9522  ;  for  treason  fel- 
ony, 9751 ;  released,  983';  forms  Land 
League,  9852  ;  arrested,  987' ;  released, 
989' ;  elected  M.  P.,  election  annulled, 
9892;  seditious  speeches,  991';  Dem. 
Labor  Federation,  1005'  ;  w'ded,  10083. 

Davoust,  Louis  Nicolas,  Pr.  d'Eckmiihl, 


1234 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column.  Davy-Dcla. 


Duo  d'Auerstadt,  b.,  7042;  at  Auerstadt, 
716';  at  Eokmiilil,  718';  invades  Swe. 
Pomerania,  7182;  in  Hamburg,  720' ;  d., 
724'.  ,     ,     ,. 

Davy,  Sir  Humphry,  b.,  9203;  electroliza- 
tion;  ice  melted  by  friction,  9282;  elec- 
tricity; gas,  930' ;  photograpUs  produced, 
9302  ;     electrolysis  ;    galvanic   current ; 
sciences,    9322  ;     magnesium    obtained, 
9S13  ;    voltaic  arc,  9362  ;   safety   lamp, 
938' ;  ores,  lloyal  Soc,  940' ;  d.,  944' . 
Davys,  George,  elected  bisliop,  9523. 
Dawbarn,  Dr.,  vertebral  operation,  444' . 
Dawes,  James  \V.,  b.  (1815) ;  gov.,  3152. 

,  Nathaniel,  cons,  bishop,  10082. 

,  William  Kutter,  b.  (1799);  dis.  Saturn's 

inner  ring,  956' ;  d.  (1868). 
Dawison,  Bogumil,  b.,  11163  ;  d.,  11182. 
Dawkins,  Capt.,  court-martialed,  980'. 
Dawson,  Col.,  at  Ripley,  218' ;  at  Trenton, 
2182. 

,  Dr.,  B.  Sea  arbiter,  10073  ;  sails,  593' . 

,  Henry  Bartou,  b.,  130'. 

,  John  Littleton,  b.  (1813) ;  declines 

governorship  of  [Cans.,  1772  ;  d.,  2703. 
— — ,  Sir  John  William,  b.,  578' ;    works, 
5803,  581',  5823,  5843. 

Lieut.,  leads  expedition,  561'. 

,  William,  b.  (1798) ;  d.,  178' . 

Day,  Benj.  F.,  made  Capt.,  384' ;  d.,  348' . 
,  Francis,  founds  Madras,  8833  ;    ex- 
plorer, 1045' . 

,  Hannibal,  b.  (1802±) ;  d.,  380' . 

,  Horace  Hollister,  b.  (1813) ;  d.,  2982. 

,  James  R.,  chancellor ;  Univ.,  442' . 

,  Jeremiah,  b.,  78';  pres.  Yale,  127'; 

d.,2582. 

,  Maurice  Fitzgerald,  elected  bp.,9742. 

,  Stephen,   b.,    878*  ;  types  imported, 

343  ;  d.,  8922. 

,  Justice,  on  Parnell  Oommis.,  9992. 

"  Days  of  June,"  Fr.,  7312. 
Dayton,  O.,  laid  out,  1053;  G.  A.  R.  meets, 
3043  ;  Fanner's  Hntne  est.,  3063. 

,  Capt.,  near  Grafton,  198' . 

,  Jonathan,  b.,  722  ■  speaker,  1072,3  ; 

d.,  132'. 

,  Wm.  Lewis,  b.,  114';  nom.  for  vice- 

pres.,  1803  ;  electoral  vote,  1812  ;   nom. 
pres.,  1873;  d.,241l. 
Daza,  Hilarion,  Gen.,  b.  (1838) ;  pres., 5512; 

d.  (1894). 
De  A.cha  ends  rebellion ;  dictator,  551 ' . 
Deacon,  Edwin  Parker,  kills  M.  AbeiUe, 

divorce,  7623. 
Deaconess,  oonven.,  3423  ;  Inst,  est.,  9ft42. 
"  Dead  Rabbits  "  control  New  York,  1832 
Deadwood,  S.   Dak.,  gold  dis.,  284' ;  laid 

out,  2953  ;  prohibition  opposed,  3632. 
Deady,  Matthew  P.,  d.,  426' . 
Deaf   Mutes,  Am.  Asso.  of,  3362,  4102; 

Bell's  gift,  3781 . 
Deak,  Francis,  b.,  519' ;  leader,  ,''>263  ;  sus- 
tained, 5272  ;  d,,  5282  ;  statue,  5302. 
Deal  Beach,  N.  J.,  iritidermere  aground, 

4033. 
Dean  Riclunond  lost,  4413. 

Dean,  Amos,  b.  (1803) ;  d.,  260' .       

,  Gilbert  A.,  State  senator  ;  d.,  3952. 

,  Henry,  Lord-lieut.,  8672;  d.  (1503). 

Deane,  Charles,  b.  (181.3) ;  d.,  346' . 

,  James,  miss.,  b.,  662  ;  d.,  130*. 

,  phys.,  b.,  110' ;  d.,  184' . 

,  Samuel,  b.,  62' ;  d.,  123' . 

,  Silas,  b.,  042  ;  Commissioner,  83' ;  in 

Fr.,  833,  7053  ;  recalled,  892  ;  d.,  100' . 
Dear,  Private,  wins  rifle  prize,  1002' . 
Dearborn,  Henry,  b.,  683;  sec.  war.,  1112; 
commands  army,  118' ;  in  winter  quar- 
ters, 1182;  Army  of  Center,  120';  takes 
Ft.  George,  1202;  d.,  1362. 

Observatory  fnd.,  217'. 

Dear  Island  occupied,  10943. 
Dease,  Peter,  explorations,  578' . 
Death  penalty  abolished  in  la.,  2803,  301 ' ; 
Cal.,  optional,  287';   abolished   in  Me., 
2923;  restored  in  Me.,  315',   abolished 
3292  ;    abolished  Braz.,  6552  ;  abolished 
Eng,,  9352,  943',  965',   973';   abolition 
bill  rejected  ;  9772,  9952  ;  abolition  pro- 
posed, 983' ,  9873. 
Debate  Soul  and  Body  appears,  1127' . 
Debeb  defeated,  22;  aims  for  power,  33. 
Debendra  Nath  Tangore  revives  Brahman 

Church,  10163. 
Deberdt,  Dennis,  Mass.,  agent,  752. 
Debidour,  M.,  History  of  Europe,  7602. 
Deborah,    defeats    Sisera,    1140',    1141'; 
judges  I^»el,  11413  ;  prophetess,  11422  ; 


song  of  triumph,  11423;  delivers  Israel, 

De  Bow,  James  Dunwoody  Brownson,  B., 
1282  ;  De  Bow's  Commercial  Jteview  est., 
ICl';  d.  (1867).  ,  „  „   .    , 

Debreczlan,  Hung.,  Protestant  Coll.  ind,, 

511'. 
Debris  Relief  Bill  passed,  3052. 
Debrosse,   Jacques,    builds    the    Luxem- 
bourg, 686'.  . 
Debs,  Eugene  V'.,  endorsed,  46*3;  indict- 
ment ordered,  4652  ;    trial,  469' ;  stay 
granted,  479' . 
Debt,  imprisonment  for.  Am.,  139' ;  abol- 
ished Fr.,  7373;   6.  B.,  949';  state  as- 
sumed by  nation,  103' .                „     ...     i 

,  national  of,  U.  S.,972, 103' .   (Seelext 

infoUowing  years,  Jan.  1);  extinguished, 
1473;  certificates  issued,2053;  exclianged, 
2572  ;  at  close  of  civil  war,  249' ;  pay- 
ment pledged,  2492,  2652  ;  payment  in 
coin,  2663;  becomes  law,  267';  rctumled, 
2712;  reduced,  3552,  3573;  of  G.  B.,  865', 
8993|  9032,  U073,  9233,  9392,  •)492  ;  new 
form,  9592. 

Debtors' Act  passes,  Eng.,  9752.  

Decamps,  Alex.  Gabriel,  b.,  7143;  d.,7342. 
Decanville  R.B.  opens,  6253. 
Decatur,  Ala.,  Confed.  defeat,  2102;  battle, 
2362  2392;  strikers  quelled,  4363. 

Ga.,  Gen.  Rousseau  leaves,  236' . 

,  111,,  Grand  Army  Republic  post  org., 

2522;  Nat.  Mem.  Hall  Asso.  fmd.,  3883. 

,  Ste'phen,  b.,  912;  in  Algiers,  82;  burns 

Philadelphia,  112';  takes  Macedonia, 
1182;  surrender  of  Algiers,  1223  ;  sails 
for  Algiers,  124' ;  negotiates  treaty,  125' ; 
k.,  129' ;  d.,  1282. 

; ,  .Jr.,  b.,  682;  d.,  1142. 

Decazes,  Louis  Charles  Elie  Auanieu,  b. 
(1819);  minister;  7233,  749',  7493,  761'; 
d.  (1886). 

,  Elie,  Due,  b.,  705' ;  d.,  7342. 

Deccan,  India,  ravaged,  conquered,  1044' ; 

independent,  10452. 
Deceased  Wife's  Sister  Bill,  999' ;  10123. 
Decebalus  defeats   Domitian,   10642;  de- 
pendent prince,  769' . 
Decelean  War,  10203. 
Decemvirs,  in  power;  revolt  against,  10512; 

overthrown,  10513. 
Decer,  John  de,  first  provost.  Ire.,  8572. 
Dechen,  Ernest  H.  C,  b.,  8063;  d.,  832'. 
Decies,  Baron,  title  created,  9372. 
Decimal  system  inv.,  7802  ;  adoption  de- 
feated, 9872. 

Coinage  Act  passed,  Australia,  601 ' . 

Decius,  Cams  Messius  Quintus  Trajanus, 

b.  (200)  ;  against  Goths,  1066' ;  persecutes 

Christians,  10062;  reigns,  against  Philip 

I.;  killed,  10071,  10062. 

,  MusPubliiis,comiiiiinder,  662',  10522. 

Declaration  of  Independence,  135' . 


792. 


i./eciai  cii-iuii  oA  A  iivi.iM..'""^"^",  * — 

of  Indulgence,  Eng.,  8933. 

of  Rights,  Am.,  adopted,  752, 

Declaratory  Act  passes  Pari.,  762,  9173; 

introduced,  9253. 
De  Clifford,  Baron,  title  created,  855' . 
Decoration  Day  instituted,  262' ;  eel.  N .  Y., 

263';  a  holiday,  3503;   Confed.,  355' . 
Decree  of  sovereignty,  Eng.,  8773. 
Dedalus  captm-es  La  Prudente,  9'282. 
Dedekind,  Friedrich,  Grolnamis,  7923. 
Dedham,  Mass.,  hats,  bonnets  mant.,  108' . 
Dee,  John,  b.  (1527);  d.,  878'. 
Deems,  Chas.  Force,  b.,  1282  ;  Pres.  Am. 

Inst.  Christian  Philos.,  4102;  d.,  444' . 
Deeming,  F.  B.,  guilty,  5003. 
Deep  Bottom  Run,  Va.,  action,  2372. 

Harbor  Conven.,  Topeka,  Kan.,  3453. 

Water   Conven.  at,  Detroit,  39i3;  it 

appeals  to  Congress,  3973. 
Deer  Creek,  Miss.,  Federals  raid,  2203. 
Deerfleld,  111.,  detective  shot,  4702. 
,  Mass.,   purchaseil,  432  ;  Indians  at- 
tack, 46' ,  56' ;  train  derailed,  3233. 
Deer  Lodge,  Coll.  of  Montana  opd.,  3143. 
De  Fallly,  Gen.,  at  Bitsch,  738' . 
Defence,  lost,  9342. 
Defense  fund,  Fr.,  757' . 

,  govt,  of,  741 ' ,  7433. 

of  Property  in  Ire.,  Fund  est.,  989' . 

Deffand,  Marquise  du,  Marie  de  Vichy- 

Ch.anirond,  b.,  6943;  d.,  705' . 
Deifenbach,  Johann  F.,  d.,8162. 
Defiance  College,  non-sectarian,  organized 

at  Defiance,  O.  (1884). 
O.,  Saner  embezzlement,  453' ;  cen- 
tennial eel.,  4713;  D.  Coll.  org.  (1884). 


Defloss,  M.,  on  Fishery  Commission,  5852. 
De  Foe,  Daniel,  b.,8902;  works, 9023, 9063; 

condemned,  903' ;  d.,  9082. 
De  i'orest,  John  William,  b.,  134' . 

,  Col.,  at    Warrenton    Junction, 

2212;  works,  1683,  1823,  1843,  1863,  2603, 
2771,2803,  2843,2903. 

,  R.  E.,  b.,  158'. 

Fortou,  duel,  7503. 

DcFreyne,  Baron,  title  created,  951' . 
DeOanu,  Policeman,  testimony,  4523. 
Degerando,  Jos.  Marie,  b.  (1772) ;  d.,  728*. 
Degrees,  measured,  882' . 
Deguerry,  L'  Abbi^,  executed,  7453. 
Delion,Theo.,b.  (177C);bp.,n9' ;d.  (1817). 
Deinhard,  Adm.,  at  Saadani,  563' . 
Deiopeia,  asteroid,  discovered,  5282. 
Deiotarus  seizes  Armenia  Minor,  11512. 
Deir,  Aboo-Hinnis,  mission,  657' . 

Birsha,  mission,  657' . 

El-jenadily  mission,  657' . 

Deism,  Eng.,  reaction  against, 9243;  liteia- 

tureof,  9163. 
Itejanlra,  asteroid,  discovered,  748'. 
Deiazet,  Marie  Virgiiiie,  b.,7123;  d.,750'. 
Deioces  reigns,  11453. 
Deioux,  Claude,  b.,  6933;  d.,  7222. 
De  Kalb,  Baron  John,  b.,  60' ;    sent  to 
Am.,  77'  ;  joins  Washington,  863  ;  at 
Saunders  Creek,  922;  d.,  93' . 
De  Kay,  James  Ellsworth,  b.,  1023  ;  d., 

1682. 
Deken,  Aajen,  b.nl.,  1101' ;  works,  IIOI2. 
Dekker,  Jeremias  de,  b.-d.,  11003. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  8742;  works,  8772  ;  883' ; 

d.,  8842.  ^_ 

De  Koveu,  James,  b.,  1382;  d.,  3002.  j^ 

,  Reginald,  composer,  416' .  '^H 

De  la  Barre.     (See  Bane.)  ^ 

la  Beche,  Sir  Henry  Thomas,  b.,  9283 ; 

d.,9603. 

Lacy,  Ex-Alderman,  returns,  359' . 

Delacroix,  Ferdinand  Victor  Eugfene,  b., 

7142;  d.,  7362. 
Delatield,  Edward,  d.,  286' . 
Delagoa  Bay,  Afr.,  goes  to  Portugal,  COl 2; 
arbitration,  IIII2  ;  Railway  claims  set- 
tled, 10033  ;  completed,  11122. 
De  la  Gravidic,  J.  B.  E.  Jurien,  d.,  792' . 
Delalande,  Pierre  Antoine,  b.,  7062  ;  d., 

724'. 
Delamater,    George  W.,  nom.  for  gov., 

363' ;  embezzler,  375' . 
Delambre,  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph,  b.,  7003; 

d.,  724' . 
Delamere,  Baron,  title  created,  9372. 
De  la  Mere,  Lord,  minister,  8992. 
De  Lancy,  James,  b.,  54' . 

,  Wm.,  Heathcote,  b.,  1062;  d.,  2462. 

Deland,  Fla.,  Stetson  Univ.  fnd.,  3143. 

,  Margaret,  Jo/in  }Vard,Preacher,  332'. 

Delaney,  Patrick  assault  by,  9903;  con- 
victed, executed,  991'. 
Delano,  Aniasa,  b.,  723  ;  agent  in  Cuba, 
633' ;d.,  1302. 

,  Columbus,  b.  (1809) ;  minister,  2813. 

,  Wm.  H.,  resigns,  2892;  outrage  3032. 

De  la  Raui^e,  Louise  (Ouida),  b.,  9502  ; 

works,  9863. 
De  la  Rive.    (See  Rive,  de  la.) 


Delaroche,  Paul   (Hyppolyte),   b.,  712' 
works,  724',  7'26',  728',  730',  732' 


d.. 


7322. 


De  la  Rosa,  Signer,  signs  peace,  165' . 

De  La  Rue,  Warren,  b.  (1815) ;  d.,  1000' . 

De  Lauiiay  murdered,  7072, 

Delaunay,  Chas.  Eug.,  b.,  7222;  d.,  74«' . 

Delavall,  Thos.,  mayor  N.Y.,  433,462,473. 

De  la  Valette,  Marquis,  d„  762' . 

Delavan,  Edward  Cornelius,  b.  (1783), 
declaration,  146' ;  d.  (1871). 

De  Laveaucoupet,  M.,  762'.  . 

I>elaviene,  Jean  Fraiifois  Casimir,  D., 
7082;  works,  7232,  7'26' ,  727' ;  d.,  7283. 

Delaware,  wrecked,  9773.         „„.     ^       ,  _ 

Dehaware,  U.  S.  A.,  bay  dis.,  28' ;  Swedes 
settle, 353, 362;  Luth.worship,342;  Peter 
Minuet,  gov.,  363  ;  Johan  Printz,  gov. 
(1643);  Peter  Hollander,  gov.,  372;  toler- 
ation granted,  382;  Johan  C.  Rising,  gov., 
393;  purchased  by  Netherlands,  41'; 
British  supremacy,  42' ;  sold  to  Amster- 
dam, 423  ;  invaded,  44' ;  Quaker  nieet- 
ines,  463;  grants  to  Penn.,  49' ;  seceded, 
513  ;  under  N.  Y.,  633  ;  separate  from 
Pa.  in  part,  553  ;  Henry  Ellis,  gov., 
713  ;  John  McKinley,  gov..  853  ;  ratifle8 
Federation  Constitution,  1003  ;  Joshua 
Clayton,  gov.,  1013  ;  Dan.  Rogers,  gov., 


Dela-Depe. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDIlX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1235 


109<  ;  Richard  Bassett,  gov.,  1093 ; 
James  Sykes,  gov.,  1112  ;  David  Hall, 
gov.,  Nathan  Mitchell,  gov.,  1133; 
Geo.  Truett,  gov.,  llijs  ;  Jos.  Haslett, 
gov.,  1192;  Lewiston  bombarded,  1202; 
Dan.  Kodney,  gov.,  1233;  John  Collins, 
gov.,  1293;  Jacob  Stout,  gov.,  1292;  Caleb 
Rodney,  gov.,  1312;  jo.s.  Haslett,  gov., 
1313  ;  Sam.  Paynter,  gov.,  1332  ;  Geo. 
Poindexter,  gov.,  1353;  David  Hazzard. 

gov.,  1392;  Caleb  P.  Bennett,  gov.,  1133; 
ornelius  P.  Comegys,  gov.,  1492;  Wni. 
B.  Cooper,  gov.,  1531 ;  Thos.  Stockton, 
gov.,  1591 ;  ,J()s.  ,\Iaul,  gov.;  Win.  Temple, 

gov.;  Wni.  Thorp,  gov.,  1813;  Peter  F. 
'ansey,  gov.,  1791  ;  refuses  to  seceiie, 
1903 ;  loyal ,  1933 ;  Peace  Convention 
meets,  1972 ;  Wm.  Cannon,  gov.,  2293  ; 
Meth-Epis.  Conf .  org.,  2332;  Grove  Sauls- 
bury,  gov.,  2511;  rejects  14th  amend., 
2573  ;  .James  Ponder,  gov.,  2(192;  eel.  15th 
amend.,  2703  ;  .John  P.  Cochran,  gov., 
2912;  John  \V.Hall,gov.,3033;  ttn-chlight 

ftarades  forbidden,  3091 ;  chas.  C.  Stock- 
ey,  gov.,  3152;  IJenj.  T.  Biggs,  gov.,  3293; 
earthquake,  332* ;  Rodney  monument, 
3161 ;  \vhii)ping  of  criminals,  3583;  R,  .J. 
lieyuohls,  gov.,  3«7i,  3991;  Tresis.  Her- 
bert, defaulter,  3782  ;  Free  Scho.>l  Bill 
passes,  3S12  ;  Local  Option  Bill  passes, 
38:31 ;  Delinquent  Law  reenacted,  4203. 

Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Canal  opd., 1373. 

and  Hudson  Canal  opil.,  1373. 

and  Lackawanna  Railway,  men  dis- 
charged; wreck,  3783,  4043. 

College,  Del.,  fnd.,  2583;  2703. 

— — ,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9152. 

,  Earl  of.    (See  West.) 

River  blockaded,  1201 . 

Delbrlick,  Martin  Friederich  Rudolf,  b., 
8121. 

Deloass^,  Theophile,  minister,  7671 ,  7672. 

Delegate  gov't,  transferred,  Fr.,  7433. 

Delescluze,  Louis  Chas.,  b.  (1809) ;  dele- 
gate of  war,  7453  ;  d.  (1871). 

Delessert,  Benjamin,  b.,  7043  ;  d.,  7301. 

Delfosse,  Maurice,  on  Fishery  Commis- 
sion, 2972;  dispute,  2992. 

Delft,  Tke  Three  Klnija  performed,  10982. 

Delftware  iiiventeil,  10781 . 

Delhi,  massacre,  conqueretl,  10422;  Kutab 
minar  erected,  10423  ;  capital,  10132; 
sacked;  massacre, 10441  j  captured,  10461 ; 
mission,  10471;  siege,  10481;  king  sen- 
tenced, 10491 . 

Delille,  L' Abb6,  Jacques,  b.,  7002;  works, 
7U5I,  2,  7151;  d.,  7-203. 

Delilah  ensnares  Samson,  11423. 

Delisle,  Guillaume,  b.,  6923;  d.  (1726). 

— — ,  Jos.  Nicolas,  b.,  6942  ;  measuring 
sun's  distance,  7022  ;  d.,  7032. 

Delitzsch,  Franz,  b.;  8102;  d.,  8341. 

,  Friedrich,  b.,  8I81 . 

Delium,  action  at,  IO202. 

Delias,  >fikolaus,  b.,  8102;  d.,  8321. 

Deliverance  .Society  org.,  3862. 

Delolme,  Jean  Louis,  b.-d.,  11372. 

DeLong,  Geo.  Wash.,  b.,  1562;  on  Arctic 
expedition,  3021 ;  d.,  3082;  body  fnd. ,3101 . 

Delonae,  Philibert,  b.,  6802;  d.,  684i . 

Delpech,  Jacques  Matthieu,  b.  (1775) ;  d., 
7262. 

Delphi,  Temple  plundered,  10241. 

,  action  near,  10261 . 

,  excavation  fund,  Fr.,  7601 . 

Delpit,  Albert,  b.  (1819) :  Paasiaimiment, 
7.582;  d.,  7641. 

Delsarte,  Francois  A.  N.  C,  b.,  7191;  d., 
7461. 

Delac,  Jean  Andr^,  b.-d.,  11372. 

Deluge  occurs,  11392,  11401 . 

I>etna<les,  Peace  of,  10252. 

.  orator,  d.,  10251 . 

De  Mantel  at  Schenectady,  5721 . 

De  Mauley,  Baron,  title  created,  9461 . 

Dembinski.  Henryk,  b.,  11162;  at  Kapolna, 
5221 ;  at  Szorek,  !')-222;  d.,  11182. 

Oembowska,  asterohl,  discovered,  7601 . 

Demeuhoor,  battle  at,  6561. 

Demerara,  Br.  Guiana,  acquired,  9313 ; 
missions  est.,  10383. 

Demeratus  in  Persian  army,  IOI81 . 

De  Mesy,  gov.  Can.,  5732. 

Demeter,  temple  of,  begun,  10203. 

^— ,  Zvonimir,  king,  5033. 

Bemetria,  written,  121 2. 

Demetrius  1.,  D.  of  Russia,  reigns,  11162; 
d.,  11142. 

n.,  D.  of  Moscow,  reigns,  III52. 


Demetrius  III.,  D.  of  Moscow,  reigns,  11152. 

11.,  king  of  Macedonia,  10272. 

III.,  Eucerus,  reigns,  11511. 

11.,  Nicator,    reigns  ;  overthrown  ;  a 

cai)tive,  11493;  released,  11503;  war  with 
Egy.,  6522. 

Phalerens,  b.-d.,   10243;    gov.,  10253; 

expelled,  10271. 

Poliocretes,  b.-<l.,  10251;    in  Gr.;    in 

Cyprus  ;  war  with  Pyrrhus ;  gen.  of 
States,  10201 ;  expels  Demetrius  Phale- 
rius ;  murders  Alexander  V. ;  seizes 
Macedon  ;  a  fugitive,  1027 1 . 

,  Soter,  king,  D.-tl.,  11482;  seizes  Syria, 

11483;  reigns,  11492;  war  with  Egy.,  6522; 
frees  Jews  from  tribute;  overthrown, 
11493  ;  defeated;  killed,  10551. 

Valerius,  librarian,  6523. 

Demetz,  Fr*kl^ric  Anguste,  b.,  7123;  d., 
7461. 

Demidoir,  Nikita,  b.,  III31;  d.  (1720i:). 

Deinilier,  Father,  missionary,  1402. 

De  Mille,  James,  b.,  5782;  works,  68II, 
5823;  d.,  5841. 

Doming,  Henry  C,  d.,  2781. 

Democracy',  new,  Henry  Clay,  leader,  1233. 

Democratic  Party,  U.  S.  A.;  national  con- 
ventions ;  1st  nominating  at  Bait.,  1411  j 
3d  at  Bait.,  1513;  4thiitBalt.;  two-thirds 
rule  adopted,  Ist  division  ;  Tyler  con- 
vention at  Bait.,  1572;  5th  at  Bait.; 
withdrawals,  1651;  6th  at  Bait.,  1712; 
7th  at  Cincinnati,  1803;  8th  at  Cliarles- 
ton ;  divides  on  slavery,  1872;  seceders 
meet  at  Richmond,  1873,  1882;  and  at 
Wilmington  ;  reassembles  at  Bait.;  se- 
ceders reassemble  at  Bait.,  1882;  otli, 
date  changed  ;  at  Chicago,  2392;  10th,  at 
New  York,  2633;  llthat  Bait.,  2792;  12th 
at  St.  Louis,  3931 ;  13th  at  Cleveland, 
3051 ;  14th  at  Chicago,  3173;  at  St.  Louis, 
3311 ;  15th  at  Chicago,  4092. 

decrees,  Rome,  10593. 

Democratic-Republicans  elect  J.  Madison, 
1193;  elect  J.  Monroe,  1292,  1371. 

Democrats,  U.  S.  A.,  oppose  internal  im- 
provements, 1232;  Locofocos  appear, 
1452;  party  split  by  slavery,  1572,  IU51, 
1672;  long  rule  broken,  15:J2;  decline  in 
numbers,  1613;  and  the  Army,  1633;  sup- 
port Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  1751;  anti- 
slavery,  coalesce  with  Whigs,  1771 ;  enact 
prohibition  in  Me.,  1783;  white  men's 
govt.;  against  freeing  negroes,  2112; 
alienated  from  Lincoln  by  slavery,  2113; 
assail  Lincoln  ;  win  elections,  2153;  anti- 
war against  Lincoln,  2213  ;  sympathy 
for  Vallandigham,  2233 ;  called  Copper- 
heads, 2292;  resist  negro  enlistments, 
2*293;  divided  by  war,  2393;  in  elections 
of  1867,  2592. 

social  rule  election  in  Ger.,  8371. 

Democritus,  b.-d.,  1019 1;  on  Milky  Way, 
10211. 

Demoivre,  Abraham,  b.,  6903;  d.,  7022. 

Demole,  Chas.  Etienne,  minister,  7552. 

Deniophoon  reigns,  10133. 

Demorest,  W.  Jennings,  for  pres.,  4092. 

De  Morgan,  Augustus,  b.,  9323;  d.,  9761. 

Demosthenes,  commander,  lOJOi ;  aids 
Athenians;  in  Messeuia,  10202;  executed, 
10203. 

,  orator,  b.-d.,  10231 ;    against  Philip, 

10241,10252,3;  orations,  10251,2;  politi- 
cal position  ;  complaint  against  iEcuines, 
10252;  exiled;  returns;  flees;  poisons 
himself,  10253. 

Demme,  Hermann,  Christoph  Oottfried, 
b.,  8023;  d.,  8122. 

Demmin,  August  Friedrich,  b.,  8122. 

Dempsey,  Hugh  F.,  gxiilty,  4222. 

Dempster,  John,  b.,  1042;  d.,  2291. 

Denain,  Fr.,  battle  of,  6962,  798I . 

Denant,  Pierre,  cons,  bp.,  5763. 

Denayrouze,  M.aerophonesucce8sful,978i . 

Denbigh,  E.  of,  title  created,  88I1 . 

Denby,  Charles,  minister,  3513,  4473;  re- 
turn ordered,  4672. 

Denderah,  Temple  of  Athor,  Egy.,  6161 . 

Dene.  Henry,  archbp.  Canterbury,  8622. 

Denelle,  .Jean  Paul,  minister,  7553. 

Denh.am,  Dixon,  b.  (1786) ;  crosses  Sahara, 
9402;  d.  (1628). 

,  Sir   John,    b.,  880t;    Cooper's  Hill, 

8951 ;  d.  (1668). 

Denifle,  Friedrich,  HelnrichSuso,h.,5203. 

Denina,  Giacomarla  Carlo,  b.,  108*2;  d., 
10851. 

Denis,  Saint,  b.-d.,  6623. 


Denison,  Tex.,  four  women  shot,  4063. 

,  Edmund,  elected  b]>.,9423. 

.  John  Evelyn,  b.,  9302;  speaker,  961», 

9033;  d. (1873). 

,  Sir  Wm.,gov.,  Madras,  10491,2. 

,  Sir  Wm.  T.,  gov..  New    South  W., 

4972;  pari,  at  Sydney,  4972. 

University,  O.,org.,  1403. 

Mfg.  Co.,  gift,  4793. 

Dennian,  Baron,  title  created,  946' . 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9082;  d.,  9382. 

, Baron,  b.,   9203;   chief   justice, 

9472;  d.,  9582. 

Denmark  (See  text,  pp.,  634-642),  Feu- 
dal system;  quarrel  with  Fr.,  6353; 
unites  with  Norway  and  Swe.,  11051; 
wrecks  plundered,  6371;  Oldenburg  an- 
nexed, 7853;  free  preaching  est.,  6363- 
war  with  Swe.,  7961 ;  returns  conquered 
territory,  11353;  Europaiscke  Zeitung 
est.,  6871;  armed  neutrality,  9312;  Eng. 
demands  the  fleet,  9333;  alliance  with 
Fr.,  7173;  lexchangeof  provinces,  6211; 
indemnity  treaty  with  tJ.  S.,  1372;  new 
constitution,  8191,3;  wai  resumed  with 
Prus.,  5222;  Sound  dues  refused  by  U.S., 
1752;  integrity  guaranteed,  9571 ;  treaty 
with  I'rus.,  8192;  royal  manifesto,  8193; 
war  with  Aust.,526i ;  Eider  Danish  proc- 
lamation ;  Schleswi^  annexed,  8222 ; 
Schleswig  incorporation  bill,  8223;  Bis- 
marck's quarrel  with,  8232;  treaty  for 
sale  of  W.  I.  Isles,  2592  ;  mission,  2902. 

Denner,  Balthasar,  b.,  7982;  d.,  8003. 

,  Johann  Christoph,  b.  (1655) ;  invents 

clarionet,  7982;  d.  (1707). 

Dennewitz,  Prus.,  battle  of,  7201 . 

Dennie,  Joseph,  b.,  76i ;  PortfoliOt  llli; 
d.  (1812). 

Denning's  comet  appears,  9881 . 

Dennis,  John,  b.,  8882;  d.,  9082. 

Dennison,  Wm.,  b.  (1815)  ;  gov.  O.,  1903; 
resigns  as  P.  M.-Gen.,  2532;  d.,3102. 

Denny,  W.,  gov.  Pa.,  713. 

Denon,  DominiqueVivant,b.,7003;  d.,7242. 

Denonville,  Jacques  Ren^  de  Br^say  at- 
tacks Indians,  50i ;  gov.  Can.,  603. 

Denilrisch,  deserters  gather,  6681 . 

Dens,  Peter,  b.-d.,  6422. 

Denson,  Wm.  H.,  b.,  I6O2. 

Dent,  Alfred,  charter  Braz.,  5523. 

,  Dennis,  d.,  I861 . 

,  Father,  against  Bp.  Ryan,  4062. 

,  Frederick  Tracv,  b.  (1820) ;  d.,  4201 . 

,  George,  b.  (176o"< );  speaker,  1092. 

,  John  Charles,  b.  (1841);  t'an(«/«,6843: 

ItebeUiOH,  5851 ;  d.  (1888). 

, Herbert,  b.  (1782);  d.,  1302. 

,  Julia  T.,  marries  U.  S.  Grant,  1643. 

Denton,  Richard,  b.  (1586);  Presbyterian 
services,  32i ;  d.  (1662). 

Dent's  company,  in  Archipelago,  5522. 

Denver,  Colo., "legislature  at,  2031 ;  Uni- 
versity of  Denver  org.,  '2093 ;  floods  at, 
2332  ;  Uepublican  est.,  '2513  ;  vicarate 
apostolic  est.,  2672;  made  capital,  2652, 
3093;  R.  R.  to  Pueblo,  2793;  breweries 
purchased,  3433;  Rocky  Mts.  Conference 
org.,  3582;  Nat.  Republican  League  Con- 
ven.,4633;  no  mayor,  3S13;  Trans. -Mis- 
sissippi Cong.,  3851,3;  silver  men  de- 
feated, 3853;  Nat.  Mining  Cong.,  3953; 
Dr.  Graves'  trial,  3971 ;  Meth.  Hospital 
and  Home  fnd.,  3983;  Bob  Ford  killed, 
4(J82;  talcose  silica  deposits,  4161;  fire, 
4213;  dynamite  explosion,  4.352;  troops 
withdrawn,  4541 ;  State  and  City  conflict, 
4642;  Police  Board  trouble,  4551 ,2; 
Union  Depot  burns,  4553;  Irrigation 
Conven.,  4713;  woman  strangled,  4763. 

,  James  W.,b.,  1'262;  gov.  1852;  d.,4101 . 

Meth.  E.  Conf.,  org.,  2842. 

Pacific  R.  K.,  partly  ctmipleted,  2713. 

and  R.  G.  R.  R.  train  robbers,  3903. 

University    org.,  2093  ;  Mary  Lowe 

Dickinson,  Prof,  at,  3383. 

Deoli  mission,  10483. 

Deorham,  Eng.,  British  defeated,  8401. 

Deparcienx.  Antoine,  b.,  6%2;  d.,  7041. 

De  Pauw  College  fnd.,  Ind.,  2643;  School 
of  Theologv,  org.,  3183. 

Deiiendent  Pension  Bill  vetoed,  3272;  Bill 
intro.,  3483;  passes,  3562,  3571,3,3612, 
4072,  4092. 

DePere,  Wis.,  Deliverance  Society  organ- 
ized, 3862;  coronation  of  statue,  4062. 

Depew,  Chauncey  Mitchell,  b.,  1422;  M.C., 
2'283;  pres.  Union  League,  361 1;  address 
to  Engineers,  3691 ;  address,  4041 . 


1236 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  Depe-DiaZ. 


Depeyre,  M.,  minister,  749' . 

De  Peyster,  Abraham,  b.,  40> ;  a.,  602. 

,  John  Watts,  b.,  130< . 

Depoele,  Van,  Charles,  J.,  d.,  4021 . 

Deportation  Bill,  Fr.,  7552.  

Depping,  George  B.,  b.,  8042;  d.,  8201 . 
Depretis,  Agostino,    b.,   10851;    minister, 

10893;  d.,  10901. 
Deputy  spealter  appointed,  G.  B.,  9592 
De  Quincey,  Thoinas,b.,  9223 ;  works,  9111 , 

9551;  d.,9622. 
Deramore,  Baron,  title  created,  987 1 . 
Derbingy,  Pierre  Auguste  Charles  Bouris- 

gay,  b.  (1839) ;  gov.  La.,  1372. 
Derby,  silk-throwing  mill  est.,  9041 ;    bri- 
bery In  elections,  9591 ;  Bp.  Ware  eons., 
10022;  inflrmary  est.,  10073;  Federation 
of  coal-mine  owners,  1011 1 . 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  8643. 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Stanley,  Lord.) 

,  George  H.,  b.,  1302;  a.,  1943. 

races;  winners,  9213,  9813,  9833,9853, 

9873,9953, 10053. 
Derbyshire,  Eng.,  insurrection,  9393. 
Dercos,  Archbp.,  elected  Gr.,  patriarch, 

(Joachim  IV.),  11582. 
Dercyllidas,  leader,  10221 . 
Derelicts,  bill  for  destruction,  4412, 4431 . 
Dereveeyah,  Wahabis  surrender,  4881 . 
Der  Freischutz  appears,  8121 . 
Derglotz,  Adm.  Von,  chief  admiral,  8321 . 
Derham,  William,  b.,  8882  ;  d.,  9082. 
Dermatological  Asso.,  Am.,  org.,  2901 . 
Dermbach,  Ger.,  battle  at,  8242. 
Dermody,  Thomas,  b.,  9191 ;  d.,  9303. 
Dermot,  King  of  Leinster,  d.,  84«2. 
Der  mmlkallsche  Patriot,  issued,  8003. 
Derosne,  Chas.,b.  (1780) ;  discovers  narco- 

tin,  7142;  d.  (1846). 
Deroulfede,  duel,  7642. 
Der  Patriot  est.,  8003. 
Der  patriotische  Medikm  est.,  801' . 
Derqui,  Dr.  S.,  b.  (1810);  pres.,  Argen.,  4912; 

d.  (1863). 
Derry,  Ire.,  see  erected,  8422;  granted  to 

companies,  8812. 
Der  Vaderlander  est.  at  Ghent,  5423. 
Der  Fernunfller,  first  Ger.  paper  est.,  7991 . 
Dervish  Pasha,  b.,  11563. 
Derwent,  Baron,  title  created,  9871 . 
Der  fVinsbecke  est.,  7823. 
Derzhavin,     Gabriel     Bomanovitch,     b., 

11143;  Ode  to  God,  11171 ;  d.,  11163. 
Deaaix  de  Veygoux,  Louis  Charles  An- 

toine,  b.,  7Wi ;  d.,  7142. 
Des  Arc,Ark.,  taken, 2182;  money  f 'd,4313. 
Desart,  Earl,  title  created,  9252. 
Desault,  Pierre  Joseph,  b.,  7003;  d.,  7102. 
Des  Bordes,  Gen.,  murdered,  4833. 
Descamps  sentenced,  7023. 
Descartes,  KemS,  b.,  6842;  works;    pen- 
sioned, 689i;  d.,  6883. 
Deschamps,  Cardinal,  d.,  5461 . 

,  Augustin  Etienne  Martin,  b.  (1819) ; 

works,  7231,7251,7283. 

,  Eustache  (Morel),  works,  6763. 

Deschanel,  Emile  Augustin  Etienne  Mar- 
tin, b.  (1819) ;  duel,  7671 ;  iMmarline,  7641 . 
Descharges  devises  port-holes,  6782. 
Deseret,  State  f  md.,  1792;  Univ.  org.,  2662. 
Deseronto,  Qiunte  burns,  5893. 
Desert  Land  Law,  Bill  passes,  3233. 
Deserted  House,  Va.,  action  at,  2182. 
Desfontaines,  Pierre  Frantois  Guyot,  b., 
6923;  d.,  7003. 

,  llen6  Louiehe,  b.  (1750) ;  Flora  Atlan- 

«ca,  7131;  d.  (1833). 
Desford,  Eng.,  B.  B.  collision,  9893. 
Desforges,  Louis  O.,  indicted,  4(502. 
Desha,  Jos.,  b.  (1768) ;  gov.,  1332;  d.  (1842). 
Deshouliferes,  Antoinette,  b.,  6882  ;  Gen- 

siric,  6932;  d.,  6943. 
Deaiderius,  king  of  Lombardy,  10732. 

,  bp.,  stoned  to  death,  7711 . 

Desjardins,  Jean,  d.,  6822. 

,  y^Tie  Catherine,  b.,  6883;  d.,  6923. 

Des  Landes,  Andre  Franijois  Boureau,  b. 

(1690) ;  Belle  .\[aman,  7581 ;  d.  (1757). 
Desmaiseaux,  Pierre,  b.,  6903  ;  d.,  7003. 
Desmarets,  Jean,  Ctouis  Visiannaires,fS>\^ . 
De  Smet,  Peter  John,  b.,  5423;  d.,  5442. 
Desmichels,  Gen.  Louis  Alexis,  b.  (1779) ; 

gov.,  93;  d.  (1845). 
Des  Moines,  la..  Mormon  missionaries, 
2562  ;  capital  built,  2753  ;  bridge  de- 
stroyed, 2973;  Drake  Univ.  fnd.,  3082; 
syndicate,  3533;  Gen.  Kelley  stays,  4582; 
College  of  Iowa,  org.,  2502  ;  training- 
school  opened,  3123. 


Des  Moines  Rapids,  canal  opened,  2973. 

,  Meth.  Epis.  Conf .  org.,  2332. 

Desmond,  killed,  8741 . 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  8811 . 

Desmouliiis,  Cainille,  b.,  7023  ;  leads  Cor- 
deliers, 7071;  executed,  7111. 
Desnoyers,  Baron,  Auguste  Gaspard  Louis 

Boucher,  b.,  7043;  d.,  7322. 
Desor,  Edouard,  b.-d.,  11381. 
Despatch,  U.  S.  steamer,  wrecked,  3933. 
Desportes,  Philippe,  b.,  6803;  d.,  6862. 
Despri^s,  Josquin,  b.  (1450±);  d.,  5402. 
Despretz,  Cisar  Mansuete,  b.,  7082;  d., 

7362. 
Desprez,  Julien  Florian  Felix,  b.  (1807) ; 

cons,  cardinal  priest,  7502. 
Dessalines,  Jean  Jacques,  b.,  722  ;  gov. ; 
succeeds  Toussaiut ;  crowned  ;  captured, 
10403;  assassinated,  10402. 
Dessau,  Bridge  of,  Ger.,  battle  at,  7941 . 
Desseilligiiy,  M.,  ministry,  7472. 
DessolesJJecazes,  ministry  of,  7233. 
D'Esterre,  Mr.,  killed  in  duel,  9372. 
Desterro,  surrenders,  6582;  revolts,  5592. 
Destitute  Children's  Dinner  Soc.  est.,  971 1 . 
Destouches,  Philippe,  Nericault,  b.,  6923; 

works,  6972,  6992;  d.,  7022. 
De  Tabley,  Baron,  title  created;  9412. 
Detmold,  Hermann  J.  b.,  8083;  d.,  8201 . 
Detro,  Thomas  E.,  assassinated,  2772. 
Detroit,  Mich.,  settled,  391 ,  652;  occupied, 
541 ,  552 ;  besieged,  662,  722  ;  Beletre 
surrenders  at;  conspiracy,  72 1 ;  de- 
stroyed, 1133;  surrendered,  II8I ;  B.C. 
diocese,  org., 1422;  St.  Philip's  Coll.  fnd., 
1S03;  Are,  1653;  anti-Nebraska  conven- 
tion held,  1752;  Meth.  Epis.  conf.  org., 
1782;  B.  B.  completed  to  Toledo,  1833; 
Pr.  of  Wales  at,  1882;  Harper  Hospital 
opd.,  2392  ;  Confeds.  plot,  2402  ;  Public 
Library  fnd., 2502;  Daily  Post  est., 2522; 
Woodmere  Cemetery  est.,  2693;  soldiers 
monument  unveiled,  2761 ;  Evenini/ I>etrs 
est.,  2822;  Michigan  Coll.,  org.,  2963  ; 
Asso.  of  Charities  org.,  3032;  Michigan 
Coll.  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  opens, 
3223;  bishop  continued,  3361 ;  street-car 
strikes,  3823;  G.  A.  B  meets,  3891 ;  street 
railways  sold,  3893  ;  K.  C.  teachers  ex- 
cluded, 4162;  flre,  4432,  4453,  4733;  labor 
conflict,  457 1 ;  arbitration  of  strike,  4643 ; 
bribery  of  school-board,  4702. 

Biver,  Mich.,  tunnel  abandoned,  2833. 

&  Toledo  B.  B.  opened,  1833. 

/;<"(roi'(,  launched,  3941 . 
Dettingen,  Bavaria,  battle  of,  5142. 
Deucalion,  deluge  of,  10131. 
Deu.sdedit,  archbp.  Canterbury,  8423. 
yjeiiteronomi/,  written,  11463. 
Dentsch,  Emanuel  O.  M.,  b.,  8142;  d.,  8281 . 
Deutsch-Brod,  Bohemia,  battle  of,  784i. 
Deutsche  Attgemeine  Zeitung,  est.,  8152. 
Deutsche  Zeitung,  est.,  8163. 
Deutsche  Museum,  est.,  8183. 
Deutsche  Rundschau,  est.,  8291. 
Divastatinn  (Fr.),  launched,  7521 . 
Devastation  (Eng.),  launched,  9741 . 

Deveaux  Neck,  action  at,  2402.  

Develle,    M.,    minister,  7553,  76I1,  7632, 

7651,2.  . 

Devens,  Charles,  b.,  1282  ;  commander-in- 
chief,  2831 ,  2872;  minister,  2953;  d.,  3742. 
Deventer,  Neth.,  surrenders,  6921 . 
De  Vere,  Aubrey,  Sir,  b.,  9-243  ;  d.,  9522 

, Thomas,  b.,  9363  ;    works, 

aS73,  9503,  9963. 

,  Maximilian  Scheie,  b.,  1282. 

Devereaux,  Capt.,  kills  Wallenstein,  7953. 

,  Bobert,  Earl  of  Essex,  courtier,  gen., 

b.-<l.,8722;  minister,8753,8772;  attempts 
insurrection  ;  in  Sp. ;  takes  Cadiz,  8761 ; 
lord.-lieut.,8773;  d.  (1601). 

,  Earl  of    Essex,    parliamentary 

gen.,  b.,  8762;  in  civil  war,  8841;    es- 
capes, 8842  ;  d.,  8862. 
,  Walter,  Earl  of  Essex,  b.,  8681  ;  polit- 
ical conspiracy,  8971 ;  d.  (1576). 
Devery,  W.  G.,  Capt.,  indicted,  4443.   (See 

New  York.) 
Devfe,  M.,  mini,ster,  7532,  3 
Deville,  Henri  Etienne  St.-Claire,b.,  7223; 

d.,  7522. 
Devil's    Bridge,    Mass.,  vessel   wrecked, 
3173.  ,  ,      .     . 

Lake,  N.  Dak.,  school  for  deaf  mutes, 

3731. 
Devizes,  Eng.,  surrender,  8861 . 
Devon,  Earl  of,  title  created,  871' . 
and  Exeter  Institution  est.,  9321 . 


Devonport,  Eng.,  Icarus  Launched,  992' ; 

Serpent,  launched,  996i . 
Devonshire,  Eng.,  see   unite<l,  8463  ;  title 
created,  8991 ;  Duke   of,  minister,  9162  ; 
reduces  rents,  10033. 
Devozioni  del   Giovedi   e    Venerdi   Santo, 

10771. 
Devrient,  Gustav  E.,  b.,  8082  ;  d.,  8281. 

,  Karl  A.,  b.,  8063  ;  d.,  828' . 

,  Ludwig,  b.,  8042  ;  d.,  8142. 

,  Philipp  E.,  b.,  8071 ;  d.,  8282. 

De  Vries,  David  Pieterssen,  est.  Lewiston 
settlement,  332  ;  on  Staten  Island,  372. 
Dew,  remarkable,  9001 . 
Dewangiri,  action  at,  10482. 
Dewdney,  Edgar,  min.  of  interior,  Can,, 

5931. 
De  Wette,  Wilhelm  M.  L.,  b.,  8042 ;  d., 

8181. 
Dewey,  Chester,  b.,  96i  ;  d.,  2582. 

,  Geo.,  b.  in  Vt.  (1837) ;  apt.  cadet  (Sept. 

23,  1854);  in  Naval  Acad.  (l&'J4-68) ;  on 
Wabash  in  Mediterranean  squadron 
(1858-59) ;  on  Mississippi,  West  Gulf 
squadron  (1861-63) ;  at  capture  of  New 
Orleans  (Mar.,  1862) ;  at  Port  Hudson 
(Mar.,  1863) ;  in  action  below  Donaldson- 
ville.  La.  (July,  1863) ;  conimis.  lieut. 
(Apr.  19,  1861) ;  on  gunboat  Ayau-am,  N. 
Atlantic  blockadiiig  squadron  (1864-65)  ; 
in  two  attacks  on  Ft.  Fisher  (Dec  1864, 
Jan.,  1865) ;  c<mimis.  Lieut.-Comniander 
(Mar.  3,  1865) ;  on  steamer  Aearsarge, 
European  squadron  (1860) ;  on  Colorado, 
flag-ship  of  European  squadron  (1867) ; 
in  Naval  Acad.  (1868-69) ;  commaniiing 
Karraganset,  in  special  service  (1870-71) ; 
on  Torpedo  Station  (1872) ;  commissioned 
Commander  (Apr.  13, 1872) ;  command- 
ing Narraganset,  Pacific  Survey  (1872- 
76) ;  Light  House  Inspector  (1876-77) ; 
sec.  Light  House  Board  (1877-82) ;  com- 
manding Juniata,  Asiatic  .Station  (1882- 
85) ;  promoted  captain  (Sept.,  1884) ; 
commanding  Dolphin  (1884)  ;  command- 
ing Pensacola,  flag-shipof  European  St.i- 
tion  (1885-88) ;  chief  of  Bureau  of  Equip- 
ment and  Kecruiting;  rank  of  conmio- 
dore,  2612  ;  in  Light  House  Board  (1893- 
96). 

,  Nelson,  gov.  Wis.,  1652. 

,  Orvllle,  issues    Christian  Examiner, 

1271;  d.,  3101.  ,    ,      J 

Dewing,  Thomas  W.,  >ational  Academy 

of  Design,  3321 . 
De  Witt,  Cornelius,  Adm.,  b.  (1623) ;  m 
channel,  888I ;  victories,  1100' ;  torn  in 
pieces,  IIOI2. 

, ,  John,  b.-d.,  11003;  pensionary  of 

Holl.,  11013  ;  torn  to  pieces,  11012. 

,  Thomas,  pres.  Beformed  Synod, 

1322,  1.342  ;  d.,  2S42. 
De  Witt's  land  explored,  4931 . 
Dewsbery,  William,  b.,  88O2  ;  d.  (1688). 
Dewsbury,  colliery  explosion,  10113. 
Dexippus,  Publius  H.,  d.,  10283. 
Dexter,  la..  Dexter  Normal  Coll. opd.,  3043. 

,  Henry  Martyn,  b.,  1301 ;  d.,  3701 . 

,  J.  Gregory,  governor  Providence  and 

Warwick  (1653). 

,  Samuel,  b.,  723  ;  d.,  1242. 

De  Voung,  shoots  Mayor  Kalloch,  303' . 

,>t.  H.,  World's  Fair,  3633. 

Dhammapada,  written,  10431 . 
Dharmapala  assails  Christianity,  4381. 
Dhooden  Khera  in  Sepoy  rebellion,  1048' . 
DiiKUS  in  battle  at  Leucopetra,  1028' . 
Dial,  appears,  1623. 
Dialectic  Soc.  fnd.,  London,9783;  Lug.  D. 

Soc.  in  1867. 
Diamagnetic  polarity  proven.  9602. 
Diamond-cutting  est.  m  Nurcmburg,  7842. 

Necklace  scandal.  707' . 

thief  captured,  3871. 

Diamonds  dls.  in  Brazil,  573,  5641 ,2  ;ta 
Transvaal,  6981;  in  Cape  Col(my,598', 
0002  3,  6001,3;  artificially  in.ide,  752' j 
presented  to  Queen,  9553  ;  star  of  the 
.'inuth,  9602. 
Diana,    Temple    erected,  9162  ;   burned ; 

rebuilt,  10231 . 
Diane  de  Poitiers,  b.,  6783  ;  mistress  01 

Henry  H.,  6813  ;  d.,  6833. 
Diarbekir,  church  reorganized,  1158' . 
Diario  de  los  IJteratos,  issued,  11292. 

di  noma,  issued,  10833. 

Xolicioso,  issued,  11292. 

Diaz,  Bartolommeu,  b.-d.,  1109*  ;  dlBOOT- 
erer,  5973. 


Diaz-Disa. 


Tixt  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1237 


Diaz,  Bishop,  beheaded,  4803. 

,  M.,  murder  in  China,  480' . 

,  PorUrio,    b.;  leads  war,  1090' ;  leads 

insurrection  ;  pres.;  reelected,  1097' :  at- 
tempt to  kill,  10973. 

del  Castillo,  Bernel,  b.-d.,  112C3. 

Dibble,  Samuel,  contested  election,  311'. 
Dibdin,  Charles,  b.,  9103  ;  d.,  9363. 

,  Thomas  Frognall,  b.,  919' ;  d.,  9542. 

Dloey,  Edward,  b.,  9i«' . 

Dicl£,  James  T.,  b.,  1422  ;  d.,  260' . 

,  Thomas,  b.,  919' ;  d.  (1857). 

Dickens,  Charles,  b.,   9362  ;  visits  V.  S., 

1552  ;  Pres.  Johnson   receives  ;   in  New 

York, 261';  works,  91S3,  9563,  903', 9682; 

d.,  9742. 
Dickerson,  Mahlon,  b.  (1770) ;  gov.  N.  J., 

1252 ;  8eo.  navy,  1473  ;  resigns,  1492  ;  d. 

(1853). 
,  Philemon,  b.  (1788) ;  gov.  N.  J.,  1472; 

d.  (1862). 
Dickey,  Miss.,  White  Caps,  422' ;  negroes 

lynched,  424'. 

,  J.  J.,  office  dynamited,  431'. 

Dickeys,  Capt.,  at  Mumfordville,  2163. 
Dickie,  A.  R.,  minister  militia.  Can.,  5963. 
Dickinson,    Anna    Elizabeth,    b.,    1542 ; 

What  Answer,  2643. 
,  Baxter,   b.   (1795) ;  moderator,  1503  ; 

d.  (1875). 

,  Daniel  Stevens,  b.  (1800) ;  d.,  252' . 

,  Don  M.,  chairman  Democratic  Cam- 

paijm  Committee,  4113   4132. 

,  Edward,  d.,  2842. 

,  John,  b.,  62' ;  Liberty  Song,  762  ;  pe- 
tition, 792  ;  pres.  Coimcil,  953  ;  d.,  1142. 

, ,  bishop  of  United  Breth.,  2682. 

, T.,  World's  Fair,  3633. 

,  Jonathan,  b.,  502  ;  d.,  662. 

,  Mary  Ijowe,  Prof,  at  Denver,  KiSS. 

,  Capt.,  commamls  Penguin,  123' . 

College,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  9fi3. 

Dickma,  tferr,  arrested,  823' . 

Dickson,  Sheriff  A.,  shot,  4503. 

Dictator,  Urst  Plebeian  elected,  10533;  last 

nominated,  10553. 
Dictionaries,  Eug.;  Johnson's,  9133  ;  Welj- 

ster's,  13S3 ,  1523 , 241 2 ;  Worcester's  (1860), 

(1888);  Murray's  (begun), 9923;  Webster's 

International,  3722  ■  Standard,  4782. 
Dictum  de  Kenilwortli,  England,  8552. 
Diderot,   Denis,  b.,  6963;  works,  7012,3, 

7032,7052;  d.,  706'. 
Dido,  asteroid,  discovered,  302' . 
Didon,  Ptire,  Life  of  Jesus,  7602. 
Didot,  Ambroise  Firmiu,  b.,7062;  d.,  f50'. 

,  Firmin,  b.,  703' ;  d.,  7262. 

,  Pranjois  A.,  b.,  6983;  d.,  715'. 

Didrou,  Adolphe  Nap.,  b.,  7103;  d.,  7362. 
Didymus,  grammarian,  d.,  6532. 

,  the  Blind,  b.-d.,  6342. 

Diebitsch,  Hans  Karl  Friedrich    Anton 

von,  b.,  11162;   d.,  11163. 
Dledenhofer,  Ger.,  Diet  of,  773' . 
Die  Discurse  der  Mailer,  issued,  799' . 
Die  Einsiedlerzeitunq,  issued,  809' . 
Bietenbach,  Lorenz.b.,  8082;  iexicon, 8163; 

d.,  8302. 
Die  Gegenwari,  issued,  829' . 
Dlelman,   Frederick,    b.,    1623 ;    member 

Nat.  Academy,  314'. 
Diemau,  Anthony  van,  b.-d.,  10983. 
Die  Matrone,  issued,  801 ' . 
Die  Meistersinger,  appears,  8243. 
Dieppe,  bombarded,  694' ;  occupied,  743' . 
Diescach,  discovers  prussic  acid,  7982. 
Dieschone  Maqelone,  appears,  791'. 
Diesterweg,  I'riedrich  Adolf  Wilhelm,  b., 

80J3;  d.,  8243, 
Diet  of  Estates,  France,  6722. 
Dietenberger,  .Johann,  trans.  Bible,  791' . 
Dietrich,    Christian    Wilhelm    Ernst,   b., 

7983;  d.,  804'. 

,  .Johann  C,  b.,  7923;  d.,  7963. 

Dietrichson,  Lorentz  Henrik  Segeloke,  b., 

11041. 
Dieterici,  Friedrich,  b.,  8122. 
— -  Ifarl  F.  W.,  b.,  8043;  d.,  8202. 
Dietrick,  Viola,  sentenced,  4442. 
Dietz,  Samuel,  monument  gift,  406' . 
Die  Zaubertlote,  appears,  804' . 
Diez,  Friedrich  C,  b.,  8062;  d.,  8282. 

,  John,  sells  absolutions,  7803. 

DIffenbach,  Johann  F.,  b.,  8062. 
Differential  calculus  disc,  8902. 
Dlgby,  N.  S.,  vessel  seized,  5852, 

,  Baron,  title  created,  881' . 

,  Sir  Everard,  b.  (1578) ;   gunpowder 

plot,  8792  ;  d.  (1606). 


Digby,  Sir  Kenelm,  b.  (1603) ;  d.,  8922. 

, Henry,  b.,  9302;  d.  (1880). 

,  Lord,  admiiiistrator,  885' . 

Digges,  Sir  Dudley,  b.,  8742;  imprisoned, 
8813;  d.  (1039). 

,Edward,b.(1620);gov.,41',433;d.(ie75). 

,  Leonard,  gUiss  lenses,  874' . 

Digliton,  Jolm,  executes  princes,  8653. 

Dljou,  Fr.,  battle,  6622  ;  acquired,  6732; 
bombarded,  7422;  evacuated,  743' ;  occu- 
pied, 744'. 

ie  Mans,  engagement  at,  743'. 

IHke,  asteroid,  tliscovered,  736' . 

Dikes  fail,  Neth.,  1099' . 

Dilettanti,  society  est.,  London,  908' . 

Diligence,  wrecked,  9493, 

Dilke,Ashton  W.,  for  decimal  system,  9872. 

,  Charles  Weutworth,  b.,  9243;  d.,  968' . 

, ,  b.j  935' ;  d.,  9722. 

, ,  Sir,  b.,  9522;  expenditure 

motion, 9772;  arepublican,9772;  G-reater 
Britain,  10043. 

Dillingen,  Ger.,  Univ.  suspends,  809' . 

Dillingham,  Paul,  gov.  Vt.,  2512;  d.,  388'. 

,  Wm.  P.,  gov.  Vt.,  3332. 

Dlllman,  Christian  Frederick  August,  b., 
8122;  d.,830'. 

Dillon,  Viscount,  title  created,  881 ' . 

,  Count  Arthur,  b.  (1750);  erased  leaves, 

7583;  sentenced,  759' ,2;  d.  (1794). 

,  John,  b.,  9562;  address,  6002;  M.  P., 

arrested,  987';  Irish  agitator,  9883; 
Times  attacks,  9973 ;  sails  for  New  York, 
10013,  3711;  arrested;  trial,  1005';  re- 
leased, 1007' ;  outrage  against,  10083, 

,  Louise,  b.,  180' . 

,  Sidney,  will,  4083;  d.,  408' . 

,  \  .  B.,  lord  mayor,  London,  10112. 

,  Wentworth,  Earl  of  Koscommon,  b., 

8822;  d.,  8962. 

,  Mr.,  kUled.  735' . 

Dills  College,  at  Piketon,  215' . 

Dilhvyn,  Mr.,  fordisest.  Ch.,  Wales,  10012. 

Dilolo,  Lake,  discovered,  5602. 

Diinan,  Jeremiah  Lewis,  b.  1382;  d.,  3062. 

Dimitri  I.,  Duke  of  Moscow,  11152. 

,  D.  of  Russia,  11152. 

II.  rules  Moscow,  11152. 

,  (Otreftet),  impostor ;  reigns,  1115'  ,2. 

ILL.,  defeats  Mai  the  Don,  1114' . 

,  rules  Moscow,  11162. 

Dimmock,  Chas.,  b.  (1800);  d.,  2272. 

Dimoud,  Francis  M.,  gov.  R.  I.,  1753. 

Diuapur,  Sepoy  rebellion,  1048' . 

Diudorf,  Wilhelm,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8302. 

Dingaan,  defeated,  598' ;  massacres  Boers, 
698';  treachery,  6982;  killed,  6902. 

Dingelstedt,  Baron  J"ranz  von,  b.,  8102;  d., 
380'. 

Dinghein,  Mrs.,  linen  starching,  870' . 

Dingledek,  John,  convicted,  4^3. 

Dingley,  Nelson,  Jr.,  b.,  140' ;  gov.  Me., 
2873;  Worsted  Bill  passes,  3592;  Bill  in 
Supreme  Court,  403' . 

Dingwell,  Baron,  title  created,  8772. 

Diniz  I.,  king,  b.-d.,  11092. 

Dinizulu,  revolt  of;  sxurenders,  602  2  i  ; 
crowned ;  disturbances  ;  submits,  6032. 

Dinocrates  rebuilds  Temple  of  Diana, 
1023' ;  defeats  Philopoimen,  10263. 

Dinsmore,  Hugh  A.,  b.,  168' . 

,  Samuel,  b.  (1706) ;  gov.,  1393  ;  d.,  1442. 

, ,  b.  (1799)  ;  gov.,  167'  ;  d.,  264' . 

Dinter,  Gustav Friedrich, b.,8023;  d., 8142. 

Dinwiddle  Ct.-House,  Slieridan  at,  2442,3. 

^— ,  Robert,  b.,  522;  gov.  Va.,692;  d.,762. 

Dioceses  established.  (See  Roman  Cath- 
olic and  Protestaiit  Episcopal  churches  ; 
also  names  in  alphabetical  place  for 
those  in  Great  Britain  and  Colonies.) 

Diocletian,  Cains  Aurelius  Valerius,  b.-d., 
10C62  ;  against  Christians,  6523  ;  takes 
Alexandria,  654',  1060';  builds  palace, 
10062;  age  of;  cruelty,  10663;  reigns; 
est.  govt. ;  divides  empire ;  sends  ainbas- 
sadors  to  China ;  against  Maximian ;  ab- 
dicates, 10672,3. 

Diodato,  doge  of  Venice,  10732. 

Diodorus  Siculus,  b.,  10282;  iidrary,  1029' . 

Diogenes,  b.-d.,  1021 ' . 

,  Laertius,  b.,  10283;  Bistory  of  Phi- 
losophy, 10292;  Roman  embassy,  10292. 

Diomed,  wins  Derby,  9213. 

Dion,  statesman,  b.-<I.,  10502;  welcomed  in 
Syracuse,  10233;  k.,  10252. 

,Cassius,b.,10283;Bome,10292;d.(230±). 

Dione,  sinks,  9933, 

Dionis  du  SiSjour,  Achllle  P.,  b.,  6983;  d., 
7102. 


Dionysius,  the  Elder,  b.-d.,  10502;  invents 
catapulta),  10223;  usurps  govt.,  10232; 
captures  Ilhegium,  10502 ;  rules  Syra- 
cuse, 10513. 

,  the   Younger,    b.-d.,    10502;    reigns 

expelled,  WJSs. 

Cassius  Longinus,  works,  10292. 

Exiguus,  Christian  era,  10702. 

1.,  Portugal,  reigns,  11093. 

of  Byzantimn,  b.,  10283. 

of  Halicaruassus,  b.,  10282;  History  of 

Home,  1029' . 

,  St.,  pope,  10643;  patriarch,  10062;  d., 

10283. 

the  Areopagite,  d.,  10283. 

Diophantus  of  Alexandria,  b.,  10303. 

Diorama  invented,  724' . 

Dioscorides,  b.,  10282. 

Dioscorus,  bp.  at  Ephesus,  10703. 

Diphtheria  bacillus  found,  4093. 

Diplomatic  CorrespomLof  Talleyrand,  7582. 

Review,  Eng.,  issued,  901' . 

Diposnus  sculptor,  10162, 

Directory  est.,  Fr.,  7113  ;  conspir.  against, 
713' ;  elections  hostile,  7133.  (gee  Paris.) 

of  worship  approved,  Eng.,  8843, 

Direct  Tax.    (See  Tax.) 

Dirichlet,  Peter  G.,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8202. 

Dirk  I.,  reigns,  1099'. 

II.,  reigns,  1099' ;  d.,  10982. 

III.,  reigns ;  makes  history;  subdues 

Friesians,  1099' ;  d.,  10982. 

IV.  rules,  1099' ;  attacks  fleet,  1098' . 

Y.j  Count,  rules,  1099' . 

VI.,  rules,  1099'. 

VII.,  rules,  1099' ;  d.,  10982. 

Dirkson,  Adm.,  defeats  Alva's  fleet,  1098' . 

Disability  Pension  BUI.    (See  Pensions.) 

Disabling  Act  passed,  Eng.,  895' . 

Disarmament  in  America,  3592. 

Disasters,  marine,  collisions.  Am.:  near 
Cape  Girardeau,  50  deaths,  1633 ;  Arctic 
with  iceberg,  300  d.  1673 ;  Ogdensburg  and 
^«a)t«c,  100  d.,  1713;  ^re<'ic  with  Vesta, 
off  Cape  Race,  323  d.,  1773;  John  Rutledge 
with  iceberg,  156  d.,  1793;  ia  Lmnnaise, 
on  sea  with  sailing  vessel,  116  a. ;  Ocean 
Wave  with  Brit,  vessel, 77  d.,  1813;  West 
Point  with  a  steamer,  76  d.,  2113  ;  Metit 
with  a  schooner,  50  d.,  2793;  Pomerania 
with  a  bark,  48  d.,  2993  ;  Narragansett 
with  sailing-vessel,  27  d. ;  Mamie  with 
Garland,  16  d.,  3053  ;  Sciota  on  Ohio,  57 
d.,  3113  ;  state  of  Florida  with  Pomefiia, 
va±  d.,3173:  Ore(707^  with  schooner, 3233; 
Beacim  Light  with  iceberg,  3593  ;  c.  U. 
Northern  with  Continental,  3693 ;  Viscaya 
withConieKits  Hargraves,'^  d.,  3713 ;  Uto- 
pia with  Anson,  574  d.,  3813  ;  Alva  with 
H.  F.  Dimock,  4133  j  Aztec  with  Sam 
A7ortre,  4653;  />ori«n  with  Clara  F.Simp- 
son, 3  d.,  4773. 

, , ,  Can. :  Cynthia  with  Poly- 
nesia, 8  d.,  5873. 

, , ,  French :    Ville  de  Havre, 

226  d.,  7493. 

/ , ,  Great  Brit.  -.Josephine  Willis 

with  Mangerton,  70  d.,  9613 ;  Bruiser  with 
Daswell.l!id.,iiei)3;A'ormantlywithMary, 
34  d.,  9733 ;  A'orthfleet,  300  d.,  9773 ;  strath- 
clyde  with  Franconia,  17  d.,  9813  ;  AvOr- 
lanche  with  Forest,  12  saved  ;  Knapttm 
Mall  with  Lochfyne,  9  d. ;  C.  M.  Palmer 
with  Ladinorth,  14  d. ;  Princess  Alice 
■with  By  well  Castle,  900i  d,;  Fanny  with 
Helvetia,  17  d.;  Mizpah,  6  d.,  9833  ;  £rit. 
Commerce  with  County  of  Aberdeen,  25  d., 
9913  ;  Jjimie  with  Camden,  17i  d.,  9933  ; 
Dolphin  with  Brenda,  8  d.,  9963  ;  Kap- 
■uncia  with  Ada  Gilmore,  298  d.,  9973  ; 
J\^ereidwith  Killochan,  23  d. ;  Largo  Bay, 
10013 ;  Countess  Evelyn  with  City  of 
Hamburg,  25  d.,  10113. 

, ,  wrecks,  etc., Am.:  Monitor  tadra.; 

Fulton,  blows  up,  1373;  Home,  wrecked; 
BlackHaivk,  explodes ;  Moselle,  explodes, 
1493;  Lexington,  burns,  1513  :  President, 
lost,  fate  unknown  ;  Peacock,  wrecked ; 
Erie,  bums,  1533  ;  Medora,  explodes, 
1.553  ;  Missouri,  burns  ;  Shepherdess, 
sinks ;  Jjucy  Walker,  explodes,  1673  ; 
Belle  Zone,  sinks  ;  MarqueMe,  explodes, 
1593  ;  Soniers,  capsizes,  1613  ;  PItcenix, 
burns ;  A.  N.  Johnson,  explodes ;  Blue 
Bidge,  explodes,  1633;  Clarksville,  burns; 
Edward  Bates,  explodes;  Ocean  Mon- 
arch, bums,  1653;  Caleb  Grimshaw,  burns 
at  sea ;  Louisiana,  explodes ;  Grijlith, 
bui-us,  1673 ;    Anglo-Norman,  explodes, 


1238 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column.  Dlsa-Dodg, 


1692 ;  John  Adams,  sinks ;  Oregon,  ex- 
plodes, 1693  ;  Brilliant  explodas,  171 2  j 
Glencoe.  Saluda,  St.  James,  explode ; 
Henry  Clay,  burns  ;  Franlclin,  collapses ; 
Reindeer,  explodes,  1713  ;  Independence, 
wrecked,  Cai. ;  Jenny  Lind,  explodes  ; 
Ocean  Wave,  Great  liepiibiic,  burn,  1733: 
^ccreian/, explodes;  PowlmUan,  wrecked 
on  L.  Island,  1753;  Lexington,  explodes  ; 
Pacijic,  fate  unknown ;  New  Jersey, 
ferry-boat,  burns,  1793;  Nortlwm  Indi- 
ana,  John  Jay,  burn ;  Northern  Belle, 
wrecked,  1813  ;  Central  America,  sinks 
at  sea,  1833  ;  Pennsylvania,  Princess, 
explode ;  Austria,  burns  atsea ;  Pomona, 
wrecked,  1853  ;  Luna,  wrecked,  1873  ; 
Golden  Gate,  burns  ;  North  America, 
fomiders atsea, 2113  ;  3foni(or, founders, 
2171;  Gen.  Lyon,  burns  at  sea,  ^5*  ; 
Miami,  explodes,  2513  ;  Eoenini)  Star, 
founders  at  sea,  2553  ;  Magnolia,  ex- 
plodes ;  Sea  Bird,  burns,  2013  :  H.  li. 
Arthur,  explodes,  2733 ;  Westfield.  ferry- 
boat, explodes  ;  Ocean  Ware,  explodes, 
2753;  Oceanus,  explodes, 2773;  Henry  A. 
Jones,  burns  ;  AtUintic,  wrecked,  2813  ; 
Wawasset,  burns  ;  Virginius,  founders, 
2833 ;  Pat  Rogers,  burns,  2853  ;  Pacific, 
founders ;  City  of  Waco,  burns,  2893  ; 
St.  Clair,  burns,  2933;  L'Amirigue,  runs 
ashore,  ^3;  Metropolis,  wrecked,  2993; 
-/^mericmi, founders;  Seawanhaka.hurns, 
City  of  Vera  Cruz,  founders,  3053  ;  Asia, 
wrecked  ;  West  Point  burns,  3093  ;  Ba- 
hama, founders  ;  Golden  City.  Robert  E. 
Lee,  burn  ;  Gold  Dust,  explodes ;  Malle- 
ville,  Wambe,  wrecked,  3113  ;  Yazoo, 
sinks ;  Grappler,  burns,  3133  ;  City  of  Co- 
lumbus, wrecked,  3173  ;  La  Mas'cotte, 
bimis ;  Flying  Scud,  lost,  3253  ;  w.  H. 
Gardner,  City  of  Montreal,  burn ;  Mys- 
tery, capsizes^  3273  ;  Alfred  D.  Snow, 
wrecked;  Julia,  explodes,  3293  ;  Snow 
Bird,  wrecked;  Kate  Ad^tms,  John  H. 
Hannah,  burn,  3313;  Tiristo?,  burns,  3:J33; 
Pettingill,  wrecked,  3373  ;  JJanmark, 
3393,  6423  ;  Alaskan,  founders,  Wia  ; 
Corona,  explodes,  3473  •  Germania, 
wrecked,  349*  ;  Ckty  of  Borne,  ashore, 
3613;  yjopa,  explodes,  3633  ;  A'ea  Wing, 
capsizes  ;  William  Rice,  founders,  3653 ; 
Elizabeth,  wrecked,  3793  ;  Stratluxirly, 
wrecked,  3813;  Despatch,  wrecketl, 3933; 
Oliver  liierne,  burns,  3953  ;  Nicaragua, 
wrecked,  3973  ;  Voiezuela,  Polynesia, 
wrecked,  4013;  Windermere,  4/M3  ;  Flor- 
ida, ashore,  4073  ;  Chicago,  wrecked, 
4113  ;  Western  Reserve,  breaks,  4152  ; 
City  of  Atlanta,  burns,  4233  ;  Neronic, 
lost,  4273  ;  City  of  New  York,  wrecked. 
City  of  Alexandria,  burns,  4432;  Jason, 
wrecked,  4453  ;  La  Champagne,  ashore, 
4593 ;  Plymauth,  ashore ;  James  D.  Nich- 
oll,  sinks,  4633 ;  .\fassasoit,  wrecked,  4753 ; 
Ozama,  wrecked,  4772;  Annie  J.  Pardee, 
wrecked,  4773. 

Disasters,  marine,  wrecks,  collisions,  etc., 
Canadian :  Borussia,  founders,  10  d., 
5853  ;  J'tc^^>na, upset, severalhundredd.; 
Asia,  founders,  98  d. ;  Algama  founders, 
5853  ;  Shiloh,  wrecked,  14  d.,  5873  ;  St. 
Lawrence,  wrecked,  5892 ;  Alontreal, 
wrecked;  Quinte,  burnt,  5893 ;  Georgiana, 
capsizes,  17  d.,  5933  ;  Loodiana,  burns, 
crew  d.,  5953. 

, , ,  St.  George,  Ont.,Can.,  10k., 

5873;  atStuttgart.Ger., 10k., 8333;  G.B., 
Mary  Rose,  8693 ;  ItoddingUm,  lost,  253  k., 
9133  ;  Jl/enai  60d.,9233  ;  Helswell,  3863  ; 
Charlemont  Packet,  104  d.,9253  ;  Queen, 
369  d.,  9293  ;  ^neas,  340  d. ;  Aurora,  300 
d. ;  King  George,  V25d.;  Prince  of  Wales, 
Rochdale,  300  d.,  9333  ;  William  and 
Mary,  60  d.,9393;  Alert,  70d.,9413;  Lady 
Sherbrooke,  273  d.,  9453;  Hibemia,  150  d. ; 
Amphitrite,  128  d. ;  Lady  Monro,  70  d., 
9473  ;  Forfarshire, 3Sd. :  Diligence,  56  d.; 
Wm.  Huskisson ;  Ld.  Wm.  Bentinck,  85 
d. ;  Ld.  Castlereagh,iax8.ny  lost :  City  of 
Bristol,  35  d.;  Gov.  Fenner,  122  d. ;  Wm. 
Browne,  many  d. ;  Amanda,  41  d. ;  James 
Cooke,  Abercromine,  Robinson,  Waterloo, 
many  d. ;  Reliance,  109  d.,  9513  ;  Con- 
queror, many  d. ;  Jesse  Loqan,  many  d. ; 
Solway,  many  d. ;  Amelia  Thompson, 
many  d. ;  Pegasus,  62  d. ;  Manchester.  30 
d.,  9533  ;  Exmouth,  230±  d. ;  Ocean  Mon- 
arch, burns ;  Royal  Adelaide,  400  d.  ; 
Orion,  50 d.,  9553  ;  Edmund,  100  d.;  Ama- 


zon, burns,  102  d.  ;  Victoria,  9573  :  St. 
George,51d. ;  Q.  Victoria,  Gl  d.;  Tayleur, 
380  d. ;  City  of  Glas<jotv.  480  d. ;  Win- 
chester, niany(i.;  Aanie  Jane,Z^d.',  Uat- 
housie  founders,  60  d. ;  Prince,  144  d. ; 
Nile,  all  d. ;  Geo.  Canning,  96  d. ;  Will 
o'  the  Wisp,  18  d.,  9593  ;  Moma,  21  d. ; 
John,  200  d. ;  Pallas,  72  d. ;  Violet,  many 
d. ;  Dunbar,  121  d.,9613;  Austria,  burns, 
471  d.;  India /m  d.;  Blerv'ie  Castle, 57  d., 
9633;  Oi»«KKa»s,35d.,9053;  Mars,  50  d.; 
Bencoolen,  26  d. ;  Life  Guard,  fate  un- 
known ;  Anglo-Saxon,  237  d.  ;  Stanley, 
Friendship,  Dalhousie,  34  d. ;  Bombay, 
burns,  91  k.,  9673;  Eagle  Speed, '2iS,  d. ; 
Ibis,  15  d. ;  London,  220  d. ;  Gen.  Grant, 
85±  d. ;  Ceres,  36  d.,  9693  ;  Hibemia, 
manyd. ;  /^a/i/irt,  26  t  d.,9733  ;  Cambria, 
170d.,9753;  Germania,  24'  d.;  Delaware, 
45  d., 9773;  Q.  Elizabeth, 'M  d.;  Atlantic, 
560  d. ;  Brit.  Adm.,  80  d. ;  Cospatrick, 
burns,  470±  d. ;  La  Plata,  87  d.  ;  Cadiz, 
62 1  a. ;  Great  Queensland,  fate  un- 
known, 509  d.,  9813  ;  Eurydice,  founil- 
ers,  300  d.,  9821 ;  Cairo,  disappears  ; 
Mesof}otamia,^d.,  9833  ;  Valefitine.  16  d.; 
Vingorla,  66  d.,  9853  ;  Teuton,  200i:  d. ; 
Clan  Macduff,  32  d. ;  Bahama.  20  d. ; 
Livarlia,  23  d. ;  Kosmos,  21  d.,98!)3  ■  Pan- 
ama, 20  d. ;  IVinton,  24  d.  ;  St.  George, 
11  d- ;  Langrigq  Hall,  24  d. ;  Renmure 
Castle,  .30  d.,  9913  ;  Nanarre,  745  h  d.  J 
Dunstaffhage,  23  d. ;  Wykeliam.  22  d. ; 
Grappler,  burns,  70t  d.  ;  Daphne,  heels 
over,  124  d.,  9913  ;  Iris,  35  d. ;  Auk.  22  d., 
9933  ;  Merchantman,  70 1  d. ;  Frentower, 
50t  d.,  9953  ;  Monarch,  11  d.  ;  Falls  of 
Bruar,  24  d.,  9973  ;  Bolan,.33  d.,  10013'; 
Thracian,  23  d.,  10093  ;  Trinacria,  34  d., 

10113. 

Disciples  of  Christ,  (Campbellites),  T. 
Campbell,  1143;  In  Pa.,  1163, 1183,  i:j43; 
Christian  Baptist,  1312.  Chureli  of 
Christ  org.,  1343  ;  Ky.  Univ.  est.,  1463  ; 
in  Ky.,  1463,  1802,  3123,  3143.  Beth- 
any Coll.,  1563;  Barritt  Coll.,  1643;  Chris- 
tian Coll.,  Mo.,  1683  ;  Christian  Univ., 
173' ;  Eureka  Coll.,  1782  ;  in  III.,  1762. 
Butler  Univ.,  In  Ind.,  1782.  Daugh- 
ters Coll.,  1802  ;  Oskaloosa  Coll.,  2093  ; 
in  la.,  2093,  2083.  Christian  Coll., 
Ore.,  2543;  in  Ore.,  2543.  Hiram  Coll., 
O.,  est.,  2583;  In  O.,  2583.  Add-Rau. 
Univ.,  Tex.;  In  Tex.,  2823.  Christian 
■Women's  Board  of  Alissions,  org.,  2802  ; 
For.  Missionary  Soc,  org.,  2882  ;  Drake 
Univor.,  3082;  Central  Oliio  Coll.;  Chris- 
tian Coll.,  Ky.,  3123  ;  Washington  Coll., 
Cal.;  Home  Coll.,  Ky.;  Ash  Grove  Coll., 
Mo.,3143;  inCal.,  in  Mi>.,3143.  Gar- 
field Univ.,  Kan.;  for  Temperance,  3242; 
in  Kan.,  3343.  For  annual  conven- 
tions, see  Text  in  each  year. 

Discovery  Harbor,  Lieut.  Greely  at,  308*. 

Discovery,  arctic  expedition,  9801. 

Disease,  prevention  of.  Act,  9612. 

Disestablishment,  Irisli,  protested,  9702; 
resolutions,  9713;  of  Scotch  Church  de- 
feated, 10022  ;  Act,  Ch.  of  W.,  10053. 

Disfranchisement  Bill,  Pitt's,  9233. 

Disloyalty  in  New  England,  12;j3. 

Dismal  Swamp  Canal  destroyed,  2063. 

Disraeli,  Benjamin,  Earl  of  Beaconsfield, 
b.,9323;  minister,  9572^9632,  9692;  pro- 
tectionist motion,9572;  mCong.of  Berlin, 
831' ;  Reform  Bill,  9633  ;  ministry,  971 2  ; 
resigns,973i ;  works, 9431 ,9531 ,9763,9803; 
ministry,  9792;  d.,  9882;  statue,  9901 . 

D'Israeli, Isaac, b., 9163;  works,927i,  9371, 
9503;  d.,9542. 

Dissection  of  human  body,  5402. 

Dissen,  Georg  L.,  b.,  8042;  d.,  8143. 

Dissenters,  Eng.,  favor  colonists,  823; 
abound,  8723;  named,  8903;  toleration 
granted,  9063 ;  Society  for  Religious  Lib 
erty,  9523;  trial  of,  9043;  eligible,  9433 ; 
mijiisters  resign  allowance,  9803;  ad- 
mitted to  university  honors,  9463;  union 
with,  favored, 9782;  Equality  Bill,  10072. 

Distaff  spinning  introduced,  8662. 

Distemper,  horses  affected,  2793. 

Distinguished  Service  Order,  inst.,  9941 ,3. 

District  of  Columbia,  org.,  1032;  Brit,  ap- 
proach ;  cabinet  flees,  1233;  slavery 
abolished;  reconsidered,  1652;  slavery 
preserved,  1672;  Japanese  embassy  in, 
1873;  slavery  abolislied,  2013;  emanci- 
pation in,  2073;  negroes  vote,  2252,  2.591 ; 
contraband   village   in,   2292;    elective 


franchise  in,  2563;  real  estate  taxed, 
2713;  govt,  granted,  2732;  Alex,  R.  Shep- 
herd, gov.,  2832;  Territorial  govt,  abol- 
ished ;  commissioners  appointed,  2852, 
3012;  Zoological  Park,  est.,  340i.  (See 
Washington  City.) 

District  Cuurches  Act  passes,  9722. 

Telegraph  Co.  org.,  America, 2813. 

Districts,  Eng.,  divided  into,  8892. 

Ditmarshes,  Ger.,war  with  Deumark,786i , 

Dittoes,  Friedrich,  b.,  8142. 

Dittllnger,  P.  W.,  defaulter,  3911 . 

Ditton,  Humphrey,  b.,  8941 ;  d.,  9042. 

Di  un  Monacho  che,  etc.,  appears,  1077' . 

Diurnal  Occurrences,  appears,  8843. 

Diving-bell,  first,  10243  ;  used,  8921. 

Divorce,  absolute  decision,  3472. 

and  Alatrinumial  Clauses  Act,  963' . 

Bill  passes,  Fr.,  7532. 

frequent,  Fr.,  7103. 

Divver,  Patrick,  testimony  against,  4522; 
resumes  place,  4543  ;  charges,  476' . 

Dix,  Dorothea  Lynde,  b.,  110' ;  Bill  for 
insane,  1751 , 

,  John   Adams,  b.,  108' ;     sec.  treas. 

"  Flag  order,"  191' ;  at  Fortress  Monroe, 
2083;  to  St.  Albans'  raiders,  239',  6821; 
incendiaries  at  N.  Y.,  2401 ;  gov.  N.  Y., 
2851;  d,,30O2. 

,  Morgan,  b.  (1827),  1342;  pres.  of  Dep- 
uties, 3401 . 

Dixey,  Henry  E.,  b.,  1682. 

Dixmude,  Bel.,  captured,  6922. 

Dixon,  County,  Tenn.,  lyuching,  4651. 

,  111.,  iron  bridge  falls,  2813. 

,  Archibald,  b.  (1802);  repeal  Mis- 
souri Compromise,  1751 ;  d.  (1876). 

,  John,  b.  (1799);  d.,  2802. 

,  Joseph,  d.,  2662. 

,  S.  J.,  at  Niagara  Falls,  3673. 

,  Thomas,  denounces  Tammany,  4062. 

,  Wm.  Hepworth,  b.  (1821);  New  Amer- 
ican, 2603;  d.  (1879). 

Dixon's  Compulsory  Education  Bill,  9812. 

Dixwell,  John,  b.  (1608);  refugee,  413;  d., 
(1689). 

Djarkend,  destructive  earthquake,  11201. 

Dniitrief,  Ivan  Ivanovitch,  b.,  11143;    (L, 

11163. 

Doane  Coll.  Ind.  at  Crete,  Neb.,  2782. 

,  Geo.  Washington,  b.,  1082;  cons,  bp., 

1402;  trial  begins,  1662;  d.,  1842. 

,  J.  W.,  Govt.  K.R.  director,  4473. 

,  William  Croswell,  b.  (1832),  cons,  bp., 

2642;  regent  nniv.,4002;  speech,  4022,3. 

Dobbin,  James  Cochrane,  b.  (1814);  sec. 
navy,  1733. 

Dobbs,  Perry,  N.  Y.,  monument,  462'. 

,  Arthur,  b.  (1784) ;  gov.,  693  ;  d.  (1765). 

Dobell,  Sydney  Thompson,  b., 9422;  worlS^ 
9563;  d.  (1874). 

Dober,  O'Leonard,  missionary,  622. 

Dobrentei,  Gabor,  b.,  5103;  d.,  524' . 

Dobrowski,  Josef,  b.,  5143;  d.,  62«2. 

Dobrudia,  cedeil  to  Rumania,  11132;  an- 
nexed to  Turkey,  11592. 

Dobson,  Austin,  b. (1840);  Horace  Walpoky 
10063. 

,  Wm.,b.,  8782;  d.  (1646). 

Dockers'  Union,  laborers'  strike,  1005'. 

Dockery,  Alex.  M.,  b.,  158i . 

Commission  Bill  passes,  4592, 

Doctor  of  music,  first  in  Eng.,  8041 . 
Doctors,  few  in  Eng.,  8662. 
Doczi,  Lajos,  b.,  5203. 

Dad,  Daniel,  b.  (1788);  d.,  1302. 
Do-dar  Island,  occupied,  6182. 
Dodd,Mr.,  builds  steam  vessel,  9281 . 
,  William.,  b.  (1729);    convicted,  921»f 

d.,9203. 
Doddington,  lost,  9133. 
Doddridge,  Philip,  b.,  9022;  d.,  9123. 
Dodds,  Gen.,  in  Dahomey,  704' ;  against 

King  Behanzin,  II6I2. 
Doderlein,  Ludwig,  b.,  8013;  d.,  822' . 
Dodge,  Grenville  Mellen,  b.  (1831) ;  Gen.,. : 

near  La  Vergne,  216' ;    at  Pulaski,  2283}  ( 

before    Atlanta,   2363;     Pres.    Society 

Army  Tenn.,  393' ,  4723. 
,  Henry,    b.    (1782) ;   gov.  Wis.,    1472,  1 

161'j  d.,  256'.  < 
,  James    Mapes,    invents   sewing-m*-  j 

chine,  126' . 

,  Joshua  E.,  in  dept.  of  justice,  4473. 

,  Mary  Abigail    (Gail  Hamilton),  b.,  . 

138';  works,  2133,  2643,  2723,  2842,  3223;.| 

Washington  Bible  Class,  3962.  [ 

,  Mary  Mapes,  works,  2943,  303',  3143.  | 

,  Xath.  Shatswell,  b.  (1810) ;  d.,  284' . 


Dodg-Doug. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INL)ll(A..        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1239 


Bodge,  Theodore  Ayrault,  b.  (1842);  Jlanni- 

bal,  39«3. 
,  William  Earl,  b.,  112*;  pres.  Evan. 

Alliance,  2502;  il.,  312' ;  statue,  322' . 

, ,  pres.  Evan.  Alliance,  3183. 

Dodlngton,  George Bubb, b., 8982, d.  (1762). 
Dodsley,  Robert,  b.,9022;  d  (1704). 
Dodson,    John    George,   minister,   9852 ; 

chancellor,  9893. 
Do<iwell,  Edward,  b.,  9163;  d.  (1832). 
Dodworth,  Harvey  B.,  d.,  376' . 
]>oe,  Joseph  B.,  in  war.dept.,  4472. 
Doebereimer,  Johann  W.,  b.,  9042  ;   d., 

818'. 
Doeitch  Election  Bill  passed,  3392. 
Dogali  protects,  558' . 
Dogate,  at  Venice,  1073' ;  at  Genoa,  10773. 
Doggett,  David  Seth,b.,  1162;  ord.  bishop, 

2522;  d.,  304'. 
Doherty,  Police  capt.,  dismissed,  4662. 
Dohnavur,  mission,  10462. 
Dohrn,  Anton,  b.,8143. 

,  Heinrich,  b.,  8143. 

Dolvan  surrenders,  4823. 
Dolabella,  Lucius  Cornelius,  routs  Sen- 
ones,  10522. 
,  Publius  Cornelius,  b.  (70  B.C.);  Roman 

commander,  602' ;  d.  (43  B.C.). 
Dolaro,  Selina,  d.,  334' . 
I>olbear,  Amos  Emerson,  b.,  1482  ;  system 

of  telephone,  308'. 
Dolce,  Gen.,  exiled,  11313. 
Dolci,  Carlo,  b.,  10823  ;  d.,  )083' . 
Dole,  Sanford  B.,  pres.,  10413;  reply,  451' ; 

4412,  4C73;  meets  minister  Willis,  10413. 
Doles,  George  Pierce,  b.  (18.30) ;  d.,  235' . 
Dolet,  Etienne,  b.,  6802;  burned,  6812;  d., 

6803. 
Dolgeville,  N.  Y.,  Koelzler  murder,  4522. 
Dolgoroukotf,  Prince,  d.,  1122'. 
Dolgoruki,  Ivan  Alexeiovitch,  d.,  11143. 

, Milthailovitch,  b.-d.,  11162. 

,  Peter  Vladimirovitch,  b.,  11162  ;  d., 

11182. 

, ,  murdered,  11172. 

,  Vassili  Vladimirovitch,  b.-d.,  11142. 

,  Princess,  marriage,  1121' . 

Dollars,  gold,  coined,  U.  S.,  1673. 

DoUin,  Capt.,  at  Brownsville, Tenn.,  2102. 

Dollinger,  -Johann  Joseph  Ignaz,  b.,  8063; 

works, 815  ,8203;  excommunicated, 8262; 

rectorof  Munich  Univ. ;  advocates  union, 

8263;  receives  delegates,  9283 ;  d.,  832'. 
DoUiver,  Jonathan  P.,  b.,  184' . 
Dollond,  George,  d.,  9582. 
,  .John,  b  (1706) ;  telescope ;  aberration 

of  light,  9142;  d.  (1761). 
Dolly's  Brae,  Orangemen  riot,  955' . 
Do^mieu,  DAiodat  GuySylvainTancrMe 

Gratet  de,  b.,  701' ;  d..  7143. 
Dolon,  inv.  tlieatrical  exhibitions,  10162. 
Dolores,  Chile,  troops  defeated,  608' . 
Doloughty,  .John,  murder  of,  9903. 
Doljih,  Joseph  Norton,   b.,  1442;  Dolph 

Bill  passes,  303 1,367';  Chinese  Bill,437' ; 

speech,  4383,  4392  ;  resolution,  4552. 
Dolphin  arrives,  428' . 

collides  with  Brenda,  9953. 

Doman,  dynamite  explosion,  5333. 
Domat,  Jean,  b.,  6863;  d,,  6943. 
Domazlice,  Imperial  army  defeated,  506' . 


Dombey,  Joseph,  b.,  7002;  d.,  7123. 
Dombrowski,  Jan  Henryk,  b.,   11143  ; 


d., 


11163, 

Domenichino,  Domenico  Zamiiieri,  b., 
paints  St.  John,  10822  ;  d.,  10823. 

Domesday  Book  completed,  8492. 

Domestic  animals  sent  to  America,  173. 

and  For.  Miss.  Soc.  org.,  6842. 

comforts  introduced,  Fr.,  6692. 

improvements,  Fr.,  6712. 

Domett,  Alfred,  b.,  935' ;  d.  (1887). 

Dnm  Eurin't  appears,  1109' . 

Dominic  de  Guzman,  St.,  b.-d.,  11262. 

Dominican  Uepublic,  W.  I.  (See  text,  p. 
643.)  Ceded  to  Fr.,  7113  ;  Fr.  army  ca- 
pitulates, 714' ;  revolt  in, 714'  ,11302;  Sp. 
annexes  ;  Sp.  relinquishes,  11313  ;  Am. 
annexation  treaty,  2692  ;  rejected,  2712, 
2733;  commission;  report,  275'. 

Dominicans  org.,  1076' ;  missions  reduced, 
1623  ;  revolt  against,  172  ;  from  Pearl 
Coast;  in  New  World,  183;  inFla.;  labor, 
Ala.;  in  Ala.,  222;  in  Chile,  605' . 

Domingo,  Santa  Maria,  pres.  Chile,  6073. 

Dominique,  Jean  A.,  work,  719' . 

Baron  Louis,  d.,  7263. 

,  Michael,  defeated  and  flees  ;  presi- 
dent, Haiti,  10403. 


Dominis,  Marco  Antonio  de,  b.,5102;  d., 

5123. 
Domitanus,  takes  Alexandria,  655' . 
Domitian  (Titus  Flavins  Donutianus  Au- 
gustus), b.-d. ,10622 ;  reigns, 10633 ;  against 
educators,   1063' ;  erects  wall    in    Ger., 
10«2'  ;per8ecutes,10642;  murdered,10633. 
Domitius,  L.    (See  Nero.) 
Domville,  Sir  William,  lord  mayor,  9353. 
Donaghadee,  telegraph  completed,  9593. 
Donald  V.  dethroned  ;  suicide,  845' . 

VII.  reigns,  8492  ;  dethioned,  849' ,  2; 

blinded,  849'. 

,  E.  F.,  unseated,  3592. 

,  Lord  of  the  Isles,  at  Harlaw,  860' . 

Donaldson,  Mormon  bp., under  arrest,3683. 

,  Edward,  b.,  1242. 

,  James  Lowry,  b.,  123' ;  d.  (1885). 

,  John  N.,  b.,  935' . 

, William,  b.,  9362;  d.  (1861). 

,  Washington  H.,  balloon  ascension, 

2893. 
Donaldsonville,  La.,  action,  2143,  223'  ,2  ; 
\  Federals  defeated,  2243. 
Donar,  Ger.,  gen.,  7682. 
Donatello,  b.-tl.,  10762;  statues,  10781 . 
Donati,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.,  1086*  J  dis- 
covers comets  ;  d.,  10882. 
Donation  Bill  passes,  Fr.,  7312. 

controversy  ;  bitter,  10682. 

Donatists   at    Carthage,    1067' ;    council 
against ;    controversy ;    elect    Donatus, 
10682. 
Donatus,  b.,  9' ;  elected  bishop,  10682. 
Donauworth,  Fr.,  defeat,  696' . 
Doncaster,  Earl  of,  title  created,  891' . 

,  Are,  9593. 

Doneau,  Hughes,  b.,  6803;  d.,  6842. 
Donegal,  Ire.,  distress,  9903. 

,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  9252. 

Donelson,  Andrew  Jackson,  b.  (1800);  nom. 
vice-pres.,  1792  ;  vote,  I8I2  ;  d.  (1871). 

,  John  L.,  nom.  for  vice-pres.,  1792. 

Doneraile,  Viscount,  title  created,  923' . 
Dongan,  Thomas,  b.,  34'     gov.  N.  Y.,  482, 
492;  charter  by,  503;  protects  Five  Na^ 
tions,  51';  d.,  58' . 
Don  Giovanni  appears,  804' . 
Dongola,  Egy.,  evacuated,  66O2. 
Dong-Song,  Fr.,  captured ;  evacuated,4822. 
Donmgton,  Baron,  title  cre.ated,  987' . 
Doniphan,  Kan.,  farmers'  feud,  2903. 

,  Mo.,  Federals  defeated,  2222. 

,  Alex.  Wm.,b.  (1808) ;  marches  to  Sal- 

tillo,  1002;  at  Sacramento,  162' ;  d.  (1887). 
Donis,  Nicholas,  map,  12' . 
Donizetti,  Gaetano,  b.,  10843  ;  d.,  10863. 
Don  Juan,  in  Tunis,  11392. 
Donn,  Bp.  McAlister  cons.,  E.  C,  9962. 
Donne,  .John,  b.,  8742  ;  works,  877' ,  881' ; 
d.,  8822. 

,  Maria  Dalle,  d.,  1542. 

Donnellan,  Nehemiah,  lord  keeper,  9013. 
Donnelly,  Ignatius,  b.,  1382;  Great  Cryp- 
to(/ram,  3*283  ;  nom.  for  gov.,  4112. 

,  James,  cons,  bisllop,  968' . 

Donnier,  Col.,  Chinese  defeated,  482' . 
Donop,  Carl  Emil  Kurt  von.  Count,   b. 

(1740) ;  at  Ked  Bank,  88' ;  d.  (1777). 
Donoso  Cort^,  Juan,  Francisco  Maria  de 

la  Salud,  b.-d.,  11303. 
Donoughmore,  Earl,  title  created,  931' . 
Donovan,  Capt.,  killed,  600' . 

,  Caroline,  gift  to  Hopkins  Univ.,  347' . 

,  Edward,  b.,  9283  ;  d.,  9482. 

,  .John,  b.,  9343. 

,  Mr.,  in  duel,  9212. 

Donus  I.,  pope,  10722. 

II.,  pope,  1073'. 

Doo,  George  Thama«,  b.,  9302  ;  d.  (1886). 
Doolittle,  James  Rood,  b.,  1242  ;  on  Com. 
13, 1892;  pres.  Conven.,  2533,  2792. 

,  W.  H.,  b.,  168'. 

Dooly,  John  Mitchell,  b.,  702  ;  d.,  1342. 
Doran,  John,  b.,  933' ;  Fenian, sentenced, 
9703;  d.,9822. 

,  Bp.  See  of  Leighlin  ;  murdered,  8663. 

Dorat,  Claude  Joseph,  b.,  6983;  ItUe  de  la 
poiaie  allenmnde,  7032  ;  d.,  705' . 

,  Jean,  b^  6783;  d.  (1588). 

Dorchester,  Eng.,  imites  witli  Sidnacester, 
8483;  destroyed  by  fire, 8793. 

,  Mass.,  fnd.,  33' ;  Heights  taken,  82' ; 

annexed    to    Boston,    2693 ;    academy 
openetl,  2763. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9232. 

,  Baron.    (See  Carleton,  Guy.) 

Dor^,  Pan!  Gustave,  b.,  7262;  d.,  764' . 
Doremus,  Robert  Ogden,  b.,  132' . 


Dorflngen,  Ger.,  battle  of,  784' . 
Doria,  family  in  ascendancy,  10772. 
- — ,  Andrea,  b. ,  10783 ;  frees  Genoa,  1081» ; 
d.,  10803. 

,  Lamba,  defeats  Dandola,  1076' . 

Dorian,  M.,  minister,  7412. 

Dorians  besiege  Athens,  1014' ;  migratloni 

1015'. 
Doric  architecture,  1013' . 
Dorigny,  Louis,  b.,  6902  ;  k.,  7002. 

,  Sir  Nicolas,  b.,  6902;  d.,  7003. 

Dorion,  Sir  A.  A.,  d.,  592' . 
Doris,  asteroid,  discovered,  732' . 
Dormer,  Baron,  title  created,  881'. 

,  Lord,  in  Parliament,  9452. 

Dorner,  Isaac  A.,  b.,  8083;  d.,  8302. 
Dorpat,  Ku.s.,  Univ.  founded,  1115' . 
Dorr,  Julian  Caroline  Ripley,  b.,  1322. 
,  Thomas  Wilson,  b.,  1122  ;  leads  Suf- 
frage party;  rebellion,  1552;  tried,1572; 
released,  1692;  d.  (1854). 
Dorrego,  Manuel,  Pres.,  b.  (1787) ;  shot, 

4901,3;  captured.  4903. 
Dorset,  Earl  of,  minister,  879' ,  8833,  8992. 
Dorsetshire,  waterspout,  1000' . 
Dorsey,  George  W.  E.,  Bank  Bill,  394' . 

,  James  Owen,  b..  104'. 

,  John  Syng,  b.,  90' ;  d.,  1202. 

, W.,  indictments,  3103,  3132. 

,  Stephen  W.,  b.  (1842) ;  indictments 

against,  3103,3132. 

,  Mrs.,  bequest  to  J.  Davis,  3032. 

Dort,  Neth.,  villages    lost,  1099' ;    synod 

favors  Calvinists,  1101'. 
Dortmund,  Prus.,  miners  dispersed,  833' . 
I>osquet,  P.  H.,  consecrated,  575' . 
Dost  Mohanmied  Khan,  b., 43;  surrenders 
to  Brit.,  4';  takes  Herat;  forms  regu- 
lar army,  42  ;  ally  of  British  ;  sent  to 
India;  restored,  62;  d.,  43, 
Dostoyefsky,    Fedor    Mikhailoyitch,    b., 

11163;  works,  11183;  d.,  1120' . 
Dosza,  Kuruc,  crusader,  6082  ;  torttired, 

609'. 
Doterel,  destroyed,  986' . 
Doty,  James  Duane,  b.  (1799) ;  gov.  Wis., 

1552,2413;  d.  (1865). 
Douai,  Fr.,  annexed  to  Burgundy,  6772  ; 
part  of  Sp.  Neth., 6792;  Univ. fnd.,  6832; 
Bible  printed,  087' ;  annexed,  0973. 
Douay,  Charles  Abel,  b.,  719' ;  d.,  7,382. 

,  Paix  Charles,  b.,  7223  ;  at  Belfort ; 

falls,  738';  defeats  Commune,  7443 ;  d., 
752'. 
Double  Island,  mission,  0203. 

refraction  explained,  6362. 

Doubleday,  Abner,  b.,  1282;  d.,  422' . 

,  Thomas  Donnelly,  b.  (1816) ;  d.,  233». 

Douboussat,  Numa,  bribery,  4702. 
Douce,  Francis,  b.,  9162  ;  d.,  9462. 
Doucet,    Charles    Camille,  b.  (1892)  ;    in 

Academy,  732'. 
Douek-Hanh,  crowned  ;  d.,4833. 
Dougherty,  Col.,  at  Charleston,  Mo.,  198' . 

,  l)aniel,  b.  (1826) ;  address  to  Congress, 

3463  ;  d.,  414' . 
Doughty,  Francis,  banished,  342;  in  N.Y., 
363. 

,  Richard,  Presbyterian  pastor,  363. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  1042;  d.,  178' . 

Douglas,  Sir  Archibald,  at  Annan,  868' ; 
d.,  806' . 

, ,  Earl  of  Angus,  usurps  power 

banished,  8073. 

,  A.  G.,  cons,  bishop,  9802. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  975' . 

,  David,  b.,  9283  ;  d.  (1834). 

,  Gawin,    or  Gavin,  b.,  8642;    works, 

8603,  867' ;  d.,  8063. 

,  George,  b.,  578' . 

,  Gen.   Howard,  b  (1776)  ;  gov.  N.  B., 

5773;  d.,9&42. 

,  Earl  of,  at  Homildon  Hill ;  at  Nesbit 

Muir,  860' . 
,  James,  Earl  of  Morton,  regent ;  re- 
signs, 8753;  d,,  8742, 

, ,  governor  Vancouver.  5812. 

,  Sir ,  invades  Eng.,  856' . 

,  John  Hancock,  b.  (1824) ;  d.,  416' . 

,  Robert  Kennaway,  b.,  9482. 

,  Stephen    Arnold,  b.,  121';    debates 

with    Lincoln,    158' ;    in  senate,   I632  ; 

Srominent  at  Nat.  Conven.,  171 ' ;  intro. 
;ansas-Nebr!iska  Bill;  senate  agrees, 
175' ;  Lincoln  challenges  to  debate,  177' ; 
candidate  for  nom.  for  vice-pres.,  1803  ; 
proposes  Committee  of  Five,  181' ;  not 
elected  senator,  181 2  ;  opposes  Lecomin 
ton  Constitution,  1832;  joint  debate  with 


1240 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column,  DoUg— Dubl, 


Uncoln,  1861 ;  nominated  forpres.,  1882; 
on  Committee  ot  33,  1892;  vote,  1883, 
1913  ;  aids  Lincoln,  1953  ;  d.,  19G3  ;  death 
mourned,  197i ;  monument,  2553. 

Douglas,  Wm.,  Earl  of,  murdered,  8633. 

,  Mr.,  builds  New  York  theater,  713. 

Douglass,  Frederick,  b.,  1261 ;  pres.  of 
convention,  2053,  2773, 

Dounay,  Maurice,  work,  7662. 

Dour,  Belg.,  mine  explosiou,  5473. 

Douro,  Spain,  battle  of,  7181 . 

Douville,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.  (1794) ;  dwells 
in  Kongo,  10931. 

Douzy,  Fr.,  Germ.ans  attack,  7402. 

Dovct  emigr.tnt  ship,  322. 

Dove,  Heinrich  W.,  b.,  8082  ;  d.,  8301. 

,  Richard  Wilhelm,  b.,  8142  ;  d.  (1879). 

Dover,  Del.,  Epis.  ch.  erected,  57 1 ;  peace 
conven.,  1972  ;  Rodney  monument,  3461 . 

,  Eng.,  re-sists  Fr.,  670i ;  steamboats  to 

Calais,  9413  ;  admiralty  pier,  9533  ;  tele- 
graph with  Osteud,  9593  ;  and  Deal  R.ll. 
opa.,  9873 ;  Municipal  buildings  and  park 
opd.,  9913  ;  Bp.  Eden  cons.,  10(H2  ;  Tiar- 
bor  works,  1011 3  ;  cliff  falls,  9582. 

,  Me.,  earthquake,  3521 . 

,  N.  H.,    settlement,   311,2,3;    Cong. 

Church  org.,  342;  Indians  attack,  50 1 ; 
Agricultural  Coll.,  3542;  Hitchcock  Me- 
morial Hospital,  dedicated,  429 1 . 

,  O.,  railway  accident,  3873. 

,  Tenn.,  Confederates  defeated,  2182. 

and  Chatham  Co.,  amalgamates,  9832. 

College,  Eng.,  established,  9743. 

Dow,  Lorenzo,  b.,  89i  ;  d.,  1422. 

,  Neal,  b.,  1121 ;  bill  becomes  Maine 

law,  1691;  calls  out  militia,  1763  ;  nora. 

for  pres. ;  vote,  3051 . 
Dowden,  Edward  ,  b.,  9522. 

,  .John,  cons,  bishop,  9962. 

Dower,  missionary,  retained,  6003. 
Dowler,  Bennet,  b.,  106z  ;  d.  (1S79). 
Dowling,  Thom.as  J.,  cons,  bishop,  5843. 

,  Irish  agitator,  wounded,  9903. 

Down,  Ire.,  bishopric  est.,  ^403  ;see  unites. 

8622  ;  Bp.  Reeves  cons.,  9962;  Cathedral 

rededicated,  8503. 
Downe,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  8913. 
,  Com.  John,  b.  (1784?);  captures  At- 

lanta,^££i3  ;  d.,  1761. 

,  Wm.j  lord  chief  justice,  9313. 

Downey,  John  G.,  gov.  Cal.,  1903;  d.,  4521 . 

,  Col.,  at  .Mooretield,  W.  Va.,  2081 . 

Downie, George,  Adm.,  at  Plattsburg,  1222; 

d.  (1814). 
Downing,  Andrew  J.,  b.,  1242 ;  suggests 

Central  Park  ;  d.,  1701 . 

,  .John,  killed,  9863. 

,  S.  B.,  nom.  for  governor,  3451 . 

Downs,  Spanish  defeat,  6901 ;  naval  battle, 

8881,8921. 
Downshire,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  923 1 . 
Dowse,  Richard,  d.,  10022. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  762  ;  d.,  1781 . 

Dowze,  Judge,  reports  on  country,  9871 , 
Doyle,  A.  Conan,  works,  10043. 

,  Sir  C.  H.,  lieut.-gov.  N.S.,  5792,5831 ,2. 

,  Sir  Francis  Hastings,  d.,  9982. 

,  Jeremiah,  cons.  R.  C.  bishop,  9962. 

,  Richard,  b.,  9422. 

College,  founded,  Tenn.,  3183. 

Draco,  b.,  10142  ;  laws,  10171. 

Draft,  ordered,  U.  S.,  2113  ;  in  S.  Confed., 

22.53,   2301,3,   2312;   riot,   N.    Y.,   2252; 

stopped,  2472. 
Dragali,  capture  of,  5301 . 
Dragoman  Pas-s,  Bulgaria,  defended,  5661 ; 

Bulgaria  miis,  5662. 
Dragoon  Guards,  formed,  Eng.,  8961 . 
Dragut,  gov.  of  Tripoli,  11381 ;  d.  (1565). 
Drain,  Ore.,  Normal  School  est.,  3223. 
i)ra^•e,  wrecked,  9401 . 
Drake,  Benjamin,  b.  (1794) ;  d.,  1861 . 

,  Col.,  at  Pine  Bluff,  2321 . 

,  Daniel,  b.,  962  ;  d.,  1701 . 

,  E.  L.,  tlndB  petroleum,  1853. 

,  P.  M.,  president,  3242. 

,  Sir  Francis,  b., 8682;  marauder,  24i  +; 

explorer,  243  ±  ;  on  Pacific  coast,  6301; 

Intro,  potatoes,  8733  ;  in'W.  I. ;  voyage, 

8741 ;  Arctic  expedition,  8742;  commands 

Eng.    fleet,  8761 ;    Intro,  tobacco,  8772  ; 

attacks  Vigo,  11281 ;  d.,  8762  ;  memorial, 

4481. 

, Samuel,  b.,  1361 ;  d.,  3201 . 

,  Friedrich,  b.,  8082  ;  d.,  8302. 

— — ,  John  A.,  robbed,  4423. 

—.Joseph    Rodman,    b.,    1061;    works, 

763,1283,  1413  ;  d.,  1282. 


Drake,  Samuel  Adams,  b.  (1833) ;  work, 
3962. 

,  Samuel  Gardner,  b.,  1081 ;  d.  (187S). 

University  founded,  la.,  3082. 

Drama,  Eng.,  sacred  ;  first  comedy,  8701 ; 
forbidden,  885i ;  females  in,  8881 ;  8901 ; 
indecency  prevails  ;  correction  of,  901 1 ; 
Play  License  Act,  9093  ;  theatrical  fund 
est.,  915  2;  in  Rome,  10531;  sacred,  li- 
censed, Fr.,  10781 ;  first  in  Europe  at 
Rome,  10801 .    (See  Theater.) 

Dranesville,  Va.,  action  at,  2003  ;  Confeds. 
defeated,  2021 ;  Federals  defeated  near, 
2202,  2302. 

Draper,  Alonzo  Granville,  b.(1835);  d.,248i . 

,  Henry,  b.,  1482  ;  photographs  nebu- 
la), 3081 ;  d.,  3102. 

,  John  Christopher,  b.,  1«2  ;  d.,3202. 

, W.,  b.,9351. 

, Wm.,  b.,  1162;  makes  daguerreo- 
types, 1521 ;  Civil  War,  2603;  d.,  3101 . 

, F.,  b.,  1.M2. 

,  Sir ,  spectra  of  stars,  2801 . 

Drasa,  Peter  R.  Kendrick,  bishop,  1542. 

Drave  River  overflows,  .5341 . 

Drayton,  Henry,  b.,  1521 . 

,  .lohn,  governor  S.  C,  1112, 1153. 

,  Michael,  b.,  8721 ;  works,  8771 ,  8802  ; 

d.  (ISJl). 

,  Percival,  b.  (1812) ;  d.,  2481 . 

,  William  Henry,  b.,  942  ;  d.,  912. 

-Dreadnought,  built,  9841 . 

Drebbel,  Cornells  Van,  b.  (1572) ;  inv.  al- 
cohol thermometer,  8801 ;  microscope, 
10982  ;  thermometer  ;  submarine  ship, 
11002  ;  d.  (1634). 

Dred  Scott  Case  ;  decision  rendered  ;  free- 
dom unconstitutional,  1831 ;  reacts,  1832. 

J>reher,  Virginia,  b.,  1841 . 

Drelincourt,  Charles,  b.,  6842  ;  d.,  6903. 

Drentelen,  Gen.,  attempt  to  assass.,  11203. 

Drepanius,  Latimus,  d.,  6623. 

Drepanum  (Trapani),  action  near,  10523. 

Dresden,  Saxony,  fnd.,  7812  ;  capital  city, 
7913  ;  alliance fmd., 7993  ;  peaceof,8013; 
bombarded;  captured,  8921;  held  by 
Aust.,  8093;  battle  of;  retaken,  8101; 
Napoleon  enters,  8111;  siege  of,  5201 ; 
occupied,  7183,  8221;  taken,  7202  ;  con- 
ferences, 8192  ;  insurrection,  8183  ;  Prus- 
sians in,  5281 ;  Art  Academy  opd.,  8321 . 

china  first  made,  7982. 

Dressed  Beef  Law  unconstitutional,  3592. 

Dreux,  Fr.,  Protestants  defeated,  6821; 
Ft.  army  repulsed,  7423. 

Drevet,  Pierre,  b.,  6943;  d.,  7002. 

Drew,  Daniel,  b.  (1788) ;  d.,  302*. 

,  George  F.,  gov.  Fla.,  2973. 

,  John,  b.,  1722;  d.  (1862). 

— — ,  Mrs.  John  (Louisa  Lane),  b.,  9382. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  9162;  9402. 

,  Thos.  S.,  gov.  Ark.,  1591 . 

Theological  Seminary  fnd.,  2543. 

Drexel,  Anthony  Joseph,  b.  (1826) ;  est. 
D.  Indus.  Coll.,  3362;  d.  (1893)  ;  will,  4341. 

,  Mrs.  Joseph,  gift,  3341 . 

,  Kate,  Sister  of  Mercy,  3383  ;  takes 

black  veil,  3522. 

Industrial  College,  fnd.,  3362. 

Institute,  Phila.,  ded.,  3961 . 

Dreylus,Albert,  duelist,7593 ;  charged  with 
treason,  sentenced,  and  degraded,  7671 . 

,  chief  rabbi  of  Fr.,  7622. 

Dreyschock,  Alexander,  b.,  8122;  d.  (1869). 

Dreyse,  Johann  N.  von,  b.,  8013;  invents 
needle-gun,  8141 ;  d.,  8243. 

Drobudsna  occupied,  5051 . 

Drogheda,  Ire.,  taken,  8862  ;  Fenian  up- 
rising, 9703;  for  Home  Rule,  9792;  Ten- 
ants' Defense,  10023. 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  891  > . 

,  Marquis    of.      (See    Seymour,    Sir 

Henry  F.) 

Drogo,  duke  of  Apulia,  7753. 

Dromore,  Ire.,  see  erected,  8403. 

Drontheim,  or  Trondhjem,  Nor.,  bishopric 
fnd. ,11053  ;  polar  expedition  5301 . 

Droop  Mountain,  Confed.  defeat,  2281. 

Drouais,  Jean  Germain,  b.,  703i ;  d.,  7002. 

Drouet    d'  Erlon,  Gen.    Jean    Baptiste, 

b.  (1765)  ;  gov.,  93;  d.  (1844). 
Drouyn  de  Lhuys,  Blouard,  b.,  7163;  on 

mediation,  2153;  d.,  7522. 
Drowne,  Deacon  Sheni,  vanes,  662. 
Droysen,  Johann  G.,  b.,  8083;  works,  8151 , 

8182,  8203;  d.,  8302. 
Droz,  Antoine  Gustave,  b.,  7262;  works, 
7363,  7383,  7483,  7,542. 

,  Joseph,  b.,  7(M3;  d.,  7302. 


Druell,  Judge,  decides  governorship,  2793. 

Druids,  religion  proscriued,  6623  ;  in  Brit- 
ain ;  sacrifice  criminals ;  power,  8392;  in 
Ger.,  10032. 

Druillettes,  Gabriel,  missionary,  381  •  at 
Sault  St.  Marie,  442. 

Drum,  Gen.  Richard  Coulter,  b.  (1825); 
succeeded  by  Kelton,  3401 . 

Drumclog,  Scot.,  action  at,  8941, 

Drumgoole,  John  C,  b.  (1828) ;  d.  (1888) ; 
statue,  4561 . 

Drummond,  Gen.  Sir  Gordon,  b.  (1771) ; 
besieges  Ft.  Erie,  1222;  at  Lundy's  Lane, 
1222;  gov.  Can.,  5773;  d.  (1854). 

,  Henry,  b.  (1851) ;  A  scent  of  Man, \0122. 

,  Thomas,  b.,9283;produces limelight, 

9421;  light  inv.,  8602;  d.,  9502. 

,  WUliam,  gov.  N.  C.,393, 423;  hanged, 

472. 

, ,  of  Hawthomden,  b.,  8742;  works, 

8802,  3;  d.,  8862. 

Drunkenness,  death  penalty,  Scot.,  8461. 
(See  Temperance.) 

Drury  College,  Mo.,  fnd.,  2823. 

Drury's  Bluff,  Va.,  Butler  at,  2331. 

Druse,  Roxalana,  murderer,  h.'inged,  3263. 

Druses,  fnd.,  6552;  Maronite  war,  11581 ,  2. 

Drnsus,  Cajsar,  b.-d.,  10622. 

,  Germanicus    Claudius    Nero,    b.-d., 

1003;  in  Ger.,  7081 ;  extends  Roman  rule, 
10021 ;  poisoned,  10631. 

,  Marcus  Livius,  changes  land  laws ; 

tribune,  10572  ;  bills  of  ;  assassinated, 
10573. 

Dryad,  in  naval  engagement,  9361 . 

launched,  1010 1 . 

Dryden,  John,  b.,  8822;  works,  8883,  8903, 
8911,8931,8943,8963,8983,9003;  d.,S022. 

Drysdale,  Hugh,  gov.  Va.,  613. 

Drzislav,  Pr.  of  Croatia,  5031 . 

Duane,  James,  b.,  62i ;  mayor,  N.  Y.,  973. 

,  William,  b.,  7i!2;  d.,  1442. 

, John,  b.,  931 ;  refuses  to  remove 

funds,  1432;  dismissed,  1433;  d.,  2481 . 

Dnba,  Baron  Andieaa  de,  constitution 
for  Bohemia,  5071. 

Dubarry,  Q.  M.,  com.  brig.-gen.,  3641. 

Du  Bellay.    (See  Bellay.) 

Dublin,  Ire.,  built,  8393;  Christianity  eet., 
8403;  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  est.,  8403, 
8503;  captured,  8441 ;  partly  built ;  walls 
built  by  Danes,  M52;  Battle  of  Contarf, 
8401;  Christ's  Church  built,  8403,  8522; 
named, &J7i;archbp.  cons., 8483;  Strong- 
bow  takes,  8501 ;  archbishopric  est.,  8602; 
chartered,  8512,  and  by  James  II.  (1609) ; 
Black  Monday  massacre  ;  citizens  ex- 
comniunicatea,8522;  Castle  built,princeB 
do  homage  to  K.  John,  8531 ;  De  Decer 
first  provost,  8572;  mayor's  privileges; 
Thos.  Cusack,  first  mayor,  8613 ;  plague, 
8653;  Christ's  Church  Deanery,  8683;  St. 
Patrick's  Cathedral  desecrated,  8691; 
cathedral  restored,  8703;  trial  by  com- 
bat, 8711;  Celtic  printing  intro.,  8743; 
Trinity  Coll.  fnd.,  8771,  and  chartered, 
8783,  8831 ;  articles  of  religion  est.,  8802; 
Werburg  Street  Theater  est.,  8821 ;  sur- 
rendered to  Parliamentarians,  8861 ;  be- 
sieged by  Irish  Royalists,  0862;  Orange 
Street  Theater  est.,  8901 ;  Coll.  of  Physi- 
cians fnd.,  8923;  Cromwell  in (1049 ,Aug.); 
blue-coat  hospital,  8931;  Essex  Bridge 
est.,  8941 ;  Royal  Hospital  fnd.,  8943; 
Queen's  Bridge  built  (1084) ;  Dublin 
A'ews  Letter  est.,  8963;  earthquake,  8982; 
D.  Intelligencer  est.;  Trinity  Coll.  bar- 
rack, 8983 ;  James  II.  arrives;  Irish  Pari. 
meets,  8983,  8992  ;  Pue's  Occurancet 
est.,  9003;  laws  against  Catholics,  9012; 
lamp-lighted  (1098) ;  Z).  Ga2e«e  est.,  9043; 
Aungier  St.  'Theater  est.,  9081 ;  Crow  St. 
Music  Hall  est.;  Royal  D.  Soc.  fmd., 9081 ; 
incorp.  (1749) ;  D.  Coll.  Library  eBt.,909i ; 
Infirmary  fnd.,  9092;  Linen  Hall  opd.; 
Pari.  House  begun,  9093;  Chapel  Street 
Theater  est.,  9102;  Fishanible  Music 
Hall  est.,  9102  ;  Foundling  Hosp.  est. ; 
Esdaile's  News-Letter  changed  to  Saun- 
der's;  Literary  Journal  est.;  Lying-in 
Hospital  fnd.,  9112  ;  St.  Patrick's  spire 
erected,  9131;  Crow  Street  Theater 
Royal,  est.,  9142,  9401;  Trinity  Coll. 
erected,'9152;  Queen's  Bridge  destroyed, 
9173,  and  rebuilt,  9162;  Freeman's  Jour- 
nal issued,  9163  ;  Hibernian  Soc.  org. ; 
MarineSoc.  est.,  9172;  Royal  Exchange 
begun,  9181 ;  General  Paving  Act  passes ; 
penny   post   est.,   9193  ;    state    lottery 


Dubl-Duhr, 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INUJiX^.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1241 


dra\TU,  9212;  custom  house  built,  9212; 
Kni^Uts  of  St.  Patrick  org.,  9231;  ob- 
servatory est.,  9222  ■  Bank  of  Ireland 
est.,  9233  ;  inunilated,  924' ;  police  est. 
(1786) ;  Royal  Irish  Acad.  est. ;  Surgeons' 
Soc.  fnd.,92J' ;  D.  Library  inst.;  U.  Koyal 
Coll.  of  Surgeons  est.,  925' ;  police  stat- 
ute, 9263;  iirst  steam-engine  in,  9261; 
M;iynooth  Coll.  fnd.,  9271;  Carlisle 
Bridge  opd.  (1794) ;  The  Press  est. ;  sup- 
pressed, 9291 ;  City  Armed  -4sso.  fmd., 
J)292  ;  insurrection  ;  L.  Fitzgerald  ar- 
rested ;  union  with  Eng.  voted,  9293  ; 
Bmmett's  insurrection,  9301 ;  Litfey  Val- 
ley inundated,  9302;  B.  Institution  fnd. ; 
theater  riots,  9372,  9392,  9ii2  ;  Clare- 
mont  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asy.  est.,  9392  ; 
Hawkins  Street  Theater  opd.,  9101; 
Oeorge  IV.  visits;  ''bottle  riot,"  9412; 
£^  intro.,9433;  Irish  nat. school-system 
est.,  9143;  Brit.  Asso.  meets,  9461;  D. 
Royal  Soc.  org.  (1831) ;  Hibernian  Acad. 
fnd.,  9411  ;R.  \Vhately,archb.,9442;  raU- 
way  to  Kingston  op"l.  j  Zoological  Gar- 
dens opd.,  9461 ;  D,  (JniversUy  Magaz'uie 
est.,  9463;  destructive  storm,  94s 2  ;  D. 
Reoieio  est.,  9483;  Mt.  -Jerome  Cemetery 
cons.,  9493  ;  Irish  Archseolugical  .Soc. 
fmd.,  9501 ;  Queen's  Theater,  Brunswick 
St.,  est.,  9521 ;  Alaynooth  Coll.  endowed, 
9523  ;  O'Counell's  arrest,  9532  ;  J.  Mit- 
chell's and  O'Brien's  arrest,  9552  ;  Irish 
Felon  suppressed ;  Nation  suppressed, 
9543  ;  Fenian  funeral  demonstrations  ; 
Fenians  shoot  policemen  ;  Weekly  Xews 
libel ;  Kildare  annexed,  9551 ;  Queen 
visits,  9553  ;  Great  Aggregate  meeting, 
96Q2-Jrish  Quarterly  Hei^iew  est,;  Queen's 
Uuiv.est.,9563;(8ee  Koyal  Univ.  of  Ire.) ; 
Electric  telegraph  to  Loudon ;  Royal 
Exchange  est.,  9573  ;  Nat.  Gallery  est., 
9582  ;  Industrial  Expos,  opd.;  Queen 
visits,  9593  ;  British  Association  meets, 
9602;  riots,  9031 ;  Fine  Arts  Exhibition, 
9641 ;  Queen  visits,  9651 ;  Maynooth  Coll. 
enlarged,  9613;  O'Counell's  statue;  Gold- 
emith's  statue,  9662,  3;  R.  c.  Trench, 
archbp.,  9663  ;  religious  riots,  9672  •  In- 
dustrial Exhibition  opd.,  9673 ;  Irish 
People  seized  ;  Queen's  Univ.  chartered  ; 
St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  restored,  9682  ; 
Fenian  disturbances,  9683  ;  and  trials, 
9691 ;  proolaimed,9692;  International  Ex- 
Wbition  opd.;  9693  ;  Conf.  of  Bps.,  9702; 
IrishColl.  of  Science  est.,  9701,  2;  Fenian 
uprising ;  Liverpool  Fenians  arrested, 
9703 ;  two  policemen  shot ;  Pr.  of  Wales, 
welcome  ;  Irlshtnrin,  prosecuted,  971 1 ; 
Smith  O'Brien  statue;  British  Asso. 
meets,  9741;  Home  Government  Asso. 
meets,  9752  •  Brown  Hospital  endowed, 

?77t;  Fine  Arts  and  Industrial  Exhibi- 
ion  opd. ;  Spencer  Dock  inaug.,  9773  ; 
Cath.  Union  re-org.,  9782  ;  Roman  Cath. 
Coll.  proposal  rejected,  9783  j  Grattan 
statue,  9801;  Christ  Church  cathedral 
reopened,  9822  •  Archbp.  McCabe  cons., 
9823  ;  anti-land  league  pastoral,  9842 ; 
Moore  centenary  eel.,  9843  ;  Home  Rule 
meetings,  9851;  Royal  Theater  burned, 
9853;  Queen's  Univ.  dissolved  into  Royal 
Univ.,  9862  ;  United  Ireland,  est.,  9863  ; 
proclaimed;  agitators  in  jail,  9871; 
Hawkins  Street  Theater  burned  ;  pro- 
claimed, 9873 ;  Social  Science  Asso. 
meets,  9881 ;  Parnell  imprisoned ;  Irish 
Invincibles  org.  ;  riots ;  Home-Rule 
meeting,  9883  ;  Phoenix  Park  murders 
(see  Phojnix  Park) ;  arms  prohibited, 
9891 ;  O'Connell  statue  ;  Orange  St.  The- 
ater opd.,  8901 ;  plot  against  govt,  mem- 
bers ;  detectives  assaulted  ;  martial 
law :  police  difficulties  ;  constabulary  ; 
settled,  9903  ;  Vigilance  murder  organi- 
zation, 9911;  Exhibition  Irish  Arts, 
9913  ;  Museum  of  Science  and  Art  est., 
992' ;  Archbp.  Walsh  cons.  ;  Archbp. 
Plmxkett  cons.,  9922;  Pr.  of  Wales  visit, 
9931;  Lord  Mayor  huprisoned ;  deer 
forests  raided,  997 2;  Pope's  interference 
resented,  9983,  10002  ;  distillery  syndi- 
cate, 10013  ;  Science  and  Art  'jluseum 
opd.  1004' ;  National  Press  est.,  10013  ; 
Irish  Nat.  League  meets,  10051 ;  Nat. 
Federation  Conv.  opens  ;  United  Ireland 
reappeats,  10052  ;  JMily  Irish  Indepen- 
dent est. ;  Nation  suspends  ;  Freeman's 
Journal  and  Nat.  Press  united,  10003  ; 
dynamite  explosion,  10083;  rioting,  1008», 


10103;  demonstration,  1009' ;  riots,  10103; 
Parnellite  Conven.  meets,  1011';  V.  B. 
Dillon,  lord  mayor,  10112.  (See  Phoenix 
Park  ;  gee  Trinity  College.) 
Dublin  Castle,  burned,  8973. 

University,  females  admitted,  10103. 

Bill,  rejected,  9773. 

Dubois,  Fred.  T.,  b.,  1082;  Senator,  3972. 

,  Guillaume,  b.,  6902;  d.,  6982. 

Du  Bois,  Gualterus,  b.  (1666) ;  pastor  Eef. 

Dutch  Church,  71' ;  d.  (1752). 

,  Raymond  E.  H.,  b.,  8122. 

,  Wm.  Ewing,  b.,  1162;  d.,  308' . 

Dubois-Pigalle,  Paul,  b.,  7243. 

Dubos,  Jean  Baptiste,    b.,  (>922;    works, 

699', 2;  d.,  7002. 
Duboscq,  Jules,  b.  (1817) ;  improves  sac- 

charometer,  730' ;  electric  light,  732' . 
Dubost,  M.,  minister,  767'. 
Dubravka,  PrinceBs,Christian  elforts,5022. 
Dubs,  Jakob,  b.-d.,  1138' . 
Dubufe,  Claude  Marie,  b.,  70C2;  d.,  7362. 

,  Edouard,  b.,  7223;  d.,  754'. 

Dubuque,  la.,  R.  C.  diocese  est.,  1483;  St. 

Joseph's  Coll.  est., '2822;  School  for  Deaf 

opd.,  319' ;  lead-mine  discovered,  354' . 
Du  Camp,  Maxime,  b.,  724' ;  d.,  766' . 
Du  Cange,   Charles  du  Fresne,  b.,  6862; 

d.,  6942. 
Ducarel,  Andrd  Coltie,  b.,  6963;  d.,  700'. 
Ducas,  Michael,  b.,  10343. 
Ducasse,  Capt.   Jean  Baptiste,  b.  (1640) ; 

at  Cartagena,  6942;  d.  (1715). 
Ducat,  struck  in  Venice,  10753. 
Due  d'Aquitaine,  lost,  9142. 
Duchachet,  Henry,  b.  (1796) ;  d.,  248*. 
Du  Chaillu,  Paul  Belloui,  b.,  7'262;  works, 

1802,  199',  2003,   2051,  277',  3503,  478'; 

exhibits  at  Royal  Inst.,  9682. 
Duchatel,    Charles  Marie  Tanueguy,  b., 

7143;  d.,  7362. 

,  Pierre,  d.,  6822. 

Duch^,  Jacob,  b.,  642;  chaplain  of  Con- 
gress, 782,  792,  d.,  108' . 
Duchesne,  Andr6,  b.,  6842;  d.,  6883. 
,  Col.,  defeats  Chinese,  4822. 

proposal,  protested,  5453. 

Ducie,  Earl  of,  title  created,  945' . 

Duels,  Jean    Francois,   b.,   6983;   works, 

705', 2,  7063,  7083;  d.,  7222. 
Ducking-stool  set  up,  N.  Y.,  53' . 
Duckworth,   Sir  John  Thomas,  b.,  9122; 

at  Constantinople,  932' ;  in  Dai'danelles, 

932' ;  d.,  9382. 
Duclerc,    Charles    Theodore   Eugene,   b. 

(1812);    pres.,    6533:    ministry,    resigns, 

7533;  d.  (1888). 
Duclos,  Charles  Pinean,  b.,  6962;   works, 

7012,  7083;  d.,  7042. 
Ducos,  R<)bert,  in  Prairial  revolution,  7133. 
I:>ucret,  Edouard,  sentenced,  765' . 
Ducrot,  Auguste  Alexandre,  b.,  7222;  dis- 
missed. 7501 ;  at  Metz,  8'26' ;  d.,  7522. 
Dudik,  Beda Franz,  b.(1815), 5202; d. (1890). 
Dudith,  Andrew,  b.-d.,  5102. 
Dudley,  Earl  of,  title  created,  965'. 

,  Benjamin  Winslow,  b.,  962;  d.,  2682. 

,  Charles  Edward,  b.,  93' ;  d.  (1841). 

— — .  Edward  Bishop,  b.  (1787) ;  gov.  N.  C, 

1492;  d.  (1855). 
,  John,  Earl  of  Warwick,  b.,  8662;  pro- 

tector,8712;    minister,  8713;    executed, 

8702. 
,  Joseph,  b.,  38' ;  defends  charter,  49' ; 

gov.  Mass.,  493,  503,  553,  592;    trouble 

with  Coin-t,  553;  conspiracy, 672;  d.,  582. 

,  Lord.     (See  John  Sutton.) 

,  Lucillia  Y.,  shoots  at  Rossa,  3203. 

,  Paul,  b.,  403;  d.,  683. 

,  Robert,  E.   of  Leicester,  b.  (1532±)  ; 

minister,  8732,  8753  ;  forms  Nat.  Asso., 

8752;  at  Zntphen,  874'. 
,  Thomas,  b   (1576);    gov.  Mass.,  333, 

372,  392;  d.  (1652). 

,  b.  (1837) ;  cons.  P.  E.  Bp.,  2862. 

,  Viscount,  minister,  9432,3. 

,  William,  gift  to  Birmingham,  975' . 

,  W.,  lynched,  Ky.,  3903. 

,  Col.,  resigns,  3892. 

Observatory  est.,    180' ;    new  comet 

discovered,  310' . 

Duel,  first  in  New  England,  30*. 

Duels,  noted.  (Others  may  be  found  un- 
der 'the  names  of  the  participants  in 
alphabetical  places.)  Adams,  wounds 
Chas.  James  Fox,  9212;  Artois,  Conite 
d',  wounded  by  Due  de  Bourbon,  7053  ; 
Barron,  Com^  kills  Com.  Decatur,  129' ; 
Boulanger,'  Gen.,  wounded  by  M.  Flo- 


quet,  7563;  Broderick,  Senator,  is  killed 
by  Judge  Terry,  187' ;  Burr,  Aaron,  kills 
Alexander  Hamilton,  7383  ;  Byron,  Lord 
(poet's  great  uncle),  kills  Chaworth,917' ; 
Cassagnac,  Paul  de,  wounds  Lissagaray, 
7383  ;  wounded  by  Ranc,  7403  ;  Chawortn, 
killed  by  Lord  Byron,  917';  Clare,  Earl 
of,  with  Henry  Grattan,  9411;  Clay, 
Henry, wounds  H  umphry  Marshall(1809) ; 
tights  with  John  Randolph,  1352;  Corry, 
Isaac,  wounded  by  Henry  Grattan,  9292; 
Decatur,  Com.,  kills  Cora.  Barron,  120' ; 
Hamilton,  Duke  of,  kills  Lord  Mohun, 
905' ;  Henry,  Prince  (Don  Enrique), 
killed  by  Duke  of  Montpeusier,  739'; 
Floquet,  M.,  wounds  Gen.  Boulanger, 
7563 ;  Fourier,  Cjipt.,  wounds  Henri 
Eochefort,  7543  ;  Fox,  Charles  James, 
wounded  by  Adams,  9212 ;  Grattan, 
Henry,  woimds  Corry,  9292  ;  fights  Earl 
of  Clare,  941';  Jackson,  Andrew,  kills 
Charles  Dickinson  (1806,  May  30; ;  Len- 
nox, Col.  (D.  of  Richmond),  with  D.  of 
York,  9252;  Lissagaray,  M.,  wounded  by 
Paul  de  Cassagnac,  7383  ;  Mohun,  Lorcf, 
killed  by  D.  of  Hamilton,  905' ;  Mont- 
peusier, "Due  de,  kills  Pr.  Henry  (Don 
Enrique) ,,739' ;  Roehefort,Henri,  wounds 
Capt.  Fourier,  754';  Soutza,  Pr.,  kills 
Ghilka,  7483  ;  Terry,  Judge,  kills  Sena- 
tor Broderick,  187';  York,  D.  of,  lights 
Col.  Lennox  (D.  of  Richmond),  925' . 

Duelling,  Brit,  code  of,  pub.,  943' ;  for- 
bidden, Fr.,  673' ;  in  Eng.,  8943  ;  prohib- 
ited in  army,  Ger.,  834' ;  in  army  checked, 
Eng.,  927';  discouraged,  949';  prohib- 
ited, 1097'. 

Duenas,  Gen.,  pres.  San  Salvador,  11232. 

Duer,  John,  b.,  95'. 

,  William  Alexander,  b.,  93' ;  d.,  184' . 

Due  West,  S.  C,  Erskine  Coll.,  org.,  151' . 

Dufaure,  Jules  Armand  Stanislas,  b. 
(1798);  minister,  745',  7493,  premier, 
751', 2;  resigns,  7513  |  d.  (1881). 

Dufay,  Charles  Francois  de  Cisternay,  b., 
6943;  on  electricity,  698' ;  d.,  7002. 

Duff,  Alexander, b.,  9323;  visits  U.S., 1702; 
miss,  sails;  wrecked,  9442;  missions, 
9483;  declines  professorship,  9542;  mod- 
erator, 9782  ;  miss.,  10463  ;  d.,  9822. 

— — ,  King,  murdered,  8463. 

,  M.  E.  Grant,  gov.  Madras,  10463. 

,  Mountstuarfc  Elphinstone  Grant,  b., 

944'. 

,  Robert  W.,  gov.  Australia,  5012. 

,  Mrs.,  as  Juliet,  116'. 

Duiferin,  K.  S.,  sale  of  gold-mine,  6873. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  931'. 

,  E.  of.    (See  F.  T.  H.  Blackwood.) 

,  Marquis,  title  created,  9963. 

Duttield,  Alexander  J.,  d.,  1004' . 

,  George,  b.   (1816) ;   moderator,  2172  ; 

d.  (1888). 

Duffy,  Sir  Charles  Gavan,  b.,  9382;  colony 
federation,  4972;  premier,  resigns,  4983; 
works,  9863,  10082. 

,  Frank,  murderer,  4222. 

Dufonr,  Aries,  St.  Simonian,  d.,  746' . 

,  Guillaume  Henri,  b.-d.,  1138' . 

,  L'Abb^  v.,  works,  7523. 

Dufrenoy,  Adelaide  Gillette  Billet,  b., 
703' ;  d.,  7212. 

,  Pierre  Amand,  b.,  7082  ;  d.,  7322. 

Dufresnoy,  Charles  Alphonse,  b.,  6862 ; 
d.,  6903. 

Dufresny,  Charles  Rivi6re,  b.,  6883;  works, 
6962  ;  d.,  6982. 

Dugas-Moutbell,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  7043; 
d.,  7262. 

Dugdale,  Sir  William,  b.  (1605) ;  d.,  9862. 

Dugenne,  Col.,  occupies  Laiigson,  482' . 

Duggan,  Patrick,  cons,  bp,  Clonfert,  9762; 
acquitted,  9782. 

Dughet,  Gaspard,  b.,  6862  ;  d.,  6923. 

Dug  Spring,  Mo.,  battle  of,  198' . 

Duguay-Trouin,  Een^,  b.,  6922;  Adm.  at 
Rio  tie  Janeiro,  654';  requires  capitula- 
tion, 5551  ;  d.,  6983. 

Duguesclin,  Bertrand,  b.-d.,  6722-  at  Au- 
ray  ;  defeated  ;  captured  ;  in  Navarre  ; 
in  Spain,  6741 ;  constable  of  Fr. ;  in  Brit- 
tany ;  regains  territory,  6742;  takes  Fr. 
territory,  6753. 

Duhalde,  Jean  Bfiptiste,  b.,6922;  d.,  7002. 

Duhamel,  Joseph  'Thomas,  b.  (1841) ;  cons. 
bp.,5822;  cons,  archbp.,  6843. 

de  Monceau,  Henil  Louis,  b.,  6943; 

d.,  7051. 

DUhring,  Eugen  Karl,  b.,  8142. 


1242 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        IND£)X.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


Duil-Dush. 


Dallins,  Cains,  naval  commander,  10523. 

Duisburg,  Pru8.,Univ.  suspends,  809' . 

Duke,  Gen.,  defeated  at  Kingsport,  2402. 

— — ,  Sir  Jolin,  lord  mayor,  Loudon,  JH92. 

Dukes,  N.  L.,  acquitted,  3131 . 

/)uke's  LaiPS  enacted,  433. 

Oiilaney,  Lloyd,  duel,  923' . 

Dulaure,  Jacques  Autoiue,  b.,  702*;  d., 
7262. 

Duller,  Eduard,  b.,  8083;  d.,  8201. 

Duloz,  M.,  disappears,  7651 . 

Duluth,  Minn.,  canal  dug,  2733;  coal-dock 
strike,  3332;  F.  C.  Prentice  against 
Mayor  Beaser,  .3432  ;  Chas.  }F.  Wetmore 
(wlialeback)  sails,  3863  ;  ttre,  3933  ;  lirst 
wlialebacks,394i ;  State  Turnfest  resolu- 
tions, 4102;  strike,  4642. 

Dulwich  College,  Surrey,  fnd.,  8803. 

Dumas,  Alexandre,  p^re,  b.,  7143;  works, 
7272,  729' ,  7303,  7323,  7363;  d.,  7382. 

,  Alexandre,  Ms,  b.,7242  ;  works,  7302, 

7323,  7462,  7523;  Fr.  .\caderay,  7321 . 

,  G.  W.  F.,  U.  S.  agent,  913. 

,  Jean  Baptiste  Andr6,  b.,  7142  ;   d., 

7541. 

,  M.,  safety  miner's  lamp,  7342. 

,  Gomte  MatUieu,  b.,  7011 ;  d.,  7262. 

Du  Maurier,  George  Louis  Palmella  Bus- 
son,  b.,  9462. 

Dumblane,  D.  of,  title  Created,  893*. 

,  battle  of,  9041 . 

DuratSril,  A&ir(5  Marie  Constant,  b.,  7043  ; 
d.,  7342. 

,  Auguste  Henri  Andr^,  b.,  719' ;    d., 

7382. 

,  EdelestandPontas,  b.,7143;  d.,  746'. 

Dumfries,  Scot.,  R.B.  accident,  9753. 

,  Va.,  Gonferates  route<l,  2163. 

Dumichen,  Johannes,  b.,  8142. 

Dnmmer,  Jeremiah,  b.  (1680 1);  defends 
cliarters,  61i;  Indian  treaty,  612;  d. 
(1739). 

,  Win.,  b.  (1677) ;  gov.,  612,3;  d.  (1761). 

Dummler,  Ernst  Ludwig,  b.,  8142. 

Dtunont,  Augustin  Alexandre,  b.,  7143  ;  d., 
7541 . 

,  Charles  Alb.  Eug.  Auguste,  b.,  7282. 

,  Ebenezer,  b.,  1242;  d.,  2721 . 

,  Gabriel,  b.  (1680) ;    stirs  up    Indians, 

5863;  pardoned,  587';  d.  (1748). 

,  James  A.,  in  treaa.  dept.,  3512,  4472. 

,  Jean,  b.,  6883  ;  d.,  6982. 

,  Pierre  Etienue  Louis,    b.  -d.,   11372; 

works,  7152,  7192. 

d'Urville,  Jules  Sebastian  C^sar,  b., 

7062  ;  d.,  7282. 

Dumoulin,  Charles,  b.,  6733;  d.,  6823. 

Dumouriez,  Charles  Francois,  b.,  7002; 
at  Neerwiuden,  518' ;  at  Brussels  ;  at 
Valmy,  708' ;  takes  Breda,  11002;  d.,  7242. 

Dnn,  Eldwin,  minister,  4473. 

Dunajew8ky,A.,cons.  cardinal  priest,  5322; 
primate  of  Poland,  11202. 

Dunalley,  Baron,  title  created,  9311 . 

Dunbar,  Pa.,  explosion,  3613. 

,  Soot.,  action  at,  8862  ;  taken,    8561 . 

,  Col.,  in  Phila.,  682. 

Dunbar,  wrecked,  9613, 

,  Sir  William,  d.,  10021 . 

, ,  b.,  864' ;  works,  8663;  d.,  868' . 

Dunboyh,  Barou,  title  created,  855' . 

Duncan  I.  reigns,  8472;  assassinated, 947' . 

II.,  usurper,  8492;  murdered,  849' . 

,  Viscount,  Adam,  b.,9082;  at  Camper- 
down,  928' ;  d.,  9323. 

,  E.  H.,  elected  bp.,  3223. 

,  Francis,  d.,  9982. 

,  Henry,  lynched,  421' . 

, ,  b.  (1770) ;  est.  Friendly  Society, 

9352;  d.  (l&K). 

,  J.  H.,  des.  Grant's  Monument,  368' . 

,  John,  sewing-machine,  9322. 

,  Joseph,  b.  (1789) ;  gov.,  1452  ;  d.  (1844). 

,  Sara  Jeannette,  in  London,  3962. 

,  William,  b.  (1772);  d.,  2312. 

,  W.,  in  Alaska,  5842;  est.  village,  3282. 

, ,  C,  b.,  132' ;  d.,  2332. 

,  Capt.,  at    Harper's   Ferry,   213' ;   at 

Huntsville,  215' . 

,  Gapt.,  polar  voyage,  9242. 

Duncker,  Maximilian  W.,  b.,  8102;  d.,  832' . 

Duncombe,  Parmelee  Dubois,  b..  138' . 

Dundas,  Gen.,  b.  #1735) ;  at  Ki)cullen,928' . 

,  Sir  David,  commander-in-chief,  934' . 

,  George,  gov.  Can.,  5792. 

,  Henry,    Viscount   Melville,  b.,  9103; 

acquitted;    lord  admiralty,  9332,  9433; 
minister,  9433;  d.,  935'. 
,  James,  b.  (1788) ;  d.,  248' . 


Dundas,  Lawrence,  E.  of   Zetland,  lord- 

lieut.,  10012. 
Dundee, Scot;  virfyerttserest.,9303;  burned, 

860' ;  Baxter  Park  opd. ;  British  .\.ss(). 

meets,  9662  ;    Albert  Institution  opd., 

9781 ;    Victoria  Wet    Dock  opd.,  9813  ; 

Burns  statue,  986' ;  mill-hands  strike, 

10103  ;  Univ.  fnd.,  9902  ;  Elder  Profes- 
sorship endowed,  9923. 

,  Viscount.    (See  Grahame.) 

Dundouald,  E.of .  (See  Cochrane, Thomas.) 
Dundy,  E.  S.,  restores  wages.  4573. 
Dunedin,  N.  Z.,  see  of,  est.,  9583;  bp.  Ne- 

vell  cons.,  9742. 
Dunellen,  Fla.,  phosphate  rock  dis.,  312'. 
Dunes,  Vr.,  battle  of,  888' . 
Dunfermline,  .Scot.,  burned,  860' . 

.    (See  Abercroniby.) 

Temperance  .A.8S0.  fnnl.,  945'. 

Dungan  Hill,  battle  at,  886' . 
Dungannon,  Ire.,  riots,  98G3. 
Dungarven,  Ire.,  election  riots,  969'. 
Dungeness,  Wash.,  highwaymen,  419'. 
Dungi,  king  of  Akkiid,  11393. 
Dunglison,  Ilobley,  b.,  108';  d.,  266'. 
Dunk,  Geo.  M.,  E.  Halifax,  Id.  adm.,  9133. 

,  W.  McK.,  on  committee  of  33,  189' . 

Dunkers.    (See  Baptists,  German.) 
Dunkfeld,  see  of,  erected,  8483. 
Dunkirk,  Fr.,    fnd.,  6673;   burned,    676' ; 

taken,    688';     surrenders,    690',    710'; 

ceded  to  Eng.,  6912;  sold   to  Vr.,  6913; 

bombarded,  694' ;  siege  of,  710' . 
,  N.   Y.,   Deau    Richmoiui    lost,   4413  ; 

strikers    resume,    4222  ;    oil  dis.,  468' ; 

B.  B.  accident,  4473. 
Dunklin,  Daniel,  gov.  Mo.,  1412. 
Dmiksburg,  Mo.,  action  at,  2003. 
Dunlap,  lioijert  Pinckney,  b.  (1796) ;  gov. 

Me.,  1452;  d.  (1859). 
,  William,  b.,  74';   works,  130',  131'; 

d.,  1502. 
Dimleath,  Baron,  title  created,  1009'. 
Dunlop,  George  Kelly,  b.  (1830) ;  cons,  bp., 

3042;  d.  (1888). 
Dunmore,  Baron,  title  created,  945'. 

,  Earl  of,  897' . 

,  John  Murray,  b.,  62' ;  gov.  N.  Y.,  773; 

Va.,  783;  at  Norfolk,  82';  retires,  833; 

in  N.  Y.,  84' ;  d.  (1809). 

see  unites,  9462. 

Dunn,  Andrew  H.,  cons,  bp.,  10082. 

,  John,  chief,  6013;  revolt,  602'. 

,  Oscar,  leader,  2752  ;  d.,  2742. 

Dunne,  Robert,  cons,  bp.,  9862. 
Dunnell  Beapportionment  Bill,  377' . 
Dunning,  Albert  E.,  work,  4782. 
,  John,  Baron  Ashburton,  b.,  9082;  d. 

(1783). 

,  Paris  C.,  gov.  Ind.,  1652. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  965' . 

,  Col.,  at  Blue  Gap,  W.  Va.,  202' . 

Dunois,  Jean,  b.-d.,  6762;  at  Bordeaux, 

678'. 
Dunphy,  Edward  J.,  d.,  178' . 
Dunraven,  Earl,  title  created,  9412. 

,  Earl,  Boyal  Commission,  995' . 

,  Lord,    challenge,   3393 ;    arrives    in 

N.  Y.,  4382;  yacht  race,  4413. 
Dunsandle,  Baron,  title  created,  953'. 
Dunsany,  Baron,  title  created,  8623. 
Dmise,  Scot.,  Pacification  of,  882' . 
Dunsmir,  Cal.,  J.  W.  Smith  lynched,  4163. 

,  Robert,  d.,  586'. 

Duns  Seotus,    Jolin,    b.    (1265^^) ;    writes 

treatises,  8563;  doctrines,  8542;  d.,  8562. 
Dunstable,  Eng.,  miracle-play,  8482. 
Dunstnfftmge,  wrecked,  9913. 
Dunstan,  St.,  b.-d.,  8442;  works;  abbot  of 

Glastonbury,    8443;    banished,    845' ,3; 

favorite  ;  recalled  ;  archbp.  Canterbury, 

8453. 
Dunster,  Henrv,  b.  (1612) ;  Pres.  Harvard 

Coll.,  37';  arraigned,  402;  d.,40'. 
Dupanloup,  Filix  Antoine  Philibert  b., 

7143;  d.,  7502. 
Dupaty,  Louis  M.  C.  H.  M.,  b.,  7042  ;  d., 

7242. 
Duperrey,  Louis  Isador,  b.,  706' ;  d.,7362. 
Duperron,  Jacques  Davy,  b.,  6822;  d.,  6862. 
Dupetit- Thenars,  Adm.  Abel  Aubert,  b. 

(1793) ;  in  Marquesas  Island,  728' ;  d., 

7362. 
Dnpin,  Andri  Marie  Jean  Jacqnes,  b., 

706' ;  d.,  7362.    ■ 
,  Baron,  Francois  Pierre  Charles,  b., 

706';  d.,  746'. 

,  Louis  Ellies,  b.,  6902;  d.,  698' . 

Dupleix,  Marquis  Joseph,  b.,  ©43;  d.,703' . 


Duponcean, Peter  Stephen,  b.,722;  d.,  1B62. 
Dupont,  Henrique  N.,  d.,  7621. 

,  Henry,  d.,  3442. 

,  Pierre,  Gen.,  b.   (1765) ;    at  Baylen, 

7162  ;  d.  (1838). 

, ,  b.  (1821) ;    Two  Angels,  729' ;  d. 

(1870). 

,  —  Samuel,  b.,  642;  d.,  126' . 

,  Samuel  Francis,  b.,  1102;  Port  Royal 

expedition,  2002, 2043;  attempts  Charles- 
ton, 2202;  d.,  248'. 

Du  Portail,  I^ouis  Leb^que,  b.  (1736);  en- 
gineer engaged,  86' ;  d.  (1802). 

Diippel,  redoubts  stormed,  640' ;  siege, 
6402  :  attacked,  526' ,  6402. 

Dupplin  Moor,  action  at,  8573,  868'. 

Duprat,  Antoine,  b.-d.,  (J782. 

Dupr<5,  Giovanni,  b.,7222;  d.,  7522. 

,  Jacques,  gov.  La.,  1392. 

,  Jules,  b.  (1811) ;  d.,  758' . 

Duprez,  Guilbert  Louis,  b.,  7163. 

Dupuis,  Chas.  Fran9ois,  b.,  7002  ;  d.,  719'. 

,  Felix,  killed,  7562. 

,  M.,  at  Hanoi ;  on  Red  River,  480' . 

Dupuy,  Chas.,  forms  ministry,  7652  ;  pres. 
Cnamber,  7671 ;  ministry  ;  premier,  7672. 

,  Louis,  b.,  6963  ;  d.,  7102. 

Dupuytren,  Baron,  Guillaume,  b.,  7043 ; 
d.,  7262. 

Duquesne,  Pa.,  U.  S.  troops  at,  4121. 

Mills,  strikers  resume,  4103. 

,  Abraham,  b.,6862;  in  Alediterraneau ; 

at  Algiers,  81 ,  6921  ;  d.,  6942. 

Duquesnoy,  Francois,  b.-d,  5403. 

Duquet,  Alfred,  works,  7661 . 

Duran,  Augustin,  b.-<i.,  11302. 

Durana,  Fr.,  canal  to  Marseilles,  7293. 

Durand,  Asher  Brown,  b. ,1061 ;  paintings, 
2601,  2G8',  272',  276',  284',  286',  294'; 
d.,  324' ,  (1866). 

,  Cyrus,  b.,  98' ;  d.  (1868). 

,  Guillaume  de,  St.,  b.-d.,  6722. 

,  Jean  Kicolas  Louis,  b.,  7023;  d.,7262. 

,  Sir  Mortimer,  at  Kabul,  72. 

Durango,  Colo.,  fire,  3432. 

Durani,  Shah,  invades  India,  1044'. 

Durant,  Henry  Towle,  b.,  1302  ;  d.,  308'. 

,  Thomas,  connects  railway,  2673. 

Durante,  Francesco,  b.,  1083';  d.,  1084*. 

Duras,  earthquake,  10243. 

Durazzo,  Turk.,  taken,  10)2',  1074'. 

,  Charles,  assassinated,  5072. 

Durban,  Natal,  John  Mercer  arrives.  603*. 

Durbln,  John  Price,  b.,  1082  ;  d.  (1876). 

DurBorow,  Allen  C,  Jr.,  b.,  ISO' . 

Durer,  Albert,  b.;  first  studies  ;  paintings, 
7862  ;  court  painter,  6082  ;  pensioned, 
7862  ;  d.,  7902. 

Duret,  Francisque,  b.,  715' ;  d.,  7362. 

D'Urf(5,  Honor<?.    (See  Vrf^,  d'.) 

Durfee,  Job,  b.,  1022  ;  d.  (1847). 

Durfort,  Louis,  K.  of  Fevershani,  b.;  com- 
mands royal  army  ;  at  Sedgemoor,  896' . 

D'Urfrey,  Thomas,  b.,  8822  ;  ,1.,  9062. 

Durham,  Eng.,  see  erected,  8462  ;  ravaged, 
848' ;  Bp.  Lightfoot  elected,  9803  ;  coal- 
miners  strike,  9843, 10023,  1005',  10083; 
colliery  explosion  9873,  9893;  Bp.  West- 
cott  cons.,  10042. 

,  N.  C,  Trinity  Coll.  org.,  1863. 

Station,  Johnston  surrenders.  2462. 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  945' . 

,  Joseph,  statue  Prince  Albert,  966' . 

,  Lord.    (See  Lambton.) 

Univ.,  fnd.,  7883,8883,  !i483;  collapses, 

8883;  fnd., 9463, 9473, 949':  lip.  Hatfield'* 
Hall  fnd.,  9!)3' ;  Bp.  Cosiu's  Hall  fnd., 
9563  ;  College  of  Science  opd.,  998' . 

Durhamville,  Tenn.,  action  near,  2132. 

Durien,  Paul,  cons.  bp.  Can.,  5823. 

Durier,  Anthony,  b.  (1833);  cons,  bp.,3202. 

Durin,  Father,  org.  Deliverance  Soc,  3862, 

Duringsfeld,  Ida  von,  b.,  8103  ;  d.,  8282. 

Durkee,  Charles,  b.  (1807) ;  gov.  Utah,  2512; 
d.,  268'. 

Durnford,  Richard,  elected  bp.,  9742. 

Dumova,  M.,  minister,  11213. 

Duroc,  G^irard  Christophe  Michel,  Duo  d* 
Priuli ;  b.,  7042  ;  killed,  720'  ,3. 

Durouf,  M.,  in  post-balloon,  7413. 

Duruy,  Jean  Victor,  b.,  719' ;  works,  729', 
7323  ;  minister,  737' ;  Academician, 762' ;, 
d.,  766'. 

Durvea,  Abram,  b.  (1815) ;  d.,  368' . 

Du  Ryer,  Pierre,  b.  (1605) ;  Alcyonie  ;  Set- 
vole,  689' ;  d.  (1658). 

Dusarius  kills  Flaminius,  1054' . 

Dusch,  Johann  J.,  b.,  8002  ;  d.,  8043. 

Dushet,  Cardinal,  d.,  11322. 


Duso-£ato. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDJiX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1243 


Da  Sommerard,  Alexandre,  b.,  7043;  d., 

738». 
Duaseldorf,  Prus.,  battle  at,  5181 ;  allies 
repulsed,  7102;  town,7813;  Adolf  at,  7852; 
art  school  est.,  8022  ;  bombarded,  806' ; 
capital,  8092  ;  mine  explosion,  8353. 
Dussingdale,  action  at,  8701 . 
Dust  and  disease  controversy,  9721 . 
Dustin,  Hannah,  b.,  40' ;  captured,  622  ; 

escapes,  53 1. 
Dutch,  seize  Port,  possessions,  11102  ;  de- 
feat Spaniards,  11281 . 

Boers,  in  Orange  Free  State,  11051. 

East  India  Co.,  fml.,  10M3, 11012. 

l5'landers,  Frajice  owns,  5432.     • 

Putch  Folk  Sont/s  appears,  10091 . 
Dutch  Gap,  Va.,  canal  dug,  2391 . 

Guinea,  see  text  p.  l(-39 ;  acquired, 

9772  ;    canal   constructed  :    slave-trade 
abolished  ;  gold  discovered,  10393. 

polar  expetlition  sails,  11021 . 

Iteformed   Church.     (See    Reformed 

Church.) 

Tom  Gulok,  Wyo.,  gold,  462' . 

W.  I.  Co.,  fnd.,  453. 

Dutchess  County  Presbytery  org.,  723. 

Election, 3952,3, 3972,3, 3992,4312. 

Dutens,  Joseph  Michel,  b.,  703' ;  d.,  7302. 
Duties,  enacted  by  Parliament,  753  ;  in- 
creased in  Am. ,203' ;  increased,  Fr.,  7553 ; 
corn  reduced,  Fr. ;  silk  est.,  Fr.,  7613  ; 
on  liquor,  Fr.,  7633;  octroi  abolished,  Fr., 
7662;  heavy,  Eng.,  8792;  withdrawn, 
Eng.,  9652.  (See  Tariff.) 
Dutrochet,  Keu^  Joachim  Henri,  b.  (1776); 

d.,  7301 . 
Duttlingen,  battle,  allies  defeated,  636' . 
Dutton,  Arthur  Henry,  b.  (1838);  d.,  2352. 

,  Henry,  b.  (1796)  ;  gov.,  177' ;  d.,  2661 . 

Hill,  Ky.,  Conteds.  defeated,  2202. 

Duty  on  grains,  Fr.,  7552  ;  on  corn,  7613, 

7672;  salted  meats, 7631 ;  on  wheat,  7672; 

on  tea  est.,  Eng.,  9173 ;  Eng.  in  Am.,  783. 

Dnvair,  Guillaume,  b.,  6822;  works,  685' ; 

d.,  6863. 
Dnval,  Alexandre  Vincent  Pineu,  b.,  703' ; 

d.,  7282. 
— ,  Claude,  b.  (1643);  executed,  8931 ;  d. 
(1670). 

,  Gabriel,  b.,  683  ;    justice,  1192  ;    d. 

(18«). 

,  Valentin  Jameray,  b.,  6943  ;  d.,  7043. 

,  Wm.  P.,  b.  (1784) ;  gov.,  1312  ;  d.  (1864). 

,  Gen.,  shot,  T442. 

Dnvall's  Bluff,  Ark.,  skirmi8h,210' ;  taken, 

2182;  Feds,  captured,  2.372. 
Duvaucel,  Alfred,  b.,  7082  ;  d.,  7242. 
Duvaux,  M.,  minister,  7533. 
Duverdier,  Bonnet,  arrested,  7512. 
Duvergier,  Jean  Baptiste  Marie,  minister 
of  justice,  V392;  d.  (1877). 

de  Hauraune,  Jean,  b.,  6842;  d.,  6902. 

,  Prosper,  b.,  713' ;  d.,  7522. 

Duvernois,  Clement,  b.  (18.'56) ;  minister, 

agri.,  7393  ;  sentenced,  7483  ;  d.  (1879). 
Duvernoy,  Georges  Louis,  b.,  7043 ;  d.  7322. 
Duveyrier,  Henri Darmy,b., 7282;  d.,762i. 
Duvoisin,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  7203;  d.,7003. 
Duwai,  camp  attacked,  6' . 
Dux,  Bohemia,  explosion,  5373. 
Duxbury,  Mass.,  cable  laid,  2673. 
Dnyckinck,  Evert  Augustus,  b.,  1242;  d., 
2882. 

,  George  Long,  b.,  1.302  ;  d.,  2212. 

Dnyse,  Prudens  van,  b.,  5423  ;  d.,  5442. 
Dwars,  annexeil,  10492. 
Dweir,  mission,  6571 . 
Dwellings  of  ancient  Ger.,  7683. 
Dwenger,  Jos., cons.  Bp.  Fort  Wayne,  2763. 
Dwlght,  John  Sullivan,  b.,  1211. 

,  M.  D.,  president  synod,  1582. 

,  Sereno  Edwards,  b.,  981 ;  d.  (1850). 

,  Theodore,  b.  (1796);  d.,  2541 . 

, ,  Wm.,  b.,  1302  ;  d.,  4081 . 

.Timothy,  b.,  683;  works,  991,  1063, 

1271,  1.311;  pres.  Yale,  1063;  org.  Reli- 
gious Tract  Society,  1142  ;  d.,  1261 . 

, ,  b.,  1361. 

,  William  T.,  d.,  2482. 

Dyce,  Alexander,  b.,  9283  ;  edits  Shake- 
tpeare'i  Works,  9623. 

,  William,  b.,  9323  ;  d.  (1864). 

Dyckman,  Garrett  W.,  d.,  2621 . 
Dydalsus  revolts  ;  reigns,  11461. 
Dye,  Joseph,  lynched,  4023. 
Dyer,  soda-ammonia  process  inv.,  9482. 

,  Gen.  Alex.  Brvdie,  b.  (1815) ;  d.,  2842. 

,  Charles  Volnev,  b.  (1808) ;  d.,  2982. 

,  Elisha,  governor  R.  I.,  1832. 


Dyer,  George,  b.,  9123  ;  d.,  9502. 

,  John,  b.,  9002  ;  d.,  9143. 

,  Mary,  d.,  401 ,  3. 

,  William,  mayor  New  York,  49' . 

Dyers'  Guild,  first  established,  7722. 
Dyman,  Byron,  governor  R.  I.,  1613. 
Byrne,  in  Achaean  League,  10272. 
Dynamene,  asteroid,  discovered,  302'. 
Dynamite  losses,  Fr. ;  fund  for,  7633  ;  ex- 
plosion, H.C.,  9933  ;  bombs  seized,  10923. 
Dynamometer  used,  148' . 
Dynevor,  Baron,  title  created,  9212. 
Dyrenforth,  R.  G.,  rain  experiments,  3901 . 
Dyrrhachium,Pompey  blockaded  at, 10601 . 
Dysart,  Earl  of,  title  created,  8851. 
Dzoungaria,    attacked,    11181  ■    annexed, 

11193. 


E. 


Eadburga,  murderess,  845^ . 

Eadie,  John,  b.,  9363  ;  d..9802. 

Eadmer,  or  Ednier,  d.,  8482. 

Eads,  James  Buchanan,  b.,  1282  ;  creates 
gunboat  fleet,  1962;  Naval  Defence,  265'  | 
tubular  bridge,  284';  on  Mississippi 
River,  2913  ;  jetties,  2993  ;  d.,  326' . 

Eagle,  James  P.,  gov.  Ark.,  3492,  399'. 

Baffle  Speed,  wrecked,  9683. 

Ealing,  comet,  observed,  990' . 

Earner,  Sir  .John,  lord  mayor,  9312. 

Earldoms  created,  Eng.,  8472. 

Earle,  Archdeacon,  cons,  bishop,  9983. 

,  Pliny,  b.,  723  ;  d.,  140' . 

,  Thos.,  b.  (1796) ;  nom.  for  vico-pres., 

1513  ;  electoral  vote,  153'  ,2  ;  d.  (1846). 

,  Gen.  Wm.,  b.  (1833) ;  in  Sudan,  660±  ; 

d.  (1885);  statue,  996'. 

Earleham  Ctdlege,  Richmond,  Ind.,  org., 
1843  (or  1847). 

Earlswood,  Eng.,  Idiot  Asylum  est.,  955'. 

Early,  John,  b.  (1785) ;   bp.",  1762  ;  d.,  282' . 

,  Jubal  Anderson,  b.,  1242  ;  at  Antie- 

tam,  213';  at  Fredericksburg,  21G2  ;  at 
Gettysburg,  221' ;  at  MooreSeld,  230' ; 
in  \^ashington  campaig])  ;  near  Balti- 
more, 235' ,  236' ;  at  Fort  Stevens  ;  on 
theMonocacv;  at  South  Mountain;  skir- 
mish with  Bidwell,  236' ;  recrosses  Poto- 
mac, 2362  ;  at  Strasburg ;  at  Kearns- 
town,  2363  ;  recrosses  Potomac,  237 ' ;  at 
Bunker  Hill,  2372,3  ;  abandons  Shenan- 
doah Valley  ;  at  Fisher's  Hill ;  at  Win- 
chester, 2382  ;  at  Cedar  Creek,  239';  at 
Beverly,  2403  ;  near  Waynesboro,  2422  ; 
d.,  452'. 

Peter,  b.  (1773) ;  gov.  1213  ;  d.  (1817). 

Closing  Bill  defeated,  Eng.,  9992. 

Early  European  Friends  of  America,  127' . 

Earnshaw,  Wm.,  com*der-in-chief,  3032. 

Earth,  shape  of,  11',  12';  expeditions  to 
measure,  698' ;  density  measured,  9182  ; 
magnetism  of,  874' ;  axis;  variation  of, 
discovered,  908'. 

Earthquakes  in  U.  S. :  in  New  England, 
34',  60'.  63',  703,  723,  I70t ;  in  West 
and  South,  374';  Cal.,  276',  362';  San 
Francisco  and  Ore.,  218',  374';  Los 
Angeles,  Cal.,  .332';  in  Conn.,  374' ;  in 
Del., 332';  Macon,  174';  Ind., 332' ,  352' ; 
in  Farmington,  Me.,  332';  Dover;  in 
Montana,  3521;  inN.Y.,426i;  New  York 
City,  li52i ;  Adirondacks,  N.  Y.,  3321 ;  in 
Mohawk  Valley,  352';  in  Toledo,  O., 
362',  374';  in  Ore.,  248',  352',  404';  in 
Pa  ;  in  Phila.;  1182  ;  Ashley,  Pa. ;  in 
Pittstown,  Wilkesbarre,  332' ;  in  S.  C, 
Charleston,  321' ;  in  Tex.,  374' ;  in  Va., 
Richmond,  288' ;  in  W.  Va.,  450' . 

,  in  Argentine  Reiniblic,  4913,  632' . 

,  in  Aust.-Hung.,  534' ,  .536' . 

in  Can,,  682' ,  686' ,  690' ,  696' . 

in  Chile,  6063. 

in  China,  6142,  6162,627'. 

in  Colombia,  623  2. 

in  Costa  Rica,  6313. 

in  Cuba  :  Santiago,  6322,  634'. 

in  Ecuador,  11092,  628' ,  6432i. 

in  Egypt :  at  Cairo,  6563. 

in  France,  666' ,  736' ,  756' ,  7.58' . 

in  Great  Britain, 8482, 854', 8562, 8741, 

912',  9662,  974',  9921;  in  Lincoln,  8.50' ; 
Herefordshire,  874' ;  In  Dublin,  8982  ; 
Inverarv,  986' ;  Yorkshire,  9921 ;  at 
Anandale,  9881 ;  Channel  Islands;  Lan- 
cashire, 10001;  Cornwall,  Wales,  10081; 
10101 . 

in  Ger.,  666'. 

in  Greece  :  10282, 10312, 10322,  10383  ; 


at  Sparta,  1019';  Peloponnesus,  10223; 
Duras,  10243 ;  destroys  Lysimachia, 
10263. 

Earthquakes  in  Guatemala,  78' ,  1039' ;  de- 
stroys Santiago,  10383. 

in  Hawaii,  1040'. 

in  India,  10462,  iot83, 

in  Italy,  6C6' ,  1086' ;  in  Rome,  10702  ; 

in  Catania,  1074';  Naples,  1078',  1084'; 
Syracuse,  10802  ;  Naples  and  Calabria ; 
Rimini  and  Ragusa ;  Sicily,  10822  ;  Pa- 
lermo, 1084'. 

in  Japan,  1091 ' ,  1092' . 

in  Peru,  11092  ;  at  Lima,  242,32' ,60' . 

— -  in  Portugal,  11093. 

in  Persia,  11073,  11562. 

in  Russia,  1120',  1122'. 

in  Spain,  11302, 11322. 

in  Turkey,  10282,   1148' ,  11502,  11662, 

11582. 

in  Venezuela.  1160' . 

in  W.I. :  in  ,)amaica  ;  Port  Royal,  28', 

632;  in  Martinique,  74';  in  St.  Domingo, 
662  ;  in  Salvador,  11232. 

East  African  Co.,  expenses,  5642. 

Anglia,  see  erected,  8422. 

Boston,  Greo^  llepuUic  launched,  1733. 

Cape  Colony,  Bp.  Ricards  cons.,  9742. 

Francia,  Ger.  many  called,  7732. 

Galicia,  Austria  secures,  5172,  5193. 

Goths,    kingdom    fnd.,   5023,    io713 ; 

treaty  ;  invade  Gr. ;  in  Ger.,  1067' ;  van- 
ish from  history,  10713. 

Hampton,  L.  I.,  Lyman  Beecher  or- 
dained, 1083;  sperm  whale  killed.  3813. 

India,  Dutch  rule  est.,  11013  ;  war  with 

Eng.,  700' ;  Hyder  All  defeated,  9202  ; 
territoiT  surrendered,  9313. 

Company  (new),  chartered,  8773, 

8812,  8013;  charter  renewed,  9472, 10472; 
imports  tea,  8933  ;  trade  with,  6153  ; 
treaty  with  Siam,  11242;  incorporated, 
1045' ;  landholders'  rights  in  Calcutta, 
10462;  attack  Siamese,  11242  j  monopo- 
lies end,  6173 ;  administration  trans- 
ferred, 10491 .  (See  India,  text  pp.  1042- 
1048.) 

,  French,  formed,  6913. 

Docks  opened,  8322. 

Indian  Archipelago,  British  posses- 
sion, 4992. 

Jordan,  Mich.,  explosion,  4033. 

Liberty,  Central  Ohio  Coll.  fnd.,  3123. 

London,  Cape  Colony,  incor.,  6993. 

Rumelia.    See  text  p.  5662 ^:. 

Mississippi,  Female  Coll.  opd.,  2782. 

Northfield,  Mass.,   Young  Woman's 

Conference,  4631. 

Pierre,  S.  Dak. ,  Pierre  Univ.  org. ,  3143, 

River,  N.  Y.,  frozen,  1701 . 

Bridge,  survey,  2681 ;  work  be- 
gun, 2681 ;  opened,  3121 ,  3133  ;  accident, 
3133  ;  description.  3161 . 

Bridges  Bill,  3773,  3972. 

— —  Saginaw,  Mich.,  fire,  3(J53. 

St.  Louis,  Frye's  Army  leaves,  4563. 

Somerset,  Cape  C,  mission,  6003. 

Tenn.,  Land  Co.  organized,  3493. 

,  Wesleyan  University  org.,  2602. 

,  Va.,and  Ga.R.R.  robbery,  4171. 

Eastburn,  Manton,  b.,  110' ;  bishop,  1643  ; 
d.,278'. 

Easter  festival  celebrated,  10623  ;  con- 
troversy, 8402,  10643  ;  eel.  of,  10682. 

Eastern  Empire.  See  Greece,  pp.  IO3O7  : 
ends,  11,56'. 

Literary  Institution,  Eng.,  fnd.,  9423. 

Eastlake,  Sir  Charles  Locke,  b.,  9262 ; 
pres.  Royal  Society,  9,56' ;  d.,  968'. 

Eastman,  Anna  F.,  sernum,  4222. 

,  Harvey  Gridley,  b.  (1832) ;  d.,  2982. 

,  Mary  Henderson,  h,,  1262. 

,  Robert  Langdon,  b.  (1840i-)  ;  d.,2482. 

Easton,  Pa.,  Lafayette  College  org.,  1403  ; 
first  centenary,  3693. 

Eastport,  Me.,  British  take,  122' ;  burned, 
1513  :  Fenian  raid,  3522. 

,  N.  Y.,  steamer  ashore,  4593. 

Eastward  Ho,  written,  8783. 

Eastwick,  William  Joseph,  d.,  1000', 

Eaton,  Amos,  b.,  85' ;  d.,  1542. 

,  Arthur  Wentworth,  Heart  of  Creeda, 

332'. 

, Beebe,  b.  (1806) ;  d.,  284'. 

,  Daniel  Cady,  b.,  1422. 

,  George  B.,  b.,  112'. 

, Washington,  b.,  112' ;  d.,  278' . 

,  Horace, b.  (1804) ;  gov.,  161»;  d. (1858), 

,  John,  gov.  R.  I.,  613. 


1244 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  EatO-EdUC. 


Eaton,  John,  Henry,  b.  (1790) ;  sec.  of  war, 
1372  ;  gov.  Fla.,  1452  ;  d.  (1856). 

, S.,  moderator,  2802. 

,  Nicholas,   b.   (1593) ;  gov.  R.  I.,  39*, 

452,  513  ;  d.  (1675). 
,  Theophilus,  b.  (1591±) ;  Puritan  ;  gov- 
ernor, 353  ;  d.  (1658) 

,  Wm.,  b.,  741 ;  in  Egypt,  1121 ;  d.,  1162. 

Kau  Gallie,  State  Univ.  removed,  3143. 
Kbbw  Vale  W.,  colliery  explosion,  9S33. 
Ebel,  Johann  G.,  b.,  18023  ;  d.,  8142. 
Ebeling,  Christoph  D.,  b.,  8003  ;  d.,  8121 . 
Etjolman,  Jacques  Joseph,  b.,720i ;  d.,  7321 . 
EDelsberg,  Austriaus  defeated,  718i . 
Eoeuezer,   Ga.,  fud.,  633  ;  Lutherans  set- 
tle, 622;  College  founded,  1782. 

Church,  Ala.,  defeat  at,  2451 . 

Mfsaiou,    Australia,    49G2,     5001;    in 

Siam,  11241. 
Ebir,  Paul,  b.,  7863  ;  d.,  7922. 
Eoerhard  I.,  b.  (1445) ;  Dulce   of   Wurtem- 
berg,  7873  ;  d.  (1496). 

II.,  Duke  of  Wilrtemberg,  7873. 

III.,  Duke  of  Wilrtemberg,  7952. 

,  inv.  etching  on  metal,  8121 . 

,  Johana  A.,  b.,  8002  ;  d.,  8033. 

,  Konrad,  b.,  8031 ;  d.,  8202. 

Louis,  Duke  of  Wiirtemberg,  7973. 

Ebers,  Georg,  b.,  8143  ;  works,  8222,  8322  ; 

8291;  8303.  ,    „  ,, 

Ebert,  FriedrichAdolph,  b.,8013  ;  d.,8U2. 

,  Karl  Egon,  b.,  5191 ;  d.  (1882). 

Ebl6,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  7023  ;  d.,  7192. 
Ebo  preaches  m  Denmark,  6351 . 
Ebn  Jnnis,  astronomical  tables,  4862. 
Ebner-Eschenbach,  Mario    vou,    Unsehn- 

bar,  8342. 
Ebrard,  Johann   Heiurioh  Auguste,     b., 

8122  ;  d.,  8321. 
Ebulkher  Khan,  fnds.  dynasty,  5491 . 
Ebury,  Baron,  title  created,  9591 . 
Ecohellensis,  Abraham,  d.,  11563. 
EoolesiasteSt  written,  11423. 
Ecclesiastical  Commission  e.it.,  9463. 

laws,  opposed,  Aust.,  5292  ;  pro  mul- 

gated,  Ger.,  8202  ;  published,  8283. 

property  confiscated,  Fr.,  7073. 

reservation  disputes,  Ger.,  7923. 

statutes  contlrmed,  Eng.,  8592. 

Titles  Act  passed,  9572;  repealed,    967», 

9743  ;  protest  against,  9562. 

tribunal,  Ger.,  8292. 

Eoclesiastics,  marriage  of,  6363  ;   removed 

from  parliament,  Fr.,  6733. 
Eoolesiological  Society  org.,  London,  9482. 
Eccleston,  James  C,  b.,  1482. 
Eoheandla,  J.  M.  do,  gov.  Oal.,  1333. 
Echenique,  Jos6  Kuauo,  b.  (1 808) ;  pres., 

11082  ;  revolt  against,  11083  ;  d.  (1879). 
Eofio,  seized,  1851 . 

de  V Orient^  issued,  11571 , 

Echols,  Maj.  Jolin,  at  Droop  Mt.,  2281 . 
Echunga,  Australia,  gold  found,  4961 . 
Eck,  Johann,  b.,  7862  ;  Bible  trans.,  7911 ; 

Luther  controversy,  7882,  3  ;  d.,  7902. 
Eckels,  James  N.,  in  treas.  dept.,  4472. 
Eokenrode  Mills,  Pa.,  trains  collide,  4153. 
Eckermanu,  Johann  Peter,  b.,  8062  ;  d., 

8201 . 
Eokernfforde,  Ger.,  taken,  6402. 
Eckersberg,  (Jhristoph  Wilhelm,  b.,  638*  : 
d.,  6403. 


Eckford,  Henry,  b.,  823  ;  d.,  140t . 
Eckhart,  Johann  Georg  vou,  b.,  7963  ;    a., 
8002. 

,  Meister,  b.-d.,  7302. 

Eokhel,  Jos.  Hilary,  b.,  5143  ;  d.  (1793). 
Eokhof,  Conrad,  b.,  7983  ;  d.,  8042. 
Eckmilhl,  battle  at,  5183. 
Eclectic  Engiisli,  magazine,    appears,  2663. 

Magazine,  N.  Y.,  1533. 

Review,  issued,  9371 . 

Eclectic  Society,  instituted,  9231 . 
Eclipse,  solar,   1121;  observed,  1161,  1331, 
1481,  3321,  3501,  6083,  6102,  6S8I,    8062, 
8501,2,8562,8883,9041,9401,9502,  1016 1 . 
Ecnomus,  Sicily,  action  at,  10521 ,  3. 
Ecob,  Eev.  Jamos,  withdrawal,  4302. 
Economic  Asso.   Conven.,  Am.,  3731 ,  4792. 
Economite  Society  escheated,  4242. 
Ecouis,  tight  at,  7421 . 

Ecuador  (see  text,  pp.  643-«44),  Quito  an- 
nexed, 592  ;   war  with  Bolivia,  6502  ;  re- 
fuses Union,  6281 ;  declines  to  join  Conf. ; 
independence  maintained,  6291 . 
EcumenicalCo  uncil.  (SeeCouncil,Church.) 
Eddy,  Ansel  Doan,  b.  (1798) ;  moderator, 

1512,  1563;    d.  (1875). 
,  Mrs.  M.  B.  G.,  leader,  3222. 


Eddy,  Norman,  d.,  2761 . 

,  Thomas  M.,  b.,  1302  ;  d.,  2861 . 

Eddystone  lighthouse,  erected,  9013  ;  de- 
stroyed ;  rebuilt,  9022  ;  burns,  9133  ;  re- 
built, 9133,  9142  ;  opened,  9893. 
Edelinck,  Gerard,  b.,  6883  ;  d.,  6963. 
Eden,  theocracy  in,  11393. 

,  Charles,  b.  (1673) ;  gov.,  59i ;  d.  (1722). 

Sir  Fred.  Morton,  b.  (1766) ;  d.,  9343. 

George,  L.  Auckland,  b.  (1784) ;  Lord 

adm.,  9472  ;  minister,  9473  ;   gov  .-gen., 
9492  ;  minister,  9523  ;  yields  Benjdeli,52. 

Kodney,  cons,  bishop,  10042, 

,  Robert,  gov.  Md.,  772  ;  d.  (1786). 

I  Wm.  L  Auckland,  b.,  9363  ;  d.,  10021 . 

Edes,  Benjamin,  b.,  621 ;  d.,  III02. 
Edessa,    built,    11491;    action    at,    1066 1 ; 

taken,  10321. 
Edfos,  mission,  6571. 
Eilfiar,  blows  up,  9041 . 
Edgar,    King,   penance,   8443 ;    on   Dee ; 
kills  Athelwold,  8451;    lord  of    ocean, 
8461;     dethrones    Dimald    Bane,    8491; 
reigns  in  Scotland,  8492  ;  d.,  8462. 

,  F.  E.,  defaulter,  4543. 

,  ,iohn    Todd,    b.    (1793) ;    moderator, 

1543  ;  d.  (1860). 
Edgcumbe,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9232. 
Edgetteld  Junction,  Tenn.,  action,  2121 . 
Edgehill,  Eng.,  battle  at,  8841 . 
Edgorton,  female  officials  resign,  358». 

,  Sidney,  gov.  Montana,  2113. 

,  Thomas,  killed,  4763. 

Edgewater,  N.  J.,  fire,  3453. 
Edgeworth,  Maria,  b.,  9163;  works,  930», 
9371,9463  ;   d.,  9542. 

,  Richard  Lovell,  b.,  9103;  d.,  9382. 

Edhem  Pasha,  grand  vizier,  11592. 
Edict  of  Restitution  issued,  5123. 

of  Tolerance,  Ger.,  8053. 

of  Worms  prohib.  new  doctrines,  5083. 

Ediles  elected,  10512.  '     „    ,  ^    ,„„, 

Edinburgh,  Mo.,  G.  River  Coll.  fnd..  1683 

,  Scot.,  fnd.,    8393  ;    St.   Giles  Church 

fnd.,  8483  ;  fortified.  8491 ;  castle  de- 
fended, 8512  ;  taken  by  Eng. ;  burned, 
8661 ;  Peace  with  Eng.,  8673;  surrenders, 
8581 ;  burned,  86OI ;  New  Coll.  chartered  ; 
St.Giles  Church  destroyed  ;  rebuilt,8602. 
Coll.  of  St.  Salvator's  fnd.  ;  St.  Andrew  s 
Univ.  fnd.,  8623  ;  capital,  8032  ;  annual 
fair ;  chartered,  8633,  868 1 ;  first  printing- 
press  ;  Royal  Coll.  of  Surgeons  incor., 
8663;  High  School  fnd.,  8671;  burned, 
8681 ;  first  covenant  signed,  8722  ;  High- 
eate  School  fnd.,  873i;  E.  Coll.  char- 
tered, 8751;  see  erected,  8823;  violence 
in  St.Giles  Church,  8831;  Pari.  House 
complete,  8851 ;  Pari,  disturbances,  891 1; 
Theater  of  Music,  8922  ■  Advocates  Li- 
brary ;  coffee-houses  opd.  ;  Coll.  of  Phy- 
sicians incorporated;  women  insult 
govt., 8943;  Merchants'  Co.  incoiii.,8953; 
B.  Gazette,  est., 9003;  Bank  of  Scot.,  est., 
9012;  E.  Courant,  est.,  9023;  E.  ilytvi) 
y'os(,  est.;  Union  riots,  may;  E.  Mercury, 
est.;  gen.  assembly  of  Kirk;  see  fnd., 
90«3  ;  broad  swords  prohibited,  tOi  ; 
I4oval  Bank  fnd. ,9073;  Medical  Society 
fnd. ;  stereotyping ;  Allan  Ramsey  s 
theater,  est.;  threshing-machine  mv., 
9081 ;  Porteous  riots  ;  Royal  Inlirniaiy 
incorporated,  9092;  Board  of  Trade  est.; 
city  fined,  9093,  Royal  Society  est.,  9102, 
9221;  E.  Weekly  Journal,  est.,  9112; 
gold  chains  to  magistrates,  9133;  Pres- 
bytery formed,  915 1 ;  Hugh  Blair,  a 
professor,  9152  ;    Royal  Exchange   com- 

Slete,  9153;  Baptist  Church  org.,  9163  ; 
[orth  Bridge  £nd.,  9173;  Theater  Royal 
est.,  9181;  E.  Magazine  and  Itenev,est.\ 
Deaf  and  Dumb  Academy  opd.,  9122  ; 
Register  office  est.,  9193;  Soc.  of  Anti- 
quaries fmd.,  9203;  Calton  Hill  Observa- 
tory, est.,  9202;  action  against  R.  Cath- 
olics ;  South  Bridge  erected,  9233;  fii-st 
panorama;  leathern  cannon;  Royal  Coll. 
of  Surgeons,  est.,  9241 ,  931 1 ,  9.321 ;  Univ., 
stone  laid,925i ;  Bridewell  erected,  9293  ; 
E.  Farmer's  Magazine,  est.,  9303;  E.  He- 
view,  est.,  9311;  Asylum  for  Deaf  and 
Dumb  ;  E.  Encyclopeedia,  appears,  9352  ; 
Savings  institution  opd.,  9,373  ;  Nelson  s 
monument,  9381 ;  Victoria  Theater  opd., 
9382;  Scotsman:  Jilacku-ood's  Magazme, 
est., 9383;  Scot's  Magazine chAVtgei  toE. 
Magazine,  9391 ;  gasconipany  est.;  water 
company  est.,  9393;  Caledonian  Theater 
fnd. ;  Soc.  of  Arts  fnd.,  9401 ;  Baunatyne 


Club    fnd.,   9412;     Waverley  Novels  by 
Scott ;  North  Brit.  Advertiser,  est.,  9431 ; 
cholera  appears  ;  Royal  Exchange  opd., 
9453;  Asso.  Fine  Arts  fmd.;  Brit.  Asso. 
meets,  9461,  9541,  9741;  statue  George 
IV    9461 ;  Tail's  E.  Magazine  est. ;  Cham- 
bers's E.  Journal,  est.,  9463  ;  Edinburgh 
and  Geaton  railway  begmi,  948i ;  Abbots- 
ford  Club  fud.,  9491 ;  Scott's  monument, 
9501;    Medical    Miss.   Soc.  fmd.,  9603'; 
New  Coll.  fnd.,  9603;  Wodrow  Soc.  fnd., 
9511 ;  monument  to  martyrs,  952 1 ;  Spot- 
tiswood    Soc,   9531 ;    E.    Philosopliical 
Asso.  est.,  9543;  Nat.  Gallery  opd.,  9561 ; 
Scottish   Jteviev,   est..    9583 ;     Scottish 
rights  meeting,  9591 ;  Nat.  Social  Science 
Asso.    meets,    964i,2,  966 1 ;    Industrial 
Museum  est. ;  Post-Offlce erected  ;  House 
falls,  9653 ;  Nat.Museuni  opd. ,9681 ;  Post- 
Office  opd.,  9693;  St.   Giles'  Cathedral 
restored,  9762,  9902  ;   St.  Mary's  Epis. 
Cathedral  fnd.,  9782,  9862;  Albert  Me- 
morial ;  Nat.  Training  School  Music  est.: 
statue  of  Livingstone,  •SOI ;    statue  of 
Chalmers,  9821;  Pan-Presbyterian  Con- 
ference held,  29«2,  9822;  Academy  of 
Music  fnd.,  9901 ;  Theater  Royal  burned, 
9913  ;  Scottish  Geographical  Soc.  est., 
9923  ;  ancient  cross  restored,  9953  ;  Bp. 
Dowden  cons.,  9962;  Industrial  Exhibi- 
tion, 9973;  Harrison  memorial  archway, 
9981 ;    Heriot-Watt    Coll.,    est.,    10002; 
Andrew  Carnegie  library   opd.,  10023: 
Electric   Exhiwtion,  10033  ;  Industrial 
Exhibition  ;  Irish  Nat.  League  conven., 
10051,  10033;  E.  R.  men  strike.  10052  J 
statue  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  IOIOI . 
Edinburgh,  launched,  9861 . 
Castle,  held  against  Fr.,  8612;  surren- 
ders, 8802;  attempted  siege,  9041. 

and  Dalkeith  Railway  opd.,  9441 . 

and  Geaton  Railway  begmi,  9481 . 

Edington.  action  at,  8441 . 
Edison,  Thomas  Alva,  b.,  1623;  transmis- 
sion of  speech,  2881;  inv.  microphone, 
telephone,  2941;  inv.  phonograph,  2961; 
experiment  with  platinum,  298 1 ;  tele- 
phone in  England,  9821 ;  inv.  microtasi- 
mcter ;  subdivides  electric  current ;  mv. 
electric  pen;  inv.  megaphone,  2981, 'i 
exhibits  vacuum    lamps,  3021 ;    phoro- 

traph,  3261 ;  improves  phonograr*,  330' ; 
eliograph,  3&li ;  adapts  phonograph  to 
water-motor,  3741 ;  inv.  electric  street- 
car motor,  3921 ;  gift  to  Paris  poor;  ban- 
quet to,  7583. 

,Thomas-Houston-,consolidation,4013. 

Edisto  Island,  S.  C,  skirmish,  2062. 

iV.'i^A  //m™,  collides,  9863. 

Editorial  Asso.  convention  Am.,  3(5i. 

Jidmonds,  Francis  W.,  b.  (1806);  paintings, 
irOI ,  1561 ,  1602,  1801 ,  IM1 ;  d.  (18C3). 

,  John  Worth,  b.,  1082;  d.,  2842. 

,  Newton,  gov.  Dak.,  2293. 

Edmonton,  Can.,  The  Bulletin,  5843. 

Edmund,  wrecked,  9673. 

I.,  king,  killed,  8463. 

II.  battles  with  Canute,  8461 . 

,  Ironsides,  king,  murdered,  8472. 

,  king  of  Sicily,  7812. 

. ,  St.,  king,  killed,  8452. 

, ,  archbp.    of   Canterbiu-y,    b.-O,, 

Edmuiids,  George  F.,  b.,  1381 ;  senat«^ 
2623;  on  Committee  of  Seven,  2933;  Elec- 
toral Commission,  2951;  pres.  Senate, 
3162;  vote  for  pres.  nominee,  3173;  Nat  I. 
Univ.  Bill,  3682,  3592;  made  LLJ?;i 
3022  ;  resigns,  3812  ;  Anti-polygJimv  BlU 
passes,  3111,  3233;  Canadian  Fisheriei 
Bill  passes,  3272. 

,  Paul  C,  b.,  1462.         ^  .      .    ^. 

Eiimundson,  Wm.,  among  Friends,  44». 

Edonton,  N.  C,  founded,  591 . 

Edred,  king,  d.,  8442. 

Edrisi,  b.  (1099+) ;  d.,  4863 

Edson,  Franklin,  mayor  New  ^ork,  316». 

Education, U.S.:  Alcohol, school  mstntt- 
tion,  11693  ;  Bennett  School  law;  (see 
same);  census  of  1880,3071 ;  Compulse^, 
Grant  recommends,  2892  ;  bill  revised, 
N  Y.,  3463;  passes  Senate,  4051 ;  re- 
pealed, 111.,  3752  ;  in  Conn. :  coloms^ 
1643  ;  general,  723  ;  lands  for,  1063  ,  rot 
deaf  mutes,  1251 ;  Department,  at  W  a»B., 
est  2611 ,  2662,  2623  ;  Eng.  language  m 
schools;  rsee  Bennett  law) ;  in  Ga.,  ne- 
glected, 723  ;  denied  to  Indians.  ,'37' . 
5f  ludiiuis  by  colonies,  63i ,  65i ,  67i ;  de- 


£duc-£Ico. 


Text  FIgurn  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1245 


nlsd  to,  Ga.,  137';  common,  Qa.,  1391; 
in  Mass.oolijnists,323,37i;  public  schools 
e8t.,37< ;  goneral,  723;  in  Md.  neglected, 
723;  first  public  school,  137';  in  N.  Y. 
colonists,  342,  543_  571;  non-sectarian 
struggle,  eyi ;  free  schools  for  negroes, 
983;  ni<litrercncetopublic,1023;  law  for 
public,  10«3  ;  in  Pa.,  colonists,  523;  Prot- 
estant conf.  on,  3702  ;  In  S.  C,  colonists 
neglecteit,  723  ;  denied  to  negroes,  131 ' ; 
In  Southern  States,  advancing,  3423  ;  in 
Va.,  colonists,  opposed,  443  ;  activity  in, 
723  ;  E.  and  Home  Mission  Soc.  est. ,5782  ; 
shorter  College  course,  3722  ;  Wel)ster'B 
spelling  book,  9(i3  ;  Dictionary,  13«3. 

Education  in  Brazil,  early,  223. 

in  Canada,  342,  :i5' . 

in  Ft.,  Hill  in  Assembly,  7492,  7531  • 

compulsory  E.  Bill,  7013, 7542  ;  Ministry 
of  Education  find.,  Ger.,  8131 ;  state  con- 
trol, 8263  ;  Sectarian  Bill  opposed,  Ger.. 
8363.    (See  May  laws.) 

in  Great  Britain,  restricted,  8483  ;  in 

three  languages,  SXis ;  contined  to  clergy 
8583;  Tru.st  Fund  est.,  9513;  mixed,  con- 
demned, 9702,  9802  ;  school  fees  in  ad- 
vance, 9873  ;  grant  proposal,  1007' ;  and 
Local  Taxation  Act,  Eng.,  10092;  Society 
fmd.,  9802.  "'  ' 

-  in  Iceland,  132. 

Mexico,  Aztecs,  15' ;  Univ.,  223,  38'. 

— ,  minister  for,  appointed,  Port.,  11102; 

Independent   of   clergy,  Switz.,    1138' ; 
struggle  of  denominations,  11382. 
^— ,  Neth.,  Free  State,  limited,  11022. 

-  in  Peru,  early,  222,  243,  283. 

-  in  Roman  provinces,  diifused,  10643. 

,  Sp.,  committed  to  priests,  11303. 

,  Turk.,  ill  Constantinople,  115S2. 

Educational  Bill,  V.  S.  A.,  Blair,  3163 

3233,  353' ,  3542,  4512. 
— TT"] — •  Belg.,   adoiited;   royal    assent, 

Conference,  Friends,  N.  Y.,  378' . 

Convention  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  281' . 

-^  International  Congress  held,  292*. 

Union,  Catholic,  3562. 

— -  institutions  suppressed,  Rus.,  11183. 

Edward,  Arctic  expedition,  870' . 

^^  Bales,  accident,  1653. 

-^  captured,  862. 

Edward,  martyr,  assassinated,  8463. 

reigns,  Port.,  11093. 

I.,  "  Longshanks,"  K.  of  Eng.,  b.-d 

852' ;  defeats  Barons,  854'  ;  in  8th  Cru- 
sade, 854',  8t52;  reigns;  treaty  with 
Flemings  in  Eng. ;  conquest  of  Wales  ;  in 
Isle  of  Man,  854 ';  expels  Jews,  854'  ,8553  • 
crowned;  Welsh  conquests,  8552;  pun- 
ishes bribery ;  mandate  against  wolves, 
8B53;  defeats  Wallace;  recovers  Gas- 
cony;  takes  Sterling,  856';  subdues, 
rules  Scotland ;  marries  Margaret,  857'  ■ 
Mainst  clergy,  8562,857';  renounces  ar- 
bitrary taxation,  857' ;  d.,  8572. 

II.,  K.  of  Eng.,  b.-d.,  8542;  reigns, 

marnes  Isabella,  8572;  rebellion  against, 
tovades  Scot.,  856';  tournaments,  8563; 
defeats  Barons;  Scots  invade,  856'; 
truce  with  Bruce,  &572;  surrenders,  im- 
prisoned ;  deposed,  8573;  murdered,  8563. 

III-.K.of  Eng., b.,8553;reigns;  assumes 

govt.,  8573;  marries,  1099';  claims  Scot. 
throne,  859' ;  claims  crown  of  Fr.,  674' 
875' ;  homage  to  Philip  VI.,  675' ;  invades 
Scot. ;  at  Hiilidon  Hill,  ®8' ;  claims  the 
crown  of  Fr.,  675' ,  859' ;  loses  battle  of 
Sluis,  674';  defeats  Fr.  navy,  868';  in 
Bmtany,  674' ;  grants  first  patents  of 
nobility  ;  charters  Oxford,8583 ;  atCrfey, 
mvades  Normandy,  674';  est.  Order  of 
St.  George  [Garter],  859' ;  declines  crown 


v.,  K.  of  Eng.,  b.,  8042;  prisoner  in 

lower ;  murdered,  8653. 
Edward  VI.,  Eng.,  b.,  SG82  ;  reigns,  871»  ; 
est.  Protestantism,  8702  ;  d.,  8712. 

,  Pr.  of  W.,  Black  Prince,  b.-d.,  8562  ; 

aids  Pedro,  11273 ;  at  Limoges,  at  Poi- 
tiers,674'  ;  extorts  money  from  Fr.,  6753. 

,  Pr.  of  W.,  b.,8033;  belieaded,864' ,  3. 

I ,  the  Confessor,  K.  of  Eng.,  b.Kl.,  846»; 

reigns,  makes  laws,  Normans  at  court, 
8472;  bones  enshrined,  8553. 

the  Elder,  b.-d.,  against  Danes,  8443  ; 

Lord  of  Britain,  8453. 

the  Martyr,  king  of  Eng.,  847'. 

,  Earl  of  Derby,  minister,  9912;  statue, 

978'. 

1 of  Worcester,  minister,  88I2. 

. of  Meath,  lord  keeper,  9013. 

1 of  St.  Germain,  postmaster,  9551 . 

Plantagenet,  E.  of  Warwick,  b.  (1475) ; 

in  tower,  8672;  d.  (1499). 
Edwardes,  Sir  Herbert  Benjamin,  b.,9383  ; 

in  Sikh  war,  10462  ;  d.,  9722. 
Edwards   Ferry,    Va.,    Confederate     re- 
pulse, 2123. 

,  Alfred  Geo.,  cons,  bp.,  10022. 

,  Amelia  Blaudford,  b.,9442  ;  d.,  1008' . 

,  Bryan,  b.,  9103  ;  d.  (1800). 

,  George,  b.,  9002  ;  d.  (1773). 

,  Guillaume  FridfSric,  b.,  7043 ;  d.,  7282. 

,  Henry  W.,  gov.  Conn.,  1433;  d.,  1623. 

,  .Jonathan,  b.,  54' ;  at  Northampton, 

623;  missionary,  663;    at   Stockbridge, 
69' ;  d.,  71'. 

. ,  b.,  662;  pres.  Princeton  Coll., 

712;  works,  67',  712,  782,  1003;  d.,  110'. 

,  John  C,  gov.  Mo.,  1592. 

,  Ninian,  b.  (1775) ;  gov.  III.,  1172,  1352; 

charges  against  Crawford,  1332;  d.,  142' . 

,  Passniore,  gift  of,  1010' . 

,  Patrick,  White  Caps  punish,  463' . 

,  Rich.,  b.  (1523)  ;  works,  873'  ;  d.  (1566). 

,  Samuel,  decision  on  election,  3173. 

,  Tyron,  b.,  110'. 

Edwaidsville,  111.,  Are,  3492. 

,  Pa.,  flre,  38;i3. 

Edwin,  King,  b.,8421 ;  Christianized,  8422 
killed,  M2' 


_-.  ^ — e^  L""'  "/CI  J,  o^  ■  ,  ueciiiies  crown 
Of  Ger.,  7833,  8.592;  defeats  Sp.  ships, 
8SS1 ;  reerects  Windsor  Castle,  8582;  ally 
2^.,  •'„£?*•  '■adages  Scot.;  takes  Calais, 
g4',  858';  buys  Baliol's  claims,  8592; 
ITr.  partly  ceded,  6572  ;  invades  F.,  858' ; 
renounces  Pr.  claims,  6753;  est.  Maun- 
day  Thurs.  alms,  SW  ;  orders  Eng.  lan- 
guage in  law^  8693  ;  summoned  to  Fr., 
6753  ;  loses  Pr.  possessions,  6752,  8693; 
d.,  8')82,  8603.  ' 
IV.,  K.  of  Eng.,  b.,  8622;  defeats  Lan- 
castrians ;  enters  London,  804' ;  reigns ; 
secret  marriage,  865';  Insurrection; 
prisoner;  flees  to  Holland,  8652;  at  Ra- 
Teiwipnr,  804';  agrees  to  conquer  Fr., 
B792:  intrigues  for  Fr.  crown,  8652;  at 
Calais,  678';  d.,  8653. 


Edwy,  or  Eadwig,  King,  d.,  8442. 

Eeckhout,  Gerbrant  van  der,  b.-d.,  11003. 

,  Jacob  J.,  b.,  1101' . 

Eels,  James,  moderator,  2962. 

ICenal,  sultan,  6553. 

Effen,  Justus  Van,  b.-d.,  1101' . 

Eltingham,  E.  of,  title  created,  945' . 

Egan,  James  Francis,  arrested,  993' ,  a. 

,  Jolm,  cons.  E.  C.  bp.,  10O42. 

,  Judge,  dismisses  prisoners,  4272. 

,  Patrick,  demands  reparation,  recog- 
nizes govt.,  6092  ;  house  guarded,  6093  ; 
leaves  Ire.,  991' ;  envoy  of  U.  S.,  3513. 

Egba,  Christians  crucified,  11613. 

Egbert,  conquest  of,  844' ;  K.  of  Eng. ;  K. 
of  Wessex,  845' ;  d.,  8442. 

,  King,  b.  (775+)  ;  d.,  777' . 

,  archbp.,  est.  school  and  library,  843' . 

Ecede,  Hans,  b.,  6363;  miss.,  683;  Green- 
land's CbnfersiOM,  6383;  d.,  6.381. 

,  Paul,  b.,  missionary,  1038' ;  works, 

10383;  d.,  1038'. 

Egelbert,  Margrave,  duke,  5033. 

Eger,  council  at,  7852. 

Kijeria,  asteroid,  discovered,  IO862. 

Egeraseg,  Anti-Jewish  riot,  5:J03. 

Egerton,  Baron,  title  created,  959' . 

,  Alfred  J.  F.,  d..  1004'. 

, ,  E.  of  Bridgewater,  b.,  9082  ;  d. 

(1853).  ... 

, Henry,  E.   of  Bridgewater,  b., 

9143;  d.  (1829). 
, Leveson  Gower,  E.  of  Ellsmere, 

b.,9302;  d.,9622. 
,  Thomas,   Lord   Ellsmere,  b.,  8682 ; 

high    chancellor,  minister,  8773,  8793, 

8811 ;  lord  chancellor,  8792;  d.,  8801. 
Egesta  solicits  help,  10202. 
Egtrid,  in  Ireland,  8421 . 
Egrg,  Augustus   Leopold,    b.  (1816);    d., 

9662.  \        /.        . 

Eggleston,  Edward,  b.  (1857) ;  works,  277t , 
2803,2823,2863,3003,3143,3283,3982. 

Eggo,  Life  of  Christ.  7751 . 

Ef^ibe's  bank  mentioned,  1145'. 

Eginhard,  b.-d.,  6642  ;  with  Charlemagne, 
6663. 

Eginton,  Francis,  b.,  9083;  d.  (1805). 

Egira,  institutes  priesthood,  augurs,  and 
vestals,  10503. 

Egleston,  Thomas,  b.,  1401. 


Eglinton,  E.  of,  title  created,  8671 . 

,  E.    of.      (See     Archibald,    WUliam 

Montgomerie.) 
Eglon,  subdues  Israelites,    11401;  assas- 
sinated, 11431. 
Egmont,  Count,  b.(1522) ;  at  b.  Gravellnes, 
8721;  seized,  10993;  d.  (1568). 

,  E.  of,  lord  admiralty,  9133. 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  9072. 

,  Lamoral,  b.-d.,  6403. 

Egremont,  Lord,  minister,  9153,9172. 
Egrica,  reigns,  11253. 
Egypt.  (See  Text,  pp.  645-061.)  Chil- 
dren receive  Gr.  education,  1015' ;  Alex- 
andrine war,  10601 ;  edict  against  Chris- 
tians and  Jews,  10063;  (Jbosroes  subdues, 
11072;  war  with  Turk.,  1150',  11573; 
Esarhaddon  invades,  11442 ;  revolts 
against  Assyria,  11453  ;  Athenian  fleet 
destroyed,  1019';  reconquered,  Achil- 
leus  revolts,  1066' ;  in  Triangular  League, 
10272  ;  acknowledges  suzerainty  to 
Rome,  10553;  supremacy  of  Turk.,  11592; 
obelisk  given  to  Eng.,  982' ,  9833  ;  evac- 
uation demanded,  11593;  Eng.  declines  to 
evacuate,  IOOI2  ;  Khedive,  in  Order  of 
Bath,  10083  ;  London  Conference,  9932  ; 
Debt  Conversion  scheme,  Fr.  govt,  re- 
fuses, 7591;  scheme,  dead,  IOO12, 10033. 
Egyptian  Refugee  Fund,  991 1 . 

Society  founde<l,  Eng.,  9391 . 

Ehlers,  Lieut.,  in  East  Africa,  8382. 

Ehlobane,  mission,  6023. 

Ehrenberg,  Christian  G.,  b.,  8063 ;  d.,  8282. 

Pass,  Maurice  forces,  7921 . 

Ehrensward,  Ct.  of,  August,  b.-d.,  11342. 
Ehud  delivers  Israel,  11401    11431  •  judges^ 
Israel,  11413.  >  J     s  » 

Eichberg,  Julius,  b.  (1824) ;  d.,  4221 . 
Eichborn,  Karl  P.,  b.,  8042;  works,  8091; 
d.,  8201.  • 

Eichendorf,  Baron  Joseph  von,  b.,8043: 

works,  8111,  8132;  d.,  8201. 
Eichborn,  Johaiiu  G.,  b.,  8022;  d.,  8141 . 
Eichstadt,  ceded,  5193. 
Eichthal,  Eugene  d',  works,  766' . 
Eichwald,  EdwariL  b.,  11162;  d.,  III82. 
Elder  boundary,  (Jer.  and  Denmark,  7762. 
Eiffel,  Gustav,  engineer,  b.  (1843);  Panama 
Canal  scandal,  sentence  withdrawn, 7643. 

Tower,    opd.,    struclt    by    lightning,     , 

7593;  reopened,  7613. 
Eight-hour  labor  dav,  Kansas  City,  357' . 

Hour  Labor  Bill,  in  Cong.,  3772, 3792. 

Bill  rejected,  Eng.,  10091 . 

Elmmart,  Georg  C,  b.,  7963;  d,,  7933. 
Einhard,  or  Eginhard,  b.nl.,  8422  ;    secre- 
tary to  Charlemagne,  7703. 
Eion,  captured,  10183. 
Eira,  polar  expedition,  9841 ,  986I . 

captured,  10141 . 

Eisenach,  annexed  to  Saxe-Weimar,  7972. 
Eisenhart,  Johann  F.,  b.,  7983;  d.,  8O42. 
Ekombela,  mission  at,  II241 . 
Ekowe,  siege,  600 1 . 
Ekron,  Egyptians  defeated,  6501 . 
El  Adiel,  defeats  Crusaders,  6541  •  sultan. 
6552.  ' 

Elagabalus,  b.  (205) ;  reigns,  10653;  at  An- 
tioch,  10641 :  conduct,  murdered,  IO661 . 

Elah,  reigns,  killed,  11433. 

Elani,  attacked,  11391;  invaded,  11441:  at 
Halule,  11442.  .  .     " 

El  Anieen,  reigns,  Egypt,  6552 

El  Amer,  calif,  6552. 

Elamites  in  Babylonia,  11401 . 

El  Arisch,  Morocco,  taken,  7132. 

El  Ashraf  Bursabey,  sultan,  &653. 

El  Ashraf  Shaban,  reigns,  6553. 

El  Ashrof  Khaleel,  sultan,  6563. 

Kaiutbey,  sultan,  6553. 

Toman  Bey,  reigns,  Egy.,  6563 

Elatherius,  St.,  pope,  10O43. 

El  Azeez,  calif,  6562;  patron  of  letters, 
6561. 

Elba,  captiu-ed,  9261 ;  Napoleon  at,  7213. 

El  Bardeese  Pasha,  d.,  6502. 

El  Bayadeeyya  mission,  0503. 

El  Belianis  Literario,  est.,  11292. 

Elberon,  N.  J.,  Pres.  Garlield,  dies,  3092. 

Elbert,  Samuel,  b.,  642;  d.,  I001. 

, H.,  gov.  (Jolorado,  2851 . 

Elbogen,  A.,  kidnapper,  3851 , 

Elbroin,  palaee-m^or,  6053. 

El  Censor,  issued,  Sp.,  11293, 11311 . 

Elcho  Challenge  Shield,  contests,  9661, 

Elchungen,  Austrians  defeated,  7141 . 
El  Correo  Uterario  de  la  Eur.  issued,  11293 . 


1246 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Elco-Elna, 


El  Correo  Mercantile  issued,  1121 1 . 

Eldad,  a  prophet,  11403. 

Elder,  John,  professorship  endowed,  9923. 

,  Wm.  Henry,  b.  (1819) ;  cons.K.  C.  bp., 

182' ;  bp.  of  Cincinn<iti,  3142. 

Eldership.    (See  Church  of  God.) 

El  Dhafer,  calif,  6652. 

Eldon,  U.  of,  title  created,  9372. 

,  Earl  of.     (See  John  Scott.) 

Eldorado  County,  Cal.,  forest  flres,  3933. 

Bl  Dorado^  enters  Panama  Canal,  6293. 

Eldridge,  Alice  13..  gymnasium  gift,  4102. 

Eleanor,  Queen,  b.  (1122±) ;  marries  Henry 
II.,  divorced,  6712  ;  poisons  liosaniond, 
8511;  coronation  eel.,  8523;  refounda 
hospital,  855  M  crosses  in  honor,  8563; 
d.  (1204). 

, ,  reigns  in  Navarre,  11273. 

Eleasa,  battle  of,  11481 . 

Eleatio  school  est.,  Gr.,  10163. 

Eleazar,  high-priest,  11403,  11482,  11491 ; 
d.,  11411. 

Ily  high  priest,  11503. 

III.,  high  priest,  11503. 

Election,  Am.,  presidential,  101 1 .  Follow- 
ing elections,  see  quadreimiums  ending 
in  Nov.,  1800-4-8-12-16-20-24  etc. ;  M.  C. 
caucus  abandoned,  1332 ;  nominating 
conventions  intro.,  1433:  excitement, 
1531,2932;  uniform  day  for,  1592;  rule 
for  electoral  vote,  2433  ;  bitterness  in 
counting,  close,  disputed,  2932  ;  electo- 
ral commission  bill,  2951 ;  investigation, 
award,  repudiated,  2952;  investigation 
of  frauds,  2992;  bribery  exposed,  cipher 
despatches,  3012;  direct  vote  resolution, 
3993;  frauds  in  Lansiugburg,  N.Y.,4262. 

,  bishops  in,  7622,  7631 . 

,  Eiig.,  restricted,   8632  ;    bribery   in, 

8953;  bill  passses,  9773. 

,  lirst  agitation  in  U.  S.,  993. 

.French,  7273,  7332,   7371,  7391,  7413, 

7471,7492,7511,2,  759 1,7633;  frauds,  laws 
changed,  7252;  new  law,  7491 ,3;  bill,  7552. 

,  Ger.,  general,  mobs,  8333. 

,  National,  in  Austria,  5292. 

,  Southern,  discussed,  3371;    elections 

bill  in  Congress,  3731 ,2,  3751 ,3,  3763. 

Electoral  coflege  appears,  Ger.,  7812. 

Hesse,  invaded,  5271 ;  for  Prus.,  6272. 

vote.  Am.,  1012.    (See  quJidrenniums 

ending  in  Feb.  1802-6-10-14-18-22-20,  etc.) 

Electra,  asteroid,  discovered,  2801 . 

Electric  canal-boat  test,  4453. 

cars  in  Boston,  3513. 

exhibition,  Edinburgh,  10033. 

geu.-machine  at  Niagara  Falls,  5892. 

Light  Asso.,  Am.,  at  Niagara,  5893. 

light,  carbon,  410 1 . 

Lighting  Act,  passes,  9912. 

lighting,  "Westinghouse  system,  3481. 

machine,  constructed,  11003. 

motor  for  street  car,  Edison,  3921 , 

omnibus,  London,  IOOO1 . 

poles,  removed.  Am.,  3293. 

— -  power,  Albany  syndicate,  4312. 

Electrical  Engineers,  Am.  Society  org., 
3192;  conven.,  Butt'alo;  4022;  Amer.  Inst, 
session,  4082. 

cong.  in  Paris,  7521 ,3,  7542,  7683. 

tigures  produced,  Ger.,  8(V4i . 

machine  constructed  (first),  7692. 

Soo.  f md.,  London,  9181 . 

tramway  in  Paris,  7521 . 

Eleotrioityj  Am.  exhibition  of ,  66' ;  Frank- 
lin experiments,  703 ;  first  electrocution, 
3651 ;  induction  coil  made,  1481 ;  incan- 
descent light,  1581;  vs.  gas,  2993;  pro- 
duced by  Bell,  produced  by  Taiiiter,  3081 ; 
lights  on  cruiser,  3121 ;  discussed  by  Du 
Fay,  Fr.,  6981 ;  Gilbert  experiments,  G. 
B.,8762,  4941 ;  glass  for  generating,  8941 ; 
phenomena  dis.,  9061  j  apparatus,  glass 
cylinder,  9102;  transmission  of,  9121; 
glass  machine  invented,  9161 ;  investi- 
gated, 9182  ;  light,  9301 ;  telegraph  dis., 
secondary  currents,  9481 ;  magneto-elec- 
tricity applied  to  electroplating,  9502. 

,  galvanic    battery.  It. ;  experiments, 

voltaic  battery,  10841 ;  animal,  IO861 . 

Electrocution  law,  consti'l,  3192,  3552. 

Electro-galvanic  experiments,  9261 . 

Electrolyzation  discovered,  9282. 

Electromagnetic  apparatus  constructed, 
9481;  rotation  described,  9402. 

Electro-magnetism  experiments,  9401 . 

Electrometer,  induction  invented,  8I6I , 
9182;  Lane's,  completed,  9162;  gold-leaf 
invented,  9242. 


Electrophone  inv.  and  exhibited,  9662. 

Eloctrophorus,  invention  improved,  9221 . 

Electroscope  invented,  8121. 

El-elf ee  Bey,  d.,  6562. 

Elementary   Education   Act,   9733,  9772 

9812,  10073, 
Elements,  four  named,  10163. 
Elephant,  first,  in  Eng.,  8533. 
Eleusinian     Mysteries,  instituted,  10132; 

abolished,  10691. 
Eleusis,  Templeof  Demeter  begun,  10203. 
Elevated  roads.    (See  Brooklyn,  Chicago, 

New  York  City.) 
Kl  Fayoom,  mission,  6511 . 
El  Fiygez,  calif,  6562. 
El  Ghoree  Kansooh,  reigns,  Egy.,  6553. 
£lgin.  Baron,  title  created,  951 1 . 
,  E.  of,  title  created,  8831 .  (See  Elgin, 

Victor  A.) 

,  Earl.    (See  Bruce,  James.) 

marbles,  9302;  purchased,  9381 . 

Elgiva,  Queen,  cruelty  to,   815 1;    exiled, 

8453. 
El  Hafus,  calif,  6552. 
El  Hakin,  calif,  6D52. 
Ell,  high    priest,    11422;    judges   Israel, 

11432;  d.,  11422. 

Elias,  Levita,  b.,  10783;  d.,  10803. 

Eliashib,  high  priest,  11463. 

Elibank,  Baron,  title  created,  8851. 

Elijah,  prophet,  11442. 

Elim,  mission,  6972, 11242. 

Elionareus,  high  priest,  11523. 

Eliot,  Charles  William,  b.,  142*. 

,  George.    (See  Cross,  Mrs.) 

, ,  Augustus,  Baron  Heathfield  of 

Gibraltar,  b.  (1717) ;  d.,  9243. 

,  John,  b.,  262;  iu  Boston, 32i ;  Psalm 

Book,  37 1 ;  missionary,  382  ;  among  In- 
dians, 402,3;  New  Testament  in  Indian 
language,403;  Iud.Bible,403,422;  edition 
of  Bible,  483;  d.,  502. 

,  Sir  John,  b.,  8762;  imprisoned,  8813; 

resolutions  in  H.  C,  8832;  imprisoned, 
d.,  8832. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  1301 . 

,  Thomas  Dawes,  b.  (1808);  d.,  2702. 

Eliott,  Gilbert,  Sir,  in  Corsica,  7113. 

Ells  dev.astated,  10221. 

Elisha,  prophet,  miracles  of,  11442,3. 

Elizabeth,  wrecked,  San  Francisco,  3793, 

,  Can.,  Brit.,  surprised  at,  1201 . 

,  N.   J.,    purchased,    431 ;    colony  at, 

431,2;  Pres.  church  find.,  422;  assembly 
meets,  433;  evacuated,  86 1 ;  Brit,  in,  92 1 ; 
Singer  works  burned,  3593;  fire,  3813; 
Bancrnft  launched,  4061 . 

crowned  in  Rumania,  11133, 

of  Bavaria,  married,  5243  ;    crowned 

Empress,  5273. 

of  Prussia,  d.,  8033. 

of  Russia,  ally  of  Austria,  5153 ;  reigns, 

11153. 

Petrovna,  empress,  b.-<i.,  III42. 

,  Princess,  of  Aust.,b.,5102;  rules,  5091. 

,  Queen  of  Eng.,  b.,  868I ;  imprisoned 

when  princess,  released,  8713  ;  reigns, 
motto,  8732  j  head  of  church,  8722  ;  siiit 
stockings  given  to,  8731 ;  excommuni- 
cated, 8723 ;  opposes  Puritans,  8743  ;  de- 
clines sovereignty  of  Neth.,  8753;  sends 
aid  to  Fr.,  8761;  Lambeth  articles  op- 
posed, 8763;  d.,  8781 ,  8791 ;  statue,  8761 . 

,  Saint,  b.-d.,5012. 

Stuart,  princess,  b.  (1692);    marriage, 

8791;  d.  (1662). 

Woodville,  queen,  b.  (1437±) ;  mar- 
ried, 8651;  d.  (1492). 

,  Mine.,  guillotined,  7103. 

City,  N.C., taken, 2041 ;  NormalSchool 

est.,  3962. 

Elizabethan  Gothic  architecture  intro., 
Eng.,  8662. 

statutes,  enforced,  8782. 

Elizabethtown,  Ky.,  first  Bapt.  olinrcli,95' . 

El-Jawily,  mission,  6571 . 

El  Kaher,  reigns,  Egy.,  6552. 

El  Kernel,  treaty  wifli,  7811 . 

Elk  Fork,  Ark.,  Confeds.  defeated,  2171 . 

Elkhorn.    (See  Pea  Ridge.) 

Elkin,  Brig. -Gen.  J.  A.,  commission,  2472. 

Elko,  Nevada  State  University,  org.,  2863. 

El  Komr  El  Aklidar,  mission,  6571 . 

Elk*8  Spring,  Confeds.  defeated,  2251 . 

Ella  A,  report,  3353. 

Ellazio,  Gen.,  Pres.  Uruguay,  11603. 

Elleiiborough,  Lord.  (See  Law,  Sir 
Edward.) 

Elleusburg,  Wash.,  fire,  3433. 


Ellenville,  N.  B.,  bigamist,  3883. 
Ellerslie,  N.  V.,  fire,  4353. 
Ellery,  William,  b.,  602  ;  d.  (1820). 
Ellesmere,  E.  of,  title  created,  9511. 

,  L.    (See  Egerton,  Sir  Thomas.) 

EUet,  Charles,  Jr.,  b.,  1162  j  commands 

Queen  of  the  West,  2183  ;  d.,  2092. 

,  Elizabeth  F.,  b.,  1202  ;  d.,  2942. 

Ellicott  City,  Ind.,  Bock  Hill  Coll.  org., 

1822.  ' 

,  Andrew  b.,  682;  d.,  1282. 

,  Chas.  John,  b.  (1819) ;  elected,  bp., 

,  E.  L.,  Civil  Service  Commiss.,  2732. 

EUiiige,  W.,  pres.  Reformed  sj-nod,  1363. 

Ellington,  C.  H.,  Pres.  Nat.  Conv.,  4111. 

Elliot,  Capt.,  Supt.  trade,  6172. 

,  George  Henry,  becomes  colonel,  4301 , 

,  H.  B.,  dis.  Madonna,  3501 . 

,  Richard  C,  d.,  10081. 

,  Stephen,  cons.  bj>.  of  Ga.,  1623. 

Nat.  History  Society,  org.,  1721 . 

Elliotson,  John,  b.,  9242;  d.,  9722. 

Elliott,  Charles,  b.  (1792)  ;  d.,  2641. 

, Loruig,  b.,  1183;  d.  (1868). 

,  David,  b.  (1787) ;  moderator,  1463  ;  d. 

(1874). 

,  Ebenezer,  b.,  9222;  works,  9291,9443; 

d.,  9542. 

,  Ezekiel  Brown,  b.,  1302;  d.  (1888). 

,  Geo.  F.,  pres.  league,  4751 . 

,  Jesse  Duncan,  b.,  951 ;  on  Lake  Erie, 

1182;  truce  with  Keshen,  6I6I ;  d.,  1581. 

,  Robert      Woodward     Barnwell,     b. 

(1840)  ;  cons,  bp.,  2842;  d.,  3262. 

, ,  b.  (1806) ;  bp.,  1523;  d.,  2541, 

, ,  Confed.  Gen.,  d.,  2521 . 

,  William,  b.  (1788) ;  d.,  2191 . 

,  W.  E.,  murderer,  3883. 

Elliott's  Mills,  Md.,  college  fnd.,  1131 . 

Ellis  Island,  N.  Y.,  inspection,  4311. 

,  Alexander  John,  b.  (1814) ;  Musical 

Pitch,  9843  ;  d.  (1890). 

,  Edward,  b.,  1231 . 

,  George,  b.,  9103;  d.,  9363. 

,  G.  F.,  wounded,  4722. 

,  Sir  Henry,  b.,  9203;  d.,  9722. 

, ,  b.  (1721) ;  gov.,  713;  d.  (1806). 

,  John  Willis,   b.  (1820) ;  gov.  N.  C, 

1871 ;  restores  Fed.  forts,  190' ;  d.  (1861). 

, Whittaker,  lord  mayor,  9891 . 

— — ,  Sarah  Stickney,  b.,  9362;  d.  (1872). 

,  William,  b.,  9263  ;  d.,  9761 . 

, R.,  b.,  1681. 

, T.,  b.,  1581. 

Ellis's  Chapel,  Va.,  Meth.  conference,  951. 

Ellmaker,  Amos,  b.  (1787) ;  electoral  vote, 
1413;  d.  (1851). 

Ellsler,  Eflie,  b.,  1841 . 

Ellsworth,    Ephraim    Elmer,    b.    (1837) ; 
killed,  1943. 

,  Henry  L.,  d.,  1841 . 

,  Oliver,    b.,   662  •    justice,    vote  for 

Pies.,  1073;  d.,  1141. 

,  T.  G.,  Invents  telephone,  3201. 

,  Wm.  Wolcott,  b.  (1791) ;  gov.  Conn., 

1512  ;  d.  (1868). 
El  Madgy,  calif  at  Mecca,  4842. 
El  Mainoon,  patron  of  literature,  6551 ; 

reigns  Egy.,  6552. 
El  Mansoor,  persecutes  Christians,  6543 ; 
patron  of  literature,  6551 ;  sultan,  6553. 

Kalaoon,    takes     Tripoli,    654»j 

sultan,  6553. 

Lageen  defeats  rebels,  6542. 

Moharanied,  reigns,  6553, 

El  Mantussin,  reigns,  Egy.,  6552. 

El  Maiituz,  reigns,  Egy.,  6552. 

Elmes,  Harvey  Lonsdale,  b.,  9363 ;  d.,  954». 

,  James,  b.,  9223;  d.  (1862). 

Elmhurst,  111.,  Evaiig.  Sem.  opd.,  2703. 
Elmina,  acquired,  9772;  captured,  II6II. 
Elmira,  N.   Y.,  Elmira  Coll.  org.,  1783: 
Telegram,  issued,  3023 ;  Steele  Memorial 
Library  Association,  4381 .    (See  Brock- 
way,  Supt.) 
El  Moaiyud,  sultan,  6553. 
El  .'Hoez,  fnds.  dynasty,  (553 ;  sultan,  16553. 
Elmore,  Frjuik.  Harper,  b.  (1799) ;  d.,  168'. 
El  Mostain,  reigns,  Egy.,  6552. 
El  Motamekkel,  reigns,  Egy.,  6552. 
El  Mozuffer,  sultan,  G!)53. 

Bayleurs,  sultan,  ©53.  , 

Elmsley,  Peter,  b.,  9183 ;  d.,  9422. 

El  Muntusser,  reigns,  6552. 

El  Mustalee,  calif,  6552. 

El  Mustansir,  calif,  6552. 

Elmwood  Cemetery,  Memphis,  est.,  1713. 

El  Nasr  Mohammed,  abdicates,  6553. 


I 

I 

1 


1 


Eloi-Epes. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INljt#X.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


1247 


£loi,  St.,  patron  of  smiths  and  artists, 
6t'42  ;  worlcs  in  metiils,  6W . 

Eloa,  judges  Israel,  11432, 

(Joll.  N.  C.  (Christian)  org.  (1890). 

Eloy,  or  Eligius,  h.-d.,  tk542. 

El  Panorama^  issued,  1131*. 

El  Paso,  Tex.,  Southwest  Silver  Conveu., 
397' ;  smugglers  caught,  4522. 

El  Pensarlor,  issued,  11292. 

Elphin,  Iro.,  bishopric  est.,  8403 ;  gee 
unites  with  Kelmore,  9462. 

Elphinston,  James,  b.  (1721) ;  d.,  99*3. 

Elphinstone,  Baron,  title  created,  867 ', 
987>. 

,  Sir  George  Keith,  b.  (1746) ;  at  Cape 

Town,  597';  d.  (1823). 

,  Sir  How.ird  Crawford,  d.,  1002' . 

,  Lord,  gov.  of  Bonibav,  10473. 

,  Mountstuart,  b.,  9203;  d.,  962*. 

,  William,  b.,  8022;  d.,  8061. 

,  Gen.  William    Keith,  b.  (1782) ;    in 

Afghaui.'-tan,  42,  63;  d.  (1842). 

El  Kadee  reigns,  Egy.,  C552. 

Elsa,  asteroid,  discovered,  5282. 

El  Semanarif)  de  AgriciUtura,  issued,  1131 1 . 

EUheimer,  Adam,  b.,  7922;  d.,  7943. 

Slsinore,  Den.,  conquered,  782' . 

Elson,  Louis  C,  Jitatvi  of  Music,  4462. 

Klssler,  Fanny,  b.  (1810) ;  in  N.  Y.,  152' ; 
d.  (1884). 

£lswick,  Eng.,  gun-works,  strike,  1003' . 

Elsworth,  Wm.  Woleott,  b.  (1791) ;  d.,  260' . 

El-Teb,  Sudan,  battle  of,  600' . 

Elton,  Komeo,  b.  (1790) ;  d.,  2682. 

El  Tri/uno,  suspension  sentence,  6333. 

Elultajus  revolts,  11452. 

Elvira,  church  est.  at,  10662,  11252. 

Elvira,  asteroid,  discovered,  756' . 

Elwes,  W.  W.,  cons,  bp.,  1012' . 

Ely,  Eng.,  Bp.  Compton  cons.,  9922. 

,  Alfred,  1).  (1815) ;  d.,  406' . 

,  Ezra  Stiles,  b.  (1786) ;  moderator,  1363; 

d.  (1861). 

,  Marqtiise  of,  title  created,  931 ' . 

,  E.  S.,  bequests,  4542. 

,  Kichard  Theodore,  b.,  174' . 

,  Smith,  mayor  of  Hnw  York,  2972. 

,  Prof.,  trial  as  socialist,  469' . 

Elyot,  Sir  Thomas,  b.,  866' ;  works,  869' ; 
A,  870'. 

Elzevir,  Abraham,  b.,  10983;  d.  (1652). 

,  Uonaventure,  b.-d.,  10983. 

,  Uaniel,  b.-d.,  11003. 

,  Joost,  b.-d.,  10983. 

,  Louis,  b.-d.,  11003. 

Elzey,  Arnold,  b.  (1815) ;  d.,  272' . 

Emancipation  by  Fremont,  198',  1992; 
gradual  urged  by  Lincoln,  2052;  military 
by  Gen.  Hunter,  207' ;  military  counter- 
manded, 208' ;  urged  by  Lincoln,  2112; 
alienates  Democrats,  2113;  approved  by 
governors,  2133;  monitory  proclamation, 
2152;  retaliated;  Lincoln  s  message, 2173; 
Lincoln  proclaims,  218',  2192;  compen- 
sated, defeated,  2192,3  ;  by  enlistment ; 
by  amend.,  2313  ;  eel.,  Richmond,  3703. 

Bill,  rejected,  Brazil,  5572. 

passes,  Cuba,  6332. 

Emans,  Storm,  trial,  N.  V.,  3992. 

Emanuel,  David,  gov.  Ga.,  1112. 

,  P.  -A..,  aluminum  process,  3741 , 

Emanu-El  Theol.  Sem.,  library,  gift,  4042. 

Embargo  Act  passed,  1052;  2(1  Act  passed, 
1152,3;  removed,  1172  ;  expires,  118';  3d 
Act  passed,  1192;  4th  Act  Am.,  1213;  re- 
pealed, 1232  ;  foreign,  Gt.  Britain,  9312. 

Enibiem,  John,  in  Boston,  482. 

Embroidery  machine  invented,  932';  by 
Sidouians,  11402. 

Embury,  Emma  Cath.,  b.  (1806);  d.,  219' . 

,  I'hilip,  b.,  602;  in  N.  Y.,723;  first 

Meth.  pastor,  742  ;  in  John  St.  church, 
762;  d.,  823. 

Emden,  telegraph  line,  820' . 

Emeric,  Hung.,  leader,  7973  ;  enthroned, 
505'. 

David,  Toussaint  Bernard,  b.  (1755) ; 

d.,  7282. 

Emerson  Inst.,  Ala.,  opened,  2583. 

,  Geo.  Barren,  b.,  1062  ;  d.,  3062. 

,  Ralph  Waldo,  b.,  1102  ;  works,  1463, 

1523,  1543,  1583,  1683  1802,  1863,  2603, 
2723,  2903  ;  d.,  3101 . 

Emery,  George  W.,  gov.  U.,  2912. 

Emld  Said  Khan  rules  Bokhara,  5492. 

Emigrant  Aid  Asso  incorporated,  1742. 

Emigrants  going  west,  1073;  to  Ore.,  1573; 
in  Fr.,  6323;  deprived  of  property,  7091 . 

Emigration  to  Am.,  493  ;   Chinese,  0193, 


6233;  prohibited  in  Fr.,  7413;  forbidden, 
Ger.,  8292  ;  increases,  831';  license  im- 
posed, Eng.,  883'. 

Emile-Brugsch-Bey,  antiquities,  368' . 

Emilia,  asteroid,  discovered,  748' . 

Emilia,  It.,  fnd.  by  Romans,  10533. 

Emilio,  Paolo,  b.,  10783  ;  d.,  10803. 

Kmington,  111.,  dynamite  explosion,  4413. 

Eniin  Pasha,  injured,  5632;  in  Sudan,  6603; 
leaves  equatorial  provinces,  6612;  deco- 
ration, 832' ;  in  Air. ;  in  Zanzibar,  83S2. 

Eminence  Coll.,  Ky.,  org.,  1822. 

Emir  of  Bokhara  meets  Afghans,  63. 

Emirs  rule  in  Cordova,  11253. 

Emly,  Baron,  title  created,  9751 . 

Emma,  asteroid,  discovered,  756' . 

,  loss  of  life  on,  3353. 

Emma  Mine  frauds.  Gen.  Schenck  ac- 
cused, 2913. 

of  Waldeck-Pyrmont  marries,  11023. 

Emmanuel  I.,  b.,  6822 

Manoel,  b.-d.,  11092  ;  reigns,  11093. 

Philibert,  b.  (1528) ;  at  St.  Quentin, 

682'  ;  d.  (1580). 

,  Queen  Kalakaua's  rival,  1CW12;  re- 
gent, 11023. 

— — •  Victor,  struggle  in  It.,  7353;  body  re- 
moved, 10903. 

Enimaus,  mission,  5982,3. 

Emmerton,  James  A.,  b.,  1422. 

Emmet,  Robert,  b.,  9203 ;  insurrection, 
930',  9313;  d.,9323. 

,  Thomas  A.,  b.,  74' ;  d.,  1342. 

- — , Addis,  b.,  9162;  d.,  9422. 

Emmett,  Joseph  K.,  d.,  3,<S42. 

Emmmittsburg,  Md.,  Mount  St.  Mary's 
Coll.  fnd.,  1143. 

Emmons,  Ebenezer,  b.  (,1799) ;  d.,  2272. 

— — ,  Samuel  Franklin,  b.,  1522. 

Kmory,  John,  b.,  100' ;  bp.,  1402; d. (1835). 

,  William  H.,  b.  (1812) ;  Gen.  at  Pleas- 

antHill,231' ;  army  of  Shenandoah,237i ; 
checks  Carterites,  2772;  d.  (1887). 

, H.,  b.,  1162. 

and  Henry  College,  Va.,  org,,  149' . 

Coll.  chartered,  Ga.,  147' . 

Emoyati,  misssion  at,  1124' . 
Empedocles,  b.,  1021';   establishes  four 

elements,  10203. 

Emperor  Nicltolas  I.  in  N.  Y.,  4352. 

Emperors  nominate  popes,  10742, 

Empire  City,  K*in.,  lead  discovered,  296' . 

Order  of  Mutual  Aid,  Buffalo, 4073. 

Empire  State,  explodes,  1813. 

State  Express,  first,  3953;  time,  4312. 

Employers'  Liability  Act,  9872,  10112. 

and  Workmen's  Act  passes,  981 ' . 

Employment  of  Children's  Bill,  10012. 

Emporia,Kan.,Norm.  Sc.  [Coll.],  est. ,2192. 

Eius,  Prus.,  false  telegram  from,  827' . 

Emser,  Hieronymus,  b.  (1477);  work,  7892; 
d.  (1.527). 

Kmucfau,  Ala.,  battle  of,  122' . 

Enazuris,  Foderico,  pres.,  6072. 

Encaustic  painting  invented,  10243 ;  Intro., 
7882;  revived,  9222. 

Encke,  Johann  F.,  b.,  8043;  d.,  8222. 

comet  discovered,  722' ;  visible,  9742. 

Enclosure,  Copyhold,  and  Tithes  Commis- 
sions united,  9932. 

Encoye  settled,  1161 ' . 

Encumbered  Estates  Act,  passes,  9553. 

Encychpiedia.  Metropolitana,  Eng.,  939' . 

Eiicyctoptedic  JJictimtnrt/,  Eng.,  10022. 

Eiu-yctopsedie  Atlgemeine,  published,  8322. 

Entlemus,  king,  10133. 

Endicott,  Jolm,  b.  (1589);  in  Mass.,  313; 
against  Indians,  34' ;  gov.,  41' ;  d.,  422. 

,  AVra.  Crowninshield,  b.  (1827) ;  minis- 
ter, 321'. 

Endiicher,  Stephan  Ladislaug,  b.,  519'; 
d.,5223. 

Endres,  Matthias,  Excise  Bill,  401' . 

EndymioH,  captures  President,  1223. 

Enfantin,  Barth^lt^niy  Prosper,  b.,  7123  ; 
d.,  7362. 

Enfranchisement  of  It.,  10573.  (See  Suf- 
frage, Female.) 

Eiigau,  Johann  R.,  b.,  7983;  d.,  8023. 

Kngel,  Ernst,  b.,  8122. 

,  George,  executed,  3272. 

,  .Johann  J.,  b.,  8003  ;  Lorenz  Stark, 

8072;  d.,  8082. 

Engelbert,  d.,  S062. 

,  St.,  archbp. of  Cologne,  royal  adviser, 

7793;  murdered,  7802,3. 

Engelbrechtsen,  Cornelius,  b.-d.,  10982. 

Engelmann,  Godefroy,  b.,  7062;  d.,  7282. 

Eugelstoft,  Christian  Thoniiug,  b.,  6382. 


Engem<an,  G.  H.,  imprisoned,  3762  . 

Engen,  Aust.,  defeat  at,  8062. 

Enghien,  Due  D',  Louis  Antoine  Henri  de 
Bourbon-Cond6,  b.  (1772) ;  in  Fr.  army, 
688';  executed,  7153. 

,  Due  D',  commander,  796' . 

Engines,  for  plowing  inv.,  880' ; hydraulic, 
894' ;  heat,  900'  ,9342,9542;  atmospheric, 
904'  ,9422;  expansion,  9202;  double,  922' ; 
rotary,  first  used,  924' ;  cylinder  expan- 
sion, 9322.    (See  Steam-engine.) 

Engineers.    (See  Locomotive  Engineers.) 

England.  (See  Text,  Great  Britain,  pp. 
839-1013.  Items  without  preceding  local- 
ity words  relate  to  England).  C'jesar 
crosses  Channel,  10583  ;  visited  by  Ro- 
mans, 10673;  rule  of  Caracalla,  10653; 
claims  Am.  continent,  173;  emigration 
restrained,  353;  truce  with  Fr.,  662  ;  of- 
fended with  U.  S.,  2013  j  summons  for 
peace,  2012;  declines  mediation,  2153;  re- 
scinds recognition  of  Coiifed.,  2473;  sov- 
ereign, value  est.,  285' ;  peace  with  Fr. 
excludes  Protestants,  6873  j  restored  to 
Rome,  10062 ;  surrenders  possessions, 
7162;  hostilities  with  Scot.,  762';  reve- 
nues in  India,  10453 ;  Indo-European  tele- 
graph line  opened,  10493;  aid  to  Dutch, 
10982  ;  war  with  Neth.,  1100' ;  war  with 
Persia,  1108' . 

,  John,  bp.,  b.,  98' ;  d.,  1542. 

Enyland's  Helicon ;  England's  Parnassus, 
issued,  8772. 

Engles,  Wm.  Jlorrison,  b.  (1797);  d.,  2582. 

Englewood,  111.,  Voice  and  Hearing  School 
est.,  3151. 

,  N.  J.,  Daisy  Fields  Home,  est,, 4502. 

Englis,  Win.  M.,  moderator,  1523. 

English  in  Japan,  1091 1 ;  origin  of,  8471 . 

,  E.  James, gov.  Conn.,  2593,  2732  2973; 

votes,  275'. 

,  Tlunnas  Durm,  b.,  128' . 

,  William  11.,  nom.,  303' ;  votes,  3072. 

Historical  Society  Est.,  949' , 

English  Iteview,  issued,  923' . 

Universities,  modern  history,  907'. 

Zenana  Missionary  Soc.  org.,  9862. 

Engolini,  mission,  6983, 

Engraving  on  glass  inv.,  706';  electro- 
faced,  962'. 

machine,  copper  plate  9302, 

Enidiseni,  mission,  599' . 
Enigma,  tirst,  11423. 
Eiikoping,  action  at,  1134' . 
Enloe,  Benj.  A.,  b.,  101' . 

En  Nasr  Fareg,  sultan,  6553. 
Enneking,  John  Joseph,  b.,  1522. 
Ennemoser,  Joseph,  b.,  8043;  d.,  820' . 
Enniskillen,  Ire.,  resists  Eng.,  8981 . 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9231 . 

Ennius,  Quintus,    b.    (239   B.C.) :    works. 

10552;  d.  (169  B.C.). 
Enoch,  first  city  built,  11393. 

,  translated,  11392. 

Enochs,  William  H.,  d.,  4341 . 

Ellon,  mission,  5972. 

Enrique  de  Bourbon,  Don,  killed,  11323. 

Enriquez,  Gen.,  suppresses  revolt,  10383; 

killed,  10381 .         '^'^  ' 

,  Gomez  Antonio,  d.,  11283. 

Ensilage  used,  6521 . 

Enterprise,  Kan.,  Central  Coll.  fnd.,  3962. 

Enterprise,  captures  Boxer,  1203. 

first  steamer  to  India,  9433, 

polar  expedition,  sails,  9642, 

wrecked,  1000' . 

Entombe,  mission  at,  1124', 
Entomological  Society,  org.,  9461 . 
Entrecasteaux,  Joseph  Antoine  Bnini  d'. 

b.,  7002;  d.,  7082. 
Entre  Rios,  civil  war  at,  4902  •  joins  Pres. 

Rosas,  11602. 
Eiitzheim,  Imperialists  defeated,  692' . 
Enzio,  King,   b.  (1225) ;  captured,  7801 ; 

prisoner,  7803;  at  Ancona,  at  Meloria, 

7801;  d.  (1272). 
Eolian  harp,  invented,  7962. 
Eon    de  Beaumont,    Charles  Genevifeve 

Louis  Auguste  Andre  Timothee  d',  b., 

6982;  d.,  7191. 
Eotvos,  .Josef,  b.,  5202 ;  Jews  Congress, 

5291  ;d.,  5282. 
Epaminondas,  b.-d.,  10211;  leads  Sacred 

Band,  greatest  Gr.  gen.,  10222,  3  ;  at 

Mantines,  k.,  10223. 
Ep^e,  Charles  Michel  de  P,  b.,  6963;  d.. 

7062.  '      ' 

J?/>en?ier,  captured,  122', 
Epes,  James  F.,  b.,  1542, 


1248 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        lNL)x!*X..        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


Ephe-Esta. 


Ephecheres  reigns,  11433. 

EpMmirides  du  Citoyen,  issued,  7033. 

Ephemericlts  LitteraHsBf  issued,  7991 . 

Ephesdamiuin,  action  at,  1421 . 

EpfiesianSf  Epistles  to,  written,  11531 . 

Eplxesus,  Asia  Minor,  fnd.,  10152;  Temple 
of  Diana  erected,  10162  ;  burned,  lOMi ; 
destroyed,  10282  ;  church  council,  10703  ; 
conquered,  114G1 ;  revolts,  11472  ;  earth- 
quakes, 11502  ;  falls,  11561. 

Ephetf©,  Gr.,  court  of,  established,  10151 . 

£phrata,  Ga.,  early  Sunday  school,  &43. 

,  Nicaragua,  mission,  11032. 

Ephyre.    (See  Corinth.) 

Epicharnus,  b.,  10211 . 

Epictetus,  b.,  10283. 

Epicurus,  b.,  10243 ;  opens  school  at 
Athens,  10263;  d.  (270  B.C.). 

Epidamnus,  Turk.,  captured,  10262. 

Epidemiological  Society,  fmd.,  9561 . 

Epigenesis,  theory  advanced,  8022. 

Epileptics,  colony  for,  N.  Y.,  4592. 

Epimenides,  b.,  10162;  flourishes,  10143. 

Epinal,  Fr.,  captured,  7421 . 

Epinay,  Louise  d',  b.,  6982;  d.,  7051 . 

Bpiphanius,  bp.,  b.-d.,  10283,  Panarium, 
10691. 

Epiphany,  Feast,  est.,  10723. 

Epirus,  Gr.,  freedom  declared,  10273 ; 
seized,  10351 ;  subdued,  10543  ;  Romans 
plunder,  10552;  Ciesar's  army  in,  10601 ; 
annexed  Turk.,  11572. 

Episcopacy,  Eng.,  abolished,  8763;  in  Scot., 
8782;  rejected  Scot.,  8823;  revived  Eng., 
8902 ;  restored  in  Scot,  and  in  Eng., 
8903;  abolished  in  Scot.,  8983;  tolerated 
in  Soot.,  9042;  in  Mass.,  282. 

Episcopius,  Simon,  b.-d.,  10983. 

Epistotse  Ohscurorum,  issued,  7892. 

Epping  Forest,  Eng.,  dedicated,  9671 , 

Eppstein,  Capt.,  1982. 

Epgoni,  Eng.,  races  at,  9053;  Royal  Medi- 
cal Benevolent  College  est.,  9611 . 

Epworth  League  org.,  O.,  3402;  reports, 
&82  ;  Cleveland  Conf.,  4321 ;  withdraws 
exhibit,  4323;  report,  4461 . 

Equal  Rights  Association  answered,  5891 . 

Equator,  Kongo,  mission  at,  10942. 

Equestrian  Order,  Gt.  Brit,  est.,  8392. 

Equitable  Aid  Union,  org.,  3032. 

,  statistics,  4463. 

Mortgage  Go.  fail,  4373. 

Era,  Christian,  restored  in  Fr.,  717*. 

,  Common  (Usher)  (4004  B.C.). 

,  Jewish,  begins,  3761  B.C. 

of  Alexander  begins,  10603. 

of  Constantinople  (5508,  Sept.  1,  B.C.). 

of  Martyrs,  begins,  10663. 

of  Mohammedans  begun,  4842. 

of     Nabonassar     begins     (Feb.    26, 

747  B.C.). 

,  Revolutionary,  Fr.,  7092,  7111 . 

,  Roman,  begins,  10502. 

Eraclius,  Emp.,  defeats  Chosroes,  11062. 

Erato,  asteroid,  discovered,  8201 . 

Erario,  reigns,  10713;  d.  (541). 

Erasistratus,  b.-d.,  11482  ;  applies  disseo- 
tion,  10363. 

Erasmus,  Desiderius,  b.-d.,  10982. 

Erato,  Queen,  rules  in  Armenia ;  gov. 
Syria,  11513. 

Eratosthenes,  b.-d.,  10263  ;  invents  armil- 
lary  sphere ;  lays  down  parallel,  10263. 

Erben,  Henry,  rear-adm.,  in  Brooklyn 
Navy  Yard  3841 ;  in  London,  10122. 

Erchenwin,  King,  8413. 

Ercilla  y  Zunjga,  Alonzo  de,  b.-d.,  11282. 

Erckmanu,  Einile  (Erckmann-Chatrian), 
b.,  7212;  works,  7343,  7363. 

Erdinan,  Constantine  -J.,  b..  1602. 

Erdraann,  -Johann  Ednard,  B..  8082. 

,  Otto  Luine,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8202. 

Erechtheus  (Ericnthonius),  King,  wor- 
ship of  Minerva,  10131 ;  reigns,  k.,  10133. 

Erechtheum,  Athens,  fnd.,  10223. 

Eresburg,  captured,  7701 . 

Eretria,  Gr.,  Persia  holds,  IOI8I . 

Erfurt,  Prussia  acquires,  8091 ;  Napoleon 
meets  princes,  7173  ;  musical  festival, 
8101 ;  Pari,  opd.,  5233;  diet  at,  5243. 

,  League,  dissolution  demanded.  5233. 

,  University  of  fnd.  afresh,  chartered, 

7851 ;  suspends,  8131 . 

Eric  I.,  Den.,  6352. 

Jl.,  Den.,  enthroned,  6352. 

III.,  Den.,  enthroned,  6353. 

IV.,  Den.,  6371. 

-  v..  Den.,  reigns,  637' . 
,  Den.,  reigns,  6271 . 


-yi- 


Eric  VII.,  Den.,  reigns,  6372. 

I.  Nor.,  reigns,  11043. 

II.,  Nor.,  reigns,  6372;  marries  Mar- 
garet of  Scot.,  11U51. 

the  Victory-Blest,  Swe.,  reigns,  11332. 

(IX.),  Swe.,  chosen  king,  11351 ;  con- 
verting Finns,  11343. 

II.  <X.),  Swe.,  reigns,  11351 . 

III.  (XI.),  Swe.,  reigns,  11351 . 

IV.,  Swe.,  reigns,  11352. 

VII.,  Swe.,   reigns  ;  oppressions  of ; 

dethroned,  11352. 

XIV.,  Swe.,  b.-d.,  11342;  coat  of  arms, 

11341 ;  introduces  titles,  11351 . 

,  Duke  of  Brunswick,  7872. 

Eigod  I.,  Den.,  6353. 

Erich,  Duke,  storms  camp  of  Avars,  7701 . 

Erichthonins.    (See  Erichtheus.) 

Ericsson,  tried  on  Potomac,  1721 . 

,  launched,  4601 . 

Ericsson,  John,  b.,  11361 ;  report  on  sun's 
diameter,  2801 ;  atmospheric  engine, 
9422;  screw  propellers,  1481,  9481;  calo- 
ric engine,  9542;  arrives  in  Am.,  1501 ; 
heat  motor,  1721  j  patents  caloric  engine, 
1801 ;  solar  rays,  2641 ;  solar  engine,  3381 ; 
d.,  3361 ;  memorial  services,  3663  ;  body 
transferred,  3883;  statue,  4281. 

,  Lief,  explorations,  killed,  112. 

,  Magnus,  Common  Law  appears,  11343. 

Erie,  Pa.,  women  violent,  1742;  bank  rob- 
bery, 4163. 

canal,  enactment,  1173;  bill  for,  1251 ; 

opd.,  1273  ;  toll  collected,  1293  ;  first  boat 
through,  1313  ;  completion  celebrated, 
1331 ;  finally  completed,  2173  ;  electric 
canal  boat,  4453. 

Erie,  burned,  1533. 

,  Lako,  naval  battle,  1203. 

Meth.  Epis.  Conference  fmd.,  1462. 

King  Panic  occurs,  2673. 

R.R.  comnienced,1453;  opd.,  1693;  ter- 
minus in  Jersey  City,  1733;  wreck,  4002; 
seeks  Albany  anil  Susquehanna,  2673. 

triangle,  purchased,  1051 . 

Erigena,  Johannes  Scotu8,b.(800±);  works, 
6663;  d.,  »442. 

Erigone,  asteroid,  discovered,  7481 . 

Erikskronilcan,  appears,  11343. 

Erlach,  Jean  Louis  d",  b.,  6842;  a.,  6902. 

Erlandsen,  Jacob,  archbishop,  6361 , 

Erlangen,  Ger.,  Univ.,  iHiartered,  801 1; 
university  unites  with  Altdorf,  8091 . 

,  Baron  Emile  D',  concession  to,  7393. 

Erlanger  Literatarzeitung,  issued,  8O72. 

,  Michael,  d.,  7021 . 

Erlau,  Hung.,  Turks  besiege,  5101 . 

Erlautertes  Preusnen,  issued,  8003. 

Erman,  Gustav  A.,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8282. 

,  Paul,  b.,  8023;  d.,  8181 . 

Ermelo  Missionary  Society,  fmd.,  11021 . 

Ernient  mission,  &J7 1 . 

Ermlnie,  first  sung  in  U.  S.,  3241 . 

Erne,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9231 . 

Ernest  I.,  resigns  Saalfield,  8133. 

111.,  reigning  D.,  8092  ;  deposed,  8093. 

,  Aug.  A.  II.,  D.  of  Cumberl'd,  b.,  9522. 

,  Duke  of  Bavaria,  7852. 

Fred.  I.,  Saxe-Gotha,  reigns,  8023. 

August,  D.  of  Cumberland,  b.,  9183  ; 

K.  of  Hanover,  8153,  8311;  grants  elec- 
toral rights.  8173  ;  d.,  8182. 

,  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg,  b.  (1818) ;  d., 

8361,8371. 

,  Duke  of  Styria,  5073. 

the  Valiant,  margrave,  5033. 

Ernestl,  Johann  A.,  b.,  7983  ;  d.,  804*. 

Ernley,  Sir  John,  minister,  8972. 

Ernoul,  M.,  minister,  7473. 

Ernst,  Heinrich  W.,  b.,  8102;  d.,  8222. 

,  Oswald  Hubert,  b.,  1542. 

,  of  Swabia,  revolts,  kUled,  775*. 

Erovant,  usurper,  rules  Armenia,  11533. 

Errard,  Charles,  b.,  6862;  d.,  G942. 

Errett,  Isaac,  b.  (1820)  ;  president  conven- 
tion,  2882,  2942  ;  d.  (1888). 

Errington,  Sir  John  S.,  d.  10101 . 

Errol,  Earl  of,  title  created,  8631 . 

Ersch,  Johann  S.,  b.,  8023  ;  d.,  8141. 

Erskine,  Baron,  title  created,  9311 , 

,  David  Montagu,  b.  (1776) ;  Brit,  min- 
ister, 1172  ;  d.  (1S)5). 

,  Ebenezer,  b.,  8942;  forms  Presbytery, 

9083;  followers  divided,  d.,  9123. 

,  John,  b.,  9002  ;  d.  (1768). 

,  John,  Earl  of  Mar,  b.,  8941 ;  d.,  9082. 

,  Ralph,  b.,  9862  ;  d.,  9123. 

,  Robert  Francis  St.  Clair,  Earl  of  Ross- 

lyn,  d.,  10041 . 


Erskine,   Lord   Thomas,   b.,   9122;    lord 
chancellor,  9332  ;  d.,9403. 

College,  S.  C,  org.,  1.511 . 

Ertoghrul, unites  with  Aladdin; drowned, 

11543,  11553. 
Ervigius  reigns,  11253. 
Erviiig,  John,  b.,  621 ;  d.  (1786). 
Erwin,  Alex.  R.,  b.,  186' ;  d.  (1860). 

von  Steinbach,  d.,  7822. 

Erxleben,  Johann  C.  P.,  b.  8003;  d.,  8042. 
Erythriea,  revolts  against  Athens,  10213. 
Eryxias,  last  archon,  10153. 
Erzerum,  Turk.,  action  at,  11073,  11I6I; 

earthquake,  11562;  revolts,  11593  ;  niis- 

sion  est.,  11.563. 
Erzeroum,  or  Erzerum,  Turk.,  earthquake 

at,  11073. 
Esahaddon,  in  Egypt,  6512,  11442;  reigns, 

invades  Judea,  11453. 
Esau,  sells  birthright,  11402 ;    marriages 

of,  11411. 
Escala,  at  Pisaqua,  6062. 
Escanaba,  Mich.,  disturbance,  3891 . 
Eschenbach,  Wolfram  von,  works,  7783 ; 

d.,  7782. 
Eschenburg,  Johann  J.,  b.,  8003  ;  d.,  8122. 
Escheumayer,  Karl  A.,  b.,  803' ;  d.,  8201. 
Eschseholtz,  Johann  F.,  b.,  8062;  d.,  8142. 
Esclot,  Beriiat,  b.-d.,  11262. 
Escobar,  Gen.,  elected  pres.,  11063. 

,  Marie  de,  reaps  wheat,  233;  d.  (1560±). 

y  Mendoza,  Antonio,  b.-d.,  11283. 

Escoledo,  Mariano,  b.,  IOU61 . 
Escombrera  Bay,  action  in,  11321 . 
Escosura,    Patricio   de   la,    b.-d.,    11303 ; 

works,  11311. 
Escurial.    (See  Madrid.) 
Esglis,  Louis  Philippe  Mariaucheau  d', 

b.  (1710) ;  cons,  bp.,  5763  ;  d.  (1788). 
Esher,  Baron,  title  created,  9871 . 
Esher,  Bp.  J.  J.,  guilty,  3542. 
Eskil,  Eldtr  Wtst  Giila  Law,  11343. 
Eskimos  disturb  in  Greenland,  133. 
Eemarch,  Johannes  Fried.  August, b., 8122. 
Esmeuard,  Jos.  Alphonse,  b.,  7042 ;  d.(18U). 
Esmtralda,  at  Acapulco,  crew  killed,  6082. 
Espagne,  Jean  d",  b.,  6842;  d.,  6902. 
Espartero,  Baldomero,D.  of  Vittoria,b.-d., 

11302  ;  at  Barcelona,  bombards  Seville, 

defeats  Carlists,  11301;  expels  nuncio, 

insurrectionist,  premier,  regent,  11313  j 

Pr.  of  Vergara,  declines  crown,  11332. 
Esparza,  founded,  6301 . 
Espejio,  Antonio  de,  at  Santa  F^,  252. 
Esper,  Eugen  Johann  Christoph,  b.,  8003; 

d.  8102.  ^ 
Espiegle,  gold  shipped  on.  6092.                  J 
Espina,  Col.,  sentenced,  4933.  ' 
Esplnel,  Vicente,  b.-d.,  11282:  works,  11292. 
Espinosa.  Don  Diego  de,  b.-d.,  11263. 
,  Xavier,  b.  (1815) ;  elected  president, 

0443;  d.  (1870). 
— ,  explorer,  163;  in  Costa  Rica,  183. 
Espronceda,  Jos^  de,  b.-d.,  11303;  works, 

11311. 
Esproneda,  released,  2971 . 
Espy,  James  Pollard,  b.,  962;  d.,  I861 . 
Esquimau,  Br.  Colom.,  defenses  of.  5951. 
Esquimaux  Point^fisheries  failed,  5893, 
Esqnirol,    Jean  Etieune  Dominique,    b. 

(1772) ;  d.,  7282. 
Esquiros,    Heiiri  Alphonse,  b.,  721 1 ;  d. 

(1876). 
Esquivel,  Ancieto,  pres.,  6311. 
Ess,  Karl  Van,  b.,  8031 ;  d.,  8123. 

,  Leander  van,  b.,  8031 ;  d.  8162. 

Essad  Pasha,  grand  vizier,  11592. 

Es  Salah,  sultan,  6553;  takes  Jerusalem, 

6662. 
Essek,  fortress,  taken.  5221. 
Essen.  Prus..  cast  steel  factory  est..  8IOI. 
,  Count  Hans  Henrik,  b.-d.,  11342 ;  in 

Poland,  7162. 
Essequibo,  Br.  Guiana,  acquired,  9313. 
Essex  attacks  Alert;  cruises,  II8I;  cap- 
tures A'octol,  1182;  captured,  1202,  1221. 
Essex,  Eng.,  Fairlop  Oak,  blown  down, 

9401 ;  electric  tramway  cars,  9881 . 
County,   Mass..  Natural    Hist.  Soc. 

org.,  1421 ;  Institute  Library,  fnd.,  1642  : 

telephone  exhibition,  2941 ;  Coul.  Liberal 

Churches,  org.,  2542. 
,  Earl  of.    title    created,  8911.     (See 

Devereux,  Robert ;  Devereux,  Walter.) 

.  Lord,  resigns  from  council,  8952. 

Essling,  Aust.,  battle  of.  5183. 
Bsslingen,  Ger.,  under  Baden,  7872;  Sw»- 

bian  League,  fmd.,  7873. 
Estaing,  Comte  d',  Chas.  Hector,  b.,  6983; 


Este-£van. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1249 


in  R.  I. ;  commands  Fr.  fleet.  883;  leaves 

Boston  for  W.  I.,  891 ;  in  Ga.,  '.Kja;  i1.,  7102. 
Este,  House  of,  power  at  Modena,  10773. 
Estee,  M.  W.,  nom.  for  gov.  Cal..  iW 
Eetella  Sb.,  action  at ;  taken.  1132' ,». 
Estero  Velhaco,  battle  at,  55(ii . 
Esther,  Jkfokof,  written,  11443. 
Esther,  Queen  consort.  1147a. 
Estlionia.  annexed  toRus.,  11153;  ceded  to 

Rus.,  llSJa. 
Estienne,  Henry,  b.  (1503) ;  works,  683a, 

6*»3;  d.  (1559). 
Estrades,  Conite  d',  Godefroi,  b.,  686*;  d., 

IJM2. 

Estrees,  Gabrlelle  d',  b.,  6823;  d.,  G86i . 

,  Jean,  b.  (I(ia4) ;  Fr.  Marshal  at  Ha«- 

tenbeck,516i;  d.  (1707). 

— -,  Due  d',  Victor  Marie,  b.,  690* ;  at 
Southwold,  692' ;  d.,  6983. 

Estroinoz,  Port.,  action  at,  1128' . 

Estridsen,  House  of,  reigns,  635*. 

Estrup,  Premier,  resides  Den.,  6423. 

Etaples,  treaty  of,  6793. 

Etawah,  mission,  10471. 

Etching,  invented,  7862. 

Club,  fmd.,  9481. 

Etex,  Antoine,  b.,  7163;  d.,  7562. 

Ethaiion,  wrecked,  9382. 

Kthelbald,  marries  Judith,  8451,;  d.,  8442. 

Ethelbert,  at  Wimbledon,  »40i ;  laws,  8411 ; 
kingof  Kent.  8113;  d.,  8421. 

,  king  of  W.  Saxons,  8462:  d.,  8442. 

Ethelfleda,  conquests,  8442;  d.  (918±). 

Ethelfrid,  nia.s6acre  of  monks.  8422. 

Ethelfrith,  warrior,  8421 ;  killed  (617). 

Ethelheard,  archbp.  Canterbury,  8431 . 

Ethelnoth,  refuses  to  cons,  king,  8472. 

Ethelred,  massacres  Danes,  8463;  in  Nor- 
mandy ;  d..  8472. 

II.,  music  for,  8462;  king,  8471;  d., 

8462. 

Ethelreda,  takes  the  veil,  8423. 

Ethelwolf.  defeated  ;  defeats  Danes,  8441 ; 
marries  Judith, 8451  ;pilgrimage;d.,844a; 

Ether,  as  anesthetic,  I602. 

Etherege,  Sir  George,  b.,  8822 ;  Man  of 
Mode.  8943;  d.,  8982. 

Ethical  Culture  Societies,  conven.,  .3721 . 

Ethiopian  dynasty,  est. ;  expelled,  6511 . 

Ethnological  Society,  fmd.,  Lond.,952i. 

Ethus,  king,  d.,  8451. 

Etlenne,  Chas.Guillaume,b.,7043;  d.,  7283. 

,  Henry,  printer,  b.-d.,  6782. 

, ,  printer,  b.,  6803;  d..  6861 . 

,  Robert,  b.  (1503) ;  d.,  6822. 

Etiquette,  majestic,  p'r.,  6912. 

Eton  Coll .,  Eng.,  commissioners  for,  961 1 ; 
fnd.,  8622,  10002;  completed.  8623. 

Etowah,  Ga.,  armies  cross,  2331, 2. 

Elrnria,  speed.  3;)13.  9993. 

Etruria,  Southern,  subdued ;  truce  of 
cities,  10521 ;  kingdom  find.,  10853. 

Etruscans,  against  Rome,  10501,  1052t; 
power  declines.  10513  ;  truce  with  Ro- 
mans. 10532;  lose  independence,  10533 

Ettmuller,  Ernst  M.  Ij.,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8282. 

Ettrick,  Baron,  title  created,  9751 . 

Etty,  Win.,  b.,  9242  ;  Cleopatra's  Arrival, 
9«I;  d.  (18J9). 

En,  Comte  d'.  Louis  Philippe  Marie  Fer- 
dinand Ga«ton  d'  Orleans,  b.,  5542;  mar- 
ries, 5563 ;  emneror,  6593 ;  beheaded,  6752. 

Enboea,  island.  10211;  captured,  10341; 
Venice  loses,  10781 . 

Eaclid  of  Alexandria,  b.,  10243;  citizen, 
6502;  mathematician,  6623;  works,  8743; 
9023;  laws  revised,  10232;  on  light,  10263; 
on  optics,  10671. 

Endes,  reigns.  6672;  d.  (898). 

Eudocia,  b.  (3931^);  exiled,  10311;  calls  in 
Vandals,  10712  ;  d.  (460i). 

Eudora,  asteroid,  discovered,  5282. 

Eadoxians,  condemned,  10291. 

Eudoxus,  discourses  on  planets,  10232. 

Euganos  e  Assayamieiitos,  etc.,  II271 . 

Engene.  Francois  Eugene  de  Savoie- 
Carignan,  Savoy,  b. ;  in  Aust.,  6123  ; 
at  Peterwarden  ;  takes  Belgrade,  5141 ; 
atRaab,  5183;  at  Lnzzara,  7981;  war  of 
Spanish  succession.  6!Hi;  6961;  at  Mar- 
aaglia.  6941 ;  at  Blenheim,  6961 ;  joins  al- 
lies of  Fr.,  6972;  d.,  6983. 

,  Prince.    (See  Beauharnais.) 

City,  Ore.,  Univ.  opd.,  2922. 

Eugenie,  Empress,  b.,7at2;  gifts  to  Paris, 
7533;  crinoline  skirt,  1773. 

Engenius  I.,  king,  8412. 

11.  Invades  Britain,  8401 . 

VIII.,  assassinated,  843*. 


Eugenius,proclaimederap., 10693;  k,,10282. 

I.,  St.,  pope,  10722;  d.,  10721 . 

11^  pope,  10723;  d.,  10721 . 

III.,  pope,  10743;  d.,  10742. 

IV.,  pope,  d.,  10783;  deposed,  7843. 

Eugubinetablets  written,  10223;  dis., 10781 . 

Euhrussi,  M.,  wins  lottery  prize.  7563. 

Eulivlie,  Infanta,  visits  U.  S.,  4303,  4311, 
4322    4342,  11333. 

Eulchi  Hwangti,  enthroned,  6113. 

Eulenberg,  Count,  resigns,  8312;  decora- 
tions ;  premier,  8363;  minister,  8372. 

Euler.  Leonhard,  b.-d.,  11372. 

Euiiielus,  of  Corinth,  poems,  10143. 

reigns  Bosporus,  11473,  11491 ;  kills 

relatives,  11483. 

.  paints  Helen,  11521 . 

Eumenes,  Gen.,  b.-d.,  10231 ;  regency, 
10253;  in  Thrace,  11481 ;  executed,  10243, 
10253. 

1.,  of  Pergamus.  reigns.  11491 . 

II.,  of  Pergamus,  aids  Romans,  pun- 
ished, 10551,  3;  reigns,  11492;  collects 
library,  11483;  d.,  11482. 

Eunapius,  b.,  10283. 

Eunike.^  asteroid,  discovered,  2981 . 

Eunomia,  asteroid,  discovered,  1862,  7301 . 

Eunomians,  condemned.  10291 . 

Eunuchs,  intrigue,  6132 ;  mentioned,  1141 1 . 

Eunus,  captured,  dies,  10561 . 

Euphranor,  paintings,  10223;  d.,  10243. 

Euphrosyne,  asteroid,  discovered,  1761 . 

Eupolis,  b.  (449  B.C.) ;  produces  dramas, 
10211;  d.  (410  B.C.). 

Euponipus.  painter,  10223. 

Eureka,  111.  college  fnd.,  1762. 

,  Mo.,  Feds,  take, 2131 ;  collision,  2713. 

,  Nov.,  waterspout,  2853. 

Euric,king,6633  ;reigns,  11253  ;d.(484or485). 

Euripides,  b.;  pictures ;  tragedy  prize, 
10191;  works,  10192;  manuscript.  I0271. 

Europa,  myth,  IOI32 ;  teaches  writing, 
11402. 

European  Magazine,  issued,  9231 . 

Eurotos,  in  naval  engagement,  9361 . 

Euryalus,  launched,  9801 . 

Eurybiades  at  Artemisiimi ;  in  straits  of 
Salamis,  10182. 

Euryriice,  lost,  9821 . 

,  asteroid,  discovered,  2152. 

Eurykleia,  asteroid,  discovered,  5282. 

Eurymedon,  Asia  Minor,  battle  of,  10183; 
fleet  defeated,  10551. 

Eurysteus.  reigns,  10133. 

Eurysthenes,  enthroned,  10151. 

Eusden,  Laurence,  poet  laureate,  9063. 

Eusebius,  archbp.,  elected  bp.,  10683  ;  d., 
10291. 

,  bp.  of  CsBsarea,  b.-d.,  10283. 

,  bp.  of  Dorylaeum,  deposed,  10703. 

,  bp.  of  Emisa,  b.-d.,  11542. 

,  historian,  b.-d..  11542, 

,  patriarch,  b.,  11542. 

,  St.,  pope,  10663. 

Eustachius.  Bartolommeo,  discovers  Eu- 
stachian tube,  10802;  d.,  (1674). 

Eustathius,  d.,  10322. 

Eustis,  James  B.,  ambassador,  4473. 

.William,  b.,    683;    see.  war...  II71; 

gov.,  1313  ;  d.,  1322. 

Eutaw  Springs,  S.  C,  battle  at,  942. 

Eutropius,  guardian  of  Arcadius,  10693, 

Eutyches,  b.-<l.,  10283  ;  condemned,  10703. 

Eutychianus,  St.,  pope,  10643. 

Eva,  asteroid,  discovered,  7481 . 

Eva  Douglass,  yellow  fever  on,  4133. 

Evald,  .Johannes,  b.,  6381 ;  d.,  6382. 

Evaiider,  colonizes  Magna  Graecia.  10133. 

Evangelical  Alliance,  New  York  branch, 
org.,  2562;  meets  in  Neth.,2602;  in  N.Y., 
2822;  Wm.  E.  Dodge,  pres.  U.  S.  branch, 
3183;  in  Boston,  3481 ;  cong.  in  Chicago, 
4401 ;  in  Copenhagen,  6421 ;  in  Paris, 
7323;  in  Berlin,  8202;  fmd.,  9523;  in  Ge- 
neva ;  Brighton  ;  Oxford  ;  Constanti- 
nople; Sonthport;  Basel;  Edinburgh, 
9762 ;  in  Norwich  ;  Copenhagen  ;  Brigh- 
ton ;  Glasgow;  Ryde;  Plymouth,  9882; 
in  Hull ;  Bath ;  Amsterdam  ;  Derby, 
9682;  in  Florence,  10901 . 

Association,     U.     S.,     J.     Albright 

preaches,  1023  ;  org.,  1103  ;  Tract  Sfoc. 
org.,  1183;  Women'sMiss.  Soc.  org-,  1502; 
Northwestern  Coll.  est.,  1991 :  Woman's 
Board  3163 ;  bps.  guilty,  3542 ;  New  Evan- 
gelical Church  org.  4742. 

church  basis.  Hung.,  5103. 

Church  of  Ger.,  fmd.,  8123;  conven- 
tion in  Berlin,  8263. 


Evangelical  Continental  Society,  formed, 
9523. 

Educational  Society,  org.,  2152. 

Lutheran  Church,  U.S.A.  (Ger.  Luth- 
erans), est.  in  Iceland,  222  ;  |n  N.Y,, 
301,  ,582,  443,  543,  982,  1243,  1583,  2802. 
First  minister  ord..55a ;  Palatines  arrive, 
571 ;  many  immigrants.  582,  603;  in  Del., 
343.  Indian  missions.  362;  party  tole- 
rated; J.  Fabricius  preaches,  422  ;  niin- 
isters  in  W.  I..  622;  i„  Oa.,  622  1903, 
2023;  In  Va.,  623, 1283.1563,1731.  New 
Era,  Muhlenberg  arrives,  651 ;  first  sy- 
nod, org.,  663  ;  est.  theological  seni., 
742;  N.  Y.  synod  fmd.,  982;  jn  Pa.,  651, 
742,  1003,  1023.  1403,  1603.  1782,  2542, 
2i)83,  2602.  Franklin  Coll.  est.,  1003  ; 
Land  grant  to,  1023;  in  N.C.,  1123,  1802, 
1862.  Hartwick  Sem.  est.,  1243;  In  O., 
1282,  1462,  1582,  3,  1623,  1631,  1683,  1822, 
2902.  Gen.  synod  find.,  in  Md.,  1283. 
United  Synod  South  fmd.,  1283, 1383;  2d. 
gen.  synod,  131 1 ;  in  S.C.,  1323.  Penn. 
Coll.  est.,  1403;  Ger.  Foreign  Miss.  Soc, 
org.,  1463;  Women's  Foreign  Miss.  Soc, 
org. ;  Concordia  Coll.,  est.,  1503;  in  III., 
1.503,  1702,  1821,  1863,  1991  2582,  2703, 
Wittenberg  Coll.  est.,  1683 ;  Manges  Nor- 
wegian Synod  org.,  1623  ;  in  Mo.,  1631 , 
3322, 3643;  in  Ind.,  1642, 1782,  2642.  2762. 
Synodical  conf.  org. ;  Capital  Univ., 
1683  ;  in  Tex.,  1702,  2023.  Norwegian 
synod,  1723  ;  Roanoke  Coll.  est.,  1731 ; 
in  la.,  1762, 1782.  Ger.  eldership  fmd., 
1762  ;  in  Miss.  United  Synod  South 
org.,  1782  ;  Newberry  Coll.  est.,  I8O2  ; 
N.  C.  Coll.,  est.,  1862;  Augustana  Coll. 
est.,  1863;  in  Mich.,  1902;  in  Minn., 
1902.  Norwegian  Univ.  est.,  1991; 
Southern  gen.  synod  secedes.  2023  ;  Pa, 
synod  witlidraws,  2412  ;  Northwestern 
Univ.,  2503  ;  Convention  at  Reading ; 
gen.  synod  ;  Pa.  synod  withdraws,  2542  ; 
1st  gen.  council ;  111.  Gen.  Synod,  org., 
2,582  ;  Muhlenberg  Coll.,  2583  ;  Pa.  Gen. 
Synod  org.,  2602  ;  begins  foreign  mis- 
sion work,  2682  ;  Carthage  Coll.,  2703;  in 
Neb.,  2762,  3982.  Danish  Church  in 
Am.,  org.,  2802  ;  !„  N.  J.,  2802.  Ger. 
Augsburg  Synod,  org.,  2902  ;  Synod  of 
Wartburg,2942;inTenn.,3002.  Wom- 
en's Home  and  For.  Miss.  Society  org., 
3023;  Bethany  Coll.,Kau..30S2;  in  Kan., 
3082.  Danish  Asso.,  org.  3182;  Iceland- 
ers' Synod,  3223  ;  in  wig.,  3223.  Im- 
manuel  Ger.  Synod,  org.,  3262;  Finnish 
Suomi  Synod,  org.,  3602  ;  against  com- 
pulsory education  law,  .3002  ;  In  Cal., 
3981 .  Eng.  Synod,  Rocky  Mts.,  3982  ; 
United  Ger.  Cynod,  Mich.,  Minn.,  Wis., 
org.,  4202;  Slavonian  Synod  org.  4781 . 

Lutherans,  Can.,  in  Out.,  5882. 

,  Meetings  of    Gen.  Synod,  meet   at 

Frederick,  1303, 1311 ,  1323, 1383;  Gettys- 
burg, 1343;  Hagerstown,  1363, 1483;  Bal- 
timore. 1422, 1542, 1563,2902;  Chambers- 
burg,  1503;  Phila.,  1603;  New  York;  1642; 
Charleston,  1682  ;  Winchester,  1723  ; 
Beading,  1822 ;  Pittsburg.  I862.  2542, 
.3403;  Lancaster,  2191 ;  York,  1443,  Mil ; 
Harrisburg,  2642,  3223  ;  Washington, 
2<i82  ;  Dayton,  2762  ;  Canton,  2822  ;  Car- 
thage, 2%2  ;  Wooster,  3023  ;  Altoona, 
3082;  Springfield,  3142  ;  Omaha,  3282; 
Allegheny,  3463;  Lebanon,3982;  Ottawa; 
6882. 

,  Mission  Society,  Ger.,  fmd.,  8131 . 

,  Mission,  Cent.,  Asso.,  org.,  8262. 

Magazine,  issued,  Eng..  9271 . 

Miss.  Society,  Mass.,  org.,  1142. 

,  India,  missions,  10471 . 

enters  Rus.,  1117 1 . 

,  Nat.,  Institution,  org.,  11361. 

party.  Church  Eng.,  appears,  9211. 

Society  (Fr.),  formed,  7243. 

Tract  Society,  org.,  Am.,  1183. 

Evangelista  Island,  discovered,  143. 

Evans,  Augusta.    (See  Wilson,  Mrs.) 

,  Charles  R.  Ogilen,  d.,  10022. 

,  Chris,  sentence,  4451 . 

,  David,  Lord  Mayor,  London,  10073. 

,  Edward  Payson,  b.,  1421 . 

,  Fred.  Wm.,  b.,  1142;  d..  4241 . 

,  George,  b.  (179'7)  ;  d.,  2561 . 

. Sir,  De  Lacy,   b.,    9242;    take.s 

Trum.  11301;  commander  in  Sp.,  11.301; 
d.,  9742. 

,  John,  b.  (1678+) ;  gov.  Pa.,  552. 

, ,  works,  9763. 


1250 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDKX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Coiumn.  Evail-Fair. 


Evans,  John,  gov.  Col.,  2173. 

, Gary,  gov.  S.  C,  4731 ,  4793. 

,  H.  Clay,  nom.  for  gov.  Tenn.,  4692. 

,  Mary    Ann    (George    Eliot).      (See 

Cross,  Mrs.) 

,  Col.  Nathan  Geo.,  b.  (1828) ;  at  Ball's 

Bluff,  Va.,  2001  •    at  Kinston,  2162 ;   d.. 
(1868). 

,  Oliver,  b.,  71 1 ;  patents  steam-wagon, 

951;  (1.,  1281. 

,  Robley  D.,  promoted  capt.,  4201 . 

,  Thom,^s,  b.,  1081 ;  d.,  2621 . 

,  Sir  Thomas  W.,  d.,  10081 . 

,  Lieut.,  removed  from  command,  9801 , 

Evanston,  111.,  Northwestern  Univ.  org., 
1703,  178»  ;  Swedish  Theol.  Sem.  fnd., 
2703;  Garrett  Biblical  Inst,  opd.,  1802. 

,  Wyo.,  Insane  Asylum  opd.,  MSi . 

Evansville,  Ind.,  school  for  deaf,  3251 ; 
Chas.  Eitter,  defaulter,  3782  ;  Natural 
Waterways  Conven.,  3932;  Am.  Humane 
Asao.,  session,  4723;  R.  B.  strike,  4603. 

Evaristes,  St.,  bp.  at  Home,  10623. 

Evarts,  Jeremiah,  b.  (1781) ;  d.,  1382. 

,  Wm.  Maxwell,  b.,   1262  ;  Johnson's 

ooonsel,  2612;  atty-gen.,  2633;  pres.  Bar 
Asso.,  2691 ;  minister,  2953. 

Eve,  Paul  Fitzsimmons,  b.  (1806) ;  d.,296i . 

■ ,  statue  executed,  1501 . 

,  temptation  of,  11391. 

Evelyn,  John,  b.,  8802  ■  maru,  8851 ;  a 
9022. 

Evening  prayer,  reading  of.  Eng.,  8702. 

Moening  Star^  founders,  2553. 

Everest.  Chas.  B.,  dis.  rock  salt,  2981 . 

,  Sir  George,  b.,  9243;  d.  (1866). 

Everett,  Alex.  Hill,  b.,  1022;  d.  (1847). 

,  Charles  Carroll,  b.,  1502. 

,  Edward,  b.,  1042;  Orations,  1403;  gov. 

Mass.,  1472;  pres.  Harvard,  161 1 ;  for 
vice-pres.  1872;  vote,  1883,  1913;  at 
Seneca  Palls,  1961 ;  d.,  2122;  statue,  2581 . 

,  William,  b.,  1502. 

Evergreen  Cemetery,  dedicated,  1673 ; 
opd.,  1712. 

Everhard,  Sir  Bichard,  gov.  of  N.  C,  612. 

Everlasting  Compact,  signed,  11383. 

Evers,  Carl,  b.,  8122. 

Eversley,  Vise.     (See  Lefevre,  C.  S.  9493 .) 

Everts,  Win.  Wallace,  b.,  123 1 ;  d.  (1800). 

Bve-sham,  Eng.,  battle  of,  8541 . 

Evicted  Tenants  Arbitration  Bill,  10091 , 
10123. 

Evil-merodach,  impris. ;  reigns,  11472. 

Evington,  H.,  cons,  bp.,  10121 , 

Evolution,  doctrine  advanced,  9521. 

,  squadron  of,  at  Genoa,  3541 . 

Evora,  University  of,  fnd.,  IIO91 . 

Evreux,  Pr.,  captm-od,  6761 ;  Germans  re- 
pulsed, 7423;  Germ:ins  occupy,  7431 . 

Ewald,  Qeorg  Heinrich  August,  b.,  8O82  ; 
dismissed  from  univ.,  8152  ;  d.,  8283. 

,  Johannes,  b.  (1743) ;  works,  6383, 6391 ; 

d.  (1781). 

Ewell,  Richard  Stoddard,  b.,  1261;  at 
Front  Royal,  208t ;  at  Chantilly,  2122  ; 
at  Winchester,  2223  ;  at  Carlisle,  2232  ; 
at  (Jettysburg,  2241 ;  at  Spottsylvania, 
2323  ;  south  of  Rapidan,  2321 ;  at  Sailor's 
Creek,  24Si :  d.,  2761 . 

Ewen,  Mary  Cecillia,  b.  (1836);  d.,  2541 . 

Ewer,  P.  C,  defalcation,  4043. 

,  Perd.  Cartwright,  b.,  1341 ;  d.,  3142. 

Bvring,  And.,  at  Ironton,  2381 ;  d.,  2351 . 

,  D.  R.,  president  convention,  3981 . 

,  Finis,  b.  (1773) ;  d.,  1522. 

,  James  S.,  4473. 

- — ,  Robert  E.,  moderator,  2962. 

,  Thomas,  b.  (1789)  ;  sec.  treas,,  1532  ; 

sec.  interior,  1653  ;  sec.  war,  2612;  d., 
2741. 

,  Wm.  Bellford,  b.  (1776) ;  d.,  2521 . 

College  (Baptist),  111.,  founded,  2863. 

Exchange,  at  Antwerp,  5402  ;  at  Amster- 
dam, 11002. 

Exchequer,  consolidated,  Q.  B.,  9393. 

Excise  Bill,  opposed,  Eng.,  9092  ;  Intro.  ; 
petition  against,  9093. 

Reform  Association,  incor.,  3851. 

system  established,  Eng.,  8853. 

Exclusion  Bill,  passed,  Eng.,  8952. 

Excommunication,  threatened,  Ger.,  7751 ; 
acts  disapproved.  8262. 

Execution  Bills,  Fr.,7552. 

Exedia,  Manoel  Godinho  De,  dis.,  493t. 

Exeter,  Eng.,  taken,  8441 ;  besieged  ;  castle 
surrenders. 8481 ;  nunnery  fmd.,  8522;  Ed- 
ward at,  B.591 ;  annual  festival  est. , 8711 ; 
taken,  8841 ;  canal  at,  8963  ;  water-works 


erected,  9013  ;  Ex.  Mercurij.  Prntestnnt 
Mercury,  Postmaster,  or  Loi/al  Mf.rcury, 
issued,  9063  ;  Sessions  House  built,  9193; 
new  bridge,  9213  ;  E,  Theater  erected, 
9221 ;  lunatic  asylum  fnd.,  9272;  Inst,  of 
Science  est.,  9321 ;  subscription  library 
fnd.,  9331 ;  gates  removed,  9303  ;  public 
baths  erecteii,  9412;  Mechanics'  Institu- 
tion opd.,  9421 ;  British  Asso.  meets, 
9662;  Albert  Memorial  Museum  given, 
9741 ;  bread  and  moat  riots,  9711;  Bp. 
Biekersteth  cons.,  9922. 

Exeter,  N.  H.,  fire,  4273. 

College,  Eng..  founded,  8663  ;  William 

Grocyn,  teacher,  8663. 

Exeter  Codex,  compiled,  8483. 

,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  9311 . 

Exile,  sovereign  power  to,  10632. 

Exilles,  battle  at,  7001. 

Exmoutii,  wrecked,  9553. 

Exmouth,  Visc<)unt  of,  title  created,  9372. 

.    (See  Edward  Pellew.) 

Exodus,  11413. 

,  of  Israelites,  11403. 

Expedition  fund,  Fr.,  7633. 

,  second,  to  Italy,  7722. 

,  third,  to  Italy," 7741. 

,  polar,  Dutch,  sails,  11021 .  (See  Arc- 
tic.) 

Expedition  0/  Igor,  appears,  11143. 

Exploits  of  Bdsilioa  D.  Acritas,  appears, 
10322. 

Explosions,  U.S.A. :  Birmingham,  Ala., 
3853  ;  West  Berkeley,  Cal.,  4113  ;  dyna- 
mite, Denver,  Colo.,  4352  ;  mine,  Como, 
4232;  Wilmington,  Del.,  1753,.3713;  bomb, 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  4611 ;  Chicago,  111.,  picnic, 
4352;  Litchfield;  Geneva,  4312;  Eming- 
ton,  4413;  at  Mavsville,  Ky.,  1773  ;  in 
Hoosac  tunnel,  M!ass.,  2593;  Worcester, 
4233;  at  White  Pigeon,  Mich.,  3913;  East 
Jordan,  4033  ;  at  Syracuse,  N.Y.,  1533  ; 
street,  in  N.  Y.  City,  1673,  4432  ;  Brook- 
lyn; Columbus, 0.,3533;  at Findlay,  3773; 
Cold  Springs,  4133  ;  of  powder,  3653  ; 
saw-mill  at  Phila.,  Pa.,  2573;  mine,  3353; 
mine,  Ashley,  3593;  gas,  Pittsburg. 4213; 
dynamite,  at  Black  Run,  4553;  Shamo- 
km,  4273,47,33;  mine,  Wilkesbarre,  4393 ; 
Tracy  City,  Tenn.,  4662;  dynamite,  Tex., 
4493;  at  Midlothian,  Va.,  1773;  Spokane 
Falls,  Wash.,  3693,  4413  ;  Central  City, 
powder-mill,  W.  Va.,  3993  ;  Hurlev, 
Wis.,  3553;  bomb,  Milwaukee,  4211;  of 
Peacemalcer,  1561 ;  of  Lucy  Wallcer,  1573; 
of  Martfueffe,  1593. 

,  Bulli  colliery.  Austral.,  4993  ;  Doman, 

Austr<>Hung.,*5333;  Trieste  ;  Somerein  ; 
Galicia,  5353  ;  Mohacs,  5362  ;  Hung.  ; 
Dux,  5373;  bomb,  Pilsen,  538i ;  Karwm, 
5383  ;  Ganshoren,  Belg.,  5462;  Liege  and 
Mons,  5471 ;  mine,  Mons  ;  dynamite, 
mine.  Dour  ;  Anderlues  colliery ;  Charle- 
roi,  5473;  dynamite,  Ostend  ;  dynamite, 
Seraing  ;  dynamite,  Liege,  5481  ,'2;  Turk- 
ish monitor,  Bulg., 5661  ;  mine.  Nanaimo; 
dynamite,  Quebec,  5853;  Quebec  ;  Spring 
Hill,  N.  S.,  5932  ;  Staples,  Ont.,  6953; 
Montreal,  ,5962  ;  Pa  Chow,  China,  6253  ; 
at  Laon,  Fr.,  7402  ;  mine,  Ger.,  8373  ; 
Wales,  9973,  10033  ;  Scot.,  9973.  (See 
Anarchists  and  Dynamite.) 

Exportations,  restricted,  Eng.,  8691 . 

Exports,  value  of.  Am.,  103. 

Express,  business  intro., Am. ,1513;  Adams' 
founded,  1533. 

Express  attacks  Prometheus,  9572. 

Expulsion  Bill,  Fr.,  adopted,  7533. 

Extradition  treaty,  with  Eng.,  3491 ,  3552  ; 
with  Fr.,  4051. 

Bill,  Can.,  6873,  5903. 

Exuma,  asteroid,  discovered,  142. 

Eyb,  Albreoht  von,  b.  (1420) ;  Mencliiemi 
and  Baccides.  trans.,  7871 ;  d.  (1478). 

Eybek,  sultan,  6553;  killed,  6551 . 

Eyck,  Hubert  van,  b.-d.,  6392. 

,  Jan  van,  b,-d.,  5392. 

Eye,  Johann  L.  A.,  b.,  8123. 

Evers,  Nicholas,  Bapt.  preaching,  571; 
licensed,  583  ;  pastor,  6O2. 

Eykens,  or  Eyckens,  Pieter,  b.-d.,  5403. 

Eylau,  Prus.,  battle  of,  7162. 

Eynden,  Roland  van,  b.-d.,  1101 1. 

Eyraud,  arrested,  7603. 

Eyre,  Charles,  b.  (1817) ;  cons,  bishop,  9682. 

,  Edward  John,  b.,  9.363 ;  journey,  4942. 

.  John,  transported  for  theft.  9192. 

Eyschen,  Herr,  order  of  Bed  Eagle,  8331 . 

Eystein  II.,  reigns,  II051. 


Eytinge,  Rose,  b.,  1482. 

Ezekiel,  captive,  prophesies,  11462. 

,  Moses  riacob,  b.,  1562. 

Ezeta,  ex-president,  in  Panama,  6282. 
,  Gen.    Carlos,    pres.    San  Salvador, 

11232  ;  leader,  10381,  112.33. 
Ezra,  Book   written ;    leads   expedition, 

11463;  in  Jerusalem,  11473. 
Ez  Zahir,  calif,  6562. 


Fa,  emperor,  enthroned,  611 1 . 

Faber,  Basil,  b.,  7882  ;  d.,  7922. 

,  Frederick  Wm.,  b.,  9363  ;  in  Fatheri 

of  Oratory,  9643  ;  d.  (1863). 

,  George  Stanley,  b.,  9183  ;  d.,  9582. 

,  .Jacobus,  b.-d.,  6782. 

,  Johann,  b.,  7862  ;  d.,  7902. 

Fabia  gens  secede,  10512. 

Fabian,  Robert,  b.  (145±) ;  C<mcOTdance, 
8M3  ;  d.  (1512). 

,  St.,  pope,  10643. 

Fahii,  slain,  10501 ;  three  surrendered, 
10513. 

Pabinyi,  Herr,  resigns,  5332. 

Pabius,  Caius  Pictor,  decorates  temple, 
10631. 

,  Maximus  Cuntator,  d.,  10662. 

, Rullianus  Quintus,  against  Han- 
nibal, 10541 ;  Roman  commander,  6621 ; 
captures  Tarentmn,  10643;  dictator, 
10652  ;  defeats  Umbrians  ;  at  Vadimon- 
ian  Lake,  10521;  at  Tifernum,  10522; 
d.  (290±). 

Servilianus,    peace    with    invaders, 

11252. 

,  defeated  by  Mithridates  VI.,  11501 . 

Fabliaux  productions,  6711;  works,  6703, 

6711;  p.  period,  6803. 
Fabre,  Antoine  F.  H.,  b.,  7123  ;  d.,  7322, 
,  Edward  Charles,  cons,  bp.,5822;  arch- 

bp.,  6842 ;  forbids  papers  read,  5941 ;  cen- 

6or,5962. 
,  Ferdinand,  b.  (1830) ;  Ma   Vocation, 

7582. 

,  Jean,  b.,  6982  ;  d.,  7123. 

,  M.  F.,  XavUre.  7602. 

d'Eglantine,  Philippe  Fran5ois  Ja- 
cobin, b.,  7022  :  d.,7102. 

Fabretti,  Raffael,  b.,  10823  ;  d.,  10831. 

Fabriano,  It.,  paper-mill  at,  10762. 

,  Gentile  da,  b.  (1370) ;  paints  Adora^ 

tion  of  Magi,  also  Madonna,  10781 ;  d. 

(1460). 
Fabricius,  Jacob,  in  New  York,  422. 
,  Johann  C,  b.,  8003  ;  d.,  8083. 

Luscinus,  visits  Pyrrhus,  10533. 

Fabrigio,  discovers  vein  valves,  10821, 
Fabroni,  Angelo,  b.,  10*42  ;  d.,  10843. 
Fabry,  comet  visible,  9941 , 

Fabyan,  N.  H.,  American  Library  Associ- 
ation Conference,  3682. 

,  Robert,  b.,  8622  ;  d.,  866I . 

Facciolati,  Jacopo,  b.,  10831 ;  d.,  1084». 
Foi'-etus,  appears,  II271. 
Facilidas,  reigns  in  Abyssinia,  13. 
Factory  and  Workshop  Act,  passes,  G.  B., 

10072. 
Fadeyev,  BatslavAndrieyevitch,  b.,1116». 
Padin'ger,  leads  revolt,  5121 . 
Faed,  John,  b.,  MO2  ;  works,  9541 .  9601 . 
Fagan,    Michael,    convicted;    executed, 

9911. 
Fagius,  Paul,  b.,  7863  ;  d.,  7921 . 
Fagnani,  Giuseppe,  b.,  10862  ;  d.,  10882. 

,  Joseph,  b.  (1819) ;  d.,  2821 . 

Fahrenheit,  Gabriel,  b.,  7982  ;  thermom- 
eter, 8001 ;  d.,  8002. 
Fahta,  mission,  657' . 
Faidherbe,  Ix)uis  L(k)n  C&ar,  b.,  7223 ; 

Gen.    at   St.    Quentin,  7441  j    at  Pont- 

Novelles,  7431 ;  d.,  7581 . 
Fail,Noel  du,  works,  681 1 ,  6851 . 
Failey,  Harriet,  b.,  1623. 

,  Noah  L.,b.j.  1362. 

Faillon,  Michel  Etienne,  b.,  6762;  d.,  582' . 
Failly,  Pierre  Louis  Charles  Achille  de, 

b.,7191 ;  at  Beaumont,  7402  ;  atMentana, 

7361;  d.,  7621; 
Pair,  Laura  D.,  trial ;  acquitted,  2742. 
,  James  Graham,  b.  (1831) ;  senator ; 

restores  monument,  3421 ;  d.,  478' . 
Pairbairn,  Sir  William,  b.,  9243  ;  d.  (1874). 
Fairbanks,  Erastus,    b.,    1022  ;  gov.   \t., 

1712,  1903;  d.,  241'. 
.Horace,  b.  (1820);  gov.  Vt.,296';  d. 

(1888). 


Fair-Favr. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1251 


Faircliild,  Cassius,  b.  (1828) ;  d.,  2622. 

,  Clias.  Stebbius,  b.  (1842) ;  sec.  treas., 

327». 
,  James  Harris,  b.,  1201 . 

,  Lucius,    b.,    1382  ;     gov.    Wis.,    2553  ; 

commander-iu-cliief,  3'.M3. 
Fairfax,  Uaron,  title  created,  881 1 . 
,  Bryau  L.,  b.,  62' . 

,  Donald  McNeill,  b.  (1822) ;  d.,  «8i . 

,  Edward,  Jerusalem  /Jelivered,  S77^  ; 

d.,  8822. 

,  Lord  Thomas,  b.,  8782  ;  commander, 

8842  ;  in  civil  war  ;  tal^es  Manchester, 
881' ;  d.,  8922. 

Court  House,  Va.,  action,  204' ,  2123, 

229'. 
FairHeld,  Conn.,  burned,  902. 

,  la..  Parson's  College  org.,  2922. 

,  Tex.,  lynching,  4723. 

,  Vt.,  Fenians  invade  Canada,  2703. 

,  John,  b.  (1797) ;  gov.  Me.,  1612,  1552; 

d.  (1*47). 

Fair  Garden,  Tenn.,  Confeds.  defeat,  230' . 

Haven,  Conn.,  town  hall,  4533. 

,  Mass.,  burned,  89' ;  library,  4182. 

Fairlop  Oall.     (See  Essex,  Eng.) 

Fairmount,  w.  Va.,  Normal  Schools 
opened,  2603. 

Fair  Oaks,  Va.,  battle  of,  2083. 

Fair  Pktji.  captured,  212'. 

Fairport,  la,,  silver  found,  376' . 

Fairs,  introduced,  in  Eng.,  8453;  It.,  10713. 

Falrview  Pipe-Line,  incorporated,  2853. 

Faithorne,  William,  b.,  880' ;  d.,  9892. 

Faizabad,  mission,  10463,  10483. 

Fajes,  Pedro,  gov.  Cal.,  953. 

Fakhr-ed-Dia,  Ad-Kazi,  b.  (1150) ;  d.,4863. 

Falaise,  Fr.,  captured,  676' . 

FalcJo,  Audr6,  Crearaode  Ilomen,  1110'. 

Falck,  Dr.,  double  acting  engine,  9202. 

Falcon,  sails,  432' ;  returns,  470' ,  594' . 

Falcon,  JuanCrisostomo,  president,  11602. 

Falconer,  Hugh,  b.,  9343  ;  d.  (1865). 

,  William,  b.,   9082;  Shipwreck,  9163  ; 

d.,  9182. 

Falerii,  war  with,  1052' . 

Falo3,  Alden,  convicted,  4082. 

Falieri,  Marino,  b.-d.,  10762;  doge  of  Ven- 
ice; conspiracy  of  ;  beheaded,  10773. 

Falk,  Andrew  J.,  gov.  Dak.,  2553. 

,  Henry,  confesses,  4423. 

,  Johann  F.  G.,  b.,  8122  ;  d.,  8282. 

,  Paul  Ludwig  Adelbert,  b.,  814' ;  min- 
ister, 8263,  8273  ;  May  Laws,  8282;  laws; 
resignation,  830*,  8312. 

Falkeustein,  Vogel  von,  in  Austro-Prus. 
war;  at  Frankfort,  8242. 

Falkirk,  Scot.,  battle  of,  856' . 

Moor,  Scot.,  action  at,  910' . 

Falkland  Islands,  oooupled,  9472;  ceded  to 
Great  Britain,  9193. 

,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  881 ' . 

, .    (See  Gary,  Lucius.) 

, ,  gov.  Nova  Scotia,  5792. 

Falkner,  John  Pascoe,  Melbourne,  4953. 

Falkoping,  Swe.,  battle  of,  636' . 

Fallangia,  mission  at,  llBl ' . 

Falli^res,  M.,  minister,  7533,  7563,757',  », 
761'. 

Falling  Waters,  V^a.,  Confederates  de- 
feated, 2243. 

Fallopio,  Gabrlello,  b.,  10802  ;  d.,  10803. 

Falioux,  Vicorate  de,  Frederick  Alfred 
Pierre,  b.,  719';  d.,  7542. 

Fallows,  Samuel,  b.,  1442. 

Fall  River,  Mass.,  cotton-mill,  1182  ;  mills 
burned,  2873 ;  strike,  289' ;  spinners 
strike,  317';  Borden  murder,  4123,:; 
mills  close,  4353  ;  Amalgamated  Associ- 
ation, 461';  strike,  473'. 

Falls  of  Alexandria,  La.,  dam,  232'. 

Falls  of  Bruar.  sinks,  9973. 

of  St.  Anthony,  Indian  massacre,  151' . 

Falmouth,  Me.,  burned,8U3;  Indian  treaty, 
613;  Falnumth  Qazette,  issued,  983;  City 
of  Bath  at,  3093. 

— -,  Duke  of,  title  created,  905' . 

Falciuiferes,  statue  of  Gambetta,  754' . 

Fa  Men,  mission,  621 ' . 

Family  (Compact,  signed,  Fr.,  7033. 

Family  Slnry  Paper,   established,  2823. 

Famme,  China,  6153,  6233  ;  charged  to 
missionaries,  6163  ;  in  Egj^pt,  645' ,  6553, 
6613;  in  Eng.,  8473.  8513,8573,8593,8633, 
91.i3,9273,  9313,  9413,  9533,  9552  ;  hi  Eu- 
rope, 775';  in  Fr.,  demoralizes,  669'; 
•uffering,  6712,  6732,  677' ,  6973.  7073;  in 
Oer.,  8033;  in  Gr.,  10322;  in  Great  Brit., 
8153;  in  Hung.,  5333;  in  Ire.,  9113,  9553, 


985';  collections  for  Tre.,  372';  King's 
Daughters  relieve,  4063  ;  in  Labrador, 
5853  ;  aid,  5903  ;  of  corn.  Neb.,  3733  ; 
Okia.,  3693  ;  in  Kua.,  11223,  11232  ;  in 
Va.,  29' ;  cattle  die,  W.  Va.,  3693  ;  in 
Zululand,  0033  ; 

Fanatic,  imitates  Abraham,  301' . 

Fancourt,  Samuel,  b.  (1678) ;  first  circulat- 
ing library,  911' ;  d.  (1768). 

F.ami,JulianUhas.Henry,b.,94t3;  d.(1870). 

Faneuil,  Peter,  b.,  54';  builds  Faneuil 
Hall,  64' ;  d.,  642. 

Hall,  Boston,  built,  65' ;  indignation 

meeting,  1432. 

Faufani,  Pietro,  b.,  10862  ;  a.,  1090' . 

Fanham,  Ilalph,  d.,  2023. 

Fannie  Chase,  finds  ambergris,  3422. 

Fanni^re,  Francois  Auguste,  1).,  7223. 

, Joseph,  b.,  7242. 

Fanning,  David,  b.  (1756) ;  d.,  1322. 

,  George  E.,  gov.  Pr.  E.  Is.,  577' . 

,  John  Thomas,  b.,  1482. 

Fanny,  collides  with  Helcefia,  9833. 

Fanshawe,  Sir  Itichard,  b.,  8782  ;  ,1.  (1666). 

Fanti,  Gen.  Manf  redo,  li.  (1808)  ;  atl'esaro, 
1088'  ;  d.  (1865). 

Faraday,  cable  ship,  10123  ;  lands  direct 
cable,  2853  ;  lays  Atlantic  cable,  7533, 
7893. 

,  Michael,  b.,  9243  ;  electro-magnetism, 

940' ;  electro-magnetic  rotation  ;  lique- 
faction of  gases,  9402;  discovers  benzine, 
942';  Chemical  Manipulation,  943';  vol- 
taic electricity,  944 ' ;  liesearches  in  Elec- 
tricity,^2^;  suggests  gutta-percha,  954' ; 
d.,970'. 

Farau<l,  Henri-Joseph,  cons,  bishop,  582' . 

Faravohitra,  Madagascar,  mission,  1094' . 

Farcino,  Marsilio,  b.-d.,  10783. 

Farebother,  Chas.,  lord  mayor  Lond.,  9453. 

Farel,  Guillaume,  b.,  6783  ;  a.,  6823. 

Farewell,  Lieut.,  settlement  Cape  Colony, 
5973. 

Fargo,  N.  Dak.,  Agricultural  College  es- 
tablished, 3742  ;  Are,  4313. 

,  William  George,  b.  (1818) ;  d.,  308' . 

College,  N.  Dak.,  org.,  2763  ;  opened, 

3283. 

Fargus,  Frederick  John,  b.,  9542. 

Fana  y  Sousa,  Manvel  de,  b.-d.,  III02. 

Faribault,  Minn.,  deaf  mutes,  school  est., 
2292  ;  sc.  for  feeble-minded  opd.,  3032. 

Plan,  defeated,  41 G2;  Archbishop  Ire- 
land denies  failure,  438' . 

Farinelli,  Carlo,  b.,  1083';  d.,  10843. 

Farini,  Carlo  Luigi,  b.,  10862  ;  d.  (1866). 

Farieon,  Benjamin  Leopold,  b.,  9462. 

Farley,  publishes  Am.  Chronicle,  723. 

,  Patrick,  indictment  dismissed,  359'. 

,  Samuel,  Oiiitor,  723. 

Farlow,  Win.  Gilson,  b.,  1.562. 

Farm  Mortgage  Census  Bill,passed,  353'  ,2. 

Farmer,  Hugh,  b.,  9042;  d.,  9242. 

,  John,  b.,  100' ;  d.,  1482. 

, ,  in  Phila.,  523. 

,  Moses  F.,  incandescent  light,  290'. 

Farmers  combine,  1003. 

Alliance   Conveii.,   at  Atlanta,  3273  ; 

Cal.,  4362;  Chicago,  283' ,  4222,  423' ;  Col- 
umbia, S.  C.,2552;  Indianapolis,  395' ,  2; 
in  Kansas  legislature,  3713  ;  Menipliis, 
4183,4193;  meets;  Ocala,  3723  ;  Wash., 
D.  C,  3772;  Catholic  opposition,  3522; 
Nat.  organization,  find.,  307' ;  supreme 
council  meets,  395' ;  unite  with  K.  of  L., 
355'. 

Association,  at  Raleigh,  N.  C,  331». 

College,  org.,  O.,  163' . 

Congress,  at  Topeka,  3313. 

Farmer's  Home,  issued,  3063. 

Mutual  Benefit  Asso.,  meeting,  3B92. 

Farmington,  Conn.,  Am.  Board  fmd., 
1163;  canal  opened,  1.373. 

,  Me.,  earthquake,  332' . 

,  Miss.,  Confederate  defeat,  206»;  ac- 
tion at,  207'. 

,  Tenn.,  action  at,  2263. 

Fariiiville,  Va.,  repulse  at,  245' . 

Farncombe,  Tlios.,  lord  mayor,  9492. 

Farneae,  Alessandro,  b.,  10803;  gov.  Neth., 
5413;  viceroy,  10993;  d.,  10823. 

— — ,  Peter  L.,  rules  Placentia,  10813. 

Farnham,  Eng.,  action  at,  844' . 

,  Eliza  W.,  b.,  1242;  d.,  241'. 

,  Roswell,  inaug.  gov.,  3052. 

,  Thomas  Jefferson,  b.,  112' ;  d.,  164' . 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9132. 

Farochon,  Jean  Baptiste  Eugene,  b.,  7163; 
d.,  746'. 


Farokhsir  revolts,  10452. 

Farquhar,  George,  b.,  894*  ;  works,  9003  ; 
d.,  9022. 

,  Norman   H.,   naval   capt.,  322' ;  in 

navy  dept.,  3512. 

Farr,  J.  P.,  shot,  3903. 

,  William,  b.  (1807);  d.,  9922. 

Farragut,  David  Glascoe  (or  Glasgow),  b., 
110';  a|jpt.  to  West  Gulf,  204';  on  the 
Miss.  River,  2062;  passes  Fort  Jackson, 
etc..  New  Orleans  surrenders,  2063;  .it 
Vicksburg,  208',  2092;  at  Port  Hudson, 
220' ;  bombards  Fort  Powell,  2302  ;  in 
Mobile  Bay,  237'  ;  attacks  ports,  237' ,  2; 
madevice-adiiiiral,2403;  appointedadm., 
252' ;  d.,  2702;  stiltue,  306' ,  432' . 

Farrah,  Afgh.,  depopulated,  53. 

Farrand,  Com.  F.,  at  Citronelle,  2462. 

Farrar,  Bp.,  burned,  Wales,  8703. 

,  Eliza  Ware,  b.  (1792) ;  d.,  270' . 

,  Frederick  Wm.,  b.,  9442;  chaplain  in 

H.  C,  10O42;  works,  979'. 

,  ,John,  b.,  912;  d.,  1722. 

,  Timothy,  b.,  662;  d.,  166'. 

Farre,  Arthur,  d.,  9962. 

Farren,  Elizabeth  (Nellie),  appears,  9182. 

Farrer,  Henry,  b.,  156' . 

,  Thos.  Charles,  b.,  1482. 

Farris,  Isaac,  d.,  282' . 

Farrow,  T.  Stobo,  in  treas.  dept.,  4472. 

Farthing  tokens,  issued,  Eng.,  8793. 

Farwell,  Leonard  J.,  gov.  Wis.,  1692. 

Faaquelle,  Jean  Louis,  b.,  1142;  d,,  '2172. 

Fassett,  J. Sloat,  protests, (jov. Jones, 3392; 
nom.  for  gov.  N.  Y.,  3912. 

Fast  ordered,  Eng.,  8862. 

Fast-day,  nat.,  observed,  1233;  in  1861,1892; 
by  Confeds.,  197',  1983;  on  death  of 
Lincoln,  247' ;  inMass.,N.  H. ,3803, 401' ; 
colored  people  observe,  4062;  abolished 
in  Mass.,  4642. 

Fastnet,  Ire.,  City  of  Borne,  aground,  3613. 

Fatah  All  Shah,  b.  (1762);  reigns,  11073; 
d.  (1834). 

Fatamites,  in  Egypt,  487' ;  dynasty  over- 
thrown, 11553. 

Fathers  of  the  Oratory,  est.,  9543. 

Fatima,  marriage,  4853;  d.,  4842. 

Fatteh  Khan,  murdered,  5' . 

Fauche,  Ilippolyte,  b.,  7123;  d.,  7382. 

Fau-Cheng,  mission,  6223. 

Faucher,  Lion,  b.,  7143;  d.,  7322. 

Fauchet.  Claude,  b.  (1530):  works,  6843, 
6851 ;  d.  (1601). 

,  Jean    Antoine    Joseph,    b.    (1763) ; 

envoy,  despatch,  1053. 

Faug^re,  Arniand  Prosper,  b.,  719' ;  d., 
756'. 

Faulkner,  Charles  James,  b.,  1623;  speech, 
4383;  amendment,  439' ;  d.  (1884). 

,  George,  eBt.,Faulkner*s  Journal,  Ire., 

909'. 

,  Lieut.-Col.,  at  Durhamville,  2132. 

Faunce,  Daniel  Worcester,  b.  (1829) ;  elder 
of  Mass.,  402. 

Fauntleroy's  forgeries,  945' . 

Fauquier,  Francis,  b.  (1720±) ;  gov.  Va., 
713;  d.  (1768). 

Faure,  Constance  Caroline  Leftbvre,  b., 
7243. 

,  F^lix,  minister,  7672. 

,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  726' . 

,  M.,  electric  accumulator,  752' . 

Fauriel,  Claude  Charles,  b.,  7042;  History, 
7292;  d.,  7283. 

Faust,  Johann,  b.,  7862;  d.,  7902.  (See 
Printing.) 

Faust,  amiears,  812' . 

Fausta,  Cornelia,  b.  (88+  B.C.) ;  plotting 
of ;  executed,  1069' . 

Fauveau,  Felicie  de,  b.,  7143. 

Fauvelet,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  7242. 

Fava,  Baron  de,  ambassador,  431 2;  Blaine, 
correspondence ;  recalled,  3812  ;  pro- 
test ;  resumes  post,  10902. 

Favart,  Charles  Simon,  b.,  6963;  d.,  7082. 

,  Marie,  b.,  7262. 

, Justin  Benoite,  b.,  6982;  d.,  7042. 

Faventia  (Faenza),  action  at,  1058' . 

Favier,  Jean  Louis,  b.,  6982;  d.,  706' . 

Favila,  reigns  in  Asturias,  11253;  d.  (739). 

Faville.  Oran,  b.  (1817) ;  d.,  278'. 

Favorinus,  b.,  10622. 

Favre,  ,Tules  Gabriel  Claude,  b.,  719' ;  at- 
tacks ministry,  7392;  proposes  uprising, 
741';  calls  on  U.  S.  A.,  7412;  meets  Bis- 
marck ;  minister,  7412,  745';  issues 
circular,  7412.  7432,  3  ;  reports  Bis- 
marck's demands, 7413 ;  inipeaclied,  7452; 


1252 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  FaVr-Ferg. 


resigns,  7463 ;  negotiates  witli  Bismarck, 
8272;  d.,  7522. 

Favre,  Pierre  Etienne  Lazare,  b.,  7192. 

rawcett,  Eilgar,  b.,  1623;  works,  3183, 
3263,  3283,  3323. 

,  Henry,  b.,  9462;  in  parliament,  969' ; 

opposes  Princess's  dowry,  9753  ;  post- 
master-gen., 9852;  d.  (1884). 

,  Millieent,  b.,  9542;  d.  (1777). 

Fawkes,  Francis,  d.,  9002. 

,  Guy,  b.,  8742;  gimpowder  plot,  8792; 

d.,  878' . 

Faxardo.    (See  Saavedra.) 

Fay,  Audreiis,  b.,  5163;  d.,  526*. 

,  Jonas,  b.  (1737) ;  d.,  126*. 

,  Theodore  Sedgwick,  b.,  114' . 

Faye,  Etienne  Leopold,  minister,  757' ,  2. 

,  Herv^  Auguste  Etienne  Albans,  b., 

721'. 

Fayerweatber,  Daniel  B.,  bequest,  3722, 
4042,  4793;  contests  end,  3782. 

Fayette,  la.,  Upper  Iowa  Univer.  founded, 
1822. 

,  Mo.,  Central  College  org.,  1823. 

Fayetteville,  Ark.,  captured,  20*2  ;  Con- 
federate defeat,  210' ,  2143. 

, Industrial  Univer.  org.,  2763. 

,  N.  C.,  Are,  1393;  arsenal  taken,  194' ; 

Sherman  takes,  244' ;  colored  normal 
school  opd.,  2963. 

,  Va.,  Federal  defeat,  213' ;  Confeder- 
ate defeat,  2143;  215' . 

Fayne,  Frank  L.,  b.,  1462. 

FayoUe,  Fran9ois  Joseph  Marie,  b.  (1774) ; 
d.,  732' . 

Fayrer,  Sir  Joseph,  b.,  9422. 

Fayssoux,  Peter,  cons.  R.  Epis.  bp.,  3022. 

Fearne,  Charles,  b.,  9122;  d.,  9203. 

Feast  of  Epiphany,  est.;  of  the  Nativity  of 
Virgin  est.,  10723;  of  Nephalia,  10162;  of 
Presentation  of  Virgin  est.,  1077' ;  of  the 
Purification  eel.,  1071';  of  Transfigura- 
tion eel.,  10703;  ofltoses,  painted,  7862. 

Featherstonehaugh,  J.  P.,  shot,  971' . 

,  George  W.,  b.,  93' ;  d.  (1866). 

Febiger,  John  Carson,  b.,  130' . 

Fechner,  Gustav  T.,  b.,  807' ;  d.,  832' . 

Fedchenko,  Alexis,  b.,  11163;  d.,  11182. 

Federal  Congress,  meets,  Argentine,  491 ' . 

Council,  AustraUa,  4972;  est.,  4993. 

Democratic  Government,  est.,  993. 

Diet,  in  Prus.  alliance,  821' . 

Election  Bill,  349',  353',  3613,  363', 

3643,  367',  373', 2,  3763,  421' ,  439' ,  4403, 
4411 ,  44S2,  449' ,2,  4512,  477' . 

losses  in  civil  war,  2b8' . 

officers,  indicted,  4522. 

reforms,  considered,  Ger.,  819*. 

state,  Ger.,  7733. 

Supervision  Bill,  debated  on,  37S' . 

Federalist  party  destroyed,  1233. 

Federation  of  Women's  Clubs,  state,  475' . 

of  Labor,  Am.    (See  Am.  Federation.) 

Federman,  Nicholas,  b.  (1501) ;  at  Bogota, 
213;  d.  (1543). 

Fee,  Antoine  Laurent  Apollinaire,  b., 
7062;  d.,  7482. 

Feehan,  Patrick  A.  (1865)  cons.  bp.  of 
Nashville  ;  (1880)  archbp.  of  Chicago ; 
opposes  the  Clan-ua-Gael,  3403  ;  silver 
jubilee,  3702. 

Fehrbellin,  Prus.,  bath  at,  7962. 

Feijoo,  Diego  Antonio,  regent,  .5553. 

Feissenhainer,  Jacob  A.,  b.,  1522. 

Feitaraa,  Sibrand,  b.-d.,  1101' . 

Feith,  Bhijnvis,  b.  (1753) ;  works,  1101»;  d. 
(1824). 

Feler,  Gyorgy,  b.,  6163;  d.,  524' . 

Feke,  Eobt.,  b.  (1806) ;  painter,  66' . 

Feldman,  Leopold,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8302. 

F<51ibien,  Andre,  b.,  6863  ;  d.,  6*42. 

Felice,  Fortunato,  Bartolommeo,  b.,  10832, 
d.,  10843. 

Felicia,  asteroid,  discovered,  760' . 

Felicitas,  asteroid,  discovered,  268' . 

,  killed,  10643. 

Felinski,  archbp.,  exhorts  Poles;  ban- 
ished, 11182. 

Felix,  lost,  932' . 

I.,  St.,  pope,  10643. 

II.,  pope,  10663  ;  anti-pope,  10683  ;  ex- 
communicates patriarch,  10303  ;  excom- 
municated, 10703;  d.  (492). 

III.,  St.,  pope,  10703. 

IV.,  St.,  pope,  10703;  d.,  10702. 

v.,  anti-pope,  1079' . 

Fflix,  caestm  Joseph,  h.,  719' ;  d.,  7602. 

Felix  Farley^ 8  .Joitmal,  issued,  9043. 

of  Valois,  Saint,  b.-d.,  6683. 


Fellenberg,  Philippe  von,  b.-d.,  11372. 
Feller,  Fran9ois  X.  de,  b.-d.,  5422. 

,  Henrietta,  b.,  5762  ;  d.,  582' . 

Fellows,  Sir  Cliarles,  b.,  9283;  d.,  9642. 

,  John,  b.,  62' ;  d.  (1844). 

, E.,  b.,  140' ;  trial,  475' . 

,  Samuel,  cons.  R.  Kpis.  bp.,  292' . 

Felons,  transported,  Eng.,  9iS>' . 

Council  Bill,  passes,  9492. 

Felsing,  Jakob,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8302. 
Pelt,  Joseph  Barlow,  b.,  100' ;  d.,  2662. 

cloth  manufactured,  146' . 

Feltham,  Owen,  b.,  8782;  d.  (1668). 

Feltner,  A.  M.,  murdered,  4263. 

Felton,  Cornelius  Conway,  b.,  114' ;  works, 

143' ,  1523,  1632,  2603;  d.,  2052. 

,  Samuel  Morse,  b.  (1809) ;  d.,  334' . 

Female  Education  Society,  org.,  9403. 
infanticide  prohibited,  023' ;  pmiished, 

625'. 

influence  in  Egypt,  64S3. 

labor  regulated,  Fr.,  7633;  labor  pro- 
hibited in  mines,  G.  B.,  951' . 

Miss.  Soc.  of  N.  Haven,  org.,  119' . 

rulers  forbidden,  Fr.,  6733. 

Suffrage,  Women's  Campaign,  Kan., 

2592,  2653,  Am.  Women's  Suffrage  Asso- 
ciation 2692  ;  in  Utah,271' ;  defeateii  in 
Mich.,  2872;  in  Mich.  School  Board,  2892; 
in  Wyo.,  297' ,  3293,  4452;  in  Ore.,  3052, 
307',  317';  in  Me.,  307';  in  Kan.,  3272, 
4253;  defeated.  Conn.,  341' ;  for  schools, 
357';  petition  for,N.  Y.,4612;  rejected, 
4683  ;  rejected.  Austral.,  5003  ;  rejected, 
5012;  defeated.  Can.,  5922;  illegal,  G.B., 
973' ;  meeting  far,985' ;  hi  Madras, 9942; 
Bill  rejected,  9712.    (See  Woman.) 

Fen  countries  deluged,  9382. 

riots,  G.  B.,  93<)2. 

Fencing  Master,  first  production,  416' . 

Fendall,  Josias,  arrested,  41 ' . 

,  Philip  llicard,  b.  (1794);  d.,2602. 

Fendler,  August,  b.,  8IO2,  d.,  8302. 

F^nelon,  Franyois  de  Salign<ac  de  la  Mothe 
de,  b.,  6902  ;  works,  6932,  695'  ,2,  6972  ; 
condemned  by  pope,  695' ;  d.,  697' . 

,  Marquis  de  la  Mothe,  d.,  6842. 

Fen^on,  Felix,  suspected  anarchist,  7663. 

Feng-Huang,  defeat  at,  6263,  627' . 

Fenians,  meet  at  Phila.,  '.J483;  James  Ste- 
phens arrested  ;  arms  seized,  2522;  raid 
in  Can. ,2522, 2703;  proclamation  against, 
253'  ,271' ;  invasion,  Can., 582' ;  expenses 
claimed,  583' ;  org..  Ire.,  8392  ;  Conven- 
tion in  U.  S.;  appear  in  Ire.,  9672,  9683; 
trial  of;  in  prison,  969';  sent  to  Am., 
9703;  released,  983'. 

Fenimore,  Constance,  Jupiter  Lights,  3503. 

Cooper.    (See  Cooper.) 

Fenner,  Arthur,  b.  (1745) ;  gov.  B.  I.,  1032; 
d.  (1805). 

,  James,  b.(1771) ;  gov.  K.  I.,  1152, 1572; 

d.  (1846). 

, C,  gov.  K.  I.,  1332. 

Fenton,  Elijah,  b.,  9862;  d.,  9082. 

,  Reuben  Eaton,  b.,  128' ;  gov.  N.Y., 

251';  proposed  for  vice-pres.,  263';  d., 
3202. 

Fenwick,  George,  b.,  262;  d.,  40' . 

,  John,  b.  (1618) ;   buys  part  of  N.  J., 

452;  colony  at  Salem,  47' ;  d.  (1683). 

,  Sir  John,  executed,  901 ' . 

Feodor  I.,  or  Theodore,  b.-d.,  11142;  reigns 
as  Czar;  murdered,  III32, 11152. 

II.,  b.   (1589) ;  enthroned,  11163  ;    d., 

11142. 

Feodore,  first  great-grandchild  of  Victo- 
ria, b.,  985'. 

Feramoz  Khan,  assassinated,  52. 

Ferber,  Johan  Jacob,  b.-d.,  11342. 

Ferchard,  king,  prisoner,  843' . 

Ferdinand  I.,  Emp.  of  Aust.,  reigns,  5212  ; 
at  Innsbruck,  5223  ;  abdicates ;  abdica- 
tion refused,  5232;  d.,  5282. 

I.,  Emp.,  8153. 

II.  of  Aragon,  regent  in  Castile ;  mar- 
ries Isabella  of  Castile ;  becomes  V.,  the 
Catholic,  11273;  annexes  Navarre,  11262; 
conquests,  king  of  Sp.,  11273  ;  takes 
Tripoli,  1138';  d.,  11293. 

VII.,  Fr.,  liberated,  7252. 

I.,  Ger.,  b.,  7863  ;  king,  5093,  7932, 

10813;  emp. ;  tribute,  5112  ;  d.,  7922. 

II.,  Hiuig.,  b.,  7922  ;  declared  king  ; 

crowned  emp.,  Ger.,  deposed,  restored, 
611';  protests  against  Protestantism; 
league  with  Maximilian ;  league  with 
Spilln  ;  league  with  Lutheran  Electdr  of 
Saxony  ;  issues  edict  Restitution,  7952  ; 


peace  of  Ratisbon,  7953.    (See  p.  6113 

513';  d.,  7963.) 
Ferdinand  III.,  K.  of  Hung.,  613» ;  emp. 

Ger.,  5132,  7972;  d.,  6123,7973. 

IV.,  K.  of  Hung.,  5132;  d.,  5123. 

1.  (IV.  of  Naples),  b.,  10842  ;  king  of 

Naples,  10793;  d.,  10862. 
1,  (formerly  IV.  of  Naples),  king  of 

Sicilies,  1087' . 

I.,  Port.,  reigns,  11093. 

II.,  Port.,  reigns  as  regent,  1111' :  d., 

11102. 

I.,  King  of  Sicily,  10772. 

IV.,  King  of  Sicily,  10853. 

II.,  King  of  Two  Sicilies,  10872. 

III.  (of  Sp.),  K.  of  Two  Sicilies,  10793. 

IV.,  King  of  Two  Sicilies,  10852. 

I.  (the  Great),  Sp.,  b.-d.,  11262  ;  reigns, 

11272. 
II.,  Sp.,  separates  Leon  from  Castile, 

11273  ;  conquests,  1126' . 
III.,  Sp.,  reigns  in  Castile;  annexes 

provinces,  11273. 

IV.,  Sp.,  reigns  in  Castile,  11273. 

v.,  King,  Sp.,  b.-d.,  11263. 

the  Catholic,  king,  Sp.,  10793. 

VI.,    enthroned,   6053,  11293  ;    cedes 

tract  to  Portuguese,  1106' . 
VII.,  Sp.,  King,  b.-d.,  11302  ;  reigns, 

6053,    11312;  abdicates    for    Napoleon, 

11313;  restored,  11312. 

VII.,  Sp.,  reigns,  11312;  refuses  Mex. 

crown,  10953;  marries  Maria  Christina, 

11312. 

,  Archduke,  Aus.,  defeated,  5113;  per- 
secutes Bohemians,  6123  •  commander, 
808'. 

of  Aust.,  king,6093;  possessions, 6II2. 

of    Aust.,    condemns    Reformation ; 

opposesAnabapti8ts,789' ;  marries  Anne; 
enters  religious  alliance,  7893;  K,  of  Ro- 
mans, 7912;  agreement  with  Protestants, 
7913. 

of  Bavaria,  archbp.,  h.,  7922;  d.,7903. 

of  Brunswick,  drives  Fr.  back,  516' . 

of  Brunswick,  at  Krefeld  :  at  War- 
burg, 702'. 

I.,  D.  of  Tuscany,  10813. 

II.,  D.  of  Tuscany,  10813. 

III.,D.  of  Tuscany,  10813;  expelled, 

10853. 

IV.,  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  1089' . 

,  Pr.  of  Bulg.,  marriage  abandoned ; 

birthday  eel. ;  assassination  plot  dis., 
5682,3  ;  threatened ;  marries,  5683  ;  at 
Sofia;  remits  injustice;  authority  ille- 
gal ;  at  Philippopolis ;  elected  Pr. ;  pro- 
clamation, 569' ;  anniversary  eel. ;  Rus- 
sia refuses  recognition,  5693 ;  conspiracy 
against,  5702. 

Prince, of  Ger. visitsAust., 5352;  mar- 
ries, 8362. 

,  Prince,  wedsMariall.of  Port. ,1111'. 

,  Pr.,  crown  prince  of  Rumania,  III32. 

Albert,    Duke   of   Brunswick,   8O12, 

commander,  802' . 

deffalavera,  b.  (1445);  opposes  Colum- 
bus, 121 ;  d.  (1607). 

Francis,  Aust.,  b.,  6262. 

Mary,  rules  Bavaria,  7972. 

Philippe,  Duo  d'  Orl&ns,  b.,  719' ;  d., 

7282. 

the  Just,  reigns,  11273. 

Fernando  Po,  W.  Afr.,  Bapt.  expelled, 

11613. 

Ffere  Champenoise,  Fr.,  allies  victorioue, 

7203. 
Ferelo,  Bartolome,  explorer,  223. 
Ferghana.    (See  Khokand.) 
Fergus  I.,  founds  monarchy  of  Scot.,  839'; 

d.,8402. 

Ily  revives  monarchy,  8412;  d.,  8402. 

III.,  assassinated,  843' ;  d.,  8422. 

Falls,  Minn.,   Insane   Asylum    est.* 

3251. 
Ferguson,  Adam,  b.,  9062;  Moral  Philoso- 
phy,919^;  d.,  9382. 

,  Alex.,  wins  rifle  prize,  982' . 

,  Donald,  b.  (1839);  minister,  6963. 

,  James,  b.  (1797)  ;  discovers  Euphro- 

syne,  176';    Virginia,  182';  Echo,  188'; 

(1.(1867). 

,  John,  mayor  N.  Y.,  1252. 

, L.,  embezzler,  397' . 

,  Mayor  Patrick,  b.,  9103  ;  at   King's 

Mountain,  922  ;  d.,  93i . 

,  Robert,  b.  (1820);  Poems,  9192. 

,  Sir  Samuel,  b.  (1810) ;  works,  9e8», 

9863 ;  d.  (1886). 


1 


Ferg-Fira 


7e>ct  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column, 


1263 


Fergnson,  Tbos.  B.,  minister  to  Den,,  4473. 
7ergusson,  James,  b.  (1710) ;  Parthenon, 

9^3  ;  d.  (1776). 
,  Sir  James,  b.,  9462;  postmaster,  1007» ; 

gov.,  10473  ;  d.  (1886). 
Ferisbtali,  Moh.linmed-Kasin,  b.-<l.,  11063. 
Ferlaud,  Jean  Baptiste  Antoine,  b.,  5763; 

work,  5811;  d.  (ISG4). 
Ferles,  Cashier,  suicide,  5362. 
Fermanagh,  Baron,  title  created,  975^ . 
Ferraat,  Pierre  de,  b.,  6862  ;  d.,  6903. 
Fermor,  Count,  b,  (1704) ;  commander,  802  < ; 

d.  (1771). 
Fermoy,  Baron,  title  created,  9591 . 
Fern,  Fanny.    (See  Parton,  Mrs.  Sarah.) 
Fernald,  James C.,iV^ew  Womanhood,3ii8^, 
Fernandez,  Juan,  b.-d.,  11282. 

de  Castro,  Manuel,  b.,  11303. 

,  Diego  de  la  Haya  y,  gov.,  6302. 

,  Diniz,  b.-d.,  11092. 

,  Prospero,  pres.,  6312  ;  d.,  6313. 

Fernaudina,  Fla.,  taken,  2013. 

Fernel,  Jean,  b.-d.,  6783. 

Fernkorn,  Anton  D.,  b.,  8102  ;  d.,  8282. 

Ferns,  see  erected,  8403  ;  unites  with  Os- 

sory,  9462. 
Ferntoiver,  founders,  9953. 
Ferokhdad,  reigns,  11072. 
Feronia,  .'isteroid,  discovered,  1963. 
Feroze,  reigns,  11072. 
Ferozepur  Sikhs,  att.ack  Brit.,  10161 . 
Ferrand  Count  Antoine  Francois  Claude, 

b.,  7011;  d.,  7242. 

,  contractor,  lined,  7483. 

Ferrara,  It., annexed  to  Rome,  10833  ;  in- 
surrection, 10891. 

,  university  chartered,  10771. 

Florence,  council,  7851. 

Ferrard,  Vise,  of,  title  created,  891 1 ,  9252. 
Ferrari,  Gaudenzio,  b.,  10783  ;  paints  Last 

Supper,  10802  ;  d.,  10803. 

,  Giuseppe,  b.,  10851 ;  d.,  10882. 

,  Luigi,  b.,  10851. 

Ferraris,  Count  of,  at  Valenciennes,  7081 . 
Ferre,  Thfophile  Charles,  b.  (1845) ;  shot, 

7471;  Commune  leader,  7462. 
Perreira,  Antonio,  b.-d.,  11092. 

,  Jorge,  Eafrosina,  11091. 

Ferrers,  Duke  "of,  title  created,  9031 . 
Ferrier,  James  Frederick,  9343  ;  d.,  9681 . 

,  M.,  carte  de  visite,  7321 . 

Ferriire,  Claude  de,  b.,  6882  ;  d.,  6903. 
Ferriferes,  Fr.,  German  headquarters,  7403. 
Ferris,  Isaac,   b.  (1798) ;  pres.  Keformed 

Synod,  1402  ;  d.  (1873). 
Ferrol,  Sp.,  uprising,  11321 . 
Ferron,  Gen.,  minister,  7563. 
Ferrouillat,  M.,  minister,  7571 ;    resigns, 

7572. 
Ferry,  Elisha  P.,  gov.  Wash.,  2811;  nom- 
inated for  governor,  3451 . 
,  Jules,  b.,7262;  anti-clergy  bills,  7502; 

educational  bills,  7513;  minister,  7531 ,2, 

7543;  premier,  7532,  7543;  resigns,  7552  ; 

life  endangered,  7571 ,  pres.  senate,  7652; 

d.,  7611 ;  state  funeral,  7C43. 
,  Orris  Sanford,  b.,  302  ;  on  com.  33, 

1891;  d.,  (1875). 
,  Thomas  White,  b.  (1827) ;  acting  vice- 

pres..  U.  S.,  2892;  pres.  senate,  2972,2991 . 

Bill  passes,  Fr.,  7531 . 

Fersen,  Count  Axel  von,  b.-d.,  11342. 

Fegca,  Friedrich  E.,  b.,  8013  ;  d.,  8123. 

Fesch,  Joseph,  b.,  703' ;  d.,  7282. 

Fesh,  mission,  6571 . 

Fesset,  Prof.,  invents  gyroscope,  818i . 

Fessenden,  Samuel,  b.  (1784) ;  d.,  2661 . 

.Thomas  Amory  Debois  b.  (1826);  d., 

2622. 

, Green,  b.,  762  ;  d.,  1482. 

,  William  Pitt,   b.,  1122  ;   see.  treas., 

2373  ;  on  committee  of  15  on  reconstruc- 
tion, 2493  ;  d.,  2862. 
Feeeler,  Ignaz  Aurelius,  b.,  5143  ;  d.,6203. 
Festing,  J.  W.,  cons,  bp.,  10042. 
Festitich,  Count,  sues  for  separation,  5323. 
Festival,  Eng.,  inaug.,  9072. 

of  Fools,  celebrated  in  Paris,  6712. 

of  Holy  Trinity,  inst.,  10723. 

of  Immaculate  Conception, app., 10791. 

Festus,  Porcius,  d.,  10623. 
Fetis,  Francois  Joseph,  b.,  5422  ;  d.,  6442. 
Feud,  Georgetovrn,  Ky.,  3903. 
Feudalism,  abolished  in  Aust.,  6172  ;  In- 
tro, in  Eng.,  849i  ;  barons  est.,  Eng.,  8493; 
in  Fr.,  6<B2  ;    strengtli  increases,  6673  ; 
edict  against,  6713  ;  suppression  of;  ju- 
risdiction limited,  6732  ;  revolt  against, 

7072  ;  rights  surrendered,  7073  ;  growth 


in  Ger.,  7723;  develops  in  Ger.,  7753  ;  in 

It.,  10732  ;  in  Noth.,  10973  ;  abolished  in 

Japan,  10931 ;  height  of  reaction  against, 

Ger.,  8211. 
Feudatories,  excesses  of,  6771 . 
Feuerbach,  Ludwig  A.,  b.,  8082  ;  d.,  8281 . 

,  Paul  Johann  Anselm,  b.,804i ;  d.,8142. 

Feuillants,  Les,  rise  of  club,  7071 . 
Feuillt^,  F61ix  Martin,  minister,  7543. 
Feuillet,  Louis,  b.,  6902  ;  d.,  6983. 
.Octave,  b.,  7192;  works,  7341,  7371, 

7462;  d.,  7601. 
Feure,  Eaoule  le,  work,  864*. 
Feval,  Paul  Henri  Corentin,  7222  ;  works 

of,  7291 ,  7343,  7482;  d.,  7562. 
Feversham,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9651 . 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Durfort,  de,  Louis). 

Few,  William,  b.;  662  ;  d.,  1362. 
Feydeau,  Ernest  Ainii^,  b.,  7223  ;  works, 

7313,7383;  d.,  7461. 
Feyjoo,  Francisco  Benito  Jeronlmo, works, 

11292  ;  d.  (1873). 
Feysal,  d.,4S82. 
Fiana,  earthquakes  at,  11302. 
Fianarantsoa,  MadagsLscar  mission,  10942. 
Fichte,  Immanuel  H.,  b.,  8063  ;  d.,  8301 . 
,  Johann  G.,  b.,  8023  ;  works,  807 1 ;  d., 

8102. 
Pick,  Adolf,  b.,  8142. 
Fidenates,  war  with,  10501 . 
Fiegenbaum,  Chas.,  kills  HotTman,  4702. 
Field,  Baron,  title  created,  10052. 

,  Barron,  judge,  Australia,  4951 . 

,  Charles  W.,  Darby  road,2:i83;  d.,404i . 

,  Cyrus  West,  b.,  1281 ;  org.  Atlantic 

Cable  Co.,  1753;  gold  medal,  2.">62;  dinner 

in  London,  26;ji;   lays  Atlantic  cable, 

2533;  monument  toMaj.  Andri5,302i ;  d., 

4101. 

,  David  Dudley,  b.  (1781) ;  d.,  2561 . 

, b.,    1122  ;   Bar   Association 

Medal.  3903;  d.,  4.562. 
,  E.  M.,  arrested;  insane,  3971;   jury 

disagree,  4022. 

,  Kugene,  Holy  Cross,  4791 . 

,  Henry  Martyn,  b.,  1302. 

,  Herbert,  murderer,  2743. 

,  James  Gaven,b. (1826);  uom.  for  vice- 

pres.,  4011,  4152;    popular  vote,  4192; 

electoral  vote,  4243. 

,  John,  b.,  9223;  d.,  9482. 

,  Kate,  b.  (1840+) ;  works,  2643,  2842. 

,  Marshal,  gifts  to  Baptist  Univ.,  3522, 

4432. 

,  Richard  Stockton,  b.,  1102;  d.  (1870). 

,  Stephen  Johnson,  b.,  1242  ;  justice 

U.  S.  S.  Ct.,  2292;  Electoral  Commission, 

2951;  vote,  305'. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9422. 

•,  Mr.,  stabbed,  9903. 

Field  Lane  Refuge  opd.,  Eng.,  9691 . 

•  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  6813. 

Fielden,  sentenced,  3272. 

Fielder,  George  R.,  b.,  1542. 

Fielding,  Copley  Vandyke,  b.,  9242 ;  d,, 

9603. 
,  Henry,  b.  9022;  works,  9091,  9111 ; 

d.,  9123. 
,  Rudolph  W.  B.,  E.  of  Denbigh,  d., 

10081. 

,  Adm.,  opposes  Adm.  Byland,  9201 . 

Fields,  James  Thomas,  b.,  1261 ;  works, 

1663,  2803,  2923  ;  d.  (1881). 
Fiemin,  Thomas,  scheme  for  poor,  901 1 . 
Fiennes,  William,  Lord  Saye  and  Sele,  b., 

8742 ;  d.,  8902. 
Fiersbras,  issued,  7911. 
Fieschi,  Joseph  Marie,  b.,7062:  assassina- 
tion of  king,  7272;  d.,  7262. 
Fiesco,  Giovanni  Luigi,  b.-d.,  IO8O2. 

,  John  Lewis,  drowned,  10813. 

Fiesole,    It.,  Cathedral    fnd.,    10731 ;    La 

Badia  Monastery  built,  10791 . 

,  Giovanni  Angelico  da,  b.-d.,  10762. 

Fiev^e,  Joseph,  b.  (1767) ;  works,  7131 ;  d., 

7282. 
Fife,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9132;  Duke  of, 

9963. 

.,  D.  of,  marries  Princess  Louise,  1001 1 . 

Fifer,  Joseph  W.,  gov.  111.,  .•W92. 
Fifth  Monarchy  Men, upri,sing,S803, 8912, 3. 
"  Fifty-four,  Forty,  or  Fight,"  1.573. 
FIgueiredo,  Jorge  de,  cai)taincy,  5532. 
Figueras    y    Moracas,    Estanislao,    b.-d., 

11303. 
Figueroa,  Francisco  de,  b.-d.,  11282. 

,  Jos^,  gov.  Cal.,  1433. 

Figuerva,  Alonso  de  Cordova  y,  gov.,  6052. 
Figuier,Guillaume  Louis,  b.,  7223;  d.,  7661. 


Figyelmezo,  issued,  6392. 

Fiji,  ceded  to  G.  B.,  9793. 

Filangieri,  Gaetano,  b.,  10S42 :  works, 
10852  ;  d.,  10843. 

File  cutting,  first  known,  7842, 

Filelfo,  Francesco,  b.  (1398) :  work,  lOTO*; 
d.  (1481). 

Files,  Israelites  used,  11422. 

Filibustering,  proclamation  against  1692  • 
Cuban  expedition,  188 1 ;  fails,  632', 2  ; 
from  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  359i . 

in  Senate,  161 2. 

Filicaja,  Vincenzo  da,  b.,  10823;  d.,  10831. 

Filmer,  Sir  Robert,  J'atriarcha,  8943 ;  d. 
(1688). 

Filipoff,  forbidden  to  lecture,  5323. 

Filippovic,  Gen.,  at  Han  Belalovich,  5281 . 

Filletrault,  A.,  accusations,  6941. 

Fillmore,  Lewis,  d.,  10022. 

,  Millard,    b.,    1082 ;    marries,   1352 ; 

signs  Delavan's  declaration,  1461 ;  nom. 
for  vice-pres.,  1651 ;  electoral  vote ;  in- 
aug., 1662  ;  inaug.  Pres. ;  slavery  com- 
promise, 1672;  signs  Fugitive  Slave  Bill, 
1673  ;  at  opening  Erie  R.  R.,  1693  ;  at 
Whig  Nat.  Conven.,  171 1 ;  nom.  for  Pres., 
1792;  vote,  1812;  Pres.  Commercial  Con- 
vention, 2693;  declines  opposing  China, 
6331;  d.,2841. 

Finance  Bill,  ui  Senate,  3752. 

Finances,  Robert  Morris,  supt.  of,  933. 

Financial  crisis  in  1836,  1473  ;  relief  for, 
1493;  in  Ger.,  8373;  in  Port.,  11113. 

Finch,  Daniel ,  E.  of  Nottingliam.  b.  (1647); 
minister,  8933,  8972,  8992,3,  9032,  9053; 
d.  (1730). 

,  Sir  Heneage,  b.,  8802;  keeper  of  seal, 

8933;  lord  chancellor,  8951 ;  d.,  9862. 

.John,  Sir,  minister,  8833;  lord  chan- 
cellor, 8851 . 

, Bird,  b.  (1852) ;  d.,  3262. 

Flnck,  Henry  Theophilus,  b.  (1854) ;  Spain 
and  Morocco,  3963, 

Fincuane,  John,  imprisonment,  10002. 

Finderne,  N.  J.,  oil-well,  4701 . 

Findlay,  O.,  gas  explosion,  3773. 

Coll.  (Ch.  of  God),  org.  (1888). 

Findley,  James,  b.  (1776±) ;  d.,  1442. 

Fine,  Oronce,  b.-d.,  6783;  planetary  clock, 
6822. 

Arts,  American  Society  org.,  3001 , 

Fine  Arts  Quarterly  Seview,  issued,  9663. 

Finegan,  Gen.  Joseph,  defeats  Fla.  expedi- 
tion, 2302. 

Fineux,  John,  chief-justice,  8673. 

Fingal,  Legendary  Prince  of  Morven,  Cal- 
edonia, li.,  »402. 

Fingall,  Baron,  9451 . 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  881 1 . 

Fingoland  annexe<l.  Cape  Colony,  6012. 

Fink,  Albert,  b.,  1342. 

— — ,  Friedrich  August  von,  b.,  7983;  d., 
8023. 

,  Louis  M..  cons,  bp.,  2742 ;  opposes 

Farmers'  Alliance,  3522. 

Finland,  annexed  to  Rus.,  11153  ;  Siiomi, 
issued  in  Swedish,  1117 1 ;  celebrates  es- 
tablishment of  Christianity ;  Mission 
Soc.  fnd.,  11182;  mission  work;  Seamen's 
Mission  Society  org.,  11201 ;  Russian  lan- 
guage in  scIkkjIs,  11203;  autonomy  abol- 
ished, 11213;  ceded  to  I{uS8ia,11353, 11363, 

Finlay,  George,  b.,  9283;  d.,  9802. 

Finlayson,  Duncan,  gov.  Red  River  8., 
6773. 

Finley,  James  Bradley,  b.  (1781) ;  Indian 
mission,  1282  ;  d.  (1866). 

,  Robert,  b.,  762;  d.,  1261 . 

,  Sam.,  b.,  581;  on  baptism,  663;  d.,74i. 

Finn,  Henry  J.,  b.,  962;  d.,  1621 . 

,  Patrick  J.,  P.  O.  robber,  4511 . 

Finnbogi,  In  Mass.;  murdered,  112, 

Finney,  Chas.  Grandlson,b.,1022;  d.,2881. 

,  James  B.,  d.,  1781 . 

Finnis,  Tbos.  Quested,  lord  mayor  Lon- 
don, 9612. 

Finsbury,  Technical  Coll.  opd.,  9902. 

Fiona,  fires  on  Fr.  vessel,  7611 . 

Fiorentiuo,  It.,  Ser  Giovanni,  Pecoroni, 
10772. 

Fiorenzuola,  battle  of,  7722 ;  action  at, 
10721. 

,  Agnolo,  b.,  10783;  d.,  10803. 

Fiorillo,  Johann  Dominicus,  b.  (1748) ;  d., 
8122. 

Firdusi,  Firdousi,  or  Firdausi,  Abul  Casim 
Mansur,  b.-d.,  11062. 

Fire,  U.  S.  losses  by,  3033. 

annihilator  Invented,  9542. 


1264 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDKX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


Fire-Flet 


FIro  -engine,  steam,  made  at  Cincinnati, 
172' ;  constructed,  944' ;  first  made,  Qer., 
7882. 

Engineers,  meet  at  Springfield,  3892. 

Firefly^  locomotive,  94Gi . 

Fire  Island,  N.  Y.,  purcliased,  427' ;  quar- 
antine station,  414' ,  a,  415'  ,3. 

Fireside  CompanUm,  est.,  188' . 

Fireworks  explode,  Eng.,  9033. 

Firmiu,  TLomas,  b.,  8822. 

Firmus,  revolts,  reigns,  10672. 

Firtli,  Mark,  opens  Firth  Park,  980' . 

Coll.,  Sheffield,  endowed,  9842. 

Firnum,  colony  at,  10533. 

Firuz  Shah  Tughlak  reigns,  10433. 

Fiscal  Corporation  Bill,  i'yler  vetoes,  1533. 

year  changed,  U.  S.  govt.,  1553. 

Flsch,  George,  b.,  721' ;  d.,  7522. 

Fischart,  Jolmnn,  b.,  7902  j  works,  793' ; 
d.,  7922. 

Fischer,  Adolf,  executed,  3272. 

,  Ernst  Kuno  Berthold,  b.,  8123. 

~—,  Geo.  Jackson,  b.,  1322. 

,  Gotthelf,  b.,  11162;  d.,  11182. 

von Erlach, Baron  JohaimB.,b., 7963; 

d.,  8002. 

Fish  Creek,  Can.,  battle  at,  584' . 

^— .  Dam  Creek,  N.  C,  action  at.  923. 

,  Hamilton,  b.,  1142;  gov,  N.  Y.,  167'; 

Sec.  State,267 ' ,  2813 ;  on  Alabama  claims, 
2692;  on  Joint  Commission,  2732;  minis- 
ter, 2813;  d.,  436'. 

,  Henry,  d.,  296' . 

,  Nicholas,  b.  (1758) ;  d.,  142' . 

,  Can.,  duty  on,  5932  ;  duty  revoked, 

575' . 

,  fall  of,  at  Cairo,  111.,  368' . 

Fishback,  William  M.,  gov.  Ark.,  447' . 

Fishburn,  William,  b,  (1760) ;  d.,  128' . 

Fisher,  Charles,  b.  (1816) ;  d.,  3842. 

,  Elwood,  d.,  2172. 

,  George  H.,  pres.  Eef.  Synod,  1662. 

, Park,  b.,  1342  ;    Colonial  Era, 

4203;  in  treas.  dept.,  3512. 

,  John,  bp.,  b.,  864' ;  executed,  8682. 

, ,  b.  (1748) ;  elected  bp.,  9303  ;  cons. 

bp.,  929' ;  d.  (1825). 

,  Samuel,  sentenced,  3803. 

, W.,  moderator,  Assembly,  1502, 

1822. 

Fisheries,  in  Can., 571' ;  Fr.  struggle  over, 
913;  convention  U.  S.,  G.  B.,  1272;  Am. 
dispute  with  Eng., 1712;  treaty  with  U.S., 
1752,  9592;  Commission  created,  263', 
2732  ;  awards  to  Can.,  2972,  301' ;  ditti- 
culties,  3252;  correspomience  demanded, 
299', 2;  Retaliation  Bill  passed,  3272; 
Joint  Commission  meets,  3272  ;  signed, 
3293  ;  Eng.  assents,  331 ' ;  senate  disap- 
proves, 3312;  convention,  579';  tempo- 
rary use,  583' ;  dispute  limited,  5832  ; 
Commission  at  Halifax,  585' ;  regula- 
tions enforced,  5852  ;  Bill,  passes  Con- 
gress, 5852;  joint  commission  appointed ; 
treaty ;  Seuate  disapproves,  6863  ;  an- 
nual report,  5863. 

Act  Amendment  passes.  Can.,  5872  ; 

treaty  enforced,  5912 ;  Fisheries  Act 
passes,  983' . 

Eights,  N.  F.,  10052. 

,  Soc.  Conven.,  Am.,  407' ,  460' . 

Fishermen,  privileges,  Am.,  5923. 
Fisher's  Hill,  Va.,Confeds.  defeated,  2383. 

Island  Sound,  whale  caught,  4773. 

Fisherwick,  Baron,  title  created,  9252. 
Fishing-Creek,  S.  C,  skirmish,  922. 

vessels  lost,  Fr.,  7593. 

Fisk,  Clintou  Bowen,  b.,  1362;  Pres.  East 

Tenn.  Land  Co.,  3493  ;  nora.  for  pres., 

331' ;  pop.  vote,  3312  ;  d.,  362' . 
,  Ezra,  b.  (1785) ;  moderator,  1383  ;  d., 

(1883). 
,  James,Jr.,and  Erie  King  Panic,  2673. 

k.,2772. 

,  Mary  H.,d.,  334'. 

,  Pliny,  b.,  1022;  miss.,  12G3;  d.,  1322. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  I.'i62;  d.,  2373. 

,  Wilbur,  b.,  1022  ;  d.,  1502. 

Univ.  org.,  Tenn.,  2602;  Jubilee  Sing- 
ers, campaign,  2782. 

will  case  decided,  N.  Y.,  3582. 

Fiske,  John,  b.,  1642  ;  works,  2643,  2803, 

287',  2943,  3143,  3183,  323',  3323,  3502, 

3743,4203,  4782. 
Fiskville,  K.  I.,  reservoir  bursts,  3452. 
FUoh,  Ashbel  P.,  b.,  164' . 

,  C.  E.,  clerk  Const.  Conv.,  4593. 

,  John,    b.,    612;    experiments,    96'; 

steamboat  trip,  102' ;  d.,  108' . 


Fitch,  Leroy,  b.,  1442  ;  d.,  288' . 

,  Thos.,  b.  (1699) ;  gov.  Conn.,  693  ;  d. 

(1774). 

Silk  Bibbon  Bill  passes,  353' . 

Fitchburg,  Mass.,  Parochial  School,  3942  ; 
Mayor  Graves  guilty,  4042  ;  U.K.  acci- 
dent, 4153. 

Fitbian,  G.  W.,  b.,  174'. 

Fitson,  John,  b.,  662. 

Fitz-Alwyu,  Henry,  mayor  Loud.,  8513 ; 
d.  (1212). 

Fitzgerald,  CatherineM.,  shoots  Mrs. Pear- 
sail,  4383  ;  acquitted,  4603. 

,  Edward,  b.  (1833; ;  cons,  bp.,  2562. 

,  Lord  Edward,  b.,9162;  arrested,  9293; 

d.,  9283. 

,  Francis,  murdered,  967' . 

,  James  N.,  elected  M.  E.  bp.,  3302. 

,  John,  Pres.  Irish  Natl.  League,  9943. 

, ,  d.,  478' . 

,  Baron  John  David,  d.,  1000' . 

,  Maurice,  viceroy,  8532. 

,  Oscar  P.,  elected  bp.,  358' . 

,  Percy,  Literary  Ilemains,  10022. 

,  liobert,  patent  granted,  896' . 

— ^,  Thomas,  gov.,  8672. 

,  William,  b.  (1814) ;  cons.  Rom.  Oath. 

bp.,  9822  ;  d.  (1883). 

,  W.  B.  Seymour,  gov.,  10473. 

,  Judge,  report  on  country,  987'. 

FItzgibbon,  John,  b.  (1749) ;  lord  chancel- 
lor, 9253  ;  d.  (1802). 

Fitzhenry,  Meyler,  viceroy,  853'. 

Fitzherbert,  Maria  AnneSmythe,  b.,  9143; 
marries  Pruice  of  Wales,  9252  ;  d.  (1837). 

Fitzhugh,  William  E.,  d.,  3422. 

Fitzjames,  James,  D.  of  Berwick,  b.,8922; 
war  of  Span,  succession,  696'  ±  ;  invades 
Sp.;  killed,  698',  3. 

,  Capt.,  Arctic  Expedition,  9522. 

Fitzmaiu"ice,  Gerald,  gov.,  8593. 

— ^,  James,  leads  Desmond  revolt,  874' ; 
murderers  punished,  9983. 

,  Wm,  Petty,  Marquis  of  Landsdowne, 

b.,  9083  ;  minister,  9432  ;  d.,  9323. 

Fitzosbern,  Rodger,  revolts,  848'. 

Fitzpatrick,  Beuj.,  b.,  110' ;  gov.  Ala.,  1552; 
pres.  Senate,  18:i' ,  185'  ,2  ;  d.  (1869). 

,  Mayor,  impeachment  suit,  4703. 

Fitz-Peter,  Geotfrey,  administrator,  8513. 

Fitzroy,  Augustus  Henry,  D.  of  Grafton, 
b.  (1735);  chauc,  917';  d.  (1811);  asst. 
prime  minister,  9173  ;  resigns,  9193. 

,  Sir  Charles,  gov.  N.  S.  Wales,  497' ; 

retires,  4972. 

,  Sir  C.  A.,  gov.  P.  E.  I.,  5792. 

,  Henry,   b.  (1G63) ;  lord  lieut.,  8692. 

, ,  1).  of  Grafton,  aids  William  of 

Orange,  8973  ;  killed,  898' . 

,  Robert,  b.,  9323  ;  d.,  968' . 

Fitzsimmons,  Thomas,  b.,  642. 

, ,  b.(1741);  maj.  near  Trenton,  208' ; 

d.  (1811). 

Fitz-Stephen,  invades  Ire.,  850' . 

Fitzurse,  Reginald,  kills  Becket,  8512. 

Fitzwalter,  Bobt.,  marshal,  852' ;  in  Lend., 
8532;  tenure  of  Manor,  8543;  d.  (1225). 

Fitzwilliam,  E.  of,  title  created, 905'  ,9112. 

,  William  Wentworth,  b.  (1748) ;  lord- 

lieut.,  9273  ;  d.  (1833). 

Five  Forks,  Va.,  Sheridan  approaches, 
2442  ;  battle,  2443. 

Mile  Act  passed,  Eng.,  8923,  8932. 

Nations,  peace  with  Fr.,  42' ;  treaty 

with,  432  ;  Fr.  at  war  Avith,  48' ;  protec- 
tion of,  51',  623,  572', 2. 

Year  Benefit  Order,  decision,  421' . 

Flzeau,  Hippolyte  Louis,  b.  7223  ;  meas- 
ures velocity  of  light,  740' ;  photogra- 
pher, 780' . 

Flaccus,  Caius  Valerius,  b.  10622 ;  Argo- 
nautica,  1063'. 

,  L.  Valerius,  commands  army  in  Asia, 

10562;  consul,  murdered,  10573. 

,  M.  Fulvius,  sent  away,  1037' ;  favors 

citizenship,  10572. 

,  Matthias  (Illyricus),b.,  7882;  d.,7922. 

Flack,  James  A.,  resigns  from  Tammany, 
345' ;  trial,  3543  ;  sentence,  3562  ;  new 
trial,  3753. 

,  William  L.,  at  father's  trial,  3.543. 

Flacour,  Etieiuie  de,  b.,  6862  ;  d.,  6902. 
Flad,  Mr.  in  Eng.,  3' ,  2. 
Flag  :  Am.  Union,  first  unfurled,  82' ;  U.S. 
adopted,  1272  ;  Gen.  Dix's  order,  1912  ; 
at  Monterey,  1612;  forced  display,  202' ; 
presentation  to  schools,  360' ;  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  2432,  3463  ;  half-mast,  3203; 
from  Boston  schools,  347';  New  York, 


4253  ;  Flag  day  eel.,  4322  ;  Bill  for  Am. 
flag  vetoed,  N.Y.,  4612  ;  on  public  build 
ings,471';  Ger.  raised  in  Afr.,  8382;  Eng 
Nat.,  8792;  Gt.  Brit.,  new  flag,  9312. 
Flagellants,  conspicuous,  5062  ;  ii.  France, 
6743;  in  Ger.,  7802;  abuse,  7823;  appear. 
It.,  10763  ;  increase,  1077' . 
Flagg.  Azariah  Cutting,  b.  (1790);  d.  282'. 

,  Edmund,  b.,  1242. 

,  George   Whiting,  b.   (1816);  in  Nat. 

Academy  Design,  170'. 
,  Jared  B.,  in  Nat.  Acad.  Design,  166'. 

,  Wilson,  b.,  1122  ;  d.  (1884). 

Flagler,  Daniel  W.,  brig.-gen.,  376' ;  In 
war  dept.,  4472. 

,  H.  M.,  requisition  for,  4793. 

Flags,  Confederate,  not  restored,  3272  ;  de- 
nationalized, Fr.,  7193. 

Fiahaut,  de  la  Billarderie,  Comte  de,  Au- 
guste  Charles  Joseph,  b.,  706' ;  d.,  738*. 

Flambard,  Ralph,  minister,  8492  ;  d.(1128). 

Flambeaux,  Feast  of,  instituted,  10132. 

Flamel,  Nicolas,  b.-d.,  6742. 

Flaminian  Way,  built,  1053' . 

Flaminius,  Caius,  builds  Flaminian  Way; 
inst..  Plebeian  games,  1053' ;  proposes 
Agrarian  law,  10533  ;  against  Hannibal, 
1054';  commands;  subdues  Epirus, 10643; 
killed,  1054'. 

,  Titus  Quinctius,  consul,  freedom  of 

Greek  states,  10553. 

Flammarion,  Camille,  b.,  7282, 

Flammock,  Thos.,  tax  insurrection,  866' . 

Flamsteed,  John,  b.,  8862 ;  astronomer 
royal,  894' ;  catalogues  stars,  8982  ;  ifia- 
torix  Valestis,  907';  d.,  9062. 

Flanders,  Belg.,  conquered,  539' ;  manu- 
factures,666'  ;  invaded, 6722;severe cold, 
540' ,2;  revolt;  independence, 6733;  rav- 
aged, 6742;  trade  flourishes, 5413;  lettuce 
intro.,  8662;  ceded,  6813;  possession  dis- 
puted, 7913;  invaded,  1098', 2;  Protee- 
tant  insurrection,  10993 ;  alliance  for 
partition,  6892  ;  Louis  claims,  6913  ;  Fr. 
conquer,  540' ;  Fr.  enter,  618' . 

,  Alvin,  gov.  Wash.,  2693. 

,  Benjamin  Franklin,  b.  (1816) ;  gov.  of 

La.,  2573,2593. 

,  Philip,  Count  of,  b.,  6442  ;  struggles, 

10992. 

Flandin,  EugtoeNapolfen,b.,719' ;  d.760'. 

Flandrin,  Jean  Hippolyte, b.,  719';  d.,736». 

Flannary,  Michael,  cons,  bp.,  9583. 

Flannel,  manufactiu"e  of,  132' . 

Flannigan,  Stephen  W.,  d.,  10062. 

Flasch,  Killan  C,  cons,  bp.,  3082. 

Flatbusb,  N.  Y.,  settled,  393  ;  Ref.  Dutch 
Church  est.,  383 ;  Bedingtield  robbed, 
4282  ;  part  of  Brooklyn,  4592. 

Flat  Lick  Ford,  Ky.,  action  at,  204' . 

Flatman,  Thomas,  b.,  8822  ;  d.  (1688). 

Flaubert,  Gustavo,  b.,  7223  ;  works,  734», 
735',  7383,  7602  J  d.,7522. 

Flaurenc,  Francois  Fleming,  works,  754'. 

Flavian,  patriarch  Constantinople,  10303; 
d.,  11542. 

Flavianus,  bp.  of  Antioch,  d.,  11542. 

Flavin,  Miss.,  exiles  a  leper,  33«2. 

Flavins  Arrianus,  works  of,  10292. 

Flaxman,  John,  b.  (17i>5) ;  d.,  9422. 

Flayers  appear,  Fr.,  677 ' . 

Fleas,  remarkable,  9022. 

FWchier,  Esprit,  b.,  6882  ;  d.,  6963. 

Fleet,  German,  sold  at  auction,  8193. 

Fleetwitig,  on  ocean  race, 2553. 

FleetwoodLWni.,bp.of  Ely,b.8882;  d.,906». 

Fleischer,  Heinrich  L.,  b.,  807' ;  d.,  832' . 

Fleix,  treaty  of,  684' ,  6852. 

Fleming  Co.,  Ky.,  Confed.  defeated,  2223. 

,  A.  B.,  contest  for  gov.,  349',  363»; 

gov.  W.  Va..  375' . 

,  Francis  P.,  gov.  Fla.,  3492  ;  address, 

351'. 

,  John,  b.  9223  ;  d.,  9622. 

Flemings,  defeated,  639';  expelled  froift 
Holland,  1098' ;  improve  nianufactnrs, 
8982  ;  tradesmen  in  Eng.,  8733. 

Flemington,  W.  Va.,  college  opd.,  2643. 

Flemmlng,  Paul,  b.,  7923;  /'oeffls,  797 ' ;  d., 
7963. 

,  Sir  Thomas,  chief  justice,  8792. 

,  Walter  M.,  b.,  1482. 

,  William  b.  (1734) ;  d.,  132' . 

Flemsburg,  Ger.,  occupied,  6402;  rebel* 
defeated,  640' ;  battle  at,  816' . 

Fletcher,  Andrew,  b.,  8882;  d.,  9062. 

,  Benjamin,   gov.    N.   Y. ;  commands 

Conn,    militia,    52',    532;    intolerano* 
forced,  522;  gifts  from  pirates,  53' . 


Flet-Font 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1255 


Fletcher, G.,h., 8762;  Avorks,8T83;  d.,880». 
,  jHinos  Cooley,  b.  n823) ;  miss.,  5542. 

,  J.  .M.,  nom.  gov.  N.  H..  .iesi . 

,  John,  b., 8742;  works, 8783, 8803, 881<  J 

d.,8802. 

,  Loren,b.,  !42i. 

,  Phineas,  b.,  8742;  Purple  Atoiui,  8831 ; 

d.,  8.S82. 

,  Kyland,  gov.  Vt.,  1812. 

•^—t  Taomaa  Clement,  b.  (18*27) ;  gov.  Mo., 
3U3. 

Fleur-de-lis  ah  emblem,  Fr.,  6(>3i . 

Fleurleu,  Comte  de,  Charles  l^ierre  Claret, 
b.,7002;  d.,  719'. 

Fleurus,  Belg.,  battles  of,  518< ,  MO' ,  694' , 
806' ;  Waldeek  defeated,  542' ;  action  at, 
1100' . 

Fleory.  Audrt^  Hercule  de,  b.,  6902;  prime 
minister,  6993;  d.,  7003. 

,  Claude,  b.,  6883  ;  works,  6932,  6952; 

d.,  ®82. 

,  Emile  F.,  b.,  7222;  d.,  754'. 

F16v^e,  Joseph,  b.,  703' . 

Flledner,  Theodor,  b.,  807' ;  d.,  8222. 

Flinders,  Matthew,  b.  (1774) ;  surveyors, 
494> ;  d.  (1814). 

Flinn,  Andrew,  b.  (1773) ;  moderator,  119' ; 
d.  (1820). 

Flint,  Austin,  b.,  1183;  d.  (1886). 

,  Austin,  Jr.,  b.,  1462. 

,  Chas.  R.,  delegate  Americas  Con- 
gress, 315' . 

,  Henry  Martvn,  b.  (1829) ;  d.,  261' . 

,  Robert,  Phitosophy  of  History,  479', 

,  Timothy,  b.  (1780) ;  d.,  152' . 

— —  Ciistle,  destroyed,  854' . 

—'  River, Ala., Baptistchurch org.,  1443. 

tools,  discovered,  Kng.,  iH2' . 

Moating  Island  at  Henry  Lake,  334'. 

Flodilen  Field,  Eug.,  battle  of,  866' . 

Floki,  in  Iceland,  U' . 

FlmMl,  Henry,  b.,  9082;  d.,  9213. 

,  .lames  0.,  d.,  336' . 

,  Vincent,  cons.  bp.  auxiliary,  9962. 

.Warden,  chief  jlistice,  9153. 

Floods  in  Ooim.  Valley,  174' ;  at  Denver, 
Colo.,  2,332  ;  in  Mohawk  Valley  ;  Poto- 
mac, 312' ;  at  Los  Angeles,  350' ;  in  Illi- 
nois Valley,  406';  Indiana,  608';  sub- 
side N.  Y.,  Pa.,  460' ;  in  Queensland, 
Austral. ;  Brisbane  ;  Darling,  600' ;  In 
Bohemia,  532' ;  in  Galicia,  ,5373;  in  Eng., 
878',  10001;  in  Fr.,  756';  Japan,  1092'. 
(See  China.) 

Floquet,  Ch.arles,  Expulsion  Bill  of,  7533  ; 
duel,7.'WJ3;  minister,  757' ;  pres.  chamber, 
7592,  7612,  763?. 

Flor,  .Juan  Lopez  de  la,  governor,  630*. 

Flora,  seized,  5933. 

,  games  in  honor  of,  10552. 

Floral  and  Horticultural  Soc.,  est.,  M02. 

Floras,  Gen.,  leads  refugees,  491'. 

Flore  Co.,  Miss.,  race  war,  344' . 

Florena,  Thos.  B.,  b.,  1183. 

Florence,  goes  ashore,  4073. 

Florence,  Ala.,  Gen,  Hood,  approaches, 
240' :  Normal  College  est.,  2822. 

.  Colo.,  railway  accident,  3693. 

,  It.,  San  Miniato  al  Monte,  rebuilt, 

1073' ;  Santa  Croce  begun ;  Santa  Maria 
del  Fiore  built ;  San  Michele  begun  ; 
Santa  Maria  Novella  begun,  10763  ; 
adopts  new  govt.,  10772  ;  Academic  in- 
struction given,  1077' ;  Campanile  be- 
gun, 10762;  war  with  Pisa,  1076';  Univ. 
chartered  ;  grant, 10772;  Medici  in  power, 
10773, 10972  ;  conquers  Pisa,  1078';  San 
Lorenzo  begun,  1079' ;  Council  of,  1079' ; 
-Sacra  Happresentazione ,  10792  ;  conspir- 
acy against  de  Medici ;  theoretical 
republic,  10793  ;  treaty  with  Fr.,  6793  ; 
academy  est.,  10802  ;  merged  with  Tus- 
cany, 10813;  Eurirtwe  presented,  1082'; 
Boole  of  the  Mazorah:  Hedge  of  the  Law, 
1085';  Fr.,  enter,  1084';  peace  of,  7152; 
Republic  proclaimed,  10873 ;  Florence 
Driito,  1087' ;  B.  R.  to  Turin  est.,  10873; 
revolution  in,  10883;  capital  of  It.,  10892; 
Dante  festival,  10893  ;  Pari,  meets  in  ; 
riots ;  grist-tax  adopted  ;  neutrality  pro- 
claimed, 10892  ;  Prot.  mission,  10883; 
statue  Victor  Emmanuel,  1090'. 

,  S.  C,  state  dispensary  seized,  4543. 

,  Thomas  Birch,  b.  (1812) ;  d.,  288' . 

,  Wra.  James,  b.  (1831) ;  appears,  152' ; 

d.,  3M'. 

— — ,  Mrs.  Wm.  Jermyn,  b.,  1602. 

Florentino,  Pier  Angelo,  b.,  10843  ;  d., 
10682.  o      t      I  I       > 


Flores,  Cerilo,  b.-d.,  10383  ;  k.,  1038'. 

,  Gen.  Venancio,  Pres.  Uruguay,  11602; 

creates  civil  war,  11603. 

Florescence,  phenomenon,  dis.,  9582. 

Florez,  Enrique,  b.-d.,  11283. 

,  Juan,  gov  Costa  Rica,  6303. 

,  Qen.  Juan  .Jos^,  b.  (1800) ;  in  Ecuador, 

643' ;  pres.  Ecu.,  6442  •  leaves  country, 
6442  ;  d.  (1864). 

Florian,  St.,  b.,  1113'. 

,  .Jean  Pierre  Claris  de,  b.,  7022;  works, 

7063,7083;  d.,  7103. 

(Marcus  Florianus),   claims  throne  ; 

k.,  10672. 

Florida,  sails  from  Eng.,  210' ;  at  sea,  212' ; 
escapes,  2182;  captures  Jacob  Bell,  2183; 
captured,  2383. 

collides  with  Ponema,  3173. 

Florida,  Am.,  redis.,  163;  Sp.  claims,  173, 
1128' ;  missionaries  perish,  203  ;  Jesuit 
mission,  222;  Dominicans  in,  232;  Hugue- 
nots massacred,  243;  piracy,  25'  +;  expe- 
dition against,  54' ;  Gov.  Moore  in,  66' ; 
Eng.  claims,  572;  slaves  welcomed,  632; 
Franciscan  reports,  723  ;  ceded  to  Gt. 
Brit.,  733  ;  Pensacola  taken,  952;  ceded 
to  Sp.,  97' ;  R.  C.  bishop  appt.,  1043;  oc- 
cupied, 1173;  Sp.  cedes  East  F.  to  U. 
S.  A.,  1272 ;  invaded  by  Jackson  ;  St., 
Marks  taken  ;  Pensacola  taken  ;  Baran- 
cas  reduced,  126';  surrendered,  1292; 
Andrew  Jackson,  gov.,  1293;  territori,al 
gov.  for ;  Win.  P.  Duval,  gov.,  1312;  land 
voted  to  Lafayette,  133' ;  John  H.  Eaton, 
gov.,  1452;  Indian  war,  146';  Richard  K. 
Call  gov.,  1472, 1552;  Prot.  Epis.  dio.  est., 
1483;  capture  of  Indians,  150';  Robert 
R.  Beid  gov.,  1512  ;  Meth.  Epis.  Conf. 
fmd., 1563,2763;  Branch  John  gov.,  159' ; 
State  admitted  into  Union,  1592;  Wm. 
D.  Moseley  gov.,  161';  Thomas  Brown 

fov.,  167' ;  James  E.  Broome  gov.,  1743; 
ladison  S.  Perry  gov.,  1832  ;  Federal 
forts  seized ;  Ft.  Taylor  held  ;  Pensa- 
cola Navy  Yard  seized,  190';  arsenal 
seized ;  Pensacola  for  secessionists  ; 
State  Conven.  meets;  secedes,  191' ;  sen- 
ators withdraw,  1912  ;  Cedar  Keys  cap- 
tured, 2022  ;  John  Milton  gov.,  2032  ; 
Jacksonville  surrendered ;  Ft.  Church 
and  Fernandina  taken  ;  St.  Augustine 
surrendered,  2043  ;  Appalachiola  sur- 
rendered, 2(16' ;  Federal  expedition  to, 
230' ;  annuls  secession  ;  adopts  new  con- 
stitution, 249'  ;  William  Marvin  gov., 
249' ,  251' ;  David  S.  Walker  gov.,  2553  ; 
Homestead  Bill  disposes  of  land,  253' ; 
African  M.  E.  Conference  org.,  2.562  ; 
Constitutional  Union  party  org.,  259'; 
constitutional  convention  meets,  261 ' ; 
adopts  new  constitution,  2612 ;  read- 
mitted, 2632  ;  civil  authorities  rule, 
2<^3  ;  ratifies  new  constitution  ;  adopts 
14th  amendment,  2632  ;  Harrison  Reed 
gov.,  2632,2652;  ratifies  15th  amendment, 
2672 ;  annexation  with  Ala.  favored, 
2692  ;  George  F.  Drew  gov.,  2973  ;  o.  B. 
Hart  gov.,  285' ;  M.L.  Stearns  gov.,  2873; 
Constitution,  Amendments  ratified,  289' ; 
three  sets  electoral  votes,  2932,  3,  2953  ; 
State  prison  made  insane  asylum,  2943  ; 
election  frauds  Investigated,  2092,  3012  ; 
govt,  lands  conveyed,  3073  ;  Wni.  D. 
Bloxham  gov. ;  syndicate  purchases 
lands,  3093  ;  Gen.  Congregational  Asso. 
org.,  3142  ;  State  Univ.  removed,  3143  ; 
prospers,  3153;  Institution  for  deaf  est., 
319' ;  Rollins  Coll.  org.  at  Winter  Park, 
3223;  Edward  A.  Perry  gov.,  3233  ;  Con- 
stitution ratified,  3252;  phosphate  rock 
dis.,  342';  Canal  Co.  fmd.,  .3163  ;  Asso- 
ciated Land  Dept.  fmd.,  3473  ;  Francis 
P.  Fleming  gov.,  3492  ;  Subtropical  Ex- 
hibition opd.,  351' ,  3;  rolling-mill  strike, 
3523;  Univ.  of  F.  fnd.,  3582;  election  day 
changed,  373' ;  "  Bulldozer"  fined,  3782; 
illicit  stills  destroyed,  3783;  liquor  trade 
condemned,  385';  race  conflicts,  397'; 
Republicans  make  n*  nominations,  4052; 
yellow  fever  vessel,  4133  ;  cyclone,  472' ; 
cigar-makers  strike,  473' ;  frost,  4793. 

,  Mo.,  Federals  defeated  at,  2102. 

,  Blanca,  Count  of,  Jose  Monlno,  b., 

11283. 

riorillo,  .Tohann  D.,  b.,  8003. 

Florine.  Tex.,  Insane  Asylum  opd.,  397' . 

Florio,  .John,  b.  (1,553);  trans.  Essays,  8783; 
d.,  8802. 

Floris  I.,  Count,  rules,  1099' ;  d.,  10982. 


Floris  II.,  rules,  1099' ;  d.,  10982. 

III.,  rules,  1099' ;  d.,  10982. 

IV.,  rules,  1099' ;  d.,  10982. 

v..  Count,  rules,  1099 ' . 

,  Frans,  b.,  5402;  d.,  5403. 

Floris,  issued,  7783. 

Flotow,  Friedrich  von,  b.,  8IO2  ;  d.,  830*. 

Flour,  price  falls,  1293. 

Flourens,  Gustave,  leader,  7432,  7442  j 
defense  committee,  7433. 

,  Leopold  Emile,  b.  (1841) ;  minister, 

7553,  7503,  767'. 

,  Marie,  insurrectionist,  7452. 

, Jean  Pierre,  b.,  7102  ;  d.,  736*. 

Flovard,  b.-d.,  6662. 

Flower,  Benjamin,  fined ;  imprisoned,  929' . 

Flower  lj:af,  issued,  9603. 

,  Roswell   Pettibone,   b.  (1835)  ;   gov. 

N.Y.,  3912,  4212;  charges  against,  4663. 

Floyd,  John,  b.  (1770);gov.  Va.,1392;popu- 
lar  vote,  1412,  3;  d.,  1482. 

, Buchanan,  b.,  114';    gov.  Va., 

1672;  see.  war,  1823;  sends  guns  South  ; 
resigns  war  dept.,  1893  ;  scatters  the 
army,  190';  in  W.  Va.,  1982;  at  Carni- 
fex,  1983;  at  McCoy's  Mill,  2003;  at  Fort 
Donelson,  204' ;  d.,  2272. 

. ,  William,  b.,  622;  d.,  130' . 

Flugel,  Gustav  L.,  b.,  8082;  d.,  826*. 

,  Johann  G.,  b.,  8043  ;  d.,  820'. 

Fluoric  acid,  used,  7963. 

Flushing,  N.Y.,  Baptist  converts,  402;  Qil- 
man  defaulter,  3823  ;  Citizens'  League 
org.,  3823. 

,  Isle  of  Walcheren  bombarded,  9341. 

,  Neth.,  taken,  1098',  1102' ;  new  port 

opd.,  11023. 

Fluxions,  Rittenhouse  dis.  method,  682. 

Fly  shuttle  used,  912'. 

Flying  ChiUters  (race-horse),  dies,  9113. 

Flying  Fish,  sails  in  exploring  exp.,  148' . 

Flying  Scud,  disappears,  3253. 

Flynn,  Michael,  convicted,  9903. 

Fodi  Silah,  chief,  1010', 

Foeldvar,  riots,  531' . 

P'oerster,  Wilhelm,  b.,  814*. 

Fog  at  Salem,  Mass.,  308' . 

Fogelberg,  Bengt  Erland,  b.-d.,  11342. 

Foggia,  It.,  battle  of,  780' . 

Fohi,  art  of  writing,  610' ;  intro.  marriage, 
6103;  mythical  founder  of  Empire,  611' . 

Foix,  Fr.,  annexed,  6732. 

,  Gaston  de,  b.  (1489) ;  Diduits  de  la 

Chasse,  6763;  at  Cerignola,  6782;  relieves 
Bologna  ;  takes  Brescia  ;  k.,  680' . 

,  Paul  de,  b.,  6803;  d.,  6842. 

Fokshani,  action  at,  1116' . 

Folard,  Jean  Chas.  de,  b.,  6903;  d.,  701' . 

Folentino,  treaty  signed  by  pope,  7132. 

Foley,  Baron,  title  created,  9212. 

,  John  Henry,  b.,  9383;  d.,  9782. 

, J.,  cons.  Rom.  Cath.  bp.,  3302. 

- — ,  Maj.,  at  Elk  Fork,  217'. 

,  Samuel  .J.,  Liquor-dealers'  Bill,  40U . 

,  Sir  Thomas,  b.,  9143;  d.,  9462. 

Folger,  Charles  James,  b.  (1818) ;  sec. 
treas.,  3092  ;  loses  governorship,  3112; 
d.,3162. 

- — ,  William  M.,  in  navy  dept.,  3512. 

Folkes,  Martin,  b.  (1690) ;  pres.  Royal  So- 
ciety, 9102;  d.  (1754). 

Folk-Lore  Society  est.,  983' ;  in  Am.,  org., 
(1878)  ;  meets,  4211. 

Folkstone,  first  convent,  8422  ■  landslide, 
1004'. 

FoUen,  August,  b.,  8O62. 

,  Charles  Theodore  Christian,  b.,  806»: 

d.,  8143. 

Folsom,  George,  b.  (1802) ;  d.,  266' . 

,  Jos.  L.,  b.  (1817) ;  d.,  176' . 

,  Nathaniel,  b.,  602;  d.  (1790). 

Folz,  or  Volz,  Hans,  b.,  7862. 

Fonblanque,  Albany  W.,  b.,  9262;  d.,976' . 

Fonda,  Jesse,  pres.  Reformed  synod,  131' . 

Fonfr^de,  Jean  Baptiste  Boyer,  b.,  703'; 
d.,  7082. 

Fonseca,  Eleonora  Pimental, Marchioness, 
de,  b.-d.,  10842. 

,  Juan  Rodriquez  de,  bp.,  b.  (1441) ;  In- 
dian affairs,  153;  d.  (1524). 

,  Manuel  Deodoroda,  b.,  6542  ;  pres. 

Brazil,  .5352,  5572,  559';  signs  constitu- 
tion, 658':  congratulations,  5583;  dicta- 
tor, 6591  ;  deposed  ;  resigns, 5692;  d.,5583. 

Fontaine,  Alexis,  b.,  0962;  d.,  7042. 

,  Pierre  Francois  Leonard,  b.,  7023  ; 

d.,  7322. 

,  M.,  Panama   Canal   scandal,  7642  ; 

sentence  withdrawn,  7&i3. 


1256 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


Font-Fort. 


Fontana,  Domenico,  b.,  10803;  d.,  10823. 
Fontanais,  Manuels  Milay,  b.-d,  1132*. 
Fontainebleau,  Fr.,  treaty  of,  733,  6933, 

7173;  pope's  residence,  7192. 
Fontaine-Fran9ai8e,  battle  of,  684» . 
Fontanes,    Marquis   de,  Louis,  b.,  7022; 

works,  7052  ;  J.,  7223. 
Fontarabia,  or  Fuenterrabia,  capitulates, 

698'. 
Fontenay,  Fr.,  battle  of,  7721 . 

,  Fraiifois,  confession,  4263. 

— — ,  Jean  Baptiste  Blain  de,  b.,  6902  ;  d., 

6971. 
Fontenelle,  Bernard  le  Bovier  de,  b.,  6902; 

works,  6932,  6972  ;  d.,  7022. 
Fontenoy,  Belg.,  battle  at,  &J21 ,  7001 ,  800' . 
Fontleroy,  in  Am.  colonies,  75i . 
Food,  Fr.,  exportation  forbidden,  7411 . 

tax,  Eng.,  8853. 

Fools,  Eug.,  law  for  natural,  8563. 

Foord,  John,  b.,  1542. 

Foot,  Solomon,  b.  (1802) ;  pres.  Senate,  1973, 

2032,  2053;  resigns,  2071;  pres.  Senate, 

2093,  2193,  2213,  2313  ;  d.  (1866). 
Foote,  Andrew,    Hull,    b.,    1122 ;    leaves 

Cairo ;  takes  Fort  Henry,  2022';  at  Fort 

Donelson,  2041 ;  inTenn.,  2051 ;  at  Island 

No.  10,  2052,  2061 ;  d.,  2232. 
,  Henry  Stuart,  b.,  1082  ;    defeats  J. 

Davis,  1692 ;    gov.   Miss.,    1712 ;    peace 

resolutions,  2033;  d.,304i. 

,  Josiah  Ives,  b.  (1796);  d.,  1521 . 

,  Mary  Hallock;  C/insm  Valley,  4462. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  9062;  d.,9203. 

, Augustus,  b.  (1780) ;  gov.  Conn., 

1452  ;  d.,  1802. 

Poquet,  Nicola,  b.,  6862. 

Foraker,  Joseph  Benson,  b.  (1846) ;  gov. 

O.,  3252  •  nom.  for  gov.,  3412. 
Forbach,  Ger.,  battle  of ;  Germans  occupy, 

7381. 
Forbes,  Baron,  title  created,  8623. 

,  Charles  S.,  b.,944i . 

,  Duncan,  b.,  8962  ;  d.,  9122. 

,  Edward,  b.,  9363  ;  d.  (1854). 

,  Francis,  U.  S.  minister,  355*. 

,  James  David,  9343  ;  d.,  9701 . 

,  Maj.  John,  b.  (1710) ;  attacked,  6043  ; 

d.  (1759). 

,  Sir  John,  b.,  9242  ;  d.,  9642. 

,  John  M.,b.,  1141. 

Forbin,  Claude,  b.,  6902  ;  d.,  6983. 
Forbonnais,  Fran9ois  Veron  de,  b.,  6982  ; 

d.,7142. 
Foryade-Laroquette,  Jean,  LL.D.  de,  b., 

7223  ;  d.,  7482. 
Force  Bill,  passes  Cong.,  1413,  1432  ;  de- 
clared void  in  S.  C,  1432  ;  passed  by 

Cong.,  2751 ; 

,  Peter,  b.,  1022  ;  d.,  2601 . 

Forcellini,  Egidio,  b.,  10831 ;  d.,  10842. 
Forchhammer,  Joliann,  b.,  6382  ;  d.,  6421 . 
Forckenbeck,  Von,  resigns,  8312. 
Ford,  Kan.,  natural  irrigation,  4493. 
,  Earl  of  Tankerville,  commissioner  of 

Treasury,  9013. 

,  Bob,  killed,  4082. 

,  John,  b.,8702  ;  works,  8823;  d.,8822. 

, Bruce,  d.,  4741 . 

,  Richard,  b.  (1796)  ;  d.,  9622. 

,  Seabury,  b.  (1801);  gov.  O.,  1671;  d. 

(1855). 

,  Thos.,  gov.  111.,  1553  ;  d.  (^1851). 

Fordham,  N.  Y.,  St.  John's  Coll.  org.,  1543; 

Hughes  statue,  3861 . 
Foreign  Christian  Missionary  Soc.  org., 

2882. 

Enlistment  Act,  passes,  9752. 

—  Evangelization  Society  org.,  9742. 

Exposition,  in  Boston,  3153. 

Indian  School  Mission,  1802. 

Sunday  School  Asso.  fnd.,  3002. 

Foreign  Quarleriy  lievieiVy  issued,  9431 . 
-^—  and  Colonial  Quarterly  Iteview,  est., 

9523. 
Foreigners  banished,  Eng.,  8501. 

decree  against,  Braz.,  5573. 

must  register,  Fr.,  7G51 . 

Tax  Bill  passes,  Fr.,  7592. 

Forepaugh,  Adam,  d.,  3521 . 

Forest  Charter  confirmed,  Eng.,  8571 . 

Gate,  Industrial  School  burns,  10033. 

Hill  Cemetery,  est.,  1G53. 

Forester,  Baron,  title  created,  9372  ;  title 

of  Earl,  8831. 
Foresters  parade.  New  York,  3892  ;  meet 

In  London,  Can.,  5883. 
Foresti,  E.  Felice,  b.,  10843;  d.,  10882. 
Forest;^  Asso.,  meets,  Am.,  .'i97i ,  4691 . 


Forestry  Congress  at  Albany,  4533. 
Forey,  Elie  FrM<Sric,  b.,  715' ;  at  Monte- 

bello,  5241;  d.,  7461. 
Forfarshire,  lost,  9493. 
Forgery,  punished,  8731 ;  death  for,  Eng., 
8831 ,  9071 ;  death  penalty  abolished,  9471 ; 
remarkable,  3832. 
Forget,  A.  .J.,  testimony,  4523. 
Forkel,  JohannNikolau8,b.,8003;  d.  (1818). 
Forlacquier,  annexed,  6732. 
Formaii,  William  S.,  b.,  1623. 
Formerie,  Prussian,  repulsed,  7422. 
Formes,  Carl  (Charles  John),  b.  (1810) ;  d., 
3481. 

,  Karl,  b.,  8121 ;  d.,  8321 . 

Formigny,  Fr.,  English  defeated,  6781 . 
Formosa,  annexed  to  China,  6153 ;  mission, 
6203,  621' ,  ei22,  6242  ;  bombarded,  G221 ; 
Japanese  massacre,  6232  ;   K.  K.  plant 
est.,  6233  ;  evacuated  ;    subdued,  6241  j 
China  and  .Japan  figree  regarding,  6252; 
decree  against  Japanese,  10931 . 
Formosus,  pope,  10723. 
Forney,  John  Weiss,  b.,  1261 ;  d.,  3082. 
Fornovo,  It-,  battle  of,  6782. 
Forrest,  Edwin,  b.,  1122;  appears  in  New 
York,  1341 ;   in  London,  146i ;  in  Astor 
Place  riot,  1643  ;  as   Virffi^iius,  2191;  d., 
2782. 

,  Henry  de,  editor,  671 . 

,  Miles,  executes  princes,  8653. 

,  Nathan  BetUord,  b.,  1301 ;  at  Ready- 

ville,  2122;  strikes  Grant's  line,  2163  ;  at 
Parker's  Cross  Roads,  2171 ;  near  Lexing- 
ton, 2181;  at  Fort  Donelson,  2183;  at 
Brentwoody,220i ;  at  Pulaski,  2283;  near 
West  Point,  2302  ;  demands  Paducah  ; 
raids  into  Ky.,  2303;  attacks  Fort  Pillow, 
2311;  at  Brice's  Cross  Roads,  2342  ;  be- 
tween Pontotoc  and  Tupelo,  2362  ;  at 
Murfreesboro,  2402,3;  at  Ebeuezer  Ch., 
2461;  d.,  2542. 
Forsell,  Karl  Gustaf  af,  b.  (1783) ;  Statis- 
tics, 11362  ;  d.  (1848). 
Forster,  Ernst  J.,  b.,  8071;   d.  (1885). 

,  Heinrich,  Pr.,  bishop  of  Breslau,  b., 

8071 ;  deposed,  8283  ;  d.,  8301 . 

,  Johann  G.  A.,  b.,  8022  ;  d.,  8062. 

, R.,  b.,  8002  ;  d.,  8003. 

,  John,  b.  (1812) ;  works,  9551 ,  9753  ;  d. 

(187C). 

,  Murphy  J.,  governor  La.,  4212. 

,  William  Edward,  b.,  9383  ;  Element- 
ary Education  Bill,  9733  ;  intro.  Coer- 
cion Bill,  9872  ;  resigns,  9892  ;  d.  (I886) ; 
portrait,  998i ;  memorial,  IOO21 . 
Forsyth,  Ga.,  Monroe  Female  Coll.,  IOO2. 

,  Mo.,  action  at,  1963. 

,  Mont.,  Industrial  Army  at,  4582, 

,  Capt.  Benjamin,  at  Elizabeth,  1201 ; 

d. (1814). 

,  Col.  Geo.  A.,  fights  Indians,  2621 . 

,  James  W.,  b.  (1835t)  ;  conuuissioned 

col.,  3221 ;  exonerated,  3781;  com.  brig.- 
gen. ;  in  California,  4741 . 

,  John,  b.,  931 ;  gov.  Ga.,  1353  ;  sec. 

state,  1473  ;  d.,  1522. 

, ,  b.  (1813) ;  Confed.  commissioner, 

1931 ;  d.  (1879). 
Forsythe,  Rev.  Mr.,  ignites  gunpowder  by 
percussion,  9322. 

,  Gen.,  explores  N.  Dak.,  2881 . 

Fort  Abercrombie,  N.  Dak.,  Sioux  against, 
2141. 

Abraham  Lincoln,  expedition  leaves, 

2841. 

Adams,  Miss.,    steamboat   accident, 

3733. 

Alexander,  Alas.,  missionaries,  2542. 

Amsterdam,  N.  Y.,  begmi,  32i . 

Anderson,  N.  C,  Porter  attacks,  2302; 

Gen.  Forrest  abandons,  231 1 ;  Federals 
capture,  2422. 

Andros,  Me.,  built,  501. 

Ann,  N.  Y.,  battle  of  ;  burned,  863. 

Armstrong,  captured,  9561 . 

Augustine,  Fla.,  seized,  1901 . 

Beau  Sejour,  N.  S.,  surrenders,  682. 

Berthold,  mission  transferred,  3142. 

Blakely,  Ala.,  Gen.  Steele  arrives  ; 

invested ;    Milwaukee  blown  up,  2442  ; 
i?orfoZ;)ft  sunk,  2443  ;  Federals  take,  2452. 

Boyer,  Ala. .attacked  by  British.  1222; 

surrenders,  1223. 
Brown,  Tex.,  bombarded,  I6O1 ;  occu- 
pied, 1921 . 

Carleto,  Can.,  burned,  5841 . 

Carolina,  Fla.,  built,  26< ;    8tormed, 

241. 


Fort  Casimir,  Del.,  built ;  Dutch  expelled, 
381. 

Caswell,   N.  C,  seized,   190' ;  1922  ; 

blown  up,  2421 . 

Charles,  S.  C,  erected,  233. 

Chartress,  O.,  Engish  hold,  74'. 

Chippewyan,  Mackenzie  returns,  6762, 

Christina,  Del.,  Epis.  service,  343. 

Church,  Fla.,  taken,  2043. 

Clark,  N.  C,  bombarded,  1981 ;  cap- 
tured, 2122. 

Clinton,  N.  Y.,  captured,  872. 

— —  Crevecojur,  111.,  built,  462. 

Cumberland,  N.  S.,  defended,  5761 . 

Darling,  Va.,  naval  battle,  2081 ;  Gen. 

Butler  at,  2331. 
- —  Dauphin,  iladagascaf,  taken,  1095*. 
Dearborn,  erected,  1133    Indians  mas- 
sacre, 1181. 

Defiance,  O.,  built,  IMi . 

—  Denonville,  taken,  GOI ;  retaken,  574'. 
- —  de  Russy,  captured,  2302  ;  Federals 
blow  up,  2303. 

Dodge,  la.,  saloons  exposed,  4303. 

Donelson,  Temi., invested,  2042;  Con- 
feds,  repulsed,  212' ;  taken,  2183, 

Dummer,  Vt.,  built,  612. 

Du  Quesne,  Pa.,  built,  681 ,  5742  ;  ex- 
pedition against,  681;  Braddock  de- 
feated, 682  ;  burned,  703. 

Edward,  N.  Y.,  erected,  682. 

Erie,  Can., sun-enders, 1221 ;  assaulted; 

besieged  ;  Bi-it.  retire,  1222  ;  Americana 
evacuate,  1223, 
- —  Esperanza,   Tex.,    Federals    occupy, 
2282. 

Fillmore,  Tenn.,  Confeds.  defeated, 

2103. 

Filmore,  N.  Mex.,  surrendered,  198' . 

Fisher,  N .  C,  expedition  for,  2402 ; 

blow  up  powder-boat ;  bombarded  ;  Fed- 
erals capture,  2403,  242'  ;  magazine  ex- 
plodes, 242' . 

Frontenac,    Can.,    built,    572' ;     La 

Salle's  manor,  5733  j  La  Salle  returns  to, 
5743  ;  taken,  702. 
Gaines,  Ala.,  seized,  1901 ;  Gen.  Gran- 
ger at ;  attacked  ;  surrendered,  2371 . 

Garry,  Can.,  Wolseley  at,  5821 . 

Gaspereau,  N.  S.,  surrenders,  682. 

George,  Can.,  abandoned,  1203  ;  Gen. 

Vincent  at,  1201 ;  taken,  1202. 

,  N.  Y.,  erected  ;  Fr.  repulsed,  682; 

Abercrombie  at,  702. 

Gower,  Va.,  militia  patriotic,  793. 

Granby,  taken  by  Col.  Lee,  942. 

Greenville, 0.,buiIt,lWi ;  treaty,  107«. 

Gregg,  Va.,  Federals  capture,  2443. 

Halifax,  Me.,  built,  681 . 

— —  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  Cunningham  killed, 
4222. 

Hare,  action  at,  9561 . 

Harmar,  O.,  built,  981 ;  Indian  treaty 

at,  1011. 

Harrison,   Va.,    Confeds.    repulsed  ; 

Federals  capture,  2382. 

Hatteras,  N.    C,   bombarded,    1981 ; 

captured,  2122. 

Henry,  Ky.,  taken,  2022. 

Hill,  Miss.,  Porter  attacks,  2222. 

Huachuca,  Ariz.,  soldiers  ambushed, 

.■H61. 

Huger,  Ala.,  Federals  take,  2461 . 

.lacltson,  Ga.,  seized,  1901 . 

Jackson,  La.,  seized, 1901 ;  bombarded, 

2062  ;  invested  ;  Farragut  passes,  2063  ; 
oiKcials  imprisoned  at,  2081 . 

Jefferson  on  Mississippi,  built,  921 . 

Johnson,  S.  C,  taken,  803  ;  seized, 

1901. 

Johnston,  N.  C,  seized,  1922. 

King,  Fla.,  Seminole  Indians  at,  1441 . 

Lafayette,  N.  Y.,  Beall  hanged,  2422 

Kennedy  hanged,  2442  ;  political  pris- 
oners discharged,  2452  ;  burned,  2653  - 
torpedo-gun  mounted,  3201 . 

Laramie,  Wyo.,  Fremont  arrives,  1541 

jury  of  both  sexes,  2703. 

Leavenworth,  Kan.,  negroes  enlist, 

2103. 

Lee,  N.  J.,  threatened,  843. 

Loudon,  Tenn.,  garrison  massacred, 

721. 
MacKenzie,    factory     massacre    at, 

10012. 

Mackinaw,  Mich.,  taken,  722. 

Macom,  N.  C,  taken,  2063. 

Maiden, Can.,  attemptedeapture,1182. 

Marion,  Fla.,  seized,  1901 . 


I 


Fort-Foxe. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.       Superior  Figures  Indloate  Column. 


1257 


Fort  M.ijia^ran,  defended  by  French,  83. 

Massachusetts,  Mass.,  taken,  66'. 

McAllister,   Ga.,  Federals  bombard, 

2182  ;  attacked,  219' ;  Federals  capture, 
2«». 

McHenry,  Md.,  bombarded  by  Brit., 

1222. 

-Meigs,  O.,  British  besiege,  1202;  again 

besieged,  1203. 

Mercer,  N.  J.,  British  take,  188' . 

- —  Miflliu,  Pa.,  taken,  88' . 

■  Miins,  .\la.,  surrendered,  1203. 

— —  Montgomery,  N.  Y.,  captured,  872. 

Morgan,  Ala.,  seized,  lUO' ;  attacked, 

237' ;  surrendered,  2372. 

Moultrie,  S.  C,  surrendered,  92' . 

Nassau,  M.  .J.,  built,  30',  31'. 

,  X.  Y.,  built  28' ;  destroyed,  292. 

—~—  Necessity,  Pa.,  defense  of,  68' . 

Niagara,  N.  Y.,  built,  60' ;  expedition 

against,  68' ;  capitulates,  703  ;  taken  by 
Brit. , 121' ;  rebuilt,574' ;  capitulate8,,'i743. 

-^  Ninety-Six,  S.  C.,  Indians  attack,  72' . 

Ontario,  N.  Y.,  siege  of,  70' . 

Orange,  N.  Y.,  built,  30',  31';  Wal- 
loons at,  312  ;  Hef.  Dutch  worship  est., 
32' ;  surrenders,  42' ,  43' . 

.—^  Philip  Kearney,  Indian  massacre  at, 
261' 

Pickens,  Fla.,  held,  190' ;  truce,  190*; 

reraforced,  194' ;  attacked,  200' ,  3. 

Pillow,  Tenu.,  attack,  207' ;  action  at, 

2083  ;  Coufeds.  defeated,  2303  ;  Forrest 
attacks,  231'. 

Pitt,  Can.,  attack  on,  584' ;   epidemic, 

6872. 

,  Pa.,  built,  703. 

Plain,  N.  Y.,  confidence  men,  4683. 

Powell,  Ala.,  bombarded,  2302;  blown 

up,  237'. 

Pownall,  Me.,  built,  72' . 

Pulaski,  Ga.,  seized,  189',  190',  191'; 

fired  on,  206' ;  prisoners  exchanged,  210' . 

Kecovery,  O.,  built,  104' . 

Rendsburg,  seized,  640' . 

Ridgely,  Minn.,  Indians  besiege,  212'. 

Ringgold,  Tex.,  Garza's  attacks,  397' . 

BoulUe,  Toronto,  built,  5742. 

Sanders,  Tenn.,  Longstreet  assaults, 

2282. 

Sandusky,  0.,  taken,  722. 

Schuyler,  N.  Y.,  battle  of,  87' . 

Scott,  Kan.,  ice-dam  gives  way,  342' ; 

hotel  collapses,  4333. 

Sedgwick,     Va.,    Confeds    defeated, 

2392. 

Smith,  Ark.,  murders  near,  3723. 

Stanwix,   N.   Y.,  built,    702  ;    treaty 

with  Indians,  77 ' ;  attacked,  87 ' ;  Indians 
surrender  lands,  972. 

St.  Diego,  Fla.,  taken,  64'. 

Steadnian,  Va,,  assaulted,  2442. 

Stei)henson,  O.,  Brit,  assault,  1203. 

Stevens,  D.  0.,  Early  at,  236' . 

St.  George,  Me.,  built,  58' . 

,  built,  1015' . 

St.  Louis,  111.,  fouuiled,  48'. 

St.  Nicholas,  Bulg.,  taken,  5652. 

St.  Philip,  L%,  seized,  190' ;  bom- 
barded, 2002,  3  ;  Farragut  passes,  2063. 

Sully  Missions,  transferred,  3142. 

Sumter,  S.C,  occupied,  188' ;  dem.ands 

to  be  defended,  1893 ;  reinforcements 
for,  S.  C.  demands,  1903  ;  relief  expedi- 
tion for.  190' ,  191' ;  unrelieved,  190' ;  re- 
fused S.  C,  1913;  divides  cabinet,  1932  ; 
attacked,  2202  ;  siege,  225' ;  bombarded, 
226' ;  flag  restored,  2462. 

Suubury,  taken,  90' . 

Taylor,  Fla.,  garrisoned,  190' . 

,  Tex.,  Mexicans  bombard,  160' . 

Teueria,   Mex.,  Jef.   Davis    charges, 

160'. 

Ticonderoga,  N.  Y.,  French  retreat, 

703;  Brit,  take,  863. 

Tracy,  Ala.,  Federals  take,  246' . 

Valley,    Ga.,    Conf.    veterans    meet, 

342'. 

Wagner,  8.  C,  assaulted,  2243  ;  226' ; 

evacuated,  2262. 

Warren,     Mason     and     Slidell     in>- 

prisoned  in,  2003,  2012. 

— -  Washington,  N.  Y.,  attacked,  843. 

Watson,  S.  C,  taken,  94' . 

Wayne,   Ind.,   Concordia  Coll.   fnd., 

1B03;  Port  Wayne  Coll.,  org.,  ICl' ;  R.  C. 
dio.  est.,  182' ;  Taylor  Univ.  fnd.,  3742; 
Club  officers  indicted,  4443  ;  school  for 
feeble-minded  est.,  329' ;  fire,  3313. 


Fort  Wayne,Tex., Spring  Palace, opil., 3413. 

Railroad,  opd.,  1873;  collision  on, 

4172;  accident,  4413. 

— -  White,  action  at,  956' . 

William,  Can.,  tire,  6913  ;  E.  E.  acci- 
dent, 5963. 

,  Ga.,  attacked,  64' . 

Henry,  Me.,  erected  ;  taken,  62' . 

,  N.  Y.,  erected;  besieged, 70< ; 

surrenders,  702. 

—  — ,  W.  Va.,  attacked,  87' . 

Witworth,  Va.,  Feds,  capture,  2443. 

Worth,  Tex.,  Hubbell  Smith,  ar- 
rested, 4702. 

Univ.  (Meth.  Epis.),  org.  (1881). 

Wrangel,  Alas.,  mission,  2922,  2962. 

Wright,  Ark.,  attacked,  2062.  207'  ; 

levee  out,  2062. 

Fortanips,  Belg.,  bank  embezzler,  545'. 

Fortescue,  Earl  of,  title  created,  911*. 

,  Chichester  Samuel,  minister,  973'; 

pres.  council,  9912. 

,  George  Franklin,  b.  (1809) ;  gov.  N.J., 

1692  ;  d.,  2762. 

,  Sir  John,  b.,  8602  ;  works,  8643  ;  d., 

8642. 

Forth  Bridge,  train  crosses,  10053. 

and  Clyde  canal,  steamboats  in,  9242. 

Fortier,  Aic^e,  Louisiana  Studies.  4783. 

Fortifications,  App.  Bill,  3552,  3(ii2,  3732, 
377',  2,  4091,  4112,  4213,  4232,4532,4652. 

Fortoul,  Hippolyto  Nicolas  Honors,  b., 
7192  ;  minister,  7473  ;  d.,  7322. 

Fortress  Monroe,  Va.,  Butler  in  command, 
1943  ;  slaves  contraband,  196'  ;  Gen. 
Wool  commands,  198' ;  Hatteras  expedi- 
tion sails,  198',  2022 -Port  Koyal  expedi- 
tion sails,  2002  ;  McCleUan  arrives  ;  Mo- 
Clellan  leaves,  206' ;  Butler  returns, 
Gen,  Terry  leaves,  2403  ;  Confed.  com- 
missioners reach,  243':  Jefferson  Davis 
at,  2463,  247'. 

Fortuna,  action  at,  11322. 

Fortunatus,  Bp.  of  Poitiers,  writes  Poems, 
6643. 

Fortune,  Indian  trader,  29' ;  returns,  303. 

Fortune  Bay,  settlements,  3112  ;  u.  s. 
fishermen  at,  11032 ;  Bait  Law  riots, 
11033. 

,  Robert,  b.,  9363  ;  d.,  986' . 

Fortuny,  Mariano,  b.-d.,  11303. 

Forward,  Walter,  b.  (1786) ;  sec.  treas., 
1533  ;  d.  (ll«2). 

Fosbroke,  Thomas  Dudley,  b.,  9183  ;  d., 
9502. 

Foscari,  Francesco,  b.-d.,  10762. 

FoBCarini,  Marco,  b.,  1083' ;  d.,  10842. 

Foscola,  Ugo,  b.,  10843;  works,  1085*;  d., 
10862. 

Foss,  Cyrus  David,  b.,  1422;  cons.,  bp.,  3042. 

,  Henrik      Hermann,      Tidsnorneme, 

11043. 

Fossalta,  It.,  battle  at,  780' . 

Fosses,  Castonnet  des,  work,  7602. 

Fossoinbrone,  It.,  appeals  to  Sardinia, 
1089'. 

Foster  Abby  Kelley,  b.,  1162;  d.  (1887). 

,  Augustus  J.,  effigy  burned,  II72. 

,  Charles,  b.,  1362  ;  gov.  0.,  3052  ;  sec. 

treas.,  379'. 

,  J.  Ellen,  b.    (1840) ;    org.  Woman's 

Republican  League,  331 ' . 

,  Geo. Eulas.,b. (1847);  minlsterflnance, 

593 ',595  2,  6963. 

,  Henry,  kills  J.  B.  Morgan,  4083. 

,  John,  b.,  9183;  works,  993' ,  941' ;  d., 

i),W2. 

, ,  sets  up  press,  443. 

, ,  d.,2842. 

, Gray,  b.  (1823);  at  New  Berne, 

205';  at  SomerviUe  Heights,  207';  at 
Lone  Jack,  211';  near  Slaughterville ; 
at  Washington,  N.  C,  2123;  m  Webster 
Co.,  215' ;  at  Kinston,  2162 ;  in  East 
'Tenn.,  2283;  commands  Dept.  of  South, 
294' ;  d.  (1874). 

, Wells,  b.,  1242 ;  Prehistoric  Races, 

2823 ;  sec.  state  ;  4092 ;  replies  to  Gana<la, 
4192  ;  to  Minister  Stevens,  425' ;  arbi- 
trator, 4'252;  d.  (1873). 

,  Lafayette  Sabine,  b.  (1806) ;  d.,  304' . 

,  M.  M.,  discovers  Erato,  820' . 

,  Randolph  Sinks,  b.,  1282;  cons,  bp., 

2763. 

,  Sir  Robert,  chiefjustice,  8912. 

,  R.  S.,  Gen.  at  New  Berne,  230' ;  at 

Honey  Hill,  2402;  at  Charleston,  2422 ; 
f';'ptures  Forts  Gregg  and  Witworth, 
2-143;  military  oommissioner,  2472. 


Foster,  Stephen,  b.  (1798) ;  d.,  1442. 

, Collins,  b.,  134';  d.,231'. 

,  Wm.,  hanged,  281'. 

Fostoria  Fields,  O.,  oil-well,  452' . 
Fothergill,  Jessie,  b.  (1856) ;  d.,  1006' . 

,  John,  b.,  9042;  a.,  9211 . 

Foucault,  L^on,  b.,  7223  ;  invents  side- 
rests  ;  d.,  7382. 
FouchS,  Joseph,  Due  d'Otrante,  b.,  703' ; 

d.,  7223. 
Foucher,  Paul,  b.(1704) ;  works,  7602  ■  d., 
(1778). 

,  Victor  A.,  b.,  7143;  d.,  7362. 

Fould,  Achille,  b.,  7142;  minister,  7313; 

d.,7362. 
Foulis,  Andrew,  b.,  9042;  d.,  919' . 

,  Kobert,  b.,  9022;  d.,  9203. 

Foulke,  Wm.  Dudley,  Pres.  College,  3722. 
Foulon,  J.  A.,  cons,  cardinal  priest,  7582. 

,  Joseph  Francois,  b.,  697' ;  d.,  7062. 

Foulques  de  Neuilly,  d.,  6702. 
Fountain  of  Youth,  search  for,  17' . 
Fouque,  Friedrich,  Baron  de  la  Motte,  b., 

8042;  works,  809' ,  8132;  d.,  8162. 
Fouque,  Henri,  Baron  de  la  Motte,  b.,  7982; 

gen.,  d.,  804'. 
Fouquet,  Jehan,  b.-d.,  6762. 

,  Nicolas,  Marquis   de    Belle-Isle,  b. 

(1615)  ;d., 6923. 
Fouquier,  Deputy,  duel,  7583. 

Tinville,  Antoine  Quentin,  b.,  7003  ; 

prosecutor,  711' ;  guillotined,  7102,  7112. 
Four,  Aries  du,  appeal  to  Gt.  Brit.,  7432. 
"  Four  Bills,"  rejected,  Eng.,  8872. 
Fouracariah,  mission  at,  11603. 
Fourah  Bay  Coll.,  fnded.,  II6O2. 
Fourcroy,  Antoine  Francois  de,  b.,  7022; 

water  ;  electricity,  924'';  d.,  719' . 
Fourdrinier,     Henry,    b.    (1760) ;    paper- 
making  machine   inv.   (1807)  ;    used  in 
Am.,  138'. 
Fourichon,    Martin,    b.    (1809) ;    minister 

navy,  7412;  d.  (1884). 
Fourier,  Fran9oiB  Charles  Marie,  b.,  7042; 
works,  717' ,  725' ,  729' ;  d.,  7262. 

,  Baron  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph,  b.,  7042; 

d.,  726'. 

,  Pierre,  b.,  6823;  d.,  6883. 

Fourmont,  Etienne,  b.,  6923;  d.,  7003. 
Fournet,  Victor,  b.,  7143;  d.,  7382. 
Fourneyron,    Benoit,  b.,  7143  ;    turbine, 

724';  d.,  7362. 
Fournier,  Capt.,  signs  treatv,  6233  ;  duel, 
7543. 

,  Edouard,  b.,  7223  ;  d.,  7522. 

,  Juliette,  suicide,  4693. 

,  Pierre  Simon,  b.,  6963;  d.  (1768). 

Fourtou,  M.,  minister,  7473,  749' ,  751' . 
Fowle,  Dan.  G.,  gov.  N.  C,  3492;  d.,  380'. 
Fowler,     electro-galvanic     experiments, 
926'. 

,  Sir  Chas.,  lord  mayor,  London,  9333. 

,  Charles   Henry,    b.,    1482  ;    elected 

M.  E.  bp.,  3163. 

,  Henry  Hartley,  minister,  IOO92. 

,  Sir  .John,  at  Barnum  banquet,  10023. 

,  .Joseph  Smith,  b.,  1302. 

,  Orson  Squire,  b.,  116' ;  d.  (1887). 

,  Philemon  Halsted,  moderator,  2662; 

d.,  3022. 
,  Sir  Robert  Nicholas,  lord  mayor  Lon- 
don, 9932,  3;  d.,  1006'. 
Fox  (Jhannel,  discovered,  5722. 

,  Sir  Charles,  b.,  936' ;  d.  (1874). 

,  Charles   .Jaines,  b.,  9122  ;  minister, 

9173  ;  gambles,  9192;  in  opposition  ;  lord 
treas.,  9193;  in  duel,  9212,  9292  ;  leads 
opposition,  9213  ;  minister,  9232,  9332  ■ 
dupe  of  Pr.  of  Wales,  926';  struck  off 
list,  9292;  d.,  9323;  statue,  938' . 

,  Commodore,  captures  Fr.  W.  I.  fleet, 

700',  9121. 

,  George,  b.,  88O2  ;    among  Quakers, 

443,  8863  ;  preaches,  8863  ;  order  for 
arrest,  893' ;  Journal,  8983;  d.,  8982. 

, L.,  b.  (1825) ;  appears  us  Bottom^ 

260' ;  d.  (1877). 

,  Cant.,  Gustavus  Vnsa,  b.  (1821),  and 

Capt.  Sumter  expedition,  192' ;  d.  (1883). 

,  Henry  Richard  Vassall,  third  Baron, 

Holland,  b.,  9183;  d.  (1840). 

, D.,  Spiritualist,  1632. 

,  Luke,  b.  (1686) ;  Arctic  expedition, 

5722  ■  d.  (1635). 

,  Margaret,  b.  (18.36) ;  d.,  426' . 

,  Samson,  gift  to  Coll.  of  Music,  1000' . 

Reform  Bill,  Eng.,  92,33. 

Foxe,  John  b.  (1517) ;  Book  of  Martyrs,  873 '  j 
d.,  8762. 


1268 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  Foxf-Fran, 


Poxf ord,  Baron,  title  createdj  937_2. 

7&2 


Fay,  Maximilien  S^bastien,  b.,  7043  ;  d., 


Foye,  W.  H.,  seized,  5873. 

'Fracastioro,  Girolamo,  d.,  10803. 

Fra  Diavolo  (Michell  Pezza),  b.,  1084»,3. 

Fragoiiard,  Jean  Honore,  b.  (1732J ;  Jero- 
boam, 7002;  d.  (1806). 

Fra  Marcos,  explorefj  21 1 . 

Fram,  Arctic  expedition,  11053. 

Franc,  Gen.,  in  Ecuador,  043  < . 

Fran^ais,  Gape,  naval  battle  at,  9141 , 

France,  see  text,  pp.  661-767 ;  Koman 
armies  defeated,  1056' ,  10621 ;  invaded 
by  Ger.  tribes  ;  Caligula's  expedition, 
1062' ;  Alemanni  cross  Rliine,  1064< ; 
provincial  Itom.  erap.  est.,  10672;  cam- 
paigns against  Ger.  tribes,  10661 ;  in- 
vailed  by  Franks,  1068';  Burguudians 
and  Alemanni  settle,  1071 ' ;  invaded  by 
Atawulf ;  Goths  and  Alemanni  defeated, 
10701 ;  reconquered  by  Eng.,  848'  +;  calls 
Switz.  against  allies,  784';  invades  It., 
788' ;  army  expelled  from  It.  by  plague, 
790' ;  intercourse  with  Siam,  1124' ;  colo- 
nizes N.  S.,  5712,  3;  Cond6  viceroy  Fr. 
empire  in  Am.,  571 ' ;  colonizes  Me.,  5713 ; 
fleet  captures  Algerines,  8'  ;  colony 
destroyed  in  Can.,  5713;  settle  in  Can.; 
Fr.  empire  in  Am.  ruled  by  Hundred 
Associates,  573';  loses  all  Can.,  572'; 
Can.  restored,  5732 ;  colonies  in  Mada- 
gascar, 1095' ;  Can.  a  Royal  Province, 
5732;  suppresses  piracy  in  Tripoli,  11382; 
King  William's  War  against  the  Fr.  in 
Am.,  572' ;  ^)ossess  Ne\VK)undland,  1103' ; 
Grand  Alliance  against,  543';  honors 
Eng.  flag,  9032;  aggressions  in  Am.,  692; 
ally  of  Aust.,  8032  ;  French  and  Indian 
War,  Am.,  68'  t;  supremacy  in  New 
World,  702  ;  Pr.  loses  the  greater  part 
of  Ain.,  5743;  aids  Am.  revolutionists, 
832,  86' ,  892  ;  expedition  against  Egy., 
656' ;  annexes  Nice  ;  alliance  against, 
518' ;  cedes  Nice,  10852  ;  army  in  South 
Ger. ,806'  ;invader8  captured, Wale8,928' ; 
invades  It.,  10853;  invades  Port.,  1110'  ,3; 
annexes  grand  duchy  Tuscany  ;  regains 
Milan,  108.'>2;  annexes  States  of  the 
Church,  10853 ;  aids  Belgium,  544' ;  Pres. 
Jackson  collects  claims,  1452;  conquers 
Algeria,  83  ;  demands  reparation  from 
Mex.,  1096' ;  Republic  congratulated  by 
U.  S.,  165' ;  intervention  in  Mex.,  10963; 
fishery  privileges  exchanged,  11032;  pro- 
poses mediation  in  U.  S.,  2153,  2192  ; 
war  against  Mex. ;  withdraws  from  Mex., 
10963;  irritated  by  Ger.,  827' ;  agreement 
with  Ger.,  8273  ;  annexes  Tunis,  11393  ; 
protectorate  in  Madagascar,  treaty  with 
Madagascar,  10953;  rescinds  recognition 
of  Oonfed.,  2473  ;  Bulg.  refuses  Fr.  de- 
mand, 5693  ;  commercial  treaty  favored 
Can.,  5963.     (See  Franks.) 

,  College  of,  f nd.,  681 ' . 

,  University  of,  fiid.,  671';    receives 

statutes,  671 ' .    (See  FreuclU 

France,  Jacques  Anatole  Tnibault,  b. 
(1844) ;  Le  Lys  lioage,  7662. 

Franceschini,  Marcantonio,  b.,  10823;  d., 
1084'. 

Francesca,  Piero  Delia,  b.  (1420) ;  paints 
Duke  and  Duchess,  1078' ;  d.  (1492). 

Franche-Comt^,  conquered,  690' ;  subdued, 
692';  gains,  0933. 

Franchi,  AiLsonio  (Cristoforo  Bonavino), 
b.,  10862. 

Franchise,  color  restrictions  abolished, 
!^12  ;  elective  extended,  Japan,  10932; 
extended  to  women,  11033. 

Bill  passes,  G.  B.,  9572. 

law  passed.  Am.,  2563. 

Francia,  Francesco  Baibolini,  b.,  10783  ; 
paints  Madonna;  Nativity,  1078* ;  d., 
10802. 

,  Dr.  Jos^  Gaspar  Rodriqne,  b.  (1761) ; 

elected  dictator,  HOO' ;  d.  (1840). 

Francis  I.,  Hung.  (Stephen)  ;  b.,  5142;  D. 
of  Tuscany,  10813  ;  co-regent ;  marries 
Maria  Theresa,  5152  ;  emperor,  5153, 
8013;  d.,5163. 

I.,  Fr  ,  Count  of  Angouldme,  b.,  6783  ; 

reigns ;  enters  Milan,  680' ;  thwarted, 
6812;  war  with  Ger.,  788',  790'  ;  signs 
Concordat,  6803  ;  builds  palaces,  6802  ; 
competes  for  empire,  7892;  prisoner  at 
Pavia,  C801 . 

1.,  of    Fr.,    challenges    Charles    V., 

6812 ;  renews  war  with  Charles,  7893  ; 


alliance  with  Sultan  ;  builds  ;  captivity 
at  Madrid  ;  war  against  Sp.;  d.,  6813. 

Francis  II.,  Fr.,  marries  Mary,  Q.  of  Scots, 
6832;  reigns,  6833;  d.,  8733. 

I.  (II.  of  Ger.),  Emp.  Aust.,  b.,  6163  ; 

emp.,  5192,  3  8072,  8092  ;  resigns, 5193; 
d.,  8153. 

IV.,  D.  of  Parma,  expelled,  10872. 

v.,  D.  of  Parma,  10872. 

I.,  D.  of  Tuscany,  10813. 

I.,  K.  of  Two  Sicilies,  10872. 

II.,  Maria  Leopoldo,  b.,  1086' ;  K.  of 

Two  Sicilies  ;  proclaims  amnesty ;  de- 
posed, 1089';  d.,  1090'. 

IV.,  Grand-Duke  of  Modena,  1087' . 

v.,  of  Modena,  regent,  1089' . 

Charles,  Aust.,  b.  (1802)  ;  d.,6282. 

,  Convers,  b.  (1795);  d.,  2212. 

,  David  R.,  gov.  Mo.,  3492. 

de  Sales,  St.,  b.,  6823  ;  d.,  6863. 

,  Due  D'Alen^on,  dies,  6852. 

,  Duke  of  Guise,  assassinated,  6833. 

,  E.  of  Longford,  lord  keeper,  9013. 

Frederick  Anthony,  Duke,  8073. 

,  J.  A.,  defaulter,  4743. 

,  Jassens,  promoted 'archbp.,  3062. 

,  John,  fires  at  Queen  Victoria,  951 ' . 

, B.,  b.,  1302;  gov.  R.  I.,  M33  ;  d., 

2373. 

, Wakefield,  b.,  100' ;  d.,  1902. 

,  Joseph,  b.,  110' ;  receives  medal,  356' ; 

d.,428'. 

,  emp.  of  Aust.,  b.,  5202  ;  reigns, 

5232;  marries;  revokes  constitutioii,5243; 
reply  to  Napoleon,  52ij2;  coronation  gift, 
5262;  appeals  to  Fr., 527' ;  crowned,  5273 ; 
attempt  to  assassinate,  5303  ;  thanks, 
5322  ;  memorialized,  6342  ;  at  Prague  ; 
life  threatened,  5;U3  ;  opposes  Marriage 
Bill, 6363;  Inter. E.vliibitiou, 6373;  meets 
King  William,  8223. 

de   Paula,  b.  (1416) ;   founds   hermit 

monks,  1079';  d.  (1507). 

,  Marquis  of  Conynham,  postmaster, 

9473. 

of  Assisi,  St.,  b.-d.,  10742  ;    Cantico 

del  Sole,  1077  K 

of  France,  title  conferred,  8732. 

,  Sir  Philip,  b.,  9103;  Letters,  919';  d., 

9»43. 

,  Phoebus  de  Foix,  reigns,  11273. 

Franciscan  Fathers,  expefled  from  Jerusa- 
lem,11582;  monastic  order,  1075' ;  monks 
in  Fla.,  183  ;  mission,  N.  Mexico,  243, 
302;  in  Can.,  5703,571';  in  Japan,  1091 ' ; 
in  Haiti,  16' ;  in  Acadia,  282  ;  in  Chile, 
605';  crucified,  1091'. 

Franciscans,  Indian  mission,  1343. 

Francisco  Morosini  launched,  10882. 

Francisco  d'Assiz,  Don,  marries  Q.  Isabel- 
la, 11313. 

,  Miranda,  b.,  662. 

Franck,  Adolphe,  b.,  719' . 

» Sebastian,  b.   (1500±);    works,  7911; 

d.  (1546). 
Francke,  August  Hermann,  b.,  7963  ;  est. 

orphantropheon,  7982  ;  d.,  8002. 
Franckeau,  N.  Y.,  Evangelical  Lutheran 

General  Synod  org.,  1483. 
Francken,  Ambrosius,  paintings,  11002. 

,  Frans,  paintings,  10982. 

Franco,  General,  pres.  Ecuador,  6442. 

American  caole  laid,  2673. 

expedition,  treaty  signed,  405 ' . 

,  or  Prancoii,  b.-d.,  7742. 

of  Cologne,  musician,  7762. 

Prussian   war,  738±,  826±  ;   Austria 

neutral, 529' ;  Eng.neutral,9752;  Sweden 
neutral,  11363;  u.  S.  neutral  2772.  (See 
text,  France  (1870-71),  pp.  738-746 ;  Ger- 
many (1870-71),  pp.  826-827.) 

Russian  convention  decreed,  7653. 

Siamese  agreement,  7653. 

FrancoBur,  Louis  Beiij.,  b.,  7043  ;  d.,  7302. 

Francois,  Louise  von,  Letzte  Rottenhurgen, 
8362. 

deNeufchftteau,N.L.,b.,701';d.,7243. 

Franco^iia  collides  with  Strathmore,  9813. 

,  internecine  feuds,  772' ;  seat  of  war, 

777' ;  Jfova  Lltteraria,  issued,  8003  ;  oc- 
cupied, 8242. 

,  House  of,  reigns,  7762. 

Mountain,  N.  H.  State  park,  352' . 

Frank,  Johann  P.,  b.,  8003  ;  d.,  8122. 

,  Royal  T.,  commissioned  col.,  470' . 

pledge  revived,  Eng.,  8512. 

Frankenstein,  Gen.,  advance  on  Frank- 
fort, 826' . 

Frankfort,  Viscount,  title  created,  6372. 


Frankfort,  Ger.,  synod  of,  10723  ;  capital 
city,  773' ;  diet  of,  781' ,  7822,  7832  ;  im- 
perial city,  781' ;  revolt,  7813;  league  at, 
785' ;  imperial  chamber  est.,  7873  ;  union 
of,  8013  ;  captured,  806' ;  grand  duchy, 
811';  riots,  8I52,  8163,  817';  student*' 
Insurrection,  8163  ;  National  Assembly 
meets  ;  central  govt,  convened,  8172;  dis- 
solved, 8173+  ;  removed,  8172;  Pari., 5233; 
Nat.  Assembly  fails,  8183  ;  Diet  of  Con- 
federation meets,  5243,  819';  Confeder- 
ate Cong,  meets,  819' ;  Prus.  leaves  As- 
sembly, 819 1 ;  parliament  convenes  ;  Ger. 
sovereigns  meet,  8192  ;  Cong,  of  Ger. 
princes,  8223  ;  Cong,  at,  5263  ;  Confed- 
eration Diet  re-est.,  8193;  peace  Cong. 
meets,  8203;  Prussians  enter,  626' ;  Diet 
decrees,  527';  deputies  refuse  war  ex- 
penses, 823';  electric  telephone,  544'; 
peace  of,  826' ;  entered  ;  held,  8242. 

Frankfort,  John  Rotters,  shot,  453' . 

,  Ky.,  State  library  fnd.,  131' ;  Border 

State  Conven.,  197';  Legislature  re- 
moved, 2122;  Bragg  joins  Smith,  2142; 
Confed.  State  govt.  org. ;  capital,  2153  ; 
Confeds.  defeated,  216';  Secessionists' 
conven.,  2193;  Texan  legion  surrenders, 
2203  ;  Morgan  invests,  2342 ;  Farnierg* 
conven.  meets,  2513  ;  white  man  freed, 
273';  Constitutional  conven.,  369' ;  Edu- 
cation conven.,  313'. 

on-the-Main,  Prus.,  captured,  702', 

802';  seat  of  elections,  7833;  grant  of, 
8092  ;  free  city,  8113  ;  annexed  to  Prus., 
8262. 

on-the-Oder,  N.  Ger.,  univ.  chartered, 

787';  captured,  794';  university  unites 
with  Breslau,  809'. 

Franking  privilege,  granted  Mrs.  Lincoln, 
251 ' ;  pi'ivilege  withdraAvn,  2812. 

— — ,  M.  P.  relinquish  privilege,  G.B., 9612. 

Frankfurter  Journal  issued,  796' . 

Ober  postants  Zeitung  issued,  795' . 

gtlehrt^i  Zeitung  issued,  801 ' . 

Frankl,  Ludwig  August,  b.,  8IO2  ;  d.  (1894). 

Frankland,  Edward,  b.,  9422. 

Frank  Leslie^ s  Illustrated  founded,  173'; 
FrankLeslieslllustrirte  Zeitung  foundedi 
1783. 

Franklin,  in  the  St.  Lawrence,  803. 

,  accident  on,  1713. 

Franklin,  Pa.,  tornado,  358' . 

Park,  N.Y.,  flre,4173;  negroes  ejected, 

4562. 

,  State  of,  plans  fail,  993. 

,  Tenn.,  action  at,  2162  ;  Federals  oc- 
cupy, 2182;  aredefeated,  220' ,2;  action, 
221';  battle  of,  2402. 

,  W.  Va.,  Confederates  defeated,  216'. 

,  Benjamin,  b.,  662,3  ;  in  Boston,  603  ; 

in  Phila.,  61' ;  introduces  paper  money, 
612;  in  Europe  :  on /*a.  G«i-e/^e,  61 1 ;  est. 
Phila.  library.  Poor  Richard^s  Almanac^ 
623;  student,63' ;  clerk  of  Assembly,  633; 
publisher;  institutes  library,  65';  pro- 
jector of  l?a.  Univ.,  67' ;  liglitiiing  con- 
ductors ;  Arctic  expedition  instigated, 
683  ;  at  Colonial  Cong.,  693  ;  eleitricity 
experiments,  66' ,  683,  703;  ambassador, 
713  ;  on  independence ;  returns  from 
Eng.,  732;  in  Eng.,  75' ;  in  House  of  Com- 
mons, 762,  9173;  suggests  phonography, 
763;  beforeprivy  council,  79' ;  dismissal 
as  P.  M.,  79',;  confers  with  Howes,  793; 
pres.  Abolition  Soc. ,  81 ' ;  leaves  London; 
m  jphila.,  812;  plan  of  consolidation; 
postmaster,  813;  on  Committee  of  Decla- 
ration of  Independence,  833,  842  ;  am- 
bassador to  Fr.,  842,  &53  •  confers  with 
Howe,  853 ;  in  Parls,7053 ;  Com.of  Safety; 
treaty  with  Sp.,  853;  minister  toFr.,893; 
treaty  commissioner,  952  ;  investigates 
mesmerism,  96' ;  in  Phila.,  973;  pres.  su^ 
preme council, 99' ;  d.,1022;  statue, 280'. 

,  James,  New  England  Cowran^;  im- 
prisoned, 603. 

,  Lady  Jane,  b.  (1792) ;  aids  polar  ex- 
pedition, 980' ;  d.  (1875). 

,  Jesse,  b.  (1760) ;  gov.  N.  C,  1292  ;  d., 

(1823). 

,  Sir  .John,  b.,  9242;  expedition.  938<; 

second  expedition,  9382  ;  Arctic  expedi- 
tion, «>22,  9541 ;  expedition,  942',  578'; 
relief  exped.,9!J4' ;  d., 9.542;  relief  exped., 
9542,  956',  9582;  relics  of,  9622,  302'; 
Hall's  exped.  sails,  186' ;  search  for,  964' . 

,  William,  b.,  602;  gov.  N.  C,  733  ;  d., 

121'. 

,  Wm.  Buel,  b.,  1302;  with  McClellan, 


Fran-Free 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1259 


206< ;  at  West  Point,  Va.,  207' ;  in  Seven 
Days'  battles,  209t ;  at  Antietam,213< ;  at 
Freiiericksburg,  216*  ;  dismissed,  218*  ; 
at  Sabine  Pass,  226*. 

Franklin  College,  Pa.,  est.,  1003. 

,  Franklin,  Ind.,  organized,  143' . 

,  O.,  org.,  133' . 

Franklin  Co.,  \  a.,  gohl  discovered,  330' . 

Franklin  and  Marshall  College,  Pa.,  org., 
1463;  twoooUegos  united,  173' ;  S.  Stalir, 
pre8.,3682. 

Franks,  in  Xeth.,  10972  ;  lirst  mentioned, 
6632;  invade  Gaul,  0622,3,  708',  10073, 
1068' ;  confederacy  fmd.,  7692  ;  in  Sj)., 
11253  ;  expelled  from  Batavia,  10673  ; 
kingdom  est.,  06.33;  supreme,  6633,  664' ; 
found  German  and  Fr.  kingdoms,  7693; 
possess  Strasburg,  7693 ;  kingdom  re- 
united, 7712;  expelled  from  Sp.,  1125'; 
kingdom  divided,  7712;  invade  Bohemia, 
502' ;  invade  Italy,  10702. 

Franz,  Gen.,  .lui^tnan  leader,  524'. 

,  Itobert,  b.,  8103;  d.  (1892). 

Franzen,  Frans  Michel,  0.  (1772)  ;  Cotutn- 
bm,  11362  ;  d.  (1847). 

Franz-Ferdinana,  archduke,  arrives,  4402. 

Fraser  River,  Can.,  gold  discovered,  580' ; 
aoods,  596' ,  3. 

,  Alexander  Campbell,  b.,  9383. 

,  Charles,  b.,  95' ;  d.,  186' . 

,  James,  cons,  bp.,  9663;  Bp.  Manches- 
ter, d.,  994'. 

,  James  Baillie,  b.,  9223  ;  d.,  9603. 

,  Simon,  b.  (1729) ;  d.,  89' . 

,  Lord  Simon  Lovat,  b.,  8922  ;  be- 
headed, 9122. 

Fraser's  Mariazliie  founded,  9443. 

Fraternal  Mystic  Circle  org.,  3192  ;  statis- 
tics, 4463. 

Order   of   Templars    of   Honor    and 

Temperance,  org.,  11383. 

Fraternity  of  Modern  Woodmen, fnd.  ,317 ' . 

.  Phi  Gamma  Delta  session,  4742. 

Fratres  Minimi,  fnd.,  1079'. 

Fratricelli,  condemned,  6723. 

Frauenburg,  Prus.,  besieged,  788' . 

Frauenlob,  Heinrich  von  Meissen,  b.  (1200) ; 
d.,  7822. 

Frauenstadt,  Christian,  M.  J.,  b.,  8102  ; 
d.,830'. 

Frauna,  German  goddess,  7682. 

Fraunhofer,  Joseph  von, b., 8013 ;  improves 
telescopes,  808' ;  spectrum  discovered, 
8081,810';  d.,  8123. 

Prayser's  Farm,  Va.,  battle,  2092. 

Frazee,  John,  b.  (1790) ;  executes  busts, 
128' ;  d.  (1852). 

Frazer,  General,  at  Alexandria,  6562. 

Frazer's  Island,  mission,  498' . 

Frazier,  Gen.,  at  Cumberland  Gap,  2262. 

Frechette,  Louis  Honors,  b.,  .5782;  works, 
5823,  .5S43,  5862  ;  crowned  poet,  .'jSls. 

Fredegaire,  b.-d.,  6(>42;  Gregory,  6043. 

Fredegonde,  b.-d.,  6642,665' ;  marries, 665' , 
771 ' ;  beauty  and  ferocity  ;  holds  Brune- 
hilde  prisoner,  771 ' . 

Frederic,  Harold,  Seth's  Brother's  Wife, 
329' ;  Copperhead,  4783. 

Fredericia,  Jutland,  captured,  816' ;  sortie 
at,  818' ;  siege  o£,  640'  ,2. 

Frederick,  Crown  Prince  of  Den.,  marries 
Louisa,  11363. 

I.,  Barbarossa,  emp.  (Holy  Roman) ; 

b.-d.,  7762  •  wars  in  It. ;  against  Poles ; 
subdues  Milan  ;  attacks  Crema,  776' ;  in- 
troduces heraldry,  7762;  king,  7773;  wars 
against  nobility ;  expeditions  into  It., 
7773, 779', 2  ;  oonven.  with  Papal  See,  at 
Diet  of  Ratisbou ;  crowns  Ladislaus,  7773 ; 
captures  Rome,  778' ;  mulcr  ban,  7783  • 
joins  crusade,  .5042,  778'  ,2,  850' ;  in  third 
crusade,  7792;  takes  Iconium,  l()322;pay8 
homage  to  pope,  1075';  K.  of  Naples, 
crowned  at  Rome,  10753  ;  drf)wned,  7792. 

II.,  emp.  (Holy  Roman),  K.  of  Naples, 

and  Sicily,  b.-d.,  7782  ;  cedes  conquests 
to  Waldemar  U.,  6353  ;  quarrels  with 
pope;  in  Sicily,  7782;  promises  crusade, 
7783  ;  anti-emp. ;  elected  K.  of  Ger. ; 
crowned ;  gives  Swabia  ;  leaves  Ger. ; 
erap.  at  Rome  ;  marries  lolantlie  ;  for  su- 
premacy of  church ;  under  ban ;  lays 
ban  on  Lombard  cities,  7793 ;  expels 
papal  troops  ;  attacks  pope.s  ;  besieges 
Parma,  780' ;  defeats  Lombards,  780' , 
1074';  in  crusade,  780',  781';  excom- 
municated, 7802  ;  diet  at  Cremona,  7803 ; 
codes  opposed  by  pope;  cedes  Holy 
Land  to  Christians,  781' ;  K.  of  Jerusa- 


lem, 7812,  11552  ;  draws  constitution  of 
Melfi  ;  represses  feudal  system  ;  raises 
imperial  power  ;  elects  Conrad  king  ;  ex- 
communicated ;  deposed ;  life  endan- 
gered; possesses  six  crowns;  d.,  7812. 

Frederick  III.  (IV.  ?),  claims  to  be  D.  of 
Aust.;  unites  empire,  5092;  flees  5093;  K. 
of  Ger. ;  emp.  reigns,  weak  ruler,  7853 ; 
war  with  Albert,  786';  gives  up  lands, 
7872  ;  d.,  5082,  7872. 

III.,  emp.  of  Ger.,  b.,  8142  ;  marries 

Victoria  of  Eng.,  8203  ;  reigns  ;  d.,  8332. 

III.,  K.  of  Ger.,  assassinated,  7852. 

I.,  of  Den.,  at  Copenhagen,  636' ;  Prot- 
estant, 6363;  K.  of  Nor.,  6373. 

II.,  of  Den.  ami  N<ir.,  6373  ;  marries, 

641';  divorced,  6392,  641'. 

III.,  of  Den.,  b.-d.,  6362  ;  enthroned  ; 

changes  constitution,  6373. 

IV.,  of  Den.,  b.,  6362  ;  invades  Hol- 

stein,  6362,  6373  ;  enthroned,  6373  ;  con- 
quests, 638';  plans  Protestant  mission, 
7983  ;   d.,  638' . 

V„  of  Den.,  b.,  638' ;  K.  of  Nor. ;  mar- 
ries, 6392;  d.,6382 

VI.,  of  Den.,  enthroned,  6393. 

VII.,  of  Den.,  b.,  6.382  ;  throne  dis- 
puted, 610';  enthroned,  (HI';  d.,  6403; 
statue,  642'. 

the  Fair,  It.,  est.  Univ.,  1077' . 

I.,  K.  of  Naples,  10793. 

II.,  K.  of  Naples,  10793. 

I.,  K.  of  Prus.,  b.,  7963  ;  elector  of 

Brandenburg,  is  crowned  as  Frederick 
I.,  K.  of  Prus.,  7992  ;  abolishes  serfdom, 
799' J  seizes  Swiss  terri.,  7993  ;  d.,  7983. 

II.,  the  Great,  K.  of  Prus.,  b.,  7983  ; 

reigns,  8012;  invades  Saxtmy,  802' ;  Sile- 
sian  wars,  514', a,  516', 2;  at  Breslau, 
800', 2;  withdraws  from  alliance;  de- 
clares war,  8013  ;  defeats  Aust.,  5142; 
alliance  with  Charles  VII.,  5153,  8013  ; 
in  Saxony  and  Bohemia,  800' ;  in  Silesia, 
802', 2;  war  with  Empire,  516';  charge 
of  treason,  8032;  at  Rossbach,  702' ;  sub- 
sidies fail,  Eng. ;  endeavors  to  restore 
prosperity,  8033  ;  in  Bavaria,  801' ;  Ger. 
princes  union  proposed,  5173 ;  works, 
801',  8*!',  805':  d.,  8053  ;  statue,  818'. 

II.,  King  of  Sicily,  10772. 

— -  III.,  King  of  Sicily,  10772. 

I.,  elector.  Palatine,  (1451-76),  at  Pfed- 

dersheim,  786' . 

II.  elector.  Palatine  (1,544-56). 

III.,  elector.  Palatine  (1659-76). 

-  IV.,  elector,  Palatine  (1592-lClO) ; 
leader,  7933. 

v.,  elector.   Palatine  (1610-20) ;    K. ; 

head  of  Protestant  Union ;  accepts  crown 
of  Bohemia;  loses  Bohemia  ;  under  ban ; 
lands  confiscated  ;  arrests  Bohemians, 
7952;  marries,  879';  flees  to  Holland, 
5102. 

Augustus    I.,  elector  of  Saxony,  b. 

(1750) ;  war  with  Hung.,  608' ;  K.  of  Po- 
land, 7992;  deposed,  11153;  d.  (1827). 

II.,  elector  of  Saxony,  king,  8012, 

11153. 

III.,  elector  of  Saxony,  8033. 

III.,  elector  of  Saxony,  b.  (1463) ;  D. 

elector ;  champion  of  Reformation,  7873; 

d.,  7882. 
I.  of  Hesse-Cassel,   reigns,  Sweden, 

11363, 

I.,  of  Nuremburg,  elector,  7853. 

of  Schleswig-HoTstein,  b.,(>403. 

,  Prince,  regent,  0392,3  ;  d.,  ojos. 

,  Pr.,  D.  of  Schleswig-Holsteiii,  sus- 
tained, 8223. 

I.,  Austria,  duke,  505' . 

I.,  son  of  Albert,  duke,  5053. 

II.,  diike;  d.,605'. 

III.,  of  Hap8burg,D.  of  Aust.,  elected 

K. ;  reigns,  783' ;  K.  of  Ger  ;  K.  of  Ba- 
varia ;  opposes  Louis,  6053  ;  captured, 
501' ,  788' ;  prisoner ;  released,  6063  ;  d., 
507',  7833. 

II.,  the  Fighter,  b.,  5(H2  ;  D.;  trib- 
ute claim,  505' ;  killed,  5011. 

,  Duke  of  Brunswick,  7872. 

Francis  I.,  grand  D.  of  Mecklenburg, 

8113. 

XL,  D.  of  Mecklenburg,  817' . 

IV.,  D.  of  Tyrol  and  Aust.,  5073  ;  d., 

509'. 

I.,  Duke  of  Wurtemberg,  8073. 

II.,  D.  of  Wiirtemberg,  marries  Eng. 

Erincess,  8073;  elector  (iermany,  809'; 
ecomesking  as  Frederick  I., 8092. 


Frederick  Franz  Ferdinand,  Archduke  of 
Aust.,  commands  army,  634' . 

,  Duke  of  Styria,  king,  7853. 

Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  b.,  916*  : 

d.,M23. 

,  false  king  of  Prussia,  7813. 

Charles,  pr.  of  Prus.,  b.,  814' ;  at  Ech- 

ernforde,  W02;  at  Vionville,  740' ;  com- 
mands, 7403  ;  field-marshal,  7422,  822' ; 
at  Loiret,  7423;  at  Dijon  le  Mans,  743' , 
826' ;  siege  of  Le  Mans,  744' ;  d.,  8302. 

,  pr.  of  Hesse,  marries,  8363. 

Ferduiand,    Crown  Prince   of   Den., 

marries,  642' . 

William,  crown  prince,  b.,  8203;  mar- 
ries Victoria,  9632;  commander,  822'; 
emp.,  K.  of  Prus.,  8332  ;  111,8322  ;  diary 
published,  8322  ;  d.,&32',  &'J33. 

,  George  William,  Earl  of  Clarendon, 

lord-lieutenant,  9652. 

Henry    (Neth.),    succeeds    Maurice, 

11013. 

of  Hohenstaufen,  has  Swabia,  777' , 

,  John,  fomuis  university,  793' . 

Leopold  marries,  83;J' . 

Louis,  Pr.  of  Wales,  b.  (1707) ;  marries, 

9093  ;  d.  (1751). 

,  f.  of  George  III.,  d.,  9123. 

Roger,  elected  emp.  Ger.,  7792. 

^Ulric,  Duke  of  Brunswick,  795' . 

William,  *' (ireat  Ele<'tor"  of  Bran- 
denburg, b.,  7943;  K.  of  Prus.,  7972; 
peace  with  Fr.,  7973;  at  FehrbelSn,  7962; 
d.,  7982. 

I.,  Prus.,  king,  7993;  d.,  8012. 

11.,  Prus.,  b.,8003;  king,8053;  in- 
vades Fr.,  806' ;  d.,  8073. 

III.,  Prus.,  b.,  803' ;  pope  visits, 

806';  K.,8073;  at  Anerstadt, 716' ; meets 
rulers;  grant  to  Fr.,  8093  ;  appeals  for 
volunteers,  810',  811';  est.  Iron  CrosBr 
810' ;  in  London,  8112  ;  grants  constitu-- 
tional  law,  8113  ;  d.,  8143  ;  statue,  830' . 

IV.,  Prus.,  b.,  8063  ;  elector,  mar- 
ried, 963' ;  alliance  with  Holland  ;  treaty 
with  Ft.  ;  peace  of  Vossem,  7973  ;  con- 
cessions to  church,  8151 ;  K.,8153;  assas- 
sination attempted  ;  liberty  of  press  ^ 
liberal  measures  resisted ;  Federal  Union 
decree  ;  amnesty  ;  reconciliation  of  Ger. 
empire,  817',  2,' 3  ;  Schleswig-Holstein 
claims,  8193  ;  declines  Ger.  crown,  820' , 
2,  3;  dissolves  Assembly, 8173  ;  d.,  8202  ; 
statue,  826' . 

I.,  elector  of  Hesse-Cassel,  817' ; 

opposes  union,  6233. 

City,  fnd.,  672  ;  Fre<lerick  Coll.  org., 

73';  Confederates  in,  2123.. 

■  and  Richmond  R.  R.  completed,  1493. 

Fredericksburg,  Va.,  fnd., 612  ;  movement 
on,  2062  ;  action  at,  215' ;  battle ;  occu- 
pied, 2162  ;  Confed.  soldiers' monument, 
3841 ;  monument  to  Mrs.  Washington, 
458'. 

Frederickshald,  or  Frederickshall,  Nor., 
siege  of,  1134' ;  action  at,  526' . 

Frederieton,  N.  B.,  capital,  5772  ;  King's 
College  fnd.,  5783  ,  and  re-n.imed,  6803  ; 
fire,  6813  ;  The  Globe,  592^ ;  bishopric  est., 
9483  ;  Itot/nl  Gazelle ;  Jleporirr  and  Ad- 
rerliser,  579'  j  Iteliffinus  Intelligencer, 
6803;  Bishop Kingdohconsecrated,10102. 

Frederioktown,  Mo.,  Confeds.  defeated, 
2001. 

Fredonia,  N.  Y.,  W.  C.  T.  U.,  germ,  2831 . 

Free  and  Open  Church  Asso.  fnd.,  9682. 

Binding  Twine  Bill,  in  Congress,  403 1 , 

407'. 

Church,  formed,  Eng.,  9.523. 

of  Holland,  founds  Christian  Re- 
formed Mission,  11023. 

Society  founded,  9622. 

Coinage  Bill,  in  Congress,  3233,  3613, 

363',  3762,3   3773,4012,40.32,4072. 

Association  organized,  433' . 

Commmiion  Baptists.    See  Baptists. 

Methodists.    (See  Methodists.) 

Press,  colonists  secure.  Can.,  597' . 

school  system  est..  Can.,  4943. 

Silver  Coinage.  (See  Free  Coinage  and 

Silver.) 

Soil  Party  meets,  165',  1712;  holds 

political  balance,  167' ;  meets  at  Topeka. 
179'. 

State  fight.    (See  Kansas.) 

Suffrage,  bitterne.'^s  against,  2772. 

Sugar  Law,  effective,  3812. 

trade,  prohibited, 31 ' ;  abolished,  453; 

Sp.  permits,  793  ;  conven.  meets,  U.  8., 


1260 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INiJllX..        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Free-Fron. 


139  a 

fmd. 


doctrines  popular, 2G92j   Fr.imionFr^mont  d'Ablancourt,  Nicolas,  b.,  6862  ; 
7612;  pitrs   Bill,  9233;  in  Argen-        d.,  6943. 


tine  settlements, 4892;  budget.  Austral., 
4983;  rejected,  499 ^ ;  proclaimed  in  Bo^ 
livia,  5511 ;  policy  est.,  Fr.,  7352  ;  agita- 
tion in  Ft.,  7392  ;  est.  in  Swe.,  11363. 

Free  University,  est.  at  Brussels,  5443. 

Wool  Bill  m  Congress,  403»  ,2,  4061  ,a. 

Freedmen,  first  day-scliool  for,  opd.,  2023  ; 
Legislative  exclusion  illegal,  2792;  rights 
limited,  2932. 

Freedraen's  Aid  Society  org.,  2543. 

Board,  Presb.  Church,  org.,  2502. 

Bureau,  established,  2433, 

Act,  2431,  2.312,3,  2532,2633. 

Convention,  at  Charleston,  2483. 

Savings  and  Trust  Co.  est.,  2513. 

Freedom, Congressional  struggle  for,aban- 
doned,  1912. 

Convention  held  in  Ky.,  2313. 

of  press,  favored,  Sp.,  11332, 

-  of  speech  restricted,  1092. 


Fremy,  Edmond,  b,,  721 1 ;  d.,  7502. 

,  Edward,  manufactures  steel,  9642, 

French,  Augustus  C.,gov.  111.,  1613, 

,  J.  H.,  bank  swindler,  3943. 

Philip,  mayor  N.  y.,  553. 

,  Uen.   Samuel  U.,  at  Kelley's  Ford, 

2281 :  at  Alatoona  Pass,  2383. 

,  Wm,  H.,  moderator,  3182. 

Cochiu-Chiuaiii8urrectiou,480i,48I2. 

See  Annam. 

,  Md.,  burned  by  British,  1202. 

Eversole,  feud,  Ky.,  3301 . 

Academy,  founded,  686I . 

Association  for  Advancement  Science 

established,  746i. 

Atlantic  Telegraph  Co.,  formed, 7393. 

Creek,  Can.,  Americans  embark,  120a. 

Guiana,  captured,  6541  j  convicts  sent 

out,  iai93, 

expedition  in  Am,,  62i ,  64i 


Freehold,  N.  J.,  Scotch  meeting-house  est.,     Extradition  Treaty  in  Congress,  4231 

522  ;    Presbytery  meets,  563  ;    incendi- 
aries, 4791. 

Freeland,  Pa.,  Ursinus  College  organized, 
2722 ;  riot,  4603. 

Freeman,  Edward  Augustus,  b.,  9403 ; 
works,  9702, 10063  ;  d.,  IOO8I . 

,  George  Washington,  b.  (1789) ;  cons. 

bishop,  1563  ;  d.  (1858). 

,  James,    b,    (1759) ;    changes    Prayer 

Book,962;  changes  liturgy, 982;  d.(1835j. 

, ,  wife  murderer,  ;^7i . 

— — ,  Lucian,  matricide,  5883, 

,  Patrick  A.,  archbp.  of  Chicago,  3042, 

,  Richard,  lord  chancellor,  9033. 

• ,  Wm.  Grigsby,  b.  (1815) ;  d.,  2541 . 

,  Col.,  at  Salem,  Mo.,  2003. 

Freemantle,  settlement  of,  4952. 

,  Thomas  Francis,  Baron  Cottesloe,  b. 

(1798);  d.,  10041. 

Freemasons,  recognized,  Aust.,  5172 ;  in 
Gr.  B.,  S431;  tirst  lodge.  Am.,  631;  at 
Phila.,  631 ;  abduction  of  Morgan  ;  anti- 
masonry  politics,  i;i52  ;  national  ticket 
against,  1392  ;  Grand  Lodge  of  Nev.  org., 
2^3  J  statistics,  4463  ;  in  Commune, 
7443 ;  against  Boulangcr,  7563  j  tirst 
grand  lodge  in  Eng.,  907i ;  in  Ire.,  9092  ; 
excommunicated,  9091 ;  Pr.  of  Wales  as 
patron,  9751;  interdicted,  10851  j  pro- 
hibited in  Naples,  10873. 

Freeport,  Pa.,  bank  robbery,  3783. 

Freetown,  W.  Afr.,  settlement  at,  II6O2  ; 
mission,  11603. 

Freewill  Baptists.     (See  Baptist.) 

Fregellie,  action  at,  10521 . 

Frela,  Jisterold,  discovered,  6403 


4232. 
Kongo.     See  text,  pp.  1161 ;  treaty 

signed,  7673. 
and  Indian  War  (Am.),  681 ;  unites 

colonies,  712  ;  closes,  5743, 

language  enjoined,  681 1 . 

language  in  Eng.,  8463;  use  abolished, 

Eng.,  8592,  11022. 

htck,  invented,  8OOI . 

Mills,  Gen.  Wilkinson  at,  1221. 

National  Society  org.  in  London,  7623. 

J*rotestant  Coll.,  Mass.,  ded.,  3471 . 

Kelief  Fmul  established, 975i . 

Romance  becomes  known,  Eng.,  8463. 

Spoliation  claims,  submitted,  3193  ; 

passes  Congress,  3793. 
Frenchtown,  Mich.,  taken,  120*;  retaken, 

by  British,  1201. 
Frendenberger,  Sigmund,  paints  Lover's 

Present,  11371. 
Frdneau,  Philip,  b.,  682  ;  d.,  140' . 
Frenzel,  K.,  Wakrkeit,  8342. 
Fr6re,  Chas.  Theodore,  b.,  7222  ;  d.,  7562. 

,  John  Hj.okham,  b.,  9182  ;  d.,  9522. 

,  Pierre  Etlouard,  b.,  7223  ;  a.,  7542, 

Urban,  Herbert  Joseph   Walther,  b. 

(1812) ;    ministry ;    resigns,    5452  ;    new 

ministry,  5453. 
Frere  Town,  Afr.,  mission  station,  5612. 
,  Sir   Henry  Bartle  Edward,  b.,  9363  ; 

expedition,  5611 ;  gov.  Ind.,  10473  ;  gov. 

Cape  Colony,   6OI2  ;  ultimatum ;  opens 

exhibition  ;  queen's  telegram,  6013  j  re- 
called, 6031 ;  d.  (1884) ;  monument,  998i . 
Fr6ret.  Nicolas,  b.,  6<»42  ;  d.,  7003. 
FrericiLs,  Friedrich  Theodor,  b.,  8122. 


Freiberg,  or  Fribourg,  Switz.,  Bavarians    Friron,  !felie  Catherine,  b.,  6981  j  works, 


defeated,    688';    captured,    692i,   6962 
revolts,  7813  ;  Austrians  defeated,  5162  j 
University  established,  7871 .    ' 

Freidank,  BesckeUfcnhelty  7803. 

Freilinghuysen,  Frederick  Theodore,  b., 
1261 ;  on  electoral  commission,  2951 ;  on 
committee  of  seven,  2933  ;  sec.  state, 
3092  ;  d.,  3202  ;  statuc,  4681 . 

,  Theodore,   b.,  98i ;    nom.  vice-pres., 

1572  ;  electoral  vote,  1592  ;  d.,  1922, 


7012;  d.,  7043. 

.Louis  Stanislas, b., 7031;  d.,7143. 

Frescobaldi,  Girolamo,  b.  (1588) ;  d.,  10831 . 
Fresenius,  Karl  Remigius,  b.,  8122. 
Fresnaye,  Jean  Vauquelin  de  la,  b.  (1536) ; 

works,  6843  ;  d.  (1606). 
Fresnel,  Augustin  Jean,  b.,7062  ;  d.,7243. 
F'^resno,  Cal.,  tirst  raisins  shipped,  3913 ; 

L.  B.  McWhirter  shot,  4142. 
Fresnoy,  Lenglet  du,  works,  6992. 


lai^  ;  electoral  voie,  low  ;  a.,  lyz^.  i<resnoy,  ijengiet  au,  worKs,  tsw^. 
,  Theodorus  Jacobus,  b.  (1691);  inN.  J.,  Freteau  de  Saint-Just,  Emmanuel  Marie 

583;  d.  (1747).  Michel  Philippe,  b.,  7003  ;  d.,  7102. 

Freillgrath,  Ferdinand,  b.,  8IO2  ;  d,,  8282.  Fret^val,  battle  at,  6701 ;  taken,  7431 

Freind,  John,  b.,  8941  ;  d.,  9081 .  Freund,  Wilhelm,  b.,  8082. 

Freiusheim,  Johann,  b.  (1608) ;  d.,  7963.  Frey,  Jacob,  Carriage-Boolc,  7923. 

Freising,  Bp.  Otto  von,  works,  7763;  iutro-  Freya.    (See  Frauna.} 

duces  peripatetic  philosophy,  7763.  Freycinet,  Chas.  Louis  de,  b.  (1828) ;  min- 

Freitoh,Capt.A.,goestoQueenstown,4693.  ister,  7512,3,7552,  757i,2,  76II,  7632; 


Fr^miet,  Emmanuel,  b.,  7242. 

Fr6minet,  Martin  de,  b.,  6822  ;  d.  (1619). 

Fremont,  John  Chas.,  b.,  121 1;  explora- 
tions; 2d  trip,  1541;  sights  Pike's  Peak  ; 
returns,   1561 ;  raises  Am.  flag  in  Cal., 


forms  ministry,  7531 ;  premier  ;  resigns, 
7532 ;  shot,  7543, 

— ,  Louis  Claude  Desaulses  de,  b.,  7043  ; 
d.,  7282. 
Freydis,  explores  Mass.,  II2. 


captures  Sonoma,   I601 ;  declares  inde-    Freytag,  invents  French  lock,  8OOI 


pendence  of  Cal.,  161 2  ;  proclaims  annex- 
ation, 1632  ;  gov.  Cal.,  1633  ;  4th  explor- 
ing expedition,  164 1 ;  nom.  for  pres., 
1803;  vote,  1812;  commissioned  major- 
gen.,  1962 ;  commands  Western  Dept., 
1963;  commands  in  Mo.,  1983;  emanci- 
pation in  Mo.,  1982;  nianmnits  slaves, 
1991 ;  declares  martial  law,  1992  ;  sur- 
renders command,  2001  •  commands 
mountain  dept.,  2043  ;  in  W.  Va.,  2052  ; 
overtakes  Jackson,  2083;  at  Cross  Keys  ; 


,  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich,  b.,8043; 

works,  8151 ,  8163,  8203  ;  d.,  8202. 

,  Gustav,  b.,  8121 . 

Fr^zier,  Am^d^e  Fran5oi8,  b.,  6923  ;    d. 

(1773). 
Fria,  German  goddess,  7682. 
Frias,  Thomas,  b.  (1805);  pres.  Bolivia, 

5512;  d.  (1884). 
Fribourg.    (See  Freiburg.) 
Frick,  11.  C,  of  Homestead,  shot,  4103. 
Friday,  worship  day,  4843. 


enters  Strasbm-g,  2083  ;  nom.  for  pres.,  Frieburg,  Ger.,  R.  C.  Univ.  fnd.,  11381 . 

2352  ;  withdraws  candidacy,  2393  ;  gov.  Frieilemanu,  Friedrich  Traugott,  b.  8062  ; 
Ariz.,  3012  J  d.,  3641 ;  widow  pensioned,       d.,  820i . 

3662.  Friedewald,  Prus.,  treaty  of,  793i , 


Friedland,  battle  of,  7162, 

,  Duke  of,  prince  of  empire,  7952. 

,  Valentin,  b.,  7862  •  d.,  7922. 

Friedliugen,  Germans  defeated,  694*. 

Friedman  College  at  Fairfax  Court  House. 
2041. 

Friedmann.    (See  Friedemann.) 

Fridolln,  St.,  apostle  to  Germany,  10703. 

Friedrichshall,  Prussia,  victory,  ^2. 

Friedrichstad,  bombarded,  6401. 

Frienbach,  battle  of,  7841. 

Friend  of  the  Clergy,  organized,  955'. 

— ~,  Sir  John,  executed,  9011. 

Friends,  in  Am.,  (Quakers  opposed  to,  322; 
excluded,  Mass.,  40',  2;  from  New  Eng.; 
persecuted,  402,  3  ;  excluded  from  Va.; 
hanged  in  Mass.;  1st  yearly  meeting,  403; 
penal  laws  suspended,  413  ;  in  >; .  C.  : 
Geo.  Fox  in  Am.,  443  ;  in  Bel.;  oppressed 
in  Mass.,  463  ;  in  N.  J.,  473  ;  increase  in 
Am.,  481;  gen.  meeting  in  N.  J.,  482; 
yearly  meeting  est.  in  R.  I.,  642;  prevail 
in  Pa.,  571 ;  arrested  in  Pa.,  863;  Indian 
missions,  1062,  1142  ;  antislavery  peti- 
tion, 1072 :  Hicksite  secession,  1343 ;  Bible 
Asso.  fmd.,  1382  ;  Haverford  Coll.  est., 
1423  ;  Progressive  Friends  org.,  1722,  3  ; 
Earlham  Coll.  est.,  1843  ;  Swarthmore 
Coll.,  Pa.,  2663;  Miami  Valley  Coll.  O., 
2771 ;  Penn  Coll.,  la.,  2822  ;  Wilmington 
Coll.,  O.,  2883  ;  Bryn  Mawr  Coll.,  Pa., 
3223  ;  meeting,  N.  Y.,  3403  •  Home  and 
For.  Miss.  Union  org.,  3742;  Educational 
Conf.,  3781 ;  missions  in  Mex.,  10962. 

,  appear  in  Eng.;  origin  of  name,  8863  ; 

in  Ire.,  8883  ;  released,  8962  ;  nieeting- 
house  opd.,  9002;  affirm  oaths,  9013  ;  So- 
ciety revived,  9123  ;  marriage  legalized, 
9652  ;  Syrian  mission  org.,  9782  ;  miss,  to 
India,  10483. 

of  Finns,  Society  org.,  11361 . 

of  Order,  fired  on  Fr.,  7462. 

Friendship,  seamen's  prayer-meeting,  es- 
tablished, 9371. 

,  wrecked,  9673. 

Friensheim,  Johann,  b.,  7923. 

Fries,  Elias  Magnus,  b.-d.,  11343. 

,  Jacob  F.,  b..  8041  ;  d.,  8162. 

,  John,  b.  (1764  ±) ;  insurrection  leader, 

1093  ;  d.  C1S36±). 

Friesians,  subdued,  10972,  10991 ;  in  Neth., 
10973;  Stediugers  attacked,  7801. 

Friesland,  Eastern,  submits,  7892  ;  ceded 
to  Prus.,  8013 ;  annexed  to  Neth.,  10991 ,2. 

Frieze,  Ann  E.,  murder  of,  3011. 

Frio,  Cape,  Braz.,  fort  at,  5532. 

Frioul,  betrayed,  7711. 

Fripp,  E.  T.  R.,  in  Havana,  6323. 

Frisch,  Johann  Leonhard,b.,7963  ;  d.,8003. 

Frischlin,  Nicodemus,  b.,  7902 ;  works, 
7931 ;  d.,  7922. 

Frisco,  Mo.,  robbery,  417' . 

Frissell,  H.  B.,  in  Normal  Institute,  4302. 

Frith,  Mr.,  iutro.  Mimicipality  Bill,  9853. 

of  Forth,  collision,  10053. 

Frivaldsky,  Enrich,  b.,  5191. 

Frizell,  William,  postnmster,  8832. 

Fro,  god  of  ancient  Germans,  768*. 

Froben,  Johann,  7862  ;  d.,  7882. 

Frobisher,  Sir  Martin,  b.,  8682  ;  explorer, 
243  ;  Arctic  expedition,  5702, 874i ;  third 
voyage,  5712;  in  Greenland,  10383;  d., 
8762. 

Frobisher's  Straits,  dis. ;  commimion  cele- 
brated, 242. 

Frochot,  Comte  Nicolas  TTi^rfese  Beuoit, 
b.,  7022  ;  d.,  7*243, 

Froebel,  Friedrich,  b.,  8042  ;  works,  8132 ; 
opens  kindergarten,  8152  ;  d.,  8I8I. 

,  Julius,  b.,  8082  ;  d  (1893). 

Society  incorporated,  Am.,  384' . 

Frogmore,  Eng.,  Mausolemn  built,  9661 . 

Frogs,  shower  at  Jamestown,  3382, 

,  plague  of,  Minn.,  4141 . 

Froila  I.,  reigns  (Sp.),  11263. 

IL,  reigns,  11272, 

Froissart,John,b.-d.,6742;  Chronicles, ^S^- 

Frolic,  captured,  1182,  1221. 

Froraantil,  improves  pendulum,  11003. 

Frome,  Edward  Charles,  d.,  10021. 

Fromentin,  Kugfene,  b.,  7223  ;  d.,  7501 , 

Fronde,  Civil  War  of  (See  Paris),  6893. 

Frontenac,  Louis  de  Buade,  Comte  de,  b., 
6863 ;  in  Quebec,  452 ;  gov.,  5733 ;  recalled, 
492;  attack  on  colonists,  50i ;  against 
Indians;  inNew  York,  52*  ;  against  Mo- 
hawks ;  against  Iroquois,  5741 ;  d.,  6943, 

Front  Royal,  Va.,  action  at,  208'  ,2  ;  Con- 
feds,  defeated,  240^ . 


Fron-Oali. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1261 


Frontier  regulated,  Fr.,  737' . 

Frossiu'd,  Charles  Auguste,  b.,  7163  ;  at 
Forbach,  "38' ;  d.  (1875). 

Frost,  midsummer,  Hug.,  8462  ;  prevails, 
896' ;  suinuior,  Mass.,  166' . 

,  Gen.,  at  Trairio  Grove,  2162. 

,  Johu,  transported,  USl ' . 

, ,  b.  (1800) ;  d.,  1842. 

,  Rutus  Smith,  b.  (1826) ;  d.,  452' . 

Prostburg,  .Md.,  miners  strike,  4622. 

Frothingham,  Ellen,  b.,  1442. 

,  Nathaniel  h.,  b.,  1042  ;  d.,  270' . 

,  Octavius  Brooks,  b.,  1302  ;    works, 

2803,  303',  3743,  3982. 

Froude,  .James  Anthony,  b.,  9383  ;  works, 
961' ,  9783,  9882,  9983  ;  d.  (1894). 

Frumeutius,  in  Abys.,  1' ,  10683. 

Fry,  Uenj.  St.  James,  b.,  132' . 

,  Carv  Harrison,  b.  (1813) ;  d.,  282' . 

,  Sir  Edward,  lord  justice,  9912. 

,  {nie  Gurney),  Elizabeth,  b.,  921' ;  d., 

9522. 

,  .lames  Barnet,  b.,  1342  ;  d.,  464' . 

,  William  Henry,  b.,  1242  ;  d.,  241'. 

Frve,  Thomas,  b.  (1710) ;  paints  poroelain, 
9"l2i ;  d.  (1762). 

,  William  P.,  b.,  1382;  resolution, 449' . 

Frvxel,  Anders,  b.-d.,  11343  ;  .Swedish  His- 
tori/,  11362. 

Faad  Pasha,  b.-d.,  11563  ;  executes  perse- 
cutors; pres.  council;  grand  vizier,  1159' . 

Fuca.  Junade,  in  Can. ,243;  explorer  ,5712; 
d.,  10343. 

Fuchau  mission,  6183,  619',  2,  6203,621', 
6242;  M.  E.  Church  erected,  619',  2; 
printing-press,  6203;  persecution,  621'; 
bombarded;  Adm.  Courbet  at,  622' ;  Bib- 
lical Institute  fnd.,  6222  ;  mob  ;  Meth. 
Conference  fmd.,  6223;  Anglo-Chinese 
Coll.;  Female  Coll.  org.,  623' ;  treaty- 
port  closed,  6263;  occupied,  627' . 

Fuchs,.Johann  von,  b.,804' ;  invents  water- 
glass,  812' ;  stereochromy,  814' ;  d.,  820' . 

,  or  Fuchsius,  Leonhard  von,  b.,  7863; 

d.,  7922. 

Fucinus,  Lacus,  conduit  from,  10622. 

Faenta,  Luis  Merlo  de  la,  gov.,  6052. 

Fuentes,  Pedro  Henriquez  d'Azevedo, 
Count,  b.-d.,  11282. 

,  -de-Onoro,  Messana  checked,  7182. 

Fuere,  Gen.,  pres.  Chile.  607' . 

Fuetiers,  Antoine,  b.,  6862. 

Fugitive  Slave  Act  passed,  1051;  violated, 
1663;  passes  H.,  1672;  signed,  1673;  Chi- 
cago council  annuls,  169' ;  Know  Noth- 
ings approve,  1793;  repeal  of,  2352,  3. 

Fnhkien.    (See  Fukien.) 

Fujiwara  nobility  reign,  10912. 

Fukien  mission,  619' ;  province,  rebels, 
6-J4';  riots,  625', 2. 

Falc  of  Anjou,  king  of  Palestine,  11552, 

Fulda  Monastery,  best  school  in  Ger.,7723. 

Fuller,  Andrew,  b.,  9123;  d.,  9,363. 

,  George,  b.,  1302;  d.,  3162. 

.  Levi   K.,    nom.    for  gov.  Vt.,  4092; 

gov.,  4212. 

,  Marg<iret    Ossoli,   b.  (1810) ;    works, 

1583,  163'. 

,  Melville  Weston,  b.,  142' ;  U.  S.  Su- 
preme Court,  3332;  oration,  349'. 

,  Sarah  Margaret,  b.,  1162;  d.,  168' . 

,  Thomas,  b.,  8782;  works,  885' ,  8883; 

d.,  8902. 

,  Timothy,  b.  (1778);  d.,  1442. 

,  William,  commissioner,  393. 

Fullerton,  Col.,  in  duel,  9212. 

,  Ladv  Georgiana,  b.,  9362;  d.  (1885). 

,  William,  b.  1262. 

Fulton,  Mo.,  Westminster  Coll.  org.,  1783; 
Female  Coll.  op.,  2782;  miners'  lire 
shafts,  4663. 

Fulton,  launched,  1222;  blows  up,  1.373. 

Fnlton,  .Justin,  b.  (1828);  denounces  Ro- 
manism, 5922. 

,  Private,  wins  rifle  prize,  994' . 

,  Itobert,  b.,  74' ;  invents  submarine 

torpe<lo,  112' ;  Clermont,  114' ;  Clermont 
on  Seine,  7142;  d.,  1242. 

,  Wm.S.,  b.  (1795);  gov.Ark.,  1453;  d., 

1562. 

Fnlvia,  wife  of  Antony,  10602;  d.(40  B.C.). 

Fnlvius,  Cneius,  at  Herdonia,  ia'V42. 

,  M.,  killeii,  10572. 

Fundamental  Law,  Transvaal,  5992. 

Funding  Act  vetoed,  .3072. 

bill,  cong., 2.513, 2.523;  approved,  2'')23. 

Funds,  removeil  by  Jackson,  1432;  oppo- 
sition, 1412. 

Funeral  oration,  first,  10163. 


Funeral  tax,  Eng.,  9273. 

Funfkirchen  Univ.  fnd.,  507' . 

Fungche,  d.,  6232. 

Fung-tseang  Foo,  Mongols  take,  614'. 

Funk,  Benjamin  F.,  b.,  1482. 

,  Isaac  K.,  b.,  1502;  Standard  Diction- 

ary,  4783. 
Funston,  Edward  H.,  b.,  1402. 
Furantuen,  Japanese  advance,  627'. 
Furetii^re,  Antoine,  b.  (1620);  works,  691', 

695';  d.,  6923. 
Furgler,  F'rancis,  recluse,  89' . 
Furkus  mission,  657' . 
Furman,  James  Clement,  b.  (1809);  d.,  378' . 

University,  S.  C,  org.,  1723, 

Furnaces  inv.  for  glass-work,  9642. 
Furneaux,  Capt.,  explorer,  4932. 
Furness,  Robt.  W..  gov.  Neb.,  285'. 

,  Wm.  Henry,  b.,  1102. 

Furniture  Manuf's  Conv.  meets,  3353. 
Fur-Protection  Bill  passes  S.,  4223. 
Furrukhabad  mission,  1047'. 
Filrst  Bismarck  breaks  record,  10073. 

,  Julius,  b.,  8082;  d.,  828' . 

Fiirstenberg,   F.  Von.,    b.    (1812);    conse- 
crated, 5302;  d.,6342. 
,  Baron  Friedrich  W.  F.,  b.,  8902;  d., 

8102. 
FUrstenwalde,  Prus.,  Treaty  of,  7832. 
Furtado,  Franpois  Jose,  b.  (1818);  forms 

ministry,  557';  d.  (1870). 
Fusan,  telegraph  opd.,  10943. 
Fushimo,  action  at,  1092 ' . 
Fusion,  Fr.,  legislative,  7492. 
Fiissen,  Bavaria,  peace  of,  5153. 
Fust,  or  Faust,  Johann,  work,  7852,  787' ; 

est.  printing  office,  7852;  d.,  7862. 
Fustians  and  jeans,  manufactured,  95' . 
Futrer,  Ulrich,  Bitch  tier  Abentetier,  787' . 
Futtehabad,  action  near,  6' . 
Futtehgurh  mission,  1047' . 
Futtigarh  Sepoy  Rebellion,  1018' . 
Futvoye,  Geo.,  d.,  592' . 
Fwambo,  or  Fwamboon,  mission,  8383  ; 

1094'. 
Fyt,  or  Feyt,  Jan,  b.,  5403;  works,  11002; 

U.  (1671+). 
Fytche,  Albert,  C.  S.  I.,  d.,  1008' . 


Gabelentz,  Hans  C.  von  der,  b.,  8083;  ^., 
828'. 

Gabelle  tax  enforced,  Fr.,  675' . 

Gabelsberger,  Frank,  b.  (1789);  stenogra- 
phy, 812';  d.  (1849). 

Gabinius,  Aulus,  conspirator;  elected  con- 
sul, 10592;  proconsul,  1151' ;  d.  (48  n.c). 

Gablenz,  Anton  von,  gov.  of  Holstein,8232; 
mediation  declined  ;  holds  assembly  ; 
protests  invasion  of  Holstein,  8233. 

Gabler,  .Johann  P.,  b.,  8022;  d.,  8123. 

Gablonz,  Bohemia,  strikers'  riot,  533' . 

Gaboriau,  Emile,  b.,  7262;  works,  735', 
737' ;  d.,  746' . 

Gabourd,  XmiAia,  b.  7163;  d.,  7362. 

Clabriel,  Indian,  b.,  354' . 

,  I.,  prince,  5113. 

,  II.,  grandprince  ;  king,  5113, 

,  Jacques  Auge,  b.,  6963;  d.,  705' . 

,  Jean,  Greek  independence,  10342. 

,  Thomas,  Lord  Mayor,  969 ' ;  receives 

Belgians,  545' . 

Gabrielle,  Catarina,  b.,  10842;  d.  (1796). 

Gabriels,  Henry,  consecrated  bp.,  4062. 

Gabun,  fUtandoned  ;  mission,  1161',  3. 

Gachard,  Louis  Prosper,  b.,5432;  d.(1885). 

Gackw.ar  of  Baroda,  dethroned,  10492. 

Gacon,  Franfois,  b.  (1667);  d.,  6982. 

Gad,  inheritance,  11413. 

Gadban,  Effendi,  in  Bulg.,  5673. 

Gafldi,  Agnolo,  b.-d.;  frescoes  at  Prato. 
10762. 

,  Taddeo,  b.-d„  10762. 

Gade,  Niels  Wilhelm,  b.,  6382;  d.,  642' . 

Gades.    (See  Cadiz.) 

Gadsden,  Ga.,  Gen,  Hood  arrives,  239' , 

,  Christopher,  b,  (17M);  d.,  1122, 

, Edwards,  bp.,  b.,  962;  d.,  170'. 

,  Edward  M.,  in  P.  O.  Dept.,  4472. 

,  James,  b,,  100';  d.,  184'. 

Purchase,  173. 2 

Gaelic  Society  org.  in  Am.,  3032;  in  Jjon- 
don  fnd,,  9212. 

Gaen,  Fr.,  St.  Etienne  Church  fnd.,  6683. 

Gjeta,  fortress  surrendered  by  Fr.,  6782; 
besieged,  1087'. 

Gaetano,  discoveries,  1041). 


Gaf  urid,  Franchino,  teaches  music,  10782, 

Gagarin,  Ivan,  b.,  11163;  d.,  1120'. 

Gage,  Baron,  title  created,  9252;  Viscount, 
title  created,  905'. 

,  Francis  Dana,  b.,  1142;  d.  (1884). 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9062;    commander,  722; 

sent  to  Boston,  76' ;  fortifies  The  Neck, 
783,  80' ;  in  Salem,  782;  gov.  Mass.;  sup- 
presses liberty,  79';  offers  pardon,  812; 
seizes  stores,  80' ;  d,,  9242. 

Gagelen,  Francis,  strangled,  4803, 

Gagern,  Gen.  Frederick  von,  pres.  Nat'I 
Assembly;  shot.  8172. 

,  Baron  Heinrich  Wilhelm  August,  b., 

8063;  pres.  Nat'I  Assembly,  623' ;d., 830'. 

Gagging  Bill  enacted,  9272. 

Gagi,  Anthlmos,  issues  newspaper,  1035' . 

Gag  Law,  on  slavery,  147',  1492,  3;  pro- 
slavery,  153' . 

Gagnier,  Jean,  b.,  6922;  d.,  7003. 

, ,  b.,  8922;  d,,  9103. 

Gahagan.  Usher,  executed,  9132. 

Gal,  Ljudevit,  b.,  5192;  d.,5282. 

Gail,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  7022;  d.,  7243. 

Gailen,  Joseph,  d.,  705' . 

Gaillard,  Edwin  S.,  b.,  1.342. 

,  Gabriel  Henri,  b.,  6982;  d.,  7163. 

,  John,  pres.  senate,  1172,  1232,  127a, 

129',  1312,  3,  1332. 

Gailor,  W.  H.,  Indicted  for  extortion, 
4043. 

Gaine,  Hugh,  publisher,  69'. 

Gaines,  Edward  Pendleton,  b.,  89' ;  at  Fort 
Erie,  1222;  attacked  by  Seminoles,  146' ; 
d.,  166'. 

,  John  P.,  gov.  Ore.,  167' ;  d.  (1858). 

,  Myra  Clark,  b.  (1805);  d.,  3182;  suit 

of  heirs,  .341'. 

Mill,  Va.,  battle  of,  2092. 

Gainesville,  Fla.,  Confeds.  routed,  230' ; 

outlaws  lynched,  3782. 

,  Va., lynching,  4023. 

Gainsborough,  Earl  of,  title  created,  951' . 
,  Thomas,  b.,  908';  works,  91G2,  9182; 

d.  9243. 
Gai'nsfoni,  Thomas,  b.,9203;  d.  (1855). 
Gaiti,  enthroned,  6113,  013' . 
Galapagos  Archipelago,  colonists'  expedi- 
tion, 6443, 
Galas  defeats  Swedes,  796' , 
Galaswintha  murdered,  771' , 
Galatea  loses  yacht  race,  3253,  9953. 
Galatea,  asteroid,  discovered,  266' . 
Galatia,  Asia  Minor,  settled,  named,  11492. 

new  provinces,  10613. 
Oalatians,  Epistle  written,  1153' . 
Gjilaton,  artist  of  Alexandria,  6522. 
Galaxy  Magazine  appears,  2543, 
Galba,  P.  Sulpicius,  b.  (24  B.C.);  inlllyria, 

10543. 
,  Servius  Sulpicius,  b.-d..  10603  ;  emp., 

6633;  proclaimed  emp.,  10623,  6632. 
,  ( Galba),  imperator;  reigns; 

assassinated,  10633. 
Galbaio,  Giovanni,  doge  at  Venice,  10732. 

,  Maurizio,  doge  at  Venice,  10732. 

Galdan,  rules  Cent.  Asia;  checked,  6142; 

at  Chowmodo,  616' . 
Galdos,  Peres,  b.  (1845);  works.  11323. 
Gale  Coll.    (Presbt.)    org.  at   Galesville, 

Wis.,  (1856). 

,  N.  B.,  will,  4792. 

,  Theophilus,  b.  (1628);    gift,  443;    d. 

(1678). 

,  Wm.,  walking  record,  9833. 

Galekas,  defeated,  600' . 

Galen,  Christopher  B.  von,  prince,  bp.  of 

Munster,  b.,  7922;  d.,  7962. 

,  Claudius,  b.,  10283;  flourishes,  10282. 

Galena.,  reenforced  by  Atlantic,  334' ;  at 

Navassa    Island,    344' ;     at  Baltimore. 

346';  stranded,  380' . 
,  111.,  Gen.  Grant  a  citizen,  1753,  I871 ; 

Ger.-Eng.    Coll.    fnd.,    2623;    statue   ol 

Grant,  384'. 
,  Kan.,  prosperous,  296'. 

and  Chicago  Union  R.  E.  opd.,  1693, 

1733. 

Galerius,  Cains  Valerius  Maximianus, 
extends  empire  to  the  river  Tigris ; 
gov.  Illyricum,  Macedonia,  and  Greece, 
10673;  visitsSp.;  conquers  Mesopotamia, 
1106';  restores  King  Tiridates,  11533; 
defeats  Varanes  III.,  11072;  d.,  10673. 

Gales,  Joseph,  b.,  98' ;  d,  (1860). 

Galesburg,  111.,  Knox  Coll.  fnd.,  1483; 
Ijombard  University  org.,  1703. 

Galgacus,  in  battle  of  Grampians,  839' . 

Gallani,  Fernando,  b.,  1084' ;  d.,  10843. 


1262 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDtX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Coiumn. 


Gali-Gari. 


Galiano,  Antonio  Alcala,  b.-d.,  11303. 
Galiber,  Adm.,  minister,  7552. 
Galicia,  Aust.-Hung.,  Stephen  II.  in,  602' ; 
Cracow  capital,  5053;  Leniberg  Univ. 
fnd.,  5171 ;  acquires  Bucltawini;  oath  of 
allegiance,  5172;  insurrection,  5213;  abol- 
ishments, 5291 ;  troops  iceep  peace,  532 1 ; 
hurricane,  534' ;  Anti-Semitic  riot;  Jew- 
esses' school;  custom  frauds, 5343;  Polish 
soc,  535':  mine  explosion,  5353;  snow, 
536<;  cholera;  floods,  5373,  6383. 

,  Sp.,Brit.  army  in,  7162;  insurrections, 

817' ;  conquered,  1125' ;  united  with  Cas- 
tile, 11272. 

Galien,  Joseph,  b.,  6943;  d.  (1782). 

Galigai,  Leonora  de,  assassinated,  6872. 

Galilei,  Galileo,  b.,  10803;  works,  10802, 
10832;  d.,  10823. 

Qalimard,  Nicolas  Auguste,  b.,  7203;  d., 
7522. 

Qaliu,  Pierre,  b.,  700';   d.,  7242. 

Gall,  Saint,  b.-<i.,  8102. 

— -,  Franz  J.,  b.,  8023;  phrenology,  519' ; 
work,  5-203;  d.,  814'. 

Galla,  Afr.,  tribes  enter  Abys.,  13;  mis- 
sion tield,  5612. 

Gallagher,  Nicholas  Aloysius,  cons.  K.  C. 
bp.,3102;  b.  (1846). 

,  Wm.  Davis,  b.,  1142. 

Gallait,  Jean  Pierre,  b.,  7022;   d.,  7233. 

,  Louis,  b.,  5423  d.,  546' . 

Galialand,  Christianity  in,  11112. 

Galland,  Antoine,  b.,  6383;  trans.  Arabian 
Nights:  d.,  697'. 

Gallaut,  Private,  wins  rifle  prize,  982' . 

Gallas,  Matthies  von,  b.,  5102;  defeats 
Swedes,  796' ;  d.,  5123. 

Oallatln,  U.S. revenue  cutter, ashore,  398' . 

Qallatin,  British  warship,  launched,  970' . 

,  Tenn.,  Federals  defeated,  2103;  cap- 
tured, 212' ;  Gonfeds.  defeated,  214' . 

,  Albert,  b.,  723  ;   sec.  tre.asury,  1112, 

1171,  1213  ;  Treaty  of  Ghent,  1233  ;  d., 
166'. 

Gallaudet,  Edw.  Miner,  b.,  1482. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  1302. 

■, Hopkins,  b.,98i ;  opens  deaf  mute 

school,  1'251  ;  d.,  1632. 

Galle,  Johann  Gottfried,  b.,  8102;  dis. 
Neptune,  8161 ,  7281 . 

Gallegos,  Jose  Rafael  de,  pres.,  6303. 

Galleher,  John  Nicolas,  b.  (1839) ;  cons. 
P.  E.  bp.,  .3023. 

Gain,  M.,  French  Army  in  Germany,  7532. 

Gallia,  asteroid,  discovered,  748i . 

,  carries   members   of    Kristhena    Ho- 

oiety  to  India,  3342. 

Belgia,  a  Koman  province,  10632. 

Cisalpina,  Roman  ally,  6612. 

. Narbonensis,  a  Roman  province,  10591 . 

(See  Narbonen.^is.) 

Gallic  nations  against  Romans,  6632. 

Gallicanus,  Vulcacius,  Augustan  History, 
10671. 

Gallienus  reigns,  10293. 

,  Publius    Liciuius  Valerianus,   b.-<l., 

10342;    appointed;    retgus ;    at  Treves, 
10672. 

Gallinger,  Jacob  H.,  b.,  1801;  Sanitarium 
Bill,  4052. 

Gallipoli  taken,  10341 . 

Gallissonni^re,  Roland  Michel  Barrin, 
Marquis  de  la,  b.  (1093) ;  gov.  Can.,  6753; 
d.  (1756). 

Gallitsin,  Dimitri  Augustine,  b.,  11162;  d., 
11163. 

Gallitzin,    Mikhail     Mikhailovitch,  b.-d., 

11142, 

,  Vassill,  b.-d.,  11142. 

Gallo,  Pedro,  Insurrectionist,  6061 , 
Gallois,  Jean,  b.,  6882  ;  d.,  6963. 
Gallos  Island  wreck,  5873. 
Galloway,  E.  of,  title  created,  881'. 
.Scot.,  see  erected,  8403 ;  bp.  of,  8783; 

Bp.  MaLachlan  cons.,  984' ;  church  fnd., 

10702. 

,  Charles  B.,b.  (1849±);  elected bp.3223. 

,  Joseph,  b.  (1730);  plans  rejected,  792; 

examined,  913;  d.,  1102. 

,  Samuel,  b.  (1811)  :  d.,  2762. 

G.allup,  Col.,  at  Half  Mountain,  232' . 
Gallus,    (Jaius     Vibius     Trebonianus,     b. 

(205t);  reigns;  depo.sed,  1007'. 

,  C.  jElius,  expedition,  483'. 

,  Cornelius,  b.  (66  ±  B.  c);  gov.  Egypt, 

6533;  d.  (25  c  B.  c). 
,  Flavius  Claudius  Con8tantiu8,b.  (205); 

made  Csesar:    rules  in  East;   executed, 

1(1692. 


ng,  volcano  eruption,  1092' . 

Galois,  fivariste,  b.,  7192  ;  d.,  7262. 

Galphinton,  Ga.,  Indian  treaty,  99'. 

Gait,  Sir  Alexander  Tilloch,b.,  5763;  Fish- 
ery Commission,  5852  ;  d.,  594' . 

,  John,  b.,  9203  ;  works,  941' ;  d.,  9483. 

Galte,  battle  at,  6432. 

Gallon,  Francis,  b.,9403  ;  Natural  Inheri- 
tance, 10022. 

Galuppi,  Baldassare,  b.,  1083' ;  d.,  10843. 

Galusha,  Jonas,  gov.  Vt.,  1172,  1252. 

Galvani,  Alvisio,  b.,  10842  ;  d.,  10843. 

,  Luigi,  b.  (1737) ;  scientiflc  researches, 

9242;  experiments,  1084'. 

Galvanic  battery  invented,  1084'. 

current  separates  potassium,  sodium, 

etc.,  9322. 

Galvanometer  invented,  320',  11.38'. 

Galvano-plastik  process  invented,  810'. 

Galvao,  or  Galvan,  Antonio,  b.-d.,  11092. 

Galrarino,  in  Chilean  navy,  6061 . 

Galveston,  Tex.,  St.  Mary's  Univ.  org., 
1783  ;  Federals  take,  2142  ;  recaptured  ; 
Federals  defeated,  218' ;  blockade  re- 
moved, 2183  ;  harbor  improvenients  en- 
acted, 3693  ;  Rosenberg  bequests,  4303  ; 
Henry  M.  Jones,  burns,  2813  ;  storm  in- 
jures, 288' . 

Galvez,  Bernardo  de,  b.  (1756) ;  at  Mobile, 
91';  d.  (1794). 

de  Montalvo,  Lnis,  b.-d.,  11282. 

Galviu's  Industrial  Army  seize  train,  4582. 

Galway,  Ire.,  conquered,  852' ;  capitulates, 
898';  mail  packets  sail,  9633;  Bp.  Mac- 
Cormack  cons.,  9762  ;  riots,  985'. 

,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  9902. 

,  Lord  Henry,  b.   (1047) ;  at  Almanza, 

696';  takes  Madrid,  1128';  in  Lisbon, 
1110' ;  d.  (1720). 

and  North  Am.    steamship    service, 

9653. 

Oama,  Christopher  de,  in  Abyssinia,  1'. 

,  .Stephen  de,  in  Abyssinia,  1 ' . 

,  Vasco    da,   b.-d.,    11092  ;    a    royalist 

manifesto,  5593;  Brazili.ln  revolt,  560'  +  ; 
explorer,  5973  ;  discovery,  1(H33  ;  first 
passage  to  Indies,  1109' ;  at  Mozambique, 
1111'. 

Gamaliel,  the  Yoimger,  d.,  1162' , 

Ga  Matlale,  mission,  1124'. 

Gambalat,  sultfin,  6563. 

Gambetta,  Leon  Michel,  b.,  7282;  minister 
.of  interior,  7412  ;  virtual  dictator  of  Fr. ; 
escapes  in  balloon,  7413  ;  proclamation, 
7432  ;  circular  letter,  7433;  disavows  ar- 
mistice, 7451 ;  censured,  7472  ;  duel ;  con- 
victed ;  sentence,  7503  ;  favors  parlia- 
mentary govt.,  7511;  pres.  Chamber. 
7513  ;  prenuer ;  resigns,  7532  ;  shot,  7533; 
d.,  7522;  statue,  7541;  monument,  7561. 
7,581 . 

Gambia,  W.  Afr.,  Eng.  factory  est.,  8812  ; 
Eng.  colony  est.,  8832. 

Gambler,  O.,  Kenyon  Coll.  org.,  133' . 

,  W.  Afr.,  mission,  11603. 

,  Lord  James,  b.,  9043  ;   destroys  Fr. 

ships,  934' ;  takes  Danish  vessels,  638' ; 
d.  (1833). 

Gamble,  Hamilton  Rowan,  b.  (1798) ;  gov. 
Mo.,  199' ,  2032  ;  protection  ottered,  1992; 
d.,  2.312. 

GaiiilidM,  Martin  Ruiz,  gov.  Chile,  6062. 

<Jainlu-fll,  Koderick  I)hu,  murdered.  327' . 

Game  initl  I'laye  nf  Vitesse,  trans.,  8G42. 

(James,  Gr.,  10131  ^4  ;  Roman,  10503  +  . 

Gamez,  Gutierre  Diaz  de,  works,  1127'. 

Gamjam,  Madras,  famine  and  cholera  pre- 
vail, 10493. 

Gammel,  William,  !>.,  1183;  d.  (1889). 

Oammer  Gnrton's  Needle,  issued,  875'. 

Gammon  Theolog.  School,  Ga.,  fnd.,  3143. 

Gamper,  J.  U.,  socialist  leader,  4043. 

Gandamak,  Afg.,  treaty  signed,  63, 985' . 

Ganges,  Mich.,  infernal  machine  in  mail, 
4483. 

Ganglbauer,  Celestine,  consecrated,  5302. 

(xan-hwuy,  mission,  6212. 

Ganilh,  Chas.,  b.,  7023;  d.,  7262. 

Gannett,  Ezra  Stiles,  b.  (1801) ;  d.,  274' . 

Gannon,  Mary,  b.  (1829)  ;  d.,  2603. 

,  M.  v.,  resigns  presidency,  4402. 

Gano,  Jose  de,  gov.  Chile,  6053. 

Gans,  Eduard,  b.,  8063;  d.,  8143. 

Gansbacher,  Johann,  b.  (1778) ;  d.,  5203. 

Gansevoort,  Peter,  b.,  C62;  at  Fort  Schuy- 
ler. 87' ;  d.,  1183. 

Ganshoren,  dynamite  explosion,  5462. 

Ganti.  enthroned,  6113,  613'. 

Gan  Wang,  enthroned,  6112. 


Garardin,  &nile  de,  d.,  7522. 

Garat,  Dominique  Jos.,  b.,  7003;  d.,  7262. 

Garay, Francisco  de,  explorer,  183 ;  d.  (1624). 

,  Henry  Peters,  d.,  178' . 

,  Janos,  b.,  5202;  d.,  5242. 

,  Juan  de,  b.  (1541) ;  at  Santa  Vi,  262  ; 

lieut.-gov.  Argentine,  4892;  expedition, 

4892  ;  d.  (1584). 
Garber,  Silas,  gov.  Neb.,  2912. 
Garbett,  James,  b.,  9303;  d.  (1879). 
Garcao,  or  Garcam,  Pedro  Antonio  Correa, 

b.-d.,  11102. 
Garcelon,  Alonzo,  gov.  Me.,  3033. 
Garchus  in  Italy,  7862. 
Garcia  I.,  of  Navarre,  b.-d.,  11262  ;  reigns 

in  Galicia,  11272. 

II.,  of  Navarre,  reigns,  11272. 

III.,  of  Navarre,  reigns,  11272. 

IV.,   Ramirez,  of   Navarre,   reigns, 

11272. 

of  Asturias,  reigns,  11272. 

,  Cubas  Antonio,  b.,  1090' . 

.  Gen.  Calixto,  commander,  632' ;  dis- 
embarks, 6322  J  band  in  Cuba,  6342. 

,  Gen.  Catarma,  defeated,  1096' ;  re- 
volts, 1097'. 

,  Eugene  E.,  embezzler,  3942. 

,  Manuel,  b.-d.,  11302  ;    iarvygoscope 

invented,  9602. 

,  Manuel    de    Populo   Vicente,  b.-d., 

li:»2. 

. ,  Moreno  Galiriel,  b.  (1821) ;  Pres.  Ecu., 

0442;  resigns,  6442  ;  revolutionist,  6443  ; 
assassinated,  6443 

,  Simon,  search  by  troops,  390' . 

Garcilaso  de  la  Vega,  b.-d.,  11263. 

Garczvnski,  Stephen,  b.,  11162  ;  d.,  11163. 

Gard,  U.  S.  Marshal,  on  Itata,  386';  en- 
forces Geary  Act,  4383. 

Garden  issued,  Eng.,  9763. 

Garden  City,  N,  Y.,  Cathedral,  gift,  3842  ; 
school  teachers  strike.  419' . 

Gardener's  Chronicle  issued,  9503. 

Gardening,  ornamental,  intro.,  Eng.,  8662. 

Gardiner,  Capt.  Allen,  b.  (1742) ;  Ooshooia 
mission  ;  staiTation,  4902;  treaty  signed, 
.5992  ;  d.  (1809). 

,  Johns.,  b.,74'. 

,  Robert  Halliwell,b.(1782±);  d.,2312. 

,  Samuel  Rawson,  b.,944' ;  works,  9902. 

,  Stephen,  bp.,  of  Winchester,  b.,  8642; 

minister,  8693,  8713  ;  high  chancellor, 
8713  ;  d.,  8702. 

,  Sylvester,  b.,  58' ;  d.,  98' . 

Gardner  takes  fire,  3273. 

Gardner,  Augtist  K.,  b.,  1183. 

,  A.  W.,  pres.  Liberia,  11612.  « 

. ,  Baron,  title  created,  931 ' .  fl 

. ,  G.  W.,  charges,  419' ;  agent,  4242.   ^ 

— — ,  Gen.,  surrenders  Port  Hudson,  2242  ; 
at  Salisbury,  246' . 

,  H.  A.,  absconds.  4682. 

,  Henry  J.,  governor  Mass.,  1792  ;  d., 

410'. 

. ,  John  J.,  b.,  158' . 

,  Dr.  Joseph,  gift,  4242. 

Garenganze,  mission,  0022. 

Garesche,  Julius  P.,  d.,  2172. 

Garfield,  James  Abram,  b.,  1382;  on  canal, 
1043 ;  fatlier  dies,  143' ;  enters  Coll.,  1763; 
graduates,  1802,3;  marries,  185' ;  at  Mid- 
dle Creek,  Ky.,  2022  ;  at  Pound  Gap, 
2042;  in  court,  216' ;  speaker,  2932, 2973; 
3013;  electoral  commission,  295' ;  presi- 
dential candidate  ;  vote,  3043, 3a; '.  3072; 
inaug.  President ;  shot,  3072,  3()92  ;  re- 
moved to  Elberon,  3083;  d.,  308' .  3092  j 
grief  over,  3083 ;  action  in  Eng. ;  buried, 
309' ,  3593  ;  eulogj',  311' ;  tireat  Britain 
in  mourning  for,"  9883  ;  murderer  sen- 
tenced, 3102;  memorial,  368',  .3602; 
buried,  3593. 

— — ,  Mrs.,  fluid  presented,  309' ;  franking 
I)rivilege  granted,  3092;  pensioned, 311'. 

Univ.,  org.  at  Wichita,  Kan.,  3242. 

Garhwai  mission,  10483. 

Garibaldi,  Giuseppe,  b.,  1085' ;  repulses 
Fr.  at  Rome,  730' ;  struggle  in  It.,  7353  ; 
at  Mentana,  736' ;  in  command ;  at 
"Tours,  742' ;  proclamation,  7422;  gen.-in- 
chief,  7452;  moiiuiiu-iit,  702';  London 
riots;  in  Southampton,  London,  967'; 
at  Velletri,  1086';  in  Rome;  campaipl 
in  It.,  1088';  calls  for  volunteers  ;  m  Ca- 
tania ;  appealstoEng.;  amnesty,  granted. 
10892  ;  course  disapproved  ;  dictator  of 
Naples,  1089' ;  proclamation  against, 
10892;  in  Italy,  10893;  d.,  1090' ;  statue, 
264', 332'.  


Gari-Gene. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1263 


Garigliano,  action  at,  1088 ' . 

■Garissolefi,  Autoiiie,  il.,  1)902. 

Gnrland  collides  with  Mamie-,  3053. 

,  Augustus  Hill,  b.,  140' ;  gov.  Ark., 

2912;  minister,  .S212. 

,  Austin  M.,  taritf  commissioner,  311 1 . 

,  James  A.,  Universitv  gift,  444' . 

,  ,Iolm,  b.  <1"»2) ;  d.,  19fi3. 

,  Landon  Cabell,  b.,  llfia. 

Garneau,  Fraiiyois  Xavier,  b.,  5763  ;  Can- 
ada, 5791;  d.,6821. 

Garner,  Florence,  marries  Sir  W.  Gordon- 
Cuniming,  10063. 

' ,  Peter  M.,  b.  (1809) ;  d.,  262' . 

,  R.  L.,  Speech  of  Monkeys,  4203. 

Gamerin,  Andr6  «)acque8,  b.  (1769) ;  In 
parachute,  7142  ;  d.  (1823). 

Garnet,  Henry,  b.  (1555) ;  Gunpowder  Plot, 
8792;  d.  (160(i). 

Garnett,  Richard  Brooke,  b.(1841);d.,  2251. 

,  Robert  Selden,  b.,  1301 ;   at  Laurel 

Hill ;  at  Carrick's  Ford,  1962  ;  d.,1963. 

Gamier,  Adolphe,  b.,  7143;  d.,  7362. 

,  Francis,  ou  Red  River ;    at  Hanoi, 

4801;  k.,  4802. 

,  Jean  L.  C,  b.,  7242  j  erects  Grand 

Opera  House,  Paris,  7361 1 

,  Marie  Joseph  Francois  Auguste,  b., 

7282  ;  d.,  7461 . 

Pag^s,  Louis  Antoine,  b.,  7143  ;  con- 
victed, 7372  ;  d.,  7502. 

,  Robert,  b.,  6803  ;  works,  6832,  6843  ; 

d.,6842. 

Qarofalo,  Benvenuto  Tisio,  b.,  10783;  d., 
10803. 

Garonne,  Fr.,  action  on,  10561 ;  overflows, 
7493. 

Garrard,  Col.,  at  Bogersville,  2281 . 

,  James, b.(1749);gov.Ky.,1073;d.,1302. 

,  Kenner,  b.,  1381 ;  d.,  3002. 

Garretson,  Freeborn,  b.,  682;  d.,  1302. 

Garret8Ville,0.,  explosion  in  church,  3032. 

Garrett,  Alex.  Charles,  b.  (1832) ;  cong. 
P.  B.  bp.,  2862. 

,  Col.,  at  Plymouth,  2122. 

,  Mary  E.,  gilt,  3702,  420a. 

Biblical  Institute  opd..  111.,  I8O2. 

Garrick,  David,  b.,  9062;  Lellie  performed, 
683;  appears,  9102,  9182;  d.,  9203. 

Garrison,  J.  H.,  pres.  convention,  3322. 

,  Wm.  Lloyd,  b.,  1121 ,  Liberator,  1391 ; 

addresses  at  Charleston,  2471 ;  reception 
In  London,  2563;  d.,  3002;  statue,  3241 . 

Garrissoles,  Antoine,  b.,  6842. 

Garside,  William  B.,  b.,  1442. 

Garter,  Order  of,  instituted,  859' ;  reinsti- 
tuted,  9331 . 

Garth,  Sir  Samuel,  b.,  8902;  d.,  9062. 

Gartland,  R.  C,  d.,  1741 . 

Qarumna,  asteroid,  discovered,  748'- 

Garvagh,  Baron,  title  created,  9372. 

Garza,  Catariuo,  releiised,  2971;  rebel 
camp,  38G' ;  at  Ft.  Ringgold,  3971 ;  de- 
feated, 398' ;  enters  Mex.,  4001 ,  4191. 
'Gas  illuminating  dis.,  8102;  experiments, 
8061 ;  from  coal ;  theory  explained,  9102; 
Tised  extensively,  9282  ;  intro.  London, 
9»42,  9362,  9401 ;  from  water,  9501 . 

-^,  used  in  Boston,  1313  ;  St.  Louis 
lighted;  Brooklvu,  1653;  Nashville; 
Lowell ;  Chicago,  1693. 

,  natural,  as  fuel,  3181,  3321 ;  dis.  N.Y.; 

Chicago;  in  S.  Dak.,:j50i ;  in  Pittsburg, 
3661 ;  Pa.,  3721 ;  at  Kingsville,  Can., 586' ; 
at  Kingston,  Can.,  590' . 

,  nitrous  oxide,  discovered,  9202. 

Gasca,  Pedro  de  la,  b.  (1485) ;  possesses 
fleet ;  in  Peru,  22i ;  secures  peace ;  sails 
lor  Sp.,  232  ;  dis.  Davis'  strait,  243  • 
d.  (1561). 

Gascoigne,  Caroline  Leigh,  b.,  9363. 

,  George,  b.,  868' ;  works,  873' ,  8743  ; 

d.(1577). 

,  Sir  William,  jurist,  d.,  8622. 

, ,  inventor,  b.,  8782;  d.,  8843. 

Gascon,  Franfois,  b.,  6903. 

Gaecony,  Fr.,  invaded,  688' ;  recovered, 
6791,  8561 ;  homage  to  Eng.,  8533. 

Gascoyne-Cecil,  Ilobt.  Arthur  Talbot, 
forms  ministry,  9933. 

Gases,  compression  of,  8901 ;  liquefaction 
discovered.  9402. 

Qasias,  encaustic  painting,  10243. 

Gaskel,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Clegliorn  Steven- 
son, b.,  9351 ;  works,  9.">43,  97O2  ;  d.,  9681 . 

Gasman,  John,  pres.  reforineil  synod,  1383. 

Qasparin,  Corate  Adrien  Etienne  Pierre 
de,  b.,  7051;  d.,  7342. 

1 Agtoor  Eti.  de,  b.,  719 ' ;  d. ,  746 1 . 


Gasparis,  A.  de,  dis.  asteroids,  7301 ,  10862. 
Gaapte  burned,  761  j  773. 
Gasport,  N.  Y.,  tire,  4593. 
Gass,  Friedrioh  Wilhelm  Helnrioh  Joa- 
chim, b.,  8102;  d.  (1889). 
Gassendi,  Pierre,  b.,  6842  ;  works,  6872, 

6903;  astronomer,  6882;  d.,  6902. 
Gasser,  Valhorn  Joseph,  b.,  5202;  d.,  5282. 
Gassiou,  Comte  de,  Jean,  b.,  6862;  d.,6883. 
Gassiot,  J.  P.,  gift  of,  9761 . 

Gastein,  Aust.,  sovereigns  meet,  8223. 

,  treaty  of,  5263;  broken,  8233. 

Gaster,  chief  of  police,  fined,  4222. 

Gaston,  B.  F.,  killed,  4703. 

,  William,  b.,  912;  d.,  1562. 

, L.,  b.,  1282;  gov.  Mass.,  2873:  d., 

448'. 

Gatchell,  Joseph,  arraigned,  482. 

Gate  of  Lions  erected,  IOI42, 

Gates,  Horatio,  b.,  602  ;  commander,  823  ; 
at  Ticonderoga,  842  ;  at  Bemis  Heights  ; 
inN.  Y.,  87'  ,2;  in  South,  92' ;  at  Sander's 
Creek,  922;  d.,  1122. 

,  Merrill  Edwards,  b.  (1848) ;  pres.  of 

Amherst  College,  3622,  3^2,  3862. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  582;  gov.  Va.,  29' . 

College,  Neligh,  opened,  .3123. 

Gateshead,  explosion  :  fire ;  panic  in  thea- 
ter, 10073. 

Gatherne-Hardy,  Gathorne,  minister, 9933. 

Gatling,  Richard  Jordan,  b.,  1202;  invents 
Gatliuggun,  201' 

Gatsohot,  Albert  Samuel,  b.,  140' . 

Gatschina,  palace  undermined,  11212. 

Gatteaux,  Jacques  Edouard,  b.,  7062;  d., 
7522. 

Gatterer,  Johann  C,  b.,  8002;  d.,  8063. 

Gatti,  Bernardino,  d.,  1081' . 

Gau,  Franz  C,  b.,  8043;  d.,  8201 . 

Gauchos,  massacre,  4913. 

Gauden,  John,  b.,  878' ;  d.,  890*. 

Gaudens,  Ger.,  resist  Vr.,  7162. 

,  Augustus,  of  Nat.  Academy  of  De- 
sign, 350' . 

Gaudin,  Marc  Antoine,  sapphires,  7342. 

Gauhati  mission,  1047'. 

Gaul,  settled,  662' ;  Romans  defeated, 
1066' ;  Ger.  invade,  662' ;  a  Roman  prov- 
ince, 10593;  Trans.  Alpine,  divided,  6632; 
subdued  by  Rome,  10672;  Ger.  expelled, 
7692  ;  Christianity  in,  6023  ;  tribes  mi- 
grate to,  7693  ;  Brit,  colony  in,  8412  ; 
civilization  in,  6623;  ravaged,  6632;  Sara- 
cens defeated,  4842  ;  Moslems  invade, 
4853;  museum  est.,  752' .  (See  also  text 
under  France.) 

Gaul,  Gilbert  Spencer,  b.,  178' ;  in  Nat. 
Academy,  312'. 

Gauley,  W.  Va.,  property  burned,  213' . 

Gauls  invade  Gr. ;  defeat  Romans  in  Rome, 
6621 ;  dwellings,  G622  ;  arts,  6623  ;  dress, 
6631 ;  appearance,  6632;  leave  Macedonia, 
10261;  at  Clusium.lOSO';  in  Central  It.; 
at  Rome,  10602 ;  build  Milan  ;  burn  Rome, 
10513;  aidHannibal,  10541 ;  revolt,  10593 ; 
in  Asia,  11492. 

Gaultier,  Leonhard,  b.,  7921. 

Gaunt,  Elizabeth,  burned,  8971 . 

,  John  of,  D.  of  Lancaster,  b.-d.,  8582. 

Gauntlett,  Henry  John,  b.,  9323)  d.  (1876). 

Gausbacher,  Johann,  b.,  5163. 

Gauss,  Karl  F.,  b.,  8042;  Arithmetical  Dis- 
quisitions, 8072;  d.,  8201 . 

Gautier  de  Metz,  writings  of,  6723, 

,  .Judith,  b.,  7302. 

,  Theophile,  b.,  7192;  works,  7271 ,  7291 , 

7331 ;  d.,  7461. 

Gavazzi,  Alessandro,  b.  (1809) ;  lectures, 
5811  ;d.  (1889). 

Gaveston,  Piers,  minister,  opposed  ;  vice- 
roy, 8672;  executed,  8663,  8572. 

Gavitt,  Maj.,  at  Black  River,  Mo.,  1982  ; 
at  fronton,  2001 . 

Gawler,  Mr.,  in  duel,  9272. 

Gay,  Claude,  b.,  7142;  d.,  7461 . 

,  Ebenezer,     b.      (1696);      Unitarian 

preacher,  682;  d.  (1787). 

,  John,  b.,  8962;   works,  9043,  9081 ; 

d.,  9082. 

,  Marie  P.  3.  N.  de  Lavalette,  b.,  7013; 

d.,7322. 

,  Mr.,  at  Concepcion  Bay,  29i . 

,  Sydney  Howard,  b.,  1231 ;  d.  (1888). 

Gayangos,  Pascual  de,  b.,  11303. 

Gayarre,  Chas.  Etienne  Arthur,  b.,  1122. 

,  Julian,  d.,  11322. 

Gayle,  John,  b.  (1792) ;  gov.  Ala.,  1392;  d., 
1842. 

Gayler,  Chas.,  b.,  1282;  work,  2011 . 


Gayler,  Sir  John,  escai)es  from  Lions,  8822. 
Gaylor,  Thomas  F.,  cons,  bp.,  434' . 
Gay-Lussac,  Joseph  Louis,  b.,  7043  ;  bal- 
loon ascensions,  7142;  works,  7192,  7231 ; 

invents  psychrometer,  726' ;  d.,  7302. 
Gaynor,  W.  J.,  in  McKane  case,  4422; 

decision  on  betting,  4702. 
Gaza,  Syria,    battle,    6562 ;    surrender!, 

10242,  1150' ;  mission,  11563. 

,  Theodore,  b.-d.,  10343. 

Gazan,  battle  at,  6262. 

Oazetta  del  Popolo  issued,  10883. 

Gazette  de  France  issued,  7013. 

des  Beaux  Arts  issued,  7343. 

Extraordinaris  Posttijdinqhen  issued, 

541'. 

Frangaise  de  Stockholm  issued,  1135' . 

TAtt^raire  issued  7033. 

of  Fashion  founded,  Am.,  1762. 

Gazzoli,  Abu  H.,  b.-d.,  11643. 

Gear,  John  Henry,  b.,  1322. 

Geary,  John  White,  b. ,  128 ' ;  gov.  of  Kan., 

181',   2,   2593;    at   Lawrence  j   reports 

peace;  resigns,  1812;  proclamation,  181' ; 

near  (Charleston,  216' ;  d.,  2802. 

,  Thos.  J.,  b.,  174'. 

Geber,  Abu  Musa  Jalfaral-Sofi,  chemist, 

486';  d.,484a. 
Ged,  William,  b.,  8982  ;  stereotypes,  908' ; 

d.,  9122. 
Gedaliah,  gov.  of  Judea,  11472. 
Geddes,  Alexander,  b.,  9083;  d.,  9303. 

,  John,  b.  (1773±) ;  gov.,  1272;  d.  (1828). 

Geddie,  .Jolin,  d.,  498' . 

Geefs,  Willem,  b.,  5433;  d.,  546'. 

Geelong,  settled,  4952. 

Geert,  111  Denmark,  636' . 

Geertruidenberg,  Neth.,retaken,  10982. 

Geerts,  Charles  Henri,  b.,  6423;  d.  (1865). 

Geffrard.  F.abre,    b.  (1806) ;   pres.  Haiti, 

10403;  d.  (1879), 
Gejion  captured,  640' . 
Gegrenbaur,  Karl,  b.,  8123. 
Gei:is-ud-din  reigns,  1(H33, 
Geibel,  Emmanuel,  b.,  8103;  d.,  830». 
Geiger,  Lazarus,  b.,  8142;  d.,  8262. 

,  Ludwig,  d.,  8162. 

Geijer  (Geyer),  Erik  Gustaf,  b.-d.,  11342  ; 

works,  11362. 
Geikie,  Cminingham,   b.    (1826) ;    works, 

9983. 

,  Walter,  b,,  9263;  d,  (1837). 

Geinitz,  .lohann  Bruno,  h.,  8IO2. 
Geiqua  Town,  Afr.,  Moffat  leaves,  5972. 
Geirstade  reigns,  11013. 
Geisenhainer,  F.  W.,  patents  hot-air  blast 

mnf.,  1381. 
Geiser  collides  with  Thingvalla,  8323. 
Geismayer,  Michael,  in  Peasants'  War, 

788'. 
Geissen,  Fr.  and  Swede  armies  unite,  796' . 
Geissler,  Heinrich,  b.,  8102;  d.  (1879). 
Geiza  I.,  enthroned,  .5032. 

II.,  enthroned,  5043. 

Gekenkirchener,  Prus.,  explosion,  8333. 

Gekmeh,  sultan,  6553. 

Gela,  Sicily,  colonized,  10153;  fnd.,  1061'; 

under  Gelon,  10512. 
Golasius,  St.,  pope,  10703;  d.,  10702, 

II.,  pope,  10743  ;  d.,  10742. 

Gelcenkirchen,  explosion,  8353. 
Gelderland,  Neth.,  seized  by  Prus.,  7992; 

ceded,  7993;  submits,  10982,  10993. 
Gelehrte  Zeitung  issuetl,  801' . 
Gtlehrtes  Preus'sen  issued,  8003. 
Gelimer,  Vandal  king,  defeated,  1030' . 
Gell,  Frederick,  elected  bp.,  9583. 

,  Sir  William,  b.,  9203  ;  d.,  9482. 

Gellert,  Christian  Furchtegott,  b.,  7983; 

works, 801';  d.,  803'. 
Gelli,  Giovaimi  Batti8ta,b.,  1079' ;  d.(1663). 
Gellir,  Tliord,  divides  island,  1042' . 
Gelon,  Gamori,  at  Himera,  10182;  usurper, 

10192;  rules  Gela,  tyrant,  10612. 
Gemara  published,  1071' . 
Geinblonx,  Agricultural  Inst,  est.,  544' . 
Geminiani,  Francesco,  d.,  10842. 
Genealogical  Soc,  org.,  London,  962' . 
General  Armstrong,  escapes,  120' ;  in  New 

York,  1221. 

Grant  wrecked,  9693. 

Lyon  burns,  2443,  2453. 

Parkhill  caj>tured,  1942. 

Amnesty  Bill  passes,  2751 . 

Awar<i  Bill  passes,  311 1 . 

Bankrupt  Law  passed,  1.532. 

, Congress  revives  grade,  2532. 

Deficiency  Appropriation  Bill,  Cong., 

3652,  3671 ,2,  3792,  4092,  4112,  4633,  4672. 


1264 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  Gcne-Gcrb. 


General  Estates,  first  meeting,  Ger.,  8171 . 

Licensing  Act,  passed  G.  B.,  945i  9T7a. 

Magazine  published,  6B1 . 

Theo.  Sem.  (Prot.  Epis.),  org.  In  Man- 
hattan, N.  Y.  (1817). 

University,  Fr.,  est.,  7172. 

Genesee,  N.y.,  Normal  school  opd.,  2763. 

Conf.  Meth.  Epis.,  fmd.,  117' . 

Geneseric  in  N.  Africa,  B> . 

Genesis  and  Exodus,  poem,  written,  854^. 

Genesias,  Josephus,  b.-d.,  1154s. 

Genesin  defeated  by  Puritan,  3213,  9953. 

Genestet,  Peter  Anton  de,  b.-d.,  1102' . 

Genet,  Edmond  Olias.,  b.,  7031 ;  at  Charles- 
ton, 1051 ;  at  Phila. ;  appeals  to  people ; 
presents  papers  ;  recall  asked,  1052  ; 
d.,  726*. 

Geneva  County,  Ala.,  tornado,  3561 . 

,  111.,  explosion,  431*. 

,  N.Y.,  Hobart  Free  College,  fnd.,  1331 ; 

Smith  Observatory,  3321 . 

,  Switz.,  annexed  to  Fr.,  7133;  witches 

burned;  party  quarrels;  bank  fnd. ,11373; 
Univ.  of,  fnd.,  11381 ;  revolt;  joins  in  Act 
of  Mediation,  1138^  ;  Peace  and  Liberty 
Congress  ;  gift  from  ex-Duke  of  Bruns- 
wick; Alabama  Claims  Arbitration;  Ar- 
bitration and  Peace  Cong.,  11383. 

Coll.,  Beaver  Falls,  Pa.,  org.,  1643. 

Genevieve,  Saint,  b.-d.,  6623. 

GengMs  Khan,  b.-d.,  10423  ;  in  N.  China ; 
In  W.  Asia,  4t ;  rules  Arabia,  4873  ;  in 
Bokhara,  5491;  at  Peking;  devastates 
country  ;  in  Hea  ;  in  Tibet,  612 1 ;  iu  In- 
dia, 1(M22 ;  in  Persia,  1107^  ;  takes  Sa- 
marcand,  11131;  holds  Tartary,  11151. 
Genius  of  America,  statue  executed,  1681 . 
Genlis,  Comtesse  de,  St(5phanie  F<;iicit<5, 
b.,7003;  AdHeet  TWorfore,  705*  ;  works, 
7052,7151,7251;  d.,  7261. 
Genoa,  It.,  freecity,  10733j  wars  with  Pisa; 
war  with  Venice,  10741 ;  important, 10752; 
enriched,  10753  ;  yields  to  Rome,  10572  ; 
commercial  power;  bank  fnd.,  10753 ;  war 
with  Venice,  10761 ;  cathedral  begun, 
10771;  Dogate  est.,  10773;  disorders;  for- 
eign powers  rule ;   freedom    of,  10792  ; 

^      ,,        „         ,„™».  ,...1     ^non,  .    1,l,„> 


rifled  by  Fr.,  10793;  sacked,  lOSOi ;  liber 
ated  from  Fr.,  10813;  bombarded,  10821, 
10841;  war  with  Savoy,  10821;  taken, 
10841  ;  earthquake,  10851 ;  revolution  in, 
6993  ;  surrendered,  7141 ;  trans,  into  Li- 
gurian  Republic,  10852  ;  incor.  with  Fr., 
10853  ;  Cami>o  Santo  est,,  10863;  seized; 
surrenders  to  Eng.,  10861 ;  annexed  to 
Sardinia;  made  a  duchy,  10871;  insur- 
rection, 10873. 

,  Duke  of,  at  Mortara,  5222. 

Genoese,  reject  Columbus,  123  ;  war  with 
Gr.,   10341;    conquer    Turks,    10821;    in 
Crimea,  11151 ;  defeated,  11261 . 
Genoude,  Antoine  Eugfene,  b.,7082;  d.,7302. 
Genouihy,  Adra.  Rigault  de,  off  Saigon ; 
off  Touron,  4801 ,  minister,  7373,  7392,3. 
Oensen  Lieden  Boecxken  appears,  10991 . 
Qenseric  captures  Carthage ;  invades  Af- 
rica ;    takes  Eome,   10701 ;  est.  Vandal 
kingdom,  10712;  inSp.;  in  Africa,  11253; 
d.,  7681. 
Gensonne,  Armand,  b.,  7023  ;  d.,  7082. 
Genssen,  Poland,  archbishopric  fmd.,  7742. 
Genthius,  K.  of  lllyria,  subdued,  10551 . 
Gentleman's  Journal  issued,  Eng.,  8983. 

Maqazine,  Am.,  appears,  1491 . 

Qentz,  Fred,  von,  b.  8023  ;  d.,  8142. 
Genua.    (See  Genoa.)  . 

Geoffrey  Plantagenet,  Count  of  Anjou,  b. 
(1113);  at  Varaville,  6681;  marries  Ma- 
tilda; receives  Normandy,  6693 ;  d.  (1150). 

de  Mariscis,  viceroy,  a532. 

of  Monmouth,  b.(1100+);  Hist,  of  Brit- 
ish Kings,  8491 ;  d.,  8.502. 
Qeoffroi,  de  Villehardouin,  Qmguete   de 

Constantinople,  6711. 
Geoffroy,  Julien  Louis,  b.,  7003  ;  d.,  721 1 . 
,  Saint  Hilaire,  Etienne,  b.,  7042;  zool- 
ogist, 7142  ;  work,  7231;  d.,7283. 
Geographers'  Congress,  at  Antwerp,  544' ; 

at  Paris,  7481 ;  at  Bordeaux,  752i . 
Geographical  Society,  Royal,  org.,  9441 . 
Geography,    discourses    on,    6522 ;    first 
charts,  10163. 

,  first  published,  1023. 

Geological  map  of  Eng.,  9291 . 

Soc,  org.,  Eng.,  9342;  inst.,  9481 . 

,  Am.,  meets,  3481 ,  3731 ,  3991 . 

Geologists*  Congress,  London,  9981 . 
George  I.,  Eng.,  b.  (1660);  reigns,  9053;  pur- 
chases library,  9043  ;  escapes  assassina- 
tion, 9071 ;  a.,  9073  •  statue,  9061 . 


George  II.,  Eng.,  b.,  8962;  Pr.  of  Wales, 
under  arrest,  9072;  enthroned,  9073;  at 
Dettingen,  7001,  9101;  endows  Umv.  of 
Gottingen,  8011;  marries,  9032;  d.,9143, 
9153. 

III.,  Eng.,  b.  (1738) ;  reigns  ;  marries, 

9153  ;  K.  of  Corsica,  7112  ;  peace  with 
U  S.,  952  ;  est.  Knights  of  St.  Patrick, 
9231;  ratifies  treaty,  972;  statue,  773, 
9241,9343,9481;  insane,  9253,9332,  9353; 
seizes  neutral  vessels,  1052;  stoned,  9272; 
assassins  plot,  9311;  drops  title,  Iv.  of 
Fr.,  9313  ;  golden  jubilee,  9352  ;  library 
presented,  9411;  d.,  9412. 
— —IV.,  Eng.,  b.  (1762);  reigns,  M12;  K.of 
Hanover,  8133  ;  Pr.  of  Wales ;  marries 
Mrs.  Fitzherbert,9'252;  marries  Caroline, 
9272;  mobbed,  9272;  in  Ire.;  in  Scot., 
»412,3  ;  crowned,  9413  ;  d.,9452;  statue, 
9461 , 

v.,  K.  of  Hanover,  b.,  8122;  reigns  in 

Hanover,  8193;  d.,8282. 

I.,  duke,  founds  Moscow,  11151 . 

,  Duke  of  Argyll,  P.-M.  general,  9612. 

,  Duke  of  Clarence,  L.  Lieut.,  8651 ; 

executed,  8652. 

Earl  of  Carlisle,  L.  Lieut.,  9612. 

,  Earl  of  Macclesfield,  President  Royal 

Society,  9122. 

,  Elector  of  Saxony,  7873. 

,  king  of  Tonga  Islands,  10052. 

,  Marquis  of  Halifax,  minister,  8992. 

of  Cappadocia,  archbp.,  killed,  6453, 

8103. 

,  of  Podiebrad,  rules  Bohemia,  5091 . 

,  of  Spires,  search  of,  203. 

,  Pr.  of  Den.,  marries,  8972;  Lord  Ad- 
miralty, 9031 . 

Prince  of  Greece,  in  Chicago,  3863. 

,  Pr.  of   Wales,  Order  Black  Eagle, 

10031 ;  titles  conferred,  10083. 

,  son  of  Pr.  of  Wales,  b.,  9691 . 

,  William,  Duke  of  Prussia,  7952. 

, Frederick  Charles,  Duke  of  Cam- 
bridge, b.,  9383. 

Oinning  wrecked,  9593. 

,  David,  est.  Family  of  Love,  871 1 . 

,  Enoch,  b.,  741;  cons,  bp.,  1243;  d., 

Griswold  arrives  in  England,  2192. 

,  Henry,    b.,    W02  ;    nationalizing   of 

land, 3091;  Standard, iU^;  works, 3031; 

4052. 
,  .Tames  Zach.,  b.,  134i ;  speech,  4391 . 

Little  captured  by  Granicus,  1223. 

,  William  S.,  b.,  1322. 

Georgenholz,  mission,  11242. 
Georges  guillotined,  7152. 
Georgeto\vii,  Can.,  White  Caps  in,  B86». 
,7).  C,  settled,  692  j    Academy  org., 

1(X)3  ;  agricultural  exhibition,  1173;  Oak 
Hill  Cemetery  est.,  1673. 

College  [Univ.],  D.  C,  est.,  IM?. 

,Ky.,  lynching;  feud,  3903;  College 

(Bapt )  org.  (1829). 

— -,  Mass.,  Forger  Vining  confesses,4222. 

,  Tex.,  Southwestern  Univ.  opd.,  2823. 

Georgia,  Asia,  annexed  to  Russia,  11073, 
11173. 

U.  S.  A.,  Sp.  arrive,  223  ;  gold  mines, 

433  ;  Ger.  Luth.  settle,  622  ;  Moravians, 
623  ;  colony  org. ;  liquor  prohibited ; 
slavery  forbidden,  631 ;  granted  by  king, 
632 ;  Scotch  Highlanders,  633  ;  Sp.  de- 
feated, 641 ;  rum  necessary,  652  ;  lands 
In  fee  simple,  653;  charter  surrendered  ; 
financial  failure  ;  Capt.  John  Reynolds, 
gov.,  692,3;  liquor  licenses  limited,  712; 
divided,  713  ;  paper  money  issued  ;  .1. 
Wright,  gov., 732;  land  ceded  to  K.,793; 
Joins  Am.  colonies,  813  ;  A.  BuUoclt, 
gov    852  ;  Invaded,  883  ;  Tories  annihi- 

■  fated,  901 ;  D'Estaing  in,  903  ;  Brit,  suc- 
ceed in  South,  911;  royal  govt,  reest., 
913  ;  Indian  wars,  961;  umv.  org.,  983  ; 
Creeks  defeated ;  cedes  lands  to  Fed- 
eral govt. ;  ratifies  constitution,  lOli ; 
Geo.  Walton,  gov.,   1013  ;  Ed.  Xelfair, 

gov.,  1032  ;  cotton-gin  invented,  1041 ; 
leo.  Matthews,  gov.,  1052;  Jared  Irwin, 
gov.,  1073,  1151 ;  James  Jackson,  gov., 
1093  ;  David  Emanuel,  gov.;  Jos.  Tatt- 
nall, gov.,  1112  ;  John  Milledge,  gov., 
1113;  fiavid  B.  Mitchell, gov.,  1172  1252; 
Presb.  Synod  org.,  1212  ;  Peter  Early, 
gov  1213  ;  Cherokees  expelled,  127 ' ; 
Matthew  Talbot,  gov.,  1273  ;  Prot.  Epis. 
diocese  est.,  1303  ;  Geo.  M.  Troup,  gi>v., 
1313;  treaty  with  Indians,  1332  ;  Indian 


land  controversy,  1333  ;  John  Forsyth, 
gov.,  1353;  Geo.  B.  Gilmer,  gov.,  1373, 
1492;  missionaries  opposed,  1383;  Wilson 
Lumpkin,  gov.,  1392  ;  local  option  law 
passed,  1431 ;  Wm.  Schley,  gov.  ;  Indian 
lands  ceded,  14S3 ;  Emory  Coll.  est. ;  set- 
tlers leave,   1471 ;    Universalists    State 
convention    organized,    1483  ;   Chas.  J. 
McDonald,  gov.,  1513  ;    Southern  Coll. 
org.,  1671 ;  Georgia  road  completed,  1573; 
Presbyterian    synod,  O.    S.,  organized, 
1583;  Geo.  W.  Crawford,  gov.,  161 1 ;  Geo. 
W.  B.  Towns,  gov.,  1632  ;  Howell  Cobb, 
gov.,  1692  ;  Jos.   E.  Brown,  gov.,  1832  ;• 
legislature  arms  the  state,  1883;  Federal 
forts  seized,   1901;  senator  withdraws; 
secession  conven.;  state  secedes,  191*  ; 
Justice  Campbell  resigns,  joins  Confed- 
eracy, 1952  ;    Gen.   Johnston  coliiniands 
Confederates,  2283  ;  militia  called  out, 
2361 ;  stoneman's  raid,  2363;  Kilpatrick's 
raid,  2372  ;  Wheeler's    raid,  2a8i ;  Hood 
tears  up  B.  B.,  2383  ;  James  Johnson 
appt.  provisional  gov.,  2431 ,  24g3  ;  proc- 
lamation for   reconstruction,  2482  ;  an- 
nuls secession    ordinance ;    passes   13th 
Amendment,  2491 ;  adopts   revised  con- 
stitution ;  war  debt  void  ;  ratifies  13tli 
Amendment,  2492 ;    Chas.    J.  Jenkins, 
gov. ;  James  Johnson,  gov.,  2511 ;  Meth. 
Epis.  conferences   (North    and   South), 
fmd.,  2522  ;  Afr.   Meth.  Epis.  conf.  org., 
2562  ;  Cong,   rejects    new   constitution, 
2572  ;    Conservative   Party  fmd.,  2692 ; 
Constitutional    conven.    meets ;   T.   H. 
Buger,  gov.,  2593 ;  Meth.  Epis.conf .  fmd.; 
2602  ;  capital  changed   to  Atlsmta,  2611 ; 
new  constitution  ratified,  2612;  readmit- 
ting bill,  2632;  ratifies  14th  Amendment, 
2633;  Rufus  B.Bullock,  gov. ,'2662;  Gen. 
Terry's  military  dist.,  267 1 ;  negroes  ehgi- 
ble  to  office,  2672  ;  Cong,  declares  exclu- 
sion of  freedmen  from  legislature  illegal, 
2692  ;  negroes   enter    legislature,  2693 ; 
reconstruction    completed ;    refuses  to 
ratify  16th  Amendment,  2692;  later  rati- 
fies it,  2693  ;  negroes  excluded  from  of- 
fice, 2692 ;    public    school    system   est., 
2703;  act  for  readmission,  2712;  Cong, 
disapproves  constitution,  2772  ;  James 
Milton  Smith,  gov.,   'iSU;  Alf.  H.  Col- 
quitt, gov.,  2973;  G.  CongiegationalAsso. 
fmd.,  3002;  Macon  and  Brunswick  R.  K. 
sold,  3033  ;    tornadoes,  3121  ;  Alex.  H. 
Stephens,  gov.,  3132;  Henry  D.W'Daniel, 
gov  ,3152;  local  option  law  imtFed,3'21i; 
John  B.  Gordon,  gov.,  3262;  prohibition 
defeated,    3291;    a'echnological    school 
opd.,  3303;  first  friendly  union  of  vete> 
ans,342i ;  Northern  Soc.  org.,  35<;3  ;  race 
war  at  Star's  mill,  3623;  National  Park 
est.,  3S73  ;  negroes  lynched,  37S2  ;  gen. 
conven.  Congregationalists,  fmd.,  37.2; 
partial  prohibition,  3892  ;   Confed.  pen- 
sions, 3911;  Coufed  Veterans' Home  de- 
clined, 3912  ;  mechanical  cotton-picker, 
3921;  Win.  J.  Northen  gov.,  4212;  W  hite 
Caps, 4203, 4423,457' ;  cyclone,  4361 ,4401 ; 
yellow-fever,  4362;  Alex.  Stephens'  mon- 
ument, 3401 ;  state  militia  bills,  451 1 ;  t. 
F    Crisp,    senator,    declined ;    Patrick 
Walsh,  senator,  4552;  mob  cruelty,  46'.'3; 
race  war,  4791. 
Georgia  destroys  commerce,  2202  ;   cap- 
tured, 2372. 
Georgiana  captures  Essex,  IM^. 

,  wrecked,  5933. 

Gepida),    incorporated   with    Lombards, 

Gerando,  Joseph  Marie  de,  b.,  7042  ;  d., 

7282 
Gi5rard,     Balthazar,     kills     WUUam    of 

Orange,  6411;  d.  (1584). 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9751 . 

,  Conrad  Alexandre,  ambassador,  8»»i 

1,  Earl  of  Kildare,  lord  justice,  861»  J 


deputy,  8672,  3. 
,  Etiei 


— ,  r-Je'nne  Maurice,  b.,  7(M3  ;  at  An- 
twerp, 7261 ;  minister,  7273;  d.,  7321. 

,  Francois  Pascal  Simon,  Baron,  t>., 

7042  ;  Entry  of  ffenri  /r-,672' ;  d.,  <^3. 

,  Jeanlgnace Isidore, b.,7143;d.,  730'. 

,  Jules,1).,  7222  ;  d.,  7362. 

,  Marc-Antoine  de,  ^'"'s-'f""';*',^;. 

Nerval  (Gerard  Labrunie),  b.  (iau»), 

works,  7353  ;  d.  (1855). 

Gerbert.    (See  Pope  Sylvester  11^^ 

,  Abb6,  makes  wheel-clocks,  666'. 


i 


Gird-Gild. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1265 


Oerda,  asteroid,  discovered,  278^. 
Oergard,  Kdwiird,  b.,  806a  ;  d.,  8243. 
Gerhardt,  Chas.  !■>«.,  b.,  7222  ;  d.,  7322. 

,  Paul,  b.,  7923;  Hymns,  7971 ;  d.,79«3. 

G^oault,  Jean  Louis  ThtodoreAndr^,  b., 

7062;  d.,  7M2. 
Qerizim,  Palestine,  temple  at,  11403. 
Oerlache,  Etienne  Constantiiie,  b.,  5422. 
Germain,  St.,  b.-d.,  6623;  in  Wales  ;  founds 

schools,  8403. 
Germaine,  George,  Viscount  Sackville,  b., 

9062;  trial,  9142;  sec.  state,  9212;  d.  (1785). 
German-American      Union,     purification 

plans,  4443. 

Baptists.    (See  Baptists.) 

Book,  Hrst,  appears,  7723. 

Catholic  armies,  512* . 

Catholics,   secede,  1623 ;  society  org.- 

against  Bennett  Law,  3582;  against  com- 
pulsory education  law, 3602 ;  Cong,  meets, 
asei ,  3C82,  3922  ;  parade,  3922  ;  pilgrims 
at  Rome,  8,361;  Central  Soc.  Conven., 
4142  ;  Cent.  Verein  session,  470' ;  school 
resolutions,  472' ;  societies  in  conference 
at  Danzig,  8342. 

Christian  Societ-y  organized,  8003. 

College  est.  at  ilt.  Pleasant,  2822. 

E;vst  .\frica.    (See  text,  p.  838.) 

Company,   agent    recalled, 

5ftii ;  lease  of  coast,  838' . 
English  College,  founded.  111.,  2622. 

Flats,  N.  T.,  attacked,  702. 

Foreign  Miss.  Society,  org.,  1463. 

language,  in  Russia,  11212. 

Lutherans  arrive,   N.  Y.,  363  ;  lose 

church,  443;  in  Ga.,  622;  attack  educa- 
tion law,  3602.    (See  Lutherans.) 

Miinnerchor,  organized,  250' . 

National  Federal  Association  meets  ; 

government  formed,  8213. 

Ocean,  naval  battle,  9202. 

philologists,  congress  of,  829' . 

Reformed  Church,  Am., pioneer  min- 

ister,603;  coll.  at  Mercersburg,Pa.,  1463; 
Miss.  Board  org.,  1483;  TheoL  school  at 
Carlisle,  1323  ;  Franklin  and  Marshall 
Coll.,  1463, 173' ;  Heidelberg  Univ.,  1683; 
gen.  synod  org.,  229' ;  "  German  "  erased, 
2682;  union  proposed,  360' ;  temperance 
movement,  327'. 

Southwest  Africa.    (See  text,  p.  838.) 

Co.,  negotiates  sale,  10013. 

Union  of  Natural  Phil,  fnd.,  8132. 

unity,  facilitated,  8272. 

W.illace  College,  O.,  org.,  2352. 

Germania  (Ger.)  wrecked  off  N.  J.,  3492. 

,  Arctic  expedition  sails,  826' ,  830' . 

,  mail-steamer,  wrecked,  9773. 

Germania,  Inferior,  Rom.  province,  10632. 

,  Superior,  a  Roman  province,  19633. 

Germanic  Conf&leration,  or  union,  fmd., 

6233,8053  ;  supersedes  Rliine  Confedera- 
tion; ftrst  Diet  of, 81 13;  extension  of, 8192; 
decree  executed,  5262  ;  falls,  527' ;  anni- 
versary, 8222  ;  dissolved,  8233. 

Qermanlcus,  Cajsar,  in  Ger.,  10632  ;  ro- 
calle<l ;  revenges  Teutoburg  disaster, 
10621;  in  Armenia,  ll.W  ;  poisoned,  1063' . 

Q«rm.antown,  Pa.,  Mennonites  at,  482  ; 
settled,  493  ;  flrat  pai>er-mill,  502  ;  Ger. 
paper  issued,  63' ;  VVashington  at,  863  ; 
Ger.  Bible,  652  ;  battle,  872  ;  Brit,  en- 
camp, at, 872;  Nugcnfs  Home  fnd., 3332. 

Railroad,  Pa.,  opened,  1413. 

Germany.  (See  text,  pp.  768-8.37.)!  Chatti 
war,  10041 ;  Franks  repulsed,  1066' ;  Ale- 
m.anni<lefcated,  1068';  frontier  restored, 
615' ;  Fr.  driven  out,  5181 ;  mercenaries 
against  Americans,  803  ;  treaty  with 
Madagascar,  10953  ;  treaty  with  Italy, 
10902  ;  treaty  with  Korea,  10943  ;  Afr. 
possessions  sold,  8383. 

Qermon,  Effle,  b.,  158' . 

Gero,  Jtargrave,  com'der,  7722  ;  d.,  (965). 

Qerobeea,  mission,  657' . 

Qeroldsock,  Bishop,  defeated,  780'. 

Q<!r6me,  .Jean  Leon,  b.,  7242. 

Geromino,  .Mexican,  killeil,  3S)2. 

Gerona,  Spain,  capitulates,  672' . 

Gerry,  Elbridge,  b.,  662;  gov.  Mass.,  1173; 
electoral  vote,  1212;  vice-president,  1213; 
d.,  1231. 

Qerscheim,  Prussian  victory,  8243. 

Gerson,  John  Gharlier  de,  b.-d.,  6742. 

Qerstiicker,  Priedrich,  b.,  1242  ;  works, 
8163,8202  ;  d.  (1872). 

Gerstenberg,  Hemrich  WUhelm,  b.  (1737)  ; 
works,  803' ;  d.  (1823). 


Gerstenwieg,  Gen.,  killed,  1119' . 

G^rnzey,  Eugfene,  b.,  7142  ;  Literary  His- 
tory, 7323;  d.,7362. 

Gervais,  Adm.,  entertained  by  Q.,  1007'. 

,  Paul,  b.,  7222  ;  d.,  7621 . 

Gervinus,  invents  circular  saw,  80i^ . 

,  Georg  Gottfried,  b.,  8082;  dismissed 

from  university, 8152 ;  works, 8152,  8182; 
treason,  8183  ;  d.,  8262. 

Gesalric,  reigns,  J1253. 

Gesenius,  Friedrich  Ueinrich  WUhelm,  b., 
8043  ;  d.,  8162. 

Gesner,Johann  Matthias,  b.,  7982;  d.,  8023. 

,  Konrad  von,  b.  (1516) ;  History  of  An- 
imals, 1137';  d.  (1665). 

Gessi,  Lieut.  Romolo,  b.  (1831) ;  in  the 
Soudan,  658';  d.  (1881). 

Gessius  Florus,  procurator,  11533. 

Gessler,  Swiss  tyrant,  shot,  783' . 

Gessner,  M.,  suicide,  4642. 

,  Salomon,  b.  (1730) ;  paints  Death  of 

Abel,  1137';  d.  (1788). 

Gester  invents  air-gun,  7842. 

Geta,  Publius  Septimius,  b.-d.,  10&t2  ; 
murdered,  10653. 

GetjE,  subdued,  1024' ;  ravage  Gr.,  1030'. 

Getty,  George  Waghington,  b.,  1281 ;  N.  of 
Rapidan,  2321 ;  on  military  board,  3221 . 

Gettysburg,  Pa.,  Coll.  fnd.,  1403;  battleof, 
2241 ;  Lincoln's  announcement,  2253  ; 
Nat.  Cemetery  cons.,  2282,  2293;  monu- 
ments dedicated,  3741,  3981,  408i,  4201, 
4321,4331,4461. 

- — ,  Trolley  road  motion,  4612. 

Geurrazzi,  Francesco  D.,  works,  1087'. 

Gewiss.as  in  Gwent,  8401 . 

Geyer,  Florian,  leader,  killed,  7881 . 

Oliazni,  Afg.,  est.,  4871  ;  a  fine  city,  53; 
Mohammed  Jan,  seizes,  6' ;  enriched, 
4871 1  decline;  falls, 4872;  captured, 10121 . 

Ghaziii,  house  of,  reigns,  10432. 

Ghaznivides,  taken,  10421 . 

Ghl>zee-ud-deen,  king  of  Oudh,  10472. 

Ghent,  Belg.,  besieged,  6721 ;  rebels,  5401; 
pacification  of,  5412  ;  Gazette  ran  Ghent, 
issued,  541';  Leopold  II.  visits,  545'; 
taken,  540',  542';  peace  signed.  1223; 
treaty  of ,  5773 ;  uuiv.  fnd.,  5423;  Messaaer 
des  Sciences  kistoriques,  5443  ;  socialism 
in,  545 ',548'. 

Gherardi,  Bancroft,  rear-adm.  (U.  S.  N.), 
326' ;  commands  N.  Atlantic  squadron, 
334';  flag-ship,  394';  squadron  sails, 
426';  retired,  4741. 

Ghibellines,  war  against  Guelfs,776i ;  con- 
tention for  crown,  7773. 

Ghiberti,  Lorenzo,  b.-ii.,  10762. 

Ghika,  Gregoria,  pr.  of  Moldavia,  11123. 

Ghilka,  N.,  killed,  7483. 

Ghilzais  help  Ayoob  ;  attack  Stewart,  6i ; 
defeat  Ameers  ;  defeated;  victors,  62. 

Ghiyas-ud-din-Tughlak  leads  revolt,10432. 

Gholab  Singh  d.,  10483. 

Gholam  Hussein  Khan,  gov.,  63  ;  at  Kol- 
tadab,  62  ;  d.,  10483. 

Hyder,  commander  ;  reenforced,  62  ; 

gov.,  71. 

Ghur,  Afghanistan,  subdued,  10421 . 

Ghurkhas,  war  with,  10461 . 

Giambelli,orGianibelli,Federigo,b., 10803. 

Giannone,  Pietro,  b.,  10831 ;  d.,  10842. 

Giants,  Battle  of  the,  6801 . 

Gibbes,  Robert,  governor  S.  C,  573. 

, Wilson,  b.,  1161 ;  d.  (1866). 

Gibbets  cut  down,  Eng.,  917';  as  land- 
marks, 8933. 

Gibbon,  Edward,  b.,  9083  ;  Decline  and 
Fall  of  Roman  Empire,  921 1 ;  d.,  9263. 

,  John,     b.,     1341 ;    near    Mattapony 

River,  2103  ;  north  of  Rapid.m,  2321 . 

Gibbons,  Gringliug,  b.,  8861-;  d.,  90«2. 

,  James,  b.,  1422  ;  cons,  archbp.,  2622 ; 

a  cardinal,  3223  ;  circular  letter,  3382  ; 
investigation,  3461 ;  favors  high  license, 
3463;  suit  against  Ringrose.  3702  ;  cons, 
church,  .3742  ;  against  women  in  politics, 
.3782;  ordains  colored  priest, 3961 ;  Colum- 
bus proclamation,  4141;  in  Parliament 
of  Religions,  4381 . 

Gibbons,  Orlando,  b.,  8742  ;  music,  870' ; 
d.  (16a5). 

,  Sills  John,  lord  mayor  London,  9753. 

Gibbs,  Alfred,  d.,  2641. 

,  Isaac  L.,  governor  Idaho,  2693. 

,  James,  b„  8923  ;  d.  (1764). 

,  Josiah  Willard,  b.,  1022  ;  d.,  11)22. 

,  Michael,  lord  mayor  London,  9492. 

,  Montgomer;,  murdered,  4731 . 


Gibbs,  Oliver  Wolcott,  b.,  1302. 

,  Sir  Samuel,  k.  at  New  Orleans,  1223. 

,  William  C,  governor  R.  1.,  1293. 

Gibeonites  deceive  Joshua,  11413. 

Gib-lam,  destroyed,  4802. 

Long,  dethroned ;  d.,  481 ' . 

Gibney,  Matthew,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  996*. 

Gibraltar,  Saracens  capture  (712) ;  taken 
from  .Jews  ;  taken  bv  Moors  ;  Moora 
lose,  11261 ;  Sp.  fleet  ruined,  llOOi ;  Brit. 
take,  6961;  Sp.  attacks,  9061;  besieged, 
7041 ,  9221 ;  Brit,  defeat  Sp.  and  Fr.  fleets, 
704' ;  yellow  fever,  1131' ;  bishopric  est., 
9483;  Bishop  Sanford  consecrated,  9742. 

Gibson,  Ga.,  Mormon  elder  assaulted,  3611 . 

,  N.  B.,  Are,  5953. 

,  A.  G.  S.,  cons,  bishop,  1012' . 

,  Alex.,  nom.  for  gov.  R.  I.,  401'. 

,  Charles  B.,  d.,  247' . 

, H.,  b.,  1542. 

,  Edmund,  b.,  8982  ;  d.  (1748). 

,  Edward,  Baron  Ashbourne,  b.  (1837) ; 

minister  9933,  9953  ;  Lord  Ashbourne's 
Act  passes,  996'. 

,  Gfeo  J.,  arrested,  3781. 

,  Henry,  lynched,  4723, 

,  John,  b.  (1740) ;  gov.,  1192  ;  d.  (1822). 

, ,  b.,  9243  ;  work,  9602  ;  d.,  9701 . 

,  M.  M.,  moderator,  3282. 

,  Otis,  fds.  Chinese  missions,  2f>42. 

,  Randall  Lee,  b.,  140' ;  near  Orange 

Court  House,  2102  ;  d.,  4181 . 

,  Thomas  Milner,  b.,  9331 ;  censure  mo- 
tion, 9632  ;  minister,  9633,  9092  ;  d.  (1884). 

,  William  Hamilton,  b.,  I681 . 

, H.,  agent,  murdered,  2751. 

Glddings,  Josliua  Reed,  b.,  IO61 ;  anti- 
slavery  resolutions,  1562  ;  d.,  2351 . 

,  Marsh,  gov.  N.  Mex.,  2772. 

Gidel,  Charles  Antoine,  b.,  7343. 

Gideon,  defeats  Midianites,  11421 ;  over- 
throws altar,  11422  ;  judges  Israel ;  de- 
livers Israel,  11431. 

Gids  issued,  11022. 

Gieseler,  Johann  Karl  Ludwig,  b.,  8062  ; 
d.,8201. 

Giessen,  University  of;  chartered,  793' ; 
transferred;  removed,  795 1 ,  797 1 . 

Giffard,  steam-injector,  9622. 

,  Sir  Geo.  M.,  Lord  justice,  9733. 

,  Sir  Hardinge,  minister,  9933,  9953. 

Gilford,  Baron,  title  created,  9412. 

,    Robert  Swain,    b.,    1522  ;    member 

Academy  Arts,  300' . 

,  Sanford  Robinson,  b.,  1302  ;  subjects, 

1811 ,  2681 ,  2801 ,  :i001 ,  3061  ;  d.,  3041 . 

,  Willi;im,b.,9143;  works,9271 ;  d.,  9422. 

Gig;ault,  Emile  de  la  Bedollifere,  d.,  7541 . 

Giger,  Geo.  Musgrave,  b.  (1822) ;  d.,  248t . 

Gignoux,  Francjois  Ri'gis,  b.,  7222  ;  d.,  7522. 

Gigoux,  Jean  Franyois,  b.,  7191 ;  d.,  7661 . 

Gigur,  conquers  Iceland,  10422. 

Gil  Vicente,  b.-<l.,  11092. 

Gilbert  Islands,  Brit,  protectorate,  IOO92  ; 
gospel  received,  10403. 

,  Davies,  b.  (1767) ;  pres.  Royal  Soc, 

9422  ;  d.  (1839). 

de  Clare,  in  Barons'  war,  8533. 

de  la  Porr<<e,  b.-d.,  6682. 

,  George,  miser  d.,  .3682. 

,  Mrs.  George  H.,  b.,  9402. 

,  Sir  Humphrey,  b.,  8082  ;  work,  8761 ; 

voyage,  243,  262  ;   in  N.  F.,  213,  6712  ; 

charter,  5712  ;   expedition  of  colonists, 

252  ;  shipwrecked,  253  ;  d.,  8742. 

,  Sir  John,  b.,  9382. 

,  John  Gibbs,  b.  (1810) ;  d.,  3402. 

,  .Joseph  Henry,  b.,  9382. 

,  Josiah,  b.,  9.363. 

,MahIonjNorris,b. (1848);  cons. bp., 324*. 

,  Marie  Dolores  Eliza  Rosanna  Lola 

Montez,  b.  (1818) ;  in  N.Y.,  1681 ;  d.  (1861). 

,  Motier,  d.,  7262. 

,  Nicolas  Joseph  L.,  b.,  701';   work, 

7062;  d.,  705'. 

,  Raleigh,  colony  in  Me.,  272. 

,  Rufus  Henry,  b.  (1832) ;  d.,  3202. 

,  William,  b.,  8682  ;  earth's  magnetism, 

874' ;  electricity,  8762  ;  d.  (1603). 
, Schwenck,  b.,  9482  ;  composes 

Mountebanks,  416';  Pinafore,  9841;  fa- 

tience,  9881 ;  lotanthe,  9901 . 
Gilberton,  Pa.,  R.R.  fight,  4362. 
Gilboa,  Mt.,  Saul  defeated,  11421 . 
Gildas,  De  Excidio  Britannic^,  8403. 
Gilder,  Richard  Watson,  b.,  1502;  works, 

2903,3003,4442. 
,  William  H.,  b.,  1183. 


1266 


Text  BIgurea  denote  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Gild-Glov. 


Gilder,  Wm  Henry,  b.,  1482  ;Pclar  expedi- 
tion starts,  3241 ;  returns,  32bi ;  d.,  AJ1». 
Gildersleeve,  Basil  Lauueau,  b.,  138*. 
Giles,  Chauiicey,  b.,  121'. 

,  Henry,  b.,  Ud  ;  d.,  3102. 

William,  Branch,  b.,  733;  gov.  Va., 

1533  ;  d.,  13S< . 
Giltillan,  James,  b.  (1829) ;  d.,  4781 . 
Gilliooly, Nationalist,  arrested, 9983,  luuii . 
Gilkeson,  Beuj.  L.,  in  treas.  dept.,  3612. 
Gill,  Jobn,  b.,  9002  ;  d.,  9183. 

,  Juan  Bautista,  pres.,  11063. 

,  Moses,  gov.  Mass.,  1093. 

,  Theodore  Nicholas,  b.,  1482. 

,  Thomas  P.,  arrives  in  Ain.,  3703. 

,  William,  d.,  9822. 

,  W.  J.,  guilty  of  bribery,  4182. 

Gillam,  Zaoliarla,  builds  fort,  573*. 
Gillem,  Gen.  Alvau  CuUem,  b.  (1830) ,  at 
GreeuvUle,238i ;  at  Carroll  htatiou,2382. 
at  Morristowu,  239' ;  at  Bull's  Gap,  2401 ; 
in  Miss.,  2581 ;  4th  Military  District,  2b2i ; 
removed,  2()i)i ;  d.  (1875). 
Gilles,  Pierre,  b.-d.,  6783. 
Gillespie,  Geo.  de  Normandie,  b.  (1819) , 
cons  P   E.  bp.,  2863. 

Thos.,b.  (1708);  dep08ed,913>  ;d.  (1774). 

Wm.  Mitchell,  b.  (1816) ;  d.,  2601 . 

Gillet,  Charles  W.,  b.,  1521 . 
GiUett,  Fred.  H.,  b.,  1682. 
Gillette,  Wyo.,  raid,  4191. 
Gilliams,  .Jacob,  b.  (1784) ;  d.,  2601 . 
Gilliiig,  monastery  erected,  8423. 
Gillis,  Charles  H.,  commodore,  3261 . 

,  Duncan,  forms  ministry,  4993. 

.James  .Melville,  b.,  1162  ;  d.,  2423. 

,  John  Pritchet,  b.  (1803) ;  d.,  2822. 

Gillmore,  Quincy  Adams,  b.,  1322  ;  at  Jf  t. 
Pulaski, -2061 ;  near  Somerset,  2202;  com- 
mands Dept.  South,  22-22 ;  at  Morns 
Island,  2242  ;  besieges  Ft.  Sumter,  22oi , 
2261 ;  takes  Fort  \Vagner  and  Battery 
Gregg,  2262  ;  d.,  3301. 
Gillooiy,  Lawrence,  cons,  bp.,  9583. 
Giliuau,  murdered,  333*. 

,  Arthur,  b.,  1482  ,  d.  (1882). 

C,  defaulter,  3823. 

;  Daniel  Coit,  b.,  1382 ;    Pres.  Johns 

Hopkins  University,  2911 . 

,  John  Taylor,  b.,  722  ;  gov.  N.H.  1053, 

1213  •  d.  (1828). 

,  Nicholas,  b.  (1814) ;  d.  1231 . 

N.  Paine,  works,  3503, 3982. 

Samuel,  b.  (1791) ;  d.,  18*i  ■  ,,^, 

Gilmer,  George  liockingham,  b.  (1790)  gcff. 
Ga.,  1373,  1492  ;  d.  (1859). 

,  Thomas  Walker,  gov.,  1531 ;  k.,  1561 . 

Gilinor,  Harry,   b.,  1482  ;  at  Moorefleld, 

2421;  d.  (1883). 
Gilinore,  James  Roberts,  b.,  130z. 

,  Joseph  Albree,  b.  (1811);  gov.  N.  H., 

12293  ;  d.,  2561 .  „ 

Patrick  Sarsfleld,  b.  (1829) ;  at  Peace 

Jubilee,  2661,2781;  d.,  4161. 
Gilmour,  Richard,  b.  (1824) ;  cons,  bp., 2762 
suspends  Dr.  Quigley,  3423 ;  in  Cleveland, 
3461;  d.,  3801. 
Gilpin,  archdeacon,  dean,  5862. 
:,  Henry  D.,  b.  (1801) ;  Atty-Gen.,  1531 ; 

d.   (1860).  _  ,    TT     V       i01» 

Gilroy,  Thomas  F.,  mayor  of  N.Y.,  4212. 

Gil  v  Zarate,  Antonio,  b.-d.,  113U». 

Glndely,  Anton,  b.,  5202  ;  d.  (1892). 

Ginghilovo,  battle  at,  6001. 

Ginguene,  Pierre  Louis,  b.,  i053  ,  d.,722». 

Ginji,  India,  taken,  10441 ,2 

Ginkel,  Godard  van,  b.-d.,  11003. 

Gin-law  enacted,  Eng.,  9092. 

Gioberti,  Vinoenzo,  b.,  10843  ;  work,  108.  i , 

d     10863 
Gioja,  Mel'choir,  b.  (1767) ;  d.,  10862. 
Giollitti,Signor, premier;  on  bank  scandal, 

GiSaii,  Pietro,  b.,  10842  ;  d.,.  10863^ 
Giordano,  Luca,  b.,  10823  ;  paints  Hercu- 
les, 10822  ;  d.,  10831 . 
Giorgione,  Giorgia  Barb.^relll,  b.,  10783  , 

Giornale  degli  Erudtii,  i8sned^(»02. 

storio  (lella  Utteratura,  1M02. 

Giotto,  or  Giotto  di  Bondone,  b.-d.,  10762. 
Giovio,  Paolo,  b.,  10783  ;  d.,  10803. 
Olpps,  Sir  George,  gov.,  4^3 

,  William,  murderer,  4743. 

Gippsland,  mission,  4963. 

Gipsies,  in  Fr.,677i ;  prohibited,  Eng., 8882 

Gipsy  moth,  in  Mass.,  3553. 

Olraldns  Cambrensis,  b.-d.,  8502. 

Glrard,  Charles,  b.,  1302. 


Girard,  Gabriel,  b.,  6923  ;  d.,  7003. 

,  Philippe  H.,  spinning-machine,  5202. 

,  Stephen,  fnd.,b., 602  ;  Coll.  endowed, 

1632  ;  d.,  1382. 

College  opened,  1632. 

Girardin,  Madame  de  Delphine  Gay,  b., 

7151;  works,  7251,7271;  d.  7322. 

,  fcmile  de,  b.,  7163 ;  libel,  737 1 ;  d.  (1881). 

Girardou,  Francois,  b.,  6863  ;  d.,  6971 . 
Giraud,  Charles,  d.,  7621 . 

, — -  Jos.  BarthcSliSini,  b.,  7143  ;  d.,  7522. 

Girls'  Friendly  Society,  £md.  in  Am.,  2983  ; 

in  Eng.,  9831 . 
Girodet-TrioBon,  Anne  L.,b.,  7031  ;d.,  7242. 

Giron,  Francisco  Hernandez,  b.  (1505) ;  at 

ChuquiJigua;  at  Pucara;  at  Lima,  221; 

leader,  232  ;  executed,  221 ,  232  j  d.  (1554). 
Girondists,  conspicuous,  7083  ;  in  power, 

7091;  fall  of,  7093;  beheaded,  7111. 
Girton  College,  Eng.,  opd.,  9783 
Gisborne,  Fred.  Newton,  b.,  (1821);  d.,594i . 
Gisela,  princess,  b.,  5242. 
Giskra,  Karl,  b.  (1870) ;  d.,  5302. 
Gisors,  Fr.,  Battle  of,  8501 . 
Gist,  Christopher,  in  0.,673. 

,  Wm.  H.,  gov.  S.  0.,  1862. 

Gltschin,  Bohemia,  battle  at,  8241 . 
Giudici,Paolo  Emiliani,b., 10851  ^  d.,  10882. 
Giuliani,  Gianbattista,  b.,  10862;  d.,  10901 . 
Giulio,  Komano,   b.,   10783  ;    paints  Holy 

Family,  10801 ;  d.,  10803. 
Giusti,  Giuseppe,  b.,  10851;  work,  10871; 

Giustiniani,  Agostino  Pantaleone,b.  (1470) ; 

polyglot  psalter,  10813  ;  d.  (1536). 
Gizeh,  Egy.,  Aahnies  mummy  in,  6191 . 
Gjellerup,  Karl  Adolf,  b.,  64U3. 
Giabrio,  Manius  Acilius,  in  Epirus,  10561 . 
Glaciers,  discovered  by  Mark  Kerr ;  by 
Prof.  Kussell,  3681;   Held  discovered  in 
Ida    4122  ;  period  ;  discourse,  8141 . 
Gladden,    Washington,    b.,  1462 ;    Plain 

Tliouukts,  2643.  ,-,.«,. 

Glade  Springs,  Southwest  Va.  Inst.  Ind., 

3143 
Gladiators,  first  show,  10531 ;  at  funerals, 
10532;  combats  suppressed,  10691 ,  10il3. 
Gladsdeu,  Chris.  Edwards,  c(nis.  bp.,  1603. 
Gladstone,  Sir  Thomas,  d.,  10001. 

,  WilUain  Ewart,  b.,  9343  ;  m  Pari., 

M72;  minister,  9512,  9533,  9591, 
9593,9633,9691;  resigns,  961 1 ;  works, 
9623  9723,  9762,  9791,9811,  9*43,  10083; 
Beform  bill,  9692  ;  Pari.  Kepresentation 
Bill,  9712  ;  prime  minister ;  ministry, 
9731 ;  Liberal  leader  ;  resigns,  9773,  9792; 
Berlin  Treaty,  9832;  premier,  9852;  to 
affirm  oaths,  9863  ;  procedure  rules,  989i ; 
Intro.  New  Keform  Bill,  9932  ;  ministry, 
resigns,  9933,  9962  ;  Home  Rule  Bill ; 
Irish  Policy  disapproved;  ministry,  9952; 
restores  ancient  cross,  Edinburgh,  99o3  ; 
motion  rejected,  9973  ;  G.  Library  opd., 
9983  ;  Home  Rule  speech  ;  golden  wed- 
ding, 10011;  favors  disest.  Scotch  Ch., 
10022  ■  birthday  eel.,  10023  ;  motion  on 
address,  10032 ;  against  Parnell,  10053  ; 
lecture  at  Oxford  Univ.,  10082  ;  adminis- 
tration; electoral  majority,  10092;  lite 
endangered,  10103  ;  Home  Rule  Bill  m- 
tro  10111;  resigns,  10112;  declines  to 
visit  U.  S.  A.,  4673  ;  statue,  4321 . 

,  William  Henry,  d.,  10061 . 

Glaire,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  7131 ;  d.,  752i . 
Glaisber,  James,  b.,  9402. 
Glaneur  Missumnaire  issued,  544a. 
GlanviU,  Joseph,  b.,  8822  ;  d.,  8942. 

,  Ranult  de,  d.,  8502. 

Glarus,  Switz.,  fire,  11383. 

Glas,  John,  b.,  9002  ;  fnd8.Glassite8,9083; 

d.,  9183.  . 

Glasgow,  attacks  Com.  Hopkms  squadron, 
822  •  captured,  842. 

Scot;,  see  erected,  »t03,  8642,  9083  ; 

inundated,  8421  ■  Cathedral  begun,  8503; 
a  borough,  8612;  Univ.  fnd  ,  8623  ;  char- 
tered, 8633, 8751 ;  library  fnd.,  8642  ;  Fac- 
ulty of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 8i  62;  bp. 
coiis.,  8783  ;  independence,  8793  ;  r^a 
burgh,  8833;  fire,8893;  O.  0)«ro»<,  9043, 
calico  printing,  9102  ;  plundered,  9112  ; 
mathematical  instruments  9142  ;  thea. 
ter  opd.,  9171;  G.  Herald,  923',;  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  fnd.,  9233;  Walter  Stir- 
ling's library,  fnd.,  9251 ;  intro.  of  spin- 
ning machinery,  9262 ;  Anderson's  Univ- 
fndT.  9271;  Trades'  Hall  built,  92i3  ; 
G.  Philosophical  Soc.  fnd.,  9302;  theater 
burned,  9453  ;  last  lottery  drawn  ;  strike, 


9471 ;  Maitland  Club  fnd.,  9491 ;  Father 
Mathew  visits,  9611;  telegraph  in,  9513; 
statue  of  Wellington,  9521 ;  Bible  in 
raised  characters  ;  Xorth  British  Daily 
J/a«/,9543;  fire-alarm  panic, 9663;  Loch 
Katrine  water-works  opd.,  9633  ;  statue 
of  Pr.  Albert,  9681;  Industrial  Exposi- 
tion opd., 9693;  buildingsest.,9722;  Tech- 
nical Coll.est.,9743;  AlbertBridge  begun. 
Nelson  launched,  9801 ;  Campbell  statue; 
New  Stock  Exchange  opened ;  Burns 
statue,  9821 ;  colliery  explosion,  9833, 
9973;  freedom  to  Gen.  Grant;  new 
Queen's  Dock  opd.,  9833  ;  J.  Hannay 
makes  diamonds,  9841 ;  Theater  Royal 
burned,  9853;  improvements,  9931 ;  panic 
in  theater,  9933  ;  new  municipal  build- 
ings opd.,  9981 ;  Bp.  Harrison  cons.,  9983; 

Inter.    Exhibition    opd.,    9993  ;    strike, 

10003  ;  factory  wall  falls,  10013  ;   dock 

laborers  strike,  10031 ;  R.  R.  nieu  strike, 

10052  ;  R.  K.   accident,  10053  ;  cholera 

panic,  10093. 
Glasgow,  Mo.,  Lewis    Coll.   opd.,   2543; 

Morrison  observatory  fnd.,  2861 . 

E.  of,  title  created,  9031 . 

Glass,  Commander  Henry,  promoted  oapt., 

4481 . 
used  by  Chinese,  6462  ;  used  in  Eng., 

8502  ;  manufactured  in  Eng.,  8721 ;  elec- 
trical machine  invented,  916i ;  wmdows, 

10622,  8421 ;  first  factory  in  Am.,  931 ; 

generating  electricity,  8941;  harnioma 

iiiv.  ,804 1 ;  lenses  arranged,  874 1 ;  painting 

on,  in  Ger.,  7742  ;  plate-g.,  made,  8922. 
Glassblowers  conven. ;  leave  Knights  ol 

Labor,  3882. 

,  U.  S.,  Company  foiuided,  3893. 

cutters,  in  Ger.,  7762. 

Glassites  fnded.,  9083. 

Glastonbury  Abbey  bmlt ;  rebmlt,  8423  ; 

destroyed,  8541. 
Glatz,  Prus.,  ceded,  5152;  taken,  8021. 
Glauber,  Johann  R.,  b.,  7923;  d.,  7963. 
Glaucia,  C.  Servilius,  leader,  10673. 
GlaucUB,  b.,  10102;  welds  iron,  10142. 
Glaudi,  Bernard,  convicted,  3831 . 
Glavalicero,  iusiu-rection,  5301 . 
Gleason,  Patrick,  mayor,  sentenced,  370» 
Gleditsch,  Johann  G.,  b.,  7983;  d.,  8043. 
GUichhM  suppressed,  5322. 
Gleig,  George,  b.,  9123  ;  d.  (1839). 

. ~- Robert,  b.,  9283 ;  d.,  9982. 

Gleim,  Johann  WiUielni  Ludwig,  b.  (17W)  j 

works,  8011 ,  8031 ,  8061 ;  d.  (1803). 
Glencoe,  massacre  of,  9003. 
Glencoe  explodes,  1713. 
Glen  Cove,  N.  Y.,  P.  O.  robbery,  4663. 

Echo,  Nat.  Chautauqua  opens,  3aV 

,  James,  gov.  S.  C,  653.       

Glendale  Mills  burneil,  Mass.,  3953. 

,  Va.,  battle  of,  2092. 

Glendalough,  see  of,  erected,  8422 
Glendower,  Owen,  b.  d.,8582;  rebelUonof, 

8001 ,  8813;  treaty  with  Fr.,  8613. 
Glenn,  Wm.,  miss,  to  Persia,  llOJi . 

Glens  Falls  Paper  Co.,  stock,  4332  ;  WMt- 
teinore  outrage,  471 1 . 

Glenthorn,  mission,  5982. 

Glenville,  W.  Va.,  Normal  Sc.  opd.,  282». 

Gleyre,  Gabriel,  Illusions  Lost,  728i. 

GUchezari,  Heinrich  der,  poem,  7783. 

Glick,  Geo.  W.,  gov.  Kan.,  3152. 

Gliddon,  Geo.  Robbins,  b.,  llOi ;  d.,  1801. 

Glinka,  Feodor,  b.,  11162  ;  d.,  11201 . 

Glisson,  Francis,  b.,  8762;  d.  (167<),  894*. 

,  Oliver  S.,  b.,  1161 ;  d.,  3721 . 

Globe  Tavern,  Va.,  action  at,  2^. 

Glogau,  Silesia,  captured,  5141 ,  ^i . 

Glorieux,  A.  J.,  cons.  B.  C.  bp.,  3202. 

Gloriosa  Island,  Fr.  possess,  7(ji3. 

Gloucester,  Eng.,  Romans  m,  8-^' i  Abber 
fnd  ,  8423  ;  Abbey  burned,  84i3  ;  pari, 
meets,  8611 ;  see  erected,  8683;  besieged, 
8841;  wall  demolished,  8901;  Cathedral 
mu8icrendered,906i ; firstSunday  school, 

and  Berkeley  canal,  Eng.,  9421. 

^  I>.  of,  d.,  9013.    (See  Humphrey  ana 

Woodstock,  Thomas.) 

Earl  of.    (See  Robert.) 

Mass.,  first   Univ.   Ch.,  932;  ilBlung 

schooners  lost,  3213  ;  suaniversaryj4152. 

Glover,  John,  at  Momit  Zion,  Mo.,  iO--' . 

_  _,  brig.-gen.,  b.  (1732);  commis- 
sioned, 861  •  d.  (1797).  _  „ 

-!1;  Sir  John  Hawley,  b.(1829);  gov.  N. 
F..  11032;  d.,5841. 

,  Richard,  b.,  9042;  d.,  9223. 


I 

i 

.1 


I 


Glov-Goor. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1267 


GloversTille,  N.  Y.,  strike,  323' . 

Gluok,  Johanii  Christoph  vim,  b.,  7983  ; 
Orfvo  eii  Euriiliety  517 1 ;  Iphiaeni^  en  Tait- 
riile,  7052,  inv.  harmonica,  9102;  d.,8<M3. 

Gliu'ksimrg,  House  of  (l-)en.),  reigiis,  6412. 

Gluiutubli.  king  Niall,  defeated,  8442. 

Glycerine  disr'overed,  11342. 

Glyeerius  reigns,  10712, 

Qlyn,  Geo.  Grenfell,  Baron  Wolverton, 
postniaster-gon.,  9951;  Postman's  Kest, 

99«3;   d.,9962. 

,  Miss,  d.,  10001 . 

Glynne,  Sir  Jolin,  chief  justice,  8892. 
Oiuelin,  Johann  G.,  b.,  7983;  d.,8023. 

,  Samuel  G.,  b.,  8003;  d.,  804'. 

Onadendal,  mission,  5971 . 
Gnatong,  Asia,  attacked,  9981 . 
Gnauth,  Gustav  A.,  b.,  8143. 
Gneisenau,  Ct.  August  Neithardt,  von,  b., 

8023;  d.,  8142. 
Qneist,  Uudolj)!!,  b.,  8121 . 
Gnupsson,  Eric,  bishop.  Hi ,  10331 ;  seeks 

Vinland,  122. 
Goa,  India,  conquered,  10133. 
Goats,  Angora,  Alpaca,  raising,  fails,  2601 . 
Gobat,  Samuel,  1>.  (1799) ;  missionary  in 

Abyssinia,  12  j  d.  (1879). 
Gobazve,  Abyssinia,  defeated,  21 . 
Gobelin,  Jean,  tapestry,  6901 ;  d.  (1476). 
Goberta,  asteroid,  discovered,  7G0i. 
Gobi,  China,  exploring  expedition,  11201 . 
Goblet,  Ren4,  minister,  7532,  7552,3,  7571 . 
Gml  bless  the  King^  vocalized,  8781 . 
Go-Daigo,  reigns,  10912. 
Gorf  Save  the  Kiiifj,  composed,  8783. 
Goddard,  Bouverie,  d.,  9941 . 
Godebert,  king  of  Italy,  10731 . 
Godefroi,  Denis,  b.,  6822;  d.,  6863. 
Godefroy,  Fridc^ric,  b.,  7242. 
Goderich,  Viscount.     (See  Robinson.) 
Godey,  Louis  Antoine,  b.  (1804)  ;  d.,  2982. 
Godfrey,  the  Bearded,  marries,  10753  j  in 

war  of  succession,  7742. 
de  Bouillon,  b.-d.,  Ist  crusade,  6683  ; 

K.  of  Jerusalem,  6692,  11552;  est.  Assize 

of  Jerusalem,  11551 . 

,  Sir  Edmundbury,  murdered,  8943. 

.  Tliomas,  b.,  502;  reflecting  quadrant, 

631 ;  Prince  nf  I'arthia,  741 ;  d.,  6«2. 
Godiam,  Abyssinia,  rebels,  32 
Godkin,  Ed  win  Laurence, b.,  1382;  arrested, 

3562  ;  libel  suit,  4023. 
Godman,  John  1).,  b.  (1794) ;  d.,  1381 . 
QodoUo,  Hung.,  battle  at,  5222. 
Qodolphin,  Earl  of,  b.,8822;  council,  8952; 

minister,  8992  ;  ministry,  9032. 
Godongwana,  celibate  army,  5971 . 
Godoonof,  Boris,  b.-d.,  11142. 
Godthaab,  mission  station,  10381 . 
Godwin,  E.  of  Wessex,  8472;  rebels,  exiled, 

returns  ;  d.,  8362. 

,  George,  d.,  9962. 

,  Gen.,  Sir  Henry  Thomas,  b.  (1784) ; 

in  Burmese  war,  10462;  d.  (1853). 
,  Mrs.,  Mary  Wollstonecraft,  b.,  9143  ; 

works,  9203;  d.,  9283. 

,  Parke,  b.,  1242;  works,  1703,  2011. 

,  William,  b.,  9143;  works,  9271,9423; 

d.,9462. 
Godyn,  Samuel,  Indian  purchase,  33i . 
Ooe,  Field  Flowers,  cons,  bp.,  9962. 
Goeben,  Gen.  von,  at  b.  of  Forbach,  7381 ; 

near  Bapaume,  743 1;  atSt.Quentin,  7441 . 
Goederwacht,  mission,  6023. 
Goes,  Hugo  van  der,  b.-d.,  5392. 
I — ,  Johann    Antonides    van    der,    b.-d., 

11003;  Ijstroom,  IIO12. 

,  Pedro  de,  captaincy,  5532. 

Goesbriand,  Louis  De,  cons.  R.C.  bp.,  1723; 

golden  jubilee  eel.,  3&12. 
Goethals,  Hendrik,  b.-d.,  5392. 

,  Paul,  eons,  archbp.,  9822. 

Goethe,  .Johann  Wolfgang  von,  b.,  8003  ; 

works,  8011,8051,  8O71,  8091,  811 1,  8132, 

8151 ;  d.  (1832),  8142. 
Goetwater,  John  E.,  New  Anisterdan,402. 
Goff,  .John  W.,  flned,  4242  ;  Counsel  for 

Lexow  Coin.,  4523;  recorder,  4732. 
,  Nathan,  b.  (1843) ;   sec.  navy,  3072  ; 

gov.  W.  Va.,  3,372,  :5492:  majority,  3531 . 
Gotfo,  Win.,  b.  (1005) ;  in  Boston,  411 ;  refu- 

See.413,  423;  defends  Hadley,  Mass.,46i ; 
.  (1679). 
Ctogo,  E.  Afr.,  mission,  10471. 
Gogol,    Nikolai    Vasilievitch,    b.,    11163 ; 

Dead  .S'ow(«,  11171;  d.,  11182. 
Gogra,  E.  I.  Co.  agency,  10443. 
Gohier,  Louis  .Jerome,  b.  (1746) ;  Revolu- 
tion of  30th  Prairial,  7133  ;  d.  (1830). 


Gohlson,  R.  D.,  gov.  Wash.,  2032. 

Goito,  Italy,  battle,  5221 . 

Golconda,  India,  conquered,  10441. 

Gold-beating  invented,  7762. 

Coast,    W.    Afr.    (see    text    p.  1161), 

settled,  8812;  acquired,  9773. 

diseovereil  in  Arrowrock,  Ark.,  3361 , 

4061 ;  in  Ariz.,  3561 ,  4093;  at  Bahia,  22i , 
233  ;  in  Brazil,  232,  633  ;  in  Cal.,  2681 , 
3461;  in  Colo.,  18*1,  2993,4001,4421;  in 
Dak.,r>4i;  in  Ecuador,  ftl33;  inGa.,433, 
3022  ;  in  Haiti,  14i ,  153  :  in  Iowa,  478i ; 
in  Ind.,  3441,  4501;  in  lud.  Ten,  3361, 
3481,3701;  in  Kan.,  4021;  in  Labrador, 
242;  ii,  Mich.,  3641 ,  4241 ,  in  N.  J.,  :i361  ; 
in  N.  Mex.,  4501 ;  in  Ore.,  1713;  in  R.  I., 
4181;  in  S.  Dak.,  284i,  3681,  3701;  in 
Tenn.,4301;  in  Tex.,  3921;  in  Ut,'ih,454i; 
Ji  Venez.,  202;  in  Wyo.,  2(»' ,  ssei ,  4621 ; 
a  Va.,  3361 ;  dis.  in  Australia,  4942, 4973, 
4981 ;  in  Canoonan,  4961  ;  in  Echmiga ; 
in  Melbourne ;  in  Meroo  Creek  ;  in 
N.  S.  Wales ;  in  Summerhill  Creek,  4961 ; 
in  Bendigo  Fields ;  in  Tatutpa,  498i , 
in  Goolgardie,  5(X)1 ;  at  Bahia,  Braz., 
5522  ;  duties  V^,  5583  ;  in  Minas,  Goyaz, 
and  Cuyaba,  5523  ;  in  Brit.  Columbia, 
5801 ;  diggers  ;  Brit.  Am.,  5813  ;  in  Nova 
Scotia,  5813;  Princess  Ledge,  Can.,  588i ; 
Hastings  Co..  Can.,  5821 ;  in  Cape  Colony, 
5981 ;  in  Iquique,  6063;  in  Canton,  624* ; 
in  Ire.,  10021 ;  in  Wales,  IOO61 ;  in  Peru, 
11093;  in  Port.,  11113;  in  Malacca,  11!M2; 
in  Uruguay,  II6O2. 

dis.  in  coal,  1622  ;  deposited  in  mint, 

1653  ;  dollars  are  coined,  1673  ;  produc- 
tion in  1849,  1673  ;  stock  Co.  org.,  2593  ; 
premium  for,  2073,  2373  ;  price  rises  in 
panic,  2673  ;  payments,  to  bondholders, 
2991 ;  without  premium,  3013  ;  shipment 
refused,  3811 ;  through  train  with,  4133  ; 
European  shipments,  4233 ;  reserve  bonds 
for,  4261;  reserve  low,  4273,  4412,  4013, 
4633,  4671 ;  shipment  to  Eur.,  4313,  4773; 
certiflcates  suspended,  4292,3  ;  offer  of 
Baltimore  Bank, 4292 ;  reserve  increased, 
4363  ;  receipts  large  ;  payments  ;  pre- 
mium, 4372  ;  export  conf.,  4633  ;  bonds 
purchased,  4752;  at  premium,  4772  ;  de- 
posit in  sub-treas.,  4773  ;  Ger.  standard, 
8371 ;  coin  appears  in  Eng.,  8551 ;  pre- 
mium Argentine,  4923  ;  prosperity  by, 
Braz.,  5.533  ;  revenue,  Aust.,  4972. 

Dust,  explosion  on,  3113. 

fulminating,  discovered,  7842. 

wire  made,  10762. 

Goldbeok,  Anna  M.,  b.,  1421 . 

Golden  City,  Colo.,  Indus.  School  e8t.,309i . 

City,  burned,  3113. 

Gate, Cal.,iniproved, 2733;  Cityo/New 

York  ashore,  4432 ;  Park,  Key*s  monu- 
ment, 3321 ;  needy  men,  3543. 

Golden  Age,  Chinese,  6III ,  6122,  6I31 . 

Gate,  burned,  2113. 

Bull,  issued,  7833. 

Chain  Order;  statistics,  4463. 

Fleece,  order  of,  est.,  6771 . 

Horde  of  Tartars  ;  conquests  in  Rus., 

11141, 11151. 

League,  formed,  11372. 

number  discovered,  10211 . 

period,  Saracenic    empire,  4863  ;    of 

Rome,  10611. 

liule,  issued,  Boston,  2883. 

Goldfish  brought  to  Eng.,  8993. 

Goldman,  Emma,  arrested,  4362. 

Goldoni,  Carlo,  b.  (1707) ;  works,  IO851 ;  d., 
10843. 

Goldsborough,  N.  C,  action  at,  2163;  Gen. 
Schotield  occupies,  2303  ;  Confeds.  re- 
pulsed; Federals  occupy, 2441 ;  Sherman 
at,  2442,  3;  asylum  for  insane  opd.,  3071 ; 
colored  normal  school  opd.,  3283. 

Goldsborough,  Lewis  M.,  b.,  1122  ;  Hat- 
teras  expedition,  2022;  takes  Roanoke 
Island,  2041;  d.,294i. 

Goldschmidt,  Hermann,  b.,  8082  ;  dis. 
planets,  7321;  d.,  8243. 

,  Levin,  b.,  8142. 

,  Meyer  Aaron,  b.,  6382  ;  d.,  tVt2i . 

— -,  Madame.    (See  Lind,  Jenny.) 

Goldsmid,  Sir  F.,  explorer,  10932. 

,  Sir  Francis  H.,  lawyer,  9471;  fnds. 

Jewish  Infant  School,  9503. 

,  Isaac  Lvon,  made  baronet,  9512. 

Goldsmith,  Oliver,  b.,  9081;  works,  9163, 
9192;  d.,  9191;  statue,  9662. 

Goldsmiths'  Co.  formed,  London,  8573. 

Goldstuoker,  Theodor,  b.,  8122;  d.,  8281 . 


Goldsworthy,  Roger  T.,  gov,,  5643. 

Goldzier,  Julius,  t>.,  1741 . 

Golembeski,  Jean,  d.,  7302. 

Goliatli  of  Gath  killed  by  David,  11421 . 

Gollhein,  battle  of,  7821 . 

Golovnin,  Vasilli  Mikhailovitch,  b.,  11162; 

d.,  11163. 
Goltniark,  Karl,  b.,  5202. 
Goltz,  Hermann  von  der,  b.,  8143. 
Goluchowiski,  gov.  of  Galicia,  5272. 
Gomarios,  leader  Gr.  insurrection,  10353. 
Gomarus,  Francis,  b.-d.,  10983. 
Gombauld,  Jean  O.,  b.,  6823;  works,  6872; 

d.,  6903. 
Gomberville,  Marin  le  Roy  de,  b.  (160O) ; 

works,  6872,  6903;  d.  (1674). 
Gomez,  Estevan,  b.-d.,  IIO92  ;  explorer, 

191 ,  6701 . 

,  Lorenzo  de,  discoverer,  551 1 . 

Gomorists,    dissensions  with  Arminians, 

11011. 
Gomorrah  and  Sodom,  destroyed,  11403. 
Gomot,  M.,  minister,  7552. 
Gompers,  Sain.,Pres.  Am.  Fed.  Labor,4462. 
Gomperz,  Theodor,  b.,  8142. 
Goncalvez  Diaz,  Antonio,  b.-d.,  5542. 
Goncourt,  de,  French  Society,  7582. 
Gonda  Gouddl,  battle,  21 . 
Gondesa,  action  at,  11321 . 
Gondicar,  converted  to  Christianity,  6631 , 
Gondola,  Giovanna,  b.,  6102;  d.,  5123. 
Gongaza,  Eleonora  de.  Star  of  Cross,  6131 . 
Gongora,  Luis  de,  Comedies,  11292. 

y  Argote,  Luis,  b.-<i.,  11282. 

Gondi,  Jean  Francois  Paul  de  (Cardinal 

de  Retz),  b.  (1614) ;  works,  6911,  (i883;  d. 

(1679). 
Gondwana  mission,  10483. 
Gonin,  Joachim  H.,  cons,  bp.,  9603. 
Gonjon,  Jean,  b.,  G8O2. 
Gontault,  Charles  de,  conspires   against 

Henry  IV.of  Fr.;  tried,  sentenced, 6873. 
Gonthier,  Johann,  b.,  7862;  d.,  7922. 
Gontran,  of  Burgundy,  d.,  6642. 
Gonville    Hall    College,    fnd.,  8583 ;    en- 
larged, 8723. 
Gonzaga,  Antonio  de  Guill  y,  gov.,  6053. 
,  Gen.   Ferdinand,  b.  (1506) ;  at  For- 

nova,  6782;  d.  (1557). 

,  Thomas  Antonio,  b.-<l.,  5542. 

Gonzagas  family  rules  in  Mantua,  1077*. 
Gonzago  College,  Ky.,  org.,  1311. 
GonzAlez,  Juanti.,  elected  pres.,  11603. 

,  Gen.,  pres.  San  Salvador,  112;i2. 

,  Gen.  Ramon,  defeats  Indians,  5602. 

,  Manuel,  b.-d.,  10962;  president,  10971. 

Gooch,  Daniel,  b.  (1816) ;  knighted,  9691; 

d.,  10001. 
— ,  Sir  W.,  b.  (1681)  ;  gov.,  613;  d.  (1751). 
Good  Xeu's  launched,  10941. 
Good,  John  Mason,  b,,  9162;  d.,  9423. 

Government  Conference,  Phila.,4602, 

Parliament  rules,  Eng.,  8593. 

Roads  Conveu.,  Asbury  Park,  4642. 

Templars.  (See  Independent  Order  of.) 

Goodall,  Frederick,  b.,  9403. 
Goode,  Bernard,  in  P.  O  Dcpt.,  4472. 

,  George  Brown,  b.,  1682 

,  William,  b.  (1800);  d.,  2661 . 

Goodel,  William,  b.,  1362;  d.  (1867). 
Goodell,  David  H.,  gov.  N.  H.,  3492. 

,  Lavinia,  rejected  Wis.  Bar,  2911, 

Gooderham,  Wm.,  d.,  5893. 
Goodnight,  Isaac  H.,  b.,  I66I . 
Goodrich,  Chauncey  Allen,  b.,  1022  ; 

vises  Webster's  Die,  1863;  d.,  1861. 

, ,  clergyman,  d.,  2002. 

— ,  Elizur,  b.,  622;  d.  (1797). 

,  Sam.  Griswold,  b.,  10»2;  d.  (1860). 

,  Thomas,  b.  (1480) ;  keeper  of  seal ; 

high  chancellor,  8712;  d.  (1554). 
Goodsel,  Daniel  A.,  elected  bp.,  3302. 

,  Dr.,  mission  at  Constantinople,  11563. 

Goollwin,  Harvey,  cons,  bp.,  9663 ;  d.,  10062. 
,  Ichabod,  b.  (1796) ;  gov.  N.  H.,  1871 ; 

d.    1882). 

,  John  A.,  gov.  Ariz.,  2292. 

,  Nat.  C,  b.,  1801. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  8762;  d.,9842. 

,  William  Watson,  b.,  1382. 

GoodwofMl,  Eng.,  races  started,  9313. 
Goodyear,  Chas.,  b.,  1082  ;   patents  vul- 
canized rubber„150i ;  d.,  1902. 
,  W.  H.,   Roman   and   Medieval  Art, 

4783. 
Gookin,  Charles,  gov.  Pa.,  573. 
,  Daniel,  b.  (1612) ;  in  Worcester,  Mass., 

433;  d.  (1687). 
Goorkhas,  war  against,  6I6I ,  9361 . 


re- 


1268 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Supetior  Figures  indicate  Column.  Goor-Grah. 


Goorneh,  miSBion,  657'. 
Goossens,  archbp.,  cons,  cardinal,  646' . 
Gootv,  Madras  mission,  1(M7'. 
Goppert,  Heinrich  B.,  b.,  807' ;  d.,  8302. 
Gorakhpur,  Sepoy  rebellion,  1048' ;  mis- 
sion, 1(M83. 
Oorbodw,  first  tragedy,  872' . 
Gorce,  M.  de  la,  Hecond  Empire,  7C0' . 
Gordianus    I.,    Marcus    Antonius,    b.-d., 
10642;  revolts,  10053 ;  reigns,  10293, 10653; 
commits  suicide,  10053.  ,„„., 

II.,  Marcus  Aiitoiiius,    b.-d.,  lOOi*  ; 

reigns,  10293  ;  appointed  coregent ; 
liilled,  10053.  .        „.        ^  ., 

III.     Marcus   Antonius    Pius,  b.-d., 

10642;  reigns,  10293, 1067' ;  defeats  Per- 
sians, 1066' . 
Gordon,  Sir  Alexander  H.,  d.,  10022. 

,  Andrew,  electrical  cylinder,  9102. 

,  Arthur    Hamilton,    b.    (1829)  ;    gov. 

Can.,  5792  ;  gov.  India,  1049' . 

,  Charles  George,  b.,  9402;  org.  Chinese 

army,  6202;  meets  Li  Hung  Chang,  622' ; 
at  Kintang  ;  Sooshoo  ;  Chaugchow  ;  Nan- 
king. 6202;  resigns,  002' ;  in  Sudan,  &>82, 
6593,600' ;  gov.  in  Egy., 659' ;  killed, 6602, 
994';  statues,  998'. 

,  Col.,  in  duel,  923'. 

,  David  S.,  commissioned  colonel,400' . 

,  Duke  of,  title  created,  8932. 

George,  I^ord,  b.,  9122  ;    fanatic    in 

H.  C,  9213;  riots  ;  prisoner,  d.,9212. 

Hamilton,    E.  of  Aberdeen,  b., 

9223  ;  minister,  9433,  9473,  9512;  admin- 
istration, 959'  ;  d.,  9642.  ,      ,  „      . 

Henry,  b.,  1322  ;  south  of  Eapi- 

da'n,  232' ;  captures  Fort  Stoadman,2442; 
at  Petersburg,  2443  ;  at  Amelia  Court- 
House,  245' . 

M.    (See  Bvron,  Lord.) 

'  Gen.,  killed  at  Yellow  Tavern,  233' . 

,  killed  at  Winchester,  2382. 

J.  E.  H.,  dynan.o  machine,  990' . 

,  J.  H.,  memorial  to,  0003. 

,  John  B.,  b.,  140' ;  gov.  Ga.,  3252 

Campbell  Hamilton,  E.  of  Aber- 
deen, b.  (1847)  ;   lord-lieut.,  995';  gov.- 
gen.  Can.,  5952,  10112. 
— ^,  Julien,  Siwcfxifu.!  Man,  3962. 

^  J.  Wright,  gov.  Mich.,  1552. 

\  Lord,  created  peer  for  life,  9813. 

,  Nathaniel,  slaver,  hanged,  2052. 

,  Patrick,  b.  (1635)  ;  gov.,  613  ;  d.  (1699). 

Wm.,  cons.  K.  C.  bp.,  10042. 

,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  9372. 

Gumming,  Constance  F.,  b.,  9482. 

,  Sir  Win.,  Chief,  Highland  Asso., 

3833  ;  married  ;  bacar.lt  scandal,  10063. 
Goriloiiia,  asteroid,  discovered,  760' . 
Gore,  Catherine   Grace    Frances  Moody, 
b.,  9283;  d.,  9612. 

,  Christopher,    b.   (1758),    gov.   Mass., 

1172;  d.  (1827). 

,  Francis,  ^ov.  Can.,  5772,  3. 

,  John,  chief  justice,  9172. 

GorAe  recovered  by  Fr.,  7053. 
Gorgas,  Josiah,  b.,  1262;  d.  (1883). 

, .editor,  1422. 

Gorgasus  decorates  temples,  10502. 
Oorqeom  Galleri/  nf  Gallant  /»iien<ioM,875' . 
Gorges,  Sir  Ferdinaiido,  b.  (1505+) ;  ettort 
in  Mms.,  292;  in  N.H.,  31' ;  gov.,  352;  d. 

Gorgeyl  Arthur,  b., 5202;  at  Godollo,  5222; 
surrenders,  5223;  treachery,  5232. 

Gorgias,  b.-d.,  1019' ;  at  Ashdod,  1148' . 

Gorm  the  Old,  persecutes  Christians  ;  en- 
throned ;  enlarges  kingdom,  6352. 

Gorman,  Arthur  P.,b.,  1502;  attacks  pres., 
467' ;  nominated  for  pres.,  4092  ;  resolu- 
tion, 427'.  ,    „.  . 

,  Jolm  Berry,  b.  (1793);  d.,  Ml' . 

,  J.  S.,  b.,  168' . 

,  Willis  Arnold,  b.  (1814);  gov.  Minn., 

1751 ;  d.  (1876). 

Gormanston,  Baron,  title  created,  965' . 

Gormanstown,  Vise,  gov.  Guiana,  10393. 

Gornii  Dubnik,  battle  at,  560' . 

Gorres,  Jakob  Joseph  von,  b.,  804' ;  work, 
d.,  8162. 

Gorringe,  Henry  Honeyohurch,  b.  (1841) ; 
d.,  3202. 

Gorsianus  I.,  defeated,  1066' . 

Gorst,  John  E.,  minister,  9933. 

Gort,  Viscount,  title  created,  9372. 

Gortmanston,  Vise,  of,  title  created,  8643. 

Gorton,  David  AUyn,  Mnnism  nf  Mm,  4783. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  262  ;  heretic,  342  ;  ex- 
pelled, 362  ;    gov.  K.I.,  392  ;  d.,  463. 


Gortschakotf,  Alexander,  b.,  11162 ;  at 
Cong,  of  Berlin,  831';  prime  minister, 
11192  ■  chancellor,  11193  ;  d.,  1120' . 

,  Michael,  b.,  11162  ;  d.,  11182. 

Goschen,  George  Joachim,  b.,  9442  ;  min- 
ister, 973' ,  9972  ;  education  grant,  10072 ; 
protection  scheme,  659' ;  L.  admiralty, 
9753;  on  Grand  Commission  9912 

Gosford,  Earl,  title  created,  931'. 

,  Karl  of,  gov.-gen.;  offers  reward,5792. 

Goshen,  Ind.,  train  robbers,  4443. 

mission.  Cape  Colony,  5983. 

Gosnold,  Barth.,  iji  Mass.,  26' ,  27' ;  d.,  262. 

Gospel  Magazine,  London,  issued,  917' . 

Gosport,  Va.,  navy-yard  burned,  902,  207' . 

Goss,  Wm.  H.,  B.C.  archbp..  Ore.,  3202. 

,  W.  S.,  murder  of,  287' . 

Gosse,  Edmund  William,  b.,  9542. 

,  Philip  Henry  b.  (1810) ;  d.,  9982. 

Gossler,  von,  minister,  hospital  gift,  8343; 
anti-clerical,  835' ;  resigns,  8353. 

Gossner  Miss.  Society,  confirmed,  8162. 

Gosson,  Step.,  b.(1554);  work, 875' ;  d.(1623). 

Got,  Fraufois  Jules  Edmoud,  b.,  7242. 

Goteborg,  missionary  Boc.  org.,  1130' . 

Gotefend,  George  F.,  d.,  820' . 

Gothic  architecture  in  England,  8392, 8442, 
8402,854'. 

language  displaced,  11252. 

Soc!  of  Stockholm,  flid.,  11362. 

Goths,  war  with  Bomans,  502' ;  in  Dacia, 
1064' ,  10052  ;  Bomans  pay  tribute,  10653; 
invade  Woman  empire,  1064' ,  1066' ;  rav- 
age Ger.;  in  Asia  51.,  1060' ;  invade  Ger., 
7M';  destroy  Greece,  10282;  take  Athens, 
1066',  10293;  defeated  at  Naissus,  10522; 
in  Greece,  1028' ,  2;  defeat  Valeus,  10282; 
Bom.  citizen8,10293;pe.ace  with  Bomans; 
war  with  Koine,  1068',  1070';  in  Sp., 
1125' ,  3  ;  settle  in  Mffisia,  7092  ;  revolt, 
10693  ;  female  contempt  for  men,  7703  ; 
revolt ;  defeat  Aetius  ;  defeated,  1070' ; 


revolt ;  ueioai.  .rwcuun  ,  vtv^i%/«.^v-v., 

expelled,  Hung.,503' ;  West  Goths, under 
Witteric,  Gundemar,  7712 ;  invade  Sicily, 
1030'.;  in  Italy,  10693;  destroy  Milan  ; 
Narses  defeats,  10702  ;  East  kingdom 
falls  ;  against  Swedes,  1134' ,  1135' . 
Gott,  .lolin,  consecrated  bp.,  10002. 
Gottfried  of  Ghemen,  collection  of  prov- 
erbs, sets  up  press,  0363. 

of  Strasburg,  Tristan  and  Isolde,  7783. 

Gottingen,  Prus.,  ZeUungen  von  gelehrte 
Sachsen,  issued,  801 ' ;  1st  telegraph,  814' . 
,  Univ.  of,  est.,  801' ;  Bismarck  a  stu- 
dent, 815' ;  banishes  professors,  8152. 
Gottschalk,  the  monk,  b.-d.,  7722  ;  con- 
demned, 6662. 

,  Louis  Moreau,  b.,  1302  ;  d.,  268' . 

GottscUall,  Budolph,  b.,  8122;  works,  8163, 

8183,  8303,  8302. 
Gottsched,  Johann,  b.,  7983  ;  works,  8003, 

801';  d.,  8023. 
Gotz,  Hermann,  b.,  8143  ;  d.,  8282. 

,  Johann  Nicolaus,  b.  (1721) ;  translates 

Anmreon,  801' ;  d.  (1781). 
Goutt'<5,  murderer,  confesses,  7003. 
Gougeard,  M.,  minister,  7532. 
Gougli,  Viscount,  title  created,  951'. 

Viscount  Hugh,  b.,  9203  ;  at  Jelala- 

b.ad,  6' ;  defeats  Sikhs,  1046' ,  2;  at  Can- 
ton, 0102  :  d.,  9722. 

John  BarthoUiinew,  b.,1262 ;  reforms, 

155' ;  lectures,  157'  ,983' ;  ensnared,  159' ; 
iuEng.,  959';  d.,3222. 
Goujon,  John,  b.  (1.515±);  d.,  6823 
Gourko,  Joseph  Vladimirovitch,  b.,  11163. 
Goulard,  de  M'.,  minister,  747'  ,3. 
Goulburn,  Australia,  diocese  est.,  4903. 

,  jf.  S.  W.,  see  est.,  9583. 

,  Bp.  Chambers  cons.,  10082. 

;  Henry,  b.  (1784) ;  minister,  9433  ;  d. 

(iss*)-  ^    „,.. 

Gould,  Augustus  A.,  b.,  1122  ;  d.,  ^'  ■ 

,  Benjamin  Apthorp,  b.,  98' ;  d.,  1842. 

, ,  Jr.,  b.  132' . 

Edwin,  money  demanded  from,  4422. 

,  George  JI.,  works,  4482,  4782. 

,  Hannah  Flagg.  b.,  100' ;  d.,  248' . 

,  Helen,  arrest  for  annoying,  3983. 

,  Jay,  b.,  1402 ;  and  Erie  Bing  panic, 

2673  ;  settles  with  Erie  Co.,  2793  ;  jury 
duty,  301';  life  threatened,  3983;  d., 
418' ;  will,  419' ;  inheritance  tax,  4323  ; 
estate  taxed,  4753. 

,  ,Iohn,  b.,  9323  ;  Birds,  9663  ;  d.,  9882. 

Goulding.  Wm.,  land  grant  in  N.  J-,  432. 

Gounod,  Charles  Fran<;ois,  b.,  7223  ;  Faust 
played,  7342;  d.,  700'. 

Goupll,  M.,  system  of  photogravure,  764' . 


Gourgaud,  Baron  Gaspard,  b.,  705' ;  d., 

7322. 
Gourgues,  Dominic  Chevalier  de,  b.  (1530); 

vengeance,  24' ,  25' ;  d.  (l!-)93). 
Gourko,  Gen.  Vladimirovitch,  b.  (1828) ;  in 
Buinelia;  atTirnova,505' ;  at  Sofia,  5«1' . 
Gournay,  Maria  le  Jars  de,b.,0822 ;  d.,0883. 
Gousla,  Peter  de,  fnds.  monastery,  8502. 
Gout,  Balph,  Pedometer,  9282. 
Gouvea,  Antonio  de,  b.-d.,  11092. 
Gouvion-Salnt-Cyr,   Laurent,  in    Naples, 

714'. 
Gouvy,  Thfodore,  b.,  7242. 
Gou  Wang,  enthroned,  613' . 
Govan,  Scot.,  Maglcienne  launched,  998' . 
Government  Land  Loan  Bill,  4003. 
Governor  Fenner  run  down,  9513. 
Governors  of  U.S.  A.    (See  each  State,  at 
the  close  of  each  year.) 

,  Congress  of  Colonial,  713. 

,  in  convention,  D.  C,  349' . 

,  meeting  of  loyal,  2133. 

,  war,  of  U.  S.  A.,  2032. 

Govinda,  Singh,  b.-d.,  10443. 
Gowan,  O.  B.,  b.,  9302. 
Gowen,  Maria.    (See  Brooks.) 
Gower,  Earl,  minister,  9233. 

,  John,  b.,  8502;  works,  8003;  d.,  8602. 

Gowrie,  E.  of.    (See  Kuthveii,  William, 

and  Buthven,  John.) 
Goyaz,  gold-mines,  5523. 
Goyeneche,  Gen,  Jo8(5  Manuel,  b.  (1775)  ; 

defeated,  550' ;  d.  (1846). 
Gozlan,  Leon,  b.,7163;  d.,  7362. 
Gozo,  Bp.  Pace  cons.,  9822. 
Gozzi,  Carlo,  works,  1085' ;  d.,  10843. 

,  Count  Gasparo,  b.,  1083' ;  d.  (1786). 

Graaf,  Beguier  van,  b.-d.,  11003. 

,  Beinet,  mission,  6982. 

Qraat,  Barnet,  b.-d.,  11003. 

Grabbe,    Cliristian    Dietrich,    b.    (1801); 

works,  815';  d.  (1836). 
Grab  Bill,  passes,  2812  ;  repealed,  285'.     | 
Grabowski,  Ambrose,  b.,  11103;  d.,1118». 
Gracchanus,  M.  Junius,  d.,  10563. 
Gracchus,  Caius,  against  senate;  tribune, 
1057' ;  new  roads  ;  second  election  ;  fa- 
vors citizenship  of  Kome;  killed,  10572. 

,  Tiberius    Sempronius,    b.-il.,  10552  ; 

commander,    ia542;    murders  Capuaus, 
10552;    laws    for  poor,   10503;    tribune, 
leads  disturbances  ;  reelection,  1057'. 
Grace,  Edict  of,  6892 


I 


of  God,  Eng.  king  assumes,  8622. 

,  Wm.  B.,  mayor  N.  Y.,  3092,  3212. 

Gracian.Baltasar ,b.-d., 11283;  works,10572. 
Grady,  Benjamin  F.,  b.,  1382. 

,  Henry  Woodfen,  b.  (1851);  Ketr  South, 

3503;  illness,  2482;  d.,348';  mon't,394'. 
GriBCUS,  Marcus,  makes  gunpowder,  1072' . 
Gricvius  Johann  Georg,  b.  (1032);  works, 

799',  8003;  d.  (1703). 
Grafe,  Albrecht  von,  b.,  1362;  d.,  8262. 

,  Karl  F.  von,  b.,  8043;  d.,  8143. 

Grafeuberg,  Wirent  von,  works,  7783. 
Grafton,  N.  S.  W.,  diocese  est.,  498' . 
,  W-  Va.,  Federals  enter,  196' ;  action 

near,  198' . 
Grnftnn  launched,  1008' . 

',  Bp.  Doyle  c<ms.,  9962. 

,  Bp.  Green  cons.,  1012' . 

,  Charles  C,  cons.  P.  E.  Bp.,  3383. 

,  I),  of,  title  created,  8932. 

,  D.  of.  (See  Fitzroy,  Henry,  and  Fita- 

roy,  Augustus  Henry.) 
Gragn,  Mohammed,  snot,  1' . 
Graham,  Dr.,  murders  Col.  Lorlng,  1743. 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  905' . 

,  A.,  discovers  planet,  954'. 

,  C,  suspended,  9973. 

,  Carlisle  D.,  in  Niagara  Bapids,  3253. 

,  Chas.  Kinnaird,  b.  (1824):  d.,  132'. 

,  Gen.  Gerard,  in  Sudan,  6582,  660' ;  »t 

El-Teb;   at  Tamanieb,  600' ;  at  Barosa, 

718' ;  at  San  Sebastian,  720' ;    at  Gna- 

tong,  Asia,  998' . 
.  George,  b.,  894' ;    pendulum  clock, 

906' ;  deadbeat ;  escapements  ;  watches, 

900';  d.  (17,51). 

, R.,  b.  (1813) ;  publisher,  d.,  464'. 

,  James  Bobert  George,  Sir,  b.  (L92) ; 

minister,  9452,  9512,  9592  ;  Labor  Hours 

Bill,  9532  ;  resigns,  961' ;  d.  (1861). 
, ,  Marquis  of  Montrose,  b.,  8i»», 

org  army;  ravages  Scot. ;  retreats,  8842; 

plot,  8852  ;  captured  ;  executed,  8873. 
— —  John,  Vis.,  b.,  8843;    at  Drumclog, 

894' ;  at  Killiecrankie,  898' ;  for  Janie* 

II.,  8993;  d.,  8982. 


Grah-Grav. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


J  209 


Graham,  John  H.,  b.,  1442;  d.,  456*. 

,  Sir  Lumley,  d.,  10041 . 

,  Sir  Robert,  executed,  8632. 

,  Sylvester,  b.,  1042;  d.,  1(»2. 

,  Thouias,  b.,  93*23;  a.,  97*J2. 

,  W.,  counsel  fur  TimeSy\)\)'J3. 

.  William  Alex.,  b.,  1121;  gov.  N.  C, 

1611;  sec.  navy,  1672;  nom.  for  vice- 
pres.,  1711;  vote,  1732;  d.,  2881. 

, M.,  commissioned  col.,  3841 . 

Grahame,  James,  b.,  9162;  d.,  935i . 

Graham's  Town,  C.  Colony.  attacked,597i ; 
ravaged;  mission  coll.,  59Si ;  S.  Af.  Ju- 
bilee exhibition,  6033;  bishopric  est., 
9543;  Bp.  Webb  cons.,  9862. 

Graham's  Magazine,  appears,  1543. 

Grain,  binders,  reward  for,  3481 ;  crops 
larye,  3033;  Ger.  duty  removed,  3933. 

<lriU,  patented,  1521. 

,  elevator  companies  combine,  3393. 

Graindor,  de  Douai,  La  Chajtson,67l^ . 

Graitis  receives  Christian  baptism,  7682. 

Gram,  Johan,  or  Hans,  b.,  6363;  d.,  6381. 

,  Dr.,  homeopathist,  1321. 

,  Judge,  arbitrator,  4252,  7612. 

Oramatica  de  la  Lengua  Castetana  ap- 
pears, 11303. 

Grarable,  Eliza  Burt,  work,  4791 . 

Grammaticus,  Galfridus,  work,  8623. 

,  Saxo,  Gesta  Danorum,  6363. 

Grammont,  Belg.,  riots,  5481 . 

,  Comte  de,  Philibert,  b.,  6863 ;  d.,  6963. 

,  Due  de,  Antoine  Agenor  Alfred,  b., 

7223;  at  Dettingen,  7001;  kills  Dillon, 
7351 ;  foreign  minister,  7392,3;  d.,  7522. 

Gramophone  invention  announced,  3281. 

Grampians,  battle  of,  8391 . 

Gran,  Hungary,  actional,  5222. 

,  Daniel,  d.,5143. 

,  Luis  de,  arrival,  5531 . 

Granada,  Nicaragua,  fnd.,  6283;  11031 ; 
taken,  IIO32. 

,  Sp.,  taken,  11262;  conquered,  11273; 

newspaper  in,  11292;  treaty  at,  6793; 
eartlujuakes,  11302;  cholera,  11323. 

,  Luis  de,  works,  11291 . 

Granadine  Confederation,  fmd.,  6291 . 

Granados,  Garcia,  invades  Gaut.,  103i,  3. 

Granard,  Baron,  title  created,  9311 ;  E.  of^ 
title  created,  8943. 

Graiiby,  Marquis  of.  (See  Manners,  John.) 

Grand  Cailon,  Ariz.,  mjld  found,  3561 . 

Coteau,  La.,  St.  Charles  Coll.est.,1483. 

Ecore,  La.,  Gen.  Banks  at,  231 1 ;  Por- 

terjoins  Banks,  fleet  imperiled,  2321 . 

Forks,  N.  Dak.,  Pacific  K.  K.  begun, 

2T73;  Univ.  of  North  Dak.  org.,  3183. 

Gulf,  Miss.,  naval  battle,  221 1 ;  evac- 
uated, 2212;  confeds.  defeated,  23';2. 

Haven,  Mich.,  Sunday  closing,  4723. 

Island,  Neb.,  Soldiers'  Home    opd., 

3303;  R.  li,  wreck,  4173,  4193. 

Grand  Junction,  Colo.,  gas-well,  4401 . 

,  Tenn.,  Grant's  army  at,  215* . 

Lake,  La.,  boats  destroyed,  2363. 

— —  Metis,  earthqujike,  5861 . 

Prairie,  Mo.,  action  at,  2143. 

Pr6,  N.  S.,  Col.  Noble  at,  66I. 

Rapids^Mich.,  R.  C.  diocese  est.,  3102; 

Soldiers'  Homo  est.,  3251;  flre,  3593; 
riotous  strikers,  3852, 3863. 

,  Gaston  le,  duel,  7603. 

Pierre,  Jean  Henry,  b.,  7142;  d.,7482. 

,  Sarah,  Heavenly  twins,  10103. 

Alliance,    fmd.,    5133,    6a%2.    H293; 

Second  fmd.,  6953,  9032. 

Army  of  the  Republic,  first  post  org., 

K22;  institutes  Decoration  Day,  2621; 
encampment  meets,  2523,2551 ,2(>ri3,269i , 
2723,  2743,  2811,  2831,  2872,  2883,  2943, 
2972,  3011,  .'J032,  3043,  3072,  3103,  3151, 
3172,  3203,  3343,  3271,  3303,  3GG2,  3891, 
4143,4363,  4703;  flags  for  schools,  ^463, 
3601 ;  app.  amendment,  4052. 

Chancellor,  office  restored,  Ger.,  7811 . 

Committee,  G.  B.,  first  meeting,  9912. 

Council  of  Eunuchs  created,  6152. 

Junction  Canal  England,  commenced, 

9173,  ' 

Remonstrance,  Eng.,  8852. 

River  Coll.,  Mo.,  fnd.,  1683. 

Traverse  Coll.,  Mich.,  org.,  2232. 

-Trunk  R.  R.,  commenced;  opd.,  5813; 

Sunday  freight,  5873. 

Grandin,  Vitalis  J.,  cons,  bp.,  5002,  5322. 

Grandison,  Viscount  of,  title  created,881i . 

Grandmoutines  established.  C683, 

Granet,  Etienne  A.  F.,  minister,  755,  a,». 

Grange.    (See  National  Grange.) 


Granger,  Francis,  b.(1787);  electoral  votes, 
1472;  p,  m.  gen.,  1532;  d.,  2622. 

,  Gideon,   b.,    74i ;     p.  m.  gen.,  III2, 

1171;  d.,  1302. 

,  Gordon,  b.  (1821);  at  Shepherdsville, 

2132;  at  Franklin,  2202;  at  Ft.  Gaines, 
2371 ;  at  Ft.  Morgan,  2372  ;  Mobile  sur- 
renders to,  2461 ;  d.,  2902. 

Oranifua  captures  George  Little^  1223. 

,  battle  of,  10241. 

Granier  de  Cassagnac,  Adolphe  Bernard, 
b.,  7163;  d.,  7522. 

,  Paul  Adolphe  Marie  Prosper  de, 

b.,  7283. 

Granite  veins  experimented  on,  9222. 

Granprfe,  M.  de,  balloon  ascension,  7162. 

Granson,  battle,  6781 ,  78GI ;  massacre,  786i . 

Grant,  Sir  Alexander,  b.,  9422;  d.  (1884). 

,  Anne  Mc Vicar,  b.,  9123;  d.,  9482. 

Capt.,  surveyor,  Australia,  4941. 

,  Charles,  b.  (1746);  minister,  W72;  d. 

(1823). 

,  Sir  Francis,  b.,  9323;  pres.  Royal  So- 
ciety, 9681;  d.,  982*. 

,  Frederick  Dent,  b.  (1850);    minister, 

3512;  in  Aust.,  5331. 

,  Hugh  J.,  mayor  N.   Y.,  3332,  3712, 

475 1 ;  appoints  school  commissioners, 
3482*  removal  of  telegraph  poles,  3813; 
Sunday  opening,  3903. 

,  Gen.  James,  n.(  1720) ;  defeats  Indians, 

721 ;  at  Valley  Forge,  88z  ;  d.,  1806. 

, ,  novelist,  b.,  9323;  a.  (1879). 

, ,  novelist,  b.,  9403;  d.,  9962. 

, B.,  inaug.  gov.,  3152. 

, Augustus,   b.,  9423  ;   iu  Africa, 

5603;  d.,  10081. 

.  Sir  James  Hope,  b.  (1808) ;  com- 
mander, 6201 ;  iji  Sepoy  rebellion,  10481 ; 
in  Jorway  pass,  10482;  d.,  9802. 

,  John,  mayor  of  Victoria,  5863. 

,  Lewis  A.,b.  (1820);  in  war  dept.,  3512. 

.  Sir  Patrick,  fiohl  marshal,  9921. 

,  Principal,  moderator,  5862. 

— ~,  Robert  Edmund,  b.,  9262. 

.  Ulysses    Simpson,    b.,    1302  ;    enters 

West  "Point,  1501 ;  graduates.  154i;  in 
La.,  1581;  under  Taylor,  1602;  in  Mex.; 
Ist  Lieut.,  1622;  marries,  1643;  in  Ore., 
1701 ;  capt.,  1721 ;  resigns  commission, 
1761,3;  in  leather  business,  17.53;  a  citi- 
zen of  Galena,  111.,  187i ;  returns  to  army 
life.  1942;  commands  in  Mo.;  enters  Ky., 
1982;  commands  camp,  1942;  brig.-gen. 
of  vols.,  1643;  commissioned  col.,  1961; 
expedition  leaves,  1982;  gunboat  expedi- 
tion; leaves  Cairo,  2022;  at  Belmont.Mo., 
2002;  takes  Ft.  Henry,  2022;  invests  Ft. 
Donelson;  raaj.-gen.,  1^1 ;  removed  from 
command,  2042;  resumes  command;  in 
Tenn.,  2051 ;  at  Shiloh,206i ;  superseded 
by  Halleck,  2062;  defended  in  Cong., 
2073;  besieges  Vicksburg,  2081,  2143; 
near  Grand  Junction,  2151 ;  traverses 
Miss.;  at  Holly  Springs,  2161 ;  march  on 
Vicksburg,  2163;  at  Young's  Point,  2182; 
at  Port  Gioson,  2211 ;  atCiiampion's  Hill; 
at  Black  River,  222i ;  Vicksburg  cam- 
paign, 2222;  fires  mine,  2231 ;  Vicksburg 
surrenders,  2242;  command  of  western 
armies  ;  at  Nashville  ;  at  Chattanooga, 
2271,  2282;  at  Missionary  Ridge;  at 
Nashville,  2282;  medal  for,  2283;  goes 
to  Wasliington,  2;J02;  ]5th  commander- 
in-chief,  2303;  appt.  lieut.-gen.,  2302; 
visits  Army  of  Potomac  ;  at  Culpepper 
Court  Houae,2303;  campaign  in  Va.;  near 
Chancellorsvillo;  at  battle  of  Wilder- 
ness, 2322;  at  Spottsylvania,  2323;  at 
North  jVnna,  2332;  at  Pamunkey  River; 
at  Totopotomoy  River,  2341;  crosses 
Chickahominy,  2342;  at  Cold  Harbor; 
changes  base ;  crosses  James  River, 
2.341,  3;  gratitude  to,  2352;  threatens 
Richmond,  2371;  at  Strawberry  Plains 
and  Deep  Bottom  Run,  2372;  before 
Petersburg.  2392;  at  Hatcher's  Run  and 
Dabney's  Mills,  2421;  conf.  for  peace, 
2423;  plan  to  assassinate,  243 1;  grand 
advance,  2442;  takes  Petersburg;  takes 
Richmond,  245i ;  summons  to  surrender, 
2452;  Leo  surrenders,  2461;  meets  Sher- 
man at  Raleigh,  2462;  appt.  general-in- 
chief,  2521 ;  Stanton's  successor;  appt. 
set!,  war,  2591;  vacates  office;  control 
of  Southern  States,  261 1 ;  nom.  for  pres., 
2631 ;  '*  Let  us  have  peace,"  2<j;i2;  elected 
pres.,  2651;  vote,  2653;  inaugurated, 
2671 ;  receives  Pr.  Arthur,  269 1 ;  against 


Fenians,  2711 ,  2,  3;  proclamation  against 
Kuklux,  2733;  Message  on  annexation, 
2751 ;  renom.  for  pres.;  assailed,  2791; 
popular  vote,  2792;  electoral  vote,  2812; 
inaugural  address,  2811,  enters  office; 
against  disorderly  bands,  2832;  declines 
third  term,  2892,  2931 ;  recommends 
nonsectarian  and  conipulsorv  education, 
2893;  vetoes  Salary  Bill,  2913;  journey 
round  the  world,  '-^51 ;  banquet  in  New 
York  ;  at  San  Francisco,  3031 ;  nom.  for 
pres.  candidate;  vote  for,  3043,  305'; 
pensioned,  321 1;  in  Glasgow,  98.'i3;  at 
Shanghai,  7341 ;  Cubans  not  rectignized, 
6331;  d.,  3202;  funeral  obsequies,  3213; 
monument  completed,  3501,  2593;  statue 
at  Chicago  ;  at  Wjish.,  ,3592,  3,  3972  ;  at 
Galena,  3841,  3501,  3921;  removal  to 
Riverside,  373i,  2. 
Grant  Monument  Asso.,  N.Y.,  Pres. Porter 
elected,  4022;  chooses  design,  368i ;  fund, 
3802  3953;  Appropriation  Funtt  Bill, 
4031 ;  corner-stone  laid,  4041 ;  fund  com- 
plete'd,  4093. 

and  Lee  Monument  Asso.,  org.,  3611 . 

,  Tenn.   University  org.  2543. 

Vronlca  de  Espana  appears,  11271. 

■-  de  los  Coiwutridores,  11271. 

Grantham,  statue  of  Newton,  9621 . 
,  Lord,  minister,  9231 . 

,  Richard  B.,  d.,  10062. 

Grantley,  Baron,  title  created,  9212. 
Grant's  Creek,  N.  C,  stores  captured,  2462. 
Grantsburg,  Wis.,  forest  fires,  4733. 
Granvella,  archbishop  of  Mechlin,  10983, 
Granvelle,  Cardinal  de  (Antoine  de  Perre- 

not),  b.-d.,  11282  ;  ruler  of  Neth.,  10992. 
Granville,  Can.,  Baptist  Asso.  org.,  577'. 
,  O.,  Denison  Univ.  org.  ;  Ladies'  Inst. 

fnd. ,  1403 ;  Shepardson  College  fnd., 3283. 

,  Earl  de,  title  created,  945i . 

,  Earl.    (See  Leveson-Gower;  Carteret, 

John.) 
— ,  Edward,  lord-lieutenant,  9573. 
- — ,  Geo., Bar.  Lansdowne,b.,8922;d.,9082. 
— — ,  Randulpli  de,  works,  8503 
Grao  Para,  independence,  5591 
Grape,  culture  of,  China,  GIO2. 
vine,  disease,   in  Fr.,  7373,7513;  re- 

intro.  in  Ger.,  7681 ;  immense,  9181 ;  in 

Madeira,  11003;  in  Portugal,  11113. 
Graphophone  invented,  328i . 
Grappler  burns,  3133,  9913. 
Grasmere,  Wordsworth  Society,  9862. 
Grasse,  Franvois  Jos. Paul  de, Marquis  de 

Gra«se-Tilly,  b.,  6982  ;    in  Chesapeake 

Bay,  942,  7041;  d.,  70G2. 
Grasshopper  pest,  2933  ;    in  West,  2853  ; 

in  Wis.,  4701 ;  troops  to  fight,  11201 , 
Grassniaun,  Hermann  Giinther,  b.,  8083; 

d.,8282. 

■ ,  Robert,  b.,  8103. 

Gratefeud,  F.,  embezzler,  4343. 

Gratian  (Gratinnus),  b.-d.,  10682  ;  reigns, 

10693  ;   massacre  of  Christians,  11543  j 

captured;  k.,  IO692. 

,  canonist,  b.,  10742. 

Gratianus,  Decretuvi  Grafiani,  10762. 
Gratry,    Auguste    Joseph    Alphonse,    b., 

7163;  d.,7461. 
Grattan,  Henry,  b.,  9122  ;  in  duel,  9292  ; 

Cath.  exclusion  motion,  9393  ■  iii  duel, 

9411;  d.,9402;  statue,  9801. 

■ ,  Thomas  Colley,  b.,  9283. 

Gratton,  Australia,  see  established,  9583. 
Gratz,  capital  of  Styria,  5073;  Jesuits  set- 
tle, 5103;  Univ.  fnd.,  5111;  strike,533l; 

students'  riots,  5362;  accident,  6373. 

,  Hirsch,  b.,  8121 . 

Graux,  Charles,  b.,  732*  ;  d..  752*. 
Grave,  The,  poem,  appears,  8463. 
Gravel,  Elphege,  cons,  bishop,  5842, 
Gravelines,Fr., French  defeat, 6821 ;  taken, 

6881,8721. 
Gravelly  Run,  Va.,  Federals  driven,  244», 
Gravelotte,  Ger.,  battle  of,  7401 , 
Graves,  mayor  of  Fitchburg,  guilty,  4042. 

,  Anson  R.,  cons.  P.  E.  bp.,  3502. 

,  Baron,  title  created.  9252, 

,  Charles,  cons,  bishop,  9962. 

,  F.  R.,  bishop  to  China,  4321 . 

,  John,  leader,  85i . 

,  Lord  Thomas,   b.   (1725) ;   in  Chosa- 

peake  Bay  ;  reenforcea,  942  ;  d.,  9003. 

,  T.  Thatcher,  3983. 

,  William  J.,  kills  Cilley,  149i . 

Gravesande,  WiUeni  Jakob  van  's.,  b.-d., 

11011. 
Graveseud,  Eng.,  cholera  panic,  10093. 


1270 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INJjiiX..        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Grav-Gref. 


Gravesend,  N.  Y., municipal  election,  455*, 

Gravier,  Jacques,  d.,  6963. 

Gravifere,  Jeanne  Pierre  Jurien  de  la,  Aca- 
demician, 7561. 

,  Adm.  de  la.    (See  De  la  Gravifere.) 

Grayina,  Ferderico,  Adm.,  b.  (1750);  at 
Trafalgar,  7161 ;  d.  (1806). 

,  Giovamii  Viucenzo,  b.,  10831  j  founds 

academy,  10833. 

Gravitation  disc,  80O2  ;  laws,  8941 . 

Gravitza,  entrenchments  seized,  5661 . 

Gravius,  Johann  G.,  b.,  7943  ;  d.,7983. 

Gray,  Fr.,  French  defeated,  7422. 

,  Alonzo,  b.  (1808)  ;  d.,  1861. 

Asa,  b.,  1162  ;  d.,3281 . 

Earl  de,  in  Joint  Commission,  2732  j 

minister,  9952. 

,  Elisha,  b.  (1835) ;  telephone,  2961 . 

,  Francis  Culley,  b.,  1022  ;  d.,  1781. 

,  George,  b.,  1522. 

— , Robert,  b.,  9343  ;  d.  (1872). 

, Zabrisltie,  b.  (1838)  ;  d.,  3422. 

,  Henry  Peters,  b.  (1819) ;  d.,  2961 . 

,  Horace,  b.,  1362  ;  justice,  3092. 

,  Isaac  Pusey,  b.  (1828) ;  gov.  Ind.,  3233 ; 

nom.  for  vice-pres.,4092  ;  minister,  4473. 

,  John  Edward,  b.,  9302  ;  d.  (1875). 

, Hamilton,  b.  (1814) ;  d.,  5881 . 

,  Robert,  b.,  71i ;  discoveries,  1021 ;  d., 

1122. 

, ,  b.  (1827) ;  cons,  bp.,  5972  ;  org. 

Church  of  S.  Africa,  5991 ;  d.,  6013. 

,  Stephen,  dis.  electrical  phenomena, 

9061 ;  Copley  medal,  9081 ;  d.  (1736). 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9062  ;  works,  9111,  9131, 

1117';  d.,9183, 

,  William  Crane,  cons,  bishop,  4201 . 

Grayer,  Gaspard  de,  d.,  5411 . 

Grayson,  Col.,  at  Hodgesvillo,  Ky.,  2001 . 

,  Wm.,  revolutionary  soldier,  d.,  1022. 

, ,  b.,  981 ;  gov.  (1839-11) ;  d.,  2622. 

, John,  b.,  1001 ;  d.,  2272. 

Grayville,  111.,  railroad  accident,  3153. 

(>raziani,  Francesco,  b.,  10862. 

Grazie,  Marie  Eugenie  della,  works,  8362. 

Greard,  Vallery  Clement  Octave,  Acade- 
mician, 7521 . 

Great  Britain  (see  text,  pp.  839-1013)  ;  de- 
clares war,  701 ;  postal  couven.  with 
U.  S.,  1652;  Am.  relations  strained,  1793; 
recognizes  Confederates  as  belligerents, 
1953;  rescinds  recogiiition,  9691;  treaty 
with  U.S.A.,  2093  ;  Fortune  Bay  settle- 
ment, 3112,  3122  ;  abolishes  slavery  in 
Guiana,  10393  ;  treaty  with  Korea,  10943; 
peace  with  Persia,  11083, 

Great  Canal,  Red  Sea  and  Nile,  6482±. 

Falls,  Mont.,  sun  dance  probib.,  4622. 

Lakes,  explored,  5722;  first  vessel  on, 

5733;  gales  m  1856, 1801 ;  through  vessel 
to  Europe,  1813. 

Marlow,  lioyal  Military  College,  9292; 

removed,  9371. 

Meadows,  Va.,  battle  at,  68i ,  6742. 

Namaqualand  (see  text.  West  Coast  of 

Africa);  made  Ger.  dependency,  11613. 

Salt  Lake  Valley,  surveyed,  1661 , 

Eastern,   launched,  9602  ;    at  N.  Y., 

1893 ;  pays  out  2<1  cable,  2493 ;  lays  cable, 
2533;  lays4th  cable,  2833  ;  lays  6th  cable, 
2853  ;  sails,  9641 ,  9693  ;  for  sale,  9893. 

Harry,  built,  8661 . 

Northern,  largest  wheat  cargo,  4352. 

Queensland,  ssiils  ;  disappears,  9813. 

Republic,  launched  ;  wrecked,  1733. 

Western,  sails,  1493, 9482,9493;  arrives 

in  N.  Y.,  1513. 

— —  "  Contract"  discussed,  Eng.,  8793. 

German  party,  formed,  8183. 

Northern  R.  R.  Am.,  finished,  4213. 

seal,  adopted  by  Congress,  953, 

,  Eng.,  8773. 

wall,  China,  6101 ,  2,  6142. 

Western  R.  R.,  Can.,  built,  6813, 1752. 

Greater  New  York.    (See  New  York.) 

Greatorex,  Eliza,  b.,  1282. 

Greatrix,  Valentine,  impostor,  8931 . 

Greaves,  John,  b.,  8781 ;  d.  (1652). 

Greban,  Arnoul,  works,  6783. 

Grecian,  architecture, revived,  88OI ;  cities, 
freedom  proclaimed,  10252;  empire,  pow- 
erful, 10333  (see  Greece) ;  frontier  ex- 
tended, 11573  ;  policy  condemned,  G.  B., 
9653  ;  republics  decay,  10233. 

Grecoli,  M^,  selects  cabinet,  5702. 

Greece  (see  text,  pp.  1013-37) ;  crown  of, 
accepted,  6412;  king  in  London,  9851 ;  in- 
dependence declared,  10553;  subjugated, 
1056' ;    Romans  return,  10563  ;    lUiman 


province,  10571 ;  Isthmian  games  re- 
vived, 10.583 ;  Romans  invade,  10601  ;Rom. 
province,  10633;  war  with  Persia,  IIO61 ; 
first  temples,  11483. 

Greek  alphabet  adapted  to  Slavonic,  5023. 

chronology  begins,  11442. 

church,  Cal.,  burned,  3402  ;  in  Egypt, 

4a5t ;  union  with  Eng.  ch.,  9063  ;  con- 
demns images,  10322;  independent,  10323, 
10742;  protected,  10351 ;  est.,  10663  ;  hb- 
erty_  questioned,  11573 ;  in  Georgia,  10682. 

citizens  in  Rome,  IO292. 

Danish  Missionary  Soc.  fmd.,  6403. 

Empire  est.,  10312;  falls,  10253. 

exarchs  govern  Italy,  10313,  10331 . 

tire  invented,  10333. 

M.S.,  Gospel  of  Peter,  found,  661 ' . 

slave  executed,  1.501 . 

Greeley,  Col.,  normal  school  est.,  3503 

,  Horace,  b.,  1162;  TVifrune, issued,  1523; 

in  N.  Y.  politics,  1652;  on  temperance, 
1711;  confers  with  Confederates,  2373  ; 
works,  2412,  2643  ;  surety  for  Jefferson 
Davis,  2562,  2573;  nom.  pres.,  2783;  pres. 
candidate  ;  pop.  vote,  2792  ;  d.,  2782  ; 
home  burned,  3553  ;  statue,  3681 ,  4601 . 

Greely,  Adolphus  W.  b.,  1562  ;  polar  ex- 
pedition, 3061,  3081,  3103;  search  for, 
3161;  rescue,  3162;  a  brig-gen.,  3261; 
American  Weather,  3323  ;  in  war  de- 
partment, 3512,  4472. 

Green  Bay,  Wis.,  firststeamer,  1293;  p.  E. 
missions,  1323  ;  Green  Bay  Intellif/enrer 
issued,  1423;  R.C.  diocese  est.,  264'2. 

Brier,  W.  Va.,  battle  of,  1983. 

Cape,  wreck,  4993. 

Island,  in  Ky.,  2892,  3692. 

Mountain,  la.,  first  Congregationalist 

Church  fmd.,  1483. 

River,  Ky.,  Confeds.  defeated,  2131 . 

Bridge,  Confeds.  repulsed,  2242. 

,  Chief  Justice,  women  officials,  3823. 

,  Andrew  H.,  bridge  committee,  3613. 

Green,  Arthur  Vincent,  bishop,  10121 . 

,  Ashbel,  b.  (1762) ;  moderator,  1323  ; 

d.  (1848). 

,  Berian,  b.  (1794) ;  pres.  Amer.  Anti- 
Slavery  Society,  143' ;  d.  (1874). 

,  Sir  Charles,  gov.  (juiana,  10392. 

,  Maj.  Henry,  aids  Khan,  5392. 

,  Hetty,  deeds  forged,  4123. 

,  Horace,  b.  (1802) ;  d.,  2541 . 

,  John,  introduces  seraphine,  9461 . 

, Richard,  b.,  9482  ;  works,  9791 ; 

d.  (1833). 

,  Mrs.  Lycott,  baccarat  scandal,  10063. 

,  Maj.  Malcolm,  aids  khan,  6392. 

,  Matt,  assault  by,  4343,4503. 

,  Maurice,  b.,  9002. 

,  Norvin,  b.,  1262  ;  d.,  424' . 

,  Oliver  I).,  commissioned  col.,  4001 . 

,  Robert  S.,  governor  N.  J.,  3293. 

,  Samuel  S.,  b.,  1162. 

,  Seth,  b.,  1262  ;  ,1.,  3262. 

,  Thomas,  b.  (1816) ;  at  Plymouth,2122; 

near  Grand  Ecore,  231 1;  d.  (1864). 

, Marshall,  Sp.  Conspiracy,  3982. 

,  Wm.  Henrv,  b.,  1322;  moderator,3S12. 

,  Sir  William  Kirby,  d.,  IOO42. 

, Mercer,  b.  (1798) ;  cons.  P.  E.  bp., 

1662;  d.,3261. 

and  Blue  factions,  confiict,  10311 . 

Bag,  inquiry, 9393;  sent  to  Pari., 9412. 

MountCemetery,Md.,  dedicated,  1513. 

Ribbon  Army,  prominent,  9903. 

Water  Lily,  society  est.,  6I71 . 

Greenback,  agitation,  2652;  Nat.  Conven. 
at  Indianapolis,  2931;  at  Chicago,  3051 . 

Greenburg,  Pa.,  railway  accident,  3933. 

Greenbush,  N.  Y.,  northern  army  at,  1182. 

Greencastle,  Ind.,  Asbury  Univ.  fnd  ;  De- 
Pauw  Univ.  fnd.,  1483  ;  school  of  the- 
ology org.,  3183  ;    McKim  Observatory 

Greene  Co.,  N.  C.,  White  Cap  outrage,  3643. 

,  A.  L.  P.,  d.,  2842. 

,  Col.  Christopher,  b.  (1737).;    at  Red 

Bank,  88' ;  d.,  93' . 

,  E.  J.,  bank  swindler  ;  defaulter,  4382. 

,  Francis  Vinton,  b.  (1850) ;    General 

Greene,  4482. 

,  Geo.  Washington,  b.,  1162;  d.,  312' . 

,  Nathan.,  b.,  642;  quartermaster,  882  ; 

at  Springfield,  N.  .1.,  92' ;  commands 
Morgan's  army  ;  in  South  ;  escapes  Corn- 
wallis  ;  supersedes  Gates,  923  ;  at  Guil- 
ford Court  House.  93',  94';  re-crosses 
Dan;  retreat  from  N.  C. ;  in  Va.,  93'; 
approaches  S.  C;  retires,  942;  d.,  98' . 


Greene,  Nathan  b.  (1797) ;  d.,  29G2. 

,  Robert,  b.,  872' ;  works,  8763;  d.,8762. 

,  Samuel  Dana,  b.,  152' ;  d.,  318' . 

,  Thomas,  gov.  Md.,  39' . 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1695) ;  gov.  R.  I.,  653,  7i3. 

, ,  Jr.,  b.  (1731);  gov.,  913  ;  d.,  II6I. 

,  W.  Brenton,  at  Princeton,  4202,3. 

Greenfield,  Mass.,  cutlery  mfg.,  142' ; 
('.  M.  Moody  defalcation,  3882. 

Greeiihalge,  Fred.  T.,  nom.  for  gov.  Mass., 
4411,4732;  governor,  4793. 

Greenhow,  Robert,  d.  1741 . 

Greenland  (see  text,  p.  1038),  discov- 
ered; named;  Northmen  visit.  111; 
Helgi  and  Finnbogi  leave,  112;  inhab- 
ited, 113  ;  visited,  122  ;  explorers  ;  cut 
off,  123  +;  ;  commerce  restricted  ;  Eski- 
mos appear  ;  settlements  destroyed,  133; 
Frobisher  possesses,  252 ;  eight  men 
survive,  333  ;  missions,  583,  603,  622  ; 
Kane's  boats  ;  Kane  fnd.,  1761 ;  Greely's 
exped.  in,  3081 ;  Peary  arrives, 434i ;  mis- 
sion, 6381 ;  fisheries  regulations,  6423. 

,  Miss,  revives  enameling,  9222. 

Gap,  W.  Va.,  action  at,  2203. 

Greenleaf,  Benjamin,  b.,  98i ;  d.,  2392. 

,  Simon,  b.,96i ;  d.,  1722. 

,  Thomas,  N.  Daily  Advertiser,  issued, 

1003  ;  printing-office  wrecked,  IOO2. 

Greenly,  William  L.,  gov.  Mich.,  1G33. 

Greenock,  N.  S.,  Pomerania  returns,  5953. 

,  Scotland,  strike,  10003. 

Greenough,  Horatio,  b.,  1122;  works,  136'. 
1561,  1701;  d.  (1852). 

,  Richard  S.,  b.,  1281 . 

Greensboro,  N.  C,  council  of  war,  246' J  1 
Bennett  College  founded,  2823.  ', 

Greensborough,  Ala.,  Southern  University  f 
established,  I8O2,  3043. 

College,  Meth.  Epis.,  org.  (1846). 

Greenup,  Christopher,  b.  (1750) ;  gov.  Ky,,  I 

1132  ;  d.  (1818). 
Greenville,  111.,  Almira  Coll.  fnd.,  1782. 
,  Miss.,  State  Bar  Asso.  colored  law-  j 

yers,  3783;  fire,  4053. 

,  O.,  Robertson  hanged,  3043. 

,  Pa.,  Thiol  College  org.,  2722. 

,  S.  C,  Furman  Univ.  org.,  1723. 

,  Tenn.,  and  Tusculum  Coil.  org.,106»f| 

Union  Conven.  meets,  1972;  action, 238',; 
Greenwich,  Conn., public  school  built,4042.' 
,  Eng.,  observatory  est.,  8941 ;  telescope  J 

erected,  9401 ;  railway  opd.,  9481 ;   equa-J 

torial  telescope  in  observatory,  964' . 
Greenwood  Ky.,  K.  H.  accident,  3293. 

,  John,  executed,  8763. 

,  - — ,  opens  dentist  office,  1001 . 

Greer,  James  Augustin,    b.  (1833) ;   com-^ 

modore,  322' ;  rear-admiral,  412' . 
,  John  E.,  commissioned  major,  466', 

College,  at  Hoopston,  111.  (1891). 

Greg,  Robert  Samuel,  elected  bp.,  9803. 
,  William  Rathbone,  b.  (1809) ;  work 

9563,9763;  d.  (1881). 

Gregans,  landslide,  1086' . 

Gregg,  Alex.,  b.  (1819) ;  cons.  P.E.  bp.,  186>J 

,  Andrew,  b.  (1755) ;  pres.  senate,  117A:| 

d.,  1442. 

,  David  McMurtrie,  b.,  142' . 

,  John  Irvin,  b.,  134' . 

,  Maxey,  b.,  123' ;  col.  at  Vienna,  196' ;"! 

gen.  at  Ravmoud,  222' ;  at  Beverly  Ford, 
2223;  north  of  Rapidan,232i ;  atReams's 
Station,  2372;  at  Sycamore  Church,  238' ; 
at  Hatcher's  Run,  239' ;  d.  (1862). 

,  Thomas  H.,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  la.,  2942. 

,  Dr.,  R.  E.,  Common    Prayer,   2942  ; 

Brooklyn  pastor,  3562. 

,  Robt.  Samuel,  cons,  archbp.,  1012'. 

Gregorian  Code  published,  1067'. 

Gregorioff,  Col.,  hanged,  11223. 

Gregorovius,  Ferdinand,  b.,  8122;  d.,  834'. 

Gregory  I.,  St., the  Great,  b.-<l.,10702;  pope, 
1071 ' ;  enthroned ;  improvements ;  reli- 
gious beliefs  ;  intro.  church  music,  10722. 

II.,  St.,  pope,  10722 ;  exconi.  Leo,  10322. 

III.,  St.,  pope,  10722. 

IV.,  pope,   10723  ;  institutes  Festival 

of  Holy  Trinity,  10723. 

v.,  pope,  1073' . 

VI.,  pope,  1073' ,  10742  ;  against  Cres- 

centius,  10733. 

VII.,  St.  (Hildebrand),  b.-d.,  10722  ;  j 

reformer,  7743  ;  deposed,  775 ' ;  allianor" 
with  Normans  ;  disputes  with  emp. ;  r« 
leases  subjects,  7753  ;  besieged,  776' j.J 
ruleschurcn,  10742;  elected  pope  ;  sendal 
legates  to  courts ;  est.  wakes,  10743 ;  I 
great  political  power,  10752. 


Greg-Guat. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        IWDxjX.         Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1271 


Gre«>ry  VIII.,  pope,  1075 <. 

——IX.,  pope  ;  est.  Inquisition,  1075' . 

X.,  pope,  10763. 

XI.,  pope  ;  establishes  Feast  of  Pre- 

Bentatiou,  1077 1 . 

XII.,  pope,  10771 ;  deposed,  7S43. 

Xlll.,  p«i)o,  10812;  reforms cal.,  10821 . 

XIV.,  pt)pe,  10812. 

XV.,  pope,  5711;  est.  Congregatio  de 

Propaganda  Fide,  10832. 
. XVI.,  pope  ;  forbids  infant  schools  ; 

against  slave  trade  ;  d.,  10863. 

,  A.  C,  exploration,  4961 . 

-^,  David,  b.  (1627) ;  problem  of  catenary, 

9001:  edit.'!  Emdi.l's  worlts,  9023. 

,  (iilbert  Asliburton,  d.,  9502. 

,  James,  b.  (1638) ;  reiiectiug  telescope, 

8901 ;  d.  (1675). 

,  John  H.,  gov.  Virginia,  1553. 

,  Nazianzen,  St.,  b.-d.,  11542  ;    music 

for  historv  of  Fjussion,  11541 . 

,  Olinth'us  Gilbert,  b.,  9191 ;  d.  (1841). 

,  William,  speaker,  8952. 

, Henry,  gov.,  10491 :  d.,  10081 . 

,  St.,  converts  Tridates  II.,  11543. 

,  St.,  bp.  of  Myssa,  b.-d.,  10383. 

,  of  Tours,  bp.,  b.-d.,  6642. 

the  Theologian,  flourishes,  10291. 

Institute,  Wilmington  fnd.,  2S62. 

Gregr,  Herr,  for  emancipation,  5352. 
Qreifswald,  Prus.,  university  est.,  7871 . 
Orementum,  battle  of,  10543. 
Grenada,  W.  I.,  eclipse  observed,  9941 . 
Grenadier  troops,  est,,  6901 ;  guards  mu- 
tiny. 10061 . 

Qrenelle,  Paris,  laboratory  est.,  7561. 

Grenfell,  Gen.,  in  Sudan,  6602,3. 

Grenholm,  Cieo.  A.,  paroled,  2491 . 

Grenier,  Mayor,  Montreal,  reelected,  5911. 

,  M.,  sentenced  for  treason,  7631 , 

Grenoble,  Fr.,  university  est.,  6743  ;  reor- 
ganized, 681 1 ;  unites  with  Valence,  6832. 

Qrenville,  D.  of  Portland,  minister,  9233. 

,  George,  b.  (1712) ;  prime  minister,  733, 

9172  ;  in  Paris,  953;  Stamp  Act,  75i ;  lord 
admiralty,  9133;  minister,  91.53;  d.  (1770). 

,  Richard, Sir, b.(  1.541);  takesmerchant- 

man;  at  Roanoke;  leader,  253;  d.,8762. 

,   Plantagenet    Temple    Nugent 

Brydges  Chandos,  U.  of  Buckingham,  b. 
(1823) ;  d.,  10001 . 

, ,  Thomas,  b.  (1755) ;  premier  ;  lord  ad- 
miralty, 9332  ;  d.  (1846). 

Gresham,  Sir  Thomas,  at  Royal  Exchange, 
Lond.,  8721 ;  fnd.s.  college,  8751 ;  d.  (1579). 

.  Walter  Quinton,  b.,  1522  ;  wounded 

at  Atlanta,  2362  ;  sec.  treas.,  3192  ;  de- 
clines nomination,  4111 ;  sec.  state,  4271 . 

College,  founded,  London,  8751 . 

Gresley,  Gen.  Henri  Franfois  Xavier,  b. 
(1819) ;  minister,  7512,3.  d.  (1890). 

,  Thomas,  grants  warrant,  8571 . 

Gresset,  Jean  Baptiste  Louis,  b.,  6963  ; 
works,  6992,  7012  ;  d.,  7043. 

Gressier,  M.,  minister  public  works,  7392. 

Gretny,  Andr4  Ernest  Modeste,  b.,  7002  ; 
d.,  721'. 

Greuze,  .lean  Baptiste,  b.,  6982;  d.  (1805). 

, -,  b.  (1726) ;  d.,  7163. 

Greville,  Baron,  title  created,  9651 . 

,  Sir  Pulke,  b.,  8702;  d.,  8822. 

,  Robert,  b.,  8782;  d.,  8843. 

Grevin,  Jacques,  b.  (1540) ;  works,  6831 ;  d. 
(1670). 

GrSvy,  Albert,  b.  (1824) ;  in  Panama  Canal 
scandal,  7642;  gov.  Algeria  ;  resigns, 102. 

■ ,  Frangois  Paul  Jule^    b.,  7163;  nres. 

Nat.  Assem.,  7451,  7472,  7512  ;  resigns, 
7473  ;  pres.  chamber,  751 1 ;  pres.  of 
France, 7513, 7552;  grants  amnesty, 7532; 
pope's  letter;  reply  to  pope,  7542;  refuses 
to  resign  ;  resigns,  7563;  d.,  7621 . 

Grew,  Nehemiah,  b.,  8822;  d.  (1711). 

Grey,  Charles,  2d  Earl,  b.,  9162;  minister, 
9332 ;  against  annexation  ;  vs.  Clerical 
Reserves,  5812;  lord  of  admiralty,  9332, 
947a  ;  premier,  9452  ;  resigns.  9453,9472; 
lord  lieut.,  9512;  minister,  9533,  9731 . 

deRuthyn,  Baron,  title  created,  8563. 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  9311 . 

,  Earl.    (See  Charles  Grey.) 

^^,  Edmund  Dwyer,  d.,  9982. 

— ,  George,  senator  ;  speech,  4391 . 

, ,  Sir    explorer  Australia,  4942; 

gov.,  4953. 

, ,  b.  (1799)  ;   minister,  9593, 

9633,969';  d.  (1882). 

,  Henry,  D.  of  Sutfolk,  opposes  royal 

treaty,  8712;  d.  (1554). 


Grey,  Lady  Jane,  b.,  8682  ;  struggle  for 
crown  ;  reigns,  8712  ;  d.,  8702. 

,  Sir  John,  deputy  1.  lieut.,  8631 ,  8652. 

,  Lord,  and  Main  Conspiracy,  8792. 

, ,  political  confederacy,  8971. 

,  Sir  Richard,  executed,  8653. 

,  Thomas,  Sir,  executed,  8631 . 

, ,  Lord  Stamford,  at  Stratton  Hill, 

8841;  d.  (1688). 

Nuns,  Order  founded,  5751 . 

Greytown,  Nic,  bombardment,  1773. 

Griboiedotf,  Alexander,  b.-d.,  11162. 

Grider,  Henry,  Joint  Committee  of  Re- 
construction, 2493. 

Gridley,  .Jeremiah,  b.  (1705) ;  American 
Maqazine,  671 ;  d.  (1767). 

,  Richard,  b.,  562;  d.  (1796). 

Grier,  Robert  Cooper,  b.,  1042  ;  justice 
U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  1613;  d.  (1870). 

Grierson,  Benjamin  Henry,  b.  (1826) ;  near 
Coldwater,  2131 ;  near  Covington,  2201 ; 
raids,  2203,  2211 ;  at  Vicksburg,  2403. 

Griesbach,  Johann  J.,  b.,  8003;  d.,  8IO2. 

Gri^n,  launched,  463. 

Griffin,  Charles,  b.  (1826) ;  north  of  Rapi- 
daii,  232 1 ;  appt.  to  Warren's  command, 
2+43;  d.,  2582. 

,  Cyrus,  b.,  662;  d.,  1162. 

,  Dr.,  Brooklyn  Health  Dept.,  3871 . 

—,  Gerald,  b.,9323;  work,  9431 ;  d.,  9502. 

,  Gilderoy  Wells,  b.,  1622. 

,  Lieut.  R.,  2132. 

Gritfenfeld.Ct.of.  (SeeSchtimacher,Peter.) 

Griffls,  William.  Eliot,  b.,  1561. 

Griffith  burned,  1673. 

Griffith,  David,  b.  (1742) ;  bp.,983;  resigns, 
1002;  d.  (1789). 

,  Walter  S.,  b.,  1521 . 

Griffiths,  John  Willis,  b.,  1161 ;  d.  (1882). 

,  MaJ.,  gov.  in  Can.,  5773. 

Griftoii,  King,  in  convent,  6653. 

Grigorovitch,  Nich.,  b., 11163;  work8,11183. 

Grigsby,  Hugh  Blair,  b.,  1122;  d.,  3062. 

Griialva,  Juan  de,  b.,  11282  ;  expedition 
of,  171;   d.  (1527). 

Grillparger,  Franz,  b.  (1791) ;  works,  8131 , 
8151 ;  (I.  (1872). 

Grim,  asst.-surg.,  indictment,  4163. 

Grimes,  .James  Wilson,  b.  (1816) ;  gov.  la., 
1771 ;  on  committee  of  13,  1892  ;  Com- 
mittee on  Reconstruction,  2493;  d.,2762. 

,  John  J.,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  9962. 

Grimke,  Archibald  H.,  C.  Sumner,  4203. 

.,  Thomas  Smith,  b.,  98' ;  d.,  1422. 

Grimm,  Baron  Fried.  M.,  b.,  8OO2  ;  d.,8083. 

,  .Jakob  Ludwig,  b.,  8042  ;  works,  8103, 

815',  8202  ;  dismissed  from  univ.,  8152  ; 
d.,  822' . 

^,  William,  b.  (1786);  works,  815',  2, 
8202;  d.  (1859). 

,  W.  H.,  sentenced,  4482. 

Griminelshausen,  Christoffel,  b.  (1625) ; 
HimpHcissimuH,  797' ;  d.  (1676). 

Grimoald,  D.  of  Benevento,  usurper,  1073' . 

Grimsby,  Eng.,  docks  begun,  9541 ;  fish- 
ing fleet  wrecked,  10013. 

Grimshaw,  William,  b.,  951 ;  d.,  1701 . 

Grimston,  Viscount  of,  title  createil,  9051 . 

Grincourt,  Marquis  de,  pamphlet,  7432. 

Grindal,  Eilmund,  b.(1519);  archbp.  Canter- 
bury, 8743;  d.  (1683). 

Gringore,  Pierre,  b.  (1476±) ;  works,  681' ; 
d.  (1544). 

Grinnell,  la.,  tornado,  310' ;  Iowa  College 
organized,  163' . 

,  Henry,  b.  (1799)  ;  exped.  start8,166'; 

sends  Kane  arctic  exp.,  172' ;  d.,  2842. 

— — ,  Moses  Hicks,  b.  (1803) ;  d.,  IIO2. 

Grinstead,  Baron,  title  created,  9372. 

Grinthorpe,  Baron,  title  created,  9963. 

Grip  prevails,  .3513 ;  epidemic,.3813 ;  doubles 
death  rate,  3813,  6273.    (See  Influenza.) 

Griqualand,  diamonds,  6OO2 ;  annexed, 
601 ' ;  constituted  colony,  9772.  (See  also 
text.  Cape  Colony,  pp.  697-604.) 

Griquas,  characteristics,  6023. 

Griscom,  John,  b.,  73' ;  d.,  170' . 

Grisebach,  August  H.R.,b.,8102;  d.,  8301. 

Grisi,  Giulia,  D.  (1811) ;  sings  at  Castle 
Garden,  1761 ;  d.  (1869). 

Grisons,  Switz.,  canton,  joins  "Act  of 
Mediation,"  11382. 

League,  allies  of  Confederates,  11.373. 

Grissell,  C.  E.,  arrested,  9352;  breach  of 
privilege,  9852. 

Grist-tax,  adopted.  It.,  10892. 

Griswold,  Ga.,  Confeds.  repulsed,  240'. 

,  Alexander  Vietz,  b.  (1766)  :  cons,  bp., 

117' ;d.  (1843). 


Griswold,  Casimir  Clayton,  b.  (1834)  j  Nat. 

Academy  of  Design,  260' . 

,  .Tohn  Augustus,  b.  (1818) ;  d.,  278' . 

,  Roger,  b.  (1762);  gov.  C,  1192:  d.  (1812). 

,  Kufus  Wilmot,  b.  (1815) ;  d.,  180'. 

,  Stanley,  b.  (1763)  ;  d.,  1242. 

College,  la.,  org.,  1843. 

Grivart,  M.,  minister,  749' . 
Groat,  Sam.,  cons.  bp.  ,Jerusalem,  1167' . 
Grobnik,  Mongols  defeated,  504' . 
Grocyn,  William,  b.,  8622  ;  at  Exeter  Col- 
lege, Oxforil,  8663;  d.,  866' .' 
Groesbeck,  N.  11.,  pf)lygamist,  407' . 
— — ,  Wm.  Slocomb,  b.  (1815)  ;  Pres.  John- 

son'scouncil,  2612;  pres.  candidate, 279' ; 

vote,  2812. 
Groff,  Lewis  A.,  in  int.  dept.,  3512. 
Gronandael,  R.  R.  collision,  5473. 
Groningen,  Netherlands,  taken,  10982. 
Gronovius,   Jakob,  b.  (1645) ;    Thesaurw;, 

11012;  d.  (1716). 
Gros,  Baron  Antoine  Jean,b.,  7042;  work, 

7142;  d.,  7262. 
Grose,  Francis,  b.,  9082;  d.(1791). 
Grosmone,  W.,  action  at,  860' . 
Gross,  Samuel  David,  b.,  1122;  d.,  3162. 
Grossbeeren,  Prussia,  battle  of,  720'. 
Grosse,  Julius  H.  von,  b.,  8142. 

,  Philip  Henry,  b.,  935' . 

Island,  Can.,   artillery  competition, 

688' ;  cable  laid,  5892. 
Grosser  Kurfurst,  collides  and  sinks,  828' , 

,  Gen.,  d.,  1122'. 

Grosseteste,  Robert,  work,  8543;  d.,  8642. 
Grossi,  Tommaso,  b.,  10843;  d.,  10863, 
Grossjagerndorf ,  Prus.,  battle  of,  802' . 
Grostiago,  Gen.,  commander,  6063. 
Grosvenor,  Charles  H.,  b.,  142' . 

,  Lord  Robert,  Sunday  Bill,  9612. 

Gros  Ventres  Mission,  transferred,  3142. 
Grote,  George,  b.,  9263;  works,  9543,  9683; 

d.,  976' . 
Grotefend,  Georg  Friedrlch,  b.,  804' ;  d., 

(1853). 
Groton,  Conn.,  Baptist  church  org.,  563; 

battle  eel.,  391' ;  nmnunient,  138' . 
Grouchy,  Marquis   Emmanuel,  b.,  703' ; 

d.,  7301 . 
Grousset,  Paschal,  b.,  7283. 
Grout,  William  W.,  b.,  1462. 
Grove,  Sir  George,  b.  (1820);  work,  9842. 
,  Wm.   Robert,  b.  (1811) ;   nitric  acid 

battery,  9501;   work,  9511;  decomposes 

water,  9641 ;  electro-induction,  984' . 
Groveland,  Minn.,  Cath.  coll. fnded., 3682. 
Grover,    Gen.    Cuvier,  b.  (1830) ;   sent  to 

Baton  Rouge,  2163. 

,  Lafayette,  b.  (1823);  gov.  Ore.,  2732. 

,  Wm.,  gov.  N.  C,  673. 

Groveton,  Va.,  battle  of,  2122. 

Grow,  Galusha  Aaron,  b.,  132' ;  speaker, 

1832,  1972,2013,4.532. 
Grubb,  E.  B.,  nom.  gov.  N.J.,  346'. 
Grubbs,  John  C,  b.,  1462. 
Gruber,  Jacob,  b.,  912;  d.  (1860). 
Grumatz,  action  at,  1112' . 
Grumbach,  Wilhelm,  b.  (1503) ;  plunders 

Wurzburg ;  protected  by  ,John  Freder- 
ick ;  executed,  793' ;  under  ban,  7932. 
Grundlinffiana,  issued,  799' . 
Grundtvig,  Nicolai  Fredrik  Severin,  b., 

6382  ;  work,  639'  ;  d.,  642' . 
Grundy,  Felix,  b.,  89';   atty-gen.,  1612; 

d.,  1522. 
Gruner,  Wilhelm  H.  L.,  b.,  807' ;  d.,  8302. 
Gruter,  or  Gruytere,  Jan.,  b.-d.,  5403. 
Gryphius,  Andreas,  b.,  7943;  works,  797' ; 

d.,  7963. 
Guadalajara,  mission,  10962. 
Guadaloupe  ais.,  142  ;  attacked,  703. 

Hidalgo,  treaty  of,  1633. 

Guaimaro,  constitution  at,  633' . 
Gual,  Pedro,  pres.  Venezuela,  11602. 
Gualbert,  John,  fnds.  Benedictine  Abbey, 

10742. 
Guanere,  earthquake,  6282. 
Guano,  intro.  U.  S.,  1653;  exported,  1109' ; 

agreement,  6093  ;  Sp.  seizes  isles,  11083. 
Guarantee  by  Companies'  Act,  9713. 
Guarapari.  Dutch  defeated,  38' . 
Guardia,  Tomas,  president,  631' . 
Guardian,  lost,  4953. 
Guardians,  compulsory  education,  547*. 
Guardiola,  Gen.  Santos,  b.  (1810) ;  pres., 

10412;  d.  (1862). 
Guarini,  Giov.  Bat.,  b.,    10803  ;  d.,  10823. 
Guasralla,  battle  at,  698' . 
Guatemala,  defeated,  11233.   (See  also  text 

pp.  1038, 1039.) 


1272 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column,  Gua>t— H^be. 


Guatemozin,  b.  (1497);  executed,  18i . 
Guay,  M.  le,  Panama  Canal  scandal,  7643, 
Guayamas,  Mex.,  bombarded,  1622. 
Guayaquil,  earthquake,  6132;  free  schools, 

6433  ;  riots,  6443  . 
Gubliii),  Eugubine  Tablets  dis.,  1078' . 
Gudalur,  Miidras  mission,  10443. 
Gudiu,  Jean  Autoiue  Theodore,  b.,  7143  ; 

d.,  7522. 
Gudrod,  reigns,  11043. 
Gudule,  St.,  Cathedral,  5392. 
Guelders,  Netherlamls,  taken,  902t. 
Guelf  II.,  is  duke,  7771. 

v.,  marries  .Matilda,  7763, 

Guelfs,  war  against  Ghibelliues,  7761 ;  con- 
tentious, 7773  ;  rule  Naples,  7321 , 
Guelpb,  Fund  Bill,  Ger.,  8371. 
Guelpbic  Order  of  Knighthood,  8111 . 
Guomez  Pacbeco  de  Padilla  Horcasitas, 

b.  (1740) ;  viceroy,  10953  ;  d.  (1799). 
Guercbeville,-\Iadamede,fud8.  colony, 29i . 
Guercino,  Giovanni   Francesco  Barbieri, 

b.  (1590) ;  St.  Jerome,  10322  ;  d.,  10331 . 
Guericke,  Heinrich  Ernst  Ferdinand,  b., 

8082 ;  d.  (1878). 
,  Otto  von,  b.,  7922  ;    tiiventioua   of, 

79G2  ;  d.,  7982. 
Guerin,  Eugene,  minister,  7652,  7672. 
Guernsey,  East  Surrey  Regt.  rebels,  10041 . 

,  Alfred  Hudson,  b.,  1322. 

Guerrazi,  Fraucesco  Domenico,  b.,  10843  ; 

d.,  10882. 
Guerrero,  mission,  10962. 

,  Vicente,  b.-d.,  10952  ;  pres.,  10962. 

Guorrier,  Gen.,  president,  10402. 
Guerrilla  bands,  U.  S.,  2023, 2091 ;  McNeil, 

Morgan;  Quantrell,2142,  3;  in  Bolivia, 

5501. 
Guess,  George,  b.,  762  ;  invents  alphabet, 

1331;  d.,  1561. 
Guessing  contests  legal,  3723. 
Guest,  John,  d.,  3001 . 
Guettard,  Jean  Etieime,  b.,  6971 ;  d.,  7061. 
Guevara,  Luis  Velez,  b.-d.,  11282  ;  Diablo 

Cojlleh,  11292. 
Guex  Confederacy  formed,  10983. 
Guglielnii,  Pietro,  b.,  10341 ;  d.,  10843. 
Guiana,  S.  Atn.   (see  text,  p.  1039),  negro 

insurrection,  73i ;  peace,  732  ;  colonists 

perish,  752;    annexed  to  Brazil,  5551; 

boundary  dispute  settled,  7613  ;  annexed 

to  Q.  B.,  9332  ;  Bp.  Swaby  cons.,  IOOO2  ; 

ceded  to  France,  11103  ;  invaded,  11603. 
Guiart.GuiUaume,  poetical  chronicle,673i . 
Guibert,  Comte   de,  Jacques  A.  H.,  b., 

70U3  ;  d.,  7062. 

,  Jos.  Hippolyte,  b.,  7143  ;  d.,  7542. 

,  archbp.,  favors  nuns  in  schools,  7542. 

Guibord,  Joseph,  burial  of,  5821 ,  3. 
Guicciardini,  Francesco,  b.,  10783  ;  works, 

10813  ;   d.,  10802. 

Guide  issued  at  Port  Hope,  Can.,  5791 . 

Guidi,  Carlo  Alessaudro,  b.,  10823  ;  d., 
10831. 

Guidici,  Paolo  Emilliani,  works,  IO871 . 

Guido  d'Arezzo,  b.-d.,  10722  ;  invents  mu- 
sical system,  10721. 

,  Cardinal,  in  Bohemia,  5042. 

della  Colonne,  b.,  10762. 

,  Miguel  Sanchez  de,  governor,  6301 . 

,  Reni,  b.,  10311 ;  d.,  10823. 

Guienne,  ceded,  6732  ;  lost  to  Eng.,  8633. 
Guignes,  .Joseph  de,  b.,  6982 ;  d.,  7142. 
Guigniaut,  .Jos.  Daniel,  b.,  7102;  d.,  7501. 
Guild  of  Literature  and  Art  inaug.,  9682. 
Guildford,  Eng.,  bp.  Sumner  cons.,  9983. 

,  West  Austral.,  settlement,  4952. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9112. 

Guilds,  property  confiscated,  Eng.,  8692. 

Guilford,  N.  C,  Mormons  expelled,  4703  ; 

G.  College  (Friends),  organized  (1837). 

Court  Ilouse,  Gen.  Greene  at,  931 ; 

battle  at,  941 . 

GuiUamore,  Viscount,  title  created,  9412. 
Guillard,  Nicolas  Francois,  b.,  7011;  d., 

7211. 
Guillaurae,  de  Jumieges,  F^fere,  b.-d.,  6782, 

de  Lorris,  works,  6712  ;  d.  (1240±). 

Guilleraeau,  Jacques,  b.,  6803  ;  d.,  6862. 
Guillen,  Abbi5,  Marie  Nicolas  Sylvestre, 

b.,7023:  d.,  7301. 

,  M.  S.,  works,  7582. 

Guillotiu,  Jos.  Ignatius,  b.,  7002  ;  d.,721i . 
Guilmeth,  Alexandre  Auguste,  b.,  7163. 
Guilt,  Joseph,  d.,  9662. 
Guinaud,  Pierre  Louis,  improves  telescope, 

8081. 
Guinea  (see  text,  pp.  1160-1161);  Batch, 

ceded  to  G.  B,,  11023  ;  English  visit,  8713. 


Guinea  fowls,  introduced,  France,  6833. 

Guineas  coined,  England,  8913. 

Guiuegate,  Louis  XI.  defeate*!,  6781;  bat- 
tle, 6801 ;  Duke  of  Guise  takes,  6.S21 . 

Guiney  Station,  b.  of  Spi>ttsylvania,  2323. 

Guinne,  united  to  France,  6792. 

Gruinness,  Benjamin  L.,  restores  St.  Pat- 
rick's Cathedral,  9632. 

,  H.  Grattan,  founds  East  London  In 

stitute,  9762. 

Guion,  John  G.,  governor  Miss.,  1692. 

,  W,  H.,  establishes  steamship    line, 

1553;  d.,  10121. 

Guiraud,  Ernest,  b.  (1837) ;  d.,  7621 . 

,  Pierre    Marie   Therfese    Alexandre, 

Baron,  b.,  7062  ;  d.  (1347). 

Guiscard,  Itobert,  b.-d.,  10722  ;  alliance 
with  pope,  7753  ;  rescues  pope,  776i ;  in 
Gr.,  10321 ;  conquests,  10741 ;  fnds.  nniv., 
10751;  leafier  Normans  ;  duke,  10752. 

Guischard,  JCarl  Gottlieb,  Col.,  b.,  8OO2  ; 
d.,8041. 

Guise,  Charles  de.  (See  Lorraine,  Card,  of.) 

— — ,  Due  de.    (See  Lorraine,  Francis  of.) 

.    (See  Lorraine,  Henry  I.  of.) 

Guises,  revolt  against,  6833  ;  k.,  6851 ,  3. 

Guitar,  Col.,  at  Compton's  Ferry,  2103. 

Guiteau,  Cbas.,  b.  (1840) ;  «hoots  Pres.  Gar- 
flehl,  3072,  ,3092  ;  trial,  3091 ;  sentenced, 
3102  ;  hanged,  3103. 

Guizot,  Francois  Pierre  Guillaunie,  b., 
7062;  ministry,  7251,3,  7273,  7293;  works, 
7283,  7292,  7343,  7432  ;  d.,  7482. 

Gujarat,  India,  conquered,  10421,  2;  inde- 
pendent, 10433 ;  dynjisty  ef)nquered, 
l(M4i ;  annexed,  10443  ;  in  Sepoy  rebel- 
lion, 10181. 

Gulf  of  Passffl,  action  at,  10241 . 

Gulfport,  Miss.,  railroad  wreck,  4.373. 

Gull,  Sir  Wm.  Whitney,  b.,9;i83;  d.,  10042. 

Gulot-Dessagen,  M.,  minister,  7572. 

Guinmere,  .John,  b.,  962;  d.,158i. 

Gum  Swamp,  N.  C,  action  at,  2222. 

Gun,  ftrst  used,  7842  ;  multicharge  or- 
dered, 3441 ;  plant  for  making  est.  by 
Congress,  3501 ;  steam,  invented,  9402. 
(See  cannon.) 

Gunboat  fleet.  Eads,  1%2  ;  on  Mississippi, 
2062.2101. 

Guncotton,  discovered,  8I6I ,  11381 . 

Qundemar,  king,  7712,  11253. 

Guuderic,  K.,  6633  ;  rules  in  Spain,  11253. 

Gunderode,  Karolinevcm,b.,  8042  ;  d.,8082. 

Gundibald,  Lex  Giuulibahlia,  6643. 

(iungunum,  king  of  Ur,  11393. 

Grumibjorn, discovers  Greenland, 11 1,10382. 

Gunning,  Bedford,  governor  Del.,  1073. 

Gunnison,  Miss.,  levee  endangered,  4071. 

Gunpowder,  inv..  7822, 10721  j  for  blasting, 
used  ill  Ger.,  7782  ;  used  in  Eng.,  8562, 
8581 ;  igniting,  9.322  ;  smokeless,  5321 . 

Plot,  discovered,  8791 ,  2. 

Guns,  rifled  at  South  Boston,  1441 . 

Gunsberg,  Eberlin  von,  work,  7892. 

,  Edmund,    b.,    8742  ;    invents    chain, 

8781  ;  d.,  8821 . 

Guntber,  Albert  Karl  Ludwig,  b.,  8142. 

,  Anton.Pr.  of  Anhalt,  b. ,  7963 ;  d. ,  7983 . 

, ,  b.,  8042  ;  d.,  8221 . 

,  C.  Godfrey,  mayor  N.  Y.,  2032. 

,  Count  of  .Sohwarzburg,  b.(1304);  emp., 

opposed  ;  sells  claim,  7833  ;  d.  (1349). 

,  Johann  Christian,  b.  (1095) ;  Poems, 

8003  ;  d.  (1723). 

Gunton,  George,  Social  Economics,  3963. 

Guntram,  king  of  I'ranks,  d.,  6652. 

Guntur,  mission,  10471 

Gupta  dynasty,  reigns,  1(W32. 

Gurgyong,  fort  captured,  10482. 

Gurley,  D.,  moderator.  2162 

,  John  A.,  governor  Ariz.,  2173. 

Gurney,  Elizabeth.    (See  Fry.) 

,  T.,  stenography,  9011 . 

Gurowski,  Adam,  b.,  11162  ;  d.,  11182. 
Gustafsvaern  bombarded,  9,^1 . 
Gu.stalla,  ceded  to  Spain,  5153  ;    given  to 

Maria  Louisa,  10871 . 
Gustavns  I.,  Vasa,  king,  b.-d.,  11342;  re- 
bels  against  Danes,  11341;  org.  church, 
11343  ;  king  of  Sweden,  11352. 

It.,   Adolphus,  b.-d.,    11342;    reigns, 

11353 ;  victories  over  Sigisniund  ;  in 
Thirty  Years'  War,  7941,  11341 ;  aids 
Protestants,  5121;  fails  in  Finland  and 
Livonia,  11341;  reigns;  against  Rus., 
11353, 11153;  endows  Univ.  Upsala  ;  fnds. 
Univ.  Dorpat,  11343  ;  prohibits  whisky, 
113.-)i;  k.,5121. 
III.,    b.-d.,   11342;    creates    Swedish 


11353  ;    shot, 
b.-d.,   11342; 


Academy,  11351 ;    reigns, 

11351. 
Gustavns    IV.,   Adolphus, 

reigns  ;deposed,  11353. 

Charles,  commander,  llOOi. 

,  Prince  of  Sweden,  b.,  11361 ;  marries 

Victoria  of  Baden,  11363. 
Gussteldt,  Paul,  b.  (1840) ;  expedition  to 

Africa,  8281. 
College  (Lutheran)  org.  in  St.  Petere, 

Minn.  (1862). 
Gutenberg,  Johannes,  b.-d.;  movable  type 

in.printing,  7842  ;  festival  honors,  8152. 
Guthred,  in  Ireland,  8521 . 
Gutlirie,  Okia.,  laid  out,  3393  ;    govern- 
ment org.,  3392  ;  iron-ore  disc,  3421 , 
,  James,  b.,  IO42  ;  sec.  treas.,  1732  j  d., 

2661. 
,  Samuel,   b.,   95i ;    discovers   chloro- 
form, 1401 ;  d.,  1641 . 
,  Thoma«,   b.,  9323  ;    ordainetl,  9442  ; 

advocates  prohibition,  9563  ;  d.,  9731 , 
Guthrum,  leads  6352  ;  reigns,  IIO51 . 
Gutierrez,  Diego,  governor,  6301 . 

,  Garcia,  El  Trovador,  11311. 

,  Gen.,  pres.  San  Salvador,  11232. 

,  Nicolas,  governor  California,  1472. 

,  Santos  Joaquin,  b.  (1820) ;  president, 

6292  ;  d.  (1872). 

,  Tomas,  revolts  in  Peru,  11083. 

Guts  Muths,  Johann  Christoph  Freidrich, 

8143. 
Guttii-percha,  introduced,  9521 ;  insulator, 

9541 ;  mnf. ;  telegraph  wires,  1041 . 
Gutzkow,  Karl   F.,  b.,  8102;  works,  816', 

8163  ;  d.,  8282. 
Gutzlaff,  Karl,  b.,  8082  ;  d.,  8182. 
Guy  de  Lusignan,  K.  of  Jerusalem,  6712, 

7783,   11552  ;  defeated,   11541;    transfers 

claim  for  Cyprus,  6713  ;  d.  (1104). 
,  Seymour  Joseph,  b.  (1824) ;  in  Na- 
tional A<!adeniy  of  Design,  2501 . 
,  Thomas,  b.,  8843  j  founds  hospital, 

9071;  d.,  9062. 

,  breaks  trotting-record,  3433. 

Guyandotte,  W.  Va.,  action  at,  2003. 
Guyon,  Madam  b.  (1648) ;  in  Bastile,  6961 ; 

influence  of,  6971 ;  d.  (1777) 
,  Jeanne  Marie  Bouvier  de  la  Motte, 

b.,  6883  ;  d.,  6971. 
Guyot,  Arnold  Henry,  b.,  1141 

ical  maps,  2291 ;  d .,  3162. 

,  Yves,  minister,  7572,7611. 

Guyton,  Ga.,  cloud-burst,  4361 . 

de  Morveau,  Louis  Bernard,  b.,  6983  ; 

d.,  7222. 
Guzman,  Alfonzo  Perez  de,  b.-d.,  11262 ; 

takes  Gibraltar,  11261 

,  Dom,  hot-air  balloon,  11113. 

,  Fernando,  elected  president,  11033. 

,  Luis  Muuoz  de,  governor,  6053. 

Gwalior,  conquered,  10441 ;  under  British 

protection,  10J72  ;  seized,  10481 . 
Gwamba  negroes,  mission  to,  11242. 
Gwilt,  Joseph,  b.,  9223;  d.  (1863). 
Gwin,  Wm.McKendree,  b.  (1805) ;  d.,  320*. 
Gwv'iyr,  Baron,  title  created,  9252. 
Gwyn,  Eleanor  (Nell),  b.,  8882  ;  d.,  8982. 
Gyges,  leader,  10141 ;  conquests  of,  11463. 
Gylippus,  b.,  10211;  commander,  10202. 
Gyllembourg-Ehrensvard,    T  h  o  ni  a  s  i  n  e 

Christine    Buntzen,    b.    (1773) ;    works, 

6392  ;  d.  (1856). 
Gyllenborg,  Gustaf    Frederik,  b.  (1731) ; 

Across  the  Belt,  11351 ;  d.  (.1809). 
Gynipie,  Australia,  gold-fleld  dis.,  498». 
Gynecological  Soc.  org.,  Am.,  2901 . 
Gynlay,  Franz,  b.,  5191 ;  d.,  5262. 
Gyongyosy,  Stephen,  b.,  5102  ;  d.,5123. 
Gyroscope,  invented,  8I8I . 
Gyrowetz,  .A.dalbert,  b.  (1763) ;  d.,  5223. 


H. 

Haakman,  M.,  closes  court,  6591. 

Haaman,  aims  to  destroy  Jews,  11463. 

Haarlem,  invaded,  10981 . 

Lake,  drained,  11022. 

Haas,  .lohann  Matthais,  b.,  7982;  d.,  800». 

,  .Maurice  F.  H.  de,  b.,  1401 ;  National 

Academy  of  Design,  260i ;  d.,  11021 . 

Haase,  Heinrich  Gottlob  Frederik  Chris- 
tian, b.,  8083. 

Habakkuk,  a  prophet,  11443. 

Habberton,  John,  b.  (1842) ;  works,  2943, 

XU3. 

Habeas  Corpus,  suspended.  Am.,  1951,  2, 
2073,  2113,  2152,  2213,  2273,  2373,  2751 ,2; 


geograph- 


Habe-HaU. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDil*X.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1273 


ignored,  1953;  extended,  197' ;  sustained, 
1873;  legal,  -.'lia;  iuetToctive,  2362  ;  par- 
tially restored,  2492,  2523. 

Habejis  Corpus  Act,  suspension.  Can. , 581 ' ; 
signed,  Eng.,  8952,8992;  suspended, 9012, 
9073,  9113,  9212,  9273,  9292,  9312,  9552, 
9703,9711,  2,  3. 

Hiibeneclc,  Antoine  Francois,  b.,  7051 ;  d.. 
7302. 

II:il)ercomb,  L.  W.,  in  treas.  dept.,  3512. 

Uaberiiu,  Franz  D.,  b.,  7983  ;  d.,  8043. 

Kabert,  M.,  murders  Bupuis,  7562. 

,  (ieorge,  d.,  8822. 

,  Baron,  Pierre  J.,  b.,  7013  ;  d.,  7242. 

Habicht,  Cbri..itiau  M.,  b.,  804' ;  d.,  8143. 

Habington,  William,  b.,  878' ;  d.  (1G54). 

Habitual  Criminals  Act,  parses,  9732. 

— —  Hrunkards  Act  p.asses,  983' . 

Habsburg,  House  of,  anniversary,  5303. 

Uacliette,  Jean  Fourquette,  b.  (1454)  ;  at 
Beauvais,  678'. 

,  Louis  Christophe,  Franfois,  b.  (1800) ; 

d.,  7362. 

Hackelman,  Pleasant  Adam,  b.  (1814) ;  d., 
2152. 

Hackensack,  N.  J.,  R.  R.  wreck,  3213  ; 
robbers*  den;  445' ;  R.R.  collision,  4493. 

Hacker,  Ludweek,  S.  S.,  at  Ephrata,  Pa.; 
Sunday-school,  643. 

Hackert,  Philipp,  b.,  8002  ;  d.,  8033. 

Hackct,  William,  banged,  8763. 

Haokott,  Horatio  Balch,  b.,  1142;  d.,  288'. 

,  chief  of  police,  kills  liannon,  4003. 

,  tJames  Henry,  b,,  1082;  an  actor,  13i' ; 

d.,  2742. 

Hackettstoira,  N.  Y.,Sraith  murdered,3263. 

Hacklander,  FriedricL  W.  von,  b.,  812' ; 
works,  8182,  825'  ;  d.,  8282. 

Haekley,  Charles  E.,  b.,  1462;  d.,  1902. 

Hackuoycoache8inLondon,8813;  licensed, 
9393;  restrictions  on,  removed,  9453. 

Hacku'ortb,  Timothy,  invents  steam-jet, 
9421. 

Haco  VIII.  weds  Margaret  of  Den.,  11352. 

Haddington,  Earl,  of,  title  created,  881' . 

,  E.  of,  lord-lieut.,  9473;  minister, 9512. 

,  Scotland,  cholera  appears,  9453. 

Haddock,  Rev.  Geo.  C,  murdered,  3243. 

Haddys,  murder  of,  9903. 

Hadee  reigns, 'Egypt,  6552. 

Hadji  Khalfa  (Mustapha  Ben  Abdallah), 
d.,  11563. 

Hadlev,  Mass.,  Indian  attack,  46'  ,2. 

,  Henry  Hamilton,  b.  (1826) ;  d.,  2373. 

,  James,  b.,  130' ;  d.,  2782. 

,  John,  b.  (1682) ;    reflecting  sextant, 

908';  d.,9103. 

,  Orzo  A.,  governor  Ark.,  2772. 

Hadrian,  Publius  ^lius  Hadi-ianus,  b.-d., 
10623  ;  in  Egypt,  6533  ;  in  ttaul,  6632  ; 
rampart  in  Ire.,  839' ;  in  Britain,  8393  ; 
reigns,  10293  ;  erects  temples  at  Rome, 
persecutes  Christians,  10642  ;  and  Jews, 
11532;  Jews  revolt,  10643;  improvements, 
1065' ;  perpetual  code;ad<jpts  Antoninus, 
10652  ;  builds  temples,  11532  ;  restores 
Nicomedia;  relinqulsbesautliority,U533. 

Haeckel,  Ernst  Heinrich,  b.,8142;  works, 
825' ,  829' . 

Hafiz,  Mohammed  Shems-ed-Din,  b.-d., 
11063; 

Hafsliord,  action  at,  1104' . 

Ha^ar  sent  away,  11402. 

Uagedon,  Friedrioh  von,  b.,  7983  ;  works, 
801';  d.,  8022. 

Hagedorn,  Christian  L.,  b.,  7983;  d.,  8042. 

Hagelgan,  Jfistort/  of  Arminius.  797' . 

Hagen,  Ernest  A.,  b.,  8063  ;  d.,  830' . 

,  FrieUrich  Heinrich  von  der,  b.,  8042; 

d.,820'. 

Hagenan,  Ger.,  Germans  occupy,  738' 

Hagenbach,  Karl  R.,  b.,  807' ;  d.,  828' . 

,  Peter  von,  governor,  beheaded.  (872. 

Eager,  A.  L.,  b.,  168'. 

,  Albert  David,  b.,  1262. 

Hagerstown,  Md.,  miss.  soc.  org.,  1463; 
Fed.  enter,  196' ;  Confed.  occupy,  213' . 

Haggai  discovers  the  book,  1146';  com- 
pletes temple  ;  aprophet,  11463. 

Haggard,  Henry  Rider,  b.  (1856) ;  works, 
9923, 10O13. 

Haggart,  John,  postmaster,  593' ;  minister 
R.  R.  and  canals,  5952,  ,5963. 

Hageerty,  .John,  jumps  bridge,  4332. 

Haghe,  Louis,  b.,  9303;  d.  (1885). 

Hagisa  reigns,  11463. 

Hagood,  Johnson,  governor  S.  C,  3052. 

Hague,  The  (Eng.),  (or  Fr.,  La  Hogue),  in- 
dependence or,  10993;  states-gen.  meet, 


5433;  league  of  fmd.,6933;  naval  battle, 
694';  treaty  of,  7992,  7993,7112,  11013; 
evacuated  by  Fr.,  1102' ;  cholera,  11023. 

Hague,  Arnold,  b.,  1522. 

Hahn,  August,  b.,  8062;  d.,  822'. 

,  Michael,  governor  La.,  2312,3,  2413. 

,  Philipp  m.,  b.,  8002;  d.,  8043. 

,  Simon,  b.,  7SI82;  d.,  8OO2. 

Hahnel,  Ernst  Juliuif,  b.,  8IO2  ;  d.  (1891). 

Hahnemann,  Sam.  C.  V.,  b  .  8023;  d.,8162. 

Habn-Habn,  Countess  Ida  Marie  Luise  So- 
phie Friederika  Gustave  von,  b.,  8O82  ; 
works,  8152,  8202,  825'  ;   d.,  830' . 

Haichung,  mission,  6222. 

Haid,  Leo,  cons.  R.  C.  bishop,  3302. 

Haidarabad  Sepoy  rebellion,  1048';  mis- 
sion, 1(W63,  10483;  mutiny  at,  1049'. 

Haidinger,  Wilhelm,  b.,  8063;  d.,  8262. 

Hai  Dzuong,  Black  Flags,  482' . 

Ilaifong,  typhoon,  6222 

Haiglit,  Benjamin  J.,  d.,  3002. 

,  Henry  Hiuitley,  b.,   1322;    governor 

Cal.,2652;  d.,  2982. 

Haik  rules  Armenia,  11412. 

Haile,  William  H.,  nom.  gpv.  Mass.,  416' . 

Hailey,  Ida.,  tire,  3432. 

Haileybury  Coll.,  Herts,  fnd.,  933' ,  9623. 

Haillan,  Bernard  de  Gerard  du,  Iftstoire 
de  France,  6832. 

Haimomkiiuler,  appears,  791 ' . 

Hainan,  China,  mission,  0143, 623' ,  6242. 

Hainaut,  Belg.,  French  conquer,  540' ; 
House  of,  reigns,  1099' . 

Ilainer,  Eugene  J.,  b.,  1682. 

Haines,  Charles  D.,  d.,  178' . 

,  Dan.,  gov.  N.  J.,  1672,  1G62;  d.,  294'. 

Blull,  Miss.,  Feds,  at,  220' ;  Confeds. 

defeated,  2212  ;  evacuated,  222' . 

Hainiield,  Socialist  Congress,  631' . 

Haiphong,  Fr.  repulse,  4802. 

Hair-powder, in  use, Eng. ,8773,  tax,  9272,3; 
repealed,  9732. 

Haiti,  W.  I.  (see  text,  p.  1040),  gold  mines 
dis.,  14' ;  religions, 142;  Coluinbus  leaves, 
143,  153;  Isabella  fnd. ;  Columbus  re- 
turns, 143;  Indian  labor,  152;  Council  of 
regency ;  gold  mines,  163  ;  Dominican 
monks  arrive  ;  Franciscans  enter,  16' ; 
slavery  abounds,  17' ;  negroes  in  mines, 
172  ;  Columbus'  illness,  1443  ;  indepen- 
dence, 7153;  recognized,  2093 ;  Kear- 
sarge  at ;  Ossipee  at,  ^40' ;  Galena  leaves, 
344' ;  North  Atlantic  squadron  at,  366' ; 
defaulting  pres.  captured,  7043;  British 
grievance,  1001 2. 

Haiyeu  surrenders  Manas,  622' . 

Haizinger,  Amalie,  b.,  807' ;  d.,  8302. 

Hakall,  Richard  B.,  surety,  2563. 

Hakim,  Calif,  o    6542. 

llakka,  mission,  623'. 

Hakkas,  mission,  6183. 

Ilakluyt,  Richard,  b.,  8702  ;  works,  878'; 
d.,880'. 

Society,  founded,  9543. 

Hakon  I.,  invades  Scotland,  1104'. 

III.,  reigns,  1105'. 

IV.,  reigns,  1105' ;  in  Scotland,  854' ; 

Iceland  subject  to,  10422. 

V  ,  reigns,  llttj' ;  d.,  1104' . 

VI.,  reigns,  1105' . 

the  Good,  reigns,  11043;  d.,  1104' . 

Jarl  governs  provinces,  11()43. 

Halai  defeated,  22. 

Halberstadt,  Prussia,  bishoprics,  7703. 
,  Albrecht  von,  translates  Ovid's  Meta^ 

morphoses,  7783. 
Halbig,  Johann,  b.,  8102;  d.,  8302. 
Haldane,  Robert,  b.,  9162  ;  d.,  9502. 
Haldeman,  Samuel  S.,  b.,  1183;  d.,  304'. 
Haldimand,  Frederick, gov., 892;  gov.-gen.j 

land  grants,  6772. 
Haldon,  Baron,  title  created,  987' . 
Hale,  Benj  ,  b.,  1062,  d.,  225'. 

,  Chas.  R.,  cons,  bishop  111.,  420*. 

,  Edward    Everett,    b.,  1302  ;    works, 

1643,   1742,  201'     2043,  2723,  2803,  2863, 

2923,  30G3,  4203,  4482  ;  banquet,  Boston, 

4043. 

,  Eugene,  b.,  1462. 

,  Horatio,  bt,  1262. 

,  John  Parker,  b.,  1122;  nominated  for 

pres.,  1642,  1712  ;  vote,  1712,  1732  ;  d., 

282' ;  statue,  412' . 
,  Sir  Matthew,  b.,  8782  ;  witchcraft, 

891';  chief  justice,  8932;  d.,  8942. 
,  Capt.  Nathan,  b.,  71' ;  hanged,  842  ; 

d.,85';  statue,  444'. 

,  Nathan,  journalist,  b.,  962;  d.,  219' . 

,  Samuel  W.,  gov.  N.  H.,  3152. 


Hale,  Sarah  Josepha  Buell,  b.  (1790);  d., 
3002. 

,  Warren  S.,  lord  mayor,  London,  9663. 

,  William,  governor  N.  H.,  1832. 

Hales,  John,  b.,  8742;  d.  (1656). 

,  Sir  Robert,  murdered,  8603. 

,  Stephen,  b.,  8942  ;  gag  experiment*, 

SI06';  ventilators,  9102;  d.,  916'. 

Hal^vy,  Jacques  Francois  Fromental  £!Ilei 
b.   7142;   d.,  7342. 

,  Ldon,  b.,  7143;  d.,  754'. 

,  Ludovic,  b.,7262;  Academician, 762' . 

Haley,  Edmund,  magnetic  variations, 896' ; 
sun's  distance,  8982. 

Half  Mountain,  Ky.,  Confeds.  defeated, 
232'. 

Haifa  Wady,Gordondefeat8Mahdists,600'. 

Halfdan  I.,  reigns,  11043;  d.,  1104'. 

II.,  reigns,  11043. 

III.,  reigns,  11043. 

Halford,  Sir  Henry,  b.,  9163;  d.,  9622. 

Half-way  covenant,  383;  adopted,  402. 

Haliartus,  action  at,  1022' . 

Haliburton,  Thomas  Chandler,  b.,  5762  ; 
works,  579' .  5803;  d.,  682' . 

Halicarnassus,  Asia,  surrenders,  10242  ; 
Maiusoleum  erected,  11462. 

Halidon  Hill,  Eng.,  action  at,  868'. 

Halifax,  N.  S.,  fnd.,  6753;  if.  6'az«>«e,6762: 
R.  C.  dio.  est.  ;  Acadian  Recorder ;  Royal 
Gazette,  ^IT^ ;  free  port,  5773;  Dalhousie 
Coll.  est.;  Nwa  Scotian^dlS^;  archbish- 
opricfma.,5802;  Wesleyon-fEvang.  Advo^ 
cate ;  Presb.  Witness,  5803  ;  flre,  5863  ; 
Weekly  Herald,  5843  ;  Fishery  Commis- 
sion in,  2972,  585' ;  award,  IIO32  ;  yellow 
fever  ;  cable  contract,  5873  ;  Presbytery 
of,  5882;  strike;  carnivals,  6883  ;  anni- 
versary, 5892  ;  Jack  the  Ripper,  6903  ; 
snowstorm  ;  gale,  592' ;  steamer  sinks, 
5953. 

,  E.  of.    (See  Montague,  Charles.) 

,  E. of,  lord-lieut., 9163;  minister, 9172. 

,  Lord.    (See  "Wood,  Charles.) 

,  Lord,  in  Va.,  672;  proposes  taxation 

of  colonies,  693;  opposed^  paid,  2992. 

,  Marquis  of.    ^See  Savile.) 

,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  965'. 

Hall,  Arthui-,  Horner's  Iliades,  875'. 

, C.  A.,  bishop  of  Vt.,  460' . 

,  A.  Oakey,  mayor,  2692  ;  trial,  281' . 

,  Asaph,   D.   (1829) ;    dis.   satellites  of 

Mars,  296' ;  gold  medal,  467' . 

,  Basil,  b.,  9243;  d.,  9622. 

,  Bayard  Rust,  b.  (1798) ;  d.,  219'. 

,  Charles  Francis,  b.,  130' ;  Arctic  ex- 
pedition sails,  180',  235';  reports,  260'; 
returns,  266' ;  sails,  274' ;  d.,  274' ,  2. 

, Henry,  b.,  1282, 

,  Col.,  near  Milton,  Tenn.,  220'. 

,  David,  governor  Del.,  1113. 

—    -Fitzsinimons  prize-fight,  3883. 

,  Frederick,  d.,  160' 

,  George  Henry,  b.  (1825) ;  in  Academy 

of  Design,  264' . 

,  Gordon, b.(1782);  miss., 10463;d., 134'. 

,  Hilaud,  b.,  106' ;  governor  Vt.,  1862. 

,  James,  b.,  1042;  moderator,  1123;  d., 

2622. 

, ,  paleontologist,  b.,  II62. 

,  Sir ,  b.  (1761) ;  experiments,9222; 

d.  (1832). 

,  Mrs.  J.  D.,  murderer  hanged,  3043. 

,  John,   clergyman,  life   endangered, 

395'. 

, I.,  in  dept.  of  justice,  4473. 

, W.,  governor  Del  3033;  d.,  400' . 

,  Joseph,    Dp.,  of  Norwich,  b.,  8742  ; 

works,  877',  885';  d.,8882. 

,  Louisa  Jane,  b.  (1802) ;  d.,  1482. 

,  Lyman,  b.,  602;  d.,  1022. 

,  Marshall,  b.,  9243;  d.  (1867). 

,  Nathan  Kelsey,  b.  (1810) ;  P.  M.-Gen., 

1672;  d.,  284'. 

,  Rev.  Newman,  b.  (1816) ;  at  Lincoln 

Tower,  9792. 

,  Robt.,  b.,  0162  ;  works, 9292  ;  d. ,944,2. 

, H.,  commissioneil  colonel,  430' . 

,  Samuel  Carter,  b.,  9302;  d.,  1000'. 

, T.,  in  office  of  Iron  H.all,  414». 

,  Uriels.,  b.,  170'. 

,  Win.  A.,  defeats  compensation,  219». 

, N.,  d.,  6222. 

, R.,  commissioned  major,  456' . 

,  invents  rolling-machine,  5082. 

of  Columns  erected  at  Karnak,  648' . 

Hallam,  Arthur  Henry,  b.,  935' ;  d.  (1833). 

,  Henry,  b.,  9203  ;  works,  939',  950»  : 

d.,  9622. 


1274 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        iriL)il»J\..        Superior  Figures  Iniihate  Column. 


Hall-Hano. 


Hallam,  William,  theatrical  company,683. 

Halle,  PruB.,  Naturalists  and  Physicians, 
Conv.,  8341 ;  stormed,  716' ;  cholera,  837a ; 
Univ.  chartered,  7991 ;  uuiv.  cio!*e(i,809i ; 
univ.  unites  with  Wittenberg,  8111 . 

,  Adam  de  la,  b.  (1240) ;  works,  6731; 

d.  (1287). 

,  Jean  Noel,  b.,  7022;  d.,  7»»2. 

Halieck,  Fitz-Greene,  b.  (1790) ;  works, 
1383,1312;  d.,  2582;  statue,  2941. 

,  Henry  Wagner,  b.,  11^42;  maj.-gen., 

1981;  commands  in  Mo.;  Order  No.  3, 
2003;  orders  martial  law,  2021 ;  com- 
mands three  depts.,  2043;  in  West,  2052; 
supersedes  Grant,  2062;  commander-in- 
chief,  2101;  sent  to  McClellan,  2141; 
countermands  Red  River  exped.,  2322; 
exchange  of  prisoners,  2283;  d.,  276i . 

Haller,  Albrecht  von,  b.-d.,  11372;  works, 
8011,8032. 

Hallet,  William,  fined,  402. 

Hallet's  Point  Reef,  blown  up,  2933. 

Halley,  Edmund,  b.,  8882;  sun  motion ; 
transit  of  Mercury,  894 1 ;  foretells  comet, 
8961,  9022;  red  flames,  9(Mi;  sun's  dis- 
tance; astronomer  royal,  9061 ;  d.,  9103. 

Halliday,  Lizzie,  murderess,  4363,  4631. 

,  Paul,  body  found,  4363. 

Ballisc/ie  Jahrbuch,  Issued,  8152. 

Halliwell-Phillipps,  James  Orchard,  b., 
9402;  d.,  10001 . 

Hallock,  Gerard,  b.,  1082. 

,  William  A.,  d.,  3041 . 

Halloran,  Dr.,  transported,  9392. 

Hallowell,  girls'  Indus,  school  opd.,  2871 . 

,  Richard  Price,  b.,  1442. 

Halpin  (Fenian),  trial,  9711. 

Halpine,  Charles  G.,  b.,  1362;  d.,  2622. 

Halsbury,  Baron,  title  created,  9871. 

,  Lord.     (See  Giffard.) 

Halstan  reign.s  in  Sweden,  11333. 

Halstead,  James,  death,  4.*43. 

,  Murat,  b.,  1362;  nomination  rejectedt 

3391 ;  editor  Stanrlnnt  Union,  3682. 

Halule,  action  at,  11442. 

Haluntaqui,  battle  of,  6431 . 

Hahe  Moon,  sails  with  Hudson,  261 . 

Halyburton,  Thoma.'i,  b.,  8923;  d.,  9042. 

Ham,  Fr.,  surrenders  to  Duke  of  Guise, 
682' ;  oeopuled,  7423. 

Hamadan,  Persia,  mission  at,  11082. 

Uaman,  plots  against  Jews,  11472. 

Hamann,  Johann  G.,  b.,  8002;  d.,  8043. 

Hamatli,  Syria,  reduced,  11441 . 

Uamberger,  Georg  E.,  b.,  7982;  d.,  8023. 

Hambleden,  Baron,  title  created,  10052. 

Hamboys,  Joliu,  music,  8641 . 

Hamburg,  Ger.,  Fr.  annexes ;  revolt 
against  Fr.,  7193  ;  archbishopric,  7722  ; 
fnd.,7731 ;  imperial  city,  7823;  free  town, 
7873;  peace  preliminaries,  7972  ;  peace 
of,  8033 ;  sequesters  Brit,  property,  8073 ; 
taken,  8081;  Pr.  evacuate,  8101;  inde- 
pendence restored,  8112;  in  Ger.  Confed- 
eration, 8113  ;  Am.  Baptists  in,  8143  ; 
burned,  8163 ;  inundated ;  new  con- 
stitution, 8202  ;  new  assembly  meets  ; 
new  Constitution,  8212;  taken,  6351 ; 
oocapied,720i ;  in  N.  Ger.  Confederation, 
8252;  joins  Ger.  Empire,  8272;  free  port, 
8273  ;  harbor  works,  8321  ;  Socialist 
Wedde,  funeral,  8331 ;  surrenders  free- 
dom, 8332;  cholera  prevails;  8373. 

,  N.  Y.,  railway  collision,  3533;    town 

collector  short,  4183. 

,  3.  C,  race  fight,  2891 ,  2923. 

Am.  line  steamers  est.,  1633  ;  with- 
draws steamers,  5952, 
Hamburgischer-Correspondent,isau&<i,'i09^ . 
Hamerton,  Philip  Gilbert,  b.  (1834) ;  works, 

8723. 
ED«nld-bin-Thwain,  Sultan,  5642. 
Hamilcar  at  Himera,   10182  ;    in    Sicily, 
10523;    in    Sp.,    10531,    11251;    extends 
dominions,  U252;  d.,  11391. 
Hamilton,  Can.,  R.  C.  diocese  est.,  5802  ; 
Wttkly    Spectator;     Wesleyan    Female 
CoU.,  5803;   Tiinea,  5811;  Brooklyn  regi- 
ment rec'd ;  Herald  ;  Public  Library  est., 
5833. 

,  G.  B.,  miners'  riots,  9963. 

,  N.  0.,  action  at,  2101 . 

,  N.  Y.,  Hamilton  Coll.  org.,  1191 ;  Pres. 

Skillmau  iuaug.,  3902  ;  Madison  Uuiv. 
est. ,1251 ;  Literary  and  TTheological  Instl. 
est.,  1291 ;  Library  building  est.,  3383. 

River,  immense  falls  discovered,  5961 . 

College,  Wis.,  Pres.  Striker,  4221 . 

Univ.  est.,  Red  Wing,  Minu.,  1762. 


Hamilton,  Baron,  title  created,  9963. 

,  Bp.,  on  supernaturallsm,  9701 . 

,  1).  of,  title  created,  885i ,  8932. 

,  U.  of,  surrenders,  8862;  killed,  9051 . 

,  Marquis  of,  minister,  8833. 

,  Alexander,  b.,  711;  acquits  Zenger, 

631 ;  at  Ft.  Washington,  852;  Washing- 
ton's aide,  87i ;  sec.  treas.,  1012;  opposes 
Jetl'erson,  1031;  leads  Federalists,  1033; 
Kssays  of  Cumillws,  1063;  challenged  by 
Burr,  1131 ;  killed,  1121 ;  statue,  4401 . 

,  Andrew,  gov.  N.  J.,  51i ,  532,  552i. 

,  Gen.  Antfi-ew  J.,  b.  (1816) ;  on  Com, 

33,  1891;  gov.  Tex.,  2483,  2491,  2511;  d. 
(1875). 

,  Count  Anthony,  b.,  6883  ;  Comte  de 

Gramont,  6972;  d.,  6982. 

,  Charles,  cons,  bp.,  9922, 

, S.,  d.,  3821. 

,  Elizabeth,  b.,  9143;  d.,  9382. 

,  Frank  Hastings,  b.,  1211 ;  d.,  3241. 

,  Gail.    (See  Dodge,  Mary  Abigail.) 

,  Lord  (jeorge  Fi-ancis,   D.  of  Aber- 

corn,  b.  (1815)  ;  minister,  9792 ;  L.  of 
Admiralty,  9933,  9953;  appropriation  for 
warships,  10012;  opens  exhibition,  10081 . 

,  George  William,  E.  of  Orkney,  d., 

10001. 

,  Gustavus,  at  Newton  Butler,  8981 . 

,  Hamilton,  elected  Acad.  Design, 3501 . 

,  Henry,  gov.  Mich.,  991 ;  d.  (1796). 

,  James,  b.,  562  ;  guv.  N.  d.,  672,  713, 

731 ;  captured  at  Vincennes, 

, ,  b.  (1786) ;  gov.  S.  C,  1392;  on  nul- 
lification; pres. convention,  1412;  d.,182i , 

, ,  Duke    of   Abercorn,    b.,    9351; 

L.  lieut.,  9692;  d.,  9941. 

, ,  Earl  of  Arrau,  b.  (1477);  regent, 

8693;  d.  (1529). 

,  John,  pres.  N.  j.,  633.  672. 

,  John  B.,  iu  treas.  dept.,  3512. 

,Sir  John  Campbell  Hamilton-Gordon, 

E.  of  Aberdeen,  gov.-gen.  Can.,  6952,3. 

,  John  M.,  governor  111.,  3152. 

-,  Col.  fj.  S.,  arrested ;  acquitted,  3271 . 

,  Paul,  b.  (1762) ;  gov.  S.  C.,  1132  ;  see. 

navy,  1171;  a.  (1816). 

Sir  Robert,  resigns,  9953. 

,  Walter  Kerr,  elected  bp.,  9583. 

,  Sir    William,     antiquary,    b.,    9082 ; 

Braes  of  Yarrow,  9152;  d.,  9323. 

,  Sir ,  b.,  9243;  works,  9533;  d.,9603. 

,  William  Richard,  b.,  9203;  d.  (1859). 

,  Sir Rowan,  b.,  9323  ;  mathemati- 
cal method,  9521 ;  d.,  9681 . 
Hamley,  Sir  Edward  Bruce,  b.  (1824) ;  d., 

10102. 

Hamlin,  Charles  S.,  in  treas.  dept.,  4472. 
,  Hannibal,  b.,  II61 ;   gov.  Me.,  1832  ; 

nom.  vice-pree.,  1873,  1931 ;   vote,  1883, 

1913,  1931;  d.,  3861. 
Hamline  Univ.  (Meth.  Epis.)  org.  at  St. 

Paul,  Minn.  (1854). 
■,  Leonidas  Lent,  b.,  1062  ;  cons,  bp., 

1563;  d.,  2452. 
Hammaii,  mission,  6571. 
Hammarskjold,  Lars,  b.-d.,  11342  ;  fnds. 

Literary  Society,  11351 ;  works  of,  11362. 
Hammelburg,  Prussian  victory,  8242. 
Hammerich,  Frederik    Peder   Adolf,  b., 

6382;  d.,  6121. 
Hammer-Purgstall,  Joseph  von,  b.,  S(H1 ; 

work,  8103;  d.,  8201. 
Hammersmith  to  Kew,  tram-cars,  9901 , 
Hammon,  David,  surveys  Phila.,  492. 
Hammond  manufactures  lace,  9162. 
,  Lord  Edmund,  blackmailing  scheme, 

10023;  d.,  10022. 

,  Geo.,  English  minister,  1032. 

,  Jabez  D.,  b.,  912;  d.,  1761 . 

,  James  Hamilton,  b.,  1141 ;  goT.  S.  0., 

1553;  Cotton  is  King,  1833;  d.  (1864). 

,  Matthew,  burned,  8743. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  711 ;  d.,  1452. 

— -,  Thomas,  b.,  1561 . 

,  William  Alexander,  b.,  136*. 

Hammurabi,  dynasty ;  reigns,  4832 ;  de- 
feats Rim  Sin  ;  builder,  11401 . 

Canal,  built,  11412. 

Hamon,  Jean  Louis,  b.,  7223;  d.,  7482. 
Hampden,  Lord,  impeached,  8852. 

,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  9871. 

,  John,  b.,  762  ;  Puritan,  351 ;  refuses 

ship-money,  8833  ;    wounded,  8841 ;  d., 

8843. 

,  Renn  Dickson,  bp.,  b.,  9262;  d.,  9722. 

,  Richard,  minister,  8993. 

club,  est.,  9393. 

Sydney,  College,  Va.,  org.,  861 . 


Hampdenk,   John,   political    conspiracy, 

8971. 
Hampshire,  Eng.,  waste  of  land,  8491 . 
Hampton,  Baron,  title  created,  9751. 
Hampton  Court  Conf.,  held,  8782,  8792. 

Court  Palace,  Raphael  Cartoons,  8821 . 

Institute,  Va.,  org.,  '2043  ;  H.  B.  Frjs- 

sell  superintendent,  4302. 

,  -John,  missionary,  522. 

, S.,  gov.  W.  Australia,  4972. 

,  Wade,  b.,  683;  d.,  1442. 

, ,  b.,    1262  ;     at    Shepherdstown, 

2141 ;  commands  Confederates,  I201; 
south  of  Rapidan,  2321 ;  near  Trevillan 
Station,  2342;  at  Sycamore  Church,  2381 ; 
at  Columbia,  2422;  at  Cheraw,  2423;  near 
Jackson's  Mill,  '^441 ;  gov.,  2932,  2973;  in 
int.  dept.,  4472. 

Roads,   school    opd.    for   freedmen, 

2023  ;  Congress  burned ;  Cumberland 
sunk  ;  Monitor  arrives,  '2043  ;  Mtrrimac 
fights,  2062, 207 1 ;  Fort  Fisher  expedition 
leaves,  2402  ;  peace  commission  meets, 
2431. 

Wick,  R.  R.  accident,  9993. 

Hamurab,  reigns,  11393.  1 

Hanaford,  Phtt'be  Coffin,  b.,  1362.  {■ 

Hanaiii,  prophet  ;  imprisoned,  11423.         <^ 
Hanau,  Prus.,  principality,  8091;  incor- 
porated, 8093;  Bavarians  defeated,  7202. 
Han  ISelalovich,  Bosnians  defeated,  5*281 . 

dynasty  rules,  6113. 

chuiig  Foo,  taken,  6141 . 

Hancock,  Md.,  Confeds.tlriven  from,236». 

,  John,  b.,  042;  sloop  seized,  753;  prefl. 

Assembly,  792;  pres.  Cong.,  812;  pardon 
withneid,  813  ;  pres.  Cout.  Cong.,  832- 
resigns,  893  ;  gov.,  933,  1011;  electoral 
vote,  1012;  d.,  1012. 

,  Gen.,  at  La  Colle  Mills,  l'22i . 

,  Wlnfield  Scott,  b.,  1321 ;  at  Williams- 
burg, 2071 ;  near  Charlestown,  2142  ;  at 
Fredericksburg,  2162  ;  at  Gettysburg, 
'2241;  near  Rapidan,  i!;)2i;  at  Spottsyl- 
vania,  '2323;  at  Cold  Harbor,  '2341;  at 
Weldon  R.  K.  2343  ;  at  Petersburg,  2343; 
atReams's  Station,  2372;  at  Hatcher's 
Run, '2391 ;  Cong,  thanks,  2521 ;  uiaj.-gen., 
2o2i ;  against  Indians,  '2561;  coiiiiiiands 
5th  military  dist.,  '2581;  nom.  for  pres., 
'2931 ,  3061  ;  vote,  3051 ,  3072;  d.,  3'222. 
Hand,  Brig.-Gen.  Edward,  b.  (1744) ;  com- 
missioned, 861 ;  (1.  (180'2). 

,  Daniel,  d.,  3961 . 

Handel, George  Frederick,  b.,7982;  in  Lon- 
don, 9041;  first  English  oratorio,  9061  j 
composes  The  Messiah,  9102  ;  Jephihaht 
9122  ;  d.,  8023  ;  commemoration,  9'222, 
9461 ;  festival,  9G22. 

Society,  formed,  London,  9521 . 

and  Haydn  Soc.  org.,  l'24i;  anniver- 
sary, 3561 . 
Handful  of  Pleasant  Delights,  issued,  8761 , 
Handkerchiefs,  Paisley,  first  made,  9102, 
Handoub  taken,  0603. 
Haiidsworth,  cast  steel  manufactory,  9102. 
Hand,  Ernest  Julius,  b.  (1811) ;  d.,  8341. 

,  Gustav  F.,  b.,  8062;  d.,  8'282. 

Hangchow-f  u,  China,  captured;  desolated, 

6201 ;  mission,  6'203,  621 1 ,2. 
Hanging  Rock,  S.  C,  attacked,  922. 

in  chains  abolished,  G.  B.,  9471 , 

Hango,  Hermann,  works,  8362. 
Hangorf,  Thomas,  martyr,  472. 
Ilanifs,  idolatry,  4813. 
Hanka,    Venceslav,     b.,    5181;    Bukopil 
A'ra/o(fworsA'(/,discoveretl,5203;  d.,526». 
Hauke,  Henriette  W.,  b.,  8042;  d.,  8'202. 
Haiikel,  Wilhelm  Gottlieb,  b.,  8IO2. 
Haii-Keu,  sacked,  618 1 ;  allies  punished; 

defamed;  fugitive,  10553, 
Hankow,  China,  mission,  6'203;  riots,  625'; 

R.  R.  syndicate,  e253;  fire,  6'273. 
Hanley,  Eng.,  coal-mine  caves  in,  10013. 
Haulon,  E.,  on  Lake  Quinsigamond,  325». 
Hanna,  Hugh,  open-air  preaching,  9603. 

,  Speaker,  life  endangered,  3751 . 

Hannay,  J.,  makes  artit'l  diamonds,  984'. 
Hannen,  Lord,  arbitrator,  4252. 

,  Sir  James,  Parnell  Commission,  999«. 

Hannibal,  lost;  9301 . 

,  b.-d.,  11391 ;  in  Italy,  6621 ;  at  Sagun- 

tum,  10531 ;    expeditions,   1054 1 ,  11251; 
recalled,  10543  ;  under  Prusias,  11481. 
Hamiington,  James,  b.  (1817) ;  sails,  661»i 

returns,  5613  ;  cons,  ;  martyred,  5621. 
Hanno,  defeated,  10523, 10531 . 
Hanoi,  Fr.  defeated;  evacuated ;  Fr.  cap- 
ture, 4802. 


1 


Hano-Harr. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        lNL)ll«X.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column 


1275 


Manoteaux,  M.,  minister,  7672. 

,  Gabriel,  Richelieu,  7G4< . 

Hanover,  Gor.,  restores  Kliiuo  Palatinate, 
797»  ;  becomes  9tb  electorate,  7992  ;  Kr- 
nest  Augustus,  elector  (1G92);  Geo.  Lewis 
elector  (\m^ ;  treaty  of,  9073 ;  Geo. 
August  iLs  elector  (1727) ;  purchase  of 
Bremen,  801 2  ;  in  Seven  Years'  War, 
8032  ;  Geo.-Wni.-Fred.  elector  (1760) ; 
seized  by  Prns.,  7021,  8073  ;  occupied, 
8(I0< ;  acquired  by  Prus.,  5272,  8092  ;  re- 
gained for  Eng.,  7212,  8112  ;  Guelphic 
order  est.;  Westplialia gains  part,  8111 ,2; 
regained  by  Eng.,  8112;  elector  becomes 
king  (1814) ;  in  Confederation  ;  Duke 
of  Cambridge    viceroy  ;  representative 

Sovt.  frad.,  8113  ;  Geo.-Augustus-Fred., 
:.  ;  Wm.  Henry,  K.,  8133  ;  constitu- 
tion al>olished  j  Victoria,  Q.  of  Eng. ; 
separated  from  Eng.,  8153,  949a  ;  elec- 
t*)ral  rights  opposed  ;  Constitution 
granted,  8173 ;  alliance  with  Prus. ;  in 
Tariff  Union  ;  George  V.,  K.,  8193  ; 
Constitution  annulled,  8211;  gives  up 
State  dues,  8212  ;  claims  crowni  jewels, 
8211;  ally  of  Aust. ;  invades  Holsteiii ; 
Prus.  troops  in,  8231 ,  8233  ;  Prus.  gains, 
8252;  treaty  with  Prus. ;  Bavaria  royal 
property  sequestrated;  treajion  in,  8253; 
Old  Catholic  movement,  8263;  king  weds 
Tliyra,  8303  ;  Ernest  Augustus  II.,  K., 
8311 ;  imperial  capital,  S!53. 

,  N.  H.,  Dartmouth  College  est.,  763  ; 

College  of  Agriculture  est.,  2623;  Miss 
Warden  shot,  3882. 

County,    Va.,  mission,  71 1;    Sunday 

School  in,  983. 

Court  House,  Va  ,  taken,  2082. 

Junction,  Va.,  cavalry  tight,  2'.M1 . 

College,  Ind.,  org.,  1423. 

Hospital  dedicated,  4291 . 

Hans  of  Den.,  defeats  Sten  Sturo,  ll.'Mi . 

Busk  liifo-Ship  Institute  fnd.,  9723. 

Hansa,  Arctic  expedition,  8261 . 
Hansard,  John  K.  G.,  b.,  1462. 

,  Luke,  b.,  9123;  d.,  9423. 

Hansbrough,  H.  C,  b.,  l&Ji ;  speech,  4391 . 
Hanse  towns,  struggles  with  Den.,  6372. 
Hanseatic  League,  fmd.,  7773,  78II;  war 

with  Den.,  7821. 
Hansen,  Jlauritz  Christopher,  b.  (1794) ; 

works,  11042;  d.  (1812). 
—,  Peter  Andreas,  b.,  8063;  ruble  of  the 

J/(W«,  published,  9621 ;  d.,  8281 . 
Hansom,.Jos..\loysiU8,inv.  safety  cab,946i . 

,  Capt.,  killed  in  duel,  9212. 

Hansteen,  Christoffer,  b.-<I.,  11041 . 
Hanway,   Jonaa,    b.    (1712) ;  est.  Marine 

Siwietv,  9151;  d.,  92.53. 
Han-Yang,  sacked,  6I81 . 
Hapsburg,  House    of;    est.,  5033,  6052; 
rule  begins,  5093  ;  reigns,  10992,  5863. 

Lorraine,  H<mse  of,  5232. 

Harback,  Abram  A.,  commis.  maj.,  4501 . 
Harbaugh,  Henry,  b.,  1262;  d.,  2'-,S2. 
Harberton,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  9252. 
Harbour  Grace,  N.  F.,  Standard  estab- 
lished, 5811. 
Harcourt,  Edward  W.,  d.,  10062. 

,  D',  Gen.,  at  Turin,  688I . 

,  Due  d",  Henri,  b.,  6902;  d.,  6981. 

,  Sir  Simon,    b.,  8902;    keeper;   lord 

Chanc.,  9052;  lord  lieut.,  9193;  d.  (1777). 

,  Sir  Wm.  Geo.    Granville    Venables 

Vemon,b.,9423;minister,9852,9952, 10092, 
10112;  Intro.  Coercion  Bill,  9892;  Liquor 
Traffic  Bill,  1011 1. 
Hardee,  Wm.  J.,  b.,  126*  ;  at  Shiloh,  2061 ; 
at  Perryviile,  2142  ;   at  Murfreesboro, 
2171 ;  superseiies  Bragg,  2283;  at  Pump- 
kin-Vine Creek,  2341 ;  at  fJonesboro,  Ga., 
2381 ;  at  Savannah,  2402  ;  from  Charles- 
ton, 2422  ;  at  Cheraw,  2423  ;  at  Averys- 
boro,  2441;  d.,  2821. 
Harden  J.  S.,  murderer,  1882. 
Hardenberg,  Friedrich  (Novalis)  von,  b., 
8O31 ;  work,  8072;  d.,  8071 . 

,  James  B.,  pres.  Ref.  Synod,  1643. 

,  Pr.  Karl  August  von,b.,8022;  d.,8122. 

Hardicanute,  K.,  b.,  8462  ;  reigns.  Den., 

6352;  reigns  Eng.;  d.,  8472. 
Bardie,  Capt.,  defeats  Garza,  3981. 
Hardin,  Charles  H.,  gov.  Mo.,  2912. 

,  Martin  D.,  b.  (1880);  d.,  1302. 

Harding,  Chester,  b.,  1022;  at  Fort  Donel- 
gon,  2183;  d.,  2521. 

,  James  Duffleld,  b.,  9283;  d.,  9662. 

,  Karl  Ludwig,  b.   (1705) ;  dls.  Juno, 

8081,9322;  d.  (1834). 


Harding,  Stephen,  b.,  6683. 


-  S.,  gov.  Utah,  2032. 
ege,  in 


.  College,  fnd.  at  Mexico,  Mo.,  2782. 

Hardinge,  Viscoxuit,  title  created,  9511 . 

,  Sir  Arthur  E.,  d.,  IOO8I . 

, Henry,  b.,  9223;  gov.-gen.,  9532, 

10173;  at  Mudkee,  10461;  commander-in- 
chief  9561;  d.,9G03. 

,  Capt.,  killed,  9341 . 

Hardman,  Sir  William,  d.,  lOOtl. 
Hardouin,  Trisnor  de  Venerie,  0763. 

,  Jean,  b.,  6883;  d.,  6983. 

Hardrada,    Harold,   lights   Danes,    6351; 

killed,  8161. 
Hardt,  Hermann  von  der,  b.,7963;  d.,8003. 
Hardwick,  Philip,  b.  (1792) ;  begins  Maryle- 

l)one  Church,  9362;  d.  (1871). 
Hardwicke,  Lord.    (See  Yorke,  Philip.) 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  9112. 

,  E.  of.    {See  Yorke,  Cliarles.) 

Hardy,  Alexander,  plays  of,  6871 . 

,  Arthur  Sherbui-ne,  b.,  1623  ;  works, 

3163, 3263,3603. 

,  Sir  Charles,  b.  (1705±) ;  gov.  N.  Y., 

712;  d.  (1780). 

,  Gathorne,   Viscount   Cranbrook,    b. 

(1814) ;  minister,  9953. 

,  Josiah,  gov.  N.  J.,  732. 

,  Thomas,  b.  (1840) ;  works,  9763,  9963, 

10121 . 
,  Sir Masterman,  b.,  9183  ;  bom- 
bards Stonington,  1222;  d.,  M83. 
Hare,  Augustus  Julius  Cliarles,  b.,  9462; 
Two  Noble  lAves,  4783. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9661 . 

,  Darius  D.,  b.,  1561 . 

,  Julius  Charles,  b.,  9263;  d.,  9603. 

,  Robert,  b.,  93i ;  eompomid  blow-pipe, 

1101;  d.,  1841. 

,  Thomas,  d.,  IOO6I . 

,  Wm.  Hobart,  b.  (1838);  cons,  bp.,  2803. 

Harel,  Abb(5  Telesphore,  d.,  5881 . 

Haren,  Willeni  van,  b.-d.,  1101 1 ;  Gevallen 

van  Frisco,  1101 2. 
Harewood,  E.  of,  title  created,  9372. 
Harfleur,  Fr.,  surrenders,  6761 ,  8621 . 
Hargraves,  Edmund  Hammond,  b.,  9382; 

discovers  gold,  4961 . 
Hargreaves,     James,     carding-machines, 
9142;  spinning-jenny,  9161,  9172;  water- 
power  spinning,  9181 ;  d.,  9203. 
Haring,  Wilhelm.    (See  Alexis.) 
Harington,  Sir  John,   b.,  8721;    Orlando 

Furioso,  8771;  d.  (1612). 
Hariri,  Abu  Mohammed  Kasim  ben  Ali, 

b.  (1054) ;  d.,  4863. 
Harker,  Gen.  Chas.  G.,  b.  (1836);  k.,  2351 ,2. 
Harkins,  Matt.,  b.  (1845) ;  cons,  bp.,  3262. 
— — ,  Capt.,  near  Winchester,  2I61 . 
Harkness,  William,  astron.,  b.,  1482. 
Harlan  Court-House,  feud,  3471 ,3561 ,4.502. 

,  James,   b.,    1282  ;   gee.    of  interior, 

2473;  resigns,  2.532. 

,  John    Marshall,    b.,   1421  ;    justice, 

2973;  arbitrator,  4252,  4471 . 

,  Richard,  b.,  IO61 ;  d.,  1561 . 

Harland,  Marion.    (See  Terhune,  Mrs.) 
Harlay,  Achille  de,  b.,  6803;  d.,  6863. 
Harlaw,  battle  of,  86O1 . 
Harlech,  Baron,  title  created,  9751 . 

Castle,  Wales,  besieged,  86OI . 

Harleian  Library  est.,  9023. 

Society  fnd.,  9721. 

Harlem  Courant,  London,  issued,  8983. 
Harlem  Heights,  N.  Y.,  attack  at,  842. 

R.  B.  built,  1393,  1493;  wreck,  3971. 

Harless,  Gottlieb  Christolph  Adolph  von, 

b.,8082;  d.,  8202. 
Harley,  Edward,  E.Oxford  ;  library, 9023. 

,  Robert,  E.  of  Oxford,  b.   (1061) ;  L. 

admiralty,  9031 ;  dismissed,  9052  ;    im- 
peached, 9053;  d.  (1724). 

,  Robert,  E.  of  Oxford,  b.,  8902  ;  niin- 

ister,9032;  speaker ,9031 ;  disniis8ed,9033; 
chanc,  9062  ;  assassination  fails,  9051  j 
L  treas. ;   created  Earl,  9052;  d.,  9062. 
Harlots  punished,  Eng.,  8591 , 
Harlow,  George  Henry,  b.,  9242;  d.  (1819). 
Harman;  Edward  R.  King,  d.,  9982. 
- — ,  Mayor  J.  W.,  shot,  4743. 
Harniar,  Josiah,  b.,  683;  general-in-chief, 
1001 ;  defeated  by  Indians,  1021 ;  d.,  121 1 . 
Harmon,  Capt.,  near  Decatur,  2102. 

,  R.  F.,  letter,  4753. 

Harmonica,  J.  C.  Gliick  plays,  9102. 
Harmonic  Union,  fmd.,  Eng.,  9582, 
Harmonichord  invented,  8IO1 . 
Harmonists  founded,  8043  ;  Ind.,  1243. 
Harmony,  Davis  B.,  rear-admiral,  3381 . 


Harms,  Cl.aiis,  b.,  8M2;  d.,  8201 . 

,  Louis,  b.  (1809) ;   inaug.  missionary 

society,  8182;  d.  (1866). 

Harmshope,  mission,  11241. 

Harmsworth,  Polar  expedition,  10121 . 

Harnden,  Lieut.-Col.,  captures  Jefferson 
Davis,  3463. 

,  Wm.  Fred.,  org.  express,  1613. 

Harnett,  Cornelius,  b.,  602;  d.,  931 . 

Harney,  William  Selby,  b.,  1082  ;  captures 
Inds.,  1521 ;  at  San  Juan  Is.,  I852  ;  re- 
called, 1873  ;  in  command ;  protects  St. 
Louis,  1921,1942;  relieved,  1941;  d.,3382. 

Harnoy,  Vice-Adm.  de  Dampierre,  minis- 
ter, 7473. 

Harold,  Earl,  subjugates  Whales,  8461 . 

I.  king  of  Eng.,  reigns  ;  d.,  8472. 

II.  reigns,  8473  ;  crowned,  8463  ;  at 

Stamford  Bridge  ;  k.,  8461 . 

K.  of  Den. ;  est.  Christianity,  6352. 

the  Blue  Tooth,  reigns,  6352. 

Heju  reigns,  6363. 

I.  reigns  in  Nor.,  11013;  at  Hafsiiord, 

10041;    consolidates,   divides    kingdom, 
11043. 

II.  Graafeld,  reigns,  11043  ;  deposed, 

10743;  d.,  11041. 

in.  invades  Eng.,  11041 . 

,  Hardrada  reigns  in  Nor.,  IIO51 . 

IV.  reigns  ;  killed,  11051 . 

Haroon  reigns,  Egypt,  6552. 
Harpagus  takes  Zanthus,  11461 . 

Harpe,  Jean  F.  de  la,  b.  (1739) ;  Warwick, 
7032  ;  d.  (1803). 

Harper,  Fletcher,  b.,  1122;  d.,  2942. 

, ,  b.  (1828) ;  d.,  3681 . 

,  James,  b.,  IO61 ;  mayor  N.  Y.,  1591 ; 

moderator,  2642;  d.,  2661 . 

,  Joseph  Morrill,  b.  (1787);  gov.  K.  H., 

1393  ;  d.,  2423. 

, Wesley,  b.,  II01 ;  d.,  2701. 

,  B.  D.,  moderator,  2023. 

,  Robert  F.,  d.,  1322. 

, Goodloe,  b.,  74i ;  vote  for  vice- 

pres.,  1253,  1292  ;  d.  (1826). 

,  William,  b.,  1022;  d.  (1849). 

,  — — Rainey,  b.,  1781;  Pres.  Chicago 

Univ.,  3682;  at  Chautauqua,  3423. 

Harper's  Ferry,  Va., govt,  armory  and  mnf., 
1081;  Brown's  raid,  1861,3,  1871;  fired, 
1941 ;  Confeds.  evacuate.  Federals  oc- 
cupy, 1961 ;  action,  1962  ;  Banks  crosses 
at,  2041 ;  Confeds.  invest,  surrendered, 
2131 ;  evacuated  by  Confeds.,  213*;  Storer 
College  opened,  2603. 

Harper  s  Bazaar  founded,  2623. 

- —  New  Monll/ti/  Mfitjazine  fnd.,  1683. 

-  Young  Pt^npU-  issued,  3023. 
Harpestring,  Heiirik,  on  medicine,  6363. 
Harpeth  Shoals,  gunboats  destroyed,  2182. 
Harpitoner  wrecked,  9381 . 

Harpoot,  mission  of,  11563. 

Harqua  Ilala  mine,  Arizona,  4073. 

Harraden,  Beatrice,  work,  IO122. 

Harran,  Pedro  Alcantara,  Pres.,  6291. 

Harrigan,  Edward,  contempt,  9991 . 

Harriman,  Walter,  b.  (1817) ;  governor  N. 
H.,  2593  ;  d.  (1884). 

Harrington,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9112. 

,  Earl  of,  suspended,  9973. 

,  Earl  of,Wm.Stanliope,  minister,  9113. 

,  JameB,b.,8782;  Ocfaria,  8883 ;  d.,  8942. 

,  M.  W.,  in  Agri.  Department,  4473. 

,  Samuel  Maxwell,  b.  (1803) ;  d.,  2482. 

,  Timothy,  Irish  agitator  in  N.  Y.,  3711 . 

Harris,  Baron,  title  created,  9372. 

,  Caleb  F.,  b.,  1262;  d.,  3081. 

,  Carlyle  W.,  convicted,  4002,  4222. 

,  C.  J.,  first  chief  Cherokees,  3971. 

,  E.  C,  gift  of,  9842. 

,  Elisha,  governor  R.  I.,  1633. 

,  Frank,  editor,  IOOO2. 

,  George,  jurist,  d.,  10041 . 

,  Lord ,  Gen.,  b.  (1746) ;  atSerlnga- 

patam,  10461;  d.  (1829). 

,  Ira,  Committee  of  15,  2493;  d.,  2881. 

,  Ishani  Green,  b.,  1262  ;  gov,  (1867)  ;  re- 
fuses troops, 1952;  seizes  U.S.  funds,  1951 ; 
proclaims  independence,  1972  ;  Recon- 
struction Committee,  2493;  pres.  Senate, 
4351 ;  speech,  4392. 

,  James,  b.,  9042;  works,  9131;  d.,9211. 

, ,  Earl  of  Malmesbury,  b.,9122;  d. 

(1820). 

, Howard,  third  Earl  of  Malmes- 
bury, b.,  9331 ;  minister,  9573,9632,9692, 
9792;  d.,  10001. 

,  Joel  Chandler,  b.,  1641 ;  works,  318», 

3322. 


1276 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  figures  indicate  Column.  Hair-HatC. 


Harris,  John,b.(1667) ;  works,  902^;  d.(1719). 

,  Major,  in  Abyssinia,  is. 

,  Mary,  trial,  255' . 

,  Mattliew,  libel  decision,  10003. 

,  Richara,  constructs  pendulum,  8842. 

,  Samuel,  clergyman,  b.,  123' . 

, Smith,   bp.,  b.,  1522  j  cons.  P.  E. 

bishop,  3022  ;    d.,  3301 . 

,  Thaddens  Mason,  b.,  76' ;  d.,  1542. 

, William,  b.,  106' ;  d.,  ITS' . 

,  Thomas  lalte,  b.,  1302;  fnds.  Brooton 

community,  2583. 
— -, Mealey,  Brig.-Qen.,  b.  (1817) ;  mil- 
itary commissioner,  2472. 

,  Townsend,    b.    (1803) ;     treaty    -Hith 

Japan,  183' ;  d.  (1878). 

,  Tucker,  d.,  130' . 

,  T.  \V.,  Merriwether's  Landing,  2103. 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1765) ;  pres.  Columbia  Col- 
lege, 119'.  d.  (1829). 

, ,  A.,  b.,  1522. 

, Torrey,  b.,  1442;  in  interior  de- 
partment, 3512,  4472. 

, Logan,  b.,  1262;  cons.  Meth.  Epis. 

bishop,  2763;  il.  (1887). 

,  Sir Snow,  b.,  9262  ;  inv.  thermo- 

electrometer,  9422;  makesconipass,  944' : 
d.,  9722. 
Harrisburg,Pa.,Iaid  out,  993;  capital,  1193; 
State  Library,  tud.,  125' ;  Churchof  God 
org.,  1382;  R.  R.  with  Phila.,  1413;  whig 
Nat.  Conven.  meets,  1512;  Lincoln  at, 
1923  ;  Gen.  Wool  at,  2142  ;  tlireatened, 
2232  ;  obsequies  of  Lincoln,  2472  ;  R.  C. 
diocese  est.,  2642;  Hartrauft  monument, 
384';  cloud  burst,  38.5';  train  wrecked, 
4093;  dynamite  wreck,  465' . 
Harrison,  N.  J.,  Mehaffey  assault,  4703. 

,  O.,  Morgan  enters,  2243. 

,  Benj.  patriot,  b.,  642  ;  d.,  1022. 

, ,  Pres.,  b.,  142' ;  graduates,  1723; 

marries,  1732  ;  at  Atlanta,  2362  ;  nom. 
for  pres.,  331';  vote,  3312  ;  inaug.,  3372; 
addresses  Grand  Army,  3332;  proclama- 
tion, 3392;  Sunday  parades,  340' ;  LL.U. 
Miami  Univ.,  341';  Log  Coll.  eel.,  3443  ; 
effigy  burned,  3472;  at  Carnegie  Library 
in  Pa.,  3522 ;  at  Centennial  eel. ;  bur- 
glars, 3523;  veterans'  reunion,  370'; 
trans-continental  trip,  3822  ;  proclama- 
tions to  foreigners,  3S62;  speeclies,  3902; 
message  to  Cong.,  3972;  at  Grant'.s  mon- 
ument, 404';  renominated,  409' ;  accep- 
tance, 415' ;  vote,  4192,  4243  ;  Mormon 
proclamation,  4212;  Indianapolis  ad- 
dress, 4283  ;  Commander  of  Loyal  Le- 
gion, 429';  lecture,  454',  4562;  funeral 
of  wife,  417' , 

,  Mrs.  Burton,  work,  3963. 

,  Carter  Henry,  b.  (1825) ;  mayor,  381' , 

4272  ■  assassinated  ;  d.,  442' ,  4432. 

,  Sir  G.,  memorial  arcliway,  998', 

,  Henry  B.,  governor  Conn.,  3233. 

,  James  Albert,  b.,  164' . 

, C,  appt.  judge  in  Kansas,  I8I2. 

,  John,    b.,   9002 ;    time-pieces,    908' ; 

spinning  wheel  improved,  9122  ;  time- 
keeper, 916' ;  watches,  9062  ;  d.,9203. 

,  Sap.  Bonaparte,  b  (1823) ;  d.,  272'. 

,  Rob.  Hanson,  b.  (1745),  682  ;  electoral 

vote,  1012  ;  justice  S.  C,  1012;  d.  (1790). 

,  Thomas,  Conted.  gen.,  d.,  386' . 

,  William  Henry,  b.,  782  ;  graduates, 

1023  ;  marries,  107';  gov.  Ind.,  Ill';  at 
Tippecanoe,  116' ;  meets  Indians,  1172  ; 
in  Can.,  118' ;  commands  army,  120' ;  at 
Ft.  Meigg,  1202  ;  inviides  Can.,  1203  ; 
presidential  vote,  1472;  renominated  for 
pres.,  1512,  153'  ,2  ;  "  Log  Cabin  "  cam- 
paign, 1-531 ;  inaug.,  1532  ;  d.,  1522, 1332. 

, T.,  cons,  bishop,  9983. 

,  Judge,  unconfirmed,  I8I2. 

,  Mr.,  ice-machine  patented,  9621 . 

Harrison*sBar,Va.,McCIellanleaves,211l. 

Landing,  MoClellan  at,  210' ,  211' . 

Harriott,  Thomas,  b.,  872' ;  solar  observa- 
tions, 904';  d.,  8802. 
Harrity,  William  F.,  chairman,  4113. 
Harrodsburg,    Ky.,    settled,  79';  Daugh- 
ters' College  founded,  I8O2. 
Harrowby,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9311. 

,  Earl  of.     (See  Ryder.) 

Harrow,  Eng.,  School  foiuided,  8743. 
Hart,  Aiphonse,  in  treas.  dept.,  3512. 

,  Anthony,  lord  chancellor,  9433. 

, C,  d.,  394'. 

,  Charles  S.,  b.,  1623. 

,  Ernest,  Hypnotism^  Mesmerism,  4481 . 

,  James  McDougal,  b.,  1362  ;  in  Nat. 


Academy   of    Design,  184';    paintings, 
186' ,  286' ,  300' ,  306' ,  312' ,  318' ,  322' . 
Hart,  Joel  T.,  b.,  1162;  C/aj,  1602;  d.,294'. 

,  John,  rules,  Md.,  .59' . 

, Seely,  b.,  II62  ;  d.,  2941 . 

,  O.  B.,  governor  Fla.,  286' . 

,  Rowland,  prints  Geneva  Bible,  W>I^ . 

,  Solomon  A.,  b.,  1122  ;  d.  (1881). 

,  T.  H.,  Mayor  Boston,  3491. 

,  William,  b.,  1302. 

, H.,  in  treas.  dept.,  3512. 

,  W.,  stabs  Clemens  Warner,  4743. 

Dyke, Sir  Wm. ,  minister,  9933 ;  School 

of  Handicraft,  9983. 
Harte,  Francis  Bret,  b.,  1502;  works,  1463, 
2603,  2683,  2723,  277',  2863,  291',  2983, 
3003,  3223,  3263,  4203,  4782,  10043. 
Harter,  Michael  D.,  b.,  1522. 
Hartford,  Conn.,  fort  erected,  333  ;  fnd., 
352;  witchcraft,  41 ';  Gov.  Andros  at; 
Charter  Oak  event,  51';  Gov.  Fletcher 
at,  52' ,  532  ;  first  newspaper ;  Vonn. 
Courant,  742;  conference  at,  922;  incorp., 
973  ;  theater  opd.,  106' ;  conven.  meets, 
1233  ;  H.  Tract  Soc.  org. ;  deaf  mute 
school,  125';  //.  Times  issued,  127'; 
Trinity  Coll.  org.,  1312;  axes  umf .,  134' ; 
Theological  Sem.  fnd.,  143' ;  Library 
Asso.  fnd.,  1503  ;  R.  c.  diocese  erected, 
158' ;  Charter  Oak  falls,  1813  ;  Watkin- 
son  Library  fnd.,  1843;  Oolt  Armory 
burned,  2313;  Cedar  Hill  Cemetery  est., 
2513  ;  Congregation  Club  formed,  2962  ; 
Legislature  meets,  299';  memorial  to 
Gov.  Buckingham,  316' ;  Free  Library 
fnd.,  3542;  conven,  of  Christian  workers, 
3702;  tire,  4513;  bust  of  Mrs.  Stowe,460' ; 
Washington  -  Rochambeau  memorial, 
4653  ;  bodies  found,  4673  ;  Mrs.  Kobbins 
arrested,  4683 ;  Francis  defalcation,  4743. 
Hartford  passes  PortHudson,  220' ;  in  Mo- 
bile Bay,  237'. 
Hartington,  Marquis  of.    (See  Cavendish, 

Spencer  Compton.) 
Hartismere,  Baron,  title  created,  965'. 
Hartland,  Sir  R.,  governor  India,  10453. 
Hartlepool,  Eng.,  riot  at  Colliery,  10083. 
Hartley,  David,  b.,  9022  ;  in  Academy  of 

Design,  398' ;  d.,  9143. 
Hartman,  Charles  C,  b.,  2023. 
Hartmann,  von  Aue,  b.  (1170±) :  vorks, 
7783;  d.,  (1210J:). 

,  Eduard  von,  b.,  8143. 

,  Karl  R.  E.,  works,  8263. 

,  Moritz,  b.,  8122  ;  d.,  828'. 

Hartog,  Dirk,  explorer,  493' . 
Hartranf t,  John  Frederick,  b.  (1830) ;  gov- 
ernor La.,  285' ,  295' ;  commander  G.  A. 
R.,  2883,   2943;   pres.  contest,  293';  d. 
(1889),  346' ;  monument,  384' . 
Hartshorn  Memorial  College  fnd.,  3143. 
Hartshorne,  Edward,  b.,  1262;  d.  (1885). 

,  Henry,  b.,  1302. 

,  Joseph,  b.,  912;  d.,  168'. 

Hartstene,  Henry  J.,  finds  Kane,  176' ;  d., 

2602. 
Hartsville,  Ind.,  University  org.,  1703. 

,  Pa.,  Log  College  celebration,  3443. 

-,  Teun.,  action  at,  2162. 

Hartt,  Charles  Frederic,  b.  (1840) :  d.,298». 
Hartville,  Mo.,  Conteds.  defeated,  218'. 
Hartwell,  Colo.,  B.  E.  collision,  4253. 
Hartwiok,  N.  Y.,  theolog.  sem.  at,  1243. 
Hartwood,  Va.,  cavalry  captured,  2161 . 
Hartzenbusch,  Eugenio,  work,  1131'. 

,  Juan,  b.-d.,  11303. 

Hartzheim,  Joseph,  b.,  7982;  d.,  8023. 
Harun-al-Raschid,  calif,  4863;  Egypt,  6S52; 
gift  to  Charlemagne,  666' ;  invades  Gr.  ; 
peace  with  emp. ;  ravages  Asia  Minor, 
1033';  d.,  4842. 
Harvard,  John,  b.,  262;  gift,  343;  freeman, 
35' ;  d.,  34' ;  statue,  318' ,  3622. 

Asso.  fnd.,  prevention  of  crime,  9703. 

College,  Harvard  gift ;  renamed,  343; 

H.  Dunster  pres. ;  first  conunencement ; 
support  of,  37' ;  Chas.  Cbanncy,  pres., 
39';  Gale  library,  443;  ferrv  granted; 
Mather,  pres.,  48*3  ;  against  NVnitetield, 
05';  students  in  homespun,  692;  library 
burned,  742;  Botanical  Garden  and  Chair 
of  Nat.  His.  est.,  112';  John  Q.  Adams 
prof.,  1143  ;  Divinity  School  opd.,  1243, 
127' ;  Edward  Everett  pres.,  161' ;  //)//«■- 
riowdis.,  164' ;  Scientiiic  Dept. est.,  1W2; 
James  Walker,  pres.,  173' ;  commemora- 
tion day  eel.,  2482;  Museum  built,  chair 
of  Am.  archseology  and  ethnology  en- 
dowed, '254';  Dental  School  est.,  2623, 


261' ;  photoheliograph  used,  270' :  School 
of  Agri.  est.,  276' ;  School  of  Forestry 
est.,  2782  ;  Memorial  Hall  opd.,  2863;  in 
boat  race,  3063,  3073,  3113,  3173,  3213 
3253,  3'273,  3313,  343a,  3(,-23  ;  Annex  in- 
corp., 3102;  Veterinary  School  est.,  312' ; 
woman  wins  Sargent  prize,  3002  ;  three 
years  course,  3702;  Etlwin  Conant's  gif t, 
378';  Aristotle's  Constitution  at, XSO^;  in- 
terment of  Lowell,  3892  ;  large  attend- 
ance, 4102  ;  station  in  the  Andes,  442' ; 
Garland's  gift,  444i ;  Eadcliife  Coll.,  an- 
nex named,  4442 ;  wins  Coll.  debate,  4482; 
Agnes  Irwin,  dean  of  Kadclitfe  College, 
4602;  athletics  in  regular  course,  476'. 
Harveian  Society  org.,  944' . 
Harvest  Moon  blown  up,  2422. 
Harvey,  Gabriel,  b.,  8682;  d.,  882*. 

,  Sir  George,  b.,  9323. 

,  Hayward  A.,  d.,  436' . 

,  James  Madison,  b.  (1833) ;  covemor 

Kan.,  2692. 

,  Lord  John,  b.,  9002  ;  gov.  Va.,  33', 

352  ;  fines  imposed,  33*  ;  deposed,  362 ; 
restored,  353;  pres.  of  N.C.,  49'. 

,  Sir ,  gov.  Cape  CoUuiy,  5792. 

,  Louis  Powell,  b.  (18'20) ;    gov.  Wis., 

2032;  d.  (1802). 

,  Mat.,  b.  (1781) ;  gov.,  1392  ;  d.  (1860). 

,  Thomas,  governor  N.  C.  in  1695. 

,  William,  b.,  8742;  works,  878' ,  8823; 

blood  circulation,  882' ;  Medical  School 
est.,  890' ;  d.,  88«2. 

,  W.  H.,  murderer,  5863. 

Harwich,  Eng., fleet  sails,  6702;  Mammoth 

remains,  932'. 
Harwich  wrecked,  898' . 
Ilarzburg,  Brunswick,  besieged,  7753. 
Hasa  invaded,  4861 . 
Hasbain,  battle  of,  6761 . 
Ilasdrubal,  at  Lilyba'num,  10523  ;  in  Sp., 
10631 ,  lowi ;  at  Ba-cula,  in  N.  It.,  10542  ; 
incites  Gauls,  10552;  defeated;  k.,  10543. 
Hase,  Heinrich,  b.,  8043;  d.,  8162. 

,  Karl  A.,  b.,  8O71. 

Ilasebreek,  Johannes  Pieter,  work,  1102*. 
Hasell,  James,  jtres.  N.  C,  773. 
Haselrig,  Lord,  impeached,  8852. 
Haseltine,  William  Stanley,  b.  (1835);  Is 

Nat.  Academy  of  Design,  2023. 
Haselton,  S.,  minister,  4473. 
Hjisenclever,  Peter,  b.,  7983;  d.,  8062. 
Hjishcm,  caltf,  4852. 
//asy/ew  J/ arrives,  4963. 
Haslett,  Joseph,  gov.  Del.,  1192, 1313. 
Hass,  Karl  A.,  d.,  8341 . 
Hassan,  calif,  4862  ;    deposed  ;  restored, 
6563;  at  Cairo,  6661 . 

,  Pr.,  to  Eng.,  6'232  ;  commissioner  in 

Sudan,  6O12  ;  shot,  66OI ;  d.,  66II . 

,  assassinates  Hussein  Avni,  11683. 

,  Jubah,  insurrectionist,  4872. 

,  Muley,  reigns,  10972.  , 

Basse,  Friedrieh  C.  A.,  b.,  8041 . 

,  Heinrich  G.  F.  C,  d.,  8'243. 

,  Johann  A.,  b.,  7983;  produces  operas, 

8001  :d.,  8042. 

,  Karl  E.,  b.,  8IO2. 

Hiwsel,  Johann  G.  H.,  b.,  8031 ;  d.,  8142. 
Hasselquist,  Fredi-ick,  b.-d.,  11342. 
Hassenpflug,  Hans  Daniel  Ludwig  Fred- 
erich,  b.  (1794) ;  aided,  6233  ;  minister, 
819'  ;  d.  (186!2). 
Hastenbeck,  Prus.,  allies  defeated,  6161,^ 
Hasting,  the  sea-king,  expelled,  8441. 
Hastings,  Eng.,  battle  of,  8461 . 

,  Neb.,  C.  N.  Paul  embezzles,  3991; 

sane  asylum,  3391 . 

,  N.    Y.,    observatory    erected,   190* fi 

train  wrecked,  3973. 

County,  Can.,  gold  discovered,  592*^ 

,  Dfui.  H.,  nom.  for  gov.  Pa.,  4573.         r 

,  Baron,  title  created,  8561.  4" 

,  David,  embezzler,  4003.  ^ 

,  E.  C,  shoots  Hilliard,  4762.  ^ 

,  Sir  Edward,  minister,  8713. 

,  Francis  Rawdon,  Marquis,  of  Hast- 
ings, E.  of  Moira  ;  b.  (1754) ;  gov.-gen. 
India,  10472;  suppresses Pindaree,  IM6I ; 
d.  (1826). 

,  John,  lynched,  4182. 

,  Marquis.    (See  Moira.) 

,  Warren,  b.,9082;  gov.-gen.  Ind.,9193! 

impeachment,  9'233;  trial,  9251 ;  d.,  9382. 

,  Lord  Wm.,  b.  (1430_- ) ;  beheaded,  865*. 

Haswell  collides  with  Bruiser,  9693. 
ILiswell,  Anthony  S.,  killed,  411'. 

,  Chas.  Haynes,  b.,  II61. 

Batch,  Edwin,  b.,  10021 . 


i 


Hate-Heat. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        lWL)il.yC.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1277 


Hatch,  J.  Porter,  b.(1822);  at  Oxford,  216 < ; 
at  Uienzi,  2-i43  ;  at  Honey  Hill,  2402. 

,  Kufus,  d.,  4241. 

,  William  H.,b.,142<. 

Hatcher's  Itmi,  Va.,  battle  of,  23a' ;  Con- 
fods.  driven  back,  242' ,  2443. 

Hatlield,  Eug.,  K.  K.  collision,  9753. 

,  Mass.,  Indians  attack,  461 ,  2. 

,  tires  at  king,  9311 . 

,  Kdwin  Francis,  b.  (1807);  moderator, 

3122. 

,  Octaviug,  elected  bp.,  9742. 

,  Kobert  M.,  d.,  38U' . 

Hatfield's  Hall,  Jiishop,  Durham  Univ. 
founded,  9531 , 

Hathaway,  F.  H.,  major,  45G1 . 

Hathorton,  Baron,  title  created,  9451. 

Hatshepsu,  Queen,  artpatron,(>462;  reigns, 
6483,  64i»i. 

Hats,  mnf.  in  Am.,  lOS' ;  of  palm-leaf, 
1341 ;  first  made,  ti7S2  ;  intro.  Fr.,  6791 ; 
maiiuf.  in  Eng.,  8(JG2. 

"  Hats  "  disturb  Xetherland,  11353. 

HaTsevase,  Trans.,  mission,  6U03. 

ILUteras  blown  up  at  (ialveston,  2181 . 

Hiittera^,  expedition  bombards,  1981 , 
2022  fc. 

Hat-trimming  case,  verdict,  3412. 

Hatti-sherif,  statutes,  issued,  11573. 

Hatto  I.,  regent  of  Uer.,  7732. 

Hattoii,  Christopher,  lord  chanceUor, 
minister,  8773;  d.,  8762. 

,  Frank,  b.(181li)  ;P..\I.a.,3192;  d.,458' . 

Hatvan,  battle,  5222  ;  railroad  opd.,  5332. 

Hatzfeiat,  Ct.  von.  Order  of  B.  Eagle,  8342. 

Haach,  Johannes  Carsten  von,  b.,  6382; 
works,  G391 ,  6403;  d.,  6421 . 

Hauff,  Wilhelra,  b.,  8082  ;  works,  8132;  d., 
8141. 

Haugen,  Nils  P.,  b.,  1662. 

Haugliey,  T.  P.,  embezzler,  4362. 

Hauk.  Minnie,  b.,  1722. 

Hauksboe,  Francis,  b.,  8882;  d.,  908*. 

Haupt,  Moritz,  b.,  8083. 

,  Paul,  b.,  1841 . 

Uaupttnann,  Gerhardt,  works,  8363. 

,  .VIoritz,  b.,  8062;  d.,  8243. 

Haurcau,  Jean  Barth<^lmi,  b.,  7192. 

H'liiHbUitter  issued,  8202. 

Hansen,  Pros,  victory,  8242. 

Hauser,  Kaspar,  d.,  8142. 

Hausruckviertel  ceded,  5193. 

Hausser,  Ludivig,  b.,  8122 ;  works,  8202, 
8243. 

Haussez,  Baron  d',  Charles  Ijemercher  de 
Longpri5,  b.,  7043;  d.,  7322. 

Haussmann,  Dav.  .J.  L.,  b.,  8043;  d.,  8222. 

,  Baron  Georges  Eugene,  b.,  7191;  dis- 
missed, 7392;  d.,7601. 

Haussonviile,  Oomte  d',  work,  7622. 

HautefeuiUe,  Jean  de,  b.,  6S83  ;  watches; 
heat-engine,  6922  ;  liquefies  ozone,  7521 ; 
d.,  6982. 
Hauting,  theatre  accident,  6253. 

Hautpoul,  Marq.  d',  Alphonse  Henri,  b., 
7062;  d.,  73G2. 

Hautville,  Tancred  de,  sons  in  It.,  10733. 

Haiiy,  lieu4  Just,  abbiS,  b.,  7003;  works, 
7143,  7151,  7243;  d.,  7242. 

,  Valentin,  est.  school  for  blind,  706'. 

Havana,  San  Gristoval  de  la,  dis. ;  fnd., 
6313;  named,  192  ;  Fr.  burn  ;  Fr.  destroy, 
6311 ;  capital,  6:313;  pirate  Soros  plunders, 
221 ;  defenses  built;  walls  begun;  Morgan 
takes ;  Am,  Colonists  at ;  Eug.  takes 
Morro  Ciistle,  6311  ;  gov.  capitulates, 
6312;  yellow  fever ;  restored  to  Sp.,  6313; 
cyclones,  6322  ;  open  to  foreign  com- 
merce, 6323,6331,3;  expedition  leaves, 
6321 ;  Rom.  Cath,  see  erected  ;  flood  ; 
Columbus'  bones  reinterrod,  6322;  Jesu 
Maria  burned;  Fr.  emigrants  plundered  ; 
cholera ;  railroad  to  Bojucal ;  to  Guino-i, 
6333 ;  hurricane,  6322;  Gen.  Lopez  exe- 
cuted, 6321 ;  Crescent  Clti/  boarded,  1713; 
telegraph  est.,  6333  ;  bail,  snow,  6322  ; 
trniv.  students  shot,  6331 ;  liberal  decree 
published:  Botanical  Garden  est.,  6322; 
Bible  Society  work;  .Sunday  school  est., 
6323  ;  El  Tnfaiw  suppressed  ;  daily  Am. 
mail,  6333;  cigar  makers'  strike;  Presb. 
mission,  6;j4i;  brigand  Maelin  executed, 
6342;  powder  explosion;  bomb  in  church; 
caravels  leave,  6343  ;  lufanta  Eulalie 
sails;  troops  patrol,  6342. 

Hapolberg,  Prus.,  bishopric  fnd.,  7723 ; 
destroved,  7741 . 

Havolock,  Sir  Henry,  b.,  9263;  in  Sepoy 
rebellion,  1M8I ;  d.,  9622;  statue,  9G12. 


Havemeyer,  Frederick  C,  d.,  38Si . 

,  Henry,  gift  to  Greenwich,  4042. 

,  H.  O.,  indicted,  4732. 

,  Win.  Fred.,  b.  1121;  mayor,  N.  Y., 

1652,  2752. 

Haven,  Alice  B.,  b.  (1828) ;  d.,  2521 . 

,  Lieut.  Edwin  T.de,Polar  Exped.,166i . 

,  Erastus  Otis,  b.,  1282  ;  cons,  bp.,  3042  ; 

d.,  3081. 

,  Gilbert,  b.,  130i ;  bp.,  2763  ;  d.,  3022. 

,  Harriet  M.,  b.,  1321 . 

,  Joseph,  b.,  1242  ;  d.,  2842. 

,  Samuel  Forster,  b.,  1122  ;  d.  (1881). 

Havens,  Nath.  Appleton,  b.,962;  d.  (1874). 

HaverfordColl,,  Haverford,  Pa.,  org.,  1423. 

Haverhill,  Mass.,  Indians  attack,  522  ; 
Bapt.  Oh.  est.,  742  ;  Public  Library,  fnd., 
2822 ;  K.  R.  wreck,  3293 ;  employees 
strike,  351 1 ;  250th  anniversary  cele- 
brated, 3633. 

,  N.  H.,  attacked,  66i ;  burned,  3113. 

Haverstraw,  N.  Y.,  landslide,  3941;  dyna- 
mite explosion,  3973. 

Haviland,  John,  b.,  9202  ;  d,,  9532. 

,  T.  H.,  at  Montreal,  6743  ;  gov.,  6833. 

Havre,  Fr., built, 6813;  transferred  toEng., 
6833  ;  bombarded,  6941 ;  advance  on, 7431 . 

de  Grace,  Md.,  burned,  1202. 

Hawaii.  (See  text,  pp.,  1040-1041.)  Sand- 
wich Islands  ;  Mormon  mission,  1623  ; 
annexation  defeated,  1771 ;  reciprocity 
treaty  with  IT.  S.,  2691 ;  treaty  discussed, 
3771,4231,2,  4'251,  4271,  4471,4491,4512, 
4612,  4692,  4792  ;  annexation  discussed  ; 
commissioners  Ln  Washington,  !>.  C, 
4232  ;  asks  for  redress,  4243  :  protecto- 
rate favored,  4251 ;  Minister  Stevens  ap- 
proved, 4252  ;  Blount's  special  mission, 
4272  ;  former  gov.  suggested,  4432  ;  cor- 
respondence, -fei ,  4492  ;  pres.  sends  mes- 
sage, 4471;  Provisional  Gov.  will  not  re- 
sign ;  Queen  accepts  condition,  4491; 
Dole  vs.  Willis,  4511 ,2,  4552  ;  no  force  to 
be  used,  4612  ;  non-interference,  4613; 
Republic  recognition,  4072  4691,  8372; 
S.  B.  Dole,  pres.,  4673. 

Hawarden  Castle  captured,  8541 . 

,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  9252. 

Haweis,  H.  R.,  prohibited  preachijig,  9942. 

llawes,  Mary  V.     (See  Terhune,  Mrs.) 

,  Richard,  b.  (1797);  gov.,  2153;  d.  (1877). 

,Step.,b.(1479-);  works,  8063 ;  d. (1523*). 

llawe's  Shop,  Va.,  Conf eds.  defeated,  '2341 . 

llawke,  Baron,  title  created,  9212, 

;  Edward,  b.,  9042  ;    defeats  Fr.  fleet, 

7001 ;  lord  admiralty,  9133  ;  d.  (1781). 

Hawkers  and  pedlers  licensed,  Eng.,  901 1 . 

Ilawkes,  Lieut,,  in  duel,  9631 , 

Hawkesbury  River,  flood,  4953. 

Hawkins,  Alvin,  gov.,  Teiiii.,  3093. 

,  Col.,  Pa.,  indicted,  4163. 

,  Elder,  sentenced.  2743. 

,  G,  S.,  on  Com.  of  33,  1891 . 

,  Ham.  S.,  commissioned  colonel,  468' . 

,  John,  b.  (1520)  ;  cai-goof  negroes,  23i ; 

aids  Huguenots, 251 ;  Atr.expeil.,873i ;  in- 
tro. potatoes,  8733;  tobacco, 87T2;  d. 8762. 

,  John,  Sir,  b.,  9062  ;  d.  (1789). 

, Henry  Willis,  b.  (1799) ;  temper- 
ance signers,  1551 ;  d.,  1841 . 

, P.,  b.  (1831)  ;  col.  at  Rural  Hill, 

2161 ;  commissioned' brig.-gen.  vols.,  4201 . 

,  Wm.,  b    (1770)  ;  gov.,  1192  ;  d.  (1819). 

,  William  George,  h.,  1302. 

Hawks,  Francis  Lister,  b,  (1798) ;  d.,  2541. 

,  Cicero  Stephen,  b.,  1183  ;  cons.  P.  E. 

bp.,  1563  ;  d.,  2621 

Hawkshaw,  Sir  Jolm,  b.  (1811) ;  d.,  IOO61 . 

Hawley,  Gen.,  at  Falkirk  Moor,  9101 , 

,  .Joseph  KoBWell,  b.,  I341 ;  gov.  Conn., 

2553  ;  pres.  Kep.  Convention,  2631 ;  uom. 
for  pres.,  3173. 

Hawleyville,  Conn.,  railway  collision, 3933. 

Haw  River,  N.  C,  skirmish  at,  93i . 

Haworth,  Joseph  S,,  b.,  1761 . 

Hawson,  Reginald,  lord  mayor,  Lond,9953. 

Hawthorne,  Julian,  b.,  I6O2  ;  works,  2823, 
2963,3031,  3003,3123,3143,3183,3231. 

,  Nathaniel,  b.,  1121 ;  works,  149i ,  163' , 

1683,1703,  1731,  1863,  2'291, '2651;  d.,  2332. 

Haxlehurst,  Miss.,  mayor  killed,  4443. 

Hay,  Baron,  title  created,  9031 , 

,  .John,  b.,  1502  ;  works,  2771. 

, ,  Lord,  at  Alexandria,  6001 . 

,  Mai.,  restores  loyal  govt,  in  Fla.,  2301 . 

,  Plulip  C,  moderator,  I6O2, 

Hayden,  Ferd,  Vandeveer,  b,, 1362 ;  d,,  3281 . 

,  H,  H,,  acquitted  of  murder,  3032. 

HaydensviUe,  Mass.,  floods,  2853. 


Haydn,  Joseph,  b.,  8OO2  ;  Creation,  B191 , 
9282  ;  musical  festival,  5191  j  d.,  8083, 

, ,  b.  ('/) ;  author  of  Diet,  of  Dates, 

■   a.  (1856). 

Hayaon, Benjamin  Robert, b., 9242;  d.,9B22. 

Hayes,  Augustus  Allen,  b.,  1122  ;  d.,  3102. 

.,  Daniel,  executed,  9983. 

,  Isaac  Israel,  b.,  1401 ;  sails  north,  188' ; 

d.,  3082. 

,  John  L.,  taritf  commissioner,  311' . 

,  J.  T.,  cons,  bp.,  10022. 

,  Lucy  Ware  Webb,  mar.,  171' ;  d.,3402. 

,  Michael,  murders  Braddell,  9671 . 

,  Mr,,  duel,  9092, 

,  Rutherford  Birchard,  b,,  1302  ;  grad- 
uates, 1551 ;  marries,  1711;  gov,,  2052, 
2893,  2951;  noni,  for  pres,,  2931;  vote, 
2932,2952  ;  election  contirnied;  sworn  in, 
2952  ;  inaugurated  pres,  ;  cabinet ;  calls 
special  session  ;  unpopular,  2953  ;  Indian 
Conference,  proclamation  to'W.Ya.,2972^ 
presides,  3703  ;  d,,  4221 ,  4231 . 

,  Thomas,  cons,  bp.,  9983. 

— ,  Walter  I,,  b,,  1622, 

Haygood,  Atticus  G,,  elected  bp.,  3B8' . 

Hayley,  William,  b.,  9103  ;  d,  (1820), 

Haymerle,  Heinrich  von,  b,  (1828) ;  minis- 
ter, 5311;   d,,  5302. 

Haynau,  Julius  Jacob  von,  b,,  6163  ;  t.'ikes 
Brescia  ;commander,  5'222;dictator,52o3 ; 
d.,  5242. 

Hayne,  Arthur  Peronneau,  b.  (1790) ;  d., 
2542. 

,  Col.  J.  W.,  commissioner,  demands 

Sumter,  1913. 

,  Friedrich  G.,  b.,  8023  ;  d.,  8142. 

,  Isaac,  b.,  662;  d.,  931. 

,  Paul  Hamilton,  b.,  1381 ;  works,  1783, 

1863,  2823  ;  d.,  3241. 

- — ,  Kobert  Young,  b.,  1022;  defends  state 
rights,  1373;  governor,  1412;  d.,  1502. 

Haynes,  John,  gov.,  35i  ,3,  373;  d.,  381 , 

— -,  N,  S,,  pres.  Disciples  Conven.,  3601 . 

Hays,  George  P.,  moderator,  3182. 

,  Gen.  Alexander,  b.  (1824) ;  at  Gettys- 
burg, 2241;  killed  2322,2332. 

,  Isaac,  b.  (1776) ;  d  ,  SOO2. 

Baytien  Jupublic  seized  5962. 

Haywood,  Kathaniel,  b.  (1808) ;  d.,  248' . 
Hazael,  in  Judea  ;  defeated,  1144';  sub- 
dues Jelioahaz,  11443;  reigns  ;  oppresses 
Israel,  1145'. 

Hazard  takes  Albion  and  Caledonia,  120' . 

Hazard,  Rowland  Gibson,  d.,  330' . 

— — ,  Mr.,  nom.  for  governor  K.  I.,  2892. 

Hazaz,  battle,  483' . 

Hazen,  Abraham  D.,  in  P.  O,  Dept.,3612. 

,  Wni.  Babcock,  b,,  1381 ;  at  Woodbury, 

2202  ;  at  Brown's  Fei  ry,  227 1 ;  captures 
Fort  McAllister,  2402  ;  d,,326i. 

Hazing  abolished  at  Annapolis.  2843. 

Hazleton,  Pa.,  mine  burning, 4463;  Ameri- 
can Catholic  Church  formed,  470i . 

Hazlitt,  William,  b.,  9203  ;  works,  9331 , 
9391,  9463  ;  d.,  9442. 

Hazzard,  David,  governor  Del.,  1392. 

Head,  Sir  Edmund  Walker  b.,  6763;  gov- 
ernor Can.,  6792,  6812;  d".,  5821 . 

,  Sir  Francis  Bond,  b.,  6762  ;  governor 

Can.,  6773;  at  Toronto, 6781 ;  d.,684'. 

,  Sir  George,  b.,  9223  ;  d.  (1866). 

,  Nath., b.  (1828)  ;  gov. ,3033;  d.  (1883). 

dress  decreed,  Eng.,  8762. 

Headfort,  Marquis,  title  created, 931'. 

Headley,  Bartm,  title  created,  9262. 

,  Joel  Taylor,  b.,  123' . 

Health,  Protective  Asso.,  Ladles',  5563. 

Healy   George  Peter  Alexander,  b.  121' . 

,  James    Augustine,   b.  (1830) ;    cons. 

E.  C.  bishop,  2882. 

,  John,  cons   bp.  for  Clonfert,  9922. 

,  Thomas,  seditious  speeches,  991'. 

,  Timothy  M.,  arrested,  9863,  9973. 

Heang  Yu,  leader,  610' ;  struggle,  6113, 

Heard,  John  T.,  b.   1522. 

Hearn,  Lafcadio,  Japan,  4782. 

Hearne,  Samuel,  b.,  9103  ;  in  Arctic  re- 
gions, 5762  ;  d..  9262. 

Hearst,  George,  b.  (1820);  d.,  378' . 

Hearth  tax  abolished,  England,  8992;  re- 
fused, 10992. 

Heart's  Content,  N.  F.,  cable  laid,  2833. 

Heat,  excessive,  384' ,  412' ,  972' ;  a  motion, 
880' ;  latent,  Black's  discovery,  9142. 

rays,  discovered,  930' . 

Heath,  Charles,  b.  (1784) ;  engraving  on 
steel,  9382;  decarbonizing,  940' ;  d.,  9542. 

,  Nicolas,  b.  (1500±) ;  Ingh  chancellor, 

8732 ;  d.  (1579). 


1278 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Heat-Henr. 


Heath,  Sir  Robert,  land  grant,  33'  ;  chief 
justice,  8863. 

,  William,  b.,  642  ;  d.,  1231 . 

Heathcote,  Caleb,  b.  (1665) ;  mayor  N.  Y., 

573  ;  d.  (1721). 
Heathfteld,  Eug.,  action  at,  8421 . 
Heatou,  .Fohn.  steel  process,  9701 . 
Heaveutield,  action  at,  8421 . 
Heavysege,  Charles,  b.,5763;  works, 6803, 

5811;  (T.,  5841. 
Hobbel,  Friedrich,  b.,  8102;  d.,  8221 . 
Hebe,  lauds,  9442. 
Hebel,  Johann  Peter,  b.,  8023;  work,  809' ; 

d.,  8123. 
Heber,  Reginald,  bp.,  b.,  9223;  d.,  M22. 

,  Rev.,  on  bribery  of  clergymen,  3703. 

Hubert,  Jacques  R^n(5,  b.,  7022;  d.,  710*. 

,  Paul  O.,  gov.  La.,  1771 ;  d.  (1880). 

Hebrew  Literature  Society  est.,  9743. 

Rabbia  Couf.,  Am.,  4101 ,  4181 . 

.    (See  .lew.) 

Union  Coll.,  Cincinnati,  org.,  2883. 

Hebrtios,  Epistle  to,  written,  11^1 , 
Hebrides  annexed,  8693. 
Hebron,  Can.,  mission,  5782. 

,  S.  Afr.,  mission,  11241 , 

Hebrits,  captured  VMtoile,  936' . 
UecatiBus,  geography,  10162;  work,  10171. 
Hecate,  asteroitf,  discovered,  262 1 . 
Heck,  Barbara,  b.,  622  ;  d.,  1121. 
Hecker,  Friedrich  Karl  Franz,  b.,  8102 ; 
leader,  8172  ;  d.,  8301 . 

,  Isaac  Thomas,  b.,  1281 ;  d.,  3302. 

,  .John,  d.,  2842. 

Heckewelder,  .John,  b.,  612;  d.,  1302. 
Heciiuet,  Philippe,  b.,  6902  ;  d.,  6983. 
HedUa,  asteroid,  discovered,  5282. 
Heddiug,  Elij.,  b.,  931 ;  bp.,  1322  ;  d.,  1701 . 

College,  fnd.  at  Abingdon,  1782. 

Hedericll,  Benjamin,  b.,  7963;  d.,  8003. 
Hedervary,Ot.  Khnen,  ministry  fmd.,5383. 
Hedge,  Frederick  Henry,  b.,  1122;  d.  (1890). 
Hoilges,  Sir  CUas.,  minister,  9032;  d.  (1714). 
Hedgley  Moor,  battle  of,  8641 . 
Hedley,  .John  C,  cons.  R.  C.  bishop,  9742. 

,  Wm.,  makes  first  locomotive,  9362. 

Hedleyville,  Canada,  fire,  5953. 
Hetlstroin.  O.  G.,  mission  ship,  1582. 
Hedwig,  Johann,  b.,  8002;  d.,  8063. 
Hedwige,  b.  (1371);  reigns,  11152;  d.  (1339). 
Heeinskerk,  Jacob,  d.,  11003. 

,  Jolian  van,  Batavian  Arcctdia^  11012. 

,  Martin,  b.-d.,  10982. 

Heenan,  John,  prize  fighter,  defeated  by 

Morrissey,  1851 ;  9643. 
Heeuey,  W.,  delegate  arrested,  3822. 
Heeren,  Arnold  Hermann  Ludwig,  b.,8023; 

works,  8072,  8091 ,  8132;  d.,  8162. 
Hefele,  Karl  Jos.  von,  b.,  8083;  d.,836i. 
Hegel,  (ieorg  Wilheliu  Freidrich,  b.,  803' ; 

works,  9072,  8103;  d.,  8142. 
Hegira,  occurs,  4843,  486i . 
Hegner,  Otto,  pi.anist  in  London,  9981 . 
Hegyea,  action  at,  5222, 
Uehl,  Father,  animal  magnetism,  5163. 
Helberg,  H.,  Schulter  an  Schulter,  8342. 

,  Johann  Ludwig,  b.,  8)82  ;  d.,  6403. 

,  Peder  Andreas,  b.,  6381 ;  d.,  6403. 

Heidelberg,  Ger.,  siege  raised,  688I;  Stat- 
lung,  proclaimed,  7832;  siege,  7943;  Univ. 
reconstituted,  8083  ;  mission,  11241 ,  3. 

,  O.,  Coll.  fnd.  at  Tiffin,  1683. 

Heidelbergiache  Jahrbuch  der  Literatur  is- 
sued, 8O72. 
Heilbronn,  Ger.,  league  fmd.,  7923,  7953. 
Heilprin,  Angelo,  b.  (1853) ;  work,  4462. 

,  Louis,  b.  (1851) ;  Hist.  Reference  Book, 

(1884). 

,  Michael,  b.,  1302;  d.  (1888). 

,  Prof.  A.,  relief  expedition,  4001 , 

Heilsberg,  Prussia,  battle  of,  8O8I . 
Heilton,  Cashier,  embezzler,  IOO31 . 
Heimskrinr/la  written,  132,  10422. 
Heine,   Heinrich,   b.,   8063 ;   works,  8I32, 

8152,  8162  ;  d.,  3201 . 
HeinecciiLs,  Johann,  b.,  7982;  d.,  800*. 
Heiuer,  Daniel  B.,  b.,  1741 . 
Heinse,  Johann  J.  W.,  Ardinghelo,  8O52. 
Heinsius,  Antonius,  b.-d.,  11003. 

,  Nikolaes,  Mirandas,  IIOI2. 

Heintzelman,  Samuel  P.,  b.,  1122;  in  Army 
of  Potomac,  2043;  at  Williamsburg,  2071 ; 
at  Fair  Oaks,  2082;  d.,  3041 . 
Heiss,  Michael,  b.  (1818) ;  R.  C.  archbp.  of 

Milwaukee,  3122  ;  d.,  3541 . 
Heister,  .Joseph,  governor  Pa.,  1292, 
Heiaj,  at  .Mecca,  4841 . 
Held,  Aiiolf,  b..  8162;  d.,  8301 . 
Hi'tdvnburli  appears,  7852. 


Hele,  Philip,  invents  watches,  7862. 
Helen  of  Troy,  b.,1013i ;  abduction,1014i  ,3; 

marries  Menelaus,  10143. 
Helena,Ark.,  Federals  occupy, 2101 ;  action 
near,  2103  ;    expedition    returns,  2121 ; 
Confeds.  repulsed,  2162,  2242. 

,  Montana  Univ.  opens,  3962;  National 

Cong.,  favors  free  coinage,  4103;  earth- 
quake, 4261 ;  Free  Coinage  Asso.,  4331 . 

paints  Battle  of  Issus,  6502. 

Augusta  Victoria,  l*rinces8,  b.,  9522; 

weds,  9692. 

,  Flavia  Julia,    St.,  empress,  "Holy 

Coat"  at  Treves,  7762  ;   erects  ch.  at 
Bethlehem  ;  finds  true  cross  ;  d.,  10f»2. 

,  Princess  weds  Due  d'Orl^ans,  7273. 

Hflfita,  asteroid,  discovered,  2621 . 
H^Ifene,  Fredrica  Augusta,  weda  Prince 

Leopold  George,  9891 . 
- — ,  Sainte,  at  Schenectady,  5721 , 
Helen-.Juditli,  b.,5153. 
Helgi,  in  Mass. ;  mui-dered,  112. 
Helgoland,  or    Heligoland,  Ger.,  ceded, 
5633;  naval  engagement,  6402;  Fr.  fleet 
off,  7422;  fortifications,  8341 ;  Emp.  Wil- 
liam at ;    Defense  Bill  ;   passes,  8352  ; 
taken,  9333. 
Helice,  Greece,  destroyed,  10223. 
Helicius,  Stanilaus,  body  found,  5382. 
Heliodorus,   Bp.,    b.,  10283  ;    iEthiopica, 

10691 ;  in  Jerusalem,  11482. 
Heliograph  invented  by  Edison,  3641. 
Heliometer  invented,  7002. 
Heliopolis,  Egy., obelisk,  6461 ;  Great  Wall, 
6482;  Turks  defeated,  6561  ;8acked,11542. 
Helioscope  invented,  7943. 
Heljand  appears,  7723. 
Heljmann,  Jessie,  condemned,  11211. 
Hell,  Maximilian,  b.,  6142;  d.,  5191. 
Hellanicus,  works,  10192. 
Hellas  attacked,  6I61 . 
Helldorf,  Herr,  protest,  8352. 
Hellen,  kin^  of  Pythia,  10133. 
Hellenic  cities,  union  ;  league,  10192. 
Heller,  Stephen,  b.,  5202;  d.,  5302. 
Hellespont    bridged,    1018 1;    coasts    sub- 
dued, 10221;  naval  engagement,  10282; 
Lord  Byron  swims,  11571. 
Hell  Fire  Clubs  suppressed,  Eng.,  9071 . 
Gate,  N.  Y.,  improvement,  2673;  ex- 
plosion, 2933  ;  Rock  blown  up,  3213. 
Hellwald,  Friedrich  Anton  Heller  von,  b., 

8162. 
Helme,  Jolui  Larne,  b.  (1802);  gov.  Ky., 

1692,  2693;  d.  (1867). 
Heliners,JanFred.,b.-d.,1101i ;  work, 11022. 
Helmholtz,  Hermann  Ludwig  Ferdinand 
von,  b.,  8122  ;   iiiv.  myographion,  oph- 
thalmoscope, 8181  ;  d.,  83«1 . 
Helmichis,  {loisons  Rosainuuda  ;  poisoned, 

7711. 
Helmont,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.-d.,  5403;  intro- 
duces term,  gas,  5402. 

,  Segres  Jacob  van,  b.-d.,  5422. 

Helinshore,  Eng.,  collision  occurs,  9653. 
Helmstadt,  Bavaria,  University  suspends, 

809 1 ;  J'russian  victory,  8243. 
H^loise,  b.-il.,  6683. 
Helots,  revolt,  10193;  liberty  of,  10201 . 
Helper,  Hinton  Rowan,  b.,  1362;  The  Ne- 
groes, 2651 . 
Helps,  Sir  Arthur,  b.,  9382;  works,  9543, 

9723;  ,i.,9802. 
Helsingfors,    Finland,    Univ.    fnd. ;    re- 
moved, 11151 ;  Sitometar  issued,  11183. 
Helswell  wrecked,  9233. 
Helvetia  collides  with  Fanny,  9833. 

,  subject    to    Germans,    11372.      (See 

Switzerland.) 
Helvetic  republic,  recognized,  5193  ;  pro- 
claimed, 11382. 
Helvetius,  Claude  Adrien,  b.,  6971 ;  works, 

7032,  7052;  d.,  7042. 
Helvicus,  Christopher,  b.,  7922;  d.,  7943. 
Hemann,  .Joliann  G.,  .Socrates,  8031 . 
Hemans,    Felicia    Dorothea  Browne,  b., 

9263;  works,  9391,  9443;  d.  (1835). 
Heme]  en  Aarde,  lepers  helped,  5972. 
Hemenay,  Mary,  bequests,  452 1. 
Hemes,  Capt.,  commands  Leo,  1231 . 
Heming's  patent  lights  London,  8973. 
Hemingway,  W.  L.,  embezzles,  3523,3611. 
Hemming  inv.  soda ;   ammonia    process, 

9482. 
Hemmingway,  Jacob,  Yale  student,  543. 
Hemp-duck,  manufactured,  6O1 . 

trade,  discussion  in  Den.,  6393. 

Hemphill,  .John,  b.  (1803) ;   senator,   ex- 
pelled, 1973;  d.  (1862). 


Hempstead,  X.  Y.,  races  at,  453. 

,  Tex.,  Normal  School  opened,  3023. 

,  Stephen  H.,  gov.  la.,  1691 . 

Hemsterliuys,  Frans,  b.-d.,  IIOII. 
Henault,  Charles  Jean  Franfois, b.,e923; 

works,  7012,  7032;  d.,  7042. 
Henderson,  Ky.,  attacked,  2362. 

,  N.  C,  Judson  College  fnd.,  1843. 

,  Alfred,  Latin  Proverbs,  9723. 

,  ]:)avid  B.,  b.,  1522. 

,  Col.  E.  Y.  W.,  police  commiss.,  9732. 

,  James  P.,  b.,  1142  ;  gov.  Tex.,  1613; 

d.  (1858). 
,  John    Brooks,    b.    (1826) ;    abolition 

amend.,  2293;  pres,  Kep.  Conveu.,  3043. 

,  John  S.,  b.,  1002. 

,  Peter,  b.  (1823) ;  d.,  3521 . 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9283;  d.  (1844). 

, Jefferson,  b.,  1422. 

College,  Tex.,  org.,  2823. 

Henderson's  Hill,  La.,  cavalry  taken,  2303. 
Hendrick,  Indian  chief,  b.  (1680: );  k.,  682. 
Hendricken,  Thomas  F.,  b.,  1342. 
Hendricks,  Thos.  Andrews,  b.,  1281 ;  enters 

House,  1692;   senator,  2293  ;  vote,  2812  ; 

gov., 2851 J  nom.  for  vice-pres., 2931 ,3173; 

vote, 2952, 3051 ;  conven.,  vote, 3173,3211 ; 

inaug.,  3211 ;  d.,  3202;  monument, 3621 . 

,  William,  gov.  Ind.,  1272, 1312. 

Hendrix  College  (Meth.  Epis.  S.)  org.  at 

Conway,  Ark.  (1884). 

,  E.  H.,  elected  bp.,  3223. 

,  Joseph  C,  b.,  1722. 

Hendy,  Andrew,  election  chief,  11043. 
Heneage,  Edward,  minister,  9952. 
Henfrey,  Arthur,  b.,  9383;  d.  (1859.) 
Hengervar,  Herr  H.  von,  anibassador,5<J7i . 
Hengistesdmi  [Cornwall],  Danes  in,  8441 . 
Hengist,  fnds.  towns,  7693;  in  Kent ;  king, 

8412;  d.  (488). 
Hengstenberg,  Ernst  Wilhelm,  b.,  8082. 
Henle,  Friedrich  Gustav  Jakob,  b.,  8083  ; 

d.  (1885). 
Henley,  invents  electrometer,  9182. 
,  John,   "Orator    Henley,"    b.,    9001; 

opens  oratory,  9071  ;  d.,  9143. 
,  Joseph  Warner,  b.  (1794j  );  withdraws 

from  cabinet,  9633;  d.  (1884). 
.Robert,    L.    Northington,   b.  (1708); 

lord  keeper,  9153;  d.  (1772). 
Henly,  Baron,  title  created,  9252. 
Hennegan,  B.  K.,  gov.  S.  C,  1531 . 
Hennepin,  Louis,  b.,  5403  ;  in  Can.,  6731 ; 

explorer,  6722;  capture<l,  48i ;  on  Misels- 

sippi  River,  6733;  d.,  6422. 
Henner,  Jean  Jacques,  b.  (1829) ;/rfj^/,  7461. 
Hennessy,  David  C.,shot,  3703;  monument, 

4061. 

,  John,  b.  (1825±);  cons.  R.  C.bp.,  2542. 

, J.,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  3302. 

, Pope,  b.  (1834);  d.,  10062. 

Henuesy,  Wm.  J.,  b.  (1839);  in  Academy 

Design,  229i. 
Henniker,  N.  H.,  N.  Douglas  shot,  4683. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  931 1 . 

Henoticon,  decree  of  union,  issued,  10703. 
Henrici,  Jacob,  b.  (1803)  ;  d.,  4201 . 
Henrietta  sails  on  ocean  race,  2553. 
Henrietta  Maria,  of  Fr.,  b.  (1609) ;  mar- 
ried, 8813;  Holland  arms,  8841 ;  d.(l(!«9). 
Henriquel-Dupont,  Louis  Pierre,  b.,  7123. 
Henriquez.AlmansaMartinde,  b.-d.,  11282. 
,  Don  Martin,  viceroy,  252;  d.,  11082. 

de  Rivera,  Payo,  b.-d.,  11283. 

Henrotin,  Ellen  M.,  president,  4583. 
Henry  I.,  of  Castile,  reigns,  11273, 

II.,  of  Castile,  invades  Spain,  11261; 

reigns;  poisoned,  11273. 

III.  reigns  in  Leon-Castile,  11273. 

IV.  reigns  in  Castile,  11273. 

I.,  Eng.,   king,   b.,  8482  ;  a  scholar, 

8483  ;  reigns  ;  marries  Matilda  ;  grants 
charter  of  liberties  ;  Court  of  Exchequer 
est.  ;  imprisons  brother,  8492  ;  defeats 
Robert,  668I;  d.,  8493. 

II.,  Eng.,    king,    b.,    8482;    marries 

Eleanor;  homage  to  Ix>uis  VII.,  6712; 
reigns  ;  pope  gives  Ire. ;  in  Wales,  851 1 ; 
hom<age  to  church,  8502  ;  intro.  scutage 
system  ;  Becket  opposes,  851 1 ;  recon- 
ciled to  Becket ;  at  Waterford,  8512  ;  in 
Ire.,  8501 ;  leaves  Eng.,  8513  ;  penance  at 
Uecket's  tomb,  8502  ;  charters  Dublin  ; 
liomaijefrom  Scot.,  8512;  charters  Cork  ; 
conspiracy  against ;  d.,8513. 

III.,  Eng.,  b.-d.,  8521;   reigns,  8632; 

prohibits  tournaments,  8523 ;  renews 
Magna  Charta;  homage  in  Fr.;  marries 
Eleanor,  8533  ;  Fr.  expedition  ;  iinprls- 


Henr-Heri. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  CoIumii. 


1279 


ono<l;  released, 854^;  forbidtiParl.;  bull 
from  nope  ;  free-trade  granted  ;  d.,  8552. 

Henry  IV.,  K"g-.  1>  (1366; ;  nmrnes  Mary, 
dau  of  E.  of  Hereford  ;  reign,  SG12  ;  at 
Slirewsbury,  3*>^^  i  assumes  title  of 
Grace ;  Order  of  Batli  est.,  tW03  ;  iuvades 
Soot.  •' rebellion,  800^;  marries  Jane, 
8613  ;'d.,  86*^2. 

"V.,Eug.,b.,  8602;   claims  Fr.  throne, 

6772;  invades  Normandy,  8tJ'2i ;  marries 
Catherine,  6773;  reigna,  803^;  in  Fr. ;  at 
Havre  :  returns  to  Eug.,  ti76i ;  d.,  6773. 

VI.,    Eng.,    prisoner,     86:! i ;    reigns, 

863* ;  crowned,  8632  ;  recovers  health, 
8633  ;  marries  Margaret  of  Aujou,  679  ^ ; 
mental  trouble,  8633  ;  deposed,  8651 ;  re- 
leased ;  murdered,  8652. 

— i—  VII.,  Eiig.,  king, 86'.i2;  escapes,  8652; 
atMilfordHaven,866i ;  unites  theHonses 
of  York  and  Lancaster  by  marrying  Eliz- 
abeth of  York  ;  reigus,  8672;  builds  ship, 
8661 ;  signs  Cabot's  commission,  143  j 
Cabot's  disc,  unclaimed,  142;  grants  Am. 
patent,  162  ;  extortions,  867 1 ;  coins  shil- 
ling, 8673  ;  d.,  8661,8672. 

VIU.,  Eng.,  b.,8661;  lord  lieut., 8672; 

reigns ;  ministers ;  weds  Catherine  of 
Aragon  ;  divorced,  8673;  in  Holy  League; 
"Most  Christian  King,"  8673;  head  of 
Eng.  Church,  86D2;  mider  interdict,  8683; 
shaves  head  ;  weds  Anne  Bnleyn  ;  weds 
Jane  Seymour,  8691;  weds  Anne  of 
Cleves  ;  weds  Catherine  Howard  ;  weds 
Catherine  Parr,  8692  ;  king  of  Ire.,  8693; 
assists  French  king 8681, 8693;  ut  Calais  ; 
at  Teroiianne  6801;  war  against  Fr.  ; 
against  Fr.  and  Turks  ;  alliance  with  Fr., 
6813  ;  aids  Charles  V.,  7901 ;  persecutes 
dissenters,  222  ;  d.,  8712. 

I.,  Fr.,  b.-d.,  6662  ;  reigns,  G692  ;  mar- 
ries Aune,  6691 ;  defeated  at  V'araville, 
6681. 

II.,  Fr.,  b.,  6802  ;  reigns,  5712,  6813  ; 

against  Charles  V.,  6832  ;  marries  Cath- 
erine de  Medici,  6813;  invades  Ger.,  6821 ; 
d.,  6832. 

——  III.,Fr.,  b.,  6822;  alliance  with  Henry 
of  Navarre,  6853 ;  enthroned,  5712;  flees 
to  Chartres,  6853;  expeditions  in  Italy, 
10741 ;  apt's  three  popes,  10742  ;  d.,  6a'>3. 

IV.,  Fr.,  b.,  6822  ;  rules  Lower  Na- 
varre, 6851;  reigns,  5853;  for  toleration, 
6853;  at  Arques  ;  at  Paris,  6(^1  ;  changes 
faith,  6851 ,3;  pope  absolves,  6843;  grants 
Edict  of  Nantes,  6863;  divorced,  6872; 
war  against  Savoy,  6861 ;  assassinated, 
6873.    (See  Henry  of  Navarre.) 

VI.  of  Fr.,  king,    6773;  wins   Sicily, 

1074';  emperor,  10753. 

I.,  Ger.,  b.,  7722  ;  buys  off  Magyars  ; 

defeats  Wends,  7721;  forts  and  defenses, 
7723  ;  est.  (ior.  monarchy  ;  peace  with 
Hung. ;  regains  Lotharingia  ;  advances 
civilization;  est.  North  Mark  of  Sax,; 
refuses  tribute  to  Magyars  ;  d.,  9733. 

II.,  Saint,  emp.,  b.-d.,  7742  ;  elected 

king;  invited  to  Italy;  crowned  emp.; 
tribute  from  Poland  ;  peace  with  Poland, 
7752;  defeated  by  Boleslav,  7741 ;  expe- 
ditious to  Italy,  7741 . 

lU.,  emp.,'  b.-d.,  7742  ;  reigns,  7753  ; 

conquers  Bolxemians ;  deposes  popes, 
7743;  at  Meufew, 7741 ;  expedition  against 
pope ;  suppresses  Hungary ;  cleanses 
church ;  crowned,  7753  ;  defeated  by 
Dirk  IV.,  10981;  turns  Ger.  history;  fa- 
vors Truce  of  God  ;  at  siege  of  Presburg, 
7742;  d.,  7753. 

IV.,  emp.,    b.-d.,    7742  ;    abducted  ; 

erects  fortresses  ;  flees  from  Harzburg ; 
disputes  with  popes,  7751, 3  ;  excommu- 
nicated, 7763;  suspended  ;  decision  of 
case  referred,  7753  ;  humbled  :  submits 
to  pope,  7762;  goes  to  Home  ;  deposed  ; 
excommunicated,  7771 ;  invades  Saxony  ; 
takes  Home,  10741 ;  expedition  to  Italy, 
7761 ;  Conrad  rebels  ;  II.  betrayed  ;  flees  ; 
abdicates,  7771  ;  distressed,  7763;  d.,  7771 . 

—  v.,  emp.,  b.,  (1081);  he  rebels  against 
father;  reigns;  est.  State  over  church, 
7771 ;  resigns  investiture  rights,  8483; 
makes  pope  prisoner,  10743 ;  holds  Pascal 
n.  prisoner  ;  crowned  ;  marries  Matilda 
of  Eng,  7771 ;  possession  of  Eng. ;  lands ; 
d.,  7772. 

VI. ,  emp.,  b.-d.,  7782;  marries  Con- 
stance, 7702  ;  excommunication  threat- 
ened, 7782 ;  reigns,  779 1 , 2  ;  against  Henry 
the  Lion ;  Italian  expeditions,  778i ;  sur- 


renders Tusculum  ;  tribute  to  Aust. ;  be- 
sieges Naples ;  king  of  Naples,  7792. 
Henry  \ll.,  emp.,  b.-d.,  7802;    Count  of 
Luxemburg  ;  reigns,  7^i ;  expedition  to 
Italy,  7821;  d.,  7821. 

U.,  I>.  of  Guise,  at  Naples,  10833. 

,  prince,  Neth.,  d.,  1102' . 

,  Marquis  of  Anglesey,  minister,  9433  ; 

lord  lieutenant,  9452. 

,  D.  of  Anjou,  king  of  Poland,  6852. 

,  Margrave  of  Istria  ;  I),  of  Aust. ,5023. 

1.,  margrave  of  Austria,  5032. 

li.,  duke  of  Austria,  5043, 

,  archduke  of  Austria,  5342. 

of  Battenberg,  weds  Beatrice,  9942. 

,  D.  of  Bavaria,  rebels,  7721  ^  7731 ;  for- 
given ;  receives  Bavaria,  7733. 

,  D.  of   Bavaria,  ^  the  Quarrelsome," 

revolts  ;  deposed  ;  receives  Bavaria,  7751 . 

f  D.  of  Bavaria,  "  the  Black,"  7772. 

,  D.  of  Bavaria,  "  the  Proud,"  under 

ban,  7772  ;  d.,  7773. 

,  D.  of  Bavaria,  Sax.,  "the  Lion,'*  b.-d., 

7762  ;  receives,  loses,  regains  Bavaria ; 
receives  Sax.;  founds  Munich,  7773; 
feud  arises  ;  enlargesBrunswick;  deserts 
emp.;  pilgrimage,  7782;  under  ban  ;  do- 
minions divided  ;overtlirown,779i ; peace 
with  emp.;  d.,  7792. 

of  BeBan9on,  against  Saracens,  11261 . 

of  Bolingbroke,  in  rebellion,  861 1 . 

of  Brabant,  landgrave,  7812. 

I.,  1).  of  Brunswick,  7853. 

II.,  D.  of  Brunswick,  7853. 

III.,  D.  of  Brunswick,  7872. 

IV.,  D.  of  Brunswick,  7873. 

of  Burgimdy,  gains  territory,  11092. 

of  Scheyer,  1>.  of  Carinthia,  5032. 

IV.,  D.  of  Carinthia,  5033. 

of  Carinthia,  D.  ;  reigns,  5053. 

I.,  of  Hainault,  reigns,  10351 . 

,  D.  of  Hereford,  banished,  8612. 

of  Huntingdon,  works,  8491 . 

,  D.  of  Lancaster,  inc.  rebellion,  86OI . 

,  E.  of  Manchester,  minister,  8832. 

the  Minstrel,  writes  Wallace,  8642. 

of  Navarre,  b.  (1553) ;  at  Cahors  ;  at 

Coutras,  684i ;  joins  Galvinists  ;  recog- 
nized as  king,  6853;  d.  (1610).  (See 
Henry  IV.,  Fr.) 

,  Marquis  of  Normandy,  l.-lieut.,  9473. 

,  D.of  Northumberland,  l.-lieut.,  9452. 

of  Orange,  takes  Venlo,  10981 ;  takes 

Breda,  IIOO1. 

of  Port., "  the  Navigator,"  b.-d.,  11092. 

of  Port.,  the  Cardinal,  reigns,  11093. 

,  Count  of  Port.,  reigus,  IIO92. 

,  Prince  of  Prussia,  marries,  8322. 

of  Schwerin,  imprisons  king,  6353. 

,  elector  of  Saxony,  7913. 

,  Prince  Sp.,  killed  in  duel,  7391. 

,  Earl  of  Surrey,  minister,  8693. 

,  K.  of  Swabia ;  of  Rome  ;  of  Aachen  ; 

7793  ;  weds  Isabella  of  Eng. ;  revolts 
against  father  ;  prisoner;  d.,  7811. 

,  Duke  of  Tyrol,  d.,  5062. 

,  Bp.  of   Upsala,  Intro.  Christianity, 

11143. 

de  Valois,  king  of  Poland,  11152. 

,  Prince  of  Wales,  d.,  8793. 

rifle  patented,  2023. 

Henry  A.  Jones,  burns,  2813, 

CAa«nce^,rapidpassagetoN.Y.,3^3. 

Clay,  burned,  1713. 

Henry,  Caleb  Sprague,  b.,  112i ;  d.  (1884). 

,  Crassus,  reigns  in  Navarre,  II272. 

,  Edward  Lamson,  b.  (1841) ;  in  Acad- 
emy of  Design,  2681 . 

,  Emile,  trial ;  executed,  7663. 

,  Etienne  Ossian,  b.,  7131 ;  d.,  7461 . 

,  Guy  v..  Col.,  at  Baldwin,  2302. 

,  James,  b.,  II62. 

,  John,  b.  (1750)';  vote  for  pres.,  1073  ; 

exposes  conspiracy,  1192;  d.  (1798). 

,  Joseph,  b.,  1062;  electricity,  secon- 
dary currents,  948* ;  d.,  2982. 

,  Matthew,  b.,  8902  ;  d.,  9042. 

,  Patrick,  b.,  622;  on  CondxLct  in  House, 

731 ;  popular  rights,  733 ;  speech  for 
rights,  751 ;  patriot,  8O1 ;  speech  to  Bur- 
gesses, 831  ;  gov.,  853,  973;  d.,  1082. 

,  Paul,  dis.  planets,  7461 ,  7481 ,  7521 . 

,  Prosper,  dis.  planets,  7411 ,  748i . 

IJenrtf  Jietd,  launched,  10942. 

,  Visct.  Sydney,  minister;  1.  lieut. ,8993. 

,  William,  d.,  1462. 

, Wirt, /^a^rkjt,  3962;  oration,  4391. 

,  Lake,  island  floats,  3341 . 

Henryson,  Eobert,  b.  (1430) ;  works,  8613  ; 
d.  (1500+). 


Hensel,  Luise,  b.,  8063;  d.,  8282. 
Henselt,  Adolph,  b.  (1814);  d.,  8321 . 
Henshaw,  John  Prentiss  Kewley,  b.  (1796); 

cons.  P.  E.  bp.,  1562;  d.  (1862). 
Henslow,  John  Stevens,  b.,  9283;  d.  (1861). 
Henson,  G.  N.,  shoots  J.  B.  Werts,  4502. 
,  Josiah,  b.,  982  ;   received  by  queen, 

9823;  d.  (1887). 
Uenty,  Edward,  arrivalin  Australia,  4943. 
Hentz,  Car.  Lee  Whiting,  b.,  1082;  d.,  1781. 
Henuquez,  Juan,  governor  Peru,  6053. 
Hepburn,  O.,  railway  accident,  3893, 
,  James,  E.  of  Bothwell,  b.,  8682;  weds 

Mary,  8733;  d.,  8742. 

-,  Sir  P.,  at  Nesbit  Muir,  86O1 . 

,  William  P.,  b.,  1421 . 

Hepp,  Alexandre,  Le  Lait  iVun  Autre, 162^. 
Heptarchy,  Eng.,  formed,  8412. 
Heptasophs,  Improved  Order,  4463. 
Hera,  asteroid,  discovered,  2621 . 
Meraclea,  action,  10261;  captured,  10582; 

action,  IO681. 
Heracles     destroys    Troy,     10141;    fnds. 

dynasty,  11432, 
Heraclian  invades  Rome ;  in  Spain,  10701 . 
Heraclidse  invade   Gr.,   10141,  10151;   ex- 
pelled from    PelctpounesuB,  IOI51 ;  dy- 
nasty of,  11432. 
Heraclitus  of  Ephesus,  fire  theory,  10163; 

flourishes,  10171 . 
Heraclius   I.,  emp.,  b.-d.,  10303  ;  defeats 

Persians  ;  at  Aznadin  ;  at  Yermuk  ;  re- 
bels; kills  Phocas,  10302;  issues  Ektkesis, 

1031 1 ;  reigns,  10313 ;  recovers  True  Cross, 

10722;  takes  Jerusalem,  11541 . 

II.  reigns,  10313. 

Heraldry,  in  Ger.,  7701 ;  improved,  7762. 
Herald's  College,  Eng.,  est.,  8043. 
Heralds*  Visitations  cease  in  Eng.,  8971 . 
Herat,  Afg.,  struggle  for,  41 ,  2,  51  ^  2,  3  • 

61,2,3,9601,  11083. 
Herbart,  Johann  F.,  b.,  8041 ;  d.,  8I6I . 
Herbelot,  Barthelemy  d',  b.,6863;  d.,  6943. 
Herbenger,  Col.,  leaves  JJong  Song,  4822. 
Herber,  Milesian  prince,  in  Britain,  8393. 
Herbert,  ex-treas.,  defaulter,  3782. 
,  Arthur,  commander,  8961;  minister, 

lord  of  admiralty,  8992. 

,  C,  Art  of  Music,  4783. 

,  Sir  Edward,  lord  keeper,  8891 ;  chief 

justice,  8973. 

,  George,  b.,  8762;  works,  8823,  8883. 

,  Henry    Howard    Molyneaux,    E.    of 

Carnarvon,  b.  (1831);  minister, 9692, U792; 

9832,  9933;  proposal,  6012;  d.,  10022. 
, W.,  b.,  1141 ;  d.,  iJWi ;  publishes 

American  Monthly  Magazine,  1443. 
,  Hilary  A.,  sec.  navy,  4271 ;  despatch, 

4511 . 

,  John  R.,  d.,  10021 . 

,  Paul  0.,d.,  3041. 

,  Lord  Sidney,  b.,  9351 ;  minister,  9612, 

9593;  resigns,  9611;  d.,9642;  statue,  9701. 
Herbertsdale,  Cape  Colony,  mission,  6003. 
Herb<miez,  Joseph  Louis  u',  d.,  5901 . 
Herculaneum  overwhelmed,  10622. 
Htrc%tles  launched,  9701 . 
Hercules,    b.,   10131 ;   in   Phrygia,   10143  ; 

worshiped,  10503. 
Herder,  Johann  G.  von,  b.,  8003;  works, 

8032,8051,2,8091;  d.,  8082, 
Herdonia,  action,  10542. 
Herdonius  surprises  Rome,  10501 . 
Heredia,  Jo86Maria,b.-d.,6322;  work,  7641 . 
,  M.  de.  Academician,  7561 ;  minister, 

7563. 
- — ,  Gen.  Pedro  de,  at  Sacramento,  1621 . 
Hereditary  principle,  abolition  proposed, 

G.  B.,  9952,  10012,  10033. 
Hereford,  see  erected,  8423  ;  }{,  JoumaL 

9043;  //.  rimes,  9403. 

,  Viscomit,  title  created,  8711 , 

Herefordshire,  revolts,  848i ;  earthquake, 

8741. 
Heremon,  Pr.  of  Sp.,  in  Britain,  8393. 
Hereroland,S.W.Afr.,  Ger.  annexes,  8381. 
Heresy,  Smith   trial,    4562  ;    punishable, 

6813  ;  exterminated,  6852  ;  detUied,  8683; 

articles  repealed,  8702.    (See  Briggs.) 
Heretics,  ottenses,  Ger.,  7802;  treatment, 

8502;  writ  abolished,  8961;  baptism  dis- 
puted, 10663. 
Herford,  Ger.,  a  newspaper  issued,  7951 . 
Hergenrother,  Joseph,  h.,  8122;  d.,  8341 . 
Hering,  Constantine,  b.,  1082;  d.,  ;J04i . 
Heriot,  George,  h.  (1563±);  fnds.  hospital, 

881  i;d.  (1623). 

Watt  College  inaug.,  IOOO2. 

Herisson,  Anne  Charles,  minister,  7543. 


1280 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Heri-Hida. 


Herisson,  Comte  d',  works,  7602. 
Heriulfson  on  American  coast,  IP . 
Herkimer,  N.  Y.,  Mrs.  Druse  hanged,  3263. 

,  Gen.,  battle  of  Oriskany,  871 . 

,  Nicholas,  b.,  58i ;  d.,  89i . 

Herkonier,  Hubert,  b.,  9.542;  d.,  8181. 
Hermann  (Arniinius),  statue,  8281. 

of  Baden,  in  authority,  5052. 

of  Luxemburg,  abdicates;  d.,777i. 

-  of  Swabia,  vs.  Henry  II.,  7752. 

Binger,  b.,  1561 ;  M.  C,  3612. 

Friedrich  B.  W.  von,  b.,  8063;  d.,  8243. 

,  Qessler,  <!.,  6042. 

,  Johann  G.  .1.,  b.,  8031 ;  d.,  8102. 

Hermannsburg,  fud.,4982;  mission  society 
fmd.,  8182. 

Hermannstadt,  battle,  5221 ,2;  fnd.,  7791 . 

Hermanric  Huns  defeated,  768 1 ;  subdues 
country,  7692;  a.  (376). 

Hermes,  Georg,  b.,  8041 ;  d.,  8142. 

,  Johann  Timotheus,  b.  (1738) ;  work, 

8032;  d.  (1822). 

Hermetic  Society  fnd.,  9922. 

Hermitage,  Tenn.,  Soldiers'  Home,  4063. 

Hennoder  issued,  ilMa. 

Hermogenes,  b.,  10283. 

Hermoginian  code  published,  10671 . 

Hernandez,  Franciso,  b.  (1514) ;  fnds. 
Bruselas,  6301 ;  d.  (1578+). 

,  introduces  tobacco  to  Spain,  11281 . 

Heme's  Ancient  Oak  destroyed,  9673. 

Herndon,  William  Henry,  b.  (1818) ;  Lin- 
coln, 3502  ;  ,1.,  3801 . 

, L.,  b.  (1813);  d.,  1821 . 

Hernici  invade  Rom.  empire,  10501 ;  wars, 
10502;  in  Kom.  and  Latin  Leagues,  10512. 

Hi-ro  wrecked,  9.342. 

Herocleonas  (Coustantine  111.),  10313. 

Herod  the  CJreat,  b.-tl.,  11502 ;  spreads 
luxury,  10731 ;  takes  Jerusalem,  11501 ; 
rebuilds  Temple,  11.502  ;  mass,icres  in- 
fants ;  builds  theater  at  Jericho,  11503  ; 
rebuilds  Samaria  ;  gov.  of  Galilee  ;  mar- 
ries Mariamne;  K.  of  Judea,  11512;  visits 
Rome ;  brings  back  sons ;  accuses  sons  ; 
invites  Agrippa  to  Judea ;  sons  con- 
demned ;  conspiracy  against ;  d. ;  domin- 
ions divided,  11513. 

Agrippa,    Syrian  king,  b.-d.,   11521 ; 

procurator,  10632. 

Antipas,  b.-d.,  11521 ;  rules  Galilee ; 

exiled;  11513. 

I.,  King,  b.-d.,  11502;  tetrarch  of 

Palestine,  11.532. 

II.,  Prince  of  Chalcis;  pleads  for 

Jews,  11533. 

Herodes,  Tiberius  Claudius  Atticus,  b.-d., 
10283. 

Herodian,  h.,  10283;  Rome,  10292;  d.  (240  0- 

Herodotus,  b.-d.,  10191 ;  recites  own  works, 
10211;  history,  1023 1. 

Herodotus  translated,  9023. 

Herold,  David  E.,  assassin,  2431;  at  Dr. 
Mudd's,  2471 ;  captured,  2472;  sentenced, 
2482, 3. 

,  Louis  J.  F.,  b.,  7082;  d.,  7262. 

Heron,  or  Hero,  b.,  10263 ;  constructs 
ffiolopile,  6522. 

,  Bijou,  b.,  2291. 

Herophilus,  b.,  10243;  applies  dissection, 
10263. 

Herostratus  burns  Temple,  11462,  11471 . 

Herrera,  Fernando,  b.  (1534);  poems,  11291 ; 
d.  (1597). 

,  Francisco  de,  b.-d.,  11282. 

,  Jos6  floaquin  de,  b.-ti.,  10952. 

,  Dr.  Vicente,  pre8.,631i. 

y  Tordesillas,  Antonio,  b.-d.,  11282. 

Herreros,  Manuel  Breton  de  los,  b.-d., 
11302;  work,  11311. 

Herrfuth,  Herr,  resigns,  8371 . 

Herrick,  Anson,  b.  (1812);  d.,  2601 . 

,  M.  T.,  struggle  with  outlaw,  4423. 

,  Robert,  b.,  8762;  works,  8863;  d.,  892». 

,  Stephen  Solon,  b.,  1421 . 

,  William,  shot,  4542. 

Herries,  Baron,  title  created,  8C71 ,  9871 . 

,  J.  C,  minister,  9433. 

Herring,  .James,  d.,  2582. 

,  John  F.,  b.,9263;  d.,968i. 

,  Thomas,  archbp.  Canterbury,  9123. 

Fisheries  enrich  Holland,  10982. 

Herrings,  battle  of,  6761 . 

Herrnhut,  Moravian  settlement,  5143. 

Herron,  Francis,  b.  (1774) ;  moderator, 
1.343;  d.  (1860). 

,  Gen.  Francis  Jay,  b.  (1837) ;  at  Fay- 

etteville.  Ark.,  2143  ;  at  Prairie  Grove, 
2162  J  commands  Army  of  Frontier,  2202 . 


Herschel,  Caroline  L.,  b.,  9123;  d., 9542. 

Herschell,  Baron,  title  created,  9963. 

,  Farrer,  b.(1837);  lordchanoellor,995i ; 

minister,  9952,  10092. 

,  Sir  John  Fred.  Wm.,  b.,  92G2;  heat- 
rays,  9301 ;  uses  soda  in  photography, 
9382  ;  studies  stars,  9401 ;  mv.  actinom- 
eter,  9421 ;  spectrum  analysis,  9422  ;  As- 
/ron.,  9481;  school  scheme,  5991  ;d.,976i. 

,  Sir  Wm.  Fred.,  b.,  9102;  sun-spots 

measured;  dis.  Uranus,  9202;  telescope, 
9241 ,  nebular  hypothesis,  9343;  d.,  9403. 

Ifersitia,  asteroid,  discovered,  3021 . 

Hertford,  E.,  minister,  8712. 

,  E.,  lord-lieut..  Ire.,  9173. 

,  Marquis,  title  created,  9252. 

College,  fnd.,  8563  ;  dissolved,  9331 ; 

revived,  9783. 

Hertha,  asteroid,  discovered,  2841 , 

Hertogenbosch,  'S  (Bois-Ie-Duc),D.of  York 
defeated,  7101 . 

Herts,  Haileybury  College  fnd.,  9331 . 

Hertwig,  Richard,  b.,  8181 . 

Hertz,  Hendrik,  b.,  6382  ;  works,  6391 ,2; 
6J03;  d.,  6421. 

Hertzen,  Alexander,  b.,  11163 ;  works, 
11183;  d.,  11182. 

Herv^,  Aim^  Marie  Edooard,  academician, 
7521. 

,  Florlmond  Ronger,  b.  (1825);  d.,  7621 . 

-Mangon,  minister,  resigns,  7.552. 

Hervey,  Lord  A.  C,  cons,  bp.,  9663. 

,  Gov.  John,  monopolist,  323. 

,  Lord  John,  b.  (108B);  d.,  9103. 

,  Thomas  Kibble,  b.,  9323;  d.  (1859). 

Hervieu,  Paul,  VArniature,  7662. 

Hervy,  James,  b.,  9012. 

Herwegh,  Georg,  b.,  8121 ;  insurrectionist, 
8172;  d.,  8282. 

H^ry,  Tliierry  de,  b.,  6861 ;  d.  (1.590). 

Herz,  Cornelius,  micro-telephone  used, 
7553  ;  Panama  Canal  scandal,  7642  ;  ex- 
pelled, Legion  of  Honor.  7643. 

,  Heinrich,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8321 . 

Herzegovina,  Turk.,  unites  with  Bosnia, 
5053;  duchy,  50in  ;  anti-Turk,  insurrec- 
tion, 6261;  revolt,  ,5281,  52!i3,  6301,  5312, 
5653  ;  to  Aust.,  5293  ;  Austrians  enter, 
5281,5293. 

Herzog,  Hans,  d.,  11381 . 

,  .Tohann  J.,  b.,  8082;  d.,  830*. 

,  Sheritf,  embezzling,  4103. 

Herzoff  Ernst  appears,  7783. 

Hese'p-ti,  K.,  reigns  in  Egypt,  6453. 

Hesiod,  b. ;  works,  10142. 

Hesioue,  freed  from  monster,  10143. 

Heslin,  Thomas,  cons.  R.C.  bp.,  3423. 

Hesperia,  asteroid,  discovered,  10862. 

Hesperian  College,  org.,  Cal.,  2662. 

Hess,  Gen.  Heinrieh  von,  b.,  5163  ;  at  Sol- 
ferino,  5241. 

,  Johann  Jakob,  b.-d.,  11372. 

Hesse,  Ger.,  Drusus'  camp,  7681;  Attila 
plunders,  7691;  war  with  Saxons,  7713; 
Diet  at  Worms,  775 1;  Imperial  Diet; 
Diet  of  Tribur,  7753  ;  Concordat  at 
Worms,  7762;  ruled  by  Thuringia,  7773; 
Arnold  is  K.,  7782  ;  Imperial  festival ; 
Richard  captive  at  Worms,  7792;  Mar- 
burg cathedral  fnd.;  Oppenheim  cathe- 
dral fnd.,  7802;  Diet  of  Mainz,  7811; 
Rhenish  League  meets ;  Henry  of  Br.a- 
bant,  Pr.,  7812  ;  printing  inv.  (?),  7842  ; 
first  book  pub.,  7862,  7871 ;  Bible  printed, 
7863;  Univ.  of  Mainz  fnd.,  7871;  Diet  of 
Frankfort  (1486),  7872;  imperial  chamber 
est.  at  Frankfort,  7873;  Diet  of  Worms, 
Luther  at,  7883  ;  Marburg  Univ.  fnd., 
7892;  League  of  Schmalcald,  7912;  under 
ban,  7913;  Univ.  of  Giessen  chart.,  7931 ; 
Treaty  of  Friedwald,793i ;  divided,  7932; 
Tilly  wins  at  Wimpten  ;  at  Hiicht,  7941 ; 
Imperialists  take  Mainz,  7943  ;  Univ.  of 
Rinteln  fnd.,  7951;  ct.  Turenne  takes 
cities  ;  Fr.  take  Mainz,  7961 ;  Fr.  take 
Mainz,  7981 ;  retaken  from  Fr.,  8061 ; 
Mainz  ceded  to  Fr.,  8073;leave9  Confed. 
of  Rhine,  7212;  electorate  reest.,  8112; 
in  G.  Confederation  ;  New  Constitution  ; 
cedes  Westphalia  to  Prus.;  gains  ^lainz, 
8113;  William  II.  elector,  81.33;  LouisII., 

fraud  D.,  8153  ;  Louis  III.  grand  D., 
173  ;  Aust.  invades  ;  Prus.  enters  ;  re- 
tires, 8181  ;evacuation  demanded;  elector 
restored,  5233;  ally  of  Aust.,  8221 ;  Prus. 
invades,  8233  ;  Pan-Protestant  Conf., 
8262  ;  Louis  IV.  grand  D.,  8293  ;  grand 
D.,  d.,  8361. 
—  -Cassel,  Ger.,  troops  by  Br.,  82*;  eleo- 


torate,.809i;  eleotor.ate reest. ,8112;  Con- 
stitution given,  8153 ;  Fred.  William  elec- 
tor, 8171 ;  ceded  to  Prus.,  8252;  war  ;  asl.s 
for  aid,  5233  ;  legislative  contest,  8192  ; 
Constitution  maintained,  8212. 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  loses  territory,  8073 ; 
gains  Westphalia,  8091 ;  a  grand  duchy, 
Louis  I.,  G.  D.,  8093  ;  grand  duchy ; 
Louis  I.,  grand  d.,  8093;  acquires  Mainz, 
8113;  peace  with  Prus.,  8252;  joins  N. 
Ger.  Confederation,  8272. 

Homburg,    est.    landgraviate,    7933; 

H.-Homburg  absorbed,  8092;  absorbed 
by  Hesse,  8092. 

Nassau,    beer-riots,    8291;    Limburg 

Chronicle,  7823. 
Hessians  in  Am.     (See  pp.  83-93.) 
ifea/ia,  asteroid,  discovered,  9602. 
Het  Daghet  in  den  Oosten,  10991 . 
Hetairia  Philike,  est.  at  Odessa,  10353. 
Heth,  Gen.  Henry,  b.  (1826)  ;  at  Lewisburg, 
2081;  Covington,  2123;  GettyBburg,  2241 ; 
south  of  Rapidan,  2321 ;  Globe  'Xavern, 
2372. 
Hettner,  Hermann  J.,  History,  8203. 
Hetzendorf,  emperors  meet,  5371 . 
Hetzer,  Louis,  beheaded,  7r02. 
Heuglin,  Theodor  von,  b.,  8123  ;  d.,  8282. 
Heule,  Friedrich  G.  K.,  d.,  8302. 
Heung-noo  expelled,  subdued,  6101 . 
Heureaux,  Gen.  Ulises  elected  president, 

6433. 
Heuselt,  Adolph,  b.,  810». 
Hevelius  (Hewel),  Johannes,  b.-d.,  11143. 
Hewes,  Joseph,  b.,  62i ;  d.  (1779). 
Hewett,  Sir  Prescott  G.,  d.,  100«i . 

,  William,  d.,  10062. 

,  Sir  William  N.  Wrighte,  in  Aby8.,32; 

at  Suakin,  6582  ;  d.,  9982. 
Hewitt,  Abram    Stevens,  b.,  1302  ;  Com- 
mittee of  Seven,  2933;  mayor N.Y.,  3292. 

,  Augustine  Francis,  b.,  1282. 

,  James,  lord  chancellor,  9173. 

Hexham,  battle,  8641;  Bp.  Henry  O'Cal- 

laghan  cons.,  9982. 
Hexthorpe,  railroad  collision,  9973. 
Heyde,  Van  der,  hose  invented,  11003. 
Heydt,  August  von  der,  b.,  8071 ;  ministry, 

8212  ;  resigns,  8233  ;  d.,  8281 . 
Heyerman,  Commander,  trial,  4641 . 
Heygate,  Wm.,  lord  mayor  London,  9413. 
H'eyl,  Edward  M.,  promoted  colonel,  3341 . 
Heylin,  Peter,  b.  (1600) ;  d.,  8902. 
Heyne,  Christ.   Gottloh.  b.,  8002  ;  d.,  8102. 
Heyse,   Johann    Lutlwig   Paul,   b.,  8142 

works,  8182,  8222,  8291 ,  8303,  83C2. 
Heytesbury,  Baron,  title  created.  9412. 
Heyward,  Thomas,  b.  (1746) :  d.,  llCi. 
Heywood,  Mrs.  Abel,  statue,  9801 . 

,  Col.  Chas.,  in  navv  dept.,  4472. 

,  John,  b.  (1600);   interludes,  8671; 

(1580+). 

,  Tliomas,  works,  8803  ;  d.,  8882. 

Hezekiah,  reigns,  11453  ;  army  destroyed, 
6503  ;    cleanses  temple,  11443  ;  receivee 
embassy  from  Sargon,  11452. 
Hia  dynasty  fnd.;  rules,  6111. 
Hiaccomes,  Indian  missionary,  363. 
Hiao  Hweiti,  enthroned,  6113. 

Vouti  enthroned,  6131 . 

Wang  enthroned,  6112. 

Hiaotsong  enthroned  ;  progress,  6152. 
Hiawatha,  Kan.,  cohtnv  est.,  4753. 
Hibbert,  Eobt.,d.(1849);  trust  fund, 9643. 
Hibemia  wrecked,  9473;  accident,  9733. 
Hibernians  of  Am.,  A.  O., statistics,  4462. 
Hiehborn,  Philip,  in  navv  dept.,  4472. 
Hickes,  George,  b.,  8842  ;  d..  9042. 
Hickey,  Frank,  gov's,  requisition,  4263. 

,  Patrick,  d.,  3361. 

,  Thomas,  hanged,  823. 

Plot,  discovered,  833. 

Hickok,  Laurens  Perseus,  b.,  1081 ;  mod- 
erator, 1801 :  d.  (1888). 
Hicks,  Albert  W.,  hanged,  1882. 

,  Elias,  b.,  662;  d.,  1381. 

,  John,  envoy,  3613. 

,  Josiah  D.,  b.,  1662. 

,  Mrs.  (witch),  hanged,  9071 . 

,  Thos.    Holliday,  b.  (1798) ;  gov.  Md. 

(1858-61);    urges  truce,  I95i ;  d.  (1865). 
,  Whitehead,  b.  (1728) ;   mayor  N.  Y., 

753;  d.  (1780). 
,  William,  b.  (1831) ;  pasha  in  Sudan, 

6582;  killed  (1883). 

Beach,  Sir  Michel  Edward,  b.  948*; 

minister,  9933,  9953  ;  resigns,  9972. 

Hicksite  Friends.     (See  Friends.) 
Hidalgo  y  Costella,  Miguel,  b.-d.,  lOK'} 


I 


I 


Hide-Hodg. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        lNJjjl.X.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1281 


proclaims  revolt,  10953  •  leads  war ;  de- 
feats Spanish  ;  defeated  ;  resigns  ;  cap- 
tured ;  tried  and  shot,  10951 . 

Hidetada,  Jap.,  studies  Christianity, 10913, 

Uideyoshi,  Jap.,  Icills  missionaries,  10911  • 
rises  to  power  ;  shoguu ;  subdues  re- 
volt ;  d.,  10913. 

Hiel,  Emanuel,  poet,  b.,  544*. 

Uienfung  ontlironed,  6192  ;  d.,  620a. 

Hienti  enthroned,  6113. 

liientsoug  poisoned,  6123. 

Hien  Wang  enthroned,  6112. 

Hiep-Hoa  entlironod,  4813,  4831. 

Hierax,  heresy,  10663. 

Hiero  II.,  deserts  Carthaginians,  10523  : 
signs  treaty:  K.  of  Syracuse;  ally  of 
Carthage,  10533. 

Hieronymus,  ruler  of  Syrileuse,  1055*. 

Hiftiien,  Kalph,  work,  8583  ;  d.,  858*. 

Uiggins,  Andrew,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  9902. 

and  Voorhees,  Elections  Bill,  3733. 

,  Anthony,  b.,  15-22. 

,  Patrick,  convicted  of  murder,  9903. 

,  Tliomas,  convicted  of  murder,  9903. 

Higginson,  Francis  John,  captain,  3841 . 

,  John,  b.  (1616);  d.,  503. 

,  Thomas  Wentworth,  b.,  1302  ;  com- 
mands volunteers,  2151 ;  takes  Jackson- 
ville, 2201  ;  works,  2272,  2683,  2771,2802, 
•J!n  1 ,  3031 ,  3183,  3323,  4203,  4462. 

Highbinders,  Cal.,  shoot  Chinamen,  4183. 

High  Bridge,  Va.,  action  at,  245 1 . 

Higiiljury  College,  London,  fnd.,  9431 . 

Tunnel,  railroad  collision,  9893. 

High  Church  party,  Eng.,  develops,  9023. 

Higli  Coumiis.  Ct.  assembled,  Eng.,  8973. 

Highland  Asso.  of  111.,  elects  chief,  3883. 

Land  Law  Reform  Asso.  fmd.,  9912, 

,  Kan.,  miiversity  organized,  1822, 

Society  est.,  923*. 

High  license,  Harper  Law  in  111.,  315i ;  in 
Mo.,  3131,  3151;  in  o.,  3171,  3261;  in 
Minn.,  3291;  in  Pa.,  3292;  in  Mass.,  3332  ; 
in  Mich.,  M3i ;  proposed  in  la.,  3561 ,  2, 
3562,  3571 ;  in  N.  J.,  3511 ;  in  Md.,  3751 ; 
in  Wis.,  3511;  in  N.  Mex.,  3983;  Peter- 
borough, 5862;  iu  Minn.,  3291 ;  in  Mich., 
3431 , 

Point  Female  College  fnd.,  3322. 

-^—priests  8ul>-rulers  in  Judea,  11472; 
rulers  of  Judea,  11491 ;  corruption,  11523. 

Higinbotham,  H.N.,pres.  Directory,  4133. 

Hilarion,  St.,  b.-d.,  11542. 

Hilarius,  painter,  in  Athens,  10282, 

Hilary,  Saint,  b.-d.,  6623. 

, .  Bp.  of  Poitiers,  6623. 

, ,  Bp.  of  Rome,  10683. 

, ,  pope,  10703  ;  d.  (467). 

Hilborn,  Samuel  G.,  b.,  1422. 

IRlda,  asteroid,  discovered,  5282. 

..Saint,  b.-d.,  8421. 

Hilaburghausen,  Ger.,  acquired,  8133. 

Hildehald,  reigns  ;  assaiisinated,  10713. 

Hildebrand.    (See  Gregory  VH.) 

,  king  of  Lombardy,  10732. 

Hildet/randslied  appears,  7723. 

Hildebrandt,  Eduard,  b.,  8121 ;  d.,  8243. 

,  Ferd.  Theodor,  b.,  8082  ;  d.,  8281 . 

Hildeslieiin,  Prus.,  bishopric,  7703  ;  news- 
paper issued,  7951 . 

Hildetand,  Harald,  at  Bravalla,  034 1 . 

Hildreth,  Richard,  b.,  1141;  works,  1583, 
1663,  1731 ,  1742,  1763,  1783  ;   d.,  2481 . 

,  Samuel  Prescott,  b.  (1783);  d.,  2251 . 

HUgard,  Julius  Erasmus,  b.  (1825);  .l.,.)82i . 

HUgeufeld,  Adolf  Bernhard  Christolph 
Christian,  b.,  8122. 

Hilkiah,  hi^h-priest,  11462. 

Hill,  Abigail.    (See  Mashain.) 

,  Ambrose  Powell,  b.,  1322;  at  Seven 

Days'  Battles,  2091 ;  at  Antietam,  2131 ; 
at  Fredericksburg,  2162  ;  at  Chancellors- 
vllle,  2211;  at  Chambersburg,  2232-  at 
Gettysburg,  2241 ;  at  Bristow's  Station, 
2271 ;  Bouthiif  liapidan,232i ;  defeats  Fed- 
erals on  Weldon  K.R.,  2343  ;  at  Ream's 
Station  ;  attacks  Weldon  R.R.,  2372  ;  at 
Kinston,  2441 :  d.,  2482. 

,  Benjamin  Harvey,  b.,  1302;  d.,  3102. 

,  Daniel  Harvey,  b.,  1301 ;  at  Fair  Oaks, 

2082;  at  Seven  Days'  Battles,  209i ;  at  An- 
tietam, 2131;  at  Chancellorsville,  2211; 
d.,  3442. 

,  David  Bennett,  b.,  1661 ;  gov.  N.  Y., 

3193,3233,  3332;  vetoes  ballot  reform, 
3393,  .■K62  ;  addresses  delegates,  3472  ; 
signs  Weekly  Payment  Bill,  3603  ;  par- 
dons Davis,  3971 ;  senator,  3972;  in  Dem. 
delegation,  4003;  southern  political  tour. 


4032  ;  nom.  forpres.,  4092  ;  speech,  4371 , 

441 2, 457 1 ;  resolution  on  Bland  Bill,  4532 ; 

vs.  Senator  Gorman,  4671 ;  nom.  for  gov., 

4731. 
Hill,  F.  M.,  nominee  for  gov.  Me.,  3612. 

,  Isaac,  b.,  lOOi ;  gov.,  1472  ;  d.,  1682. 

,  John  E.,  treasurer,  sued,  4263. 

, J.,  gift  to  college,  3682. 

— , T.,  defaulter,  3823. 

,  Joshua,  b.,  1183  ;  d.,  378 

,  Lord,  commander-in-chief,  9421 . 

,  Gen.  Rowland,  b.,  9103 ;  at  Merida, 

7182. 
,  Sir  Rowland,  b.,  9263  ;  penny  postage 

bill,  M93;  d.,  9841;  statue,  9881. 

,  Rowland,  b.  (^1744) ;  clerg. ;  d.,  9462. 

,  Viscount  Rowland,  b.,  9183;  d.,  9502. 

,  Sir  Stephen  J.,  gov.,  11032. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  1262;  d.,  3941 . 

,  William,  b.  (1769) ;  moderator,  1303  ; 

d.  (1862). 

, ,  Tariff  Policy  in  U.  S.,  4783. 

,  Viscomit,  title  created,  9511. 

Hillebrand,  Karl,  b.,  8142  ;  d.,  8302. 
Hiller,  Ferdinand,  b.,  8102;  d.,  8302. 
Hillhouse,  James,  b.  (1754) ;  pres.  senate, 

1112  ;    d.  (18;)2). 

, Abraham,  h.,  1001 ;  works,  1191 , 

1212,  1283,  1331,  1511;  d.,  1522. 

Hillard,  George  S.,  h.,  1142  ;  d.,  3001 ;  Six 
Months  in  Italy,  1742. 

Hilliard,  B.  P.,  killed,  4762. 

,  Henry  Washington,  b.,1142;  d.  (1892). 

Hilliers.Barraguay  d',  at  Boinarsund,  9581 . 

Hilliugdon,  Baron,  title  created,  9963. 

Hills,  Gen.,  governor  Afghanistan,  63. 

Hillsboro,  111.,  natural  gas  dis.,  3941 . 

,  N.  Mex.,  Indians  pursued,  3681 . 

,  Tex.,  Are,  4473. 

Hillsborough,  Ky.,  action  at,  2001 . 

,  O.,  College  founded,  1823. 

,  Earl,  title  created,  9152. 

,  Ix>rd,  colonial  secretary,  753  ;  minis- 
ter, 9173. 

Hillsdale,  Mich,  College  org.,  1783. 

Hilton  Head,  S.  C,  expedition,  2141. 

-,  Henry,  lawsuit,  4043  ;    Garden  City 

Cathedral,  3842. 

,  John,  surgeon,  b.,  9331 . 

Ilillyard,  legacy  to  Orphanage,  9711 . 

Hilyard,  Robert,  insurrectionist,  8662. 

Hiniera,  Sicily  founded,  10511 . 

Hims,  battle,  6562. 

Hinault,  editor,  imprisoned,  7663. 

lliiickeley,  C,  gift  to  Chicago  University, 
3411. 

Hinckley,Thomas,  b.  (1618) ;  governor,  491 , 
513  ;  d.  (1706). 

Hincks,  Sir  Francis,  b.,  6763;  d.,  6841 . 

Hiucmar,  b.-d.,  6662. 

Hind,  John  Kussell,  b.,  9403  ;  discovers 
planets,  9541 . 

Hindman,  Gen.  Thomas  C,  b.  (1818) ;  Prai- 
rie Grove,  2162;  near  Steven's  Gap,  2262  ; 
d.  (1868). 

Hindniarsh,  Capt.,  governor,  4952. 

Hindlip,  Baron,  title  created,  9963. 

Hines,  Capt.,  enters  Did.,  2223. 

,  William  H.,  d.,  1781 . 

Hinduism  in  India,  10431 ;  marriage  ques- 
tion ;  Brit,  support  withdrawn,  10483. 

Hindus,  recover  India,  10421 ,  10432  ;  settle 
in  Ganges  valley,  10432  ;  war,  10441 . 

Hing  Wang  entlironed,  6112. 

Hinkley,  Holmes,  b.  (1793) ;  d.,  2501 . 

Hinnian,  Clark  T.,  b.,  1281 ;  d.,  1741 . 

Hinoyossa,  Alex,  d',  gov.  Pa.,  412,  423. 

Hinsdale,  Burke  Aaron,  b.,  1482 ;  work, 
3323. 

Hinton,  Harvey,  lynched,  3991 . 

,  John  Howard,  b.,  9361 ;  d.  (1873). 

Hipparchus,  Nicsea,  b.;  flourishes  ;  astro- 
nomical talks,  10282  ;  d.,  11482. 

,  tyrant,  assassinated,  10162. 

Hippeau,  C(SIestin,  b.,  7143  ;  d.,  7641 . 

Hippias,  rules  in  Gr., 10172;  expelled  from 
Athens  ;  in  Persia,  10173;  d.  (490+). 

Hippocrates,  b.-d.,  10191 ;  flourishes,  1021' ; 
studies  human  body,  10223. 

Hippomenes  deposed,  10153. 

Hipponax,  iambic  poet,  10163. 

Hippopotamus,  bones  dis.  Eng.,  10O41. 

Hiram  of  Tyre,  king,  11432. 

College,  organized,  O.,  2583. 

H\T\te\A,A.T\li,Chronicle  of  Denmark,eSJf . 

Hirosaki,  missions,  10922.' 

Hiroshima,  Jap.,  army  embarks,  6263. 

Hirsch,  Baron,  b.  (1815) ;  est.  Hebrew  Im- 
migrant Fond,  3762;  donation  to  trades- 


men, .5.123;  .lewish  schools,  5343 ;  Argen- 
tine purchase,  8361 ;  est.  Jewish  Colo- 
nization Co.,  10071 . 

Hirsch,  Solomon,  minister,  3613. 

Hirtius,  Aulus,  at  Mutina,  10602  ;  consoli 
10612;  killed  (43  B.C.). 

Hlscock,  David,  b.,  1422. 

Hispania,  Laws  written,  11252. 

Ulterior,  joins  Cajsar,  IO6OI . 

Hispauiola  [Haiti],  discovered,  142. 

Histiieus,  Ionian  leader,  10173 ;  d.  (494 B.C.). 

Historia  Literaria  issued,  9091 . 

Historian,  first  Chinese,  6IO2. 

fFistorical  Magazine  appears,  1823. 

His  toricalSoc.  meets.  Am. ,3482, 373', 397'. 

Society,  Eng.,  est.,  9491 . 

Hlatoire  de  Baudmiin,  L\  written,  671'. 
Ilistoires  des  outrages  dee  Savants,  695' . 

Historisk  'l\dsskrift  issued,  6403 . 

History,  authentic,  of  China,  611' . 

,  birth  of,  in  Egypt,  6463. 

History  of  Learning  issued,  8983. 

()/  yvorks  of  Learned,  9003,  909' . 

Hita',  Gines  Perez  de,  work,  1129'. 

Hitchcock,  Charles  H.,  b.,  1462. 

,  Edward,  b.,1042;  Geology  of  the  Qlobe* 

1742  ;  d.,  2312. 

,  Ethan  Allen,  b.  (1798);  d.,  2702. 

,  Henry  L.,  clergyman,  d.,  282', 

,  Hiram,  hospital,  429' . 

,  Maj.-Gen.,  in  Porter  trial,  216'. 

,  Peter,  b..  93' ;  d.,  1722. 

,  Roswell  Dwight,  b.,  1262  ;  d.,  326*. 

,  Samuel  Austin,  b.  (1784) ;  d.,  282'. 

Hito,  Mutsu,  b.,  10912. 

Hitsong  expelled  from  capital,  6132. 

Hitt,  Robert  K.,  b.,  1422. 

Hittell,  Jonn  S.,  Mental  Growth,  4782. 

Hittites  powerful,  1143' ;  subdued,  11462. 

Hittorf,  Jacques lgiiace,b.,  7082;  d.;  7363. 

Hitzig,  Ferdinand,  b.,  8083  ;  d.,  8282. 

Hiuenti  entlironed,  6113. 

Hiwassee  College,  Teiin.,  founded,  1663. 

Uixem  proclaims  holy  war  ;  truce,  1126'. 

Hjerta,  Aftonhladet,  11362. 

Hjnie,  David,  W()rks,  Oil' . 

Hoachanas,  mission,  5983. 

Hoadley,  Archbp.,  commissioner,  9062, 

,  Benj.,  b.,  8942  ;  bp.;  d.,  9151 ,  (1761). 

,  George,  b.    18*26)  ;  governor  O.,  3193. 

Hoai  enthroned,    111. 

Hoaiti  enthroned,  6131 . 

Hoang-Ho  River,  overflows,  6241 ,  6271 . 

Hoar,  Ebenezer  Rockwood,  b.,  1242  ;  atty.* 
gen.,  2671;  resigns,  2712. 

,  George  Frisbie,  b.,  1341;  Credit  Mo- 

bilier  investigation,  2812;  Committee  of 
Seven,  2933 ;  Electoral  Commission,  295 ' ; 
pres.  Rep.  Nat.  Conven.,  3043  ;  resolu- 
tion, 4551 . 

Hoard,  William  D.,  gov.  Wis.,  3492,  3672. 

Hobart,  Tasmania,  council  meets,  5003. 

Free  College,  N.  Y.,  fnd.,  133' . 

,  John  G.,  b.,G42. 

, Henry,  b.,  823;  bp.,  117'  ,d.,  138«. 

,  Lord,  minister,  9312. 

,  Maj.,  in  duel,  9262. 

-Hampden  (Hobart  Pasha),  Augustus 

Charles,  b.-tl.,  11663. 

Hobbenia,  Myuderhout,  b.,  6403;  d.,  5422. 

Hobbes,  Thomas,  b.,  8762;  for  materialism, 
8843;  works,  885',  8883,  8923  ;  d.,  8942. 

Hobbs,  A.  I.,  pres.  Convention,  3002. 

Htibhouse,  Baron,  title  created,  987' . 

Hobkirk's  Hill,  S.  C,  battle,  94' . 

Hobokeii,  N.  J.,  steam-ferry  est.,  1193;  Ste- 
ven's Inst,  fnd.,  2763  •  Sunday  law  en- 
forced ;  warrants  for  officials,  3803 ;  relics 
of  St.  Quietus,  388' ;  P.  O.  robbery,  4762. 

Hoche,  Lazare,  b.,  7042;  at  Dunkirk,  710' ; 
at  Quiberon,  7102  ;  at  Kaiserslautem, 
8061 ;  d.,  7123. 

Hochelaga.    (See  Montreal.) 

Hochhausen,  battle  of  Baden,  8243. 

Hochheini,  Prus.,  battle  of,  7202. 

Hochkirch,  Frederick  defeated,  616' . 

Hochkirchen,  Austrians  defeated,  720'. 

Hochst,  Prus.,  battle  at,  7941 . 

Hochstade,  Conrad  von,  fiids.  cath.,  780*. 

Hochstiidt,  Bav.,  Imt>eriali8ts  defeated, 
6961 ;  Aust.  defeated,  7141 ;  taken,  7942. 

Hochstetter,  Jonathan,  murdered,  4012, 

Hock,  .Jan  van,  b.-d.,  6403. 

Hocking  Valley,  O.,  miners  strike,  3172. 

Hockst,  battle,  6181. 

Uodaibiya,  treaty,  4851 . 

Hodel,  Emil  H.  M.,  shoots  at  emp.,  828'; 
executed,  8303. 

Hodge,  Casper  W.,  b.,  1382;  d.,  3922. 


1282 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column.        Hodg-Hond, 


Hodge,  Chas.,  b.,  1062;  works,  1331 ;  mod- 
erator, 1623;  d.,  2982. 

,  H.  Lenox,  b.,  1462;  d.,  2802. 

Hodges,  Edward  Noel,  eons,  bp.,  10O42. 

,  Henry  C,  commissioned  col.,  330^ . 

Hodgesville,  Ky.,  action,  200' . 
Hodgliins,  Thos.  C,  gift  to  Inst.,  3942. 
Hodglsinson,  Katon,  b.,  9243;  d.  (1861). 

,  Jolin,  b.  (18(B) ;  est.  theater,  106' . 

Hodgson,  Frances,  b.  (1781) ;  worlts,  3083  ; 
d.  (1852). 

,  Sir  Uobert,  b.  (1798);  gov.  Can.,  5833; 

d.  (1880). 
Hodson,  Gen.,  in  Sepoy  rebellion,  1048' . 
Hoe,    Richard    March,  b.,  1183  ;  rotary 

printiJig-press,  1622;  d.,  3'222. 
Hoefer,  ,j\)Uauu  C.  F.,  b.,  8102;  d,  8282. 
Hoeth,  Earl,  title  created,  9252. 
Hoey,  Frances  Sarah  Cashel,  b.,  9442. 

,  John,  defaulter,  3932;  d.,  4181 . 

Hofer,  Andreas,  b.,  5163;  leader,  5193, 
7181 ;  yields,  5183,  executed  ;  statue,  202, 
5361;  family  ennobled,  5211. 

,  Edmund,  b.,  8122;  d.  (1882). 

Hoff,  Henry  Kuhn,  b.  (1809);  d.,  3001 . 

Hoffeuthal,  mission,  6003. 

Hofflin,  Loe,  lynched,  4023. 

Hotf  maun  and  Fritzsche,  inv.  anilm,  8141 . 

,  August  H.,  b.,  8063;  d.,  8281 . 

,  Chas.  Fenuo,  b.,  1122 ;  worlts,  1403, 

1443,1451,  1523;  d.,  3162. 

,  David,  b.,  962;  d.,  1741 . 

,  Ernst  T.  W.,  b.,  8041 ;  Tales,  8111 ;  d., 

8122. 

,  Friedrich,  b.,  7963;  d.,  8003. 

,  Hans,  .Seltab  mm  Weae,  8362. 

,  Joliann  .J.,  Universal  Lexicon,  11371. 

,  ,John  Tliompson,  b.  (1828) ;  gov.  N.  Y., 

26;)3;  d.,  (1888). 

,  Murray,  b.  (1791);  d.,  2982. 

Hofhuf ,  besieged ;  Turks  defeated,  4861 . 
Hofmann,  August  W.,  b.,  8122. 

-,  Josef,  plays,  996i . 

Hog  Island,  boundary  dispute,  3491 ;  Si. 
Lawrtiu-e  on,  5892  ;  San  Alhano  on  4033. 
Hogan,  Edward  D.,  air-ship  over  Brook- 
lyn ;  over  New  York ;  in  sea,  3421 . 

,  John  Joseph,  b.  (1829) ;   cons.  R.    C. 

bishop,  2622;  in  Kansas  City,  3042. 

,  Patrick,  arrested,  9932. 

,  Police  Justice,  testimony,  4531. 

Hogan's  Industrial  Army,  captured,  4582. 
Hogarth,  William.,  b.,  9002  ;  works,  9081 ; 

d.,9162. 
Hoge,  James,  b.  (1784) ;  moderator,  1403  ; 

d.  (1863). 
Hogg,  James  (Ettrick  Shepherd),  b.,  9183; 
work,  9371;  d.,  9482. 

, S.,  gov. Tex.,  3992;  me8sage,4223. 

Hohenfriedberg,  Prus.,  battle,  5142. 
Hohenlinden,  Bavaria,  battle,  5182. 
Hohenlohe,    Pr.   of    (tlustav   Adolf);    b. 
(1823);  cons.  card,  priest,  8343. 

Ingelflngen,  Pr.  of  (Friedrich  Lud- 

wig),  D.,  (1746) ;  at  Jena ;  at  Prenzlau, 
7161 ;  d. (1818). 

SohiUingsfiirst,Pr.of  (Chlod  wig-Karl 

Victor);  b.  (1819);  Ger.  ambassador,  749' ; 
pres.  of  Landtag,  827';  rejected,  8273; 
premier,  8372. 
Hohenstaufen,  House  reigns,  7772  ;   rules 
Sicily,  10753  ;  overthrown,  10772. 
lohenwart.  Count,  minister;  resigns, 5292. 
Hoijer,  Benj.  Karl  Henrik,  b.-d.,  11342. 
Hojo  clan,  in  military  otaces,  10912. 
Hoke,   Gen.,  at  Town   Creek,  2302  ;  at 
Kinston,  2303, 3441 ;  captures  Plymouth, 
232' ;  on  Darby  Road,  2383;  at  Fort  An- 
derson, 2422;  near  Goldsboro,  244'. 
Hokodato,  mission,  10922. 
Holbach,  Paul  Thierry  d",  b.,  6982  ;  Sys- 
tem, of  Nature,  705' ;  d.,  7062. 
Holbein,  Hans,  b.,  7863;  d.,  7902. 

,  Society  fnded.,  972' . 

Holberg,    Ludwig,   b.,    6363 ;    comedies  ; 

writings,  6383;  d.,  638' . 
Holbrook,  Fred.,  gov.  Tex.,  2032. 

,  John  Edwards,  b.,  1042;  d.,  274' . 

Holoomb,  Thomas,  in  state  dept.,  4472. 
Holcombe,  Lieut.,  massacred,  10493. 

,  Wm.  P.,  b.,  1342. 

Holcroft,  Thomas,  b.,  9103;  d.,  9343. 
Holden,  Mass.,  anniversary,  3873. 

,  Edward  Singleton,  b.,  1602. 

,  Oliver,  d.,  1682.      . 

,  Wm.  Woods,  b.   (1818) ;  gov.  N.  C, 

2473;  relieved,  2493;  proclaims  Alamance 
Co.,  2663;  against  secret  society,  269'; 
impeached  273' ;  d.,  402' . 


Holder,  Charles  Frederick,  b.  (1861) ;  L. 
Agassiz,  4482. 

Hol'derlin,  Johann  Christian   Frederick, 
b.  (1770)  ;  Hyperion,  807' ;  d.  (1843). 

Holdich,  Joseph,  b.,  1122. 

Holfer,  Edmund,  d.,  8302. 

Holgate,  O.,  strikers  fira  sheds,  4762. 

Holguin,  Cuba,  revolt,  632';  rebellion, 
6332;  railroad  to  Gibara,  6333. 

Holinshed,  Raphael,  d.,  8742. 

Holkar,  family  important,  10452. 

commanaer  defeated,  1046' . 

Holl,  Francis,  b.,  9363;  d.  (1884). 

■ ,  Frank,  b.,  9522  ;  d.  (1888). 

Holland  (see  Neth.,  text,  pp.  1098-1102). 
prospers,  1099' ;  naval  battle,  858' ;  an- 
nexed by  Den.,  6372  ;  enriched  by  fish- 
eries, 10982;  Philip  annexes,  10992;  Wil- 
liam of  Orange  inherits,  541 2 ;  commerce 
from  Antwerp,  1099';  United  Neth.  est., 
252;  revolts,  11293;  war-ships,  6052;  over- 
run by  Fr.;  Fr.  expelled,  1100';  fort- 
resses garrisoned,  543' ;  gives  constitu- 
tion, 10392 ;  sympathy  of  1780,933  ;  loses 
Eng.  colonies,  11002;  acknowledges  inde- 
pendenceof  U.S.,  953;  againstEng.,  9273; 
peace  with  Eng.,  5452  ;  annexed  to  Fr., 
7113,  7193 ;  detached  from  Fr.,  7212  ; 
insurrection,  8112;  restored  to  House  of 
Orange,  11023;  uprising,  5432  ;  religious 
difficulty,  5423  ;  conven.  against ;  with, 
5452. 

,  Mich.,  Hope  College  org.,  2502. 

,  Edward,  mayor  N.  Y.,  672. 

,  George,  b.  (1791) ,  d.,  272' . 

,  Sir  Henry,  b.,  9243;  d.,  978'. 

,  — Thurston,  minister,  9953. 

,  Josiah  Gilbert,  b.,  128' ;  works,  1823, 

1843,229',  2043,2803,  2823,2863;  d.tSC.M  . 

,  Canon  Scott,  sermon,  1009' . 

,  Thomas,  lord,  trustee,  8612. 

Hollander,  Peter, gov.  Del., 372;  d.(1600i). 

Hollandsche  Spectator,  issued,  1101*. 

Hollar,  Wenceslaus,  b.,  7923;  d.,  7963. 

HoUeben,  Theodore  von,  minister,  406*. 

Holies,  DenziI,baron,b.  (1699) ;  impeached, 
885' ;  d.  (1679). 

Holley,  Alex.  H.,  governor  Conn.,  1832. 

,  Horace,  b.,  93' ;  d.,  1342. 

— ,  Lyman,  b.,  140' ;  d.,  310'. 

HolUday,  B.  S.,  Com.  of  Customs,  3512. 

,  Capt.,  at  Hillsborough,  200'. 

-  ,  Fred.  W.  M.,  governor  Va.,  3012. 
HoUiman,  Ezekiel,  oaptized,  343. 
HoUins,  George   Nichols,  b.,  1082  ;   bom- 
bards San  Juan,  174' ;  d.,  2982. 

Hollis,  Thomas,  b.  (1659) ;  d.,  62' . 

,  Mr.,  supports  Indian  pupils,  63' . 

Hollister,  Gicfeon  Hiram,  b.,  1262;  d.,3062. 
Holloway  Coll.,  foundation  laid,  9842. 
Holly  Springs,  Miss.,  action,  215' ;  supplies 
captured,  2163  ;  Rust  Univ.  fnd.,  2023  ; 
State  Normal  School  opd.,  2702. 
Holman,  Wm.  Steele,  b.,  1302;  Crittenden 
resolution,  2013;  on  Appropriation  Com- 
mittee, 3972  ;  resolution  adopted,  3993  ; 
statement,  4132. 
Holmes,  Abiel,  b.,  723;  d.,  1482. 

,  Adm.,  at  Eomina,  1161'. 

,  David,  governor  Miss.,  1172,  1333. 

,  George  Frederick,  b.,  1282. 

,  H.  H.,  fraudulent  insurance,  475' . 

,  Obadiah,  whipped,  383. 

,  Oliver     Wendell,     b.,    1161 ;    works, 

1843,  1991,   2603,  2723,  2803,  2871,  3063, 
3223,  3283,  3743  ;  d.,  4721 . 

,  Sergt.,  at  Nolensville,  2183, 

,  Theophilus,  b.  (1829) ;  in  Seven  Days' 

Battle,  209' ;  at  Helena,  2242  ;  d.  (1880). 
Holmfrith,  flood,  9573. 
Holofernes,  reigns,  1149'. 
Hoist,  Hans  Peter,  b.,  6382  ;  d.  (1893). 

,  Hermann  Eduard  von,  b.,  816' . 

Holstein,  Prus.,  Prussians  enter,  5261, 
527'  ;  ceded,  6353;  inv.ade<l,  6362  ;  con- 
quered, 638' ,  936' ;  Aust.  evacuate,  640' ; 
independence,  6412;  invaded,  6413;  sub- 
mits to  Danish  rule,  7932  ;  conquered, 
794';  overrun,  7962;  occupied,  818' ;  old 
constitution  restored,  8212 ;  invaded, 
822'  ,3,  8233;  part  of  Prussia,  8252. 
Holsteinische  Zeitunqs-Corresjmndent,  799' . 
Holston,  treaty  with  Cherokees,  1072. 

Conference,  Meth.  Epis.,  org.,  247' . 

River,  Tenn.,  Burnside  defeats  Long- 
street,  2282. 

Holt,  John,  b.  (1721) ;  editor,  743;  d.  (1784). 

, ,  b.,  8842  ;  justice,  8992  ;  d.,  9042. 

,  Joseph,  b.,  114';   p.  m.  gen.,  1852, 


sec.  of  war,  1893;  replies  to  Hayne,  1913; 

judge  advocate  gen.,  2133  ;  Porter  trial, 

216' ;  military  commission,  2472;  d.,466'. 

Holt,  J.  W.,  bp.  United  Brethren,  3462. 

Holtenau,  stone  of  ship  canal  laid,  8333, 

Holty,    Ludwig  Heinrich    Christoph,  b., 

8003  ;  Poems,  8052;  d.,  8042. 
Holtzmann,  Adolf,  b.,  8102;  d.,  2862. 
Holub,  Emil,  b.,  5203. 
Holwell,  John  Zephaniah,  b.  (1711) ;  gOT. 

in  India,  10452  ;  d.  (1798). 
Holy,  Dan.,  endows  Inst,  for  Blind,  985'. 

Alliance,  formed,  5212  ;  Fr.,  joins, 

7233;  conven.,  9373. 

Catholic  League,  est.,  6843. 

Coat  exhibited,  Fr.,  7622,  8342 ;    In 

Treves,  7762;  offered  for  devotion,  8162; 
possession  claimed,  1122' . 

Cress  College,  org.,  Pittsburg,  157' . 

Crusade,  against  Aragonese,  672' . 

Ghost  College,  chartered,  3123. 

Land,  treaty  concerning,  11573;  ceded 

to  Christians,  781'. 
- —  League  formed,  6812. 

Roman  Emp.,  Ger.  states,  5032  ;    in- 

terregnum,  5052  ;  dissolved,  5193  ;  sepa- 
rated, 6672  ;  terminated,  7172  ;  period, 
10732. 

See,  prerogatives  enlarged,  10683. 

Sepuicher,  preservation  of,  11582. 

Synod,  Bulgaria,  illegal ;  meets,  568'. 

Trinity,  order  founded,  7782. 

Water,  in  churches,  10723. 

Holyhead  and  Howth,  cable  laid,  9593. 
Holyoake,  George  Jacob,  9382. 
Holyoke,  Mass.,  fire,  2893;  flood,  3413. 

Edward  Augustus,  b.,  602;  d.,  1362. 

Holyrood,  see  erected,  8483. 
Holzapfela-Susmarshausen,  Ger.,  end  of 

Thirty  Years'  War,  7962. 
Holzer,  Johann,  b.,  7983;  d.,  8002. 
Homans,  John,  b.  (1793)  ;  d.,  2602. 
Home  wrecked,  1493. 

and  Ftrreign  Review,  issued,  966*. 

Journal,  foimded,  163' , 

Home,  Earl,  title  created,  8772. 

,  Henry,  Lord  Karnes,  b.,  9002  ;  CWM- 

cism,  9163;  d.,  9223. 
,  John,  b.,  9062  ;    Doitglas,  915' ;    d., 

9343. 

Arts  Asso.,  est.,  London,  994' . 

Circle,  statistics,  4463. 

Association,  founded,  3032. 

College,  Disciples  founded,  3143. 

Govt.  Asso.,  meets,  Dublin.  9752. 

Guards  Minute  Men,  org..  Mo.,  190». 

Miss.  Soc.  Am.  (See  under  American.) 

Missionary  Soc,  org.,  Eng.,  9383. 

Missions,  report,  3322. 

Protection  Party,  org.,  3112. 

— —  Rule,  Ire.,  money  for,  4623  ;  Intro., 
Can.,  587';  conf.  in  Dublin;  motion  re- 
jected, 9792  ;  meetings  held,  985' ;  con- 
vention at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  9863} 
members  withdraw,  9893  ;  policy  sus- 
tained, 9952  ;  Scottish  Amendment  re- 
jected, 10032;  Bill  intro.,  9952,  1011'; 
reported,  10112;  program,  9792. 

Homeopathic  Coll., attacked  by  mob,  171'. 

Medical  College,  opened,  199' . 

Physicians,  convention,  2923. 

Homeopathists  International  Congress, 
Atlantic  City,  3863. 

Homeopathy,  first  intro.  in  N.  Y.,  132' . 

,  Am.  Inst,  of,  meets,  408' . 

Homer,  Ga.,  L.  Willis  kills  father,  4542. 

,  poet,  b.,  10142  ;  Iliad,  trans.,  8772, 

10142;  Odyssey, 8803, 10142;  gods ;  poems 
in  Greece,  10142. 

,  Winslow,    b.,   1462  ;    member  Nat. 

Homes  College,  cliartered.  La.,  1782. 
Academy  of  Design,  250' . 

Homespmi,  fashionable,  692;  mnf.,  100'. 

Homestead,  Pa.,  labor  trouble,  4083,  410', 
2  3  411', 2,  413', 2,  4142,3,  4163,  4183, 
419', 2,3,  4222,3  ;  press,  4273,  4373;  4473, 
4793. 

Act,  approved,  U.  S.,  2093. 

Bill,  dispossess  of  land,  253' . 

Homeyer,  von,  Capt.  Alex.,  b.  (1834) ;  ex- 
pedition in  Kongo,  1093' . 

Homildon  Hill,  Eng.,  battle,  860' . 

Homilies,  Blicking,  written,  8463. 

,  Eng.,  author  unknown,  8483. 

Homilies,  Book  of,  published.  8702. 

Honan,  China,  improved.  0122  ;  mission, 
6223,  6243  ;  famine,  6233  ;  Presbytery 
formed,  6243. 

Honduras  (see  text,  p.  1041),  explored,  16», 


Hone-Hons. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.         Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1283 


captured,  182;  flourishing,  233;  settlers 
111;  Eiig.  overpowered;  Sp.  quiet,  5(Ui; 
Bp.  Ormsby  cons.,  lOlOa  ;  at  war,  1038< ; 
surrendered  to  Xiearagua,  11043. 
Hone,  Pliilip,  b.  (1T81> ;  mayor  N.  ¥.,135*; 
d.  (1851). 

,  Wni.,  b.,  921  < ,  or  (1719)  ;  d.  (1842). 

Houeyoliurch,  Henry  G.,  b.,  1522. 
Honey  Hill,  S.  C,  action,  2402. 

Springh,  Ind.  Ter.,  action,  225^. 

Houflaur,  Fr.,  riot,  7432, 
Hong,  Chu,  shoots  Chu  Hing,  4682. 
Uonghoa  Annam,  Chinese  fire,  482  ^ . 
Hong  Kong,  China,  taken  by  Brit,  6151; 
Gazette:  mi8sion,619i  ,2,6203,  623' ;  IJaily 
Prens.  6163  ;  ceded  to  Eng. ;  a  protector- 
ate, 6173  ;  Lord  Elgin  returns,  6182  ;  niis- 
sionariesin,6183;  Sir H. Gran tconinumds, 
620' ;  typhoon,  6222, 624' ;  Foreign  Enlist- 
ment Act  proclaimed,  625' j   gale,  627' ; 
black  plague,  6273  ;  bishopric  est.,  9543  ; 
Bp.  Itainiond  cons.,  9742. 
Hong-tsiuen,  claims,  619*. 
Hongwou,  Buddhist,  6143;  d.,  6142. 
Honolulu,  tirst  missionaries,  10402  ;  Amer. 

flag  down,  429' ;  Bp.  Willis  cons.,  9742. 
Honorius,  archbp.   of  Canterbury,   8422  ; 
Axes  parish  boundaries,  8423. 

I.,  pope,  anathematized,   1031':    d„ 

1071'. 

11.,  pope,  10743. 

III.,  pope,  10751. 

IV.,  pope,  10763. 

Flavins,  b.  (384) ;  reigns  in  West,  10693  ; 

assembles  representatives,  6633  ;  d.  (423). 
Hontheim,  Jottaun  N.  von,   b.,  7983  ;   d., 

8013. 
Honthorst,  Gerard,  b.,  5403  ;  d.,  541' . 
Hood,  Alex.,  b.  (1727±) ;  Lord  Bridport, 
defeats  Fr.  fleet,  7102  ;  d.  (1814). 

,  Baron,  923',   1009';    viscount,    title 

created,  9252. 

,  Capt.,  explorer,  578' . 

,  John  Bell,  b.  (1831) ;  at  Antietam,213' ; 

at  Gettysburg,  224' ;  in  Temi.,  2322  ;  at 
Pumpkm-Vine  Creek,  234';  commands 
Dept.  Tenn.,  236' ;  commands  Coufeds., 
2362;  at  Kulp  House,  235';  before  At- 
lanta,.23<>2,3;  truce  with  Sherman ;  evac- 
uates .'Vtlanta,  238' ;  crosses  Coosa  Kiver  ; 
Ualton  surrendered,  2383  ;  at  Gadsden  ; 
invasion  of  Tenn.,  239' ;  at  Decatur,  2392 ; 
at  Florence,  240';  atSpriug  Hill ;  invests 
Nashville  ;  at  Franklin,  2402  ;  at  Tupelo, 
2403;  relieved  of  command,  242';  sur- 
renders, 2463  ;  ,i.,  3022. 

,  Ilobin,  flourishes  ('.'),  851' ;  d.,  8543. 

.  Viscount  Samuel,  b.,  9062  ;  adm.,  at 

Toulon,  708' ;  d.,  9382. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9'283  ;  works,  943' ,  9523  ; 

d.,  9522. 
llooft,  Pieter  Corneliszoon,  b.-d.,  10983  ; 

works,  1099'. 
Uoogvliet,  -Arnold,  b.-d.,  11011. 
Hook,  .James  Clarke,  b.,  9383. 
Hooke,  Xathaniel,  b.,  8982  ;  d.  (1763). 

,  Robert,  b.,8822;  balance  wheel,  8882  ; 

inventions,  890' ;  experiment  on  air ; 
conveys  sounds  ;  telephone  ;  gravitation, 
892' ;  suggests  telegraph,  896' ;  d.,  9022. 

,  Theodore  Edward,  b.,  9243  ;  d.,  9.502. 

Hooker,  .Joseph,  b.,  123' ;  at  Williamsburg, 
207' ;  at  Fair  Oaks,  2082  ;  in  Seven  Days' 
Battles,  209' ;  at  Malvern  Hill,  2102  ;  at 
Antietam,  213';  at  Fredericksburg,  2162  ; 
commands  Army  of  Potomac  ;  dismissed, 
2182;  crosses  Kapidan  ;  at  Chancellors- 
ville  ;  crosses  Kappahannock,  2203  ;  or- 
ders of  congratulation,  2212  ;  atChancel- 
lorsville,221'  ;proteot3Wa8hington,'J223; 
pursuit  of  Lee  ;  relieved  of  Army  of  Po- 
tomac, '223' ;  reinforces  Ro.secrans,  2263  ; 
at  Bridgeport,  227';  at  Lookout  Moun- 
tain ;  at  Ringgold,  2282  ;  at  Pumpkin- 
Vine  Creek,  234' ;  d.  (1879). 

,  Sir ,  Dalton,  b.,  9382  •  president, 

976'. 

,  Richard,  b.,  8702  ;  Ecclesiastical  Pol- 

ltl/,Sni;  d.,8762. 

,  Thcmias,  in  Mass.,  342  ;  d.,  38' . 

,  Warren  B.,  d.,  178' . 

,  William  Jackson,  b.,  9223  ;  d.,  968' . 

,  Worthington,  b.,  1122  ;  d.,  2582. 

Hoogstrat,  James,  assails  Luther,  7882. 
Hoole,  John,  b.,  908' ;  d.  (1803). 
Hoonan,  Green  Water  Lily  Society,  617' . 
Hooper,  John,  cons,  bp.,  8703  ;  J.,  8702  ; 

burned, 8703. 
,  John  Kinnersley,  lord  mayor,  9492, 


Hooper,  Johnson  J.,  b.  (1815) ;  d.,  229' . 

,  Lucy,  b.,  1242  ;  d.,  1522. 

,  William,  b.,  642  ;  d.,  1022. 

,  Capt.,  takes  SVrangle  Land,  3092. 

Hoorn,  Comit  of,  b.  (1520±) ;  opposes  In- 
quisition ;  beheaded,  10993. 
Hoosac  Tunnel,  ISlass.,  begun,  1813  ;  work 
resumed,  2273,  2652  ;    explosion,  2593  ; 
completed,  2833  ;  first  train,  2873  ;  Mass. 
sells  interest,  3293. 
Hoosick,  N.Y.,  settlement  destroyed,  68' . 
Hoover,  George,  shot,  3803. 
Hoover's  Gap,  Tenn.,  action,  223' . 
Hop-gardens,  Ger.,  7722. 
Iliipe  captured,  822 
Hope  in  search  of  Eira,  988' . 
Hope,  Ark.,  tornado,  430' . 

College,  Mich.,  org.,  2502. 

,  Eng.  magistrate  murdered,  6021, 

,  Admiral,  repulsed,  620' . 

,  Anthony,  Prisoner  of  Zenda,  10122. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9183  ;  d.,  9442. 

Hopedale  mission,  5763. 

,  111.,  R.  K.,  accident,  3273. 

,  O.,  White  Caps,  333' . 

Hopetoun,  Baron,  title  created,  931 ' ;  earl, 

903'. 

,  Earl  of,  gov.,  601 ' . 

,  Earl  of,  1.  high  commissioner,  10002 

Hopewell,  N.  J.,  funds  for  school,  71' . 

,  Pa.,  Indian  treaty,  99 1 . 

Hopfen,  Hans,  Gtanzentles  Elend,  8362. 
Hopkins,  Albert,  d.,  278' . 

, C,  b.,  1482. 

, J.,  b.,  1602. 

,  Edward,  b.,  262  ;  gov.,  372,3  ;  d.,  40' . 

,  Ellice,  est.  Purity  Society,  993' . 

,  Esek,  b.,  58' ;  commander. 81 ' ;  at  New 

Providence,  82' :  captures  Glasgow,  843  ■ 

d.,  1102. 

,  Harry,  sermon,  4401 . 

,  .John  Henry,  b.,  1282  ;  cons.  P.  E.  bp., 

1402  ;  d.  (1868). 

, P.,  mayor,  Chicago,  446' ,  447' . 

. ,  Johns,  b.,  106' ;  hospital  fund,  2943  ; 

d.,  282' .    (See  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.) 

,  Mark,  b.,  1102  ;  Man,  '2842  ;  d.,  3262. 

,  Matthew,  witch-ttuder,  887'. 

,  Moses,  capitalist,  d.,  400' . 

,  Sam  Miles,  b.  (1813) ;  moderator,  2542. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  60' ;  against  slavery,  85' ; 

first  patent,  364' ;  d.,  1102. 
,  Stephen  T.,  b.,  662  ;  gov.  E.  I.,  712,3, 

73';  d.,  402'. 

,  Timothy,  gift  to  Leland  Univ.,  404' . 

,  W.  E.,  Commodore,  d.,  474' . 

Searles  will  case  settled,  4033. 

Hopkinson,  Francis,  b.,  642  ;  Pretty  Story, 

89';  d.,  1022. 
,  Joseph,  b.,  762  ;  Mail  Columbia,  109' ; 

d.,  1542. 
Hopkinsville,Ky.,SouthKy.Coll.org.,3082. 
Hopkinton,  la.,  Lenox  College,  org.,  3183. 
Hopper,  Isaac  Tatem,  b.,  76*  ;  d.,  170' . 
Hoppin,  Augustus,  b.,  1362. 

,  William  Warner,  b.  (1807) ;  gov.,  1772. 

Hopson,  Peregrine  Thomas,  gov.,  5752. 
,  William  Heartly,  b.  (1823) ;  pres.  Dis- 
ciples Convention,  3022. 
Hopton,  iron-workers  strike,  9883. 
Horace,  Quintus  Horatius  Flaccus,  b.-d., 

10583;  student,  1029' ;  works,  10603,10623. 
Horatii,  champions,  10.50' . 
Horden,  John,  b.  (1828) ;  elected  bp.,  9742. 
Hormayr,  Joseph  von,  b.,  5163  ;  d.,  5*223. 
Hormisdas,  St.,  pope,  10703  ;  d.  (525). 
I.,   reigns  1107';  favors  Mamchees, 

11063  ;  d. (272). 

II.,  reigns,  11072. 

III.,  reigns,  11072. 

IV.,  reigns,  11072  ;  d.  (591). 

Hormuzd  Kassam,  dis.  at  Nineveh,  11562  ; 

in  Abyssinia,  3' . 
Horn,  Gustaf,  b.-d.,  11342. 

,  Philip  de  Mont,  b.-d.,  6403. 

Hornblower,  Joseph  Coerten,  b.  (1777)  ;  d., 

235' . 

,  Wm.  B.,  b.,  1682  ;  Supreme  Ct.,  439' . 

,  double  cylinder  engine,  9*22' . 

Home,  George,  b.,  9082  ;  d.  (1792). 

,  Richard  Hengist,  b.,  9323  ;  d.,  9922. 

,  Thomas  Hartwell,  b.,  921' ;  d.,  9062. 

Horner,  Francis,  b.,  9203  ;  d.,  9382. 
Hornet,   defeats    British,    120' ;    captures 

Penffuin,  1*23' . 
Horninian,  .John,  d.,  10103. 
Hornpipe  dance  intro.,  Eng.,  8.563. 
Horodycki,  insurrectionist,  1118'. 
Horologicai  Society  est.,  £ng.,  9621 . 


Horrox,  Jeremiah,  b.,  880';  transit  of 
Venus,  882' ;  d.,  8842. 

Horsa,  .Jutish  Chief,  fnds.  towns,  7693  ;  in 
Kent,  8412;  killed,  840'. 

Horse  artillery  intro.,  800' . 

Guards  tirst.  Eng.,  870' ;  revived,  8901 . 

shoe,  Ala.,  Indians  defeated,  1*22' , 

shoeing  intro<iuced,  8473. 

Shoe  Rock,  Niagara,  drops,  334' . 

Horseshoes  made  by  machinery,  144' . 

Horse  thieves  indicted,  Okla.,  4(503. 

Horses,  stolen,  3893 ;  tamed  by  Rarey,  962' ; 
used  as  food,  7373. 

Horsey,  Stephen,  sentenced,  2392. 

Horsford,  Gen.,  defeats  Nana  Sahib,  10481 . 

,  Eben  Norton,  b.,  1262  ;  d.,  420' . 

Horsley,  Chas.  Edwaril,  b.  (1822) ;  d.,  2902. 

,  John,  b.  (1685) ;  d.,  9082. 

,  Samuel,  bp.,  b.,9082  ;  d.  (1806). 

Hortensian  Law,  passed,  10533. 

Horticultural  Garden,  est., Eng., 9402, 9653, 

Society  org.  ;  chartered,  9322. 

Horton,  N.  S.,  Bapt.  church,  est.,  5763. 

Horns,  polytbeist,  6482;  reigns,  Egy., 649*. 

Horvath,  Mihaly,  b.,  6192  ;  d.,  5*282. 

Horve,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9372. 

Hosack,  David,  b.,  76' ;  d.,  1442. 

Hose  for  fire-engines  invented,  11003. 

,  G.  F.,  cons,  bp.,  9862. 

Hosea,  prophet,  11443;  oppressed  by  As- 
syrians, 1144';  aided  by  Sabaco,  651'; 
reigns, 11452;  rebels  against  Assyr., 11452. 

Hosein  besieges  Medina,  484' . 

Hoshangabad  mission,  10483. 

Hoshiarpur  mission,  1047'. 

Ho-Shuiig,  intro.  Buddliism,  China,  6103. 

Hosiery  manufactured,  140' ,  144' . 

Hoskiiis,  Sir  A.,  in  Mediterranean,  10001 . 

Hosmer,  Harriet  Goodhue,  b.,  138'. 

,  William,  b.  (1810) ;  d.,  3402. 

//os/;itaW«rsofSt.Johii,arriveiuChile,6051. 

Hospitals.    (See  under  cities.) 

Hoss,  J.  F.,  org.  Washingtonians,  151'. 

Host,  Georg,  b.,  638' . 

,  Jens  Kragh,  b.,  6382  ;  d.,  6403. 

Hoste,  Capt.  Wm.,  defeats  Fr.  fleet,  934». 

Hostilianus,  coregent  executed,  1067'. 

Hot-air  blast,  patented,  9422. 

Hotankia,  enthroiieil,  6112. 

Hotham,  Sir  Charles,  gov.,  4972 ;  d.,  4973. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9*252. 

,  Capt.  Henry,  b.  (1776) ;  captures  Fr. 

fleet,  7102;  Njipoleon  surrenders  to,  7221 ; 
destroys  Fr.  ships,  9361 ;  d.  (1833). 

Hothfleld,  Baron,  title  created,  9871. 

Hoti,  introduces  grape  culture,  China, 
6102  ;  enthroned,  6113,  613' . 

Hotnian,Fran9ois,  b.,6803 ;  Franco-Gailia, 
6843  ;  d.,  6842. 

Hot  Springs,  S.Dak.,  B.  Hills  Col.  org.,  3*283 

,Wash.,  train  robbery,  4183;  cloud- 
burst, 464'. 

Hottentots  in  Kaflr  War,  9561 .  (See  Cape 
Colony,  text,  pp.  597-604.) 

Hettinger,  Johann  H.,  b.-d.,  1137'. 

Houdin,  Robert,  b.,  7163  ;  d.,  740'. 

Houdon,  Jean  Antoiue,  b.,  7002  ;  sculptor, 
981;  d.,  7343. 

Houel,  Jean  Pierre  Louis  Laurent,  b., 
6983  ;  d.,7211. 

Hough,  Franklin  Benj.,  b.,  1302;  d.,  3202. 

,  Robert  T.,  in  treas.  dept.,  4472. 

,  Major,  wounded,  *2003. 

Houghton,  Baron,  title  created,  966'. 

,  Douglas,  b.,  1161 ;  d.  (1845). 

,  George  Fred.,  b.,  1282;  d.,  2701. 

,  Henry  Oscar,  h.,  1302. 

,  Lord,  lord  lieut..  Ire.,  10092. 

Houk,  George  W.,  b.,  1322  ;  d.,  4S01. 

,  Leonidas,  d.,  3842. 

Houlakou,  makes  conquests,  4873. 

Housatonie  destroyed,  2302. 

R.R.  completed,  1613. 

House,  Edward  Howard,  b.,  1462. 

,  James  Alford,  b.,  1501 . 

of  Commons,  Eng.,  first  meets,  8652; 

adopts  Eng.  huiguage,  8631 ;  Journals  be- 
gun,8703;  judicial  power,8892;  members 
liable  to  arrest,  9193;  long  sitting,  9772; 
members  suspended,  9872,  gggs  ;  sala- 
ries, WOO',  10112;  Kom.  Cath.  disabili- 
ties, 10091 .  (See  Parliament  ;  also  in 
text,  Great  Britain,  under  State.) 

of  Lords,  journals,  commenced,  8663; 

j.  bankrupt  peers  excluded,  9753  ;  salaries 
reduced,  10112;  abolition  of,  10122. 

of  Peers  (Port.),  changed  to  life,  11112. 

of  Representatives,  new  rules,  3663. 

(See  also  text,  America,  under  State.) 


128-i 


Text  Figure!  denote  Page.        INDKX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  HoUS-Hulk. 


Houseless  Poor  Act,  G.  B.,  passes,  967' . 

Houssaye,  Arsine,  b.,  7222  ;  works,  729^ 
7343,  7522. 

,  Henry,  b.  (1M8);  Academician,  7661. 

Houston,  Tex.,  soap  nifg.  CO.,  3813  ;  rob- 
bery, 399' ;  sbootlDg,  452' ;  Are,  4733. 

,  George  Sniitli,   b.  (18H) ;  gov.  Ala. 

2873;  onCommitteeof  33, 189';  d.  (1879). 

,  Sam,  b.,  1W2  ;  gov.Temi.,  1353, 1872  ; 

defeats  Santa  Anna,  146' ;  pres.  Tex., 
1472,  1552  ;  opposes  secession,  193' ;  ex- 
pelled, 1932;  d.,  2272. 

Houtman,  Cornells,  sails  for  India,  10443  ; 
d.  (160H-). 

Hovag,  in  Madagascar,  10953±. 

Hoveden,  Roger  of,  d.,  852' . 

Hovell,  Capt.,  Port  Phillip,  495'. 

Hoveuden,  Thomas,  in  Nat.  Acad.,  312' . 

Hovey,  Alvin  P.,  gov.,  3492;  gen.  at  Clar- 
endon, 2103  ;  d.,  394' . 

How,  John  L.,  defaulter,  4123. 

Howard,  John,  monument  erected,  136' . 

,  Benj.  Chew,  b.  (1791);  d.,  2762. 

,  Catherine,  marriage;  executed,  8692. 

,  Lord  Charles,  of  Effingham,  b.,  8682; 

destroys  Span.  Armada,  876' ;  d.,  8802. 

,  Francis,  of  Effingham,  b.  (1630 1) ;  gov. 

Va.,  492,3;  political  conspiracy,  ^7'; 
d.  (1694). 

.Edward,  d.,  1008' . 

,  of  Glossop,  Baron,  title  created,  965' . 

,  Geo.  Wm.  F.,  b.,  9303;  L.  lieut.,  9213; 

minister,  9432,3;  d.,968'. 

,  G.  A.,  in  P.  O.  dept.,  4472. 

,  Henry,  gov.  R.I.,  285' . 

, ,  Earl  of  Surrey,  works,  869' ;  be- 
headed, 870' ,  8712. 

,  Jacob  Merrett,  b.  (1805) ;  Committee 

of  Fifteen,  2193;  d.  (1871). 

,  John,  b.,  9063  ;  sheriff  ;  prison  inves- 
tigations, 9192  ;  statue,  9282  ;  d.,  9243  ; 
monument,  136' . 

,  John  Eager,  b., 682;  pres.  senate,  ill' ; 

vote  for  V.  Pres.,  1252  ;  d.,  1342. 

,  J.  J.,  coachman  discussion,  4752. 

,  Luke,  works,  931' ,  955' . 

,  Oliver  Otis,  b.,  138';    at  Antietam, 

213';  at  Chancellorsville,  221';  at  Get- 
tysburg, 224' ;  at  Adairsville,  233' ;  com- 
mands Army  of  Tenn.,  2363;  at  tjones- 
boro,  238' ;  at  Atlanta,  240' ;  at  Cheraw, 
^23;  against  Chief  Joseph,  296';  major 

fen.,  3^' ;  succeeds  Gen.  Crook,  354' ; 
res.  Nat.  Temperance  Union,  4583;  re- 
tired, 474'. 

,  R.  P.,  d.,  586' . 

,  Thomas,  Duke  of  Norfolk,  b.  (1536) ; 

executed,  8752. 

, ,  D.  of  Norfolk,  b.,  8642;  ravages 

Soot.,  868';  minister,  8693;  lord  lieut., 
8673;  d.,  8742. 

,  W.,  guilty  of  killing,  4222. 

,  Wm.  Alanson,  b.  (1813) ;  on  Com.  of 

Thirty-three,  189 ' ;  on  Committee  of 
Five;  on  traitors,  191' ;  d.  (1880). 

,  ^— ,  Viscount  Stafford,  b.,  8782;  be- 
headed, 8952. 

College,  Ala.,  org.,  1543. 

,  Dr.,  released  in  Cuba,  279' . 

Institute  Bill  enacted,  2523. 

Payne  College  (Bapt.),  org.  at  Brown- 
wood,  Texas  (1890). 

University  org.,  opened,  2583. 

Howe,  brigatiier-general,  Albion,  b.  (1818); 
Paris  commission,  2472. 

,  Ellas,  b.,  128' ;  invents  sewing-ma- 
chine, 154' ;  patent,  1602  ;  d.,  2582. 

,  Gen.  Geo.  Augustus,  b.,  9062;  k.,  702. 

,  Hubert,  works,  3323. 

,  Jepbthah  D.,  insurance  fraud,  475' . 

,  John,  b.,  8822;  d.  (1705). 

,  Joseph,  gov.  N.  S.,  5832,3. 

,  Julia  Ward,  b.,  128' ;  works,   1742, 

1823,  25S', 287 ',3063. 

,  Lyman  B.,  b.,  150' . 

,  Earl  Richard,  b.,  9062;  commissioner 

to  Am.,  752;  letter  to  Washington,  852  ; 
in  New  York,  9212;  L.  Adm.,  9232;  min- 
ister, 9233;  in  Eng.  Channel,  926' ;  off 
Ushant,  710' ;  d.,  9283. 

,  Robert,  b.  (1732);  gen.  at  Savannah, 

90' ;  d.  (1785). 

,  Sam.  Gridley,  b.,  110' ;  in  San  Do- 
mingo;  commissioner,  2732 ;  d.,  2902. 

,  Timothy  Otis,  b.,  1242;  postmaster- 
general,  3092  ;  d.,  3122. 

,  Sir  William,  b.,  9082;  commissioner 

to  Am..  752;  arrives,  80' ;  in  Boston, 
803;  leaves  Halifax  ;  N.Y.  Harbor,  822  ; 


on  Staten  Island,  823  ;  in  N.  1 .,  84' ; 

offers  pardon,  852  ;  confers  with  Am. 

statesmen,  853;  at  New  Brunswick,  862; 

goes  to  sea,  863;   before  Phila.,  87',  2; 

at  Fort  Mifflin ;  at  White  Marsh,  Pa., 

88';    recalled,  882;    controversy,  913; 

d.,9363. 
Howe,  William  Bell    White,  cons.  aast. 

bp.,  2742. 

Co.,  mnf.  pins,  144' ,  150' . 

Howell,  David,  b.,662;  d.,  132'. 

,  James,  b.  (1595±);  d.,  8922. 

-,  Joshua.B.,  d.,  241 ' . 

,  Richard,  b.  (1753);  gov., 1053;  d.(1802). 

., ,  A.,  d.,  1010'. 

,  Robert  Boyte  Crawford,  b.  (1801);  d., 

2602. 

,  T.  C,  d.,414'. 

Howells,  William  Dean,  b.,  1482  ;  w'orks, 

2543,  2603,  265',   2802,  2823,  287',  2903; 

3063,  3083,  3123,  3203,  323',  3283,  3503, 

3963,  4203,  4783. 
Howgate,  H.  W.,  defaulter,  4722. 
Howick,  Lord.    (See  Grey,  Sir  Chas.) 
Howitt,  Mary,  b.,  9323;  d.,  9962. 

, Botham,  b.,  9283. 

,  Wm.,  b.,  9263;  Jolln^a^  913';  d.,98i'. 

Ht)wland,  Alfred  Cornelius,  b.  (1838) ;   in 

Nat.  Academy,  312' . 

,  W.  P.,  gov.  Ont.,  5832. 

Howley,  Wm.,  b.,  9162  ;  archbp.  of  Can- 
terbury, 9442  ;  d.  (1848). 
Howlock,  F.,  suicide,  4362. 
Howorth,  Henry  H.,  work,  9963. 
Howren,  Henry  D.,  in  Charleston,  3383. 
Howry,  Charles  B.,  in  dept.  of  justice,  4473. 
Howth  and  Holyhead,  cable  completed, 

9593 
Howth,  Baron,  title  created,  987' . 
Hoy  family  murdered,  4303. 
Hoyle,   Edmund,  b.,   8922;    Whist,  911'; 

d.,  9183. 

,  Benjamin  T.,  b.,  1282  ;  d.,  256'. 

,  Henry  M.,  gov.  Pa.,  3033;  d.,  418' 

,  John  P.,  gov.  Ida.,  2912,  2973. 

,  Russell  B.,  arrested,  4663. 

H.  II.  Artiiur,  explosion  on,  2733. 
Hrotsvitha,  b.-d.,  774'. 
Hry,  Thierry  de,  b.,  6783. 
Huacho,  Peru,  gold  discovered,  11093. 
Huamantla,  Mex.,  action  at,  1622. 
Huancayo,  action  at,  11082. 
Huanuco,  Peru,  battle  at,  6063. 
Huascar,  becomes  Inca,  193  ;  imprisoned, 

643'. 
Huascar  captures  vessels  ;  captured,  6062; 

smik,  6082. 
Huasco,  occupied,  6082  ;  insurgents  mass- 
ing, 6083. 
Huayna  Capac,  rules  Ecu.  and  Peru,  644' ; 

conquers  Quito,  643' ;  d.,  6M3. 
Hubbard,  Henry,  b.  (1784) ;   gov.  N.  H., 

1553  ;  d.,  182' . 

,  John,  b.  (1794);  gov.  Me.,  1692;  d.,  264' . 

,  Joseph  Stillman,  b.,  1302  ;  d.,  2272. 

,  Lord  Addington  Gellibrand,  d.,  1000' . 

,  Lucius  Fred,b.(^1836);  gov.Minn.,3152. 

,  Richard,  gov.  lex.,  21^'. 

,  William,  1).,  30' ;  d.,  662. 

Hubbardtown,  Vt.,  encounter  at,  863. 
Huber,  Francois,  b.-d.,  11372. 

,  Johann  Ne[)omuk,  b.,  8142  ;  d.  (1879). 

,  John  Francis,  cons,  bp.,  6763. 

,  John  J.,  suicide,  4702. 

,  Matthieu,  b.,  6883;  d.,  697' . 

,  Walter,  archbp.  of  Canterbury ;  ad- 
ministrator, 8513  ;  d.,  852'. 
Hubert  de  B<irgh.     (See  Burg.) 
Hubertusburg,    Saxony,    Peace    of,    ends 

war,  5162,  5172,  8033  ;  battle  of,  8922. 
Hubmeyer.  Balthazar,  preaches  at  Ratis- 

bon,  7882  ;  burned,  7902. 
Hubner,  Baron  von,  Nap.  addresses,  5252. 

,  Karl,  b.,  8102;  d.,  830'. 

,  Rudolph  Jul.  Benno,b.,8082;  d.,8302. 

Hue,  Evar&te  B^gis,  b.,  721' ;  d.  (1860). 
Huchau,  mission,  6183. 
Hudder^eld  rescues  passengers,  9513. 
Huddleston,  Bar.,  John  Walker,  d.,  1004' . 
Hudson,  Mo.,  Confeds.  defeated  at,  202' . 

,  N.  Y.,  bank  clerk  defalcation,  4792. 

,  O.,  Western  Reserve  Coll.  fnd.,  135' ; 

observatory  erected  at,  150';  College, 

name  changed  ;  removed,  3123. 

,  Erasmus  Darwin,  b.,  1122;  d.  (1887). 

,  Frederick,  b.,  128' ;  d.,  288'. 

— — ,  Henry,  voyage,  878' ;    explorations, 

N.  Y.,  etc.,  262  ;  dis.  Hudson  Bay,  28' ; 

perishes  ;  crew  rescued,  283  ;  d.,  8782. 


Hudson,  Henry  Norman,  b.,  123' ;  Sfialte- 
speare,  2802  ;  d.,  3222. 

,  Mary  Clemmer  Ames,  d.,  3162. 

,  Thomas  J.,  b.,  1562. 

William  Leverreth.  b.  (1794);  d.,  2152. 

Bay,  discoveries,  66' ,  878' ;  settlement 

9373  ;  surrendered,  5752  ;  missions,  6802. 

Co.,  chartered,  5733  ;  monopoly^ 

5793;  in  courts;  monopolies  restricted ; 
rights  sold, 5812;  funds  seized;  monop- 
oly ends,  5832  ;  charter  expires,  9732. 

and  Mohawk  R.  R.,  opened,  1393. 

River,  dis.,  19' ,  262  ;  frozen,  128'. 

Bridge  Bill,  3652,  3572, 363' ,  3972, 

4593,  463'. 

Committee,  org.,  3613. 

R.  H.,   opd.,  1673,  1693;  bridge 

completed,  2613;  train  accident,  4153. 

Tunnel,    water    in,  3053;    work 

suspended,  3113,  3153,  resumed,  3452. 

Strait,  discovered,  5702. 

Hudsonville,  Miss.,  action  at,  215' . 

Hue,  forts  captured,  4803  ;  Annamese  re- 
volt ;  Thayat  attacks,  4822  ;  Fr.  rein- 
forcements arrive.  4823. 

Hue  and  Cry  established,  Eng.,  905' . 

Hueffer,  Francis,  d.,  1000' . 

Huelva,  Columbiananniversary eel. ,1133' . 

Huemac  Ateopanecatl,  d.,  11' . 

Huesca,  Sp.,  University  founded,  1127'. 

Huessin  Bey,  rules,  92. 

Huet,  Pierre  D.,  b.,  6882  ;  d.,  6982. 

Hufeland,  Christoph  Wilhelm,  b.,  8023; 
d.,  8143. 

Huff,  Capt.  de,  near  La  Grange,  221' . 

Hugel,  Karl  Alex.  Anselem  von,  b.,  8063; 
d.,2862. 

Hugelmann,  Gabriel,  sentenced,  7483. 

Huger,  Gen.  Beniamin,b.  (1806) ;  destroy* 
Gosport  Navy  Yard,  207' ;  at  Seven  Days* 
Battles,  209';  d.,  2962. 

Huger,  Isaac,  b.,  642;  d.,  IO62.' 

Huggin8,Wm.,b., 9422  ;analyzes  stars, 966'. 

Hugh,  India,  factory  opened,  1046' . 

the  Great,  Comte  de  Paris,  ruler  in 

Fr.;  d.,  6673. 

Capet,  reigns,  6673;  d.  (996). 

,  Count  of  Vermandois,  joins  First  Cru- 
sade, 668' . 
^— ,  Earl  Fortescue,  l.-lieut.,  9493. 

of  Provence,  K.  of  It.  expelled,  10733. 

Hughes  and  Buttner,  bogus  lawyers,  3762. 

wins  walking-match,  3813. 

,  Sir  Edward,  in  E.  1.,  701' . 

,  John,  b.,  1062  ;  cons.  bp.  (1838) ;  in 

see  of  N.  Y  (1842) ;  first  archbp.  (1860) ; 
draft  riot,  2252  ;  d.,  229' ;  statue,  386' . 

, W.,  hanged,  255' . 

,  Joshua,  elected  bp.,9742  ;  d.,  586'. 

,  Louis  C,  governor  Arizona,  447' . 

,  Robert  Ball,  b.,  1122  ;  d.,  2602. 

, Man..  Gen.  Jolinstmi,  4482, 

, P..  commissioned  colonel.  330'. 

,  Simon  P.,  govern()r  Arkansas,  3233. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9403;  works,  9603,  9623, 

10022:  suggestion  of  New  Rugby,  30»3. 

Hugo,  (Justav,,  b.,  8023  ;  d.,  8162. 

,  Victor,  governor  Gtnana,  1039' . 

, Marie,  b.,  7143;  works  of,  723'  to 

7542  ;  in  Paris,  7412;  defense  committee, 
7433;  expelled,  7443;  radical,  745' ;  sen- 
ator ;  amnesty  motion,  751' ;  d.,  7542;  in 
Pantheon,  7543. 

Hugstettin,  Baden,  R.  R.  wreck,  8313. 

Huf/uenots,  opera,  appears,  814' . 

— '-,  Sir  John  Everett  Millais,9682. 

,  colony,  America,  222;  massacre  ot^ 

243;  in  Fla.,  25' ;  Presby.  church,  N.Y., 
482  ;  on  Staten  Island,  483  ;  in  Mass., 
602,3;  inS.C.,603  61';  inN.C.,512,572; 
in  New  Rochelle,  N.Y.,513;  in  Va.,552; 
settle  in  Braz.,  5533  ;  jjersecuted,  553' ; 
war  against  Fr. ;  discipline  in  army ; 
Eng.  aids,682i ;  religious  liberty  granted; 
aim  of  ;  conspiracy  of,  0823;  rise  instate 
affairs,  683' ;  massacre  of,  6832;  wars  of ; 
partial  liberty  granted,  6833  ;  war  with 
Fr.,  Eng.  support,  686' ;  revolt ;  deprived 
of  towns ;  caiise  ruined,  6873  ;  perse- 
cuted, 6943,  695' . 

Huitzilihuitl,  enthroned,  10952  ;  d.  (1414). 

Huitzilopochtli,  temple  dedicat«d,  122. 

Hu-Kuang,  taken,  618'. 

Hulaku,  invades  Persia,  11062;  d.  (1266). 

Huldah,  a  prophetess,  11462. 

Hulick,  George  W.,  b.,  142' . 

Hulin,  or  Hullin,  Comte  Pierre  Augustm, 
b.,  7023;  d.,  7282. 

Hulks  for  punishment,  Eng.,  921». 


I 


HuU-Huyg. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        I N  D  h-  X .        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1285 


null,  Kng..  Literary  and  Philosophical  So- 
(Mety  fud.,  94U ;  Narcissus  launched, 
aw";  Church  Congress,  10042;  dock  la- 
borers strike;  riots,  10103 

,  Isaac,   b.,  782;    captures   GuerrUre^ 

118';  d.  (lata,). 

,  John  A.  T.,  13.,  1522. 

,  .Fonathan,  steam  navieation,  9081 . 

,  William,  b.,683;  gov. Mich.,  1133;  re- 
turns from  Can.;  capture  Ft.  Maiden; 
surrenders  Detroit,  1181 ;  d.,  1322. 
Ilullah,  John,  b.,  9362. 
, Pyke,  b.  (1812);  d.,  9922. 

Hulpias  River,  Ariz.,  dam  bursts,  3533. 

Hnlst,  Spain,  recovers,  10982. 

Humaita,  Parag.,  passage  forced,  5561 . 

Human  Freedom  League,  organizes,  3931. 

Humane  Soc,  meets,  Am.,3703, 3931 ,4723. 
(.See  Royal  Humane  Society.) 

Humanitarians,  founded,  9701. 

Hurnansville,  Mo.,  action  at,  2051 . 

Humayun,  b.-d.,  10431 ;  reigns;  flees,  1(H33. 

Humbert  I.,  Raneri  Carlo  Emauuele  Gio- 
vanni Maria  Ferdinando  Eugenio,  king, 
b.,  10863;  weds,  10893;  reigns  (1878). 

,  Joseph  Amable,  b.,  7022;  at  Castle- 
bar,  7122;  d.,7242. 

,  M.,  minister,  7532. 

Humble  Petition  and  Advice  adopted, 
Ene.,  8892. 

Humboldt,  Tenn.,  lynching,  4682. 

,  Baron,  Friedrich  Heinrieh  Alex,  von, 

b.,  8031;  works,  809',  8163;  explorer, 
8062;  d.,  8202;  centenary,  8271;  statue, 
8301. 

, ,  Karl  W.,  b.,  8023;  works,  8072, 

^3,  8131  ■  minister,  8133;  d.,  8143. 

Hume,  David,  b.,  9042;  works,  9132,  9211 ; 
d.,  9203. 

,  Hamilton,  at  Port  Phillip,  4951 . 

,  Joseph,  b.,  9203;  d.,  9603. 

,  preacher,  refuses  indulgence,  8963. 

Humiliation,  day  of.  Am.,  2373. 

Hummel,  Johann  N.,  b.,  8042;  d.,  8143. 

Humphrey,  A.  T.,  wins  rifle  prize,  9741 . 

,  D.  of  Gloucester,  regent,  8631 ;  mar- 
riage; cruelty  of,  8623;  arrested;  mur- 
dered, 8632. 

,  Kdward  Porter,  b.  (1809);  moderator, 

1702. 

,  Heman,  b.,  912;  d.,  1922. 

,  J.,  lord  mayor,  London,  9492. 

,  J.,  on  Com.  of  Thirty-three,  1891 . 

,  Marshall,  b.,  60i . 

,  Z.  M.,  moderator,  2762 

Humphi'eys,  Andrew  Atkinson,  b.,  1162; 
at  Petersburg,  2443;  at  Amelia  Court- 
house, 2451 ;  d.,  3142. 

,  Benjamin  G.,gov.  Miss.,  2553;  forced 

to  vacate  Miss.,  2632. 

,  David,  b.,  682;  treaty,  1071;  d.,  1262. 

,  F,liza,  killed,  4362. 

,  Lyman  U.,  governor  Kan.,  3293,  3991 . 

,  P.,  killed,  4362. 

Humphries,  Corporal,  wins  prize,  9661 . 

Hunchung,  mission,  6242. 

Hundred  Associates  rule  Canada,  5713. 

Years'  War,  6741 ,  6751 ;  ends,  6781 . 

Huneric  persecutes  Christians,  7682,10703. 

Hunfalvv,  P41,  b.,5202;  d.  (1891). 

Hung,  Phineas  K.,  d.,  6222. 

Hungary.  (See  text, Austria-Hungary,  pp. 
502-539.)  Pagan  princes,  5031;  ravages 
Qer.,  7733;  pagan  uprising,  5023;  Ger- 
mans immigrate,  5032;  war  with  Bohe- 
mia, 6011;  Greeks  repel,  10322;  Gr.  civ- 
ilization intro.,  5013;  Golden  Bull  con- 
firmed, 5051 ;  supremacy  broken  in  Ru- 
mania, 11121 ;  war  with  Venice,  5061  ; 
Turks  invade ;  loses  coast  lands  ;  partly 
annexed  to  Turk.,  11572;  representative 
gov't  est.,  5073;  war  with  Bohemia  and 
Turk..  .5081 ;  literature  and  arts  in,  5083; 
Bohemia  united,  .5093  ;  under  Hapsburg 
rule,  7893;  independent,  5093;  Protes- 
tant revolt  ;  Turks  aid  Protestants  ; 
abandoned  to  Turks,  5101 ;  revolt.  7973; 
Turks  driven  out  ;  Protestants  revolt, 
5122;  counts  executed,  5131;  insurrec- 
tion; Servian  colonists  settle,  5133;  war 
with  Turks,  5141 ;  peasants  revolt.  5151 ; 
religious  toleration,  5163;  censorship 
of  press,  517 1 ;  change  of  territory  ;  in- 
dependence guaranteed,  5173;  academy 
©St.,  5203  ;  uprising  ;  constitution  pro- 
mulgated, 5213  ;  war  with  Kus.,  11161  ; 
rebellion;  Aust.  enters,  5221 ;  Hungarian 
war  ended,  5223;  provisional  gov't,  5231 ; 
constitution  abolished  ;    declared  free, 


5232,  8183;  Rus.  intervention,  5232;  R.R. 
opd.,  5253  ;  Prus.  enter,  5262  ;  rights  re- 
stored; autonomy,  5263;  independence, 
5271;  dual  government,  5272;  Fiume 
R.  R,  opd.,  5293;  landwehr  est.,  532i  ; 
war  vessels  for;  strategic  railroad,  5332; 
imiou  with  Austria  denounced,  5373. 

Hungerford  bridge  opened,  9521 ,  9662. 

,  Sir  Thomas,  speaker,  8593. 

Hung-Tsiuen.  b.,  6163;  leader,  6181;  Tai- 
ping  rebellion;  emperor,  6193;  suicide, 
6213. 

Hiuii,  reigns,  Egypt,  6453. 

Huniades,  Joannes  Corvanus,  b.,  5062; 
leader,508i  ^^;  gov., 5091 ;  at  Verna,565i ; 
at  Nish,  11661;  d.,  5082. 

Hunkers,  Democratic  Nat.  Conven.,  1651. 

Hunnewasser,  battle  at,  8241 . 

Huns,  invade  Hung.,  5023,  5031 ;  subdued, 
6101;  drive  out  (foths,  7692;  invade  and 
ravage  Gr.,  10301 ;  migrate  westward, 
10651;  near  Caspian  Sea,  10671,  1106'; 
in  Rus.,  10692, 11131 ;  invade  Eoman  Em- 
pire; monarchy  falls,  10712;  burn  Pa- 
via;  invade  It.,  10721 ;  rule  in  It.,  1073»; 
invade  Cappadocia,  11541 . 

Hunt,  A.  Cameron,  governor  Colo.,  2593. 

,  Capt.,  Indian  slave-dealer,  282. 

,  Capt.,  on  Kongo  River,  10931. 

—    ,  Major,  at  Sturgeon,  Mo.,  2141 . 

,  Freeman,  b.  (1804);  d.,  1841 . 

— — ,  George  Ward,  b.  (1825) ;  minister, 
9792;  d.  (1877). 

,  Helen.    (See  Mrs.  Jackson.) 

,  Henry  Jackson,  b.  (1819);  d.,  3341 . 

,  J.  B.,  suicide,  4682. 

,  Leigh  Henry  James,  b.,  9223;  works, 

9383,9411,9543;  d.,  9622. 

,  R.,  clerg.,  at  Jamestown,  Va.,  262. 

,  Robert,  b.,  9331 ;  d.,  9962. 

,  Thomas  Terry,  b.,  1322;  d.,  4001 . 

,  Ward,  b.,  1162;  justice,  2793;  d.,3222. 

,  Washington,  b.  (1811);  governor  N. 

Y.,  1692;  d.,  2561. 

,  Wra.  Henry,  painter,  b.,  9243 ;  d.,968i . 

, ,  b.  (1824);   sec.  navy,  3072; 

resigns,  3111;  d.,  3162. 

, Holman,  b.,    9423;   paints    Jsa- 

bella  and  Pot  of  Basil,  9721 . 

, Morris,  b.,  1321 ;  d.,  3022. 

Hunter,  A.  J.,  b.,  1382. 

,  Benjamin  F.,  hanged,  301 1 . 

,  Claudius  S.,  1.  mayor  London,  9353. 

,  David,  b.,  1102;   receives  Alvarado, 

1621 ;  at  Charleston,  Mo.,  1981 ;  in  South, 
2052;  orders  against,  2133;  on  Porter 
case,  2161 ;  suceeeds  Fremont ;  draft  of 
negroes,  2201 ;  relieved  of  command ,222 2; 
at  Staunton,  •.S42,  2342;  fails  to  meet 
Sheridan;  commands  W.  Va.;  at  Pied- 
mont, 2342;  at  Lynchburg,  2343 ;  on  com- 
mission, '2472;  d.  (1886). 

,  John,  b.,  9081  ;  d.,  9262. 

,  Gen.  Peter,  b.  (1805) ;  gov.  Can.,  5772. 

,  Robert,  governor  X.  Y.,  573 ;  d.  (1734). 

, Mercer    Taliaferro,    b.,    II61 ; 

speaker  house,  1512;  on  Com.  13,  1892; 
expelled,  1973;  pres.  Confed.  Senate, 
2393;  peace  commissioner, 2431 ;  d.,3262. 

,  William,  b.,  9062;  d.,  9223. 

, ,  lord  mayor,  London,  9572. 

, B.,  kills  rCickerson,  372i . 

,  Capt.,  governor  Australia,  4951 . 

Hunterdon  Co.,  N.  J.,  no  license,  3332. 

Hunterian  Society  organized,  9382,  9391 . 

Huntersville,  W.Va.,  stores  captured,202i . 

Huntingdon,  Eng.,  R.  R.  collisions,  9813. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  8672. 

,  Lady   Selina,  b.  (1707) ;    evangelist, 

9123;  Methodist,  9131;  d.  (1791). 

Huntingfield,  Baron,  title  created,  9252. 

Huntingford,  George  I.,  elected  bp.,  9303. 

Huntington,  Va.,  R.R.  to  Richmond,  2853. 

,  W.    Va.,  Normal    School   at,    2643 ; 

train  robbery,  4191 . 

,  Charles  B.,  forgeries  dis.,  1803. 

,  Daniel,  b.,  1242;  Nat.  Acad.,  1521. 

,  Fred.  Dan,  b.,  1281 ;  cons,  bp.,  2662. 

,  J.  R.,  bank  shortage,  4791 . 

,  Lucius  Seth,  Professor  Conant,  6843. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  621  ;*governor,  99i ;  vote 

for  president,  1012;  d.,  1O61. 

, ,  b.  (1731) ;  gov.  O.,  1153;  d.,  1262. 

Huntley,  H.  V.,  governor  P.  E.  I.,  5792. 

,  Gen.  W.,  governor  N.  B.,  5773. 

Huntly,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  8773. 

Hunton,  Eppa,  b.,  1302;  Coin,  of  Seven, 
2933;  on  electoral  commission,  2961; 
testimony,  4573. 


Hunton,  Jonathan  D.,  gover.  Maine,  1392. 

HunVs  Merchants^  jWa(/rt2i?ie, appears, 1523. 

Huntsman,  Benj.,  mfg.  cast  steel,  9102. 

Huntsville,  Ala.,  surprised,  2062. 

,  Tenn.,  Confedj.'ates  defeated,  2151. 

,  Tex.,  Normal  School  opened,  303i . 

Huntt,  George  G.,  commis.  colonel,  3821. 

Hunza  Niger,  Tibet,  attacked,  IOO61. 

Hupt  Moritz,  d.,  8281. 

Huran,  Mohammedans  rebel,  621 1 . 

Hurd,  Richard,  b.,9062;  bishop  Worces- 
ter, 9223;  d.,  9343. 

,  Col.,  near  La  Vergne,  2161 . 

Hurdy,  Sir  Chas.,  college  snbscription,712. 

Huret,  Jules,  Evolution  Littiraire,  7622. 

Hurlbut,  Stephen  Augustus,  b.,  1242;  com- 
mander G.  A.  K.,  2551 ;  d  (1882). 

— ,  William  Henry,  b..  1342. 

Hurley,  Wis.,  mine  accident,  3553. 

Huron,  Can.,  burned,  5723;  bishopric  est., 
9483,9722;  Bp.  Baldwin  cons.,  9922. 

Huron,  strikes  rocks,  2961 . 

College  (Presb.),  organized  at  Huron, 

South  Dakota  (18a3). 

Huron  driven  out,  5721 . 

Lake,  Champlain  visits,  6702,  5713. 

Hurricane,  W.  I.,  421 ;  in  Tex.,  3581 ,  4481 ; 
Gulf  of  Mex.,  4061 ;  in  Aus.,  4993;  in  N. 
S.  W.,  6001;  in  Galicia,  6341;  in  Sofia, 
6693;  in  Hong  Kong,  6241;  in  Havana, 
6322;  in  Eng..  8882,  948I .    (See  Cyclone.) 

Hurst,  John  Fletcher,  b.,  1422;  Inilika, 
4203;  consecrated  bishop,  3042. 

,  J.  T.,  land  purchase,  4133. 

Hurtado,  Bartoloni^,  explorer,  163. 

Hurth,  P.  J.,  cons.  R.  C.  bishop,  10121. 

Husain  All,  supported,  10441. 

Husbandry,  first  taught,  10131. 

Iluskisson,  William,  b.,  9183;  pres.  Board 
Trade,  9413;  minister,  9432,3. 

Hu8s,  John,  b.,  6062;  prof,  at  Prague; 
rector  of  Univ.  of  Prague,  5071;  de- 
nounces indulgences  ;  pope's  ban  ;  ar- 
rested: condemned,  5063,  6762,  7843; 
burned ;  festival,  5062,3. 

Hussein  dynasty  reigns,  11393, 11072. 

Avni,  grand  vizier,  11592;  assassi- 
nated, 11583. 

Pasha,  b.-d.,  91. 

Hussey,  Obed,  inv.  reaping  machine,  142 1 . 

Hussite  creed  war,  5061 ,3^  7341 . 

Hussites  terrorize,  5061 ;  demand  com- 
munion; heresy  suppressed,5063;  gran  ted 
use  of  cup,  7843;  enter  treaty,  6071;  il 
Bohemia,  5073;  crusade  against,  6083. 

Husted,  James  Wm.,  b.  (1833) ,  d.  4161 . 

Hustler,  Ky.,  ofiice  wrecked,  4311 . 

Huston,  James  N.,  treas.  dept.,  3612. 

Hutcheson,  Francis,  b.,  9002;  d.,  9122. 

Hutchings,  Sam.,  attempt  to  kill,  9863. 

Hutchins,  Sir  George,  keeper,  8993. 

Hutchinson,  Kan.,  cyclone,  4061 . 

,  Anne,  b.  (1600) ;  org.  women's  meet- 
ing, 323;  in  R.  I.;  religious  enthusiast; 
at  Newport,  353;  massacred,  36i. 

,  B.  B.,  robbed  in  Chicago,  3522, 

,  Ellen  Mackay,  Am.  Literature,  3323. 

,  Col.  John,  b.,  8801 ;  d.  (1664). 

,  John,    philos.,    b.,    8923;    doctrines, 

8942;  Moses'  Principia,  9061 ;  d.,9083. 

,  Jos.,  chief  justice,  732;  assailed,  762. 

, G.,  nom.  for  governor,  3451 . 

,  Thomas,   b.,  562;   conspicuous,  73 1; 

gov.  Mass.,  732,  772;  controversy  with 
general  court,  783;  leaves  Boston,  792; 
against  colonists,  793;  d.,  931. 

,  Bishop,  Witchcraft,  9063. 

,  Capt.,  killed,  46' . 

,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  9372. 

Hutchinsonians  appear,  Eng.,  8942. 

Hutten,  Ulrich  von,  b.,  7862;  war  of 
nobles,  7881 ;  works,  7892;  d.,  7882. 

Hutton,  Charles,  b.,  9083;  d.,  9403. 

,  James,  b.,  9063;  experiments,  9222; 

d.,9283. 

,  Lawrence,  Letters  of  Dichens,  10063 . 

,  Mancius  S.,  pres.  Ref.  Synod,  1742. 

,  Matthew,  archbp.  Canterbury,  9151 . 

Huxley,  Thomas  Henry,  b.,  9422;  works, 
9631,  9723,  9811,  9863,  10103;  opens 
Working  Men's  College,  9703;  commit- 
tee vivisection,  4812;  pres.  Koyal  Soc, 
9901 :  unveils  Darwin's  statue,  9921. 

Huy.  Netherlands,  taken,  9021 . 

Huygens,  Christian,  b.-d.,  11003;  dis.  Sat- 
urn's ring ;  form  of  Saturn  ;  dis.  satel- 
lite ;  inv.  pendulum  clocks,  11002;  oscil- 
lation theory;  undulatory  theory ;  law  of 
double  refraction,  11003;  works,  U012. 


1286 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column.         Huyg-Illu. 


Huygens,  Conetantijn,  b.  (1596) ;  Batava 
Tempe,  11012  ;  d.  (1687). 

Huysum,  Jan  van,  b.-d.,  1101'. 

Huzzard,  Samuel,  d.,  2702. 

Hwaiti  enthroned,  61.31 . 

Hwang  Chao,  rebels,  6132. 

Hwangti  enthroned,  611 1. 

Hwei  Wang  enthroned,  6112. 

Hyacintfi  attacked,  6161. 

Hyacinthe,  Father.   (See  I^oyson,  Charles.) 

Hyatt,  Alanson,  murder  and  suicide,  4602. 

,  Alpheus,  b.,  150^ . 

,  James  W.,  d.,  4261 , 

Hyattsville,  Md.,  Coxeyites  arrested,  4682. 

Hydahs,  Alaska,  school  for,  3082. 

Hydaspes,  Md.,  battle  of,  10242. 

Hyde,  Anne,  queen,  d.,  8922. 

,  Edward,   E.    of  Clarendon,  b.,  8781; 

minister,  8i>l  2  ;  impeached,  8932;  chanc, 
8912;   Great  JifheUwn,  003^ ;  d.,8923. 

— — , ,  Viscount   Coriibury,   552  ;  gov. 

of  N.  Y. ;  forges,  543;  deposed  ;  gov.  N. 
C,  573;  d.,  601. 

,  Henry,  Earl  of  Clarendon,  b.  (1638)  ; 

minister,  8U72;  1.  lieut.,8973;  land  grant 
to,  423  ;  d.  (1709). 

— — ,  Lawrence,  Earl  of  Rochester,  minis- 
ter, 8972  ;  dismissed,  8973  ;  in  Council, 
8952  ;  1.  lieut.,  9013  ;  d,  (1711). 

,  Lavius,  d.,  2452. 

,  Sir  Nicholas,  b.  (1572) ;  chief  justice, 

8813  ;  d.  (1631). 

,  Sir  Robert,  chief  justice,  8913. 

Park,  Serpentine  rivulet  fmd.,  9081 ; 

Marble  arch,  9542. 

Hyderabad,  Bishop  Caprotti  cons.,  9862. 

Hyder-Ali,  b.-<l.,  10443  ;  at  Porto  Novo ; 
against  Madras ;  overruns  Carnatic ; 
takes  Arcot,  10442  ;  usurper,  10453. 

Hydraulic  canal  begun,  N.  Y.,  4673 

crane  patented,  942i ,  9541 . 

engines  invented,  8941 . 

press  patented,  9222. 

Hydrochloric  acid  discovered,  9182. 

Hydro-electric  machine  inventeil,  950' . 

Hydrogen  gas  lighter  than  atmosphere, 
9161. 

Hydropathic  Society  formed,  9501 . 

Hydropathy,  first  institution  for,  158* ; 
suggested,  5202 ;  practised,  4862  ;  re- 
vived, 9282. 

Hydrophobia,  inoculations  for,  324*. 

Hyeres  Islands,  Arrogante  sinks,  7501 . 

Hygeia^  asteroid,  discovered,  7301 . 

Hyg-iene  and  Demography  Congress  in 
Lond., 10071 ;  at  Budapest, 5381 ;  Internat. 
Cong.,  5383,  1001 ;  Internat.  exhib.,  8313, 

Hyginus,  St.,  bishop  at  Rome,  10623  •  ap- 
points sponsors,  10643. 

Hyksos,  in  Egypt,  &463±,  (H71 ,3;  exp.,(>49i . 

Hylle  of  Perfection  issued,  8663. 

Hylton,  Baron,  title  created,  965*. 

Hvndman,  H.  M.,  in  Socialist  League, 
9951. 

Hyne,  C.  J.  Cutcliffe,  work,  4791 . 

Hynes,  Francis,  executed,  9903. 

Hypatia,  b.,  6542  ;  murdered,  6543. 

Htjperlon^  asteroid,  discovered,  164* . 

Hypermenestra  honored,  10132. 

Hypogea,  of  Beni-Hasan,  6462. 

Hyppolite,  Louis  Mondestin  Florvil,  b. 
(1827) ;  president ;  gen.  in  battle,  10403. 

Hyrcanus  I.  (John),  high-priest,  delivers 
Judea ;  destroys  Samaritan  temple ; 
tower  of  Antonio,  11502  ;  des.,  11511 . 

IL, b.-d.,  11521;  high-priest,  11483;  de- 
feated, 11501 ;  restored,  11502,  11511,  a  ; 
rival  king;  supported  by  Jews,  llSP; 
defeated  in  Judea,  1150' 

Hyrtle,  Joseph,  b.,  6201 . 


I. 

Iambic  verse  introduced,  10143. 

lams,  Thomas,  punished,  412i . 

lanthe^  asteroid,  discovered,  2601. 

lapiza,  Hospicio,  insurgents  fail,  6081. 

lasorairgott,  Henry,  margrave,  5043. 

Ibeka,  attack  of,  6001 . 

Iberia,  annexed  ;  independent,  11072. 

,  Ohio  Central  College,  fnd.,  1663. 

Iberville,  Pierre  le  Moyne  d',  b,-d.,  5722  ; 
across  Gulf  of  Mexico,  54i ;  on  Missis- 
sippi River,  55i  ,2;  at  Schenectady,  5721  j 
3a  voyage,  5752;  d.,  562. 

Ibis  wrecked,  9693. 

Ibn  Khaldan,  b.Kl.,  4863. 

Tofail,  writer,  d.,  4862,a. 


Ibn-Yunas,  Ali-H)n-Abd-er-Rahman,    d., 

4862. 
Ibraham  becomes  calif,  4852. 
Ibrahim  il.  reigns,  11572. 
Bey,  b.,  6562  •  ^^ar  with  Murad  Bey, 

6571;  d.,  6562. 
,  Dey  expels  pasha,  92  ;  reigns,  11393. 

Lotli,  reigns,  10433. 

Pasha,  h.,  6562;  at  Yemho,  4881 ;  bat- 
tle near  Gaza;  conquests,  6562;  ex- 
pelled from  Egypt,  6563;  viceroy,  6573  ; 
at  Navarino,  9421 ;  in  Gr.;  captures  Mis- 
solonghi,  10342 ;  overthrows  Wahabis, 
11573  ;  d.,  11563 

Ibsen,  Henrik,  b.  (1828);  works,  11042. 

Ibycus,  b.,  10162. 

Ibzan  judges  Israel,  11432. 

Icard,  Ralph,  b.,  612. 

Icarua  launched,  9921. 

Ice,  mfd.,  9221 ,  9343,  9621 ;  melted  by  fric- 
tioii^  9282. 

Trade  of  America  introduced,  1133. 

Iceland^  see  erected,  lli±;  miss.,  Hi; 
Althling  meets ;  Irish  in,  113  ;  famine, 
693.    (See  text,  pp.  1041-42.) 

Icelander's  synod,  org.,  U.  S.,  3223. 

Ichang  mission,  6223  ;  foreigners'  houses 
burned,  6251 ;  fire,  6273. 

Ichisokaki,  missions,  10922. 

Icon  Imlac  reigns  in  Abyssinia,  13. 

Iconium  taken,  10322 ;  sultanate  ends, 
10341 ;  capital  ;  Seljuks  rule,  11552. 

Iconoclast  controversy,  10322. 

Ictinus,  b.,  10211. 

Ida,  kuig  of  Deira,  8413. 

Idaho,  territory,  org.,  2213  ;  Wm.  H.  Wal- 
lace, gov.,  2293;  Caleb  Lyon,  gov,,  2413; 
David  W.  Ballard,  gov.,  2553, 2652;  Isaac 
L.  Gibbs,  gov.,  2593  ;  Rom.  Cath.  vicar- 
ate  apostolic  est.,  2642  ;  Gilman  Mars- 
ton,  gov.,  2732  ;  Thos.  A\'.  Bennett,  gov., 
2772  ;  John  P.  Hoyt,  gov.,  2912  ;  Mason 
Brayman,  gov.,  295 1 ;    John  N.  Irwin, 

fov.,  3152  ;  \Vm.  N.  Bunn,  gov.,  3193; 
kl.  A.  Stevenson,  gov.,  3252  ;  Ethelbert 
Talbot  cons.  Prot.  Epis.  miss.  bp..  3262  ; 
floating  island,  3341;  admission  bill  in 
Cong.,  3371 , 3491 ,  3553, 3632;  avalanches, 
3521 ;  bp.  Donaldson  arrested,  3683 ;  Rep. 
elected,  3()93;  In<iiaiis  trouble,  3741 ;  Geo. 
L.  Shoupe,  gov.;  Norman  B.Willey,  gov., 
3751 ;  striking  miners,  4103;  glacial  field, 
4122  ;  horse-thieves  killed,  417i ;  Appor- 
tionment Act  unconstitutional,  4212  ; 
Mormons  enfranchised,  4231;  cricket 
pest,  4401 ;  non-union  men  ill-treated, 
4642;  Wm.  J.  McConnell,  gov.,  4471, 
4793;  mineral  output,  4793. 

Iddesleigh,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9871. 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Northcote.) 

Ideler,  Christian  L.,  b.,  8023;  d.,8162. 

Idle,  Eug.,  battle  of,  »42i . 

Idlib,  Syria,  Ref.  Church,  mission.  11582. 

Idolatry,  of  degenerate  Arabs,  4842;  pun- 
ished; surrendered,  7702  ;  abolished  from 
Brit.,  8423  ;  revived  by  Saxons,  8403  ; 
edict  for  suppression,  10691 ;. 

Idols  destroyed  at  Mecca,  4843. 

Idomene,  action  at,  10202. 

Idstedt,  Prussia,  battle  of,  640i . 

Idumea  subdued,  11493  ;  incorp.,  11501. 

Iiiuna  issued,  IIO42.  11362. 

Idunnay  asteroid,  discovered,  296^ . 

Ifuinu  mission,  5983. 

Iglesias,  Jos6  Maria,  b.-d.,  10952. 

,  Gen.,  makes  claims,  10971 . 

,  Pres.  Peru,  peace  with  Chile,  11083  ; 

defeated  at  Lima,  11082. 

,  Rafael,  pres.,  6313. 

IgnatieflF,  Nikolai  Pavlovich,  b.,  11163  ; 
resigns,  11213  ;  Gen.  implicated,  5682. 

Ignatius,  patriarch;  deposed;  restored, 
10323. 

,  St.,  Theophorus,  d.,  10642,3, 11521 . 

Igor  I.,  b.  (875±)  ;  reigns,  11133;  d.  (945). 

IL,  Duke  of  Kieff,  1133  ;  K.  (1147). 

Igualada,  Sp.,  taken,  11321. 

Ilala,  Afr.,  David  Livingstone,  d.,  5611 . 

Ilarim.  bishop,  Testaments,  11131 . 

Ilchester,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9112. 

Ildebard,  slain,  7703. 

II  Filanqioni  issued,  10883. 

Ilheos,Braz.,  captaincy  transferred,  5532. 

Hi,  China,  annexed,  6I6I . 

Iliad,  present  text  written,  10212. 

IlisRus,  Gr.,  temple  erected,  10191. 

Illangina,  Madagascar,  mission,  10941. 

Illapel,  earthquake,  6063. 

Illinois,  La  Salle  in,  49i ;  first  Eng.  settle- 


ment, 492  ;  Kr.  vacate,  541  ;  annexed  to 
Fr.,  592;  Fr.  build  forts,  701;  Eng. 
troopsin,  741 ;  a  county  of  Va.,893;  First 
Baptist  Church,  1062 ;  territory  fmd., 
1153  ;  Ninian  Edwards,  gov.,  1172,1352  j 
State  admitted,   1272  ;  Shadrach  Bond, 

fov.,  1272  ;  Edward  Coles,  gov.,  1312  j 
'irst  Congregational  Ch.  fnuH.  1383;  lU. 
Coll.  org. ;  Montiily  JUac/azint,  appears, 
1391;  John  Reynolds,  gov.,  1392;  o.  S. 
Presby.  synod  org.,  1402  ;  prot.  Epis. 
diocese  org.,  1442;  Abraham  Lincoln 
elected  to  Leg.;  Jos.  Diuiciui,  gov.,  1452; 
Universalist  State  conven.  org..  1483  • 
Thomas  Carlin,  gov.;  capital  at  Spring- 
field, 1612  ;  Thos.  Ford,  gov.,  1553;  Cong. 
Conf.  org. ;  N.S.  Presb.  synod  org.,  l.'J62; 
Gen.  Congregational  Asso.  org..  1563  ; 
Mormon  mob,  157 1 ;  Mormon  Tempi© 
finished,  1582;  Augustus  C.French, gov., 
1613;  111.  Female  Coll.  org.,  1631;  aids 

g anted  Chicago  and  Mobile  R.R.,  1691; 
van.  Luth.  Gen.  synod  of  Northern 
111., org.;  Southern  111.  Meth.  Epis.  eont 
org.,  1702  ;  111.  Wesleyan  Univ.  (M.  E.). 
est.  (1851) ;  Eldership  Church  of  God 
org.,  1741 ;  Joel  A.  Watteson,  gov.,  1743; 
Central  R.  R.  completed,  1773  ;  Hedding 
Coll.  est.  ;  Northwestern  Univ.  fnd., 
1782;  bridge  at  Rock  Island  completed, 
1793,  1801 ;  Kom.  Cath.  diocese  of  Quincy 
transferred,  I8O2  ;  Stephen  A.  Douglas 
candidate  for  senator,  1812;  Southern 
111.  Evan.  Luth.  synod  org.,  182i;  leve© 
breaks,  184 1 ;  tornado,  186 1 ;  Free  Meth. 
Conference  fmd.,  1862  ;  arms  from  St. 
Louis,  1942  ;  Northwestern  Coll.  org., 
1991 ;  gunboat  expedition,  2002  ;  leaves 
Cairo,  2022  ;  Richard  Yates,  gov.  ;  Con- 
stitutional conven.,  13th  amendment 
ratified,  2032;  constitution  rejected,  2093; 
Lincoln's  party  defeated,  2163  ;  gale  of 
Gov.  Matteson's  property,  2333;  ratifies 
13th  amendment,  2431,  2511;  -VSestfield 
Coll.  org.,  2502  ;  Cook  County  Hospital, 
est.,  2503  ;  Kiohard  J.  (tglesbv,  gov., 
2511 ,2851 ,  3233;  ratifies  14th  amendment, 
2572;  Univ.  of  111.  org.,  2583;  c(mf.Meth. 
Epis.  Church  South,  org.,  2582  ;  capital 
punishment  abolished,  2591;  Pullman 
Car  Co.  org.,  2613  •  ratifies  15th  amend- 
ment, 2671 ;  John  M.  Palmer,  gov.,  2692; 
new  constitution  framed;  ratified, 2712; 
John  L.  Beveridge,  gov.,  285i ;  Southern 
111.  Normal  Univ.  opd.,  2863;  Unitarian 
Conf.  org.,  2882  ;  African  M.  E.  Conf. 
org.,  2942;  Central  III.  Free  Meth.  Conf. 
org.,  3002  ;  sugar  mnf.  from  sorghum, 
3101;  Harper  Law  passed,  3151;  John 
M.Hamilton,  gov,,  3152;  tornadoes, 3222; 
Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home  est.,  3243: 
mercury  at  94  ,  3382  ;  Anti-Trust  Bill 
passed,  3392 ;  troops  disperse  strikins 
miners,  340 1 ;  Hotchkiss  Secret  Ballot 
Bill  passes,  3412  ;  straw  bauds  bounty, 
3481;  Jos.  W.  Fifer,  gov.,  3492;  the  saw- 
fly  in,  3581  ;  many  Unions  for  political 
action,  3592;  cyclone,  360i;  Lutherans 
and  Ger.  Cath,  attack  educational  law, 
3602;  Gen.  Palmer  uom.  for  gov.;  Legis- 
lature in  special  session,  3612;  stnfce 
of  trainmen,  3623  ;  World's  Fair  Fund, 
bonds  for ;  World's  Fair  Bill  signed, 
3652;  mastodon's  bones  unearthed, 3681; 
Compulsory  Ediication  Law ,rei>eal, 3752; 
Free  Coinage  endorsed,  377i;  Pullman 
Car  Works  burned,  3773  ;  Compulsory 
Education  Bill,  Eng.  language,  3852 ; 
natiu"al-ga8  well  burns  out.  3921;  vreck 
on  C.  and  A.  R.  E.,  3943  ;  World's  Fair 
Amendment  adopted,  3952  ;  Alien  Law 
miconstitutional,  3972  ;  Anti-Trust  Bill 
passed,  3992  ;  Lincoln's  birthday  a  legal 
holiday,  4003  ;  John  P.  Altgeld,  gov., 
4053,4471;  Illinois  valley  flooded.  4061; 
Nat.  History  Univ.  dedicated,  4182  ;  In- 
terstate Commerce  Act.  unconstitu- 
tional, 4192  ;  Naval  Reserve  est.,  4201; 
levee  breaks,  4213  ;  White  Caps.  4382  • 
Central  It.  R.  train  robbery,  4382,4423; 
train  ditched,  4432;  strike  in  coal-region, 
4582,3,  4652  ;  U.  S.  troops  against  stri- 
kers, 4603;  locust  plague  in,  460i. 

Illinois  Central  R.  E.  completed,  1773. 

,  Wesleyan  Univ.  (M.  E.),est.atBloom- 

ington  (1851). 

and  Michigan  Canal  deepened ;  trams- 

ferred  tolll.,2753. 

lUuminata,  rise  of,  Sp.,  11291 . 


Illu-Indi. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column, 


1287 


Illuininati  Society  fml.,  Bavaria,  8(fi2. 

jflustreret  Xyht'dsblad  issued,  11043. 

lllyria.  a  Roman  province,  5023  ;  quicksil- 
ver discovered,  5082  ;  conquered  ;  sub- 
dued, 10241 ;  ravaged,  10301 ;  subdued, 
divided,  10553  ;  provinces  formed,  5193, 

lllyrians,  of  Scodra,  conquered,  1053' ;  in- 
vade Greece,  1014t ;  subdued,  10223. 

Illyricum,  ceded,  IO68I. 

Jl  Pohtecno  issued,  10871 . 

It  Progreso  It alo- Americano  issued,  3023. 

Jlse,  asteroid,  discovered,  320i . 

Iiuad-ed-Din,  Mohammed  Al-Kateb,  b.-d., 
11063. 

Imad  Shalii,  dynasty  rules,  10433. 

Image  worship,  est.  at  Nice,  6643  ;  intro. 
G.  li.,  »422;  restored;  forbidden,  10322; 
edict  against,  10331;  controversy,  10663 

Imamkuli,  ruler  Bokliara,  5402. 

Imandandriana,  mission  at,  10941. 

Imbabani,  Zulus  at,  GOO2. 

Imbert,  Joseph  Gabriel,  b.,  G902;  d.,  7002. 

Immaculate  Conception,  made  a  dogma, 
8182;  Coll.  of,  org.,  1551;  festival  ap- 
pointed, 107£>1. 

Immanuel,  Ger.  synod,  Evan.  Luth.,  org., 
3262. 

Immigrant  vessels  quarantined,  415' . 

Immigrants  from  Britain,  Cape  Colony, 
5973 ;  in  Kafir  lands,  5993  •  in  Nyassar- 
land,  6033. 

Immigration,  in  U.  S.  A.,  statistics,  1253, 
1293.    (See  Dec.  31  each  following  year.) 

Census,  2753,  3073;  Act  passes,  2891 ; 

Chinese;  Cal.  objects,  2913;  Chile  pro- 
hibits, 607 1 ,  6083 ;  opposed  in  Chile,  6083 ; 
inEcuador,6472;  board  of,  est., la., 2692; 
regulations'  issued,  3572;  unrestricted, 
opposed,  3383;  Italian,  excessive,  3823; 
favored  in  Cuba,  6333  j  Chinese  excluded. 
Ecu.,  6443;  checked,  Fr.,  7671. 

and  Contract  Labor  Bill,  passes, 4252. 

Congress  in  Ga.,  3603;  Ala.,  3313. 

Law,  effective,  U.  S.  A.,  3812. 

,  Stone  Bill,  passes,  467i ,  4691 . 

treaty,  U.  S.,  China,  6252. 

Suspension  Bill,  4213. 

Immorality  of  court,  France,  7052. 
"  Immortals,"  U.  S.,  bill  for,  4571 . 
Impeachment  threatened,  Eng.,  885'. 

.    (See  Johnson,  Andrew.) 

Imperators  rule  empire,  7691,  10652. 
Imperial  arrives  at  New  Orleans,  2243. 
Imperial  Aulic  Council,  est.,  7873, 
bishopric  est.,  Chile,  605 1 . 

Brit.  E.  African  Co.,  est.,  9993. 

Constitution,  addition,  8241 . 

Decree  published,  Fr.,  7372. 

Defen.se  Act,  Australia,  6003 

Federation,  discussed,  5013. 

Library,  China,  Soui's  gift ;  Yangti's 

gift,  6122. 

,  Russia,  founded,  III51 . 

Order  of  Crown  of  India,  est.,  9831. 

of  Medjidi,  instituted,  11571 , 

of  Osmanieh,  org.,  11583. 

Impetiu'ux  burned,  9261 . 

Imphal  taken,  10482. 

Impolweni  mission  established,  6003. 

Import  duties,  bill  for  abolition,  9532. 

Importation  Act  passed,  Eng.,  632  ;  en- 
forced in  Am.,  732,  743. 

Importations,  Fr.,  into  Eng.,  8752. 

Imports,  Eng.,  from  N.  Am.,  553  ;  Am. 
from  Eng.,  613,  732  ;  restricted,  Eug., 
8651 ;  Russian  taxed,  Ger.,  8.^71. 

Impostor,  at  La  Salette,  7282  ;  7402  ;  at 
Lourdes,  7382, 7462;  .Mahdi,  Egy.,  6381+; 
John  Cade,  862i-f;  Lambert  Simnel  ; 
Warbeck,  8661 ;  Holy  Maid  of  Kent  exe- 
cuted at  Tyburn,  Apr.  21  (15*4) ;  Eliz. 
Croft,871i;  Wm.  Hackett,8763  ;  in  Lon- 
don ;  Greatrixin  Ire.,893»;  Titus  Gates, 
8951  i;  Robert  Young,  9003;  Old  Pre- 
tender, 9033:  Young  Pretender,  9101; 
Cock-Lane  Ghost,  917 1 ;  Johanna  South- 
cote  proclaims  her  conception  of  the 
Messiah,  9363;  John  Thorne,  6491;  de- 
scendant of  Peter  III.,  III91 ;  Alexander 
IL.  11503  ;  Otreflef,  Polish  monk,  11151. 

Impregnable  wrecked,  9282. 

Imprenaa  Evanqelica  published,  5562. 

Impressment  of  sailors,  1051 , 3, 1151 ,  1213. 

Imprifionment  for  debt  abolished,  2723. 

Abolition  Act  passes,  9732. 

Improved  Order  of  Hentasophs  fnd.,  3011. 

Ina,  laws  of,  published,  7703. 

InachuH,  king  of  Argives,  10133. 

Inarua  leads  rebels  in  Egypt,  10183. 


Inauguration  Day  Resolution  intro.,  4253. 

,  presidential,  deferred,  2952. 

Inca  imprisoned,  20i . 

Sayri  Capac,  reigns,  232  ;  to  Lima,  233. 

Titu  Cusi  Yupanqui,  reigns,  233, 604i . 

Tupac  Amaru,  Indian  leader,  5503  ; 

reigns;  beheaded, 252. 

Incandescent  lights.  Farmer  makes,  2901 . 

Incas,  rule,  132  ;  harems,  152;  wealth,  173. 

Incendiaries  burned,  3683. 

Incendiary  attempt.  New  York,  4542. 

Incest  in  Egypt,  6523. 

Inchbald,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Simpson),  b., 
9123;  d.  (1821). 

,  John  W.,  d.,  9962. 

Inchiquin,  Baron,  title  created,  8692. 

Incledon,  Charles  Benjamin,  b.  (1763)  ; 
first  appearance,  9242  ;  d.  (1826). 

Income  Tax,  reduced,  2712  ;  abolished, 
2791;  protest,  4451,4613;  recommended, 
4483;  debate,  4632 ;  repeal  amendment, 
4692;  appendix;  rates,  4711;  retamed, 
4772  ;  test  suit,  4792  ;  passes  Australia, 
4991 ;  negatived,  Fr.,747» ;  opposed, 747 2; 
Bill  passed,  G.  B.,  9513  :  doubled,  9612, 
9632  ;  extended,  9592 ;  increased,  9633, 
9651;  rate  reduced,  9652;  amount  pro- 
duced, 9653. 

Incorporated  Law  Soc.  fnd.,  Eng.,  943' . 

Incumbents  Resignation  Act  passes,  9743. 

Indemnity  for  Alabama  claims  paid,  2832; 
Italian,  announced,  4052;  reduced  for 
China  by  Frnnce,  6233;  Fr.  to  Ger.,  7463, 
7471,3,7483;  Indemnity  and  Oblivion  Act 
passes,  8891;  for  Jap.  outrages  on  for- 
eigners,I0923;from  Morocco  toSp.,10i>73. 

Independence,  la.,  trotting  record,  4152. 

,  Mo.,  action  at,  2042;  Quantrell  de- 
feated, 2051;  surrendered,  2103. 

,  Tex.,  Baylor  Univ.  org.,  1631 . 

Independence  wrecked,  1733. 

Independence,  U.  S.,  Franklin  denies.  732; 
war  begins,  8OI ;  first  at  Mecklenberg, 
812;  in  government;  increase  of;  dis- 
cussed; asked  for,  832;  committee  for  ; 
drafted ;  Cong,  debates  ;  Conn,  issues 
declaration,  833;  Declaration,  85'; 
adopted;  colonists  jiibilant,  852;  de- 
clared at  New  Orleans,  91 3 ;  becomes  gen- 
eral, 952;  Den.  acknowledges  ;  alsoSwe. 
and  Holl.,  953,  and  Sp.  and  Rus.,  97i; 
day, 2 presidents  die,  1352;  Can.  acknowl- 
edges, 5772,    (See  Revolutionary  War.) 

of  Brazil,  372  ;  attempt  for,  6543. 

of  Belgium,  5433. 

of  Chile,  6071. 

of  France  proclaimea,  6723, 

of  Germany  regained,  521'. 

of  So.  Am.  republics  recognized,  1312. 

,  price  for  Cuban,  6342. 

Independencia,   in    Chilean    navy,    6O6I ; 

wrecked,  6062. 

Independent,  L\  issued,  F.,  7231 . 

Independent  Order  of  B'nai  B'rith,  157' . 

of  Good  Templars  org.,  1703;  favor 

political  action,  2563;  at  Toronto,  5883. 

Odd  Fellows  inet.  Am..  127 1;  Sov- 
ereign Grand  Ivodge  meets,  2743  ;  day  at 
World's  Fair,  4383;  statistics,  4463;  home 
dedicated,  4703. 

of  Rechabiten  org.,  1551 . 

(Sub-Treasury)  Bill,  1492,  I512,a,  1532. 

Party  formed,  U.  S.  A.,  3623. 

Polish  Cath.  Church  Conven.,  468'. 

treasury  system  est.,  161 2. 

Independents,  rise  of,  Fr,,  7233. 

Church,  appears,  Eng,, 8843, 8863;  con- 
cessions to,  8863  ;  epitome  of  faith,  8883, 

Index  Society,  London,  fnd.,  982'. 

India  (see  text,  pp.  1042-1049),  Tamerlane's 
expedition  to,  4' ;  trade  monopolized, 
6553  ;  invaded  by  Baber,  4' ;  Ind.  Trade 
Act  passes,  9373;  peace  with  Eng.,  938' ; 
suttee  abolished,  9452;  slavery  abolished, 
9492  ;  Muerta,  defeat  at,  490' ;  war  with 
Persia,  1108 1 ;  relief  fund,  Eng.,  901 1; 
Ind.  Govt.  Act.,  9632;  Ind.  licensing  sys- 
tem, 9633;  famine  fund,  9651  ;  Meth.Epis. 
Conf.  fmd.,  2903  ;  Kuram  annexed,  63  ; 
Pitt's  Ind.  Bill  in  Pari.,  9233  ;  missions 
reports,  10491;  mint;  closure  opposed, 
10112. 

rubber,  vulcanized,  patented,  1501 . 

Indian  wrecked,  9633. 

Indian  Appropriat.  Bill, 3371, 3613, 3791,  2, 
4031 ,  4061 ,  4252,  4633,  4663. 

Commission,  app.  refused,  4632. 

Depredation  B^l  passes,  3732. 

Famine  Relief  Fund,  Eng.,  9831 . 


Indian  Female  and  N.  I.  Society  org.,  958*. 

Institute,  Oxford,  fnd.,  9842. 

Land  Commission,  sale,  3632. 

lands  bought.  Am.,  1172;  controversy 

in  Ga.,  1333  ;  cede  Seminole  laud,  1453. 

massacre,  Ore.,  2801 . 

missions  transferred,  1303. 

,  R.  Cath.  Bureau  est.,  286*. 

"University  est.,  3043. 

War  Pension  Bill,  passes  H.,  407' , 

Indiana,  Bapt.  church  in,  1083  ;  Wm.  H. 
Harrison,  gov.,  1111 ;  territory  fmd.,  1172; 
Thomas  Posey,  gov.,  1213;  Harmonists 
fnd.  New  Harmony,  1243,  1331 ;  Abra- 
ham Lincoln  moves  to,  1251 ;  admitted  ; 
Jonathan  Jennings,  gov.,  1252;  William 
Hendricks,  gov.,  1272,  1312;  Indianapo- 
lis settled,  1273  ;  James  P.  Ray,  gov., 
ia33;  Ind.Univ.org.,  1363;  Noah  Noble, 
gov.,  1392  ;  Meth.  Epis.  Conf.  org.,  1402; 
Rom.  Cath.  diocese  of  Vincennes  est., 
1442  ;  David  Wallace,  gov.,  1492  ;  Sam. 
Bigger,  gov.,  163' ;  Presb.  O.  S.  Synod  of 
Northern  Ind.  org.,  1542 ;  O.  S.  Presb. 
Synod  of  N.  Ind.  org.,  1502  ;  North  Ind. 
Jleth.  Epis.  Conf.  org.,  1563 ;  James 
Whitcomb,  gov.,  1572 ;  Eldership  Church 
of  God  org.,  1603  ;  Univ.  State  Conven, 
org.,  1642;  Paris  C.  Dunning,  gov.,  1652; 
canal  between  Lake  Mich,  and  111.  River, 
1663  ;  Jos.  A.  Wright,  gov.,  1671 ;  South 
Eastern  Ind.  Meth.  Epis.  Conf.  org. ; 
Northwest  Ind.  Meth.  Epis.  CVmf.  org., 
1702 ;  Dem.  support  Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill,  1761 ;  Univ.  building  burned,  1753  ; 
Northern  Ind.  Gen.  Synod  Evan.  Luth. 
org.,  1782  ;  South  Ind.  Eldership  Ch.  of 
Gotl  org.,  1821 ,2 ;  Ashbel  P.  Willard,  gov., 
1832;  Ind.  Cong.  Gen.  Conf.,  org.;  Cong. 
Gen.  Asso.  org.,  1842  ;  igt  regiment  for 
war,  1941 ;  Oliver  P.  Morton,  gov.,  20;J2  ; 
disloyal  Senator  Bright  expelled,  2033  ; 
Confeds.  enter,  2223;  ratiiies  13th  Amend- 
ment, 2432;  N«jrmal  Sch.  at  Indianapolis 
opd.,2543;  ratifies  14thAmendment,2572, 
3;  Conrad  Baker,  gov.,  2593  ;  ratifies  15th 
Amendment,  2672;  proclamation  against 
lynching,  2752  ;  Evang.  Luth.  Synod 
find.,  2762  ;  block  coal  dis.,  278i ;  Thos. 
A.  Hendricks,  gov.,  2851;  meteor  seen, 
2941;  Jjimes  D.  Williams,  gov.,  2973; 
Albert  G.  Porter,  gov.,  3093  ;  Apaches 
pursued,  3221 ;  tornadoes,  3222;  Isaac  P. 
Gray,  gov.,  3233;  Normal  Coll.  at  Coving- 
ton opii.;  Free  Meth.  North  Ind.  Conf. 
org., 3242;  earthquake, 2521 ,3321 ;  Insane 
Asylum  opens,  3332  ;  lieut.  excluded 
from  senate,  3333;  bill  to  punish  bribers, 
3362;  legislature  r«.  court,  337  2;  subter- 
ranean water-course,  3382  ;  Australian 
voting  system  adopted,  339 1 ;  liquor 
traflic  decision,  3411 ;  gold  dis.,  344' ;  Al- 
vin  P.  Hovey,  gov.,  ;M92  ;  White  Caps, 
3503,  3762,  3871 ,  3922  ;  cigarette  license  ; 
wife  beaters  lashed,  2762;  against  trusts, 
3772;  liners  strike, 3823,3971, 4401;  Audi- 
tor Cavelle,  defaulter,  3932  ;  Lieiit.  Gov. 
Chase  elected  gov.,  3952  •  woman  wins 
prize-fight,  3971 ;  opposes  Sunday  closhig 
World's  Fair,  4042;  floods,  4081;  Regis- 
tration Law  unconstitutional,  4152;  Ap- 
portionment Act  unconstitutional,  4192; 
silver  and  zinc  dis.,424i ;  gas  companies 
consolidate,  4293;  accident,  Fort  Wayne 
R.R.,4413;  hunt  for  burglars,  4442;  tor- 
nado, 4561 ;  U.  S.  troops  ordered,  4603  ; 
Claud  Matthews,  gov.,  447' . 

Indiana  launched,  ^1 ;  armor-plate  shat- 
tered. 456' . 

J  relief  steamer  to  Russia,  11223. 

Indiana  University  (non-sect.)  est.,  Bloom- 
ington  (1820). 

Indianapolis,  Ind.,  settled,  1273 ;  char- 
tered 1633  ;  Crown  Hill  Cemetery  est., 
2293  ;  street  cars  intro.,  2413  ;  Lincoln 
obsequies,  2472  ;  1st  Nat.  encampment, 
G.  A.  R., 2523, 2561;  Normal  School  opd., 
2543;  encampment,  G.  A. R.  meets, 2551 ; 
colored  people  meet,  2552  ;  Simpson  Coll. 
fnd.,  2583  ;  Xeivs  issued,  2662  ;  Conf.  of 
Unit,  and  Indep.  Religious  Soc.  meets, 
2983;  Ind.PuDlic  Lib.  inaug.,2782;  Agri- 
culture Cong.,  2831 ;  Reform  School  for 
girls  ;  Women's  prison  opd.,  2831 ;  Green- 
back Nat.  Conven.,  2931 ;  Charity  Organ- 
ization Soc.  org.,  3031 ;  Nat.  Conven.  W. 
C.  T.  U.,  3a32  ;  corner-stone  of  Stat© 
hou8e,3053;  G.  A. R.  meets,  3.332  ;  earth- 
quake, 3521 ;  Soldiers*  and  Sailors*  mon- 


1288 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        Ir^jDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Indi-Inge. 


ument,  3441;  fire,  3553,  4013,  4753;  Hen- 
dricks' monument,  3621 ;  Ger.  in  scIiooIb, 
3651 ;  trunk  robberies  systematized,  3723; 
strike,  39!)t,  41)22;  Iron  Hall  reorganiza- 
tion, 4143;  Liberty  Bell  in,  4283;  Capital 
Nat.  Bank  suspends,  421*3;  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
conven.,4301 ;  Pres.  Haughey  embezzles, 
4362  ;  a.  A.  U.  encampment,  4363  ;  de- 
mand for  labor,  4503  ;  \v.  H.  Bruning 
shot,  4563  ;  train  robbers  ;  kidnappers 
confess,  4622  ;  pay-roll  reduced,  4653  ; 
Populist  leaders  arrested,  4683. 

Indianola,  la.,  Simpson  Coll.  fnd.,  2583. 

,  Tex.,  storm  injures,  2881 , 

Indiafwla  rims  blockade,  2183. 

Indian  ring  discovered,  289' . 

Indians,  Am.,  cast  on  coast  Ger.,  123  ; 
baptized,  14i,  16 1 ;  differ,  15 1 ;  cruelty 
to  family,  152;  gent  to  Sp.,  152jl,  17'; 
Christianized,  153;  fight  Ponce  de  Leon, 
181 ,  193;  massacred,  201 ;  fight  de  Soto, 
202+  ;  enslaving  forbidden,  203  ;  battle 
with;  persecute  Spaniards,  211 +;  guide 
burned;  subdued,  212;  new  laws  for, 
231 ;  mission  at  St.  Augustine,  242  ;  ter- 
ritory of  various  tribes  :  Algonkian, 
Athapascan,  California,  Catawba,  Cher- 
okee, Comanche,  Dakota,  Huron,  Iro- 
quois, Klamath,  Mobilian,  Tuscarora, 
Seminoles,  262,27';  govts.,  27i;  attack 
settlers;  attacked, 30i ;  warning  of,  302; 
pestilence  decimates ;  defrauded,  303  ; 
treaty  of  peace,  32' ;  alliance  with,  322  ; 
purchase  ratified,  33i ;  at  Saybrooke, 
341;  massacre  at  Wethersfield  ;  plunder 
trading-vessel,  34i ;  war,  New  Neth. ; 
subdued  ;  in  New  Eng.  colonies  ;  war- 
fare ;  truce  on  L.  I.  ;  troubles  ;  in  Va., 
36' ;  converted  ;  welcome  Jesuits,  362  ; 
on  Staten  Island ;  liquor  prohibited  ; 
kidnapping ;  massacred  at  Pavonia,37 1 ; 
peace  signed,  373  ;  massacre  in  Can.  ; 
colonists  against,  38 1 ;  Christianized  ; 
Christian  Indians, 383;  school  opd.,39' ; 
rebel  in  N.  Y.,40';  reject  Christianity, 
402  ;  liquor  prohibited,  403 ,  41 ' ;  in  Costa 
Rica,41 2 ;  truce  with ;  expedition  against; 
massacres  in  N.  Y.  ;  ravage  Mass.,  42' ; 
Susquehannocks  ainiihilated  ;  routed  ; 
war  with  Mohegan  ;  at  Medfield,  Mass.; 
plot  revealed,  44' ;  praying-towns;  first 
church,  442;  at  Deerflold,  46' i  ;  treaty 
at  A  Ibany ,  453 ;  aid  allies  ;  treaty,  Mass. ; 
outrages, R.  1.;  chiefs  killed  ;  hostilities 
in  Va.,  461;  massacres;  subdued,  462  ; 
abused;  war  impending,  463;  oppression 
of,  471 ;  peace  with,  473  ;  chiefs  k.  in 
Va.,  483  ;  Penn's  treaty,  492  ;  depreda^ 
tions,  N.  H. ;  terrorize  Can.  ;  allies  of 
Fr.,  501;  attack  N.  H.  villages;  Mo- 
hawks attacked  ;  depredations.  Me.  ; 
peace.  Me.,  52i;  war  with,  Mass.,  54' ; 
treaties  with;  55' ,  2;  bounty  for  scalps  ; 
in  Mass.,  56i ;  war  in  N.  C,  562  ;  Catho- 
lics, Fla.,  563;  Sixth  Nation  fmd.  ;  mas- 
sacred in  N.  C.  ;  expelled  from  S.  C, 
581;  peaceable, 583;  Natchez;  depreda- 
tions. Me.;  sign  peace, 601 ;  worshipsun, 
602  ;  traitors  ;  war  against ;  reward  for 
scalps,  61 ' ;  Eng.  protection  ;  migrate  to 
O.,  612,  3;  treaty  with.  Me.  ;  cede  terri- 
tory ;  meeting-house,  623,  ^3  ;  in  Hous- 
atonic  school,  631 ;  education  of  girls  ;  re- 
vival among,  65i ;  at  Marlborough,  66' ; 
in  schools,  67i ;  treaty  with,  672  ;  in  O,, 
673  ;  schools  at  Stockbridge,  683  ;  war- 
fare, Va.,  701 ;  attack  Fort  Ninety-Six, 
72' ;  capture  Eng.  forts  ;  Paxton  Boys 
massacre,  722  ;  Christians  persecuted  ; 
collection  for,  723  ;  civilized,  771 ;  war, 
78',  841;  aid  sought  for,  82';  for  military- 
service,  822  ;  Wyoming  massacre,  883  ; 
Cherry  Valley  massacre,  90 1 ;  expedition 
against,  N.  Y.-Pa.,  903  ;  attack,  X.  Y., 
923;  surrender  lands,  972;  treaty  at  Mc- 
intosh, 973;  treaties  with,  99i  J:  ;  Creeks 
defeated  ;  Onondagas  treaty  ;  Cayugas 
sell  lands,  101';  Kickapoos  surprised; 
Northwestern  wars  ;  Miamis  war,  102' ; 
Creeks  treaty,  103' ;  Friends  work,  1062; 
Shawnese  uprise,  116' ;  massacre  at  Ft. 
Dearborne,  118' ;  defeated  at  Talladega  ; 
defeated  at  Autosse,  1203;  Creek  mas- 
sacre, 1212  ;  defeated  at  Emucdau ;  de- 
feated at  Horse  Shoe,  122':  Seminole 
war,  124' ;  Cherokees  mission,  1243  ; 
Creek  war  in  Fla. ;  Seminole  war  in  Ala., 
1261 ;  treaty  with,  1252,  1332  ;  mission- 
aries to,  1263;  Cherokees  expelled,  127' ; 


Choctaw  mission,  1283  ;  miss,  to  Wyan- 
dots;  miss,  to  Oneidas,  1282;  Qttawas 
mission  ;  Cherokee  n^ission,  1303;  Mack- 
inaw mission,  1311 ;  Onondagas  mission, 
1303;  Creeks  mission,  1431 ;  Meth.  Epis. 
missions,  1322,  1363,  1383,  1422,  iG3i; 
Baptist  mission,  1323,  1343,  1351,  1402, 
1423,1542,1722,  1843;  treaty  in  Ga.-Ala.: 
Cherokee  alphabet  inv.,  1331,  2;  lami 
controversy,  1333  ;  Franciscan  mission  ; 
missions  trans,  to  Am.  Board,  1343  ; 
Choctaws  and  Chickasaw  missions,  1351 ; 
Stockbridge  mission ;  Ojibwjis  mission, 
1363;  suits  with,  137' ;  Black  Hawk  war, 
138' ;  missions  in  Ga.,  1382  j  miss,  per- 
secuted, 1383  ;  Cherokees  read,  139'; 
wars.  Wis.,  140' ;  Ojibwas  missiitn ; 
Creeks  mission,  1402  ;  Presb.  missions, 
Chippewas,  1423,  1462,1483,1542,  180', 
2722,  3062;  ind.  Ter.  set  apart  for,  1433; 
Seminole  hostilities  ;  Fla.  war,  144' ;  J>a- 
kotas  and  Pawnees  mission,  1442  ;  sale 
of  liquor,  1451 ;  Seminoles  cede  lands, 
1453;  Creek,  Cherokee,  Aroostook  wars  ; 
outbreak  of  Seminoles,  1461 ;  Kef.  l>utch 
Church  missions,  1462,  HJ31 ;  settlers 
abandonAla.,Ga.,147i ;  Itoanokeburned, 
1473  ;  Jessup  captures  ;  Cherokees  re- 
moval, 1481,  1491,  2  ;  K.  Cath.  missions, 
Nez  Perce,  1483  ;  reward  for  capture, 
1501 ,  1511 J  Seminoles  treaty,  150i ;  Sioux 
massacre  Chippewas,  151 1 ;  Presb.  miss. 
to  Creeks,  1542;  Nez  Perce  conversions, 
1543  ;  massacre  miss,  at  Walla  Walla, 
1623  ;  Dalles  mission  trans,  to  Ref.  Ch., 
1631;  Father  John  Bapst,  miss.,  1042; 
Apache,  Navajo,  and  Utah  war,  166' ; 
dis.  gold  in  Ore.,  1713  ;  mission  among 
Pueblos,  Navajos,  1722  ;  Kearny  defeats 
Sioux,  176' ;  Sioux  fight  Chippewas,  1763; 
Seminole  war,  180',  1S41;  massacre  at 
Mountain  Meadow,  1823 ;  mission  among 
Sioux,  1903  ;  Cherokees  Christianized, 
Am.  Board  withdraws,  1903;  Little  Crow 
Band  massacre,  211';  attack  New  Ulm, 
212';  Sioux  assault  Ft.  Abercrombie  ; 
troubles  in  Minn., 214' ;  38  hanged, 2152; 
prohibition  enacted,  2172  ;  battle  in 
Dak.,  226' ;  attack  Julesburg,  2403  ;  at- 
tack Platte's  Bridge,  248' ;  massacre  at 
Ft.  Philip  Kearny,  254';  Gens.  Hancock 
audCuster  against, 256' ;  removal  treaty, 
2571 ;  wreck  train,  2581;  defeated  in 
Mont.,  2601;  raid  in  Kan.,  2621,  266'; 
defeated  ;  Custer  defeats,  264' ;  war  ends, 
2681;  removal  of  Osage,  2712;  Act  for 
removal,  2783;  decision  against,  2812; 
war  ends,  2861 ;  massacres  in  northwest, 
287';  subdued,  288 1 ;  war  with  Sioux, 
290H-  ;  Home  missions  planted,  2903  ; 
Cxister  attacks,  292';  Philip  Mackay, 
mission,  2922  ;  surrender  S.  Dak.  land, 
2953  ;  Nez  Perces  victorious,  2961;  Gen. 
Howard  against,  2962;  ordered  from  Ok- 
lahoma, 3013;  Sitting  Bull's  people  re- 
turn ;  Apache  driven  into  Mex.,  3041; 
Univ.  fnd.,  3043;  Chilcats  school;  Pue- 
blos school,  3062  ;  iu  Mex.,  3121 ;  adopt 
negroes,  317' ;  Apache  trouble,  320' ;  re 
sponsible  for  all  crimes,  323 1 ;  surrender 
at  Skeleton  Canon  ;  removed  to  Fla., 
3241;  Rom.  Cath.  Miss.  Bureau  incor., 
3263 ,  3882 ;  effect  of  alct>hol  taught,  3263 ; 
skirmish  at  Milk  Creek, 332 1  ;  intrenched, 
338' ;  Cliippewa  outbreak,  346i ;  contract 
schools ;  general  govt,  supports  schools, 
^23;  Apaches  ammish,  3461;  Chippewas 
sell  reservation,  3472  ;  Choctaws  pass 
lottery  law,  3543;  Cheyenne  on  warpath, 
3561;  chiefs  meet,  Mont.;  mutinous  in 
Wis.,  3603;  raid  in  Wyo.,  3611;  troops 
for  ;  defense  against,  3621 ;  tribe  of  dis., 
Colo.,  3662  ;  pursued,  3681;  Sioux  out- 
break feared ;  Sioux  at  Pine  Kidge, 
370' ;  Conf.  opd.  at  Lake  Mohonk,  3702, 
3931,  4723  ;  Chippewas  welcome  Sioux, 
3703  ;  troops  fight ;  Chief  Red  Cloud, 
3721;  ranchmen  fighting  ;  Sittmg  Bull's 
band  and  Big  Foot's  join ;  armed,  at 
Pine  Ridge,  3721 ;  ghost  dances  ambush, 
3721,2;  killed,  3723;  arms  against,  373' ; 
rise  at  Clay  Creek  ;  trouble  in  Ida.  ;  at 
Pine  Ridge ;  surrender ;  battle  at 
Wounded  Knee  Creek  ;  enlist  as  soldiers, 
3741 ;  Chinaman  outrage,  3852  ;  reserva- 
tion settlement,  N.  Dak.,  3853  ;  over- 
awed, 3861 ;  contracts  with  Catholic  Ind. 
schools,  3882  ;  Page's  daughters,  3891; 
reeerration   to   Fed.  Govt.,  3933  ;  sen- 


tenced, 3951 ;  messiah  dance,  399i ,  4142; 
wars  with  Winnebagos,  4011  ;  Cheyenne 
reservation  open,  405' ;  Wash,  reserva- 
tion open,  407' ;  Cong,  in  S.  Dak.,  4101; 
on  war-path,  4181;  police  for  S.  Dak., 
4223  ;  disagreement  about  land,  4252  ; 
reservation  ceded,  4311;  reservation 
withheld, 4351 ;  disturbance,4543;  against 
cowboys;  4562;  Creeks  reject  plan,  4572; 
Cree  sun-dance,  4623  ;  sun  dance  for- 
bidden, 4622;  urge  original  faith,  4681 ; 
on  war-path,  i,  T.,  4753;  Utes  against 
settlers ;  Indians  torture,  4762  ;  tribal 
govt,  abolition,  4771.  (See  Woman's  In- 
dian Association.) 

Indians, Canadian,  to  Port., 5701  ;mas8acre 
at  Montreal ;  alliance  attempted ;  war 
in  Can.;  expedition  against,  572' ;  tor- 
ture miss.,  5723;  hospital  for,  5722  ;  al- 
liance of,  5733  ;  treaty  of  peace  ;  at 
Haverhill,  N.  H.  j  expedition  against, 
5741 ;  Fr.  and  Indian  war  closet-,  5753  ; 
Iroquois  treaty,  5752;  conf.  at  Montreal, 
5772;  at  Saskatchewan  ;  at  Battleford, 
5841 ;  murderers,  6851 ;  depredations  ; 
Industrial  School,  Chuich  ot  Eng., 5902; 
mortality,5913;  attacked  by  wolves, 5953; 
suffering,  5963.     (gee  names  of  tribes.) 

Rights  Association  organized,  313' . 

Indian  Territory,  De  Sotoin,223;  erected, 
1093;  John  GiDson, gov.,  1192  ;  setapfuli, 
1433  ;  Eldership  of  the  Ch.  of  God  org., 
1822  ;  Gen.  Blunt  in,  2101 ;  secession  re- 
pealed, 2193  ;  Bp.  Pierce  cons.,  2683  ; 
power  unrecognized, 2812;  R.  Cath. Pre- 
fecture Apostolic  erected, 2942;  J,  Univ. 
fnd.,  3043;  Cherokee  Strip  cleared,  372' : 
boomers  driven  out,  3061 ;  Bapt. Manual 
Labor  School  fnd.,  3082;  cytHone,  310' : 
gold  dis.,  3361,  34CI,  370';  rush  of 
boomers,  3363  ;  Indian  Seminary  ded., 
3423;  elections,  345' ;  Lottery  Law,364a; 
silver  dis.,  346' ;  Gov.  Byrd  reelected, 
367';  Allen  Lee  captured,  3703;  silver 
mining  in,  3913  ;  land  petition,  3952  ; 
reservations  opd.,  4053  ;  train  robbery, 
4103,4502,4742,4762;  political  strife,4143; 
Dept.-Marshal  Whitman  k..  4343;  Osaees 
refuse  to  cede,  435'  ;Trea8.McCurtin  dis- 
appears, 4402;  outlaws  shot,  4683  ;  Cook 
gang  ravages,  4742  ;  troops  for,  4752  j 
Chotopa  Protective  Asso.  lornied,475'. 

Indigo,  cultivation  in  America,  65' . 

dyeing,  known,  646' . 

Indo-Scythis,  empire  founded,  10432. 

Indulf,  killed,  846'. 

Indulgences,  pope  promises,  5063  ;  Clem- 
ent III.  sells,  10751 ;  traffic  in.  7882. 

Industrial  Army  leaves  Cal., 4553;  troubles, 
4563.    ^See  Coxey.) 

Christian  Alliance  formed,  386' . 

Congress,  first  in  United  States,  159'. 

Exhibition,  at  Boston.  1813  ;  at  Ot- 
tawa, 6853;  at  Toronto,  6872  ;  at  Berlin, 
8183  ;  at  Edinburgh,  10033. 

Exposition,  Cincinnati,  O.,  2713. 

improvement  Societies  formed,  951'. 

Institute  and  College  opened,  320». 

Senate,  formed,  355' . 

lue,  king,   goes  to    Rome ;  Saxon  lawa 

published,  843' ;  d.  (729). 
Inebriates,  asylum  for,  1763  ;  Am.  Asso., 

cure  of,  2731.  ^ 

Infallibility,  concordat  on,  5282;  revolt  in 

Fr.,7383  ;  decreed  ;  against  Ger.,  8262. 
Infante,  Jos^  Miguel,  b.,  6051 ;  d.,  6063. 

Infidels  multiply,  Fr.,  7032. 

Jjijfexible  launched,  9741 . 

Influenza,  3501, 5322,  5473, 8353, 836',  837»,  \ 
10033,  11213.    (See  Grippe.) 

Informers,  law  against,  10633. 

Ingalls,  John  J.,  pres.  Senate,  3252, 3298,  I 
3372,  3483  ;  resigns  office,  379';  on  pa- 
rity in  politics,  3983. 

-^,  Bufus,  b.  (1820) ;  d.,  422'. 

Inge  II.  reigns.  Nor.,  11051. 

Ingebord  divorced,  6353.  ^ 

Ingeburga,  weds  Philip  II., 6712;  divorced,  , 
6713  ;  d.  (1236). 

Ingelow,  Jean,  b„9442  ;  works, 9683,981'.  , 

Ingemann,  Bernhard  Severin,  b.,  6382  ;  d.,  \ 
6403  ;  works  639',  2. 

Ingermanland,  Rus.,   ceded  to  Gustavue 
Adolphus,  11153  ;  ceded  to  Rus.  ;  ceded  ■ 
to  Sweden,  11353. 

IngersoU,  Chas.  Jared,  b.,  95' ;  d.,  2072. 

, Roberts,  b.  (1821) ;  gov.  Ct.,285l. 

,  Jared,  b.,  662  ;  vote  for  vice-pres., 

1212  ;   d.,  1302. 


Inge-Iowa. 


Text  FIgunt  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


1289 


IiigersoU,  Kalph  laaac,  b.  (1788) ;  d.,  278' . 

,  Kobert  Greeu,  b.,  U2i . 

Ingham,  Cha8.Crumwen,b.,106i ;  d.,229i. 

,  Eruest  G.,  cons,  bp.,  9862. 

,  Sir  James  T.,  d.,  10021 . 

.Samuel  Delueeniia,  b.   (1779);    sec. 

trea«.,  137a  ;  u.  (isoo). 

Ingliirami,  Francesco,  b.  10842  ;  d.,  10863. 

,  Tominaso,  b.,  10783  ;  d.,  10802. 

Ingle,  Gapt.  Kichard,  rebel,  36i. 

InglefieUC  Sir  Edward  A.,  d.,  10121 . 

Inglis,  CUas.  b.  (1734) ;  bp.,  586t ;  d.  (1816). 

,  Henry  David,  b.,  9263  ;  a.,  9462. 

,  Lord  John,  d.,  lOOGi , 

,  Sir Eardley  WUmot,  b.,  9363  ;  d., 

9662. 

,  Samuel,  moderator,  1232. 

Ingo  I.,  reigns  In  Swe.,  11333  ;  d.  (1112). 

II.,  reigns  in  Swe.,  11333  ;  d.  (1130). 

Ingoldsby,  Richard,  gov.,  532,  573. 

Ingolf,  in  Iceland,  10412. 

Ingolstadt,  Bav.,  Univ.  est.,787i ,  3;  moved 
to  Laudshut,  8072. 

Ingor,  in  Black  Sea,  1032'. 

Ingraham,  Benjamin,  bp.,  b.,  562. 

,  Duncan  >;athaniel,  Gapt.,  b.  (1802) ; 

rescues  Martin  Koszta,  172i ;  d.,3922. 

,  Joseph  Holt,  b.,  II6I ;  d.,  2542. 

Ingres,  Jean  Auguste  Dominique,  b.,705i ; 
works,  7!i4i,  7261,  7281,  7301,  732';  d., 
7362. 

Ingulphus,  Abbot  of  Croyland,  b.-d.,  8462. 

Inhambane,  mission,  11113. 

Inkauyana,  Zulus  repulsed,  6OO2. 

Inkerioan,  Grimea,  battle,  9581 . 

Inman,  George,  d.,  9922. 

,  Henry,  b.,  IIO1 ;  Fitz-Crreene  Halleck^ 

1361. 

,  William,  b.  (1797) ;  d.,  286i . 

Line  of  steamers  est.,  1813. 

Innes,  Thomas,  b.,  8902  ;  d.,  9103. 

Inuess,  Gapt.,  in  India,  10182. 

,  George,  b.,  1322  ;  in  Academy  of  De- 
sign, 2&41 ;  works,  2601 ,  2721 ,  286I ,  3001 , 
3061,3101,  3221. 

, ,  Jr.,  b.  (1854) ;  works,  3021,3121 , 

3161. 

Innocent  I.,  St.,  pope,  10702. 

II.,  pope,  b.-d.,  10742,3. 

III.,  pope,  b.-d.,  10742;  excommuni- 
cates emperor ;  ordains  marriages  in 
churches  ;  grants  dispensations  ;  de- 
clares King  John  usurper;  corresponds 
with  John  Lomaterus,  10322. 

IV.,  pope,  10751 ;  abandons  It.,7802;  re- 
sists emp., 10763;  Univ.  of  Bologna,  10772. 

v.,  pope,  10763. 

VL,  pope,  10771. 

—  VU.,  pope,  10771. 

—  VIII.,  pope ;  against  witchcraft,1079i . 
. —  IX.,  pope,  10812. 

X.,  pope,  10832 ;  against  idolatry,  6143. 

XI.,  Benedetto  Odescalchi,  pope,  b., 

10523  ;  pope,  10832  ;  d.,  10831 . 

XII.,  pope;  condemns  Quietism,  10832. 

Xia.,  pope  ;  d.,  10832. 

Innsbruck,  Aust.,  Univ.  fnd.,  513i ;  privi- 
leges restored,  5172  ;  library  gift ;  status 
reduced,  5171;  Austrians  cross,  5182; 
Hofer  statue, 5202, 5361 ;  Ferdinand llees 
to,  5223  ;  King  of  Saxony  k.  at,  8203. 

Innviertel,  Aust.,  ceded,  5193. 

/no,  asteroid,  discovered,  7481 . 

Inoculation  maile  known,  9061 ;  preached 
against,  Eng.,  9142  ;  prohibited,  5343. 

Inquirer^  issued,  9503. 

Inquisition,  est.  in  Peru,  Mex.,  242;  intro. 
Belgium,  5401 ,  6703  ;  condemns  many, 
5411;  tribunal,  est.Eng. ,8683;  in  Fr.,6703; 
abol..  Fr.,  717» ;  est.  in  It.,  10751 ,  11093  ; 
revived,  10791 ;  abol.  in  Tuscany  and 
Lombardy,  10851 ;  in  Neth.,  10083  ;  pro- 
tested, 10993;  in  Port.,  11093;  le-est.  Sp., 
11263  ;  in  Andalusia,  11272  ;  suppressed, 
11303;  last  victim  of,  Sp.,  11303. 

Insane,  Bill  to  relieve,  vetoed,  175* ;  supts. 
of  asylums  meet,  3611;  exhibition  of, 
stopped,  9192  ;  ijoorhouse  system  abol- 
ished, 3823  ;  treatment,  Eng..  9271 .  (gee 
names  of  States,  U.  S.  A.) 

Insects,  exhibition  of,  748i . 

Inspectors  of  Elections,  power,  3531 . 

of  Public  Buildings,  conven.,  3663. 

Institute  of  Actuaries  fmd.,  9541 . 

of  Bankers  organized,  Eng.  (1879). 

of  Brazil  founded,  5542. 

of  Chemistry  of  G.  B.  org.  (1876). 

of  Civil  Engineers  org.,  938i . 

of  Elex  >'eal  Engineers,  org.  (1871J. 


Institute  of  Homeopathy  meets.  Wash., 
4081. 

of  Mechanical  Engineers  fmd.,  954i . 

of  Mining  Engineers,  Eng.,  fnd,, 9561 . 

of  Naval  Architects  fnd.,  9641 . 

of  Sculptors,  Eng.,  est.,  9(J42. 

Institutio  issued,  III01 . 

JnstructUm  0/  Amentm-hat,  copies,  (5483. 

Instruction,* Am.  Inst,  meets,  4101 ,  4642. 

Insubres,  It.,  subdued,  10543. 

Insurance  Go.  of  N.  Am.  incorp.,  1053. 

Co.  of  Pa.  incorp.,  1053. 

Duty,  Eng.,  9232;  law,  first  Eng.,  8773. 

Insurrection,  San  Francisco,  1803;  in  York- 
shire, 8652. 

Intelligence  issued,  Can.,  6791 . 

Intelligenza  appears,  It.,  10771. 

Intemperance  in  Va.,283  ;  appeal  against, 
Maas,  ;  prohibited,  Mass.,  323  ;  fined, 
Md.,  371 ;  fined,  Conn.;  fined,  Mass., 
fined,  R.  I.,  39i ;  fined.  Conn.  ;  punished, 
Md.,  411;  fined  in  N.  J.,  423;  names 
posted,  443  ;  Friends  against,  483  ;  in  N, 
H.,  551 ;  names  posted,  N.  H.,59i ;  fined, 
Vt.,912;  reported,  Me.,  1291 ;  intoxication 
a  misdemeanor,  S.  C,  4762  ;  in  Cong., 
4131 ;  pegs  in  cups, Eng. ,8451 ;  fined,Eng., 
879* ;  committee  of  inquiry,  Eng.  ;  cure 
for,  9811;  consumption  of  liquor,  Eng., 
9972;  death  penalty  for,  10171;  beer- 
drinkers  boycott  breweries,  3603.  (See 
Drinking,  Prohibition,  Temperance.) 

Intercolleuiate  Association,  Mass.,  3582, 

Prohibition  Association  meets,  4631 . 

Intercolonial  Conference,  Ottawa,  5962. 

Inter-Commerce  Bill  passes,  3193. 

Interior  Department  created,  1052. 

Interdict,  papal,  Eng.,  8502,  8531 . 

,  Fr.,  under  papal,  6762, 

Interdicted,  Fr.  kingdom,  6693. 

Interim  of  Augsburg,  791 1 

Law,  published,  7913. 

Interior  dept.,  created,  U  8.,  1652. 

Internal  improvements,  an  issue,  1292 ; 
objections,  1312,  1332  ;  favored,  1652. 

revenue  abolished,  U.  S.,  1112. 

Revenue  law, U.S.  bureau;  everything 

taxed,  2112  ;  bill  for  reduction,  2532  ;  on 
tobacco  abolished,  3692  ;  Bill  reported, 
4493  ;  amendment  to  tariff,  451 1 . 

,  U.  S.,  1051 .     (See  following  years 

in  December.) 

law  passed,  2353. 

International  African  Asso.,  report,  10932. 

Agri.  Exhibition  at  Bremen.Ger., 8293. 

American  Bank,  plan  submitted,  3593; 

bill  for  charter,  3631. 

Asso.  (Socialists),  at  Geneva,  11383. 

Bible  conference  opens,  3661 . 

Bimetallic  Cong,  opens,  Paris,  7592. 

Catholic  Cong.,  arrangements,  8342. 

Conf.,  Workingjnen,  Paris,  7643. 

Congress  on  crime,  9771 . 

Cong.  Weights  and  Measures,  7503. 

Hygiene  and  Demography,  1006* . 

Conven.  of  Deaf  Mutes,  N.  Y.,  3663, 

Copyright  Act,  9942;  Bill  piissed,  3302, 

3532,  3591 ,  3792,3  ;  proclamation,  3872. 

:  Education  Soc,  Coll.  fnd.,  9702. 

,  Electrical  Gong.,  Paris, 7523;  Emigra- 
tion Cong., Paris, 7042;  Exhibition  opnd., 
Chile,  6073  ;  Exhibition,  Munich,  Bav., 
8261,  8313  ;  Exhibition,  in  Port.,  11113  ; 
Exhibition  of  Arts  opnd.,  G.  B.,  974i; 
Fr.  Cong.,  at  Mont.,  5953. 

Geological  Cong,  meets,  "Wash.,  D.C., 

3901. 

Homeopathists  Congress,  3863. 

Hygienic  Gong.,  Budapest,  5383, 

Exhibition,  Berlin,  8313, 

Industrial  Exhib.  in  Edinburgh,  9973. 

Labor  Conf.,  8343.   (See  under  Labor.) 

Literary  Asso,,  9&42,  IIIO2,  11223. 

Loan  Exhib.,  South  Kensington,  9801 . 

Magazine  appears,  1683. 

Marine  Conf.  adjourns,  3492. 

Maritime  Exhibition,  Paris,  7493, 

Medical   Cong,,  Wash,,  3261;    Staten 

Island,  3882  ;  in  Copenhagen,  6421 ;  in 
Berlin.  8^1. 

Medical  Missionary  Society,  est.,  3063. 

Medico-legal  c<nig.  opens,  ^40i . 

Migration  Society,  4743. 

Miners'  Cong,  at  Brussels,  5482, 

Miss.  Union,  meets  at  Niagara,  3182, 

3501 ,  4021 ;  at  Binghampton,  3501 . 

Monetary  Conf.,  meets,  3752  ;  post- 
poned, 4292  ;  in  Brussels, 4172, 5491 ;  cor- 
respondence, 4053  ;  in  Paris,  7373,  7512  ; 
rejects  English  plan,  10093, 


International  Postal  Cong,  in  Paris,  7503, 
7532. 

laws  operative ;  regulations,  8293. 

Union,  colonies  join,  5012. 

Potato  Exhibition,  London,  9853. 

Revieiv  est.,  2863, 

rifle  match,  2923,  5451 . 

Salvation  Army  Cong.,  London,  9942. 

Sanitary  Congress,  307 1 ,  9873. 

Silver  Cong,,  resolution,  3992  ;  Silver 

Conference,  401i ,  837i . 

S<)c.,  Colonization  Jews,  incor.,  3762, 

Social  Workmen's  Cong.,  Berliti,  8351 . 

Statistical  Congress,  544i . 

Submarine  Conf.,  Paris,  7523. 

Telegraph  Conf.,  Paris,  7603. 

Temperance  Conf.,  London,  9903. 

Trades-Union  Cong.,  7553,  9991 . 

— —  Typographical  Union  meets,  4082. 

W  oolen  Exhibition,  London,  9873. 

~-  AVorking  Men's  Asso.  org.,  9672  ;  op- 
posed, 9771. 

Workmen's  Exhibition  opnd.,  9741 . 

Y.  M.  C.  A.  conv.,  3831 . 

Interstate  Commerce  Act,  321i,  3371,2, 
4652, 

Intervention,  for  peace,  Fr.,  7411 ;  in  East, 
6272;  in  Italy,  Fr.,  7373;  for  armistice, 
7432, 

Intestacy  Bill  rejected,  1011 1. 

Intolerance,  S.  C,  repealed,  563  ;  against 
women,  Mass.,  423  ;  religious,  Slass., 
342,3,371,383,542;  opposed,  Conn.,  343 - 
in  Va,,  362,3  ;  in  N.  Eng.,  363  ;  opposed 
in  R.  I,, ;  opposed  in  Md.,  382  ;  in  Md., 
383,542,562;  Jews  favored,  N.Y.,  401 ;  In 
N.Y.,  401 ,2,  443,  522,  563  ;  against  Qua- 
kers, Va,,  403  ;  in  Va.,  403,  402  ;  in  Me. 
482  J  in  S.  C,  642  ;  in  N.  C,  562. 

Intoxicating  Liquors  Bill  rejected,  10072, 

Intra-Mercurial  planets  dis.,  3(K)i . 

Intransigeutists,  uprising,  11321. 

Intrepid,  in  navy,  Chile,  6O6I. 

,  Gapt.  Parker  Snow  commands,  9641 . 

Inundations,  7281,7321,  7361,  8181,  g96a. 
(See  Flood.) 

Invalid  Pension  Appropriation  Bill,  425' . 

Iiivalide  Russe  issued,  11171. 

Inventions,  Eng.  ;  devised,  8901 . 

Inverary,  Scot.,  earthquake,  986*. 

Inverlochy,  Scot.,  action,  8842. 

Inverness,  Can.,  tire,  5912. 

,  Scot.,  taken,  856i . 

Inverness  burned,  82 1 . 

Investigator  sails,  9542. 

Investitures,  lay,  Rome,  opnderaned,  774*  ; 
rights  usurped,  10723  ;  Ger.,  War  of  the, 
7762  ;  Eng.,  prohibited,  8582. 

Invincible  in  collision,  IOOOI. 

,  lost,  9301. 

Armada,fmd.;  in  Eng.  Channel,  8761 ; 

struggle,  241 ;  destroyed,  11281 . 

Inwood,)  William,  b.  (1771);  St.  Pancras 
Church,  9382  ;  d.  (1843). 

lo,  asteroid,  discovered,  248i . 

Io<line  discovered,  719i . 

lodocas  condemned,  7682. 

lona,  Scot.,  founded,  8403. 

lone  City,  Gal.,  Preston  School  fnd.,  3503. 

lones  settle  Ephesus,  IOI52. 

Ionia,  colonized,  11432  ;  conquered,  11461 ; 
subject  to  Persia,  11473  ;  annexed  to 
Rome,  11493. 

Ionian  Greeks,  revolt,  IOI61 ,  10173, 

Islands,  Fr.  retains,  5192;  ceded, 5193; 

taken,  Fr.,  7122  ;  ceded  to  Eng.,  9673  ; 
ceded  to  Fr.,  10353. 

Ionic  Architecture  invented,  10131 . 

Iowa,  territory  org.,  1492  ;  R«bert  Lucas, 
gov.,  1512;  Gen. Congre.Asso.org,,  1523  ; 
John  Chambers,  gov.,  1552  ;  Meth.  Epis. 
Conf.  fmd.,  1563  ;  I.  Wesieyan  Univ.  est,, 
1671;  admitted;  Ansel  Briggs,  gov,; 
James  Clark,  gov.,  1613;  State  Univ.  org., 
1631 ;  eldership  Church  of  God  org.,  1642 ; 
Stephen  Hempstead,  gov.,  1091;  o,  S. 
Preab,  synofi  org,,  1702  ;  p.  e.  diocese 
org,,  1723,  1741 ;  N.  S.  Presb,  synod  org., 
1741 ;  Ger,  synod  Evan.  Luth.  org.,  1762  ; 
James  W.  Grimes,  gov.,  1771 ;  Gen.  Synod 
Evan.  Luth.  org.  ;  Upper  la.  M.  E.  conf. 
org.,  1782;  Ralph  P.Lowe,  gov.,  1852; 
Tornado,  1860,  I86I;  Sam.  J.Klrk^ood, 
gov.,  1903  ;  Wm.  M.  Stone,  ^o<  2413  ; 
Des  Moines  Coll,  org.,  2502  ;  ratifies  13th 
Amendment,  2512  ;  Tabor  Col.  org.,  2543; 
ratifies  14th  amendment,  2613  ;  constitu- 
tion changed;  negroes  to  vote,  2651 ;  Sam. 
Merrill,  gov.,  2662  ;   Agricultural  CoU. 


1290 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,       INDKX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  loWa-IrOlL 


opnd.,  2662  ;  board  of  immigration,  est., 
2692;  ratifies  15th  Amend.,  2693  ;  relics 
dis.,  2701 J  N.  W.  la.  Meth.  Epis.  Conf. 
fmd.,  2763;  North  Free  Meth.  Conf.  fmd., 
2762  ;  Liquor  Law  changed  ;  death  pen- 
alty abolished,  2803  ;  Cyrus  C.  Carpenter, 
fov.,  2811 ;  Free  Meth.  Conf.  org.,  2822  ; 
am.  J.  Kirkwootl,  gov.,  2951 ;  death  pen- 
alty enforced,  ;J01i ;  John  H.  Gear,  gov., 
3012;  Buren  K.  Sherman,  gov.,  3052; 
Board  of  Health  fnd.,  3071 ;  Prohibitory 
Amend,  ratified,  313i ;  Proh.  Liquor  Law, 
3172,  3231 J  W.  la.  Free  Meth.  Conf.  org., 
3182  ;  Wm.Larabee,  gov.,  32.52  ;  Coll.  ob- 
servatory erected,  3281 ;  Law  and  Order 
League  est.,  333i;  S.  B.  Downing,  H. 
Boies,nom.  for  gov.;  Jos.  G.  Hutchinson 
nom.  for  gov., 3451 ;  Kom.  Cath;  Dio.  est., 
3501 ;  Non-partisan  prayers  ordered, 3521 ; 
legislative  deadlock  broken,  3532;  lead- 
mme  dis.,  354i ;  high  license  in,  3551 ,2  j 
high  license  defeated,  3562, 3.'>7i ;  seizure 
of  Deer,  3563  ;  pharmacists'  no  liquor  tax, 
3571;  liquor-selling  increasing,  3583; 
State  Cougre.Asso.. fight  for  pub. schools, 
3602  •  incendiaries  in  Oxford,  3683  ;  ori- 
ginal packages  of  liquor,  prohibited, 
3711,2,  3763;  Horace  Boies,  gov.,  3751, 
4212 ;  Hiram  C.  Wheeler,  gov.,  3872  ; 
liquor  question,  local  settlement,  403 1 , 2  ; 
floods,  4093  ■  R.  R.  accident,  4193  ;  torna- 
does, 432';  Danks  resume,  4353  j  Frank 
D.  Jackson  nom.  for  gov.,  4363  ;  admis- 
sion anniversary,  4393 ;  Univer.  State 
Couven.  org.,  4461 ;  Prohibition  Amend- 
ment void,  4493  ;  churches  attack  Amer. 
Protect.  Asso.,  4501 ;  municipal  female 
Buifrage,  4532  ;  local  option  bill  passes, 
4542  ;  prairie  tire,  4553  ;  tramp  thieves 
desperate,  4582  ;  storm  damage,  4733  ; 
gold  dis. ,4781;  F.  D.  Jackson,  gov., 4793. 

Iowa  State  Coll.  est.,  at  Ames.,  2662. 

Coll.  org.,  1631. 

Univ.    org.,    1631;     Med.     Dept. 

opd.,  2703. 

Wesleyan  Univ.  est.,  1571 . 

Ipanema,  refining  furnaces,  554' . 

Iphicrates  cuts  Spartan  mora,  10222  ;  com- 
mands Athenians,  10223. 

Iphigenia  captured,  9361 . 

,  asteroid,  discovered,  2741 . 

Ipsara,  Turkish  atrocities,  10342. 

Ipsua,  battle,  10261 ,  I027i ,  10481 . 

Iquique,  Chile,  blockaded  ;  naval  battle, 
surrenders,  6062,  608i ;  gold-mines,  6063; 
recaptured,  6081 ;  bombarded ;  occupied  ; 
defeat,  6082  ;  riots,  6083  ;  fire,  6093. 

Iranyi,  D.,  d.,5361. 

Irazu,  eruption,  6313. 

Irby,  John  L.  M.,  b.,  1741. 

Iredell,  James,  b.,  662  ;  justice,  S.  C,  1032; 
electoral  vote,  1073  ;  gov.,  1353  ;  d.,  1082 

Ireland,  Christianity  Intro.,  8392 ;  early 
kings,  8393,  841t,3,  8433,  8452,3,  8471, 
&493;  standing  army  org.,  8392;  Killala 
Church  built,  8403;  rivalry  with  Rome, 
8423;  women  non-military,  8431 ;  mortal- 
ity, 8493,  8593;  civil  strife;  conquest; 
given  to  Eng., 8502;  Pari. begins;  divided; 
fords  of,  8512  ;  native  bps.  forbidden ; 
given  to  pope,  8531,  8522;  disease  rav- 
ages,8533;  wool  staples  est.,  8593;  Rich- 
ard II.  visits,  8603;  statute  of  Kilkenny; 
pestilence,  8613  ;  Kilmore  Cathedral 
erected,  8622  ;  commissioners  for  ;  crim- 
inal prosecution  jury,  8632;  anti-tax  law, 
8633;  Head  Act  passes,  8643;  mints  est.; 
Eng.  Oath  of  allegiance,  8(j51  ;  plague, 
8653,  8673,  8793  ;  Poyning's  law ;  Eng. 
customs-house  laws,  8672  ;  Fitzgerald  s 
insurrection,  8681;  Reformation  pro- 
moted, 8682  ;  reformed  religion  in,  8691 ; 
made  kingdom,  8693  ;  bps.  summoned, 
8703  ;  Liturgy,  first  book  printed,  8711 ; 
Ulster  officer  appt.,  8712  ;  papal  bull, 
8713  ;  Ulster  devastated,  8721;  English 
shilling,  8732  ;  counties  est.,  8733  ;  Des- 
mond revolt  ;  Castle  of  Carlo  surrenders, 
8741;  revolt  in  Ulster,  876'  ;  coinage 
struck,  8773  ;  Protestants'  settlements, 
8783;  Tanistry  abolished,  8791;  under 
Eng.  rule,  8792;  insurrections,  8841,3, 
8852  ;  Royalists  declare  for  Pari.,  8862  ; 
subjugated,  888 1 ;  represented  in  Pari., 
8892;  Settlement  Act  imposed,  8913; 
Regium  Donum  est.,  8923,  8983;  brass 
money  coined,  8993 ;  greasy  matter  falls  ; 
manufactures  restrained,  900 1 ;  exports 
taxed  ;  linen  manuf.  encouraged;  woolen 
manut.  discouraged,  9013;  Bible  printed, 


9023;  laws  against  Catholics,  9023,  9032; 
Irish  Linen  Board  est.,  9063 ;  copper  coin- 
age, 9073;  charter  schools  est.,  909 1 ; 
small  coins  for,  9093;  linen  scarfs  at  fu- 
nerals, 9092  ;  famine,  9113  ;  naturaliza- 
tion refused  to  Jews,  9123  ;  Whiteboys 
ravage, 9142, 9152;  honeydew  falls, 9143; 
linen  mnf.,  9153  ;  coal-mine  dis.,  9181  ; 
steel-boys  soc.  resist  employers,  9192; 
stamp  duties  est.,  9193  ;  Sacramental 
Test  Act  repealed,  921 1 ;  tobacco  culti- 
vated ;  trade  restrictions  removed  ; 
woolen  exportations  ;  Relief  Bill  passes, 
9213;  Genevese  sheltered,  923i  ;  Catholic 
Relief  Bills,  9273  ;  legislative  independ- 
ence est.;  Poyning's  law  repealed,  9232; 
railway,  atmospheric,  first  in,  9521 ;  ter- 
rific storm,  9261,  9362,  9482;  insurrec- 
tion, 9281 ,  9293,9313;  Protestants  perse- 
cuted, 9292;  legislative  union;  amnesty 
granted,  9293  ;  Habeas  Corpus  Act  sus- 
pended, 9313,  9683,  9692  ;  Militia  Act 
g asses,  9353;  first  steamer,  9401;  i^ibbon 
OG.  org.,  9411;  Total  Abstinence  Soc. 
org.,  9432;  waterspout,  944 1 ;  Protestant 
communities  est.,  9443  ;  customs  consol- 
idated, 9452  ;  Reform  Act  passes,  9472  ; 
tithe  disorders ;  poor  laws  extended, 
949 ',3;  rents  instituted,  9493;  atmos- 
pheric railway,  9521 ;  Molly  Maguires 
Soc;  Queen's  colleges  est,,  9531 ;  Famine 
Relief  Acts,  9533  ;  insurrectionists  ;  Vic- 
toria holds  court ;  writs  of  error  judged, 
^52  ;  great  famine,  9553  ;  Queen's  Uni- 
versity est.,  9563;  County  Clare  riot,  9571 ; 
population,  9572  ;  Statute  of  Kilkenny, 
859? » 2;  Income  Tax  extended,  9592;  Or- 
ange Clubs,  9613;  National  Gallery  fnd., 
9621 ;  National  school  system  agitated, 
9623;  secret  societies  ojjposed  ;  Phoenix 
clubs  est.,  9631,2;  soldiers'  ovation; 
agrarian  outrages,  9643,  9671;  repeal 
agitation,  9652  ;  Roman  Catholic  Uni- 
versity est.,  9663  ;  emigration  to  Amer., 
9671;  moonlighters  raid;  Crimes  Act 
protested,  9971 ;  compulsory  vaccination, 
9673;  fire-arms  seized,  969';  concealed 
weapons  forbidden,  9692  ;  counties  pro- 
claimed. Habeas  Corpus  suspended, 9703, 
9733  ;  Fenian  funeral  opposed ;  consta- 
bles sworn  in,  9713  ;  Agrarian  outrages, 
9731,9811,9863,9883,  9943;  linen-makers 
strike,  9792  ;  Univ.  Bill  intro.,  9851 ;  lot- 
tery drawn,  987 1 ;  population  decreases, 
9873  ;  strike  in  potteries  ;  agitators  ar- 
rested ;  extra  magistrates,  9891 ;  police 
disloyal,  9913;  population,  9951 ;  plan  of 
campaign  opposed,  9953  ;  Natl.  League 
suppressed,  997 1 ;  nationalists  dispersed  ; 
counties  proclaimed  ;  National  League 
proclaimed,  9973  ;  Pope's  rescript  re- 
sented, 9982  ;  drunkenness,  9991 ;  m.  P. 
ignore  summons,  IOOO2  ;  indignation 
meetings;  evictions  of  tenants,  10003, 
10083  ;  political  interferences,  10003  ; 
Tenants'  Defense  League  fmd.,  1001 1; 
gold  dis.,  10021;  reporter  sentenced, 
10023  ;  R.R.  men  strike,  10031 ;  Devon- 
shire reduces  rents,  10033;  County  Clare 
moonlighters,  10051;  potato  crop  fails, 
10053  ;  plan  of  campaign  collapses,  10063; 
relief  fund,  G.  B.;  campaign  fund,  10073; 
Coercion  Act ;  moonlighters  raids ;  at- 
tempted train  wreck,  10083  ;  municipal 
franchise,  10091;  relief  works  made, 
10093;  Am.  help,  1632  ;  cable  to  Am.  be- 
gins, 1833;  2d  cable  laid,  2493,  2533;  Am. 
collections  for,2722;  cable  to  N.Y.,  2893; 
advancing  Home  Rule,  323* ;  Irish  Natl. 
League  meet,  3931 . 

Ireland,  John,  gov.  Tex.,  3153, 

, ,  arcbbp.,  b.;  cons.,  2882;  archbp. 

3302;  high-license  address,  3463;  educa- 
tion address,  3622  ;  collection  for  poor, 
3702;  against  lotteries, 3762;  policy  con- 
firmed, 4302  ;  Faribault  plan,  4381. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  9123  ;  d.  (1800). 

, .  w.  H.,  b.,  9203. 

Ireland's  True  Diurnal  issued,  8851 . 

Irenieus,  b.,  10283  ;  bp.  of  Lyons ;  mar- 
tyred, 6623  ;  refers  to  gospels,  10643. 

Irene,  b.  ;   marriage  proposal,  10322  ;  re- 

fent ;  imprisoned  ;  rules ;  reigns  alone ; 
ethroned,  1033 1 ;  deposed;   murdered, 
10322. 

,  Princess,  of  Hesse,  marries,  8323. 

Ireton,  Henry,  b.,  8782  ;  d.,  8882. 
Irlarte,  Ignacio,  b.-d.,  11283. 

(Yriarte),    Tomas    de,    b.-d.,    11283  ; 

works,  11303. 


Irick,  John  S.,  d.,  4681 . 

Iris  sinks,  9933. 

,  planet,  discovered,  9541 . 

Irish,  invade  Eng.,  8481;  expelled,  8623  ; 
affairs  discussed,  H.  C.,  9872  ;  amend- 
ments in  H.  C,  9872  ;  forfeited  estates, 
resumed,  9013  ;  land  commission,  9891 ; 
report,  9912;  lace  exhibit,  London, 9913  ; 
law  charges  adopted,  G.  B.,  i(X)13  ;  mili- 
tia, service  to  Eng.,  932i;  members  of 
Pari.  inN.  Y.,  3711. 

Am.  military  encampment,  4323. 

American  Society,  fmd.,  3851 . 

Archa'Ological  Society,  fmd.,  9501. 

Association,  formed,  5903. 

Church  Reform  Bill  passed  ;  commis- 
sion app.,  9702,  9713  ;  church  disestab- 
lished, 9713,  9732. 

Coercion  Act  passes,  9912. 

Coufederatit^m  Party,  fmd., 9533;  mem- 
bers arrested,  9552. 

Defence  Union,  fmd.,  9943, 

Education  Act,  10092. 

Exhibition,  London,  9981, 

Famine  Relief  Bill,  G.  B.,  9552. 

flag  displayed  in  N.  Y..,  4522,  4542. 

Home  Rule  Bill.    (See  Home  Rule^ 

Rulers,  Gen.  Grant  ignores,  292* 

House  League  intimidation,  9943. 

Intermediate  Education  Act,  9832. 

Invincibles  Society  est.,  9883  ;  Lord 

Cavendish  killed,  9891 . 

Land  Act,  tenants'  rights,  9751 ;  com- 
mittee sit,  9892;  Land  Bill,  9872,3,  9973; 
divides  party,  9872,3. 

Land  Corporation  dissolved,  9903. 

Purchase  Act,  G.  B.,  9993. 

Law  Court  Commission,  app.,  9653. 

Local  Govt.  Bill  (Balfour's),  10091. 

Loyal  and  Patriotic  Union,  est.,  993f . 

— —  magistrates,  power  of  appt.,  IOII2, 

Nat.  Cong,  meets,  2672,  2711 . 

—  Nat.  Rep.  Conven.,  Chicago,  2672. 

Nationalists'  meeting,  3711 . 

Nat.  Education  Board,  incor.,  9631 . 

Federation,  Waterford.  1007 1. 

Land  Lea^iie,  fmd.,  9852,  9872; 

Bp.  McCabe  against,  9842  ;  manifesto; 
ladies  arrested ;   leaders  passive,  988*  ;  ■ 
censured,    9882  ;     against    landlordism^  '' 
9883  ;  suppressed,  9891 ;  in  Phoenix  Park 
conspiracy,  9911 , 

League  of  Am.,  fnd.,  307' ;  con- 
ven., 3931 ,  9943,  10051 ;  Pres.  Gannon  re- 
signs land  league,  4402  ;  in  Dublin,  991', 

parliament,  last  meeting,  9312;  Parli. 

amentary  Fund  Asso.,  fmd.,  3211. 

pilgrims  in  Rome,  10091 , 

policy,  fails,  9892. 

Presb.  Ch.  Regium  Donum,  est.,  9742, 

Property  Defense  Asso.,  fmd.,  9871. 

Society,  chartered,  8932, 

Sunday  Closing  Bill,  passes,  9832. 

Tenant  League,  meets,  967 1 . 

Tenants  Bill,  defeated,  10092. 

■ favored,  9883. 

Tenure  Land  Bill,  rejected,  10033, 

Union  Bill,  in  H.  C,  9311,  2. 

Universitv  Bill,  rejected,  9792. 

charter,  9852. 

Volmiteers  Bill,  defeated,  985*. 

Irkutsk,  gold  discovered,  11201 . 

Irma^  asteroid,  discovered,  748i . 

Irminger,  Carl  Ludwig  Christian,  b.,636 
d.,  6421. 

Irnerius  lectures,  1075* . 

Iron  Duke,  nearly  lost ;  collides,  9801 , 

Iron,  first  castings,  36i ;  works  encon 
aged.  Am.,  373;  forge  in  Mass.,38i ;  (pi|_ 
mnf.  in  Am.,  581 ;  mnf.  prohited  in  Ain.^1 
593;  first  rolling-mill,  124i;  coal  usecU'l 
1261,  1501;  galvanized  inv.,  1361,  172i;l 
hot-air  blast,  1381    1441. 

and  Steel  Inst,  org.,  9721;  opens,  3681. 

Clad  Oath  Bill  repealed,  3172. 

Cross,  orderin6tituted,810i,811i;be 

stowed,  7403,  8261 ;  decoration,  827' 
der  in  It.,  10853. 

crown.  It.,  surrendered,  5272. 

Hall,  accounts,  4142  ;  receiver  appt'd 

4152  ;  treas.  Coke  indicted,  4222. 

League  trouble,  4122. 

mask,  Man  with  the,  6932. 

Mt.,  accident,  4752. 

nailers  riotous,  Eng.  9092. 

ore,  discovered  Okla.,  3421 ;  duty  Oilpl 

4612  ;  made  in  England,  8681 ;  tinninjl 
intro.,  8941;  improvementsinmnf.,  922*;  J 
wrought  by  magnetism,  970i ;  weldii^  j 
discovered,  10142;  forging  inv.,  11391. 


Iron-Jack. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1291 


Ironmongers  Co.  formed,  8(;"»3. 
Ironsides  formed  by  Cromwell,  8841 . 
Ironton,  Mo.,  action,  'JOi)i ,  '_'182. 
Irrigation  eonven.,  3913,  4553,  4713. 
Irun  besieged,  11321 . 

Irvin,  Wm.,  physician,  b.  (1805) ;  d.,  2481 . 
Irvine,  Ky.,  three  persons  8ht)t,  3711 . 

,  Wash.  College  founded,  3143. 

,  S.  G.,  moderator,  ;JU02. 

Ii'ving,  Edward,  b.,  9'2tJ2. 

,  Henry,  b.,  9482;  tirst  in  Am.,  3141; 

as  Hamlet, 978^ ;  Henry  fill.,  1006 1.  (See 

Brodrib,  John  Henry.) 

, T.,  governor,  10393. 

,  John  Beaufain,  b.  (1825) ;  works,  *2tiOi , 

2681,2861,2941. 

,  Lieut.  John,  remains  found,  3021 . 

,  Peter,  b.,  762  ;  d.,  1501 . 

.Washington,  b.,   96i ;    works,   1143, 

1171,  1283,  1312,  1333,   1371,  1411,    1451, 

1463,  1491,   16G3,   1683,  1783;   d.,   1842; 

bust,  2541. 

,  William,  b.,  74i ;  d.,  1301 . 

Irvington,  111.,  College  organized,  2502, 

,  Ind.,  Butler  University  org.,  1782. 

,  N.  J.,  gold  discovered,  336i . 

,  N.  Y.,  J.  S.  Penman  resigns,  4321. 

Irwin,  Agnes.  Dean  of  Itadcliffe,  4602. 

.  Bernard  J.  D.,commis.  colonel,  366i . 

,  Jared,b.(1750);gov., 1073,1151  ;d.,1262. 

,  John  N.,  gov.  Ariz.,  3152,  3673. 

,  Com. ,  b.  (1832) ;  promoted,  3841 . 

,  L.  S.,  Chinese  smuggling,  4542. 

,  Nathaniel,  b.  (1756) ;  moderator,  1103; 

d.  (1812). 

,  William,  b.  (1827);  gov., 2912;  d.(1886). 

Irwinville,  Ga.,  J.  Davis  abandons,  2463, 

Isaac  Smith  captured,  2182. 

Isaac,  sacrifice  of ;  digs  wells,  11402. 

I.,  Comnenus,  reigns,  10333;  d.  (1061). 

U.,  Angelas  Comnenus,  reigns  ;  de- 
throned ;    restored,    10333  ;    against  3d 

crusade.  10322  ;  d.  (1204). 

,  M.,  duel,  7623. 

Isaacs,  Sir  Henry  Aaron,  lord  mayor,  999®, 

Isabel  escapes,  ^1 . 

Isabella  Island,  discovered,  142. 

.  Queen  of  France,  exiled^  077i, 3. 

,  of  Sp.,b.-d.,  11263;  rules  Castile;  mar- 

^      ries  Ferdinand  II.,  11273;  aids  Columbus, 

123  ;  aids  Indianslaves,  152,  171 ;  founds 

hospital,  11272, 
II.  (Maria   Isabella   Louise),    Spain, 

aueen,  b.,  U303;  reigns,  11312;  deposed; 
eclared  of  age;  married,  11313  ;  sep- 
arated, 11323;  abdicates,  li;J32. 

,  of  Eng.,  marries,  6733,  8572,  8603;  in- 
vades Eng.,  8561 ;  cruelty  to  Edward, 
8563;  at  Fr.  court,  8572;  prisoner,  8573. 

,  Princess,  b.,  5542;  marries,  5563. 

,  Princess  of  Achaia,  rules,  10352. 

,  of  Port.,  marries  Charles  V.,  7893. 

Isaltellay  asteroiii,  discovered,  5282. 

Isabella  and  Pot  of  Basil  painted,  9721 . 

Isabey, Eugene  Louis  Gabriel,  b.,  7151 ;  d., 
7542. 

,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  703i ;  d.,  7322, 

Isffius,  b.-tl.,  10211 ;  orations,  10231 . 

Isadoras,  leader  of  nobles,  10173. 

Isaiah,  prophet,  11443. 

Isambert,  Pranv'ois  A.,  b.,  7082;  d.,  7322. 

Isandra  mission  opened,  10941 . 

Isandula,  British  defeat,  6OO2. 

Isasi,Don  EmilioCallejae,capt. -gen. ,6333, 

Isaszeg,  battle,  5222. 

Isaure,  Clemence,  b.-d.,  6782. 

Isauric  race  of  einper<»rs,  10331 . 

Ischesne,  earthtjuake,  11562. 

Ischl,  Maria  Valeria,  married,  5343. 

Isenberg,  Miss,  in  Abyssinia,  I2. 

Isernia,  action,  1088* . 

Ishaga,  flestroyed,  11613. 

Ishak,  Khan,  Bokharan  service  ;  defeated; 
at  Tash  Kurgan,  62;  at  Bokhara,  63; 
revolts  ;  in  Russia,  71 ;  flees,  73. 

Islihosheth,  reigns,  11432. 

Ishima  Island,  volcanic  eruption,  10921. 

Ishingana,  revolt;  surrenders,  6022. 

Ishinomoki,  missions,  10922. 

Ishmaei,b.,  4832:  archer,  U40i ;  sent  away, 
progenitor  of  Arabs,  11402. 

,  reigns  in  Morocco,  10972. 

I.,  high  priest,  11503. 

II.,  high  priest,  11523. 

Ishpeming,  Mich.,  gold  found,  3641. 

Isialaw  1.,  grand  D.  of  Kussi;i.  in:t3. 

II.,  D.  of  Kietf  ;  expelled,  11133. 

Iflidoros,  Hispalensis,  b.-d.,  11251. 

Isinglass  wins  Derby,  10053. 


Isis,  asteroid,  discovered,  9602. 

Isla,  Jose  Francisco  de,  b.,  64 1;  works, 
11292,  11303. 

Istamism,  spreads,  4843  ;  Berbers  won, 
4851;  reformed,  4882;  checked,  6622. 

Island  No.  10,  Tenn.,  2051;  taken,  2052, 
2061;  passed,  2061. 

of  liugen,  ceded  to  Prussia,  11363. 

Island  Queen  seized,  5813;  plot  to  capture 
Michiqan;  sunk,  2382. 

Isle  of  Alan  subdued,  8421 ,  8481 ,  8541 ;  re- 
covered, 8561 ,  8581 ;  cetled  to  Eng.,  8613; 
restored  to  Stjuiley,  8793;  sold  to  crown, 
9173. 

Isles,  see  of,  erected,  8402,  9063;  bishopric 
est.,  9543. 

Isley,  Edward,  cons.  R.  C.  bishop,  9822. 

Islington,  Loudon,  thimbles  mnfd.,  9001; 
Industrial  Exhib.  opened,  9652  ;  horse- 
show  opd.,  9673;  Myddleton  statue,  9661. 

Islip,  N.  Y.,  robber-caves,  3871 . 

Ismael,  conquers  Bokhara,  5491 . 

Ismail,  Russia,  taken,  III6I . 

(Ishmael),  conquers  Georgia,  11062. 

I.,  Sufl,  reigns,  11072. 

II.,  Meerza,  reigns,  11072. 

Pasha,  Egy.,  b.,6563;  viceroy,  6571 ,3; 

titled  Khedive,  6573;  Gr.  insurrections; 
killed,  6562. 

,  ex-Sultan,  India,  surrenders,  10482. 

Sadyk,  Egypt,  banished,  6591 . 

,  Samaui,  conquers  Persia  ;  rules  Tur- 
kestan, 4871. 

Ismaila,  Egypt,  founded,  6573. 

fsmene,  asteroid,  discovered,  298'. 

Ismi-dagon  reigns,  11413. 

Isocrates,  b.-d.,  10211 ;  works,  10231. 

Isolde,  asteroid,  discovered,  5282, 

Isotry,  Madagascar,  mission  opd.,  10941. 

Isovina,  mission  opened,  10941 . 

Ispahan  taken,  11062 ;capital  Persia, HO72, 

Israel  ruled  by  Judges,  1141 1 ;  in  Canaan; 
first  bondage,  11413  ;  2d,  3d,  4th  bond- 
age, 11431 ;  5th,  6th  bondage,  11432;  war 
\vith  Judah,  11433. 

Israelites  (see  text,  pp.  1141+),  migration, 
6463;  in  Egypt,  6482  ;  exodus,  6493  ;  de- 
livered, 1140* ±. 

I88U8,  battle,  10242,  10641. 

Istalilf ,  Afgh.,  stormed  by  British,  42. 

Isthmian  games,  Gr.,  instituted,  IOI32  ;  re- 
vived, 10583,  10691. 

Isthmus,  Darien,  U.  S.  Congress  approves 
canal,  2693. 

IstTna,  asteroid,  discovered,  5282. 

Istria,  a  Koman  province,  5023  ;  ceded  to 
Aust.,  5192,3  ;  Venice  acquires,  10733  ; 
Hung,  acquires,  10773. 

Isturiz,  Francisco  Xavier  de,  b.-d.,  11302. 

Itajuba,  Vicomte  d*,  Geneva  Conven- 
tion, 2752, 

Italia  launched,  10882. 

Italian  wrecked,  9733. 

Italian  Aseo.  for  Science  meets,  1086' ; 

conquests,  Fr.  give  up,  6892. 

kingdom  overthrown,  10871. 

legation,  U.S., becomes  embassy, 4312. 

protest  against  New  Orleans  lynch- 
ing, 3802, 

subjects  protected,  Am.,  381' . 

wars,  7741. 

Italy  (see  pp.  1050-1090) ;  Pope  Pius  IX. 
opens  council,  2682;  diplomatic  rupture 
with  U.  S.,  3813,  5593  ;  diplomatic  rela- 
tions resumed,  4052  ;  confederation  of 
States,  5253  ;  surrendered,  6813  ;  king- 
dom recognize<l,  7353  ;  feudal  system 
suppressed,  781 1 . 
Itata,  Chilean  steamer,  escapes  to  sea, 
3821.  (See  3821,  3832,  3341,  386',  3872, 
6082,6093.) 
Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  Cornell  Univ.  est.,  2623, 
3423. 

and  Oswego  R.  R.,  commenced,  1393. 

Ithome,  Gr.,  taken,  10141;    Helots  sub- 
dued, 10191. 
Ito,  Count,  intro.  Western  dress,  10923. 
Iturbide,  Au^ustin  de,  Mex.,  b.-d.,  10952  ; 
issued  mainfesto  ;   emp. ;   overthrown  ; 
signs  treaty,  10953;  falls,  11231 . 
luka.  Miss.,  Confeds.  defeated,  2132, 
Ivan  T.,  Kalita,  d.,  11142;  Grand  Duke  of 
Moscow,  11152, 

11.,  b.-d.,  11142;  D.  of  Moscow,  11152. 

III.,  takes  Kasan,  subjugates  Novgo- 
rod. 1114 1. 

III.,  Basilovitz,  or  John  III.,  Grand 

D.  of  Moscow;  takes  title  of  Czar,  11152; 
A'«f/e6nU-,codeof  laws,11143;  d.,  11142. 


Ivan  IV.,  b.-d.,  11142  ;   conquers  Kasan, 

11141 ;    Sttdebnik,  code  of  laws,  11143  ■_ 

Czar,  11152. 

v.,  b.-d.,  11142;  Czar,  11163. 

VI.,  b.-d.,   11143;  reigns  in  Russia; 

imprisoned  ;  killed,  11153. 
Ivanotf,  Alex.   Andreyevitch,   b.,   11162  ; 

d.,  11182. 
Ivanovitch,  Vladimir,  work,  11183. 
Iveagh,  Baron,  title  created,  IOO52. 
Iverson,    senator,    b.   (1798) ;    withdraws, 

1912;  d.  (1873). 
Ives,  Levi  Silliman,  b.  (1798) ;  cons,  bishop, 

1383,  1733  ;  deposed,  1732  ;  d.  (1867). 
— ,  Thomas  P.,  d.,  2482. 
,  W.  B.,  Pres.  Privy  Council,  5952  ; 

Minister  of  Trade  and  Commerce,  696'. 
Ivison,  Henry,  d.,  3181. 
Ivry-la-Bataille,  Fr.,  battle,  684i . 
I  Wang  enthroned,  6II2. 
Ixtlilxochitl,  Mex.,  chief,  b.,  1095';  Chi- 

chtmec  ruler,  133. 
,  Ferdinand   de    Alva    Cortes,    b.-d., 

10951. 
lyeharu,  shogun,  10913. 
lyemitsu,  shogun,  10913  ;  opposes  Chris- 
tianity, closes  Japan  ;  d.,  1(^13. 
lyemochi,  shogun,  10923. 
lyenori,  shogun,  10913. 
lyesada,  shogun,  10913. 
lyetsuna,  shogun,  10913. 
lyeyasu,  shogun,  Japan,  favors  education ; 

decrees  isolation  ;  resigns  title ;  leaves 

code;  d.,  10911, 3. 
,  defeats  enemies  ;  expels  foreigners, 

10911. 
lyeyoshi,  shogun,  10913. 
Izard,  Mark  W.,  governor,  1792, 
,  Ralph,  b.  (1749) ;  Pres.  senate,  105*  ; 

senator;  d.,  1122. 
Izcoatzin,  enthroned,  10952. 
Iztapalapan,  conquered,  I8I. 
Izzard,  George,  governor  Ark.,  133*. 


Jabal,  first  builder,  11391 . 

Jabalpur,  mission,  10463. 

Jabin  rules  Israel,  11431. 

Jablochkotf,  Paul,  electric  candle,  7601 ;. 
electric  light  system,  9822. 

Jacapa,  Gen.  Enriquez,  killed,  10381 . 

Jack,  Capt.,  Indian  chief,  2801 ;  executed, 
2821. 

Jack  the  Ripper  (?),  arrest,  5903. 

Jackman,  David  K.,  surety  for  Davis,  2563. 

Jackmann,  Edouard  K.  E.,  b.,  11163. 

Jack's  Creek,  Ga.,  Creeks  defeated,  IOOI . 

Jackson,  Fla.,  Sub-Tropical  Exhibition 
opd.,  3513  ;  troops  called,  4081. 

,  Mich.,  R.  R.  collision,  4413. 

,  Miss.,  raid,  2103  ;  j.  E.  Johnston  ar- 
rives at ;  Feds,  take,  222 1 ;  Sherman  at, 
2242  ;  action  at ;  Johnston  besieged  at ; 
Confeds.  evacuate,  2243 ;  Conf e»is.  driven 
out,  2361;  Gov.  Clark  convenes  Leg., 
2473  ;  Immigration  Conven.  meets,  2612  ; 
Agricultural  Coll.  org.,  3013  ;  Normal 
School  opd.,3142;  Mill8apdonation,3362; 
Constitutional  Conven.,  3671 ,  3712;  Con- 
fed,  monument,  384' ;  Katclitfe  trial, 
4542  ;  Confed.  soldiers'  monument, 384' . 

,  Tenn.,  Confeds.  defeated, 2243 ;  South- 
western Univ.  est.,  2863,  2903  ;  negro 
lynching,  3883, 

,  Abner,  b.  (1811) ;  d.,  2842. 

,  Alice,  abducted,  3511. 

,  Andrew,  b..  74i;  at  Hanging  Rock, 

921;  marries,  1071;  rep.  1072;  senator, 
1091 ;  hero  of  New  Orleans,  II8I ;  army 
disbands,  120'  at  Autosse;  at  Talladega, 
1203  ;  at  Emncfau ;  at  Horse-shoe,  1221 ; 
at  New  Orleans;  attacked  byPakenham  ; 
at  Pensacola,  1223  ;  fights  Indians,  1241 ; 
invades  Fla. ;  reduces  Barancas  ;  sub- 
dues Seminoles  ;  takes  Pensacola ;  takes 
St.  Marks,  126i ;  gov.,  1293  ;  electoral 
vote,  1332,  1;J72,  1413  ;  presidential  can- 
didate ;  popular  vote;  vote  in  House  of 
Rep.,  1332  ;  pres.  ;  against  Nat.  Bank; 
vote  for  pres.,  1371;  electoral  vote;  in- 
aug.,  1371,2;  "reigns,"  1372;  opposed 
to  Calhoun,  1373  ;  nom.  for  pres.,  141' ; 
popular  vote  ;  against  nulliners,  141*  ; 
anti-nullification  message,  1413;  attempt 
to  assassinate,  1431 ;  orders  "  removal  of 
deposits " ;  second  term  ;  signs  Tariff 
and  Force  bills,  1432  ;  resolution  to  cen- 


1292 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        IN^UilX,        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Jack-Japa. 


sure.  143^  ;  suppression  of  antislavery 
literature;  Delavan's  declaration,  145 ^ ; 
reprisals  on  Fr.  commerce,  145J* ;  specie 
circular ;  vote  of  censure  expunged, 
1472;  fine  refunded,  1572;  d.,  158i ;  sword 
presented  to  Cong,,  1773. 

Jackson,  Capt. ,  battle  witli  Indians,  278i. 

,  Chailes  Thomas,  b.,  1122  ;  gov.  K.  I., 

1611;  d.,30ii. 

.Claiborne  Fox,  b.(1807),gov.Mo.,2032; 

d.,  2172. 

,  Edward  Pay8on,b.  (I&IO)  ;  work,  3982. 

,  Frank  D.,  gov.  la.,  43G3,  4793. 

Harmswortb,  polar  expedition,  1012t . 

,  Mrs.  (Helen  Maria  Fiske,  later  Mrs. 

Hunt),  Helen  Hunt,  b.,  1382 ;  works, 
2771,2803;  d.,  3202. 

,  Henry,  steam  en^ne,  926i . 

, M.,  cons,  assistant  bp.,  3762. 

, R.,  b.  (1820) ;  at  Green  Briar,  W. 

Va.,  1983. 

,  Howell  Edmunds,  b.,  1401 ;  associate 

justice,  4251. 

,  Jacob  R.,  gov.  W.  Va.,  3093. 

,  James,  b.,  891 ;  gov.  Mo.,  1093  ;  seizes 

arsenal,  1941;  loyaltv  of  militia;  near 
Warsaw,"  1961 ;  battle  of  Carthage,  1962  ; 
declares  state  independence,  1992  ;  calls 
legislature  at  Neosho,  2012  ;  d.,  2582. 

, S.,  b.  (1822) ;  d.,  2152. 

,  JohnK.,  d.,  2501. 

,  Jonathan,  b.,  642  ;  d.,  11G2. 

,  Mary  Ann,  works,  4202. 

,  Private,  wins  rifle  prize,  9941 . 

,  Thomas  Jonathan,  b.,  132i ;  at  Mar- 

tinsburg,  Va.,  1962;  at  Bath,  2021;  at 
Blooming  Gap, 2041  j  at  Winchester,205i ; 
at  McDowell  ;  in  Shenandoah  Valley, 
2071;  near  Winchester;  retreats,  2082; 
escapes  Fremont ;  at  Port  Republic ;  at 
Cross  Keys,  2083;  in  Seven  Days'  Battles, 
2091 ;  at  Cedar  Mountain  ;  raids,  2103  ; 
on  the  Rapidan,211i ;  at  Centerville  ;  at, 
Chantilly  ;  at  Groveton,  2122  ;  at  Antie- 
tam  ;  at  Harper's  Ferry,  2131 ;  at  Fred- 
ericksburg, 2162  ;  at  Chaucellorsville, 
2211 ;  d.,  2232  ;  statue,  2881  ^  3041 ;  monu- 
ment, 3881. 

,  William  J.,  b.,  9082  ;  cons,  bp.,  9862. 

,  Dr.  W.  L.,  pres.  soc.,  4722, 

,  Wm.  L.,  sec.  for  Ireland,  10073. 

,  Gen.  W.  S.,  forced  from.W.  Va.,  2281 . 

Coll.,  Mi.ss.,  Col.  Baptist  fud.,  3023, 

Park,  Chicago,  laid  out,  2693. 

Jackson's  Mills,  N.  C,  Feds,  routed,  244*. 

Jacksonville,  Fla.,  surrendered,  2043  ; 
Feds,  occupy,  2142  ;  again  taken,  220i ; 
Feds,  evacuate,  2202  ;  Confeds.  driven 
out,  2301 ;  Cookman  Inst,  est.,  2922  ;  In- 
stitution for  Deaf  and  Dumb,  319' ;  yel- 
low fever,  3313  ;  election,  fraud,  371 1 ; 
fire,  3913  ;  Confederate  flags,  4082  ;  race 
war,  4102  ;  Corbett-Mitchetl  prize-fit^ht, 
4462,  4482  ;  U.  S.  troops,  4483, 

,  III.,  College  org.,  1391 ;  Female  Col- 
lege org.,  1621 . 

Jacob  seized  by  pirates,  11331. 

Bell  captured,  2183. 

vision,  11402  ;  marriages  of,  1141 1 . 

,  John  J.,  gov.  W.  Va.,  2772, 

Jacoba,  claims  lordship,  10992  ;  d.,  10982. 

Jacobi,  Friedrich  H.,  b.,  8803  ;  d.,  8122. 

,  Johann  G.,  b.,  8OO2  ;  Poems,  8032  ;  d., 

8102. 

,  Maximilian,  b.,  804i ;  d.,  8201 , 

,  Michael  Angelo,  cons,  bp.,  9682. 

,  Moritz  Hermann,  b.  (1801)  ;  electric 

light,  3161 ;  d.  (1874). 

Jacobins,  origin  of,  6703  ;  rise  of  clubs, 
7071 ;  club  sittings  permanent,709i ;  rule, 
7092  ;  attacked,  7111,  2. 

Jacobite  lords  trial,  Eng.,  9053  ;  plot 
against  king,  9012  ;  rebellion,  9053,  9101 ; 
riots,  9051  j  m  Eng.  ;  suppressed  in  Scot. 
90J1;  in  Glasgow,  9112. 

Jacobites  sect  rnd,,  Syria,  11543. 

Jacobs,  Christian  Frederick  Wilhelm,  b., 
8023  ;  d.  8162, 

,  Joshua  W.,  commis.  major,  4561 . 

Jacobus,  Baradseus,  fnds.  Jacobites,  11543. 

,  Melancthon  W.,  b.,  1242  ;  moderator, 

2682;  d.,5921. 

Jacotot,  Joseph,  b.,  7042  ;  d.,  7282. 

Jacquand,  Claudius,  b.,  7163  ;  d.  (1878). 

Jacquard,  Jos.  Marie,  b.,  7011;  weaving- 
machine,  7123  ;  d.,  7262. 

Jacque,  Charles  Emile,  d.,  7661 . 

Jacquemart,  Albert,  b.,  7163  ;  d.,  750i . 

,  Julea  F,,  b.,  7262  ;  d.,  7522. 


Jacquemont,  Victor,  b.,  7143  ;  d.,  7262. 

Jacques,  Baron,  suicide,  765i . 

Jadassuhn,  Salomon,  b.,  8142. 

Jaddua,  high  priest,  11463, 

Jaeger,  Kate,  killed,  4222. 

Jaehne,  Henry  W.,  sentenced,  3232  ;  par- 
doned, 4&12. 

Jaenbert,  archbp.  of  Canterbury,  843t . 

Jaffa,  or  Joppa,  Syria,  taken  by  Saladin, 
11541 ;  taken  by  louis  IX.  of  Fr.,  11542  ; 
Eng.  king  takes,  4872  ;  Napoleon  takes, 
7122;  Caliph  Omar  takes;  Crusaders  take, 
11541 ;  Am  pilgrims  at,  U582  ;  Am.  col- 
ony at ;  R.  R.  to  Jerusalem,  11583. 

Jatte,  Pbilipp,  b.,  8122  j  d.,  8262. 

Jalfna,  Ceylon,  Bp.  Melizjin,  cons.,  9862. 

Jag^dalak,  Afghanistan,  attacked,  6I. 

Jagger.Thos.  Augustus,  b.(1839);  bp.,2882. 

Jagic,  Vatroslav,  philologist,  b.,  5203. 

Jahangir,  reigns,  India,  10443. 

Jahn,  Friedrich  L.,  work,  8103  ;  d.,  8I8I . 

,  Johann,  b.,  8022  ;  d.,  8121 . 

Jabr,  Georg  H.  G.,  b.,  SO71 ;  d.,  8282. 

Jaipur,  India,  mission,  10483. 

Jair,  reigns,  11431. 

Jalabert,  Charles  Francois,  b.,  7223. 

Jalander  Khan,  taken,  62. 

,  mission,  10471. 

Jalapa,  Mex.,  Americans  enter,  1621 . 

Jaloulah,  battle,  4841 . 

Jamaica,  W.  I.,  discovered,  143  ;  Colum- 
bus detained,  162  ;  earthquake,  261,522; 
taken,  401 ;  cyclone  at,  601 ,  63i ;  Maroons 
settle,  652  ;  theatrical  performance,  66' ; 
negro  conspiracy,  67 1;  Moravians,  69 1 ; 
St.  John's  mission  ;  converts  baptized, 
711;  Port  Royal  destroyed,  78i;Fr.  at- 
tack, 6321 ;  Eng.  capture,  888I ;  ceded  to 
Eng.,  8892;  bishopric  est. ,  9371 ;  negro  in- 
surrection, 9691 ;  Bp.  Nuttall  eons.,  9862. 

,  N.  Y.,  Polish  mob  raid,  3783. 

Bay,N.  Y.,  Mystery  capsizes,  3273. 

Jamaspes,  Per.,  reigns,  11072. 

Jamee,  or  Djanii,  Per  poet,  b.-d.,  11063, 

Jameiioz,  Je^us,  pres.  Costa  Rica,  6311. 

James  l8lands,S.C., skirmish  on,2083,209i ; 
assaulted,  2243  ;  Feds,  take,  2263,  2422. 

River,  Va.,  Kilpatrick  damages  canal, 

2302  ;  Grant  near,  2342,  a  ;  rises,  2701 , 
2713. 

James  Coo^*e  wrecked.  Ire.,  9513. 

James  D.  Nicoll  sinks,  4633, 

James  I.  of  Eng.  (James  VI.  of  Scot.),  b., 
8722  ;  rules  Scot.  ;  at  Castle  Ruthven ; 
escapes,  8753  K.  ;  Essapes,  8752;  mar- 
ries Anne  of  Den.,  8783  ;  bridles  liberty 
of  church  ;  divine  right,  8763  ;  cro\raea 
K.  of  Eng. ;  reigns,  8791 ;  domains,  8792; 
Bible,  8783  ;  revives  Episcopacv,  8782  ; 
in  Scot.,  8811;  works,  8772,  8803;  con- 
test with  H.  C.  ;  grants  Nova  Scotia, 
8812;  contends  with  London  Company, 
311;  d.,  8802,  8813. 

II.,  b.,  8822;  D.  of  York,  1.  high  adm., 

8901 ;  marries,  8912  ;  claims  throne  ;  in 
Fr.,  8952  ;  excluded,  8953;  est.  sea  sig- 
nals, 8962  ;  award  damages,  897 1 ;  at  bat- 
tle of  Southwold,  6921 ;  reigns  ;  lord  of 
admiralty,  8972  ;  restores  charters  ;  pro- 
rogues new  pari.,  8973;  grants  pardon, 
89V 1;  marriage  opposed,  8933;  favors 
Catholics,  8962;  for  liberty  of  conscience, 
8963,  8973;  escapes  ;  arrested,  8991 ;  con- 
venes Irish  Pari.,  8983,  8992  ;  tears  up 
Parliament  writ8,899i  ;aid  from  Fr.,898i ; 
in  Scot.,  9032;  d.,  9022;  statue,  8962,  3. 

I.,  Scot., b.-d.,  8602;  imprisoned, 8603  ; 

reigns,  8613  ;  released,  863i ;  crowned  ; 
marriage ;  Atnj/'s  Quair,  8C23  ;  mur- 
dered, 8632. 

II.,   Scot.,   b.-d.,  8622  ;  reigns,  8632  ; 

killed,  8651 . 

III.,   Scot.,  b.-d.,  8622;  reigns,  8651; 

conspiracy  against  ;  prisoner,  8653  ; 
marriage,  8652;  k.,8672. 

IV.,  Scot.,  b., 8642;  K.,S6'/2;  supports 

Warbeck,  866I ;  marriage,  8671 ;  k.,  866I . 

v.,  Scot.,  b.,  8661 ;  reigns,  8673  ;  mar- 
riage, 8692  ;  (1.,  8682, 

I.  of  Aragon,  takes  Majorca,  11261 ; 

reigns,  11273. 

II.,  the  Just,  reigns  in  Aragon,  11273. 

I.  (II.),  king  of  Sicily,  10772, 

the    Apostle,    called,     11521;    writes 

Epistle  :  beheaded,  11531 . 

,  Capt.,  in  Canada,  5722. 

,  Charles  T.,  b.  (1805) ;  d.,  2152. 

,  D.  of  Montrose,  P.  M.  general,  9692. 

,  E.  of  Morton,  pree.  Royal  Soc,  9122. 


James,  E.  of  Ormond,  8632;  gov.,  8592,8612. 

,  Earl  Stanhope,  prime  minister,  9172. 

,  George  Payne  llainsford,   b.,  930*  ; 

works,  9443,  9523,  9623  ;  d.,  9642. 

,  Henry,  b.  (1811) ;  d.,  3102, 

, Jr.,  b.,   1561;  works,  2911,  2863, 

3L03,  3031 ,  3151 ,  3243,  3743,  4203. 

,  Sir ,  b.,   9323;    defeuda    TYttim, 

9993  ;  d.,9822. 

,  Horace,  b.,  1262. 

,  John,  persecuted,  8903. 

, Angell,  b.,  9223  ;  d.,  9622. 

,  Louis,  b.,  1542, 

,  Major,  at  Cameron,  Mo,,  2001 . 

,  Tom,  pugilist,  killed,  3543. 

,  Thomas  Lemuel,  b.  (1831) ;  post- 
master general,  3072. 

,  Warren,  d  ,  292i . 

,  William,  Psychology,  3722. 

, H.,  governor  Nebraska,  2772. 

James's  Bay,  Can.,  discovered,  32i . 

Gazette  est.,  10083. 

Jamestown,  Kan.,  woman,  judge,  3833. 

,  N.  Dak.,  insane  asylum  opd.,3203; 

frogs,  3382  ;  diocese  est.,  350i . 

,  O.,  Woman's  Temperance   Crusado 

opened,  283 1 . 

,  Va.,  colony,  263,  272,  8792  ;  chfroel, 

262  ;  sickness  ;  prosperous,  272,  SS*  ; 
Afr.  slaves,  283  ;  Burgesses  meet,  293j 
massacre  threatened,  302  ;  Harvey  ar- 
rives, 331 ;  tobacco  exported,  31i ;  king's 
proclamation,  312  ;  burned,  462,  472. 

Jameson,  Anna,  b.,  9283  ;  works,  9561 ;  d.| 
9642. 

,  Charles  Davis,  b.  (1827) ;  d.,  212. 

,  James  S.,d.,  5621. 

Jamiesou,  Geo.,  wins  rifle  prize,  974i. 

Jamison,  B.  K.  and  Co.,  bankers,  fail, 3733. 

Jamnia,  or  Jabne,  battle  at,  11481. 

Jamyn,  Amadis,  work,  6843. 

Jan,  seizes  Ghazni,  Afg. ;  killed,  6' . 

Janarius,  St.,  chapel  at  Naples,  10832. 

Janauscbek,  Fanny  (Franzisca  Magdalena 
Romance),  b.,  5202. 

Janequeo,  avenges  husband's  death,  605', 

Janes,  Edmund  Storer,  b.,  1141;  conse- 
crated bishop,  1563  ;  d.,  2921. 

Janesville,  Wis.,  anti-prohibition  conven- 
tion, 3863, 

Janet,  Ange  Louis,  b.,  7223  ;  d.,  7461 . 

,  Paul,    b.,  7342;    works,  7331,  736», 

7462,  7503,  7542,  7562,  7582. 

Janeway,  George  L.,  gift  to  Rutgers  Col- 
lege, 3482. 

,  Jacob  Jones,  b.  (1774) ;  moderator, 

1263  ;  d.  (1858). 

Jania,  action  at,  11082. 

Janias,  reigns  in  Egypt,  6473. 

Janicke,  Pastor,  founds  societies,  8083. 

Janin,  Jules  Gabriel,  b.,  7151;  works, 
7263,  7283,  7303  ;  d.,  7482. 

JaniscU,  Antonie,  b.,  5223. 

Janizaries,  org.,  11542  ;  Christian  slavefl, 
11551 ;  revolt,  11561 ,  2 ;  in  Algeria,  92. 

Jankau, Boh., Swedes  victorious,  5122,6361. 

Janney,  Samuel  M.,  b.,  IIOI ;  d.,  3041. 

Jannier,  T.  A.,  Old  New  Spain,  3963. 

Jansen,  Cornelius,  b.-d.,  10983  ;  Augu»' 
tinus,  advocates  free  grace,  1101 1.      ' 

,  Johannes,  mayor  New  Yoi'k,  6I2. 

,  Zacharia,  invents  telescope,  10822  ; 

microscope,  10982. 

Jansenist,  Fr.,  dispute,  695 1 ;  persecuted, 
6991,7011. 

Janson,  KristotferNagle,  b.,  11041 ;  works, 
11043. 

,  or  Jenson,  Nicolas,  b.-d.,  6762, 

Janssen,  John,  cons.  bp.  Belleville,  3302. 

Janssens,  Francis,  b.  (1847) ;  archbishop 
Louisiana,  3062, 

January,  edict  of,  6833, 

flanuensis.  Friar  Johannes  Balbus,  "  Co- 
tholicon,"  7871. 

Janus,  temple  of,  erected,  10503  ;  closed, 
10532,  10611,  10731. 

Japan  (see  text,  pp.  1091-1093),  Am.  expe- 
dition, 1712  ;  inter-commerce  with  Am., 
1721 ;  embassy  in  Am,,  1872, 2773  ;  treaty 
with  U.  S.,  3073,4771 ,  1751 ,1831 ;  Bishop 
John  McKim  cons.,  4321 ;  Crown  Prince 
visits  West  Point,  4363  ;  emigrants  de- 
barred. Am.,  4633  ;  in  Korean  dispute, 
4663  ;  minister  recalled,  4671 ;  students 
executed,  4771,6273;  Congressional  ac- 
tion ;  aids  Korea,  6121 ;  dispute  with 
China  ;  treaty  with  ;  war  avoidt'd,  6232  ; 
transports  leave,  6262;  rejects  peace  pro- 
posals ;   war  on  China ;    alliance  with 


Japa-Jeru. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INL)ll*X.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


1293 


Korea,  6272  ;  demands  ambassador ; 
peace  negotiations,  6*273  ;  Fr.  conven., 
7372;  Brit,  treaty  with,  y632;  Bp.Bicker- 
steth  cons.,  9962  ;  ambassadors  in  It., 
10832  -gunboat  attacked,  lOW;  treaty 
with  Peru,  11093  ;  iu  Siam,  11241;  Chi- 
nese war;  Kussian  interference,  11231 . 

Japanese  swords,  subscription,  380i . 

Japix,  (Jysbert,  b.-d.,  6362. 

Jaques,  Chriwtovao,  in  Patagonia,  163, 
in  Pernambueo  ;  Gov.,  recalled,  5532. 

Jaraslaw  1.,  grand  duke  of  Russia,  11133. 

II.,  grand  d.  of  Kus.,  reigns,  11152. 

III.,  grand  Duke  of  Vladimir,  11152, 

Jardine,  Edward,  d.,  4341. 

Jardins,  Marie  Cath.des,b.,  6882;  d.  (1683). 

Jargeau,  France,  captured,  676' . 

Jarnac,  France,  battle  of,  6822. 

Jarumir,  duke,  5032. 

Jaropolk  I.,  duke  of  Poland,  11133. 

fl.,  duke  of  Kiett',  U133. 

Jarratt's  Station,  Col.  Spear,  2322. 

Jarrow,  Scot.,  monastery  fnd.,  8423  ;  li- 
brary f  nd.,  843 1 ;  launchings,  970 1 ,  994 1 . 

Jarves,  James  Jackson,  b.,  1262  ;  d.,  3301 . 

Jarvis,  Abraham,  b., 642;  cous.Prot.  Epis. 
bishop,  1082  ;  d.,  1211. 

,  Thos.  Jordan,  b.  (1836);  gov.N.C.,3033. 

Jasmin,  .Jacques,  b.,  713i;  works,  7251, 
7271,7291;  d.,  7362. 

Jasomirgott,  Henry,  rules  Bavaria,  7773. 

Jason^  wreck.  Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  4453. 

Jason,  inv.  breastplates,  11422  ;  leads  Ar- 
gonauts, 10131. 

,  of  PUerio,  rules  Thessaly,  10233. 

,  assassinated,  10232, 

,  purchases  priest's  office,  11482,11492. 

Jasper,  Tenn.,  <J(mfeds.  defeated,  2083. 

discovers  San  Diego,  Cal.,  4281 . 

— ,  rTohn,  revival  atKichmond,  Va.,3383. 

,  Wm.,  b.,  662  ;  saves  flag,  823  ;  d.,912. 

Jasquand,  Claudius,  d.,  7502. 

Jassy,  Kumania,  evang.  church,  11133. 
Jaueourt,  Louis  Chevalier  de,  b.,  6962  ; 

d.,  7043. 
Jaureguibemj ,  launched,  7661. 
Jaureguiberry,  Adm.,  minister,  7513,7532. 
Jaureguiy,  Aldecoa  Agustin  de,  b.  (1708) ; 

governor,  6053  ;  d.  (1784). 
Jaurfes,  minister,  7572  ;  d.,  7562. 
Java  Station,  Mont.,  avalanche,  420'. 
Java  lost,  9321. 
,  captured,  1182. 

Sthamba,  erected,  India,  10423. 

Javadeva,  b.,  10423. 

Jay,  John,  b.,  662;  colonial  address,  792  ; 
pres.  of  Cong.  ;  commissioner,  913,  952  ; 
m  Paris,  953  ;  pres.  Manumission  Soc, 
991 ;  vote  for  pres.,  1012. 1073, 1112;  jus- 
tice of  S.  C,  1012;  gov.  N.  Y.,  1033,  1073; 
envoy  to  Eng.,  1052 ;  treaty  ratified, 
1071,2;  declines  justiceship,  IIII;  d., 
1362. 

,  William,  b.,  912  ;  d.,  1*42. 

, ,  b.,  9183  ;  d.  (1853). 

Jay-Eye-See,  trotting-record,  3173. 

Jayne,  Francis  Jolin,  cons,  bishop,  9983. 

,  William,  governor  Dakota,  2032. 

Jeaffreson,  JoTm  Cordy,  b.,  9442. 

Jean  V.,  I>.  of  Brittany,  at  Auray,  6741 . 

JeanesviUe,  Pa.,  rescue  of  miners,  3793. 

Jeanne,  d'Albret,  Joan,Q.  of  Navarre,  b., 
6803  ;  d.,  6823. 

Jeannette,  on  Arctic  expedition,  3021 ; 
wrecked  in  ice,  306 1 ;  two  escape,  3081 . 

Jeannin,  Pierre,  b.,  6803;  Negotiations^ 
6872;  d.,6863. 

Jeanron,  Philippe  Augusta,  b.,  7191 ;  d., 
7502. 

Jeans,  J.  S.,  steel,  9843. 

manufactured  in  America,  95i . 

Jebb,  dohn  C,  b.,  9082  j  work,  4782. 

Jebel  Zait,  petroleum  discovered,  661 1 . 

Jeddah,  Arabia,  taken,  6542 ;  Christiaus 
massacred,  11581. 

Jeejeobhoy,  Byramjee,  d.,  10483. 

iSirJamsetjee,  b.-d,,  10443;  erects  hos- 
pitals, 1(M93. 

Jeffers,  E.T.,  moderator,  3062. 

,  William,  b.,  1321. 

Jefferson  captures  British  barges,  II81 . 

Horden,  mutiny,  2883. 

Jeiferson  City,  La.,  united  with  New  Or- 
leans, 273 1 ,3. 

,  Mo.,   State   convention,   193i ;    Gen. 

Lyon  at,  1961;  Lincoln  Inst.  Normal 
School  opd.,  2543  ;  inaugurated  Liberal 
movement,  2772. 

Co.,  Va.,  transferred  to  W.  Va.,  2513. 


Jefferson,  Ind.,  Union  Leag. ;  effigy,  3472. 

,  Pa.,  Monongahela  College  org.,  2623. 

Parish,  La.,  mob  torture,  4382. 

,  Joseph,  b.,  1362  ;  as  Kip  Van  Winkle, 

2501 ;  Dramatic  Action,  3743. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  642  ;  graduates,  73i ;  mar- 
ried, 771 ;  antislavery  paper,  783;  on 
Committee ;  drafts  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, 833,  85 1 ;  gov. Va., 913-  treaty 
commissi<mer,  952;  Notes  on  Va.,  97i; 
minister  to  Fr.,  973  ;  sec.  of  state,  1012; 
opposes  Hamilton,  1031 ;  opposes  U.  S. 
Bank,  1032  ;  leads  Republicans  ;  presi- 
dential vote,  1033,  1072,3,  1112,1133  ;  re- 
signs as  sec.  of  state,  1052 ;  vice-pres., 
1073;  reduces  navy,  IIOI ;  pres.,  III2, 
1132 ;  forbids  intercourse  with  G.  B., 
1151 ;  declines  renomination,  1152  ;  in- 
dignant at  Brit.,  1213  ;  erects  observa- 
tory, 1321;  d.,  1352. 

Jetferaonville  K.R.,  Ind.,  robbed,  263» . 

Jeffrey,  Francis,  b.,  9183  ;  d.,  9562. 

,  Keuben,  d.,3481. 

Jeffreys,  Lord  George,  b.,  8862  ;  Church 
commissioner,  8963  ;  persecutions,  897* ; 
chief  justice,  8972  ;  high  chanc,  8973  ; 
in  Tower,  8991 ;  d„  8982. 

,H.,  gov.  Va.,  472. 

Jeffreyson,  John,  lord  keeper,  9013. 

Jeffries,  John,  b.  (1744) ;  d,,  1281 , 

Jelian,  Shah,  erects  Taj  Mahal,  10442  ; 
revolts,  10441 ;  reigns,  10451 . 

Jehauder,  Shah,  reigns,  10452  ;  d.,  10443. 

Jehoahaz,  reigns,  11451 ;  subdued  by  Ha- 
zael,,  11443. 

II.,  reigns,  1147' . 

Jehoash,  reigns,  11451 ,2 ;  idolatry ;  repairs 
Temple,  11443. 

Jehoiachin,  reigns,  11471 ;  released,  11472. 

Jehoiada,  high  priest,  11443. 

Jehoiakim,  reigns  ;  revolts;  sent  to  Bab- 
ylon, 11471 . 

Jehoram,  reigns,  11451 . 

Jehoshaphat,  reigns,  1145^ ;  invadesMoab; 
sends  teachers,  11442. 

Jehu,  prophet,  11423;  revolts,  11441;  ex- 
terminates idolatry,  11443  ;  reigns  ;  trib- 
ute to  Assyria,  11451 . 

Jehuda  Hanassi,  compiles  Mishna,  11532. 

Jelaboff  condemned,  11211. 

Jelalabad,  Afg.,  defended  by  Sale;  revolt 
led  by  Akbar  Khan,4i;  British  enter; 
occupied,  6I ;  razed,  53. 

Jelapla,  action  with  Tibetans,  10482. 

Jellachich,  von  Buzim,  Count  Joseph,  b,, 
5191;  at  Velencze,  5221;  revolutionist; 
commander,  523i . 

Jellasore,  mission,  10471 . 

Jemappes,  Belg.,  battle  of,  518',  542i, 
7081,8061. 

Jena,  battle  of,  716i,  808ij  Ger.,  Saxe- 
Weimer-Ei»enfu-h,  AHgemeine  Literatur- 
zeitunq.  Issued,  8052,  '8091 ;  lAteraturzei- 
tunq,  issued,  8291 , 

Jenckes,  Joseph,  b.  (1656) ;  gov.  R.  I.,  613  ; 
d.  (1740). 

,  Thomas  Allen,  b.  (1818)  ;  introduces 

a  eivil-service  bill,  2493,  2563  ;  d.  (1875). 

JeniMm,  Silas  A.,  gov.  Vt.,  1453. 

Jenkins,  Albert  G.,  b,  (1830);  at  Cloyd's 
Mt.  and  New  River  Bridge,  2323;  d.,2332. 

,  Charles  Jones,  b.  (1805) ;  gov.  Ga., 

2511;  presidential  vote,  2812. 

,  Col.,  in  Afg.  ;  at  Char-asJab,6i . 

,  Dr.  r*.  Federal  authorities,  4153. 

,  Horatio,  pres.  of  Fla.  conven.,  2612. 

,  John,  pres.  N.  C,  49i . 

,  .Judge,  decision  reversed,  4723. 

,  Robert,  d.,  10121. 

,  Thornton  Alex.,  b.,  1163  ;  d.  a893). 

Jenkins's  Ferry,  Conieds.  repulsed,  2321 . 

Jenkinson,  Anthony,  in  Bokhara,  5491 . 

,  Charles,  E.  of  Liverpool,  b.,  9081 . 

,  liobert  Banks,  E.  of  Liverpool,  b., 

9183;  minister, 9353;  premier, 9372, 9412; 
9423. 

Jenuer,  Edward,  b.,  9122  ;  vaccination, 
9202,  9262  ;  gift  by  Pari.,  9302  ;  d.,  9403  ; 
statue,  9621,9661. 

,  Sir  William,  b.,  9363. 

Jennie  Hall,  fined,  3333. 

Jennings,  Edmund,  gov.  Va.,  572. 

,  Jonathan,  Ind.,  b.  (1776±) ;  gov.  125*; 

d.  (1834). 

,  O.,  moderator,  1303. 

,  Patrick,  ministry,  4993. 

.  Sam.,  gov.,  473  ;  remcnstrance,  572, 

,  Sarah,  Duchess  of  Marlborough,  b- 

8902. 


Jenny  Lind,  steam  pipes  burst,  1733. 

Jensen,  Christen,  glossary,  11041.  (See 
Jail  son.) 

, Peter  Andreas,  En  Erindring,  11043. 

Jenyns,  Soame,  b.,  9022  ;  d.,  9242. 

Jephthah,  defeats  Ammonites,  11421; 
vows,  11422  ;  judges  Israel,  11432. 

Jeremaissen,  missionary,  6231 . 

Jeremiah,  prophet,  11462. 

at  the  Faff  of  Jerusalem,  painted,  8'2S^ . 

Jerez  de  la  Frontera,GothB  defeated, 1125* . 

Jericho,  Israelites  captured,  11401 ;  de- 
stroyed, 1141 1 ;  Ochus  takes,  11461 ; 
theater  built,  11503. 

Jerilderie,  Australia,  Kelly  Gang,  4982. 

Jeroboam  I.,  reigns,  11433  ;  Sheshonk  an 
ally,  6503  ;  defeated,  11421. 

II.,  recovers  terr.  ;  captures  Damas- 
cus, 11441,  11451 ;  reigns,  11452. 

Jerome,  Antoine,  discovers  bromin,  724' . 

,  David  H.,  gov.  Mich.,  3093. 

,  Marshal  of  France,  7301 . 

of  Prague,  b.,  5062,7822  ;  burned, 5063. 

,  St.,  b.-d.,  10682  ;   prepares  Vulgat© 

Bible  ;  Christian  worship,  10691 , 

Jerrold,  Douglas  William,  b.,  9323;  Punchy 
9503  ;  d.,  9622. 

JerseyCity,  ferry  est.,  733;  railroad  to  New 
Brunswick,  1433  ;  terminus  of  N.  Y.  and 
Erie  R.R.,  1733  ;  fire,  1753  ;  waterworks, 
1773  ;  draft  riots,  2253  ;  election  frauds, 
3551,  3591,  3632,  3711,  3871;  Wein  con- 
victed, 4002;  Sunday  liquor-selling,  4062; 
ballot-box  stuff ers, 4083;  Italians  against 
Ams.,  4362  ;  cholera,  4373  ;  Orangemen 
parade,  4643. 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  8991 . 

,  E.  of,  gov.  N.  S.  W.,  5011 . 

Jerusalem,  Pal.,  first  mentioned,  11411; 
Joshua  kills  king,  11401 ;  David  takes, 
11412;  David's  capital,  11432;  David 
flees,  11433  ;  Temple  cons.,  11423  ;  Ara- 
bians plunder,  11441;  Shishak  takes, 
11421,3;  Temple  treasures  carried  to 
Egy.,  6511 ;  Joash  takes,  11441  ;  Temple 
profaned,  despoiled,  repaired,  cleansed, 
11443,  11462;  Pekah  besieges,  11441; 
pays  tribute  to  Egy.,  6512  ;  destruction 
foretold,  11461 ;  Temple  spoils  restored, 
11471;  Daniel  exiled,  11462;  Babylon- 
ians besiege,  raze,  11461 ;  Ezekiel  exiled, 
11462  ;  destroyed,  11463  ;  2tl  Temple 
buill ;  stormed  by  Herod,  11462,3  ;  Mal- 
aehi  prophesies  ;  Nehemiali  returns, 
high-priests  sub-rulers  (see  nanifes  1146+ )f 
11463±  ;  Alex,  the  Great  sacrifices,  11471 ; 
Ptolemy  I.  takes  ;  Egy.  expelled,  11491; 
Antiochus  III.  sacks,  11481 ;  Simon, high- 
priest,  repairs  T'emple  ;  Jupiter's  altar 
in  Temple,  11482;  Maccabean  princes 
rise  ;  Matthius  Maccabeus  opposes  Syr- 
ians; Judas  Maccabeus  rules,  11492;  Tem- 
ple purified;  Eleazar  Maccabeus  rules  as 
K,;  Judas  Maccabeus  rules,  11492  ;  routs 
Syrians;  John  Maccabeus  rules;  Jews 
independent;  Jonathan  Maccabeus  rules; 
defeats  Syrians,  11481 ,  11493;  Jews  reject 
Alcimus,  forced  upon  them  ;  first  treaty 
with  Romans  ;  Jewish  embassy  to  Rome, 
11493  ,  Tower  is  purified,  11481 ;  Tower 
of  Antonia  built,  11502  ;  Pharisees  rebel; 
Alex.  Jannieus  triumphs  ;  Aristobulus 
and  Hyrcano  II.  rival  Kings,  11511 ;  Aris- 
tobulus takes  ;  ilefeated  ;  Pompey  takes; 
restores  Hyrcanus,  llSOi  ;  Juaea  a  Ro- 
man province  ;  Phasel  gov.  ;  Parthians 
take,  11512  ;  Herod  the  Great  takes, 
11501 ;  builds  theater,  11503  ;  walls  re- 
built, 11512  ;  Temple  rebuilt,  11502  ;  Ro- 
mans  take  census  ;  Matthias  high-priest; 
taxes  levied  in  Judea,  11513  ;  John  Bap- 
tist b. ;  Jesus  Christ  b.  at  Bethlehem  ; 
ranbis  burned  alive,  11502  ;  Jesus  visits 
temple,  11503  ;  3d  Temple  built,  11502; 
Jesus  Christ  crucified  ;  buried  ;  raised  ; 
ascends  into  heaven,  11523-  walls  rebuilt, 
11521 ;  Apostolic  Council  held  ;  Herod's 
persecution  ;  Apostles  separate,  11531 ; 
Romans  raze  city,  burn  Temple ;  Jewish 
policy  and  nation  terminate,  11533;  Tem- 
ple of  Jupiter  on  Mt.  Calvary,  11532  ; 
blank  history,  name  dropped ;  Adrian  re- 
vives, 11533;  Chosroes  takes,  11541;  Per- 
sians rule,  11551 ;  Heraclius  retakes;  Sar- 
acens take,  11.541  ;  Moslems  rule,  11552  ; 
Mosque  of  Omar  fnd.,  11543 ;  Arabs  take  ; 
Crusaders  take,  11541 ;  Christians  rule, 
11552  ;  Hospital  erected,  11551 ;  Saladin 
takes,  11541;  Saracens  take,  11553;  Turks 


1294 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Sup^ior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Jerv-JoiiL, 


take,  11541;  Fred.  II.  receives,  11553; 
Crusaders  take ;  Mohammedans  take, 
11541 ;  Egy.  take,  11542  ;  Turks  take, 
11561 ;  Greeks  excluded  ;  Holy  Sepulcher 
burned,  rebuilt;  missions  est.;  Prot. bish- 
opric est. ;  Anglican  cathedral  erected  ; 
Am.  church  erected,  11563  ;  claims  to 
Holy  Sepulclier ;  Emp.  Aust.  visits ; 
Montefiore's  benefactions,  11583  ;  Union 
fmd.,  8183;  bishopric  dissolved,  11571; 
R.  R.  to  Jaffa,  11583  ;  Franciscans  ex- 
pelled, 11582. 

Jervia,  John,  E.  of  St.  Vincent,  b.,  9082  ; 
at  Cadiz,  11201 ;  L.  Adm.,  9'273  ;  d.,  9403. 

, Bloomtteld,  d.,  3182. 

Jervois,  Sir  Wm.  F.  D.,  gov.  India,  1M92, 
4991. 

<Jeshna  killed  in  Temple,  11463. 

Jessel,  Sir  George,  b.,  9422  ;  solicitor-gen., 
9772  ;  master  of  rolls,  9773. 

Jeusie  L'xj'in  wrecked,  9533. 

.y[n)i  liniiiched  on  Thames,  9813. 

Jessup,  Henry  Harris,  b.  (1832);  modera- 
tor, :j023. 

,  Thomas  Sidney,  b.  (1788) ;  Seminoles 

sign  treaty,  146i ;  Indian  prisoners,  1471 ; 
d.,1861. 

Jesuits.    (See  Society  of  Jesus.) 

Jesu  Maria,  tire,  6333. 

^Jesus  I.,  high  priest,  11502. 

II.,  high  priest,  11503. 

,  high  priest,  11512. 

,  the  Christ,  b.,  11502;  events  of  his 

life  and  his  death,  11502,3,  ii52i,2,3; 
papal  orders  for  worship,  10763. 

Sirachides,  Ecclesianticus,  11483. 

Jeswunt  Rao  at  Poona,  b.,  10461. 
Jethro,  counsels  of,  11412. 

Jetter,  T.  B.,  governor  S.  C,  3051 . 

Jeune,  Fran(!is,  cons,  bishoj),  9663. 

Jevons,  William  Stanley,  b.,  9462;  works, 
9763. 

Jew,  The  Wandering.     (See  Sue,  Eugfene.) 

Jewel,  J(»hn,  bp.  of  Salisbury,  b.,  8663  ; 
work,  8731;  d.,  8742. 

JeweU,Mar8hall,b.,1322;  gov.  Conn.,  2692, 
2772;  vote  for,  275 1 ;  P.  M.-gen.,  2852  ; 
nom.  for  pres.  ;  resigns,  2931  j  d.,  3122. 

Jewett,  Clerk,  charges  against,  3752. 

,  Sarah  Orme,  b.,  1662  ;  works,  3163, 

3183,3331. 

Jewish  Alliance  for  immigration,  3893. 

Colonization  Co.,  formed,  10071. 

Denominational  Congress,  436i  ,2. 

Emancipation  Bill,  defeated,  9492. 

Historical  Soc.  fmd..  Am,,  408*. 

Infant  School  formed,  9503. 

Ministers'  Association,  session,  3582. 

Orphan  Asylum  established,  9451. 

Poor  Society  founded,  9623; 

■ schools  established,  11203. 

Jews,  (Hebrews) ;  in  Arffentine  Repub- 

•  Uc,  4921,  4932,  4982,  5002,  5583;  in 
America;  tolerated  in  New  York, 
401 ;  org.  in  R.  I.,  402  ;  est.  at  Newport, 
522  ;  first  synagogue,  523;  many  in  N.Y., 
603;  org.  in  Savannah,  622;  disfranchised 
in  N.  Y.,  642  ;  est.  in  Charlestoh,  742  ; 
in  Md.,  1311 ;  in  St.  Louis,  1583;  Hebrew 
Union  Coll.,  O.  2883  ;  refuge  in  Am., 
3103  ;  celebration  in  N.  Y.,  3443  ;  est. 
schools, 3482;  Jewish  Ministers'  Asso.  of 
Am.,  3582,  3&43,  3862,  4101,4181;  anar- 
chist, 3683 ;  Sabbath  League  formed, 
3843  ;  Rabbi  Rosenberg  expelled,  4182  ; 
Orphan  Asylum,  4211;  Charitable  Soc, 
4322;  Jewish  Denomination'!  Cong. ,4361 ; 
laborers  parade,  4362  j  |n  Arabia, 
tribes  attacked ;  war  with  Mohammed, 
4841 ;  resist  Mohammedanism ;  martyred, 
4843;  in  Austria-Hungary,  perse- 
cution of,  5062  ;  congress  ;  disabilities 
abolished,  5291 ;  relig.  soc.  favored,  5322; 
school,  5^3;  jn  Brazil,  222,  5532; 
in  Can.,  5922;  in  P.  Quebec,  5882  ;  in 
Egypt,  captivity  in,  6512;  persecuted, 
6522,6543,  6663;  revolt,  6533;  liberties  re- 
stricted, &'>43  ;  in  Egypt,  6533;  In  Fr., 
banished,  6683,  6703,  6791;  persecuted, 
6701,  6742;  annoy  Christians,  6743; 
mission  to,  7562  ;  in  Ger.,  synod  at 
Worms,  7751 ;  persecuted,  7822;  massa- 
cred, 7823 ;  expelled  Cologne,  7863;  study 
law  of  Pru8.,  8183;  anti-movement  con- 
demned, 8302  ;  emp.  defends,  8;J03  ;  ex- 
cluded from  public  schools ;  persecu- 
tors denounced,  8342  ;  in  Ot.  Brit., 
mentioned  in  Eng.  chronicles,  8431 ; 
banished  from  Eng.,  8463,  8542;  in  Eng., 


8471,8483;  massacred, 8503, 8542,3;  riots  Poitiers,   6741;    prisoner   of  Eng,   6752, 

against,    8511;    denied    freehold,    8542,  859 1 ;  hostage;  liberated,  6753;  d.  (1364). 

8551 ;  imprisoned,  8522  ;  capitation  tax  ;  John  I.,  Zimices,  reigns  in  Greece,  10332, 

banished  from  Eng.,  8542  ;  persecuted ;    11.,  Comneuus,  In  Gr.,  reigns,  10333. 

sign  of  usurer,  8551 ;  readmitted, 8882,3;    U.  reigns  in  Navarre,  11273. 

acquire  land,  9063  ;  professors,  natural-    yj.,  Palasologuw,   reigns,  Gr.,  10352; 


ization  refused,  9123  ;  civil  disabilities, 
9452;  mission  ill  Ire.,  9593;  first  baronet, 
9512;  in  Pari.,  9632;  disabilities  removed, 
9652;  WorkshopAct,  9742;  released  from 
Sunday  observance,  9743  ;  Rus.  cruelty 
denounced;  fund,  9883,  9891,  9913;  as- 
sembly in  Loud.,  IOIO2  ;  in  Italy, 
banished    from    Rome,    10623 ;     revolt, 


communion  with  Rome,  10343. 

VII.,  PalicoloKUS,  reigns,  Gr.,  10353. 

VIII., ,  solicits  help,  10343. 

I.  rules  Netherland,  10991. 

111.,  of  Avenues,  Neth.,  rules  ;  forces 

Utrecht  into  alliance,  10991 ;  d.,  10982. 
11.,  or  Casiinir  V.,  reigns  in  Poland  ; 

abdicates  ;  d.,  11153. 


10633,    10&41;    revolt   against   Hadrian,     III.,  Sobieski,  king  of  Poland,  11153. 


10643;  massacred  in  Cyrene,  10651 ;  edict 
against,  10663  ;  persecuted ;  favored, 
10C83;  massacre  Christians,  10722;  in 
Neth.,  favored,  IIOI1 ;  in  Port., ban- 
ished, 11093;        in  Russia,  persecuted, 


I.,  Port.,  b.-d.,  11092  ;  reigns,  11093  ; 
invades  Africa,  11091 ; 

II.,  Portugal,  reigns,  11093. 

III.,  Portugal,  reigns,  11093. 

IV.,  Port.,  reigns,  IIIO2. 


11131,3;  citizenship  granted,  1II71 ;  po-    V.,  Portugal,  reigns,  11103. 


litical  privileges  granted,  11182  ;  miss, 
work  prohibited.  11202;  hostilities,  11221 ; 
emigration,  11222;  in  Sp.,  expelled, 
11252;  tolerated,  11322;  in  Sweden, 
Mission  Union,  11361;  era  of,  11391;  in- 
dependence of  ;  treaty  with  Romans  ; 
embassy  to  Rome,  11493  ;  recover  Syria, 
11503;  rights  of  Roman  citizenship, 
11513;  pay  tribute  to  Rome,  11512. 

Jeypore,  or  Jaipur,  mission,  10472, 

Jezebel  killed,  11443. 

Jezreel,  house  of  ivory  at,  11442. 

Jliansi  taken,  10481. 

Jiddah,    massacre;    assassins    executed. 


Vl.,  Port.,  b.-d.,  11102  ;  regent,  555i, 
11103;  reigns;  withdraws  to  Brazil ;  re- 
turns from  Brazil,  11103;  d.,  5413. 

—  I.  of    Castile  invades    Port.,    1126' ; 
reigns,  11273. 

—  n.    of    Navarre  reigns    in    Aragon; 
reigus  Leon-Castile,  11273. 

—  I.  of  Sweden  reigns,  11351 . 

—  II.  of  Swe.  (I.  of  Den.)  reigns,  11352. 

—  III.,   Swe.,    reigns,   11352  ;  promotes 
Catholicism  ;  condemned,  11343. 

—  II.,  king  of  Den.  and  Swe.,  b.  (1555) ; 
reigns.  6373  ;  d.  (1513). 

■  II.,  Duke  of  Bavaria,  7872, 


4881 ,2;  cholera, 4883;  M.  All  takes,  6562.     m.^  of  Brandenburg.  7872. 


Jimenes,  pres.  6431 ;  flees  to  Haiti,  6432. 

Jinit^nez,  Ramon,  gov.  Costa  Rica,  6303. 

Jimmu,  Tenno,  first  mikado,  10911 ,2. 

Jingu-ltogo,  reigns,  10912,  10941. 

Jintsong,  educationist,  6122  ;  d.,  6142. 

Jiwai,  mission,  10471. 

Joachim,  high  priest,  11463. 

I.,  elector,  7873, 

— —  IL,  margrave,  7912. 

Frederick,    margrave  Brandenburg, 

7933. 

Joan  of  Arc,  b.-d.,  6762  ;  announces  mis- 
sion ;  at  Jargeau ;  at  Troyes ;  com- 
mands troops  ;  in  Orleans,  6761 ;  cap- 
tured ;  condemned,  6762,  6771 ;  at  Reims, 
6773;  burned,  8622;  canonization,  7622; 
statue,  7G01. 

of  Kent,  burned,  8702. 

Joanna  of  Aragon,  marries,  10991 ;  co-ruler 
in  Castile,  11273. 

I.,  reigns  in  Naples  ;  k.,  10772. 


III.,  elector  of  Prussia,  7872. 
- —  I.,  St.,  pope,  10703;  d.,  10702. 

■ II.,  pope,  10703;  d.,  10702. 

III.,  pope,  1071 1 ;  d.,  10721 , 

IV.,  pope,  10722;  d.,  10721. 

v.,  pope,  10722. 

VI.,  pope,  10722;  d.,  10721. 

VII.,  pope,  d..  10721. 

VIII.,  pope.  10723  ;  d.,  10721. 

IX.,  pope,  10723  ;  d.,  10722. 

X.,  pope,  10723;  d.,  10722. 

XI.,  pope,  10723  ;  d.,  10722. 

XII.,  pope,  10723  ;  deposed,  10731 ;  In 

Otho's  army,  10733. 
—  XIII., pope;  banished,  10731  ;d.,  10722. 

XIV.,  pope,  10731 ;  d.,  10722. 

XV.,  pope,  10731 ;  d..  10722. 

XVI.,  pope  ;  expelled,  10731 ;  d.,  1072*. 

XVII.,  pope,  10731 ;  d..  19722. 

XVIII.,  pope,  10731;  d..  10722. 

XIX.,  pope,  10731;  d.,  10722. 


-  II.,  marries  ;  reigns  in  Navarre,  11273.     XX.,  pope,  10731 ;  d.,  10332. 


II.,  Q.  of  Naples,  10772;  d.,  10792. 

Joaode,  b.-d.,  11092. 

Joash,  defeats  Syrians  in  Jerusalem,  11441 . 

Joazar,  high  priest,  11503. 

Job,  Greek  patriarch,  works,  11151. 

,  patriarch,  flourislies,  11402. 

Job,  Book  of,  written,  11411. 

Jobb^-Duval,  Armand  M.  Felix,  b.,  7241 ; 
d.,  7581. 

Jobeidah,  d.,  4842. 

Jocelyn,  Robt.,  lord  chancellor,  9112. 

Jockey  Club  formed,  Eng.,  9132. 

Jodelle,  Etienne,  b.,  6803  ;  works,  6831; 
d.,  0841. 

Jodhpur,  India,  mission,  10483. 

Joel,  prophet,  11443. 

,  in  S.  Afr.,  defeated,  6021 . 

Jogues,  Isaac,  b.,  6862  ;  miss. ;  captured, 
5723  ;  k.,  382. 

Johanan,  high  priest,  11463;  kills  Jesbua 
in  Temple,  11463. 

Johannot,  Alfred,  b.,  7142;  d.,  7262. 

,  Tony,  b.,  7143;  d.,  7322. 

Johannson,  Argus  issued,  11371. 

John  the  Apostle,  b.-d.  ;  called,  11521 ;  ex- 
iled ;  returns  to  Ephesus  ;  writes  Gospel ; 
Epistles,  Apocalypse,  11532. 

,  Lackland,   K.  of  Eng.,  b.-d.,  8502  ; 

reigns  ;  in  Ire. ;  uses  "  we,"  8531 ;  at 
Waterford;   marries  Avisa,  8513;  mar- 


XXI.,  pope  ;  addscrown  to  cap,  10763; 

d.,  10762. 
XXIL,  pope,  10703;  deposed,  7832;  d., 

10702. 
_-^XXlII.,  pope,  10791 ;  fugitive,  7843; 

d.,  10783. 
John  wrecked,  9613. 
.  king  of  Abyssinia,  killeil,  33. 

usvirps  Eastern  throne,  10711. 

of  Brazil,  marries  his  aunt,  11113. 

d'Albret,  reigns  in  Navarre,  11273. 

of  Aragon,  king,  10793. 

,  arcbdiike  of  Aust..  at  Hohenlinden, 

5182,  7141;  enters  Frankfort,  523i;  ad- 
ministrator, 5231 ,  8172,3;  changes  name, 
5323. 

of  Austria,  or  Don  Juan,  b.,  7902;  d., 

7922. 

[Blind],  Bohemia,  reigns,  7831;  con- 

Quers  Lombardy,  10761 ;  d..  5062. 

John  Adams  strikes  snag,  1693, 

the  Baptist,    b.-d.,    11502  ;    reproves 

Herod,  11521 ;  preaches,  behended,  1150». 
,  Bp.  of  Seville,  Arabic  Bible,  4842. 

of  Bologna,  b.,  10803  ;  d.,  10823. 

of  Braganza,  king,  5543; 

de  Brieiine,  K .  of  Jerusalem,  11552 ; 

regent,  10351;  d.  (1237). 

Bull,  origin  of  name,  9051 . 

,  oldest  locomotive,  4293. 


ries   Isabella;    murders  Arthur;  trial;  John  ^Wer  wrecked,  6093. 

sentenced,  &53i ;  forfeits  Fr.  possessions,    ,  E.  of  Bridgewater,  1.  admiralty,  8992. 

6713, 8531 ;  summoned  to  answer  ;  league    ,  Earl  of  Bristol,  minister.  88I2. 

against  Fr.,  6713;   papal  interdict;  ex-    ,  Dauphin,  Fr.,  d.,  6773. 

communicated,  deposed;  yields,  pope's    ,  Don  of    Aust..   leads    revolt,  10833. 

vassal,  8522;  yields   to  pope;   charters  (See  John  VI.  of  Port.) 


Pandulph,  8531 ;  peace  with  pope,  6713; 
grants  election  charter  ;  overruns  coun- 
try, 8521;  d..  8532. 

—  I.  of  France,  infant,  d.,  6733. 

—  II.,  of  Fr.,  the  Good,  reigns,  6752  ;  at 


,  D.  of  Marlborough,  lord.-lieut.,  9813. 

I.,  Duke  of  Bavaria,  7852, 

(Albert  I.),  Duke  of  Poland.  11152. 

Ernest,  ruler.  7992;  sons  follow,  8012. 

Frederick,  D.  of  Saxony,  7912. 


John-Jone. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1295 


John  Frederick,  D.  of  Wiirtemberg,  7933. 

Friedrich  L.,  b..  SOja. 

the  Fearless,    I),    of    Burgundy,  b. 

(1371) :  assassiuated,  6773  ;  murderod 
(1419). 

Oaston,  Duke  of  Tuscany,  10813. 

of  Gaunt,  D.  of  Lancaster,  li.  (1340) ; 

marries  ;  king  of  Castile,  8393;  d.  (iigR)). 
,  George,  elector  Brandenburg,  7933  ; 

under  ban,  5123. 
, I.,  elector  Sax()ny,  7933;  alliance 

with  Gustavus  Adolphus,  7053. 

, II.,  elector  Saxony,  7973. 

, 111.,  elector,  Saxony,  7973. 

, IV'.,  elector  Saxony,  799*. 

, of  Jagerndorf,  leader,  794* . 

de  Gravina  weds  princess,  10353. 

Gc'ort/e  II.  Hannah  burns,  3313. 

. "Hyrcanus,  high  priest,  11483;  reigns, 

delivers  Judea,  11493  ;  conquests,  11503. 

Jay  biu-ued,  1813. 

Litscaris     reigns,     1035';     deposed, 

10353. 

of  Levden,  b.  (1510±) ;  leader  Ana- 

baptist«,  790' ;  d.  (1536). 

Maccabeus  killed,  11493. 

de  Matha,  Saint,  b.nl.,  6702. 

de  JNlontfort  claims  dukedom,  675' . 

,  Lord   Beaumont,  created  rlscount, 

8623. 

,  of  Oxnead,  Chronicle,  8562. 

,  the  Painter,  fires  dockyards,  85' , 

,  prince,  conspiracy,  7  earldoms,  8513. 

Qeorrie  Itutlcdtfe  founders,  1793. 

,'elector  of  Saxony,  7893. 

,  of  Saxony,  b.,  807';  K.,821';  d.,828'. 

of  Salisbury,  b.  (1120J;) ;  work,  8503  ; 

d.  (1180). 

Sigismund,  elector  Brandenburg, 7933. 

Vatatzes  reigns,  1035' . 

,  viceroy  of  Netlierland,  5413, 10993. 

k.  *  of  VTertli,  at  Mergentheim,  6,'i6' . 
,  Wm.,  E.  of  Besborough,  lord.-lieut., 

9533. 
George  IVesley^  mission  ship,  1582. 

William,  stadtholder,  11013. 

Johns  Hopkin.'^,  fnder.,  d.,  282' ;  univ.  org., 
2922 ;  iucorp.,  2582 ;  Dan.  C.  Gilnuin,  pres., 
291 ' ;  Hospital  begun,  2913, 2943 ;  opened, 
2922;  Emergency  Fund,  3.383;  gift,  347'; 
Women's  ^letlical  fumis.  3702  ;  Scharf's 
gift,  3822;  Jliss  Gairett's  gift,  4202. 

John,  b.(1796);  cons,  bp.,  1543 ;  d.  (1876). 

Johnson.  Vt.,  Nor.  Schools  opd.,  2603, 2923. 

,  Albert,  shoots  woman  4502. 

,  Alfred,  voyage,  small  boat,  2933. 

' ,  Andrew,  b.,  1142;  marries,  1352  ;  signs 

Delavan's  declaration,  145' ;  in  Cong., 
1671,  1632  ;  gov.,  1743,  2053  ;  U.  S.  sena- 
tor, 1832  ;  vote  for,  1913  ;  solo  senator 
from  South,  1972  ;  gov.  Tenn.  j  resigns 
Benatorship,  2053  ;  noni.  for  vice-pres., 
2352;  20th  presidential  election,  2412; 
plan  to  jissjissinate,  243' ;  electoral  vote, 
2132;  oath  of  office,  2433  ;  takes  oath  as 
pres.,  2472  ;  insurrection  ended  ;  reviews 
army,24G3  ;  proclaims  amnesty  ;  hostili- 
ties ceased  ;  Southern  ports  open  ;  resto- 
ration of  Va. ;  reward  for  capture  of 
Davis  ;  est.  provisional  govt,  in  S.  C. ; 
reconstruction  of  South,  2473 ;  discontin- 
uance of  army  corps,  248' ;  blockade  re- 
moved ;  restoration  of  civil  govt,  in 
Miss. ;  reconstruction  of  Ga.  and  Tex. ; 
removes  trade  restriction.  2483 ;  au- 
nonnces  reconstruction  policy ;  issues 
2d  amnesty,  249';  restores  Habeas  0>r- 
»««,  2492, 2523 ;  disagreement  with  Cong., 
251' ;  resolution  of  contideuce  fails,  2512; 
vetoes  Freedmen's  Bureau  Bill ;  de- 
nouiu!es  Reconstruction  C<»m.,  2513  ;  de- 
clares insurrection  suppressed ;  vetoes 
Civil  Kigbts  Bill,  2523;  declares  general 
amnesty;  objections  to  14th  Amendment; 
against  Fenians,  253' ;  message  on  ad- 
mission of  Tenn.,  2532  ;  peace  m  Texas  ; 
cables  Victoria ;  indorsed  by  Conven., 
2533  ;  disputatious  speeches  ;  Conserva- 
tives indorse,  2,533  :  at  Douglas's  monu- 
ment. 2,')33,  2503;  his  policy  co)idemned  ; 
conciliatory  message  ;  vetoes  negro  suf- 
frjvge  bill,  2552  ;  movement  to  impeach, 
2553,  3572  ;  vetoes  Tenure  of  Office  Bill 
and  MilitaryDi8trictBill,257' ;  Judiciary 
Com.  reports  inability,  2572  ;  removes 
Gen.  Sheridan;  requests  Stanton  to  re- 
sign;  proclaims  general  amnesty,  2.59', 
2032  ;  ui)holds  supremacy  of  civil  courts  ; 
vetoes  2d  Kecoustructiou  Act,  259' ;  Im- 


peachment Committee  reports,  2592  ; 
Stanton  message,  2593  ;  receives  Charles 
Dickens ;  censured ;  jurisdiction  re- 
strictedj  201';  impeachment  decided, 
2612  ;  dismisses  Stanton  ;  appoints  Gen. 
Thomas  sec.  of  war  ;  nominates  Thonuis 
Ewing  sec.  war,  2612  ;  Cong,  resolves  to 
impeach;  court  convenes,  2(il2;  impeach- 
ment abandoneti ;  cablegram  to  Field, 
263';  vetoes  Keadmission  bill;  vetoes 
bill  to  readmit  Ark.,  2632  ;  purchase  of 
Alaska,  2033  ;  obligations  of  govt. ;  pro- 
claims amnesty,  2652  ;  message  on  Brit, 
claims,  2672  ;  senator,  2893  ;  J..  288' . 

Johnson,  Lady  Arabella,  wife  of  Isaac,  d., 
32'. 

,  Gen.  Bradley  Tyler,  b.  (1829) ;  enters 

Mdy^23e'. 

,  Bushrod  Rust,  b.  (1817) ;  driven  from 

Quaker  Road,  2442  ;  d.  (1880). 

,  Captain,  9433. 

,  Captain,  in  European  waters.  862. 

,  Cavo,  b.  (1793) ;  P.  M.  Gen.,  1592  ;  d. 

(1866). 

,  Charles,  governor  of  Borneo,  5522. 

,  C.  J.,  convicted.  4303. 

,  Col.,  at  Chapel  Hill,  Va.,  219' . 

,  Daniel,  d.,  372' . 

,  David,  b.  (1782) ;  gov..  1613  ;  d.  (18.55). 

, ,  b.  (1827);  in  Acad.  Design.  2023. 

,  Eastman,  b.,  132' ;  in  Academy  De- 
sign, 1902  ;  d.  (1873). 

,  E.  R..  elected  bp.,  9803. 

,  Gen.  Edward,  b.  (1810);  at  Camp  Alle- 
ghany, 201' ;  at  Gettysburg,  224' ;  south 
of  Rapidan,  232' :  d.  (1873). 

,  Gabriel,  gov.  N.  C,  633  ;  d.  (1752). 

,  Col.  Guy,  conf.  with  Indians,  6772. 

,  G.  W.,  prov.  gov.  Ky.j  2012. 

,  H.,  logographic  printing,  9222. 

,  II.  R.  W.,  pres.  Liberia,  11612. 

,  Hancock,  gov.  Mo.,  1832. 

,  Henry,  b.  (1783) ;  gov.,  1332;  d.,  2392. 

, v.,  b.,  168'. 

,  Herrick,  b.  (1832) ;  moderator,  3122. 

,  Herschell  Vespasian,  b.  (1812) ;   gov. 

Ga..  1743;  nora.  vice-pres.,  1882;  d.,  5M>4'. 

,  Isaac,  gov.  La.,  161' ;  d.  (1630). 

,  Captain  J.,  governor  of  Borneo,  5522. 

,  James,  b.,  1162;  gov.,  243' ,  2483,261' . 

, S.,  cons.  P.  E.  bp.,  3282. 

,  Jolin,  mayor  N.  Y.,  59' . 

, ,  lord  mayor,  London,  9492. 

,  Sir ,  b.  (1742) ;    flees  to  Canada, 

802  ;  disbands  troops,  82' ;  d.,  9442. 

,  Jos.,  b.  (1786);  gov.  Va.,  1712;  d.(1877). 

,  J.  Neely,  gov.  Cal.,  1812  ;  insurrec- 
tion, 1803. 

,  .Judge,  gov.  (Red  River),  6773. 

- — ,  Maj.,  at  Scottville,  230' . 

,  Martin  N,  b.,  168' . 

,  Mortimore  L.,  promoted  capt.,  420' . 

,  Sir  Nath.,  gov.  N.  C,  663  ;  d.  (1713). 

— -,  Oliver,  b.,  116' ;  d.,  348' . 

,  Reverdy,  b.,   106';  atty.-gen.,   1653; 

Com.  on  Reconstruction,  2493  ;  proposes 
Blaine Amend.,257'  ;minister,G.B.,2632; 
Ala.  Claims  Commis.,  2652,3  ;  a.,  2902. 

,  Rich.  Mentor,  b.  (1781);  electoral  vote, 

1472,  1532  ;  vice-pres.,  1473  ;  d.  (1&50). 

,  Robt.,  b.  (1682)  ;  gov.  632  ;  d.  (1736). 

,  S.,  presidential  vote,  1073. 

,  Samuel,  ol.,  b.,  1302  ;  d.,  310' . 

, ,  b.,  522  ;  at  Stratford,  602;  pres. 

Columbia  College,  60' ,  99' ;  d.  (1772). 

, ,  cl.,  b.,  8862  ;  punished,  8963. 

-, ,  author,   b.,  9042  ;  works,  909' , 

913',2.  915',  9192  ;  d.,  9223. 

, Win.,  b.,  138' . 

,  Thomas,  b.,  62' . 

, ,  justice  S.  C,  1032. 

. ,  murderer,  5863. 

, ,  lord  mayor,  London,  9492. 

, L.,  b..  174' ;  speech,  4392. 

,  Wm.,  b.,  762;  justice,  1132  :  d.  (1834). 

,  Sir  ,  b.,  58' ;    erects  forts,  682, 

70' ;  at  Fort  Niagara,  703  ;  tribute  to 
Americans.  782  ;  d.  (1774). 

,  Sir ,  publisher  ;  d.,  998' . 

, Frame,  b.  (1808) ;  gov.  Pa.,  1662  ; 

d.  (1872). 

, Samuel,  b.  (1727) ;  d.,  128' . 

Clarendon  treaty,  rejected,  2672. 

Jobnsonville.  Tenn.,  Fed.  gunboats  de- 
stroyed, 2392. 

Johnston,  Pa.,  burglars,  4642. 

,  A.  K.,  Afr.  expedition,  d.,  561' . 

,  Alberts.,  b.  1102;  in  winter  quarters, 

182';  atSalt  Lake  Citv,  1843;  commands 
in  West,  1982  ;  at  Shiloh.  206' ;  d.,  '2072. 


Johnston,  Alexander,  b.,  1662  ;  d.,  3422. 

, Keith,  b.,9323;  expedition,  661' ; 

d.,976'. 

,  C,  in  treas.  dept.,  4472. 

,  John  Taylor,  b.  (1829) ;  paintuigs  sold, 

424';  d.,426'. 

,  Joseph  E.,  b.,  116' ;    at  Bull  Kun, 

eludes  Patterson,  1963 ;  reorganizes 
armv,  2003  ;  evacuation  of  Manassas, 
2043-  in  Tenn.,  205' ;  holds  McClellan, 
206' ;  commands  at  Yorktown,  2062  ;  at 
McDowell  ;  at  Williamsburg ;  retreats, 
207';  crosses  Chickahominy,  2072; 
wounded  at  Fair  Oaks,  2082;  at  Gallatin, 
212' ;  commander  ill  West,  216' ;  ordered 
to  Miss.;  at  Jackson,  222' ,  2243;  at  Bol- 
ton, 2242;  commands  in  Ga.,  2-283;  atDal- 
ton;  at  Rocky  Face  Ridge,  2322;  crosses  to 
Allatoona  Pass  ;  evacuates  Dalton,  233' ; 
at  Resaca,  2333;  abandons  Allatoona  ;  at 
Lo8tMountain,234'  ,3;  leaves  Pine  Moun- 
tain, 2342;  evacuates  Marietta,  235' ;  at 
Atb'inta ;  near  Smyrna  Camp  Ground, 
236' ;  superseded,  2362;  at  Chattahooche, 
236' ;  commands  in  N.C., 2422;  at  Beliton- 
ville,  244':  in  Davis  council,  246' ;  sur- 
renders ;  tiovt.  disavows  terms,  2462 ; 
political  disabilities  removed,  2962  ;  d., 
380'. 

,  Richard  M.,  b.,  1302;  works,  3962. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  62' ;  gov.,  101' ;  d.,  1242. 

,  William,  moderator,  3222. 

,  Sir .  d.,  998'. 

Johnstone.  Commodore  at  St.  Jago,  9202. 

,  pacing  record,  3193. 

Johnstown,  N.  Y.,  Indians  confer,  893  ; 
burned,  92'. 

,  Pa.,  flood,  340',  3413,   3561;   under 

military  rule,  340' ;  victims  found,  3452, 
3593  ;  religious  meeting,  3403  ;  Carnegie 
library,  3443  ;  relief  committee,  3522; 
Sultan  of  Turkey  sends  funds,  11683  ; 
fishing-club  sued,  3863;  forest  fires,  4173. 

Joint  Commission  of  G.  B.  and  U.  S. 
meets,  2732,2762. 

Synod.    (See  Evangelical  Lutheran.) 

Joinville,  Fr.,  secret  treaty  at,  6852. 

,  Jean  Sire  de,  b.-d.,  6702;  Louis,  673' . 

,  Pr.  de,  Francois  Ferdinand  Philippe 

Louis  Marie  d'Orl^ans,  b.  (1818) ;  at  Mog- 
ador,  728' ;  in  Assembly,  3433,  7453. 

Jokai,  Maurice,  b.,  5202. 

Joliet,  111.,  car  wrecked,  3393  ;  steel  Co. 
divides  profits,  3703  ;  fumace  falls,  3733. 

.Louis,  b.,  36';    explorer,  6722;    on 

Mississippi,  443 ;  d.,  54' . 

Jolivet,  Charles,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  9742. 

,  Gen.,  subdues  Arabs,  83. 

,  Pierre  Jules,  b.,  7143;  d.,  746'. 

Joly,  Marie  Elizabeth,  b.,  7023;  a.,  713». 

Jomelli,  Niccolo,  b.,  1083' ;  d.,  10842. 

Jomini,  Baron  Henri,  b.,  7043;  d.,  7382. 

Jonah,  prophet,  preaching  of,  11443;  Com' 
nientary  on,  6663. 

Jonathan,  defeats  Philistines,  1142' . 

,  high  priest,  11483. 

Maccabeus,  rules  Jerusalem,  11493; 

confirmed,  11493;  high  priest,  11483;  con- 
ducts war,  1148' ;  captive  killed,  11493. 

Jones,  Alfred,  b.  (1819) ;  in  National  Acad- 
emy Design,  170' . 

,  Anson,  Pres.,  b.  (1798),  1,592;  d.,  1842. 

,  Charles    Colcock,    b.   (1804) ;   Negro 

Myths,  3323;  d.,434'. 

,  C.  H.,  editor,  World,  4342. 

,  Frank  H.,  in  P.  O.  Dept.,  4472. 

;  George,  fnds.  Times,  1683  ;  d.,  388«. 

,  Galusha,  d.,  1422. 

,  Gen.,  at  Dungaii  Hill,  886' . 

,  H.,  shoots  Capt.  Vial,  417' . 

,  Hugh  Bolttm,  b.  (1848) ;  in  National 

Academy  Design,  314' . 

,  Inigo,  b.  (1572±);  d.,  8882. 

,  Jacob,  b.,  76' ;  captm'es  Frolic,  1182; 

d.,  168'. 

,  .James C.b.,  116' ;  gov.,  1.562;  d.,1842. 

, Ivimbrough,    b.,    1502  ;    speech, 

441'. 

,  John,  gift  of,  990' . 

, M.,  b.  (1820) ;  d.,  2332. 

, P.,  murdered  in  Pa.,  289' . 

, P.,  b.,  138' ;  senator  (1873) ;  Mone- 
tary Conf.,  4132  ;  joins  Populists ;  re- 
quested to  resign,  4712. 

, Paul,  b.,  662;  lieut.  commander, 

81' ;  prizes,  823;  on  Alfred,  H^ ;  on  Prtwl- 
tience,  823,  84' ;  capta'in,  84' ;  on  Havrier, 
88';  at  Whitehaven  ;  on  Scottish  co":ist, 
882  ;  on  Serapis,  903  ;  superintends 
America,  94' ;  d.,  1022. 


1296 


Text  Eigures  denote  Page.        INDxl.X,        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Jone-Jupi, 


Jones,  John  Taylor,  b.  (1802) ;  missionary, 
11343;  d.  (1851). 

, ■W.,b.(1805);  8peaker,1572;  d.(l»48). 

,  Justin  Edw.,  d.,  33t;i. 

,  Lieut.,  at  Lalce  Borgne,  1223. 

,  Llewellyn,  elected  bp.,  9803. 

,  R.  L.,  in  Liverpool  cliarities,  9792. 

,  Roger,  b.  (1789)  ;  d.,  334i . 

,  Tbomas  G.,  gov.  Ala..  375i ,  42ia. 

,  AV.  Bence,  boycotted,  9871. 

,  W.  C,  d.,5881. 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1754);  sec.  navy,  1123  ;  gov. 

R.  1.,  1192;  d.  (1822). 

, cl.,  b.,  9063;  d.,  9302. 

, ,  transported,  9511 , 

, A.,  librarian,  b.,  1262. 

, A.,  M.  Cong.,  b.,  1662. 

, Basil,  elected  bp.,  9742. 

,  Sir ,  b.,  9122  ;  d.,  9263. 

,  Capt.  near  Smithville,  2091 . 

,  Edniondson,  b.  (1824)  ;  raid  arrested, 

2242  ;  at  Rogersville,  2281 ;  near  WytUe- 
viUe,  2323  ;  at  Piedmont,  2342;  d.,  2351 . 

,  \V.  J.,  murdered,  4071 . 

,  W.  W.,  elected  bp.,  9742. 

Jonesboro,  Ark.,  Judge  Ferrell  k.,  4751. 

,  Ga.,  action  at,  2381 . 

Jonesport,  Me.,  Mormons  assemble,  3662. 

Jones's  Bridge,  Va.,  tight  at,  235 1 

Jonesville,  111.,  mob  bangs  prisoner,  1771. 

,  La.,  John  Hastings  lynched,  4182. 

,  Va.,  action  at,  2283. 

Joniaux,  Mme.,  poisons  relatives,  5482. 

Jonis,  Richard,  a.,  5013. 

Jonius,  Franciscus,  b.,  6803. 

Jonnart,  M.,  minister,  7671. 

Jonquifere,  Marquis  de  la,  gov.  Can.,  5753. 

Jouson,  Ben,  b.,  8742;  works,  8771  ^  2;  poet 
laureat,  8823  ;  d.,  8822. 

Joo-uing  Foo,  fall  of,  6141 . 

Joppa.    (See  Jatfa.) 

Joram,  reigns,  11451. 

Jordaens,  Jakob,  b.,  5403;  d.,  5411 . 

Jordan,  divided,  11403;  expedition  to,  1622. 

— — ,  Clinton,  murder  and  suicide,  4443, 

,  David  Starr,  b.,  1682  ;  pres.  Leland 

University,  3802. 

,Mrs.  (Dorothy  Bland),  b.  (1762i:) ;  last 

appearance,  9362;  d.  (1816). 

,  Thomas,  b.,  1301 ;  in  Cuba,  2663. 

,  Wilhelm,  b.,  8122. 

Joret,  M.,  constructs  steel  bridge,  7361. 

Jorge  Juan  In  Cuban  navy,  6341 . 

Jorgensou,  Jorgen,  b.,  6382. 

Jornal  de  Coimbra  issued,  lllOi . 

~—  Enciclopedico  issued,  lllOi . 

Jortiii,  John,  b.,  9002;  d.  (1770). 

Joseph,  sold;  ^vill,  11412;  gov.,  11413,  &463. 

of  Nazareth,  flight  into  Egypt,  11503. 

I.,b.(1677);  K.  of  Hung., 5133, 7992;  K. 

of  Romans,  7992;  emp.,Ger.,  5143,  7993; 
seizes  Duchy  of  Mantua,  10833  ;  receives 
papal  dispensation,  11113  ;  d.,  5143, 

II.,  emp.,  b.,  8003  ;  King  of  Romans, 

5172  ;  curbs  the  priests,  .5423  ;  in  Ba- 
varia, 8O41 ;  suppresses  abbeys,  5163  ; 
est.  schools,  8O52  ;  edict  of  tolerance, 
5172^  8O51;  abolishes  serfdom,  8052; 
abolishes  slave  trade,  5172 ;  ascends 
throne  of  Hung. ;  abolishes  reforms, 
5173 ;  resigns  command,  5163 ;  con- 
trols the  pope;  institutes  reforms; 
change  of  terr.,  543i ;  Dutch  indemnity, 
8053  ;  improves  legal  system,  5173  ;  emp. 
Holy  Roman  Empire,  5172,  8053 ;  d.,  5163, 

Emanuel,  Port.,   reigns,   11103  ;    tor- 
tures subjects,  11113.    (See  Pedro  III.) 

Henri  attempts  king's  life,  7292. 

,  son  of  Kami,  high-priest,  11523, 

I.,  Caiaphas,  higu-priest,  11503. 

Josephine  Willis  collides,  9613. 

Josephine  of  Flanders,  married,  5482, 

,  Marie  Josfephe  Rose  Tascher  de  la 

Pagerie,  b.,  703i ;  marries  Napoleon  I., 
7131;  d.,  7211. 

Josephus,  Flavius,  b.,  10622 ;  Antiquities 
of  the  Jews,  10643. 

Joshua   defeats    Midianites,   1140';    suc- 
ceeds Moses,  11413  ;  commands  sun  and 
moon,  11402  ;  d.,  11413. 
Josiah  reigns,  11453;  reforms;  keeps  feast, 
11462  ;  in  b.  Megiddo,  11461 ;  killed,  6501 . 

Mason's  College,  established,  979 1 . 

Josika,  Miklos,  b.,  519i ;  d.,  5262. 

Jossus  elected  emperor  ;  d.,  7^3. 
Jotham  reigns,  11451 ;  bramble  tale,  11423. 
Joubert,  Peter  J.,  in  Transvaal,  6032. 

,  Barth^l^my  Catherine,  b.,  7042  ■  k. 

atNovi,  5182  ;  d.,  7142. 


Joubert,  Joseph,  b.,  7022  ;  d.,  7242. 

,  Leo,  b.,  7342. 

,  M.,  financial  scheme,  Egj'pt,  6591 . 

Jouett,  James  E.,  rear-admiral,  322i . 

Jouffroy,  Marquis  de.  Claude  Francois,  b. 
(1750i) ;  his  steamboat,  7041 ;  d.  (1832). 

,  Th^o.  S.,b.,7123;  works, 7271 ;  d.,7282. 

Jouitsong  encourages  learning,  6122. 

Joule,  James  Prescott,  b.,9383  ;  d.,  IOOOI . 

Jounont,  Gen.,  at  Than-Moi,  4823. 

Jourdan,  Col.,  at  Reedyville,  238i . 

,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,7023;  at  Wattignes, 

7101 ;  at  Vittoria,  7201 ;  d.,  7262. 

,  Lopez,  defeat,  4902  ;  gov.  Argentine, 

4912  ;  captured, 4913. 

Jouimal  of  Stendhal  appears,  7582. 

Britannique  issued,  7012. 

de  Commerce  issued,  7032. 

d' Education  issued,  705* . 

de  Litt&rairey  7052. 

de  Marine  issued,  705i<. 

de  Monsieur  issued,  7052. 

de  Musique,  7051 . 

de  Paris  issued,  7052. 

des  Beaux-Arts  issued,  5443. 

des  Dames  issued,  7032. 

des  Sciences  issued,  7051. 

desThidtres  issued,  7051 . 

du  Palais  issued,  (K>3i . 

EccUsiastique  issued,  6932. 

Etranger  issued,  7032. 

Litt&raire  published,  6972. 

Journal  of  Sir  W. Scott,  etc.,  appears,  10043. 

Jouson  Beg,  at  Medina,  4881 . 

Jourdan,  Jean  Baptiste,  in  War,  5181 , 

Jouvenet,  Jean,  b.,  6883  ;  d.,  6963. 

Jouy,  Victor  Jos.  E.  de,  b.,  7031 ;  d.,  7283. 

Jovellanos,  Gaspar  Melchoir  de,  b.-d., 
11283. 

,  Salvador,  elected  president,  11062, 

Joveliar,  Gen.,  in  Havana,  6332, 

Jovian  (Flavius  Claudius  Jovianus),  b.-d., 
10682 ;  defeats  Gauls,  6622 ;  reigns, 
10092;  purchases  retreat,  IIO6I ;  d.,  10692. 

Jovis,  M.  M.,  balloon  ascent,  7561 . 

Joy,  Charles  Arad,  b.,  302. 

, F.,  b.,  1602. 

Joyce,  Isaac  W.,  elected  M.  E.  bp.,  3302. 

— ,  John,  shot,  9902. 

Joyeuse,  Due  de,  Anne,  b.  (1561i:);  at  Cou- 
tras,  6»4i. 

,  V.-Adm.  Villaret  de,  in  battle,  6291 . 

Jozar,  high  priest,  11502. 

Juan,  Don,  de  Acuna,  viceroy  Mex.,  6I2, 

Juarez,  Benito  Pablo,  b.-d.,  1(©52  ;  defeats 
Miramon  ;  takes  Mex.  City,  10961 ;  pres. ; 
revolt  against ;  factions  ^or  ;  d.,  10063, 

,  Celman,  Miguel,  b.  (1844) ;    resigns, 

4922. 

Juba  defeats  Curio,  IO6OI ;  killed,  IO6O2. 

Jubal  inv.  musical  instruments,  11391. 

Jubalpur  mission,  10483. 

Juda,  Leo,  b.-d.,  6783. 

Judah,  kingdom  formed  ;  war  with  Israel, 
11433;  alliance  with  Israel,  11451 ;  trib- 
utary to  Assyria,  11452  ;  Amaziah  reigns, 
11451 ;  kingdom  falls,  11471. 

,  Henry  M.,  d.,  250i . 

Judas,  betrays  Christ ;  suicide,  11523. 

(Aristobulus  I.),  high  priest,  11483. 

,  high  priest,  11492. 

Maccabeus,  at  Beth-heron  ;  at  Caph- 

arsalama,  11481 ;  restores  Temple  ;  falls, 
11483;  killed,  11481, 2. 

,  son  of  Simon  III.,  assassinated,  11493. 

Judd,  Max,  exequatur  not  granted,  5371 . 

,  Orange,  b.,  1302. 

,  OrinB.,  d.,  3981. 

,  Sylvester,  b.  (1813);  Margaret,  \b2^ ', 

d.,  1722. 
Judea  invaded  by  Philistines,  11441 ;  idol- 
atry restored,  11443  ;  province  of  Baby- 
lon, 11472 ;  high  priests  become  sub- 
rulers,  11473  ;  province  of  Syria ;  sub- 
ject to  Egypt,  11491 ;  taken  by  Antio- 
chus  III.,  11492  ;  invaded  by  Syrians ; 
peace  with  Syria,  11493  ;  delivered  from 
Syria;  rebellion  of  Pharisees,  11511; 
Roman  province,  11512,  11533,  10632; 
tributary  to  Rome,  10592 ;  divided, 
11512  ;  taxes  levied  by  Cyrenius,  11513  ; 
annexed  to  Pal.,  11532  ;  high  priest  cor- 
ruption, 11523 ;  Jews  revolt,  10*^3, 
10641,3;  Jewish  war  against  Rome, 
10621 ;  invaded  by  Vespasian ;  desolated 
by  Syrians  ;  revolts  against  Rome,  11533. 
(See  Palestine.) 
Judge  advertising  scheme,  3^3. 
Judges  rule  Israel,  1141*. 


Judges,  commissions  est.,  England,  9153; 
impeached,  8943. 

Judicature  reformed,  French,  7551 . 

Judtciaryj  National,  est.,  Am.,  1012. 

Judith  reigns  in  Abyssinia,  13. 

of  Bavaria,  marries  Louis  I.,  6663. 

Judore  mission,  10491. 

Judson,  Adoniram,  b.,  IOOI ;  miss,  move- 
ment, 1171 ;  ordained,  1183  ;  at  Calcutta, 
1191 ,  10463  ;  bequest,  1363  ;  visits  home, 
1603  ;  d.,  1681. 

,  Edward  Z.  C,  b.  (1822) ;  d.,  324i . 

,  Emily,   b.,   1262;    returns,   1311;  d., 

1742. 

Judsonia,  Ark.,  Judson  Univ.  org.,  2763. 

Juel,  Nicholas  b.,  6362  ;  d.,  6363. 

Juewa,  asteroid,  discovered,  286i. 

Jug:Bus  reigns,  11452. 

Jugdespore  Sepoy  rebellion,  10481. 

Jugduluk  Pass,  taken  by  Gen.  Pollock,  42. 

Juggernaut,  state  allowance  for,  10472. 

Jugurtha defeats  Romans  ;  war;  defeated; 
delivered  to  Marius,  10561;  prisoner  in 
Rome,  10563  ;  buys  peace  ;  struggle  for 
Numidian  throne,  10572  ;  k.  (104  b.c). 

Jujuy,  revolution,  4913. 

Jukes-Brown,  A.  J.,  British  Isles,  9983. 

Julesburg,  Colo.,  Indians  attack,  2403. 

Julfa,  mission  at,  11082. 

Julg,  Bernhard,  b.,  8123  ;  d.,  8321 . 

Julia  explodes  boiler,  3293. 

,  asteroid,  discovered.  7361. 

marries  Pompey,  10591. 

(the  elder),  Julia  (the  younger),  ban- 
ished, 10631 . 

Julian,  George  Washington,  b.  (1817);  nom. 
for  vice  pres.,  1032, 1712;  electoral  vote, 
1732,  2812;  Joshua  R.  Giddinifs,  4203. 

(Flavius  Claudius  Julianas),  de- 
feats Franks,  6622  ;  emp.;  campaigns  in 
Gaul,  6631 ,3  ;  defends  Gaul ;  defeats  Al- 
emanni.  7692  ;  war  against  Sapor  II., 
10681 ;  fails  to  rebuild  temple.  10683 ;  re- 
nounces Christianity.  10291, 10683  ;  fmis. 
hospitals;  revives  Istlimian  games, 10691 ; 
made  csesar ;  reigns  in  Gaul,  etc.;  pro- 
claimed emp.,  10692  ;  war  with  Persia, 
11061;  killed,  10692. 

Julianus,  Didius  Salvius,  reigns  ;  opposed 
edicts;  executed,  10651, 2. 

Julich-Cleves,  quarrel  for  succession,  7933 , 

Julien.  Louis  Georges,  b.,  7192  ;  d.,  7342. 

,  Pierre,  b.,  6983  ;  d.,  7151 . 

~,  Stanislaus,  b.,  7142;  Chinese  Lexicog- 
raphy,!^^; d.,  7461. 

Julius  I.,  St.,  pope,  10663  ;  calls  sjmod, 
10683. 

II.,  b.-d.,  10783  ;  forms  Holy  League, 

6812  ;  conquests.  10781 ;  pope,  10791. 

III.,  b.,  10783  ;  pope,  10812  ;  d.,  10803. 

,  C,  cons,  bp.,  10042. 

,  Duke  of  Brunswick,  7933. 

Pollux,  The  Onomasticoji,  10292. 

Jumbo,  elephant,  purchased,  98if3,  3113. 
Jumonville,  N.  Coulon  de,  b.  (1725+) ;  at 

Great  Meadows,  681;  killed  (1754). 
Jumuden  Turkomans,  defeated,  lllSr 
Juncker,  Henry  D.,  b.,  8IO2. 
Jung-Bahadur,  b.-d.,  10162. 

,  Joachim,  b.,  7922  ;  d.,  7963. 

Junger,  .^gidius,  cons.  R.  C.  bp..  3022, 
Junghans,  Sophie,  b.  (1845) ;  d.,  8162. 
Junghulm,  Franz  W.,  b.,  8IO2  ;  d.,  8221 . 
Jung-StiUing,  Johann  H.,  b.,  8OO2  ;  d. 8121 . 
Junin,  Peru,  action  at,  IIO8I . 
Junior  order  United  Amer.  Mechanics, 

statistics,  4463  ;  flags  on  schools,  3543. 
Junius,  Franciscus,  theologian,  b.,  6803; 

d.,6862. 

, ,  philologist,  b.,  8762. 

,  Marcus,  commander,  10542. 

Junker,  Wilhelm,  b.  (1840) ;  d.,  11221. 

Junkermann,  August,  b.,  8142, 

Junkin,  George,  b.  (1790) ;  moderator,  158*; 

d.,  2621. 
Juno,  arms  stolen  from.  9863. 

discovered,  8O81 . 

Juno,    worshiped,    10503 ;    temple   built, 

10142,  10502. 
Junot,  Andoche,  Due  d'Abrant^s,  b.,  7042; 

enters  Lisbon  ;  at  Vimeiro,  7162;  decree 

for  Port  Independence  ;  evacuates  Port., 

7173  ;  d.,  7203. 
,  Madame  (Laure  Permon),  Duchesse 

d'Abrant^s.  b.  706i ;  d.,  728' . 
Junta  est.  in  Chile,  0091;    legal  proceed- 
ings; surrenders  power.  6O92, 
Junto  Whigs  rule,  Eug.,  9012. 
Jupiter  captured,  558i . 


I 


Jnpi-Eans. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1297 


/upiter  known,  6102;  fifth  satellite  dis., 
4141. 

Jupiter  Olympus,  altar  to,  10131 ;  temples 
of,  10162,  10203,  10602.  115.'J2  ;  colossal 
statue,  10303  ;  worshiped,  10603, 10553. 

Jurgem  invents  spinning-wheel,  7901 . 

Juridical  Society  fnd..  i>61i . 

Jurie,  or  George  I.,  Duke  of  Kieff,  11133. 

,  or  George  U.,  grand  duke,  11151. 

or  Geo.  III.,  reigns  in  liussia,  11152. 

Jurieu,  Pierre,  b.,  6882  ;  d.,  6963. 
Jurisprudence,  Ger.  system  of,  8312, 
Jury,  trial  by,  intro.,  Australia,  4943. 
Jussieu,  Antoine  Laurent,  b.,  7003  ;  sys- 
tem of  plants,  7061 ;  d.,  7262. 

,  Bernard  de,  b.,  6943;  d.,  7043. 

Juste,  Theodore,  b.,  5423  ;  d.,  5461 . 

Justi,  C,  Diego  Vflazqaez^  8322. 

Justice,  principle  of,  10312. 

,  Dept.  of,  est..  Am.,  2712. 

Justices  appointeil,  Kug.,  8492. 

Justin,  or  Justinus  I.  b.-d.,  10303;  reigns, 
10312;  alliance  with  Turks,  10313;  re- 
stores bishops,  10303. 

II.  reigns,  10313  ;    defeats  Persians, 

10302. 

,  Dr.,  dynamite  shell  tested,  3661 . 

,  St.,  b.-d.,  10642;  apology,  I0(>43. 

Justinian  I.,  emp.,  b.-<i.,  10303 ;  reigns, 
10312 ;  emp. ;  pays  Chosroes  for  peace, 
11061 ;    rebuil(fa   Constantinople,  11551 ; 

.   fnds.  second  St.  Sophia   11543. 

II.  reigns,  10313  ;  defeats  Bulgarians, 

565» ;  debauchery ;  mutilated,  10312  •  de- 
throned :  restored,  10313  ;  code  of  laws 
compilea,  10311,  2;  honors  the  pope, 
10723  ;  d.  10303,  10312. 

Justus,  archbishop,  8422. 

Jutland,  invaded,  636i,  GlOi ;  pillaged, 
6W2;  Prus. administrative;  power,  W13; 
conquered,  7941. 

Juvenal  (Decimus  Junius  Juvenalis),  b.- 
d.,  10622  ;  Satires  of,  10643. 

Juxon,  William,  b.,  8742  ;  minister,  8833; 
archbp.  Canterbury  ;  d.,  8902. 


K. 

Kaab,  Arabian  poet,  d.,  4842. 

Kaaba,  dispute  over,  4853  ;  ruined,  4863. 

Kaas,  Nikolaus,  b.-d..  6362. 

Kabatnik,  Mart.,  in  Asia  and  Egypt,  5083. 

Kabir,  b.;  disciple  of  Kamanand,  10431 . 

Kabul,  Afg.,  Brit,  in,  4i  ±  ;  taken  by 
Baber,  by  Nadir  Shah,  4 1 ;  byAzim,43; 
the  capital,  5i ;  under  Ufzul  and  Azim, 
62,3  ;  massacre,  53;  Afghans  leave,  6i ; 
receives  Abder-Rahman,  7i ;  conquered, 
10441 ;  annexed  to  Ind.,  10433  ;  indepen- 
dent, 10152. 

Khan  defeats  Kins,  6121. 

Eabyle,  insurrection  of,  82, 3,  93, 101 . 

Kader,  war  with  Fr.,  82,3  ;  emir,  93. 

Kadesh,actionat, 11401 ;  Israelitesat, 11403. 

Kadijah,  Mohammed's  convert,  4S43;  wife, 
4853;  d.,4842. 

Kadlubek,  Vincent,  d.,  11142. 

Kadol,  Burmese  war,  10482. 

Ka-en-Ka  reigns  in  Kgypt,  6472. 

Kaffraria,  missions,  597i  ,2,  5982  ;  Wm. 
Shaw  sent  to,  5972  ;  natives  defeated, 
6001 ;  African  war,  6OI2  ;  amnesty,  6OO2  ; 
social  conditions,6023 ;  languages  spoken, 
6043. 

Kafir  warj  Ist,  2d,  5971 ;  3d,  4th,  5th.  5981 . 

Kafirs,  mission  work,  597 1,2;  defeated; 
raid  of,  5981;  suicide  of,  5992;  insurrec- 
tion, 6001,  6012;  war  with,  9381 ;  rise 
against  Eng., 9561 ;  war  with  Boers,  U242. 

Kafoor  reigns  in  Egy.,  6552. 

Kafr-Bilmisht,  mission,  6571. 

Kaliazarenes  in  Russia,  III32. 

Kahnts,  Karl  F.  A.,  b.,  8IO2  ;  d.,  8321. 

Kahpoo  taken,  6202. 

Kah-sing  taken,  6202. 

Kaieteur  falls,  discovered,  10393. 

Kai-fung  Foo,  retreat  of  emp.,  6141 ;  siege, 
6142  ;  human  flesh  for  food,  6I51 . 

Kaigan,  church  at.  10921. 

Kaiking  enthroned.  6172;  dethroned,  6163. 

Kaikobad  reigns,  10432. 

Kain,  John  Joseph,  cons,  bp.,  2882. 

Kainarjii,  treaty  ))f,  11573. 

Kaine,  Thomas,  attempt  to  rescue,  1711 . 

Kai  Ping,  mission  work,  6242, 

Kaiser,  Jacob  J.,  sentenced,  4403. 

Kaiser  OcUtvianua  appears,  791 1 . 

Xaiserslautern,  Bavaria,  battle  of,  8O6I . 


Kaiulani,  Princess,  appeal,  4242. 

Kaiyereu,  mission,  6222. 

Kajar,  dynjisty  reigns,  11073. 

Kajaruak,  Eskimau  convert,  643,  10381. 

Kakaa  reigns  in  Egypt,  6471 . 

Ka-Kau  reigns  in  Egypt,  6453, 

Kak  Ohieh  mission,  62P, 

Kalafat,  Rumania,  Turks  enter,  UI8I. 

Kalakaua  I.,David,b.,  10411;  king;  visits 
Washington,  D.C.,287i,2;  inCal.,3723; 
d.,  10412  ;  funeral,  3773. 

Kalamazoo,  Mich.,  Coll.  est.,  1423,  1783  ; 
street-car  accident,  3393, 

Kalangan  massacre,  5522. 

Kala*t-i-Gilzai,  Afghans  repulsed,  42. 

Kahiwa,  Father  Damien,  d.,  10412. 

Kalbeck,  Max,  b.,  8I81. 

Kalderoon,  action  at,  11561 . 

Kaled  defeats  Romans,  4841 . 

Kaleidoscope  suggested,  9362, 

Kaley,  George,  murderer,  4003. 

Kalid,  Mussulman,  4843. 

Kalidasa,  b.,  10423. 

Kalila  and  I>imna  appears,  11271 . 

Kaliouchnaia,  Maria  Wassilieona,  sen- 
tenced, 11211. 

Kalish  alliance,  8III;  Rus.  victory,  7183. 

Kalisch,  David,  b.,  812*  ;  d.,  8281 . 

Kalkbrenner,  Friedrich,  b.,  8043  ;  d.,  8I81 . 

Kalley,  Rev., missionary, 5542;  org.  church, 
5562  ;  retires,  5563. 

Kallock,  mayor  San  Francisco,  shot,  303 1 . 

Kalnoky^  Count,  minister  of  foreign  af- 
fairs, 5311;   Austria-Hung.  Conf.,535i. 

Kalpi  Sepoy  rebellion,  10481 . 

Kaltenborn-Strachan,  Gen.  von,  resigns, 
8371. 

Kainakura,destroyed, 10911  ;capital,10912. 

Kambathet  reigns  in  Egypt,  6512. 

Kambini  mission,  11113. 

Kambula,  battle  at,  6OOI. 

Kamchatfea,  Russia,  discovered,  1114* . 

Kamchi,  David  (Radak),  d.,  6702. 

Kamed  Pasha,  governor  of  Syria,  11593. 

Kamehameha  1.  reigns,  10411 . 

II.  reigns,  10411;  ends  idolatry.  10402. 

III.  reigns,  10411. 

IV.,b.;weds,1041i  ;succeeds;d., 10412. 

Kamerun,  W.Afr.,  colony  fnd.,  8313.  (See 
text,  p.  1161.) 

Kamienie,  Russia,  taken,  11561. 

Kamil,  El,  sultan,  6552  ;  d.,  6542. 

Kampen,  Nikolaus  Godfried  van,  b.-d. 
11011. 

Kampfer,  Engelbrecht,  b.,  7963  ;  reaches 
Japan,  10911;  d.,  7983. 

Kamran  enthroned,  5i ;  d.,  43. 

Kamsan  captured,  63. 

Kanagawa  mission  at,  10921 . 

Kanawha,  W.  Va.,  Coxeyites  steal  train, 
4622-  storm,  3441. 

Kandahar  fnd.,  53  •  taken  by  Nadir  Shah, 
41 ;  entered  by  Snere  Ali,  43  ;  Afghans 
leave;  Brit,  hold  ;  revolts, 6 1, 3;  Ameers 
occupy  ;  Ayoob  retires  ;  occupied  ;  Rob- 
erts arrives, 6I  ;  annexed  to  India,  10433  ; 
conquered,  10441 ;  Persians  wrest,  10443. 

Kandy,  Pagnani,  bp.,  cons.,  9822  ;  taken, 
10461 ;  mission,  10462. 

Kane,  Edward,  b.,  1542. 

,  Elisha    Kent,   b.,    1282  ;   commands 

Grinnell's  expedition,  166i,172i;  2d  ex- 
pedition, 1731 ;  in  Greenland ;  Hartstein 
finds,  1761 ;  returns,  1761 ,  nsi ;  d.,  1821 . 

,  Sir  Robert,  b.,  935 1 . 

,  Theodore  F.,  promoted    captain   in 

U   S.  A.  3221 . 

',  Thos!  Leiper,  b.,  1302  ;  d.  (1883). 

.  Mr.,  shot,  9891. 

Kang-hi  checksGaldan,  restores  churches, 
6142  ;  reigns,  6153  ;  d.,  6163. 

Kangra  mission,  10463, 

Kangti  enthroned,  6131 . 

Kang  Wang,  enthroned.  6II2. 

Kanishka  founds  Buddhism,  10431 . 

Kanizsa,  Ferdinand,  defejited,  5113. 

Kansas,  territory  org. ;  Kansas- Nebraska 
Bill,  1751;  Emigrant  Aid  Society  sends 
parties  to,  1752 ;  Congregational  Gen. 
Asso.  org.,  1762  ;  bloody  election  ;  im- 
migration, 1763  ;  in  Cong. ;  A.  H,  Reeder, 
gov.,  1771 ;  removed,  1772;  legislature 
upholds  slavery,  1771;  intruders  from 
Mo., ;  fraudulent  election,  177i  ,2;  J.  W. 
Whitfield  delegate  in  Cong.,  177  ij  elec- 
tion for  territorial  legislature ;  Daniel 
Woolson,  gov.  ;  Free  State  men  meet ; 
proslavery  legislature  meets;  supple- 
mentary elections  held;  proslaverystrug- 


gle;  Wilson  Shannon,  gov.,  1771,  1791; 
mercury  falls,  178i ;  Cong'l.  Conf.  org.; 
Meth.  Epis.  Conf.  org.,  1782;  sheriff  shot, 
1783 ;  civil  war  in ;  Free  Soil  Party 
meets  ;  Free  State  conven.  meets  ;  in- 
dictments against  Reeder  and  others ; 
Free  State  constitution  ratified;  fraudu- 
lent votes;  ''Bleeding  Kansas"  times; 
Whitfield  elected  M.  Cong.  ;  Lawrence 
sacked ;  proslavery  party  meets  ;  To- 
peka  antislavery  constitution  adopted, 
1791 ;  Lawrence  sacked  ;  Chas.  Robinson 
elected  M.  C. ;  pres.  recognizes  prosla- 
very legislature  ;  Col.  Buford  in,  1792 ; 
govt,  employs  Buford,  1793  ;  proslavery 
struggle  ;  legislature  meets  ;  Chas.  Rob- 
inson inaiig. ;  indicted  ;  Cong,  commit- 
tee investigate,  1792,  it  reports,  1811; 
Northern  men  opposed  ;  civil  war,  1793; 
legislature  dispersed  by  U.  S.  troops; 
Missourians  drive  out  Free  State  men  ; 
House  votes  for  admission  ;  Committee 
of  Five  ;  rebellion  declared,  I8II;  dele- 
gates to  conven.,  1831;  Free  State  men 
capture  post,  ISP;  John  W.  Geary, 
gov.,  1812;  Geary  disbands  hostile 
forces ;  he  releases  prisoners ;  prosla- 
very troubles ;  House  admits  ;  Senate 
rejects  admission ;  legislature  meets 
at  Topeka,  181 1;  Gov.  Geary  resigns; 
Judge  Lecompton  removed  ;  no  major- 
ity in  legislature  ;  peace  reported ;  pro- 
slavery  legislature  meets ;  Free  State 
legislature  meets  ;  legislators  arrested, 
1812  ;  U.  S.  troops  aid  proslavery  party, 
1821 ;  Baker  Univ.  fnd.  ;  Highland  Univ. 
fnd.  ;  St.  Benedict's  Coll.  org.,  1822  ;  il- 
legal Constitution  Conven.  j  election  by 
Free  State  men  ;  election  illegal,  1831 ; 
elections,  1833  ;  Robert  J.  Walker,  gov.; 
Lecompton  proslavery  constitution  re- 
jected ;  proslavery  constitution  nomi- 
nally adopted  ;  constitutional  election 
held,  1832  ;  State  admitted.  1851,1873, 
1912  ;  constitution  rejected,  1851 ,2  ; 
constitutional  conven.  voted  for ;  con- 
ven. at  Wyandotte  ;  antislavery  consti- 
tution find.  ;  James  W.  Denver,  gov. ; 
Samuel  Medary,  gov.,  1852  ;  antislavery 
constitution  wins,  187 1 ;  State  legisla- 
ture first  meets,  1932  ;  A'ew  Sam  Gaty 
flies  Confederate  flag,  1953  ;  first  over- 
land coach  arrives,  1973  ;  State  capital 
located;  admitted  into  8.  Confed.,  2012; 
Geo.  M.  Bebee.  gov. ;  Thomas  Carney 
gov. ;  Chas.  Robinson  gov.,  2032  ;  mar- 
tial law,  2041;  negroes  enlist,  2103; 
Quantrell  raids,  2143  ;  insane  asylum 
est.,  2!S)2 ;  ratifies  13th  Amendment, 
2432;  martial  law  abolished,  2491; 
Washburn  Coll.  org.,  2502  ;  colored  con- 
ven, at  Topeka,  251i,  2672;  Samuel  J. 
Crawford,  gov.,  2511 ;  Ottawa  Univ.org.; 
Univ.  of  Kan.  org.,  2543  ;  Hancock  and 
Custer  against  Indians,  2561;  Indians 
removal  treaty ,2571 ;  ratifies  14th  Amend- 
ment, 2572  ;  State  constitution  amend- 
ments rejected ;  rejects  negro  suffrage, 
2592  ;  woman's  suffrage  campaign,  2592, 
2653;  Luth.  General  Synod  find,  2642;  In- 
dians raid,  2661 :  colored  conven.  meets, 
2672  ;  Free  Meth.  Conf.  org.,  2682,  3042  ; 
Universalists  State  conven.  org.,  682; 
James  M.  Harvey,  gov. ,2692;  ratifies  15th 
Amendment,  2693  ;  Eldership  Church  of 
God  org.,  2762  ;  Indians  Removal  Act 
passes,  2783  ;  drought,  2821 ;  South  Kan, 
M.  E.  Conf.  org.,  2841 ;  Thos.  A.  Osborn, 
gov. ,2851 ;  E.  Baxter,  gov. ,2852;  grasshop- 
per plague,  2853 ;  State  bonds  issued, 2883; 
color  franchise  abolished,  2912  •  Geo.  T. 
Anthony  gov.,  2973  ;  John  P.  St.  John 
gov.,  2993  ;  tornado,  3001 ;  negro  immi- 
gration to,  3011,  307 1;  Constitutional 
Prohibitory  Bill,  3032,  3052,3082;  Uni- 
tarian Conf.  org.,  3042;  Green,  drive-well 
patent,  3073;  first  l>em.  gov.,  3112;  West 
Kan.  Free  Meth.  Conf.,  fmd.,3122  ;  Reg- 
ulators disband,  3131 ;  R.R.  commission  ; 
(ieorge  W.  Glick  gov.,  3152  ;  Southwest 
Kan.  Coll.  est.  at  Winfield  (1885);  anti- 
saloon  Rep.  org.,  3231 ;  John  A.  Martin, 
gov.,  3233  ;  Western  Univ.  org.  at  Salina, 
3242;  storm,  3261;  female  suifrage  per- 
mitted, 3272  ;  R.  C.  diocese  of  Wichita 
org.;R.  C. diocese  of  Concordia  org., 3282; 
liquor  in  drug  stores,  3291;  Lyman  U. 
Humphreys,  gov.,  3293  ;  State  troops  pre- 
serve peace,  3301  •  capital  removed,  3333; 


1298 


Te.t  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superhr  Figure,  Indicate  Column.  KailS-Kemfc, 


resubmission  of  prohibition  amendment, 
3472,  3792  ;  com  for  fuel,  3493;  sillt  in- 
dustry encouraged,  3513  ;  prohibitory 
law  unconstitutional,  3592  ;  whisky  war 
prevails,  31)03,  3623  ;  prohibitory  laws 
nullified,  3012;  original  liquor  packages 
decision,  3613,  371'  ;  Farmers' Alliance 
in  legislature,  3713  ;  horse  thieves  shot, 
3723  ;  new  legislature,  3751 ;  Female  Suf- 
frage Bill,  379';  Cherokee  strip  boom- 
ers; Wliite  .Maskers,  3903  ;  negro  school 
children  395' ;  mob  kills  sheriff,  3983  ; 
L.  U.  Humphrey,gov.,399' ;  prairie  fires, 
4a")3  ;  robbers  wreck  train,  4103  ;  consti- 
tutional conven.  proposed,  4192  ;  legisla- 
tive struggles  of  Populists,  Uepublicans, 
Democrats,  4222+;  Republicans  win, 
425'  J- ;  bank  robbery,  4222  ;  Woman's 
Suffrage  Bill  passes,  4253  ;  war  on  liquor 
joints,  4262;  destitution,  4333,4513;  com- 
panies disband,  434' ;  militia  subdues 
strikers,  4342  ;  vagrant  labor,  4452  ;  Mrs. 
Lease  controversy,  4513 ;  avalanche, 
448' ;  tornado,  456' ;  land  cave-in,  4732. 
Kansas Citv,  Mo.,Confed8.  defeated,  1963  ; 
action  at",  1982,  2003  ;  R.  C.  diocese  est., 
3012  ;  Congregational  Club  find.,  3182  ; 
tornado,  3222;  Meth.  College  est.,  3522; 
eight-hovir  day,  357' ;  Ferguson  embez- 
zles, 397 ' ;  railway  wreck,  3653 ,  3713 ;  Am. 
Nat.  Bank  suspends,  3773;  International 
Y  M  C.  A.  meets,  383' ;  Western  States 
Commercial  Cong.  3822,  3833  ;  cars  side- 
tracked, 3913;  natural  gas, 402' ;  Knights 
of  Pythias,  4142  ;  election  fight,  4543, 
4582 ;  parochial  schools  abandoned,  468' ; 
bridge  collapses,  471*. 

Wesleyan  Univ.,  3242. 

Kansooh  JJasr,  sultan,  6553. 

Kansuh,  Mussulmans  defeated,  616' ;  Mo- 
ham's  rebel,  6202,  6213;  mission,  6223. 

Kant,  Immanuel,  b,,  8002;  works,  803',  2, 
805';  d.,  8082. 

Kanter  invents  pressing-boards,  804' . 

Kantibay,  Abys.,  submits  to  Italy,  32. 

Kantner,  Abraham,  b.,  7983. 

Kau-Wiing  executed,  0202. 

Kan  web,  action  at,  10422. 

Kao,  enthroned,  611' . 

Kaohwang  enthroned,  6113. 

Kaotsong  weds  Woo  How,  6123;  d.,  6122. 

Kaou-te,  books  to  be  burned,  6IO2. 

Kao  Wang  enthroned,  6112. 

Kapolna,  Hung.,  battle  at,  522' . 

Khi?i),  Friedrich,  b.,  8123;  d.,  8302. 

Kappel,  Switz,  wars  of,  1137' . 

Kaptschak,  Khan  of,  empire  est.,  lllo*. 

Kapttnda  founders,  9973. 

Kapunda  Station,  copper  ore,  496' . 

Karachi  mission,  10463. 

Karageorgevitoh,  d.,  1120' . 

Kara-in-das  reigns,  11413. 

Karaites  sect  founded,  11543. 

Karakal,  Madras,  mission,  1047' . 

Kara-Khar-das  reigns,  11«3. 

Karakozow  attempts  Czar's  life,  1119'. 

Karam,  .Joseph,  leader  Maronites,  1158' . 

Karamsin,    Nikolai,    b.,    11162;     works, 
1117';  d.,  11163. 

Kara  Mustapha,  Turkish  leader,  5222. 

Karat,  Prince  of  Carinthia,  503' . 

Karavelotf,  ministry,   567';    regent;    re- 
signs, 5673;  arrested,  5683. 

Karelia  ceded  to  Sweden,  11353. 

Karema  conquers  Uganda,  5632. 
Karens,  missions  among,  11243. 
Karez-i-atta,  battle  at,  62. 
Kargan  mission,  621 ' . 
Karim  Khan  reigns,  11073. 
Karl  Skrnnlkan  written,  11.343. 
Karlowitz,  peace  of,  5133,  7992. 
Karlsbad,  Congress  of,  5212,  8193. 
Karlsefne,  Thorflnn,  explorer,  11 2. 
Karlsruhe,  Prus.  array  in,  818' . 
Karinan,  captives  massacred.  11073. 
Karmathians,  skeptics,  4863 ;  storm  Mecca, 

rise,  486';  4863,487'. 
Karnak,  Egypt,  Hall  of  Columns  erected, 
648' ;  Temple  of  Ammon,  6402  ;  Temple 
of  Abydos,  648' . 
Karnal,  Madras,  mission,  1047' . 
Karolyi,  Count,  London,  Conference, 9932; 

duel,  5323;  killed,  5333. 
Karr,  Jean  Baptiste  Alphonse,  b.,  717' ; 

works,  7602,  7292;  d.,  760' . 
Kars,  Russians  expelled,  505' ;  surrender, 
900' ;  action  at,  11562;  taken,  1116' ,  1158' ; 
ceded  to  Russia;  annexed  to  Turkey, 
11592. 


Karsten,  Henry,  brutality,  4442. 

,  Karl  ,J.  B.,  b.,  8042;  d.,  820' . 

Kartner,  Madame,  assassinated,  II212. 
Karun  River,  open  to  commerce,  11083. 
Karwin,  explosions,  5383. 
Karzburg  mines,  Brunswick,  opened, 774'. 
Kasan,  conquered,  1114' ;  famine,  11232. 
Kaschan,  earthquake  at,  11073. 
Kashgar,  Turkestan,  annexed,  6113  ;  in- 
surrections, 0172,  0213;  taken,  6'22i. 
Kashgaria  conquered,  0142. 
Kashgate,  battle  of,  0.t82. 
Kashmir,  or  Cashmere,  lost  by  Afghans, 
5' ;  captured;  subdued,  1044' ;  conquered, 
1O40'  ;  native  council  est.,  10493. 
Kasos,  Turkish  atrocities,  10342. 
Kasota,  Minn.,  train  robbery,  4102. 
Kaspary  founds  humanitarians,  970'. 
Kasrur,  Madras,  mission,  10183. 
Kassai,  Bejach,  revolts,  32. 
[.John  II.],  crowned;  punishes  mis- 
sionaries, 32. 
Kassala,  E.  Afr.,  besieged,  660' . 
Kassiinir,  Albert,  1).  of  Saxe-Teschen,  b. 

(1738)  ;  at  .Jemmapes,  518' ;  d.  (1822). 
Kassou,  John  Adams,  b.,  1302. 
Kastner,  Abraham  U.,  d.,  807' . 
Katalulin  launched,  422' . 
Katakazy,  M.,  dismissed,  2752. 
Kale  Adams  burned,  3313. 
Katensky,  Col.,  assassin  fails,  1121' . 
Kater,  Henry,  b.,  9203;  d.,  9462. 
Katona,  Istoan,  b.,  5143;  d.,  5202. 
Katosou  enthroned,  6103,  6113. 
Katzbach,  battle  of,  720' . 
Katzer,  Fred  Xavier,  archbp.,  lel*er,406' . 
Kautfman,  John,  murder  ;  suicide,  4623. 
Kautfmann,  Maria  A.,  b.-d.,  11372. 

Thomas,  inv.  harmonichord,  810' . 

Kaufman,  Gen . ,  at  Khokand  ,1118'. 
Kaufmann,    Konstantin    Petrovitch,    b., 

11163;  d.,  1120'. 
Kaulback,  J.  A.,  archdeacon,  5862. 

,  Wilhelm  von,  b.,  8082;  d.,  828'. 

Kaulbars,  Gen.,  in  Bulg.,  6673. 

Kaunitz,  Wenzel  Anton  von,  b.,  5142  ;  d., 

519'. 
Kautz,  August  Valentine,  b.  (1828);    at 
Sycamore  Church,  238' ;  on  Darby  Koad, 
2383;  commissioner,  2472. 
Kavanagh,  Edward,  b.  (1795) ;  gov.  Me., 
1572;  d.  (1844). 

,  Julia,  b.,  iM22;  d.,  9822. 

Kavanaugh,   Hubbard    Hinde,    b..   1102  ; 

ordained  M.  E.  bp.,  1762;  d.  (1884). 
Kay,  Prussians  defeated  at,  516' . 

,  John,  shuttle  throwing  plan,  9143. 

Kaying-chau  mission,  623' . 
Kayserling,  Moses,  b.,  8142. 
Kay-Shuttleworth,  Sir  U.,  minister,  9952. 
Kazan,  University  of,  fnd.  Rus.,  1117'. 
Kazinczy,  Francis,  b.,  6163. 
Ke,  Viscount,  refuge  in  Korea,  10942. 
Kean,  Charles  John,  b.,  835' ;    in  New 
York,  138' ;  d.,  9722. 

,  Edmund,  b.,  9242;  in  N.  Y.,  128'  j  last 

appearance,  946' ;  d.,  9462. 
— :,  Mrs.  (Ellen  Tree),  b.,  9323  ;  in  N.  Y., 
146' ;  d.,  986'.. 

,  .John,  Jr.,  nom.  for  gov.  of  N.  J.,  415'. 

,  Sir  John,  b.  (1781) ;  at  Kandahar,  4' ; 

d.  (1844). 

,  J.  J.,  embezzler,  4602. 

,  s.  A.,  ex-banker,  indicted,  4183. 

Keane,  Baron,  title  created,  945' . 

,  Gen.,  b.  (1781) ;  at  New  Orleans,  1223; 

d   (1844). 

'-,  .Johii  J.,  b.  (1839)  ,  cons,  bishop  (1878); 

resigned(1888);denouncespublicschools, 
3362  ■  address,  3423. 
Kearney,  N.  J.,  riot,  378' ;  E.  Bull,  mur- 
derer, 4603;  robbers  den,  4623. 

,  Dennis,  arrested,  297';  pros.  Work- 

ingman's  Party,  2972;  in  Boston,  299'; 
agitator  in  Cal.,  2992  ;  imprisoned,  3032. 
Kearny,  Lawrence,  b.,  100' ;  d.,  264' . 

Philip,  b.,  1242  ;  defeats  Sioux,  176' ; 

at  Fair  Oaks,  2082  ;  at  Chantilly,  2122; 
d.,2132. 

,  Stephen   Watts,    b.,    1042  ;    mvades 

Mex. ;  captures  Santa  Fi,  160' ;  at  San 
Gabriel,  102' ;  gov.  Cal.,  1633;  d.,  lOl'. 
Kearnstown,  Va.,  battle  of,  205' ;   Feds. 

defeated,  2363. 
Kcnrsarge    destroys    Alabama,    2343 ;    at 
Haiti ;  at  Port-au-Prince,  340' ;  wrecked, 
450';  fired,  454'. 
Kearse,  S.  C,  race  riot  oocutb,  3643. 
Keary,  Annie,  b.,  9422. 


Keate,  Eobt.  W.,  governor  Natal,  601 ' . 
Keating,  Sir  Henrv  S.,  d.,  9982. 
Keats,  John, b., 9263;  works, 939' ;  d.,9403 
Kea-tsing,  d.,  6142. 

Keble,  John,  b.,  9262;  work, 943' ;d., 970'. 
Ke-choo,  capital,  611' . 
Kedney,  John  Steinfort,  b.,  128' . 
Keeley,  S.  V.,  embezzler,  436' . 
Keeling  Islands  acquired,  9613;  detached 
from  Ceylon,  10492. 

,  Josiah,  dis.  Eye  House  Plot,  897' . 

Keely,  John  Worrall,  b.  (1837)  j  motor  de- 
veloped, 280' ;  d.  (1899). 
Keen,  Alpheus  A.,  d.,  241 ' . 
Lung,  in  Central  Asia,  616' ;  encour- 
ages art,  6102;  feast  to  ancients,  617' ; 
enthroned ;  abdicates,  6172. 

Pliouc,  king,  4832. 

Keenan,  John,  indictments,  359'  ±. 
Keene,  Charles  Sam.,  b.  (1823) ;  d.,  1004». 

,  Laura,  b.,  1282;  d..  282'. 

,  Thomas  W.,  b.,  1622. 

Keener,  John  Christian,  b.,  128' . 

Keet,  Mr.,  prefix  "Rev.,"  refused;  case 

tried,  9782; 
Kehl,  Baden,  captured,  698' . 
Kehukee  Baptist  Association  fmd.,  742. 
Kelfer,  Joseph  W.,  speaker,  3092,  3152. 
Keightley,    Thomas,    b.,   9243 ;    commis- 
sioner, 9052;  d.,976'. 
Keigwin,  Col.,  at  Cumberland  Mts.,  205' . 
Keiki  reigns,  10912  ;  last  sbogmi,  1093' . 
Keilmeyer,  Karl  F.,  d.,  8162. 
Keim,  -fheodor,  b.  (1825) ;  d.,  8282. 
Keiser,  Reinhard,  b.,  7963  ;  d.,  8OO2. 
Keith-Falconer,  mission  opened,  488*. 

,  George,  b.  (1639±) ;  Quaker  leader, 

8863  ;  d.  (1716). 

, Viscount  Elphinstone,  b.  (1746) ; 

d.,9403. 

,  James,  b.,  7982  ;  d.,  8023. 

, Frances  Ed.,  b.,  9002  ;  d.  (1768). 

,  Sir  William,  gov.  Pa.,  592  ;  propose* 

Stamp  Act,  613. 

Mr.,  missionary,  642. 

Keitt,  liawrence  M.,  b.  (1824);    at  Fort 

Wagner,  225'  ;  d.,  236' . 
Kekul<5,  Friedrich  August,  b.,  8142 
Kellach,  coronation,  8443. 
Keller,  Father,  arrested,  997' . 

,  Joseph,  b.,  8102  ;  d.,  828' . 

Kellermann,  Franfois  Christoph,  D.  de 

Valmy,  b.,  6983,  7O8';  at  Lyons,  710'; 

d.,  7223. 
Kellersberg,  Baron  von,   new   ministry, 

Kelley,  Benj.  Franklin,  b.  (1807) ;  at  Phil- 
ippl,  W.  Va.,  196' ;  at  Roniney,  2002;  at 
(fumberland,  237';  captured,  2422. 

, ,  Eugene,  treas.  Home  Rule,  385' . 

,  Robert,  in  Arctic  seas,  411 ' . 

Thos.,  lord-mayor,  London,  946». 

William  Darrali,  b.  (1814) ;  d.,  360«. 

Kelley's  Ford,  Va.,  actions,  226' ,  228'. 
Kellgren,  Johan  Henrik,  work,  1135'. 
Kellie,  E.  of,  title  created,  873' . 
Kellogg,  Clara  Louise,  b.,  154' ;    debnt, 

N.  Y.,  1902;  debut  in  London.  970'. 

Ensign  H.,  Fishery  Commission,  2972. 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1814) ;  on  Com.  of,  33, 189'. 

, p.,  b.  (1831) ;  gov.  La.,  279'  ,2,3, 

2812,  2872,3  ;  driven  out,  2853;  restored ; 
assumes  office.  2872  ;  maintained.  2873. 

Kelly,  Edward,  d.,  10062. 

,  Ellen  Alice  Terry,  b.,  9542  ;  first  ap- 
pears, 314' . 

,  Eugene,  d.,  478' . 

Francis,  cons,  bishop,  9543. 

Harrison,  Committee onMnfgs., 349'. 

,  Horace.donates  gallery  of  arts,  372' . 

,  James  B.,  cons,  bishop,  9663. 

Michael,  b.,  9162  ;  d.,  9422. 

,  Mike,  lynched,  3782. 

,  Ned,  captured,  4982. 

,  Timothy,  convicted  ;  executed,  991' . 

Kelley's  Band,  W.  Va.,  arrested,  4M3. 

Kelso,  Scot.,  monastery  fnd.,  8483  ;  stone 
bridge  commenced,  9282. 

Keltoii,  John  C, appointed  adjt.-gen.,340' ; 
in  war  dept.,  3512  ;  d.,  434' . 

Kelung,  Formosa,  taken,  622';  Fr.  re- 
pulsed, 6'222;  forts  captured;  taken,  624' . 

Kelvin,  Baron,  title  created,  10083. 

Kelyng,  Sir  John,  chief  justice,  8932. 

Kein,  Omer  M.,  b.,  176' . 

Kemble,  Adelaide,  b.  (1814) ;  first  appear- 
ance, 950' ;    marries  Fred.  U.  Sartoris 

Jif^U';r919-;lnN.Y.,140.;d.,9682. 


1 
I 


Kemb-Key. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDIlX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1299 


Keiuble,  Francis  Auu,  b.,  935^;  first  ap- 
pearHiice,  IH4i ;  in  N.  Y.,  140i ;  d.,  10082. 

,  Gouverueur,  i).  (1786) ;  d.,  288' . 

,  John  M.,  b.,  9a3i ;  d.,  W22. 

, rhUip,  b.,  yi43;  d.,  W03. 

Kemburg  acquired,  8133. 

Keniiu,  John,  elected  prince,  5132. 

Keiiuuler,  William,  seutence,  3t>3i ;  first 

electrocuted,  N.  Y.,  365» . 
Keiup,  James  F,,  Ore  iJtposltSy  4783. 

,  John,  b.  (1400i;) ;  arcUbp.  of  Canter- 
bury, 8622;  (1.  (14&i). 

,  Richard,  nominated  for  gov.,  373. 

Kempelen,  Wolfgang  von,  b., 5143-d., 5191 . 

Kempen,  Emily,  opens  law  school,  3443. 

Kemper,  Jackson,  b.  (178D) ;  cons,  1*.  JE. 
bishop,  1442,  1762  ;  d.  (1870). 

,  James  Lawson,  b.  (1823j ;  gov.,  2873. 

Kempff,  LouiSf  promoted,  384  < . 

Kempis,  Thos.  A.,  b.-d.,  7842  ;  work,  7871 . 

Kempt,  Sir  James,  gov.  N.  S.,  5773, 5792. 

Ken,  Thomas,  b.,  8822  ;  acquitted,  8963  ; 
d.,9(H2. 

Kendal,  Mrs,  (Margaret  Brunton  Kobert- 
8on),  b.,  9542. 

Kendall,  Amos,  b.,  lOQi;  p.-m.  gen.,  1473; 
resigns,  1513;  a.,  268». 

,  Biou  Freeman,  b.  (1827) ;  d.,  219^ . 

- — ,  George,  embezzles,  272. 

, Wilkins,  b.  (1810)  ;  d.,  25S2. 

,  K.  S.,  moderator,  272*. 

,  Wm.  J.,  swims  Niagara  Kapids,  3253. 

Keudrick,  Asahel  Clark,  b.,  II61. 

,  James  Kylaud,  b.  (1821);  d.,  3122. 

,  .M.  John,  cons.  P.  ii.  bishop,  334i . 

-^,  Peter  U.,  bp.,  1542  ;  archbp.,  1623. 

Kenej^aw  Mountain,  Ga.,  action,  2342, 235^ . 

Kengting  enthroned,  611 2. 

Keng  Wang  enthroned,  6II2. 

Keuilworth  Castle,  Kng.,  built,  8482 1 
sie^e  of,  854 1 . 

Kenlis,  Baron,  title  created,  945 1 . 

Keuly,  John  Keese,  b.  (1820),  or  (1822) ;  at 
Front  Koyal,  2081. 

Keumare,  baron,  title  created,  9593. 

,  Earl,  title  created,  9311 . 

Kenmurt  Castle  wrecked,  9913. 

Kemia,  John  Edward,  b.  (1848) ;  d.,  4201 . 

Keuuau,  Geo.,  b.(1845) ;  works,  2723,3983. 

Kennedy,  Anthony,  b.,  1162  ;  d.,  410i . 

,  Sir  Ai'thur,  gov.  Australia,  4991 . 

,  E.  B.,  exploring  expedition  ;  k.,496i . 

,  F.  W.,  embezzler,  385i . 

,  John  Pendleton,  b.,  IO61 ;  d.,  2702. 

, Stewart,  founds  United  Chari- 
ties Building,  N.  Y.,  4243. 

,  K.  C,  hanged  as  spy,  2^142. 

,  Thomas  J.,  nom.  for  gov.  X.  J.,  4132. 

-^^, W.,  moderator,  3981 , 

,  William,  FLyting  of  Dunbar ,  8663. 

. X.,  b.(lS39>;  gov., 6812;  d.(1885). 

Keimer,  La.,  negroes  banded,  4123. 

,  Duncan  F.,  b.  (1813) ;  tariff  commis- 
sioner, SlU;  d.  (1887). 

,  John  C,  cons  M.  E.  South  bp.,  2522. 

Kennet  and  Avon  canal,  built,  9293. 

Kenneth  1.,  K.  of  Scotland,  8413. 

11.,  K.  of  Scotland,  844i ;  takes  Came- 

lon.*15i. 

111.  at  Lxincarty,  846 1 . 

Keanett,  Capt.,  near  Lebanon,  2151 . 

Square,  Pa.,  Cedarcroft  on  tire,  4793. 

Kennicott,  Benjamin,  b.,  9062  ;  d.,  9223. 

Kennion,Geo.  Wyndham,  bp.,  9862,10121. 

Keimy,  lilibuster,  invasion,  10382. 

,  John,  murder  of,  9931 . 

Kenrick,Franci8Patrick,b.,  1062;  d.,  2251. 

,  Peter  Richard,  b.  (1806) ;  bp.St.  Louis, 

1563  ;  archbp.,  1623  ;    St.  John's  K.  C. 
church,  3801 ;  cons.,  1542. 

Kenry,  Baron,  title  created,  9651 . 

Keusett,  John  Frederick,  b.,  1262  ;  works, 
1661,  1701,  1821,2411,  2601;  d.,  2782. 

Kensington,  Can.,  fire,  5893. 

,  London,  statue  of  Jenner  removed, 

9661 ;  Rom.  Cath.  Univ.  Coll.  opd.,9743. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9172,  996*. 

Kent,  Eng.,  won  by  Eng.,  8403  ;  early 
kinjjs,  &412,  ravaged;  conquered,  842 »; 
Christianity  in, 8422;  revolts, 8481 ;  Good- 
win-Sands f md.  ;  Inundated,  &482 ;  strike, 
9831. 

,  O.,  railway  accident,  3933. 

■ Island,  Md.,  settled,  333  ;  Clayborne 

at,  341 ;  reduced,  381. 

,  D.of,  Edw.AugU8tU8,b.,9163;d.,9402. 

,  Edward,  b.   (1802) ;   gov.  Me.,   1512, 

153»;  d.  (1877). 

' ,  Jafl.,  b.,  723;  Am,  Law^  135i ;  d.,  1623. 


Kent,  Joseph,  b.  (1802) ;  d.,  1482. 

,  William,  b.  (1802) ;  d.,  1902. 

, ,  b.,  8962  ;  d.,  9122. 

,  Mr.,  explorer,  Australia,  4942. 

Kentish  Gazette  {J^ost],  issued,  9063. 

men,  Imprisoned,  9031 . 

Town,  London,  Eng.,  railway  acci- 
dent at,  9653. 

Kenton,  O.,  burglars,  4482  j  w.  Dales, 
lynched,  3803. 

,  Simon,  b.,  71i ;  d.,  1462. 

Kentucky,  settlers  in,  632, 693, 791 ;  county 
of  Va.,  853  ;  Transylvania  Presb.  fmd., 
982;  terr.org.;  seets  admission,  103'; 
admitted,  1033;  Isaac  Shelby,  gov.,  1033, 
1061 ,  1193  ;  James  Garrard,  gov.,  1073  ; 
Presb.  synod  formed,  1103;  Christopher 
Greenup,  gov.,  1132;  R.  C.  diocese,  Louis- 
ville, est^  1143  ;  Chas.  Scott,  gov..  1163; 
George  Madison,  gov. ;  Gabriel  Slaugh- 
ter, gov.^  1252  ;  John  Adair,  gov.,  1292  ; 
State  Library  f nd.,  131 1 ;  Jos.  Desha, 
gov.,  1332  ;  P.  E.  diocese  est.,  13C3  ;  pub- 
lic school  system  est.;  1371;  Thos.  Met- 
calfe, gov.,  1372  ;  Johii  Breathitt,  gov., 
1412;  James  T.  Morehead,  gov.,  1452; 
Univ.  org.,  1463 ;  James  Clark,  gov., 
1472;  ohas.  A.  Wlckllffe,  gov.,  1^12; 
Robert  P.  Letcher,  gov.,  1631 ;  Conf. 
M.  E.  Church,  South,  org.,  1682  ;  Wm. 
Owsley,  gov.,  1591 ;  John  J.  Crittenden, 
gov..  1662  ;  John  L.  Helm,  gov.  ;  Laza- 
rus W.  Powell,  gov.,  1692  ;  M.  E.  Conf. 
org.,  1702  ;  Chas.  S.  Morehead,  gov., 
1792;  Beriah  H.  Magottin,  gov.,  1871; 
In  civil  war;  refuses  troops,  1933  ;  neu- 
trality by  arbitration  ;  delegates  against 
secession,  1952;  neutral  in  war,  1951 ,3; 
Border  State  conven.,  197 1 ;  special  elec- 
tion, unionists  win,  1972;  neutrality  vio- 
lated; Union  force  enters  1982;  Gen.  O. 
M.  Mitchell  commands,  1983 ;  armed  neu- 
trality; Confeds.  violate  neutrality,  1992; 
Confed.  troops  ordered  out  j  state  trooM 
to  expel  ;  Gen  Buckner  calls  to  rilb 
against  Lincoln  ;  proclamation  of  neu- 
trality; gov.  protests;  army  to  repel  Con- 
feds. ;  Gen.  R.  Anderson  commander  ; 
admitted  to  S.  Confederacy;  Sovereignty 
Confed.  Conven.  held ;  state  secedes  ; 
gov.  elected,  2012;  Sen,  Breckinridge 
expelled ;  Confed.  legislature  meets, 
2013  j  Jas.  F.  Robinson,  gov.,  2032,  2113; 

fueriUas  overrun,  2091;  guerillas  de- 
eated,210i ;  Gov.  Magoftin  resigns,  2113; 
Bragg's  invasion,  2121 ;  Richard  Hawes 
Confed.  gov.,  2153;  Secessionists  conven; 
broken  up,  2193;  imder  martial  law,  2261. 
Afr.  M.  E.  Zion  Conf.  org,,  2272;  Thomas 
E.  Bramlette,  gov.,  2293  ;  gov.  against 
military  enrollment  of  slaves,  2302 ;  legis- 
lature protests,  2312  ;  Freedom  conven. 
held,  2313;  Morgan's  raids,  2121,  2341; 
Habeas  Corpus  suspended,  2373;  Agricul- 
tural College  est.,  2423;  refuses  to  ratify 
13th  Amend.,  2432;  lead  ore  mined,  2481 ; 
martial  law  abolished,  249 1 ;  State  Farm- 
er's conven.  at  Frankfort,  ^13  ;  Normal 


Inst,  opd.,  2543;  George  David  Cummins, 
cons.  P.  E.  bp.,  2542  ;  terrorized  by 
"  Skaag's     men "     255 1 ;     ratifies    14th 


Amend.,  2572;  Presb.  synod  separates 
from  Northern  Asso.,  2582;  guv.  sup- 
presses lynchers,  2592;  John  L.  Helm, 
gov.;  John  W.Stevenson, gov., 2593;  rat- 
ifies I5th  Amend.,  267 1;  synod  joins 
Presb.  church  2682;  disturbance  at  Ben- 
son, 2743 ;  Public  Library  f  nd.,2763 ;  Pres- 
ton H.  Leslie,  gov.,  2811 ;  State  Colored 
Univ.  org.,  2822;  secures  Green  Island, 
2892;  James  B.  McCreary,  gov.,  2912; 
meteor  seen,  2941 ;  State  Board  of  Health 
est.;  Whipping  I'ost  Bill  rejected,  3011 ; 
Luke  P.  Blackburn,  gov.,  3033;  Coll.  of 
Agriculture  and  Mechanics  est.,  3043; 
iron  strikers,  307 2;  South  Ky.  Coll.  org., 
3082;  Hatfield-McCoy  vendetta,  3131, 
3331,  3802;  R.  R.  commissioners  ap- 
pointed, 3132;  J.  Proctor  Knott,  gov., 
3152;  Hol brook- Underwoo<I  feud  closed, 
3271;  Simon  B.  Buckner,  gov.,  3293; 
troops  ordered  out,  330 1 ;  treasurer  a  de- 
faulter, 333*  ;  asphalt  deposits  dis.,  3442; 
Howard  faction  feud,  3471,  4222;  gov. 
declines  troops,  3503;  bill  against  lot- 
teries passed,  3543,  4032;  Green  Island 
ownership  fixed,  3592;  new  constitution, 
3892 ;  syndicate  buys  coal  laud,  3933  ; 
John    Y.    Brown,  gov.,  3991;    "moon- 


shiners" dls.,4042-  negro  R.R. coaches 
ordered,  4072 ;  Howard-Turner  feud, 
4222  ;  Turner-Nolin  feud,  4603  ;  Breck- 
inridge Congressional  contest,  4702  ;  W. 
C.  Owens,  vote  for  Congress,  4731 . 

Kentucky  University  est.,  1463. 

Wesleyan  College  org.,  2543. 

Kenyon,  Baron,  title  created,  9232. 

,  James  Benj.,  b.  (1858);  work,  329i . 

,  Lord  Lloyd,  b.,  9082  ;  chief  justice, 

9253;  d,,  9303. 

College  org.,  O.,  133i . 

Keokuk,  la.,  Constiiutmi  office  sacked, 
2192;  Commercial  Convention  at,  2673. 

Kephart,  E.  B.,  bishop,  3082. 

Kepke,  William, murderer,  confesses,  3891 . 

Kepler  invents  wood  engraving,  7842. 

,  Johaiin,    b.,   7922  ;  studies  planets; 

explains  tides,  792 1,  896 1 ;  Rudolphiue 
tables;  telescojje,  792i ;  completes  tables, 
7943;  (lis.  motions  of  planets;  his  third 
law  dis.;  mathematician,  511i  ;  works, 
7921 ,  7931 ,  7951 ,  5111 ,5131 ;  d.,  7943. 

Keppel,  Com.,  destroys  fleet,  6182. 

,  Viscount  Augustus,  b.,  9062;  cap- 
tured Fr.  vessel,  7041 ;  lord  of  admiralty, 
9232;  d.,  9242. 

,  Arnold    van.    Earl   of    Albemarle, 

b.-d.,  11011. 

,  George  Thomas,  Earl  of  Albemarle, 

b.  (1799)  ;  d.,  10042. 

,  Sir  Henry,  piracy,  6521 . 

Island,  mission,  4902. 

Keppler,  Joseph,  d.,  450' . 

Ker,  Baron,  title  created,  9372. 

,  John,  b.,  9103;  d.,  9323. 

Keratry,  Auguste  Hilarion  de,  b.,  704*  ; 
in  Brittany,  7422  ;  envoy,  7432;  d.,  7342. 

Kerbala  besieged,  486i . 

Kerchhof,  Cheer  for  Low  Spirits,  793' . 

Keren,  annexed  t>y  Italy,  33. 

Kerfoot,  John  Barrett,  b.  (1816) ;  cons. 
P.  E.  bp.,  2602;  d.  (1881). 

Kerfstan,  paper  machine,  8IO2. 

Kergueien-Treuiarec,  Yves  J.de.,b.,7003; 
d.,  7123. 

,  or  Desolation,  Is.,  Fr.  occupies,  7671 . 

Kenuan,  or  Kirman,  captured,  IIOO2. 

Keman,  Francis,  b.,  1242;  in  Electoral 
Commission,  2962;  d.,  4141 , 

,  John  1}.,  strike  Investigation,  4662. 

Kernell,  Harry,  d.,  4261 . 

Kerner,  Andreas  J.,  b.,  8043;  works,  8103, 
8151;  d.,  8202. 

Kerr,  l>avid,  moderator,  2543. 

,  John  Leeds,  b.  (1780) ;  d.,  1562. 

,  Mark,  dis.  glacier  in  Alaska,  368* . 

,  Michael  Crawford,  b.  (1827)  j  vote  for 

speaker,  267 1 ,  28ii3;  d.  (1876). 

,  O.  C,  Smok-ed  Glass,  2651 . 

,  Robert,  b.  (1755);  d.,  9363. 

KerrvlUe,  Tenn.,  lynchers,  4751 . 

Kerry,  Ire.,  Fenian  outbreak,  9703, 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  906i. 

Kersa  reigns,  IIO72, 

Kerwin,  Michael,  appointed,  465*. 

KeBhen,  Commissioner,  truce  with,  6161 ; 
commissioner  of  trade,  6173. 

Keshko,  Natalie,  weds  Prince  Milan, 
11233.    (See  Natalie,  Queen.) 

Keshuqua,  Pa.,  lumber  burned,  4353. 

Kesseldorf,  Ger.,  A  ubtrlans  defeated,  5142: 
battle  of,  8001. 

Kessels,  Matthias,  b.-d.,  1101 1. 

Kessler,  Anton,  shoots  Mrs.  Jaeger,  4223. 

Kesteli-Cornish,  K.,  bp.,  9742,  10943. 

Kesteven,  Baron,  title  created,  9651 . 

Ket,  William,  rebel^  8701 ;  d.  (1649). 

Ketbogha,  insurrection  at,  6553. 

Ivetchum,  Edward  B.,  forgeries  of,  248*. 

,  William  Scott,  b.  (1813);  d.,  2741. 

,  Winthrop  W.,  b.,  1282;  d.,  3042. 

,  W.  S.,  murder  case,  3102. 

Ketll  Haeng,  in  Iceland,  10412. 

Ketteler,  Baron  Wllhelm  E.  von,  b.,  810*: 
d.,  8282. 

Kettell,  Samuel,  b.  flSOO);  d.,  1761 . 

Kettles  of  brass  made,  144 1 . 

Kettle  Run,  Va..  Confeds.  defeated,  2121, 

Keufstein,  merchant,  murdered,  5343. 

Keuka  Coll.  (Free  Baptist)  est.  at  Keuka 
Park,  N.  Y.  (1892). 

Kevetzow,  Herr  von,  pres.Relch8tag,8333. 

Kew,  Eng.,  Gardens  fnded.,  9461 ;  royal 
kitchen,  9541 ;  observatory  given  to  Brit. 
Asso.  9502  ;  photoheliograph  erected, 
9621 ;  tram-cars  to  Hammersmith,  9901. 

Kexholm,  ceded  to  Swe.,  11153, 11353. 

Key,  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  b.  (1821);  d.,  998*, 


1300 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDliX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Key-Kins. 


Key,  Bramsby  L.,  cons,  bp.,  996*. 

,  l)avid  McKeudree,  b.  (1824) ;  p.-m. 

gen.,  2953;  resigns,  3043. 

,  Francis  Scott,  b.,  93' ;  Star  Spangled 

Banner,  1232  :  d.,  156* ;  monument,  3321 . 

,  Sir  John,  lord  mayor  London,  9453. 

,  Joseph  S.,  bp.,  3223. 

,  Philip  Barton,  b.  (1757) ;  Sickles  ac- 
quitted of,  185' ;  killed  (1815). 

,  Thomas  Hewitt,  b.,  9283;  d.,  9802. 

, Marshall,  b.  (1819);  d.,  2641 , 

Key  to  Shakespeare's  works  appears,  9843. 

Key  West,  Habeas  Oir/^jw  suspended,  1952; 
squadron  leaves,  356i ;  storm,  4733, 

Keyes,  Erasmus  Darwin,  b.  (1810) ;  in  Army 
of  Potomac,  2043 ;  in  Seven  Days'  Battles, 
2091 ;  at  Kdwards  Ferry,  2123. 

— ,  Thomas,  executed,  9011 . 

Keynerts,  Tiaeart,  d  ,  7903. 

Keyser,  Nicaise  de,  b.,  5423;  d.,  6461. 

,  Polydore  de,  lord  mayor  Lond.,9973. 

Khaf-ra,  reigns,  Egy.,  6453  ;  builds  pyra- 
mid ;  statues  of,  645 1 . 

Khaibar  Pass,  Brit,  envoy  stopped,  53. 

Kbain,  Ameer  of  Khorassan,  d.,  11081. 

Khaleel,  El  Ashrof,  d.,  6542. 

Kha-kau-Ra  (Usertsen  III.),  reigns,  6473. 

kheper-Ka(  Usertsen  XI.),  reigns,  6473. 

Koalatlolu,  mission  at,  1124'. 

Khamaraweeyeh,  reigns,  Egy.,  6552. 

Khan  of  Cipungo,  letter  to,  122. 

Khandesh  annexed,  10443;  ravaged,  10441 . 

Kharesmians,  expel  invaders  ;  reign, 11072. 

Kharkotf,  Univ.  of,  fnd.,- 11171. 

Khartum  built,  6573  ;  invested,  6601  ; 
stormed,  6602. 

Khasi  Hills,  mission,  10471. 

Khelat, Afghans  besiege, 5381 ;  captured; 
Brit,  retake ;  Brit,  overpowered,  5382  ; 
Brit,  gov.,  5391;  revenue,  5393;  diplo- 
matic relations,  5392. 

i-Ghilzais,  Ameer  defeated,  62. 

Kheper-  ka-Ka  (Usertsen  I.)  reigns,  6473. 

Kheraskoff,  Mikhail,  b.-d.,  11143. 

Kherson,  anti-Semitic  riots,  11222. 

Khilji,  House  of,  rules,  10432. 

Khilkof,  Andrei  Yakof  Levitch,  d.,  11143. 

Khitans,  war  with,  6121 . 

Khiva,  expedition  against,  11161 ;  Rus- 
sians at;  surrenders,  1118';  partly  an- 
nexed; revolt,  11192. 

Khodadad  Khan, wounded  ;  restored,5392. 

Khokand,  war  with  Russia,  11181 ;  annexed 
to  Russia,  11193. 

Kholand,  aid  to,  6121. 

Khoreavad,  built,  11452. 

Khoshkadem  Moaiyud  Ahmed  rules,  6553. 

Khoten  annexed,  6113. 

Khoulalonkorn  I.,  b. ;  reigns,  11243. 

Khu-aten,  built,  &492. 

Khufu,  Cheops,  king  of  Egy.,  6451,  3; 
builds  Great  Pyramid,  645' . 

Khugianis,  defeated  by  British,  6i . 

Khiin-Hedervary,  <Jt.,  Ban  of  Croatia,5312. 

Khusru  Khan,  sultan,  10432. 

Khusruf, Pasha,  captured;  in  Egy. ;  revolt 
against,  6561 ;  expelled,  6572. 

Khutab  Shaih,  dynasty  reigns,  10433. 

Kia  the  tyrant,  reigns,  6103,  oil  i . 

Kiachta,  telegraph  to  Peking,  6253. 

Kiaking,  emp.  of  China,  d.,  6163. 

Kiamil  Pasha,  grand  vizier,  11593. 

Kiangnan,  China,  subdued,  6121. 

Kiang-si,  mission,  6222. 

Kiangsu,  famine,  6253. 

Kian  Wenti,  enthroned,  6131. 

Kibaichick,  etmdemned,  11211. 

Kickapoo  Indians  surprised,  1021 . 

Kidd,  William,  b.,38i ;  royal  commission, 
521 ;  pirate,  5^*1 ;  convicted,  543;  d.,  54i . 

Kidder,  Daniel  Parish,  b.  (1815) ;  Rio  de 
Janein),  5542 

Kidderminster,  riot,  9931. 

Kidwell,  Zedekiah,  b.  (1814);  d.,  2762. 

Kieff  sacked,  11141 ;  univ.  fnd. ;  univ.  re- 
moved, 11171 ;  inundated,  11181 ;  martial 
law,  11212;  guv.  closes  R.  C.  churches, 
11202;  Nihilists  sentenced,  11211;  univ. 
closed, 11222. 

Kieft,  Wm.,  gov.,  353;  Indian  treaty,  36i . 

Kiel,  Prus.,  Univ.  fnd.,  7971;  peace  of, 
8112;  Fred,  enters,  8223;  cholera,  8373  ; 
observatory,  8281 ;  marine  station,  823i . 

Kieler  Zeitung,  Pr.  Fred.'s  Diary  in,  8322. 

Kielland,  Alexander,  work,  11043. 

Kielmeyer,  Karl  F.  von,  b.,  8023. 

Kien-Lung,  b.-d.,  6163. 

Wang,  enthroned,  6112. 

Kiepert,  Heinrich,  b.,  8122, 


Kies,  Mary,  receives  patent,  110' . 

Kiffin,  William,  d.,  9022. 

Kii  river  bursts  banks,  10921 . 

lilbourne,  Henry  S.,  major,  450* . 

Kilbride,  Dennis,  warrant  for,  10002. 

Kiloullen,  Ire.,  action  at,  928i . 

Kildare,  Ire.,  see  erected ;  St.  Bridget 
nunnery  est.,  8403 ;  gee  unites  with  Tuam, 
9462  ;  see  united  with  Dublin,  9551 ;  M. 
Coniarford  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  9983. 

,  Earl  of,  gov.,  8573. 

,  Thomas,  Earl  of,  deputy,  8651 . 

Kildwick,  Eng.,  R.  R.  collision,  9813. 

Kilfenora,  see  erected,  8542. 

Kilgore,  Buckley,  b.,  1442. 

,  Carrie  Burnhani,  practitioner,  U.S. S. 

Court,  3523. 

Kilian,  Lucas,  b.,  7922;  d.,  7963. 

Kilkenny,  Ire.,  Castle  built,  8501 ;  English 
settle,  8512;  surrendered,  8862;  tenants' 
meeting,  9732. 

Killala,  bishopric  est,,  8403  ;  Fr.  invasion, 
9281 ;  Bishop  Conway  consecrated,  9762. 

KiUaloe,  Ire.,  archbp.  est., 8463;  Bp.  Ryan 
cons.,  9762;  Bp.  Chester  cons.,  9922. 

Killam,  Judge,  adverse  decision,  5902. 

,  C.  Flash,  cons.  R.  C.  bishop,  3082. 

Killarney,  Ire.,  waterspout,  9441 ;  threat- 
ened, 9703. 

Killeen,  Father,  controversy,  4221. 

Killiecrankie,  Scot.,  action  at,  8981 , 

Killigrew,  Henry,  b.,  8782. 

Killocfian  in  collision,  10013. 

Kilmacduagh,  see  of,  erected,  8422  ;  Bp. 
McCormack  consecrated,  9762. 

Kilmaine,  Baron,  title  created,  923i . 

Kilmainham,  Ire.,  Home  Rulers  jailed  ; 
"  Treaty  of  "  ;  released,  9892. 

Kilmallock,  Ire.,  Abbey  fnd.,  8423  ;  police 
barracks  barricaded,  9703. 

Kilmarnock,  Baron,  title  created,  9451 . 

,  Lord.    (See  Boyd,  William.) 

Kilmore,  Ire.,  see  erected,  8483  ;  Bishop 
Shone  cons.,  9922  ;  Bp.  Maginnis,  9983. 

Kilmorey,  Lord,  title  created,  9412. 

, ,  at  Barnum  Banquet,  10023. 

Kilpatrick,  George  A.,  minister,  5931 . 

,  Hugh  Judson,  b.,  1462  ;  at  Leesburg, 

2132;  at  Carlisle,  224 1 ;  at  Falling  Wa- 
ters, 2243  ;  raid,  2302,  2372  ;  at  Aiken, 
2422  ;  routed,  2441 ;  d.,  3082. 

Kilrain,  Jake,  pugilist,  3433  ;  fights,  9971 . 

Kilrush,  Ire.,  houses  wrecked,  10091 . 

Kilsyth,  Scotland,  battle  of,  8861 . 

Kilwa  captured,  5613,  8382. 

Kilwarden,  Lord  (Arthur  Wolfe),  b. 
(1740t);  justice;  killed,  9301, 

Kilwardly,Robert, archbp., 8522;  d.  (1279). 

Kimball,  Charles.,  nom.  for  gov.,  3912, 

,  F.,  missing,  3562. 

,  Heber  Chase,  b.  (1801) ;  d.,  2621 . 

,  Rich.  Burleigh,  b.,  1242  ;  d.,  4201 . 

Kimberley,  S.  Afr.,  diamonds  at,  0002,3  ; 
capital;  mission,  6011 ;  Victoria  diamond 
dis.,  6022  ;  R.  R.  opened,  6033. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  965i . 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Wodehouse,  John.) 

,  Gen.  Lewis  Ashfield,  b.  (1830) ;  pro- 
moted rear-admiral,  3261. 

Kimbolton,  Lord,  impeached,  8852. 

Kimewa  expelled,  5622. 

Kimpai  destroyed  ;  defeat,  6221. 

Kin  enthroned,  6111 ;  dynasty  rules,  6133; 
Mongols  against,  6141 . 

Kinathal,  king  of  Scotland,  reigns,  8413. 

Kinburn,  Rus.,  captured,  9601 ;  action  at, 
11161. 

Kincaid,  Charles  E.,  shoots  Taulbee,  3523. 

Kinchau,  mission,  6222. 

Kin-Chow  retaken,  6263. 

Kind,  Johann  F.,  b.,  8031 ;  d.,  8162. 

Kindergarten  system  investigated,  2782  ; 
in  New  York  schools,  4102. 

Kinderkook,Tenn.,Confeds. defeated, 2103. 

Kindling-wood  trust  formed,  3893. 

King  George  Court  House,  captured,  216i . 

George's  Sound,  military  station, 4951 . 

and  Queen'sCourt  House, action,  2343. 

William's  Town  mission,  5972,  5983  ; 

incorporated,  5993. 

King  George  lost,  9333. 

//br?i,8543. 

King,  as  vassal,  Eng.,  851 1 . 

,  female  ruler  called  in  Hung.,  5071 . 

,  Austin  A.,  b.,  10952  ;  gov.  Mo.,  1652; 

d.,  2702. 

,  Edward,  L.  Kingsborough,  b.,  9263. 

^— , ,  assassin,  executed,  901 1 . 

, ,  consecrated  bishop,  9922, 


King  Edward  War,  G4i ,  5741 . 

,   H.   Clay,   sentenced,  6802  ;    shoots 

Posten  ;    condemned,  4023  ;    flees  from 

mob,  4123. 

,  inventor,  patents  light,  158'. 

,  James,  killed,  179' . 

,  John,  moderator,  1043. 

Edward,  explorer,  4962. 

, Alsop,  b.  (1788);  gov.  N.  Y.,  1832; 

d.,  2581. 

,  Locke,  franchise  bill,  9572. 

,  Peter,  b.,  8922  ;  d.,  9082. 

,  Sir [Lord],  b.  (1669) ;  L.  keeper. 

9073  ■  d.  (1734). 
— -,  Philip  Gidley,  gov.,  495i . 

Preston,  b.,  1122  ;  d.,  2482. 

,  Rufus.  b.,  711 ;  vote  for  v.-pres.,  1133,, 

1153, 1252  ;  d.,  1342. 

, H.,  banker,  b.  (1784) ;  d.,  258t . 

,  Samuel  W.,  gov.  R.  I.,  1512  ;  leads 

Law  and  Order  party,  1552. 

,  Thos.  Butler,  b.  (1804) ;  d.,  2332. 

, Starr,  b.,  132' ;  d.,  2212. 

Wang  enthroned,  6112, 

,  Wm.,  b.   (1768);  gov.  Me.,  1292;  d., 

(1852);  statue,  3001. 

, Rufus,  b.,  981 ;  pres.  senate,  1472. 

1492,  1512,  1531 ,  1672  ;  nom.  for  v.-pres., 
1711 ;  vote  ;  vice-pres.,  1732  ;  d.,  1792. 

College,  Tenn.,  org.,  2602. 

Orenael,  poem,  appears,  7783. 

Philip's  War,  463      (See  Philip.) 

liother^  poem,  appears,  7763. 

William's  War,  50i  ±,  5721 , 

Kingdou,  H.  TuUy,  cons,  bishop,  10082. 

Kinglake,  Alex.  Wm.,  b.,  9351  ;  Invasion 
of  Crimea,  9663  ;  d.,  10042. 

Kingo,  ThoB.,  b.,  6362;  works,  6371 ;  d.,  6381 . 

King's  Book  approved,  Eng.,  8683. 

Kingsborough,  Lord.    (See  King,  Edward.) 

King's  liounty  distributed,  Eng.,  9443. 

Kingsbridge,  N.  Y.,  Morrison  attacks,  4502, 

King's  Coll.  unites  with  Aberdeen.  9623. 

Kingsbury,  Ga.,  salt  works  destroyed,215i . 

,  Ind.,  R.R.  accident,  4393. 

,  President,  conspiracy,  4642. 

,  Cyrus,  missionary  to  Indians,  1243, 

King's  Chapel.     (See  Boston.) 

College.     (See  Columbia.) 

,  London,  established,  9443  ;  Hos- 
pital founded,  951 1. 

County,  Ire.,  founded,  8732. 

Mills,  O.,  railway  accident,  3653. 

Mountain,  N.  C,  battle  of,  922. 

Daughters  fnd.,  3223  ;   furnish   help, 

4063  ;  conven.,  4662  ;  form  guild,  10002. 

Sons,  fnd.,  3223  ;  conven.,  4662. 

Kingsford,  Anna,  fnds.  Hermetic  Society, 
9922  ;  d.,  9982. 

Kingsland,  Ambrose  C,  mayor  X.  Y..  1692. 

Kingsley,  Calvin,  b.,  1183  ;  cons.  M.  E.  bp., 
2332;  d.,2702. 

,  Charles,  b.,  9383  ;  works,  9523,  9603  ; 

Christian  Socialist,  9603  ;  d.,  9802. 

,  James  Luce,  b.,  912  ;  d.,  170i . 

Kingsport,  Tenn.,ConfedK.  defeated, 2402. 

Kingston,  Can.,  Jf>eA/f/ Ae?rs,  5771 ;  R.  C. 
diocese  est.,  5782  ;  Queen's  Univ.  est.  ; 
Weekly  Brit.  Whig\hlQ^\  Canadian  Free- 
man, 6851 ;  Black  Caps  org.,  5863  ;  Peo- 
ple's Political  Party  org.,  5892  ;  gas  dis- 
covered ;  Rom.  Cath.  see,  590i . 

',  Eng.,  railway  opened,  9461 . 

,  N.  Y.,  Indian  massacre, 42i ;  burned, 

873 ;  Ostrander  defalcations,  391 2 ;  militia 
called  out,  3921 ;  anniversary,  4402,4733. 

,  Pa.,  Confeds.  occupy,  2232;   eaith- 

quake,  3321. 

,  Tenn,,    Burnside    at;    Confederates 

evacuate,  2262. 

,  Duchess  of  (Elizabeth  Chudleigh),  b. 

(1720) ;  trial  of,  9192  ;  d.  (1788). 

,  Earl,  title  created,  9172. 

Kingsville,  Can.,  petroleum  discovered  ; 
gas  discovered,  5861 , 

Kingti,  enthroned,  6113,  6131 ,  6152. 

Kinhwa,  mission,  6183,  6222,  G231. 

Kinkead,  tlohn  H.,  governor  Nevada,  303*. 

Kinkel,  Johann  G.,  b.,  8103  ;  d.,  8302. 

Kin-Kiang,  mission,  6243. 

Kinloss,  Baroness,  title  created,  8772. 

Kiiinaird,  Baron,  title  created,  9651 . 

,  Baroness,  title  created,  8932. 

Kinneh,  mission,  6571 . 

Kimioull,  Earl  of,  title  created.  8831. 

Kino,  Father,  in  California,  54i ,  2. 

Kinogawa  River,  bursts  banks,  10921 , 

Kins,  war  with ;  defeated ;  conquered, 
6121 ;  dynasty  ends,  615i . 


Xins-Eong^. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        1 JN  J_)ll*,X..        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1301 


Klnsale,  Ire.,  Bug-  troops  ;  take,  898' . 

,  Baron,  title  created,  851 1 . 

Kinsolving,  Geo.  Herbert,  bp.  Tex., 4202. 
Kinston,  N.  C,  action,  2162  ;  Confeds.  re- 

Eulsed ;    Scbofield    occupies ;    Federals 
anged,  230^;  Confeds.  defeated,  244i. 
Kintang,  Gordon  repulsed,  6202. 
Kinti  taken,  10182. 
Kiutore,  Baron,  title  created,  9451;   Earl 

of,  8i>32. 

,  Earl  of,  gov.  South  Australia,  5003. 

Kiuzie,  David  H.,  major,  4561. 

Kioto,  missions  at,  10021. 

Kioty,  Jap.,  taken,  10911 . 

Kiowa,    Kan.,    gambling-houses      closed, 

3831 ;  female  mayor,  3931 . 
Kip,  William   Ingrahain,  b.,  1163  ;    cons. 

Prot.  Epis.  bishop,  1723  ;  d.,  426i . 
Kipling,   Rudyard,  b.  (1805)  ;  works,  4203, 

+182,9983    liX)82,  10103. 
Kippis,  Andrew,  b.,  906=  ;  d.,  9263. 
Kipton  Station,  O.,  railway  accident,  3833. 
KJrby,  James,  executed,  999i . 

,  William,  b,,  9143  ;  d.  (1850). 

,  ,  Chien  <VOr,  5*43. 

Kiroher,  Athanasius,  b.,  7922  ;  inventions 

of,  7962;  d.,7971. 
Kirchmaier,  Georg  K.,b.,  7963  ;  d.,  7983. 
Kirchoff,  Gu.stav  K.,  b.,  8123  ;  d.,  832i . 
Kiretschjian,  Herant  M.,  appeal,  4762. 
Kirghiz  invasion,  Bokhara,  5491. 
Kirk,  Sir  David,  at  Quebec,  30i ;   captures 

Fr.  supplies,  5721;  settles  in  N.  F.,  11031. 

,  Edward  Norris,  b.,  1102  ;  d.,  2841. 

,  Sir  John,  in  Zanzibar,  6623. 

,  John  Foster,  b.,  5781 ;  works,  581'. 

,  liiehard,  governor  S.  C,  493, 

,  William  H.,  murder  of,  3171 . 

Kirkaldy,  Sir  William,  d.,  8742. 
Kirkbride,  Thomas  S.,  b.,  1161 ;  d.  (1883). 
Kirke,  Percy,  soldiers'  depredations,  8972. 
Kirker,  Thomas,  governor  of  O.,  1152. 
Kirkhara,  Mr.,  Methodist,  9083. 
Kirkland,  Caroline  M.  S.,  b.,  llOi ;  d., 2312. 

,  John  Thornton,  b.,  762  ;  d.,  1522. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  G42  ;  d.,  1142. 

Kirkpatrick,  D.,  vote  for  vice-pres.,  2952. 
Kirks ville.  Mo,,   Confederates    defeated, 

2103;  Normal  School  established,  2763. 
Kirkwood,  Daniel,  b.,  1231 . 
.  Samuel  J.,  b.  (1813) ;  gov.,  1903,2973; 

see.  interior, 3072;  resigns, 311' ;  d.,470i. 
Kirsten,  Peter,  b.,  7922  ;  d.,  7963. 
Kirtland,  O.,  Mormons  organize  church, 

1383,  1402  ;  Mormon  conference,  3801 . 
Kirwan,  Richard,  b.,  9123  ;  d.,  9362. 
Kisfaludy,  Kfiroly,  b.,  5163;  d.  (1830). 

,  Sandor,  b.,  5163  ;  d.,  5203. 

Kifituaya,  East  Africa,  native  revolt,  5G43. 
Kiss,  August,  b.,  8082  ;  d.,  8222. 

,  C,  b.,  9303. 

Kiasingen,  Bav.,  Prus.  victory,  5261 ,  8242. 
Kiaotf,  Col,,  conspirator,  5683. 
Kisulutiui,  mission  opened,  5612. 
Kitchener,  Lieut.,  survey  of  Pal.,  1158' . 
Kltt,  ice-bouml,  3881. 
Ki-tsiang,  b.,  6183  ;  marries,  623i. 
Kitteridge,  Thomas,  b.,  662  ;  d.  (1818). 
Kittery,  Me.,  first  Baptist  church,  482. 
Kitto,  John,  b.,9323  ;  d.,  9582. 
Kittrow,  Karl  Ludwig,  b.,  5202. 
Kiukiang,  mission,  6211,  2. 
Kiung,  enthroned,  611'. 
Kiushiu,  Bp.  Evington  cons.,  10121 ;  siege 

of  castle,  1091' ;  number  of  K.  C,  10922. 
KIwiwa,  reigns  ;  deposed,  5623, 
/Cjtempeviser,  appears,  6.'J63. 
Itfla<lno,  Bohemia,  strikers*  riot,  5323. 
Kiapka,  Gyorgy,  b.,  5202  ;  d.,  5342. 
Klaproth,  Hein.  J.  von,  b.,  8042  ;  d.,  8143. 
,  Martin  H.,  b.,  8003  ;  discovers  zirco- 
nium, 804' ;   d.,  812'. 
Klaiisenburg,  Hung.,  trial  of  Romnanian 

nationalists,  5.'J73. 
Kleber,  Jean    Baptiste,  b.,  7022  ;  gen.,  at 

Heliopolis ;     commander,     656' ,    0572  ; 

army  m  Egy. ,  7123 ;  Turks  defeated,  714' ; 

assassinated,  714',  2. 
Klein,  Jakob  T.,  b.,  7982  ;  d.,  8023. 

,  Johann  Adam,  b.,  519' ;  d.,5282. 

,  J.  W.,  shot,  4142. 

Kleist,   Ewald  C.  von,  b.,  7983  •  Spring, 

801';  d.,  8023. 
,  Heinrich  von,  b.,  8042  ;  works,  8083  ; 

8132  ;  invents  Leyden  jar,  11003  ;  d.,8102. 
Xlengel,  Johann  C,  b..  8022  ;  d.,  8123. 
Klenze,  Leo  von,  b.,  8(M2  ;  d.,  8222. 
Kleph,  killed,  771'. 
Klerksdorp,  mission,  11242. 


Kliest,  Marshal,  at  Kulm,  520' . 

Klinger,  Friedrich  M.,  b.,8022  ;  Storm  and 
Stress,  805';  d.,  8142. 

Klopstock,  Friedrich  G.,  b.,  8002  ;  works, 
8011,8032;  d.,  8082. 

Klose,  C,  wife  murderer,  4343. 

Klotz,  Christian  A.,  b.,  8002  ;  d.,  803' . 

Kluber,  Johann  L.,  b.,  8023  ;  d.,  8143. 

Klune,  R.  L.,  arrested,  4023. 

Kmety,  Georg,  b.,  5202  ;  d.,  5262. 

Knabe,  Ernest  J.,  d.,  4562. 

Knapp,  Georg  C,  b.,  8022  ;  d.,  8123. 

,  Jacob,  b.,  1082  ;  d.,  2*4' . 

, Hermann,  b.,  140' . 

,  Lyman  E.,  governor  Alaska,  3492. 

,  Manning  M.,  d.,  400' . 

,  R.  F.,  indicted,  4013. 

-^,  William  E.,  d.,  400' . 

Knappe,  Emil  C,  embezzler,  4623. 

Knapton  Hall,  sinks,  9833. 

Knared,  treaty  of,  11353. 

Knatchbnll-Hugessen,  Edward  H.,  Lord 
Brabourne,  d.,  1008*. 

Knaus, Ludwig, b. (1829);  ■p&in.t^Holy  Fam- 
ily, 8281 . 

Knebel,  Karl  L.  von,  b.,  8003  ;  d.,  8142. 

Kneeland,  Samuel,  b.,  130'. 

Kneller,  Sir  Godfrey,  b.,  7963  ;  est.  art 
academy,  904' ;  d.,  8002. 

Knickerbacker,  David  Buell,  b.  (1833) ; 
consecrated  Prot.  Epis.  bishop,  3142. 

Knickerbocker  Magazine,  est.,  1403. 

Knigge,  Ernest,  assaulted,  4562. 

Knight,  Charles,  b.,  9243  ;  works,  9583, 
901';  d.,978'. 

,  Cyrus  F.,  cons,  bp.,  a'J82  ;  d.,  3842. 

,  deputy  marshal,  killed,  4223. 

,  E.  F.,  (Muse  of  the  Alerte,  3962. 

,  Edmund,  cons.  R.  C.  bishop,  9822. 

— — ,  Edward  H.,  Die.  of  Mechanics,  9963. 

,  Henry  Edmond,  lord  mayor.  9012. 

,  James,  explorer,  5743  ;  d.  (1719i:). 

-,  John,  Arctic  explorer,  878' . 

,  Richard  Payne,  b.,  9123  ;  d.,  9422. 

•  -Bruce,  Sir  James  L.,1.  justice,  9572. 

Knighth(K>d   iutro.,   Kng.,  849';  for  free- 

•    holders,  8553. 

Knightley,  Baron,  title  created,  1009'. 

Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle  meet,  1853  ; 
arrested  at  Reading,  2213. 

of  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  founded,  5392; 

revived,  1079',  10863. 

of  Honor  org.,  283' ;  statistics,  4463. 

Hospitallers  hohl  Rhodes,  11553. 

of  Labor,  org.,  269' ;  Gen.   Assembly 

org.,  301';  increase,  3032  ;  proclamation 
against,  321' ;  strike,  329' ;  agree,  3522  ; 
unite  with  Farmer's  Alliance,  355' ;  for 
political  action,  359' ;  political  meeting 
mill. ,3592;  strike,  3662  ;  glass-blowers' 
conven.,  3882;  leave  Iron  League,  4082  ; 
conven.  St.  Louis,  4183  ;  Hugh  Dempsey 
convicted,  4222;  Gen.  Asso.  meets,  4423  ; 
Powderly*sresignation;conven.inPhila., 
4443;  low  wages,  4482;  aid  strikers,  4563; 
conven.,  4743;  Sovereign  re-elected,  475' ; 
protest  against  government  bonds,  4762. 

and  L^ies  of  Honor,  founded,  2983  ; 

statistics,  4463. 

of  the  Maccabees,  statistics,  4463. 

of  Malta,  at  Jerusalem,  6543;  Eng., 

8692  ;  confirmed,  1074'. 

of  Pythias,    soc.    fnd.,  309';    liquor 

dealers  excluded,  3603  ;  session,  4142  ; 
statistics,  421 ' . 

of  Round  Table  revived,  Eng.,  8583. 

of  St.  Catherine  instituted,  1155' . 

of  St.  John,  at  Rhodes,  1034' ;  inst., 

10743  ;  erect  hospital  at  Jerusalem, 
1155' ;  expelled  from  Tripoli,  11382. 

of  St.  Patrick,  established,  923' . 

Templars,  membership,  389';  con- 
clave, 4123 ;  suppressed  ;  order  abol- 
ished, 10763. 

Knighthood,  orders  re-established,  11323. 

Knipperdolling,  Bernhard,d.,  7902. 

Knitting,  known,  6802  ;  common,  8662. 

Knives,  first  made,  Eng.,  872' ;  manufac- 
tured in  America,  136'. 

Knock,  Ire.,  shrine  at,  10002. 

Knold,  Carl,  indictment,  4143. 

Knolles,  Richard,  b.  (1550-) ;  History  of 
Turks,  8783  ;  d.  (1610). 

Knone  Island,  E.  I.,  Fr.  possess,  764' . 

Knott,  James  Proctor,  b.  (1830) ;  resolu- 
tion, 2933  ;  governor,  3152. 

Knout,  use  of,  abolished,  11223. 

Knowles,  Commander,  intlignation  against, 
67';  impresses  seamen,  672. 


Knowles     James    Sheridan,     b.,     9223  ; 

works,  9383,  943' ,  9443  ;  d.,  9662. 
"  Know-Nothing  "  Soc.  appears,  1743 ;  Nat. 

Conven.,  1772;  enacts  prohibition,  R.  I., 

1783 ;    presidential   nominations,   1792  ; 

riot  in  Baltimore,  1803. 
Knox  lis.  Lee,  case  of,  2732. 
,  Henry,  b.,  662  ;  niaj.-gen.,  commands 

army,  90' ;  forms  Soc,  of  Cincinnati,  97' ; 

sec.of  war,1012;org.militia,102';d.,1122. 
,  John,  b.,  860' ;  pres.  Reformed  Synod, 

1363;  preachings  ;  refugee  in  Eng.,  8702  ; 

in    Eng. ;    est.    Reformation  ;   writings 

of,  8722;  works,  8723, 8751;  d.,8742. 

, J.,  d.,  400'. 

,  Robert  R.,  consecrated  bishop,  9962. 

College  founded,  1483, 

Little,  Canon,  at  Toronto,  586' . 

Knoxville,  Tenn.,  settled,  1013  ;  printing- 
press  intro.  ;  K.  Gazette  est.,  1043;  XJniv. 
of  Tenn.  org.,  1143  ;  Burnside  at;  evac- 
uated, 2262, 228' ;  Confeds  besiege,  228' ; 
Confeds.  seize  fort ;  battle  ;  Longstreet 
at,  2282  ;  siege  raised,  2283  ;  Stoneman 
raids,  2442  ;  insane  asylum,  2872;  St. 
Mary's  School  est.,  3123;  r,  r,  accident, 
3452  ;  Morning  Journal  seized,  3702  ; 
Afro-Am.  League  meets,  3872;  shipment 
of  arms,  412'  ;Presb.  against  mobs,  438*. 

Knudson,  A.  A.,  invents  telephone,  320', 

Knutsford  college  est.,  977' . 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9903. 

Knutsson,  Torkel,  regent,  1135' ;  d.,  11352. 

Knyphausen,  Baron  Wm.  von,  Hessian 
gen.  in  Am.,  b.,  800' ;  in  N.J. ,921 ;  d.,  8043, 

Koanto  annexed,  10912. 

Kobad  (Kubad),  reigns,  11072. 

Kobe,  missions  at,  10921 ,  2. 

Kobell,  Franz  von,  b.,  8082. 

Kock,  Charles  Paul  de,  b.,  7102  ;  works, 
7232  ;  d„74Gi. 

Koch,  Christoph  Wilhelm  von,  b.,  SOOa  : 
d.,  8102. 

Joseph  Anton,  b.,  803' ;  d.,  8143. 

,  Hans,  martyr,  789'. 

,  Henri  de,  b.,  724' ;  d.,  762' . 

,  Karl  Heinrich  Emil,  b.,  8083;  d.,830'. 

,  Robert,  b.  (1843);  U.  S.  fund,  3732  ; 

remedy  tested  in  N.  Y.,  348' ;  in  Conn., 
3773  ;  remedy  praised ;  Aust.  proposes 
hospitals,  5^1;  investigation  report, 
7601 ;  microbe  dis.,  8301 ;  tuberculosis 
remedy;  institute  est.,  834';  Order  of 
Black  Eagle,  8342  ;  aid  from  emperor, 
8343. 

Kochi,  mission  at,  10922. 

Koechlin,  Daniel,  b.,  706' ;  d.,  746'. 

Koeckmann,  Hermann,  cons.,  1041' . 

Koekkoek,  Bernard  Cornelius,  b.-d.,  1102*. 

Koelxler,  F.,  suicide,  4522. 

Kohaku,  mikado  reigns,  10913. 

Kohiraa  mission,  10403. 

Kohl,  Johann  G.,  b.,  8083  ;  d.,  8282. 

Kohler,  or  Koehler,  Johann  D.,  b.,  798*  ; 
d.,  8023. 

Kojuk  Pass.  British  at,  4' . 

Kokomo,  Ind.,  While  Caps  outrage,  ^1' ; 
women  outlaws,  4442. 

Kokoran,  Ayoob  at,  6' . 

Kolb,  Capt.,  oath  of  office,  477' . 

Kolbe,  Adolf  W.  H.,  b.,  8122  ;  d.,  8302. 

Kolberg,  Ger.,  resist  Fr.,  7162  j  fortress 
captured, 8022. 

Kolcsey,  Ferencz,  b.,  5163  ;  d.,  5203. 

Kolding,  Danes  defeated,818' ;  taken,6402. 

Kolt/a,  asteroid,  discovered,  298'. 

Kofin,  Bohemia,  battle  of,  802' ,  516' . 

Kollack,  Theodor,  b.,  8122. 

Kiilliker,  Rudolf  Albert,  b.,  8122. 

KoUman,  cloudburst,  534' . 

Kolokotronus,  Theodorus,  insurrectionist, 
in  Peloponnesus,  10353, 

Koloman,  king,  5033. 

Kolowrat,  Leopold  Krakowski,  founds  mu- 
seum, 517' . 

Kolozsvar,  L'niv.  founded,  Hung.,  5283. 

Kolpakoviski,  Gen.,  defeats  Oghlan,  1118' . 

Kols  mission,  10463. 

Koltadab,  Gholam  Khan  at,  62. 

Komaroff,  Gen.,  at  Bokhara;  at  Chard- 
jin,  62. 

Kome-es-paht,  mission,  657'. 

Komei-Tenno,  reigns,  10913. 

Komorn,  Hung.,  yields,  5223, 

Kondutchi,  attacked,  838' . 

Kongo  Free  State  (see  text,  pp.,  1093-1094), 
treaty  saved,  3832;  Am.  missions,  546' ; 
Conf.  proposed,  5462;  Bill  adopted;  loan; 
gov.  appointed ;  Purchase  Bill;  railroiM^ 


1302 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  Kong-Labo. 


govt,  fund,  547*  ;  railroad  subscriptions, 
W73  ;  Free-trade  zone,  5642. 

Kongo  Klver,  dis.,  1101' ;  explorations  on, 
1093' ;  steanieron,  109.3»  ;  mission,  10i)42; 
Port,  protest,  rights  defined,  11112, 

Konias, Anthony,  Jesuit  boolt-buruer,513' . 

Konich,  battle  at,  6562. 

Konig  Friedrich,  b.,  804' ;  steam  printing- 
press,  9343  ;  d.,  8142. 

Konlg  Wilhelm,  launched,  8243  ;  collides, 
828'. 

Koniggriitz,  Bohemia,  battle  of,  8242. 

Kiiniginhof,  Bohemia,  captured,  824' . 

Kouigsberg,  fud.,  7812  ;  treaty  of,  7173  ; 
statue  of  emp.,  736' ;  capital,  7813 ;  Grand 
Masters,  Teutonic  Order  at,  7872;  dukes 
at,  7893;  Lutheran  Univ.,  791' ;  Univ.  of 
K.,793';  talsen,  808'. 

Konigshofen,  peasants  defeated,  788' . 

Konigsmarls,  Count,  Johann  Christoph,  b. 
(1600) ;  at  Prague,  5122  ;  at  Magdeburg, 
636' ;  d.  (1663). 

,  Philipp  Christoph  Ton,  b.  (1662)  ;  at 

Morea,  1034' ;  assassinated  (1694). 

Kiinigstein  Tvm  built,  8013. 

Konrad  Otho  enthroned,  Bohemia,  505' . 

Kookas  revolt,  10482. 

Kooneh  Sepoy  rebellion,  1048' . 

Koos,  mission  at,  657 ' . 

Kooshab,  action  at,  1108' . 

Kopfner,  Johann  G.,di8.  cobalt  blue,  812' . 

Kopp,  Prof.  rs.  \Vm.  Tell,  a  myth,  1138' . 

Kiippen,  Adolph  Louis,  b.,  6382. 

,  Friedrich,  b.,  804' ;  d.,  820' . 

Koprili-Fasil-Ahmed,  b.  (1626)  ;  grand  viz- 
ier, 11572  ;  d.  (1676). 

,  Mustafa,  killed,  5122. 

Koralyi,  Gustavo  Siegmund,  d.,  5342. 

Korah  mutinies,  11413  ;  engulfed,  11403. 

Koran,  written,  4842  ;  8th  chapter ;  col- 
lected, 4»43  ;  appears,  1U722. 

Korashan,  Messiah,  San  Francisco,  402' . 

Korea  (see  text,  p.  1009),  Adni.  Rogers  at- 
tacks,272'  ;  Ams.  endangered,  4tX»' ;  war 
with  China,  612' ;  Japanese  claim,  614' ; 
invaded ;  annexed,  6152 ;  demand  of 
China,  6252  ;  treaty  with  .Japan.  6272  ; 
bp.  Corfe  cons.,  10022  ;  Japanese  invade, 
1091';  subdued,  10912;  anti-Japanese 
riots;  China- Japanese  war,  1092'  ;  war, 
625',  2,3,  6272,3. 

Koreysh,  development,  4833. 

Koreyshites,  Mohammed  defeats,  484' . 

Korner,  Karl  T.,  b.,8043;  Lijre  and  Sword, 
8103  ;  d.,  8102. 

Korti,  Egypt,  evacuated,  6602. 

Kortrlght,  Eliza,  married,  932. 

Korum,  Felix,  papal  nomination,  8303. 

Kosair,  mission,  357' . 

Kosciusko,  Miss.,  political  flght,  4622. 

,  Thaddeus,  b.,  11143  ;  in  Am.  army, 

87'  ;inLond.,9292;  taken  at  Maciejovice, 
1116';  insurrectionist,  11172  •  d.,  11163. 

Kosegarteu,  Johann  Uotfried  Ludwig,  b., 
8062  ;  d.,  8202. 

Koshin,  attacked,  6273. 

Koskatad,  miss,  dower,  6003 ;  mission,  601 ' . 

Jfos/nos  sinks,  9893. 

Kossova,  Turks  victorious,  608' ;  eel.,  5332. 

Kossuth,  Francis,  succeeds  father,  5372  ; 
advances  father's  ideas,  5382. 

,  Louis,  b., 519';  at  Vienna,  522' ;  gov., 

5-23' ,  2  ;  in  exile,  5232  ;  in  Turk.,  6233  • 
sentenced,  5242;  deputy  ;  letter,  5273;  re- 
signs, 529' ;  citizenship  denied,  535' ;  for- 
bids visiting  Hung.,  536' ;  in  N.  Y.  ;  in 
Wash.,  169' ;  addresses  Cong. ;  U.  S.  ves- 
sel for,  1692  ;  sails  for  Liverpool,  171 ' , 
957';  seized,  9592;  d.,  538';  funeral; 
Hung,  in  mourning,  6363  ;  funeral  con- 
cessions, 5372  ;  remains  honored,  6373  ; 
memorial  resolution,  455 ' ;  library ,5373 . 
Kostomaroft,  Nicholas  Ivanovitch,  b., 

11163;  d.,  1120'. 
Kostza,  Martin,  at  Smyrna,;  seized,  525' ; 

rescued,  172' . 
Kotah  taken,  1048' . 
Kotapad  mission,  1047*. 
Kotgur  mission,  10463. 
Kothair-byu,  convert,  10463. 
Kothapur  mission,  1047'. 
Kotonou,  secession  ;  action  at,  11612. 
iCo(oiM  captured,  118'. 
Kotze,  Von,  Chancellor,  arrested,  8363. 
Kotzebue,  Augn8t,Fred.Ferd.von, b.,8023; 
works,  8052;  assassinated, 8132;  d.,8122. 

,  Otto  von,  b.,  11162  ;  d.,  11182. 

Kouts,  Ind.,  R.B,.  collision,  3273. 
Koutsky,  Herr  von,  embezzler,  422*. 


Kow-Shung  settled,  6263. 

Kraft,  Joseph,  child  kidnapped,  4442. 

Kr.litsir,  Charles,  d.,  5242. 

Kraniclifeld  acquired,  8133. 

Krantz,  Adm.,  minister,  757' . 

Krapf,  John  L.,  miss,  in  Abyss.,  12, 5612  ; 

at  Mombasa,  5612. 
Krapotkin,  Demetrius,  assassinated, 1119'. 

,  Prince  Peter,  b.  (1842) ;  trial,  753' . 

Krasicki,  Ignatius,  b.-d.,  11143. 
Krasinski,  Waleryan,  b.,  11162  ;  d.,  11182. 
Krasnoi,  W.  Rus.',  contest  at,  7183. 
Krauel,  Dr.,  signs  agreement,  8352. 
Krause,  Marshal,  gov.  of  Prague,  531' . 
Krauth,  Chas.  Philip,  b.  (1797) ;  d.,  247' . 

,  Porterfield,  b.,  1302  ;    pres.  of 

council,  2742  ;  d.,  312'. 
Kray,  Baron  Paul  von,  b.  (17*5) ;  at  Mag- 
nano,  7122  ;  at  Stockach,  5182  ;  d.(1804). 
Krebs,  John  Michael,  b.(1804);  moderator, 

1583  ;  d.  (1867). 
Kreeder,  D.  S.,  murdered,  433' . 
Krefeld  (Crefeld),  Prus.,  battle  at,  702'. 
Kreli,  repulsed,  600' . 
Krementz,  Philip,  card,  priest,  836' . 
Kremlin,  fnd.  at  Moscow,  1114' ;  Napole- 
on's headquarters,  7183. 
Kremsier,  Moravia,  seat  of  govt.,  523' ; 
rulers  meet,  5312  ;  first  Aust.  diet,  8173. 
Kresimir,  Prince  of  Croatia,  503' . 

I.,  king  of  Croatia,  ,5032. 

II.,  prince  of  Croatia,  503' ;  k.,  6032. 

Kreutzer,  Rudolf,  b.,  8823  ;  d.,  8142. 

Sonaia  excluded  from  mails,  364*. 

Kribbs,  George  F.,  b.,  1602. 
Krieg  nuf  derWartburu  issued,  7823. 
Krilotr,  Ivan  Andrievitch,  b.,  11162  ;  Fa- 
bles, 1117';  d.,  11163. 
Krishnagar  mission,  10463;  Bp.  Pozzi  cons. 

R.  C,  9962. 
Kristhena  Soc.  sails  for  India,  334' . 
Kritisrhf  Walder  issued,  8032. 
Kritzinger,  Pastor,  chaplain,  8322,  8342. 
Krivandotf,  Capt.,  in  Silistria.  5683. 
Kropp,  on  bone  dust  as  fertilizer,  808' . 

,  George,  cons.  card,  priest,  836' . 

Krosche,  riot  in  church,  11222. 
Kroton,  destroys  Sybaris,  1016' . 
Krndener,  Gen.,  at  Plevna,  5052. 
Krug,  Commissioner,  bribery,  4722. 

,  Wilhelm  T.,  b.,  803' ;  d.,  8162. 

Kruger,  Stephen  J.  Paul,  president  Trans- 
vaal, 603',  11243,  11252. 
Krumaii,  Motlat's  church,  698' . 
Krummacher,  Fried.  A.,  b.,  803' ;  d.,  8162. 
Krupp,  Alfred,  b.,  8102  ;  exhibits  steel  in- 
got, 818',  820' ;  d.,832'. 
— — ,  Friedrich,  d.,  8123. 
Krusentern,  Adam  Johann  von,  b.,  11162; 

d.,  11182. 
Kuang-si,  robbers  infest,  6192. 

Tri,  missionaries  killed,  4823. 

Tung,  robbers,  6192. 

Kul>asolf,  Sergius,  Chmiwgraph,  1115' . 
Kublai  Khan,  in  Peru,  123  ;  favors  Budd- 
hism, 6142;  jurisdiction, 615';  d.,614',2. 
Kuche  annexed,  6113. 
Kucheng  mission,  619' . 
Kuchler  sentenced,  831' . 
Kuchnoel,  Christian  F.,  d.,  8161. 
Kuf eit,  Abyssinia,  conflict  at,  22. 
Kucler,  missionary  in  Abyssinia,  1*. 

7 Franz  T.,  b.,  8083  ;  d.,  820' . 

Kuhn,  Adalbert,  b.,  8102;  d.  (1881). 
Kuhne,  Gustav  F.,  b.,  8082  ;  d.,  832'. 
Kuhner,  Rafael,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8282. 
Kiihnol,  Christ.  Gottlieb,  b.,  803' ;  d.(1841). 
Kuiranga,  captured,  8383. 
Kukiang,  enthroned,  611' . 
Kuklux,  in  Ky.,  atrocities,  283'  ;  in  Ala- 
mance (N.  0.)  County,  266' ;  militia  sup- 
press, 2703  ;  Congress  passes  Act,  275' ; 
in    Tenn.,     265',    2,    3;    proclamation 
against,  2732, 2752;  terrify  negroes,  2783. 
Kuleftscha,  action  at,  1116' . 
Kulja,  Russia  annexes,  6232. 
Kullack,  Theodor,  b.  (1818);  d.,  8302. 
KuUmen  tries  to  kill  Bismarck,  829' . 

Kulm,  Prus.,  action  at,  620' .  

Kuip  House,  Ga.,  Confeds.  repulsed,  235'. 
Kumamoto,  earthquake  destroys,  1092'. 
Kumarila  preaches,  1043' . 
Kumassi,  W.  Afr.,  burned,  11612. 
Kummamett  mission,  10483. 
Kunersdorf,  Frederick  defeated,  5162. 
Kung,  Prince,  b.,  6163;  signs conven., 6212; 
degraded  ;  reinstated  ;  regent,  6213  j  dis- 
missed, 6233;  dictator,  6273. 
Kung  Wang,  enthroned,  6112. 


Kungti  enthroned,  613' ;  k.,  6123. 
Kunkel,  discovers  nitric  ether,  7982 
Kunnali,  Burmese  war,  10182. 
Kunnankulam  mission,  10403 . 
Kmist-en  Leteerbtad-  issued,  5443. 
Kunth,  Karl  S.,  b.,  8043;  d.,  818' . 
Kuntz,  .John  S.,  commander-in-chief,  3172. 
Kunz,  John,  imprisonment  3  years,  3482. 
Kuper,  Adm.,  at  Kagoshima,  966' ;  bom- 
bards Kagfjshima,  1092' . 
Kuppel,  Wilhelm  P.  E.  S.,  d.,  8302. 
Kurani  annexed,  53. 
Kurds  ravage  Per.,  1108' ,  raid  Arm.,  11593. 
Kuriking,  captured,  6182. 
Kurinan,  mission,  5972. 
Kurram  Valley,  explored,  53. 
Kurri-Galzu  reigns,  11413. 
Kursheed,  besieged,  6562. 
Kurts,  dynasty  of,  43. 

Kurtz,  Benjamin,  b.  (179.5);  d.,  348' . 
,  Johann  H.,  b.,  8083. 

,  John  Nicholas,  b.  (1720±)  ;  first  min- 
ister, 542  ;  ordained,  663  ;  d.  (1794). 

Kurze  Histoire,  issued,  801' . 

Kushan,  earthquake,  11073. 

Kustrin,  retaken,  810' . 

Kusmioki-Masashige  leads  revolt,  1091' . 

Kutab-ud-<iin,  sultan  of  Delhi,  10432. 

Kutchuk-Kainardji,  peace  of,  1035' ;  treaty 

of,  11122,  11172. 

Kuti,  sultan  of,  British  treaty  with,  552' . 

Kutusott',  Mikhail,  b.,  11143  ;  at  Borodino, 
7182  ;  at  Austerlitz,  710' ;  d.,  11163. 

Kurz,  Heinrich,  b.,  8082;  ,1.,  828' . 

Kviatofski,  hanged,  11203. 

Knai,  Vung,  editor,  4662. 

Kwala  Kapnas,  mission  at,  5523. 

Kwa-mouth,  mission  at,  10943, 

Kwangsi,  commissioner  sent;  prime  min- 
ister sent,  6193;  itinerary,  6243, 

Kwangsu  (Tsaitien),  b,,  6222;  rules,  6232. 

Kwang  Vouti  (Lew  Sew),  enthroned,  611». 

Wang,  enthroned,  6112, 

Kwantsong,  b,,  6142;  d.,  6153. 

Kwei-Chau,  mission,  6223, 

Kwei-hwa-cheng,  mission,  6242. 
'  Kwei-yew,  reigns,  615' ;  d.,  6142. 

Kyd,  Thomas,  Spanish  Tragedy,  875'. 

Kyelang  mission,  619' . 

Kyle,  James  H,,  b,,  174' ;  noni.  for  pres., 
411' ;  testimony,  4573. 

,  John  C,  b.,  1682;  speech,  4392. 

Kynett,  Alpha,  b,,  1362;  d,  (1899). 

Kyoto,  capital  Japan,  10912;  Czarewitcn 
attacketf;  rebels  arrested,  10923;  capital 
transferred,  1093' . 

Kypriak,  M.,  new  ministry,  667' . 

Kyrle  Society  formed,  980' . 


I.a  Abra  claim  discussed,  3993. 
labadie,  Jean  de,  b.,  3093;  d.,  6922. 
Labat,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  6903;  u.,  7002. 
Labbe,  Philippe,  b.,  6862;  d.  (16(!7). 
Labi5,  Louise,  b.,  6803  ;  nibat  de  la  folie, 

683' ;  d.,  6823. 
Labec,  Notker,  philosophical  works,  776' . 
La  B<<dollii;re,  femiie  Gigault  de,  b,,  721' . 
LabMoyfere,  Comte  de,  Charles  Angi^lique 

Huchet,  b.,  706' ;  shot,  7232;  d„  7222. 
La  Beesme,  Father,  missionary,  573' . 
Label  printers  combine,  3653. 
Laber,  Hadamar  von.  Die  Jayd,  7823. 
Lablche,  Eugfene  Marie,  d.,  7562, 
Labienus,  Titus,  lights;  occupies  Paris, 

10583  ;  k.,  10602, 
Lablache,  Luigi,  b,,  10843;  d,,  10882, 
Labor,  prices  fixed,  323  ;  value  of,  33' ; 

first  movement,  157';  agitations,  169'; 

exalted  by  Lincoln,  2013, 

,  Am,  Federation.    (See  under  Am.) 

,  Nat.  Bureau  of,  created,  319' , 

Congress,  Nat.,  meets  in  Cinn,,  271' ; 

in  St.  Louis,  2743.    (See  International.) 
Congress  in  Montreal,  589';  elective 

resolution,  5903;  procession,  5962, 

Convention,  2663,  2773,  283' ,  301' . 

Day  legalized  in  Colo.,  313' ;in  Mass., 

327' ;  inN.  J,,3'29' ;  in  Me.;  inOre.,329f; 

in  N.    Y.,  3663  ;   in  la.  ;    O,,  3752 ;    in 

D,  C,  4792;   generally  observed,  391', 

4143,4703;   denounced.  Can.,  5882, 
Labor,  eight-hour,  202',  2632,  265';   Bill, 

3772,  3792  ;  law,  passes  H,,  4093.    (teee 

Eight-hour  day.) 

Exchanges,  Congress  of,  762*. 

,  division  of,  Ger.,  7723. 


Labo-Lake. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1303 


Labor  investigations,  Fr.,  755';  disturb- 
ances, 7563;  Cong,  in  Paris,  7583  ;  dis- 
turbances, 7602 ,  3 ;  protected,  761 ' ;  hours 
limited ;  regulations ;  Bill  lor  Govt. 
Bureau,  7(513. 

Reform  National  Convention,  nomi- 
nations, 2792. 

,  scant  supply,  Eng.,  869' ;  protected ; 

Irish,  opposed  fn  Eng.,  9092;  unions  for- 
bidden, 9132;  Hill  for  labor  hours,  9532; 
wages,  957',  963',  977'. 

Societies  to  leave,  3802  ;  boycott  non- 
union men,  3863;  demonstration,  387' . 

troubles,    non-uni(m,    in    Pottsville, 

Pa.,  389' ;  of  convicts  opposed,  Tenn., 
3882, 3903, 391 ' ;  mass-meeting  for  relief, 
4'M3  ;  demanded  in  Indianapolis,  4503  ; 
commission  reports  on  strilces,  4763  ; 
anions  protest  against  '*  L  "  R.R.,  4233  ; 
Judge  Kick's  decision,  4262  ;  Italians 
oppose  Am.  labor,  4362  ;  unions  refuse 
low  rates,  4193  ;  contiict,  457' ;  coalition 
in  Chicago,  4623;  men  light,  4703. 

troubles,  arbitrators,  Australia ;  Con- 
ference decision,  5002;  war  advocated, 
Belg.,547'. 

Union  against  militia,  N.  Y.,  4142. 

Union  and  People's  Party  unite,  471 ' ; 

league  against  labor  unions,  4722. 

wage  rates  determined,  Cuba,  6333. 

Laborers'  Electoral  Asso.  meets,  1003' ; 
capital  against  labor,  10053. 

Housing  Act  passes,  957',  9692;   as 

pilgrims,  979' . 

League  est.,  999' . 

Laborde,  Comte  de,  Alexandre  Louis 
Joseph,  b.,  7043;  d.,  7282. 

,  Comte  de,  L6on  Emmanuel  Simon 

Joseph,  b.,  7163;  d.,  7382. 

Laborosarchad  reigns,  11472. 

Labouchere,  Henry,  Baron  Taunton,  b., 
9283  ;  d.  (1869) 

, ,  b.  (1831) ;  accuses  govt. ;  Insults 

Salisbury;  suspended,  10(&2;  abolition 
amendment,  10122. 

Laboulaye,  E*louard  Ren6  Leffebre,  b., 
7192;  works,  7283,  729' ,  733' ;  d.,  754' . 

Labourdonnais,  Bertrand  Francois  Mah^ 
de,  b.,  6943;  d.  (1753). 

Labrador,  dis.,  570' ;  Cortereal  visits,  15' ; 
mission,  763  ;  Davis  visits,  5712;  Mora- 
vians in,  575';  famine,  5853;  vessels 
wrecked,  5933 ;  discoveries,  596 ' ;  Indians 
sult'ering,  5963. 

Labuan  Island,  English  acquire,  552'  ,955' ; 
see  est.,  9583. 

Labynetus.    (See  Belshazzar.) 

lia  Calle,  telegraph  line  opd.,  10893. 

La  Calpren^de,  Gautier  de  (jostes  de,  b., 
6862;  Faraimnd,  691' ;  d.  (1663). 

I^ac  Court  d'Oreilles,  mission  at,  1423. 

Lace  manuf.  in  Fr.,  672' ;  in  Eng.,  9162;  at 
Augsburg,  78J2;  at  Aunaberg,  7882 ;  im- 
ports forbidden,  8653. 

Lacedsemon  fnils.  Sparta,  10133. 

Lacedienionians  invade  Arcadia,  1014'. 

Lacepede,  Comte  de,  Bernard  (r.  S.  de  la 
Ville,  d.,  7242. 

La  Cerda  assassinated,  67^2. 

Lacey,  Edward  S.,  in  treas.  dept.,  3512. 

,  Jolin  F.,  b.,  l.'>22  ;  speech,  4392. 

,  William,  b.  (1781);  d.,  264' . 

La  Chaise,  Franfois  d'  Aix,  Pt^re,  b.,  6863; 
king's  confessor,  6923;  d.,  6963. 

,  P6re,  anarchist  riot,  7563. 

La  Chausst^e,  author  of  Gouvemaiite^lOl^. 

Lachesis,  asteroid,  discovered,  736' . 

Lachine,  Can.,  attacked,  60',  5722;  bridge 
completed,  6872;  canal  begmi,  6793. 

Lachmaim,  Karl,  b.,  8062;  works,  813' ,  2  ; 
d.,  818' . 

Laclos,  Pierre  Ambroise  Franyoise  Choder- 
los  de,  b.,  7002  ;  d.,  7143. 

La  Condamine,  Chas.  M.,  works,  7012, 

Luconia,  Or.,  coasts  plundered,  10222;  rav- 
aged, 10223 

,  New  Hamp.,  N.  B.  Gale's  bequests, 

4792. 

Lacordaire,  Jean  Baptiste  Henri,  b.,7143; 
works,  7'27' ,  7283,  7292;  d.,  7342. 

Lacour,  Paul  Challemel,  Academician, 
756'. 

Lacretelle,  Jean  Chas.  de,  b.,  703' ;  d.,  7322. 

,  Pierre  Louis  de,  b.,  701' ;  d.,  7242. 

La<rrif)ga^  asteroid,  discovered,  5282. 

Lacroix,  John  C,  b.,  142' . 

,  Jules,  b.,  719' . 

,  Paul,  b.,  7163;  d.,  7,54'. 

,  Sylvestre  Franjois,  b.,  703' ;  d.,  7283. 


La  Crosse,  Wyo.,  mercury  low,  312' . 

Lacrosse  played  at  Windsor,  9813. 

Lacteals  discovered,  10822. 

Lacy,  Drury,  moderator,  1163. 

,  Hugh  de,  justice,  8512  ;  lord  deputy, 

8613;  Viceroy,  853' ;  k.  (1186). 

,  Richard,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  982». 

Ladas  wins  Derby,  10053. 

Ladd  observatory.  Providence, R.  I. ,394' . 

,  Herbert  W.,  nom.  gov.,  3373,  M12, 

3492,  381' ,  3992;  gives  observatory,  394' ; 

prize-tight  unopposed,  395'. 

,  William,  b.,  912;  <).,  1522. 

Ladies'  Asso.  collects  funds.  Am.,  1503. 

,  education  of  heathen  org.,  9682. 

for  Jewish  females  org.,  9683. 

China  Miss.  Soc.  of  Bait,  org.,  1612. 

Latlies'  Companion  appears,  129 ' . 
Ladies'  Health  Protective  Asso.,  3563. 

Inst,  at  Granville,  O.,  fnd.  1403. 

Ladies'  Magazine,  109' ,  1363. 
Ladies'  Momit  Vernon  Asso.,  185' . 

Nat.  Aid  Society  fmd.,  903' . 

Nat.  Covenant  fmd.,  2333. 

Nat.  Tennis  Tournament,  4083. 

Ladies'  tfeekly  MisctUanu  est.,  1143. 
Ladlslaus  1.,  St.,  or  Wladislaw,  b.  (KMl) ; 

k.  of  Hung.,  5032  ;   conquers  Croatia, 

502' ;  d.  (1096). 

the  Margrave  rules  ;  d.,  506' . 

,  or  Lancelot,  king  of  Naples,  10772; 

rules  Rf>me,  10792;  sacks  Rome ;  opposed 

by  pope,  1078'. 

II.  reigns  in  Hung.,  505' . 

III.  the  Cumen,  reigns  In  Hung., 5052; 

assassinated,  5043. 
IV.,  king   of   Hung,  and   Bohemia, 

5082,  509';   son  is  poisoned,  609';    d., 

608',  2,  565'. 
v.,  Posthumus,  king,  B09';  returns, 

5092;  d.,6082. 
VI.  reigns  in  Bohemia,  5092  ;  reigns 

in  Hung.,  5093. 
1.,  b.  (1014±) ;  K.  of  Poland,  11133  ;  d. 

(1102±). 
II.,  son  of  Boleslaus  III.,  reigns  in 

Poland,  11133. 

III.,  Duke  of  Poland,  1115'. 

I.,  king  of  Poland,  b.-d.,  11142. 

II.,  K.  of  Poland,  b.-d.,  11142  ;  reigns, 

11162. 
111.,  K.  o£  Poland,  b.-d.,  11142;  reigns 

11152. 

IV.,  K.  of  Poland,  b.-d.,  III42. 

IV.  the  Short,  king  of  Poland  ;  de- 
posed, 11152. 

V.  (II.)  reigns  conjointly;  alone,  11152. 

VI.  (III.)  reigns,  11162  ;  elected  k.  of 

Bohemia  and  Hung.,  609' ;  d.,  565' . 

of   Poland  reigns  in  Russia,   11152  ; 

ravages  Moscow,  1114' . 

VII.  (IV.)  reigns  in  Poland,  11153. 

.    (See  Wladislaw.) 

Ladmlrault,  Gen.,  at  Thionvllle,  738'; 
gov.,  746'. 

Lady  Elgin  collides,  1893. 

Muilro  wrecked,  9473. 

Nugent  lost,  958' . 

Sherbrooke  lost,  9463. 

Ladysmith  mission,  5983. 

Lady's  Pictorial  issued,  986*. 

Laeken,  statue  of  Leopold  1.,  546' ;  castle 
burned, 5473. 

Laemlein,  Alexandre,  b.,  8102;  d.,  8262. 

Laenias,  C.  Pompillius,  ambassador,  10563. 

Laennec,  Rent^  Theodore  Hyacinthe,  b., 
7051 ;  invents  stethoscope,  722' ;  d.,  7242. 

Laerde  Efterretninger  issued,  639' . 

Lastitia,  asteroid,  discovered,  732' . 

L.afane,  Mary,  shot,  4262. 

La  Fare,  Marquise,  Charles  Auguste,  b. 
(1M4) ;  Panthee,  6952  ;  d.  (1712). 

Lafarge,  John,  in  Nat.  Acad.  Design,  268' . 

,  Marie  C,  b.,  7222  ;  d.,  7322. 

Lafayette,  Ind.  Purdue  Univ.  org.,  2863  ; 
tram  wreck,  4293. 

,  La.,  election  disorder,  3392. 

,  Mo.,  desperadoes  in,  2662. 

,  Tenn.,  Confeds.  repulsed,  235' . 

,  Marquis  de  (Marie  .Jean  Paul  Roch 

Yves  Gilbert  Motier),  b.,  71' ,  7023;  joins 
Americans,  704' ;  org.  Nat.  Guard,  706' ; 
leader  of  Feuillants,  707';  commander, 
7072;  delivers  Royal  family,  7073;  leaves 
Fr.  army,  708';  flees  from  Paris,  7092; 
escapes  from  prison,  711';  commander 
of  Nat.  Guards,  724' ,  7253;  ministry  of, 
7253  ;  joins  Am.  army,  86' ;  maj.-gen., 
8623 ;  wounded,  87 ' ;  in  Gloucester,  N.  J. ; 


commander,  88' ;  request  to  D'Estaing ; 

in  R.  I.,  883  ;   at  Valley   Forge,  882 ; 

leavesAiu. ;  receives  sword,  90' ;  returns 

to  Am.,  91' ;  furnishes  army  outfits,  932; 

in  Va.,  942  ;  pursues  Arnold,  94' ;  block- 
ades Cornwallis ;   travels  in  Am.,  97'; 

visits  Am. ;  voted  land,  133' ;  welcomed 

by  (Congress;  voted  remuneration,  1332  ; 

d.,  7262  ;  grave  decorated,  7073  ;  monu- 
ment, 266'. 
Lafayette,  Comtesse  de,  Marie  M.  P.  de  la 

v.,  b.,  6882;  works,  691',  693' ;  d.,  6942. 
La  Fayette  Coll.   (non-sect.)  est.  at  La 

Fayette,  Ala.  (1883). 
Lafayette  Coll.  org.  Easton,  Pa.,  1403. 
La  Fere,  Fr.,  French  repulsed,  7423. 
Laffaldt,  battle  at,  700' . 
Lafitau,  Joseph,  d.,  7U02. 
Lafltte,  Jacques,  b.,  7042  ;  ministry  of, 

7253  ;  d.,7283. 

,  Jean,  b.,  705' ;  d.,  7242  (or  1746). 

Lafliche,  Louis  F.,  cons,  bp.,  5822;  tithe 

order,  5902. 
La  niche  in  Derby  race,  10093. 
La  Fontaine,  August  H.  J.,  b.,  8023  ;  d., 

8142. 
,  Jean  de,  b.,  6863  ;  works,  6903, 

6912,  693';  d.,  6943. 
Lafosse,  Charles  de,  b.,  6883  ;  d.,  697' . 
La  France  in  collision,  7673. 

,  Pome,  et  I' Italic  published,  7343. 

La  Fuente,  Modesto,  b.-d.,  11303 ;  Granada, 

11311. 
Laghouat,  Algeria,  taken,  83. 
La  Gillepe  dam  inaugurated.  5453. 
Lagos,  W.  Afr.,  captured,  950' ;  acquired 

by  Great  Britain,  9663  ;  mission,  1161'. 
La  Grande,  Ore.,  Chinese  expelled,  4383. 
La  Grange,  Ark.,  action  near,  218' . 

,  Ga.,  Southern  College  org.,  167' . 

,  La.,  Federals  defeated,  '221' . 

,  Mo.,  College,  founded,  1843. 

,  Tenn.,     Grierson    leaves,  2203  ; 

Confederates  defeated,  215' . 
Lagrange,  Comte,  Frederic,  d.,  754' . 
La  Grange,  Joseph  de  Chancel de,b.,  6923; 

d.,  7023. 
,  Jos.  Loxiis  b.,6983;  libration  of  moon 

7022  ;  on  planetary  orbits  ;  celestial  in- 

equalitie8,7W  ;  work8.70e3,713' ;  d.,72I  1 . 
Lagarde,  Paul  Anton  de,  b.  (1827) ;  library 

purchased,  4342  ;  d.  (1891) . 
Lagree,  Capt.  Doudart  de,  expedition,481». 
LaGu(5ronni4re,Arth.de,  b.,7222;d.,760'. 
Laguerre,  Deputyj  arraigned,  7582. 
r.aharanpur  mission,  1047'. 
La  Harpe  in  Texas,  592. 
,  Jean   Franyois  Piacenza,  b.,  7002  ; 

works,  7063,  715' ;  d.,  715' . 
Lahire,  Philippe  de,  b.,  6883  ;  d.,  698' . 
Lahore,  see  of,  est.,  9803  ;  Bp.  Matthew 

cons.,  9962  ;  Bp.  Pelckmans  C(uis.,  1012' ; 

taken,  1042' ;    occupied,  1W32  ;    citadel 

occupied,  1046 ' ;  mission,  1047 ' ,  10483  ; 

annexed,  10473  •  Sepoy  rebellion,  1048'. 
Laibach,  Aust.,  (Jong,  of  ;  emperors  meet, 

5212  ;  demands  for  crown  prince.  6322. 
Laidlaw,  W.  R.,  suit,  4442  ;  award,  4543. 
Laigle  capturetl,  676' . 
Lainez,  Jacob,  Jesuit  general,  1081'. 
Lainfiesa,  Dr.,  president,  10383. 
Laing,  Alex.  Gordon,  b.,  9262  ;  d.,  9422. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  921' ;  d.,  9722. 

Laingsburg  mission,  6983,  6023. 
Laiug's  Neck,  Transvaal,  action  at,  986'. 
Laird,  James,  builds  steam-rams,  9(>8'. 
Laisant  expelled  from  army,  758' . 
Laius  dethroned,  1013' ;  d.,  1013». 
La  Junquera,  battle  at,  1132' . 
Lakawn,  mission  at,  11242. 
Lake  Alexandria  mission,  4962. 

Angeline,  Mich.,  mine  cave-in,  369>. 

Baptist  Missionary  Soc.  org.,  1142, 

Bogo  mission  ;  reopened,  4962. 

City,  Fla,  State  University,  3143. 

dwellings  in  Switzerland,  1138' . 

Erie,  steamer   on,  1273  ;    rises,  150' ; 

and  Ohio  connected,  3473.  (See  Erie.) 
Forest   Univ.  (  Presb.),  est.  at  Lake 

Forest,  111.  (1867). 
George,  N.  Y.,  fort  on,  682  ;  college 

boat-races,  3153,  3253  ;  Ainer.  Asso.  at, 

3862  ;  Are,  4333  ;  propeller  sinks,  4353. 

Henry,  floating  island  reported,  334' . 

Huron,  Champlain  visits,  6702,  5713  ; 

Asia  wrecked,  3093 . 

Michigan,  steamboat  on,  1293. 

Minnetonka,  Minn.,  bones  of  mound- 

buiiders,  366' . 


1304 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  LftkC— La&g^, 


Lake  Mohonk,  N.  Y.,  Indian  conference  at, 

3702,3851,3931. 

Okeechobee,  Fla.,  drainage  of,  3133. 

Pepin,  Minn.,  .Sea  Winy  capsized,  3653. 

Providence,  Federals  defeated,  2183. 

Quinsigarnond,  Mass.,  intercollegiate 

Iwat-race,  3273. 

Kegillus,  action  at   10501 . 

Superior,  Algoma  tounders,  5853. 

Tiberias,  Crusaders  defeated,  (i54i . 

Timsah,  channel  from  Mediterranean, 

6573. 
,  Viscount  Gerard,  b.,  9103  ;   at  Lin- 

celles,    7081;    at    Castlebar,    7122;     at 

Bhartpur  ;  in  India,  10461 ;  <i.,  9343. 
,  John,  b.  (1624) ;  acquitted,  8963  ;  d. 


-  Shore  R.  R.  accident,  2593  ;  collision, 
3553  ;  strike,  4262  ;  forged  passes,  4443. 

Side  Monthly  appears,  2662. 

Lakeport,  Ark.,  crevasse,  4293. 

liakins,  George,  dispossessed,  9243. 

I*alande,  Jos.  Jerome  le  Francais  de,  b., 
6983  ;  d.,  7163. 

Laleraant,  Jerome,  b.,  6*42  ;  d.,  6922. 

Lallemand,  Baron  Charles  Francois  An- 
toine,  b.,  7043  ,  d.,  7282. 

,  Claude  Francois,  b.,  7062  ;  d.,  7322. 

•,  Gabriel,  tortured,  382,  5723. 

Lalliany,  Robert  G.,  d.,  9982. 

JLally,  Count  Thos.  Arthur,  b.,9022  ;  com- 
mands in  India,  10442  ;  d.,  9163. 

Lally-ToUendal,  Marquis  de,  Trophime 
Gerard,  b.,  7011;  d.,72Gi. 

Lalorre,  L.,  president  of  Uruguay,  11603. 

I*ainachus  dies,  10202. 

Lamannaia,  L'Abb^,  Hugues  F^licit^  Rob- 
ert de,  d.,  7322. 

Lamar,  Lucius  Quintus  Cincinnatus,  b., 
1322  ;  at  Secessionville,  2091 ;  sec.  Inte- 
rior,3212;  Supreme  Court,  3332;  d.,422i. 

,  Mirabeau  Buonaparte,  b.  (1798) ;  gov., 

1512;  d.  (1859). 

Lamarck,  Chevalier  de,  Jean  Baptiste  An- 
toine  de  Monet,  b.,  7003  ;  on  animal  de- 
velopment, 7183  ;  d.,  7243. 

Lamarque,  Cointe  Maximilien,  b.,  7042  ; 
d.,  7262  ;  conflict  at  funeral,  7272. 

Lamartine,  Alphonse  Marie  Louis  de,  b., 
7062  ;  works,  7232,  7251 ,  7271 ,  7302,3  ■  d., 
7382. 

Lamb,  Charles,  b.,919i ;  works,  9291 ,  9331 
9411;  d.,9462. 

Mrs.  (Martha  Joanna  Reade  Nash),  b. 

(1829),  d.,4201. 

Lamballe,  Princesse  de  (Marie  Th^rfese  de 
Savoie-Carignan),  b., 7003;  mobbed, 7083: 
d.  (1792). 

Lambdin,  George  C,  b.  (1832) ;  in  Academy 
Design,  2641. 

Lamberg,  Count,  murdered,  5231 . 

Lambert  the  Short,  AUxandre,  6711 . 

,  Father  A.,  not  sustained,  3^2  j  leaves 

R.  C.  church,  4541. 

,  Aylmer  Bourke,  b.,  915i ;  d.  (1842). 

,  Daniel,  b.  (1770)  ;  d.,  9351 . 

,  Franjois,  b.,  6783  ;  d.,  0803. 

,  Gen.,  at  Fort  Boyer,  1223. 

,  Sir  John,  gen.,  b.,  9183  ;  d.,  9542. 

,  Sir ,b. (1816);  statesman;  d., 10081. 

,  Sir ,  Gen.,  b.,  88OI ;  revolts,  890i ; 

expels  Rump  Pari.  ;  suppresses  rising, 
8893;  attempts  to  rouse  army  ;  defeated; 
arrested,  8911;  d.,  8962. 

Lamberta,  asteroid,  discovered,  7501 . 

Lamberton,  Robert  A.,  d.,  4381 . 

Lambeth  Articles  withdrawn,  8763. 

Palace  founded,  878 1 . 

,  Eng,  prelates  great  meeting,  8963  ; 

glass-plate  made,  8922  ;  foimdling  asy- 
lum, 9152  ;  bridge  opd..  9661 ;  Pan-Angli- 
can Conf.,  9702  ;  Bishops'  Cong.,  9983. 

Lambrecht,  minister,  7451 ;  d.,  7471 . 

,  author  of  Alexanderlied,  7763. 

Lambruschini,  Luigi,  b.,  10843  ;  d.,  10863. 

Lambton,  John  George,  E.  of  Durham,  b., 
9262;  minister,  9452;  gov.-gen.  Can.; 
report  of  ;  resigns,  5792;  Can.  ordnance ; 
commissioner,  9492. 

Lamech,inv., 11391  ;intro.  polygamy  ,11392. 

Lamennais,  Hughes  de,  b.,  7051;  works, 
7231,7252,  7271,7291. 

La  MesiUa,  N.  Mex.,  election  riot,  2743. 

Lameth,  Comte  de,  Alexander  Th^odor 
Victor,  b.,  7023  ;  d.,  7243. 

I.a  Mettrie,  Julien  Offray  de,  b.,  6963  ; 
works,  7012  ;  d.,7011. 

Lami  writes  Novelle  Letterarie^  10851, 

Lamian  War,  10242. 


Lamington,  Baron,  title  created,  9871 . 

Liimlet  reigns,  10732. 

Lainoignon,  Chretien  Francois,  b.,  6883  ; 
d.,  6963. 

Lamon,  Ward  H.,  d.,  4281 . 

Lamoiit,  Daniel  S.,  sec,  war,  4271 . 

,  Johann  von,  b.  (1805) ;  magnetic  dis- 
turbance discovered,  956i ;  d.  (1879). 

Lamoral,  Count  of  Egmont,  at  Graveliues, 
6821. 

Lamoreaux,  S.  W.,  In  int.  dept.,  4472. 

Lamoricifere,  Christopbe  Louis  L6on  Ju- 
chault  de.  b.,  7163;  conquers  Kader,  83; 
at  Castelttdard,  734i;  d.,  7362. 

Lamotte,  Jeanne  de  Valois,  b.,  7022;  d., 
7082. 

Lamp,  incandescent,  patented,  298i ;  ex- 
hibited, 302 1 . 

,  improved  patent,  9222 ;  safety  ap- 
pears; **  Geordy  "  inv.,  9381 . 

Lampadius,  Wiluelm  A.,  b.,  8031 ;  pro- 
duces sulfurous  carbon,  7821 ;  dis.  light- 
ing gas,  8102  ;  d.,  8162. 

Lampeter,  W.,  St.  David's  Coll.  est., 9411. 

Lampridius,  ^Elius,  Aug.  History,  10671. 

Lamps,  oil,  used,  11402. 

Lamson,  Alvan,  b.  (1792) ;  d.,  235'. 

Lamu  Islands  ceded,  5631. 

JuB.  Navidad  erected  ;  fort  burned,  142. 

Lanca8hire,Eng., spinning-jenny  invented, 
9161;  plate  glass  manf.,  9182  ;  strike, 
9831,9942 

Lancaster,  Eng.,  Working-Men's  Society, 
9651 ;  earthquake,  IOOOI ;  cot  ton- workers 
strike,  10083,  10103. 

,  Ky.,  illicit  whisky,  4082. 

,  Mass.,  Indians  attack,  46i . 

,  O.,  gas  explosion,  3993. 

,  Pa.,  Iroquois  sell   laud,  653  ;  capital 

removed,  1193;  Franklin  and  Jlarshall 
Coll. org.,  1463, 1731 ;  Indus.  School, 472' . 

,  Va.,  Confederates  defeated,  2003. 

,  House  of,  8612. 

.  (See  John  of  Gaunt.) 

,  Sir  James,  b.,  8701  j  at  Peruambuco, 

5521 ;  at  Olinda,  5522  ;  d.,  88OI . 

,  Joseph,  b.,   9203;    charity  teacher, 

9292  ;  d.,  9482. 

,  Thomas,  E.  of,  leader,  beheaded,  8572. 

, ,  bishop  of  Kildare,  8702. 

Sound  discovered,  5703  ;  Capt.  Ross 

visits,  5762  ;  parry  enters,  5781 . 

Lance,  George,  b.,  9303  ;  d.,  8961 . 

Lancelot,  Dom  Claude,  b.,  6862;  d.,  6943. 

Lancers  appear,  9381. 

Lancey,  James  de,  governor,  693,  713. 

,  Oliver  de,  royalist  corps,  842, 

,  Wm.  H.  de,  cons.  P.  E.  bishop,  1503. 

Lan-Chau  mission,  6242. 

Lanchner,  Franz,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8321. 

Lancival,  Luce  de,  works,  7171 ,  7192. 

Land,  grants  to  refugees,  Algeria,  102  ; 
sales  forbidden,  China,  6252  ;  power  of 
bequeathing,  Eng.,  8492  ;  rent  of,  8693. 

Act  denounced,  9883. 

and  Stamp  tax,  France,  7071  ±, 

Bill  introduced,  9733,  9952. 

Land  of  i'ocknygne  issued,  8562. 

Land  Court  Bill  passes,  3732,  3791 . 

Grant  Bill,  notice  of.  Can.,  5902. 

Forfeiture  Bill,  3573,  3G5i  ,  3691 . 

■  Law,  asso.  to  supjjort,  9883  ;  Landed 

Estates  Court  established,  9032, 

League.  (See  Irish  Nat.  Land  League.) 

Land  and  lAberty  circulated,  11203. 

Land  nationalization  begins,  3091 . 

Society  formed,  9883. 

of  Ophir,  Columbus  names,  153. 

Registry  office  fails,  9733. 

Tenure  Reft»rm  League  meets,  9752. 

Transfer  Act  for  Eng.,  9812. 

Landau  taken,  7961. 

Landen,  John,  b.,  906*. 

Lander,  Frederick  William,  b.  (1821) ;  at 
Philippi,  W.  Va..  196i ;  d.,  2052. 

,  Louisa,  b.,  1442. 

,  Richard  Lemon,  b.,  9323  ;  d.  (1834). 

I^andes-Union  fmd.  in  Mecklenburg,  7893. 

Landgrave,  title  established,  7772. 

Landi,Gasparo,  b.,  10842  ;  at  Calatafimi, 
10881;  d.,  10862. 

Laudiver,  Rafael,  b.-d.,  10951 . 

Lando,  pope,  10723  ;  d.,  10721 . 

Landon,  Charles  Paul,  b.,  7023  ;  d.,  7242. 

— ,  Letitia  Elizabeth  (Mrs.  George  Mac- 
lean), b.,  9303;  d.  (1838). 

,  Samuel,  b..  GO2. 

Landor,  explorer,  Australia,  4961 . 

,  Walter  Savage,  b.,919i ;  works, 9271 ; 

9371,9423,9483:  d.,  8961. 


Landrost  and  Heemraaden  ends,  5973. 
Lands,  public,  granted  to  railroads,  I68I; 

revenue  from,  1791 . 
Landsdowne,     Marquis    of.      (See     Fitz- 

inaurice,  William  Petty.) 
Landseer,    Sir    Edwin,   b.,    9303  •    works, 

9461,9521;  d.,978i. 

,  John,  b.,  9151 ;  d.,  9582. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9283  ;  d.  (1880). 

Landsbut,  Prus.,  Prussians  defeated,  5162; 

Austriaus    defeated,  7182  ;  Univ.  of  In- 

Solstadt   moved,  8072  ;   univ.  moves  to 
lunich,  8I32. 
Landslide,  liossberg  Mountain,  11381. 

at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  154i . 

Landslides,  Jap.,  earthquake  causes, 10921 
Landstadt,    Ma^us  Brostrup,  author  of 

Norske  Folkeviser,  11043. 
Landtag  formed  at  Berlin,  8171. 
Land  tax  enacted,  Australia,  499 1;  fixed, 

Eng.,  9292. 

Transfer  Bill  passes,  IOOI2. 

Landwehr  formed,  Ger.,  8IOI . 
Lane  electrometer  completed,  9162. 

,  Edward  William,  b.,  9303  ;  d.,  9802. 

,  ex-county  treasurer,  embezzler,  3991. 

,  James  Henry,  b.(1814)  ;  gen.  at  Hua- 

manta,  1622;  indictments  against,  1792  ; 

at  Papinsville,   Mo.,   1983  ;    enlists  ne- 
groes, "2103  ;  suicide,  2523  ;  d.,  2581 . 
,  Jos.,  b.,  1101 ;  gov.,  1671 ,1743;  for  vice- 

pres.,  1882;  vote,  1883,  1913  ;  d.  (1881). 

,  Sergeant,  wins  prize,  9661 . 

,  Sir  Richard,  lord  keeper  of  seal,  8871, 

,  William  C,  governor  K.  Mex.,  1712. 

,  Theol.  Seminary  opd.  in  Cincinnati, 

1371 ;  Lyman  Beecher,  president,  1403. 

University  organized,  Kan.,  2093. 

Lanesborough,  E.  of,  title  created,  9132. 
Lanfranc,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  b. 

(1005±)  ;  d.,  8462. 
Laufrey,  Pierre,  b.,  't2A^\  Napoleon  /.,  7371 : 

d.,  7502. 
Lang,  Adm.,  commands  ;  resigns,  ^4i . 
,  Andrew,  b.,  9522;   Ballads  in  Blue 

China;  Hkymes,  9803. 

,  Dr.,  missionary  work,  4942. 

,  Heinrich,  b.,  8123;  d.,  8282. 

- — ,  Louis,  b.,1231 ;  in  National  Academy 

Desipi,  1721. 
Langalibalele,  trial,  6OI2  ;  released,  6OI2. 
Langara,  Adm.,  in  b.  St.  Vincent,  95»i . 
Langbridge,  Frederick,  b.,  9542. 
Langdale,  Lord.  (SeeBickersteth,  Henry.) 

,  Charles  de,  settles  in  Wis.,  67 1 . 

Langdon,  F.  W.  S.,  killed,  2093. 

,  John,  b., 642;  pres. senate,  1012,1033; 

gov.  N.  H.,  1133,1173;  electoral  vote, 

1153  ;  d.,  1281 . 

,  Loomis  L.,  commissioned  col.,  334'. 

,  Samuel,  b.  (1723) ;  d.,  1062. 

Lange,  Card.,  treaty  with  peasants,  7893. 

,  Daniel,  dredges  Suez  Canal,  6573, 

,  Johann  Peter,  b.,  8082;  works,  8163, 

8203  ;  d.,  8302. 

,  Ludwig,  b.,  8123  ;  d.,  8302. 

Langebek,  founds  Danish  Lang.  Soc.,  6383. 
L'Angeli,  court  fool,  d.,  6923. 
Langenieux,  B.  M.,  card,  priest,  7542. 
Langensalza,  Prus.,  battle  of,  8241 . 
Langeiistein,  Hugo  von,  St.  Martin ,  7823. 
Langevin,  Sir  Hector  Louis,  b.,  578i ;  pe- 
tition against,  5923  ;    exculpated  ;    re- 
signs, 5931. 

,  Jean,  cons,  bishop,  5822  ;  d.,  5941 , 

Langford,  Baron,  title  created,  9311. 
Langham,  Simon  de,  b.,  8562;  d.,  8582. 
Langhorne,  John,  b.,  9082  ;  d.,  9203. 
Langiewicz,  Margan,  b.  (1827) ;  dictator  of 

Poland,  11192. 
Langland,  William,  b.-d.,  8582;  Piers i*to«v 

man,  8583. 
Langley,     Samuel     Pierpont,    b.,    142* ; 

moon's  temperature.  3281 , 
Langobardi,  surrender  idols,  7702;  barbar- 
ous customs,  7703. 
Langres,  Fr.,  submits  to  Austria,  7202. 
Langrigg  Hall  wrecked,  9813. 
Langside,  Scot.,  battle  of,  8721 . 
Langson,  surrender ;   Chinese  evacuate  ; 

retake,  4822;  evacuation  demand,  4832. 
Langstroth,  L.,  d.,  1162. 
Langtoft,  Peter,  Chronicle  of  Eng.,85G^. 
Langton,  Stephen   b.-d.,  8502  ;  election  ; 

archbp ;  primate  ;  divides  Bible,  8522. 
Langtry,  Mrs.  (Lily  Le  Breton),  actress, 

b.,  9562. 
Language,  use  of  Fr.  abolished.  Can.,  5911 ; 

in  Eng.,  8463.    (See  French.) 


Lang-Lava. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1305 


Languedoc,  France,  submits  to  Crusaders; 

670* ;  annexed  to  crown,  6732  ;  revolt, 

6753,6881;  Huguenots  perseouted,  6951 . 

canal  constructed,  6913;  completed,  7253. 
Languet,  Hubert,  b.,  6802  ;  d.,  G842. 
Langworthy,  E.  K.,  gift  to  college,  9791. 
Lanier,  Sidney,  b.,  1542;  works,  1^603.2903, 

.!923,   3031,   3063,    3083,   3143,   3133  ;    d., 

3031 ;  bust,  3701 . 
Lanion,  surrender  of,  6321. 
Lankester,  Edwin,  b.,9303  ;  d.,954a. 
Lanman,  Charles,  b.,  1231. 
Lannes,   Jean,   Due    de    Montebello,    b., 

7042  ;  at  Montebello,  714i ;  at  Pultusk  ; 

at  Saalfeld ;  in  Fr.  campaign   in  Frus., 

7161  t ;  at  Aspern,  5183  ;  d.,  719* . 
Lannoy,  Gen.  Charles,  b.  (1470 1) ;  at  Pavia, 

6801;  d.  (1527). 
,  Baroness  of,  Juliana  Cornelia,  b.-d., 

lion. 

La  Xoue,  Fran9ois  de,  b.,  6803  ;  d.,  6842. 

Lansdown,  Eng.,  battle  of,  8841 . 

Lausdowne,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  9231 . 

, of.    (See  Fetty-Fitzmaurice.) 

Lansing,  Mich.,  State  library  est.,  1371 ; 
school  for  the  blind,  3043;  tire.  4513. 

,  John,  d.,  l.'J62. 

,  Xicoliis,  b.  (1748)  ;  pres.  synod,  1163  ; 

d.  (1.S35). 

,  Robert,  arbitrator,  4252. 

I.^nsingburg,  N.  Y.,  election  frauds,  4262. 

Z««(er7ie  suppressed,  7383  ;  repub,,  7502, 

Lanterns  in  v.,  8442;  on  houses,  Eng.,  8933. 

Lantler,  Etienne  Franyois  de,  b.,  6983;  d., 
7*^2. 

Lanyer,  Jerome, patents  velvet  paper,  882i . 

Lanyon,  Sir  William  Owen,  gov.  South 
African  Republic,  6013,  11243. 

Lanza,  Giovanni,  b.,  10862  ;  d.,  10901. 

Lanzt.  Luigi,  b.,  10842;  d.,  10851. 

Laocoon  group  produced,  10622. 

Laodice,  Queen,  poisons  sons,  11503. 

Laodi.;ea,  Asia  M.,  built,  1149t. 

Lao  Ling  mission,  6211 . 

Laon,  Fr.,  Napoleon  defeated,  7203  ;  sur- 
renders, 7402. 

globe  appears,  12i . 

Laotze,  b.  ;  religious  teaching,  6102,3. 

La  Paz,  Peru,  gold  dis.,  6OI;  captured; 
Indian  insurrection,  5501 ;  Jesuits  op- 
posed, 5502  ;  Pres.  Arce  assassinated  ; 
Sucre  driven  out,  5503;  banks*  shortage; 
college  fnd. ;  gas;  silver  mine,  5513. 

La  P^rouse,  Comte  <le,  Jean  Francois  de 
Galaup,  b.,7002;  expeditions,  7061,7062. 

Lapham,  Elbridge  Gerry,  b.,  123i ;  elected 
senator,  3092. 

,  Increase  Allen,  b.,  1163;  d.,  2881. 

,  Oscar,  b.,  1482. 

Lapide,  Cornelius,  d.,  541*. 

Lapierre,  Adra.,  before  Touron,  4801 ;  com- 
mander, 4813. 

Lapio-Bicske,  battle  of,  5222. 

Laplace,  Pierre  Simon,  b.,  7003  ;  investi- 
gates tides,  704 1 ;  works,  7123 ,  7133 ,  7H}3 ; 
d.,7243. 

Za  Plata  founders,  9793, 

La  Plata,  Brit,  claim  navigation,  4901. 

Lappenberg,  Johann  Martin,  b.,  8O62  ;  d., 
8222. 

La  Puerta.  Gen.,  president  Peru,  11082. 

Lara,  Miguel  Gom^z  de,  governor,  6302. 

Laramie  City,  Wyo.,  founded,  2633  ;  Uui- 
versitjr  of  Wyoming  opened,  3263. 

Larangeiras,  church  organized,  5563. 

Larcaris,  Andreas  Joannes,  d.,  10^3. 

Larcom,  Lucy,  b.,  134i ;  d.,  428i . 

Larcy,  M.  de,  minister,  745i ,  7491 . 

Lardner,  Dionysius,  b.,  9362  ;  d.,  9622. 

,  Nathaniel,  b.,  986*  ;  d.,  9163. 

La  Heal  Academia  EspaQola  created, 
11292. 

La  Religion  de  /'  Univers  issued,  729' . 

JLa  Ressagna  Italiana  issued,  10902, 

Larevelilfere  dismissed,  7133. 

La  Revile  issued,  7323. 

arck^nlogique  issued,  735'. 

BritannK^iie  issued,  725' . 

lie  f  Empire  issued,  729 1 . 

de  Paris  issued,  7252. 

d^s  Cnitrs  Litteraires  issued,  7363. 

des  Deiix  Mondes  appears,  7263. 

■ Europdenne  issued,  7343. 

' Fratu:aise  issued,  725 1. 

• <?erman((7ue  issued,  7343;  changed 

to  La  lierue  Modeme,  7363. 

Hlatorique  issued,  7502. 

Independante  issued,  7291 . 

Natwnale  issued,  7343. 


La  Revue  Philosopkique  issued,  750*. 

Largo  Bay  in  collision,  10013, 

Lar^s,  Scot.,  action  at,  S54i . 

Larish  captured,  1097 1 . 

,  Countess  of,  condemned,  8323;  exiled, 

5323. 

Larivey,  Pierre,  b.  (1550+);  works,  6843, 
6871;  d.  (1612). 

Larkin,  Allan,  executed,  971', 

Larned,  J.  N.,  History,  4783. 

La  Roehelle,  Fr.,  surrenders,  686I ;  peace 
of,  6852. 

Laromigui^ri,  Pierre,  b.  (1756) ;  L^goJis  de 
philosophies  7231 ;  d.  (1837). 

Larondl,  rebellion,  5601. 

La  Rochefoucauld-Liancourt,  Francois 
Alexandre  Fr^^ric,  Due  de,  b.,  7003  ; 
works,  6912;  d.,7243. 

La  Rochejacquelein,  Henri  du  Vergier, 
Comte  de,  b.  (1772) ;  at  Le  Manes,  7101 ; 
d,,  7102. 

La  Kothifere,  French  defeat,  7202. 

Larousse,  Pierre,  b.,  7222  ;  ZHctionnaire, 
7263;  d.,7501. 

Larra,  Mariano  Jos^  de,  b.  (1809) ;  work, 
11311;  d.  (1837). 

Larrabee,  William,  governor  la., 3252. 

Larret,  Jean,  Afus^  Nistorique,  6892. 

Larrey,  Baron  Dominique  Jean,  b.,  7031 ; 
d.,  7282. 

Larsen,^Iary,  robbed,  4042, 

Lartet,  Edouard,  b.,  714a. 

Lartius,  Titus,  dictator,  10512, 

La  Rue  Co.,  Ky.,  Lincoln  homestead,  4513. 

Laryngological  Asso.  meets.  Am.,  358' . 

Laryngoscope  invented,  9602. 

lia  Salette,  miracles  claimed,  7283  ;  pope 
discredits  miracles,  7502. 

Las  Salinas,  battle  of,  202. 

La  Salle,  Colo.,  train  robbery,  413* . 

,  Jean  Baptist6de,b., 6902;  d., 6981. 

,  Robert  Cavelier  de,  b.,  6883  ;   in 

Can.,  433  ;  explorer,  441 ;  tour  of  discov- 
ery, 463;  erects  Fort  St.  Louis,  5721 ;  ex- 
plores Can. ;  on  Mississippi  River,  5733; 
land  grant,  473,  6933  ;  near  Arkansas 
River ;  on  Mississippi ;  returns  to  Can. ; 
in  La.,  481;  in  Ark.  ;  inLa.,49i,3;  in  111., 
491 ;  in  Tex.,  493;  on  Mississippi,  50i ; 
assassinated,  502  ;  d.,  6942  ;  statue,  36i . 

College,  Pbila.,  organized,  2252. 

Las  Carreras,  Haitians  defeated  at,  10402, 

Cases,  Marq.  de,  Emmanuel  Angus- 
tin  Dieudonne  de,  b.,  703i ;  d.,  7282. 

Cerreras,  battle  at,  6431 . 

Chas  Islands,  occupied,  6261 . 

Cruces,  N.  Mex.,  Agri.  Coll.,  3502. 

Lasell  Seminary  org.,  2412 

LaseUe,Cha8. Coumer dea Etats  f7nis,137i . 

I-asker,  Eduard,  b.,  8142  ;  resolutions  re- 
jected, 3172  ;  d.,  8302. 

LasLuuas,  N.  Mexico,  lynching,  429i . 

Las  Novedades  est.,  2922. 

Lassalle,  Ferdinand,  b.,  8123  ;  socialist, 
8203;  org.  socialistic  party,  8223;  d.,  8222. 

,  Disciples  of,  org.,  2503. 

Lassell^  satellite  of  Neptune,  dis.,  9522. 

La88ell,Wm.,b.  (1799);  dis.,  9541 ;  d.  (1880). 

Lassen,  Christian,  b.-d.,  11041. 

Lasso,  Orlando,  b.,  5402, 

Lasson,  Saint,  holds  conference,  442. 

Last,  J.  T.,  expedition,  5621 . 

Island,  submerged,  I801 . 

Lasulitch,  Vera,  acquitted,  11191. 

Lasus,  poet,  IOI71. 

Laswari,  India,  action  at,  10461 , 

Latakia  Kef.  Presb.  mission,  11582. 

Latane,  James  Allan,  cons,  bp.,3022, 

Lateran  Council,  10743,  10751 ,  1O8II . 

Later  Hojo,  family  rule,  10913. 

Tsin  dynasty,  rules,  613' . 

Latham,  John,  b.,  9103  ;  d.,  9482. 

,  Milton    Scott,    b.,   1342  ;    gov.  Cal., 

1903;  d.,  3101. 

,  Robert  Gordon,  b.,  9362  ;  d.  (1888). 

LaThang,  capital  Tongking,  4811. 

Lathom,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9751 , 
House,  defense  of,  8841 . 

Lathrop,  Kan.,  temperance  crusade.  3523; 
trial  concluded,  3761 . 

,  Geo.  Parsons,  b.  (1851) ;  works,  2943, 

3131,3163,3183. 

,  Judge,  on  Benefit  Order,  4211 . 

,  John,  b.,  ftt2  ;  d.  (1816). 

, Hiram,  b.,  1082  ;  d.,  2621 . 

,  Mr.,  at  Scituate,  342. 

Latimer,  Asbury  C,  b.,  1682. 

,  Hugh,  b.,  8642  ;  burned,  870a,»;  Ser- 
mons, 871 1 . 


Latimer,  Viscount,  lord  treas.;  minister, 

3933. 
Latin  Bible,  printed,  681 1 . 

colonies  est.,  10513, 

Empire,  ends,  10341 ,  10352, 

English  dictionary,  first,  8691. 

War,  Great,  10521 . 

language,  prohibited  in  courts,  9091 ; 

displaces  Gothic,    11252 ;    abolished  in 
Italy, 10731. 
League,   subjugated,    10511;    surren- 
ders cities,  10521 ;  renewed,  10532. 

towns,  settled  by  Romans,  10532, 

Latini,  Brunetto,  Tesfrretto,  10771 . 
Latins,  attack  Roman  repub. ;  war  with, 
10501;  allies  of  Rome,  10511;  desert  Ro- 
mans ;  harass  Tusculans,  1(^13  ;  subju- 
gated, 10532  ;  king  of  Janiculum  rules, 
10511. 
Latium,  defeated,  10521 . 
Latour,  Count,  murdered,  5231. 

d'Auvergne,   Th^ophile  Malo  C.  de, 

b.,  7003;d.,7142;  body  inPantheon, 7593. 
Latreille,  Pierre  Andr^,  b.,  7023  ;  d.,  7262. 
Latrobe,  Pa.,  R.  R.  accident,  3413. 

,  Charles  Joseph,  b.  (1801) ;  gov.,  4953; 

d.  (1875). 

,  John  Hazelhurst  Boneval,  b.  (1803) ; 

d.,  3902. 
Latta,  Alex,  Bonner,  b.  (1821) ;  d.,  2471 . 

,  James,  b.  (1732);    moderator,   1043; 

d.  (1801). 
Latter  Day  Saints.     (See  Mormons.) 
Latude,  Henri Masers  de,b.,6982;  d.,7163. 
Laube,  Heinrich,  b.,  8083  ;  works,  8I6I, 

8182  ;  d.,  8302. 
Laud,  Ferdinand,  b.,  5202  ;  d.,  5282. 
,  Wm.,b.,8742;  bp.,8802;  archbp. Can- 
terbury, 8782;  commission,  8822  ;  min- 
ister, 8833  ;  martyred,  8843,  8853,  8862. 
Lauderdale,  D.  of.    (See  Maitland,  John.) 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  881 1 . 

,  E.  of.     (See  Maitland,  James.) 

Laudini,  Chnstoforo,  b.-d.,  6762. 
Laudon,  Gideon  Ernst  von,  b.,  5142  ;  at 
Kay,  5161 ;  defeats  Prussians  ;  at  Glatz 
8021;  d.,5163. 
Laudonnifere,  R^n6  de,  leader,  25i . 
Lauenberg,  ceded,  5263  ;  king  possesses, 

8232. 
Laufach,  battle  at,  8242. 
Laugel,  Antoine  Auguste,  b.,  7261, 
Laughing  gas,  in  Paris,  7361 ;  in  London, 

9701 .     (See  Nitrous  oxid  gas.) 
Laugier,  Comte  de,  C^sar  de  Bellecour, 

b.,  10843;  d.,  10882. 
Lauman,    Gen.    Jacob    G.,  b.   (1813) ;    at 

Jackson,  2243. 
Launitz,  Edward  Schmidt  von  der,  b.,  8063; 
d.,  2862. 

,  Robert  Eberhard,  b.  (1806)  ;  d.,  2721 . 

Laura,  b.  (1308);  meets  Petrarch,  10771, 

d.  (1348). 
Laure,  Sir  Peter,  lord  mayor,  Lond.,  945*. 
Laurel  Hill,  Cal.,  Broderick  monument 
restored,  3421. 

,  Cemetery  est.,  Phila.,  1473. 

,  W.  Ya.,  Confeds.  defeated,  1962. 

Lauremberg,  Johann,  Comic  Poems  7971 . 
Laurence,  St.,  martyred,  10663. 
Laurens,  Henry,  b.,  6O2  ;   pres.  of  Cont*l 
Congress,  892  ;  captured  by  Brit.,  933  ; 
treaty  commissioner,  952;  d.,  1022. 

,  John,  b.,  711;  fights  duel,  892;  d.,  951. 

Laurentj  discovers  I^emausa,  7342. 
Laurentia^  asteroid,  discovered,  7481. 
Laurentius,  archbishop,  8422, 
Lauridsen,  Niels,  b.,  6362. 
Lauriston,  Marquis  de,  Jacques  Alexandre 

Bernard  Law,  b.,  7W2  ;  d.,  7243. 
Lausanne,    Switz.,    Woikmen's    Interna- 
tional Congress,  11383. 
Lauson,  M.  de,  gov.  Can., 5732,  also  (1656); 

Montreal  given  to,  5732, 
Lautaro,  b.  (1535+) ;  leader,  6043  ;  d.  (1557). 
Ljiutrec,  Marshal,  at  Bococca,  68OI ;  before 

Naples,  6802. 
Lauzun,  Antoine  Nompar  deCaumont  de, 

b.,  6882;  d.,  6982. 
Lavadia,  Chung-How  signs  treaty,  6232, 
Laval-Montmorency,  Fran9ois  Xavier,  b., 
301 ;  cons,  bp.,  5723  ;  first  E.  C.  bp.  Que- 
bec ;  resigns,  5731 ;  d.,675i. 

University,  Can.,  founded,  5803,  and 

Victoria  Univ.,  amalgamated,  5882, 3. 
Lavallee,  Th^ophile  Sebastien,  b.,   7151; 

History  of  the  French,  727i :  d.,  7362. 
Lavalette,  Comte  de,  Marie  Chamens,  b., 
7042  ;  condemned  ;  flees,  7232  ;  d.,  7261 . 


1306 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Lava-Lee. 


Lavater,  John  Casper,  b.-d.,  11372  ;  physi- 
ognomic Fragments,  80^1 . 

LaTodan,  Henri  LAiu  Eiiiile,  b.  <1859) ; 
Marionnettes,  7662. 

Lareleye,  Emile  Louis  Victor,  b.,  5423;  d., 
(1891). 

Larelle  County,  Ind.,  defalcation,  3932. 

, Gen. .Juan,  b.(1797);  defeat; shot, 490'. 

La  Vergne,  Tenn..  action  near,  216' . 

Lavergne,  Louis  Gabriel  L^nce  Guilhaud, 
b.  (1809) ;  Rural  Economy,  733' ;  d.  (1880). 

Lavigerie,  Chas.  Martial  Allemand,  cardi- 
nal, b..  9';  cons,  bp.,  7362;  cardinal 
priest,  7522  ;  unity  of  church  and  state, 
7.'>82;  antislavery  address,  7603  ;  recog- 
nizes Fr.  liepublic,  7632 ;  est.  pro-cathe- 
dral, 11393;  d.,  764'. 

Larisse,  Ernest,  Academician,  756' ; 
works,  7582. 

Lavoisier,  Antoine  Laurent,  b.,  7003  ;  de- 
composes water ;  theory  of  phlogiston, 
704';  d.,  7102. 

Law,  A.  B.,  fined,  417'. 

,  Charles  Edward,  Lord  Ellenborough, 

gov.-sen.,  Ind.,  10473;  d.,  100^1. 

,  Edmund,  b.,  9022. 

,  Edward,  Lord  Ellenborough,  d.,  9243. 

, ,  L.  Ellenborough,  b.,  9122;  chief 

justice,  9313  ;  d.,  9382. 

, ,  L.  Ellenborough,  minister,  9433; 

goT.-gen.,  9513;  lord  admiralty,  9532;  d., 
976'. 

,  Hugh,  lord  chancellor,  989' . 

——,  .John,  b.,  8922  ;  projects  Mississippi 
scheme,  592, 593,  3972,  6972,  3  ;  company 
chartered,  593 ;  bank  privileges,  ^2  ; 
Insolvent,  6993  ;  expelled  from  Fr.,  61', 
6992;  d.,  9082. 

,  Jonathan,  b.  (1674) ;    gov.,   653  ;    d. 

(1750). 

,  Kichard,  b.,  622  ;  d.  (1806). 

,  Sallie,  C.  G.,  d.,  464'. 

,  William,  b.,  8962  ;  d.  (1761). 

Amendment  Society  est.,  953' . 

Enforcement  League  org.,  475' . 

and  Order   League,  la.,  333' ;    stop 

Sunday  traffic,  W.  va.,  3683;  against  ne- 
groes, N.  J.,  4562. 

Law  Quarterly  lieDiew  issued,  9942. 

Lawes,  Sir  Jolm  Bennett,  b.,  9363. 

Lawler,  Daniel  V.,  Phonetic  Bill  in  Cong., 
3562;  nom.  for  gov.,  4132. 

,  Thos.  G.,  commander  Q.  A.  B.,  4703. 

Lawrence,  Kan.,  Congregational  Church 
fmd.,  1762;  election  for  leg. ;  Free  State 
men  meet,  1772;  besieged,  178' ;  sacked, 
179', 2;  attacked,  1812  ;  first  legislature 
meets,  1932;  State  Univ.  at,  219' ;  raided, 
226' ;  Univ.  of  Kansas  org.,  2513  ;  Pro- 
hib.  Party  org.,  3172;  B.  B.  wreck,  4493. 

,  Mass.,  Pemberton  mill  falls,   1873  ; 

strike,  3103;  Bolton  bribery  trial,  417'. 

,  Abbott,  b.,  1022;  est.  scientific  dept.. 

Harvard,  1642  ;  d.,  176' . 

,  Amos,  b.,  98' ;  d.,  170' . 

,  Sir  Arthur  Johnstone,  d.,  1008' . 

,  Baron,  title  created,  965'. 

,  Charles,  convicted,  3902. 

,  CJornelius  Van  Wyck,  b.  (1791) ;  mayor 

N.  y.,  1452;  d.  (1861). 

,  George  Alfred,  b.,  9423. 

,  Henry,  shot,  4743. 

, .Montgomery,   b.,   9323  ;   against 

Sepoys,  1048' ;  d.  (1857). 

,  .James,  b.,  93' ;  defeats  British,  120' ; 

at  Cape  Ann,  1202;  d.,  121' . 

, ,  lord  mayor  London,  969'. 

,  J.  F.,  arrested,  3902. 

,  John,  mayor  N.  Y.,  453,  532. 

,  — -,  b.,  662  ;  pres.  senate,  1092  ;  d., 

1162. 

,  Lord ,  Laird  Mair,  b.,  935' ;  Tlce- 

roy,  10492;  d.  (1879). 

,  Bichard,  to  assassinate  Jackson,  143' . 

,  Maj.  Stringer,   b.   (1697) ;  at  Pondi- 

cherry,  1044' ;  gov.  N.  S.,  5752  ;  d.  (1775). 

,  Sergt.,  wius  rifle  prize,  982' . 

,  Sir  Thomas,  b.,  9183  ;  Hamlet,  9302  ; 

pres.  Boyal  Society,  940' ;  d.,  9442. 

,  William,  cons,  bp.,  430' ,  «0' . 

, ,  b.,  9223  ;    lord   mayor  London, 

9652;  d.,  915'. 

, ,  spiritualist  punished,  9823. 

, Beach,  b.,  1082;  d.,  3062. 

University,  org.,  Kan.,  1632,  1663. 

Jjawrenceburg,  Tenn.,  I).  Crockett  anni- 
versary eel.,  3663. 

Lawrie,  Qawen,  gov.  N.  J.,  492. 

Laws  in  New  Eng.,  72' ;  prohibitory  in 


Am.  colonies,  73'.  (See  under  the  title 
of  each  law.) 

Lawson,  Cecil  Gordon,  b.  (1851) ;  Hop  Gar- 
dens,978^;  d.  (1882). 

,  James  Anthony,  d.,  9962. 

,  .John,  surveyor,  captured,  562  ;  ex- 
plorer, 494' ,  burned,  562,572. 

,  Justice,  assaulted,  9903. 

,  Thom,aB  G.,  b.,  1442;  speech,  4392. 

,  Sir  Wilfred,  on  local  option,  985' . 

Lawyers'  exclusion  statues  repealed,  9772. 

Lay,  Henry  Champlin,  b.,  1302;  bp.,  1862. 

Helpers'  Association  org.,  9682. 

Keiiders'  Brothers  org.,  3322. 

0/  Hai^elock,  8543 . 

of  the  Honeysuckle  appears,  6723. 

0/  lioland  brought  from  France,  8463. 

Lay.ainon,  poet.  Brut,  8523;  d.,  8.52' . 

Layard,  Sir  Austen  Henry,  b.,  9382;  works, 
955'  ,9963, 1157' ;  discoveries  at  Nineveh, 
11562  ;  d.,  10102. 

Layer,  Christopher,  in  conspiracy  against 
king,  9072;  executed,  9073. 

Layton,  Fernando  C,  b.,  1623. 

Lazare  Camet,  attempt  to  burn,  767'. 

Lazarists,  congregation  of,  687' . 

Lazaro,  Count,  duel,  5323. 

Lazarus  raised,  11522. 

,  Emma,  b.,  1662;  d.,  3262. 

,  Moritz  C,  b.,  8123. 

Lazear,  Maj.,  at  Van  Buren,  2143. 

Lazelle,  Henry  M., commissioned  col. ,334' . 

Lazo,  Eiias,  minister,  6443. 

Lazzaroni,  as  pikemen,  1084' ;  at  Naples, 
1086'. 

Lea,  Henry  Charles,  b.,  1322;  work,  3283. 

,  Isaac,  b.,  1022;  d.,  3242. 

Female  College,  Miss.,  fud.,  2963. 

Leach,  Richard,  murderer,  475'. 

,  William  Eltord,  b.,  9243;  d.,  9482. 

Lead  discovered  in  Kansas,  296' . 

City,  S.  Dak.,    against   prohibition, 

3682;  fire,  4393  ;  ciishier  embezzles,  4483. 

ore  Bill  passes  House,  411' . 

Leadviile,  Colo.,  settled,  2973 ;  mines 
closed,  4333. 

League  Island  presented  to  Govt.,  262' . 

for  Commercial  Liberty,  Fr.,  7463. 

of  German  Princes  inaugurated, 5173. 

of  I'atriots,  scandal ;  suppressed,  7572. 

of  Rhine  cities,  Ger.,  7833. 

of  the  Kose  fmd.,  757' . 

Leagues  against  nobles,  Ger.,  7793. 

Leahy,  .John,  bp.,  9583  ;  murdered,  9903. 

Leake,  Sir  John,  Adm., capture  in  Mediter- 
ranean ;  at  Barcelona,  902' ;  lord  of  ad- 
miralty, 9031 ;  at  Sardinia,  1082' . 

,  Walter,  b.  (1760±) ;  gov.  Miss.,  293; 

d.  (1825). 

,  William  M.,  b.,  9203;  d.,  9642, 

Learning,  James  B.,  d.,  418' . 

Leander  ordered  out  of  Am.  waters,  1133. 

Leang  dynasty  rules,  613' . 

Leaoutung,  cue  enforced,  615';  Tartars 
take,  6153. 

Lear,  Edward,  d.,  9962. 

,  Tobias,  b.  (1760) ;  d.,  1242. 

Learned,  Joseph  E.  G.,  d.,  2702. 

Leary's  raft  at  Biker's  Island,  3653. 

Lease,  Mary  Ellen,  speaks  to  unemployed, 
453';  on  State  Charities  Board,  4512; 
opposes  gov.,  4513  ;  speech,  453' . 

Leather,  patent,  produced,  126'. 

Leavenworth,  Kan.,  proslavery  party 
meets,  179' ;  election  troubles,  181' ;  Con- 
fed,  flag,  1953  ;  Times.  4513  ;  excluded 
from  mails,  3703  ;  pontoon  bridge  de- 
stroyed, 3933  ;  prisoners  liberated,  4683. 

Leavitt,  .John  Brooks,  in  court,  433' . 

,  .Joshua,  b.,  1042;  d.,  280' . 

,  Mrs.  Mary  Clement,  report,  3943, 

Lebanon,  Ill.,McKendree  Coll.  fnd.,  135' . 

,  Ind.,  White  Caps  sentenced,  3643. 

,  Ky.,  Feds,  captured,  2242  ;  skirmish 

near  Junction,  2132. 

,  Mo.,  action  near,  200' . 

,  Tenn.,  Cumberland  Univ.  org.,  155' ; 

Coufeds.  defeated,  2063;  action  near, 
215';  Federals  occupy,  2183. 

Valley  College,  Pa.,  org.,  2583. 

Schools  Society  est.,  London.,  9643. 

Lebel  rifle  in  Bus.  army,  1120' . 

Lebceuf,  Edmond,  b.,  719' ;  chief  of  staff, 
738' ;  minister  of  war,  7392;  d.,  7562. 

Le  Boesme,  Father,  missionary,  422. 

Le  Bourget  recaptured,  7422. 

Lebron  in  Paraguay,  11052. 

Lebrun,  Charles,  d.,  6862 ;  Passage  of 
Granicus,  690' ;  d.,  6942. 


Lebrun,  D.  de,  Charles  Franfois  Piacenza, 
b.,  7002;  consul,  7133;  d.,  7242. 

,  Pierre  Antoine,  b.,706';  works,  7052, 

717',  7232;  d.,746'. 

,  Pigault,  L' Enfant  du  Carnival,  7083. 

,  Ponce  D.  E.,  b.,  6983;  d.,  7163. 

Le  Caron,  Joseph,  miss.,  282  ;  d.  (1632). 

Lechseum,  Gr.,  action  at,  10222. 

Lechfeld,  Ger.,  battle  of,  7722. 

Lechus  I.,  D.  of  Poland,  11132. 

II.,  D.  of  Poland,  deposed,  11132. 

Lechus  IIL,  D.  of  Poland,  III32. 

IV.,  D.  of  Poland,  III32. 

v.,  D.  of  Pol. ;  abdicates,  11133. 

Le  Clear,  Thomas,  b.,  1262;  d.  (1882). 

Le  Clerc,  Jean,  b.-d.,  11372;  work,  8963. 

, Louis,  Count  of  Butfon,  Histoire 

jMturelle,  7012. 

,  Victor  Emmanuel,  b.,  7042  ;  slavery 

in  Haiti ;  d.,  7143. 

Lecke,  Sir  H.,  at  Bushire,  960' . 

Lecky,  William  Edward  Hartpole,  b., 
9482  ;  works,  9683,  9842. 

L^cluse,  Carolus,  b.,  6803;  d.,  6862. 

Lecombo,  Bp.  Smyth,  cons.,  10082. 

Lecompte,  tries  to  assassinate  king,  7292. 

,  Edward  W.,  d.,  428' . 

Lecompton,  l^an.,  post  captured,  181'; 
partisan  judge;  proslavery  force;  pro- 
slavery  Legislature,  I8I2  ;  illegal  con- 
ven.,  183' ;  Lane  University  org.,  2093. 

• ,  Judge,  removed  ;  restored,  1812. 

Bill,  House  rejects:  Sen.  passes,  185' . 

Constitution,  Douglas  opposes,  1832  ; 

rejected,  1833. 

Lecomte,  Gen.  Claude  Martin, 8hot,7442, 3; 

murderers  sentenced,  7463. 
Leconfield,  Baron,  title  created,  959'. 
Le  Conte,  John,  phy8icist,b.,  1262 ;  d.  (1891). 

, ,  naturalist,  b.,  962;  d.  (I860). 

, Lawrence,  b.,  1322;  d.,  3142. 

,  Joseph,   b.,   1302;  works,  3003, 

3323;  Pres.  Amer.  Asso.,  390' ;  d.,  382' . 
de  Lisle   (Chas.   Marie   Leconte),  b. 

(1820),  7223;  works,  7323,  7351 ,  7383, 7542; 

Academician,  752' ;  d.,  766' . 
Lecoq,  Henri,  b.,  7143;  d.,  746'. 

de  Boisbaudran,  Paul  Emile,  b.,  728' . 

Lecot,  Victor  L.,  cons.  card,  priest,  7622. 
Lecouvreur,  Adrienne,  b.,  6942;  d..  t>983. 
Le  Crezut,  Fr.,  strike,  7443. 
Lectisternian  festival  Instituted,  10503. 
Ledebour,  Karl  F.  von,  b.,  8042  ;  d.,  818' . 
Leddchowski,  Ct.  Mieczyslaw,  or  Miecis- 

las    Halka,  archbp.,   b.,  11163 ;    fined ; 

imprisoned;  deposed;  card,  priest,  8283. 
Ledra,  William,  hanged,  403. 
Ledru-Bollin,     Alexandre    Auguste,    b., 

717';  defense  committee,  7433;  leader, 

7432;  d.,7482. 
L6  dynasty,  Annam,  481' . 
Ledyard,  John,  b.,  683;  d.,  100' . 
Lee,  Alfred,  b.,  114' ;  bp.,  1542;  d.,  326' . 
,  Ann,  b.,  622  ;  assumptions  of,  915'; 

in  Am.,  782;  d.,962,  3. 
,  Arthur,  b.,  642  ;  ambassador  to  Fr,, 

853,  7053;  quarrels,  892;  d,  (1792), 
,  Charles,  b,, 62';  inN.  Y,, 82' ;  defense 

of  Charleston,  822  ;  captured  ;  crosses 

Hudson  Biver  ;  insubordinate,  843,  892  ; 

treasonable  negotiations,  86'  ;  ex- 
changed, 882;  trial,  883;  duel,  892;  dis- 
missed, 91 ' . 

,  Eliza  Buckminster,b.,  1082;  d.(1864), 

,  Fitz-Hugh,   b.  (1835) ;    at  Dumfries, 

2163;  at  Beverly  Ford,  2223;  at  Wilson's 

Landing,  2332;  at  Y'ellow  Tavern,  233'; 

at  Cold  Harbor,  234' ;  gov.  Va.,  3252;  in 

Lexington   Military  Inst.,  343';  Govt. 

E.  E.  director,  4473. 

,  Francis  Lightfoot,  b.,  622;  d,,  1062, 

,  Gideon,  b,  (1778) ;  mayor,  N.  Y.,  1433; 

d.  (1841). 
,  Hannah  Famham  Sawyer,  b.  (1780) ; 

d.,2482, 

,  Harriet,  b,,  9143;  d,,  9562, 

,  Henry,  b,,  71' ;  great  strength,  882  ; 

at  Paulus  Hook,  903 ;  with  Pickens,  93' ; 

takes  Fort  Watson,  94';   d,,  95';  gov. 

Va.,  1032  ;  d.,  1262. 

— , ,  of  Mass.,  vote  for  v.  pres.,  1413. 

, ,  actor,  b.,  178' . 

, Washington,    b.     (1815) ;    coi 

P.  E.  bp.,  1762;  d.,  286'. 

,  .J.  D.,  Mormon  bp.,  shot,  2943. 

,  Jesse,  b.  (1758) ;  eel.,  3642  ;  d.,  (1816). 

-,  .John,  fnds.  Numismatic  Soc,  W8'. 

,  Leroy  Madison,  b.,  1142;  d.  (1882). 

,  Luther,  Eev.,  b.,  1082. 


"Ml 


Lee- Lent. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDKX.         Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1307 


L«e,  Nathaniel,  b.  8882,  or  (1663?),  d.  (1692). 

,  Kicharii,  wire  bridges,  9642. 

, Henry,    b.,    6*21 ;    independence 

resolution,  832  ;  pres.  Senate,  1033  ;  d., 
1M2. 

,  Robert  Edward,  b.,  114';  graduate, 

136' ;  capt.,  148' ;  chief  engineer,  1602  ; 
«upt.  West  Point,  170' ;  captures  John 
Brown,  186';  apptd.  col.,  192';  com- 
mands Va.  troops  ;  offered  conunand  of 
Federals;  resigns  in  U.  S.  A.,  194',  2; 
commands  Confederates,  Va.,  1942  ; 
commands  coast  defenses,  202' ;  resumes 
command,  2052  ;  at  Fair  Oaks  ;  near 
Richmond,  2083;  at  Seven  Days'  Battles, 
209' ;  confronts  Pope,  2103 ;  at  Qroveton  ; 
at  Manassas,  2122  ;  in  Maryland  cam- 
paign, 2123,2132;  at  Antietam  ;  at  South 
Mountain  ;  at  Hagerstown,  213' ;  at 
Holly  .Springs  ;  at  Hudsonville  ;  near  La 
Grange,  215';  at  Fredericksburg,  2162; 
at  Chancellorsville,  221';  at  Culpepper, 
2222;  at  Chambersburg ;  enters  Pa.,  223' ; 
retreats  to  the  Potomac, 2242;  at  Falling 
Waters ;  at  Williamsport,  2243  ;  offers 
resignation,  226' ;  moves  for  Washing- 
ton, 227' ;  behind  the  Rapidan  ;  on  Rap- 
gahannock,  228' ;  at  Locust  Grove,  2282; 
ren.  Meade  declines  to  attack  ;  at  Mine 
Run ;  declines  exchange  of  prisoners, 
2283  ;  south  of  Rapidan,  232' ;  at  North 
Anna,  23.32  ;  at  b.  of  Wilderness.  2322  ; 
at  Spottsylvania,  2323  ;  at  Cold  Harbor  ; 
at  Pamunkey  River  ;  at  Totopotomoy 
River,  234';  at  Strawberry  Plains;   at 

■  Ream's  Station,  2.372;  appt.  commander- 
in-chief  ;  commands  all  Confe<!.  armies, 
242';  meeting  for  peace,  2423,  2452; 
assaults  Fort  Steadman,  2442  ;  at  Boyd- 
ton  and  White  Oak  Roads ;  evacuates 
Richmond,  3443,  4451 ;  notifies  J.  Davis  ; 
at  Amelia  Court-House ;  at  Sailor's 
Creek,  245' ;  retreats  ;  turns  toward 
Lynchburg,  245' ;  at  Appomattox  Sta- 
tion ;  escapes  ;  proposes  peace ;  condi- 
tions of  surrender,  2452,  246' ;  applies 
for  pardon,  2483;  d.,  '2702;  statue  un- 
veiled, :!56' ,  358' ,  a'j9' ;  birthday  a  holi- 
day, 3762,  3983,  4483. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  9223;  d.,  9582. 

, F.,  at  Vicksburg,  208' . 

,  Gen.  S.  D.,  near  Tupello,  2362 ;   at 

Resaca,  2383. 

,  Sophia,  b.,  9123;  d.  (1824). 

,  Thomas,  gov.  Va..  072  ;  d.  (17.50). 

,  William,  invents  stocking  weaving, 

876' ;  d.  (1610±). 

, .  Sir,  chief  justice,  9093. 

, Henry  Fitzhugh,    captured   at 

South  Anna,  223'  j  d.,  3922. 

Leech,  Edward  0.,  in  treas.  dept.,  3512. 

,  .John,  b.,  9382  ;  d.,  968' . 

Leechburg,  Pa.,  original  packages,  359' . 

Leeds,  D.  of,  title  created,  899' . 

,  York,  Eng.,  bridge  built,  8573  ;  Slien- 

fieldGrammar*SclK)olfnd.,871' ;  Mtrcitrif 
issued  9063  ;  Colored  Cloth  Hall  built, 
9153;  White  Cloth  Hall  built,  9193 ;  a  bor- 
ough,94n3 ;  Brit.  .Vs.so.  meets,  9602, 10O4 ' ; 
reform  meeting, 969' ;  Literary  and  Phil- 
osophical Soc.  est.,  941' ;  art  exhibition, 
972';  Social  Science  Asso.  meets,  974'; 
Church  Cong.,  9742  ;  new  bridge  opened, 
9773  ;  exhibition  of  arts  and  mnfs.  opd., 
9721,978';  musical  festival,  978',  982'. 
968' ;  Yorkshire  Coll.  of  Science  opd., 
9723,  980' ;  amphitheater  burned  ;  new 
exchange,  9813  ;  new  municipal  offices  ; 
free  library  opd.,  9923  ;  anti-Lords  Con- 
ference, 10123. 

,  Mass,  floods,'2S53. 

Leem,  Knud,  Beskriuelae,  etc.,  11042. 

Leesburg,  Va.,  Confeds.  defeated,  2132. 

Leeser,  Isaac,  b.  (1806) ;  d.,  '260' . 

Lee's  Mills,  Va.,  action  at,  2062. 

Leete,Wm.,b.  (1603+);  gov., 413;  d.  (1683). 

Leeuwenhoek,  Antonius  van,  b.-d.;  dis- 
covers animalcules,  11003. 

Leenwin  exploration,  493' . 

Leeward  Islands,  Fr.  govt,  possess,  7572. 

LeMbvre-W61y,  Louis  ,J.  A.,  b.,  7222  ;  d., 
7382. 

Lefebvre,  Franfois  Joseph,  Due  de  Dant- 
zic,  b.,  7022  ;  at  Danzic,  7102  ;  d.,  7223. 

L^fevre,  Charles  Shaw,  speaker,  9493. 

(Lefebvre),  d'Etaples,  b.-d.,  6782. 

,  Pet«r  B.,  bishop,  d.,  5402. 

— -,  Tannegui,  h.,  6862  ;  d.,  6622. 

Lefterts,  John,  d.,  428' . 


Lefferts,  Marshal,  b.  (1821);  defends  Wash- 
ington, 194';  d.  (1876). 

Le  F16,  Adolphe  Emmanuel  Charles,  b. 
(1804);  gen.;  minister,7412, 745' ;  d.  (1887). 

Lefort,  Francois,  b.-<l.,  II142. 

Lefranc,  Victor,  minister,  747' ;  censured, 
7472. 

Lefroy,  Edward  Cracroft,  d.,  10042. 

— — ,  explorer,  496' . 

,  Thomas,  chief  justice,  9573. 

Legacy  taxes  repealed,  U.  S.,'2712. 

Legal  Tender  Act.  203'  ,2,  2053,  2112  ;  de- 
cision on,  2732;  passes,  3172;  limit,  261' . 

notes,  retirement  prohibited,  2992. 

Legar^,  Hugh  Swinlon,  b.  (1789) ;  atty.- 
gen.,  1533  ;  sec.  state,  1552  ;  d.  (1843). 

Legend  of  Lohengrin,  poem,  7803. 

Legendre,  Adrien  Marie,  b.,  701 ' ;  d.,  7262. 

Legge,  Augustus,  consecrated  bp.,  10063. 

,  Francis,  governor  N.  S.,  5753. 

,  George, E.of  Dart., b., 8862;  commands 

navy,  896' ;  minister,  8972  ;  d.,  8982. 

,  £[.  B.,  minister ;  dismissed,  9152. 

,  James,  b.,  9363. 

,  Wm.,  E.  of  Dartmouth,  sec.  tor  colo- 
nies, 9193  ;  prime  minister,  773. 

Leggett,  C.  \V.,  infernal  machine,  4483. 

,  Mortimer  Dormer,  b.  (1831) ;  gen.  at 

Bolivar,  2122. 

,  Wm.,  b.,  1102  ;  d.,  1502. 

Legion  of  Honor  in.,  Fr., 7162;  in  Am,  301'. 

Legislative  Assembly,  est.,  Fr.,  709' . 

Legislature,  masses  m  Mass.,  293. 

Legitime,  Gen.  defeated ;  pres.,  10403. 

Legitimists,  Fr.,  721 ' ;  unite  with  Orlean- 
ists,  7473  ;  monarchy  ijegatived,  7492. 

Legnano,  It.,  Aust.  retains,  5252  ;  battle 
of,  778'. 

Legouv^, Ernest  Wilfred  Gabriel  Baptiste, 
member  of  Academy,  732' . 

,  Gabriel  Marie  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  703 ' ; 

Henry  IV.,  mi\  d..  7192. 

Legrand,  Jacques  Guillaume,  b.,  7003  ;  d., 
7163. 

,  Pierre,  minister,  7552,  7571 ;  resigns, 

7652. 

Le  Grande,  Ore.,  Blue  Mt.  Univ.  org.,  2922. 

Legris,  Emile  Alexis,  minister,  7392. 

Leli  mission,  6242. 

Lehi,  Utah,  gold  disc.,454< ;  EnochDavies 
shot,  471 ' . 

Lehigh  University  organized.  Pa.,  2543. 

Co.,  Pa.,  zinc  discovered,  1622. 

and  Wilk.Coal  Co.embezzlement,4483. 

Lehmann,  Heinrich,  b.,  8103  ;  d.,  8302. 

— ,  Johann  G.,  d.,  803' . 

Le  Houx,  Jean,  Vaux  de  Vire,  6832. 

Lehree,  earthquake,  1(W83. 

Leiba,  Ponciano,  president,  10413. 

Leibhardt,  Davis  P.,  in  P.  O.  dept.,  3512. 

Leibnitz,  Gottfried  W.  von,  b.,  7963; 
works,  797' ,  799' ,  8032  ;  d.,  7983. 

Leicester,  Eng.,  surrenders,  886' ;  Luddites 
hanged,  9392  ;  Abbey  Park  opd.,  988' . 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  945' .  (See  Mont- 
ford,  Simon  of ;  Dudley,  Robert.) 

.  Lit.  and  Philos.  Soc.  founded,  9463. 

Leichhart,  Frtedrich  Wilhelm  Ludwig, 
b.  (1813) ;  last  despatch ;  disappears, 
496' ;  expedition,  4973. 

Leidesdorf,  Professor,  d.,  5342. 

Leidy,  -Joseph,  b.,  1302  ;  d.,  406' . 

Leigii.  Baron  of,  title  created,  946' . 

,  Benjamin,  b.,  93' ;  d.,  156' . 

,  Edward,  Sir,  b.,878' ;  d.  (1671). 

Leighlin,  see  erected,  8422  ;  united,  8763. 

Leightou,  Sir  Frederick,  b.,  9442  ;  Her- 
rulen,  976' ;  president  R.  A.,  9822.  ' 

,  Geo.  E.,  director  Union  Pacific,  3512. 

,  Robert,  b.,  8782  ;  d.,  8962. 

,  Sir  Wm.,  lord  mayor  London,  9333. 

Leimor,  John,  whipped,  4143. 

Leinster,  Ire.,  action  at,  8442. 

,  D.  of,  title  created,  9172. 

,  D  of,  Gerald  F.,  d.,  IOIO2. 

,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  9112. 

Leipsic,  Prus.,  great  fairs,  7872;  battle  of, 
520' ,  7202,  794'  ,2,  7962,  810' ;  univ.  fnd., 
785';  newspaper  issued,  797';  Rostof-ker 
Zeilung  issued,  799' ;  Leipziger  Literatur 
zeitung  issued,  8072;  Hermes  issued,  813' ; 
Ger.  Union  Natural  Philosophers  fnd., 
8132;  locomotive  railway,  814' ;  Evang. 
Luth.  Soc.  fnd.,  8143;  anniversary  of  bat- 
tle, 8222  ;  Supreme  Court  at,  8293;  dyna- 
mitards  ;  trial,  8303  ;  pres.  of  court  re- 
signs, 8332  ;  Hebrews  arrested,  SM3. 

Leisler,  Jacob,  temporary  gov.  N.  Y..51 2,3; 
arrested,  613;  warrant, 50»;  hanged, 613. 


Leiter,  L.  Z.,  contribution,  4433. 

Leith,  granted  to  Scot.,  8273;  burned,  868' ; 

Mercurius   PoUticus,   8883 ;    new   dock 

opened,  9873. 

and  London  steamboats  est.,  9413, 

,  Sir  George,  land  purchase,  10453. 

Leitner,  Gottlieb  Wilhelm,  b.,5203. 
,  Mr.,  lepers  ;  d.,  5972. 

Leitrim,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9252. 

,  Earl  of,  shot,  983' . 

,  Earl  of,  d.,  1008'. 

Leiva,  I'onciauo,  b.  (1828±) ;  pres.  Hon- 
duras, 10413. 
Lejeune,  Henry,  b.,  9383. 
Le  Jeune  arrested,  5362. 
tekain, Henri  Louis  Cain,b.,6982;  d.,7043. 
Leland,  la.,  anti-liquor  resolution,  3643. 

,  Aaron  W.,  moderator,  1G82. 

,  Charles  Godfrey,  b.,  132' . 

,  John,  b.  (1754) ;  clergyman,  d.,  1522. 

, ,  clergyman,  b.,  8982;  d.  (1766). 

, ,  b.,  8662;  linguist;  d.  (1622). 

Stanford,  Jr.,  Univ.  Cah-t"3802;  gift 

of  Czar,  384 ':  railway  literature,  404'; 
(See  St4il«OTd!5 

University  founded,  Cal.,  2703. 

Lelande,  observations  on  moon,  7002. 
Lelewel,  Joachim,  b.,  11162;  d.,  11182. 
Le-Loi,  on  throne,  481 ' . 

Lelong,  Jacques,  b.,  6903;  d.,  6982. 
Lemaire,  Jacques,  d.,  11003. 
Lemaistre,  Antoine,  b.,  6862  ;  d.,  6902. 
Lemaitre,  ViMina,  b.,  7142  ;  d.,  750'. 

,  Jules,  Myrrha,  7662. 

Lemberg,  University,  joins  Cracow,  5192. 

J.-embery,  Count,  d.,  5223. 

Lemercier,  Louis  jean  N^pomucfene,  b., 

7042  ;  works,  7133,  7232  ;  d.,  7282. 
L^mery,  Nicholas,  b.,  6883  ;  d.,  697'. 
Ijcmettre,  .Joseph,  condemned,  7463. 
Ijcmley,  Sam.  C.,  in  navy  dept.,  4472. 
Lemnos   taken,  1016' ;  naval  battle  near. 

1058' ;  lost  by  Venice,  1078' . 
Lemoine,  Francois,  b.,  6942;  d.,  6983. 

,  G.  Abb(5,  d.,  590'. 

Lemoinne,  John  Emile,  b.  (1815)  ;  d.,7641. 
Lemon,  Mark,  b.,  935' ;  Ptmch,  9503  ;  d., 

9742. 
Lemonnier,  Pierre  Chas.,b.,  697' ;  d.,7142. 
Le  Moyne,  Charles,  b.  (1626) ;  missionary, 

383;  d.  (1683). 

,  Julius,  d.,752'. 

Lempriere,  John,  b.,  915' ;  Classical  Die- 

tionarij,  925' ;  d.,  9422. 
Lena,  111.,  reunion  Black  Hawk  War,  3903. 
Lenau,  Nikolaus,  b.,  8082  ;  d.,  818' . 
Jjcnces,  Bartoloni^  de,  governor,  630'. 
L'Enclos,  Anne  (Ninon  de), b., 6862;  d.,6963. 
Leudermann  abolished,  1105'. 
Lenfant,  Jacques,  b.,  6902  ;  d.,  6982, 
Lennep,  David  Jacob  van,  b.-d.,  1101'. 

,  Jacobus  van,  b.-d.,  1102'. 

,  .Jan  Daniel,  b.-d.,  1101'. 

Lennon,  Patrick,  convicted,  971' . 
Lennox,  Col.,  in  duel,  9262. 

,  Charlotte,  b.,  682  ;  d.,  1122. 

,  Chas.,  D.  of  Richmond,  b.,  9082. 

, ,  D.  of  Richmond,  b.  (1764) ;  gov.- 

gen.,  579?;  minister,  9233. 

,  Henry,  D.  of  Rich., sec.  for  Scot. ,995 ' . 

, Gordon,  D.   of  Richmond, 

minister,  9333,  9792,  9933  ;  d.  (1819). 

,  Earl  of,  regent ;  killed,  8752. 

Lenoir,  L'Abbi,  Charles  Pilage,  b.,  7223. 
Coll.  (Luth.),  est.  at  Hickory,  N.  C. 

(1891). 
Lenora.Mo.,  Eugene  McEnroe  killed,  4682. 
Lenormant,  Charles, b., 7143  ;  works,  727' , 

7292;  d.,7342. 
,  Franfois,  b.,  7262  ;  works,  7383, 7462, 

7522;  d.,764'. 
Len5tre,  Andr^,  b.,  6862  ;  gardens  of  Tul- 

leries,  6962  ;  d.,  6943. 
Lenover,  Pa.,  syndicate,  3553. 
Lenox,  James,  b.,  1082  ;  d.,  3022. 

College,  la.,  organized,  3183. 

Library,  N.  Y.,  incorp.,  2702:  opd.. 

2963;  Art  Gallery  opd.,  298' . 

Lyceum,.N.  Y.,  opened,  3503. 

Leuoxville,  bishops  Coll.,  Can.,  579' . 
Lens,  Fr.,  battle  of,  688' ;  dynamite  ex- 
plosion j  strike,  7623. 

burning,  at  Athens,  10203. 

system,  in  lighthouses,  172' . 

Lent  observed,   Eng.,  8423  ;  obs.,  Rome, 

10643;  marriage  forbidden  during,  1069' . 
Lenthall,  William,  b.,  (1591);  speaker  H. 

C,  8833,  8893  ;  d.  (166'2). 
Lentulus,  Publius  Cornelius  (Sura),  con- 
spirator, 10692;  d.  (03  Il.C). 


1308 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Lenz-Leve. 


Lenz,  Jakob  Michael  Reiuhold,  b.  (1751) : 

Hqfmeister,  8051 ;  d.  (1792). 

,  Heinrich  Oskar,  b.,  6223. 

Leo  captured  by  Tiber,  123 1. 

Ijeo  the  Great,  St.,  pope,  10703;  saves 
Kome  from  Attila,  1070  ^ . 

II.,  St.,  pope,  10722;  usurper  of  inves- 
titures, 10723;  d.,  10721. 

III.,  St.,  pope;  driveu  out ;  restored; 

supreme  bp.,  10723  ;  d.,  10721. 

IV.,  St.,  pope,  10723;  encloses  Leonine 

city,  10721 ,  10733;  d.,  I072i . 

v.,  pope,  10723  ;  d.,  10721 . 

VI.,  pope,  10723  ;  d.,  10722. 

VII.  pope,  10723  ;  d.,  10722. 

VIII.,  pope,  10731 ;  d.,  10722. 

IX.,  b.-d.,  10722;  pope,  10731 ;  prisoner, 

est.  array  ;  reforms  church,  10742. 

X.,  b.,  10783;  pope,  10791 ;  embellishes 

Koine,  10801;  sqUs  indulgences,  10811; 
d.,  10S02. 

XI.,  pope,  10812  ;  d.,  10823. 

Xtl.,  b.,  10842  ;  pope,  10863;  d.,  10862. 

XIII.,  b.,  10851;  elected  pope,  2983, 

10883 ;  condemns  communism,  socialism, 
and  nihilism,  10883  ;  letter  ;  approves 
Wash.  Univ.  statues,  3361 ;  contirms  ac- 
tion in  Dr.  Burtsell's  case ;  issues  ency- 
clical ;  receives  Archbp.  Gorrigan,  3521 ; 
statue,  3921;  jubilee,  424i,  446i,  1090 1 ; 
thanks  Cardinal  Gibbons,  4302 ;  on 
school  question,  4322  ;  temporal  power 
claimed,  5461 ;  letter,  5602  ;  thanksCan. 
Caths.,  5901 ;  scheme,  China,  opposed, 
6242  ;  favors  Lavigerie's  plan,  7582;  de- 
clines to  address  bps.,  7602  ;  Fr.  govt., 
note  to,  7622;  encyclical  to  Fr.,  7632;  and 
to  clergy,  7672;  prisoner,  7743;  encyclical 
read,  990i ;  prohibits  Parnell  meetings, 
10022;  accepts  terms  of  Fr.,  10901. 

1.,  erap.,  reigns,  Gr.,  d.,  10312. 

II.,  Younger,  reigns,  10312  ;  d.,  10303. 

III.,  reigns,  10331 ;  excommunicated  ; 

against  pope;  forbids  image  worship; 
d.,  10322, 

IV.,  the  Iconoclast,  b.-d. ,10322;  reigns, 

10331 . 

v.,  the  Armen., reigns,  10332;  k., 10323. 

VI.,  the  Philosopher,  reigns,  10332. 

VI.,  king  of  Armenia,  d.,  11562. 

VII.,  K.  of  Armenia,  prisoner,  11553. 

Afric.,Al  Hassan  Ibu  M.,b.-d.,  11263. 

,  Diaconus,  b.,  10322. 

,  Heinrich,  b.,  8063  ;  d.,  8282. 

Leoben,  peace  of,  5192,  7132. 

Leofric,  bp.  of  Exeter,  8403. 

Leomedon  reigns,  11413, 

Leon,  Nicar.,fnd., 11031 ;  gacked,48i ,  11031 . 

-,  Sp.,  church  est.  at,  10662  ;  united  to 

Castile,  11272;  separated,  11273;  uprising, 
11321 ;  rulers  of  Leoaand  Castile,  11272,3. 

— - — ,  Don  Diego,  attacks  Palace,  11301. 

,  Fray  Luis  de,  works,  11291  ^2. 

.  a  Mexican,  riding  record,  9833. 

,  Pedro  de,  instructs  deaf,  11293. 

,  Ponce  de.     (See  Ponce.) 

Leonard,  Abeil,  cons.  bp.  of  Xev.,  3282. 

-,  Juan  Gemmiry,  gov.,  6302. 

,  J.,  cons.  R.  C.  bishop,  9742, 

-,  Wm.  Andrews,  b.  (1848) ;  bp.,  5462. 

Leonhard,Karl  Casar  von,b.,  8042;  d.,  8202. 

Leonhardt,  Gerhard  Adolph  Wilhelm,  b., 
8103;  d.,  8301. 

,  minister,  speech,  8253. 

Leonidas  killed,  10643. 

II.,  fugitive  ;  recalled,  10272. 

I.  at  Therraopylie,  IOI8I ;  d.,  10191 . 

Leonine  City,  Rome,  fnd.,  10733. 

Leonnatus,  territory,  10253. 

Leontini  founded,  1051' . 

Leontius  reigns,  10313  ;  mutilated,  10312. 

Z«oparrf  attacks  Chesapeake^  1141,  I151, 

,  lays  Atlantic  cable,  1833. 

Leopardi,  Giacomo,  Count,  b.,  10843  ;  Ope- 
rettemorali;  Canti,  10871;  d..  10862. 

Leopold  I.,  the  Great,  b.,  7963;  K.  of  Hung., 
5132  ;  emp.  Holy  R.  Empire,  7973  ;  suc- 
cession or,  5132;  leaves  Vienna;  claims 
provinces,  5133  ;  war  against  Fr.,  6933  ; 
d.,  7983. 

II.,  b.,  80D3  ;  D.    of  Tuscany,  10813  ; 

emp.  Holy  Romau  Empire,  5i73,  8053, 
10852;  aids  Fr.,5192  ;  restores  constitu- 
tion, 5432;  d..  8072. 

I.,  Georges  Chretien  Fred.,  D.  of  Sax., 

b.,8043;  K.Belg.,5433;  visits  Eug., 5443  ; 
marries,  5462;  dy  8222;  statue. 644i,546i . 
II.,  of  Belg.,  Louis  Philip  Marie  Vic- 
tor, b.,  5442;  marries,  5443;  k.  of  Belg., 


5452;  in  Eng.,  54Si;  Cong,  of  Afr.  ex- 
plorers, 5463,  10931 ;  sovereign  of  Kongo, 
10933;  silver  wedding,  545 1 ;  in  Berlin, 
6463;  favors  universal  suffrage,  6471, 
10933. 

Leopold,  prince  of  Anhalt-Dessau,  b.,  7963 ; 
d.,  8003. 

I.,  margrave  of  Aust.,  dynasty  begins, 

5032;  d.,  5022, 

II.,  margrave  Austria,  5033. 

III.,  the  Saint,  margrave,  5033. 

— —  the  Strong,  margrave  of  Austria,  5033 ; 
canonized,  5082. 

IV.,  margrave  of  Austria,  5043  ;  D. 

of  Bavaria,  7772;  crusader,  5042. 

of  Austria,  at  Leipsic,  7961 . 

I.,  duke  of  Austria,  5053. 

III.,  duke  of  Austria,  5072  ;  d.,  5062. 

IV.,  duke  of  Austria,  5072;  d.,  5062. 

v.,  D.  of  Aust.;  captures  Richard  I., 

5051. 

VI.,  duke  of  Austria,  505i ;  d.,  5042. 

,  Archduke  of  Styria,  at  Prague,  5101. 

,  Duke  of  Bavaria,  7772. 

,  margrave,  first  D.  of  Bavaria,  7732. 

,  Grand  Duke  of  Baden,  8133. 

of  Dessau  in  Silesian  Wars,  5141 ,2. 

,  Ferdinand,  prince  Belg.,  b.-d.,  5^2. 

,  prince  of  Prussia,  candidate  for  Sp. 

throne,827 1 ;  long  ride,  8373  ;Fr.oirended ; 
he  withdraws  acceptance,  7393. 

,  Pr.  of  Saxe-Coburg,  marries,  9391 ; 

master  Freemasons,  9^3. 

IL,  Tuscany,  b.,  5191 ;  d.,  5282. 

II.,  granduke  of  Tuscany,  10872. 

,  Charles  Edward  Geo.  Albert,  prince, 

D.  of  Albany,  9^22,  9932, 

,  Geo.  Duncan  Albert,  D.  of  Albany, 

b.,  9582  ;  prince,  titles,  987i ;  income  in- 
creased ;  marries  Helene,  9891 ;  d.,9922, 

,  William,  archduke,  at  Lens,  688I . 

Leopoldville,  Congo  Africa,  founded,  10932 ; 
mission,  10942. 

Leosthenes  killed,  10261. 

Leotychides,  Greek  commander,  10183. 

Lepant/>  launched,  10882, 

Lepanto,  Gr.,  ^Etolians  besieged,  10551 ; 
taken  by  Turks,  10781 ;  battle  at,  IO8O1 . 

Le  Pape  et  le  Congr^s  issued,  7343. 

Le  Parnasse  Contemporain  7363. 

Lepaute,  Jean  Andr^,  b.,  6963;  d.,  7062. 

Le  Pays,  Ren^  de,  Sieur  Pleswis-Viile- 
neuve,  b.,  6882;  d.,  6942. 

Lepe,  Diego  de,  b.  (1460±) ;  explores  Brazil 
coast,  151;  d.  (1515+). 

L'fip^e,  Abb6  de,  est.  deaf  and  dumb 
schools,  7063. 

Leper  Colony,  Honolulu,  Miss  Flavin, 
3382;   in  Pa.,  3713. 

Lep^re,  M.,  minister,  7513,  7531 ;  resigns, 
7531. 

Lepers  persecuted  Fr.,  6742  ;  hospital 
founded,  Sp.,  11272, 

Le p&l&rinage  de  Chariemagne  written,669i . 

Le  Phung,  revolt,  4812. 

Lepidus,  TEmilius  Paulus,  opposes  Anto- 
nius,  10602  ;  defeated  on  Campus  Mar- 
tins ;  at  Cosa  ;  flees  to  Sardinia,  10581 , 

,  Marcus  -lEmelius  in  2d  triumvirate; 

governs  Afr.,  10612;  ejected  from  trium- 
virate. 10613;  in  Sicily  ;  prisoner,  10612,3. 

Le  Pique,  M.,  balloon  ascension  of,  716i . 

Le  Pour  et  le  Contre  issued,  6991 . 

Leprosy  question,  committee  for,  6043, 

Lepsius,  Karl  Richard,  b.,  8102;  d.,  8202. 

L'Equester,  Matthew  de, postmaster  Eng., 
8812. 

Dferdo,  de  Tejada,  Miguel,  b.-d.,  10952. 

, Correal,  Sebastian,  b.-d.,  10961 ; 

pres. ;  retires,  10963. 

Leri,  Baron  de,  on  Sable  Island,  17i . 

Leribe,  O.,  free  State,  mission  at,  11051. 

Lerida,  Sp.,  captured,  6961 ;  University  of, 
founded,  11271. 

L'Ermite,  Tristan,  b.,  6762;  d.,  6783, 

Lerinontotf,  Mikhail  Yurievitch,  b.,  11163; 
works,  11171. 

Le  Roger,  M.,  president  of  senate,  7592. 

Le  Rot  Louis  written,  669 1 . 

Lerotholdi,  chief,  attacked,  602i. 

Leroux,  Hector,  Iferculaneum,  7521 . 

,  Pierre,  b.,  713i ;  minister  of  agricul- 
ture, 7392  ;  d.,  7461. 

Le  Roy,  Edgar,  d.,  3302. 

Leroy,  Julien,  b.,  6942  ;  d.,  7023. 

,  __  David,  b.,  6983  ;  d.,  7161 . 

,  Pierre,  b.,  6981 ;  d.,  706i . 

d'ifctiolles,  Jean  Jacques  Joseph,  b., 

7131;  d.,  7342. 


Lersundi,  governor's  volunteers,  6321 . 
L©  Sage,  Alain  Ren^,    b.,  6903  ;    workB, 

6971,2;  d.,7003. 
Lesbos  revolts  ;  submits,  10213. 
Lescarbault,  M,,  discovers  Vulcan^  7342. 
Lescarbot,  Marc,  Muses,  etc.,  5711 , 
Lesches,  b.  (700ii  B.  r.);  Little  Iliad,  10143. 
Lescot,  Pierre,  b.,  6802;  d.,  6823. 
Lescure,  Marquis  de,  Louis  Marie,  b.,  7031 ; 

d.,  7082. 
Leszcynski,  Marie,  weds  Louis  IV.,  6993. 

,  Stanislaus,  Fr.  support,  6981 . 

Lesdigui^res,  Due  de  Franyois  de  Bonne, 

b.,  6803;  d.,6863, 
Les  Jardins  canal,  accident,  7333, 
Lesko  V.  restored  ;  assassinated,  III51 . 

VI..  Duke  of  Poland,  II151 . 

Lesley,  John  Peter,  b.,  1281 , 
Leslie,  Alexander,  L.  of  Leven,  b.  (1580±)  ; 
in  civil  war,  8841 ;  leader,  8821 ;  d.  (1661). 

,  Charles  Robert,  b.,  9263  ;  d.,  1842, 

,  Eliza,  b.  (1787) ;  d.,  1842. 

,  Frank,  b.,  1301 ;  founds  F.   Leslie's 

Illustrirte  Zeitung,  1783;  Gazette 0/ Fash- 
ion, 1862  ;  d,  3022. 

,  Henry,  musical  choir  organized,  9901 . 

,  Sir  John,  b.,  9163;  artificial  ice  ;  heat 

rays,  9343  ;  d.,  9462. 

,  Preston  Hopkins,  b.  (1819) ;  gov.  Ky., 

2811,3252. 
Lespes,  Adm.,  at   Tamsin  ;   at   Kekung, 

6221. 
Lespinasse,  Julie  Jeanne  El<^onore  de,  b., 

6983  ;  Lettres,  7192  ;  d.,  7043. 
Lesquereaux,  Leo,  b.  (1806) ;  d.,  3461 . 
Lesseps,  Chas.   De,  pres.   Panama  Canal 
Co.  ;    circular  for  subscription,    7573  ; 
confidence  expressed,  7593  ;  trial,  7603  ; 
Canal  scandal,  7642,3  ;  appeal  rejected, 
sentence  changed,  7643  ;  in  Suez  Canal 
Co.,  7663. 
,  Vicomte  de,  Ferd.,  b.,  7163  ;  Acade- 
mician, 7521 ;    message  of  condolence, 
7071 ;  Suez  Canal  project,  6563  ;  d.,  766i . 
Lessing,    Gotthold    Ephraim.    b.,    8OO2  ; 
works,  8011 ,  8031 ,  2  ;  d.,  8042. 

,  Karl  Friedrich,  b.,8083;  paints //itsa, 

8181 ;  dis.  Erato,  8201 ;  d.,  8301 . 
Lester,  Charles  Edward,  b.,1242;d.  (1890). 

,  Rufus  E.,b.,  1482. 

Lestocq,  Gen.,  at  Eylau,  7162, 

I'Estoile,  Pierre  de,  b.  (1544+);  work,  6843; 

d.  (1611). 
L'Estrange,  Sir  Roger,  b.  (1616);  d.,  9022. 
Lesueur,  Eustache,  b.  (1617) ;  d.,  6902. 

,  Jean  Fran9oise,b.,  7023;  d.,7262. 

I^etcher,  John,  b.  (1813);  gov.  Va.,  1903  ; 
recognizes  Confederacy,  1943;  proclaims 
Confederacy,  1951 ;  d.,  3162. 

,  Robert  Perkins,  b.  (1788)  ;  gov.  Ky., 

1531;  d.  (1861). 

, W.,  d.,  1902. 

Lethbridge,  Col.,  at  Ogdensburg,  II8I . 
Letronne,  Jean  Antoine,  b.,  70(i2. 
Letter-carriers  in  uniform,  2633  ;  conven- 
tion, Boston,  3673  ;  reunion, N.  Y.,  3871 . 
Letters,  anonvmous,  felonious,  Eng.,  907 1 . 

,  revival  of,  Eng.,  8671 , 

of  Duke  of  Orleans  edited,  7602. 

■ of  marqiie  by  Congress,  822;  by  Great 

Britain,  86I . 
Lettuce  introduced,  Eng.,  8G62, 
Leu  defeated,  618 1. 
Leuckart,  Karl  Georg  Friedrich  Rudolph, 

b.,  8122. 
Leuchtenberg,  Due  de,  Nicolas,  d.,  760i . 
Leucopetra,  battle  of,  10281 . 
Leuctra,  Gr.,  battle  at,  10222,  10262. 
Leuret,  Fran^oise,  b.,  7123  ;  d.,  7302. 
Leurden,  Jan,  b.-d.,  11003. 
Leuthen,  Prus.,  Frederick  II.  wins,  5161 . 
Leutze,  Emanuel,  b.,  1242 ;  works,  1541 ; 
1581,   i(Hi,   1681,   1721,   186I,    2411;    d., 
2622. 
Leuvigildo,  co-ruler,  11253. 
Levalliant,  Francois,  b.,  7011 ;  d.,  7342. 
Levant  captured  by  O>nstitution,  123'. 

Company  chartered,  8753. 

Levee,  Ark.,  cut  by  Confederates,  2062. 

conven.  at  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  3153. 

Levelers  appear,  Ger.,  791 1 . 
Leven,  Earl  of,  title  created,  8851 . 
Lev^que,  Jean  Charles,  b.,  7223 
Lever,  Aston,  b.  (1729) ;  establishes  society 
toxophilites,  9212  ;  d.  (1788). 

,  Charles  James,  b.,  9323;  works,  941* ; 

d.,  9762. 
Leverett,  Fred.  P.,  b.,  IIO2  ;  d.,  1462. 
,  John,  b.,  401  ;  d.  (1724). 


Leve-Lich. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDt-X.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1309 


Leverett,John,  Sir,  b.,  28i ;  gov,  Maes.  Bay, 

452;  d.,  463. 
Lovcrian  Museum  sold,  Eiig.,  y'233. 
Levering,  ,loshua,  noin.  vice-pres.,  4093. 
Iieverrlor,  Urban,  Jean  Joseph,  b.,  7192  ; 

difl.  Neptutif,  728* ;  on  orbits  of  planets, 

7482;  ,I.,76«2. 
Le  Vert,  Octavia  W.,  b.,  1282  ;  d.  (1877). 
Leveson-tJower,  George,  K.  (Iranville,  b., 

9363 ;  negotiations  tail,  62;J3  ;  minister, 

9533, 9633, 969', 9731, 9852, 9952;  opposes 

English  mediation,  2153  ;  d.,  1008'. 
Levesque,  Pierre  Charles,  b.,  6983;  d.,  7192. 
Levetzow,  Von,  pres.  Ueichstag,  835'. 
Levi,  Leone,  b.,  W03  ;  d.,  9982. 
Levis,  Due  de,  Fraiiyois,  b.,  6982;  ,i.,  7062. 
Levitch,  Andrei  Yukof,  Russia,  11151. 
Levizac,  Abb^,  Jean  P.  V.  L.  de,  d.,  721' . 

,  Sir  John,  b.,  9363. 

Levy  en  masse,  France,  7093. 

,  Arthur,  Napoleon  intiine,  7M1. 

l,«wal,  (ien.,  minister,  7553. 

Lewald,  Fanny,  d.,  832'. 

,  Johann  Karl    August,  b.,  8062  ;   d., 

2862. 
Lewelling,  L.  I).,  nom.  for  gov.  Kan. ,4632. 
Levres,  battle  of,  854i ;  treaty  of,  8552. 
,  Mary  Ann  Kvans  (George  Eliot).  (See 

Cross,  Mrs.) 
,  George  Henry,  b.,  9382  ;  works,  9531 , 

9603,979';  d.,9822, 
Lewis,  Andrew,  b.  (1720) ;    Gen.  at  Point 

Pleasant,  78' ;  d.  (1781). 
,  Augustus,  bigamy,  3883. 

Col.,  at  Pittman's  Ferry,  2143. 

,  David  P.,  governor  Ala.,  2792,  3, 

,  Dio,b.,  i:!02;  Our  Girts,  277';  d.,3222. 

— -,  Estelle  Anna  B.,  b.,  132' ;  d.,  304'. 
,  Francis,  b.,  58' ;  d.  (180:i). 

,  George  Cornewall,  b.,  9323;  minister, 

9612  ;  d.,  9662. 
,  Ida  (Mrs.  Wilson),  b.  (1841) ;  medal, 

:ii)93. 
— -,  Isaac  C,  city  missions,  3462. 

,  James  T.,  governor  Wis.,  2293. 

,  J.  H.,  explores  Virginia,  366' . 

,  Joliu  Frederick,  b.,  9323  ;  d.,  9802. 

,  John  Travers,  b.,578' ;  bishop,  9583. 

,  Matt.  Gregory,  b.,  919' ;  d.,  9:i83. 

,  Meriwether,  b.  (1774) ;  sent  to  Pacific, 

112';  governor  La.,  1152;  d.,  116'. 

,  Morgan,  b.  (1758) ;  gov.,  1132;  d.,  140' . 

,  Richard,  consecrated  bishop,  9862. 

,  Rudolf,  D.  of  Brunswick,  7992. 

.Samuel,  b.,  1082  ;  d.,  174'. 

,  S.  W.,  defalcation,  3883. 

;  Taylor,  b.  (1802) ;  d.,  2942. 

,  VVm.  Berkeley,  b.  (1784) ;  d.,  254' . 

,  Winslow,  b.  (1770) ;  d.,  288' . 

Brothers  and  Co.,  assignment,  3433. 

College,  Mo.,  opened,  2.543. 

Lewisburg,  Pa.,  Bucknell  Univ.  fnd.,163i ; 

observatory     erected,    328' ;     Univ.    of 

Lewisburg  founded,  1663. 

,  W.  Va.,  Confeds.  defeated,  208' . 

Lewiston,  Del.,  fnd.,  ;W2  ;  massacre,  323  ; 

threatened,    452  ;    Beresford    at,    1201 ; 

bombarded,  1202. 

,  Ida.,  Wilbur  Coll.  fnd.,  3123. 

,  Me.,  Bates  College  org.,  2232;  fires, 

3513  3533. 
,  N.  Y.,  burned  by  Brit.,  121 1 ;  hydrau- 
lic canal,  4673. 

,  O.,  reservoir  breaks,  4293. 

Lew  Kew  Island  annexed,  6131 . 

Pang,    leader,    6101  ;    struggle    for 

throne,  6113. 
Pel,  prince,  6131 . 

Sew,    army    victorious,  610' ;     leads 

rebellion,  6113. 

Lexington  burned,  1513. 

explodes,  1793. 

Gazette  issued,  99'. 

Ijexington,  Ky.,  Transylvania  Coll.  fnd., 
109' ;  cholera  at,  1433  ;  Univ.  org.,  1463; 
occupied,  1983  ;  Gen.  Morgan  reaches, 
2123,  2142  ;  Feds,  defeated,  2163  ;  Nor- 
mal Inst,  opd.,  2543  J  centennial  of  ad- 
mission, 4013 ;  merchants  boycotted, 
4802  ;  J.  D.  Livingstone  stabbe<l,  4722. 

,  Mass.,  battle  of,  80',  576';  normal 

school  opened,  1503  ;  battle  commemo- 
rated, 2893,  4283,  4542. 

,  Mo.,   proslaverv  convention  meets, 

1772  ;  action  at,  1982,3. 

,  N.  C,  Morgan  retains,  2MX. 

• &  Ohio  railroad  commenced,  1393. 

,  8.  G.,  lynchers  acquitted,  361' . 

• 1  Tenn.,  action  near,  218' , 


Lexington,  Va.,  Fitzlmgh  Lee  supt.  Mili- 
tary Inst. ,343' ;  Jackson  monument,388'. 

Lexow,  Clarence,  committee  members, 
451 ' ;  investigation,  4522  ;  expenses  bill 
vetoed,  461' ;  witnesses  disobey,  4652. 

Ley,  James,  E.  of  Marlborough,  b.  (1550)  ; 
chief  justice,  8812  ;  d.  (1626). 

Leybourne,  Wm.  de,  appointed  adm.,  854' , 

Leyden,  Neth.,  relieved,  .540' ;  besieged, 
1098';  fever-stricken,  11012;  Indepen- 
dent Church,  8782. 

jar  invented,  11003, 

,  .rohn,  poet,  b.,  919' ;  d.,  936' . 

,  Lueus  van,  b.-d.,  10982. 

Leydenburg  mission,  1124'. 

Leygues,  Georges,  minister,  7672. 

Leys,  Jean  Auguste  Henri,  b.-d.,  5423. 

Lezeen,  Afghans  defeated,  42. 

L'Hermite,  Tristan,  Marianne,  689'. 

L'Heritier  de  Brutello,  Charles  Louis,  b., 
7003  ;  d.,  7142. 

Lihomond,  Chas.  Francois,  b.,6982;d.,7102. 

L'Hopital,  Guillaume  Francois  Antoine, 
Marquis  de  St.  Mesme,  b.,  6902;  d.,  6962. 

,  Michel  de,b.,6783;  work,  6832;  d.,684'. 

lihuys,  £douard  Drouyn  de,  minister, 
7353 ;  resigns,  7372 ;  proposes  media- 
tion, 2153. 

Llaoyang  mission,  6222. 

Libby  Prison,  prisoners  escape,  230'. 

Libel  of  press,  603  ;  emp.  Russia  by  Lon- 
don Courier,  929' . 

Bill  passes,  Fr.,  7592,  7652. 

,  Fox's,  passed,  Eng.,  9272, 9993  ;  a 

felony,  Eng.,  8692. 

Libelt,  Kardl,  b.,  11162  ;  d.,  11182. 

Libenyi,  attempted  assassin,  5243. 

Libera  Temple  decorated,  10502. 

Liberal  Association  formed,  Ger.,  8293. 

Churches,  Essex  Conf.  org.,  2542. 

Colore<l  Repub.  Nat.  Conven.,  2792. 

Convention  opens.  Can.,  5953. 

Federation  Cong.,  Newcastle,  1007' . 

majority  in  Reichstag,  5312,  5472. 

ministry  resigns,  Belg.,  5471,  5572; 

organized,  5833. 

nionarchy,  Belg.,  adopted,  5433. 

party,  leaders  arrested,  China,  6292. 

organized  in  Cuba,  6332. 

Republicans,  movement  inaug.,  2772  ; 

reformation  of  revenue  conven.,  2791 ; 
coalition  with  Democrats,  2792  ;  Nat'l 
Convention,  2783. 

Unionists  fmd.,  9952;  London  Confer- 
ence, 9973. 

Liberalists  defeat  Federalists,  Ger.;  sup- 

Sressed,  821'. 
erals,  Belg.,  rule  el6Ction,5452;  elected, 
5552 ;  leave  ministry,  .'>69 1 ;  org.  govt. 
Colombia,  6291 ;  elect  in  Fr.,  7253;  meet- 
ing at  Otfenburg,  Ger.;  demand  of,  8171 ; 
org.  party,  8312;  rise  of,  Eng., 9433. 

Liberation,  war  of,  Fr.,  7183;  in  Prussia, 
811'. 

Lilierator  appears,  1391 ;  reward,  1411. 

Liberatrix,  asteroid,  discovered,  741 ' . 

Liberia,  Afr.  (See  text  p.  1161) ;  secured, 
129';  independence  recognized,  2093; 
republic  fnd.;  Conf.  Sem.  opd.,  IIOI2  ; 
conf.org.,  11613;  £.  fleraW issued,  II612. 

Liberius,  St.,  pope,  10663. 

Liherty  seized,  Boston,  743,  753. 

Coll.  (Bapt.),  est.  at  Glasgow,  Ky. 

(187.5). 

,  Mo.,  Wm.  Jewell  Coll.  fnd.,  1662;  ar- 
senal seized,  1941 . 

,  statue  of,  7541 ;  pedestal,  3162;  re- 
ceived in  N.  Y.,  3201 ,3  ;  dedicated,  324' . 

,  struggle  for,  Amer.  colonists,  812,+ 

of  conscience  proposed,  5273;  refused, 

Eng.,  8963. 

Gap,  Tenn.,  Confeds.  defeated,  223' . 

Party  convention  at  Warsaw,  1512  ; 

Nat'l  Convention  meets,  1513, 157' ,  1632. 
(See  Abolition,  Free  Soil  Party.) 

Silk  Mills  lire,  3513. 

-tree  consecrated,  753. 

of  Worship  Bill  passes,  537' . 

Libno,  treaty  of,  5113. 

Libraries,  Cal.  State,  1683;  San  Francisco, 
Mercantile,  173'  ,2232;  Free  Public,  3023; 
Conn.;  Yale  Univ.,  543  ;  gift,  341' ;  An- 
sonia,  408' ;  Conn.  Hist.  Soc.  o'-g.,  1323; 
Hartford,  1.503;  Watkinson  Reference, 
1843,3542;  Waterbury,S.  Bronson, 2703 ; 
Wesleyan  Univ.,  1423  ;  I).  C;  U.  S.  Con- 
gressional, 1103;  u.  S.  Bureau  of  Educa- 
tion, 2623;  u.  S.  Patent  Oflioe,  1503;  U.S. 
Senate,  1703  ;  U.  S.  Surgeon-Oeueral's, 


2502;  111.,  Chicago,  2822,  28J3  ;  Crerar, 
347',  400',  4322;  Northwestern  Univ., 
1822  3882  ;  Indiana  State ;  Indianapo- 
lis, State,  2782  ;  Kentucky  State,  131', 
2763;  Louisville;  Polytechnic,  302 1; 
Md.,  Maryland  State,  1351  ;  Historical 
1583;  Baltimore  Mercantile,  1503;  Md. 
Historical,  1583  ;  ,Johns  Hopkins  ; 
Peabody  Institute,  2922;  Pratt,  3231; 
Maine  State,  1403  ;  Bowdoiu  College, 
1111;  Portland  Public,  3362;  Mass. 
State,  Boston,  351  ly  Boston  Athenanun, 
1143;  Public,  1703,  1782,  2962;  N.  Eng. 
Historical  and  Genealogical,  1.583;  Essex 
Inst.,  1642;  Worcester,  1843;  Am.  Anti- 
quarian Soc.  fnd.,  Worcester,  fnd. ;  Am- 
herst Coll.  fnd.,  1191 ;  Andover  Theol., 
1143;  New  Bedford,  173';  Arlington, 
3482;  Fairhaven,  4082;  Haverhill,  2822  ; 
Lowell,  1583;  Melhuen,  378' ;  Mo.,  St. 
Louis,  Mercantile,  161' ;  Public  School, 
Hist.  Soc,  2503;  N.  H.,  Camden,  3362; 
Wolfboro,  3522;  Mich.  State,  137';  M. 
Univ.,  1543;  Detroit  Public,  2502;  N. 
Carolina  State,  139' ;  New  York,  first  in- 
Am.,  543;  Public,  61';  Columbia  Univ., 
69';  Astor,  1173,  1663,  1742,  :i023,  3543  ; 
Hist. Soc,  113' ;  Apprentice  ;  Mercantile, 
129',  265' ;  Union  Theol.. Sem.,  1443, 1463; 
Lenox,  2702,  2963 ;  New  York  State,  125' ; 
Univ.,  4342;  Columbia  Univ.,  69',  4042, 
4282  ;  Brooklyn,  1823;  Long  Island  Hist., 
211' ;  Colgate  (Madison)  Univ. ,3383;  Cor- 
nell Univ.,  2623,  2923,  3423;  Elmira, 
438' ;  Syracuse,  3843;  West  Point  Acad. ; 
N.  J,:  Princeton  Univ.,  119';  Rutgers 
Coll.,  3482;  O.,  Ohio  State,  125' ;  Cincin- 
nati, 2583;  Y.M.  Mercantile,  1443;  Cleve- 
land, 2623;  Pa.,  Bethelem,  Lindernian, 
3083  ;  Johnstown,  Carnegie,  3443,  402'; 
Pa.  State,  127' ;  Phila.,  first  circulate 
ing  in  Am.,  623;  public,  65';  Mercan- 
tile, 1311;  Pittsburg,  3463,  3622,  3983; 
Allegheny,  Carnegie,  2522  ;  Acad,  of 
Nat.Sciencesfnd.,119'  ;K.I.;  Providence 
Athenieum,  68';  Vt.,  Danville,  3443  ; 
Virginia,  State,  211';  Wis.,  State,  1663; 
Aust.,  Imperial,  Vienna,  5083  ;  Egy., 
Ptolemy's,  Alexandria,  6523,  655';  Fr., 
Itoyal,  Paris,  6743;  Ger.,  Royal,  Munich; 
7923  ;  Greece,  Aristotle's,  first,  1025' , 
Apellicon's,  Athens,  1029',  10563;  Pisis- 
tratus, public,  10163;  Great  Brit.,  Cam- 
bridge Univ.,  8042;  Bodelian,  Oxford; 
Cottonian,  London,  8772;  Brit.  Museum, 
9132;  Harleian,  9023;  Ratclitfe,  Oxford, 
909';  first  circulating,  911', 913',  9553  ; 
Gladstone,  London, 9983;  Glasgow,  8612; 
Royal  Coll.  Surgeons,  925':  Royal  So- 
ciety, 8923  ;  Williams'  Public,  Lond., 
9091  •  Liverpool,  915' ;  Trinity,  Ire.,  9152; 
Dublin  College,  909' ;  Manchester  law, 
Oil' ;  Manchester  Free,  95G3  ;  Hungary, 
Corvinus,  at  Buda,  5083;  Rome  Attains, 
III.,  in  Rome,  11483;  Grecian  removed 
to,  1029' ,  10552;  Palatine,  10832;  Ulpean 
est.,  10643;  Vatican,  10792  ;  Russia,  Im- 
perial, 1151' ;■  Turkey,  Constantine's, 
1154'. 

Library  Association,  London,  org.,  9823; 
Amer.  meets,  3682,  4042. 

Lihraru  Journal  established,  2922. 

Libreville,  French  settle,  1161' . 

Libri-Carrucci,  Comte,  Guillaume  Brutus 
Icile  Timoleon,  b.,  715' ;  d.,  7382. 

Liltro  de  los  Castif/os  y  Dorumentos,  King 
Sancho  IV.  appears,  1127' . 

Libussa,  asteroid,  discovered,  324' . 

Libyans  invaile  Egypt,  6481 , 

License  Act  passes,  Eng.,  9451 ,  9772. 

Act,  for   work  hours,   977 1;  passes, 

9793. 

Clause,  "  ultra  vires,"  Can.,  5863. 

,  first  liquor  law,  Eng.,  871';  system 

established,  9651. 
,  high.    (See  High  License.) 

horse-ilealers,  Eng..  9733. 

,  Hunterdon  Co.,  N.  J.,  333*. 

law,  Miiss.  colony,  351 . 

Licenses,  consolidatefi,  923 1 ;  gran  ted  ,965 ' ;. 

liquor,  in  Ire.,  10023;  abolished  by  Pari., 

9733;  for  grazing,  Australia,  4952. 

for  venders,  9012. 

of  coffee-houses  withdrawn,  8951 . 

Licensing  clause  omitted  from  govt,  blil, 

9992;  illegal,  8831 . 
ii<-A/(eW  lost,  9141. 
LicKfield,  see  erected,  8423 ;  Bp.  Haclagan 

elected,  9803;  Bp.  Legge  cons.,  10063. 


1310 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        IN  lJ-tl.X^,       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Lich-Lind. 


Lichfield,  E.  of,  title  created,  945» . 

,  E.  of,  postmaster,  9473. 

liichnowslty,  Prince  Felix,  killed,  817i. 

Lichtenan,  mission  at,  782,  10382. 

liichtenberg,  tieorg  Christoph,  b.,  8003; 
electrical  iigures,  804i ;  d.,  8063. 

Liclitenburg,  Prus.,  capitulates,  738^ . 

liichtenfels,  mission  at,  7P  . 

Lichtenstein,  Prince  Joseph,  Weuzel,  b. 
(1696)  ;  at  Piacenza,  7001 ;  d.  (1772). 

,  Martin  Heiiirich  Karl,  b.,  8042  ;  d., 

8201. 

,  Ulrich  von,  b.  (11991);  Frauendienst, 

7803;  d.  (1275±). 

Lichtwer,  Magnus  G.,  b.,  7983;  d.,  8042. 

lilcinius  (Caius  Flavins  Valerius  Lician- 
ius)  ;  augustus,  10673;  at  Heraclea;  de- 
feated, 10631:  favors  Christians,  10682; 
alliance  with  Constantine ;  co-ruler, 
10692  ;  hostilities  with  Constantine, 
10282  ;  murdered,  1068 1 . 

(Caius    L.    Calvus    Stolo),  union   of 

classes,  10513. 

Lick,  James  A.,  b.,  1061 ;  Key  monument, 
3321:  observatory,  3041;  d.,292i. 

Ford,Ky.,  action  at,  2041. 

Observatory,  Cal.,  begun,  3041 ;  com- 
pleted, 3181 ,3301 ;  Prof  .Burnhani  resigns, 
4081. 

Licorne  captured,  7041. 

LIddel,  Duncan,  phys.,  b.,  8721 ;  d.,880i. 

Liddell,  Henry  tieorge,  b.,  9351 . 

Liddon,  arctic  expedition,  9382. 

,  Henry  P.,  canon,  d.,  10041 . 

I^ie  enthroned,  China,  6111. 

,  Jona«     Lauritz    Edemil,    b.    (1833)  ; 

works,  11043. 

Lie  Wang  enthroned,  6112. 

Liebenau,  engagement  at,  824». 

Lieber,  Dr.,  resigns,  8372. 

,  Francis,  b.,  1082  ;  d.,  2781 . 

,  Guido  Norman,  b.  (1837) ;   col.,  3161 ; 

in  war  department,  3512,  4472. 

Leibers,  ex-police  serg.,  surrenders,  4742. 

Liebig,  Baron  Justus  von,  b.,  8082  ;  dis- 
coveries, 814' ;  analysis  of  substances, 
8141 ,  8221 ;  works,  8152,  8182  ;  d.,828i . 

Liebold,  Philipp  F.  von,  d.,8243. 

Liedmann,  Lieut.,  d.,  5632. 

Lief  becomes  Christian,  Hi. 

Li6ge,  Belg.,  Be^uine  nuns  org.,  5392;  new 
univ.  ;  L'Esprtt  des  Journaux  at,  5423  ; 
Charlemagne's  monument,  6441 ;  strikes 
of  miners,  6462;  Social  Science  Congress, 
6463;  arrests,  5471 ;  dynamite  explosions, 
5471,5481,2;  anarchists'  trial,  548i ;  caj)- 
tured,  6781 ;  taken,  6961 ;  destroyed,  786'  . 

Liegnitz,  Frederick,  victorious,  5162,  8021. 

Lieta,  Gen.  Barretto,  gov.  Brazil,  5592, 

Lieutenaut-General  Bill  passes  Congress, 
2313;  by  brevet,  grade  revived,  1772, 2302; 
pres.  approves,  2313;  Bill  iutro,,  3491; 
grade  re-established,  3692, 

Lieven,  Dorothea,  b.,  11102  ;  d.,  11182. 

Jjife  Assurance  Company  est.,  9022.  (See 
Insurance.) 

Lifeboat  patented,  9222;  tubular,  95G2. 

Lifeguard,  fate  uncertain,  9673. 

Life  Insurance  Amendment  Act,  9753, 

Life  of  King  Edward  ike  Confessor ^  8483. 

ofJtsus  appears,  Neth.,  10991 . 

of  St.  Leger  written,  6663. 

Life-raft  sails  from  N.  Y.,  2561 . 

savers  pay  increased,  4113. 

—^ -saving  apparatus  invented,  9342  ;  sta- 
tions est.,  2812,  2992;  bill  for,  467' . 

Liffey  Vallev  inundated,  9302. 

Litford,  Viscomit  of.  title  created,  923' . 

Light,  Capt.  F.,Penang  settlement,  104>^3. 

Brigade,  charge  of,  9581 . 

,  Drummond,  produced,  9421 ,9602. 

,  interference  of,  9302. 

•^^,  polarization  of,  7162. 

,  velocity  of,  6362. 

Lightfoot,  John,  b.,  8781 ;  d.,  8942. 

,  Jos.Barber,b.(1828);bp.,9803;d.,1002i. 

Lighthouse,  lens   system  est.,  1721 ;    new 

system  of  lighting,  3481 . 
Lightning  conductors,  set  up.  Am.,  683. 
Ligne,  Karl  Jos.  de,  b.,  5143  ;  d.,  5202. 
Ligny,  Belg.,  battle  of,  7221. 
Ligonier,  John  (Jean  Louis),  Earl  of,  b., 

8942;  commander-in-chief, 9141 ;  d.,  9183. 
Liguori,  St.   Alfonso  Maria  de,  b.,  1083' ; 

fnds.  Redemptorists,  10861 ;  d.,  10843, 
Ligurian  Republic  est.,  7132,  5193. 
Li  Hung  Chang,  struggle  for  power,  6213  ; 

meets  Gordon,  6221 ;  degraded  ;  restored; 

signs  treaty  with  Fr. ;  unpopular,  6233  j 


divested  of  jacket ;  military  commander, 
6261;  degraded;  purchase  offer,  6263; 
reinstated,  6271-j  degraded,  6272. 

Liliea,  asteroid,  discovered,  3022. 

Lilburne,  John,  b.,  88O1  (or  1614?);  d. 
(1657). 

Li lerena,  battle  at,  7182. 

Lilford,  Baron,  title  created,  9252. 

Liliuokalani,  queen,  10412 ;  forces  new  con- 
stitution, 10413  ;  deposed, 4232, 

Lilja,  Goran  (Georg  Stjernhjelmj,  b.-d., 
11342. 

Lille,  Fr.,  fnd.,  6692;  ceded,  0733,  6753; 
Louis  possesses,  6901;  taken,  0961;  be- 
sieged, 7081. 

,  Rouget  de,  Marseillaise  Hymn.,  7083. 

Lilley,  \Villiam,  d.,444i. 

Lillington,  Alex.,  governor  N.  C,  532. 

Lilly,  George,  b.,  9002  ;  d.  (1739). 

,  or  Lyly,  John,  b.,  8702  ;  d.,  8762. 

,  \V.,  b.,  8641 ;  Gramvmr,  8671 ;  d.  (1522). 

,  William^  M.,  Cong.,  b.,  1301 . 

, ,  b.,  8781 ;  d.,  8942. 

, S.,  Christianity,  10122. 

Li  Long  mission,  6I91 . 

Liiy  wrecked,  9593. 

Lilybieum  taken,  10523. 

Lim  country,  Austrians  occupy,  5301 . 

Lima,  O.,  Lima  College  (Evan.  Luth.)  es- 
tablished (1893)  :  strike,  3333. 

,  Peru,  occupied,  20' ;  fnd.,  213  ;  San 

Marcos  Univ.,223;pizarroin,  232;  Coun- 
cil of,  fmd.,  333;  auto  da  fl,  242 .-  earth- 
quake, 242, 321 ;  destroyed,  661 ;  Chileans 
enter  ;  evacuated  ;  insurrection  ;  occu- 
pied,1108i ;  San  Martin  enter8,490i ;  J/er- 
ciirio  Ptruano  est. ;  nautical  school  est. ; 
revolution,  11083;  Indian  witch  burned, 
11093. 

Limborch,  Philippus,  b.-d.,  11003. 

Limburg,  Xeth.,  taken,  902i. 

Limburg  Chronicle  issued,  7823. 

Limburg- Maestricht  Passover  Play^  10982. 

Limenitis,  Georgilas,  work,  1035' . 

Limerick,  Ire.,  bishopric  est.,  8403  ;  char- 
tered, 8513  ;  cathedral  fnd.,  8522  ;  siege 
of;  surrenders,  8981;  treaty  of,  8993; 
Chronicle  issued,  9171  ;  riots,  945 1 ;  Fe- 
nian trials,  9703;  Fenian  demonstrations, 
9711 ;  new  graving-dock  opd.,  9773;  riots  ; 
tenants  strike,  9883  ;  constabulary  dif- 
ferences, 9903  ;  Bp.  Graves  cons.  ;  Bp. 
O'Dwyer  cons.,  9962  ;  Irish  Times  libel, 
10003  ;  faction  tights,  10083. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9311 . 

Limestone  Springs,  S.C.,  Cooper  Inst,  3083. 

Limoges,  Fr.,  captured  by  Black  Pr.,674i . 

Limon,  Colo.,  railway  accident,  3053. 

Limousin,  Fr.,  Gramimontiiies  est.,  6683, 

Liuacre,  Thomas,  b,,  864' ;  works,  8042  ; 
d.,8663. 

Linan,  Ma  Sien  rejjulsed,  6183. 

Linares,  Jos6  Maria,  b.  U^IO);  president, 
5511;  d.  0861). 

Lincelles,  French  defeat,  7081 . 

Lin-Chiiig  mission,  6243. 

Lincoln,  Eng.,  battle  of,  6701 ,  gr,Oi ;  earth- 
quake, 8501 ;  Great  Toin  hung,  8793  ; 
Bishop  King  consecrated,  9922. 

,  Neb.,  Home  for  Friendless  opd.,  3102; 

Univ.  of  Neb.  org.,  2663,  2763  ;  Insane 
Asylum,  2743  ;  K.  C.  diocese  est.,  3262  ; 
Wesleyan  Univ.  fnd.,  3322  ;  anniversary 
of  statehood,  4073  ;  gold  dis.,  4181 . 

,  Abraham,  b.,   II6I;  moves  to  Ind., 

1251 ;  mother  dies,  1272  ;  works  a  ferry, 
1331 ;  in  Black  Hawk  war,  1381 ;  moves 
to  III.,  1391;  Whig  candidate  ;  supports 
Clay,  1411;  a  merchant,  1431;  signs  De- 
lavan's  declaration,  1451 ;  elected  to  leg- 
islature, 1452 ;  practises  law,  147 1 , 2 ,  1492 ; 
protests  against  slavery,  1473;  leader  of 
Whigs,  111.,  1492;  marries;  addresses 
Temperance  Soc,  1551 ;  elected  to  Cong., 
1613,  1632  ;  secures  a  patent,  I66I ;  joins 
Sons  of  Temperance,  171 1 ;  challenges 
Douglas  to  debate,  177 1 ;  candidate  for 
nom.  for  vice-pres.,  1803;  debates  with 
Douglas,  1851 ;  nom.  for  pres.,  1873  ;  de- 
clines liquors,  188 1 ;  elected  pres. ;  vote, 
1883,  1913  ;  farewell  to  Springfield  ; 
starts  for  Wash.,  1913;  hastens  ;  arrives, 
1923  ;  inaugurated  ;  1st  cabinet,  1931 ; 
inaugural ;  announces  his  policy,  1932  ; 
tries  to  save  Ya.  ;  summons  Cong.;  calls 
for  75,000  men,  1922, 1933;  administration 
becomes  popular,  1943  ;  calls  for  volun- 
teers, 1942,1952;  calls  for  additional  vol- 
unteers; informs  foreign  govts. the  Union 


1b  to  be  maintained  by  force  ;  Tenn.  re- 
fuses troops,  1952  ;  suspends  ^ttteas  Cor- 
pus,  1951,2  J  asks  for  troops,  1973  ;  mes- 
sage, policy  stated,  1972;  anti-intercourse 
proclamation  ;  revokes  Fremont's  eman- 
cipation order,  1992  ;  commands  general 
advance,  2022  ;  exalts  labor,  2023  ;  de- 
clines mediation  ;  war  order  No.  1,  2033  ; 
issues  order  No.  3,  2043  ;  urges  emanci- 
pation, 2052 ;  bereaved ;  2d  message, 
favors  gradual  emancipation,  2053  j 
countermands  military  emancipation, 
2081;  signs  Homestead  Act,  2093;  orders 
negro  aid ;  orders  Confed.  property 
seized,  2102  ;  calls  for  volunteers,  2111; 
signs  Pacific  R.  R.  Bill ;  urges  emanci- 
pation, 2112;  orders  a  draft,  2113;  issues 
monitory  proclamation,  2152;  loses  pop- 
ularity ;  party  defeated  in  111.,  2153; 
emancipation  message,  2173;  emancipa- 
tion proclamation,  2181 ,  2192  ;  Demo- 
cratic crusade  against ;  approves  Fiuan- 
cial  Bill,  2193-  visits  Army  of  Potcrtuac, 
2202  ;  proclaims  draft,  2221 ;  call*  for 
troops,  2223  ;  replies  to  Ohio  Vallandig- 
ham  com.  ;  letter  to  Albany  Uemocrat, 
2233  ;  orders  draft ;  proclamation  of 
triumph  after  Gettysburg;  declines  in- 
terview with  Alex.  H.  Stephens,  2253; 
orders  retaliation,  226 1,  2273;  calls 
for  men,  227i;  message  of  amnesty; 
plan  of  reconstruction,  2292 ;  orders 
draft,  2301 ,3,  2313;  gives  Grant  commis- 
sion, 2303  ;  signs  Colo,  and  Nev.  Bills  ; 
appts.  Gov.  Hahn  military  gov.  Miss., 
2313  ;  modifies  Vallandigham's  sen- 
tence ;  signs  Neb.  State  Bill,  2333  ;  ap- 
proves Nat.  Bank  Tax  Bill ;  re-nom.  for 
pres.,  2352  ;  refuses  to  sign  Reconstruc- 
tion Bill,  2353 ;  calls  for  volunteers, 
2362,  2373,  2413  ;  Reconstruction  Act 
message, 2373  ;  proclamation  for  Thanks- 
giving, 2393;  vote,  2412,2432 ;  inaugura- 
tion message,  2413;  orders  Grant  to  de- 
cline peace  conf.,  2423;  annoimces  addi- 
tion to  army,  2^32  ;  conspiracy  of  assas- 
sins, 2431  ±;  signs  Reconstruction  Bill; 
electoral  vote  ;  meets  Confed.  peace 
commissioners  ;  special  message,  2432  ; 
calls  extra  session  of  senate ;  enters 
second  term ;  '*  with  malice  toward 
none,"  2433  ;  visits  Riclmiond,  2451 ,  3  ; 
assassinated  in  Wash. ;  d.,  247 1 ;  funeral ; 
buried ;  trial  of  conspirators,  2472 ; 
condolence,  9691 ;  four  assassins  hanged, 
2483;  Cong,  appropriates  for  statue,  2541 ; 
statue  unveiled,  260i ,  2721 ,  290i ;  statue 
in  N.  Y.,  2041 ;  widow  pensioned,  2712; 
body  removed,  2753;  monument,  Phila., 
2781 ;  monumentat  Springfield,  111.,  2861 : 
statue  executed,  3'^i ;  Monument  Bill 
introduced,353i ;  proclamation  eel., 3683; 
birthday  legal  holiday.  111.,  4003;  statue, 
G.  B.,  10101. 

Lincoln,  Mrs.  Abraham,  franking  privi- 
lege, 2511;  gold  medal  by  the  French, 
2551 ,  7372  ;  pensioned,  3111 . 

,  Benj.,  b.,  622  ;    sec.  Assembly,  792  ; 

gen.,  commissioned,  861 ;  atBoundbrook, 
862  ;  in  command,  891 ;  in  Ga.,  902,  3  ; 
surrenders  Charleston,  92 1;  suppresses 
Shay's  rebellion,  98i ;  electoral  vote, 
1012  ;  d.,  1162. 

,  Bishop  of,  trial  of,  10022. 

,  Earl  of.  (See  Clinton,  Ed.  Fienne  de.) 

,  Enoch,b.(1788);  gov.  Me.,ia'>3;  d.,1362. 

,  John  Larkin,  b.,  1202  ;  d.,  3922. 

,  Levi,  b.,  662  ;  d.,  1282. 

, ,  b.,  951 ;  atty.-gen.,  III2  ;  gover- 
nor Mass.,  1153,  1333  ;  d.,  2621 . 

,  Robert  T.,  b.,   1542  ;  minister,  3072, 

3513  ;  vote  for  pres.  nom.,  3173  ;  nom. 
for  president,  4091 . 

,  Thomas,  son  of  Abraham,  d.,  2053. 

City,  Md.,  train  accident,  3353. 

College  erected,  8042. 

Territory  formed,  3193. 

Theological  Seminary  opd.,  Pa,  2771. 

Univ.  (Cumb.  Presb.)  est.  at  Lincoln, 

111.  (1865). 

University  org..  Pa.,  1762. 

Lincolnshire,  Eng.,  inundated,  8402. 

Lind,  Afr.,  captured,  8382. 

,  Jenny,  b.-d.,  11361;  sings  in  Castle 

Garden, 1661;  charities,  167 1 ;  in  London, 

9541 ;  d.,9962. 
Lindal,  Matthew,  b.,  8882. 
Lindau,  Paul,  b.  (1839) ;  works,  8291. 
Linde,  Sam.  Bogumil,  b.,  1U62  ;  d.,  11182. 


I 


Lind-Live. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDxl/yC.       Superior  Figures  Inaicate  Column. 


1311 


Linden,  Tex.,  Williiuns  sentenced,  3782. 
Lindenau,  Bei'uhard  August  vuUt  b.,8042; 

d.,8201. 
Lindemian,  L.  P.,  library  gift,  3083. 
Lindisfarue,  wee  erected,  842*. 
Lindis8e,  see  erected,  8423. 
Liudlev,  John,  b.,  9283;  d.,  9G8i . 

,  Sir  Natli.,  lord  justice,  989< . 

,  Thomas,  b.,  i)0G2;  d.,  9203. 

Lindolt,  Duke  of  Swabia  ;  rebels,  7733. 
Xiindruni,  Lieut.-Col.,  at  Cynthiaua,  210' . 
Linds,  Kan.,  Bethany  College  org.,  3082. 
Lindsay.  Sir  David,  b.,  80Gi ;  d.  (1555:!:). 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  881i ,  884i . 

,  Lord  Alexander  William  Crawford, 

b.,  y;i63;  a.  U880). 

,  Kobert  B.,  gov.  Ala.,  2732;  suit  to  re- 
cover documents,  273' . 

Lindsey,  O.,  K.  K.  accident,  4353. 

,  Philip,  b.  (1786) ;  moderator,  1442  ;  d. 

(1855). 

,  Theophilus,  b.  (1723);  Sabbath  In- 
structor, yi5t ;  d.  (1808). 

,  William,  b.,  1442. 

Linen,  art  of  staining,  874' . 

paper,  first  made,  U102,  7842. 

Weavers  Co.  formed,  8573, 

Ling,  Peter  H.,  b.-d.,  11342. 

Liugiui,  James  Maccubin,  b.  (1752±) ; 
killed,  1192, 

Lingard,  John, b.,9183;  £71.(7. ,939' ;  d.,9562. 

Lingelbach,  Jau,  or  JohaiVu,  b.,  5403  ;  d., 
5422. 

Lingen,  Baron,  title  created,  9871 . 

Lingg,  anarchist,  suicide,  3272. 

Lingti  entiironed,  6113. 

Lingtum,  Tibetans  defeat,  10482.     • 

Lingaet,  Simon  Nicolas  Henri,  b.,  6983  ; 
d.  (1794). 

Ling  Wong  enthroned,  6II2. 

Linlithgow,  SCot.,  captured,  85Gt . 

Linn  Creek,  Va.,  action  at,  204' , 

.William,  b.,  683;  d.,  1142. 

Linna, Oxford  monk.  Map.,  8562. 

Linnsean  Society  organized,  1231 ,  9241 . 

Linnseus,  Carolus  (Carl  von  Linn^),  b.-d., 
11342  ;  est.  botany  system,  11341 ;  fuda. 
Eoyal  Academy,  11351. 

Linnell,  John,  b.,  9262;  d.  (1882). 

Linotype  invented,  3321. 

Liusin  enthroned,  6I12. 

Liusong,  Tartar  chief,  6121 . 

X'//wMrf/ert/e  captured,  IO8I. 

Linten,  Sidney,  cons,  bp.,  9862;  d.,  5013. 

Lin  Tishseu,  anti-opium  com'er,  6172. 

Linton,  James  D.,  b.,  9502. 

.William  James,  b.,  9362;  in  Nat- 
ional Academy,  3121 . 

,  William  S.,  d.,  1781. 

Lintz,  Aust.,  11.  U.  connections,  5213;  bp. 
of;  sentenced,  5282;  inundated,  5341. 

Linus,  St.,  bp.  at  Home,  10623. 

Linyanti,  Livingstone  arrives,  5602. 

Lin-Yun-Fu,  against  Fr.,  4802. 

Linz,  J.  Kepler,  prof,  mathematics,  5111. 

Linzendorf,  Count,  royal  minister,  7993, 

Iilon  Sermon  annually  preached,  8822. 

Taj/ier  first  produced,  New  Vork,398i. 

Liouberger,  John  H.,  d.,  4G0i . 

Lionel,  D.  of  Dorset,  lord-lieut.,  9093. 

,  Pr.,  D,  of  Clarence,  b.  (1338) ;   gov. 

Ire.,  marries  Elizabeth,  8592  ;  d.  (1368). 

,  Lord  CranfieUl,  minister,  88I2. 

Lippe,  Ger.,  ruled  bv  Bernard,  7772  ;  Ber- 
nard VIII.,  turns  Protestant,  7923  ;  di- 
vided, 795';  Fred.  11.  elector  of  Gor.  ; 
gains  territory  ;  electorate,  809' ;  elector 
18  King  Frederic  1.,  9092  ;  Schaumberg- 
Lippe  a  principality ;  Princess  Pauline 
rules,  8093;  L.-Detmold  joins  Confed.  of 
Rhine,d093;  inOer.Confed.,8H3;  leaves 
Nat.  Assembly,  8172  ;  dissolves  Rump. 
Pari.,  8191 ;  Lippe  2d  in  N.  Ger.  Confed- 
eration, 8252. 

Lippert,  Maj.,  at  Doniphan,  2222. 

Lippi,  Filippo.  b.-d.,  10782. 

Lippineolt,  :Mrs.  (Sara  Jane  Clark),  or 
Grace  Greenwood,  b.,  1302. 

LippincotVs  Magazine  appears,  2623. 

Lippit,  Henry,  gov.  R.  1.,  2892,  2912,  2931. 

Liprandi,  Gen.  Paul  Petrovitch,  b.  (1796) ; 
at  Balaklava,  .'5981 ;  d.  (1864). 

Lipsius,  Justus  (Joest  Lips);  b.-d.,  10983. 

Liptroth,  John,  d.,  10021. 

lilquor,  sale  to  Indians,  39i ;  Indian  traf- 
fic; prohibited  Indians,  l'^2-  Methodists 
forbid,  1191,  1613;  prohibited  in  Ga., 
3892;  S. estate  dispensaries,  4333,  4.'W2, 
4543,4662;  law,  unconstitutional,  4683; 


con.stitutional,  4723;  traffic  Austral., 
monopoly,  4951 ;  convivial  fined,  China, 
6103;  vending  in  Eng.,  9012;  hawkers 
whipped,  9112, 

Liquor-dealers  in  S.  Dak.,  3511;  Conven. 
N.  Y.,  3903;  indicted,  3942;  Dr.  Park- 
hurst's  evidence  ;  crusade  against,  Ky., 
4302  ■  resist  oflicers,  4342  ;  uncompen- 
sated, 9991 . 

question  in  Sweden,  11351 ;  consump- 
tion of,  Swe.,  11363. 

drinking;8Ocial,restricted,China,6102; 

imbibers  beheaded,  6123;  Methodists  for- 
bid,962,  1043;  in  Am.  army,  ration,  1071, 
1131 ;  in  Am.  navy,  III1 ,  U3i ;  consump- 
tion, Ger.,  8303;  m  Eng.,  987i .  (See  In- 
temperance.) 

legislation;  Wine  Act,  Eng.,  891 1 ,9651 ; 

fee,  9853  ;  duties,  Fr.,  7633,  7652  ;  in  Fr., 
7652.  (See  Local  Option,  Prohibition, 
and  under  names  of  states.) 

licenses  ;   optional,  N.  H.  and  R.  I., 

1492;  optional  in  Conn.,  1511;  first  in 
Vineland,  N.  J.,  4l9i ;  on  steamers  and 
steam-cars,  4713;  restricted,  Eng.,  8711 ; 
forfeited,  879i;  scarce,  9093;  local  con- 
trol, 10072. 

traflic,  govt,    controls,    China,  6III; 

makers  banished,  6151;  prohibited  in 
Va.,  471 ;  limited  in  N.  J.,  483;  limited 
in  Ga.,  712;  in  O.,  731 ;  action  of  Meth., 
962,  1191,4071;  restriction  law,  la.,  2803; 
prohibition  at  military  posts,  3071;  op- 
posed by  R.  C.  prelates,  319 1 ;  prohibited 
m  N.  Dak. ,  321 1 ;  prohibited  to  druggists, 
3291  ;e8timate;  opposed, 3303;  New  xork, 
3331 ;  decision,  Ind.,  3411;  control;  dis- 
cussed, 2592;  Cong,  taxes,  295i;  stopped 
on  Sunday,  la.,  4.'J()3  ;  Fort  Wayne  Club 
oflicers,  4443j  Satolli  against,  4662;  Sun- 
day prohibition,  4663;  condemned,  4071 ; 
church  saloons, 4262-  state  control, 467i ; 
destruction,  4763;  N.  Y.  committee  to 
study,  4791 ;  curtailed,  Australia,  4943; 
Dominion  Alliance  for  Suppression  of, 
5831;  signs  opposed,  Eng.,  9092;  advo- 
cated, 9563  ;  sums  spent  for,  Eng.,  9751 ; 
cost  per  capita,  987 1 ;  <lirect  veto  favored, 
10023;  regulation  bill,  10031;  sales  for- 
bidden, 10043  ;  Local  Veto  Bill ;  Local 
Control  Bill,  1011 1 ;  traffickers  beheaded, 
China,  6122. 

,  govt,  monopoly,  11383. 

Liris,  given  to  Volscians,  10532. 

Lisbon,  Port.,  occupied,  7162  ;  captured, 
11091;  capital  Port.;  chief  market  of 
world  ;  earthquake,  11093  ;  Archivo  Pit- 
toresco  issued  ;  Eng.  army  in  ;  evacuated, 
11101;  disturbances,  11103;  revolution, 
11111 ;  Eng.  mobbed;  Nat.  Defense  Fund 
started;  R.  R.  to  Madrid,  11113,  ii323  ; 
R.  R.  to  Santarem  ;  Royal  Acad,  of  Sci- 
ence fnd.  ;  fire,  11113;  Empress  of  Brazil 
interre<I,  5.''>73;  Dom  Pedro  arrives, 5571 ; 
Brazilian  legation  withdrawn,  5603. 

Lisburne,  Earl,  title  created,  9172. 

Lisle,  Lady  Alice,  b.  (1614±) ;  beheaded, 
8971. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9132. 

L'Isle,  Gen.  Briere  de,  in  Annam,  4821 . 

Lisle,  Guillaume  de,  d.,  6982. 

,  Lord,  minister,  8693, 

,  Marcus  C,  d.,  2172. 

,  Philip  de,  gov.,  887*. 

Lismore,  Scot.,  see  erected,  8422 ;  unites 
with  Waterford,  8582;  with  Ernly,  9452; 
Bp.  Power  cons.  R.  C,  9962. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9451 . 

,  Viscount,  title  created,  9311 . 

Lissa,  naval  battle  near,  8242. 

Lissagaray,  M.,  duel,  7383,  7563. 

Lister,  Sir  Joseph,  b.,  9423  ;  antiseptic 
surgery,  9741. 

,  Thomas  Henry,  b.,  9303  (or  1800) ;  d. 

(1^2). 

Liston,  John,  b.  (1776) ;  last  appearance, 
9481 ;  d.  (1846). 

Listowel,  Ire.,  R.  R.  built,  9993. 

,  I^rd,  title  created,  9412. 

Liszt,  Francz,  b.,  5202  ;  produces  Lo?ie-n- 
9nH,818i;  d.,5302. 

liitanies  first  used,  8691,  10691. 

Litchfield,  Conn.,  Ly,  Beecher  installed, 
1163  ;  condensed  milk  mfd.,  I8O1. 

,  111.,  explosion,  4273. 

Litfrarische  Analekten  issued,  7991. 

Literarisches  C^i^itralblatt  issued,  818*. 

iroc/(en6/a((  issued,  8131. 

Literary  Asso,  Internal.  9842,  HIO*.  11223. 


Literary  Club  fnd.,  London,  9163. 

Copyright  protected,  5372. 

Digest,  N.  V.,  issued  (1890). 

Gazette  issued,  9391 . 

Inst.,  Eastern  ;    and  Western,  9423  ; 

Marlebone,  Westminster,  9463. 

International  Asso.,  Paris,  7582. 

International  C'o7(f/ress, Paris,  7503. 

Ji-/«rrtanssued,Lond.,909i ;  Dub. ,9112. 

and    Philosophical    Society    est.,    at 

Manchester,  9221 ;  at  New  Castle,  9271  j 
at  Sheffield,  9401 ;  at  Leeds,  9411. 

Magazine  issued,  9091 ,  9151 . 

Review  issued,  1311 . 

and  Scientijir  depository  appears,  129' . 

World  appears,  2T03. 

1  ear  issued,  7032. 

Literatitrbladet  issued,  11362. 
Literature,  Koyal  Soc,  London,  9401 , 
in  Iceland,  132  ;  encouraged,  China, 

6102;  in  Egy.,  6452,  6463;  Injunctions 
against,  Ger.,  8303, 

Literatur  Zeitung  issued  at  Jena,  8291 . 

Lithium  discovered,  11301 . 

Lithographers  est.  at  Boston,  1353  ;  com- 
bination formed,  4232. 

Lithography  dis.,  5191 ,  8062;  intro.,  9381 . 

IJthoscope  invented;  described, 9662. 

LJthotrity,  Civiale  receives  prize  for,  7241 . 

Lithuania  invaded,  11141 ;  annexed,  11152; 
anti-Jewish  riots,  11212;  Christianity  in- 
troduced, 7843. 

Li  Tsecliiug  defeated,  6141 , 

Littell,  Eliakim,  b.  (1797). 

LitteWs  Living  Aae,  1583;  d.,  2702. 

Litteratur-Selskaos  Skrifter  issued,  638'. 

Tidende  it^sued,  6391 . 

Little  Belt  fires  on  President,  II6I . 

Little  Big  Horn  River,  Indian  battle,  2921. 

Blue,  Mo.,  Feds,  defeated,  2391 . 

— —  Egg  Harbor,  N.  J.,  Am.  vessels 
burned,  891. 

Falls,  Minn.,  plague  of  frogs,  4141 . 

,  N.  Y.,  fire,  4233. 

Kenesaw,  Ga.,  action  at,  2342. 

Osage,  Mo.,  Price  defeated  at,  2392. 

RocJi,  Ark.,  laid  out,  1293;  K.  C.  dio- 
cese est.,  1562;  arsenal  seized,  1902;  Gen. 
Curtis  at,  2091;  captured,  2262;  Free- 
State  gov.,  2293 ;  Meth.  Epis.  South  Conf . 
fmd.,  2522  ;  Bp.  Fitzgerald  cons.  R.  C, 
2562 ;  Little  Rock  Coll.  org. ,  2863 ;  Philan- 
der Smith  Coll.  fnd.,  2962;  L.  K.  Univ. 
fnd.,  3142  ;  silver  ore  dis.,  4121 ,  2  ;  bank 
failure,  4222,  4233  ;  State  Tax  unconsti- 
tutional, 4512;  tornado,  4733. 

College  org.,  2863. 

. University  fnd.,  3142. 

Round  Top  Hill,  battle  for,  2241 . 

W'allachia,  ceded,  5151;  restored  to 

Porte,  5152. 

,  George,  b.  (1754) ;  d.,  1161 . 

,  Louis  H.,  d,,  2133. 

Littledale,  Richard  Frederick,  b.  (1833) : 
d.,  10021  (or  1890). 

Littlefield,  Alfred  H.,  governor  of  R,  I., 
3043,3052. 

Littlejohn,  Abram  Newkirk,  b.,  1321 ;  con- 
secrated, bp.,  2642. 

Littleton,  Mass.,  Congr.  Conf.  org.,  2542, 

,  Lord  Edward,  b.,  8762  ;  lord  keeper, 

8852;  d.  (1645). 

,  Sir  Thomas,  b.,  8602;  d.,  8642, 

,  William  H.,  gov.  S.  C,  713. 

Litton,  Edward  Falconer,  d.,  10041 . 

Littr^,  Maximilian  Paul  femile,  b.,  7143  ; 
works,  7351 ;  d.,  7522. 

Littrow,  Jos.  Johann  von,  b.,  8042;  d.,  8143. 

,  Karl  Ludwig,  b.,  8102;  d.,  8282. 

Liturgy,  New  Church,  opposed,  Eng. ; 
completed,  8702  ;  in  Ire. ;  revised,  8703  ; 
abolished,  8843;  revision,  8902.  (See 
Book  of  Common  Prayer.) 

Liuchi, Empress,  regent,  6113. 

Liukiu  Islands,  annexed  to  Japan,  10931. 

Liu  Kun  Yi,  commander-in-chief,  6271. 

Liutold,  duke,  5033. 

Liutprand,  b.-d.,  10721;  king;  captures 
Ravenna,  10721 . 

Liuva  I.,  reigns,  11253. 

II.,  reigns,  11253. 

Livadia  sinks,  9893. 

Liveley,  Greenland,  Kane  found  at,  1761 , 

Livermore,  Sam.,  pres.  senate,  1072, 1093. 

Liverpool,  Eng.,  chartered,  8533  ;  inde- 
pendent, 859' ;  paved,  8733  ;  petition  to 
queen,  8752  ;  separated  from  Lancaster, 
8832;  ship-money,  8833;  taken,  S84i; 
separate  parish,  9002  ;  old  dock  built, 


1312 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  LivC-Lonib, 


9013;  Blue-Coat  Hospital  fnd. ;  L.  Cou- 
rant  issued,  9043  ;  inflrmary  est.,  913' ; 
L.  Advertiser  issued,  9132  ;  Seamen's 
Hospital  fnd. ;  Salthouse  Dock  opd.  ; 
Town  Hall  begun,  9133  ;  library  fnd., 
915*;  Gore's  General  Advertiser,  917'; 
theater  opd.,  918*  ;  House  of  Industry 
est.,  9192;  equips  army,  920';  musical 
festival,  9222  ;  King's  Bock  built,  9233; 
American  cotton  seized,  973  ;  Lunatic 
Asylum  fnd.,  927' ;  Hydropathy  revived, 
9282  ;  Athemeum  opa.,  9293  ;  Lyceum 
erected,  931';  Union  newsroom  opd., 
9313;  docks  built;  statue  George  III., 
9343  ;  riot,  9352  ;  Corn  Exchange,  opd.; 
Royal  Exchange  completed  ;  St.  Nicho- 
las Tower  falls,  9353;  Literary  and  Phil. 
Soc.  est.,  9371;  Royal  Inst,  fnd.,  937', 
938' ;  Wellington-rooms  erected,  9373  ; 
first  trans-Atlantic  steamer  at, 9382;  Am. 
Seamen's  Hospital  est.,  941';  Marine 
Humane  Soc.  frad.,  9412;  St.  John's  Mar- 
ket opd.,  9413  ;  Laver  theater  opd.,  942' ; 
House  of  Industry  erected,  943' ;  Clar- 
ence Dock  completed  ;  railway  to  Man- 
chester opd.,  944';  Blackrock  Light- 
house ;  locomotive  steam  carriages 
used,  9453  ;  Brit.  Asso.  meets,  946' ; 
Welsh  Presby.  Soo.  fnd.,  9502  ;  Sailors' 
Home  est.,  953' ;  Brit.  Asso.  meets,  954' ; 
earthquake, 9562;  breadriot8,959' ;  docks 
completed ;  Nat.  Asso.  for  Social  Sci- 
ence meets,  962' ;  cholera  appears,  9^3; 
H.  W.  Beecher  speaks,  2272  ;  Confeder- 
ate States  Fair,  2393  ;  Shenayidoah  sur- 
renders, 2483  ;  Fenians  arrested,  9703  ; 
Royal  Bank  suspends,  9713  ;  Greek  Ch. 
est.,  9722;  Brit.  Asso.  meets  ;  Social  Sci- 
ence Asso.  meets  ;  Stanley  Park  opd.  ; 
statue  of  Queen,  974' ;  Bp.  lieilly  cons., 
9742  ;  foundation  of  Stanley  Hospital, 
9743;  Seamen's  Orphan  Inst.,  9752  j  Sef- 
ton  Park  opd.,  976' ;  cotfee-saloon  opd., 
9772;  art  gallery  est.,  978';  Mormon 
missionaries  in,  9782;  Seamen's  Orphan- 
age opd.,  9792  ;  W.  Rathb4m6  statue  ; 
Walker  Art  Gallery  opd.,  982' ;  theater 
riot,  983' ;  Literary  and  Philosophical 
Soc.  est.,  937' ;  Rotunda  Theater  burned, 
9833  ;  bishopric  est.,  9842  ;  riots,  9843  ; 
named  city,  9852  ;  Univ.  Coll.  fnd.,  9862, 
9882  ;  plot  against  town  hall,  987 ' ;  Lang- 
ton  Dock  opd.,  9893  ;  Home  for  Ancient 
Marinei's,  9903  ;  Mersey  Tunnel  opd., 
9933  ;  riots,  9943  j  Gen.  Earle  statue ; 
(Queen's  statue;  Royal  Jubilee  Exhibi- 
tion opd.,  996';  Seamen's  strike  ends, 
1001' ;  dock  laborers  strike,  10023,  1003' ; 
grain-porters  strike ;  strikers  parade, 
1003';  Trade  Unions  Cong.,  10043;  Naval 
Exhibition  opd.,  1008';  Victoria  Build- 
ings, Univ.  Coll.  opd.,  10082  ;  cholera 
panic, 10093;  elevated  railway  opd. ,10113. 

LiN'erpool,  N.  S.,  Meth.  Coiif.  meets,  6882. 

Liversegge,  Henry,  b.,  9323. 

Livery  Companies  formed,  Eng.,  8573. 

Livingston,  Ala.,  Normal  Coll.  opd.,  3142, 

Manor,  N.  Y.,  White  Caps  at,  463'. 

,  Brockholst,  b.,  74' ;  justice,  115' . 

,  Edward,  b.,  74' ;  mayor  N.  Y.,  Ill*  ; 

sec.  state,  1392;  d.,  1462. 

,  Henry  Brockholst,  b.  (1757) ;  d.,  1382. 

,  John  Henry,  b.  (1740);  d.,  1322. 

,  La  HhettL.,  commissioned  Col.,  384' . 

,  Leonidas  F.,  b.,  140' . 

,  Philip,  b.,  58' ;  d.,  91 ' . 

,  Robert  R.,  b.,  662  ;  sec.  for.  affairs, 

952;  chancellor,  builds  steamer,  108'; 
pres.  Rutger's  Coll.,  117';  d.,  121'. 

,  William,  b.  (1741)  ;  work,  67' ;  d.,  602. 

, ,  gov.  N.  J.,  853,  1013  ;  d.,  1022. 

Livingstone  launched,  1094'. 

Livingstone,  David,  b.,9363;  explorations 
in  Afr, ;  sails  for  Cape  Town,  560' ;  sails 
for  Eng.,  5602;  consul,  5603,  9691^  1161'; 
second  expedition ;  returns,  5603  ;  in 
Cent.  Afr. ;  home  despatches  ;  tidings ; 
letter,  561';  Stanley's  tidings,  274';  let- 
ter in  Herald ;  letter  on  slave-trade  ; 
parts  from  Stanley,  561' ;  miss.  dis.  Lake 
Ngami,  5932  ;  represents  London  Miss. 
Soc. ;  wife  dies  ,5983 ;  at  Lake  Tanganyika, 
599' ;  meets  Stanley,  6003;  travels,  838' ; 
Last  Journal,  979' ;  d.,  561 '  ,6003;  interred 
Eng.,  9782;  statue,  980' ,  984' . 

,  John  H.,  b.  (1746) ;  pres.  synod,  1103, 

1123;  d.  (1825). 

Coll.  (Afr.  Meth.)  est.  at  Salisbury, 

N.  C.  (1882). 


Livingstone  expedition, Grady  leaves,  109 ' . 

Livinium,  fnd.,  11432. 

Livius,  AndronicuH,  b. ;  drama,  1053'. 

Livno,  captured,  530' . 

Livonia,  in  international  race,  2753. 

Livonia,  Alex., Pr.;  annexed  to  Pol. ,11152; 
annexed  to  Russia,  11153  ;  ceded,  11353. 

Le  Livre  issued,  7622. 

Livre  des  Cent  Ballades  written,  6763, 

faits  du  Mar^chal  de  Boucicaut 

appears,  6763. 

Livrets,  abolished,  Fr.,  7392. 

Livy,  Titus  Livinus,  b.-d.,  10583;  Annales, 
1061'. 

Li  AVang,  enthroned,  6II2. 

Lii-Yang-tsai,  rebel  leader,  622' . 

Li  Yuna,  commander-in-chief,  6262. 

L.judevit,  Prince  of  Croatia,  503' . 

Lilamo,  Tex.,  gold  mine  rediscovered,  392' . 

Llandatf,  Bishop  Lewis,  cons.,  9862. 

Llangattock,  Baron,  title  created,  1009' . 

L-lewelyn  the  Great,  Pr.  of  W.,  8513  ;  de- 
stroys castles,  854' ;  defeated  ;  k.,854i  ,2, 

I>lorente,  Don  Juan  Antonio,  b.-d.,  11283. 

Lloyd,  Arthur  T.,  cons,  bishop,  1012' . 

,  Chas.,  b.  (1775) ;  Pocm»,929' ;  d.  (1839). 

,  Daniel  Lewis,  cons,  bishp,  10042. 

,  Edward,  b.  (1799) ;  gov.,  573;  d.  (1834). 

, ,  b.    (1815);    works,    9003,    907', 

9503  ;  d.,  10022. 

,  Henry,  b.,  9082  ;  d.,  9223. 

, Demarest,  work,  4782. 

,  Thomas,  b.  (1640±);  pres.  Pa.,  493;  d. 

(1694). 

,  William,   bp.    b.    (1627);    acquitted, 

8963  ;  d.  (1717). 

, ,  smashes  vase,  952' . 

Loa  sunk,  6062. 

Loan,  subscription,  Eng.,  9273. 

,  Fr.,  7072,  7333,7352,  7391,  7411,  7433, 

7453, 7472. 

,  authorized,  U.  S.,  1892. 

Act,  a  law,  1973,  1992;    authorized 

525,000,000,1923-  from  banks,  1992;  by 
treasury,  2193  ;  last  for  war,  2433. 

Loando,  Afr.,  fnded.  canal  at,  1161'. 

Loano,  It.,  Austrians  defeated,  7102. 

Loaysa,  b.  (1500:^) ;  bp.  of  Lima ;  archbp., 
222  ;  d.  (1575). 

Lobau  Island,  Bonaparte  crosses,  5183. 

,  Comte  de,  Georges  Monton,  b.,  7042  ; 

d.,  7282. 

Lobeira,  Vasco  de,  b.-d.,  11092  ;  Amadis  de 
Gaul  translated,  1109' . 

Lobengula,  king,  604', 2, 3. 

Lobkowic,  John  de,  in  Palestine,  5083. 

Lobo,  Aristides,  resigns,  5573. 

,  Jeronimo,  b.-d.,  IIIO2. 

Lobomeria,  Austria  secures,  5172. 

Lobositz,  Bohemia,  buttle  of,  5142. 

Lobsinger,  Hans,  stamped  leather,  792'. 

Local  Govt.  Bill,  Ritchie's,  999', 2. 
—  Militia  Bill,  G.  B.,  9572. 

option,  in  Minn.,  2723  ;  in  Pa.,  2803, 

291';  in  Tex.;  inR.  I.,291' ;  inGa.,321' ; 
in  Miss.,  325';  in  Dak.,  Mich.,  Mont., 
329' ;  in  Wis.,  351' ;  for  D.  C,  325' ;  re- 
pealed in  N.  J.,  351';  confititutional, 
Mich.,  3702,3;  in  Del.,  383';  in  Mel- 
bourne, 4982  ;  resolution  adopted,  G.  B., 
9851,3;  approved,  989'. 

Preachers'  Nat.  Asso.  org.,  1843. 

Lockeam  sinks  Ville  de  Havre,  7493. 

Lochfyne  collides  with  Knapton  Hail,  9833. 

Lochren,  William,  in  int.  dept.,  4473. 

Lock,  Sir  Henry,  Brougham,  gov.  Victoria, 
4992  ;  Cape  Colony,  6033  ;  against  Mata- 
beles   604' 

Locke,  V>avid  Ross,  b.,  142' ;  d.,  328' . 

,  John,    b.    (1792) ;    invents  magnetic 

clock,  164';  d.  (1856). 

, ,  poet,  d.,  334' . 

1 ■>  philosopher,  b.,  8822  ;  constitu- 
tion modified,  442;  Grand  Model,  45'; 
works,  8983;  d.,9022. 

- — ,  Richard  Adams,  b.  (1800) ;  "  The 
Moon  Hoax,"  1443  ;  d.  (1871). 

Locker,  Arthur,  d.,  1010' . 

Lockhart,  John  Gibson,  b..  9263  ;  Scott^ 
949';  d.,  9582. 

Lockport,  N.  Y.,  tornadoes,  332' ;  Odd  Fel- 
lows' Horne  dedicated,  4703. 

Lockroy,  Edouard  Etienne  Antoine  (Si- 
mon), b.  (1838);  minister,  7552,3,  757'; 
report  on  Magenta,  766' . 

Lockwood,  Belva,  nom.  for  pres.,  U.S.A., 
319' ;  lawyer,  4623. 

,  Daniel  N.,  b.,  1562. 

Lockyer,  Joseph  Norman,  b.,  9482. 


Lockyer,  shot,  8873. 

Locoiocos  (Democrats)  appear,  1452. 

Locomotive  patented,  9302  ;  first,  9362  - 
mnf.  in  America,  138' ;  early  trip,  1373  j 
J'ire%,  speed, 946' ;  Rocket  travels,  944'  \ 
North  Star,  speed,  9482. 

engineers,    women   delegates,    Eng., 

4183;  strike,  951';  convention  in  Can., 
5883.  (See  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive 
Engineers.) 

Locomotives  use  anthracite  coal,  146' ;  as- 
cents, 1473  ;  cross  Miss.  River,  1793. 

Locria  Epizephyrii,  fnd.,  10153. 

Locust  Grove,  Va.,  action  at.,  2282. 

Locusts,  plague  of,  103;  ravage  Minn., 2^  1 ; 
in  Central  Park  ;  iu  Lackawanna  Valley, 
3422;  in  Nyack,N.Y.,456':  inlll.,4)»'; 
on  Il.R.,  4633  ;  flight,  Arabia,  4883  ;  in 
Fr.,  606' ;  in  Syria,  11583  ;  plague,  1154' . 

Lodge,  Henry  Cabot,  b.,  178' ;  works, 313', 
3163,  319';  3502;  on  Silver  Act,  435'; 
speech,  439' ;  bribery  charges,  461' . 

,  Thomas,  b.,  872' ;  works,  875' ,  8763  • 

d.,8802. 

,  Federal  Election  Bill,  3632,  367*. 

Lodging-house  Act,  G.  B.,  9572. 

Lodi  fnd. ;  House  of,  rules,  10433* 

,  bridge  of,  battle  at,  712' . 

Lodiana  mission,  1049' . 

Lodor,  Richard,  commissioned  col.,  400'  ^ 

Loegberg  issued,  5862. 

Loenda  de  Santa  Iria  appears,  1109'. 

Lofoden  Isles,  fishing  fleet  wrecked,  11053. 

Loftcha  mission,  5662. 

Lofthouse,  railroad  accident,  9853. 

Loftus,  Baron,  title  created,  931' . 

-: — ,  Lord  Augustus  William  Frederick. 
Spencer,  b.  (1817) ;  gov.,  499' . 

,  Major,  on  Mississippi,  74' . 

Log,  mariner's,  first  mentipned,  874' . 

" Cabin  "  campaign,  153' . 

College,  est.,  Pa., 583,  603  ;  eel.,  3443. 

Logan,  Ky.,  Female  College  fnd.,  2543. 

,  Utah,   Brigham    Young   Coll.,  oi)d.» 

3003  ;  Agricultural  College  opd.,  3662. 

,  Benjamin,  b.,  682  ;  d.,  IIO2. 

,  Friedrich  von,  Sinngedichte,  797'. 

,  James,  b., 442  ;  pre8.Pa.,633;  d.,93'. 

,  John,  chief,  b.  (1725) ;  d.,  93' . 

, Alexander,  b.,  134';  before  At- 
lanta, 2363  ;  pres.  Nat.  Conven.  of  Vet- 
erans, 2552  ;  impeachment  manager, 
2612;  commander  G.  A.  R.,2653,  269', 
2723  ;  on  committee  of  seven,  2933  ;  nom. 
for  vice-pres.,  3172  ;  vote  for  pres.  nom., 
3173  ;  electoral  vote,  321' ;  d.,  3242 ;  in- 
terred, 3333. 

, (son),  lieut.  5th  Reg.,  354'. 

,  Sir  Wm.  Edmond,  b.,  5762  ;  d.,584'. 

Logan's  Fort,  Ky.,  Indians  besiege,  863. 

Logansport,  Ind.,  Insane  Asylum,  3332. 

Logaris  attack  Stewart,  6' . 

Logarithms  invented,  876'. 

Logcrot,  M.,  minister,  757'. 

Loghlen,Sir  Michael,  master  of  rolls,  9492, 

Logographic  printing  patente<l,  9222. 

Logstown,  A'a.,  treaty  with  Indians,  69*. 

Logue,  Michael,  cons.  R.  C.  archbp.,  9823; 
cons,  cardinal  priest,  IOIO2. 

Lohejigrhi  appears,  702' ,  816' . 

Lohenstein,  Daniel  Kaspar  von,  b.  (1635); 
Amuniusund  T/tusnefda,  7d9^ ;  d.  (1683)^ 

Lohnian,  W.  D.,  short  accounts,  4602. 

Loizellon,  Gen.  J.  L.,  minister,  7652. 

Loja,  Granada,  uprising,  1130'. 

Lollards  rise,  8582,  8622. 

Lollius,  Marcus,  defeated  in  Gaul,  1062' . 

,  Urbicus,  gov.  of    Caledonia,  10652 ; 

turf  rampart,  8392. 

Lomaterus,  John,  correspondence  with 
pope,  10323. 

Lomax,  Gen.,  at  Crooked  Run,  2372. 

Lombard,  Lambert,  d.,  5402. 

I^eague  fmd.,  779' ;  peace  with  em- 
peror, 7792;  diet  against,  7803. 

,  Pierre,  b.-d.,  6683  ;    The   SentenceSr 

6711. 

University,  111.,  org.,  1703. 

Venetian    kingdom,    subject,    5232 ; 

siege,  524' ;  given  to  Aust.,  1087' ,  3. 

Lombardy,  It.,  fnd.  by  Romans,  10533;  in- 
vades Hung., 503'  ;  Hannibal  reenforced, 
1054';  overrun,  1070';  ravaged,  10702; 
in  Gaul,  664' ;  in  It.,  1073' ;  in  Eastern 
Empire,  10302  ;  conversion  completed, 
1073';  kingdom  destroyed.  7713;  an- 
nexed to  papal  dominion,  10723;  Charle- 
magne conquers,  10732;  annexed,  6653; 
war   with   Gr.,  1032';  fortified  towns,. 


4 


Lomb-Lond. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDl^X.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


1313 


10732;  revolt,  7753  ;  rule  upper  It., 7781 ; 
conquered,  10761 ;  under  Visconti,  10773; 
I'>.  liuii  Spaniards  expelled,  10821 ;  gp. 
loses, 6072;  ruled  by  Aust.,  ias.'j2;  Trans- 
piidane  Republic  formed,  10852;  given 
to  Fr.,5192;  emp.  maintained,  5212;  re- 
bellifni,  5213;  Incor.  with  Sardinia;  in- 
surrection, 10872;  given  to  Sardinia, 5252. 

Lombardy  poplar  introducer!,  993. 

Lombe,  Sir  Tlios.,  silk-throwing  mill,  9041 . 

Lome,  Dupuy  de,  balloon  ascension,  7443. 

liom^nie,  Louis  Leonard  de,  b.,  7223  ;  d., 
7502. 

Lomia  discovered,  7361 . 

Lomonoaoif,  Mikhail,  YasiUeTitch,  b.-d., 
11142;  works,  11151. 

Ijonato,  French  victory,  7121 . 

L'Oncle  Joseph  sinks,  7533. 

Londesborough,  E.  of,  title  created,  9963. 

Londinum.    (See  London,  8393.) 

Londman,  Tliomas,  b.,  9002. 

London  founders,  9G93. 

London,  Can.,  R.  C.  dioc.  est.,  5802;  Weekly 
Free  Press,  6803.  5811 ;  Advertiser,  581 1 ; 
battalion  org.,  588i ;  foresters  org. ,5883; 
Cranbourne  Club,  gambling,  5891 . 

,  University  of,  Eng.,  est.  (1836)  ;  sup- 
ports woman  suffrage,  8723. 

London,  Eng.,  capital ;  large  town,  8393  ; 
stone  placed ;  Gothic  architecture  ap- 
pears, 8392,  8482,  8541 ;  St.  Paul's  built ; 
bishopric  est.,  &402  ;  walla  built,  8412; 
plague  ravages,  8413 ;  St.  Paul's  de- 
stroyed ;  rebuilt ;  see  erecte<l ;  West- 
minster Abbey  fnd.,  8422  ;  Danes  pil- 
lage, 2441;  Danes  expelled,  8441;  flre, 
8453,8473.  10th  Century,  besieged; 
bridges  over  Thames,  846i ;  Thames  long 
frozen,  8462,  8622,  9143;  St.  Paul's 
burned,  8473,  8482,  8493  ;  storm  ravages, 
&t8i ;  Tower  begun  ;  St.  Paul's  rebuilt ; 
Westminster  Hall  built ;  Temple  Church 
built,  8482  ;  St.  Stephen's  Chapel  built, 
8483  ;  Newgate  prison  est.  ;  chartered, 
8492;  great  mortality,  8493,8593,8813;  L. 
bridge  burned,  8493  ;  lath  Century : 
stone  bridge  built.  a502  ;  Temple  fnd.; 
St.  Catherme's  Hospital  fnd.  ;  massacre 
of  Jews,  8503,  8.542  ;  anti-Jewish  riots, 
8511,8543  ;  population,  8511,  8773,  &593; 
Henry  Fitz-Alwyn  tirst  mayor ;  first 
fleet  prison  est. ;  Longchamp  deposed, 
8513;  i3tli  Century :  L.  bridge  burned, 
8633,  8493;  St.  Thomas's  Hosp.  est.;  for- 
eign merchants  united  ;  convent  demol- 
ished, 8523;  Barons  convene;  first  Pari., 
8532;  pope  interdicts,  8522;  water  supply, 
8521 ,8813;  Templeerec  ted;  present  West- 
minster Abbey  begun,  8521 ;  Westmin- 
ster convent  demolished,  8523 ;  char- 
tered, 8533,  8953;  water  intro. ;  St. 
Mary's  erected,  8521 ;  aldermen;  watch 
est.,  8533;  Savoy  Palace  built,  &54i ;  St. 
Thos.  k  Becket's  Co.  org.,  8553  ;  riotous 
tailors  and  goldsmiths,  8643  ;  free  trade 
privileges  limited ;  House  of  Commons 
est.  ;  charter  annulled,  a552  ;  St.  Kath- 
erine's  Hospital  fnd. ;  sea-coal  prohib- 
ited, a56i;  Edward  I.  crowned,  8553  ; 
Blackfriars  convent  erected;  8542  ;  wa- 
terworks est.,  8553  ;  all  Jews  expelled, 
8542 ;  fixed  prices,  a57i ;  l4tIiCentury  : 
Lincoln's  Inn  Court  est. ;  tournaments 
In,  8563  ;  Merchant  Tailors'  Co.  ;  Skin- 
ners' Co.  ;  Goldsmiths'  Co.  fmd.,  8573  ; 
Westminster  Abbey  nave  built,  8581; 
Grocers'  Co.  fmd..  "8573  ;  St.  Stephen's 
Chapel  rebuilt,  8582  ;  Inner  and  Middle 
Temple  Court  opd.,8583  ;  Pari,  becomes 
two  Houses  ;  four  representatives,  9592; 
Clifford's  Inn  Court  est.,  8583  ;  title  lord- 
mayor  est.,  8592;  K.  John  of  Fr.  pris- 
oner, 9591;  Gray's  Inn  of  Court  est. ,8583  ; 
Vintners'  Co.  fmd.,  8573;  striking  clock, 
KS82 ;  John  Wyclif  summoned,  8583  ; 
Richard  II.  crowne<i,'861 1 ;  Watt  the  Ty- 
ler, k.,  8601 ;  Savoy  Palace  burned, 8613; 
ward  meetings  intro.,  861';  L.  Mavor 
Brember  executed,  8G03  ;  Mercers'  Co. 
frad.,  8613;  aldermen  for  life,  861 2;  parish 
clerks  perform  plays  ;  Westminster  Hall 
repaired,  8602;  Christmas  festival,  10,000 

Snesta;  Order  of  the  Bath  est.,  8603; 
;ichard  II.  prisoner  in  Tower,  8612; 
Iftth  Century;  coal  intro.;  opposed, 
8613  ;  Wm.  Saiitre,  heretic,  burned  ;  al- 
chemists forbidden,  86O2  ;  lanterns; 
street  lights,  8631,2 ;  Staple's  Inn  of 
Court  est.  ;  Guild  Hall  est. ;  Lyon's  Inn 


of  Court  est.,  8622  ;  Henry  V.  crowned, 
8631;  Whittington  Coll.  est.;  adulte- 
rated wine  condemned ;  Whittington's 
almshouses  est.,  8623;  St.  Paul's  much 
burned,  8622;  Drapers'  Co.  fmd.;  Haber- 
dashers' Co.  fmd.,  8633  ;  John  Cade  en- 
ters, 8621 ;  L.  mayor's  show  inst.,  8633  ; 
Edward,  D.  of  York,  marches  into,  8641 ; 
Ironmongers'  Co.  find.,  8653  ;  printing- 
press  introduced,  8t>42  ;  Henry  V'l.  mur- 
dered, 8652;  Clement's  Inn  of  Court  es- 
tablished, 8042;  Clothworkers'  Company 
fmd.;  Edward  V.  murdered  in  Tower; 
Richard  III.  crowned,  8<S>3  ;  New  Inn 
Court  est.,  8642  ;  Henry  VIL  crowned; 
Star  Chamber  Court  est.,  8672  ;  sweat- 
ing sickness,  8673  ;  anti-tax  insurgents, 
8661 ;  court  removed  to  Calais,  8673  ; 
iGtli  Century;  Henry  VII.  Chapel  be- 
gun, 8602  ;  Fleet  ditch  navigable,  8673  ; 
merchants  extorted,  8672 ;  St.  Paul's 
School  fnd.,  867i ;  Henry  VIII.  crowned, 
8673;  13  snrg.  and  doctors,  8662;  Henry 
VIII.  head  of  Church,  8682  ;  Bp.  Fisher 
and  Sir  Thomas  More  executed ;  peti- 
tion to  read  Bible,  8082;  Wm.  Tyndale 
burned,  8683;  Fishmongers'  Co.  fmd., 
8693;  wine  runs  in  comluit,  8691 ;  bills 
of  mortality,  8692  ;  St.  Bartholomew's 
mona-stery  confiscated,  8683  ;  surgeons 
and  barbers  united,  868 1 ;  term  lord  pope 
forbidden,  8683 ;  Bethlehem  Lunatic 
Hosp.  est.;  Christ's  Hosp.  fnd.;  40  tav- 
erns in,  8711;  Q.  Mary  crowned,  8712  ; 
Rus.  Trading  Co.  est.,  8713;  John  Rogers 
burned,  8703;  Congreg.  meetings  est,. 
8721 ;  Abbey  of  Westminster  reest.;  Puri- 
tans arise  ;  Poultry  Compter  becomes 
prison,  8713;  Stationers'  Co.  incorp., 
8723,  8783  ;  glass  mfd.,  8721 ;  head-dresa 
designated,  8731 ;  gt.  Paul's  struck  by 
lightning,  8723  ;  Salters'  Company 
formed,  8733;  Outer  Temple  made  Inn 
of  Court ;  Westminster  a  collegiate  cli.; 
Westminster  School  or  St.  Peter's  Coll., 
fnd.,  8723;  first  tragedy,  Gorboduc,  8721 ; 
58  Scotchmen  in;  knives  made,  8721; 
Furnival's  Inn  of  Court  est.,  8731 ;  plague 
prevails,  8733,  8793;  Merchants'  Adven- 
turers Co.  fmd.,  8733  ;  Royal  Exchange 
est., 8721;  care  of  poor,  8731 ;  PhysicGar- 
dens  est.,  8721 ;  lottery  in  St.  Paul's  Ca- 
thedral, 8731 ;  Temple  Hall  built ;  Soc. 
Antiquarians  fmd.,  8711 ;  Gresham  Coll. 
fnd.,  8751 ;  Anabaptists  burned  ;  Bapt. 
Soc.  fmd.,  8743  ;  first  regular  theater 
built;  gold-seekers  visit  America,  8741 ; 
Turkey  and  the  Levant  Cos.  chartered ; 
enlargement  prohibited  ;  Tliamea  water 
supplied,  8753;  Henry  Percy  murdered, 
8753;  Northwest  Passage  excitement, 
8742;  Wm.  Shakespeare  inj  Q.  Eliza- 
beth's statue,  8761 ;  tobacco  intro.,  8772; 
Thanksgiving  services,  8702  ;  Afr.  Co. 
fmd.,  8773;  Congreg.  Church  fmd.,  8763; 
Thames  dry,  8761 ;  Shakespeare's  Globe 
Theater  built ;  taffeta  mnf.;  Lord  Cham- 
berlain's actors  ;  17th  Century;  Lord 
Admiral's  actors,  8762;  Cottonian  Li- 
brary est., 8772;  population  in  1600,8773; 
Essex's  insurrection,  8761 ;  Janien  I. 
reigns,*879i  ;sanitary  rigor,  8783;  Raleigh 
in  Tower,  8792,  88I2  ;  Gunpowder  Plot, 
8762;  London  Companv  established  for 
Amer.,  8792;  Charter  House  fnd.,  8783  ; 
Granaries  built,  8793;  Great  Tom  bell; 
hjttery  for  Va.,  8791 ;  burnetl;  New  River 
water  supply  ojwned., 8793, 8813;  paved  ; 
Thames  improved,  8813;  Francis  Bacon 
conspicuous;  Bridewell  prison  built;  Ra- 
leigh beheaded,  8812;  gambling  licenses 
granted,  881 1 ;  The  Cournnt,  Weekly 
Nems,  etc..  Certain  News,  etc.,  issued ; 
Sion  Coll.  and  Hospital  est.,  8803  ;  New 
River  Co.  fmd.;  Charles  I.  reigns,  8813; 
Banqueting  House  erected,  8^1 ;  hack- 
ney coaches  est.,  8813  ;  commission  to 
restore  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  8822  ;  pos- 
tal communications  opd.,  8832 ;  wind 
sawmill  inv.,  8821 ;  first  Particular  Bap- 
tist Ch.  est.,  8822;  velvet  paper  patented, 
8821 ;  Devonshire  Square  Bapt.  Ch.  est.; 
St.  Giles  parish  begun ;  bps.  in  Tower» 
8823,  8852,  8963  ;  Fleet  Prison  for  debt- 
ors ;  Long  Pari.,  8833  ;  Diurnal  Occur- 
rences issued  ;  Puritans  divided,  Presb. 
and  Independents,  8843  ;  /;.  Gazette  is- 
sued ;  plays  prohibited,  8851 ;  civil  war  ; 
Charles  I.  leaves,  8852  ;  excise  system 


est..  8853  ;  Westminster  Assembly  fmd., 
8843;  Royal Soc.raeets,8862,890i ; submits 
to  army ;  2d  civil  war,  886I ;  Presb.  gain 
control;  Cromwell  coerces  Pari.,  8872  ; 
Rump  Pari.;  Charles  I.  beheaded  ;  Com- 
monwealth proclaimed  j  explosion, 
8873  ;  Public  fniellufence  issued,  8883  ; 
Oliver  Cromwell,  L.  Protector,  8891 ; 
festival  of  sons  of  clergy,  8883  ;  first  ac- 
tress, 8881 ,  8911 ;  Portuguese  synagogue 
in,  8883  ;  Richard  Cromwell,  Protec- 
tor ;  army  officers  rule,8893 ;  army  enters, 
8901 ;  Charles  II.  reigns;  regicides  tried; 
E.  India  Co.  char.,  8912;  hanking  begun, 
8913;  Anabaptists  ri.se,  8902;  Fifth  Mon- 
archy men  rise,  8912,3  ;  Medical  School 
est.;  great  storm,  8901 ;  ch,  of  Eng.  re- 
stored ;  Act  of  Uniformity,  8903  ;  first 
play  bill,  8911 ;  the  Great  Plague,  8913; 
Geo. Fox,  Wm.  Penn., Quakers, arrested; 
impostor  whipped;  riot,  8931,  8951;  X. 
Gazette  removed  to  ;  Serjeant's  Inn  est.; 
lighted  by  lanterns  ;  the  Great  Fire ;  run 
on  banks ;  Royal  Exchange  fnd.;  fire 
insurance  begins,  8933;  Moravians  Soc. 
est.;  Royal  Soc.  Library  fnd.,  8923;  great 
fire,  8922;  tires,  8933,  8953,  9003,  9093, 
9133,  9413,  9473,  9513,9633,9913,10013, 
10053;  Drury  Lane  Theater  rebuilt; 
monument  commemorating  tire,  8922; 
present  St.  Paul's  built,  8942;  bribery 
of  Pari.,  8943;  Butch  loom  used,  8941; 
City  Mercury,  8943;  coffee-house  sup- 
pressed, 8951 ;  first  CiV//  Directory,  S9i^; 
statue  Charles  I.,  891;  anti-Cath.  demon- 
strations, 8943,  8982,8991;  Titus  Gates' 
popish  plot,  8951 ;  Walbrook  Church 
built,  8941;  Domestick  Infflliqence  est., 
8943;  Meal  Tub  Plot,  8952;  Sj,rcureum 
Librarius;  chartered,  8943;  oil-lighted; 
penny-post  set  up,  8953,  8972;  Catholics 
expelled  ;  election  riot ;  Chelsea  Hospi- 
tal fnd.,  8951;  Sadler's  Wells  est.,  8961 ; 
Rye  House  Plot,  8971;  king  humbles, 
8972;  Charter  surrendered.  8973;  operas 
intro.,  8961 ;  Fr.  Protestants  settle,  8902; 
James  II.  reigns  8972;  statue  James  II., 
8962;  charity  schools  est.;  clergy  disobey 
king;  7  bishops  in  Tower,  8963;  James 
II.  relents ;  Hemming's  patent  street 
light;  charter  restored  ;  Princess  Anne 
flees,  8973;  silkweavers  come;  anti- 
Catholic  mobs,  8982,  8991 ;  Unirersal  In- 
telligence, Athenian  Gazette,  Eng.  C&wT' 
ant,  Harlem  Courant,  L.  Courant,  L.  In- 
telligence, L.  Mercury,  Orange  Gazette, 
Issued,  8983-  anti-Cath.  riot ;  James  II, 
floes  ;  Irish  Night;  King  William  enters, 
8991 ;  William  and  Mary  reign,  8992; 
Young's  forgeries,  9003;  Lloyd's  coffee- 
house, 8913;  Bank  of  Eng.  projected, 
9012;  charter  restored,  8993;  Lincoln's 
Inn  Tlieater  opd.;  thimbles  made,  9001 ; 
marriages  and  births  taxed,  9003;  haw- 
kers and  pedlars  first  licensed,  901 1 ; 
first  triennial  Pari.,  9012;  Lloyd's  News 
est.,  9003;  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  choir  re- 
opd.,9002;  Hand-in-Hand  fire  insurance, 
9013;  welcomes  William  III..  9011; 
Grey  Coat  School-fnd.,  9003;  Peter  the 
Great  in;  stage  immoral,  9011;  White- 
hall pal.ace  burned  ;  East  India  Co.  est., 
9013;  18th  Century;  Haymarket  Thea- 
ter built,  9021;  and  rebuilt,  9161,  940'; 
great  storm,  9021 ;  q.  Anne  reigns,  9032; 
Kit-Cat  Club  est.,  (KKJi ;  Daily  Courant; 
The  Review,  9023 ;  Her  Majesty's  Theater 
opd.,  9022,  9253;  union  with  Scot,  meet- 
ing, 90.33;  Country  Genffemnn's  Courant^ 
9023 ;  Soc.  of  Antiquaries  est. ;  flea  plague, 
9022;  Sacheverell's  sermons;  United  Br, 
E.  India  Co.  est.,  9a'J3;  Sons  of  Clergy 
musical  festival ;  St.Paul's  Cathedral 
completed,  9042;  The  Examiner;  Guar- 
dian, 9043;  Am.  Indians  visit  Q.  Anne, 
9a5i,573;  Sun  Fire  Office  est.,  9053;  Han- 
del's opera ;  private  Acad,  of  Art,  9041 ; 
Mohocks  ravage,  9051;  Q.  Anne  statue, 
9041 ;  newspapers  first  stamped,  9043;  Q. 
Anne  "  touches  "  for  scrofula;  Hamilton- 
Mohun  duel,  905 1;  Georee  I,  reigns, 
9063;  Scriblerus  Club  fnd. ;  Welsh  charity 
schools  est.,  9043;  Whig  and  Tory  riots  ; 
Jacobite  riots,  905* ;  Jacobite  lords  exe- 
cuted, 9053;  James  Quinn  appears,  9061 ; 
Mug-house  riot ;  first  Free  Miisons,  9071 ; 
South  Sea  Bubble  excitement.  9a53, 9071 ; 
Westminster  Hosp.  fnd.,  9071 ;  flrst  ma- 
rineinsuranceco.,9073;(iuy'H  Hosp.  fnd.; 


1314 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


London. 


Hell  Fire  clubs  suppressed,  907' ;  Chel- 
sea waterworks  built,  9073;  Layer's  con- 
spiracy; Order  of  the  Bath  revived,  9072; 
amallpoxin,9073;  Acad.of  Arte8t.;Chas. 
Macklin  appears  ;  George  I.  statue,  9061 ; 
Newport  Market  "  oratory  "  opened;  L. 
Daily  Post  and  Ge)i.  AdrertUer  issued  ; 
Lionel's  List  issued,  907 ' ;  George  II. 
reigns,  9073;  public  library  est.;  Hisloria 
Littraria  issued,  909i ;  St.  Martin's  Lane 
Acad,  opd.;  Hyde  Park  Serpentine  est., 
808' ;  prisoner  reprieved  for  experiment; 
criminals  transported  to  Am.;  first  forger 
hanged,  9092;  Bank  of  Eng.  begun,  9093; 
English  opera  ;   first  oratorio ;  Coveut 
Garden   Theater   opd.,  908';    Literaru 
Mag,  issued  ;  L.  Mag.,  Tlu  Bee,  issued, 
909';  Soc.of  Dilettanti  est.;  Royal  Acail. 
of  Music  ;  time-pieces  produced ;  high 
tides,  908';  White's  Club  est.;  riot  at 
theater,  909*  ;  post  to  Edinburgh  est.; 
Fleet  Ditch  covered  ;  Fleet  Market  opd., 
9093;  Wesley,  and  WhiteHeld   in,  9083; 
Westminster  Bridge  est.,  9102, 91-22,9673 ; 
Koyal  Soc.  Musicians  org.,  9112;  Metho- 
dists flr8tConfer.,911' ;  Foundling  Hosp. 
est.,  9112,  9152;    New   Mansion  House 
built,  9113;  L.  Hosp.,  9112;  hard  winter, 
9113;  Madrigal  Soc.  org.,  9102;  White- 
field's  chapel  built,  9112;  surgeons  and 
barbers  separate,  9102;  Middlesex  Hosp. 
est.;  Coll.  of  Surgeons  est.;  Smallpox 
Hosp.;  Lock  Hosp.;  Jews'  Hosp.;  Brit. 
Lying-in  Hosp. ;  City  of  L.Lying-in  Hosp., 
9112;    Harmonica  played,  9102;    Chess 
Club  fmd.,  912' ;  Uniuersal  Mag.  issued, 
913'  ;8olareclipse,912' ,9161;  circulating 
library  est.,  913';  conjurer  excitement; 
close  Fr.  war  eel.,  9132;    Montlihj  Re- 
view, 913';   earthquake,  912',  9132;   Q. 
Charlotte's  Hosp.  est.;  L.  Hosp.  est.;  St. 
Duke's  Asy.  fnd.,  9132;  jail  distemper, 
9133;  Soc.  of  Arts,  9122;  Soc.  for  Promo- 
tion of  Religious   Knowledge;   Joanna 
Southcott's  fanatics,  913' ;  Jockey  Club 
est.;  earthquake,   9132;    World    issued, 
913' ;  Brit.  Museum  est.,  9122,9132;  opd., 
9142;  lotteries  popular;  L.  Reuiew  issued, 
9132;  Whitefteld's  Tabernacle  built ;  Lit- 
erary Mag.;  .Johnson's  Idler,  915' ;  usury 
punished ;  hosp.  census,  9152  ;  Thames 
bridge  burned,  9153 ;  Public  Leili/i'r,  9152 ; 
theatrical  fund  est.;  art  exhibition,  9142; 
George  III.  reigns  ;  Blackfriars'  bridge 
est.,  9153,  9193;  Catch  club  find.,  9143; 
riot    at    theater ;   Boodle's    club    est., 
917' ;    Royal    .Magazine,    North.    Briton, 
9152;  ghost  imposture;    shop  signs  re- 
moved, 9173;    Sadler's    Wells    Theater 
opd.,  916' ;  Press  unites  with  St.  James's 
Chronicle,  9163;  Lambeth  Hospital  est.; 
John  Wilkes  mob,  917', 2;   Mozart  ap- 
pears, 916';    Literary    club  est.,  9163; 
murderer  burned,  917' ;  first  annual  sci- 
entific lecture,  916' ;  Royal  Acad.  Arts 
est.,  9102;  weavers' riot ;  convicts  leave 
for  Am.,  9172  ;  Tattersall's  est.,  9173  ; 
Haymarket  Theater  rebuilt,  916' ;  A'an- 
ticdl  Almanac,  917^;  Gosm-l  il/<i(/.,  917' ; 
Royal  Exchange  repaired  ;  Royal  Acad, 
exhib.;   letters  of   Junius,    9173,   919'; 
Morning  Chronicle,  919' ;  D.  of  Cumber- 
land   statue;   saw-mills  erected,  918'; 
Pantheon  erected,  9182;  Morning  Post, 
919' ;  Lady's  Mag.  antislavery  decision, 
9192;  Medical  Soc.  find.,  Astley's  Am- 
phitheater built,  9182;  Adelphi  lottery 
sale  ;  Cox's  Museum  lottery  sale  ;  Royal 
Humane  Soc.  fnd.,  9192;  mail  coaches 
est.,  9193;   obelisk  erected;    Garrick's 
last  appearance,  9182;  masquerades  re- 
vived,9212;  ancient  concerts  given  ;  pris- 
oner's silence  punished,  9212:  L.  Bible 
Soc.  est.;   Protestant  Asso.  fmd.;   first 
Sunday   newspaper,  Brit.   Gazette  and 
Sunday  Monitor;  Wesleyan  Melh.  Mag., 
921';    "No  Popery"    r.ots,    921', 2, 3; 
Morning    Herald,  921';    King's    Bench 
prison  burned  ;  news  of  Cornwallis's  sur- 
render to  Washington,  9213;    Morning 
Herald,  923' ;  Surrey  Theater  opd.,  922' ; 
Hunter  Museum  begun ;  Handel's  com- 
memoration ;    first    balloon    ascension, 
9222  ;   St.  Patrick's  Benev.  Soc,  9'23' ; 
Leverian    Museum    lottelj,  9232;    first 
mail-coach  leaves,  9233;  Royal  Soc.  of 
Music  est.;  Ca!cilian  Music  Soc,  9222; 
Daily   Universal  Register  (TlinMS),  923' , 
925';  Strangers' Friend  Soc  est.;  High- 


land Soc.  est.;  97  shop-lifters  executed 
9232;  Ciir-Ws'siJotere.  Mai/.;  Library  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  fnd.;  training-ship 
on  Thames,  925';  umbrella  used,  9253; 
Glee  Club  formed,  9'i4' ;  County  Chroni- 
cle,  9251;  Linnaiau    Soc    est.;    Italian 
opera  revived  ;  George  III.  statue,  924' ; 
Swedenborg  Soc.  formed,  9-243;  Analyti- 
cal  Reriew;    Times,  formerly  Register, 
925';  Anna  Storace  appears,  9242;  The 
Mail,  925' ;  Her  Majesty's  Theater,  Ital- 
ian Opera  House  burned;  opd.;  Chas. 
B.  Incledon  appears,  9-242;  antislavery 
agitation,  9252;  Observer,  925' ;  Regent's 
Park   demolished ;  Horseinonger   Lane 
Jail  built;  registeringof  shipping  begins; 
fire  watch  est.,9'253 ;  \  eterinary  Coll.  est., 
926' ;  Corresponding  Soc.  find.;  Sun,  Ob- 
server, issued;  Asy.   for  Deaf  and  Dumb; 
plot  against  King  s  Bench  prison  ;  Morn. 
Advertiser,  921^ ;  Assembly  Rooms  built ; 
theater  crush,  9273;   police  magistrate 
system  est.,  9-272;   Lyceum  Eng    Opera 
House  est.,  9-262  ■  Miss.  Soc.  find.,  9-263  ; 
Coldbath  Fields  Prison  built ;  bread  riot, 
9-272;  Miss  Mellon  appears,  9-262;  John 
Howard  statue  ;  coldest  day,  9282;  Bell's 
.Mctsenger,   Monthly   Mag.,  Meth.    New 
Connection  Mag.,  9-29';    Kosciusko  ar- 
rives, 9-292;  Bank  of  Eng.  suspends  spe- 
cie payments,  9-293;  Anti-Jacobin  Review 
an(f  .Vag.;    Philosophical    Mag.,9£)f; 
Roval  Masonic  Institution;  Smithfield 
Cliib  org.;    members  of  Corresponding 
Society  punished,  9292;  river  jioliceest., 
9-293;  L.  Courier  libel;   Religious  Tract 
Soc  est.,  929';  docks  built,  9-293;  and 
opd.,  9302;  19th  Century;  souii-house 
opd.,  9-293;  storm;  Royal  Inst.  Labora- 
tory   est. ;    Roval    Inst,  first    meeting ; 
Brit.  Mineralogical  Soc.  est.,  930' ;  Post- 
Office  Directory ,-  Library  East  India  Co. 
fnd.,  9303;    Sir  Williani  Staines    lord- 
mayor,  9312  (lord-mayors  are  hereafter 
elected  annually.  See  text  93121).  First 
steamboat,     930';      Weekly      Dispatch, 
9303;  Soc.  for  Suppression  of  Vice  org.; 
Charitable  Bank  inst.;  white  bread  pro- 
hibited,   931'  ;    Westminster    Hall    re- 
paired;    Roval    Jennerian    Inst,    fnd.; 
West  India  Docks  est.,  9302;  Christian 
Obserrer,  931' ;  W.  H.  W.  Betty  appears, 
9302;  The  Globe,  931';  Astley's  Amphi- 
theater burns  ;  Are  ;  Westminster  partly 
burned,  9313;  Goddess  0/  IHscord  exhib- 
ited ;  Royal  Ophthalmic  Hospital  est.; 
East  India  Docks  oiid.;  Horticultural 
Soc.  est.;  Finsbury  Ophthalmic  Hospi- 
tal   Royal    est.;    stereotyping    revived, 
9322;  Brit,  and  Foreign  Bible  Soc.  org.; 
Order  of  the  Garter  reest.,  933' ;  L.  In- 
stitution fnd,,  9322,  933';  Brit.  Institu- 
tion find.;  Surrey  Theater  burned,  9333; 
Refuge  for  Destitute  erected,  9333, 959' , 
9683;  Adelphi  Theater;  Olympic  Thea- 
ter opd.,,9322;  Monthly  Repository, 933't ; 
fire  panic,  9333;  gas  intro.,  9352,  9362; 
A.D.  1810+  ;  Geological  Soc.  est.,  9342; 
Afr.  Institution  est.;   Female  Peniten- 
tiary est.,  9352;  Society  for  Promoting 
Christianity  among  Jews  est.;  The  Ex- 
aminer, 935' ;  Coveiit  Garden  Theater 
burned,  9353;  I).  Bedford  statue;  Eng. 
Opera  House  opd.  (Lyceum),  9343 ;  Quar. 
Review,  935';    (old  prices)   riots,  9352; 
warehouses  burned,  9353;  Baptist  Coll. 
fnd.,9352;  flooded,  9353;  VauxhallBridge 
begun;    Waterloo    Bridge,    9343,  938'; 
Church  Miss.  Soc.  est.,  9363;  Philhar- 
monic Soc  fmd.;  Marylebone  Ch.  com- 
menced,  9362;    Whitecross    St.   Prison 
erected;  Orphan  Asy.  fnd.,  9372;  print- 
ing bv  steam  power  ;  fair  on  Thames  ; 
New  ifonthly  Maq. ;  Thanksgiving,937' ; 
Bonaparte  defeated;  Regent  Park  im- 
provements, 9373;  corn-bill  i-iots^  9372; 
Fox  statue,  938';  Asiatic  Journal,  9.'iS3; 
meetings  at  Spa-fields  ;  Milbank  prison 
receives  convicts  ;   Westminster  Royal 
Hosp.  est., 939' ;  Savings  Bank  est^9;!93; 
Nelson  column  erected;  Waterloo  Bridge 
built, 938'  ;riotinSt.James'sPark, 9.39' ; 
Peace  Soc.  est.;  Blanketers  rise,  9M2; 
gold  sovereign  intro.,  9393;  Inst,  of  Civil 
Engineers,  93S' ;   infant    schools    opd., 
9391 ;  Mendicity  Soc.  est.,  9392;  Ch.  St. 
Pancras  begun  ;   Hunterian  Soc.  find.; 
Southwark  Bridge  opd.,  9382;    Port  of 
Ix>ndon  Soc  org.;  Bethel  Union  Socorg. ; 


Poultry  Chapel  erected,  9383 ;  Egyptian 
Soc.  org.,  939' ;  A.  D.  1830'  ;  JolmBull, 
941';  George  IV.  reigns;   (J.  Caroline 
demonstration,  9412;   Royal  Astronom. 
Soc;  Medico-Botanical  Soc.  org.;  Bank 
of  Eng.  conii)leted;  Havniarket  Theater 
rebuilt,  9*0';  Bell's  Life,  941';  Dread- 
nought Hosp.  fnd.,  9412;  L.  and  Leith 
steamboats  est.,  9413;  Achilles  statue: 
Thames  forded;  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  ball 
and  cross  restored;  RoyalAcad.  of  Music 
est.,  9402;  Sunday   Times,  941';  Royal 
Soc.  Literature  est.,  iH02,  941';   Koyal 
AsiaticSoc.org.;  chartered;  Mechanics* 
Institution  org.;  Meteorological  Soc.est., 
9402;    Lancet,   941';    cabs    intro.,   9413; 
National  Gallery  begun,  9402;  Westmiti- 
ster  Review:  Athenajum  Club  org.,  941' ; 
Royal  Soc.   Prevention  of   Cruelty    to 
Animals  est.;    Q.  Adelaide's   Hospital 
fnd.,  9412;  Thames  tunnel  begun  ;  Mel- 
odists' Club  est.;  Zoological  Soc.  fmd., 
942' ;  L.  Univ.  char.;  opened  ;  Highbury 
College  fnd.;  Atlas  issued,  943' ;  New  L. 
Bridge  built,  9422,-  completed,  9M' ;  For- 
eign Quar.  Review;  Soc.  for  Promotion 
and Ditf usion  of  Knowledge;  Standard 
Medical  Gazette,  943' ;  Protestant  Soo. 
est.,  9423;  Incorporated  Law  Soc.  est., 
943';  Brit.  Orphan  Asylum  est.,  9432; 
St.    Katherine's    docks    begun,    9433 ; 
Queen's  Theatre  opd.,  9422;  Police  Ga- 
zette;   Record;    Spectator;    Alhenteum; 
Court  Journal;  Medical    Times  issued, 
943' ;  Free  Royal  Hospital  fnd.;  stocks 
removed  ;  Soc*  for  Artists'  widows  est., 
9432;  theater  wall  falls,  9433;  Hrstgreat 
exhibition,  9453;  Trafalgar  Square  be- 
gun;  Fanny  Kenible  appears  ;  Post-Of- 
Bce  coniple"ted,  944' ;  new  police  force 
est.,  9452;  Frazer's  Mag.;  A.  D.  1830+; 
Metropolitan  Mag.;    Westminster  Review 
unites  with  London  ^ertew! ,- new  police 
service ;  King's  Coll.  incor.,  9443;  omni- 
buses   intro.;    New    Bridewell    Prison 
erected;  Farrington  Market  opd.,  9453; 
■WlUiaiu  IV.  reigns,  9452;  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Soc.  org.;    Garrick    Theater 
opiL,  944';  Fauntleroy's  forgeries;  bet- 
ting-houses suppressed,  945' ;   Lyceum 
burned ;  Coveut  Garden  market  buiit, 
9453;  New  L.  Bridge  completed  ;  Surrey 
Zoological  Gardens  ;  Paganini  appears ; 
Pitt  statue;  Strand  Theater  opd.;  Har- 
veian  Soc.  org.;  John  Cartwright  and 
Geo.  Canning  statues  set,  944' ;  Central 
Board  of  Health  fmd.:    New  Charing 
Cross  Hospital ;  Jews'  Orphan  Asylum  ; 
L.  Temperance  Soc.  meets,  945' ;  cholera 
fast,  9442;    j'enny   May.  ceases,  9443; 
Medical  Asso.  org.;  Zoological  Gardens 
opd.,  946';  Mark  Lane  Express:  Naval 
and  Military  Gazelle:  Jlarylebone  Lit- 
erary Inst,  fnd.,  9463;  anti-WelUngton 
mob,  917' ;  Entomological  Soc.  org.;  Ed- 
mund Kean   retires  ;  seraphine  intro.; 
Waithman  Obelisk  erecteil,  946' ;  Liiiv. 
Coll.  Hospital  est.,  947';    Hungerford 
Market  opd.,  9473;  Architects'  British 
Royal    Institution    org.,   946' ;     Unit^ 
Service  Gazette,  9463 ;  Carlton  Club  find.; 
St.  George's  Chess  Club  fnd.;  hist  lot- 
tery, 947';   Lyceum  reopd.;   Statistical 
Soc  org.;  Royal  Inst.  Brit.  Architects 
org.,  946' ;  City  of  L.  School  fnd.;  West- 
minster Literary  Inst,  fnd., 9463;  tailors 
strike;  Sisters  of  Charity  work,  947'; 
St.  James  [Princess's]  Theater  opened; 
Protestant    Asso.    est.,   9463;    Sailors' 
Home  opd.;  St.  Mark's  Hosp.  fnd.,  M7' ; 
Reform  Club,  9473;    Numismatic  Soc. 
fnd.,  948';  Musical  Woild,9iS3;  statue 
of   George    III.    erected;    Orthopffidic 
Hospital  fnd.,  949' ;    Bridewell  Prison 
rebuilt,  9493;  Art  Union  fmd.;  Ornitho- 
logical Soc.   org.;  Electrical  Soc.  org.; 
City  Theater,  Norton-Folgate  opd.,  948' ; 
Mormons  succeed,  9482,3;  Edwin  For- 
rest appears,  146' ;  Magnet:  Lra;  Rati- 
way   Times;  Publishers'  Circular,  9*9^ ; 
Q.  Victoria    reigns;    crownied,  9«2; 
Royal  Agri.  Society  fmd.;  Etching  Club 
find.;  John  Listen  retires;  hurricane; 
railway  to  Greenwich  ;  railway  to  Bir- 
mingham,948'  ;  Eng.  Historical  SocMt.j 
Arundel  Yacht  Club  org.;  Ecclesiashcai 
Gazelle:    Medical    Press    issued,   949', 
Paddington  to  West  Drayton  telegraph : 
Royal  Exchange   burneil,  9493;   Koyal 


i 


Xondon. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


1315 


Polytechnic  Inst,  opd.;  Microscopical, 
Ecclesioliigical,  Roval  Botanical  Soci- 
eties org.,  1)482;  Ragged  School  est.,  949 1 ; 
A.  D.  1840  v;  wood-paving  fails,  9501; 
dog-power  abolished ;  King  a  Coll.  Hosp. 
fnU.:  Theatrical  Fnnd  est.;  atmospheric 
pressure  experiment ;  railway  to  Brigh- 
ton, to  Bluckwall,  to  Bristol  ond.,  9511 ; 
Cirtnilating  Library  fnd.;  Tablef,  K.  C. 
weekly,  issueii,  1)503;  Chemical,  Pharma- 
ceutical, Hydropathic  Societies  formed ; 
Adelaide  Kemble  appears ;  Princess's 
Theater  opd.,  9501 ;  Isoiiconformist;  Gar- 
dener's ( Utron irh' ;  Jewish  Chron icle ; 
Punch;  Pharmiu-eutlcat  Journal;  Non- 
rnnforniist,  9503;  Percy,  Parker  Socie- 
ties ;  Metropolitan  Asso.  (improving 
dwellings) ;  Consumption  Hosp. ;  L. 
Philanthropic  Soc.  fnd.,  9511;  Astley's 
-Vmphitheater  burned,  9513;  reopd., 
9521;  Marylebone  Theater  opd.,  9502; 
Inquirer ;  LloutVs  Weekly  Neipspaper ; 
Illustrated  London  News;  Builder; 
British  Society  for  Propagating  Gospel 
among  Jews  formed;  Philological  So- 
ciety organized,  9503;  Woman's  Hospi- 
tal est.,  951 1 ;  Marshalsea  Prison  demol- 
ished ;  Pentonville  Model  Prison  est., 
9513;  Christian  Alliance  org.,  9523;  Eth- 
nological Soc;  Brit.  ArcliEeological 
Asso.;  Koval  Archieological  Inst,  org.; 
Nelson  Column  set  ;  Thames  tunnel  opd; 
Thames  overflows  ;  South  Eastern  rail- 
way to  Dover  and  to  Folkestone  opened, 
9521 ;  Economist;  Newsofthe  World ;  Law 
Times ;  Farmer ;  Alleti's  Indian  Mail, 
9523;  Sydenham  Law  Amend.,  and  Nat. 
Temperance  Societies  fmd.,  9531;  Eng. 
Churchman,  9523;  Hound,  Catch,  and  tlie 
Cannon  Club  est.;  St.  Mary's  Hosp.  fnd., 
9531;  Wellington  statue,  9521;  Jiritisk 
Quar.  Reriein:  Musical  Times;  Aijrtrnl- 
tural  Gazette;  Y.  M.  C.  A.  est.,  9;y23; 
Fleet  Prison  taken  down  ;  lV)yal  Ex- 
change opd.,  9533;  Handel,  Syro-Egy., 
Bay,  and  Caxton  Societies  fmd.;  Hun- 
gerford  Bridge  opd.,  952»,  Y.  M.  C.  A., 
parent  society  org.,  9523;  Victoria  Park 
and  Trafalgar  Square  est.;  Victoria 
statue  set ;  railway  to  Cambridge,  9522; 
model  hxlging  houses ;  Knight's  Penny 
Mag.,  9531;    BuiUiing    Act    operative; 

fieuny  fares  on  steamboats,  9533;  Wel- 
Ington  Arch  set,  9522;  Guardian;  Dally 
News  issued,  953i ;  Pathological  Society 
org,,  9541 ;  Cavendish  Soc.  and  Hakluyt 
Soc.  fmd.,  9543;  twopenny  omnibuses, 
9553;  Jenny  Lind  sings;  Pala'onto- 
CTaphical  Soc.  fmd.,  9541;  Ednration 
Times ;  Weeklu  Times  issued,  9543- 
Shakespeare's  house  sold ;  coihmercial 
panic,  9553 ;  lust,  of  Actuaries  fmd.,  and 
Arundel  Soc;  Bentinck statue  set, 9541 ; 
Psychological  ./owrrta/ est.,  9543;  Chart- 
ist demonstration,  9552;  park  Theater 
burns,  9533  ;  cholera  in,  9553, 9593, 9693; 
Board  of  Health  fnd.;  Art  Journal;  Pho- 
netic News:  Notes  and  Queries  issued, 
9551 ;  Protectionists  meet,  9552;  Coal  Ex- 
change opd.;  Olympie  Theater  burned, 
9553;  A.I>.  1850  -;  Marble  Arch  erected, 
9542;  Prince  Albert  statue  set ;  Lyceum 
reopened.  9561;  Reynolds's  Newspaper; 
Household  Words;  New  Coll.  fmd..95(i3; 
Hahnemann  Hosp.  fnd.;  Royal  Hosp.  for 
Incurables  fnd.,  9571 ;  powerful  magnet, 
9562;  Crystal  Palace  built,  9562,  9582; 
Govt.  School  of  Mines  opd.,  9563;  Cancer 
Hosp.  est.;  Children's  Hosp.  est.;  Royal 
Orthopaniic  City  Hosp.  est.;  St.  Luke's 
Hosp.;  L.  Temperance  League  formed, 
9571 ;  Smithfteld  Market  closed,  9572; 
telegraph  to  Dublin ;  Crystal  Palace  ex- 
hibition, 9573,  9582;  electric  clock  set 
up,  9562;  City  Prison  opd.,  957' ;  Panop- 
ticon of  Science  and  Art  est., 9582;  Jour, 
of  Mental  Science;  Jour,  of  Society;  Jour. 
of  Art:  and  Leisure  Hoiir  issued,  9583; 
K.W.  Reformatorv  Institution  fnd.;  lief- 
^es  for  Boys  ana  Girls  est.,  9591 ;  Chas. 
H.  Spurgeon,  pastur;  Epidemiological 
Soc  fmd.,  9561 ;  Philobiblon  Soc.  est., 
9583;  cabmen's  strike;  St.  Thomas's 
Hosp.  fnd.;  Christ's  Hosp,  fnd.;  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe  received,  9591;  Field; 
Civil  Service  Gazette ;  Wesleyan  L.  Quar. 
Review;  Commercial  Gazette: Press  united 
with  St .  James' s  CAronic/e,9583;  poultry 
exhibition;  Trades  Museum  est.,  9583; 


Standard  Theater  opd.,  9582;  Building 
News;  Workingmen's  Coll.  est.,  9591, 
9703;  statueof  Peel,  9602;  Illus.  Times; 
Overland  Mail;  Daily  Telegraph;  Sat. 
Review;  Daily  Chronicle  and  Clerken- 
well  Neics,i)6ii3;  bread  riots;  Juridical 
Soc.  .est.,  9611;  Metropolitan  Board  of 
Works  est.,  9612;  Metropolitan  Cattle 
Market  opd.,  9613;  Napier  statue  ;  Odon- 
tological  Soc.  fmd.,  9602;  Gen.  Eng.  Con- 
greg.  Synod,  9603;  peace  eel.;  Postal 
Guide:  Afor^i.  Star;  Court  Circular;  Engi- 
7ieer,  961*;  Royal  Brit.  Bank  suspends, 
9612;  Pavilion  Theater  burns;  Covent 
Garden  Theater  burns,  9613;  South 
Kensington  Museum  opd,;  Sheepshanks 
collection, 9602-  Genealogical  Soc;  Nat 
Asso.  for  Social  Science  org.,  9621 ;  Citt/ 
Press;  Solicitor's  Jour., 9(J23;  Horologi- 
cal  Soc;  Soc  Fine  Arts,  and  Musical* 
Soc  fmd., 9631 ;  Rarey  tames  horses;  Jen- 
ner  statue ;  Covent  Garden  reopd.,  9621 ; 
Haileybury  or  East  India  Coll.  fnd.; 
Bookseller;  Photographic  News,  9623; 
Dental  Hosp.,  9631;  postal  districts,  9t>32; 
popular  Monday  concerts  fnd.;  electric 
telegraphs  intro.;  Handel  festival  held, 
9622;  Sporting  Life ;  religious  riots,  9623, 
9671;  Macmillan's  Mag.;  Dental  Hosp. 
fnd.;  Christian  World;  Comhill  Mag.; 
Once  a  Week;  Chemical  News ;  builders* 
strike, 9631 ;  stock  exchange  panic, 9633; 
A.  D.  1860 +;  Richard  1.  statue,  9641 ; 
Inst,  Naval  Architects ;  Acad.  Music 
org.;  Clinical  Soc  fnd.;  Spurg eon's  Tab- 
ernacle opd.,  9642;  Good  Words;  Catho- 
lic Times ;  National  Reformer ;  Army  and 
Navy  Gazette;  Temple  Bar;  Universe; 
Workingmen's  Club  opd.,  9643, 9(J63;  St. 
James  Soc  for  Relief;  Soc  Prevention 
of  Cruelty  to  Animals  est.;  distress  pre- 
vails, 9651  ;  WestKent  wharf  burns;  New 
Hibernia  wharf  burns  ;  Metropolitan  un- 
derground R.  R.  begun,  9653;  and  opd., 
9673;  G.  F.  Train  est.  street  railways, 
9641 ,9653,  and  abandoned,  9653;  Crystal 
Palace  injured;  storm;  A<lelina  Patti 
appears;  Deaconess  Inst,  est.;  statue  of 
Havelock  erected,  9642;  Middle  Temple 
New  Library  opd.  ;  Illus.  Times  incor. 
with  Penny  Illus.  Paper;  Queen;  Fun; 
St.  James's  Mag.;  Church  Review,  9643; 
Home  for  Incurables  est., 9651 ;  wharves 
burn  ;  Elcho  Shield  in  Guildhall ;  pneu- 
matic tubes  laid  ;  Home  for  Dogs  opd., 
9653;  Orchestra;  International;  Victoria 
Map.;  Reader,  9663;  Royalty  Theater 
opd.;  special  exhibition  of  art ;  2dlnter- 
nationjil  Exhibition  opd,;  Westminster 
Suspension  Bridge  opd.,  9661;  Sporting 
Gazette;  L.  Socxetu  Mag.,  9663;  Royal 
Soc.  of  Naval  Architecture;  Royal  Sc. 
Naval  Architectin-e  est.;  Hyde  Park  riot, 
meeting  prohibited,  967 1;  Westminster 
Bridge  opd..  9673;  Macgregor  statue; 
Pr.  Albert  statue  set,  9661;  Anthropo- 
logical Soc  org.,  9662;  Children's  Day 
Asylum  opd.;  St.  John's  Hospital,  !)67i ; 
mail-bags  by  pneumatic  dispatch,  9673; 
pneumatic  railway  opd.;  North  Indus- 
trial Ex.  opd.,  9662;  "Oxford  Declara- 
tion," 9663;  first  train  enters  ;  Peabody 
dwellings  opd.;  Thames  embankment 
begun;  Charing  Cross  K.  R.  opd.,  9673; 
Owl;  Working  Women's  Coll.  begun; 
Salvation  Army  fnd. ;  Albert  Veterinary 
Coll.  opd.;  Glowworm;  Sporting  Times; 
Fortnightly  Review;  Pall  Mall  Gazette; 
Eng.  Mechanic;  Sportsman,  9682;  Sani- 
tary Commission  (U.  S.  A.),  2312;  bur- 
glaries ;  workhouses  abus-es,  9683;  Sur- 
rey Theater  burned  ;  cattle  plague,  9<i93; 
Holborn  Theater  opd.,  968i ;  Working- 
men's  Club;  training  ship  est.;  Pea- 
body's  gift,  9683;  reform  meeting,  9691 ; 
Standanl  Theater  burned ;  Black  Fri- 
day i)anic  ;  bank  suspensions,  9693;  jos. 
Jeifferson  appears,  2.501 ;  Edwin  Booth 
appear8,254i  ,2581 ;  Wm.  Lloyd  Garrison 
receiveti,  2563;  Humanitarians  fnd., 
9701 ;  Law  Journal;  Bullionist;  Engineer; 
Land  and  Water:  Belgravia  Mat}.:  Con- 
temporary Iteriew,  9702;  Street  lieform 
Asso.  fmd.;  Women  and  Children  Hos- 
pital fnd.;  Royal  Canoe  Club  fnd.,  9703; 
Crystal  Palace  fire,  9713;  Albert  Hall  of 
Arts  est.;  East  L.  Theater  f)pd.;  laugh- 
ing gas  Intro. ;  Queen's  Theater  ond. ; 
St.  George's  Opera  House  opd.;  Heroert 


statue ;  Mile.  Nilsson  appears ;  Kate 
Terry  retires ;  Mile.  Kellogg  appears, 
9701 ;  Coll.  of  Internat.  Education  Soc. 
est.;  Guards  Inst,  inaug.,  9702;  tailors* 
strike  ;  Alexandra  Uphanage  est.,  9703; 
Stockwell  Orphanage  fnd.;  explosion  by 
Fenians ;  labor  scarce;  Orphans'  Home 
est.,  9711;  County  Court  est.,  9713;  ice 
breaks;  Holborn  Viaduct  begun;  Belgian 
visitors,  5451 ;  Barnshury  Jewish  Syna- 
gogue fnd.;  Workingmen's  Coll.  opd., 
9703;  Millwall  docks  opd., 9713;  Holbein 
Soc,  Royal  Hist.  Soc,  and  Colonial  Inst. 
est.;  Peel  statue  set ;  Clyde  statue;  St. 
Pancras  R.R.  station  opd.;  Globe  Thea- 
teropd.;  Gaiety  ;  A.D.  1870' ;  Harleian 
Soc;  Amateur  Mechanical  Soc  fmd.; 
Cobden  statue ;  Burlington  Fine  Arts 
Club  fnd.,  9721;  Bazaar:  Rock;  Echo, 
9722;  Peabody  gift  to  po(»r,  9723;  Asso. 
Prevent  Poverty  and  Crime  est.,  9731 ; 
King's  Cross  Market  opd.;  Albert 
Thames  Embankment  partly  opd. ,9733; 
Royal  Acad,  in  new  building;  Iron  and 
Steel  Inst,  fnd.;  Industrial  Exhib.  opd.; 
Peabody  statue  ;  Charing  Cross  Tlieater 
opd.,  9721;  Sunday  Lecture  Soc,  9722; 
Morning  A7ar8U8i>ends  ;  Morning  Herald 
suspends ;  The  Spiritiiclist :  Nature, 
9723;  Imbeciles'  Anylum  fnd.;  Woman's 
Club  and  Inst,  opd.,  973 1 ;  Vaudeville 
Theater  opened  ;  Martyrs'  Memorial 
erected.  9722,3;  pall  Mall  Gazette,  Free- 
mason,Graphic,  Architect,  Financier,  are 
issued;  Univ.  London  and  Univ.  Coll. 
for  Woman's  Higher  Education,  9723; 
Op^ra  Comique  opd.;  Inter.  Workmen's 
Exhib.  opd.,  9741;  Hebrew  Literature 
Soc  est.,  9743;  riotous  meetings  of  un- 
employed ;  labor  meetings  prohibited  ; 
Refugees'  Benevolent  Fund  est.,  9751; 
Millbank  prison  est.;  Victoria  Thames 
Kmbankment  inaug.,  9753  ;  Anthropo- 
logical Inst,  est.,  9731 ;  Internat.  Exhib. 
of  Art,  9741 ;  Outran!  statue,  9742;  first 
Metropolitan  Sc  Board  election  ;  Em- 
pire; Jour.ofEdn.:  7*or(/b/io;  R,  C.  Univ. 
Coll.  openetl.;  Rate-payers' Board  Asso. 
est.,  9743;  Paris  Relief  Fund  est.,  9751 ; 
Workman's  Peace  Asso.;  Pr.  Arthur, 
freedom  of  city,  9752;  Royal  Albert  Hall, 
Arts  and  Sciences,  opd.,  9753;  Inst,  of 
Electrical  Engineers  est. ;  Stei>henBon 
statue  set ;  Zoological  Soc,  many  ani- 
mals, 9761 ;  New  Oath.  Club  opd.;  Bibli- 
cal Archieological  Soc,  9762;  Asso.  Oral 
Instruction  of  Deaf  Mutes  ;  Woman's 
Education  Union  est.,  9763;  Marylebone 
Women's  Hosp. ,  977 1 ;  Marine  Engineers' 
Inst,  est.;  Brit.  Orchestra  Soc  fmd.; 
East  L.  Museum  oikI.;  Internat.  Exliib. 
opd.;  John  Stuart  Mill  statue  set,  9761 ; 
East  L.  Inst,  fnd.;  Union  Chapel  at  Is- 
lington opd.,  9762;  Library  and  Museum 
at  Guildhall  open  ;  Urit.  Mail :  Metropol- 
itan: Money  ;  Provident  Knowledge  Soc 
org.;  Soc  for  Org.  of  Academic  Study 
org.;  Quar.  Jour.  Naval  Science  issued; 
schools  for  unruly  children  opd.,  9763; 
builders,  bakers,  porters,  gas-stokers 
strike;  Fenian  demonstrations,  9771  ;Her 
Majesty's  Theater  rebuilt,  9773;  Royal 
Alexandra  Theater  opd.,  9761 ;  The  H<mr; 
first  L.  School  Board  opd.,  9771;  work- 
ing-men's demonstration,  9772;  4th  In- 
ternat. Exhib.  opd.;  Albert  statue  set, 
9781;  Nat.  Training  School  for  Music 
opd.,  9781 ,  9783;  New  Shakespeare  Soc; 
Dialectic  Soc,  fnd.;  Iron,  9783;  Nat. 
Health  Soc.  org.;  Hosp.  Sunday  est.; 
Temperance  Hosp.;  Orphans'  Home  est., 
9791 ;  Cremation  Soc  org.,  9792;  panic  on 
Stock  Exchange,  9793;  Physical  Soc; 
Henry  Irving  appears ;  Shakes|ieare 
statue  set ;  Bunyan  statue  set ;  Priestly 
statue;  Derby  statue  set,  9781 ;  City  Tem- 
ple opened,  9782;  Musical  Asso.;  Public 
Analysts,  Shakespeare  Memorial  Socie- 
ties org.;  Workingmen's  and  Working- 
women  s  Coll.  amalgamated ;  Medical 
Soc.  for  Women  opd.,  9783;  Illus.  Sport- 
in(/  and  Dramatic  News,  lirit.  Architect, 
Pictorml  World,  Englishman,  Sanitary 
Record,  World, Accountant  issued;  Throat 
and  Ear  Hosp.  opd.;  Liberal  Club  org., 
9791 ;  Hosp.  Saturdays  begun;  Lincoln 
Tower  est. ;  Women's  Protective  and 
Provident  League,  9792;  Criterion,  Re- 
gent's Circus  built.,9793;  Congreg.Memo- 


1316 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  Lond-LoUg. 


rial  Hall  opd.,  9782;  Psycholoeical  Soc, 
980'  ,2;  Royal  Aquarium  Soc.Ch.  Cnoial 
Soc.  est.;  Nat.  Opera  House  opd.,  9801; 
diocese  rearranged;   Pau-Presb.   Coiig. 
held;  Baxter  statue  set ;  Education  Soc. 
org.,  9802;  Piuisiouist  Monastery  dedi- 
cated, 9803 :  Bulgarian  atrocities;  bicycle 
clubs  find.,  9811;  drainage  works  com- 
pleted;  Metropolitan  U.  R.  e-vtended, 
§813  ;    and  reports,  9933;   spelling-bees 
intro.;Smitbfield  poultry  market,  9813; 
Internat.    Loan  ExUib.;    Mineraloglcal 
Soc.  est.;  Grattan  statue,  9801 ;  Faraday 
statue;  Sanitary  Inst.,  9802;  Christ  Ch. 
ded.;  Oh.  of  Eng.   Workingnieu's  Soc. 
est.,  9803;  Nat.  Conf.  against  war  ;  Pneu- 
matic Dispatch  Co.  suspends,  9813;   File 
Umr  suspends  ;  DaUij  Jterorder  of  Com- 
merce, Mind,  iVhUelulll  Itevieia,  issued  ;    ■ 
Working  Lad's  Inst,  opd.,  9811 ;  cable  to 
New  Zealand;  Royal  Albert  Hall  opd.; 
war  conference ;  Weston  walks,  9813  ; 
eel.  dis.  of  printing  ;  Egy.  obelisk  set ; 
electric  light  tried;  Grosvenor  Gallery 
opd.;  Afr.  Exploration  Fund  est.;  Inst, 
of  Chemistry  fnd.;  Library  Asso.;  Index 
Soc.  org.;  Library  Asso.  fnd. ;  Peel  statue 
set ;  Wagner  festival  hold  ;  Nineteenth 
Century  issued  ;  Referee,  Truth,  issued ; 
Josiah  Heuson  received ;  masons'  strike, 
9823  ;   whale  in  aquarium ;   pedestrian 
contest,  9833;  Brit,  and  For.  Unitarian 
Soc.  org.;  Carmellite  Convent  opd.;  Pan- 
Anglican  Cong.  ;    Jabloclikoff   electric 
light  system ;  Sunday  opening  of  libra- 
ries, 9822, 9812,  9*51 ;  Library  Asso.  org.; 
Weekly  Weather  Report  iaanmX  ;  New  City 
Library  and  Museum  est., 9823;  Blue  Rib- 
bon movement ;  J.  B.  Gough  lectures; 
ZetetiealSoc;  Folk  LoreSoc.  est.;  Girls 
Friendly  Soc.  est.,  983i ;  Great  Eastern 
Street  opd.;  Temple  Bar  removed,  9833; 
Imperial  Theater  opd.;  Citizen,  Mag.  of 
AH,  Statist,  Electrician:  Northwest  L. 
Hosp.  fnd.,  9813;  Astrological  Soc.  fnd., 
•-  ,,  .        _,!^__  ^ree  Lib""-"   '*°'"^ 


9»ti ;  Metropolitan  Free  Library  Asso. 
find.;  Garlyle  Soc.  fnd.,  9812;  engineers 
strike;  City  Church  Protection  Soc. 
find.,  9813;  Truscott,  lord-mayor,  9852; 
A.  D.  1880 1 ;  International  potato  ex- 
hibition, 9853 ;  Albert  lust,  inaugurated ; 
Lord  Byron  statue ;  Robert  Raikes 
statue,  9841 ;  Exeter  Hall  for  Y.M.C.A.; 
Sunday  Schools  monument  set,  9812; 
St  James's  Otizette:  Aristotelian  Soc. 
Imd.,  9843;  Home  Hosp.  opd.;  Harley 
Street  murder;  tournaments  at  Agri- 
cultural Hall ;  Sir  Ghas.  Whetham,  1.- 
mayor ;  Woman  Suffrage  meeting,  98oi ; 
new  post-offloe  begun,  0832;  Hoi  born 
Town  Hall  opened;  Holborn  Theater 
burned  ;  Victoria  Docks  renamed  Royal 
Albert,  9853;  Princess's  Theater  reopd., 
986'  990' ;  Pr.  of  Wales  statue  set ;  Vic- 
toria statue  set ;  Temple  Bar  Memorial 
uncovered;  Typographical  Soc.  org. ;  Bal- 
loon Soc.  org.,  9861 ;  Topographical  Soo.; 
Ascham  Soc.  find.;  Univ.  of  L.,  women  s 
degrees,  9882;  Temperance  Hosp.  fnd.; 
Boenlng  .Veios,  9863;  Municipal  Reforiu 
League  org.;  Internat.  Pharmaceutical 
Cong.;  Mansion  House  explosion,  987'; 
Internat.  Sanitary  Exhib.;  Internat. 
Woolen  Exhib.,  9873;  Internat.  Horticul- 
tural Exhib.;  Chemical  Industry  Soc. 
org.;  Savoy  Theater  opd.;  .Moody  and 
Sankey  visit;  Browning  Soc.  fnd.;Meth. 
Ecumenical  Oonf.j  E.camin<'r  suspends  ; 
Hellenic  Society  .Tour.,  Knowledge,  Peo- 
nle,  9882;  Parnell  agitators'  meeting, 
§883;  John  W.  Ellis,  I.-mayor ,9892;  Royal 
Alexandra  Theater  burned,  9893 ;  Soc  Jor 
Psychical  Research  org.;  Rowland  Hill 
statue  set;  -ibbey  Gardens  opd.;  Iiiter- 
nat.  Electrical  Exhib.;  Wagner's  Ring 
des  mbelungen,  988' ;  City  College  fnd.; 
Great  Bell  dedicated ;  Land  Nationali- 
zation Soc.  find.;  anti-cruelty  to  Jews 
meeting,   9883;     Fenian    arms    seized; 

ren  attacked;  Internat.  Electrical  and 
light  Exhib.  opd.,  989'  ;  City  of  L.Sc. 
opd.;  Jumbo  leaves,  9393;  Ch.  .\rmy  org.; 
So  of  Dramatic  Art  opd.,  9902;  Internat. 
Temperance  Oonf.;  Metropolitan  Public 
Garden,  Boulevard,  and  Playground  As- 
so.; Persecuted  Jews  aided  ;  Nat.  Tem- 
perance Jubilee,  9903;  H.  R.  Knight,  1.- 
mavor,  9912;  Alhambra  Theater  burned, 
9913;  and  reopd.,  992' ;  Strand  Theater 


rebuilt,  9913;  Princess's  Theater  opd.; 
Beaconsfleld  statue  set ;  Electrical  Ex- 
hib. opd.;  Royal  Coll.  of  Music  opd.,  990' ; 
Jing.  Illustrated  Mag.;  Longmans'  Mag.; 
Technical  Coll.  opd.;  Nat.  Review;  East 
End  Juvenile  Soc.  est. ;  Pan-Presb.  Coun- 
cil; East  End  Juvenile  mission  est. ,9902; 
dynamiters  fail ;   Egy.  Refugee  Fund ; 
Whitechapel  murders,  991 ' ;  Ivat.  Health 
Soc.  Exhib. ;  attempt  on  local  govt,  office; 
Irish  Lace  Exhibition  opens,  9913;  Seal. 
Soc.  org.,992';Positivist8  ineet,9922;  Sir 
R.N.  Fowler,   l.-mayor,  9932,3;  Metro- 
politan R.  R.  reports,  9933;  cable  tram- 
way, first  in  Europe,  opd.;  Burns  statue 
set ;  Empire  Theater  opd.,992' ;  New  St. 
Paul's  Sch.  Buildings  opd.;  Soc.  of  Au- 
thors fnd.;  Brit.  Commercial  Geography 
Soc.  org.;  Bp.  Temple  cons.;  Ch.  of  the 
Oratory  fmcf.;  Salvation  Army  Building 
fnd., 9922;  Educational  Coiif.  opd.;  New 
St.  Paul's  So.  opd.,  9923;  eel.  of  abol.  sla- 
very ;  dynamite  in  R.  R.  stations  ;  anti- 
franchise  meeting  ;  Soc.  Preventon  Cru- 
elty to  Children  est.;  shoemakers  strike, 
993' ;  conf.  for  Egy.  aitairs,  9932;  fire  at 
Aquarium,  9933;  A.  D.  1885^;  Darwin 
statue  set,  992' ;   HoUoway  Asy.   opd.; 
unemployed    meet,    993' ;    Shaftesbury 
statue  set ;  Home  Arts  Asso.  est.,  994' ; 
Selborne  Soc,  Bacon  Soc,  Shelley  Soc. 
org.,  9942,3;  J.  Staples,  l.-mayor,  995' ; 
R.  Hanson,  l.-mayor,  9953 ;  terrific  storm, 
9963;  Colonial  and  Indian  Exhib.  opd.; 
Q.  Anne  statue  set,  994' ;  Sioii's  Coll.  and 
Hosp.  opd.;  ch.  census;  Eng.  Hist.  Re- 
view issued ;   1620  churches ;   Brit,  and 
Colonial  Cong.,  9942  ;  riotous  meetings, 
9943;  Socialist  League  find.;  Nat.  Con- 
servative Club  fmd.,  995';   Brit.  Home 
Rule  for  Ire.  Asso.  fmd.;  private  posting 
boxes,9952;  Josef  Holmium  plays ;  Inter- 
nat.  Shorthand    Cong. ;    Anglo-Jewish 
Antiquities  exhibited;  Q.Victoria  statue, 
Holloway,  996' ;  Selden  Soc.  org.;  Vola- 
pUk  advocated;    Postman's    Rest  est., 
9963;    Queen's    Jubilee,    997';    strikers 
meet ;  Nat.  Union  org.;  Poor  Children's 
Aid  Soc.  org.;    Parnellism   and  Crime 
published;    Times   trial,  9972;    Liberal 
Unionists  Conf. ;  P.  de  Keyser,  l.-mayor  ; 
Grand  Theater  burned  ;  Irish  Coercion 
Bill  protest,  9973;  St.  Paul's  Cathedral 
reredos  unveiled,  9962;  statues,  Welling- 
ton, Shaftesbury,    Gordon,    Iddesleigh 
set;  tablets,  Stewart  and  War  Correspon- 
dents ;  monument  of  Sir  Bartle  Frere ; 
tablet    to    Soudan    soldiers ;    Internat. 
Cong,  of  Geologists  ;  portrait  of  W.  E. 
Porster ;    Italian  picture  exhib.;   Irish 
Exhib.;  Anglo-Danish  Exhib.  opd.;  Gal- 
lery for  Modern  Pictures  opd.;  Italian 
Exhib.;  Anglo-Danish  Exhib.;  Irish  Ex- 
hib.; Internat.  Cong.    Geologists,  998' ; 
Cong,  of  Prot.  Missions  ;    3d  Lambeth 
Con?.;  Cong.  Prot.  Missions,  9982;  East 
End  murders  ;    Universal  Review ;  Glad- 
stone Library  opd.;  Sc.    of  Handicraft 
opd.,9983;  Internat.  Trades  Union  Cong.; 
Whitehall  murder  ;  New  Central  Hosp. 
opd.;  strike  of  matchmakers;  anti-liquor 
sellers  meeting,  909' ;  J.  Whitehead,  l.- 
mayor;  new  court  opd.;  Parnell  Investi- 
gation, 9993;  Coll.  of  Physicians  ;  statue 
of  Queen;  Royal  Coll.  of  Music  gift;  elec- 
tric omnibus  ;    Spanish  Exhib.  of  Arts 
opil.;  donation  to  Royal  Coll.  of  Music, 
lOOO';  World's  Sunday-School  Conven.; 
N.  Y.  Herald  in  ;  New  Party ;  Sat.  Re- 
view honght,  10002;  Pr.Ferdinand visits, 
5682;  Road  Woman's  Hosp.  fnd.,  10003; 
dock  laborers  strike,  1001';  women  ui- 
eligible  to  council,  10012;  ferry  opd.  to 
W^oolwich ;      Salvationists      dispersed, 
10013;  New  Review,  10022;  Barnum  ban 


nuet,  10023;  dock  laborers  strike;  g.as- 
men  strike;  The  Sneaker;  Daily  Orapliic; 
Subjects  of  the  Day;  Quinn's  charity 
gift ;  Convalescent  Home  est.;  Patriotic 
volunteer  fund  est.,  10023;  A.D.ISOO*  ; 
workmen's  holiday  settled  ;  workmen  s 
demonstration;  shoemakers'  strike  ends; 
Siberian  exiles  demonstration ;  strike 
against  sweating  system;  ship-carpen- 
ters strike  ;  tailors  strike ;  H.  M.  Stanley 
arrives,  1003' ;  Loan  Exhib.  of  Paintings; 
influenza  rages ;  Barnum's  circus  at- 
tended ;  Royal  Agri.  Soc.  Exhib.,  10W3; 
telephone  connection  with  Pans,  1004' ; 


St.  Paul's  Cathedral  service,  10042 ;  Ship- 
ping Union  fmd.;  Paternoster  Review, 
10O43;  Armstrong  laborers  strike  ;  Union 
men  igiiored  ;  Mayhew  absconds,  1005': 
Jos.    Savory,    l.-mayor  ;    Whitechapel 
murder ;  Blue  Book  disclosures,  10052; 
electric  railway  inaug.,  10053;  a  Joint- 
Stock  Bank  fails,  6013;  Internat.  Cong, 
of  Hygiene  ;  Grenadier  Guards  refuse 
parade,  1006' ;  Internat.  Congreg.  Coun- 
cil, 100G2;  labor  meeting  in  Hyde  Park  ; 
baccarat  scandal ;  Nev  i'ork  Herald  dis- 
continued,   10063;    murder    of  women; 
laundresses  meet ;  Oriental  Cong.;  onmi- 
bus  strike  ;  Women's  Labor  Home  ojid.; 
bank  robbed  ;  St.  Paul's  reredos  case  dis- 
missed, 1007'  ;  Trafalgar  Square  Theater 
opd.,  1008';  Pall  Mall  ^;aif«e  changes, 
10082;  Borough  Road  Polytechnic  opd., 
10083;  Spurgeon  obsequies  ;  .S7.  James's 
Gazette    office    attacked;     Westminster 
Gazette:  coal  porters  strike,  10083;  Cali- 
fornia fruit   received  ;    cholera  panic  ; 
New  Oriental  Bank  fails  ;  cattle  disease; 
liquor  dealers'  demonstration  ;  Trafal- 
gar Square  to  be  used  for  political  meet- 
ings 10093  ;  Caniberwell,  South  L.  Art 
Gallery  opd.,  1012' ;  South  Kensington 
Imperial  Institution  opd.,  10102,3;  Ar- 
menian mass  meeting,  10102;   Victoria 
Docks     strikers  ;     Total     Abstainers' 
trouble;   North  L.   Hosp.   opd.;   Eight 
Hour  Movement  favored,  10103;  Anarch- 
ist meeting  ;  Nat.  League  mass  meeting; 
wedding  procession  Duke  of  York  :  Con- 
sumptives' Hosp.  opd.,  1011';  vestibule 
train    intro.;   Nat.  Workmen's   Exhib. 
opd.,  10113;   Tower  Bridge  opd.,  1012'; 
demonstration  against  House  of  Lords; 
cab-drivers    strike,    10)22 ;    Chartered 
Bank  fails,  5013;  Australian  Joint-Stock 
Bank  fails,  10123;  bp.  appointed,  10682; 
Umv.  of  L.  est.,  943';  R.R.  6trike,977'; 
R.  R.  accident,  9773;   (see  British  Mu- 
seum ;  King's  Coll.). 
Municipality  Bill  intro.,  9853;  Paro- 
chial Charities  Act  passes,  9913. 

and  Brighton R.  K.,  Eng.,  strike,970». 

Co. chartered,  27',  3, 29', 8793;  poor 

management,  283;  bankrupt,  31' . 

Insurance  Co.  formed,  Eng..  9073. 

,  Ky.,  Confed.  prisoners  taken,  216'. 

Tenn.,  lynching,  421' . 

Univ.  chartered;  opd.,  943';  favors 

higher  education  for  women,  9723;  de- 
grees to  women,  9823;  first  woman  in, 
9862;  Queen's  statue  set,  1000' . 
Londonderry  mentioned,  8413  ;  Abbey 
burned,  844' ;  captured,  878' ;  besieged, 
898' ;  iron  bridge  opd.,9823  ;  8trike,1000.» 

,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  9372. 

I .  (See  Stewart,  Charles  William.) 

Lone  Jack,  Mo.,  action  at,  211'. 

Star  Soc  org.,  U.  S.,  171',  6323. 

Lonesome  Hollow,  Ky.,R.  R.  wreck,  4fl9». 

,  Armistead  L.,  b.,  134' ;  d.,  382'. 

Edwiii,b.,works,9442  ;»84'  ;d.,1006'. 

,  Eli,  b.,  1482. 

,  George,  b.,  9302. 

,  JohnI)avis,b.(1838);gov.Ma8s.,306a. 

Sir  Robert,  minister,  8SI12. 

— ,  Roger,  b.,  8942  ;  d.,  9183. 

;  Stephen  Harriman,  b.,  962  ;  d.,  239*. 

Bisliop  William,  est.  schools,  8583. 

Long  Beach,  N.  Y.,  kidnappers,  4682; 
Summer  Pari,  opens,  4©42  ;  MussassoU 
ashore,  4763. 

Branch, N,  J., Gtrmanuiwrecked,3492i 

Interdenominational  Bible  Cong.  opeM, 
366' ;  hotel fire,4113-Pierwrecked,«63. 

Eaton  Jmiction,  R.  R.  collision,  973». 

Island  granted  to  E.  of  Stirling,  31» ; 

battle  of,  M' ;  weekly  mails,  1193  ;  Hta- 
torical  Soc.  Library  hnd.,  211' ;  Oregon 
collides,  3233  ;  R.  R.  line  to  Boston,  391». 

City,  N.    y.,  mayor   sentenced, 

3703;  free  librarv- given, 3722;  street^iar 
strike,  383' ,  4642;  fire,  3833  ;  watchmim 
murdered,  4012;  railroad  accident,_4373. 

Sound,  steamers  collide,  47i3. 

Loneamilla,  battle  of,  606' . 
Lonlchamp,  William  of,  government  ad- 

miliistrator  ;  deposed,  8513;  d.(l'9;K 
Longden,  James  Robert,  gov.,5643  1039». 
Loniet,  Francois  Achille.h.,  719' ;d., 746'. 

Longfellow,  Henry  ■«  «'l8«?''H\' ''•:-Vi  a' 
works,  145' ,  151' ,  1543, 157' ,  15?' ,  ISSM, 
1663,  1703, 'l783,  1843,  229',  2603,  2643, 
277' ,  2803,  2843,2903,3003,315' ;  d., 310'. 


Xong-Loui. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1317 


Longfellow,  Robert,  report,  34:i' . 

Xiungfonl,  Earl,  title  created,  923  K 

lx>ugbeiu(.  Flora  Haines,  work,  3*283. 

ioughi,  Giuseppe,  b.  (1760)  ;  U.,  10862. 

Longinus,  Dionysius  Oassius,  pliilot^opher, 
executed,  1066  <. 

Longiuineau,  Fr.,  peace  of,  6833. 

Longley,  C.  T.,  arcnb.  of  Canterbury,  9662. 

Limgineadow,  Mass.,  thimbles  lufd.,  1.50i . 

longnecker,  Henry  Clay,  b.  (1820) ;  d.,274i . 

Longobardi  takes  North  Italy,  1072< . 

Longomontanus,  Christian,  b.-d.,  6362. 

Lougstreet,  Augustus  Baldwin,  b.  (1790) ; 
d.,  ■-■702. 

,  James,  b.,  1301 ;    at    Williamsburg, 

2U7' ;  at  Seven  Days'  battles,  209' ;  to 
the  Kapidan,  2111 ;  at  Groveton,  2122  • 
at  Antietara,  213t;  at  Frederiolisburg, 
2162;  leaves  Suaolk,2212;  at  Chanibors- 
bur^',  2232;  at  Gettysburg,  224' ;  in  Tenn., 
2263  ;  at  Phila.,  2271 ;  detached  from 
Bragg  ;  besieges  Knoxsville,  2281 ,2,3; 
at  Campell's  Station,  2281 ;  at  Fort  San- 
ders, 2282  ;  at  Bean's  Station,  2283;  in 
Va.,231 1 ;  S.  of  llapidun,  2321 ;  near  Chan- 
cellorsville,  2;i22  ;  on  the  James,  2391 . 

XongueiL  Christophe  de,  b.-d.,  6783. 

liOngue  Point,  Can.,  steamboat  accident, 
G873  ;  asylum  burned,  5913. 

Iiongueville,  Buchesse  de,  Anna  Gen&. 
vitve  de  Bourbon  Cond^,  b.,6863;  d.,6923. 

Longus,  Tiberius  Semprouius,  at  I'rebia, 
10541. 

Iiong  View,  Tex.,  bank  robbery,  4603. 

XiOngwood,  British  defeated,  1221 . 

Longworth,  Nicholas,  b.,  951 ;  d.,  2191 . 

liongivy,  capit.,  7081 ;  bombarded,  7441 . 

Xiongay,  Count,  premier :  ministry  ;  re- 
signs, 5292. 

lionnrot,  Ellas,  b.-d.,  11343. 

liOno,  Gomez  y,  d.,  11322. 

Lonsdale,  Cai>t.,  gov.  Victoria,  4953. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9311. 

, ,  in  duel,  9'.'7i . 

Xoochow  captured,  6121 . 

Loodiana  burned,  5953. 

Looker,  Othniel,  governor  O.,  1233. 

Looking-glasses  nifd.  j  limited,  10762. 

Lookout  Mountain,  Tenn.,  Gen.  Bragg  at, 
2262;  Gen.  Hooker  at,  '2'282. 

Loom,  Dutch,  used  Eiig.,  8941 . 

iKXmus,  Elias,  b.,  1103;  d.,  3141. 

Looms,  power,  introduced,  Eng.,  9322. 

Loop,  Henry  A.,  b.  (1831) ;  in  Academy  ol 
Design,  2023. 

I<oos,  C.  L.,  pres.  Disciples  of  Christ,  3282. 

loosjes,  Adrian,  b.  (1761) ;  Charlotte  van 
Bourbon,  11022  ;  d.  (1818). 

IiOper,  Herr,  libel  published,  5081 . 

Lopes,  FeriiSo,  b.  (1380 ' ) ;  Chronicles, 
11091;  d. (1449). 

,  Sir  Henry,  lordiustice,  9951 . 

Lopez,  Carlos  Antonio,  b.  (1795) ;  dictator, 
pres.  Paraguay,  11061 ;  hostilities  ;  oppo- 
sition treaty,  4912;  proclaimed  outlaw, 
11062;  freedom  to  slaves,  656i ;  shot,  5562. 

,  F.  L.,  dictator  Paraguay,  1106'. 

,  Jo86  Hilario,  b.-d.,  0282  ;  conspiracy 

of,  6331 ;  president,  Columbia,  6291 . 

,  Sir  Manasseh,  bribery  of,  9392. 

,  Narciso,  b.,0322:  invailes  Cuba,  1663; 

defeated,  1681 ;  in  Cuba,  1691 ,2  ;  at  Car- 
denas, 1691 ,  6321  ;  d.,  6322. 

,  Vlncente,  governor,  Argentine,  491 1 . 

deZuniga,  Diego  de,  Count  of  Nieva, 

viceroy,  233  ;  d.  (10t3±). 

ioras,  Mathias,  b.  (1792) ;  consecrated 
lioman  Catholic  bishop,  1483;  d.  (1858). 

Lorca  inundated,  11311 . 

Lord  Castleraqh  wrecked,  9513. 

Lord,  Daniel,  b.  (1795) ;  d.,  2602. 

,  Eleazer,  b.  (1788) ;  d.,  2741 . 

,  John,  b.,  1102  ;  d.,  4781 . 

, Chase,    b.    (1805)  ;    moderator, 

1722  ;  d.  (1877). 

,  Nathan,  b.  (1793) ;  d.,2702. 

Lnrd  MelviUt  lost,  9381 . 

Lord  Warilen  lamiclied,  9681 . 

■  William  Bentinck  wrecked,  9513. 

Lords  rebel,  Eng.,  8501 . 

Lord's  Supper,  restrictions  in,  10743. 

Lorely,  asteroid,  discovered,  '2901 . 

Lorena,  Fre<lerico,  provisional  pres. ,5593. 

Loreneez,  Ccmte  de,  Charles  Ferdinand 
Latrille,  b.  (1814) ;  commands  French 
force,  10961 ;  d.  (1892). 

Lortit,  Campbell,  b.,  r282. 

Loring,  William  Wing  (lairing  Pasha),  b., 
1262  ;  at  Fayetteville,  2131 ;  d.  (1886). 


Lome,  Marquis  of  (George  Etlwanl  Henry 
Douglas  Sutherland  Campbell),  b.,  5782; 
fnds.  soc,  5843  ;  in  Can.  ;  at  Halifax, 
5851;  gov  .-gen.,  5852  ;  marries  Princess 
JjOuise,975i ;  opens  Yorkshire  Inst.,  9923; 
visits  Washington,  3131 . 

L'Orient,  Fr.,  French  fleet  defeated,  7102  ; 
attacked,  7001. 

L'Orient  blown  up, 9281 . 

Loring,  Col.,  murdered,  1743. 

,  Frederick  W.,  b.,  1602  ;  d.,  2742. 

,  George  B.ailey,  b.  (1817);  d.,  3902. 

Lorinser,  Karl  1.,  b.,  8003  ;  d.,  8201 . 

Loriot,  Antoine  Joseph,  b.,  0971 ;  d.,  7051 . 

Loris-Melikotf,  Count  Mikhail  Tarlelo- 
vitch  Taiuow,  b.,  11103  ;  Gen.,  peril, 
11203;  dictator  of  Bus. ;  minister  of  in- 
terior ;  reform  system,  11213  ;  d.,  11201 . 

Lorrain,  Narcissc-Zephirill,  cons.,  5842. 

Lorraine  (Lotharingia)  divided,  6672, 7732- 
3,7782;  a  kingdom,  7732;  civil  war, 7741 ; 
surrendered  to  Otlio,  7751 ;  Lothair  re- 
nounces claim,  6673  ;  annexed  to  Fr., 
6832,  0892  ;  restored  to  Ger.  duke,  6963, 
7733;  subject  to  Fr.,  6982  ;  House  of, 
reigns,  8013  ;  reverts  to  Fr.,  8033  ;  an- 
nexation opposed,  8272  ;  ceded  to  Fr., 
7013,7741;  ceded  to  Germany,  7451. 

,  Charles  de  (Chas.  of  Guise),  b.,  6803. 

,  Cardinal,  est.  Univ.  at  Pont-i-Mous- 

son,  0832;  founds  University  of  lieiius, 
7812;  d.,6841. 

,  Francois  de.  Due  de  Guise,  b.,  0802  ; 

victories,  0821  ±  ;  assassinated,  6832  ;  d., 
6822. 

,  Henri  I.,  de  Guise,  b.,  6822  ;  d.,  6842. 

Lorris,  Guillaulne  de,  b.-d.,  6702  ;  works, 
6712. 

I,o8  Angeles,  Cal.,  taken,  1601 ;  St.  Vin- 
cent's Coll.  est., 2583;  riot  at, 2743-  Univ. 
of  Southern  Cal.  opd.,  3042  ;  Normal 
School  opd.,  3123  ;  Univ.  of,  fnd.,  3'28i ; 
earthquake,  3321 ;  floods,  350i ;  St.  Vin- 
cent's Coll. est., 2583;  (ilibusteringexped., 
3591 ;  railway  trainmen  conveii.,  3703  ; 
Geary  Act  enforeevl,  4383  ;  earthquake, 
4501 ;  industrial  army  leaves,  4553  ; 
United  Sons  of  America  formed,  4682. 

University  founded,  3*282. 

Loslgna,  Bp.  Herbert,  cathedral,  8483. 

Los  Olivos,  Cal.,  robbery,  4*222;  meteor 
falls,  4261 . 

Losse,  W.,  d.,4481. 

Lossing,  Benson  J.,  b.,  121' ;  works,  2683, 
2903,3283  ;  d.,  3812. 

Lost  Island  of  Seven  Cities  on  maps,  121 . 

Mt.,  Ga.,  Johnston  retreats  to,  '2341 ; 

action  at,  2342  ;  Johnston  retires,  2343. 

Lostwithiel,  Essex  surrenders,  8842. 

Lot  taken  ;  rescued,  1140' . 

Lota  mission,  607' . 

Lothair,  b.  (941) ;  K.  of  Fr.,  reigns,  6673  ; 
eiup.  of  It.,  10732;  conquers  Normans, 
10741;  surprises  Otho,  7741;  surrenders 
Lorraine,  775';  d.,  0073. 

Lothaire  I.,  b.  (795±) ;  einp.,  773' ,  1073'  ,2; 
defeated  at  Fontenay,  772' ;  d.,  7732. 

11.,  D.  of  Saxony,  K.  of  Ger.,  in  It. ; 

emp. ;  authority  rejected  ;  crowned  ;  re- 
stores ch.  property  ;  invests  Albert  the 
Bear ;  in  It. ;  curbs  Koger  the  Norman ; 
expels  Koger  ;  d.,  7772. 

,  the  rebel,  7771. 

Lotharingia.    (See  Lorraine.) 

Lothian,  ceded  to  Scotland,  8472. 

Lothrop,  Daniel,  d.,  402' . 

Lotich,  Peter,  b.,  7902  ;  d.,  7922. 

Lotteries,  mails  closed  against,  2523;  Arch- 
bp.  Ireland  against,  3701 ;  advertise- 
ment, 3092  ;  decision  against,  472' ;  in 
Fr.,  suppressed,  7103  ;  abolished  in  Ba- 
varia, 8103  ;  abound  in  Eng.,  9003  ;  abol- 
ished, 9432 ;  penalty  for  advertising,  949 ' ; 
popes  oppose,  10853. 

Lottery  sunk,  1201. 

Lottery  for  Va.  plantations,  283;  Bill  ap- 
proved, 853  ;  est.  at  Natchez,  1*291 ;  sup- 
pression of,  1431;  inLa.,36'23,3632,3823, 
3883,  3931,  3942;  mails  exclude,  3652  ; 
great,  in  Paris,  7503;  first  in  Eng.,  8732, 
8831 ;  in  London,  8791 ;  demand  ^>r  tick- 
ets, 9132  ;  in  sale  of  buildings,  9192  ;  li- 
cense  law,  9212  ;  last  in  Glasgow,  9471 ; 
drawn  in  Ire.,  9871 ;  Fr.,  national  draw- 
ing, 7512.     (See  Louisiana.) 

Lotto,  Lorenzo,  paints  St.  Jerome,  10782, 

Lotze,  Eudolph  H.,  b.,  8121 ;  works,  8203, 
8163,  8*251;  d.,8301. 

Lotzeu,  Prus.,  Walleustein  defeated,512i . 


jLoubet,  ^mile,  new  ministry,  7632  ;  min- 
ister, 7571,  7032,  7651. 

Loucault,  Leon,  photographer,  730' ;  ex- 
hibits telescope,  736' . 

Louckes,  H.  L.,  president  National  Farm- 
er's Alliance,  4183. 

Loud,  Eugene  F.,  b.,  1623. 

Loudenslager,  H.  C,  b.,  170' . 

Loudon,  Tenn.,  Bumside  falls  back,  228' . 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  883' . 

,  John  Campbell,  Earl  of,  b.,  9022  •  at 

Halifax,  70' ,  914' ;  abandons  expedition, 
retired,  702;  controversy,  713  ;  d.,95i. 

Hill,  Scot.,  action  at,  866i . 

, C,  b.,  9*2*23;  horticulturist;  d., 

9522. 

,  Samuel,  editor,  85 1 . 

Lough,  John  Graham,  b.,  9323  ;  J.,  9802. 

Loughborough,  Lord.  (See  Wedderburn, 
Alexander.) 

Loughlin,  John,  b.  (1816) ;  cons.  K.  C.  bp.  of 
Brooklyn  (Oct.  30, 1853) ;  golden  jubilee, 
370' ;  d.,  390' ;  bequest  to  church,  400' . 

Louis,  king  of  Sicily,  10772. 

,  king  of  Port.,  b.-d.,  11102. 

— —  I.,  king  of  Naples,  10772. 

— —  1.,  emperor,  10732. 

II.,K.of  It.,b,  (82*2);  emperor,  10732; 

d.,  7732. 

III.,  king  of  Italy,  10732. 

IV.,  emperor,  invades  It.,  1076' ;  ex- 
communicated, 10763. 

I.,  son  of  K.  of  Aries,  K.  of  It., 10733. 

I.,  D.  of  Parma,  K.  of  'I'usoany,  10853. 

-  II.,D.  of  Parina,K.ol Tuscany,  10853. 

IV.,  or  v.,  K.  of  Bavaria,  emp.,  b.-d., 

7802;  protected,  7733;  expedition  to  It., 
782' ;  excommunicated  ;  crown  forbid- 
den, 7822  ;  crowned  ;  conflrms  confeder- 
ation ;  excommunicated ;  protest ;  de- 
posed; emp.;  deposes  King  John; 
resigns ;  unpopular  ;  sides  with  Eng., 
gains  Tyrol;  family  power  increased, 
783',2;  d.,  7833. 

I.,  b.,  8043  ;  king  of  Bavaria,  8133  ; 

abdicates,  817' ;  d.,  8243. 

II.,  b.  (1845)  ;  K.  Bav.  8231 ;  d.  (1886). 

III.,  or  IV.,  K.  of  Bavaria,  d.,  7722. 

I.,  duke  of  Bavaria,  7792. 

II.,  duke  of  Bavaria,  7812. 

H.,  duke  of  He.sse-Darnistadt;  8163. 

III.,  duke  of  Bavaria,  7823  ;  war  with 

Aust. ;  defeats  Frederick,  .5041 . 

of  Bavaria,  commands  army,  7981. 

I.,  Le  D^bonnaire,  b.-d.,  0042  ;  emp., 

667',  773';  order  of  succession,  667'; 
marries,  6663 ;  sends  monks  to  Den., 
635';  penance  decreed:  divides  realm; 
dethroned;  restored  ;  dethroned  again  ; 
condemned, 6662;  restored  ;divides  realm 
again  ;  troops  desert,  772' ;  d*,  667' . 

I.,  ofFr.    (See  Louis  le  IWbonuaire.) 

■  II.,  the  Stammerer,  of  Fr.,  b.  (846) ; 

king,  6672  ;  d.  (879). 

111.,  of  Fr.,  b.  (803 1) ;  defeats  North- 
men, 666';  reigns:  d.,  6072. 

IV.,  of  Eng.,  king  of  Fr.  ;  d.,  0673. 

v.,  of  Fr.,  b.  (921) ;  reigns,  6673  ;  d., 

6062,3. 

VI.,  of  Fr.,  b.-d.,  0683  ;  reigns  ;  joint 

king  with  Philippe  ;  d.,  6093. 

VII.,  the  Young,  of  Fr.,  b.  (1120±): 

reigns,  6693;  seeks  absolution ;  in  2a 
crusade, 669', 3;  divorces  wife,  6712  ;  de- 
feated, 6712,  850' ;  d.  (1180). 

VIII.,  the  Lion,  of   Fr.,  b.  (1187); 

crowned,  6713;  against  Albigenaes,  670' ; 
siege  of  Mannande;  invades  Poitou; 
besieges  Avignon,  6702  ;  marries,  6713  ; 
accepts  Eng.  crown,  8532  ;  frees  serfs, 
6712;  d.,  6713. 

IX.,  Saint,  of  Fr.,  b.-<l.,  6702  ;  king  of 

Fr.  ;  marries,  6713  ;  leads  0th  crusade, 
6722  ;  takes  Jaffa,  11342;  hi  Egypt,  6732; 
at  Mansurah,  654',  6721;  ransom,  0341; 
d.,  6732  •  canonize*!,  6722. 

X.,  the  Quarreler,  of  Fr.,  b.  (1289) ; 

reigns,  0733  ;  d.  (1316). 

XI.,  of  Fr.,  b.-d.,  6762;  reigns,  679' ; 

takes  Houen  ;  takes  Perpignan,  678'; 
invades  It., 6782  ;  in  Milan,  6793;  League 
of  Public  Weal  oppose;  rules  over  Nor- 
mandy ;  humbles  nobles,  679';  at  Pe- 
ronne,  6792;  drinks  infant's  blood,  6782  • 
d.,  6792. 

XII.,  of  Fr.,  b.  (1462);  reigns ;  divorces 

queen;  marries  Aiiiie,0793;  claims  Milan, 
10793;  atAgnadello,  080';  excommuni- 
cated, 6803  ;  d.,  0812. 


1318 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX,        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Loui-Love 


Louis  XIII.,  of  Fr.,  b.,  6862  ;  against  Sp., 
6861,  6872,3;  marries  Aiine  of  Austria, 
6873-  d.,  6883. 

XIV.,  the  Grand,  of  Fr.,  b.  ;   king, 

6893;  embassy  to  Siam,  695i,  11342; 
marries;  invades  Sp.  Neth.;  treaty  with 
Emp.  Leopold,  6913  ;  subdues  Franche- 
Comte ;  conquests  in  Holland,  692 1 ; 
patron  of  music,  6922  ;  assembly  of  cler- 
gy called,  6923;  agreement  with  Eng., 
8953;  claims  Flanders,  540^ ,  6913;  perse- 
cutes Protestants,  693*  ,3,  6943;  marries, 
6932  ;  height  of  power,  6933-  convention 
with  Emp.,  6i>32 ;  in  Palatinate;  in 
Belg.,  6941;  court  conspicuous,  6952; 
patron  of  art,  6962  ;  in  Alsace  ;  at  Stras- 
burg,  7973,  7981;  d,»  6971,3  ;  statue,  6981. 

XV.,  of  Fr.,   b.,   6963  ;   king,    6973  ; 

assumes  govt.  ;  marries,  6993  ;  against 
Protestants,  6991;  at  Foutenoy,  700 1 ; 
invades  Neth.,  7013  ;  builds  Pantheon, 
7022  ;  limits  Pari.,  7033  ;  contest  with 
Pari.,  7053  ;  aids  Charles  Albert,  8012  ; 
d.,  7043. 

XVI.,  of  Fr.,  b.,  7022  ;  K.,  7053  ;  mar- 
ries, 7052 ;  edict  of  toleration,  7062 ; 
yields  to  popular  demands,  7072 ;  oath 
of  constitution  ;  title  changed,  7073 ; 
leaves  Paris  ;  captured,  7083;  reinstated, 
7091;  imprisoned;  trial,  7092,3;  be- 
headed, 7093,  7103  ;  mourning  for,  7232  ; 
centenary  celebration,  7643. 

XVII.,  of  Fr.,  b..  7061 ;  king,  7093 ; 

d.,  7102,  7111,3. 

XVIII.,  of    Fr.,  b.,  7022  ;    marries, 

7053;  religion  of  state,  7211;  leaves 
Paris,  7213  ;  reenters  Paris,  7232  ;  d., 
7242,  7252. 

I.,  Ger.,  b.-d.,  7722  ;  reigns,  7731 ;  at 

war,  6661 ;  defeats  Radbod,  5031 ;  at  Au- 
dernach ;  invades  Fr. ;  at  Fontenay, 
7721 ;  restores  image  worship,  7722;  takes 
Federation  oath,  7731;  record  of  oath, 
6653  ;  d.,  6672. 

the  Child,  king  of  Germany,  7732. 

— -  III.,  grand  duke  of  Hesse,  8173. 

IV.,  g.  duke,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  8203. 

I.,  of  Hung.,  campaigns,  5061 ;  fuda. 

Univ.  Filnfkirchen,  5071;  reigns  in  Po- 
land, 11152  ;  K.  of  Hung.,  5072  ;  K.  of 
Poles,  5072  ;  d.,  5082. 

II.,  of  Hung,  and  Boh.,  king;  k.  5093. 

I.,  of  Sp.,  reigiLS,  11293. 

de  Bourbon,  at  Sedan  ;  killed,  6881 . 

,  prince,    given    Brandenburg,    7831 ; 

marries  Margaret  Multaseh,  783i  ,2. 

,  Count  of  FJauders,  restored,  674i . 

,  Daupliia  of  Fr.,  d.,  6773. 

,  Eugene,  duke  of  Wiirtemberg,  8073. 

,  Ferdinand,  prince,  killed,  716i. 

,  prince  of  Hesse,  marriage,  9652, 967* , 

-  Hutin,  reigns  in  Navarre,  11273. 

de  Male,  rules  Lille,  6763  ;  expelled 

from  province,  6753. 

Marie  d'Orl^ans,  b.,  7223. 

——  Napoleon  IV.    (See  Napoleon.) 

-  of  Nassau,  revolutionist,  10981. 
,  Due  d'Orh^ans,  b.,  6962  ;  d.,  7011. 

Philippe,  Port.,  prince,  b.,  11102;  de- 
clared heir,  11112. 

,  Due  d'0rMan8,b., 6982;  d.,706t. 

,  of  Fr.,  Due  d'Orlt^ans,  b.,  7043  ; 

marries  Marie  Am^lie,  7193  ;  lieut-gen., 
7241 ;  accepts  office  ;  reigns,  7253  ;  mar- 
ries, 7273;  abdicates,  7311;  banished, 
7312  ;  d.,  7302  ;  burled,  7513. 

Joseph,  executed,  7111. 

,  Pierre  Charles  Alexandre,  b.,  7062  ; 

d.,  7461. 

,  thePiou8,Dukeof  Wurtemberg,7933. 

•^—  Valois,  assassinated,  6763. 

,  William,  Grand  Duke,  8133. 

Louisa,  princess,  marries  Fred.  V.,  6392. 

— — ,  princess,  Hesse-Gassel,  marries,  6411, 

,  princess,  Swe.,  marries,  6521 . 

Louisburg,  N.  S.,  defenses  of,  58i,  574i  ; 
taken,  66i,  5742,3,  9101 ;  fortress  cap- 
tured, 702  ;  evacuated,  576' . 

Louise,  princess,  Belg.,  b.,  5442  ;  marries, 
6451. 

,  princess  of  Eng.,   b.,  970i ;  marries 

Marquis  of  Lome,  9751 ;  dowrv,  9753. 

,  princess,  marries  Duke  of  Fife,  1001 1 . 

,  of  Fr.,  queen,  d.,  5442. 

■  of  Savoy,  peace  of  Gambray,  5111 . 

,  princess  of  Schleswig,  marries,  8331 . 

,  Caroline  Alberta,  b.,  9542. 

Margaret,  Princess  of  Prussia,  mar- 
ries, 8303. 


Louise  Margaret,  Princess,  of  Bussla,  mar- 
ries Prince  Arthur,  9843. 

,  Maria  Ther^se,  de  Savoie-Carignan, 

d.,  7082. 

Louisiana  explodes,  1673  ;  speed,  3113. 

Louisiana,  conquered,  202  ;  possession, 
491 ;  Fr.  colony,  55 1 ;  Fr.  missions,  582  ; 
settled,  591 ;  slaves  arrive,  59i,3,  6II; 
Bienville,  gov. -gen.,  592  ;  Mississippi 
Co.  surrenders  cuarter,  632  ;  commerce 
with  W.  I.,  652  ;  sugar-cane  intro.,  662, 
693  ;  Fr.  population,  713  ;  ceded  to  Sp., 
733;  Fr.  republic  est.,  772  ;  Rom.  Cath. 
bp.  appointed,  1043  ;  Moniteur  issued, 
1063;  ceded  to  Fr. ;  treaty  of  Ildefonso, 
1111;  purchased  by  U.  S.,  1113  ■  xj.  S. 
takes  possession  ;  Wm.  C.  C.  Claiborne, 

fov.,  1132;  Lewis  Meriwether,  gov., 
152;  admission,  twin-birth  of  States, 
1192;  Jacques  Villfere,  gov.,  1252  ;  Thos. 
B.  Robertson,  gov.,  1292  ;  H.  S.  Thibo- 
deaux,  gov.,  1312  ;  Henry  Johnson,  gov., 
1332 ;  Peter  Derbigny,  gov.,  1372 ;  A. 
Bauvais,  gov.,  1373 ;  Jacques  Dupr^, 
gov.,  1392  -first  railroad  opd.,  1.393  ;  Ed- 
ward D.  White,  gov.,  1452  ;  P.E.  diocese 
est.,  1483  ;  Andr?  B.  Roman,  gov.,  1512  ; 
Alex. Mouton, gov.,  1552;  U.S.Grant  in, 
1681;  Meth.  Epis.  Ch.  South  Conf.  org., 
1603;  Isaac  Johnson,  gov.,  161 1 ;  Joseph 
Walker,  gov.,  1692  ;  Paul  O.  Hebert, 
gov.,  1771 ;  Robert  C.  Wickliffe,  gov.,181 2 ; 
lands  for  railroads,  1813  ;  State  Univ. 
est.,  1863  ;  Confeds.  seize  Federal  arse- 
nal ;  forts  seized,  190i ;  Thos.  O.  Moore, 
gov.,  1903;  Secession  Cgnven.;  secedes, 
1912,3;  senators  withdraw,  1913;  rati- 
fies Confed.  Constitution,  1932  ;  troops 
raised,  1942  ;  Geo.  F.  Shepley,  gov.,  2093, 
2133  ;  Order  No.  15  published,  2072  ;  ne- 
gro recruits  raised,  2102  ;  representa- 
tives admitted,  2193  ;  Opelonsas,  capital, 
2073;  Henry  F.  Allen,  Confed.  gov.  (1863); 
state  election;  Free  State  Conven.  hel*i» 
2293  ;  Gen.  Banks's  expedition  ;  forces 
of  Red  River  Expedition  unite,  2303  ; 
Banks  falls  back,  231i;  Michael  Hahn, 
gov.,  2312,  2413  ;  State  Conven.  meets, 
antislavery  State,  2313  ;  Confed.  boats 
on  Grand  Lake,  2363;  constitution  rati- 
fied, 2393;  Confed.  gov.  Allen  resigns, 
2473;  James  M.  Wells,  gov.,  2511;  con- 
stitutional conven.,  2523  ;  Homestead 
Bill,  2531 ;  political  massacre,  2532  ;  riot 
at  Republic  Conven.',  2533  ;  rejects  14th 
Amend. ;  reconstruction  obstructed, 
2573  ;  G^n.  Sheridan  removed,  259 1  ; 
constitution  prohibiting  slavery ;  dis- 
franchising Confeds.,  2592 ;  Benj.  F. 
Flanders,  gov.,  2593  ;  ratifies  new  con- 
stitution, 2631, 3  ;  ratifies  14th  Amend., 
2633;  readmitted,2632;  electionfrauds; 
riots;  Social  Equality  Bill,265i  ,3;Joshua 
Baker,  gov.;  Henry  C.  Warmoth,  gov,, 
2652  ;  ratifies  15th  Amend.,  2G62  ;  Cong. 
Asso.  org.,  2683;  grants  State  bon»ls,271 1 ; 

Eolitical  factions  in,  2752,3  ;  Warmoth 
legislature  meets,  2772;  militia  in  legis- 
lative contest, 2773;  w.  P.  Kellogg.gov.; 
Fusion  Legislature  convenes  ;  Return- 
ing Board  divided;  election  disputed, 
2793  ;  two  legislatures,  2812,  2873  ;  John 
McEnery  installed  gov.  ;  W.  P.  Kellogg 
in.stallea  gov.,  2812;  McEnery  legisla- 
ture arrested,  2SI 3;  State  Labor  Conven., 
2831;  Anti-Kellogg  Conven.  at  New  Or- 
leans ;  disorderly  bands  proclaimed ; 
McEnery  party  troublesome  ;  warning 
proclamation  from  pres.,  2832  ;  Rep. 
officials  shot, 2851 ;  Jolm  McEm-ry  claims 
governorship,  2853  ;  Gen.  Brooke,  mili- 
tary gov. ;  proclamation  against  armed 
partisans ;  Crescent  City  White  League 
fmd. ;  State  buildings  surrendered  ; 
Gov.  Kellogg  reinstated,  2vS72,3;  U.  S. 
troops  in  Legislature,  2873  ;  legislative 
claims  submitted ;  Congressional  Com- 
mittee adjust  political  claims,  2891; 
mouth  of  Miss.  River  deepened,  2913  ; 
electoral  vote  disputed,  2932  ;  two  gov- 
ernors and  legislatures,  295 1 ;  electoral 
vote  awarded,  2952  ;  Packard  Legisla- 
ture dispersed,  2953  ;  Stephen  B.  Pack- 
ard, gov.,  2973  ;  election  frauds  investi- 
gated, 2992  ;  yellow  fever,  2993;  capital 
changed  to  Baton  Rouge,  3012  ;  Francis 
T.  Nicholle,  gov.,  3012,  3332  ;  new  con- 
stitution, 3013,3033;  Bureau  of  Agri. 
and  Immigration   est.,  3033  ;   Southern 


Univ.  opd.,  3043  ;  Louis  A.  Wiltz,  gov., 
3052  ;  tornadoes,  3121 ;  Samuel  D.  AfEn- 
ery,  gov.,  3132;  Normal  School  est.,  3183, 
3223  •  care  for  Confederates'  widows  and 
children;  school  for  deaf  mutes,  3251; 
cyclone,  3541;  levee  overflowed,  3541, 
3673,4081,  4353;  Labor  Day  holiday, 
.3751;  negro  burned  3851;  A.  J.  West- 
fall,  for  gov.,  3853  ;  cattlemen  fight,  3891 ; 
Farmers'  Alliance  and  Democrats  unite, 
3892;  hot  contest,  3931;  mob  lynches 
Feltoii  and  Smith,  3943;  silver  question, 
4011;  Dem.  mass  meetings,  4(^2;  fire- 
arms license  required,  4073  ;  M.  J.  Fors- 
ter,  gov..  4212  ;  call  for  protection  440,2  ; 
race-conflict,  4571 ;  negroes  lynche<l,4582. 
Louisiana  State  Lottery  Co.;  Anti-Lottery 
League  org.,  3523  ;  legislative  compro- 
mise ;  lottery  of,  legalized  in  N.  Dak., 
3531 ;  renewal  of  charter  asked,  3563; 
amend,  vetoed,  3632  ;  money  offered  for 
charter,  3583  ;  pro-lottery  man  lynched, 
3611;  Assembly  favors  "lottery,  3623: 
charter  extended,  363 1 ;  Lottery  Bill 
passes  Lower  House,  363i  ;  bill  vetoed, 
3671;  pro-lottery  amend.,  3771;  contest, 
3972  ;  withdraws  offer,  4002  ;  otter  re- 
jected, 4053  ;  chartered  by  Nicar.,  IIO42. 

State  University  est.,  1863. 

Co.  fmd.  in  Fr.,  6973  ;  grant,  592. 

,  University  of,  org.,  3003. 

,  Mo.,  Cane  College  founded,  2663. 

Louisville,  Ky.,  settled,  913;  incorporatedj, 
933  ;  R.  C.  diocese  est.,  1143  ;  /,.  Jmirnal 
issued,  1391  ;  Meth.  Epis.  Church  South 
org.,  1582 ;  Cave  Hill  cemetery  est., 
1593  ;  Methodist  Epis.  Church  South 
Conf.  fmd.,  1603;  cyclone,  1761;  riot,, 
1771 ;  Southern  Bapt.  'rheolog.  Sem.  fnd., 
1843  ;  union  meeting,  1951 ;  legislature 
moved  to,  2122;  escapes  cajiture  by 
Confeds.,  2141;  threatened,  2143;  Com- 
mercial^ 2232  ;  niartial  law,  2243  ;  Wm. 
G.  McCloskey  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  2622: 
Courier  Journal  issued,  2623  ;  jledical 
Coll.  opd.,  2662  ;  State  Education  Con- 
ven. held,  2662, 2682,  ;J062,350i ;  Commer- 
cial Conven.  at,  2693  ;  Kat.  Convenlion 
Radical  Democrats  meet,  2792  ;  Indus- 
trial Exposition,  2793  ;  Ger.  Bajit.  Or- 
phans' Home  est.,  2803  ;  State  Univ..  col- 
ored, 2822  ;  Times  issued.  2962  ;  Amer. 
Printing  House  for  Blind,  3012;  Poly- 
technic Soc.  Library  fnd.,  3023  ;  Charity 
Organization  Soc.  fnd.  ;  Nat.  Conven.  of 
colored  people,  315i;  Southern  Exposi- 
tion held,  3153  ;  bridge  caisson  breaks, 
3513;  labor  strikes,  3623;  fire.  2673, 
3633,  4793  ;  railway  accident,  3893  ;  Nat. 
League  Rep.  Clubs,  429i;  Humphreys. 
murder,  4362  ;  bridge  falls,  4473  ;  annexes 
suburbs,  4493  ;  moonshiners' trial, 4723, 

Loul^,  Due  de,  minister,  IIII2. 

Loumires,  Henry  de,  castle,  8531 . 

Lounsberry,  George  H.,  a  suicide,  3522. 

Lounsbury,  Phineas  C,  gov.  Conn.,  3293. 

Lount,  insurrectionist,  hanged,  5792. 

Lourdes,  Fr.,  niiracles  at,  7323;  virgin  at, 
7342  ;  grotto,  7462  ;  pilgrims  at,  7482. 

Lourenco,  Marquez,  siege  of,  6042. 

Lourties,  M.,  minister,  7672, 

Louth,  Eng.,  see  erected,  8403. 

,  Baron,  title  create^l,  8692, 

,  James,  patents  scthoteIephone,^2i. 

Louvain,  Belg.,  ^'an  de  Wever's  statue, 
5441 ;  Univ.  est.,  5392;  riots,'548i ;  North- 
men defeated,  7721 . 

L'Ouverture,  Toussaint.    (See  Toussaint.) 

Louvet,  Chas.,  minister  agriculture,  7392. 

de  Couvrav,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  7023; 

d.,  7f23. 

Louvois,  Marquis  de,  Francois  Michel 
Letellier,  b.,  6883;  d.,  6942. 

Louvre,  council  agaijist  pope,  6733,  (See 
Paris.) 

Lovaine,  Baron,  title  created,  9231 . 

Lovat,  Baron,  title  created,  8643,  y45i . 

,  Lord.     (See  Eraser,  Simon.) 

Lovatz,  Bulg.,  captured,  5662. 

Love,   FamiW  of,  est,,  8711;   end,  8743. 

,  Alfred  H.,  pres.  Peace  Union,  3903. 

,  John  W.,  embezzler,  4502. 

,  P.  E  ,  on  Committee  of  33,  1891 . 

feasts  forbidden,  10683. 

Lovejoy,  Elijah  Parish,  b.,  II02  ;  antisla- 
very martyr,  1482,  1491 ,  4302. 

,  Owen,  b.  (1811)  ;  d.,  2312. 

Lovelace,  E.  of,  title  created.  9451,  9871. 

,  Francis,  b.  (1630^);  gov.  N.  Y.,  433. 


Love-Luyn. 


Ttxt  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


1319 


Lovelace,  John,  gov.  N.  Y.,  573;  d.  (1709). 

,  Richard,  b., 880' ;  work, 8803 ;  d., 888». 

Lovell,  Chas.  Swain,  b.  (1811) ;  d.,  272' . 

,  John,  b.,  662;  d.,  100'. 

,  Gen.  Manstield,  b.  (1822) ;  withdraws 

from  New  Orleans,  2063;  d.  (1884). 

and  Stafford,  insurrection,  866' . 

Lover,  Sam.,  b., 9283  ;works,94S3  ;d.,972». 

Lovewell,  John,  b.  (1(»1) ;  tight,  60' ;  d. 
(1725). 

I,ow,  Abiel  A.,  b.,  1163  ;  d.,  420'. 

,  Frederick  Ferdinand,  b.  (1828) ;  gov. 

Cal.,  2292;  d.,  466' . 

,  Seth,   b.   (1850) ;  pres.  of  Columbia, 

3463,  ;i5'22  ;  on  liquor  problem,  479' . 

,  William  C,  pres.  of  Committee,  4392. 

Church  party  develops,  Eng.,  9()23. 

Ix)we,  Col.,  at  Fredericktown,  200'. 

,  Gen.,  at  'N'erlage,  2243. 

,  Sir  Hudson,  b.,  9183;  d.  (1844). 

,  Johann  Karl  Gottfried,  b.,  8063  ;  d., 

8262. 

,  Johanna  Sophie,  b.,  8103;  d.  (1866). 

,  Ralph  P.,  gov.  la.,  1852. 

.  Robert,    \  ificount    Sherbrooke,    b., 

935';  mini.ster,  973';  Spelling  Reform 
Asso.,9843;  d.,  1008'. 

,  Tliaddeus  S.  C,  b.  (1832) ;    balloon 

ascension,  1963. 

Lowelbund  Asso.  formed,  7852. 

Lowell,  Mass.,  fnd.,  1293;  carpet  power 
looms,  150' ;  library  fmd., 1583; gas  uitro., 
1693;  soldiers'  monument,  248' . 

,  Capt.,  near  Lebanon,  Mo.,  200' . 

,  Chas.  b.  (1782) ;  d.,  1902. 

, Russell,  b.  (183,5) ;  d.,  2392. 

, W.,  nom.  for  gov.  Mass.,  3912. 

,  James  Russell,  b.,  128';  minister  to 

Eng., 3032;  works,  1583,1643,2412,2503, 
265',  2683,  2722,  277',  3833,  4203;  d., 
388' ;  Interjnent,  3892  ;  memorial,  444' , 
10062. 

,  John  F.,  b.,  1082;  d.  (1836). 

,  Fercival,  Japan,  3963. 

,  Robt.  Traill  Spence.,  b.,1242  ;  d.  (1891.) 

Offering  appears,  1543. 

Lowenstein,  Kmil,  hanged,  2843. 

Lower  Cal.  annexed  to  U.  S.,  359' , 

Lower  Germany,  founded,  769' . 

,  Richard,  b.,  8822;  d.,  8982. 

Lowestoft,  Eng.,  naval  battle  near,  892' . 

Lowick,  Edward,  executed,  901'. 

Lowndes,  Rawlins,  b.,  60' ;  d.,  1082. 

Lowrie,  John  Cameron,  b.  (1808) ;  modera- 
tor, 2502. 

,  Walter  Macon,  b.  (1819) ;  k.,  6183. 

Lowry,  Grosvenor  P.,  d.,  428' . 

,  Robert,  gov.  Miss.,  3132  ;  with  mili- 
tary company,  344' . 

Lowth,  Robert,  b.,  90»2;  d.,  9242. 

Lowther,  William,  E.  of  Lonsdale,  b. 
(1787)  ;  postmaster,  9512;  d.  (1872). 

Loyal  Convention  in  Mo.,  199'. 

Loyal  Legion  org.,  247' ;  conven.,  3703. 

Loyalists  in  N.Y.,  933;  leave  U.  S.,  953  ; 
Eng.  help  in  Am.,  1003  ;  arrive  in  Can., 
6752  ;  Confederates  expel,  1992. 

Loyang  captured,  612' ;  palace,  6133. 

Loyola,  Ignatius  de,  b.-d.,  11263;  est.  order 
of  .results,  5102,  605',  681',  7903,  1081'. 

,  Martin  Gracia  OSes  de,  b.  (1548±)  ; 

viceroy,  253;  gov.,  6052;  d.  (1598). 

Loyson,  Ch-arles  (P6re  Hyacinthe),  b., 
7243;  fnds.  congregation,  7502;  in  N.  Y., 
269' ;  ag.itnst  iufaUiliility,  7383. 

Lozier,  Charlotte  T.,  268' . 

,  Clemence  Sophia,  b.  (1812);  d.,  330' . 

LublMck, Francis  Rich.,b.  (1815);  gov.  2032. 

,  Sir  John,  b.,9462;  Preliistonc  Times, 

96^3;  assists  strikers,  1001'. 

,  Sir William,  b.,  9323;  d.,  968' . 

LUbee,  Ger.,  fnd.,  7773;  free  town,  7803; 
in  Hanseatic  League,  787' ;  Peace  of, 
512' ,  6373  ;  occupied,  716' ;  allies  pos- 
sess, 7213,  7953  ;  battle,  808' ;  retaken, 
810';  regains  independence,  7803,  8112; 
In  Gar.  Confederation,  8113;  gets  con- 
stitution, 8173;  in  N.  Ger.  Confid.,  8252. 

Lnberk,  Col.,  at  Charleston,  2283. 

Liibke,  Wilhelm,  b.,  8123  ;  d.  (1893). 

Luby,  Thomas  Clark,  Fenian,  9683. 

I.nca,  battle  at,  782' ;  Roman  colony ,10553. 

Luoan,  Marcus  Anna?us,  b.-d.,  1062*. 

,  Earl,  title  created,  9252. 

.    (See  Bingham,  George.) 

Liuianin  beats  Paris,  4413;  record,  4413, 
4432,  4713,  4753. 

Lucanians  subdued,  10522. 

Lucar,  action  at,  11322. 


Lucas,  Adm.,  surrenders,  926' . 

,  Charles  Jean  Marie,  b.,  715' ;  d.,  7482. 

,  John,  b.,  933' ;  d.,  9782. 

,  Margaret,  d.,  10042. 

,  Matthias  Prime,  lord  mayor,  9413. 

,  Robert,  b.  (1781) ;  gov.  O.,  1412, 1512; 

d.  (1853). 

,  William  V.,  b.,  1442. 

Bend,  Ky.,  action  at,  1983. 

Lucca  independent,  10773  ;  cathedral  be- 
gun ;  Palazzo  di  Mendicita  begun,  1078' ; 
united  to  Tuscany,  10872. 

Luce,  Cyrus  G.,  gov.  Mich.,  3293, 

Luceri,  action  at,  1052' . 

Lucerne  revolts,  11373. 

Lucian,  b.-d.,  10283  ;  works,  IO292  ;  exe- 
cuted, 1063'. 

Lucifer  matches  used,  Kng.,  946' . 

Lucilius  invents  poetic  satire,  10563, 10643. 

Lucina,  asteroid,  discovered,  748' . 

Lucius  Intro.  Christianity  in  Britain,  8402. 

I.  St.,  pope,  10643. 

II.,  pope,  10743. 

III.,  pope,  1075'. 

Luck,  John  E.,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  9862. 

Lucke,  Gottfried  Christian  Frederick,  b., 
8062;  d.,  820'. 

Lucker,  Samuel,  naval  captain,  82' . 

Lucknow,  Bp.  Clifi'ord  cons.,  10082;  treaty 
of,  1(H72;  besieged,  1048' ;  mission,  1(M83. 

Lucretia,  suicide,  1(S03. 

Lucretius,  Titus  L.  Cams,  b.-d.,  10563;  De 
Jieruni  Katura,  10583. 

LucuUus,  Lucius  Lucinius,  b.-d.,  10563  ; 
defeated,  1058' ;  captures  cities  ;  defeats 
Tigranes  ;  mutiny  ;  in  Mesopotamia  ; 
invades  Armenia ;  in  Asia  M. ;  takes  Ni- 
sibis,  10582  ;  Mithridates  defeats,  1150' . 

Liwy  Walicer  wrecked,  1573. 

Ludden,  Patrick  Antony,  b.  (1838) ;  cons. 
H.  C.  bp.,  3282. 

Luderitz,  F.  A.  S.,  in  Afr.,  838' . 

Liiders,  Gen.  Alex.,  b.  (1790) ;  at  Schass- 
burg,  6222;  in  Moldavia,  1118' ;  d.  (1874). 

Ludi  ApoUinares  instituted,  10552. 

Ludington,  Harrison,  gov.,  296' ;  d.,  3842. 

,  Mark,  commissioned  colonel,  470' . 

Ludlow,  Edmund,  b.,  8802;  d.,  9002. 

,  Geo.  C,  gov.  N.  J.,  3093. 

,  John,  b.  (1793) ;  pres.  Reform  Synod, 

1342;  d.  (1857). 

Ludovica,  Duch,  d.,  836' . 

Ludvigsen,  Anna  Kristiane,  d.,  642' . 

Ludwell,  Philip,  gov.,  leaves  N.  C,  513  ; 
gov.  S.  C,  512,  532. 

Ludwig,  son  of  P^pin,  succeeds  Charle- 
magne :  revolts,  773' . 

,  Christian  G.,  b.,  7983;  d.,  804' . 

,  Karl  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.,  812' . 

,  Prince,  b.,  7922  ;  d.,  7963. 

TjUdtmgsiied  appears,  7723. 

Lndworth  collides  with  C.  M.  Palmer,  9833. 

Luebo  fnd.,  10932;  mission,  10943. 

Lufft,  Hans,  b.,  7862;  d.,7922. 

Lugan,  China,  mission,  6243. 

Lugard,  Capt.,  terms  with  Mwanga,  6642, 

,  Sir  E.,  in  Sepoy  rebellion,  1048' . 

Lugash,  Austrians  (lefeated,  804' . 

Lugdunensis,  a  Roman  province,  10593. 

Lugdununi.    (See  Lyons.) 

Luge,  Arnold,  d.,  830' . 

Lnhn,  Adalbert,  d.,  830' . 

Luh  Vinh  Phuoc,  rewarded,  4822. 

Luiken,  Jan,  b.  (1649);  work,  11012;  d. 
(1708). 

Luis  I.,  reigns.  Port. ;  marries;  d.,  IIII2. 

Luitbert,  king  of  It.,  1073' . 

Luitpold,  Pr.  regent,  833' ;  for  throne,  8372. 

Luitprand,  king  of  It.,  1073' ;  d.  (744). 

Luke,  St.,  Gospel:  Book  of  Acts,  1153'. 

Lukin,  Lionel,  b.,  9103  ;  granted  patent, 
9222;  d.,9462. 

tulli,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  6882;  d.,  6942. 

Lully,  Ramond,  b.-d,  11262  ;  Lo  Desamort, 
1127'. 

Lulu  wins  yacht  race,  5892. 

Lulu,  Miss.,  mayor  Harmon  shot,  4743. 

Luluburg  founded,  10932. 

Lumpkin,  Wilson,  b.  (1783);  gov.  La.,  1392; 

d.  (1870). 
Lumen,  asteroid,  discovered,  748' . 

Lumley,  Viscount,  title  created,  881'. 

Lummis,  Charles  F.,  work,  479'. 

Lumphanan,  action  at,  846' . 

Lumsden,  Mai.,  in  Afghan,  53. 

lAina  wrecked,  1873. 

Luna  y  Arellano,  Tristan  de,  b.  (1519) ;  in 
Fla.,  233  ;  d.  (1571). 

Ltinacy  Acts  Amend.  Bill  passes, 999' . 


Lunalilo,  William  C,  king,  d.,  10412. 

Lunar  Society  org.,  9212. 

Lunardi,  Vincent,  balloon  ascension, 9222. 

Luncarty,  action  at,  746' . 

Lund  Hill  mine  explosion, 9613. 

— -,  Univ.  fnd.,  Il.'i43;  mission  soo.,1136'. 

Lundu  mission,  5523. 

Lundy,  Benjamin,  b.,  100' ;  d.,  1502. 

Lundy's  Lane,  battle  of,  1222  ;  eel.,  6943. 

Llineberger  Heide,  petroleum  in,  830' . 

Liineburg,  Prus.,  lire,  8333. 

Liuienburg,  N.  S.,  settled,  5763. 

Luneville,  Fr.,  treaty  of, 5182,  5193. 

Lung-Chow  R.R.,  construction  edict,  6253. 

L'Univers  Religieiix  becomes  Le  Morale, 
735'. 

Lunney,  Ella,  shoots  McEnroe,  4682. 

Lunt,  Orrington,  presents  library,  3882. 

Lupul,  Vasllje,  rules  successfully,  11122. 

Lurgan,  Baron,  title  created,  945' . 

Lurin  stormed,  6063. 

Lurting,  Robt.,  mayor,  N.  Y.,  612. 

Lusa,  R.R.  opened  to  Turin,  10873. 

Lusatia,  Ger.,  Austrian  advance,  516' , 
802';  Lower,  united  to  Bohemia,  7833; 
ceded  to  Saxony,  7953. 

Luscinus,  Fabricius,  defeats  Samuites, 
10522. 

Lushington,  Edmund  L.,  d.,  IOIO2. 

,  Lieut.,  explorer,  4942. 

Lusitania,  war  with  Romans,  1055' . 

Lusk,  Andrew,  lord  mayor  London,  9753. 

Lutai  railroad  destroyed,  625'. 

Lutal,  Viceroy  of  China,  6263. 

Lutchia  [Paris],  taken,  6622. 

Lutetia,  asteroid,  discovered,  732' . 

Luther,  Karl  T.  K.,  discovers  planet,  820'. 

,  Martin,  b.,  7862,3  ;  events  of  his  life, 

7863 ;  instructor  at  Erfurt ;  prof,  at  Wit- 
tenberg, 787' ;  visits  Vatican,  108' ;  nails 
thesis,  7882;  attracts  attention,  0803  ;  as- 
sailed ,  7882 ;  collection  for  choral  singing, 
7892;  before  Diet  of  Worms  ;  condemned, 
7883 ;  at  Wartburg  Castle,  789 ' ;  reforma- 
tion spreads,  5083;  works,  7892,  3  ;  tinal 
sermon,  791' ;  d.,  7902;  monument,  825' ; 
centennial,  8303;  birth  eel.,  317' . 

Lutheranism  est.,  11343 ;  in  Denmark, 
7363  ;  opp<)Sed,  7893. 

Lutherans,  in  Kew  Amsterdam,  30' ;  reli- 
gious tolerance,   422,  6923,  7922,  7953  ; 
Church  in  N.  York,  57',  68*  ;  in  Spott- 
sylvania,  Va.,  623  ;  org.  svnod,  663  ;  in 
N.  Y.,  982  ;  Theol.  Sem.,  742  ;  granted 
lands  in  Pa.,  1023;  N.  C.  synod  fmd.,  1123; 
English  Intro.,  1163;  Theolog.  Sem.,  at 
Harwick,  1243  ;  synods  imd.,  Md.,  Va., 
O.;  United  Synod  fmd.,  1283;  Gen.  Synod 
of  Maineorg.  ,1582 ;  org.Ger. Foreign  M  iss. 
Soc.,1463;  Concordia  Coll.  fnd., 1603' Roa- 
noke Coll.  org.,  173';  Norwegian  Univ. 
org..  111.,  199' ;  Gen.  Council,  Akron,  O., 
2782;  W^oman's  Home  and  Foreign  Miss. 
Soc.  org., 3023;  Norwegian  L.  annual  ses- 
sion held,  360' ;  Univ.  of  Jena  fnd.,  793' : 
oppressed  in  Aust.-Hung.,6132|  dismissal 
of  pastors,   Rus.,   11202  ;    Univ.  est.  at 
Konigsberg,  791';    Univ.  of  Helmstadt 
est.,  793' .    (See  Evangelical  Lutherans, 
German  Lutherans.) 
Lutine  wrecketi,  9282. 
Lutke,  Fedor  Petrovitch,  d.,  1120' . 
Lutter,  Tilly  defeats  Danes  at,  512' . 
Luttrel,  Lady,  fined  for  playing  faro,  9292. 
Luttrell,  Henry,  b.,  9562. 
Lutz,  Johann  von,  b.,  8123  ;  d.,  834' . 
Liitzen,  battle  at,  612' ,  720' . 
Luxembourg,  D.  of  Nassau  arrives,  6462. 

,  Due  de,  Francois  Henri  de  Montmo- 

rency-Bouteville,  b.,  6863  ;  at  Fleurus, 
694';  at  Neerwinden,  694';  at  Steen- 
kerke,694';  d.,  6943. 

Palace,  built,  decorated,  686' . 

Luxemburg,  Belg.,  taken,  6922,  1098', 
1100' ;  ceded  to  Fr.,  6933  ;  Fr.  contest 
with  Prus. ;  Fr.  desires  to  purchase,  7373 ; 
surrendereii  to  Fr.,  1102' ;  annexed  to 
Neth.;  proposals  for  annexation,  7393  ; 
evacuated,  8243  ;  question  settled,  8253  ; 
conf.  in  Lonilon,  9712  ;  Journal  Ilisto- 
Hquf  et  Lltteraire,  5433. 

,  House  of,  reigns,  5053,  5072. 

Luxor  Temple,  Egy._,  erected,  648' ;  mis- 
sion, 657' ;  obelisk  in  Paris,  720' . 
Luynes,  Due  de  (Charles  d'Albert),   b., 
(1578);  king's  favorite,  0873;  d.  (1621). 

,  Duke  of,  flees  from  Fr.,  761 ' . 

,  Due  de,  HonortS  Theodoric  Paul  J.» 

b.,  7143  ;  d.,  7362. 


1320 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Luza-Macc. 


rinzan,  Don  Ignacio,  b.-d.,  11283  ;  works, 
, 11292. 

Luzerne,  Anne  C^sar  de  la,  b.,  7002  ;  min- 
ister to  U.  S.,  913  ;  d.,  7082. 

Luzzarra,  It.,  battle  at,  798^ . 

I*yc0ean  games  instituted,  10132. 

Jjycia,  subdued,  10t>2i ;  a  province,  10G32. 

Ijycoraedes  commands  Arcadians,  10223. 

Jjycophron  ot"  Pliera;,  rules  Tliessaly, 10232. 

Jjycurgus,Gr.,b..  1014:2^  est.  clubs  ;  makes 
laws,  10143  ;  rules  in  Sparta,  10152  ;  laws 
revived,  10272  ;  laws  abrogated,  10273. 

reigns  in  Sparta,  10273, 

Lyden,  Martin,  murder  of,  9903. 

Lydgate,  John,  b.,  8582 ;  works,  8G2a 
8642,3;  d.,  8W1. 

Lydia,  empire  of,  11452  -  war  with  Media, 
11461  ;  war  wita  Miletus,  1014^ ;  con- 
quered;  province  of  Persia,  11472,3;  an- 
nexed to  Pergamus,  11491 ;  part  of  Turk, 
empire,  11553. 

I/ydiay  asteroid,  discovered,  736'. 

hy-ee-Moon  wrecked,  4993. 

Lyell,  Sir  Charles,  b.,  9283  ;  work,  9663. 

Lyford,  John,  bauit^hed,  312. 

Lyji  Kassa  [King  Theo.],  b.,  13. 

Lyle,  Ed.,  works,  8751 ;  d.,  8781 ,  9163. 

Lyman,  Charles,  pres.  Civil  Service  Com- 
mission, 3411 ,  3512,  4473. 

,  E.  H.  11.,  gift,  4201. 

,  Joseph  Bardwell,  b.  (1829) ;  d.,  276' . 

,  Gen.   Phineas,  b.  (1716)  ;  erects  Ft. 

Edward,  682  ;  d.,  823. 

,  Theodore  Benedict,  b.,  1242 ;  p.  E. 

assistant  bishop,  2822;  d.,444i. 

Lyme  Kegis,  Eng.,  chalk  cliff  falls,  9482. 

Lymne,  Eng.,  taken,  8401. 

Lymphatics  discovered,  11341. 

Lynceus,  dethrones  Dauaus,  10133. 

Lyncfi  in  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  803, 

Lynch,  Charles,  gov.  Miss.,  1453. 

,  James,  cons,  bp.,  9681. 

,  John  K.,  in  treas.  dept.,  3513. 

,  Johnson  L.,  murder  of,  315i . 

,  Thos.,  M.  C.,  b.,  1562. 

,  — ,  Jr.,  b.,  662  ;  d.,  912. 

Lynchburg,  Va.,  Feds,  invest ;  Hunter  re- 
tires, 2*43. 

Lynching  in  U.  S.,  3782,  3802,  3832,  3883, 
3903,3931,39*3,3951,  3991,4003,4042,3, 
4063,4082,3,4102,  4191,  4211.4241,  4291, 
4331 ,  4343,  4382,3,  4582,  4602,  4623,  4651 , 
4702,  4711,  4722,3,  4731,  4743,  4751 ;  in 
Can.,  5003. 

Lynde,  Isaac,  yields  Fort  Filmore,  198' . 

Lyuden,  Wash.,  Normal  School  opd.,  3242. 

Lyndhurst,  Lord,     (See  Copley,  John  S.) 

Lyndon,  Josiah,  gov.  R.  1.,  772. 

Lyndsay,  Sir  David,  works,  8691 ;  d.,  8702. 

Lynn,  Eng.,  railway  accident,  9673. 

.Mass.,  fire,  3492,  3891;  first  Amer 

iron  cast,  4193. 

Lynnfield,  Mass.,  White  Caps,  395i . 

I^o7i,  relief  vessel,  332. 

,  Caleb,  b.,  1302;  gov.  Ida.,2413 ;  d.,288i . 

,  George  Francis,  b.  (1795) ;  expedition, 

&40i,942i;  d.  (1832). 

,  Gen.  (Confed.),  at  Ashbyville,  2403. 

— — s  Irving  W.,  Colonial  Furniture^  3982. 

,  Mary,  b.,  1062  ;  d.,  1662. 

,  Nathaniel    b.,  128i ;  commands  Mo. 

volunteers,  194i ;  at  Camp  Jackson,  1942; 
at  Jefferson  City;  atBoonville,Mo.,196i ; 
at  Day  Spring,  1981 ;  d.,  1983. 

Lyonnais  conquered,  6733, 

Le  Lyonnais  founders,  1813, 

Lyons,  Fr.,  fnd. ;  developed,  6632;  plun- 
dered, 6641 ;  synods  of,  6722  ;  university 
est.,  6731 ;  silk  manufactui'ed,  68O2  ;  Do- 
let  burned,  6812;  steamboat  on  Saone, 
7041;  taken,  710i,  7813-  demolition  de- 
creed, 7111;  insurrection,  7273,  7312; 
mobbed,  8272,  7523  ;  republican  flag 
raised,  7412,3;  riots,  7672;  exhibition 
opd.,  7673. 

,  Gen.  Arnaud,  killed,  7432. 

,  Lord  Edmund,  b.,  9243,  962 1. 

,  Kichard  Bickerton  Pemell,  b.  (1817) ; 

proposed   mediator,   195i;  Trent  affair, 
2013  ;  discloses  raid,  2281 ;  surety  for  J. 
Davis,  2563;  d.  (1887). 
Lyric  poetry,  period  of,  10143. 
Lys  taken,  912'. 

Lysander  at  iEgospotamos  ;  besieges  Ath- 
ens; commands  fleet,  10221;  est.  oligar- 
chical govt.,  10232  ;   d.,  10231  . 

Lysias,  b.-d.,  10191 ;  writes  orations,  10192; 

at  Bethsura,  11481 ;  d.  (380  B.C.). 
Lysimachia,  earthquake,  10263. 


Lysimachus,  b.d.,  10231 ;  master  of  Thrace, 
10243,  10272;  war  with  Seleucus,  10261; 
at  Cyropedium,  11481;  rules  Bithynia, 
11491;  rebuilds  Smyrna,  11551 ;  k.,  10261. 

Lysippys,  b.,  10213  ;  brings  bronze  horses 
from  Constantinople,  10742. 

Lyster,  John,  cons.  K.  C.  bp.,  9983. 

,  Sir  Richard,  chief  justice,  8693. 

Lytel  GesteofJiobhi  Node,  etc. .issued,  8663. 

Lyttleton,  gov.,  provokes  Indian  war,  72 1. 

,  Lord  George,  b.,  9042  ;  d..  9183. 

• ,  William,  patent  granted.  9262. 

Lytton,  Bulwer  Edward  Geo. .E.Lytton.b,, 
9323;  works. 9431 ,9511 ,9643.9763;  d.,9781 . 

^arl  of,  title  created,  9871. 

,  Edward  Rob.  Buhver.E.Ly  tton  (Owen 

Meredith),  b.,  9442;  viceroy,  10492;  min- 
ister, 9632  ;  works,  9603,  9643;  d.,  10062. 

Ly  veden,  Baron»  title  created^  959 1 . 


M. 

Ma  assassinated.  6212. 

Maatrasma,  trial,  9932. 

Maanedlige  AfJiandlinger  issued,  11042, 

Moaned sekrifb^r  Litterature  issued,  639 1 . 

Maas,  Joseph,  d.,  9942. 

,  or  Meas.  Nikolaas,  b.-d.,  11003. 

Maat-en-Ra  (Amen-em-hat  III.)  reigns  In 

Egypt.  GI73. 
Khem-Ra  (Amen-em-hat  IV.)  reigns 

in  Egypt..  &i73. 
Mabie,  Hamilton  W..  work,  3963. 
Mabillon,  Jean,  b.,  6882;  d.,  6963, 
Mably,  Gabriel   Bonnet,  L'Abb6  de,  b., 

6963;  works,  7012,  7032,  3;  d.,  7061 . 
Mabotsa  mission,  5601 . 
Mabuse,  Jau,  or  Gossaert,  b.-d.,  5402. 
Macadam,  John  Loudon,  b.,  9143  ;  roada 

intro.,  9382;  d.,  9482. 
McAdoo,  William,  in  navy  dept.,  4472, 
McAleer,  William,  b.,  1501. 
MacAlester  College  opened,  St.  Paul,  3223. 
McAlester,  I.  T.,  mine  explosion,  3993. 

,  Miles  David,  d.,  2621 . 

McAlister,  Patrick,  cons.  R.  C,  bp.,  9962. 
McAU.  Robert  W.,  opens  mission,  7462. 
McAlpin,  Claude,  kidnapped.  4622. 

W.  H.,  imprisoned,  2601 . 

Macao,    China.    Ruggiero    arrives,   6143  ; 

Portuguese  get,  6153;  Eng.  to  retire,  616 1 ; 

mission,  6163,  11243  ;  Napier  d.,  6172  ; 

Eng.  refuses,  6173  ;  typhoon,  6222. 
McArdle,  Eliza,  marries  Johnson,  1352. 
Macarius  Chetli  Mlnei,  11143. 
Mac  Arthur.   Duncan,   b.,  762  ;  gov.  O., 

1392;   d.,  1502. 

,  John,  sheep  breeder,  4941 .  4951 . 

Macartnev,  Earl  of,  George,  b..9083  ;  gov. 
Ind.,  10453;  at  Peking,  6172;  d..  9323. 

,  Lord,  in  duel,  9232. 

Macaulay,  Colman  P.  L.,  d.,  10022. 

,  Thomas  Babington,  Baron  Macaulay, 

b.,  9302  ;  in  Pari.,  9452  ;  nduister,  9492; 
works,  9411,  &431 ,  9503,  9551 ;  d.,  9622. 

,  Zachary,  b.,  9163;  d.  (1838). 

Mac-Auley,  Catherine  E.,  d.,  9503. 

McAyeal,  R.  A.,  moderator,  2762, 

Macbeth  at  Dunsinane ;  at  Lumphana, 
3461  ;  assassinates  Duncan,  847i  ; 
usurper,  8472;  killed,  8461  ,a. 

McBride,  John,  Pres.  Amer.  Federation 
Labor,  4791. 

McCabe,  Charles  C,  b.,  1462. 

-,  Edward,  b.,  9382;  cons.  R.C.bp.,  9823; 

against  Land  League,  9842;  card,  priest, 
9882;  manifesto  read,  9882;  d.,  9941 . 

,  robber,  hanged,  899 1 . 

Maccabees,  rise^of,  11492, 

McCall,  George'  Archibald,  b.  (1802)  :  at 
Seven  Davs'  Battles,  reenforces  McCIlel- 
lan,  2091 ;  d.  (1868). 

,  John,  intro.  Australian  meat,  9693. 

,  Samuel  W.,  b.,  1682;  in  House,  4392. 

McCalla,  Com.,  suspended,  3561 ;  sen- 
tenced, 3581. 

MeCann,  William  P.,  commander,  3261; 
commands,  S.Atlantic  Squadron,  3661; 
commands  S.  Pacific  Squadron ;  com- 
mand of  Charleston,  3841 . 

M'Carthy,  Gen.,  at  Newton  Butler,  89Si . 

McCarthy,  John,  cons.  bp.  Cologne,  9782, 

,  John,  shoots  J.  G.  Wolf,  4723. 

,  Justin,  b.,  9443  ;  works,  9723,  9862  ; 

pres.  Irish  Land  Leagiie,  9872 ;  leaves  Na- 
tionalists; in  Nat. Federal  Conven., 10052. 

,  Father,  boycotts.  IOOO2  ;  trial,  10003. 

McCarty,  John,  bill  in  assembly,  4223. 


M'Caskill,  Gen.,  in  Afghan,  42. 
McCaughey,  land  commissioner,  impeach* 

ment,  4272. 
McCauley,  C.  A.  H.,  commis.  major.  459i . 

,  E.  Y.,  d.,  4701. 

,  Francis,  moderator,  1343. 

McCausland,    Gen.,    at    Hancock,    2363 ; 
burns  Chambersburg,  2303  ;  at  Cumber- 
land ;    at    Moorefield,    2371;    at    Front 
Royal,  2401. 
McCawley,   Charles    G.,    in   navy   dept., 

3512;  d.,  3922. 
MacCheyne,  Rob.Murray,b.,9363;  d.  (1843). 
McClave,  John,  resigns,  4653. 
McCleary,  J.  T.,  b.,  1722. 
MacClellan,  George  Brinton,b.,134i ;  com- 
mands dept.  Ohio,  1942;  maj.-gen.,  1943; 
at  Beverly  ;  at  Carrick's  Ford  ;  relieved 
of  command,  1963,  2043,  2151 ;  commands 
Army  of  Potomac,  198i,  2043;  reviews 
army,  2003  ;  changes  base,  2051 ;  leaves 
Fortress  Monroe  ;  besieges  Yorktown ; 
against  Richmond  ;  controversy  with 
war  dept.,  2061 ;  appeals  for  more  men, 
2071,  2;  at  White  House,  2081;  at  Fair 
Oaks;  takes  Hanover  Court  House, 2082; 
reenforced  by  McCall ;  retreats ;  in 
Seven  Days'  Battles,  2(KH  ;  leaves  Harri- 
son's Bar,  2111;  at  Aquia  Creek,  2121; 
defends  Washington  ;  at  Alexandria, 
2122  ;  at  Antietani;  at  South  Mountain, 
2131 ;  arrests  Maryland  Legislature,2133; 
to  cross  Potomac,  2142  ;  Urst  Va.  cam- 
paign, 2143;  in  politics,  2153;  nominated 
for  Pres. ;  accepts  nomination  but  re- 
jects platform.  2393  ;  resigns  command 
U.  S.  A.,  2401  ;  defeated;  vote,  2412; 
electoral  vote,  2432;  gov.,  3012;  d.,  3202; 
widow  pensioned.  3652  ;  statue,  4741. 

, B.,  Irish  flag,  455i . 

McClelland,  Alexander,  d..  2411. 

,  Robert,  gov.,  1712;  sec.  interior,  1732. 

McClernand,  Gen.  John  Alexander,  b. 
(1812) ;  at  Behnont.  Mo.,  2002  :  at  Fort 
Donelson,  204i  ;  supersedes  Sherman, 
2163,  2181;  at  Arkansas  Poet,  2181;  at 
Y'oung's  Point,  2182  ;  at  New  Carthage, 
2202  ;  at  Black  River  ;  at  Haino's  Blulfc' ; 
at  Champion's  Hill,  222^  ;  congratulates 
troops,  2222;  relieved,  2223;  at  Mata- 
gorda, 2321 ;  pres.  Dem.  Conven.,  2931 . 
Macclesfield,  E.  of,  title  created,  9051. 

,  Baron,  lord  chancellor,  9072. 

McClintoek,  Sir  Francis  Leopold,  b.,r383; 
brings  Franklin  relics,  9622. 

,  John,  b.,  1231;  work,  2603;  d.,270i. 

McCloskey,  John,  b.,  1162;  cardinal.  2882; 
dedicates  St.  Patrick's,  3002;  d.,  3202. 

,  Wm.  George,  b.  (1823)  ;  bishop,  2622. 

McCluney,  William  J.,  d.,  2312. 
McClure,  Gen.,  abandons  Ft.  George,  1203. 
.  M'Clure,   Robert   John  Le  Mesurier,  b., 
9331 ;  discov.,  580i .  9542,  9602;  d.,  9781 . 

.  P.  F.,  nom.  for  gov.  S.  Dak.,  3451 . 

M'Clurg,  Joseph  W.,  gov.  Mo.,  2693. 
McComae,  Judge,  refuses  mandamus, 4732, 
McComb  City,  Miss.,  lynching,  4083. 
Macconnel,  John  L.,  b.,  1341 ;  d. 
McConnell,  F.,  d.,  5881. 

,  Wm.  J.,  gov.  Ida.,  4471 . 

,  S.  D.,  Am.  Episcopal  Church,  3743. 

McCook,  Alex.  McDowell,  b.,  1382  ;  at 
Murfreesboro,  2171;  at  Chickamauga ; 
at  Farmington  ;  relieved,  2263  ;  at  Mossy 
Creek,  230i;  at  Ashbyville,  2403  ;  Gen. 
Jones  surrenders,  2463;  brig.-gen.,  3621, 
3641 ;  mai.-genera),  4741 . 

,  Gen.  Dan.,  killed  near  Kenesaw, 2351, 

; ,  Edward  M.,  b.,  1422  ;  in  Ga.,  2363  ; 

gov.  Colo.,  2692, 

,  Edwins.,  d.,  2821. 

,  Robt.  L.,  b..  1482;  at  Laurel  Hill,  1962. 

MacCorkle,  W.  A.,  gov.  W.  Va.,  4472. 

McCormack,  Alex.  H.,  captain,  3981 . 

MacCormack,  Francis,  cons.R.C.  bp.,9762. 

McCormick,  Cyprus  Hall,  b.,  II61 ;  patents 

reaper,  1441;  machine  perfected,  1602; 

gold  medal,  170i;  highest  award,  258 1 ; 

grain  binder  ;  gold  medal,  2981 ;  d.,  3162. 

,  Rich.  C,  Jr..  b.,  1401 ;  gov.  Ariz.,  2553 

Observatory  dedicated,  3201 , 

Theological  Seminary  est.,  1383. 

McCosh,  James,  b.,935i ;  works, 9563, 1863, 

3063,  2771,  2871;  d.,  4741. 
McCoskry,  Samuel  Allen,  cons.  P.  E.  bp., 

1462;  deposed,  2983. 
McCoy  feud  in  Ky.,  3331 . 
McCoy's  Mill,  W.  Va.,  action  at,  2003. 
MacCracken,  H.  M.,  chanc.  of  Univ.,  3843, 


Mccr-Mcle. 


Text  figures  denote  Page.        lNlJll.X^.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1321 


McCrary,  George  W.,  b.,  1442  ;  luiniBter; 
resigns,  3033;  d.,  360'. 

,  W.,  minister,  2953. 

McCrea,  Jane,  b.,  683;  k.,  863. 
McCready,  Benjamin  W.,  d.,  4101. 
McCreary,  James  B.,  b.,  1501 ;  gof.  Ky., 
2012;  in  Monetary  Conference,  4132. 

Kill  passes  Senate,  441* . 

McCreedv,  Thomas  C,  d.,  262'. 
M'Crie,  thomas,  b.,  9183;  d.,  9462. 
MacCullagh,  James,  b.,  935< :  d.,  9542. 
MoCuIlocli,  Ben.,  b.  (1814);  d.,  2052. 

,  Hugh,  b.  (1811) ;  sec.  treas.,  2453, 3192; 

contracts  currency,  251'  ;  Men,  3323. 

,  Sir  James,  premier,  4973  ;  knighted. 

Darling  grant,  4983;  ministry,  499'. 

,  Gen.,  at  Milliken's  Bend,  2222. 

MacCuUoch,  .John,  b.,  9183:  d.,  9462. 
M'CuUoch,  John  Itamsay,  b.,  9'203 ;  works, 
9423,9463;  d.,968'. 

,  Philip  D.,  b.,  1682. 

MbCullough,  John,  b.   (1837);   as  Iciliut, 
2191;  d.,  3202. 

,  J.  B.,  d.,  46ai. 

McCurdy,  Hugh,  Commander,  4123. 
McCurley,    James,   org.    Washingtonian 

movement,  151 1 . 
McCurtin,  treas.,  accounts  short,  4402. 
M'Daniel,  Henry  D.,  gov.,  3152. 
McDannold,  John  J.,  b.,  1082. 
McDearmon,  James  C.,  b.,  1562. 
M'Dermott,  Terence,  conspirator,  9923. 
MacDill,  David,  moderator,  4202. 
Macdonald,  A.  A.  gov.  P.  E.  I.,  5833. 

,  Angus,  cons.  K.  C.  bp.,  9841 . 

,  Charles  F.,  in  P.  O.  Dept.,  3512. 

McDonald,  Colonel,  at  B')mney-  2002. 
MaoDonald.  D.  A.,  gov.,  ,5832. 
M'Donald,  E.   F.,   unseated,   3592  ;    rein- 
stated, 3753. 
Mac  Donald,  fitienne  Jacques  .Joseph  Alex- 
ander, Due  deTarente,  b.,  7031  ;b.  ofPar- 
ma,5182;  at  Bar-sur-Aube,  72U3;  d.,  7282. 

,  John,  cons.  bp„  9682. 

,  JohnC,  d.,  10021. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9172. 

,  Baron,  lord  chancellor,  9072. 

,  Sir     John     Alexander,     b.     (1815)  ; 

premier,  5812,  5852;  ministry  of,  ,5812; 
charges  against  ministry  ;  admits  money 
received  ;  ministry  resigns,  5833  ;  con- 
gratulations, 5862";  threatens,  5871;  re- 
signs presidency,  5892  ;  support,  5921 ; 
address,  5923;  policy  continued,  5931; 
d.,  5921;  statue,  5961. 
McDonald,  Jos.  E.,  nom.  vlce-pres.,  3173  ; 
d.,  3861. 

,  W.  A.,  bribery,  6943. 

,  W.  Z.j  indictments,  4402. 

MacDonald,  Capt.,  in  Uganda,  564'. 

,  Lady,  raised  to  peerage,  5922. 

,  Mr.,  M.  P.,  gift  of,  9882. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  10O52. 

,  George,  b.,  9422  ;  works,  9063. 

ilL&cihniaGl\, Dictionari/o/ Qiiofations  ,92^^ . 

,  Alex.,  gov.  R.  River,  5773. 

, ,  Rom.  Oath,  bishop,  5901 . 

McDonnell,  Charles  Edward,  bp.,402i. 

,  Col.,  takes  Ogdensburg,  1201. 

,  Capt.  .Miles,  governor,  5773. 

,  Sir  B.  G.,  gov.  N.  S.,  5792. 

Macdonrmgh,  Thomas,  b.,  961 ;  at  Platta- 

burg,  1222  ;  d.,  1322. 
McDougal,  Mr.,  discharged,  773. 

,  Alex.,  b.,  1581:  d.  (1786). 

,  Ephraim,  d.,  1682. 

,  John,  moderator,  1283. 

,  Robert,  org.  Presb.  Church,  5763. 

,  William  A.,  moderator,  1422. 

McDougall,  Alex.,  b.,  Oil ;   at  Peekskill, 

861;  d.,981. 
MacDougall,  F.  J.,  bp.,  5523. 
McDowell,  Va.,  Federals  defeated,  2071 . 
MaoDowell,  Irvin,  b.,  1262  ;   advance  on 
Manassas,  1963  ;  in  Army  of  Potomac, 
2043 ;    in  Va.,  2052  ;    commander ;    de- 
tached, 2061 ;  at  Fredericksburg,  2062  ; 
defense  of  Wash.,  2082  ;  at  Centerville ; 
at  Groveton,  2122  ;  relieved,  2123,2203; 
commands PiUMflc  Coaat,2.332;  commands 
4th  military  dis.,  258'  t,  2621 ;  d.,  .■(202. 
M'Dowell,  James,  b.  (1796)  ;  gov.  Va.,  1572; 

d.(m5l). 
McDuffie,   George,   b.  (1788);  gov.  8.  C, 

1452;  d.,  1682. 
Mace,  Samuel,  in  Va.,  26' ;. 
Macedo,  Jos^  Agostino  de,  Oriente,  1110' . 
Macedon  rises  in  power,  10233  ;  invaded, 
10243,1026'. 


Macedonia  captured,  1182. 
Macedonia,  Gr.,  dynasty  at,  6513  ;  Cara- 
nus  reigns,  10152  ;  Philip  I.,  reigns,  10153; 
conquered,  1016',  10173;  Athenians 
against,  10253 ;  overrun  with  Goths, 
10293  ;  Roman  province,  10292,  10571 ; 
conquered, l(X35i ;  ceded;de8olated, 10681 ; 
phalanx  iiLstituted,  10223;  Persian  wives, 
10251;  condemned,  10291;  earthquakes, 
11502 ;  annexed  to  Ottoman  Empire, 
11572  ;  empire  ends,  10292  j  insurrection, 
11592  ;  dynasty  reigns,  10332. 
Macedonian    War,    ttrst,    10542 ;    second, 

10M3  ;  third  ;  fourth,  10551. 
Macedonius,  bp.  of  Const'ple,  10291,  10683, 
McEnery,  John,    gov.    La.,  2793,    2812; 
claims  govt,  of  La.,  2853  ;  d.,  3801 . 

,  discovers  Hint  tools,  9421 . 

M'Enery,  Samuel  D.,  gov.  La.,  3132. 
McEntee,  Jervis,   b.,  1362  ;   works,   2721 , 
2861,  294',  302',  306',  3101,  3121,   316', 
3181,322',  3261  ;   d.,  376'. 
Maceo,  Gen.,  surrenders  at  Gibraltar,  6322. 
McEttrick,  M.  J.,  b.,  1602. 
Macevilly,  John,  cons,  bishop,  9583. 
MacFarland,  Daniel,  acquitted,  2703. 
McFarland,  Francis,  moderator,  180'. 

,  W.  H.,  surety  for  J.  Davis,  2563. 

MacFarren,  Geo.  Alex,  b.,  9363  ;  d.  (1887). 
McGanu,  Lawrence  E.  b.,  170' . 
McGarrahan,  Wm.,  title  sustained,  423'. 

Claim,  passes  senate,  4253. 

McGee,  Thomas  D*Arcy,  b.,9422  ;  assassi- 
nated, ,5823,  9722. 

,  Maj.,  near  Strasburg,  2203. 

,  Sheriff,  killed,  4762. 

MacGeohegan,  Abb^  James,  b.,  900n  ;  Ire- 
land ;  d.,  915'. 
McGill,  Alexander  T.,  d.,  334' . 

,  Andrew  R.,  gov.  Minn.,  3252. 

,  ,John  D.,  b.,  1162. 

M'Gill,  James,  b.  (1744) ;  gift,  5771 ;  d.(1874). 

Coll.,  Montreal,  5783. 

Univ.,  gift, 5883, 5902;  applied  science 

movement,  5902. 
Macgillivray,  William,  b.,  9283  ;  war  with 

Indians,  96' ;  d.,  9582. 
McGlassin,  attacks  Brit.,  Plattsburg,  1222. 
McGlensey,  John  F.,  jtromoted  capt.,  3621 . 
M'Glynn,  Edward,  at  Cooper  Union,  3&4' ; 
attacks    parochial     schools,    3362  ;     on 
church  despots,  3482  ;  conditions  of  re- 
storation, 3942  ;  restored  ;  ovation,  420' ; 
speaks,  421 ' ;  visits  pope,  432' ;  celebrates 
mass,  434' . 
McGoldrick,  .lames,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  2482. 
McGovern,  Thomas,  R.  C.  bp.  cons.,  3282. 
McGowan,  Col.,  at  Kinderhook,  2103. 
McGrane,  Chief  of  Police,  arrested,  4443. 
McGrath,  .James,  sentenced,  987' . 
McGraw,  John  H.,  gov.  Wash.,  4472. 
McGreevy,  Thomas,  resigns,  598' . 
Macgreg*)r,  Sir  Charles  Metcalfe,  d.,  9962. 

,  Sir  James,  statue,  9662. 

,  .John,  d..  1008'. 

Campbell,  Rob  Roy,  b.,  8902;  d.,9082. 

McGuffey,  Win.  Homes,  b.  (1800) ;  d.,  2802. 
McHale,  John,  d.,  9382. 
Machanidas,  killed  at  Mantinea,  10262. 
Machaut,  Guillaunie  de,  b.  (1284) ;  works, 

6743  ;  d.  (1370). 
Machen,  Willis  B.,  vote,  2812. 
M'Henry,  Mary  S.,  president,  389'. 
Machias  launched,  396' ;  trial  trip,  430' . 
Machiavelli,  Niccolo,  b.,  10783  ;    gee.  at 
Florence,  10793  ;  works,  10812  ;  d.,  10803. 
Machiewicz,  Abb^,  hanged,  11183. 
Machray,  R.,  cons,  bishop,  9683. 
Mcllvaine,  Charles  Pettit,  b.  (1799) ;  cons. 

P.  E.  bishop,  1402  ;  d.,  2802. 
Mcintosh,  Ga.,  Dorchester  Acad.,  2763,  4. 

,  James  McQueen,  at  Pea  Ridge,  202 

,  Laehlan,  b.,  602  ;  d.,  1122. 

Mclntyre,  H.  W.,  nom.  for  gov.  Col.,  4712. 

,  Peter,  cons,  bishop,  6802. 

Mack,  Karl,  surrenders  Ulm,  5183  ;  com- 
mander, 8083. 

,  Leiberich,  b.,  6143  ;  d.,  5202. 

McKaig,  William  M.,  b.,  1.58' . 
Mackair,  Gen.,  at  Island  No.  10,  2052. 
McKane,  John  Y.,  case,  4422,  4423,  4442, 

445' ,  4483,  4492,  4502,3,  4531 ,  4.>i92. 
Maekarness,  John  Fielder,  d.,  IOOOI . 
M<irkay-Bennett  cable-steamer,  4712. 
Mackay,"Alex.  Murdock,  b.  (1849) ;  Zanzi- 
bar, 5612  ;  baptism  in  Uganda,  5613;  ex- 
pelled, 5621;  a.,  5622. 
— ,  Charles,  b.,  9363  ;  works,  9511 ,  9682; 
d.,  10021. 


Mackay,  Capt.,  rifles  Martello  tower,  971' . 
McKay,  Donald,  b.,  1162  ;  d.,  3(M1 . 
Mackay,  Gen.,  at  Killiecrankie,  8981. 

,  G.  M. -contested  election,  311'. 

,  John  W.,  trip,  3933  ;  shot,  4242. 

,  Philip,  mission,  2922. 

,  Sergt.,  wins  rifle  prize,  982'. 

,  Thomas,  Plea  for  Liberty,  3962. 

Mackaye,  Steele,  b.,  56' ;  d.,  452' . 
McKean,  Frank  A.,  embezzler,  4763. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  622  ;  gov.,  1093  ;  d.^1262. 

,  William  W.,  d.,247'. 

McKee,  Maj.,  at  Hudson,  Mo.,  202' . 
McKeesport,    Pa.,    mills   resume,   437» ; 

strike,  4622  ;  centennial,  4713. 
McKeever,  Isaac,  b.,  1042  ;  d.,  178'. 
McKeighan,  William  A.,  b.,  1542. 
McKendree,  Wm.,  b.  (1757) ;  ordained  bp., 
1142  ;  d.,  1442. 

College  founded,  135'. 

McKenna  Bill,  passes,  3532. 
,  Alice,  murdered,  1001 ' . 

,  Col.,  defeats  Sioux,  2i)2'. 

,  Donald,  governor,  5773. 

McKenzie,  Tenn.,  Bethel  Coll.  org.,  1703. 

Mackenzie,  Alex.  Slidell,  b.,  1102;  d.,164'. 

,  Sir  Alex.,  b.,  9123  ;  polar  expedition, 

5162, 9242  ;  goes  to  Pacific,  5762  ;  reaches 
coast,  104';  d.,9402. 

, ,  b.  (1822) ;  agent  frees  slaves  in 

Afr.,  5632  ;  premier,  5833  ;  ministry  re- 
signs, 6852  ;  d.,  594' . 

, ,  maj. -gen.,  d..  1002'. 

,  Charles  F.,  bp.  at  Zambesi,  5612;  lib- 
erates slaves  5.')83  ;  d.,5612. 

,  Douglas,  cons.  P.  E.  bishop,  9862. 

,  Sir  George,  b.,  8822  ;  d.,  9862. 

,  Henry,  b.,  9103  ;  d.,  9442. 

,  J.  Kenneth,  d.,  6242. 

,  Sir  Morell,  b.  (1837) ;  royal  physician, 

3822  ;  tracheotomy,  8223  ;  d.,  1008' . 

,  Robert  Shelton,  b.,  935' ;  d.,  986' . 

,  Ronald  Slidell,  d.,  334' . 

,  William  Lyon,  b..  5762  •  lea<ler,678' ; 

proclamation,  5792  ;  d.,  580' . 

Basin,  exploration,  690' . 

River,  Can.,  disc,  6762  ;  attractions, 

5863 ;    Bishop    Bonibas,    cons.,    9742 ; 
Bisliop  Reeve,  cons.,  10063. 

McKeon,  Mr., kills  opponent;  hanged,  925'. 
Mackie,  Charles  P.,  Ocean  Sea,  i©82. 
McKim,  A.  J.,  colporteur,  6323. 

,  John,  bishop  to  Japan,  432' . 

Mackinac  Island,  park  on,  289' . 
Mackinaw,  Mich.,  mission,  563,602, 131', 

615';  surrendered  to  British,  118';  as- 
saulted, 1222. 
McKinley,  John,  gov.  Del.,  853. 

, ,  b.,  93' ;  justice  of  V.  S.  1492. 

,  William,  b.  (1844);  M.  C.  from  O., 

2972  ;  Committee  on  "Ways  and  Means, 

349';  intro.  Tariff  Bill,  3592;  nom.  for 

gov.  O.,  3872  ;  chairman  Nat.  Conven.; 

nom.  for  pres.,  409' ;  gov.  O.,  4212,  4312  ; 

subscription  for,  4242  ;  debts  paid,  452' ; 

pres.  U.  S.  (1897-1901). 
Tarifl  Bill,  357' ,  3592,  3,  369'  ,2,  4013, 

403' ;  Aust.  press  attacks,  5363. 
McKinney,  Luther  F.,nom.  forgov.N.H., 

415' ;  minister,  4473. 

,  Philip  W.,  governor  Va.,  375'. 

Mackintosh,  Sir  James,  b.,  9162  ;  works,' 

9363  ;  d.  (1832). 
McKitrie,  E.  S.,  moderator,  350' . 
Macklin,  Charles,  b.  (1697+);  appears  in 

London,  906';  d.  (1797). 
McKnight,  John,  moderator,  1062. 
McKnivett,  James,  sentenced,  987' . 
Macktmnochie,  A.  H.,  ritualist ;  trial, 9702; 

sentence,  9782;  appeal  dismissed,  9862. 
MacLachlan,  Jolin,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  984' . 
Maclagan,  Wm.  D.,  elected  bp.,  9803, 10O62. 
MacLane,  Louis,  b.,  98';  sec.  of  treas., 

1392  ;  treaty  with  Mex.,  1903  ;  d.,  182' . 
- — .  Rob.Milligan,b.(1815);  diploniat,190». 
McLaren,  Edwin  W.,  b.,  1382  ;  cons.  P.  E. 

bishop,  2883. 
McLauin,  John  L.,  b.,  186' . 
Maclaurin,  Colin,  b.,  9002  ;  d.,  9122. 
McLaws,    Gen.  Lafayette,   b.    (1821) ;    at 

Gettysburg,  224'. 
Maclay  College  of  Theology  opened,  3203. 

,  Edgar  Staunton,  U.  S.  Navy,  479' . 

,  Dr.  Robert  S.,  opens  mission,  1094' . 

Macleag  mission,  6OO2. 

McLean  Co.,  111.,  relief  for  Ku8sian8,4023. 

,  Alexander,  b.,  142' . 

,  A.,  kills  Miss  Douglas,  4683. 

,  Capt.,  on  American,  3052. 


1322 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        IN UllX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  Mcl6— Mft^^Il. 


McLean,  John,  b.,  962;  p.  in.  gen.,  1333; 
justice  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  1372  ;  nom. 
pros.,  1803,  1873  ;  d.,  1922. 

,  Robert,  shoots  at  queen,  9881 . 

,  M.  W.,  moderator,  5882. 

McLeod,  Alexander,  indicted,  1532  j  ac- 
quitted, 579 1. 

M'Leod,  John,  in  Georgia,  633. 

MacLeod,  Xavier  Donald,  b.,  1301;  d. 
(1865). 

Maclise,  Daniel,  b.,  9351 ;  Play  Scene  in 
Hamlet,  9502  ;  d.  (1870). 

Maclure,  William,  b.,  723  ;  d.,  152a. 

,  Capt.,  captured,  9703. 

McMahon,  Lawrence  S.,  cons,  bishop  of 
Hartford,  3022  ;  d.,  4361 . 

MacMahon,  Comte  Marie  Edm^,  Patrice 
Maurice  de,  Due  de  Magenta,  b.,  717i ; 
at  Magenta,  5241;  at  Strasburg ;  at 
Worth ;  at  Saverne,  7381 ;  fails  to  relieve 
Bazalne ;  reaches  ChAlons-sur-Marne, 
7401;  at  Sedan;  retreats;  retreat  cut 
off,  7402 ;  commander-in-chief,  7442  ; 
pres.  of  Fr.,  7473  ;  increased  power,  749 1 ; 
displaces  Simon  ministry,  7511  j  submits 
to  majority,  7512;  arbitrator,  6012;  con- 
flict with  Chambers  ;  opens  Exhibition, 
7513;  on  council  of  war;  supported  for 
pres.,  7472;  d.,  766' ;  funeral,  7662. 

,  Marchioness,  conspiracy,  7483. 

McMahon,  Wm.  H..  tariff  commissioner, 
3111. 

M'Mahon,  James,  gift  to  R.  C.  univ.,  3822. 

MacMaster,  Donald,  commissioner,  6942. 

McMaster,  John  Bach,  b.  (1852);  works, 
3163,4203. 

McMichael,  Morton,  b.,  1141 ;  d.,  300' . 

MacMillarapatna,  Ludia,  mission,  10463. 

McMillan,  James,  b.,  1501. 

,  William  H.,  moderator,  3162. 

McMillin  Benton,  b.,158i;  speaker,  3992  ; 
Internal  Revenue  Bill,  4511 . 

M'Minu,  Joseph,  governor  Tenn.,  1252. 

McMinnville  College,  Ore.,  org.,  1863, 

M'MuUen,  Fayette,  governor  Wash.,  1833. 

McMurdo,  Sir  William  Scott,  b.,  10102. 

McMurray,  Wm.,  pres.  Ref.  synod,  1263. 

McMurrough,  Dermod,  banished,  8512. 

McMurtrie,  Henry,  d.,  2471 . 

Macnab,  Sir  AUanNapier,  b.,  5762;  leader, 
5781;  d.,5801. 

Macnaghten,  Baron,  title  created,  9963. 

,  Sir  William,  Aden  captured,  9493;  en- 
voy to  Afghanistan,  5i ;  killed,  52. 

McXagny,  William  F.,  b.,  I68I. 

M'Nair,  Alexander,  governor  Mo.,  1292. 

McNales,  James,  shoots  Geo.  Hoover, 3803 , 

Macnally,  David  R.,  b.,  1162. 

McNeil,  Col.,  at  Kirksville,  2103  ;  gueril- 
las hanged,  2143  ;  at  Gape  Girardeau, 
2203. 

,  Gen.,  in  Sudan,  66O2. 

Macneil,  Hector,  b.,  9122;  d.,9383. 

MacNeven,  Wm.  James,  b.,  9162;  d.,950a. 

McNierny,  Francis,  cons.  Roman  Catholic 
bishop,  2763,  2962  ;  d.,  4481 . 

McNish,  George,  missionary,  522. 

M'Kulty,  Father,  beaten,  3803. 

M'Nutt,  Alex.  G.,  gov.  Miss.,  1492. 

Macomb,  Alex.,  b.,  9oi ;  commands  army, 
1341 ;  at  Plattsburg ;  retires,  122i  ,2  ;  d., 
1522. 

,  Commander,  takes  Plymouth,  2392. 

,  William  H.,  d.,  278i . 

Macon,  Pr.,  purchased,  6713. 

Macon,  Ga. ,  Mercer  Univ.  org. ,  1423 ;  earth- 
quake, 1741 ;  Stoneman's  raid,  2363;  sur- 
rendered, 2462  ;  pio  Nono  College,  R.  C, 
org.,  2922  ;  bust  of  Lanier,  3701 . 

and  Brunswick  R.  R.  sold,  3033. 

,  Nathaniel,  b.,7i;8peaker,1112,ii3i  ,3; 

No.  2  Act  passes,  1192  ;  electoral  vote, 
1332  ;  pres.  Senate,  1352  ;  d.,  1482. 

Mcpherson,  Edward  M.,  pres.  Nat.  Rep. 
conven.,  2931 ;  clerk  of  House,  3483. 

Macpherson  Ministry,  formed,  4983. 

Macpherson,  Sir  Herbert  Taylor,  d.,  9942. 

,  James,  b., 9102;  0«sia7?,9152;  d.,9283. 

, Birdseye,   b.,  1362  ;    at  Bruine- 

burg ;  at  Champion's  Hill ;  at  Haines' 
Bluff  ;  at  Raymond  ;  at  Jackson,  2221 ; 
recalled  from  Red  River ;  commands 
Dept.  of  Tenn.,  2303,2322;  near  Marietta, 
near  Pumpkin  Vine  Creek,  2341 ;  at  At- 
lanta, 2362 ;  d.,  2373. 

,  Sir  John,  b.  (1745) ;  gov.-een.  India, 

10453  ;  d.  (1821). 

, R.,  b.,  1421. 

,  Gen.,  at  Suez,  6582;  inAbye.,6i. 


McQuaid,  Bernard  J.,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,2622; 
cons.jbp.,  sustained  by  pope,  3422. 

McQuaid,  Alderman,  of  New  York,  sen- 
tenced, 3251. 

McQuade,  John,  commissioner,  4593. 

Macquarie  Plains,  gold  discovered,  496i . 

,  Col.  Laohlan,  gov.,  4951 . 

MacQuearey,  Howard,  suspended,  3542  ; 
trial ;  suspended  deposition,  3742. 

M'Rae,  John  J.,  gov.  Miss.,  1771 ;  d.,  2621 . 

McRae,  Thomas  C,  b.,  1682. 

Macready,  William  Charles,  b.,  9262;  first 
appearance,  9362  ;  Astor  Place  riot, 
1643  ;  in  N.  York,  1341 ,  I64i ;  d.,  9781 . 

McRedmond,  T.  T.,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  10042. 

Macrinus,  Marcus  Opilius,  b.  (164) ;  de- 
feated, IO&II ;  reigns,  10293, 10653;  assas- 
sination of  Caracalla ;  purchases  peace  ; 
killed,  10653. 

Macro,  Navius  Sertorius,  favorite  of  Tibe- 
rius, 10632;  k.  (38J:). 

Maororie,  W.  R.,  cons,  bp.,  6003,9663. 

McTavish,  Wm.,  gov.  Red  River  S.,  5773. 

McTveire,  Holland  N.,  ordained  Meth. 
Epis.  bishop,  2522  ;  d.,  3361. 

McVeagh,  Wayne,  b.  (1833);  minister,  3072; 
atty.-gen.,  resigns,  3092  ;  ambassador  to 
Rome,  4473. 

MacVickar,  John,  b.,  982  ;  d.,  2641. 

M'Vicker's  Theater  burned,  3673. 

McWhirter,  L.  B.,  shot,  4142. 

McWhorter,  Alexander,  b.  (1734) ;  modera- 
tor, 1062  ;  d.  (1807). 

M'Willie,  Wm.,  gov.  Miss.,  1852  ;  d.,  2661 . 

Machinery  prohibited  in  i>risons,  3783. 

,  exports  prohibited,  9182,  9193  ;  riots 

against,  in  G.  B.,  945' . 

Machine  ram  invented,  7901. 

Macy,  Thomas,  in  Mass.,  412. 

Mad  Parliament  assembles,  Eng.,  8551. 

Mad  River  Railroad  opened,  O.,  1493. 

Madagascar  (see  text,  pp.  1094-95),  Fr.  pro- 
tectorate, 7533;  Fr.  honor  supported, 
7551 ;  peace,  7552;  protectorate  recog., 
7611;  rupture  of  relations,  7632  ;  grant 
protested,  7672 ;  fund  for  campaign ; 
trouble  with,  7673;  naval  engagement, 
9342;  Bp.  Kestell-C Ornish  cons.,  9742. 

Madanapalli  mi.ssion,  10472. 

Madden,  Sir  Fred.,  b.,  9303  ;  d.,978i . 

Madder  cultivated  in  Ger.,  7921. 

Madderne,  Edward  Byrne,  threats,  9831. 

Madeira,  acquired  by  Port.  ;  grape-vine 
and  sugar-cane  planted,  11093. 

Madeiine  wins  America  cup,  2933. 

Madersburger,  sewing-machine,  5202. 

Madison,  N.  J.,  Drew  Som.  fnd.,2543. 

,  S.  Dak.,  Normal  School  opd.,  3143. 

,  Va.,  Confederates  defeated,  2263. 

,  Wis.,  Univ.  of  Wis.  org.,  1&43  ;  State 

Histor.  Soc.  Library  fnd.,  1663;  Coll.  for 
Women  opd.,  2742  ;  Washburne  Observ- 
atory erected,  3001 ;   hospital  est.,  3603. 

,  George,  governor  Ky.,  1252. 

,  James,  b.  (1749) ;  bp.,  1022;  d.  (1812). 

, -,  b.,  692;  graduates  from  Prince- 
ton, 771 ;  marries,  1071 ;  gee.  state,  III2  ; 
electoral  vote,  1153,  1212  ;  inaug.  pres., 
1171,1213;  war  against  Eng.,  1173;  favors 
Fr.  commerce,  1172  ;  war  message  ;  de- 
clares war,  1192  ;  cabinet,  1213  ;  signs 
Delevan's  declaration,  1451;  d.,  1462. 

Univ.,  N.  Y.,  est.,  1251 ;  Library  build- 
ing, 3383;  changed  to  Colgate  Univ.,  3411. 

Madler,  JohannH.,  b.,  8062;  d.,828i. 

Madoc,  legendary  ('/)  Welsh  pr.,  d.,  8502. 

Madole,  battle  at,  518' . 

Madoz,  Pascuale,  b.-d.,  11303. 

Madras,  E.  I.,  fnd.,  8833  ;  attacked,  9101 ; 
bishopric;  est.,  9483  ;  Archbp.  Colgan 
cons.,  9862;  surrenders,  10441 ;  besieged, 
10442;  mission,  10462,  1{H83,  10491;  uni- 
versity established,  10462. 

Madrazo,  Don  Federico,  d.,  11322. 

Madrid,  Sp.,  sacked,  11261 ;  peace  of,  void, 
6802  ;  Vittoria's  Requiem  printed,  11292; 
treaty  of,  452,  6333,  6813  ;  foundation  of 
Escurial,  11281 ;  capital  of  Sp.,  11293;  iu- 
trigues,  5133  ;  taken,  11281;  telescope, 
9302  ;  Napoleon  enters,  7173  ;  supreme 
junta  fmd.,  11312;  Eng.  enter,  936i, 
7162;  evacuated,  7182;  surrenders;  mili- 
tary revolt,  11301,2,  11322  ;  R.  R.  to  Lis- 
bon, 11113  ;  students*  riots,  11312  ;  Pro- 
testants worship ;  professors  and  stu- 
dents expelled,  11322,3  ;  Ger.  legation 
attacked,  11333  ;  Workman's  Cong.  ;  ex- 
plosives in  Cortes,  11331  ;  Cortes  guarded, 
11333;  Protestant  church  opened,  11323. 


Madrid-Aranjuez  R.  R.  opened,  11311. 
Madrigal  Society  fnd.,  London,  9102. 
Mfuiura,    Jesuit    mission,     10432,    10463  ; 

Roman  Catholic  success  at,  10491 . 
Madvig,  Johami  Nikolai,  b.,6382;  d.,642i. 
Maecenas,  Caius  Cilnius,  b.-d.,  10583. 
Maelin,  Victor,  executed.  6342. 
Maerlant,  Jakob  van,  b.-d.,  5392;  Flowers 

of  Nature,  10983. 
Maes,  Camillus  Paul,  b.  (1»«>);  bp.,  3182. 
Maestricht,  Neth.,  taken, 692i,700i  ,11001. 

Mafeking,  attack  on,  6021. 

Mafla,  in  Sicily,  10893  ;  mob  against,  3811 . 

Maffei,  Francesco  Scipione,  b.,  1083'; 
works,  10833  ;  d.  (1775). 

Maffit,  John  Newlami,  b.,  IO6I ;  d.,  I68I . 

Mafube,  O.,  free  State,  mission  at,  11051* 

Magadha,  ambassador  from,  613*. 

Magannis,  Edward,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  998». 

Magaritone  invents  stucco-work,  10761, 

Magasinal  tstortca  peuti'u  Dacia,  11133. 

Magauscia  microwned,  33. 

Magazine  of  Am.  History  appears,  2963. 

Magaw,  Col.,  at  Fort  Washington,  843, 

Magdala,  Abys.,  bombarded,  2i. 

,  Nicaragua,  mission  at,  11032. 

Magdalena  River,  steamboats  run,  6293. 

Magdeburg,  Saxony,  fnd.,  7732;  imperial- 
ists repulsed,  6361 ;  Catholics  take,512i ; 
battle  at,  6961 ;  occupied,  7161 ;  bc^^ieged, 
'j921  ;  monastery  at,  7723  ;  arclibislutpric 
fmd.,  7742;  under  ban,  7913;  blockaded, 
7941 ;  taken, 7942, 7951 ;  archVpric  ceded 
to  Sax.,  7953;  battle  of,  796 1 ;  8O8I;  an- 
nexed to  Brandenburg,  7973,  to  West- 
phalia, 8093;  restored  to  Prus.,  8112. 

Magdoshu  captured,  6613. 

Magee,  William,  b.  (1765) ;  d.,  9442. 

, Connor,  b.  (1821) ;  cons,  bp.,9663; 

10062  ;   d.,  10061. 

Magellan,  Straits  of,  entered,  183. 

,  Fernando,  b.-d.,  11092  ;  sails  ;  enters 

Pacific,  183  ;  in  Plata  Sea,  489 1 ;  sails 
around  S.Am,,  11093  ;  circumnavigation 
of  globe,  182,  191. 

Magellanes,  engagement  with,  6083. 

Magendie,  Francois,  b.,  7051  ;  d.,  7322. 

Magenta  launched,  7341 ;  destroyed,  748i ; 
worthless,  7661 . 

Magenta,  It.,  battle  of,  524i ,  7341 . 

Maghazee  reigns  in  Egjpt,  6552. 

Magheramorne,  Baron,  title  created,  9963. 

,  Lord.  J.  M.  Hogg,  d.,  10022, 

Magi  banished,  6123;  order  est,,  11063. 

Magic  in  Egypt,  0483. 

lantern  invented,  7962,  864». 

Magic  wins  race,  2713, 

Magicienne  wrecked,  9341. 

- —  launched,  9981. 

Magila,  mission  station,  8383. 

Maginn,  William,  b.,  9263;  d.,  9502. 

Maginnis,  Edward,  eons.  R.  C.  bp.,  9983, 

Maglai,  action  at,  528i . 

Magliabecchi,  Antonio,b., 10823;  d.,  10831. 

Magna  Charta,  King  John  grants:  SLn- 
nulled  ;  revised,  8532  ;  renewed,  8533. 

Magna  Grjecia,  colonized  ;  colonizes  Italy, 
10133;  states  ruined,  10552. 

Magnan,  Bernard  Pierre, b.,  7082;  d.,7362. 

Magnano,  It.,  French  defeat,  7122, 

Magnard,  Franv'ois,  d.,  7661 . 

Magnay,  Christopher,  lord  mayor,  9393. 

,  S.  W.,  lord  mayor  London,  9492. 

Magne,  Pierre,  b.  (1806) ;  financier,  7391; 
minister,  7392,  3,  7472,  7491 ;  d.  (1879). 

Magner,  Thomas  F.,  b.,  I861 . 

Magnesia,  battle  of,  10262,  10551. 

Magnesium  first  obtained,  9343. 

Magnet  known,  6IOI ;  powerful,  9561 . 

Magnetic  needle,  dip  discovered.  8741. 

variations,  theory  published,  8961. 

Magneto-electric  machine,  first,  9461. 

Magnifving-ghisses  invented,  4862. 

Magnin,  M.,  minister  agriculture,  7412. 

Magnolia  explodes,  2613. 

Magnus  I.  reigns,  11051,  11361;  d.,  11041. 

II.  reigns,  11051 ,  11852. 

III.  reigns  ;  conquests  in  G.  B.,  1105* ; 

invades  Orkneys,  Scot.,  Ire. ;  k.,  11041. 

IV.  reigns  ;  dethroned,  11051. 

,  v.,  defeated  by  Swerro,  llWi  ,11051; 

crowned  by  archbishop,  11051. 

VI.  reigns,  11051. 

VII.    reigns,   11051    (Magnus  III.  of 

Sweden);  d.,  llCMi. 

,  Albertus,  Exposition  Aristotle,  7803. 

,  Heinrich  Gustav,  b.,  8082;  d.  (1780). 

of  Norway  enthroned,  6362  ;  on  IslQ 

of  Man,  8481. 


I 


i 


Hagn-Mali. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        I^L)x!«X,.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1323 


:\ljigny,  Oliver  de,  Sonnets,  6831 ;  d.  (1560 1). 

Mago,  at  Genoa,  10543. 

Slagoffin,  Beriah,  gov.  Ky.,  187^;  refuses 

troops,  1^32;  proclaims  neutrality,  1953; 

resigns,  2113. 
Magoniero  iniasion,  561 2, 8383 ;  slave  settle- 
ment, 5983, 
Magoon,  Klias  Lyman,  b.,  1162;  d.  (1886). 
Magrath,  And.  G.,  gov.  S.  C,  2413 ;  d.,4'26i . 

,  W.,  in  Nat.  Acad,  of  Design,  2941 . 

Magruder,  John  Bankhead,  b.  (1810) ;  at 

Btg  Bethel,  Va.,  1%1 ;  checks  McClellan, 

2061;   in  Seven  Days'  Battles,  2091;  at 

Galveston,  2181 ;  d.  (1871). 
Maguire,  Eilward,  in  duel,  9372. 

,  James  O.,  b.,  1722. 

,  John,  burial,  3322. 

, Francis,  b.,  9363;  d.,  9762. 

Alagwe  captured,  10182. 
.\{<ujyar  Museum  issued,  5171 . 

,  Lflszlo,  d.,  5262. 

Magyars  in  Hung.,  503';  in  Aust.,  5032, 

5041;   defeat  Turks,  508 1 ;   in  Bavaria, 

772';  conquer  Ger.,  7721,  7732;  in  Fr., 

7722;  demand  tribute,  7733;  uprise,  8172. 
Mahaffey,  John  P.,  b.  (1839) :  works,  9791 , 

9983. 
Mahagua,  provincial  govt,  est.,  11042, 
Mahalla  mission,  657' . 
Mahan,   Capt.   Alfred  Thayer,  b.  (1840) ; 

works,  4203,  4461 ;  in  London ;  degrees 

conferred,  10122. 

,  Fred.  A.,  commissioned  major,  4501. 

Mahanoro,  mission,  10942  ;  bomb'd,  10953. 
Mahauoy,  Pa.,  Soldiers'  Monument,  4161. 
Mahar,  James,  starvation,  4773, 
Mahazula,  at  Lauronco  Marquez,  6042. 
Mahdi  reigns  in  Egy.,  6552. 
Mahdists,  ravage  Abyssinia,  3i . 
Mahdiya  captured,  11392. 
Mahichandra  llautore  reigns,  10432. 
Mahmoud  reigns,  IIO72. 

Canal  opened,  6563, 

Pasha,  Kgypt,  forms  ministry,  6592, 

,  grand  vizier,  Turk.,  11591 ,  2, 

Shah  reigns,  Afgh. ;  favors  literature, 

53;  dethroned;  restored;  gains  Herat; 

expelled  ;  d.,  51 . 
Mahmud,  sultan  of  Ghazni,  b.-d.,  10423; 

defeats  rajah,  10421  j  est.  dynasty,  U552; 

intro.  Mohammedism,  10431. 
,  sultan  of  Arabia,  487i . 

Shah  reigns  in  Persia,  11073. 

IL,  conqueror,  Ind.,  b.-d.,  10423. 

reigns  in  Ind.,  10432,  3. 

Shah  reigns  in  India,  10452. 

,  son  of  Mir  Wais,  d.,  43. 

1.,  b.-d.,  11563;  reigns,  Turk.,  11572. 

IL,  b.-il.,  11563;  reigns,  Turk.,  11573. 

IV.,  emp.  Ind.,  b.-d.,  10431. 

v.,  emp.  Ind.,  b.-d.,  1043i. 

XIII.,  emp.  Ind.,  b.-<l.,  10443. 

XIV.,  emp.  Ind.,  b.-d.,  10443. 

All,  nawab  of  Oudh  reigns,  10473. 

Bahadur  Shah  reigns,  10473, 

of  Ghur,  in  India;  rules,  10433. 

Tughlak  reigns,  104;J2,  a, 

Mahoetahi,  action  at,  9641, 
Mahogaiivin  Eng.,8773;  general  use,  9073. 
Mahon,  Thaddeus  M.,  b.,  1622. 
Mahone,  Wui.,  b.,  1341. 

,  William  F.,  nom.  for  gov.  Va.,  345*  ; 

political  circular,  3912. 

Mahoning  Valley,  furnaces  closed,  3973. 

Mahony,  Francis  (Father  Prout) ;  b., 
9323  ;  Father  Prout,  9483;  d.,  9701 . 

Mahratta,  fort  of,  captured,  10441;  king- 
dom founded,  10451 . 

War  ttirst;,  920i,  9321,  10441, -2;  de- 
feated, 10441 ;  cause  of  war,  10453 ;  power 
broken;  second  war;  third  war,  10461; 
Holkar  refuses  Brit,  treaty,  1047*. 

Mahuaim,  mission  at,  11241 . 

Mahy,  Fran.  C.  de,  minister,  7532,  a,  7571. 

Mai,  Angelo,  b.,  10843;  d.,  10863. 

Maia,  asteroid,  discovered,  1922. 

Maichu,  peasants  attack,  7881. 

Maida,  battle  at,  7161 . 

Vale;Home,  incurablechildren,981i . 

Maiilofthe  Mist  on  Niagara  Kiver,  3153, 

Maids  of  the  Cross,  Eng.,  est.,  88O2. 

Maiilstone,  Eng.,  riot  at,  9292. 

Maigret,  Junell,  d.,  10412. 

,  Louis  !>.,  cons,  vicar-apostolic,  10402. 

Mailath,  Janos  Nepomuk,  b.,  5163 ;  d.,  5242. 

Mailberg,  King  John  defeated,  5061 , 

Maillard,  Oliver,  b.-d.,  6762, 

Maillart,  Jean,  kills  Marcel,  6752. 

Mailly,  Abb^,  Akelxtr  composed,  C882. 


Mails  exclude  antislavery  papers,  1453  ; 
merchandise  atlmitted ;  tlaily  delivery 
in  N.  Y.,  1933  ;  withdrawn  from  the 
South,  1953,  1071 ;  overland,  1973  ;  at  St. 
Louis,  1853  ;  cut  off,  Confederate,  2033  ; 
trains,  fast,  intro.,  2893;  troops  protect, 
3221;  under  Civil  Service,  3392  •  Am.  ves- 
sels employed,  3873;  Service  Bill  passed, 
3392  ;  robbery,  4343  ;  Stead's  book  ex- 
cluded, 4562;  subsidies.  Can.,  5872;  by 
coaches, Eng. ,9193 ;  overland  route,  9473 ; 
on  railroads,  G.  B.,  9493  ;  posts  in  Fr., 
6671;  robbery,  768 1. 

Maimbourg,  Louis,  b.,  6862  ;  d.,  6942. 

Maimonides,  Moses,  b.-d.,  11262. 

Main  conspiracy  discovered,  8792. 

Maine,  battleship,  launched,  3701 . 

Maine,  Fr.,  conquered,  668I ;  ceded  to 
Anjou,  6693;  united  to  Fr.,  6792;  sur- 
rendered, 8632. 

,  U.  S.  A.,  division  line  est.,  332  ;  pur- 
chase, 393;  population,  412;  yields  to 
Mass. ,421;  taken  from  Mass.,  432;  Mass. 
governs,  433  ;  Fr.  gets  E.  part,  45'  ;  Rob- 
ert P.  Dunlap,gov.,452;  Mass.  purchases, 
472  ;  a  province  of  Mass.,  49i ;  Jesuit 
missions,  502  ;  on  Fr.  frontier,  533  ;  Fr. 
and  Indian  conflict;  Indians  pacific, 54i; 
Fr.  claims  in,  55 1;  liasles,  mission  in, 
582;  English  settlements,  592  ;  Machias, 
Margaretta  seized,  8O2  ;  posts  est.  ex- 
tending to  Ga.,  812;  Falmouth  Gazette 
issued,  983  ;  Bowdoin  Coll.  fnd.,  1063  ; 
separated  from  Mass.,  1272;  p.E.  diocese 
org.,  1282;  State  admitted  ;  Colby  Univ. 
fnd.,  1291 ;  Wm.  King,  gov.,  1292  ;  \\ .  l). 
Williamson,  gov.,  1293  ;  Gen.  Conf.  of 
Congregationalists  org., 1342;  Enoch  Lin- 
coln, gov. ,1353;  Universalists'  StateCon- 
ven.  held,  1362;  Daily  Courier,  1371  ;  Na- 
than Cutler,  gov.,  1373 ;  Samuel  B.  Smith, 
gov. ;  Jonathan  D.  Hunton,  gov.,  1392  ; 
library,  state,  org.,  1403  ;  Edward  Kent, 
gov.,  1512,  1531;  John  Fairfield,  gov., 
1512  ;  Edward  Kavanagh,  gov.,  1572  ; 
Hugh  J.  Anderson,  gov.,  1591 ;  first  pro- 
hibitory law,  1611 ,  2, 1783;  Geo.  Burgess, 
cons.  p.  E.  bp.,  1623  ;  John  W.  Dana, 
gov.,  1633;  East  Meth.  Epis.  Conf.  find., 
1642  ;;M.  law  signed,  1691;  John  Hul>- 
bard,  gov.,  1692;  tornado,  1701;  Demo- 
crats strengthen  M.  law.,  1703;  W'.  G. 
Crosby,  gov.,  1743  ;  Prohibitory  Law- 
enacted,  1783,  Law  repealed,  1803;  Sam- 
uel Wells,  gov.,  1812  ;  Joseph  H.  Wil- 
liams,gov.,  1832;  Hannibal  Hamlin, gov., 
1832  ;  Lot  M.  Morrill,  gov.,  1852  ;  Jjem- 
ocra^  office  destroyed,  199 1 ;  Israel  Wash- 
burn, Jr.,  gov., 2032;  A  oner  Coburn,gov., 
2293  ;  Confed.  raiders  in,  2.'i(>2  ;  Samuel 
Corry,  gov.,  2413  ;  ratifies  13th  Amend., 
2432;  ratifies  14th  Amend.,  2572;  intoxi- 
cants prohibited,  2591;  J.  L.  Chamber- 
lain, gov.  ;  Prohib.  Liquor  Law  passed, 
2593;  Agricultural  Coll,  fnd.,  2623;  Con- 
stabulary Law  repealed,  2652  ;  earth- 
quake extending  to  Iowa,  2702,  3521; 
Prohibitory  Law  reinforced,  2723,  2811; 
Sidney  Perham,  gov.,  2772  ;  industrial 
school  at  HalloweTl,  2871 ;  Nelson  Ding- 
ley,  gov., 2873;  Unit.  AssO.  formed, 2882; 
Compulsory  Education  Bill  passes,  2911 ; 
death  penalty  abolished,  2923  ;  Selden 
Conner,  gov.,  2951 ;  statue  of  Gov.  King, 
3001;  Eldership  Ch.  of  God,  org.,  3002; 
Aionzo  Garcelon,gov.  ;  Kep.  clann  legis- 
lature, 3033  ;  Dan.  F.  Davis,  gov.,  3052  ; 
Young  People's  Society  of  C.  E.  org., 
3062;  Female  Suffrage,  3071;  Harris  M. 
Plaisted,  gov.,  3093  ;  death  penalty  re- 
stored, 3151;  Fred.  Kobie,  gov.,  3152; 
Prohibitory  Amend.  approved,319i  ;Pro- 
Iiibitory  Amend,  adopted,  3192  ;  Board 
of  Health  est.,  3231 ;  Capital  punishment 
est.;  Labor  Day  est.,  3292  ;  Sebastian  S. 
Marble,  gov.,  df^^;  Brit.  Gltaner  seized, 
3372  ;  Austral,  ballot  system  rejected, 
3363;  selling  votes,  3391 ;  plumbago  mine 
dis.,  3421  ;  Anti-trust  Act;  Edwin  C. 
Burleigh,  gov.,  3492  ;  "W".  P.  Tliompson 
forgov.,3032  ;  disfranchisement  of  i"it- 
erates  ;  Gen,  Tern.  Bill  passes,  3812  ,  ,aw 
effective,  3831 ;  tornado,392i ;  forest  fires, 
3933;  Edwin  C.  Burleigh,  gov.,  3991; 
Henry  B.  Cleaves,  gov.,  4471, 

,  Sir  Henrv  James  Sumner,  b.,  9403  ; 

works,  9(>i3,"9923,  97G3;  d.,  998' . 

de  Biran  (Marie  Francois  Pierre  Gon- 

thier  de  Brian),  b.,  7031 ;  d.,  7242. 


Maintenon,  Francois  d'  Aubign^,  b.,6882; 
Louis  XIV.  marries,  6932;  M&moires, 
6972;  d.,  6981. 

Mainz,  Hesse.    (See  Mentz.) 

Maipo,  Chile,  battle  of,  6O61 . 

Mair,  John  (^lajor,  John),  b.  (1470±) ; 
Great  Britain,  8671 ;  d.  a550±). 

Mairet,  Jean,  b.,  6862;  d.,  6942. 

Maisonneuve,  Jules  Germain  Francois, 
b.,7191. 

Maissonier,  Sieur  de,  gov.  Montreal,  5723. 

Maistre,  Jos.  Marie,  Cointe  de,  b.,  10842  ; 
works,  7131 ,  7192,  7231 ;  d.,  10862. 

,  Comte  Xavier  de,   b.,  7031;  works, 

7103,  7193;  d.,  7322. 

Maitland,  Can.,  hematite  ore  dis.,  6901 , 

,  Adm.,  at  Macao,  6I6I . 

,  James,  Earl  of  Lauderdale,  b.,  9143  ; 

d.,  9483. 

, ,  D.  of  Lauderdale, b., 88OI ;  royal 

decree,  8923;  minister,  8932;  persecutes 
Covenanters,  8943. 

,  Peregrine,   lieut.-gov.,    5792  ;    gov.,. 

5773;  assists  Griquas,  11052. 

,  Sir  Kichard,  b.,  866I ;  d.,  8762. 

— — ,  Sir  Thomas,  Conmiissioner,  10353. 

Club,  Glasgow,  founded,  949i . 

Maittaire,  Michel,  b.,  8922;  d.  (1747). 

Maiwand,  battle  at,  6I . 

Maiz-Ad-Din  builds  Cairo,  487' , 

Maize,  cultivation  begun,  281. 

Majd,  Zanzibar,  4882. 

Majestic,  maiden  trip,  3573;  breaks  record, 
3573,  3793,  3893  ;  injures  schooner,  4673, 

,  at  Victoria,  5953. 

captures  Terpsichore ,  Q^^ . 

Majesty,  title  of  address,  Eng.,  8791 , 

Major,  J.  P.,  takes  Brashear  City,  2231 , 

Majorca,  taken,  11261 . 

Majorian  (Julius  Majorianus)  reigns;  mur- 
dered, 10712. 

Majors,  Thomas  J.,  nom.  for  gov.,  4692. 

Majuba  Hill,  Transvaal,  action  at,  986' . 

Majunga  captured,  10953. 

Makanjira,  chief,  defeated,  10121. 

Makart,  Hans,  b.  (1840);  d.,5302. 

Makeniie,  Francis,  in  Md.,  482;  org.  Presb. 
church,  482  ;  appeals  for  missionaries, 
522;  licensed,  542;  trial,  563. 

Makenzie,  Mr.,  Brit,  resident  resigns, 6032. 

Makhaberg,  mission  at,  11241. 

Miikodweni,  mission  at,  11113, 

Makomo,  d.,  6013. 

Makta  Kiver,  French  defeated,  82. 

Malabar,  India,  conquered,  10433  ;  Portu- 
guese settlements  taken,  10451 . 

Malaboch,  chief,  surrenders,  6042. 

Malacca  conquered,  10433  ;  ceded  to  Brit., 
10472;  gold  dis.,  11242. 

Malachi  prophesies,  11463. 

II. ,  Ire.;  defeats  Danes,  846i ;  reigns, 

9472  ;  d.,8462. 

Malaga,  Sp.,  naval  battle  oft',  9021 ;  upris- 
ing, 11321;  cholera,  11323. 

Malagrida,    Gabriele,  b.   (1689);    burned, 

11113, 

Miilahide,  Baron  Talbot  de,  title  created, 

9412,  95<n . 
Malan  mission,  6023, 

Mala  Vita  brigands  execute  persons,  10903. 
Malazk una,  action  at,  1032. 
Malbone,  Edward  G.,  b.,  89i ;  d.,  1141 . 
Malchus  defeats  Herod,  11501 , 

.  dedicates  Waterford  cathedral,  8483. 

Malcolm  I.,  king,  murdered,  8451 . 

II.,  king;  assassinated,  8471 . 

III.,  vassal,    8472;    reigns,  married, 

8473;    invades  Eng.,  8481;    homage  to 

"William,  8491 ;  killed,  8481 . 

IV.,  kingof  Scot.,  8511. 

,  Sir  John,  b.,  9183;  d.,  9462. 

Malcom,  Howard,  b.  (1799) ;  d.,  3002. 
Miildon,  Eng.,  battle  of,  8461 . 
Maldumins,  king,  strangled,  8431. 
Malebranche,   Jsicolas,  b.,  6882  ;    works, 

6931,  2;  d.,  6971. 
Malek  Shah,  reigns,  11552. 
Malesherbes,  Chretien  Guillaume  de  La- 

nioignon  de,  b.,  6982  ;  advocate  for  Louie 

XV  L,  7092;  d.,  7102. 
Malet,  Sir  E.  B.,  signs  agreement,  8352. 

,  Lucas  (Mrs.   Wm.   Harrison),  work, 

•10063. 
Malherbe,  Francois  de,  b.,  6823  •  works, 

6851,  6871;  d.,  6863. 
Mali  takes  Swat.L4i . 
Malibran,  Maria  F^licita  Garcia,  b.,  717' ; 

d.,  7262. 
Malin,  Adm.,  at  battleof  GraTelin68,872i. 


1324 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INUllyC.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Coiumn. 


Mali-Mant 


Malines.    (See  Mechlin.) 

Mallalieu,  Win.  F.,  elected  M.  E.  bp.,  3163. 

Maliarino,  pres.,  6291 . 

Mallet,  height  of  balloon  ascent,  7561 . 

,  Charles  Augunte,  b.,  7163  ;  d.,  7501 . 

,  Sir  Louis,  d.,  10021. 

,  or  Malloch,  David,  b.,9002  ;  d.  (1765). 

AlalleviUt  founders,  3113. 

Malley,  James,  acquitted  of  murder,  3103. 

Mallory  sinks,  2063. 

,  C,  Confed.  sec.  navy,  1913. 

,  Stephen  B.,  b.,  1522  ;  d.,  282i . 

Malloy,  Patrick,  sentenced,  9993. 

Malmaison,  Fr.,  sortie  against,  7421 . 

Malmesbury,  William  of,  b.-d.,  8482. 

,  Earl    of,  title   created,  931 1.     (See 

James  Harris.) 

,  Earl  of,  erects  hospital,  8811 . 

Malmo,  Swe.,  truce  of,  8161 ;  compact  re- 
jected, 8173. 

Malokong  mission,  11241 . 

Malone,  N.  Y.,  arsenal  burned,  1221. 

,  Edmund,  b.,  9103  ;  d.,  9363. 

,  Sylvester,  recent, 4541 :  jubilee,  4721. 

Maloney,  Billie,  gives  bail  for  trial,  359 1 . 

Malory,  Sir  Thomas,  b.  (1430i:);  King  Ar- 
thur, 8642;  a.  (1470+). 

Malou,  Julius,  b.  (1810);  ministry,  5452,3, 
5471;  d.  (1886). 

Malpighi,  Marcello,  b.,  10823  ;  "discovers 
Malpighian  layer,  10822;  d.,  10831. 

Malplaquet,  Fr.,  French  defeated,  5141; 
battle  of,  6962. 

Malta,  given  to  knights,  10811;  taken,  7122. 
10741;  surrenders,  7141 ;  dispute  witli  G, 
B.,7153;  mutiny,  9321;  annexed  to  G.  B., 
9312:  besieged,  11561. 

Ridge,  X.  v.,  gas-well,  4401 . 

Malta,  infernal  machine  iu,  9871 . 

Maltby,  Pa.,  riot,  4731 . 

Malte-Brun,  Conrad.,  b.-d.,  6382. 

Malthua,  Thomas  Robert,  b.,  9163;  Prin- 
ciples of  Popala/ion,  9291 ;  d.,  9462. 

Mains  fitienne  Louis,  b.,  7043  ;  polariza- 
tion of  light.  7162  ;  d.,  7192. 

Malvern  Hill,  Va.,  battle  of,  2092,  2102,3. 

Malwa,  ceded,  I0i2. 

Mama  Ocello  Huaco,  arrives.  Hi,  3. 

Mamelukes,  overthrown  ;  rule  Kgy.,  6553; 
niiissacre,  ()562  ;  struggle  against  Turks, 
6572;  in  Armenia,  11553;  defeat  of,  11561 . 

Mamertines,  aided  by  Romans  ;  seize  Mes- 
sana,  10522. 

Mamiani,  della  Rovere,  Count  Terenzio, 
b.,  10!«3;  d.,  10901. 

Mamie  collides  with  Garland,  3053. 

Mammalia,  system  introduee<l,  9622, 

Mammals,  development  of  theory,  8141 . 

Mammoth  skeleton  found,  Eng.,  9321 ,9402; 
flesh  discovered  in  Siberia,  11162, 

Mamoun,  or  Al  Mamun,  b.-d.,  11542. 

Mamre  mission,  5971 . 

Mamusa,  O.  Free  State,  mission  at,  11051 . 

Man,  see  of,  erected,  8402. 

with  Iron  Mask,  d.,  6962. 

Managua.  Nicaragua,  riots,  11042. 

Maiuvkintown,  conference  at,  93i . 

Manamadura  mission,  10463. 

Manas  surrendered,  6221. 

Manassas  strikes  Richmond,  2001. 

— — ,  Va.,   advance  on,   1963  ■    evacuation 
begun,  2043  ;  battle,  2122. 
—  Gap,  Va.,  Confederates  defeated,  2251  j 
Augur  defends,  2391 . 

Junction,  Va.,  Confeds.  at,  1963,  2122. 

Manassas,  high-priest,  11491. 

Manasseh,  sins  of,  11443  ^  reigns,  11453  ; 
high-priest,  11482. 

Manby,  Capt.,  life-saving  apparatus,  9342. 

Manceniou.     (See  Manchester.) 

Manchester  wrecked,  9533. 

Manchester,  Eng.,  IRoman  station,  8391; 
taken,  8401 ,  8841  •  subdued,  8421 ;  Chris- 
tianized, 8422  ;  burned,  844' ;  retaken 
from  Danes,  8442;  chartered,  8571 ;  sanc- 
tuary privileges  removed,  8683;  aulnager 
stationed  at,  8733;  Cheetham  Coll.,  fnd., 
8883  ;  riot,  9951  j  A/.  Weekly  Journal, 
9063;  M.  Gazette,  9091 ;  Queen's  Theater 
opd.,  9122  ;  Infirmary  fnd.,  9132  ;  corn- 
grinding  at,  9153;  AgriciUtural  See  inst,, 
9161 ;  lunatic  asylum  est.,  9172  ;  muslin 
mfg.;  subscription  concerts,  9202;  liter- 
ary and  Phtlos.  Soc.  fnd.,  9211 ;  mechan- 
ics' riots,  9212  ;  Fhilos.  Soc.  est.,  922 1 ; 
new  Baily  Bridge  built,  9233;  fever  hos- 
pital erected,  9332;  new  Bailey  Court 
Duilt,  9253 ;  Queen's  Theater  burned, 
«2B3  ;    Philological  Soc.  inst. ;  Theater 


Royal  est.,  9322  ;  portico  erected,  9331 ; 
water-works  est.,  9353  ;  Blanket  meet- 
ing suppressed,  939*  ;  Lock  Hospital  fnd., 
9392  ;  reform  meeting  held,  9392,  9691; 
Natural  History  Soc.  projected ;  New 
Brunswick  Bridge  built,  9401 ;  Floral  and 
Horticultural  Soc.  est.;  Royal  Inst'n  : 
Mechanics'  Inst'n  org.,  94U2  ;  Deaf  and 
dumb  school  est. ;  Law  library  fnd.,  9411 ; 
Chamber  of  Commerce  est.,  9413;  musi- 
cal festival,  9422  ;  launching  disaster, 
9433;  concert-room  est.,  9441;  borough 
est.,  9453;  Choral  Soc.  est.;  Statistical 
Soc.  find.,  9461 ;  church  rate  refused, 
9463;  incorp.,9473;  Geological  Soc.  inst., 
9481;  British  Asso.  meets,  9482,  9(^2, 
9961;  chartered;  Police  Act  passes,  9493; 
Peel  Park  opd.;  Philip's  Park  opd.,  9522; 
Queen's  Park  opd.,  9522  ;  Chetham  Soc. 
fnd. ,9523;  Anti-Corn-Law  League  meet- 
ings ;  free  trade  meetings,  9531  j  Owen's 
Coll.  fnd.,  9531, 9743;  bishopric  est.,  9543; 
free  library  opd.,  9563 ;  strike,  957 1 ,  9C1 1 ; 
Peel  statue,  9582;  a  city,  9592;  Exhibi- 
tion Fine  Arts  opd. ,9602  ;  Nat.  Social  Sci- 
ence Asso.  meets,  9641 ,  2,  9662,  9741 ;  Re- 
ciprocity Asso.,  9643  ;  Fenian  outbreaks, 
9711;  Town  Hall  opd.;  panic  in  Music 
Hall,  9733  ;  Nat.  Soc.  for  Women  est., 
9723;  Alexandra  Park  opd.,  9741  j  Owen's 
Coll.  est.,  9743  ;  Scientilic  Industry  6st., 
9781 ;  statue  of  Cromwell,  9801  ;  Free  Li- 
brary opd.,  8822;  Owen's  Coll.  changed  to 
Victoria  Univ.,  9843  ;  Art  School  opd., 
9861 ;  Fine  Art  and  Industrial  Exhibi- 
tion opd.;  Fine  Art  Gallery  opd.,  9901; 
Geographical  Soc.  est.,  9923;  great  polit- 
ical meetings,  9931 ;  Ship  Canal  Co.  fmd., 
9953  ;  Royal  Jubilee  Exhibition  opd., 
9961;  i>p.  Moorhouse  cons.,  9962;  ehip 
canal  begun,  9973,  and  opd.,  10073, 10123; 
Birchtield  grounds  opd.,  9991;  gas-men 
strike,  10023;  Oldham  bank  cashier  ab- 
sconds, 1003 1 ;  martyrs'  meetings  pro- 
claimed, 10032  ;  anarchist  meeting 
stopped,  1011 1. 

Manchester,  N.H., Unit.  Asso.  org.  at,  2191 ; 
R.C.dio.  find.,  3182; Gaf/a/iwa8Tiore,398i. 

,  N.  Y.,  burned  by  British,  1211 ;  Mor- 
mon church  at,  1363. 

,  Duke  of,  title  created,  9051 , 

Manchu,  anti-Christian  riots  ;  Mohamme- 
dan insurrection,  6271. 

,  dynasty  rules,  6153. 

Tartars,  invasion,  6141,  6153. 

Manchuria,  inissi<m,  6222,3  ;  insurrection 
of  Mohammedans,  G27i;  Russian  forces 
massacred,  11201. 

Manciui,  Hortensia,  b.,  10823  ;  d..  10831. 

,  Pasquale  Stanislaus,  b.,  10862. 

Manco  Capac,  in  Peru,  111,3;  d.,  Hi . 

II.,  b.,  161 ;  defeat,  202;  crowned, 

212  ;  d.,  221. 

Inca  Yu^)anqui  reigns,  20i ;  k.,  232. 

Manda,  British  flag  raised,  6632  ;  conces- 
sion canceled,  5622. 

Mandalay,  mission,  10472;  Brit,  in,  10482. 

Mandapasalia  mission,  10463. 

Mandats  for  land  issued,  Fr.,  7113. 

Mander,  Carel  van,  b.-d.,  5403. 

Manderson,  Charles  F.,  b.,  1482;  senator; 
Pres.  senate,  3792;  vote  of  thanks,  4253. 

Mandeville,  Nationalist,  imprisoned, 997 1 . 

,  Sir  John  de,  b.-d.,  8562;  Travels,  H^^. 

Mandla  mission,  10483. 

Mandoinai  mission,  6523. 

Mandridrano,  Madagascar,  mission.  10943. 

Mandru,  ex.-treas.,  accounts  short,  4743. 

Maneroo  Plains  explored,  4941 . 

Manes,  or  Manichfcus,  b.-d.,  11062  ;  teach-, 
ings;  burned  alive,  10663. 

Manetho,  b.-tl.,  6622  ;  History^  6523. 

Manfaloot  mission,  ^03. 

Manfred,  b.-d.,  10742;  K.  of  Naples,  10753; 
at  Benevento,  6721;  K.  of  Sicily,  7812  ; 
falls  at,  7813. 

Mang  enthroned,  611' . 

Mangalore,  Bp.  Pagani  cons.,  9922. 

Mangals  defeated,  6I . 

Mangan,  James  Clarence,  works,  955' . 

Manganese  found  3601 . 

Mangerton  collides,  9613. 

Manghoa,  M.  Dupuis,  4801 . 

Mangu,  proclaimed  emp.,  6151 ;  d.,  6142. 

Mangum,  Willie  Person,  b.  (1792);  elec- 
toral vote;  popular  vote,  1472;  pres. 
Senate,  1552,  1572,  1593;  d.  (1861). 

Manhattan  Island  (see  New  York  City); 

Coll.,  N.  Y.,  org.,  1731 ;  incorp.,  2262. 


Manhattan  Rail.  Co.  2813  ;  accident,  4373. 

Manichaens,  or  Manichees,  arise,  10663  ; 
favored  ;  persecuted,  11063. 

Manikraramain  nussion,  10472. 

Manin,  Daniele,  b.,  10843  ;  proclaima  re- 
public of  Venice,  10872  ;  d.,  10882. 

Manipur,  India,  revolution,  10493. 

Manipuris,  India,  British  attack.  IOO6I. 

Manistee,  Mich.,  Lumber  Co.  fail,  3713. 

Manisty,  Sir  Henry,  d.,  10021 . 

Manitoba,  Can.,  Highlanders  In,  5773;  J/. 
Free  Press  issue<i  ;  insurrection,  5823  ; 
province  fmd.,  5832;  Russians  in,  5833  ; 
M.  Liberal  issued  ;  Wesleyan  Inst,  est., 
Nor'west  Farmer  issued,  5843  ;  storm, 
5901;  legislature  dissolved, 5951 ;  timber 
reserves,  5963. 

Mankato,Minn.,  Normal  School  opd.,  2662. 

Manley,  John,  b.,  622;  cruise  of,  862  ;  d., 
1042. 

, ,  post-master,  889*. 

,  Jos.  H.,  Nat.  Kep.  Committee,  4492. 

,  Mary  de  la  Riviere,  b.,  8922;  d.,  9062. 

Manlius,  Caius,  commands  insm'gents, 
10582. 

,  Capttolinu'     Marcus,    at    Tarpeian 

Hock,  10613. 

Manly,  Gen,,  at  Unionville,  220' . 

,  Charles,  governor  N.  C.,  1671 . 

Mann,  Alex.  H.,  pres.  Ref.  synod,  1683. 

,  Horace,  b.,   IO6I ;  works,  1683,  1742, 

3982  ;  d.,  1842, 

,  Lieut.,  at  Wounded  Knee,  374i , 

Manna  falls,  11402. 

Manners,  Baron,  title  created,  9311. 

,  Capt.,  commands  Jieindeer,  1221 , 

,  Charles,  D.  of  Rutland,  b.  (1754);  lord 

lieut. ;  minister,  9233;  d.  (1787). 

. , C.  J.,D.  of  R.,  b.  (1816)  :  d.,9982. 

,  John,  Marquis  of  Granby,  b.,  9062  ; 

commander-in-chief,  9161 ;  d.,  9183. 

, (John  James  Robert,  D.  of  Rich- 
mond), P.  M.  gen.,  9713,  9792,  9933,9953. 

,  Lord.     (See  Sutton,  Thomas  M.) 

Mannheim,  Baden,  founded,  7933  ;  taken, 
7102,  7961,  8061. 

Manning,  Daniel,  b.  (1831);  secretary  of 
treasury,  3211 ;  d.,  3281. 

,  Henry  Edward,  b.,933'  ;cons.  arcbbp., 

9682  ;  card,  priest,  9803  ;  jubilee,  IOOO2  ; 
assists  strike,  1001 1 ;  d.,  10062  ;  funeral, 
10072. 

,  John  L.,  governor  S.  C,  1712. 

,  Richard  J.,  governor  S.  C,  1332. 

,  Robert,   b.,    8642  ;  works,   8562  ;   d., 

8582. 

Manogue,  P.,  bp.  of  Sacramento,  3182. 

Manometer  invented,  7962. 

Mavnootb  College  founded,  9271 ;  endowed, 
9523  ;  enlarged,  9643. 

Mans,  Le,  Fr.,  Vendeans  defeated,  710i ; 
siege  of,  744 1 ;  battle  of,  826' . 

Mansart,  Francois,  b.,  686I ;  d.,  6903. 

,  Jules  Hardouin,  b.,  6883;  d.,  6963. 

Mansel,  Henry  Longueville,  b.,  9402  ;  d., 
9761. 

,  Sir  Robert,  against  Algerines,  81 . 

Mansfeld,  Count  Ernst  von,  b.,  7922  ;  aidfl 
Bohemians,  7951 ;  d.,  7943. 

Mansfelt  at  Costa  Rica,  6302. 

Manstleld,  Mich.,  mine  accident,  4393. 

,  Mo.,  tornado,  3022. 

,  O.,  counterfeiters  captured,  4763. 

,  Pa.,  anarchist  miners,  4502. 

,  Tex.,  College  organized,  2782. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9212. 

,  Joseph  King  Fenno,b.  (1803) ;  at  An- 

tietam,  2131;  d.,  2133. 

,  Sip  William,  in  India,  10482. 

Manso,  Jos^  de,  gov.  ;  fnds.  cities,  6053, 

Manson,  Federal  gen.  at  Richmond,  2122. 

Mansur,  Al,  Abou  Jatiar  Abdallah,  d., 
4842. 

,  Charles  H.,  in  treas.  dept.,  4472. 

Mansurah,  Egv.,  Crusaders  defeated,  6541 ; 
battle  of,  6721 ;  mission,  6571 . 

Mantegna,  Andrea,  b.  (1431)  ;  paints  St. 
Gcorue  and  I>raf/on,  10781 ;  d.  (1506). 

Manteil,  Gideon  Algernon,  b.  (1790)  ;  dis- 
covers extinct  animals.  942i ;  d.  (1852). 

Manteno,  111.,  cyclone,  174i ;  wreck,  4393, 

Mantes,  France,  taken,  7403. 

Manteutfel,  Baron,  Edwin  H.  K.,  b.,8083; 
at  Olnuitz,  5233  ;  at  Rouen,  7423  ;  near 
Bapaume  ;  at  Havre  and  Cherbourg ;  at 
Pont  Movelles,  7431 ;  drives  French  to 
Switz.,  7441 ;  enters  Holstein,  8221 ;  as- 
sumes govt.,  8232  ;  d.,  8302. 

,  Baron  Otto  Theo.von,b.,  8082  ;d.,8302. 


Mant-Mark. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1325 


Mautin,  action  at,  1112t . 

Mantiuea, Gr.,  action  at,  10202 ,  10223 ,  102C2 . 

Mantle,  Lee,  appointed  senator,  4253. 

Mantotf,  M.,  sliot,  568^ . 

Mantoon,  Afgh.,  Maugals  defeated,  6i. 

Mantua,   It.,   surrenders,  7761;  Gonzagas 

rules,  10773  ;  siege  raised,  68Gi ;  sacked, 

1082';    seized,    108:J3  ;  cceded  to  Emp., 

5143-  siege  of,  518';  capitulates,  51S2  ; 

lost  by  France,  1084' ;  Hofer  shot,  51i)i ; 

Aust.  retains,  5252;  restored  to  It.,  10892. 

,  Duke  of,  d.,  10821. 

Mantz,  Felix,  executed,  11372. 
Manuane,  missiou  at,  11241.  . 
Manuel  1.,  Coranenus,  emp.,  b.-<l.,  10322  ; 

reigns,  10333  ;  iu  It.;  at  MyrocepUalus ; 

in  Lydia,  10322  ;  iu  Servia,  11231 . 
II.,  b.-d.,   10:^3  ;  reigns,   10352  ;  aids 

Mohammed,  10353. 

,  or  Manoel,  Francisco,  b.-d.,  11102. 

,  Jacques  Autoine,  b.,  i043  ;  d.,  7243. 

,  Juan,  b.  (1282)  ;  works,  11271 ;  d.  (1347). 

,  Garcia  Co.  in  N.  Y.,  132i . 

and  Bouess  Junction,  collision,  9793. 

Manufactories,  steam  warmed,  9342. 
Manufacturers  Association  org.,  3903. 
Manufactures  oppressed,  55 1 ;  boycotted, 

743:  of  colonists  limited,  632;  of  flannel, 

132'    (see  cotton,  iron,  etc.)  ;    relieved 

from  taxation,  2631 ;  develop,  8582 ;  of 

cloth  encouraged,  Eng.,  9041, 
Manumission  Society  formed,  99' . 
Manutius,  Aldus,  b.-d.,  10783. 

,  Paulus,  b.  (1511)  ;  d.,  10811. 

Manvel,  Pres.,  supplies  seed-wheat,  3693. 
Manvels,  Allen,  d.,  4241 . 
Manvers,  Earl  of,  title  created,  931*. 
Manwyne,   British    expedition   attacked, 

6221;  massacre,  6231. 
Manzauillo,  Cuba,  planters  meet,  6333. 
Mauzoni,   Alessandro,  Count,  b.,  10843  ; 

works,  10871;  d.,  10882. 
Maochetti,  Carlo,  d.,  10882. 
Maoris,  war  with  Great  Britain,  9&41 ,  9651 , 

9061,  9(371. 
M.a,p  of  northern  seas,  8562 ;  Sanuto's ; 

Lizigana's  ;    Valsequa's  ;    Donis's,    121 ; 

La  Cosca's,  171 ;  John  Smith's,  263. 
Mapus,  .James  J.,  d.,  2501 . 
,  Walter,  b.  (1140±) ;  works,  8503  ;  d., 

8521. 
Maps  by  wood  engraving,  7862. 
Maquet,  Auguste,  b.,  721' ;  d.,  7562. 
Mar,  Earl  of,  title  created,  8603,  8731 . 
,  Earl  of,   regent,  8573  ;    at  Dupplin 

Moor,  8581. 

,  Earl  of,  regent ;  d.,  8752. 

,  Earl  of,  at  Harlaw,  8601 . 

Marah,  bitter  waters,  11403. 

Marajo,  Brazil,  French  colony,  291,  553*; 

French  surrender,  5533. 
Maranham,  Bra.,  insurrection  at,  503, 5551 , 
Marauhao,  Bra.,  colony  est.,  253,  5542  j 

captaincy  of,  5532  ;  attached  to  Brazil, 

5551 ;  missions,  5563. 
Maraah,  mission  of  Am.  Board,  11563. 
Marat,  Jeau  Paul,  b.,  7003  ;  works,  7063  ; 

leader,  7071;  assassinated,  7082,  7093. 
Marathon,  Gr.,  battle  of,  1018 1 . 
Marathon,  British  cruiser,  launched,  9981. 
Maratti,  Carlo,  b.,  10823  ;  d.  (1712). 
Marbach,  Ger.,  league  of,  7852. 
Marbeau,  Jean  Baptiste  Finniu,  b.,  7131 ; 

d.,  7501 . 
Marble,  Sebastian  S.,  governor  Me.,  3293. 
Marblehead  launched,  4i2i ;  speed,  444' . 
Marblehead,  Miss.,  tire,  3313. 
Marble  Island,  expedition  lost  on,  5751 . 
Marburg,  Ger.,  cathedral   founded,  7802  ; 
■     C(mf.  at,  7902  ;    University   fnd.,   7892  ; 

Univ.  of  Giessen  transferred,  7951 . 
Marca,  Pierre  de,  b.,  6842  ;  d.,  6902. 
Marcabrum  writes  poems,  6691. 
Marceau,   Franyois  S^verin   Desgraviers, 

Gen.,  b.-d  (1769) ;  at  Le  Manes,  7101 . 
Marcel,  Jean  Joseph,  b.,  7013  ;  d.,  7322. 

(Stephen,  leader  of  revolution,  k.,6752. 

Marcellinus,  St.,  pope.  10663. 

Marcello,  Benedetto,  b.,  10831 ;  d.,  10842. 

Marcellus  I.,  St.,  pope,  10663. 

II.,  pope,  10812, 

,  Marcus  Claudius,  at  Clastidum,  662' ; 

conquers  Venice ;  at  Milan  and  Comum, 

10531 ;  commander,  captures  Syracuse  ; 

defeated  ;  killed,  10542. 
Marcere,  M.  de,  minister,  7512,3  •  resigns, 

7513. 
March,  Earl  of,  title  created,  8831 . 
,  Earl  of,  in  England,  8643. 


March,  Lord  Campbell,  chief  justice,  9672. 

,  Francis  Andrew,  b.,  1322  ;  Compara- 
tive Grammar^  'ITl^  ;  work,  2503. 

,  Richard,  rope  machine,  9222. 

Marchall,  William  Calder,  b.,  9363. 

Marchant,  Sir  J.  G.  Lee,  gov.  N.  S.,  5792. 

Miirchaud,  M.,  tortured,  4803. 

Marche,  Olivier  de  la,  b.  (1459);  MimoireSt 
6763  ;  d.  (1501). 

Marchenoir  attacked,  7422. 

Marches,  annexed  to  Sardinia,  10891 . 

Marchfeld,  Aust.,  battle  of,  5041 . 

Marchienue-au-Pont,  Belg.,  riots,  5451. 

Marciano,  French  defeat,  682i . 

Marcianus,  b.-d.,  10283  ;  emp.,  10312. 

Marcion,  heretic,  b.,  10283. 

Marcomanni  defeated,  10621 . 

ALarcos,  Tex.,  dynamite  explosion,  4^3. 

Marcus,  Julius  de,  suicide,  4693. 

,  St.,  pope,  10663. 

Marcy,  William  Learned,  b.,  98i ;  "  to  the 
victor  belong  the  spoils,"  141 1 ;  leads  the 
Hunkers ;  gov.  N.  Y.,  1433  ;  sec.  war, 
1592  ;  at  0em.  Nat.  Conven.,  1651 ,  I71i ; 
sec.  of  State,  1732 ;  ou  Danish  Sound 
dues,  1752;  d.,  1821. 

Marden,  Lord.    (See  Yorke,  Charles.) 

MardiGras  festival.  New  Orleans,  3763. 

Alardin,  mission,  11563  ;  ch.  reorg.,  11581 . 

Mardouius,  Gr.  commander,  IOI61 ;  in  Eu- 
rope, 10173  ;  conmiands  Persians  ;  in 
Thessaly,  10182;  d.,  11062. 

Mai'dontes,  Persian  commander,  10183. 

Marduk-bel-usati  killed,  11441. 

nadin-achi  reigns,  11432. 

strum  reigns,  11451 . 

Mare,  Peter  de  la,  imprisoned  ;  speaker 
of  House,  8593. 

Marees  mission,  6571 . 

Marengo,  It.,  battle  of,  5182,  7141 . 

Maret,  Henri  Louis  Charles,  b.,  7163. 

,  Hugnes  Bernard,  Due  de  Bassano, 

b.,7031^;  d.,  7282. 

Marey,  M.  E.  J.,  inv.  sphymograph,  736i . 

Margantown,  W.  Va.,  Univ.  opd.,  2562. 

Margaret  of  Anjou,  queen,  b.-d.,  6762  ; 
marries  Henry  VI.,  8632;  forces  defeated, 
8641 ;  flees  to  Scot. ;  seeks  aid  of  French 
king,  8651;  d.,  8652. 

of  Aust.  b.,  7862;  negotiates  peace  of 

Cambray,511i;  d.,  7902. 

Sophie,  archduch.,  Aust.,  weds,  5362. 

,  Duchess  of  Burgundy,  b.-d.,  10982. 

,  Queen  of  Don.,  o.-d.,  6362  j  regent  in 

Nor.;  queen;  reigns iuSwe., 6372, 11352. 
,  Princess,  marries  James  IV.,  8071 , 

I.  of  Fr.  marries  Edward  I.,  8571 . 

,  Countess  of  Holl.,  claims  lordship, 

10991 ;  adheres  to  William  ;  cause  ruined, 

10981 ;  resigns  ;  resumes,  10992;  d.,  10982. 
,  Q.  of  Navarre,   b.-d.,  6783  ;    works, 

6812,6831. 
"  Maid  of  Norway,"  marriage,  8653  ; 

d.,8542. 

of   Parma,    regent,  1099*  ;    resigns, 

10993. 

,  Princess,  of  Prus.,  married,  8363. 

,  infant  Queen  of  Scot.  ;  d.,8553. 

of  Scot,  marries  Eric  II.,  11051 . 

Manjaretta  seized,  8O2  ;  in  navy,  812. 
Margarit,  Pedro  de,  Capt.-Gen.,  153. 
Margarita,  asteroid,  discovered,  7601. 
Margary,  Mr.,  killed,  0231 . 

Marggraf,    Andreas,  b.,    7983  j   beet-root 

sugar,  8002  ;  d.,  8042. 
Margravei^  first  appointed,  Ger,,  7733. 
Marguerite  do  Valois,  b.,  6822  ;  M^moires 

of,  6872  ;  d.,  6862. 

,  Princess,  marries  Edward  I.,  6733. 

Marguerittes,  Julie  de,  d.,  2521 . 

Marheineke,  I'hilipp  K.,  b.,  8042;  d.,8162. 

Marhof,  Daniel,  b.,  7963. 

Maria  I.,  Port.,  reigns,  11103. 

II.,  Port., b.-d.,  11102;  reigns;  powers 

aid  ;  declared  queen  ;  sanctions  charter ; 

weds  Ferdinand,  IIIII. 
Christina,  Q.  dowager, b.,  11303*  weds 

Ferdinand    VII. ;      regent;    abdicates, 

11312  ;    impeached  ;   returns;  deposed  ; 

escorted  to  Portugal,  11813. 
,  marries  Alfonso  XII. ;  empress ; 

regent  of  Spain,  11333. 

,  reigns  in  Poland,  11152, 

,  queen  of  Sicily,  10772. 

Bertha  de  Rohan,  marries,  5363. 

Francesca,  marries  P.  John,  11113, 

Francesco.  Donna,  reigns;  d,,  6551. 

Henrietta  marries,  5443. 

Maria  Isabel  captured,  6O61, 


rules 
laws, 


Maria  Louisa,  Aust.,  b.,  519* ;  weds  Bona* 
parte,  5203.5211;  d.,  7301. 

Augusta,  b.,  8102  j  d.,  8321 . 

of  Sp.  weds  Montpensier,  7292. 

Louise,  empress  ;  d.,  5203. 

Mercedes  Isabella,  b.,  11322. 

Pia,  princess,  weds  K.  of  Port.,  10893. 

Theresa  of  Aust.,  queen  of  Hung.,  b., 

7983  ;  dominions  settled ;  heir,  6151 ; 
marries  Francis  l.,8012  ;  cfmvokes  diet ; 
infant  son  to  diet,  5122  ;  opposes  clergy, 
5423  ;  alliance  with  Eng.,  5152  ;  appeals 
to  Hung.  Diet,  8OI2  ;  peace  with  Prus., 
5152,  8033  ;  crowned,  5152  ;  claims  sup- 
ported, 11013;  gift,  5171 ;  ruling  spirit, 
8013;  fuds.  Belgian  Acad.,  5423;  council 
of  state,  5172  ;  fosters  industry,  5173  ; 
reforms,  5163,  5172  ;  aids  serfs  ; 
Hapsburg  dominions  ;  uniform 
5172;  d.,  5163;  monument,  5302 

of  Sp.  marries  Louis  XIV.,  6913. 

Valeria  marries,  5343 

Vittoria,  D.  of  Aosta,  d.,  11322 

Mariamne  marries  Herod  the  Great  11512. 

Mariana,  colony  founded,  6613 

,  Juan  de,  b.-d.,  11282;  works,  11291. 

Mariani,  M.,  d.,  7562. 

Marianna,  Ark.,  Confeds.  defeated,  2151 . 

Maricha,  minister  in  Abys.,  23. 

Marie,  grand  duchess,  Rus.,  weds,  9791; 
11191. 

Am^lie,  b.,  7051;  weds, 7193;  d.,  7362. 

de  Bourbon,  b.,  7362. 

Antoinette,  b.,7022;  weds  Louis  XVI., 

7052  ;  Diamond  Necklace  scandal,  7071  • 
beheaded,  7082,  7103,  711 1. 

de  France,  Gugemer,  Equitan,  671 1 . 

,  Princess,  of  Bourbon,  weds,  8331 . 

,  Princess  of  Edinburgh,  weds,  8362. 

Louise,  of  Parma,  married,  5U83. 

,  Mariel,  port  of  entry,  6342. 

Mariendal,  French  defeat,  688 1. 
Marietta,   Ga.,  Confeds.  captured,  2341; 

Johnston  evacuates,  2351 . 
,  O.,  settled,  1013 ;  Centennial  eel. ,3293. 

College  founded,  O.,  1443. 

Mariette,    Auguste    fedouard,    b.,    724i  ; 

works,  7343,  7383,  743a  7433,  7502  ;  d.. 
7522. 

Marin,  Don  Saba,  commander,  6342. 

Marine  Conference  International,  7493. 

Biological  Association  founded,  Lon- 
don, 9921. 

Engineers  Inst,  frad.,  Lond.,  9761 . 

Schools,  est.  by  govt.,  2852. 

Society  fnd.,  London,  915i . 

Mariner's  compass  used,  10781 . 

Marini, Giovanni  Batti8ta,b. (1569) ;  works, 
10832  ;  d.  (1625). 

Marino  Sanuto,  map  of,  12i . 

Marinus,  St.,  fuds.  republic  of,  10712, 

L,  pope,  10723. 

— -  II.,  pope,  10723. 

Mario,  Gtiuseppe,  b.,  10851 ;  d.,  10901. 

,  Marchesse  di  Candia,  b.  (1812) :  fare- 
well, 9742 ;  d.  (1883). 

,  Signor,  at  Castle  Garden,  1761 . 

Marion,  N.  J.,  R.  R.  collision,  4233. 

County,  Tenn.,  phosphate  rock  dis- 
covered, 3421 ;  land  purchases,  3493. 

,  Francis,  b.,  621 ;  leader,  92 1 ;  in  South; 

retreats,  922  ;  d.,  IO6I . 

Mariote,  Edma,  b.,  6863  ;  d.,  6923. 

Mariposa,  gold  shipment,  4393. 

Mariposa,  Cal.,  Big-tree  park,  2351 . 

Maris  or  Myrr/ia,  discovered,  7481 . 

Marischal  Coll.,  fnd.,  8771 ;  rebuilt  (1837) ; 
unites  with  Aberdeen  Univ.,  9623. 

,  E.,  aids  Jacobite  rebelli<m,  9061 . 

Maritime  Canal  Co.,  Nicaragua,  Ist  expe- 
dition, 3412,  3132  ;  org. ;  receiver,  11041 . 

Conference,  Brussels,  5441 . 

Exchange,  Silver  Resolution,  4351 . 

Provinces,  Can.,  favor  union,  5951 . 

supremacy,  struggle  for,  251 . 

Marius,  invents  hammer  action,  6962. 

,  Cains,  b.-d.,  1055  1  ;  in  Provence;  in 

Afr.,  10561;  war  with  Sulla  ;  defeats  the 
Marsi ;  at  Pass  of  Little  St.  Bernard ; 
crosses  Alps  ;  mutinv  ;  escapes  to  Afr., 
10562;  defeats  Gauls.  6621;  besieges 
Rome,  10563  ;  in  command ;  consul ; 
against  constitution,  10572,3  ;  unpopu- 
lar ;  retires  to  Asia ;  terrorizes  Rome, 
10573  ;  at  Sacriportus,  10581 . 

Mariux,  Filips  van,  works,  10991 . 

Marivaux,  Pierre  Carlet,  de  Chamblain  de, 
b.,  6942  ;  works,  6991 ,2  ;  d.,  7031 . 

Mark  Lane  Express  issued,  9463. 


1326 


Text  Bigurea  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Colvmn.         Maik-Maiy. 


Mark,  Father,  mission  to  Zuili,  203. 

,  St.,intro.  Christianity  in  E^pt,  6622; 

Gospel  written,  11532. 
Markets,  est.  in  towns,  Ger.,  7833. 
Markham,  Clements  R.,  b.  (1830) ;  Peru, 

4203. 

,  Henry  H.,  gov.  Cal.,  3292,  367t ,  3991 . 

• ,  William,  dep.-gov 


of 


Pa. ;    frame 
government,  533. 

Markhardt  of  Epperstein,  duke,  5033. 

Marks,  Albert  S.,  gov.,  3033  ;  a.,  3941 . 

Marlay, Thomas,  chief  justice,  9113. 

Marlborough  enters  Liverpool  dock,  9013. 

Marlborough,  Can.,  Indian  defeat,  5742. 

,  Mass.,  destroyed,  46i . 

,  Vt.,  battle  at,  661 . 

,  Bishop  Earle  cons.,  9983. 

,  Duchess  of,  appeals  for  poorj  985'. 

,  Duke  of.    (See  John  Churchill.) 

,  Earl  of,  minister,  8832. 

Marlowe,  Christopher,  b.,  8722  j  works, 
8752,  8771;  d.  (1593). 

Marniaduk,  reigns  in  Babylon,  11453. 

Marmaduke,  John  S.,  at  Cane  Hill,  2161 ; 
at  Prairie  Grove,  2162  ;  at  Hartville ; 
attacks  Springfleld,  2181 ;  at  Cape  Girar- 
deau, 2203  ;  at  Mine  Creek,  239 1 ;  politi- 
cal disabilities,  2952  ;  gov.  Mo.,  3233. 

,  Meredith  M.,  d.,  2312. 

Marmande,  Fr.,  siege  of,  6702. 

Marmier,  Xavier,  b.,  7191;  of  Fr.  Acad- 
emy, 732 1 ;  d.,  7621. 

Marmolejo,  Bartolom^,  E.  G.,  bp.,  6051. 

Marmont,  August  Fr^d^ric  Louis  Viesse 
de,  DucdeKaguese,  b.,7043;  atMockern, 
7202  •  evacuates  Paris  ;  in  Prussian  cam- 
paign, 7203;  at  Salamanca,  9361 ;  d.,732Z. 

Marmontel,  Jean  Franyois.b., 6982;  works, 
7032,7052,  7063;  d.,  7142. 

Marmora,  Alfonso  Ferrero  La,  b.  (1804) ; 
in  Crimean  War,  10861 ;  prime  minister, 
10891;  d.  (1878). 

Maroboduus,  conquered,  5021 . 

Marochetti,  Carlo,  Bar.,  b.,  10843;  d.  (1868). 

Maronites,  rise  of,  10311,11543;  join  Bo- 
man  Church,  11551 ;  rebel,  11581 ;  war 
with  Druses,  11581 ,2;  chapel,N.  Y.,376i . 

Maroons,  in  Jamaica,  652  ;  revolt,  773. 

Maros,  Servian  settlement,  5133. 

Marot,  Clement,  b.,  6983  ;  L" Adolescence 
Clementine,  6811 ;  d.,  6803. 

Marozia,  power  in  Rome,  10733  j  d.,  10721 . 

Marprelate  yrcwis. issued,  8763. 

Marquand,  Henry  G.,  gift  to  Museum  of 
Art,  3341 ,  3981 ;  pres.  Museum,  3381 . 

Marque.    (See  Letters  of  Marque.) 

Marques  de  Santa  Lucia.  (See  Garcia, 
Calixto.) 

,  Jos^  Amaldo,  b.  (1825±) ;  rises  against 

Juarez,  10961 ;  d.  (1881). 

Marquesas  Islands,  occupied  by  Fr.,  7281 ; 
taken  by  Fr.,  757i ;  missionaries,  10403. 

Marquette  burns,  1593. 

Marquette,  Can.,  mission  settled,  443. 

,  Mich.,  Rom.  Cath.  diocese  est.,  1822. 

,  Wis.,  diocese  suffragan  to  Mil.,  2902. 

,  Jacques,  b.,  6882  ;  miss.,  422  ;  dis- 
coverer, 441 ;  St.  Ignatius  mission,  442; 
on  Mississippi,  443  ;  d.,  463. 

Marquez,  Jos^  Ignacio  de,  pres.,  6283. 

,  Leonardo,  b.,  10952. 

Marquis,  D.  C,  moderator,  3242. 

Marrast,  Armand,  b.,  7143  ;  d.,  7322, 

Marriage,  intro.  China,  6103  ;  of  ecclesi- 
astics, 6363  ;  forbidden  in  Lent,  10691. 

Bill,  introduced,  Ontario,  5903. 

,  Irregular,  Act,  passes,  9133. 

Law  for  blacks  and  whites.  6323. 

,  royal,  restricted,  Russia,  11213. 

Marriages,    civil,    legalized,  Eng.,    8891; 

taxed,  9003;   with  lunatics  void,  9112; 

in  churches,  begin,  10751 . 
Married  Woman's  Property  Act,  9902. 
Marriott,  Hayes,  d.,  IOO81. 

,  Wm.  T.,  judge-adv.-gen.,  9953. 

Marrman,  Father,  imprisoned,  10003. 
Marryat,  Frederick,  b.,  9262  ;  works,  9403, 

9443,  9483    9023  ;  d.,  9542. 
Mars  Hill,  Athens,  Dr.  Talmage  at,  3481 . 
Mars  wrecked,  9673. 

,  satellites  discovered,  2961. 

Mars,  worshiped,  10503  ;  statue,  9181 . 

' ,  Mile.  (Anne  Francois  HippolyteMars 

Boutet  Monvel),  b.,  7(W3  ;  d.,  7301 . 
Marsala,  It.,action,  IOS8I ;  telegraph,10893, 
Marsaglia,  royalists  defeated,  694 1 . 
.Marsden,  William,  b.,  9123  ;  d.,  1>482. 
Marseillaise  Hymn,  composed,  7083. 
publication  ceases,  reappears ,7383. 


Marseilles,  Fr.  colony  at,  661 1 ,  10171 ;  con- 
quered, 11472  ;  Roman  ally,  6612  ;  taken, 
6622,  10601 ;  Christianized,  6623  ;  sacked, 
6661  ;repub!ic, 6693,0713;  glass-painting, 
6782  ;  united  to  Fr.,  6793  ;  siegeof,  68OI ; 
plague  ravages,  6893,  G993  ;  loses  privi- 
leges, 6913  ;  reduced,  708i ;  canal  to  Du- 
rana,  7293  ;  infernal  machine,  7331 ;  Re- 
publicans rise,  7432  ;  Communists  sup- 
pressed, 7452  ;  cholera  at,  7553,  7G33  ; 
Revolutionary  relics,  7553;  telephone  to 
Paris,  7573;  dock-makers  strike,  7583; 
bread  riots,  7643,  7662  ;  dynamite  explo- 
sion, 7662  ;  anarchists  arrested,  7671 , 

Marsevan,  Am.  Girls'  College  destroyed, 
11591. 

Marsh,  Mrs.  (Anne  Caldwell),  b.,  9302  ;  d. 
(1874). 

,  George  Perkins, b.,  110^  ;  works,  2011 , 

2133,2412  ;  d.,  310^. 

,  Herbert,  b.  (1757) ;  bp.  of  Peterbor- 
ough, 9383;  d.  (1839). 

,  James,  b.,  1042  ;  d.,  1542. 

,  Othniel  Charles,  b.,  1382;  exposes  In- 
dian ring,  2891 ;  pres.  Academy,  3381 . 

Marshal,  rank  of,  conferred,  Eng.,  9081 . 

Marshall  Islands,  gospel  received,  10403, 

,  Tex.,  Wiley  llniv.  org.,  2823;  Bishop 

College  founded,  3083. 

,  Sir  Chapman,  lord  mayor,  9492. 

,  Humphrey,botanist,  b.  (1722);  d.,110i . 

, ,  Gen.,  b.,  1183  ;  at  Middle  Creek, 

2022  ;  at  Princeton,  2081 ;  d.,  2762. 

,  — — ,  historian,  d.,  1522. 

,  J.  W.,  discovers  gold,  1622. 

,  James  W.,  b.,  1562;  p.-m.-gen.,  2852; 

monument,  3281. 

(John,  b.,  711;    chief  justice,  1112; 

electoral  vote,  1252  ;  d.,  1442. 

,  Samuel  S.,  defeated,  2572. 

,  Thomas  Alexander,  d.,  2741 . 

,  William,  E.  of  Pembroke,  b.  (1146) ; 

buihls  Kilkenny  Castle,  8501 ;  defeats 
Louis;  d.,  8521. 

, Calder,  b.  (1813) ;  d.,  1012'. 

, R.,  governor  Minn.,  2553. 

,  Principles  of  Economics,  10043, 

Marshtield,  Mas's.,  troops  sent  to,  78i; 
Webster's  birth  celebrated,  3103. 

,  Wis.,  R.  R.  wreck,  4613. 

Marshman,  John  Clark,  b.,  9263;  d.,  9822. 

,  Joshua,  b.,  9163;  d.,  9482. 

Marsi  yield  to  Romans,  10522, 

Marsigli,  Luigi  Ferdinando,  b.,  10831 ;  d., 
10842. 

Marsin,  Ferdinand,  b.  (1656) ;  marshal ; 
at  Blenheim,  6961 ;  d.  (1706). 

Marsovan,  mission  at,  11563. 

Marston,  Gilman,  gov.  Ida.,  2732. 

,  John,  b.,  8742;  works,  8771 ;  d.,  8822. 

,  Westland,  b.  (1819) ;  d.,  10021. 

Moor,  Eng.,  battle  of,  8842. 

Martaban  taken,  10462. 

Martel,  Charles,  b.  (690+)  ;  king,  7712;  pal- 
ace-mayor, 6653;  leader,  7701;  est.  feu- 
dalism, 6653  ;  at  Soissons,  7701 ;  confis- 
cates clerical  property,  6643  ;  defeats 
Saracens,  4842  ;  rescues  Christianity, 
6643;  saves  Europe,  7702  ;  at  Narbonne, 
7701 ;  protects  pope  ;  d.,  6653. 

,  Louis  Jos.,  b.  (1813) ;  minister,  7511 ; 

pres.  senate,  751 2;  resigns,  7531 ;  d.(1892). 

Martens,  Police  Captain,  trial,  N.  Y.,4522. 

,  Prof.,  arbitrator,  7612. 

Martensen.Hans  Lassen,  b.,6382;  d.,  6421. 

Marter,  Rich.,  captures  Cetewayo,  6OO2. 

Marth,  Mr.,  discovers  planet,  9^2. 

Martha  discovered,  5282. 

Martha's  Vineyard,  Mass.,  missions,  363; 
naval  action,  8OI . 

Martial,  Marcus  Valerius,  b.-d.,  10622 ; 
works,  10643. 

de  Paris,  works,  6783. 

Martignac,  Jean  Baptiste  Sylv^reGaye  de, 
Vicomte  de,  b.,  7043  ;  premier,  7252  ; 
ministry  dismissed,  7252;  d.,  7262. 

Martin  1.,  St.,  p<>pe;  est.  celibacy  of 
clergy,  10722;  d.,  10721. 

11.,  pope,  d.,  10721. 

IV.,  pope,  10763;  d.,  10762. 

v.,  pope,  10791 ;  d.,  10783. 

I.,  K.  of  Sicily,  10772. 

II.,  K.  of  Sicily,  10772. 

,  Saint,  b.-d. ;  fnos.  convent,  6623;  bp. 

of  Tours,  6631. 
of    Aragon,    reigns,    11273 ;    defeats 

Genoese,  11261 ;  d.  (1409), 

,  Sir  Albert,  minister,  8832. 

,  Alex.,  b.  (1740) ;  gov.,  1013  ;  d.  (1807). 


Martin,  Augustus  N.,  b.,  1623, 

,  Benjamin,  improves  microscope ,9103, 

,  Bon  Jjouis  Henri,  b.,  7191 ;  d.,  7541. 

,  Carlos  R.,  escapes,  6211 . 

— — ,  bp.  of  Padenborn,  resists  clerical 
laws ;  punished,  8283. 

,  "Eddy,"  lynched,  4743. 

,  Father,  gen.  of  Soc.  of  Jesus,  11323, 

,  Father  of  Cochem,  Jesus,  799i . 

,  Henri,  UHistoire  de  France,  7271 , 

,  Henry  Newell,  b.,  1641 ;  work,  9811, 

,  John,  b.,  9243;  fiafci//<>«,  9382;  d., 9583. 

, ,  b.,  1421 ;  U.  S.  senator,  4231 . 

, ,  M.  P.,  9753. 

, A.,  gov.  Kan.,  3233. 

,  Joseph,  d.,  7621. 

,  Joshua  L.,  gov.  Ala.,  161 1. 

,  Josiah,  gov.  N.  C,  773. 

,  Louis  Aim^,  b.,  7051 ;  d.  (1847). 

,  Noah,  gov.  N.  H.,  1712. 

,  makes  papier-mach^,  8OO1 . 

,  Police  Inspector,  killed,  10003. 

Martineau,  Harriet,  b.,  9303  ;  Political 
Economy,  9443;  d..  9802;  statue.  3241 . 

,  James,  b.,  9323  ;   works,  9362,  9491, 

9623, 9983. 

Martinez,  Francis,  d.,  6143. 

,  T.,  elected  pres.,  11033. 

de  la  Rosa,  Francisco,  b.-d.,  11302. 

Martini,  Giovanni  Battista,  b,,  10831;  d, 
10843, 

,  Vincenzo,  b.-d.,  11283. 

Henry  rifle  ;  a4loj)ted,  Eng.,  9721 . 

Martinique,  W.  I.,  dis.,  162  ;  earthquake 
at,  741 ;  settled  by  Fr.,.6892;  taken,  7101 . 

Martinsburg,  W.  Va. .  Confederates  de- 
feated, 1962,  2123. 

Martin's  Ferry,  O.,  non-union  men,  4791. 

Martinsvogel  Association  find.,  7852. 

Martins,  Karl  Frederich  Philipp  von,  b., 
8062;  d.,  8243. 

Martos,  Ivan  Petrovitch,  b.,  11143 ;  d,, 
11163. 

Marty,  Martin,  b.  (1834) ;  cons,  bp.,  3023. 

,  M.,  minister,  7671 . 

Martyn,  Henry,  b.,  9222  ;  in  Persia,  trans- 
lates Bible,  11071 ;  d.,  9363. 

Martyrdom  of  Buss  painted,  8181. 

Martyrs,  era  of,  6543  ;  festival  of,  10643; 
canonized,  10883, 

Marum,  Edward  P.  Mulhallen,  d.,  10041. 

,  Martin  van,  b.-d.,  HOP. 

Marvel,  Ik.    (See  Mitchell,  Donald  Grant.) 

Marvell,  Andrew,  b..  8802;  d.,  8942. 

,  Richard,  Garden  Poems,  8883. 

Marvil,  Joshua  H.,  nom.  for  gov.,  4692. 

Marvin,  Enoch  M.,  b.  (1823) ;  M.  E.  tp,, 
2522;  d.,2962. 

,  Francis,  b.,  1362. 

,  Theophilus,  mission,  4891. 

,  William,  gov.  Fla.,  2491,  251'. 

College  org.,  Tex.,  2823. 

Marx,  Karl,  b.,  8122  ;  manifesto,  8173  ;  d., 
8302. 

Man/  collides  with  Normandy,  9733. 

wrecked,  9021. 

Mary  Hose,  accident  to,  8693. 

Mary  Sharp  Female  Coll.  org,,Tenn.,  1703. 

Mary,  Virgin,  honors  increased,  10683;  Im- 
maculate ('onception  est.,  10863. 

,  d.  of  Prince  Alfred  Ernest,  b.,  9812, 

I.  Tudor  reigns,  8712;  marries  Philip, 

household  expenses,  8713;  d., 8721 ,  8732. 

II.,  b.,  8902;  d.,  9002,  9012. 

,  Q.  of  Scots,  b.,  8682  ;   gent  to  Fr., 

8692  ;  reigns,  8693  ;  marriage  opposed ; 
persecutes  Protestants,  8703  ;  sails  for 
Fr.,  8712;  at  Langside,  8721;  marries 
Francis ;  title  conferred,  8732  ;  abdi- 
cates ;  in  Loch  Leven  castle ;  escapes ; 
goes  to  Eng.  ;  prisoner  ;  claims  Eng. 
throne,  8732;  hi  Scot.;  marries  L.  Darn- 
ley  ;  marries  E.  of  Bothwell ;  prisoner, 
8733 ,  conspirator  ;  trial ;  sentenced ;  exe- 
cuted, 8753,  8762. 

——  of  Burgundy  marries ;  rules  ;  favora 
cities  and  provinces, 10992. 

,  Princess  of  Denmark,  betrothed  to 

Alexander  III.,  11191. 

,  Duchess  of  Gloucester,  d.,  9622. 

of  Guise,  or  of  Lorraine,   b.  (1515) ; 

regent,  8713  ;  d.  (1560). 

of  Hesse,  d.,  11201 . 

,  K.  of  Hung.,  d.,  5072. 

of  Hung.,  regent.  10992. 

of  York  marries  William  TIL,  896*^. 

Maryborough,  Ire.,  founded,  8732, 
Marylan<i,  Catholics  settle;    Soc.  Jesus 

est.,  322  ;  Glaybome  settles  in ;  Cecil 


Mary-Mass. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        iPJlJfl.X,       Superior  Figures  indicate  Co.'umn. 


1327 


Calvert's  Grant ;  named  ;  Leonard  Gal- 
vert  settles,  333  ;  Glayborne  tights,  34' ; 
rtr«t  Eng.  Oath.  Ch.  iu  Am.  ,342 ;  K.C.  state 
church,  343  ;  general  assembly  meets ; 
Imstile  to  Va.,  35* ;  Claybonie  nees,  353; 
Indian  war  ;  Clayborn«'s  rebellion,  3<ii ; 
Puritans  invited;  CathoUca  rule,3G2;  gov. 
est.,  37^ ;  drunkenness  tiued;  kidnappers 
executed,  37 1 ;  Puritans  turbulent,  37a  ; 
amnesty  granted;  rebellion  succeeds; 
(Jalvert  regains  govt.,  373;  Kent  Island 
subdued;  religious  war,  ;JSi,  3,  401,  a, 
411;  toleration  enacted,  382;  Catholics 
di8frauchi8ed,383;  Hobt.  Vaughn(Prot.), 
gov.;  Tlios.  Greene  (Cath.),  gov.,  31)'; 
William  Stone  (Prot.),  gov.  ;  Puritans 
received,  :i!)2  j  Stone  resisted  ;  deposed ; 
10cominissioner8govern,393;  Protestant 
counties  fmd. ;  two  legislative  houses, 
392  ;  Stone  resisted  ;  deposeil ;  faction 
deposes  Catholics;  Parliament  controls, 
393;  Puritans  in,  40^;  refuge  for  the 
persecuted,  403  ;  Revolution ;  two  gov- 
ernments ;  stocks  for  drunkards,  41 1 ; 
revolt  settled  ;  Josiaa  Fendall,  gov.  : 
P.  Calvert,  gov.;  popular  sovereignty  J 
independence  of  L.  Baltimore  ;  L.  Balti- 
more coutirraed  in  govt.  ;  mint  act 
passetl,  413;  felons  excluded,  443,  471 ; 
slave  act  passed,  45^,  2;  population, 
452,  633,  673;  Sir  Chas.  Calvert,  proprie- 
tor, 471  ;  Thomas  Notley,  gov..  473  ; 
Presbyterian  church  org., 482, 502;  fran- 
chise limited,  491;  quo  warranto,  51*; 
John  Coode  revolts,  512;  Revolution; 
a  royal  province ;  Sir  Lionel  Copley, 
gov.,  513,  532  ;  church  of  Eng.  est.,  513, 
522 ;  E.  Andres,  gov.,  532  ;  unites  with 
Pa.;  B.  Fletcher,  gov.;  public  post  est.; 
Annapolis  capital ;  Nath'l  Blackstone, 
gov. ,533;  Anglican  ch.  est.,  542  ;  A.D. 
1700^;  Thos.  Trench,  gov.,  553  ;  anti- 
Cath.  laws,  562  ;  John  Seymour,  gov., 
672;  Edward  Lloyd,  gov.,  573;  slaves  vs. 
baptism ;  Calvert  renounces  Catholi- 
cism, 582,  3  ;  liquor  traffic  fined,  583  ; 
John  Hart  rules ;  proprietary  restored, 
691 ;  Chas.  Calvert,  gov.,  593;  M.  Gazette 
issued,  603-  inheritors  of  Eng.  law,  611 ; 
Benedict  C.  Calvert,  gov.,  613  ;  Balti- 
more city  fnd;  Samuel  Ogle,  gov.,  632,  3, 
€7* ;  Charles  Lord  Baltimore,  gov.  ; 
tobacco  legal  tender,  632;  copper-works, 
641 ;  first  Bapt.  ch.,  (xf-^ ;  Thos.  Bladen, 
gov.,  653;  iron  works,  66I ;  M.  Gazette 
revived,  671;  Frederick  City  fnd.,  672; 
Mason  and  Dixon  Line,  673,  753  ;  Gen. 
Braddock  leaves,  63' ;  Benj.  Tasker,  gov. 
692  ;  Horatio  Sharpe,  gov.,  693;  Freder- 
ick Coll.  org.,  731 ;  Robert  Eden,  gov., 
772;  Jesuits  suppressed,  78i ;  magazines 
seized,  801;  convention;  bills  of  credit 
issued;  minute-men  org.,  813;  declines 
Confederation,  91 2;  signs  Confederation, 
933;  Iw^undary  commissioners  meet,  973; 
ratifies  Federal  constitution,  101 1 ;  St. 
Mary's  Sem.,  fnd.,  1023  ;  T.  J.  Claggett 
cons,  bp.,  1023;  Bait.  Meth.  Epis.  Conf. 
org.,  1042;  A.D.  1800 f-  ;  Odd  Fel- 
lows org.,  1271;  Wm.  Ellery  Channing 
5 reaches,  1282;  Luth.  Synod  find.,  1283; 
ews  org.,  1311  ;  fire-brick  mnf.,  1341  ; 
State  library  fnd.,  135i,  1403;  defaults 
Interest,  1553  ;  M.  Hist.  Library  fmtl., 
1583;  Gen.  Butler  seizes  Relay  House, 
1942  ;  disloyal ;  rejects  secession  ;  Fed- 
oral  troops  prohibited  ;  Gov.  urges  truce, 
1951 ;  legislators  arrested  for  treason, 
1993  ;  fund  for  soldiers  killed,  2032  ; 
habeas  corpus  suspended,  2073  ;  Gen. 
Lee  invades,  2123;  Legislature  arrested, 
2133  ;  Confed.  invasion,  2223  ;  M.  Union- 
ists divided,  2273 ;  M.  Club  suspended, 
2292;  Constitutional  Con ven.,  2333;  Gen. 
Early  enters,  2.'J6i,  237i;  Constitution 
ratified, 2393;  ratifies  13th  Amend., 2432; 
M.  Agricultural  Coll.  est.,  2502 ;  Peabody 
Inst,  fnd.,  2543;  observance  of  Sunday 
Bill,  2551 ;  rejects  14th  Amend.,  2573  ; 
new  constitution  approved,  2591;  flood 
iu  Patapsco  River,  2633  ;  battle  of  N. 
Point  eel.,  3083  ;  15th  Amend,  rejected, 
2731 ;  eldership  in  Ch.  of  God  org.,  2802; 
Inst,  for  Blind  and  Deaf,  231 1;  labor 
strikes,  2963  ;  pres.  proclamation  to 
strikers,  2972  ;  Westminster  Theolog. 
Sem.  fnd.,  3123;  earthquake,  a32i ;  bill 
to  abolish  pool-rooms,  3543;  Hhortage  in 
treasury,  3543,  3553  ;  negroes  excluded 


from  State  Law  school,  3682;  forest  fires, 
38.33  ;  negro  lynched,  3832 ;  w.  G.  Van 
Nort  for  gov.,  3912  ;  Va.  boundary  line, 
4112;  Frank  Brown,  gov.,  4212;  land  tax 
unconstitutional,  427i  ;    Free    School- 
book  Bill  returned,  454i ;  Racing  Bill 
signed,  457' ;  miners  strike,  4583. 
Marylebone  Literary  Institute  fnd.,  9463. 
Maryville  College  org.,  Tenn.,  1283. 
Marzials,  Theophile,  b.,  9562. 
Mas,  Burmese  war,  10182. 
M:isaccio,  Tommaso  Guidi,  b.-d.,  10782. 

Masailand,  Eng.,  possess,  6613;   Hanuiug- 
ton  visits,  5621 . 

Masaniello,  Tommas  Aniello,  b.-d.,  10823  ; 
leads  revolt,  10821 ,  10832. 

Mascara,  Algeria,  evacuated,  82. 

Mascarenbas,  Garcia  de,  b.,  5523;  d.,  5542. 

Mascarene,  Capt.  Paul,  governor,  5752. 

Majicaron,  Jules,  b.,  6882;  d.,  6962. 

Mascotte,  La,  burns  on  Miss,  river,  3253. 

M.'iserfeld,  action  at,  8421 . 

Mashakai,  action  at,  62. 

Masham,  Baron,  title  created,  10052. 

,  Lady,  Abigail  Hill,  royal  favorite, 

9033;  keeper  of  privy  purse,  9052. 

Mashonaland,  Boers  raid  in  ;  Boers  ex- 
pelled, 6041  ■  demand  for,  6043. 

Ma  Sien,  at  Linan;  at  Yuiman,  6183. 

Masimian  resigns.  10673. 

Masinissa,  K.,  aids  Scipio,  10543, 

Maskell,  William,  b.,  9363;  d.  (1890). 

Maskelyne,  Mr.,  libel  damages,  993*. 

,  NeTii,b.,9082;  transit  of  Vemis,9H9; 

earth's  density,  9182;  a.,  9351 . 

Mason  County,  W.  Va.,  white  caps,  460. 

,  Charles,  b.  (1730)  ;  M.  and  Dixon  line, 

est.,  431,  673,  733,  753,  913  ;  d.  (1787). 

,  Dumane,  royal  commissioner,  5942. 

,  Edward  C,  commissioned  col.,  3301 , 

,  Francis,  b.,  1082  ;  d.,  2841 . 

,  George,  b.,  6O2  ;  d.,  1022. 

, Hemming,  b.,  9383  ;  d.  (1872). 

,  Capt.  James,  leader,  341 . 

, Murray,  b.,  108 1 ;  pres.  senate, 

1812,  1881;  urges  secession,  1953;  ex- 
pelled, 1973  ;  captured,  2003,  2012, 965a  ; 
in  Boston,  2003,  2012;  imprisoned,  201 2  ; 
surrendered,  203  ;  leaves  Eng.,  2273  ;  d., 
2741, 

,  Jeremiah,  b.,  761 ;  d.,  1641 . 

,  John,  b.,  262  ;  d.,  442. 

, ,  lands  in  N.  H.,31i;  d.,  34i. 

, Mitchell,  b.,  762  ;  d.,  1362, 

, W.,  in  treas.  dept.,  3512. 

, Young,  b.  (1799);  sec.  navy,  1572; 

atty.-gen.,1592;  issues  Ostend  Manifesto, 
6331;  d.,  1842. 

,  Josiah,  almshouses,  9651 ;  est.  Orphan 

Houses,  9731, 

,  Lowell,  b.  (1792) ;  d.,  2781 . 

,  Mabel,  life-saving  medal,  3882. 

,  Richard  B.,  gov.  Cal.,  1633  ;  d.  (1850). 

,  Sergeant,  fires  at  Guiteau,  3083. 

,  Stevens  Thomson,  b.  (1811) ;  governor 

Mich.,  1453  ;  d.  (1843). 

,  William,  b.,  9062,  or  n724) ;  d.  (1797). 

Masonborough  Inlet,  Columb^ia  burned, 
2182. 

Masonry,  opposition  party  iu  politics,  1392 ; 
vote,  1413. 

Mason's  Act,  No.  2,  4172. 

Station,  O.,  R.  R.  accident,  3133. 

Maspero,  Gaston  Camille  Charles,  b.  (1846); 
Peuples  de  {'Orient  classique,  7661 . 

Masquerades,  Eng.  Court,  8583  ;  frequent, 
8911;  forbidden,  9063. 

Mass,  first  celebrated,  10691;  gaid  for 
money,  10723. 

Massalia,  asteroid,  discovered,  10862. 

Massachusetts :  Norsemen  in,  explored, 
112;  A.D.  1CM>0+^;  Rep.govt.  fmd.;  John 
Carver,  gov.  ;  Pilgrims  land,  283,  293  ; 
Gonges  exped.,  292;  all  citizens  in  legis- 
lature, 293, 331  ;  Miles  Standish  explores, 
301 ;  1st  marriage  ;  Indian  treaty  ;  Salem 
fnd.,  313;  Salem  Ch.  org.,  302;  Slassasoit 
received ;  Ist  land  patent ;  2d  company 
arrive;  Wm.  Bradford,  gov.,  303,  351, 
373  ;  pestilence ;  starving  time ;  first 
exports,  303  ;  Prot.  Epis.  services  est., 
301;  Eng.  extortion,  Weymouth  settled, 
and  abandoned,  31 1 ;  Standish  fights  In- 
dians, 301  ;  2d  land  patent,  31 1;  conspi- 
rators banished  ;  land  allotted  yearly  ; 
land  in  perpetual  fee ;  cattle  intro. ; 
Cape  Ann  patent  rec'd  ;  settled  ;  Cape 
Cod  settled;  Council  of  Five  est.;  Mt. 
WoUaston  settled,  31 2  ;  first  vessel  built, 


301 ;  Pilgrims  buy  out  London  Co.;  wam- 
pum currency  ;  Dutch  embassy  re- 
ceived ;  Mass.  Colony  est.  ;  WoUaston 
suppressed,  313  ;  ballot  first  used  in 
Am.,  302 ;  Mass.  Bay  Co.  chartered  ; 
Charlestown  fnd.  ;  govt,  trans,  from  Eng. 
to  Colony,  313, 331 ;  bricks  mnfd.  ;  Epis- 
copal clergy  expelled ;  Indian  allegiance; 
J.  Endicbtt,  gov.,  321 ;  thanksgiving  for 
plenty;  John  Winthrop  arrives,  32', 
331,  he  writes  Ist  book;  Plymouth  tol- 
erant, 322-  300  best  families  arrive; 
wages  fixed,  323  ;  many  perish  ;  J.  Win- 
throp, gov.  Mass  colony ;  many  colo- 
nists arrive ;  Watertown,  Dorchester, 
Roxbury  fnd. ;  Ist  Court ;  Trimountain 
[Boston]  fnd.;  Board  of  Assistants  appt., 
331 ;  3d  land  patent ;  great  emigration  ; 
Lyon  arrives ;  suffrage  limited  to  ch. 
members ;  Newtown  [Cambridge]  forti- 
fied, 332 ;  Plymouth  courtesy ;  Conn, 
valley  attractive,  333  ;  igt  ch.  in  Boston. 
321 ;  prohibition  (Indians),  323  ;  Charles 
I.  offended ;  govt,  restricted  ;  E.  Win- 
slow,  gov.,  ballot  used ;  Thos.  Price, 
fov.,  Plymouth ;  Thos.  Dudlev,  gov. 
lass.  Colony,  333  ;  irreligion  and  heresy 
punishable,  342  ;  gov't  changed  to  repre- 
sentative democracy ;  Plymouth  Coun- 
cil surrenders  charter  ;  John  Haynes, 
gov. ;  Wm.  Bradford,  gov. ;  emigration 
westward;  tidal  wave,  34 1 ;  Eng.  cross, 
decision;  Roger  Williams  banished; 
Thos.  Hooker  arrives  ;  Anne  Hutchin 
son  for  Women's   Rights ;   3,000  immi- 

f  rants  ;  musket  balls  currency  ;  Concord 
nd. ;  quo-warranto  issued,  342;  Boston 
public  school  est.,  343  ;  Indian  troubles, 
341 ;  submission  to  est.  church;  Ist 
Cong,  organization,  342  ;  Coll.  fnd., 
Harvard  est.,  343  ;  Springfield  fnd.  ; 
emigration ;  Gen.  Fundamental  Laws 
est. ;  charter  unrescinded  ;  Henry  Vane, 
gov.;  Edward  Winslow,eov.,352;'pequot 
War,  341 ;  synod  of  N.  Eng.,  first  meets  ; 
Anne  Hutchinson  banished;  Sam.  Gor- 
ton annoys,  342,  362  ;  Rev.  John  Har- 
vard arrives ;  slaves  imported,  351,  371 ; 
prohibition  est.  (Indians),  35i ;  J.  Win- 
throp, gov. ;  Wm.  Bradford,  352  ;  HenrJ 
Vane  leaves ;  Colony  of  Conn,  set  up  ; 
Eng.  emigration  restrained ;  Thomas 
Prince,  gov.,  353  ;  Boston  printing-press 
est.,  341 ;  Plymouth  1st  gen.  assembly  ; 
Wra.  Bradford,  gov.  3^  ;  eflort  for  co- 
lonial union,  37 1;  dissenter  pilloried, 
362  ;  let  book  printed  in  Am. ;  college- 
tax ;  public  schools  law;  37 1;  Thomas 
Dudley,  gov. ;  rapid  advancement,  372  ; 
Body  of  Liberties  adopted ;  Rich.  Bel- 
lingham,  gov. ;  Eng.  oppresses  com- 
merce, 372;  iron  castings,  ropes  mnfd., 
361 ;  suffrage  qualified,  362  ;  Harvard's 
1st  commencement,  37 1;  N.  H.  united, 

372  ;  ch.  sleeper  punished  ;  Indian  mis- 
sions est.,  362,  383,391,403,442,443,463, 
623,  631,  663,  683,  771 ;  New  Eng.  Con- 
federacy est. ;  John  Winthrop.  pres. ; 
civil  war  in  Eng.,  prosperity  in  Mass., 

373  ;  alarming  comet,  36i ;  whipped  for 
non-baptism  ;  dissenters  banished,  363  ; 
2  legislative  bodies  for  govt.,  373  ;  treaty 
with  Narragansetts,  36i ;  Wm.  Bradford, 
gov. ;  Thos.  Dudley,  gov. ;  bounty  for 
iron  works,  373;  infant  baptism  trouble, 
363,  371,  383;  Ed.  Winslow,  gov.;  J. 
Endicott,  gov.,  373  ;  2d  Gen.  Synod,  (Jon- 
gregationalism  org.  38i,2;  John  Eliot, 
miss. ;  prayer-book  in  Boston,  382  ;  j. 
Winthrop,  gov. ;  commerce  restricted, 
391 ;  public  schools  common,  383;  pro- 
hibition (Indian),  391,  403  ;  Thos.  Cnsh- 
man,  elder;  Cambridge  Platform  sub- 
mitted, 382,3  ;  J.  Endicott,  gov. ;  code 
of  laws,  392;  many  Indian  converts; 
Half-Way  Covenant,  383,  402,3,  442; 
Thos.  Dudley,  gov.,  392  ;  Baptists  perse- 
cuted, 383,  402;  John  Endicott,  gov., 
391 ;  purchases  Maine  ;  mint  est. ;  Rich. 
Bellingham,  gov.  ;  Puritans  return  to 
Eng.  to  fight,  393;  Nianticks  war;  iron 
forge  est.,  .381 ;  liquor  dealers  restricted, 
391 ;  J.  Endicott,  gov.,  411 ;  Quakers  per- 
secuted, 401 ,2,3  ;  Elder  Faunce  elected, 
402  ;  Mary  Dwyer  executed,  403  ;  Ed- 
ward Whalley  and  Wm.  Goffe,  regicides 
concealed,  411,3  ;  423;  Nantucket  fnd.; 
Pari,  addressed ;  commerce  restricted, 
412  ;  declaration  of  rights  ;  anti-Quaker 


1328 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.     MassacllTlSettS. 


laws  suspended ;  2d  wampum  currency, 
412;  Fr.  Protestants  admitted  ;  non-cou- 
formista  ejected  ;  licensers  of  the  press 
est.,  403;  adulterers  executed,  41 1;  1st 
Bapt.  Ch. ;  Kpiscopalians  intrusive:  1st 
Bible  printed,  Am.,  422  ;  Kicli.  Belling- 
ham,  gov.  ;  commerce  vexed,  423  ;  4 
king's  commissioners  opposed,  leave;  re- 
monstrance against  tyranny,  43',  2; 
printing  restricted,  422  ;  Jjeertield  fnd. ; 
Rich.  Bellingham,  gov. ;  Maine  wrested, 
432;Mohawks  ravage, 421 ;  Maineyielded, 
421,  433;  Worcester  fmi.,  433;  Indian 
"  Praying  Towns  "  org.,  442  ;  drunkards 
posted,  443  ;  great  training  days ;  bees 
intro.,  441;  disloval  at  heart,  442;  war 
against  the  l>ateh,44i ;  3  colonies  unite, 
452 ;  whale  lishei-y  established,  453 ; 
Indians  burn  Medrfeld;  Indian  conspi- 
racy, 44 1;  Josiah  Winslow,  gov.;  John 
Leverett,  gov.,  452  ;  commerce  vexed, 
453,472;  printing-press  in  Boston,  443; 
King  Philip'ii  War,44i  ;colonists  terri- 
fied, 443;  Fast  Day,  443  ;  Narra^gan setts 
peaceful ;  Oapt.  Hutchinson's  Co.  way- 
laiil ;  ilendon  attacked,  also  Deerfield, 
Hadley,  Bloody  Brook,  Hatfield,  Lan- 
caster, Deerfield,  Weymouth,  Northfleld, 
Marlborough,  46i;  liehohotli  attacked, 
Sudbury,  Bridgewater,  Plymouth,  Hat- 
field, Hadley  ;  Indians  defeated  at  Turn- 
er's Falls  and  Mt.  H(ti)e,  402;  Indians  op- 
pressed, 47 1;  E.  Kandolph,  king's  mes- 
senger in,  472,3  ;  anti-Quaker  intoler- 
ance, 463  ;  Maine  bought.  472;  treaty  of 
peace  with  Indians,  4t>2,  473  ;  Epis.  Ch. 
in  Boston,  463  ■  N.  H.  separated  ;  Brit, 
govt,  assails  ;  king  opposed  ;  great  comet 
terrorizes,  463  ;  Maine  org.  as  a  province : 
T.  Hinckley,  gov.,  49i ;  Jos.  Dudley  and 
John  Richards  agents,  49i;  goo  war- 
ranto issued,  492  ;  tlrst  Universalist,  48i ; 
charter  forfeited  ;  darkest  period  ;  Jos. 
Dudley,  Koyal  pres.,  493,  503  ;  charter 
expires,  493 ;  Epis.  service  enforced, 
taxation  for,  502  ;  charter  is  displaced ; 
Sir  Edmund  Andros  vice-regent;  Hu- 
guenots arrive,  503  ;  tyranny  of  Andros ; 
N.  York  annexed ;  Boston  capital  of 
vice-royalty,  511 ;  Andros  recalled  ;  joy- 
ous tidings,  accession  of  William  and 
Mary ;  Gen.  Court  reassembles  ;  Simon 
Bradstreet  restored ;  rights  demanded, 
512  ;  1st  newspaper  in  Boston,  503  ;  in 
Ist  Am.  Cong,  of  governors ;  M.  fleet 
before  Quebec,  50i ;  witchcraft  delusion, 
523,531;  new  charter;  Sir  Wui.  Phipps, 
gov., 532;  State  schools  and  Statechurch 
est.,  522  ;  Hannah  Dustin,  heroine,  531 ; 
under  Gov.  Bellauiont  of  N.  York,  55i ; 
Rich.  Coote,  gov. ;  Wm.  Stoughtim,  gov., 
552  ;  A,  D.  1700+-  ;  R.  Catholics  ban- 
ished, 542  ;  slavery  opposed,  55i ;  govt. 
by  the  Council,  552;  war  with  Abnakis ; 
Q.  Anne's  war,  541 ;  Q.  Anne  proclaimed  ; 
Jos.  Dudley,  gov. ,  553 ;  Deerfield  burned ; 
Indians  terrorize,  56 1;  News-Letter  is- 
sued, 671 ;  official  conspiracy,  572  ;  anti- 
Cath.  mission,  582;  Benj.  Franklin,  b., 
563  ;  attempts  conquest  of  Acadia  [N.S.]; 
bombards  Port  Royal ;  bounty  for  In- 
dian scalps,  561 ,  611 ;  Quebec  expedition 
sails,  561 ;  Province  bills,  legal  tender, 
691;  s.  boundary  rectified;  Worcester 
org.;  mortgage  bills  emitted,  591 ;  coun- 
cil governs;  Jos.  Dudley,  gov.;  Wm. 
Taller,  gov. ;  Sam  Shute,  gov.  ;  imposes 
duty  on  Eng.  goods,  592  ;  B.  Gazette  is- 
sued, 582  ;  manufacturers  restricted  : 
commercial  activity ;  tea  used,  593  ;  ^, 
England  Courant,  603  ;  quarrel  with 
gov.  ;  charters  defended,  61 1 ;  small  pox 
vaccination  opposed,  613  ;  Indian  war, 
601;  Gov.  Shute  fiees;  Wm.  Dummer, 
gov.,  612  •  population,  613  ;  ministers 
reprimanded,  602  ;  Western  Mass.  set- 
tled ;  treaty  with  Indians  ;  explanatory 
charter,  612;  Wm.  Burnet,  gov.;  Wm. 
Dummer,  go,., 613;  1st  paper  mill,  601 ; 
minister's  support  not  enforced,  003 ; 
Presb.  Ch.  in  Boston,  G22  ;  Wm.  Tailer, 
gov.;  J.  Belcher,  gov.,  632  ;  Freemasons 
in,  631;  stage  routes;  petitions  Pari., 
633  ;  Arianism  in,  643  ;  Whitefield's  re- 
vival, 651 ;  Faneuil  Hall  fnd.,  G4i ;  N.H. 
eeparated;  Wm.  Shirley  gov.,  653;  Fr. 
and  Indians  take  Ft.  Mass. ;  1st  theatri- 
cal performance,  661 ;  impressment  of 
seamen  resented,  67i  ,2  ;  treaty  with  In- 


dians ;  a  hard-money  colony ;  Spencer 
Phips,  gov. ;  reimbursed,  672  ;  Jonathan 
Mayhew  preaches  against  tyranny,  663  ; 
Jonathan  Edwards,  p{vst()r,  663,  (i9i; 
theatricals  proliibited,  671 ;  Parliament 
vexes,  C73 ;  Wm.  Shirley,  governor; 
Colonial  cong.  proposed,  693  ;  Fr.  and 
Indian  War ;  troops  in  Acadia ;  Gov. 
Shirley  commands  Brit,  troops,  G82,70i ; 
earthquake,  703,  722;    Spencer  Phips, 

fov.,713;  War  Cong,  of  governors  ,Thos. 
'ownal,  gov. ;  quartering  troops  con- 
troversy ;  Thanksgiving  Day,  713  ■  self- 
imposed  war  taxes,  73 1 ;  superior  in  ed- 
ucation, 721 ;  customs  regulated  by  law, 
731 ;  Thos.  Hutchinson,  governor  ;  Sir 
Francis  Bernard,  gov.,  732  ;  Hutchinson 
appt.  chief  justice;  Revolution  in  em- 
bryo ;  James  Otis  agitates  ;  Importation 
Act  enforced,  732,743;  arbitrary  meas- 
ures by  king's  officers,  732  ;  Universal- 
ism  advances,  723  ;  claims  Eng.  rights, 
743  ;  Stamp  Act  indignation  ;  boycott 
Eng.  goods,  743,  751 ;  Liberty  Tree  sons, 
753;  Royal  artillery  arrives,  74i;  Mal- 
comb  riot,  743  ;  calfs  Anti-Stamp  Cong.; 
stamp  agent  resigns;  Chief-Jus.  Hutcli- 
inson  assailed ;  Sons  of  Liberty  org. ; 
Dennis  Deberdt,  agent  in  London  ;  Eng. 
repeal  Stamp  Act,  752  ;  Romney  irritates, 
741 ;  Pari,  enacts  duty  on  tea,  etc.,  irri- 
tation ;  non-importation  societies  ;  cir- 
cular letter  to  other  colonies :  Eng. 
orders  circular  letter  rescinded  ;  Liberty 
seized,  763  ;  Gen.  Gage  arrives ;  Boston 
enraged;  Brit,  officers  vexed;  quarters 
refused ;  Anti-troops  Conven.  of  to\vn8, 
771 ,  2  •  Pari,  censures  ;  Gen.  Court  pro- 
rogued ;  obstinate ;  Thos.  Hutchinson 
assumes  authority,  772 ;  first  martyr,  77 1 ; 
Boston  Massacre,  76i ;  Eng.  taxation 
nearly  abolished,  77 1,2  ;  govt,  fallen  to 
pieces  ;  court  liberates  McDougal ;  com- 
mittees of  colonial  correspondence  appt., 
773;  Pari,  opposed,  act  void,  783  ;  Bos- 
ton Tea  Party,  782,3  ;  court  and  govt, 
controversy  ;  tea  cheaper  in  Boston  than 
London,  783  ;  Gen.  Thos.  Gage,  gov.,  79 1 ; 
patriots  meet  in  Old  South  Meeting 
House,  782  ;  Boston  port  closed  by  Pari.; 
Pari,  subverts  charter,  79';  Anti-Port 
Act  meeting ;  County  Conventions  prf>- 
test ;  gov.  dissolves  Gen.  Assembly;  it 
meets  in  Salem ;  resolves  itself  into  a 
Provincial  Cong. ;  troops  incense  citi- 
zens ;  militia  organized  as  jninute-men, 
792;  royalists  propose,  "patricianorder," 
793;  Brit,  troops  in  Marshfield;  in  Salem, 
781,2;  tar  and  feathers,  783;  2d  Pro- 
vincial Cong. ;  Pari,  restrains  trade,  793; 
Gen.  Gage  seizes  munitions  ;  fortifies 
Boston  Neck  ;  War  for  Independence 
begins  ;  skirmish  of  Lexington  and  Con- 
cord ;  Gen.  Putnam  arrives  ;  Americans 
besiege  Boston ;  skirmish  at  Martha's 
Vineyard;  Gens.  Howe, Clinton,  andBur- 
goyne  in,80i ;  Artemas  Ward  commands 
Am.  army  at  Cambridge  ;  Bunker  Hill 
battle;  authorizes  privateering;  Charles- 
town  burned  ;  Washington  arrives  ;  war 
vessels  commissioned,  8O2  ;  Gen.  Howe 
commands  Brit. ;  Am.  fortify  Cobble 
Hill ;  Brit.  Adm.  Shuldam  in  ;  Boston- 
ians  besieged;  sutfer ;  1st  Am.  traitor; 
spirit  of  freedom  grows  ;  accepts  quota ; 
Gen.  Court  authorizes  privateers  ;  par- 
don otfered  "  rebels,"  812,3  ;  Brit,  use 
houses  for  fuel,  813  ;  first  Union  flag, 
813,  831;  Old  South  Ch.  Brit,  riding 
8chool,823 :  Washington  unsupplied ;  can- 
non from  Ticonderoga ;  Ams.  bombard 
Boston ;  action  at  Morris  Creek ;  Ams. 
take  Dorchester  Heights  ;  Brit,  evacuate 
Boston,  821 ;  Washington  enters  B., 
822,  831 ;  Washington  leaves  ;  Hope  cap- 
tured; transports  taken,  822;  Council 
toverns ;  movement  for  total  indepen- 
ence,  832  ;  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence in  Phila.,  833,  852  ;  declares 
independence,  832  ;  act  against  Tories, 
893,913  ;  placable  toward  Baptists,  912  ; 
John  Hancock,  gov.,  933,  101 1;  adopts 
constitution,  933  ;  abolishes  slavery.  932; 
Constitutional  Conven.  meets ;  bill  of 
rights,  933  ;  cedes  Western  claims,  952, 
973  ;  p.  E.  diocese  est.,  963  ;  M.  Maga- 
zine issued,  971 ;  aliens  expelled,  97*; 
Shays' Rebellion,  981 ;  James  Bowdoin, 
gov.,  991 ;  sells  lands  in  N.Y.,  992;  mass 


first  eel.,  1001 ;  ratifies  constitution,  101 1 ; 
Presbytery  of  Salem  dissolved,  1023  ; 
Williams  Coll.  incorp.,  1043  ;  Samuel 
Adams,  gov.,  1052  ;  Unitarian  doctrines 
spread,  1062  ;  Edward  Bass,  cons.  P.  E. 
bp. ;  Polar  Star  and  iJaily  Advertiser, 
1063;  Increase  Sumner,  gov.,  1091 ;  Moses 
Gill,  gov.,  1093  ;  Caleb  Strong,  gov.,  III2, 
1153  ;  James  Sullivan,  gov.,  115* ;  Levi 
Lincoln,  gov.,  1153,  1333;  Christopher 
Gore,  gov.,  1172  ;  Eldridge  Gerry,  gov., 
1173  ;  John  Brooks,  gov.,  1252  ;  gelati- 
nous matter  falls,  1261 ;  Maine  separated, 
1272  ;  Lowell  fnd.,  1293  ;  cotton  mill 
erected,  1301 ;  Amherst  Coll.  fnd.,  131 1 ; 
Wm.  Eustis,  gov.,  1313;  Lafayette  visits, 
1321;  Marcus  Morton,  gov.,  1333,  1531, 
1572  ;  State  library  fnd.,  135i ;  M.  Hor- 
ticultural Society  org.,  136 1 ;  Historical 
Soc.  of  Essex  Co.  org.,  1421 ;  support  of 
clergy  made  voluntary,  1422  ;  Rom.  Cath. 
persecuted,  1432  ;  John  Davis,  gov.,  1452; 
Samuel  Armstrong,  gov.,  1453  ;  Edward 
Everett,  gov.,  1472  ;  Bunker  Hill  Monu- 
ment erected,  1541  ;  John  Fairfield, gov. 
1552  ;  Boston  and  Maine  R.  R.opd.,  1573; 
George  N.  Briggs,  gov.,  161 1 ;  publishing 
marriage  banns  ceases,  1663  ;  George  S. 
Boutwell,  gov.,  1692;  Kansas  emigrants 
aided,  1742  ;  John H.Clifiord, gov.,  1743; 
Emigrant  Aid  Soe.  org.,  1751 ;  it  enters 
Kansas,  1752  ;  Emory  Washburn,  gov., 
1771;  Henry  J.  Gardner,  gov.,  1792; 
submarine  cable  laid ;  Hoosac  Tunnel 
begun,  1813  ;  watches  mnfd.  by  nmchin- 
ery,  1821;  K.P.  Banks.gov.,  1852;  Cong. 
Conf.  org.,  1881 ;  militia  hastens  to  Bos- 
ton, 1922;  Soldiers  Relief  fmd.,  1923; 
6th  Regt.  leaves  for  Washington,  1941; 
troops  called  for,  1953  ;  declares  for  the 
Union  ;  creates  Union  Fund,  1953,  1971 ; 
issues  scrip  for  U.  S.  govt.,  1971;  first 
colored  regiment  leaves,  1961;  John  A. 
Andrew,  gov.,  2032  ;  $7,000  raised  lor 
martyrs'  families,  2032 ;  ratifies  ]3tli 
Amend.,  2432;  Inst,  of  Technology- opd., 
2502,2522;  Norfolk  Unit.Conl.org.,  2542; 
Alex.  H.  Bnllock.  gov.,  2553;  ratifies  14th 
Amend.,  2572;  Agricultural  Coll.  <>pd., 
2583  ;  long  session  legislature,  2632  ;  cy- 
clone, 3641 ;  to  complete  Hoosac  Tunnel. 
2652,  2833;  ratifies  16th  Amend.,  2C7i; 
Franco-Am.  cable  eel., 2673;  prohibition 
enacted,  2691,  and  repealed,  291 1 ;  Wm. 
Claflin,gov.,2692;  Wendell  Phillips  ncm. 
for  gov.,  2713  ;  session  to  aid  Boston  fire 
Butferers,  2793;  Wm.  B.Washburn,  gov., 
2811;  Nor.  Art  School  est.,  282i ;  Nor. 
School  at  Worcester,  2843  ;  Wm.  Gaston, 
gov.  ;  Thomas  Talbot,  gov.,  2873,3033  ; 
Prohibitory  I^aw  repealed  ;  Smith  Coll. 
org.,  2883;  Alex.  H.  Rice,  gov.,  2951; 
Boards  of  Health,  Charity,  and  Lunacy 
est.,  3011;  John  D.  Long,  gov.,  3052; 
anti-screen  law  operative,  307i;  Benj. 
F.  Butler,  gov.,  3132  ;  law  U\t  guardians 
of  children,  3151  ;Geo.  D.Roliinson,gov., 
3152;  Constitutional  Prohibitory  Amend. 
petition,315i,319i;  Board  of  Health  est.. 
3251 ;  Labor  Day  legalized,  3271 ;  begging 
prohibited,  3291 ;  Oliver  Ames. gov. ,3293; 
nigh-license  enacted  ;  Australian  ballot 
adopted, 3332;  women  on  sch.  board.339i ; 
Colored  Men's  Conven.,  3451 ;  w.  E.  Rus- 
sell, gov.,  3472;  gypsy  moth.. "infjS  ;  Nine- 
hour-day  Bill  passed,357i ;  J.Q.A.  Brack- 
ett,  gov.,  3751 ;  Free  Silver  Coinage  op- 
posed, 3763;  Biennial  Elections  Bill, 
379 1 ,  4492 ;  Fast  Day ,  3803 .  404 1 ;  height  of 
houses  limited,  £^32;  Cong,  districts 
reapportioned,  3853  ;  Chas.  W.  I^owell, 
nom.  for  gov.,  3912;  Wm.  E.  Russell, 
gov.,  3991 ;  Anti-Cigarette  Bill  rejected ; 
Anti-Free  Pass  Bill  signed,  4032  ;  White 
Caps  sentenced,  4043;  Ten-hour-day  La- 
bor Bill,  4052;  Municipal  Woman's  Suf- 
frage, 4071;  Wm.  E.  Russell,  nom.  for 
fov., 4172 ;  anti-slaverv  celebration. 4283; 
'ast  Day  abolished,  4512,  4542  ;  vessels 
wrecked,  4.573;  Elevated  R.  R.  Bill, 4651 ; 
strikes,  4691 ;  F.  T.  Greenhalge  inaug. 
gov.,  4793.  (See  Boston  ajid  New  Eng- 
land.) 

MaHnackusetts  launched,  4301. 

Spy  issued,  763. 

Quarterly  Review  appears,  163'. 

Evang.  Miss.  Soc,  instituted,  1142. 

Horticultural  Society  org.,  1361. 

Missionary  Society  organized,  1083. 


Dfass-Maxw. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        \.ri\j]l.Js..       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1329 


Massachusetts  Soc.  for  Promoting  Chris- 
tian Knowleiige  org.,  1123. 

M;issacre.    (See  Indians,  see  slaughter.) 

Mas8HHie-Carrara,Ja.,siegedeclared,  10902. 

MassagatPe,  war  with  Persia,  1106^ . 

Massalia.    (See  Marseilles.) 

Massasoit  ashore,  4753. 

Massasoit,  b.  (1580-.);  In  Mass.,  302;  treaty 
with  colonists,  303  ;  d.  (itiOO). 

Maast^,  Victor  (Felix  Marie),  b.,  7242  ;  d., 
7541. 

Massena,  Andr^,  Prince  d'Kssling,  Due  de 
Rivoli,  b.,  7023  ;  at  Loano,  7102;  at  Ve- 
rona, 7121;  at  Voltri,  7141;  h.  Port., 
7181 ;  retreats  into  Sp.,  7182  ;  at  Areola, 
5182;  d.  (1817). 

Massereene,  Baron,  title  created,  9252  ; 
Viscount,  title  created,  891 1 . 

Massey,  Sir  Edward,  b.  (1619±);  at  Glouces- 
ter, 8841;  d.  (Ifi74t). 

,  Gerald,  b.,  9423. 

,  John,  dean  of  Clu-ist's  Church,  8963. 

,  Joseph,  assault,  4262. 

,  Gen.,  captured,  9703. 

Massilia,  asteroid,  discovered,  7301. 

Massillon,  O.,  fire  at,  4743. 

,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  6903;  works,  6991 ; 

d.,  7002. 

Massinger,  Philip,  b.,  8742  ;  works,  8803, 
8831 ;  d.,  8*42. 

Massinissa  aids  Carthaginians,  10542. 

Massitissi,  mission,  599' . 

Masso,  Finiguerra,  engraves  copper,  10781 , 

Masson,  Ga.,  Conservative  Party,  2592. 

,  Antoine,  b.,  6382  ;  d.,  6943. 

,  David,  b.  (1822) ;  works,  9631 ,  979' . 

,  Fr^d^ric,  works,  764 1 . 

Massowah,  Abys.,  besieged  ;  dervishes  de- 
feated, 22;  war  with  fi;.,  32;  annexed  to 
It.;  submitB,  33. 

Massy,  Baron,  title  created,  9172. 

Master  Buililers'  Asso.  meets,  3523. 

Car  Builders'  Asso.,  Saratoga,  4082. 

Mechanics*  U.  S.  R.  R.  meet,  3863. 

Masters  in  chancery  appt.,  8773. 

MasUKlon,  bones  unearthed,  111.,  3681  ^3941 , 

Masudi,  Abu  Hasen  Ali  ben  Husein  ben- 
Ali,  d.,4862. 

Masulipatam,  E.  I.  Co.  agency,  1(^443. 

Masupha,  chief,  submits,  602i ;  in  Baeuto- 
land,  6031 . 

Mataafa,  unrecognized  as  king,  8333. 

Matabele.    (See  Cape  Colony,  p.  597-604.) 

Matagorda,  La.,  Gen.  Banks  at,  2321 . 

Matamoras,  Am.  army  of  occupation,  1601 ; 
captured,  10961 ;  mission,  10962. 

,  Manuel,  sentenced  11303. 

Matanzas,  Sp..  floods,  6341;  kidnappers 
punished,  6:i42, 

Matches,  substitutes  for,  132i ;  friction 
used,  1361 ,  j)4oi ;  ill  cotton,  4013;  mnfrs. 
monopolize,  Fr.,  7592 ;  anti-phosi)horus 
inv.,  8161 ;  lucifer  used,  9461 . 

Matchett,  Charles  I^.,  nom.  for  vice,  pres., 
4151 ;  popular  vote, 4192  ;  electoral,  4243. 

Materna,  Arailie  (Frau  Friedrich),  b.(1847); 
d.,8162. 

Maternus,  revolution  in  Sp.,  10652. 

Matha,  John  de,  forms  Mathurins,  6703. 

Mathelin,  Gen.,  explosion  at  home  of,  7662. 

Mathematical  method,  quaternions,  9521 . 

Tripos  instituted,  9121 . 

Mather,  Cotton,  b.  42i ;  works,  37i,  523, 
643,583,  603;  d.,  603. 

-^,  Increase,  b.,34i ;  pres.  Harvard,  483; 
degreeof  D.D.,523;  sermon, 582;  d.,602. 

Bfathes,  F.  L.,  shot,  4422. 

Mathesius,  Johann,  JVife  of  Luther,  7931, 

Mathew,  Theobald,  b.,  924'3;  administers 
pledge,  9451 ;  in  Scot.,  951 1 ;  arrives,  1651 ; 
entertained  by  pres.,  1663;  d.,9603;  me- 
morial church,  3462  ;  memory  eel.,  3471 . 

Mathews,  Charles,  b.,  9203;  appears  in 
N.  Y.,  1301;  d.,  9462. 

,  Stanley,  b.,  1321 ;  Justice  of  Supreme 

Ct.,  3092  ;  d.,  a382. 

,  Wm..  b.,  1262. 

Mathieu,  Pierre,  works,  6851 . 

,  Judge,  royal  commissioner,  5942. 

Mathurins,  order  fnid.,  6703. 

Matilda,  archduchess,  d.,  5262. 

,  9.  of  William  I.,  d.,  &482. 

,  Q.,  Den.,  confesses  plot,  6392;  d.,  6382. 

,  of  Eng.,  marries  Henry  I.,  8492. 

-^— ,  dau.  of  Henry  I.,  b.-d.;  invatles  Eng., 
8482  ;  claims  throne  ;  marries  ;  in  Suf- 
folk, 8493;  besieged,  8501;  crowned: 
retires,  851 1 . 

— ^,  Queen,  Fr.,fnd8.  Trinity  Chiirch,6683. 


Matilda  of  Tuscany,  gives  estates  to 
church, 7762, 10743;  marries, 7763, 10753  ; 
reigns,  10752. 

Matiniir,  prince,  503* . 

Matina,  fort  built,  6302. 

Matins  of  Moscow,  11151 . 

Matrimonial  Causes  Act  passes,  9831. 

Mats,  Ketiimundsson,  regent,  11352. 

Matsys,  Quentin,  b.-d.,  5402. 

Matta  circular,  withdrawal,  4003. 

Mattathias,  leads  revolt,  11481;  against 
Syrians,  11492;  assassinated,  11493, 11482. 

Mattapony  River,  Va.,  action  near,  2103. 

Matter,  Jacques,  b.,  7082  ;  d.,  7362. 

Matteson,  Joel  Aldrich,  b.  (1808);  gov.  111.. 
1743;  sale  of  property,  2331 . 

Matteucci,  Carlo,  b.,  10851 ;  d.,  10882. 

Matthew,  the  Apostle,  called,  11521 ;  writes 
Gospel.  11523. 

,  Archdeacon,  cons,  bp.,  9983. 

,  Henry  J.,  minister,  9953;  d.,  581 . 

,  the  Armenian  in  Portugal,  13. 

Matthews,  Asa  C,  in  treas.  uept.,  3511 . 

,  Brander,  b.,  1701 ;   The  Stage,  4783. 

,  Claud,  gov.  Ind. ,  447 1 . 

,  Daviil,  mayor  N.  Y.,  853. 

,  Edmund  O.,  in  navy  dept.,4472;  com- 
missioned commodore,  4561 . 

,  Geo.,  b.  (1739);  gov.  Ga.,  1052;  d.  (1812) 

, .,  cons,  bp.,  9962. 

,  Henry,  gov.  W.  Va.,  2973. 

,  Joseph  W.,  gov.  Miss.,  1652. 

,  Nathan,  Jr.,  mayor  of  Boston,  3732. 

,  Samuel,  gov.  Va.,  411 ;  d.,40i. 

,  Stanley,  b.,  1321;  d.,  3382. 

,  Gen.,  in  Va.,  902. 

,  Can.,  insurgent  hanged,  5792. 

,  first  makes  knives,  8721. 

Matthias,  high-priest;  11483,  11502. 

,  son  of  Ananus,  high  priest,  11523. 

,  Corvinus,  king.   Hung.,  5092  ;  takes 

Vienna;  d.,  5093. 

II.,  king,  gov.,  emp,  5113  ;  aids  Ferdi 

nand,  duke  of  Styria,  7933  ;  d..  5102. 

Matthisson,  Friedrich  von,  b.,  8023;  Poems., 
8052  ;  d.,  8142. 

Mattle  Winship  seized,  5861 . 

Mattocks,  John,  eov.  Vt.,  1572. 

Matto-Cirosso,  rebellion,  5581;  blockade; 
independence,  5592. 

Maturin,  Chas.  Robert,  b.,  9223  ;  d.  (1824). 

Matz,  Nicholas,  b.  (1850) ;  bp.,  3263. 

Miitzner,  BMuard  Adolf  Ferdinand,  b., 
8082  ;  d.  {1892). 

Maubee  mission,  10463. 

Maubeuge,  Fr.  gains,  6933. 

Maubin  mission,  l(M:7i. 

Mauch  Chunk,  Pa.,  coal  mined,  1153  ; 
gravity  road,  1353. 

Maud,  daughter  Prince  of  Wales,  b.,  9733. 

,  Princess  of  Achaia  ;  marriages,  10352. 

Ma>ui  S.,^  trotting  record,  3213. 

Maugascia,  king  in  Abys.,  33. 

Maul,  Joseph,  gov.  Del.,  1613, 

Maule,  Fox.     (See  Ramsay.) 

Maulmain  mission,  10463. 

Mann  Singh  surrenders,  10482. 

Maundas,  Laura,  horse-thief,  4343. 

Maimday  Thursday,  Eng.,  alms  on,  8591 . 

Maupassant,  Henri  Hen*;  Albert  Guy  de, 
b.(1850);  works, 7523, 7542,7562;  d.,764i. 

Maupertuia,  Pierre  Louis  Moreau,  de,  b., 
6943;  to  Lapland,  6981 ;  works,  6992;  d., 
7023. 

Maur,  St.,  intro.  monastic  life,  6642. 

Manregato,  reigns  in  Asturias,  11253. 

Maurepas,  Comte  de  (Jean  Fr^d^ric  Ph^ 
lippeaux),  b.  6943;  prime  minister,  7053  ; 
d;,  7051 . 

Maurer,  Georg  Ludwig  von,  b.,  8043  ;  d., 
8281. 

Hans  Georg,  priest,  5571. 

,  Jocabina,  prophetess,  557i . 

Mauretana,  or  Mauritania,  Ciesariensis, 
Roman  province,  10632 ;  conquered 
10602,81;  divided,  91. 

Maurice,  hanged  for  piracy,  8543. 

,  Pr.,  takes  Exeter,  884t . 

,  St.,  leader  Thebean  Legion.  10663. 

,  Cappadocian,  reigns,  10313;  against 

Persians,  ia302. 

Siegen,  Joan  Mauritz,  Count  of  Nas- 
sau, b.-d. ,1003;  gov. of  Brazil, 5533;  amal- 
gamation of  races;  recalled,  5543. 

,  Count   of    Nassau,   b.  (1567) ;    stad- 

holder,  5413,  I0993  ;  takes  cities,  10982  ; 
subdues  Gelderland,  109fl3  ;  campaigns 
of ;  invades  Flanders,  10982  ;  supports 
Calvinism,  1101i,3;  takes  Sluis,  10082; 


becomes  Pr.  of  Orange,  11013  ;  record 
stained,  11012  ;  d,  (1025). 

>i.aurice,  G.  Edmund,  works,  9963, 

,  John  Fred,  Denison,  est.  working- 
men's  college,  9591 ;  works,  9583. 

,  Earl  of  Kildare,  gov.,  &593. 

,  duke,  b,,  7882  ;    elector  of  Saxony, 

7912,3;  against  Ger.  emp.;  takes  Magde- 
burg; wounded,  7921 ;  d.,  7932. 

Mauncius,  Flavins  Tiberius,  b.-d.,  10303, 

Maurier,  George  Du,  works,  4783,  10063. 

Mauritius,  Eng.,  acquires,  9353  ;  see  of, 
est.,  9583  ;  Bp.  Royston  cons.,  9742  ;  Bp. 
Walsh  cons.,  10063. 

Maurus,  Rabanus,  b.,  7722  ;  Abbot  of 
Fulda,  7723. 

Maury,  Dabney  M.,  works,  4783. 

,  Jean  Siffrein,  b.,  7003  ;  d.,  7223. 

,  Louis  Ferd.  Alfred,  b.,  7223  ;  d,,  7621, 

,  Matthew  Fontaine,  b.,1122;  inv.raag^ 

netic  clock,  164i ;  work,  1781 ;  d.,  2801 . 

— ^,  Wm,  A.,  in  dept,  of  justice,  3512. 

Mausoleum  at  H  ali  earn  ass  us,  11462. 

Mausolus  weds  Artemisia,  11471;  d.,353±. 

Maver,  stenography,  9242, 

Mavrocordato,  Constantine,  manumits 
serfs,  11122;  d.  (1765). 

Mavrocordatos,  Alexander,  statesman, 
b.-d.,  10343. 

, ,  physician,  b.-d.,  10343. 

Mawe,  John,  b.,  9122;  d.,  9442. 

Maxen,  Ger.,  Gen.  Fink  surrenders,  5162; 
battle  of,  8021. 

Maxentius,  Marcus  Aurelius  Valerius, 
war  with  Constantine  10662  ;  reigns, 
10673;  d.  (312) 

Maxfleld,  Thomas,  leads  Wesleyan  seces- 
sion, 9163. 

Maxim,  Hiram  S.,  gun  tested,  3401; 
adopted  in  Ger.,  8361 . 

Maximianus,  Marcus  Aurelius  Valerius, 
reigns,  i>uts  down  Gauls;  defeats  Franks, 
6622  ;  supi)resses  Afr.  revolt ;  defeated 
in  Massilia  ;  appt.  Ca*sar  ;  gov.  It.,  Afr., 
and  Sicily,  10673;  d.,  10662. 

Maximllia,  asteroid,  discovered,  7342.       .. 

Maximilian,Archd.  Aust.,b.,  7862;  defeats 
Louis  XL,  6781 ;  marries  ;  regent,  10992  ; 
K.of  Romans,  7872;  espouses  Anne,  6793; 
war  against  Swiss,  7861;  emperor,  5C93; 
est.  imperial  chamber  ;  est.  Aulic  Coun- 
cil, 7873  ;  invests  Fr  with  Milan  ;  in 
League  of  Cambrai ;  in  Holy  League, 
7873;  in  Eng,  army,  68OI ;  d.,  7882,  7892. 

II.,  b.,7882;  king, 5112;  reigns  ;  emp. ; 

truce  with  Selini  IT.,  7932;  grants  liberty 
of  conscience,  7923;  Cath.  leader;  duke, 
7933;  besieged  by  Gustavus,  7942;  electo- 
ral vote,  7952  ;  favors  Protestantism, 
5112;  d.,5102. 

,  Alexander  Philipp,  Pr.  of  Neuwied, 

b.,8(H2;  d.   8243. 

Emanuel,  D.ofBav., 7973;  war  against 

emp.,  7992  ;  dominions  restored,  7993. 

,  Joseph  L,  D.  of  Bavaria,  8013. 

Joseph  II.,  b.,  8102  ;  elector  Bavaria, 

8073;  kmg,  8092,  8173;  d.,  8223. 

,  (Ferdinand      Maximilian      Joserh), 

Archduke,  emp.  of  Mex.,  b.nl.,  10961; 
crown  oifered,  5263  ;  accepts.  10963  ;  Fr. 
enthrone,  2281 ;  lands  at  Vera  Cruz, 
5263;  in  Mex.,  10961,3;  unrecognized  by 
U.  S.,  2491,2533;  captured,  10961;  issues 
decree  ;  transfers  custom  receii»ts  to  Fr., 
10963;  inwt.order  of  Mexican  Eagle.10972  ; 
shot,  5263,  10963  ;  memorial  monastery, 
5^42. 

Maximin,  at  Heraclea,  IO68I, 

Maximinus,  Galerius  Valerius,  b.-d. ,10642; 
reigns,  10293;  Pers.  defeat,  10642;  perse- 
cutes Christians,  10643. 

Thrax  (Maximin  Cains  Julius  Verus) 

reigns;  assassinated,  10653. 

Maximum,  est.,  Fi;.,  711 1 ;  repealed,  7112. 

Maximus  Magnus  at  Aqiiileia,  10282;  emp.; 
reigns  in  Gaul ;  defeats  Gratian,  6622  ; 
against  Valentinlan  II.  crushed,  10693. 

Fabius  at  Sentinnm,  (5621 . 

,  M.  Mallius,   commands  in  S.  Gaul, 

10561 ;  denounced,  10572. 

,  Pretonixis.  reigns,  10712. 

Max  O'Rell.    (See  Biouet,  Paul.) 

Maxwell,  executed,  3303. 

,  James  Clerk,  b.,  9442;  d.  (1879). 

,  Lawrence,  Jr.,  dent,  of  justice,  4472. 

,  Lily,  votes  for  Bright,  9711. 

,  Lord,  at  Solway  Moss,  868I . 

,  William,  at  Elizabethtowu.N.  J.,  86I : 

d.  (1798). 


1330 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        IN DEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Coiumn, 


May-MeiL 


May,  Cornelius  Jacobson,  in  N.  J.,  311  j 
gov.,  312. 

,  Geo.    Augustus    Chichester,     chief 

justice,  9831. 

,  Joseph,  auth.,  S.  Longfellow,  4783. 

,  Samuel  Joseph,  b.,  1062;  d.,  274' . 

,  Thomas  Erskiue,  b.,  9363;  d.,  9M2  ; 

memorial,  1002' . 

,  Princess,  of  Teck,  marries,  1011 1 . 

Maybrick,  Florence  Eliz.,  sentence,  1001 1 . 

May-tlay,  Fr.,  anarchists  sentenced,  7623. 

Mayenne,  Duo  de,  Charles  de  Lorraine, 
b.,  6822;  at  Argues  and  Paris,  684' ;  in 
Paris,  6853;  at  Montauban,680'  ;d.,6862. 

Mayer,  Alfred  Marshall,  b.,  1462. 

,  Branz,  b.,  116' ;  (1.  (1879). 

,  Frank  Biackwell,  b.  (1827) ;  studies 

Indians,  170' ;  works,  273' ,  306' . 

,  Johann  Tobias,  b.,  8002;  d.,  8033. 

,  Julius  Robert  von,  b.,  8103  ;  d.,  8282. 

,  Theophilus,  cons.  E.  C.  bp.,  1012' . 

,  Capt.,  wounded  in  duel,  763' . 

May-field  Assembly  at  Worms,  770' ,  7713; 
at  Baderborn,  7713. 

Mayflower  sails,  293. 

outsails  Galatea,  9953. 

Mayhew,  Experience,  b.  (1673) ;  opens  In- 
dian school,  391  ;  d.  (1758). 

,  Henry,  b.  (1812) ;  works,  9503,  9563; 

d.,  9962. 

,  John,  missionary,  d.,  502. 

,  Jonathan,  b.,  582  ;  in  Boston,  663  ; 

against  Eng.,  073  ;  avows  Universalism, 
723;  d.,  74'. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  30' ;  work,  383;  d.,  40' . 

, ,  Jr.,  b.  (1631);  miss., 363;  d.(1657). 

absconds,  1005' . 

Mayhor,  W.,  wife  murderer,  421' . 

May  Laws  in  Ger.,  8382  ;  repealed,  8302. 

Maynard,  Francois  de,  b.  (1582);  Phitandre, 
689' ;  d.  (1616). 

,  Geo.    Willoyghby,  b.  (1843) ;  works, 

306' ,  313' ,  314' ,  318' ,  322' . 

,  Horace,  b.,  123' ;  at  Union  Conven., 

2253;  p.-m.-gen.,  3(M3;  d.,  310' . 

- — ,  Isaac  H.,  confirmed  judge,  3993  ;  op- 
posed by  N.  Y.  bar,  4023;^uffalo  Bar 
Asso.,  4043  ;  investigation,  405',  2  ;  ex- 
onerated, 4052;  Bar  Asso.  object,  4312; 
case,  4402;  opposed,  4402,  442' . 

Mayne,  Richard  Charles,  d.,  1008' . 

Maynooth  College  est., 9363, 927', 9533;  bill 
for  improvement,  9532  ;  enlarged,  9643. 

May-poles  set  up,  903' . 

Maypu,  Arg.,  Spaniards  defeated,  489' . 

Mayo,  Ire.,  see  erected,  8422. 

.,  Araory  Dwight,  b.  1302 ;  d.  (1850). 

,  Frank,  b.,  I502. 

,  Wm.  Starbuck.b.,  1183. 

,  Earl,  title  created,  933' . 

,  Earl  of,  viceroy,  10492, 

Mayow,  John,  respiration;  fire-air,  8922. 

May's  Landing,  N.  J.,  poisoning,  3903. 

Maysville,  Ky.,  magazine  explodes,  1773; 
Confederates  take,  3131 . 

,  N.  Dak.,  normal  schools  est.,  3742. 

Mazade,  Louis  Charles,  Jean  Robert  de, 
b.  (1820) ;  works,  7582  ;  Academician, 
752' ;  d.  (1893). 

Mazari  Sherif,  Ishak  defeated,  62. 

Mazarin,  .lules,  cardinal,  b.,  6862  ;  prime 
minister,  6892;  reforms;  exiled, {>893 ;  de- 
prived of  power  ;  flees  from  Fr. ;  re- 
turned to  power,  6912;  d.,  6902. 

Mazeppa,  Ivan,  b.-d.,  III42. 

Mazifere,  Gen.,  commands  army,  742' . 

Mazra,  Afgh.,  battle  at,  62. 

Mazzini,  Giuseppe,  b.,  1085' ;  fnds.  Young 
It.  Party,  10872;  d.,  10882;  statue,  1090' . 

Mazzola,  Girolamo  Francesco  Maria,  b.-d., 
10802. 

Mazzucbelli,  Giovanni  Maria,  b.  (1707) ; 
Scnttorl  d' Italia,  10833;  d.  (17ffi). 

M.  D., first  degree  to  woman,  1663. 

Meacham,  Ctimmissioner,  killed,  280' . 

Mead,  Edwin  D,,  in  Nat.  Edu.  Soc,  3433. 

,  Mrs.  E.  Storrs,  pres.  Holyoke,  3562. 

,  Larkiu  (ioldsmith,  b.,  1442  ;  works, 

178' ,  183' ,  354' ;  marble  group,  320' . 

Meade  County,  Ky.,  white  caps,  3723. 

,  George  Gordon,  b.,  1342;  at  Chan- 

cellorsville,  221 ' ;  commands  army  of 
Potomac,  233';  moves  northward,  2232; 
at  Gettysburg,  224' ;  moves  for  Washing- 
ton, 227' ;  at  Centerville,  228' :  at  Locust 
Grove,  2382;  at  Mine  Run,  2283;  at  Cul- 
pepper, 2283;  at  Petersburg,  2.')43;  seizes 
Weldon  R.  R.,  2343  ;  maj.-gen.,  2372  ; 
Sheridan  reenforces,  2403;  pursues  Lee, 


245';  commands  3d  military  district, 
358' ;  calls  Const.  Conven.  in  Fla.,  2012  ; 
gives  Fla.  to  civil  rulers,  2633;  d.,  278' . 

Meade,  Com.,  Naval  ArcMtecture,  2683. 

,  Sir  Richard,  d.,  1012' . 

,  Willi.am,  b.,  100';  bp.,  1363;  d.,  2052. 

, Edward,  cons,  bp.,  1012' . 

Meadow  Mt.,  massacre  by  Mormons,  1823. 

Meadows,  Wm., murders  Humphreys, 43*)2. 

Meadville,  Pa.,  Allegheny  Coll.org.,  125' ; 
straw  paper  made,  136' . 

Meagher,  Thomas  Francis,  b.,  9403;  gov. 
Mont.,  251';  arrested,  9562;  in  N.  Y., 
957' ;d.,  358'. 

Meal  Tub  Plot  discovered,  8952. 

Means,  Alexander,  b.,  110' ;  d.  (1883). 

,  John  Hugh,  b.  (1812) ;  gov.  S.  C,  1692; 

d.,  3132. 

Mears,  Prof.,  opposes  O.  Community,  3032. 

Measures,  metric  system  est.,  Fr.,  706' . 

Measuring  compass  invented,  793' . 

Meat-biscuit  invented,  168' . 

Export,  and  Insiiec.  Bill,  3553,  3072. 

Meath,  Ire.,  see  erected,  8403;  Bp.  Reichel 
cons.,  9932. 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  881 ' . 

Meaux,  Fr.,  Protestants  at,  6803. 

,  M.  de,  minister,  7493,  751 ' . 

Mecca,  pilgrimages  forbidden,  103;  King 
Abraha,  483' ;  shrine  visited,  4832;  Hejaj 
captures;  Mohammed  enters,  484'; 
mosque  erected,  4842  ;  Mohammed  a 
prophet ;  pilgrims  assist  Mohammed  ; 
place  of  worship,  4843;  Mohammed  pos- 
sesses; pilgrimage  org. ,4843, 485'  ;  Waha- 
bis  take,  486' ;  taken,  486' ,  6562 ;  pilgrims 
visit,  4882;  cholera;  grand  sherif  assas- 
sinated; pilgrims  quarantined,  4883. 

Mechain,  Pierre  Francois  Andr^,  b.,7003; 
d.,  7163. 

Mechanical  Engineers,  Am.  Soc.  org., 
3743,  3071 ;  meets,  3852,  395' ,  4002. 

Society  of  Amateurs  est-,  972' . 

Mechanics  Gap,  \V.  Va.,  action  at  1983. 

Institution    fnd.,  London,    9402;    in 

Birmingham,  954' . 

Mechanicsville,  Va.,  battle  of,  209' . 

Mechi,  John  Jos.,  b.,  9302;  d.  (1880). 

Mechlin,  Catholic  Cong.,  pope's  power  re- 
stored, 646' ;  riot,  5463. 

Meckel,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.,  7983;  d., 
8(V4l . 

,- ,  b.,  8042;  d.,8142. 

Mecklenburg,  Germany,  conquered,  513' ; 
duchy,  7833;  Univ.  of  Rostock  fnd., 
785', 2;  Landes-Union  find.,  7893;  Wal- 
leustein  D.,  7952 ;  dukes  under  ban,  7953 ; 
Seuer  Vorratli.,  799';  divided,  7992;  in 
Confed.  of  Rhine,  8093;  leaves  Confed. 
Rhine,  7193,  8112;  grand  duchy,  8113; 
Fred.  Francis  II.,  grand  D.,  817' ;  anti- 
feudal  influence,  8173;  Wm.  is  grand  D., 
8312;  in  N.  Ger.  Confederation,  8'252. 

,  N.  C,  Independence  convention.  81' . 

,  Grand  Duke  of,  rules,  7413,  8113;  at 

Soissons,  742' ;  commands  armies,  7422; 
at  Bazoche  des  Hautes  ;  at  Beaugency  ; 
at  Dreux,  7433;  pr.  of  empire,  7952. 

Medad,  prophecy,  11403. 

Medals  for  military  merit,  2112. 

Medary,  Sam.,  b.  (1801)  ;  gov.,  Minn. ,1833, 
1852;  d.  (18M). 

Medea  launched,  998' ;  sinks  pirate,  618' . 

Medea,  war  with  Lydians,  1154' . 

Medes,  asteroid,  discovered,  5282. 

Medfield,  Mass.,  Indian  massacre,  44' . 

Medhurst,  Walter  Henry,  b. ,  9283 ;  d. ,  9622. 

Media  overrun,  10'242;  revolts,  11453;  war 
with  Lydia,  1146' ;  Cyrus  conquers,  11472. 

Mediation,  in  Civil  War  ;  commission  org., 
7352;  offer  toU.S.A., 952, 2012, 3152, 3;  de- 
clined, 3033;  Fr.  proposes  for  U.  S.,  2153, 
2192,  737' ;  accepted  in  Bra.,  6603;  for 
Peru,  6073;  declined  by  Fr.,  6233;  Great 
Brit,  declines,  74:)2;  Port.,  IIII2. 

Medical  Asso.  eel..  Am.,  340' ;  convention, 
462';  org.,  Eng.,  946'. 

,  Congress,  Centennial  held,  2922;  In- 

ternat.,  320' ,  3882,  (H21 ,  8341 ;  in  Wash., 
3261 ;  in  Paris,  7.382. 

Act  passes,  Eng.,  9811 . 

and Chirurgical Soc, Royal, est.,9321. 

Coll.,  Am,  Association  formed,  29fli . 

College  West.Reserve  Univ.gift,4202. 

Editors  Asso.  of  America  org.,  2083. 

Mission,  Phila.,  established,  3742. 

Missionary  Society  org.,  3063,  9503. 

Relief  Association  founded,  9252, 

School  at  Cordova,  Spain,  11262. 


Medical  Soc,  Lond.,  fnd.,  9081 ,  9132,  9451 . 

Medicine,  American  Academy  org.,  390' . 

Lake,  Wash.,  insane  asylum,  3731 . 

Medicinisctie  Nachrichten  issued,  801 1 . 

Medici,  Alessandro  de,  rise,  fall,  10793. 

, de,  D.  of  Tuscany ;  D.  of  Flor- 
ence, 10813;  d.,  10803. 

,  Catherine.  (See  Catherine  of  Medici.) 

,  Co8imode,b.,  10802;  D.of  Tus.,10813. 

,  Cosmo,  or  Cosimo  de,  *'  Elder,"  b., 

10762;  chief  ruler,  10792;  d.,  1081'. 

,  Francesco  de,  rules,  107£^. 

,  Ippolito  de,  b.-d.,  IO8O2. 

,  Lorenzo  de,  b.-d.,  10783;  works,  10792; 

conspiracy  against,  10793;  u.  of  U. ,10183. 

,  Marie  de,  b.,  6841  -  makes  Richelieu 

cardinal,  6871 ;  regent ;  queen,  6873;  ref- 
uge in  England,  6892;  d.,  6883. 

,  Piero  I.,  de,  chief  of  republic,  10793. 

-,  Sylvester  de,  magistrate,  10773. 

family,  power  in  Florence,  10792,3. 

Medico-Botanical  Society  org.,  9401 . 

Chirurgical  college  opened,  3083. 

,  Legal  Cong.,  Internat.,  340'- 

•  -Psychological  Asso.  meets  4601 . 

Medill,  Mo.,  collapse  of  R.  R.  bridge  4073. 
— ,  Joseph,  b.,  1303;  commissioner,  2732. 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1805) ;  gov.  O.,  176' ;  d.  (1865). 

Medina,  Arabia,    Mohammed    besieged, 

484';  Abdallali  calif,  4863;  conquered, 

4861,488',  6562. 
,  Africa,  annexed,  1161 2. 

de  Rio  Seco,  Sp.,  defeat,  7162. 

,  JoseMaria,  b.(1815);  pres.  Honduras, 

10412;  d.  (1878). 

Habu,  temple  at,  erected,  6482. 

Meding,  Oskar,  b.,  8142. 
Medingin  mission,  1I242. 
Mediolanum.    (See  Milan.) 
Medley,  W.  Va.,  action  near,  230' . 

,  John  D.,  b.,  6762;  bp.,  9423;  d.,  594< . 

Medleys  made,  880' . 

Mednapur,  destructive  cyclone,  10483. 

Medo-Babylonian  empire  annexed,  1107^ . 

Persian  empire  formed,  11472. 

Medola,  France,  victory,  712'. 

Medora  explodes,  1.553. 

Medusa,  asteroid,  discovered,  748'. 

Meehan,  Charles  P.   d.,  1003' . 

Meek,  Alex.  Beaufort,  b.,  133' ;  d.,  2482. 

,  Fielding  Bradford,  b.,  1'262;  d.,  292'. 

Meeker,  N.  C,  killed  by  Indians,  303'. 
r.Ieeks,  James,  sentence,  3562. 

,  Jos.,  trial  of  Sheriff  Flack,  3543. 

Meer  Khidadad  rules,  6392. 

Nusseer  Khan    rules ;    treaty    with 

British,  639' ;  d.,5392. 

,  Van  der,  Jan,  b.-d.,  11003. 

Meershaert,  Theo.,  consecrated  bp.,  398', 
Meerut  rebels,  1048' ;  Sepoys  active,  1049'. 
Megacles  saves  AcrctiKtlis,  1017' . 
Megalopolis,  Gr.,  fnd.,  10233;  battle  of, 

10242;  taken,  10362. 
Megaphone  invented,  2982. 
Megapolensis,  Joliannis,  b.  (1603) ;  pastor 

Dutch  Reformed,  .362;  d.  (1670). 
Megara,  Gr.,  defended,  10183;  connected 

w^th  Athens,  10193. 
Megaris,  Gr.,  devastated,  1020' . 
Megiddo,  battle  at,  648' ,  650' ;  Hittites  de- 
feated, 1140' . 
Meliadpur,  Mahrattas  defeats,  1040' . 
Mehaffey,  Edward,  murders  wife,  4703. 
Mehan,  Joliii,  captured,  383'  - 

,  Thomas,  b.,  134'. 

Meheniet,  All,  b.,  6562;  at  Damietta,  656' ; 

against  Turks  ;  conquers  Syria ;  revolts ; 

in  Arabia;  massacres  Mamelukes,  6562; 

reigns  ;  massacres  ;  demand  of  Abdul- 

Medjid,  6572;  alliance  against  -Austria, 

5213;  gov-;  treaty  with  Porte;  invades 

Syria,  6572;    conquers  Waliabis,  488'; 

invades  Greece,  10342;  commands,  5652, 

506' ;  murdered,  11583,  6562- 

Koprili,  r^rand  vizier,  11572. 

Meherrin.  X.  C,  Bapti.^t  Ch.  fnid.,  603. 
Melirab  Khan  annoys  British,  539' . 
Mfliul,  Etienno  Henri,  b.,  703' ;  d..  7323. 
Meigs,  Henry,  forgeries  discovered,  1763. 

,  John  B.,  murdered,  2383. 

,  Montgomery  Cunningham,  b.,  1242; 

sails,  193'  ;  at  Fort  Pickens,  194' ;  d.,398' . 
,  Return  Jonathan,  b.,  642;    at  S.ig 

Harbor,  862;  d.,  1303. 

, ,  b.,74'  ;  gov.  1173;  d.  (18-25). 

Meiggs,  Henrv,  b.  (1811) ;  d.,  296' . 
Meignan,  G.  Rem?,  cardinal,  priest,  7622. 
Meilhac,  Henri,  b.,  7262;    Academician, 

7561. 


Heik-Merc. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INUIlX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1331 


Meikeljohn.  George  D.,  b.,  1821 . 

Melkle,  Andrew,  tlirashing-inachine,  920*, 

Meineke,  Johann  Albert  Friedrich  August, 

b.,  8(W3;  d  ,  2862. 
Meiners,  Cbristoph,  b.,  8003;  d.,  8102. 
Moinbardt  I.,  count,  5052. 

11.,  count,  5052. 

Meiiibold,  Jobaiin  Wilbelm,  b.,  8063;  d., 

8181. 
iU'issen,  Ger.,  revolution  in,  7821  j  catbe- 

dniinnisbed,  7822. 
Meisaner,  Alfred,  b.,  8122;  a.,  8302. 

,  August  Gottlieb,  b.,8022;  d.,  8033. 

Mei8s<»nier,  Jean  Louis  Ernest,  b.,  7192; 
picture  1S14  sold,  7601;  gift  to  state, 
7641;  d.,  7*J0i. 

,  Juste  Aur^le,  b.,  G943;  d.,  7011. 

Meistersanger  Guild,  last,  dissolved,  8141. 
Mejia,  Ignaoio,  b.,  10952. 
Mejici,  Tonias,  b.-d.,  10952. 
Mekhiter,  Peter,  b.-d.,  11563. 
Mekong  River  explored,  4813. 
Melac,  Gen.,  in  Prussia,  7981. 
Melancbtbon,  Pbilip,  b.,  7863;  professor 
at   Wittenburg,   7883;    Lod   Communes^ 
7891 ;  d.,  7922. 
Mclanchus,  tyrant,  overtbrown,  10171. 
Molanesi,  N.  Z.,  Bp.  Selwyn  elected,  9803. 
Melanesia,  Bp.  Wilson  consecrated,  10121 . 
Melanippides,  lyric  poet,  10192. 
Melantlius  reigns,  10133. 
Melas,  Micbael  von,  Baron,  b.  (1735) ;  gen. 
in  It.,  10841 ;  at  Marengo,  7141 ;  d.  (1806), 
Melazzo,  or  Milazzo,  action  at,  10881. 
Melbourne,  Australia,  fnd.,  4952;  Victoria 
bisb^ric est., 9543;  Bp.Carr  cons.,  9862; 
Bp.  Goe  cons.,  99G2;  Clias.  J.  Latrobe  in, 
4953;  Univ.  library  fnd.;  gold  dis.,  4961, 
4971  ;  Meth.  mission;  explorers,  4962  ; 
immigration;    mayor  visits  Eng.,  4963; 
Moravian  mission,  4962;  charter ;  capi- 
tal, 4971 ;  Assembly  meets;  first  Pari., 
4Sn^  ;  Land  Act  passed  ;  improved  ;  exhi- 
bition, 4973;  great  telescope,  4981 ;  D.  of 
Edinburgh  in  ;  postal  confederat'n,  4982; 
Federation    Council,    4992;     Industrial 
miLseuinopd.;  Internat.  Exhibition,4993, 
5013;  floods,  5001;    Anglican  Cathedral 
cons. .5002;  Aus.  Federal  Confederation, 
BOII ;  banks  suspend;  docks  opened,  5013. 
,  Viscount,  Wm.  Lamb,  b.,  9203;  min- 
ister, 9452;    premier,   £H72,3;    ministry 
dissolved,  9472;     administration,  9492; 
resigns,  9512;  d.,  9542. 
Melchers,    Bp.,  arcbbp.,  8232;    arrested; 

fined,  8283;  cardinal  priest,  8322. 
Melcbiades,  St.,  pope,  10663. 
Melchior,  Bishop,  murdered,  4803,  4813. 

,  Eugfene  Marie,  Vicomte  de  Vogue, 

Academician,  7561. 
Melcbizedek,  blesses  Abram,  11402. 
Meldrura,  Baron,  title  created,  9372. 
Melegnano,  Italy,  battle  of,  5241  ^  11371 . 
Melek  El  Azaae,  sultan,  6552. 

Shah,  subdues    Syria,   10321;    takes 

Jerusalem;  d.,4872. 
Helendez-Valdez,    Juan    Antonio,  b.-d., 

11283. 
Melete,  asteroid,  discovered,  7321 , 
Meletius,  St.,  b.-d.,  11542. 
Melfl,  Italy,  constitution  of,  781 1 . 
Melfort,  Earl  of,  title  created, 8772. 
Melgarejo,  Mariano,  b.-tl.,  5502;  at  Viacha; 
at  Potosi,  5501;  lejuls  revolt;  subdues 
revolt,  651 1 . 
Meli,  GiovaniU,  b.,  10842;  d.,  10862. 
Melibfsa,  asteroid,  discovered,  5282. 
Melilla,  garrison  attackeil,  10973,  11322. 
Meline,  Felix  Jules,  minister,  7543. 
^—,  James  Florant,  b.  (1811);  in   treas. 

department,  4472;  d.  (1873). 
Melingue,  Gaston,  d.,  758i. 
Melitus,  war  with  Lydia,  10141 , 
Melizan,  Theophilus,  cons.  K.  C.  bp.,9862. 
Mell,  Patrick  Hues,  b.,  123i ;  d.  (1888). 
Mellan,  Claude,  b.,  6861 ;  d.,  6942. 
Mellano,  Leonard,  cons,  bishop,  9682. 
Mellen,  Grenville,  b.,  1082;  d.,  1522. 
Mellette,  Arthur  C,  gov.  ^451 ,  ;M92,  3992. 
Mellin,  Gustaf  Henrik,  b.-d.,  11361 . 

,  Prentiss,  d.,  1522. 

Mellish,  Sir  George,  lord  justice,  9752. 
Mellitus,  Archbishop,  8422;  d.  (624). 
Mello.  Francisco    Manoel  de,  b.  (1611) ; 

works,  11292;  d.  (1665). 
-^,  Fontes  Pereira  de,  ministry,  1111*. 

• ,  Admiral  Custodio  Jos^  de,  b.  (1845±) ; 

in  rebellion  at  Rio,  6581 ,  6€0i  ,3. 
Mellon,  Miss,  first  appearance,  926*. 


Melloni,    Macedonio,   b.,  10843;    on  heat 

rays,  9343;  d.,  10863, 
Mellor,  John  W.,  judge-ad  v. -gen.,  9952. 
Melo,  Francisco  de  Manuel,  b.-d.,  III02. 
Melodists  Club  established,  9421. 
Melorane,  mission  at,  11241. 
Meloria,  battle  of,  10761 . 
M0I08,  island,  expedition  against,  10202. 
Meloy,  William  T.,  moderator,  3322. 
Melridestadt,  battle  at,  7761 . 
Melrose,  Scot.,  monastery  founded,  8483. 
Melville,  Andrew,  b.,  8682;  d.,  88O2. 
,  Geo.  Wallace,  b.  (1841) ;  in  navy  de- 
partment, 3512,  4472. 

,  Herman,  b.,  128i ;  d.,  3922. 

,  W.  B.,  convicted,  4682. 

,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  9311. 

,  Viscount.     (See  Dundas.) 

Melvin,Tenn.,Swo£ford-Tollettefeud,4182. 
Mem  de  Sa,  capt.-gen.,  233;  at  Rio,  5521 ; 

aids  Jesuits,  5531 ;  gov.-gen.,  6533. 
Memling,  Hans,  d.,  5402. 
Memminger,  Charles  Gustavus,  b.,  1102; 

sec.  treas.,  1913;  d.  (1888). 
Memnon,  ravages  Cyclades,  10242;  statue 

removed,  6563. 
Mimoires  pour  servir  d  VHistoire  des  Sci- 
ences, etc.,  6952. 
LitUraires  de  la  Grande  Britagne  is- 
sued, 6991. 

Secrete  de  la  R^publiqxte  des  Lettres. 

7012. 

de  Backaumont  issued,  7032. 

de  Madame  de  la  Lime  d'Eplnay,  7231 . 

Memoirs  of  Gen.  Thiebaidt  appears,  7611 . 

for  Ingenious  issued,  9002, 

of  Literature  issued,  9043. 

Memorial  Literario  issued,  11292. 
Memphis,  Egy.,  capital,  6453;  taken,  6473, 
6501,  0511;  falls,  6501. 

,  Tenn.,  laid  out,   1293  ;0.   S.   Presb. 

synod  org.,  1631 ;  Elmwood  Cemetery  in- 
cor.,  1713;  Memphis  &  Charleston  R.  R. 
opened,  1833;  headquarters  dept.  lower 
Miss.,  1962;  capital,  2053;  naval  fight, 
2063;  battle  of,  2083;  Sherman  embarks, 
2163;  Sherman  at,  2263;  General  Smith 
leaves, 2301 ;  race  riot, 2522, 4022;  South- 
ern Commercial  Convention  meets,  2673 ; 
Normal  School  est.,  2763  ;  Christian 
Brothers  Coll.  org.,  2782;  Medical  Coll. 
opd.,  3063;  Hospital  of  S.  W.  Bapt.  Univ. 
fnd.,  3071;  Freda  Ward  injured,  4002; 
fire,  4013,  4433;  mob,  4022;  Cantilever 
Bridge  opd.,  4073;  Nat.  Farmers'  Alli- 
ance Conven.,  4183,  4193;  earthquake, 
4501. 
Mena,  first  Egyptian  king,  6453. 

,  Juan  de,  b.-d.,  11262;  work,  11271 . 

Menage,  Giles,  b.,6862;  works,  6931,  6891 ; 
d.,6942. 

,  L.  F.,  liabilities,  4423. 

Menaqier  de  Paris  issued,  6743. 
Menahem,k.Sballum, 11451  ;reign8,  11452. 
Menai  wrecked,  9233. 

Strait,  bridge  opd.,  9422,  9542. 

Menan,  Fran.  Ant.  Carrandi  y,  gov.,  6302. 
Menander,  b.-d.,  10243. 
Menandona,  Madagascar,  mission  at,10943. 
Menapii  yield  to  Rome,  10582. 
Menard,  Rent^,  opens  mission,  5723. 
Menas  surrenders  Sardinia,  10613. 
Menasseh  in  Samaria,  11473. 
Mencius,  philosopher,  b.,  6103. 
Mendell,  Geo.  H.,  in  corps  of  eng.,  3221 , 
Mendelssohn,  Moses,  b.,  8002;  works,  803St, 
8052;  d.,  8043. 

Bartholdy,  Felix,  b.,8083;  St,  Paul, 

8141;  d.,  8162. 
Mendenhall,   Thomas  Corwln,  b.  (1841) ; 
BehringSeacommis.,  3873;  refiign8,4632. 
Mend^s,  CatuUe,  b.  (1640);    works,  7351, 
7383;. 

1  Egypt,  dynasty  at,  6513. 

Mendez  in  Abyssinia,  12, 

XiiTlez  at  Alicante,  11321 . 

Mendi,  mission  at,  II6II. 
Mendicant  orders  reduced,  6722, 
Mendicity  Society  established,  9392. 
Mtmdon,  Mass.,  Indians  attack,  4Gi . 
Mendoza,  Arg. Rep., fnd., 233,4892;  earth- 
quake, 4913. 

,  Andr<:'z  Hurdato  de,  b.  (1490+) ;   in 

Lima,  232;  on  pacific  Coast,  203 ;  d.  (1561). 

,  Antonio  de,  b.  (1590 1);  viceroy,  10952; 

victorious,  6061 ;   in  Arg.,  20i ;  d.  (1G44). 

,  Count  Garcia  Hnrtado  Diego  do,  b.- 

d.,  11263;  commander,  6043;  capt.-gen., 
6052;  viceroy,  233,  253;  works,  11291 ,2. 


Mendoza,  Juan  de  Gonz.,  b.,202;  d.  (1617)" 

, de  Medrano  y,  governor,  6302. 

,  Pedro  de,  b.-<l.,  11263;  expedition  of, 

212;  settlement,  4891 ;  Plata  River,  4892. 

, Gonzales  de,  b.-d.,  11262 ;  presents 

Columbus,  123. 
Menelaus  returns  to  Sparta,  10141. 

,  high  priest ;  deposed  ;    sells  temple 

vessels,  11482;  purcluises  office,  11492. 
Menelek  defeated  in  Abys.;  makes  war, 
22  ;  king. 

II.  Abys.,  crowned,  33. 

Menendez,  Francisco,  pres.  S.Salv.,  11232. 

,  Marquez,  Pedro,  in  Ani.,241,3,  251,2. 

Men-en-Ra  reigns  in  Egypt,  6473. 
Meneptah  II.  reigns  in  Egypt,  6493. 

III.  reigns  in  Egypt,  6492. 

Meneses,  Francisco  (le,  gov.  Chili,  6052. 
Menestbeus  reigns,  10133. 
Menevia,  Archbp.  Hedley  cons.,  9742. 
Menfew,  battle  at,  7741 . 
Mengo,  battle  at,  5641 ;  Porter  at,  5&43. 
Mengs,  Anton  R.,  b.,  8002;  d.,  8042. 
Menhardt  11.,  duke,  5062. 
Menharg  mission,  6571 . 
Meninski,  Francis  M.,  b.,7943;  d.,  7982. 
Menippe,  asteroid,  discovered,  2981 . 
Menippus,  b.,  10282. 

Men-ka-Ra  (Queen  Nitocri8),''reigns,  0472. 
Men-kau-hor  reigns  in  Egypt,  6472, 
Men-kau-Ra,buirds  pyramids.builds  tomb, 
6451 ;  dedicated  to  Ra,  6452;  reigns,  6471. 
Menno,  Simons,  b.,  7863;  fnds.  Mennonites, 

7903;  d.,  7922. 
Mennonite  Missionary  Society  org.,  11021. 
Mennonites  in  Pa.,  482;  open  Indian  mis- 
sion, 1103;  Foreign  Miss.  Society,  3062; 
purchase  land  in  Kan.,  2873;  removing 
to  Colorado,  3342  ;  origin  of,  7903  ;  em^ 
grate  to  Odessa ;  to  America,  8302, 
Menocal,  A.  G.,  surveys  Nic.  Canal,  11033. 
Menou,   Baron  Jacques  Franyois  de,  b, 
(1750);  commander  in  Egy.,  6501 ,  7141 ; 
surrenders,  6561 ;  treaty  at  Cairo,  6572  • 
d.  (1810). 
Menschikov,  Prince  Alex.  Sergeivitcb,  b., 
11162;  at  Alma,  9581 ;  d.,  11182. 

, Danilovitch.  b.-d.,  11142. 

Mentana,  It.,  Italians  defeated,  7361 , 
Mentone,  Fr.,  man's  skeleton  found,  7461, 
Mentour,  A.,  in  O.,  673. 
Mentz,  or  Mainz,  Ger.,  Franks  repulsed, 
10661  ;    Napoleon  in,  7202  ;   destroyed ; 
fortified  camp,  7681;  an  archbishopric, 
7702;  cathedral  fnd.,  7742;  imperial  fes- 
tival, 7792;  Diet,  7811;  printing-office, 
7352;  Catholicon;  Cicero deOffiviis :  univ. 
chartered,  7871  ;  taken,  7942,3,7961 ,7981, 
8061;   winter  quarters,  7942;  occupied, 
7981 ;  univ.  suspends,  8072;  ceded  to  Fr., 
5192,8073 ;  acquired  by  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
8113;  celebration  of  printing,  8253. 
Menzel,  Karl  Adolf,  b.,  8042;  d.,  8201 
— -,  Wolfgang,  b.,  8063;  d.,  8281 , 
Menzies,  Michael,  inv.  thrasher,  9081. 

,  Sergt.  Robert,  wins  rifle  prize,  974* 

Meramie,  Agnes  de,  marries,  6713. 
Meran,  services  for  crown  prince,  5322 
Mer-bapen  reigns  in  Egypt,  6453. 
Mercadante,  Saverio,  b.,  10843;  d.,  10882. 
Mercale,  Miss  F.,in  Ind.  dept.,  Can., 5903. 
Mercantile  Library  Asso.  fnd.,  N.Y.,  1291 ; 
in  San  Francisco,  1731,  2232;  iu  Phila., 
1311. 
Mercator,  Gerard,  b.-d.,  10982;  charts  pub- 
lished, 5402. 
Merceau,  body  in  Pantheon,  7593. 
Merced,  Cal.,  grain  fields  burned,  3613. 
Mercedes,  Queen,  d.,  11322, 
Mercer,  David  H.,  b.,  1821. 
— ,  Hugh,  b.,  582;  d.  (1777). 

,  Jesse,  b.,  761 ;  d.  (1841). 

,  John,  missionary,  GO22. 

Universi^  organized,  1423, 

Mercersburg,  Pa.,  college  at,  1463. 

College  organized,  2503. 

Mercers'  Company  formed,  8613. 
Merchamlise,  England  levies,  8832. 

Marks  Act  passes,  G.  B.,  9072. 

Merchant  of  Venice  performed,  683. 

Shipping  Survey  Bill  rejected,  979«; 

passes,  9812, 

Tailors'  Company  formed,  Eng.,  857*. 

Merchantman  wrecked,  9953. 

Mercia,  Eng.,  see  erected,  8423;  Christian 

kingaom,  8423,  8432;  revolt  in  ;  annexed 

to  Wessex,  8453 ;  earldom  abolished,849i . 

Mercier,  Hon or^,' address  to  Cong.,  3463; 

premier,  Can.,  6871;  papal  benediction^ 


1332 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  MerC-MetL 


588*;  speech,  5883;  paymeut  to  Jesuits, 
5892  ;piohibitionspe6chcondeinned  ,590* ; 
implication,  5922;  acquitted  ;  trial,  5943. 
595' ;  resigns  seat,  595< ;  d.,  596' . 
Mercier,  (len.,  minister,  767 ',3. 
Merck,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  (1741) ;  work, 

805< ;  d.  (1791). 
Mercure  de  Silide,  Le,  issued,  1135' . 

de  France,  Le,  issued,  6993;  suspends, 

7323. 
Mercurian,  .Jesuit  general,  1081'. 
Merairio  issued,  11292. 
Mercuriiim  Lihrarius  issued,  8943. 
Mercurius  worshiped,  10503. 
Merciirilis  Auliciis  issued,  885'. 

Hibernicus  issued,  885' , 

Mercury,  transit  of,  6882,  894';    transit 

foretold,  7iM3. 
Mercy,    Baron    Francois  h.  (1595±) ;     at 
Freiburg,  688';  at  Duttlingen  ;  at  Aller- 
heim,  796'. 
,  Claude  Florimond,  b.  (1666) ;  at  Oif en- 
berg,  798' ;  d.  (1734). 

,  Order  of,  founded,  6703. 

Mereb,  Abyssinia,  ceded  to  Italy,  33. 
Meredith,  Elisha  E.,  b.,  164' . 

George,  b.,  9423  ;  worlts,  10063. 

',  Owen  (Bulwer-Lytton) ;  worlts,  9763, 

9923. 

,  William  Morris,  b.,  1082  ;  sec.  treas., 

1653  ;  in  treas.  dept.,  3512  ;  ,1.,  282' . 
Meredyth,  Baron,  title  createil,  965'. 
Mereloza,  de  .Juan  Gonzales,  d.,  26' . 
Mer-en-Hor  reigns,  Egypt,  6472. 
Mer-en*e  (?)  em-sa-f ,  reigns,  Egypt,  6172. 
Mergbacher,  .Julio,  embezzler,  ;i852. 
Mergentbaler,  Ottmar,  inv.  linotype,  332' . 
Mergentheim,  Germany,  battle  at,  63G' . 
Mergui,  Bur.,  taken,  11242  ;  niissiou,  10483. 
Merhab  Klian,  killed,  5:S82. 
Meriam,  E\)en,  b.,  1042  ;  d.,  2312. 
Merian,  Maria  Sibylla,  b.-d.,  11372. 
M(Srida,  Spain,  Fr.  defeated,  7182. 
Meriden,  Conn.,  Lewis  donation,  3462. 
Meridian,  Miss.,  Sherman  at,  230' . 

,  prime,  to  be  establislied,  3112. 

Meridional  instrument  invented,  7902. 
Merigeau,  Jacques,  anarchist,  7662. 
M^rimcie,  Prosper,  b.,  715';  works,  727', 

729' ,  7302,  7323,  733' ,  7482;  d.,  7382. 
Merinites,  dynasty  reigns,  1097' . 
Merino  sheep  in  Eng.,9253;  in  Spam,  1128' . 
Merioka,  missions  at,  1092' . 
Meri-Ra,  Pepi  I.,  reigns,  Egypt,  6472. 
Merivale,  Charles,  b.,  9.343  ;  Romans  Un- 
der the  Empire,  9563;  d.  (1S93). 

,  Herman,  b.,  9323,  or  (1800) ;  d.  (1874). 

,  John  Herman,  b.,  9203  ;  A.  (18441. 

Meriwether,  David,  b.  (1800) ;  gov.,  1743. 
Merle,  Jean  Henri  d'.^uhigne,  b.<l.,  113S' . 
Merlin,  Philippe  Antoine,  dismissed,  7133. 
Mermillod,  Gaspar,  expelled,  11382  ;   d., 

1138'. 
Mermnadse,  dynasty  of,  11452. 
Merodach-Baladan  II.    (See  Sargon.) 
Merode,  Francois  de,  b.,  7223. 
Meroe,  kingdom  foumied,  6503. 
Meroo  Creek,  Australia,  gold,  496' . 
Merovaeus,  b.-il.,  6623;  IC.  of  Franks,  6633. 
Merovingian  dynasty,  6633  ;  monarchy  es- 
tablished, 7693. 
Merowich,  husband  of  Brunehilde,  771' . 
Merriara,  C.  H.,  commissioner,  3873. 

,  Henry  C,  colonel,  .320' . 

,  William  U.,  gov.  Minn.,  3332,  3652. 

Merrick,  James,  clergyman,  d.,  252' . 

, ,  poet,  b.  (1720) ;  d.,  9183. 

,  Pliuy,  b.  (1794) ;  d.,  256' . 

Merrill,  dol.,  at  Hartville,  218' . 

,  Geo.  S.,  commander-in-chief,  3072. 

James  C,  commissioned  niaj.,  450'. 

,  Joseph  A.,  b.,  962  ;  d.,  1662. 

,  Lot  Myrick,  d.,  312' . 

,  Stephen  M.,  b.,  1322  ;  bp.,  2763. 

,  Samuel,  governor  Iowa,  2652. 

Merrimac,  .Mass.,  Edward  Crosby  k.,  4683. 

Merrlmac   sinks    Cumlm-lnnd :    defeated, 

2043;  reapiieiirs,2062;  in  Hampton  Roads, 

207';  tired,  2072. 

Merriman,  Edgar  C,  promoted  capt.,  352'. 

,  W.  li.,  governor  Minn.,  399' . 

Merrimon,  Augustus  S.,d.,418'. 
Merritt,  Wesley,  b.  (1830) ;  atCrookedEun, 
2372  ;  at  Five  Forks,  2443;  disperses  In- 
dians, 302' ;    protest    against  removal, 
3072  ■  brig.-gen.,  326' . 

,  Wm.,b.  (1M0±) ;  mayor, 533;  d.  (1708). 

Merriwether's  Landing,  Tenn.,  Confeder- 
ate defeat,  2103. 


Merry  England  Magazine  issued,  9923. 
Merryman,  John,  arrested,  1953,  2073. 
Merseburg,  Hung.,  repulsed,  502'. 
Merseburger  Gedulite  appears,  7723. 
Mersen,  treaty  of,  5393,  6672. 
Mersenne,  Marin,  b.,  6842  ;  d.,  6883. 
Merseif  launched,  992'. 
Mersey  dam  collapses,  Eng.,  10073. 

Tunnel  opened,  9933. 

Mersina,  Kef.  Pres.  mission  at,  11682. 
Merswin,  Kulmann,  A'ine  Rocks,  7823. 
Merthyr-Tydvil,  Wales,  canal  opd.,  9273  ; 

rioting,  945';    Fenians  captured,  971'; 

Miners'  Conference,  977 ' . 
Merton,  Eng.,  action  at,  844' . 
Merv,  Asia,  surrendered,  1120' . 
Merwan  I.,  reigns,  Egypt,  6552  ;  calif, 4862. 

II.,  calif,  4852. 

Merwin,  E.  S.,  nom.gov.  Conn.,  3692,415' . 
Mery,  Joseph,  b.,  713' ;  d.,  73«2. 
Meryon,  Charles,  b.,  724' ;  d.,  7.382. 
Mesac,  Thomas,  elected  bisliop,9583. 
Mesentzoff,  Gen.,  assassinated,  1119' . 
Mesesimordaous  reigJis,  11453. 
Mesey,  M.  de,  governor  Mich.,  423. 
Meshach  in  liery  furnace,  11463. 
Mesnier,  Friedricli  Anton,  b.,8002;  theory 

of  mesmerism,  8022  ;  d.,  8103. 
Mesmerism  iuvestigate<l,  96' . 
Mesnard,  Ken^,  miss,  to  Indians,  402,3. 
Mesopotamia  wrecked,  9833. 
Mesopotamia,    Kom.    province,    1065' ,  2  ; 

Romans    conquer,   10673,  1106',   11072; 

traversed  by  Alexander,  11473. 
Messaba  Iron  range,  U.  S.  troops  in,  4682. 
Messalina  rules  ;  Claudius  k.,  1063' . 
Messana.     (See  Messina.) 
Messene,  Greece,  founded,  10233. 
Mossenia,  Gr.,  seized,  named,  10133. 
Messenian  wars,  1014',  101S3. 
Messenians  revolt,   10153;   Gr.  expelled, 

1019' ;  independence  proclaimed,  10223  ; 

independence  restored,  10233  ;  withdraw 

from  League,  10273. 
Messer,  Asa,  b.,  76' ;  d.,  1462. 
Messerve,  Nathaniel,  d.,  71' . 
Messiah,  Indian,  delusion  spreads,  3603. 
Messier,  Charles,  b.,  6983  ;  d.,  7223. 
Messina,  Italy,  f nd.  ;  named,  10153  ;  seized, 

1050',  10522,  1074';  besieged,  10523  ;  re- 

volt8,1076', 10833, 10«)'  ;blockade(l,1082', 

1088' ;  subdued,  10872  ;  entered,  1088'. 
Messier,  Abraham,  b.  (1800) ;  pres.  Reform 

synod,  1623;  d.  (1882). 
Meta  Incognita  discovered, 242,3,  5,02. 
Metalliferous  Mines  Regul.  Act,  9772. 
Metastasio    (Pietro     Antonio     Domenico 

Bonaventura  Trapassi),  b.,  1083' ;  works, 

10833;  d.,  10843. 
Metcalf,  Ralph, b.  (1798);  gov.  J«.  H.,  1792; 

<l-  (185*)-  ™ 

Metcalfe,  Baron  Charles  Theophilus,  b., 
9223  ;  gov.-geu.  Ind.,  9473,  of  Canada, 
5793;  d.  (1846). 


,  Thomas,  gov.  Ky.,  1372.         ^   ,  .„    . 

Metellus,Luciu8Ca!cilius, defeated ;  killed, 

10522. 

,  Quinctus,defeatsMacedonians,1056' ; 

exiled,  10573  ;    in    Sp.,  1058' ;    subdues 
Crete,  10582;  consul,  1059' ;  d.  (115 1  B.C.) 

,  Scipio,  consul,  10593  ;  suicide,  IO602. 

Metempsychosis,  doctrine  taught,  10163. 
Meteor  falls  near  Col  umbus,12';  observed, 
114',  188';  in  Mass.,  126';  lnLT.,402J; 
at  Chicago,  364' ;  in  Cal..  426r,  466' ;  in 
Brandon,  Miss.,  432'. 
Meteor  wins  race  ;  loses,  10093 ;  loses,  10113 . 
Meteorite  found  in  Cal.,  4001 . 
Meteorological  bulletin  published,  7342- 
Meteorological  Soc.  Conven.  Am.,  466' ■ 

of  Palatinate  est.,  804' . 

,  Eng.,  meets,  9402  ;  reports,  964'. 

,  Royal  Brit,  chartered,  org., 956'. 

Meteors,  shower  of,  148' ,  152' ,  1602    258' , 

264' ,  278' ,  394' ,  403' ,  6102  ;  periodicity, 

544' 
Meter,'  legal  unit  of  length,  Fr.,  7102. 
Methodism  introduced  in  Can.,  5763 ;  ConI, 

formed, 5782  ;  >Iis8ionary  Soc.  org.,  135' . 

5782  ■    unite    with    Wesleyans ;    Meth. 

Epis.   Church  org.,    5782  ;    union  with 

Wesleyans   severed ;    New   Connection 

Meth.  est.,  5783  ;  union  restored,  580' ; 

Meth.  Church  of  Can.  est.,  3822,  5802  ; 

missions,    5802  ;    Bp.  Carman  ord.,    in 

Brit.  Col. ,5822, 5842;  Woman's  Miss.  Soc. 

fnid.,  5842  ;  eonf.  at  Belleville,  at  Sher- 

brooke,  588' ,  at  Liverpool,  N.  S.,  5882  ; 

3d  Gen.  Conf .  at  Montreal,  5902. 


Methodism  intro.  into  Ger.,  8143. 

,  Wesleyan,  England,  rise  of;  George- 

Whitefleld  joins,  9083  ;  Charles  Wesley 
converted,  909'  ;  John  Wesley  con- 
verted. 9103 ;  first  society  org.;  mobs 
attack,  911'  ;  conferences  held,  911', 
913' ,  915' ,  9163,  919' ,  9!M2,  9982,  J0062  ; 
Whitefleld  a  field  preacher  ;  separate 
from  Moravians;  Wesley  itinerates; 
chapel  at  Moorfields  ;  conf.  at  Islington, 
911'  ;  soc.  fmd.  at  Dublin  ;  Lady  Hunt- 
ingdon active,  9123 ;  Whitefield  and  Wes- 
ley in  Scot.,  913'  ;  decline  to  leave  est. 
church;  Young  People's  Societies;  Wes- 
ley in  Ire.,  915'  ;  Maxtield's  secession; 
Methodists  expelled  from  Oxford,  9163; 
missionaries  to  Am.;  est.  Sunday-school; 
sends  Supt.  Rankin  to  Am.,  919' ;  Wes- 
leyan Mag.  issued,  921' ;  Am.  conf.  est.; 
Tlios.  Coke  Am.  snpt.,  9223  ;  New  Con- 
nection separates;  A'cw  Connection  May. 
est.,  929'  ;  Primitive  Methodists  org., 
936'  ;  New  Connection's  first  mission, 
941'  ;  Wesleyan  Meth.  Asso.  est.,  9463  ; 
centenary  eel.,  9483  ;  Primitive  Meth. 
Miss.  Soc.  org.,  9523  ;  Reformers  org., 
9543;  Wesleyan  Lond.  Quar.  lievieic  est., 
958';  Ladies' Miss.  Soc.  est., 9022;  Met- 
ropolitan Chapel  Building  fund  est., 
9642  ;  ecumenical  conf.  in  Lond.,  9882; 
New  Connection  conf.,  IOOO2  ;  against 
Home  Rule,  10102;  Adelaide  and  Mel- 
bourne miss.,  4962;  Wesleyans  at  Cape 
Colony,  597';  Central  M.  E.  Mission 
conf.  opd.  in  Jlex.,  10962.  (See  Wesley 
and  Whitefield.) 

introduced  in  Port.,  11113. 

in  Russia,  emigrate  to  Am.,  11223. 

intro.  in  Sp.,  11303. 

In  Switz.,  11382. 

Methodist  Epis.  Church,  U.  S.  A. :  Wesleys 
in  Ga.,  623;  return  to  Eng., 642.    White- 
field  in  Am.,  642,  3±;  In  Ga.,  71' ,  1463, 
1602,  2623,  2863,  2903,  2962.    Philip  Em- 
bury arrives,  723  ;   igt  sermon,  742  ;  in 
N.  Y.  City,  742,  762,  1023,  1002,3,  1082, 
1143,  1203,  1343,   1583,  400'  ;  in  Phila., 
742,  762,  1002.       Meth.  missionaries  ar., 
742;  In  Va., 742,  912,3, 1403, 1602;  F.  As- 
hury  arrives,  763  ;    first  conf.,  78' ;  T. 
Rankin,  sunt.,  2d  conf.,  782  ;  preachers 
return  to   Eng.,  85' ;  Asbury  arrested,^ 
S3' ,  89' ;  against  distillers  ;  secession  in 
Va.,  912,3  ;    conf.  unite,  93',  95',  96'; 
Asbury  supt.,  detached  from  Wesley ; 
against  slavery,  932;  forbids  intoxicants, 
962  ;  T.  Coke  bp. ;  Meth.  Epis.  Church 
org.  ;    sacraments  administered ;   fund 
for  needy  preachers  est. ;  1st  (?)  General 
Conf.;  Dickinson  Coll.  est.,  963;  in  Pa., 
963,  125',    1322,    1462,    173',   1763,    2883. 
Cokesbury  Coll.  est.,  99' ;  in  Md.,  99', 
1023,  1042,  1142,  2543  ;  publishing  house 
est.;  gen.  conf.;  Meth.  council,  1002, 1023; 
rules    on  intemperance ;    org.  .Sunday- 
schools;  Ist  Regular  Gen.  Conf .,  J023  (see 
followingquadrenniumsforotliers);Balt. 
Conf.  org.,  10*2  ;  Kelley  secession,  10*3;, 
in  N.  Y.  State,  1083,  117',  1402,  1563  ; 
1642  2722,2763;  In  Boston,  1062,  163', 
3642,370';  inMass., 1002, 2412.      Negro 
ordained ;     Methodist    Magazine ;    Bp. 
Whatcoat  cons.;  N.  Y.  Conf.  find.,  1083; 
delegated  Gen.  Conf.,  1142, 1183;  restrict 
ive  rules,  1142  ;  publishing  house  rem  d 
to  N.  Y.,  1143;  Genesee  Conf.org.,  117'; 
in  O.    121',  1282,  1503,  157',  161',  1702, 
1783    1802,  1823,  2543,  2583,  2tK)3,  3402; 
Ohio  Conf.   fmd.,  121';  Home  Jlission 
org     121',   1282  ;  Union  Am.  M.  E.  Oh. 
find    1212;  bps.  George  and  Morris  cons.; 
Miss.  Conf.  find.,  1243  ;  Allegheny  Coll. 
est.;  Methodist  Magazine  [Quar.  "erim, 
12711    126',  137';  Mi.ss.    Soc.  est.,  1263; 
Indian  missions,  1282,  1303,  1322,  13B', 
136»  1383,1422, 1623;  Meth. Prot.  secede, 
1283-  election  of  elders  condenined,1322; 
Me.,  m.,  Pittsburg,  and  Holsteln  confs. 
fmd. ;  bps-Souleand  Heddingcons.;  In- 
formers meet  1322,  1343,  135   ,  1362,1382  ; 
in  111.,  1322,  135' ,  1503.  163'  ,1702,  1^'. 
26^3     2703,    2883,  2903  ;    m    Me..   1.K*, 
m2';    In  Tex.,  1322,   1503     2543,  2823. 
2842,  2903.        Centenary  Coll.  est.,  1J^». 
in  ia.,  1323, 1782,  2682,2822.      Chrtsttan 
Adrocate,  133',  135';  S.-S.  Union  fmd.  J 
McKendree  Coll.    est.,  135':    <?«<"-/£r;lf 
Review,  137' ;  Wesleyan  Univ.  est.,  1^'» 
In  Conn.,  139'  .    Bps.  Andrew  and  Emr 


Meth-Mexi. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDKX.         Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1333 


cry  cons.,  1402;  JVestem  Christian  Advo- 
cate eat.,  1403;    in  Ala.,  1402, 1802, 3183; 
In  Ind.,  1402, 1563,  lOli ,  1702, 1762,  ;>i>43, 
3742;  In  N.  H.,  1402,  163<.     Ala.,  liid., 
N.  H.,  and  Troy  Confs.  fmd.,  1402;  Ran- 
dolph .Macon  Coll. est.,  1403;  bps.  Waugh 
antf. Storris  cons. ,1462;  Ark.,  Erie, Liberia, 
.Mich.,  N.  J.,  N.C.  coul.  fmd.,  1462  ;  In 
Ark.    1462,  2763,  awa,  3142  ;  in  Mich., 
1462,    1783,    1843,  1991;    in  N.   J.,   1462, 
1782,  2543,  2902,  4641;     in  N.C.,  14«2, 
1802, 1823, 1863.      Emory  Coll.  est.,  1463; 
E.  Tex.,  North  O.,  Providence  and  Rock 
River  confs.  fmd.,  1503  ;  in  R.  I.,  1503. 
ChristVwhe  Apotogete,  1503  ;  "Wesleyans 
secede ;    Northern,    Christian  Advocate^ 
1543  ;    Cincinnati  Wesleyan  Coll.  est., 
Wesleyan  Univ.,  O.,  est.,  1551;  slavery 
agitation;    Pla.,   la.,  N.   Ind.    and  Vt. 
confs.  fmd.,  1563;   InFla.,  1563,  2763; 
in  la.,  1563,  1571,  1782,  1822,  1842,  2332, 
'2583,   2763,   2822  ;    in   Vt.,    1.M3.        Bp. 
Andrew  suspended :  ch.  divided  by  sla- 
very ;   M.  E.  Ch.  South  secedes ;  bps. 
Uamline   and   James  cons.,  1563  ;    la. 
Wesleyan  Univ.  est.,  157^ ;  Five  Points 
Mission  est.,  1582,  1741 ;  Indian  Mission 
Conf.  org. ;  Swedish  mission,  1.582  ;   in 
Mo.,   1583,   1823,   1842,  2412,  4543,2342, 
3283,, ■a22.     WiUiainetteUniv.e8t.,1583; 
in  Ore.,  1583,  I642, 1702,  2*42,3743.    Mt. 
Union  Coll.  est.  ;  Ft.  Wayne  Coll.  est., 
161' ;  111.  Fern.  Coll.  est.  ;  Boston  Univ. 
est.,  1631 ;    Lawrence    Univ.,  I632  ;    in 
Wis.,  1632,  1642,  1063,  1782.       E.Me.,N. 
Y.  East,  Wis.,  Cal.,  Ore.  confs.  fmd.,  1642, 
in  Cal.,  1642,1662,1702,  1722,  1983,2703, 
2763,21)03,3203.      Ladies'  Miss.  Soc.  est., 
1642  ;  in  Md.,  1642.    Liquor  forbidden, 
1643 ;  Win.  Taylor  in  Cal.,  1082 ;  Hiwassee 
Coll.,  1663;  in  Tenn.,  1663,  2543,  3183. 
Lawrence  Univ.,   1663  ;  CaL   Christian 
Advocate^  169';    bps.   Simpson,  Baker, 
Ames  ord.  ;  Cincinnati,  Ky.,  Northwest 
Ind.,  Southwestern  Ind.,  Ore.,  So.  111., 
Wyo,  confs.  find.,  1702  ;   in  Ky.,  1702, 
4543,  2682,  3262;  i„  Wye,  1702.      Univ. 
of  Pacific,  1702;  N.  W.  Univ.,  1703,  1782  ; 
in  Chicago,  1703,  3203, 3262,  a321 .       III. 
Wesleyan    Uuiv.  ;  Beaver   Coll.,    173i ; 
Moore's  Hill    Coll.,   1762  ;    in    Minn., 
1762,  1783.       Hamilton  Univ.  est.,  1762; 
Pittsburg  Fem.  Coll.  est.;  in  S.  C,  1763; 
CBnt.O.,Germany,Switz.,  Detroit,  Kan., 
Minn.,  Newark,  Upper  la..  West  Wis., 
confs.  fmd.,  1782  ;  i„  Kan.,  1782,  2842, 
3242.      Pacific  Advocate;  HeddingCoU.; 
Northwestern  Univ.,  111.,  est. ;  la.  Wes- 
leyan Univ.,  1782;  Garrett  Bib.  Inst,  est.; 
B;ildwin  Univ.;  Cornell  Coll.,  la.;  Upper 
la.  Univ. ;  Baker  Univ.  est.,  1822;  rtills- 
borough  Coll.  est.,  1823;  Bp.  Burns  cons.; 
Ixjcal  Preachers'  Nat.  Asso.  fmd. ;  Mt. 
Union  Coll. ;  Adrian  Coll.  est.,  1843  ;  in 
Neb.,  1862, 1922.     WilloughbyColl.  est., 
1863  ;  Albion  Coll.   est.,  199< ;  Univ.  of 
Denver  est.,  2093  ;   in  Colo.,  2093,  2332. 
Ch.  Extension  Soc.  org.;  Central  Ger., 
Colo.,  Del.,Oes  Moines,  Nev.,  Southwest 
Ger.,  Northwest  Ger.,  and  Wash,  confs. 
org. ;  bps.  Clark,  Tliomsou  and  Kingsley 
ord.,  2332  ;    in    Nev.,   2.332,    2822  ;    In 
Wash.,  2332.      Ger.  Wallace  Coll.  est., 
2352;  Lassell  Sem.  est.,  2412;  Centenary 
eel., 2502;  Bp.  Roberts  ord.,  2522;  Freed- 
men's  Aid  .Soc.  org.,  2543;  E.  Ger.,  Tex., 
S.C.Tenn.  confs.  fmd.;  De  Pauw  Univ.; 
Ky.   Wesleyan  Coll.;   Cent.  Bib.  Inst.; 
Morgan  Coll.;  Lewis  Coll.,  Drew  Theo, 
Sem.  ;    One  Study  Coll. ;    U.  S.  Grant 
Univ.,  2543;  m.  Conf.  fmd., 2582;  Simp- 
son Coll.;  Sclo  Coll., 2583;  Ala.,  Ga.,  Va. 
confs.  fmd.,  2602 ;  Methodist  Advocate, 
261';  In  Ala.,  2602,  '2903.        Ger.  Eng. 
Coll.;  Rust  Univ.;   Board  of  Education 
est..  2623;  in  Miss.,  2623.        Women's 
For.  Miss.  Soc. ;  Boston  Univ.,  2662,  3  ; 
Ocean  Grove  Asso.  org. ;  Lexington  and 
La.  confs.  fmd.,  2682  ;  Napa  Coll.;  Swe- 
dish Theo.  Sem. ,2703  ;  Syracuse  Univ.  ; 
Salt  Lake  Sem.,  2722  ;   |n  Utah,  '2722, 
2782,2982,  3643.    Lay  delegates  in  gen. 
conf.  ;  fraternal  relations,  south  ;  bps. 
Harris,  Foster,  Wiley,  Merrill,  Andrews, 
Haven,  Peck,  ord.  ;  Central  N.  Y.,  Fla., 
Northwest  la.,  Chicago  Ger.  confs.  fmd., 
2763;  (i<ir.Co\\.,\ii.;^nulhweatem  Chris- 
tian Advocate,1g,2i;  Bennett  Coll.;  Mar- 
»ia  CoU. ;  Wiley  Univ.,  2823  ;  Columbia 


River,  S.  Kan.,  Tex.,  German  Mission 
conf.  find.,  2842  ;  Clark  Univ.,  2863; 
Chaddock  Coll. ;  Allegheny  Coll.,  2883  ; 
Southern  fraternity,  2903,  -292' ;  Austin, 
Cent.  Ala.,  E.  Ohio,  India,  Southern 
Cal.,  Mont.,  Southern  Ger.,  Savannah 
confs.  fmd.,  2903  ;  Blue  Mt.  Univ.  ; 
National  Repoaltory,  2922  ;  Philander 
Smith  Coll. ;  Clark  Univ.,  2%2,  3143  ; 
Utah  Conf.  fmd.,  2982  ;  India  Mission 
Conf.  fmd.,  1049' ;  Ashland  Coll.,  3023  ; 
women  may  be  leaders ;  bps.  Warren 
Foas,  Hurst,  E.  O.  Haven  ord.,  3042 ;  Lon- 
don Ecumenical  Council,  9882  ;  Wilbur 
Coll. ;  Spokane  Coll.,  3123  ;  |n  Idaho, 
3123;  In  Wash.  (St:ite),  3123.  Little 
Rock  Univ.,  3142  ;  bps.  Fowler,  Ninde, 
Mallalieu,  Walden,  Taylor,  ord.,  3163  ; 
Bloomington  Coll.,  3183;  Maclay  Coll. ; 
Chicago  Training  School,  3203  ;  Dakota 
Univ.,  3223  ;  In  S.  Dak.,  3223,  3283. 
Kan.  Wesleyan  Univ. ;  S.  W.  Kan.  Coll., 
3242  ;  first  Deaconesses'  Home  est. ; 
Union  Coll.,  3262  ;  Mo.  Wesley.an  Inst. ; 
Black  Hills  College,  3283  ;  hospital  at 
Portland,  3292  ;  pastoral  term  extended 
toSyears;  bps.  Vincent,  Joyce,  Goodsell, 
Newman,  Fitzgerald,  Thbbnrn,  cons.; 
Chinese  work  in  N.  Y.,  3302;  Woman's 
Coll.,  Bait.;  Neb.  Wesleyan  Univ., 3322; 
Wesley  Hospital,  Chicago,333' ;  Enworth 
League  org.,  3402,  3982,432'  ,446' ;  Brook- 
lyn Home,  3402  ;  Deaconesses'  Conven., 
3423;  John  St.  church  eel.,  3462;  coll.  In 
Kan.  City,  3522  ;  Peking  Univ.,  China, 
623' ;  Utah  Univ.,  3643  ;  centennial  N. 
Eng.  Meth.  eel.,  370' ;  Taylor  Univ. ,3722; 
Portland  Univ.,  Ore.,  3743  ;  against 
liquor  traffic,  383' ;  Am.  Univ.  of  Wash., 
est.,  3»43  ;  in  ».  C,  3843.  Epworth  Pil- 
grims, 3862 ;  Ecumenical  Council,  Wash., 
3922 ;  Denver  and  Omaha  Hospitals, 
.3983.  (For  General  Conferences  see  p. 
102  in  1792  and  quadreuniuiiis  following.) 
Meth.  Epis.  Ch.,  South,  secedes  ;  org.,  1563, 
1582;  St.  Louis  Conf.  fmd.,  1583  ;  gen. 
conf.,  1603,  1662,  1842,  2522,  2702,  2982, 
3102,  3223,  3581,  4531 ;  bps.  Capers  and 
Paine  ord.  ;  Miss.,  La.,  and  Louisville 
confs.  fmd.,  1603;  Bp.  Bascom  ord.,  1683; 
Pacific  Conf.,  1762  ;  Woiford  Coll.  est., 
1763  ;  Homer  Coll.  est.,  1782  ;  Southern 
Univ.  est.;  Raleigh  Christian  Advocate, 
1802;  Central  Coll.  est.;  Davenport  Fem. 
Coll.  est.,  1823  ;  Pacific  Coll.  est.,  1983  ; 
war  ;  gen.  conf.  omitted,  2072  ;  Central 
Wesleyan  Coll.  est.,  2412;  bps.  Doggert, 
Wightraan,  Marvin,  McTyeire,  and  Ken- 
ner  ord. ;  ISaltimore,  Columbia,  North- 
west Tex.;  Little  Rock,  N.  Ga.  and  S.  Ga. 
confs.  fmd.,  2522  ;  in.  Conf.  org.,  2582  ; 
Meth.  Advocate,  Tenn.,  261';  N.  Miss., 
White  River,  Los  Angeles,  N.  Ala.,  Wes- 
tern confs.  fmd.,  2702  ;  gen.  conf.  at 
Louisville ;  N.  'Tex.,  Soutliwest  Mo., 
Denver  confs.  fmd.,  2842  ;  Ger.  Mission 
Conf^  2862  ;  Vanderbilt  Univ.,  Tenn., 
2903  ;  N.  Tex.  Female  Coll.,  2963  ;  Wo- 
man's Y\>T.  Miss.  Soc.  org.,  ,3002  ;  Board 
of  Missions  chartered,  3062  ;  bps.  Dun- 
can, Galloway,  Hendrix,  Key,  ord.,  3223; 
Union  Coll.,  3282  ;  laymen  delegates  ; 
bps.  Haygood,  Fitzgerald,  ord.,  358' ; 
Central  Mexican  Mission,  10962. 

■ ,  Union  Am.,  f<3rmed,  121' . 

,  African,  org.,  1283;  Bp.  Al- 
len cons.,  125' ;  Bp.  Brown  cons.,  1363  ; 
Bp.  Waters  cons.,  1403 ;  Bp.  Quinn  cons., 
1582  ;  Wilberforce  Univ.  est. ;  Christian 
Recorder,  1SS>x  ■  Ky.  Conf.,  2272  ;  s.  C. 
Conf.  org.,  247>;  Cal.  Conf.,  2502  ;  Ga., 
Fla.  corns.,  2562  ;  Ala.  and  Ark.  confs., 
2642  ;  N.  J.  Conf.,  2782  ;  Women's  For. 
Miss.  Soc,  2862  ;  III.  Conf.  fmd.,  2942  ; 
pro- temperance,  3303. 

,Zion  African, org., 1283;  Ky. 

Conf.  org.,  2272  ;  Cal.  Conf.  org.,  2502. 

, Coloreil,  org.,  2722,  2862. 

Church,  African  Union,  org.,  1343. 

Primitive  Church  in  N.  Y.,  1383. 

Protestant  Church  fnd.,  1283;  Mutual 

Rii/hts,  1,322;  in  Pa.,  1363;  Meth.  Protes- 
tant, 1.39';  Meth.  Recorder,  1523  ;  (Kej- 
tern  Meth.  Protestant,  17S3',  secession  of 
Methodists,  1843  ;  gen.  conven.,  2562  ; 
"  Methodist"  Ch.  unites,  2942;  Western 
Md.  Coll.,  2663;  Woman's  For.  Miss.  Soc. 
org.,  3023  ;  Board  of  Missions  org., 3122; 
Westminster  Coll.  at  Westminster,  Md. 


(1867);  Theo.  Sem.,  Md.,3123;  gen.  conf. 
at  Adrian  ;  against  liquor  licenses,  3202. 

Methodist  Republican  Church  fmd.,  1043. 

Methodists  (Free),  org.  (Aug.  23,  1860) ;  in 
111.,  1862,  2882,  3182;  in  N.  Y.,  1862,2502, 
2822;  in  Pa.,  1903,3122;  in  Mich., 241', 
2882,  3161 ,3  ;  in  Kan., 2682, 3122  ;  in  la., 
2702,  2822,  3182;  i„  Minn.,  2762  ;  in  La., 
2822;  in  Wis.,  2802;  in  O.,  3002  ;  in  Cal., 
312',  3742  ;  in  Mo.;  in  S.  Dak.,  3122, 
in  Ore. ;  in  Wash.,  3182  ;  in  Col.,  3222  ; 
in  Neb.,  3502. 

- — ,  Wesleyan, secede,  1543, 1563;inN.Y., 
1582  ;  Miss.  Soc.  org.,  219' ;  prohibition- 
ists, 3292. 

Methodius'  Greek  alphabet,  d.,5022. 

Methuen,  Mary  A.  Kevins,  gift  to  library, 
378'. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  945' . 

,  J.,  lord  chancellor,  9013,  9032. 

Paul,  Treaty  concluded,  9032;  signed, 

11103. 

Metidja,  French  defeated  at,  83. 

Metis  in  collision,  2793. 

,  asteroid,  discovered,  954'. 

Meton  dis.  the  meteoric  circle,  1021' . 

Metric  System  legalized,  U.S.A.,  2633; 
conference  on,  748' . 

Metrical  Weights  and  Meas., Austral. ,501' . 

Metropolis  wrecked,  2993. 

Metropolitan  Magazine  issued,  Eng.,  9443. 

Free  Library  Asso.  fmd.,  9842. 

Museum  of  Artfnd.,N.Y.,274' ;  opd., 

3022,  3583  ;  gift  declined,  338' ;  Emile 
Brugsch  Bey  art  collection,  3681 ;  open 
Sundays,  3403,  3843;  Japanese  swords, 
3801 ;  chartered,  3701 ;  Marquand's  gift, 
3981;  new  wing,  4741. 

Poor  Act  passes,  9712. 

Metternich,  Clemens  Wenzel  von,  b.,  5163; 
prime  minister  ;  resigns,  5212  ;  castle 
burned,  6383;  flees  817';  d.,  821'. 

Met  tray,  Fr.,  Reformatory  school  at. ,7292. 

MetuUus  killed,  602'. 

Metz,  Ger.,  built,  769' ;  Christianity  in, 
7682;  capital  of  Austrasia,  7712;  impe- 
rial city,  7752;  firearms  in  defense,  7822: 
siege  of,  682',  784',  792';  annexed 
to  Fr.,  6832 ;  advance  on,  738' ;  Fr. 
frustrated,  7402;  Fr.  repulsed,  7403; 
sorties,  742';  surrendered,  7422;  sur- 
render a  crime,  7433;  ceded  to  Ger.,  745' . 

,  M.  de,  fnds.   Reformed  School,  729». 

Metzu,  Gabriel,  b.-d.,  11003. 

Meulen,  Antoine  Francois  van  der,  b., 
5403;   d.,  5422. 

Meung,  Jehan  de,  b.-d., 6722;  Roman  de  la 
Rose,  673' . 

Meunier  fires  at  king,  7272. 

,  anarchist,  7663;  sentenced,  767'. 

Meurin,  Gabriel  Leo,  cons,  bp.,  9682. 

Mem-s,  annexed  to  Prus.,  7993. 

Meuse,  Fr.,  fortification  of,  5473. 

Meux,  Prus.,  headquarters,  7403. 

Mexborough,  E.,  title  created,  917*. 

Mexerai,  Abr^gi  Chronoloqique,  691*. 

Mexican  Claims  Bills,  3992,  4012. 

Silver  Dollars  Resolution,  457' . 

Mexico.  (See  text.  pp.  1095-1097).  Chichl- 
luecs  in;  Hueinac  Ateopanecatl,  d.,  11' : 
invaded,  11 ',2,  12',  133;  Aztecs  migra- 
tion; annals  picture  writing,  112;  Na- 
huas  in  ;  history  begins ;  Chichimecs- 
Teotenancas ;  tribes  migrate,  113;  fe- 
rocity; earthenware,  12';  human  sacri- 
fices, 122, 183, 172,  212;  priests;  supreme 
creator  recognized,  122  ;  year  divided, 
132;  elective  monarchy;  empire  of 
Tutul-Xius  overthrown;  Montezuma  I. 
reigns;  triple  alliance  fmd.,  133;  first 
military  force,  14';  books,  15';  beggars 
abound;  inquisition  in  ;  intoxicants, 152; 
arts  and  sciences  ;  calendar,  16' ;  con- 
quest of,  16' ,  18' ;  prisoners  immolated, 
162;  dated  records  kept;  east  coast  dis., 
17' ;  siege  of;  submits  to  Cortez;  subject 
toSp.,18';  converts  in;  Dominicans  ar- 
rive; Franciscans  arrive;  religion  of,  183; 
gov't  of  ;  phonetic  language;  riches,  192; 
Sp.  province,  192,  11293;  printing-press, 
212  ;  De  Soto's  expedition,  2B'  ;  Arch- 
bishopric created,  222 ;  Coronado  re- 
turns; Univ.  est.,  223;  Gothic  catfcedral 
built;  Jesuits,  242;  reconquered,  52'; 
Texan  war  for  independence.  142' ;  Gen. 
Taylor  watches,  158' ;  minister  with- 
draws, 1592  ;  Scott  invades  ;  StocktoH 
blockades  ports,  160' ;  attempt  to  regain 
Cal.,  1002;  war  declared  by  UTS.A.,  161' ; 


1334 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INJDllX.,       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Mexi-Mila. 


armistice  proposetl,  162^ ;  city  surren- 
dered to ;  uprise  Hgainst  \J.  S.,  HW2  ; 
ceiies  territory  to  U.  S.,  1833,  1732;  Am. 
army  evacuates,  lOi^ ;  peace  proolainied, 
166' ;  treaty  adopted,  165' ,  317*;  neutral- 
ity proclaimed,  1692  ;  boundary  settled, 
1732;  Filibuster's  State,  1743  ;  treaty 
with  U.  S.  rejected,  liK)3;  crown  oifereil 
Maximilian,  5263  ;  U.  S.  A.  against  Fr. 
occupation,  2492;  Fr.  troops  in,  734', 
736',  7372;  Harding  Coll.  fnd.,  2782; 
Texas  troops  attacked,  296' ;  invasion 
contemplated,  3913;  first-class  mis- 
sion, 379';  Garza  enters,  4002;  Chile 
claims  damages  from,  6092;  union  pro- 
posed, 6303;  treaty  with  Japan,  10932; 
Sp.  intervention,  11313. 

Mexico,  City  of,  army  evacuates,  164'; 
taken,  1096' ;  mission  at,  10962. 

,  Gulf  of,  explored,  183. 

Meyendorif  visits  Bokhara,  5492. 

Meyer,  Adolph,  b.,  1542. 

,  Annie  Nathan,  Woman's  iror^-,  3962. 

,  Hermann,  ashes  scattered,  3793. 

,  Johann  G.,  b.,  8IO2  ;  d.,  82' . 

,  Leo,  b.,  8142. 

,  Marie  Paul  Hyacinthe,  b.,  7282. 

,  Nicholas  de,  mayor  N.  Y.,  472. 

Meyer  &  Co.,  cotton  tlrm,  fail,  3733. 

Meyerbeer,  Giacomo  (Jacob  Meyer  Beer), 
b.,  8062  (or  1791)  ;  works ;  operas  pro- 
duced, 814',  816';  d.  8222;  centenary 
celebrated,  835'. 

Meyerheim,  Fried.Eduard,b.,8083;d.,830'. 

Meyeriing  estate,  religious  uses,  53'23. 

Meyster,  Leonard,  martyr,  7891. 

Meza,  Gen.  de,  defends  Dannewerk,  6402. 

Mezerav,  Francois  Eudes  de,  b.,  6862  ; 
Hiatolre  de  France,  089' ,  d.,  6923. 

M^ziferes,  Fr.,  sorties  from,  7422;  surren- 
dered, 743'. 

,  Alfred  Jean  Fran9ois,  b.  (1826);  Life 

of  Mirabeau,  7622. 

Mezzofauti,  Giuseppe  Gagpardo,  b.,  10842; 
d.,  10863. 

Mezzotint  invented  in  Ger.,  7962,  8862. 

Miall,  Edward,  b.  (1809) ;  disest.  church, 
9743;  reward,  9762;  d.  (1881). 

Muimi  boiler  explodes,  2513. 

Miami,  O.,  Evangelical  Lutheran  General 
Synod  org.,  1682. 

Canal  completed,  1573. 

Confed.  broken,  104' ;  at  war,  102' . 

Exporting  Co.  opens  bank,  1133. 

University  org.  at  Oxford,  O.,  1323. 

Valley  Coll.  org.  at  Springboro,  277' . 

Miantonoinoft  at  Kio  de  Janiero,  446' . 

Miantonomoh  murdered,  36' . 

Miaotze  rebellion,  6172. 

Miaulis,  Andreas  Vokos,  b.-d.,  10343. 

MiazeroUe,  Alexis  Joseph,  d.,  7582. 

Mibas,  Braz.,  diamonds  discovered,  554' . 

Micah,hasaprie.st,1141';  aprophet, 11443. 

Micaiah,  prophet,  11443. 

Michal,  marries  David,  1143'. 

Micliael  I.,  prince  of  Transylvania,  5132. 

II.,  prince  of  Transylvania,  5133. 

I.,  Gr.,  emp.,  1033' . 

II.,  Gr.,  emp.,  10332. 

III.,  Gr.,  emp.,  10:«2  ;  assags.,  10333. 

IV.,  Gr.,  emp.,  10333. 

v.,  Gr.,  emp.,  10333. 

VI.,  Gr.,  emp.,  10333. 

VII.,  Gr.,  emp.,  10333. 

VIII.,  Gr.,  emp.,  b.-d.,  10342  ;  reigns, 

1035' ;  recovers  Constantinople  10352. 

I.,  grand  D.  of  Vladimir,  1111' . 

III.,  reigns  in  Russia,  11152. 

II.  of  Servia  reigns,  11233. 

III.  of  Servia  reigns,  11233. 

IV.  of  Servia  reigns,  11233. 

the  Brave,  at  Mantin,  defeats  Andreas 

Bathori,  1112',  2;  delivers  Turks;  ap- 
pointed pr.  of  Wallachia ;  annexes  Mol- 
davia ;  d.,  11122. 

Cerularius,  patriarch  ;  exiled,  10323. 

Constantius  Psellus,  works,  10323. 

Koributh-Wiesnowiski  reigns,  11153. 

Palseologus     takes     Constantinople, 

11542. 

,  St.,  reported  appearance,  8423. 

Michaelis,  Friedrich,  b.,  8103. 

,  Johann  David,  b.,  7983;  d.,  8043. 

Micliaelius,  .Jonas,  in  N.  Amsterdam,  302. 

Michaelmas  instituted,  10703. 

Michailotf  condemned.  1121' . 

Michaud,  Abb(5,  Old  Catholic,  746*. 

, -Joseph    Francois,   b.,    703';    works, 

7192,  729' ;  d.,  7282. 


Michaud,  Louis  Gabriel,  b.  (1772) ;  Biogra- 
nliie  Universelle,  7192;  d.  (1858). 

Michaux,  Andre,  b.,  7003;  d.,  7143. 

,  Franyois  Andr^,  b.,  70*2;  d.,  7322. 

Michelangelo  (Buonarrotti),  b.,  10783  ; 
architect  of  St.  Peter's,  1080';  works, 
10782;  d.,  10803. 

Michel,  Dan,  Aijenbite  of  Inwyt,  8583. 

,  Francisque  Xavier,  b.,  719' ;  d.,  7562. 

,  Jean,  The  Pansimi,  6783. 

,  Sir  John,  b.,  9323. 

,  Louise,  anarchist,  b.  (1830)  ;  impris- 
oned, 7542;  arrested,  7603,  701' . 

Michelet,  Jules,  b.,713' ;  works, 7272, 7302; 
d.,  7482. 

,  Karl  Ludwig,  b.,  807' ;  d.,  8282. 

Michelis,  Friedrich,  b.  (1815) ;  d.,  832' . 

Michell,  John  L.,nom.for  vice-pres.,4092. 

Micheltorena,  Manuel,  gov.  Cal.,  1553. 

Michie,  Sergt.,  wins  rifle  prize,  974' . 

Miviiigan,  plot  to  capture  disc.,  2382. 

Michigan,  M.  de  Mesey,  gov.;  M.  de  Cour- 
celles,  gov.,  423;  Fr.  nag  planted,  482  ; 
Guy  Carleton,  gov.,  772  ;  Fred.  Haldi- 
mand,  gov.,  892  ;  invaded,  923  ;  Henry 
Hamilton,  gov.,  99';  Lord  Dorchester, 
gov.,  992  ;  Arthur  St.  Clair,  gov.,  1073  ; 
Will.  H.  Harrison,  gov.,  1112;  Territory 
find.,  1132;  Win.  Hull,  gov.,  1133;  Macki- 
naw surrendered  to  Brit.,  118' ;  John  T. 
Oilman,  gov.,  1213;  Cong.  Church  fnni., 
1343  ;  state  Library  fnd.,  137';  Geo.  B. 
Porter,  gov.,  1392  ;  Prot.  Epis.  dio<rese 
org.,  1402;  N.  S.  Pres.  synod  org.,  1442;  S. 
T.  Mason,  gov.,  1452  ;  C.  Lynch,  gov., 
1453  ;  Meth.  Epis.  Conference  find. ;  S. 
M.  Coskry,  P.  E.  bp.,  1462  ;  state  ad- 
mitted, 1472;  "Wm.  Woodbridge,  gov., 
153';  Christian  Herald  issued,  155'; 
Univ.  Library  fnd.,  1543  ;  ,J.  Wright 
Gordon,  gov.,  1552  ;  copper  mining  be- 
gins, 1593  ;  ,John  S.  Barrv,  gov.,  1572, 
1692  ;  Wm.  L.  Greenly,  gov.,  1633  ;  Epa- 
phroditus  Ransom,  gov.,  1652  ;  canal 
connects  Lake  Mich,  and  111.  River,  1653; 
constitution  forbids  license  laws,  169'; 
Robt.  McClelland,  gov.,  1712  ;  Kinsley 
S.  Bingham,  gov.,  1792  ;  M.  Agri.  Coif, 
est.  (1857) ;  railroad  lanils  granted,  1813  ; 
Evan.  Lutheran  Syiiodical  Conference 
org.,  1902;  Austin  Blair,  gov.,  2032  ;  Free 
Meth.  Conference  org. ,  241 ' ;  ratifies  13th 
Amend.,  2432;  public  library  fnd.,  2502; 
Henry  H.  Crapo,  gov.,  251';  ratifies 
14th  Amend.,  2573  ;  Henry  P.  Baldwin, 
gov. ,2692;  Constitutional  Amend.,  273' ; 
forest  fires  rage,  274',  30!)3,  3833,  3933, 
4313,  470' ,  4712  ;  aid  to  sulTerers,  2743  ; 
State  Boaril  of  Health  org.,  283' ;  John 
J.  Bagley,  gov.,  2H5' ;  Battle  Creek  Coll. 
fnd., 2803  ;  Constitution  ratified;  female 
suffrage  defeated,  2872;  Mackinac  Island 
made  park,  2892;  Prohibitory  law,  2943, 
3032,  329' ;  Chas.  M.  Crosswell,  gov., 
2973  ;  new  capitol,  3013  ;  insane  asylum 
at  Poiitiac,301' ;  David  11.  Jerome,  gov., 
3093;  .Josiah  W.  Begole,  gov.,  3152;  Rus- 
sell A.  Alger,  gov.,  3233;  Citizens'  Union 
org.,  32i)';  Cyj'us  G.  Luce,  gov.,  3293; 
Clias.  C  (iraftoii,  cons.,  3383  ;  heavy 
snowfall,  340';  women  to  vote,  341'; 
high-license  enacted,  343';  R.  R.  lanils 
surrendered,  34,'>2  ;  Secret  Ballot  Law 
enacted,  3492  ;  James  W.  Turner  nom. 
for  gov.,  3672;  Local-Option  Law  consti- 
tutional, 3702;  Electors  Bill  passes,  3832; 
Congressional  Reapnortionnieut  Bill 
passed,  3853  ;  St.  Clair  River  tunnel 
opened,  3093,  3913  ;  Edwin  B.  Winans, 
gov.,  399' ;  Miner  Electoral  Law  uncon- 
stitutional. 409';  pine  land  purchase, 
4133  ;  Evan.  Luth.  United  Ger.  Synod 
org.,  4202  ;  gold  rock  dis.,  434';  R.  R. 
strike,  4262;  boycott  decision,  427' ,2; 
Woman  Suffrage'Law  unconstitutional, 
4412;  John  T.  Rich,  gov.,  447',  4793; 
miners'  riot,  4642  ;  bribery  in  school- 
board,  4702. 

Central  R.  R.  opd.,  1493,  nis  ;  col- 
lision, 1733. 

Coll.  of  Medicine  opd.,  3023. 

,  Lake,  first  steamboat  on,  1293. 

Southern  R.  R.  completed,  1713;  acci- 

dent,.1853. 

Michlucho-Maclay,  Nikolas,  b.,  11182. 
Michmash,  seat  of  J.  Maccabeus,  11493. 
Mickiewicz,  Adam,  b.,  11162;  d.,  11182. 
Mickle,  Wm.  Julius,  b.,  9082;  d.,  9243. 
Micronesia,  mission  opd.,  10403. 


Microphone,  Edison  invents,  294'. 
Microscope  inv.,  10982;  imp,  9102. 
Microscopical  Soc.  (Royal)  find.,  9482. 
Microscojnsts,  Am.  Soc.  meets,  388' . 
Microtasimeter  invented,  298' . 
Mlddelburg,  Neth.,  taken,  1098' . 
Middleborough,  Mass.,  Bapt.  ch.  find. ,71 ' . 
Middlebrook,  N.  J.,WaBh.  at,  862,  90' . 
Middleburg,  Va.,  Confeds.  defeated,  223' . 
Middlebury  Coll.  fnd..  Vt.,   Ill';   C.   J. 

Starr's  gift  to,  4082;  R.  R.  accident  near, 

3452. 
Middle  Creek.  Ky.,  battle  of,  2022. 

Fork  Bridge,  W.  Va.,  battle  of,  19G2. 

,  Tenn.,E.  L.  Gen.  Synod  org.,  3002. 

Middleport,  N.  Y.,  Sons  "of  Vets.  ineet,4623. 
Middlesborough,    Eng.,    Bp.  Lacy  cons., 

9822. 
,  Ky.,  Grant  and  Lee  Monument  Asso. 

org.,  361' ;  sale  of  land,  3493. 
Middlesex,  Harrow  School  fnd.,  8743. 

Canal  opd,  Mass.,  1133;  filled,  1762. 

,  E.  of,  minister,  8992. 

,  Joppling  S.,  gets  prize,  962' . 

County  Record  Soc.  fnd.,  Eng.,  9923. 

Middleton,  Arthur,  b.,  642;  gov.,  593,  612- 

d.,982. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  903' . 

,  Bp.,  completes  cathedral,  8642. 

,  Capt.    Christopher,    exjilorer,    575'; 

in  Hudson  Bay,  5753  ;  d.  (1770). 
,  Conyers,   b.,  9862;    Cicero,  911';  d., 

9123. 
,  Sir  Fred.  Dobson,  b.  (1825) ;  at  Fish 

Creek,  684' ;  camp  inspection,  688' ;  fare- 
well to  militia,  690' ;  convicted,  5903. 
,  Henry,  b.  (1771)  ;  pres.  of  Cong.,  792; 

gov.  S.  C,  1173;  d.  (1846). 

,  John,  giant,  born,  8752. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  8742  ;  works,  8783,  8803: 

d.,  8821 . 

,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  905'. 

,  Viscount.    (See  Brodrick,  Alan.) 

Middletown,  Conn.,  incor.,  973;  Wesleyan 

Univ.  org.,  139',    Univ.   Library  fnd., 

1423;  City  Hospital  est., 397'. 

,  Md.,  action  at,  213' . 

,  N.  J.,  Baptists  settle,  382,  432. 

,  O.,  accident,  3893  ;  oil-well,  424' . 

,  Tenn.,  Confederates  defeated,  233'. 

Midhat  Pasha,  b.-d.,  11563  ;  grand  vizier, 

11592;  gov.  Syria;  in  Smyrna,  11693. 
Midian,  Capt.  Burton,  explores,  4883. 
Midianites  defeated,  1140' . 
Midland  Coll.,  Atchison,  Kan.  (Luth.)  est. 

(1887). 
Ry.  Co.  changes  rates,  9793  ;  strike, 

9843,997'. 
Midland  Counties  Herald  issue<i,  Eng.,9483. 
Midlothian,  Va.,  explosion  of  mines,  1773. 
Midnapur,  grant  of,  10452;  mission,  1047' . 
Mlecislas  I.  elected  D.  of  Poland,  11132  ; 

a  Christian,  1113'. 

II.,  D.  of  Poland,  11133. 

111.  reigns  in  Poland  ;  deposed,  11133. 

IV.  reigns  in  Poland,  11133. 

Mieczeslav,  D.  of  Pol.,  vassal  of  Ger.,  7762. 
Miel.orMeel,  Jan,  b.,  5403;  d.,541>. 
Mier,  action  near,  1096'. 
Mieris,  Frans  van,  b.-d.,  11003. 
Mieroslawski,   Ludwig,  b.,  11163  ;  insur- 
rectionist, 8183,  11181 ;  d.,  11182. 
Mifflin,  Thomas,  b.,  662;  nia].-gen.,  86'; 

pres.  Pa.,  101' ;  gov.  Pa.,  1032;  d.,  1082. 
Mignard,  Pierre,  b.,  6862;  d.,  6943. 
Migne,  L'Abb6,  Jacques  Paul,  b.,  7142;  d., 

750'. 
Mignet,  Franfois  Auguste  Marie,  b.,  7123; 

works,  726' ,  7303;  d.,  754' . 
Migration  Society  liiternat.,  4743. 
Miguel,  Herr,  minister,  8352. 
,  Maria  Evaristo,  b.-d.,  II102 ;  squadron 

captured ;    defeated,    1110' ;    expelled, 

11102;  king,  1111'. 
Miguelon  Island,  confirmed,  733. 
Mihalovitz,  J.,  cons,  bp.,  5302. 
Mikado,  Jap.,  institutes  Order  of  Golden 

Falcon,  10923;  supreme  authority,  1093'. 
Mikados,  choice  of,  10912. 
Mikandani  captured,  8382. 
Mikkel,  works,  6363. 
Miklos,  Lieut.,  long  ride,  8373. 
Miklosich,  Franz,  b.,  6202  ;  d.  (1891). 
Milan,    fnd.,    1051 ',3;    capital    Western 

Empire,  10692  ;  sacked,  1070' ;  destroyed, 

10702;     in    Lombard     kingdom,    1073'; 

forces  Conrad  to  acknowledge  It.  fiefs ; 

independent,    10752;    destroyed,    778', 

built,   779';     cathedral    begun,    1077'; 


I 


Mila-Mine. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1335 


duchy,  controversy  over;  House  of 
SforzH  rules,  10793 ;  Fr.  enter,  678a ; 
Kr.  expelled,  78(>< ,  10813  ;  given  to  Fr., 
7873;  surrendereil,  080 1 ,  7781;  Francis 
I.  enters,  680' ;  resigned  by  Francis,  681 3; 
passes  to  Sp.,  10813  ;  Francis  1.  claims, 
71)01 ;  difficulty  settled  ;  possession  dis- 
pute; given  to  riiilip,  7013  ;  Sunday  in- 
struction intro.,  10832  ;  ceded,  515' ;  con- 
quered, 6981,  7rii,  10531;  Bonaparte 
enters,  5181 ;  capital,  7132  ;  Fr.  lose  ; 
taken  by  Kng.,  10841;  geized  by  Fr., 
10852;  regained  byFr.,  10853;  invaded, 
10861;  Napoleon  I.  crowned,  7153;  />oli~ 
grafOy  10852  ;  I'oUtecmco  issued ;  Bibll- 
oteca  Italiana  issued ;  CoiwUiator  is- 
sued, 10871;  mission  in,  10883;  Cliarles 
Albert  enters  ;  revolts,  520i ,  6793  ;  evac- 
uated, 5213  ;  Austrians  take,  52'2i ;  peace 
of,  10873;  outbreak  suppressed,  5241, 
7761,  10781;  International  Peace  Con- 
gress meets,  10903. 
Milan,  rrince,\ved8  Xatalie  Kesbko, 11233, 

I.,    K.    of   Servia,    11241 ;    divorced, 

11233  ;  abdicates,  11241 ;  reigns,  11243. 

•—  IV.,  reigns  in  Servia,  11233. 

Decree,  Fr.,  1152,9333. 

Milborue,  death  warrant,  503;  hanged,  51 3. 
Milburn,  William  Henry,  b.,  1303. 
Mildmay,  Sir  Walter,  b.  (1520?) ;  minister, 

8753  ;  d.  (1589). 

Mileage  Resolution  lost.  Congress,  4362. 

Miledoler,  Philip,  moderator,  1143. 

Miles  City,  JMont.,  against  Indians,  3631 . 

,  Dixon  H.,  b.,  1122  ;  surrenders  Har- 
per's Ferry,  2131 ;  d.,  2133. 

,  Xclson  Ai)pleton,  b.  (1839) ;  atFarm- 

ville,  2451;  defeats  Indians,  2601;  de- 
feats Sioux,  2941;  succeeds  Gen.  Crook, 
3221;  at  Skeleton  Ca«on,  Ariz.,  3*241; 
major-gen.,  3541;  at  Pine  Ridge,  3741; 
in  coast  dept.,  474i ;  commands  dept.  of 
the  East,  4761. 

,  Pliny,  b.  (1818)  ;  d.,  2452. 

,  Richard  Pius,  b.,  1861 . 

,  Sir  R.  S.,  governor  Canada,  5773. 

Miletus,  Asia,  besieged,  1016* ;  democratic 
govt,  est.,  10173;  naval  battle,  10203; 
revolts,  10213  ;  war  with  Lydia,  1144*  ; 
destroyed,  11461. 

Milford,  Conn.,  anniversary,  3453. 

,  Mo.,  Confederates  defeated,  2011 . 

Haven,Wales,  battle  near ,8601  jsham 

battles,  9941. 

Milhaud,  Com5>act  of,  signed,  6852. 

Milic  of  Moravia,  a  reformer,  5062. 

Military  Academy  est.  West  Point,  llOi . 

,  Charleston,  S.  C,  reopened,  3102, 

,  Paris,  established,  7001 . 

App.  Rill,  2571 ,  3771 ,2,  4012,4032, 

4213,4251,4551,4652. 

Rill  passes,  Aust.,  5313. 

departments,  Fr.  divided  into,  7341 . 

despatch  by  bicycle  relays,  4061 . 

District  Rill,  2571;  districts  est., 2572. 

education  supported,  Belg.,  5472. 

governments  withdrawn.  Am.,  2701 . 

league,  Confed.  in  Tenn.,  1942,  1952. 

Reconstruction  Act  passed,  2432. 

Reserve  Act  passes,  G.  B.,  9621 . 

liockets,  invented,  9322. 

rule,  in  Canada,  5753. 

service  reduced,  France,  757' . 

freedom,  Germany,  7703, 

stores  for  war  colonies,  793. 

tribunals  unconstitutional.  Am.,  2563, 

Militia,  org.  in  Mass.,  792;  provided  for, 
793;  mutiny,  ^3;  org.  in  Penn.,  1051; 
of  New  Orleans  calledout,116i ;  Enroll- 
ment Act,  2U3  ;  census,  4221,  4501, 5941, 
statistics,  U.  S.  A.,  4243  ;  reorg.,  4561; 
power  to  call  out,  5891 ;  first  created,  Fr., 
6701  ;  service  restored,  Eng.,  8501  ;  cen- 
sus, Eng.,  8801. 

Act  passes,  G.  B.,  9313;  Bill  passes, 

U.S.,  5812, 3. 

of  Jesus  Society  org.,  7502. 

Milk  Creek,  Colo.,  fight  with  Indians,  302i . 

condensation,  1601 ;  low  price,  8733. 

Mill  Spring,  Ky.,  battle  of,  2022. 

,  James,  b.,  9183  ;  works,  9331 ,  JH43  ; 

d.,  9482. 

,  John  Stuart,  b.,  9323  ;  works,  9523, 

9G23,  9682j  9783;  Female  Sutt'rage  Rill, 
9712  ;  chairman  Land  Tenure  Reform 
League,  9752;  d.,  9781 ;  statue,  97Gi. 

,  silk  throwing,  erected.  904i . 

Millais,  John  Everett,  b.,  9442  ;  paintings, 
9582,9681,  9761. 


Millar,  John,  b.  (1735) ;  d.,  9303. 
Millaud,  fcdonara  B.  P.,  minister,  7553. 
Millbank,  military  prison  est.,  9753. 
Milledge,  John,  b.(l757)  ;  gov.,  1113  ;  pres. 

senate,  1153;  d.,1262. 
MiUedgeville,  Ga.,  Gen.  Sherman  at, 2401 . 
Milledoler,    Philip,    b.,  823  ;    moderator, 

i;»3  ;  pres.  Ref.  Synod,  1311 ;  d.  (1852). 
Millen,  Ga.,  Sherman  at,  2402. 

,  Horace  W.,  murdere<l,  2911 , 

Millenary  Petition  presented,  Eng.,  8791 . 
Miller,  Catherine,  hanged,  3071 . 

,  Charles,  murdered,  4743. 

, Henry,  b.,  1542. 

,  —  W.,  nominee  for  gov.  Pa.,  3672. 

,  Col.,  at  Gallatin,  2103. 

,  Emily  Huntington,    pros.   Women's 

College  N.  W.  University,  3902. 

,  Father,  d.,588l. 

,  Gen.,  captured  Honduras,  10411 . 

,  Hugh,  b.,  9303;    works,  9503,  901 1; 

d.,9603. 
,  James,  b.  (1776±) ;  defeats  Brit,  and 

Inds.,  1181 ;  d.  (1744). 

, ,  b.  (1776) ;  gov.  1273  ;  d.  (1851). 

, Fergurson,  b.  (1805)  ;  d.,  2622. 

,  Joaquin,  b.,  1522  ;  works,  2771 ,  2823, 

2911,3003,3183. 

,  John,  gov.  X.  Dak.,  3492. 

,  Joseph,  b.,  98C2  ;  d.,  9102. 

,  Capt.  Joseph  N.,  commodore,  4561 , 

, S.,  in  treas.  dept.,  4472. 

,  Keeley,  murders  mayor,  4443. 

,  Lewis,  org.  Chautauqua  Circle,  3003. 

,  Martin,  Das  Deutsches  Museum,  8051 . 

,  Merrill,  promoted  captain,  420i 

,  Pres., N.C.,  imprisoned  ;  redress, 473. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  76i ;  d.,  1681 . 

, Freeman,  b.,1242  ;  justice,  2173; 

Electoral  Commission, 2951  j  Consfitutioii 

of  U.  ,S.,3982;  d.,3701. 
— -,  Stephen,  b.  (1816);  gov.,  2413;  d.(1881). 
, Decatur,  b.   (1787) ;    gov.  S.  C, 

1372  ;  d.  (1838). 

,  Warner,  b.,  1501 ;  senator,  3092. 

,  William,  adventist,  b.,  93i ;  lectures, 

1422;  d.,  1662. 

, ,  governor  N.  C,  1233. 

, ,  engraver,  b.,  9283  ;  d.,  9901 . 

, ,  poet,  b.,  9351 ;  d.  (1872). 

^ Allen,  b.,  9382  ;  d.,  9742. 

,  —  Hallows,  b.,  9323  ;  d.,  9861 . 

, Henry  Harrison,  b.  (1840) ;  atty.- 

gen.,  3.372. 

, Patrick,  paddle  wheels,  9241 . 

, R.,  governor  Ark.,  2973, 

car-coupler  and  buffer  i>atent,  2291 . 

Millerites  (Adventists)  appear,  1422. 
Miller8burg,Ky.,  WesleyanColl.org., 3543. 
,  O.,  lynching,  4042. 

Miller's  Hill  fortified,  Boston,  803. 

Millesimo,  Fr.  victory,  7121. 

Millet,  Aim^,  b.,  7222  ;  d.,  7G0i . 

,  Francis  Davis,  b. ,  1602 ;  Academician , 

322 1 . 

,  Jacques,  works,  6783, 

— ~,  Jean  Francois,  b.,  7222  (^eQAngelus) ; 

paintings,  3422,  7342,  7581 ;  d.  (1875). 
— ,  Pierre,  b.,  6882  ;  d.,  6963. 
Millevoye,  Chas. Hubert, b., 7051 ;  d.,7222. 

,  M.,  charge  to  Clemenceau,  7653. 

Milliam,  Pr.  of  Achia  in  N.  Africa,  8i . 

Millie-Christine  twins,  b.,  1701 . 

Milligan  Coll.,  Milligan,  Tenn.  (Christian), 

est.  (1882). 

,  L.  P.,  sentenced,  2392. 

Milliken's  Bend,  La.,  expedition  at,  2171 ; 

Confederates  defeated,  2222. 
Millin,  Aubin  Louis,  b.,  7023  )  d.  (1818). 
Millington,  Tenn.,  negroes  killed,  4702, 
Millot,  Claude  Francis  Xavier,  b.,  6982  ; 

d.,7061. 
Millow,  S.,  Lebensmackte,  8342. 
Mills  erected,  England,  8901 . 

,  Anson,  commissioned  col.,  4001 . 

,  Clark,  b.,1242;  d.,312i. 

,  D.  O.,  gift  to  California,  3201 . 

,  Roger  Quarles,  b.,  1401;  Tariff  Bill, 

3293, 5^7 1 ,3,592 ;  commercecoramissioner, 

3972  ;  speech,  4391 ,  4552. 
,  Samuel  J.,  b.  (1783) ;  moderator,  1142; 

org.  Am.  Miss.  Soc,  1163,  1171 ;  d.(1818). 
,  T.  A.,  moderator^  1902, 

College,  California,  opened,  2763, 

Millsap,  R.  W.,  gift  to  coll.,  3362. 
Millson,  J.  S.,  on  Committee  of  33,  189i. 
Mills  River,  Mass.,  flood,  2853. 
Milltown,  Earl,  title  created,  9132. 
MillviUe,  X.  J.,  saloons  opened,  3931. 


Millwall,  Far  East,  launched,  9662. 

Milnmn,  Henry  Hart,  b.,  9243;  works, 
9443,  9603  ;  d.,  9722. 

Milmore,  Martin,  b.  (1844) ;  d.,  3141 . 

Milne,  William,  missionary,  6163. 

Edwards,  Henri,  b.,  7142  ;  d.,  7542. 

Milner,  Isaac,  b.,  9123  ;  d.,  9402. 

,  Joseph,  b.,  9103  ;  d.  (1797). 

.  Thom;is  A.,  d.,  1522. 

Milnes,  Richard  Mon<!kton,  L.  Houghton, 
b.,9351;  Li/eaiul  LHterttof,  d.,  9941 

Milo,  departs  to  Epirus  ;  in  S.  It.,  10522. 

,  TitusAnnius,j>artisans  riotous, 10592. 

overthrows  Clodius,  10593. 

Milroy,  Robert  H.,  b.  (1814) ;  at  Camp  Al- 
leghany, M'.  Va..  2011;  at  McDowell, 
2071;  a't  Winchester,  2223;  near  Mur- 
freesboro,  2402. 

Miltiades,  at  Marathon,  IOI8I  ;  takes  Lem- 
nos,  10161;  attacks  Paros,  1018 1 ;  d., 
10191. 

Miltitz,  Karl  von,  advises  Luther,  7882. 

Milton,  Cal.,  stage  robbery,  4563. 

,  Mass.,  Hemenway  will,  4521. 

,  N.  C,  R.  R.  accident,  4373. 

,  Tenn.,  Confederates  defeated,  2201 

,  John,  b.(1740i) ;  electoral  vote,  1012. 

gov,  Fla.,  2032. 

, ,  poet,  b.,  8781 ;  works,  8823,  8»43, 

8851 ,  8883,  8931 ,  8923  ;  Latin  Sec,  8873  ; 
d.,  8922. 

,  College  organized,  Wisconsin,  2603. 

Milwaukee  blown  up,  2442. 

Milwaukee,  Wis.,  Bapt.  church  opd.,  1483; 
R,  C.  diocese  est.,  1582;  Prot.  Epis.  dio- 
cese est.,  1631 ;  Musik-Verein  est.  at, 
1681 ;  mobkills  prisoner,  1771  ;R.R.  opd., 
1833;  Nat.  Soldiers*  Home  est.,  2691; 
Gerviania;  Der  Haun-  und  Bauernfreima 
issued,  2823;  Am.  C(mstituti<mal  Union 
meets,  2832  ;  created  archi episcopal 
see, 2902;  Nat.Ger.-Am.  Teachers' Sem. 
opd.,  3003;  State  Insane  Asylum  opd., 
3032  ;  Charity  t)rganization  Soc.  fmd., 
3091;  exposition  opd.,  3093;  Daily  Jour- 
nal issued,  310^;  Newhall  House  burned, 
3133;  school  for  deaf  opd.,  3I7i ;  statue 
of  Washington,  3201 ;  Normal  School 
opd.,  3223;  Layt<m  Art  Gallery  opd., 
3281;  syndicate  purchases  mines,  3433; 
millers  combine,  3513;  Roman  Catholics 
against  Bennett  law,  3562;  Ger  and 
Eng.  academy  gift,  3602;  grip  3813; 
Saengerfest  receipts,  3871  ;  \illard  syn- 
dicate, 3893;  train  robbers,  3943;  rail- 
way wreck,  4033;  Archbp.  Katzer's 
letter,  4062;  fire,  4173,  4573;  bomb  ex- 
plosion, 4211 ;  Falk,  incendiary,  4423; 
county  officials  consi)iraey,  4703;  Pesch- 
mann'murder,  4883 . 

Milzow,  Gerhard,  work,  11042. 

Mina,  Francisco  Javier,  b.-d.,  10952;  ex- 
pedition, 10951 . 

Minamoto,  Jap.,  clans  war  with  Taira 
clans,  10901  j  male  line  ceases;  exiled; 
clans  fill  inilitarv  offices ;  supreme,  1091 2 . 

Minas,  Braz.,  goldmines, 5623;  conspiracy 
in,  separates  from  Silo  Paulo,  5551 :  bat- 
tle of,  5742. 

Mincio,  passage,  5182;  battles,  7141 ,  7202. 

Miiico,  1.  T.,  lynching,  471 1 . 

Mindarus,naval  commander;  killed, 10203. 

Minden,  La.,  mob  kill  prisoner,  4703. 

,  Prus.,  battle,  5162;  bishopric, 7703. 

Mine  Creek,  Mo.,  Confeds.  defeated,  2391. 

Run,  Meade  and  Lee  at,  2283. 

Mine  Workers  of  Am.  meet,  3763. 
Miner,  Alonzo  Ames,  b.,  1231 , 
,  Charles,  b.  (1780);  d.,  2482. 

, ,  W.,  commissioned  major,  4561. 

,  John  R.,  indictments  against,  310», 

Mineral  system  first  laid  out,  7901 . 

tar  discovered,  9261 . 

wax  arrives  from  Utah,  3341 . 

Range  R.R.,  Mich., train  robber8,438i. 

Mineralogical  Soc.  est.,  G.  B.,  930i ,  9801. 
Mineralogy,  professorship  fml.,  9351 . 
Miners'  Conf.,  5403,  7482;  in  Paris,  7603. 

conv.  at  Nevada  City,  Cal.,  3113. 

Eight-Hour  Bill,  10091 . 

Federation,  and  Firemen's  and  Sei^ 

men's  union  cnmbine,  10103, 

Internat.  Cong.,  5482. 

Nat.  Progressive  Union  agrees, ^2>, 

Minerva  issued,  6391 

,  satellite  discovered,  2581 . 

Minerva,  worship  of.  10131,  10503;  statue, 

10203;  temple  biult.  10502. 
Minerve  Frangaise,  La^  issued,  723i, 


1336 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figurea  indicate  Column.  Ming-MisS. 


Ming  dynasty  rules,  6162. 

Mingan,  defenses  destroyed,  6221 , 

Mingchow,  rebels  hold,  6202. 

Minghetti,  Marco,  b.,  10862;  prime  minis- 
ter, 10892;  d.,  10901. 

Mingo  Swamp,  Mo.,  action  at,  2182, 

Mingti,  constructs  dyke,  6102;  enthroned, 
6113,  6131 ;  reforms,  6132. 

Minhla,  fort  captured,  10482. 

Minh-Mang,  king  Ann,  4811 ;  d.,  4813. 

Mini6,  Claude  Etienue,  b.,  7191 ;  d.,  7521. 

Minike,  Henry,  heretic,  d.,  7783. 

Mining  Engineers  meet  Am.  Inst.,  368'. 

- —  craze,  Braz.,  5553. 

Mining  Journal  issued,  9463. 

Ministers,  life  incumbent,  542;     annuity 
tax,  Eug.,  9623.     (See  Clergy.) 

,  minority,  Eng.,  first  time,  9173. 

of  War  (G.  B.),  duties,  96ia. 

,  trial  of,  for  treason,  Fr.,  7253. 

Ministry  of  colonies  find.,  Fr.,  7672. 

Minneapolis  launched,  434i,  trial  speed, 
4611. 

,  Minn.,  Congregational  Church  frnd., 

1702;  bridge  comnleted,  176 1 ;  Tribune 
issued,  2583;  Univ.  of  M.  org.,  2623; 
Augsburg  Theo.  Ssiu.  opd.,  2663;  united 
witn  St.  Anthony,  281' ;  Journal  issued, 
3003;  dis.  Falls  of  St.  Anthony  eel.,  3053; 
Charity  Organization  Soc.  tm  I.,  3I9i; 
fire,  4192,  3933,  4353;  gyndicata  frnd., 
3433;  average  flour  production,  .3953; 
Rep.  Nat.  Cniven.  meets,  4031;  Pres. 
Menage's  liabilities,  4423;  aid  for  Ar- 
menians, 47fJ2. 
Minnehaha  Falls,  Soldiers'  Home,  329i. 
Minnesingers  tioufish,  Gei\,  7782. 
Minnesota  Territory  org. ,1652;  Alex  Bam- 
sey,  gov.,  1671,1903;  Willis  A.  (iorman, 
gov.,  1743;  Congregational  Congress 
org.,  1782;  Congregational  Geu.  Asso. 
org.,  180* ;  Prot.  Epis.  diocese  est., 
1822;  Sara.  Medary,  gov.,  1832;  admitted, 
1851 ;  Henry  H.Sibley,gov.,  1852;  Evang. 
liUth.  Synodical  Conf.  org.,  1902;  Greit 
Sioux  War.,  2111;  Stephen  MilleiMr  >/., 
2413;  ratifies  13th  Atneml., '2432;  \y.  R. 
Marshall,  gov.,  2553;  rejects  negro  suf- 
frage, 2562;  ratifies  14th  Amend.,  2573; 
Tribtine  issued,  2533;  Univ.  of  M.  est., 
2623, 2662;  Constitution  ratirted;  negroes 
onfranchised,2i>52;  N'ormil Schools  opd., 
2662;  ratifies  15th  Amend.,  2633;  vote  to 
remove  capital,  2692 ;  local  option 
adopted,  2723  ;  Horace  Austin,  gov., 
2732;  forest  fires,  2741,  3933,  4332,  466I, 
4673;  Free  Meth.  Conf.  fmd.,  3762;  Min- 
neapolis and  St.  Anthony  united,  281 1 ; 
snow-storm,  2313;  saloon-keeper's  tax, 
2831 ;  locusts  ravage,  2841 ;  Gushman  K. 
Davis,  gov., 2873;  Woman's  suffrage  par- 
tially est.,  2892;  Johns.  Pillsbury,gov., 
2951 ;  Constitutional  Amend.,  2673;  State 
Inebriate  Asylum  est.,  SOU;  School  for 
Feeble  minded  est.,  3032  ;  Lucius  F. 
Hubbard,  gov.,  3152 ;  And.  B.  McGiU, 
gov.,  3252;  State  Insane  Asylum  est., 
3251 ;  High  License  adopted;  Soldiers' 
Home  e^t.,  3291;  Normal  School  opd., 
3303;  W.  R.  Merriam,  gov.,  3332,  3652, 
3901 ;  wind  storms  and  prairie  fires,  3381 ; 
mound  builders'  relics  dis.,  3382,  3661 ; 
Pillsbury's  gift  to  univ.,  3383;  Indians 
resign  land,  3432;  Beef  Inspection  Law 
unconstitutional, 3452, 3592;  great  wheat 
crop,  3453;  Secret  Ballot  Law,  3492; 
Memorial  day,  3503;  cyclone,  364t;  S. 
M.  Owens  nom.  for  gov.,  365 1 ;  militia 
ordered  out,  366i ;  Thomas  Wilson  nom. 
for  gov.,  3691  ;  Ghippewas  welcome 
Sioux;  sham  fight,  3703;  State  Turn- 
fest  School  system,  4102;  lumber  syn- 
dicate, 4233  ;  Cigarette  Bill  passes, 
423*  ;  arrested  legislators  dismissed, 
4272 ;  school  children,  free  religion, 
4322;  boycotting  legal,  4352;  Faribault 
school  plan  fails,  43Si ;  anti-pool  rooms, 
4421 ;  lumber  robbery,  4422;  Knute  Nel- 
son, gov.,  4471 ;  bad-debt  agendy  swin- 
dlers, 4522;  mob  of  strikers,  4582;  fires 
checked,  4713;    storm,  4733. 

-^-.  Univ.  org.,    2623  ;     medical    depart, 
opd.,  3322, 

Minnetonka,  Lake,  Minn.,  bones  of  mound 
builders  found,  3661, 

Minnie  seized,  5893, 

Minor,    Wra.    Thomaa,    b.    (1815)  ;    gov., 
1791. 

Minorca,  Island,  taken,  702' ,  704i,  11261, 


11281;  surrenders,  912i ;  lost  to  Eng., 
9213;  restored.  11312. 

Minot,  Charles,  b.  (1810);  d.,  2541 . 

,  Lawrence,  I rar-Zi/rics,  8583. 

Minotaur,  lost,  9342. 

,  launched,  9661. 

Min  River,  fleet  destroyed,  622» . 

Minster,  Baron,  title  created,  9372. 

Mint  erected.  Am.,  393;  nat.,  est.,  1033, 
1373;  branch  mints  est.,  1452;  gold  de- 
posited, 1653;  branch  opd.  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, 1713;  Coinage  Act  passes  Con^.; 
foreign  coinage  authorized,  2582;  est.  in 
Can.,  4972;  completeii  G.  B.,  9353. 

Mintern,  Eng.,  damaged,  lOOOi . 

Minto,  Lord,  gov  .-gen. ,9.333;  title  created, 
9372;  lord  admiralty,  9473;  gov.  of  India, 
10472. 

Minucius,  Marcus  attacks  Hannibal, 10541 . 

Minuit,  Peter,  b.  (1580J:);  gov.  NewNeth., 
312,353;   d.,361. 

Minvielle,  Gabriel,  mayor  N.  Y.,493. 

Miosho-Tenno  reigns,  10913, 

Mira,  Senor  Sanchez,  segundo  cabo,  6342. 

Mirabeau,  Couite  de  (Gabriel  Honor*i  de 
Riquetti),  b.,  7003;  orator,  7061 ,  7072;  d., 
7082,  3. 

.  castle  captured,  6701. 

Miracle  plays  m  Eng.,  8541 . 

Miracles  multiply  in  Italy,  10722, 

Mirafiores,  Peru,  battle  of,  60<;3. 

,  Marq.  (Manuel  dePando),  b.-d.,  11302. 

Miramichi,  Can.,  settled,  5753  ;  fire,  5793. 

Miramon,  Miguel,  b.-d.,  10962  ;  bombards 
Vera  Cruz;  siege,  defeated,  10961 ;  presi- 
dent Mex.,  10963. 

Miranda  abandoned,  4701 . 

Miranda,  Francis,  b.-d.,  11283. 

Mirbel,  Charles  Francois  (Brisseau  de  Mlr- 
bel),  b.,7043  ;  d.,  7322. 

,  Lizinska  Aim^e  Z06  Rue  de,  b.,  7123; 

d.,  7322. 

Mircca  reigns  in  Wallachia,  11121 . 

Mirecourt,  Eu^fene,  de,  b.,  7192  ;  d.,  7522. 

Miriam^  asteroid,  discovered,  2621. 

Miribel,  Marie  Franpois,  d.,  7641. 

Mir  Jafar  dethroned,  10452;  bribery,  10153. 

Jnmla  invades  Assam,  lOMi . 

Kasiin  enthroned  ;  revolts,  10452. 

Maasum,  conqueror  ;  d.,  5492. 

Mabbub  Ali,  nizam,  10492. 

Muhammad  rules,  5393. 

Wais,  b.,  43. 

Mirkhond,  b.-d.,  11063. 

Miro,  Gregorio,  b.-d.,  6282. 

Mirror,  The,  issued,  Eng.,  9411. 

Mirsky,  Leon,  sentenced,  11203. 

Miruelo,  Diego,  in  Fla.,  17i . 

Mirza  All  Manmoud,org.  Bablst  seet,1107f . 

Mirzapur  mission,  10471. 

Misanthrope  issued,  IIOI2. 

Miscellanai  curiosa  issued,  7971 . 

Miscelanea  de  Comercio  issued,  11311. 

Hlspano- Americano  isstied,  11311, 

Mischief  yvms  America's  cup,  3093. 

Misdon,  Vendeans  defeated,  7101 . 

Mise  of  Amiens,  Fr.,  6732  ;  En^.,  8552. 

Miskolcz,  waterspout,  5282-  railroad,  5332. 

Mismer,  Charles,  Six  Ans  Soldat^  7602. 

Mission  Conf.,  London  Protestant,  9982. 

,  first  movement,  Eng.,  8423. 

Society,  London,  org.,  11361, 

Union  for  Jews  org.,  11361 . 

work,  clergy  meet  for,  929'. 

and  Tract  Society,  N.  Y.,  org.,  2542. 

Missionary  Asso.,  Am.     (See  under  Am.) 

Presbytery  of  Canadas  fmd.,  5782, 

Ridge,  Tenn.,  Federals  capture,  2282. 

Society  of  Conn,  fnd.,  1083. 

,  United  Domestic,  becomes  Am. 

Home  Soc,  1342. 

Union,  est.  at  Clifton  Springs,  462 1 . 

,  Internat..  3182,  35OI ,  4621 . 

Missions.  (See  missionary  societies  under 
denominational  names.) 

Mississippi,  territory  org.,  1092;  Sargent 
Winthrop.  gov.,  1093;  Robert  Williams, 
gov.,  1133  ;  David  Holmes,  gov.,  1172, 
1333;  Meth.  Epis.  Conf.  org.,  1243;  State 
admitted,  1253;  G.  Poindexter,  gov.,  1273; 
lottery  est.,  1291 ;  w.  Leake,  g<»v.,  1293; 
Prot.  Epis.  diocese  org.,  1342;  Gerard  C. 
Brandon,  gov.,  1353;  O.  S.  Presb.  Synod, 
fmd.,  1363;  coll.  est.,  1.301,  1703  ;  Abra. 
M.  Scott,  gov.,  1393;  Hiram  G.  Runnels, 
gov.,  1433;  Alex.  G.  M'Nutt,  gov.,  1492; 
repudiates  bonds,  1513;  T.  M.  Tucker, 
gov..  1552;  Albert  G.  Brown,  gov.,  1572; 
M.  Univ.  fnd.,  1642  ;  Jos.  W.  Matthews, 


cov.,1652;Wm.  Mercer  Green,  Prot.  Epis. 
Dp.,  1662;  disunion  meetings  held,  l^i; 
James  Whitfield,  gov.;  John  G.  Guion, 

§ov.,  John  A.  Quitman,  gov.,  1692;  Henry 
.Foote,gov.,  1712;  John  J.M'Rae.gov,, 
1771;  United  Synod  South  Evan.  Luth. 
org.,  1782;  lands  granted  to  R.R.,  1813  ; 
Wm.  M'Willie,  gov.,  1852;  gov.  on  seces- 
sion, 1882  ;  Legislature  considers  seces- 
sion, 1883  ;  radical  proslavery,  l»h2 ; 
Federal  forts  seized,  1901  ;  Jomi  J.  Pet- 
tus,  gov.,  1903  ;  Secession  Conven  heid  ; 
State  secedes,  1911;  special  session  Leg- 
islature, 1911 ,  2;  plans  So.  Confeaert.c^ ; 
senators  withdraw,  1912  ;  ratifies  C0.1- 
fed.  Constitution,  1932  ;  Peinberton  su- 
persedes Van  Dorn,2142;  Jacob  Thomp- 
son, gov.,  2173;  Charles  Clark,  gov. ,2413; 
new  constitution,  2362,2473  ;  civil  govt. 
restored;  "Wm.  L.  Sharkey,  gov.,  2483, 
2511 ;  ordinance  of  secession  null;  pardon 
for  J.  Davis,  2491 ;  Gov.  Clarke  arrested, 
2503  ;  civil  rights  for  freeilmen,  251 ' ; 
Benj.  G.  Humphreys,  gov.,  2553  ;  ratifies 
14th  Amend. ,2573;  rejects  14tb  Amend., 
261 1 ;  Rust  Univ.  est. ,2623 ;  A.  Ames,  gov., 
2632,2873;  rejects  newconsti.,2t>32;  con- 
sti.  ratified,  2652,  'J692;  excluded  from 
nat.  election,  2652;  Normal  school  opd., 
2702 ;  State  Board  of  Education  org.,2703 ; 
readmitted  to  Cong.,  2711 ;  James  L.  Al- 
corn, gov.,  2732;  RidgelyC.  Powers,  gov., 
2772;  race  riot,  2871;  East  m.  Female 
Coll.  opd.,  2782  ;  president's  proclama- 
tion enforced,  2872  ;  River  jetties  appro- 
priation, 2891 ;  Gov.  Ames  resigns,  2913; 
John  M.  Stone,  gov.,  295i,  3761;  Agri. 
and  Mechan.  Coll.  opd.,  3042,3;  liquor 
prohibited  near  univ.,  3131 ;  Robt.  Lowrv, 
gov.,  3132 ;  whites  kill  negroes,  3232  ; 
Local  Option  Law  passes  ;  migration  of 
negroes,  325i;  Thomas  Heslin  cons.  R. 
C.bp.,  3423;  James  R.  Chambers  nom. 
for  gov.,  3452;  Treas.  Hemingway  short ; 
indicted,  3611 ,  convicted,  3523;  Aberdeen 
outrage  in  Cong., 3531 ;  levee  breaks, 3541, 
4073  ;  flood  sufferers'  relief,  3572,  3^03  ; 
reunion  of  Blue  and  Gray.  359 1 ;  division 
of  State  proposed,  371 2 ;  new  constit ut  ion 
operative,  3751 ;  State  Bar  Asso.,  colored 
lawyers  org.,  3783  ;  World's  Fair  appro- 
priation defeated,  405i ;  White  Cap  out- 
ra^eSj  4383 ;  state  officials  arrested,  47u3. 
Mississippi  Agri.  and  Mechanical  Coll. 
est.  3042  3, 

Coll.  (Bapt.),  est.  at  Clinton  (1850). 

'^—  Company  est.,  5733. 

railroad  opened,  1873. 

River,  Pineda  enters,  183  ;  dis.,  222, 

441,  481,  5733;  crossed,  223;  explored, 
463,  541 ,  5733  ;  Fr.  on,  552  ;  trade  with 
Eng.,  592  ;  Jesuits  on,  6O2  ;  Brit,  posts 
on,  903;  Brit,  failure  on,  921 ;  source  dis., 
1401 ;  rises,  15Gi ;  bridge  completed,  1761 ; 
ice  breaks  up,  1793  ;  floods,  I68I,  1841, 
3101,  3593,  3673,  4101;  armament  on, 
1943  ;  Federals  open,  2242  ;  appropria- 
tions for,  2891;  jetty  at  mouth,  2993; 
improvement  commis.appt., 301 3;  centen- 
nial of  dis.,  3113;  crevasses  in  levee, 4313. 

■^— Bill,  passes  senate,  4033. 

—  Scheme,  in  Fr.;  shares  go  up,  6973;  fi. 
nancial  ruin,  6992,3;  mythical  gold,  6993, 

Valley,  Cotton  Planters'  Asso.  org., 

3033;  Industrial  Conven.,  3091. 
Missolonghi,  Gr.,  siege  of ;  captured  ;  Lord 

Byron  d.,  10342. 
Missoula,  Mo.,  Chinese  outrages,  3902. 
Missouri,  State  of.  New  Madrid  settled 
(1780);  St.  Genevive  fnd.  (1785);  Daniel 
Boone  of  Ky.  settles  in  (1795);  detached 
from  Louisiana  and  annexed  to  Indian 
Ter.  (1801,  Mar.  26);  territory  org.  (1805); 
Missouri  Gazette  est.  at  St.  Louis  (1808, 
July  t);  territory  of  Missouri  approved 
(change  of  name),  (1812,  June  4) ;  First 
Gen.  Assembly  meets  (1812);  Wm.  Clark 
provisional  gov.  (1813,  July) ;  Cong,  op- 
poses a  State  govt.,  1272;  Cong,  provides 
for  State  govt.,  1291 ;  Alex.  M'Nair,  gov.; 
State  conditionally  admitted,  1292;  Fred- 
erick Bates,  gov.,  1332;  John  Miller,  gov., 
1352;  Dan.  Dmiklin,  gov.,  1412;  Liburn 
X.  Boggs,  gov.,  1472  ;  P.  E.  diocese  org., 
1503;  Thos.  Revnolds,  gov.,  1531 ;  Univ. 
of  M.  org.,  1513  ;  St.  Louis  M.  E.  Conf. 
fmd.,  1583  ;  John  C.Edwards, gov.,  1592; 
Meth.  Epis.  South  Conf.  org.,  1603;  Sy- 
nodical Conf.  Evan.  Luth,  org.,163i ;  Aus- 


Miss-Mohl. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1337 


tin  A.  King,  gov.,  1G52  ;  Sterling  Pmce, 
gov.,  1743;  voters  in  Kan.,  177',  2;  Han- 
cock Jackson,  gov.;  Truston  Polk,  gov.; 
R.  M.  Stewart,  gov.,  1832 ;  Secession 
convention  meets,  191 2  ;  State  Conven- 
tion favors  union,  1931,  2;  gov.  refuses 
troops  to  Lincoln,  1943;  Federal  arsenal 
seized,  19.')^;  gov.  calls  for  militia,  an- 
nounces loyalty,  196t,  1972;  gov.  flees 
80uth,  1972;  emancipation  by  Fremont ; 
gunlx>at  reconnaissance,  1982  ;  Snead's 
slaves  manumitted  ;  amnesty  offered  to 
Confederates  ;  State  officers  deposed  ; 
H.  K.  (ramble,  gov. ;  protection  to  loyal- 
ists offered,  1991;  martial  law  declared  ; 
neutrality  decided  on ;  gov.  declares 
State  independence,  1992  ;  Halleck  com- 
mands ;  Order  No.  3  issued,  2003  ;  spe- 
cial session  legislature  ;  secedes  at  Neo- 
sho ;  official  oath  required,  2012  ;  guer- 
rilla.^ abound,  2022,  209',  2143  ;  martial 
law  extended,  2031 ;  c.  F.  Jackson,  gov.; 
H.  R.  Gamble,  gov.,  2032;  military  canal, 
206*;  military  department  fmd.,  2132; 
«m'incipation  favored,  2153  ;  compeu- 
eated  emancipation  lost,  2193  ;  slavery 
abolished,  2253,  ail3,  -2431 ;  Confed.  in- 
vade, 2382;  Gen.  Price  in,  2391;  X.  C. 
Fletcher,  gov.,  2413  ;  ratittes  13th 
Amend.,  2432  ;  judiciary  officers  vacate, 
2453  ;  new  constitution  completed,  2472, 
ratified,  2473,  2892;  Cong.  Asso.  org., 
2482;  judges est.by force, 2483 ;  LewisColl. 
opd.;  Lincoln  Inst.  Normal  School  opd., 
2543  ;  ratifies  14th  Amend.,  2572  ;  prize 
fighting  punishable,  2G11 ;  Universalist 
Conven.  org.,  2042  j  State  seal  returned, 
2672;  Joseph  W.  M'Clurg,  gov.;  ratifles 
15th  Amend.,  2693;  Eldership  church  of 
Godorg.,2762;  normal  schools  opd. ,2763; 
Benj.  Gratz  Hrown,  gov.,  2772;  g.  W.  Mo. 
Meth.  Epis.  Conf.  org.,  2842;  Silas  Wood- 
aon,  gov.,  2851;  Chas.  H.  Hardin,  gov., 
2912;  tornado,  3001;  S.  West  Baptist 
College  est..  3003;  Xhos.  T.  Critten- 
den, gov.,  3093  ;  Mo.  Free  Meth.  Conf. 
fmd.,  3122  ;  Downing  High  License  Law 
passes,  3131, ,  3151 ;  State  Board  of  Health 
■est.,  3151 ;  John  S.  Marmaduke,  gov., 
3233  ;  State  Insane  Asylum  opd.,  3272 ; 
A. G.Morehouse, gov., ;J293  ;  prohibition 
adopted,  3292  ;  Bald  Knob  victims,  331 1 ; 
Australian  ballot,  3392,  3492  ;  D.  R, 
Francis,  gov.,  3492  ;  O.  O.  Howard  suc- 
ceeiisGen.  Crook,  3541 ;  State  treas^,  No- 
land,  suspended,  3543;  White  Caps  out- 
rage, 367ii ;  E.  R.  Atwill  cons.  P.  E.  bp., 
3701 ;  Loyal  Legion  convention,  3703 ; 
World's  Fair  Appropriation  fails,  3771; 
direct  tax  received,  3811;  pool-selling 
prohibited,  :J863  ;  outlaws,  3931;  j.  s. 
Phelps,  gov.,  2973  ;  train  robbery,  4002, 
4151 ;  Congressional  Redistricting  Bill 
passes,  4032  ;  flood,  4061 ;  banks  resume, 
4353;  Wnu  J..  Stone,  gov.,  4471;  earth- 

auake,  4^1 ;  parochial  sch(x>ls  aban- 
oned,  4G81 ;  train  derailed,  4713  ;  collis- 
ion on  N.  P.  K.  R.,  4453. 

Missouri  Valley  Cr>ll.  (Cumb.  Preslv)  est, 
at  Marshall  (1889). 

Compromise  Bill  passes,  ft9i ;  notice 

of  repeal,  175'. 

Free  Meth,  Conf.  fmd.,  3122. 

River  Improvement  Conveu.,  3093. 

burned,  1573. 

— -,  relief  steamer  to  Kussia,  11233. 

,  rescues  Denmark  passengers,  3393. 

Missroon,  John  S..  (U,  2482. 

Missunde,  Schleswig,  Danes  defeated, tUOi . 

,  Ger.,  burned,  GIO2. 

Mist  Ehamr  mission,  657*. 

Mistral,  Fr^6ric,  b.,  726 1 ;  works,  7343, 
7371 , 7602. 

Mitau,  Uus.,  taken,  II141. 

Mltchel,  John,  b.,  9363  ;  arrested,  5991. 
9552;  escapes  ;  Jail  Journal,  9591 ;  M.  P., 
9792;  d.,9802. 

,  Ormsby  McNight,  b.,  11162;  com- 
mands in  Ky.,  1983  ;  surprises  Hunts- 
ville,  2062  ;  d.,  2152. 

Mitchell,  S.  Dak.,  university  fnd.,  3223. 

,  Adm.,  captures  fleets,  9282  ;  mutiny 

against,  930 1. 

,  Alice,  wounds  Freda  Ward,  4002. 

,  Gen.,  in  Sepoy  rebellion,  10481. 

,  Charles  E.,  in  int.  dept.,  3512. 

,  Sir ,  proclamation,  6043, 

,  David  Bradie,  b.   (1766) ;    gov.   La., 

1172,1252,1472;  d.,1482. 


Mitchell,  Donald  Grant,  b.,  1302;  works, 
1632.  1683,2272,2551. 

,  Elisha,  b.,  10*2  ;  d.,  1821 . 

,  Sir  Francis,  monopolist,  881 1 ,  2, 

,  Jim,  shoots  four  persons,  452' . 

,  John    Hippie,    b.,    1442  ;    senator's 

speech,  4383. 

, L.,b.,1542. 

- — ,  J.  v..  defaulter,  442i . 

,  Margaret  Julia  (Maggie),  b.,  1401 . 

,  Maria,  b.,  1262  ;  d.,  3422. 

,  Nathaniel,  governor  Del.,  1133. 

,  Robert  B.,   b.  (1825) ;  gov.  N.  Mex., 

2511;  d.  (1882). 

— ,  Sam.  Augustus,  b.  (1792) ;  d.,  2fr4i . 

, I^tham,  b.,  74i;  lectures,  1043; 

Medical  Bepository,  1083;  d.,  1382. 

,  Silas  Weir,  b.,  1362. 

,  Stephen  Mix,  b.  ri743) ;  d.,  1442. 

, ,  founds  free  library,  979* . 

,  Sir  Thomas  Livingstone,  b.  (1792);  ex- 
plorer, 4941,2;  d.  (1855). 

,  W.  K.,  org.  Wasliingtonians  1511 . 

Mitchell's  Fork,  Confeds.  defeated,  2442. 

Mitchelstown,  Ire.,  agrarian  outrages, 
9811 ;  Nationalists  meet,  9971. 

Mitchil.  C.  W.,  missionary,  6223. 

Mitford,  Sir  John  Freeman,  Baron  Redes- 
dale,  b.  (1748) ;  chancellor  ;  speaker, 
9312,3  ;  d.  (1830), 

,  Mary  Russell,  b.,  9242  ;  works,  9423  ; 

\1.,  9603. 

,  Wm.,  b.,  9103;  Greece,  9231 ;  d.,9423. 

Mithridates  of  Iberia,  king,  11513. 

of  Pergamus  reignst  11512, 

,  K.  of  Lydia,  marries  Laodice,  11503. 

,  king,  massacres  Romans,  11503, 

I.,  betrays  father  ;  reigns,  11473. 

II.,  reigns  ;  prisoner,  11632. 

III.,  reigns,  11473. 

IV.,  reigns,  11473;  besieged,  attacks 

Sinope,  11481. 

v., in  Punic  war,  11481 ;  reigns,  11492; 

assassinated,  11503. 

VI.,    reigns,   11492  ;    rules  Kherson, 

10292  ;  war  with  Rome,  10561 ;  conquers 
Bosporus  ;  defeats  LucuUus ;  conquests  ; 
in  Cappadocia,  11501 ;  master  of  Athens, 
10281 ;  peace  with  Romans,  10292;  treaty 
with  Sulla,  10591;  against  Nicomedes 
III.;  extent  of  territory ;  conquers  Cap- 
padocia, 10581 ,  11511 ;  war  against  Tigra- 
nes,  10591 ;  driven  from  Cyzicus  ;  de- 
feated at  Cabira,  10581  ;  defeated  by  Pom- 
pey,  11511;  in  Asia  M. ;  expelled;  sui- 
cide, 10582. 

Mithridatic  wars.  10561 .  2,  10581 . 

Mitislaw,  duke  of  Kietf,  11133. 

Jlitre,  Bartolom^  ;  in  Buenos  Ayre8,4902, 
4911,2,3;  captured,  4902, 

Mitrophania( mother  abbess), exiled,  11191 . 

Mitscherlich,  Eilhard,  b.,  8063  ;  d.,  8221. 

Mitsukuri,  KinshOj  b.,  10912. 

Mittelmark,  Prussia,  conquered,  7772, 

Mittermaier,  Karl  Joseph  Anton, b.,  8043; 
president  parliament,  8172  ;  d.,  8243. 

Mitylene,  at  war  with  Athens,  IOI6I, 
blockaded,  10201 ;  surrenders,  10213  ; 
naval  battle  near,  11562. 

Mivart,  St.  George,  b.,  9423. 

Mix,  Lieut.-Col.,  at  Cove  Creek,  2161 . 

Mixon,  John,  b.,  6O2. 

Mizani  Shah  repulsed,  10441. 

Mizizus  enthroned  ;  killed,  10313. 

Mizner,  John  K.,  commissioned  col,,  3563, 

,  Lansing  B.,  envoys,  3513. 

Mizpah  sinks,  9833. 

:\Iizpeh,  Philistines  defeat,  11421 . 

3Ioab  subdued,  11501 . 

Moabite  stone,  year  of,  11422;  dis.,  11581 . 

Moabites  fnd.,  9i ;  in  North  Afr.,8i ;  de- 
stroyed, 11422. 

Moawiyah  I.,  b.-d.,  11542  ;  calif  in  Syria, 
4852  ;  reigns,  6551. 

II.,  calif.,  4852  ;  reigns,  6552. 

Moberly,  George,  b.  (1803);  elected  bishop, 
9583  ;  d.  (1885). 

Mobert,  Jacob  Isidor,  C7~usades,  4782. 

Mobile.  Ala.,  taken,  91 1 ;  yellow  fever,1273; 
fire,  1513  ;  bread  riot.  2272,  2392  ;  closed 
against  Confeds.,  2372  ;  siege  of,  2442  ; 
surrenders,  246 1 ;  Emerson  Inst,  opd., 
2583  ;  Ocean  Wave  explodes,  2753. 

Bay,  naval  battle  in,  237i . 

Mobilization  ordered,  France,  7433. 

Mobius,  August  Ferd.,  b.,  8043  ;  d.,  8243. 

Mochoallog,  St.,  founds  Abbey,  8423. 

Mockern,  Prus.,  Russians  defeated,  7183  ; 
battle,  7202. 


Mocquard,  Constant,  b.  (1791) ;  d.,  7223. 

Modeenet,  mission,  6571. 

Modena,  It.,  fortress  erected,  10531 ;  Rom, 
colony,  10553  ;  war,  IO6O2 ;  cathedral 
fnd.,  cons.,  10751;  gov.  by  House  of 
Este,  10773  ;  appeal  to  Victor  Emman* 
uel,  10891 ;  insurrection,  5201 ,  10891 ;  re- 
stored, 5253. 

Modern  lieformers  or  Socialiata  i88ued,7283. 

Review  issued,  9862. 

Thouaht  issued,  9843. 

Wooamen  Fraternity,  statistics,  446^. 

ModimoUe  mission,  11241. 

Modjeska,  Helena,  b.,  11163. 

Modlin,  allies  possess,  7212  ;  retaken,  810' . 

Modoc  Indians  defeat  troops  in  Ore.,  2801. 

Modon  taken  by  Turks,  10781 , 

Modus  vivendiy  licenses,  issued.  Can. ;  r^ 
jected,587i ;  expiration  of, 591 1 ;  renewed, 
5912,3;  treaty,  6342;  Fr.  with  Sp.,  7633  ; 
Eng.  accepts,  10052,  refuses,  10091 . 

Moe,  Jorgen  Ingebrektsen,  b.-d.,  11041 ; 
Poems,  11043. 

Moen,  Philip  L.,  d.,  3821 . 

Moeris  Lake  formed,  Egy.,  6462. 

Moeser,  A.,  Deutsche  Kaiserlieder,  8342. 

Moesia,  settled,  5653  ;  Bulgarian  kijigdom, 
10313;  Goths  in,  7692;  subjugated,  10603. 

,  Inferior,  Roman  province,  10632. 

Moffat,  Jas.  Clement,  b.  (1811) ;  d.,  3601 . 

,  Robert,  b.,  9263  ;  sails,  397 1 ;  inland 

journey,  5972;  marriage,  5973 ;  first 
church,  5981  •  d.,  5612,  6033. 

,  Lieut.,  seizes  Echo,  1851 . 

Moffet  Dr.,  shot,  4183. 

MoKaaor,  Morocco,  bombarded,  7281 . 

Moglla,  Peter,  b.  ^1596±) ;  confession  of 
faith,  11143  ;  d.  (1647). 

M<igontiacum.    (See  Mentz.) 

Mogul  empire  broken,  10441 ;  power  in  In- 
dia ;  declines,  10151. 

Moguls  in  Hung,  and  Poland,  5052  ;  grant 
to  Christians,  10343  ;  reigns,  10972. 

Mohacs,  Hungarians  defeated,  5082  ; 
Louis  II.  falls,  5093  ;  Turks  defeated, 
5122;  explosion,  5362. 

Mohammed,  b.,  4842  ;  early  life  ;  rises  to 
power ;  wives,  4853  j  creed ;  meditations ; 
prophet;  ascent  into  heaven,  4843;  flight 
of,  10311 ;  plunders  caravan,  484 1 ;  hom- 
age ;  Moslem  treaty;  letters, 4842, 4851 ; 
territory  ;  extent  of  power,  4843;  d.,4842: 

,  Shah,  d.,  51. 

,  Sultan,  of  Egypt,  reigns.  C553. 

I.,conque^sBosnia;^^  allachia, 11561. 

reigns,  11572. 

II.,  b.-d.,  11562;  besieges  Constanti- 
nople, 10341 ;  reigns,  11572  ;  in  Servia, 
5081,  11232  ;  rules  Kharismian  Turks, 
11553. 

III.  reigns,  11572. 

Aboo  Dahab  rebels,  6571 . 

Ahmed,  in   Sudan,  6583  ;    proclaims 

himself  Mahdi ;  conquests,  6581 . 

Ali,  b.-d.,  11563. 

Almuatid  conquers  Cordova,  11261. 

Bey  at  Grumatz,  11121. 

,  Dost.    (See  under  I>o8t.) 

el-Senusi"in  Tripoli,  11383. 

Jan  Wardak    against   British,    6*  ; 

seizes  Ghazni  ;  killed,  Gi . 

Khusruf,  pasha,  6572. 

Meerza  reigns,  IIO72. 

Ruchdi,  gi-and  vizier,  11591 ,  2. 

Sbah    Kharezin    subdues    Bokhara, 

5491, 

Sidi  reigns,  10972. 

• Yakoob  Beg  assumes  office,  6202. 

Mohammedan  army  organized,  11562. 

era  begins.  4842. 

rebels  supi)ressed,  China,  6221 . 

Mobammetlanism  est.  in  Persia,  11071 . 

Mohammedans  claim  churches,  10311;  re- 
bel, 6211 ;  struggle  with  Gr.  Ch.,  10311; 
enter  Indus  A' alley,  1043' ;  rule  in  Sp., 
11253  ;  persecuted  ;  expelled  Sp.,  11271  • 
est.  in  Morocco,  10971 ;  ravage  Armenia, 
11541;  equal  with  Christians,  11571  j 
massacre  ;  persecute  Christiana,  1158'  ,2, 

Mohammerah,  Persia,  captured,  960'. 

Mohave  County,  Ariz.,  gold  rush,  4093. 

Mohawk  attacks  St.  Mari/'s,  2151 . 

Mohawk  mission,  N.  Y.,  623,  651 ,  663, 

Valley,  N,  Y.,   Indians  jnvade,  94»  : 

flooded,  3421;  earthquake,  352t. 

Mohilow,  Uus.,  Russian  defeat,  7182. 

Mohl,  Hugo  von,  b.,  8082  ;  on  protoplasm, 
8201;  d.,8281. 

,  Julius  von,  b.,  8071  j  d.,  8282. 


1338 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       IN  JjrLX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Mohl-Mont. 


Mohl,  Moritz  von,  b.  (1802) ;  »!.,  8321 . 
Mohler,  Johann  Adam,  b.,  8063  ;  d.,  8143. 
Mohonk,  Lake,  N.  Y.,  Indian  Conference, 

3702,3851,3931. 
Mohr,  Karl  Priedrich,  b.,  8083  ;  d.,  8301 . 
Mohrungen,  Prus.,  battle  of,  716i . 
Mohun,  Baron  Charles,  b.  (1(!75±^;  k.,905i. 
Moigno,   Francois    Napoleon    Marie,   b., 

715';  d.,  7541. 
Moir  mission,  6571 , 

,  David  Macbeth,  b.,  9283  ;  d.,  9562. 

Moira.  (See  Hastings,  F.  R.) 
Moiroso,  chief;  killed,  6002. 
Moivre,  Abraham  de,  b.  (1667) ;  Doctrine 

of  Chances,  6991 ;  d.  (1754). 
Mokanna  (Athen  Ben  Hakeni),  prophet, 

5971;  d.  (780':). 
Molaghur,  Sepoy  rebellion,  10481 . 
Mulahiffe,  Ire.,  moonlighters  raid,  9943. 
Molasses,  import  restricted, 572. 
Molay,  fJacques  de,  b.,  6702;  burned,  6731. 
Molbech,  Christian,  b.,  6382  ;  d.,  6403. 
Mold,  Flintshire,  Eng.,  riots,  9731. 
Moldau  River  overflows,  534 1 . 
Moldavia,    Austrians    enter,  524 1;    army 
wathdra\vn,5252  ;  evacuated, 958i ,  11121 ; 
Turks    fail,    11121;    uprising,   11121,  a, 
11562;    annexed;   recovered  by  Turks, 
11122  •  Rus.  enter,  mgi. 
Molt5,    Comte    Louis    Mathieu,    b.,    7051; 
ministry,  7273  ;  d.,  7322. 

,  Mathieu,  b.  (1584) ;  conference  with 

queen,  6893  ;  d.  (1656). 
Molendu,  Peru,  U.  S.  agent  shot,  4272. 
Molepolole  mission  est.,  11242. 
Moleschott,  Jacob,  b.8122;  d.  (1893). 
Molesworth,  Vise.,  title  created,  905'. 

,  Sir  "William,  b.,935i ;  minister,  9612; 

d.  (1855). 

, Nassau,  b.,  9382  ;  d.  (1890). 

Moletsane  stormed,  6021 . 
Mombasa,  cable  to  Zanzibar,  5632. 
Molifere,  Jean  Baptiste  Poquelin,  b.,  6863; 
in  Theatre  Illustre,  6891 ;  troupe  before 
Louis  XIV. ,6911;  works  of,  691 1,2,  6931 ; 
d.,  6922. 
Molin,  Marquis  de,  d.,  11322. 
Molina,  Luis,  b.-d.,  11282. 
Molindi  captured,  5613. 
Moliuer,  Guillaume,  Leys  d^Amor^  11271 . 
Molino  del  Key,  Mex.,  battle,  1621. 
Molk,  Heinrich  von,  satirical  poem,  7783. 
Mollinger,  Father,  blesses  visitors,  408' . 
Molly  Maguires  fmd.,  1732-  operate,  2072, 
2093,  2172  ;  murder  Geo.  K.  Smith,  2292; 
cease,  2703;  murder  miners  ;  kill  police- 
man, 2891 ;  hanged,  2951 ;  flourish,  9531 . 
MoUwitz,  Silesia,  Prus.  victorious,  5141 . 
Molodzotf,    Hippolyte,    attempt    against 

Gen.  Loria-Mellikott",  11203. 
Moloff,  Dr.,  conspirator,  Bulg.,  5683. 
Molonis,  Miguel  de,  b.-d.,  11283. 
Molteno ministrv,  dismissed,  GOI2. 
Moltke,  Count  llellmuth  Karl  Bemhard, 
von,  b.,  8063  ;    in    war,  8242  ;    statue, 
8321;  d.,  8341. 
Molung  mission,  10463. 
Molyneaux,  William,  b.,  8882  ;  d.  (1698). 
Mombasa,  East  Afr.,  5612,  a,  5631 ,  2,  a. 
railway,  fund  for,  10091;  appropria- 
tions, 5641;  inaugurated,  5633. 
Mommsen,  Christian  M.  Theodor,  b,,  812' ; 

works,  8202,  8263. 
Mompel^arde  surprised,  784 1. 
Monachism  in  Egypt.,  6543. 
Monaco,  purchased  by  France.  7353. 
Monagas,  Jos^  Gregorio,  b.  (1795) ;  presi- 
dent Venezuela,  II6O2  ;  d.  (1858). 
— -, Tadeo,  b.  (1784)  ;  president  Ven- 
ezuela, 11602-  d.  (1868). 
Monarch  launched,  9701 . 

founders,  9973. 

brings  Peabody's  body  to  Am.,  2693. 

Monasteries  suppressed,  1 1303 ; bill  against, 
10883;  est. in  Ger., 7722;  reformed, 7743, 
10731 ;  closed,  Ger.,  8051 ;  profligate,  Eng., 
8663;  dissolved,  8682  ;  conttscated,  Eng., 
8683  ;  opposed,  10723  ;  multiply,  10722,3. 
Monastery  of  Sazava  founded,  5023. 

of  Zeven,  treaty  of,  8032. 

Monastic  orders,  influence,  10763. 
Monastics  in  Western  Eur.,  6642  ;  climax 
of,  6951 ;  orders  aid  pope,  7803  ;  institu- 
tions increase,  8442  ;  buildings  erected, 
8562  ;  institutions  revived,  8963;  appear, 
10662. 
Monastir,  Turk.,  mission  work,  565'. 
Monattiche  Anzug  issued,  7991 , 
Erzahlungen  issued ,  799 1 . 


Monattiche  Unterrediingen  issued,  7991. 
Monbodds,  Lord.    (See  Barnet,  J.) 
Moncey.  Bon  Adrien  Jeannot  de.  Due  de 

Conegliauo,  b.,  7022,  d.,  7282. 
Monchristien,  Antoine  de,  works,  6851 . 
Monck,  »r  Monk,   Viscount  of,  title  cre- 
ated, 931 1 ;  baron,  title  created,  9651 . 

,Chas.  Stanley,  Vise, b. (1819)  ;gov.-gen. 

Can.,  5812  ;  viceroy  ;  opens  Paii.,  5831 . 
Monckhoven,  Desire  von,  d.,  5461 . 
Monckton,  Baron,  title  created,  9963. 

,  Robert,  b.  (1726) ;  In  N.  S.,  682;  gov. 

N.  Y.,  732;  d.,  9223. 
Moncon,  treaty  of,  concluded,  6873. 
Moncontour,  Fr.,  battle  at,  6822. 
Monereiff,  Baron,  title  created,  9751 , 

,  Lord,  arbitrator,  9823. 

Moncton,  Can.,   Times:  Transcript,  5843; 

engineers'  convention,  5883. 
Monde,  Le,  judgment  against,  5891. 
Mondovi,  Piedmontese  defeated,  7121 . 
Monetary  ConnniHwion,  org.;  reports,  2952. 

Conf.  Hill  approvt'd  by  pres.,  4132. 

Conf.,  Paris,  7543,  7373.     (See  under 

International.) 
Money,  Hernando  D.,  b.,  1502. 

,  counterfeit,    in     Am.,    913  ;   tokens 

used,  2113;  gold  and  silver,  11411 . 

lenders  imprisoned,  Fr.,  6731 . 

order  oftiee  set  up,  Eng.,  9272,9512. 

(See  Post-office.     See  Paper-money.) 
Monge,   Gaspard,   Comte    de   Pel'uze,   b., 

7003;  d.,  7223. 
Mongols  invade  Himg.,  504' ;  in  Bokhara, 
6491;  sack  Kieff,  11141;  invade  North, 
6133;  power  subdued,  6141 ;  dynasty  rules; 
alliance  with  Sung,  615i ;  invade  Japan, 
10902,  3;  overrun  Armenia,  11541. 
Moniteur  Beige  at  Brusselt^,  5423. 

,  Le,  issued,  7063. 

Ottomaji  issued,  1157*. 

Monitor  launched, 2022;  completed,  2042 ;  at 

Hampton  Roads,  2043  ;  attacks  Sewell's 

Point,  207 1 ;  at  Fort  Darling,  208 1 ;  found- 

era,  2171. 

Monk,  Bretton,  Baron,  title  created,  9871. 

, ,  Lord.    (See  Dodson,  John  Geo.) 

— — ,  Sir  George,  b.,  8782  ;  in  war  with 
Neth.,  11001 ;  defeats  Van  Tromp,  8881 ; 
enters  Lond.  ;  E.  of  Torriugton  ;  D.  of 
Albemarle;  capt.-gen.,  890i ;  takes  gov't, 
891 1 ;  minister,  8912;  at  battle  of  Downs, 
8921 ;  commissioner  treasury,  8932;  land 
grant,  423;  d.,8922. 

,  James  Henry,  elected  bp.,  9423, 

,  Lord,  cablegram  to  Field,  2631 . 

Monks,  in  Sp.   and  Egy.,  10663  ;  inhabit 
caves,  10663;  invent  carmine,  10821 ;  mul- 
tiply, 10722;  influence  in  Ger.,  7723  ;  be- 
come eminent,  Eng.,  8443  ;  influence  in 
Britain,    8451;    punished,    Eng.,    8682; 
limited  education.  Hung.,  5042. 
Monk's  Corner,  S.  C,  action  at,  91 1. 
Monkswell,  Baron,  title  created,  9871 . 
Monloddo,  Lord.    (See  Burnet,  Jas.) 
Monmouth,  N.  J.,  battle  of,  883  ;  Salvator 
runs,  3673  ;  book-makers  ;  bail,  4123. 

,  Ore.,  Christian  College  org.,  2543. 

,  Geoffrey.    (See  Geoffrey.) 

,  D.  of,  James  Scott,  b.,  8862  ;  com- 
mander, 8941;  claims  to  throne,  8952, 
8972;  in  Eng.  ;  arrested,  8953  ;  at  Sedge- 
moor,  896-1 ;  political  confederacy  ;  in 
Eng.,  8961 ,  8971 ;  beheaded,  8972. 

College  org..  111.,  I8O2. 

Monnier,  Marc,  b.,  7243;  d.,  7542. 
Monnoyer,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  6882;  d.,  694*. 
Monod,  Adolphe,  b.,  7142;  d.,  7322. 

,  Theo.,  preacher,  Fr.,  7482. 

Monongahela  City,  Pa.,  riot,  4242, 

College  org.,  2623. 

Monophy site  sec t  f  n<l. ,  10703 ;  controversy ; 

prevails,  10303,  11543;  protected,  10303. 
Monopolies    abolished,  Eng.,  8772  ;   pro- 
hibited, 8833. 
Monothelites  rise,  10311 . 
Monpesson,  Sir  Giles,  monopolist,  881 1 ,  2. 
Monroe,  Col.  at  Ft.  William  Henry,  70i .  2. 

,  Col.,  at  Cainsville,  2183. 

,  James,  b.,  71 1 ;  graduates,  85i ;  mar- 
ries, 932;  minister  to  Fr.,  1053;  electoral 
vote,  1153;  gov.  Va.,  1093,  1192;  treaty 
with  G.  B.,  1151 ;  sec.  state,  1213;  pres., 
U.  S.  A.,  1252,  3,  1292 ;  inspects  army 
posts,  1253;  returnsslaves,  1272; declines 
nora.,  1332;  d.,  1382,  1393. 

Doctrine  declared,  1312,  3, 1323;  fails, 

1352;  reaftirmed,  3332. 
Female  College,  Ga,,  fnd.,  1662. 


Monrovia,  Afr.,  commenced, 1291 ;  mifision ; 

capital  Liberia,  II6I2. 
Mons,  Belg.,  R,  R.  accident,  5453  ;  riotfl» 
5462,    5481;   strikes;   De  Chastileer  k., 
5462;  explosion, 5473;  Flemings  defeated, 
6721 ;  taken,  6941 ;  surrenders,  6962. 

Badonici^s,  battle  of,  7701 . 

Lactarius,  action  at,  10702. 

,  Jean  Baptiste  van,  b.,  5422;  d.,  5443. 

Monselet,  Chas.,  b.,  7242;  d.,  7562. 
Monsell,  Wm.  (1812);  p.-m.-gen.,  9753. 
Monserrat  (Montserrat),  ceded  Eng.,  433. 
Monsieur,  peace  of,  6843  ;  revoked,  853, 
Monstrelet,  Enguerrand  de,  b.-d.,  6762. 
Montacute  (Montagu),  E.    of   Salisbury, 

takes  Isle  of  Man,  8581 . 
Montaguac,  M.,  minister,  7491 ,  a. 
Montagu,  Basil,  b.,  9183;  d.,  9562. 

of  Beaulieu,  Baron,  title  created,  987 1 . 

,  Chuti.,  E.  of  Halifax,  b.,  8902;  resigns 

from  C4)uncil,  8952  ;  named  Trimmer, 
8972;  minister, 9012, 9053; commissioner, 
9013;  d.  (1715). 

,  Edward,  E.  of  Manchester,  b.,  8781; 

minister,  8912. 
,  — ~,  E.  of  Sandwich,  b.,  88O2  ;  min- 
ister, 8912;  d.,8922. 

,  Elizabeth,  b.,  9062;  d.,  9302. 

,  Henry,  E.  of  Manch.,b.(1562±);  chief 

justice,8793 ;  minister  ,881 2, 8992;  d.  (1642.) 

,  John,  E.  of  Sandwich,  b.  (1718);  lord 

admiralty,  9073,  9133,  9193 ;  d.  (1792). 
,  Lady  Mary  Wortley,  b.,  9892  ;  ad- 
vances inoculation,  906i ;  d.,  9162. 

,  William,   D.    of   Manchester,    pres. 

Travelers'  Society,  9792;  d.,  10021 . 
Montague,  Chas.,  gov.  S.  C,  753. 

,  Sir  Edward,  chief  justice,  8693. 

,  Lord  Fred.,  p.-m.-gen.,  9432. 

,  George,  d.,  4661 . 

,  Mrs.,  silkwoman  to  Queen,  8731 , 

,  W.  H.,  sec.  state.  Can.,  5963. 

Montaigne,  Michael  Eyquem  de,  b.,  6803; 

Essays,  6843,  8783;  d.,  6842. 
Montaiand,  Celine,  d.,  7601 . 
Mojitalban,  Fama  Postliuma,  11292. 
Montalenibert,  Comte  de,  Charles  Forbes, 
b.,7191;  works,  7271, 7343,  7351 ;  d.,  7382. 

,  Marquis    de.  Marc  Ren6,   b.,  6963  ; 

works,  7052;  d.,  7142. 
Montalt,  Earl  de,  title  created,  9963. 
Montalvan,  Juan  Perez  de,  b.-d.,  11283. 
Montana,  State,  territory  org.,  2352  ;  vigi- 
lance committee  acts,  2292^2312;  Sidney 
Edgerton,  gov.,  2413  ;  Historical  Soc. 
incor.,2423-  Thomas  Francis  Meagher, 
gov., 2511 ;  Green  Clay  Smith,  gov.,  2553; 
Indians  defeated,  2G0i ;  Benj.  F.  Potts, 
gov.,  2732;  Meth.  Epis.  Conf.  fmd.,  2903; 
war  with  Sioux,  290' ;  Sheridan  in  com- 
mand; Sioux  defeated,  2921 ,294 1 ;  Custer 
attacks  Indians,  2921  ;  j.  Schuyler 
Crosby,  gov., 8132;  Coll.  of  M.opd., 3143: 
Mormons  settle,  315i«  ;  R.  C.  diocese  of 
Helena  est.,  3163  ;  Constitutional  Con- 
ven.  meets,  3172,  3432;  new  constitution 
ratified,  3192,  3471 ;  piatt  Carpenter, 
gov.,  3193;  Preston  H.  Leslie,  gov.,  3252j 
bill  to  admit,  3363;  Red  Lodge  thrown 
open,  3391  ;  Bozeman  capital  ;  flres, 
3432;  Jos.  K.  Toole  nom.  for  gov.,  3451 ; 
constitution  adopted,  345',  347 1;  ad- 
mitted, 3472  ;  State  legislature  meets, 
3483;  Secret  Ballot  Law  ;  Jos.  K.  Toole, 
gov.  ;  Benj.  F.  White,  gov.,  legislature 
deadlock,  3492  ;  earthquake,  3521 ,  4261 ; 
Rep.  legislature  the  legal  body,  3531; 
App.  Bill  passes  Cong.,  3532  ;  Crow  In- 
dians cede  land,  3733  ;  senate  and  two 
houses  in  session,  3752;  legislative  com- 
promise ;  lower  house  tie,  3771 ;  train 
robbers,  3951;  Univ.  opens  at  Helena, 
3962  ;  Labor  day,  holiday,  3983  ;  frost, 
4121 ;  legislature  Rep.,  4212;  Lee  Mantle 
appt.  senator,  4253;  John  E.  Rickards, 
gov.,  4471 ;  sun  dance  in,  4623  ;  express 
robbed;  R.  R.  wreck,  4G43. 

University  opens  at  Helena,  3962. 

Montanus,  Journey-Shortener,  7923. 

,  heresy,  10643. 

Montauban,  Gen.,  commander,  6201;  be- 
sieged, 6861 ;  at  Shanghai,  7341 . 
Montaud,  Deluns,  minister,  7571 
Montauk  bombards  Fort  McAllister,  218*; 

destroys  Nashville,  219' . 
Montb^ilard,  Gu^neau  de,  b.,  6982. 

,  Fr.,  Germans  enter,  7422  ;  ceded  to 

France,  8073. 
Mont    Blanc,  observatory  erected;   »▼•■ 
lanche,  11382. 


Mont-Moor. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Coiumn. 


1339 


Montcalm,  Gozon  de  St.-V^ran,  Louis  Jo- 
seph, Marquis  de,  b.,  C963;  commands 
Fr.,  701 ;  in  Quebec,  713;  wounded,  72^ , 
5743;  arrives;  d.,  5753. 

Montceau-les-Mines,  Fr.,  rising,  7533. 

Mont  Cenis  Tunnel,  built,  10882;  opened, 
11383. 

Montdidler,  Fr.,  attacked,  742'. 

Monte  Rutoudo,  action  at,  10881. 

Vista,  Colo.,  Soldiers'  Home  est.,  3503. 

Monteagle,  Uaron,  title  created,  931* . 

— ,  lAird.    (See  Uice,  T.  S.) 

Montealegre,  J«s(i  Maria,  b.  (1815);  pros. 
Costa  Riua,  6311. 

Mont- Earl,  Lord,  title  created,  941*. 

Montebello,  Aust.,  Austrians  defeated, 
7141;  battle  of,  524 1. 

Monte-Caseros,  Gen.  Rosas  defeated,  4901 . 

Casino,  It.,  monastery  fnd.,  10703. 

Montecuculi,Ct.RainKmdo,b.,510»;d.,5123. 
Monteflore,  Moses  Haim,  b.  (1784);  sheriff; 

knighted,  9492  ;  org.  mission,  950*  ;  in 
Rome,  9632  ;  aids  Jews,  11583;  d.  (1885). 

Moutemayor,  Jorge  de,  b.-tl.,  11092. 

Montouegro  (see  text,  p.  1097)  versus  Turk. ; 
Aust.  supports,  5251;  supp<jrt8  Herze- 
govina, 5281;  war  with  Turkey,  11581; 
boundaries  determined ;  rises  against 
Turk.,  11591 ;  annexed  to  Turk.,  11592. 

Montenotte,  It.,  Austrian.s  defeated,  712i . 

Montenoy,  Chas.  Palissot  de,  work,  7032. 

Montereau,  Fr.,  allies  defeated,  7203. 

Monterey,  Cal.,  mission  at, 762;  fnd.,  772; 
Am.  flag  raised,  1612;  taken,  1621 ;  state 
convention  fnd.,  1671. 

Gap,  V'a.,  action  at,  2242, 

,  Mex.,  battle   of.    1601;    capital    at, 

103G3;  mission  at,  10962. 

,  Tenn.,  action  at,  2072. 

Montero,  Diego  Gonzales,  gov,,  6052,3. 

,  Lizardo,  b.  (1832);  jpres.  Peru,  11082. 

Montesinos,  Antonio,  miss.,  183;  d.  (1526 -). 

Montespan,  Marquis  de  (Franyoi.'f  Ath^- 
naia  de  Rochechouart),  b.,  6883;  d.,69(>3. 

Montesquieu,  Baron  de  la  BrMe  et  de 
(Charles  de  Secondat),  b.,  6942;  works, 
6991,2,  7012-  d.,7022. 

Montevallo,Ala.,  furnaces  destroyed, 2443. 

Monteverdi,  Claudio,  b.,  10811;  works, 
10821;  d.,  10823. 

Montevideo,  Arg.  Rep,,  govt,  separate, 
673;  capital  Uruguay,  11601;  surrender; 
stormed,;  Brit,  evacuate,  489' ;  military 
settlement  at,  11593;  Univ.  fnd.,  11602; 
reinforcements;  occupied, 554i  ;  alliance 
with  Paraguay,  5553 ;  Gama  arrives, 
5603;  siege  end.s,  4901;  missions  at;  re- 
volt, 11603. 

Montezuirui  captures  Essex,  1202. 

I.,  b.  (1390);    subdues  country,  12i; 

reigns,  133;  d.,  122. 

II.,  b.,  122;  expedition  defeated,  16i ; 

elected,  172;  seized;  orders  invaders  out; 
k.;  empire  overthrown,  18i . 

Montfauvon,  Bernard  de,  b.,e902;  d.,7002. 

Montford,  K.  of,  title  created,  8711. 

Moutfort,  Amaury,  at  Marmande,  6702. 

,  .I(»hn  de,  at  Auray,  6741 . 

,  Simon  de,  E.  of  Leicester,  b.,  8521 ; 

in  Baron's  war;  marries  Eleanor,  8533- 
at  Lewes ;  returns  to  Eng. ;  pres.  Mad 
Pari., 8551 ;  electitm  writs,  8552;  k.,854i. 

•^— , de,  Comte,   b.-d.,  6682;  crusade 

against  Albigenses,  670i ;  massacre  at 
Toulouse,  6703;  killed,  6701. 

Montgolfier,  Jacques  Etienne,  b.,  7003; 
d.  (1799). 

■ ,  Joseph  Michel,  b.,7002;  flrst  balloon, 

7041;  hydraulic  ram  imp.,  7asi;  d.,719i. 

,  Stephen,  balloon  ascension.  7041 . 

Montgf>merie,  Archibald  William.  E.  of 
Eglinton,  in  Dub.,  9631 ;  lord-lieut.,  9632. 

,  John,  N.  Y.,  613. 

Mnnff/nmery  launched,  3961 ;  trial,  4481 . 

Montgomery,  Ala.,  fnd.,  1273;  capital  (-itv, 
1613;  Confed.  Cong,  opens,  1913;  Davis 
Oonfed.  pres.  at.  1923 ;  Confed.  proclama- 
tion, 1943  ;  Pro  vis.  Cong,  meets,  195 1, 2  ; 
Confed.  capital  removed,  197 1;  surren- 
dered to  Federals,  2461 ,  military  district, 
2672;  immigration  conven..  2663,  3313; 
constitutional  conven.  at,  2862  ;  monu- 
ment to  Confederates, 3222;  southern  ex- 
position at,  .^73!  Mayor  (^(.ttrellk.,  3711. 

,  W.  Va.,  DaviH  kille<l,  4683. 

,  Alex.   B.,  b.,  1482;  at  Osceola,  Mo., 

1983:  on  Cambahee  River, 2241. 

,  E.  of,  lord  of  admiralty,  8992. 

1  H.  H.,  cons,  bp.,  10022. 


Montgomery,  Gen.  James,  invades  Can,, 
k.,  5761 . 

,  John  Reading,  d.,  2741 . 

,  Ricliard,  b.,    623;   attacks    Indians, 

721 +:  at  St.  John;  at  Montreal,  803; 
killed,  811,  823;  remains  removed,  1273. 

,  Robert,  b.,  9331 ;  d.  (1855). 

,  Dr.,  guttH-percha,  9521. 

Month/)/  Mnijazine  issued,  Eng.,  9291. 

Jiepoaifnr!/  issued,  Eng.,  9331 . 

Montholon,  MJirquis  de,  Charles  Tristan, 
b.,  7051 ;  insurrectionist,  7293;  d.,  7322, 

Monti,  Vincenzo,  b.,  10842;  works,  10852; 
d.,  10862. 

Monticello,  111.,  natural  gas  dis.,  3801 ;  I^at, 
Pickrt,  3862;  air-ship,  3901 , 

,  Ky.,  Confederates  defeated,  221'. 

,  N.  Y.,  Mrs.  Halliday  sentenced,  4631. 

Montlh^ry,  Fr.,  king  defeated,  6781 . 

Montluc,  Blaise  de  Lasseran-Massencome 
de,  b.  (1503 1);  work,  6832  ;    d.  (1517). 

Montmagny,  M.  de.,  gov.  Can.,  5732. 

Montmartre,  stormed, 7203;  treaty,  6913. 

Montnn^dy,  Fr.,  invested,  7422-;  bom- 
barded, 743 1. 

Montmirail,  Fr.,  allies  defeated,  7202. 

Montmorency,  Anne,  Due  de,  b.,  6783  ;  d., 
6821. 

,  Henri  IL,  Due  de,    b.,  6842;   at  St. 

Quentin;  pri8oner,682i ;  executed,689i,2. 

Montmorres,  Viscount,  title  created,  9132. 

Montpellier,Fr., school  of  law,  6711 ;  taken, 
6751;  surrendered,;  peace  of,  6861 ,6873; 
booth  falls,  7073  ;  medical  school,  6691 ; 
Univ.  fnd.,  6711;  Univ.  rank  raised,  6731. 

Montpensier,  Duchesse  de  (Anne  Alarie 
Louise  d'Orleans),  b.,  3863  ;  d._,  6943. 

,  Ducde(Antoine  Marie  Philipj)eLotii8 

d'Orleans),  b.,7242;  marries  Maria  Luisa, 
7292;  fatal  duel,  7391,  ii;j23;  arrested; 
exiled,  11313;  advocated  aij  king,  11332  ; 
d.,  7582. 

^lontreal  wrecked,  5893, 

Montreal,  discovered,  203  ;  site  of  city 
362 ;  to  St.  Sulpice,  5723  ;  Sulpicians 
possess,  363 ;  Inaian  massacre,  41 1 ,  572 1 ; 
Indians  attack,  50' ;  Cartier  arrives, 
5712;  Hotel  Dieu  est.,  5731 ;  Co.  purchase, 
5723;  Eng.  raid,  5742;  seigniority  ceded, 
5732  ;  walls  enclose,  703  ;  taken,  5743  ; 
fire,  5753,  5773,  5811,3,  5853,  5933,5942, 
5953;  Ethan  Allen  fails  to  take,  5761; 
Indians*  conf.,  8O2,  5741,  5752;  Am.  at, 
803;  Brit,  retake,  822  ;,St.  Gabriel  Street 
Church  erected ;  first  Presbytery  fmd., 
5763  ;  bank  est.,  5773  ;  Weekly  Gazette; 
Canadian;  Weekbj  Herald,  5771;  expe- 
dition against,  abandoned,  1203  ;  M'Gill 
Coll.  est. ;  hospital  est. ,5791  ;  Xa  Minerve, 
6783  J  first  Baptist  church  ;  R.  C.  diocese 
est.,  5782;  bishopric  est.,  9483;  Weekly 
Witness,  5791;  Hots,  5791,  6823,  5831; 
Baptist  College  est.  ;  Con^.  Theological 
College,  est.,  579i  ;  Epis.  bishoj)rJc 
est. ;  St.  Peter's  Cathedral  projected ; 
Y.  M.  0.  A.  fmd.,  5802  ;  Witness,  5811 ; 
Victoria  Tubular  Bridge  built;  <lamaged, 
6813  ;  Temperance  Conven.,  5831 ;  ice- 
gorge, 5841  ;  fxi  Presse  issued;  Le  Canada, 
issued,  5813  ;  demonstrations  against 
govt.,  5851 ;  Woman's  Miss.  Soc.  org., 
5842;  small-pox,  5853  ;  Bp.  Bond  elected, 
9803;  Brit.  Asso.  sits,  9881;  ice-palace, 
5853  ;  ice-carnival,  5862  ;  harbor  iin- 
provements,  5872 ;  roof  falls,  5873 ; 
Church  of  Eng.  Synod  ;  Jewish  petition 
granted,  5882  ;  \V.  C.  T.  U.  Conven. , 
Labor  Cong. ;  Conn.  Nat.  Guard  in,  5891 ; 
Hochelaga  Exhibition  ;  jiig-iron  boom, 
5893  ;  Rurplice  land  questu)n,590i ;  night 
schools;  May<)r  Grenier  reelected,  591i ; 
ice-bridge, 5913;  Le  Samedi,5d2^:  riotous 
meeting  ;  Hebrew  exiles,  5922  ;  La.  State 
Lottery  Co.  est.,  5933,6943;  Nelson  Mon- 
ument threatened  ;  explosion  ;  public 
works  scandal ;  mob,  6943  ;  Intermit. 
Fr.  Congress  ;  Columbian  caravels  in, 
5953  ;  bomb  expiocion,  5962. 

Montreuil-sur-Mer,  Fr.,  treaty  at,  6733, 

Montrose,  D.  of,  title  created,  9031 . 

,  Marquis,    (See  Graham,  J.) 

Monts,  Pierre  du  Guast  de.b.,  6822  ;  land 
grant,  271;  d.,  6862, 

Montserrat,  Eng.  possession,  8932. 

Montsioa,  siege  of,  6032. 

Montt,  Manuel,  pres.,  6072,  6092,3. 

,  Pedro,  received  at  Wash.,  3951 . 

Montuda.  Jean  Etienne, b., 6982  ;  d.,714», 

Moutvon,  J.  B.  R.  A.  de,  b.,  698";  d.,  7223. 


Montz,  Count  von,  d.,  832i . 

Monument  building  in  Egypt,  645 1 .  (See 
names  of  cities  for  Monuments.) 

'Monumenta  Germanis  Historia,  society 
founded,  8131 . 

Moody,  C.  M.,  defaulter,  3882. 

,  Dwight  Lyiuan,  b.,  1482  ;  in  Phila., 

2882  ;  otdl.  students'  encampment,  3422  ; 
Gospel  hymn-book  issued,  3431 ;  serviceB 
at  Yale,  3482;  in  Brooklyn,  3541;  at 
Northfield  C(mf.,  386i;  at  Bible  Study 
Conf.,  4661 ;  in  Can.,  5891 ;  in  G.  B.,  9782, 
9882, y922. 

-^— ,  John,  hanged,  943. 

,  Samuel,  b.  (1676) ;  d.,  662. 

,  Z.  F.,  governor,  3132. 

Mookaj  in  Sikh  war,  10462, 

Mookerheide,  Spanish  victory,  5401 . 

Moon,  Sir  Francis  G.,1.  mayor,  Loud. ,957*, 

,  John  W.,  b.,  1461. 

,  map  of,  first  drawn,  7962. 

Mtwn  Hoax  published  in  N.  Y.,  1443, 146'. 

Moonlight,  Thomas,  minister,  4473. 

Moonshiners,  raid,  4563. 

Moor,  Hung.,  battle  at,  5221 ,  fire,  5353, 

Mooravief,  Mikhail,  b..  11162. 

Moore,  Albert,  d.,  IOIO2. 

,  Alfred,  b.,  711;  justice,  1093  ;d.(1810). 

,  Andrew  Barry,  b.  (1806) ;  gov.  Ala., 

1832  ;  at  Lancaster,  Va.,  2003  ;  at  Harts- 
ville,  2162  ;  at  Ripley,  2181 ;  d.  (1873). 

,  Benjamin,  b.,  662;  pres.  King's  Coll., 

831;    cons,   bp.,    1103;    pres.    Columbia 

Coll.,  1111;  a.,  1242. 

,  Bishop,  library  purchased,  9043, 

,  Capt.,  at  Wagner  Bay,  5751 . 

, ,  Brit,  commander,  9321 . 

,  Clement  Clarke,  b.,  912  ;  d.,  225t. 

,  D.  D.  T.,  d.,4081. 

,  Everett,  shoots  E.  M.  Tate,  3912. 

,  F.  Marshall,  governor  Wash.,  2593. 

,  Gabriel,  b.  (17901);  gr.v,  Ala.,  1373  ; 

d.,  1562. 

,  Sir  Henry,  b.  (1713) ;  gov.  N.  Y.,  752; 

d.  (1769). 

,  George  Henry,  b.  (1823) ;  d.,  4061 . 

,  J.  A.,  instructor  at  Kingston,  6901 . 

,  Jacob  A.,  murdered,  4542, 

,  James,  b.  (1640+) ;  invades  Ga.,54t; 

gov.  S.  C, 552, 593  ;  in  Fla.,561 ;  in  S.  C, 
561 ;  defeats  Indians,  581 , 

,  John,  b.  (1836) ;  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  2942. 

,  — ,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.  Australia,  9862. 

,  — — ,  b.,  9082  ;   archbp.   Canterbury, 

9223  ;  d.,  9303. 

,  Sir ,  b.,  9151 ;  gen.  at  Corunna, 

7162;  d.,9351. 

, B.,  in  state  dept.,  3511 . 

,  lieut.-gen.,  administrator,  595'. 

,  Martin,  b.  (1790) ;  d.,  250t . 

,  O.  H.,  at  Green  River  Bridge,  2242. 

,  Nathaniel  F.,  b.  (1782) ;  d.,  2762. 

,  Richard   Channing,    b.,   723  •    cons. 

P.  E.  bp.,  1232  ;  d.,  1622. 

,  S.  P.,d.,  3401. 

,  Thomas,  poet,  b.,  921 1 ;  works,  9351 , 

9391,9443  ;d.,  9582;  bust  in  Central  Park, 
3061 ;  centenary  celebrated,  9843. 

, O.,  governor  La.,  1W)3. 

,  William  Eves,  b.  (1823) ;  moderator, 

3562, 3582. 

,  Zephaniah  Swift,  b.,  762  ;  d.,  1303. 

,  Mr.,  Indian  miss.,  562;  explorer, '65i. 

Moorefieid,  W.  Va.,  action  at,  208i,  2283, 
2371 ,  2421 ;  Early  driven  out  of,  2301 . 

Moorehead,  Minn.,  Normal  Sch.  opd.,  3303. 

,  Warren  K.,  works,  3962,  4203. 

Moore's  Creek  Bridge,  N.  C,  action  at,  821 . 

Hill  College  founded,  Ind.,  1762. 

Mills,  Mo.,  C<mfeds.  defeated,  2102. 

Moorfields,  Eng.,  Whitefield  chapel,  9111. 

Moorhouse,  James,  eons,  bishop,  9962. 

Moorish  kings,  fnd.  Alhambra,  11262. 

Moors  conquered  in  N.  Afr.,  8I ;  come 
from  Sp.,  92;  origin,  4852  11272;  over- 
throw Saracens,  11272;  in  Algeria.  10972; 
in  Portugal,  1109 1,2;  independent  of 
Turks,  11382;  Valencia  made  capital, 
11272;  dominion  overthrown,  11093  ; 
conquests  checked,  11253;  Spaniards 
conquer;  aid  Saracens;  sack  Madrid; 
lose  Marjorca,  etc.;  take  and  lose  Gib- 
raltar; aid  K.of  Granada;  assist  P6iro; 
defeated  in  Granada, 1126'  ;intro.  astron- 
omy ;  fnd.  Alhambra;  intro.  chemistry, 
11262 ;  begin  kingdom  of  Granada;  power 
annihilated,  11273;  revolt;  expelled  from 

Sp.,  11293. 

Moorvieff,  Mikhail,  d.,  11182. 


1340 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.       MoOS    Morr. 


Moosa,  contests  throne,  killed,  1157*. 

MoDsehead  Lake,  Me.,  K.  K.  wreck,  466*. 

Moosera,  mission,  657* . 

Moosli,  massacre  of  Christians,  11582. 

Moosonee,  see  established,  9722  ;  Bishop 
Horden  cons.,  9742. 

Moot,  G.  S.,  president,  444' . 

Mooteea,  mission,  657* . 

Moquin-Tandon,  Horace  Benedict  Alfred, 
b.,  715' ;  d.,  7362. 

Mora,  action  at,  11322. 

,  Francis,  b.  (1827);  cons,  bp.,  2983. 

,  .Juan   Rafael,    b.    (1814) ;    president, 

6303,  6311 ;  deposed,  631' ;  d.  (1860). 

Moradabad,  mission,  10483. 

Moraes,  Prudeote.  b.  (1844±) ;  president, 
5602  ;  plot  to  kill,  5583. 

Moral,  Don  Jose  Zorilla  y,  works,  1131' . 

Morales,  Ambrosio  de,  b.-d.,  11282;  works, 
11291. 

,  Augustin, b.-d., 5502;  president,  5512. 

,  Francisco  de,  works,  1110' . 

,  Fr.  Xavier,  gov.,  6053. 

,  Gen.,  surrenders  Vera  Cruz,  162' . 

Moral  Ode,  written,  8503. 

Moran,  Edward,  b.  (1829);  works,  261', 
284'  ,302' ,  30S' ,  314' ,  318' ,  322' . 

,  M.  J.,  gift  to,  3722. 

,  Patrick,  cons,  bp.,  9603,  card., 4982. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  1482  ;  works,  1902,  241' , 

280',  298',  308',  312',  318';  member 
Nat.  Acad,  of  Design,  318' . 

Morand,  Sauveur  Frauyois,  "b.,  6943  ;  d., 
7043. 

Moranza,  Gen.  Francisca,  pres.,  031 ' . 

Morat,  Charles,  routed,  786' . 

Moratin,  Leandro  Fernandez  de,  b.-d., 
11283;  works,  1131'. 

Moravia,  cholera,  4152. 

Moravia,  Aust.,  Christianity  in,  5022  ;  at- 
tacked, 502';  Ger.  rule  of;  powerful; 
Hungarians  in,  503' ;  Bela  IV.  defeated, 
604' ;  Albert  V.  obtains,  5073 ;  con- 
quered, 636' ;  Conf.  at  Olmutz,  641' ;  oc- 
cupied, 802' ;  evacuated,  8243  ;  treaty 
for,  825';  strike,  531'. 

Moravians,  Aust.  missions,  4962  ;  brothers 
appear,  5082 ;  Cape  Colony  missions, 
598' ±;  cliurcli  ill  N.  Ger.;  commence 
Hernnhut,  8003  ;  Wesley  observes,  9083  ; 
Missions  Aid  Society,  London,  938' . 

,  in  America,  missions  in  W.  I. ;    in 

Greenland,  622,  643,  711 ;  iu  Guiana  ;  in 
Ga.,623;  inN.Y.;  Pa.,  613, 380' ;  Ziiizen- 
dorf  visits,  65' ;  missions  opposed,  N.Y., 
662;  in  Labrador,  69',  763;  in  Jamaica; 
at  St.  Oroix,  69' ;  at  St.  Jolins  ;  in  Gua- 
temala, 1038' ;  in  Nicaragua,  11032;  In 
O.,  71' ;  iu  Barbadoes,  742;  \v.  i.;  in  O. 
valley,  763;  converts  massacred,  95'  ; 
in  Alas.,  2542,  3202,  3223,  3742  ;  favor 
temperance,  331' ;  E;ister  service,  380' ; 
Comenius  celebrated,  404' . 

Moray,  Scot.,  see  erected,  8502,  9083. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  873' . 

,  Sir  Robert,  Royal  Soc.,890' ;  d.(1673). 

Morazan,  Gen.  Francisco,  b.  (1792) ;  in- 
vader, 6303;  d.  (1842). 

Mordaunt,  Charles,  Earl  of  Peterborough, 
b.,  8882;  at  Barcelona,  696';  minister, 
8992;  d.,  9082. 

1  Frank,  b.,  1522. 

Mordecai,  advanced  in  power,  11472. 

,  Alfred,  b.  (1804) ;  col.,  374' ;  d.  (1887). 

Morden,  Lord.    (See  Yorke,  Charles.) 

More,  Hannah,  b.,  9103;  works, 923' ,  929' , 
9352;  d.,9412. 

,  Henry,  b.,  880' ;  d.,  8962. 

,  Sir  Thomas,   b.,  8642;  works,    867', 

869' ;  lord  chancellor;  resigns, 8692;  exe- 
cuted, 868', 2. 

Morea,  Gr.,  ceded,  515' ;  Fr.  army  occupy, 
724';  conquest  of,  1034',  10352;  Vene- 
tians expelled,  1034' ;  uprising  in,  10342; 
taken  from  Turks,  10353;  Venice  loses, 
1078' ;  Venetians'  authority  restored  ; 
given  to  Turk.,  1083';  subdued,  11572. 

Moreas,  Prudente  de,  ii.,  5542. 

Moreau,  HteiJsippe,  b.,  719' ;  d.,  7282. 

,  Jean  Victor,  b.,  7023;  Fr.  Gen.,  518' ; 

at  Pirinaseiis,  710' ,  806' ;  at  Radstadt ; 
driven  across  Rliine,  7122 ;  at  Hohenlin- 
den,  714';  arrested;  sentenced;  exiled, 
7153;  atEugen,  8062;  killed,  520' ,721'. 

,  Louis,  consecrated  bishop,  584' . 

Morehead,  Charles  Slaughter,  b.  (1802) ; 
gov.  Ky.,  1792;  d.  (1868). 

,  James  Turner,  b,  (1797)  ;  gov.  Ky., 

1452;  d.  (1854). 


Morehouse,  A.  G.,  governor  Mo.,  3293. 

,  Albert  P.,  d.,  3922. 

Morel,  Frederic,  b.,  6822;  d.,  6882. 

Moreland,  Sir  Samuel,  b.,  88O2. 

Morell,  Geo.  Webb,  b.  (1815) ;  at  Malvern 
Hill,  2092;  d.  (1883). 

Morellet,  Andr<S,  b.  (1727);  works,  723'; 
d.  (1819). 

Morelos  y  Pavon,  Jos^  Maria  de,  b.;  re- 
volt; besieged;  d.,  1095'. 

Moreri,  Louis,  b.,  6383;  Dictiomiaire  His- 
torique,  693';  d.,  6923. 

MoriSs,  Marquis  de,  duel,  7593,  7623,  763' ; 
arrested,  7603;  anarchist,  761' ;  assails 
Hebrews,  7642. 

Moret,  Henry,  duel,  7643. 

Moreto,  Augustin,  b.  (1618±);  works,  11292; 
d.  (1669). 

y  Cabana,  Augustin,  b.-d.,  11283. 

Moreton  Bay  explored,  494 ' ;  convict  penal 
station,  4943. 

Moreville,  Hugh  de,  kills  Becket,  8512. 

Morey,  Samuel,  b.  (1762) ;  stern-wheel 
steamboat,  1042;  d.  (1843). 

forgery  circulated,  305' . 

Murgagni,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.,  1083' ; 
d.,  10842. 

Morgan  Park,  III.,  Baptist  Union  Theo. 
Seminary  organized,  2583. 

,  Abel,b.(1673);  on  Baptism, 663;  d.,962. 

,  Charles  Hale,  b.,  156' ;  d.  (1875). 

,  Daniel,  b.,  622;  atCowpens;  in  South 

Carolina,  923;  d.,  1102;  statue.  3073. 

, N.,  in  treas.  department,  4472. 

,  Edwin  Dennison,  b.  (1811) ;  gov.  N.Y., 

187' ;  d.,3122. 

,  George  Nelson,  b.  (1825) ;  d..  252' . 

, Osborne,  judge-adv.-gen.,  9853. 

,  W.,  b.  (1820) ;  vote  for,  2733;  d., 

410'. 

,  Henry,  b.  (16357) :  buccaneer  leader; 

at  Porto  Bello,  42' ;  in  Costa  Rica,  6302; 
at  Havana,  631' ;  d.  (1688). 

,  J.  B.,  killed,  4083. 

,  John,  phys.,  b.,  622;  d.  (1789). 

, ,  killed,  Canada,  5883. 

, Hunt,  b.,  134' ;  at  Big  Hurricane 

Creek,  200' ;  at  Cumberland  Gap,  209' ; 
atCynthiana;  raids,  210', 223';  at  Paris, 
2102;  at  Gallatin,  2103;  at  Edgefield 
Junction ;  captures  Gallatin,  212' ; 
reaches  Lexington,  Ky.,  2123,  2142;  raid 
iuKy.,  2142,3;  at  Bardstown  ;  threatens 
Louisville,  2143;  near  Lebanon ;  near 
Nashville,  215' ;  at  Munfordville,  2163; 
at  Cainsville,  2183;  at  Brady ville,  219'; 
atSnow Hill,  2202;  crosses  Ohio  River  at 
Brandenburg  ;  at  Burkesville  ;  at  Green 
River  Bridge  ;  at  Lebanon,  2242;  at  Har- 
rison ;  at  Vernon;  at  Verlage,  2243; 
raiders  captured  ;  attempts  to  recross 
Ohio,  225' ;  captured,  226' ;  escapes,  2283; 
2d  raid  into  Ky.,  2:}4';  invests  Frank- 
fort ;  defeate<l  at  Mt.  Stirling,  2342;  sur- 
render8,2462;  k.  at  Greenville,  238'  ,2392. 

, Pierpont,  b.  (1837) ;  gifts,  4042. 

, Tyler,  b.,  132' ;  arbitrator,  4252; 

speech,  4392. 

,  Junius  Spencer,  b.  (1813) ;  gift,  9983. 

,  K.  H.,  at  Davis  Mills,  2163;  at  Deca- 
tur, 2392. 

,  Lewis  Henry,  b.,  1262;  d.,  3082. 

,  Michael  R.,  commissioned  col.,  364' ; 

in  war  dept.,  4472;  brig.-general,  472'. 

,  Pritchar,  discovered  gold,  996' . 

,  Lady  (Sydney  Owenson),  b.,  9203;  d., 

9622. 

,  Tutor,  Methodist,  9083. 

,  Thomas  J.,  in  interior  dept.,  3512. 

,  William,  b.,  823;  abduction  of ;  anti- 
Mason  excitement,  1352;  d.,  134'. 

College  org.,  Baltimore,  2543. 

Morgan8to\vn,  Ky.,  skirmish  at,  2143. 

Morganton,  N.  C,  insane  asylum  opened, 
3152;  deaf  and  dumb  school,  3983. 

Morgarten,  Switz.,  Aust.  defeated,  504' . 

Mortjenblad  issued,  IIO42. 

Morghen,  Ratfaelo  S.,  b.,  10842;  d.,  10862. 

Morhof,  Daniel  G.,  d.,  7982. 
Moriarty,    Daniel,  captured,  9703;    exe- 
cuted, 9983. 

,  Captain  David,  killed,  600'. 

Morier,  James,  b.,  921' ;  d.,  9542. 

Moriia  mission,  5982. 

Morillo  Pablo,  Gen.,  at  Angostura,  11602; 

d.  (1838). 
Morin,  FrM^ric,  b.,  7242;  d.,  748a. 

,  Jean,  b.,  6*42;  d.,  6902. 

Morini  yield  to  Rome,  10682. 


Moriones,  General,  at  Oroquieta,  1132' . 
Morison,  James,  religious  leader,  9503. 

— — , August.  Cotter,  b.  (1832);  d.,  9982. 

Morisonians  suspended,  9503. 

Moritz,  Karl  Philip  (Anton    Reiser),  b. 

(1757)  ;  works,  8O52. 
Mork,  Jakob  Henrik,  works,  1135'. 
Morland,  George,  b.,  9162. 
Morley  mission,  598' . 

,  Arnold,  minister,  IOO92. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9372. 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Parker,  A.  E.) 

.Henry,   b.,   9403;  works,  9682,  978», 

9963 ;  d.  (1894). 

,  John,  b.,  9182;  minister,  9952,  999a; 

works,  9763,  9843;  resolution,  10092. 

,  Samuel,  statue,  996' . 

Mormons,  liooic  of  M.  written  (?),  121' ;  J. 
Smith's  vision,'l31 ' ;  J. Smith's dis.,1343; 
1st  church  org. ,  1363 ;  in  Ohio,  1383 ,  1402 ; 
Boole  of  M.  pub.,  139' ;  in  Mo.,  1402;  op- 
posed," 1423;  12  Apostles  org.,  1442;  sur- 
render, 148'  ;  in  Ill.,1502,  151 ' ,  1682, 1603, 
1642;  J.  Smith  k.,  1563;  B.  Young  pres., 
1582;  missionaries;  in  Utah,  1622, 1643; 
temple  bunied,  1642;  State  Deseret  fmd., 
1792;  revolt,  1812, 1832;  U.S.  armysent, 
184';  Morrisite  trouble,  2093;  mission- 
aries sent  out,  2562,  3142,  3562;  a  rebel- 
lion, 269' ;  protest  favoring  polygamy, 
2703 ;  suffrage  for  women  ;  polygamists 
denied  civil  rights,  271', 2;  militia  dis- 
persed, 2742;  B.  Young  resigns  temporal 
power,  2802;  John  Taylor  pres.,  2962; 
Brigham  Young  Coll.,  3002;  Edmunds's 
Anti-Polygamy  Bill,  311',  3203,  3233; 
polygamists  expelled,  3152;  saints  as- 
semble, 3382,  3662,  3801 ,  4162,  440'  ;  per- 
secuted, 3423,  3462;  gentiles  elect,  3623; 
in  Wyo.,  3622;  Church  Property  Bill, 
3612,  363';  renounce  p<jlyganiy,  3683; 
defeated  by  Liberals,  3863 ;  capstone  of 
temple  set,  404' ;  Harrison's  proclama- 
tion, 4213 ;  legislature  enfranchises, 
423';  dedicate  temple,  426';  London 
confs.,  9762,  9822  ;  synod  at  Lond.,  9702. 
Mornay,  Philippe  de  (Du  Plessis-Momay), 

b.,  6822;  Works,  6843;  d.,  6863. 
Momingside  Coll.  (Meth.),  est.  at  Sioux 

City,  la.  (1894). 
Mornington,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9132. 

,  Earl  of,  governor-general,  10472. 

Morny,  Conite  de,  Charles  Auguste  Louis 
Joseph,  b.,719';  minister,  7313;  d.,"362. 
Morocco  (see  text,  p.  1110');  treaty  with 
U.S.,  992,3;  coDVen.  with  Ger.,  8362;  G. 
B.  demands   indemnity  of,   10012;   in- 
vaded, 1110' ;  war  with  Sp.,  1130' ;  settles 
Sp.  claims,  11333. 
Morosco  discovers  Kamchatka,  1114' . 
Morosini,  Francisco,  at  Morea,  1034'. 
Morpeth  R.  R.  accident,  9833. 
Morphy,  Paul  Charles,  b.,  1482;  d.  (1884). 
Morrell,  William,  first  P.  E.  service,  30' . 
Morrill,  Anson  P.,  b.,  1102. 

,  David  L.,  governor  K.  H.,  1332. 

— — ,  Justin  Smith,  b.,  1162;  on  committee 
of  33,  189';  war  prediction,  2033;  direct 
tax  bill,  3483;  on  Reconstruction  Com- 
mittee,2493;  reports  Funding  Bill, 2613; 
on  Sherman  Law,  437' . 

,  Lot  Myrick,  b.  (1815)  ;  gov.  Me.,  1852; 

secretary  treasury,  183' ;  d.,  312' . 

Funding  Bill  intro.;  defeate<l,  2513; 

bill  becomes  law,  2572. 

Silver  Bill,  2612. 

-  Tariff  Bill,  1872;  bill  passes,  1931; 
becomes  operative,  1932. 

Morris  Canal,  N.  J.,  1333, 1393. 

Creek,  Mass.,  action  at,  821 . 

Island,  S.  C,  Confederates  defeated, 

,  Alex.,  governor  Red  River,  5833. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  931 1 . 

,  Benj.  Wistar,  b.   1819) ;  bishop,  2642. 

,  Charles,  b.,  962;  d.,  178' . 

,  Clara,  b..  1602. 

,  Edward  Dafydd,  b.  (1826) ;  modera- 
tor, 2902. 

,  George  Pope,  b.,  1102;  works,  149', 

1623;  d.,  2373. 

, Svlvester,  b.,  1522. 

,  Gouverneur,  b.,  683;  recalled,  lOB*; 

d.,  1242. 

-  ,  Sir  John,  gov.  Ire.,  8592. 

,  Sir ,  gen.,  attacks  Vigo,  1128'. 

.  Lewis,  b.  (1671);  gov.  N.  J.,  662;  d., 

1081. 

,  Luzon  B.,  gov.,  3692,  4151 ,  447'. 

,  Robert,  b.,  622;  gift  to  soldiers,  86»; 


Morr-Mugf. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        lNlJt*X.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1341 


8upt.  o(  finance,  933,97*;  treasurer,  95»; 
(1.,  112*;  celebrate.!,  4733. 
Morris,  Robert  Uimter,  b.  (1700±) :  gov. 

, H.,  mayor  of  N.  Y.,  1552. 

, U.,  ordained  M.  E.  bp.,  1243. 

,  Thomas,  of  O.,  b.,  85' ;  noiu.  vice- 

pres.  candidate,  157' ;  vote,  1592. 

, ,  senator,  d.,  1562. 

, Asbury,b.,1042;bp.,14G2;d.,2S42. 

, Arm9trx)ng,  b.    (1811) ;    gen.  at 

Oarrick's  Ford,  1962. 
,  William,  b.,  9462;  works,  9623,  9723, 

10063;  forms  Socialist  League,  995'. 

Brown  OoU.  (Meth.  Epis.  S.)  est.  at 

Atlanta,  Qa.  (1881). 

and  Smith  expedition  sails, 912< . 

Island,  S.  C,  Confederates  defeated, 

2223;  Gen.  Gillmore  at,  2i42. 

Morrisey,  John,  tights    Sullivan,  1732,3; 

defeats  Heenau,  185' ;  in  Cong.,  259' . 
Morrisites  defy,  2093;  convicted, '2213. 
Morrison,  Joseph  Wanton,  b.  (1783) ;  gen. 

at  Chrystler's  Field,  1203;  d.  (1826). 

,  Col.,  at  Monticello,  Ky.,  221' . 

,  Ernest,  crosses  continent,  498' . 

,  J.  G.  W.,  stoned  to  death,  4«3. 

,  Itobert,  matricide,  4502. 

, ,  b.,  9223;  miss.,  6163;  d.,  9462. 

,  Wm.  Ralls,  b.  (1825);  vote,  305' ;  nom. 

for   pres.,   4092;    Interstate  Commerce 

Com.,  3512,  4473. 

observatory,  at  Glasgow,  Mo.,  286' . 

Tariff  Bill,  3172,325'. 

Morristown,  Mo.,  action  at,  1982. 

,  N.  J.,  Washington  at,  86',  91';  mu- 
tiny at,  923  ;  asylum  for  insane,  2923; 
centennial  First  Presb.  church,  3923. 

,  Tenu.,  Confederates  captured,  2.393. 

,  Vt.,  anniversary,  3633. 

.Morrisville,  N.  J.,  Connors  suii^ide,  4632. 

Coll.  (Meth.  Epis.)  est.  atMorrisville, 

Mo.  (1872). 

Morrow,  Jer.,b.,762;gov.  0.,1313;  d.,170'. 

Census  Amendment  Bill  passes,  S.'xi' . 

Morse,  Allen  B.,  nom.  for  vice-pres.,  4092, 

,  Dr.,fniis.Cliris.  Knowledge Soc, 1123. 

,  Edward  Sylvester,  b.,  150' . 

.Elijah  J.,  b.,1522. 

,  F.  H.,  on  Committee  of  33,  189' . 

,  Jedediah,  b.,  723;  works,  1023,  ii03; 

d.,  1342. 

,  John  J.,  Jr.,  Abraham  Lincoln^  4462. 

,  missionary,  Bulg.,  5653. 

,  Richard  Gary,  b.  (1795);  N.    Y.   Ob- 

aerver,  1312;  d.,2622. 

.Samuel  Finley  Breese,  b.,  1022;  ex- 
hibits telegraph,  148',  obtains  patent, 
152';  appropriation,  154';  telegraphs, 
156' ;  otters  telephone,  1593;  §80,000  from 
Ft.,  180';  d.,  2762. 

,  Sidney  E.,    N.    Y.   Observer,    1312  ; 

d.,  2742;  statue,  274'. 

Mortara,  It.,  action  at,  5222. 

,  Edgar,  restf^ration  refused,  9632. 

Mortier,  Edouard  .-Vdolplie  Cjisimir  Jos., 
Due  lie  Treviso,  b.,  7042;  invades  Han- 
over, 7141 ;  at  Ocana,  718' ;  d.,  7262. 

Mortimer,Edmun(i,E.  of  March,  b.(1390±); 
revolt,  8613  ;  gov.  Ire.,  863' ;  d.  (1424). 

,  Edward,  gov.  Ire.,  861' . 

,  Itoger, E. of  March, b., 8542;  treachery, 

8653;  condemned,  8573;  gov.;  k.,  8612. 

Mortimer's  Cross,  Eug.,  battle  of,  8&4' . 

Mortlach,  see  of  erected,  8162. 

Morton  Bay,  penal  station,  4943;  free  set- 
tlement, 497'. 

,  Charles  B.,  in  navy  dept.,  447*. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  863'. 

,  E.  of  (James  Douglas),  b.,  868' ;  re- 
gent, restores  Episcopacy,  8743;  d.  (1581). 

,  Henry,  sclxolar,  b.,  1462. 

,  Josepli,  gov.  S.  C,  492. 

,  John,  b.  (1420±);  archbp.  Canterbury, 

8622;  d. (1500). 

,  J.  Sterling,  gov.  Neb.,  1852  ;  nom. 

for  gov.,  415' ;  sec.  agriculture,  427' . 

,  Levi  P.,  b.  (18'24);  nom.  for  pres.,  331 ' ; 

vice-president,  3372;  loss  by  flre,  4353; 
gov.  N.  Y.,  4712;  coachman's  case,  475*. 

,  Marcus,  b.,  962;    gov.  Mass.    1333, 

153',  1572;  d.,  2312. 

,  Natlianiel,  b.,2G';  work, 443;  d.,48'. 

,  Oliver  Perry,  b.,  1303;  gov.  Ind.,  2032; 

nom.  for  pres.  contest,  293' ;  on  Com- 
mittee of  Seven,  2933;  Electoral  Com- 
missinii,  295' ;  d.  (1877). 

,  Samuel  George,  b.,  1082;  works,  133' , 

1443,  lr,l',  1583;  d.,  1682. 


Morton,  Thomas,  b.,  9162;  d.,  9482. 

,  Wm.  Thos.  Green,  b.,  128' ;  d.,  262*. 

Mortough,  reigns  in  Ire.;  policy,  8493. 
Moryson,  F.,  gov,  Va.,  413. 
Mosby,  Jolin  S.,  at  Aldie,  219' ;  at  Fair- 
fax Courthouse.    220' ;  at    Dranesville, 
'2'202;  at  Warrontou  Junction,  2212;  near 
Dranesville,  2302. 
Moscheles,  Ignaz,  b.,  8063;  d.,  8263. 
Moscheroscli,  Hans  M.,  works,  787'. 
Moscoso,  Luis    Alvarado    de,    b.    (1505); 

leader  expedition,  223;  d.  (1561). 
Moscow,  burned;  captured;  Kremlin  fnd., 
ravaged,  1114' ;  great  bell  made,  11142; 
Cathedral  of  Assumption  built,  of 
Transfiguration ;  patriarcliate  est., 
11143;  ^;»os/o/ printed;  czaroverthrown; 
fnd. ;  Moskovakia  Wledoiiwati  issued ; 
Univ.  fnd.;  printing-press  set  up,  1115' ; 
capitill  of  Rus.,  11152;  burned  in  war 
with  Fr.,  7183;  ]yiedomosti  revived;  St. 
Nicholas'  Cathedral  built,  1117' ;  RuHskoi 
y'l/estnik  revived,  11183;  cong.  of  Slavs; 
R.R.  opd.  to  St.  Petersburg,  11193;  ca- 
thedral mined;  students  arrested,  1121' ; 
martial  law  proclaimed, 1121 2:  influenza, 
11213;  Holy  Coat  in  Cathedral,  1122'; 
robbery  from  Kremlin,  11*223. 

Moseley,  Henry,  b.,  9303;  d.,  9762. 

,  Wm.  D.,  b.  (179.5);  gov.,  161' ;  d.  (1863). 

Mfiselle,  bursts  boilers,  1493. 

— -,  silver  shipment,  6093. 

Moselle,  Fr.,  army  retreats,  826'. 

Mosenthal,  Salomon  Hermann  von,  b., 
8122;  works,  8182,  8222;  d.,  8282. 

Moser,  FriederichK.vou,b.,  8002;  d.,80G3. 

,  Johann  Jakob,  b.,  7983;  d.,  8042. 

,  Justus,  b.  (1720);works,  8032;  d.  (1794). 

Moses,  adopted  in  king's  family;  history 
of,  11403,  11413;  Jethro  counsels,  11412; 
at  Egyptian  court,  6482,  g4H3  ;  sends 
spies,  1140' ,  report,  11413;  builds  Taber- 
nacle, 11402  ;  excluded  from  Canaan, 
11403;  writes  Pentateuch;  Song  of;  d., 
1141'. 

,  Bernard,  pres.  University  Cal.,  4142. 

,  Charles  L.,  d.,  178'. 

,  Franklin  J.,  Jr.,  gov.  S.  C,  281' ;  es- 
capes trial,  '2842. 

Mosetta,  mission  at,  1124', 

Mosheim,  Johann  Lorenz  von,  b.,7982;  d., 
80-23. 

Moshesh,  d.,  6013. 

Moslem  empire,  culmination,  4853. 

^  Inst,  in  N.  Y.,476'. 

Moslems  destroy  churches, Egy., 6543;  exe- 
cuted, 11582.    (See  text,  pp.  483-488.) 

]\Iosley,  Capt.,  expels  Indians,  46' . 

.Mosqiie  of  Amro,  erected  at  Cairo,  6542. 

of  Hassan,  erected,  6542. 

■  of  Tooloon,  at  Cairo,  6542. 

Mosquera,  Tomas  Cipriano,  b.  (1798);  dic- 
tator ;  invitation  ;  seizes  gov't. ;  pres., 
629', 2;  struggle  with  cong.;  deposed; 
sentenced,  6293;  d.  (1878). 

Mosquito  Coast,  annexed,  11032,3. 

Reservation  vs.  Nicaragua,  471 ' . 

Mosse,  Bartholomew,  est.  hospitals,  9112. 

Mossel  Bay,  ntission,  601 ' . 

Mossy  Creek,  Tenn.,  Carson-Newman  Coll. 
fnd.,  1663;  Confeilerates  defeated,  230'. 

Most,  ,John,  anarchist,  arrested,3232,  353' ; 
sentenced,  3852. 

Mostar,  Herzegovina,  action  at,  528' . 

Mostyn,  Baron,  title  created,  945' . 

Mogul  annexed  to  Turkey,  11572. 

Motazilites,  Mussulman  tlieology,  485'. 

Mother  Goose's  Tales  published,  683. 

Motherwell,  William,  b.,  9*283  ;  works, 
943';  d.,  9462. 

Motley,  tjohn  Ijothrop,  b.,  123' ;  minister 
to  Eng.,  '2672;  requested  to  resign,  2712  ; 
works,  1802,  188' ,  '2013,  28(!3  ;  d.,  2942. 

Mott,  .Alexander  Brown,  b.  (1826) ;  reports 
of  hydrophobia,  .324' ;  d.,  3442. 

,  Lucretia,  b.,  1042  ;  d.,304' . 

,  Valentine,  b.,  962  ;  d.,  247' . 

Motte,  Antoine  Houdart  de  la,  b.  (1672) ; 
work,  699' ;  d.  (1731). 

Motteville.  Franyois  Bertant  de,  b.  (1621i:). 
mimires,  6932;  d.  (1089). 

MoHchot,  M.,  scientific  experiments,  103. 

Moukden  mission,  6*223;  fortified,  Japan- 
ese approach,  6263. 

Moule,  Geo.  Evans,  cons,  bp.,  9862. 

Moulin,  Gen.,  in  Prairial  revolt,  7133. 

,  Quignon,  Fr*,  human  jaw  found,  736' . 

Moultrie,  Wm.,  b.,  62' ;  takes  Ft.  Johnson, 
803;  at  Port  Koyal,  S.  C,  90< ;  d.,  1122. 


Moulu  mission,  6003. 

Mound-builders,  relics,  3382,  366' ,  396' . 

City,  Ark.,  burned,  2182. 

Valley,  Kan.,  train  robbery,  4363. 

Mounter,  Jean  Joseph,  b.,  7023;  d.,  7162. 
Mount  Allison,  Wes.  B'em.  Coll.  fnd.,  6803. 

Angel  College,  Ore.,  fnd.,  3283. 

Auburn,  annexed  to  Cincinnati,  2733. 

Cents  E.  K.  opd.,  10893  ;  tunnel  built, 

10882  ;  opened,  11383. 

Coke  mission,  5972. 

Desert    Island    Me.,    pillaged,    28'; 

colony  on,  29' ;  mission,  5713, 
Gretna,    Pa.,    farmers'  encampment, 

3662;  Chautauqua  meeting,  4322. 
Hamilton,    Cat.,    Lick    Observatory 

begun,  304' ;  solar  eclipse  observed,  384' . 
Holyoke  Coll., Mary  A.  Bingham, pres. r 

3383  ;  E.  Storrs  B.  Mead,  pres.,  3562. 

Hood,  earthquake  and  eruption,  248' . 

Hope,  Mass.,  Indians  attack,  462. 

Leb<anon  University,  La.,  org.,  173' . 

Lycieum,  Gr.,  action  at,  101^2. 

Pleasant,  la.,  Wesleyan  Univ.  org.^ 

157' ;  fnd.,  1782;  German  Coll.  est.,  282*. 
,  Pa.,  explosion  of  tire-damp,  377*; 

Moonsliiners  captured,  4002. 

—  St.  Elias,  Prof.  Russell  ascends,  394' . 

St.  Louis  Coll.,  Can.,  burned,  5942. 

St.  Mary's  Coll.  fnd.,  Md.,  1143. 

Shasta  partly  disappears,  Cal.,  360' . 

Sinai,  Arabia,  discovered,  488' . 

Sterling,  Ky.,  action  at,  2102;  Confed- 
erates take  ;  retaken,  220' ;  Confeds.  de- 
feated, 2342  ;    Morgan  surrenders,  2462. 

Tabor,  Turks  defeated,  666' ,  7122. 

Union  Coll.,  0.,  fnd.,  161',  1843. 

Vernon,  Ala.,  arsenal  seized,  190' . 

,  Hi.,  cyclone,  328' . 

,  la.,  Cornell  College  fnd.,  1822. 

,  N.  Y.,  Hamilton  member  Nat. 

Academy  Design,  350' . 

,  Ya.,  spared,  94' ;  purch.ased,  185'. 

Washington, N.  H.,  incline R.  R.,2653; 

signal  station,  362' ;  fire,  4352. 

WoUaston,  Mass.,  settled,  312. 

Zion,  Mo.,  action  at,  202' . 

Stephen,  Baron,  title  created,  10052. 

,  William  S.,  b.,  114' ;  works, 148'  ,264'  i 

d.,  264'. 

Mountain  Meadow,  massacre,  1823. 

Mountcashel,  Earl,  title  created,  923'. 

Mountebanks  first  sung,  416' . 

Mountgarret,  Vise,  of,  title  created,  871''. 

Mountjoy,  Deputy,  besieges  Span.,  876' . 

Mountmorris,  Lord,  shot,  9863. 

Mouradgea  D'Ohason,  b.-d.,  11563. 

Mourning  dress  forbidden,  Russia,  1H9'. 

Mourzoufle,  Einp.,  put  to  death,  1154' . 

Moussa  Bey  exiled  to  Syria,  11583. 

Moustier,  Marquis  de,  minister,  7372. 

Monti  enthroned,  613' . 
Mouton,  Alex,  gov.  La.,  1552. 

,  Jean  Jacques,  Alex.  Alfred,  b.  (1829); 

d.,  2312. 
Moutshobo  Burmese  war,  10482. 
Mou  Wang  enthroned,  6112. 
Mowatt,  Mrs.    (See  Ritchie,  Mrs.) 

,  Lieut.,  at  Falmouth,  Me.,  803. 

Mowbray,  Baron,  title  created,  855' . 

,  Lord,  executed,  8613. 

,  H.  Siddons,  in  Acad,  of  Design,  398' . 

Moweni,  slave  village,  8383. 
Mower,  Gen.  Joseph  Anthony,  b.  (1827) ; 
captures  Confederates,  2303;  at  Pleasant 
Hill,  231';  d.,268'. 
Mowing-machine  invented,  9282. 
Moya  y  Contreras,  Pedro  de,  b.-d.,  11282. 
Mozambique,  Brit,  flag  raised,  6033. 

Co.  extends  territory,  11113. 

Mozart,    Wolfgang    Aniadeus,    b.,    8023 ;. 
works.  5163,  5171,  2,  804';  visits  Eng.. 
916';  d.,  8043. 
Mozuffer  in  Egy.,  <J54'. 
Mponda,  R.  C.  colony  at,  1112' . 
Mpwapwa  mission  ;  attacked,  8383. 
Mte8a,King,  convert  5612;  lapses  ;  d.,5613. 
Muazzim  reigns  as  Bahiulur  Shah,  10*15'. 
Mubarie  reigns,  10433. 
MUcke,  Heinricli  Kurl  Anton,  h.,  8083. 
Mucklerat,  Pa.,  opposition  to  flag,  3543. 
MCuda  Hassim,  Sarawak,  .552' . 
Mudd,  J.  J.,  at  Woodville,  2143. 
,  S.  A.  ,  assassination  plan,  243' :  sen- 
tenced, 2482,3. 
Mudie,  Robert,  b.  (1777) ;  d.,  9502. 
Mufti  of  Moosh  decorated,  1159' . 
Mugford,    Capt.,    captures    Hope,    822 ; 
cruises  near  Boston,  823. 


1342 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  Mugg-Musi. 


Muggletun,    Ludowick,  b.,  8782  ;  leader, 

8882;  d.,  9002. 
Muggletonians,  rise  of,  8882. 
Muhammad  Khan  rules,  539' . 
Muhlbach,  Luise  (Mrs.  Mundt);  b.,  8103; 

Frederick,  8202,  3;  d.,  828i . 
Muhlberg,  Priis.,  battle  of,  790t. 
Muhlenberg  College  org.,  Pa.,  258*. 

mission,  11613. 

, Frederick  Augustus, b.  (1750);  speaker, 

1012,  1052;  d.  (1801). 
,  Henry  Melchior,  b.,7983;  in  Pa.,  65i , 

d.,982,3. 
,  John  Peter   Gabriel,   b.,  662 ;    com- 
missioned brig. -gen.,  86' ;  d.,  114' . 

,  Wm.  Augustus,  b.,  1061 ;  d.,  2942. 

Muhler  von,  resigns,  8273. 

Muhlhauseu,  Prus.,  battle  of,  7881,  7902  ; 

alliance  with  Swiss  Coufederati<m,7892; 

articles  of,  7893;  Socialists*  bloody  riot, 

8331. 
Muir,  Thomas,  transported,  9272. 
Muirhead,  John,  d.,  9941 . 
Mukhtar,  Pasha  Achmed,  b.  (1832);  de- 
feats insurgents,  528 1 ;  at  Kars,  5651 . 
Muktuddir  reigns  in  Egy.,  6552. 
Muktulfee  reigns  in  Egy,,  655^. 
Mukur  insurrection,  62, 
Mulbe,  Gen.  von,  commander,  8221. 
Mulberry-trees,  silkworms  in  Eng.,  8762. 
Mulder,    Gerardus    Johannes,    b.   (1802) ; 

protein  intro.,  11021 ;  d.  (1880). 
Mules,  Chas.  Oliver,  cons,  bp.,  10082. 
MtUford,  Col.,  exchanges  prisoners,  240'. 

,  Elisha,b.(1833);  Nat  ion, 'M '23;  d.,3202. 

Mulgrave,  Haron,  title  created,  9172. 

,  Earl  of,  gov.  N.  S.,  5792. 

— -,  Lord,  lord  of  admiralty,  9332. 
MUlhausen  annexed  to  Fr.,  8073, 
Mull,  coast  of,  diving-bell,  8921. 
Mullen,  Tobias,  cons.  U.  C.  bp.,  2622, 
Miiller,  Charles  Louis,  b,,  7222;  d,,  7621 . 
•,  Friedrich  Maximilian  (Max  Miiller), 

b.,  9403;   works,  9523,  9(J23,  9683,  9842; 

Spelling  Reform  Asso.,  9843. 
,  George,  b.  (1805) ;  fnds.,  institution, 

9463-  fnds.  Bristol  orphan-house,  9491 . 
,  Gerhard  Frederick,  b.,  11142  ;  work, 

11151;  d.,  11142. 

,  Gottwerth,  work,  8051. 

,  Johann,  b.,  807 1 ;  d.,  8201. 

,  Julius,  b.,  8071 ;  d.,  8282. 

,  Karl  Otfried,  b.,  8063  ;  works,  8131, 

8152  ;  d.,  8143. 

,  Otto  Frederick,  b.,  6381 ;  d.,  6382. 

,  Sophie,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8142. 

,  vonKonigswinter  Wolfgang,b.,812i ; 

d.,  8281. 
,  Wilhelm,  b.,  8063  ;  works,  813i ;    d., 

8141. 
Mulligan,  James  A.,  b.  (1830) ;  at  Lexing- 
ton, 1983  ;  drives  Early,  2301 ;  d.  (1864). 
Muloch,  Dinah  Maria.     (See  Craik,  Mrs.) 
Mulready,  William,  b.,  9242;  d.,  9602. 
Multan,  or  Mooltan,  taken,  10421;    Brit. 

assassinated,  10462  ;  mission,  10463  ;  in 

Sepoy  rebellion,  10481. 

Kennyree  besieged,  10462. 

Multasche,     Margaret,     marries     Louis, 

7831 ,2;  comitess  of  Tyrol,  5071 ;  divorced, 

5072;  d.,  5062. 
Multiple  Candidate  Bill  passes,  Fr.,  7591 . 
Mulviliill,  Jermiah  H.,  wounded,  4502. 
Muinford,  Paul,  gov.  R.  I.,  1133. 
,  William   B.,   cuts    down   flag,  2063  ; 

hanged,  2083. 
Mummius,  Lucius,    at  Leucoptra,  10281  j 

sends  art  treasures  to  Rome,  10563. 
Muncaster,  Baron,  title  created,  9231. 
Muncer.    (See  Munzer,  Thomas.) 
Miiuch,  Peder  Andreas,  b.,  11041 ;  works, 

11042;  d.,  11041. 
Bellinghausen,  Eligius  Franz  Joseph 

von,  b.  (1806) ;  works, 5203, 5242;  d.(1871j. 
Miiuchengratz,  Bohemia,  sovereigns  meet, 

5212;  battle  at,  8241. 
Miinchbausen,     Baron,     Karl     Friedrich 

Hieronymus  von,  b.,  7983;  d.,  8063. 
Mmick,  Ebba,  marries  Prince  Oscar,  11363. 
Munda,  battle  of,  IO6O2. 
Munday,  Col.,  at  Lick  Ford,  2041. 
Mundella,  Anthony  James,  b.  (1825);  min- 
ister, 9952,  10092. 
Munden,  Joseph  Shepherd,  b.  (1758) ;  last 

appearance,  9402;  d.  (1832). 
Mundt,  Theodor,  b.,  8083;  works,  8152;  d., 

8202. 

,  Mrs.  Theodor.  (See  Muhlbach, Luise.) 

Mundy,  Robert  M.,  governor  Egy.,  5643. 


Muneepur,  Maharajah  abdicates,  10493. 

Muneepuris  massacre  Ghoorkhas,  10482. 

Munford,  Gen.,  at  Farmville,  2451. 

Munfordville,  Ky.,  Federals  defeated ; 
Confederates  defeated,  2131 ,  2163. 

Mungeli  mission,  10491. 

Munich,  fud.,  7773;  capital,  7812  ;  Royal 
Library,  7923;  captured,  7001 ,  8OOI ;  Mo- 
reau  enters,  7141 ;  surrenders,  7942;  Par- 
nassus Boieus  issued,  8003  ;  Univ.  of 
Laiidshut  joins  Acad,  of  Science,  8132  ; 
revision  treaty,  8191;  insurrection,  8171 ; 
Exhibition,  8261,  3313,  §341;  Univ.,  l)r. 
Bollinger,  rector,  8263. 

Mmiicipal  Bill,  New,  Fr.,  passes,  7453. 

Corporation  Act  passes,  G.  B.,  9512. 

League  org.,  Boston;  permanent, 4522. 

,  Nat.  org.,  4603  ;  meets,  4762. 

Reform  Leaguefounded, London, 9871 . 

Munn,  Edward,  ill-treats  Chinannjn,  4443, 

Munro-Ryan  case,  N.  Y.,  3952. 

,  Maj.  Hector,  at  Baxar,  India,  10442. 

,  Norman  L.,  d.,  4521 . 

Munroe,  James,  d.,  2702. 

Munster,  Count,  in  London  Confer.,  9932. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9451 . 

Miinster,  Prus.,  bishopric  est.,  7703;  be- 
sieged ;  burned,  7772  ;  seized,  7901 ;  sur- 
rendered, 7903  ;  increase  in  crime,  9883  ; 
toll  imposed,  IIOI2  ;  Bank,  payment 
stopped,  9953. 

Miinsterkerche  of  Essen  cons.,  7723. 

Muntz,  M.,  Hisioire,  etc.,  7662. 

Munzer,  Thomas,  b.  (1490i:)  ;  preacher, 
7891 ;  leader,  7881 ,  7892,  7911 ;  org.  Ana- 
baptists, 7891 ;  executed,  7881 . 

Mupng  captured,  4823. 

Murad.    (See  Amurath.) 

Bey,   war   with  Ibrahim  Bey,    6571; 

battle  of  Pyramids,  7122. 

Khan,  sultan,  Bokharan  service,  62. 

Murat,  Joachim,  b.,  7042 ;  at  Aboukir, 
6501 ;  marries  Napoleon's  sister,  7152  ;  at 
Prenzlau,716i ;  grand dukeofBerg,7172; 
in  Sp.,  7162  ;  in  Vienna,  5183  ;  K.  of 
Naples,  7173  ;  commands  Fr.  arniv,  7183; 
at  Tolentino,  5201 ,  7221 ;  leaves  it.,  5201 ; 
alliance  with  Aust.,  10871;  at  Modena, 
10801 ;  waragainstAust. , 10871 ;  shot, 7221. 

,  editor,  sentence,  7503. 

Muratori,  Ludovico  Antonio,  b.,  10831; 
works,  10833;  d.,  10842. 

Murcay,  Villette  de,  b.,  6922. 

Murchison,  Sir  Roderick  Impey,  b.,  9262  ; 
d.,9761. 

Murcia subdued,  11253, 11273;  taken,  11261 ; 
cholera  in,  11323. 

Murdoch  of  Albany,  regent,  8631 . 

,  James  E.,  b..'ll63  ;  d.,  4301 . 

,  Sir  Thomas  William,  d.,  5921 . 

,  William,  b.  (1754) ;  on  coal  gas,  9261 , 

9282  ;  d.  (1856). 

Murdock,  James,  b.,  85* ;  d.,  1781 . 

Muret,  Fr.,  Albigenses  defeated,  6701. 

Murfree,  Mary  NoaiUes  (Charles  Egbert 
Craddock),  b.  (1860+) ;  works,  3183,  3231 , 
3311. 

Murfreesboro,  Tenn.,  Union  Coll.  org., 
1643  ;  Soule  Coll.  fnd.,  1723  ;  Unionists 
meet,  2093;  Feds,  defeated,  2101 ;  battle 
of,  2171 ;  Confederates  defeated,  2402,  3. 

MiJrger,  Henri,  b.  (1822)  ;  works,  7302  ;  d. 
(1861). 

Muriatic  powder  invented,  7061 . 

Murillo,  Bartolomfi  Esteban,  b.-d.,  11283  ; 
works,  11282, 

Toro,    Manuel,    b.-d.,    6282 ;    pres., 

6291,2. 

Murner,  Thomas,  b.,  7802;  works,  787 1, 
7892  ;  d.,  7902. 

Murphy,  Arthur,  b.,  908i ;  d.,  9323. 

,  Daniel,  cons,  bishop,  9541. 

,  Edward,  temperance  advocate,  4l9i . 

,  — -,  Jr.,  senator,  b.,  1462. 

,  Francis,  reformer,  2831. 

,  Isaac,  governor  Arkansas,  2413. 

,  J.  Francis,  in  Acad.  Design,  3281 . 

,  James,  pres.  Ref.  synod,  1503,  1523, 

,  Jerry,  opens  jail,  4683. 

,  John,  at  Vinegar  Hill,  9281 . 


, ,b^  (1786);  gov.  Ala.,  1333;  d.  (1841). 

2122;  d.,  2741. 


-McLeod,  D.,  1342;  atReadyville, 


,  Joseph,  b.,  1502. 

,  Michael,  killed,  9281 . 

,  N.  O.,  gov.  Ariz.,  4212. 

,  police  captain,  trial,  4522, 

varnish  syndicate  sell,  3573. 

Murray  River  explored,  4941 . 


Murray,Alexander,  b.,  9191;  d.,9363. 

,  David,  b.,  138i ;  in  Japan,  4783. 

,  Eli  H.,  governor  Utah,  3052. 

,  G.  W.,  b.,  1722  ;  speech,  4403. 

,  James,  archbp.,IrishNational  School 

system,  9443  ;  consecrated  bishop,  9681. 
, Augustus  Henry,  b.  (1837);  works, 

9631,8923. 
,  Gen.  James,  at  Montreal,  5743;  gov.- 

gen.,  5753,  5772. 

. ,  Sir  J.,  at  Castalla,  7183. 

,  John,  b.,  642;  tirst  American  sermon, 

762  ;  d.,  1242. 

, ,  publisher,  b.,  9203  ;  d.,  IOO81 . 

,  Joseph,  gift  to  Columbia  Coll.,  69i . 

,  Lindley,   b.,  662  ;  works,  1003,  1063, 

9271;  d.,  1342. 

,  Nicholas,  b.  (1803) ;  moderator,  1662; 

d.  (1861). 

,  Pendleton,  governor  Texas,  2293. 

,  Robert,  sets  up  penny  post,  8953. 

,  William,  sails  for  China,  6222;  es- 
tablishes mission  to  blind,  9962. 

, ,  E.  of  Mansfield,  b.,  9022  ;  chief 

justice,  9152  ;  declaration,  923i ;  d.,  9263. 

,  — —  Henry  Harrison,  b,,  1522. 

, Vans,  b.,  723  ;  d.  (1803). 

Murrell,  Capt.  Hamilton,  gift  to;  knighted, 
6422  ;  rescues  Danmark,  6423. 

Murrumbidgee  River  explored,  4942. 

Murska  di,  lima,  b,  (1843±) ;  d.,  5302. 

Musa,  b.  (660±)  ;  conquests,  4841 ;  a.  (718). 

Chelebi  attacksConstantinople, 11561 . 

Khan,  ameer,  63;  submits  to  Brit.,  7 1 . 

,  Pedro  de,  missionary,  183. 

Musjeus,  d.,  10131. 

Musaus,  Johann  Karl  August,  b.,  8OO2  ; 
works,  8031 ,  8052  ;  d.,  8043, 

Muscat,  Persian  rule ;  Portuguese  in,  4873; 
driven  out,  4861 ;  surrenders,  4873,  4883; 
burricane ;  rebellion,  4883. 

Muscovy  Co.  in  Greenland,  273,  878i . 

Museum^  The,  London,  issued,  9131 . 

Musgrave,  Sir  Anthony,  gov.  S.  Afr.,  4983, 
4992  ;  d.,  5013;  9982. 

,  George  Washington,  b.  (1804);  moder- 
ator, 2642  ;  d.  (1882). 

Musgrove,  Sir  John,  lord  mayor,  9492, 

Music,  Jubal  plays  the  harp  and  organ, 
11391 ;  harp,  flute,  and  pipe,  early  Egy., 
6461 ;  the  octave  devised ;  Olympus  in- 
vents the  enharmonic  system,  10142  ; 
Pythagoras  teaches  the  music  of  the 
spheres  ;  hymns  sung  in  trage<lies,  10162; 
jEschylus  writes  music  to  his  own  tra- 
gedies, 10191 ;  Archimedes  invents  water 
organ,  10552  ;  choristers  sing  in  Roman 
tragedies,  10622  ;  Elgy.  intonation  of 
scale,  6522  ;  Hucbald  mvents  system  of 
scales,  5391 ;  ch.  music  Intro.,  10722  ; 
musical  notes  inv.,  10721;  written  on 
staff,  8462  ;  uses  of  measured  music  cod- 
ified, Ger.,  7762;  earliest  extant,  8521; 
musical  notes  perfected,  10762  ;  igt  Dr. 
of,  8641;  iKt  public  sch(.)ol  of  music, 
Milan,  10782  ;  Paris  Academy  Music, 
est.,  6802  ;  sacred  drama  in  Eng.,  8701; 
notes  printed,  6822  ;  patent  for  printing, 
8741;  let  true  oratorios,  Rome;  opera, 
Eurtdice,  at  Florence  ;  operas,  Arianna 
and  Orfeo,  10821;  God  Bless  the  King, 
vocalized;  Tempest,  878' j  harmoniza- 
tions of  tunes,  88OI  ;  operas  mtro.  in  Eng., 
Cambridge  prof,  of  music  api)t.,  8961; 
Italian  opera  intro.,  Eng.,  9t)22  ;  Ancient 
Acad,  inst.;  Handel  in  London,  Rinaldo 
presented,  9041;  Haiulel  in  G.  B.,  9102, 
9123;  violin  perfected;  pianoforte  mv., 
10821 ,  2  ;  Handel's  Esther  in  Eng.,  9061 ; 
Ist  Ger.  opera,  7943  ;  1st  Fr.  opera,  6822: 
Eolianharp  inv.,  7962;  igt  Fr.  composer, 
i*o»ioHe,  6922  ;  Optra;  Royal  Soc.  Musi- 
cians org.,  Eng.,  9112  ;  Cnmique,  Paris, 
appears,  6962;  Madrigal  Soc.,Lond.,  or^., 
9102;  pedal  harp  inv.,  8002;  licensed  in 
Eng.,  9132  -notes  printed,  Ger.,  8022 ; 
Mozart  in  Eng.,  916i ;  Mozart's  operas, 
8041,  5163  ;  Handel  commemorations, 
Eng.,  9222,  9461;  glass  harmonica  inv., 
8041 ;  Beethoven'scompositions;Haydn's 
Creation, Zi\Q^ ;  harmonichord  inv.,  810' ; 
Royal  Acad,  of  M.  est.,  London,  9402; 
Weber's  compositions,  8121  ;  Mendels- 
sohn's compositions,  8121,  8141  ;  Paga- 
niniinLond.,9441 ;  accordion  inv.,  IO86I; 
tonic  sol-fa  system,  952i;  Meyerbeer's 
operas,  8141 ,816i ;  Wagner's  operas, 8I6I, 
8181  ,'8243,  8281;  London,  9881 ;  Philhar- 
monic Soc.  est.,  Lend.,  9362,  9532  ;  Ser- 


Musi-Napl. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDil.X,       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1343 


qphine  appears,  Lond.,  94Gt ;  Afus'ical 
World  iKSued,  9483  ;  Royal  Soc.  Female 
Musicians  est.,  J)50i ;  HamlulSoc,  hoiul., 
org., 9521 ;  Jenny  Lind  sings,  lA)nd.,9f>4i ; 
Tonic  S«)l-Fa  Soc.  fnd. ;  coll.  est.,  9582  ; 
Musical  Soc.  of  Lond.  org.;  Monday  con- 
certs, Loud., est.,  962' ;  Handel  centenary 
festival,  Lond.,  9622  ;  Acjid.  of  Music, 
Lend.,  fnd. ;  Patti  sings,  Loudon,  9642  ; 
Nilsson  sings,  Lond.  J  Kellogg  sings,  Lon- 
don, 970* ;  concert  pitch  lowered,  Lond., 
972t ;  Grand  Opera  House  built,  Paris, 
736» ;  Musical  Asso.  fnd.,978i ;  Nat.Train- 
ing  School ;  Pirates  of  Penzance^  978 ' ; 
Nat.  Opera  House,Lond., est.;  Nat. Train- 
ing School  of  Music,  Edinburgh,  980i ; 
Wagner  festival,  Lond.,  982' ;  Patience^ 
3881:  Musicians'  Gonf.,  Brighton,  9883  ; 
Musical  Choir,  org. ;  Acad.  M.,  Scot., 
fnd. ;  Koyal  Coll.  M.,  Lond.,  opd.,  9901  j 
Princesn  Ida,  Mikado^  presented,  9921; 
symphonion  inv.;  Joseph  Hof man  plays, 
London,  9961 ;  Otto  Hegner  plays  in  Lon- 
don, 9981 ;  Compositions  Copyright  Act, 
Eug.,  9992;  oratorios  intro.  in  It.,  10802. 
Music,  U.S.A.,  singing-school  music  ai>- 
pears,  Mass.,  76i ;  Yanicee  Di)odle  sang, 
912;  ffall  Columbia  sang,  1091;  star 
Sp'-inqted  Banner  written,  1232,  3561 ; 
Handel  and  Haydn  Soc,  Boston,  1241; 
Messiah,  Creation,  Boston,  1261 ;  jfy 
(:hanlru,'Tis  of  Thee,  written,  1403; 
Operatic  Theater  in  N.  Y.  fails,  142 1 ; 
singing  lessons  in  Boston  public  schools, 
1481 ;  Philharmonic  Soc,  N.  Y.,  first 
sings,  1541 ;  Ole  Bull  in  N.  Y.,  1561 ; 
Jenny  Lind  in  N.  Y.,  1661;  Alboni  in 
N.  Y.,  1701;  Sontag  in  N.  Y.,  1721; 
Acad,  of  Music,  N.  Y.,  opd.,  1761 ;  Ade- 
laide Phillips  in  N.  Y.,  1781,  3481,  3541; 
Parepa  Hosa  sings  (1357) ;  Piccolomini  in 
N.  Y.,  1841;  Patti  in  N.  Y.,  1861;  C.  L. 
Kellogg  in  N.  Y.,  1902;  Worcester  Musi- 
cal Asso.  org.,  2291;  Theo.  Thomas  soi- 
rees, N.  Y.,  2411;  Mendelssohn  Olee 
Club,  N.  Y.,2501 ;  N.  Eng.  Conservatory, 
Boston,  est.,  2581,  2701;  Salem  Oratorio 
Soc.  est.,  Mass.,  258i ,  2781 , 2  ;  festivals  at 
Cincinnati  est.,  2&4i,  4601;  Nat.  Peace 
Jubilee,  Boston,  2661 ;  i>er  Nordameri- 
kanische  Sangerbund,  reorg.  at  Chicago 
a868) ;  Orpheus  Singing  Soc.  est.,  Buf- 
falo; Harmonic  Society,  Cincinnati,  org., 
2681 ;  Apollo  Musical  Club  org.,  Chicago, 
274* ;  Beethoven  Conservatory  org..  St. 
Louis;  Orpheus  Soc.  org.,  Phila.,  2761 ; 
World's  Peace  Jubilee,  Boston,  2781; 
Cleveland  Vocal  Soc.  org.,  280 1;  Bee- 
thoven Quintet  Club,  282i  ;  Oratorio  Soc, 
N.  Y.,  org.,  2841;  Loring  Musical  Club 
org.,  S.  Francisco,  292' ;  M.  Teachers' 
Nat.  Asso.  org.,  2923, 3482  ;  Mozart  Club 
org.,  Pittsburg,  298* ;  Symphony  Soc  ; 
Coll,  of  Music  est.,  N.  Y.  ;  Cincinnati 
Coll.  of  Music  ;  Bach  Soc  of  Cleveland, 
O.,  org.,  3001;  Central  Music  Hall,  Chi- 
cago, est. ;  Choral  Soc.  org.,  St.  Louis, 
3021;  Boston  Symph.  Soc.  org.,  3061; 
Metropolitan  Opera  House,  N.  Y.,  ojni.; 
Caecilia  Ladies'  Vocal  Soc  org.,  Brook- 
lyn; Campanini  appears,  3141;  Chicago 
Opera  House  opd.,  3201  j  Erminie  sung  ; 
Am.  Coll.  of  Musicians  est.,  324' ;  Carne- 
gie Music  Hall,  fnd.,  358i ,  3821 ;  Worces- 
ter Musical  Festival ;  standard  piano 
pitch  determined,  3921  j  Lion  Tamer 
sung,398i ;  MountebanicSy  Fencing  Master 
sung,  4161 ;  Acad.  fnd.  at  Northampton, 
4201 ;  Sangerfest,  N.  Y.,  closes,  4621 ;  Soc 
for  Promotion  of  Music  meets,  4641 . 

Musical  World,  London,  issued,  9483. 

Musicians,  Am.  Coll.  of,  incor.,  324i. 

,  Nat.  Soc.  of  Professional,  fmd.,  9903. 

Musik-Verein,  est.  in  Milwaukee,  168'. 

Muskegon,  Michigan,  fire,  3853. 

Muskerry,  Baron,  title  created,  9231. 

Musket,  in  armies,  7382;  matchlock  inv., 
7882  flintlock  used,  Eng.,  9001 ;  in  It., 
10822  ;  in  Burgundy,  6762  j  in  Fr.,  6861 . 

Muskingum  college  org.,  O.,  1491 . 

Muslin,  tiuured,  woven,  1361 ;  first  made, 
8001 ;  nifg.  attempted,  9202. 

Muspilfa  appears,  7723. 

Muspratt,  James  Sheridan,  b.,  9403  ;  d., 
9761. 

Mussa  di  Carrara,  besieged,  10902. 

Khan  submits,  7i . 

Miissato,  Albertino,  b.  (1261):  Eccerinus, 
10771;  d.  (1330). 


Musschenbroek,  Pieter  von,  b.-d.,  IlOli; 

inv.  Leyden  jar  ;  inv.  pyrometer,  U003, 
Musseerabad  mission,  10483. 
Musset,  Louis  Chas.  Alfred  de,  b.,  7191; 

works,  72C3,  7271 ,  721>2,  8152;  d.,  7322. 
Mussey,  Reuben  Dimond,  b.,  931 ;  d.,  2521 . 
Mustali  takes  Jerusalem,  4872. 
Mustang  Island,  Tex.,  expedition  at,  2281 . 
Mustapha  1.  reigns,  11572;  d.,  11563. 

II.  reigns,  11572. 

III.  reigns,  11572. 

IV.  reigns,  11573. 

Koprili,  grand  vizier,  11572. 

Mustapha  et  Z&anger,  7051 . 

Mustareb,  revolt,  483i ;  tribes  war,  4841 . 

Musurus  Pasha  in  Lond.,  Conference,  9932. 

Muta,  Syria,  battle  of,  484i . 

Mutcher,  Howard,  b.,  1842. 

Mutes,  deaf  Ijistruction,  Dr.  Wallis,  8871 ; 

Eng.  law  against,  9192. 
Muther,  Richard,  work,  8362. 
Mutina.     (See  Modena.) 
Mutiny,  punished,  5562;  of  sailors,  8921 . 

Act,  751 ,  <H72;  first,  Eng.,  passed,  89^12. 

Mutsu  Hito,  Japan,  welcomes  foreigners  ; 

reigns,  10931. 
Mutual  Employment  Soc,  object,  461 1 . 
Mutual  Rights  issued,  1323. 
Muxica,  Martin  de,  governor,  6052. 
Muybridge,  E.  J.,  photographs,  9881. 
Muza,  Saracen  leader,  11251. 
Muziano,  Girolamo,  b.,  10803  ;  d.,  10823, 
Mwanga,  of  W.Afr., 5613, 562', 2, 3,10023. 
Mycale,  battle  of,  10183. 
Mycenje,  Gr.,  fnd.,  10133  ;  explored,  11581 ; 

walled,  10141;  destroyed,  10193. 
Myddleton,  Sir  Hugh,  b.  (1555J ;  d.  (1631) ; 

statue, 9661. 
Myer,  Albert  James,  b.  (1827) ;  d.,  3041 . 
Mvers,  Abraham  C,  b.  (1812) ;  d.,  3402. 
— ^,  Frederic  W.  H.,  work,  4482. 

,  G.  A.,  surety  for  J.  Davis,  2563. 

,  Harvey,  indicted,  4183, 

Myingyan, occupied,  10482:  mission,  104C3. 
My lai,  battle  near,  10523;  defeat  otT,  10603 . 
Mylne,  Louis  G.,  elected  bishop,  9803. 
Mynpuri,  mission,  10471. 
Myographion  invented,  8181. 
Myonnesus,  action  at,  10551. 
Myrocephalus,  action  at,  1<^22. 
Myron,  Gr.  sculptor,  b.,  10191. 
Myronides  invade  Ba;otia,  1019'. 
Mysia  ravaged,  10341 , 
Mysore,  war  with ;   second,  10442  ;  third, 

10461 ;  divided,  10472  ;  taken,  10473, 

,  Bishop  Coadon  consecrated,  9862. 

Mysteries  played,  6742. 

Mystery  capsizes  in  Jamaica  Bay,  3273. 

oftfte  Magian  Kings  issued,  11271 , 

Mysticism  in  Ger.,  7843  ;  intro.  It.,  10723. 
Mytens,  Daniel,  b.-d.,  10983. 
Mzab  annexed,  102. 


N. 

Naaman  comes  to  Elislia,  11443. 

Nabonassar  reigns,  11452. 

Nabonidus  reigns,  11472. 

Nabopolassar,  viceroy,  11453  ;  ally  of  Cya- 
xares  ;  burns  himself,  1146* . 

Nachod,  Bohemia,  battle  at,  8241 . 

Nachtigal,  Gustav,b.,8142  ;  fnds.  colonies, 
8313;  d.,8302. 

Nacion,  La,  established,  4913. 

Nacooche,  Ga.,  gold  found,  3022. 

Nadab,  offers  fire,  11403  ;  king,  11433. 

Nadal,  Bernard  Harrison, b.,  1242;  d.  (1870). 

Nadan  captured,  10482. 

Nadar's  largest  balloon,  7361 . 

Naddoddr  in  Iceland,  111 , 

Nadir  Kuli,  regent,  11072. 

Shah,  or  Kuli  Khan,  b.-d.,  11063;  con- 
quers India,  11062-  reigns,  11072;  in 
Afghan.,  5i;  attacks  Oman,  4861;  pil- 
lages Delhi,  10441 ;  assassinated,  11072, 3. 

Nadius  reigns,  11452. 

Naevius,  works  of,  10531 . 

Nafels,  battle  of,  7841 . 

Nagarkoil,  mission,  10462;  hospital,  10921 , 

Nagasaki,  Japan,  missionaries  burned, 
1091 1 ;  Dutch  privileges,  10913  ;  missions, 
10922  ;  telegraph  est.,  10943,  lll8i. 

Nagle,  dep.-marshal,  no  jurisdiction, 357' . 

Nagoya,  mission  at,  10922. 

Nagpur,  Ind. ,  Bp.  Riccaz  cons. ,9962 ;  taken, 
1W61 ;  under  G.B.  10473  ;  mission,  10493. 

Nagri  visits  Bokhara,  5492. 

Valiant  captures  Atlanta,  2223. 


Naharro,  Propaladia,  1129i. 

Nahuas  in  Mexico,  113. 

Nahuni,  prophet,  11443. 

Nails,  wrought,  931 ;  by  machinery,  9241 . 

Naincfiow  sinks,  6273. 

Nairne,  Baroness,  title  created,  8932. 

— — , ,  (Carolina   Oliphant),  b.,   916*  ; 

d.,  9522. 

Naish,  John,  chanc,  9933,  9951 ;  d.,  1004* . 

Naissus.    (See  Nish.} 

N&jera,  Spain,  battle  of,  8581 . 

Nakhaileh,  mission,  6571 . 

Namanualand,' missionaries  in,  5982,3; 
with  Cape  Colony,  5993  ;  annexed,  6032. 

Nam-Dinn,  B.  Flags  beaten  ;  Fr.  conquer ; 
evacuated,  4802-  pirates,  4821 ,  4833. 

Nameoki,  111.,  R.  11.  accident,  4413. 

Namur  founders,  912i . 

Namur,  Belg.,  taken,  542 1 ,  694 1 ,  7001  •  chol- 
era,5492  ;  capitulates,  6941 ;  siege  of , 900 1. 

Nanaimo,  Can.,  mine  explosion,  5853. 

Naua-Sahib,  b.-tl.,  10462  ;  in  rebellion  ;  de- 
feated, 10481 ;   at  Jorway  Pass,  10482. 

Nance,  Albinus,  governor  Neb.,  3033. 

Nancy,  Fr.  take,  6982;  acquired,  7033, 
7431 ;  military  sedition,  706 1 ;  occupied, 
7202  ;  statue  of  Joan  of  Arc,  7601 . 

Nancy  Hanks,  record, 4133, 4152, 4173, 4373. 

Nanfan,  John,  governor  N,  Y.,  552. 

Nangar,  Madras,  mission,  10471 . 

Nankeng  enthroned,  6II2. 

Nanking,  China,  capital,  6131 ,  6152  ;  battle 
at ;  porcelain  tower,  6142,  6i83  ;  British 
fleet,  6162  ;  peace  commissioners  ;  treaty 
signed,  9173  ;  massacre  ;  taken,  6I8I ; 
siege  raised,  620';  recaptured;  redress 
demanded,  6202;  mission,  6223,  6243; 
protected,  6263. 

Nansen,  P'ridjof,  b.,  11041 ;  Arctic  expedi- 
tion, 11053  ;  in  Greenland,  &42i . 

Nantes,  P>.,  Univ.  of,  fnd.,  6783  ;  burned, 
8491;  massacre,  7112;  cholera,  7633; 
strike,  7643. 

,  edict  of,  571 2 ;  signed,  6872 ;  confirmed, 

5732,  6873,  6903  ;  revoked,  482,6931 . 

Nanteuil,  Robert,  b.,  6882  ;  d.,  0923. 

Nanticoke,  Pa.,  strike,  4242. 

Nantucket,  Mass.,  settled,  412;  fisheries 
est.,  453  ;  plundered,  902  ;  whaling-ship 
sails,  1033  ;  fire,  1613  ;  secedes,  1232. 

Nantwich,  Eng.,  battle  of,  8841 . 

Nan  Wang  entlironed,  6II2. 

Naogeorg,  Thomas,  works,  7911. 

Naomi  dwells  with  Ruth,  11422. 

Naoshera,  defeat  at,  4i . 

Napa,  Cal.,  Coll.  fnd.,  2703  ;  insane  asy- 
lum established,  281 1 . 

Napanee,  opera-house  collapses,  5872. 

Napier,  Baron,  title  create*!,  881 1 . 

,  of  Magdala,  Baron,  title  created, 9651 , 

,  Sir  Charles  James, b., 9223  ;gov.Ind., 

10473  ;  d.,  9582  ;  statue,  9602. 

,  Sir  — —  John,  admiral,  b.,  9242  ;  de- 
feats Dom  Miguel,  IIIO1 ;  at  Beyrout, 
^63,  9501;  commands  Baltic  fleet;  at 
Bomarsund,  9581 ;  d.,9642. 

,  Sir  Francis,   b.  (1819) ;    minister    at 

Wash.,  1831 ;  gov.  of  Madras,  10491 . 

- — ,  John,  b.,  8701 ;  ZoyariMniiJ,  8761 ,880*  • 
d.,  8801. 

,  Joseph,  lord  chancellor,  9632, 

,  Lortf,  in  China  ;  d.,  6172. 

,  Sir  Robert  Cornelius,  b.,  9351;  pro- 
clamation ;  in  Abyssinia,  2i ;  baron  of 
Magdala,  9651;  field  marshal,  9901 ;  vice- 
roy of  India,  1(H92  ;  d.,  10021 . 

, ,  shipbuilder,  b.,  9243  ;  d.,  9802. 

,  Sir  William  Francis  Patrick,  b.,  9223  ; 

work,  9442;  minister  to  Wash.,  I83i; 
governor  Ind.,  10491 ,2. 

Napierville,  insurrection,  5781 . 

Naples,  fnil.,  1051 1 ;  Gr.  colony  at,  IOI52 ; 
conquered,  10532,  10752,  10781;  allied 
with  Rome,  10622 ;  defended,  10542  ; 
plague,  10652,  10873  ;  capital  of  duchy. 
10713  ;  acquired  by  Gr.,  10332  ;  Univ.  oi 
Salerno  fnd.,  10751;  capital,  10752;  be- 
sieged, 7781  ;  Univ.  of,  fnd.,  10752  ;  sur- 
renders, 7801  J  cathedral  begun,  10763; 
separate  from  Sicily,  10772, 10793, 10853  ; 
St.  Janarius  chapel  erected,  10832  ;  Acad. 
est.,  10781  ;  earthquake  at,  10781 ,  10822, 
10841  ;  invaded,  6793,  1088I ;  treaty  for 
conquest  of,  6793  ;  Fr.  expelled,  6782, 
I0S13  ;  annexed  to  Sp.,  10793  ;  resigned 
by  Francis,  6813  ;  possession  dispute, 
7913;  revolt,  10821,  1086 1  ;  ceded  to 
Aust.,5151,  10833;  claimed  by  Charles 
VI,,  5151 ;  ruled  by  Sp.,  IO852  ;  ceded  to 


1344 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Napo-Nati. 


Sp.,  low ;  lazzaroiil  enrolled,  10841 ; 
Kr.  occupied,  7141 ;  Oiomale  Encyclope- 
dico  issued,  10852  ;  Fr.  army  invades, 
6172 ;  Napoleon  abolishes  temporal 
power,  10751;  Fr.  capture,  6201 ,  10301, 
10702,  10741;  united  to  Sicily,  10871; 
uprising  subdued,  6201,  I084i,  1128'; 
Aust.  in ;  revolt  of  Carbonari,  10861 , 
10872  ;  treaty  with  U.  S.,  1411 ;  Eng.  and 
Fr.  witlidraw,  10873  ;  Jesuits  expelled, 
10863  ;  Progresso  del  Science  issued, 
10871;  It.  R.  to  Home,  10873;  Presb. 
mission,  10883;  Am.  squadron  at,  3541 . 
Napoleon,  Ark.,  seizures,  1902. 
Napol&)u  L,  Bonaparte,  b.,  7042;  lieut.  in 
artillery,  7061 ;  at  Toulon,  7101 ;  crushes 
revolt  of  Sections,  7102,  7113;  marries 
Josephine,  7131 ;  1st  Italian  campaign  ; 
defeats  Aust.  at  Millesimo;  winsatMon- 
dovl,712i ,  and  at  Lodl ;  Savoy  and  Nice 
ceded;  Belgian  provinces  ceded;  peace, 
7132;  besieges  laantaa;  wins  :it  Louato, 
Castiglione,  Medola,  Uovoredo,  Bassano; 
repulsed  at  Caldiero  ;  win*  at  Areola,  at 
Castelnuovo,  7121 ;  returns  to  Paris,  7132; 
defeats  Aust.  at  Rivoli ;  at  Mantua  ;  at 
Ancona;  at  Tagliamento ;  crosses  Alps, 
7121 ;  war  with  Venice  ;  abolishes  Vene- 
tian aristocracy  ;  org.  Gis-.-Upiiie  Repub- 
lic, the  Ligurian  Ilepublic ;  sent  to 
Egy.,  7132;  2d  coalition  against  Fr., 
7133;  sails  for  Egy.;  takes  Malta;  takes 
Alexandria ;  in  battle  of  Pyramids ; 
takes  Cairo,  7122;  takes  El  .'Vrisch;  war 
against  Aust.  ;  takes  Jaffa  ;  besieges 
Acre;  takes  Mt.  Tabor ;  repulsed  at 
Acre  ;  leaves  Egy.,  7122:  controls  govt.; 
returns  to  Fr.;  under  New  Directory  ; 
coup  d'  ita,t ;  Council  of  Ancients  dis- 
solved; expels  Council  of  Five  Hun- 
dred ;  chosen  consul ;  consul  for  life, 
7133;  makes  overtures  to  Eng.;  occu- 
pies Tuileries, 7152;  subdues  royalists  in 
Vendue  ;  crosses  Alps  into  It.;  m  Milan; 
wins  at  Marengo,  7141 1  signs  concordat 
with  pope  reestablishing  religion,  715i; 
assassination  of,  fails  ;  peace ;  elected 
pres.  of  Italian  aepublio,  7152;  1st  con- 
sul for  life  ;  Slmplon  road  made  ;  Code 
NapoWon ;  .Malta  disputes  ;  war  against 
Eng.,  7153  ;  makes  insolent  demands  of 
Eng.,  9313;  builds  docks  at  Antwerp, 
5433;  retaliation  against  Eng.;  camp  at 
Boulogne,  7141 ;  insults  Eng.  ambassa- 
dor; plans  invasion  Eng.,  9313;  conspir- 
ators   defeated;    hereditary   emperor; 


ators    aeteatea ;    neroiiiiary   aiupei  oi , 
crowned;  K.  of  It.;  Genoa  annexed  ;  3d 
coalition.  Code  N.  promulgated,  7153; 
enters  Vienna ;  wins  Austerlitz,  7161 ; 
Peace  of   Presburg,  Aust.  cedes  terri- 
tory, 7171 ;  restores  calendar ;  appoints 
brother,  .Joseph,  king  of  Naples,  brother 
Louis,  K.  of  Holland ;  est.  Confederation 
of  Rhine  ;  ending  Holy  Rom.  Emp. ;  de- 
thrones Bourbons  in  Naples  ;   slanders 
Q.  of  Prus.;  war  with  Prus.,  7172  ;  insti- 
tutes Order  of  Iron  Cross  of   It.,  10853; 
wins  at  Jena  ;  occupies  Berlin  ;  enters 
Vienna ;  invades  Poland  ;  against  Rus., 
7161 ;  improves  State  service  ;  issues  Ber- 
lin decree  (Anti-Eng.) ;  peace  with  Sax- 
ony, 7173;  issues  Milan  <lecree,  9333;  at 
Bavonne,  11312;  defeats  Prus.  at  Eylau  ; 
at  Friedland,  7162;  peace  with  Rus.  and 
Prus.;  Prus.  cedes  large  territory,  7172; 
revives  education,  7171;   treaty  of  Kon- 
igsberg ;  org.  kingdom  of   Westphalia ; 
treaty  of  Fontainebleau  ;  Port.  inv.aded  ; 
alliance  with  Sp. ;  Port,  claimed  ;  crown 
of  Sp.  given  ;  height  of  glory,  7173  ;  Pe- 
ninsular war  with  G.  Brit.,  7162  ;  meets 
princes  at  Erfurt  ;  enters  Madrid  sui)- 
ported  by  czar,  7173;  abolisUes  Inquisi- 
tion,  7171;  5th  coalition,   7193;  pope's 
remonstrances,  5193;  war  with  Aust.  as 
ally  of  Eng.;   wins  at   Abensberg ;    at 
Landeshut ;  wounded  at  Eatisbon  ;  takes 
Vienna  again  ;  defeated  at  Aspern  and 
Essling;  wins  at  Wagram  ;  peace,  7181 ; 
king    of    Italy,    1085*;    deiioses    pope; 
abolishes     pope's      temporal      power ; 
takes  pope  prisoner  ;  divorced ;  excom- 
municated,    7192 ;      retaliates     against 
Am.,  1151 ;  marries  Maria  Louisa,  5203, 
6211;  annexes  Hoi.  and  Hamburg,  7193; 
Napoleon  II.  bom ;    denationalizes  all 
pro-British  flags ;  Eng.  rejects  overtures  ; 
war    against    Bus.;    in  West    Bus.;    in 
Vilna,   7182;    restrains   press,  5192;  in 


Moscow ;  Bus.  rejects  proposals ;  disas- 
trous retreat ;  wins  at  ICrasnoi ;  hastes 
to  Paris ;  Rus.  and  Prus.  against  Fr., 
7193;  power  iu  Ger.,  8111;  War  of  Lib- 
eration ;    raises    another    army,    7183 ; 
new  concordat  with  pope,  721 1 ;  in  Bo- 
hemia ;  wins  at  Liitzen  ;  at  Bautzen  ;  at 
Hochkirchen;  armistice,  7201;  Austria 
declares  -war,  7212;  wins  at  Dresden; 
repulsed  at  Nollendorf,  7201 ;  retreats; 
defeated  at  Leipsio  ;  wins  at  Hanau  ;  at 
Hochheim;    In    Mentz,    7202;    empress 
regent;  leaves  Paris;  wins  at  St.  Di- 
zier  ;  defeated  near  river  Aube  ;  wins  at 
Champaubert;  at  Montmirail,  7202;    at 
Montereau ;   at  Craonne ;    defeated    at 
Laon ;  wins  at  Reims  ;   defeated  at  St. 
Dizier;  allies  enter  Paris,    7203;  Cong, 
of  Chatillon  ;  empress  flees  ;  throne  for- 
feited ;   abdicates ;    receives  sovrelgnty 
of  Elba,  7212;  Louis  XVIII.  enthroned; 
N.  escapes  ;  at  Cannes  ;  in  Lyons  ;  ban 
against ;  enters  Paris  in  triumph  ;  "Hun- 
dred Days"  commence,  7213;  abolishes 
slave-trade,    7211;    makes    concessions, 
7232;   reorg.   army;    in   Belg.;  wins   at 
Liguy  ;  defeated  at  Waterloo,  7221 ;  ab- 
dicates, 7232;   farewell  to  army;  flees 
for  Am.;  surrenders  to  Brit.;  sails  for 
St.  Helena,  7221 ;  at  St.  Helena  ;  family 
banished;    d.,     7233,      7273;     remains 
in  Fr.,  7292,  7353;  birth  eel.,  7331 ,  7383; 
will  given  to  G.  Brit.,  7333;  statue,  7381 , 
7501 .    (See  Co.alition.) 
Napoleon  II.  Bonaparte,  b.,  7193;  d.,  7262. 
III.,  Charles  Louis  N.apolfon  Bona- 
parte, b.,  7171 ;  coup  d'etat;  proclaimed 
emp., falls, 7273;  works,  7272,  7343,  7363, 
7371;  iusurrection,  7293;  pres.  Fr.,8173; 
escape  from  prison,  7293;  in  Assembly; 
pres.  Fr.  republic ;    address  ;  opposed  ; 
changes    mlrustry ;    coup    d'etat,  7313; 
grand banquet,7303;  Fr.8UCces8ion,7313; 
recognized,  9573 ;  banishes   opponents  ; 
at  Tuileries,  7313-  life  endangered, 7331 , 
2,  7351 ;  tour  in  South  Fr.;  dynasty  re- 
stored ;  proclaimed  emp.,  7332;  marries 
Eugi^nie  ;  peace  address  ;  restores  peer- 
age, 7331 ;  declares  war  with  Aust.,  6241 , 
5262;  in  Algiers,  91;    meets  Ger.  sover- 
eigns, 8212;  ultimatum  to  Port.,  11112; 
at  Genoa;  advises  pope,  7352;  Mexican 
policy,  7353;  excommunicated;  against 
temporal  power,  7*43 ;  at  Strasburg,  8153 ; 
proposes  European  cong.,  8'22i ;  demands 
of  U.  S.,  10963;  meets  Bismarck,  8232; 
withdraws  army  from  Mex.,  2562,  7372; 
invites  cong.,  8233 ;  visits  Salzburg,  5273 ; 
commands  army  at  Metz  ;  succeeded  by 
Bazaine,  7381;    concessions  toward  lib- 
eral government,   7391;    proclaims  war 
against  Prussia;  empress  regent,  7393; 
surrenders  at  Sedan,  7402;   prisoner  at 
Wilhelmshohe,  Prus.,  7412;  empire  ends. 


VY  imoilUBliUlHJ,  A  1  uo.,  t-»A-,   ^...^* . 

7411;  issues  a  proclamation;  displaced 
by  3d  Republic;  Fr.  capitulates,  7451; 
protests,  7452;  refuge  in  Eng.,  7453;  as- 
sumes responsibility  for  surrender  at 
Sedan,  7472;  d., 7461 ,  7473;  remains  re- 
moved, 9972  ;  body  iu  mausoleum,  7573. 

Napolinn  III.  et  V Italie  appears,  7343. 

Naquet,  Alfred  Joseph,  b.,7262;  senator ; 
arraigned,  7682. 

Naram-sin,  temple,  11391 ;  reigns,  11393. 

Naranjo,  battle  at,  6321 . 

Narbo,  Martins,  fnds.  Provence,  10572. 

Narbonensls,  Gallia,  Bom.  province,  10572. 

Narbonidus,  finds  records  at  Slppar,  11391 . 

Narbonne,   Fr.,  fnd.,  661»;  surrendered, 
6041 ;  battle,  7701 .  

Narbonne-Lara,  Cointe  de,  Louis,  b.,  7022; 
d.,  7211. 

Karcein,  asteroid,  discovered,  7261 , 

ifarcissus  launched,  9941 . 

Narcissus  rules  Claudius,  10631 ;  k.  <54). 

,  Bp.,  Intro.  Christianity,  7682. 

Narcotin  discovered,  7142. 

Nardi,  Jacobi,  History  of  Florence,  10832. 

Nares,  Capt.  Sir  George  Strong,  b.  (1831) ; 
arctic  expedition,  9801 . 

,  James,  b.,9042;  d.  (1783). 

,  Eobert,  b.  (1753) ;  d.,  9442. 

Narodnaia  Volia  reappears,  11203. 

Naronic  lost ;  life-boats  found,  4273. 

Narragansett,  collision.  .3053. 

Narragansett,  B.  I.,  Indian  battle,  462. 
Bay,  cruiser  Boston  damaged,  3421 . 

Narranieri,  Bible  translated,  4962. 

Matses,  b.-d.,  11062;  rules  Romans,  77ia, 


11071  •  disaffected,  10:«)2;  victories,  10302, 
10312;  recovers  Rome,  10313,10702,10713; 
murders  Goths,  7703;  defeats  Goths  at 
Totila;  at  Capua,  10702;  expels  Tiridates, 
11633;  rules  It.  as  duke,  10713. 
Narsinhpur  mission,  10483,10491. 
Naruszewicz,  Adam  Stanislaw,  b.-d.,1114». 
Narva,  battle  at,  11141 ,  11341 . 
Narvaez,  Piimfllo  de,  b.-d.,  11263;  against 
Cortez  ;  captured,  I81 ;  in  Fla.,  182,  191 ; 
gov.,  193;  expedition;  survivors,  203. 

,  Bamon  Slaria,  Duke   of    Valencia, 

b.-d.,  11302;  exiled,  11313. 
Nasby,  Petroleum  V.  (David  Boss  I.ookc'/, 

b.  (1833) ;  works,  2603,  2643;  d.  (1888). 
Naseby,  Eng.,  battle  of,  8843. 
Nash,  John,  b.  (1752) ;  rebuilds  Haymar- 
ket  Theater,  9401 ;  d.  (1835). 

,  Bichard,  b.,  8.923;  d.,  9151 . 

,  Thos.,  b.,  8722;  works,  8763;  d.,8762. 

Nashua,  N.  H.,  JNlcKean  embezzlement, 
4763;  mills  strike,  3531 . 

and  Lowell  B.  E.  opened,  1493. 

Nashville  runs  blockade,  2002,  2042;  in 

Eng.;  leaves,  2022;  destroyed,  2191 . 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  trading-post,  59i ;  Univ. 
of  Tenn.  org.,  983;  o.  S.  Presb.  synod 
org.,  1343;  capital  city,  1352;  E.  C.  dio- 
cese, 1483;  u.  S.  Sffuth  Conven.;  dis- 
union assembly,  1672;  cholera  at,  1673; 
lighted  with  "gas,  1693;  u.  S.  funds 
seized,  1951 ;  evacuated,  2021 ;  occupied, 
2042;  loyalty  of.  2073;  Confederates  re- 
pulsed, 2161;  Eosecraiis  leaves,  2171; 
Union  Conven.,  2253;  Grant's  headquar- 
ters, 2283;  battle;  Hood  invests,  2402; 
state  conven.  meets,  2431 ;  Central  Coll. 
char.,  2522;  Fiske  Univ.  org.,  2602;  pea- 
body  Normal  Coll.  opd.;  Vanderbilt 
Univ.  org.,  Med.  Dept.  opd.,  2903;  Med. 
Dept.  of  Univ.  of  Teim.  opd.,  2963; 
statue  of  Jackson,  3041 ;  centennial  eel., 
3053;  earthquake,332i ;  Nat.  League  Kep. 
Clubs,  3551 ;  (ire,  3813;  mob  in,  4063. 
Nasmyth,  Alexander,  b.,  9143;  d.,  9502. 

James,  b.(1808);inv. steam  ram, 9481 ; 

Inv.  steam-hammer,  9521;  sun  observa- 
tions, 9641 ;  d.,  10022. 
Nassau  wrecked,  9282. 
Nassau  balloon,  in  Weilburg,  94«i . 

Ger.,  annexed  to  Prus.,  5272;  Von 

Stein  memorial,  8261 ;  see  est.,  9683;  Bp. 
Churton  cons.,  9962. 

W.I.,  mission  at,  622. 

^Dillenburg,  Ct.  Louis  of,  b.-d.,  1098= . 

,  D.  of,  at  Luxemburg,  5462. 

,  House  of,  rules  in  Orange,  6813. 

,  Een«  de,  rules,  10992. 

Siegen,    Joan    Mauritz,    Count    of, 

b.-d.,  11003. 
Nasse,  Dr..  gov.  of  Bhine  provinces,  8333. 

,  Freidrich  C.  A.,  d.,  8162. 

Nassr-ed-Din,    b.-d.,    11063  ;    enthroned, 

11081 ,  10432,3;  in  Europe,  5323, 1108I . 
Nast,  Abner,  governor  N.  C,  913. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  1522. 

,  Wm.,  b.,  8083;  editor,  1503. 

Nata,  Panama,  founded,  173. 
Natal,  Afr.,  two  colleges,  5981 ;  missions, 
5982,3,  6011;   bishopric  est.,  6983;   an- 
nexed G.  B.,6992;  independent  colony, 
6993;  Insurrection,  6OO1,  2;   Council  of 
Education  ;  Gordon  memorial  est.,  6003; 
constitution  modified,  6012;  clergy  ili- 
vlded;  representative  govt,  est.:    tele- 
graph est.,  0013;   colonists  disaffected; 
Zulus'  belief,  6031 ;  offer  of  legislative 
council,  6032;    responsible  govt.,  6043; 
emigrants  in,  9413;  Bp.  Jolivet  cons., 
9742;  Bp.  Baynes  cons.,  IOIO2. 
Natale  mission  est.,  10463. 
Natalie,   ex-queen,   b.  (1859);  In  Hung., 

6343;  expelled,  11242. 
Natchez,  Miss.,  trading-post  est.,  69i ;  set- 
tled, 592 ;  Indians  attack  ;  war,  6O1 ;  Eng. 
arrive,  783;  first  Bapt.  church,  932;  .,V. 
Oazette  est.,  1111 ;  lottery  est.,  119i ;  yel- 
low fever,1313 :  B.C.  see  e.,  1483 ;  tornado, 
1501;  disunion  meetings,  1691 ;  Confeds. 
surrender,  2072;  Hood  surrenders.  2463. 

,  La.,  Inds.captured,  601 ;  defeated.62i . 

Natchitoches,  La.,  expedition,  2311 . 
Nathan,  prophet,  fable,  114'23. 
Natick,  Mass.,  women  on  sch.  board,  339' . 
National  Acad.  Bill  passes  Cong.,  413' . 

of  Art  est.,  4121 . 

of  Design,  building  erected,  254' . 

of  Science,  extends  membership, 

2701 ;  meets,  3381 . 


Nati-Navi. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1345 


Nationiil  Afro-Am.  League  org.,  3591 . 

Agricultural  Conveu.  meets,  171' . 

— —  Art  Asso.  Congress,  40G' . 

Assembly,  Ger.,  meets  at  Frankfort, 

5223;  dissolved,  5232;  meets,  5672. 

,  Fr.,  find.,  7053;  meets,  7072;  de- 
crees, 7073-  dissolved,  7091 ;  meets,  7311 ; 
workman  in,  7443;  meets  at  Bordeaux, 
7451;  at  Versailles;  vote  for  Ver- 
sailles, 7452;  dissensions  in,  74^3;  per- 
manent committee.  7471 ;  committee  for 
constitution,  7472;  meets,  7491 ;  against 
senate  ;  motion  to  dissolve ;  6  parties  in, 
7492;  passes  new  constitution,  7493;  ap- 
peal to  nation,  75i2. 

,  Ger.,  meets,  8172;  est.,  8212. 

Association  Baptists.    (See  Baptists.) 

,  Builders  meets  in  N.  Y.,  37G3, 

,  Democratic  Clubs  conven,  4172; 

Cleveland's  atldress,  4172. 

,  Eng.,  find.,  8752. 

for    rifle-shooting    meets,    9661, 

9741,9821,  10001,  l()02i. 

— for  Social  Science,  meetings,  962 1 . 

of  Inventors  org,  3803. 

of  Militarv  Surgeons  org.,  391 1 . 

of  Naval  Veterans  org.,  3263. 

~~—  Bank,  tirst,  charter  ends,  1192. 

Bill  amended,  2333. 

■^— Charters  Extension  Bill,  3111 . 

Circulation  Act,  2712,  3491. 

— — Reserves,  S%  certificates,  2572. 

'—  Bankruptcy  Bill,  257i . 

Banks,  funds  removed,  1412. 

org.,  2293;  tax  of,  defeated,  2333; 

loans  of,  2653;  call  on,  3892;  capital  law 
passes,  2851. 

•^- Tax  Bill,  2352,  4652,4672.    (See 

Banks.) 

Baptist  issued,  2503. 

— —  Bar  Asso.  meets.  Wash.,  D.  C,  3963. 

--—  Benevolent  Institution  est.,  9372. 

Board  of  Health  appointed,  3013. 

of  Trade,  session,  4232. 

Brewers'  Association  meets,  3851. 

Cong.,  political  action,  2563, 

Brotherhood  Ball  Players  org.,  3233. 

-^—  Burial  Case  Association,  session,  4593. 

Capital  Building  Loan  Asso.,  3892. 

Casket  Co.,  X.  Y.,  incorporated,  3653. 

——Cemeteries,  soldiers',  Congress  pro- 
vides for,  2571 ;  Gettysburg  dedi.,  2293. 

Chautauqua,  near  Wash,  opd.,  3843. 

Cigarette  and  Tobacco  Co.,  4113. 

Civil  Service  Reform  League,  3703, 

3923. 

and  Colonial  League  est.,  9733. 

Colors  Display  Bill,  N.  Y.,  4551 . 

Colored  Labor  Conven.  meets,  2691 . 

Commercial  Conven.  assembles,  2743. 

Commission,  World's  Fair,  3693. 

Conference  of  Charities  and  Correc- 
tions meets  at  Buffalo,  3583. 

Confectioners'    Asso.,  7th    meeting, 

3623. 

Congress  at  Buenos  Ayres,  4912. 

at  Argos,  l(i353. 

Conservative  Party  fmd.,  Ger.,  8273. 

— -  Club  org.,  London,  9951. 

Convention.    (See  Paris.) 

Builders',  3523;  hour  payment, 

3543. 

,  Colored,  at  New  Orleans,  2773  ; 

at  Red  Oak,  la.,  3892. 

of  Inventors,  London,  I66I . 

Radical  Demoerats,conven.,2792. 

of  Soldiers  and  Sailors,  2552. 

of  R.  K.  Commissioners,  3591 . 

of  Temperance  Women,  2851 . 

—^  (See  under  names  of  parties.) 

Cordage  Co.,  buys,  5933. 

Council  of  Educators,  362*. 

Covenant,  Scot.,  signed,  8823, 

Cyclists*  Union  founded,  9843. 

Deaf  Mute  Coll.  est.,  2352,  2412. 

Debt,  U.  S.  A.     (See  text,  pp.  103  to 

155,  on  Jan.  1  of  each  year  ;  pp.  157-479, 
on  July  1  of  each  year) ;  in  1865,  249 1 ;  re- 
fundetf,  2712  ;  payment  proposed,  265*. 

of  Eng.,  9012. 

Conversion  Bill  passed,  9991 . 

Defense  Govt,  appt.,  741 1;  favored, 

France,  7433. 

Democratic  ConventionB.  (See  Dem- 
ocratic Party.) 

Divorce  Reform  League  meets,  4222. 

Editorial    Asso.    meets,    3443,  3651, 

3862,  .3872,4641. 

Education  (Ireland),  Bill,  IOII2. 


National  Education  Board  formed,  4961 . 

Society,  Can.,  meets,  5922. 

,  U.  S.  A.,  meets,  2782,  3423, 

4002. 

Union  meets,  9723. 

Electric  Light  Asso.  meets,  3782. 

Federal  Asao.  meets,  Ger.,  8213. 

Federation.    (See  France,  7073.) 

Conven.  in  Dublin,  10052. 

of  Employees  find,  Eng.,  9791 . 

Gallery,  London,  est.,  9402.  9561 . 

of  Ireland  opened,  9602. 

Grangeof  Patrons  Industry  org., 2611 . 

of  Husbandry  meets,  4183  ;  de- 
mands, 4442. 

Greenback  Party  find.,  2991;  con- 
vention at  Indianapolis,  3172. 

(iuard  est.,  Fr.,  7072  ;  dissolved,  7241 , 

7463  ;  reestablished,  7241 ;  reorg.,  7301. 

Asso.  meets,  N.  Y.,  334i . 

of  Ohio,  John  A.  Logan,  Jr.,  Ist 

lieutenant,  3541 . 

of  Seine  abolished,  7453. 

of  Sp.,  org.,  ll;J02;  disorg.,  11301. 

Guild  Alliance,  Unitarian  org.,  3463. 

Health  Society,  London,  fnd.,  9791; 

Exhibition,  9913. 

Home,  Togus    Springs,    255 1 ;    near 

Milwaukee,  2691. 

Independence  eel.,  Phila.,  1013. 

Industrial   Conf.   meets,    St.   Louis, 

4.23  ;  favors  People's  Party,  4022. 

Irrigation  Congress,  3913. 

Labor  Congress  meets,  2412,  2711 . 

League  for  C(ms(didation,  9883. 

for  Baseball  formed,  3133. 

for  Protection  of  Am.  Institu- 
tions, address,  4443. 

invades  Ulster,  991 1 ;  meeting  pro- 
hibited, 9913j  9932  ;  active  in  Ire.,  9971 ; 
proclaimed,  9973  ;  conven,  at  Carditf, 
9972;  demonstration,  10103,  (See  under 
Irish.) 

of  Rep.  Clubs  meets,  3551 ,  4291 . 

Federation  fmd.,  9831 ;  at  Leeds, 

985^;  ends  conference,  1011 1. 

Liberal    Club,  supports    Gladstone, 

10012. 

Liberty  Conven.  meets,  1571. 

Live  Stock  Asso.  org.,  3193;  4223. 

Loyalists  Conven.  at  Phila.,  2552. 

Memorial  Hall  Asso.  fmd.,  3883. 

Mining  Congress  meets,  3953  ;  favors 

free  coinage,  4103. 

Municipal   league  organized,    4603  ; 

convention,  4762. 

Park    at    Chattanooga,    3441.      (See 

California  and  Wyoming.) 

Pension  Fund  org.,  Eng.,  9983. 

Photographers'  Asso.  Conven.,  3882. 

Picket  lirst  issued,  3862. 

Portrait  Gallery  provided,  9602. 

Prison    Reform    Asso.,    org.,    2691; 

meets,  3211,3932,  4183. 

Prohibition  Party.  (See  Prohibition.) 

Provident  Union  fnd. ,3171 ;  statistics, 

4463. 

Quarantine  Bill  passes  House,  4231. 

Quarterly  Review  founded,  1863. 

RealEstateCong.  meets,  Ala.,  3803. 

Reform  Union  meets,  9853,  10122. 

Repository  issued,  2922. 

Republican  Conven.,  etc.  (See  Re- 
publican Party.) 

Review  issued,  En^.,9603. 

rifle-meeting,  Belgium,  6451. 

school  system  agitated,  Eng.,  9623. 

Seamen's Unionof  Am. Conven. ,4283, 

Shooting-match  at  Gotha,  Ger.,  8203. 

Silver  Conven.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  3492. 

(See  Silver.) 

Smoke  Abatement  Inst,  fnd.,  9903. 

Social  Science  Asso.  formed,  9602, 

(For  yearly  meetings  see  following  pp.) 

Society,  training  school,  9352, 

for  sick  and  wounded,  9751 . 

Electro-Therapeutists,  4722. 

of  Prof.  Musicians,  fnd.,  9903. 

Soldiers*  Home  opened,  3751 . 

Teachers'  Association  held,  3431 . 

Temperance  Jubilee,  London,  9903. 

League  formed,  Eng.,  961 1 . 

Society  formed,2483.  ,For  yearly 

meetings  see  ftillowing  text.) 
established,  Eng.,  9531. 

Thrift  Society  founded,  9843. 

Trade  Society  formed,  9752. 

— —  Truss  Society  founded,  9251. 

Union  founded,  3091 ;  statistics,  4463. 


National  Union  (Temperance)  formed, 
9771,9972. 

Conference,  Cincinnati,  3852. 

— —  Conven.  of  Conservatives,  2533. 

University  Bill,  intro.  Cong.,  3592. 

Volunteer  Asso.  formed,  9621. 

Waterways  Conven.  meets,  3932. 

Woman  Suffrage  Asso.  meets,  4503. 

workshops  established,  Fr.,  7311. 

Nationalists  dispersed,  997 1;   meeting  at 

Ballycoree,  9973  ;  mobbed,  10003. 
Nafur  issued,  Germany,  8183. 
JVaiura,  La,  issued,  Fr.,  10902. 
Natural  gas   dis.,  332i,  3.382.  3501,  3621, 

3801 ,  3941 ,  4021 ;  well  burns  out,  3921 . 

History  Society,  Boston,  org.,  1381. 

projected,  Eng.,  9401. 

,  Museum  of,  opd.  Phila.,  II01. 

,  Univ.  of,  dedicated.  III.,  4182. 

selection  theory,  9621. 

Naturalists,  Am.  Soc.  meets,  3481 ,  446I . 

and  Physicians  Congress,  83G2. 

Naturalization  Act,  first,  Eng.,  8632. 

Treaty  with  Gr.  Brit.,  2672. 

Naturalized  Citizens  Bill,  2633. 
Naturforscher  Verein  formed,  8121. 
NaucratiSjEgy., Grecian  buildings  erected, 

6502. 

Naudain,  Arnold,  b.  (1790) ;  d.,  2761 . 

Naudet,  Joseph,  b.,  7062,  d.,  7502. 

Naughten,  Michael,  cons.  R.  C.  bp,,  9862. 

Nauhyotl,  king  of  Mexico,  d.,  Hi, 

Naulochus,  defeat  off',  10603. 

Naupactus.     (See  Lepanto.) 

,  Moritz  Ernst  Adolf,  b.,  8063;  d.,8262. 

Naumann,  Jobann  Gottlieb,  b.,  8003  ;  d., 
8O71. 

Nausikaa  discovered,  5282. 

Nautical  Magazine  issued,  9463. 

Nauvoo,  111.,  founded,  1502  ;  laid  out,  1533; 
Mormonmob,157i  Mormon teniplebuilt, 
1572, 1582;  Mornionaabandon,  160-'»,  I6II ; 
temple  burned,  1642. 

Legion,  review  forbidden,  2713  ;  com- 
panies dispersed,  2752. 

Nav&,  Jos^  Joaquin  de,  gov.,  6303. 

Naval  Academy,  Annapolis,  Md.,  1581,3, 
2501 ,  3921 ;  hazing  prohibited,  2841 . 

Arch.  Marine  Engi.,  session,  4441. 

App.    Bills    pass    house,   3531,  3571 

3592,3;  3771,  4052.  4251,  4611;  pass  sen- 
ate, 3593,  3773,  4072,  4252,  4G52. 

Bill  passes,  G.  B..  IOOI2. 

Architects,  Institution  org.  (1860.) 

Association  Veterans  org.,  3263. 

— -  Coast  Volunteers  Act,  G.  B.,  9592. 

College  founded,  Eng,, 9071. 

Committee,  Con gressi appoints,  81». 

department  reform,  Gr.,  IOI8I. 

Discmline  Act  passed,  G.  B.,  9653. 

Dry  Docks  on  Puget  Sound,  418i . 

Force  Act  passed,  Australia,  5003. 

Intelligence  committee  fmd.,  9912. 

Department  fmd.,  9961,9972. 

and  Military  Asylum  est.,  2431 . 

Officers,  bill  for  promotion,  4792;  con- 
vention in  Boston,  3863. 

Order,  U.  S.,  est.,  3871 . 

ordnance  pr ovine-ground  ;  tests,  394i . 

repairs  ;  limit,  320i . 

reserves,   U.   S.   A.,  org.,  332 1 ,  3332, 

4201 ,  4681 ;  drill  of  on  North  River,  3881 ; 
annual  cruise,  410i  ,436i ;  appropriations, 
4212;  census,  4501. 

schools  authorized,  2852. 

supremacv,  struggle  f©r,  241 . 

War  College  optL,  4621 . 

Navamorquende,  Marq.  of,  gov.  Chill, 6063.* 

Navara,  battle  of,  68O1. 

Navarin  Island  mission,  490». 

Navarino,  Gr.,  battle  of,  7241;  taken, 
10342;  fleet  annihilated,  10343. 

Navarre  sinks,  9913. 

Navarre  annexed,  6873;  partly  annexed  to 
Sp.,  11262;  kingdom  fnd.,  11272;  oon- 
quered  ;  crown  passes  to  Fr.,  11273  ; 
kings  of,  11272,  3;  Carlistsin;  uprising 
in  ;  invaded,  11321;  action  at,  11371. 

,  Count  of,  in  Algeria,  8I . 

Navarrete,  Martin  Fernandez  de,  b.-d., 
11291;  works,  11311. 

Navarro,  Luis  Diez,  gov.,  6302. 

Navas  de  Tolosa,  action  at,  11261. 

Navassa  Island,  Galetia  at,  3441;  rioters 
reach  Baltimore,  346i . 

Navesink  Highlands,  tugboat  sinks,  4633. 

Navez,  Francois  Joseph,  b.,5422;  d.,  5442. 

Navigation  deepened.  Can.  ;  opd.,  5952. 

Act  passed,  392;  enforced,  431 ,  472,3; 


1346 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  HaVl— Weri. 


anti-Amer.,  4ia  ;  third,  452  j  opposed, 
473;  repealed,  893;  first,  Eng.,  8991. 

Navigation  Laws  Kepeal  Bill,  ti.  B.,  9552. 

est.,  Gr.,  10152. 

Navy ,  officers  appointed.Sl ' ;  first  Am. fleet 
cruises,  821  j  fouudatiou  of,  853  ;  war- 
vessels,  802;  strengthened,  90i;  pro- 
vided for,  1052;  in  1798  ;  dept.  org.,  108' , 
1092;  Brooklyn  yard  est. ;  reduced,  llOi ; 
ffunboat  system  Intro.,  1121;  lo  hour 
labor  system  est.,  1531;  rations,  1552; 
reorganized,  2112 ;  strength  in,  1862, 2143; 
statistics,  1805,  2463;  spirit  ration  ends, 
2511;  admiral,  the  ranking  officer,  2561 ; 
admiral  and  vice-adni.  .abolished,  2801  j 
Reduction  Bill  passes ,3192 ;  dept. bureaus 
org.,  3421 ;  Squadron  of  Evolution  sails, 
3521 4-  ;  reduction  of  engineer  corps 
stopped,  4192;  new  flag,  3491;  Cushing 
launched,  3521 ;  Enlistment  Bill  intro., 
3571 ;  heavy  ordnance  manf.,374i ;  plans 
for  dry  dock, 3961 ;  war-ships  reclassified, 
3981 .    (See  names  of  vessels.) 

,  against  gov't  Chile,  6081. 

appropriation  for,  Ger.,  7321 . 

,  Eng.,  first  naval  victory,  8441 ;  power- 
ful, Eng.,  8453;  pay  office  est.,  8853;  war 
ships  lost, 9201 ;  mutinyin,928i ;  ordered 
to  evacuate,  U.S.  A. ,9333 ;  numhers,  9361 ; 
screw  propeller,  9501 ;  list  completed, 
9521 ;  strength,  9561 ,  9001 ,  9661 ;  flogging 
restricted,  962i ;  expenses,  9661 ;  Disci- 
pline Act  amended,  10031 ;  warships 
built,  10012.    (See  names  of  vessels.) 

flrst  Fr.,  664 1 ;  aids  Louis  in  Eng.,  670i ; 

first  adm.  appt.,  Fr.,  6721 ;  enlarged,  7561 , 
7581 ;  ravages  Eng.  coast,  8681 , 

largest  ironclad  launched.  It.,  1090' . 

successful,  Neth.,  10981. 

and  Military  Asylum  est.,  2431. 

,  Konian,  first  appearance,  10521 , 

Nawab  of  Hanipur  in  Am.,  4311 ,  4343. 
Naxos  Island  colonized,  10153;  fnd.,  10511 ; 

revolts,  10173  ;  destroyed,  10181 ;  cap- 
tured, 10183;  battle  of,  10222. 

Nayibugas  reigns,  11413. 

Kaylor,  James,  b.  (1616);  punished,  8892; 
d.  (1660). 

Nazarenes  in  Hung.,  5262,  5311 . 

Nazareth,  Palestine,  battle  at,  6541 ;  ceded 
to  Crusaders,  6552. 

,  Madras,  mission,  10462. 

,  Pennsylvania,  fnd.,  65*. 

Neagle,  John,  b.  (1796);  d.,  2481 . 

Neal,  Dan.,  b.,a')42;7>iiW#an«, 9091 ;  d.,9103. 

,  John, b.,  1042;  works,  1271 ,  1312, 1341 , 

1371,  1423;  d.,  2921. 

,  Jos.  Clay,b.,114i ;  work,  1683;  d., 1623. 

,  Lawrence  T.,  nom.  for  gov.,  O.,  4351 . 

Neale,  Leonard,  b.,  662;  d.,  1262. 

Neander,  Joachim,  b.  (1650±);  works,  7972, 
8132;  d.  (1680), 

,  Johanu  A.  W.,  b.,  80»3;  works,  8103, 

8151;  d.,  8181. 

Nearchus,  b.,  10243;  explorations,  10242. 

Nebe,  Oscar,  sentenced,  3272. 

Neb-Ka  reigns  in  Bgy.,  6453. 

Neb-khor-Ka  reigns  in  Egy.,  6472. 

Nebo,  S.  C,  negro  school  difficulty,  4262. 

Nebraska,  territory  org.,  175 1 ;  Francis 
Burt,  gov.,  1771;  T.  B.  Cuming;  gov., 
1772;  Mark  W.  Izard, gov.,  1792;  Congre- 
gational Conf.  org.,  1822;  \Vm.  A.  Rich- 
ardson, gov.  ;  J.  Sterling  Morton,  gov., 
1852;  Meth.  E.  conf.  fmd.,  I8O2,  1922; 
Sam.  W.  Black,  gov.,  1871 ;  Alvan  Saun- 
ders, gov.,  2032;  bill  for  forming  state, 

•  2333 ;  constitution  framed,  2513 ;  consti- 
tution ratified,  25:ii ,  2892;  Cong,  admits, 
2532 ,  2563 ;  David  Butler,  gov. ,2553, 2593 ; 
negroes  disfranchised,  2563  ;  legislature 
accepts  terms  of  admission ;  admitted 
over  veto,  2571  j  capital  transferred  to 
Lincoln,  2593 ;  normal  schools  opd., 
2603  ;  Prot.  Epis.  diocese,  est. ;  Univer- 
salist  conven.  org.,  2642  ;  ratifies  16th 
Amend.,  2693 ;  state  insane  asylum,  2743; 
Gov.  Butler  impeached,  2751 ;  Evang. 
Luth.  synod  fmd.,  2762  ;  University  of 
N.  opd.,2763 ;  "Wm.  H.  James,  acting  gov., 
2772;  Itobt.  W.  Furnas,  gov.,  2851 ;  grass- 
hopper plague,  2853  ;  Relief  and  Aid 
Soc.  org.,  2871;  arbor  day  est.,  2873; 
eldership  est.  in  Church  of  God,  288* ; 
locust  plague,  2911;  Silas  Garber,  gov., 
2912;  tornado,  3001 ;  Albinus Nance,  gov., 
3033  ;  Slocura  Law  effective,  3071 ;  N. 
Unitarian  Asso.,  org.,  3102  ;  constitu- 
tional amend,  rejected,  3103  ;  northern 


boundary  extended,  3111;  James  W. 
Dawes,  gov.,  3152;  land  grants  to  Indi- 
ans, 3191;  institution  for  feeble  minded 
est.,  3271;  Wesleyan  Univ.  opd.,  3;i22  ; 
insane  asylums  opd.;  Algernon  S.  Pad- 
dock, gov.,  3332  ;  legislature  taxes  din- 
ing cars,  3372;  Industrial  Homo  opd., 
3391 ;  mammoth's  skeleton  unearthed, 
3441 ;  Prohibition  party  fmd.,  3483  ■  Labor 
Day  est.,  351 1  ;  legislature  special  ses- 
sion,3612;  Prohibitory  Amend,  rejected, 
371 1 ;  corn  famine,  3733 ;  Farmer's  Alli- 
ance in  legislature,  3752  ;  relief  for 
Western  farmers,  3771 ;  James  E.  Boyd, 
gov.,  3991 ;  Lorenzo  Crouse,  gov.,  4132  ; 
train  robbery,  4182  ;  state  officials  im- 
peached, 4263  ;  trial,  4272  ;  prairie  fire, 
4273;  blizzard,  4541 ;  Hibernians  against 
Protection,  4583;  aid  for  sufferers,  4693; 
Thomas  J.  Majors  nom.  for  gov., 
4692  ;  straight  Dem.  ticket ;  Dem.  unite 
with  Populists,  4731 ;  Maximum  Freight 
Law  unconstitutional,  4772;  destitution, 
4793;  Wm.  V.  Allen,  gov.  (1893). 

Nebraska  Central  Coll.  est.,  3223. 

City,  Institution  for  Blind  opd.,  2911 . 

Wesleyan  Univ.  est.,  3322. 

Nebuchadnezzar,  warrior,  11421 ;  burns 
temple,  11422  ;  art  patron  ;  takes  Tyre  ; 
conquers  Egy.;  invades  Syria,  11461;  at 
Carohemish,  6501  ;  visions,  11463  ; 
dreams;  reigns;  in  Judea,  11471 ;  resumes 
throne,  11472;  d.,  11462. 

Nebular  hypothesis,  Eng.,  9343. 

Necho  I.  reikis,  6512  ;  at  Megiddo,  gar- 
risons; fortifications,  6501 ;  Red  Sea  and 
Nile  canal;  builds  fleets,  6502  ;  sends 
fleet  for  discovery,  6512;  captured,  6501 . 

Neckam,  Alexander,  Science^  8503. 

Necker,  Jacques,  b.,  6983;  Compte  Rendu 
published;  resigns,  7053;  dismissed,  7072; 
loses  influence,  7073;  d.,  7151 . 

Neckerl,  Leo  Raymond  de,  b.,  IO82  ;  d., 
1421. 

NKcrologie  de»  Hommes,  etc.,  issued,  7033. 

Necropolis  at  Assouan,  Egy.,  661 1 . 

Nee  tanebo  I.,  reigns  6513;  dethroned,  6513. 

II.,  reigns  in  Egy.,  6513. 

Nectansmere,  action  at,  8421 . 

Nectarius,  bp.  of  Constantinople,  10291; 
d.,  10303. 

Nederduiische  Letteroefenigen  Issued,  5443. 

Nedertandsch  Museum  issued,  11022. 

.Spectator  issued,  11022. 

Needhain,  Marchmont,  b.  (1620) ;  works, 
8851  ;  d.  (1678). 

Needle-gun  invented,  8141 ;  victories,  8243. 

Needlemakers  incorporated,  7822. 

Neele,  Henry,  b.,  9283;  d.  (1828,. 

Neely,  Henry  Adams,  b.,  1381 ;  bp.,  2561 . 

Neepawa,  The  Register,  ^JSA^. 

Neerwinden,  Belg.,  battle  of,  5181 ,  6941 . 

Nees  von  Esenbeck,  Christian  Gottfried, 
b.,  8042;  d.,8201. 

Nefer-ari-ka-Ka  reigns  in  Egy.,  617. 

f-Ra  reigns  in  Egy.,  6471 . 

ka-Hor  reigns  in  Egv..  6472. 

Ra  reigns  in  Egy.,  6453,  6472. 

,  Pop!  II.,  reigns,  Egy.,  6472. 

annu,  reigns,  Egy.,  6472. 

khentu,  reigns,  Egy.,  6472. 

nebi  reigns  in  Egy.,  6472. 

Pepi-senb  reigns,  Egy.,  6472, 

terer  reigns  in  Egy.,  6472. 

Negrapatam  mission.  10472. 

Ntjgato,  Prince  of.  bombarded,  10921 . 

Negloy,  James  Scott,  b.,  1342  ;  near  Jas- 
per, 2083;  near  Nashville,  215 1 . 

Negombo  captured,  10441 . 

Negrelli-Moldelbe,  Aloys  von,  b.,  6191; 
d.,5242. 

Negrete,  Don  Manuel  de  Salamanca  y, 
captain-general,  Cuba,  6242. 

,  Gen.,  insurrection,  Mex.,  10961 . 

N^grier,  Gen.,  Francois  Oscar  de,  b.  (1839); 
Chinese  attack,  4821 ;  victories,  4822  ; 
wounded  in  duel,  7603. 

Negroes,  insurrection,  San  Domingo,  462  , 
importation  of,  553  ;  insurrection  in  Va., 
1392;  as  soldiers, '2102, 2151 ;  as  soldiers 
opposed, 2112  ;  in  army,  2113,2173,2192; 
vote  in  D.  C. ;  conven.,  Indianapolis, 
2252  ;  killed  in  N.  Y.,  2253;  for  soldiers, 
2293  ;  in  govt,  service,  231 1 ;  in  army  ; 
Confed.,  senate  opposed,  2432  ;  suffrage 
extended,  D.  C,  '.J433,  2552,  2691  ;  Suf- 
frage Bill  pjisses,  2563  ;  ascendency  as 
Republicans,  2592 ;  suffrage  by  15th 
Amend.;    Nat.    Conven.,  Wiish.,  2653; 


eligible  to  office,  Ga.,  2672  ;  resume  of- 
fice, 2693;  vote  protected,  supremacy  In 
South, '2711;  emigrate  West,  3011;  in  In- 
dian tribes,  3171  ;  Emigration  Bill, 3491; 
exodus  in  N.  C,  S.  C,  351i;  first  State 
fair,  3513  ;  excluded  from  law  school, 
3682 ;  Colonization  Bill,  3752  ;  mob 
lynches,  3931 ;  fast  day  of,  4062;  conf.  of , 
Ala., 4521 ;  migration  to  Afr.,4743.  (See 
Emancipation,  Liberia,  Slavery.) 

Negropont,  naval  battle  near,  10761 . 

Nehavend,  Persia,  battle  of,  4841 . 

Nehemiah,  reforms  of;  expedition,  11463; 
views  Jerusalem  ruins ;  gov.  of  Judea, 
11473. 

Nehemiah,  written,  11463. 

Nehlig,  Victor,  b.  (1830);  in  National  Acad- 
emy Design,  2701 . 

Neild,  John  Camden,  miser,  d.,967i. 

Neill,  Robert,  b.,  1502. 

,  William,  moderator,  1243. 

Neilson,  Clias.,  in  P.  O.  dept.,  4472. 

,  James  B.,  hot-air  blast,  9422. 

,  John,  b.  (1745) ;  in  N.  J.,  861 ;  d.  (1833). 

,  Mr.,  murdered,  5631 . 

,  Tyge,  flrst  book  printed,  11041 . 

Neipperg,  Gen.  Adam  Adelbert,  b.  (1775); 
Austrian  commander,  5141;  at  Aschai- 
fenburg,  8242  ;  d.  (1829). 

Nekrasotf,  Nikolai,  b.,  11163;  works,  11171 ; 
d.,  11182. 

Nelaton,  Auguste,  b.  7163  ;  d.,  7462. 

Neligh,  Gates  College  opd.,  3123. 

Nelson  launched,  9801 , 

,  Minn.,  R.R.  wreck,  4193. 

monument,  explosion.  Can.,  5943, 

,  N.  Zeal.,  fnd.,  IIO32  ;  bishopric  est., 

9483  ;  Bp.  Mules  cons.,  10082. 

,  C.  Kinloch,  bishop  of  Ga.,  4202. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9311. 

,  Henry  Addison,  b.  (1820) ;  moderator, 

2582. 
— — ,  Horatio,  Viscount,  b.,  9143 ;  at  Copeo- 

hagen,  6381 ;  in  W.  Indies,  9201 ;  captures 

Elba,  9-261 ;  at  battle  of  Nile  ;  knighted  ; 

loses  arm,  9281 ;  in  Mediterranean  ;  in 

Baltic  Sea,  9301 ;  pursues  Sp.  fleet,  9321 ; 

at  Trafalgar,  7161 ;  d.,  9323;  monument, 

9381. 

pillar  erected,  9381 . 

,  Knute,  gov.  Minn.,  4471 . 

,  Samuel,  b.,  1022  ;  appointed  justice, 

1693;  d.,  2821. 

,  T.  A.  R„  on  Committee  of  33,  189t . 

.Thomas,  statesman,  642;  d.,  lOOi. 

, ,  publisher,  d.,  10082. 

,  Wm.,b.(1711);  gov.  Va., 773;  d.  (1772). 

, ,  b.  (1825) ;  org.  Camp  Dick  Rob- 
inson, 1982;  at  flatteCity.Mo.;  atPike- 
ton,  Ky.,  2002  ;  at  Nashville,  204*  ;  at 
Richmond,  2122;  shot,  2133,  2152. 

,  Wolfred,  b.,  6762;    insurgent,  5781; 

d.,  5821. 

Nemausa,  asteroid,  discovered,  7342, 

Nenicewicz,  Julian  Ursin,  b.,  11143, 

Nemean  games  est.,  IOI32. 

Nemesis,  temple  begun,  10203. 

Nemours,  Fr.,  treaty  of,  signed,  6752;  edict 
issued,  6843. 

,  Due  de  (Pr.  Louis  Charles  Philippe 

Raphael  d'OrWans),  b.,  7211;  elected 
king  of  Belg.,  5433;  refuses  crown,  7273; 
regent,  7293. 

Nenetta,  asteroid,  discovered,  7601 . 

Neo-platonists,  at  Alexandria,  6523. 

Neopolis.     (See  Naples.) 

Neosho,  Mo.,  legislature  meets,  2012  ;  ac- 
tion at,  2063. 

Nepal,  or  Nepaul,  ambassador  from.  6I32  ; 
con(iuered,  10442 ;  treaty,  10453  ;  war 
with  Ghurkhas,  10161 ;  revolution,  10492; 
widows  as  suttees,  10493. 

Nephalia,  Feast  of,  IOI62. 

Nephoscope  invented,  7382. 

Nepos,  Julius,  reigns;  deposed,  10712  ;  d. 
(480). 

Neptune,  arrival,  5991 . 

,  asteroid,  discovered,  7281 ,  8I61 . 

,  games    to,    IOI32 ;    temple   erected, 

10203;  worshiped,  1(K03. 

Neraz,  John  Claude,  b.,  (1829±);  cons.  bp. 
of  San  Antonio,  3063. 

Nereid  in  collision,  10013. 

Neresheim,  battle  of,  8062. 

Neri,  Filippo  de,  St.,  b. ;  intro.  oratorio, 
10802;  inst.  Trinity  Fraternity,  IO8II; 
org.  Brotherhood  of  Oratory,  10812;  d., 
10823. 

Nerigissar  reigns,  11472. 


U'ero-Newf. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDll-A..        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1347 


Nero,  Caius  Claudius,  agaiust  (launibal, 
10642. 

,  Claudius  Cajsar  Drusus  GennaiiicuB, 

b.-d.,  10622;  einp.,  769i;  despoils  Cor- 
inth, 10282;  in  Gr.,  10293;  erects  palace, 
10622;  persecutesClirlHtiaiis, 10623;  burns 
Kome ;  infamy  of,  1063 1 ;  conspiracy 
against,  10631 ,  s  ;  revolts  against ;  com- 
mits suicide,  10633. 

Neron,  Abbd,  murdered,  4803. 

Nerva,  Marcus  Cocceius,  b.-d.,  10622 ; 
reigns,  10661. 

Nerval,  Gerard  de.  (SeeG^rard  de  Nerval.) 

Nervii,  defeated,  6621 . 

Nesbit  Muir,  battle  of.  860' . 

Neshaminy,  Pa.,  Log  College,  583,  603. 

Nesle,  Fr.,  pillaged,  6781. 

Nesmith,  James  Willis,  b.,  1282  ;  d.  (1885). 

Nesos  captured,  10262. 

Nespawa,  Can.,  Register  issued,  5843. 

Nesselrode,  Karl  Robert  von,  b.,  1116*  : 
d.,  11182, 

Nestor,  Chronicle  written,  11132  j  in  Tro- 
jan war,  10141. 

Nestorian,  controversy,  10683  ;  missiona- 
ries, 6123;  heresy  condemned,  10303. 

Neatorians,  revivals,  11071;  first  church 
council,  11082. 

Nestorius,  b.-d.,  11542  ;  doctrines  opposed, 
6543 ;  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  10303. 

Neter-bain  reigns  in  Egypt,  6453. 

——  -hen-hotep-en-Amen  reigns,  6503. 

ka-Ha  reigns  in  Egypt,  6472. 

Netherlands,  TSee  text,  pp.  1097-1102)  ; 
Franks  expelled  from  Batavia,  10673  ; 
Maximilian  acquires,  5092  ;  war  breaks 
out,  5122;  purchases  Delaware,  41 1; 
Dutch  territories  enlarged,  5211 ;  Peace 
of  Ryswick,  6953  ;  Peace  of  Utrecht, 
6973;  ceded  to  Fr., 5192, 7113;  Ger.owus, 
7872 ;  Eng.  takes  Dutch  possessions,  9273 ; 
Dutch  trade  in  .Japan,  10911;  influence 
in  Japan,  10913  ;  leading  traders,  11012  ; 
War  of  Liberation  ;  insurrection;  Duke 
of  Alva  arrives,  5401 ;  Aust.  rules,  5412  ; 
revert  to  Sp.;  truce  with  Sp.,  5413;  trans- 
ferred to  Holl.,  7193;  boundaries;  an- 
nexed to  Fr.,  5432  ;  dissolution  of,  5433  ; 
Hague,  Triple  Alliance  signed,  6913  ; 
League  of  the  Hague  f md.,  6933 ;  barrier 
towns  open  to  Fr.,  6953  ;  independent, 
7972;  peace,  7981;  Ger.  emp.  removes 
treaties  of,  8053  ;  against  Eng.  colors, 
8941 ;  barrier  fortresses  seized,  9021 . 

JJetley  Hospital  commenced,  Eng.,  9611. 

Netscner,  Gaspar,  or  Kaspar,  b.,  7963:  d., 
7982. 

Netshajew,  Sergius,  conspiracy,  11183. 

Nettleship,  Henry,  b.  (1839) ;  d.,  10102. 

Nettletoii,  Allured  B.,  in  treas.  dept.,  351 1 . 

Neu  Breisach,  taken,  7421, 2. 

Neubrunn,  victory  of  Prussia,  8243. 

Neuchatel,  Switz.,  annexed  to  Gor.,  7993; 
treaty,  8193;  reconquered ;  Prus.  rights, 
8211:  ceded  to  Fr.;  canton;  joins  Act 
Mediation,  11382;  free  from  Prus.,  11383. 

Neue  Unf erred angen  issued,  7991 , 

Acerra  Philolgica  issued,  7991. 

Zeitungen  von  gelehrten  Sacken,  799' . 

Neuhof,  Baron,  Theodor  von,  b.,  7982;  K. 
of  Corsica,  6993;  d.,  8023. 

Neukomm,  Chevalier  Sigismund  von,  b., 
8042;  d.,  8201. 

Neumann,  Baron,  intro.  waltz,  937*. 

,  Johann  N.,  d.,  186* . 

,  Karl  Friedrich,  b.,  8063;  d.,  8262. 

Neumark,  Prus.,  battle  at,  7121. 

Neumeister,  Erdmann,  work,  7991 . 

Neunius,  Hintory  of  Britons,  8443. 
;  Neurological  Asso.,  Am.,  org.,  2901. 
\  Neusatz,  Hung.,  e4litor8  duel,  5331 , 
I  Neustria,  It.,  ceded  to  Hollo,  6672. 

Neutrality,  armed,  announced,  11172. 

Act  passed,  1053;  Fr.  and  Eng.,  1052; 

in  Ky.,  Civil  War,  1951 ,2,3, 1962,  1982,3, 
1992,3;  in  Md.,  1951;  in  Mo.,  1961,  1992, 
3;  of  Fr.,  1972,8232;  treaty,  Belg.,5452; 
Fr.  and  U.  S.  A.,  7;t53. 

proclamation,  Mex.,  1692. 

Neutrals  protected,  1151. 

Neuville,  Lemercier  de,  works,  7622, 


Nevada,  silver  dis.,  1841;  territory  org., 
1931 ;  Carson  City,  capital,  2013;  Jas.  W 
Nye,  gov.,  20*2;  state  Govt.  Bill  passes 


Constitutional  Conven.  meets,  2.353;  ad- 
mitted, 2393,  2491;  Henry  G.  Blaisdell, 
gOT.,  2413  ;  ratifies  I3th  Amend.,  2432  ; 
tunnel  undertaken,  2433  ;  gold  and  silver 


mines  dis.,  2491 ;  boundary  extended, 
2523;  ratifies  14th  Amend.,  2572;  personal 
tax,  law  unconstitutional,  2593;  ratifies 
15th  Amend.,  2663;  Luther  K.  Bradley, 
gov.,  2772;  State  Univ.  org.,  2863;  John 
H.  Kinkead,gov.,  3033;  nickel  dis., 3121 ; 
Jewett  W.  Adams,  gov.,  3153;  c.  C.  Stev- 
enson, gov.,  3293;  storms,  3533;  constitu- 
tion amended,  2972;  Koss.  K.  Colcord, 
gov.,  3991 ;  State  Univ.  est.  (1886)  at 
Reno ;  Dem.  conv.  favors  silver  coin- 
age ;  Senator  Jones  asked  to  resign ; 
joins  Populists,  4712. 

Nevada  Citv,  Cal.,  tire,  1693. 

City,  >fo.,  nibiers'  convention,  3113  ; 

insane  asylum,  3272. 

Neve,  Philippe  de,  gov.,  79i . 

Nevesinie,  uprising,  5281. 

Nevile,  Richard.    (See  Warwick,  Earl  of.) 

Nevill,  Samuel  T.,  elected  bishop,  9742. 

Neville,  George,  degraded,  8643. 

Neville's  Cross,  Eng.,  battle  of,  8581 . 

Nevin,  John  Williamson,  b.,  1102;  d.,3223. 

Nevins,  Mary  A.,  gift  to  library,  3781 , 

,  Miss,  marriage  of,  4022. 

—  ,  N.,  d.,  4521. 

Nevis,  W.  L,  settled,  8832. 

Newabzunge,  in  Sepoy  rebellion,  10481 . 

New  Albany, Ind., DePauwUniv.org. ,2543; 
jail  entered,  269 1 ;  kidnapping  fails,  4442. 

New  Albion,  la.,  R.  R.  acement,  3113. 

,  N.  J.,  land  grant,  35i . 

Newall,  Robert  Sterling,  inv.  telegraph 
cables,  9501;  telescope,  9741. 

New  Amstel,  Del.,  Dutch  church  est.,  383. 

New  Amsterdam.     (See  New  York.) 

Newark,  Can.,  burned,  1203;  Parliament 
meets,  6773. 

,  Del.,  Delaware  CoU.  org.,  2583,  2703. 

,  Eng.,  R.  R.  collision,  9753. 

,  Mo.,  Feds,  defeated,  2102. 

,  N.  J.,  settled,  432;  Presbyterian  ch. 

opd.,422;  Puritans  possess,  433;  popula- 
tion, 492;  patent  leather  nifg.,  1261;  Soc. 
Evangelization  of  World  org.,  1443;  niilk 
condensed,  I66I ;  R.  C.  diocese  est.,  1723; 
Fairmount  Cemetery  incor.,  1793;  Sol- 
diers* Home  est.,  2551 ;  St.  Benedict's 
College  org.,  2623;  p.  E.  diocese  org., 
2862;  parochial  schools  order,  3522;  Wes- 
ton's record,  2873;  W.  C.  T.  U.  National 
Conven.,  2943  ;  State  Normal  Sc,  opd., 
3023;  CharityOrg.  Soc.  fmd.,309i ;  Even- 
ing News  issued,  3143;  anarchists  eel., 
3711 ;  strike  in  thread  mills,  3731 ;  brew- 
eries bought,  3393, 3433 J  bomb  explosion, 
3933;  Alfred  Parkes  sentenced,  4043; 
Alden  Fales  convicted,  4082;  Italian 
padrone  arrested,  4122;  Ger.  Cath  conf. 
opd., 4161 ;  Irish-Am.  encampment,  4323; 
Rus.  Hebrews  ill-treated,  4362;  Am  ftag 
only,  4622;  Christopher  embezzlement, 
4631 ;  train-plunderers,  4643;  Frelinghuy- 
sen  statue,  4681 ;  garment-workers  strike; 
tramps  dispersed,  4722. 

Conf.  Meth.  Epis.  org.,  1782. 

New  Athens,  O-,  Franklin  Coll.  org.,  1.331 . 

New  Bedford,  Conn.,  free  library,  1731 . 

,  Mass.,  burned,  89i ;  earthquake, 

3321 ;  Borden  murder  trial,  4291 . 

and  Taunton  R.  R.,  1513. 

Newbem  runs  Pevensey  ashore,  2342. 

New  Berne,  N.  C,  Indian  massacre,  581 ; 
A^  C.  Gazette  issued,  712;  capture<l,205i ; 
action,  2081,  2301;  Edward  Stanley  in, 
2093;  Confederates  attack,  2161 . 

Newberry,  S.  C,  college  org.,  I8O2. 

,  John  Strong,  b.  (1822) ;  widow's  gift, 

4282;  d.,  4181. 

Newborough,  Baron,  title  created,  9172, 

New  Bridge,  Va.,  Confeds.  defeated,  2083. 

Brunswick,  Can.,  Fr.  possession,  72i ; 

first  Bapt.  ch.  in  Am.,  723,  5751 ;  loyalist 
settlers  arrive  ;  province  of,5772;  Chris- 
tian Messenger,  579^ ;  rejects  confedera- 
tion, 5831 ;  alleged  sea-serpent,  592* ; 
bishopric  est.,  9^3;  Fenians  raid,  2522. 

— ,  N.  J.,  headquarters  of  Howe,  862 ; 

railroad  to  Trenton,  1453;  Peter  Hert- 
zog  Theolog.  Hall  (Rutger's  Coll.)  dedi- 
cated, 1802;  Scientific  School  opd., 2503. 

Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  Washington's  head- 
quarters, 943;  train  wrecked,  4352. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  891 1 . 

Newbury,  battle  of,  884i  ,2. 

Newburyport,  Mass,  first  woolen  mill, 
1042;  prints  calico,  IO6I ;  fire,  1193. 

New  Calabar,  mission  at,  11613. 

Caledonia,  Jesuit  missions    in,  762; 


cable  favored.  5013;  gee  est.,  9803;  Bp. 
Ridley  elected,  9803. 
New  Carthage,  Ark.,  McClernand  at,  2202. 

,  Costa  Rica,  province  est.,  630 1 . 

,  Sp.,  captured,  10542. 

Newcastle  wrecked,  9021. 
Newcastle,  Del.,  tire,  3913. 

(m-Tyne,  Eng  ,  taken,  8481 ;  coal  dis., 

8521;  St.  Nicholas' church  burned;  coal 
digging  est.,  8533;  St.  Nicholas'  rebuilt, 
8582;  railway  opd.,  8781 ,  8862;  Courani, 
issued,  9043-  mobs,  905i;  Literary  and 
Philosoph.  Soc.  fnd.,  9271;  Antiquarian 
Soc.  est.,  9362;  R.  Grainger  erects  mar- 
ket, 9481 ;  Brit.  Asso.  meets,  9482,  9661 ; 
Grand  Central  Station  built;  bridge,  high 
level,  erected,  954i ;  Inst,  of  Mining  En- 
gineers fnd. ,9561  ;  engineers  strike,  9752; 
Social  Science  Asso.  meets,  9741 ;  Coll. 
of  Physical  Science  est.,  9763;  swing 
bridge  complete,980i ;  colliery  explosion, 
98;">3;  Bp. Pearson  cons.;  Bp.  Wilberforce 
cons.;  Technical  Coll.  inaug.,9862;  char- 
tered, 9893;  Sanitary  Inst,  meets,  itSOi; 
distress  of  unemployed, 993i ;  iron  work- 
ers strike,  9942;  Victoria,  launched: 
Royal  Mining,  Engineering,  Indnstriai 
Exhib.  opnd.,  996i;  Durham  Coll.  of 
Science  est.,  998i ;  Bp.  T.  W.  Wilkinson 
cons.,  9982;  Trades*  Union  Cong,  opens; 
Liberal  Federation  Cong.,  IOO71. 

,  N.   S.    W.,   strikes,  5002;   miners  in 

pit,  5013;  Bp.  Stanton  cons.,  10042. 

,  Pa.,  Penn  lands,  492;  Chronicle  is- 
sued, 742  ;  tire,  4773. 

,  W.  Australia,  bishopric  est.,  9533. 

New  Castle,  Wash.,  striking  miners  under 
guard,  3871. 

,  D.  of,  title  created,  9112.    (See  Cav- 

eiidisli  and  Pelham.) 

Newchwang  mission,  6212,  6222;  eTacl^ 
ated,  6271. 

Newcomb,  Harvey,  b.  (1803);  d.,  2272. 

,  Richard  S.,  d.,  388i . 

,  Simon,  b.,  1442;  gold  medal,  2841 . 

Newcomen,  Thomas,  steam-engine;  min- 
ing, 9022,  9202;  atmospheric  engine, 
9041;  d.,9042. 

New  Commission  office,  Eng.,  8702. 

Concord,  O.,  Muskingum  College,149 1 . 

Newcross,  R.  R.  collision,  9733. 

Newdegate,  Charles,  d.,  9962. 

New  Design,  111.,  Bapt.  church  fmd.,  1062. 

Ebenezer  College  fnd.,  Ga.,  1782. 

Newell,  John,  pres.  R.  R.,  d.,  468i . 

,  Samuel,  b.  (1785)  ;  miss,  movement, 

1171;  at  Calcutta, 1191  ;ord., 1183  ;d.(1821). 

,  William  Augustus,  b.  (1819);  governor 

N.  J.,  1832,  3052. 

New  Empire,  Egy.,  extended,  6492. 

England,  Icelanders  visit,  11 1 ;  plague 

visits,  133;  fnd.,  8802;  Puritan  emigra- 
tion prohibited,  8823;  divided,  31i; 
storm,  341 ;  colonies  refuse  to  unite,  37i ; 
advancement  of;  commerce  restricted, 
372;  prosperous;  first  confederate  govt., 
373;  Quaker  persecution,  402,3;  popu- 
lation, 412,  533,  673,  713;  Eng.  regicides 
arrive,  412;  commissioners, 43i ;  burden 
of  war,  46';  postal  system,  473;  defense 
of  frontier,  50i ;  power  of  clergy  limited, 
502;  Fr.  incursions,  52i ;  whale  tishery 
begins,  593;  education,  723;  prohibitory 
laws,  731 ;  bill  to  restrain  commerce, 
793;  fleet  destroyed,  903;  dark  day; 
wrought  iron  nails,  93i ;  Historical  Li- 
brary fnd.,  1583;  snowstorm,  1721  ;  post 
office  robberies,  436i ;  protection  statis- 
tics, 4463.    (See  names  of  N.  E.  States. j- 

Association  of  Farmers,  Me- 
chanics, etc.,  fmd.,  1411 . 

Conservatory  of  Music,258i  ,270i . 

Order  of  Protection  fnd.,  3292. 

Women's  Club  org.,  2651 . 

New  England  Couranf,  603. 

Memorial,  443. 

East  India  Co.    (See  East  India  Co.") 

-  Evangelical  church  est.,  4742. 
Newfoundland,  Norse  colonies    est.,  113; 

Dutch  in;  Cortereal  visits,  123;  dis., 
5701 ;  Portuguese  fisheries,  173;  Bretons 
visit,  163;  tish  in  shoals,  182-  fisheries 
u.sed,  193,  5791 ;  attention  in  Pari.,  23i<; 
Gilbert  lands,  252;  C<mcepcion  Bay  col- 
ony, 291;  settled,  8832;  figh  prepared, 
352;  a  royal  province,  423;  Courcelles, 

fov.,  432;    Placentia  Bay  colony  fmd., 
12;  Eng.  get,  5752;  diocese  est.,  5783; 
fisheries,  G.    B.  claims^  9573;  Electric 


1348 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.       NeWS-Newm. 


Telegraph  Co.,  chartered,  11032;  N.  F., 
N.  Y.,  and  London  Telegraph  Co.  org., 
1753;  Atlantic  cable  laid,  1853;  declines 
Can.  union,  5832,5951 ;  cable  toN.  York, 
2803;  Bp.  Jones  elected,  9803;  Lieut. 
Greely  leaves,  30Gi ;  gov't  protest,  10033; 
Qsherim  Fr., nioflus  Vivendi,  7G1^ ;  dispute 
submitted  to  arbitrator,  7fil2  ;  fisberies 
agreement  of  Fr.  and  Eng.,  10052,3;  ar- 
bitration, 5921 ;  conven.  protested,  5923  ; 
Bait  Act  unconstitutional,  10073  ;  Fish- 
eries Law;  David  Crockett  seized,  3G93. 

New  School  Society  org.,  9411 . 

France,  [Canada],  cons  ,  202;  first  set- 
tlement, 5711 ;  vice-royalty,  5712;  gov't; 
royal  province,  5732.    (See  Canada.) 

•  Ger.  People's  Party,  manifesto,  5312. 

(Jlasgow,  Eastern  Chronic' le,  579^ . 

(rranada,  dis.,   15i ;    visited,  1(J2;    a 

vice-royalty,  5!>2;  conquered,  628 1 ;  re- 
public fnid.,  6283.  (See  Colombia,  pp. 
623,  629.) 

Guinea,  annexation;  Ger.  opposes  an- 
nexation, 4992;  colonization  fails,  8372; 
Brit,  protectorate,  9932. 

Newhall,  Fales  H.,  b.,  1342. 

New  Halle,  So.  Afr.,  mission,  11241. 

New  Himpshire,  instruction  vessel,  4361. 

New  Hampshire,  religious  tolerance,  30i ; 
land  patent,  31 1 ;  land  grants,  323;  first 
Cong,  minister,  322;  named,  33i ,  432; 
unites  with  Mass.,  372;  separated  from 
Mass.,  473,  532,  653;  John  Cutts,  gov.; 
Mason  claims  worthless, 473;  revoltain, 
492;  Indiana  attack,  50i ;  i*eannexed  to 
Mass.,  513;  land  speculators,  523;  inn- 
keepers lined,  543;  Bellamont  in  author- 
ity; intemperance  fined,  551 ;  laird  dis- 
putes, 672;  Mesheck  Weare,  pres.  of 
Council,  (1775);  John  Langdon,  gov. 
(1785),  (17SS),  1133,  1171;  John  Sullivan, 

f:ov.  (1786);  Josiah  Bartlett,  ^ov.  (1790), 
051;  ratifies  the  Constitution,  lOli; 
JohnT.  Gilman,  gov.,  1053,  1213;  first 
cotton  mill  at  New  Ipswich,  1121 ;  Gen. 
Congregational  Asso.  org.,  1163;  Jere- 
miah, Smith,  gov.,  1172;  Wm.  Plumer, 
50V.,  1192,  1252;  Sam.  Bell,  gov.,  1273; 
.evi  Woodbury,  gov.,  1313;  David  L. 
Morrill,  gov.,  1332 ;  Gen.  Conf.  Free 
Will  Baptist  fmd.,  1343;  Benj.  Pierce, 
gov.,  1353,  (1829);  John  Bell,  gov., 
1373  ;  Matt.  Harvey,  gov.,  1392 ;  jos. 
M.  Harper,  gov.,  1393 ;  Sam.  Dins- 
moore,  gov.,  1393,  i67i ;  Meth.  Epis. 
Confer,  org.  ;  Univ.  State  Conven. 
org.,  1402;  W.  Badger,  gov.,  1452;  Isaac 
Hill,  gov.,  1472;  liquor  license  optional, 
1492;  John  Paige,  gov.,  1512;  Henry 
Hubbard,  gov.,  1^3;  John  H.  Steele, 
gov.,  1592;  Anthony  Colby,  gov.,  1613; 
ten  hours  legal  labor  day,  1622-  Jared 
W.  Williams,  gov.,  1633;  Noah  Martin, 
gov.,  1712;  Nathan.  B.  Baker,  gov.,  1772, 
Ralph  Metcalf,  gov.,  1792;  Wm.  Haile, 

fov.,  1832;  .Ichabod  Goodwin,  gov.,  1871 ; 
Bt  regt.  vols,  leaves,  1943  ;  Concord 
barned,  2013;  Nathan.  S.  Berry,  gov., 
2032;  Unit.  Asso.  org.,  2191;  Jos.  A. 
Gilmore, gov. ,2293;  ratifies  13th  Amend., 
2432;  Fred.  Smyth,  gov.,  2511;  ratifies 
14th  Amend.,  2532  ;  Walter  Harriman 
gov.,  2593;  ratifies  15th  Amend.,  2672; 
Onslow  Stearns,  2693;  Compulsory  Edu- 
cation Law  effective,  2763;  Jas.  A.  Wes- 
ton gov.,  2772, 2873;  Ezekiel  Straw,  gov., 
281 1 ;  Atlantic  cable  landed,  2853 ;  Person 
C.  Cheney,  gov.,  2912;  12  constitutional 
amends,  adopted;  Benj.  F.  Prescott, 
gov., 2973;  dry  fog, 3033-  Nathan.  Head, 

gov.,  3083;  Chas.  H.  Bell,  gov.,  3093; 
am.  W.Hale,  gov.,  3152;  Moody  Currier, 
gov.,  3233;  Chas.  H.  Sawyer,  gov.,  3293; 
7  constitutional  amendments  adopted; 
prohibition  liquor  traffic  rejected,  3362; 
decision  against  licenses,  3431 ;  David 
H.  Goodell,  gov.,  3492;  Soldiers*  Home 
eat.,  3511;  Pranconia  State  Park  pro- 
posed, 3521;  Agri,  Coll.  fnd., 3542;  XM. 
Fletcher  nora.  gov.,  3G9i ;  lower  house  re- 
sents senate,  3732;  legislature  obstruct- 
ed, 3731,  3811;  Local  Option  Bill  re- 
jected, 3812;  Labor  Day,  legal  holiday, 
3983;  Hiram  A.  Tattle,  gov.,  3991; 
Luther  F.  McKinney,  nom.  for  gov., 
4151;  statue  appropriation,  4273;  John 
B.  Smith,  gov., 4471 ;  forest  fires,  4712,3, 
■ Harmony,  Ind.,  est.,  1243,  1331 . 

Haven,  Conn.,  purchased ;    settled. 


353;  religious  toleration,  343,  353;  colo- 
nies unite,  373,432;  Epis.  Soc.  fmd., 563; 

Conn.  Gazette^  issued,  712;  A"".  H.  Post- 
Boy  issued,  743;  Brit,  seize,  84i ;  Tryon 
takes,  902;  incor.,  973;  Religious  Tract 
Soc.  org.,  1142;  Female  Miss.  Soc.  or^., 
1191 ;  carriages  miif.,  1331 ;  foreign  mis- 
sion school  est.,  1263;  2d,  centennial, 
1493;  New  Englander  appears,  1563; 
Am.  Ch.  Revieto  appears,  1642;  Evergreen 
Cemetery  est.,  1673;  water  supply  est., 
2033;  NetDs  issued,  3023;  James  Malley 
acquitted,  3102;  Congi^gational  Club 
fmd,  3162;  Osborne  Hall  ded.,  a503;  R. 
C.  school-books,  3722;  Anttf/one  yer- 
formed,  3801 ;  engineers  refuse  strike; 
railroad  wrecks,  399 1;  innfs.  combine, 
4133;  Am.  Inter.  Sem.  Alliance,  442t; 
Chinese  gamblers,  4531.  (Sew  Haven 
colony,  see  Conn.    See  Yale  University.) 

New  Haven,  Pa.,  Hoy  family  murder,  4303. 

Hebrides,  convention  signed,  7563; 

Fr.  declines  annexation,  7592;  conven- 
tions, 9973. 

Holland,  named,  4933. 

Inn  Hair  chartered,  86O2, 

New  Ironsides  completed,  2171. 

New  Jerusalem,  Gen. Conven.  meets,  1362, 
1422,  1442,  1462,  1483,  1503,  1523,  1543, 
1563,  1582,  1603,  1623,  1642,  1662,  ifkS3, 
1702,  1722,  1762,  1782,  1821,  1842,3, 
1881,  2092,  2352,  2482,  2522,  2562,  2662, 
2702,  2742,  2782,  2821,  2882,  2942,  2983, 
3002,  3063,  3102,  3123,  3202,  3223,  3262, 
3302,3403,3602,4062,4302,4621;  Urbana 
University  org.,  1703. 

centenary  eel.,  Eng.,  9002. 

Missionary  Society  org.,  9411 , 

New  Jersey  burns,  1793, 

New  Jersey,  land  grant,  33i ;  Puritans  in; 
intemperance  fined,  423  ;  named  ;  sepa- 
ratej^  from  N.  Y.,  431 ;  p.  Carteret,  gov., 
431,471;  immigration  encouraged  ;  pat. 
for  land ;  lands  distributed ;  Puritans 
land  grant;  constitution  adopted,  432; 
Conn,  colonists  in,  433  ;  colonists  refuse 
rent,  45i ;  name  changed  ;  Dutch  rule, 
452;  Edmund  Andros,  gov.,  453,  511 ; 
laws  perfected  ;  liquor  forbidden  to  In- 
dians, 471 ;  divided,  472;  Quakers  in  ; 
Governor  Cartaret  arrested,  473,  432; 
tribute  from,  473 ;  Edward  Byllinge, 
governor  (1679) ;  Sam.  Jennings,  <leputy 
governor  of  West  J.,  473  ;  claim  relin- 
quished ;  General  Sessions  meets ;  Penn's 
purchase  confirmed,  49i ;  Robt.  Bar- 
<!la.y,  gov.,  of  East  J.;  Thomas  Rudyard, 
deputy ;  Gawen  Lawrie,  gov.  East  J. ; 
Thos.  Olive,  dep.  gov.  West  J.  (1684); 
Scotch  immigration,  492  ;  John  Skeine, 

fov.  West  J,,  493  ;  Lord  Neill  Campbell, 
ep,  gov.  East  J.,  503  ;  Andrew  Hamil- 
ton, dep.  gov.  East  J.,  511.  532,  552; 
Dan.  Coxe,  gov.  West  J. ;  gov't  surren- 
dered, 51 1 ;  offered  for  $25,000,  8953  ;  no 
fovt.,  512;  John  Tatham,  gov.  East  J. ; 
Idward  Hunloke,  dep.  gov..  West  J. 
(1690) ;  Col.  Jos.  Dudley,  gov.  East  J. ; 
proprietors  gov.  West  J.  (1691)  ;  print- 
ing forbidden ;  first  Epis.  Church,  543; 
toleration  granted,  542  ;  Jer.  Basse,  gov., 
551 ;  Andrew  Bowne,  dep.  gov.  East  J. 
?1699) ;  royal  province ;  Edward  Hyde, 
Lord  Corubury  in,  552  ;  Lord  Lovelace, 
Rich.  Ingoldsby,  Robt.  Hunter,  govs.  ; 
paper  money  issued,  573  ;  Wm.  Burnet, 

fov.,  593  ;  JohiiMontgomerie,  gov.,  613  ; 
.ewi8Morris,pres.of  council  (1731);  Wm. 
Crosby,  gov.  (1732) ;  petition  for  separa- 
tion, 613  ;  negro  burnt  alive,  63i ;  John 
Anderson,  pres.  of  council,  632  ;  John 
Hamilton,  pres.,  633,  672  ;  separate  col- 
ony ;  Lewis  Morris,  gov.,  652*  Coll,  of 
N.  J.,  chartered,  663.  (See  Princeton 
Univ.)  John  Reading,  pres.,  672,  713  ; 
Jonathan  Belclier,  gov.,  672 ;  popula- 
tion, 673  ;  Francis  Bernard,  gov.,  713  ; 
Thos.  Boone,  gov.  ;  Josiah  Hardy,  gov., 
732  ;  William  Franklin,  governor  733  ; 
British  abandon  posts,  85 1,  863;  Wil- 
liam Livingstone,  governor,  853,  ms  ; 
signs  Articles  of  Confederation,  913 ; 
William  Patterson,  gov.  (1790) ;  rati- 
fies Federation  Constitution,  1003  ■  Rich. 
Howell, gov.,  1053 ;  Jos.  Bloomfiela, gov.; 
Aaron  Ogden,  gov.,  1193  ;  Wm.  S.  Pen- 
nington, gov..  1213,  1492;  Mahlon  Dick- 
erson,  gov. ;  Isaac  H.  Williamson,  gov., 
1262  ;  patent  leather  mfg.,  1261 ;  Morris 


Canal  begun,  1333  ;  Peter  D.  Vroora, 
gov.,  1373,  1433  ;  Geo.  W.  Doane,  cons. 
P.  E.  bp.,  1402  ;  Sam.  L.  Southard,  gov., 
1412  ;  N.  Y.  boundary  fixed,  1432  ;  Elias 
P.  Seeley,  gov.,  1433  ;  M.  E.  Conf.  fmd., 
1462;  Philemon  Dickerson,  gov.,  1472  j 
Dan.  Haines,  gov.,  1572,  1052;  Chas.  C. 
Stratton,  gov.,  1592  ;  Geo.  F.  Fort,  gov., 
1692 ;  N.  Y.  and  Erie  R.  R.  in  J.  Cicy, 
1733;  Rodman  M.  Price,  gov.,  1772; 
WuK  A  Newell,  gov.,  1832  ;  conservativ© 
on  secession,  189';  Chas.  S.  Olden,  gov., 
1903;  vols,  go  to  war,  1942;  prei'area 
for  civil  war,  1951 ;  passes  peace  rci-olu- 
tions,  2192  ;  Joel  Parker,  gov.,  2293 ,  -j.^i  1 ; 
rejects  13th  Amendment,  2432  ;  jMnicus 
L.  Ward,  gov.,  2.J53  ;  ratifies  14tn  Amend- 
ment, 2552  :  withdraws  ratification  ot 
14th  Amendment,  2612,  2631 ;  Congrega^ 
tional  Asso.  org.,  2662  ;  Theo.  F.  Raii- 
dolpli,  gov.,  2693  ;  refuses  to  ratify  15th 
Amendment,  2711;  free  school  system 
intro.,  2742;  Afr.  Meth.  Epis.  conf.  fmd., 
2782;  Evan.  Luth.  synod  erg.,  2802; 
General  U.  11.  Law  passes,  2853;  compul- 
sory education  laws,  2863  ;  Jos.  1).  Bedle, 
gov.,  2912;  Asylum  for  Insane  opd., 
2923  ;  Constitutional  ameiHliueiits  rati- 
fied, 2892  ;  State  Board  of  Health  org., 
2972;  Geo.  B.  McCIellan,  gov.,  3012  j 
State  Normal  School  opd.,  3023;  Geo.  C, 
Ludlow,  gov,,  3093  ;  Leon  Abbett,  gov., 
3193  ;  storm,  320i ;  school  for  deaf  mutes 
opd.,  3231;  Labor  Day  est.,  329 1 ;  Kobt. 
S.  Green,  gov.,  3293  ;  Hunterdon  Co., 
anti-license,  3332;  Ballot  Ktdonn  Bill 
passes;  Hedistricting  Bill  passes,  3391; 
Breweries  bought,  3393  ;  Leon  Abbett, 
gov.,  3451,  3751 ;  E.  B.  Grubb,  nom.  for 
gov.,  3451 ;  Local  Option  and  High  Li- 
cense repealed,  351 1 ;  election  frauds  in 
Hudson  Co.,  3523,  3551,  35;n  ,  3711,3871, 
4083,4211;  E.  F.  Donald  unseated,  3592; 
glass-makers  strike,  3523  ;  Agri.  College 
est.,  3542  ;  Industrial  Senate  fmd.,  3551  j 
Anti-Kace-Track  Bill,  355 1 ;  legal  state 
senate,  4532;  strike.  3643,  3883;  Judi- 
ciary Revision  Conven.,  4652,  4^-31 ;  free 
schools,  3743  ;  Excise  Boards  new  power, 
381 1 ;  Congressional  Reapportionment 
Bill  signed,  3832;  Pool-sellers  Act  uncon- 
stitutional, 3951;  Half-Holiday  Bill  en- 
acted, 3983  ;  Australian  Election  System 
Bill,  3992;  race-track  bills,  4012.  4242^ 
4251  ^  4271 ,4491 ,  4552  ;  Thos.  J.  Kennedy, 
nora.  for  gov.,  4132  ;  John  Kean,  Jr.^ 
nom.  for  gov. ;  George  T.  Werts,  nom. 
gov.,  4151 ,4471 ;  Central  R.  R.  withdraw* 
f  romlleading,421 3 ;  Parochial  School  Bill, 
4262 ;  County  Excise  Law  unconstitu- 
tional, 4431 ;  Gerrymander  Act  unconsti- 
tutional, 4431 ,  4592  ;  Lehigh  Valley  R.  R. 
strike,  4442;  Dera.  Senators  org.,  4491; 
Senate  divided,  two  bodies,  4491,  2,  a  j 
4512,  4551  j  senators  appeal  to  governor  ; 
4493;  decision  for  senate,  455 1 ;  female 
suffrage,  4553  ;  Rep.  election  victories, 
4572  ;  Central  Traction  Co.,  file  papers  : 
wrecks  on  coast,  4573  ;  Pool-selling  and 
Book-making  Bill,  4S92  ;  reform  bills 
vetoed,  461 1;  robbers  den  found,  4623  ; 
forest  tires ,  ^64 1 ;  boycotting  illegal ,  4793 . 

New,  John  C.,b.,  1482. 

Lanark,  Scot.,  infant  schools,  9383. 

Newlands,  F.  G.,  b.,  1641 . 

'*  New  Laws"  enacted,  Peru,  23i . 

New  Lebanon,  N.  H.,  Shakers  in,  982,3. 

Liberty,  Ky.,  Concord  Coll. org., 262*. 

Lights,  laws  against,  65i . 

Lisbon,  O.,  Morgan  captured,  2261 . 

London,  Conn.,  settlement  of,  392; 

missionaries,  542 ;  press  set  up,  57* ;  Brit, 
burn,  942 ;  incorporated,  973  ;  whale 
fishery,  1293;  Groton  monument,  1381; 
C.  F.  Hall  sails  north,  I861 ;  Rom.  Cath. 
summer  school  opd.,  4122  ;  Viking  ship 
arrives,  4332. 

,  Pa.,  Old  Side  Academy  est.,  663. 

Madrid,  Mo.,  State  independence  de- 
clared, 1992 ;  occupied,  2043. 

Newman,  Francis,  gov.  Conn., ».  2;  d.(1660). 

, William,  b.,  9323. 

,  John  Henry,   b.,  9303;  card,  priest, 

9842  ;  works,  9463,  9543,  9683,  9743  ;  d.. 
10(Mi. 

, Philip,  b.,  1342  ;  bishop,  3302. 

Newmarket,  Eng.,  racing  intro.,  8931 . 

New  Market,  Va.,  Federals  routed,  2333, 

Bridge,  Va.,  action  at,  2021 . 


Hewm-Newy. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page         INDEX.        Superior  Figures  inaicate  Column. 


1349 


New  ^femoirs  of  Literature  issued,  907 ' . 

New  Mexico,  ZuRi  visit,  202  ;  dis.,  243  ; 
revolts,  491;  uprising  of  Mex.;  G  Ains. 
killed,  1G32;  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hi- 
dalgo, 1633  ;  territory  org.,  1672;  James 
S.  Calhoun,  gov,,  1692  ;  Col.  E.  V.  Sum- 
ner, acting  gov. ;  John  Grieuer,  acting 
fov.  (ia52) ;  Wm.  Carr  Lane,  gov.,  1712  ; 
olon  Borland,  gov.;  David  Merri wether, 
fov.,1743;  W.U.H.l)avi8,g()v.(1857);Abr. 
Lencher,  gov.,  1832  ;  Henry  Connelly, 
fov.,2032;  Confeds.  occupy,  2043;  Wm. 
'.  N.  Amy,  gov.,  2593 ;  Robt.  B.  Mitchell, 
gov.,  2511 ;  peonage  abolished,  25G2  ;  at- 
tached to  U.  S.,  261 1 ;  Wm.  A.  Tile  gov., 
2693  ;  coramonschools  est., 2763  ;  Marsh 
Giddings,  gov.,  2772 ;  home  missions, 
2903  ;  Wm.  D.  Ritch,  acting  gov.  (1875) ; 
Sam.  B.  Axtell,  gov.,  2951 ;  disorders  ar- 
rested, 2992-  Utes  expelled,  2991;  Jesuit 
fathers  defeated  ;  Lewis  Wallace,  gov., 
301 2 ;  Univ.  of  N.  M.  opd.,  3082 ;  Lionel  A. 
Sheldon, gov. ,3132;  Industrial  School  est. 
at  Santa  F^,  319i ;  Indians  trouble,  320i ; 
school  for  deaf  mutes,  3231 ;  Admission 
Bill  in  Cong.,  337* ;  constitution  adopted, 
^452,  3693;  Edmund  G.  Ross,  gov.  (1885) ; 
L.  Brailford  Prince,  gov.,  3492  ;  State 
Univ.;  School  of  Mines,  Agri.  Coll.  est., 
3502;  drought  in,  3621;  constitution 
amendments,  3672;  disorderly  persons 
proclaimed,  3992  ;  High-license  Law 
enacted,  3983;  forest  preserve  est., 3993; 
fossils  found, 4061 ;  AdmissionBillpasses, 
4032,4091 ,4471 ,4651 ;  telegraphers  strike. 
4171 ;  w.  T.  Thornton,  gov., 4472;  Peralta 
grant  claim,  4553. 

New  Monthly  AfagaUne  issued,  9371 . 

Netherlands.     (See  New  York.) 

Xewnham  Coll.,  Cambridge, opened,  9803. 

New  Orange  [Albany],  N.  Y.,  named,  453. 

New  Orleans  burned,  1013. 

New  Orleans,  La., fnd.,  592;  Ursulinenuns 
in,  603;  Ger.  settle,  61 1;  Fr.  authority, 
612;  Sp. possesses,  74" ;  firstdrama.  1021 ; 
R.  C.  diocese  est..  1043  ;  negro  insurrec- 
tion, 1161  i  Gen.  Jackson  in  ;  battle  of, 
1?23  ;  banks  suspend,  1233  ;  first  P.  E. 
church  opd.  at,  1243;  yellow  fever,  1273, 
1333,  1733.  1752,  2593  steamer  line  toN. 
Y.,  1293;  Centenary  Coil,  est.,  1323  ;  y. 
O.  Bee  appears,  135i ;  cholera  rages,  1413 ; 
Tulane  Univ.  org.,  143i ;  branch  mint 
est.,  1452  ;  N.  O.  Picayune  issued,  1471 ; 
Coll.  of  Immaculate  Conception  org., 
1551;  ^farquette  burns,  1593  ;  T)e  Bow's 
Commercial  Review  appears,  161 1 ;  floods, 
1641 ,  1673  ;  eight  steamboats  burned. 
1693;  riot  over  Cuban  exped.,  1703;  Asso. 
of  Science  org.,  172 1 ;  disorder  rules,  1832; 
Sumter  runs  blockade,  1962  ;  under  C. 
martial  law,  200i ;  Manassas  strikes 
Bichmond, '200^ ;  blockaded,  2021;  Feds, 
capture,  2062,  3  ;  Gen.  Butler's  offensive 
orders, 2072,  2142;  recorder  and  chief  of 
police  arrested,  2031 ;  aversion  to  Butler, 
2083  ;  State  conven.  meets,  2313  ;  jrtbb 
captured, 2462;  Republicans  massacred ; 
constitutional  convention,  2523  ;  Gen. 
Sheridan's  military  dist.,  2572  ;  colored 
judge  presides,  25*^3;  slavery  prohibited, 
2592  ;  Straight  Univ.  org.,  2*12  ;  Leland 
Univ.  fnd.,  2703  ;  R.  R.  bonds  granted 
to,  2711;  new  charter,  2733  ;  Mechanics 
Inst,  seized,  2772  ;  Exposition  Park  pur- 
chased, 2773  ;  Southweafcni  Christian 
Advocate  est.  ;  Univ.  of,  fnd..  2822;  and 
org.,  3003  ;  rival  factions,  2832;  CarroU- 
ton  annexed,  2S73  ;  state  otliceH  surren- 
dered, 295i;  Ci'/y //pm  issued,  29'>3;  The 
States  issued ;  S^'iutliern  Univ.  opd.,  .3043 ; 
Southern  Academic  Inst,  opd.,  3082  ; 
strike,  3083  ;  Charity  Organization  Soc. 
org.,  3151;  Tulane  Univ.  opd.,  3183; 
World's  Cotton  Exposition,  3193,  3213  ; 
Normal  Scho*)l  est.,  3223;  school  for  deaf 
mutes,  3251 ;  Evening  News  issued,  3502; 
Anti-Lottery  League  org.,  3523  ;  Con- 
fed.  Memorial  Bay,  3551 ;  Anti-Lottery 
League,  State  couven.  ;  Hennessy  shot, 
3703;  assassins  found  guilty,  372*2  ;  ac- 
quitted, 3802;  cotton  firm  fails.  3733;  ^Veu» 
Delta  issued,  3712  ;  Mardi  Gras  festival, 
3763  ;  bribery  of  jurors,  3S02  ;  mob  kills 
Italians, 3802, 4053;  O'Mallev  accused  of 
bribery,  3803;  lynching;  despatch,  381 1 ; 
lynchers'  prosecution  demanded,  3812  ; 
Italian  diplomacy,  3813,10902;  lottery 
charter, 3823 ;  Bernard  Glaudi  convicted ; 


jury  bribery,  3831 ;  oath-bound  societies, 
3832;  Italian  consul  offends,  3852  ;  anti- 
lottery  campaign,  3863  i;  ;  Fourth  of  July 
eel., 3871 ;  Garcia,  embezzler,  3942;  War- 
mouth  faction,  4002  ;  tire,  4033,  4053, 
4352,4593;  Conven.  United  Confed.  vet- 
erans, 4043  ;  rice  trust,  4053  ;  Hennessy 
monument,  4061 ;  SuUivan-Corbett  fight, 
4143  ;  general  strike,  4182  ;  Nicaragua 
Canal  Conven. ;  street  railways  pur- 
chased, 4193  ;  Sunday  laws  enforced,4222 ; 
strike  order  unlawful,  426*  ;  R.  C.  cen- 
tennial, 4282;  crevasse,  4313,  4332,3; 
Jeff.  Davis's  body  removed,  4313  ;  ne- 
groes lynched  ;  colored  people  protected, 
4382:  Mafia  trouble,4443;  Italian  lynch- 
ing decision,  4612  ;  bribery  of  Callahan, 
4622;  sugar-planters  anti-Dem.,  4691, 
4712;  bribery  indictments  ;  Louis  I)es- 
forges,  briberv  ;  Numa  Douboussat,  bri- 
bery, 4702  ;  Fitzpatrick  impeachment 
suit,  4703  ;  R,  R,  collision,  4733  ;  race 
troubles,  4753 ;  Knights  of  Labor  protest, 
4762  ;  Exhibition  Bill  passed,  3172. 

Neiv  Party  issued,  10002. 

New  Plymouth,  N.  Z.,  founded,  11032, 

Newport,  Eng.,  chartist  rioters,  9511 ;  dock 
laborers  strike,  10031;  colliery  explo- 
sion, 10033  ;  tank  explodes,  10073  ;  Arch- 
bp.  Hedley  cons.,  9742. 

,  R.  L,  narbor    inspected,  19i ;    civil 

govt,  est.,  353 ;  Bapt.  church  fmd.,  362,3 ; 
settled,  372  ;  Seven  Day  Bapt.  oh.  fmd., 
422;  Jewish  worship, 52*2;  p.  E.  ch.  find., 
542  ;  p.  E.  missionary  at,  562  ;  Baptist 
Asso.  fmd.,  603;  R,  [.  Gazette,  631; 
slaves  in,  733;  artillery  seized,  78 1 ; 
threatened,  803  ;  Fr.  fleet  at,  883,921; 
torpedo  school  est.  at,  268i ;  Farmer's  in- 
candescent lights  made.  2901 ;  fire  at 
"The  Breakers,"  4193  ;  Naval  War  Col- 
lege opened,  4621. 

,  Christopher,  b.  (1565) ;  in  Va.,  261 ,  3, 

273-  deserts  colonists,  272  ;  d.,  26i . 

,  Lord.    (See  Robert  Joselyn.) 

News,  Va.,  action  at, 2021. 

New  Providence,  W.    I.,   settled,    8832  ; 

taken, 82». 
New  Quarterly  Reviete  issued,  Eng.,  9583. 

Quarterly  Magazine,  Sng.,9783. 

Review  issued,  Eng.,  ^23i . 

New  Reform  Bill  introduced,  9932. 

River,  W.  Va.,  action  at,  2003. 

Bridge,  Confetls,  defeated,  2323. 

—  Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  Huguenots  in,  513  ; 
race  fight,  4703. 

Ross,    Ire.,    action    at,    928i ;     Boyd 

attack,  9851. 

Rugby,  Tenn.,  inaugurated,  3043. 

San  Cratif  flies  Confederate  flag,  1953. 

Newsham,  Richard,  gift  of,  9921 . 

New  Soo  Line  opened,  Canada,  5892. 

South  Wales  dig.,  5722  ;  Sydney  Ga- 
zette est.;  N.  S.  W  Advertiser, ^:^'^ ;  first 
church  fmd.,  4942  •  an  Eng.  settlement 
at  Botany  Bay ;  felons  ;  Fr.  expedition  ; 
immigration,  4943  ;  border  police  ;  com- 
mercial crises,  4053  ;  constitution  fmd., 
4961 ;  transportation  of  criminals  to, 
ceases,  4963;  separated,  4971 ;  new  consti- 
tution ;  nanhood  suffrage,  4972  ;  first 
R.  R.,  4973  ;  denominational  schools  un- 
aided, 4981 ;  Royal  Soc.  est.,  4981  ;  R.  R. 
connection  comjjlete,  4993  ;  floods,  500 1 ; 
hurricane,  5iK)i  ,5013;  strike  settled,  5003; 
yearly  salaries,  5012;  up.  Barry  cons., 
9862. 

Newspaper  Libel  Act  passes,  989t. 

I'ublishers'   Asso.   Am.  Convention, 

:i3()2   3523,  3781 ,  4003,  4242,  4.V21 ,  4683. 

Newspapers,  early,  of  U.  S.  A.  1st  in 
Am,,  Public  Occurrences,  503  ;  Boston 
Gazette;  Am.  Weekly,  Messenger,  Phil., 
583  ;  New  Eng.  Courant,  Boston;  Md. 
Gazette,  603  ;  Penn.  Gazette,  61 1  ; 
,S".  C.  Gazette;  Weekly  Journal,  N.  Y., 
it  criticizes  govt.,  623  ;  R,  /.  Gazette  ; 
Frt.  Gazette,  ^1 ;  Gen.  Mag  and  JPistori- 
cat  Chronicle,  1st  literary  journal,  65i; 
Eve.  Post,  N.  Y.,  671;  N.  C.  Gazette; 
Conn.  Gazette;  N.  H.  Gazette,  71^ ;  Pro- 
vidence Gazette,  R.  1. ;  Ga.  Gazette,  731 ; 
Conn.  Courant,  Hartford:  Neio  Castle 
Chronicle,  Pa.,  742  ;  j\r.  Y.  Journal  or 
Gen.  Advertiser ;  C/tnn.  Journal  and  N. 
Haven  Post-Boy,  743  ;  Albany  Gazette, 
N.  Y.,  771;  N.  J.  Gazette,  Burlington, 
851;  Vt.  Gazette,  Brooklyn  Hall  Super- 
Extra  Gazette,  952  ;  ist  daily  in  Am., 


Penn  Packet  or  Gen.  Advertiser,  Phila- 
971 ;  Falmouth  Gazette  Me.,  983  ;  tex- 
itigton  Gazette,  99^ ;  The  Sentinel  0/  the 
N.  W.  Territory,  Cinn. ,  Kuoxville  Ga- 
zette, Tenn.,  1043  ;  Moniteur,  La.,  1063  ; 
sedition,  laws  against,  1091 ;  Natchez  Ga- 
zette, Tenn.,  III1 .  (See  names  of  news- 
aers  in  their  alphabetical  place  in 
3r,  also  under  names  of  towns  where 
issued.) 

Newspapers,  early,  in  Can.;  Ist,  Que.  Ga- 
zette, 742. 

,  France  (see  text,  p.  689  +  ) ;  Eng.  (see 

text,  p.  878-t-) ;  Ire.  (see  text,  p.  896^-). 

issued,  Eng.,  9003;  printed  by  Bteam 

power,  9362. 

fined,  France,  7393. 

injunctions,  Ger.,  831* . 

in  U.  S.,  1391 ;  in  1893,  4442. 

New  Sweden  fnd.,  351  •  dissolved,  41i . 

Testament,  in  Indian  language,  423  ; 

translation,  5502,  5523,  621 1 ;  published. 
Den.,  6371 ;  restricted,  Eng.,  8683. 

Tamil  mission  opened,  10483. 

Newton,  Mass.,  first  Bapt.  Church  fmd., 
663;  Theological  Inst,  est.,  1323;  Con- 
gregational Club  org.,  3262. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  10083. 

Butler,  Ire.,  battle  of,  8981. 

,  Ephraim  H.,  d.,  2411. 

,  Heber,  teachings  opposed,  3842. 

,  Sir  Isaac,  b.,  8842  ;  Differential  Cal- 
culus, 8902;  light;  telescope;  shape  of 
earth,  8922;  investigations  ;  gravitation, 
8941;  Principia,  8962  ;  theory  of  tides, 
8961 ;  in  Royal  Society,  8962,  9022:  spec- 
trum. Optics,  9022;  theory  of  fiuids  ;  os- 
cillation of  waves,  9041 ;  d.,9081 ;  statue, 
9122,9621. 

,  Isaac,  engineer,  b.,  1482. 

,  John,  b,,  9062  ;  d.  (1807). 

, ,  Gen.,  b.,  1303  ;  dismissed,  2182. 

, B.,  assistant  bishop  of  Va.,  4602. 

,  Bp.  Thomas,  b.  (1704)  ;  leader,  921 1 ; 

d.  (1782). 

Newtonia,  Mo.,  action  at,  214i ;  Price  de- 
feated, 2392. 

Newtown,  Mass.,  begun,  332;  synod  meets, 
»42;  college  at,  343. 

Barry,  Ire.,  riots,  9451 . 

,  N.  \.,  settled,  393  ;   Commissioner 

Krug,  bribery,  4722. 

New  Ulm,  Minn.,  Indians  attack,  212i; 
cyclone,  3081 . 

West  Education  Commis.  org.,  2983. 

Westminster,  Can.,  R.  C.  diocese  est., 

5902;  fire,  5912,  5932;  see  est.;  Bp.  Sil- 
litoe  elected,  9803. 

Wilmington,  Pa.,  Westminster  Coll. 

organized, 1723, 

vv'indsor  College  organized,  157 1 . 

New  York,  cruiser,  launclied,  3961. 

New  York  City  (Manhattan),  Spaniards 
visit ;  also  Verazzano  (V)  and  Gomez, 
191 ;  Hudson  visits,  261 ;  Under  the 
Dutch  :  Dutch  arrive  ;  erect  huts  ;  est. 
trading-post,  291;  John  Smith  subdues 
the  Dutch  ;  Dutch  build  fort ;  build  the 
Onrust,  281;  Sam.  Argall  destroys  the 
post  (?) ;  New  Netherland  chartered ; 
settlement  est.,  29 1;  Walloons  arrive; 
Lutheran  worship  est.,30i  ,2,311 ;  under 
Dutch  West  India  Co.,  303;  Walloon  col- 
ony arrive,  311,2;  civil  gov't  est.;  Cor- 
nelius May,  gov.,  312;  first  white  child 
b.,303,312;Wm.VerhulBt,gov.N.Neth.; 
Peter  Minuet,  gov.;  pays  S24  for  Manhat- 
tan Island,  312,3;  friendly  with  Purl- 
tans,  313;  ist  Dutch  minister;  Refmd. 
Dutch  church  est.;  Presb.  church  est., 
302;  fur  trade  flourishes;  charter  of 
privileges,  patroons  like  lords  of  Eur., 
270  people,  313;  houses,  303;  manors 
created  ;  southern  coast  and  Staten  Isl- 
and purchased,  33i ;  Charles  I.,  Eng., 
claims  N.  Neth.,333;  Fort  Amsterdam 
begun,  321 ;  2d  Dutch  minister  arrives  ; 
church  built,  322;  Wouter  van  Twiller, 

§ov.,  333;  pulpit  politics,  343;  brandy 
istilled  on  Staten  Island,  352;  William 
Kieft,  gov.,  353;  De  Vries  settles  Staten 
Island,  372;  Indians  abused,  war  follows; 
stone  tavern  built,  30i ;  stone  church 
built,  363;  friendly  Indians  massacred, 
371 ;  1st  representative  assembly,  372; 
Francis  Doughty,  Presb.,  preaches :  Ger. 
Lutherans  arrive,  363;  city  hall  built, 
373;  treaty  with  Indians;  100  citizens, 
361 ,    373 ;    peace      thanksgiving,    363; 


1350 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX,        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


New  York- 


"Breucklyn"  chartered;  Peter  Stuy- 
vesaut  goV.;  slaves  intro.,  39i ;  Wall 
[St.]  built  across  island  against  Indians, 
381 ;  incorporated  ;  municipal  gov't  est., 
393;  war  with  Swedes  (Del.);  Indians 
rise,  401 ;  Jews  majj^  settle ;  intolerance ; 
only  Dutch  worship  allowed;  Jews  to 
worship  privately,  40 1;  minister  Goet- 
water  in,  402;  streets  paved  and  wind- 
mill built,  401;  Eng.  take,  42i,  453; 
Under  the  ICnglish :  liquor  traffic  reg- 
rlated,423;  population  10,000,432;  Luth- 
erans may  worship  privately  ;  1st  church 
in  Brooklyn,  422;  Thos.  Willett  first 
mayor,  432,  (see  text,  alternate  years 
for  other  mayors) ;  Eng.  oppress  the 
Dutch;  tyranny  of  Gov.  Lovelace,  433; 
Kev.  Jacob  Fahricus  in,  422;  merchants 
meet  daily,  45 1;  May  races,  453;  Ger. 
Luth.  church  built;  Eng  take,  443; 
monthly  mail  to  Boston,  453 ;  Dutch  cap- 
ture, renamed  New  Orange,  restore, 
441,452,3;  Ist  Epis.  service,  463;  slaves 
at  $150  471;  trade  becomes  free,  49 1; 
Huguenot  Presb.  church  est.;  Jesuit 
Fatliers  arrive;  R.  Cath.  worship,  482; 
toleration  for  Christians  ;  asseiiibiy 
meets,  492;  chartered,  503;  joy  over  Eng. 
revolution  ;  feud  of  factions  ;  Gapt.  Leis- 
ler  assumes  govt.;  committee  of  safety, 
512;  1st  colonial  congress  of  governors ; 
Capt.  Leisler  and  Milborne  hanged,  513; 
episcopacy  rejected;  toleration  granted, 
522;  whipping-post,  pillory,  and  duck- 
ing stool  est.,  531 ;  episcopacy  est.  by 
law,  522,3-  printing  intro.,  623;  Kefmd. 
Prot.  ch.  incorp.  ;  Ist  synagogue;  (Ist) 
Trinity  Ch.,  523  ;  6,000  citizens,  533, 
553  ;  A.I>.  1700i:;  night  watch  est.; 
Capt.  Kidd  in,  543;  lantern-lighted,  553; 
1st  public  library  in  Am.,  542;  1st  ap- 
propriation for  cleaning  streets  £20 
(1696) ;  pestilence, 653;  Kings  [Columbia] 
Coll.;  King's  Farm  granted  to  Trinity 
Church,  543,  691 ,  712,  731 ;  Fresh,  minis- 
ters arrested,  563;  gov.  bribed;  Luth. 
church  est.;  slave  market ;  Trinity  Sch. 
est.,  572;  Baptist  preaching  intro.,  57i; 
negro  plot  to  burn,  583,  Wm.  Tennent 
arrives:  Presb.  church  org.,  582;  first 
Bapt.  church  org.,  602;  ^,  T.  Gazette 
first  paper ;  many  Jews  come,  603;  Benj. 
Franklin  in,  61 1;  new  charter,  613;  lat 
fire  engines,  department  org.;  Boston 
stage,  63  ;  Weekly  Journal^  623 ,  editor 
Zenger  imprisoned  63i,3;  fire  in  fort, 
653;  N.  Y.  Gazette  or  Weekly  Post-boy; 
negro  conspiracy  to  burn,  652  ;  John 
Cruger,  mayor,  652,713  ;  Evening  Post, 
671;  Nassau  St.  Theater,  66 1 ;  Inde- 
pendent Reflector  y  Mercury,  and  Pacquet ; 
Society  Library,  69 1;  2d  Nassau  St. 
Theater,  681 ,  703;  King's  College  begun, 
712;  population  12,000,  713;  1st  Metho- 
dist arrives  ;  clergy  in  politics  ;  1st  Bap- 
tist church  org.,  723;  ferry  to  N.  J.,  733; 
Eng.  preaching  in  Dutch  churches,  74i ; 
Constitutional  Gazette,  Iti"^ ;  Anti-Stamp 
Act  Cong.;  Sons  of  Liberty,  752;  Metho- 
dism intro.;  John  St.  Theater  est.,  742; 
flag-pole  cut  down ;  express  to  Phila.,  2 
days,  753;  Chronicle,  N.  Y.  Journal  or 
Gen.  Advertiser,  743;  John  St.  Meth. 
church  dedicated,  762;  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce fnd.;  George  III.  statue,  773; 
liberty-pole  cut,  772;  McDougal  impris- 
oned, 773 ;  tea  ship  sent  back,  783 ;  favors 
cong.,  793;  War  of  Revolution: 
Tories  mobbed ;  Rivington's  Gazetteer's 
office  wrecked,  81 1;  Colonial  Assembly 
ends  Tories  ascendant,  81 2,  823;  Ams. 
occupy,  821 ;  Washington  arrives  ;  Gen, 
Howe  in  bay,  822;  Tory  conspiracy; 
Brit,  land  on  Staten  Island.  823,841; 
Gov.  Tryon  retires  to  war  vessel,  83i ; 
plot  to  fc.  Washington ;  hydrant  water 
introduced,  833;  British  land  on  Long 
Island ;  battle  of  Long  Island ;  Wash- 
ington retreats,  84 1  ;  British  enter; 
battle  of  Harlem  Heights  ;  Nathan  Hale 
hanged ;  royalist  corps  raised,  842; 
Washington  crosses  Hudson  River  ;  Brit. 
take  Fort  Washington,  843;  A^,  Y.  Pac- 
qttet.  Am.  Advertiser,  John  Englishman ; 
iCing's  Coll.  a  hospital,  85' ;  pardon  of- 
fered rebels,  852,3-  conf.  with  Howe; 
great  fire,  Trinity  Church  burned,  853; 
Ams.  raid  Staten  Island,  87i ;  Rivinq- 
pr».^8  N.  Y.  Royal  Gazette  issued,  Brit. 


troops  leave  for  West  Indies,  89 1 , 
forGa.,90» ;  Fort  Mcintosh  built ;  Ethan 
Allen  welcomed;  Brit,  winter  in,  91 1; 
Benedict  Arnold's  proclamation  ;  loyal- 
ists org.,  933;  Brit,  peace  commissioner 
arrives,  953;  Brit,  evacuate;  Washing- 
ton enters ;  Am.  army  disbands,  96i ; 
Under  Americans :  Presb.  churches 
restored,  962;  igt  Prot.  Epis  Conven. 
meets  diocese  of  N.  Y.,  963;  King's  Col- 
lege changed  to  Columbia,  97' ;  11th 
Continental  Cong,  opens,  973;  John  St. 
Theater  reopened;  Cojitrast,  Gamester, 
played,  98i ;  St.  Peter's,  first  R.  C.  ch., 
982;  Am.  Epis.  church  separates  ;  Daily 
Advertiser;  free  colored  schools,  983; 
Manumission  Soc;  Tammany  Soc.  org., 
991,  1003;  12th  Continental  Cong.,  99i, 
13th  C.  Cong.,  9i*2,  Hth,  903;  mob  de- 
stroys printing-office,  1003;  Ist  dentist's 
office  est.,  1001;  X.  Y.  Mag.  and  Liter- 
ary Repository,  Independent  Journal,  Ar- 
gusor Daily  Advertiser,  Federalist,  1002; 
U,  S.  Gazette;  Anti-Federal  mob,  1003; 
last  Continental  Congress  ;  1st  Federal 
Cong.;  capital  of  U.  S.  A.,  IOII;  Wash- 
ington inaug  celebration,  1012;  Castle 
Williams  built,  1021  ;  2d  Methodist 
church,  1023  ;  Congress  removed  to 
Phila.,  1031 ,2;  park  project  abandone<l ; 
1st  N.Y.  bank  eat.;yeliowfever,1033, 1073, 
1133;  steamboat  built.  1042,1081  ]  Minerva 
{Commercial  Advertiser,  1083],  1043;  col- 
ored Meth,  ch.;  1st  Miss.  Soc.  org. ,1063; 
Park  Theater  built,  1081 ;  Meth.ch,I)uano 
St.,  find.,  1082;  Monthly  Mag.  and  Am. 
Review,  1091;  a.D.  1800r:  Brook- 
lyn Navy  Yard  est.,  IIOI;  Am.  Watch- 
man; Am.  Citizen,  1103  ^Ereyiinq  Post  est., 
1111;  city  hall  built,  112*,  1182;  Acad, 
of  Fine  Arts ;  Botanical  Garden  est., 
1121;  Hfstorical  Soc.  inst.;  labor  strike, 
1131 ;  Clermont,  steamboat,  first  trip, 
1141 ;  R.  c.  see  erected  ;  Meth.  Publish- 
ing House ;  Ladies'  Weekly  Miscellany 
esti,  1143;  steamboat  Paragon  built; 
Geo.  F.  Cook  appears,  II61 ;  Eng.  used 
in  Luth.  church,  1163;  great  tire,  1173; 
Prot.  Epis.  Tract  Soc.  org,,  117i ;  Liter- 
ary Miscellany  est.,  119i ;  first  stereo- 
typing; N.  Y.  Tract  Soc.  org.,  I21i; 
Brooklyn  steam  ferry,  1213;  Fulton, 
frigate,  launched,  1222;  K.  Y.  Weekly 
Museum,  1232;  chimney-sweeps*  cries 
forbidden;  Peace  Soc.  fnd.;  N.  Y.  Ma- 
rine Bible  Soc.  org.,  125i;  Lyceum  of 
Natural  History  inaug.,  1261 ;  batters' 
union  fnid.,  1272;  Gen.  Montgomery 
buried,  1273;  Edmund  Kean  appears, 
1281 ;  mariners'  church  dedicated,  1282; 
Bethel  Union  org.,  1283;  Mercantile  Li- 
brary fnd.;  Apprentice  Library  fnd,, 
1291 ;  steamship  line  to  New  Orleans, 
1293;  steam-power  printing-jtrcss  est., 
1301 ;  Albion;  Literary  Revietv,  1311 ;  Ob- 
server; Christian  Bajdist;  N.  Y.  Mirror, 
1312;  steamer  to  Norfolk,  1313  ;  A.D. 
1825+  :  1st  opera  ;  homeopathy  intro., 
1321;  Sunday  CowruT,- Lafayette  visits, 
1331 ;  boat  arrives  via  Erie  Canal,  1333; 
Acad.of  Design, 1341 ,2541 ;  EdwiuForrest 
appears  ;  W.  C.  Macready  appears,  134 1 ; 
.AjCr.  Union  Meth.  church  founded,  1343; 
Christian  Advocate,  1351;  Journal  of 
Commerce,  1351 ,  1423;  Morning  Enquirer, 
1351 ;  varnish  mnf.,  136';  Courrier  des 
Etats-Unis;  Quarterly  Review;  Noah's 
National  Advocate,  137' ;  Charles  John 
Kean  appears,  138i;  Primitive  Meth. 
church  org.,  1383-  Spirit  of  the  Times, 
1391;  high  tariff  conven.;  Common 
Council  divided,  1392;  an  omnibus  ap- 
pears, 1393;  Charles  and  Fanny  Kemble 
appear;  Ravel  family  appears,  1401; 
Knickerbocker  Magazine;  N.  Y.  Globe 
est.,  1403;  Asiatic  cholera  appears ; 
street  railroad  opd.,  1413;  operatic  thea- 
ter opd.;  Mechanics'  Inst,  est.,  1421 ; 
Am.  Monthly  Magazine;  Sun,  and  Jour- 
nal of  Commerce  est.;  news  by  relays, 
1423 ;'  New-  Yorker  Staats-Zeitung ;  elec- 
tion riot,  1431 ;  anti-abolition  mob.  1433; 
mayors  first  elected  by  citizens,  1432; 
pins  mnf.,  1441 ;  city  missionaries  ;  N.  Y. 
Herald,  1443  •  mechanics  hold  conven., 
1451;  fire;  cholera,  1453,  1673;  Ellen 
Tree  appears,  146i ;  N.  Y.  Express  est., 
1463;  flour  riot,  1471;  Morse  exhibits 
telegraph,  1481;  xf.    Y.  Review  issued, 


1491 ;  Croton  Aqueduct,  1493, 1553, 1653,. 
3633;  Harlem  K.  K.  tunnel;  mercantile 
failures,  1493;  Eventing  Express,  1503; 
fire,  1513;  earthquake;  Fanny  Elsler 
dances;  Trinity  Church  erected;  John 
Baldwin  Buckstone  appears,  J52i ;  Trib' 
une,  1523;  George  Vanderhoft'  appears; 
Philharmonic  Soc,  concert,  1541;  st 
John's  College  fnd.;  Ger.  Meth.  church 
org,,1643;  Polka  dance  intro. ,1571 ;  Anna 
Cora  Mowatt  appears;  Washington 
statue ;  hydropathic  establishment  opd., 
1581 ;  Wesleyan  Meth,  org.;  Five  Points 
Mission  org.,  1582,  1741 ;  Swedish  Mis- 
sion, 1582;  Am. Review;  New  Yorker  Zei- 
tung  est.,  1583;  fire,  1593;  Washington 
monument,  1622 ;  St.  Francis  Xavier 
Coll.  org.,  1631;  w.  C.  Macready  ap- 
pears, 1641;  Hamburg-Am.  line  steam- 
ers est.,  1633;  Coll.  of  City  of  N.  Y.  est., 
1642;  Associated  Press  fmd.,  1643;  Cen- 
tury Club  formed;  Astor  Place  riot, 
1643;  Father  Matthew  in,  166 1;  Park 
Theater  burned ;  Croton  Aqueduct 
Bridge;  Cypress  Hill  Cemetery  est.; 
Calvary  Cemetery  opd.;  gas  in  Brook- 
lyn, 1653;  Jenny  Lind  sings  ;  F.  B.  Con- 
way appears,  I66I ;  L'Eco  d' Italia,  1C62; 
Astor  Library,  1663,1742,3023,3542;  Hud- 
son River  Il.R.opd.  ,1673 ;  A.D.I  850+ : 
street  explosion,  1673 ;  Teresa  Parodi 
appears ;  Lola  Montez  appears  ;  ]Mme. 
Ponisi  appearsjl68i ;  R.  C.  archiepisco- 

Sal  see  est.;  Times  est.,  1683-  Loui& 
[ossuth  in;  Meth.  Home  opd.,  1691;. 
Erie  R.  R.  opd. ;  schoolhouse  panic ,  1093 ; 
Central  Park  suggested,  170 1 ;  Y.  M.  C 
A.  org.,  1702;  medal  to  Henry  Clay; 
Evergreen  Cemetery  est. ,1712;  Lutheran 
Cemetery  est.;  Bible  House  est.,  1713; 
Henry  Clay  obsequies  ;  Thomas  Kane'& 
exped.;  Wallack's  Theater  opd.;  Henri- 
etta Sontag  appears,  1721 ;  Frank  Leslie's 
Illustrated  est.;  Clipper  est.,  1731 ;  Mer- 
cantile Library  Asso.  fmd.;  Manhattan 
Coll.  est.,  1731,  2252;  banquet  to  John 
Mitchel ;  charter  changed,- 1732;  Great 
Republic  burned  ;  San  Francisco  sails  ; 
Crystal  Palace  opd.;  Clearmg  Htmse 
est.,  1733;  Astor  Library  opd.,  1742;  Col. 
Loriiig  murdered,  1743;  firemen  perish, 
1753;  Mile  Rachel  appears;  Acad.  01 
Music  opd.,  1761 ;  Dr.  Kane  returns;  East 
River  frozen,  1781 ,  2573;  Adelaide  Phil- 
lips appears,  178i ;  lllustrirte  Ztiiung 
fnd.;  city  officials  indicted;  poor  relief 
plans;fllibusters  join  Gen.  Walker,  1783; 
Adriatic  launched  ;  Castle  Garden  a  re- 
ceivingstation,  1793;  Washington  statue, 
1801;  Harper's  Weekly  fnd.,  1802;  Inman 
Line  est.,  1813;  Central  Park  begun, 
1821 ;  police  riots,  1823;  Metropolitan  Po- 
lice Law  constitutional ;  resisted  ;  colli- 
sion of  police  forces,  1823,  i83i ;  "Dead 
Rabbits  "  control ;  legislature  interferes 
in  gov't;  Cent.  Park  Commis.,1832;  Am. 
cup  presented  to  Yacht  Club,  1833;  St. 
Patrick's  Cathedral  built,184i  ,1862,3003: 
Mile.  Piccolomini  appears,  1841 ;  Crystal 
Palace  burned,  1853;  World  est.,  J863, 
1991;  Patti  appears;  Schiller's  bust, 
1861  ;AthenseumClubfnd., 1871 ;  a.D. 
18604::  fire,  1873;  Japanese  embassy; 
Prince  of  Wales  in ;  Hicks  hanged, 
1882;  time  ball  placed;  Union  Miss. 
Society  org.,  1903;  Clara  Louise  Kel- 
logg debut,  1902;  Mayor  Wood  advises 
secession,  191';  Fort  Pickens  expedi- 
tion sails,  1921;  7th  Regt.  for  Wash., 
1941;  Soldier's  Relief  Asso.  fmd..  1943; 
patriotic  war  meeting,  1951 ;  billiard 
tournament,  1953;  cotton  advances, 
1973;  Bellevue  Hospital  Med.  Coll.  est.; 
Homcepathic  Med.  Coll.  ojul.,  199i ;  Con- 
fed,  prisoners  at  Ft.  Lafayette,  2012; 
Monitor  launched,  2022,  sails,  2042; 
specie  payments  suspended  ;  Produce 
Exchange  org.,  2032;  slave-trader 
hanged,  2052;  premium  on  gold,  2073; 
press  opposes  Lincoln,  2111 ;  u.  S,  Brew- 
ers' Asso.  org. ,2152,  2971;  Democratic 
Anti-Lincoln  meeting,  2153;  French  and 
the  Guion  lines  est.,  2173;  Union  League 
fnd.,  2192, 2431 ;  Valandigham  sympathy- 
con  ven.;  Peace-party  meeting  held, 
2233;  conscription  begins,  2243,  2252; 
terrible  anti-draft  riot,  2253 ;  Trilmne  of- 
fice dismantled,  2252;  Nat.  Academy  of 
Design  begun,  2273;   Woodlawn  Ceme- 


New  York. 


Text  Figures  ienote  Pag*.        INDKX.       Superior  Figure*  Indicate  Column. 


1351 


tery  established,  229* ;  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion Fair,  2312;  Journal  of  Commerce 
and  World  suppressed,  2333;  Confed. 
plot  to  burn,  2393,  2412-  Gen.  Butler 
takes  command,  2392;  Theo.  Thomas 
concerts  ;  Edwin  Booth  plays,  2411  j  aid 
for  Savannah  sutferers ;  petition  for 
emancipation,  2423;  high  price  paper, 
2433;IjincoIn  obsequies  in  City  Hall,247i ; 
paid  fire  dept.  inat.,  2473;  Ketchum  for- 
geries, 2483;  Barnum's  Museum  burned 
(Nov.25,1864),!M93,  2613,  2813;  Mendels- 
sohn Glee  Club  organized.;  Commerce 
statue,  250*:  Free  Methodist  Society 
org.,  2502;  Manhattan  Club  fnd.;  Disci- 
ples of  Lassalle  org.;  Chimney  Corner 
fnd.;  Commercial  Bulletin  fnd.,  2503; 
Board  of  Health  est.,  2511 ,  3043;  Acad, 
of  Music  and  Univ.  Med.  Coll.  burned, 
2533;  bust  of  Irving,  2&4i ;  City  Mission 
and  Tract  Soc.  org., 2542;  Galajct/  Maga- 
zine^ 2543;  Nat.  Acad,  of  Design,  build- 
ing erected,  2541 ;  Henrietta,  Vesta,  Fleet- 
wing  sail  on  race,  2553;  life-raft  sails, 
256' ;  City  Hall  Park,  for  P.O.  site,2573; 
Black  Crook  performance,  258';  Even- 
ing Telegram  and  Xeics  fnd.,  2583;  yel- 
low fever  at  quarantine ;  single  track 
elevated  cable  K.  R.  opd.;  Gold  and 
Stock  Co,  org.,  2593;  steam-motor  man 
exhibited,  2<Mi ;  diimer  for  Dickens, 
2611 ;  court  house  completed, 2613;  Har- 
per^ s  Bazaar  fnd.,  2623;  Dem.  Nat.  Con- 
ven.  meets,  2633;  Booth's  Theater  opd.; 
Lincoln  statue;  Garibaldi  statue, 2641; 
Mercantile  Library  opd.,  265i ;  George 
Peabody  sails;  Ryan's  filibusters  sail; 
Evening  Mail  fnd.:  St.  Louis  Coll.  org., 
2663;  Hell  Gate  improvements,  2673, 
2933 ;  A.  D.  1870  ^ ;  East  River  Bridge 
begun,  2681 ;  Nat.  History,  Am.  Museum, 
est.  (1869),  Sunday  opening,  414i,  new 
wing  opd.,  4161;  price  of  gold;  Erie 
Ring  panic;  "Black  Friday,"  2673; 
Augustin  Daly's  Theater,  2681 ;  Pfere 
Hyacinthe  intro.;  Baptist  Home  fnd., 
269' ;  Roosevelt  Hospital  begun  (Oct.  29, 
1869),  opened  Nov.  2,  1871,  Anderson 
gift,  4183;  Metropolitan  Museum  of 
Art,  2701,  2741,  27«i,  3022,  3321,  3341, 
3381 ,  3581 ,  3681 ,  3801 ,  3981 ,  4741 ;  Public 
Record ;  Lenox  Library,  2702, 2963, 3981  • 
Times  exposes  Tweed  Ring,  2703;  Daniel 
Ma«Farland  acquitted ;  Tweed-Frear 
Charter  granted  ;  city  and  county  com- 
bined, 2711;  New-Yorker  Tages  Nach- 
richten  fnd.,  2722;  Tweed  Ring  domi- 
nates, 2731;  White  Star  Line  est.,  2733; 
Capt.  Hall  sails  in  Polaris ;  Morse  statue, 
2741;  religious  riots,  2743;  Tammany 
Hall  defeated,  2752,3;  Grand  Central 
Depot  opd.;  Red  Star  Line  est.,  2753; 
iVifnesn,  2763;  Forest  and  Stream,  2771 ; 
mechanics'  combined  strike,  2772;  Gil- 
bert Elevated  R.  R.  sold ;  Erie  Ring 
collapses,  2773;  newspapers  overthrow 
Tweed  Ring,  2782,  2912,  2971 ;  Presb. 
Hospital  opd.;  strikes,  2783;  statues  of 
Shakespeare,  Scott,  and  Franklin,  2801 ; 
trialof  Tweed,  2811;  Am.  District  Tele- 
graph Co.  est.;  Elevated  R.  R.  Cos. 
fmd.;  Netherlands  Line  est.;  State  Line 
est.,  2813;  Young  Women's  C.  A.  incor., 
2822;  Soc.  for  Supjiression  of  Vice  est., 
2831;  financial  panic;  Stock  Excliange 
closed,  2833;  Oratorio  Soc.  org.,  284 1; 
charter  amended  ;  Kingsbridge  annexed, 
2851 ;  White  Cross  Line  est.,  2853;  sol- 
diers'monument  set  up,  2861;  City  Rec- 
ord established,  2863;  Amsterdam-Neth- 
erlands Line  est.,  2873  ;  newspapers 
against  Whisky  Ring,  2883  ;  cable  to 
N.  F.  and  Ire.;  new  post-office  occupied, 
2893;  Soc.  for  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to 
Children  est.;  Soc.  of  Sons  of  Revolu- 
tion est.,  2911;  great  fire;  Fourth  Ave. 
tunnel ;  North  Dutch  Church  demol- 
ished, 2913;  Journal  and  I^iick  appear, 
2922;  Seward  statue,  2941 ;  Soc.  for  Pre- 
vention of  Crime  est.,  2943;  Halleck 
statue,  2941;  N.  Y.  Hospital  opd.;  fire, 
2953;  Connnunistsmeet,  297' ;  explosion 
in  candy  works,  2973;  6th  Ave.  Elevated 
R.K, opii., 2953;  Museumof  Nat. History, 
2961 ,3321  ..3822.4141 ,4161 ;  A.D.  1880+; 
3d  Ave.  Elevated  R.  K.  opd.,  2973;  Stew- 
art's body  stolen,  299 1 ;  9th  Ave.  Ele- 
vated R.  R.,  2993,  3063;  Coll.  of  Music 
incor.;  Soc.  of  Am.  Art ;  Symphony  Soc. 


org.,  3001 ;  Chinese  Sunday-school  org., 
3002;  Christian  Herald;  Magazine  of 
Art;  Signs  of  our  Times;  Texas  Sift- 
ings,  est.;  Univ.  Club  org.;  Volkes-Zei- 
tung  est.,  3003;  Congregational  Club 
org., 3022;  New-Yorker  //ero/(/ est., 3023; 
2d  Ave.  Elevated  K.  R.  est.,  3033;  Sarah 
Bernhardt  appears,  304 ' ;  Egyptian  obel- 
isk,3041,  3061,  3501;  Dr.  Tanner  fasts  40 
days;  9th  Ave.  Elevated  reopd.,  3053; 
Madison  Sq.  Garden  opd.;  bust  of  Moore; 
Burns  statue,  3061 ;  Critic  est.,  3063 ;  iJor- 
deauxLineest.,3073;J(Wj/ee8t.,3082,3493; 
St.  Mary's  opd.;  Charity  Organization 
Soc.  est.,  3103;  work,  4531;  Jumbo  ar- 
rives ;  Hudson  River  tunnel  begun  (1874) , 
work  stopped,  resumed  (1879),  suspends, 
3113,  3153  n892) ;  Park  Theater  burned, 
3113;  Am.  Art  Union  incor., 3121 ;  Actors' 
Fund  est.,  3131 ;  East  River  Bridge  opd., 
3121,  3133,  3162;  Washington  statue, 
3121,  3141;  Argosy;  Morning  Jourjial^ 
3123;  telephone' to  Chicago,  3133;  Metro- 
politan Opera  House  opd.,  3141 ;  Voice 
est.,  3143;  Brit,  evacuation  eel.,  315'; 
Standard  Theater  burned,  3153;  earth- 
quakes; Statue  of  Liberty,  3162;  paint- 
ers' strike,  317i ;  Marine  Nat.  Bank  sus- 
pends ;  panic  on  Exchange,  3173;  bust 
of  Beethoven;  Bolivar  statue,  3181; 
Church  Temperance  Soc.  reports,  3191 ; 
Blaine  defeated  by  alliteration,  3192; 
Elevated  R.  R.  fare  reduced,  3193 ;  Arch- 
bp.  Corrigan  succeeds  :  O'Donovan  Roesa 
assault,  Matue  of  Liberty  rec'd,  3203; 
buildings  collapse,  3212;  Brooklyn  Ele- 
vated R.  R.  opd.;  first  cable  road  ;  Grant 
obsequies,  3213;  Dodge  statue,  3221; 
King's  Daughters  and  King's  Sons  fmd., 
3222;  Cosmoort/i^an est., 3223;  cigar-mak- 
ers strike;  3a  Ave.  car-line  strike;  Henry 
W.  Jahne  sentenced,  3232;  John  Most 
arrested,  3232, 3852;  Forum ;  Hlas  Lindn; 
Listy ;  Catholic  News  est.,  3242;  Com- 
mercial Temperance  League  org.;  Al- 
derman McQuaid  sentenced,  3251 ;  Jacob 
Sharp  convicted,  3271 ;  Internat.  yacht 
race,  3273  ;  Evening  World;  Press  est., 
3283;  Unitarian  Club  org., 3282;  Chinese 
mission  work,  3302;  Bellevue  school  for 
nurses,  3;}lt;  Garibaldi  statue,  3321; 
Mail  and  Express  purchased ;  joss- 
house  est.,  3322;  ex-Pres.  Cleveland, 
lawyer,  3343;  fire;  Sunday  stages  with- 
drawn,3353;  R.  Cath.  pilgrims  sail, 336* ; 
Dr.  M'Glynn  attacks  parochial  schools, 
3362;  Greater  New  York  Bill,  3372.  (See 
New  Y'ork  State.)  Centennial  l^oan  Ex- 
hibition ;  Centennial  parade, 3381 ,3413; 
Sabbath  reform  movement,  3382;  Cen- 
tennial services,  3383;  Dunraven's  chal- 
lenge accepted ;  electric  poles  come 
down,  X}93,3493;  City  Police  Commis- 
sion Bill  passed,  3392;  Meth.  Epis.Home 
dedicated  ;  Museum  of  AxX  opd.  on  Sun- 
days, 3403,  3843;  Conemaugh  Valley  Re- 
lief,3403-  Grant  and  M'ard  indictments  ; 
Jos.  Pulitzer  Cilucates  poor  boys,  3411; 
locusts  in  Central  Park,  3422;  Col  Em- 
mons Clark  retires,  D.  Appleton,  Col.  of 
7th,  ^21;  special  delivery  letters,  3433; 
tidal  waves  at  Coney  Island,  3442;  Emily 
Kempen  opens  law  school ;  Daily  Gra- 
phic suspends,  3443;  gas  explosion, 3452; 
K.  C.  Total  .Abstinence  Soc.  org.,  3462; 
A  nti-Tammany  mass  -  meeting,  3472 ; 
World  Building  coriier-«tone  laid ; 
World's  Fair  simscriptions,  3473;  Dr. 
Koch's  lymph  tested,  3481,  3721,  3732; 
Music  Teachers*  Asso.  meet;  school  com- 
missioners ajjpoin  ted,  3482;  Hebrews  est. 
free  schools,  .3482,  3782;  Pan-Am.  Cong. 
delegates,  349i ;  Washington  Memorial 
Arch  fund  ;  World's  Fair  Guaranty 
fund,  3493,  3513;  Am.  Fine  Art  Society 
fmd.,  3501 ;  Barnard  Coll.  org.;  Good 
News  est. ;  Lenox  Lyceum  opene*l, 
Homeopathic  Medical  Coll.  opd.,  3503; 
A.D.  1890+;  Dem.  governors  honored  ; 
Southern  Society  eulogizes  Davis,  351*  J 
grippe  prevails ;  World's  Fair  commit- 
tee ;  20  post-oftice  stations  est.,  ^13;  6th 
Nat  Bank  wrecked,  3522,3,  3533  ;Centen- 
nial  of  Supreme  Court  eel.;  "World's  Fair 
mass-meeting  ;  Russian-Am.  mass-meet- 
ing, 3623;  cracker-makers  trust,  3533; 
Patti  concerts,  354i ;  ma*is-meeting  sch. 
conf.,  3542  ;  trial  of  Sheritf  Flack,  3643, 
3662  ;  shirt-makers  strike,  3661 ;  James 


Meeks  sentenced, 3552;  Wash.  Memorial 
Arch  begtm,  356i ;  bronze  doors  in  Trin- 
ity Church,  3562;  masH-meetingfor  clean 
streets  ;  framers  strike  ;  clothing-mak- 
ers strike,  3563;  bribery  (jf  aldermen, 
3572;  Castle  Garden  changed, 3573;  rapid 
transit  commissioners,  357  ,3893,4292, 
3,  4313,  4451,3;  Carnegie  Hall  begun, 
358' ;  Soc.  for  Enforcement  of  Criminal 
Law;  carpenters  strike,  3583;  John 
Keenan  indictments,  359 1 ;  Commercial 
Advertiser  building  struck,  3601 ;  Radi- 
cal Club  org.;  Consumers'  League  fmd., 
3603  ;  Citizens'  Alliance  fmd.  ;  Jay 
Gould  fined  ;  strike  against  i)ool  beer, 
3611;  consolidation  commission,  3612; 
heat  oppressive,  3621 ;  first  Hungarian 
rabbi  in ;  Baptist  Institutional  Church 
begun,  3622;  cloak-makers  locked  out, 
3623;  fall  of  Bastile  eel  ,  3643;  Dr.  Burt- 
sell  removed,  3642;  builders'  strike; 
street-cleaners  strike  ;  Orangemen  eel., 
3643;  Prison  Asso.  successful,  3651 ;  fire. 
Western  Union  ;  Leary's  raft,  3653;  cen- 
sus of,  3653,  3713;  lust,  for  Eye  and  Ear 
Diseases  est.,  306i ;  brick-layers  strike  ; 
Bavarian  Volkesfest  opd.,  3663;  John 
Ericsson  obsequies  ;  Single  Taxconven., 
3673 ;  Greeley  statue,368i ;  Central  Labor 
Federation  fights  ;  public  schools  over- 
full, 3682;  Comte  de  Paris  arrives  ;  Rus- 
sian Hebrews  org.,  3683;  People's  Mu- 
nicipal League  convenes,  3683,  3782, 
3932;  new  city  census,  3692,  ,3713,  3723, 
3792;  Stanley's  first  lecture  ;  Cuban  ceL; 
Salvation  Army  Cong.,  3702;  Comte  de 
Paris  in;  Tammany  bribe,  3703;  North 
R'ver  Bank,  receiver  appointed  ;  finan- 
cial distress,  3713;  bribery  of  police,371i ; 
Irish  agitators  welcomed,  3711,  3723, 
3851;  Swedish  eel.,  3711;  Citizens'  Sav- 
ing Bank,  run  ;  Sugar  Trust,  receivers, 
3713;  Washington  tablet  unveiled  in  St. 
Paul's,  3722 ;  Soc.  for  Psychical  Research 
fmd.,  3723;  clearing-house  certificates, 
3733;  Brazilian  embassy,  3731;  Patrick 
Divver,  a  police  justice,  373t ,  4522, 4543 . 
3761;  strike  on  school  buildings,  3731; 
Das  Morgen  Journal,  374^;  total  liquor 
shops,  3743;  Weiber  Zeitung,ZlA^\  home- 
less women ;  Herald  jackets  for  news- 
boys, 3751 ;  fire  on  river  front,  375*; 
divorce  lawyers  sentenced,  3762;  table 
glassware  mnf.  trust,  3773;  Seney  pic- 
tures sold,  3781 ;  Gen.  Sherman  obse- 
quies ;  cloak-makers'  strike  ;  Troy  I-aun- 
dry  strike,  3782;  R.  R.  tunnel  disaster, 
3783,  3793;  Sugar  Trust  Investigation, 
379 1  2r ;  Parnell  delegates  arrive ;  embez- 
zlers, Claassen  and  Siniinons,  sentenced; 
Italians  against  lynching,  3802;  Sher- 
man statue  fund,  3803;  42d  St.  reservoir 
garden  project,  381 1 ;  Hughes  wins  walk- 
mg-niatch  ;  Sugar  Refining  Trust ;  fire; 
telegraph  wires  and  poles  removed,  3813 ; 
walking  delegate  arrested  ;  Dr.  Briggs' 
trial  for  heresy;  N.  Niles  arraigned, 
3822;  John  T.  Hill,  defaulter  ;  mutilated 
body  dis.;  Patria  Club  first  meets,  3823; 
Memorial  Home  for  Aged  Women,  3831 ; 
Poles  eel.  anniversary ;  house-smiths 
strike  ;  Lumber  Dealers'  Asso.  boycotts 
Handlers'  Union,  3831;  mutiny,  4593; 
Beth  Israel  Hospital  opd.,  3832;  fire, 
3833;  Parish  benefactions,  3851 ;  medium 
obtains  house,  3852;  S.  S.  Cox  statue, 
3861;  law  school  chartered.  3862;  dia- 
mond thief  captured.  3871 ;  Elevated  R. 
R.  out  of  Battery  Park  ;  East  River 
Bridge  funds  ;  Empire  Printing  Works 
burned,  3873';  S.  W.  Lewis,  defaulter, 
3883;  editors  indicted,  3883,  389i ;  Good- 
win shot;  Chinese  raided,  389i ;  cloak- 
makers  strike  ;  Forresters  parade,  3892 ; 
petroleum  rises ;  great  lumber  raft ; 
four-track  underground  R.  R,,  3893; 
People's  Baths  opil.;  Temple  Beth-el, 
dedication,  3902  ;  Mexican  eel  ;  Swedes 
eel.;  liquor-dealers  protected,  3911 ;  Park 
Place  disaster,  391^,3;  fire,  3913;  Ful- 
ton St.  prayer-meeting,  anniv.,  3922; 
Woman's  Univ.  Club  est.,  3923;  T.  H. 
Stout,  defaulter,  3932;  sir  Edwin  Ar- 
nold reads,  3942,3983;  Prison  Sunday, 
3942;  anti-lottery  mass-meeting,  3943; 
Vice-suppressing  Soc.,  3951 ;  Grant  Mon- 
ument fund,  3953,  4041 ,  4053,  4093;  fi,-e, 
3953;  8ch6ol  of  Social  Economics  opd., 
3962 ;  Christmas  Soc.  org.,  3963,421 1 ;  Rue- 


1352 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        lrsL)il.J^.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


New  York. 


sell  Sage,  dynamite  peril,  3963;  arbitra- 
tion meeting ;  E.  M.  Field  insane,  397» , 
4022;  Lion  T<imer  produced. 3981 ;  Stuart 
and  Coles  benefactious ;  John  Carson 
murdered;  Typothetie  cel.,399t ;  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce,  World's  Fair,  app., 
3993;  4  Meth.  churches  unite,  4001 ;  Car- 
lyle  Harris  convicted ;  Carnegie's  lec- 
ture :  strike,  Edison  Electric  Co.,  4002; 
Children's  Hospital  opd.;  police  mat- 
rons; Hotel  Royal  fire,  4003,  4013;  Dr. 
Parkhurst denounces  officials;  starving 
Russians  aided,  4003;  Bem.  mass-meet- 
ing, 4011, 2;  city  census  by  police  escort; 
fire,  4013;  0th  Ave.  surface  road  leased, 
4013;  Dr.  Parkhurst  against  liquor-deal- 
ers, subpoenaed, 4022;  Greater  New  York 
Bill,  4023,  4512, 4752  ;  Anti-Maynard  in- 
vestigation ;  Cullum's  benefactions ;  E. 
L.  Godkin  arrested,  4023  ;  vote  carried, 
4752  ;  Standard  Oil  Trust  dissolved ; 
"West  Side  Park  Bill,  4033;  gale  of  Rob- 
ertson pictures,  4(Hi  ;  labor  unions  unite; 
gift  to  trade-sclioois ;  corrupt  police 
department,  4042,3;  colored  mass-meet- 
ing, 4042;  City  Club,  first  meeting;  Tif- 
fany and  Co.  forgery,  4043;  U.  S.  Bank 
defalcation  ;  Ewer  defalcation  ;  Excise 
Law  enforced,  4043,  4U03;  Central  Park 
Speedway  Act  repealed,  405i ;  syndicate 
street  railways  ;  rubber  trust  fnid.;  Wm. 
Murray,  supt.  police,  retires  ;  Inspector 
Byrnes,  supt.  police;  Mercantile  Ex- 
change; Grant  Monument  Asso.,  4053; 
bone  of  St.  Anne  exhibited;  T.  Dixon 
denounces  Tammany,  4062 ;  King's 
Daughters  charity ;  ^W.  C.  T.  U.  Nat. 
Conven.;  Pavers'  Union  strike;  Actors' 
Fund  Fair,  4063;  mass-meeting  endorses 
Dr.  Parkhurst;  Cumminskey  defalca- 
tion; Barondess  sentenced;  granite- 
cutters  strike,  4071;  Art  Exhibition, 
4081;  grand  jury  discharged;  free  medi- 
cal treatment ;  Dillon  benefactions  ; 
prisoner  shot  in  court ;  Iron  League  dis- 
charges Knights  of  L.,  4083;  Christian 
Endeavor  Conven.;  R.  C.  chapel  in  Bel- 
levae  Hospital ;  Columbus  statue,  4101 ; 
kindergarten  in  schools,  4102  ;  Produce 
Exchange  charity ,4103  ;Tee-To-TuraClub 
f  md.,411 1 ,4263 ;  Armenian  mass-meeting, 
4122;  politics  in  health  dept.,  4132;  Art 
Loan  Exhibition,  4141;  cJiolera,  4141, 
4152,3,  4173;  A.  J.  Price,  defaulter; 
A7art</arrf  suspends  ;  R.C.  school  census  ; 
sweating  system  investigation,  4142;  illi- 
cit still  seized,  4143;  i)lunge  from  High 
Bridge, 4152;  .M*-ir.)politan  Opera  House 
tire, 4152;  Fenchii;  .l/.(.s7('r  produced,416i ; 
Columbian  eel,,"  4l4i,  4162,3;  Chinese 
mass-meeting,  4163;  Ruiz  forgery  ;  cloak- 
makers  break  Sunday  law, 417' ;  Appor- 
tionment Act  uphold  ;  fire  in  synagogue, 
4172;  trolley  forbidden ;  Battery  Park 
Aquarium  ;  Dunraven's  challenge,  4173; 
franchisesfree,4173 ,4193;  embezzlement; 
Teachers'ColL charter, 4182;  Anarchists' 
Memorial  service,  4183;  Dr.  M'Glynn  re- 
stored ;  St.  John  Cathedral,  corner- 
stone,4201  ;  Industrial  School  opd.,  4202; 
police  accused,  4221,  4402,4482,3,4522, 
4563,  4581 ,  4523,  4(1^3,  4651 ,3,  4662,  4683, 
4703,4742,3,4701 ,3;  Anton  Kessler,  mur- 
derer, 4222;  underground  road  favored  ; 
sole-leather  trust,  4233;  anti-Gardner 
conspiracy;  Phillips  Brooks  memorial, 
4242;  United  Charities  Building  pre- 
sented, 4243;  Metropolitan  Opera  H<mse 
bought,  4253;  earthquake,  4261;  pool- 
room raids ;  Judge  Rick's  decision  op- 
posed; Teachers'  Coll.  gift;  Dr.  Rains- 
ford  ou  church  saloons,  4262;  clothing- 
cutters  lockout,  4263;  Times  changes 
owners,  4273;  Audubon  monument; 
Ericsson's  statue,  4281 ;  Col.  Shepard's 
will;  printing  anniversary;  Duke  de 
Veragua  received,  4282,3;  waiters  strike, 
4283  ;ColuinbianXavalParade,4283 .4291; 
St.  Luke's  New  Hospital,  4291 ;  gold  cer- 
tificates 8uspen<led,  4292;  panic  averted, 
4293;  Infanta  Eulalie  entertained ;  Jour- 
nal of  Commerce  and  Daili/  Commercial 
Bulletin  consolidated,  430*2;  Whitman 
embezzlement, 4303;  Francis  Weeks  ab- 
sconds, 4;}02;  murderer  Johnson  con- 
victed; cheap-niilk  depot  opd.,  4303; 
Custom  House  investigation,  4312;  im- 
migration investigation,  4311  ;  cable-cars 
on  Broadway  ;  new  piers  and  bulkhead 


plans,  4313;  Briggs'  case  reopd.;  Rus. 
ship  arrives,  4321,4342,4352;  Christian 
Union  changed  to  Outlook;  school  teach- 
ers dismissed;  Irving  Savings  Inst,  rob- 
bery, 4322;  Anti-sweating  Law  enforced; 
Gould  inheritance  tax,  4323 ,  4753 ;  bridge- 
jumpers,  4323,  4332  :  anarchists  meet, 
4331 ;  Norwegian  Viking  ship  arrives; 
Clearing  House  certificates,  4332,  3±, 
4393;  Washington  tablet  on  City  Hall, 
4333  ;  Sage  suit,  4342;  Madison  Square 
Bank  closes,  4353;  Cashier  Keeley  ar- 
rested, 4361 ;  mass-meeting  for  unem- 
ployed ;  Hebrew  laborers  riotous,  4302; 
yellow  fever  in  harbor,  4372;  Liberty 
Bell  arrives ;  Croton  Aqueduct  cost, 
4373;  ClausTimmerman  sentenced,  4381  ■ 
Lord-mayor  of  Dublin  in  ;  Green  and 
Collins,  forgers  ;  Italian  flag.  City  HalJ, 
4382;  Mrs.  Fitzgerald  shoots  Mrs.  Pear- 
sail,  4383;  excessive  immigration,  4392; 
Joseph  Chamberlain  in ;  Archduke 
Franz-Ferdinand  arrives ;  police  negli- 
gence,4402;DunravendinnerN.Y.  Yacht 
Club  ;  grand  jury  accused  ;  Chamber  of 
Commerce  favors  silver  repeal  bill  ;  J. 
Kaiser,  incendiary,  44U3;  Cotton  Ex- 
change favors  silver  repeal  bill,  4412; 
Presb.  Hospital  fire  ;  cholera  by  JlusHia, 
4413;  Anti-Maynard  mass-meeting,  4421 ; 
Manhattan  Bank  forgers  ;  F.  L.  Alathes 
shot,  4422;  defalcation,  4433,4451:  vote 
canvassed  without  watchers,  4423;  boiler 
explo8ion,4432;  Polyclinic  Hospital, frac- 
tured vertebrae  restored;  Hale  statue; 
Mohammedan  muezzin,  444i ;  burglars 
raid, 4442;  J. Y.McKane's  libel  suit,4443; 
W.  R.  Laidhiw's  damage  suit,  4442, 4543; 
help  for  reformed  women ;  Capt.  Dev- 
ery  indicted,  4443;  acquitted,  4563;  Anti- 
Tammany  Hall  movement,  4451,  4682; 
election  frauds,  4462,  4532;  Dr.  Park- 
hurst against  Inspector  Williams,  4402, 
4482,4502;  bigamist  Grimm  sentenced, 
4482,3;  Lexow  committee,  4511,  4522, 
4611,4652,  4083,  4722;  Greek  Orthodox 
church  est.,  4501 ;  police  census,  4502; 

D.  J.  Buckley  sentenceil ;  Citizens'  Re- 
lief Fund,  4503;  Northern  Lights,  4521; 

E.  Wiman  acquitted,  4521,  4623,  4G43  ; 
civil  justice  Roesch,  admits  fee,  4522  ; 
Capt.  Westerfelt's  trial.  4.522, 4712;  Irish 
flag  on  City  Hall,  4522,455" ;  Capt.  O'Con- 
nor's trial,  4522, 4563;  woi-k  for  unskilled 
women,  4531 ;  Hospital  Saturday  ;  R.  S. 
Ely's  will,  4542;  F.  E.  Edgar  defalca- 
tion, 4543;  Civil  Service  Law  violated, 
4551 ;  smallpox  epidemic,  4553;  Father 
Drumgoole's  statue,  4561 ;  saloon  census 
of  Sunday  opening,  4563;  Nou-partizan 
Park  Commission  Bill  vetoed,  45!)3  ;  R. 
Croker  resigns,  4593,  4623;  Columbus 
statue,  4681;  Greeley  statue;  Roman 
Catholic  parochial  school  exhibit, 
4601 ;  N.  Y.  Chapter,  Colonial  Order, 
est.;  pawn-shop,  Provident  Loan  Soc; 
Kean  embezzlement ;  school  for  thiev- 
erj,  4602;  Catherine  Fitzgerald  ac- 
quitted, 4603;  Mutual  Employment  Soc, 
object;  elephant  Tip  killed,  4613;  bust 
of  H.  G.  Pearson,  462 1  ;  Philip  M()ran 
shot ;  State  Club  opd. ,  4623 ;  (;apt.  Price's 
trial ;  Flag  Day  eel.,  4033;  Worthington 
embezzlement,  4042;  Policeman  Brady 
dismissed ;  mass-meeting  endorses  Chi- 
cago strikers,  4643;  trial  of  police  otti- 
cials  (see  Police  Accused),  4221 ;  Police 
Commissioner  John  McClave  resigns  ; 
East  River  Tunnel  completed,  4653; 
Capt.  Doherty  trial,  465' ,  4662;  Chinese 
^Vef(7sest.,4tf62;  strikeonschoolbuildings, 
4663;  Salvation  Army  Building,  4081 ; 
diamond  thief  captured,  4682  ;  Alder- 
man Parks  arrested  ;  strikers  enjoined  ; 
Mutual  Employment  Soc.  est.,  469i ; 
Central  Park  suicide  ;  infected  cheese, 
4693;  .Tosephine  Hoifman.  k.,4702;  anti- 
"  sweating"  system  strike;  Supt. Byrnes' 
report,4703;  Capt,  Stephenson  dismissed, 
4703,4763;  citizens  against  Tammany; 
Committee  of  Seventy,  4712, 4731 ,2,4751 , 
2;  gov't  corrupt,  4222,  4751;  Builders' 
League  fmd.;  Geo.  Appo  wounded ; 
shirtmakers  strike  ;  street-car  robbery  ; 
corruption  in  city  offices,  4722;  in  police 
department,  4662,  4083,  4722,  4743;  sym- 
pathetic strike,  4723;  tailors  eel.,  4731 ; 
Nathan  Straus,  W.  L.  Strong,  nominees 
for  mayor,  Frederick  Smythe  and  John 


W.  Goff  for  recorder,  4732,  4751 ;  Thor- 
waldsen  statue,  474 1 ;  Teachers'  College 
opd.,  4742;  Woman's  Municipal  League, 
4743;  Hugh  J.  Grant  nom.  for  mayor ; 
murderer  Leach  surrenders  ;  Dist.-Att. 
Fellows's  trial,  4751 ;  tenement  house  in- 
vestigation ;  district  attorney's  neglect, 
4752;  fire,  4753;  Seton  Hospital  opd.; 
John  Burns  arrives ;  Seeley  bank  rob- 
bery; Parkhurst  banquet;  illicit  still 
raid, 4762;  Capt.  Westervelt's  trial,4763; 
gold  at  premium,  4772;  sub-treas.,  big 
deposit,  4773;  Capt.  Creeden  reinstated; 
committee  to  study  liquor  problem,  479 1  ; 
Federation  East  Side  Workers  estab- 
lished ;  Carter,  defaulter,  4792.  ^Seo 
Brooklyn.) 
New  York  State  (NewNetherland);  Span- 
iards visit  (?)  ;  Verrazzano,  and  Gomez 
visit,  191 ;  Charaplain  dis.  Lake  C,  26i ; 
Hudson  ascends  H.  River,  262,  under 
Dutch  rule:  Dutch  settle  Manhatt.r.i, 
291,  2;  fur  trade  on  the  Hudson,  2Ui ; 
John  Smith  (\'a.)  overpowers  Dutch  ; 
fort  erected  ou  Manhattan  ;  Onrtnl 
launched,  281 ;  New  Netherland  Co.  char- 
tered ;  Ft.  Nassau  (Albany)  erected,  2V^ ; 
Fr.  and  Indians  fight,  281;  Ft.  Orangi^ 
(Albany)  built,  292,  301 ,  3II ;  Luthei-;u..> 
in  New  Amsterdam,  30i ;  new  charter, 
303  ;  Ft.  Nassau  built  on  the  Delaware, 
301,  311;  Long  Island  granted  to  Luj  . 
Stirling;  Walloons  arrive,  311 ;  settle  t, 
Hudson  River  region ;  civil  gov't  et>t.  ; 
Capt.  May,  gov. ;  100  cattle  arrive,  31-  ; 
Wm.  VerhuTst,^ov. ;  Peter  Minuit,g)v., 
312,  3;  many  immigrants,  312;  M.Ui 
hattan  bought  for  §24,  313;  "Comfort- 
ers "lead  Dutch  Reformed  worship,  302; 
,  slavery  intro.,  303  ;  friendly  with  Puri- 
tans, 313;  ist  Dutch  minister;  1st  Presb. 
church,  312;  patroons  like  lords  of  Eur., 
313;  Reformed  Dutch  service  atAlbany, 
321;  manors  created,  33i ;  1st  church 
built;  purchase  Cape  May  (N,  J.),  332  ; 
territory  claimed  by  Charles  I.,  333  ; 
Wouter  Van  Twiller,  gov. ;  purchase 
land  in  (Coim.) ;  also  in  (Pa.),  333,  352  ; 
buy  lands  in  (N.  J.),  352;  Wm.  Kieft, 
gov  ;  open  for  trade,  353  ;  distil  brandy, 
341 ;  Indians  abused  ;  war  follows,  36i ; 
Puritan  Presb.  church  at  Southold,  362; 
immigration  increases,  372 ;  Indians  seek 
revenge,  36i  ;  Indians  torture  Father 
Jogues,  362  ;  1st  Representative  Assem- 
bly, 372  ;  massacre  of  friendly  Indians  ; 
Hutchinson  family  massacred ;  truce 
with  Indians;  Indians  subdued,  36i ; 
Dutch  miss,  for  Indians ;  First  Eng. 
Presb.  minister  ;  intolerance  ;  Ger.  Luth- 
erans arrive,  363  ;  peace  with  Indians, 
361 ;  toleration  in  Flushing,  363;  popula- 
tion in  1645,  373  ;  Brooklyn  chartered  ; 
Peter  Stuyvesant,  gov. ;  slaves  brought, 
391;  N.  Eng.,  boundary  est.,  392;  built 
Ft.  Casimir  (Del.),  38'i ;  Newtown  and 
Flatbush  patents,  393  ;  church  at  Flat- 
bush,  383;  gait  springs  dis.,  38'  ;  elective 
municipalityin  N.Amsterdam,  3^2;  Del. 
Swedes  subdued,  401 ,  41i;  Algonquins 
subdued ;  Jews  not  excluded,  40i ;  [Del.] 
annexed,  411;  Dutch  intolerant,  40i,  *; 
Jews  may  worship  privately,  40i ,  062 ; 
Baptists  persecuted,  402;  Indians  attack 
Kingston,  421 ;  Del.  possessions  sold, 
423;  New  Netherland  and  New  Amster- 
dam end  ;  under  ICnjflish  rule :  Eng. 
take  New  Netherland,  42i ,  43i ;  also  Ft. 
Orange  (Albanv),  421 ,  3;  truce  with  In- 
dians, 421 ;  an  feng.  duchy;  [N.  J.]  lands 
sold  ;  Rich.ard  Nicolls,  Eiig.  gov. ;  Conn, 
yields  claims  to  Long  Island,  431 ;  treaty 
with  Five  Nations,  421 ,432;  Schenectady 
settled,  432;  liquor  traffic  regulate*!, 
423;  N.  Y.  City  incorp.,  432;  '-Duke's 
Laws"  enacted;  Eng.  oppress  Dutch, 
433;  l8tchurchinBrook!yn,422;  Francis 
Lovelace,  tyrannical  gov.,  433 ;  arbitrary 
taxation;  protest;  annual  assemblies 
demanded,  451 ;  Ger.  Lutherans  build  a 
cUurch,443  ;May  races  est.;  monthly  post, 
N.  Y.,  to  Bost.m,  453;  Dutch  takeN.Y., 
441 ,  452;  Anthony  Colve,  gov. ,453;  Eng. 
acquire,  441,  453;  D.  of  York's  patent 
enlarged;  Sir  Edmmid  Andros  assumes 
gov't ;  arbitrary  ;  restored  to  Eng.  ;  dis- 
content with  govt. ;  treaty  with  Indians, 
453;  Andros  repulsed  in  Conn.,  47 1; 
1st    Prot.    Epis.    service,    463  ;    claims 


New  York. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.         Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1353 


tribute  of  N.J. ,473;  let  Gen.  Assembly ; 
grants  toleration,  48^;  Huguenot  Presb. 
church  est.,  4S2,  3  ;  Thos.  I>ungan,  gov., 
482,  492  ;  Jesuits  est.  K.  Cath.  worship, 
482;  trade  becomes  free,  49  ^ ;  1st  session 
of  Assembly  ;  Charter  of  Liberties 
passed,  492;  Conn,  boundary  fixed,  493, 
632  ;   Fr.  attack  Senecjis,  50^ ;  made  a 


royal  province,  503;  ludians  repulse  Fr., 

50' ;  Francis  Nicholson,  gov.  (1G88-89)  ; 
Albanv  incorporated.  ;  Representative 
Assembly  abolished,  503  j  annexed  to 
N.  Eug.;  Andros,  gov.-gen.  of  Hrit.  Am., 
51 1 ;  Henry  Sloughter,  gov.  (1(»91),  51  *  ,3 ; 
glad  tidings;  revolution,  Eng.;  factional 
feuds  ;  Jacob  Leisler  assumes  gov't 
(1089-91);  committee  of  safety;  conf.  with 
Mohawks ;  Francis  Nicholson,  tempo- 
rary gov.,  512;  Huguenots  settle  New 
Roebelle,  513;  Indians  burn  Schenec- 
tady, 50 1  ;  Ist  Colonial  Congress. ;  Can.  to 
be  conquered, 513;  expe<litioh  fails,  501 ; 
acting-gov.  Leisler  hanged,  513;  Schuy- 
ler's raid  in  Can.,  52i ;  whipping-post, 
pillory,  and  ducking  stool  est.,  53i; 
Richard  Ingoldsl)y,  acting  g(»v.  ;  treaty 
with  Iroquois,  532;  Benj.  Fletcher,  gov., 
521 ,  2,  532;  toleration  enacted  ;  K.  Cath. 
under  Test  Act,  522  ;  Fr  against  Mo- 
hawks;  also  against  Iroquois,  521;  all 
taxed  for  clergy;  episcopacy  est.  by  law, 
522;  arbitrary  gov't  opposed,  532  ;  Flet- 
cher detied  in  Hartford,  521 ,  532;  print- 
ing intro.,  523  ;  [Del.]  under  Fletcher, 
532;  Frontenac  mvaties,  521;  nun-Epis- 
copal clergy  legal,  523  ;  votes  of  Assem- 
bly published  ;  population  in  1690,  533  ; 
Lord  Bellomont,  gov.  of  N.  Y.,  N.  J., 
Mass.,  N.  H.,  and  Me.,  533,  551 ;  Jewish 
synagogue;  Ist  Trinity  church,  N.  Y. 
city,  523  ;  Beliomont  restricts  liberties 
and  enlarges  governor's  prerogative ; 
resented,  551 ;  A.D.  1700r  ;  "popish 
priests"  to  be  hanged,  542;  treaty  f?) 
withlroquois,Ct.  of  Chancery  est.;  John 
Naufangov.;  L.  Cornbury.gov.  N.Y.  and 
N.J. ,552;  to  fortify  Narrows,  541 ;  King's 
Coll.  (Columbia)  inception,  543 ; 'preroga- 
tives unquestioned  ;  pestilence  iu  N.  Y. 
city,  553  ;  slave  market,  672  ;  Presb. 
clergy  arrested,  5G3;  Cornbury  reproved, 
572,  dismissed  ;  extravagant  land  grants 
vacated ;  John  Lovelace,  gt>v.  ;  gov's 
revenue  annual ;  contest ;  paper  money 
issued ;  Richard  Ingoldsby,  gov.,  573  ; 
aids  conquest  of  Can.,  56i ;  Palatines 
arrive  ;  Lutherans  ;  Baptist  preaching, 
571 ;  Gerardus  Beekman,  gov., 573  ;  Robt. 
Hunter,  gov.,  571,3;  Lutherans  in  Scho- 
harie Co.,582;;council  of  g*>v's.  and  Indi- 
ans ;  Oswego  fnd.,  59i;  Tuscaroras  in, 
593 ;  1st  Presb.  church,  582;  Peter  Schuy- 
ler, aeting-fiov. ;  Wm.  Burnet,  gov.,  593; 
Couestoga  Indian  conf.,  61 1 ;  conf.  with 
Iroquois,  61 2  ;  Oswego  trading  house, 
612,  3;  1st  Bapt.  church,  602;  A',  y.  Ga- 
zette issue<i,  603;  Fr.  build  Ft.  Niagara, 
601 ;  Indians  seek  Eng.  protection,  6I2  ; 
John  Montgomerie,  gov.,  613;  many 
Jews  in  city,  603;  Fr.  build  lortress, 
Crown  Point,  62 1 ;  Rip  Van  Dam,  gov.; 
Wm.  Crosby,  gov. ;  Dem.  vs.  Autocratic 
Party,  632;  stage  route  to  Boston ;  popu- 
lation in  1732,  633  ;  Zenger  criticizes 
gov't;  imprisoned, 623, 6:j2, 3;  successful 
Indian  missions,  623,  653  ;  Geo.  Clarke, 
gov.,  633  ;  Hebrews  disfranchised,  642  ; 
N.  J.  separated,  G52  ;  puper  currency 
depreciated  ;  Moravian  Intlian  missions, 
653  ;  uegro  conspiracy  (?),  652  ;  Presb. 
Synod  of  N.  Y.  fmd.,  a5i,  6G1 ;  A'.  Y. 
Gazette  or  Weekly  Pogf-Iioi/,  652  ;  Geo. 
Clinton,  gov. ;  dissolves  legislature,  653; 

f;ov.  opposes  missionaries,  043,  66I ,  663; 
ndians  take  Saratoga,  66I ;  Lottery  Bill 
for  college  ;  Eve.  Post  issued,  67 1 ;  Colo- 
nial and  Indian  conf. ;  revenue  for  king 
refused,  672;  Goetu8org.,6C3;  theatricals 
intro.,  661;  A.D.  1750±;  colony  sur- 
passed by  others;  anti-Fr.  Colonial  Cong., 
G73  ;  calendar  changed,  602;  Troy  fnd., 
693;  Independent  Jieflector, Mercury , and 
Pacquef.GO'* ;  Sir  I>anver80sborne,gov., 
692;  James  DeLancey,  gov.,  693,  713; 
King's  Coll.  (Columbia)  opd.,  691 ;  mort- 
gages registered,  693  ;  Indians  destroy 
Hoosick  and  Schagticoke,  682;  reformed 
classics  org.,  69ij  Cong,  of  seven  colo- 
nies ;  Fed.  Constitution  proposed,  693  ; 


Ft.  William  Henry  built:  Fr.  fortify 
Ticonderoga,70i ;  Reformed  Conferentic 
meets,  71' ;  Sir  Charles  Hardy,  gov.,  712; 
Abercrombie's  exjjedition  fails  ;  Fr.  be- 
. siege  Ft.  Ontario  ;  Oswego  surrenders; 
Fr.  take  William  Henry,  70i ;  Indians 
attack  German  Flats  ;  ^ng.  repulsed  at 
Ft.  Ticonderoga ;  Eng.  retreat  to  Ft. 
George ;  Ft.  Stanwix  built,  702  ;  Eng. 
expedition  ;  Fr.  leave  Ft.  Ticonderoga  ; 
and  Crown  Point,  703,  721 ;  Ist  Metlio- 
dist,  723  ;  Cadwallader  Colden,  gov. ; 
Robt.  Monckton,  gov.,  732;  treaty  of 
Paris;  peace,  733;  Vt.  claimed,  733,  751 ; 
(Jersey  City)  ferry  est.,  733;  Stamp  Act 
indignation,  743;  Anti-Stamp  Act  Cong. ; 
"  Declaration  of  Rights  ;  "  Sons  of  Lib- 
erty org. ;  Stamp  Act  enforced ;  Sir 
Henry  Moore  gov.,  752;  Methodism  in- 
tro.,742;  Assemblyobstinate;  suspended; 
express  toPhila.,753;  Indians  civilized, 
77 1 ;  Chamber  of  Commerce  iucorp.,  773 ; 
Shakers  arrive,  763,782;  Alfxmy  (lazette, 
771 ;  Lord  John  Dunmore,  gov.;  Wm. 
Tryon,  gov.,  773;  colonists  divided ; 
Whigs  and  Tories,  79i;  Allen  surprises 
Ft.  Ticonderoga;  Crown  Point  taken, 
801 ;  Sir  John  Johnson  flees  ;  Continen- 
tal army  at  Ft.  Ticonderoga;  eipediti(m 
to  Can.,  802  ;  Tory  Coll.  pres.  mobbed  ; 
Colonial  Assembly  ends  ;  Tory  counties, 
812;  A.D.1775J-;  king's  authority  over- 
thrown, 813  ;  Gov.  Tryon  seeks  safety, 
831 ;  Hickey  assassination  plot.  833  ; 
Howe  lands  Brit,  soldiers;  Gen.  Sullivan 
driven  out  of  Can.,  commands  on  Long 
Island,  defeated,  84i;  many  of  militia 
desert ;  Brit,  army  in  N.  Y.  City  ;  battle 
of  Harlem  Heights ;  Nathan  Hale 
hanged;  Royalist  corps  org. ;  B.  Arnold 
fights  on  Lake  Champlain  ;  Arnold  burns 
Crown  Point;  Ams.  abandon  Manhattan; 
defeat  at  White  Plains  ;  Carleton  retires 
to  Can.,  84.2  ;  Washington!  enters  N.  J. ; 
Ft.  Washington  surrenders, 843;  Ric'my- 
toiVs  Gazetteer  (Tory);  John  Euylis/iman ; 
A",  v.  Pacquet;  Am.  Advertiser,  851 ; 
Alex.  Hamilton  aids  Wiijihington  ;  de- 
clared independent  State  ;  Howe  pro- 
claims pardon,  852  ;  conf.  with  Howe; 
pardon  accepted,  863  ;  Brit,  seize  stores 
at  Peekskill,  86I ;  Chas.  Lee  negotiates 
treason,  86I ,  873  ;  Brit,  surprised  at  Sag 
Harbor;  Burgoyne  invades  N.  Y.,  at 
CrownPoint,862;  Six  Nations  join  Brit.; 
Brit,  return  to  Staten  Island ;  Ams. 
abandon  Ft.  Ticonderoga ;  Brit,  at 
Whitehall,  burn  Ft.  Ann ;  Brit,  at  Ft. 
Edward;  Jane  McCrea  k.,  863;  Brit. 
attack  Ft.  Stanwix  ;  battle  of  Oriskauy  ; 
Brit,  expedition  to  Bennington  ;  Ams. 
raid  Staten  Island ;  Gen.  Gates  com- 
mands Ams.,  871;  battle  of  Stillwater; 
Brit,  take  Ft.  Clinton  and  Ft,  Montgom- 
ery ;  battle  of  Saratoga,  872  ;  Geo.  Clin- 
ton, gov.,  892  ;  Washington  at  White 
Plains  ;  Indian  council.  Johnstown  ; 
Chief  Brant  raids  Mohawk  Valley, 
Cobbleskill  Valley,  German  Flats,  883  ; 
signs  articles  of  Confederation ;  Tories 
to  be  banished,  893;  Cherry  Valley  mjis 
sacre,  90i;  Indian  towns  destroyed; 
Stony  Point  fortified,  taken,  902  ;  mas- 
sacres; Indian  war,  90i ,  2,  3;  921,3,943; 
West  Point  fortified.  903;  cedes  Western 
lands,  913,  931,  953,  973  ;  Tories  burn 
Johnstown  ;  Indians  burn  Canajoharie, 
921 ;  B.  Arnold's  treason,  922;  Ams.  raid 
Staten  Island.  923  ;  Board  of  Associated 
Loyalists  find,  ;  transfers  land  claims, 
933  ;  Brit,  surrender  Ogdensburg,  94i ; 
Am.  headquarters  at  Newburg,  943  ; 
peace  proj>osals,  952 ;  Am.  army  dis- 
bands ;  Brit,  evacuate,  96i ;  religious 
equality  enacted,  902 ;  Epis.  diocese  of 
N.Y.,963, 982;  nth  Continental  Congress 
in  N.  Y.,973;  (see  N.  Y.  City) ;  Lutheran 
Synod  fmd.,  982;  Board  of  Regents  est. ; 
Manumission  Soc. ;  Tammany  Soc.  org. ; 
991 ;  retires  from ConstitutionalConven., 
992 ;  Conven.  ratifies  Federal  constitu- 
tion ;  Cayuga  Indians  sell  lands,  101 1; 
Baptist  Asso.  fmd. ;  public  schools  est., 
1023  ;  John  Jay,  gov.,  counted  out ;  dis- 
count bank  at  Albany  ;  road  surveyed  in 
Genesee  county,  1033;  steamboat  built, 
1042,  1081 ,  1141 ,  1273  ;  Union  Coll.  estab- 
lished, 1063  ;  A.D.  1800+ ;  Meth.  Epis. 
Conf.  fmd.,  1083;  John  Jay,  gov.,  Albany 


is  capital,  1073;  settlers  enter  Genesee 
A'alley,  1073,  ms  ;  Lyman  Beecher  or- 
<iained,  1083  ;  abolition  of  slavery,  1091 ; 
yellow  fever.  1093,  1133  ;  West  Point 
Acad,  est.,  1101 ;  Geo.  Clint(ni,gov.,  1112; 
Buffalo  laid  out,  1113  ;  Morgan  Lewis, 
gov.,  1132  ;  first  temperance  soc,  1151; 
Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  gov.,  1152 ; 
Rochester  fnd.,  1153,  n93  ;  Genesee 
Meth.  Conf.  fmd.,  1171 ;  army  at  Phitts- 
burg,  1182,  1221;  weekly  mails  on  Long 
Island,  1193  ;  Brit,  take  Ogdensburg, 
1201 ;  Brit,  at  Sackett's  Harbor,  1202  ; 
Brit,  take  Plattsburg,  1203,  burn  Buf- 
falo, etc.,  burn  Malone,  1221;  battle  of 
Plattsburg,  1222 ;  Madison  University 
est. ;  Erie  Canal  cut,  1251 ,  3,  1273,  1293, 
1313,  1331,  3  ;  John  Taylor,  gov.,  1252  ; 
DeWitt  Clinton,  gov.,  1253,  1332  ;  state 
library  fnd.,  1251 ,  1271 ;  Champlain  Canal 
cut,  1273,  1331;  Auburn  prison  opd,, 
1272  ;  Colgate  Univ.  est.,  1291;  Joseph 
C.  Yates,  gov.,  1312,  1343,  1363  ;  Mor- 
mons fnd.,  1311,  1423;  Universalists 
conven.  org.,1323;Hobart  Coll.  est. ,1331; 
bounties  for  wolves,  1333  ;  Sing  Sing 
prison  begun,  1352;  Van  Buren  leads 
Dem.,  1371 ;  Nath.  Pitcher,  acting  gov., 
1372  ;  Martin  Van  Buren,  gov.,  1372,  a  ; 
Workingmen's  Party  appears,  1372  ; 
Cayuga  and  Seneca  Canals  ;  Enos  T. 
Throop,  gov.,  1373  ;  imprisonment  for 
debt  abofished;  Univ.  of  N.  Y.  est.,  1.391 , 
1423;  Hudson  and  Mohawk  R.R., Harlem, 
Ithaca,Oswego, railroads, 1393  ;XroyM.E. 
Conf.org.,  1402;  cholera,  1413, 1453, 1673; 
Schenectady  and  Saratoga  R,  R.,  1413  ; 
Millerites  rise,  1422  ;  Congregational 
Gen.  Association  fmd.,  1423 ;  suppression 
of  lotteries  ;  Antislaverv  Soc.  est.,  1431 ; 
anti-abolition  riots ;  I^.  J.  boundary 
fixed,  1432  ;  Win.  L.  Marcy.  gov.,  1433  ; 
conven.  of  mechanics,  145"i ;  Locofocos 
rise,  1452  ;  Erie  railroad,  1453  ;  Alfred 
Univ.  est.,  1463;  Jamaica  railroad;  Utica 
and  Schenectady,  1473  ;  Western,  P.  E. 
diocese  of,  est,  1483  ;  Harlem  R.  R. ; 
Chenango  Canal,  1493;  general  banking 
law  enacted,  1492;  Chenango  Canal  com- 
pleted ;  State  banks  resume,  1493;  Wm. 
H.  Seward,  gov.;  Liberty  Party  conven., 
1512;  Syracuse  and  Utica  R.  R. ;  Syra- 
cuse and  Auburn  R.  R.,  1513;  St.  John's 
Coll.  est.,  1543  ;  Rochester  and  Buffalo 
R.  R.;  Wm.  C.  Bouck,  gov.,  1553;  Silas 
Wright,  Jr.,  gov.,  1592  ;  "  anti-renters  " 
outrages,  1571,  1591 ;  constitution  con- 
ven. meets,  1612;  manhood  suffrage  in- 
tro.,1613;telegi'aphintro., 1613,1632;  John 
Young,  gov.,  1613  ;  St.  Francis  Xavier 
CoU.  est.,  1631 ;  spiritualism  rises,  1632, 
1653;  East  N.  Y.  M.  E.  conf.  find.;  Coll. 
of  N.  Y.  est.,  1642;  "  Barnburners  "  Nat. 
conven.  ;  new  code  of  laws  adopted  ; 
Free  Soil  Party  Nat.  Conven.,  1651; 
Hamilton  Fish,  gov.,  1671 ;  Hudson  River 
R.R.,  1673  ;  Univ.  of  Rochester  est., 
1683;  A.D.  18.50 »:;  Washington  Hunt, 
gov.;  Whitehall  and  Rutland  K.  R.  opd., 
1692  ;  Henry  Cfai/  burned,  1713  ;  Man- 
hattan Coll.  est.  1731 ;  gale,  1741 ;  Horatio 
Seymour,  gov.,  1743,  2293;  N.  Y.  Central 
R.  R.,  1752,  3  ;  Elmira  Coll.  est.,  1783  ; 
M.  H.  Clark,  Prohibition  gov.,  1792;Coll. 
of  Our  Lady;  St.  Lawrence  Univ.  est., 
1802;  J,  A.  King,  gov. ;  Whigs  interfere 
with  local  gov't,  1832  ;  st.  Stephen's 
Coll.  est.,  1863;  Edwin  D.  Morgan,  gov., 
1871;  N.  Y.  senate  votes  for  constitu- 
tional prohib.,  1872;  Prohibitory  Amend, 
approved,  1922;  St.  Joseph's  College; 
Vassar  CoU.  est.,  199i;  Anti-Lincoln 
Dem.  meeting,  2153, 2233;  Union  League 
fmd.,  2192,  2431;  Dem.  Valandigham 
sympathy  conven. ;  Peace  Party  (Dem.) 
meeting,  2233  ;  Manhattan  Coll.  est.  ; 
Normal  School  est.  at  Oswego ;  Anti- 
Draft  riots,  2252,  3  ;  Horatio  Seymour, 
gov.,  2293  ;  in  draft  riots.  225?  ;  opposes 
draft,  2273-  asylum  for  inebriates,  2412; 
ratifies  13th  Amend.,  2432  ;  Reuben  E. 


Fenton,  gov.,  2511 ;  ratifies  14th  Amend., 
2572  ;  piiblic  schools  made  free,  2.'>82  ; 
normal  school  opd.  at  Brockport,  2003 


Board  of  Charities  est.,  261 1;  Cornell 
Univ.;  Wells  Coll.  est.,  2623;  soldiers 
memorial  day  eel..  263i ;  Tweed  contrf)l8 
election,  2651;  Albany  and  Susq.  R.  R., 
2653,2673;St.  Louis  Coll.  est..  2663;  new 


1354 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column.         Newy-Nich. 


capital,  2673,  275»,  3013,  4011 ;  Hell  Gate 
Improvements,  2673,  2933,  3213;  Normal 
schools,  Potsdam  and  Portland,  opd., 
2663;  John  T.  Hoffman,  gov.,  2(>93;  Can- 
isiua  Coll.  est. ;  St.  John  Baptist's  Coll. ; 
Syracuse  University  est.,272' ;  Tammany 
Hall  defeated,  2752, 2872;  Central  N.  Y. 
M.  E.  Conf.  org.,  2763  ;  Judge  Barnard 
convicted ;    insane  asylum  at  Buffalo, 
2783;  State  Parks  Commission  est.,  279' ; 
synod  of  Evang.  Luth.  org.,  2802;  survey 
of  Adirondacks,  2813  ;  Free  Meth.  Cont. 
org.,  2822;  W.G.T.U. nucleus, 2831, 283t; 
Wm.  M.  Tweed,  sentenced,  2831 ;  Colo- 
rado beetle  in,  2833  ;  compulsory  educa- 
tion enacted,  2843  3463,4051 ,  4111 ;  John 
A.  Dix,  gov.,2851 ;  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  gov., 
2872  ;  governor's  term  lengthened,  2873 ; 
soldiers'  home  est.,  2923  ;   Lucius  Bob- 
inson,  gov.,  2973;  Chautauqua  Literary 
Circle  est.,  3003 ;  Oneida  Commmiity  dis- 
solved,3032;  Long  Island  Historical  Soc. 
est.,  3042;  Alonzo  B.  Cornell,  gov.,  3052; 
Miller    and    Lapham,  senators,    3092 ; 
Grover  Cleveland,  gov.,  3112,  3163;  re 
signs,3193,pres.  U.S.,  3192, 3211,  declines 
prohibition,    3212,  at   Grant's  funeral, 
3213  ;   State  Charities  and  Corrections 
Council  est.,  3131;  Uavid  B.  Hill,  gov., 
3193,  3233,  3332  ;   forest  commissioners 
est.;  Niagara  Falls  reservation  est.,  3212; 
Board  of  Arbitration  est., 3232;  contract 
convict  labor  prohibited,  3303;  electric.ll 
execution  enacted,  3332, 3492, 3631 ,3651 ; 
Nat.  Guard  Asso.   meets.  3341 ;   Canal 
Bill,  3353;  Naval  Militia  Bill,  3352;  Crie 
Canal  enlargement,  3353 ;  Ballot  Kef orm 
Bill;  substitute,  3472,  passed,  3391 ,3551 ; 
Australian      system     adopted,     3392  ; 
Greater  New  York,  3372, 4023, 4032, 4231 ; 
4272,  4512,    4752 ;    secret    ballot,  3372, 
3392,  3,  3532,  3552,  3,  3572;  oil  dis.,  3381 ; 
natural  gas  dis.,  3382  ;  moneys  for  fi.  C. 
Protectory  Bill  defeated,  3383  ;  Woman 
Suifrage  defeated,  3391 ,  4052  ;  Dressed 
Beef    Bill ;    Excise    Commission    Bill ; 
Kapid  Transit  Bill ;  Police  Justice  Bills  ; 
N.  Y.  City  Police  Commission  Bill ;  Park 
Commission  Bill,  3392  ;   Saxton  Ballot 
Keform  Bill,  3392,  3,  3532,  3552,  3572, 
3992;  Saxton  Anti-Pool-Selling  Bill.3792, 
4292  ;  Anti-Bucket  Bill,  3412  ;  Mohawk 
Hood,  2421 ;  Civil  Service  Keform  League, 
3472  ;    Barnard  Coll.    est.,  3502  ;    A.D. 
1890+ :  earthquake;  Geo.  Wm.  Curtis, 
chancellor  of  regents,  3521 ;  inspectorsof 
elections  are  ministers,  3531 ;  World's 
Fair  Bill,  3532,  3993,  4011 ,  427' ;  Adiron- 
dacks Park  Bill,  3632,  4011;  ballot  re- 
form, petition  for,  3543  ;  state  care  of 
Insane  Bill,  3553,  3773,  3811 ,  4191 ;  Non- 
partisan Police  Bill,  B.iUot  Reform  Bill 
intro.,  3553 ;  WeeklyPayment  Billpasses, 
3571 ;    Prohibition  Amend,  to  constitu- 
tion, 3571,2,  3592,3772,  3811;  Two-Dol- 
lars-a-Day  Bill;  Hudson  Kiver  Bridge 
Bill,  3572  ;   paper-mills   syndi. ;   water- 
power  of  Niagara  Falls  utilized,  3573; 
Blackwell's  Island  ;  East  Kiver  Bridge 
Bill,  3592,  3773,  4012  ;   election  frauds, 
3591  ;     Wood     department     in     State 
Museum,  364 1 ;  Catholic  schools,  regent's 
report,  3642  ;  snow  falls  in  Aug.,  3661 ; 
Youths'  Anti-smoking  law,  3663  ;  H.  B. 
K.  K.  Yardmen  quit  work,  3663  ;  supe- 
rior   courts    abolished,    3672 ;     Stadler 
Dance   Hall,    Sunday    sales,  and   Hil- 
dreth   Liquor  Bills    defeated ;    N.  Y., 
and    Brooklyn    Tunnel    Bill,  3811;    no 
Knights  of  Labor  employed  on  C.  B.  B., 
3683  ;  Conf.  of  Prot.  Denominations  on 
public  schools,  3702;  Noyes  election  dis- 
pute, 3732;  stadler  Special  License  Bill, 
3783,381i;Clifton  race-track;  operators 
punished,  3762;  Anti-Pool-Selling  Bill, 
379  2;electioncase8  transferred  to  courts; 
Central  R.  R.  ;  traffic  resumed,  3793  ; 
Anti-Pinkerton  Bill,  3811,4012;  Brook- 
lyn Tunnel  Bill;  Heirs  Tax  Bill,  3812; 
Schaff  Excise  Bill,  3813  ;  Univ.  Exten- 
sion Bill,  3832 ;    rose  chosen  for  State 
flower,  3833  ;  nominees  for  gov.,  Bruce, 
Flower,    Fassett,    3912  ;    state    Liquor 
Dealers'  Asso.,  3903;  first  train  by  Sound 
Ferry,  3913  ;    tie  vote,  3952  ;  Dutchess 
County,  other  defective  ballots,  3952  +  , 
3971,43124-,  4792  ;  Democratic  majority 
in    senate,    3973  ;     Sherwood    seated, 
3992  ;  Judge  Maynard  confirmed,  3993, 


investigation, 402 1,4051 ;  "Snap" Demo-  New  Zealand  Company  organized,  11032. 

cratic  conven.,  4003,  4011 ;  Liquor  Deal-  Ney,  Michel,  Due  d'Elchigen,  Pr.  de  la 
ers'  Excise  Bill,  4003,  4011 ,  405i ;  Three  Moskowa,  b.,  7042  ;  at  Elchingen,  7141 ; 
Bridges  Bill,  4012,  4573  ;  St.  Lawrence  at  Dennewitz,  7201 ;  ghot,  7221 ,2  ;  statue 
Bridge    Bill,    4013  ;    Dein.    anti-silver        7321. 

coinage;  Grant  Monument  Bill,  4031;  Neyoor  in  Travancor,  mission,  10462. 

constitutional    amendments    adopted  ;  Nez  Perces,  Presbyterians  among,  2822. 

Freedom  of  Worship  Bill,  4032  ;  West  Nezahualcoytl,  d.,  122. 

Side  Park  Bill;    census    taken,  4033;  Nezahuapilli,  enthroned,  133  ;  d.,  I61. 

"  Huckleberry  "  K.  K.  Bill,  4051 ,  4593  ;  Nezib,  battle  at,  6562. 

Woman  Suffrage  Bill,  4052;  Constitu-  Nezlet-Kooman,  mission,  6571. 

tional  Conven.  Bill,  4052,  4231 ;  Speed-  N'gami,  Lake,  Afr.,  dis.,  5601 ,  5982. 

way  Act  repealed,  405i ;  Statutory  Be-  Ngape,  Burmese  war,  10482. 

vision  Commission  codes  ;  signed,  4072;  Nguyen  dynasty,  Anuam,  4811 . 

Anti-Hill     Conven.,    4073,      nominates  Nlalaaurut  reigns,  Egypt,  6513. 

Wheeler,   4732  ;    Factory   Bill   signed,  Niagara  lays  Atlantic  cable,  1833. 

4072  ;  tramps  seize  freight  train,  4083  ;  . blockades  Charleston  ;  captures  Gen- 
State   Arbitrators     in    Buffalo,   4142  ;        eral  Parkhill,  1942,  Georgia,  2372. 

Oneida  County  election  case,  417 1 ;  Dein.  Niagara,  Can.,  see  est.,  9803 ;  Bp.  Hamilton 
sole  inspectors,  4171 ,  4192;  Buffalo  elec-        consecrated,  9922. 

tion  frauds,  4192;  Capitol  Appropriation  Falls,  fort    built,    481;    rivalry    for. 


BUls  intro.,  4011;  Gov.  Flower  inaug.. 
4212;  Brooklyn  officials  protected,  4223; 
Non-partizan  Election  Inspectors'  Bill, 
4243,  4552;  Fire  Island  purchased,  4271 ; 
Buffalo  Police  Bill,  4272,  4283  ;  Anti- 
Capital  Punishment  Bill,  4273  ;  Anti- 
Pool-Room  Bill,  4292  ;  State  Art  Teach- 
ers' Aaso.  session,  4482;  Anti-Conspiracy 
Bill,  4283;  Niagara  Falls  electric  syndi- 
cate fmd.,4312  ;  convicts  work  on  roads, 
4332;  tax-exempt  property, 4372;  Racmg 
Asso.  Tax  Bill,  4532;  Brooklyn  Annexa- 
tion Bills  signed,  4592;  Pound  Compul-       Falls, 

sory  Education  Bill,  4611;  Bi-Partizan    Xibelungenot  (Nibelungenlied)  est.,  7763. 
Police  Bills    vetoed,  4533,4572,  4612;    Nlcander,  at  war  with  Argives,  1014' . 
electoral  frauds,  4442,  3,  4451 ,  2  ;  coal    Nicanor  in  Hellespont,  10243  ;  at  C.aphar- 
deposit  dis.,  448i ;  State  parks  proposed,        salaina  ;  killed  in  Adasa,  11481 . 
4493  ;  Lexow  investigating  committee,    Nicaragua  lost  at  sea,  3973. 
._..'.       ,,„„..   .a „.  ,B„        Nicaragua(6eetext,pp.  1103, 1104), dis.,162; 

rulers,  172  •  explored,  19i ;  colonists 
rebel,  22 1 ;  Wm.  Walker  arrives,  1803, 
1822  ;  treaty  unratified,  3193;  surrenders 
to  San  Salv.,  11233  ;  Blueflelds  report, 
551 ;  Am.  interests  protected,  4661 ;  sov- 
ereignty recognized,  471 1 ;  allied  to  Gua- 
temala, 10381 ;  Honduras  defeated,  1041 1 . 


612  ;  Table  Kock  falls,  r26i ,  I661 ,  1721 ; 
men  fall,  1753-  Internat.  Miss.  Union 
inaug.,  3182  ;  Suspension  Bridge  opd.. 
1761,  3;  1773;  Blondin  crosses,  1853; 
Matt.  Webb  drowned  ;  Cantilever  Bridge 
built ;  peril  of  Maid  0/  Mist,  3153  ; 
State  purchases  park,  3212,  3  ;  bridge 
wrecked,  3321  •  horseshoe  rock  drops, 
3341 ;  S.  J.  Dixon  walks  over,  3673;  water 
power  tunnel,  3573,  368I ,  4513  ;  grant 
for  electric  machine,  5892. 

Univ.  (B.  C.)  est.  (1856)  at  Niagara 

""  ,N.Y. 


451 1  +  (see  N.  Y.  City) ;  Side  Door  Saloon 
Bill  lost;  Flag  on  Public  buildings  Bill 
4551 ,  4612;  Elmira  Reformatory  investi- 
gation, 4551  ;  Patriotic  League  of  Revolu- 
tion, 4563;  Colony  for  Epileptics  enacted, 

4592,  opd.,  4702  ;  Canal  Improvement 
Bill ;    Non-partizan    Park  Commission 

Bill;   Ives'  Pool  Bill  unconstitutional,          -       .  ,  ,  ^   ,,„„.  ,,     . 

4593;    Constitutional   Conven.    officers,    Canal,  route  surveyed,  IIO31 ,2,3  ;in- 

4593,  Female  Suffrage  petition,  4612,  M.        " «.«i..»i«..   ^ooa  •  „.^„.„«„   =»c>.,nT, 

strikers, 4643,  Sunday  liquor  traffic, 4663, 
to  abolish  coroners,  4712,  railroading 
bills,  amends,  demanded,  4671,  favors 
capital  pmiishment,  4682,  female  suf- 
frage, 4683,  death  penalty,  4692,  Educa- 


quiry  resolution,  3992  ;  conven.  session, 
4093,  4193  ;  bill  to  Incorporate,  3332, 
3363  ;  bonds  guaranteed,  3752  ;  bill  dis- 
cussed, 3791 ,  4772  ;  concessions  granted, 
11033  ;  receiver  appointed,  4373;  reor- 
ganized, 4453. 

.yr 1; —     ^:.-... 


tionai  Amendments,  4702,  abolition  of  Niccolino,  Giovanni    Battista,  b.  (1782) ; 

convict  labor,  4711,  2,  railroad  passes,  works,  10871 ;  d.  (1861). 

4712, Home  rule,  pool-selling,  4731  ,Demo-  Nice  ^Nic^Ba),  Asia,  pillaged,  661 1 ;  crnsa- 

crats  arraign  Republicans,  adopts  con-  -I"''"  win.  6682  :  (ir.  emu.  reiens.  10361: 
stitution,    amendments    divided,    4732, 


constitutional  amendments  approved, 
4752;  free  library  system  extended,  4621 ; 
investigation  of  Gov.  Flower,  455 1 ,  4653 ; 
race-track  decision  ;  education  in  charit- 
able institutions  ;  vaccination  in  schools, 
4702  ;  Levi  P.  Morton,  gov.,  4712  ;  stan- 
dard Oil  Extradition,  4771 . 
New  York  Mills,  cattle  sale,  2833. 


ders  win,  6682  ;  Gr.  enip.  reigns,  10361 
conquered,  10352  ;  Latin  Emp.  est.,  1553  ; 
Council  of,  bps.,  6643,  7913,  10283. 
— ,  rr.,truceof,eiids war,  5112;  annexed 
to  Savoy,  6772  ;  bombarded,  7901 ;  sur- 
renders, 6941  ;  annexed  to  Fr.,  7092, 7132  ; 
captured  by  Fr. ;  taken  by  Austrians, 
10841 ;  transferred  to  Sardinia,  7213  ; 
treaty  for  annexing,7352;  accident,  7473  ; 
flre-panic,  10903 ,  earthquake,  7561 ,  11502. 


feated,  2753  ;    Countess  of  Dufferin  de- 
•    '■   ■      ■     def    ■   "    — '- 


;  reigns 

II.,  Phocas,  reigns,   10332  ;   recovers 

featedi  2933  ';  Atalanta  defeated,  3093;       Crete,  etc.,  10332;  marries ;  kUled,  10323. 

returns  cup  to  donors,  3133;  Genestade-    III.,  reigns,  10333. 

feated,  3213;   Galatea  defeated,  3263;    Gregoras,  b.,  10343. 

Thistle  defeated,  3273 ;  Dunraven's  chal-    Patncius,  deposed,  10331 . 

lenge,4173;  rio»aH<selected,4392;  Val-    Nichallovitch,  Nicolai,  d.,  1120'. 
kurie  defeated,  4413.  Nicholas  I.,  the  Great    St.,  b.-d 

New   York,  cruiser,  launched,  3961 ;  trial       poje,  10723 


10721 ; 


trip,  4301 ;  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  4461 . 

,  steamship,  flag  raised,  4253 ;  rec- 
ord, 4712,3. 

New  York  Custom  House  Bill  passes,  379 1 . 

Bridge  Bills  reported  unfavor- 
ably in  Congress,  4012,  402i 


II.,  pope,  10T31 . 

—  III.,  pope,  10763. 

—  IV.,  pope,  embellishes  Rome,  10762,3. 

—  v.,  b.-d.,  10782;  pope,  10791 ;  com- 
mences new  St.  Peter's,  10781;  founds 
library,  10792. 

v.,  anti-pope,  10771 . 


-— and  N.J.  Bridge  BUI, 4251,  4412,    V.,  anti-pope,  107i  1 . 

ii   4471    44924773  I.,  Czar,  b.,  11162;  reigns,  11173;  abol 

»    ,  TTi     , -r...     , -».  .     .  ^-..- ..  — ..  i.,T,.^„  ol..,r.i,.«    11172  •  niaiiif«ist,nforOhri8- 


4431 

—  Central  R.  R.  est.,  1752  ;  accident 

on,  1853  ;  newspaper  train,  3253  ;  train 

robbers  on,  3931 ,  4022. 

,  N.  H.  R.  R.  bridge  wreck,  1733. 

Newton  Theolog.  (Bapt.)  Inst.  est.  (1825) 

NetSri^fsee  L'x?:p.ll03) ;  settled,  =l,"prrnce,;-b--«-.52^  recommended    to 
9512;    mission,  10031 ;    Jetached,  49,53  ;       Bufg""*,  56/3;  d.,  5b8i . 

bishopric  est.,9483  ;  detached  bishopric,  ,  Czar,  Turk,  the  "  Sick  Man,    115,    . 

4962;Maorisins., 9641, 9661, 9672;strike,  ,  St.,  d.,  11642 

5002;    excluded,  5012  ;  Christ  church,  •  S^'^TA  ^   h'   ln?3  •  rt    11221 

see  est.,  9583  ;  Bp.  Julius  cons.,  IOO42.  ,  Grand  Duke,  b.,  11163  ,  d.,  11221 . 


ishes  slavery,  11172;  manifesto  for  Chris- 
tianity, 11182  ;    manumission  of   serfs, 
11191 ;  war  with  Western  powers,  11192; 
at  Varna,  6201 ;  d.,  III92. 
—  II.,  proclaimed  emp.  Russia,  11231 . 
of  Guildford,  work,  8523. 


Nich-Norm. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        IN IJ1I.X.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


1355 


Nicholas,  G.  D.,  insane,  11211. 

,  Robt.  cliief  justice,  fWJIs. 

NichoUs.  FiancisT.,  gov. ,295t, 3012, 333a. 
Nichols,  John  b.  9103  ;  d.,  9422. 

,  Louis,  in  Can.  5723. 

,  Wm.  F.,  cons.  P  E.  bishop,  362i . 

, Ripley,  b.  (1847) ;  d.,  324i . 

Nicholson,  Gen.,  in  Sepoy  rebellion,  1048t. 
,  Francis,  lieut.-gov.,  N.  Y.,51i ;  flees; 

royal  commission,  512;  gov..  551,593; 

peace  with  Indians,  60^ ;  gov.,  N.  S., 

5752;  d.  (1728). 

,  Henry  Alieyne,  voltaic  battery,  930' . 

,  Isaac,  consecrated  bishop,  3861, 394 1. 

,  James,  commodore,  b.,  642  ;  d.,  1122. 

,  Margaret,  assaults  king,  9232, 

,  William,  b.,  9123  ;  d  (1815). 

, Carmichael,  b.  (1800) ;  d.,  2781 . 

, Rufus,  b,  (1822) ;  cons,  bp.,  2903. 

Nicholson's  Crossing,  R.  R.  accident,  3993. 
Nicias,  peace  of,  10202  ;  executed,  10203  ; 

leader  aristocratic  party,  IO212. 
Nickel  di8.,312i,  11311;  for  coinage,  7533. 

Plate  Road,  accident,  3873, 

steel  experiments,  390i . 

Nickerson,  Town  Marshal,  killed,  3722. 
Nickolsburg,  peace  signed,  5262. 
Nicksich,  aid  from  Mukhtar  Pasha,  528i . 
Nicobar  Isles,  acquired  by  Eng.,  9733. 
Nicodemus  interviews  Jesus,  11521. 
Nicolai,  Christoph  Friedrieh,  b.,  8002;  ^e- 

baldus  Nothanlcer,  8051 ;  d.,  8IO2. 

,  Karl  O.  E.,  b.,  8IO2  ;  d.,  8I8I . 

Nicolas  rules  Montenegro,  10972. 

,  Don,  in  Newfoundland,  19i . 

,  Sir  Nicolas  Harris,  b.,9283  ;  d.,9542. 

,  Wilson  C,  gov.,  1233. 

Nicolay,  John  George,  b.  (1832);  Abraham 

Lincoln,  4791 . 
Nicole,  Pierre,  b.,6863;  work,  6931  ;d.,6943. 
Nicolet,  R.  C.  diocese  est.,  5842. 
NicoU,  James  Craig,  b.(1846);  of  Academy 

of  Design,  3221. 
Nicollet,  Jean  Nicholas,  b.,  7062  ;  d.,7283; 
NicoUs,  Matthias,  b.  (1630±);  mayor  N.Y., 

462  ;  d.  (1687). 
,  Sir  Richard,  b.  (1624) ;  gov.  N.Y.,  43i ; 

incorporates  city,  432  ;  d.  (1672). 

•,  S.  J.,  moderator,  2802. 

Nicols,  Lewis,  Indian  missionary,  422. 
Nicomedee  I.  reigns,  11492  ;  d.  (250±  B.C.). 
III.,    Philopater,    reigns  ;     expelled, 

11511;    routed    by    Mithridates,    10562; 

gives  Bithynia  to  Rom.,  10591  ;d.(74B.c.). 
Nicomedia,  Asia,  earthquakes,  11502;  re- 
stored, 11533;  Licinius  surrenders,  10681 ; 

Othman  invades,  11542  ;   surrenders   to 

Turks,   11541 ;    massacre   of   Christians 

U543  ;  capital  Empire,  11551  ;  mission, 

11563. 
Nicou,  Patriarch,  cruelties,  11143. 
Nicopoli  taken,  11581 . 
Nicopolis,  action  at,  10341;  defeat  of  Si- 

gismund,  11561 . 
Nicot,  Jean,  b.,  6803;  d.,  6863. 
Nicotera,  Giovanni,  baron,  b.,  10862  ;  d., 

10901. 
Nicoya,  Costa  Rica,  pirates;  annexed,  6302. 
Nictheroy,  Braz.,  victory,  5582  j  rebellion, 

560'. 
Nicuessa,   Diego    de,   b.   (1465i:) ;    founds 

Nombre  de  Dios,  173  ;   receives  grant, 

6282;  gov.,  6301;  d.  (1511). 
Niebuhr,  RartholdGeorg, b.,  8042;  Roman 

History,  H103;  d.,  8142. 

,  Karstens,  b.  8002;  d.,  8103. 

Niederbronn,  Alsace,  skirmish  at,  738'. 

Nieh  degraded,  6263. 

Niel,  Adolphe,  b.,  7143  j  minister  of  war, 

7373  ;  d.,  7382. 
Nielsen,  officer,  death  avenged,  8381 . 
Niemcewicz,  Julian  Ursin,  b.  (1757);  d., 

11163. 
Niemen,  Fr.  army  cross,  7183. 
Niemeyer,  August  H.,  b.,  8022  ;  d.,  8142. 
Nien-fei,  rebels  ;  defeated,  6202. 
Niepce  Jos.  Nic6phore,  b.,  703i ;  die.  ac- 

tionof  light,  720i ;  inv.  a  velocipede. 7222; 

photogalvanography,  724* ;  d.,  7262. 
,  de  Saint- Victor,  Claude  F^lix  Abel, 

b..7163;  d.,  7382. 
Nierses  II,,  calls  synod  of  bishops,  1071* . 
Nietzsche,  Friedrieh,  Jenseits^  etc.,  8362. 
Nieuve  Zijdinqhen  at  Antwerp,  541 1 . 
Nieuwentyl,  Bernardus,  b.-d.,  11003. 
Nieuwpoort,  action  at.  10982, 
Nievft,  Cond6  de.    (See  Lopez  de  Zufliga.) 
Niger,    Caius    Pescennius,    overthrown, 

10641;   in  Sp.,  10652;  proclaimed  emp., 

10653;  defeated;  killed,  6521. 


Niger  districts  settled,  9051 . 

River.    (See  text,  p.  IIGI.) 

Nightingale,  Florence,  b.,  9402  ;  army  ser- 
vice, 9581 ;  at  Scutari,  11583, 

Nigra,  Count,  London  Conference,  9932. 

Nihilists,  arrest  demanded,  5693  ;  sen- 
tenced, 7583  ;  against  Czar,  7603  ;  ex- 
pelled, 7652  ;  trial  of,  11191 ;  activy  ;  ex- 
ecuted, 11203;  convicted  at  Kiett",  H21i ; 
offer  to  Czar  ;  manifesto,  11213. 

Nihon  Bashi,  mission  at,  10922. 

Nligata,  missions  at,  10921 . 

Nike,  asteroid,  discoveretl,  7601 , 

Nikoforoflf,  arrested,  5683. 

Nikopoli,  battle  of.  506i ;  captured,  665i . 

Nile,  source  dls.,  5603  ;  inundation  fails, 
6542  ;  rises ;  bricks  found,  6563  ;  Brit, 
ascend,  660 1 ;  battle  of,  9281 . 

Nile,  steamer,  wrecked,  9593. 

,  ironclad,  launched,  9981. 

Niles,  O.,  destitution,  4533. 

,  Hezekiah,  b.,  89i ;  d.,  1502. 

,John  Milton,  b.  (178V);  P.  M.  Gen., 

1513  :  d   (1856). 

,  Wm.  Woodruff,  b.  (1832);  bp.,  2702. 

,  N.,  embezzling,  3S'J2, 

Nilometer  erected,  6542. 

Nilsson,  Christine,  b.,  11361;  as  Violetta, 
9701. 

,  Sven,  b.-d.,  11342. 

Nimeguen,  peace  of,  5413;  Eng.  defeat, 
7101;  taken,  10981. 

Nfraes,  Fr.,  colony  fnd.,661i;  conquered, 
6621;  plundered,  6622;  united  to  Fr., 
6732;  Protestants  massacred,  7231 ;  Cath- 
olics massacred,  6821 ;  pacification  of, 
6371;  burned  and  plundered,  7221 ;  mine 
explosion,  7573  ;  Prot.  Seminary,  7582. 

Nimrud,  built,  11431;  palace  built,  11453. 

Nifla  sails;  flag  raised,  131;  at  Lisbon; 
Columbus  sails,  142. 

stranded,  3801. 

Ninde,  Wm.  Xavier,  b.,  1402  ;  bp.,  3103. 

Ninety-Six,  S.  C,  British  take,  92 1 . 

Nineveh  attacked,  11442:  taken,  11471. 
6481. 

Ning,  Prince,  rebels,  6141. 

po  taken,  6I6I ;  attacked,  6162  ;  mis- 
sion, 6183,6192,  6211 ,  2  6222;  desolated; 
retaken, 6201 ;  occupied, 6202;  medicinal 
work,  6211. 

hia,  mission,  6242. 

Ninh-Binh,  evacuated,  4802;  yields,  4821. 

Ninian,  St.,  fnds.  ch.  in  Galloway,  10702. 

Ninko  reigns,  10913. 

Ninnescah,  Kan.,  destroyed  by  gale,  3293. 

Niobe  rescues  filibusters,  6321 . 

bombards  Omoa,  10411 . 

Niogo  opened  to  commerce,  10931 . 

Nippon  Islands,  earthquake,  10921. 

Nipsic  wrecked  at  Samoan  Islands,  3361 . 

Nlsard,  Jean  Marie  Napoleon  D^sir^,  b., 
7163;  d.,  7562. 

Niabet,  Eugenius  Aristi., b.  (1803);  d., 2721 . 

Nish,  Servia,  action  at,  IO661 ;  Turks  de- 
feated, 508 1. 

Nisibia,  action  at,  10641. 

Nitard,  Jesuit,  expelled,  11291. 

Nitocris,  Queen,  avenges  murder,  6471. 

Ni-tek-tso,  est.  Christianity,  10941 . 

Nitric  acid,  nature  of,  9222. 

ether  discovered,  798 1 . 

Nitrogen  described,  9182. 

Nitrous  oxid  gas  intro.  in  London,  9701 ; 
used  in  Am.,  2411 . 

Nitschmaun,  John,  b.  (1703) ;  missionary, 
622  ;  d.  (1772). 

Nitta  Yoshisada  leads  revolt ;  destroys 
Kamakura,  10911. 

Nitzsch,  Gregor  Wilhelm,  b.,  8M9  •  d.. 
8202 

,  Karl  Ludwig,  b.,  8022  ;  d.,  8142. 

Nivollet.  Fr.,  destroyed,  7561. 

Nixon  Dressed  Beef  Bill  read,  3392. 

,  Col.,  near  Suffolk,  221 1 , 

,  John,  d.,  1242. 

Nizam  Alj,  treaty  with  Brit.,  10453. 

Shahi  dynjisty  reigns,  10433. 

~     -ul-Mulk,  yields  to  G.  B.,  10193. 

Nd,  Charles,  JtSves  et  Impressions^  760*. 

Noachian  deluge,  11401. 

Noah  begin*  ark,1140i  ;Bonsdi8perse, 11412. 

,  Mordecai,  b.,  962  ;  d.,  IO8I . 

NoaiUes,  Due  Adrien  Maurice  de,b.,6923; 
d.,7031. 

,  Louis  Antoine  de,  cardinal,  b.  (1651); 

ecclesiastical  head  in  Fr.,  6971;  appel- 
lant,6991;  d.  (1729). 

,  Philippe  de,  Due  deMonchy,b.  (1715); 

marshal;  at  Dettiugen,  7001 ;  d.  (1794). 


Nobili,  Leopold©,  b.  (1784) :  animal  elec- 
tricity, 10861;  d.  (1834). 

Nobiling,  Karl  E.,  wounds  Emp.  William, 
8291 ;  suicide,  8303. 

Nobility,  Fr.  contesting,  6692;  Fr.,  privi- 
leges of,  691 2 ;  records  l)urnea,  7083 ;  new, 
7191 ;  patents  for  English,  8583. 

Noble,  Benj.  F.,  sec.  of  interior,  3372. 

,  Col.,  at  Grand  Pr^,  N.  S.,  661 . 

,  Matthew,  statue  of  Cromwell  by, 9801 . 

,  Noah,  gov.  Ind.,  1392. 

.Patrick,  b.  (1787);  gov.  S.  C,  1512; 

d.  (184m- 

Nobles,  Ger.,  disorder  of,  7932. 

Noboa,  Diego,  recalls  Jesuits,  644i ;  pres. 
Ecuador,  6442. 

Nobrega,  Manuel  de,  b.,  1517;  est.  Sao 
Paulo,  5522  ;  provincial,  5531 ;  d.  (1570). 

Nobunaga  rises,  10913  j  shogun  ;  suicide, 
10913. 

Nocton  captured,  1182. 

Nodier,  Charles,  b.  7051;  works.  7151.. 
7231;  d.,7283. 

Noel,  Francois  Joseph  Michel,  b.,  7022  • 
d.,  7282.  ' 

,  Roden    Berkeley    Wriothesley,    b. 

(1799);  d.,  10121. 

Noell,  Thomas,  mayor  N.  Y.,  552. 

Noir,  Victor,  b.  (1848) ;  killed,  7383. 

Noire,  Ludwig,  b.,  8142  ;  d.,  832i . 

Noisseville,  Ger.,  Bazaine  defeated,  7402. 

Nojara.  battle  of,  6741 . 

Nola.  It.,  taken,  10521 ;  action  at ;  de- 
fended, 10542. 

Nolan,  Capt.,  unseated,  9771 . 

Noland,  E.  T.,  state  treas.,  Mo.,  3543. 

Nolensville,  Tenn.,  Confed.  defeat,  2183. 

NoUekens,  Joseph,  b.,  9083;  d.,  9403. 

NoUendorf,  Bohemia,  repulse  at,  720 1. 

NoUet,  Jean  Antoine,  b.,  6943  ;  d.,  7042. 

Nombre  de  Dios,  Panama,  fud.,  173. 

Nominalists,  controversy,  10763. 

Nominating  conventions  begin,  Am.,143». 

Non-conformists  favored,  8963 ;  perse- 
cuted, 8923;  Bicentenary  fund,  9662. 

importation  asso.  appear.  Am.,  763. 

Act  revived,  1173. 

jurors  taxed,  Eng.,  9072. 

resistant  oath  repealed,  9073. 

Union  labor.  World's  Fair,  3763, 

Noor-ed-Dern,  Egy.  at  war  with,  6541 , 

Nootka  Sound  discovered,  5772. 

Norbanus,  Cains,  conquered,  10581;  con- 
sul at  Rome,  10591 ;  d.  (81±  B.  c). 

Nobunaga,  Ota,  b.,  10911 . 

Norbury,  Earl,  title  created,  9412, 

Norcrofis,  Henry  L.,  dynamiter,  3963. 

Nordenflycht,  Hedvig  Charlotta,  b.  (1718) ; 
Turtltffove   11351 ;  d.  (1763). 

Nordenskjold,  Baron  Nils,  Adolf  Eric,  b. 
11041 ;  polar  exped  ,  9821 ,  11053,  1136I. 

Nordisk  Universitets  Tidsskrift,  6403. 

Xordof/  Syd,&H)3. 

Nordhausen,  Richard,  work,  83G2, 

Nordhotf,  Charles,  journalist,  b,,  1381 . 

Nordlingen,  Ger.,  Protestants  defeated,. 
5121;  Spaniards  defeated,  6881. 

Nore,  Eng.,  mutiny  at,  9281 . 

Norfolk,  (Jonn.  gymnasium  opened,  410*. 

,  Neb.,  Insane  Asylum  opened,  3332. 

,  Va.,   burned,  82i,  833  ;  taken,  902  ; 

steamer  to  N.  Y.,  1313  ;  yellow  fever, 
1773;  Navy  Yard  burned  ;  vessels  sunk  ; 
Gen.  Taliaferro  at,  1941;  Federals  oc- 
cupy, 2071;  fire,  4453, 

,  Baron,  title  created,  8643. 

,  D.  of,  slander  :  banished,  86I2. 

,  Duke  of,  dismissed,  9292. 

.  Duke  of,  in  Parliament,  9452. 

,  Duke  of,  envoy  extraordinary,  9962  ; 

(See  Howard,  Thomas.) 

Island  dis.,  4932  ;  colony,  4951 ;  mis- 
sion, 5001;  annexed,  9253  ;  settled,  9431. 

Noricum  subjugated,  10603;  a  Roman  prov- 
ince, 10632  ;  acquired,  10712. 

Norkitten,  action  at,  lH4i . 

Norma,  opera,  in  N,  Y.,  1761 . 

Normal  School  Bill  passes,  Fr.,  7513, 

Norman,  Okla.,  university  located,  3743. 

,  Col,,  at  Jagdalak,  61 . 

,  Sir  Henry  Wylie,  governor,  5003. 

,  Sir  John,  lord  mayor  London,  8633. 

, Henry,  Monetary  System,  4203. 

,  Robert,  magnetic  needle,  8741. 

line  of  kings  established,  8473. 

barons  revolt,  8481 . 

Normanby,  Marquis  of,  minister,  9032. 
,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  9451 . 

,  Marquis  of,  gov.  Australia, 4983,4991 ; 

resigns,  4992, 


1356 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  Norm-Nort. 


Normandy  collides  with  Mary^  9733. 

Normandy,  Fr.,  named,  6352;  peasants  re- 
volt, 6673  ;  war  for  duchy  ;  secured  to 
Eng.,  6893;  conquered,  6713,  8481,8633  ; 
lost  to  Eng.,  8531. 

Normannia,  cholera  scare,  414' ,  3,4152,  3; 
damaged  by  tidal  wave  ;  returns,  4493. 

Normans  and  Saxons  united,  8492. 

in    Newfoun<lland,     163  ;    absorbed, 

Eng.,  8563;  conquer  Thessalonica,  10322; 
in  S.  It.,  1072 1 ;  settle  at  A  versa,  10733  ; 
take  Naples,  1074';  supreme  in  S.  It., 
10752  ;  in  Kus.,  11132;  hi  Tunis,  11392. 

Nonnanton,  Earl  of,  title  created,  931 ' . 

Nornena,  Francisco  de  Alva  y,  gov.,  6052. 

Norridgewock,  burned,  60' ;  rebuilt,  622. 

Norris,  John  G.,  b.,  1102. 

Norristown,  Pa.,  It.  K.  opened,  1413  ;  Har- 
tranft  monument,  3841 

Norsk  Maaiieffsn/criff  issued,  11043. 

Tidsskrlft  issued,  11042,  11362. 

Norske  Selskah  org.  in  Copenhagen,  11042. 

North,  Baron,  title  created,  871'. 

,  Sir  Francis,  b.,  8822  ;  king's  counsel, 

8913  ;  lord  keeper,  8953;  d.,  8962. 

,  Frederick,  E.  of  Guilford,  b.,  9082  ; 

prime  minister,  772,  9193,9232  ;  resigns, 
953;  conciliatory  bills,  9213;  d.  (1792J. 

,  Marianne,  d.,  10041. 

,  Sir  Thomtis,  PlutarcWs  Lives  trans- 
lated, 8751. 

Albingian  duchies  quarrel,  5271 , 

North  America  sunk,  2413. 

North  Am. -Galway steamship  service,9653. 

North  American  Magazine  issued,  712. 

Review  issued,  125*. 

North  Am.  Canal  Co.  formed,  595*. 

Saengerbund  festival,  4342. 

Volapuk  Asso.,  session,  366*. 

Northampton  launched,  980' . 

Northampton,  Eng.,  battle  of,  8641;  riot, 
9792;  strike,9972;Bp.  Ridden  cons., 9862. 

,  Mass.,  great  awakening,  623  ;  j.  Ed- 
wards retires,  663  ;  Clarke  Inst,  opened, 
2591 ;  Lyman's  gift,  4201;  Indians  ravage, 
421 ;  attack,  46i  ;  Smith  Coll.  org.,  2883; 
observatory  erected,  3^i. 

,  Earl  of  (Kenry  Howard),  b.  (1539+) ; 

minister,  8792,  3  ;  d.  (1641). 

,  Marquis,  title  created,  9372. 

,  Marquis  of,  b.  (1790) ;  president  Royal 

Society,  9482, 

North  Anna,  Va.,  battle  of,  2332. 

North  British  Review  issued,  9523. 

North  British  Borneo  Co.  chartered,  5523. 

Kailway  built.  9521 . 

Briton,  libel  in,  9172. 

Northbrook,  Earl  of,  title  created,  975' . 

Northbrooke,  Lord  (Thomas  George  Bar- 
ing), b.  (18-26) ;  viceroy  of  Ind.,  10492  ; 
at  Cairo,  66I2. 

Northburne,  Baron,  title  created,  987 1 . 

Carolina,  corn,  etc.,  dis.,  242;  land 

grant,  332;  Wm.  Drummond,  gov.,  333, 
423  ;  first  settlement,  393  ;  Puritans  in, 
413  ;  civil  gov't  org.,  423;  Sam.  Stevens, 
gov.,  433,  451 ;  Friends  settle,  443  ;  Geo. 
Cartwright,  gov.,  443  ;  taxes  refused, 
452  ;  commerce  impeded ;  population, 
453;  Sam.  Miller,  gov.  (1677) ;  insurrec- 
tion, 472,  511;  John  Culpepper,  gov. 
(1678)  ;  independent,  472  ;  John  Harvey, 
pres.  ;  John  Jenkins,  gov. ;  Henry  Wil- 
kinson,gov., 49t ;  SethSothel,  gov., 493; 
quit-rents  refused,  51i;  Huguenots  in, 
512,572;  Philip  Ludwell, gov., 512;  toler- 
ation in ;  churches  erected,  523  ;  Alex. 
Lillington,  dep.-gov.  532;  Thos.  Harvey, 
dep.-gov.  (1695)  naval  stores  prpduced, 
533;  H.  Walker  gov.  552;  Indian  war; 
Ch.  of  Eng.  est.,  562  toleration  repealed, 
563;  on.  clergyman  in  571 ;  Robt.  Daniel, 
gov. ,572-  sanctuaryof  runaways,  572,591 ; 
two  governors  ;  Thos.  Carey,  gov.;  anar- 
chy, 572;  gov.  rebels;  Wm.  Glover,  pres.; 
Edward  Hyde  gov  yellow  fever,  573  ; 
Thos.  Pollock, pres.  59t,612;  Chas.  Eden 
gov., 591 ;  Bapt.  ch.  fmd.,  603;  Wm.  Reed, 
pres.,  612  ;  Geo.  Burrington,  gov.,  6I2, 
632  ;  Sir  Itichard  Everard,  gov.,  6I2  ; 
a  royal  province,  632  ;  Nath.  Rice,  gov., 
633,  692  ;  Gabriel  Johnson,  gov.,  633  ; 
officers  imprisoned,  652  ;  printmgintro., 
671;  MatthewRowan,  pres. ,692;  Arthur 
Dobbs,  gov.,  693;  Bapt.  Asso.  fmd.,  711 , 
742  ;  Wra.  Tryon,  gov.,  75*;  regulators 
resist  taxation,  76i ,  77i ,  3  ;  James  Has- 
kell, pres.  ;  Josiali  Martin,  gov.,  773  ; 
boundary  settled,  783  ;  aids  Bostonians, 


792;  Presbyterians  in  Mecklenburg  Con- 

ven.,  811;  Mecklenburg,  declaration  of 
independence,  81 2  ;  subscribes  for  inde- 
pendence, 832  ;  Richard  Caswell,  lirst 
State  gov.,  853,  973  ;  adopts  new  consti- 
tution, 853  ;  signs  Federation  articles, 
891;  Abner  Nasb,  gov.,  913  ;  Brit,  in, 
922 ;  Indian  expedition,  923 ;  aban- 
doned to  Brit.,  931 ;  Thos.  Burke,  gov. 
(1781);  cedes  western  lands,  972,  1013, 
1031 :  ratifies  Federal  constitution;  Univ. 
of  N.C.  fnd.,  (1789);  Alex.  Martin,  gov. 
(1782),  1013  ;  Sam.  Johnston,  gov.,  IOII ; 
Kaleigh  laid  out,  1033;  Rich.  D.  Spaight, 
gov.,  1051 ;  1453;  Univ.  of  org.,  1063; 
Sam.  Ashe,  gov.,  1073  ;  A.D.  1800±  ; 
William  R.  Davie,  gov.,  1093  ;  Benjamin 
Williams,  gov.,  1093,  II52  ;  James  Tur- 
ner, gov.,  1113;  Lutheransynod  formed, 
1123;  Nath.  Alexander, gov.,  1133;  David 
Stone,  gov.,  1153;  Benj.  Smith, gov.,  1173; 
Wm.  ilawkins,  gov.,  1192  ;  presb.  synod 
org.,  1212;  Wm.  Miller, gov.,  1233;  prot. 
Epis.  diocese  org.,  125*;  John  Branch 
gov.,  1253  ;  Jesse  Franklin,  gov.,  1292  ; 
Gabriel  Holmes,  gov.,  1293  ;  Hutchina 
G.  Burton,  gov.,  1332;  James  Iredell, 
gov.,  1353;  John  Owen,  gov.,  1372;  State 
Library  fnd.,   1391;    Montford    Stokes, 

fov.,  1392;  David  L.  Swain,  gov.,  1412  ; 
I.  E.conf.fmd.,1462;  Edward  B.Dudley, 
gov.,1492;  John  M.Morehead,  gov..  1552; 
Wm.  A.  Graham,  gov.,  161 1 ;  Chas.  Manly 

fov.,  1671;  David  S.  Reid,  gov.,  1692  ; 
'bos.  Bragg,  gov.,  1792;  Judson  College 
fnd.,  1843;  Coll.  of,  org.,  1862  ;  John  W. 
Ellis,  gov,,  1871 ;  Fed.  forts  seized  ;  gov. 
restores  forts,  1901;  adheres  to  slave 
states,  1912;  refuses  troops,  1933;  block- 
aded, 1942;  U.  S.  mint  seized;  blockade 
extended,  195 1;  secedes,  1953  ;  senators 
expelled,  1973  ;  offices  vacated;  M.  N. 
Taylor  elected  gov. ;  independence  de- 
clared, 2012  •  Burnside  commands  in, 
2021;  Burnside's  expedition  arrives,  2022 
(see  Burnside)  ;  Henry  T.  Clark,  gov., 
2032;  E<1  ward  Stanley, militarvgov., 2093; 
Burnside  recalled,  2102 ;  Zebulon  B. 
Vance,  gov.,  2173,  2973  ;  amnesty  to  sol- 
diers, 2252;  Wm.  M.  Holden,  gov.,  2473, 
2511  (1868);  secession  ordinance  re- 
pealed ;  slavery  abolished,  249i ;  ratifies 
13th  A  mend., 2492;  Jonathan  Worth  gov., 
2493,  2511 ;  Constitutional  conven.  2512; 
rejects  14th  Amend.  ;  act  of  amnesty 
passed,  2552  ■  Constitutional  conven., 
2611;  readmitted,  2632;  ratifies  14th 
Amend.,  2633;  ratifies  new  cons.,  26:ii ; 
K.  C.vicarate  apostolic  est.,  2642  ;  law- 
less secret  societies  proclaimed,  2691 ; 
militia  suppress  Kufclux,  2703  ;  Gov. 
Holden  impeached,  2731;  Kuklux  pro- 
claimed, 2733;  senator  readmitted,  2773; 
Tod  R.  Caldwell,  gov.,  2772;  amnesty  to 
secret  societies,  2831 ;  amendments  rati- 
fied, 2832  ;  compulsory  education  laws, 
2S63  ;  Curtis  H.  Brogden,  gov.,  2873  ; 
Ciiustitutional  conven. ;  new  cons  rati- 
fieil,  2892  ;  Thos.  M.  Holt,  gov.  (1891)  ; 
Colored  Normal  School  opd.,  2963  ;  Con- 
gregational conf.  org.,  3002  ;  state  In- 
dustrial Asso.  org., 3032;  Thos.  J.  Jarvis 
gov.,  3033;  asylum  for  insane,  3071 ;  pro- 
hibition Bill  rejected,  3083  ;  Normal 
School  opd.,  3082  ;  dry  fog,  308 1 ;  Pro- 
hibitory Amendment  voted  down,  3091 ; 
Prot.  Epis.  diocese  erected,  3162;  Alfred 
M.  Scales,  gov.,  3233  ;  Normal  School 
opd.,  3283,  3962  ;  earthquake,  3321 ;  Fe- 
male Coll.  fnd.,  3322;  cloud-burst,  3411 ; 
land  syndicate  fmd.,  3412  ;  Daniel  G. 
Fowle,  gov.,  3492  ;  tlireatened  by  negro 
exodus,  3503,  3511;  World's  Fair  appro- 
priation refused,  3771;  Normal  School 
opd.,  3962  ;  illicit  stills  captured,  4191 ; 
Elias  Carr,  gov.,  4472  ;  general  strike 
4563 ;  Dem. for  free  8ilver,4692;  Rep.  favor 
PoT)uli8ts,473l;  Cong.  conf.  org.,  3002. 

North  Carolina,  Univ.  of.  est.  (1787) ;  ob- 
servatory est.,  1401 ;  H.  Smith's  address, 
4581. 

College,  1862. 

China,   mission  est.,  6222  ;   see  est., 

9722  ;  Bishop  Scott  consecrated,  9862. 

Northcote,  James,  b.,  9122;  d.,  9442. 

,  Sir  Stafford  Henry,  E.  of  Iddesleigh, 

b.,9383  ;  minister,  9713,9792,  9933,  9953; 
in  Joint  Commission,  2732  ;  against  ob- 
struction, 9852  ;  against  Suez  Canal  mo- 


nopoly, 9912;  royal  commission,  9951 ;  d., 
9962;  statue,  9981. 

North  Dakota.  (See  territorial  history 
with  South  Dakota.)  Territory  org., 
1931 ;  N.  Pacific  R.  R.  begun  at  Grand 
Forks,  2773  ;  Gen.  Congre.  Synod  org., 
3142;  N.  Dak.  Univ.  est.,  3183;  Local  Op- 
tion Law  passed, 3291  ;  Territory  divided; 
N.Dak.Ter.  org.,  3292;  John  Miller  gov., 
3492;biU  to  admit.3363 ,^71  ;Sioux  Reser- 
vation opd. ,3432  ;Bismarck, capital;  anti- 
trust clause  in  constitution, 34oi ;  prohi- 
bition ratified,  347 1,  3483;  state  gov't 
operative,  3472;  1st  legislature.  3483; 
La.  lottery  legalized,353i ;  tornado,  362i ; 
prairie  fire,  3673;  deaf  mutes'  school 
est.,  3731 ;  Agricultural  Coll.  est.;  Nor- 
mal Schools  est.,  3742 ;  La.  Lottery 
officers  indicted,  3942 ;  A  ndrew  H. 
Burke,  gov.,  3992;  Indians  cede  land, 
4172;  Prohibitory  Law  constitutional, 
4292;  Universalist  State  conven.,  4461 ; 
Eli  C.  D.  Shortridge,  gov.,  4472;  Roger 
Allen,  gov.  (1895). 

- — .  Univ.  org.,  3183. 

Danville,  Va.,  Dr.  Moffett  shot.  4183. 

Eastern  R.  R.,  Eng.,  strike,  9703. 

Easthani,  Mass.,  cable  laid,  3033. 

Northern  and  Continental  collide,  3693. 
Northen,  Amos  Henry,  d.,  3301 . 

,  Wm.  J.,  gov.,  3751,4212. 

Northern  Belle  wrecked,  1813. 

Northern   Illinois    Coll.    (non-sect.)    est. 

(1854)  at  Fulton. 
Northern  ludiana  bums,  1813. 
Northern  Liang  conquered,  6131 . 

Missionary  Society  org.,  1083, 

Pacific  R.  R.  chartered,  2353.  2712; 

begun,  2713,  2773-  completed,  3153, 
5853;  wreck  ,3993;  robbery,  4183;  manage- 
ment, 4253;  bond  issue, 5893 ;t,t like, 4503; 
receivers  apjiointed,  4372;  deficit,  47ij3, 

-  R.  R.,  N.  Hamp.,  opnd..  1013,  1033. 

Northesk,  E.  of,  title  created,  885* . 

Northtield.  Mass..  coll.  students'  encamp- 
ment, 34i>2.410i  ;  Clarke  Inst,  opd.,  259' ; 
Coll.  Students'  Conf,  opens,  3622;  Bible 
Cong..3642,;i86i  ,4341.4661;  Schools  of  Re- 
ligious Workers,  4122;  Young  Women's 
Conf.,  4321,3,  4631;  W'orld's  Students* 
Conf.,  4342. 

,  Minn.,  Carleton  Coll.  org.,  2722. 

Northjleet  in  collision,  9973. 

North  Ga.  Meth.  Epis.  Conf.  fmd..  2522. 

German  Lloyd  Ss.  line  est.,  1833. 

Germany  annexed  to  Fr.,  8111;  de- 
mands union  of  S.  Ger.,  8253;  cities  de- 
clare for  union,  8272;  unity  est.,  5271 . 

Ger.  Miss.  Society  org.,  8143, 

• Confederation     fmd.,    825i  ,2  ; 

Pari,  opened,  8253. 

Holland  canal  opened,  11022. 

Northington,  Baron,  title  created,  9871 . 
,  E.  of,  lord-Iieut.,  9232. 

North  Kent  Railway,  collision.  9613. 

Little  Rock,  Ark.,  outrage,  4143. 

Northmen,  in  Greenland.  Ill;  take  Ant- 
werp, 5393;  enter  Seine,  666 1 ;  in  Paris, 
6672;  war  with  Ger.,  7701 ;  attack  Prank- 
ish kincdoms,  7721;  in  g.  Brit.,  8441; 
ravage  Eng.,  8461 . 

North  Pohit,  Md.,  battle  celebrated.  3683. 

pole,  magnetic;  discovered,  9441. 

Providence,  R.  L,  first  cotton  mill 

erected, 1041 . 

Queensland,  Australia,  diocese  est., 

4982;  see  est.;  Bp.  Stanton  elected. 9803; 
Bp.  Barlow  cons.,  10062. 

Northrup.  H.  P.,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  310*; 

transferred  to  Charleston,  3122. 
North  Sea  blocked,  6401 ;    naval  battle, 

9141 ;  vessels  wrecked,  9913. 
North  Star  returns,  9561 . 

seized,  5933. 

North  Tex.,  Female  Coll.  est.,  2963. 
Northumberland  wrecked,  9021. 

launched.  9681. 

,  Napoleon  sails  on,  7221 . 

Northumberland  kingdom.  8413;  ravaged, 

8481;  strikes,  9823;  miners  strike,  9943. 

,  D.  of,  title  created,  9152. 

,  earldom  abolished,  849 1 . 

Northumbria   Christianized,    8422  ;    con- 

quered,844l  ;revolt8,8453;/?om«nr^s.8543. 
North  li^ales  Chronicle  issued,  933i. 
Northway,  Step.  A.,  b.,  1421 ;  speech,  439*. 
Northwest  Missouri  Coll.  (Meth.  South) 

est.  (1892)  at  Albany. 

boundary,  1572,3;  settled,  1592. 


Nort-Ocal. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


135T 


Northwest  Passage  die.  9102,  9603;  expe- 
dition to,  938i. 

Preventive  and  Reformatory  Insti- 
tution fnd..  95Di. 

Texas  M.  E.  Conf.  fmd.,  2522. 

Northwestern  Baseball  Leagiiu  fmd. ,3133. 

-  Coll.  Nauiersvillo,  org.,  1^91. 
R.  K.  collision,  9053. 

Univ.,  Evanston,  111.,  org.,  1703,  fnd., 

1782;  H.  W.  Rogers,  pres.,  378i ;  library 
fnd.,  3882;  Emily  Huntington  Miller, 
prin.  Woman's  Coll..  3IK)2. 

,  Wis.,  org.,  2503. 

Northwick,  Lord,  pictures  sold,  9G4i . 

Norton,  Baron,  title  created,  9751 . 

,  Andrews,  b..98i;  works,  119i,U9i; 

d.,  1701. 

,  Caroline  Elizabeth,  b.,  9343;  d.,9822. 

,  Charles  S..  commodore,  456' . 

,  Elijah  L.,  liefeats  coinpensation,2193. 

,  Joseph,  governer  S.  C,  493, 

,  Oliver  Perry,  d.,  29Gi . 

,  S.  F.,  candidate  for  pres.,  4111 . 

Norwalk,  Conn.,  burned,  JK)a;  felt  cloth 
mnf.,  1461 ;  drawbridge  disaster,  1733. 

Norway,  Me.,  fire,  4593. 

.  (See  text,  pp.  1104,1105.)   Extradition 

treaty,  443 1 ;  conquered;  authentic  his- 
tory begins,  6352  ;  Denmark  surrenders, 
6393;  war  with  Sweden,  11341;  ceded  to 
Sweden,  11363. 

Norwegian  sailors  in  Labrador,  123  ;  in 
Newfoundland,  11031. 

Evan.  Luth.  synod  org..  Am.,  1723. 

——  Luth.  church  annual  session,  3601. 
■■~—  Lutheran  University  org.,  la.,  1991. 

Mission  Soc.  org.;  consolidated,11053. 

Norwich,  Conn.,  paper-mill  est.,  703;  anti- 
abolition  riot,  1451 ;  Backus's  gift,  4103. 

Norwich,  Eng.,  see  named,  8483 ;  cathedral 
erected,  8483,  8542;  cathedral  burned, 
8551;  plague,  8593;  fire,  8673;  Coiirant 
issued,  9043;  Weekly  Mercury  or  Prot. 
Packet  issued,  906a;  canal  and  harbor 
opd.,  9441;  Brit.  Asso.  meets,  9662;  So- 
cial Science  Asso.  meets,  9741;  Bp. 
Sheepshanks  cons.,  10102  ;  attacked, 
8701;  Blackfriars  church  erected,  8622; 
Nat.  Fisheries  Exhibition  held,  9861 . 

• ,  Vt.,  University  fnd.,  1443. 

Norwich  Postman  issued,  Eng.,  9031 . 

Norwood,  Richard,  measures  degree,  8821 . 

Nostradamus,  (Michel  de  Notredame  or 
Xostredame),  b.,  6783;  Prophetical  Cen- 
turies, Gif;i'^;  d.,  G823. 

Notes  of  an  Englishman  in  Parts,  10082. 

Nothelm,  archbp.  of  Canterbury,  8431 . 

Notium,  naval  battle  near;  10221 . 

Notley,  Thos.,  gov.  Md.,  473. 

Notman,  John,  b.,  1162;  d.  (1865). 

Notre  Dame,  Ind.,  Univ.  of,  org.,  1551 . 

Nott,  Abner  Kingman,  b.  (1834) ;  d.,  1842. 

,  Edward,  governor,  Va.,  572. 

,  Eliphalet,  b.,  78i ;  miss.,  1171;  mod- 
erator; ordained,  1183  ;  d.,  2501. 

,  Samuel,  miss,  in  Calcutta,  10563. 

,  Sir  William,  b.  (1782);  in  Afghan,  42; 

d.  (1845). 

Nottingham,  Eng.,  N.  Courant  issued;  N. 
Jour,  issued,  9043;  machinery  riots, 9352; 
Luddite  riots,  9372  ;  Brit.  Asso.  meets, 
9662;  Church  Corig. ;  Archbp.  Bagshawe 
cons.,  9742  ;  fund  for  education,  9792  ; 
miners  strike,  10031;  castle  burned,  9451 ; 
excessive  heat,  9801 ,  9821 ;  Art  Museum 
opd.,  9821 ;  Nat.  History  museum  opd., 
public  library  opd.,  9863  ;  Social  Science 
Asso.  meets,  9881. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  8831 . 

, of,  minister,  8791  ^3. 

, .    (See  Finch,  Charles.) 

Nottingham8hire,lace  mills  burned,  10093. 

Nou*^,  Francois  de  la,  b.  (1531) :  Discours, 
6*43  ;  d.  (1591). 

Noureddin  (Malek-al-Adel  Nured  din  Ma- 
homed), b.  1116-  ;  takes  Syria,  11541  •  d. 
(1173±). 

Nouvel,  Father  Henry,  at  St.  Marie,  442, 

Nouvelle  Bibliotheque  Brittannique,  7012. 

Revue,  La,  issued,  7053. 

Nouvelles  Decourertes  duns  toutes  les  Par- 
ties iBsu&d,  6931. 

Nova  Litteraria  issued,  Franconia,  8003. 

Germanise  Collecta  Hamburgi  is- 
sued, 7981. 

Helvetica  issued,  11371 . 

Maria   Batthtci  et  ^Septentrionis 

issued,  7991. 

Nova  Scotia,  Can.,  colonies  est.,  113,  271 ; 


Ft.  expelled,  570i ;  missions,  571  < ;  nam© 
changed,  8812;  patentfor,  303,332,  5713; 
restored  to Fr., 5732;  grantof,5732,8812; 
ceded  to  Fr.,  433  ;  under  Fr.  flag;  part 
of  Mass.,  532  ;  restored  to  Fr.,  55i ;  con- 
quest, 56i  ,5743  ;  surrendered,  5752  ;  emi- 
grants come,  5753  ;  disputed  claims,  673; 
Boston  troops  aid,  68 1;  exile  of  Aca- 
dians,682;  Eng.  takes,  702  ;  constitution 
grajited,  713  ;  bishopric  est.,  5763,  j>243  ; 
Bp.  Courtney  cons.,  9983  ;  Celtic  settlers, 
791 ;  legislative  assembly  fmd.;  Acadian 
Recorder;  Presb.  Church  fmd.,  577'; 
Nova  Scotian  issued,  5783 ;  Congre., 
conf.,  5801 ;  Casket  issued,  5803  ;  gold 
dis.,  5813  ;  coal  deposits  dis.,  5881 ;  gov't 
loan,  5891 ;  gales,  5901 .     (See  Acadia.) 

Novai-a,  battle  of,  5222. 

Novatian,  first  anti-pope,  10662. 

Nova  Zembla  explored,  243. 

Novello,  Vincent,  b.,  9222  ;  d.,  9042. 

Novgorod,  Rus.,  seized,  11133  ;  subjugated, 
11141 ;  invaded,  11152;  anniversary  of 
Empire,  11191 ,2  ;  monument,  11193. 

Novi,  It.,  battle  at,  5182. 

Bazar,    Bosnia,    Austrians    occupy, 

5;iOi ;  Turks  attacked,  532* . 

Novikoif,  Nikolai  Ivanovitch,  b.,  11143  j 
d.,  11163. 

No%vgong  mission,  10471 . 

Noy,  Peter  do  la,  mayor  N.  Y.,  513. 

Noyes,  Edward  FoUensbee,  b.  (1832) ;  gov- 
ernor Ohio,  2811 ;  d.,3661. 

,  Geo.  Rapall,  h.,  IO81 ;  d.,  262i . 

,  H.  A.,  election  defeated,  3732: 

,  John  Humphrey,  b.,  11G3;  d.,  3222. 

,  William  Curtis,  b.  (18a'>) ;  d.,241i. 

Nubar  Pasha,  b.  (1825) ;  minister  ;  resigns, 
6591. 

Nubia,  Afr.,  annexed  to  Egy.,  0473,  6572. 

Nubians  in  Egypt,  6541 . 

Nub-kau-Ra  (Amen-em  hat  II.)  reigns  in 
Egypt,  6473. 

Nuccoli,  Cecco,  comic  poetry,  10772, 

Nuevo  Leon,  Mex.,  insurrection  in,  10961 . 

Nugent,  Lord  George  Grenville,  b.,9243  ; 
d.,  9562. 

,  Sir  George  b.  (1757);  at  Ballinahinch, 

9281;  d.  (1849). 

Nngutfgur,  Sepoy  rebellion,  10481 . 

Nuits,  Fr.,  taken,  742i ;  Fr.  defeated,  7431 . 

Nulliiication,  ordinance  passed ;  legisla- 
tive, 1412;  message  against,  1413;  re- 
pealed in  S.  c,  1432. 

Nulty,  Thomas,  cons,  bishop,  9681 . 

NuinaPompilius,  b.-iL,  10502;  king,  10511 ; 
corrects  calendar,  10502  ;  regulates  reli- 
gious ceremonies,  10503. 

Namaiicia,  at  Alicante,  11321 . 

Numantia,  besieged;  destroyed,  10561. 

Numantine  War,  10561 ,  11251 . 

Numericanus,  Marcus  Aurelius,  appointed 
Augustus,  reigns  ;  murdered,  10672. 

Numidia,  war  with  Rome,  81 ;  Jugurthine 
War,  10561;  reduced,  10581;  a  Roman 
province,  IO6II ;  united  to  Afr.,  10613. 

Numismatic  CAr(»iic/c,  9491 . 

Numismatical  Society  founded,  949' . 

Nuncomar,  bribery,  10453, 

Nu5ez,  Alvarez,  b.-d.,  11263;  conquers 
Paraguay,  11051 ;  at  Callao,  IIO81 , 

,  Pedro,  b.-<l.,  11092. 

,  Rafael,  pres.,  6292  ;  A,  6282. 

,  Vasco.    (See  Balboa,  V.  N.) 

,  Vela  Blasco  de,  viceroy,  23i ;  k.,  22i . 

Nuns,  eligible  to  teach,  3882  ;  dress  op- 
posed in  public  schools, 452i, 4681,4742  ; 
exemptfrom  court, 5882;  excluded  from 
Fr.  schools,  7553  j  expelled  from  con- 
vents, Ger.,  8O51 .    (See  Convents.) 

Nuova  Antoloyia  issued,  10883. 

(tiomale  Botnnico  issued,  10883. 

Revista  Intemazionale  issued,  10901. 

Nur-ed-din,  b.-d.,  11543. 

Nuremberg,  Ger.,  fnd., 7753;  independent, 
7793;  parchment  factory,  7822  ;  in  civil 
war,  7842  ;  center  of  literature,  7851 ;  1st 
metal  type ;  Bible  printed  ;  Gazette,  7871 ; 
center  of  art,  7882;  accepts  reforniatif)n, 
7891;  religious  peace  of,  7912;  Gymna- 
sium iEgidianum  removed,  7931 ;  obser- 
vatory est.,  7963  ;  annexed  to  Bav.,8092; 
l8tR.K.,814i;  occupied,  8242;  riot,8323. 

Nur-Ramman,  kin^  of  I^arsam,  11393. 

Nurse,  Rebecca,  witch,  hanged,  531 . 

Nus,  Eugene,  b.  (1816) ;  Miss  Multon,  7371 ; 
d.  (1894). 

Nusseer  Khan,  defeated;  routs  Afghans., 
besieged,  5381;  assassinates  brother, 
G383  ;  enthroned ;  d.,  5391 . 


Nutt,  Col.,  murder  of,  3131. 

,  Cyrus,  b.  (1814)  ;  d.,  28t?i . 

,  S.,  erects  forge  in  Pa.,  58i . 

Nuttall,  Enos,  cons,  bishop,  9862. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  98i ;  d.,  1842. 

Nuvum,  colony  at,  10533. 
Nuyts,  Peter,  surveyor,  3941 . 
Nyack,  N.  Y.,  locusts,  4561 ;  fire,  4752. 
A^//a7isa  collides  with  Curfew,  6613. 
Nyberg,  Julia  Christina, "b.  (1785) ;  Poems* 

11362;  d.  (1854). 
Nye,  Jas.  Warren,  b.  (1814) ;  gov.,  Nev. 

2032;  d.,2921. 
Nyegush,  Petrovicht,  b.  (1813) ;  enthroned, 

10971 ;  d.  (1851). 
Nye  Tidender  issued,  0383. 


O. 

Oadney,  Dr.,  crosses  Sahara,  9402. 

Oakboys  organized,  9171 . 

Oakes,  James,  b.,  1342. 

Oak,  Fairlop,  blown  down,  9401 . 

Oak  Grove,  Va.,  Confeds.  repulsed,  2091 . 

Oakland,  Cal.,  Chinese  mission  ,  2962;  In- 
stitution for  Deaf,  Dumb,  Blind  est., 
2551 ;  Chabot  Observ.  gift,  324i ;  railway 
accident,  3593;  mieinployed  men,  4562. 

Oakley,  Sir  C,  governor,  10453. 

Oaks  races  begin,  Eng.,  9213. 

Gates,  Titus,  b.,  88O2  ;  revelations  of,  8943, 
8951;  fined,  8971;  released,  pensioned, 
8993-  d.,  9022. 

,  William  C,  b.,  1442  :  gov.  Ala.,  4573. 

4771,4793. 

Oath  Act,  G.  B.,  for  Hebrews,  9651 . 

of  Office  Bill,  **  Iron-clad,"   passes, 

2112;  repealed,  3172. 

Oaths  Bill  passes,  9552. 

of  clergy, 8982. 

Oaxaca,  or  Oajaca,  Mex,,  taken,  10961 . 

Obadiah,  prophet,  11462. 

Obaldia,  vice-pres.,  629 1. 

Obando,  Francisco  de,  governor,  6053. 

,  J086  Maria,  b.  (1797) ;  pres.,  6291 ;  d. 

(1861). 

Obeidullah,  ruler;  murdered,  5492. 

Obelisk,  shipped  from  Alexandria,  304i; 
in  Central  Park,  3061,  6841;  examined, 
3501.    (See  London,  Paris.) 

Obelisks,  in  Egypt,  64Gi . 

Ober-Ammergau,  Bav.,  Passion  PI  ay, 704^. 

Oberkampf,  Christoph  Philipp,  b.  (1738) ; 
invents  printing  machine,  8041 ;  d.  (1815). 

Oberlin,  O  ,  Coll.  fnd.,  143i ;  robbery,  4743. 

,  Jean  Fr^d^ric,  b.,  7002  ;  d.,  7242. 

Oberon,  opera,  appears,  8121 . 

Obes,  Julio  Herreray,  Pres.  Uruguay, 
11603. 

Obligado,  D.  Pastor,  gov.,  491' ,  2. 

Obold,  city  treas.,  accounts  short,  4222. 

Obotrittii,  on  shores  of  Baltic  Sea,  11132, 

Obregon,  Juan  de,  gov.,  6302. 

Obrenovitch,Milo8en,  rules  Servia;  prince; 
abdicates,  11232,3. 

O'Brien,  Connor,  defeats  Turlough,  8501. 

,  Cornelius,  cons,  archbp.,  5i32. 

,  Donald,  l<mnds  cathedral,  8522. 

,  Fitz  James,  b.  (1828) ;  d..  2072. 

,  Col.  H.  T.,  murdered,  22i-)2. 

,  Jer.,  b.,  642  ;  captain,  8I2  ;  d.  1262. 

,  Patrick,  wounde<l,   1(J003  ;   arrested, 

10051. 

,  Thomas,  escapes  from  keeper,  4043. 

(Fenian),  executed,  9711. 

,  William,  b.  (1852);  in  N.  Y.,  3711;  in 

Can.,  5851;  agitator,  9883;  trial  9951, 
10003,  10051;  imprisoned,  9971,  10003, 
10071 ;  testimony,  9993  ;  at  Cork,  10003  ; 
riot;  at  Castlerea;  in  Manchester, 
10003;  sentenced,  1001 1, 3;  sails  for  N. 
Y.,  10013. 

, ,  When  We  were  Boys,  10043, 

, Smith,  b.,   9323  ;   leader,  9633  ; 

contempt,  9532  ;  arrested  ;  trial ;  trans- 
ported,  9552;  d.,9681;  statue,  9741. 

O'Bryan,  William,  founds  Bible  Christian 
Soc,  9371. 

Observationes  selectatetc.,  issued,  799i . 

Observations  sur  les  Scrits  Mode7mes,G&9^. 

Observations  sur  la  Litt^-rature,  7012. 

Observateur  Litteraire  L\  issued,  7632. 

Ocala,  Fla.,  negroes  lynched,  4043. 

O'Calla^han,  Edmund  Bailey,  b.  (1797); 

,  Col.,  tenants  evicted,  997i . 

,  Henry,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  9982. 

,  Mr.,  in  duel,  9392. 


1358 


Text  Figures  denott  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


Ocal-Ohio. 


O'Callaghan,  Thomas,  cons.  bp.  9922. 
Ocampo,  Sebastian  de,  b.  (1495±)  ;  around 

Cuba,  163;  dig.  Havana,  6313. 
OcaQa,  Sp.,  Spanish  defeat,  7181 . 
Ocean,  or  Ockhani,  William  of,  b.-d.,  8542. 
Occasional  Conformity  Bill  passed,  9062. 
Occleve,  Thos.,  b.nl.,  8582  ;  work,  8603. 
Occoqu.an,  Va.,  Federals  captured  at,  2163. 
Occum,  Samson,  b.  (1723±) ;  Indian  miss., 
643  ;    ordained,  723  ;    promotes  Indian 
schools,  743;  d.  (1792). 
Ocean  loaded  with  stone,  1251 , 
Ocean  Grove, N.  J.,  Asso.org., 2682;  baby 
parade,  3891 ;  camp-meeting,  3902;  Bible 
Conference,  4341 ;  Auditorium  opd., 4641  ■ 
anniversary,    4661 ;    King's    Sons    and 
Daughters  Convention,  4662. 
Ocean  Monarch  burned,  1653,  9553. 
Ocean  Port,  N.  J.,  railroad  accident,  2973. 
Oceanic  record,  3473. 
Oceanus,  explosion  on,  2773 
Ocean  IVave  burns,  1733. 

collides,  1813. 

explodes,  2753. 

Ocellus,  b.,  10211. 
Ochomogo,  revolt  quelled,  6309. 
Ochus.    (See  Artaxerxes.) 
Ockley,  action  at,  8441 . 

,  Simon,  b.,  8942  ;  d.  (1720). 

0*Coigley,  James,  executed,  9292. 
O'Connell,  Daniel,  b.,  9191 ;  in  duel,  9372  ; 
in  Pari.,  9433,9452,  9551 ;  repaal  motion, 
9472  ;  mayor,  9512  ;  at  Trim,  953' ,  deci- 
sion revised ;  imprisoned ;  addresses, 
9532  ;  d.,  9542  ;  statue,  9662,  9901 ;  mon- 
ument ;  burned  in  efligy,  9672. 
O'Connor,  Arthur,  b.,  9163  ;  trial  of,  9292  ; 
threatens  queen,  9771  ;  d.  (1852). 

,  Connor  MacCormack, beheaded,  8711. 

,  Dennis,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  .5902. 

,  Feargus  Edward,  b.,  9283  ;  d.,  9603. 

,  Richard  A.,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  5862. 

,  Police  Captain  ;  trial,  4622,  4563. 

,  Thomas  Power,  b.  (1848) ;  Irish  dele- 
gation arrives,  371 1 . 

,  William  Douglas,  b.  (1833);  d.,  3382. 

O'Conor,  Charles,  b.,  1122  ;  nom.  forpres.  ; 

declines  ;  pop.  vote,  2792  ;  d.,  3162. 
Octal  Khan,  ruler  Bokhara,  5491 . 
Octavia,  b.  (42 1);  murdered,  10633. 
Octavian.    (See  Augustus.) 
Octaviua,  Marcus  Cnfeus,  deposed,  10571 ; 

consul,  10S73. 
October  Club  org.,  Eng.,  905' . 
Octroi    Duties    Abolishment     Bill,    Fr., 

passes,  7652J  abolished,  Belg.,  5452. 
Odawara  capital,  10913. 
Odd  Fellows,  order  instituted,  1271  •  Sov- 
ereign Grand  Lodge  meets,  2743;  day  at 
World's   Fair,    4383  ;    statistics,    4463  ; 
Home  dedicated,  4703. 
Odel,  Anders,  Sinclairsvisa ,  11351 . 
Odell,  Moses  Fowler,  b.  (1818);  d.,  2521 . 
Oden,  mission,  11242. 

Odenathus,  against  Sapor,  1066 1 ;    recog- 
nized, 10672;  d.,  4831. 
Odenheimer,   William    Henry,    b.,   1262  ; 

cons,  bp.,  2862  ;  d.,  3022. 
Odessa,  Rus.,  bombarded,  9581;  Hetieria 
Philike  est.,   10363  ;  Univ.  fnd.,  11183  ; 
Nihilists  riots,  11191 ;  martial  law,  11212. 
Odg;er,  Geo.,  pres.  Inter.  W.M.  A9SO.,9672. 
Odoaeer,  King,  b.,  10702;  overthrows  em- 
pire, 7693,  7681 ;  peace  with  Theodoric, 
7693  ;  takes  Rome,  10701 ;  near  Aquileia, 
10301;  k.,  7693. 
O'Doherty,  J.  Keys,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  10042. 
Odometers  improved,  8941 . 
O'Donnell,  Henry  Joseph,  Count  of  Abis- 
bal,  b.-d.,  11302. 

,  Leopold,   Count   of    Lucena,    b.-d., 

11303 ;  takes  Tetuan  ;  in  Pampeluna ; 
retires  to  France;  leads  revolt  in  Ma- 
drid, 11301. 

,  Chief,  defeats  O'Neill,  8721 . 

,  Frank  H.,  suspended  in  H.  C,  9893. 

,  Hugh,  arrested,  4142. 

,  Patrick,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  9983. 

, ,  shoots  J .  Carey  ;  executed,  991 1 . 

O'Donoju,  Juan,  b.-d.,  10961 ;  signs  treaty, 

10963. 
O'Donovan,  Henry  W.,  d.,  10022. 

,  John,  d.,  9642. 

Oilontological  Society  formed,  9602. 
■  O'Dwyer,  Edward  T.,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,9962; 
attacks  John  Dillon,  10043. 
Otlj/l,  asteroid,  discovered,  8I6I . 
Odysseus  in  Trojan  war,  10141 . 
'  CEcolampadius,  Job.,  b.,  7862  ;  d.,  7902. 


Oeder,  Geore  Ludwig,  b.,  8OO2  ;  d.,  804s. 
(Edipus,  mytn  of  ;  answers  riddle,  10132  , 

K.  of  Thebes,  10133. 
Oehlenschliiger,  Adam  Gottlob,  b.,  6382  ; 

works,  6391 ,  6103  ;  d.,  6403. 
O^nophyta,  Ga.,  action  at,  10191 . 
ffinotria,  ancient  name  for  Italy,  10133. 
(Euotrus.    (See  Magna  Graicia,  10133.) 
Oersted,  Anders  Sandiie,  b.,  6382;  d.,  6403. 

,  Hans    Christian,    b.,    6382  ;  electro- 

niiignetic  action  ;  on  magnetic  needle, 
6381;  d.,  6403. 
Oeser,  or  Oser,  Adam  Friedrich,  b.,  7983  ■ 

d.,  8063. 
Oetinger,  Friedrich  Christoph,  b.,  7983  ; 

d.,  8042. 
Oettinger,  Eduard  M.,  b.,  8083  ;  d.,  8282. 
O'Farrell,    Michael    Joseph,    b.    (1832)  ; 
consecrated  Rom.  Catb.  bishop,  3082. 

,  shoots  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  4982. 

Ofen.    (See  Buda.) 

O'Ferrall,  Charles  T.,  b.,  1622  ;  gov.  Va., 

437' ,  4793  ;  oyster  question,  4632. 
Otfa,  conquers  Kent,  8421 ;  gift,  8442. 
Oifenbach,  Jacques,  b.,  7223;  d.,  7522. 
Offenburg,  Baden,  Fr.  defeated,  7981 . 
Office  seeKers  struggle,  1372. 
Official  corruption  prosecution,  Fr.,  7652. 
Ofterdingen,  Heinrich  von,  b.-d.,  7782. 
Og;,  King,  defeated,  11401 . 
Ogdai,  Mongol  leader,  6133  ;  d.,  6142. 
Ogden,  Utah,  Meth.  Univ.  est.,  3743;  Sem- 
inary of,  org.,  2782. 

,  Aaron,  gov.  N.  J.,  1193;  d.,  1502. 

— -,  John,  b.,  1321. 

,  Matthias,  on  Staten  Island,  87 1 ;  d. 

(1781). 

College,  Ky.,  organized,  2963, 

Ogdensburg  collides  with  Atlantic,  1713. 
Ogdensburg,  N.   Y.,  surrenders,  941 ;  at- 
tempted capture,  1182  ;  taken  by  Brit., 
1201 ;  R.  c.  diocese  est.,  2802. 
Og^,  Jacques  Vincent,  b.  (1755±)  ;  leads 

revolt  in  Haiti,  IOW1 ;  d.  (1791). 
Ogi^ron  de  la  Boufere,  Bertrand  Denis  d', 
b.  (1615) ;  plants  colony,  10401 ;  d.  (1675). 
Oggione,  Marco,  b.,  10783  ;  d.,  108U3. 
Ogi,  Tokato,  b.-d.,  10912. 
Ogilby,  John,  b.,  8762  ;  d.,  8942. 
Ogilvie,  John,  b.,  9082  ;  d.,  9362. 
Ogle,  Sam., gov.  Md.,  632,3, 672;  d.(1751). 
Oglesby,  Richard  James,   b.,   1321  ;  gov. 

III.,  2,511,2851,  3233. 
Oglethorpe,  James  Edward,   b.,  9002  ;  at 
Augusta,  621 ;  organizes  Ga.  colony, 631 ; 
friendly  to  Indians,  631 ,  2  ;  grants  Ga., 
632  ;  returns  to  America,  633  ;   at  St. 
Augustine ;  invades  Fla.  ;  protects  col- 
onists, &41;  closes  administration,  652  ; 
meets  Indian  chiefs,  653;  d.,  9223. 
Ogobomoshaw,  mission  at,  11613. 
O'Gorman,  Mahon,    James   Patrick,    d., 
10061. 

,  Purcell,  d.,  9982. 

O'Grady,  D.,  commits  murder,  4482. 
Ogulnian  law  passed,  10533. 
Ogyges,  deluge  of,  IOI31 ;  reigns,  10133. 
O'Hagan,  Baron,  title  created,  9751. 

,  Lord  Thomas,  lord  chancellor,  9732, 

9862;  d.,  9941. 

,  John,  d.,  10041. 

Oham,  British  ally,  600'. 
O'Hara,  Wm.,  b.  (1816+) ;  cons,  bp.,  2622. 
0*IBgffins  renamed,  6O6I. 
O'Higgins,  Gen.  Bernardo,  b.  (1776) ;  dic- 
tator, resigns,  6071 ;  d.  (1842). 
Ohio,  Fr.  settle,  463,  592;  Fr.  territory  by 
treaty  of  Ryswick,  551 ;  route  opd.,  592; 
Delawares  enter,  612  ;  French  est.,  6O1 ; 
claimed  by  Eng.  ;  occupied,  653;  Ohio 
Co.,  672,3,993;  possession  disputed, 672, 
682  ;  Fr,  and  Indian  allies  in  ;  Washing- 
ton's mission,  692  ;  valley  settled,  693  ; 
liquor  traffic,  731 ;  ceded  by  Fr.  to  Eng., 
733;  Bouquet's  exped.,  741 ;  o.  country 
annexed  to  Can.  by  Pari.  (1765)  ;  Zane 
family,  773  ;  Indian  war,  78 1 ;  Cincinnati 
fnd.,  933,  1013  ;  Clark's  expedition,  943; 
Indians  massacred,  943,  951 ;  Va.  cedes 
her  claim,  972  ;  Valley  inspected  ;  tem- 
porary gov't.,  973  ;  Northwest  ter.  org., 
992  ;  Marietta  fnd.,  1013  ;  Arthur  St. 
Clair,  gov.,  1011,  1032;  war  with  Indians, 
1021  + ;  The  /Sentinel  est., 10*3 ;  Dayton  laid 
out,  1063;  First  Cong,  ch.,  1062  ;  "  West- 
ern Reserve  "  first  occupied,  1072;  Cleve- 
land and  Chillicothe  fnd.,  1073  ;  A.D. 
1800 +;  State  admitted;  Chillicothe 
capital ;  Chas.  W.  Bird,  gov. ;  admitted. 


1113;  Edward  Tiffin,  gov.,  1132;  O.  Univ. 
est.,  1131 ;  Thos.  Kirker,  gov.,  1152;  Sam. 
Huntingdon,  gov..  1153  ;  Return  Jona- 
than  Meigs,  gov.  (1810-14)  ;  Zanesville, 
capital  (1811) ;  Columbus  laid  out,  1193  ; 
Gen.  Harrison  commands  Army  of  the 
West,   1202+ ;  M.  E.   conf.   find.,  1211; 
steamboats   Intro.,   1213  ;  Presb.  synod 
find.,  1232;  Othniel  Looker,  gov. ;  Thos. 
Worthingham.gov.,  1233  ;  State  Library 
est.  ;  Appeal  issued,  125 1 ;  P.  E.  diocese 
org.,  1263;  Evan.  Luth.  Joint  synod  org., 
1263,  1282;  Ethan  A.  Brown,  gov.,  1272  ; 
wine  mnf.,  1301 ;  p.  E.  dioceseof  Cincin- 
nati find.,  1303;  Jer.  Morrow.gov.,  1313: 
Allen  Trimble,  gov.,  1312, 1362  ;  Miami 
Univ.  est.,  1321 ;  Western  Reserve  Presb. 
Synod  fmd.,  1323  ;  Franklin  Coll.,  Ken- 
yon  Coll.  est.,  1331 ;   Univ.  State  conven. 
org.,  1343  ;  Western   Reserve  Coll.  est., 
1351;  Lane  Theo.  Sem.  est.,  137i;  Mor- 
mon   ch.  org.,  1383,  1402  ;  Duncan  Mc- 
Arthur,  gov.,   1392  ;  flood,  1401,  2541  ; 
Robt.  Lucas,  gov.,  1412;  St.  Xavier  Coll. 
est.,  1403,  1423;  Denison  Univ.  est.,  1403, 
1523  ;  archbishopric  of  Cincinnati  est., 
1422  ;  Oberlin  Coll.  est.,  1431 ;  Marietta 
Coll.  est.,  1443  ;  Richmond  Coll.  (18,'!6) ; 
O.  Eldership  of  Church  of  God  org.;  gen. 
synod  of  E.Ohio,  Evan.  Luth.,  est.,  1422; 
Ohio  Canal  opd.,  1463  ;  Joseph   Vance, 
gov.,  1472  ;  Muskingum   Coll.  est.,  1491 ; 
North  O.  Meth.  Epis.  Conf.  fmd.,  1503  ; 
Wilson  Shannon,  gov.,  1512,1553;  Thos. 
Corwin,  gov.,  1531 ;  O.    Wesleyan   Univ. 
est. ;  Cincinnati  Wesleyan  Coll.,  155i ; 
first   R.    R.    completed    (Cincinnati    to 
Springfield,  1812) ;  Wittenberg  Coll.  est.. 
1583;  Evang.Luth.,  gen.  synod  of  Miami, 
est.,  1582;  Thos.  W.  Bartley,  gov.;  Mor- 
decai  Bartley,  gov.,  1592  ;  Mount  Union 
Coll.,  1611 ;  Wm.  Bebb,  gov.,  1613  ;  gen. 
synod  of  Wittenberg,  Evang.Luth.,  est., 
1623;  Farmer's  Coll.  and  Ooerlin  Univ. 
est.,  1631 ;  Otterbein    Univ.,  1632  ;  Ohio 
Central  Coll.,Oxford  Coll.  est.,  1663;  Sea- 
bury  Ford.gov.,  1671 .  A.D.  1850+.  Cap- 
ital Univ.,  Heidelberg  Coll.  est.,  1683; 
Reuben  Wood,  gov.,  1692;  Cinn.  M.  E. 
Conf.org.,  1702  ;  Cong.  Asso.  of  O.  org.; 
Western  Unit.  c<mf.  org.,  1702;  constitu- 
tion amended  ;  license  laws  forbidden  ; 
Urbana  Univ.  est.,  1703;  railroads  opd.  ; 
Columbus  to  Zeiiia  (1850) ;  Cleveland  to 
Columbus  (1861) ;  Cleveland  toPillsbury 
(1862);  Cleveland  to  Toledo  (1863);  Wheel- 
ing, W.  Va.,  to  Columbus  (1864) ;  Pro- 
gressive   Friends    org.,    1722 ;    Antioch 
Coll.  est.,  1723;  freshet,  1781 :  Central O. 
M.  E.Conf.  org.,  1782;  Wm.Medill,  gov., 
1743;  Baldwin  Univ.  est.,  1802;  Salmon 
P.Chascgov.,  1812;  HillsboroColl.  est., 
1823;  Mount  Unionest.,1843;Willouglihy 
Coll.  est.,   1863,  2503  ;  wheat  crop  lie- 
stroyed,  1853;  Wm.  Denni8on,gov.,  1903; 
regiments  for  defense  of  Wash. ;  depart- 
ment of  O.  created.  1942,  2121 ;  Soldiers' 
Aid  Soc.  find.,  1943  ;  appropriation  for 
regiments  ;  volunteers*  debts  exempt  ; 
surplus  of    10  regiments    voted,  2032  ; 
State    Univ.    est.,  2111;    Kirby    Smith 
threatens  Cincinnati,  2123;  David  Tod, 

fov.,  2173  ;  C.  L.  Vallandigham  opposes 
.incoln,  2213±  ;  Lincoln's  reply  to  Ohio 
Committee  ;  Vallandigham  nom.  for 
gov.,  2233;  Wilberforce  Univ.  est.,  2252; 
Gen.  Morgan  captured,  2261 ;  Nat.  Guard 
oifers  services,  2322;  Ger.  Wallace  Coll. 
est.,  2342;  John  Brough,  gov.,  2413; 
Chas.  Anderson,  gov.,  2511;  One  Study 
(Scio)  Coll.,  2543;  Jacob  Dolson  Cox. 
gov.,  2563  ;  rejects  negro  suffrage. 
2662  ;  ratifies  14th  AmentT,  2572  ;  with- 
dra»-n,  2633;  Hiram  Coll.,  Scio  Coll., 
est.,  2583  ;  Univ.  of  Wooster  est.,  2623  ; 
Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  gov.,  2652,  2893, 
2951;  Univ.  of  Cincinnati  est.,  2702,  2722; 
Wilmington  Coll.,  2722  ;  Miami  Valley 
Coll.,  Buchtel  Univ.,  2771 ;  Edward  F. 
Noyes,  gov.,  2811;  .state  Univ.  ;  St.  Jo- 
seph's Coll.  est.,  2823  ;  Christian  Tem- 
perance crusade,  2843;  revised  constitu- 
tion rejected,  2851 ;  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  fmd.,  2862;  Univ.  of 
Cincinnati  org., 2863;  license  amend,  re- 
jected, 2871;  Wm.  Allen,  gov.,  2873; 
Ashland  Coll.,  Hebrew  Union  Coll.  est., 
2883  ;  Southern  O.  diocese  org.,  2902  ; 
East  O.  Meth.  Epis.  Conf.  fmd.,  2903 ; 


Ohio  -Onea. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INUllrA.,        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1359 


Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Coll.;  Rio 
Grande  Coll.  est.,  "iD'ia;  Thus.  L.  Young, 
gov.,  2973;  Free  Meth.  Conf.  org.,  3002  ; 
Ctevfiand  Prf.8s ;  Ashland  (Bapt.)  Coll. 
est.,  3003;  KichardM.  Bishop,  gov., 3012; 
Chas.  Foster,  gov.,3052 ;  ttoods,  2Mi  ,312i , 
3161.  A.B.  1880i.  CentralO.  Coll.  est., 
3123;  Scott  liquor  law  passed,  3171 ;  Geo. 
Hoauley,  gov.,  3193  ;  Prohibitory  Con- 
stitutional Amend,  adopted,  3171 ;  water- 
spout at  Zenia,  3221 ;  tornado,  8222  ; 
Board  of  Health  est.,  323 1;  Dow  Law 
enacted,  3251 ;  Findlay  Coll.  est.  (Church 
of  God),  (1886)  ;  Jos.  Benson  Foralier, 
gov.,  3252  ;  Shepardson  Coll.  est.,  3283  ; 
gas  dis.,  3321 ;  Sunday  liquor-law,  3331 ; 
K.  R.  atrilie  ;  White  Caps,  3332 ;  Epworth 
League  org.,  3402;  ,Jos.  IJ.  Foraker  noin. 
for  gov., 3412  ;  James  E.  Campbellnom. 
for  gov.,  3451,  3873  ;  Ohio  River  and 
Lake  Erie  connected,  ;M73  ;  lieut.-gov. 
unseated,  3532  ;  R.  ij.  accidents,  3533, 
4433,  4513;  senate  deadlock,  3532;  K.  C. 
Educational  Union  est.,  3i>02  ;  Labor 
Day,  legal  holiday  ;  James  E.  Campbell, 
gov. ,3751  ;\V.McKinley,.Jr  ,nom.forgov., 
3872,4312;  Nat.  People's  Party  org.,3872: 
John  Seitz  nora.  for.gov.,  3892  ;  Central 
States  Unitarian  conf.  org  ,  3961 ;  train 
held  up,  4002;  Wm.  Jlclvinley,  Jr.,  in- 
aug.,  4212,  4793;  great  miners*  strike, 
4291;  liquor-dealers  in  politics,  4343  ; 
Lawrence  T.  Neal  nom,  for  gov.,  435*  ; 
miners  out  of  work,  4511,3;  Paige  for- 
gery, 4542 ;  unemployed  seize  train,  4582 ; 
female  suffrage  in  school  elections,  4592; 
mines  -eopd. ;  Holcomb  law  valid,  4633; 
Am.  railway  union  men  dismissed,  4662; 
Populists  and  Labor  Party  combine, 
4692  ;  county  commissioners  indicted, 
4723  ;  popular  election  of  senators  fa- 
vored ;  free-silver  plank  adopted,  4731 . 

Ohio,  Army  of,  Schofleld  commands,2322,3. 

Canal  opened,  1453. 

State  Univ.  est.  (1870),  Columbus. 

University  est.  (1804).  at  Athens. 

Ohlmuller,  Jos.  Daniel,  b.,  8043;  d.,8143. 

Ohm,  Georg  Simon,  b.,  8043  ;  Ohm's  law 
discovered,  8121 ;  d.,  8201 . 

Ohnet,  Georges,  b.  (1848) ;  works,  7523, 
7562. 

Ohod,  battle  of,  4841 . 

Oil  City,  Pa.,  fire,  4093. 

Oilioll,  King,  killed,  8401 . 

Oimara  wins  contest,  9733, 

Ojeda,  .\lonzo  de,  b.,  11263;  expeditions, 
151,2,6282;  in  Colombia,  173;  inVenez., 
11601;  grant,  6282;  d.   1514  or  1516). 

Ojibway  Missions  under  Wesleyans, 5782. 

Ojin  reigns,  10912. 

Okad  Fair,  4833. 

O'Kane,  James,  b.,  1502. 

O'Keechobee  Lake,  Fla.,  drainage  of, 
3133. 

O'Keefe,  John,  b.,  9122  ;  d.,  9462. 

O'Kelley,  Irish  agitator,  9883. 

,  James,  b.  (1735)  ;  secedes,  1043  ■  d. 

(1826). 

Oken,  Lorenz,  b.,  8042  ;  d.,  8181. 

Okl-Machi  reigns,  10913. 

Oklahoma,  negroes  shot,  3822  ;  Indians 
expelled,  3013  ;  closed  to  settlers,  3033  ; 
martial  law,  3332;  open  to  settlers, 3392; 
*'  boomers  "  driven  out,  3361  j  lands 
ceded,  3371,  2;  commission  appointed, 
3391  ;  Guthrie  laid  out,  3393;  municipal 
gov't  org.,  3392;  Geo.  W.  Steele,  gov. 
(1891)  ;  iron  ore  dis.,  3421 ;  territorial 
conven., 3431 ;  Okla.  Town  Site  Bill,  3513, 
3531,  3653,  4492;  many  negro  settlers, 
a522;  Temporary  Gov't  Bill,  3632,  3551 ; 
Cherokee  strip  entered,  3553  ;  1st  terri- 
torial election,  3652  ;  sufferers  relieved, 
3662,  3671;  capital  at  Okla.  City,  3692  ; 
famine ;  seed  wheat  furnished,  3693  ; 
Univ.  located,  3743:  women  admitted  to 
public  officw,  .3823 ;  (Sherokee  gtrip  closed, 
3893,3913;  Indian  lands  opd.,3932;  state 
conven.  meets,  3972  ;  Indian  Messiah 
dance, 4142;  Abraham  J.  Seay,  gov. ,4212; 
tornado,  4261,4281,450';  Indians  cede 
lands,  4311;  statehood  conven.,  4351, 
4371 ;  outlaw  fight,  4.363  ;  Cherokee  strip 
open,  4391 ;  blizzard,  4501 ;  Indians  fight, 
VA3,  4.562;  train  robbers.  4363  ;  outlaws 
trouble,  457 1 ,  4582,4603 ,4642,3, 4651 ,4663, 
4722,  4792  ;  divorce  suits,  4603  ;  sand- 
storm, 4741  ;  Wm.  C.  Renfrew,  gov.,  4793. 

•Okolona,  Tenn.,  Beauregard  at,  2082. 


Okrika,  mission  at,  11613. 

Okubo,  Juzammi  T.,  b.,  10912;  k.^  10922. 

Okunio,  Skighenobu,  b.,  1U912. 

Olaechea,  Francisco  <le,  governor,  6302. 

Olaf  1.,  Swe.j  reigns,  ll(»5i ;  expelled  from 
Sweden;  d.,  IKMi. 

II.,  reigns,  1105 1 ;  promotes  Christian- 
ity, IIO52  ;  d.,  11041. 

III.,  the  Quiet,  reigns,  IIO51. 

IV.,  reigns,  11051. 

v.,  reigns,  11051. 

— —  Skotkonung,  intro.Christianity, 11331 . 

Olafser,  Eggert,  b. ;  works  ;  d.,  10423. 

Olaneta,  Gen.,  wounded,  5501 . 

Olathe,  Kan.,  Institute  for  Deaf,  Dumb, 
and  Blind  established,  2503. 

,  Mo.,  action  at,  2011. 

O'Laughlin,  Michael,  assassin  of  Lincoln, 
2431 ;  2482. 

Olaus  IV.  the  Hungry,  enthroned,  6353. 

v.,  reigns,  6372. 

Olbers,  Heinrich  \Vm.  Matthias,  b.,  8023; 
discovers  asteroids,  80G2;  d.,  8143. 

Olcott,  H.  S., advocates  Theosophical  Soc, 
2902;  lectures,  2923;  presides,  10061. 

Old  and  New  magazine  est.,  2703. 

Old  Believers  expelled  from  Poland,  11143. 

Old  Calabarj  mission  at,  11613. 

Oldcastle,  Sir  John,  L.  Cobham,  b.-d., 
8.582;  insurrectionist;  escapes;  hanged, 
8622,8631. 

Old  Catholics  org.;  cong.,  8262,3,  8283;  1st 
synod;  church  in  Berlin;  elect  first  Ger. 
bp.,  8283;  nieet  at  Berne;  at  Geneva, 
11382  ;  excluded  from  R.  decree,  6322. 

Colony  R.  R.  officials  sentenced,  4362, 

Czechs,  leaders  retire,  6343  ;  a^jree- 

ment  with,  8333. 

Olden,  Charles  Smith,  b.  (1799);  gov.  N.J., 
1903;  d.,  2902. 

Oldenburg,  Ger.,  ruled  by  counts,  7753; 
annexed  to  Den.,  7853;  house  of,  reigns, 
6373;  ruled  by  Denmark,  7973;  resigned; 
a  duchy,  8052;  Peter  Fred.,  D.,  8053;  in 
conf ed.  of  Rhine,  8093 ;  Fr.  gains,  811 1 ; 
receives  Birkenfeld,  8113  ;  treaty  with 
Prus.,  8252;  restored,  7212;  gains  terr., 
8113;  Augustus,  grand  D.,  8152 ;  new 
constitution,  8191 ;  in  tariff  union;  Peter, 
grand  D.,  8193;  in  North  Ger.  Confeder- 
ation; treaty  with  Prus.,  8252. 

Ford  Station,  R.  R.  collision,  9893. 

Guard,  64th  amuv.,  N.  V.,  3561 . 

Oldham,  Eng.,  strike,  9811,  10103;  cotton- 
workers  strike,  9831;  cotton-weavers 
strike,  9943;  wages  raised,  10073. 

,  John,  banished,  31 2 ;  in  Me.,  322 ;  mur- 
dered, 34 1. 

, ,  b.,  8882;  d.,  8962. 

Old  Lights,  contention  with,  65i . 

Oldmixon.  John,  b.,  8922;  d.,  9103. 

Oldric,  duke,  5032. 

Old  River,  La.,  Confederates  defeated, 
2183. 

Old  Sarum,  Eng.,  captured,  840< . 

St.  Mary's,  Md.,  Calvert  monument, 

3841 . 

Olds,  Gamaliel  Smith,  b.  (1777);  d.,  1641 . 

Testament,  revised,  3203,  9922. 

Oldtown,  Wis.,  Father  John,  miss.,  1642. 
Olearius,  or  OlschlSger,  Adam,  b.,  7922; 

d.,  7963. 
O'Leary,  pedestrian,  record,  9833. 
Oleg,  reigns,  11133;  takes  Sniolensh,  11131 , 
Olen  flourished,  I0132. 
Oleomargarine,  special  tax,    3233,   3252; 

original  packages  ;  law  void,  3733. 
Olga  wrecked,  8321. 
Olga,  baptized;  fnds.  Rus.  church,  III31 ; 

regent,  11133  ;  d.,  11131. 
Olid,  Cristoval  de,   b.  (1487±);  in  Hondu- 
ras, 182;  d.  (ISfiA). 
Olier  de  Verneuil,  Jean  Jacques,  b.,  6862  ; 

forms  company,  5723 ;  d.,6902. 
Oligarchy,  expelled  from   Rome,   1051 2  ; 

governs  Venice,  10773. 
Olin,  Abram  Baldwin,  b.  (1808);  d.,  3022. 

,  Stephen,  b.,  1062;  d.,  1682. 

Olinda,  Bra.,  taken,  24i,554i;  slaves  for, 

323;  colony  at,  332;  Dutch  yield,  5541. 
Oliphant,  F.  R.,  Victorian  Age,  10123. 

,  Lawrence,  b.,  9442  ;  d.,  9982. 

,  Mrs.    Margaret    Wilson,    b.,    9402 ; 

works,  9842,  10043,  10063,  10103. 

,  Thos.  I^wrence  Kington,  b.,  9442. 

OUvarez,  Count   (Gasparo   de  Guzman), 

b.-d.,  11283. 
Olivas,  Marq.  de,  bomb  in  residence,  11331 . 
Olive  Branch,  Ind.,  Luth.  Synod  org.,  1642. 


Oliver  liieme  burned  on  Miss.,  3953. 

Oliver  Springs,  Tenn.,  strikers,  4121 ,  4131 , 

Alderman,  committed  to  Tower,  9193. 

,  Andrew,  b.,  562;  resigns,  751 ;  against 

colonists,  793;  d.,  781. 

,  Henry  W.,  Jr.,  Tariff  Commis.,  311 1 . 

Ollceros  y  Artus  appears,  1127 1 . 

OUvet.  Mich.,  Olivet  Coll.  org.,  1843. 

,  Jos.  Thoulier  d",  b.,  6923:  d.,  7042. 

Ollendorff,  Henry  Godfroy,  b.,  8082;  d., 
8221. 

OUivier,  Emile,  b.,  7242;  in  Fr.  Academy, 
7321;  against  Public  Safety  Bill,  7351; 
minister  of  justice ;  ministry  recon- 
structed, 7392;  reigns,  7393. 

Olmstead,  Denison,  b.,  1022;  d.,  1842. 

,  Frederick  Law,  b.,  1302;  pres,  candi- 
date, 2791. 

,  Guy  T.,  shoots  Clifford,  4543. 

,  John  Wesley,  b.  (1816);  d.,  3902. 

Olmiitz,  Moravia,  peace  of,  5081 ;  Univ. 
fud.,  5111;  siege;  Frederick  II.  loses, 
6161 ;  emp.  flees  to,  5231 ;  Nat.  Conven., 
6'232;  conf.  at,  5333. 

Olney,  Jesse,  b.,  IO81 ;  d.,  2781 . 

,  Richard,  atty.-gen.,  4271 . 

O'Loghlen,  Sir  Brieu,  ministry  ;  premier; 
resigns,  4992. 

O-lo-peen  arrives,  6123. 

Olozaga,  Don  Salustiano  de,  b.-d.,  11302; 
assumes  gov't,  11313. 

Olshausen,  Hermann,  b.,  8063;  d..  8143. 

,  Justus,  b.,  8071 ;  d.,  8302. 

Olsnitz,  Saxony,  battle  of,  7901 . 

Oltenitza,  Rumania,  occupied,  III8I . 

Olustee  Station,  Fla.,  Fed.  defeat,  2302. 

Olustee  preys  on  commerce,  2202. 

Oluwole,  I.,  cons,  bp.,  IOIO2. 

Oly,  Pa.,  mission  at,  65i . 

Olybrius,  Emu.,  rules;  d.,  10712. 

Olympeiuni,  Temple  of  Jupiter,  10203. 

Olympia,  trial  trip.  4421 ;  speed,  4481. 

,  asteroid,  discovered,  7321. 

Olympia,  Wash.,  Const'l  Conven.,  3431 . 

Olympiad  first  celebrated,  10143. 

Olympiads,  epoch  of,  10142  ;  ends,  10702. 

Olympias  invades  Macedon;  k.,  10243. 

Olympic  games,  intro.,  IOI31 ;  important, 
10143  ;  boxing  added ;  chariot  racing; 
victory  valued;  widely  known,  IOI51 ; 
famous  victors,  1017 1 ;  period  extended, 
10192;  abolished,  10691. 

Olympiodorus,  history  of  W,  Emp.,  10311. 

Olympus,  musician,  10142. 

Olynthiao  war,  10222;  Confederacy  de- 
stroyed, 10233;    towns  subdued,  10241. 

Olynthus  captured,  10*^41. 

Omaha,  deaf  and  dumb  inst.  opd.,  2691 ; 
Daily  Bee  <i9.t.  ,2763;  conven. of  governors, 
2933;  Creighton  Univ.  est.,  3003;  Neb. 
Unit.  Asso.  org.,  3102;  Congregational 
Club  fmd.,  3162;  R.  C.  diocese  est.,  3203; 
breweries  sold,  3433;  Prohibitionists 
org.,  ;*483;  bribery  of  officials, 3651 ;  mob, 
3891,  3931,  4571 ;  train  robbers,  3943; 
Meth.  Hospital  and  Home  fnd.,  3983; 
Nat.  Conven.  People's  Party,  session, 
4141;  strike,  4191,  4282,  4663;  female 
counterfeiters,  4522;  Irrigation  Conven., 
4553;  wage  rates  decision,  4673;  troops 
subdue  strikers,  4682. 

O'Malley  accused,  3803;  acquitted,  3831. 

Omar  I.,  b.-d.,  11642;  caliph,  485i;  takes 
Joppa,  Jerusalem,  Syria,  11541 ;  destroys 
Alexandrian  library,  6651 ;  rules  Jerusa- 
lem, 11552;   k.,4851. 

II.,  calif,  4852;  murdered,  4853. 

Omer  Pasha,  b.,  5192;  rebellion  quelled, 
6243;  d.,5282. 

Oniniades,  dynasty,  4852. 

Onmibus,  inv.,  6913;  first  in  u.  S.  A.,  139». 

Southern  War-Claims  Bill,  3672. 

O'Moore,  Roger,  leader,  8841 ,  8852. 

O'More,  liory  Oge,  besieges  Castle,  8741 . 

Oniri  reigns;  builds  Samaria,  11433. 

Onarga,  111.,  masto<ion  remains  dis. ,.3941 . 

On  Conduct  of  Kings,  written,  11343. 

Oncken,  Johann  Gerhard,  b.  (1800);  im- 
prisoned, 8151 ;  expelled,  8182;  d.  (1884). 

Onderdonk,  Benj.  Treadwell,  cons.  bp. 
(1830);  suspended,  1682;  d.  (1861). 

,  Henry   Ustick,   b.  (1789);  cons.  P.  E. 

bp.,  1343;  suspended,  1503;  d.  (1868). 

O'Neal,  Edward  A.,  gov.  Ala.,  313*. 

,  Gov.,  Fenian  leader,  5821 . 

,  James,  b.,  9542. 

. ,  John,  released,  3583,  3591 . 

,  Joseph  11.,  b.,  1722. 

O'Neall,  John  H.,  anti-Convict  Bill,319<. 


1360 


Text  Ftgurea  tienote  Page.       INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column, 


Onei-Orle. 


Oneida  collides  with  Bombay,  2693. 
Oneida,  N.  V.,  community  dissolved,  303^. 
Oneidas,  missionaries  to,  1282. 
O'Neil,  Baron,  title  created,  9651. 

,  Daniel,  cruelty,  4402. 

, ,  forms  post-office,  8913. 

O'Neill,  Charles,  b.,  1301 ;  d.,  4441 . 

,  Hugh,  E.  of  Tyrone,  at  Blackwater; 

leader,  876i ;  d.  (1616). 

,  Phelim.  leader,  8852. 

,  Owen  Roe,  at  Benburb,  8861 . 

,  Shane,  makes  war,  8721 ;  d.,  8722. 

Oneonta,  N.  Y.,  Normal  School  opd.,3482. 
One  Study  College  est.  O.,  2543. 
Ongole  mission,  10472. 
Onias  I.,  high  priest,  11463;    sub-ruler, 

11483;  murdered,  11482. 

II.,  high  priest,  11482,  11491 ;  refuses 

tribute,  11482. 

III.,  high   priest,   11482;    banished, 

11472. 

Ouicha,  mission  at,  11613. 

OnomarchuB,  in  sacred  war ;  k,,  10241 . 

Onondaga,  N.  Y.,  salt  springs  dis.,  38* ; 
chapel  built,  383;  towns  destroyed,  902; 
erroneous  election  returns;  county  clerk 
summoned,  3952;  centennial,  4633. 

Iron  Company,  plant  sold,  4473. 

Onondagas  treaty,  101 1 ;  mission,  1303. 
Onrust  (  Restless)  built,  281 . 

Onslow,  Arthur,  b.,  8981;  speaker,  9093, 
9113,9133;  d.,9163. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9311 . 

,  Earl  of,  Arthur  George,  d.,  9742. 

,  Sir  Richard,  speaker,  9033. 

Ontario,  Can.,  land  donated,  577i ;  Chris- 
tian Guardian  est.;  Ontario  est.,  579 1; 
Can.  Bapt.  Coll. ;  school  system  remod- 
eled ;  Christian  Visitor,  5803  ;  Echo  est.; 
Ladies  Coll.  est.,  5823;  floods,  5841 ;  Em- 
pire est.,  5862  ;  legislature  opens,  6863  ; 
Diocesan  Synod  meets,  5882  ;  Farmers* 
Union  org.,  592i ;  Commercial  Union 
Club  address,  5923  ;  R.  R.  accident, 5873, 
5933;  Out.  and  N.  Y.  Bridge  Co.  org., 
5933  ;  Sun  issued,  5942  ;  Nat.  Park, 5952; 
see  est.,  9583. 

Ontoloeical  Society,  Am.,  organized,  2643. 

Onyx  discovered  in  Missouri,  3721 . 

Oort,  Adam  Van,  b.-<l.,  5403. 

O08,  emperors  meet,  5273. 

Ooshooia,  mission  work,  4902,3. 

Oost,  Jacob  van,  b.,  5403  ;  d.,  5411 . 

Ooulard  Hill,  action  at,  9281 . 

Opdam,  Adm.,  Earl  of  Sandwich  takes 
Dutch  fleet,  8921. 

Opdyke,  George,  mayor  N.  Y.,  2173. 

Opechancanough  rules,  293. 

Opelousas,  La.,  becomes  Confederate  capi- 
tal, 2073  ;  captured,  2203. 

Opera,  Ist  in  N.  Y.,  1321;  theater  for,  in 
N.  Y.,  1421;  at  Castle  Garden,  176i; 
Italian  revived,  9241;  English  Opera 
House  opened,  London,  9343. 

Opera  Comique  appears,  6962. 

Ophelia,  asteroid,  discovered,  7481 . 

Ophratseus  reigns,  11433. 

Ophthalmoscope  invented,  818* . 

Opie,  Mrs.  (Amelia  Alderson),  b.,  9183;  d. 
(1853). 

,  John,  b.,  9151 ;  d.  (1807). 

Opitergium  burned,  10641. 

Opitz,  Martin,  b.,  7922;  work,  7951 ;  d.,  7963. 

Opium,  smuggling,  4182,  5942;  destroyed, 
China,  6I61 ,  6172  ;  importation  forbid- 
den, 617 1 ,2  ;  abandonment  of  trade,  6173 ; 
dutiesdiscussed;  conven.  forduties,6252. 

war  with  China,  6I6I ,  6172  +  ,  9501 . 

Oporto,  Port.,  occupied,  taken,  7181 ; 
earthquake,  11093  ;  besieged;  junta  ca- 

ftitulates  ;  regiments  revolt,  IIIOI ;  revo- 
ution  in,  11103,  mil;  International 
Exhibition ;  Wine  Co.  abolished,  11113. 

Oppenbeim,  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  com- 
pleted, 7803  ;  revolts,  7813  ;  taken,  7961. 

Oppert,  Jules,  b.,  7242  ;  d.,  8123. 

Oppian,  b.,  10283. 

Oppidum  Ubiorum.    (See  Cologne.) 

Ops  worshiped,  10503. 

Optic  nerves  discovered,  IO8O2. 

Optics,  diBCUsed,6522  ;  first  treatise,  10671. 

Oran,  editors  expelled,  6103. 

,  M.  Roberts,  governor,  3033. 

Orange  Blossom,  colonists'  vessel,  879*. 

Orange,  William,  Prince  of,  b.-d.,  10983. 

Clubs,  membership  restricted,  9613. 

Courthouse,  Virginia,  taken,  2102. 

,  Pa.,  R.  R.  accident.  3;il3. 

Free  State  (see  text,  p.  1106) ;  peace 

in;  invaded,  5981 ;  state  formed, 5993. 


Orange,  House  of,  reigns,  10992;  loyalty 
to,  6433;  restored,  8112. 

River  territory,  annexed,  5992,  11052. 

,  University  of,  founded,  6743. 

Orangeburg,  Ams.  take  Fort  Motte,942. 

Orangemen,  riots  at  Montreal,  5851 ;  at 
Ottawa,  5891 ;  Soc.  org., Ire.,  9263;  form 
lodge,  9272;  publish  declaration,  9291; 
riots,  9571;  meetings  prohibited,  9932  ; 
protected,  2743;  eel.  battle  of  Boyne, 
3643;  parade;  forbidden;  attacked, 4043. 

Oranmore,  Baron,  title  created,  9471. 

Orbigny,  Alcide  Dessalines  d',  b.,  7143  ; 
d.,7322. 

Orcagna  (di  Clone),  Andrea,  b.-d.,  10762. 

Orclian,  Nicomedia  surrenders  to,  11542. 

Orchomenus,  action  at.  10281 . 

Orcutt,  W.  D.,  Good  Old  Dorchester,  4783. 

Orczy,  Baron  von,  resigns,  6332. 

Ord,  Edward  Otho  Cresap,  b.,  1262  ;  at 
Dranesville,  Va.,  2021 ;  in  Army  o' 
James,  2403 ;  commands  4th  military 
district,  256i ;  at  Vicksburg,  2572  ;  re- 
lieved in  Miss.,  2581;  imprisons  McAr- 
dle,  2601;  d.  (1883). 

,  Sir  Harry  St.  George,  gov.,  4991 . 

Ordainers  appointed,  Eng.,  8572. 

Ordas,  Diego  de,  discoveries,  10393. 

Ordaz,  Diego  de,  b.  (1480±) ;  on  Orinoco 
River,  203  ;  d.  (1533). 

Order  of  Bath,  inst..  8603  ;  revived,  9072. 

of  Cath.  Knights  of  Amer.  fnd.,  2983. 

of  Elks  formed,  2651 . 

of  Garter,  est.,  5891 ;  reconst'ed,  9331 . 

of  Golden  Chain  founded,  3091 ,  446», 

of  Golden  Falcon  instituted,  10923. 

of  Golden  Fleece  est.,  6771 ,  10991 . 

of  Good  Templars.   (See  Good  Temp.) 

of  Iron  Cross.     (See  Iron  Cross.) 

of  Knights  of  Malta     (See  Knights.) 

of  Mercy  founded,  11263. 

Number  10  issued,  2561 . 

15  published,  2072. 

of  Red  Eagle  conferred,  8331 . 

of  St.  Katherine  established,  9843. 

of  St.Michaeland  St.  George  est.,939a. 

of  Santiago  fomided,  11263. 

of  Scottish  Clans  founded,  3011 , 

of  Solon,  accounts  short,  4142. 

of  Star  of  the  Cross  instituted,  5131 . 

of  Star  of  India  instituted,  9651 . 

of  the  Sword  established,  11361 . 

of  Theatines  instituted,  IO8II . 

of  Thistle  instituted,  8692. 

of  the  Round  Table  instituted,  8411 . 

of  United  Friends  founded,  309 1 . 

Ordericus,  Vitalis,  b.-d.,  ^82. 

Orders  in  Council  issued,  1133, 1151 ,2  ;  re- 
pealed 1193 ;  against  Berlin  Decree, 
9333;  blockade;  revokes  orders,  9353  ; 
suspended,  9373  ;  confers  title,  9613. 

,  three  unite,  Fr.,  7072. 

Ordirico,  M.,  beheaded,  4803. 

Ordoflo  II.,  reigns  in  Asturias,  11263,11272. 

III.,  reigns  in  Asturias,  11272. 

IV.,  reigns  in  Asturias,  11272. 

Oreamuno,  Francisco  Xavier,  gov.,  6303  ; 
president,  631 1 . 

,  Jos^  Antonio,  governor,  6303. 

Oregon  explodes,  1693. 

'■  collides,  3233. 

,  Mrs.  Delia  Cross,  captain,  3623. 

,  battleship  launched,  442' . 

Oregon,  Columbia  River  discovered,  I02i, 
5762;  Vancouver  explores,  1021;  Lewis 
and  Clarke  explore,  1121;  Astoria  fnd., 
1173,  1192  ;  Brit,  and  Am.  joint  occupa- 
tion agreed  to,  1272,  1353,1611;  Meth. 
mission,  1422,  1483  ;  Am.  Board  mission 
est.,    1443-    boundary    question;    emi- 

f  rants  arrive,  1453,  1573  ;  settlers  enact 
St  code  of  laws  (Feb.  17,  18,  1841) ;  first 
Bapt.  church,  1582  ;  Willamette  Univ. 
est.,  1683  ;  boundary  settled,  1592,  9532  ; 
R.  C.  diocese  est.,  1603,  680 1 ;  G.  Aber- 
nethy,  governor,  161 1 ;  Ore.  Spectator  is- 
sued (1846),  provisional  gov't  fmd.,  161 1 ; 
treaty  with  G.  B.  signed,  I6I2  ;  Mormon 
miss,  enters,  1623  ;  Congregationalist 
Asso.  org.,  1642 ;  prohibitory  law  re- 
pealed, 1643  ;  Pacific  Univ.  at  Forrest 
Grove  opd.  (1848) ;  chartered  (1854) ;  ter- 
ritory org.,  1652  ;  Jos.  Lane,  gov.,  167' ; 
1743  ;  John  P.  Gaines,  gov.,  1671 :  M.  E. 
Conf.  org.,  1702;  gold  dis.,  1713  ;  Congre- 
gational Conf.org.,  1723  ;  Tbos.  F.  Scott, 
cons.  P.  E.  bp.,  1741 ;  Geo.  L.  Curry,  gov., 
1743  ;  constitutional  conven.  at  Salem  ; 
ratified  (Nov.  9,  1857,  Aug.  17±) ;  John 


W.  Davis,  gov.,  1772;  legislature  meets 
to  org.  gov't  ;  admitted,  I862  ;  Metli. 
Epis.  Conf.  org.,  1702;  McMinnville  Coll. 
est.,  1863;  John  Whittaker,  gov.,  1871; 
Addison  C.  Gibbs,  gov.,  2173-  military 
road,  2353;  earthquake  eruption  of  Mt. 
Hood,  2481 ,  4941 ;  ratifies  13th  Amend., 
2492;  Bank  of  Portland  est.,  2493;  Chris- 
tian Coll.  est.;  Medical  Depart.  Willam- 
ette Univ.opd.,2543;ratifiesl4th  Amend., 
2552;  Geo.  L.Woods,  gov.,  2553;  Ore.  Cen- 
tral R.  K.  begun,  2571, 3;  State  Agricul- 
tural Coll.  est.,  2623;  wheat  exported  to 
Liverpool,  2653  ;  Sch.  for  Deaf  Mutes,  Sa- 
lem, 2723;  15th  Amend,  rejected;  against 
Chinese  treaty,273i:  Lafayette  S.Grover, 
gov.,  2732;  battle  with  Modocs,  2781;  Re- 
formed school  est.,  2782;  Didian  troubles, 
2801,  2821;  adopts  15th  Amend.,  281 1; 
Pioneer  Asso.  org.;  Salem  Inst. for  Blind, 
2831  ;Univ,State  Conven.  org. ,2802;  State 
Board  of  Innnigration  Law,  2872;  Univ. 
of  Ore.  opd.,  2922  ;  s.  F.  Chadwick,  gov., 
2973  ;  electors'  bribery  exposed  ;  Wm. 
W.  Thayer,  gov.,  3012-  Ashland  Coll. 
and  Norma!  School  fnd.,  3023  ;  Female 
Suif  rage  Amend.,  3052, 307  i;Zenas  Ferry 
Moody,  gov.,  3132;  Female  Suffrage 
Amend,  defeated ;  Insane  Asylum  at 
Salem, 3171 :  FreeMeth.  Conf. org.,  3182: 
Woman's  Miss.  Soc.  org.  3322  ;  Nf)rmal 
School  est.,  3223 ;  Local  Option  Bill 
passes  (1885);  Labor  Dayest.;  Prohibitory 
Amend,  defeated,  3292  ;  Sylvester  Pen- 
noyer,  gov.,  3293,3902;  Portland  Univ. 
fnd.,  3743;  large  cave  dis.,  3861 ;  Rep.  le- 
gislature, 4091  ;  Chinese  smuggling,  4342; 
mob  abuses  Chinese,  4383;  floods,  4621; 
Wm.  Paine  Lord  electetl  gov.  (1894). 

Oregon  Pacific  R.  R.,  sheriirs  sale,  4013. 

Inlet,  N.  C,  Huron  strikes  rocks,  2901. 

O'Reilly,  John  Boyle,  b.  (1844) ;  d.,  366i . 

,  Patrick  Thomas,  b.  (1833);  conse- 
crated R.  C.  bishop,  2702. 

O'Reilly,  Patrick  T.,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  270», 

Orelli,  Kaspar,  b.-d.,  11381 . 

Orellana,  Francisco  de,  b.-d.,  11263  ;  ex- 
plorer, 211. 

Orense,  Jos^  Marie  de  Albaida,  b.,  11302. 

Oresme,  Nicole,  works,  6743  ;  d.  (1382). 

Orestes  kills  Clytemnestra,  10143. 

Orfila,  Mateo  Jose  Bonaventura,  b.,  706*; 
d.,7322. 

Orford,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9311 . 

,  Earl  of,  lord  admiralty,  9031 . 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Walpole.) 

Organ,  flrst  used,  &W2  ;  sent  to  Fr.,  6642. 

Orgon«z,  Rodrigo  de,  in  Peru,  202. 

Oribe,Manuel,b.(1802±);capitulate8,490l; 
besieges  Montevideo,  11602;  d.  (1867), 

Oriel,  Baron,  title  created,  9.372. 

Oriental  Congress  opens,  10071 . 

Origen,  Adamantius,  b.,6522  ;  persecuted, 
6523  ;  visits  Rome,  10643  ;  martyred 
10663;  d.,6522. 

Original  Package  Bill,  3483,  3593,  3631, 
3652,3;  3671;  decision  unconstitutional, 
3573  ;  law  upheld,  3851 . 

store  in  Pa.,  3591 ;  protest,  3623. 

Orilla,  The  Packet,  5823. 

Orinoco  River,  Columbus  names,  143. 153. 

Orion  wrecked,  9553. 

Oriskany,  N.  Y.,  battle  of,  87i . 

Orissa,  Bengal,  conquered,  9121,  10441; 
under  Brit,  rule,  9173  ;  ceded,  10452  ; 
famine,  10493. 

Orizaba,  Mex.,  action  at,  10961 . 

Orkhan,  rules ;  takes  Prusa,  11553  ;  d. 
(1369). 

Orlando  launched,  994 1 . 

Orlean,  Herr,  denounces  police,  5332. 

Orleans,  Fr.,  heretics  suiter,  6682  ;  upris- 
ing, 6722  ;  Univ.  fnd.,  endowed,  6723  ; 
siege,  6761,6821,7681 ;  siege  raised,  6761 ; 
States-General  meets,  6773  ;  captured  ; 
occupied ;  retaken,  7422 ;  surrenders, 
7433. 

family,  decree  against,  7332;  demand 

rights,  7392;  services  declined,  7412; 
princes  excluded,  Fr.,  7543. 

,  House  of,  est.,  7253;  enthroned, 6793. 

,  Due  d*,  revolts.  6792. 

— — ,  Due  d*  Jean  Baptiste  Gaston,  b., 
6862  ;   at  Castelnaudary,  688' ;  d.,  6902. 

,  Duchess  of,  Memoires,G99^ . 

,  Duchess  of,  in  Chambers,  7311 , 

,  Henri  Jules,  Due  d'Aumale,  French 

Academy,  732'. 

— —  Louis,  Due  d',  regent,  aflsaflsiuated, 
6772. 


Orle-Onrl. 


Text  figures  denote  Page,        INL)ll.X,       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1361 


Orleans,  Due  it',  Louis  Philippe  .losepli, 
Philippe  Egalit^,  b..  7003;  objects  to 
loan;  imprir^oned;  banished,  7072;  guil* 
lotineil,  7082. 

,  Due,  d'  Louis  Philippe  Kobert,  trial, 
sdutenee,  7592  ;  plot  to  proclaim  king, 
761  >. 

,  Pierre  J.  D",  b.,  6883  ;  a.,  6943. 

Orkney,  Earl  of,  title  created,  901  < . 

Isles,  ceded  tu  Scotland,  865< ;  pass 

to  Scottish  crown,  11052. 

Orloff,  Alexei,  adm.,  b.,  11143  ;  comman- 
der, 10M1 ;  d.,  11163. 

,  Count  Grigori,  b.-d.,  11143. 

,  Prince, ,  b.,  U162  ;  d.,  11182. 

,  Nicholas,  d.,  1120' . 

Orin,  or  Ormulura,  poet,  Ormulumt  8523  ; 
d.,852<. 

Ormathwaite,  Baron,  title  created,  965*. 

Orme,  Robert,  b.,  9081 ;  d.,  9303. 

,  William  W.,  d.,  2541. 

Ormond,  Alexander  T.,  Concepts  in  Phi- 
losophy, 4782. 

Ormonde,  Baron,  title  created,  9372. 

,  Marquis,  title  created,  9412. 

,    (See  Butler  James.) 

mobs  active,  England,  9051. 

Ormsbee,  Ebenezer  J.,  gov.  Vt.,  3252. 
Orinsby,  George  A.,  cons,  bp.,  10102. 
Ormuz,  Persia,  founded,  11073. 
Ornamental  gardening,  England,  8662. 
Ornithological  Society  formed,  9481 . 
Orono,  Me.,  State  Agricultural  College 

organized,  2623. 
Oroquieta,  action  at,  11321 . 
O'Borke,  Patrick  Henry,  b.,  1442  ;  killed 

at  Gettysburg  (186,3). 
Orosius,  Paulus,  b.-d.,  11251 . 
Orozco  y  Berra,  Manuel,  b.-d.,  10952. 
Orphantropheon  established,  7982. 

Orpheus  lost,  966' . 

captures  Frolic,  1221 . 

Orr,  James  L.,  b.,  1302  ;  speaker,  1832  ; 
commissioner  for  S.  C,  1892  ;  governor, 
2511;  d.,280a. 

.,  Mrs.  Sutherland,  R.Brouming,  l\0&'>. 

Orsay,  Comte  Alfred  Guillaume  Gabriel 
d",  b.,  7131  •  d.,  7322. 

Orsini,  Felici,  b.,  10862 ;  conspirator,  736' ; 
d.,  10882. 

Orso,  doge  of  Venice,  killed,  10732. 

Orsova,  i£ung.,  Turks  capture,  514' ;  re- 
stored to  Porte,  5152  ;  steamboats  at, 
.5213. 

Ortega,  Gen.,  in  Sp.,  1130' . 

,  Gen.,  faction  for  Mex.,  10963. 

,  Melchor,  work,  1129' . 

Ortelius,  or  Oertel,  Abra.,  b.,  7882;  d.,  7922. 

Ortenau,  Ger.,  ceded,  5193. 

Orthez,  Fr.,  battle  of,  936' . 

Orthodoxy  enforced,  282  ;  protected,  543. 

Ortiffki  sinks  L'Oncle  Joseph,  7533. 

Orlnil  issued,  7803. 

Orton,  Arthur,  trial ;  sentence,  9752, 

,  Azariah  Giles,  b.  (1789);  d.,  241' . 

,  James,  b.,  138' ;  d.,  296' . 

,  .lason  Kockwood,  b.  (1806);  d.,  256' . 

,  Wm.,  1342  ;  d.,  2982. 

Oruro,  Bolivia,  railroad,  5513. 

(fsa;/e  blown  up,  2442. 

Osage  City,  Kan.,  Hoover  shot,  3803  ;  tor- 
nado, 428' . 

Indians,  act  for  removal,  2712. 

Osaka  missions,  1092' ;  opd.,  1093' . 

Osawatomie,  Kan.,  proslavery  conflict, 
180';  captured;  Jolin Brown's  son  Fred 
k.,181' ;  insane  asylum  est.,  2292;  Brown 
monument,  296' ;  aerolite  falls,  426' . 

Osborn.  Sir  Danvers,  gov.  N.  Y.,  692. 

,  Sellick,  b.,  96' ;  d.,  1342. 

,  Sherard,  b.,  9403  ;  fleet  org.,  620*  ; 

d.,  9802. 

,  Thomas  A.,  gov.  Kan.,  285' . 

Osborne,  John  E.,  gov.,  4192,  4472. 

,  Nathan  W.,  commissioned  col.,  330' . 

,  Mrs.  M.  A.,  will,  383' . 

,  Lord  Sidney  Godolphin,  d.,  1000' . 

— ,  Thomas  O.,  h.,  1402. 

, ,  Earl  of  Danby,  b.,  8822  ;  im- 
peached, 8952  ;  liberated,  8972;  1.  treas. ; 
minister,  8933,  8992,  3;  d.  (1712). 

Osbourne,  Lloyd,  The  Wrecker,  4203. 

Oscar  I.,  reigns,  11363  ;  fnds.  Order,  11052. 

II.,  D.,  1136' ;  marries  ;  reigns  ;  allow- 
ance reduced  ;  marries  Sophia,  11363. 

Oscala,  Fla.,  National  Farmers'  Alliance 
Meeting,  3723. 

Osceola,  Mo.,  action  at,  1983. 

,  Pa  ,  fire  sweeps,  2913. 


Osceola,  Seminole  chief,  b.,  1122;  leader, 

1441 ;  prisoner,  148' ;  d.,  150*. 
Oscillation,  theory  of,  iiitro.,  11003. 
Osgood,  David,  b.  (1747);  d.,  1302. 

.  Mrs.  (Francis  Sargeant  Locke),  b., 

1183  ;  d.  (1850). 

,  Helen  Louise  Gibson,  b.,  1442  ;  d., 

2621. 
- — •  Sam.,  b.  (1812);  works,  2603  ;  d.  (1880). 
Osgoodby,  Geo.,  "  Murchison  letter,"  3333. 
O'Shaughnessy,  Sir  William  Brooke,  b., 

935';  d.  (1881). 
O'Shea,  Captain,  divorce,  1005'. 
— ,  Mrs.,  marries  Parnell,  1007'. 
Oshkosh,  Wis.,  Normal  School  opd.,  3283; 
insane  asylum  est.,  281' ;  fire,  2853, 2893. 
Oslander,  Andreas,  b.,  7863  ;  d.,  792' . 
Osiris,  worship  of,  6463. 
Oskaloosa,  Kan.,  women  in  office,  331' . 

ColL  org.,  la.,  '2093  ;  Peiin.  Coll.  est. 

2822. 
Osman  Digma,  Arabian  Sheik,     b.  (1836) 
atEl-Teb,660';  commander,  6582;  over- 
thrown, 660' ;  in  Sudan,  6603. 

-Pasha,  b.(1835±),  at  Plevna,  5652, 5661 

defeated,  566'  ;  in  Turko-Russian  war, 
1158';  occupies  Oltenitz,  1118'. 
Osmanieh.  Imperial  Order  fnd.,  11583. 
Osmium  discovered,  9322. 
Osnabriick,  Prus.,  made  bishopric,  7703. 
Osorken  1.,  reigns  in  Egypt,  651'. 

11.,  reigns  in  Egypt,  651'. 

III.,  reigns  in  Egypt,  651'. 

Ospina,  Rodriguez  Mariano, b. (1803);  pres., 

629' ;  deposed,  629' ;  d.  (188.5). 
Ossabaw  Sound,  Water  Witch  taken,  234' . 
Ossat,  Cardinal  Arnaud  d',  b.  (1536),  Let- 
ters, 687' ;  d.  (16M). 
Ossi,  Ferdinand,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  9962. 
Ossian,  Celtic  bard,  8403  ;  d.,  8402. 
Ossipee  at  Port-au-Prince,  340' . 
Ossoli,  M.  F.  (See  Fuller,  Margaret  Sarah.) 
Ossory,   Ire.,  see   est.,  8403 ;    Bp.  Walsh 
elected,  9803 ;  Bp.  Browning  cons.,  9922. 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Butler,  Thos.) 

Ostade,  Adrian  van,  b.,  6403  ;  d.,  5422. 
Ostend,  Belg.,  capitulates,  540';  Sp.  be- 
siege, 540' ;  Fr.  garrison  at,  542' ;  Bruges 
canal  works  destroyed,  5433;  theft, 5463; 
dynamite  explosion,  5481 ;  telegraph  est., 
9593  ;  besieged,  llOOi . 

Company  fmd.,  10452. 

Manifesto  issued,  1771 . 

Osten-Sacken,  Fabian  Wilhelm,  Pr.  von 
der,  b.  (1752);  at  Champaubert,  7202  ;  d. 
(1837). 
Osterhaus,  Gen.  Peter  Joseph,  b.  (1820); 

near  Searcy,  2081 . 
Ostermann,  Count  Andrei,  b.  (1686) ;    at 

Kulm,  5201 ;  d.  (1747). 
Ostgaard,  Nicolai  Ramm,  work,  11043. 
Ostia,  It.,  built,  10511. 

Ostorius  Scapula,  bat.  of  Shropshire,  8391 . 
Ostrander,  James  E.,  defaulter,  3911 , 
Ostrog,  Kus.,  Slavonic Bibloprinted,  11151. 
Ostrogoths  invade  Ger.,  7681 . 
Ostrolenka,  Poland,  Rus.  defeat,  7162  ;  ac- 
tion at,  1116'. 
Ostromir  Codex  written,  1113' . 
O'Sullivan,  James,  cons,  bp.,  10042. 
Osuna,  Duke  of.    (See  Tellez  y  Giron.) 
Oswald,  Saint,  in  Paris,  953*  at  Heaven- 

fleld;  atMaserfleld;  killed,  842'. 
Oswego,  N.  Y.,  trading-post,  59',  612  ;  ri- 
valry for,  612  ;  fortress,  613  ;  surrender, 
70';  surprised,  95' ;  Brit,  evacuate,  106' ; 
Normal  School  est.,  2252  ;  Nat.  Bank 
suspends,  3593  ;  Soldiers'  and  Sailors' 
monument,  .386' ;  railroad  wreck,  4043. 

Canal  completed,  1373. 

Otago,  N.  Zeal.,  fnd.,  11032. 

Otalora,  J.  E.,  pres.,  6292. 

Ota  Nobunaga,  defeats  Yoshimoto,  1091 ' . 

Oteiza,  action  at,  11322. 

Otey,  James  H.,  cons,  bp.,  142»;  d.,  2212. 

Otf'ried,  version  of  anspels,7723;  d.,  7722. 

Othman,  Sheik,  Keith  mission,  4882. 

conquests,  484' ;  a  Mussulman,  4843  •, 

calif, 4851;  killed,  4852. 

,  the  Turk,  fnds.  Ottoman  emp.,  10352 . 

ibn-Afifan,  reigns  in  Egypt,  655' . 

,  or   Osman,  I.,  b.-d.,  11543;    reigns, 

11553  ;  invades  Nicomedia^  11542. 

II.  reigns,  11572. 

III.  reigns,  11572. 

Othniel,  delivers  Israelites,  1140' ;  judges 

Israel,  11413. 
Otho  I.,  b.-d.,  7722  ;  repulses  Hungarians, 
502' ;    conquest,  B032  ;   League  against 


Fr.,  6713  ;  victories;  in  Fr.  wars,  772'; 
defeats  Magyars,  7722  ;  marries  Q.  Ade- 
laide, 773' ;  declines  crown,  7732  ;  expe- 
dition to  It.,  7722,  774';  religious  re- 
forms, 7723  ;  tribute  from  Bouemians, 
7733  ;  king  of  Ger.,  7733,  10733  ;  emp., 
10753;  crossesAlps,774i ;  conquers  Rome, 
7761 ;  K.  of  Lombardy,  10733  ;  d.,  776'. 

Otho  II.  invades  Fr.,666i  ;expeditions,774' ; 
emp.,  775';  duke,  781';  claims  Apulia 
and  Calabria  1072';  crowned,  10733;  as- 
sassinated, 7811 . 

111.,  emp.,  7751 ;  reigns, 7751,  2;  expels 

pope  John  XVI.,  10731;  emp.,  10733; 
scheme  :  d.,  7752. 

IV.,  K.,  7792,  3  ;  at  Strasburg,  778*  ; 

excommunicated,  7782,  7793,  10751;  de- 
posed; d.,  7793. 

,  Duke  of  Brunswick,  7811 . 

,  K.of  Bav.,  in8ane,8323;oppo8ed,837*. 

de  ia  Roche,  acquires  Athens,  1035'. 

of  Swabia,  receives  Lindolf,  7751. 

of  Wormsfeld,  duke,  6032. 

,  Marcus  Salvius,  b.-d.,  10622  ;  reigns; 

defeated  ;  suicide,  10633. 

Otis,  Elwell  S.,  commissioned  col.,  3021. 

,  George  A.,  b.,  138' . 

,  James,  b.,  602  ;    speech  of,  73' ,  »  ; 

Sights  of  Brit.  Colonies,  742  ;  d.,  96' . 

,  Samuel  A.,  b.,  612  ;  d.,  123' . 

Otranto,  It.,  taken,  1034' . 

Ott,  Gen.,  at  Montebello,  714' . 

Ottawa,  Can.,  mission,  1303  ;  Asso.  Bapt. 
Churches  meets,  6783 ;  R.  C.  diocese  est., 
580';  C'irtzen  issued,  6803;  capital,  6812  ; 
R.  C.  archdiocese  est.,  5842;  te  Canada, 
5843  ;  New  Pari,  meets  ;  territory  di- 
vided, 5852;  Industrial  Exhibition  opd., 
5853;  Cath.  meeting,  586' ;  Sons  of  Eng. 
conven.,  5862;  Dairymen's  nonven.,  6863  ; 
Coll.  of  Music,  688' ;  Bapt.  conven. ; 
Luth.  Synod. ;  Reformed  Epis.  Synod, 
5882 ;  brakemen  meet,  5883 ;  Orange  dem- 
onstration, 589' ;  O.  and  N  Y  Bridge 
Co.  org.,  5933  ;  Liberal  conven.,  5963; 
Intercolonial  Conf.,  5962;  new  cabinet; 
ministry,  5963. 

,  Kan.,  Ottawa  Univ.  org.,  2543. 

Indian  missions,  1303,  1343,  5731 . 

Ottendorf,  Sixt.  de,  work  published,  511'. 

Ottendorfer,  Oswald,  b.,  8123. 

Otterbein,  Philip  William,  b.,  602  ;  In  Pa., 
691;  d.,  1211. 

University  org.,  O.,  1632. 

Otterburn,  Eng.,  battle  of,  86OI . 

,  Battle  of,  written,  8663. 

Otter  Creek,  Vt.,  railroad  wreck,  4373. 

,  Col.,  at  Battleford,  584' . 

Otterville,  Mo.,  train  robbed,  3662. 

Otto,  abdicates  Hung.  ;  enthrfnied,  5053. 

I.,Freidrich  Ludwig,  king,  b.-d. ,10343. 

IV.,  at  battle  of  Bouvines,  OTO' . 

,  Duke  of  Aust.,  5071 ;  d.,  5062. 

,Friedrich  Julian,  b.,  8083  ;  d.,  8262. 

bicycle  first  iiatented,  9881 . 

Ottocar  1.,  margrave,  5032  ;  signs  treaty ; 
under  ban,  501' ;  declines  throne  ;  inheri- 
tance ;  refuses  homage,  5062  ;  d.,  6042. 

II.,  against  Prus.,  7801 ;  king  of  Ger. ; 

peace  with  Rudolph  I.,  7813  ;  k.  (1278). 

III.,  margrave,  .5032. 

IV.,  margrave,  5033. 

v.,  margrave,  5033. 

VI., margrave, 5043;  duke, 505'. 

Ottoman  emp.  (see  Greece,  p.  1013+) )  an- 
archy prevails,  167';  alliance  for,  9512  ; 
fnd.,  10352. 

Ottumwa,  la..  Lane  embezzles,  399' . 

Otumba,  Plain  of,  Mex.,  battle,  18' . 

Otway,  Thomas,  b.,  8882  ;  compositions, 
66' ,  8963  ;  d.,  8962. 

«)uachita.  Ark.,  College  fnd.,  3242. 

Oudaen,  Joachim,  b.,  (1628) ;  Johanna 
Gray,  1101 2  ;  d.  (1692). 

Oudenarde,  Belg.,  Fr.  defeated,  542' . 

Oudh,  or  Oude,  India,  pacification  of,  9633; 
conquered,  HU41 ;  independent,  10152  ; 
terr. ceded, 1(H72;  chiefs  surrender, 1048'. 

Oudin^,  EugSriie  Andr(5,  d.,  7662  ;  d.  (1887). 

Oudinot,  Nicolas  Charles  Victor,  Due  de 
Reggio,  b.,  7031 ;  at  Ostrolenka,  7162 ; 
at  Grassbeeren,  720' ;  at  Bar-sur-Aube, 
7203  ;  d.,  730' . 

Oulda.    (See  De  la  Ram^,  Louise.) 

Ouimet,  J.  A.,  minister,  593' ,  6952,  5953. 

Ourique,  Port  ,  Alfonso  I.  conquers,  1109', 

Our  Lady  of  Angels  College  org.,  I8O2. 

Otir  Lady  the  Virgin  performed,  10982. 

Our  Lord's  Resurrection  performed,  1098% 


1362 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDll,X.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column,  0lLS6'P&l6. 


Ooseley,  Sir  Frederick  Arthur  Gore,  b., 
9422;  d.,  10001. 

,  Sir  William,  b.,  9183;  d.,  9502. 

Outhwaite,  Joseph  H.,  b.,  1522. 

Outlaw,  Koger,  governor,  8573. 

Outram,  Sir  James,  b.,  9323;  at  Moham- 
merah,  9601 ;  at  KooBhab,  11081 ;  d. 
(1863);  statue,  9742. 

Ouvidor,  Brazil,  fnd.,  6533. 

Ovalle,  Jos^  TomAs,  b.  (1791);  pres.,  6072; 
d.  (1831). 

Ovambo  mission,  0003. 

Ovando,  Nicolas  de,  b.  (1460);  gov.;  res- 
cues Columbus,  172;  d.  (1518). 

Overbeck,  Fried.  Johann,  b.,  8043 ;  d.,8262. 

Overbrook,  Pa.,  St.  Charles  Borromeo 
Seminary  org.,  1403. 

Overbury,  Sir  Xliomas,  b.  (1581);  poisoned, 
8791 ;  d.,  8801 . 

Overilank,  assassin:  assassinated,  5303. 

Overland  Monthly  Afagazine  issued,  2623. 

Oversee,  Aust.  advance,  5261 ;  taken,  6402. 

Overweg,  Adolf,  b.,  8122;  d.,  8181 . 

Ovid,  Publius  Naso,  b.-d.,  10603;  works, 
10623;  banished,  10632. 

Oviedo  y  V'ald6s,  Gonzalo  Fernandez  de, 
b.-d.,  11263. 

Owden,  Thus.  Scambler,  1.  mayor,  9832. 

Owego,  N.  Y.,lN'at.  Bunk  suspends,  3593; 
tire,  1673. 

Owen,  Capt.,  explorer,  10931 . 

,  David  Dale,  b.,  1141 ;  d.,  1861 . 

,  Kev.  E.,  resigns, 5901 . 

,  Elias  K.,  b.,  1422. 

,  Major,  defeats  Kabba  Rega,  5(>43. 

-,  Mary  A.,  Voodoo  Tales,  4481 . 

,  Sir  Richard,  b.,  9323;  system  of  mam- 
malia, 9622;  d.,  10082. 

,  Robert,  b.,9183;  defeated  in  social- 
ism, 9311;  d.,  9622. 

, Dale,  b.,  1082;  est.  New  Har- 
mony, 1331;  d.,  2942. 

Owens,  S.  M.,  nominee  for  gov. Minn.,  3651 . 

,  W.  C,  plurality  for  Congress,  4731 . 

Owen's  College,  Manchester,  fnd.,  9531 ; 
opd.,  9743;  gift  of  Langworthy,  979'; 
becomes  Victoria. University,  9*43. 

Owensboro,  Ky.,  Thos.  Young  sentenced, 
4131 ;  women's  temp,  crusade,  4302. 

Owensburg,  Ky.,  Confed.  repulsed  at,  2132. 

Owsley,  William, b.  (1782);  gov.  Ky.,1592; 
d.  (1862). 

Oxenburg,  Vise,  title  created,  9871. 

Oxenden,  Ashton,  b.  (1808);  d.,590i. 

Oxenford,  Baron,  title  created,  9511. 

Oxford,  Eng.,  restored,  8463;  first.  Nat. 
Council,  8472;  stormed,  8481;  printing, 
8622;  pestilence,  8053;  see  erected,  8683; 
Fatal  Assizes,  8733;  Pari,  at,  8853;  sur- 
renders, 8861 ;  O.  Gazette  issued,  8923; 
Pari,  meets,  8932;  fire,  8933  ;  Ashmolean 
Museum  fnd.,  8941;  o.  Journal  issued, 
9132;  Union  Soc.  est.,  9412;  excursionists 
killed,  9633;  declaration,9663 ;  Bp.  Stubbs 
cons.,  9983. 

,  la.,  incendiaries  burn,  3683. 

,  Mass.,  Universalists  conf.  at,  982. 

,  Miss.,  Univ.  of  Mississippi  fnd.,  1642; 

action  at,  2161 , 

,  O.,  Miami   Univ.  org.,  1323;  Oxford 

College  org.,  1663. 

,  Pa.,  Lincoln  University  org.,  1762. 

,  Edward,  attempts  assassination, 9511 . 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Harley,  Robert.) 

,  University;  Academy  of,  fnd.,  8443, 

or(1232);  center  of  clerical  study,  8503  ; 
foreign  students;  Univ.  chests ;  Univ. 
est.,  8523,8583,8671;  Mertou  Coll.  fnd.; 
Balliol  Coll.  fnd.,  8542;  Oriel  Coll.  fnd.; 
Queen's  Coll.  fnd.,  8563  ;  St.  Mary's 
Hall  fnd., 8.563;  Magdalen  Coll.  fnd.;  AH 
Souls  Coll.  fnd.,  8623;  Lincoln  Coll.; 
St.  Mary  Magdalen  Hall  est.,  8642; 
Brazenose  Coll.  fnd.;  ExeterColl.,  Wm. 
Grocyn,  8663;  Corpus  Christi  Coll.  fnd., 
867';  professorships  est.,  8691;  St.  Al- 
ban's  Hall,  est.,  8703;  St.  John^s  Coll. 
fnd.;  Trinity  Coll.  fnd.,  871';  Jesus 
Coll.  fnd.;  Univ.  incorp.,  8743;  Bodleian 
Library  fnd.,  8772;  elective  franchise, 
8783;  Botanic  garden  est.,  8801;  Wad- 
ham  Coll.  fnd.,  8802;  Pembroke  Coll. 
fnd.,  8811;  Worcester  Coll.  fnd.,  9043; 
Political  Economy  professorship  est., 
9423;  Univ.  Museum  opd.,  9641;  Cath. 
professor,  9743;  Magdalen  Hall  incor., 
9783 ;  New  Coll.  anniversary,  9842; 
SomervlUe  Hall  fnd.,  9843;  women  nd- 
mitted,  9923;  Univ.  museum  for  weap- 


ons, 9961 ;  Indian  Inst,  fnd.,  984* ; 
Mansfield  Coll.  fnd.,  9942;  Holy  Club 
fmd.,  9083;  Radclitfe  Library  fnd.,  909' ; 
students  expelled,  9163;  Radclilfe  Ob- 
servatory fnd.,  9182;  Theological  lec- 
tures, 921';  Hertford  Coll.  dissolved, 
933' ;  Ashmolean  Soc.  fnd.,  943' ;  Brit. 
Asso.  meets  and  org.,  944' ;  meets,  952' , 
9602,  1012';  investigating  committee  ap- 
pointeii;  Wyctif's  Jlible  printed,  9.563; 
Keble  Coll.  fnd.,  9722;  Hertford  Coll.  re- 
vived; Magdalen  Hall  incor.,  9783;  New 
Coll.,  O.,  anniversary,  9842;  mission  to 
Calcutta  org.,  9862;  Mr.  Gladstone's  lec- 
ture, 10083;  Shelley  monument,  1010'; 
wins  boat  races,  10113,  10123. 

Oxley,  Lieut.,  expedition,  494' ;  Queens- 
land, 495'. 

Oxyarges  reigns,  10133. 

Oxygen  discovered,  11342. 

Oxymuriatic,  first  used,  924' . 

Oyama,  Marshal,  Jap.  army,  6*27' . 

Oyster  Fisheries  Act  passes,  Eng.,  9712. 

Oysters  scarce  in  England,  9813. 

Ozama  lost,  4772. 

Ozark,  Mo.,Regulators;tried,327i ;  hanged, 
3(^1;  onyx  caves  discovered,  3721 . 

Ozone  dis.,  at  Basel,  11381 ;  liquehed,  7521 ; 
produced,  2801 . 

Ozonometers  introduced,  962' . 


Pa-ankhi,  princes  rule  under,  651' . 

Paars,  Peder,  Holberg,  6383. 

Pabania  Indians  destroy  towns,  6281 . 

Pacaud,  trial  of,  5951 . 

Pace,  Peter,  cons.  R.  C.  bishop,  9822. 

Pachacamac,  temple  desecrated,  201 . 

Pacheco,  Pres.,  elected,  5513. 

Pachomius,  Saint,  b.,  6542;  d.  (349±). 

Pa  Chow,  explosion,  6253. 

Pachromius,  builds  monastery,  10683;  d. 

(M8t). 
Poci/ic,  Atlantic  record,  1693;  lost,  179»; 

founders,  2293. 

Advocate  est.,  Cal.,  1782. 

Pacific  cable  to  be  laid,  5012. 

coast  explored,  163,  102'. 

Revenue  Cutter  Bill  passes,  3993. 

College  org.,  Cal.,  1983. 

(Friends)  org.  at  Newberg,  Ore. 

Fur  Co.  founds  Astoria,  1173. 

Ocean  dis.,  163;  Magellan  enters,  183. 

^—  R.  R.,  route,  1733 ;  explorers  for,  1752. 
,  survey,   1743;  Bill  passes,  2073, 

2093,  2112;  amended,  2353.    (See  Union 
Pacific  and  Central  Pacific  R.  R.) 

Univ.  (Cong.)  org.  (1848),  at  Forest 

Grove,  Ore. 

at  College  Park,  Cal.,  1702. 

Pacini,  Giovanni,  b.,  10843;  d.,  10882. 

Packard,  Alpheus  Spring,  b.,  1502. 

,  Fred.  Adolphus,  b.,  (1794);  d.,  2582. 

,  Louis  Richard,  b.,  1462;  d.  (1884). 

,  Stephen    B.,  gov.    La.,   2951,   2973; 

holds  conventions,  2791 . 

Packer,  Alfred,  eats  companions,  3243. 

,  Asa,  b.,  1122;  d.,  3002. 

,  William  Fisher,  b.,  1141 ;  gov.  Pa., 

1852;  d.,  2702. 

Packington,  Sir  John,  minister,  9.573, 9632. 

Pacoarcos,  Viscount,  minister,  559 1 . 

Pacorus,  b.  (66±);  killed,  IO6O2. 

Pacte  de  Famineholdmonopoly,Fr.,7053. 

Paddington.    (See  London.) 

Paddle  Wheels  patented,  9241 . 

Paddock,  Algernon  Sidney,  b.,  1381 ;  gov., 
3332;  Pure  Food  Bill,  4031. 

,  Benjamin  Henry,  b.,  1362;  cons.  P. 

E.  bp.,  2822;  d.,3801. 

,  John  Adam, b.  (1825);  cons,  bp.,  3042. 

,  J.  W.,  gov't  R.  R.  director,  4473. 

Padelford,  Seth,  gov.  R.  I.,  2693. 

Paderborn,  Prus.  Dishopric,  7703. 

Padilla,  Juan  Lopez  de, b.-d.,  1126*;  leads 
insurrection,  6283. 

Padlock  invented,  7902. 

Padre-PoUi,  mission,  10463. 

Padua,  It.,  Church  of  St.  Anthony  heal- 
ings, 3403;  surrenders,  5221 ;  Verona  and 
Vicenza  league,  7791 ;  besieged,  7861 ; 
fnd.,  10511;  refugees  in  Venice,  10712; 
Univ.  fnd.,  10752;  conquered,  10781; 
seized,  10792;  botanical  gardens,  IO8O2. 

Paducah,  Ky.,  occupied,  1982;  Gen.  For- 
rest at,  2303;  sheriff  wounded,  4103. 

Pae,  John  P.,  commander-in-chief,  3271 . 


Pseonians  reduced,  10223. 

Paepe,  Dr.  Caesar  de,  d.,  546'. 

P:estum,  It.,  Temple  of  Neptune,  10203  ; 

temple  built,  10502;  new  colony,  10633. 
Paez,  Francisco,  b.  (1664);  in  Abyssinia, 

12;  d.  (1622). 

,  Jos^  Antonio,  b.  (1790);  pres.  Vene- 
zuela, 11602;  d.  (1873). 

Pagan,  Burma,  destroyed,  10422;  occu- 
pied, 10482. 

,  Comte  de,  Blaise  Fran9ois,  b.,  6862; 

d.,  6903. 

riles  imitated.  It.,  10663;   sacrifices 

forbidden,  10683;  hostile  societies,  625' . 

Pagani,  Nicolas,  cons,  bp.,  9922. 

Paganini,Nicolo,  b.,  10843;  appears,  9441 ; 
d.,  10862. 

Paganism,  merits  discussed,  1069' . 

Pagassi,  Antonio,  train-wrecker,  4002. 

Pago,  Calvin,  recovers  daughters,  389'. 

.  Carroll  S.,  governor  Vt.,  375' . 

,  (Charles,  in  medical  dept.,  326' . 

, Grafton,  b.  (1812) ;  d.,262' . 

, H.,  b.,  156'. 

,  G.  C,  makes  induction  coil,  148' . 

,  John,  gov.  N.  H.,  1512. 

, ,  b.  (1787);  gov.Va.,  1113;  d.  (1865). 

, B.,  governor  Vt.,  2593. 

,  Gen.  R.  L.,  at  Mobile  Bay,  237' ;  sur- 
renders Fort  Morgan,  2372. 

,  T.,  paints  Venus,  186'. 

,  Thomas  Nelson,    b.    (1853) ;    works, 

319',  3283,  3331,4791. 

,  Wm.,  b.,  1163  ;  paintings,  2721 ,  286' , 

.3061,  3161;  d.,  3202. 

Paget,  Sir  George,  d.,  1008' . 

,  Henry  William,  Marquis  of  Anglesey, 

b.,  9163  ;  d.,  9582. 

,  Sir    James,    b.,    9363 ;    on   Pasteur 

method,  756' . 

,  Sir  William,  minister,  8693,  8712. 

Pagin,  Lord,  arrested,  5943. 

Pagnani,  Clement,  cons.  R.  C.bishop,9822, 

Pajou,  Augustin,  b.,  6983;  d.,719'. 

Pakenham,  Sir  Edward  Michael,  b.  (1798); 
attacks  Jackson,  1223;  k.,  1223, 1242. 

Pakhoi,  mission,  6243. 

Pakington,  Sir  John  Somerset,  b.  (1799)  j 
minister,  9633  ;  d.  (1880). 

Paks  fire  5373. 

Paige,  Al'onzo  Chris.,  b.  (1797)  ;  d.,  2602. 

,  I>avid  R.,  forger,  4542. 

Pailleron,  Edouard  Jules  Henri,  b.,  7262  ; 
Academician,  752' . 

Paine,  O.,  railroad  opened,  1713. 

,  Charles,  gov.  Vt.,  1552;  d.,  1722. 

,  Elijah,  b.,  71' ;  d.,  1542. 

,  Halbert  Eleazar,  b.,  1342 ;  assaulta 

Spring  Hill,  2382. 

,  J.  Knowles,  b.  (1839) ;  work,  497' . 

,  Martyn,  b.,  1M2  ;  d.  (1877). 

,  Robert,  b.  (1799)  ;  bp.  1603;  d.  (1882). 

, Treat,  b.  (1731) ;  jurist ;  d.,  123' . 

, ,  Jr.,  author,  b.,78' ;  d.,  116». 

,  Thomas,  b.,  642;  works,  83' ,86' ,927'; 

d.,  1162. 

Painerville,  Mo.,  Confed.  defeated,  226' . 

Pai-net'em  1.  reigns,  Egypt,  6503. 

Pains  and  Penalties  Bill  rejected,  9412, 

Painter,  Gamaliel,  b.  (1743)  ;  d.,  128' . 

,  Thomas,  whipped,  363. 

Painting,  first  in  (jreece,  1013' . 

Paisiello,  Giovanni,  b.,  10842;  d.,  1086». 

Paixhans,  Henri  Joseph,  b.,706' ;  d.,732». 

Palacio,  Raimundo  Andrezia,  pres.,  11603. 

Palacky,  Francis,  b.,  519' ;  d.  (1876). 

Paladines,  D'Aurelles  de,  b.  (1804±) ;  com- 
mands at  Tours,  742' ;  at  Orleans,  7422,»; 
at  Louret,7423. 

Palajographical  Soc.  org.,  London,  978' . 

Palieontographical  Society  formed,  954' . 

Palteopolis,  capture  of,  10521 . 

Palafox  y  Melzi,  Jos^  de,  D.  of  Saragossa, 
b.-d.,  11302;  at  Saragossa,  7162. 

Palakolla  factory  opened,  10443. 

Palaprat,  Jean,  b.  (1650);  works,  696', 
6971;  d.  (1721.) 

Palatinate,  war  to  obtain,  694' ;  burned, 
6952;  falls  to  Bavaria,  7793;  separated, 
7832;  united,  7973  ;  insurrection,  8191 . 

Palatine  Bridge,  N.  Y.,  R.  R.  aoc,  3453. 

Palatines  in  N.  Y^.,  571  J^. 

Palatka,  Fla.,  agents  expelled,  4571 . 

Palencia,  Sp.,  Univ.  fnd.  ;  removed,  1127* . 

Palenque,  Mex.,  ruins  of,  661 ,  10973. 

Palermo,  It.,  massacre  at,  6731;  taken, 
10522,  10533,  10701,  10741;  earthquake. 
10841 ;  surrenders,  1086 1 ;  Giomaledi  Sta. 
tistica  issued,  10871 ;  insurrection,  10872, 


Pale-Para. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INUt-X.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1363 


1088' ,  10891 ;  stormed,  evacuated,  10881 ; 
prov.  govt,  fmd.,  10891 .  (See  Panormus.) 

Pales  discovered,  7321 . 

Palestine.  (See  text  under  Turkey) ;  in- 
vaded, (501 ;  Hebrew  monarchy  erected, 
11432;  coerced,  11471 ;  Persian  rule,  11472; 
under  Gr.  rule,!  1473 ;  ruled  by  Per., 11472; 
taken  by  Antigonus  ;  subdued  by  Ptol- 
emy ;  taken  from  Egy.;  Egy.  rules,  11491 ; 
given  to  Ptolemy  V.;  Egy.  rules  ;  battle 
ground  ;  ruled  by  Syria  ;  ceded  to  Ptol- 
emy Philopator;  seized;  subject  to  Syria, 
11492;  earthquakes,  11502;  Roman  cen- 
sus taken.  11513;  a  Horn,  province;  a  king- 
dom, 10632;  independent,  11533;  pest  of 
locusts,  11541 ;  ruled  by  Fatimite  califs; 
ruled  by  (Jhristians  ;  taken  from  Egy., 
11552;  Turks  take,  10341;  annexed  to 
Turk.,  11572;  Moabite  stone  dis.;  survey 
of,  9761,11581;  claims  for  holy  places, 
11191. 

Palestrina,  Giovanni  Pierluigi  da,  b., 
10802  ;  work,  10813  ;  d.,  10823. 

Palestro,  It.,  action  at,  5241 . 

Paley,  William,  b.,  9103 ;  works,  9231, 9271 ; 
d.,  9323. 

Palfrey,  F.  W.,  d.,348i. 

,  John  Gorham,  b.,  1061 ;  History  of 

Xew  England,  1863  ;  d.,  3062. 

,  Warwick,  d.,  1S02. 

Palgrave.  Sir  Francis,  b.,  9243;  Normandy 
and  England,  9563  ;  d.,  9642. 

,  Francis  Turner,  b.  (1824);  works, 9763. 

,  Thos.  Turner,  Mylls  and  Songs,  9591 . 

,  WilUam  Gillord,  b.,  9422  ;  d.,  9982. 

Pa-Ii-kao,  Chinese  defeat,  16201 . 

Pallkao,  Comte  de  (Charles  Guillaurae 
Marie  .\pollinaire  Antoine  Cousin-Mon- 
tauban),  b.  (1796);  minister  war,  7393  ; 
leaves  Paris  for  Belg.,  7412;  d.  (1878). 

Palilsa,  J.,  dis.  minor  planets,  5301 ,  5321 . 

Palissot,  de  .Hontenoy,  Charles,  b.,  6983; 
d.,  7211. 

Pali.ssy,  Bernard,  b.,  6802  ;  works,  6832, 
6&13  ;  experiments  in  enamels  ;  makes 
Faience  ware,  6822  ;  d.,  6842. 

Palla,  la..  Central  University  org.,  173i . 

Palladio,  Andrea,  b.,  10802  ;  d.  (1580). 

Palladium  discovered,  9322. 

Palladius,  b.  (367±) ;  sent  to  Scotland  and 
Ireland,  8103;  d.  (4311). 

Pallas,  asteroid,  discovered,  8062. 

wrecked,  9613. 

Pallas  rules  Claudius,  10631 ;  reigns,  11072; 
d.  (63). 

,  Peter  Simon,  b.,  8003;  d.,  8102. 

Pallavicino,  Sforza,  b.,  10823  ;  d.,  10831 . 

Pallister,  Sir  William,  b.,  9442. 

Palm,  Johannes  Uenricus  van  der,  b. 
(1765) ;  works,  11022;  d.  (1&40). 

of  Nuremburg,  execution  of,  7161 . 

Palma,  Sp.,  Aurora  Slallorquina,  11311. 

,  Gonzalo  de,  governor,  6301 . 

,  Jacopo,  b.,  10783;  d.,  10803. 

, younger,  b.,  10803  ;  d.,  10823. 

Palmblad,  Wilhelm  Fredrik,  b.-d.,  11342  ; 
fnds.  Aurora  Formbundet,  11351 ;  works, 
11362. 

Palmeirim  d'Inglaterra  appears,  11091 . 

Palmella,  Duke  of.    (See  Sousa-Holstein.) 

Palmer,  Mass.,  strike,  4263. 

,  Anthony,  governor,  672;  d.,  662. 

,  Col.,  in  duel,  9372. 

,  Erastus  Dow,  b.,  1262. 

,  Frank  W.,  b.,  1342  ;  in  government 

printing  department,  3512. 

George  H.,  works,  3982. 

,  James  A.,  forger,  4()43. 

, Shedden,  b.,  1162;  d.,  2582. 

,  John,  b.  (174i!) ;  d.,  8383. 

, McCauSey, b.,  1262;  at  Murfrees- 

boro,  2171;  near  Woodbury,  2182;  at 
Ringgold, 2282;  gov.  111.,  2692;  commands 
district  of  Ky.,  2422  ;  vote,  2812  ;  nom. 
for  gov.,  3612;  commander-in-chief,  3891 ; 
pres.  society,  3923. 

, Williamson,  b.,  1322. 

,  .Joseph,  d.,  2711. 

,  Paul,  forms  church,  603. 

,  Phcebe,  b.,  1141 ;  d.,  2861. 

,  Bay,  b.,  1142;  works,  1511 ,  1783,2923, 

3063;  d.,3261. 

,  Roundell,  b.,  9363  ;    L.  Selbourne  ; 

L.  chancellor;  Land  Transfer  Bill  intro. 
9773 ;  minister,  9852  ;  opens  St.  Paul 
School,  9923;  Bar  Asso.  medal,  3903. 

,  Rufus,  642. 

,  Susan  B.,  gift,  4063. 

,  Thomas  F.,  transported,  9272. 


Palmer,  Thomas  W.,  World's  Fair  Com- 
mission, 3633;  U.S.  minister,  3513;  re- 
signs commission,  4333. 

.Tunis,  b.,  1321. 

,  William  Adams,  b.  (1791) ;  governor 

Vt.,  1393  ;  d.  (1860). 

,  Col.  W.  J.,  raid,  2403. 

,  Wm.  Pitt,  b.,  1122  ;  d.  (18»4). 

Palmerston,  Viscount.  (SeeTemple, John 
Henry.) 

Palmetto,  Ga.,  Jeff.  Davis  visits,  2382. 

Palm-leaf  hats  manufactured,  Mass.,  1341 . 

Palmyra  fnd.,  11433  ;  a  Roman  colony, 
10653  ;  conquered,  10661 ;  ruins  of,  11671 . 

,  Kan.,  political  flght,  1793. 

Palnadu,  mission,  10471. 

Palo  Alto,  Cal.,  battle,  1601;  Stanford 
Univ.,  3263,  3923. 

Palo  Alto  trots  at  Stockton,  3953. 

Palomino  de  Castro  y  Velaseo,  Acislo  An- 
tonio, b.-d.,  11283. 

Palo  Pinto,  Tex.,  Federals  defeated,  2463. 

Palos,  Sp.,  Columbus  sails,  13i ;  dis.  of 
Am.  eel. ;  Santa  Maria  sails,  11331 . 

Palovich  revolts,  5281 . 

Paludan-MuUer,  Frederic, b.,  6382;  works, 
6392,6403  ;  d.,  6421. 

Pamacagua,  Mateo  Garcia  rebels,  11082. 

Pamir,  troops  in,  6241 ;  explanations  de- 
manded, 6252  ;  Russians  Invade,  11221; 
Chinese  withdraw,  6272. 

Pamplona,  Colxunbia,  captured,  9361 ;  up- 
rising, 11301 . 

,  Sp.,  surrendered,  7202. 

Pamphilus,  St.,  b.-d.,  11521 . 

Pamphylia,  new  province,  10613. 

Pananus,  painter,  10203. 

Panama,  Pizarro  arrives,  173  ;  Pizarro 
sails,  182  ;  fnd.,  193  ;  seat  of  govt.,  192  ; 
travelers  perish,  213 ;  sacked,  24i ; 
burned  ;  San  Lorenzo  destroyed,  441;  In- 
dians destroy  towns,  581  •  Am.  property 
protected,  3201 ;  appropriation  of  Cong., 
3363  ;  telegraph  est.,  9913  ;  bread  dis- 
tributed ;  military  force,  6282 ;  treaty 
with  Indians,  6283  ;  a  federal  state  ;  se- 
cedes, 6291 ;  rebellions,  6292  ;  fire  ;  hy- 
draulics for  minerals  ;  Kearsarge  crew 
arrives,  6293;  commerce  restricted,  6303. 

Canal,  in  Cong.,  2693,  3333  ;  commis- 
sioners appointed,  2773  ;  Blaine's  Circu- 
lar letter,  3073. 

Co.  org.,  7533;  in  Fr.,  6293  ;  new 

Co.  fails ;  workmen  jiaid,  6293  ;  bank- 
ruptcy bill ;  commercial  standing,  7572, 
3  ;  bond  issue  ;  depends  on  subscription  ; 
dissolution  decreed,  7573  ;  no  credit  ; 
reports,  7593  ;  concession  extended  ; 
new  contract,  6292  ;  condition,  7632 ; 
parliamentary  inquirer,  7651;  swindlers 
deprived  of  decorations,  7673  ;  see  Fr., 
6293 ;  commercial  houses  assist ;  shares, 
7573  ;  contractors'  olFer ;  work  aban- 
doned, 6293  ;  lottery  prize,  7563  ;  Loan 
Bill,  7591 ;  report  on,  7592,  7653  ;  bonds 
issued,  7593  ;  new  scheme  ;  shares  fall, 
7613 ;  concessions  refused,  7652  ;  special 
committee  reports,  7613  ;  scandal ;  De 
Lesseps  trial,  7603,  7642,  3  ;  investiga- 
tion resolution  report,  4321 ;  investiga- 
tion begins,  4243. 

Congress  fails  to  meet,  1352. 

R.  R.,  earthquakes  destroy,  6282;  first 

train,  6293. 

Pan-American  Bimetallic  convention,  ses- 
sion, 4402,  4573. 

monetary  conf.,  3491 ,  3552,  3572, 

3593,3631;  held,  ,3593. 

Medical  Congress,  Wash.,  D.  C, 

4361,3. 

Republican  Congress,  centennial 

day,  3882. 

Anglican  Conference  of  bishops  at 

Lambeth,  9702,  9822. 
Panathenaian  games  instituted,  10132. 
Pan-Chuang  mission,  6223. 
Pandion  reigns,  10133. 
Pandoo  Madee,  Sepoy  rebellion,  10481. 
Pandora,  arctic  expedition,  9801 . 

,  asteroid,  discovered,  1841. 

,  frigate,  wrecked,  9241 . 

,  war-ship,  wrecked,  9342. 

Pandosia,  It.,  action  at,  10521 . 
Pandulph,  charter  to  legate,  8531 ;  d.(1226). 
Panet,  Bernard  Claude,  R.C.  bp.,  d.,5782. 
Pangani,  Afr.,  captured,  5631 ;  occupied, 

Pango-Pango,  claims  of  U.  S.,  3393. 
Panic,  commercial,  U.  S.,  1413,  1473  ;  fail- 


ures in  1837,  U.  S.,  1493  ;  in  G.  B.,  8933, 

9551 ,  10073. 
Panic-stricken  England,  9313. 
Panipat,  India,  victory  of ,  51 . 
Panitza,  Major,  confession,  5682;  conspi- 
racy punished,  5692,  5682;  trial, 5682. 
Panizzi,  Sir  Anthony,  b.,  10843;  d.  (1879). 
Pankeng  enthroned,  6II2. 
Panmure,  Lord.    (See  Fox,  Maule.) 
Pannius,  high-priest,  11523. 
Pannonia,  invaded,  502 1,  10693  ;  Romans 

rule,  5023,  10621,  10632;  under  Croatia, 

5031 ;  acquired,  10712. 
Pannonian  war,  in  Bosnia,  10603. 
Panoma  founders,  9913. 
Panopxa,  asteroid,  discovered,  7321 . 
Panorama  issued,  IIIO1 . 
Panorama  exhibited,  9241 . 
Panormus  (see  Palermo),  10522;  captured, 

10523. 
Pan-Presby.  Cong,  in  London,  2882,  98O2, 

9902  ;  in  Phila.,  3042  ;  conf.  at  Belfast, 

3182  ;  at  Edinburgh,  9822. 
Pan-Protestant  Conf.  at  Worms,  8263. 
Pansa,  Gains  Vibius,  at  Mutina,  10602; 

consul,  10612;  k.  (43  B.C.). 

Pantagrajjh  improved,  9401 . 

Panthay  rising,  6I81 . 

Pantheon  erected ;  opd.,  9182,  10603  (?) ; 
dedicated,  10722;  roof  destroyed,  10822. 

Panzer,  Georg  Wolfgang,  b., 8002;  d., 8082. 

Paokwen  entnroneo,  613 1 . 

Paoli,  Pa.,  Wayne  at,  872. 

,  Pasquale  de,  b.,  6982;  generalissimo, 

7021  ;  defeated,  7041  ;  revolts,  7112, 
10852;  d.,  7163. 

PaoUuccio,  Anafaesto,  first  doge  at  Ven- 
ice, 10731. 

Papacy,  temporal  power,  Ger.,  4303,7702; 
Greeks  acknowledge  supremacy,  10703; 
despised  ;  summit  of  power,  7743 ;  hatred 
of,  £ng.,  8583;  contention  for  crown, 
10731,  10743;  dominion  restored,  10773; 
biHs,  jmperial  sanction,  Aust.,  5171 ; 
conflict^ith  gov't,  5442,  5453  ;  power 
limited^/Fr.,  0923  ;  encyclical  prohibited, 
7362;  encyclical,  7542;  gov't  and  nuncio 
circular,  7672  ;  recognizes  power,  Ger., 
7702  ;  summons  to  emperor,  7743,  7751 ; 
releases  allegiance,  7793 ;  temporal 
power  denied,  783a.  (See  Pope  and  E. 
Catholic.) 

Papal  infallibility,  Jesuits  favor,  8263  ; 
protest  against ;  dogma  promulgated, 
8262  ;  gov't  disputes,  8282  ;  encyclical 
issued,  3321,8283. 

interdict,  Eng.,  8683,  8723  ;  interfer- 
ence in  Ire.,  9982 ;  power  supreme,  10743 ; 
nuncic  opposes  toleration,  11323. 

states  fnd.    7713    10732  ;  annexed  to 

Fr.,  10853;  insurrection,  IO88I;  vote  for 
union   10893  ;  Sardinians  enter,  IO881 . 

Paparo,  John,  divides  bishoprics.  8502. 

Pape-Carpentier,  Marie,  b.  7222  ;  d.,7502. 

Paper,  m.ide,  6IO2  ;  made  of  straw,  1361 ; 
high  price,  2433  ;  from  asbestos,  7982; 
machine  inv.,  8102,  8982  ;  white  manf., 
8962;  bottles  appear,  3'28i;  duties  abol- 
ished, G.  B.,  9651 ,2. 

■  Duties  Repeal  Bill  rejected,  9652. 

Hangings,  used,  Eng.,  88O1 . 

— ~  Mnfrs'.  Asso.,  Am.,  meets,  3891. 

mill,  first  est.  in  Am.,  502,  eoi ,  703; 

in  It.,  10762  ;  first  in  Eng.,  8742. 

money  issued,  673,  612,  793  ;  substi- 
tute for  taxation,  8I2  •  used  in  China, 
6133  ;  in  Cuba,  6333.    (See  Money.) 

pulp  bleached,  3321 . 

trust  org.  in  England,  10033. 

Paphlagonia,  surrendered  to  Rome,  10292. 

Papias,  Exposition  of  Oracles,  10643. 

Papier-mach^,  method  of,800i ;  mnf.,9102. 

Papin,  Denis,  b.,  6883  ;  invents  digester, 
6922  ;  devises  steam-engine,  6942,  8OOI ; 
invents  heat-engine,  6942;  d.,  6963. 

Papineau,  Louis  Joseph,  b.,  5762  ;  rebel 
leader,  6781 ,  5792  ;  reward  for,  6792  ;  d. 
5821. 

Papinian.  .Emilius,  b.-d.,  10642  ;  improves 
justice,  10063. 

Papinsville,  Mo.,  battle  of,  1983. 

Papirius  Cursor,  Lucius,  defeats  Samnites, 
10521  ;  at  Aquilonia,  10522. 

Paprade,  P.  M.  V.  R.de,  Symphonies,733^ . 

Papyrography,  invented,  6202. 

Para,  Brazil,  subilued,  .Vi4i;  rebellion, 
5553  ;  report  of  church,  6563  ;  boycotting 
league,  5583. 

Parachute  constructed,  7041 . 


1364 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Para-Pari, 


Paradis^  Father,  Bummoned^  5882, 

Paradise  of  Dainty  Devices  issued,  875' . 

Paraflan,  made,  8181 ;  mineral  oil,  964' . 

Paragon  built,  1161 . 

Paraguay  (see  text,  pp.1106-1106),  explored, 
191;  Santo  Espiritu  built,  193;  Ascen- 
sion fnd.,  213  ;  bishopric  est. ;  Jesuits 
labor;  missions  est.,  222,  242,  262,3; 
Jesuit  settlement,  29 1,  673;  Buenos 
Ayres  separated,  293 ;  Indian  slave 
raids,  323  ;  Indian  Jesuits,  5531 ;  Jesuits 
expelled,  742  ;  diamonds  dis.,  5542  ;  re- 
inforcements, 5541 ;  alliance  with  Braz., 
5553  ;  JVater  Witch  attacked,  1772,  i84i ; 
war,  5561 ;  peace  withBraz.,5571 ;  moni- 
tors, 5561 ;  boundary  treaty,  5512. 

Paramaribo,  Guiana,  Eng.  colonists,  1039* ; 
mission  established,  10393. 

ParanA,  Braz.,  civil  war,  4902  j  insurgents 
hold,  4921 ;  peace  expedition,  5553;  camp 
bombarded;  victory,  5561;  churches 
org.,  5563  ;  martial  law,  5602. 

Parannis,  governs  for  Commodus,  10652. 

Paray-le-Monial,  Eng.,  pilgrims  vi8it,9762. 

Parchment  invented,  11482. 

Pardo,  Manuel,  pres.  Peru,  11082;  k.  (1878). 

Pardee,  Julia,  b.,  9322  ;  d.  (1802). 

Pardons,  sale  of,  exposed,  D.  C,  2551 , 

Par^,  Ambroise,  b.,  6802;  Apologieet  Voy- 
ages, 6843  ;  d.,  6842. 

Paredes  y  Arrillaga,  Mariano,  b.-d.,  10952. 

Parepa-Rosa  (Euphrosyne  Parepa  de 
Boyesku),  b.  (1836) ;  at  Peace  Jubilee, 
2661;  d.  (1874). 

Paret,  Wm.,  b.  (1826) ;  cons.  P.  E.  bp.,  2182. 

Parey-Chaley,  mission,  1047*. 

Parhelion  appears,  7963. 

,  H.  M.,  dis.  Galatea,  2661 . 

Paria,  Venezuela,  treaty  of,  r)25i . 

Parieu,  Maria  Louis  Pierre  F^lix  Esquirou 
de,  b.  (1815)  ;  pres.,  7392  ;  d.  (1893). 

Parini,  Giuseppe,  b.,  108i2  ;  works,  10851 ; 
d.,  10843. 

Paris,  City  of,  arrives,  4133. 

,  R.  C.  pilgrims  on,  4661 . 

Paris,  Fr.,  Commune  in  ;  jEtius  at ;  taken, 
6622;  St.Denia  church  fnd.,  6642;  burned; 
great  council  at,  6652  ;  gen.  assembly 
convoked,  7712  ;  Louvre  a  royal  resi- 
dence, 6642  ;  besieged  by  Northmen ; 
Northmen  enter,  666i ;  pillaged,  6672  ; 
capital  of  France.,  6673;  a.D.  1000+; 
Hungary,  students  in,  5042  ;  Cistercian 
convent  fnd.;  Port  Royale  des  Champs 
fnd.,  6703;  colleges  united ;  University 
fnd.,  6711  ;  development;  Festival  of 
Fools,  6712,  6771;  Notre  Dame  built, 
6721,  2;  Sorbonne  est.,  2722,  2731,  6721 ; 
persecution  of  Templars,  6723  ;  States- 
General  meet,  6733,  6752;  Baatile  begun, 
6741  ;Louvreoccupied,6742;  Coll. of  Medi- 
cine fnd.;  royal  library  fnd.,  6743;  riots  ; 
barons  k. ;  black  plague ;  unsanitary 
condition,675i  ;revolt  in;treaty  withEng. 
rejected 6752;  civil  strife;  anarchy,  6753; 
occupied  by  Eng.,  6701  j  Eng.  evacuate ; 
hats  made  ;  Fr.  repulsed  by  Eng.,  6762; 
insurrection  against  taxation,  6703 ,  677 1 ; 
brigandage,  677 1 ;  Cabochlens  arise,  676* ; 
royal  family  flee8,6772;Burgundians  gov- 
ern,6773;  recovered  from  Eng.,6773  8632; 
Pantheon  erected,  6782,  7022  ;  bridge  of 
Notre  Dame  falls,  6782;  Univ.  has  Gr. 
professor,  6783  ;  first  post-office,  6792 ; 
Acad,  of  Music  fnd. ;  Hotel  de  Ville 
built;  boulevards  commenced;  Louvre 
improved,  68O2 ;  Calvin  preaches  6803  ; 
Jesuits  est.  ;  placards  against  mass  ; 
persecution  of  Christians,  681 1;  Con- 
cordat refused,  6812;  Fountain  of  Inno- 
cents erected  ;  palace  of  Tuileries,  6822; 
first  Protest,  church  ;  edict  for  questions 
of  faith ;  Sorbonne  condemns  Jesuits, 
6823  ;  coaches  intro.  ;  forks  used,  6833  ; 
besieged,  6841,  7312,  7403,  7413,  pont 
Neuf  oegun  ;  Hotel  des  Invalides  erect- 
ed, 6841 ;  Edict  of  Pacification,  6843;  bed 
of  justice  est.,  685i ;  D.  of  Guise  enters  ; 
insurrection  against  K.,  6853  ;  Hotel 
Dieu  fnd.,6861 :  Fr.  Acad.  fnd.,686i ,  6872; 
Luxembourg  Palace  begun,  6861;  Cis- 
tercianconventremoved,687i ;  RoyalPal- 
ace  built,  686* ;  Port  Royale  des  Ohamps 
refmd.,  6871;  Concirii  overthrown, 
6872 ;  great  revolution,  6873  ;  block- 
aded, 6881 :  Acad,  of  Fine  Arts  ;  Val-de- 
GrAce  built,  6882  ;  wandering  Jew  ap- 
pears J  Ricb^ieu's  influence ;  death ,  689  2 ; 
illumination  by  pitch  ;  louis  d'or  pieces 


struck:  members  of  pari,  arrested;  re- 
forms for  abuses  ;  taxes  refused  ;  war  of 
Fronde,  6893;  Acad,  of  Belies-Lettres, 
6901 ;  Acad.of  Sciencee8t,,690i  ,6912;Roy. 
Observatory  est.,  690' ;  resort  of  scholars, 
6911;  Acad,  of  Architecture  est.;  Nat. 
Theater  fnd. ;  St.  Denis  arch  erected, 
6922;  i»/ercure Ga/ann88ued,693i ;  female 
dancers  intro. ;  Le  Triomphe  de  P Amour 
played,  6932;  national  reverses,  6952; 
A.i>.  1700+  ;  Champs  Elys^es  a  public 
promenade;  palace  erected,  6962;  Port 
Royale  des  Champs,  demolition.  697 1; 
Bastile  opnd. ;  dissolute  regent ;  Banque 
Generale  est.;  John  Law's  Mississippi 
Scheme,  6972  ;  paper  money  issued, 
6972,3;  treaty  of,  943,  5753,  6313,  7033, 
7213,  7233,  7333,  9232;  man  with  iron 
mask  d.,  6973;  Acad,  of  Surgery  est.; 
palace  of  Deputies  erected,  698i ;  mir- 
acles at  St.  Medard,  6991;  Law's  Bank 
est.,  593;  finances  low,  6992;  military 
academy  est.,  700i ;  taxation  of  eccl. 
property  ;  rise  ot  freethinkers,  701 1 ; 
steamboats  on  Seine,  7022  ;  Jesuits  sup- 
pressed, 7032  J  clergy  opposed  ;  pari, 
restricted  ;  pari,  triumphs  over  State, 
7033;  balloon  ascent,  7041 ,  7162;  Bastile 
pulled  down,  700i,  707';  Nat.  Guard 
org.,  7061 ;  monasteries  suppressed  ;oath 
of  ecclesiastics  prescribed,  7062;  Bulle- 
tin des  Stances  de  V AssembUe  Nationale  ; 
Courier  de  Versailles ;  deaf-mutes  insti- 
tute ;  Journal  des  D^bats ;  Journal  des 
Stats  Giniraux;  Lettres  d.  ses  Commet- 
tants  issued  ;  Le  Monite.ur  UniverseUe ; 
Patriote  Franqais ;  lUvolutions  de  Paris  ; 
school  for  blind  ;  soc.  of  the  Sorbonne 
broken  up,  7063;  fete  of  Federation  eel. ; 
Fran5ois,  baker,  murdered ;  Jacobin 
clubs  orlg.;  privileged  classes  abolished  ; 
Regency  Club  est. ;  riot ;  titles  abolished, 
7071 ;  Bastile  taken  by  mob,  7072;  mon- 
asteries abolished  ;  Nat.  Bank  est.,  7073; 
mob  at  Tuileries,  708» ,  7091 ,  7252,  7303; 
Swiss  Guards  massacred,  708i ,  2;  church 
plate  for  coinage  ;  pope's  effigy  burned, 
7082;  Reign  of  Terror;  mob  massacres 
prisoners;  priests  exiled;  royal  family 
imprisoned ;  royal  family  flees,  7083  ; 
Commune  in,  7091  +  ;  Nat.  fraternity; 
massacre  by  Jacobins ;  Nat.  conven. 
meets  ;  Revolutionary  Era;  Revolution- 
ary Tribunal,  7092,  3,  7111 ;  trial  of 
Louis XVI., 7092;  Cnm.ofPublic  Safety, 
7093,  7112;  Acad,  of  Natural  Philos. 
est. ;  Conservatoire  des  Arts  et  Metiers  ; 
Institut  Nat.  est.,  7102;  Festival  of  Rea- 
son; Fete del'EtreSupreme, 7103;  bread 
riots,  7111,  7331  J  Christianity  pro- 
scribed; Dantonists  condemned,  7lli; 
Austrians  in,  518* ;  Girondists  executed  ; 
guillotines  glutted  ;  Jacobins  mobbed  ; 
wage  rates  est.;  revolutionists  executed  ; 
slave-trade  abolished,  7111;  Committee 
Public  Safety  arrested ;  insurrection 
against  gov't. ;  Moderates  control,  7112; 
Nat.  Conven.  ends ;  Prairial  insurrec- 
tion, 7113,  7133;  gov't,  of  Directory; 
Royalists'  insurrection,  7113  ;  N,  Bona- 
parte subdues,  7102  ;  Coup  d'Etat  suc- 
ceeds, 7132,  3  ;  Ancients  remove  ;  dis- 
solved ;  N.  Bonaparte's  offer;  Council  of 
500  expelled,  7133  ;  Adams'  Commission 
meets,  109i;  A.D.  1800+  ;  amnesty  to 
emigrants,  7152;  consulate,  7133  ;  Napo- 
leon in,  7153 ;  Pont  des  Invalides  erected, 
7162;  allies  capture;  evacuate;  Napoleon 
enters,  marries  Maria  Louisa,  5203  ;  em- 
press leaves  ;  legislative  assembly  pro- 
rogued, 7212  ;  allies  enter,  5203,  8113  ; 
imperial  guard  dissolved ;  surrenders, 
7221;  velocipede  patented,  7222;  Bells 
of  Notre  Dame  baptized  ;  Fr.  Acad,  re- 
org.,  7231 ;  Napoleon  I.  abdicates  ;  allies 
enter;  Peace  Soc.  fmd.,  7232;  Amnesty 
Law  passes  ;  gas  intro..  7233  ;  omnibus 
revived;  war  of  barricades,  7241;  La 
Revue  issued,  7252  ;  Louvre  taken  ;  July 
revolution ;  siege ;  Tuileries  sacked, 
7253;  Luxor  Obelisk  erected,  6482,  7261 ; 
Soc.  of  Progress;  explosion;  massacre 
of  insurrectionists,  7272  ;  cholera,  7273, 
7493,7633;  insurrection,  7273,  7293,  730', 
7313  ;  election  riots ;  Soc.  of  Rights  of 
Man,  7272  ;  gaming-houses  prohibited, 
7273  ;  fortifications  constructed,  7281 ; 
Creches  est.  ;  Napoleon  I.  re-interred, 
7292  ;  Nat.  Guard  re-org.,  730i ;  funeral 


of  revolutionary  victims,  7303,  7311; 
peace  cong.  opd.,  7303  ;  Assembly  at- 
tacked ;  Executive  Commission  ;  nat. 
workshops  est. ;  Socialist  mobs ;  Nafr. 
Assembly  meets  ;  Revolution  of  Febru- 
rary,  7311,8261;  Second  Republic,  7311 ; 
Louis  Napoleon,  pres.,  7312;  Consulta- 
tive Commission  fnd. ;  liberty  trees 
planted,  7313 ;  capitulation,  8261 ;  Louvre 
opd.,  7321 :  World's  Cong.  Y.  M.  C,  A.  ; 
church  01  St.  Genevieve  opd.,  7323  ■ 
plot  to  assassinate  prince-pres. ;  social- 
ist demonstration,  733'  ;  legislative 
chambers  installed,  7332  ;  first  agricul- 
tural exhibition  ;  peace  conf. ;  telegraph 
to  Bastia,  7333;  Camp  of  Chalons,  7341  - 
great  aquarium,  7342  ;  L' L'nirers  sup- 

fires6ed,7343;Royal  Library  ,7351  ;greater 
iberty  of  speech,  7352 ;  Grand  Opera 
House  erected,  7361;  riots,  7371,  7383, 
7392, 7643;  horse-flesh  as  food;  Internat. 
Exhibition  ;  boulevards  planned,  7373  ; 
Kinck  murder,  7383  ;  Claims  of  Napole- 
onic Dynasty :  Friends  of  Order  fired  on ; 
Journal  Officiel ;  requisitions  on  sli(jp- 
keepers,  739 1 ;  A.D.  1870±  ;  fortified, 
7401 ;  Ger.  advance  on  ;  Ger,  repulse  Fr. 
sortie  ;  Ger.  besiege ;  actions  at ;  levy  e?t 
masse,  7403  ;  decree  against  foreigners, 
7411;  imperial  correspondence  seized; 
legislative  chamber  dissolved ;  Nat. 
Guards  preserve  order,7412,3;  first  siege; 
Repub.  manifesto,  7413  ;  Ger.  fire  first 
shots  ;  St.  Cloud  burned,  742 1 ;  Imperial 
Guard  suppressed,  7422  ;  invested,  7423, 
8261 ;  Commune  est.  ;  defeated,  7432  ; 
mobilization  of  able  men,  7422  ;  bom- 
barded ;  Fr.  expelled  from  Mont  Avron  ; 
Forts  Issy  and  Vanvres  silenced,  7431 ; 
Republicans  defeated,  7432 ;  church  bells 
for  cannon  ;  Commune  against  gov*t., 
7433,7441,2  ;  Ft.  capitulate  ;  Ger.  enter; 
Ger.  occupy  forts;  Nat.  Guard  meeting 
suppressed;  troops  reviewed,  7441;  Co- 
lonne  Vendome  overthrown  ;  Commune 
in  churches  ;  Guillotine  burned  ;  news- 
papers suppressed  ;  foreigners  detailed  ; 
reign  of  terror  ;  under  martial  law,  7443 ; 
capitulation  signed  ;  food  from  Eng., 
7451,  9751 ;  Archbp.  Darboy  arrested, 
2443,  7452,  3  ;  Commune  denounced ; 
Communal  election,  7452  ;  gov't  at  Bor- 
deaux ;  Napoleon  111.  overthrown  ; 
Third  Republic  fmd.,  245' ,  2;  Comnwin© 
revolts;  Nat.  Guard  fmd. ;  *' advances" 
exacted,  7452 ;  cartridge  fr.ctory  ex- 
plodes ;  Communists  appeal  to  Fr. ; 
churches  sacked  ;  Com.  of  Pub.  Safety ; 
famine;  Palais  Royal  injured  ;  resorts 
reopd. ;  Commune  suppressed,  7453 ; 
women  executed,  7462  ;  drinking  fount- 
ains est. ;  Communists  shot ;  Shah  of 
Persia  in,  7463  ;  communist  punished, 
7471 ;  new  ministry;  McMahon,  pres., 
7473;  Grand OperaHouse  opd.;  review  at 
Longchamps;Vend6me  column  restored, 
7481 ;  Figaro  suspended,  7483  ;  Nomina- 
tion of  Mayor's  Bill  passes,  7491 ;  Inter- 
nat. Maritime  Exhibition,  7493;  Catholi 
Univ.  est.,  7502;  Communists  pardoned, 
7503,  7511 ,  2,7531 ;  Library  report ;  Mid- 
may  mission  fnd.,  7502;  Communists 
convicted ;  Public  Instruction  Law,  7503 , 
7542  ;  Internal.  Exhibition  opd.,  7513  j 
electric  tramway  est.  ;  museum  est., 
7521;  Com^die  Fran^aise  eel.;  crown 
jewels  stolen,  7523  ;  Bastile,  fall  eel.. 
3643,  7523,  7583,  7633;  Republican  Nat. 
fete  ;  Victor  Hugo  feted,  7523  ;  legisla- 
ture returns,  753 1;  financial  panic,  753i  . 
7593 ;  high  school  approved,  7532 ;  Pharo 
Chateau  presented,  7533;  statue  of  Jie- 
puhlic,  7541,  7581;  labor  disturbances, 
7543;  anarchists' demonstrations ;  crem- 
atory est.,  7552;  telephone  to  Brussels, 
7553  ;  Gambetta  monument ;  Shake- 
speare 8tatue,756i  ;  Jewish  mission,7562; 
laborers*  strike,  7503  ;  sewage  of  city, 

7572  ;  express  to  Constantinople  ;  tele- 
phone est. ;  Op^ra-Comique  burned  ; 
Panama    Canal    Co.    bonds    increased, 

7573  ;  earthquakes ;  Revolution  Memo- 
rial Fund;  A.D.  1890+-  ;  Pasteur  Insti. 
work;  Colignv  statue  ;  Republic  statue^ 
7581 ;  Buttaloftill'sWildWest,  bull  fights 
stopped  ;  cabmen  strike;  railroad  strike, 
7583,  7G03,  7011 ;  Johnstown  flood,  gifts, 
7583  ;  Boulanger  demonstration,  7592  ■ 
Universal  Exposition,  7693;  awards  to- 


Pari-Pass. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INUIiX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1365 


I 


V.  S.  A.,  3473  ;  new  Salon,  7691 ;  bakers' 
strike,  7603;  telephone  with  Lond.,7613, 
10041;  Fenian  center  org.,  9912;  stage- 
drivers  strike,  7603  ;  Boiuangists  routed, 
7611;  dynamite  explosions,  7623,  7631; 
anniversary  of  Commune ;  decree  for 
exhib.  in  1900;  dynamite  outrages;  in- 
demnity, 7633  ;  Arago  and  Kenaudot 
statues.  764* ;  Jules  Ferry  funeral,  7642; 
Revolutionary  proclamations,  7643  ; 
Cocarde  forgeries,  765i ;  dynamite  ex- 
plosions ;  anarchists  arrested,  7662,  3. 

Paris.  Ky.,  action  at,  2102;  barbecue,  4703. 

.  Tex.,  oil  fire,  4133;  mob,  4222. 

carries  otf  Helen,  10143. 

,  A.  P.,  Romantic  School.  7251 . 

,  G.  B.  P.,  Hist  tie  Charlemagne,  7363. 

,  Comte  de    (Louis    Philippe    Alfred 

d'Orleans),  pr.,b.,7282;  enters  Am.  Fed- 
eral service,  1983  ;  in  N.  Y.,  3683  ;  with 
Gen.MeClellan,  3693;  entertained, 3703; 
visits  Can.,  5903  ;  minister,  7511 ;  family 
leaves  Fr.,7553;  d.,  7631. 

,  Matthew,  b.-d.,  a''>02;  works,  8523. 

University  fnd.,  G71i,  6743,  6783  ;  re- 
habilitated,6851  ;  lawcourses,  6932;  con- 
trols education,  7252. 

Parish  Bank  Friendly  Society  est.,  9352. 

— -  Councils  Bill,  lOlUi. 

funds  changed,  Ger.,  8293. 

.  Henry  Woodbine,  d.,  10022, 

,  John  T.,  will,  3851 . 

Parishes  enlarged,  8622  ;  provided,  9522. 
Park,  Edwards  Amasa,  b.,  1142. 

.  James,  moderator,  3">8i. 

,  Mungo,  b.,0183;  exploration  voyage, 

9262,9322  ;  d.  (1806?). 

.  Roswell,  b.  (1807) ;  d.,  2662. 

,  National,  in  Wyo.,  2773  ;  in  Ga.,  3441; 

inCal.,3691 .  (See  under  cities  for  names 

of  citv  parks.) 

College,  Parkville,  org.,  2883. 

Parke,   John  Grubb,   b.,   1312 ;    gen.,   at 

New  Berne,  205i ;  at  Petersburg,  2443. 

,  Thomas  Heazle,  d.,  IOIO2. 

Parker,  Albert  Edmund,  minister,  9952. 

.  Amasa  Junius,  b.,  II41 . 

,  Arthur  A.,  d.,  1562. 

,  Capt.,  explorer,  4942. 

,  Col.,  at  Independence,  2042;  at  War- 

reiiHburg,  205' . 

,  I>;iingerfleld,  colonel,  4701. 

.  Edward  G.,  b.,  1322  ;  d.,  2602. 

.  Foxhall,  Alex.,  b.,  130i ;  d.  (1879). 

,  Francis  Wayland,  b.,  1482. 

,  Sir  Henry,  d.,  6242. 

.  Sir  Hyde,  b.,  9103  ;  at  Copenhagen, 

63S1  ;  battle  on  Ger.  ocean,  9202  ;  fleet 
wrecked,  9221 ;  leaves  for  Baltic,  9301 . 

,  Isaac,  b.,  1502. 

,  James,  establishes  N".  Y.  Gazette^  G52 ; 

publisher,  691 , 

— ,  Joel,  jurist,  b.,  IO6I :  d.  (1875). 

— -, ,  b.  (1816);  gov.  N.  J.,  2293,2811; 

pres.  nominee,  2773  ;  declines  nom., 
2791 ;  candidate  for  pres., 2931 ;  d.  (1888). 

,  John  Henry,  b.,  9323  ;  d.  (1884). 

,  Joseph,  forms  Baptist  church,  603. 

, ,  baccarat  scandal,  10062. 

.Matthew,  b.,  866 1 ;  archbp,  Canter- 
bury, 8722  ;  Bishops'  Bible,  8723;  organ- 
izes antiquarian  Soc,  8741 ;  d.,  8742. 

.  Sir  Peter,   b.,  9062  ;    on    Sullivan's 

Island,  833  ;  in  N.  Y.,  ^i ;  d.  (1811). 

,  Sani..b.,662;  cons.  bp..  1123;  d.,  1122. 

,  Theodore, b.,  1162;  works,  1731 ,  2723; 

d.,  1861. 

,  Sir  Thomas,  chief  justice,  9052. 

,  Thomas,    Earl    of    Macclesfield,    b. 

(1666)  ;  impeached,  9072  ;  d.  (1732). 

,  Willard,  b.,  1082  ;  d.  (1884). 

,  Sir  William,  b.,  9222  ;  d.  (1866). 

.  WilWam  Kitchen,  d.,  10022. 

Society  organized,  951 1 . 

Parkersburg,  O.,  Gen.  Morgan  at,  2251 . 
,  W    Va.,  R.  R.  opd.,   1833;    oil-well 

struck,  3541 ;  K.  R.  collision,  3452. 

Parker's  Cross  Roads,  Tenn.,  Confederates 
defeated,  2171. 

Parker  Society  founded,  951 1 . 

Parkes,  Alfred,  wife-murderer,  4043. 

,  Sir  Henry,  ministry, 5011, 2  •  resigns, 

5012. 

,  Sir  Harry  Smith,  d.,  9941 . 

Parkhurst,  Charles  Henry,  b.  (1842)  ;  pres. 
Soc.  for  Suppression  of  Crime,  3823  ;  on 
city  officials,  4001 ,3  ;  municipal  corrup- 
tion, 4021 ;  subpfenaed,  4022  ;  police  de- 
partment evidence  ;  raid  endorsed,  4043; 


protected  crime  crusade,  4071;  Byrnes' 
newspaper  charges,  4191;  letter  to 
mayor,  4403  ;  aid  to  reformed  women, 
4443  ;  charges  police  inspectors,  4462, 
4482;  city  offices  corrupt,  4722. 

Parkman,  Francis,  b.,  1303;  works,  1371, 
1663,  1703,  2412,  2503,  2603,2683,2871, 
2963,3183;  d.,442i. 

Parks,  Alderman,  arrested,  N.  Y.,  4691 . 

Parkville,  Mo.,  Park  Coll.  org.,  2883. 

,  N.  Y.,  train  wreck,  4332. 

Parkyns,  Mansfield,  d.,  IOIO2. 

,  Sir  William,  executed,  9011 . 

Parliament,  Rump,  of  Aust.,  5232. 

,  first,  of  Can.,  5793;  seeks  representa- 
tion, London,  5911 . 

abolished  in  Fr.,  7053;  7072  ;   exiled, 

7053  ;  grievances  of,  7072. 

,  Eng,,  first,  of  Saxons,  8452;  first  writ, 

8532;  of  Merton,  8533  ;  the  Mad,  855 1; 
H.C.fmd.,&'J52;  regular  form  est.,  8563; 
first  speaker  ;  fraudulently  packed, 8593; 
aids  king  in  Fr. ;  separated,  8592  ;  on 
Coventry,  8613  ;  40  shillings  and  resi- 
dence qualification,  8632  ;  acts  printed  ; 
Journals  of  H.  L.  commence,  8663  ; 
members  exempt,  8693,  9193  ;  Jour- 
nals of  H.  C.  begun,  8703  ;  the  Addled. 
8811;  Long  Pari.  ;  omitted,  11  years; 
Short  Pari.,  8833;  struggle  with  king, 
8851,2,3;  triennial  meetings,  885 1 ;  king 
impeaches  members ;  Star  Chamber 
Court  abolished,  8852,3 ;  the  Rump  Pari., 
8873,8891,2;  H.  L.  abolished  ;  restored. 
8873  ;  Cromwell  dissolves  ;  "  Barebones' 
Pari.,"  8891 ;  the  Convention,  8891 ,  8912, 
8991;  the  Pension  Pari.,  8913  ;  bribery 
in,889i, 8943;  Roman  Catholics  excluded, 
8951 ;  refuses  army  supplies,  8973;  oaths 
taken;  8992;  Triennial  Pari.,  9012  ;  first 
pari,  of  G.  B.,  9033  ;  septennial,  9053  ; 
journals  printed,  9133;  debates  reported; 
9193  ;  restrictions,  9232  ;  clergy  ineli- 
gible, 9303;  first  Pari.,  United  Kingdom, 
9312;  reform  favored,  9393;  Rom.  Cath. 
elected,  9433,^452;  Reform  Bill,  9452,3; 
Houses  burned,  9473  ;  franking  relin- 
quished, 9512  ;  new  houses,  9512,  9551 ; 
privilege  of  Pari,  settled,  9512;  Hebrew 
admitted,  9632;  oaths  modified,  969', 
9873  ;  representation,  new,  9712  ;  ob- 
structionin,  9722,9831,9852,9872  :  meet- 
ing legalized,  9752  ;  cloture  adopted, 
9912,  9933  ;  new  rules  introduced,  9991 ; 
Reform  Bill  intro.,  9713.  (For  opening 
and  closing  see  text,  p.  8673+). 

demanded,   Ger.,  8171;  preliminary, 

817 1,  2  ;  biennial  est.  ;  Rump  meets, 
8193  ;  Parliamentary  Discipline  Bill 
introduced,  8312. 

,  Irish,  meets,  8992  ;  last,  9312. 

,  Italian,  meets  at  Rome,  10893. 

,  New  S.  Wales,    members    salaried, 

4983;  dissolved,  5011, 

of  Religions  opens  in  Chicago,  4381 . 

,  Scottish,  last  meeting,  9033. 

Reform  Bill  passes,  Belg.,  5471. 

Parma,  It.,  San  Giovanni  Evangelista  Ch. 
fnd.,  10702;  taken,  780i,  10841;  battle 
near,  6981;  ceded,  5153;  battle  of,  5182  ; 
given  to  Maria  Louisa,  10871;  insurrec- 
tion, 5201 ;  revolution,  10891 ;  appeals  to 
Victor  Emmanuel,  10891 . 

,  Mich.,  Pentecost  bands  org., 3202. 

,  Duke  of.    (See  Farnese,  A.) 

,  Prince  of,   claims  Port.,    IIIO2 ;    at 

Zutphen,874i. 

Parmelee,  Theo.  Nelson,  b.  (1804);  d.,2842. 

Parmenides,  b.,  1021 1 ;  theory  of  change, 
10171;  executed,  10251. 

Parmentier,  Jean,  b.-d.,  6783. 

Parmigiano,  Francisco  Maria  Mazzuola, 
b.  (1504) ;  invents  copper  etching ;  paints 
St.  Jerome,  IO8O2  ;  (f.  <1540). 

Parnaces  I.  subdues  Sinope,  11481. 

Parnell,  Chas.  Stewart,  b.,  9522  ;  in  Nat. 
Land  League,  9852;  leader,  9853;  advo- 
cates boycotting;  arrested,  9863  ;  Irish 
Amend,  defeated;  manifeBto,9872, 10053; 
opposes  Land  Bill,  9873  ;  Imprisoned, 
9883;  released,  9891,  2;  holds  conven- 
tion, 9951 ;  amendment  to  address,  9953; 
press  attacks  Parnelllsm  and  Crime, 
9972;  denounces  Crimes  Act,  9991 ;  com- 
mission to  investigate,  9992,  s,  10032  ; 
denies  letters,  9992;  life-member  Nat. 
Liberal  Club,  IOOI2  ;  letter  denounces, 
10021;  libel  suit  with  Times  ;  reelected 
chairman,  10032;  Cath.  primate's  letter 


against,  10042  ;  co-respondent,  10051 ; 
chairman;  pulpits  denounce  ;  marriage, 
10052,  10071 ;  speaks,  10052  ;  leadership 
claimed  ;  motion  to  remove  ;  resigna- 
tion asked,  10053  ;  opposed  by  bishops, 
10062;  leadership  repudiated;  d.,1006i; 
funeral,  10071. 
Parnell,  Henry  Brook,  Lord  Congleton, 
9203  •  d.,  9502. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  8942  ;  d.,  9062. 

Parnellite  Land  Law  Amend.  Bill,  993*. 
Parnellites  fund  from  U.  S.,  3243  ;  dele- 
gates in,  3802;  refused  sacrament,  10062. 
Parny,  Evariste  D^sir^  de  Forges,  Vi- 
comte  de,  b.,  701 1 ;  works,  713i  ,3 ;  d.,721 1 . 
Parochial  missions  to  Jews  est.,  9802. 

schools,    non-supporters    punished. 

Can.,  5901 ;  appeal  to  Council,  5942. 
Parodl,  Teresa,  appears  in  N.  Y.,  I68I . 
Paroja,  Gen.,  commander,  6O6I . 
Paros,  Greece,  attacked,  IOI81 . 
Parr,    Catherine,     b.    (1513+)  ;    marries 
Henry  VIIL,  8692;  d.  (1548). 

,  John,  governor  N.  S.,  5753. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  9122  ;  d.;  9422. 

,  Thomas,  d.,  8822. 

Parra,  Aquileo,  president,  6292. 

Parral,  ndssion  at,  10962. 

Parrault,  Charles,  b.,  6863  ;  Tiorks,  696' ; 

d.,6962. 
Parrhasius,  b.,  10243. 
Parrish,  Joseph,  b.,  912  ■  d..  1522. 
Parrott,  Robert  Parker,  b.,  1122  ;  d.,  2962. 
Parry,  William,  executed,  8752. 

,  Sir  Edward,  b.,9243;  Arctic  ex- 

ped.,  5781,9381,2,  9401.  9422;  d.,9e03. 

,  H.  Hutton,  elected  bishop,  980a. 

,  Thomas  Gambler,  d.,  9982. 

Parsdorf,  armistice,  5182. 
Parsees  expelled  from  Persia,  11063. 
Parsons  plot  to  capture  Michigan,  2382. 
Parsons,  Albert  R.,  executed,  3272. 

,  Andrew,  governor  Mich.,  1743. 

,  Gen.,  at  Carthage,  19G2  ;  at  Prairie 

Grove,  2162. 

,  John,  elected  bishop,  9393. 

,  Levi,  missionary,  1263,11563. 

,  Lewis  E.,  gov.  Ala.,  2483,  2511 . 

,  Lucy,  anarchist,  arrested,  371 1 . 

,  Samuel,  Landscape  Garde7n}ig,39S^. 

,  Theophilus,    b.,    G62  ;    Injinite    and 

Finite,  2803  ;  d.,  1211. 

,  Thomas  William,  b.,  1281 ;  d.  (1892). 

-^^,  William,  impostor,  9171. 
, ,  E.  of  Rosse,  b.,  9302;  erects  tel- 
escope, 9441;  d.,9701. 
,  W.  H.,  pres.  National  League  Amer- 
ican Institutions,  4183, 
Parson's  College  org.,  la.,  2922. 
Partheniae  of  Sparta,  progeny  of,  10151. 
Parthenope,  asteroid,  discovered,  7301. 
Parthenope  (see  Naples),  10152. 
Parthenopian  Republic  est.,  10853, 
Parthia  invaded,   11501 ;  overrun,   1C242  ; 

annexed  to  Persia,  IIO71. 
Parthian  war,  10641 ;  kingdom  fnd.,  11492. 
Parthians  defeat  P.  Crassus,  10583 ;  revolt ; 
war  with  Rome,  10621 ;  in  Persia,  IIO6I ; 
rule  Persia,  11071 . 
Partholan,  in  Ire.,  8393. 
Partholani  fnds.  Phoenician  colony,  1141». 
Particular  Baptists.    (See  Baptists.) 
Partitions  treaties,  Fr.,  6953. 
Partizanship  obliterated,  America,  125». 
Parton,  Arthur,  b.    (1842) ;    in  National 
Academy  of  Design,  241 1 . 

,  James,   b.,  1302  ;  works,  2412,  2503, 

2603,  2&43,  2871 ;  d.,  3922. 

,  Sara  Payson  Willis,  b.,  1163  ;  works, 

2723  ;   d.,2781. 
Paruta,   Paolo,  b.  (1540) ;   Venice,   10832  ; 

d.  (1598). 
Parysades  reigns,  11473. 
Pascal,  Blaise,  b.,  6863  ;  theory  of  atmos- 
phere, 6882;  works,  6911 ,  (J931 ;  d.,  6903. 
Paschal,  anti-pope,  10751. 

I.,  St.,  pope,  10723  ;  d.,  10721 . 

II.,   pope,   10743;   submission,  7771 ; 

fugitive,  7772;  d.,  10742. 

,  Thomas  M.,  b.,  158t . 

Pasco,  burned,  IIO81. 

Paskevitch,  Ivan  Feodorovitch,  b.,  11162  ; 

takes  Kars,  III61 ;  d.,  11182. 
Paso  de  la  Patria,  battle  at,  5561 . 
Pasquier,  Etienne,  b.,  6803  ;  Mecherches, 

683*;  d.,  6862. 

,  Due  Etienne  Denis,  b.,  7032;  d.,7342. 

Pasque,  Garibaldi  defeated,  7423. 
Passanante.G.,  tries  to  assass.king,  10S93. 


1366 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDllX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Pass-Peas. 


Pass  Christian,  Miss.,  taken,  206t . 

Passaic,  N.  J.,  anti-tramp  raid,  4043  ;  s. 
B.  Palmer's  gift,  4063;  mills  close,  4453. 

Paasarowitz,  Servia,  peace  of,  6151 

Passau,  Bavaria,  bishop  of,  case  of,  5171 ; 
convention  of,  B103,  7932;  burned,  7972  ; 
ceded, 5193. 

Passavant,  Johann  Dav.,  b.,  8043 ;  d.,  8202. 

Passerat,  Jean,  b.  (1534) ;  works,  6871 ;  d. 
(1602). 

Passion  written,  6663. 

Passicn  Play  at  Oberammergau,  7943. 

Passover  instituted,  11403;  eel.,  11462,3. 

Passow,  Franz  L.  K.  P.,  b.,  8043;  d.,  8142. 

Passports  required  of  immigrants,  2413. 

Pasta,  Giuditta  Negri,  b.,  10843  ;  d.,  10882. 

Pastel  painting  invented,  6SGi . 

Paateur,  Louis,  b.,  7242;  vaccination  of 
sheep  ;  Academician,  7521 ;  experiments. 
7541 ,  75«i ;  Inst,  of,  opd.,  7541 ;  L'histoire 
d'un  Savanf,  7542,  diphtheria  microbe, 
7661;  Inst.,  Paris,  7581,  gold  medal,  764i. 

Paston  Letters  issued,  8623. 

Pastor,  Ludwig.  works,  8362. 

Pastora,  Francisco  Fernandez  de  la  6303. 

Pastoral  Aid  Soc,  est.  in  Ch.  of  Eng.,  9483. 

leases  granted,  Australia,  4971 . 

Pastoureaux.  uprising  of,  6722,  3. 

Patagones,  mission,  4903. 

Patagonia,  Christoval  Jacques  in,  163  ;  di- 
vided. 4913  ;  boundary  dispute,  6073. 

Patagonian  Missionary  Soc.  org.,  9523. 

Patapsco  blown  up,  2421 . 

Patapsco  Kiver,  flood  in,  2633. 

Patay,  Fr.,  battle  of,  6761 . 

Patch,  Elizabeth,  d.,  68i . 

,  Sam.,  b.  (1807);  killed,  1373. 

Pate,  Capt.,  in  Kan.,  1793. 

assaults  Queen  Victoria,  9551. 

Patendtre,  M.  J.,  Fr.  minister,  arr.,  3973. 

Patent,  first  in  U.  S.  A.;  centennial,  3641. 

office, burned,  1473;  library  fnd.,  1503; 

completed,  1853,  polychromy  in,  250*. 

Pater,  Walter,  b.  (1839);  works,  8783, 10022; 
d.  (1894). 

Paterculus,Caius  Vellius,  flourishes, 10623. 

Paterson,  N.  J.,  R.  R  to  Jersey  City,  opd., 
1413;  breweries  sold,  3433  ;  flre,  3533, 
3733,3933  3973;  Father  M'Nulty  beaten, 
3803;  centennial,  4113 ;  silk-weavers 
strike,  4222  train  wreck,  4332;  o.  Klose 
murders  wife,  4343;  Freeholders  con- 
victed, 4422;  mills  close,  4453;  aid  for  un- 
employed, 4462;  strikers  trouble,  4622, 
4531. 

,  Wm.,  b.,  662;  justice,  1052-  d.  (1806). 

, ,  b.,  8882;  projects  Bank  of  Eng., 

9012  ;   d.  (1719). 

Patitan  seized,  6263. 

Pathan  kingdom  founded,  1(H32. 

Pathans  attack  British,  61 . 

Pathological  Society  fmd.,  9541 . 

Patin,  Gui,  Letters,  6931 . 

Patkul,  Johann  Reinhold,  b.-d.,  11142. 

Patmore,  Coventry,  Kearsey  Dighton,  b., 
9403. 

Patna  India,  taken  9161;  E.I.  Co.,  10443. 

Paton,  Sir  Joseph  Noel,  b.,  9403. 

Patrae,  in  Achajan  League,  10272;  St.  An- 
drew crucified,  11532. 

Patricians,  social  order,  1053*. 

Patrick,  St.,  in  Ire.,  8403;  d.,8402,  840». 

,  Simon,  b.,882i ;  d.  (1707). 

Patriotic  Asso.  formed,  9872. 

Brotherhood,  sentences,  9911 . 

League,  Am.,  meets,  3603,  4563. 

,  Fr.,  arsenals  dis.,  7572;  letters 

of,  7663  ;  members  arraigned,  7582 

Sons  Am.,  state  ticket,  3883. 

Patriots'  Day  celebrated,  4571 . 

Pat  Roger  burns,  2863. 

Patronage  abolished  by  Church  of  Scot., 
9782  ;  Bill  for  abolishment,  Scot.,  9793. 

Patrons  of  Husbandry,  meeting,  3692. 

of  Industry,  Nat.  Grange  org.,  2611; 

meets,  4183;  demands,  4442, 

Patta,  Brit,  flag  raised,  lowered,  5632. 

Patten,  Simon  N.,  Protection,  3743. 

Patterson,  Mo.,  Federals  defeated,  2203. 

,  Daniel  Tod,  b  (1786);  d.,  I6O2. 

,  Eliz.,b.(1785);  weds,  7152  ;  d.  (1879). 

,  J.  C,  minister  militia,  5952. 

,  J.  N.,  in  treasury  department,  3612. 

,  James  W.,  b.,  1303  ;  d.,  4281 . 

,  John,  d.,  1142. 

,  Joslah,  b.,  1482  ;  speech,  4392. 

,  Robert,  senator,  b.,  662  ;  d.,  1123. 

, ,  Gen.,  b.  (1792);  crosses  Potomac, 

1961 ,  2  ;  at  Bunker  Hill,  W.  Va.,  1963  ; 


1861, 


3153, 
,4092. 


Johnston  escapes,  1963;  in  Shenandoah, 

1981 :  d.  (1881). 
Patterson,  Robt.  Hogarth,b.,9403;  d.(1886). 

, M.,  d.,  1122. 

,  R.  W.,  moderator,  1862. 

,  Thomas  H.,  d.,  3382 

,  Capt.  Walter,  gov.  P,  E.  I.,  5771 . 

Patti,  Adelina  Maria  Clorinda,  b.,  10863  ; 

Ist  appearance,  9641;    in   N.   Y., 

3541 ;  in  Chicago,  3481 . 

,  Carlotta  b  (1840);  d.,  10901 

Pattison  Thomas,  d.,  3961 . 

,  Robert  Emory,  b.  (1850) ;  gov. 

3992  ;  vetoes  3862;  nom.  for  pres., 
Pattinson's  process,  silver  from  lead,  9441 
Patton,  Jacob  Harris,  b.  (1820i) ;  works, 

1863,  3123,  3183    3323. 
— — ,  John  Mercer,  b.  (1796) ;  *'  Gag-Law  " 

motion,  1492  >  d.  (1858). 
— -,  Robert  M.,  gov  Ala.,  251'. 

,  W.  S.,  arrested,  4422. 

,  William  Weston,  b.  (1821) ;  letter  to 

Christians,  1543  ;  -J.,  .•M81 . 
Patusan,  fort  destroyed,  5522. 
Pauchow  subdues  Huns,  6I01  - 
Paul,  apostle,  b.-d.,   11502  ,  a  Christian, 

11523  ;   in  Brit.,  8392  ;   journeys,  10283, 

11531,2;  epistles,  10291,  10623;  prisoner, 

Rome,  10623  ;  beheaded,  10623,  1063 1. 

I,  St.,  pope,  10722  ;  d.,  10721 . 

II.,  b.-d.,  10783  ;  pope,  10791 . 

III.,  pope,  gives  Placentia,  10813  ;  Aii- 

ti-Algerlne  bull,  91;  d.,  10803. 
1\.,  pope;  Index  Purgatorsi,  10812; 

d.,  10803. 

v.,  b.,  10803  ;  pope,  10812  ;  d.,  10823. 

I.,  b.  11143  ;  reigns  ;  insane  ;  assassi- 
nated, 11173, 11162. 

Alexantlrovitch,  G.  D.,  marries  Alex- 
andra of  Greece,  11212. 

,  the  Langobard,  in  court,  7703. 

of  Samasata,  bp.  of  Antioch,  10663. 

,  C.  N.,  embezzler,  3991. 

,  David,  moderator,  3122. 

,  Jos6  Pablo  Rojas.     (See  Rojas.) 

,  Lewis,  spinning  machine,  9102. 

,  Thebias,  retires  to  Egypt,  10662. 

,  Vincent  de,  fnds.  hospital,  6892;  org. 

Sisters  of  Charity,  6883. 
Paula,  Francis  de.     (See  Francis.) 
Paulding,  Adm.   Hiram,  b.,  1062  ;  burns 

Norfolk  Navy  Yard,  1941 ;  d.,  2982. 
.James  Kirke,  b.,  912  ;  works,  135i, 

1143,  1271,  1323,  1403,  1431,  1492,  1631; 

sec.  navy,  1492  ;  d.,  I861. 
,  John,  b.,  711 ;  takes  Maj.  AndriS,  922; 

d.,  1262. 

,  Leonard,  b.  (1826) ;  d.,  2561 . 

,  William,  b.  (1769);  mayor N.  Y.,  1333, 

1353  ;  d.  (1854). 
Paulet,L.Wm.,fleld-marshal,994i  ;d. ,10101 . 
,  Wm.,  Marq.  of  Winchester,  b.  (1479+); 

minister,  8713;  d.  (1572). 
Pauli,  Georg  Reinhold,  b.,  8122  ;  d.,  8302. 

,  Johannes,  Jesting,  7892. 

Paulician  sect  persecuted,  10311. 

Pauline  captured,  9342. 

Paulists.    (See  Roman  Catholics  in  Am.) 

Paull,  Mr.,  in  due!,  9332 

Paulus  Hook,  N.  J.,  Lee  at,  903. 

,  the  Spaniard,  oppresses,  8412. 

,  Lucius  .^milius,  consul ;  falls,  10541 ; 

commands  fleets  ;  defeats  Antiochus  II. ; 

drives  back  Macedonians,  10551 . 
,  Heinrich  Eberhard  Gottlob,  b.,  8023; 

d.,  8181. 

,  Julius,  under  Alex.  Severus,  10653. 

,  Pubiius,  becomes  censor,  10532. 

Pauncefote,  Sir  Julian,  In  Am.,  3392, 3472, 

4771 ;  minister,  1001 1. 
Pauper  children,  boarding  out,  9751 . 
Pauperism,  social,  considered,  Eng.,  8731 . 
Pausanius, leader, 10182;  executed,1019i  ,3. 

,  assassinates  Philip  II.,  IO251 . 

,  b.,  10283  ;  Periegesis  of  Greece,  10292. 

,  throne  of  Sparta ;  k.,  10232. 

Pauthier,  Jean  Pierre Guillaume,  b.,7143; 

d.,7462. 
Pauw,  Michael,  buys  Staten  Island,  33 1 . 
Pauwels,  Ferdinand,  d.,  5423. 
Pavia,  Gen.,  at   Cadiz,  11321;   dissolTes 

Cortes,  11332. 
,  It.,  action  near,  10541 ;   taken,  10701 , 

10721 ;  developed  ;  capital  of  Lombardy, 

10713;  court  at,  7732;  burned,  5021 ;  univ. 

chartered,  10772;  battle  of,  680' ;  seized, 

10841 ;  republican  uprising,  10892. 
Pavon,  Col.,  at  Mitre,  4902. 
Pavonia,  N.  J.,  massacre  at,  37 1 . 


Paivnbroking  introduced,  10793. 
Pawnee,  Kan.,  legislature  at,  1772. 
Paw-Paw,  111.,  swept  away,  3601 . 
Pawtucket,  R.  I.,  cotton  factory  at,  102' ; 
sewing  thread  mnf .  at,  1042  ;  Slater-Cot- 
ton Centennial,  3683. 
Paxico,  Kan.,  R.  R.  collision,  4413. 
Paxton  boys  massacre  Indians,  722. 

,  Sir  Joseph,  b.,  9323  ;  Crystal  Palace 

built,  9562;  d.,9681. 

,  J.  C,  at  Cold  Knob  Mountain,  2161 . 

Payen,  Anselme,  b.,  7102  ;  d.,  746i . 
Payne  Co.,  Okla.,  courthouse  burned,  4793. 

,  Edward  John,  History  Am.,  4203. 

,  George,  killed,  9352. 

,  Henry  B.,b.,  (1810);  on  Committee  of 

Seven,  2933  ;  on  Electoral  Commission, 
2951 ;  candidate  for  pres.,  3051 . 

,  James  S.,  pres.  West  Coast,  II6I2. 

,  John,  b.,  9502. 

,  ,  b.  (1815)  ;  bp.,  1683;  d.  (1874). 

, Howard,  b.,  1022  ;  d.,  1701 ;  in- 
terred at  Washington,  3132. 

,  Lewis,  Lincoln  assassination,  2431 ; 

stabs  Sec. Seward;  sentenced,247'  ,2482,3. 

,  Sereno  E.,  b.,  1561 . 

,  William,  pedometer  patented,  9441 ; 

ruling  machine,  9302. 
Paynter,  Samuel,  gov.  Del.,  1332. 

,  Thomas  H.,  b.,  1682. 

Paysandu  taken,  5561 , 

Payson,  Edward,  b.  (1783) ;  d.;  1342. 

,  Norman,  discovers  pl.anets,  9602. 

Paz,  Soldan,  Mariano  Felipe,  b.  (1821); 

works,  11083, 11091 ;  d.  (1886). 
Pazzi,  Jacobi,  forms  conspiracy,  10793. 
Peabody,  And.  Preston,  b.,  1163;  d.,  4261 . 

,  Elizabeth  Palmer,  II22. 

,  George,  b.,  IO61 ;  promotes  education, 

2562  ;  sails  for  Eng.,  2663  ;  gifts  to  Lon- 
don, 9671,9683,9723;  d.,  2681;  body  in 
Am.,  2693  ;  funeral,  2691 ;  statue,  9721 . 
,  Nathaniel,  b.,  642  ;  d.,  1303. 

dwellings  opened,  9673. 

Institute.  2513,2562. 

Institute  Library  founded,  2922. 

Normal  College  opened,  2903. 

Peace,  "Let  us  have,"  Gen.  Grant,  2632. 
,  6.  B.  and  Am.,  951 ,3  ;  of  Paris,  7033  ; 

of  Prague,  7943  ;  Congress  at  Paris.  7483. 
Commissioners  for  Virginia,  1912  ;  in 

Washington,  1933. 
.  Confed.,  193', 2;  unrecognized; 

demand  refused,  1932,a. 
Cong,  at  Geneva  ;  at  Berne,  11383  ;  at 

World's  Fair,  4363. 

,  Confederate  basis  of,  2432. 

Conven.,  Wash.,  1912,3  ;  plan,  1933  ; 

in  Delaware,  1972. 

of  God  est.,  6082,  669'. 

Jubilee,  celebrated  at  Boston,  266'. 

Preservation  Act  for  Ire,  9733  ;  or- 
dered enforced,  9812. 

Society  established,  England,  939'  ,2. 

Peacemaker  explodes,  156' . 

Peach  Tree  Creek,  Ga.,  battle,  2362. 

Peacock  captures  Epervier,  122';  in  ex- 
ploring expedition,  148i ;  wrecked,  1533. 

Peacock,  Sir  Barnes,  d.,  1004'. 

,  Thomas  Love,  b.,  9223  ;  d.,  9582. 

Peacocke,  Jos.  Ferguson,  cons,  bp.,  10121 . 

Peale,  Charles  Wilson,  b.,  642  ;  }yashing- 
to«,  761,  1041;  d.,  1342. 

— — ,  E.  W.,  opens  museum,  110' . 

,  John,£a«(eo/A'iajiora appears,  127'. 

,  Rembrandt,    b.,   912  ;     Wasliinqton, 

1401 ;  Court  of  Death,  1421 ;  d.,  I861 . 

Peapack,  N.  J.,  Smith  reunion,  4362. 

Pearce,  James  A.,  b.  (1806) ;  sec.  interior, 
1672  ;  d.,  2172. 

Pea  Ridge,  battle  of,  2042. 

Pearl-barley  mill,  invented,  7962. 

Pearls  found  in  America,  3441 ,  3452. 

Pears,  Sir  Thomas  Townsend,  d.,  1008' . 

Pearsall,  Carrie,  killed,  4383. 

Pearson,  Albert  J.,  b.,  I6O2. 

,  Charles  Henry,  d.,  1012'. 

,  Col.,  in  Zulu  war,  6OO2. 

,  Emma  Maria,  d.,  1010'. 

,  Henry  G.,  d.,  3382  ;  bust,  462' . 

J.  B.,  consecrated  bishop,  9862. 

,  John,  b.  (1612) ;  d.,  8962. 

,  Wm.  constructs  planetarium,  9322. 

Peartree,  William,  mayor  N.  Y.,  572. 

Peary,  Robert  Edwin,  b.  (1856) ;  relief  ex- 
pedition, 400',  408',  4161,  432',  434'  ; 
Arctic  Journal,  4482  ;  Falcon,  470' ,  594' . 

Peasants  revolt,  Eng.,  860' ;  conspiracy  of, 
7873  ;  war,  Ger.,  7861 ,  7873,  7881 ,  7892  ; 


Peas-Penn. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INUllX^.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1367 


revolt,  789*  ;  represented,  829*  ;  upris- 
ing, Hung.,  5082. 

Pease,  Edward,  builds  R.  R.,  9421 . 

,  Edward  M.,  gov.  Tex.,  1743,  259', 3. 

,  Joseph,  Quaker  in  Pari. ,947* ;  against 

death  penalty,  9873. 

Peaucellier,  M.,  machine  for  motion,  738*. 

Pecci,  Giacchino.    (See  Leo  XIII.) 

Peck,  Asahel,  governor  Vt.,  2873. 

,  Charles    F.,    favors  MoKinley  law, 

4143,4153. 

,  George,  b.  (1797)  ;  d.,  292i . 

, Wilbur,  gov.  Wis.,  3992;  nom.  for 

governor,  4712. 

,  Jesse  Truesdell,  b.,  1163  ;  cons,  bp., 

2763  ;  d.,  3122. 

,  Gen.  John  James,  b.  (1821) ;  at  Suf- 
folk, 2212  ;  d.,2982. 

,  John  Mason,  b.  (1789) ;  Indictments 

against,  3103  ;  d.,  1842. 

Peckhara,  John,  b.  (1240i:) ;  archbishop, 
8522 ;  d.  (1292). 

Pecook,  Reginald,  b.-d.,  8602;  works, 8623. 

Pecquet,  Jean,  b.,  6863  ;  d..6922. 

Pecquigny,  peace  of,  signed,  6792. 

Peculiar  People  fouudetl,  9483. 

Pedal  Harp,  inveuted,  8002. 

organ,  invented,  9343. 

Pedee  River,  Sherman  crosses,  244' . 

Pedersen,  Christian,  works,  3633. 

Pedometer,  pocket  patented,  9282,  944* . 

Pedrarias.    (See  Avila,  Pedro  Arias.) 

Pedraza,  Manuel  Gomez,  b.  (1788±) ;  presi- 
dent, 10962 ;  d.  (1851). 

Pedro  I.,  b.-d.,  5542  ;  sails  for  Port.,  6543; 
regent  Braz. ;  erap. ;  abdicates,  5f^2, 

II.,  b.,  5542;  marries,  5543 ;  emp.  of 

Brazil,  5552  ;  threatened  ;  returns  from 
Europe,  557' ;  in  Am.,  2912,  5571 ;  recep- 
tion ;  sails  on  Alagoan ,  refuses  pension ; 
opens  assembly  ;  dethroned,  5572  ;  ban- 
ished ;  in  Portugal,  1110* ;  declines  ab- 
dication, 5573 ;  proclaims  himself  regent, 
nil*;  ill;  refuses  money ;  d.,  5583. 

I.,  reigns  in  Portugal,  11093. 

U.,  regent,  reigns  in  Port.,  11103. 

III.,  reigns  in  Portugal,  11103. 

IV.,  reigns  ;  charter  restored,  1111*. 

v.,  b.,  11102;  reigns  ;  marries  Princess 

Sophia  Stephanie ;  d.,  IIII2. 

II.,  king  of  Aragon,  defeated,  k.,670*. 

,  or  Peter,  the  Cruel,  b.-d.,  11262;  ex- 
pelled ;  restored  to  Castile,  6763;  against 
Henry  II.,  1126* ;  reigns  in  Leon-Castile, 
11273;  Moors  assist;  killed,  1126*. 

,  Prince,  b.,  5562. 

de  Souza-Holstein,  D.  of  Pamella, 

b.-d.,  11102. 

Peeble's  Farm,  Va.,  Confeds.  retire,  2383. 

Peekskill,  N.  Y.,  British  at,  86* ; 

Peel,  Arthur  Wellesley,  b.  (1829) ;  speaker, 
H.  C.,9932,  10092. 

,  Jonathan,  b.  (1799) ;  minister,  9692, 

9632;  d.  (1879). 

,  Sir  Robert,  b.,  9123  ;  minister,  9413, 

9433;  Oath.  Emancipation  Bill,  9462; 
premier,  9473,9612;  Sliding  Scale  Bill, 
9512  ;  Income  Tax  Bill,  9513  ;  Import 
Duties  Bill,  9632  ;  resigns,  9532,3  ;  d., 
9562  ;  statue,  9582,  96O2,  972* ,  982* . 

,  Sir ,  b.,  9243  ;    cylinder   carding 

machine,  916' ;  d.,  9442. 

,  Sir  Thomas,  project,  4952. 

Peele,  Geo.,  b.,  872* ;  works,  875* ;  d.,876». 

Peer  enters  H.  C,  8873. 

Peerage,  hereditary.  France,  7273  ;  for 
life  opposed,  England,  9612. 

Peers,  new  created,  7252,  8273  ;  bill  for 
creating,  9073  ;  in  Pari,  elections,  9773. 

Peffer,  William  A.,  b.,  1382  ;  speech,  4372, 
4392 ;  amendment,  443* ;  bond  issue, 
4492;  resolution,  4633;  Land  Bill,  4672. 

Pefore,  Adm.,  minister,  767* . 

Peg  Leg  Mine,  search,  4233. 

Pegasus  wrecked,  9633. 

Peggy  Stewart,  anniver.  of  burning,  4403. 

Pegram,  Col.  John,  b.  (1832);  at  Rich 
Mountain  ;  at  Beverly,  1962  ;  near  Som- 
erset, 2202  ;  killed,  242*  ,3. 

Pegu,  Burma,  dis.,  10433;  stormed,  10462  ; 
annexed  to  G.  B.,  9573;  invaded,  1124* . 

Pegwacket,  fight  at,  60* . 

Pehtang,  Cathedral  removed,  6242, 

Pelrce,  Benjamin,  b.  (1809) ;  d.,  3(M* . 

Peiwar  Pass,  British  defeat,  43. 

Peixoto  Floriano,  b.,  6542  ;  appointment, 
6583,  5593  ;  plot  against,  5583,  5602; 
pres. ;  power  unlimited,  5592  ;  resigna- 
tion demanded,  5693. 


Pekah,  at  Jerusalem ;  against  Ahaz, 
1144* ;  murders  Pekahiah,  1145* ;  reigns, 
11452. 

Pekahiah,  reigns,  11452  ;  murdered,  1146* . 

Peking,  peace  preliminaries,  4832;  sacked, 
612*;  earthquake,  6I42,  6162;  capital, 
6151,2;  observatory,  6162;  rebels  de- 
feated, 618* ;  evacuated  ;  surrendered, 
620* ;  threatened,  6202  ;  mission,  6203, 
6211,  2  ;  convention  signed,  6212,  6252  ; 
rebels  approach,  6241  j  submerged,  6242, 
627' ;  fire;  tenders  for  R.R.,  6253;  canal 
to  Pee-Ho,  6142  ;  electric  lights,  6253  ; 
Dutch  embassy  to,  6I72  ;  emp.  favors 
Ricci,6143;  emperor's  conf.,6272;palace 
ravaged,  620* ;  Eng.  and  Fr.  embassies, 
6213  ;  P.  Gazette,  6122,  624* ;  peace  pre- 
liminaries, 4832  ;  Rom.  Cath.  Christians, 
6243-  Rus.  embassy  in,  617' ;  Society  for 
Propagation  Gospel,  623' ;  Tartars  in 
power,  6142. 

Peko,  revolt,  628' 

Pelagian  controversy,  8403. 

Pelagianism,  intro.,  1069* ;  condemned, 
10702. 

Pelagius,  fnds.  Pelagian  sect,  8403  ;  ban- 
ished, 1069*;  d.,8402. 

I.,  pope,  10703. 

II.,  pope,  1071* ;  d.,  1072' . 

Pelasgus  reigns,  10133  ;  acorn  food,  1013* . 

Pelayo,  reigns  iu  Asturias  and  Leon, 
11253  ;  d.,  11252. 

,  Mendenez,  works,  11323. 

Pelckmans,  Godfrey,  cons.  R.C.bp.,  1012* . 

Pelew  Islands,  seized  by  Japan,  10933. 

Pelham-Cllnton,  Henry  Pelham,  D.  of 
Newcastle,  b.,935*,  minister,9692,9633; 
d. (1864> 

,  George,  elected  bishop,  9303. 

,  Sir  Henry,  b.,9002  ;  lord  treas.,  9113; 

forms  administration,  9113;  d.,  9123. 

,  J  T.,  elected  bishop,  9583. 

,  Thomas  Holies,  D.  of  Newcastle,  b., 

9002;  chancellor,  Cambridge  Univ. ,9133; 
minister,  9133,  91.53  ;  premier,  9163  ;  re- 
signs, 9152  ;  d.  (1768). 

, ,  Earl  of   Chichester,  b-  (1766) ; 

p.-m.  gen.,  9413;  d.  (1826). 

Pelican  captures  Argus,  1203. 

P^lissier,  Aimable  Jean  Jacques,  Due  de 
Malakotf,  b.,7102  ;  suffocates  Arabs, 83; 
d.,9*. 

Pell,  George  H.,  arrested,  3522,3. 

Pellegrini, Count  Pelegrino, ass'ted,  10872. 

,  Carlos,  pres.  Argentine,  4922. 

Pelletan,  Pierre  Cltoient  Eugfeue,  b.,  721  * ; 
d.,  754* . 

Pelletier,  Bertrand,  b.,  7023;  d.,7123. 

,  Pierre  Joseph,  b.,  7062;  dis.  quinine, 

7222  ;  dis.  nareein,  726* ;  d.,  7282. 

Pellew,  Edward,  Viscount  Exmouth,  b., 
9143;  takes  Fr.  fleet,710* ;  against  pirates, 
938* ;  in  Algeria,  82  ;  d.,  9462. 

Pelley,  Robert,  governor,  5773. 

Pellican,  Conrad,  b.,  7862  ;  d.,  7922. 

Pellico,  Silvio,  b.,  10843  ;  d.,  10863. 

PoUison,  Paul,  b.  (1624) ;  works,  6903 ; 
d.  (1693). 

Pelly,  Sir  Lewis,  d.,  1008* . 

Pelopidas  commands  Sacred  Band,  10222  ; 
frees  Thebes,  10233  ;  slain,  10223,  1023*. 

Peloponnesian  War,  first,  1020* ;  league 
independent;  confederacy  meets,  10212; 
war  ended,  1022* . 

Peloponnesus,  Gr.,  settled,  10133;  invaded, 
1015* ,  10222,3  ;  ravaged,  1026* . 

Pelops,  institutes  Olympic  games,  1013* ; 
in  Peloponnesus,  10133. 

Pelouze,  Th^ophile  Jules,  b.,  7163  ;  d., 
736*. 

Pels,  Andries,  Art  of  Poetry,  IIOI2. 

Peltier,  induction  electrometer,  816*. 

Peltzer,  Leon  and  Armand,  trial,  646' . 

Pelusium,  Egypt,  battle  at,  6502. 

Pemba,  ceded,  ,^633. 

Pemberton,  Sir  Francis,  chief  justice,  8953. 

,  John  Clitford,  b.  (1814) ;  supersedes 

Van  Dom,  2142  ;  at  Black  River ;  at 
Champion's  Hill,  222';  at  Salisbury, 
246* ;  d.  (1881). 

Pembina,  territory  fmd., ;  changed  to 
Huron,  2933. 

Pembroke  wrecked,  912' . 

surrenders,  886' . 

Pembroke,  Earl  of,  title  created,  871*. 
(See  Marshal.) 

,  Thomas,  E.  of,  pres.  R.  Soc,  896* ;  1.- 

adm.,  8992,  903* ;  minister,  8993,  9032, 3. 

PeSa  Mura,  action  at,  1132' . 


Pena,  Saenz,  pres.,  4923. 

Penal  Code  promulgated,  11023. 

laws  repealed,  Eng.,  9213. 

servitude  recommended,  G.  B.,  9692. 

Penang  occupied,  1242  ;  ceded,  9262;  mar- 
riage portion  ;  a  Brit,  province,  10453. 

Penaranda,  Diego  de  Sojo  y,  fnds.  Tala- 
manca,  630* . 

Pence,  Lafe,  b.,  182*. 

Pencils  made,  870* . 

Pencker,  Gen.  Eduard  von,  minister,  8173. 

Penda  defeats  Edwin ;  attacks  Wessex, 
8421  ;  K.  (655). 

Pender,  Wm.  Dorsey,  b.  (1854±) ;  d.,  2251. 

Pendergrast,  Garrett  Jesse,  b.  (1802) ;  d., 
2152. 

Pendlebury,  mine  explosion,  9933. 

Pendleton,  Edmund,  b.,  6O1 ;  d.,  110*. 

,  Geo.  C,  M.  C,  b.,  1581 . 

, Hunt,  b.  (1825) ;  for  vioe-pres., 

2393  ;  in  election,  2412  ;  defeated,  2432  ; 
intro.  Civil  Reform  Bill,  3112  ;  d.,  348* . 

Pendulum  inv.,  8842;  spiral  spring  inv., 
900* ;  clock  inv.,  906' ;  improved,  11003. 

Penguin  captured  by  Hornet,  123* . 

Penguin  mission,  4982. 

Penick,  Chas.  Clifton,  b.  (1843) ;  bp.,  2942. 

Peninsula  campaign  begins,  206' . 

Co.  fmd.,  Eng.,  9493. 

War,  period  of,  934' ,  1110' . 

Penitents  org.  as  nuns,  1129* . 

Penjdeh  assured  to  Afgh.,  52  ;  given  to 
Rus.;  occupied;  surrendered,  7' . 

Penman,  John  S.,  resignation,  432' . 

Penu,  D.  P.,  drives  Kellogg  out,  2863; 
trouble  in  La.,  2853. 

,  Davidson  R.,  Fair  Committee,  3633. 

,  John,  b.  (1729);  gov.,  733;  d.  (1795). 

,  Richard,  b.  (1734);  gov. ,773;  in  H.L., 

Eng.,  9193;  d.  (1811). 

,  William,  adm.,  b.,  8802;  d.  (1670). 

,  William,  b.,  36* ;  tried,  8923;  Quaker 

leader,  8863;  arrested,  893*;  sails  for 
Am.,  8953;  in  Pa.,  483,  551 ;  proprietor 
of  Pa.,  49*:  gov.  Pa.,  492,  551;  land 
grants  in  Del.  ;  purchase  in  N.  J.  ; 
proclamation,  49i ;  in  Phil.,  492  ;  de- 
prived of  rights,  532  ;  returns  to  Am., 
643;  proposes  a  coiig. ;  frees  slaves,  56i ; 
conditions  and  concessions ;  at  New- 
castle, 491 ;  treaty  with  Indians,  492; 
restored,  632,  3;  d.,  692  ;  eel.,  4422. 

College,  la.,  org.,  2822. 

Safe  Deposit  and  Trust  Co.,  3833. 

Haven,  Pa.,  R.  R.  accidents,  3313. 

Pennant,  Thomas,  b.,  9063;  d.,  9283. 

Pennecerrada,  action  at,  11301. 

Pennell,  .Joseph,  b.  (1869);  work,  43. 

Pennefather,  Edward,  chief  justice,  9512. 

Pennington,  Alexander  C,  d.,266'. 

,  John  L.,  gov.  Dak.,  285' . 

,  William,  b.  (1796);  speaker,  1872;  gov. 

N.  J.,  1492;  d.  (1862). 

, Sanford,  b.  (1757)  ;  gov.  N.  J., 

1213;  d.  (1826). 

Pennock,  Caspar  Wistar,  b.  (1799) ;  d., 
2661. 

Pennoyer,  Silvester,  gov.,  3293,  3612, 3992. 

Pennsylvania  bursts  boilers,  1853, 

Pennsylvania,  Walloons  ascend  the  Dela- 
ware, 31 1;  Swedes  enter  the  Delaware, 
351 ;  Peter  Hollander,  gov.,  372;  Swedish 
colony  settle  Chester,  373  ;  under  the 
Dutch,  411 ;  Alex.  D'Hinyossa,  gov.,  412, 
423;  under  the  Eng.,  453  ;  Rout.  Carr, 
governor,  423 ;  Scotch  Presh.  and  Men- 
nonites  arrive,  482  ;  intemperance  op- 
posed ;  peacemakers  appointed  ;  printing 
press  est. ;  commonwealth  proposed, 
483  ;  Wm.  Markham,  gov.  (1C81) ;  Thos. 
Lloyd,  pres.  of  Council  (1684) ;  first 
colony  ;  granted  to  W^illiam  Penn,  483, 
•  491 ;  Penn,  gov.;  purchases  Swedes' land; 
Phila.  laid  out ;  D.  of  York  cedes  ;  New- 
castle settled  ;  Welsh  immigrants  ;  1st 
Assembly  ;  treaty  with  Indians,  492  ; 
Thos.  Lloyd, pres.;  Germantown settled, 
493  ;  Presb.  Church  fmd. ;  paper  mill 
est.,  502;  John  Blackwell,  deputy  gov., 
611;  TDelaware]  secedes,  613;  charter 
school  est.  j  Prot.  Epis.  Church  esty,523; 
Penn  deprived  of  gov't.,  632,  3  ;  Benj. 
Fletcher  (of  N.  Y.),  gov.  (1693);  post 
route  est. ;  Wm.  Markham,  dep.  gov. ,  533 , 
later,  Wra.  Penn,  56i;  religious  liberty 
est., 542;  slaves  freed, 651 ;  A.D.  170O^  ; 
surrenders  constitution  ;  Andrew  Ham- 
ilton, dep.  gov.;  Edward  Shippen,  pres. 
(1703);    John    Evans,  gov.,    552;    prov- 


1368 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        IrMDHX.        Superior  Figure)  indicate  Column. 


Penn-Pere. 


ince  set  apart;  yellow  fever,  553,  73a, 
1093,  1113  ;  Wm.  Penu.,  personal  gov. 
(1699);  Chas.  Gookin,  dep.  gov., 573;  iron 
forge  erected, 581 ;  Dunker.s  {(>er.  Bupt.) 
arrive;  Pliila.  Presb.  synod  find.,  582; 
slave  trade  prohibited,  583  ;  Sir  Win. 
Keith,  dep-  gov.;  deputie.s  govern,  592; 
Log  Coll. esi., 603;  Benj.FraiiKlin  arrives, 
631;  paper  money  issued,  GI2  ;  Patriclc 
Gorden, dep. gov.,  G13;  Catliolios  arrive; 
Get,  Baptists  est.  monastic  soc. ;  1st  Ger. 
iiUth.  Cliurch  org.,  622 ;  library  est.  ; 
Poor  Richard's  Almanac,  623  ; ".James 
Logan,  pres. ;  population,  633;  Sunday 
school  est.  (?),  643  ;  Geo.  Thomas,  dep.- 

fov.,  652;  Lancaster  treaty,  653;  Coetus 
md..  663;  univ.  fnd.,  67<;  A.D.  1750;  + 
A.  Palmer,  pres.;  James  Hamilton,  dep.- 

fiov.,  672,  713,  731 ;  immigrants  in,  67a  ; 
orts  est.  in  West,  681 ,  912' ;  no  fort  on 
Ohio ;  stockade  built  at  [Pittsburg].; 
Washington  against  the  Fr.,  681  » ;  Brad- 
dock's  defeat,  G82  ;  hospital  est.,  691 ; 
plan  for  Am.  union,  692  ;  Kobt.  H.  Mor- 
ris, dep.-gov.;  land  colonized,  693;  N.  Y. 
Presb.  Synod  unites,  711;  taxation 
scheme  ;  W.  Denny,  dep.-gov.,  713  ;  In- 
dians massacred,  722;  prohibitory  laws, 
731 ;  immigrants  debarred  ;  John  Penn, 
gov.,  733  ;  Methodism  iiitro. ;  New  Castle 
Chronicle  issued,  742  ;  express  to  N.  T., 
753  ;  Rich.  Penn.,  gov.,  773  ;  anti-tea 
movement,  79i;  hostilities  of  settlers, 
803;  Franklin  returns  from  Eng.,  812; 
Colonial  charter  overthrown  ;  proprie- 
tary govt,  ends,  832;  Wiishington's  army 
enters,  leaves,  833  +  ,  87';  Benj.  Frank- 
lin, Committee  of  Safety,  853 ;  Geo. 
Bryan,  acting-gov.,  (1777)  ;  new  constitu- 
tion, 853  ;  Quakers  arrested,  863  ;  battle 
of  Brandy  wine,  871 ;  action  at  Diamond 
Island;  Brit,  at  Germautown, 872;  Thos. 
Wharton,  pres.,  892  ;  Cong,  at  Phila., 
at  Lancaster,  York,  873;  Jos.  Reed,  pres., 
913;  Fort -Miffin  surrendered,  88' ;  Wash- 
ington at  Valley  Forge  ;  Brit,  leave  for 
N.  Y. ,  882 ;  Wyoming  massacre,  883 ;  Con- 
federation signed,  893  ;  Christ's  Church 
left  ;  slavery  abolished,  932  ;  Wm. 
Moore,  pres.  (1781) ;  John  Dickinson, 
pres.,  953  ;  Prot.  Epis.  diocese  est.,  963  ; 
Benj.  Franklin,  pres.  Supreme  Council, 
99' ;  Harrisburg  laid  out,  993  ;  Franklin 
Coil.  est. ;  ratifies  Federation  Constitu- 
tion, 1003;  Thos.  Mifflin,  pres.,  101' ,  1032; 
Easton  laid  out  (1790) ;  anthracite  coal 
dis.,  102';  .Jacob  Albright's  reforms; 
land  granted  to  Lutherans,  1023;  Consti- 
tution adopted,  1032;  1st  turnpike,  1053; 
Phila.  Meth.  Epis.  Conf.  org.,  1062;  insur- 
rection againstwidowtax;  Thos.M'Kean, 
gov.,  1093;  A.  D.  1800+ ;  Evan.  Meth. 
Asso.org., 1103;  Washington  and  .Jeffer- 
son Coll.  est..  Ill' ;  P.  Acad.  Fine  Arts 
est.,  114' ;  Simon  Snyder,  gov. ;  coal  1st 
mined,  1153;  ist  (?)  Sunday  school  est., 
1163  ;  poor  children  instructed,  117' ; 
steamboat  leaves  Pittsburg,  1173;  rolling 
millatPitt3burg,1182;  Camp belUtes rise, 
1183  ;  capital  removed  to  Harrisburg, 
1193  ;  anthracite  coal  marketed,  1213  ; 
Allegheny  Coll.  est. ;  State  library  fnd., 
125' ;  Wm.  FiniUey,  gov.,  1253  ;  Western 
Univ.  est.,  1283;  ,jos.  Heister,  gov.,  1292; 
coal  marketed,  1293  ;  John  Andrew 
Shulze,  gov.,  1313;  Pittsburg  Meth.  Epis. 
Conf.  org.,  1322;  Evang.  Luth.  Synod 
meets,  1343;  school  slates  mnf.,  134': 
George  Wolf,  gov.,  1373;  Church  of  God 
fmd.,  1382;  East  Penn.  eldership  fmd., 
1383;  Pa.  Coll.  org.;  Lafayette  Coll.  est.. 
1403  ;  Universalist  State  Conven.  org., 
1402;  R.  R.  Phila.  and  Harrisburg;  West 
Chester  R.  R.  opd.,  1413;  suppression  of 
lotteries,  143';  Jos.  Ritner,  gov.,  1453; 
two  rival  legislatures;  militia  called  out, 
1493;  iron  made  with  coal,  ISO';  N.  S. 
Presby.  Synod  org.,  1502;  David  R.  Por- 
ter, gov.,  1512;  Scranton  fnd.,  1533;  East 
Pa.  Gen.  Synod  Evan.  Luth.  org.,  1543; 
defaults  interest,  1553 ;  N  S.  Presb. 
Synod,  Western  Pa.,  org.;  R.  C.  dio- 
cese est.,  1563;  petroleum  dis.,  168'  ,392 
394' ;  Eldership  Church  of  God  org.,  1582; 
Francis  R.  Shuiik,  gov.,  161';  zinc  dis., 
1622;  Wm.  F.  .Johnson,  acting-gov.,  1662; 
univ.  of  Lewisburg  est.,  1663  ;  Wm. 
Bigler,  gov.,  1712  ;  Beaver  Coll.  est., 
173';  Molly  Maguires  oig.,  1732;  Pitts- 


burg Female  Coll.  est.,  1763;  James  Pol- 
lock, gov.,  1792;  Penn.  State  Coll.  org., 
1823;  K.R.  and  canals  sold  to  Pa.  R.R.Co., 
1833;  Wm.  F.  Packer,  gov.,  1852;  a.  D. 
1860  + :  prepares  for  civil  war, 1933, 1952; 
Andrew  G.  Curtiu,  gov.,  2032 ;  Molly 
Maguires  operate,  '2072,2093,2172;  Agri- 
cultural Coll.  est.,  211' ;  all  able-bodied 
men  called  out  against  Confederates, 
213';  Chambersburg  raided,  '2142,2223, 
2363  ;  Gen.  Wool  at  Harrisburg,  2142  ; 
Confederate  army  at  Chjiinbersburg ; 
Confed.  invasion,  223',  3;  100,000  volun- 
teers called  out,  '2233  ;  Harrisburg, 
Phila.,  threatened,  '2232 ;  battle  of 
Gettysburg,  224' ;  Stuart's  raids,  '2242  ; 
Phila.  and  Erie  R.  R.  opd.,  2393;  ratifies 
13th  Amend.,  2432;  Lehigh  Univ.  est., 
2543;  Penn.  Hospital  est.,  2843;  political 
temperance  movement,  2562 ;  ratifies 
14th  Amend.,  '2573 ;  .John  W.  Geary,  gov., 
2593  ;  Central  Meth.  Epis.  Conf.  fnd., 
2622;  Swarthmore  Coll.  est.,  2663  ;  fire 
InAvondalecoal  mine, '2673;  ThielCoU.; 
St.  Vincent's  Coll. ;  Ursinus  Coll.  est., 
2722;  strikes  in  coal  region,  273' ,  4703  ; 
Central  Penn.  P.  E.  diocese  fmd.,  '27G2  ; 
pres.  proclamation  to,  '2972;  local  option 
law,  2803,  291' ;  new  constitution  ojiera- 
tive;  .John  F.  Hartranft,gov.,-2S5' ,296' ; 
non-union  men  ill-treated,  2912;  normal 
school  opd.,  2923;  strikers  resume  work, 
297' ;  Pittsbmg  Coll.  org.,  3003  ;  Henry 
M.  Hoyt,  gov.,  3033;  coal  miners  strike, 
3103,  3171 ,  3203,  321'  ;  floods,  312' ,  4093  ; 
glass-blowers  strike,  316' ;  inundations, 
316';  Robert  E.  Pattison,  gov.,  3153, 
3992;  Bullett  Act  passes,  .3233;  Congreg. 
Asso.  org.,  3242  ;  It.  R.  vestibule  train 
intro.,  3'253  ;  Brooks  Law,  3292,  3303  ; 
James  A.  Beaver,  gov.,  3293-;  earth- 
quake; tornadoes,  332',  3583;  collieries 
resume  work,  3393  ;  Johnstown  flood, 
3413 ;  reports  on  floods,  3453 ;  ship  canal 
commission,  3473 ;  J.  w.  Delainater, 
nom.  gov.,  363' ;  C.  W.  Miller,  nom.  for 
gov.,  3672;  newgas  wells  dis. ,372';  L.  V. 
R.  R.  coal  rates,  381';  coke  region; 
troops  withdrawn,  382' ;  Brooks  Whole- 
sale License  Bill,  3832 ;  Compulsory 
Education  Bill  vetoed,  3862;  train  rob- 
bers, 3902 ;  investigation  of  officials, 
3932  ;  coke-workers  org.,  3963  ;  Moon- 
shiners kill  Hochstetter,  4042;  Home- 
stead strike,  4083, 4102  +  ;  R.R.  explosion, 
4193  ;  Anti-cigarette  Bill,  4223  ;  wreck- 
ing train  foiled,  4362;  landing  of  Penn 
cei.,  4422;  nuns  in  public  schools,  452' ; 
4«8> ;  4742  ;  Galusha  A.  Grow,  M.  C, 
4532;  strike  in  coke-region,  4543,  458', 
4563;  457',  4623;  tramps  steal  trains, 
4583;  rioters  warned,  461';  wheel  trust 
fmd.,  4733;  R.  R.  collision,  4753,  4793; 
Daniel  Hartman  Hastings,  gov.  (1894). 

Pennyslvania  Acad.  Fine  Arts  est.,  114' . 

College  org.,  1403. 

— -  Militarv.CoU.  org.,  Chester  (1862). 

■  State  College  org.,  1823. 

&  Reading  R.  B.  controls  roads,  4013. 

•,  University  of,  projected,  67' ;  hospi- 
tal dedicated,  2843;  S.  W.  Pepper's  gift, 
3843  ;  boat-race,  3173  ;  opd.  to  women, 
3132,  347',  404';  course  lengthened, 
4562;  W.  Potter's  gift,  476' . 

Penny,  Virginia,  b.,  1342. 

post  annexed  to  crown,  8972. 

Postage  Bill,  G.  B.,  9493,  9512. 

postage  jubilee,  10023. 

Pennybaker,  Isaac  Samuels,  b.  (1807) ;  d., 
1623. 

Penobscot,  Me.,  tra<ling-post  seized,  34' . 

and  Kennebec  R.  R.  completed,  1813. 

Penrhyn,  Baron,  title  created,  965' . 

Penrose,  W.  J.,  shot,  3852. 

Penry,  John,  b.  (l.'')69);  hanged,  8763. 

Pens,  gold  mnf.,  152';  iron,  8962;  steel, 
932' ;  general  use,  940' ,  946' . 

Pensacola  sunk,  338' . 

eclipse  expedition,  346',  358';  flag- 
ship, 366' 

,  Fla.,  Spaniards  settle,  52';    R.    C. 

church,  523  ;  taken,  94' ,  952,  126' ;  bat- 
tle at,  122' ;  Gen.  Jackson  at,  1223 ;  navy 
yard  seized,  190',  191';  Confederates 
evacuate,  207';  Confederate  soldiers' 
monument,  384' ;  yellow  fever,  4353. 

Pension  Act,  813,  25;.' ,  3172,  3193,  3233, 
3263,  3483,  3,643,  3552,  3592,  3623,  363' 
3772,  387' ,  403' ,  421' ,  425'  ,2. 


Pension  Bureau  investigation,  3652. 

Fund,  Nat.,  org.  Eng.,  9983. 

Pensions,  granted,    115',  1272,  187';    in 

Ga.,  391' ;  special  tax,  Ala.,  421' ;  order 
annulled,  4312  ;  roll  enlarged,  4652  ;  re- 
stricted, 344';  for  army  nurses,  365'; 
Indian  war,  414'.    (See  Invalid.) 

Bill  approved,  Fr.,  7072. 

by  royal  grant,  G.  B.,  9492;  provided, 

947'. 

Pentaour,  writer,  6483. 

Pentarchy  of  great  powers,  5203. 

Pentateuch  written,  1141' . 

Pentecost,  at  Jerusalem,  10623. 

,  George  Fred.,  b.  (1843) ;  in  Ind.,  368' . 

bands  org.,  3'202  ;  mission,  11053. 

Pentinger,  Conrad,  b.,  7862. 

Pentland  Hills,  Scot.,  action  at,  892' . 

Pen-y-grage,  colliery  explosion,  9873. 

Penzance,  Baron,  title  created,  965' ;  fa- 
vors C.  J.  Bidsdale,  9802. 

Peonage  abolished  in  New  Mexico,  2662. 

People's  Charter,  Petition,  G.  B.,  9613. 

Municipal  League  convention,  3683  ; 

organized,  3782. 

Party  fmd.,  3852  ;  conven.,  411' ;  car- 
ries Kan.  and  N.  Dak.,  4192;  meets,  4683; 
conf.,  4793;  in  Can.,  5892. 

Provident  Assurance  Soc.  fnd.,  969' . 

Peoria,  111.,  N.  R.  Presb.  synod  org.,  1562; 
John  L.  Spaulding,  bp.,2942  ;  R.  C.  dio- 
cese est.,  2962  ;  steamer  capsizes,  4113  ; 
steam-pipe  collapses,  4663. 

Pepe,  Gen.  Guglielmo,  b.  (1783)  ;  leader, 
1086' ;  d.,  10863. 

Pepi  I.  reigns,  Fr.,  7472. 

II.  reigns,  7472  ;  expeditions,  64G' . 

Pepin,  HiSristal,  mayor  of  palace,  6652,  3  ; 

Pr.  of  Franks  ;  defeats  Berthar,  664' ; 
d., 6663,  7702. 

the  Short,  b.-d.,  6642  ;  donation  of  ; 

in  It.;  takes  Narbonne,  664' ;  delivers 
France,  4863. 

of    Aquitania,    commander-in-chief, 

770' ;  regent,  667' ;  d.,  773' . 
,  Lake,  Minn.,  ^ea    Wing    capsizes. 

3653. 
Pepoli,  Gioachino,  Marquis,  b.,  108G2  ;  d., 

1090'. 
Peppard,  Capt.,  duel,  8092. 
Pepper,  William,  b.  (1843) ;  gift,  3843. 
Pepperell,  N.H.,  earthquake  shocks,  374' . 
,  Sir  William,  b.,  522  ;  at  Louisburg, 

66';  d.,  72'. 
Pepys,  Sir  Charles  Christopher,  b.,  9222  ; 

commissioner,  9473  ;    lord    chancellor, 

9492,9633;  d.,9562. 

,  Henry,  elected  bishop,  9423. 

,  Samuel,   b.,  8822  ;  Diary,  8903  ;  cup 

of  tea,  8913;  pres.  Roy.  Soc, 896' ;d., 9022. 
Pequot  war,  34' . 
Peraiba,  captaincy  of,  5532. 
Perak,  British  resident,  10492. 
Peralta  grant  claimed,  4553. 

,  Fr.,  Ibanez  de,  governor,  6053. 

Perceval,    Spencer,    b.,   91G2  ;    minister, 

9333  ;  premier,  9353;  assassinated,  937' . 
Perchard,  Peter,  lord  mayor  London ,  9313 . 
Perche,  annexed  to  France,  6732,  6792. 
Percier,  Charles,  b.,  703' ;  d.,  7282. 
Percival,  James  Gates,  b.,  106';  works, 

1312,  143',  157';  d.,  178'. 
,  Thomas,  b.  (1740) ;  cod-liver  oil  rem- 
edy, 922';  d. (1804). 
Percussion-caps  used,  940' . 
Percy,  Algernon,  b.  (1C02);  Duke  of  North- 
umberland ;  minister.  8833;  d.  (1G68). 
, ,  D.of  Northumberland,  b.,  9262; 

minister,  9573;  d.  (1866). 

,  Sir  George,  governor  Va.,273. 

,  Henry,  found  dead,  8753. 

,  Sir ,  at  Nesbit  Muir  ;  at  Homil- 

don  Hill  ;  at  Shrewsbury,  860' ;  d.,8602. 
,  Hugh,     Earl    Northumberland,    b. 

(1742) ;  lord-lieut.,  8I72  ;  d.  (1816). 

,  Lady  Mary,  founds  convent,  ,541 ' . 

,  Thomas,  gunpowder  plot,  8792. 

, ,  b.,  9082  ;  works,  917' ;  d.,  935' . 

Societv  founaed,  951' . 

Percys  revolt,  Eng.,  8613. 

Perczel.  Gen.,  defeated,  522' . 

Perdieeas,  regent,  10263  ;  Invades  Egypt, 

6502;  reigns,  10'233;  opposed,  10253;  con- 
quers Cappadocia,  1148',  1149';  mur- 
dered, 10242. 

Pereda,  Angel  de,  governor,  6052. 

Perii-flxe,  Hanlouin  de  Beaumont  de,  b., 
G8G2;  Itoi  Henri,  691' ;  A.,  6922. 

Pereira,  Antonio,  gov.  Costa  Rica,  630'. 


Pere-Pete. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INOIlX,       Superior  Flgurea  Indicate  Column. 


1369 


Pereira,  Duarte  Coelho,  captaincy,  553*. 

,  Tic^resident  Brazil,  5602. 

Pereire,  Emile,  b.,  7143;  Credit  Mobllier, 
7333, 7373  ;  d.,  7S01 . 

,  Isaac.b.,  71C3;  C.  Mobilier,  7333,7373. 

Perestralo,  Raphael,  to  China,  6142. 

Pereyra,  G.  A.,  pros.  Uruguay,  11602. 

Perez,  Antonio,  b.-d.,  11282. 

,  Galdos  (Benito),  b.,  11303. 

,  Jos^  fJoaquin,  b.,6061 ;  war  renewed, 

606< ;  president,  6072. 

,  Juan,  letter  to  Isabella,  122. 

,  Santiago,  b.,  6282  ,  ores.,  6292. 

Pergamus,  Kingdom  fnu.,  1149* ;  extent 
oii  11492  ;  Romans  possess  library, 
11483;  bequeathed  to  Romans,  11493. 

Pergolesi,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.,  10831 ; 
d.,  10842. 

Periander  rules,  10153  ;  one  of  Seven 
Sages,  10163  ;  d.,  10162. 

Pericles,  b.-d.,  10162  ;  reigns,  10153  ;  be- 
gins long  walls,  10183;  improves  Athens  ; 
overruns  Peloponnesus,  1019' ;  in  public 
atfairs  ;  rival  of  Cimon  ;  in  Megaris  ; 
bribery  of,  10201 ;  subdues  revolts  ;  rules 
connnonwealth  ;  refouuds  Thurii,  10212. 

Perie,  Jos6,  governor,  6303. 

P&ier,  Casimir,  b.,  7013;  d.,  7262. 

, ,  h.,  7192  ;  ministry  of,  7273  ;  d., 

7502. 

,  Isaac,  financier,  d.,  7522. 

Periers,  Bonaventuredes,  work,  683*  . 

Perignon,  Dominique  Catherine,  Marquis 
de,  li.,  7022  ;  d.,  7223. 

Perigueux,  Fr.,  cathedral  founded,  6683  ; 
taken,  674' , 

Perinthus,  siege  of,  1024'. 

Peripatetic  school  of  philos.  fnd.,  10243. 

Perit,  Pelatlah,  b.  (1785) ;  d.,  2312. 

Perkins,  Chas.  Callahan,  b.,  1303;  d.,324i. 

,  Elisha,  b.,  642  ;  d.  (1799). 

,  George  Hamilton,  b.  (1826) ;  Capt.,  at 

Berwick  Bay,  2201 . 

, Clement,    b.,  1502  ;    governor, 

3033;  senator,  435'. 

D.,  b.,1622. 

, Roberts,  b.,  1183  ;  d.,  2921. 

,  Jacob,  b.,  74' ;  invents  steel  engrav- 
ing, 126' ;  steam-gun,  9402  ;  d.  (1849). 

,  Justin,  b.  (1805) ;  d.,  268' . 

,  Thomas,  b.,  74'. 

, Handasyd,  b.  (1764)  ;  d.,  174' . 

Permissive  Prohibitory  Bill,  G.  B.,  9673, 
9732,9812,985'. 

Pernambuco,  Bra.,  captured,  552' ;  cap- 
taincy granted  ;  fnd.,  5532  ;  republic 
est.,  565'  ,2;  bixa  malady  appears,  5553; 
mission,  5562  ;  boycotting  league ;  elec- 
tion riots,  6583  ;  martial  law,  560' . 

Peroifskaja,  Sophie,  arrested,  1121'. 

Peroiiiie,  Fr.,  besieged,  743' . 

Perote,  Mex.,  taken,  162' . 

Perowne,  John  (Tames  Stewart,  b.  (1824) ; 
consecrated  bishop,  10042. 

Perperna  assassinates  ;  executed,  1058' . 

Perpetua,  St.,  killed,  10643. 

Perpetual  Edict  signed,  10993 ;  passes, 
11013. 

Perpignan,  Fr.,  cathedral  fnd.;  Univ.  fnd., 
6743  ;  taken,  678' ;  surrenders,  688' ;  an- 
nexed to  Fr.,  6893. 

Perraud,  Adolphe  Louis  Albert,  Academi- 
cian, 752'. 

Perrault,  Claudius,  b.,  6862  ;  works,  6962; 
d.,  6942. 

Perrenot,  Antoine.    (See  GranuUa.) 

Perrens,  Francois  Tomme,  b.,  7242. 

Perrin,  Abb6  Pierre,  work,  690' ;  d.,  6923. 

Perrine,  W.  W.,  cons,  bishop,  10102. 

Perring,  John,  lord  mayor  London,  9313. 

Perronet.  Jean  Rodolphe,  b.,  (J963. 

Perrot,  Art  tlatis  I'  Ant'iquiti,  766' . 

,  Sir  John,  deputy,  8753. 

Perrotin,  M.,  discovers  planets,  748' . 

Perry,  Ire.,  Bishop  Iliggins  cons.,  9902. 

,  Kan.,  tornado,  432' . 

,  train  robber,  convicted,  4022. 

.Arthur  Latham,  b.,  138';   Political 

Eccmnmy,  3982. 

,  Benjamin  Franklin,  b.  (1805) ;  gover- 
nor S.  C,  2483,  251'  ;  d.  (1880). 

,  Charles,  d.,  5013. 

,  Commander,  ice-bound,  388' . 

,  Edward  A.,  governor  Fla.,  3233. 

,  Enoch    Wood,    b.    (1831) ;    National 

Academy  Design,  268' . 

,  Madison  S.,  governor,  1832. 

,  Matthew  Calbrith,  b.,  1042  ;  bom- 
bards Tobasco,  160' ;  takes  XuBpan,162< ; 


in  Japan,  1712, 172' ,  1732, 10913  ;  treaty 
with  Japan,  175';  d.,1842;  statue,  188'. 
Perry,  Oliver  Hazard,  b.,  962  ;    on  Lake 
Erie,  1203  ;  d.,  128'. 

,  Stephen  Joseph,  b.,  9462  ;  d.  (1889). 

,  Thos.  Sargent,  b.,  158' ;  works,  3722. 

,  William  Stevens,  b.,  1402;  bp.,  2922. 

Perryville,  Ky.,  battle  of,  2142. 

,  N.  Y.,  trial  of  dynamite  shell,  366' . 

Persano,  Count  Carlo  Pellionedi,  b.  (1806); 

Adm.  at  Lissa,  8242;  d.  (1883). 
Persepolis  captured,  10242. 
Perseus,  founds  Lycense,  10133;  last  K.  of 
Macedon,  10273;  war  with  Rome,  1028' ; 
in  chains ;    campaigns   against,   1055' ; 
empire   ends,    10292. 
Persia.    (See  text  pp.  1106-1108) ;  subdued, 
11442;  wars;  invades  Gr.,  1016';  inva- 
sion, Ist,  10173;  2d,  3d,  1018' ;  4th,  10182; 
war  ends,  10183 ;  2d  expedition  ;  crosses 
Hellespont,   1018';    invasion    arrested, 
10122;  independence  of,  6513;  oppresses 
Gr.  cities,  10233;  conquered,  485'  ,1024' ; 
war  with  Gr.,  1()502;  war  with  Komaiis, 
1064',   1070',    10712;   vanquished,  10302; 
empire  destroyed;   defeated,  484';  am- 
bassador from, 6132;  insurrections, 487' , 
2;  war  with  Turk.,  1156' ;  invades  India, 
1044' ;    Turks    lose    possessions,    1156' ; 
war  with  Rus.,  1116' ;  peace,  11173. 
Persian  Calendar  reformed,  11073. 
Persian  Moiuirch  ashore,  4593. 
Persians  in  Afgh.,  4' ;  take  Herat,  42,  5' . 
Persico,  Mousignor,  represents  pope,  9942. 
Persigny,  Jean  BaptistePliilibert,d.,  746'. 

,  Due  de  (Jean  Gilbert  Victor  de  Fia- 

lin),b.,717' ;  instructs  electors  ;  resigns, 
737';  d.  (1872). 
Persius,  Flaccus  Aulus,  b.-d.,  10622;  Sec- 
ures,  1063'. 
Personal  Liberty  Bill,  185', 2032, 2113. 

Security  Law.  Ene.,  8632. 

Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.,  nid.,  492;  Assembly 
meets,  553. 

,  Can.,  C<nirier  issued,  579' . 

,  Scot.,  fnd.,  8393 ;  captured,  856' ,  858' , 

872',  8842;  burned,  860';  2d  Covenant 
signed,  8722;  ,A.rticles  of,  8802;  surren- 
ders, 8862;  Albert  statue,  9662;  Bishop 
Parry  elected,  9803. 

,  W.  Australia,  settled,  4952;  diocese 

est.,  4962;  gold-fleld,  498' ;  see  est.,  9583; 
Bishop  Gibney  consecrated,  9962. 

,  Earl  of,  title  create<I,  8773. 

Perthes, Fried.Christolph,b.,803' ;  d.,8162. 
Pertinax,  Helvius,  b.-d.,    1()642;    reigns; 

murdered,  1065'  ,2. 
Perty,  Jos.  Anton  Maximilian,  b.,  8082; 

d.,  8302. 
Pertz,  Georg  Heinrich,  b.,  8063;  d.,  8282. 
Peru.  (See  text,  pp.  1108-1109) ;  Manco 
Capac  appears,  11 ',3;  civilized  soc.  be- 
gins,113;  communism  prevails, 11 2;  Incas 
rule,  132,  152  ;  Sinchi  Rocca  reigns ; 
Lloque  Yupanqul  reigns  ;  Mayta  Capac 
reigns,  132;  Rocca  reigns;  despotism; 
Yuhuar-Huaccac  reigns  ;  Uira-Cocha 
reigns  ;  Pachacutec  Yupanqul  reigns  ; 
Tupac  Capac  reigns ;  Huayna  Capac 
reigns,  133;  arts  developed,  14' ;  intoxi- 
cants used;  highly  civilized,  152;  roads 
made,  16' ;  capitulation,  182;  conquest, 
182,  193,  20';  religion,  183;  gov't  of, 
193;  rebellion,  20',  232;  Almagro  ar- 
rives, 20';  Sp.  province,  212;  disputed 
boundaries  ;  lands  divided  ;  Sp.  adven- 
tures ;  Inca*s  ransom,  213;  R.(5.  priests, 
222;  Pizarro  rules;  new  laws  revoked, 
23' ;  Sp.  crown  rules  ;  anarchy  stamped 
out ;  secure  gov't  est.,  232*  wheat  reaped, 
233;  Jesuits;  Inquisition,  242j  Henri- 
quez  viceroy,  252;  Loyola  viceroy  ;  Her- 
dato  de  Mendoza  viceroy,  253;  earth- 
quake, 502,  58',  66';  detached  from 
(Jhile,  605'  ,2;  Dutch  attack,  1100' ;  rup- 
ture with  Sp.,  11313;  treaty  with  Chile, 
6072;  Harvard  meteorological  station 
est.,  442' ;  Santa  Cruz  enters  ;  upnsing ; 
Invades  Bolivia,  ,'i.W,3;  Indians  work 
mines  ;  confederation  with  Bolivia,5502 ; 
boundary  treaty, 5512;  treaty  with  Boli- 
via, 6072;  Hnal  treaty,  6(V73;  Chile  aids, 
606';  Chileans  invade,  606', 2;  Eng.  at- 
tack. 910' . 

,  Neb.,  Normal  Schools  opened,  2603. 

Perugia,  It.  (See  Perusia) ;  cathedral 
erected,  10743 ;  Cambio  built  ;  con- 
quered, 1078' ;  pa wnbrokingintro., 10793; 
taken,  1082',  1088';  mission,  10883. 


Perugino,  Pietro  Vanuoci,  b.-d.,  10783. 
Peruke-makers  petition,  Eng.,  9172. 
Perusia,  truce  with  Rome,  1052' ;  reduced, 
10522;  surrendered;  war  of,  10602.  (Same 
as  Perugia.) 
Peruzzi,  Baldassare,  b.,  10783;  d.,  10803. 

,  Ubaldino,  b.,  10862;  d.,  1090'. 

Pesaro,  It.,  taken,  1088' . 
Pescadores  Islands  captured,  624' . 
Pescara,  Marquis  of  (Ferdinand  B^rancesco 

d'  Avalos),  b.,  10783;  d.,  10803. 
Peschel,  Oskar  Ferd.,  b.,  8123;  d.,  8282. 
Peschiera,  It.,  Aust.  retains,  5552. 
Peschka-Leutner,  Minna,  b.,  5203;  d.(1890). 
Feschmann,  R.  J.,  confesses,  4483. 
Pesci,  Francis,  consecrated  bishop,  986*. 
Peshawar,  Ahmed  in,  6' ;  mission,  53. 
Pestal,  conspiracy  against  Czar,  11173. 
Pestalozzi,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.-d.,  11372. 
Pesth  (Budapest),  fnd.,  503' ;  earthquake, 
5163;  Danube  overflows,  520';  emp.  ar- 
rives, 5262;  anti-Jewish  riots,  5303;  mob, 
531';  riots,  5322. 
Petah-ases  adopted,  6453. 
Petau,  Denis,  b.,  6842;  d.,  6902. 
Petchingans  exterminated,  1114' . 
Peter  the  Apostle,  called,  1152' ;  baptizes 
Cornelius,    11523;    events   of    life    and 
death,  11523    1153', 2;  Epistles  written, 
1153' ;  bishop  at  Rome  (?),  10623. 

I.  (III.)  of  Aragon,  K.  of  Sicily,  10772. 

II.,  K.  of  Aragon  ;  kingdom  tributary 

to  Holy  See,  10753;  ai<ls  Messina,  1070' ; 
K.  of  Sicily  10772,  reigns  in  Kavarre, 
11272;  reigns  in  Aragon,  11273. 

the  Cruel.    (See  Pedro  the  Cruel.) 

III.,  reigns  in  Aragon,  11273;  con- 
quers Sicily,  1126'. 

IV.,  the  Ceremonious,  reigns,  11'273; 

aids  Messina,  1076' . 
1.,    Hung.,    enthroned,   5032,3  ;    de- 
throned, 5032. 

III.,  of  Port.,  reigns,  555' . 

111.,  of  Rus.,  withdraws  from  Aust. 

alliance,  5162. 

I.,  Alexieviteh  the  Great,  b.-d.,  11142; 

in  Eng.,  901 ' ;  against 'Turks ;  visits  Ger., 
Holl.,  and  Eng.;  a  shipbuilder,  1114' j 
enthroned  ;  recalled ;  punishes  rebel- 
lion of  Strelitz ;  fnds.  St.  I'etersburg ; 
title  of  emp.;  subdues  Azo  VII.,  56' , 
11672;  reopens  gold  mine,  11163;  at  Pul- 
towa,  1134' . 
II.,  b.-d.,  11143;  enthroned;  deposed, 

11163. 

III.,  b.-d.,  11143;  reigns  in  Rus.,  11172. 

of  Blois,  on  transubstjijitiati<in,6702. 

the   Hermit,    b.-<l.,   6682;    pieaohei 

Crusade,  6683,  7702;  in  Crusade,  10743. 

• ,  K.  of  Hung.,  vassal  of  Ger.,  7763, 

,  Martyr,  b.,  1079' ;  d.,  10803. 

- — ,  grand  duke  of  Oldeubuig,  819». 

,  Rus.,  imiiostor,  1119' . 

■ ,  the  Wild  Boy,  found,  8012. 

Peter  the  Great  launched,  1118' , 

Peterborough,  Can.,  Jieview  issued;  Ex- 
aminer, 5803;  R.  C.  diocese  est.,  5842; 
high  license,  5862;  silver-cave,  .594' . 

,  Eng.,  mob,  9172  ;  see  erected,  8683  ; 

Cathedral  opd..  10042, 10082. 

,  Earl  ot.    (See  Mordannt,  Charles). 

Peterhead.  Scot.,  Carnegie  library,  10063. 

Peterkin,  George  William,  b.(1841) ;  cons. 
P.  E.  bishoj),  2983, 

Peterman,  August  H.,  b.,  8122;  works, 
8203;  d.,  8282. 

,  Julius  Heinrich,  b.,  807' ;  d.,  8282. 

Peters,  Absalom,  b.  (17%),  262' ;  d.  (1869). 

,  Bonaventure,  b.-d.,  5403. 

,  Carl,  b.  (1856) ;  arrival,  4362;  expedi- 
tion, 562';  report  of  dealh,  563';  In 
Sudan,  6003;  in  Africa,  8382. 

,  Christian  August  Friedrich,  b.,8083; 

d.,  830'. 

, Henry  Frederick,  b.,8102;  disc. 

asteroids,  1963,  2152,  2483,  252',  2,'>8' , 
260' ,  262' ,  268' ,  270' .  '274' ,  278' .  280'  , 
'284' ,  288' ,  290' ,  '296' ,  '298' ,  300' ,  302'  ,2, 
314' ,  320' ,  324' ,  326' ,  344'  ;  d.,  834' . 

,  Francis  Lucas,  b.,5403;  d.,541'. 

,  Hugh,    b.    (15980;    in    Maas,    362; 

hanged  (1660). 
— ,  John,  b.,  6403;  d.,541' 

— , ,  burned,  8743. 

— , S.,  gov.  Conn.,  1392. 

— ,  Samuel,  b.  (1735) ;  Blue  Laws  of  Conn., 
952;  d.  (1826). 

— ,  Wilhelm  Karl  Hartwig,  b.,  8103;  d., 
8302. 


1370 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        1N1J1i.X.        Superior  Figures  tndicate  Column. 


Pete-Phil. 


Petersburg,  St.    (See  St.  Petersburg.) 

,  Teim.,  Confederate  defeat,  '2191 . 

,  Va.,  Brit,  take,  941;  R.  R.  to  Uicb- 

mond,  1493;  Gen.  Butler  fails,  '2342,3; 
losses  before.  2351 ;  mine  exploded,  2363; 
siege  continues,  '2383  ;  Ueu.  Grant's 
army  before,  2392;  Confederates  cap- 
tured, '2443;  fall  of,  2451 ;  state  Normal 
and  Collegiate  Institute  est.,  3143;  Are, 
3492;  monument,  3601 . 

and  Roanoke  Railroad  opd.,  1453. 

Petersen,  Carl,  b.,  6382;  d.,  642i . 

,  Niels  Mattliiaa,  b.,  6482;  History  of 

Z)e»mart,  6392;  d.,  6403. 

Peterson,  R.  E.,  d.,  474i . 

,  Theophilus  1$.,  d.,  374». 

Peterson's  Magazine^  Phila.,  est.,  4202. 

Peter's  pence,  from  N.  Am.,  3502;  on 
Pope's  jubilee,  4461 ;  levy  forbidden,  Fr., 
7343;  tax  confirmed,  G.  B.,  &431 ;  col- 
lected, 8423. 

Peterwardcin,  Hung.,  Turks  defeated, 
5141 ;  convention  ;  entered,  9373. 

Petigru,  James  Lewis,  b.,  lOOi ;  d.,  2191 . 

P6tion,  Mayor,  communist,  7091. 

,  Alex  Sabes,  gov.  Haiti ;  d.,  10402. 

Petit,  Jean  Louis,  b.,  6922;  structure  of 
eye,  6942;  iuv.  tourniquet,  6981 ;  d.,  7011 . 

Petition,  riglit  denied  in  Cong.,  1471 ,  1591 ; 
restored,  1573     (See  Gag  Laws.) 

of  rights,  Eng.,  8832. 

Petofl,  Sandor,  b.,5'202;  d.,5223. 
Petrarch,  Francesco,  b.-d..  10762;  meets 

Laura;  sonnets,  10771;  crowned,  10772. 
Petre,  Baron  of,  title  created,  8772. 

,  Father,  in  Privy  Council,  8973. 

,  Lord,  in  H.  L.,  9932. 

,  Sir  William,  minister,  8693,  8712. 

Petreius,  Marcus,  surrenders  at  llerda, 

10601 ;  killed,  10602. 
Petri,  Olaus,  works,  11343. 
Petrie,  George,  b.,  9-243;  d.,  9701 . 
Petroleum,  found,  1581 ;  dis.  in  Pa.,  1853; 
prices  rise,  1933;  excitement,  1993;  low- 
est price,  '2033;  "  shooting  wells,"  2171 ; 
in  1864,2373;  at  Coliiago,  Cal.,  3901 ;  at 
Pittsburg,  3921:  daily  flow,  4181;  in  O., 
4241,  4521;  in  Dunkirk,  N.  Y.  4681;  in 
N.  J.,  4701;  at  Kingsville.  Can.,  6881; 
dis.,  6881;  near  Athabasca  River,  6901 ; 
in  Egy.,  6611;  used  in  Commune,  7453; 
In  Qer.,  8301 ;  fields  discovered,  H221 . 

Act  passes,  G.  B.,  9672. 

Petrolia,  fire,  5912. 

Petronilla  reigns,  Aragon,  11272. 

Petronius  subdues  Ethiopians,  10603. 

,  Publius,  gov.  Syria,  11513. 

Pett,  Peter,  buTlds  C<mstant  )ron»ic*,882i . 
Pettengill   Samuel  M.,  d.,  3821 . 
Pettenkofen  August  von,  d.,  5322. 
Pottenkofer,  Max  von,  b.,  8122. 
Pettie,  John,  b.,  9483. 
Pettigrew,  Richard  Franklin,  b.,  1641 . 
Pettus.  John  J.,  gov.  Miss.,  1903. 
Petty,SirWm.,b.,8802,work8,8903;d.,8902. 

,  Fitzmaurice,  Henry,  Marq.  of  Lans- 

downe,  b.,'921i ;  minister,  9452,  9533. 

, ,  Henry  Charles  Keith,  Marq.  of 

Lansdowne,  b.,  9522;  viceroy,  5851,2; 
leaves  Can.,  5862;  d.,  9662. 

,  William,  Lord  Shelburne,  b.  (1737)  ; 

minister,  9173;  in  duel, 9212;  prime  min- 
ister, 9232;  d.  (1805). 
Pevensey  run  asliore,  2342. 
Pevensev,  Eng.  South  Saxons  conquer, 
8401 ;    William  of  Normandy  lands  at, 
Peyrat,  Alphonse,  b.  (1812) ;  d.,  7601. 

,  NapoWon,  b.,  7191 . 

Peyronnet,  Comte,    Charles   Ignace,   b., 

70J3;  d.,  7322. 
Peyeter,  Abraham  de,  mayor,  N.  Y.,  532. 

,  Johannes  de,  mayor,  N.  Y.,  651 . 

Peyton,  Sir  Thomas,  d.,  9981 . 

Peytral,  Paul  Louis,  minister  of  finance, 

7571,7652. 
Pezet,    Juan  Antonio,  b.  (1810) ;    revolt 
against,  IIO81 ;  pres.Peru,  11082;  indem- 
nity, 11083  ;  d.  (1879). 
Pfallenhofen,  Ger.,  Fr.  defeated,  6142. 
Pfalzburg,  Ger.,  Germans  invest,  7381 ;  re- 
pulsed, 7401. 
Pfoiifer,  Dr.,  dis.  influenza  bacillus,  8361. 

,  Henry,  rights  of  peasants,  7893. 

,  Ida  Laura  (Reyer),  b.,  5191 ;  d.,  5242. 

Pfordten,  Ludwig  Karl  Heinrich  von  der. 
Baron,  b.(1811);  issues  note,8232:  d.(1880>. 
Phnedrus.,  b.,  10622  ;  fables  of,  10623. 
Phaer,  Thomas,  jBneid,  8731 ;  d.  (1560). 
Phg>tu»a,  asteroid,  discovereo,  760 1 . 


Phair,  John  P.,  hanged,  3011 . 

Phaltecus  in  sacred  war,  10241 . 

Phalaris,  reigns,  10172;  roasted,  10171. 

Phales  reigns,  11433. 

Phara-Norodom,  king,  4812. 

Pharaoh  drowns,  11403.  (SeeMeneptah  II.) 

,  alliance  of  Solomon,  6503. 

Necho,  b.   in  Megiddo ;   at   Carche- 

mish,  11461 ;  subdues  Pheiiicia,  11471 . 

Phares,  Ida,  notary  public,  4553. 

Pharisees,  rebellion  of,  11502. 

Pharmaceutical  Society  formed,  9501. 

Internat.  Congress,  at  London,  9871 . 

Pharmacists  of  U.  S.  meet,  3583. 

Pharmacopceia  issued,  8803. 

Pharmacy  Act  passes,  England,  9732. 

Pharnabazus  invades  Egypt,  6502  ;  naval 
commander,  10203;  leader,  10222. 

Pharnaces  fnds.  Cappadocia,  11452. 

1.,  reigns,  11492. 

II.,  reigns  in  Pontus,  11511. 

,  K.  of  Bosporus,  Ciesar  opposes  ;  de- 
feated at  Zela,  10601 . 

Pharos  built,  6522. 

Pharsalus,  Gr.,  battle  of,  IO6OI . 

Phasel,  governor  of  Jerusalem,  11512. 

Phaulcon,  Constantine,  minister,  11241. 

Phaya  Chakkri,  fnds.  dynasty,  11242. 

Phelan,  Richard,  b.  (1825) ;  cons.  K.  C.  bp., 
3-203  ;  in  diocese  of  Pittsburg,  3482. 

Phelps,  Almira  Hart  Lincoln,  b.,  1(M2  ; 
d.  (1884). 

,  Austin,  b.,  1301 ;  d.  (1890). 

,  Benjamin  K.,  b.,  1402. 

,  Edward  J.,  b.  (18'2'2) ;  U.  S.  minister 

toEng.,3-212;inarbitr,Ttioncourt,433i,2. 

,  Eliz.  Stuart,  b.,  1242  ;   works,  26J3, 

2683,  2723,  '2903,  2983,  3031 ,  3143,  3283. 

,  John  S.,  b.  (1814) ;  gov.  Mo.,  2973  ; 

on  Committee  of  33, 1891 ;  d.  (1886). 

, W.,   b.   (1813) ;    negro   recruits, 

2102 ;    orders   against,   2133 ;    vote   for 
president,  Stt^i ;  d.  (1885). 

.Oliver,    b.    (1749);  P.    and   Gorham 

Purchase  sold,  992;  d.  (1809). 

,  William  Franklin,  b.,  1302. 

, Walter,  b.  (1839) ;  minister,  3513; 

an  LL.D.,  3622  ;  d.,  4621. 

Phenicia,  conquered,  11451 ;  subdued  ;  an- 
nexed to  Babylon,  11471 ;  conquered  by 
Cyrus,  11472  ;  ceded  to  Ptolemy,  11492  ; 
conquered  by  Romans,  11501 ;  recovered 
by  Egypt,  6531;  granted  to  Cleopatra, 
11512;  annexed  to  Turk,  11572. 
Phenicians  colonize  Nimes,  66II;  elevate 
Gauls,  6631;  m  Brit.,  8393;  voyage  of 
dis.,  6502  ;  fnd.  Cadiz,  I1252  ;  trade  with 
England,  11422;  in  Spain,  11473. 
PherEB  in  Achiean  League,  10271 . 
Pherecydes  of  Syros,  teachings  of,  10163. 
Phidias,  b.-d.,  10162^  completes  Parthe- 
non ;  statue  of  Jupiter,  10203, 
Phidon  coins  money,  10152. 
Phigalia,  Gr.,  captured,  10141;  Temple  of 

Apollo  built,  10201 ,3. 
Phigalian  Marbles,  in  Brit.  Museum,  9381 ; 

10211. 
Phi  Gamma  Delta,  Coll.  Fraternity,  4742. 
Philadelphia,  trial  trip,  3621 ;  In  commis- 
sion, 3641 ;  accepted,  3781 ;  sails,  3941 . 
Philadelphia,  Asia  M.,  fnd.,  11492  ;  de- 
stroyed, 11561 , 
,  Pa.,  first  assembly  ;  laying  out  com- 
pleted ;  printing-press  est.,  483;  Walnut 
St.  surveyed,  492;  population,  493,  633, 
693,  713, 1033;  first  Presb.,502,  522,  542; 
first  P.  E.  services  ;  High  Sch.  est.,  623; 
Baptists  immersed ;  first  Bapt.  ch.  fmd., 
542  ;  chartered,  552  ;  yellow  fever,  653, 
733;  A.D.  1700  ^  ;  Bapt.  Asso.  find.;  first 
Am.  Presbytery  org.,  663 ;  Presb.  Synod 
of  Phila."  org.,  582  ;  Am.  Weekly  Mer- 
cury, 683  ;  Ger.  Lutherans,  603  ;  pa.  Ga- 
zette, 611;  R.  Cath.  church  built,  622; 
Library  Co.  fnd. ;  Loganian  Library  fnd., 
(523  ;  second  Freemasons'  lodge  in  Am., 
631 ;  Philosophical  Soo.  fmd.,  65i ;  thea- 
ter attempted,  661 ;  Bapt.  ch.  find.;  org., 
663  ;  Arctic  exped. ;  first  theater  op3., 
683;  Congress  of  governors,  713;  first 
medical  school,  742  ;  first  Meth.  church; 
Meth.  org.,  762 ;  first  steam  engine,  78i ; 
1st  Continental  Cong.,  782,  792;  against 
Brit,  tea,  79i;  Am.  hospital  est.,  802; 
Abolition Soc.  frad.,81 1 ; 2d C.  Cong.,  812; 
Pa.Mag,,&3^;  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence adopted,  852  ;  Howe  threatens; 
Washington  enter8,87 1 ;  4th  C.  Cong.,873 ; 
Brit.  in,88i  ,2;  Howe's  headquarter8,882; 


7th  C.  Cong. ;  Tories  leave,  893  ;  severe 
winter,  91 1 ;  coldest  day,  91 2,  2501 ;  bank 
chartered,  913  ;  Am.  Daughters  of  Lib- 
erty org. ;   bank  for  army  provisions  ; 
Christ's  Church  alone,  932  ;  New  Cong, 
of    Confederation     opens,    933 ;    John 
Moody  hanged,  943;  Bank  of  North  Am. 
est.,  952,3  ;  despatch  of  victory  read. 
952  ;  Southwark  Theater  opens  ;  U.  S. 
army  revolts,  96i ;  Pa.  Pacquet  issued, 
971 ;    Phila.   Directory,  983;  Columbian 
Jlfa^azine,  991 ;  Nat.  (Jonstitutional  Con- 
ven.  at,  992  ;    first  power  loom,  lOQi ; 
Gen.  Conven.  P.  E.  meets  ;  church  org., 
1002  ;  Coll.  of  Physicians  est. ;  Quakers 
emancipate  slaves,  1003  ;  capital  of  U. 
S.  A.,  1003, 1032  ;  eel.  independence,  1013; 
steamboat  to  Trenton,  1021 ;  2d  Cong., 
1032;  Bank  of  U.S.  est.,  1032,3, 1473;  bal- 
loon ascension, l(V4i ;  Chestnut  St. theater 
opd.,  1042;  3d  Cong,  opens  ;  Genet  rec'd, 
1052  ;  Insurance  (3o.  incorporated,  1053  ; 
Cooper  first  appears,  106 1 ;  The  Literary 
Mag.  Am.  Register,  1063,  1443;  4th  Cong, 
opens,  1072,  5th,  1073  ;  Am.    Universal 
Magazine,VM3;  A.D.  180O+  :6th  Cong, 
opens,  1093;  Museum  of  Nat.  Hist.  optT, 
1101 ;  7th  Cong,  opens,  III2  ;  aqueduct 
water  iiitro.,  1113;  8th  Cong,  opens,  1131 . 
9th,1132;capitalIJ.S.A.remov'dtoWa8h., 
1131 ;  commission  house  opd.,  1133;  Acad, 
of  Fine  Arts  est.,  1141 ;   Am.  Register; 
R.  C.  see  erected,  1143  ;  Mirror  of  TasteSy 
1171 ;  cotton  goods  printed,  1173  ;  Acad- 
emy of  Nat.  Sciences  est.,  1182.  ]28i ; 
earthquake,  1182;  Library  of  Acad.  Nat. 
Science,  II9I;  Analytical   Mag.,  1212; 
anthracite  coal ;  first  steam  ferry  ;  banks 
suspend,  1213  ;    Tract  Soc.  org.,  1251 ; 
Sunday  and  Adult  School  Union  est., 
1263,  1443  ;  anthracite  coal  sold,  1293  ; 
MercantileLibrary  Asso. fnd. ;  Museum  of 
Foreign  Literature,  1311;  Queen's  ware 
intro.,1321 ;  Am.Qiuir.  Revietc,  1351 ;  Fair- 
mount  water  worksest., 1353;  Meth.Prot. 
Ch.  fmd.,  1363  ;  mint   completed,  1373; 
The  Cent  issued,  1391 ;  free-trade  conven. 
opens,  1392  ;  connection  with  Pittsburg, 
1393  ;  cholera,  1413,  1673  ;  R.  R.  to  Har- 
risburg,    to    (jermantown,     1413  ;    Am. 
Anti-Slavery  Soc.org.  ;  Nat.  Temp.  Soo. 
org. ;  Whig  barbecue,  1431 ;  teeth  mnf. 
from  minerals,  1441 ;  auti-abolitlon  riot, 
1451,  1461,  1491,  1511,1671;  iron  tubing 
and  fittings  mnf.,  1461;   Public  Ledger, 
1463;  Laurel  Hill  cemetery  established  ; 
lighted  by  gas,  1473  ;   Gentleman's  Mag- 
azine 1491;  CJ.  S.  Bank  suspends,  1493; 
High  School  observatory  erected,  1501 ; 
U.  S.  bank  fails,    1513,  1553  ;  Wni.  J. 
Florence  appears,  1521 ;    Philharmonic 
Soc.  gives  concert,  1641 ;  Gen.  Conven. 
P.  E.,1582;  GirardCoU.  opd.,  1632;  Sons 
of  Am.  org. ;  Striker's  Am.  Register  ap- 
pears, 1632  ;  Whig  Nat.  Conven.  meets, 
1651;  fire,  1673,  2433,  3173,  3212,  3833, 
3893,  4073  ;    Woodlands  Cemetery  est., 
1712;  galvanized  iron  Intro.,  172^ ;  Presb. 
Quar.  Review;  St.  Joseph's  Coll.  org., 
1723;  Nat.  theater  burned,  1753;  tornado, 
1781 ;    Masonic  Hall    built,   1783;  Fair- 
mount,  1793  ;  Rep.  Nat.  Conven.  meets, 
1803;  drowning,  1813;  A.D.  1860±  ;  Jap- 
anese embassy  rec'd,  1871;  troops  leave 
for  Wash. ,1941 ;  soldiers'  refreshment  sa- 
loon opd.,  1971 :  Am.  Party  Nat.  Conven., 
1792;   Christ    Church    Hospital,   2011; 
Jfew  Ironsides  completed,  2171 ;  Union 
League  Club  fnd.,   2172  ;  Chestnut  St. 
theater  opd.,  2191 ;  Sympathy  Conven., 
2233-  La  Salle  Coll.  org.  at,  2252  ;  Even- 
ing Telegraph,  2292;  Sanitary  Fair  opd., 
2352  ;  Nat.  Bank  org.,  2373  ;  Savannah 
relief   fund,  2423 ;    Lincoln  obsequies. 
2473 ;    Fenians    meet,    2*83 ;    Saturday 
Night,  2503  ;  Antoine  Probst  executed  ; 
Evening  .Star;  Public  Ledger,  2522;  Nat. 
Union  Conven.  of  Conservatives  opens, 
2533  ;  Conven.  of  Loyalists  opens,  2552  ; 
Americus  Club  org.,  2562  ;  Meth.  Home 
for  Aged  opd.,  2563  ;    explosion  in  saw- 
mill, 2573  ;  Am.  Theater   burned;  Am. 
Naturalist  Magazine ;  Baptist  Quarterly 
Review  appears,  2583  ;  new  courthouse 
opd.,  2613  ;  presents  League  Island  to 
gov't,  2621 ;  Lippincott's  Magazine,  2623; 
monument  to  Washington  and   Lafay- 
ette, 2661;  Nat.  Labor  Conven.   meets, 
2663  ;  (Chamber  of  Commerce  dedicated. 


Phil-PhiL 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INL)il«X.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column, 


1371 


2673,  2733;  Knights  of  Labor  org.,  2691 ; 
exhibition  of  sand-blast,  2721;  Public 
Record, ^0^;  Volunteer  FireDept.  abol- 
ished, 2723  J  Centennial  Exhibition  Act, 
2732  •  paid  fire  department  org.,  2733  ; 
Fresb.  Hospital  est.,  2742;  smallpox  epi- 
demic, 2753;  Orpheus  Soc.  org.,  276 1; 
Public  Building  begun,  2761,  28li;  Cen- 
tennial Commission  org..  2773  ;  Lincoln 
monument,  278i ;  Masonic  Temple  ded., 
2821,2841;  Girard  Avenue  Bridge  com- 
pleted, 2841;  Produce  Exchange  org.; 
Charley  Ross  stolen,  2843;  Cecilian  Soc. 
org.,  2872  ;  Moody  and  Sankey  meetings, 
2882;  Daily  Call;  Daily  Times  issued; 
Penn.  Club  org.,  2883;  Market  St.  Bridge 
burns,  2893  ;  museum  and  school  incor- 
porated ;  Acad,  of  Nat.  Science  opd. ; 
School  of  Industrial  Art  est.,  290' ;  K.  C. 
diocese  erected,  2902  ;  K.  C.  archiepisco- 
pal  see,  2902;  centennial  year  eel.,  2911 , 
2923;  Centennial  ISxliibition  opd.,  2901, 
2913,2933;  Am.  Oath.  QwxHerly:  Spelling 
Reform  Asso.  org.,  2922;  Normal  Schom 
opil.,  2923  ;  Bapt.  Orphanage  fnd.,  2943; 
Jefferson  Medical  College  opd.,  2962; 
storm,  2981 ;  Soc.  for  Organizing  Charity 
fmd.,  2991;  telephone  exchange  opd., 
3001;  A.D.  1880*-;  N'ews  issued,  3031; 
Committee  of  One  Hundred  org.,  3043  ; 
Golden  Days  issued,  3063  ;  MedictvChi- 
rurgical  Coll.  opens,  3083  ;  electric  lights 
intro.,  3093  ;  centennial  of  settlement, 
3113;  Ladies*  ffome  Journal^  3143  ;  Wm. 
Penn's  cottage  rebuilt,  3153  ;  carpet- 
weavers  strike,  3l9i  ;  Meth.  Epis.  Hos- 
pital est.,  3203  ;  Reform  Charter  by  Bul- 
lett  Act,  3-233;  Nugent's  Home  fnd., 
3332;  Centennial  of  signing  Federal  Con- 
stitution, 3ir3  ;  R.  R.  accident,  3313  ; 
church  for  deaf  mutes  cons.,  3362;  sugar 
rettnery  est.,  34e3,  4033;  Johnstown  Re- 
lief Fund,  3522;  Working  Girls' Society 
Conven.,  3563  j  Bank  of  Am.  suspends, 
3573  ;  Temple  theater  burne<l,  3253  ; 
Standard  Oil  Co.  Trust,  3713;  G.  W. 
Childs's  birthday  eel.,  3832  ;  Spring  Gar- 
den Nat.  Bank  closes,  3833,  3351 ;  Treas. 
Bardsley  embezzlement,  3851,  3871, 2: 
Kennedy  embezzlement,  3851 ;  Lord 
Hawkes's  Cricket  Team,  3923  ;  Conven. 
Coll.  presidents  and  professors  ;  Drexel 
Inst,  ded.,  396i  ;  Nat.  Acad,  expedition, 
4001;  Anna  P.  Wilsbach's  will,  4022; 
remains  of  C.  W.  Riggin  honored,  4121 ; 
robbery ,4163;  city  wells  filled,  4173;  r.r. 
collision,  4173,  4253,  4753  ;  Social  Guar- 
dians assignment,  4173  ;  electric  cars 
intro. ;  police  census,  4193  ;  Peterson's 
Magazine  fnd.,  4202;  trolley  system  in- 
tro., 4293;  garment-workers  strike, 4323; 
Drexel  Art  Gallery  endowment,  4341 ; 
Emma  Goldman  arrested,  4362;  Liberty 
Bell  returned,  4432;  Conf.  on  Good  City 
Gov't, 45(J2;  Barney  Sacks,  suicide,  4583; 
World's  Fair  Educational  Exhibits  se- 
cured, 4602;  Order  of  Tonti  assignment, 
4613;  Orangemen  attacked,  4643;  Naval 
Reserve  training,  4681 ;  Comstock  causes 
arrests,  4691 ;  Adm.  Benham's  reception, 
4721 ;  McClellan  statue, 474' ;  fraudulent 
Life  Insurance  scheme,  475i . 

Philadelphia,  Tenn.,  action  at,  2271. 

and  Erie  R.  R.  opened,  239*. 

Philaetus  flourishes,  6523t 

Philamount,  Virginia,  action  at,  2143. 

Philander  Smith  College  fnd.,  2962. 

Philanthropic  Cong,  at  Brussels,  544». 

Society  established,  925i. 

Philemon,  Epistle  to,  written,  11531. 

Philetierus,  art  patron,  11482  ;  fnds.  king- 
dom Pergamus ;  reigns,  11491. 

Philharmonic  Society  est.,  9362  ;  new  so- 
ciety established,  9582. 

Philibert  de  Chalons,  stadholder,  10992. 

Philidor,  chess-player,  wins,  9242, 

Philillovich,  Joseph,  5322. 

Philip  I.,  K.  Castile,  Aust.,  b.-d.,  11263 ; 
marriage,  6093;  regent,  5412;  co-rulex  in 
Castile,  11273;  d.,  5082. 

.  1.,  Fr.,  b.-d.,  6683,  at  war  with  Robert, 

6681,  excommunicatea  ;  in  monastery; 
church  revenue  for  vices,  6683,  6692  ; 
reigns  ;  deserts  queen ;  elopes  with  Ber- 
trande.  6692;  d.,  6693. 

II.  Augustus,  Fr.,  b.-d.,  6702  :  attacks 

Normandy,  at  war  with  King  John; 
invades  Normandy,  670i ;  banishes  Jews  ; 
excommunicated  \  In  third  crusade,  6703 ; 


marries  Ingeburge,  6712  ;  divorces  her, 
6353  ;  reigns,  6712  ;  war  on  Eng.  ;  mar- 
ries Agnes  de  Meranie ;  seizes  Touraine ; 
d.,  6713. 

Philip  III.,  Fr.,  b.-d., 6722;  patent  of  nobil- 
ity, 6731 ;  reigns  ;  d.,  6732. 

IV.,  Ft.,  b.-d.,  6722     against  money 

lenders, 6731 ;  marries;  reigns, 6732;  seizes 
pope;  burns  "  Ausculto  Fill"  ;  excom- 
municated, 6733  ;  d.,  6723. 

v.,  Fr.,  b.-d.,  6722  ;  reigns,  6733. 

VI.,  Fr.,  b.-d.,  6722  ;  at  Cr6cy;  at  Cas- 

sel,  6741:  reigns;  d.,  6751. 

^—  (Philippe),  joint  king,  6693. 

,  It.,  killed  in  Verona,  IOG61. 

(Marcus   Julius   Philippus),  reigns  ; 

army  revolts,  1067 1 ;  Christianized,  10662; 
restores  secular  games  in  Rome,  10671. 

I.  reigns  in  Macedonia,  10153. 

IL,  of  Macedon,   b.-d,,  10231;  seizes 

Pydnaand  Potida;a  ;  conquers  P^onians 
and  Illyrians  ;  takes  Amphipolis,  10223  ; 
reigns,  10233  ;  captures  Olynthus ;  con- 
quests ;  war  with  Athens ;  ends  Sacred 
Wars;  in  Illyria,  10241;  chosen  leader, 
enlarges  kingdom;  in  Macedonian  coun- 
cil ;  peace  with  Athenians;  destroys  cities 
of  Phocis ;  war  against;  in  Bvzantium 
campaign ;  league  against ;  takes  terri- 
tory from  Sparta.;  grant  to  Athens ;  de- 
signs of ;  assassinated,  10252. 

IV.,  of  Macedon,  reigns  ;  d.,  10271. 

v.,  of  Macedon,  b.-d.,  10263;  war  with 

Rhooians  ;  war  with  Rome  ;  inElis  ;  sur- 
prised by  Valerius,  10262  ;  aids  Achaean 
League ;  reigns ;  treaty  with  Hannibal 
against  Rome  ;  treaty  ^vith  Antiochus ; 
in  Achjean  League  ;  deserted  by  League  ; 
Thrace  cede<l  to  ;  peace  with  Romans  ; 
abandons  cities  ;  war  indemnity,  10273  ; 
repulsed  at  Athens ;  driven  from  Greece; 
resigns ;  possessions,  10543. 

v.,  the  Long,  reigns  Navarre,  11273. 

I.,  Sp.,  b.-d.,  11263  ;  reigns  ;  d.,  11273. 

II.,  Sp.,   king;   b.-d,  11282;    reigns, 

5411,  2,  U293  ;  usurps  crown,  6533  ;  ex- 
tols massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  6843 ; 
thrones  ceded  to,  7932  ;  in  Eng.,  8713, 
8732;  commands  Armada,  8761 ;  marries 
Mary  of  Eng.,  11293  ;  erects  Escurial, 
11281;  persecutes,  11291;  enforces  de- 
crees, 10983;  K.  of  Two  Sicilies,  10793  ; 
est.  Inquisition,  10983;  to  suppress  Prot- 
estantism, 10983, 11291 ;  succeeds  father, 
10992;  conquers   Port.,  11101,2,   11293; 

III.,  Sp.,  b.-d.,   11282;  reigns,  5413, 

11292  ;  K.  of  Two  Sicilies,  10793  ;  cedes 
Neth.  to  Albert  of  Aust.,  10993, 

IV.,  Sp.,  king;  b.-d..   11283;  reigns, 

5413;  expels  Fr.,  6881;  seizes  pope,  10763; 
K.  of  Two  Sicilies,  10793  ;  reigns  in  Sp. 
and  Portugal,  IIIO2,  11293. 

v.,  Sp.,  b.-d.,  11283  ;  claims  Aust.  in- 
heritance, 5152;  heir  of  Sp.;  reigns,  6953, 
11281 ,  11293  ;  possessions  in  Neth.,  6953; 
at  Saragossa,  6962  ;  dethroned,  6972  ;  re- 
enthroned,  6973;  enters  Madrid,  904 1 ; 
K.  of  Two  Sicilies,  10793;  resigns,  11293. 

,  reigns  ii.  Sweden,  11333. 

,  Indian  chief,  war,  44i . 

the  Arabian,  reigns  in  Rome,  10293  ; 

coregent  murdered,  10671 . 

of  Burgimdy,  regent  of  Fr.;  d.,  6772. 

the  Disciple,  in  Samaria,  11523. 

"the  Good,"  of  Burg.,  enriches  and 

corrupts  church,  10983  ;  reigns ;  annexes 
HoU. ;  summons  states  general,  10992. 

of  Hesse,  prisoner,  790i . 

the  Handsome,  Count,  rules  Neth., 

10992  ;  marries,  10991 . 

,  ('ount  of  Flanders,  marries,  5451. 

of  Hohenstaufen,  K.,  7792,  3. 

of  Nassau,  at  Lucca,  7821 . 

the  Tetrarch,  rebuilds  CiesareaPhi- 

lippi,  11512  ;  dominion  of,  11513. 

,  Due  d'Orl^ns,  b. ,  6883  :  regent,  6973 ; 

d.,  6943 

II. ,  Due  d'Orl^ane,  b.,  6922;  d.,  6982. 

,  Ct.  of  Schaum burg-Li ppe,  7972. 

,  D.  of  Swabia,  b.-d- 7782  ;  K.,  7792. 

,  E.  of  Chesterfield,  lord-lieut.,  9113. 

,  Charles,  minister,  9592. 

,  John  W.,  capt.  U.  S.  N.,  336i . 

,  Thomas,  lord-lIeut.,  9512. 

, F.,  resigns  treasury,  191 1 . 

Philiphaugh,  Scot.,  battle  of,  886I . 
Philippl  fnd.,  10233  ;  battle  of,  10281 . 

.  W.  Va.,  action  at,  1961. 

PhitippianSt  Epistle  io,  written,  11531 . 


Philippicus  (Bardanes),  reigns,  10331 ;  as- 
sassinated, 10323. 

Philippine  Islands  :  1520,  Aug.  7.  A  Span- 
ish expedition  ol  three  ships  under  Ma- 
gellan reaches  Cebu ;  it  has  already 
dis.  Mindanao.  1521,  Apr.  25.  Magellan 
is  mortally  wounded  in  a  skirmish.  [Apr. 
27.  Dies.]  1565,  Apr.  27.  A  Spanish  expe- 
dition under  Miguel  Lopez  de  Legaspi, 
having  4(X)nien,  including  six  Augustine 
monks,  arrives  at  Cebu.  1570,  Spaniards 
under  Salcedo  land  near  [Manila]  ;  the 
natives  enter  a  treaty,  and  agree  to  sur- 
render their  independence  and  pay  trib- 
ute. [Batangas,  Mindoro,  and  Panay 
are  soon  subdued.]  1610.  Serious  earth- 
quake. [1610,  1&15.  1658,  1675,  1699,  1796, 
1852, 1863  (400  people  kille-i),  1880,  others.] 
1622.  Natives  revolt  against  the  tyr- 
annv  of  Church  and  State.  [1629  ;  other 
revolts,  1649,  1660,  1744,  1825,  1827,  1844  ] 
1761,  Sept.  22.  Brit,  under  Adm.  Cor- 
nish and  Gen.  Draper  bombard  Manila, 
9161 .  [It  falls.]  1765,  Feb.  10.  Peace  of 
Paris  ;  it  provides  for  the  restoration  of 
Manila  to  Spain.  1779.  Jesuits  expelled. 
[1852.  They  return.]  1872.  Formidable 
rebellion  at  Cavit^.  [1896.  Another  re- 
bellion.] 1898,  May  1.  Com.  Dewey  de- 
stroys Sp.  fleet  at  Manila.  Islands  ceded 
to  U.  S.  by  Sp. ;  Aguinaldo attacks  Ams. 
atManila.  Gen.  Otis's  campaign  against 
revolting  Tagals  follows. 

Philippopolis,  Rumelia,  fnd.,  10252;  mis- 
sion, 5653  ;  meeting  held,  5663  ;  Alex, 
arrives,  5673;  Ferdinand  welcomed,  6691  j 
captured,  11542  ;  revolution,  11593. 

Philippoteanx,  Henri  Emanuel  F^lix,  b., 
7222;  d.,7541. 

Philippsburg,  Ger.,  surrenders,  6981 ; 
taken,  7961,7981. 

Philips,  Ambrose,  b.  (1670+) ;  d.,  9122. 

,  Gen.,  gov.  N.  S.,  5752. 

,  John,  b.,  8942;  d.,9C22. 

,  Sir  Robert,  imprisoned,  8813. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  683;  d.,  II02. 

,  William,  b.,919i. 

Philipstown,  Ire.,  fnd.,  8732. 

Philistia,  tribute  to  Assyria,  11451 . 

Philistines  arise,  Ger.,  8162. 

Phillbroke,  Mary,  rejected,  4622. 

Phillimore,  Sir  Robert  Joseph,  b.  (1810); 
judge-adv.-gen.,  9772  ;  d.  (1885). 

Phillip,  Capt.  Arthur,  settlement,  Aus- 
tralia, 4943  ;  gov.  ;  resigns,  4951 . 

,  Ct.  d'fivreux,  reigns  in  Navarre,  1127 3. 

Phillips,  Benjamin  Samuel,  lord  mayor, 
9691;  visits  Belgium,  5461. 

,  Adelaide,  b.,  142i ;  appears,  178* ;  d., 

3102. 

,  Ambrose,  b.,  8922. 

,  C,  cons,  bp.,  10102. 

,  Georges.,  d.,334i. 

,  John,  b.,  582  ;  d.,106i. 

, ,  b.,  9302  ;  d.  (1874) 

,  Judge,  Kan.,  injunction,  364», 

,  Miss,  at  Peace  Jubilee,  266i . 

,  Philip,  b.,  1422. 

,  T.,  fire-annihilator  inv.,  9542. 

,  Thos,  W.,  b.,  1442;  pres.  conven., 374*. 

,  Watts,  b.,  9442  ;  d.  (1874). 

,  Wendell,  b.,  1163  ;  antislavery  advo- 
cate, 1491 ;  nom.  for  gov.,  2713  ;  d.,3162. 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1731) ;  gen.  at  Petersburg, 

941 ;  d.  0.781). 

, Wirt,  moderator,  1462  ;  d.,  245*. 

Phillipsburgh,  Mo.,  R.  R.  wreck,  4173. 

,  N.  J.,  Bessemer  process  ninf.,  I8OI; 

silk-workers  attack,  4503, 

Phillpotts,  Henry,  b.  (1777  or  1778);  elected 
bp.,  9423  ;  d.  (1869). 

Philo  Judjeus,  b.-d.,  11502. 

,  Publius,  laws  of,  10532, 

Philobiblon  Society  instituted,  9583, 

Philological  Asso.,  Am.,  3431 ,  3622.  3862. 

Soc.,inst.,932?  ;  useof  Volapuk,9963. 

Philologists,  Cong,  of, opens  in  Phila., 4781 . 

Philomath,  College,  Ore.,  org.,  2623. 

Philomel,  Muscat,  4881. 

Philomela,  asteroid,  discovered,  3001 . 

Philomeius  in  Sacred  War,  10241 . 

Philo  Parsons  seized,  6813, 

Philopfemen,  b.-d.,  10J63  ;  invades  Ells ; 
atMantinea,  10262;  gen.  Achxan  League; 
abrogates  Lycurgus  laws ;  Philip  V.  re- 
ceives, 10273  ;  defeated ;  executed,  1026*. 

Phihsophia ^  asteroid,  discovered,  7521. 

Philosophical  lamp  constructed,  8121. 

Magazine  iasued,  929 1 . 


1372 


Text  FIguna  danote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Phil-Pine. 


Philosophical,  See,  Am.,  fnd.,  65<,  67<; 
publications,  761 ;  anniversary,  154*. 

,  G.  B.,9221,  9382,  9391,  950». 

of  Aua.,  £nd.,  4941 . 

Transactions  issued,  891 1 . 

Philosophy,  Am.  Inst. Christian, 3642, 410a. 

revives,  Arabia,  4862. 

,  school  of,  Qr.,  10163. 

Philostratus,  b.-d.,  1028a. 

Philotus  killed,  10261 . 

Philpot,  John,  clergyman,  8703. 

Philpott,  Henry,  bp.,  9583  ;  d.,  10062. 

Phineas,  high-priest,  11411 ;  kills,  11412. 

Phinney,  Ellen  J.,  pres.  Union,  3943. 

Phipps,  Sir  Coustantiiie,  lord  chanc.,9052. 

,  Constantine  Henry,  Marq.  of  Nor- 
mandy, b.,  9283  ;  d.  (1863). 

,  John,  Baron  Mulgrave,  b.,  9103 ;  N.W. 

passage,  9182  ;  d.,  9262. 

Pliipa,  Spencer,  gov.  Mass.,  672,  713. 

,  Sir  William,  b.,  38i ;  at  Port  Royal ; 

at  Quebec  ;  fleet  wrecketl,  50i ;  erects 
Port  William  Henry,  52i ,  1692:  gov. 
Mass.,  532;  d.,  522. 

Phocxa,  asteroid,  discovered.  7321. 

Phocas,  emperor,  b.-d. ,10303;  reigns, 10313; 
killed,  10.i02. 

Phocion,  b.-d.,  10231 ;  forces  Philip  to 
raise  siege,  10241;  executed,  10253, 

Phfebe  captures  Essex,  1221. 

PhiBbidas  in  Thebes,  10222. 

Phoecus,  inv.  statue  casting,  1014*. 

PhixfJra,  asteroid,  discovered,  2961 . 

Ph'eiiix  makes  first  trip,  114* . 

burns,  1633. 

Clubs  formed,  9631 . 

Park  assassins  betrayed  ;  trials,  991 1 . 

Plioeuixville,  Pa.,  bone-cave  dis.,  272'. 

Phonetic  Society  formed,  9.521 . 

Phonograph  projected,  9121;  announced, 
2961 ;  improved  by  Bidwell,  3021 ;  inv. 
by  T.  A.  Edison,  3231;  improved,  3301; 
adapted  to  water-motor,  .'J741 . 

Phonography  suggested,  763,  9122. 

Phoroueus,  icing,  Intro,  sacritices,  10131 . 

Phosphor-bronze,  invented,  5441. 

Phosphorus  discovered,  7962. 

Phosportis,  newspaper,  issued,  11362. 

Photius,  b.,  10322;  patriarch;  deposed; 
restored;  writings;  d.,  10323. 

Photogalvanography,  specimens  of,  7241. 

Photoglypliic  engraving  process,  9621. 

Photograph,  negative,  multiplying,  9501. 

Photographers,  amateurs  meet,  3723. 

.-Vsaociation  meets,  3062,  3882,  5883. 

Photograpliic  Society  est.,  9.582. 

Photographs, produced,  9302;  made  oilpa- 
per, 9481 ;  ignited  magnesium  used,  9681 . 

Photography,  ammonia  used  in,  2171 ;  gub- 
carbonate  of  soda,  9332;  collodion  pro- 
cess dis.,  9562;  tannin  process,  9642, 

Photoheliograph  used,  27U1 ;  erected,962i . 

Photo-lithography  introduced,  1861 . 

Photophone  invented,  2932. 

Phraates  restores  Roman  prisoners,  10603. 

Phra  Naret,  in  .A.yuthia ;  in  Pegu,  11241 . 

Phraortes,subdued,11442;  reigns;  k., 11453. 

Phrenology,  lectures,  Aust.-Hung.,  5191. 

Phthia,  asteroid,  discovered,  2981 . 

Phylloxera  Cong,  at  Bordeaux,  7521 ; 
checked,  7553 ;  atfects  grape-vines,  11113. 

Phyrnon,  commander;  killed,  10161. 

Physic  gardens,  first  planted,  8721 . 

Physical  Society  org.,  London,  9781 . 

Physician,  first  royal,  K:u.,  84!)2. 

Physicians  exempted  as  jurors,  8662. 

and  Surgeons,  Am.,  Cong. ,.3923,  4601. 

,  College,  opens,  3223. 

Physiok,  Philip  Syng,  b.  (1768) ;  d.,  1482. 

Phythian,  Robert  L.,  commodore,  4561 . 

Piacenza,  It,,  battle  at,  7001 ;  Cathedral 
of  SanSistocons.;  church  council,  10743; 
under  Scotti ;  Univ.  of  Pavia  est.,  10752, 
10772;  united  with  States  of  Church, 
10313;  ceded  to  Sp.,  10852;  given  to 
Maria  Louisa,  10871. 

Piankhi  conquers  Egv.,  8>0i ;  reigns,  6511 . 

Piano  first  made  in  "England,  9161 ;  model 
of,  7982  ;  i„v.,  10322  ;  standard  pitch, 
3921 J  cabinet,  patented,  9.342. 

Piaiion,  attempt?  assassination,  7331. 

Piastus,  Dnke  of  Poland,  11132. 

Piatt,  Donn,  b..  1302-  Gen.  Georae  H. 
rftomas,  4482;  d.,  3941. 

.John  James,  b.  (1835) ;  work,  2771. 

.Mr8.(S.M.Bryan),b.(1836);Poenjs,277i. 

Piau,  effects  of  lightning,  5.341. 

Piazzi,  Giuseppe,  b.,  10842;  disoovera 
planet,  10841 ;  d.,  1086a. 


Plcard,  .lean,  b.,  6862;  measures  earth, 
6922;  d.,  6923. 

,  Louis  Benoit,  b.,  7042;  d.,  7243. 

, .Foseph  Ernest,  b.,  7241 ;  minis- 
ter, 7412,  7451;  defense  com.,  7433;  im- 
peached, 7452;  d.,  7502. 

Picardy,  BY.,  invaded,  C88i ;  war  in,  6901 . 

Pioart,  Bernard,  b.,  0922;  d.,  6983. 

,  Claude,  missionary,  362. 

Piccini,  Niccolo,  b.;  La  Luona  Figli'uola, 
10841;  d.,  io»4». 

Piccolomini,  Ales.,  b.  (1550±) ;  d.,  10811 . 

,  royal  adviser,  7853. 

,  Maria,  b    (1836);  in  N.  Y.,  1841. 

,  Ottavio,  Gen.,  b.,  5102;  at  Leipsic, 

7901;  d.,5123. 

Picenum,  It.,  Rome  conquers,  10522;  Han- 
nibal occupies,  10541 . 

Pichegru,  Charles,  b.,  7023;  at  Turgoing; 
in  Belgium,  7101;  at  Mannheim,  7102; 
transported,  7132;  arrested,  7153;  defeats 
Aust.,  8061;  conquers  Neth.,  11002; 
strangled,  7153. 

Pichincha,  Mount  Equa.  battle  on,  6431 . 

Pichler,  Madame  (Caroline  von  Greiner), 
b.,  8031;  d.,  8162. 

Pickawillany,  O.,  post  destroyed,  68i . 

Pickens,  Col.  Andrew,  b.,&J2;  in  Ga.,901, 
943 ;  fights  Tories,  931 ,  in  Cherokee 
country,  943;  gov.  S.  C,  1252;  d.,  1202. 

,  Francis  W.,  b.,  1141 ;  gov.  S.  C,  1892, 

1903;  on  paying  debts,  1971 ;  d.,  261' . 

,  Israel,  b.  (1780) ;  gov.,  1293;  d.,  1342. 

Pickering,  Charles,  b.  (1805) ;  d.,  2982. 

,  .John,  b.,  891 ;  d.,  1002. 

,  Tim.,  b.,  662;  sec.  state,  1072;  d.,  1362. 

William,  gov.  Washington,  2032. 

Pickersgill,  Frederick  Richard,  b.,  9402. 

,  Lieut.,  in  Arctic  regions,  5762. 

Pickett,  Geo.  Edward,  b.,  1322;  at  Gettys- 
burg, 2241 ;  at  New  Berne,  230 1 ;  drives 
Sheridan  back  ;  at  Five  Forks,  2443 ; 
presented  flag,  3401 ;  d.,  2881 . 

Picking,  Henry  F.,  captain  U.  S.  N.,  3341 . 

Pickler,  John  A.,  b.,  1662. 

,   Henry  L.,  d.,  2191 . 

Pico,  Giovanni,  Ct.of  Mirandola,b.-d.,1783. 

■,  Pio,  gov.  Cal.,  1412,  1011;  d.,  4701. 

Picot,  Georges  Marie  Ren^,  b.,  7282. 

Picou,  Henri  Pierre,  b.,  7242. 

Pictou,  N.  S.j  Standard  issued,  5811. 

Picts  settle  in  Scot.,  8393  ;  invade  Brit., 
7693,  8401,  8412. 

Pidjam,  Kasbgarians  expelled,  6221. 

Piedmont,  It.,Fr.  defeated,514i ;  Fr.  enter, 
5241 ;  annexed  to  Fr.,  7153;  dispute,  7913; 
acquired,  10793;  Sardinia  gets,  10871 . 

,  \^a..  Confederates  defeated,  2342. 

J*iedmontaise  surrenders,  9341. 

Piepowder  Court,  Eng.,  8662. 

Pierce,  Aratus  F.,  trial ;  acquitted,  2772. 

,  Ii3lij.,  b.   (1757)  ;  gov.,  1353;  d.  (1839). 

,  Franklin,  b.,  1122;  M.  C,  1412;  mar- 
ries;  signs  Delavan  declaration,  1451; 
nom.  for  pres.,  1711 ;  vote,  1712,  1732; 
inaugurated, 1732;  opens  Crystal  Palace ; 
inaug.  Washington  Aqueduct,  1733;  signs 
Kansas-Nebraska  Bill ;  vetoes  Miss  Dix 
Bill,  1761 ;  receives  Father  Vijil  :  recog- 
nizes proslavery  legislature,  1792;  recog- 
nizes filibuster  Walker ;  again  candi- 
date, 1803;  speech  at  Concord,  2252; 
monetary  proclamation,  6'i3i ;  d.,  2681 

,  Brig.-Gen.,  at  Big  Bethel,  Va.,  1961 . 

,  Capt.  Geo.,  wins  rifie  prize,  9741 . 

, Foster,  b.,  1163;  cons,  bp.,  1762; 

d.  (1884). 

,  Gilbert  A.,  inaug.  gov.  Dak.,  3193. 

,  Henry  Niles,  b.  (1820) ;  bishop,  2683. 

— -,  .John,  land  patent,  303,  311 , 

,  Mr.,  Almanac,  343,  351. 

Christian  College,  Cal.,  org.,  2763. 

City  College,  Mo.,  founded,  3063. 

Piercy,  Mr.,  mission  at  Canton,  6191 . 
Pierola,  Nicolas  de,  b.,  11082;  flees,  6063; 

leader  at  Sorota,  IIO81 

Pierpont,  Francis  H.,gov.  W.  Va.,  1923, 
2033,  2413,  2473. 

,  .John,  b.,  962;  d.,  2.521 . 

Pierre,  S.  Dak.,  first  legislature  org.,3472; 
capital  city,  3473. 

University,  S.  Dak.,  org.,  3143. 

Pierrepoiit,  Edwards,  b.,  1262  ;  minister, 
toG.  B.,2913  ;  d.,  4021. 

Pierretta,  asteroid,  discovered,  7601 . 

Pierrot,  president  of  Haiti,  10402. 

Pierson,  Abraham,  b.  (1648) ;  among  In- 
dians, 403;  est.  church  in  Newark,  422  ; 
rector  of  Yale  College,  543  ;  d.  (1707). 


Pier.son,  Henry  R.,  d.,  3501. 

Pieta  Station,  Cal.,  stage  robberies,  4723. 

Piete,  Monts  de,  regulated  by  law,  7303. 

Pietermaritzburg,  N'atal,  reinforceinenls 
arrive,  OO02  ;  mission,  6983,  5991 ,  9722. 

Pietists  founded,  7983. 

Pietro  I.,  independence  est.,  10972, 

II.,  rules,  10972. 

,  St.,  da  Verona,  murdered,  10773. 

Pigalle,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  6903  ;  d.,  70Ui . 

Pigault-Lebrun,  Charles  Antoine  Guil- 
launie,  b.,  7011;  d.,  7202. 

Pigeon  Bill,  Indian  desperado,  4223. 

Pigeon  shooting  prohibited,  9932. 

Pignerol  (or  Pinerol),  It.,  fortress  of ,  688' . 

Piguotti,  Lorenzo,  b.,  10842  ;  d.,  1085' . 

Pigott,  Lord,  governor,  10453. 

,  Richard,   punished   for   libel,  971'; 

forger  ;  suicide  of,  10003. 

Pig-tail,  Chinese  adopt,  6161 . 

Pig  Tin  Bill,  passes  Senate,  4252. 

Pike,  Albert,  Gen.,  b.,  1162 ;  assaults 
York,  1202;  at  Pea  Ridge,  2042;  d.,  3801 . 

College  (non-sect.).  Bowling  Green, 

Mo.,  organized  (1881). 

,  Mary  Hayden  Green,  b.,  1342. 

,  Zeb.  Montgomery,  b.,  912;  d.,  1211 . 

Pike's  Peak  sighted,  1501 ;  gold  dis.,  1841 , 
R.  R.  completed,  3713;  Inclined  Railway 
:i873  ;  forest  reserve,  4013  ;  enow,  400' . 

Piketon,  Ky.,  Confederates  defeated,  2002; 
action  at,  2151 . 

Pilate,  Pontius,  procurator,  11513  ;  gives 
up  Jesus  of  Nazareth,  10623  ;  d.,  10622. 

Pilcamai/o  joins  insurgents,  6082. 

Pile,  Wm.A.,  b.  a829);  gov.  N.Mex.,  2693, 

Piles,  Roger  de,  b.,  6882;  d.,  0963. 

Pilgrim  Fathers'  nionunient,  Mass.,  3422. 

,  United  Order  statistics,  3422. 

Pilgrimage  of  Grace  insurrection,808i  ,2,3. 

Pilgrimage  to  Parnassus  acted,  8771 . 

Pilgrimages,  popular,  Fr.,  7482. 

Pilgrims,  Am.,  to  Rome,  2842,  3302. 

in  New  England.    (See  text,  p.  29±.) 

quarantined,  4883,  7022. 

Pilf/rim's  Progress  in  Portuguese,  11101. 

Pilitz.  Karl  von,  Gennanicus,  8281 . 

Pilkington,  Sheriff,  trial  of,  8971 . 

Pillnitz.  Ger.,  rulers  meet,  5192  ;  declara- 
tion of,  7091 ;  treaty  of,  8063. 

Pillory,  set  up,  531 ;  abolished,  IIP  ;  rec- 
ognized, Eng.,  a')43,  873 

Pillow,  Gen.,  at  Chapultepec,  1022;  occu- 
pies Columbus,  1982  ;  at  Ft.  Donelson, 
2041 ;  at  Lafayette,  2381 . 

.  Gideon  Johnson,  b.  (1806) ;  d.,  2982. 

Pillsbury,  Amos,  b.  (1805)  ;  d.,  2821 . 

,  Gilbert,  d.,  4201 . 

,  John  S.,  gov.  Minn.,  2951 ;  gift,  3383. 

Pilmoor, Joseph, in  Phila.,762 ;  missionary, 
9191 ;  d.  (1821). 

Pilot  Knob,  Mo.,  Confeds.  defeated,  2382. 

Piloty,  Karl  Theodor,  b.,  8123;  d.,  832' . 
Pilsen,  Bohemia,  defeat  at,  7941 ;  collision 

with  troops,  5331 ;  explosion,  5381 ,  3. 
Plnchback,  Pinckney  Benton  Stewart,  b. 
(1837);  Heut.-gov.  La.,  2752  ;  holds  con- 
ven.,  2791 ;  nom.  for  Cong.,  for  gov.  La., 
2792;  at  Colored  Men's  Conven.,  3523. 

Pinckney,  Charles,  b.,  71 1 ;  governor  S.  C, 
1013,  1073, 1161 ;  d.  (1824). 

_ — , Cotesworth,  b.,  662;    treaty  of 

San  Lorenzo,  107 1 ;  minister  to  Fr.,  1072, 
electoral  vote,  1073  ;  1112,  1132,  1153  ; 
treaty  with  Great  Brit.,  1151 ;  d.,  1322. 

,  Henry  Laurens,  b.  (1749) ;  memorial* 

refused,  147i;  d.  (1863). 

,  Thomas,  b.,  662  ;  minister  to  Eng., 

1032  ;  electoral  vote,  1073  ;  d.,  1362. 

Pinckney's  Island,  action  at,  2121 . 

Pindar,  b.-d.,  IOI62  ;  Epinicia,  10171  ; 
house  of,  saved,  1024' ,  1025' . 

Pindarees,  war  with,  1046' . 

Pine,  Sir  Benj.  C.  C,  gov.,  4982,3,  6012. 

Barren  Creek,  Ala.,  action  at,  2442. 

Bluff,  Ark.,  action  at,  227';  supply 

train  captured,  2321 . 

Grove  Township,  Pa.,  fire,  3833. 

Lake,  N.  Y.,  ice  breaks,  3353. 

Mountain,  Ga.,  Johnston  evacuates. 

Gen.  Polk  k. ;  Sherman  occupies,  2342. 

Ridge,  S.  Dak.,  outbreak  anticipated, 

3701 ;  Gen.  Miles  at;  Gen.  Brook  reUeved; 
Indian  outbreak  ;  otticers  appointed  as 
Indian  agents  ;  Indians  surrender,  374' . 

Pineda,  in  Mississippi,  183. 

Pinel,  Philippe,  b.,  7003  ;  treats  lunatics, 
7081;  d.,  7243. 

Pinerolo,  pacification  of,  8892. 


Pine-Plas. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1373 


PInetown,  misBion,  5983, 

Ping  Quen,  waterspout,  624' . 

Filigree,  Samuel  Everett,  b.  (1832) ;  gover- 
nor Vt.,  3193. 

Pingti  enthroned,  6113. 

Ping  Wang  enthroned,  6112. 

Ping-yang,  mission,  6223;  battle  at,  6263  ; 
flooded,  10921. 

Pinillos,  Juan,  governor,  6303, 

Pinlierton,  Allan,  b.  (1819) ;  d.,  3163. 

John,  b.,  9143  ;  d.,  9423. 

,  Kob.  A., defeated, 4103;  te8tifles,4192. 

system  investigation,  4192. 

Pinkham,  W.  C,  cons,  bishop,  9962. 

Pinkie,  battle  of,  870i . 

Pinkney,  William,  b.,  74i ;  atty. -general, 

1213  ;  d.,  1302. 

, ,  b.(1810) :  bishop,  2702;  d.  (1883). 

Pino,  Joaquin  del,  b.  (1730±) ;  governor 
Chile,  6053  ;  d.  (1804). 

Pius,  mnf..  Am.,  1182  ,  1441 ;  8681 ;  solid 
heads  muf.,  1501  ;  inv.,  Fr.,  7822  ;  intro., 
Eng.,  8681 ;  mfd.  by  machinery,  942' . 

Pinsker,  Simcha,  b.,  5191 ;  d.,  5262. 

Pinta,  voyage  ;  at  Tenerilfe,  131 . 

leaves  Flavaua,  6343. 

Pintard,  John,  b.  (1759) ;  d.,  1562. 

Pinto,  Francisco,  Anibal,  pres.,  6O71 ,2. 

,  Fernio  Mendez,  b.-d.,  11092  ;  visits 

Japan,  10911. 

,  Serpa.    (See  Serpa  Pinto.) 

Pintos,  Qen.,  governor  Argentine,  4911 . 

Pinzo.  .\lonzo,  false  cry  of  land,  131. 

Pinzon,  Martiu  Alonzo,  b.-<l.,  11263. 

,  Vinoente  Taflez,  b.-d.,  11263  ;  dis- 
covers Brazil,  151;  discoveries,  163. 

Plombo,  Sebaatiano  del,  b.,  10783  ;  paints 
Holy  Family,  10301 ;  d.,  10303. 

Pioneer  launched,  10943. 

Pio  Nono,  R.  0.  Coll.  org.,  Ga.,2922. 

Pico,  governor  Cal.   1412,  161 1 . 

Piorry,  Pierre  Adolphe,  b.,  7102  ;  d.,  7521 . 

Piozzi,  Mrs.  (Heater  Lyuch  Salisbury,  also 
Mrs.  Thrale),  b.,  9103  ;  d.  (1821). 

Pip6-t4oll  Society  founded,  9923. 

Piracicaba,  girls*  school,  5563. 

Piracy,  in  West  Indies,  1312  ;  suppressed, 
China,  4821, 3;  in  Borneo,  5512  ;  pun- 
ished, 5511,  2  ;  suppresses  Roman  com- 
merce, 10591 ;  in  Tripoli,  113^2. 

Piraeus,  Gr.,  harbor  IOI81 ;  fortifications, 
10183;  seized,  10221;  invaded,  10222. 

Pirates  subsidized,  -A.lgiers,  91 ;  famous, 
93  ;  D.  Porter,  subdues,  1301  ;  in  S.  C, 
581;  in  China,  6181,  beheaded,  6251 ;  dep- 
redations of  ;  at  Nicoya ;  sack  Begasces, 
6JO2  ;  at  Tongking,482' ,  762i ,  7661 ;  war 
t)f ,  10581 ;  org.  coramunitv,  10583  ;  in 
Morocco,  10972  ;  on  board  Jamb,  11331 . 

Pirie,  .lohn,  lord  mayor  London,  9492. 

Pirkheiiner,  Willibald,  work,  7892. 

Pirmasena,  Bavaria,  Fr.  defeat,  7101 ,8061 . 

Pirna,  Saxony,  battle  of,  8021 . 

Pirogof,  Nicholas,  b.,  11163;  d.,  111S2. 

Plron,  Alexis,  b.,  6942  ;  Mitromanie,  7012; 
d.,  7042. 

Pirot,  Servia,  retreat  to ;  occupied,  5662. 

Pirua  dynasty  begins  ;  falls,  113. 

Plga,  It.,fnd.,  10511 ;  independent,  10733  ; 
cathedral  begun  ;  war  with  Genoa, 
10741 ;  campanile  begun,  10742  ;  impor- 
tant city,10752;  enricued  ;  possesses  .Sar- 
dinia, 10753  ;  war  with  Florence  ;  fleet 
destroyed,  10761 ;  admits  invaders,  17821 ; 
naval  power  declines ;  cliarters  univ., 
10772;  besieged,  10781  ■  La  Spienza  com- 
menced, 10782;  Council  of,  5063,  7863_ 
10791 ;  ruled  by  Florence  ;  subject  to  Vis- 
conti,  10792;  independent,  10793;  Univ. 
fnd., 10772;  Univ.  revived,  10812;  Council 
of,  10811;  loses  independence,  10813; 
treaty  of,  6913  ;  Oiornale  issued,  IO852. 

Pis.agua  blockaded,  6062;  bombarded,6062, 
6082  ;  revolt,  6081 ;  naval  engagement, 
occupied,  6082;  cruelties,  6092. 

Pisan,  Christine,  de.    (See  Christine.) 

Pisander  killed,  10222. 

Pisano,  Andrea,  b.-d.,  10762. 

,  Xiccolo,  b.-d.,  10742. 

Pisaus  conquers  Corsica,  6661 . 

Piscataqua,  N.  J.,  Anabaptists  at,  602. 

Pisistratus,  b.-d.,  10162  ;  defeats  Atheni- 
ans, IOI61  ;  fnds.  library,  10163;  rules;  3d 
tyranny,  10172;  in  Persian  army,  IOI8I . 

Piski,  battle  at,  5221. 

Piso,  Calpurnius  Lucius,  consul,  10592  ; 
conspiracy,  10633;  gov.  Syria,  11513. 

Pistol,  revolving,  patented,  1441. 

Pistols  used,  8681. 


Pistoria,  or  Pistoia,  It.,  action  at,  10582. 

Pitard,  Jean,  fraternity  of  surgeons,  6721 . 

Pitcairn,  Archibald,  b.,  8882  ;  d.,  9042. 

Pitcairn's  Island,  mutiny  at,  924^  . 

Pitch  for  concert  singing,  I.,ondon,  9721 ; 
piano  standard,  3921 , 

Pitcher,  Nathaniel,  b.  (1777)  ;  governor 
N.  Y.,  1372;  d.  (1836). 

Pitezel,  Carrie,  insurance  fraud., 4751 . 

Pithou,  Pierre,  b.,  6803  ;  d.,  6842. 

Pitkin,  Colo.,  ore  discoveries,  4121 , 

,  Fred.  Walker,  b.  (1837);  gov.,  3033. 

,  John  R.  C,  envoys,  3512. 

,  Timothy,  b.,  741 ;  d.  (1847). 

Pitkins,  William,  governor  Conn.,  753. 

Pitman  Sir  Isaac,  b.,  9363. 

,  John,  commissioned  major,  4.561 , 

Pitra,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  7192  ;  d.,  7582. 

Pitt,  William,  b.,  9022,  treas.  for  Ire.,  9113; 
in  Newcastle  ministry,  713  ;  dismissed, 
9152  ;  conquest  of  Can.,  703;  sec.  state, 
9153 ;  resigns  ;  pensioned  ;  wife's  peer- 
age,9153;  created  E.of  Chatham  ;  prime 
minister,  9173;  on  Stamp  Act, 752;  con- 
ciliation motion,  793  ;  commends  colo- 
nist8,81i,inParl.,83i ;  last appear'e, 893. 

, ,  the  younger, b.  ,9143 ;  chancellor; 

L.  admiralty ;  reform  motion  defeated, 
9232;  premier,  9233,9332;  helps  loyalists 
in  Am.,  1003;  in  duel,  9272;  resigns;  for 
repeal,  9312;  d.,  9323;  statue,  9441 . 

Pittacus,  b.-d.,  10142;  one  of  Seven  Sages, 
10163  ;  reigns,  IOI6I ;  overthrows  Ma- 
lanchus,  10171;  tyrant,  IOI72. 

Pittman's  Ferry,  Mo.,  action  at,  2143. 

Pitt-Rivers,  Gen.,  ancient  weapons,  996i . 

Pittsburg  passes  Island  No.  10,  206i. 

Pittsburg,  Pa.,  named,  703;  settled,  752  ; 
laid  out,  973;  p.  Gazette,99f,  1003;  first 
Sunday-school  fmd.,  1163  .  steamboat 
leaves  for  N.O.,  1173;  earthquake  ,  roll- 
ing mill,  1182  ;  Western  Univ.  of  Pa. 
org.,  1283  ;  damask  table  linen  mnf., 
1361 ;  connected  with  Phila.,  1393  ;  B.C. 
diocese  est.,  1563;  Holy  Cross  Coll.  fnd., 
1571  ;  Alleghany  Cemetery  est.,  1593  ; 
Are,  1593,  4213,  4353,  4432  ;  Bvan.  Luth. 
synod  org.,  1603  ;  Free-Soil  Party  Con- 
ven.,  1712  ;  p.  Female  Coll.  fnd.,  1763  ; 
United  Presb.  Church  of  Am.  fnid.,1842; 
R.  R.  to  Chicago,  1873;  protected  against 
Confederates, 2223;  Soldiers'  and  Sailors' 
Conven.,  2252;  Branch  of  Sanitary  Com- 
mission org.,  2292  ;  Commercial  Gazelle, 
2412  ;  Prot.  Epis.  diocese  of,  est.,  2602  ; 
gen.  synod  Evan.  Luth.  org.,  2043  ;  Ho- 
meopathic Hospital  est.,  2551 ;  Kat.  Con- 
ven. of  Citizens,  Soldiers,  and  Sailors, 
2552  I  P.  ieaifer,  2722;  flood,  2841,  2863; 
Sheridan's  troops  at,  2961 ,  great  labor 
strike ;  Nat.  Stockman  and  Farmer, 
2963;  order  restored,  2961 :  strikers' 
riots,  2971 ;  strike  ties  up  railroad,  2973; 
Mozart  Club  org.,  2981;  X)aily  Times  ind., 
3023;  strike,  3103,3151;  Free  Meth.  Conf . 
fmd.,  3122;  Holy  Ghost  Eom.  Cath.  Coll. 
est.,  3123;  Press  issued,  3143  ;  Exposi- 
tion buildings  burn,  3163  ;  Union  Vet- 
eran Legion  org.,  3171 ;  natural  gas  used, 
3181;  B.C. school  dedicated,  3362;  land- 
slide, 3381 ;  Kate  Drexel,  a  sister  of 
Mercy,  3383  3522  ;  Commercial  Gazette, 
2412  ;  breweries  controlled,  3433  ;  Car 
negie's  free  library,  3463,  3522,  3983; 
Sister  Alphonse  decision  announced, 
3482  ;  public  library,  :S522;  public  hos- 
pital bequeathed,  3523  ;  boltniakers 
strike,  3551 ;  street  railway  franchises, 
3553  ;  gas  well  dis.,  a56i,  3681 ;  employ- 
ees federation  unrecoguized,3503;  brake- 
men  strike,  361 1 ;  iron-works  shut  down, 
3733;  grip,  3813;  Cambria  Iron  Co.,  stores 
Bold,.3873;  carpenter8strike,387i ;  oil-well 
opd.,  3921 ;  general  strike,  3S3i;  Butler 
oil-well  burns,  3941 ;  Senator  Quay's  libel 
suit,  3943,  4002  ;  free  library  gift,  3983; 
Sunday  newspaper  selling,  fines,  3991; 
supt.  police  poisoned,  4<M3  ;  strike  set- 
tled, 4123  ;  puddlers  strike,  4142  ;  raid 
on  disorderly  houses,  4183  ;  gas  exjilo- 
sion,  4213  ;  plate-glass  factories  close, 
4352;  iron-milla  resume work,4373;  "fire- 
bug," 4343;  striking  miners'  trial,  4503; 
Wightinan  robbery,  463i;  G  A.  R.  en 
campment,  4703  j  Italian  bankers  ab- 
scond, 4711;  car-lines  consolidate,  4773 

Landing,  Tenn.,  action  at,  2042,  2061 ; 

Grant  at,  2051 ;  Buell  at,  2061 ;  Pope  joins 
Halleck,  2063. 


Pittsburg  and  Western  B.  E.  strike,  3763. 
Pittsfiela,  Mass.,  summer  frost  at,  I661 . 
Pittstoii,  Pa.,  earthquake,  3321. 
Piturine  extracted,  4981 . 
Plus  1.,  St.,  bishop  at  Rome,  10623. 

II.,  b.  (1405);  pope,  10791 ;  d.  (1404). 

111.,  b.-d.,  10783;  pope,  1071)1. 

IV.,  h.,  10791  ;  jouriityloVieuna,517i; 

pope,  10812;  d.,  10803. 

v.,  b.,  10802;  pope,  1C812;  d.,  10811. 

\1.,  pojie,   1).,    10831;  en. J),  controls, 

5173;  elected  pope,  10851;  iirisolier  of 
Fr.,  7131,3  ;  plea  for  church,  805';  de- 
posed, 10851 ;  d.,  10S43. 

VII.,  b.,  10842;  pope,  1083;  Fr. soldiers 

capture,  6192  ;  deposed,  7192;  prisoner, 
7193;  excommunicates  Napoleon,  10851; 
reigns,  10851,  10863  ;  reest.  Inquisition^ 
restores  Jesuits;  oitposes  Freemasons; 
annuls  innovations  ;  edict  against  Bible 
societies,  10863  ;  d.,  10862. 

VIII.,  b.,  10842;  pope,  10803;  d.,  10862. 

IX.,  b.,  10843  ;  pope,  10863  ;  doctrine 

of  Immaculate  Conception  ;  est.  hier- 
archy in  Eng.;  reforms  religious  bodies  ; 
legislative  jjower,  10863;  probibitis  I'ncte 
Tom's  Cabin,  10871;  reforms  instituted, 
10872-  power  restored,  10873;  against 
rebellious  subjects,  10882;  condemns 
Fenians  ;  in  St.  Peter's,  10883  ;  issues 
Syllabus  of  Errors,  9663,  10883  ;Jubilee 
eel.,  10883;  allocution  against  Fr.  and 
Sardinia,  10891;  sovereignty,  7382;  ex- 
communicates subjects,  10^1 ;  refuses 
compromise,  10893  ;  gift  of  relics,  3881 ; 
end  of  temporal  power;  jubilee,  10883: 
letter,  5283;    d.,  10882. 

Pliley,  Annie,  d.,  1781. 

,  Mr.,  obtains  prize,  9621. 

PIzarro,  Hernando,  d.,  242. 

— — ,  Francisco,  b.-d.,  11263  ;  in  Panama, 
173;  asks  aid  from  Sp. ;  capitulation 
with  Sp.  croM-n,  182  ;  conquest  of  Peru, 
182^^;  sent  to  Sp.,  201 ;  brothers  confine- 
ment, 202;  cruelty  to  natives-  returns  to 
Am.,  212  ;  in  Lima  ;  submits,  232  ;  boun- 
dary dispute,  6051;  executes  Atahualpa, 
6441 ;  assassinated,  22i . 

- — ,  Gonzalo,  in  Ecu.,  211;  rebels,  231; 
eommands  Quito,  213;  executed,  221. 

,  I'adre  Juan,  Indians  kill,  6301 . 

Pizigana,  map  of  Atlantic,  12i . 

Place,  C.  P.,  cons,  cardinal  priest,  7382. 

Placentia  [Piacenza],  frontier  fortress 
est.,  10531 ;  fnd.,  10533  ;  attacked,  10643  ; 
united  with  Milan,  10773;  revolts,  10792; 
united  with  Parma,  10813;  taken,  1084' j 
a  capital,  11031. 

Placeta,  insurgents  defeated,  6322. 

I'lacide,  Henry,  b.  (1799) ;  d.,  2682. 

Placidia,  Galla,  b.  (388  i ) ;  regent,  1071' ^ 
marries  Atawulf,  10713;  d.  (450t). 

Plafzburg  surrenders,  7431 . 

Plague  at  Hong-Kong,  6273±  ;  in  Egy., 
6633,  6670;  in  Gr.,  10313;  in  Fr.,  6892;  in 
G.  Brit.)  8413,  8693 ■  8613,  8663,  8673. 

Plagues,  tenni403. 

Plamfleld,  Ind.,  reform  school  opd.,  261'. 

—  ,  N.  .1.,  railway  accident,  3973. 

Plains,  Pa.,  prize-flglits  stojiped,  4062. 

of  Abraham,  battle  of,  5743. 

riaistcd,  Harris  Merrill,  b.  (1828);  gov. 
Me.,  3093. 

Plaistow,  Royal  Victoria  docks  opd.,  9602. 

J'lan  of  Jguala  issued,  10962. 

Planch^,  James  Robinson,  b.,  9283  ;  d.. 
9861. 

,  Jean  Baptiste  G.,  h.,  717' ;  d.,  7322. 

Planck,  Gottlieb  Jakob,  b.,  8022;  d.,  8142. 

,  Heinrich  Ludwig,  b.,  8042;  d.,  814». 

Plane  charts  used,  1078' . 

Planer,  Johann  Jacob,  b.,  8003;  d.,  8043. 

Planetarium  constructed,  9322. 

Planetary  orbits,  stability  proven,  704' . 

Planets,  minor.    (See  Asteroids.) 

Planing-niachine,introduced;constructed, 
1361,9.102,9421. 

Plankington,  Elizabeth, gift,  3201 . 

Planquette,  Robert,  b.,  7302. 

Plans  of  defense  sold,  Fr.,  763' . 

Plantagenet,  John,  D.  of  Bedford,  b. 
(1389) ;  regent ;  d.  (1435)  ;  statue,  9343. 

,  Geoffry.    (See  Geoffrey.) 

,  Henry,  in  Eng.,  851 1 . 

House  reigns,  851 1 . 

,  Rich.,  D.  of  York,  b.  (1377) ;  d.,  864'. 

Planter  runs  out  of  Charleston,  2072. 
Platinum  tinder  invented,  7822. 
Plass,  Bohemia,  fire  at,  5383. 


1374 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INOllrX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Plas-PoU. 


Plassey,  Bengal,  action  at,  9141 . 

Plata,  explorations,  4892. 

Flatsea,  Gr.,  under  Athens,  1017'  ;  battle 
of  ;  destroyed,  1018Z  ;  attacked  ;  siege  of, 
10201;  rebuilt,  10233. 

Plate  Act  passes,  Eiig.,9133;  repealed,9213. 

Assay  Office  established,  9182. 

Glass  Company  established,  9182. 

prohibited  in  Eng.,  9011 . 

Plateau,  Joseph  Autoiue  Ferdinand,  b., 
&423;  d.,5461. 

Platen,  August,  b.  (1796) ;  works,  8132  •  d. 
(1835). 

Plato,  b.-d.,  10211;  definition  of  virtue, 
10163;  teachings  of,  1021';  flourishes, 
10212  ;  fnds.  acad.;  composes  dialogues, 
10231 ;  mentions  Atlantis,  112. 

Platon,  Lefshin  (Lettschin),  b.-d.,  11143. 

Platonic  theology  extinct,  10163. 

Piatt,  Carpenter,  gov.  Mont.,  3193. 

,  Orville  H.,  b.,  1342  ;  on  Idaho  admis- 
sion, 3491  ;  on  closure,  4391 . 

,  Thomas   Collier,   b.,  1421;   removed 

from  office,  3483 ;  senator  ;  resigns, 
3073. 

Platte  City,  Mo.,  action  at,  2002. 

Co.  Defense  Asso.  meets,  1743. 

,  Anson  K.  Graves,  cons,  bp.,  3502. 

Platte's  Bridge  Station,  Indians  at,  248» . 

Platteville,  Wis.,  normal  school  opd.,  2543. 

Plattsburg,  Mo.,  action  at,  2002. 

,  N.  Y.,  northern  army  at,  1182  ;  Brit, 

take,  1203;  Brit,  attack  ;  Macomb  with- 
draws ;  battle  at,  1222  ;  K.  C.  summer 
school,  4342,  4042. 

Plautus,  Marcus  Accius,  b.-d.,  10531 ; 
works  of,  10552. 

Playfair,  Baron,  title  created,  10083. 

,  John,  b.,  9122;  d.,  9383. 

,  Lyon,  postmaster-gen.,  9792. 

Playitas,  Lopez  invades,  6321 . 

Plays  in  streets,  8541 ;  religious,  8542. 

Pleasant  Hill,  La.,  Gen.  Banks  at ;  Taylor 
repulsed,  2311. 

Pleasonton,  Alfred,  b.,  1321 ;  at  Shepherds- 
town,  2141 ;  at  Aldie;  at  Brandy  Station, 
2223  ;  at  Middleburs,  2231 ;  at  Gettys- 
burg, 2241 ;  at  Mine  Creek.  2381 . 

Pleasant8,tFames,b.,76i ;  gov. , 1313;  d., 1462. 

Pleasantville,N.Y., wreck  attempted,397 1 . 

Plebeian  games  instituted,  10531 . 

Plebeians,  lands  granted  to ;  in  office, 
10611 ;  position  of,  10503. 

PWiade,  La,  org.  in  Fr. ;  founders  of,  681 1 . 

Plessis,  Joseph  Octave,  b.,  5781 ;  cons., 
6771;  archbp.,  6782. 

Plevna,  occupied,  5651 ,2;  fighting  ;  Osman 
Pasha  at;  siege  of,  5652;  supplies;  in- 
vested ;  surrendered,  5661 ;  riots,  5682. 

PleyUelle-Bouverie,  Edward,  b.,  10021 . 

Pleyel,  Ignaz,  b.,  8023;  d.,  8142. 

PUmsoll,  Samuel,  b.  (1834) ;  work,  9783. 

Pliny  (Caius  Plinius  Ciecilius  Secundus), 
b.-d.,  10623;  account  of  Christians,  1042; 
Nat.  History^  10631 ;  questor  of  Anda- 
lusia, 10633;  is  legate,  11533. 

Plitt,  Gustav  Leopold,  b.,  8143;  d.,  8301 . 

Plos  taken  by  Turks,  10781 . 

Plotinus,  b.,  6522;  d.  (270±). 

Ploug,  Parmo  Carl,  d.,  6421 . 

Plow  used,  11402;  cast  iron  Intro.,  1081; 
invented,  6101 ;  steam,  9481 ,  9542. 

Plowden,  Sir  Edward,  land  grant,  351 ,  2. 

Plucker,  Julius,  b.,  8071 ;  d.,  8243. 

Plug  Uglies  rule  Baltimore,  1832. 

Plum  Creek,  Neb.,  Indians  attack,  2581 . 

Island  for  gov't  purposes,  3873. 

Plumb,  Preston  B.,  b.  (1837) ;  Free  Coinage 
Silver  Bill,  3731 ;  d.,  3961 ,  3972. 

Plumer,  William,  b.,  1102;  gov.  N.H.,  1193, 
1252;  d.,  1681. 

,  —  Swan,  b.  (1802) ;  moderartor  O.  S. 

Presb.,  1502 ;,d.  (1880). 

Plumier,  Charles,  b.,  6883;  d.,  6962. 

Plummer,  John  F.,  director,  3512. 

,  Joseph  B.,  b.  (1822);  d.,  2111. 

,  William,  b.,  722;  d.  (1850). 

Plumptre,  Edward  Hayes,  b.,  9403  ;  d., 
10042. 

Plumstead,  William,  theater,  683. 

Plunket,  Baron,  title  created,  9412. 

,  David  K.,  minister,  9933,  9953. 

,  Oliver,  b.  (1630+);  executed,  8953. 

,  William  (jonyngham,  baron,  b.,  9163; 

chancellor,  9462  9473;  d.,  9583. 

Plunkett,  Thomas  Oliver  W.,  d.,  10021 . 

,  ,  cons,  archbp.,  9922. 

Plutarch,  b.-d., 10283;  Lives,  8751 ,  10291. 

Plutarch's  Lives,  translated,  8751. 


Plyraore,  Kan.,  gold  discovered,  4021 . 

Plymouth  ashore,  R.  I.,  4G33. 

Plymouth,  Conn.,  clocks  mnfd.  at,  1041 . 

— ^,  Eng.,  Pilgrims  sail,  293  ■  submarine 
boat  tried,  9182 ;  breakwater  begun,  9362 ; 
Brit.  Asso.  meet,  9482,  9741 ;  Atlantic 
telegraph  fleet  sails,  9613;  Albert  viaduct 
opd.;  9622;  Church  Cong.,  9742;  Social 
Science  Asso.  meets,  9741 ;  telephone  ex- 
hibited,982i ;  memorial  of  Armada, lOOii . 

,  Mass.,  John  Carver,  gov. ;  Pilgrims 

land,  291;  vessel  built,  30i ;  first  mar- 
riage; treaty  with  Indians,  302;  colony 
export8,303 ;  cattle  intro.,31 2 ;  company's 
interest  purchased,  313  ;  tolerance,  322; 
sachems'  allegiance,  323 ;  3d  land  grant, 
332  ;  Thos.  Prince,  gov.,  333  ;  Bradford, 
gov.,  351,3;  Gen.  Fundamentals  est., 
362  ;  in  New  Eng.  Confederacy,  373;  In- 
dians attack,  462;  Congreg.  Church  for 
Unitarianism  ;  1103  ;  Pilgrim  Fathers 
monument,  3422.    (See  Mass.) 

,  N.    C,   Federal    expedition   leaves, 

2101;  Confederates  defeated,  2122  ;  Con- 
federates destroy,  2162  ;  Confederates 
attack  Albemarle  at,  2321,  2391;  Con- 
federates capture,  2321 ;  Federals  take, 
2392  :  State  normal  school  opd.,  3082. 

,  N.  H.,  normal  school  est.,  2763. 

— -,  Pa.,  accident,  3353,  4513;  fire,  4753. 

Bay  Conf.,  Unitarian  org.,  2562. 

Company  chartered,  8792  j  send  out 

ships,  272;  reorganized,  293;  sells,  313; 
surrenders  charter,  352. 

Pneumatic  Postal  Tubes  Bill  intro.,  3992. 

Despatch  Co.  suspends,  9813, 

Pniel,  mission  at,  11051 . 
Po  river  inundations,  10893. 
Pocahontas,  Ark.,  action  at,  2261 . 
,  Miss.,  action  at,  2283. 

saves  Smith,  263  ;  stolen ;  marries, 

283;  Christianized,  282;  goes  to  Eng., 
292;  at  Eng.  court,  283;  d.;  262. 

Pocknell,  Legible  Shorthand,  9882. 
Pocock,  Adm.,  commander,  722;  defeats 

Fr.  fleet,  7021,  9141. 

,  Edward,  b.  (1004) ;  d.,  8982. 

Pococke,  Kichard,  bp.;  b.,  9022;  d.,  9163. 
Pocomoke  City,  Md.,  tire,  4113. 
Pocotaligo,  action  at,  2082,  2143, 2402, 2421. 
Podiebrad,  George  of,  b.,  5062;  aids  Fred. 

III.;   conquests,  6O8I ;   pope  threatens, 

5082;    regent,   5091;    excommunicated; 

offers  crown;  king,  5092;  d.,  5082. 
Podol,  Bohemia,  engagement  at,  8241. 
Poe,  Edgar  Allan,  b.  (1809) ;  works,  1371 , 

1491, 1523, 1571 ;  d.,  1662. 

,  Orlando  Metcalfe,  b.,  1402;  col.,  3301. 

Poema  del  Cid  appears,  11271 . 

Poerio,  uprising  of,  10893. 

Poetic  satire  invented,  10563. 

Poey,  Felipe,  b.,  1082;  d.,  6341. 

Pof f ,  Sylvester,  convicted  of  murder,9903 . 

Pogge,  Paul,  b.  (1838);  explorer,  10931; 

d.  (1884). 
Poggendorf,  Johann  Christian,  b.,  8063; 

d.,  8282. 
Pogodin,  Mikhail,  b.,  11162;  works,  11183; 

d.,  11182. 
Pogson  discovers  planets,  9641 ,  9662. 
Pohlman,  John  William,  d.,  6183. 
Poictiers  takes  Wasp,  1182;  in  Del.,  120i. 
Poincar6,  Raymond,  minister,  7662,  7672. 
Poindexter,  George,  b.,  912  ;   gov.,  1273, 

1353;  pres.  senate,  1433;  at  Silver  Creek, 

2021 ;  at  Compton's  Ferry,  2103;  d.  (1863). 
Poinsett,  Joel  Roberts,  b.,  912;  sec.  war, 

1473;  d.  (1851). 
Point  Levi,  Can.,  Wolfe  at,  703;  posses- 
sion of,  5743. 

Lookout,  Confederate  sympathy ,247 2. 

Pleasant,  Ark.,  levees  give  way, 4312. 

,  W.  Va.,  battle,  78i ,  2202. 

Solander,  coal  dis.,  4941 . 

Poirier,  murderer,  executed,  7483. 
Poirters,  Adriaen,  Masquer,  IIOI2. 
Poiscliwitz,  Silesia,  armistice  of,  8101. 
Poisson,  Simeon  Denis,  b.,  7051 ;  d.,  7282. 
Poissy  Conference  convened,  6823. 
Poitevin  executed,  7463. 
Poitiers,  Fr.,  battle  of,  6741;  only,  est., 

6763;  peace  of,  6843. 
Poitou,  Fr.,  invaded,    6702;   homage    to 

Henry,  8633. 
Poklo  mission,  6203. 

Pola,  Istria,  flre,  6341 ;  action  near,  10761 . 
Polana,  asteroid,  discovered,  5282. 
Poland,  aduchy,  11132;  peace  with  Henry; 

tribute  to  Henry  II.,  7752;  Ger.,  influ- 


ence in,  7781 ;  invaded,  11141 ;  Louis  of 
Hung,  king,  5072;  killing  of  old  men 
legalized,  III51 ;  war  with  Kus.,  11141; 
conquered,  7782,  11163;  against  Turk., 
10833;  religious  toleration,  11172;  pesti- 
lence, 11173  ;  falls,  11172  ;  partition 
treaty,  5172,  8033,  8073,  11172;  witches 
burned  ;  new  constitution  ;  crown  rev- 
enue sequestered,  11172;  Russians  in, 
11101,  11172;  Diet  opd.,  11173;  I'amiet- 
nik  Uarszawski  issued,  11171;  insurrec- 
tions, 8171,  11173,  11192;  kingdom  fmd.; 
reduced;  blotted  out,  11173;  sovereigns 
meet,  8193;  military  conscription,  III8I ; 
manumission  of  serfs  ;  regulations  for 
dress,  III91 ,  amnesty  in  ;  agitation  ar- 
rested;  administrative  council  app., 
11192;  church  against  army,  11182;  con- 
fiscates church  property  ,  rupture  with 
pope,  11183;  amnesty,  11192;  papal  letter, 
11183;  Powers  intervene,  11192  nation- 
ality abolished  ;  secret  provisional  gov't, 
11192,  3  ;  centenary  of  partition,  11223  ; 
conspiracy  for  freedom,  11231 ;  armistice 
with  Sweden,  11353. 

Poland,  John  S.,  commissioned  col.,  3881 . 

— ,  Luke  Potter,  b.,  1242;  d.  (1887). 

Polar  expedition;  Dutch  sails,  11021.  (See 
Arctic  expedition.) 

Polaris  sails  ;  frozen  In,  2741 ;  survivors 
rescued,  2801. 

Polavieja,  Gen.,  captain-gen.,  6343. 

Polding,  Bishop,  arrives,  4942. 

Pole,  Reginald,  b.,  8661 ;  absolves  clergy, 
8703;  archbp.  Canterbury, 8722;  d.,  8721 . 

Polemon  I.  conquers  Bosporus,  11501 ; 
rules  Pontus,  1151 1 . 

II.  reigns,  11532. 

Poles,  eel.  anniversary,  3831 ;  in  Hung., 
5033;  Soc.  in  Galicia,  6361 ;  invade  Ger., 
7741 ;  sold  to  'Turks,  11151 ;  in  Fr.  army ; 
at  Ostrolenka ;  rise,  III61 ;  amnesty, 
11192  ;  executed,  11163;  patriotic,  11223. 

Polevoi,  Nikolai,  b.,  11162;  Peter  I.,  11171 ; 
d.,  11182. 

Polfontein  mission,  11242. 

Polfrey,  T.  W.,  d.,  7582. 

Polhemus,  John,  d.,  4781 . 

Policies  of  Assurances  Act  passes,  971*. 

Policy  captures  Essex,  1202. 

Polignac,  Pr.  Jules  Auguste  Armand 
Marie  de,  b.,  7051 ;  ministry,  7252  ;  trial, 
7253  ;  liberated,  7272  ;  d.,  7302. 

,  Pr.  Melchoir  de,  b.,  6902  ;  d.  (1742). 

,  Pr.,  at  Yellow  Bayou,  2331 . 

Polish  exiles  revolt  in  Siberia,  11193. 

Jews  in  Bremen,  8353. 

language  interdicted,  11183,  11211 . 

succession,  5151 ;  war  of,  6993. 

Politian,  Angelo  Ambrogini,  b.-d.,  10783; 
works,  10792. 

Political  assessments  forbidden,  2943. 

bitterness,  1573. 

disabilities  removed,  2692,  2791 . 

economy  a  science,  9'202. 

prisoners  pardoned,  Fr.,  7331 ,  7452, 

rights  restored,  2711 . 

and  Social  Science,  Acad,  fnd.,  3481. 

Union  formed,  Eng.,  9452. 

Politics,  no  purity  in,  Ingalls,  3983. 

Pontile  og  Historie  issued,  11(W2. 

Politique  frartf^aise  en  Tunise,  La,  appears, 
7602. 

Poliziano,  same  as  Politian,  A.  A. 

Polk,  James  Knox,  b.,  IO61 ;  marries,  133i ; 
M.  C,  1332;  signs  Delavan's  declaration, 
1451 ;  Speaker,  1453,  1492;  gov.  Tenn., 
1512;  vote  for  v.-pres.,  1532;  nom.  for 
pres.,  1572;  elected  1573;  inaugurated, 
1592;  war  message,  161 1 ;  vetoes  Harbor 
Bill,  1612;  offer  for  Cuba,  1652,  6331; 
d.,  1662;  widow  pensioned,  3111 . 

,  Leonidas,  b.,  1122;  cons.  P.  E.  bp., 

1483;  translated  to  La  ,  1542;  commands 
Confed.  dept.,  1962  ;  occupies  Ky.,  1982; 
at  Belmont,  Mo.,  2002;  at  Shiloh,  20C1 ; 
at  Murfreesboro,  217' ;  at  Cliickamauga, 
2263;  in  Tenn.,  2322;  killed,  2342,  2351 . 

,  Sarah  Childress  pensioned,  3111 . 

,  T.  M.,  defalcation,  3131 . 

,  Trusten,  b.  (1811);  gov.,  1833;  d.,2902. 

,  William,  d.,  1442. 

, Mecklenburg,  b.  (1844);  Leonidas 

Polk,  4783. 

Tariff  modified,  I8I2. 

Polka  dance  intro..  Aust., 5202;  Eng..  9531. 

Polke,  Elise,  b.,  8122. 

Pollard,  Edward  Albert,  b.,  1502;  d.,  2782. 

Pollio,Trebelllu8,^ttfftMtani/Mto!/, 10671. 


Poll-Port. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page         INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Inilcate  Column. 


1375 


Pollnitz,  Karl  Ludwig,  b.,  7982;  d.,  8<Hi . 

Pollock,  Sir  George,  D.,  9^42;  in  Afghan, 
4»,53;  d.  (1872). 

,  .James,  b.  (1810) ;  gov.,  1792;  d.  (1890). 

,  Maj.,  wins  rifle  prize,  lOO^i . 

,  Mrs.,  award,  4323. 

,  Thomas,  pres.  N.  C,  B9i ,  612. 

,  Sir  William  Frederick,  d.,  9982. 

,  \V.  G.,  robbed  on  train,  4182. 

PoUok,  Robert,  b.,  9283;  Course  of  Time, 
M3t;  d.,9423. 

Poll  Tax,  Kng.,  first,  860»,  8611;  granted 
king,  8633;  assessment,  8932,  9J52;  abol- 
ished in  Rus.,  11193,  11213. 

Polo,  Miirco,  b.-d.,  10762;  traveler,  1076' ; 
in  Japan,  1091' ;  visita  Kublai,  6143;  in 
Tibet,  6153. 

Polotzk,  Russia,  battle  at,  7182,3. 

Polotzki,  Simeon,  b.Kl.,11142;  works,1115' . 

Polowzes  exterminated,  1114'. 

Poltimore,  Baron,  title  created,  945'. 

Poltrot,  .John,  shoots  D.  of  Guise,  6833. 

Polwhele,  Richard,  b.  (1759+) ;  Cornwall, 
933'  ;  d.  (1838). 

Polworth,  Baron,  title  created,  897' . 

Polybius,  b.-d.,  10263;  Rome,  1029';  de- 
tained in  Rome,  10552. 

Polyoarp,  Bp.,  burned,  1152>,  11532. 

Polvcbromyapplied  to  ceiling.  Wash. ,250' . 

Polyeletus,  b.,  1021'. 

Poly/em  issued,  11362. 

Polygamy,  forbidden  in  ter.,  2112;  dis- 
franchisement, 271',  2972;  abandoned 
in  Utah,  3263,  abolished,  3682,3  ;  in  Al- 
berta,5883;  crini.,5903;  in  Ct.  Afr.,603i ; 
in  Egy.,  647' ;  proh.  in  Ger.,  775' ;  forbid, 
in  It.,  1069' ;  first  practised,  11392. 

Polygnotus,  painter,  10203;  d.,  1021'. 

Polyhymnia,  asteroid,  discovered,  732' . 

Polynesian  goes  ashore,  4013. 

,  collision,  5873. 

Potyphemuit  launched,  986' . 

Potysperchon,  invades  Gr.;  retires  to..Eto- 
lia,  10243;  enthroned,  10253. 

Polytechnic  Institute,  Brooklyn,  1762, 

College  (Meth.-South),  Fort  Worth, 

Tex.,  org.  (1891). 

Soc,  of  Ky.,  I.,ibrary,  founded,  3023. 

Pombal,  Marq.  de(Sebastiao  .Jos^  de  Car- 
valho  e  Mello),  b.-<l.,  11102  ;  co\irt  in- 
trigues ;  reest.  Brazilian  Co., 555' ;  prime 
minister,  Portugal,  11103. 

Pojnerania,  sinks,  2993;  accident,  .5953. 

Pomerania,  Prus.,  conquered,  512' ;  an- 
nexed to  Den.  ;  ceded  to  Prus.,  6393  ; 
ducal  house  extinct,  7972. 

Pomeranians  on  shores  Baltic  Sea,  11132. 

Pomeroy,  Charles,  speaker  H.  R.,  2663. 

,  .Tesse,  b(>y  murderer,  291 ' . 

— -,  Samuel  C.,  pres.  vote,  3072  ;  d.,  3902. 

— ,  Seth,  b.,58'. 

Pomfret,  .John,  b.,  8922  ;  d.  (1703). 

Pommeray,  Henri  de  la,  d.,  762'. 

Pomona  wrecked,  1853. 

,  asteroid,  discovered,  732'. 

Pomone  captured,  9342. 

Pompadour,  Marq.  de  (.Jeanne  Antoinette 
Poisson  le  Normant  d'Etioles),  b.,  6982  ; 
overthrows  ministry,  8032  ;  influence, 
7013  I  d.,  703'. 

Pompeia,  asteroid,  discovered,  302' . 

Pompeii,  Italy,^overwhelme<l,  10622. 

Pompey  (Cneius  Pompeius  Magnus),  b.-d., 
10563;  joins  Sulla;  against  Sertorius  ; 
defeats  Lepidus  ;  captures  M.  J.  Brutus, 
defeated  by  Sertorius ;  defeats  and  exe- 
cutes Perperna,  1058';  subdues  .Serto- 
rius, 11252  ;  subdues  Celtiberians,  1125'; 
restores  tribunate  privileges,  1059' ;  an- 
nihilates insurgents  in  Apulia ;  sup- 
presses piracy ;  defeats  Mithridates ; 
subdues  Tigranes  ;  reduces  Syria ;  cap- 
tures, desecrates.Ierusalem,  10582 , 1 1502 ; 
dismisses  his  army;  private(ntizen, 10582; 
dethrones  Antiochus,  10592  ;  triumph 
eel.,  law  ;  disaffected  by  senate,  10592; 
gov.  of  Sp.,  11252  ;  in  1st  triumvirate  ; 
his  veterans  favored,  10592  ;  triangular 
alliance  renewed  ;  ruler  of  Sp.  ;  sole  con- 
sul ;  rival  of  Ciesar ;  2d  triumvirate, 
10593  ;  war  with  Caisar,  10583;  flees  from 
Rome  to  Gr.  before  Cajsar,  1060' ,  1061' ; 
captures  Caesar's  transports  ;  besieged  by 
CiBsar,  defeats  him  ;  defeated  at  Phar- 
salus,  1060' ;  killed,  11,50' . 

Magnus  Sextus  defeated  by  Ca?sar  in 

Sp.  and  at  Munda,  10602;  conquers  Sicily, 
Sardinia,  Corsica,  Peloponnesus,  10613  ; 
defeated  at  Myl:B,  10603. 


Pomponazzi,    Pietro,    b.    (1462) ;    Immor- 

talihj,  10812  ;  d.  (1524i). 
Pompton,  N.  J.,  troops  mutiny,  923. 
Ponce,  Herman,  explorer,  163. 

de  Leon,  Juan,  b.-d.,  11263. 

,  Luis,  b.-d.,  11282. 

Poncelet,  Jean  Victor,  b.,  7062  ;  d.,  7362. 

Pond,  Enoch,  b.,  1022  ;  d.,  310' . 

,  .John,  b.,  9163  ;    astronomer   royal, 

9343  ;  d.,  9442. 
Ponder,  .James,  governor  Del.,  2692. 
Pondicherry,  E.  1.,  taken,  708' , 926' ,  10442; 

capitulates,  9142;  captured,  920' ;  action 

at,  1044';  French  settle,  1046'. 
Pondoland  annexed,  10122. 
Ponema  collides  with  Florida,  3173. 
Poniatowski,  Pr.,  b.,  7023  ;  d.,  721'. 
Ponisi,  Madame,  appears  in  N.  Y.,  168' . 
Pons,  .Jean  Ijouis,  b.,7023  ;  redis.Encke's 

comet,  722';  d.,  726'. 
Ponsa,  Magdalen,  d.,  6342. 
Ponsard,  Francois,  b.,  721';  works,  729', 

7303  ;  d.,  7362. 
Ponson  du  Terrail,  Viscount  Pierre  Alexis 

de,  b.,  7243;  d.,  746'. 
Ponsonby,  Baron,  title  created,  9112. 
,  George,  b.  (1755) ;    lord  chancellor, 

9332  ;  d.  (1817). 
Ponta  da  Arora,  Brazil,  fired  onji5G0' . 
Pont-a^Mous8on,pope  confirms  university, 

6382  ;  advance  on,  738' . 
Pontano,  Giovanni,  b.  (1426) :  work,  10812; 

d.  (1487±). 
Pontbriand,  H.  M.  D.  de,  cons.,  575' . 
Pontchartrain,   Comte   de   Louis   Ph61y- 

peaux,  b.,  6883  ;  d.,  6982. 
Pontgrave,  colony  of,  5713. 
Pontiac,  Mich.,  insane  asylum  opd.,  301' . 

,  b.,  562  ;  conspiracy,  722  ;  d.,  76' . 

,  vicariate  established,  5842. 

Pontianus,  St.,  pope,  10643. 
Pontifices  appointed,  101)03. 
l*ontigny,  ¥r.,  pilgrimage  to  shrine,  9782. 
I*6ntius,  Cains,  defeats  Romans,  10522. 

Pilate.    (See  Pilate.) 

I'ontmartin,    Armand    Augustin    Joseph 

Marie  Ferrand,  Comte  de,  works,  733'. 
Pont-Noyelles,  Fr.,  battle  at,  743'. 
I'ontoj)pidan,  Eric,  b.,  6362;  d.,6363. 

,  Erik,  bp.,  b.,  6363;  work,  637' ;  d.,  638' . 

Pontotoc,  Confederates  defeated,  2362. 
Pontus,  a  Roman  province,  10592,  1065'; 

power;  war,  11492  ;  earthquakes,  11502. 
Pontypridd  .lunction,  W.,  R,  R.  colli8it)n, 

9833  ;  explosion  in  colliery,  9953,  10113. 
Pony  Express  established,  1853,  1933. 
Pool,  Maria  Louise,  work,  4462. 
Poole,  Eng.,  public  park  opened,  10033. 

,  Rev.  A.,  suspended,  9622. 

,  James,  executed,  993' . 

— -,  Mattliew,  b.  (162»±)  ;  d.,  8042. 

,  Paul  Falconer,  b.,  935' ;  d.  (1879). 

Poolesville,  Md.,  action,  2123;  raided, 216'. 
Poona,  Bp.  Biederlinden,  cons.  9962  ;  cap- 
tured, 1044' ;  battle,  1046' ;  mission,  10463. 
Poor,  Agnes  Blake,  work,  4783. 
,  Bishop,  AncreJl  Riwle,  8523. 

Children's  Aid  Society  est.,  9972. 

Conrad,  conspiracy,  Crer.,  7873. 

,  Eng.,  punished,  869' ;  support  of,  873' , 

8753;  overseers  of,  appointed,  8772. 

Knights  of  Windsor,  order  est.,  859' . 

I^aw  Amendment  Act  passes,  971 », 

973',  9812;  assented,  9472. 

Law  Unions  report,  G.  B.,  967' . 

Laws  amended,  G.B., 947', 9472, 9653. 

rates  equalized,  G.  B.,  9632. 

Poore,  Benjamin  Perley,  b.,  1282;  d.,326'. 

Popai,  revolting  leader,  6152. 

Pope,  elected  by  cardinals,  10742  ;  inde- 
pendent of  German  emp.,  1031'. 

- — ,  Alexander,  b., 8982;  works, 904», 907', 
909' ;  d.,  9103. 

,  (Jharles  Alex.,  b.,  1262;  d.  2702. 

,  Mrs.  Chas.  B.,  library  gift,  3443. 

,  Hamilton,  d.,  444' . 

,  .John,  b.  (1770) ;  pres.  senate,  1173  ; 

gov.  Ark.,  1373  ;  d.  (1846). 

, Gen.,    b.,    1302;   occupies  New 

.Madrid,  20»2,3  ;  at  Island  No.  10,  205*, 
206' ;  captures  Point  Pleasant,  206' ; 
goes  to  Tenn.,  2062  ;  joins  Halleck,  206*  ; 
at  Farmington  ;  commands  in  Virginia, 
210' ,  2  ;  arrests  disloyal  citizens,  2102  ; 
crosses  Rappahannock  ;  confronts  Lee, 
2103  ;  at  Groveton  ;  at  Manassas  ;  base 
of  supplies  attacked,  Va., 2122;  relieved, 
2123;  commands  3d  district,  256',  2672; 
relieved  of  district,  268' ;  d„  416' . 


Pope,  W.  H.,  captured  in  N.  Mex.,  3503. 

Pope's  League  against  France,  10813. 

Popelinifere,  Lancelot  de  la,  France,  685' . 

Popham,  George,  b.  (1550±) ;  colony  in 
Me.,  272  ;  d.  (1608). 

,  Sir  Home  Riggs,  b.  (1762) ;  conquest 

in  Argentine,  489' ,  932' ,  9332  ;  at  Cape 
Town,  597' ,  9332  ;  d.  (1820). 

,  Sir  John,  b.  (1531) ;  chief  justice,  8773; 

d.  (1607). 

Popiel  I.,  reigns,  III32. 

II.,  reigns,  III32. 

"Popish  Plot"  revealed,  Eng.,  8943. 

Popocatepetl,  violent  eruption,  10973. 

Popoff,  Major,  trial  and  sentence,  569' . 

Poppsea,  Sabina,  advises  Nero,  10633. 

Poppig,  Eduard  Friedrich,b.,8063;  d.,  824». 

Popular  Science  Monthly  issued,  2782. 

Populists.    (See  People's  Party.) 

Populonia,  action  at,  662',  10522. 

Porcelain,  known,  6102;  ninf .,  6122;  tower 
completed,  6142;  in  Eng.,  6153,  912' . 

Porcher,  Francis  Peyre,  b.,  1322. 

Porcile,  E.  H.,  K.  C.  pilgrimage,  466' . 

Porcius  Festus,  procurator,  11533. 

Pork,  Am.,  admitted,  Aust.,  5352;  in  Den., 
6423  ;  in  Fr.,  763' ;  in  Ger.,  3912,  8352,3, 
83«3  ;  in  Italy,  395'. 

Porphyry,  b.-d.,  10283  ;  works,  10292. 

Porpoise  exploring  expedition,  148'. 

Porpora,  Nicolo,  b.,  1083' ;  d.,  10842. 

Porsena,  wars,  1050' ;  aids  Tarquin,  10612. 

Porson,  Richard,  b.,  9143  ;  d.,  9343. 

Porta,  Giambattista  della,  b.,  10803  ;  in- 
vents camera  obscura,  IO8O2  ;  d.  (1615). 

Portaels,  Jean  I'Yanfois,  b.,  5423. 

Portage  la  Prairie,  Manitoba  Liberal  la- 
sued ;  Review,  5843. 

Portal,  Antoine,  b.,  7002  ;  d.,  7262. 

,  Sir  Gerald  at  Mengo,  5643. 

Portalis,  Jean  Etienne  Marie,  b.,  7003;  d., 
7163. 

,  Comte,  Jos.  Marie,  b.,  7043  ■  d.,  734». 

Portarlington,  Earl,  title  created,  923' . 

Port  Arthur,  gold-quartz  dis.,  592' ;  bom- 
barded, 6262  ;  fort  captured  ;  defense ; 
massacre  ;  Japan  squadron  at ;  Chinese 
fleet  confined  6263, 

Augustus,  R.  R.,  4993. 

au5*rince,  W.  I.,  earthquake  de- 
stroys, 662. 

Bill,  Boston,  fast  day  for,  782. 

Breton,  Fr.  emigrants  enter,  7533. 

Costa,  Cal.,  fire,  3452. 

Elizabeth,  Cape  Colony,  mission,  6003. 

Portella,  Ex-Gov.,  revolt  for,  5593. 

Porteous,  Capt.  John,  hanged,  9092. 

riots,  debated,  9093. 

,  Bp.,  Sunday  Act  of,  921' . 

Porter,  Albert G.,  b.  (1824);  gov.  Ind., 309*. 

,  Alexander,  b.,  98' ;  d.,  1562. 

,  Andrew,  Gen,,  b.,  642;  d.,  121'. 

, ,  Gen.,  b.  (1810+);  d.,  276'. 

,  Anna  Maria,  b.,  921 ' ;  d.,  9402. 

,  Benj.  C,  Nat.  Acad,  of  Design,  308'. 

,  Sir  Charles,  lord  chancellor,  8993. 

,  David,  b.,  93' ;  captures  A'oc/on,  1182; 

attacks  ..4;er^ll8' ;  subdues  pirates,  130' ; 
captures  at  Valparaiso,  122' ;  sails  in  £*- 
»ex,  118';  d.,166'. 

, ,  Dixon,  b.,  123' ;  sails  for  Sumter, 

192';  in  Miss.,  2062  ;  at  VickBburg,2092; 
sends  dummy  past  Vicksburg,  2183;  cap- 
tures Arkansas  Post,  218' ;  at  Bruins- 
burg,  2203;  at  Grand  Gulf,  2M';  attacks 
Fort  Hill,  2222;  attacks  Fort  Anderson, 
2302,  2422  ;  on  Red  River,  2303,  232' ;  at 
Grand  Ecore,  232' ;  attacks  Ft.  Fisher, 
2403;  Tice-adm.,  252';  adm.,  270' ;  d., 
378'. 

, ,  collector,  killed,  4002. 

, R.,  gov.  Pa.,  151 2. 

,  Ebenezer,  b.,  762  ;  d.,  1422. 

,  Fitz-John,  b.,  1302 ;  in  Seven  Days' 

Battles,  209';  at  Moore's  Mills  ;  at  Flor- 
ida, Mo.,  2102  ;  at  Kirksville,  2103  ;  at 
Bristoe  Station,  2122 ;  court  martial, 
216' ;  dismissed,  2182  ;  appeals  to  pres., 
270';  rehearing,  298';  exonerated,  300' , 
322' ;  sentence  remitted,  3103  ;  Relief 
Bill,  3112  ;  Bill  for  liberty  vetoed,  316' ; 
Restoration  Bill, 3172  ;  col.,  324'. 

,  George,  cons,  bp.,  9962, 

, B.,  gov.  Mich.,  1392  ;  d.,  1422. 

,  Horace,  b.,  1482  ;  Grant  Monument 

Asso.,  4022  ;  address,  404' . 

,  .James  Davis,  b.  (1828) ;  gov,  Tenn.^ 

2912  ;  minister,  4473. 

, Lewis,  b.,  1362. 


1376 


Text  Figure,  denote  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  Figure,  indicate  Column.  Port-PoWC. 


Porter,  Horace  M.,  d.,  2152. 

,  Jane,  b.,  9203  ;  works, 9311 ;  d.,  9562. 

,  John  Addison,  b.  (1822) ;  d.,  2621 . 

,  Josiah,  d.,  4781. 

,  Moses,  d.,  1302. 

,  Noah,  b.,  1163  ;    works,  2613,  272», 

2771 ,3223,3722;  pres.  Yale, 3763;  d., 4021 . 

,  Peter  Buel,  b.  (1773) ;  d.,  1562. 

,  Robert  J.,  founds  Press,  3283. 

,  Sir Ker,  b.,  9191 ;  d.  (1842). 

P.,  tariff  commissioner,  3111. 

,  Thomas,  jurist,  b.  (1734);  d.,  1421 . 

,  William  David,  b.  (1809) ;  on  'iazoo  ; 

on  Mississippi,  2171 ;  d.,  2332. 

, Trotter,  b.  (1809);  d.,  1842. 

Porterfleld,  Col.,  at  Philippi,  W.  Va.,  1961 . 
Porte  St.  Antoine,  Cond^  defeated,  6901 . 
Port  Essington,  Leichart  arrivea,  4961 . 
Porteus,  W.  S.  Greely  leaves  Newfound- 
land, 3061.  ,  ,  .  ^ 
Port  Gibson,  Miss.,  Confederates  defeated 
at, 2211;  reunion,359i;  mob  at,  4082. 

Hope,  Can.,  Ouide,  5791 . 

Hudson,  La.,Farragutat,220i ;  Banks 

at  2222;  surrenders,  2242;  tornado,  4501. 

,  Jackson  named,  N.S.W.,  4932. 

Jervis,  N.Y.,  officials  indicted  ;  negro 

lynched,  4082. 
Portland,  Ind.,  gold  discovered,  4.501 . 

,  Me.,  Zion's  Advocate,  13G3  ;  Soc.  of 

Natural  History,  1681 ;  R.R.  to  Montreal 
opd.,1733;  liquor  riot,  1763;  R.C.  diocese 
est.,  1782  ;  fire,  2533,  3533  ;  funeral  ol 
Peabody,269i ;  Congregational  Club  org., 
3022;  first  Young  People's  Soc.  C.  E.  org., 
3062;  free  public  library  given,  3362; 
dam  bursts,  4:553  ;  election  frauds,  4262. 

,  N.r.,  Normal  schools  est.,  2663. 

,  Ore. ,  First  Nat.  Bank  est. ,  2493 ;  Med- 
ical Depart.,  Willamette  Univ.,  opd., 
2543  ;  Ore.  Central  R.R.  begun,  2573  ; 
P.  E.  diocese  of,  est.,  2642;  St.  Helen's 
Hall  opd.,  2663  ;  Portland  Univ.  fnd., 
3743 ;  Reform  School  est.,  2782 ;  fire, 
2833,  4733  ;  Meth.  Hospital  fnd.,  3292  ; 
drawbridge  accident,  4432;  floods,  4fi2i . 
,  Victoria,  laid  out,  4953;  Henty  fam- 
ily settle,  4952. 

. collides  with  Avalanche,  983*. 

,  D.  of,  title  created,  9051 .    (See  Cav- 
endish.) „.  , 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Weston,  Richard.) 

cement  first  mentioned,  9402. 

Port  Lokkoli,  mission,  11603. 

of  London  Soc.  est.,  9383. 

Portman,  Sir  Wm.,  chief  justice,  8713. 

,  Viscount,  title  created,  9751 , 

Portmore,  Ire.,  captured,  8761 . 
Porto-Alegre  Manoel  de  Aranjo,  b.,  5542. 
Porto  Alegre,  Braz.,  Muckers  attacked, 
5571 ;  gov.  chosen,  .5592. 

Bello,  W.  I.,  named,  162;  sacked,  24i ; 

taken,  42i,  6I1,  6281;  buccaneers  est., 
462;  New  Eng.  troops  at,  641 ;  centre  of 
commerce,  673,  6293  ;  captured,  9101 . 

Novo,  India,  action  at,  10442. 

Port  Orchard,  Wash.,  naval  station,  3921 . 
Porto  Bico,  W.  I.,  dis.  by  Columbiis,  142  ; 
subdued  by  Ponce  de  Leon,  16' ;  Leon, 
gov.,  173;  San  Juan  Baptista  fnd.  (1511); 
sacked  by  Adm.  Drake ;  repulses  Drake 
and  Hawkins,  24' ;  sacked  by  D.  of  Cum- 
berland (1598) ;  unsuccessfully  attacked 
by  the  Dutch  (1615) ;  also  by  the  Eng. 
(1678);  also  by  Abercromby  (1797);  revolt 
for  independence  (1820) ;  suppressed  by 
Sp.  (1823);  appeals  to  Europe  for  protec- 
tion, 11033;  slavery  abolished,  11323. 
Seguro,  Easter  eel.,  5523  ;  Cabral  ar- 
rives, 5531 ;  sugar  works,  5532. 
Port  Patrick,  telegraph  completed,  9593. 

Phillip,  Australia, convict  colony ,4951 ; 

colonized,  4952;  population,  4953  ;  sepa- 
rated from  N.  S. v., 4971 . 

Republic,  Va.,  action  at,  2083. 

Royal,  N.  S.,  colony  deserted,  233, 

272;  Huguenot  colony,  233;  settlement, 
271 ;  burned,  281 ;  taken,  30i  ,561 ;  Jesuits 
arrive,  282;  seized,  50i ;  surrenders  52i ; 
Mass.  troops  attack,  5G1 ;  Fr.  settlement, 
5713;  Fr.  attacked,  5741 . 

Jamaica ;  fire,  673 ;  cyclone,  78i . 

,  S.    C,    Huguenots    settle,  222  ; 

Lord  Cardross  at,  493 ;  colonists  expelled, 
601 ;  Brit,  expelled,  90i ;  Confederates 
retreat,  2021 ;  battle,  2002. 

Expedition  ,  2002,  2162. 

des  Champs  fnd.  at  Paris,  6703. 

grammars  written,  691 1 . 


Portsmouth  bombards  Guayamas,  1622^ 
Portsmouth,  Eng.,  Naval  Coll.  fnd.,  907' ; 
vessels  launched  :  Inflexible,  9741 ;  Can- 
ada :  Colossus,  9861 ;  Camperdmvn,  9921 ; 
Trafalgar,  9941 ;  f'ulcan,  IOOO1 ;  Bp.  \  ir- 
tue  cons.,  9862. 
,  N.  H.,  settlement,  31 1 ,  2;  church  fel- 
lowship denied  ;  Epis.  minister  banishd, 
362;  Provincial  Assembly,  473  ;  Indians 
attack,52i;  first  P.E. church, 622;  JV^J/. 
Gazelle  est., 713;  fort  captured,  78i  ;Fr. 
vessel  arrives,  862  ;  Amenca  built,  94 1 ; 

first  bank,  1033  ;  tornado,  1622.       

,  Va.,  taken,  902  ;  yellow  fever,  17/3  ; 

Spear's  raid,  2322;  /-(.nsctcofa  sunk,  338i. 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  9112. 

Port  of  Spain,  Bp.  Flood  cons.  R.  C,  9962. 
Portugal  (See  text,  pp.  1109-1111) ;  against 
Tangier,  10971 ;  gov.  threatens  Colum- 
bus 142  ;  driven  out  of  Abyssinia,  13  ; 
occupies  Muscat,  4873;  in  Madagascar; 
massacre,  10951;  in  Siain,  11241;  debt, 
5552  ;  annexed  to  Sp.,  5533  ;  peace  with 
Sp  ir293  ;  war  with  Sp.,  11301 ;  revolts 
in  Sp.,  11281  11293  ;  cruelty  ;  factories, 
4813  ;  yields  Muscat,  4861 ,  4873  ;  in  In- 
dia, expelled  ;  war  with  Hindus,  10441; 
joins  allies  of  Fr.,  6972  ;  Conven.  of 
Cintra  entered,  7173  •  diamonds  crown 
property,  613  ;  Braz.  Co.  chartered,  712 
733  ;  protects  Am.  vessels,  992  ;  ports 
closed,  9333  ;  invaded  ;  governed  by  Fr., 
7173;  aids  against  Dutch,554i ;  Brit,  force 
leave;  constitutional  monarchy  restored, 
11111;  claims  collected,  1452;  claims  m 
Kongo,  10932,3  ;  dispute  with  Eng., 
10032  ;  Delagoa  Railway  question,  10033; 
conven.  with  Eng. ;  proposal  of  modus 
riremli,  10052  ;  cable  to  Azores,  11113. 
Portuguese,  on  West  Coast  Afr.,  IIG01 . 
PorusTPr.,  defeated,  10421 ;  taken,  10242. 

reigns  in  Babylon,  11452. 

Posen,  ceded,  8073  ;  Germanized,  8313. 
Posey,  Thomas,  b.  (1750);  gov.  Indiana, 

1213  ;  d.  (1818). 
Posidonius,  b.-d.,  10282. 
Post,  Christian  Frederick,  b.  (1710) ;  mis., 
711;  d.  (1785). 

,  Philip  Sidney,  b.,  1421 . 

Postage,  charges  reduced,,1592, 1712,3133, 
3211,5912,8712,9073,9691,9743. 

,  international,  rates  est.,  3073;  laws 

operative,  8293;  colonies  join  union,  5012. 

:  law,  new,  G.  B.,  9493. 

stamps,  used,  1633 ,  951 2 ;  legal  tender, 

2113;  receipt  stamps,  9873. 
Postal  cards,  one  cent,  issue,  2772,  2813. 

Congress  meets,  1652,  7503. 

Frel  delivery,  for  N.  Y.,  1923;   Bill 

passed,  4231 ;  extended,  3272, 3472 

letter-sheet   envelopes   issued,  1923, 

3252;  notes  authorized,  3133. 

Money  Order8providedfor,2333, 2393; 

in  Eng.,9272,9512;  conven.  with  Fr.,  9752. 

privileges    denied,    4453  ;    receiving 

boxes  established,  2213. 

system,  in  New  Eng.,  473;  adopted  in 

France,  7503. 

Telegraph  Cable  Co.,  N.  Y.,  3593. 

trains  established,  9951 , 

Union  formed,  Germany,  8193. 

Postel,  Guillaume,  b.,  6802;  d.,  6842. 

Posten,  D.  H.,  shot,  4023. 

Post-horses  for  news  of  war,  Eng.,  8653. 

houses  established,  France,  6(9i . 

Posthumous,  Marcus  Cassianus  Latinus, 
invades  Samnium ;   in  Caudine  Forks, 
10521 ;   defeats  Franks,  11251 ;  est.  em- 
pire in  Gaul,  10672;  killed  (267). 
Postmaster  in  H.  C,  Act,  G.  B.,  9692 

General,  member  of  cabinet,  1372. 

G.  B.,  united  in  one,  9453. 

Post-office,  first  Am.  est.,  813;  in  1800, 
1113;  carriers  uniformed,  2633;  branch 
stations  est.  in  N.  Y.,  3513. 

erected  in  Eng.,  8853,  8912;  est., 

8893;  completed,  9441;  authorities  cen- 
sured, 9773;  register  fee  reduced,  98.32 

Acts  consolidated,  G.  B.,  9492, 

_^ctp_asses,  9752.^  3363,  3371 ,  36I2,  363-. 
3791 ,2,  4&1 ,  4251 ,3,  4.561 ,  4591 ,  4652. 

Directory  issued,  9303. 

Protection  Act  passes,  9932. 

Savings  Bank  est.,  G.  B.,  9653. 

.    (See  under  Money  Order.) 

Poston,  David  H.,  shot,  3802. 
Postupic,  Albr.  Kostka  de,  in  Fr.,  5(»3. 
Potato  discovered,  182;  intro.  in  N.  ling., 


592;   in  Eng.,  8733,  8773;  starch  from, 
9022;  International  Exhibition,  9853. 
Potato-beetle  appears,  1873. 
Potemkin,  Pr.   Gregori   Alexandrovitch, 

b.-d.,  11143. 
Potgieter,  Everhard  Johannes,  b.-d., 1102' . 

,  Herman,  murder  of,  599' . 

Pothier,  Robert  Joseph,  b.,  6943;  d.,  i042. 
Pothinus,  Bishop  of  Lyons,  6623.        ^ 
Pothuan,  Vice--4dm.,  minister,  745' ,  inH. 
Potidiea,  besieged,  10201 ;  revolts,  10212. 
Potocki,  Count,  minister,  5291 ,  5292. 
Potomac  attacks  Quallo  Batto,  1401 . 

,  Army  of  the,  org..  1981 ;  report,  2002,, 

2062;  reviewed.  2003;  enters  \  a.,  2143; 
advances   on    Richmond,  2322;    winter 
quarters,     239';     reunion,    387'.      (See 
names  of  commanders.) 
Potosi,  Bolivia,  battle  near,  550' ;  silver 

discovered,  ,5513. 
Potsdam,  N.  Y.,  Normal  School  est.,  2863. 

,  Prus.,  Convention  of,  8092. 

Pott,  August  Friedrich,  b.,8082;  d^.,  8321. 
Pottawattomie,  Kan.,  fight,  178i ,  1793. 
Potter,  Albert  G.,  minister,  3613. 

,  Alonzo,  b.,  1082;  cons,  bp.,  1582;  org. 

Evan.  Educational  Soc.  2152;  d.,2481. 

Asa  P.,  3943;  indicted,  4023,  4283. 

'  Chandler  Eastman,  b.  (1807) ;  d.,  2622. 

Cipriani,  b.,  9262;  d.  (1871). 

,  G.,  d.,  10101 . 

Hazard  Arnold,  h.,  1162;  d.,  2681 . 

Henry  Codman,  b.,  1442;  cons.  bp.,. 

3142;  sermon, 3722;  t-.,.  Dr.  Newton,  3842. 

Horatio,  b.  (1802);  cons.  P.  E.  bishop, 

1762;  d.,  3261.  ,^      ^     .     k 

,  John,  b.,  8923;  Archbp.  Canterbury, 

9043;  d.,  9122. 

,  Louis  Joseph  Antoine  de,  b.,5422; 

d.,5442. 

,  Orlando  B.,  d.,  4481 . 

.Robert,  b.,  9062;  d.  (1804). 

,  w.,  ex-minister,  library  gift,  4761 . 

Potteries  founded,  Eng.,  9182. 
Potters  fiourish,  Gr.,  10142. 
Pottery,  enameled,  made,  6942. 

Trust  formed,  3413. 

Pottinger.  Sir  Henry,  b.,  9243;  at  Macao,. 

6173;  d.  (1854). 
Potts,  Benjamin  F.,  gov.  Mont.,  2732. 

,  John,  governor  Va.,  313. 

Stacy  Gardner,  b.  (1799) ;  d.,  2471 . 

Pottsville,  Pa.,  ninf .  iron,  1441 ;    coal  in 
mnfg.  iron,  1501 ;  cloudburst,  388i ;  non- 
union   men    employed,   3891;    soldiers' 
monument,  3921 ;  coal  deposits,  4081 . 
Potvin,  Charles,  b.,  5423. 
Fouchet,  Felix  ArchmiM^,  b.,  7143;  d. 

(1872). 
Poughkeepsie,  Constitution    conven.  at, 
101';  Vassar  Coll.  fnd.,  199',  Coll  Ob- 
servatory erected,  300' ;    labor  strikes, 
3523.  "  green  goods  "  man  shot,  4242. 
Pouillet,  Claude  ServaisMathias,b.,7082; 

Pouilly,  Mensdorff,  premier,  823' . 

Poujoulat,  Jean  Joseph  Frau90is,  b.,  1 143  -^ 
d.,  7522. 

Poukiang  enthroned,  611 1 . 

Poulett,  E  of,  title  created,  9031 . 

Poulson,  Zachariah,  b.  (1761)  ;  d.,  1562. 

Poundage,  Eng.,  8912;  repealed,  9252. 

Pound  Gap,  Ky.,  action  at,  2042. 

Poundmaker,  Indian,584i ; 6urrender,684i . 

Poundridge,  N.  Y.,  boy  kidnapped,  4002. 

Pourchot7Edine,  b.,  6902;  d..  0983. 

Pourzan  reigns,  Armenia,  H^' • 

Poussin,  Gaspar,  b.,  10823;  d.,  10831. 

Nicolas,  b.,  6842;  Blind  Men  o/Jerv- 

cho,  6901 ;  d.,  6903. 

Pouyer-Quertier,  A.  T.,  d.,  .602. 

Poveda,  Tomas  Martin  de,  gov.,  6(B3. 

Poverty  Point,  Miss.,  colony  at,  652. 

Povin,  Prince  of  Croatia,  503'. 

Powderly,  Terence  V.,  gen.  master-work- 
man, 3011;  indorsed,  3663 

Powell,  Baden,  b.,  9283;  d.,  9642. 

,  Humphrey,  itturpy,  8711. 

John  Weslev,  ,b.,  1422;   at  Wythe- 

ville,  2251  ;  descends  Colorado  River, 
2661  ;  in  interior  department,  3512. 

,  Lazarus  Whitehead,  b.  (18121  ;__goT. 

1692;  for  pacification,  1891 ;  d.  (186.). 

,  Lvman  P.,  in  AVis.  I'mversity,  4162. 

Win.  Henry,  b.  (1825) ;  Albert  Galla- 
tin, 1561 ;  at  Front  Royal,  2401 . 

Power-loom,  in  Phila.,  100' ;  for  mnf.  car- 
pets, 150' ;  intro.,  1622,  9322;  invented, 
9222;  destroyed,  9232,  9432. 


Powe-Pres. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1377 


Power,  Pierce,  cons.  P.  E.  bp.,  996a. 

,  Richard,  d.,  10062. 

,  Tliomas  C,  b.,  150»;  speech,  439». 

Power'8  Art  Gallery  est., 2001 . 

Powers,  Abigail,  marries  Fillmore,  136*. 

,  H.  Henry,  b.,  1442. 

,  Hiram,  b.,  1122;  executes  busts,  144' ; 

Greek  Slave;  Eve,  1501  ■  d.,  2821 . 

,  .John  H.,  governor  Neb.,  3752. 

,  Uidgely  C,  governor  Miss.,  2772. 

Powerscourt,  Vise,  of,  title  created,  9112. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9871 . 

Powhnttnn  wrecked,  1753. 

,  Indian,  b.  (1550±) ;  d.,  262. 

Powis,  E.  of,  title  created,  931 1 . 

,  E.  of  (Wm.  Herbert),  liberated,  8972. 

Powlett,  Harry  G.,  D.  of  Cleveland,  d., 
10061. 

,  Sir  George,  massacred,  8781 . 

Pownall,  Thomas,  b.  (1720) ;  gov.  Mass., 
713;  d.,  1122. 

Poynings,  Sir  Edward,  deputy,  8672;  d., 
86G1. 

Poynter,  Edward  John,  b.,  9482. 

Poyutz,  .John,  Earl  Spencer,  minister ,9852. 

Pozo,  Almonte,  battle  near,  6081 . 

Pozzi  di  Borgo  Carlo,  Andrea,  b.,  11162. 

,  Francis,  cona.  K.  C.  bishop,  9962. 

Ppzoomer,  Carolus  Wilhelmus,  b.-d., 
11021. 

Pradier  Jacques,  b.,  7082;  d.,  7322. 

Prado,  Gen.  Mariano  Ignacio,  b.  (1826) ; 
chosen  pres.,  11082;  at  Sorota,  11081; 
revolt  against,  11083. 

Pradon,  Nicolas,  b.  (1632) ;  Pliidre  et  Hip- 
polyte,&i3i;  d.  (1698). 

Praed,  Winthrop  Mackworth,  b.,  9303; 
d.,  9483. 

Praemunire,  Statute  of,  Eng.,  8612. 

Prieneste,  it.,  surrenders,  10581. 

Prictorlua,  Michael,  b.,  7922;  d.,  7943. 

Pragmatic  .Sanction,  5091 ,5143;  approved, 
5151  ;  promulgated,  6732,  6763,  6773;  ab- 
rogated, 6791  ;  rescinded,  6812;  ratified, 
7493. 

Prague,  Bohemia,  fnd.,  5031 ;  Benedictine 
monastery  fnd.,  5062;  studium  generale 
authorized,  507i ;  rebuilt,  7833;  siege  of, 
5061;  attacked;  Compact  of,  7843;  Jes- 
uits at,  5103;  learned  city,  5111;  cap- 
tured, 5121,  5142;  Bohemians  defeated, 
5131 ;  bombarded,  7962  ;  Swedes  take, 
7122;  recaptured,  7942;  alliance  with 
Saxons,  8012;  abandoned,  5142;  Maria 
Theresa  crowned,  5152;  battle  of,  5161 ; 
Fr.  occupy,  5183;  Cong,  at,  8112;  insur- 
rection ;  siege  raised,  5221 ;  Czechs 
rise  ;  Slavonic  Cong,  meets,  5231 ;  Prus. 
enter,  5261;  mission,  5262;  peace  of, 
5271 ;  riots,  5291 ,  5302;  treaty  abrogated, 
8312;  socialists  imprisoned,  5303 ;  strik- 
ers win  ;  Filipoff  silenced,  5323;  eight- 
hour  movement,  5331 ;  bombs  explode; 
emp.  received;  strike,  5343;  Czechs 
honor  Comenius,  5351 ;  Czechs  agitate, 
6362 ;  Charles  of  Bourbon  marries,  ,5363 ; 
treason  trials,  6372;  anti-Ger.  agitation, 
5373. 

Univ.  fnd.,  6043,  5071 ;  John   Huss, 

professor;  professors  withdraw,  7861; 
Wyclif's  writings  di.scussed,  5062;  Hus- 
site troubles  in  ;  seat  of  heresy,  607 1 ; 
Czech  language  taught,  ,5392;  students 
dispersed,  5331 ;  Omladina  Society,  trial 
of  members,  5372. 

Praguerie  appear,  677 1 ;  suppressed,  6791 . 

Prairie  du  Cuien,  Wis.,  taken,  1221 ;  R.  R. 
opd.,  1833. 

Grove,  Ark.,  Confederate  defeat,  216*. 

View  Normal  School  opd.,  3023. 

Praise  of  Learning,  copies  of,  6483. 

Pram,  Christian  ftenriksen,  b.-d.,  11041. 

Pranzini,  murderer,  7562. 

Prat,  Belosarion,  forms  cabinet,  6091 , 

,  Matthew,  Cadwatlader  Colden,  por- 
trait, 76 1. 

Prati,  Giovanni,  b.,  10862. 

Pratt,  Calvin  E.,  b.  (1828) :  at  Chapmans- 
ville,  1983. 

,  Charles,  b.,  1381 ;  gift  to  institute, 

3843;  d.,  3821. 

, ,  E.  of  Camden,  b.,  9(M2  ;   lord 

chancellor,  9173;  lord-lieut.,  9273. 

,  Daniel  Darwin,  b.  (1813) ;  d.,  2942. 

,  Enoch,  b.  (1808);  library  gift,  3231. 

,  Gen.,  in  New  Zealand,  9641 . 

,  Sir  .Tames,  b.,  1442. 

, John,  chief  justice,  9072, 

,  Judge,  decision,  3842. 


Pratt,  Orson,  b.,  1103,  d.  (1881). 

Institute,    org.    at    Brooklyn,   328» ; 

endowment  of  Clias.  Pratt,  3843. 

Praxiteles,  b.,  10243;  makes  silver  mirrors, 
102*3. 

Prayer-book  Revision  Soc.  petition,  9902. 
(See  Common  Prayer-book.) 

gauge  debate  originates,  9762. 

Preachers,  Eng.,  restricted,  9163,  8743. 

Preakness,  Am.  army  winters  at,  923. 

Preang,  villages  destroyed  by  lava,  10921 . 

Preble,  Edward,  b.,  723  ;  against  Moors, 
1121;  d.,  1141. 

,  Gfeorge  Henry,  b.  (1816) ;  d.,  3201 . 

Precis  Historiques  appears,  5443. 

Preemption  Free  Land  Bill,  1872;  passes  ; 
vetoed, 1882. 

Prehistoric  subjects,  congress  on,  7371 . 

Prelacies  est.,  Eng.,  8502. 

Prelates,  troubles  uiBulg.,  5681 ;  confirma- 
tion of,  Ger.,  7743. 

Preller,  Mr.,  murderer  executed,  3303. 

,  Friedrich,  b.,8082;  d.,  8282. 

,  Ludwig,  b.,  8083;  d.,  8202. 

Premislas,  king  of  Poland ;  assassinated, 
11152. 

Premsyl,  Duke,  6O31 ;  conquered,  5021 , 

,  Ottocar  enthroned,  505 1,2;  marriage, 

6052. 

II.,  duke,  5051 ;  enthroned,  5052. 

Prence,  Thomas,  b.  (1601) ;  gov.  of  Plym- 
outh (1634,  1638,  1657,  1673) ;  d.  (1673). 

Prendergast,  Patrick  E.,  assassin,  4421, 
4442;  guilty,  4642. 

Prentice,  Fred.  C,  verdict  for,  3432. 

,  George,  iVilbur  Fislce,  3722. 

, Uenison,  b.,  1102;  d.,  2682. 

Prentiss,  Benjamin  Mayberry,  b.  (1819)  ; 
in  court-martial,  2161 ;  at  Helena,  2242. 

,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Payson),   b.,    1262  ; 

Stepinng  Heavenward,  2683;  d.,  2982. 

,  Seargent  (or  Sargent)  Smith,  b.,  1142 ; 

d.,  1681. 

Prenzlau,  Hohenlohe  surrenders,  7161 . 

PreRatfaelite  School  est.,  Eng.,  9561 . 

Presbyterians,  U.  S.  A.,  in  S,  C.,  Hugue- 
nots in,  222,442,502,583,762, 1212, 1403, 
2963.  First  church  in  Am.  org.,  302;  |n 
Conn.,  Intro.,  321 ;  Saybrook  Platform 
unicm  with  Cong.,  563  ;  in  N.  Y.,  362  ; 
Francis  Dougherty  in,  363  ;  on  Staten 
Island,  483  ;  ministers  arrested,  563;  aid 
from  Glasgow,582;  723, 1042,  1123,  1142, 
1211,  1281,  1303,  1363,  1463,  1563,1782,  3, 
3.362,4241;  in  JJ.  C,  383,402,  1212,2.583; 
in  N.  J.,  Newark,  Elizabeth,  422 ;  Wood- 
bridge,  Fairfield,  48i,  2,  3  ;  New  Side 
522,  563,  932, 3;  project  Princeton  Coll., 
663;  1263,  1311,  2663,  3742,  3922  ;  in 
Md.,  482,  1571 ,  2582  ;  Francis  Makemie 
starts  a  new  era,  482  ;  in  Mass.,  6O2, 
622  ;  in  Phila.,  502,  622,  3,  542,  563, 
582,  643,  711,  Brit,  missionaries  sent, 
522;  In  Va.,  642,  712,  1322,  1731 .  First 
Am.  presbytery,  663  ;  union  with  Con- 
gregationalists,  663,  742, 1043,1062,1103, 
1163,  1171 ,  1183,  1463,  1722  ;  Irish  Presb. 
arrive,  582  ;  Wm.  Tennent  joins  ;  synod 
of  Phila.  fmd.,  582  ;  Log  Coll.  est.,  683  ; 
in  Pa.,  583,  643,  G63,  1351,  1403,  1502, 
1563,1723,2682,2771,3443.  Wilson  Coll. 
org.  at  Chambersburg  (1870).  Old  Side 
acad.,  663  ;  committee  on  conf.,  6O2  ; 
Confession  of  Faith  ;  Adopting  Act,  603; 
divided  on  Whitetleld's  revivals,  643  ; 
schism  in  Phila.,  643,  711 ;  New  Side 
vs.  Old  Side,  663  ;  overtures  of  peace, 
651;  Brainerds  with  Indians;  synod  of 
New  York  fmd.,  663  ;  Indian  missions, 
663,  723,  1422,  3,  1511,  1543,  I8O1,  2682, 
2722,  2822,  2903,  2982,  3002,  3062,  [^2, 
3122,  3162,  3182  ;  in  N.  H.,  663,  1423. 
Inception  Princeton  Univ.,  663;  in  Can., 
762.  Religiouspublications,78i ;  Meck- 
lenburg, Independence  conven.,  N.  C, 
811 ;  synod  of  N.  Eng.  fmd.,  823,  951 ;  in 
Ky.,  962,  982,' 1083,  1103,  1121,  3,  1142, 
1271,1731,2682,2682.  Abingdon,  presby- 
tery org.;  standards  revised,  982,3, 1001 , 
Gen.  Assembly  org.,  1(X)2;  (See  meetings 
on  each  succeeding  year) ;  in  N.  Y.  City, 
1312,  3,321,  3443,  3462.  3662,  3821,  41C2, 
4581,4601,4742.  N.  Y.,  missions,  1002; 
Gen.  Synod  becomes  Gen.  Assembly, 
1002  ;  Northern  presbj^tery  org.,  1043  ; 
N.  Y.  Missionary  Society  org.,  1063  ; 
revival  i>eriod ;  camp-meetings,  Ky., 
1083, 1102, 1123;  Com.  on  Missions  fmd., 
1103  ;  Cumberland  Presbytery  cut  olf, 


1123. 1142, 1163;  Reformed  Presb.  Synod 
org.,  1163  ;  Mission  Board,  1183;  Hamil- 
ton Coll. ;  Theo.  School  at  Princeton  ; 
1191  ;inGa.,  1212, 1683;  in O.,  1232,1323, 
1361,  1363,  1371,  1663,  2543  ;  in  Tenn., 
1233,  1263,  1283,  1343,  1631,  2602,  418I. 
Board  of  Missions  org,  1243;  Woman's 
Miss.  Soc.  est.  ;  anti-slavery,  1263  ; 
Center  Coll.,  1271;  Auburn  Theo,  Sem. 
est.,  1283, 1311 ;  plan  of  correspondence ; 
Maryville  Coll.  est.  ;  Board  of  Educa- 
tion, 1283  ;  union  with  Reformed  Ch., 
1303:  Heathen  Youth  Soc.  org.,  1311; 
N.  Y.  Observer,  1312;  Union  Theo.  Sem. 
est.,  1323;  Princeton  Reviev,  1331;  in 
Ind.,  1M2,  1403, 1542, 1.1562,  1702.  Con- 
gregational delegatesdisfranchised, 1343; 
Western  Reserve  Coll. ;  Western  Theo. 
Sem.  est.,  1351 ;  in  Miss.,  1363,  2942;  in 
Ala.,  1363, 2922, 2962, 3082.  Lane  Theo. 
Sem.  est.,  1371,  1403;  in  111.,  1383,  1391, 
1402,  1483,  1562,  1801 ,  2602  ;  McCormick 
Theo.  Sem.  est.,  1383;  in  Chicago,  1383, 
1422,2842,3682.  Illinois  Coll.,  1391 ;  in 
Mo.,  1402, 1783, 2582.  Columbia  Theo. 
Sem.,  S.  C,  Wabash  Coll.,  Lafayette 
Coll.,  est.,  1403  ;  1st  church  in  Chicago, 
1422  ;  Hanover  Coll.,  1423  ;  jn  N.  H., 
1423;  in  Mich.,  1442.  Soc.  for  Evang. 
World  est. ;  Marietta  Coll.,  1443  ;  anti- 
liquor, 1461  ;  four  presbyteries  exscinded; 
Union  Theo.  Sem,,  1463  •  Western 
Reserve  Synod  cut  off,  1482;  Knox  Coll., 
lU.,  1483;  Davidson  Coll.,  1491;  split; 
New  School  and  Old  School  Assemblies, 
1602  ;  New  Windsor  Coll.,  1.57 1 ;  Church 
Erection  Fund,  1582, 1762;  Oxford  Coll., 
1663;  Austen  Coll.,  1683;  in  Tex.,  1683, 
1702  ;  in  Wis.,  in  Ark.,  1702  ;  i„  la., 
1702, 1742, 1842,3183.  BMiotheca  Sacra, 
1703,  in  Cal.,  1722,3,  1821.  Com.  on 
Publications  ;  Chinese  missions  est., 
1722,  3 ;  p.  Quar.  Review,  1723  ;  Danville 
Theo.  Sem.  est.,  1731 ;  Ministerial  Relief 
est.,  1782  ;  Westminster  Coll.  ;  El- 
mira  Coll.,  1783  ;  opposes  slavery,  I8O1 , 
1822  ^  Trustees  of  Board  of  Domestic 
Missions;  Highland  Univ.  1822;  in  Kan., 
1822.  United  Presb.  Church  of  N.  A. 
org.,  1842  ;  reunion  Old  Side  and  New 
Side,  1843;  divided  by  civil  war,  1971, 
2191,  2411;  Gen.  Asso.  of  Confederate 
States  org.,  2011,  2501;  Com.  of  Home 
Missions  (N.  S.) ;  leave  Home  Mis.  Soc, 
2023  ;  o.  S.  and  N.  S.  corresiiond,  2172  ; 
Southern  presbyteries  secede,  2191 ; 
United  Synod,  south,  unites,  241 1 ;  Freed- 
maii's  Board  org. ;  liquor  dealers  ex- 
cluded; Irvington  Coll.  est.,2602;O.S. and 
N.  S.  assemblies  fraternize,  2642;  Uuiv. 
of  Wooster,  Lehigh  Univ.,  2543  ;  South- 
ern Synods  separate, 2582;  BiddleUniv., 
2683  ;  National  Union  P.  Convention; 
King  Coll.,  2602  ;  O.  S.  votes  against 
union,2642;  Ger.  Theo.School,2663;  total 
abstinence,  2682,  3851;  union  of  N.  S. 
and  O.  S.,  2682,  2702,  2922  ;  secession  ; 
first  reunited  Gen.  Assembly,2702;  Wom- 
an's Board  org.,  2722  ;  Phila.  hospital, 
2742  ;  Ark.  Coll. ;  San  Francisco  Theo 
Sem. ;  Princeton  Review,  2763;  Lincoln 
Theo.  Sem.  (colored),  2771 ;  Pan-Presb. 
Congress,  Lond.,  2882  ;  Dr.  D.  Swing  ac- 
quitted, '2842  ;  South-western  P.  Univ., 
2903  ;  Inst,  for  Colored  Teachers  ;  Par- 
son's Coll.,  2922;  enters  P.  alliance,  2942, 
2962;  Adger  Coll.,  2963  ;  Bait  Hospital, 
2971;  Pan-Presb.  Conven.,  Phila.,  3042. 
Belfast,  3182  ;  Board  Aid  for  Coll.  org., 
3122;  Pierre  Univ.;  in  S.  Dak.,  3143. 
Lenox  Coll.,3183;Macalester  Coll.,  3'223; 
in  Minn.,  3223,  3242.  Reunion  North 
and  South  considered,.3282,3.32i  ,3402;  dis- 
abled ministers'  aid, 3*292;  centennial  of 
Gen.  Assembly,  3302;  revision  of  creed, 
2362,  2402,  3462,  3,  348I ,  35g2,  3682,  3842, 
3862;  Harrison's  cabinet  Presbs.,  a362  ; 
Gen.  Ass.  in,  1889,  3402  ;  gov't  appro- 
priation Ind.  schools,  3423;  Gen.  Assem- 
bly Anti-license,  3402;  anniversary  Log 
Coll., 3443;  Welsh  P.  Conven..  3602;  Sun- 
day closing.  World's  Fair,  3701;  Prof. 
Briggs,  3742,  3822,  3»i2,  3922,  3942,  4062, 
4163,  4302,  4321,  4401 ;  Prof.  Smith's 
trial,  4181 ,  4562;  dogmatic  warfare,  4241 ; 
Presbyterians,  Associate  Presb.  Ch.,  Am., 
Ist  presbytery  of  Pa.  org.  (1753);  of  N. 
Y.  (1776) ;  partial  union  with  Associate 
Reformed  Church,  96 1 ;  presbytery  of  Ky. 


1378 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDll.yC,       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Pres-Prin, 


fmd.  (1798);  Synod  of  N.  Am.  find.  (1801); 
excludes  slaveholders  ;  southern  seces- 
sion (1831) ;  unites  in  forming  United 
Presb.  Church,  1842. 

Presbyterians  in  Can. ;  presbytery  of 
Truro  fmd. ;  service  in  Que. ;  in  Mont., 
5763;  P.  Ch.  of  N.  S.  fmd. ;  union  of  all, 
fails,  577*;  synod  of  Can.  fmd.;  Home 
Missions,  5782  ;  Scotch  P.  divided,  5783  ; 
United  P.  Synod  fmd.,  5801 ;  i„  N.  s., 
5802,  5882  ;  dan.  P.  Church  fmd.  ;  Free 
and  United  P.  Churches  unite,  5802  ; 
Presb.  Ch.  of  Lower  Provinces  fmd. ;  1st 
Gen.  Assembly,  5822  ;  p.  church  of  Can. 
fmd.,  5823  ;  Woman's  For.  Miss.  Soc. 
fmd., 5842;  in  Ont., 5862, 5882,6942;  Gen. 
Assembly  meets,  5882. 

,  Cumberland  Presbyterians  cut   off, 

1123,  1143  ;  org.,  1103  ;  Indian  missions, 
1263;  Cumberland  Univ.,  est.,  1551; 
Bethel  Coll.;  Cane  Hill  Coll.,  1703;  Trin- 
ity Univ.,  Tex.,  2663  ;  Woman's  Board 
of  Missions  org.,  3062  ;  Gen.  Assembly 
meets,  Kansas  City,  Mo..  3402 ;  Mex.  mis- 
sions, 10962. 

,  Reformed,  Church,  U.  S.  A.,  presby- 
tery fmd.,  782;  dissolved;  unites  with 
Associate  ch.,  95 1;  Ref.  Presbytery 
constituted,  1(W3  ;  1st  synod,  1163;  Gen. 
Synod,  1422  ;  missions,  1463  ;  Foreign 
Miss.  Committee,  1563  ;  bond  and  coven- 
ant signed,  2762  ;  Clirist  in  Constitution, 
U.  S.,  3622;  expels  ministers,  3843. 

Church,  South  ;  Presbyterians  di- 
vided by  Civil  War,  1971 ;  org.,  2012,  2191 ; 
United  Synod  of  the  South  joins,  2411; 
name  changed  to  Presb.  Church  in  U.  S. 
2502  ;  Central  Univ.,  Ky.,  2863;  celebra- 
tion, 3262  ;  Gen.  Assembly  at  Chatta- 
nooga,3402 ;  at  Ash eville ;  statistics,  358 1 . 
(See  Presbyterians  above.) 

,  United,  Church  ;  Westminster  Coll., 

1723  ;  Monmoutli  Coll.  est.,  1802;  org., 
1842;  Gen.  Assembly  meetings,  1843;  and 
each  following  year;  Women's  Gen. Miss. 
Soc.  org.,  3142;  anti-tobacco,  3622. 

in  Euglaud;  virtually  fnd.,  8742;  1st 

church,  8743  ;  separate  from  Indepen- 
dents, 8843;  est.  by  Pari.;  in  Pari.  ;  mis- 
sions in  N.  Eug.,  8863;  Savoy  Conf.,  8902; 
Uniformity  Act,  8903  ;  Conventicle  Act, 
8903,8923;  FiveMileAct;  Test  Act,  8923; 
Toleration  Act,  8982  ;  Schism  Act,  9043; 
Presb.  Ch.  of  Eng.  org.,  9211;  Foreign 
Missionary  Soc.  est.,  9423  ;  Welsh  For. 
Miss.  Soc.  est.,  9502;  Jewisli  mission, 
9762 ;  Pan-Presb.  Cong.,  9802,  9822, 
9902  ;  church  reconstituted,  3803;  Wo- 
man's Missionary  Soc,  9841 . 

,  Reformed,  in  Great  Britain;  secedes, 

8942;  declaration,  9111. 

in   Ireland,  presbytery    fmd.  at  Car- 

rickfergus  (June  lO",  1642)  ;  roval  gift 
fnd.,  8923 ;  toleration  granted,  9063  ; 
the  presbytery  of  Antrim  secedes  from 
the  presbytery  of  Ulster  (1726) ;  Reformed 
Presbytery  org.  (1792) ;  Gen.  Assembly 
fmd.,  9502  ;  Jewish  Presb.  Synod  of  Se- 
ceders  org,  (1818) ;  mission,  9.503  ;  Pro- 
testant Alliance,  9.523;  Female  Associa- 
tion org., 9782;  Gen.  Assembly  in  Belfast, 
10002. 

Church  in  Scotland ;  First  Covenant ; 

first  Book  of  Discipline  ;  succeeds  Catho- 
licism, 8722  ;  first  Gen.  Assembly  ;  Con- 
gregation of  the  Lord  org.,  8723;  Second 
Book  of  Discipline,  8743;  supplants  epis- 
copacy ;  liberty  restricted,  8763,  8782  ; 
Articles  of  Perth,  8802;  Xat.  Covenant 
signed ;  declared  independent ;  Coven- 
anters abolish  episcopacy,  8823 ;  Solemn 
League  and  Covenant  approved,  8843  ; 
Westminster  confession  m,  88G3  ;  As- 
sembly dismissed  by  gov't.,  8882  ;  dis- 
obeys Cromwell,  8883;  persecution,  8902; 
gov  t  restores  episcopacy;  National  Cov- 
enant signed;  Solemn  League  and  Cov- 
enant annulled, 8903  ;opposes  episcopacy, 
8921 ;  many  ministers  return,  8i>22;  Test 
Act  against,  8953  ;  United  Societies  of 
Covenanters  meet ;  Reformed  Presb. 
Church  secedes,  8942;  confirmation  age, 
8962 ;  Presbyterianism  reestablished, 
8982  ;  Act  of  Settlement,  8983  ;  national 
religion  of  Scot.,  9023;  .Soc.  for  Promo- 
tion of  Christian  Knowledge  est.;  patron- 
age restored, Glassites  9042;  Gen.  Assem- 
bly, 9063;  rise;  Associate  Presbytery  se- 
cede, 8093;  Reformed  Presbs.  org.,  9111 ; 


Burghers  and  Anti-hurghers,  9123, 9203  ; 
Session  and  Relief  (Churches  unite,  9123; 
Relief  Church  8ecedes,915i ;  First  United 
Secession  Ch.  find.,  9403,  9543;  Foreign 
Mis.  Cora. ;  Y.  M.  C.  A.  find.,  9423;  Dr. 
Duff,  missionary,  9442,  94g3,  9542,  9782; 
Veto  Act,  9463;  Morisonians  suspended, 
9503  ;  Disruption,  Free  Church  secedes, 
9522  ;  United  Presb.  Church  fmd.,  9543  ; 
Nat.  Bible  Soc,  9642  ;  patronage  abol- 
ished, 9782  ;  Pan-Presb.  Congress,  9802, 
9822,  9902  ;  Zenana  mission  work,  9802  ; 
Burgher  convention,9892 ;  Home  Mission 
to  Jews, 9942;  high  commissioner,  10002; 
jubilee,  IOIO2. 

Presbyterian  College  org.,  Clinton,  S.  C, 
(1880). 

Presburg,  Ger.,  defeated,  5021;  Diet  of, 
5133;  peace  signed,  5193;  Ungrisches 
Magazin,  5171 ;  anti-Jew  riot,  5303 ; 
siege,  7742. 

Prescott,  Can.,  insurrection  at,  5781 . 

Co.,  Kan.,  deadly  storm,  326i . 

,  Benjamin  F.,  gov.  N.  H.,  2973. 

,  Richard,  Gen.,  b.  (1725) ;   gov  .-gen., 

5772;  captured,  863 ;  exchanged,  882 ;  d. 
(1788). 

,  William,  b.,  602;  d.,  IO61. 

, Hickling,  b.,  IOGI;  works,  1491, 

1571,  1632,1783;  d.,  1842. 

Present  State  of  Republick  of  Letters,  90!)^ . 

Presidency,  U.S.A.,  nominations  by  Con- 
gressional caucus  abandoned,  1332. 

President  captured  by  Endymion,  1223; 
lost,  1533. 

Presidential  elections,  101 1.  (See  each 
following  quadrennium.)  Salary  main- 
tained, 2913. 

Succession  Bill  passed,  3132,  3212. 

Presles,  Raoul  de,  De  civitate  Dei,  6743. 

Preslin,  Due  de,  murders  wife ;  suicide, 
7292,3. 

Press,  Am.,  Asso.  incorporated,  4273. 

,  censorship  relaxed,  Rus.,  11183;  free- 
dom abolished,  11313. 

,  freedom  of ,  63i ,  4951 ,  7252, 7352, 7632. 

, limited,  Fr.,  7273. 

,  hydraulic,  invented,  9381 . 

,  restricted,  Fr.,  7303,  7313,  7343,  7503, 

7572,  7651;  freedom  legalized,  7391 ;  de- 
cree repealed,  751 1 ;  restrictions  re- 
moved, 7512. 

, ,  Great  Britain,  8831 ;  censorship 

license,  8883,  9012,  029i ;  censor,  9002. 

, ,  Spain,  11313. 

,  suppressed,    Ger.,    8151;    restricted, 

8222;  gov't  defeated ;  liberty  upheld, 
8292;  political  use,  8:!22. 

,  unrestrained.  Den.,  6423. 

Presse,  La,  issued,  7*27' . 

Pressense,  Edmond  D^hoult  de,  b.,7242; 
d.,  7602. 

Pressing  boards  made,  8041 ;  inv.,  9142. 

Pressy,  J.  T.,  moderator,  1843. 

Proster  John,  in  Abyssinia,  13. 

Preston,  Eng.,  Guild  Merchants'  festival, 
8563,9903;  battle  of,  8862;  Jacobites  sur- 
render, 9041;  strike,  9591,  9731 ;  Derby 
statue,  9761;  riots,  9831;  Harris  gift, 
9842;  free  library  fnd.,  9902;  Newsham 
gift,  9921. 

,  N.  Y  ,  insane  asylum  burned ;  lives 

lost,  3593. 

,  James  P.;  gov.  Va.,  1262;  d.,  1561 . 

,  Robert  E.,  in  treas.  dept.,  4472. 

,  Thomas  Scott,  b.,  1322;  d.,394i. 

,  William  Ballard,  b.  (1805);  sec.  navy, 

1653;  d.  (1862). 

, Campbell,  b.,  1042;  d.,  I86I . 

,  Lord,  arrested,  8993. 

,  Viscount,  secretary  of  state,  8973. 

Prestonpans,  Scot.,  action  at,  9101 . 

Prestwich,  Joseph,  b.,  9363. 

Preto,  ex-premier,  banishment,  5591 . 

Pretoria,  Transvaal,  mission,  ir24i ;  Bp. 
Bousfield  elected,  9803. 

Pretorian  Guard  broken  up,  10662. 

Pretorians,  power  of,  10632;  murder  Au- 
gusti.  10671. 

Pret<u-ius,  Andries,  aid  to  Boers  ;  invades 
O.  Free  State,  5981 ;  pres.,5993;  leader, 
11052, 

Pretoiship  filled  by  Plebeians,  10532. 

Preuss,  Johann  David  Erdmann,  b.,  8042; 
d.,  8243. 

Preussische  Jahrburh  issued,  8203. 

Prevention  of  Crimes  Act,  9852,  9893. 

of  Cruelty  to  Animals  Soc.  fnd.,9412. 

of  Cruelty  to  Children  Act,  10123. 


Prevost,  Sir  George,  b.,  9163;  at  Platts- 
bure,  1222;  d.,  9382. 

,  d'Exiles,  Abb^  Antoine  Francois,  b.^ 

6943;  MannnUscaut,  6'J9X;  d.,  7031. 

,  Gen.  Augustine,  b.,  602;  at  Charles- 
ton, 902;  at  Fort  Sunbury,  901 ;  d.(1786). 

,  Louis  Constant,  b.,  7062;  d..  7322. 

,  Marcel,  Panama  Canal  scandal,  7643. 

, ,  Les  Demi-Vierges,  7662. 

. — --Paradol,  Lucien  Anatole,  b.,  7243; 
d.,7382. 

,  Pierre,  b.,  703i ;  d.,  7242. 

Prevoyance,  Society  de  est.,  7462. 

Priam  reigns,  1143' ;  d.,  10142. 

Price,  A.  X,  defalcation,  4142. 

,  Andrew,  b.,  1741 . 

,  Boiiamy,  b.  (1807) ;  Royal  Commis- 
sion, 9951 ;  d.,  9962. 

,  Charles,  lord-mayor  London,  9313. 

,  J.  K.,  police  captain,  trial,  4522, 4623. 

,  Richard,  b.,  9062;  d.,  9243. 

,  Rodman  McCawley,  b.  (1816) ;  gov. 

N.  J.,  1772;  d.,4621. 

,  Sterling,  b.,  1162;  in  Valley  of  Taos, 

1621  ;gov.,1743;  at  Carthage,  Mo.,1962;  at 
Boonville,  1961 ;  atLexington,Mo.,  1983; 
leads  guerillas,  2022;  at  Pea  Ridge,  2042; 
at  Union  Mills,  2121 ;  at  luka,  2132;  at 
Corinth,  2142;  at  Dardanelles,  2381;  at 
Springfield,  2181 ;  at  Ironton  ;  invades 
Mo.,  2382;  at  Little  Blue;  at  Mine 
Creek  ;  losses  in  Mo.,  2391 ;  at  Big  Blue, 
Little  Osage,  and  Newtonia,2392;d.,2582. 

,  T.  B.,d.,416i. 

,  Thos.  L.,  defeats  Compensation,  2193. 

,  W.  H.,  killed,  4763. 

Prices,  Eng.,  law  for  governing,  8623;  re- 
stricted, 8672,  8692. 

Prichard,  James  Cowles,  b.  (1786) ;  work, 
9371 ;  d.  (1848). 

Prideau,  Lieut.,  in  Abyssinia,  31 . 

Prideaux,  Humphrey,  b.,  8862;  d.,  9062. 

,  Gen.  John,  b.  (1718) ;  killed,  703. 

,  — ,  b.,  682;  d.,  722. 

Prierias,  Sylvester,  assails  Luther,  7882. 

Priessnakotf  hanged,  11203. 

Priessnitz,  Vincenz,  b.,8063;  hydropathy, 
5202;  d.,  8182. 

Priestley,  Joseph,  b  ,  9082;  hydrochloric 
acid,  9182;  nitrous  oxide  gas,  9202;  in 
Lunar  Soc,  9212;  d.,  9323;  statue,  9781. 

Priests,  marriage  law.  Hung.,  5023;  influ- 
encing wills,  5163;  power  curbed,  5423 ; 
missions  of,  5751 ;  illiterate  in  Fr.,  6643; 
decree  against,  Fr.,  7082,3;  forbidden  in 
politics,  7343,  7682;  indicted,  Ger.,  8351 ; 
insurrection  of,  Eng. ,  8762 ;  celibacy  con- 
ditional, 10663;  marriage  permitted, 
10682;  celibacy  rejected,  10683;  sub-ru- 
lers of  Palestine,  1147  J^. 

Priesthood,  augurs  est.,  10503;  election  for, 
10563. 

Prigg  Case,  decision  given,  1551 . 

Prim,  Juan,  Count  of  Reus,  b.-d.,  11303; 
exiled,  11313;  revolts,  11302;  in  Cadiz; 
in  prov.  gov't,  11313;  created  marshal, 
11321 ;  insurrectionist,  11313;  shot,  11323. 

Prima  Vista  discovered,  571 1 . 

Prime,  Edw.  Dorr  Griftln,b.,  l'23i ;  d.,380i. 

,  Samuel  Irena;us,  b.,  1183;  d.,  3202. 

,  Wni.  Cowper,  b.,  1322. 

Primitive  Methodists.    (See  Methodists.) 

Prima  passes  through  Suez  Canal,  6673. 

Primogeniture  abolished  in  Aust.,  4972;  in 
Hung.,  7073;  in  Eng.  law,  8491 . 

Primrose,  Archibald  Philip,  Earl  of  Rose- 
bery,  b.,  9542;  lord  privy  seal,  9933;  K. 
of  Garter,  10083;  minister,  9952,  10092 

Prince  Edward  Island,  Eng.  possess,  5743; 
in  Confederation,5833;  One  House, 5942. 

Rupert  River,  fort  on,  5732. 

Prince  wrecked,  9593. 

Aliiert  in  Arctic  Sea,  9561. 

Genrqe  burned,  9141 . 

of  n'ales  wrecked,  Brazil,  9652. 

of  Wales  wrecked.  Ire..  9.'i33 

Consort,  title  conferred,  G.  B.,  9613. 

,  L.  B.,  gov.  N.  Mex.,  3492;  asks  for 

troops, 3063. 

,  Thomas,  b., 602;  goT.Ma8S.,333,  353, 

412;  d.,  711. 

Princes  succession,  Ger.,  8093. 

Princess  bursts  boilers,  1853. 

Alice  sinks,  9832. 

Princess  Dagmar  marries,  6421 , 

Princess  Henriette,  collision,  5473. 

Ledge,  Can.,  gold  dis.,  5881. 

Princettm  Ileview  est.,  1331 ,  2763. 
Princeton,  "  Peacemaker,"  explodes,  156*. 


Prin-Prot. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1379 


Princeton,  N.  J.,  battle  of,  86< ;  Conti- 
neutal  Cong.,  97* ;  centennial  eel.,  '2IM3. 

University;    coll.  of  N.  J.,  est.  at 

Eliz:ll)etlitown,  663;  Nassau  Hall  fnd.; 
moveii  to  Newark,  67* ;  movwl  to  Prince- 
ton; Jonatli.Hn  Edwards,  pres.,  71*;  J. 
Witherspooii,  pres.,  763;  Theological 
School  est.,  1191,  v'Ga  ;  rebellion,  125'; 
observatory  erected,  2!M>' ;  Clark  equa- 
torial set  up,  3141 ;  McCosli  statue,  3421 ; 
Susan  Brown  gift, 3G02;  Guyot's  library, 
3942;  hazing  abolished,  4721. 

,  W.  Va.,  action  at,  2081 . 

Prlncipia  presented,  8962. 

I'ling.  Martin,  in  Plymouth,  2G1 ,  27i . 

Priugle,  Sir  tjohn,  b.,  9022;  pres.  Eoyal 
Soc.,9182;  d.,9223. 

,  Thonnis,  b.,  9243;  d.  (1834). 

Printers,  local  unions  find.,  1403. 

Printing,  presses  limited,  422,  432;  pro- 
hibited in  N.  Y.,502;  in  N.  Y.,  623;  at 
Charleston,  623;  intro.  in  N.  C,  671 ;  set 
nt  Knoxville,  1043;  steam-power  press  in 
N.  Y.,  1301;  discovery  eel.,  151i;  pro- 
hibited inX.  J., 1&43  ;  rotary  made,  1622; 
anniversary  of  introduction,  4282  ;  set 
up  in  Brazil,  5541 ;  encouraged  in  China, 
C102;  est.  in  Fr.,  681i ;  first  in  Eng.,  8642; 
set  up,  8663;  inv.,  9;J0i ;  iron,  gen.  use, 
9322  ;  steam,  inv.,  9;i43  ;  Albion  intro., 
9381 ;  automatic  patented,  9G4i ;  intro. 
Or.,  10351 ;  Intro.  Montenegro,  10971 ;  im- 
proved, 11002;  in  Urumiah,  11073;  Intro. 
Hung.,  5083 

,  by   movable    type  inv.,  Ger..  7842, 

7871;  in  dyes  invented,  7862;  cylindri- 
cal machine  inv.,  8041. 

,  intro.  in  Eng.,  8622;  Gothic  types, 

81)42;  Celtic  letters  intro.,  8743  ;  first 
patent,  8761;  disorders  repressed,  8851, 
8.W3;  periodicals  prohibited,  8943;  first 
types,  9061 ;  in  color;  employed,  9402; 
anastatic  inv.,  9481. 

Bill,  U.  S.  A.,  4012,  4192,  4412,  4771. 

Printz,  J.,  gov.  Del.,  363,  373. 

Prior,  Matthew,    b.,  8902;    works,    8971, 

9U03;  d.,  9062. 

,  Richard,  criminal,  4522, 

Priories  mentioned,  G.  B.,  8423;  seized  in 

Eng.,  8542;  alien  dissolved;  suppressed, 

8622. 
Prison  Asso.  successful,  3651 . 

Charities  Act,  9912. 

,  cruelty  in,  Eng.,  9092. 

Diseipliiie  Soc.  est.,  9391. 

labor,  prohibited  in  N.  Y.,  3303. 

Ministers' Act., 9672. 

Prisoners,  Am.,  aided,  89 1 ;  in  Eng.,  1231 ; 
released  by  Confederates,  204 1 ;  political, 
released.  Am.,  2172;  general  exchange, 
2283;  political,  discharged,  2352;  par- 
doned, Fr.,  7672 ;  religious,  released, 
Eng.,  8%2;  of  war,  many,  9201;  ex- 
change of,  9202. 

Counsel  Bill  passed,  8473. 

Pritcbard,  Charles,  b.  (1808--);  d.,  lOlOi. 

,  Lieut. -Col.,  captures  Jef.  Davis,  2463. 

,  Mr.,  Due  d'OrliSans,  7293. 

Priscillian  beheaded,  10691 . 
Priscillianists  rise,  11252;  fnd.,  10691. 
Privateering  authorized,  802;  abandoned, 

2031. 

,  U.  S.  A.  refuses  to  abolish,  9611 . 

Privateers,  enemies  to  Brit,  commerce ; 
Am.  instructions  to,  832,  892;  Confeder- 
ate, authorized,  1941 ;  damages  by  Con- 
federate, 2121 ,  2453;  used  by  Eng.,  8563, 

Privy  Council  formed,  Eng.,  8453. 

Prize  lighting,  Morrissey  defeats  Heenan, 
1851;  punishable,  2611;  Hall  and  Fitz- 
simmoiis,  3883 ;  prohibited  by  Cong., 
3912  ;  in  Cal.,  4262 ;  pugilist  killed, 
342  ;  Heenan  and  Sayers,  9643.  (See 
Corbett,  J.  .J.). 

money  divided,  Eng.,  9001 ,  9261 . 

Probst,  Antoiiie,  executed,  2522. 
ProbUB,  Marcus  Aurelius,  defeats  Franks, 

6622;  intro.  vine  culture,  6623;  kills  in- 
vjiders,  6632 ;  improvements  in  Ger., 
7681;  enters  Gaul;  in  Ger.;  exacts  trib- 
ute; imperator,  7692;  defeats  Florian; 
against  Ger.  tribes;  employs  Ger.  mer- 
cenaries, 10641 ;  defeats  Varanes  II., 
11061 ;  reigns;  killed,  10662,  10672. 

Procles  enthroned,  IO151. 

Proclid:e,  kings  of,  IOI51 . 

Proclus,  b.-d.,  10303. 

iVocrtc,  asteroid,  discovered,  3001 . 

Procoplus,  Archbp.,  metropolitan,  10362. 


Procopius,  rival  of  Sallust,  k.,  IO68I . 

,  historian,  b.-d.,  10303. 

,  Aiidrew,Hussite  leader,  5061 ;  attends 

Gen.  Council,  5071 ;  killed,  5002. 

Priwter,  Adelaide  Anne,  b.,  9423;  d.,  9681 . 

,  Bryan  W.,  b.,9242;  d.,  9782. 

,  Gen  Henry  D.,  b.  (1765);  at  French- 
town,  1201,  1212;  besieges  Ft.  Meigs, 
1202;  assaults  Ft.  Stephenson;  on  river 
Thames,  1203;  d.  (1859). 

Prootor,  John  li., Civil  Ser.Com.,«51 ,4473. 

,  -Joseph,  b.,  1242. 

,  liedfleld,  b.,  1382;  gov.,  3012;  sec.  of 

war,  3372;  ertigy  discussed,  3531 ;  enlists 
Indians,  3781. 

,  Richard  Anthony,  b.,  9482;  d.,  3301 . 

Production,  U.  S.  statistics,  1693  +  . 

Prcetus,  divided  kingdom,  10133. 

Profanity,  S.  C,  a  niisdemeauor,  4762. 

tax,"Eng.,901i. 

Profligacy  abounds,  Ger.,  7712;  of  Court, 
Eng.,  891 1 . 

Progressive  Amer.  Party  fmd.,  4G31 . 

Friends  org.,  1723;  prohibited  Mar- 
riage Bill  defeated, 9571 . 

Prohibition,  for  Indians,  371,  2172;  aban- 
doned in  Pa.,  371 ;  law  in  Mass.,  403, 
411;  Amendment  rejecte<l.  Neb.,  711 ; 
passes  in  Ore.,  1571;  first  Maine  law, 
1612;  adopted  in  Me.,  169',  2593;  Maine 
law  repealed,  1812;  constitutional  in 
N.  Y.,  3191 ,2,  3812,  3831 ;  senate  favors, 
1872;  in  N.  Y.,  1922;  in  Army,  1991, 
2021;  Good  Templars  for,  2563;  favored 
in  Kan.,  3032,  3231,  3'29i ;  unconstitu- 
tional, 3592,  .3712,  3792 ;  rejected  in  Midi., 
3032,  3151 ,  3291 ;  at  military  posts,  3071 ; 
canteens  at,  3582;  rejected  in  N.  C, 
3091;  adopted  in  la.,  313i,  3172,  3231, 
3331,3562,3571,3583,3711,2,4031,2;  po- 
litically opposed  by  brewers;  adopted  in 
O.;  for  Alaska,  3171;  sought  in  Mass., 
3191,3931;  approved  by  R.  C.  Council, 
3191;  adopted  in  N.  Dak.,  32Ii,341i, 
3471,  3483,  4292;  grows  in  Ga.,  3211, 
3291;  partial,  3892;  in  R.  I.,  3223,3243, 
3362;  rescinded,  3411;  defeated  in  Tex., 
3272,  3292;  Federal  Prohibition  Bill, 
2923,  3291 ;  partly  in  Mo.,  3292;  defeated 
in  Ore.,  3292;  in  W.  Va.,  3292,  3332;  re- 
jected in  N.  H.,3362;  in  S.  Dak.,  M7i, 
3682,  3783;  rejected  in  Wash.;  rejected 
in  Conn.,  3471;  conven.  in  Neb.,  3483; 
rejected,  371i;  submission  in  N.  Y., 
K7i,2,  3592,3772,  3811;  in  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  3723 ;  partial  iu  D.  C,  3983  ; 
churches  favor;  Christian  church,  3243; 
Church  of  God ;  Ger.  Ref'd  Church ; 
Evangelical  Church,  3271 ;  Wesleyan 
Meth.,  3292;  Afr.  Meth.  Zi<m;  Afr. 
Meth.  Epis.;  Meth.  Epis.,  3303,  4071 ; 
Moravian  ;  Seventh  Day  Adventists, 
331';  by  Presbyterian,  3402,3602;  Evan. 
Lutheran,  'MO^ ;  favored  by  Sons  of  Tem- 
perance, 3623;  P.  Bill  in  Cong.,  3671 ;  by 
missionary  societies,  3702 ;  by  Nat. 
Fanners'  Cong.,  3943. 

Party,  in  da.,  321 1 ;  org.  at  Lawrence, 

Kan.,  3172;National  Conventions  at  Chi- 
cago, party  org.,  2672;  at  Columbus,  O., 
2773;  at  Cleveland,  2923,  3051;  at  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  3173;  at  In<lianapo]is,  3311; 
at  Cincinnati, 4092;  commission  against. 
Can.,  5931 ;  in  Ont.,  5962;  in  Bechuana- 
land;  by  Chief  Moshesh,  599' ;  upheld, 
China,  6123. 

Nat.  Party  in  G   B.,997i. 

Park    dedicated,  3871;    Temperance 

Cong.,  4611. 

Prome  captured,  10462;  mission,  10472. 

Prometheus  attacked,  9572. 

Promontory  Point,  U.  and  C.  P.  R.R.  con- 
nected, 2673. 

Promotion  and  Diffusion  of  Knowledge 
Society  fnd.,  9432. 

of  Social  Purity  League  meets,  3803. 

Prony,  Baron  de,  Gaspard  Clair  Franyois 

Mario  Riche,  b.,7012;  d.,  7282. 

Propeller  screw,  first  in  U.  S.,  1571 ;  pat- 
ented, 9262  ;  first  built,  9481 ,2. 

Propertius,  Cynthia;  Syntaxin,  1061'. 

Property  Qualification  Abolishment  Act, 
9632. 

Propontis,  coasts  subdued,  1022' . 

Proportional  Representation  Society  fmd., 
9932;  proposal  rejected,  9932. 

Proscription  laws  abrogated,  Fr.,  7453. 

Proseminar  College  (Evang.)  org..  Elm- 
hurst,  111.  (1871). 


Proserpine  wrecked,  9281 . 

Prospective  Review  issued,  9531 . 

Prosper  of  Aquitaine,  works,  6631 . 

Protagoras,  b.-d.,  10191. 

Protection  of    Am.  Institutions  League 

address, 4443;  opposed,  4501,  4751 . 

for  manufactures  an  issue,  1292. 

Protectionistsfavored;  defeated.  Austral., 

4991 ;  meet  Great  Brit.,  9552  ;  ministry 

formed,  9572. 
Protective  Tariff  Bill,  Am.,   1313.    (See 

Tariff.) 

adopted,  Australia,  5012. 

in  Austria,  5173. 

policy  opposed.  Can.,  593' . 

Protector  elective,  Eng.,  8892. 
Protector  wrecke<l,  9493. 
Protectorate  of  Humphrey,  863' . 

established,  Eng., 889'. 

Protein  introduced,  1102'. 
Protestant  Alliance  formed,  9543. 

Association,  Am.,  meets,  3852. 

•  organized,  921 1 ,  9463. 

churches  permitted.  Hung.,  5171. 

church  of  Prussia  forbids  soc  ialisnx 

8341. 

Conference,  N.  Y.,  3702. 

Conservative  Society  est.,  9442, 

Convocation   Articles,    Eng.,   8802  • 

Dissenters'  relief,  9253. 

Episcopal  Church,  Am.;  in  Can.,  first 

Epis.  service  in  Am.,  242  ;  in  A' a.,  state 
religion;  first  service  in,  262 ;  daily  ser- 
vice, 282;  orthodoxy  tested ;  Pocahontas 
converted;  compulsory  attendance  ;  dis- 
sent a  crime,  362  ;  exclusive  in,  402,422; 
William  and  Mary  Coll.  est.,  522  ;  rev- 
enue in  tobacco,  533-982,3,  1002,  1022, 
1232,  1363,  1543,  2622,  3142,  4602.  i„ 
Me.:  minister  In,  262,  1282,1622.  in 
IVEaftS. :  among  Puritans,  282;  est.,30i  ,2; 
service  in  Salem,  302  ;  John  Wintlirtjp 
in  ;  leaders  expelled  ;  Prayer  Book  in 
Boston,  382;  compulsory  in  Boston,  422, 
502;  1st  church  in  Boston,  463  ;  King's 
Chapel  built,  502,  602,  663,  962,  3-io23, 
1123,  1543,  2832,  3822,  3923,  4301,  4401. 
in  Del. :  Ist  service,  343,  542,  571 ,  1523, 
3202.  in  N.  Y. :  tolerated,  362;  1st  ser- 
vice, 403;  est.  by  law,  622  ;  Trinity  Ch. 
est., 523  ;  King's  farm  granted  ;  Colum- 
bia Coll.  est.,  543  ;  Trinity  school  est., 
671-982,3,  1103,  1171,  1331,  I3g2,  ]B03, 
1582,  2412,  2C42,  2662,  3142,  336I,  38G2, 
3922;  in  N.  H.  :  minister  banished,  .•.62, 
022,  1103,  15(;3,  2702.  Indian  missions  : 
363,57',  622,3,  651,  )243,  1323,  1903  ;  in 
N.  C  :  legalized,  442,  562,571;  in  S.  ('. : 
482,452,563,982,3,1191,  1263, 1503,  IVJS, 
2742, 358 1 ,434 1 .  Church  bishopless,  4>3 ; 
in  Md. :  est.  by  law, 622,  962, 1143,  i,r,22, 
2702,  3182  ;  in  K.  I. ;  in  Newport,  642, 
662,  1021 ,  1662,  1762.  Est.  by  law,  N.C., 
662.  Miss,  in  Newport,  K.  I.,  562;  in 
Conn.,  663,  602,  962,  1082,  1271,1312. 
Prevails  in  N.  Y.,  Va.,  S.  C. ;  Trinity 
School,  N.  Y.,  est.,  67';  reproved  in 
Mass.,  602  ;  in  Bait.,  643  ;  royalistic, 
723;  s.  Seabury  elected  bishop,  962,3. 
StandingComnnttee  for  union, 962;  first 
conven.  P.  E.  Church  of  Am.  org.,  963  ; 
in  Pa.,  963,  983,  1171,1323,1343,1663, 
1842,  2502,  2543,  2642,  2762,  3861  ;  in  N. 
Y.  City,  963,  1271 ,  1762,  1863,  3562,  3722, 
3842, 4062, 4201 ,  4341 ,  4721 .  1st  ordina- 
tion, 963 ;  Ist  gen.  conven.  ;  King's 
Chapel,  Boston,  secedes,  982  ;  in  Va.» 
982,3,  1002,  1022,  12:52,  1363,  1543,  2622, 
3142,  4602;  in  N.  J.,  982, 1241 ,  1402,16;i1 , 
1862,2862,3023;  in  Ky.,  1363, 1402,2542, 
2862.  Bp.  Griffith  elected;  bps.  White 
and  Provost  cons.,  983  ;  separates  from 
Ch.ofEng.;  separation  of  Cn.  and  State, 
983;  constitution  find.;  Book  of  Prayer 
Americanized,  1002;  Bp.  Madison  cons.. 
Prayer  Book  used,  1022  ;  i„  vt.,  1023, 
1043, 1402,3,1443,  2lK2,4.'i01 .  Bp.Clag- 
gett  cons.,  1023  ;  Bp.  Bass  cons.,  1043, 
1063;  lands  sequestered,  \t.;  Bp.  Smith 
cons.,  1062  ;  Up.  .Jarvis  cons.,  1082  ;  Bp. 
Moore  cons.,  1103,  1232 ;  Bp.  Parker 
cons.,  1123  ;  Bible  and  C.  Prayer-Book 
Soc.,  1163,  1,542  ;  Tract  Soc.  org.,  1171, 
1243  ;  bps.  Hobart  and  Griswold  cons., 
1171 ;  same  as  Ch.  of  Eng.,  1183  ;  Bp. 
Dehoncims.,  1191 ;  Bp.  Kemp  cons., 1232; 
Bp.  Croes  cons.;  first  ch.  in  N.  Orleans, 
1243,  in  La.,  1243,  1542,  ;(023,  38«i :  in 
N.  C,  1251 ,  1383,  1723;  in  o.,  1263,  1303, 


1380 


Text  Figure,  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Prot-Pfov. 


133<,  140»,  1862,  2882,  2902,  3342,  3462, 
3M2,3742.      Bp.  Bowencons.,  laGS;  Bp. 
Brownell  cons.;  Theo.  Seni.  est.,  N.  V., 
127'.     Domestic  and  Foreign  Miss.  Soc. 
est.,  1283  ;  in  Ga.,  1303,  1523,  280l ,  4201 . 
Bp.    Bavenscroft    cons.,    131'-,    Trinity 
Coll.  est.,  1312;  Hobart  Free  Coll.  est. ; 
Kenyon  Coll.  est.,  133' ;  in  Miss.,  134' , 
1662,3122.       Bp.H.  V.Onderdonk,  1343; 
In   Tenn.,    1363,   2482,  2643,   434'  ;    Bp. 
Meade  cons.,  1363;  in  Ala.,  1363, 1382,3, 
1442,  1563,  376'  ;  Bp.   Stone  cons.,  i:i82  ; 
Bp.   Ives  cons.,  1383  ;    in  Mich.,  1402, 
1462,  2862,  .3022,  3383, 3462,  4162.        Bps. 
Hopkins,  Smitli,  Mcllvaine,  and  Doane 
cons.,  1402  ;  Bp.  Otey  cons.,  1423  ;  Bp. 
White  Prayer-Book  Soc.  org.,  1423  ;  in 
111.,  1442,3,  2882,  2962,  2983,  4202.      Bp. 
Keinpes  cons.,  1442;  Bp.  Chase  elected  ; 
in  Chicago,  1443  ;  Miss.  Soc.  changed, 
Norwich  Univ.  est.,  1443;  Bp.  McCoskry 
cons.,  1462;  Bp.  Lancey  cons.,  1503;   in 
Mo.,  1503,  ir>(>3, 2622, 3382.         Bp.  Clads- 
den  cons.,  1503;  lip.  Whittinghaujcons., 
1522  ;  Bp.  Elliot  cons.,  1523  ;  bps.  Leo 
and  Polk  cons.,   1542 ;  bps.  Johns  and 
Eastburn    cons.,   1543  ;    Bp.    Henshaw 
cons.,  1562;  bps.  Chase,  Cobbs,  Hawkes, 
and  Freeman  cons.,  1563;  in  Arli.,1563, 
1862,2683,2762.       Bp.  H.  V.Onderdonk 
suspended,  1563  ;  Articles  and  Canons 
approved ;    Bp.   B.  T.  Onderdonk   sus- 
pended.    Bp.    Potter  cons.,   1582  ;    The 
Churchman,  1583  ;   Bp.   Burgess  cons. ; 
Soc.  for  Promoting  C.  Knowledge  est., 
1623  ;  in    Wis.,  163',   173',    1762,   2542, 
2882,  3382,  394' .        Burlington  College 
est.,  163' ;  Evang.  Literature  Soc.  org., 
1642  ;  in   Tex.,   1642,    1862,   2842,  2862, 
3282,4202.       Bp.  Doaue's  trial ;  bps.  Up- 
fold  and  Green  cons.,   1662;  in   Ind., 
1662,2482,3142;  in  Cal.,  1682, 1723,2583, 
2862      Bp.   Rutledge  cons.,  1683.     Bp. 
Wainwright  cons.,  1702  ;  in  la.,  1723, 
174',  1762,  1843,2922.    Bp.   Ives  cons.; 
deposed;    bps.  Davis,    Atkinson,    Kip, 
cons.,  1723  ;  Racine  Coll.  est.,  173' ;  Bp. 
Scott   cons.,    174';    bps.    Lee,    Potter, 
Clark,  Kemper,  Jackson,    cons.,  1762. 
in  Wash.,  174',  2692,  4202  ;    in  Ore., 
174' ,  2642.       Prot.  Epis.  Quarterly,  1763 ; 
in  Minn.,  1822,1862.  Bp.  Bowman  cons., 
1842;  Qriswold  College  est.,  1843;  bps. 
Gregg,   Odenheimer,   Bedell,   Whipple, 
Lay,  and  Talbot  cons.,  1862  ;  in  Kan., 
1862  241',  3262.       Soc.  for  Increase  of 
Ministry  fmd.,  1862;  St.  Stephen's  Coll. 
est.,  1863  ;  Bp.  Stevens  cons.,  2023  ;  Bp. 
Wilmer  cons.,  2052  ;  Evang.  Education 
Soo.  fmd., 2152;  Bp.  Vail  cons.,  241';  Bp. 
Cox  cons.,  2412  ;  bps.  Quintard,  Talbot, 
Clarkson,  and  Randall  cons.,  2482  ;  in 
Neb.,  2482,  2642,  3502  ;  in  Col.,  2482, 
2822,3282,422'.       Reunion  of  Southern 
churches,  2502  ;  bps.  Williams,  Wilmer, 
Cummings,  Armitage,  cons.,  2542;  Bp. 
Neely  cons.,  256' ;  Bp.  Young  eons. ;  in 
Fla.,  2582.    St.  Augustine  Coll.,  2583; 
Bp.  Beokwith  cons.,  2602;  bps.  Whittle, 
Bissell,  Robertson,  cons.,  2622  ;  ritual- 
ism discussed  ;  bps.  Doane,  Morris,  Lit- 
tleiohn,  cons.,  2«2;  Univ.  of  the  South, 
2613  ;  Bp.  Huntington  cons.,  2662  ;  bps. 
Whitaker,  Pierce,  cons., 2682,3;  Reform 
conv.,  2682;  in  Ariz.,  2682, 3341.        Bps. 
Niles  and    Pinckney  cons.,  2702  ;   Bp. 
Howe  cons.,  2742  ;  Woman's  Auxiliary 
org.,  2762  ;  bps.  Hare,  Auen,  cons.;  In 
S.Dali.,2802.       Bps.  Paddock,  Lyman, 
Spaulding,con8.;  secession  of  Reformed 
Epis.  Ch.,  2822  ;  Bp.   Elliott  cons. ;  Bp. 

^TL : J qA^      00/19  .      Tir.      UTolloa 


Cummings  deposed,  2842  ;  Bp.  Welles 
COBS.,  286' ;  bps.  Wingfield,  Odenheimer, 
(Jarrett,  Dudley,  Scarborough,  cons. ; 
canon  against  ritualism  ;  Church  Cong, 
org.  ;  Clergymen's  Retiring  Fund  Soc. 
est.,  2862;  Bp.  Gillespie  cons.,  2863;  bps. 
Jagger,  McLaren,  Brown,  Adams,  cons., 
2882;  in  N.Mex., 2882, 3042.  Firstch. 
congress,  2882  ;  Free  and  Open  Church 
Asso.  org.,  2902  ;  Bp.  Perry  cons.,  2922  ; 
Cookman  Inst.  ;  Nat.  Reposiiory,  2923  ; 
Bp.Penick  cons., 2942;  in  W.  Va.,  2983; 
Girls'  Friendly  Soc.  org.  ;  Soc.  Promot- 
ing Christianity  among  Jews  ;  bps.  Bur- 
gess, Peterkin,  Seymour  cons. ;  Bp.  Mc- 
Coskry deposed,  2983;  Bp.  Harris  cons., 
3022.  Church  Qer.  Soc.  org.;  bps.  Star- 
key,  Gallagher,  cons.,  3023  ;  Ch.  Build- 


ing Fund  org.  ;  bps.  Dunlop,  Brewer, 
Paddock    cons.  ;  in    Mont.,    3042;    in 
Wash.,  3042.      Board  of  Missions  est.  ; 
3062;   Ch.  Temperance   Soc,  309' ,  319' ; 
Bp.  Thompson  cims.,3122;  bps.  Knicker- 
bocker, Potter,  ll.iudolph,  Walker,cons., 
3142  ;  in  JJ.  Dall.,3142;  inN.C.,3162,3, 
440'.    Enrichineutof  Prayer  Book, 3102; 
Bp.  Watson  cons.,  3103;    Bishop   Paret    1 
consecrated,  3182  ;  Temperance  report, 
3191 ;    Bishop  Worthington  cons.,  3202  • 
Daughters  of    the    King ;    Knights    of 
Temperance,  323' ;  bps.  Thomas,  Talbot, 
cons.,3262;  in  Wyo.,3262;  inlda.,3262, 
386'     Bps. .Johnson,  Leonard, cons. ,3282; 
inNev.,  3282;  In  Utah, 3282.     Bp.  Cole- 
man cons.,  3202 ;  Students'  Mission  Asso.; 
Brotherhood    of    Lay    Readers,    3322  ; 
bps.  Kendrick,  Vincent,  cons.,  334',  2  ; 
Si.  Y.  province  fmd.,  336' ;  Bp.  Knight 
cons.;  Bp.  Bray  deposed,  3882 ;  Bp.  Graf- 
ton cons.,  3383  ;  Colored  P.  E.  Conf., 
3413  ;   revision  of    Prayer  Book,  346' , 
4162;  bps.  Leonard,  Davies,  cons.,  3462; 
Bp.  Graves  cons.,  3502  ;  H.  MacQuearey 
deposed,  3542,  3742  ;  Bp.  Nichols  cons., 
362' ;  Bp.  Thomas  cons.,  3742  ;  in  In<i. 
Ter.,  3742.     Bp.  Jackson  cons.,  376' ; 
Bp.  Brooks,  3822,3842,3923;  bps.  Nich- 
olson, Sessums,  cons.,  386' ;  new  hymnal; 
Board  of  Missions  ;  Bp.  Thomas  cons., 
4162  ;  Cathedral  of  St.  John  the  Divine; 
Bp.  Gray  cons.;  bps.  Nelson,  Hale,  Kin- 
solving,  Wells,  Brooke,  cons.,  4202;  in 
Olcla.,  4202.        Bp.  Barker  cons.,  422' ; 
Bp.   Lawrence  cons.,  430';  bps.  Graves, 
McKim,con8.,432' ;  bps.  Capers,  Gaylor, 
cons.,  434' ;    bps.    Lawrence,  Cheshire, 
cons.,  440' ;  Bp.    Hall   cons.,  450' ;  Soc. 
for  Seamen  eel.,  4562;  Bp.  Newton  cons., 
4602  ;  Monastic  Brotherhood  fmd.,  472'. 

Protestant  Episcopal  Church  of  Confed. 
States  org.,  2172  . 

,  first  mission  in  world,  Brazil,  553' . 

,  French  College  dedicated,  347' . 

Missions  Conference,  9982. 

Reformation  Society  org.,  9403. 

Society  formed,  9423. 

war,  Ger.,  790'. 

word  obsolete,  changed,  8123. 

Protestantism  Intro,  in Fr., 6702;  abjured, 

6843;  prostrate,  687';  no  congregations, 
697';  ruined  in  Ger.,  791';  flourishes  in 
Ger.,  7923 ;   est.    in  Eug.,   8703 ;    rules, 
8722;  missions  in  India,  1049'. 
in  Austro-Hung.:   Wycklif's  proposi- 
tions condemned,  ,506  2;  John  Huss  under 
ban,  burned;  Hussite  party  find.,  Jerome 
of  Prague  burned.    Catholics   expelled 
from  Prague,5063  ;Taborites  annihilated; 
Univ.  of  Prague  suppressed,   607' ;  La- 
dislaus  leader,  Moravians  appear,  6082; 
George  Podiebrad    under    pope  s    ban, 
anti-Hussite  crusade,  5083  ;  called  Pro- 
testants ;  Reformation  spreads;  Schmal- 
kaldic  League  favors  ;   Peace  of  Nurein- 
burg  favors  ;    Jesuits'    order    against ; 
Council  of  Trent  against,  5102;  Conven. 
of  Passau,  Peace  of  Augsburg,  reaction 
against,  toleration  of,  Protestant  Union 
fmd.,  5103;  Thirty  Years'  War,  511' ;  re- 
volt of,5113;  Christian  II.  and  Gustavus 
Adolphus  aid,  512' ;  Christian  and  John 
George   under    ban,    reaction    against, 
5123  ;    supreme  in    Bohemia;    rises  in 
Hungary,    513' ;    Herrnhut  est.,  5143  ; 
advance  In   Hung.,  6163  ;    toleration  in 
Aust.,  617' ;  rights  in  Au8t.-Hung.,5242; 
rights  granted,  5252,  3  ;  estates  confis- 
cated, 5413.  . ,      , 

in  Belgium  ;  intro.;  opposed  ;  Alva  s 

cruelty  ;  William  of  Orange,  convert, 
541' ;  Catholics  and  Protestants  oppose 
each  other  in,  .5423. 

InFr.:  Luther's  heresy  condemned; 

first  Protestants  in  Paris  ;  John  Calvin 
preaches,  persecuted,  6803  ;  Calvin  in 
Switz.;  persecution  of  Albigenses,  681'. 
disturbs  Council  of  Trent  ;  chiirch  in 
Paris  ;  advances  in  ;  synod  held  ;  Hugue- 
nots rise  ;  Poissy  Conf.  fails;  concessions 
in,  6823  ;  massacre  at  Vassy  ;  36  years 
religious  wars;  tolerated;  Huguenots 
again  rise ;  gen.  synod  held,  683' ;  St. 
Bartholomew's  massacre,  6842 ;  success- 
ful in  war,  6843 ;  toleration;  Holy  League 
against  Prots.  est.;  Peace  of  Poitiers 
favors,  6852;  edict  of  Nemours  against  ; 
Henry  IV.  abjures,  6843 ;  edict  of  Nantes, 


6863  ;  Huguenot  cause  ruined ;   tolera- 
tion, 687';  Lutherans  tolerated,  6923  ; 
edict  of  Nantes  revoked ;  persecution, 
693' ;  Huguenots  persecuted,  6943;  Cami- 
sards  revolt,  697';  severe  laws  against, 
6991;    first  nat.    synod;  declines,  701'; 
toleration,     7032,    7062  ;     massacre    at 
Ninies  ;  revival,  723' . 
'rotestantisniinGer.:  Reformation  begins; 
Council  of  Biisle,  Switz.,  7843;  Fred.  111. 
against, 785' ;  Biblefirst  printed  ;  Luther 
born;  Luther  in  Rome;  Luther's  reforma- 
tion begins,5882;  Zwingli  in  Switz. ,1137' ; 
Diet  of  Worms,  7883;  Anabaptists  org.. 
Reformation  in  Prus.;  martyrs  at  Augs- 
burg ;  Nuremberg  accepts;  alliance  of 
Prots.,  789' ;  reformers  protest ;  Diet 
of  Augsburg,  7902  ;  first  consistory  in 
Saxony;  Luther  dies  ;  cause  apparently 
ruined,     interim    of   Augsburg,    791'; 
peace  of  Augsburg  ;  flourishes;  reaction 
against  ;    Prot.  Union  ;   Cath.  League 
against,  7923;  Prot.  Union  fmd. ;  peace 
■with  C.   licague,  7933  ;  Union  ruined  ; 
edict  of  Restitution,  7943;  P.  Union,  last 
of,  7952  ;  toleration  granted,  797' ;  Piet- 
ists fnd  ,  7983;  edict  of  tolerance,  805' . 

in  Great  Brit.  :  Act  of  Supremacy  ; 

Church  severed  from  Rome;  persecution 
by  Plot.  ;  Reformation  in  Ire.,  8682  ; 
papal  interdict ;  Reformation  in  Scot. ; 
Matthew's  Bible  ;  Prots.  persecuted  m 
Scot.;  King's  Book  standardof  doctrines, 
8683-  Knox  reformers  in  Scot.;  P.  torm- 
ally  est.  ;  1st  Uniformity  Act ;  clergy 
man?;    Common    Prayer-Book,   81O' ; 
Reformation  annulled  ;  persecution  by 
Cath.;  reconciled  to  Rome  ;  bj>s.  Hooper, 
Taylor,  Farrar,  Ridley,  Latimer  burned  ; 
Bp  Cranmerburned,8702;j,cisccutionby 
Cath.,  8703;  p.  restored  ;  Puritans  rise  ; 
Uniformity  reenacted;  Reformation  est.j 
Scot.,  8722  ;    Anglican  Ch.  est.  ;  papal 
bull  against  queen,  8723;  Presb.  Church 
est., 8742 ;  Congregational  Ch   est., 8763; 
in  Ire     8783  ;  colonized  in   Ire.,  8793: 
massacred  in  Ire. ,8843, 9292;  restrained 
by  James  II.,  8963. 

. r  in  Italy  :    massacred    at   Valtelline, 

1083', 2  ;  edict  against  Bible  Societies, 
10862;  missions  in  Rome,  10863, 1O88'  ,3; 
massacre  in  Naples,  10883  ;  Evangelical 
Alliance  at  Rome,  1000' . 
Protestants  persecuted  in  Spain,  il.a)' ; 

massacred  in  Switz.,  11372. 
Protestation,  Great,  Eng.,  8812. 
Protet  killed,  620' .       . 
Proteus  crushed  in  Smith's  Souna,  314' . 
Protogenes,  d.,  11482. 
Protoplasm  discussed,  820' . 
Proudhon,  Jean  Baptist  Victor,  b.,  7023  ; 

.■;  Pierre  Joseph,  b.,  719' ;  works,  7283; 

d.,7362. 

Proust,  M.,  minister,  7532. 

Prout,  Samuel,  b.,  9223  ;  d.,  9582. 

,  William,  b.,  9242  ;  d.,  9.562. 

Prouty,  David,  presents  High  School,3443, 

Provence,  Fr.,  fnd.,  10572  ;  conquered. 
1126' ;  reunited  to  Ger.  Empire,  6^2  ; 
ceded  to  Barcelona,  6693;  united  to  Fr., 
6792  •  invaded,  68O2,  790' ;  ceded  to 
Franks,  7712. 

Provencher,  J.  N.,  bishop,  580' . 

Proverbs  written.  11423. 

Prtycideiice  attacked  by  Brit,  sloop,  822. 

B.  1.,  citizen  disfranchised,  342;  Bapt. 

Church  org.,  343,363,812  ;  foimdation 
of  352;  gov'tof,372;  division  in  church, 
383;  Jewish  congregation,  402;  Indians 
attack,  462  ;  Atheuwnm  Library  fnd., 
69'  1463  ;  P.  Gazette,  ■!3';  Bapt.  Coll. 
est '  763  •  Am.  fleet  blockaded,  86' ; 
home-spun  cloth  mnf .,  100' ;  riot  at,139' ; 
hrsettief  whipped,  149';  Meth.  Epis. 
conf.  fmd.,  1503  ;  mad  elephant,  1753  , 
Swan  Point  Cemetery  est..  1863;  J^fcmno 
Bulletin,  2252;  chauning  Unitarian  conf. 
org.,  2562;  Union  for  Christian  work 
ore  2602  ;  Normal  School  opd..  2742 
R.  C.  diocese  est.,  2802  ;  school  for  deaf 
ond  2943;  Nat.  encampment  G.  A.  B., 
2972;  Cong.  Club  fmd.,  3502;C,«*jnp 
^unihed,  352' ;  Ladies'  Cycdng  Club 
est  3533;  Bible  banished  from  schools, 
3582  ;  centennial  of  first  Am.  cotton- 
mill, 3693;  Ladd  Observatory,  394 1;  Has- 
wellkilled,411i ;  fire. 4113;  £oan Society 
pawn.«hop,  *eO». 


Prov-Prns. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


1381 


Providence  Lake,  Federals  defeat,  2183. 

and  Stonington  11.  R.  opd.,  1493. 

Provident  Knowledge  Society  est.,  9763. 

ProviKioiis  of  Merlon,  Eng.,  8533  ;  of  Ox- 
ford adopted,  8551 ;  annulled,  8553. 

Proroked  Hushand  performed,  722. 

Provost,  David,  mayor  N.  Y.,  55*. 

,  Sir  George,  gov. -gen.,  5773. 

— — ,  Samuel,  !>.,  642  ;  cons,  in  Eng.,  983  ; 
d..  1242. 

Prud'homiue,  John  F.  E.,  In  National 
Academy  of  Design,  1G02. 

Prunty,  James,  killed,  4423. 

Prusa  (later  Brusa) ;  taken  by  Orkhan, 
11553 

Prusias  I.,  defeats  Gauls,  11481 ;  reigns, 
11491. 

II.,  reigns,  11491  ;  k.  (149  B.C.). 

Prussia,  Ger.,  Ciesar  crosses  Rhine,  10583  ; 
Treves  est.,  7691;  Avars  and  Saxons  in 
Thuringia ;  Charlemagne  defeats  Saxons 
at  Hoeholt ;  he  defeats  the  Wiltzi,  7701 ; 
he  meet?>  council  of  Frankfort,  7703  ; 
Theodoric  subdues  Thuringia;  Angles 
settle  in  Eng.,  7712 ;  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
free  city;  Wittekind  a  Christian;  refuge 
of  pope,  7713  ;  B.  of  Andernach ;  Mag- 
yars invade;  Wends  defeated,  772i; 
archbishopric  of  Treves  est. ;  Munster- 
kerche  i)f  Essen  cons. ;  Havelberg  and 
Brandenburg,  bishoprics  est.;  monastery 
of  Fulda,  7723  ;  Aix-la-Chapelle  impor- 
tant;  Frankfort  walled;  capital,  773 1 ; 
Breslau  fnd.,  7732  ;  beginning  of  Prus- 
sian state ;  Danzig  fnd. ;  Cologne,  impe- 
rial city;  Holy  Roman  Empire  gains, 
7733  ;  Danes  and  Wends  invade,  7741 ; 
St.  Adelbert,  7742;  Breslau  a  bishopric, 
7743  ;  pressed  by  Wends ;  Boleslav  rav- 
ages 7752  ;  Rudolf  victorious,  7761 ;  Car- 
thusian monks  fnd. ;  Holy  Coat  brought 
to  Treves,  7762  ;  Wends  converted,  7763; 
Miinster  burned ;  langrave  begins,  7772; 
Vehmic  Tribunals  in  Westphalia,  7782  ; 
Breslau  capital  of  Silesia;  Berlin  fnd., 
7783  ;  feud  with  Henry  the  Lion,  7791; 
■colonized  by  Germans,  7793  ;  Mongols 
invade ;  Raspe  defeated  ;  heathen  Prus- 
sians crusaded,  depopulated ;  knights 
depopulate,  7801 ;  Wetzlar  cathedral 
fnd.  ;Colognecathedral  fnd. ,7802;  Danes 
defeated  at  Bornlnered,  7803  -conquered 
for  civilization,  7811,  8021;  Thorn  fnd. ; 
Frankfort  diet  (1234),  an  imperial  city  ; 
Hanseatic  League  est. ;  Henry  Raspe 
set  up,  7811;  Wra.  Count  Holland  set 
up  ;  great  interregnum  ;  Richard  Plan- 
tagenet  set  up ;  Alphonso  X.  set  up ; 
electoral  college  est.;  Konigsberg  fnd., 
7812,  the  capital;  Dlisseldorf,  a  town, 
7813;  Adolf  defeated;  Albert  of  Aust. 
succeeds,  is  defeated  at  Lucca  ;  Branden- 
burg attacked ;  Hanseatic  League  at 
war  with  Den.,  7821 ;  knights  rule  Dan- 
zig: electors  bribed ;  Brandenburg  given 
to  Louis,  7831 ;  diet  at  Frankfort  (1344), 

7832  ;  false  Waldemar  ;  bribery;  league 
of  the  cities ;  Frankfort  capital ;  Diet 
of  Ger.  emp.  begins  ;  Charles  IV.  ^ains 
Brandenburg;   league  of  Rhine  cities, 

7833  ;  B.  of  Tannenberg ;  war  in  West- 
phalia, 7841,2;  Casimir  IV.  ally;  Soest 
besieged,  7842  ;  ch.  council  at  Treves, 
7843  ;  Frankfort  anti-emp.  league  ;  Univ. 
Cologne  est.,  7851 ;  Dlisseldorf  impor- 
tant, 7852  ;  Frederick  I.  elector ;  secret 
tribunals ;  Prussian  League  est.,  7853  ; 
Univ.  of  Treves  fnd.,  7863,  7871  •  Univ. 
of  Greifswald  fnd.,  7871;  Prus.  League 
dissolved ;  bribery ;  Danzig  ceded  to 
Pol.;  Konigsburg  important ;  W.  Prus. 
ceded  to  Pol.;  States  Union  dissolved, 
7872;  Diet  of  Worms  (1495);  Joachim 
becomes  an  elector ;  free  city ;  Diet  of 
Cologne(1512),7873  ;  War  of  the  Nobles; 
Treves  besieged;  Peasants'  war,  7881; 
Reformation  m,  789i ;  emp.  visits  ;  Sick- 
ingen's  League ;  Albert  joins  Protes- 
tants ;  freed  from  Poles,  7893  ;  Univ.  of 
Konigsberg  fnd. ;  sweating  sickness, 
791 1 ;  Maurice  defeats  Imperialists,  7921 ; 
Protestant  Union  fmd.,  7923  ;  dukedom 
annexed  to  Brandenburg ;  Prot.  Union 
meets,  7933;  war  with  Swedes,  11341; 
Straslund  besieged ;  Gustavus  takes 
Frankfort-on-Oder  and  Spandau,  7941 ; 
Wallenstein  invades  Silesia,  7942  ;  Prot- 
estants expelled  from  Cologne,  7943 ; 
duchy   united  with  Brandenburg,  7951 ; 


Geo.  William,  D. ;  Prot.  Union  ruined; 
Edict  of  Restitution,  7952 ;  Gustavus 
Adolphus  victorious,  5121;  B.  of  Witt- 
stock,  7961 ;  Swedes  defeated  at  Fehr- 
bellin,  7962 ;  Swedes  aid  Protestants, 
5121;  Protestants  appeal,  5132;  Fred. 
William  rules  Brandenburg;  rules  Prus.; 
Peace  of  Westphalia,  797  2;  alliance  with 
Hoil.  ;  neutrality  with  Fr. ;  indepen- 
dence of  Poland ;  peace  with  Fr.,  7973  ; 
Fr.  take  cities,  798i ;  serfdom  abolished, 
7991 ;  becomes  a  kingdom;  Fred.  111. 
crowned  ;  Crefeld  annexed  ;  Gelderland 
eiezed,  7992;  annexations;  Meurs  an- 
nexed; Fred.  William  I.,  king,  7993; 
Peace  of  Utrecht,  5143 ;  Gelderlaud 
ceded, 7993;  treatj^of  Baden,  5143  ;  Vom- 
pomern  and  Stettin  annexed ;  treaty  of 
Stockholm,  7993  ;  Rus.  against,  11153  ; 
Rus.  and  Saxons  take  Danzig,  8OOI ;  Sile- 
sian  wars ;  takes  Glogau ;  takes  Moll- 
witz,  5141;  takes  Breslau,  8OOI;  takes 
Chotusitz,  5142  ;  Peace  of  Breslau  and 
Berlin,  515*  ;  flying  artillery  intro. ; 
invades  Bohemia,  8OOI ;  Fred.  il.  reigns; 
takes  Breslau  ;  alliance  against  Aust., 
8012  ;  2d  Silesian  war,  5153  ;  claims  Si- 
lesia; Peace  of  Breslau;  alliance  with 
Chas.  VII.  andFr. ;  union  of  Frankfort ; 

gains  East  Friesland,  8013  ;  East  Ind. 
o.  fmd.,  10452  ;  alliance  against ;  Peace 
of  Fiissen,  5153  ;  secret  treaty  against 
Aust.,  7013;  Peace  of  Dresden;  a  lirst- 
class  power ;  envy  of  Aust.,  8013  ;  sd 
Silesian  war ;  battles  ;  Rus.  conquests  ; 
Fr.  take  Frankfort ;  Fr.  defeated  in 
Westphalia;  allies  burn  Berlin,  8021; 
treaty  for  its  partition,  5153  ;  alliance 
with  Eng. ;  Fred.  II.  charged  with  trea- 
son, 8032  ;  Eng.  subsidies  withheld ; 
Eliz.  dies,  Prussia  saved  ;  Peace  of 
St.  Petersburg,  of  Hamburg,  with  M. 
Theresa  ;  Peace  of  Hubertsburg  ;  in  par- 
tition of  Pol.,  8033,  8073;  A.  »,  1800+  ; 
war  of  Bavarian  succession,  8041;  in- 
vades Neth.,  11002;  Peace  of  Teechen, 
5173;  war,  1st  coalition;  battles;  in- 
vades Fr.,8061;  manifesto  against  Fr. ; 
with  Aust.  against  Fr.,  8072;  partition  of 
Poland  ;  Peace  of  Campo  Formio  ;  Fred. 
William  III.  reigns  ;  ally  against  Eng. ; 
seizes  Hanover,  8073  ;  withdraws  ;  cedes 
to  Fr.  left  bank  of  Rhine;  imperiled, 
8081;  war  with  Fr.,  7161;  battles;  Fr. 
in  Berlin;  truce;  universal  military 
service,  8083  ;  Tungenbund  org. ;  gains 
Erfurt;  gains  terr.  Hesse-Cassel,  an 
electorate,  Wm.  I.  elector,  8091 ;  conven. 
of  Potsdam ;  neutral  toward  Fr. ;  Diis- 
seldorf  capital  of  duchy  ;  gains  Hanover 
by  exchange ;  Confed.  of  Rhine  fmd., 
Frankfort,  capital ;  kingdom  of  West- 
phalia formed;  abolished;  with  Eng. 
against  Fr. ;  Napoleon  in  Berlin  ;  Berlin 
decree;  Saxony  withdraws;  Frankfort 
given  to  ^'on  Dalberg ;  European  com- 
pact fmd. ;  Rus.  leaves  alliance  ;  Peace 
of  Tilsit ;  Fr.  takes  vast  territory ;  West- 
phalia gains  Magdeburg,  Jerome  Bona- 
parte K.,  Hesse-Cassel  joined;  Tugend- 
bund  org.  ;  Von  Stein  ministry  ;  conven. 
of  Berlin  ;  Hanau  joins  Frankf(»rt,8093; 
interdicts  Am.  trade,  1173  ;  ally  of  Na- 
poleon; allies  against  Napoleon  ;  Order 
of  Iron  Cross  est. ;  patriotism  of  young 
men ;  landwehr  fmd.  ;  Napoleonic  bat- 
tles, 8101 ;  majority  under  arms ;  Fr. 
gains  Wesphalia ;  Frankfort  a  grand 
duchy;  uprising  against  Fr.  ;  in  alliance 
with  Rub.  ;  subsidy  treaty  with  Eng. ; 
in  Cong,  of  Prague;  in  alliance  against 
Fr. ;  kingdom  of  Westphalia;  duchies 
of  Frankfort  and  of  Berg  abolished ; 
Confed.  of  Rhine  ends,  7212;  war  of 
Liberation,  811 1;  Fr.  gain  Breslau;  in 
alliance  of  Chaumont  against  Napoleon, 
8112  ;  in  Peace  of  Paris  ;  Fr.  restore  ter- 
ritory, 7213;  Magdeburg  restored,  8112  ; 
in  new  alliance  against  Napoleon  ;  con- 
stitutional lawgiven  ;  gains partof  Sax.; 
in  Germanic  Confederation,  also  Hesse- 
Cassel,  etc. ;  in  Holy  alliance ;  Frank- 
fort, free  city  ;  gains  Westphalia  ;  300th 
anniv.  of  Reformation  ;  Evangelical  8ul>- 
stitutes  Protestant ;  Evan,  church  fmd., 
8123  ;  ministry  of  education  org.  ;  Univ. 
of  Bonn  est.,  8131 ;  a  central  power,  5232; 
in  Cong.  Aix-la-Chapelle  ;inCong.Karls- 
bad  ;  ministry  of  education  fmd. ;  Von 


Humbolt  resigns  ;  Prus.  and  Aust.  lead  ; 
in    Cong.    Troppau  ;    mail    routes  est., 
8133  ;    religious    disputes ;    Archbishop 
Cologne  imprisoned,  8151 ,3  ;  Hesse-Cas- 
sel, constitution  ;  students  rise  in  Frank- 
fort;   Ger.   Tariff  Union    fmd.;    Fred. 
William  IV.,  K. ;  clergy  disputes  ;  alli- 
ance with  Turk.,  8153  ;  Berlin,  state  of 
siege  ;   Schleswig-Holstein  war ;   troops 
sent ;  rail  way, BerlintoMagdeburg,816i ; 
king's  life  attemptetl ;  insurrection,  Ber- 
lin, 8163;  riot  in  Frankfort;  first  Gen. 
Estates  meet,  reforms  in  Hesse-Cassel ; 
United  Provincial  Diet   meets  ;    Fred. 
Wm.  elector,  Hesse-Cassel ;  representa- 
tive gov't  est. ;   Landtag  org.  ;  Federal 
Union  demanded ;    king  illiberal ;    an- 
archy in  Berlin,  8171 ;  general  amnesty ; 
revolt  in  Schleswig-Holstein  ;  king  pro- 
poses reconsolidatiou  of  Ger.  emp. ;  pre- 
liminary pari,   meet;   uprising  for  re- 
forms;   Bismarck  in  pari.;  Schleswig- 
Holstein  struggle  ;  Ger.  Nat.  Assembly 
as  pari,  at  Frankfort ;  4  parties,  8I72  ; 
reaction  toward  despotism  ;  anti-tlespo- 
tism  movement ;  Nat.  Assembly  leaves 
Frankfort;  tlissolved ;    king's  constitu- 
tion ;  communist's  manifesto,  8173  ;  2d, 
3dSchleswig-H(dstein  war,818i ;  battles, 
5401 ,  to  exclude  Aust.  ;  Aust.  opposes ; 
P.  yields,  5233  ;   invades  Baden,  8I8I ; 
Peace  with  Den.,  641 1 ;  wholearmy  out : 
Aust.  in  Holstein,  8I8I ;  Great  Ger.  and 
Small  Ger.  parties  ;  King  Wm.   Fred, 
elected  emp.,  declines  ;  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein gov't  recognized;  reaction  of  im- 
perialism ;  martial  law,  Jews  may  study 
law,  8183  ;  leaves  Nat.  Assembly ;  alli- 
ance of  three  kings  ;  Rump  Pari,  meets 
at  Stuttgart ;  Prus.  Aust.  central  power, 
5232, 8191 ;  peace  with  Den.;  seeks  leader- 
ship of  Ger. ;  alliance  with  Sax.   Han- 
over;   Aust.  protests;    Chas.  Anthony 
resigns  ;  new  constitution  ;  Diet  of  Con- 
federation meets;  excludes  Aust. ;  con- 
vokes Union  Pari.  ;  Confed.  Cong,  meets, 
819 1 ;    peace   with    Den.;    Hesse-Cassel 
Cong. ;    Ger.  sovereigns  meet ;    out  of 
Pari.;  rupture  with  Aust. ;  league  against 
Prus. ;    abandons    ellorts    for    Union ; 
Aust.  sends  ultimatum;  ctmven.  at  Ol- 
mtitz  ;  compromise  ;  Hesse-Cassel,  new 
constitution,  8192  ;    constitution  modi- 
fied ;  old  Confed.  Diet  reest. ;  reaction 
of  princes  ;  postal  and  teleg.  union.  Ger. 
states ;    old  council  of    state  revived ; 
constitution  modified  :  Bismarck  envoy  ; 
treaty   with  Aust.;    Deni.  conspiracy; 
favors  Rus.,  8193  ;  vacillates  on  Eastern 
Ques.;  agrees  to  integrity  of  Turk.,  8203, 
8211;    excludeti    from    Vienna   Confs. ; 
accepts  treaty  of  Paris  ;  renounces  Neu- 
chAtel ,  prince  is  regent ;  currency  con- 
ven.; Federal  party  defeated  ;  Bisinarck 
in  St.  Peterburg,'821i ;    impedes    Ger. 
unity;  military  bills  ;  William  I.,  king  ; 
VonderHeydt  ministry,  8212;  Wm.  I. 
crowned;  responsible  ministry  ;  Schwe- 
rin  ministry;  Bismarck  in  Paris,  minis- 
ter ;    budget,   unconstitutional ;  liberal 
papers  suppressed,  8213;   secedes  from 
London  Protocol,  5263  ;  war  with  Den., 
battles:  invades  Holstein  ;  invades  Han- 
over ;  Austro-Prussian  war,  5261,  5271, 
8221 ;  enters  Saxony  ;  alliesagaliistAust., 
Hesse-Cassel,    Hanover,  Nassau,  8221  ; 
Bismarck  ott'ends  deputies ;  anti-Dem. 
protest ;  controversy,  ministers  vs.  dep- 
uties ;  king  rules  without  pari. ;   press 
restricted,  8222 ;  Frankfort  Cong,  unat- 
tended, disapproved  ;  Liberal  majority  ; 
Socialistic   Party  org.  ;   Schleswig-Hol- 
stein demands  ;  enters  Altona  ,  London, 
Conf.,  8223  ;  governs  Jutland  ;  Peace  of 
Vienna ;    demands    on    Aust. ;    retains 
Schleswig-Holstein ;     chamber     proro- 
gued;  despotic  revenue  decree;  Schles- 
wig  in  Confederation  jtreaty  of  Gastein; 
naval  treaty  with  G.  B.  ;  Bisniarck  pre- 
mier ;  demands  on  Aust,  ;  ecclesiastical 
dispute   settled  ;  claims   Holstein  ;    de- 
mands  decision  of  Ger,  states ;  agrees 
to  common  disarmament  ;   treaty  with 
It,;  Prus.  Diet   dissolved,   8232;  It.  an 
ally  ;  called  to  disarm  ;  mediation  with 
Aust.    declined ;    rupture   with    Aust. ; 
enters  Holstein ;   invades  Hanover  and 
Hesse ;    Germanic    Confederation    dis- 
solved ;    Austro-Prus.    war ;    allies    in 


1382 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INL/JiX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column, 


Pms-Pyrr. 


north,  8233  ;  military  movements,  bat- 
tles, 8241 ;  Yon  Moltke  on  field  ;  rejects 
truce,  8242  ;  Peace  of  Prague ;  evacuate 
Luxemburg,  8243  ;  supreme  in  Ger.  ; 
North  Ger.  Con  federation  est. ;  demands 
Hanover,  Hesse,  Nassau,  and  Frankfort. 
Ger.  Confederation  dissolved :  peace 
with  states,  825^,2;  Peace  of  Prague; 

fains  Hanover,  Hesse-Cassel.  Nassau, 
'rankfort ;  cost  of  war ;  gams  Hesse 
Homburg ;  alliance  with  N.  Ger.  states  ; 
Annexation  Bill  passed ;  treaty  with 
Sax.,  with  Oldenbui-g ;  Schleswig-Hol- 
Btein  incorp.,  8252  ;  monarchy  hereditary 
over  N.  Ger.  States ;  accepts  N.  Ger. 
constitution  ;  Catholics  oppose  unity  ; 
new  Landtag  opd. ;  treason  in  Hanover ; 
Bismarck  chancellor ,8253 ;  Franco-Prus, 
war,  battles,  738^  -»-,  826* ;  victorious  ar- 
mies in  Berlin,  8261 ;  old  Catholics  ac- 
tive, 82624-;  upheld  in  war  against  Fr., 
8271 ;  imperial  crown  otfered  king ;  Ger. 
empire  est.;  papal  infallibility  disputes; 
Catholics  oppose  supremacy,  8272+ ; 
quarrel  with  papacy,  8273 ;  riots  in 
Frankfort,  8291 ;  Mennonites  emigrate; 
clergy  subordinated  to  State  ;  anti-rJews 
movement  condemned,  8302;  Anti-Sem- 
itic League  fmd.,  8303;  Cong,  of  Berlin, 
8311;  Berlin  Conf.,  8312  ;  conven.  with 
Vatican,  833' ;  Pr.  William  regent ; 
Frederick  HI.,  king ;  William  II.,  king, 
8332  J  church  denounces  Socialism,  8341 ; 
Conf .  of  Ger.  Cath.  Soc. ;  excluding  Jews 
from  public  schools,  8342. 

Prussic  acid  discovered,  7982,  11343. 

Pruth,  Peace  of,  11572. 

Prutz,  Robert  Ernst,  b.  (1816);  works,  8162; 
d.  (1872). 

PrymnOy  asteroid,  discovered,  3241 , 

Prynne,  William,  b..  8762  ;  Histriomastix  ; 
fined,  8831  ;  d.,  8922. 

Pryor,  Gen.  Roger  Atkinson,  b.  (1828)  ;  at 
Suffolk  ;  at  Deserted  House,  2181 ,  2. 

Creek,  I.  T.,  train  robbery,  4291 . 

Prytanis  reigns  Bosporus,  11491 . 

Psalmanazer,  George,  b.,  6923. 

Psalms  written,  11423. 

,  Book  nf,  printed,  7862. 

Psalter^  first  authorized  copy,  6371 , 

Psammetichus  I.,  invades  Palestine ;  mu- 
tiny in  army,  GoOi ;  erects  palace  at  Sals, 
6502  ;  conquests  ;  reigns  in  Egypt,  6512  ; 
revolts,  11442  ;  dethroned,  10172. 

IT.,  against  Ethiopia,  6501 ;  reigns  in 

Egypt,  6512. 

III., defeated  by  Persians, 6502;  j-eigns 

in  Egypt,  6512. 

Psammuthis  reigns  in  Egypt,  6513. 

Psyche,  asteroitl,  discovered,  IO862. 

Psychical  Research,  Soc.  of,  org.,  9881 . 

Psychological Asso.,  Am. ,meet8,478i  ,4792. 

Society,  London,  org.,  9801 . 

Psychrometer  invented,  72Gi. 

Ptah-hotep,  manuscript  writer,  6463. 

Ptolemaic  system  of  astronomy  intro- 
duced, 10642. 

Ptolemy  I.,  Soter,  b.,  6503  ;  takes  Jews  to 
Egypt,  11471 , 3;  takes  Jerusalem,  11481 , 
11491 ;  subdues  Palestine;  assassinates 
Simon  III.,  11493  ;  founds  museum  and 
library,  6503  ;  rules  Egypt,  6513  ;  invades 
Gr.,  10261;  adorns  Alexandria,  6522  ;  ab- 
dicates, 6531  ;  d.,  6522. 

II.,  Philadelphus,  b.,  6503  ;  in  Afr.; 

defeated  at  Salamis ;  aids  Khodians, 
6502  ;  marries,  6523  ;  reigns  in  Egypt, 
6531 ;  d.,  6522. 

III.,  war  in  Syria,  6521 ;  rebuilds  tem- 
ples, (»22 ;  art  patron,  6523  ;  conquests 
of,  11481 :  hires  Athenian  manuscripts, 
10271 ;  reigns  in  Egypt,  6531 . 

IV. , defeats  Antiochuslll., 6521 ;  mur- 
ders relatives, 6523;  reigns  inEgy.,6531 ; 
at  Ilaphia,  11481;  against  Jews,  11482; 
d.,  6522, 

v.,  rules  Palestine,  11492  ;  Epiphanes 

enthroned,  6531 ;  d.,  6522. 

VI.,  Philometor  defeats  Euergetes  ; 

captured,  6521,  6532;  reigns  in  Egypt, 
6531. 

VII.,    Euergetes,    aid    from    Borne; 

reigns  in  Egypt,  6531;  married,  6523, 
6531 ;  reinstated,  6521  6532  •  expelled, 
6531. 

VIII.,  reigns  in  Egy.;  expelled,  6532  ; 

d.,  6522. 

IX.,  causes  Cleopatra's  death ;  en- 
throned ;  mother  avenged,  6532. 


Ptolemy  Auletes,  divides  kingdom,  6523, 
6532  ;  reigns  in  Egypt,  expelled,  regains 
throne,  6532, 

XII.,  war  with  Cleopatra,  6521 ;  reigns 

in  Egypt ;  expels  Cleopatra ;  drowned, 
6532  ;  Caesar  decides  claims,  1061 1 . 

,  Ciesar's  son,  6532. 

Ceraunus,  king  of  Macedon ;    gains 

Thrace  and  Macedonia ;  killed,  10272. 

,  Claudius,  b. ;    on  astronomy,  6522  ; 

system  devised,  10643. 

Publications  for  the  year,  Fr.,  7641 ;  li- 
censed,  Eng.,  8751 , 

Public  Analysts  org.,  London,  9781 . 

Debt,  Natlonal,U.S.A.,  1032;  rapid  re- 
duction, 3152,3252;  Debt  Bill  for  pay- 
ment, 2633.    (See  Debt.) 

Document  Bill ;  killed,  3993. 

Health  Asso.,  Am.,  fmd.,  2811 . 

Act  passes,  9772,  9793,  10073. 

Instruction   Law  sanctioned,   Belg., 

5453. 

lands,  sales  encouraged,  2851 . 

Powers  Bill  reintroduced,  Fr.,  7493. 

Printing  Bill,  4012,  3. 

Safety  Bill  passed,  Fr.,  7351 . 

School  Protection  League  fmd.,  4182. 

Act  passed,  4981 ;  Australia;  Eng., 

9723. 

system  extended,  Eng.,  9743. 

Weal,  League  of,  6791 . 

Works  Act,  G.  B.,  9672. 

Worship  Regulation  Act,  9782,  9802. 

Publilius,  Volero,  law  of,  10512. 

Pucara,  battle  at,  22 1 . 

Puckering,  Sir  John,  keeper  of  seal,  8773. 

Piickler-Muskau,  Pr.  of,  Hermann  Lud- 
wig  Heinrich  von,  b.,  8042  ;  d.,  2862. 

Pudukattai  mission,  10471. 

Puebla,  Mex.,  Ams.  enter,  1621 ;  Am.  be- 
sieged, 1622  ;  action  near ;  taken,  10961 . 

Pueblo,  Colo.,  cloud-burst,  460i ;  Indians 
known,  202  ;  R.  R.  to  Denver,  2793. 

Puendo,  Padre,  d.  443. 

Puenta  de  la  Reyna,  battle,  11321 . 

Puerto  Corti^,  Venez.,  rebel  troops,  10411 . 

Puespolk  Hatval,  fire  at,  5353. 

Pueto,  Gen.,  pres.  Chile,  6072. 

Puf  fendorf  (or  Pufendorf),  Baron  Samuel, 
b.,7943;  d.,  7982. 

Pugatchetf,  Yemelian,  b.  (1726);  rebellion 
suppressed,  III61 ;  executed  (1775). 

Puget  Sound,  Wash. ;  anniversary  of  dis., 
4073;  naval  dry  docks,  4181 . 

Univ.,  org.  (1889);  [merged  into 

Consolidated  Univ.]. 

,  Pierre,  b.,  6863  ;  d.,  6943. 

Pugh,  Eliza  Loftus  Phillips,  d.,  3122. 

,  George  Ellis,  b.,  1302;  d.  (187G). 

,  James  L.,  b.,  1381 ;  speech,  4383. 

Pughe,  William  Owen,  b.,  9143  :  d.,  9462. 

Pugin,  Augustin  Welby  Northmore,  b., 
9363  ;  d.  (1852) 

Puisaye  Count  de,  Joseph  Genevifeve,  b. 
(1820);  at  Quiberon,  7102  •  d.  (1827). 

Pujol,  Alexandre  Denis  Abel  de,  b.,  7061 ; 
d.,  7342. 

Pulaski,  Tenn.,  Federals  captured,  2063  ; 
Confederates  captured,  2283. 

,  Count,  Casimir,   b.-d.,  11143  ;   joins 

Washington,  863;   in  Am.  array,  87 1; 
wounded,  91' ;  d.  (1779). 

Pulcheria,  b.  (399) ;  regent,  10711 ;  d.,  1031*. 

Pulchner,  Gen.,  at  Hermannstadt,  5221 .. 

Pulci,  Luigi,  b.-d. ,10783;  £1  Morgande  Alag- 
giore,  10792. 

Piilgar,  Fernando  del,  b.  (1436+) ;  work, 
II291;  d.  (1490+). 

Pulger,  Gen.,  pres.  Venezuela,  11603. 

Pulitzer,  Albert,  Das  Alorgen  Joiintal  is- 
sued, 3742. 

,  Joseph,   educates    poor   boys,  3411; 

fnds.  Evening  World,  3283  ;  buys  World, 
3143. 

PuUen,  Com.,  at  Jiddah,  4881. 

Pullman,  Sergt.,  wins  rifle  prize,  9741. 

,  George  M.,  Car  Co.  org.,  2613  ;  pur- 
chases Union  Car  Co.,  3353  ;  statement, 
4591 ;  strike;  arbitration,  4643  ;  destitu- 
tion, 4683  ;  testimony,  4702  ;  taxation, 
4733  ;  strike  ;  investigation,  4752. 

palace  cars  intro.  MidlandR.  R.,  9793, 

Pulo-Condore,  Fr.  occupy,  4811 , 

Pulszky,  Francis  Aurellus,  b.,  5202. 

Pulteney  Wra.,  Earl  of  Bath,  b.  (1684);  min- 
ister, 9113  ;  d.,  9162. 

Pultock,  Robert,  Peter  Wilkins,  9131 . 

Pultowa  (or  Pultava),  action  at,  11141 ; 
princes  duel,  11223. 


Pultusk,  Poland,  battle  of,  716T,  11341 . 
Punapkin-Vine  Creek,  Ga.,  action,  2341. 
Pumps  used,  862». 

Punchard,  George,  b.  (1806);  d.,  3022. 
Pungwe   River,  S.  E.  Afr.,  conflict    on, 

10061 ;  free  passage,  11113. 
Punic  War  (first),  10523,  10531;  (second), 

10531;  (third),  10551. 
Punjab,  overrun  by  Ahmed,  51 ;  annexed,. 
10473  ;  conquered,  10441 ;  uprising,  10462; 
presidency,  10491. 
Punta  Arenas,  Nic,  Walker  lands  at,  1803. 

de   Obligata,   Gen.    Rosas    attacked, 

4901. 
Pupienus    Maximus,   elected    augustus, 

10671 ;  reigns,  10293  ;  d.  (238). 
Purandokt  reigns,  IIO72. 
Purbach,  Georg,  b.-d.,  7842. 
Purcell,  Henry,  b.,  8882 ;  works,  8941 ,  gooi ; 
d.,9002. 

,  John    Baptist,    b.    (1800) ;    archbp.;, 

creditors,  4202  ;  d.,  3141 . 

,  Thomas,  b.,  8962;  d.  (1682). 

,  Col.,  at  Corinth,  2082. 

Society  fnd.,  9811. 

Purchas,  Samuel,  b.,  8742 ;  Purcka;  880»; 
d.,  8821. 

,  Mr.,  heresy  of,  9743. 

Purdue  University,  Lafayette,  org.,  286»^ 
Purefoy,  Mr.,  kills  duelist,  9251 . 
Purgatory,  doctrine  of,  IO662. 
Purification,  Feast  of ,  instituted,  1071'. 
Purinton,  C.  S.,  defaulter,  4791 . 
Puritan  wins  yacht  race,  3213,  9953. 
Puritans,  rise    in  Eng  ,  8722  ;    common, 
222,  8723  ;  so-called,  8733  ;  clergymen's 
meetings,  8742  ;  opposed  by  Elizabeth, 
8743;  sign  petition,  8791 ;  fnd.  New  Eng., 
8802  ;  in  Hoi.,  263  ;  emigration  of,  282, 
323,  8832  ;  aided;  request  of,  282  ;  edu- 
cated, 322  ;  perish,  331 ;  limit  sulfrage, 
332;  in  contempt,  371;  turbulent,  372; 
inN.C.,413;  religious  observances,  422  ; 
annoyed,    432 ;    forbidden    emigration, 
8823;  divided,  8843 ;  oppose  theater,  8871 . 
Purkes,  B.  A.,  patents  steam  plow,  9542. 
Purna-puriyas  reigns,  11413. 
Pursh,  Frederick,  b.  (1774);  d.,  1282. 
Pushl^in,  Alexander  Sergeievitch,b., 11162; 

works,  11171 ;  d.,  11163. 
Pusey,  Edward  Bouverie.b.,  9302;  d.,990i. 
Put-m-Bay,  naval  battle  at,  1203. 
Putlitz,GustavII.Gans.,b.,8112;  d.(1890). 
Putnam  Co.,  O.,  funds  embezzled,  4443. 

,  Avery  D.,  murder  of,  281 1 . 

,  George  J.,  On  the  Offensive,  4783. 

, Palmer,  b.  (1814) ;  d.,  2782. 

Israel,  b.,  582  ;  at  Concord,  8O1 ;  on 

Hog  Island,  8O2  ;  on  Long  Island,  84 1; 
famous  ride,  902  ;  d.,  1022. 

,  Mrs.  (Mary  Lowell),  b.,  1162. 

,  Bufua,  b.  (1738) ;  d.,  1321 . 

Putnam's  Ferry,  Federals  take,  205*. 

. Magazine,  1731 . 

Puttenham,  George,  b.,  8762  ;  Art  of  Eng. 

Poesie,  8752  ;  d.  (1600+). 
Putter,  Johann  Stephan,  b.,8002;  d.,  8083. 
Puttkamer,  Johanna  von,   marries    Bis- 
marck, 8163. 
,  Robert  Victor  von,  b.  (1828) ;  minis- 
ter, 8302. 
Puycerda,  besieged,  11322. 
Puy  de  Dome,  Fr.,  observatory  at,  750i . 
Pwo  mission,  1(^472. 

Pyat,  F<51ix,  b.  (1810) ;  leader,  7432  ;  im- 
prisoned 7523;  d.,  7582. 
Pydna,  battle  of,  10281. 
Pye,  Henry  James,  b.,  9103  ;  poet  laure- 
ate, 9251;  d.  (1813). 
Pygmalion  reigns,  11451 . 
Pylades,  introduces  pantomime,  10282. 
Pylus  fortified,  10202. 
Pym,  John,  b.,  8742 ;  impeached,  8862  ; 

d.,  8843  (1643). 
Pynchon,  John,  b.  (1621) ;  d.,  541 . 

,  William,  b.  (1590);  at  Springfield,  362; 

d.  (1662). 
Pyne  (Nationalist),  arrested,  9983. 
Pyramid,  Great,  built,  ©451,  6461;  opd., 

6542. 
Pyramids,  battle  of,  6561 . 
Pyrenees,  battles  of,  9361 ;  peace  of,  signed, 

6913. 
Pyrometer  invented,  9401 ,  11003. 
Pyrrho,  b.-d.,  10231 . 

Pyrrhus, king, b.-d., 10251  ;inEpirus,1015i  j 
invades  Italy;  atBoneventum  ;  warwita 
Demetrius  ;  assists  Syraousans ;  invade* 
JLicedonia;  ravagesPelopoiinesus,1026' . 


Pyth-Rade. 


Text  figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Coiumn. 


1383 


rules  Epirus,  10271;  king  of  Macedon  ; 

expelled,  10272  ;  in  Gr.;  war  in  S.  Italy  ; 

at  A»culun) ;  ally  of  Tareutines,  10522 ; 

peace  rejected,  10r>33. 
Pythagoras,  li.-d.,  101G2;  Gr.  philos.,6503; 

music   of   spheres,   101G2 ;    doctrine  of 

metempsychosiB ;  teachings  of,  10163, 
Pytheas,  Gr.,  account  of  Germans,  7683. 
Pythian  games  instituted,  10132  ;  enlarged, 

1017'. 
Pyx,  trial  of,  9753. 


Quadra,  Vicente,  pres.  Costa  Rica,  631  < . 

Quadratus  deposes  Cumanus,  11533, 

Quadruple  Alliance  fmd.,  9072;  against 
Fr.,  6933;  Sp.  accepts  terms,  6993;  Eng., 
Aust.,  Prus.,  Bus.  allied  with  Turk., 
7293. 

Qu.aello,  Dominico,  b.,  8013;  d.,  8143. 

Quain,  .Jones,  d.,  968'. 

,  Ricliard,  b.,9382;  d.  (1887). 

Qualcenbos,  George  Payu,  b.,  1342;  d., 
308'. 

Quaker  Koad,  Va.,  Confederates  driven 
from,  2442. 

Quakers.    (See  Friends.) 

Qualification  Act  passed,  Eng.,  9052. 

lor  Office,  Abolition  Act,  9692. 

Quallo  Batto,  Sumatra,  attacked,  140'. 

Quanah,  Tex.,  Brice's  embezzlement,  4763. 

Quantico,  Va.,  train  robbery,  473' . 

Quantrell,  W.  C,  guerilla,  at  Indepen- 
dence, 2042;  defeated  in  Mo.,  205' ;  raids 
Kan.,  2143;  near  Blue  Springs,  220'; 
raids  Lawrence,  226' ;  at  Baxter's 
Springs,  2263. 

Qu'Appelle,  Uishop  Anson,  cons.,  9922. 

Quarantine  Hill,  4213,  423'  ,2. 

Quarlos,  Francis,  b.,  87G2;  works,  8823; 
d.,  8843. 

(Juarry,  Robert,  gov.  S.  C,  493. 

Quarterly  lieritw  appears,  137' ,  935' . 

Quartley, -^rtluir,  b.  (1839) ;  paints  Stormy 
D(iy,298';  d.  (1886). 

Quatre-Bras,  Belg.,  Fr.  repulsed,  5422. 

Quatrefages  de  Br6iu,  Jean  Louis  Ar- 
mand,  b.,  719' ;  pres.  Congress  of  Amer- 
icanists, 371' ;  d.,  762'. 

Quatremftre,  Etieune  Marc,  b.,  705' ;  d., 
7323. 

de  Quincy,  Antoine  Chrysostome,  b, 

(1775) ;  d.,  7302. 

Quay,  Matthew  Stanley,  b.,  142' ;  charges 
against,  3563;  charges  denied,  3782;  re- 
signs, 3892;  vs.  Pittsburgh  Post,  3942; 
wins  libel  suit,  4002. 

Quebec,  Can.,  fnd.,  5713;  colony  trans- 
ferred, 5732;  conquest  of,  32' ;  Eng.  pos- 
sess, 5732;  seminary  fnd.,  343;  popula- 
tion, 352,  633,  813;  Ursuline  Convent; 
vicar  apostolic  est.,  5723;  seminary  for 
priests  ;  diocese  fnd.,  573' ;  It.  C.  bishop- 
ric,443;  Laval-Montmorency  cons., 573'  ; 
invasion  of,  5722;  Gen.  Hospital  est., 
5752;  theatrical  performance,  522;  fleet 
arrives,  50';  attacked,  56',  72';  gov't 
for,  653;  Eng.  approach  ;  Wolfe  checked, 
703  ±,5743;  assaulteil ;  capitulates,  72' ; 
Rainezay,  gov.,  73';  Fr.  retire,  72' ;  Oa- 
2c//e  Issued,  5752;  Q.  Act,  governs  Can., 
677';  colonial  address  to,  792;  Q.  Bill 
passes  Pari.,  79' ;  legislative  council 
est.,  793;  Arnold  at,  803;  siet^e  begins, 
576';  Presbyterian  congregation,  5763; 
Pari.,  first  meeting,  5772;  see  of,  erected, 
9263;  cathedral  erected;  Mercurq  is- 
sued,'577';  tire,  5773,  5793,  5813,  .5833, 
6853,  687', 3,  5913;  Bank  of,  est.,  5773; 
cholera,  5793 ;  Gazelle  and  East  Town- 
ships Adv.,  579' ;  K.  C.  archdiocese  est., 
6783;  Chronicle;  Laval  University,  5803; 
riots,  581';  gov't  seat,  5812;  Courier  du 
Canada.  581 ' ;  Canadian  Confederation 
Conf .,  582' ;  scheme  of  confederation, 
5813;  union  scheme  adopted,. 583' :  L'Ev^- 
««nere<,5823;  earthciiiake,5S2'  ,590' ;  pari, 
bouses  burned;  Queen's  congratulation, 
6853;  storms. 586', 594' ;  rock  slide,  588' ; 
relief  for  sufferers,  .5883;  artillery  com- 
petition, 588' ;  Ostensory  in, 586' ;  explo- 
sion, 5932;  ministry  resigns,  5952;  Bp. 
Dunn  cons.,  10082;  trials  of  Mercier  and 
Paraud,  5943;  immigration  prohibited; 
debt,  595' ;  floods,  594' ;  landslide  ;  mob, 
596' ;  Am.  Forestry  Asso.  Conven,,5903; 
Quebec  Bill  passes,  577' . 


Quebli  reigns  in  Egypt,  6453. 
Queen  wrecked,  9293. 
Queen,  power  of,  Eng.,  8773. 

Aime  touches  to  heal,  903' . 

Anne's  War,  54' ,  574' . 

Bounty  est.,  Eng.,  9032. 

Charlotte  burned,  930' . 

Elizabeth  founders,  9793. 

Euphemia^s  .Sontf.-i  written,  11343. 

0/  the  }Vesf.  captured ;  runs  block- 
ade ;  destroyed,  2183. 

yictorUi  wrecked,  9593. 

,  Walter  W.,  d.,  440' . 

Queen's  Bench  Prison,  Act  for  abolishing, 
9672. 

College,  Birmingham,  est.,  9523,9583. 

,  Can.,  founded,  8623. 

Colleges  Act,  953' . 

County,  Ire.,  founded,  8732. 

Rangers  recruited,  85' . 

lto;fal  Reg't,  2d,  organized,  890' . 

University  in  Ireland,  est.  in  Dublin, 

9563,  %82;  abolished,  9842;  becomes 
Royal  University  of  Ireland,  9862. 

University,  Kingston,  est,  579'. 

ware  introduced,  132' . 

Queensbury,  D.  of,  title  created ;  Marquis 
of,  title  created,  8932. 

Queensland,  Australia,  becomes  province, 
4972. 

Queenetown,  Ire.,  named,  9553. 

,  Can.,  Americans  capture,  1182. 

Queiros,  Pedro  Fernandez  de,  b.-d.,  11092. 

Quekett,  John  Thomas,  b.,  9363;  d.  (1861). 

Quellyn,  Erasmus,  b.,  5403 ;  d.,  541 ' . 

,  ,Jan  Erasmus,  b.,  5403;  d.,  5422. 

Quelma,  Arabs  pillage,  102. 

Quentin,  Col.,  in  duel,  9372. 

Qu^rard,  Joseph  Marie,  b.,  7123;  d.,  7362. 

Queretaro,  Mex.,  peace  signed,  165' ;  Max- 
imilian arrives,  1096' ;  battle,  1095' . 

Querouaille,  Louise  Uen^e  de,  b.  (1649) ; 
created  duchess,  893' ;  d.  (1734). 

Quesada,  Manuel,  b.,  6322;  commander, 
632';  d.,  634'. 

,  Ximines.    (See  Ximinez,  Quesada.) 

Quesnay,  Fran90i8,  b.  7043 ;  Economic 
Picture.  7032;  d.,  6943. 

Quesne,  Marquis  du,  governor,  5753 . 

Quesnoy,  Fr.,  Austrians  take,  618'. 

Que8tio7i  d^ Alsace  appears,  7602. 

Questor,  Plebeian,  first  elected,  10513. 

Questors,  additional  number  appointed, 

10512,3. 

Quet^let,   Lambert  Adolph  Jacques,  b., 

5422;  d.,5442. 

Quetta,  Afgh.,  Brit,  occupy  ;  mission  ;  R. 
R.  to  Punjab,  72,3,  5393;  fortress  com- 
pleted, 10182. 

Quevedo  y  Villegas,  Francisco  de,  b.-d., 
11282. 

Quiberon,  Fr.,  aid  for  Royalists ;  taken, 
7102. 

Quicherat,  Louis,  b.,  7142;  d.,  754' . 

Quick,  Robert  Herbert,  d.,  10(M2. 

Quicksilver  mine  dis.,  Aust.-Hung.,  5082; 
frozen,  924'. 

Quietists,  org.,  697' ;  condemned,  10832. 

Quievrain,  French  repulsed,  708' . 

Quigley,  Dr.,  suspension,  3423;  indicted, 
3602. 

Quilimane,  Livingstone  arrives,  5602;  be- 
sieged, 11123. 

Qiiillota,  Chile,  troops  defeated,  608' . 

Quilon,  India,  Bp.  Ossi  cons. ,9962;  mission, 
10462. 

Quiltings  and  velvets  flrst  made,  9142. 

Quimby,  Isaac  Ferdinand,  b.  (1843+) ;  d., 
3902. 

Quin,  James,  b.  (1633) ;  flrst  appearance, 
906' ;  d.  (1766). 

Quinault,  Philip,  b.,  6882;  works,  691' ,3, 
6932;  librettos,  693' ;  d.,  6942. 

Quinby,  W.  E.,  minister,  4473. 

Quincy,  111.,  R.  C.  diocese  transferred, 
1802;  bridge  opd.,  2653;  St.  Francis  Sol- 
anus  Coll.  est.,  2822  ;  Chaddock  Coll. 
fnd.,  2883;  Prot.  Epis.  diocese  fmd., 
2983;  Soldiers  and  Sailors  Home  dedi- 
cated, 3243;  White  Caps  indicted,  4382. 

,  Mass.,  horse-power    railroad,    1.353; 

R.R.  wreck,  2993;  derailed  train,  3673; 
centennial  eel. ,4113, 4213 ;Mas8ey  shoots 
Marv  Lafane,  4262. 

,  fidmund,  b.,  642;  d.  (1738). 

,  Josiah,  orator,  b.,662;  Boston  Port 

Bill.iax;  d.,823. 

, ,  statesman,  b.,  762;  d.,  2352. 

,  Louise  Imogen,  works,  329' . 


Quinet,  Edgar,  b.,  715' ;  works,  725'  ,7263, 
729'  7303,  7343,  735' ,  7363,  7483,  760' ;  a 
radical,  7452;  d.  (1875). 

Quinine  discovered,  7222. 

Qulnn,  Henry,  charity  gift,  10023. 

,  J.  P.,  Irish  agitator,  9883;  seditious 

speeches,  991' . 

,  Wm.  Paul,  bp.  Africa  M.  E.,  1582. 

Quifiones,  Francisco,  governor,  6062. 

Quinretaro,  action  at,  1096'. 

Quinsan,  taken,  6202. 

Quinsigamond  Lake,  Ma8s.,boat-race,3273. 

Quintana,  battle  at,  600' . 

,  Manuel    Jos4,    b.-d.,  11302;   works, 

1131'. 

Quintard,  Charles  Todd,  b.,  132';  conse- 
crated P.  E.  bishop,  2482. 

Quinte  burned,  5893. 

Quintero  Bay,  ships  in,  605' . 

Quintilius  V  arius,  Roman  gov. ;  revolt, 
769'. 

Quintillian,  Marcus  Fabius,  b.-d.,  10622; 
emperor,  10672. 

Quintinie,  Jean  de  la,  b.,  6863;  d.,  6942. 

Quintin's  Bridge,  N.  J.,  action  at,  882. 

Quintuple  treaty  signed,  G.  B.,  9512. 

Quirke,  Patrick,  murderer  executed,  999'  . 

Quiroga,  Jos^,  b.-d.,  11283. 

,  Rodrigo  de,  governor,  233,  6052. 

Quitman,  John  Anthony,  b.,  1082;  at  Cha- 
pultepec,  1622;  gov.  Miss.,  1692;  d.,1842. 

Quito,  annexed  to  Ecua.,592;  destroyed, 
683,  6432;  conquest  of,  643' ,  644' ;  siege, 
G432;  annexed  to  N.  Granada;  foreign 
kingdom  ;  Protestant  burials,  644' ;  flrst 
carriage,  &143. 

Quoits,  game  of,  10132. 

Quotidienne,  La,  issued,  7083. 

Quo  warranto  passed,  Eng.,  8553;  for 
Mass.,  492;  for  Coim.  and  S.  C,  503;  for 
Maryland,  51 ' . 

Qval,  Segwald  A.,  est.  hospital,  3602. 


B. 

Kaab,  Hung.,  battle  of ,  5183 ;  taken,  6222; 

floods,  530' . 
Rabanus,  Maurus,  d.,  7722. 
Rabbinical  Hebrew  Bible  printed,  IO8I2. 
Rabbitpest,  N.  S.  W.,  500' ;  reward,  5013. 
Rabelais,  Francois,  b.,  6783;  works,  681'; 

d.,6822. 

Club,  meets,  9842. 

Raboda,  usurps  throne,  1095' . 

Rab  Rabina,  completes  Talmud,  1071' . 
Rabusson,  Henri,  Hallali,  7602. 
Rabutin,  Roger  de,  Comte  de  Bussy,  b. 

(1618);  work,  6912;  d.  (1693). 
Racan,   Honorat,  Marquis  de,  b.  (1589); 

paraphrases  on  Psalms.  6903;  d.  (1670). 
Race  conflicts  in  Am.,  2923,  3643,  3971, 

4022,  4092,  4162,  4342,  457',  4703,  4751, 

479'. 
Racedo,  SeBor,  resigns,  4922. 
Jtacehorse  lost.  966' . 
Race  tracks  under  gov't.,  Fr.,  7612. 
Rachel,  Eliza  or  Elizabeth  F^lix,b.,  722»; 

appears  inK.  Y.,  176' ;  d.,  7342. 
,  Joachim, b., 7943;  Sa<iri»cAe  Gedichte, 

797' ;  d.  (1669). 
Rachis,  king  of  Lombardy,  10732. 
Racine,  Wis.,  cyclone  at.  312'. 

,  Antoine,  cons,  bp.,  5822. 

,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  6883;  in  college, 

689';    pensioned,   691';    works,    6912, 

693', 2,  695',  7012;  d.,  6943. 
,  Louis,  b..  6942;  d.,  703'. 

College,  Wis.,  org.,  173'. 

Rack  abolished  in  Eng.,'883' . 
Kadagaisus,  commands  Ger.  troops  in  It., 

1070'  ;  d.  (406). 
Radclitf,  Jacob,  mayor  N.  Y.,  1173, 1252. 
Radcllfle,  Ann,  gift,  4442. 
.  Mrs.  (Ann  Ward),  9162  (or  1764);  d., 

9403. 

,  James,  b..  8982;  beheaded  (1710). 

,  Thomas,  b.  (1526+) ;  1.  lieut.,  8713; 

8732;  1.  deputy,  8732;  d.(1583). 

College,    annex    to   Harvard,    fnd., 

3023;  est.,  444', 2;    Agnes  Irwin,  dean, 
4602. 

Bademacher,  .loseph,  b.  (1840);  cons.  R.  C. 
bp.,  Nashville,  3123. 

Radetzky  blown  up,  528' . 

RadetzWy,  Joseph  Wenzel.  b.,  5163  ;  at 
Goito,  522';  at  Shipka  Pass,  5652;  at 
Senova,  566';  d.,5243;  statue,  6342. 

^—,  Countess  Josephine,  suicide,  6323. 


1384 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       lNL)xl.A..        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.         xE<&di-B.a.l6. 


Badicals,  Belg.,  reports  refused,  547^ ;  en- 
raged, Fr.,  746S;  active  in  G.  B.,  9393. 

Radma  becomes  king,  10951 . 

Radnor,  E.  of,  title  created,  9162. 

,  E.  of,  minister,  8972. 

,  W.,  ta!ten,800i. 

Badoslavolf  ministry,  5673, 

Radoteur,  Le,  issued.  7052. 

Radowitz,  Joseph  Maria,  von,  b.,  8063; 
dismissed,  8192;  d.,  8201. 

Radstadt,  Aust.,  peace  of,  6973;  Austrians 
defeated,  712' ;  besieged,  788' . 

Radstock,  Baron,  title  created,  931'. 

Radul  recognized  as  prince,  1112' . 

Bae,  John,  b.  (1813);  explorer,  580';  at 
St.  Paul,  170' ;  searchmg  expedition, 
9582;  d.,  10102. 

Raeburn,  Sir  Henry,  b.,  9143;  d.,9403. 

Riedwald,  religion  of,  8422. 

Rietia,  conquered,  10603;  Roman  province, 
10632.    (See  Rh.-Btia.) 

Raffaello  or  Ratfaelle.    (See  Raphael.) 

Baffles,  Sir  Thomas  Stamford,  b.,  9222; 
Singapore  factory,  10472;  d.,  9422. 

Ratinesque,  Constantino,  b.,  962;  Smaltz, 
d.,  1542. 

Rafn,  Karl  Christian,  b.,  6382;  d.,  6403. 

Rag:az,  Switz.,  German  defeat,  7842. 

Ragged  Schools  est.,  Eng.,  9+43. 

School  Union  org.,  953' . 

Ragimbert,  king  of  Italy,  1073'. 
Uaglan,  Baron,  title  created,  959' 
.     (See  Somerset.) 

Rags  imported,  1173. 

Raguet,  Condy,  b.  (1784);  d.,  1542. 

Ragusa,  earthquake.  5123;  ceded,  5193; 
war  vessels  at,  11593. 

Bahab,  receives  spies,  1140' ;  preserved, 
1141'. 

Rahbek,  Knud  Lyne,  b.,  638' ;  d.,  6383. 

Rahl,  Col.,  at  battle  of  Trenton,  85' . 

Rahmo,  mission,  10472. 

Rahova  taken,  566' . 

Raiders,  Confederate,  in  Can.,  580'. 

Raikes,  Robert,  b.,  9082;  reproved,  9092; 
est.  Sunday-school,  9223;  d.,  935'; 
statue,  984'. 

.  Henry  Cecil,  minister,9953;d.,  1006'. 

Raikot  mission,  1047'. 

Railroads,  horse-power  in  Ma.ss.,  1353; 
Albany  to  Schenectady,  1393  ;  four- 
wheel  trucks  used;  Boston  and  Worces- 
ter, 1413;  Camden  and  Amboy,  1433; 
coal  used,  1473  ;  Raleigh  and  Gaston ; 
Wilmington;  Roanoke,  1533;  Richmond 
and  Frederick  completed,  1493;  speed, 
1653;  in  1850,  1693;  uniform  gauge  used, 
1752  ;  lands  granted,  1813;  R.  fi.  post- 
office  ;  trial  trip  made,  2393  ;  1st  dining- 
car,  2653;  Y.  M.  C.  A.  anniversary,  3322 ; 
Commissioners*  Conven.,  Wash.,  D.  C, 
359' ;  officials  indicted  for  tunnel  disas- 
ter, 3783;  many  sold  forcreditors'claims, 
3873;  fast  time,  3913,3973,4053;  increase 
in  U.  S.,  1871,  2753;  employees  conven., 
4002;  reduction  rates  Bill,  4013;  officials 
sentenced,  4362;  counterfeit  ticlcets, 
4442;  commenced,  Braz.,  .5.''>53;  Loan  Act 
passes.  Can.,  583';  subsidies  appropri- 
ations, 5933;  appropriations  for.  Cape 
Colony,  6013;  first  China,  6233,  6252;  in 
Eng.,  9313;  Am.  Internat.  R.  R.  Conf. 
approved,  Colo.,  6292;  Fr.  gov't  controls, 
7513;  first  in  Ger.,  814';  purchase  op- 
posed, 8293;  in  Eng.  iron-covered  rails, 
906' ;  for  collieries,  9102;  cjist-iron  rails, 
9162;  first  in  Eng.,  924' ,  9313;  mails  on, 
9452;  atmospheric,  first  experiments; 
North  Brit,  built,  952' ;  from  Cambridge 
to  Lond.  opd.,  9.522;  cheap  trains  imper- 
ative ;  schemes  invest. ;  gov't  purcliase, 
9532;  commis.  constituted,  9533  ;  mania; 
accidents  conn>ensated,  9.'i5' ;  Kailfray 
Acts,  955',  9592;  Arbitration  Act,  9633; 
pneumatic  opd.,  9662;  Clauses  Consoli- 
dation Act,  9G72;  Metropolitan  opd., 
9673;  Co.'s  Securities  Aci,  9692;  against 

fov'tpurchase,9712,9992;laws  amended, 
732;  Asso.  est.  to  watch  legislation, 
975';  R.R.  accidents,  total,  9773;  Trav- 
elers' Protection  Soc.  org.,  9792;  Co.  re- 
sponsibility, 9812;  speed  of  trains,  9993; 
2d  class  carriages  withdrawn,  10113;  St. 
Gothard  opd..  It.,  10903;  Mexico  and 
Vera  Cruz  opd.,  10972  ;  concession 
granted,  10973. 

-  Supts.,  Am.  Soc.  meets,  3932. 
— -  Telegraph  Supts.  Conven.,  ,361 ' . 

Union,  Am.,  men  dismissed,  4662. 


Railroads,  bridge-disasters  on,  U.S.A.: 
Norwalk  open  drawbridge,  1733 ;  breaks 
through  in  Mo.,  20  k.,  1793 ;  at  Corry,  Pa., 
20k., 2793;  through  Ashtabula bridge.O., 
70  k.,  2933;  falls  through  at  Ocean  Port, 
N.J. ,60  inj. ;  sinking  near  Des  Moines, la., 
17  k.,  2973;  falls  through  at  Tariffville, 
Conn.,  16  k.,  2993;  falls  through  near 
Boston,  32  k. ;  falls  through  near  Chats- 
worth,  111. ,75  k.,3273;  near  Blockshear, 
Ga.,  27  k.,  3293;  near  Orange  Court 
House,  Pa.,9k.,3313;  falls  at  Spottsville, 
Ky.,  12  k.,  3373;  falls  through  at  Oak- 
land, Cal.,  13  k.,  3593;  falls  through  at 
Kansas  City,  Mo.,  9  k  ,  3713;  falls  near 
Medill,  Mo.,  7  k.,  4073;  near  Milton,  N. 
C,  7  k.;  near  Chester,  Mass.,  13  k..  4373; 
near  Dunkirk,  N.  Y.,  11  k., 4473;  falls  at 
Annigton,  Ala.,  1  k.,  4733.  Collisions: 
near  Chicago,  20  k.,  1733;  at  Campbell, 
Pa.,  60  k.,  1813;  near  San  Francisco,  15 
k.,  2693;  at  Eureka,  Mo.,  19  k.,  2713;  at 
Revere,  Mass.,  20  k.,  2753;  at  Spuytcu 
Duyvil  Creek,  N.  Y.,  9  k.,  3113;  near 
Connellsville,  Pa.,  14  d.,3173;  near  Aus- 
tell, Ga.  11  k.,  3213;  at  Silver  Creek, 
N.  Y.,  3253;  near  Hopedale,  111.,  9  k.; 
near  Kouts,  Ind.,  10k.,  3273;  near  Green- 
wood, Ky.,  6  k.,  3293;  near  Penn  Haven, 
Pa.,  61  k.,  3313;  at  Tallmadge,  O.,  10  k., 
3353;  atLatrobe,  Pa.,  25  k.,  3413;  near 
Parkersbnrg,  W.  Va.,4  k.;  near  Middle- 
bury,  Vt.,  several  k.,  3452;  near  Auburn 
Park,  111.,  6  k.;  at  Palatine  Bridge,  N. 
Y.,  several  k.,  3453;  near  Hamburg,  N. 
Y.,  6  k.,  3553;  nearWarrenton,Mo.,8k., 
3613;  near  Florence,  Colo.,  6  k.,3603; 
Sloan's  Valley,  Ky.,  7  k.,  3713;  Park 
Avenue,  N.  Y.  City,  6  k.,  3793;  at  Ra- 
venna, O.,  19  k.,  3873;  at  Hepburn,  O., 
9  k.;  near  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  13  k.,  3893; 
near  Zelienople,  Pa.,  8  k.;  near  Hawley- 
ville,  Ky.,  several  k.;  near  Kent,  O.,  3 
k.,  3933;  at  Plainfield.  N.  J.,  3  k.,3973; 
at  Eckenrode  Mills,  Pa.,  14  k.,  4153;  on 
Fort  Wayne  Road,  13  k.,  4172 ;  near 
Phila.,  7  k.,  4173;  near  Grand  Island, 
Neb.,  4  k.,  4193;  near  Alton,  111.,  12  k., 
4233;  near  Hartwell,  Colo.,  3  k.;  at 
Phila.,  4  k,,  4263;  at  Somerset,  Pa.,  5  k., 
4293;  at  Berlin,  N.  Y.,  16  k.;  near  Long 
Is.  City,  11  k.,  4373;  near  Colehour,  111., 
Ilk.,  4392;  near  Kingsbury,  Ind.,  4393; 
at  Jackson,  Miss.,  13  k.;  at  Paxico,  Kan., 
2  k.;  at  Wellsville,  O.,  4  k.;  at  Battle 
Creek,  Mich.,  26  k.,  4413;  near  Trenton, 
N.  J.,4k.,  4432;  on  Rock  Island  Road, 
6  k.,  4433;  at  Hackensack,  N.  J.,  11  k., 
4493;  at  Seymour,  Conn.,  60  inj.,  4653; 
near  Phila.,  2  k.,  4753. 

derailed  trains  on;U.S.  A.:  Cam- 
den and  Amboy,  21  k.,  1773  ;  near 
Oeerfield,  Mass.,  12  k.;  near  Santee 
Swamp,  S.  C,  7  k.,  3233  ;  near  White 
River  June,  Vt.,30  k.,  3273;  at  Waters- 
meet,  Mich.,  several  k.;  near  Lincoln 
City,  Md.,  36  inj.,  3353  ;  at  Tlirax- 
ton,  Va.,  30  k.,  3433  ;  near  Knoxville, 
Tenn.,  6  k.,  3452 ;  at  White  Sulphur 
Springs,  W.  Va.,  11  k.,  3493  ;  near 
King's  Mills,  0.,9  k.,3653;  nearQuincy, 
Mass.,  20  k.,  3673;  near  Statesville,  N.C., 
20  k.,  3913;  B.  &  O.,  train,  30  inj.,  4353. 
Wrecks,  etc.:  at  Burlington,  >i.  J.,  21 
k.;  in  HI.,  40  k.,  1773;  at  Utica,  N.  Y., 
8  k.;  near  So.  Bend,  Mich.,  38  k.,  1853; 
Lake  Shore,  41  k.,  2593;  at  Carr's  Rock, 
Pa.,  26  k.,  2613;  at  New  Albion,  la.,  21 
k.,  3113;  near  Tehichipa,  Cal.,  15  k.; 
near  Mason's  Station,  O.,  63  inj.,  3133; 
Grayville,  111.,  9  k.,  3153  ;  White  River, 
Ind.,  6k.,  3173;  Hackensack,  N.  J. ,9k., 
3213;  near  Saluda,  N.  C,  6  k.,  3253; 
near  Eio,  Wis.,  22  k.;  3253;  near  Haver- 
hill, Mass.,  9  k.,  3293;  Phila.  &  Reading, 
Pa.,  8  k.,  3313;  near  doliet.  111.,  4  k.; 
near  Hamilton,  Ont.,  17  k.,  3393.  Mis- 
placed switch  :  at  Quincy,  Mass.,  21  k;, 
2993;  Chicago  &  Northwestern,  Wis.,  6 
k.,  3613;  near  Limon,  Colo.,  1  k.,  3053; 
at  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  2  k.;  Louisville,  N. 
A.  &  Chicago  road,  0.,  6  k.,  at  the  l>alles. 
Ore.,  10  k.,  3533;  at  Shoemakersville, 
Pa.,  20  k.,  3693;  near  Tarrytown,  N.  Y., 
13  k.,  .3853;  near  Dover.'O.,  1  k.;  Ka- 
nawha &  Mich,  road,  14  k.,  3873;  near 
Middletown,  O.,  7  k,;  near  Louisville, 
Ky.,  13  k.,  3893;  at  Greeuburg,  Pa.,  3  k., 
3933;  Chicago,  Burl.  &  Quincy  road,  5 


k.;  near  Toledo,  O.,  9  k.,  3953;  at  Hast- 
ings, N.  Y.,  15  k.,  3973;  near  Milwaukee, 
Wis.;  7  k.,4033;  near  Cleves,  O.,  7  d., 
4073;  at  Lonesome  Hollow,  Kv.,  7  k.; 
near  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  12  k".,  4093; 
West  Shore  road,  several  k  ;  at  West 
Cambridge  June,  Mass., 9  k.,4153;near 
Grand  Island,  Neb.,  several  k.;  near 
Phillipsburg,  Mo.,  6  k.,  4173;  at  Nelson, 
Minn.,8k.,  4193;  at  Lafayette,  Ind.,  10 
k.,  4293;  at  Parkville,  N.  Y.,  8  k.; 
at  Patterson,  N.  J.,5  k.,  4332;  at  New- 
burg,  N.  Y.,  6  k.,  4352;  near  Liiidsev. 
N.  Y.,  3  k.,4363;  at  Gulfport,  Miss.,  3 
k.,4373;  near  Manteno,  111.,  8  k.,4393; 
Pittsburg,  Ft.  W.  &  Chicago  roail,  8  k. : 
near  Nameoki,  111.,  30  inj.,  4413;  near 
Lawrence,  Kan.,  4  k.,  4493;  near  Jlarsli- 
field,  Wis.,4  k.,  4613;  at  Chillicothe,  O., 
3  k.,  4633;  near  Moosehead  Lake,  Me..  5 
k.,  4653;  Rock  Isl.,  la.,  road,  Ilk.,  4693. 

Railroads,disasterson;  collisions; Gt. Brit.: 
at  Athertone,ll  k.;  at  Clayton  Tunnel  ,23 
k.,9653;  in  Blaokheath Tunnel.  6 k., 9673 ; 
at  Abergele,  33  k.;  at  New  Cross,  2  k.;  at 
Long  Eaton  June,  7  k.;  near  Welwyn,  3 
k.,  9733 ;  near  Newark,  19  k.;  near  Barns- 
ley,  14  k.,  9753;  at  Rose  Hill  June, 2  k.; 
at  Clifton  June,  4  k.  ;  at  Woodhouse 
.Tune,  2  k.,  9773;  near  Mannel,  16  k., 
9793;  at  Kildwick,  7  k.;  near  Hunting- 
ton, 14  k.;  near  Bath,  14  k.,  9813;  near 
Pontypridd  June,  13  k.,9833;  at  Burs- 
cough,  8  k.,  9853;  at  Desford,  5  k.;  Ht 
Tayport,  Fife,  4  k.;  Highbury  Tunnel, 
6  d.;  at  Old  Ford,  6  d.,  9893;  at  Hex- 
thorpe,  25  d.,  9973;  near  Armagh,  72  k., 
10013;  at  Taunton,  10  k.,  10053. 

,  Wrecks,  Gt.  Brit. :  Hampstead 

June,  16  k.,9653;  at  Winchburgh,  15  k.; 
near  Lynn, 5  k.;  Chatham  June,  3  k.:  at 
Brynkir  Station, 6  k.,9693;  near  Carlisle, 
5  k.;  at  Hatfield,  8  k.;  atKirtlebridge,  12 
k.,  9753;  near  Shrewsbury ,4  k.;  on  North- 
western road,  13  k.,  9773;  at  Shipton, 
34  k.,  9793;  near  Morpeth,  5  k.;  near 
Cork,  3  k.;  near  Talybont,  4  k.,9833;  at 
Lofthou8e,2  k.;  near  Wennington  June. 
8  k.,  9853;  at  Slough,  12  k.,  9893;  near 
breamore,  5  k.;  near  Preston,  24  k., 
9933;  at  Hampton  Wick,  4  k..  9993  ;  at 
Milngavie  June,  30  inj.,  10053:  Hamp- 
stead  Heath  Station,  8  k.,  10093.  (See 
under  the  names  of  various  railroads.) 

speed  on  Gt.  Northern  and  North- 
eastern R.  R,,9993. 

Raimbert  of  Paris,  Ogier  le  Danois^  6711. 

Raimond,  J.  T.,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  9742. 

Kaimondi,Marcantonio,b., 10783;  d., 10803. 

Rain,  Ger.,  victory  at,  7942. 

Itaindle,  A'ictor,  embezzler,  5362. 

Rainey,  J.  H.,  first  colored  M.  C,  273' . 

Rains,  James  F.,  b.,  1342;  at  Carthage. 
1962;  at  Dug  Spring,  198' ;  d.,  2172. 

Rainsford,  W.  S.,  on  chureb  bar-rooms, 
4062. 

,  Sir  Richard,  chief  justice,  895 ' . 

Rais  (or  Retz),  Baron  de  (Gilles  de  Laval), 
b.-d.,  6762. 

Raismes,  M.  de,  orator,  7563. 

Itaisonnable  lost,  9142. 

Knjagan,  Raja,  World's  Fair,  434*. 

Rajah  of  Sikkim  fiees,  6252. 

Kajamahendri  mission,  10472. 

Rajput  states  combine,  1045' . 

Kajpntana  mission,  10483;  famine,  10493. 

Rakoczy,  Franz  Leopold,  b.,  5123  ;  insur- 
rectioni.st,  5133;  d.,  5143. 

,  George,  revolt, 5132;  d.  (1648). 

,  Sigismnnd,  Pr.  of  'Trans.,  5113;  in- 
vades Hung.;  in  Moravia  796' . 

Rakoto,  Pr.,  enthroned.  10952. 

Rakovian  Catechism  published,  11143. 

Rakow,  Rus.,  Socinian  church  est.,  11143. 

Kale,  SiSbastien,  b.,  6002;  d.,  6S82. 

Raleigh,  N.  C,  town  laved  out,  1033;  State 
library  fnd.,  139';  It.  Christian  Advo- 
r'f^eissued,  1802;  Grant  meets  Sherman, 
2462;  State  conven.  meets,  249',  261'; 
Shaw  Univ.  fnd.,  2503  ;  constitutional 
conven.  meets,  2512,  2892;  colored  peo- 
ple's conven..  255' ;  conservative  mass- 
meeting,  2592  ;  Interstate  Exposition 
opens,  3933 ;  Confederate  Soldiers'  Home 
fnd.,  3983;  anniversary,  4173. 

Raleigh  launched,  404' . 

wrecked,  960' . 

,  Sir  Walter,  b.,   870';    works,  877', 

8803  ;  at  Trinidad,  24'  ;  in  N.  C. ;  in 


Eale-Kay. 


Text  Figure*  denote  Page.       INDKX.       Superior  FIguret  tndloate  Column. 


1385 


( 


Guiana,  243,253,281;  Ist  patent ;  iiiVa., 

25»;  sells  rights;  in  Venezuela,  253;lails 

in  colonizing,   291;    invailos  Sp.,  8761; 

Intro,  mahogany,  8773;  hitro.   tobacco, 

8773;  prisoner,  8773;  conspirator  ;  tried  ; 

convicted,  8793 1  released  from  prison, 

881 1  ;    explorations,    10393  •    beheaded, 

8801,8812. 
Raleigh  and  Gaston  U.  R.  completed,  1533. 
Ralph,  Earl  of  Norfolk,  revolts,  8481 . 
Ram  Xo.  2  launched,  4161.. 
Kama,  Nicaragua,  mission  at,  11033. 
Kaniadan,  Mohammedan  fast,  4843. 
Kainage,  John,  miniature  painter,  761 . 
Kamah  mission,  5823. 
Kaniahyuck  mission,  4%3,  6001. 
Kamales,  action  at,  11321 . 
liainaliane,  mission  at,  11241. 
Ramauand,  Vishnuite  reformer,  10431 . 
Rantange,  telescope  erected,  9401 . 
Raiuanuja,  Brahmin  reformer,  1043' . 
Rumjipatam  mission,  10473. 
Ramberg,  Gen.,  leader,  5312. 
RjimbouiUet  Decree  issued,  1172. 

,  iMarquise.    (See  Vivonne.) 

Ranii'e,  Louise  de  la  (Ould.a),  works,  9683, 

9743. 
Rameau,  Jean  Philippe,  b.,  G923;  VEndrv- 

Mf/ue,  6981;  d.,  7031. 
Ramezay,  gov.  in  Canada,  73 1 . 
Ramillies,  Belg.,  Fr.  defeated;  b.  of, 5421. 
RamUlies  launched,  10081 . 

lost,  9142. 

Ramirez,  Velasquez,  gov.,  6301 . 

Raniiro  I.,  reigns  in  Asturias,  11253  ;  in 

Aragon,11272;  cruelty  to  Saracens, 11261; 

d.  (850). 
II.,  reigns  in  Asturias  ;   in  Aragon, 

11272;  d.  (950). 

III.,  reigns  in  Asturias,  11272. 

Ramleh  captured,  6581 . 
Ramman-Nirari  I.,  reigns,  11431. 

II.,  reigus,  11431 . 

III.,  defeats Benhadad;  subdues 

Babylonia,  11441 ;  reigns,  11451 . 
Rammohun,    Roy,    b.-d.,     10443  ;     fnds. 

Brahman  church,  10463. 
Ramon,  Alonso  Garcia, gov., 6052;  d.,  6051. 
Ramorino  (or  Remorino),  Girolamo  Gio- 
vanni Pietro,  b.  (1790±)  ;  d.,  10863. 
Ramos,  Manuel,  captured,  6342. 
Rampur  Bcauleah  mission,  10491 . 
Ramsav,  Baron,  title  created,  9751,  9963. 

,  -Me.v.,  phys.,  b.,  1242. 

, ,  gov.  Minn.,  I67i,  1903. 

,  Allan,  b. ,  8962 ;  Gentle  Shepherd,  907 1 ; 

d.,  9143. 

, ,  Younger,  b.  (17134) ;  d.,  9223. 

,  Andrew  Crombie,  b.  9363;  d.  (1891). 

, Michael,  b.,  896»;  d.,  9103. 

,  David,  b  ,  662;  d.,  1242. 

,  Fox  Maule,  b.  (1801) ;  minister,  9533; 

d.  (1874). 
,  Francis  Munroe,  b.  (1835) ;  in  navy 

dept.,  3512,  4472  •    rear-adin.,  U.  S.  N., 

4481. 

,  Geo.,  E.  of  Dalhousie,  b.  (1770). 

,  James  A.  B.,  E.  of  Dalhousie,  first 

Marq.  of,  b.,  9382  ;  gov. -gen.,  9552,  gov. 

of  Can.,  5773,  5792;  d.  (1838). 

,  J.  D.,  d.,  10081. 

,  .lohn  Wm.,  Earl  of  Dalhousie,  opens 

Winchester  Coll.,  9923  ;  minister,  9952  ; 

gov.-gen.,  10473. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9042. 

Ramsden,  Jesse,  b.,  9082  ;  glass  electrical 

machine,  9161 ;  theodolite,  9241 ;  d.,  9302. 
Ramses  (or  Rameses)  I.,  b.,  6482  ;  reigns 

in  Egy.,  6192. 
II., conquests,  6481,6492;  reigns, 6492; 

fosters  king-worship  ;  greatest  builder, 

6482 ;  jealous  of  fame  ;  married  ;  progeny, 

6483;  against  Hittites,  11401 ;  persecutes 

Israelites,  11403. 
III.,  conquests,  6481 ;  reigns  in  Egy., 

M93  ;  art  patron,  6482  ;  cultivation  of 

land,  6483;  female  conspirators,  6491 . 

IV.  to  XIII.,  reigns  in  Egy.,  6493. 

Ramseur,  Gen.  Stephen  Dodson,  b.  (1837) ; 

near   Rapi<ian,    2321 ;    at   Stephenson's 

Depot,  2362;  d.,  2392. 
Ramsey,  Alex.,  b.  (1815) ;  sec.  war,  3033. 

,  David,  inv.  engines  for  plowing,  8801 . 

Ramus,  Jonas,  works,  11042. 

,  Peter  (Pierre  de  la  Ram^e),  b.  6802; 

works,  6831 ;  d.  6823. 
Eamusio,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.,  10783;  d., 

10803. 
Rana  Khumbo  Java  Stbamba,  10123. 


Ranavalona  I.,  reigns,  10951. 

II.,  reigns,  10952. 

III.,  reigus,  10953. 

Ranc,  M.,  duel,  7463. 

Rauce,  Armand  Jean  de  BoutliilUer  de, 
b.,  6863  ;  d.,  6943. 

Rand,  Isaac,  b.,  642  ;  d.,  1302. 

Randal,  Geo.  Maxwell,  b.  (1810) ;  cons. 
P.  E.  bp.,  2482;  d.  (1873). 

Randall,  Alex.  W.,  gov.  Wis.,  1833;  p.-m.- 
general,  2532;  d.,278i. 

,  Charles  S.,  b.,  1.321 ;  ,i.  (1881). 

,  James  Leslie,  cons,  bp.,  10022. 

,  Samuel  Jackson,  b..  1362  ;  speaker, 

2932,  2972,  3013,  3052  ;  vote,  3051  ;  vote 
for  speaker,  3092  ;  vote  for  vice-pres., 
nom.,  3173;  d.,  3561;  eulogized,  3571, 
3691. 

Randolph,  Vt.,  normal  sch.  opd.,2603, 2923. 

Randolph  blown  up,  882. 

,  Alfred  Magill,  b.  (1836) ;  cons.  P.  E. 

bp.,3142, 

,  Beverley,  gov.  Va.,  101 1. 

,  E.  of  Moray,  invades  Eug.,  8561 . 

,  Edmund,  b.  (1753) ;  gov., ;  in  Consti- 
tutional conven,,  992  ;  atty.-gen.,  1012; 
sec.  of  state,  1052;  intrigue,  1053,  d.  1211 . 

,  Edward,  in  Boston,  472,3. 

,  John,  b.,  781 ;  in  Congress,  1093;  duel 

with  Clay,  135Z;  d.,  1421. 

,  Peyton,  b.,  602;  pres.  Cong., 792,  81»: 

d.,  823. 

,  Theodore  Frelinghuysen,  b.   (1826) ; 

gov.  N.  J.,  2693;  d.,  3142. 

,  Thos.  Maun,  b.  (1741);  gov.  Va.,  1273; 

d.  (1793). 

, ,  regent ;  d.,  8573. 

, ,  postmaster-general,  8753. 

,  Wilton,  shot  by  W.  H.  Clark,  3511 . 

Macon  College  org.,  1403. 

Randon,  Gen.,  Jacques  Louis  C^sar  Alex- 
andre, b.  (1795) ;  subdues  revolt,  Algeria, 
83;  d.  (1871). 

Ranfurly,  Baron,  title  created  ;  Earl, 9412. 

Rangoon  (or  Rangun),  Burma,  fnd.,  10452; 
taken,  10461 ,  2  ;  Brit,  officers  insulted, 
10462;  Col.  Browne  at,  6221;  mission, 
10463,  10471  ;  bishopric  erected,  10463, 
10491 ;  see  est.,  9803;  Bp.  Strachan  cons., 
9862;  annexed  to  G.  B.,  10473. 

Ranihhat  mission,  10471. 

Kanipet  mission,  10483. 

Ranke,  Leopold  von,  b.,  8063;  works, 8132, 
8151,8163,8203;  d.,  8321. 

Ranki,  Pazos,  translates  Testament,  5502. 

Rankin,  Arthur  McKee,  b.,  5782. 

,  Henry,  d.,  6202. 

,  .Jeremiah  Fames,  b.  (1828);  pres.  How- 
ard University,  3471 . 

,  John,  walks  to  London,  9833. 

,  Thos.,  b.  (1738±);  supt.  of  Meth.,782; 

Mr.  Wesley's  assistant,  9191 ;  d.  (1810). 

Ranney,Rufus  Percival,  b.  (1813) ;  d.,396i. 

Ranscome,  Fred.,  invents  stone,  9541. 

Ransom,  Epaphroditus,  gov.  Mich.,  1662. 

,  Matt  W.,  b.,  1»42  ;  senator,  2773  ;  on 

Committee  of  Seven.  2933. 

,  Thomas  Edward  Greenfield,  b.,  1422  ; 

at  Charleston,  Mo.,  1981 ;  at  Arkansas 
Pass,  2282;  d.,2392. 

Rausome,  J.,  missionary,  5563. 

Ranters  appear,  Eng.,  8863. 

Rautoul,  Robert  J.,  b.,  1122;  d.,  1702. 

Rantz,  Count,  battle  Duttlingen,  7961 . 

Ranulf  de  Glauville,  at  Alnwick,  8501 . 

Kaouf  Pasha,  at  Shipka  Pass,  566i. 

Kapaelie,  Sarah,  b.,  312. 

Raphael,  Alexander,  sheriff,  9472. 

(or  Rafael,  or  liaffaelle),  Sanzio  d'Ur- 

bino,  b.,  10783;  works,  3501 ,  8821 ,  10782, 
architect  of  St.  Peter's,  IO8O1 ;  d.,  IO8O2. 

Raphall,  Morris  Jacob,  b.  (1798) ;  d.,  2621 . 

Raphia,  Pal.,  action  at,  11481 . 

Itaphoe,  Ire.,  Bp. Patrick  O'Donnell,  cons., 
9983. 

Rapid  City,  S.  Dak.,  School  of  Mines,  3283; 
platinum  ore  dis.,  4061 . 

Ra}nd  shells  villages,  IOO8I . 

Rapidan,  Gen.  Lee  behind,  2281 ;  Federals 
near;  Confederates  near,  2321 , 

Rapin,  Paul  de,  Sieur  de  Thoyras,  b.,  6902; 
Hlatory  of  Eny.,  6991 ;  d.,  6982. 

,  Ren^,  b.,  6863;  d.,  6942. 

Rapp,  Frederick,  fnds.  Harmonists, 8043. 
— ,  George,  b.,  8031 ;  fnds.  Harmonists, 

8043;  d.,  8162. 

Rappahannock    Dept.   fmd.,    2061 ;    Gen. 

Pope  recrosses,  2121 . 
Station,y a.,  Confederate  defeat,  2281 . 


Rappahannock,  Lee  at,  2283. 
Raptcha,  fighting,  5661 . 
Barey,  John  S.,  b.,  1322  ;  horse  trainer, 
2011,  9621;   receives  present,  9653;  d., 
2541. 
Raritan  Canal,  rights  surrendered,  2673. 
lias  Ali  deposed,  31 . 

Alulu,  commander,  22;  d.,  33. 

Raschid  Pasha  iissassinated,  11583. 
Kasgrad,    Bulg.,    Mohammedan   disturb- 
ances, 5682, 
Rashi  (Rabbenu  Shelomoh  Yashaki),  b.-d., 

6682. 
Rask  (Rasmus  Christian),  b.,  6382;  d.,  6383. 
Rasles,  Sebastian,  mission,  582  ;  killed, 

602. 
Rasoherina  reigns,  10952. 
Raspail,  Franyois  Vincent,  b.,  7102;  d., 

7331,  7502. 
Raspe,  Henry,  emp.,  7811;  in  Thuringia  ; 

defeats  Conrad,  7801 
Ra6t,A.,of  Ark.,  on  Committee  of  33, 1891. 
Rastatt  (and  Baden)  Peace  of ,  5143 ;  Cong, 
of ;  agreement  with  Fr,,  8073  ;  captured, 
8181 ;  insurrection,  8183. 
Raster,  Herman,  Resolution,  2783. 
Batcliffe,  John,  gov.  Va.,  272. 

,  Rev.,  acquitted,  4542, 

Rathbone,  Estes  G.,  in  p.  o.  dept.,  3512. 

,  Maj.,  wounded  by  Booth,  2471. 

,  Wm,  statue  unveiled,  9821 . 

Rathdonnell,  Baron,  title  created,  9671. 
Ratibor  (Victor  Moritz  Karl),  Duke  of,  b. 

(1818);  d.,  8361. 
Ratisbon  (Regensburg),  Ger.,  nobles  bap- 
tized, 6022  ;  taken,  6183,  7942  ;  treaty 
concluded,  6892  ;  a  truce  signed,  6922  ; 
Aust.  expelled,  7181;  Diet  held,  7773; 
Diet  at,  7903 ;  electoral  assembly  at,  7953 ; 
Walhalla  begun,  8141 ;  boat  upsets,  8363. 
Rattazzi,  Mme.,  imprisoned,  7562. 

,  Urbano,  b.,  10851 ;  d.,  10882. 

Rattler  launched,  1581 . 
Rattlesnake  Point,  train-wrecker,  3983. 
Ratzsch,  Friedrich  A.,  M.,  d.,  8201 . 
Kau,  Karl  Heinrich,  b.,  8062;  d.,  826*. 
Rauban,  mine  explosion,  8333. 
Ranch,  Christian  Daniel,  b.,  8042  ;  gtatue 
of  Fred,  the  Great,  8I81 ;  d,,  8201 . 

,  Friederich  Augustus,   b,,   1122  ;   d,, 

1522. 

,  Henry,  missionary,  643. 

Raucoux,    Austrians   'defeat,    7001 ;    gur- 

reudered,  IIOO2, 
Raude,  Eric,  in  Greenland,  111 ,  3. 
Rauni,  Green  Berry,  b,  (1829) ;  in  int.  dept. 
3512;  charges  against,  3672, 3772;  resigns, 
3832. 
Raumer,  Friedrich  Ludwig  Georg  von,  b., 

8042;  d,,  8281, 
Raupach,  Ernst  Benj.  Salomo,  b.  (1784) ; 

works,  8151 ;  d.  (1852). 
Rauscher,  Jos.  Otnmar  von,  b.  (1797) ;  car- 
dinal ;  letter,  5273;  d.,  5282. 
Ravachol,  anarchist,  7623. 
Ravago,  P.  Juan  de  Astrada,  gov.,  6301. 
RavaiUac,   Francois,    b.,  6862  ;    regicide, 

6872;  executed  (1610). 
Ravel  family  appear,  1401 , 
Ravelin,  N.  E.,  arrested,  4643, 
Raven  Run,  Pa,,  miners  murdered,  2891 . 
Ravenna,  It.,  battle  of,  6801 ;  captured. 
10301 ,  10701 ,  10721 ;  capital,  10313,  10711 ; 
annexed  to  Rome,  10533;  cathedral  fnd., 
10683  ;  imperial  residence,  10693  ;  sub- 
dued ;    surrendered    to   Pepin,    10732  ; 
statue  of  Dante,  10882  ;  united  to  It., 
10892. 

,  O.,  railway  accident,  3873. 

Ravenscroft,  John  Stark,  b.  (1772) ;  cons. 
P.  E.  bp.,  1311;  d,  (1830). 

,  Thos.,  b  ,  8762;  harmonization,  88OI . 

Ravensworth,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9751. 
Ravignan,  Gustave  Franfois  Xavier  Dela- 
croix de,  Jesuit,  b.,  7102;  d,,  7342, 
Kawdoii,  Francis,  Marquis  of  Hastings, 
b.,  9123;  in  Camden,  S.  C;  at  Hobkirk's 
Hill ;   defeats  Gen.  Greene  ;   evacuates 
Camden,  941 ;  d.,  9422. 
Rawlins,  John  A.,  b.,  1382;  sec.  of  war, 

2671;  d.,  2622. 
Rawlinson,  George,  b.,  9363  ;  works,  9663, 
9723,9783, 10022. 

,  Sir  Henry  Creswicke,  b.,  9351 . 

,  Sir  Wm.,  keeper,  8993. 

Rawson,  Albert  Leighton,  b.,  1362. 
Kay,  George  W,,  b,,  I662, 

,  James  P,,  gov,  Ind.,  1333. 

(or  Wray),  John,  b.,  8822  ;  botanist; 


1386 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        lviDiLJ\.,       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


Kay-EegL 


journeys  of,  8902;  works,  893' ,  894' :  d., 

9022. 
Kay,  Private,  wins  rifle  prize,  982' . 

(Botanical)  Soc.  formed,  952' . 

Kayleigli,  Baron,  title  created,  9372, 
Kaynibault,  Charles,  missionary;  d.,  362. 
Raymond,  Miss.,  Confederate  defeat,  222' . 

IV.,  Conite  de  Toulouse,  b.-d.,  6682. 

VI.,  Comte  de  Toulouse,  b.-d.,  G702  ; 

a  count,  6712;  joins  crusade,  668',  3; 

defeatea;  besieged  bySimon  doMoutfort, 

670' ;  crusade  against,  6702. 

,  Count  of  Barcelona,  in  Aragon,  11272. 

,  A.  V.  v.,  installed,  4602. 

,  George  Lansing,  Art  in  Tfienry,  4783. 

,  Henry  Jarvis,  b.,  1282  ;  fnds.  N.  Y. 

Times,  1683;  d.,  2662. 
,  Lord  Robert,  b.  (1673±);  chief  justice, 

9073;  d.  (1733). 
,  Hossiter  Wirthington,  b.,  1522  •  gift 

4202. 
Kaynal,  L'Abb6  Guillaume  Thomas  Fran- 

90i8,  b.,B963;  works,  7012,  7032;  d.,7123. 

,  M.  David,  minister,  7532,  7543. 

,  Paul,  work,  720' . 

Kayner,  Isidor,  b.,  168' . 

Baynouard,  Franyois  Juste  Marie,  b.,  7023; 

works,  6663,  7171 ,  723'  ,7272;  d.,  7262. 
Kaysville,  Miss.,  negroes  lynched,  399' . 
Razafin^lrahety  reigns,  10953. 
Kazya,  Empress,  reigns,  10432. 
Bazzi,  Giovanni.    (See  Sodoma.) 
K«,  Isle  of,  attacked,  686' . 
Reach,  Angus  Bethune,b.,9403;  d.  (1856). 
Head,  Abner,  b.  (1820) ;  d.,  225' . 

,  Geo.  Campbell,  b.,  1882;  ,i.,  2132. 

,  Jacob,  b.  (1752);  pres.  senate,  109'; 

d.  (1816). 

,  Nathan,  b.,  722  ;  d.,  1662. 

,  Thos.   Buchanan,   b.,    1302  ;    works, 

1783,  1823,2133;  d.,  278'. 
Reade,  Charles,  b.,9363;  works, 9583, 9743; 

d.,  9922. 
Heading,  Fng.,  surrenders,  884';  abbots 

coin  money,  859';  Bp.  Randall  cons., 

10022. 
' — ,  Pa.,  Knights  Golden  Circle  arrested, 

2213;    Lutherans    Gen.  Council,   2542  ; 

riots,  297';  tornadoes,  3321;  B.  B.  acci- 
dent, 3673  ;  Are,  3773;  city  treas.  short, 

4222;  Webber  attempts  murder,  4623. 
' — Coal    combine    investigation,    409', 

411', 415'. 

Iron  Co.  plant  sold,  3433. 

E.  E.,  employees  strike,  329' ,  4173  ; 

discharged  employees,  4773. 

,  John,  gov.,  672  ;  pres.  council,  713. 

Beady,  Col.,  gov.  Pr.  E.  Island,  577' . 
Beadyville,  Tenn.,  Confederates  defeated, 

2122. 
Reagan,  John  Heminger, b. (1818);  confed. 

p.-m.-gen.,  1913;  paroled,  249' ;  for  free 

coinage  silver,  3483;  amending  Constitu- 
tion, 3572. 
Beal  Estate  Nat.  Cong,  meets,  3803. 
Realists  controversy,  10763. 
Ream,  Vinnie,  statue  of  Lincoln,  254' . 
Reams's  Station,  Va.,  Lee  repulsed,  2372. 
Beaper  patented,  144 ' . 
Beaping-machine,  public  trial,  142';  Mc- 

Cormick's  perfected,  I6O2,  170' ,  258' . 
Reapportionment  Bill  passes,  3732,  405' . 
Reason,  goddess  of,  worshiped,  7103. 
Reaumur,  Ren(5  Antoine  Ferchault  de,  b., 

6923  ;  d.  (1757). 
Beaux,  Gideon  Tallemant  deSyllistoriettes, 

693'. 
Reay,  Baron,  title  created,  881' ,  987' . 

,  Lord,  governor,  10473. 

Rebecca,  riots,  953' . 

Bebecque,  Benjamin  Constant  de,  works, 

721',  7263. 
Rebellion,  Am.  war  of,  190+  ;  tariff,  141', 

2,3;  Shay's,  98' ,  992;  whisky,  104' ,  1053. 
Bebmanu,  John,  joins  Krapf,  5612. 
Eebwick,  James,  b.,  1022. 
Recamier,   Madame  (Jeanne    Frangoise 

Julie  Adaalde  Bernard),  b.,  7043  ;  d., 

7302. 
Eecared  I.  expels  Franks,  1125' ;  reigns, 

11253. 

II.  reigns,  11253. 

Eecensent  issued,  11022. 

Recesuinto,    subdues      Basques,     1125'; 

reigns,  11253. 
Bechabites,  Independent  Order,  statistics, 

4463;  Soc.  formed  in  Eng.,  949' . 
Bechburg,  Count,  foreign  minister,  5252  ; 

resigns,  823' . 


Becidivists,  Fr.,  transportation  of,  755' . 

Beciprocity,  U.S.,  1752,  2513,  2873,  369'  ,2, 
3763,3812,3892,  391', 2,  3973,4012,4032, 
407'  ,2,  409' ,  4212,  4712,  4793. 

for  Aust.-Hung.,  5353. 

for  Can.,  5812, 3,  683',  3,  587', 2,  5892, 

591 ',2,  5923,  593',  696'. 

for  Chile,  609'. 

for  Cuba,  6343. 

K^clus,  Jean  Jacques  Elis^e,  b.,  726' . 

Becoiiiage  Act  passes,  Eng.,  9012. 

Recollects,  active,  463;  in  Can. ,6703,  573'. 

Reconstruction,  U.S.A.,  Pres.  Lincoln's 
plan,  2292;  2353,  2372,3,2432,2483,249', 
2,3,251',2,3,  2523,253',2,257',2,3,'J59I, 
2632,2692,  270';  Pres.  Johnson's  plan, 
2473  ;  completed,  2692  ;  Standing  and 
Select  Committee,  427' . 

Becrain,  Isle  of,  pillaged,  844' . 

Recreative  Eve.  Schools  Asso.  fnd.,  9963. 

Rector,  Henry  M.,  governor  Ark.,  1903. 

— —  College,  Va.,  founded,  151' . 

Red  Baiik,N.  J.,  Fort  Mercer  attacked, 
88'. 

Eedden,  Laura  C,  b.,  1522. 

Bed  Eagle  conferred,  833' . 

Redemptorists  fnd.,  1085';  Fathers  of 
Douay  ;  Order  dissolved,  7353  ;  clergy 
readmitted,  8322;  admitted,  8372. 

Eedesdale,  Baron-  (See  Sir  John  Mitford.) 

,  Lord,  d.,  9952. 

Bedlield,  S.  Dak.,  natural  gas  dis.,  350' . 

,  Isaac  Fletcher,  b.,  1122;  d.,  2902. 

,  William  C,  b.  (1789) ;  d.,  182' . 

Bedgrave,  Richard,  b.  (1804) ;  d.,  9982. 

Bedhouse,  Sir  James,  d.,  10062. 

Redi,  Francesco,  b.,  10823;  d.  (1698). 

Eedigher,  Col.,  dismissed,  567' . 

Redistribution  of  Seats  Act  passed,  995' . 

Red  Jacket,  b.,  683  ;  d.,  1382. 

— —  Lodge  reservation  thrown  open,  339' . 

Men,  Order  of,  founded,  77 ' ;  statis- 
tics, 4463. 

Bedmond,  John  E.,  speaks,  4082. 

,  William  II,  R.,  imprisoned,  1001' . 

Red  Mound,  Tenn.,  action  at,  218' . 

Rednal,  Eng.,  train  wrecked,  9693. 

Red  Oak,  La.,  Nat.  Colored  Cong.,  3892. 

Eedpath,  James,  b.,  142' ;  d.,  376' . 

Bed  Republicans,  Fr.,  7312. 

River,  La.,  rises,  358' . 

,  Can.,  settlement,  5773;  mission, 

5792;  R.  E.  extended,  6872. 

,  China,  open  for  trade,  6252  ;  Fr. 

conquer  valley,  4802. 

Expedition,  La.,  2303,  231' ,  232' . 

Eussia,  added  to  Poland,  11133. 

Sea,   Egyptians   overwhelmed,  648' ; 

cable,  accelerates  telegrams,  9622. 

Star  line  of  steamers  eat.,  2853, 

Bedstone  explodes,  1713. 

Creek,  Pa.,  iron-mill  est.,  124' . 

Bed  Wing,  Minn.,  Hamilton  University 
incorporated,  1762;  are,  4393. 

Reed,  Andrew,  b.  (1787) ;  founds  Eoyal 
Hospital,  957';  d.  (1862). 

,  David,  b.,  2702  ;  d.  (1870). 

,  Sir  Edward  J.,  Japan,  9863. 

,  George  E.,  president  of  Dickinson 

College,  333'. 

,  Harrison,  governor  Fla.,  2632,  2652; 

elfort  to  impeach,  2773. 

,  Henry,  b.,  1142  ;  d.,  174'. 

,  Isaac,  b.,  9103;  d.  (1807). 

,  John  J.,  promoted  captain,  420'. 

,  Joseph,  b.,  642  ;    president   Exeter 

Council,  913;  d.,962. 

,  Roland,  b.,  1702. 

,  Thomas  Brackett,  b.,  1502;  enters  H. 

from  Me.,  2972  ;  speaker,  3483  ;  made 
LL.D.,  3622  ;  thanks  to,  3793  ;  nom.  for 
v.-pres.  ;  nom.  for  pres.,  409';  speech, 
4253,  437' ;  Eeed's  Bules,  4783. 

,  William,  pres.  council,  N.  C,  612. 

,  Sir  W.,  Law  of  Storms,  949' . 

,  W.  B.,  treaty";  U.  S.  minister,  6193. 

,  Col.,  at  Princeton,  85' ;  at  Lexington, 

1982. 

Eeeder,  Andrew  H.,  b.  (1807)  ;  gov.  Kan., 
177' ;  nom.  for  Cong.,  1772, 1791 ;  irregu- 
larities ;  removed,  1772  ;  elected  to 
Cong.,  179' ;  indictments  against,  1792  ; 
d.,  2373. 

,  Maj.,  at  Mingo  Swamp,  2182. 

Beedham,  asylum  est.,  953' . 

Eeedtz,  Mott,  Baron,  premier,  6423. 

Eeedy  Fort  Creek,  N.C.,  skirmish  at,  94' . 

Eeedy ville,  Tenn.,  Confeds.  defeated,  238' . 

Beek,  {Stephen,  punished,  362. 


Bees,  Dak.,  mission  transferred,  3142. 

,  Abraham,  b.,9103;  works,  923'  ,931' ; 

d.,  9422. 

Cyclopedia  republished,  131 ' . 

Reese,  David  Meredith,  b.  (ISOOj;  d.,  1983. 

Reeves,  John,  last  witness,  8882. 

,  William  Day,  cons,  bp.,  9!)62,  10063, 

Refining-houses  built,  Ger.,  7822. 

Reflector,  burning,  invented,  7862. 

Reform  Act  approved  at  Vienna,  5312. 

Association  formed,  London,  9473, 

banquets  held,  France,  731' . 

Bill  discussed,  G.  B.,  9453,  9572,  965' ,. 

9692,9712,9973;  withdrawn,  9992. 

Club,  London,  formed,  9473. 

Reformation  period,  Aust.-Hung.,  5083  ;, 
in  Denmark,  6363  ;  in  Fr.,  6803  ;  pro- 
gresses, 6823;  in  Ger.,  7!i43,  7882,  789' , 
79(^2,  3  ;  progress  under  Luther,  7882,  3, 
789';  in  Prus.  ;  spreads,  789' ;  anniver- 
sary of,  8123  ;  begins  in  Eng.,  8602;  an- 
nulled, 8703  ;  in  G.  B.,  8682,  8703  ;  in 
Scot.,  8722;  est.  Netherlands,  10983. 

Eeformatory  School  est.,  Eng.,  9623. 

Beformed  Church,  Am.  :  Reformed  Dutch 
begin  worship  in  N.  Y. ;  first  minister, 
30' ;  org.,  302  ;  worship  at  Albany,  32' | 
records  begin;  1st  church  erected;  2a 
minister,  school  est.,  322  ;  preach  poli- 
tics, 343  ;  church  at  Albany,  362,  40' , 
682,  402' ;  stone  church  in  N.  Y.,  3C3;  in 
Del. ;  church  at  Flatbush,  383  ;  tyran- 
nize N.  Y.;  church  in  Albany, 40' .  402' ', 
oppress  Lutherans,  443  ;  Reformed  Prot. 
Dutch  church  iucorp.,623;  3d  church  in 
Albany,  582  ;  Coetus  org.,  663  ;  classics 
find.,  69';  conferentie  find.,  71';  in 
N.  J.,  71' ,  743  ;  preaching  in  Eng.  N.Y., 
74' ;  Rutgers'  Coll.  est.,  i43,  117' ;  plan 
for  union ;  synod  authorized,  763  ;  mis- 
sion work  adojited,  983  ;  standards  pub- 
lishedin  Eng.,  1042;  constitution  adopted; 
gen.  synod  org.,  1043  ;  minutes  in  Eng., 
1062  ;  Eng.  exclusive,  1163  ;  plan  of  cor- 
respondence, 1283  ;  union  with  Presby- 
terians, 1303  ;  Christian  Intelligencer, 
139' ;  Board  of  Education  ;  mission  board 
org.,  1402  ;  Indian  miss.,  1462, 1623, 163' ; 
S.  S.  union  find.,  1502  ;  miss.  soc.  fmd., 
1822  ;  Hope  Coll.  est. ;  in  Mich.,  2502  ; 
name  changed  to  Reformed  Chm-ch,- 
2602  ;  Ursinus  Coll.  est.,  2722;  Woman's 
Board  of  Foreign  Missions  or^.,  2903  ; 
favors  temperance,  327 ' ;  Arabian  mis- 
sion work,  3302,  4882;  favors  union, 360' ; 
meetings  of  General  Synod  (see  text,  p. 
106+). 

of  Fr.  declines,  701' ;  synod  ;  wor- 
ship permitted,  683'  ;  ministers  expelled, 
Fr.,G83' ;  Gen.  Synod  at  Paris,  7462,  7482. 

Episcopal  Church,  Am.,  org. ;  Bishop 

Cummings  presiding  ;  Bp.  Cheney  cons., 
2822;  Up.  Nicholson  cons.,  2903;  Bishop 
Cridge,  Bp.  Fellows  cons.,  2923  ;  Synod 
of  the  Pacific,  of  the  Northwest,  of  the 
West ;  Common  Prayer  Book- ;  Bp.  Gregg 
cons.,  2942  ;  bps.  Faysoux,  Latane,  Ricn- 
ardson,  and  Bower  cons.,  3022  ;  Synod 
Special,  South  org.,  3023  ;  Bp.  Wilson 
cons.,  3042 ;  Synod  of  Chi(;ago  fmd., 
3062,  of  N.  Y.,  of  Phila. ;  Bp.  Whitehead 
cons.,  3102  ;  G.  B.  and  Ire.  synod  sepa> 
rated  from  Am.,  3122  ;  synod  of  Can., 
332' ;  Woman's  For.  Miss.  Soc.  org., 3403; 
eel.  in  N.  Y.,  348';  13th  Gen.  CounciU 
Bp.  Campbell  eons.,  3842. 

Synod,  Can.,  332' ;  in  Ont.,  5882. 

Reforms,  asked,  Belg.,  5432  ;    demanded. 

Reform  Union,  Nat.,  meets,  9833,  10122. 
G.  B.,  8532  ;  civil,  Ger.,  8053. 

Refugees,  in  Portugal,  5603;  compensated 
in  Fr.,  7'262  ;  Fr.  in  Eng.,  8973. 

Befunding  Act,  passed  U.  S.  A.,  2732. 

Referendum  established,  ll;JS3. 

Refunding  Act  passes  Congress,  2732. 

Re£;a,  Henry  Joseph,  b.-d.,  5422. 

,  King  Kabba,  defeated,  5643. 

Began,  Gen.,  at  Thoury,  7403. 

Regency  Bill,  Eng.,  9133,  9253,  9353,  9452, 
95f2. 

Regensburg,  Ger.    (SeeEatisbon.) 

Regent's  Canal  finished,  Eng.,  9413. 

Reggio,  It.,  taken,  1088'. 

Begibulus  reigns,  11453. 

Begillus,  Lake,  action  at,  1050' . 

liegina,  asteroid,  discovered,  756' . 

,  Riel's  trial  at,  585' . 

Reginald,  at  Tinmore,  8442. 

Regiomantanus,    Johann    MUUer,   b.-d., 


Regi-Revi. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


138T 


7843;  adopts  astrolabe,  l'2i ;  invents  re- 
flector; decimal  system,  78G2. 

Regis,  Jean  Baptiate  de,  b.,  6903;  d.,  699» . 

Register,  Salem,  Matis.,  suspends,  4302. 

Registration  Act  passes.  Cape  Town,  0032. 

Bill  passes.  U.  B.,  10123. 

law  passes,  Ger.,  829i . 

Registry  of  deeds,  Eng.,  iK)33. 

Regium  Donum   est.,  89*23,  9743;  revived, 

8y83. 

Regnard,  Jean   Francois,  b.,  6902;  works, 

(»5'  .2;  697t ,  6963;  d.  (1709). 
Regnault,  Henri  Victor,  b.,  719' ;  d.,7502. 

,  Marie,  murdered,  7562. 

Kegnier,Jacquos  August  Adolphe,  b.,715' ; 

d.,754a. 
,  Mathurin,  b.,  684' ;  Satires,  687i :  d., 

6862. 
Regular  Army  and  Navy  Union  oi%.,  328i , 

3661. 
Regulation  Act  passed  for  Ind.,  10453. 

of  Mines  Act,  9652. 

Regulator,  wind,  invented,  9402. 

Regulus,  Marcus  Atilius,  naval  com- 
mander ;  in  Afr.,  10523  ;  consul ;  com- 
mander, 662* ;  defeated,  10262;  commis- 
sion to  Rome  ;  killed,  10531,3. 

Kehan.  Ada,  b.,  9042;  statue.  426'. 

Rehim  Bi  Atalik,  regicide,  5492. 

Rehoboam  I.  reigns,  11433;  pays  tribute  to 
Kgy.,  6501 ;  gets  up  golden  calves,  11423. 

ReUoboth,  Mass.,  Intfians  attack,  462. 

,  Md.,  Presbyterian  Church  fmd.,482. 

Reichardt,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  (1752) ; 
Wacht  des  Deutschen  Vaterland,  8132;  d. 
(1814). 

Reichbauer,  Herr,  d.,5302. 

Reichel,  Charles  Parsons,  cons,  bp.,  9922. 

Reiclienbach,  Pru8.,cong.  of,  8053;  treaty, 
8112  ;  hurricane,  8321 ;  Frederick  victo- 
rious, 5162. 

-,  Heinrich  Gottlieb  Ludwig,  b.,  8062  • 

d.,830t. 

,  Baron   Karl  von,   b.,  8043  ;    names 

otlvl.8161 ;  makes  paraffin,  8181 ;  d.,8262. 

Reiclisrath,  Austro-Hung.,  reconstituted, 
5251 ,  3;  supremacy,  5291 . 

Reichstag,  first  meeting,  5231 ,  8272. 

Reid,  Capt.,  defeats  John  Brown,  1801. 

,  David  Boswell,  b.  (1805)  ;  inv.  venti- 
lators, 9461;  d.  (1803). 

, Settle,  b.  (1813)  ;  gov.  N.C.,  1692. 

,  Maj.-Gen.,  in  Sepoy  rebellion,  10481. 

,  Mayne.  b.,  1262  ;  d.,  3142. 

,  Robert  R.,  governor  Fla.,  1512. 

,  R.  T.,  Vivisection  Bill,  9912. 

,  Samuel  Chester,  b.,  96i ;  d.,  1902. 

(Thomas,  b.,9042;  common-sense  phi- 
losophy, 9122;  works,  9131,  giga,  9231; 
d.,  9283. 

,  Whitelaw,  b.,  1482 ;    Ohio  in    War, 

2643;  retires  from  TVifcwne,  3383;  minis- 
ter, 3513;  nom.  for  vice-pres.,  4091 ;  vote, 
4192,  4243. 

,  Sir  William,  b.,  9283;  d.,  9622. 

,  Private,  wins  rifle  prize,  lOOOi . 

ventilators  introduced,  9461. 

Reikiavik,  anniversary  celebrated,  10423. 
Reil,  Johann  Christian,  b.,  8023;  d.,  8102. 
Reilly,  Bernard,  cons.  R.  C.  bishop,  9742. 
,  James  B.,  b.,  1581 . 

Reimann,  E.,  History  of  Austria,  8322. 

Reimarus,  Hermann  "Samuel,  b.  (1694) ; 
works,  8051;  d.,  8031. 

Reims  (or  Kheims),  church  erected,  663' ; 
sacked. G622;  Fr. kings  crowned,  6633;  be- 
sieged, 674';  Charles  VII.  crowned, 6773; 
Univ.  fnd.,  6812  ;  New  Testament  pub- 
lished, 6843  ;  Univ.  suppressed,  7063  ; 
taken,  7203;  Fr.  troops  leave,  7401 ;  Ger. 
headquarters,  7402. 

Reinach,  Baron  J.,  d.,  7621 . 

Reindeer,  brig,  captured,  1221. 

,  steamer,  explodes,  1713, 

Rei7iecki  Fucks  published,  6371 . 

Reinesius,  Thomas,  b.,  7922;  d.,  7963. 

Reinhard,  Francis  V.,  b.,  8022  ;  d.,  8102. 

Reinhold,  Karl  Leonhard,b., 8023;  d.,8122. 

Reinkens,  Jos.  Hubert,  b., 8122  ;  bp.,8283. 

Reinsdorf,  F.  A.,  sentenced,  8311. 

R^ipe,  steel  process  patented,  956» . 

Reiske,  Johann  Jakob,  b.,  7983  ;  d.,  8041 . 

Reiss,  Philip,  electric  telephone,  5441 . 

Reissiger,  Karl  Gottlieb,  h.,80C3. 

Reiter,  Commander,  case  in  senate,  3773, 

Reitz,  F.  W.,  inaugurated  president,  11053. 

Refationes  Curiosm  issued  in  Latin,  11343. 

Relations  JeHuits,  Les,  issued.  5731 . 

Relay  House,  Md.,  seized,  1942. 


Reletise  searches  for  Kane,  1761 ;  brings 

him  back,  returns,  178i. 
Reliance  wrecked,  9513. 
Relics,  common  (Gr.  604),  10722. 
Relief,  exploring  expedition,  148*. 
Relief  Bill  intro.  Belc.,  5472;  Eng,,  9211, 

Church  of  Scot,  fmd.,  9131 . 

for  Court  of  Claims,  resolution,  3993. 

of  Distress  Act  for  Ire.,  passes,  9852. 

Relipion  de  V  Univers,  La,  issued,  729i . 
Religion  of  Am.  colonists,  57 1 . 

in  National  Convention,  Fr.,  7103, 

— ,  State,  changed,  Fr,,  7263. 
Religious  instruction  suppressed,  Canada, 

5582. 

Education,  Am.  Soc.  for,  4562. 

ceremonies  increase,  10663. 

Charities  Bill  opposed,  Belg.,  5442. 

Corporations,  non-liability,  3842. 

dispute,  Ger.,  8143. 

dissensions  in  Pari.,  Eng.,  8871 . 

equality,  law  enacted,  962. 

Equality  Association  formed,  9563. 

Freedom  Bills  passed.  Hung.,  6383, 

houses,  many,  Belgium,  5442. 

Liberty  enacted,  Neth.,  11023. 

Messenger  issued,  133* . 

orders  abolished,  Fr.,  7522. 

orders  suppressed,  Sp.,  11303.     (See 

names  of  Orders.) 

primers  published,  Eng.,  8682. 

riots,  Belgium,  5442. 

rivalry,  Eng.,  8583. 

tests  abolished  by  Pari.,  9702,  9762. 

toleration  in  Peru,  11092. 

tumults  in  Netherlands,  10983, 

Tract  Soc.  org.  in  Albany,  1183  ;  in 

London,  9291. 

war  in  Europe,  6363. 

wars  devastate  Fr.,  6831 . 

Keiiibrandt(Rembrandt  Harmanzoon  van 

Ryn),  b.-d.,  11003;  works,  IIOO2, 
Remey,  Wm.  B.,  in  navy  dept.,3512. 
Remington,  Philo.,  b.  (1816) ;  d.,  3382, 

rifle.     (See  Rifle.) 

Remithwaite,  Ralph,  work,  8803. 
Remonstrance,  Grand,  Eng.,  8852, 
Remonstrants  (see  Arminians),  1101 1 . 
Rt^musat,  Comte  Frauyois  Marie  Charles 

de,b.,7123 ;  foreign  minister ,7463  ;d., 7501 . 
,  John  Pierre  Abel,  b.,  706*  ;  works, 

7232  ;  d.,  7262. 
R6my,  b,-il.,  6623. 
Renaissance,  period  of,5083,867i ;  Great, 

inaugurated,  6813. 
Renals,  Sir  Jos.,  1.  mayor  London,  10123. 
Renan,  Jos.  Ernesto, b., 7242;  works, 7303, 

7363,   7482,   7503,  7542,  7502  ;    d.,   7622  ; 

widow's  pension,  7652  ;  d.  (1892). 
Renata,  Maria,  burned,  8OI2. 
Renaud,  Guinglain,  671^ . 
Retiattd  de  Montauban  aj)pears,  6723. 
Renaudot,  Theophraste,  b.  (1584)  ;  works, 

6891 ;  d.  (1653)  ;  statue,  7&li. 
Rencher,  Abraham,  gov.  N.  Mex.,  1832. 
Rendlesheim,  Baron,  title  created,  931' . 
Rendsburg,  Prus.,  Danes  evacuate,  6402; 

taken,  8161,  8221. 
Ren^,  Duke  of  Anjou,  b.-d.,  10782. 

,  Peter,  wins  rifle  prize,  10021 . 

Renfrew,  Wm.  C,  inaug.  gov.,  Okla.,  4793. 
Rennell,  James,  b.,9103;  d,,  9442. 
Rennie,  John,   b.,  915i;  stone  bridge  of 

Kelso, 9'282;  Waterloo Bridge,9343,938i ; 

d.  9403. 

'-\  Sir  John,  b.  (1796±)  ;  d.,  9782. 

Reno,  Nev.,  fire,  3013;  Asylum  opd.,  3103. 
,  Jesse  Lee,  b.,  1322;  at  New  Berne, 

2051 ;  at  Camden,  N.C.,  2062;  attacks  In- 
dians, 292i;  d.,  2132. 
Kense,  electoral  meeting,  7832. 
Reushaw,  Wm.  Bainbridge,  takes  Galves- 
ton,2142;  k.  at  Galveston,  2181;  d.(]863). 
Rensselaer,  Kiliaen  van,  manor  land,  332. 
Rensselaerwyck,  N.  Y.,  settled,  332. 
Rent  tithe,  recovery  act,  10053. 
Rentes  Conversion  Bill  passes,  7672. 
Rents  in  money,  Eng.,  8493. 
Renwick,  James,  b.,  1262  ;  d.,  219* . 
Reorganization  of  Senate  Bill,  Fr.,  7472, 

7551, 
RepertoHum  der  gesammten  deutschen  Li- 

teratur  issued,  8151 . 
"  Reptile  "  Bureaucracy,  Ger.,  8263. 
Representatives,  House  of,  occupied, 1152; 

new    apportionment,  2492  ;    apportion- 
ment on  basis  of  franchise,  2512. 
Reprisals,  Pres,    Jackson   favors,    1462  ; 

British  make,  5553. 


Reprisals  authorized,  Eng.,  9312, 
Republican  issued,  Denver,  2543. 

Clubs,  Nat.  League  meets,  3551 ,  429* . 

League  of  U.  S.  org,,  in  N.  Y.,  329i ; 

conven.  opens,  4633 ;  College  Clubs  f  md.» 

4072;  convention,  4152. 

ministry  formed,  Fr.,  7512. 

Nat.  Conven.    meets   in    Baltimore, 

1392,2352  ;  In   Philadelphia,  1803,2791; 

in  Chicago,    1873,    2631,   3043,  3311;  in 

Cincinnati,  2931;  in  St.  Louis,  3043. 
party  rises ;    inception  at  Detroit ;. 

name  at  anti-Nebraska  conven.,  1752: 

antislavery      prominent,     1791 ;      Dred 

Scott  decision  favors,  1832  ;  majority  in 

Cong.,  1871;  elects  first  speaker,  1872; 

form  Wide  Awake  clubs,  1882  ;  1st  pres. 

elected  ;    majorities     in  1860,  1883  ;  di- 
vided, 2352;  divided  on  Reconstruction, 

2491,2,2511;  massacred  in  N.  Orleans,. 

2523  ;    state   elections  favor,  2552 ;    in 

elections  1867,  2592, 

Press  Club,  Mass,,  org.,  3883. 

River,  Kan.,  Indians  raid,  2661 . 

Republicans,  National,  favor  internal  im- 
provements,1232;  with  Anti-Masons, 1392. 
Vatican  favors  conservative,  in  Fr., 

7582;  overthrown  in  Italy,  IO6I2. 
Repulse  founders,  9181 . 

launched,  1008 1 , 

Bay,  visited,  575 1. 

Repunlijk  der  Geleerden  issued,  1101 2, 
Requesens  y  ZuHiga,  Luis  de,  b,  (1522) ;, 

inNeth.;  viceroy,  Neth,,  10993;  d.,5412. 
Requiem  appears,  8041 . 
Requier,  Augustus  Julian,b,,1322;d.(1887). 
Resaca  de  la  Palma,  Tex.,  battle,  I6O1 . 
,  Ga.,  battle    of,    231 1;    Confederate 

repulse,  2383. 
Reschid  (or  Reheed),  Pasha  Mustapha,  b.- 

d.,  11563  ;  takes  part  of  Argos,  10342;  d. 

(1858). 
Rescue  sails  for  Arctic  Ocean,  I66I . 
Resende,  Garcia  de,  b.  (1470+);  Cancioneiro 

Geral,  11091;  d.  (1554). 
Reservation,  Chippeway,  sold,  3472.    (See 

under  Cherokee  and  Oklahoma,) 
Reserve,  U.  S.  N.,  appropriation,  3781 . 
Reserve  wrecked,  902 1 . 
Resht,  Persia,  railway  opened,  11083. 
Resistance  blown  up,  9281 . 
Resolute  presented  to  Q.  Victoria,  1813. 
Resolution  wrecked,  9021 . 
Responsabilitis ,  Les,  7483. 
Restitution,  Edict  of,  7943, 
Resumption  of  specie  payments  opposed, 

U.S.,  2992;  resumed,  3012, 
Retaliation  by  Confeds.,  1973,  2163,  2173. 
Bill  (anti-Canada),  passed, 3312,  4091 ,. 

4113,4132. 
Eetampal  Springs,  Tex.,  camp  broken  up^ 

3961. 
Rethel,  Alfred,  b.,  8121 ;  d.,  8202. 
Rt^tief ,  Pieter,  leader,  598' . 
Reirosptctire  Reinew  issued,  9411. 
Return  from  Parnassus  acted,  8772. 
Retz,  Cardinal  de  (Jean  Fran9ois  Paul  de 

Gondi),  b.,  6802;  d,,  5923. 
Retzsch,  Friedrich  A.  M.,  b..  8042. 
Reuben,  inheritance  of,  11413. 
Reuchlin,  Johann,  b.,  7862;  d.,  7882. 
Re  Umberto  launched,  10882. 
Reunion  and  Reform  Asso.  at  Nashville, 

7243. 
ReuBS  uprising,  11321 . 

,  the  elder,  joins  Ger,  Confed.,  8252. 

Renter,  Fritz,  b.,  8102;   works,  8202;   d. 

(1874). 

,  Julius,  b.,  8103;  concession  to,  739*. 

Reutlingen,  Ger.,  battle  of,  7841 . 
Revanche  du  Cerf  burned,  1161 . 
Revelation  {Apocalypse)  written,  11532, 

Explained  and  Defended,  1()43. 

Revels,  Hiram  R., b. (1822) ;  senator, 267* , 

271 1 ;  favors  amnesty  and  suffrage,  271  * . 
Revelstoke,  Baron,  title  created,  9871 . 
Revenue,  annual,  gov,  N.  Y.,  573;  in  Am. 

colonies,  6II;  demanded  for  king,  672; 

Federal,    1032.      (Also  each    following. 

year) ;  internal  system  abolished,  1113; 

internal  est.,  1213;  by  force,  S.  C,  1412; 

from  lands,  179 1 ;    in  Civil  War,  2153; 

deficits  provided  for,  1932,  4412,  4732. 
Revere,  Mass,  R.  R.  accident,  2753. 

,  John  W.,  galvanized  iron,  136* . 

,  Paul,  b.,  622;  rides  to  Concord,  80* ; 

d.,  1262. 
Reverend,  title  applied,  Eng.,  8882, 
Revista  Contemporanea  issnGd,  10871. 


1388 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Revi-Rice. 


Revista  de  Ciencias  y  Letrns  issued,  6063. 

del  Pacifico  issued,  6063. 

EspaHola  issued,  1131^ . 

Tberica  issuer!.  11311 . 

Medica-Qmntrjica  issued,  6063. 

storica  Italiarut  issued,  10902. 

Universal  Linbonense  issued,  11101. 

Revivals,  religious,  prevail,  15:i3, 1822, 
Revolt  against  taxes,  Eng.,  8471. 
Revolution,  Eng.,  8992. 

,  Neth.,  10993. 

peaceful  arts  accomplished,  9142. 

Revolutionary  agitation,  Ger.,  8171 . 
Tribunal.    (See  Paris.) 

War,  Am.,  80i    to  953;  ends,  losses, 

costs,  disbanding,  farewell,  96i ,  97i . 
Revolutions  de  France  et  de  Brabant,  7063. 
Revue.,  La,  issued,  7323. 

archeoiofjique.  La,  issued,  735' . 

Beige  issued,  5443. 

Britaniiique,  La,  issued,  7251 . 

Cathoiiquv  appears,  5443. 

Critique  d'Histoire  et  de  Littirature, 

7331. 

de  Belgique  issued,  5443. 

de  Bruxelles  issued,  5443. 

de  r Empire,  La,  issued,  7291 . 

de  Liege  issued,  5443. 

*  Paris  appears,  7252,  7661 . 

des  Cours  Z.iW^rrtfre.'i,  Zrt,  issued,  7363. 

des  Deux  Mondes,  La,  appears,  7263. 

Europ^enne,  La,  issued,  7343. 

Fran<^aise,  La,  issued,  7251. 

Germaniqu*,  La,  issued,  7343;  changed 

to  La  Revue  Moderne,  7363. 

fftstoriqite.  La,  issued,  7.'i02. 

Indi'jH-nfliinte,  La,  issued,  7291 . 

Internationale  issued,  10902. 

Xati/inate,  La,  issued,  7343. 

— —  Philosophique,  La,  issued,  7502. 

Suedoise  issued,  11363. 

— —  Suisse  issued,  11381 . 

Trimestrielte  issued,  5443. 

Rey,  Jean,  b.,  7043;  d.,  7302. 

Reybaud,  Marie  Rocb  Louis,  b.,  7142;  d., 

7521 

Reyburn,  John  E.,  b.,  1581 

Reyland,  Jerome  Paturot,  7291 

Reymond.  Mnie.,  murderess,  7631. 

Reyna,  Francisco  Bruno  Cerrando  de, 
governor,  6302. 

Reynaud,  Antoine  Andr^  Louis,  d.,  7283. 

Reynier,  Gen.  Jean  Louis  Ebenezer,  b. 
(1771) ;  at  Maida,  7161 ;  d.  (1814). 

Reynolds,  Admiral,  perishes,  9342. 

,  George  N.,  killed,  9251 . 

,  John,  governor  La.,  692,3. 

.  — ,  b.  (1789+) ;   gov.  111.,  1392;   d., 

2471. 

,  John    Fulton,    b.,    1282;    at    Cheat 

Mountain,  W.  Va.,  1982;  appt.  6th  dis- 
trict, 2621;  at  Aquia  Creek,  2121;  at 
Warrenton,  2151 ;  at  Fredericksburg, 
2162;  at  Chancellorsville,  2211 ;  at  Get- 
tysburg, 2241 ;  d.,2251. 

,  J.  M.,  in  int.  dept.,  4472;  pension  de- 
cision, 4552. 

,  Sir  Joshua,  b., 9062;  Discourses, 915X; 

pres.  Royal  Academy,  9162;  d.,  9262. 

,  Robert  J.,  gov.  Del.,  367i ,  9991 . 

,  T.  C,  transfers  state  seal,  2672. 

,  Thomas,  governor  Mo.,  1531 . 

, ,  Anti-Tobacco  Crusade  9591 . 

,  Walter,  archbp.  Canterbury  8562. 

,  William  Morton,  b.,  1183;  d.  (1876). 

,  Mr.,  j>ossession  Wraugel  Land,  3(^2. 

Reynoldsville  and  Dubois,  strike,  4751 . 

Rezin  I.,  reigns,  11433;  against  Ahaz, 
11441. 

Rh^tia  invaded,  5021 .    (See  Rietia.) 

Rhamdamjstua  king  of  Armenia,  11513. 

Rhamnus  Temple  of  Nemesis  begun,  10203. 

Rbawm,  W.  H.,  chairman,  4403. 

Rhazes,  d.,  4862. 

Rhegium,  It.,  captured,  10502,  10522. 

Rheinfelden,  Imperialists  defeated,  7961. 

Rhenish  Fred.  Wilhelm  Univ.  fnd.,  8131 . 

League  meets  at  Mentz,  7812. 

Mission  Society  organized,  8143. 

Rhetol,  Turenne  defeated,  6901 

Rhett,  William,  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  561 . 

Rhetz,  Gen.  Voigts,  at  Loiret,  7423. 

Rhine,  Fr.  cross,  5181 ,2;  free  to  both 
countries,  5192;  left  bank  ceded,  6193; 
canal  to  Yssel,  7681 ;  infected  with  chol- 
era, 8373;  Confederacy  of,  716 1;  dis- 
solved, 521 1 ;  Palatinate  restored,  7972, 

8112. 

Rhoda,  mission,  6571 , 


Rhode  Island,  colony  fnd.  by  Roger  Wil- 
liams ;  colonists  protected,  35i :  strict 
laws,  342 ;  First  Baptist  church,  343  ; 
toleration  denied,  363;  new  constitution, 
372 ;  charter,  373  ;  war  against  New 
Neth.,  381 ;  toleration  granted,  382 ; 
church  divided,  383  ;  Wm.  Coddington, 
governor  at  Portsmouth,  383,  392,  453  ; 
drunkenness  punislied ;  slavery  pro- 
hibited, Jolin  Coggshall,  gov.,  391 ;  ist 
gen.  assembly  code  of  laws  ;  John  Smyth, 

fov.,  392,3  ;  N.  Easton,  gov.,  392,  453  ; 
am  Gorton,  gov. ;  admittance  to  New 
Eng.  Confederacy  refused,  392  ;  Roger 
Williams,  gov.,  393  ;  Hebrew  congrega- 
tion, 402;  1st  Quakers  yearly  meet,  403, 
612;  Benedict  Arnold,  gov.,  412,  441, 473; 
Wm.  Brenon,  gov.,  412,  433;  Seventh 
Day  Baptists  Church  org.,  422,  443;  reli- 
gious freedom  est.,  422  ;  charters  re- 
newed, 423  ;  w.  Clarke,  gov.,  471,503, 
633  ;  .John  Cranston,  gov.,  473  ;  Peleg 
Sandford,  gov.,  491;  Wm.  Coddington, 
Jr.,  gov. ,492;  Henry  Bull, gov. ,493, 513; 
charter  rescinded,  51 1 ;  charter  resumed, 
612,532  ;  gov't  dissolved,  51 1 ;  John  Eas- 
ton, gov.,  613  ;  Caleb  Carr,  gov.  (1695^  ; 
Sam'T  Cranston,  gov.,  561;  prot.  Epis. 
miss,  in,  562;  Kom.  Caths.  disfranchised, 
582  ;  hemp-duck  mnf.,  601 ;  weekly  con- 
tributions est.  for  ministry ;  General 
Baptists  org.,  603;  Joseph  Jenckes,  gov., 
613;  Six  Principle  Baptists  hold  yearly 
meetings,  622;  R,  /.  Gazette  issued,  631 ; 
population,  633  ;  Wm.  Wanton,  gov., 
632  ;  John  Wanton,  gov.,  633  ;  Richard 
Ward,  gov., 652  ;  troops  against  Fr.,  701 ; 
Wm.  Greene,  gov.,  653, 713 ;  Gideon  Wan- 
ton, gov.,  672;  Stephen  Hopkins,  gov.; 
712,3,  731 ;  Sam.  Ward,  gov.,  732,763; 
slaves  in  Newport,  733 ;  Warren  Baptist 
Asso.  fmd.,  742  ;  Brown  Univ.  est.,  742, 
763  ;  Six  Principle  Baptists  secede,  762; 
Josiah  Lyndon,  gov.;  ,Tos.  Wanton,  gov., 
772;  Gen.  Congress  proposed,  791 ;  com- 
missions cruisers,  802  ;  Nicholas  Cooke, 
fov.,  813,  831 ;  repudiate  allegiance  to 
ing,  823;  disloyal  to  king,  832  ■  British 
take,  843;  action  at  Quaker  Hill ;  storm 
separates  fleets,  883  ;  Wm.  Greene,  Jr., 
gov.,  913  ;  John  Collins,  gov.,  992  ; 
**  homespun  cloth"  mnf.,  IOO1 ;  P.  E.  dio. 
reorganized,  1022;  approves  Federal  con- 
stitution, 1031 ;  Arthur  Fenner,  gov., 
1032;  1st  cotton  mill  erected,  1041;  cot- 
ton sewing  thread  mnf.,  1042  ;  lat  Sun- 
day School  in  New  Eng.  est.,  1043;  Paul 
Mumford,  gov. ;  Henry  .Smith,  gov.,  1133; 
Isaac  Wilbur,  gov.,  II51 ;  James  Fenner, 
gov.,  1152,  1332,  1572;  Congregational 
Conf.  org.,  1163;  Wm.  Jones,  gov.,  1192; 
Neh.  R.  Knight,  gov.  (1817) ;  Wm.  C. 
Gibbs,  gov.,  1293  ;  riot  at  Providence, 
1391 ;  Lemuel  H.  Arnold,  gov.,  1393  ; 
John  B.  Francis,  gov.,  1433  ;  whipping 
law  applied,  repealed,  1491  ;  local  op- 
tion, 1492;  Universalists  State  Conven. 
org.,  1502 ;  AVm.  Sprjigue,  gov.,  1512; 
1903  ;  Sam.  W.  King,  gov.,  1512  ;  rival 
gov't  org.,  1562  ;  Chas.  Jackson,  gov., 
1611;  Byron  Diman,  gov.,  1013  ;  Elisha 
Harris,  gov.,  1033  ;  Henry  P.  Anthony, 

fov.,  1671 ;  Philip  Allen,  gov.,  1692;  pro- 
ibitory  law  passes,  1711,  unconstitu- 
tional, 1732  ;  Francis  M.  Dimoml,  gov., 
1743;  Wm.  W.  Hoppin,  gov.,  1772  ;  Pro- 
hibitory Law  passed,  1783,  and  repealed, 
2292  ;  Elisha  Dyer,  gov.,  1832  ;  T'homas 
G.  Turner,  gov.,  1872;  Evening  Bulletin, 
Providence,  est.,  2262;  James  Y.  Smith, 
gov.,  2293;  Wm.  C.  Cozzens,  gov.,  22!)3  ; 
ratifies  13th  Amend.,  2432,2083;  Ambrose 
Burnside,  gov.,  2,'>53  ;  Channing  L^nita- 
rianConf.org.,2,'J62;  ratifies  14th  Amend., 
2573;  Board  of  Cliarities  and  Correction 
org.,  2691 :  Seth  Padelford,  gov.;  ratifies 
16th  Amend.,  2093  ;  Roger  Williams 
statue  for  Wash.,  D.  C,  2721 ;  imprison- 
ment for  debt  abolished,  2723  ;  normal 
school  opd.,  2742, 3742;  Providence  B.  C. 
diocese  est.,  2802  ;  prohibitory  law 
passed,  2843;  and  repealed,  291 1 ;  Henry 
Howard,  gov.,  2861 ;  Henry  Lippitt, gov,, 
2892,  2912,  2931 ;  school  for  deaf  at  Prov- 
idence, 2943;  Chas.  C.  Van  Zandt,  gov., 
2973  ;  House  votes  to  reestablish  whip- 
ping post ;  State  Boaril  of  Health  est., 
3011;  Alfred  H.  Littlefield,  gov.,  3043  ; 
Augustus  O.  Bourn,  gov.,  3153  ;  prohibi- 


tion amend,  submitted,  approved,  3232, 
3243;Geo.  P.  Wetmore,gov.,3233;  Dem. 
win  elections,  3272  ;  Compulsory  School 
Law  pjisses,  3283;  John  W.  Davis,  gov., 
3293,  3751 ;  property  qualifications  re- 
moved, 3293  ;  proi>erty  qualification 
amend. ;  Republicans  rule,  ;i313  ;  State 
Agricultural  School  est.,  3323;  Royal  C. 
Taft,  gov.,  3332  ;  Prohibitory  Amend. 
resubmitted,  3.362,  and  rescinded,  3411; 
Australian  ballot  adopted,  3371,  3412, 
3492,  3811,  3882;  Herbert  W  Ladd, 
gov.,  3373  ;  State  ticket  in  doubt,  3392  ; 
nigh  license  law  enacted,  3431 ;  legisla- 
ture elects  state  officers,  3563  ;  Bibles 
banished  from  schools,  3582;  centennial 
eel.,  3603  ;  election  returns,  3812  ;  Re- 
publican candidates  elected,  3853  ;  Gov. 
Ladd  protects  prize-fight,  3951 ;  Alex. 
Gibson  nom.  for  gov.,  4011;  D.  Russell 
Brown,  nom.  for  gov.,  4032,  4533-  Re- 
publican  nominees  elected,  4091 ;  legis- 
lature prorogued,  4312;  gov's  action  in 
legislature  upheld,  4352;  weavers  strike, 
4402  ;  Republicans  carry  State  elections, 
4553;  D.  Russell  Brown,  gov.,  4793. 

Rhodes,  peopled,  11433;  city  fnd.,  11473; 
earthquake,  11482,  11562;  flourishes, 
11483;  revolts  against  Athens,  10233; 
besieged,  10201;  taken,  10.!13,  I032i, 
10341,  11611;  residence  of  Tiberius, 
11513;  held  by  Knights  Hospitallers, 
11553;  subdued,  10621. 

- — ,  Alexander  de,  missionary,  4803. 

,  Cecil  J.,  b.  (1853) ;    Brit,  resident, 

6O32  ;  on  Aiiglo-Ger.  agreement ;  pre- 
mier, 6033,  6043. 

,  James  Ford,  Histm-y  of  U.  S.,  4203. 

,  Lieut.-Col.,  at  Bertrand,  Mo.,  2011 . 

,  B.  G.,  invents  audiphone,  3061 , 

,  Wm.  Birk,  gift  to  hospital,  9843. 

Rhodians  fnd.  colonies  in  Catalonia,  11252. 

Rhodium  discovered,  9322. 

Rhodope,  asteroid,  discovered,  2901 . 

Rhondda  Valley,  W.,  mine  explosion,  997». 

Rhone  freezes,  6962. 

Rliuddan  Castle  destroyed,  8541 . 

Khvl,  W.,  Church  Congress  at,  IOO62. 

Klall,  Sir  Phinehas,  b.,  9183;  at  Chip- 
pewa, 1221 ;  d.  (1851). 

Riallo,  capital  Republic  of  A'enice,  10732. 

Riaz  Pasha  ministry,  6.592,  6613. 

Ribalds  established,  670i . 

Ribault,  Jean  (John)  b.,  6803;  dis.  St. 
John  River,  223;  colony  in  Fla.;  leaves 
colony,  233;  aids  Huguenots,  251;  d., 
6823. 

Ribblesdale,  Baron,  title  created,  9252. 

Ribbon  Society  organized,  941 1 . 

Ribeiro,  Bernardin,  Eclogues,  11091 . 

,  Jofto  Pedro,  Researches  in  ChronoU 

ogy,  11101. 

Ribero,  SeHor,  resigns,  5573. 

Ribot,  Augustin  Thfodule,  b.  (1823);  d., 
7621. 

,  Alexander  F(51ix  Joseph,  b.  (1842) ; 

minister,  7611,7632,7651;  forms  minis- 
try, 7651 ;  premier,  7652. 

Ribbonisni,  Act  for  suppression  of,  9753. 

Ricard,  L  Xavier  de,  Aufour  de  Bona- 
parte, 7022. 

,  M.,  minister,  7032. 

Ricardo,  David,  b.,  9183;  works,  9383;  d., 
9403. 

Eicards,  J.  D.,  K.  C.  bishop  cons.,  9742. 

Eicasoli,  Baron  Bettino,  b.,  10851 ;  d., 
10901. 

Riccaz,  Alex.,  cens.  R.  C.  bishop,  9902. 

Ricci,  Matteo,  b.  (1552) ;  Shanking  mis- 
sion;  Jesuit  arrives,  6143;  at  court, 
6153;  d.,  6142. 

Riccio,  Domenico,  b.,  10783;  d.,  10803. 

Rice,  intro.  Am.,  502;  restricted  Import, 
572;  culture  in  Lombardy,  IO8OI. 

,  Alex.  Hamilton,  b.,  1262;  gov.,  2951. 

,  Allen  Thorndike,  b.  (1863) ;  d.,  3401 . 

,  B.  H.,  moderator,  1303. 

,  David,  b.  (1733) ;  Presb.  in  Ky.,  9«2; 

d.  (1816). 

,  Henry  Mower,  b.  (1816) ;  on  Commit- 
tee of  13,  1892. 

,  James,  b.  (1844) ;  Mortiboy,  9763;  d. 

(1882). 

- — , Holt,  moderator,  1282. 

,  Luther,  b.  (1783) ;  ordained,  118»;  d. 

(1836). 

,  Nathan  Lewis,  b.  (1807) ;  moderator, 

1782;  d.  (1877). 

,  Nathaniel,  governor,  633,  692. 


Rice-Rios. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1389 


Rice,  Thomas  Spring,  Lord  Monteiigle,  b., 
9243;  d.,  9701. 

,  Wm.  M.,  gift  to  Houston,  3843. 

Rich,  Claudius  James,  b.,  9242  ;  d.,  9403. 

,  Isaac,  b.  (1801)  ;  d.,  276i. 

.John  T.,  nom.  for  gov,  Mich.,  4113, 

4«72;  gov.,  4471,  4793. 

,  Pres.,  arrested  in  Ida.,  3683. 

,  Richard,  b.  (1498±) ;  high  chancellor, 

8712;  d.  (IStiS). 

,  Robert,    Earl     of    Warwick,     land 

granted;  transfers  claim,  332  ;  office  in 
N.  Eng.,  373  ;  d.  (1658). 
Richard  1.,  king,  b.-d.,  8502  j  prisoner, 
5043  ;  in  third  crusade,  8501 ;  gets  money 
by  licenses ;  reigns,  8513  ;  at  Aacaion, 
8501  ;  releases  Scot,  from  homage ;  est. 
licenses;  marries;  shipwrecked,  9513  ; 
gives  Cyprus  to  Guy  de  Lusignan,  1 1553 ; 
takes  Jaffa,  4872 ;  released ;  ransom 
price,  7792  ;  recovers  Normandy,  6701  j 
d.,8631:  statue,  9641. 

U.,  king,    b.-d.,   8582;    tournament, 

-S5t>3  :  reigns,  8603  ;  invades  Scot.,  860* ; 
api>oints  Continual  Council  8611;  mar- 
riage, 8612;  pledge  to  London;  controls 
gov't,  8611 ;  charters  York,  861 1 ;  in  Ire., 
S603;  at  Watorford,  860t,  8603;  Christ- 
mas festival,  8603;  prisoner;  deposed; 
murdered,  8612;  will,  8613. 
III.,  b.,  8622,3;  D.  of  Gloucester;  pro- 
tector; supported  for  king;  reigns  as 
Richard  III.;  title  confirmed,  8653  ;  op- 
poses Henry  of  Tudor ;  est.  cavalry 
posts  ;  levies  benevolences  ;  k.,  8672. 

of  Burgundy  routs  Northmen,  6661 . 

of    Normandy,   archbp.  Canterbury, 

8-i03  ;  d.  (1184). 

,  D.  of  York,  lord-lieut.,  8632,  8652; 

protector  ;  rules;  arrested;  treason.  8633; 
c  laims  crown,  865 1 ;  claim  acknowledged, 
killed,  8^41,8651. 

,  F.  M.,  cons,  cardinal  priest,  7582. 

,  Henry,  erected  monument,  9842  ;   ,i., 

9982. 

,  Maurice,  minister  tine  arts,  7392. 

Plantagenet,  E.  of  Cornwall, b.  (1209); 

elected  king,  tier.,  7812  ;  delivers  Jeru- 
salem, 852' ;  king  of  Romans,  8551 ;  j. 
(1272). 
Ri*ihards,  A.  N.,  governor  Can.,  5833. 

,  James  A.  I).,  b.,  1581 . 

,  Jolui,  defends  charter,  49i ;  d.,  1842. 

,  L.  D.,  nominee  for  gov.  Neb.,  3652. 

,  Paul,  mayor  N.  Y.,  633. 

,  Thomas  Addison,  b.  (1820) ;  National 

Academy  Design,  1701. 

,  Sir  William  Buel,  d.,  5881 . 

, ,  b.,  1022  ;  d.  (1847). 

,  Bishop,  cons.  E.  Cape  Colony,  9742, 

Rit!hards<m,AlfredSnencer,cons.  Dp.,3022. 

,  Benjamin  Ward,  b.,  9423. 

,  Charles,  b.,919i ;  English  Dictionary , 

9491;  a.  (1865). 

, Francis,  b.,  1682;  works,  3083, 

3283,, -1502. 

,  Col.,  at  Covington.  Teun.,  2201 . 

,  George  F.,  b.,  1681 . 

,  H.  J.,  nom.  governor  Del.,  3691 . 

,  Henry  Hobson,  b.  (1839) ;  d.,  3222. 

,  Israel  B.,  b.,1262  ;  at  Savage  Station, 

2092  ;  d..  2152. 

,  Jas.,b.(1809>;explorer,5783;d.(1851). 

;  — —  B.,  governor  S.  C,  lUa. 

,  — -  l).,b.,  1562. 

-,  Sir  John,  b.,  9242  ;  d.,  9681 . 

,  John  Fram,  b.  (1808) ;  d.,  2602. 

, Peter,  b.  (1801)  ;  gov.  S.  C.  1531, 

3252;  against  lynching,  3511;  d.  (1864). 

,  Samuel,  b.,  8982;   works,  9111;  d., 

9151, 

,  Sir  Thomas,  b.  (1GG9);  chief  justice, 

8832  ;  d.  (1636). 
— -,  William  Alex.,  b.,  1301 ;  gov.  Neb., 
1852  ;  minister,  2813  ;  resigns,  2862  ;  d., 
2881. 

,  Mr.,  murdered,  9661 . 

,  Mr.,  killed  in  Boston,  771, 

Richaud,  M.,  Fr.  resident,  4833. 
Rich*i,  Gen.  Jean  Baptiste,  b.(1780) ;  pres- 
ident Haiti,  10402  ;  d.  (1847). 
Richelieu,  Due  de  (Armand  Jean  Duples- 
sis),  b.,  6842  ;  at  La  Rochelle ;  est.  Fr. 
Academy,  6861 ;  cardinal;  censured,  6871 ; 
administration ;  in  states-gen.,  6873  ; 
dismissal  annulled,  GSH^  ;  d.,  6883. 

,  Due  de  (Armand  Emmanuel  Duples- 

8iB).  b.  (1766)  ;  ministry  of,  7232  j  again  ; 
resigUB  office,  7233, 


Richelieu,  Due  de  (Louis  Franyois  Armand 
Emmanuel  Dupiessis),  b.,  6943  ;   treaty 
with  D.  of  Cumberland,  8032  ;  d.,  7062 
Richemont,  Constable  de,  at  Paris,  6762  ; 

at  Formigny,  6781 . 
Richense,  regent  ()f  Poland,  11133. 
Richepin.  Jean,  b.  (1849)  ;  Le  Cadet,  7602. 
Richer,  Blouard,  b.,  7082  ;  d.,  7262. 
Richey,  M.  N.,  governor  Can.,  5832. 
Richings,  Peter,  d.,  2721 ;  d.  (1871). 
Richmann,  Georg  Wilhelm,  b.-d.,  11143. 
Richmond,  Ind.,  Earlham  Coll.  fud.,  1843; 
office  of    Jeffersonutn    wrecked,   2232; 
school  for  feeble-minded  opened,  3032  ; 
Orphan's  Home,  cruelty,  4503. 

,  Ky.,  Federals  routed,  2122  ;  Central 

Univ.  org.,  2822,  2863. 

,  Va.,  college  proposed,  283  ;  fnd.,  653; 

capital,  913  ;  stores  burned,  923  ;  evacu- 
ated, 942  ;  constitutional  conven.  meets, 
1091,2592;  R.  Inquirer,  1131;  eclipse  of 
sun,  1161;  theater  burned,  1193-  Booth 
appears,  1281 ;  R.  C.  diocese  fmd.,  1303  ; 
State  Library  fnd.,  1311;  R.  Whig  ap- 
pears, 1351 ;  II.  R.  to  Frederick  ;  R.  R.  to 
Petersburg,  1493  ;  R.  Coll.  org.,  1523  ; 
Hollywood  Cemetery  opd.,  1633  ;  seced- 
ing Deni.  Conven.,  1873;  Dem.  Nat.  Con- 
ven., 1882;  Confed.  capital,  1971 ;  Confed. 
Provisional  Cong..  1973,  2053  ;  first 
Confed.  Con^,  meets,  2053  ;  McCIellan's 
advance  begins,  2063  ;  Confeds.  concen- 
trate, 2072  ;  bread  riot,  2213;  Meade  ad- 
vances on,  2271;  Grant  advances  on, 
2322  f;  2d  Confed.  Cong,  meets,  2333, 
2393;  Grant  threatens,  2371;  last  Confed. 
Cong,  adjourns  ;  evacuated,  2443  ;  Fed- 
erals occupy,  2451  ;  fire, 2453;  Lincoln  at, 
2451,3;  review  of  Federal  troops,  2452  ; 
seal  of  Confederacy  arrives  at,  2453  ; 
Davis  admitted  to  bail,  2563;  Gen.  Scho- 
tield  military  commander,  2572  ;  Davis 
returns  to ;  Constitutional  Convention, 
2592  ;  Theological  Sem.  fnd.,  2603  ;  gal- 
leries fall,  2713  ;  R.  R.  to  Huntington, 
2852  ;  statue  of  Gen.  Jackson  ;  earth- 
quake, 2881  ;  Colored  People  Educational 
Conven,,  2883 ;  Hartshorn  Memorial 
Coll.  fnd.,  3143  ;  Bapt.  Home  for  Aged 
Women  est.,  3171;  Times  issued,  3242; 
John  Jasper's  revival,  3383  ;  decorated 
with  Confed.  flags,  359 1 ;  Lee  statue,  259 1 ; 
emancipation  eel.,  3703;  Conven.  South- 
ern Govs.,  4282  ;  Soldiers'  and  Sailors* 
monument,  4601 . 
Richtnond  built,  1182. 

■  struck  by  Ma7iassas,  2001 ;  ordered  to 

Samoa,  338i. 

,  Duke  of,  title  created,  8932.     (See 

Lennox.) 

,  Dean,  d.,  262i. 

,  Leeh,  b.,  9183  ;  d.,  9423. 

and  Alleghany  R.  R.  sold,  3393. 

Observatory,  Eng.,  built,  9181. 

Rich  Mountain.  W.  Va.,  battle  of,  1962. 
Xiichter,  Gustav,  b.  (1823);  paints  Daughter 
o/Jainis,  8201 ;  d.  (1884). 

,  Eugen,  b.  (1838)  ;  attacks  Bismarck, 

8352. 

,  Henry  Jos.,  b.  (1838);  cons,  bp.,  3122. 

,  JeanPaulFriedrich,  b.,8023;   works, 

8062,  8071 ,2  ;  d.,  8123  •  statue,  4301 . 
Ricimer,  defeats    Vandals,    10701 ;    rules 

Italy:  deposes  Avitus  ;  d.,  10712. 
Rickards,  John  E.,  gov.  Mont.,  4471. 
Ricker,  Marilla,  admitted  to  bar,  3643. 
Ricketts,  James  Brewerton,  b.,  1262  ;   in 
court-martial,  216' ;  north  of  Rapidan, 
2.'J2i ;  at  Baltimore,  2361 ;  d.  (1887). 
Ricks,  Judge,  decision  on  strikes,  4723. 
Ricord,  Philippe,  b.,  7143  ;  d.,  7581 . 
RIddell,  Arthur  G.,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  9862. 
— :-,  John  Leonard,  b.  (1807) ;  d.,  2582. 
Riddonberger  Act  passes,  3132. 
Ridding,  George,  cons,  bishop,  9922. 
Riddle,  D.  H.,  moderator,  1682. 

,  George  R.,  b.,  1262;  d.,  2661 . 

Biddleberger,  Harrison  Holt,b.  (1844)  ;  d., 

3521 . 
Ridel,  Stephen,  chancellor,  8513. 
Ridgetteld  College.  Md.,  organized,  2583. 
Ridgeley,  Daniel  Boone,  b.  (1813) ;  d.,262i. 

,  James  Lot,  b.,  1141 ;  d.  (1881). 

Ridgeway,  Col.  Sir  Jos.  West,  sec,  9973. 

,  Robert,  North  Am.  Birds,  3283. 

Ridley  Hall,  Cambridge,  est.,  9843. 

,  Nicholas,  b.,  8661 ;  burned,  8702,3. 

,  William,  mission,  Australia,  4962. 

, ,  bishop  New  Caledonia,  9803, 


Ridpath,  John  Clark,  b,.  1522. 

Ridsdale,  Rev.  C.  J.,  trial,  9802. 

Ried,  Aust.,  treaty  of,  521 1 . 

Riedesel,  Friedrich  Adolf  von,  b.,  8002 ; 

d.,8071. 
Riedinger,  Johann  Ellas,  b.,  7982;  d.,  803'. 
Riego  y  Nuftez   Rafael   del,  leader,  exe- 
cuted, 11312. 

Riel,  Louis,  b.,  5782  ;  revolt,  provisional 
gov't.  Can.,  5832;  surrenders, 5841 ;  trial, 
5851;  insurrections,  6821,5852;  d.,  5841. 

Riemarus,  Hermann  S.,  b.,  7982. 

Riemer,  Isaac  de.  mayor  N.  Y.,  552. 

Rienzi,  Miss.,  action  at,  2243. 

,  Cola  di,   b.-d.,   10762  ;  revolution  in 

Rome ;  executed,  10773. 

Rierson  Island,  annexed,  10013. 

Rieunier,  Adm.,  minister,  7652. 

Rifle  meeting,  Nat.,  Belg.,  5451 . 

,  Spencer  repeating  pat.,  1902. 

Rifled  gun  used,  7862. 

Riga,  Russia,  siege  of,  11341 . 

Rigand,  Hyacinthe,  b.,  6902  ;  d.,  7003. 

Rigaud,  Gen.,  defeated,  Haiti,  10401. 

Riggin,  Charles  W.,  killed,  4121. 

Kiggs,  Elias,  b.,  1162. 

,  Geo.  Washington,  b.  (1813);  d.,3081. 

Right  of  search  at  sea  renewed,  186' . 

Rights  of  Man,  declaration  of,  Fr.,  7073. 

Rigord,  b.-d.,  6683. 

Ri^-  Veda  edited  by  Max  MUUer,  955 1 . 

Riimkronike  appears,  6363. 

RHey,  Gen.  Bennett,  b.  (1787) ;  governor 
California,  1671;  d.  (1853). 

,  Charles  Valentine,  b.,  1562. 

,  James  Whitconib,  b.  (1852) ;  works, 

3242,  3283    3331 ,  3962,  4781 . 

,  John,  b.,  8862;  works,  9011;  d.  (1691). 

,  Patrick,  dynamiter,  4742. 

Rimini,  Italy,  council,  10683  ;  cathedral 
erected,  10771 ;  earthquake,  10822. 

Rimnik,  Aust.,  victorious,  8041 . 

Rimouski,  R.  C.,  diocese  of,  6822;  hospital 
built,  6883. 

Rim  Sin  defeated,  11401 . 

Rinehart,  William  H.,  b.,  1322;  d.,28ei. 

Ring  des  Nibelungen  performed,  8281 . 

Ringgold,  Ga.,  Confederate  defeat  228»,a. 

,  Capt.,  exploring  expedition,  1721. 

,  George  Hay,  b.  (1814);  d.,  2332. 

Rintoln  University  fud.,  795 1 ;  suspends, 
8091. 

Riutunbur  captured,  10422. 

Rio,  Wis.,  R.R.  accident,  3253. 

de  Janeiro,  Portuguese  appear,  173  ; 

dis.,203  ;  Bay  dis.,  653i  ;niin)ea  ;  Hugue- 
nots at ;  Portuguese  at,  5632,  a  ;  Fr.  set- 
tlement captured,  233,  6631,3;  Prot. mis- 
sion, 5531 ;  Fr.  squadron  takes  ;  gov.  ca- 
pitulates ;  Nat.  Library  ;  tea-plant  cul- 
tivated, 5641 ;  Imperial  chapel  erected ; 
Journal deCommercio  est.;  Meth. mission, 
5542;  Museum  Nat.  Hist., 5541 ;  hospital 
erected, 5543  ;  mission,  5543,6663  ;  polit- 
ical disorders,  6543  ;  capital ;  founded, 
6551;  Assembly  opens,  6552;  invaded; 
revolution, 5551 ,  2;  royal  fu^tives, 6551 ; 
Brit,  officers  arrested  ;  gas  intro.,5553  ; 
girls'  school  fnd. ;  current  literature, 
5562  5682;  D.  of  Edinburgh  visits;  mar- 
tial law  proclaimed,  6671 ,6593,  5602;  po- 
litical agitation,  5571;  Nat.  Bank  est., 
5573  ;  cannonaded  j  insurrection  ;  iron- 
clad launched  ;  siege  ;  surrender  de- 
manded, 5581 ,2,5593;  boycotting  league; 
rioting,  6583, 5592  ;  Nat.  Mortgage  Bank; 

firovisional  gov't  recognizetl  ;  State 
oans,  5691 ;  belligerent  rights  refused; 
coffee  syndicate;  royal  manifesto;  troops 
to  withdraw,  5593  ;  U.  S.  squadron, 446' , 
5601;  siege  abolished,  5602;  yellow  fever, 
6593,5603-  royal  residence,  11103, 

de  la  Plata,    Braz.,  explorers,  4891; 

gov't,  4892;  loss  of  life,  5581;  a  vice- 
royalty,  11061 . 

Grande  City,  jail  broken  open,  2971 . 

College,  org.,  Ohio,  2922. 

do  Sul,  Braz,,  subdued,  5541 ;  re- 
bellion,5553;  battle,  5602;  mission, 6562, 
10962  ;  battle  at ;  defeat  of  troops  ;  up- 
rising, 558 1 , 3 ;  victory,  6582  ;  riots, 5583; 
independence,  5.'j9i  ;  controls  Junta  ;  dis- 
obeys State  ;  gov.  deposed  ;  insurrec- 
tionends;  new  nag  ;   revolt, 5592, 5601 ,2. 

Pongas,  mission,  11603. 

Riordan,  Patrick  Wm.,b.  (1841);  cons,  bp., 
3142  ;  archbp.  San  Francisco,  3182 ;  in- 
vestigates Cleveland  affair,  3461 . 

Bios,  Pedro  Venegas  de  los,  gov.,  6301 . 


1390 


Text  figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Riot-Robi. 


BiotB,  Boston,  743,  Piovidenoe,  139' ,  New 
York,  1431 ,2,1471 ,1643, 1823,3782, Phila., 
145>,  1671,  Baltimore,  1452,  ISOa.Cincin- 


land,  1763,  Louisville,  St.  Louis,  1771, 
Washington,  1823,  Great  Anti-Drafti 
New  Yorlt,  2253,  Charleston,  111,,  2312, 
Savannah,  2333,  Mobile,  2392,  Memphis, 
2522,  Somerset,  Ky., 2691  .Austin.  Miss., 
2843,  VicksburK,  Miss.,  2871 ,  Yazoo  City, 
Miss. ,2891  ,Uanville,315t  ,Seattle,VVash., 
3221,  3232,  Uopedale,  O.,  3331,  Uuluth, 
Minn.,  3332,  Carbon  Hill,  Ala.,  3761, 
Kearney,  N,  J.,  3781 ,  Connellsville,  Pa., 
3822,  Grand  Kapids,  Mich.,  3852,  San 
Diego,  Cal.,  3882,  Sacramento,  Cal.,  To- 
nawauda,  N.  Y.,4082,  Homestead,  Pa., 
4102,  star  City,  lnd.,4122,  Bullalo,  4163, 
1742,  Cheyenne,  Colo.,  4163,  Mononga- 
hela  City,  4242,  Auburn,  Me.,  4383,  Ab- 
Ington,  Mass.,  4362,  Camden,  N.J.,  4423, 
Freeland,  Pa.,  4603,  Wesley,  III.,  4622, 
miners,  Mich.,  4642,  K.K.,  Okla.,  4651, 
miners,  Barnesboro,  Pa.,  4682,  Maltby, 
Pa.,  473';  Chinese,  New  South  Wales, 
Ballarat,  Vic,  4963,  Vienna,  5223,  5331, 
6362,  Aust.,  5323,  5331,  5362,  Bohemia, 
5302,  5331,  5351,  Galicia,  5331,  5:541, 
Hung.,  5311,  5322,  5943,  535',  5362,  Bel- 
gium, 5431,  5481,  Brussels,  5443,  rAl^, 
5481 .  Marchienne-au-Pont,  5451 ,  charle- 
roi,  Mons,  5462, 5481 ,  Maligues,  5483  ,Ant- 
werp,  5471,  5481,  Grammont,  Louvain, 
5481  ,Plevna,5682,  Sofia,  5701  h,  Montreal, 
6791 ,5823,5831  ,,6922,  Quebec,,')81l  .Chile, 
6083,  6081,  Tangehow,  China,  Tieu-tsin, 
6212.  Ching-Kiang-Fu.  Amoy.  Fukien 
province.  Hankow.  Woo  Hoo,  6261,  Bo- 
gota, Colombia,  6282,  Alexandria,  Egy., 
6581 ,  France,  7272.  738I .  7432.  7043,  7(iol , 
Paris,  6751,  6763,6872,  7071 +,  7111,  7252, 
7272,  7303,  7,i31,  7371,  7383.  7543,  7043; 
Ger..  7872.  7892,  7911,  8152,  8163,  8171, 
8291 ,  8323.  8331 .  8343,  8.(51 ,  8:S62  ;  Great 
Britain,  Birmingham,  9092,  9252,  9703, 
9931 ,  Bristol,  9132, 9271 ,9451 .  10103, Ches- 
ter Castle,  9702.  n,  ar  Carlisle,  9751 ,  Cf>rn- 
wall,  9911,  Dungraven,  Eng.,9B9i,  Dart- 
moor, 9372.  Eiig..  9352,  9381 ,  9451 ,  Edin- 
burgh, 9411 ,  Exeter,  9711 ;  Ireland,  9152. 
9292,  9372,  9392,  9412,  9432.  9451,  947', 
9551 ,  957' ,  96:i1 ,  9671 .2,  9683.  9703,  9771 , 
9831,  9851,  9863,  9871,  9883,  9943,  99(i3, 
9971 ,  10003, 10071 ,  10083, 10103;  (ilasgow, 
9392,  Hebrides,  Scot.,  9943,  Kiddermins- 
ter, 9931,  Lancashire,  9432,  Leicester, 
9943.  Lond..  8951 ,9051 ,9092, 9171 ,2,  9212, 
9272,  9352,  9,372,  9392,  9611,  9671,  9751, 
9943,  9972,  10103,  10131 ,  Liverpool,  9571 , 
959' ,  9943,  Manchester. 9312.  971 ' .  Maid- 
stone, Eng.,  9292,  Mold.  9731,  Notting- 
ham, Eng.,  9372,  9683,  Northampton, 
9792,  Paisley,  9392,  Scot.,  9292,  skve, 
Scot..  9891.  Stockport.  Eng..  9571.  sta- 
leybridge.  Eng. .9671  .St. Helen's. Wigau. 
10123,  Wales,  9461 ,9531 ,  WorceBter,Eng., 
9092,  925',  Wrexham.  Eng..  989'.  9943. 
Yarmouth.  957'. 

Ripley,  Tenn.,  action  at,  218' . 

-,  Eleazer  Wheelock,  b.,  96' ;  d.,  1502. 

,  George,  b.,  1102;  at  Fort  Erie,  122' ; 

Am.  Cj/clopeedia,  2823;  d.,  304'. 

.  .James  W..  b.  (1797) ;  d..  270' . 

.  Lieut.,  hurt  at  sea,  338' . 

Kipon,  Eng.,  treaty  of,  8833;  bishopric  est., 
948' ;  Bishop  Carpenter  cons.,  9922. 

,  Wis.,  Ripon  College  est.,  173' . 

,  Earl  of,  minister,  9433. 

,  Marquis,  title  created.  975'.     (See 

Robinson.) 

Rippey.  William  C,  shoots  Mackay,  4242. 

Rip  Raps  riot  with  Wampanags,  1803. 

Kisakolf,  condemned;  hanged,  1121'. 

Rising,  Johann  Claesson,  b.  (1600-*-)  ;  gov., 
393. 

Riska,  W.,  colliery  collision.  9853. 

Kisley,  John  E.,  minister,  4473. 

Rispah  watches  bodies,  1143' . 

Rist,  Johann,  b.  (1607) ;  works,  795' ,  797' ; 
d.  (1667). 

Ristori.  Adelaide.  Marchioness  del  Grillo, 
b.,  10862. 

Kitchie,  Alex.  Hay.  b.  (1822) ;  Nat.  Acad- 
emy Design.  276' . 

.  Mrs.  (Anna  Cora  O.  Mowatt).  b..  128' ; 

appears.  158';  Fashion,  1583;  d.,  2702. 

,  Byron  F.,  b..  1722. 


Ritchie,  Col.,  at  Shirley's  Ford,  2132. 

,  C.  T.,  minister,  9953. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  912;  d.,  174' . 

Rites,  Tribunal  of  decision  for  foreigners, 
6153. 

Ritner,  Jos.,  b.  (1780) ;  gov.  Pa.,  1453;  d., 
268'. 

llitschl,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.,  8083. 

Ritsoii,  Joseph,  b.,  9123;  d.,  9323. 

Rittenhouse,  David,  b.,  62' ;  method  of 
fluxions,  68';  improved  orrery,  74'; 
pres.  Am.  Philosophical  Society,  102' ; 
d.  (1796). 

Ritter,  Charles,  defaulter,  3782. 

,  Col.  Eli,  pres.  Prohibition  Nat.  Con- 
vention, 4092. 

,  Fr^d(;ric  Louis,  b.  (1834) ;  d.,  648' . 

Galmy  appears,  791 ' . 

,  Heinrich,  b.,  8043;  History  of  Phi- 
losophy, 8151 ;  d.,  8262. 

,  Johann  W.,  dis.  chemical  rays,  8062; 

secondary  pile,  9362. 

,  Karl,  b.,  8042;  work,  813';  d.,  8202. 

Ritualisni,  canon  against,  2862;  con- 
demned, 9701,2. 

Ritualistic  practices,  protested.  Can.,  586'. 

Ritualists  censured,  9702,  9722. 

Kivadaria,  president  Argentine,  4903. 

Rivas,  Nic,  Gen.  Walker  tights  at,  176'. 

,  jos^  Maria,  rises  ;  shot,  11233. 

,  pres.,  war  against  Costa  Rica,  &'J02. 

Rive,  Auguste  De  La.  b.-d.;  invents  galvan- 
ometer ;  telephone.  1138'. 

River  Falls.  Wis..  State  Normal  School 
opd..  2903;  lightning  kills.  4332. 

,  M.,  arbitrator,  7612. 

and  Harbor  Appropriation  Bill,  I6I2, 

1633.  l(j52,  3112,  3593,  4072,  4692,  4653. 
469';  act  unconstitutional.  4072. 

Rivera.  Costa  Rica,  founded.  630' . 

.  Alonso  de.  governor  Chile.  6a'>2. 

.  Gen.  Jos^  Fructuoso.  b.  (1790±) ;  de- 
feated. 490';  d.  (1854). 

.  Perafau  de.  gov.  Colombia.  630' . 

Riveriua;  diocese.  4982;  Bp.  Liuten  cons.. 
9862. 

Rivers.  Lord.    (See  Woodville.) 

Riversdale  mission.  5983.  0003. 

Riverside  Park.  N.Y..  Grant's  monument. 
3692.3. 

Rives,  John  C,  b.,  106' ;  d.,  2332. 

,  William  Cabell,  b.,  1042;  d.,  262'. 

Rivifere.  Briton,  b.,  9502. 

,  Capt.  Henri,  at  Hanoi,  4802;  in  An- 

nam,  4813. 

,  Pres.  Herrard,  fails  to  subdue,  10402. 

,  M.,  finds  human  skeleton,  746'. 

.  R.  T.,  d.,4813. 

Rivington,  James,  b.,  602;  d.  (1802). 

Rivinus,  August  Quirinus,  b.  (1652; ;  botan- 
ical student,  7982;  d.  (1723). 

Rivoli,  It.,  battle  at,  5182. 

Uivoli  taken,  9342. 

Rizo-Rhangabe,  Alexander,  b.-d.,  10343. 

Rizzio,  David,  b.,  10803;  k.,  873',  10803. 

Boach,  John,  b.  (1815) ;  Relief  Bill,  349' ; 
Congress  investigation,  429';  d.  (1887). 

,  N.  W.,  speech,  441'. 

,  William  N.,  b.,  1622. 

Road,  National,  Bill  rejected,  1372. 

Roads,  improved  Macadam,  9382. 

Roane,  John  Selden,  b.  (1817) ;  gov.  Ark,, 
1652;  d.,  256' . 

Roanoke,  Ga.,  burned,  1473. 

,  Va. , negro  lynched,  4003 ;  cloud-burst, 

414';  mob,  4382,  4403. 

College  organized,  173' . 

Island.  N.C.. settlement  at.262;  Vir- 
ginia Dare  born;  abandoned.  24'.  263; 
Burnside's  expedition  arrives.  2022; 
taken.  204'. 

H.  R.  completed.  1633. 

Rubartes.  Baron,  title  created,  965' .    . 
Robbery  prevails.  Eng.,  8583. 

Robbia,  Luca  della,  b.-d.,  10782;  inventa 

delftware,  1078'. 
Robbins,  Ashur,  b.,  71';  d.,168'. 

,  Gaston  A.,  b.,  1842. 

,  Horace  Walcott,  Nat.  Acad..  300' . 

.  Maria,  library  gift.  3482. 

,  Royal,  b.,  100' ;  d..  1922. 

.  Thomas,  b.  (1777) ;  clerg.;  d.,  178' . 

Robe,  J.  H.,  gov.  S.  Australia,  497' . 
Itobert  wrecked,  9413. 

E.  Lee  burned,  3113. 

L,  killed  at  battle  of  Soissons,  6673. 

I,  (Robert  Bruce),  king,  b.-d.,  8642. 

II.,  king  of  Scot.,  b.,  8562;   reigns, 

8593;  d.,  8602. 


Robert  III.,  king  of  Scot.,  861' ;  d..  8613. 

.  CountofArtois.  battle  of  Spurs,  672' ; 

refuge  in  Eng..  675' ;  d..  6722. 
.  Capt..  at  Gainesville.  230' . 

de  Courtenay  reigns,  1035' . 

of  Flanders,  in  First  Crusade,  6683. 

Fleury,  Joseph  N.,  b.,  7123;  d.,  760'. 

,  D.  of  Fr.,  revolts  ;  reigns,  6673;  routs 

Northmen,  666' ;  k.,  6673. 

,  the  Friesian,  defeats  Philip,  1098' . 

,  E.  of  Gloucester,  defeats  Stephen ; 

captured,  850' . 

of  Gloucester,  b.-d.,  8542;  workB,8562. 

,  Hubert,  b..  6983;  d.,717'. 

.  E  of  Kildare,  commissioner,  9052. 

,  Earl  of  Mar,  at  Perth,  858' . 

I.,  the  Devil,  duke  ;  d.,  6692. 

II.,  D.  of  Normandy,  excommuni- 
cated, 6662;  marries  cousin, 6663;  reigns, 
6673;  joins  First  Crusade  ;  rebels  against 
father ;  imprisoned  for  life ;  claim's 
father's  throne,  668' ;  pilgrimage  to 
Holy  Sepulchre,  6682;  d..  668'. 

,  D.  of  Normandy,  revolts ;    invades 

Eng.,  8481 ;  imprisoned,  8491 . 

the  Strong,  opposes  Northmen,  666' . 

the  Wise,  K.  of  Naples,  10772;  strug- 
gle for  throne  of  It.,  10773. 

Roberts,  Baron,  title  created,  1009' . 

,  David,  b.,  9283;  d.,968l. 

,  Frederick  Sleigh,  Baron,  b.   (1832) ; 

in  Sepoy  rebellion,  1048' ;   in  Burmese 

war;  commander-in-chief,  10021,  10482; 

annexes  part  of  Afgh.,  53;  at  Matoon  ; 

at  Kabul ;  at  Kandahar,  61 ,2;  at  Mazza. 

62;  proclaims  martial  law.  63;  proclaims 

amnesty.  7' . 
.  George   Washington,    b,    (1833) ;  d., 

2172. 

,  J.  J.,  pres.  Liberia,  II6I2, 

,  John  W.,  ordained  M.  E.  miss,  bp., 

2522. 

,  Lord,  lord-lieutenant.  8932. 

. .  Marshal  Owen.  b.  (1814) ;  org.  Cable 

Co..  1753;  d..3»41. 

.  Roberts  Richford,  b.  (1778) ;  d..  1562. 

.  Sergt..  obtains  prize.  962' . 

,  William  Charles,  b.  (1832) ;  modera- 
tor. 3402,  3463. 

, : Milnor,  b.  (1810) ;  d.,  308'. 

Robertson,  A.  and  J.,  editors,  743. 

,  Anthony   Lispenard,    b.    (1808) ;    d., 

2641. 
,  Archibald,  b.  (1765) ;  pictures  sold. 

4041  ;  d.  (1835). 

.  A.  S..  robbed,  445' . 

.  Charles  Franklin,  b.,  1442;  cons.  P. 

E.  bishop,  '2622;  d.,  3222. 

,  Fred.  William,  b.,  9382;  d.,  9682. 

,  Jacob,  b.,  106'. 

,  James,  b.,  642;  d.,  123' . 

, C,  b.,9363;  d.,  990'. 

,  J.  p.  B.,  Scotch  Local  Gov't  Bill, 

10013. 

- — ,  Sir  John,  ministry,  Australia,  4993. 

,  Margaret  Brunton.  (See  Mrs.  Ken- 
dal.) 

. ,  Munroe.  murderer,  hanged,  3043. 

- — ,  Samuel  M.,  b..  170' . 

,  Thomas  Boiling,  b.  (1773) ;  gov.  La., 

1292;  d.  (1828). 

, William,  b.,  9442;  d.,  976' . 

William,  b.,9062;  works,  9152,9191, 

9263;  d.,9263. 

,  Windham,  b.  (1803) ;  gov.  Va.,  147»; 

d.  (1888). 

Koberval,  expedition  lost,  223  ;  colony 
near  Quebec,  '23' ;  in  Can.,  232. 

.  Giles  Personne  de.  b.,  6862;  d.,  692». 

Robespierre.  Maximilien  Marie  Isidore, 
b.,7023;  leader  of  Jacobins,  707' ;  head 
of  gov't,  7093;  favors  Christiainty,  7103, 
7112;  conspiracy  against  ;  falls,  7112; 
guillotined,  711 '.2. 

Robeson,  George  Maxwell,  b.,  1342  (1827); 
sec.  navy.  2672,  2813. 

.  Henry  B.,  promoted  capt.,  326' . 

Robie,  Frederick,  inaug.  gov.  Me.,  3152. 

Robin,  Charles  Philippe,  b.,724' ;  d.,7542. 

Hood,  b..  8502.  851 ' . 

.  Jean,  b.,  6822;  d.,  6863. 

Robins,  Benjamin,  b.,  9022. 

Robinson,  lost,  9613. 

Robinson,  Camp  Dick  org..  1982. 

.  Agnes  Mary  F.,  b.,  9622. 

,  Charles,  M.  C,  indictments  against; 

gov.  Kan.,  1792,  2032;  Kansas  Conflicl, 
4203;   d.,468'. 

,  C,  on  Committee  of  33, 189' . 


Robi-Rolt. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1391 


Uobiiison,  Clarence,  confesses  murder, 
4731. 

,  Edward,  b.,  10J2;  works,  1543,  1603; 

d.,  2iy'. 

,  Ezekiel  Gilman,  b.,  1242;  d.  (1894). 

,  Fred.  Jolili,  E.  of  Hipon,   Viscount 

Goilerich,  b.,  9223;  minister,  9*12,3, 
9452  ;  adniintstrution  ;  resigns,  9433  ; 
d.,  9622. 

,  George  Fred.  Sam.,  Marq.  of  Ripon, 

b.,  9423;  in  .Joint  Commission,  2732; 
becomes  Cathoiic,98U2;  minister,  10092; 
viceroy,  10492;  d.,  9932. 

, Dexter,  b.  (1834);  gov.  Mass.,  3152. 

,  Sir  Henry,  b.,  lOlOi. 

,  Henry  Crabb,  b.,  919' ;  d.,  9701 . 

,  Sir  Hercules,   gov.    N.  S.  \V.,  4983, 

6772;  commissioner,  6031 ;  s.  Af.  Exhi- 
bition; retires,  6033,  gov.  Ceylon,  10491 . 

,  Horatio  N.,  b.,  1122;  d.,  2561 . 

,  Jas.  F.,  gov.  Ky.,  2032,  2113. 

— -,  J.  B.,  gov.  Ont.,  5832. 

,  Kev.  John,  b.  (1575);  imprisoned,  263; 

fnd.  of  New  Eng.,8802;  d.  (1625);  tablet, 
11022. 

, B.,  b.,  1602. 

,  Sir B.,  b.,  5762;  d.,  5801 . 

,  .John  Cleveland,  b.,  1262  ;  comman- 
der-in-chief, 2972,  3011. 

, S.,  gov.  Vt.,  1743. 

, Thomas  Uomney,  b.,    9262;    d. 

(1882). 

,  liUcius  B.,  b.,  1342;  gov.  N.  Y.,  2973; 

d.,  ,3801 . 

,  Mrs.  (Mary  Darby),  b.  (1758);  last  ap- 
pearance, 9202;  d.  (1800). 

,  Moses,  b.  (1741);  gov.  Vt.,  1013  ;  d. 

(181.3). 

,  Stuart,  b.,  1242;  d.,  3081. 

,  William,  iron  method,  9701 . 

, E.,  b.,  1231 ;  d.,  4001 . 

, C.  F.,  gov.  W.  Australia,  4991 ,», 

5011,  6792;  gov.  straits  Settlements, 
1(M92. 

, Stevens,  b.,  1262;  d„2902. ' 

Itobinsville,  Miss.,  cyclone,  4281 . 

Kobitaille,  Theo.,  b.  (1834);  gov.  Que.,  5832. 

Uobles.  Geu.  Francisco,  pres  Ecu.;  Intro. 
Fr.  customs;  abdicates,  6442. 

Kobot,  Isidore,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  3742. 

Robson,  John,  premier  Brit.  Col.,  5892. 

,  Stuart,  actor,  b.,  1462. 

Roca,  Julio  A.,  b.  (1843);  pres.  Argentine, 
4913;  endangered,  4931. 

,  Gen.,  pres.  Ecu.,  6442. 

Hocaf  uerte,  A'icente,  b.  (1783);  pres.  £ou., 
6442;  d.  (1847). 

Rocca,  luea,  reigns,  133. 

Rt>chambeau.    (See  Vimeur.) 

Rochdale  wrecked,  9333. 

Roche,  James  Jeffrey,  b.  (1847);  JohnBoyle 
O'Reilh/,  3963. 

,  .Jules,  minister,  7611. 

,  Troilus  de  Mesgouat,  Marquis  de  la, 

b.  (1549);  commission,  241;  colony  in 
New  Pr.,  253;  in  Can.,  261 . 

,  Marie  Regina,  b.,  9162;  d.,  9522. 

Kochebouet,  Gen.,  forms  Royalist  Cabinet, 
7512. 

Rochefort,  Henri  (Victor  Henri),  Conite 
de  R()cliefort-Ludcay,  b.,  7262;  libel, 
7391  ;  deputy,  7392;  added  to  gov't,  7412; 
effects  reconciliation,  7432;  resign8,7433 ; 
arrested,  7443,  7453,  7462;  returns  from 
exile,  7532;  duel,  7563;  leaves  Paris, 
7.583;  warrant  for, 7591 ;  sentenced,  7592. 

Rochefoucauld,  Due  de  la,  Francois,  b., 
6862;  .IfeKwirs,  6891;  letter  to  pope,  7633; 
d.,6923. 

Rochelle,  La.,  restored  to  France,  6741. 

Roches,  Peter  des,  bp.  Winchester;  min- 
ister; dismissed,  8.533. 

Rochester,  Eng.,  destroyed,  842' ;  see 
erected,  8422;  cathedral  burned,  8493; 
diocese  re-arranged,  9802;  Bp.  ThoroUi 
electeil,  9803. 

,  Minn.,  asylum  for  inebriates,  2832, 

3011;  tornado,  3141. 

,  N.  Y.,logcabinat,1153;  R.  Daily  Ad- 

vertiiifT^  1351 ;  cholera,  1413  ;  R.  R.  to 
Buffalo  opd.,  1553;  Mount  Hope  Ceme- 
tery est.,  1593;  Woman's  Rights  conven. 
meets,  1643;  tirst  spiritualistic  lecture, 
1653;  R.  0.  diocese  est.,  2642;  w'Omen  at 
polls,  2773;  wall  gives  way,  2813;  Pow- 
ers Art  Gallery  est,  290' ;  Warner  Ob- 
servatory erected,  302' ;  treas.  accounts 
short,  3.^43;  soldiers*  monument,  406'; 
■fire,  4233;  ice-cream  poisoning,  4333. 


Rocliester,  E.  of.     (See  Wilmont,  John. 
See  Hyde,  Lawrence.) 

,  Viscount,  minister,  8793. 

Rocliet,  L<mis,  b.,  7223;  d.,  7502. 
liochette,  Desiri?  Itaoul,  b.,  70«2;  d.,  7322. 
Rock  Bluffs,  lead  discovered,  3«2' . 

Island,  111.,  locomotives  cross  bridge, 

1793;    Miss.  River    bridge    completed, 
180';  R.  R.  strike,  419'. 

River,  111.,  M.  E.  Conf.  fmd.,  1543. 

Spring,  Wyo.,  race  riot,  3203. 

,  John  S.,  admitted  to  supreme  ct., 

2423. 
Rockaway  Beach,  N.  Y.,  sanatorium  ded- 
icated, 4063,  4342;  big  hotel  sold,  »413; 

gamblers  arrested,  4342. 
Rockefeller,  John   D.,  b.   (1839);  gift  to 

Bapt.  University,  3403,  3682,  4202,  442' . 
Rocket  locomotive  travels,  944' . 
Rock-fall  at  Ashley,  3593. 
Rockhampton,  Austral.,  Bp.  Dawes  cons., 

10082. 
Rook  Hill  College,  Ind.,  org.,  1822. 
Rockhill,  W.  W.,  in  state  dipt.,  4472. 
Rockingham,    Marquis   of.     (See   Went- 

worth.) 
Rocks  melted,  experiments,  9222. 
Kockville,  Md.,  Early  encamps  at,  236' . 
Rockwell,  James  Otis,  b.  1142;  d.,  1382. 
Rocky  Face  Ridge,  tia.,  action  at,  2322, 

233'. 
Rocky  Mount,  S.  C,  Sumter  at,  92' . 
Rocky  Mountain  Star  issued,  2583. 

,  Unit.  Conference  org.,  3582. 

Mountains,  Verender  visits,  575' . 

Rocoux,  Belg.,  Austrians  defeated,  5142. 
Rocroft,  Capt.,  killed,  292. 

Rocroi,  Fr.,  Spanish  defeat,  688' ;  taken, 

743'. 
Rocwitha,  works,  7723. 
Rod,  Edouard,  works,  7662. 
Roda,  Gen.  Caballero  de,  at  Cadiz,  1132' . 
Rodas,  Capt.-Gen.  de,  resigns,  633' . 
Rodburtus,  Karl,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8282. 
Roddy,  Col.,  near  Corinth,  2162;  prisoner 

at  Selma, '246'. 
Roden,  Earl,  title  created,  9172. 
Rodenbach,  M.,  Le  Rtyne  du  Silence^  7602. 
Roderic,  at  Jerez  de  la  Frontera,  11*25'; 

last  king  West  Goths,  8452,  11253;  d., 

11252. 
Roderigo,  bribed  to  poison  queen,  8772. 
Rodes,  Gen.    Robt.  Emmet,  b.  (1829);  at 

Gettysburg,    2*24';    at    Kelley's     Ford, 

•228' ;  south  of  Rapidan,  232' ;  at  Berry- 

ville,  238'  ;  killed  at  Winchester,  2382. 
Rodgers,  Christopher  Raymond  Perry,  b., 

1*28';  d.,  398'. 
,  Dr.  John,  b.  (17*27);    restores  Presb. 

churches,  N.  Y.,  962;  d.  (1811). 

, ,  Com,,  b.  (1771) ;  d.,  1602. 

, ,  shot,  453' . 

, ,  b.  (1819);  on  James  River,  208' ; 

captures  Atlanta,  2223;  d.,  310' . 
Rodiger,  Emil,  b.,  807' ;  d.,  8*282. 
Roding,  Itel,  defeats  Swiss  allies;  784'. 
Rodman,  Thomas  Jeff.,    b.,    1242;    great 

gun  cast,  1902;  d.,'274'. 
Rodney  launched,  992' . 
Rodney,  Miss.',  Alcorn  Univ.  org.,  2763. 
,  Ciesar,  b.,  62' ;  d.,  96'  ;  monument, 

346'. 
, Augustus,  b.  (1772),    atty.-gen., 

117';  d.,  1321. 

,  Caleb,  gov.  Del.,  1312. 

,  Daniel,    b.    (1764);  gov.    Del.,    1233; 

electoral  vote,  1*292;  d.  (1846). 
,  George  Brydges,    b.  (1718);    defeats 

Fr.  fleet   off    Dominique,  704' ;    at    St. 

Vincent,   920';    in    W.    I.,  9202;  takes 

Guiana,  10392;  d.  (1792). 
Rodoald,  king  of  It.,  1073';  assassinated, 

10713. 
Rodolph  sunk,  2443. 
Rodriguez,  Joaquim  Jos^,  b.  (1802) :  pres., 

6312;  d.  (1873). 
Roe,  Azel  Stevens,  b.,  1082;  moderator, 

1103;  d.  (1886). 
,  Edward  Payson,  b.,  1602;  works,  2803, 

287',  291',  2923,  12983,  3003,  3083,  3163, 

3183,323',  3323;  d.,  330'. 

,  Sir  Thomas,  mission  to  India,  881' . 

Roebling,  John  Augustus,  b.,  1122;  mnf. 

wire  ropes,  154';  Niagara  Bridge,  176'. 
,  Washington  Augustus,  b.  (1837);  East 

River  Bridge,  268' ;  d.,  2662. 
Roebuck,  John  Arthur,  b.,  9303;  invention, 

9142;  d.,  984'. 
Roger  1.,  b.-d.,  10742;  extinguishes  Zihite 


dynasty,  1139';  expels  Greeks,  1074'; 
Count  of  Sicily  and  Calabria,  10752. 

Roger  II.,  king,  10752  ;  Ct.  of  Sicily  and 
Calabria;  subjugates  Naples  ;  lirst  king 
of  Naples,  1075  2;  repulsed,  10322;  con- 
quered, expelled  from  It.,  7772. 

of  llovedon,  Annals  0/ Eny{andt862^. 

of  Wendover,  Vhrnnicle,  8623 ;  d.(1237). 

,  Bp.  of  Sarum  arrested,  8493. 

,  Col.,  at  Chapel  Hill,  219' . 

,  W.  C,  b.,  1303. 

Supreme  Court  Bill  Intro.,  357' . 

Rogers  City.  Mich.,  Kepke  confesses,  389' . 

,  Abbie  P.,  gift,  4532. 

,  Andrew  J.,  Reconstruction  Com- 
mittee, 2493. 

,  Daniel,  gov.  Del.,  109' . 

,  Col.  David,  ascends  Miss.,  90' . 

,  Fairman,  b.,  142'. 

,  Frederick,  promoted  captain,  352' . 

,  James,  b.  (1826) ;  cons,  bp.,  5802. 

, Blythe,  b.,  1102;  d.,  1702. 

, Edwin    Thorold,    works,    994», 

10122;  d.,  10O4'. 

,  John,  sculptor,  b.,  1362  ;  works,  186' , 

•2023;  Nat.  Acad.  Design,  2*29'. 

,  Adm.  John,  b.,  1183  ;  in  Korea,  272' , 

1094'. 

, ,  b.,  8662  ;  Matthew's  Bible,  8683  ; 

burned,  8702,  3. 

,  Henry  Darwin,  b.,  1142;  d.,  252' . 

,  H.  H.,  children's  library  gilt,  4192. 

,  H.  W.,  Pres.   Northwestern  Univ., 

378'. 

,  Michael,  Jesuit  missionary,  6143. 

- — ,  Randolph,  b.,  1322;  d.  (189*2). 

,  Robt.,  b.  (17*22);  on  Lake  Champlain, 

702;  recruits  troops,  85' ;  d.  (1800±). 

,  Sam.,  b.,  9162  ;  Poems,  926' ;  d.,  9603. 

,  Wm.  Barton,  b.,  1122;  d.,  3102. 

,  Woodes,  b.  (1665+) ;  suppresses  buc- 
caneers, 58';  d.  (1732). 

Rogerson,  John,  chief  justice,  9073. 

Rogersville,  Tenn.,  Federals  defeated, 
*228'. 

Roget,  Isaac,  convicted,  125'. 

,  Peter  Mark,  b.  (1779) ;  work,  9583  ;  d. 

(1869). 

Rogier,  Charles  Latoiu-,  b.,6423;  minister, 
5452;  d.,  546'. 

Rohan,  Due  Henri  de,  b.,  6842  ;  revolu- 
tionist, 6873  ;  Protestant  leader,  6892  • 
d.,  6882. 

Bohilla  War  in  Ind.,  918' . 

Rohlfs,  Friedrich  Gerhard,  b.,  8143  (or 
1831). 

Roi  Louis,  Le,  written,  669' . 

Modus  issued,  6743. 

Roig,  Jamne,  Libre  deles  Danes,  11*27' . 

Rojas,  Francisco,  works,  11*292. 

,  Paul   Jose   I'ablo,  b.  (1846+) ;  pres. 

Venezuela,  11603. 

Rokeby,  Thomas  de,  gov.,  8592;  at  battle 
Bramham  Moor,  860' . 

Rokitansky,  Baron  Karl  von,  b.,  519' :  d., 
6282. 

Rola,  N.  Dak.,  joints  raided,  4263. 

Roland  the  Frank, romantic  hero,  665'. 

de  la  Platifere, Madame  (Manon  Jeanne 

Phlipon),  b.,  7022  ;  executed,  7082,  7103. 

de  la  Platifere,  Jean  Marie,  b.,  6983; 

dismissed,  709' ;  d.,  7082. 

,  Philip,  b.,  7003;  d.,  7222. 

Roldan,  Francisco,  b.  (1450+);  leads  revolt, 
153;  d.  (150*2). 

Rolfe,  John,  cultivates  tobacco,  28' ;  mar- 
ries Pocahontas,  283. 

,  Robt.  Mousey,  Baron  Cranworth,  b. 

(1790) ;  commissioner,  9553  ;  minister, 
9692,  3,  969' ;  chief  justice,  963' ;  chancel- 
lor, 969'  ;  resigns,  9692;  d.  (1868). 

Bolitt,  Sir  A.  K.,  Women's  Suffrage  Bill, 
10092. 

Bolle,  Henry,  b.  (1589);  chief  justice,  8872; 
d.  (1656). 

,  Richard,  b.  (1290+) ;  Priclie  of  Con- 
science, 8583 ;  d.,  8582. 

Rollenhagen,  Georg,  b.  (1642)  ;  Frosch- 
mauseler,  793' ;  d.  (1609). 

RoUin,  Charles,  b.,  6902  ;  works,  699',  »; 
d.,  7002. 

Rollinfi-machine  invented,  6082. 

mill  erected,  1182. 

Rollins  College,  Fla.,  org.,  3*223. 

RoUo,  Baron,  title  created,  885'. 

,  D.  of  Normandy,  b.-d.,  6662;  besieges 

Paris,  666' ;  baptized,  6662;  leader,  635' ; 
grant  of  Neustria,  6352. 

Rott,  Sir  John,  lord  justice,  9712. 


1392 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figuret  indicate  Column, 


Roma. 


Koma,  temple  erected  to,  10642. 

Bomagna,  It.,  conquered,  1078' :  insurrec- 
tion in,  6201,  10891. 

Komaine,  Wm.,  b.  (1714);  religious  leader, 
9211;  d.  (1795). 

,W.G.,d.,  10101. 

Koman,  Andr^  Bienvenue,  b.  (1785) ;  gov. 
Louisiana,  1392,  1512  •  commissioner, 
1931  ;d.,  2601. 

Roman,  Josti  A.,  gov.  Cal.,  1032. 

Koman  Catholic  Church,  Am.,  Intro,  by 
Columbus  and  other  discoverers  in  W.I. , 
Cent.  Am.,  N.  and  S.  Am. ;  first  Chris- 
tian worship,  133  ;  12  missionaries  with 
Columbus;  first  converts,  14 1 ;  Istclergy- 
man,  *'  Land  of  the  Holy  Cross,"  142  ; 
Ist  ordination ;  Franciscans  in  Haiti, 
Hex.,  and  F^a.,  I6I ;  many  Indian  mis- 
sions, 161  +  ;  200,000  converts  ;  Domini- 
cans arrive,  183.  in  Va.,  Ist  service, 
322  ;  misc.,  1303,  3403,  34G2.  In  Jf. 
Mex.,  203,  243,  302,  1682,  2082,  2882, 
3182.  In  Can.,  Canada  consecrated, 
202;  Jesuits  in,  263,  282,  322,  342+,  362  ; 
Recollects  in,  30a,  341 ;  hospital  for  In- 
dians, 342;  convent  in  Quebec,  351 ;  Sul- 
picians  in  Montreal,  362,  3  ;  Fa.  Mar- 
quette a  miss.,  422,  442;  Bp.  Laval  cons., 
443  ;  rivalry  of  orders,  463  ;  Acadians 
banished,  71 ' ;  tolerated,  782, 793.  Do- 
minicans in  Peru,  202;  Franciscans  in 
Paraguay  ;  Las  Casas  in  Guatemala  ;  in 
Mex. ;  archbishopric  of  Mex.  and  New 
Sp.  erected  ;  Jesuits  in  Brazil,  222  ;  jgt 
univ.  in  Am.,  223.  In  Fla.,  222,  212, 
623,571,1043,2722,2942,3682.  In  Ala., 
Jesuits,  222.  .Jesuits  in  Peru,  Mex., 
Paraguay;  inquisition  est.  in  Mex.;  auto- 
da^-f^inAm., Peru, 242.  in  Me.,Fran- 
clscansin,282, 602, 1782,2882.  Buenos 
Ayres,  bishopric  est.,  282.  in  Md., 
Jesuits  in;  Cath.  colony,  322;  1st  church 
in  Am. ,342;  rule,  362;  .Jesuits  expelled, 
363  ;  disfranchised,  513  ;  repressed  by 
government,  542,662;  571,  781,963,1002, 
1023,  1143,  1363,  2622,  3182,  3323,  3463, 
3661,3742,4361.  In  Mich.,  482, 1422, 
1603,  1822,  2963,  3022,  3102,  3122,  3302, 
4162.  In  N.  v..  Gov.  Dongan,  Oath, 
gov. ;  Jesuits  in,  482  ;  1563,  1623,  1723, 
199',  2622,  2642,  2722,  2763,  2782,  2962, 
3242,  3282,  3442,  3902,  414',  424',  4541, 
460' ,  464' ,  4681 ,  4702,  472' .  In  Ind., 
602,  1442,  167',  1821,2,2763,  2983.  In 
Cal.,  given  to  Jesuits,  542  ;  wealthy  mis- 
sions, 1103;  1123,  1682,  1702,3, 1723,  1802, 
1843,  2583,  2782,  2983,  3182.  in  S.  C, 
613,  1283,  3102,  3122.  In  Mass.,  642, 
1102,1432,1571,2702,2722,3942.  In 
N.  J.,  542,  1723,  1802,  2G23,  .3082,  3522, 
3642,  3702,  3881,  4182,  4221,  4262,  436'. 
Jesuitsprotect  Indians,  571 .  In  R.I., 
682,2802,3262.  In  La.,  at  N.  O.,  582; 
XJrsuline  nuns  JnN.  C,  603;  archdiocese 
of  N.  O.  erected,  1043  ;  1483,  1571,  199 1, 
3062,  3202,  4282.  l„  Tex.,  682,  1343, 
1623,  1783,  2842,  2862,  3063,  3102,  3642, 
3882,  3982,  4161 .  in  Miss.,  582,  1433, 
1821 ;  Father  Rasles  k.,  602.  in  Pa., 
622,1403,1562,1613,2252,2622,2642,2722, 
2902,  3003,  3123,  3203,  3282,  3362,  3442, 
3482,  4081 ,  468' ,  4742.  In  Pliila.,  1st 
church,  602  ;  1102, 1143,  1723,  2902,  2922, 
3622.  v8.  Protestantism  in  New  World, 
69' ;  Jesuits  expelled,  723, 742, 78I .  In- 
dian missions,  723,  702,  85',  963,  982, 
1483, 1523.  Dr.  Carroll,  prefect  apos- 
tolic, 963.  In  New  York  City,  982, 
1543,  163',  1653,  1682,  1731,  1841,  1862, 
2663,  2882,  3203,  3223,  3262,  3282,  3322, 
3342,  3383,  3403,  3482,  352I,  3642,  ,3701, 
3721,2,3761,3942,4011,4021,4062,4141,2, 
4201 ,4741 ,476' .  In  Boston.lOO'  ,1143, 
221 ' ,  2502,  2862,3,  ,398' .  Gleorgetown 
Acad,  est.,  1003, 1(M3  ;  St.  Mary's  Sem., 
Md.,  1023  ;  archdiocese  of  N.  O.  erected, 
1043.  In  D.  C,  1043,  2502,. 3282,  3082, 
4042.  St.CharlesColl.,Md.,1123.  In 
Ky.,  1143,  1311,  1723,  2583,  2622,  3182. 
Mt.  St.  Mary's  Coll.,  1143  ;  Regulations 
and  Rules  adopted,  II71 ;  Gonzaga  Coll., 
131'.  In  Mo.,  1343, 1403, 1562,  3,1.583, 
1623,  1783,  2622,  2642,  3042,  38OI ,  468'. 
Provincial  Bait.  Council,  1,363  ;  Spring 
Hill  Coll.,  1383;  St.  Xavier  Coll.,  O.,  1403, 
142»,   1523.  In   Otiio,   1403,    1422,3, 

1523,  1623,  2642,  2762,  2823,  3042,  3562, 
3602,4202,466' .  St.Chas.BorromeoSem. 
est.,  1403.    Archbishopric  of  Cincinnati 


erected,  1422,  2583  ;  St.  Charles  Coll., 
1503.  In  Iowa,  1483,2642,2822,3082, 
3163,3602.  InTenn., 1483,2782,3123, 
3423.  St.  John's  College,  N.Y.,  1543  ; 
Univ.  of  Notre  Dame  ;  Coll.  of  Immacu- 
late Conception,  155' .  In  Ark.,  1562, 
2562.  Coll.  of  Holy  Cross,  imK  In 
Cllicagro,  158',  2662,  3062,  3.562,  3702. 
In.  111.,  1581,1802,2863,2942,2962,3082, 
3282,  3302.  In  Conn.,  1581,2,  3022, 
3722,4122.  In  Wis.,  1582,  1802,  2642, 
2902,2943,3082,3122,3522,3582,4061 ,4661 . 
St.  Vincent's  Coll.,  Mo.,  1583.  In  Ore., 
1603,  2063,  3202,  3283.  Archbishopric  of 
St.  Jjouis  erected  ;  Germans  secede,  1623; 
St.  Mary's  Coll.,  Del.,  1631 .  in  DeL, 
1631,2642,3242.  St.  Fr.^ncis  Xavier  Coll., 
163' ;  Augustinian  Coll.,  1643  ;  archdio- 
cese of  Santa  F6  erected, 1682.  In  W. 
Va., 1682,2882.  InWa8li.,State,1682, 
2112.  In  Ga.,  1682,  2922,  3'223.  In 
Minn.,  1682,2882,3163,3302,3482,3642, 
3682, 376', 4162, 4322, 438'.  Archdiocese 
of  N.Y.;  of  Santa F6erected, 1682;  Santa 
Clara  Coll.,  1702  ;  archdiocese  of  San 
Francisco  erected,  1723.  In  Vt.,  1723, 
3183.  St.  Joseph's  Coll.,  Phila.,  1723  ; 
Manhattan  Coll.,  173';  American  Party 
against,  1743 ;  Coll. of  Christian  Brothers; 
St.  Mary's  Univ.,  1783;  Seton  Hall  Coll.; 
Coll.  of  Our  Lady  of  Angels  ;  St.  Fran- 
cis de  Sales  Coll.,  I802  ;  Bp.  Elder  cons., 
182' ;  St.  Benedict's  Coll. ;  Rook  Hill 
ColL,  1822.  In  Kan.,  1822,  2662,2742, 
3282,3;  3302,  3522.  St.  Ignatius  Coll., 
1843  ;  St.  Bonaventura  Coll. ;  Cecilian 
Coll.,  1863  ;  St.  .Joseph's  and  .Jefferson 
colls.,  1991;  Holy  Angels'  Coll.,  2111; 
Boston  Coll.,  2212  ;  La  Salle  Coll.,  2252; 
Cath.  Y.  Mens'  Soc  2482 ;  St.  Louis  Coll. , 
2502.  Calliolic  World.  2503  ;  St.  Augus- 
tine Coll  ,  2582  ;  St.  Meinrad's  Coll. ;  St. 
Vincent's  Coll.  ,2583 ;  St.Benedict's  Coll., 
2623.  In  Idalio,  2642,3202.  In  N.C., 
2622,2642,3302.  In  Colo.,  2642,  3263. 
St.  Ignatius  Coll.,  Chicago;  St.  Mary's 
Coll.,  Kan.,  2662  ;  St.  Helen's  Hall,  St. 
Louis  Coll.,  N.  Y.,  2663  ;  Canisius  Coll. ; 
St.  John  Baptist's  Coll.,  Brooklyn  ;  St. 
Vincent's  Coll.,  Pa.,  2722  ;  St.  Mary's 
Coll.,  Cal.,  2782 ;  Christian  Brothers 
Coll.;  St.  Joseph's  Coll.,  la.,  and  of  O., 
2822,3;  Boston  archdiocese  erected  ;  Bu- 
reau of  Cath.  Missions,  O.  C,  2862,  3262; 
St.  Viateur's  Coll.,  2863;  Santa  ¥6  arch- 
bishopric erected,  2882  ;  Phila.  archdio- 
cese erected ;  Milwaukee  archdiocese 
erected,  2902;  PioNonoCoU.;  Am.  Cath. 
Qiuirterly,  2922  in  Ind.  Ter.,  2942, 
3742.  Deaf  Mute  Inst.,  Wis.;  Cath.  Mu- 
tual Benefit  Asso.  fmd.,  2943  ;  Detroit 
Coll.,  2963  ;  Pittsburg  Coll.,  3003.  In 
Alas., 3022.  InMont., 3022, 3163.  in 
S.  Dak.,  3023,  3601,  4101.  Chicago 
archdiocese  erected,  3062.  St.  Joseph's 
Coll.,  111.,  3082  ;  Holy  Ghost  Coll.,  Pa., 
3123.  inN.H., 3163, 3182.  ThirdPle- 
nary  Council,  3182,3191 ;  St.  John's  B.  E. 
Sem.;  St.  Joseph's  Coll.,  Vt.,  3183.  in 
Neb., 3203, 3262, 3282.  In  Ariz., 3202, 
3341 .  Archbp.  Gibbons  created  cardinal, 
3223.  In  Wyo.,  3262,3.  In  Utali, 
3262.  Cath.  Univ.  of  Am.  org.,  3282;  (see 
below);  Mt.  Angel  Coll.  org.,  3283;  Nat. 
Conven.  colored  Catlis.,  3322  ;  archdio- 
cese of  St.  Paul  erected,  3302  ;  Maguire 
burial  decision,  3322;  Cath.  Colonization 
Soc.  fmd.,  3342  ;  papal  letter  ;  Pilgrims 
by  Wieland,  3361 ;  Drexel  Industrial 
Coll.,  3362  ;  Educational  Union ;  Kate 
Drexel  a  sister,  3383,  3522  ;  Supreme 
Council  Knights  of  Am.,  3402  ;  against 
secret  societies  ;  gov't  appropriation, 
Indian  schools,  3403;  Abstinence  Soc. 
org.,  3462;  Bp.  Ryan  on  Catholic  writers, 
3463;  layman  opens  Bait.  Cong.;  Centen- 
nial eel.;  Archbp.  SatoUi  arrives  ;  High 
Licensemass  meeting, 3463;  Dr.M'Glynn, 
3482  +  ;  Yale  Club  fmd.;  Sister  Alphonse 
sustained,  3482.  in  N.  Dak.,  a50i . 
Encyclical,  3521 ;  against  Farmers'  Alli- 
ance;  Am.  Cath.  Clerical  Union  org., 
3622 ;  Cath.  Educational  Union  fmd., 
3562  ;  Ger.  C.  societies  against  Bennett 
Law,  3682  ■  Fr.  Quigley  indicted,  3602  ; 
Dr.  Burtsall  leaves  N.  Y.;  Am.  St.  Ceci- 
lia Society  meets,  3642;  Ger.  Cath.  Cong., 
2682,3922,4142;  Y.  M.  Nat.  Union Conv., 
D.C., 368, 4122;  St.  Leo'sColl.,Fla.,3682; 


R.  C.  Press  Asso.  meets,  3822  ;  Indian 
Bureau  ignored,  3882  ;  first  bp.  ceremo- 
nially enthroned  in  Am.,  3941 ;  first  col- 
ored priest,  3961 .  InOkla.,3981.  1st 
summer  school,  4122,4241 ;  archbps.meet 
in  N.  Y.,  4181 ;  Dr.  M'Glynn  restored, 
4201;  apostolic  delegate  est.,  4221;  pa 
pacy  in  public  schools,  4322  ;  summer 
school  at  Plattsburg,  4161,  4342,  464', 
468' ,  472' ;  B.  C.  Cong.,  436' ;  women  in 
coll.,  438';  Bible  study  enjoined,  444'; 
Cath.  Benevolent  Legion ;  statistics, 
446' ;  bone  of  Brother  Gerard,  448' ;  Eng. 
in  churches,  458' ;  Indian  Bureau  reor- 
ganized, 462' ;  Satolli  sustains  Bp.  Wat- 
terson,  462' ;  liquor  dealers  condemned, 
468', 2;  Am.  Cath.  Church  fmd.,  470'; 
Sulpicians  in  N.  Y.,  474' ;  against  secret 
societies,  478' ;  Catholic  Univ.  of  Am., 
D.  C,  org., 3282;  corner  stone  laid,  3302, 
papal  approval,  336' ,  opened,  347 ' ,  Hall 
of  Philosophy,  404'. 
Roman  Catholics  in  Aust. :  bishopric  est. 
in  N.  S.  W.,  4942;  mission  started,  4962. 

in  Austro-Hungary ;    in  Hung., 

5023 ;  defeat  at  Breitenfeld  ;  oppose 
Protestantism,  512'  ;  clergy  amenable, 
629' ;  clergy  disregard  minister,  6342. 

in  Belgium  ;  R.  C.  ministry  fmd., 

5452  ;  carry  elections,  6442  ;  ^oin  Radi- 
cals, 5452  ;  minority  in  elections,  5453; 
Liberals  against,  5481 . 

in  Brazil :  violate  constitution, 

5562. 
in  Canada  :  dioceses  erected.  Que- 
bec, 67'23,573i;  Halifax,  6771;  Arichat, 
5783 ;  Charlottetown,  Kingston,  Mon- 
treal, 6782  ;  Toronto,  St.  Johns,  5783  ; 
Ottawa,  St.  Boniface,  Oregon  est.,  .5801 ; 
Chatham,  Hamilton,  London,  St.  Hya- 
cinthe,  Three  Rivers,  Vancouver  Island, 
5802;  Rimouski,  Sherbrooke,  St.  Albert, 
5822;  Alexandria, 5901 ;  New  Westmins- 
ter. 5902  ;  Chicoutimi,  5842  ;  .Arichat 
(changes  name),684?;  Nicolet.  Peterbo- 
rough,5842  ;  archdioceses,  Quebec,  .5783; 
Halifax,  6802  ;  Toronto,  St.  Boniface, 
6822;  Ottawa,  5842;  Kingston  est.,  590' . 
Liberty  granted,  576',  6763;  vicariate 
est.  in  Athabasca-Mackenzie,  5802;  pre- 
fecture est.,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence;  vica- 
riate est.  inPontiac,5842;  separate  Cath. 
schools,  5843;  favor  Fr.  in  schools  ;  Cath. 
schools  abolished,  Man.,  5902  ;  priests 
instructed  for  political  action,  692' . 

in  France.    (See  Church  in  text, 

pp.  661-767.) 

ill  Germany.  (See  Church  in  text, 

pp.  768-837.) 

in    Great    Britain,  church    est., 

8402  ;  George  of  Cappadocia  is  adopted 
as  patron  saint ;  Pelagius  founds  Pela- 
gians ;  St.  Patrick  in  Ire.,  &t03;  Augus- 
tine arrives  ;  Canterbury  an  archiepis- 
copal  see  ;  see  of  Rochester,  of  Lon- 
don, est.,  first  convent,  8422  ;  Lent  first 
est. ;  Irish  oppose  Rome  ;  St.  Boniface 
(Winfrid)  at  York ;  English  ch.  fully 
org.;  first  convent  in  Scot.,  8423  ;  Dun- 
stan,  archbp. ;  supremacy  of  monastic 
orders;  celibacy  of  clergy,' 8443;  tithes  of 
one  tenth  ;  Sabbath,  holy  day,  8402;  bps. 
made  barons  ;  William  II.  resists  the 
pope  ;  claims,  8482 ;  papal  authority  fully 
established  ;  St.  Anselm  archbp. ;  Cis- 
tercian monks  arrive,  8483 ;  appeals  first 
made  to  pope ;  Archbishop  ^  Becket 
rules ;  Ire.  given  to  Eng  ;  heretics  de- 
stroyed ;  Eng  under  papal  interdict, 
8602  ;  Richard  I.  in  3d  crusade  ;  St.  Pat- 
rick's Cathedral,  Ire.,  fnd.,  8503;  king  a 
papal  vassal,  8521 ;  Eng  under  interdict ; 
John  deposed,  excommunicated,  yields, 
and  becomes  pope's  vassal,  cedes  Ire.  to 
pope;  tenths  forthe pope;  Archbp. Lang- 
ton  ;  Exeter  nunnery  founded,  8522  ;  re- 
ligious plays  encouraged  ;  Scotists  «?«. 
Thornists  ;  Blackfriars  Convent,  Lend., 
est.;  Statute  of  Mortmain  est.;  Jews  ex- 
pelled, 8542;  king  demands  half  of  cler- 
gy's income ;  clergy  under  ban  ;  great 
cloisters  and  monastic  buildings  est., 
8562;  Statute  of  Provisors  against  the  pa- 
pacy ;  Lollards  oppose  papacy  ;  Pari,  re- 
fuses papal  demands,  8582  ;  clergj"  not 
liable  to  arrest  for  debt  ;  John  Wycliff 
attacks  rich  hierarchy,  8583 ;  Wycliff  ex- 
alts Bible  and  opposes  Rome  ;  Reforma- 
tion begins  ;  heretics  to  be  burned,  860*; 


Boma-Boss. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDfc/X.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1393 


HO  priories  suppressed,  8622  ;  St.  An- 
drews, Scot.,  an  archbishopric,  8642;  pro- 
fligate monasteries,  8(>42,  3,  8603;  Henry 
Vfll.  declares  Kng.  church  indepemlenl 
of  Konio;  Cranmer,  archbp.;  Kng. church 
severed  from  Rome  by  Act  of  Suprem- 
acy; Persecution  of  R.  C.'s;  monas- 
teries dissolved ;  Fisher  and  More  exe- 
cuted ;  Pilgrimage  of  Grace  uprising, 
8682  ;  £ng.  under  papal  interdict ;  con- 
fiscation of  monasteries;  clergyexcluded 
from  Pari. ;  Protestants  persecuted  in 
Scot.,  8683  ;  Catholicism  restored  by 
Mary;  Protestants  persecuted  3  years  — 
Bps.  Hooper,  Taylor,  Farrar,  Ridley,  and 
Latimer  burned,  8703  ;  earls  lead  Insur- 
rection, 8721 ;  John  Knox  in  Scot.;  Prot- 
estantism restored  by  Elizabeth ;  Uni- 
formity enacted  in  Eng.;  Conformity  in 
Scot. ;  abolished  in  Scot.,  8722  ;  priests 
plan  an  uprising,  8762;  Jesuits  expelled  ; 
recusancy  not  fined:  penal  laws  against 
E.C8.,8782;  Maidsof  the  Cross  est.,  8802; 
Ulster  Cs.  massacre  Protestants,  8843  , 
Conformity  Act  tolerating  Cs.,8i)03;  ex- 
cluded from  corporate  offices,  ^23  ;  ex- 
cluded from  Pari.,  8942, 895i  ,8983 ;  Gates' 
"  Popish  Plot  "  ;  expelled  from  London, 
8951;  James  II.  favors  Cs.;  Test  Act  dis- 
pensed; mon;i8teries  restored;  bp.cons.; 
papal  nuncio  received  ;  Liberty  of  Con- 
science issued,  8963  ;  Anti  Qath.  mobs ; 
Toleration  Act,  898^ ;  excluded  from 
throne,  8983,  8993;  persecuted  by  law, 
9002;  severe  laws  against  in  Ire.;  sacra- 
mental test  against ;  forbidden  to 
marry  Protestants,  9023;  Indulgences  by 
Relief  bill ;  obsolete  anii-Cath.  laws  re- 
pealed ;  Sacramental  Test  Act  repealed 
in  Ire.,  92Ii;  Gordon's  "no  popery V 
riots,  921 2;  many  C.  disabilities  removed, 
924*  ;  nuns  at  Winchester  ;  Maynooth  R. 
C.  Coll.,  Ire.,  fnd.,  9263;  C.  Emancipa- 
tion Bill,  9452;  c.  Poor  School  Commis- 
sion est.,  9543;  synod  at  Thurles,  Ire.; 
hierarchy  est. ;  Archbp.  Cullen  cons.: 
C. Defense  Asso., est.;  habits  prohibited 
in  streets,  9562  ;  university  originated; 
Religious  Equality  Association  fmd., 
9563;  bps.  for  Ire.  cons.,  9593  +  ;  C.Union 
Jieview  est. ;  univ.  est.,  9663  ;  Archbp, 
Manning  cons.,  9682  ;  Oath's  Bill,  969' ; 
secret  societies  and  mixed  education 
condemned  in  Ire., 9702;  Truth  Soc.  est., 
■  9722;  League  for  restoration  of  temporal 
power,  9742;  first  made  M.  A.  by  Oxford; 
Eccl.  Titles  Act  repealed  ;  university, 
Kensington,  9743;  Gatb.  Club,  London, 
est. ;  J  atican  Decrees  published  ;  reli- 
gious tests  for  office  abolished  ;  C.  Union 
org.;  C.  Education  Crisis  fund ;  pilgrim- 
age, 9762;  c.  Union  of  Dub.  org.,  9782;  C. 
Coll., proposal  rejected;  mixed  education 
condemned,980a;  Passionists  monastery, 
opd.,  9803  ;  hierarchy  in  Scot. ;  Christ's 
Cfathedral, Dublin,  reopd., 9822;  Archbp. 
Newman,  cardinal  priest ;  bps.  against 
Land  League  ;  Univ.  of  Ire.  Bill,  9842, 
988*;  Archbp.  McCabe,  cardinal  priest, 
9882 ;  political  disaffection  forbidden, 
9902;  Bp.  Presico  in  Ire.,  9942;  Pope  con- 
demns boycotting,  etc.;  anti-Italian  pro- 
test, 9982;  Manning  Jubilee;  pilgrims 
at  Knock,  Ire.,  10002;  split  over  univ., 
10013  ;  pope  against  Parnellites,  lOO^a, 
10042,  10062;  archbishopric  and  pellium 
for  Bp.  Vaughn,  10082  ;  pilgrims  eel. 
pope's  jubilee,  10102;  Archbp.  Vaughn  a 
cardinal  priest,  10122. 

Roman  Catholics  in  Italy.  (See  text,  pp. 
1050-1090). 

Congress  at  Vienna,  5322;  League 

fmd.,  5111,  7893. 

in  Russia;  coll.  at  St.  Petersburg, 

convents  abolished,  11183;  chm-ches 
closed,11202, 3;  toleration granted,H222. 

Congress  in  Madrid,  11323. 

.    (See  German  Catholics.) 

Romandt,  Charles  R.,  d.,  348i . 

Romanes,  George  John,  b.  (1848) ;  Darwin^ 

4203;  d.  (1894). 
Romano,  Signer,  suicide,  5323. 

,  Giulio.    (See  Giulio.) 

,  Michael  Feodorovitch,  b.,  11142. 

Romanos,  Ramon    Mesonero,   Panorajna 

Matriteuse,  11311. 
Romans,  Epistle  to,  written,  11431. 


Romanus,  pope,  10723. 
1.,  exiled; 


reigns,  10332. 


Romanus  II.,  reigns;  poisoned,  10332. 

III.,  banishes  relatives,  10323;  reigns, 

10333;  poisoned,  10322,  1033'. 

IV.,   defeats    Ingor  ;  at    Manzikert, 

10321;  reigns,  10333;  peace  with  Alp 
Arslan,  11^2;  captured,  1154'. 

Rombouts,  Francis,  mayor,  N.  Y.,  473. 

Rome,  Ala.,  train  robbers,  3963. 

,  Ga.,  Federals  occupy,  233 1 ;  Sherman 

burns  buildings,  240i;  Shorter  College 
fnd.,  2962. 

— — ,  It.  (see  pp.  1050-1090),  towns  fnd. 
m  Ger.,  7691;  in  Port.,  11092;  governs 
Sp.,  11253  ;  war  with  Persia,  11061 ;  lan- 
guage distinguished  from  Teutonic, 6643; 
ambassadorfrom,  6132;  law  in  Ger.,  7723; 
law  intro.  in  Fr.,  6732  ;  payments  de- 
manded, 8552  ;  expedition  of  Charles, 
7821 ;  pope's  residence  at,  8583|  Fr.  troops 
aid  pope,  7361;  convention  evacuation 
signed,  7372  ;  Sp.  envoy  not  received, 
11322;  Fr.  troops  withdraw,  7403;  diplo- 
matic relations  cease  with  Bel^.,  5442  ; 
Am.  Pilgrims  visit,  3362 ;  Bulgarian  dele- 
gates in,  5673;  Anti-Fr,  demonstrations, 
7651 ;  ancient  coins  found,  6043. 

,  N.  V.,^re,  4453;  bank  robbery,  4791 , 

et  les  Ev&ques  published,  7351 . 

Romeiro,  Francis,  in  Ilheos,  5532. 

Romer,  Olaf,  b. ;  velocity  of  light,  6362; 
d.,6381. 

Romeyn,  James,  b.  (1797) ;  prea.  synod, 
1523,  1542;  d.  (1859). 

,  John  Brodbead,  b.  (1777) ;  moderator, 

1171;  d.  (1825). 

,  James  Van  Campen,  b.  (1765) ;  prea. 

synod,  1123,  1142;  d.  (1840). 

,  Theodoric  Dirck,  b.,  662;  moderator, 

1063;  d.,  1122. 

Romilda,  treachery,  murder,  771 1 . 

Romilly,  Baron,  title  created,  965'. 

.Sir  Samuel,  b.,  9143;  d.,  9383. 

Romney  off  Boston  coast,  74 1 . 

,  W.  Va.,  Confederates  defeated  at, 

2002,  3,  2022  ;  Deaf  and  Blind  School, 
2723. 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  931 1 . 

,  George,  b.,  9082  ;  d.,930». 

Romulus  seized,  6091 . 

born,  10502  ;  ist  king  of  Rome,  10511 ; 

est.  caste;  est.  Circensian  games,  10503; 
est.  senate  ;  divides  people,  10511 ;  mur- 
dered, 10503. 

,  Augustus,  d.,  10702. 

Ronalds,  Sir  Francis,  b.  (1788) ;  electric 
telegi-aph,  938i ,  9402;  d.  (1873). 

Roncaglian  Plains,  Diet  on,  7773. 

Roncesvalles,  Sp.,  battle  of,  6641 . 

Rondelet,  Guillaume,  b.  (1507);  d.,  6822. 

,  William,  b.,  6782. 

Ronge,  Johannes,  b. ,8102;  attacks  Arnold!, 
8162;  d.,  8321. 

Ronne,  Bone  Falck,  mission-boxes,  6383  ; 
fnds.  Danish  Missionary  Society,  6383. 

,  Ludwig  Moritz    Peter,  b.,  8082  ;  d. 

(1891). 

Ronsard,  Pierre  de,  b.,  6803 ;  works,  683i , 2 ; 
d.,  6842. 

Rood,  Ogden,  b.,7261. 

Koodakee,  b.-d.,  11062. 

Roodenbeck,  Eugene  T'Kindt  de,  embez- 
zler, 5451 . 

Booke,  Sir  George,  b.,  8882;  in  Port.,  694 1 ; 
takes  Gibraltar  ;  at  Cadiz,  6O61 ;  at  Mal- 
aga, 902 1 ;  d.,  9042. 

Rooker,  Emma,  married,  10411. 

Rookwood,  Ambrose,  executed,  901*. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  1009' . 

Roon,  Albrecht  Theodor  Emil  von,  Prus. 
gen.,  b.,  8082  ;  pres.  Federal  Council, 
8292;  d.,  8301- 

Rocs,  Philipp  Peter,  b.,  6411 ;  d.,  542*. 

Roosalka  lost,  11221 , 

Roosebeke,  battle  of,  6742. 

Roosevelt,  James  L.,  d.,  288' . 

,  Robert  Barnwell,  b.  (1829);  Five  Acres 

Too  Much,  2683. 

,  Theodore,  b.  (1858);  works, 3283, 3323; 

civil  service  commissioner,  3512,  4473. 

Root,  Francis  M.,  d.,  3461. 

,  George  Frederick,  b.,  282. 

Rope-making  machine  pat.,  9222,  9261 . 

Roper,  Col.,  killed,  925* . 

Ropes,  John  Codman,  b.  (1836) ;  Campaign 
of  Waterloo^  4462. 

,  Ripley,  d.,  3581. 

first  mnf..  Am.,  261;  of  wire,  1541. 

Roque,  Jean  Francois  de  la,  receives 
titles,  213  ;  in  Canada,  571 1 ,2. 


Roquette,  Forbade  la,  minister  agric.  ,7373 ; 
minister  of  interior,  739i  ,2. 

Ros,  Baron  de,  title  created,  8543. 

Kosa,  Carl,  b.  (1843) ;  at  Peace  Jubilee, 
2661. 

,  Salvator,  b.,  10823;  d.,  10831. 

Rosalie,  asteroid,  discovered,  IO6OI . 

Rosamunda  poisons  Alboin,  7703,  10713. 

Rosario,  Argentine,  captured,  4921 ,  5562  ; 
boarding-school,  4903. 

Rosary  invented,  11263. 

Rosas,  Domingo  Ortiz  de,  governor,  6053. 

,  Juan  Manuel  de,b., 4893;  joins  Oribe; 

deposed  ;  leader  ;  dictator,  4903;  at  Mon- 
tevideo, 491 1 ,  11602;  d.j  4913. 

Roscelin,  Jean,  d.,  6683. 

Roscoe,  Sir  Henry  Enfield,  b.,9462, 

,  William,  b.,  9123;  d.  (1831). 

Roscommon , E. of.  (See  Dillon,  Wentworth.) 

Rose,  Col.,  escapes  Libbj^  Prison,  2301 . 

,  Capt.  Edward,  obtains  prize,  9621 . 

,  Gustav,  b.,  8063  ;  d.,  8281 . 

,  Heinrich,  b.,  8063  ;  d.,  8221 . 

,  Hugh  Henry,  Lord  Strathnairn,  b., 

9323  ;   111  Sepoy   rebellion,   10481 ;  com- 
mands in  India,  10182;  d.,  9941. 

,  Sir  John,  d.,  9982. 

,  W.  A.,  lord  major  London,  9652. 

,  William  Stuart,  b.,  9191 ;  d.  (1843). 

Roseau,  Bishop  Naughten  cons.,  9862. 

Kosebeque,  Flemings  defeated  at,  5391 . 

Rosebery,  Baron,  title  created, 9412;  Earl, 
9031. 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Primrose,  Philip.) 

Kosecrans,  Sylvester  H.,  b.,  i;i42;  d.,2982. 

,  Wm.  Starke,  b.,  128i ;  at  Rich  Moun- 
tain, 1962;  succeeds  McClellan,  1963;  at 
Carnifex,  1982;  Maj.-Gen.,  2042;  at 
luka.  Miss.,  2132;  at  Corinth, 2142 ;  com- 
mands Army  of  Cumberland  ;  succeeds 
Buell,  2143;  at  Murfreesboro :  leaves 
Nashville,  2171 ;  at  Shelbyville  ;  at 
Hoover's  Gap;  in  Tenn.,  2231 ;  at  Chat- 
tachoochee,224i ;  moves  southward,226i ; 
pursues  Bragg  ;  at  Chattanooga,  2262  ; 
atChickamauga,  2263;  relieved,  2271 ;  re- 
inforced by  Sherman,  2281 ;  retired,  3371 ; 
in  treas.  dept.,  3512;  resigns,  4292. 

Rose  Hill  Junction,  R.R.  accident,  9773. 

Islantl,  R.  I.,  Plymouth  ashore,  4633. 

Boselin,  b.-d.,  6682. 

Kosellini,  Ippolito,  b.,  10843;  d.,  10863. 

Rosen,  Friedrich  August,  b.,  8082;  d.,814». 

Rosenau,  tire,  5353. 

Rosenberg,  Rabbi  H.,  expelled,  4182. 

,  Henry,  will,  4303. 

Rosenhane,  Gustaf,  works,  11343. 

Rosenkrans,  Johaun  Karl  Friedrich,  b., 
8082;  d.,8301. 

RosenmuUer,  Ernst  Friedrich  Karl,  b., 
8031;  d.,8143. 

,  Johann  Christian,  b.,  803i ;  d.,  8122. 

, Georg,  b.,  8002  ;  d.,8103. 

Rosenthal,  missionary,  23;  imprisoned.  31 , 

Rosenweig,  Jacob,  trial  for  murder,  2783. 

Rose  Poly  technique  Institute  opened,3143. 

Rosetta,  Egy.,  French  defeat,  6661 . 

Roseville,  Pa.,  fire,  3633. 

Rosewater,  Edward,  est.  Daily  Bee,  2763. 

Rosicrucians  of  Germany,  795i . 

Rosini,  Giovanni,  b.,  10843;  d.  (1885). 

Roslin,  Scot.,  battle  of,  856i . 

Roslyn,  Wash.,  bank  cashier  shot,  4163. 

Rosmini,  Carlo  de,  b.,  10842;  d.,  10862. 

- — --Serbati,  Antonio,  b.,  10843;  d.,  10882. 

Rosmital,  Lew  de,  travels  in  Eur.,  5083. 

Rosny,  L^on  de,  b.,  7262. 

Ross,  Ire.,  see  erected,  8403  ;  Bp.  Fitzger- 
ald cons.,  9822. 

,  Scot.,  see  erected,  8483. 

,  Alexander,  embezzler,  4483, 

, Milton,  b.,  5781 . 

,  Charley,  abducted,  2843. 

,  Edmund  G.,  governor  N.  Mex.,  3252, 

,  George,  b.,  62i ;  d.,  912. 

,  James,  b.  (1762) ;  pres.  senate,  1093 

vote  for  vice-pres.,  1252  ;  d.  (1847). 

,  Sir Clark,  b.,  9302  ;  relief  expe- 
dition, 9541 ;  north  pole,  magnetic,  9441 
d.  (1862). 

,  Sir  John,  b.,  9203;  exped., 5762, 9381 

9461 ;  discoveries,  9441 ;  <{.,  9603. 

,  Lawrence  Sullivan,  b.  (1838) ;  gover- 
nor Texas,  3293. 

,  Robert,    Gen.,  b.   (1770) ;    killed    at 

Baltimore,  1222  ;  d.  (1814). 

. ,  killed  at  Troy.  4622. 

,  William  H.,  governor  Del.,  1692. 

Rosea,  Jeremiah  O'Donovan,  attempt  to 


1394 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        lNL)Il,yC.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Ross-Rudo. 


Mil,  3203  ;  Feniau,9683;  arrested,  9731 ; 

M. P. for Tipperary,9733;  expelled, 995 < . 
Rossbach,  Prus.,  battle  of,  51(Ji . 
14ossbei-g,  Mt.,  Switz.,  land  slide,  1138'. 
Kosse,  Earl,  title  created,  931 1 . 
Kossel,  CoL,  court-martial   under,  7453  ; 

senteucea  ,  shot,  747 » . 
Eosser,  Thos.  Lafayette,  Gen.,  b.  (1836); 

at  Fisher's  Hill,  2383. 
Bossetti,  Christina  Georgina,  b.,  9442. 
,  Dante  Gabriel,  b.,  9423;  works,  9643, 

9743  ;  d.,  990' . 

,  Gabriele,  b.,  10843  ;  d.,  10863. 

,  William  Michael,  b.,  9442. 

Kossi,  Ernesto,  b.,  108G3. 

,  Giovanni  Battistta  de,  b.,  108G3. 

,  Pellegrino  Luigi  Odoardo,  Count,  b., 

10843  ;  assassinated,  10873. 
Rossini,  Qloacchino  Antonio,  b.,  lOUa  ; 

operas  by,  1086' ;  d.,  10882. 
Kosslyn,  Earl  of.    (dee  Wedderburn.) 
Eossniore,  Baron,  title  created,  9251,9451. 
Eostislaw,  Duke  of  Kielf,  11133. 
Eostock,  Ger.,  University  founded,  7861 . 
Eostoptchin,  Count  Feodor,  b.,  11162  :  d« 

11163. 

Both,  Rudolf  von,  b.,  8122. 

Eotharis,  king  of  Italy,  10731. 

Rothe,  Richard,  b.,  8063  ;  d.,  8243. 

,  T/iurmgian  Chronicle,  7852. 

Rotherhithe,  Eng.,  docks  est.,  877*. 

Rothennel,  Peter  Frederick,  b.,  1262  ; 
paintings,  1841 ,  2761 ,  3941 ,  306I ,  318' . 

Rothes,  Earl  of,  title  created,  8623. 

Rothesay,  Duke  of,  title  created,  8643. 

Rothmines,  action  at,  8862. 

Rothschild,  Baron  Lionel  Nathan,  b., 
9343;  returns  to  Pari.,  9552,  9571 ,  9632, 
9691 ;  fuds.  Jewish  Synagogue,  970*  ;  d. 
(1879). 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9871 . 

,  Mayer  Anselm,  b.,8003;  begins  busi- 
ness, 8052;  d.,8102. 

,  Sir  Nathaniel,  County  l.-lieut.,  10012. 

,  Nathan  Mayer,  b.,  8012;  d,,  8142. 

.  Kegina,  trip  around  world,  3.543. 

Rothschilds,  oppose  Jewish  oppression, 
5331 ;  proposition  to  Monetary  Commis- 
sion, 9491 ;  gift  to  Pension  Fund,  9983  ; 
Russian  loan,  11232. 

Rotrou,  Jean  de,  b.,  6862;  works,  6871, 
6891;  d.,  6902. 

Rotteok,  Karl,  b.,  8041 ;  d.,  8143. 

Rotterdam,  Neth.,  taken,  10981 ;  bank  of , 
fnd.,  11012  ;  laborers  strike,  11023. 

Rotton,  Otto,  d.,  4501 . 

Rottweil,  Ger.,  French  occupy,  7961 . 

Rouatt,  John  L.,  g<)vernor  Colo.,  2912. 

Roubilliac,  Louis  Francois,  b.,  6M3 ;  d., 
7023. 

Rouche,  M.,  forced  from  Chambers,  7612. 

Eoucher,  Jean  Antoine,  b.  (1745) ;  Moi$, 
7052 ;  d.  (1794). 

Rouen,  Fr.,  Charles  of  Navarre  seized, 
6752  ;  a  bishopric,  6623;  captured,  666I, 
6781 ;  guests  seized,  6752;  capitulates  to 
Henry,  6761 ;  Eng.  evacuate,  6781 ,  8633; 
ceded,  6791;  besieged,  6821 ,  6841;  Fr. 
defeated,  7403  ;  occupied,  7423  ;  Cam- 
pagnie  du  Cap  Nord  formed,  10393. 

Roug^,Gen.  de  la  Motte,  army  retires,742t . 

Bouget  de  I'lsle,  Claude  Joseph,  b.,  702*  ; 
d.,7262;  statue,  7621. 

Rouher,  Eugtoe,  b.,721i;  minister,  7313, 
7373;  pres.  state  council,  7371 ;  president 
senate,  7392  ;  d.  (1844). 

Roumanille,  Joseph,  b.,  7223  ;  d.,  7621 . 

Roundheads  named  ;  org.,  8852, 

Round  Lake,  missionaries  resort,  3422. 

Roundout,  N.  Y.,  Indian  massacre,  421 ; 
Dr.  Burtsell's  parish,  3642. 

Rourke,  Patrick  H.,  d.,  2291 . 

Rous,  Francis,  b.  (1679) ;  publishes  Bible, 
8843,  8871  ;  d.  (1659). 

Rouse's  Point,  Fenians'  arms  seized,  2522. 

Eousse,  Aim^  Joseph  Edinond,  Academi- 
cian, 7521 . 

Rousseau,  Jacques, or  James, b.  (1630);  d., 
6iM3. 

,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  6922;  d.,  7002. 

, Jacques,  b.,  6963,  works, 7012,3, 

7032,7052;  in  Eng.,  9172;  d.,  7043. 

,  Lovell  Harrison,  Gen.,  b.,  1282;  at 

Murfreesboro,  2171;  raids,  2361,2;  at 
Youngstown,  2362  j  at  Murfreesboro, 
2403;  at  Sitka  Island,  2592;  d.,  2641. 

,  P.,  Journal  Encyclop^dique,  5423. 

Rousset,  Camille  F61ix  Michel,  b.  (1821) ; 
d.,7621. 


Roussillon,  Fr.,  synod,  6682;  acquired, 
6791 ;  rest.,  6793  ;  Fr.  possession,  688I . 

Roustam,  or  Roustem,b.-d.,  IIO62. 

Routt,  JohnL.,  gov.  Colo.,  2692,  2951 ,  3991 . 

Rouvier,  Maurice,  b.  (1842);  mmister,  7532, 
7563,  7572,  7611;  declines  pres.,  7632; 
resigns,  7651. 

Rouville,  Hertel  de,  Salmon  Falls,  5721 . 

Kover,  Philippe  Emile  de,  resigns,  7652. 

Roveredo,  Tyr<d,  Austrian  defeat,  7121 , 

Rowan,  Stephen  Clegg,  b,  (1808) ;  takes 
Elizabeth  City,  N.  C,  2041 ;  d.,  3541 . 

,  S.  N.,  moderator,  1323. 

Rowe,  George  Fawcett,  d.,  3442. 

,  James,  missionary,  4962. 

,  Nicholas,    b.,   8922;    poet   laureate, 

9043  ;  d.,90fi2. 

,  Sophie,  d.,  8243. 

,  W.  A.,\Cycle  record,  3253. 

Rowell,  Edward  N.,  acquitted,  3151. 

Rowlandson,. Thomas,  b.,  9143  ;  d  ,  9423. 

Rowlesburg,  W.  Va.,  Confederates  de- 
feated, 2203. 

Rowley,  Henryj  cons.  bp.  Madag.,  10943. 

Roxana,  asteroid,  discovered,  7601 , 

Roxana  marries  Alex.,  1025' ;  k.,  10271 . 

Roxburglie  Club  instituted,  9371 ,  9463. 

,  Duke  of,  title  created,  9031 . 

Roxbury,  Mass.,  founded,  331  j  annexed 
to  Boston,  2613. 

Roxolani,  war  with,  10641. 

Roy,  E. .}.,  president  Liberia,  II6I2. 

,  William,   b.,  9063  ;  trigonometrical 

survey,  9221 ;  d.  (1690). 

,  Gen.,  defeated  at  fluraieges,  7431 , 

Royal  Academy  of  Arts  est.,  9162  ;  first 
exhibition,  9081,9721. 

of  Music  est.,  9081 ,  9402. 

,  Swed.,  est.,  11351 . 

Adelaide  wrecked,  9553. 

Agricultural  Society  est.,  9481 ;  jubi- 
lee exhibition,  10013. 

American  Magazine  issued,  782. 

Aquarium  .So'c,  London,  org.,  980*. 

Arcanum, Supreme  Councilorg., 2951 ; 

membership,  3851 ;  report,  4303. 

Arclneological  Institute  fnnl.,  9521 . 

Arch  Masons  convocation,  3883. 

Arthur  launched,  10041 . 

Asiatic  Society  org.,  9402. 

Astronomical  Society  founded,  9401 , 

Botanical  Society  formed,  9482. 

Brit.  Meteorological  Soc.  fnid.,  9561 . 

Canoe  Club  fnd.,  9703. 

Chamber  est.,  Fr.,  7013. 

College  of  Surgeons  est.,  8663,  9112, 

9241,9251,9311. 

Colonial  Institute  est.,  9733. 

Discharged  Prisoners'    Aid    Society 

est..  9631 . 

Dublin  Society  fmd.,  9081 . 

Exchange,  Dublin,  begun,  9181 . 

Exchange,  London,  repaired,  9181 . 

George  sinks,  9221 . 

- —  Geographical  Society  org,,  Eng.,  944i ; 
expedition.  East  Afr.,  5611 ,  2^  5621 . 

Historical  Society  fnd.,  9721 ,  2. 

Horticultural  Society  est.,  9322. 

Humane  Society  fnd.,  9192. 

Hungarian  Guard  formed,  5281 . 

Inst.  Brit.  Architects  org.,  9461 . 

Institution  fnd.,  London,  9;f0i,  9322; 

opd,,  9381 ;  laboratory  est.,  9301 ;  power- 
ful magnet  exhibited,  9561 , 

of  Liverpool  fnd,,  9371 . 

of  Manchester  fnd.,  9402. 

Irish  Guards  fnd.,  8961 . 

Royalists  taxed  ;  insurrection,  Eng.,  8892; 

insurrection,  Fr.,  7093  ;  control  coun- 
cil, 7132  ;  cabinet  fmd.,  7512  ;  meet  in 
Paris,  7643. 

Royal  Jennerian  Institution  fnd.,  9302. 

gardens  with  Kew  Botanical  gar- 
dens, 9541 . 

Labor  Commission  appointed,  10072, 

Library  at  Copenhagen,  6371 . 

at  Munich,  7923, 

Literary  Fund  fnd.,  9252. 

London  Yacht  Club  fnd.,  8491 . 

Magazine  issued,  9152. 

Marriage  Act  passes,  9193  ;  violated, 

9262. 

Masonic   Institution    for   girls   est., 

9252 ;  for  boys,  9292 ;  for  aged  and  widows, 
9611. 

Medical  Benevolent  Coll,  fmd.,  961 1 . 

and  Chirurgical  Soc.  find.,  9322. 

Military  College  fnd.,  9292;  removed, 

9371. 


Royal  Military  Tournament  org.,  9921 . 

Navy  Artillery,  Volunteers  est.,  9773, 

- —  OaA-  launched,  9661 . 

Observatory  est.,  Cape  Town,  5971. 

(See  Greenwich,  Eng.) 

Orthopiudic  City  Hospital,  9571 . 

pensions  checked,  9032. 

Polytechnic  Institute  opd.,  9482. 

Red  Cross  for  Ladies,  order  est.,  9911 . 

Regiment  of  Belgium  org.,  888I . 

School  of   Naval  Architecture  est., 

9671. 

Scots  Regiment  01  g.,  8821 . 

Society  incor.,  8901;  meetings,  8862; 

receives  Principia,  8962  ;  first  anniver- 
sary, 8901;  library  fnd.,  8923;  awards 
medal,  9081,  9301  ;  Scientific  Fund  est., 
9622;  presidents,  890',  8941,  8961,  9021, 
9061,  9122,  9182,  9261,  9322,  9422,  9482, 
9561 ,  9621 ,  9642,  9681 ,  9841 ,  990' ,  9941 . 

of  Arts  chartered,  890' . 

of  Edinburgh  fnd.,  9102  ;  chart- 
ered, 922'. 

~  Good  Fellows  incorporated,  3131 ; 

statistics,  4471 . 

of  Literature  org.,  9402;  fnd.,9411 . 

— of  Music  est.,  9222. 

of  Musicians  est.,  9112,  9501 . 

Sovereign  wrecked,  9001 . 

biu-ned,  926' . 

launched,  lOOti . 

Spiritual  Magazine  issued,  771 , 

Templare  of  Temperance,  4471 , 

Titles  Bill  passes,  9812. 

Royalton,  Vt  ,  Indians  attack,  923. 

Royal  United  Service  Institution  est., 9451 . 

University,  Ire.  (See  Queen's  Uni- 
versity, Ire.) 

Victoria  docks  opd.,  9602. 

Itoyce,  Stephen,  b.  (1787) ;  gov,  Vt.,  1772; 
d.  (1868). 

Royer,  M.  le,  minister,  7613. 

Royer-Collard,  Pierre  Paul,  b.,  7031;  d., 
7283. 

Royston,  Peter  S.,  elected  bp.,  9742. 

Roze,  Marie,  b.,  7283. 

Kubaga  mission  work,  5612. 

Rubber  vulcanized,  150' ;  Trust  find.,  at 
Trenton,  3513. 

Rubens,  Christoph,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8282, 

,  Peter  Paul,  b.,  5403  ;  works,  5402, 

8821 ;  court  painter  ;  decorates  Luxem- 
bourg Palace,  5402;  in  Rome,  10821 ;  great 
altar  piece ;  house  in  Antwerp,  5402  ; 
married,  5411;  d,,  5403;  centenary  of 
birth,  5451. 

Rubenstein,  Rabbi  Isaac,  director-geueral, 
3923. 

,  Pasach  N.,  dies,  2912. 

Rubini,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.,  10843  ;  d., 
10863. 

Rubinstein,  Anton,  b.,  11163;  d.,  1122'. 

Rucellai,  (iiovanni,  b.  (1475) ',  Itosmunda  ; 
Apt,  10812;  d.  (1626). 

Euchonnet,  M,  L.,  d.,  11381 . 

llucker,  J,  B,,  wounded,  4162, 

Euckert,  Frieilrich,  b.,  8043;  works,  810S, 
8132;  d,,8243, 

Kudbeck,01aus,  b.  (1630) ;  dis.  lymphatics, 
1134';  works,  ll;)43;  d,  (1702). 

Rude,  Fraiiv<>ise,  b.  (1784) ;  statue  of  Ney, 
7321 ;  d.  (1855). 

RUdesheim,  monument  6'ermanta  set,  8301 . 

Rudini,  Marquis  A.  di,  premier,  10902  ; 
prosecution  of  N,  O.  iynchers,  3812, 

Hudlieb,  Latin  poem,  appears,  7751 . 

Rudolf  (or  Rudolph)  I,  of  Burgundy,  K. 
of  It.,  10732,  3. 

I.  of  Hapsburg,  b.-d.,  7782  ;  duke  ; 

Emperor  of  Ger.,  5062,  3  ;  assists  Otto- 
car, 504i;  warwithOttocar  II.;  conquers 
Austrians;  captures  Frederick  ;  in  Wiir- 
tomberg;  in  Burgundy,  7802  ;  despotism, 
7823;  d.,6042. 

II.,  Emp.,  b,,  7921 ;  enthroned,  6103  ; 

crowned,  5112;  conciliates  Bohemians, 
5113,  7933  ;  Pr.  of  Transylvania ;  cedes 
Hung.;  abdicates,  6113;  d,,  6IO2, 

,  Archduke  crown  pr.,  b.,  5242  ;  mar- 
ried, 5302  ;  at  Constantinople,  6303  ; 
suicide,  6311. 

IV.,  D.  of  Aust.,  5062  ;  fnds,  Uulv,  of 

Vienna,  5071. 

V„  D,  of  Aust.,  d.,  5062, 

,  elected  king  of  Fr.,  d.,  6673, 

,  King  of  Bohemia,  d.,  5042, 

II,,  D.  of  Saxony,  7833, 

invents  wire-drawing,  7822. 

,  D.  of   Swabia,  elected  rival   emp,. 


£udo-Saar. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1395 


776', 777' ;  defeats  Henry  IV.,  wounded  ; 
d.,7761. 
KudoU  of  Ems,  works,  7803. 

Augustus,  D.  of  Brunswick,  7973. 

,  Lucretia,  marries  J.  A.  Gartield,185' . 

Kudolpliiiie  tables,  by  Kepler,  792*;  com- 
pleted, 7943. 

Rueda,  Lope  de,  works,  1129* . 

Rufinus  murdered,  10C93. 

Bufus,  P.  Salpicius,  proposes  reforms, 
10573. 

,  William,  builds  Westminster  Hall, 

l«82;  feast  of  Whitsuntide,  &491 . 

Kugby  School  founded,  873*  - 

Huge,  Arnold,  b.,  8082;  d.,  830>. 

Kugen,  Ger.,  annexed  to  Deu. ;  ceded  to 
Prus.,  6393;  cede  to  Sweden,  11353. 

Kuger,  Thomas  Howard,  b.,  142*;  com- 
mands in  N.  C, '.M8t;  gov.,  2593;  com- 
missioned brig.-gen.,  3'^i ;  at  Chicago, 
474'. 

Ruggiero,  Michael,  missionary,  6143. 

Buggies,  Gen.  Daniel,  b.  (1810) ;  at  Tupelo, 
2213. 

,  George  D.,  com.  col.,  334' ;  appointed 

adjt.-gen.,  442* ;  in  war  dept.,  4472. 

Jtitgia  quarantined,  4162. 

Ruiz,  Dominico  L.,  forgery,  417* . 

,  Juan,  Biienamor,  poem,  1127*. 

Rukh,  Shah,  reigns,  11073. 

Rules,  new,  of  Procedure,  adopted,  999* . 

Kulhi^re,  Claude  Carloman,  works,  713* . 

Kuling  machines  invented,  922*  ;  im- 
proved, 9302. 

Ruloif ,  Edward  H.,  trial ;  execution,  2742. 

Ruinauia  (see  text,  pp.  1112-1113),  boun- 
dary est.  for  Turk.,  11573;  annexed  to 
Turk.,  11592  ;  made  kingdom,  11593. 

Rumelia  (or  Roumelia),  Gen.  Gourko, 
enters,  565* ;  Rus.  expelled,  5652  ;  rail- 
way opened,  11583. 

Rumford,  Count.    (See  Thompson,  Benj.) 

Rump,  Parliament.    (See  Parliament.) 

Bumsey,  James,  b.,  642;  experiments  with 
steam,  96* ;  d.,  1022. 

Runaway  Act  passed,  Eng.,  871* . 

Runeberg,  Johann  Ludwig,  b.-d.,  1136*; 
works,  11362. 

Runels,  Charles,  gift,  3883. 

Ruuge,  Otto  Philipp,  inv.  colors,  814* . 

Runieet,  Singh,  b.-d.,  10443. 

Bunk,  William  W.,  suicide,  4163. 

Bunkle,  John  Daniel,  b.,  1302. 

Bunnels,  Hiram  G.,  gov.  Miss.,  1433,  1832. 

Bunnymede,  Eng.,  Magna  Charta  signed, 
8532. 

Bunvon,  Theo.,  in  army,  1942  ;  ambassador 
to  Berlin,  4473. 

Rupert,  emp.  Ger.,  5073;  K.  of  Ger.;  d., 
7853. 

,  Prince,  of  Bavaria,  insane,  8323. 

, ,  b.,  7943;  iu  civil  war,  Eng.;  at 

Stratton  Hill,  884* ;  improves  mezzotint, 
8862;  lord  admiralty,  8933;  d.,  7982. 

Land,  bishopric  established,  9543. 

Biippell,  Wilhelm  Peter  Eduard  Simon, 

b.,  8063;  ±  (1844). 
Rural  Hill,  Confederates  defeated,  216* . 
Burik,  fnds.  Russian  monarchy,  11133;  d., 

1113*. 
Rurki,  Punjab,  mission,  1047* . 
Ruschenberger,  Wm.  S.  W.,  b.,  114*. 
Jiusk  ordered  north,  404* . 
,  Benjamin,    b.,    662;   sec.    Abolition 

Soc,  81* ;  famous  tract,  99* ;  d.  (1813). 

,  James,  b.,  98* ;  d.,  2662. 

,  Richard,   b.,   93*;    atty.-gen.,    1213; 

electoral  vote,  1292,  1372;   sec.  treas., 

1333 
,  William,  b.    (1756) ;    executes  busts 

100*,  102*;  d.  (1833). 
Hush  worth,  John,  b.,  878' ;  d.  (1586). 
Rusk,  Harry  Welles,  b.,  170*. 
,  Jeremiah  McLain,b.  (1830);  gov. Wis., 

3132;  sec.  of  agiiculture,  3372;  d.,444*. 
,  Thomas    Jefferson,    b.,    IIO2 ;    pres. 

senate,  183* ;  d.,  178* . 
Buskin,  John,  b.,  9383;  works,  955*,  9663, 

9763,9863,9923;  Museum  of  Art,  Shef- 
field. 988' ;  declines  poet  laureate,  IOIO2. 

Society  formed,  988* . 

Buss,  John  Denisou,  b.,  110* ;  d.  (1881). 
Busselkonda  mission,  10483. 
Russell,  A.  J.,  pres.  Liberia,  II6I2. 

,  Benjamin  E.,  b.,  158* . 

,  Sir  Charles,   b.  (1833) ;    Arbitration 

Court,  4272;    atty.-gen.,  995*;    counsel 

for  Parnell,  9993;   counsel,  10063;  lord 

chief  justice,  10123. 


Eussell,  Charles  A.,  b.,  170* . 

,  David  A.,  b.  (1822±) ;  at  Unionville, 

220* ;  killed,  2382. 

,  Edward,  E.  of  Orford,  b.  (1651)  ;  at- 
tainder, 8992;  off  La  Hogue,  694*;  min- 
ister, 9012;  1.  of  admiralty,  8992;  created 
E.  of  Orford,  9013;  in  Spain,  1128';  d. 
(1727). 

,  Francis,  in  house,  8712. 

,  I.  C,  dis.  Alaska  glacier,  368' ;  as- 
cends Mt.  St.  Elias,  394' . 

,  John,  col.  Boyal  Regiment  Guards, 

8901. 

, ,  first  E.  of  Bedford,  lord-lieut., 

8072;  minister,  8712. 

, ,  D.  of  Bedford,  lord-admiralty, 

9073;  minister,  9113;  lord-lieut.,  9153. 

, ,  Prohibition  candidate,  2773. 

, Scott,  b.,  9343;  d.  (1882). 

,  Lord  ,  D.  of   Bedford,  b.,  9262; 

summons,  2012;  minister,  9452,  9473, 
9533,  9592,  9612,  9633,  969'  ;  Reform  Bill, 
9452,3,  9572,  965';  Municipal  Corpora- 
tion Bill.  9473;  attempts  ministry,  9532; 
resumes  oflice,  9572;  resigns.  9592,  9612, 
9692;  title  earl  created,  965' ;  d.,  9822. 

,  Lord,  minister  (1547),  8712, 

, Henry,  b.  (1827) ;  promoted  rear- 
admiral,  322'. 

- — ,  Jonathan,  b.  (1771) ;  Treaty  of  Ghent, 
1233;  d.  (1832). 

,  Lillian,  b.,  186'. 

,  Peter,  b.  (1755+) ;  governor,  5772;  d. 

(1825i). 

,  Lady  (Rachel  Wroithersley),  b.,  8822; 

d. (1723). 

,  Sol.  Smith,  b.,  164'. 

,  Maj.,  tannin  in  photography,  9642. 

,  William,  b.,  1082;  d.,  282'. 

,  Lord ,  b.,8822;  political  confed- 
eracy, 897' ;  executed,  897'  ,2. 

,  Sir ,  d.,  1008'. 

,  William  E.,  gov.  Mass.,  3472,  3692, 

3932,  399',  4172,  4212,  4732;  uom.  for 
pres.,  4092;  d.  (^1895). 

, Howard,  b.,  9403. 

, Odo,  Baron  Ampthill,  b.,  944' ; 

d.  (18«). 

,  W.  Clark,  works,  10043. 

BussellviUe,  Ala.,  negroes  lynched,  3803. 

,  Ky.,  Bethel  Coll.  org.,  1762;  Sover- 
eignty Conven.,  2012;  action  at,  214'; 
Lo^an  Female  College  founded,  2543. 

Russia  brings  cholera  cases,  4413. 

issued,  11203. 

Bussia  (see  text,  pp.  1113-1123.) :  Am. 
treaty,  1332,  2572;  befriends  Am.,  2153; 
famine  resolution,  3992;  famine  relief 
train,  4023;  defends  Bulgaria, 565' ;  em- 
bassies to  Fr.,  6913;  declines  mediation, 
7432;  alliance  at  Kalisch.  811';  hostile 
to  Ger.,  8312;  armed  neutrality,  9312, 
11172;  against  Fr.,  9332;  w'ar  against  G. 
B.,9333;  Eng.  captures  fleet,  934';  Al- 
lies war  against,  9592;  Goths  repelled, 
10692;  war  with  Eonians,  lOftl' ;  rupture 
with  It.,  10892;  Japan  restrains  com- 
merce, 10913;  treaty  with  Japan,  10923; 
treaty  with  Korea,  10943 ;  war  with  Per- 
sia, 11002;  treaty  with  Persia,  11083; 
war  with  Turk. ,11123, 1156',  11592;  cedes 
conquests  in  Turk.:  treaty  with  Turk.; 
manifesto  against  Turk.,  11573;  peace 
with  Turk.,  1159' ;  Samiatian  slaves  re- 
volt, 1068'. 

Bussian-Am.  Nat.  League,  N.  Y.,  eel.,  3543. 

Colonization  Society  organized,  3923. 

embargo  against  G.  Bnt.,  9312;  otit- 

rages  denounced,  N.  Y.,  3523;  legation 
notice,  4312;  loan  accepted  Fr.,  7573; 
exiles  opposed,  5003;  troops  on  frontier 
Aust.,  5352;  troops  j(>in  Austrians,  516* ; 
papers  excluded  (Bulg.),  5693;  policy 
abandoned,  5673;  in  Hungary,  5222; 
treaty  with  China,  6193;  naval  oflicers, 
Fr.  entertains,  7662. 

Extradition  Treaty  with  U.S.A.,  4243, 

4252,4282,4292,4312. 

Hebrews  org.,  3682;    in  Am.,  3883; 

home  for,  493* ;  ill-treated,  4362. 

minerals  to  Leland  Stanford  Univer- 
sity, 384*. 

Thistle  Bill,  4512,  4C53,  4672. 

Russkoi  r*//^s^"i^"  issued,  1117'. 

Eusso-Ger.  Commercial  Treaty,  M72, 8372 ; 
treaty  negotiations  ruptured.  8353. 

Gr.  Church,  confession  of  faith, 11143. 

-Turk,  war,  525',  628*,  10973;   Eng. 

neutrality,  983' . 


Russy,  Isaac  D.  de, commissioned  col. , 384' , 

Rust,  Deputy  Marshal,  killed,  4223. 

,  Buprecht,  copper-plate  engrav.,  7842. 

University  founded,  Miss.,  2623. 

Bustchuk,  Bulg.,  Alex,  welcomed,  5672; 

executions,  568* ;  revolt, 568*  ,2,3;  in  con- 
spiracy, 5682;  action  at,  1116* . 

Eustow,  Wilhelm  Friedrich,  b.,  8122;  sui- 
cide (1878). 

Rut,  .John,  explorer,  19* . 

Rutebojuf ,  b.  (1230± ) ;  Pauvreti  Rulebatuf, 
riiiiiphite,  673* ;  d.(1280±). 

Ruter,  Fritz,  d.,  828' . 

Rutgers  College,  N.  J.,  chartered,  743; 
fnd.,  117';  suspends  work,  125';  for- 
merly Queen's,  743, 1323;  Peter  Hertzog 
Theological  Hall  ded.,  1802;  Scientific 
School  opd.,  2503;  library  presented  to, 
M82. 

Female  College,  N.  \'.,  vs.  Tallman, 

3852. 

,  Henry,  b.,  662;  d.,  1382. 

Ruth,  dwells  with  Naomi,  11422;  marries 

Boaz,  11423. 
Butherford,  N.  C,  college  organized,  173' ; 

R.  College  opd.,  2763. 
,  Daniel,  b.  (1749);  nitrogen,  9182;  d., 

(1819). 
,  John  C,  b.  (1792) ;  gov.  Va.,  1562;  d., 

254'  (1866). 

,  Lewis  Morris,  b.  (1816) ;  d.,  406' . 

Buthven,  Can.,  gas  well  fired,  6892. 

,  Scot.,  raid  of,  8753. 

,  Galway,  L.  Mountmorres  shot,  986*. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  886' . 

,  James  Alexander,  d.,  348' . 

,  John,E.of  Gowrie,  conspiracy  against 

king,  8772. 

,  William,  E.  Gowrie,  executed,  8752. 

Butilius,  C.  Marcius,  dictator,  10532. 
Rutland,  I>.  of.    (See  Manners,  John.) 
Rutledge,  Edward,  b.,  662;  confers  with 

Howe,  8.53;  gov.,  1093;  d.,  1082. 
,  Frances  Hughes,  b.,  1082;  cons.  P.E. 

bishop,  1683;  d.,  254'. 
,  John,  b.,  642;  electoral  vote ;  justice, 

S.  C,  1012,  1072;  (1.,  1082. 
Ruys,  Augustin,  explorer,  243. 
Buyter,  Michael  Adriaanszoon  de,  b.-d., 

11003 ;  defeated,  1100' ;  in  Mediterranean^ 

at  Southwold,  692' ;  on  Thames,  8921 . 
Ryan,  Col.,  sails  with  filibusters,  2663. 

,  Kdward  J.,  missing,  4083. 

,  Father,  imprisoned,  997 ' . 

,  James,  cons.  B.  C.  bp.,  Am.,  3302. 

, ,  cons.  B.  C.  bp.,  Eng.,  9762. 

,  John,  sheriff,  8712. 

,  Patrick  John,  cons.,  3302;  archbp. 

(1883) ;  supports  Catholic  writers,  3463; 

editor  i^iarterly  Review,  3562;  trans  to 

Phila.  June  8,  1884. 
,  Stephen  Vincent, b.  (1826);  cons,  bp., 

'2642;  suit  of  Father  Dent,  4062. 
— —,  Thomas,  minister,  3513. 

,  William,  b.,  1522. 

Ryckaert,  Martin,  b.-d.,  10983. 
Rydberg,  Abraham  Victor,  b.,  1136' ;  Last 

of  the  Athenians,  11363. 
Byder,  Sir  Alfred  P.,  adin.,  d.,  9982. 
Byder,  Dudley,  E.  of  Harrowby,  chief  jus- 
tice, 9133;  minister,  9432;  d.  (1882). 

, Francis  Stuart,  minister,  9933, 

,  Henry,  b.  (1777) ;  elected  bp.,  9383;  d. 

(1836). 
Rye,  prices  rise,  Ger.,  8353. 
— '—  House  Plot  discovered,  8792,  897' . 
Eyerson,  Adolphus  E.,  b.,  5762;  d.,  6841. 

,  Martin  A.,  gift,  422' . 

RyJe,  John  Charles,  b.,  9382;  bp.  Liver- 
pool, 9842. 
Ryraer,  Thomas,  b.,  8822;  d.  (1713). 
Bymnik,  action  at,  1116' . 
Rysbraeck,  Pieter,  b.-d.,  11003. 
Byswick,  Neth.,  peace  of,  55' ,  6953. 
Rzewuski,    Count    Stanislaus,    Deborah, 

764'. 

S. 

Saa,  Gen.,  rebellion  of,  4902. 

Saadani,  massacre  of  missionaries,  5622; 

bombarded,  ,563' ;  Ger.  attack,  838' . 
Saadia,  Ben  Joseph  (Saadia-Gaon),  b.-d., 

6542. 
Saalfeld,  Ger.,  battle  at,  716' ;  acquired, 

8133. 
Saar,  strike,  5323;  battle  at,  8242. 
Saarbriick,  Prus.,  first  action  in  Franco- 

Prus.  war  ;  abandoned,  736'. 


1396 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  Figures  Indioate  Column.  Saar-St.  Jo.. 


Saargemilnd,  Ger.,  Germans  occupy,  738' . 
Saavedra,  Gen.,  in  Uruguay,  H59' . 

,  Angel  de,  DukeolRivas,  b.-d.,U30»; 

works,  1131'. 

Faxordo,  Diego,  b.-d.,  11283;  works, 

11292. 
Sabaco,  reigns,  Egy.,  651  * ;  defeats  Sargon, 

11442. 
Sabak-nefru-Ra    reigns,  Egy.,  6473;    ad- 
vanced, 6463. 
Sabbath  sanctified,  11403;  reform  move- 
ment, 3382;  observance  discussed,  8802; 
recreations  revived,  8823. 

Bill  stolen,  Bng.,  8903. 

Day  ordinance  est.,  8462. 

Observance  Act  passes,  8942. 

Union,  Am., org., 3302;  inPhila.,3792; 

World's  Fair,  391 ' ;  session,  4441 . 
Sabathu  mission,  10171 . 
SabelliUB,  condemned  as  heretic,  10663. 
Saberis  founded,  10511 , 
Sabina,  Kan.,  injustice,  4483. 
Sabine  country  annexed,  10533. 

Cross  Roads,  battle  of,  2311 . 

Pass,  Tex.,  blockade  removed,  2183; 

Banks  at,  2262;  destroyed,  3241 . 

,  Edward,  b.,  9243 ;  pres.  Royal  Society, 

9642;  d.,  9922. 

,  Joseph,  d.,  3062. 

,  Lorenzo,  b.  (1803) ;  d.,  2942. 

Sabines,  war  with;    take   Rome,  10501; 
women  seized,  10503;  incorporated  with 
Romans,  10511. 
Sabinianus,  pope,  10711. 
Sable  Island,  colony  fails,  171 ,  253. 
Sabutan  Island  annexed,  10073. 
Sacaza,  Dr.  Roberto,  b.  (1840) ;  pres,  11033; 

overthrown,  11041 . 
Saccharometer  invented,  7301 . 
Sacchetti,  Franco,  b.  (1335+) ;  writings  of, 

10772;  d.  (1410). 
Sachem  captured,  2262. 
Sacher-Masoch,  Leopold  R.  von,  b„  5203. 
Sacheverell,    Henry,    b.,   8922;    sermons 
against    whigs,    9023;    riots,  9043;    im- 
peached, 9052;  d.,9062. 
Sachs,  Hans,  b.,  7862;  works,  7892,7923, 

7931 ;  d.,  7922. 
Sachsenspiegel  issued,  7783. 
"Sackett's  Harbor,  squadron  before,  1202; 

burned,  1221 . 
Sacks,    Barney,    matricide   and   suicide, 

4583. 
Sacksensheim,  Hermann  von,  works,  7871 . 
Sackville,    Can.,  Mt.   Allison   Wesleyan 
College,  5803. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9751 . 

,  Charles,  E.  of  Dorset,  b.,  8822;  d., 

9022. 
,  Tliomas,  E.  of  Dorset,  b.,  8682;  min- 
ister, 8773;  works,  8721 ,3;  d.  (1608). 

West,  Sir  Lionel,  minister,  3092;  at 

Washington,  3273;  recalled,  3312. 
Saco,  Me.,  settlement  at,  311,  33a. 
Sacrament  Controversy,  Ger.,  7891 . 
Sacramental  test  imposed,  Eng.,  9023. 
Sacramento,    Cal.,    settlement   at,    1513; 
battle  of,  1621 ;  State  Library  fnd.,  1683; 
burned,  1713;  Central  Pacific  R.R.  built, 
2193;  Anti-Debris  Conven.,  3113;  floods 
resolution,  3491 ;  riot,  4082;  Lond.  fruit 
train,  4113;  capital,  4553;  U.  S.  troops 
for  mob,  4641 ;  levee  breaks,  4663. 
Sacred  Band  enrolled,  10222. 

Black  Stone  dispute,  4853. 

War,  Gr.,  IOI6I,  10201,  10241. 

Sacrifices  offered,  Gr.,  IOI31. 
Sacrilege,  death  penalties  abolished,  9471. 
Sacy,  Baron  Sylvestre  (Antoine  Isaac  Sil- 
vestre),  b.,7023;  works,  1171,  7151 ;  d., 
7282. 

,  Louis  Isaac,  b.,  6862;  d.,  6923. 

Sadales,  K.  of  Odrysse,   territory  to  Ro- 
mans, 10293. 
Saddles  used,  Eng.,  8421 . 
Sadducees  appear,  11482. 
Sadi,  b.-d.,  11063. 
Sadler,  Lieut.,  at  Hillsborough,  Ky.,  2001 . 

,  Sir  Ralph,  b.,  8661 ;  minister,  8093; 

d.,  8762. 

,  William    Windham,   aerial   voyage, 

9222;  killed  (1824). 
Sadovsky,  M.,  assassinated,  11211. 
Sadowa,  Bohemia,  battle  at,  5261 . 
Sadras,  Ind.,  Dutch  trade  begins,  10443. 
Sadullah  Pasha  dies,  5343. 
Sadyattes,  leader,  1014' ;  reigns,  11453. 
Saengerfest  in  Milwaukee,  3871 ;  in  N.  Y., 
4621,3. 


Saenz,  Gen.  fjulio,  minister,  6443. 
Safaneezah,  Egy.,  mission,  6571. 
Satferian  dyna.sty  founded,  4871 . 
Safford,  Henry  Truman,  b.,  1462;  dl6.  as- 
teroid Feronia,  1963. 

,  A.  P.  K.,  gov.  Ariz.,  2692. 

Saga  issued,  11042. 

Sag;alla,  mission,  5G12. 

Sagasta,  Praxedes  Mateo,  b.,  11303. 

Sage,  Russell,   b.  (1816);  oflice  destroyed 

by  dynamite,  3963;  sued,  4342. 
Saget,  Gen.  Nissage,  president,  10403. 
Sag  Harbor,  N.  Y., capture  of  stores,  862. 
Saguntum,  Sp.,  destroyed  by  Hannibal, 

10531 ;  battle,  10581 ;  taken,  11251 . 
Sagus  Iron  Works.  Mass,  castings,  361 . 
Sahara  Desert,  103;  crossed,  9402. 
Sahu-Ra,  great  god,  6462.;  reigns  (Egy.), 

6471;  in  Arabia,  6461. 
Said    Pasha    Mohammed,     b.-d.,    11563; 

grand  vizier,  11593;  shot,  660 1. 
Sa'idTorkee,  d.,  4881. 
Saif ,  in  power,  4833 
Saigon,  colony  at,  7352;  surrenders,  4601 ; 

treaty  signed,  4812,  4823. 
Sailing,  middle  latitude,  8801 . 
Sailor's  Creek,  Va.,  battle  of,  2451 . 
Sails  made  from  duck,  II61 . 
Sain/oil,  wins  Derby,  10053. 
St.  Adelbert,  bp.  o'f  Prague ;    retires  to 

monastery,  5022. 

Albans,  Eng.,  church  built,  8423 ;  bat- 
tle of,  8621  ^  8641 ;  borough  disfranchised, 
9591  ;  bishopric  created,  9802 ;  Bp. 
Claughton  elected,  9803 ;  archbp.  Smith 
cons.,  9922;  Bp.  Festing  cons.,  10042; 
see  est.,  9732. 

,  Vt.,  Confederates  raid,  239', 3; 

raiders  discharged,  5831 ;  bank  robbed, 
2393;  Fenian  arms  seized,  2522. 

,  Baron  of,  title  created,  8932. 

Albert,  R.  C.  diocese,  5822. 

Amand,Fr.  defeat,  7081. 

,  Almeric  de,  gov.,  8592, 

Andrews,  Scot.,    see  created,    8443, 

9083;  archbishopric  fnd.,  8642. 

Univ.  fnd.,   8603  ;    est.,    9131  ; 

women  in,  10083. 

Anne,  bone  of,  exhibited,  4062. 

Anthony  Falls,  Minn.,  gold  seekers, 

553;  State  Univ.  opd.,  2662;  united  to 
Minneapolis,  2811 . 

Arnaud,  Jacques  Achille  Leroy  de, 

b.,  7123;  subdues  Kabyles,  83;  at  Varna; 
at  Alma ;  minister,  7313  ;  d.,  7322,  958I . 

- —  Asaph,  W.,Bp.  Hughes  cons.,  9642; 
Bp.  Edwards  cons.,  10022. 

Augustine,   Fla.,   castle    built,  241; 

Indian  mission,  242;  Fr.  attempt  to  cap- 
ture, 241 ;  fnd.,  251 ;  captured,  4'J1 ;  Ogle- 
thorpe defeated,  64i;  surrendered  to 
Federals,  2043;  R.  c.  diocese,  2722;  Iii8t. 
for  Deaf  est.,  3191. 

College  org.,  Cal., 2583. 

.\vold,  Germans  occupy,  7381 . 

Bartholomew,  massacre  of,  6851 . 

Bartholomew's   Island,  restored   to 

Fr.,  7512;  surrendered,  9202. 

Benedict's  Coll.  (R.  Cath.)  est.,  Atchi- 
son, Kan.  (1858). 

Sainte-Beuve,  Chas.   Augustin,  b.  (1804); 

works,  7251 ,  7283,  7303;  d.  (1869). 
St.  Blaise  (horse),  sold,  3933. 
St.  Bonaventura  College  org.,  1863. 

Boniface,  R.  C.  diocese   est.,  5801 ; 

archdiocese,  5822;  Xe  Manitoba,  5823; 
miss,  in  Ger.,  7702.    (See  Winfrid.) 

St.  Catherine,  The  Miracle  Flay  oJ\  ap- 
pears, 8482. 

-—  Catherines,  Ont.,  Journal  est.,  5783; 
gas-well  torpedoed,  5872. 

Cecilia  Society  of  Am.  meets.  3642. 

Charles,  Ark.,  Confed.  defeat,  2091 . 

,  Mo.,     Confederates      defeated 

near,  2351. 

Coll.  (R.  Oath.),  Ellicott  City, 

Md.  (1848). 

Christopher    Island,    settled,  8813; 

Eng.,  possession,  8832. 

St.  CVair  burns,  2933. 

St.  Clair,  Pa.,  locomotive  explosion,  4013. 

River,    Mich.,    tunneled,  3693; 

opd.,  3913. 

,  Arthur,  b.,  622;  commissioned 

mai.-gen.,  861;  leaves  Ticonderoga;  at 
Hubbardtown,  863;  report  to  Congress, 
992;  treaty  with  Indians,  101 1;  gov., 
1011,  1032,  1073;  commander;  Indian 
war,  1021;  d.,  1262. 


Sainte-Claire-Deville,   Charles,    b.,  7211 : 
d.,  7501.  .       I  . 

St.  Clairsville,  O.,  Appeal  issued,  1251 . 

Clement's  Island,  Md.,  colony  on,333. 

Cloud,  Fr.,  Ancients  remove  to,  7133; 

conven.  signed,  7'232;  wind-storm,  760i . 

,  Minn.,   normal     schools    opd., 

2662;  tornado  strikes,  3222. 

Croix,  West   Indies,  missions,  622, 

691,763. 

Davids, Bp.  Jones  cons. ,9742;  college 

fnd.,  9411. 

Denis,  Fr., Huguenots  defeated,  6821 ; 

bombarded,  7441 . 

,  Charles  de,  works,  6891 . 

Dizier,  Fr.,    allies    defeated,  7202; 

Napoleon  defeated,  7203 ;  occupied,  7402 . 

Edward's    Coll.  (R.  Cath.),  Austin, 

Texas,  est.  (1888). 

Saintes,  Fr.,  battle  of,  6702. 

St.  Espiritu,  Mich.,  mission  at,  422. 

fitienne,  Fr.,  explosion   in  coal-pit, 

7593,  7613,  7633. 

de   la  Tour,   patent  for  Nova 

Scotia,  332. 

Eustace,  insurrection,  6781 , 

Evremonde  (Charles   de    Marguetel 

de  St.-Denis),  b.,  6862;  d,,  6912, 

Francis,  Wis.,  St.  Francis  de    Sales 

College  org.,  1802;  R.  c.  normal  school 
org,,  2763, 

de  Sales,  mission  est,.  Can,,  482. 

,  Solanus  College  est,,  2822. 

Xavier    College,    1631 ;    admits 

women,  4381 . 

Gall  joins  Act  Mediation,  11382. 

Gaudens,  Augustus,  b.  (1848);  statue 

of  Farragut,  3061 ;  of  Lincoln,  3281  ;  in 
Academy  Design,  3501 . 

Genest's,  VAssembUe  et  la  France, 

7482. 

St.  George  wrecked,  9342. 

wrecked,  9593. 

lost,  9913. 

Islaud,  Me.,  colonists  land,  262, 

271. 

,  Alas.,  seal  fishery,  2671. 

,  N.  Y.,  fire,  3893. 

,  Can.,  R.  R.  accident,  5872. 

Knighthood  est.,  9392. 

George's  Bank,  Eng.,  fishing  schoo- 
ners founder,  3153. 

chess  club  fmd.,  9471 . 

Germain,  treaty  of,  333,  6822,  6933. 

Germains,  E.  of,  title  created,  9372. 

(see  Granville,  Edward.) 

Gervais-les-Bains,  destroyed.  7621 . 

Gothard,  Hung.,  battle  of,  6122. 

,  It.,  railway  opd.,  10903;  tunnel 

begun,  11383. 

Gregory  of  Tours,  works,  6643. 

Helena,   Napoleon   arrives  at,  7221 ; 

Napoleon's  remains  removed,  7292;. 
Longwood  bought,  7353;  acquired  by 
Eng.,  8773;  see  est.,  9583. 

Helens,  colliers  strike,  9703,  loili. 

Sainte-Hllaire,  Barth^Mmy.    (See  Barth^- 

\imy.) 
St.  Hilaire,  Can.,  R.  R.' accident,  5813. 
,Augustede,b., 7142;  d., 7322. 

,  Etienne  Geoffroy.  (See  Geof- 
frey.) 

Hilarj^,  writes  against  Arianism, 6631. 

Hyacinthe,  Can.,  R.  C.  diocese  est., 

5802. 

- —  Ignace,  Can.,  mission  at  443;  mis- 
sion sacked,  5723. 

Jacob,  battle  of,  6781 , 

Jago,  naval  battle  at,  9202. 

St.  James  explodes,  1713. 

St.  James,  Order  of,  fnd.,  11263. 

,  Neb.,  mammoth  skeleton,  3441 . 

Jean  d'Acre,  bombarded,  9501 .    (See 

Acre.) 

St.  James's  Gazette  est.,  10083. 

John,  Mex.,  bombarded,  7261 . 

. ,  N.  B.,  Fr.  possess,  9161;  garri- 
son surrenders,  803;  R,  C,  diocese  est., 
5783;  Telegraph;  Gto6e,581i;  fire. 5853; 
Sons  of  Temperance  meet,  5922 ;  raiders 
from  Me.,  2362. 

,  W.  I,,  Danish  price  for,  6422. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  871' , 

of  Bletsoe,  Baron,  title  treated, 

9591. 

,  Viscount,  title  created,  9051 , 

,  Henry,  b.  (1678);  Viscount  Bol- 

ingbroke  ;  minister,  9052  ;  dismissed,. 
9033;  d,  (1751). 


St.  Jo-St.  Se. 


Text  figurts  denote  Page.        INDKX.         Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


1397 


St.  John,  James  Augustus,  b.,  9303;   d.        org. 

(1875).  2e9= 
,  John  P.,  h.,   142t;    gov.  Kan., 

2993,  303»;  nom.  for  pres.,  3173;  popular 

vote,  3192. 
,  Oliver,  b.  (1598±);  lined.  881 1 ; 

d.  (1673). 

,  William,  lord  keeper,  8712. 

,  W.  P.,  resigns,  351 1 . 

Island,  purchase  treaty  re- 
jected, 2711. 

Johns,      Newfoundland,     sufferers' 

fund,  4103,  10083;  Boyal  Gazettt,  5771; 
Times  and  Gen.  Rom.  Advertiser,  5791; 
The  Globe,  6811  ;  Eve.  Herald,  5&43  : 
camp  inspection,  5881 ;  fire;  financial 
crisis,  11033. 

,  S.  Af.,  Bp.  Key  cons.,  9962. 

Bluff,  Fla.,  fired  on,  2141 . 

Deaf  Mute  Institute,  Wis.,  2M3. 

Coll.  est.,  Md.,  1003. 

.  Wash.,  D.  C.  (R.  Cath.), 

est.  (1865). 
,  Fordham,  N.  Y.  (R.  Cath.), 

est.  (1846). 

River,diB.,223;expedition,214i. 

School,  poor  clergy,  sons,  9583. 

—  Univ.   (R.   Cath.),   Collegeville, 

Minn,,  est.  (1857). 

Johnebury,  Vt.,  Museum,  3621 . 

Joseph,  Mo.,  terminus  of  pony  ex- 
press, 1933;  R.  C.  diocese  est.,  2642; 
Missouri  River  Improvement  Conven- 
tion, 301*3;  Exposition  buildings  burned, 
3453  ;  fire,  4393;  train  robbery,  4483; 
Palace  Car  Co.  capitalized,  4633. 

Joseph's  Island, Mich., Indian  refuge, 

323. 

Coll.,  est.  Dubuque,  2822. 

,  est.  Teutopolis,  199';  org., 

3082. 

,  est.  Phila.,  1723. 

Just,  Cornwall,  water  in  mine,  10093. 

,  Antoine  Louis  L^on  de,  b.,7032; 

d.,  7102. 

,  Letellier  de,  governor,  5832. 

Katherine,  Order  of,  est.,  9843. 

Lambert,  tlean  Fran9oig,  Marquis  de, 

b.  (1716);  works,  7051 ,  7131 ;  d.  (1803). 

Laurent,  Can.,  half-breeds  meet,5883. 

St.  Lawrence  wreokeil,  5892. 

St.  Lawrence    River  explored,    203,   211; 

ice-bridge,  5932;  Bridge  Bill  passes  as- 

semblv,  4013;  possessed  for  Fr.,  5712; 

steamboat  sinks,  5892;  canals  deepened, 

5913. 
Gulf,  explored,  163;  survey  of, 

5901. 

Univ.  est.,  I8O2. 

■  Lazaro,  French  defeat,  700' . 

Leger,  Anthony,  deputy,  8693,  8712. 

— -  ,  Barry,  b.  (1737);  at  Ft.  Stanwix, 

871;  d.,  1001. 

Leonards,  Baron,  title  created,  9591. 

,  Baron.    (See  Sugden.) 

Leonard's  College  fnd.,  6782,  867. 

Levan,  Baron,  title  created,  9963, 

Lo,  Fr.,  captured.  6761. 

.St.  Louis  launched.  4753, 

St.  Louis,  Mo.,  settled,  493,  751 ;  Sp.  at- 
tacked; attacked  by  Brit.,  92i ;  aban- 
doned, 493;  Missouri  Gazette,  1143;  first 
theatrical  performance,  1261;  R.  C.  dio- 
cese, l.'i43;  St.  Louis  Lniv.  org..  1371; 
fnd.,  1403;  St.  Louis Conf.  fmd.;  Hebrew 
synagogue  built,  1583;  Mercantile  Li- 
brary fnd.,  1611;  K.  C.  archbishopric 
est.,  1623;  lighted  with  gas,  1653;  fire, 
1653,3553,  4033,4-233;  cholera  at;  Belle 
Fontaine  Cemetery  ost.,  1673;  cyclone 
at,  1681 ;  Washington  Univ.  org.,  1731 ; 
trains  snow-bound,  1761;  riot  of  Am. 
and  Irish,  1771 ;  CoU.  of  Christian 
Brothers  org.,  1783;  train  wrecked  at, 
1793;  Free-State  men  embark  for,  181 1 ; 
connected  with  Baltimore  by  R.  R., 
1833;  Prof.  Wise  ascension,  1841;  over- 
land mail,  1853;  Minute  Men  and  Home 
Guards  org.,  1902;  under  Gen.  Harney, 
1921,  1942;  arms  removed,  1942;  Con- 
federate cannon  landed ;  Lyon  takes 
Camp  Jackson.  1942 ;  Snead's  slaves 
manumitted,  1991;  martial  law,  2021; 
Metropolitan  police  force,  2032;  court- 
house completed,  2113:  Confederates  de- 
feated, 2203;  Public  School  Library 
fnd.;  Historical  Soc.  org.,  2503;  Caron- 
delet  incorporated  with,  2613;  monu- 
ment to  Benton,  262i;  St.  Louis  Coll. 


2663;  Tower  Grove  Park  donated. 
Labor  Cong.,  2743;  Beethoven's 
Conservatory  of  Music  est.,  276 1 ;  Tubu- 
lar bridge  completed.  284* ;  headquar- 
ters of  U  S.  A.,  2861;  boundaries  ex- 
tended, 2912;  new  parks,  2913;  Demo- 
cratic Nat.  Conven.,  2931 ;  Southern 
Hotel  burned,  2953;  dav  school  for  deaf 
est.,  3011;  Choral  ^oc.  org.,  302i; 
Manual  Training  School  est.;  Coll.  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  opd.,  3023 ;  Rep. 
Conven.  at,  3043;  Sporting  News ;  Daily 
Chronicle,  3063  ;  St.  L.  Post  Despatch, 
editor  acquitted,  3103;  Evening  Star 
Sayings,  3143  ;  W.  C.  T.  U.  Nat.  Con- 
ven., 3191;  Nat.  Live  Stock  Asso.  org., 
3193  ;  Merchant's  Bridge  commenced, 
3253;  troops  protect  mails,  3221;  fire, 
3333;  Dr.  Bray  deposed,  3382;  elevator 
companies  combine, 3393 ;  breweries  sold; 
Wheatgrowers  conven.,  3473  ;  World's 
Fair,  3513 ;  Alice  Jackson  abducted,351 1 ; 
tornado  strikes.  352i ;  Merchant's  bridge 
completed,  3581;  Christian  Endeavor 
Conven. ,3641 ;  Wanamaker  suicide,  3683; 
telegraphers  strike;  Loyal  L»-gion  Con- 
ven. begins,  3703;  raee-ftght,  3782;  Gen. 
Sherman's  grave,  3793;  Archbp.  KeMrick 
cons. ,3801 ;  pool-rooms  closed,  3863 ;  train 
robbers,3963;  Nat.  Industrial  Conf.,4022; 
flood.  4061 ;  Nicaragua  Canal  Conven., 
4093;  Knights  of  Labor  Conven.,  4183; 
street  R.R.  mail  car,  4193;  brewery  com- 
bine, 4233 ;  Sunday-school  Conven..  4361 ; 
water-famine,  4453;  earthquake,  450i; 
strike  on  N.Pacific  R.R. ,4503;  nickel-in- 
slot  machines,  4531 ;  Trans-Miss.  Cong. 
meets,  4772;  sheriff-elect  indicted.  4792. 

St.  Louis,  Mother,  d..  5881 . 

College  org..  N.  Y..  2063. 

College,  Wash.,  org..  2502. 

.  Order  of,  instituted.  6952. 

Univ.,  Mo.,  org.,  1371. 

Lucia,  W.  I.,  acquired,  9313. 

Lucia's  Bay,  Eng.  flag  raised,  6032. 

Ludmila  murdered,  .5023. 

MAlo.  Fr. ,  riot  at,  7432;  Cartier  sails, 

203,5712. 

Marc  Gerardin,  Francois    Auguste, 

b.,7143 ;  Cours  de  Liitirature  dramatigue, 
7291;  d.,  7461. 

Marks,  Fla.,  captured,   1261;    bom- 
barded, 6941. 

Martin,  Marquis   L.  C.  de,    works, 

7052,7083,7151. 

Marv,  Ga.,  taken,  2(43. 

Mary's.  Fla.,  attacked.  2161 . 

,  Kan.,St.Mary'sColl.  org.,2662. 

,  Mich.,  mission,  343;  conf.,  442. 

.  Senegambia,  Eng.  settle,  11613. 

Bridge,  Va.,  flght  at,  2351 . 

College(R.C.),  St.  Mary's,  Ky., 

org.  (1821). 

College,  Del.,  org..  1631. 

College,  Eng.,  fnd.,  8671;  dedi- 
cated, 8691. 

Matthews  mission.  5983. 

Sainte  Maure,  Benoist  de,  works,  6711 . 
St.  Meinrad,  Ind.,  St.  Meinrad's  Coll.,  org., 

2583. 

Menehoule,    Ger.    capture   national 

guards,  7401. 

Michael  Knighthood  est.,  9392. 

Michel,  Mont.,  Fr.,  destroyed,  7561 , 

Non,  Abb^de(Jean  Claude  Richard), 

b.  (1727) ;  invents  aquatinta,  6901 ;  d. 
(1791). 

Nicholas  writtenj  671i . 

Magazine  established,  2823. 

Olaf,  Order  of,  founded,  11052. 

Coll.  (Luth.),  Northfleld,  Minn., 

estabUshed  (1874). 

Olave.  Richard  de,  bailiff,  8572. 

Omer,  Fr..  captured,  692' ;  Fr.  gains, 

6933. 

Oswald,  Baron,  title  created.  987*. 

Patrick's  Benevolent  Soc.  fnd.,  9231 . 

Paul  de  Loanda,  Livingstone  at,  5602. 

/'au/ produced,  814i. 

,  Can.  Indian  Industrial  School, 

5902. 

,  Minn.,    first   school    est.,    163 1 ; 

Pioneer  issued,  1643  ;  capital  removed, 
2692;  Macalaster  Coll.  org.,  3223  ;  brew- 
eries sold,  3393  ;  cyclone,  3641;  diocese 
made  archbishopric,  3.302;  eniplovees  re- 
sign, 3753;  John  Mehan  captured,  3831; 
protest  against  prize-fight,  3883  ;  wolves 
near,  3963  ;  incendiarism  for  insurance, 


3963  ;  falling  wall,  3973 ;  sluice-bank 
breaks,  4133  ;  fire,  4233  ;  banks  close, 
4353;  R.  K.  men  attacked.  4662. 

St.  Paul  Coll.  (Meth.  Epis.),  St.  Paul's 
Park,  Minn.,  established  (1889). 

Island,  Aust.,  Fr.  possess,  7633. 

Magazine  issued,  9702. 

R.  R.,  Wis.,  train  robbers.  3943. 

PauUnus,  works,  663i . 

Paulo,  Jesuit  College,  223. 

Paul's  Island.  Alas.,  seal  fishery,  2671 . 

Cathedral,  Lond.    (See  London.) 

Peter.  Minn.,  state  hospital  opd.,  2551 ; 

asylum  burns,  3053. 

Peter's  cathedral,  Rome,  first  erected, 

10662  ;  Michelangelo,  architect,  10782, 
10801 ;  erected,  10791 ,  IO8OI ;  Raffael,  ar- 
chitect. 10801;  consecrated,  10822. 

Petersburg,  fnd.,  11153;  observatory 

erected ;  1st  theater,  11142  ;  Imperial  Li- 
brary fnd. ,11151  ;  Winter  Palace  burned; 
fire,  11153;  Univ.  fnd. ;  Courier  de  V Eu- 
rope, 11171;  bank  fnd..  11173  ;  Peter  the 
Great  launched;  telegraph  to  Japan, 
11181;  Gov't  Messenger ;  Romanist  Coll. 
est. ;  univ.  riots ;  imiv.  closed  ;  univ. 
reopened,  11183  ;  students'  grievances  ; 
Gen.  de  Mesentzotf  assassinated  ;  Social- 
ist conspiracy,  11191 ;  proposals  of  peace 
from  Aust.,  11192  ;  R.  K.  to  Moscow, 
11193  ;  gold-fields  dis. ;  war  memorial, 
11201 ;  church  fnd.,  11202  ;  Nihilists  in 
WinterPalace,  11203;  Nihilists  arrested  ; 
Nihilists  mine;  k.AlexanderlL,  11211; 
martial  law  proclaimed.  11212;  Repre- 
sentative Council  elected;  influenza; 
ship-canal  opd.,  11213;  corner  in  rye, 
11232;  frontier  commission  meets,  7'; 
peace  of,  signed,  5172. 

and  Warsaw  R.  R.  begun,  11193, 

Philip's  College  founded,  150a. 

Pierre,    Bernardin    de.     (See    Ber- 

nardin.) 

,  Charles  Ir^n^e  Castel  de,b.  ,6902 ; 

d.  (1743). 

du  Sud.  landslide,  5901 . 

Island,  confirmed,  733. 

Priest  Emmanuel  Louis  Marie  Gui- 

nard,  Comte  de  b.  (1789) ;  at  Reims, 
7203;  arrested,  7333. 

Quentin,  Fr.,  redeemed,  679i ;  defeat, 

6821 ;  taken,  7421 ;  battle  of,  7441 . 

Quietus,  the  martyr,  relics  of,  3881 . 

R^al,  L'Abb^  de  (C^sar  Vichard),  b. 

(1639) ;  Conjuration  des  Espagnois,  6931 ; 
d.  (1692). 

Ruth,  Gen.,  in  Ire.,  6941 ;  d.  (1691). 

Saints  venerated,  canonized.  10731 . 

Saintsbury,  George  Edward  Bateman,  b., 
9522  ;  works,  9863,  10063. 

St.  Sebastian.    (See  San  Sebastian.) 

,  League  instituted,  9742. 

Simeon,  K)unded  at  Troyes,  7682. 

Simon,  Claude  Henri,  Comte  de,  b., 

7023  ;  works,  7171,  7251 ;  d.,  7242. 

Due    do  (Louis  de  Rouvroy),  b. 

(1675);  Mhnoires,lQl^;  d.  (1755). 

Sophia,  Constantinople,erected,  1031 1 ; 

dedicated,  10683. 

Stephens,  Ala.,  murderers  Indicted, 

4182. 

Coll.,  N.  Y.,  org.,  1863. 

Stuart,  Gen.,  at  Minorca,  11281 . 

Thomas,  Can.,  Southern  Counties  Jour- 
nal, 5811 ;  petroleum  ignites,  5872  ;  Am. 
flag  down,  5962. 

Island.  Guiana,  fnd..  263. 

,  W.  I.,  Moravian  missionaries  at, 

622;  purchase  treaty  rejected,  2711; 
Danish  possessions,  sale  of,  6422. 

,  patents  boot  machine.  9242, 

Ubes,    Port.,    earthquake    destroys, 

11093. 

Vallier,  J.  B.  de  la  Croix  de,  bishop 

Quebec,  5731. 

Victor,Paul  JacquesRavmond  Binsse, 

Comte  de,  b.  (1825):  works,  7363,  737i; 
d.  (1881). 

Vincent,  Braz.,  burned,  241 ;  battle 

near,  920i ;  Eng.  fleet  defeated,  6941 ;  sp. 
fleet  defeated,  712i . 

,  Cape  Verde  Island,  Dom  Pedro 

arrives,  557 1 . 

,  Ky.,  taken,  90i . 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Jervis,  John.) 

,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  9311 . 

,  Viscount,  ministry,  Braz.,  5571 . 

de  Paul,  reformed,  6871;  Society 

fnd.,  7263;  Soc.  suppressed,  7343. 


1398 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  St.  Vl— SaUU^ 


St.  Vincent's  Coll.  est.,  Cal.,  2583. 

Saiping-Kow,  mission,  6222. 

Sais,  built ;   porticoes  erected,  6502  ;   dy- 

na.sty  at,  6511 . 
Saisset,  Einile  Edmond,  b.,721i ;  comman- 
der National  Gmird,  7452;  d.,  7362. 
Sakuran  Dyaks,  expedition,  5.521 . 
Sala,  George  Augustus,  b.,  9423. 
Saladin  (Salah-ed  din  Yusuf  Ibn  Ayub), 
b.,  6542;  sultan,  6552  ;  .^ar  with  Crusa- 
ders, 6541 ;  accepts  truce,  6552  ;  captures 
Guy  of  Lusignan,  6701 ;  near  Tiberias  ; 
captures  Jerusalem  ;  takes  Jaifa,  11541 ; 
defeated,  850i ;  overthrows  Fatimite  dy- 
nasty, 11553  ;  conquests,  4872  ;  captures. 
Tyre,  10322;  d.,4863. 
Salamanca,  Sp.,    battle   at,  9381,  ii32i ; 
taken,  11261;  Univ.  of,  fnd. ;  Univ.  of 
Palencia  removed  to,  11271 . 

,  Gen.,  funeral  of,  6343. 

,  Manuel  de,  governor  Chile,  6053. 

Salamis,  Straits  of,  battle  in,  101S2,  10261 . 

.recovered,    10171;    battle   of,  10201; 

1026'. 
Sahissi  subjugated,  10603. 
Salatis  reigns,  Egypt,  &473. 
Salazai,  Geii.,  revolutionary  leader,  6443. 
Saldanlia,  lost,  9342. 

,  Oliveria  e  Daun,  b.-d.,  11102  ;  prime 

minister,  1111 1;  forms  ministry,  11112  ; 
at  Torres  Vedras,  lllOi . 
Saldauka  Bay,  squadron  captured,  5971 . 
Sale,  George,  b.,  9842  ;  wife  released,  42  ; 
d    9082 

',  Sir  Robert  Henry,  b.,  9223;  d.,  9522. 

of  Food  and  Drugs  Act  passes,  9812. 

Salem,  Madrjis,  mission,  10462. 

-,  Pal.,tir8t  mentioned,  11411 ;  founded, 

11413. 

,  Mass.,  colonists  in,  313  ;    election  ; 

Episcopal  W':)rship,  302  ;  bricks  mnfd.  ; 
Koger  WllUanjs,  teacher,  32i;  named, 
323  ;  Est.  Church  enforced,  342  ;  witch- 
craft, 631 ;  military  stores  defended,  781 ; 
Gen,  Gage  opposed,  782  ;  Assembly 
meets,  792  ;  Presbytery  dissolved,  1023  ; 
chemicals  ninfd.,  1181 ;  Female  Cent. 
Soc.  org.,  1183;  Essex  Inst.  Library  fnd., 
1642  ;  Oratorio  Soc.  org.,  2581 ;  dense  fog, 
3081;  Beois^pr  suspends.  4302. 

,  Mo.,  Confederates  defeated,  2003. 

,  N.  J.   colony  at,  47i . 

,  O.,  Progressive  Friends  org.,  1722. 

,  Ore.,  Williamette  Univ.  fnd.,  1583  ; 

•  School  for  Deaf  Mutes,  2723  ;    Insane 
Asylum,  3171. 

,  Va.,  Roanoke  College  org.,  1731 . 

Salerno,  It.,  taken ;  San  Matteo  Cathe- 
dral built,  10741. 

-,  Univ.  of,  Naples,  founded,  10751 . 

Sales,  St.  Francis  de,  b.  (1567) ;  works, 

6851,6871;  d.  (1622). 
Salette,  Liidy  of,  apparition,  7462. 
Salford,  Eng.,  Bp.  Vaughan  cons.,  9742  ; 
Bp.  Bilsbarrow  cons.,  10082. 

Unity  organized,  9471 . 

Salgar,  Gen.  E.,  president,  6292. 
Salic  Law  inst.,  6633  ;  abolished,  11312. 
S:ilieri,  Antonio,  b.,  10842;  d.,  10862. 
Salina,  Kan.,  Wesleyan  Univ.  org.,  3242. 
Salinator,  M.  Livius,  against  Hannibal, 

10542. 
Salisbury,  .Ala.,  Normal  School,  colored 

established,  3082. 
,  Eng.,  see  named,  8463;  cathedral  be- 
gun, 8521;  Eug.  army  retreats,  8981 ;  S. 
Postman,  9043;  total  eclipse,  9061;  S. 
Joumat,  9091 ;  Bp.  Wordsworth  cons., 
9922  ;  Beaconsfleld  Club  opd.,  9972. 
,  N.  C,  Confeds.  defeated;  2461 ;  Fed- 
erals occupy,  2462;  silver  veindi8.,34Gi . 

Mills,  N.  v.,  soldiers*  monument, 3841 . 

,  Countess  of,  beheaded,  8692. 

;  Earl  of,  at  Blore  Heath,  8621 ;    in 

Eng.,  8643. 

,  .John  of,  b.-d.,  8482. 

,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  9232. 

,  Marq.,  Robert  Arthur  Talbot  Qaa- 

coigne-Cecil,  b..  9442 ;  minister,  9632, 
9792,9972;  resigns,  9951 ;  ministry fmd., 
9953;  at  Congress  of  Berlin,  8311;  Beli- 
ring  Sea  communications,  3803;  Bill  for 
Life  Peers,  9992  ;  on  atrocities  in  At- 
menia,  10012  ;  note  to  Port.,  10032  ;  pre- 
sides, 10121 . 
Salivahana  rises  against  Scythians,  10421 . 
Salkehatchie,  S.  C.,    Confeds.    repulsed, 

2421. 
Sallasapet  misBion,  10483. 


Salle,  Antoine  de  la,  works,  6783. 

,  Kobt.  de  la,  leaves  Montreal,  5722. 

Sallentini  defeated,  10522. 
Sallo,  Denis  de,  Jounial  dcs  Savans,  6903. 
Sallust,  Caius  Crispus,  b.-d.,  10563;  works 
of,  10583. 

against  Procopius,  10681 . 

Sa/mitf/undi  papers,  1143. 

Salman  Shah,  in  Iconium  with   troops, 

11553. 
Salinas,  mission  at,  11082.  ^ 

Salmasius,  Claudius,  b.,  6842;  d.,  6902. 
S'tlmedi,  Le,  issued,  5921 . 
Salmon  City,  Ida.,  stage  robbers,  4042. 

Falls,  N.  H.,  destroyed,  501 . 

,  George,  b.,  9383. 

Salnave,  Sylvestre,  president ;  defeats  in- 
surgents ;    emperor ;    defeated ;    flees  ; 
captured;  tried;  shot,  10403. 
Salomon,  Edward,  gov..  Wis.,  2173. 

,  Ed.  S.,  gov..  Wash.  Ter.,  2732. 

,  Gen.,  deposed  ;  reelected,  1O403. 

,  King,  Hung..  5033. 

,  ibn  Gabirol  (.-Vvicebron) ;   Fountain 

of  Life,  4862;  d.  (1070^:). 
Salomons.  David,  b.  (1801) ;  sheriff,  9473  ; 

lord  mayor,  9612  ;  d.  (1873). 
Sataifl,  Le,  issued,  8261 . 
Salon^s,  Burma,  mission,  10471 . 
Salonura,  Aust.,  occupies  seaport,  10053  ; 
kingdom  conferred,  10351  ;  R.  R.  opd., 
5693;  mission  of,  11563;  burned,  11591 . 
Saloons,  in  N.  Y.,  3331 ;  destroyed,  3523  ; 
farmers  boycott,  3891 ;  protected  by  po- 
lice, 3911;  in  Millville,  N.  J.,  3931;  nu- 
merous in  Brooklyn,  4022 ;  in  SiouxFalls, 
S.  Dak.,  4122  ;  R,  R.  employes  enjoined, 
4311;  brewers'  licenses,  4522  ;  gambling 
stopped,  4531 ;  Sunday  opening  census, 
4563  ;  Satolli  .against,  4661 ,2. 

keepers,   ^lasons  expel,  3511;   Asso. 

of,excluded,3583;  ineligible, 383i ;  fined, 
Sunday  opening,  4062;  unabsolved,  4661 . 
Salotouchine,  M.,  .assassinated.  11211 . 
Salpointe,  Bp.  J.  B.,  made  Archbp.  Santa 

F*;,  3182. 
Salt  Creek,  Tex.,  cyclone,  3601 . 

,  Henry,  explorations,  9322;  d.,  9423. 

,  Sir  Titus,  b..  9323;  d.  (1876). 

,  mnfd.  at  Syracuse,  98i ;  discovered 

at  Warsaw,  2981 . 
Salter,  William,  b.,  9323;  d.  (1875). 
Salter.sford,  Baron,  title  created,  9252. 
Saltillo,  Mex.,  captured,  1602;  mail-pouch 

missing,  4343;  mission,  10962. 
Salton  Basin,  Cal.,  water  in,  3901 . 

Lake,  inflow  of  water,  3461 , 

Saltonstall,  Gurdon,  gov..  Conn.,  572. 
Saltoun,  Baron,  title  created,  8623. 
Saltus,  Edgar  Evertson,  work.  3503. 
Salt  Lake  City,  fnd.,  1622;  Brigham  Young 
arrives,  1623  ;  Mormons  arrive,  1643  ; 
University  of  Utah  organized,  1683 ; 
Mormons  desert,  1843  ;  army  in  winter 
quarters,  1821 ;  Uinv.  of  Deseret  org., 
2662;  Meth.  Epis.  Sem.  fnd.,  2722  ;  Deaf 
Mute  Inst,  opd.,  3191 ;  Industrial  Home 
for  Women  est.,  3263  ;  Gentiles  elected, 
3432  ;  Mormons  elected,  3523,3532;  poly- 
gamy abolished,  3682  ;  school  election, 
3862;  Irrigation  Cong.,  3911;  Mormon 
Church  Conf. ;  temple  completed,  404 1 ; 
temple  dedicated,  4261;  unemployed, 
make  trouble.  4563. 

water,  freshened,  8961 . 

Saluila  explodes,  1713. 

,  N.  C,  R.  R.  accident,  3253. 

Saluria,  Tex.,  Federals  taken,  1942. 
Sains,  'Temple  decorated,  10531 . 
Salvandy,  Comte,    Narcisse   Achille,  b., 

7102;  d.,7322. 
Salvation  Army  fnd.  in  Eng.,  9682;  build- 
ing fnd.  in  London,  9922;  procession  dis- 
persed,   10013  ;     gifts    to,    10042,    10062  ; 

mobbed,  10083;  jubilee  at  Crystal  Pal- 
ace, 10122  ;  prohibited  in  Rus.,  11202  ; 
in  India,  1M91 ;  in  Switz.,  11382  ;  flrst 
contingent  in  U.  S.,  3082  ;  arrested  at 
Yonkers,  3662  ;  divided,  3341 ;  arrested, 
3.562;  interstate  Cong,  opens,  3702;  Mrs. 
Booth-Clibborn  arrives,  3941 ;  attacked 
in  Wyandotte,  Mich.,  4162;  Continental 
Cong,  of ;  Auxiliary  League  enrollment, 
4181;  census,  4201;  building  in  N.  Y., 
4681 ;  Gen.  Booth  welcomed,  4741 ;  in 
Toronto,  Can.,  5961 ;  favored  in  Ghent, 
,5461;  mob,5962;  forbiddeninGer.,  8322; 
International  Cong.,  9942. 
Salvator,  Charles,  d.,  6342. 


Satvalor  runs  at  Monmouth  Park,  3673. 
Salverte,  Anne   Joseph    Eus^be  Barcon- 

niiire,  b.,  7042  ;  d.,  7282. 
Sivlvi,  Giambattista,  b.  (1605)  ;  d.,  10831 . 
Salvini,  Toinmaso,  b.,  10862. 
Salzburg, bishopric  fnd. ,6022;  Univ.  fnd., 
5131  ;ceded,5193j  Univ. suppressed,. 5203; 
Napoleon  III.  visits,  5273  ;  emps.  meet, 
5292;  nobles  killed,  7882;  peasants  treaty 
with  Lange,  7893;  annexed  to  Bavaria, 
8093  ;  state  interview,  8231,2. 
Sainadou,  King,  captures  French,  7621 , 
SanianA,  as  naval  rendezvous,  2692;  ces- 
sion toU.  S.,  6432. 
Samanide  dynasty  established,  IIO72. 
Saniarcand   (or    Samarkand),  Arabs    oc- 
cupy, 5491 ;  subjugated,  11131 ;  occupied 
by  Russians,  IU8I . 
Samaria,  Pal.,  built,  11433;  besieged;  de- 
livered, 11422  ;  captured,  11442;  tribute 
to    Assyr.,    11451 ;    temple    destroyed, 
11502  ;  destroyed,  II6OI;  rebuilt,  11512; 
annexed  to  Pal.,  11532. 
Samartians  settle  Thrace,  1155' . 
Samas-smnukin  reigns,  11463. 
Sambas,  expedition  against,  5612. 
Sambhaji  reigns,  10451 . 
Sambre,  battle  on  the,  662i . 
Samnite  wars  in  Central  Italy,  10621 ,2. 
Samnites,  capture  Capua,  10501 ;  defeat 
Romans  in  Caudine  Forks ;  war  with, 
10521  ;  subdued,   10522  ;    alliance  with 
Romans,  10532  ;  secure  peace,  10533. 
Saninium,  It.,  invaded,  10521. 
Samoan  Islands,   vessels  wrecked,  3361. 
Trenton  suved  ;  Alert  at,  3381;  commis- 
sioners sail ;  conf.  in  Berlin, 3392;  conf. 
demand,  3393;  treaty  signed,  3572;  Ger. 
fleet  at,  8321 ;  secret  treaty,  8333  ;  Hich- 
mond  at;  Adams   at,  338i ;  bombarded. 
10121 ;  chiefs  yield  to  British,  10121. 
Samokov,  mission  work,  5653. 
Samos,  Gr,  temple  of  Juno,  10142  ;  revolt 
in,  10201 ;  Saracens  possess,  10332 ;  sub- 
dued, 10621. 
Samothrace  taken,  10551 . 
Sampson,  William  Tildeu,  capt.  U.  S.  N., 

3341 ;  in  navy  dept.,  4472. 
Samsi  Ramon  II.,  in  Assyr.,  11441 . 
Samson  slays  Philistines,  11421 ;  ju  vine- 
yards of  Philistines ;  riddle  ;  suicide. 
11423. 
Samsu-Iluna  reigns,  11393;  builds  canal ; 

11402 
Samuel,  called,  11422  ;  judges  Israel;  at 

Mizpeh,  11421,  11432. 
Samulcotta,  mission,  10471. 
Samur  captured,  7081 . 
Sana,  Arabia,  rebels,  4883;  capture,  4881 . 
San  Altiann  wrecked  at  Hog  Island,  4033. 
Sanalio,  mission,  6563. 
San  Antonio  Abad  Univ.  founded.  243. 

,  Tex., diocese  est., '2842;  St.  Leo's 

Coll.  opd., 3682;  Capt.  J.  G.Bourke,4183. 

Bernadine,  Cal.,  insane  asyl.  est. ,3723. 

,  Paraguay,  Ger.  settle,  11063. 

Carlos  Coll.,  Peru,  283;  est.,  763. 

Sancerre,  ceded  to  crown,  6713. 

Sanchez,  shot,  10411. 

Sancho  I.  in  Port.,  11091 ;  reigns,  11093, 

II.  reigns  in  Port.,  11093. 

I.  reigns  in  Asturias,  11272, 

II, ,  the  Strong,  reigns  in  Leon-Castile. 

11272. 

Ill,  (of  Navarre) reigns,  Ca8tile,11272. 

IV,  defeats  Moors  at  Tarifa,  11261; 

documents  of,  11271 ;  reigus  in  Castile, 
11'273. 

II,,  king  of  Majorca,  fnds.  Cathedral 

of  Perpignan,  6743, 

inigo,  fnds,  kingdom  Navarre,  11272. 

11, ,  the  Great,  of   Navarre,  reigns. 

king  of  Castile,  11272. 

Ill,  of  Navarre,  reigns,  11272, 

- — IV,,  of  Navarre,  reigns ;  in  Aragon, 
11272. 

V,  (VI.),  the  Wise,  reigns,  Navarre, 

11272. 

VI.  reigns  in  Navarre,  11272. 

Garcia  I.,  of  Navarre,  reigns,  11272. 

Sancroft,  William,  b.,  88OI ;  archbp,  Can- 
terbury, 8942;  acquitted,  8963;  J,,  9002, 
Sancta    Clara,  Father   Abraham,  Merks 

fTten,  7972, 
Sanctis,  Francesco  de,b,,  10862;  d.  (188*), 
Sanctuarv  privileges  limited,  8671 ;  abol- 
ished, 9092, 
Sand,  George  (Armantine  Lucile  Anroro 
Dupin,  Baronees   Dudevant),  b.,  7161; 


Sand-Sant. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        liN  L)ll.X..        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1399 


works,  7*J63.  727 1,  7291,  7323,  735t,7363, 
7502;  d.,  7501. 

Sand,  M.,  works,  7602. 

blast  exhibited,  272 1. 

Sandby,  Paul,  b.,  9063  ;  d.,  9351 . 

Sand  Creek,  Indian  Camp  attacked,  2401. 

Sandeau,  L^uard  Sylvain  Jules,  b.,  7192; 
works,  7263.  7283,  7291 ,  7303,  7343.  7482; 
d.,  7541. 

Sandeiuan,  MaJ.  Robert,  creatv,  5392. 

Sander's  Creek,  S.  C,  battle  of,  92i  ,2. 

Sanders,  Wilbur  F.,  b.,  1422. 

,  William    Reid,   b.    (1833) ;   captured, 

2151  ;  k.  at  Campbell's  Station,  2281 , 

Sanderson,  John  Scott  Burdon,  b.,  9423  ; 
on  Pasteur  system,  756i . 

, ,  b.  (1785) ,  d.,  1562. 

,  Robert,  b.  (1585) ;  d.,  8902. 

S.andford,  C.  W.,  elected  bishop,  9742. 

,  Peleg,  governor  R.  I.,  49i . 

Sandhurst,  Eng.,  Military  Coll.  fnd.,9392  ; 
military  acad.  est.,  9371,  9401 ;  Welling- 
ton Coll.  fnd.,  961'  ;  Staff  Coll.  fnd.,9623. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9751 . 

San  Oiego,Cal.,  mission,  762;  gold  district 
dis.,  1^1;  Itata  seized;  escapes,  3821; 
Itata,  arms  libeled,  386*;  Itata  sails, 
3961;  riot,  3882;  non-union  shop  de- 
stroyed, 4071 ;  Jasper  foxmd,  428 1 ;  con- 
spiracy, 4643. 

Bay,  Cal.,  anniversary,  4173. 

SandilU,  Chief,  S.  Afr.,  leader,  6001 ;  dead, 
6002. 

Sand  Mountain,  Confeds.  defeated,  2203. 

San  Domingo  treaty  opposed,  2733.  (See 
Santo  Domingo.^ 

Sandoval,  Gregono  de,  governor,  6302. 

Sand  River  Convention  signed,  5992, 

Saiidrocottus  reigns,  10432. 

Sands,  Elizabeth,  d.,  364i . 

,  Com.  James  H.,  promoted  capt.,443i . 

,  Robert  C,  b.,  1082  ;  d.,  1402. 

Srindshak,  ruled  by  Aust.,  5293, 

Sands  Head,  MiTchantman  wrecked,  9953, 

Sana-storm,  Okla.,  4741 . 

Sandusky,  O.,  natural  gas  found,  3442. 

Sandwich  Islands.     (See  Hawaii.) 

,  Earl   of,    title  created,  891 1.    (See 

Montagu.) 

Sandy  Hook,  N.  J.,  lighthouse,  753  ;  Gen. 
Howeat,822;  quarantine  station,  4I5i  ,3; 
Fr.  gun-powder  tested,  3881 . 

Sandys,  Baron,  title  created,  931i . 

,  George,  b.,  8742;  Ovid,  302  ;  Travels, 

8803;  d.,  8843. 

San  Elizario,  Tex,, Mexicans  attack,  296i . 

Sanetomo  reigns,  10912. 

San  Felice,  action  at,  11321 . 

Fernando  fort,  Costa  Rica,  built,  6302, 

,  Cal.,  Maclay  College  fnd.,  3203. 

Sanford,  Ky.,  action  at,  2142. 

,  Nathan,    b.    (1779) ;    electoral    vote, 

13.32  ;  d.  (1838). 

,  Rhoda,  police  protection,  4683. 

San  Franciaco  fails,  1733. 

launched,  3461  j  accepted,  3781  ; 

at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  4461 . 

San  Francisco,  Cal.,  bay  dis.,  76' ;  fire, 
1673, 1693, 3713;  Cal.  Christian  Advocate, 
1691;  branch  mint  opd.  at.  1713;  R.  c. 
archdiocese;  Presb.  Chinese  cli.,1723: 
John  Mitchell  arrives  ;  miu-ders  and 
lynching,  1732;  Mercantile  Library  Asso. 
fnd,, 1731 ,2232;  telegraph  line,1733; Meigs 
forgeries  dis.,  1763  ;  Vigilance  Commit- 
tee (shecks  diBtnrl)ance8,  1791  ^  commit- 
tee disbands  ;  insurrection,  1803;  St.  Ig- 
natius Coll.  org.,  1843;  overland  mail 
arrives,  1853  ;  Japanese  embassy  rec'd, 
1872;  Baker's  speech,  1883;  Union  Club 
org.,  2412;  earthquake,  2481 ,  3,  3741  ; 
Mountain  View  Cemetery  est.,  251 3 ;  paid 
fire  dept.  est., 2553;  Chinese  embassy  ar- 
rives, 2611,3;  Overland  Monthly  Mag. 
issued,  2623;  collision  on  Pacific  R.  R.; 
Southern  R.  R.  est..  2693;  Blossom  Uock 
exploded,  2713;  Theological  Sem.  org., 
2763;  Asso.  Christian  Chinese  org.,  2762; 
Palace  Hotel  completed,  2913 ;  St. 
Mary's  Coll.  org.,  2782  ;  Bank  of  Cal. 
sxispends,  2893;  centennial  of  Sp.  Mis- 
sion eel.,  2922;  anti-Chinese  riots;  Vigi- 
lance Committee  reorganized,  2971  ; 
Workingmen's  party  org.,  2972  ;  Free 
Public  Library  fnd.,  3023  ;  political 
disorders  abound  ;  Mayor  Kallock  shot, 
3031  ;  squatters  ejected  from  Sand  I^ote, 
3073  ;  gale,  3222;  train  to  Jersey  City  : 
panic   on    Exchange,    3253  ;    Cogswell 


Coll.  opd.,  3322;  Lieut.  Ripley  hurt,  3381 ; 
Greek  ch.  burned,  3403  ;  plague  of 
crickets,  344i  ;  appeal  to  Cong.,  3602  ; 
King  Kalakaua  lands,  3723,  funeral  ,3773; 
International  Soc.  Colonization  Russian 
Jews :  joss-houses  destroyed,  3762  ; 
Elizabeth  wrecked,  3793;  first  block  tin, 
3853;  free  kindergarten  fnd.,  3863;  Mnfs. 
Asso.  org.,  3903;  cargo  of  slaves.  3911; 
Sarah  A.  Terry  disappears  ;  highbinders* 
feud,  4003  ;  Korashan  Messiah,  4021 ; 
largest  gold-brick,  4073  ;  Alountelninks 
first  sung,  4101  ;  gold  shipment,  4133,4.393; 
sheriir  refuses  hanging,  4143;  smu^ling, 
4182,  4483  ;  stage  robbery,  4182  ;  Chinji- 
man  shot,  4183  ;  Mackay  shot,  4242  ; 
Nawab  of  Rampur  in,  43li  bank  pecu- 
lations, 4343;  Fair  Bill  passes,  4371; 
Union  Sailors'  outrages,  4383  ;  news- 
paper men  indicted,  4451  ;  Drake  Me- 
morial, 448'  ;  Midwinter  Fair  opd.,  4513; 
Sonuili  arrives,  4553 ;  Liberty  Tree 
planted,  4573;  w.  B.  Melville  convicted, 
4682, 

San  Francisco,  Chile,  battle  at,  G062, 

,  Peru,  action  at,  IIO8I . 

Gabriel,  Cal.,  action  at,  1621 . 

Sangallo,  Giuliano  da,  b.-d.,  10783. 

Sanganeiti,  Italians  defeated  at,  22. 

Sanger,  A.  L.,  d.,  4481 . 

Sangster,  Margaret  E.,  edits  Harper's  Ba- 
zar, 3383. 

Sangli,  Bombay  mission,  10471 . 

Sanhedrim,  instituted,  11403  ;  first  men- 
tion, 11482. 

Sanitarium  Bill  in  Congress,  4052. 

Sanitary  Act,  G.  B.,  9692. 

Assurance  Asso.  formed,  9871 . 

Commission,  inception  of,  1923  1941 ; 

appointed,  1971 ;  Auxiliary  Soc,  Lond., 
2312  ;  Auxiliary  Relief  Corps  org.,  2333. 

— ,  N.  W.   branch,  2172;  Pittsburg 

Branch,  2292  ;  Auxiliary  Society,  2312, 
2333,  European  branch  of,  org., 2292;  fair 
in  N.  Y.,  2312;  fair  in  Phila.,  2362;  in 
Chicago,  S^i7  2. 

Conference.  Paris,  7661 . 

Congress,  Internal.,  3071 ,  9873. 

Institute  of  G.  B.,  9802. 

—  Laws  Amendment  Act  passes,  9793. 

— —,  Police  Co.,  2111 ;  inspectors  in  army, 
2073. 

San  Jacinto  arrives  ;  overhauls  Trent ; 
at  Boston,  2003  ;  A'abama  eludes,  2161 . 

,  Mexicans  defeated,  1461 . 

Jos^,  Cal.,  observatory  erected,  3221 ; 

capital,  4271 ;  earthquake,  4501 . 

de  Cucuta,  Colombia,earthquake, 

6282;  capital  Costa  Rica,  6303. 

Juan,  Arg.,  insurrection,  4912  ;  k.  k. 

tracks  demolihhed,  4933  ;  question  of, 
5572;  boundary  dispute,  1873,5833. 

Islands  defended  ;  boundary  dis- 
pute, 1852,  1873  ;  boundary  commission 
meets,  2732  ;  dispute  arbitrated,  2792, 
8292. 

de  Nicaragua,  bombarded,  174i . 

del  Norte  seized,  11031 . 

,  N.  Mex,,  fossils  found,  4061 . 

,  W.  I.,  treaty  for  sale,  2592, 

Sankara  Acharya,  est.  Sivaite  sect,  10431 . 

Sankey,Ira  David,  b.,1522;  in  Phila,, 2882; 
in  London,  9882,  9922  ;  in  G.  B.,  9782  ; 
Gospel  Hymn  Book  issued,  3431 , 

,  William,  d.,  10082. 

San-ko-lin-sin  captures  by  treachery  ;  re- 
treats, 6201 ;  killed,  6202. 

Sanlique,  J.,  musical  notes,  6822, 

San  Lorenzo  Castle,  Colombia,  attacked, 
6281. 

,  Spain,  treaty  of,  107 1 . 

Luca,  It.,  academy  replaced,  10883. 

LucardeBarrameda,Sp., strike, 11331 . 

Luis  Potosi,  Mex.,  occupied,   10961  ■ 

mission,  10962;  c{n>ital,  10963. 

Marcos  Univ.,  Peru,  est.,  223. 

Marino  republic  fnd.,  10712;  independ- 
ence destroyed,  10813  ;  subject  to  pope, 
10852;  confirmed  to  pope,  1087*  ;  enters 
convention,  10893. 

Martin  captures  vessel,  6O6I . 

—,    Gen.    Jos<5    de,    b.    (1778);    at 

Chanch  Rayada,  6O61 ;  in  Peru,  IIO81 ; 
proclaims  independence,  11082;  d.  (1850). 

Mateo  Mt.,clitr-dwellers  dis.,  33ii. 

Miguel,  Va..  settlement  begins,  193. 

del    Mezquital,   Mex.,    mission, 

10962. 

Mining  Co.,  incorporated,  3773. 


Sannazaro,  Jacopo,  b.,  10783;  d.,  10803. 

Sanons,  Christianized,  7702, 

San  Paulo,  Braz.,  hardy  men,  411 , 

Pedro,  battle  at,  10961 . 

,  Diego  de,  Carcel  de  Amor,  1127' . 

Ramon,   Miguel,   b,   (1802) ;  president 

Peru,  11082  ;   d.  (1863). 

Salvador,  Columbus  at,  133;  con- 
quered, 182  ;  Thome  de  Sousa  at,  5533 ; 
colony  est.,  251 ;  at  war,  10381,10411; 
captured,  10381  ;  conquered,  llOOi .  (See 
text,  Salvador,  p.  1123.) 

Sansculottes,  Republican  leaders  named, 
7071. 

Sebastian,  Colombia,  founded,  173. 

,  Sp.,  taken,  6981 ,  7201 ;  Caiiists 

defeated,  11301 . 

Sisto  cathedral  founded,  10743. 

Sanskrit  College  founded,  10442. 

Sanson,  Nicolas,  b.,  6862  ;  d.,  6803. 

Sansovino,  Jacopo  Tatti,b.  (1479);  d.,10811 . 

Sans  Pareil  lamiched,  996i . 

San  Stefano,  peace  of,  5663. 

Sant,  James,  b.,  9402. 

Santana,  Pedro,  leader,  6431 ;  pres.  Domin- 
ican Republic,  6432;  against  Pres.  Baez, 
6433  ;  defeats  Haitians,  10402. 

Santa   Anna,    Antonio    Lopez    de,    b.-d., 

10952  ;  proclaims   Vera  Cruz  Republic, 

10953  ;  deposes  Guerrero  ;  overthrows 
Bustamente  ;  dictator  of  Mexico  ;  pres.; 
deposed  and  exiled  ;  reinstated  ;  abdi- 
cates, 10962  ;  returns  from  exile  ;  dis- 
missed by  Fr.  ;  supported  by  faction, 
10963;  defeated,  1461  ;  in  Mex.  war,  1621 . 

— —  Barbara,  CaX.,  Char  lesion  arrives,3.38i . 

Casa,  at  Dalmatia  ;  at  Loreto,  10763. 

Catalina,  Cal.,  discovered,  142. 

Catherina  Is.  surrenders,  5582  ;  revo- 
lution, 5593,  5602. 

Clara,  Cal..  Coll.  org.,  1702;  R.  R.  Co. 

est.,  2613;  Home  opd,,  3231;  mission, 
6341 ;  Insane  Asylum,  3291 . 

Cruz,  Andres,  b.  (1794±) ;  pres.  of  Bo- 
livia ;  restores  order,  5503  ;  enters  Peru, 
5501;  d.,5502. 

,  treaty  for  sale,  2592. 

,  Canary  Island,  attacked,  9281 , 

F6,  Arg.,  fiid.,  4892;  Cong.,  4911;  gov. 

surrenders,  4921  ;  revolution,  4923. 

,  Sp.,  agreement  with  Columbus, 

121. 

,  N.   Mex,,  captured,  160 1 ;  R,  C. 

archdiocese,  1682  ;  proslavery  force  at, 
1811;  evacuated,  2063:  R,  C.  archbishop- 
ric, 2882  ;  Univ,  opd.  at,  3082  ;  state 
school  est.,  3191 ;  School  for  Deaf  Mutes, 
3231  ;  councilmen  attacke<l,  376*  ;  fire, 
4073;  R,R.  accident,  3833;  train  robbery, 
4082,  4711;  strike  off,  4283;  work  re- 
sumed, 4711 . 

Maria,  Azores,  Columbus  arrives,  142. 

del  Darien,  Braz.,  settlement  at, 

173, 

,  Panama,  taken,  48i . 

Santa  il/arealeaves  Havana,6343;  wrecked 
142;  sails,  131,  11331. 

Monica,  Cal.,  hotel  burned,  3353. 

Santander,  mission,  11323  ;  steamer  ex- 
plodes, 11331 . 

,  Francisco  de  Paula,  b.-d.,  6282;  pres. 

Colombia,  6283. 

Santarem,  R,  R.  to  Lisbon,  11113;  besieged, 
11261 . 

Santa  Rosa.  Cal.,  Habeas  Corpus  sus- 
pended, 1952;  Pacific  College  org.,  1983; 
earthquake,  3521 . 

Island,  Fla.,  action  at,  2001 . 

Vittoria,  battle  of,  6941 . 

Santas,  J.  Maximo,  pres.  Uruguay,  11603. 

Santayuna,  Paraguayans  defeateil,  5562. 

San  tee  Agency,  Neb.,  mission,  3142, 

Indians  gninted  land,  Neb.,  3231 . 

Swamp,  S.  C,  train  derailed,  3233. 

Santeul,  Jean  de,  b.,  6882;  d.,  6943. 

Santiago,  Chile,  fnd.,  6052  ;  San  Felipe 
Univ.  est.,  6053  ;  battle  at,  6O6I ;  earth- 
quake, 6063;  advance  on,  6O81 ;  sham 
battle;  taken,  6083,  6092;  mob;  forts 
strengthened,  6083  ;  Balmaceda's  sui- 
cide, 6092  ;  fire  ;  Egan's  house  guarded, 
6093. 

de  Compostela  taken,  11261 . 

de  Cuba,    fnd.,    6313  ;    capital,  173  ; 

burned,  6301 ;  earthquake,  6322,  6341 ;  re- 
bellion, 6332;  immigration  meeting,  6333. 

,  Dominican  Republic,  Haitians  de- 
feated at,  6431. 

,  Guatemala,  earthquake,  10383. 


1400 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Sant-Saze. 


Santiago,  Order  of,  fnd.,  Sp.,  11263. 

,  Sp.,  Campania  Church  burns,  11312  ; 

besieged,  11322. 

,  Tex.,  occupied,  2161 . 

Santipur  mission,  Ind.,  10481 . 

Santo,  patriarch  of  Venice,  5342. 

Santob,  Jew,  Prorerbes  Morales,  1127' . 

Sauto  i)omingo,  W.  I.,  fnd.,  153;  fort  con- 
structed, 141,  2;  sacked,  241;  occupied, 
432  ;  insurrection,  462;  treaty  opposed, 
2733.  (See  Haiti,  p.  1040 ;  and  Dominican 
Kepublic,  p.  643.) 

Santos,  Braz.,  blockaded,  5581 ;  boycotting 
league,  5583, 

San  Vincente,  Brazil,  founded,  212. 

Sanvolle,  Le  Moyne,  d.,  54i . 

Sao  Amaro,  Braz.,  settlement,  5532. 

Saone  River  overflows,  7282. 

Saood  reigns  ;  k.,4873,  4883. 

Sao  Paulo,  Braz.,  coll.  est.,  5522  ;  hardy 
race,  5543  ;  Am.  school,  5562  ;  mission, 
5563  ;  governor  resigns,  5592  ;  martial 
law,  5602. 

Salvador,  Kongo,  missions,  10941 . 

Vicente,  Bolivia,  burned,  6521 , 

Piratininga,  Braz.,  fnd.,  5532. 

Saphir,  Jloritz,  b.,  8063. 

Sapor  I.,  defeats  Romans,  10661 ;  conquests 
of,  1066' ,  11072;  enters  It.,  11061 ;  reigns, 
llO'i ;  cruelty,  11073; assassinated,  11062. 

II.,    reigns,     11072  ;     contends    with 

Rome,  10681 ,  11061 ;  proscribes  Christian 
religion,  11063;  war  with  Julian,  10681. 

III.,  reigns,  11072. 

Sappers  and  miners  originated,  G.  B., 
9361. 

Sappho,  b.,  10162  ;  invents  Sapphic  verse, 
10143;  Poems,  10163. 

wins  race,  2713,  2753,  9733. 

,  asteroid,  discovered,  9662. 

Sapulpa,  Jim,  commands  scouts,  4683. 

Saracens  in  N.  Af.,  81,  91 ;  in  Pyrenees, 
4852  ;  in  Egy.,  6541 ;  annexed  by  Turks, 
6542  ;  invade  Gaul,  6011 ;  defeated,  7701 , 
7741 ;  subdued  in  Sicily,  7782  ;  war  with 
Gr.,  10301 ,  2, 10331 ,  10321 ;  occupy  Crete ; 
possess  Samos,  10332  j  expelled  from 
Crete,  10321;  success  in  East,  10641; 
war  with  It.;  conquer  Sicily,  10721 ;  con- 
quer Sardinia,  10732  ;  in  Port.,  11091 ;  in 
Sp.,  11251,3;  against  Christians;  pun- 
islied,  11261 ;  in  Carthage,  11392  ;  over- 
run by  Moors,  1127 2. 

Saragossa,  Sp.,  fnd.,  11252;  taken,  7162, 
11261,  11281,  11281;  church  council  at, 
10683  ;  Philip  V.  defeated,  6962  ;  insur- 
rection, 11301 ;  mission,  11323. 

Sarah,  loss  reported,  3353. 

Sarajevo  taken,  508i . 

Saralotf,  cholera  riots,  11223. 

Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  attacked,  66I;  battle  of, 
872. 

Sarauw  sentenced  for  treason,  831 1 . 

Sarawak,  Borneo,  Eng.  settle;  rebels,  5521 ; 
Rajah  of  ;  expedition,  5522  ;  Ciiinese 
conspiracv;  mission,  5523  j  annexed  to 
G.  B.,  9993. 

Sardanapalus  conquers  Phenicia,  11441; 
in  Egy.,  6512. 

II.,  reigns,  11453. 

Sardica,  Council  of,  Brit.  bps.  at,  8402. 

Sardina,  Sefior,  ransom  for,  6342. 

Sardinia,  subjugated,10532 ;  Rom. province, 
10533  ;  surrenders,  10613;  taken  by  Van- 
dals, 10712  ;  It.  annexed,  10313  ;  Sara- 
cens conquer,  10732  ;  Genoese  conquer, 
10733, 10752  ;  held  by  Pisa,  10753,  by  Ara- 

fon,  10773,  by  Fr.  and  Sp.,  10781,  by 
:ng.,  10821 ;  ceded  to  Aust.,  10833;  seized, 
7993  ;  a  kingdom,  10833  ;  peace  of,  6I52  ; 
acquires  territory,  10852  ;  insurrection 
in  ;  new  code  promulgated,  10872  ;  up- 
rising subdued;  at  war  with  Aust.,  5201 ; 
Jesuits  expelled,  10863  ;  ecclesiastical 
jurisdictions  abolished ;  against  con- 
vents, 10873;  Austrians  enter, 5241 ;  press 
assails  Aust.;  ultimatum  to  Aust. ;  severs 
from  Aust. ;  war  against ;  disarmament, 
5252  ;  Pope's  appeal  against ;  new  con- 
stitution, 10891. 

Sardinians,  rule  in  It.,  10732;  enter  Milan, 
5213. 

Sardis  besieged  ;  taken,  11442  ;  burned, 
10173,11442,11471 ;  action  near,  10221 ;  sur- 
renders, 10242;  council  of,  10683;  moon's 
eclipse,  11462 :  Tamerlane  destroyed, 
11542. 

Sardou,  Vietorien,  b.,  7261  •  works,  7351 , 
7462,7622,7562,7581. 


Sargasso  Sea,  Columbus  enters,  131 . 
Sargent,  Chas.  Sprague,  b.,  1522;  SUvseof 

North  America,  3963. 
,  Dudley   A.,    athletics   in   Harvard, 

4761. 

,  Epes,  b.,  1183;  d.,  3042. 

,  John,  missionary,  622,  3;  d.,  662. 

, ,  delegate,  1352. 

, Singer,  b.  (1856) ;  El  Jateo,  752» . 

,  Lucius  Manllus,  b.,  981 ;  d.,  2561 . 

,  Winthrop,  gov.  Miss.,  1093. 

prize  won,  Mass.,  3602. 

Sargon,  reigns,   11393  ;   builder ;  fighter, 

11391. 
,  reigns  in  Assyr. ;  embassy  to  Heze- 

kiah,    11452  ;    subjugates    Carchemish, 

11432  ;    defeated ;     captures    Samaria, 

11442  ;  conqueror,  4832. 
Sarmatian  slaves  revolt,  1069 1 . 
Sarmiento,  Domingo  Faustino,  b.,  4893  ; 

pres.  Argentina,  4912;  d.  (1888). 
Saronic  Gulf,  action  in,  10183. 
Sarpi,  Paolo,  b.,  10803;  d.,  10823. 
Sarras,  Egy.,  occupied,  6003. 
Sarrasin,  Jean  Francois,  b.  (1603)  ;    Cori- 

spiration  de  Waklsfein,  6931 ;  d.  (1654). 
Sarrlen,  Chas.,  minister,  7651 . 
. ,  Jean  L.  F.,  minister,  7652,  3,  7571, 

7651. 
Sars,  Michel,  b.-d.,  IIO41 . 
Sarsflelii,  Patrick,  siege  of  Limerick,  8981 ; 

d.,9002. 
Sartiu,  John,  b.,  1142. 
Sarto,  Andrea  del,  b.,  10783;  Holy  Family, 

10801 ;  d.,  10803. 
Sartoi'ius,  Sir  George  Rose,  d.,  9941 . 

,  Count,  defeats  Don  Miguel,  IIIOI . 

Sartwell,  Henry  Parker,  b.,  1022;  d.,  2582. 
Sasbach,  Baden,  battle  at,  7962. 
Saskatchewan,   Can.,  Riel   insurrection, 

5852  ;  see  erected,  9782  ;  Bp.  Pinkham 

cons.,  9962. 
Sassacus  defeats  Albemarle,  2322. 
Sassinides,    dynasty    of,    1107 1;    last   of, 

11072. 
Satanita  wins  race,  4693. 
Satara,  fort  of,  conquered,  10441;  under 

Brit,  rule,  10473. 
Satolli,  Archbp.,  arrives,  3463;  apostolic 

delegate ;  Wigger-Killeen  controversy, 

4221 ;  policy  confirmed,  4302  ;  English  in 

Catholic  cathedrals,  4581 ;  sustains  Bp. 

■\Vatterson,  4661 ;  against  liquor-traffic, 

4661,  2. 
Satory,  Fr.,  military  camp  est.,  7321 . 
Satricum,  Latin  colony  at,  10513. 
Satsuma  clans,  rebellion  of,  10932. 
Satterly,  A.  W.,  nom.  for  v.-pres.,  4093. 
Saturday  Magazine,  Am.,  appears,  1311 . 

Issued,  G.  B.,  9463. 

Saturn,  satellites  dis.,  6922,  9541 ;  inner 

ring  dis.,  9561 . 
Saturninus,  L.  Apuleius,  leader,  in  Rome, 

10573. 
Saturnus  worshiped,  10503. 
Satyra  da  felice  e  infelice  Vida  appears, 

11091. 
Satyrus,  reigns,  11473. 
Saucourt,  Northmen  defeated  at,  6661 . 
Sauer,  Andrew,  embezzler,  4531 , 
Sauk  Rapids,  Minn.,  tornado  at,  3222. 
Saul,  1st  K.  Israel,  11432;  delivers  Jabesh- 

Gilead,  11421 ;  est.  standing  army,  11421 ; 

against   Amalekites  ;    at    Mt.    Gilboa, 

11421 ;  rejected  as  king;  burnt  offering, 

11422;  consults  witch,  11431;  search  for 

David,  11432. 

,  D.,  Poems,  8362. 

Saulcy,  Louis  F^licien  Jos.  Caignart  de, 

b.,  7162;  d.,  7522. 
Saulsbury,  Eli,  b.,  1262  ;  nom.  for  pres., 

2792;  d.,  4261. 

,  Grove,  gov.,  Del.,  2511 . 

,  Willard,  b.,  4021 ;  d.,  4041 . 

Sault  Ste.  Marie  fnd.,  433  ;  chapel  built, 

443. 
Saumara  built,  487 1 . 
Saumarez,  Baron  de,  title  created,  9451 . 
Saunders,  Alvan,  gov.  Neb.,  2032. 

,  E.  of,  lord  admiralty,  9133. 

,  Sir  Edmund,  chief  justice  ;  minister, 

8972;  d.  (1683). 

,  Sir  Edward,  chief  justice,  8732. 

,  George  N.,  capture,  2473. 

— ,  Sir  James,  b.  (1757)    defeats  Sp.  fleet, 

9301  ;  d.  (1836). 
Saunderson,  Nicholas,  b.  (1682) ;  d.,  9103. 
Sauppe,  Hermann,  b.,  8083. 
Saurin,  Jacques,  b.,  6923;  d.,  6983. 


Saurma,  Baron,  ambassador,  4371 . 
Saussaye,  De,  explorer,  6713. 
SauBsier,  Gen.,  election  vote,  7671 . 
Saussure,    Horace   B^n^dicte    de,    b.-d., 

11372. 
Sautre,  Wm.,  burned,  86O2. 
Saux,  Sophie  de,  b.,  7243. 
Savage  Station,  Va.,  battle  at,  2092. 

,  James  W., director  U.  P.  B.K.Co.,3612. 

,  John,  b.,  1362;  d.  (1888). 

, ,  conspirator,  8753. 

,  Minot  Judson,  b.,  1622. 

,  Richard,  b.,  9002;  d.,  9103. 

Club  formed,  9623. 

Savannah  taken,  1961 ;  prisoners,  1973. 

wrecked  passengers  arrive,  4373. 

Savannah,  Ga.,  settled  ;  streets  laid  out, 

632;  Moravians  at,  633  ;  Jews  org.,  622  ; 
Church  of  Eng.  org.,  711;  Georgia  Ga- 
zette, 731;  attacked,  90i,  91i,  siege  of, 
903  ;  captured,  901 ;  Brit,  evacuate,  943; 
fire,  1073,  3393,  4613;  storm,  1121 ;  yellow 
fever,  1273,  1293;  burned,  1293;  freshet 
in  riVer,  1501 ;  bread  riot,  2333  ;  Sher- 
man at,  2402,  3  ;  Sherman  leaves,  2421 ; 
anniversary  of  settlement,  3133  ;  cy- 
clones, 3201 ;  Bobt.  Williuk,  k.,  3802  ; 
train  robbers,  3911;  wharf  laborers 
strike,  3923  ;  David  Porter  k.,  4002;  City 
of  Birmingham  arrives,  4373  ;  longshore- 
men's battle,  4703 ;  fire  in  steamers,  4753 . 

,  M.  E.  Conference  fmd.,  2903. 

,  Tenn.  River  expedition  lands,  2043. 

Savary,  Gen.  Anne  Jean  Marie  Ren6, 
b.  (1774),  in  Algeria,  82;  d.  (1883). 

,  Jacques,  b.,  6863;  d.,  6942. 

,  Nicolas,  b.,  7011 ;  d.,  7062. 

Savatopulk  in  Moravia,  5031 ;  d.,  6022. 

Savery,  Capt.  Thomas,  inventions,  9001 ; 
atmospheric  engine,  9041;  d.  (1715). 

Savigny,  Gen.  Karl  Friedrich  von.  b., 
8042  ;  Possession,  8083;  d.,  8202. 

Savile,  Baron,  title  created,  9963. 

,  Geo.,  Marq.  of  Halifax,  b.,  8822;  min- 
ister, 8972;  pres.  gov't,  8991 ;  d.  (1695). 

,  Sir    Henry,    b.,   8701;    works,   876i, 

8771;  d.,  8802. 

Savings  Banks.    (See  also  Banks.) 

,  G.  B.,  Pari,  controls,  9391 ;  post- 
age stamps,  9872. 

Bill  passes,  Fr.,  7652. 

Investment  Acts,  9692,  9732. 

Savoie,  Marie  Josephine  Louise  de,  mar- 
ries Louis  XVIII.,  7053. 

Savolax,  annexed  to  Sweden,  11362. 

Savoldo,  Girolamo,  paints  Holy  Family, 
10801. 

Savona,  It.,  captured,  10841 . 

Savonarola,  Girolamo,  b.,  10783  ;  leader 
reformation,  10791 ;  writings,  10792  ; 
rules  Florence,  10793;  d.,  10791. 

Savory,  Joseph,  elected  lord  mayor,  IOO62. 

Savoy,  Fr.  annexed,  7092;  ceded  to  Fr., 
7132;  treaty  for  annexing,  7352;  erected 
a  duchy,  10792;  Royal  Acad,  est.,  10822; 
war  with  Genoa,  10821 ;  occupied,  10841. 

,  Duke  of.    (See  Eugene,  Prince.) 

Conferences,  fruitless,  8902. 

confession  approved,  463. 

Saw,  circular,  introduced,  9242. 

— -  -fly,  wheat  pest,  appears,  3581 . 

Sawmills,  Augsburg,  Breslau,  Silesia, 
7822;  erected,  G.  B.,  8901 ,  918I ,  11053;  in 
Ger.,  7681 ;  wind,  invented,  8821 , 

Sawtelle,  Charles  G.,  com.  col.,  4701. 

Sawyer,  Charles  H.,  gov.  N.  H.,  3293. 

,  Philetus,  b.,  1242. 

,  Wm.  E.,  incandescent  lamp,  2981 . 

, Kingston,  b.,  9423;  d.  (1876). 

Sax,  Antoine  Joseph  (Adolph  Sax),  b. 
(1814);  d.,  7661. 

Saxa  Rubra,  It.,  action  at,  10662. 

Saxe-Altenberg  in  N,  Ger.  Confederation, 
8262. 

Coburg-Gotha,  Ger.,  fnd., 7973;  John 

Ernest,  D.,  7992  ;  his  sons  rule  as  dukes, 
8012;  Ernest  Fred.  I.,  D.,  8033;  Francis 
Fred.Anthony,  D.,8073;  Ernest  III.,  D., 
8O92  ;  in  Germanic  Confed.,  8113  ;  de- 
posed ;  exchanges  territory;  Ernest  I., 
D.,  8133  ;  reforms  est.,  8I71 ;  in  N.  Ger. 
Confederation,  8252  ;  D.  of  Edinburgh  ; 
reigns,  8371 . 

,  Hermann  Maurice,  Count  of,  b.,  6943; 

takes  Brussels,  6421 ;  at  Fontenoy ;  mar- 
shal-gen. of  Fr. ;  in  Holl. ;  takes  Namur, 
7001 ;  conquests,  11002;  d.,  8022. 

Hildburghausen,  Prince  of,  at  Koss- 

bach,  7021 . 


Saxe-SchL 


Ttxt  Figure*  danvti  Page,        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1401 


Saxe,  John  Godfrey,  b.,  1242;  works,  1G43: 
1863,2551,  2903;  d.,32(ii. 

-Meiningen,  Ger.,  fiid.,7973;  annexa- 

tloiis,  8133  ;  joius  Ger.  Confederation, 
8252. 

Tesclien,  D.  of.     (See  Albert    Kasi- 

mir.) 

Woimar,  Ger.,  fnd.,  Eisenach  an- 
nexed, 7972;  divided,  7973  ;  reunited, 
8012  ;  center  of  learning,  8033  ;  Charles 
Albert,  !>.,  8033  ;  becomes  duchy,  8092  ; 
accessions  of  territory;  a  grand  duchy, 
8112;  in  Confederation;  new  constitu- 
tion, 8113  ;  Charles  Fred.,  G.  D.,  8152  ; 
Charles  Alex.,  G.D.,  8193;  Liberal  party 
active,  8212  ;  in  N.  Ger.  Confederation, 
8252;  Pr.  William  bankrupt,  8343. 

,  Gustave,  Pr.  of,  d.,  5:^2. 

Eisenach,  i>uke,  b.  (ItiOl) ;   d., 

83G1. 

theater, Ger.,  7822,  8052. 

Saxton,  Joseph,  b.,  10S2  ;  magneto-electric 
machine,  9Wi ;  d.,  2821 . 

,  Ruf  us,  b.  (1824);  enlists  negroes,  2121 ; 

at  Charleston,  2471. 

Saxo  Grammaticus,  b.-d.,635i;  mentions 
skating,  6353;  translation  of,  6371. 

Saxon  Chronicle  appears,  7803. 

Heptarchy,  8432,  8452  ;  dynasty  falls, 

84j1  ;  supremacy  restored,  8472, 

English  language  intro.,  8483, 

Saxons,  country  of,  769 1 ;  aid  Carausius, 
7G92;  invade  Brit.,  8412;  invade  Rom. 
empire,  10712;  enter  Kent,  840 1 ;  do- 
mestic, 8411;  revive  idolatry,  8403  ;  in 
Eng.,7712;  inNeth.,  10973;  independent, 
7712;  war  vote,  7713;  subjugateti,  770i, 
7771 ;  repudiate  Christian  faith,  6043; 
■conveyance  law  of  land,  8451;  revolt, 
7753;  army  surrenders,  5142;  defeated 
by  Henry  III.,  7742  ;  Maurice  besieges 
Magdeburg;  defeats  Imperialists,  7921 ; 
■concessions  to  Protestants  revoked  ; 
Jesuits  in  favor,  7923;  Augustus,  elector, 
7932;  Christian  I.,  elector  ;  Christian  II., 
John  Geo.  I.,  7983  ;  Altenburg  inde- 
pendent ;  Prot.  union  meets,  7933;  suffers 
in  30  yrs'.  war;  Leipsic  taken  ;  Magde- 
burg blockaded,  794i,  795i ;  Tilly  takes 
Madgeburg;  Gustavus  wins  at  Leipsic  ; 
invades  Bohemia ;  Wallenstein  invades; 
Gustavus  wins  at  Liitzen,  7942  ;  B.  of 
Magdeburg,  796i ;  John  Geo.  II.  :  John 
Geo.  III. J  electors,  7973  ;  R.  of  Olsnitz, 
of  Brandiez;  2d  B.  Leipsic;  Pietists  rise, 
7983;  League  of  Augsburg ;  John  George 
IV".,  elector;  Fred.  Augustus  I.,  elector  ; 
electors  are  kings  of  Poland  ;  alliance 
with  Den.  and  Rus.,  7993  ;  invaded  by 
Fred.  II.,  8001 ;  Moravians  commence 
Herrnhut,  8003;  war  of  the  Polish  suc- 
■cession ;  Fred.  Aug^ustos  II.,  elector, 
8012  ;  ally  of  Aust. ;  indemnity  to  Prus., 
8013;  3d  Silesian  war ;  Fred.  II.  invades  ; 
Fr.  allies  in;  Aust.  overruns,  8021 ;  Peace 
of  Hubertsburg;  Fred.  Augustus  III., 
elector,  9033;  ally  of  Prus.,  8052,  8191; 
Fred.  II,  opposes  emp.  ;  League  of  Ger. 
Princes  fmd. ;  Fred.  William  II.  reigns  ; 
Cong,  of  Reichenbach  meets,  8053  ;  in 
coalition,  9332;  Fr.  takes  territory,  716' , 
withdraws  from  alliance,  8092,  3;  peace 
with  Napoleon,  7172  ;  loses  Magdeburg; 
Aust.  holds  Dresden,  8093  ;  Napoleonic 
wars  ;  battles,  810i ;  Univ.  Wittenberg 
joined  to  Halle ;  king  flees  ;  Fr.  enter, 
8111;  leaves  Coiifed.  Rhine,  8112;  prus. 
gains  part ;  in  Germanic  Confederation, 
8113;  Univ.  of  Urfurf  suspends,  8131; 
Ger.  Union  of  Nat.  Philosophers  org. 
8132;  railway,  Leipsic  to  Dresden,  814i ; 
Anthony  Clement  k. ;  revolution  ;  Fred. 
Augustus  II., regent;  king,  1831;  new  con- 
stitution ZoUverein  est.,  8152,  riots, 817' ; 
insurrection,  8181 ;  in  alliance,  3  kings  ; 
favors  revision  ;  Union  FarL  est.,  8191; 
John,  king,  8211;  invades  Holstein ; 
Prus.  invades,  8221 ,  8241 ;  ally  of  Aust., 
822' ;  capital  punishment  abolislied,825i , 
treaty  with  Prus.,  8252  ;  Albert,  king, 
8292;  women  in  Univ.,  8322;  shoe  dealers' 
strike,  8343. 

Saxony,  Ger.,  Arminius  revolts,  7681  ; 
Laws  of  Ina;  bishoprics  est.,  7703  ;  Sax- 
ons settle  in  Eng.,7712;  rebellion  against 
Charlemagne ;  Franks  subjugate ;  re- 
volt, 7713;  Magyars  made,  7721 ;  monas- 
tery of  Magdeburg  est.,  7723;  duchy  est.; 
Magdeburg  fnd.,  7732;  s.  Dynasty  rules 


Ger.;  North  Mark  est.,  7733  ;  House  of 
Billing  rules,  7733  ;  Magdeburg  arch- 
bishopric fnd.,  7742;  Henry  IV.  invades  ; 
revolters  defeated ;  Wends  defeated ; 
imperialists  defeated,  776i ;  subdued  by 
Henry,  7771;  given  to  Albert,  7772; 
Henry  the  Lion  D. ;  Guelfs  vs.  Ghibel- 
liiies  ;     Albert     the    Bear    abdicates  ; 

fiven  to  Henry  the  Lion,  7773;  Bernard, 
>.  ;  Anhalt  and  Wittenberg  annexed  ; 
Henry  overthrown ;  electoral  divided, 
7791;  Hohenstaufens  vs.  Welfs,  7793  ; 
Dresden  fnd.,  7812;  divided  into  duchies, 
7812;  Adolf  devastates,  7821;  Meissen 
Cathedral  fml.,7822;  Altenburg  annexed, 
7832;  Wittenberg  favored;  Rudolph  IL, 
first  elector,  7833;  Univ.  of  Erfurt  est., 
Univ.  of  Leipsic,  7851;  given  to  Fred.; 
Thuringia  separated  ;  reunited,  7853  ; 
rifled  gun  inv.,  786*  ;  Univ.  of  Witten- 
berg fnd. ;  Martin  Luther  in  Univ. ,  787 1 ; 
Leipsic  fairs  important ;  divided  ;  Dres- 
den, capital  ;  Fred.  III.,D.  of  part  ;Fred. 
III.,  D.,  7872  ;  George  elector,  7873  ; 
encaustic  painting ;  lace-making ;  Luth- 
er's Reformation,  7882,  3  ;  Anabaptists 
appear;  Protestant  alliance,  789 1;  Ar- 
ticles of  MUhlhausen  ;  John,  elector, 
7893;  Protestants  under  ban,  7911 ;  elec- 
tor presents  a  Protest ;  elector  chief  of 
League  of  Schmalcald  ;  John  Fred.,  D., 
7912 ;  Henry,  elector ;  Maurice,  elec- 
tor; Protestants  under  ban  ;  Altenburg 
added;  Duke  Maurice,  elector;  Dresden, 
capital,  7913. 

Saxony,  peace  of,  6132,  8001 ,  8252, 

Say,  Horace  Emile,  b.,  7102;  a.,  7342. 

,  Jean   Baptiste,   b.    (1767) ;    Political 

Economy,  7152;  d.,  7262. 

— — , L^n,    b.  (1826);    minister, 

7473,7493,7511,2,3,  7532;  Academician, 
7521 ;  pres.  senate,  7531 . 

,  Lord  Treas.,  executed;  8621 . 

,  Thomas,  b.,  982;  d.,  1422. 

Sayorooke,  Conn.,  fort  built ;  Indians 
ravage,  34';  Dutch  expelled,  352;  pur- 
chased, 373;  Puritans  at,  47i;  British 
surprise,  1221;  wreck,  4773. 

Platform  formed,  563, 

Sayce,  Archibald  H.,b.,9522;  works, 9963. 
Saye,  Baron,  title  created,  8772. 

(or  Say)  and    Sele,    Viscount   (Wm. 

Fiennes,  b.  1582);  minister,  8912;  d. 
(1662). 

Sayers,  Joseph  D.,  b.,  1522. 

,  Thomas,  prize  tighter,  9643. 

Sayids,  House  of,  reigns,  10433  j  over- 
thrown, 10452. 

Sayings  of  Alfred ,  author  unknown,  8523. 

Sayle,  Wm.,  inS.  C.,461. 

Sayre,  Pa.,  murder  in,  451 1 . 

,  David  Austen,  b.  (1793);  d.,  2702. 

Sayreville,  N.J. , Clemens  Warner  stabbed, 
4743. 

Sayward,  tmlawful  sealing,  377*. 

Sayyid  (or  Sayid),  takes  Medina,  486'; 
reigns,  4873. 

Ali,  Sultan,  5632. 

Aseer,  deposed,  4883. 

Barghash-b in-Said,  decree,  6613  ;  d., 

6623. 

Khalifa-Said,  Sultan,  5623. 

Khiz  Khan  reigns,  10433. 

of  Muscat, d.,  5613. 

Thuwainy  obtains  Oman,  4882,  Zan- 
zibar, 4883. 

Toorkee  captures  Muscat,  4883. 

Sazava,  monastery  of,  fnd.,  5023. 

Scalawags,  nicknamed,  2772. 

Scales,  Alfred  Moore,  b.(1827);  gov.,  3233. 

Scaliger,  Joseph  J.,  b.,  6803;  works,  6851, 
6871;  d.,6862. 

,  Julius  Cajsar,  b.,  10783;  works,  10812; 

d.,  10803. 

Scammon,  Rachel,  in  N.  H.,  583. 

Scanderberg,  Rev.  (Alexander),  or  Geo. 
Castriota,  b.-d.,  11562;  defeated,  11561 . 

Scandia,  cholera,  4153. 

Scandinavian  Soc.  advances  confedera- 
tion, 11363. 

Scandinavians  in  Greenland,  10382. 

Scanlan,  Lawrence,  cons,  vicar  apostolic, 
3262. 

.William  J.,  d.,178». 

Scanlen  and  Molteno  ministry  fmd.,  6031 . 

Scannell,  Richard,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  3282. 

Scapula,  John,  b.,  7902. 

Scarborough,  E.  of,  title  created,  899' . 

,  John,  b.  (1831);  cons.  P.  E.  bp.,  2862. 


Scariff,  eviction  riots,  9871 . 

Scarlatti,  Alessandro,  b.,  10831 :  works  of, 
10822;  d.,  1084'. 

Scarpa,  Antonio,  b.,  10842;  d.,  10862. 

Scarphea,  action  at,  10281 . 

Scarron,  Paul,  b.,  6862;  works,  6881 ,  6903; 
d.,  0902. 

Scarrytown,  W.  Va.,  Federals  captured. 
1963. 

Scarsdale,  Baron,  title  created,  9152. 

Scaurus,  Marius  Amilius,  invades  Tau- 
risci,  5021 ;  Roman  prefect,  11512;  builds 
marble  theater,  11501,2;  victories  in 
Syria,  1151'. 

Sceaux,  Prus.,  attacked,  7403. 

ISceptre  takes  Dutch  E.  Indiaman,  9261 ; 
wrecked,  9282. 

Schack,  Ct.  Adolf  Friedrich  von,  b.  (1815) ; 
Moors  in  Spain,  8342. 

Godenhaus   Wilhelm  Friedrich,  b., 

8043;  d.,8202. 

Schadow,  Johann  Gottfried,  b.,  8023;  d., 
8181. 

Schaeberle's  comet  visible,  988 1 . 

Schaeffer,  Chas.  Fred.,  b.,  1141 ;  d.,  3022. 

Schafer,  Arnold,  b.,  8122;  d.,  8302, 

Schaff ,  Philip,  b. ,  128 1 ;  works,  2603 ,  265 1 , 
3323,3982;  d.,440t. 

Schaghticoke,  N.  Y., settlement  destroyed, 
681. 

Scharf,  John  Thomas,  b.  (1843);  gift  to 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  3822. 

,  Joseph,  trial  of,  5303. 

Scharnhorst,  Gerhard  David  von,  b.,  8023; 
commission,  8081;  d.,  8102. 

Scharnow,  riot,  11223. 

Sch-Hssburg,  Hung.,  battle,  5222. 

Schauenstein,  Count  Buol.prime  minister, 
5243;  resigns,  5252. 

Schaumburg-Lippe, Ger, est., Philip,  count, 
7972;  principality,  8093;  in  confedera- 
tion, 8113;  in  Tariff  Union,  8193. 

Scheffel,  Jos.  Victor  von,b.,8123;  d.,832i. 

Scheftler,  Johann, b. (1621);  work8,797i,2; 
d.  (1679). 

Schemer,  Christoph,  b.  (1575)  ;  invents 
pantagraph,  792i ;  invents  helioscope, 
7943;  d.  (1650). 

Schelandre,  Jean  de,  Tyr  et  Siddon,  687*. 

Scbelde  (or  Scheldt),  closed  to  commerce, 
5413,5431,  5473;  abolishment  of  dues 
celebrated;  5443;  capitalized  by  treaty, 
11023. 

Scheele,  Karl  Wilhelm,  b.-d.;  discoverieB 
of,  11342. 

Schell  City,  Mo.,  train  robbed;  3702. 

Schellendorf,  Count  von,  retires,  8332; 
minister,  8371 . 

Scheller,  Geo.,  arrested  for  arson,  3133. 

Schelling,  Friedrich  G.,  b.,  8023;  d.,  8143. 

,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Joseph  von,   b., 

8041 ;  works,  8072;  d.,  8201 . 

Schemberg,  Theodorich,  Frau  JuHe,  7871 . 

Schenck,  Robert  Gumming,  b.,  1162;  de- 
feated at  Vienna,  196 1 ;  at  McDowell, 
2071;  martial  law  in  Md.,  2232;  arrests 
disloyalists,  2292;  minister  to  G.  B., 
2731 ;  in  Joint  Commission,  2732  in  Era- 
ma  Mines  fraud;  resigns,  2913;  at  Lin- 
coln Tower,  9792;  d.,  3541 . 

Billpa8se8,2592,  2663,  2671. 

Schendel,  Petrus  van,  b.,  5423;  d.,  5442. 

Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  purchased,  413;  set- 
tled, 432;  attacked,  50i ;  Academy  fmd., 
983;  Union  Coll.  org.,  1063;  R.  R.  to  Al- 
bany, 1393;  200th  anniversary  of  mas- 
sacre, 3523;  Conven.  Y.  W.C.  A.,  400i; 
burned,  5721. 

and  Saratoga  R.  R.  opd.,  1413, 

Schenk,  Hugo,  executed,  5303. 

Schenkel,  Daniel,  b.,  8102;  d.,  8302. 

Schenkendorf,  Max  von,  b.  (1783);  PoemSf 
8111;  d.  (1817). 

Sch^rer,  Gen.  Barth^lemy  Louis  Joseph, 
b.  (1747);  at  Valenciennes, 7101 ;  atMag- 
nano,  7122;  d.  (1804). 

,  Edmond    Henri    Adolphe,  b.,  7222; 

works,  7303,  7351 ;  d.,  7581 . 

Schereschewsky,  Samuel  T.  J.,  cons.  P.E. 
miss,  bp.,  2962. 

Schermerhorn,  Simon  J.,  b.,  1342. 

Scherzer,  Karl  von,  b.,  520*. 

Schiaparelli,  Giovanni  Virginio,b.,  10362; 
double  canal  in  Mars,  4122. 

Schieren,  Mayor,  prohibits  boxing,  4531. 

Schill,  Ferdinand  von,  b.,  804i ;  ends  war 
with  Fr.,  8081 ;  d.,  8083, 

Schiller  wrecked,  8293. 

Schiller,  Johann  Christoph  Friedrich  von, 


1402 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INljEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Schi-Scot. 


b.,8023;  works,  805',2,  807<,2,  929<;  d., 
8082;  tust,  186'. 

Schilling,  Johanii,  b.,  8142. 

Sohinkel,  Karl Friedrich.b., 8042;  d.,816i. 

Schism  of  the  West,  7842;  formal,  Eng., 
8723. 

Actintro.  Eng.,  9043;  passed,  906*; 

repealed,  9072. 

Schfagiutweit,  Adolf,  b.,  8142;  d.,  820<. 

,  Baron  Hermann  von,  b.,  8123;    d., 

8302. 

,  Robert,  b.,  8142;  d.,  8302. 

Schlauch,  L.,  consecrated,  536' . 

Scblegel,  August  Wilbelm  von,  b.,  8031; 
■works,  8072  809',  8132;  d.,  8162. 

,  Elias,  Theatrical  Works,  miK 

,  Karl    Wilhelm    Friedrich   von,    b., 

803',  works,  8072;  d.,8142. 

Schlegler  Asso.  formed,  7852. 

Schleicher,  August,  b.,  8122;  d.,  8243. 

Sohleiden,  Matthias  Jakob,  b.,  8082  ;  d., 
830'. 

Schleiermacher,  Friedrich  Ernst  Daniel, 
b.,  8031;  works,  8072,  8132;  d.,  8143. 

Schleuburg,  Count  J.  M.,  at  Corfu,  1034' . 

Schleswig,  Prus.,  Aust.-Prus.  Army  in, 
526' ;  war  with,  636' ;  conquered,  6.36' , 
638'.  794' ;  surrendered  to  Danes,  7752; 
annexed  to  Den.,  8222;  incorporated 
with  Prus.,  8252-  freedom  favored, 831'. 

'  -Holstein ;      Ditmarshes    war    with 

Den.;  Danes  defeated,  786'  Ditmarshes 
submit  to  Den.,  7932;  conquered  by  Im- 
perialists, 794';  Altona  burned,  798'; 
union  with  Den.  decreed,  817';  wars 
against  Den.;  Fred.  VII.  against,  640' ; 
revolt ;  incorporated  ;  question  dis- 
cussed, 8172;  common  gov't  est.,  8173; 
2d  war;  3d  war,  818';  claims  recog- 
nized; gov't  recognized,  8183;  constitu- 
tion illegal;  constitution  revived,  821'; 
ceded,  5'233;  dispute,  8212,  8222,  823', 
8252;  war  in,  822',  Federal  commis- 
sioners in,  6413;  conquered,  796' ;  incor- 
poration prevented,  526'  ;  ceded  to  allies, 
5263  ;  rights  transferred,  5272. 
Conference  meets,  9672. 

Schlettstadt,  Ger.,  bombarded,  7422. 

Schley,  William,  b.  (1786);  gov.  Ga.,  1453; 
d.  (1858). 

.  Winfleld  Scott,  b.  (1839);  commands 

expedition  ;  finds  Greely  expedition, 
316' ;  promoted  capt.,  328' ;  final  re- 
port, 3993. 

Schleyer,  Johann  Martin,  invents  Vola- 
puk,  754' ;   Volapul:,  8303. 

Schlieffen,  (jen.von,chief  of  gen.stafl',834' . 

Schliemann,  Heinrich,  b.,  8122;  works, 
825 ',829',  8303;  explorations  at  Troy; 
at  Mycenas,  1158' ;  d.,  834'. 

Schloss,  David  F.,  Industrial  Remunera- 
tion, 4203. 

Schlossarck  executed,  5303. 

Schlosser,  Friedrich  C,  b.,  8042;  works, 
8052,  807',  813',  8163;  d.,  8202. 

Schlozer,  August  L.  von,  b.,8002;  History 
of'  North,  805';  d.,  8083. 

Schmalkald,  alliance  of,  7903;  league  fa- 
vored, B102. 

Schmanss,  Johann  Jakob,  b.,  7982;  d., 
8023. 

Schmerling,  Anton  von,  b.  (1805)  minis- 
ter, 8173;  ministry  ends,  823' ;  d.  (1893). 

Schmid,  Leopold,  b.,  8083;  d.  (1869). 

Schmidt,  Deryck,  gov.  Pa.  (1655). 

— -,  Heinrich  Julian,  b.,  8122;  d.,  832' . 

,  Michael  L.,  b.,  8002;  d.,  8063. 

Schmittberger,  Police  Capt.,  bribery,  4523. 

Schmitz,  Leonhard,  h.,  8083;  d.,  10022. 

Schmolk,  Benjamin,  b.,  7963;  d.,  8002. 

Schmucker,  Sam.  Simon,  b.  (1799);  d.,  282' . 

Schneider,  Augusta,  shoots  tenant,  4403. 

,  Conrad  Victor,  b.,  7923;  d.,  797' . 

,  Joseph  Eugfene,  b.,  7163;  pres.  cham- 
ber, 7373;  d.,  750'. 

,  Hortense  Catherine,  b.,  7262. 

,  Johann  Georg,  b.,  8022;  d.,  8122. 

Schnell,  Augustus,  surety  for  J.  Davis, 
2563. 

Schnorr  von  Karolsfeld,  Julius,  b.,  8063; 
d.,  828'. 

Schoener,  Leonard,  burned,  7902. 

Schoenfelder,  Prof.,  Archbp.  of  Bamberg, 
8342. 

Schoepf,  Maj.,  at  NewportNews, 202' . 

Schofleld,  John  McAllister,  h.,  1382;  com- 
mands army  of  Mo.,  2222;  moves  23d 
corps,  230' ;  at  Goldsboro;  at  Kinston, 
2303;  commands   army  of   Ohio,  2322; 


reaches  Columbia;  retires  before  Hood, 
240' ;  at  Franklin,  2402;  commands  In 
N.  C,  242' ;  captures  Ft.  Anderson, 2422; 
defeats  Conteiierates  at  Kinston,  244' ; 
commands  1st  military  district,  256' ; 
at  Richmond,  2572;  removed,  262' .■  sec. 
war,  263',  267';  maj  .-gen.,  266' ;  trial 
of  Fitz-John  Porter,  298' ;  military 
board,  322' ;  commander  U.  S.  A.,  330' . 

Schoffer,  Peter,  b.,  7843;  d.,  7863. 

Scbottler,  M.,  beheaded,  4803. 

Scholecher (Victor,  abolishes  slavery,  7303 . 

Scboley,  George,  lord  mayor  Lond.,  9353. 

SchoU,  Maximilian  Samson  Friedrich,  b., 
8023;  d.,  8142. 

Scholten,  Johannes  Hendrik,  b.-d.,  1102' . 

Scbolz,  Dr.  von,  minister;  resigns,  835' . 

Schomberg,  Capt.,  in  Madagascar,  9342. 

,  Fred,  von,  b.  (1615);    commands  at 

Villaviciosa,  1128' ;  in  Eng.  with  Wil- 
liam of  Orange,  896' ;  k.  (1690). 

,  Comte  Henri  de,  b.,  684' ;  at  Castel- 

naudary,  688' ;  d.,  6882. 

Schomburgk,  Sir  Robert  Hermann,  b,, 
8082;  water-lily,  9482;  d.,  822i. 

Schonbein,  Christian  Friedrich,  h.,  8063. 
dis.  antozone,  8201 ;  dis.  ozone,  11381 ; 
guncotton;  collodion,816'  ,1138' ;  d.,  8243. 

,  Johann  L..  d.,  8222. 

Schonborn,  F.  de  Paul,  Cardinal,  5322. 

Schonbrann,  O.,  Indian  mission  opd.,  763. 

Schtinbrunn,  Aust.,  peace  of,  5193;  sover- 
eigns meet,  823' . 

Schonebeck,  Bruno  von.  Song  of  Solomon, 
7803. 

Schonlein,  Johann  Lucas,  b.,8062;  d.(1864). 

School  Act,  reformatory,  passes,  9623. 

,  Can.,  passes,  5823. 

— —  Inspection  Bill  opposed,  Ger.,  8263, 

Schoolcraft,  Henry  Rowe,  b.,  104^;  disc, 
source  of  Miss.  River,  140' ;  works,  1283, 
1443;  d.,  241'. 

School  of  Philo.;  Seaside  Assembly,  3862. 

Schools  opposed,  Algeria,  102;  in  Iceland, 
132. 

,  Am.  Conf.  of  Protestant  Denomina- 
tions on  morals  in,  3702 1  in  the  South 
progressing,  3423  ;  public,  defense  of, 
la.,  3602;  no  Bible  in,  3923;  Pope  Leo's 
letter  on,  4322. 

provided  in  Aust.,  5242. 

increased.  Hung.,  532' . 

,  Can.,  separate  for  B.  C.  denied,  5902, 

.'592' . 

,  China,  established,  6102;   promoted 

by  emperor.  6142. 

,  Ger.,  est.  imperial  control  by  Joseph 

II.,  Ger.,  8052;  free,  are  est.,  813'. 

,  G.  B.,  teach  in  English,  8603 ;  charity 

first  in  London,  8963,  9043;  charter  est., 
909' ;  infant,  first  in  Scot., 9383;  in  Lon- 
don, 939';  Board-schools  in  Sheflield, 
9783. 

in  railway  cars,  Rus.,  11203. 

Schoolship  Cornwall  established,  963' . 
Schoonmaker,  Augustus,  b.  (1828) ;  Inter- 
state Commissioner,  3512. 

,  Jacob,  pres.  Reformed  synod,  135' . 

Schopenhauer,  Arthur,  b.,  8043 ;  advocates 
pessimism,  812' ;  works,  813' ;  d.  (1860.) 

,  Madam  (Johanna  Henriette  Trosina), 

b.,  803';  d.,  818'. 

Schopflin,  Johann  Daniel,  b.,  7982;  d., 
803'. 

Schopper,  Hermann,  Speculum  vitse  auli- 
cie,  793' . 

Scliottelius,  Justus  G.,  works,  797' . 

Schouler,  James,  b.,  1502;  works,  3063, 
4482. 

Schouvaloif,  Count  Peter,  d.,  1120' . 

Schouw,  Joachim  Fredic,  b.,  6382;  Geog- 
raphy of  Plants,  6391 ;  d.,  6403. 

Schrader",  Eberhard,  b.,  8143. 

Schreuder  mission,  5982. 

Schrever,  Adolph,  b.,  8142. 

Schroter,  Christoph  Gottlieb,  h.  (1649) ;  in- 
vents pianoforte,  7982;  d.  (1782), 

Schubert,  Franz  Peter,  b.,  8063;  d.,  814' . 

Schuchburg,  Richard,  Yankee  Doodle, 913^. 

Scbufeldt,  Commodore  Robert  W.,  sent  to 
Korea,  1094' . 

Schulembourg,  Johann  Matthias,  b.,7963; 
d.,8003. 

Schulte,  Johann  Friedrich  von,  814'. 

Schultz,  C.  A.,  feud,  3903. 

,  Heinrich,  writes  music,  7943;  pre- 
pares cinnebar,  7982. 

,  John  Christian,  b.  (1840) ;  gov.  Man- 
itoba ;  gives  hospital  site,  5862. 


Schultze,  Ernst,  d.,  8121 . 

,  Johann  Abraham  Peter,  b.,  8003;  d., 

8071. 

,  Max  Johann  Sigismund,  b.,  8123;  d., 

828'. 
Schulze,  Ernst,  b.,  8043 ;  Enchanted  Rose, 
813'. 

Delitzsch,    Hermann,    b.,   807';   d., 

8302. 
Schumacher,  Hendrick  Christian,  b., 6382: 
d.,  6403. 

,  Peter,  0.  of  Gritfenfeld,  b.,  6362;  d., 

6363. 
Schumann,  Robert,  b.,  8102;  d.,  820' . 

,  Valentine,  Nachtbu^hlein,  793' . 

Schrums,  Mrs.  Annie,  murdered,  4483. 
Schureman,  John,  president  synod,  1242. 

,  W.  H.,  embezzling,  4303. 

Schurman,  Jacob  Gould,  b.  (1864) ;  presi- 
dent Cornell,  4042. 
Schurz,  Carl,  b.,  1362;  pres.  Liberal  Re- 
publicans, 2783;  minister,  2952  ;  presi- 
dent Reform  League,  4763. 
Schuvler,  Eugene,  b.,  1622;  d.  (1890). 
— — ,  Peter,  b.  (1675) ;  Can.  raid  ;  protects 
settlers;  liberates  Mohawks,  52' ;  leads 
Iroquois,  574' ;  commal^ds  in  N.  V.,  593; 
d.  (1724). 
,  Philip  John,  b.  (1733) ;  with  Wash- 
ington at  Morristowiij  843;  commands 
northern  army,  862;  in  N.  Y.,  87' ;  d., 
1122. 
Schuylkill, Pa., Dutch  purchase  land, 333. 
Schwab,  anarchist,  sentenced,  3272. 

,  Count,  monument  to,  364' . 

Schwabe,  Heinrich  Samuel,  b.  (1789) ;  dis. 
sun-spots,  812' ;  d.  (1875). 

,  Magiste,  works,  801 ' . 

Schwabenspiegel  issued,  7783. 
Schwach,  Smaadigte  appears,  11042. 
Schwanhard  uses  fluoric  acid,  7963. 
Schwann,  Theodor,  b.,  8102;  cell  theory, 

814';  d.,8302. 
Schwantbaler,  Ludwig  Michael,  h.,  8082; 

d.,  8162. 
Schwartz, Mme. (Marie  Sophie  Birath),b., 
1136' ;  works,  11363. 

,  Wilhelm,  b.,  8122. 

Scbwarz,  Christian  Friedrich,  b.,8002;  d., 
8063. 

,  Karl  Heinrich  Wilhelm.  b.,  8102. 

Schwarzburg  -  Rudolstadt,     principality, 
7993;  in  Confederation,  8093. 

Sondershausen,    principality,    7992; 

Confederation,  8093;  in  N.  Ger.  (Confed- 
eration, 8252. 
Schwarzenberg,  Pr.  Alexis,  wounded,  5323 . 
— — ,  Felix  Ludwig  Johann  Friedrich  von, 
b.  (1800) ;  ministry,  5233 ,  8173 ;  against 
union,  8192;  d.  (1862). 

,  Prince  Karl  Philipp  von,  b.,  5163;  in 

Bohemian    army.  520' ;    against  Kapo- 
leon,  718';  at  Nollendorf,  720' ;  at  Leip- 
8ic,7202;  atBar-sur-Aube,7203;  d..8]22. 
Schwatka,  Fred.,  b.,  1662;  leads  Franklin 
search   expedition,  302' ;    in    N.  Mex., 
340';  in  (Chicago,  3633;  XMnd  of  Cliff- 
dwellers,  i7SX;  a.,  416'. 
Schwechat,  Hungarians  routed  at,  522' . 
Schwegler,  Albrecht,  b.,  8122;  works,  8163; 

d.,  820'. 
Schweidnitz,  Prus.,  Austrians  take  ;  Fred- 
erick II.  takes,  6162;   castle  stormed; 
Austrians  defeated.  8022. 
Schweinfurth  Georg  August,  b.,  8143. 
Schweinitz,  Edmund  Alexander,  b.,  1322; 
(1887). 

,  von,  Lewis  David,  b.,  93' ;  d..  1422. 

Schweinschadel,   Bohemia,    engagement, 

8241. 
Schwenckfeld,  Kaspar,  b.,  7862;  d.,  7922. 
Schwenkfelders,  memorial  reunion,  3942. 
Schwerin,  Count  Kurt  Christoph,  b.  (1684); 

Prussian  leader,  5141 ;  killed,  516' . 
— —  Ministry  resigns,  8213. 
Schwetschke,  Karl  Gustav,  b.,  8082. 
Schwilgu^,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.  (1770);  weigh- 
ing machine,  8062;    repairs  Strasburg 
clock;  816' ;  d.  (1856). 
Schwyz,  war  with  Zurich,  1137 ' ;  chartered 

11373. 
Science,  Am.  Asso.  for  Advancement  of, 

founded.    (See  Am.  Association.) 
Sciences  advance,  Eng.,  890' . 
Scientific  researches  made  public,  9242. 
Scotch  colonists  in  Canada,  6713. 

Crofters  tenure,  9962. 

E.  I.  Co.  started,  1045' . 

Guards  protect  Fr.  king,  6763. 


Scot-Seem. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1403 


Scotch  Intelligence  issued,  885^ . 

Irish  Congress,  Atlanta,  40G2,  4302. 

Local  Government  Bill,  10013,  10123. 

Scotigts  appear,  854a. 

Scotland,  Morisoniaus  suspende*! ;  IFit- 
tiess  issued,  9503;  Queen's  first  visit, 
9513;  steam-hammer  inv.,  9521;  discus- 
sions on  livings  ;  Free  Church  secedes, 
a'>22;  poor-law  system  est.,  953i ;  United 
Presb.  Church  fmd.  by  union ;  Edin- 
burgh Philo.  See.  org.,  9543;  Nat.  Gal- 
lery fnd.,  9561  ;  Sunday  closing  enforced, 
'X>9"i ;  Meteorological  Society  fnd.,  9602; 
.A^benieeii  Univ.  amalgamates  Marischal 
and  King's  colls.,  9623;  Nat.  Bible  Soc. 
org.,  9G42 ;  vaccinatitm  compulsory,  9673 ; 
Nat.  Museum  of  Science  and  Art  opd., 
9681 ;  Parliamentary  Reform  favored, 
9693;  Parliamentary  Reform  Bill  for, 
9713;  Tay  Bridge  opd.,  9741 ;  Education 
Act  passed,  9763 ;  patronage  in  est. 
church  abolished,  97S2;  Stephen  Milch- 
ell  founds  free  library,  9791;  Epis. 
<,'hurch  Central  Committee  ;  Episcopal 
C'hurch  Woman's  Miss.  Asso  ,  9803;  R. 
Oath,  hierarchy  restored,  9822;  destruc- 
tive gales,  9881 ;  Home  Rule  nioven\eTit 
org.,  9892;  Acad,  of  Music  est.,  990 1 ; 
ejectments  resisted,  9943;  Forth  Bridge 
opd.,  10021.  10033,  10053;  Home  Rule 
Asso.  Conf.,  10051 ;  women  in  St.  An- 
drew's Univ.,  10082;  Free  Church  jubi- 
lee, 10102;  miners*  strike  ends,  1011 1. 
(.See  text,  pp.839-10l2  following  locality 
word.    Scot.) 

Scots  Greys  Kegt.  formed,  8961 . 

Scott,  Abraham  M.,  gov.  Miss.,  13.'>3. 

— -,  Austin,  pres.  Rutgers  College,  3722, 

,  Carolina  Lavinia,  marries  Benjamin 

Harrison,  1732. 

,  Charles,  governor  Ky.,  1153. 

,  C.  Perrv,  consecrated  bishop,  9862. 

,  Sir  Geo.  Gilbert,  b.  (1810  •) ;  designs 

entrance  Westminster,  9882;  d.  (1878). 

,  James  A.,  pres.  World's  Fair,  3813. 

,  John,  E.  of  Eldon,  b.,  9123;   chief 

justice, 9233;  minister,  9312, 9332,3, 9372; 
d.,  m82. 

, ,  governor  Quiana,  10393. 

, W.,  d.,  4181. 

,  Levi,  b.  (1802) ;  ord.  M.  E.  bp.,  1702; 

d.  (1882). 

,  Michael,  b.  (1789);  works,  9443;  d., 

8562. 

, (or  Scot),  magician,  d.,  8562. 

,  R.  H.;  Weather  CJiartg,  Storm  JVam- 

hujs,  9811. 

,  liobert  Kingston,  b.  (1826) ;  gov.  S.C., 

2653. 

.  Roger,  trial  of,  363. 

Siiidons,  Mrs.  (Mary    Frances),    b., 

10462. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  9122;  d.,  9403. 

, Fielding,  b.  (1807);   cons.  P.  E. 

bishop,  1741;  d.  (1867). 

— -, H.S.,  b.,  9522. 

,  Sir   Walter,  b.,  9183;    works,    9291, 

9331 ,  9371 ,2,  9423,  9431 ;  d.,  9462;  monu- 
ment, 9501 ;  statue,  2801 . 

William,  M  Ccuigress,  d.,  3922. 

, Anderson,  b.  (1813) ;  moderator, 

1842;  d.  (1885). 

, -,  Baron  Stowell,b., 9103;  d.,9482. 

, Bell,  d.,  10041 ;  d.  (1890). 

,  Wintield,  b.,  981-;  at  Lundy's  Lane, 

1222;  atMalone;  at  Fort  Erie,  1221 ;  at 
Chicago,  1413;  nth  commander  army, 
1521 ;  in  Mexico,  I6O1 ;  at  Vera  Cruz  ;  at 
Cerro  Gordo;  at  Churubusco;  at  Con- 
treras,  1621;  Mexicans  surrender;  at 
Chapultepec,  1622;  politics  in  army ; 
war-hero,  1633;  nom.  for  pres.  U.  S., 
1711;  vote,  1712,1732;  at  Fort  Sumter, 
1881;  anticipates  secession,  1883;  com- 
mands Federals,  192 1 ;  at  Blue  Mills 
Landing,  1983;  resigns,  2  02;  d.,  2521; 
statue,  2571. 

Scottdale,  Pa.,  furnaces  close,  3753, 

.Scotti,  rule  Piacenza,  10772. 

Scottish  church  persecuted,  8902. 

Clans  Order,  fnd.,.'i01 1 ;  Btatistics,4463. 

Corporation  established,  8931 . 

Home  Mission  to  Jews  fmil.,  9942. 

investigation  committee,  9911 . 

Legislation  Bill,  10091,  10122. 

Permissive  Bill  (Temp.)  Asso.,  9631 , 

Rights  Asso.  formed,  9591 . 

soldiers  in  Fr.  militia,  6761 . 

Temperance  League  formed,  9531 . 


Scotto,  Alberto,  overthrown,  10773. 

Scottville,  Ky.,  Confederate  defeat,  2301 . 

ScouUer,  John  Y.,  moderator,  2842. 

Scranton.Pa.,fnd.,  1533;  R.C.  diocese  est,, 
2642,  2902  ;  Soc.  Army  of  Potomac  pa- 
rade,4082;  race-war,  4342;  ground  caves 
in,  4573,4693;  fire,  4713. 

,  Joseph  A.,  b.,  1502;  d.  (1864). 

, H.,  d.,  2781. 

Screw  Projjcliers  patented,  9481 ;  in  Brit. 
Navy,  9501 . 

Scribe,  Augustin  Eugfene,  b.,  7082  ;  works, 
7192,  7231 ,2,  7263,  7291 ,  7303;  d.,  7342. 

Scriblerus  Club  founded,  London,  9043. 

Scribner,  Chas.,  b.  (1821) ;  d.,  2741 . 

Scribner's  Magazine  founded,  3283. 

Monthly  established,  2703, 

Scripture  Knowledge  Inst,  fnd.,  9463. 

Scriptures  forbidden  in  Eng.,  7783,  8522. 

,  Canon  fixed,  10043.    (See  Bible.) 

Scrivener,  Frederick  Henry  Ambrose,  b., 
9363;  d.  (1891). 

Scriver,  Christian,  b.  (1629) ;  works,  7971; 
d.  (1693). 

Scrofula  cured  by  king's  touch,  847i . 

Scroggs,  Sir  Wni.,  chief  justice,  8952  ;  d. 
(1683), 

Scrooby,  Eng.,  Independent  Church  org., 
8782, 

Scroop,  Sir  Thomas,  governor,  8OI2, 

Scrope,  or  Scroop,  Richard,  Archbp.  York, 
executed, 8613; 

Scruggs,  William  L.,  envoy,  3513. 

Scrutin  de  liste  adopted,  Fr,,  7532, 

d'arrondissement  Bill  passes,  7572. 

Scudder,  Horace  Elisha,  b.,  1502. 

,  Samuel  Hubbard,  b.,  1482. 

Scud<^ry,  Georges  de,  b.  (1601±);  Alaric, 
6903;  d,  (1667), 

,  Madeleine  de,  b.,  6862  ;  works,  689', 

6912;  d.,  6943, 

Scultetus,  Johannes,  b.,  7922;  d.,  7963. 

Scutari,  Turk.,  taken,  10793 ;  Florence 
Nightingale  at,  11583  ;  Am.  Coll.  for 
Girls  est.,  11582, 

Sri/fla,  asteroid,  discovered,  5282. 

Scyllis,  sculptor,  10162. 

Scyros,  Gr.,  pirates  reduced,  10183. 

Scythians,  Chinese  aid,  6121 ;  at  Naissus, 
10522. 

Sea  Bird  burned,  2613. 

Seabright,  N.  J.,  fire,  3853  ;  sailors  res- 
cued, 4673. 

Seabrooke,  Wm.  A„  gov.  S.  C,  1652. 

Seabury,  Samuel,  b.,  6O2  ;  p.  E.  bp. ;  in 
Am.,  963  ;  absent  from  conf.,  982  ;  in 
House  of  Bps.,  IOO2  ;  d.,  IO6I . 

Sea-charts  introduced,  8663. 

Seafield,  Earl  of,  title  created,  903i . 

Sea  Fisheries  Act  passes,  9731 . 

fight,  first,  Gr.,  IOI41 . 

Gidl  in  U.  S.  expedition,  1481 . 

Islands,  relief  for,  4363. 

protection,  Alaska.  349* . 

Seal,  great,  Eng.,  8813 ;  commissioners 
hold,  8871;  jn  commission,  8892,  8993, 
9052, 9073. 

,  U.   S.,  adopted,   953  ;    Confederate, 

2373,2463,3333. 

Society  founded,  9921 . 

Soalcote,  in  Sepoy  rebellion,  10481. 

Sealers,  xmprotected,  5912  ;  correspon- 
dence called  for,  4772  ;  agreement,  5952. 

Sealing,  in  St.  Lawrence,  5953  ;  territory 
outlined,  5962.    (See  Mofhis  Vivendi,) 

wax  intro.,  8701 ,  8733  ;  adhesive  en- 
velopes supersede,  955*. 

Seals,  in  Lower  St.  Ijawrence,  5873. 

Seaman,  Col.,  near  Butler,  2143. 

Miss.  Soc.  anniversary,  4562. 

Seamen  exempt  from  debt,  9152  ;  prayer- 
meetings  for,  established,  937 1 . 

Society,  est.  in  Norway,  11053. 

Seamen's  Friend  Soc,  Am.,  org.,  1351; 
missionaries  of,  1363. 

Union  of  Am.  Convention,  4283. 

Seamless  hose  manufactured,  7982. 

Se-ankh-ka-Ra,  reigns,  Egypt,  6472, 

Search  of  Am.  vessels,  Eng  ,  1851 . 

Searcy,  Ark.,  action  near,  2081. 

Searle,  George  Mary,  b.  (1839)  ;  discovered 
Pandora,  1841 . 

,  Jer.,  pres.  Reformed  Synod,  1662. 

Searles,  J.  E.,  indicted,  4732. 

Sears,  Barnas,  b.,1102;  baptizes  Germans, 
8143;  d.,  3041. 

,  Edmund  Hamilton,  b.,  1162;  d.,  2902. 

Sea  Serpent  reaches  Cowes,  3893. 
Sea-siguals  Bystematized,  ^2. 


Seaton,  Baron,  title  created,  9451 . 

,  Gen.,  in  Sepoy  rebellion,  10481 . 

,  William  Winston,  b.,  962  ;  d.,  2521 . 

Seattle,  Wash.,  Anti-Chinese  rioters,  3221, 
2,  3232  ;  fire,  3413  ;  recovers,  3432;  anni- 
versary of  fire,  3603  ;  Telegraph  issued, 
3743;  Washington  Univ.  fiid.,  1991. 

Seatranhaka  burned,  3053. 

Sea  Jri7(.9  capsized,  3653, 

Seay,  A.  J.,  inaug.  gov.  Okla.,  4211. 

,  Thomas,  governor  Ala.,  3252,  3332. 

Sebastian,  Brazil,  founded,  251 . 

.king  of  Port.,  b.-d.,  11092;    reigns, 

11093  ;  invades  Morocco,  IIIOI ;  k.,  10971 . 

,  Wm.  King,  b,  (1814) ;  expelled,  1973  ; 

d.  (1865). 

Sebastiani,  Comte,  Franyois  Bastien  Hor- 
ace, b.,  7043  ;  d.,  7302, 

Sebfistopol,  iron-clad  launched,  11221; 
Tchemne  launched,  11231 . 

,  Russia,  bombarded,  9581,  9601;  de- 
stroyed ;  evacuated,  960i . 

Sebennytus,  dynasty  at,  6513. 

Secandum,  battle  at,  8421 . 

Secaunus,  ^milius,  theater  of,  10513. 

Secession,  U.  S.  A.,  first  conspiracy,  1192  ; 
in  Mass.,  1232  ;  threatened,  1671 ;  secret 
prelude,  1882;  s.  C.  proposes  ;  non-coer- 
cion, 1883  ;  Sec.  Cobb  joins;  Jetf.  Davis 
advocates  ;  committee  for  pacitication  ; 
Commissioners  for;  commended  by  M. 
C,  1891 ;  s.  C.  leads,  1892;  States  secede; 
caucus  at  Wash. ;  control  of  South ; 
Sec.  Thompson  joins,  1911;  ratified  in 
Tex.,  1923  ;  of  Va.,  1933;  mob  at  Balti- 
more, 1941,3;  by  coercion,  1953;  re- 
jected in  Md.,  1951 .  (See  Southern  Con- 
federacy and  each  8ece<Ung  State.) 

Secessionists  seize  forts,  1901 ;  in  North, 
2021. 

Secessionville,  S.  C,  Feds,  defeated,  209i, 

Secchi,  Pietro  Angelo,  b.,  10862;  d.,  10882. 

Sechenheim,  Ger.,  battle  of,  7861 . 

Seckeiidorf,  Count  P'riedrich  Heinrich 
von,  b.,  7963  ;  d.,  8023. 

,  Veit  Ludwig  von,  b.,  7943  ;  d.,  7982. 

Seeker,  Thos.,  b.  (1693);  archbp.  Canter- 
bury, 9I5i;  d.  (1768). 

Secocoeni,  King,  leader,  11242. 

Secretan,  M.  I^T,  paintings  of,  7581 . 

Secret-Ballot  Bill  rejected,  G.  B.,  9572 ; 
law  in  Am.,  3492,  (See  Australian 
ballot.) 

Service,  vote  passes,  Fr.,  7612  ;  fund 

voted,  7652. 

Societies  condemned,  Ire.,  9702. 

Secretary  bursts  boilers,  1753. 

Secretin,  M.,  trial  for  fraud,  7603. 

Secular  education,  state  controls,  5291 , 

games  restored,  10671 . 

Union,  Am.,  World's  Fair,  4022. 

Security  from  Violence  Act  passes,  9672. 

Sedaine,  Michel  Jean,  b.  (1719) ;  works, 
7013,  7ai3,  7051 ;  d.  (1797V 

Sedalia,  Mo.,  Nat.  Farmers'  Cong.,  3943; 
dam,  4432. 

Sedan,  Fr.,  tower  of,  6873  ;  joins  with  Sp., 
6881;  Prot.  Univ.  abolished,  6951;  Fr. 
retreat  to ;  battle  of,  7402  ;  surrender 
announced ;  emp.  becomes  prisoner,741 1 . 

Day,  anniversary  eel.,  Ger,,  8363. 

Sedgley  rescues  Aurora,  1073. 

Sedgemoor,  Eng.,  battle  of,  8961 . 

Sedgewick,  Adam,  b.,  9223  ;  d,  (1873). 

■Sedgwick,  Catherine  Maria,b.,l()Oi ;  works, 
1311,  1463  ;  d.,  2582. 

,  Henry,  Elements  of  Politics,  10082. 

,  Gen.  John,  b.,  1211;    near  Corinth, 

2081;  at  Cbancellorsville,  221 1;  at  Get- 
tysburg, 2241 ;  at  Rappahannock  Station, 
2281 ;  near  Rapidan,  2321 ;  k.,  2323. 

,  Theodore  b.  (1747) ;   speaker   house, 

1093;  pres.  senate,  1092  ;  d.,  1211. 

, ,  b.  (1811) ;  d.,  1842. 

Seditious  writings  prohibited,  Eng.,  9272  ; 

speeches  criminal,  9552. 
Sedley,  Sir  Charles,  b.,  8822  ;  d.,  9022. 
Sedwards,  Jetlery,  org.  Temp.  Soc,  9432. 
Seebeck,  Johann  Thomas,  b.  (1770) ;  ther- 
mo-electricity, 8121 ;  d.  (1831). 
Seed  Supply  Act  passes.  G.  B.,  9852. 
Seeley,  Elias  P.,  governor  N.  J.,  1433. 

,  F.  A.,  minister  to  Madrid.  3552. 

,  John  Robert,  b.,  9462  ;  works,  9702, 

9843. 

,  Jxilius  Hawley,  b.,  132i . 

,  Samuel  C,  defaulter,  4762. 

Seely,  Henry  B.,  a  commander,  3221 . 
Seemann,  Berthold,  b.,  8123  ;  d.,  8262. 


1404 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDt*X.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Seet-Seve. 


Seetzen,  Ulrich  Jasper,  b.,  803< ;  d.,  8102. 

Seftou,  Earl,  tiile  created,  917*  ;  Baron, 
title  created,  945' . 

Sefulu,  mission,  6023. 

Segan-Foo,  China,  taken,  6122. 

Segrave,  Baron,  title  created,  855' . 

Seguin,  Arthur  Edward,  b.  (1809);  d.,  304' . 

,  Edouard,  b.,  7192  ;  d.,  7522. 

Seguir,  Alcacer,  captured,  1097' . 

Steur,  Comte,  Louis  Philippe  de,  b.,  701'  j 
d.,  726' . 

,  Comte,  Philippe  Paul  de,  b.,  705' ; 

Napolion,  725' ;  d.,  7462. 

Se-hotep-ab-Ra  reigns,  Egypt,  6472. 

.Seiliwan,  battle  at,  6262. 

Seilah,  Fr.  missionaries  dead,  5632. 

.Seiss,  Joseph  Augustis,  b.,  1303. 

Seitz,  John,  noni.  for  gov.,  Ohio,  3892. 

Selanus,  poisons  Drusus,  1063' ;  under 
±iberius  ;  killed,  10632. 

:Sekander  Lodi,  reigns,  10433. 

Sekenen-Ra  reigns,  Egypt,  6473. 

:Sekigahara,  battle  of,  1091 ' . 

Selborne,  Lord.    (See  Palmer,  Bonndell.) 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  987' . 

,  Society  established,  9943. 

Selden,  John,  b.,  8742  ;  Table  Talk,  8983  ; 
d.,  8882. 

■Sele,  Baron,  title  created,  8772. 

Selectmen  appointed,  Mass.,  352. 

Select  Views  of  Literature,  119'. 

Selenium  discovered,  1136' . 

Seleucia  burned,  1064' ;  taken,  1151' ;  con- 
quered, 1106' ;  Council  of,  meets,  11063  ; 
capital,  1149' ;  inhabitants  killed,  11532; 
annexed  to  Mesopotamia,  11.55' . 
;Seleucidie,  rule  Asia,  10272. 
;Seleucidan  Era,  begins,  11073. 

SeleucuB  reigns,  11473. 
.Seleucus  I.,  Nicator,  divides  empire,  1027' ; 
unites  empire,  10272  ;  reigns  ;  fnds.  em- 
pire ;  takes  Babylon,  1149';  recovers 
Babylon,  10253  ;  divorces  queen,  11483  ; 
at  Ipsus  ;  war  with  Lysimachus,  1026' ; 
d.,  10272,  11482,  1149'. 

, IV.,  Philopator,  reigns,  11492. 

Callinicus,  reigns,  1149'. 

Ceraunus,  reigns,  1149' . 

.Self-binders  introduced.  Am.,  276' . 

denying  Ordinance  passed,  Eng.,887' ; 

.SeUridge,  Capt.  Tliomas  Oliver,  b.  (1804) ; 
decoration  by  Fr.,4663  ;  made  commo- 
dore, 4561 . 

SelimI .,  b.-d. ,  11562 ;  reigns,  11572 ;  subdues 
Egypt,  6542 ;  calitate,  4873 ;  in  Cairo,  6553 . 

If.,  reigns,  11672  ;  in  Tunis,  11392. 

III.,  b.-d.,  11563  ;  reigns,  11572. 

Bey,  prisoner,  E.  Africa,  564' . 

Selinginsk,  mission  at,  1117' . 

Seliverskotf,  Gen.,  killed.  7603. 

Seljuk,  Turkish  leader,  11.552. 

dynasty  divided,  11552. 

Turks  invade  empire,  1032' ;  rule  Per- 
sia, 11072;  kingdom  declines,  4872. 

Selkirk,  Alexander,  b.,  8942;  d.,  9062. 

,  Lord,  in  Hudson  Bay  territory,  9373. 

,  hospital  site.  Can.,  5862  ;  settlement 

founded,  6773. 

Sellar,  William  Young,  d.,  1004'. 

Sellasia,  action  at,  10262. 

Sellon,  Lydia  Priscilla,  est.  sisterhoods, 
9543. 

Selma,  Ala.,  Federals  capture,  245' ;  Bur- 
rill  School  opd.,  2623;  Univ.  fnd.,  3002. 

Selmer,  Christian,  impeached,  11052, 

Selons,  Henry  C,  d.,  10O4' . 

Seluan,  N.,  cons,  bishop,  10082. 

Selwyn,  Sir  Chas.  Jasper,  1.  justice,  9713. 

,  George  Augustus,  b.,  935' ;  d.  (1879). 

,  Jobn  R.,  elected  bishop,  9803. 

College.    (See  Cambridge.) 

Selymbria  taken,  1022'. 
Semalle  leaves  Peking,  6233. 
Semanario  Erudito  issued,  11292. 

Patriotico  issued,  1131'. 

Pitioresco  EspaHol  issued,  1131'. 

Se-ma-taien,  historical  dates,  6102. 

SembratowiCB,  Archbp.,  assaulted,  5342. 

Semen-Ptah  reigns,  Egj'pt,  6453. 

Seminara,  It.,  battle  of,  6782. 

Seminole  Indians  removed,  186'. 

^; —  war  in  Ala.,  126' ,  170' . 

Semiramis,  employs  eunuchs,  1141' ;  wife 
of  Bamman-Narari  III.,  1145' . 

Semitic  religion  in  Egypt,  0482. 

Semler,  Johann  Salomo,  b.,  7983;  d.,8043. 

gemmes,  Raphael,  b.,  1162 ;  commands 
Sumter,  1902;  comman<is  ^/a6/7?HO,212', 
2343;  Service  Afloat,  26S3;  d.,  296' . 


Sempach,  Switz.,  battle  of,  506' . 
Semper,  Gottfried,  b.,  8082;  d.,  830' . 

,  Karl,  b.,8142. 

Sempill,  Baron,  title  created,  807' . 
Semple,  Eugene,  nom.  for  gov.,  345' . 

,  James,  b.  (1798) ;  d.,  254' . 

Semprad,  King,  martyred,  1155'. 
Sempronius,   Caius,    leader    civil    strife, 

1057'. 
Senalfe,  Abys.,  Italians  in,  22. 
Senancour,  fetienne  Pivert  de,  b.,  7042  ; 

works,  715',  723';  d.,  7283. 
Senate,  U.  S.,  eminent,  167' ;  library  fnd., 
1703  ;  occupies  new  chamber,  1862;  extra 
sessions,  2433,  2573,  2672,  3372;  elections 
regulated,  2532  ;  all-night  session,  425' ; 
long  session,  441';  counting  quorum, 
4572. 

,  Fr.,  est.,  6332,  7492  ;  last  meeting, 

741';  constituted,  7493. 

,  Roman,  ratifies  laws,  10632. 

Senator  by  appointment  void,  437'. 
Senators  by  direct  vote,  467 ' . 
Sendai,  missions  at,  1092', 2. 
Sendall,  Walter  J.,  governor,  603' . 
Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y.,  fire,  3663  . 

■  Indians,  mission  among,  1103. 

Mills,  Md.,  Confeds.  attack,  896' . 

,  Lucius  Anuaeus,  b.-d.,  10622,3;  notes 

gravitation;  studies  tides,  10622;  works 
of,  10623;  teacher  to  Nero,  10633;  killed, 
1063'. 
Senefelder,  Alois,  or  Aloys,  b.,  803' ;  lith- 
ography, 519' ;    papygraphy,   5202  ;    d., 
6203. 
Seneffe,  Belg.,  battle  of,  692' . 
Se-nefer-ka-Ra  reigns,  Egypt,  6472. 
Seneferu  reigns,  Egypt,  645' ,3;  leaves  in- 
scription, 6452. 
Senegal  (see  text,  p.  1161) ;  recovered  by 

Prance,  7053;  taken  by  British,  934' . 
Senegambia,  cedes  territorial  rights,  763' . 

(See  text,  p.  1161.) 
Seney,  George  I.,  b., 1342;  sale  of  pictures, 

378';  d.,  426'. 
Senez,  bishop  of,  expelled,  699' . 
Senior,  Nassau  Wm.,  b.,  9243;  d.,  968'. 
Senkorics,  Fortress,  taken,  528' . 
Sennaar,  Africa,  taken,  6602. 
Sennacherib  reigns,  11453  ;  defeats  Egyp- 
tians, 650' ;  great  campaign  ;  takes  Ash- 
dod,  11442;  in  Judea,  11453. 
Senner,  Dr.,  examination,  431' . 
Senones,  Celtic,    besiege   Arretium ;    de- 
feated, 10622. 
Senova,  Turk.,  battle  at,  566' . 
Senta,  reigns,  Egypt,  6453. 
Sentenne,  Cur^,  denounces  Labor    Day, 

6882. 
Senter,  DeWitt  C,  gov.  Tenn.,  2693. 
Sentinum,  Italy,  battle  of,  662' . 
Sentius  Saturnius,  legatus,  11513. 
Seoul,  .lapanese  repulse  troops,  620' ;   fa- 
natical outbreak,  1094' ;  mission,  10942  ; 
Union  Christian  Church  org.,  10942. 
Separatists,  appear  ;  committed  to  Black- 
well,  8723. 
Sepharvaim,  colony  planted,  11453. 
Sepoy  Rebellion  in  India,  1048';  mutiny, 

6182,  932',  960'. 
Septamania,  aimexed  to  Fr.,  6653. 
Septennial  Act  passed,  Eng.,  9063. 
Septien,  Jos^  Manuel  Pareja  y,  adm.,  6072. 
Septuagint  version    of    scriptures,   6523  ; 

translated,  11483. 
Sequoia  Park  enactment,  Cal.,  369' ,  392' . 
Ser  reigns,  Egypt,  6453. 
Seraing,  Belg.,  anarchists,  547' ;  dynamite 

explosion,  548' . 
Serajevo,  Bosnia,    founded,    5093 ;    bom- 
barded, 528' ;  taken,  5123. 
Serampur,  Ind.,  Danes  settle,  10443  ;  mis- 
sionaries arrive,  10462  ;  College  of,  fnd., 
10463. 
Seraphine,  introduced  by  Green,  946' . 
Serapis,  battle  with,  903. 
Serapis,  worshiped,  Rome,  10643  ;  temple 

and  worship  destroyed,  6543 . 
Serfdom,  in  Cape  Colony,  5972  ;  abolished 
in  Ger.,797'  ,8132;  abolished,Eng.,891i  ,2; 
abolished  in  Russia,  1119' . 
Serfs,  in  Mex.   and  Peru,  113  ;  condition 
improved.  Hung.,  6172;  in  Brit.,  841'; 
emancipation  in  Russia,  1121 ' . 
Sergeant,  John,  b.,  912  ;  electoral  vote, 

1413  ;   d.,  1702. 

Sergius  I.,  St.,  pope,  10722;  changes  name 
for  pope ;  inst.  Feast  Nativity  of  Virgin, 
10723  ;  d.,  1072'. 


Sergius  II.,  pope,  10723  ;  d.,  1072'. 

III.,  pope,  10723  ;  d.,  1072' . 

IV.,  pope,  1073' ;  d.,  10722. 

Seria  Frio,  Brazil,  diamond  mines,  60'. 
Seribas,  expedition  against ;  pirates,  552' . 
Seringapatam,  India,  taken, 924';  mutiny 

at,  934';  stormed,  10442. 
Serna,  Gen.  Jos^  de  la,  defeated,  550' , 
Serokina,  mission,  657 ' . 
Serpa-Pinto,  Alex.  Alberto  da  Rocha,  b.-d., 

11102  ;  attacks  Africans,  11122. 
Serpent  launched,  996' ;  lost,  1004' . 
Serpentine,  first  worked,  792'. 
Serra,  Junipero,  b.  (1712) ;  at  San  Diego, 

762  ;  d.  (1784). 
Serrano  y  Dominguez,  Francisco,  Duke 
de  la  Torre,  b.-d.,  11303  ;  at  Alcolla, 
11302  ;  assumes  gov't ;  exiled,  11313  ;  in 
Navarre  ;  commands  troops,  1132' ;  chief 
executive  Sp.  ;  regent,  11332. 
Serres,  Etienne  Renaud  Augustin,  b.,  7062; 

d.,7382. 
Sertorius,  Quintus,  b.-d.,  10563  ;  besieges 
Rome,    10562  ;    driven    from   Sp. ;    war 
against ;  defeats  Pompey,  1058' ;  revolts, 
11262  ;  murdered,  1058' . 

(younger),  leader  of  Democrats,  1059', 

Servant,  Adam,  mayor  of  Lontlon,  8613. 
Servants,  Duty  Act,  Eng.,  9212  ;  tax  im- 
posed, 9232. 
Servetus,  Michael,  b.-d.,  11263  ;  discovery 
of  circulation  of  blood,  1128' ;  burned, 
11372. 
Servia,  speed  record,  9893. 
Servia  (see  text,  pp.  1123,  1124);  invaded, 
10522  ;  Goths  defeated,  1066' ;  annexed, 
Turk.,  11572,  11592  ;  ceded,  616' ;  Aust. 
in,  6163;    supports  Herzegovina,  628'; 
settled,  5653  ;  war  against  Turk.,  1158'; 
Turk,  signs  peace,  11592 ;  war  against 
Bulg.,  567' ;   warned,  5332  ;  rebel  refu- 
gees, 567'. 
Servian  colonists,   serfs,  515';    press  at- 
tacks Aust. ,6332  ;  raids,  567' ;  boundary 
treaty,  569'. 
Servians  leave  Bulg.,  5662  ;  decorated  by 

emp.,  ,5343  ;  exodus  to  Russia,  5153. 
Service  Pension  Bill  intro.,  U.  S.  A.,  349' . 
Servile  War,  1st,  2d,  1056'  ,2. 
Servilius,  Cneius,  against  Hannibal,  1054' . 

,  Publius,  against  pirates  ;  conquests, 

10.58'. 
Servitude  of  Aliens  Bill,  U.  S.  A.,  2843, 

2862. 
Server  Pasha,  defeats  insurgents,  628'. 
Sesneke,  mission,  6023.  • 

Sesostris,  King,  Egypt,  b.-d.,  6482. 

(Rameses  II.'.'),  conquests,  11413, 

Sessums,  Davis,  cons,  assistant  bp.,  386' . 
Seth,  preserver  of  religion,  1139'. 
Set-es,  reigns,  Egypt,  6453. 
Seti  I.,  reigns,  Egypt,  0492  ;  conquests, 
483'  ,2,648' ;  favors  polytheistic  religion ; 
sinks  artesian  well ;  named,  6482. 
Setia,  Latin  colony  at,  10513. 
Setin,  Lieut.,  in  duel,  953' . 
Setler,  Michael,  martyr,  789'. 
Setnekht,  reigns,  Egypt,  6493. 
Seton  Hall  College  established,  I8O2. 
Settle,  Thomas,  b.,  '2.50' ;  Pres.  Republican 

Nat.  Convention,  279' ;  d.  (1857). 
Settled  Land  Act  passes  Eng.,  9912. 
Settlement  Act  passes,  889' . 
Seuthes,  king  of  OdrysiE,  10213. 
Seven  Days' Battles,  Va.,  209'. 

Pines,  Va.,  battle  of,  '2082. 

Sacraments,  decreed,  Ger.,  786' . 

Sages  of,  Gr.,  10163. 

Seventh-Day  Adventists,  (See  Adventists.) 

Baptists.    (See  Baptists). 

Years'  War,  5142,  7033,  7973. 

Severinus,  pope.  10722. 
Serem  launched,  992' . 
Severn,  joined  to  Thames  by  canal,  9253. 
Severndroog,  taken,  9*24'. 
Sei'ernoi  Arkhiv  issued,  1117'. 
Severus,     Flavins     Valerius     Augustus ; 
Ca;8ar,k.,  10673. 

,  Libius,   reigns  ;    deposed ;  poisoned, 

10712. 
,  Lucius  Septimus,  b.-d.,  10642;  at  By- 
zantium, 1064';  favors  Jews;  persecu- 
tor, 10643;  reigns,  10293,  10652;  builds 
at  Baalbec,  11532  ;  crushes  Niger  ;  over- 
throws Albinus ;  conquests  in  Scot.. 
10653  ;  in  Egypt,  6533  ;  victory  near 
Lyons,  6622  ;  m  Gt.  Brit. ;  wall  built, 
840';  Caledonian  treaty, 841';  d.,  10653. 
,  Marcus   Aurelius    Alexander,  b.-d., 


Sevi-Shel. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1405 


10642  ;  at  Palmyra,  1064<;  rules,  10653; 

ruler  in  Eng.,  1065' ;  defeats  Alemanni, 

1068';  killed,  10653. 
Sevier,  Ambrose  Hundley,  b.  (1802);  signs 

peace  with  Mex.,  165' ;  d.  (1848). 
,  John,  b.,  662  ;  against  Indians,  Ifis  ; 

gov..  99',  1132;  d.,  1J42. 

River,  Utah,  dam  bursts,  3613. 

Sevierville,  Tenn.,  Confeds.  defeated,  230' . 
S4vign6,  Marie  de  Rabutin-Chantal,  Mar- 
quise de,  b.,  6863;  Leilers,  6931 ;  d.,6943. 
Seville,  Sp.,  taken,  1126';  Univ.  founded, 

1127 ' ;  annexed,  11273 ;  bombarded,  1130' . 

woman    burned,    1131';    insurrections, 

11323  ;  peace  signed,  6993. 
Sevres,  Fr.,  porcelain  factory  established, 

7022  ;  surrenders,  7403. 
Sewage  Bill  passes,  Fr.,  7572. 
.Sewall,  Samuel,  b.,38' ;  confession  of, 53' ; 

SeUltK)  iit'Josepli,  543  ;  d.,  62' . 

,  — '-,  clergyman,  b.  (1785) ;  d.,  2602. 

,  Thomas,  writer,  b.  (1786) ;  d.,  158' . 

Seward,  Anna,  b.,  9122;  d.,  935' . 

,  George  Frederick,  stabbed,  247'  . 

,  Wm.  Henry,  b.,  110' ;  gov.,  N.  Y., 

1512  ;  dominates  N.  Y.  politics,  165*  ; 

nom.  for  pres.,  1873;  on  Committee  of 

13, 1892  ;  replies  to  commissioners,  1922; 

gee.  state,  193' ;  Kng.  refuses  demands 

1992  ;    assassins'  plan  ;    meets   Confed. 

Commissioners,  243' ;  stabbed, 247' ;  v4/a- 

ftama claims, 2552;  d.,278';  statue,294'. 
Sewol,  William,  b.,  8882. 
Seweli's  Point,  Va.,  Federals  attacked, 

1943,207'. 
Sewer  Pipe  Trust  fnd.,  U.S.A.,  3353,  4293. 
Sewing-machine,  invented,  154'  ,5202,726' , 

9322  ;  patented,  1602. 

needles  made,  872' . 

silk  manufactured,  136' . 

Sextant,  in  Arabia,  486' ;  reflecting,  made, 

Eng.,  908' ;  inv.,  Fr.,  792' . 
Sexton,  Thomas,  house  defended,  997' ; 

lord  mayor  of  Dublin,  9973  ;  examined, 

9993. 

,  Irish  agitator,  9883. 

Sextus,  Lucius,    union  of   classes ;    first 

curule  magistrate,  10513. 
Seydlitz,  Friedrich\Vilhelmvon,b.  (1721); 

at  Frieberg,  5162  ;  d.  (1773). 
Seyffarth,  Gustav,  b.  (1796) ;  d.,  3202. 
Seymour,  Conn.,  R.  R.  collision,  4653. 

,  A.  L.,  indicted  contempt  of  sen.,  4732. 

,  Arny,  shoots  Judge  Ferrell,  475' . 

,  Charles  B.,d.,  262'. 

,  Edward,  D.  of  Somerset,  b.,8662;  in- 
vades Scot.,  870' ;  minister ;  dismissed, 

8712;  beheaded,  870',  8712. 
,  Sir  ,  b.   (1633);    minister,    8912, 

8933:  opposed  as  speaker,  8952;  d.(1708). 

,  Sir  Francis,  d.,  10022. 

,  George    Franklin,    b.,    1362 ;    cons. 

P.  E.  bishop,  2983. 
,  Horatio,  b.,  1162  ;  gov.,  N.  Y.,  1743, 

2152,  2293  ;  draft  riot  in  N.  Y.,  2252  ; 

against  draft,  2273;  nom.  for  pres,  U.S., 

2633 ;  vote,  2S)'  ,3  ;  d.,  3222. 

,  Isaac,  d.,  229' . 

,  Jane,  marries  Henry,  869' ;  d.,  8692. 

,  John,  governor  Md.,  572. 

, S.,  in  interior  dept.,  4472. 

,  Sir  Michael  Culine,b.  (1802);  destroys 

fleet ;  at  Canton,  6I82  ;  at  Alexandria, 

658':  commands   Mediterranean    fleet, 

1010'. 

,  Rev.  Richard,  colonist,  262. 

,  Henry  F.,Marq.  of  Drogheda,d.,1008'. 

,  Thomas,  L.  Sudelv,  beheaded,  8712. 

, Hart,  b.  (1808);  gov.  Conn.,  169' ; 

candidate  pres.  nom,  2393  ;  d.  (1868). 
,  Truman,  b.  (1824) ;  assaults  Ft.  Wag- 
ner,225'  ;  leads  Fla.  expedition,  230' ;  de- 
feated at  Olustee  Station,  2302;  d.,  394' . 
Seyssel,  Claude  de,  b.,  6782  ;  works,  681' ; 

d.,  6803. 
Sezzo  Frio,  Braz.  diamonds  dis.,  554'. 
Sezegedin,  seat  of  government,  523' . 
Sfurza,  house  of,  rules  Milan,  10793. 

,  Francesco,  Duke,  b.-d.,  10782. 

,  D.  Ludovico,  captured,  1078';  rules 

in  Milan,  7873,  10793  ;  d.,  IO8O2. 
Hhabak  conquers  Egypt,  650' . 
Shabotok  reigns,  Egypt,  651 ' . 
Shackleford,  Gen.  James  M.,  b.  (1827) ;  at 

Bean's  Station,  2283. 
Shadrach  in  flery  furnace,  11463. 
Shadwell.iiauncelot.vice-chancellorjcom- 

missioner,  9473,  9553. 
,  Thomas  b.,  8842  ;  poet  laureate,  8983. 


Shadyslde,  N.  J.,  lire,  3453. 

Shafer,  Helen  Almira,  d.,  448' . 

Shaffer,  Chauncy,  d.,  460' . 

,  J.  Wilson,  gov.  Utah,  2693;  restrains 

militia,  2701,2713. 

Shaiford,  Alfred,  lynched,  3332. 

Shatter,  Wm.  Rufus,  b.  (1835) ;  col.  vol. 
(1864);  a  colonel  U.  S.  A.,  300' ;  brevet 
brig.-gen.  (1865). 

Shaftsbury,  Vt.,  Bapt.  church  fmd.,  762. 

Shaftesbury,  Earl  of,  title  created,  893*. 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Cooper.) 

Shah-Abdul-Azim,  R.  R.  opened,  11083. 

Shairp,  John  Campbell,  b.,  9383  ;  works, 
9722,9882  ;  d.,  994'. 

Shakers  in  Am.,  763,  782,  982,3  ;  sign  cov- 
enant, 1062. 

Shakespeare,  William,  b.,  872' ;  leaves 
Stratford,  876' ;  Globe  theater  built ; 
Lord  Chamberlain's  company,  8762  ; 
works,  877' ,  2  ;  d.,  880' ;  works  appear, 
881' ;  statue  in  Fr.,  756' ;  in  Eng.,  978' ; 
In  N.  Y.,  280'. 

f  mid  est.,  9643;  jubilee  eel. ,919',  9483. 

house  sold,  9553. 

Memorial  As80.,org.,  978' ;  Memorial 

theater  opd.,  984'. 

,  Society  of,  fnd.,  9503;  issues  works, 

951';  Alex.  Dyce  edits  Workg  of  Slmlce- 
speare,  9623. 

Shakh  Mali,  conqueror,  writer,  53. 

Shaler,  Nathaniel  Southgate,  b.,  1522  ; 
works,  3983,  4782. 

Shallum  reigns,  11452;  murders Zachariah; 
murdered,  1145' . 

Shalmaneser  I.  reigns,  1143' ;  subjugates 
Carchemish,  11432. 

II.  reigns,  1145';  invades  Babylon; 

at  Karkar;  enters  Damascus  ;  subjugates 
Jehu ;  defeats  Hazael,  1144' . 

III.,    reigns,   11452  ;    expeditions   of, 

1144'. 

IV.  reigns,  11452  ;  abandons  siege  of 

Tyre,  11442  ;  subdues  revolt ;  besieges 
Samaria,  11.^';  subilues  Israel,  11452. 

Shamger  kills  Philistines,  1142' ;  judges 
Israel,  11413. 

Shamnii  (Doctor),  b.-d.,  1152' . 

Shamokin,  Pa.,  Elixir  causes  death,  344' ; 
explosion,  4273,  4733. 

Shamshi-Kamman  II.  reigns,  1145' . 

Shamyl  d.,  11182. 

Sliaiid,  Baroii_,  title  created,  1009' . 

Shanghai,  China,  taken,  6162,  618' ;  mis- 
sion, 617',  6183,  619',  6203  ;  rebels  ex- 
pelled, 618'  ;  insurrection,  6193;  advance 
on  ;  rebels  repulsed,  620' ;  Soc.  for  Chris- 
tian Literature,  6223;  opposition  to  R.R.; 
R.  R.  to  Woosung,  6233;  literary  center, 
6*242  ;  miss,  conf . ;  mission-press.  6243  ; 
mob  burns  consulate,  625' ;  protected, 
6263  ;  fire,  6273;  Fr.  storm  camp,  734' . 

Shanhaikwan,  Japanese  occupy,  627' . 

Shanking,  Jesuit  mission,  6143. 

tihiumon  captures  Cfiesapealce,  1202. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9132. 

,  Wilson,  b.  (1802) ;    gov.   Kan.,   1512, 

1553,  1772,  179';  exchanges  guns  for 
prisoners,  181' ;  d.  (1877). 

Shans,  Burma,  mission,  10472. 

Shan-si,  mission,  6223,  6231 ;  famine,  6233. 

tung,  capital,  611 ' ;   mission,    6203  ; 

famine,  6253. 

Shaohing,  mission,  6183,  621' ,  6222. 

Shapuntsai,  pirate  leader,  618' . 

Sharbot  Lake,  coal  dis.,  590' . 

Shard,  J.  B.,  moderator,  2502. 

Sharkey,  William  Lewis,  b.,  (1797) ;  provi- 
sional gov.  Miss.,  2483,  261' ;  d.  (1873). 

Sharman,  Private,  wins  prize,  966' . 

Sharnolf,  corpse  found.  11212. 

Sharp,  James,  b.  (1618) ;  archbp.  St.  An- 
drews. 8903;  murdered,  8943. 

,  Granville,  b.,  9082  ;  d.,  9363. 

,  Jacob,  convicted,  sentenced,  327' . 

,  John,  b.  (1644) ;  archbishop  of  York, 

8983  ;  d.  (1714). 

,  Martin,  d.,  1000' . 

,  William,  b.,  9103,  or  (1749) ;  d.  (18'24). 

Sharpe,  Horatio,  gov.  Md.,  693. 

Sharpsburg,  Md.,  Confed.  dispersed,  214' . 

Sharswood,  Geo.,  b.,  1162  ;  d.,  3122. 

Shasta,  Cal.,  Bank  of,  robbed,  4343. 

Shattuck,  Aaron  Draper,  b.  (1832) ;  Acad, 
of  Design,  2023;  paintings,  264',  284', 
286',  290',  294',  298',  306',  310',  312', 
3161,318'. 

Shaw,  Annie  Cornelia,  b.,  (1852) ;  Suteet 
rear,  3221. 


Shaw,  D.  B.,  d.,  470' . 

,  George,  b.,  9123. 

, B.,b.,  174'. 

,  Henry,  d.,  3442  ;  d.  (1813). 

, Wheeler,  b.,  1262  ;    works,  256'; 

d.,  3202. 

,  Sir  James,  lord  mayor,  London,  9313, 

,  J.  D.,  shot,  387'. 

,  Lemuel,  b.  (1781);  d..  1922. 

,  Robert  Gould,  b.  (1837);  d.,  225'. 

,  Thomas  Budd,  b.  (1813) ;  work,  2603  ; 

d.  (1862). 

,  Will.,  E.  of  Cathcart,  b.,  9123;  Home 

Rule  leader,  9852  ;  manifesto,  9872  ;  se- 
cedes from  party,  989' . 

, ,  missionary  5972. 

,  Capt.,  killed,  000' . 

,  Dr.,  political  sermon,  8642. 

University,  fnd.,  N.  C,  2503. 

Shawnee  Mound,  Mo.,  action  at,  201'. 
Shawnees  Indians  uprise,  116'. 
Shaw-Leffevre,  Charles,  Viscount  Evers- 

ley,  d.,  9982. 

, Geo., postmaster-gen. ,9932;  min- 
ister, 10092. 

Shawneeton,  Kan.,  burned,  2143. 

Shays,  Daniel,  b.,  663;  rebel,  98',  992; 
d.,  1322. 

Shea,  "  Bat,"  trial,  4M2. 

,  .lohn  Dawson  Gilmary,  b.,132' ;  work, 

3243  ;  d.,  402' . 

Sheatle,  Gen.,  gov.,  5772;  at  York,  1202. 

Sheakley,  James,  gov.  Alas.,  4793. 

Shear-steel  manufactured,  930' . 

Sheba,  expedition  against  David,  11433. 

Sheboygan.  Wis.,  copper-ore  found,  442' . 

Shedd,  Will.  Greenough  Taylor,  b.,  1282  ;. 
d.,  474'. 

Shee,  Sir  Martin  Archer,  b.,  9183  ;  pres. 
Royal  Academy,  944' ;  d.,  9562. 

,  William,  appointed  justice,  9672, 

Sheehan,  J.  D.,  M.  P.,  conspiracy,  10002. 

,  J.  D.,  pedler  murdered,  4062. 

,  John  C.,  defies  Lexow  Com.,  4523. 

,  R.  A.,  cons.,  R.  C.  bp.,  10082. 

,  Wm  F.,  Buffalo  Police  Bill,  4292. 

Sheehey,  Alderman,  murdered,  9G43. 

Sheep,  Eng.,  exports  to  Spain,  8653. 

Sheepshanks,  John,  b.  (1787) ;  giftof  paint- 
ings, 9602;  d.  (1863). 

, ,  cons,  bp.,  10102. 

Sheerness,  Eng.,  burned,  892' ;  Swallow 
launched,  992' . 

Sheffield,  Eng.,  hospital  at,  881' ;  Cutlers' 
Hall  built,  9073  ;  cast  steel  made,  918'  r. 
Plate  Assay  office,  9182 ;  shear-steel 
made,  930' ;  destructive  rioters,  9372 ; 
Literary  and  Phil.  Soc.  org.,  940' ;  a 
borough,  9453  ;  Wesley  Coll.,  opd.,  949' ; 
K.R.  opd.,  9522 ;  Athena?um  and  Me- 
chanics Institution  opd.,  954=  ;  church 
Cong,  at,  9742;  board-schools  opd., 978*: 
Firtn  Park  opd. ;  public  museum  and 
Hall  opd.,  980' ;  Firth  Coll.  endowed,. 
9842  ;  Institution  for  blind,  985' ;  Ruskin. 
Museum  of  Art,  988' ;  Corn  exchange 
built,  9893 ;  Conservative  demonstration, 
993'. 

,  Earl,  title  created,  9372. 

,  John,  Duke  of  Buckinghamshire,  b.,. 

8862;  lord-lieut.,  9213;  d.,9062. 

Shell,  Richard  Lalor,  b.,  924?  ,  d.,  9562. 

Shekosniko,  N.  Y.,  mission  at,  643. 

Shelburne,  Earl  of,  title  created,  905'.. 
(See  Petty,  Wm.) 

Shelby,  Isaac,  b.  (1750);  gov.  Ky.,  1033,^ 
105' ,  1193  ;  d.  (1826). 

Depot,  Tenn., Confed.  defeat,  2143. 

Shelby,  Gen.,  at  Duvall's  Bluff,  2372. 
Shelbyville,     Tenn.,      Confederate      de- 
feat, 223' ;  lynching,  4083. 

Sheldon,  Charles  H.,  gov.  8.  Dak.,  «7»j 
nom.  for  gov.,  471' . 

,  Gilbert,  b.  (1598);  archbp.  Canter- 
bury, 8902;  d.  (1677). 

,  .John,  works,  8803. 

,  Lionel  Allen,  b.  (1829);  gov.,  313». 

.  Wm.,  intro.  tapestry  making,  880'. 

Shell,  George  W.,  d.,  1382. 

Shellabarger,  Samuel,  b.  (1817);  Credit 
Mobilier  investigation,  2812, 

Shelley,  Mrs.  (Mary  WoUstonecraft  God- 
win), b.,  9283;  works,  939',  947':  d., 
9562. 

,  Percy  Bysshe,  b.,  9262;  works,  937',. 

9383,941';  d,9403;  monument,  1010'; 
Shelley  Society  fnd.,  London,  9942. 

Shell  Mound,  'Tenn.,  Confederates  de- 
feated, 227'. 


1406 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDliX^.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Shel-Shun. 


Shelton  Works,  Pa.,  bought  by  English, 
3513.  ^ 

.Thomas,  trans.  Don  Quixote^  8783. 

Shenandoah,  privateering,  2202;  surren- 
dered, 2481 . 

Shenandoah,  la.,  Western  Normal  Coll. 
opd.,  3082. 

,  Va,,    Indians     expelled,    70i;     Gen. 

Banks  in  valley,  205 1 ;  Jackson's  cam- 
paign, 2071;  Federals  ravage,  2103; 
Gen.  Sigel  in,  2322;  Sheridan  in,  238^; 
Sheridan  devastates,  2383. 

Shendy,  Nubia,  taken,  6601. 

Shenendeh  reigns,  11072. 

Sheu-se  devastated,  6141 . 

Shen  annexed,  6U3. 

si,  misaion,  6223. 

Shenstone,  William,  b.,  9042;  work,  909'; 
d.,  9162. 

Shepard,  Charles  Upham, b.,  1122;  d.,3222. 

,  Edward  M.,  prosecutor,  4423. 

,  Elliot  Fitch,  b.  1442;  purchases  ^fa^l 

and  Express,  3322:  d.,  4261 ;  will  tiled, 
4282. 

Shepardson  Coll.  fnd.  at  Granville,  3283. 

Shepherd,  Alex  R.,  gov.  of  I>.  C,  2832. 

,  Edwin  M.,  promoted  captain,  4201. 

,  James,  attends  assassination,  iX)7i . 

College  org.,  W.  Va.,  2771 . 

Shepherdess  wrecked,  1573. 
Shepherdstown,  W.  Va.,   Federals  cross 

Potomac,  2132;  action,  2141 ,  2243;  Early 

crosses,  237'. 
Shepherdsville,    Ivy.,    Federals    capture, 

2123;  action,  2132. 
Shepley,  George  Forster,  b.  (1819);  appt. 

gov.  La.,  2133;  d.  (1878). 
Sheppey  Island,  ravaged,  8441 . 
Shepses-ka-f,  reigns.  Egypt,  0171 . 
Shepstone,  Sir  Tueophilus,  proclamation, 

11243;  d.,  10101. 
"  Sher  Afziil  Khan"  expelled,  72. 
Sherard,  Baron,  title  created,  881 1 . 
Sherborne,  see  erected,  8423. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9231 . 

Sherbro,  Africa,  mission  at,  11613. 
Sherbrooke,  R.  C.  diocese  est.,  5822. 

,  Sir  John  C<^)ape,  gov.,  5773. 

Shere  Ali,  in  Afgh.  (p.  4+),   assassinates 

R.  S.  Bourke,  9771 ;  d.,  63. 

dil  Khan,  rules  ;  murdered,  5392, 

Shah  Soor,   conquers    Delhi,   10422; 

revolts,  10433;  dethroned,  10422. 

Shing,  attacked  ;  surrenders,  10462. 

Sherger-ad-Durr,  regent,  Egypt,  6552. 
Sheridan,  Pliilip  Henry,  b.,  1382;  at  Mur- 

freesboro,  217';  commands  cavalry,  in 
Array  of  Potomac,  231i ,  north  of  Rapi- 
dan,  232' ;  at  Todd's  Tavern  ;  on  raid, 
2323,  2332 ;  joins  Butler;  joins  Grant; 
at  Yellow  Tavern,  233';  at  Cold  Har- 
bor; at  Hawe's  Shop,  234';  near  Tre- 
vilian  Station  ;  makes  2d  raid,  2342  ; 
at  White  House  ;  at  King  and 
Queen's  Courthouse,  2343,  at  Jones's 
Bridge,  St.  Mary's  Bridge,  235';  com- 
mands Army  of  Shenandoah,  2371;  at 
Bunker  Hill,  2:J72;  in  Shenandoah  Val- 
ley, 2381 ;  at  Winchester ;  at  Fisher's 
Hill,  2382  ;  devastates  Valley,  2383  ; 
'*  Sheridan's  liide "  ;  at  Cedar  Creek, 
239';  maj.-gen.  U.S.  A.,  240' ;  raids, 
2422;  enters  Charlottesville,  2423;  at 
White  House;  at  Colmnbia,  Va.,  2441 ; 
at  Dinwid<lie  Courthouse;  at  Five  Forks; 
on  Quaker  Road  ;  at  City  Point,  2442  ; 
forced  back,  2443  ;  at  Amelia  Court- 
house; pursues  Lee,  245';  at  Appomat- 
tox Station,  2452;  at  Clover  Hill,  2461; 
commands  5th  military  district,  256' ; 
at  New  Orleans,  i;572;  removes  Gov. 
Wells,  2573;  relieved  of  5tli  district, 
2581 ,  2621 ;  removes  Gov.  Throckmorton; 
removed  from  La.,  259 1 ;  course  ap- 
proved by  Cong.,  261';  rank  lieut.-gen., 
2661;  commands  against  Indians,  2922; 
quells  Pittsburg  riots,  296' ;  o<mimands 
U.  S.  Army,  314';  rank  of  gen.;  d.,330i; 
widow  pensioned,  337' . 

,  P.  J.,  Pho'iiix  Park  murders,  991 ' . 

,  Richard  Brinslev,  b.,  9123;    ^vorks, 

9192,  9291 ;   in  H.  C.,'9213,  d.,  9382. 

SherifTs  Fund  est.,  Eng.,  9;t52. 

Sherifs,  dvnasty  reigns,  Morocco,  10971 . 

Sherlock,  Thomas,  bp.,  b.,  8942;  d.  (1761). 

,  William,  writer,  b.,  8842;  d.,  9022. 

Sherman,  Tex.,  Austin  College  fnd.,  1683; 
murder  conspiracy,  4282. 

,  Buren  RoDinson,  b.  (1836);  gov.,  3052. 


Sherman,  Frank  Dempster,  works,  3283. 

,  James  S.,  b.,  176' . 

,  John,  b.,  1303;   speakership  contest, 

1872;  intro.  Nat.  Bank  Bill,  2192;  Sub- 
stitute Bill  parses  senate  ;  house  re- 
jects it,  257' ;  sec.  treas.,  2953;  vote  for 
pres.  candidate,  3043,305',  3173;  pres. 
of  senate,  3212;  Election  of  Representa- 
tives Bill  intro.,  3333;  Anti-Trust  Bill, 
3483,359';  Bill  for  Lieut-gen.,  349' ;  up- 
holds sec.  of  treas.,  451';  Silver  Pur- 
chase Repeal  Bill,  4083,  4II2,  4192,  4223, 
4332,4351,2,  4363,  4371,2,  4412;  Letter 
on  RepealBill,4223;  Bond  Amendment, 
4243,4251,2. 

,  Lydia,  convicted  of  murder,  2843. 

,  Roger,  b.,  6O1 ;  on  committee,  833; 

d.,  1042;  statue,  276'. 

,  Thomas  Ewing,  in  Society  of  Jesus, 

3362. 

, West,  b.  (1818^);  d.,  3002. 

,  Wm.  Tecumseh,   b.,   1282;  brig.-gen. 

of  vols.,  1943;  commands  in  Ky.,  20(J' ; 
commands  Port  Royal  expedition,  2iX)2; 
in  Tenn.,205';  at  Shiloh,206' ;  advances 
on  Vicksburg,  2162  ;  superseded,  2163  ; 
at  Chickasaw  Bayou,  217' ;  at  Vicksburg, 
2212;  at  Jackson,  222' ;  at  Bolton,  2242, 
3;  besieges  Johnston,  2243;  at  Memphis; 
at  CoUiersville,  2263;  takes  Missionary 
Ridge,  2282  ;  leaves  Vicksburg  ;  at  Bol- 
ton, 230' ;  commands  in  west ;  exi»e<ii- 
tion  at  Meridian,  2302;  commands  mili- 
tary division.  Miss. ,2303;  at  Rocky  Face 
Ridge;  campaign  to  Chattahoochee;  be- 

f ins  Atlanta  campaign,  2322  ;  at  Rocky 
'ace  Ridge  and  Dallas ;  atResaca;  at 
Snake  Gap  Creek  ;  near  Camp  Creek, 
2331 ;  crosses  Etowah;  approaclies  Dal- 
las, 2332;  outflanks  Johnston,  2;i4i ;  Gen. 
Blair  re-enforces ;  at  Lost  Mountain, 
Kenesaw  Mountain,  and  Little  Kene- 
saw;  at  Pine  Mountain,  2342;  at  Kulp 
House  ;  near  Kenesaw  ;  at  Marietta, 
2351 ;  at  Chattahoochee  ;  near  Smyrna 
Camp  Ground,  2361 ;  march  to  Atlanta; 
2d  battle  of  Atlanta,  2362,3;  maj.-gen. 
U.  S.  A. ;  besieges  Atlanta,  2;J7'  ,2; 
enters  Atlanta  ;  truce  with  Hood  ; 
attacks  Gen.  Hardee,  238';  at  Alla- 
toona  Pass,  2383  ;  cuts  wires  ;  from 
Atlanta  to  the  sea;  at  Milledgeville;  at 
Griswold;  burns  part  of  Atlanta;  burns 
Rome  ,  240' ;  reaches  sea  ;  at  Savan- 
nah, 2^2  ;  Cong,  thanks ;  demands  Sa- 
vannah; at  Savannah,  2403;  leaves  Sa- 
vannah, 2421 ;  at  Columbia,  2422  ;  takes 
Fayetteville  ;  crosses  Cape  Fear  River; 
crosses  Pedee  River,  2441;  returns  to 
Goldsboro,  2443  ;  occupies  Raleigh  ;  be- 
gins advance,  246' ;  accepts  Johnston's 
surrender,  2462;  peace  memorandum 
disapprch^ed,  2472;  appt.  lieut-gen., 252' ; 
Memoirs,  2911;  relinquishes  command, 
3141 ;  vote,  nominee  for  pres,  3043,  3173; 
lays  corner-stone  346i ;  reception  in 
Washington,  3583;  d.,  3781;  interment, 
3793;  Statue  Fund,  3803; 

Sherpur,  action  near,  6I . 

Sherwin,  John  Keyse.  b.,  9123;  d.  (1790). 

Sherwood,  Mo.,  Federals  defeated,  222' . 

Sheshonk  I.,  conquests,  6501 ;  reigns,  Egy., 

,6511. 

II.,  reigns,  Egy.,  6511 . 

III.  (Sha^hank),  reigns,  951'. 

IV.,  reigns,  Egy.,  651'. 

Shetland  Isles  ceded  to  Scot.,  865' ;  storm 
destroys  vessels,  9873. 

Shidznoka,  mission  workers  at,  10922. 

Shield,  Wellingt<m,  presented,  9402. 

Shields,  George  H.,  int.  dept.,  3512. 

,  James,  b.  (1810);  at  Winchester, 205' ; 

at  Port  Republic,  2083  ;  d.  (1862);  statue, 
4441. 

Shiels,  W.,  premier,  5943. 

Shiite  Mohammedans,  power  in  Persia, 
1107' ;  settle  in  Persia,  11072. 

Shiites  recognize  AW,  4852. 

Shillaber,  Benjamin  Penhallow,  b.  (1814) ; 
d.,  3721. 

Shilling  coined,  Eng.,  8673. 

Shiinh  wrecked,  5873. 

Shiloh,  tabernacle  at,  1141' . 

,  battle  of,  206' ;  Nat.  Park  Act  signed, 

4793. 

Shimabara,  Christians  revolt  at,  1091'. 

Shiinadju  Saburo,  dies,  10923. 

Shimoga,  Mysore  mission,  10483. 

Shlmonoseke,  missions  at,  1092' . 


Shiner,  Tex.,  thieves  captured,  4762. 

Shinwarris  def .  by  Gholam, 62;  peace,  7' . 

Ship-buiiding  Bill  passes  S.,  4072. 

carpenters  vs.  Am.  competition,  613, 

,  tirst,  Gr.,  10132;  submarine,  II002. 

Island  seized,  190' . 

Shipka  Pass,  Turks  expelled,  565' ;  Sulei- 
man Pasha  at,  5652;  action  at,  1158' . 

Shipley,  Col.  G.  H.,  gov.,  2093. 

,  Jos.  L.,  Pres,  Rep.  Press  Club,  3883. 

Ship-money  legal,  Eng.,  8833. 

Shippeii,  Edward,  Pres.  ccmncil,  553. 

Shipping  Hill,  365' ,  3752,  3792,  3. 

and  Industrial  League,  Am.,  353' . 

Shipping  and  Mercantile  Gazette  issued, 
9483. 

registered,  Eng.,  9253. 

Union  fnid.,  10043. 

Ships,  act  against  unseaworthy,  9812. 

,  iron,  constructed,  938' . 

Shipton,  R.  R.  accident,  9793. 

Shiras,  Alex.,  sanitary  commiss.,  197' . 

,  Geo.,  Jr..  b.,  1402;  justice, 4112, 4172. 

Shires,  Eng.  divide*!  into.  8453. 

Shirlaw,  Walter,  b.,  1482  ;  in  Nat.  Acad. 
of  Design,  ;i;i2' . 

Shirley,  James,  b.,  8762  ;  works,  883' :  d., 
8922. 

,  Wm.  b.  (1705) ;  gov.  Mass.,  653,  693  ; 

commander, 682;  forcolonial  union, 693; 
resigns,  70';  d.  (1771). 

Shirley's  Ford,  Mo.,  Confederate  defeat, 
2132. 

Shirwa,  Lake,  Afr.,  dis.,  5603. 

Shishak  invades  Judea,  1142' ;  takes  Jeru- 
salem, 11423. 

Shoa  rebels,  32. 

Sho-Bandai-San,  volcanic  eruption,  1092' . 

Shoeblack  Society  Brigaties  est.,  957' . 

Shoemakersville,  Pa.,  railway  accident, 
3693. 

Shoenberger,  John  H.,  bequests,  3523. 

Shoes,  pointed,  Eng.,  8643  ;  intro.,  883' . 

Shoe-string  mnf.  opposed,  Eng.,  9252, 

Sliogai  Matsura  visits  U.  S.,  435' . 

Shogmis  become  "  Mayors  of  Palace," 
10912. 

Shone,  Samuel,  cons,  bp.,  9922. 

Shoovalof,  Andrei  Peter,  b.,  11163  ;  d. 
(1789). 

Shop  Hours  Regulation  Act  passed,  9963. 

Bill    passes,    100;t2  ;    shoplifting 

felonious,  Eng.,  9011 ;  shop-tax  enacteo, 
Eng.,  9232 

Shore,  John,  Lord  Teignmouth,  b.,  9123  ; 
gov.-  gen.,  10453. 

Short,  Charles,  b.,  1301 ;  d.,  3242. 

Shortall,  John  T.,  Pres.  A880.,4723. 

Shorter,  John  Gill,  b.  (1818);  gov.  Ala., 
2032;  d.  (1872). 

,  Edward,  patent  granted,  9262. 

College,  fnd.,  2962. 

Shorthand  intro.  Eng.,  9122. 

IHctionary  issued,  9211 . 

"  Short-1-ived "  Administration  fmd., 
Eng.,  9113. 

Shortridge,  Eli  C.  D.,  gov.  N.  Dak.,  4472 

Shoshone  Co.,  Ida.,  martial  law,  4112. 

Indians,  temtory,  263. 

Shot^tower  companies  form  trust,  3673, 

Shoulderbone,  Ga.,  Indian  treaty,  992. 

Shoup,  Francis  Asbury,  b.  (1834) ;  work, 
3982. 

,  Geo.  L.,  b.,  1462  ;  gov.  Ida.,  3751 ; 

speech,  4383. 

Shovel,  Sir  Cloudslev.  b.,  8882  ;  ship- 
wrecked, 902' ;  d.,9022. 

Shreve,  Samuel  Henry,  b.,  1362;  d.  (1884). 

Shrewsburv,  Eng.,  battle  of.  860*:  pesti- 
lence, 8713  ;  R.  K.  accident,  9773;  Bp 
Knight  cons..9«22;Bp.Stamer  cons. ,9983. 

,  N.  J.,  settled,  432. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  8623. 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Talbot,  Charles.) 

Slirieveport,  La.,  levees  break,  4553. 

Shriver,  in  House  of  Representatives,  157' . 

Shropshire,  Eng.,  battle  of,  839';  iron- 
workers strike,  9943. 

Shubert,  Neb.,  bank  fails,  4.331 . 

Shubrick,  John  Templar,  b.  (1778);  d.,  1242. 

,  Wm.  Branford,  b  ,  1022;  d..  2842. 

Shuja  Shah,  with  Brit,  marches  on  Sind, 
4' ;  reigns  5i ;  assassinated,  42. 

Shulter,  i>olychromisee  patent  office,  2501 . 

Shultze.  Capt..  at  Aldie,  219' . 

Shulze,  John  .-Viidrew,  gov.  Pa.,  1313. 

Shunk,  Francis  H.,  gov.  Pa.,  161'. 

Shun-King,  lire,  6273. 

Kuug  invents  plow,  610'. 


Shuq-Silv. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1407 


Shuqualak  Female  Coll.  fnd.,  Miss.,  3063. 

Shiirtleff  Coll.,  111.,  est.,  1351 . 

SliutJirgardan,  battle  at,  6i . 

fihute,  Baron,  title  created,  987'. 

,  Samuel,  b.  (H*i3) ;  gov.,  59*  ;  goes  to 

Eng. ;  receives  power,  612  ;  d.  (1742). 

Shuttle-fly  used,  912i;  throwing  intro., 
9143. 

Slam  (see  text,  p.  1124);  China  rules,  6273; 
Fr.  embassy  to,  695' ;  battle  at  Khon^, 
4823;  Fr.  blockade  ;  consents  to  Fr.  ulti- 
matum, 7(i53j  ambassadors,  9613;  treaty 
with,  9612. 

Siamese  Islands,  Fr.  occupy,  7641 . 

twins,  born,  11242;  d.,  2861 . 

Sialkot  mission,  10472. 

Slang  enthroned,  China,  6111 . 

Wang  enthroned,  China,  6112. 

Siaokia  enthroned,  G112. 

Siaosin  enthroned,  611^. 

Siaoy  enthroned,  6112. 

SibeV,  Col.,  at  Fayetteville,  Va.,  2131 . 

Siberia  conquered  by  Rus.,  11152;  frozen 
body  of  mammoth  found,  11162  ;  exiles 
revolt,  11193,  11212  ;  number  of  exiles  ; 
outrages  on  exiles  ;  solitary  confinement 
for  females,  11212;  flogging  of  females 
alMdished,  11223. 

Sibilet,  Thomas,  b.  (1512±) ;  Art  Poitique, 
6831;  d.  (1589). 

Siblev,  Henrv,  b.  (1815  •:) ;  at  Ft.  Fillmore, 
2103  ;  at  Yellow  Medicine  River,  2141 ; 
d.  (188G). 

, H.,  b.  (1811);  gov.  Minn.,  1852  ; 

d.,  3781 . 

,  .Tohn  Langdon,  b.  (1804);  d.,  3202, 

,  Joseph  C,  b.,  1682. 

Sibour,  Marie  Dominique  Auguste,  b. 
(1792);  archbp.  of  Paris,  assassinated, 
7332. 

Sibsaeor  mission,  10471. 

Sicard,  Abb^  Koch  Ambroise  Cucurron, 
b.,  7002;  d.,  7242. 

,  Montgomery,  a  commo4lore,  4561 . 

Slchel,  Julius,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8243. 

Sicilians  in  Tripoli,  11381. 

Sicilian  Vespers,  6721 ,  6731;  reenacted  in 
Sp.,  7162;  period  of,  10772. 

Sicily,  Gr.  settle  in,  10153;  Naxos,  Gela, 
Camarina,  Agrigentum,  Messina,  and 
Syracuse  fnd.,  10153,  10511 ;  sends  out 
colonies,  10511;  phalaris  reigns,  10172; 
invaded  by  Carthaginians,  10501 ;  Oli- 
garchy expelled  ;  Gelon,  Thrasybulus 
rule,  10182,  10192,  3,  11512;  invaded  by 
Athenians,  10202;  Athenians  as  slaves, 
10203;  Dionysius  rules,  10512;  Cartha- 
ginians massacred, 10511  ;civil  war,10223; 
Dionysius  the  Younger  rules,  10233  ; 
Dionysius  expelled  ;  Timoloon  reigns  ; 
Agathocles  rules  in  Syracuse,  10532  ; 
Carthaginians  in  10521 ;  Hioro  II.,  king 
of  Syracuse,  10533  ;  Pyrrluis  assists, 
10261;  invaded  by  Romans,  10523;  Clau- 
dius Caudex  in ;  Valerius  Maxiraus  in 
10523  ;  Dion  welcome^!,  10233  ;  assas- 
sinated. 10252  ;  Syracuse  tributary  to 
Rome,  10533  ;  Hiero  II.  deserts  Cartha- 
ginians ;  Hanno  defeated  ;  Gains  Duilius 
m  naval  battle;  Hasdrubal  in ;  Adherbal 
in  ;  Itomans  lose  2  fleets,  10523  ;  Hamil- 
car  in,  10182,  10503  ;  Carthaginian  fleet 
destroyed,  10531 ;  resigned  by  Carthage, 
10533;  Hieronymus  rules  Syracuse  ;  rup- 
ture witli  Rome,  10552  ;  invaded  by 
Romans  ;  Syratruse,  Agrigentum  taken  ; 
Sicilv  subjugated,  10a42  ;  slaves  rise 
against  Romans,  10561,  2,  10631;  Eunus 
capturetl,  10561 ;  war  with  Sextus  Pom- 
peius,  10602;  10613  ;  Octavian  conducts 
war;  Lepidus  lands,  10602;  Agrippa  con- 
quers, 10603;  slaves  punished,  10631 ;  in- 
vaded by  Goths  ;  Belisarius  conquers, 
10301 ;  invailed  by  Vandals,  10701 ;  subju- 
gated, 10301,  loeoi;  Constantine  IV. 
■quells,  10302;  Benedictines  enter,  10703; 
confiscated  by  Leo  III.,  10732  ;  Constans 
murdered,  10313  ;  Gr.  lose,  10332  ;  con- 
quered by  Saracens,  10721 ;  taken  by 
Christians  ;  Gr.  and  Saracens  expelle<l ; 
silk  culture  intro.,  10741 ;  culture  of 
sugar-cane,  10742  ;  won  by  Henrv  X\., 
10741 ;  united  to  S.  It.,  10f52  ;  ruled  by 
Germans  ;  Roger  II.,  king,  10752  ;  Sara- 
cens subdue,  7782;  Papal  party  expelled, 
7801  ;Eng.  possesses,  8551;  separate  from 
Naples.  10772.  10793.  10853  ;  revolts, 
10761 ,  10772;  Sicilian  Vespers.  10772;  an- 
nexed to  Sp.,  11261 ;  separated  from  Sp. ; 


reunited,  10773  ;  Two  Sicilies  restored  ; 
separated  from  Naples,  10792  ;  John  of 
Aragon  k. ;  Ferdinand  the  Cath.  k., 
10793  ;  conquered  by  Fr.  and  Sp.,  6782  ; 
annexed  to  Sp.,  10793  ;  Messina  revolts, 
10833;  Dutch  and  Spanish  in,  1082i; 
earthquake,  10822  ;  owned  by  Aust., 
10833;  claimed  by  Charles  VI.,  5151; 
seized,  7993;  invaded,  10821;  ceded  to 
Savoy,  6973 ,  10833 ;  invaded  by  Sp. ,  1082 1 ; 
earthquakes,  10841 ;  ruled  by  Sp.,  10852  ; 
subdued,  1128' ;  separated  from  Naples ; 
under  Brit,  protectiim,  10853  ;  united  to 
Naples  ;  Ferdinand  I.  (IV.),  king,  10871 ; 
Francis  I., king;  revolution;  Ferdinand 
II.,  king;  provisional  gov't  proclaimed  ; 
liberal  constitution  granted  ;  insurrec- 
tion in  Messina  ;  Bourbon  family  ex- 
cluded, 10872  ;  Jesuits  expelled,  10863  ; 
Neapolitans  in,  1086 1 ;  Francis  II..  k., 
10891;  insurrections,  1088 1 ,  10891;  Gari- 
baldi's campaign;  Gen.Cialdiidin,  IO881 ; 
Francis  II.  deposed ;  Neapolitans  evacu- 
ate, 10891 ;  Garibaldi  dictator,  10891,  2; 
Mafia  outrages,  10893;  constitution  pro- 
claimed, 10891;  anti-tax  riots;  exter- 
mination of  brigandage,  10903  ;  siege 
declared,  lOOOz. 

Sickingen,  Franz  von,  b.,  7862  ;  war  of 
nobles,  7881;  league  for  Reformation, 
7893;  d.,7882. 

Sickles,  Daniel  Edgar,  b.,  1303;  acquitted, 
1851;  at  Gettysburg,  2241;  commands 
2d  military  district,  256i ;  at  Columbia, 
2572;  relieved,  2581 ;  removed,  2591 . 

,  Jacob,  pres.,  1191 . 

Sicyon,  kingdom  of,  10132;  liberated,  10272. 

Siddons,  Mary  Frances  Scott,  b.,  I{>t62. 

,  Sarah,  b.,  9123;  d.,  9442. 

Side-saddles  introduced,  Eng.,  8613. 

Sidi  Ali  Pasha,  bey,  11393. 

Sidmouth.  Viscount  of ,  title  created,  9311. 
(See  Addington.) 

Sidnacester,  sees  united,  8483, 

Sidney,  la.,  W.  Mayhor  arrested,  421'. 

.Algernon,  b.,  8802;  work,  8911;  at- 
tainder, 8992-  executed,  8972. 

,  Lor(l  Goclolphin,  b.  (1635) ;  minister, 

8972,  8993  ;  d.  (1712). 

,  Sir  Henry,  deputy,  8732  ;  lord  lieu- 
tenant, 8993  ;  d.  (1586). 

,  Sir  Philip,  b.,8702;  atZutphen.874i ; 

works,  8761 ;  invades  Flanders;  wounded, 
10981;  d.,  8762. 

Sidon,  Pal.,  Mohammedans  capture,  4873; 
tribute  to  Assyr.,  11451;  destroyed,  11453, 
11461. 

Sidonius,  ApoUinaris,  b.  (430±) ;  work, 
6631 ;  d.  (482  or  484). 

Siebold,  Karl  Theodor  Ernst  von,  b.,  8082; 
d.,  8302, 

,  Philipp  Franz  von,  b.,  8063. 

,  Col.,  at  Dalton,  2372. 

Slhile,  JOe,  issued,  7271. 

Siege  Bill  passed,  Fr.,  7512. 

Siegen,  Ludwig  von,inv.  mez20tinto,7962. 

Siegfried,  Bishop,  chancellor,  Ger.,  781'. 

,  Jules,  minister,  Fr.,7652. 

,  Walter,  Tino~Moralt,S3G2. 

Siegerich,  murder  of,  7703. 

Siemens,  Sir  Charles  Karl  Wm.,  b.,  8121 ; 
armature  produced, 9582;  inv.  rurnaces, 
9642;  electric  light  vegetation,  984i ;  d,, 
8302. 

,  Ernst  Werner,  b.,  8121 ;  d.,  8361 . 

Siena,  Guido  da,  b.-d.,  10783. 

Sienna,  Univ.,  commenced,  10752. 

Sierra  Leone,  Afr.,  dis.,  II6OI ;  mission; 
diocese  fmd.,  11603;  acquired  by  Eng., 
9252  ;  bishopric  est.,  9543;  Bp.  Ingham 
cons.,  9862  ;  Sofas  defeated,  IOIOI . 

Sierra  Nevada,  cholera  on,  1773. 

Nevada,  highest  peaks,  250i . 

Sieunti,  expedition  against  Tartars,  6IO1 ; 
enthroned, 6113. 

Sievershausen,  Prus.,  battle  at,  792' . 

Siey^s,  L'Abb*^,  Comte  Emmanuel  Jos., 
b.,  7003;  rep.  leader,  7133;  d.,  7262. 

Sigeau,  Chief,  defeated,  6042. 

Sigebert  1.,  marries,  6651 ;  K.,  6652;  mur- 
dered, 6651 . 

II.,  king,  6653. 

,  commences  Cambridge  Univ.,  8431 . 

Sigel,  Franz,  b.,  1321.  at  Carthage,  Mo., 
1962;  at  Pea  Ridge,  20J2;  at  Center ville, 
2122  ;  in  Shenandoah  Valley,  2322  ;  in 
Dept.  W.  Va.,  233*  ;  at  New  Market, 
2331 ;  relieved,  2342. 

Sigiburg  captured,  Fr.,  770* . 


Sigismund,  b.-d.,  7822;  emp.,  5073,  7853; 
K.  of  Hung.,  5072;  K.  of  It.,  10792;  K. 
of  Bohemia,  7853;  K.  of  Italy;  emp.; 
deposed,  10792;  at  Nicopolis,  11561 ;  gella 
margravateof  Brandenburg ;  dethroned, 
7853  ;  d.,  5082. 

I.,  reikis  in  Poland,  11152. 

II.,  reigns  in  Poland,  11152. 

III.,  K.  of  Poland,  b.,  7922  ;  K.  of 

Swe.;  reigns  in  Poland,  11152  ;  defeated 
at  Linkoping,  11341 ;  reigns,  11352  ;  de- 
throned, 11353;  charters  univ.,  7931 ;  d., 
7943. 

,  Archduke  of  Aust.,  d.,  5342. 

,  Duke  of  Outer  Austria,  5091 . 

,  D.of  Bavaria,  7872;  war  with  Switz,, 

11371. 

,  John,  king,  5112. 

,  king  of  Burgundy,  drowned,  770*. 

Sigmaringen,  Prus.,  tire  in  palace,  8373. 

Signals,  sea,  systematized,  896i. 

Signay,  Jos,  cons,  bp.,  5782;  archbp.,  5783, 

Sigournev,Lydia  Huntley,  b.,  1022;  works, 
1251 ,  1312,  1543,  1551 ;  d.,  2471 . 

Sigurd  I.,  reigns,  11051 . 

Ring,  In  Bravalla,  0341 . 

Snogoje,  enthroned,  6352. 

Sikanderabad,  mission,  10471;  taken, 
10481. 

Sikes,  William  Wirt,  b.  (1836) ;  d.,  3141. 

Sikh  war,  first,  10461 ;  second,  10462. 

Sikhs  org.,  10451;  exterminated,  1044^; 
conquer  Kashmir,  10461 . 

Sikki  killed,  8383. 

Sikkim,  British  repulsed,  10482. 

Sikokuni,  at  war  with  Boers,  OOOI . 

Siladitya  convenes  council,  10431 . 

Silanus,  M.  Junius,  commands,  10561, 

Silchester,  Baron,  title  created,  9372. 

Silesia,  restored  to  Boliemia,5043 ;  Breslau, 
capital, 7783;  Ger.  influence  in, 7781 ;  an- 
nexed, 5072;  anti-reformation,  5123;  in- 
vaded, 7942  ;  1st  war,  5141;  ceded  to 
Prus.,  5162,  3,  5162,  3;  2d  war,  5142  ;  3d 
war,  5141 ;  recognizes  Maria  Theresa, 
5151;  allies  81,7201;  waterspouts,  8121 ; 
Aust.  enter,  5261 ;  River  Neiss  overflows, 
5301;  explosion,  8333;  Galician  miners 
expelled,  5322. 

Silhouette,  Etienne  de,  b.,  6963. 

Silicon  discovered,  11361 . 

Silistria,  Bulgaria,  revolt, 5681 ,3;  invaded, 
11121 ;  Turks  defeated;  surrenders,  III6I ; 
action  at,  11562. 

Silk,  sewing,  mnf.  bv  machinery,  1361 . 

,  mnf.  intro.  in  Gaul,  664i ;  culture  in 

Sicily,  10741 ;  mantles  intro.,  855i ;  stock- 
ings flrst  worn  in  Fr.,6833;  mnf.,  8781; 
broad,  woven,  88OI ;  weaving  improved, 
8982;  culture  excitement,  1453;  crop  re- 
duced. 7333 ;  industry  in  U.  S. ,  2601 ;  sta- 
tion est.,  3513. 

Sill,  Joshua  W.,  b.  (1831)  ;  d.,  2172. 

Silliman, Benj.,b.,9I2;'vvork, 1271  ;d., 2411. 

, ,  Jr.,  b.,  1242  ;  d.,  3182. 

,  HoraceB.,pres.  of  Hamilton  College, 

3902. 

Rlllitoe,  A.  W.,  elected  bishop,  9803. 

Sllva,  Antonio  Diniz  da  Cruz  e,  Bt/ssopet 
11101. 

Silver,  fulmination  of,  7061 ;  dis.  in  Nev., 
1841;  Black  Hills,  254i  ;  in  Colo.,  2993, 
3021 ;  in  Salisbury,  N.  C;  in  Chickasaw 
Nation,  3461 ;  Fairport,  la.,  3761;  Ind. 
Ter.,  3913;  West  Superior,  Wis.,  3921; 
mines  close,  4053,  4333  ;  purchase  of, 
omitted;  resolution,  4192, 4392;  in  Ark,, 
4122;  in  Tex.,  4141;  and  zinc,  Ind.,  4241 ; 
in  S.  Austral., 4961  ;in  La  Paz, 5513;  from 
lead  ore,  process  introduced,  Eng.,944t; 
in  Potosi,5513  ;  Peruvian,  legal  tender, 
11083;  roubles,  coinage  suspended,  11231; 
utensils  used,  Eng.,  8563. 

Bill,  Bland,  free  coinage  of.  2951,  a, 

2972,  2991,  4003,  4012,3,  4031,3,  4083, 
4352,  4371 ,  4491 ,  4512,  4532,  4553. 

,  Bullion  Purchase,  Repeal,  411*, 

4192,  4223,  4231 ,  2,  4243,  4331 ,  2,  4351 ,  2, 
4363,  4371,2,  4391,2,4403,4412;  passes, 
4431. 

,  Reagan's  Free  Coinage  of ,  3483, 

3592,  3612,  3632,3,  3651 ,  3,  3731 ,  3752,  3, 
3772,3791,3833,3992. 

,  Stewart's  Free,  passes   senate, 

4093;    killed,  4112. 

Coinage    suspended  ;     trade    dollar 

coined,  2812;  suppression  of,  2991;  un- 
limited, 4671 . 

in  China,  625i . 


1408 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column.  SilV-SlaV. 


Silver  Commission  adjourns,  8372. 

Conf.,  Ger.  government  in,  837' . 

Congress,  Internat.,  399»,  4011 ,  837< . 

Conven.,  St.  Louis,  349*;  at  El  Paso, 

397'. 

Creek,  Mo.,  action  at,  202' . 

.  N.  Y.,  railroad  accident,  3253. 

currency,  France,  7053. 

Lake,  Edison  Industrial  Works,  3653; 

fire,  4793. 
Law,  resolutions  of  Commercial  Con- 
vention, 4383. 
Pool  Investigation  Conunittee,  375', 

3763,3771,3. 
Silversmitlis'  Co.  incorporated,  4193. 
Silvestre,  Baron  de,  AuKustin  Francois. 

d.,7302. 
,  Qregorlo,  b.  (1520) ;  work,  1129' :  d. 

(1670).  ' 
Simcoe,  John  Graves,  gov.  Can.,  5772. 
Simeon,  reign  of,  5653. 
Stylites,  b.-d.,  11543;  a  pillar  saint, 

10703. 
Simeoni,  Giovanni,  b.  (1816) ;  d.,  1090'. 
Simmons,  A.,  arrested,  3523. 

,  Geoltrey,  trial  of,  981' . 

,  James  A.,  embezzler,  3802. 

,  Mr.,  balloon  ascension,  988i . 

Simms,  William  Gilmore,  b.,  1122;  works, 

1423, 1443,  1451    1463    1523,  1701 ,  2603;  d. 

(1870). 
Simnel,  Lambert,  claims  Eng.  crown,  866I . 
Simon,  liigU  priest,  11512. 
I.,  reigns,  11483  ;  high  priest,  11463  ; 

repairs  temple,  11482. 
II.,  high  priest,  11482  ;  assassinated, 

11493. 

III.,  rules  in  Judea,  11493, 

IV.,  high  priest,  11502. 

v.,  high  priest,  11503. 

,  Duke  of  Moscow,  enthroned,  11152. 

of  Sudbury,  murdered,  8603. 

Cantherus,  high  priest,  11523. 

,  Jules,  b.,  7211 ;  works,  7283, 733'  ,7412, 

7451 ,  7473,  7511 ;  Order  of  Black  Eagle, 
8342. 

,  M.  E.,  Emperor  Frederick,  7582. 

Maccabeus,  high  priest,  11483;  prince 

of  Jerusalem,  11493. 

Magus,  founds  Simonians,  1153' . 

,  Richard,  b.,  6882  ;  d.,  6963. 

Simonians  founded,  1153' . 

Simonides,  iambic  poet,  10143;  d.,  10142. 

,  b.-d.,  10162  ;  lyric  poet,  IOI71. 

Simon's  Bay,  wreck  of  Birkenhead,  5981 . 
Simons,  Thomas,  dis.  comet,  211'. 

, Young,  b.  (1828)  ;  d.,  2982. 

Simony,  condemned  at  synod,  7743  •  pre- 
vails, 7743,  7851 ,  7863,  10731 . 

Simoon,  Thomas,  b.,9042. 

Simor,  John,  b.  (1813) ;  cons,  cardinal 
priest,  5283;  d.,5342. 

Simplicius,  St.,  pope,  10703;  d.  (483). 

Simplon  road  constructed,  7153. 

Simpson  Creek, Va., first  Bapt.ch.fmd., 783. 

,  Edward,  b.  (1824) ;  Confederates  sur- 
render to,  2462. 

,  James,  d.,  4781 . 

,  Sir Young,  b.,  9351 ;  d.,  9742. 

,  Jeremiah,  b.,  1542. 

,  Matthew,  b.,  1163;  ord.M.E. bp.,  1702; 

at  Lincoln's  fimeral,  2472  ;  d.,  3162. 

,  Thomas,  b.  (1808)  ;  explorations  of, 

6781 ;  d.  (1840). 

, ,  math.,  b.  (1710) ;  d.,  915' . 

,  William.B.,  gov.  S.C,  3012;  resigns, 

3051. 

,  Dr.,  pres.  Ger.  Parliament,  8253. 

College,  la.,  established,  2583. 

Simrott,  W.  A.,  absconds,  4631 . 
Sims,  George  E.,  sentenced,  3731 . 

,  James  Marion,  b.  (1813) ;  d.,  3142. 

,  William  H.,  in  int.  dept.,  4472. 

Simsbury,  Conn.,  mine  for  prison,  793. 
Sims-Edison  torpedo  boat  tested,  388'. 
Sinchi  Bocca,  reign  of,  132. 
Sinclair,  Baron,  title  created,  867' . 
,  Catherine,  b.,  9302;  d.,  9681 . 

,  James  Augustus,  Earl  of  Caithness, 

d.,  10042. 

,  Sir  John,  b.,  9123  ;  d.,  9462. 

Sind,  India,  conquered,  10441 ,  10473  ;  an- 
nexed, 10443  ;  transferred,  10452. 

Sindercomb,  Miles,  plot  of,  8892. 

Sindian  family  important,  1M52. 

Singapore,  Bnt.  settle;  G.  B.  annexes ,9393; 
Bp.  Hose  cons.,  9862;  mission,  10463 ;  St. 
Andrew's  Cathedral,  1047 1 ;  Brit,  factory 
established,  10472. 


Singer,  Otto,  d.,  448'. 

Singerly,  William  Miskey,  b.  (1832) ;  nom. 
for  governor  Pa.,  4633. 

Singing  lessons  in  public  schools,  148' . 

Singleton,  John,  minister,  9433. 

,  J.  W.,d.,404i. 

Sing  Sing,  N.  Y.,  prison  commenced,  1352. 

Sinhore,  mission,  6571 . 

Sin-Idinnam,  king  of  Larsam,  11393. 

Sinking  Creek,  W.  Va.,  action  at,  216' . 

Fund  Act  passed,  9072. 

Bill,  Pitt's,  9233. 

(G.  B.),  reduced,  Eng.,  9433. 

Sinope  captured,  10582  ;  Turk,  fleet  de- 
stroyed, 1118' ;  attacked;  subdued,  1148' ; 
capital,  11492. 

Sinoris  El  Fayoom,  mission,  657' . 

Sin  Otetchestra  issued,  1117' . 

shar-ishkun  reigns,  11453. 

Siiisheim,  Baden,  Imperialists  defeated, 
692'. 

Slo  Khe,  hospital,  6243. 

Sion,  Mt.,  Syrian  fort  taken,  1148' . 

Siong-Siong,  ruler,  10942. 

Sioux  Bill  passed  in  senate,  337' . 

Camp,  S.  Dak.,  374' . 

City,  la.,  G.  C.  Haddock  murdered, 

3243;  Training  School  opd.,  3502  ;  flood- 
wave,  406',  4073;  ex-county  oflicials  in- 
dicted, 4763. 

Falls,  S.  Dak.,  school  for  deaf  mutes 

fud.,  3071;  S.  F.  Univ.  fud.,  3143;  con- 
stitution approved,  341';  constitution 
adopted,  347 1 ;  R.  C.  diocese  est.,  3501 ; 
saloons  reduced,  4122. 

Indiana  retire  to  Can.,  3001 ;  pow-wow 

with  Gen.  Brooks,  3721 ;  war,  211 1 . 

Reservation,  S.  Dak.,  settlers,  3532; 

gold  found,  3701 . 

Sipe,  William  A.,  b.,  1562. 

Sippar,  temple  built,  1139'. 

Sir  Hugo  wins  Derby,  10053, 10093. 

Siricius,  St.,  pope,  10663, 1069' . 

Sirius  wrecked,  934' . 

Slrmia  to  Attila,  503' . 

Sirmium,  churcli  council  at,  5022. 

Siroes  kills  Chosroes  II.,  11073. 

Slscar,  Gregoria  Mayans  y,  Retorica,  11292. 

Sisebut  reigns,  11253. 

Sisenando  reigns,  11253. 

Sisera  defeated,  1140' ,  1141' . 

Siserostat  invented,  7382. 

Sisinnius,  pope,  10722;  d.  (708). 

Sismondi,  Jean  Charies  L^nard  Simonde 
de,  b.  (1773) ;  Histoire  des  Francais,  7232; 
d.  (1842). 

Sisseton,  Ind.  reservation,  S.  Dak.,  4062. 

Sisterhoods  est.,  G.  B.,  £^3. 

Sisters  seized,  5852. 

Sisters  of  Charity,  Order  org.,  6883. 

Sistof,  Bulg.,  Biblical  Institute  fnd.,5662. 

Sistova,  Bulg.,  treaty  of,  5192. 

Sisyphus,  institutes  Isthmian  games,10132; 
founds  Corinth,  10133. 

Sitalces,  furnislies  army,  1020'. 

Sitka  Island,  Alas.,  Gen.  Rousseau  pos- 

Sitting  Bull  defeated,  300' ;    Indians  of, 

return,  304' . 
Siuan  Wang  enthroned,  6112. 
Siuto,  Chinese  province,  6I32. 
Sivaite  sect  established  in  India,  1043' . 
Sivaji,  Mahratta,  b.-d.,  10443;  rebels,1044' ; 

forms  Mahratti  kingdom;  declares  inde- 
pendence ;  d.,  10451 . 
Sivas,  mission  of  American  Board,  11563. 
Si-Votha,  Prince,  leader,  4833. 
Siwa  discovered,  5283. 
Slward  dies,  8473. 
Six  Acts  passed,  G.  B.,  9393. 

Articles  Statute  passed,  8683. 

Companies  formed,  6233. 

Principle  Baptists.    (See  Baptists.) 

Sixteen,  Council  of,  formed,  Fr.,  6852. 
Sixth  Nation  formed  by  Indians,  593. 
Sixtus  I.,  St.,  bishop  at  Rome,  10623;  erects 

altars,  10643. 

II.,  St.,  pope,  10643;  martyred,  10663. 

III.,  St.,  pope,  10702. 

IV.,  pope,  b.-d.,  10782. 

IV.,  pope,  10791. 

v.,  pope,  10812;  favors  Jews,  1083*. 

Sjervorog  Mts.,  Malay  mission,  10483. 
SJiiberg,  Erik,  b.  (1794):    Poems,  11362: 

d.  (1828). 
Sjogren,  Andreas  Johann,  b.,  11162  ;  d., 

11182. 
"Skaag's  men"  terrorize  colored  people 

in  Kentucky,  2561. 


Skaania  annexed,  637*. 

Skalitz,  Bohemia,  battle  of,  824' . 

Skalla-Grim  in  Iceland,  1041*. 

Skandia  issued,  11362. 

Skandinavisk  Museum  issued,  639' . 

Skating  known,  851 ' . 

Skeena  River, explorations  on, 586' ;  land- 
slide, 5921 . 

Skeine,  John,  governor  N.  J.,  493. 

Skeleton  Canon,  Ariz.,  Indians  yield,  3241 . 

Skelton,  Jolin,  b.,864i :  works,  8643,  8663; 
d.  (1529?}. 

. ,  Martha,  married,  77i . 

Skene,  Philip,  b.  (1725) ;  d.,  II62. 

Skerrett,  Joseph  S.,  commander  Pacific 
Station,  4181;  transferred,  4421;  frus- 
trates dynamite  plot,  10413. 

Skilling-Magazin  issued,  11042. 

Skinner,  Richard,  b.  (1778);  gov.,  1292; 
d.  (1883). 

,  Thomas  Harvey,  b.  (1791) ;  modera' 

tor,  1762;  d.  (1871). 

Skiold,  reign  of,  6352. 

Skioldungs  rule,  1133*. 

Skipwith,  Miss.,  levee  breaks  down,  3541 . 

Skobelelf,  Mikhail  Dimitryevitcn,  b,, 
11163;  in  Cent.  Asia,  11201 ;  at  Lovatz, 
5652;  at  Senova,  5661 ;  d.,  1120'. 

Skoliio,  along  Labrador,  123. 

Skye,  no-rent  riots,  989' . 

Slack,  James  Richard,  b.  (1784) :  at  Pea 
Ridge,  2042;  d.  (1866). 

Slade,  Dr.  Henry,  trial  of,  9812. 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1786);   gov.  Vt.,  1592;   d. 

(1859). 

Sladen,  Sir  Edward  Rose,  d.,  1002'. 

Slalzar,  Lucio,  minister,  6443. 

Slankamen,  battle  of,  5122. 

Slate  Creek,  Ky.,  furnace  at,  102' . 

Slater,  Samuel,  b.  (1768) ;  first  cotton  mill, 
1021,  1041;  est.  first  S.-School,  1043;  d. 
(1835'l. 

,  Cotton  Centennial  begins,  3683. 

Slates,  school,  mnf.  in  Pa.,  1341 . 

Slaughter,  Carthaginians,  10511;  Tyrians, 
11461 1  Capuans,  10542;  Romans,  10561,2; 
Cimbians,  etc.,  0621 ;  in  Pontus,  10561 ; 
in  A.  Minor,  11503;  in  Perusia,  1061 1; 
in  Jerusalem,  11521;  in  Syria,  11532; 
in  Alexandria  6531;  Ger.  tribes,  1066'; 
in  Gaul,  7692;  Thessalonica,  10292;  Con- 
stantinople, 1030' ;  of  monks,  Eng., 
8422;  of  Danes,  Eng.,  846' ;  in  France, 
670' ,  683' ;  of  Jews,  Eng.,  851' ;  of  Brit- 
ish in  Ire.,  8523;  in  Sweden,  1135';  St. 
Bartholomew,  685':  in  Croatia,  11563; 
in  Russia,  1115'  ;  m  Italy,  10832;  of 
Brit,  in  Ireland,  884';  of  Scotch  at 
Glencoe,  9003;  at  Thorn,  Prus.  (1724); 
in  Cyprus,  11673;  at  Batavia  (1740) ;  at 
Ismail,  Rus.;  at  Praga,  Rus.,  11161  ;  in 
Ire.,  9292:  Fr.  Royafists,  7083,  7092;  at 
San  Domingo,  W.  I.,  Mar.  29,  1804,  all 
the  whites  murdered ;  Fr.  in  Madrid, 
11312;  Mamelukes,  6561;  at  Nimes,  Fr., 
7231 ;  at  Scio,  etc.,  10342;  of  Janissaries 
at  Constantinople,  11671 ;  Brit,  in  -A.fgh., 
42;  in  Ageria,  83;  in  Syria,  11571;  in 
Utah,  1823;  m  India,  l(M8i;  at  Damas- 
cus, 11582;  in  China,  6212;  in  Borneo, 
5522;  in  Buenos  Ayres,  4913;  in  South 
Carolina,  2923;  in  Afgh.,  63;  in  Alex- 
andria, 658'.  (See  Indians  and  Mas- 
sacre.) 

,  Gabriel,  governor  Ky.,  125*. 

,  Col.,  at  Palo  Pmto,  2463. 

Slaughterville,  Ky.,  action  near,  2123. 

Slav  dynasty  established  in  Poland,  773' . 

Slave-dealers  on  Ger.  territory,  838*;  de- 
feated, E.  Afr.,  5642. 

hunting  expeditions  popular  in  Egy., 

6483. 

Importation  Act  passed,  452;  decis- 
ion for  inheritance  of,  345' ;  children 
free,  5671,6323. 
market,  N.  Y.  City,  672;  intimida- 
tion, 191'. 
Slaver  hanged  in  N.  Y.,  205*. 
Slave  States  become  a  minority,  1903. 
trade,  Abys.,  suppression,  3';  Eng. 

fov't  upholds  ;  opposed  in  Am.,  61 1 ;  for- 
idden,  833;  no  longer  Sp.  monopoly, 
1003,6323;  ispiraey,  1291 ;  treaty  against, 
1553,2073;  prohibited,  2353;  treaty  with 
Keth.,9393;  abolished  from  Hung.', 5172; 
suppressed,  Braz.,  5543,  5562,  6«3i ,  632*j 
neglect  of  suppression,  5553;  abolished. 
Gold  Coast,  11611;  Den.  opposes,  639*; 
Ecuador  opposes,  6433 ;  abolished  by  Fr., 


Slav-Smit 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INUKX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column, 


1409 


7211;  prohibited  by  sea,  Ger.;  Eng.  be- 
gins, 8731;  exportation  stopped,  8383; 
Hbolislied  in  Tripoli,  11393. 
Slavery  abolislied,  Algeria,  91,2;  intro. 
In  Am.,  283;  prohibited  in  R.  I.,39i ;  in- 
tro. in  N.  C,  451;  Boston  opposes,  561; 
forbidden  in  Ga.,  63i ;  Cong,  prohibits, 
831 ;  in(Jolonies,852;  Mass.  abolishe8,933; 
Pa.  abolishes,  932  ;  opposed  by  Metll., 
932,  971 ;  law  for  abolition  of,  971 ;  local- 
ity for,  limited,  991;  Baptists  against, 
1002;  Anti-slavery  Soc.  org.;  prohibited 
In  6  States  ;  J.  Buchanan's  addi-ess,  103i ; 
anti-6.  petition,  107i ;  gradual  abolition, 
N.  Y.,  1091 ,  and  in  N.  J.;  Abolition  Soc. 
dwindles,    1131;    Cong,    agitated,    1192; 

Sublic  agitation,  1271 ;  Mo.  Conipromise 
ill ;  extension  prohibited,  1291 ;  excite- 
ment;  Mo.  admitted,  1292;  agitation 
violent,  1S12;  agitation  by  Liberator^ 
1391;  Anti-s.  Soc.  org.,  1401,  1431,  and 
meeting  broken  up  ;  pro-s.  violence  and 
opposition ;  abolition  riots  in  N.  Y., 
1432;  anti-8.  literature,  suppression  of; 
anti-s.  movement  opposed ;  anti-aboli- 
tion riots,  1451 ;  Northern  agitation, 
1452;  mail  matter  excluded,  1453;  phi- 
lanthropist destroyed,  1463 ;  petition  to 
abolish  in  D.  C;  memorials  refused  by 
Cong.;  right  of  petition  denied,  1471; 
proslavery  mob  destroys  Pa.  Hall ;  Rev. 
E.  J.  Lovejoy  murdered,  1491;  "Gag- 
Law"  passed,  1492,3, 1531 ;  abolitionists 
org.  political  party  j  V Amistad  arrives, 
1511;  riot  at  Cincinnati;  uprising  on 
Creole,  1531 ;  mob  at  Phila.;  suppressing 
Blave-trade ;  law  of  s.  supreme,  1551 ; 
disturbs  Meth.,  1563;  Tex.  annexation, 
1572;  divides  Democrats,  1572,  1872; 
divides  two  parties,  1573;  divides  Bap- 
tists, 1582,1603;  balivnne  of  States, 1593; 
Bapt.  missions  sulfer,  1603;  Wilmot  Pro- 
viso agitation,  1612;  extended,  1633; 
abolished  in  D.  C,  1652;  divides  Whigs ; 
divides  Democrats,  1651 ;  Fugitive-Slave 
Law  violated,  1663;  Fillmore  favors  com- 
promise ;  wronged,  1672;  Clay's  Compro- 
mise Bill;  in  Terr.;  debates  in  Cong. ,1671 , 
1751 ;  Webster's  speech,  agitation,  1671 ; 
debate  on  admission  of  Cal.;  Fugitive 
Slave  Bill  passed,  1672;  riot  at  Christi- 
ana, 169 1 ;  agitation  quieted  by  compro- 
mise, 1712;  women  against,  1711 ;  Burns 
rescue,  1742;  agitation  ceases,  1743,  and 
renewed,  1751;  repeal  of  Missouri  Com- 
promise ;  Kan.-Neb.  Bill ;  enlargement 
of  area ;  Emigrant  Aid  Co.,  1751  j  North 
and  South  antagonistic  ;  emigration  to 
Kan.,  1763;  Kan.  legislature  upholds, 
1771 ;  election  for  Ter.  legislature  ;  splits 
Am.  party,  1772;  pro-s.  party  meets  in 
Kan.;  Topeka  Conveu.,  anti-s.  accepted, 
1791 ;  pro-s.  legislature  recognized  in 
Kan.,  1792;  pro-s.  conflict  at  Osawatomie; 
Presbyterians  condemn,  I801,  1822;  s.- 
trade  revival  proposed,  1803;  pro-s.  trou- 
bles in  Kan.,  181 1 ;  pro-s.  party  aided  by 
U.  S.  troops,  1821 ;  Dred  Scott  decision, 
1831 ;  Republican  party  against;  Kan. 
election,  1832;  "Personal  Liberty  Bill" 
passed,  185 1 ;  anti-constitution  in  Kan., 
1852 ;  pro-s.  resolutions  pass  senate,  1872; 
Knights  of  Golden  Circle,  1863;  free 
States  control  gov't,  1903;  in  territories, 
1922;  nat.,  perpetual,  unchangeable 
plan,  1923;  coerces  Border  States,  1931 ; 
13th  Amend.  for,li13i  ,2293;  bill  to  abolish 
in  D.  C,  1993,  2013,  2072;  divides  Cong., 
2013;  fugitives  not  returned;  gradual 
abolition,  2053;  anti-slave  treaty,  2073; 
excluded  from  territories,  2093;  or 
freedom,  U.S.  choosing,  2153 ;  13th  Con- 
stitutional Amend,  prohibiting,  intro., 
2292,  and  approved,  senate,  2313,  it 
fails  in  house,  2352,  and  house  passes, 
2431 ;  repeal  of  Fugitive  Slave  Law,  2352, 
3;  'coastwise  slave-trade  bill  approved, 
2353;  prohibited  by  13th  Amend.,  2493; 
Cong,  abolishes,  as  an  institution  in  U.S.; 
Tenn.  abolishes,  2431,  and  N.  C,  and 
Ala.,  2491,  and  La.,  2592;  Am.  Anti-s. 
Soc.  dissolved,  2703;  Vienna  Cong,  abol- 
ishes, 5203;  abolished  in  Boliv.,  5602;  in 
Braz.,  5543,  5571,2;  abolishing  law  nul- 
lified, 5572;  disguised,  Transvaal,  5991; 
abolished,  Colombia,  6282;  intro.,  Cuba, 
6312;  abolished  in  Cuba,  6332,  and  in 
Den.,  0392;  in  Ecu.,  6433;  of  captives, 
Egy.,  6471 ;  favors  Thothmes  lU.  build- 


ing, 6483;  abolition  decreed,  Egy.,  6583; 
abolished  in)  Fr..  7303;  abounding  in 
Brit.,  8411 ;  prohibited  in  G.  Brit.,  91»2; 
Abolition  Slavery  Bill  defeated,  9272; 
abolished  in  E.  I.,  9492;  abolished  in 
Guate.,  10391,  in  Madagascar,  10952; 
Christian,  abolished  in  Morocco,  10972; 
abolished  in  Rus.,  11172;  abolished  in 
Porto  Rico,  11323;  abolished  in  Sweden, 
11363. 

Slaves,  Algerine,9i ;  catching  Indians  for; 
tratBc  in  W.  I.,  172;  intro.  in  N.  Y.,  303, 
39 1;  traffic  in  Boston,  371;  marriage 
among,  honored.  Pa.;  Wni.  Penn  frees, 
551 ;  real  estate,  572;  baptism,  57i, 
582,3;  Eng.  exclusive  transport;  peti- 
tion against  freeing,  Pa.,  683  ;  Cliris- 
tianity,  603;  run  to  Fla.,  632;  colonists 
desire,  652;  many  fugitives,  932;  Qua- 
kers emancipate,  1003  ;  in  1790,  1031 ; 
masters  summary  power ;  Fugitive  S. 
Act,  1051;  importation  prohibited  by 
Cong.,  1143;  in  1810,  1171;  returned  to 
Afr.,  1272;  total  in  1820 ;  trade  in,  ijiracy, 
1291 ;  Sunday-schools  for,  prohibited, 
1212;  in  1850,  1691 ;  rise  on  Creole,  1552; 
capturing  fugitives,  171 1 ;  in  1860,  1871; 
contraband  of  war,  1961,  1971 ;  confis- 
cated, 1991 ,2,2013,5018;  Fremont  manu- 
mits, 1991;  excluded  from  camps,  2003; 
enlisted,  made  free,  2031 ,  2302,  2313;  not 
returned, 2053;  freed  in  S.  C.  by  Hunter, 
207 1;  military  labor  of,  2101;  freed  by 
confiscation,  2112;  J.  Davis  recommends 
enlisting,  2392;  liberated,  E.  Afr.,  5623; 
s.-traders  def  o.ited,5&43 ;  intro., Cape  Col- 
ony, 5973;  liberation  opposed  by  Boers, 
6991 ;  released,  Tunis,  11392;  free,  Braz.; 
population,  5671, 2;  sexagenarian,  free, 
5572;  intro.,  yearly  Cuba,  6312;  impor- 
tation prohibited,  6331 ,3;  emancipation, 
6323,  6332;  mutilated  bodies,  Egy.,  &17t ; 
in  Gaul,  6C52;  transported,  9251 ;  colo- 
nial freed,  G.  B.,  9471 ;  revolt  of.  It., 
10631 ;  emancipation  of,  Venez.,  11603. 

Slave-trade  favored,  Eng.,  9003,  9252;  im- 
portant, 9031 ;  declaration  of,  9063;  ef- 
forts toBuppress,923i ,  9251 ;  bp.  of  Ix)iid., 
abolition  provided,  9271 ;  organized  ef- 
fort, 9352;  suppression  of,  9512;  treaty, 
Eng.  with  U.S., 9671 ,2;  Suppression  Act 
passes,  9773;  suppressed  in  Kongo, 
10932;  begins  in  Port.,  11093;  decree 
against ;  abolished  on  royal  estates, 
11113;  abolished,  11311,2. 

Slavin,  Frank,  pugilist,  10023. 

Slavisa,  king,  6033. 

Slavonians,  Gr.  missionaries  visit,  5023; 
rise  in  revolution,  6231 ;  separate  gov't, 
5273;  devastate  Gr.,  10302;  ravage  It., 
10721. 

Slavonic  Cong,  at  Prague,  5231 . 

Slavs,  attempt  to  conciliate,  5312;  revolt, 
Bohemia,  7712;  in  Ger.,  7721;  in  Bus., 
11132;  cong.  at  Moscow,  11193. 

Sleeper,  .Jacob,  d.,  3382. 

Sleepy  Hollow  Cemetery,  Monument,4741 . 

Sleidan,  Johann,  b.,  7863;  work,  7923;  d., 
7922. 

Slemme,  Edmund,  reigns  in  Sweden, 11333. 

Sleniiner,  Adam  J.,  b.  (1828);  holds  Fort 
Pickens,  Fla.,  1901 ;  d.  (1868). 

Slevin,  Hugh,  Parkhurst's  charges,  4403; 
trial,  4522. 

Slldell,  John,  b.,  1042;  bill  to  purchase 
Cuba,  1852;  senator  ;  withdraws,  1913; 
Confed.  commissioner  ;  sails  ;  seized, 
in  Boston;  in  prison,  2012;  released,  2013; 
sails  for  Europe,  2032;  d.,  2741 . 

, ,  ill-treats  Chinamen,  4443. 

Sliding  Scale  Act  passes,  9433,  9512. 

Sligo,  Alarquis  of,  title  created,  9311 . 

Sling  used,  11402. 

Slivnitza,  Servians  defeated,  5662. 

Sloan,  J.  M.,  Shorthand,  9902. 

Sloan's  Valley,  Ky.,  railway  accident, 
3713. 

Sloane,  Sir  Hans,b.,  8902;  pres.  Royal  So- 
ciety,906i ;  library  bought,  9132;  d.(1752). 

,  Sir  John,  designs  Bank  of  Eng.,  9401 . 

,  William  M.,  work,  4462. 

Sloat,  Com.  John  Drake,  b.  (1780);  at  Mon- 
terey, 1612, 1621 ;  gov.  Cal.,  1613;  d.  (1887). 

Slocum,  David,  robbed,  4791 . 

,  Henry  Wadsworth,  b.,  1342  ;    near 

Charleston,  2161 ;  at  Gettysburg,  2241 ; 
at  Jackson,  2361;  at  Grand  Gulf;  action 
between  Pontotoc  and  Tupelo,  2362;  at 
Atlanta,  2381 ;  Atlanta  to  the  sea,  2401 ; 


at  Averysboro;  atBentonville;  at  Golda- 
boro,  2441 ;  in  Credit  Mobilier  investiga- 
tion, 2812;  d.,4562. 

Slough,  R.  R.  accident  at,  9893. 

,  Col.  John  P.,  b.  (1829) ;    at  Valllg, 

2051 ;  court,  2161 ;  d.  (1866). 

Sloughter,  Henry,  signs  death  warrantSt 
503;  gov.,  511;  in  N.  Y.,  513;  d.,632. 

Sluis,  battle  of,  6741 ;  taken,  10982. 

Slums  of  cities,  Con^.  investigation,  4111 , 

Sluyter,  missionary  in  New  \ork,  463. 

Small  Agricultural  Holdings  Bill,  10092. 

German  party  formed,  8183. 

pox  rages,  Braz.,  5573;  inoculation 

for,  G.B.,  9061. 

Smalls,  Elliott,  contest  in  congress,  3363. 

,  Robert,  b.  (1839);  runs  Planter  out  of 

Charleston,  2072. 

Smart,  Benj.  Humphrey,  b.,  9242;  d.,  9762. 

,  Col.,  at  Patterson,  Mo.,  2203. 

Smeaton,  John,  b.,9062;  Eddystone  light- 
house rebuilt,  9142;  d.,9262. 

Smee,  Alfred,  electric  battery  constructed, 
9501. 

Smellie,  William,  b.  (1740) ;  Encyclopaedia 
Bntannica,  919i ;  d.  (1795). 

Smerdis,  killed,  HO62. 

Smiles,  Samuel,  b.,  9382;  works,  963', 
9763,9811. 

Smilie,  Geo.  Henry,  b.  (1840)  ;  In  Nat. 
Academy,  3121. 

Smillie,  James  Dajrid,  b.  (1833) ;  in  Nat. 
Academy,  KMi . 

Smirke,  Sir  Robert,  b.,  9211 ;  d.,  9701. 

Smith,  Abigail,  married,  743. 

,  Adam,  b.,  9062;    works,  9152,  9211 ; 

d.,9243. 

,  A.  L.,  in  Parnell  Commission,  9992. 

,  Albert,  b.,  9382. 

,  Alexander,  b.,9442;  d.  (1867). 

,  Alfred  T.,  commissioned  col.,  4621 . 

,  Andrew  Jackson.,  b.  (1815) ;  at  Milll- 

ken's  Bend,  217 1;  captures  Fort  de 
Eussy,  2302;  enters  Red  River,  2303; 
at  Cane  River,  231 1 ;  at  Grand  Ecore, 
2321;  at  Yellow  Bayou,  2331;  between 
Pontotoc  and  Tupelo,  2362 ;  attacks 
Spanish  fort,  2442. 

,  A.  W.,  nom.  for  gov.  Kan.,  4093. 

,  Benj.,  b.  (1750);  gov.  N.  C,  1173;  d. 

(1829). 

, Bosworth,  b.  (1794);  cons.  P.  E. 

bp.,  1402;  d.  (1884). 

, Leigh,    b.    (1828)  ;    discoveries, 

9761;  polar  expedition,  9841 ,  9861 . 

,  (Daleb  B.,  b.  (1808);  sec.  int.,  1931 ;  d., 

2291 . 

,  C.  D.,  gov.  Can.,  5771 . 

,  Sir  C.  &.,  gov.,  1M92. 

,  Charles  Emory,  b.  (1842);  minister, 

resigns,  4072. 

, Ferguson,  b.  (1807);  gen  in  Tenn., 

20J3,  2051 ;  d.,  2072. 

,  Christopher,  1.  mayor  London,  9353. 

,  Sir  Culling  Bradley,  in  Evang.  Alli- 
ance, 9523. 

,  Sir  Donald,  last  spike  in  C.  P.  K.  K., 

6863. 

,  E.  D.,  White  Caps,  4263. 

,  Edward  Kirby,  b.  (1824);  threatens 

Cincinnati;  at  Richmond,  Ky.,2122;  at 
Murf reesboro,  217 1 ;  at  Jenkins's  Ferry, 
2321;  at  Griswold,  2401;  able  to  con- 
tinue war,  2462;  surrenders,  2463;  polit- 
ical disabilities,  2992;  d.,4261. 

,  Gen.,  commands  at  Baltimore,  1222. 

,  Col.  Enan,  antislavery  decree,  5633. 

,  Francis  Pettit,  b.  (1808) ;  intro.  pro- 
peller screw,  1481  •  patented,  9481 ;  d. 
(1874). 

,  Frank,   minister.    Can.,  5931     5953 

6963. 

,  Geo.,  hanged,  3071 . 

, ,  b.  (1840);  explorations  in  Assyr., 

11581;  Assyrian  Discoveries,  978^;  stud- 
ies inscriptions,  11562;  d.  (1876). 

, K.,MollyMaguire8  murder,  2292. 

, W.,  gov.  Va.,  1192. 

, ,  M.  C,  b.,  1602. 

,  Qerret,  b.,  1062;  d.,  2861. 

,  Goldwin,  b.,  9403;  againstC.  P.  E.E., 

5932. 

,  Green  Clay,  b.  (1832) ;    gov.   Mont., 

2553;  candidate  for  pres.,  2931;  vote, 
2932,  2952. 

,  Gustavus  Woodson,  b.  (1822);  Battle 

of  Seven  Pines,  3982. 

,  Capt.  H.,  at  Aden,  10J7S. 

,  Henry,  gov.  R.  I.,  1133. 


1410 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Smit-Soci. 


Smith,  Henry,  prov.  gov.  Tex.,  1463. 

, Uoynton,  b.  (1815) :   moderator, 

2291;  (1.  (1877). 

, (George  AVakelyn  (Sir  Harrv),  b. 

(1788);  ends  war,  Cape  Colony,  598'; 
gov.,  5992 ;  defeats  Siklis,  1(M6<  ;  in 
Orange  Free  State,  11052;  d.  (1877). 

,  Rev. P.,  trial,  4181 ,  4662. 

,  Hezekiab,  b.  (1737);  pastor  Haverhill 

Baptist  Church,  742;  d.  (1805). 
,  Hoke,  sec.  interior,  427';  Commence- 
ment Address  J  458' . 

,  Horace,  l>.,  9203;  Rejected  Addresses^ 

937';  d.,9542. 

,  Hubbell,  forgery,  4702. 

,  Hyrum,  Mormon,  shot,  1563. 

,  Israel,  b.  (1810);   gov.  Vt.,  1152;  d. 

(1781). 

,  Jacob  H.,  commissioned  major,  456' . 

,  James,  b.,  919' ;  Rejected  Addresses, 

937'. 

, ,  Jr.,  b.,  1682. 

, A.,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  10(M2. 

,  Sir Edward,  b.,  9143;  d.,  9423. 

, Milton,  gov.  Ga.,  281' . 

, Youngs,  b.  (1809)  ;   gov.  E.    I., 

2293;  d.  (IS^C). 

,  Jem,  pugilist,  9972,  10023. 

,  Je-emiah,  b.  (1759);  gov.  N.  H.,  1172; 

d.  (18J2). 

,  John,  b.,  8742;  works,  263,  302;  pris- 

one-;  on  Chesapeake  Bay;  on  Susque- 
hanna River,  26' ;  conspiracy  .against; 
la™o  >f;  life  saved;  gov.  Va.,283,  392,3; 
excluded  from  council  ;  imprisoned  ; 
p-es  of  Va.,272;  elected  pres. ;  ill;  re- 
leased by  Indians;  sails  for  Eng.,  273; 
de-troys  Fr.  colony  ;  on  Manhattan  la- 
land  on  New  Eng.  coast,  28' ;  makes 
map,  283  ;  attempts  settlement  in  New 
Eng.,  292;  d.,32'. 

, ,  beheaded,  9363. 

, ,  gov  R.  I.,  393. 

, ,  speaker  H.  C,  9032. 

, B.,  gov.  N.  H.,415',447'. 

, Biair,b.  (1736);  moderator;  1083, 

d.  (1799). 

, Cotton,    b.  (1765) ;    gov.   Conn., 

1213  ;  d.  (1815). 

, Gi.,  gov.  Vt.,  2293. 

, Lawrence,  b.,  1262;  d.,  3142. 

, M.,  d.,  450'. 

,  Joseph,  est.  savings  institution,  9292. 

, ,  b.,  1122  ;  vision,  131' ;  dis.  Mor- 
mon Book,  1343  ;  org.  Mormon  church, 
1363;  shot,  1562,  3. 

, Rowe,  commissioned  col.,  352' . 

,  Joshua  Jonathan,  1.  mayor,  9333. 

,  J.  T.,  moderator,  3282. 

,  J.  W.,  wife-murderer,  lynched,  4163. 

,  Melancthon,     b.     (1810)  ;     captures 

Biloxi,  202' ;  rear-adm.,  retired,  408' ; 
d.,  434'. 

,  M.  H.,  sentenced,  4483. 

,  Morgan  Lewis,  b.  (1822) ;  at  Vicks- 

burg,  208' ;  d.  (1874). 

,  M.  P.,  embezzler,  4343. 

,  Philander,  est.  Bible  Institute,  10922. 

,  Robert,  b.  (1723) ;  moderator,  1023  ; 

d.  (1793). 

, ,  cons.  P.  E.  bp.,  1062;  d. (1801). 

, ,  b.  (1757) ;  sec.  navy,  1112  ;  sec. 

state,  117';  d.  (1842). 

, ,  mob  murders,  4382. 

, Angus,  d.,  9922. 

, Payne,  b.,  9383. 

,  Roswell,  b.,  1362;  d.,  404'. 

,  Samuel,  pres.  senate,  1133, 115' ,  1353, 

1392. 

, ,  bimetallic  motion,  10033. 

, E.,  gov.  Me.,  1392. 

, Francis,  b.  (1808) ;  My  Country, 

•tls  of  Thee,  1403. 

, Stanhope,  b.  (1750) ;  moderator, 

1083;  d.  (1819). 

,  Seba,  b.,  1022;  d.,  2622. 

,  Sol.  Franklin,  b.  (1801);  d.,  266' . 

.Sydney,  b.,  9183;    works,  931';   d., 

9522. 

,  Thos.,  lord  mayor,  London,  9333. 

gov.  S.  C,  532. 

K.,    commissioned 


major. 


4561. 

, Southwood,  b.  (1790±) ;  d.,  9612, 

,  Tillie,  killed,  3263. 

,  William,  com.  brig.-gen.,354' ;  in  war 

dept.,  3512,  4472;  d.  (1891). 
, b.,  9183;  geologist,  9282;  ge»lop- 

cal  map,  929' ;  d.,  9483, 


Smith,  William,  architect,  d.,  10062. 
,  Sir ,  b.,  9363  ;  works,  951' ;  955' ; 

9583.  9013;  d.,  10122. 

, ,  cons,  archbp.  St.  Andrews,  9922. 

, E.,  b.  (1824);  gov.  Wis.,  3012. 

, Farrar,  b.  (1824) ;  at  Cold  Harbor, 

234';  at  Petersburg,  2343;  work,  4462. 
, H.,    gov.    Ala.,    2652  ;    enjoins 

counting  votes,  273' . 
, Henry,  b.  (1825)  ;  minister,  9933, 

9953,  9972;  chief  sec,  995';  lord  admi- 
ralty, 983';  d.,  10062. 
, ,  b.  (1825) ;  electoral  vote  for  vice- 

pres.,  1372, 1472  ;  gov. S.C,  1613, 2652. 
, Robertson,  b.  (1846) ;  Britannica, 

9842;  d.,  10121. 
, S.,  leaves  Memphis,  230';  at  West 

Point,  Miss.,  2302. 
,  —  Saumarez,  cons,  bp.,  10042  ;  d., 

10082. 

,  Sir Sidney,  b.,  9162;  d.,  9502. 

,  Capt.,  at  Linn  Creek,  204' . 

family  remiion,  N.  J.,  4362. 

College,  Mass.,  org.,  2883  ;  observa- 
tory erected,  324' .  (See  Northampton, 
Mass.) 

,  expedition    sails,  912' ;    at    Wagner 

Bay,  575' . 
SmitufieUi,  Or.  Free  St.ate,  mission,  1105' . 
Smith's   Falls,   Out.,    U.   S.   treas.   agent 

withdrawn,  5953. 
Smithson,  James  Lewis  Macie,  b.,  74' ;  d., 

1362;  legacy  received,  150'. 
Smithsonian  Institution,  est.,  1602;  library 
burned,  2423  ;  partially  burned,  2513  ; 
Chine.se  jewel,  3413;  Hodgkin's  gilt,  3942. 
Smithville,  Ark.,  action  near,  209' . 
Hinnr'Akyt&yTrudolyubivaua  Ptchela,1115^ . 
Smoke  abatement,  Nat.  Inst.,  9903. 

Nuisance  Act,  G.  B.,  9592,  963' . 

Smoking,  prohibited  by  law,  N.  Y.,  3663  ; 

death  penalty,  11563. 
Smolensk,  Rus.,    taken    by   Oleg,  1113' ; 
contested   possession,   1114';  battle  of, 
7182;  Fr.  army  at,  7183. 
Smollett,  Tobias  George,  b.,  9062  ;  works, 

913',  9151,  919';  d.,  9183. 
Smuggling,  dis.  Cal.,4483;  in  Tex.,  4522. 
Smybert,  John,  b.  (1680);  d.,  682. 
Smyrna  built,   1015' ;   earthquake,   11502, 
11562;  rebuilt,  1155';  sacked  by  Tamer- 
lane, 11542  ;   captured  by  Turks,  1156' ; 
Spectator  de  I'  Orient  issued  ;   Echo   de 
rOrient ;  mission  filled,  1157' ;  railway  to 
Aidin,  11583 ;  Martin  Koszta  seized,  525' . 

Camp  Ground,  Ga.,  action,  236' . 

Smyth,  Frederick,  gov.  N.  H.,  251';  li- 
brary gift  to  Camden,  3362. 

, ,  for  recorder  of  N.  Y.,  4732. 

,  Gen.  G.  S.,  gov.,  5773. 

,  John,    forms    Eng.   Bapt.    Church, 

1101';  banished,  342. 
Smythe,  Sir  Thos.,  dis.  Delaware  Bay,28' . 

,  William  Edmund,  cons,  bp.,  10082. 

Smythies,  C.  A.,  cons,  bp.,  9862. 
Snake   Gap    Creek,    Ga.,   Sherman    ap- 
proaches, 233'. 
Snead,  Thos.  L.,  slaves  manumitted,  199' . 
Snell,Willebrord,  law  of  refraction,  11002. 
Snider,    Jacob,    breech-loader    adopted, 

Eng.,  970'. 
Snudgrass,  Henry  C,  b.,  164'. 
Suoilsky,   Carl  Johan  Gustav,  b.  (1841)  ; 

works,  11363. 
Snow,  blockades  western  trains, 176' ;  falls, 
N.  Y.,366' ;  violent  storm,  174' ;  storm  in 
G.  B.,  10041 ;  red  in  It.,  1086' . 
Snow  Bird  wrecked,  3313. 

Hill,  Md.,  Presb.  church  org.,  482. 

,  Tenn.,  action  at,  2202. 

,  Capt.  Parker,  searching  expedition, 

964'. 
Snowden,  Gen.  Archibald  Loudon,  declines 

Homestead  reception,  4103. 
Snutf  prohibited,  G.  B.,  9172. 
Snyde,  Sicke,  beheaded,  7903. 
Snyder,    Christopher,    b.     (1756±)  ;    boy 
martyr,  77'. 

,  Col.,  near  Medley,  230' . 

,  Simon,  b.  (1759) ;  gov.  Pa.,  1163 ;  d. 

(1819). 

, ,  commissioned  col.,  400' . 

Snyders,  Franz,  b.,  5403;  d.  (1657). 
Soane,  Sir  John,  b.  (1753);  d.  9482. 
Soap  manufacturing,  great,  org.,  3813. 
Soapstone  discovered,  Va.,  454' . 
Sober  Society  fnd.,  N.  J.,  113' . 
Sobieski,  John  III.,  b.-d.,  11142  ;  defeats 
Turks  at  Vienna,  6122. 


Sobieslaus  I.,  duke,  5033. 

11.  enthroned,  505' . 

Sobranje,  legislative  chamber,  5663. 
Sobraon,  India,  action  at,  1046' . 
Sobremoute,  Viceroy,  attacks,  489'. 
Sochovukopf,  M.,  expelled,  5683. 
Social  clubs  est.,  Gr.,  10143. 

Congress,  Paris,  763' . 

Democrats  Congress  opd.,  8363. 

Guardian  Order  assignment,  417*. 

Purity  Movement  org.,  3203. 

Science,  Am.  Acad,  of  Political  and, 

fnd.,  348'. 

Asso.,  Am.,  fmd.,   250';    conv., 

344' ,  390' ,  3,  4142,  4703;  prison  reform, 
430'. 

,  meets,  G.  B.,  9662, 974' , 988' . 

. War,  Rome,  10562. 

Socialism,  progresses  in  Ger.,  8052,  8203  ; 
power  of  suppression,  8303 ;  forbidden, 
834' ;  est.  by  Owen,  fails,  931' . 

Socialist  Labor  Party,  fmd.,  2983  ;  re- 
fused naturalization,  393';  Workmen's 
Cong,  at  Brussels,  5471 ;  workmen  un- 
employed in  Den.,  6422. 

League  fmd.,  Lond.,  995' . 

Socialistic  Republic  League  fmd.,  Fr., 
7623;  professors,  7672. 

Socialists,  Am.,  Brockton  Community  of, 
fmd.,  2683. 

,  Aust.-Hung.,    Cong,    at    Hainfield, 

531';  arrested  at  Budapest,  5312;  op- 
posed, 5332  ;  laws  modified,  5333  ;  dis- 
turljance  in  Vienna,  5362,  538' ;  for  uni- 
versal suffrage,  5363. 

,  Belg.,  Cong,  at  Ghent,  545 ' , 548 ' ;  f or 

universal  sultrage,  5463 ;  demonstration ; 
violence  in  Brussels,  548' . 

,  agitation  by  Fr.,  7293;  alarm  assem- 
bly, 7312;  dispersed,  7563. 

Party  org.,  Ger.,  8223;  in  Ger.  census, 

829' ;  expelled,  8303  ;  Expulsion  Bill 
issued,  831';  disapproved,  8322;  disper- 
sions illegal,  8323  ;  riot  at  MUlhausen, 
833';  meet  in  Berlin;  Cong,  at  Halle, 
8343  ;  prosecuted  ;  Cong,  in  Cologne  ;  re- 
fuse cheers  for  emp. ;  opposition  to,  8372. 

condemned,  in  Rus.,  1119'. 

,  Sp.,    at    Barcelona,    Malaga,     and 

Valencia.  1133'. 
Socica  Ljubibratich  revolts,  528' . 
Soci^te  Evang^lique  de  Fr.,  fnd.,  7263. 

des  Gens  de  Lettres,  Louisiana,  fnd., 

727'. 

Marseillaise  in  Timis,  7532. 

Society,  Am.,   customs  in  colonies,  73' ; 

Egy.,  classified,  648' ;  Fr.,  corrupt,  665' ; 
Ger.,  composed  of  classes,  777' . 

of  Am.  Art.,  300' . 

of  Am.  Florists,  3662. 

of  Antiquaries,  G.  B.,  920*. 

of   Army   of   Potomac   convention, 

341',  3623,  4323. 

for  Artists'  Widows,  9432. 

of  Arts,  Eng.,  9122. 

of  Authors,  9923. 

of  Beneticence  unsuccessful,  11022. 

of  Blessed  Sacrament  combined,9702. 

of  Brothers  of  Purity,  486' . 

of    Christians    (Christian    Science), 

3222. 

of  Company  of  Jesus,  7903. 

of  the  Cincinnati  opposed,  97 ' ;  meets, 

4«2. 

for    Diffusion    and    Promotion    or 

Knowledge  est.,  943'. 

of  Dilettanti  est.,  908' . 

Electro-Therapeutists  meet,  4722. 

for  Encouragement  of  Fine  Arts,962' . 

for  Evangelization  of  Israel  est.,  7562. 

for  Evangelization  of  Korea,  10942. 

for  Evangelization  of  World,  1442, 

of  Four,  Fr.,  691'. 

of  Holy  Cross,  G.  B.,  9603. 

for  Improvement  Industrial  Classes, 

951'. 

for  Increase  of  Ministry,  I862. 

of  Israel's  Friends,  8143,  8IO2, 1138*. 

of  Jesus  (Jesuits),  Abys.  arrive,  1 ' ,», 

expelled,  23. 

,  in  Am. :  miss.,  Fla. ;  in  Paraguay, 

222,  242  ;  in  Peru,  242;  in  Can.,  263,  322, 
342,382,442,  5703,  5722,  573' ,  675'  ,5763; 
at  Port  Royal,  282 ;  settlements  in  Parar 
guay ;  in  Brazil,  29' ;  est.  in  Md.,  322  ; 
in  N.  Eng.,  362  ;  missions  to  Indians, 
422, 502, 642-  on  Lake  Mich., 442 ;  rivalry 
of,  463  ;  in  New  York,  482 ;  California 
grant;  banished  from  Mass.,  642  ;  pro- 


Soci-Sont. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        ix\Dil,)\.,        Superior  Figures  indicate  Cotumn 


1411 


lectors,  571 ;  in  Miss.,  602;  miss,  at  Nor- 
ridgedwock,  622  ;  expelled  from  Braz., 
723  ,  in  Mich. ;  expelleii  from  Paraguay ; 
expelled  from  Sp.  S.  Am.,  742  ■  iu  New 
Cal.,  7G2. 

Society  of  Jesus,  College,  Argentine, 
burned,  4913. 

,  Aust.-Hung.,  order  fnd.,  5102; 

in  Prague;  searcli  for  books,  513 1 ;  ex- 
pelled 51U3,  5203;  suppression,  5163;  ad- 
vance, 525* . 

,  Bclg.,  expelled,  5423;    coll.  at 

Antwerp  burned,  5493. 

,  Bolivia,  opposed  at  La  Paz,  5502 . 

,  in  Braz.,  222;  opposed,  553* ;  ex- 
pelled, Braz.;  settlements,  5542. 

,  Can.,  order  confirmed,  5703;  in- 

corp.;  donations  protested  against, 586^ ; 
univ.  degrees  refused  ;  libel  suit,  5862  ; 
disallowance  amend,  defeated,  5871  ; 
estates  ;  resolution  in  H.  C. ;  request  to 
queen,  587 1 ;  case  referred,  5882;  de- 
cis  on,  589';  gov  .-gen's  opinion;  pay- 
ments to,  5892. 

,  Chile,  arrive;  expelled,  605» ;  ad- 
mission refused;  church  razed,  607'. 

,  China  missionaries,  6143  ;  enter 

Tibet ;  converts ;  decree  against  mis- 
sionaries ;  strife  with  Dominicans,  6143  ; 
expelled,  6163;   anniversary,  6323. 

,  Ecuador,  recalled,  644' . 

,  in    Fr.,  est,  681';    condemned, 

6823;  expelled,  6843;  recalled,  687' ;  sup- 
pressed in  Paris,  7032;  order  abolished, 
705' ,  753' ;  schools  closed,  7243  ;  univer- 
sities suppressed,  725' ;  opposed  ;  educa- 
tional control  limited,  72o2  ;  expelled, 
7263,  7283  ;  number  in  Fr.,  7362  ;  decree 
for  abolition,  7522  ;  disbanded,  753' ; 
ascendency  in  Ger.,  7923  ;  abolislied, 
8043  ;  law  for  expulsion ;  favor  papal 
infallibility,  8263  ;  exclusion  law  re- 
pealed, 8352,  8372  ;  law  against,  8273  ; 
return  denied,  8363. 

,  G.B.,  expelled  from  Eng.,8743, 

8782  ;  opens  schools,  8963  ;  reward  for, 
9113  ;  expelled,  9442;  in  India,  10432. 

,  It.,  fnd.,  1081';  expelled,  10832, 

10863;  exiled,  10832;  abol.  in  Bome,  1085' . 

,  Japan,  crucified,  1091' . 

,  Neth.,  expelled,  1101' . 

,  Paraguay,  arrive,  11052  ;  ex- 
pelled, 11061. 

,  Peru,  opponents  crushed,  1105>. 

,  Port.,  expelled,  11113. 

,  Bus.,  expelled,  11143. 

,  Siam,  work,  11242. 

,  Sp.,    expelled,    1129' ;    property 

confiscated,  11303. 

,  Switz.,  work,  1138+. 

,  Uruguay,  work,  1159*. 

of  Jesuit  Fathers  of  New  Mexico,  in- 
corporation void,  3012. 

of  Loyal  Volunteers,  3983. 

of  Maids  of  Cross,  88O2. 

of  Mechanics  and  Tradesmen  meets, 

371'. 

for  Missions  to  Afr.  and  Fast,  929' . 

for  Organizationof  AcademicalStudy, 

9763. 

of  Positivists  meets,  9922. 

— —  for  Prevention  of  Crime,  2943. 

for  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals, 

Am.,  281' ;  same  and  lizard  traffic,  4513; 
and  game  in  G.  B.,  9412. 

for  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Children, 

Am.,  291';  same  in  G.  B.,  993' . 

of  Progress,  Paris,  7272. 

for  promoting  Christianity,  etc.,  813' . 

for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge 

in  England,  9002;  in  Scotland,  9042. 

for  Promoting  Gospel  among  Seamen, 

1263. 

for  Promoting  Religious  Knowledge, 

9131 . 

for  Promotion  of  Evangelical  Knowl- 
edge, 1623. 

for  Promotion  of  Female  Education 

in  Japan,  10922. 

for  Promotion  of  Music  meets,  464' . 

for  Promotion  of  Science  and  Useful 

Artsfmd.,  N.  Y.,  152'. 

for  Propagation  of  Gospel  org.,  382, 

9023  ,  9403,  same  among  Indians,  542  ; 
same  in  India,  10462,  io47'. 

for  Protection  of  Legal  Rights,  3723. 

for  est.  plkygrounds,  963' . 

for  Psychical  Research.  Am.,  372»; 

Eng.,  988' . 


Society  of  Red  Cross,  5462. 

for  Reformation  Manners,  899' ,  9011 . 

Relief  of  Aged  and  Destitute  Clergy- 
men, 1643. 

of  Rights  of  Man  in  Paris,  7272. 

of  Royal  Templars  of  Temperance, 

273'. 

of  Sons  of  Revolution,  291 ' . 

for  Support  of  Heathen  Youth,  131' . 

for  Suppression  of  Crime,  3823. 

for  Suppression  of  Slave-trade,  925' . 

for  Suppression  of  Vice  (see  Park- 
hurst,  Charles),  283' ;  same  in  Eng.,  981'. 

of  Surgeons  reorganized,  9102. 

for  Abolishing  of  Vivisection,  981' . 

of  War  of  1812  in  N.  Y.,  133' ,  3683  ; 

same  in  Pa.,  1823. 
for YoungMenfail,915' .  (See Ameri- 
can, British,  International,  etc.) 
Socinians,  est.  church  at  Rakow,  11143. 
Socinus,  Faustus,  b.,  10803;  d.,  10823. 

,  L{ellus,b.  (,1525) ;  fnds.  Univ.  Society, 

1081';  d.  (1562). 
Socono,  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 

Union  org.,  10972. 
Socorro,  N.  Mex.,  School  of  Mines  estab- 
lished, 3502. 

Socotra  acquired  by  G.  B.,  9953. 

Socrates,  b.-d.,  1019';  composes  orations, 
10231 ;  condemned;  d.,  10232. 

Soda  ammonia  process  invented,  9482. 

Soden,  Herr  von,  governor,  8382. 

Sodom  destroyed,  11402. 

Sodoma,  II.  (Giovanni  Antonio  Bazzi,  or 
Razzi),  b.  (1477) ;  d.,  10803. 

Sodor,  see  erected,  8402  ;  Bp.  Bardsley 
cons.,  9962  ;  Bp.  Straton  eons.,  10082. 

Soest,  Prussia,  resists  Dietrich  II.,  784' ; 
besieged,  7842. 

Soffaride  dynasty  established,  11072. 

Sofia,  Bulgaria,  a  mission,  5653  ;  Turks 
defeated;  talcen ;  battle,  566';  siege, 
5662,  568', 3,  569';  Alexander  leaves, 
5673 ;  assassination  plot  dis. ;  Holy  Synod 
meets,  568';  brigands  hanged  ;  Batcheff 
assassination,  5682 ;  Ferdinand  and 
bride  welcomed,  5683,  669' ;  hurricane, 
5693  ;  riot,  570'  +. 

Sogdian  Rock,  fortress  taken,  10242. 

Sogdianus,  deposed, 1107' ;  murders  Xerxes 
11.,  11073. 

Solin,  Karl  Ferdinand,  b.,  8082  ;  d.,  8243. 

Soiwsons,  Fr.,  Church  Council  at,  6643, 
6683;  battle,  666',  770';  academy  est., 
6931 ;  Congress  of,  6993;  attacked,  7403  ; 
surrenders,  742' . 

Sola  Pablo  V.  de.  gov.  Cal.,  1252,  1312. 

Solamon,  King,  deposed,  5023. 

Solander,  Daniel  Charles,  b.-d.,  11342. 

Solano  In  Paraguay,  IIO52. 

Solar  eclipse,  occurs,  206',  384';  observa- 
tions, Eng.,  904';  spectrum  lines,  810', 
9302  ;  year,  length  of,  1053' .  (See 
Eclipse). 

Soldiers,  Washington's,  destitute,  923, 
932  ;  allowance  for,  812  ;  preservation 
of  graves,  252' ;  negro  enlisted,  212' ;  re- 
lief org., 1923, 197'  ;Home,Nat.,opd.,375' . 

Nat.  Park,  N.  and  S.  survivors  re- 
union, 344'. 

Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Convention,  Cleve- 
land, 2552. 

Solebay  lost,  904'. 

Solebay,  naval  battle  near,  8921 . 

Soleil,  Jean  Baptlste  Francois,  b.  (1798); 
invents  saccharometer,  730' ;  d.  (1878). 

Solemn  Declaration,  G.  B.,  9653. 

League  and  Covenant  in  Scot.,  8843  ; 

signed,  8853,  8863  ;  annulled,  8903. 

Soler,  Manuel,  governor,  6303. 

Soley,  James  Russell,  b.  (1851) ;  in  navy 
department,  8512. 

Solferino  launched,  734' . 

Sofferino,  Italy,  battle  of,  524' . 

Solier,  Fr.  Antonio  de  San  Mig.  y,  bp.,  6051 . 

Sollman  reigns,  Morocco;  abolishes  sla- 
very, 10972. 

,  calif  of  Moslems,  4852. 

Solis,  Antonio  de, b.-d.,  11283;  work,  11292. 

,  Juan  Diaz  de,  discoveries,  163,  489' ; 

in  Uruguay,  163  ;  d.,  I6I . 

Solomon,  Col.,  at  Newtonia,  2141 . 

,  King,  alliance  with  Pharaoh,  6503  ; 

studies  Natural  History,  11422  ;  marries 
princess  of  Egypt,  1143' ;  erection  of  Ist 
temple,  11422  ;  idolatry,  11423  ;  harem, 
6503;  writes  Proverbs,  1142*;  d.,  11433. 

Solomon,  Song  of,  written,  11423. 

Solon,  b.-d.,  10142  ;  one  of  Seven  Sages; 


funeral  oration,  10163;  recovers  Salamis; 
code,  10171 ;  constitutional  oath  ;  returns 
to  Gr.;  archon  for  life,  10172. 
Solon,  Order  of.    (See  under  Order.) 
Solorzano,  Alonzo  de  Castillo,  work,  1129*. 
Solosa,  Carlists  defeated,  1132'. 
Solovietf,    Alexander,    attempt    against 
Czar,  1119'. 

,  Sergius,  b.  (1820) ;  History  of  Eussia, 

11203  ;  d. (1879). 
Soltikotr,  Count  Peter,  b.  (1700±) ;  Aust. 

leader,  5162  ;  d.  (1772). 
Solvyns,  Baron,  d.,  548'. 
Solway  wrecked,  9533. 
Solway  Moss,  battle  of,  868' . 
Solyman,  captures  Cappadocia,  11541. 

rules  Turkey  ;  killed,  1157' . 

- —  I.,  reigns,  11572  ;  takes  Belgrade, 5082; 
invades  Hung.,  510';  annexes  Tripoli, 
11381;  at  Vienna,  510' ;  in  Hung.,  5112; 
d.,5101. 

II.,  b.-d.,  11562.  invades  Hung.;  aids 

Francis    I.,    7901;     besieges    Belgrade, 
11231.    (See  Suleynian.) 
Solymosi,  Esther,  murder  of,  5303. 
Somali  returns,  4553. 
Souaali  ceded,  5633. 
Somalis  routed,  5643. 
Somerein,  gasoline  explosion,  5353. 
Somerhlll,  Baron,  title  created,  941*, 
Somerled,  Scot.,  Invades  Eng.,  850' . 
Somers  capsized,  1613;  wrecked,  162*. 
Somers,  Baron,  title  created,  923' . 

,  Sir  George,  in  Bermudas,  8793. 

,  Lord  John,  b.,  8882;    lord   keeper, 

9012;  dismissed;  chancellor,  9013;  d., 
9062, 
Somers,  Peter  J.,  b.,  1682. 
Somerset,  Ky.,  Confeds.  defeat,  2202;  reg- 
ulators* riot,  269'. 

,  Pa.,  R.  R.  collision,  4293. 

,  Col.,  at  Fort  Armstrong,  9561 . 

,  D.  of,  title  created,  8711.  (See  Beau- 
fort, H.,  Seymour,  Edw. ;  Carr,  Robert.) 

,  Duke  of,  minister,  9692. 

,  Edward,  Marquis  of  Worcester,  sig- 
naling telegraph,  882' ;  d.,  8922. 

,  Lady  Henry,  Pres.  Brit.  Temp.  Asso., 

3943;  vice-pres'.  W.  C,  T.  U.,  4402. 

,  Fitzroy  James  Henry,  Baron  Raglan, 

b.,  9243;    at  battle    of    Balaklava ;    at 
Alma  ;  at  Varna,  958' ;  d.,  9603 

,  slave,  trial  of,  9192. 

Somerton,  battle  at,  842' . 

,  Baron,  title  created,  975' . 

Somervllle,  Mass,  first  telephone  to,  2941 . 

,  Me.,  plumbago  mine  dls.,  342' . 

Heights.Va.,  Federals  defeated,  2071. 

,  Mary,  b.,  921' ;  d.,  9762. 

,  William,  b.,  9002,  or  (1677) ;  d.  (1742). 

Somervitte,  mission,  6023. 
Somhlolo  sentenced,  6022. 
Somkeli  submits,  0022  ;  trial,  6033. 
Sommelsdijk,  governor,  10391. 
Sommering,  Samuel  Thomas  von,  h,,  8023; 

d.,  8142. 
Somorrostro,  action  at,  11321 . 
Somyor,  mint-master,  4853. 
Sondes,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9871. 
Song  dynasty  rules,  6131 . 
Smig  of  Battle  of  Maiden  appears,  8463. 

of  Jirunanl)urk  written,  8443. 

Son^e  du  Vernier,  Le,  issued,  6743. 

Sonis,  Col.,  defeats  Arabs,  lOi . 

Sonnini,  de  Manoncourt,  Charles  Nicolas 

Sigisbert,  b.,  701' ;  d.,  7192. 
Sonntag,  Wm.  L.,in  Acad,  of  Design,  2023. 
Sonoma,  Cal.,  captured,  160'. 
Sonora,  Republic  proclaimed,  1743  ;  mis- 
sion at,  10962. 
Sonorri,  b.,  11' . 
Sons  of  America  organized,  1632. 

of  Clergy,  festival  instituted,  8883  ; 

musical  festival,  9042, 

of  England,  Convention,  Can.,  5862. 

of  Liberty  org.,  752;  Am.  Knights  or- 
ganized, 2392. 

of  Revolution  org.  in  Wash.,  3563  j 

anniversary,  4102 ;  Cong,  of,  4062, 4323. 

of   Temperance  org.,  155';   Lincoln 

joins,  171';  meeting,   3623;  session  at 
St.  John,  Can.,  5922. 

of  Veterans  encampment,  N.T.,  4623. 

Sontag,  outlaw  wounded,  4322. 

,  Henriette,  Countess  Rossi,  b.,  808» 

appears,  172';  d.,  8201. 
Sontay,  forts  captured,  4821 . 
Sonter-Liedelsens  appears,  10991 , 
Southals  of  Bengal  revolt,  10462, 


1412 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        TrsL)li.J\..         Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Sooc-Sout. 


Soochoo,  rebels  defeated,  6183  ;  Gordon 
fails,  6202;  mission,  6222;  fire,  6253. 

Sooloo,  Sultan  of,  rebels,  6522  j  submits, 
5512. 

Sconces  formed,  485' . 

Soor,  battle  of,  5142,  526t . 

Sophia,  or  Sofia,  occupied,  11581 . 

,  Archduchess,  d.  '^282. 

,  Princess  of  Hanover,  d.,  9052. 

princess,  b.-d.,  5242. 

of  Wiirtemberg,  marries  William  III. 

11023;  d.,  11021. 

Sophie,  Princess  of  Prussia,  marries,  833i . 

Sophocles,  b.-d.,  10162;  prize;  works,  10191 ; 
manuscrot,  10271. 

Sophontsba,  first  drama  in  Europe,  10801 . 

Sorakichi,  Matsada  K.,  d.,  3902. 

Sorbon,  Robert  de,  b.-d.,  6702  ,  fnds.  Sor- 
bonne  Soc,  6722,  fnds.  College,  6731; 
it   B  broken  up  ''062. 

Sorceries,  statue  against,  Eng  ,  8731 . 

Sorel,  Agnes  b  (1-109)     d.,  6'-8a. 

,  AlbeT"t,  Academician,  756i . 

So^es,  Jacob,  pirate,  /2i . 

So'-ghum,  nt.  Am.  180i ;  sugar  mnf.,  3101. 

Sena,  Cristobal    guacio  de  6302. 

Sorocaba,  mission  work,  5563. 

Sorocco,  N  Mex.,  goid  discovered,  450i . 

Sorota,  insurrection  at,  ^108i. 

Sosnowice  Kussia,  strike,  11212. 

Sosthenes,  d.,  10272. 

Sotelo,   ^ather,  put  to  death,  1091' . 

Soterus,  St.,  pope,  10643. 

Sothel,  Seth,  gov.  N.  C,  493,  513  ■  ban- 
ished, 51 1. 

Sothern,  Henry  Askew,  b.,  1382  ;  d.,  3062. 

Sothiac  festival  in  Egypt,  64*>3 ;  cycle,  6582. 

Soto,  Bernado,  pres.  Costa  Kica,  6312. 

,  Feruando,  or  Hernando,  b.-d.,  11263. 

sails  for  Fla.,  202  ;  fights  Indians,  202, 
211 ;  in  Fla.,  202,  211 ;  in  Ga. ;  in  Miss., 
cruelty;  expedition,  212;  gov.,  Cuba, 
213;  Indians  worship,  22i ;  dis.  Miss., 
222 ;  expedition  at  Panuco ;  reaches  Ark, ; 
in  La.,  223  ;  a.,  22i ;  buried,  223. 

,  M.  A.,  Pres.  Honduras,  10413. 

Sotomayor,  Alonso  de,  governor,  6O52  ;  at 
Antofagasta,  6O61. 

,  Eloi  de  Sa,  Jardin  do  Ceo,  IIIO2. 

y  Vald^s,  Ramon,  b.,  6063. 

Soubise,  Benjamin  de  Rohan,  b.,  6842  j 

leader  revolts,  6873  ;  d.,  6883. 

,  Pr.  de  (Charles  de  Rohan),  b.  (1715) ; 

at  Rossbach,  702i ;  commander,  8O21 ;  d. 
(1787). 

Soublette,  Carlos,  b.  (1790);  pres.  Vene- 
zuela, 11602  ;  d.  (1870). 

Soudan.    (See  Sudan.) 

Souflaot,Jacque8Germain,b.,6963;d.,705i. 

Soui,  science  and  education  ;  library  gift, 
6122 

Soukari's  forest,  fire,  103. 

Soulard,  Archbp.  Xavier  Gouthe,  fined, 
7631. 

Soule  College,  Tenn.,  founded,  1723. 

,  Joshua,  b.  (1781);  cons,  bp.,  1322  :  d. 

(1867). 

,  Pierre,  b.,  IIO2  :  Ostend  Manifesto, 

6331;  d.,  2701. 

,  Wilson,  d.,  4661. 

Souli^,  MelchiorFr6d6ric,b.,  7143;  works, 
7271,7291;  d.,  7302 

Soulouque,  Faustin  Elie,  b.  (1785);  at  Las 
Carreras,  6431 ;  Pres.,  10402-  d.  (1867). 

Soult,  Nicolas  Jean  de  Dieu,  D.  de  Dalma- 
tie,  b.,7042;  at  Corunna,7162;  takes  Ba- 
dajoz,  at  Lilerena,  at  Albuera,  7182  ;  in 
Pyrenees,  7201 ;  commander-in-chief, 
7221 ;  ministry,  7273.  7293  ,  gen.  of  Fr., 
7281 ;  atHelle8berg,808i :  atOrthez,936i ; 
d.,  7302. 

Soul-Winning  andPrayer  Union  f  rod. ,9862. 

Soumet,  Alexandre,  b.  (1788);  works,  7243; 
d.  (1845). 

Sounddues suspended,  1752;  U.S.  refuses, 
1791. 

Sourville,  Anne  H.  de  C.  de,  d.,  6943. 

Sousa,  Alfonso  de,  in  Brazil,  203,212;  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  5532. 

,  Antonio  Jose  de,  D.  of  Terceira,  b.-d., 

11102. 

,  Gon9alo  de,  on  W.  Coast  Afr.,  II6I1 . 

,  Holstein,  Pedrode,  b.  (1786);  Duke  of 

Palmella,  resigns ;  regent  in  Port.,  1111 1 : 
d.  (1850). 

,  PeroLope8de,b.(150i3±);  AaoAmaro, 

5532;  d.  (1539). 

,  Thom6  de,  b.  (1510±) ;  at  San  Salva- 
dor, 5533. 


South,  Robert,  b.,  8822;  d.,  9062. 

African  Republic  (see  text,  pp.  1124, 

1125);  fmd.,  5993,  986 1 ;  Coll.  est.,  5981; 
church  org.,  5991 ;  Stafford  House  Com- 
mittee org.,  6002  ;  Confederation,  dele- 
gates meet,  6012;  Boers  agreed;  State 
recognized,  6032  ;  Kafirs  disturb,  6042  ; 
Bd.  Junes  cons.,  9742;  independent,  9861 ; 
Asso.  est.,  9871 ;  Company's  charter  ga- 
zetted, 10053  ;  Eng.  and  Port,  conflict, 
10061 .    (See  Transvaal.) 

American  Republics  recognized,  1312; 

Cong,  of  delegates,  1352;  boundary  ques- 
tion arbitrated,  4112. 

Southampton,  Eng.,  Am.  life  raft  at,  256i ; 
Pr.  Isabella  arrives,  5563  ;  Brit.  Asso. 
meets,  952i  ,9881 ;  Church  Cong.  at,9742  ; 
strikes.  10043,  i005i ;  railway  opd.,  9501 . 

,  N.  y.,  founded,  372  ;  250th  anniver- 
sary, 3613;  whale  caught,  4473. 

South  Anna,Va.,Confed8.  defeated  at,223i . 

Southard,  S.  G.,  suicide,  murder,  4383. 

,  Samuel  L.,b,982  ;  sec.  of  navy.  1333; 

gov.  N.  J.,  1412  •  pres.  Senate,  1532  •  d., 
1542. 

South  Australia  separated,  4952  ;  Stuart's 
explorations,  4962  •  representative  gov.; 
legislative  council,  4971;  wheat  crop, 
5013,  earthquake,  5301;  colonized,  9492. 

Australian  Act  passed,  4952. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9212. 

Bend,  Ind.  R.R.   accident  at,   1853; 

bank  robbery,  4443. 

Bermondsey,  fire,  9973. 

Bethlehem,   Pa.,  Lehigh   University 

org,,  2543. 

Southbridge,  Mass.,  R.R.  accident,  4773. 

South  Britain,  Roman  province,  10632. 

Cal.  FreeMeth.  Conference  org.,  3742. 

Carolina,  U.S.A.,  Sp.  holds,  25' ;  land 

grants,  423,  game  extended,  432;  Spi>.  in- 
vade, 441 ;  Wm.  Sayle,  gov.  (1669);  Pres- 
byterians and  Independents  settle;  tol- 
eration,442 ;  FundamentaiConstitutions; 
Eng.  on  Ashley  River;  self  govt.,  45  ; 
J.  West,  gov.,  452,  again  (1674,  1684); 
Dutch  arrive ;  Sir  J.  Yeamans,  gov.;  new 
govt,  demanded,  452  ;  slave  wars,  48i ; 
opposing  parties,  48* ;  Jos.  Morton,  gov., 
492;  Ricnard  Kirk, gov.;  Robert  Quarry, 

gov.,  493  ;  rice  planted,  502,  522;  James 
olleton,  gov.;  Huguenots  arrive;  writs 
against,  503;  Hugueuots  in,5li  ,3  ;  mar- 
tial law;  Seth  Sothel,  gov.,  513;  Philip 
Ludwell,  gov.;  Thos.  Smith,  gov.;  legis- 
lature acts  rejected ;  Locke  scheme 
abandoned;  Jos.  Blake,  gov.,  533,  also 
(1696) ;  moderate  party  favored ;  John 
Arehdale,  gov.,  533  ;  Indian  towns  de- 
stroyed, 541 ;  dissenters  abound,  Chris- 
tians enfranchised,  542  ;  orthodoxy  pro- 
tected ;  Ist  P.  E.  minister,  543  ;  pesti- 
lence in;  immigration,  65 1;  debt  of; 
James  Moore,  gov.,  552;  Sir  Nat'l  John- 
son, gov. ;  refuses  hereditary  nobility, 
553 ;  dissenters  prevail,  562  disfranch.se- 
ment  illegal ,  intolerance  repealed ;  1st 
church,  563;  baptism  of  slaves,  57 1 ;  Fr. 
invade  ;  dissenters'  disfranchise  re- 
pealed, Gov.  Johnson  executive,  572  ; 
Ed.  Tynte,  gov.;  Robt.  Gibbes,  gov.,573; 
pirates  suppressed,  58i ;  interest  issue; 
Chas.  Craven,  gov.,  59i ;  Rob't  Daniel, 
gov.,  592  ;  James  Moore,  gov. ;  Arthur 
Middleton,  gov. ,593, 61 2;  Francis  Nichol- 
son, gov.,  population  ;  govt,  revolution- 
ized,593;  invaded,  601 ;  P'-oprietary  go^t. 
overthrown,  61 1;  N.  and  S.  divided; 
Ger.  Palatines  arrive,  613;  Robt.  John- 
son, gov.,  632  ;  yellow  fever;  T  Brough- 
ton,  gov.,  633  ;  indigo  intro.,  65i ;  negro 
teaching  prohibited  ;  Wm.  Bull,  gov., 
652,  732;  insurrection,  652;  fire;  Fr.  col- 
ony fails;  James  Glen,  gov.,  653- Library 
Soc.  fnd.,  671;  Indians  leave  Brit,  do- 
mains, 712;  Wm.  H.Littleton,  gov.,  713; 
Thos.  Boone,  gov.,  732 ;  land  bounties, 
751 ;  Clias.  Montague,  gov. ,753;  Ger.  set- 
tle m,  791 ;  aid  to  Bostonians,  792;  Wm. 
Campbell,  gov.,  813  ;  John  Rutledge, 
gov.,  831,  again  (1779) ;  militia  in,  86I ; 
Rawliu  Lowndes,  gov.  (1778) ;  Ninety  Six 
taken,  92i ;  military  race,  923  ;  negroes 
flee  to  Brit.,  932;  royal  authority  reest., 
933  ;  Am.  takes  Brit,  posts ;  battle  of 
Eutaw  Springs ;  Greene  retires  from 
Ninety  Six,  942  ;  John  Matthews,  gov. 
(1782);  Benj.  Guerard,  gov.  (1783);  ^ova. 
at  Wash.,  953 ;  cedes  western  land  claims, 


993;  Wm.  Moultrie,  gov.  (1785),  1613; 
again,  1053;  Thos.  Pinckney,  gov.  (1787), 
1013;  ratifies  constitution,  lOli;  State 
Convention  meets,  1031 ;  Arnoldus  V'an- 
derhorst,  governor,  1051 ;  Charles  Pinck- 
ney* governor,  1073,1151;  Edward  Rut- 
ledge,  gov.,  1093  •  s.  C.  Coll.  org.  at  Co- 
lumbia, 1111 ;  John  Drayton,  gov.,  III2, 
1153;  Jas.  B.  Richardson, gov.,  1113;  Paul 
Hamilton,  gov.,  1132;  Henry  Middleton, 
gov..  1173;  Jos.  Alston,  gov.,  1193;  Pres- 
byterian Synod  org.,  1212;  David  R.  Wil- 
liams, gov.,  1233;  Andrew  Pickens,  gov., 
1252  ;  John  Geddes,  gov.,  1272  ;  Thos. 
Bennett,  gov.,  1292  ;  night  or  Sumiay- 
Schools  forslaves  prohib'ted,  1312;  John 
L.  Wilson,  gov.,  13i3;  United  Synod  So. 
(Evang.  Luth.),  org.,  1323;  Rich.  J.Miin- 
nhig.  gov.,  1.332;  John  Taylor,  gov.,  1352; 
Steph.  D.Miller,  gov.,  1372;  James  Ham- 
ilton, gov.,  1392;  Columbia  Theo.  Sem. 
est.,  1403  ;  incipient  rebellion ;  reward 
offered  against  Liberator,  1411;  Robert 
Y.  Hayne,  gov.;  nullification  ordinance 
passed;  State  Conven.  meets,  1412,  se- 
cession threatened  ,  U.  S  Force  Act  de- 
clared void  null.fication  repealed,  1432; 
Geo  McDuflie,  gov.,  slavery  mob  enters 
post-office,  U.  S.  mails  opd,  1452  rail- 
road opd.,  1453  ;  Pierce  M.  Butler,  gov,, 
1472  ;  Patrick  Noble,  gov.,  1512  ,  B  K. 
Hennegan,  gov. ;  John  P.  Richardson, 
go^.,  153  ;  Janies  H.  Hammond,  gov., 
1553;  William  Aiken,  gov.,  1592  ;  David 
Johnson,  gov,,  1613  ;  w.  B.  Seabrook, 
go".,  16o2;  calls  a  Southern  Cong.,  1672; 
John  H. Means, gov.,  1692;  JohnL.  Man- 
ning, go".,  17  2;  James  H.Adams,  gov,, 
17'(  2  ;  Newburv  Coil,  org.,  1802  ,  Robert 
F.  W.  Alston,  gov.,  I8I2  ;  Wm.  H.  Gist, 
gov.,  1852;  Asso.  of  1800  fmd.,  1882;  elec- 
tion excitement  in  1860;  secession  advo- 
cated Senators  resign  ;  conven.  called ; 
secession  assumed,  1883  ;  State  Conven.; 
F  W  Pickens,  gov  ;  secedes  by  ordi- 
nance; sends  commissioners  to  D.  C., 
1892  3,  1903,  fo'ts  requested;  request 
w'thdrawn  Caleb  Cushmg  sent  to  S.C, 
1892,  independence  deciared,  1892,3; 
members  of  Cong  withdraw,  1893  ,  Ft. 
Jolinson  seized,  shot  at  Star  of  the  West^ 
1901;  Francis  W.  Pickens,  gov.,  1892, 
1903;  Gen.  Beaureg.ird  in  command; 
Maj.  Anderson  cut  off,  192i ;  Gov.  Pick- 
ens notilied  ;  constitution  revised  ;  Ft, 
Sumter  surrende'^ed,  1933;  Niayara  cap- 
tures Gen.  ParkhiU ;  Charleston  block- 
aded, 1942;  privateer  Savannah  escapes, 
196  ;  prohibits  payment  of  northern 
creditors,  1971 ;  Sen.  Chestnut  expelled, 
1983  ;  Confed.  envoys  leave,  2001 ,  2012  ; 
Nashville  runs  blockade ;  battle  of  Port 
Royal,  2002  ;  17  hulks  block  channel, 
2021,2;  privateer /aafcf/ escapes  ;  action 
at  Port  Royal  Ferry,  2021;  teachers  for 
freedmen,  2052 ;  skirmish  at  Edisto  Is- 
land, 2062 ;  Gen.  Hunter  emancipates 
slaves,  207 1 ;  Planter  runs  blockade,  2072 ; 
action  on  James  Island,  2083,  2091 ,  2243; 
2263,  2422;  action  on  Pinckney 's  Island, 
212  ;  1st  reg.  S.  C.  vols,  (colored)  org., 
2151 ;  M.  L.  Bonham,  gov.,  2173  ;  bh)ck- 
ade  declared  open,  2182  ;  Charleston 
bombarded,12202  ;  Federal  raid  up  the 
Cambahee,  2241 ;  Morris  Is.  surprised, 
2242  ;  Ft.  Wagner  assaulted,  2243,  2251, 
2262;  Federals'  siege  of  Ft.  Sumter,  2251 , 
2261,2;  Charleston  bombarded,  2261;  ac- 
tion at  Honey  Hill ;  at  Devreaux  Neck, 
2402  ;  A.  G.  Magrath,  gov.,  2413  ;  action 
at  Pocotaligo;  at  Salkehatchie,  2421; 
action  at  Aiken;  Federals  enter  Colum- 
bia and  Charleston,  2422 ;  Sherman 
crosses  Pedee  River,  2441;  provisional 
govt,  est.,  2473  ;  Garrison  speaks  in 
Charleston,  iJ47i;  Avery  Institute  opd., 

2482  ;  Benj.  F.  Perry,  provisional  gov., 

2483  ;  ordinance  of  secession  repealed  ; 
13th  Amend,  ratified;  new  constitution 
enacted,  249i ;  James  L.  O^r,  gov.,  25P  ; 
ratifies  14th  Amend.,  2552 ;  constitu- 
tional conven.  meets,  261i;  new  consti- 
tution ratified,  2613  ;  State  readmitted, 
2632;  supt.  of  schools  elected,  2613;  Rob- 
ert K.  Scott,  gov,,  2653  ;  ratifies  15th 
Amend..  267';  free  school  system  est., 
2702;  Habeas  Corpus  sitspended,  275' ,2  ; 
Franklin  J.  Moses,  Jr.,  gov.,  2811;  in- 
dicted ;  State  debt  repudiated ;  Normal 


Sout-Spai. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1413 


flchoM  at  Columbia,  2843;  Dan.  H.  Cham- 
berlain, gov.,  2912  ;    organizations  dis- 
bHnil ;    electoral    vote    disputed,    293^ ; 
Wade  Hampton,  gov.,  2932,  2973  ;  certi- 
ficates to  Repub.  pres.  electors  ;  2  Legis- 
lative bodies;  2  governors,  Dan.  H. Cham- 
berlain, gov.,  2932  ;  electoral  vote  dis- 
puted, 295^ ;  ex-Treasurer  F.  L.  Cardoza 
convicted;  political  frauds,  297 1 ;  debts 
scaled,  2993;  Wm.  D.  Simpson,  gov.;  elec- 
tors bribery  exposed,  3012  ;  department 
of  Agric.  est.,  3021;    Gov.  Simpson  re- 
fiii;ns;T.  B. -Jeter,  gov. ,30.'5i ;  Johnson  Ha- 
good,  gov.,  3052;  negroes  terrorized,  309' ; 
Hugh  S.  Thompson,  gov.,  3132  ;   John  P. 
Richardson,  gov.,  3252  ;  pension  system 
enacted,  3292;  Confed.  seal  given  to,3333 ; 
justice  for  lynchers ;   negro  exodus  ;  de- 
tectives driven  out  by  negroes  ;  negroes 
lynched,  351' ;  colored  people's  1st  State 
fair,  3513;  colored  convention  assembly, 
3591 ;  Benj.  R.  Tillman,  gov.,  3751 ,  4212; 
J.  D.  Shaw  shot,  387' ;   excessive  R.R. 
taxes,  4251 ;  Evans  Liquor  Law  opera- 
tive, 4323  ;  Dispensary  Law  unconstitu- 
tional, 4332,  4572,  4683  ;  State  dispensa- 
ries est.,  4333  ;  Dispensary  Law  enforce- 
ment resisted,  4342;  gov. 's  appeal  for  Sea 
Islands  sufferers,  4363;  cyclone,  43Gi, 
4401 ;  gov.  suppresses  opposition;  rebel- 
lion against  Liquor  Law,  4543;  gov,  as- 
sumes control, 4552;  civil  status  restored, 
4671;    Evans  Liquor  Law  valid,  4583; 
State  under  prohibition,  4593;  State  dis- 
pensaries reopd.,46G2;  gov.'s  liquor  proc- 
lamation, 4071 ;  Dispensary  Law  uncon- 
stitutional.4682;  Dispensary  Law  consti- 
tutional, 4723 ;  Intoxication  and  Profane 
Language  Bill,  4762  ;  John  Gary  Evans, 
inaug.,  4793.    (See  Fort  Sumter.) 

South  Carolina  Coll.  est.,  llli . 

Church,    Old,    Boston,    seized,    502  j 

erected,  603  ;  tea  question  discussed  in, 
782;  as  riding-school,  823. 

Southcott,  Joanna,  b.,9123;  fanatic,  9131, 
9263;  d.,9363. 

South  Dakota,  territorial  history  (N.  and 
S.Dak.);firstsettled,169i ;  territory  org., 
1931 ;  ter.  govs.,  Wm.  Jayne,  2032,  New- 
ton Edmonds,  2193,  Andrew  J.  Faulk, 
2253,  John  A.  Burbank,  2693,  John  L. 
Pennington,  3851;  Wm.A.  Howard  (1878), 
Gilbert  A.  Pierce,  3193,  Louis  K.  Church, 
3252,  Arthur  G.  Mellette  (1889) ;  Yank- 
ton, capital,  2173  :  Dak.  Ind.  missions 
est.,  2631 ;  s.  I).  Congregational  Asso. 
fmd.,  2762 ;  Indians  surrender  lands, 
2953  ;  sch(X)l  for  deaf  mutes,  3071 ;  Free 
Meth.  Conf.  fmd.,  3122 ;  Yankton  Coll. 
opd.,3123;  Univ. of, org.;  Normalschools 
opd.,  3143;  tin  dis.,  3141;  Constitution 
adopted;  Insane  Asylum  at  Yankton, 
3171 :  Agricultural  Coll.  opd.  ;  bill  for 
admission,  3193, 3:jg3, 3371 .  Constitution 
framed,  321i ,  2;  Dakota  tfniv.  est., 3223- 
State  School  of  Mines  opd.,  3283  ;  Local 
Option  Law  passed,  3291;  North  and 
South  D.  separated,  3292  ;  gas  struck, 
3321;  riot,  3331 ;  windstorms  and  prairie 
fires,  3381 ;  Repub.  Conven.  called,  :M31  ; 
P.  F.  M'Clure  uorn.  for  gov.,  3451 ,  ^73  ; 
Arthur  C.  Mellette  nom.  for  gov.,  3451; 
Ist  Legislature  meets,  3472,  3513;  ad- 
mitted to  the  Union ;  Constitution 
adopted,  it  prohibits  the  sale  of  intoxi- 
cants, 3472 ;  Arthur  C.  Mellette,  gov., 
3492,3993;  Horn.  Gath.,  diocese  est.,  3501 ; 
liquor  dealers  continue  business,  351'; 
dust  blizzard,  35Gi ;  woman  suffrage  soc. 
org., 3603;  Independent  party  fmd.,  3623; 
gold  dis.,  3681;  strikes;  Prohibition  Law 
operative,  3682  ;  troops  arrive,  3701 ; 
armed  Indians  alarm,  3721;  destitution, 
3733;  capital  punishment  rejected,  3772; 
Prohibition  question  resubmitted,  3783, 
and  sustained,  4232  ;  divorces  limited, 
3891 ;  platinum  ore  tlis.,406i;  R.  G.  In- 
dian Gong.,  4101 ;  cowboys  k.,  4223  ;  Re- 
apportionmeut  Act  unconstitutional, 
4243, 46:i2;  cattle  thieves  scattered,  4271 ; 
C.  H.  Sheldon,  gov.,  4472  ;  prairie  fires, 
4641 ;  free  silver  platform  adopted,  4711. 

■ —  Univ.,  est.,  3143. 

Southeastern  R.  R.  and  London  R.  R.  Co., 
amal^ramate,  9832. 

Railway,  opened  to  Dover.  9521. 

Southern  Baptists.     (See  Baptists.) 

Theological  Seminary  est.  (1859). 

—  College  org.,  Ga.,  157 1 . 


Southern  Confederacy,  South. Cong.called, 
1672;  states  secede :  S.  C,  1892;  Miss., 
Fla.,  Ala.,  191i;  Ga.,  La.,  1912;  Tex., 
Va.,  1913;  Ark., 1952;  N.C.,1953;  Tenn., 
1972;  Mo.  (?),  Ky.  (?),  2012  ;  official  be- 
ginning of,  1892;  senators  resign,  1883 +  ; 
seizes  forts,  190*;  provisions  for,  1912  ; 
Ist  Provisional  Cong.  org. ;  provisional 
constitution  adopted  and  style;  Cong, 
elects  pres., etc.;  it  assumes  nat. prerog- 
atives ;  Montgomery,  Ala.,  capital,  1913; 
call  for  volunteers,  1921;  enraged  feel- 
ings, 1922;  (sends  3  commissioners  to 
Wash.,  1931,3;  importation  of  slaves 
prohibited;  controls  military  affairs; 
army  of  100,000 ;  constitution  adopted  ; 
demands  independence ;  adopts  perma- 
nent constitution,  1931;  appoints  for- 
eign commissioners;  states  to  cede  forts 
to ;  provides  for  a  revenue  ;  Provisional 
Cong,  closes,  1932 ;  coast  blockaded ; 
privateers  for,  1941 ;  Lee  commands  in 
va.;  La.  raises  troops  ;  increase  of  army, 
1942;  forts  blockaded  ;  telegrams  seized; 
compact  with  Va.;  Provisonal  Cong, 
meets,  1951, 2;  war  recogiuzed ;  Va.  en- 
ters Confed.  Cong.,  1952;  Eng.  recog- 
nizes ;  aliens*  property  connscated  ; 
Cong,  adjourns  to  Richmond,  U.  S. 
mails  withdrawnj  1953  ;  postal  commu- 
nications prohibited  by  U.  S. ;  Rich- 
mond the  capital,  1971;  Fr.  neutral; 
U.  S.  passports  required,  1972;  to  raise 
a  million  men,  1973;  3d  Provisional  Cong. 
at  Richmond,  1973,  1992;  value  of  Con- 
fed. dollar,  1973+ ;  army  in  1861,1981; 
confiscation  of  property  of  Confederates; 
G.  Brit,  communicates  with ;  Lincoln 
prohibits  commercial  intercourse  ;  cit- 
izens of  U.  S.  exiled,  1992;  passes  re- 
quired, 1993,  2001 ;  envoys  run  Dlockade, 
2001 ;  Army  of  Va.  org.,  2003;  envoys  re- 
leased ;  general  election ;  Davis  and 
Stephens  elected  ;  conven.  in  Ky.;  4th 
Prov.  Cong,  opens;  Cong,  admits  Ky., 
2012;  confiscation  of  Confed.  Property 
Bill,  2013  ;  peace  resolutions  in  Cong., 
2033  ;army  under  Beauregard, 2042 ;  Prov. 
Cong.,  last  session  ;  first  Confed.  Cong. 
meets;  Jeff.  Davis  inaug.  pres.,  2053; 
Gen.  Johnston  commands  army  of  Va.  ; 
commerce  cut  off,  2062  ;  gunboats  re- 
pulsed in  Tenn,,  2071 ;  Conscription  Act 
passes  ;  1st  Cong,  closes  Ist  session,  2073; 
Lee  commands  Army  of  Va.,  2083  ;  con- 
fiscation of  rebels'  property,  2112  ;  jet 
Cong.,  2d  session  opens,  2113  ;  retalia- 
tion ordered,  2133,  2152  ;  Eng.  recogni- 
tion proposed,  2152;  conscription,  2153, 
2312,3; negroes  guarded; Cong. adjourns, 
2153;  Davis  opposes  enlisting  negroes, 
2173  ;  death  for  officers  of  negro  regi- 
ments ;  on  emancipation  proclamation, 
2192;  dismisses  consuls,  2233;  igt  con- 
scription proclamation,2253 ;  bankruptcy 
exposed,  2273 ;  raid  disclosed,  2281 ;  com- 
pulsory funding  of  finances  recom- 
mended, 2292  ;  army  south  of  Rapidan, 
2321;  2d  Cong,  meets,  2333,2393;  Gen. 
Hood  commands  dept.  of  Tenn.,  2362  ; 
seal  finished,  2373;  enlistment  of  negroes 
authorized,  2431,  2;  and  defeated,  2432; 
3  peace  commissioners  8ent,243i  ,2;  Cong, 
issues  address,  2432;  Confed.  raiders  from 
Can.  attack  St.  Albans,  5801 ;  raiders  dis- 
charged, 5831 ;  Confed.  debt  rei)udiated 
by  Federal  Cong.,  2432,3;  Davis's  last 
message ;  last  Cong,  adjourns ;  gov't 
leaves  Richmond  ;  Davis,  Danville  ad- 
dress ;  correspondence  with  Eng.  on 
privateers  begins  ;  seal  arrives  at  Rich- 
mond, 2453;  surrender  of  Lee,  2461 ;  ports 
closed  by  Federals,  2472  ;  opened,  2473  ; 
2491 ;  Eng.  and  Fr.  rescind  recognition, 
2473,9691;  southern  ports  closed,  2472, 
and  reopened,  2473;  Confed.  prisoners 
released  ;  southern  ports,  restrictions 
removed,  249 1 ;  insurrection  declared 
suppressed,  2523;  Confeds.  disfranchised 
in  W.  Va.  and  Tenn.,  253' ;  states  with 
invalid  gov'ts,  261i;  amnesty  extended, 
2632  ;  legal  and  political  disabilities  re- 
moved, 2633,  2711 ;  states  represented  in 
Cong.,  2711;  flags  not  restored,  3272; 
Confed.  monument  at  Petersburg,  3601 ; 
Confed.  veterans  reunion  held,  362*  ; 
veterans'  reception  in  N.  Y.,  3821 ;  Con- 
fed. Soldiers'  Home,  3983;  flag  returned 
fn>m  Boston,  4O01 . 


Southern  Convention  of  Churches,  3163. 
Expositionat Louisville, Ky., 3153;  at 

Montgomery,  3473;  at  Augusta,  3953. 

Governors'  Convention,  4283. 

111.  Conf.  (Meth.  Epis.)  org.,  1702. 

Immigration  Land  and  Title  Co.  org., 

4613. 
— —  Interstate  Exposition  opens,  Raleigh, 

3933. 
— —  Ky.  College  (Christian)  est.  at  Hop- 

kinsvine(1849). 
Southern  Literary  Gazette  appears,  133i . 
Southern  Pacific  R.  R.  chartered,  2733  ; 

train  robbers,  391i,  4503;  conven.  for, 

2893  ;  formed,  7213. 
University  (Meth.  Epis.  S.),  est.  at 

Greensboro,  Ala.,  I8O2. 
Southerne,  Thomas,  b.,8902;  d.  (1746). 
Southesk,  Earl  of,  title  created,  8831 . 
Southey,  Robert,  b.,  919';   works,  9271, 

9311 ,  9371 ,  9411 ;  poet  laureate,  9371  ■  d., 

9522. 

,  Mrs.  Robert,  b.,  9242. 

Southgate,  Horatio,  b.  (1812) ;  cons.  P.  E. 

bishop,  1563. 
South  German  States  protest  against  alli- 
ance, 8253. 

Hadley  canal  opened,  1053. 

Kentucky  College  organized,  3082, 

Southold,  N.  v.,  Puritan  Church  ;  Presb. 

church  fmd. ,362;  Founder's  monument, 

4401. 
Lawrence,  Mass.,  cyclone  damages, 

3641. 
Mountain,  Md. , battles of,213i ;  Early 

approaches,  23Gi . 
South  Orange,  N.  J.,  Seton  Hall  College 

fnd.,  1802  ;  Smith  embezzlement,  4343. 

Omaha,  Neb.,  fire,  4753. 

Southport,  Eng.,  British  Asso.  sits,  9881 , 
South  Portland  detained  by  gov't.,  4151 . 
South  Saxons,  kingdom  established,  8413. 
Sea  Bubble,  formed,  9053  ;    investi- 
gated, 907 1. 
—  Side  R.R.,  Va.,  Feds,  attack,  239i. 

Staffordshire,  Eng.,  strike.  9943, 

Vallejo,  Cal.,  Julia  explodes,  3293. 

Sonthwark,  Eng.,  Bp.  Butt  cons.,  9982 ;  Bp. 

Yeatman  cons.,  10063;  briageopd.,9382; 

Congregational  Church  formed,  8782. 
Southwell,  Eng.,  see  fnd.,  9922;  Collegiate 

Ch.  opd.,  9982  ;  Bp.  Ridding  cons.,  9922. 

,  Sir  Robert,  pres.  Royal  Society, 8961. 

,  Viscount,  title  created,  9172. 

,  "William,  cabinet  pianos,  9342. 

Southwest  Afr.,  Ger.  boundaries,  8382. 

African  Co.  formed,  8353. 

Bapt.  Coll.  est.  at  Bolivar,  Mo.,  3003. 

Kansas  College  est.,  3242. 

Missouri,  M.  E.  conference  org..  2842. 

Silver  Conven.,  El  Paso,  Tex.,  3971 . 

Southwestern  Baptist  University  est.  at 

Jackson,  Tenn.  (1845). 

Presb.  Univ.  est.,  Tenn.,  2903. 

Univ.  (Meth.  Epis.  S.)  est.  at  George- 
town, Tex.  (1872). 
Southwick,  clergyman  executed,  8882, 
Southwold,  Eng.,  battle  of,  6921 . 
Southworth,  Mrs.  (Emma  D.  E.  Nevitt), 

b.,  1281 ;  AUsicorth  Abbey,  2503. 
Sontsong,  suppresses  rebellion,  613* ;  d., 

6122. 
Soutza,  Prince,  duel,  7483. 
Souvarott".    (See  Suvarof.) 
Souvenirs  du  General  Jarras  appears,  7622. 

du  C.  de  Jiocfterhmtart,  Les,7Gfi^. 

du  General  du  Barail  appears,  7641 . 

Souvestre,  Emile,  b.,  7163  ■  d.,  7322. 
Souza-Botelho,  A.  M.  E,  F.,  works,  710O, 

7171. 

,  Tliome  de,  at  Bahia,  232. 

SovereUin  of  the  Seas  launched,  8821 . 
Sovereign,  gold,  Eng.,  9393;  value  est.  in 

U.  S.,2851. 
,  James  R.,  Gen.  Master  Knights  of 

Labor,  4443;  reelected,  4751. 
Sowerby,  Anne,  burned,  9172. 

,  James,  b.,  9143;  d.,9403. 

Soyer,  Alexis,  b.,  7143;  d.,  7342. 

Sozomen,  b.,  10303, 

Spada,  Lionello,  b.,  IO8I1 ;  d.  (1622). 

Sjiagnoletto,  b.-d.,  11283, 

Spaight,   Richard  Dobbs,  b.  (1758) ;  gov. 

N.G.,  1051,1453;  d.  (1802). 
Si)ain  (see  text,  pp.  1125-1133) :  Hasdrubal 

in,  l(i53i,  10542;  conquered  by  Hamilcar, 

10.531;  Hannibal  crosses,  10541;  Roman 

province,  10553;  Carthaginians  expelled, 

IO&43;  war  in  Lusitanla,  10551 ;  Ebomans 


1414 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


Spal-SprL 


invade,  1056' ;  Sertorius  expelled, 10581  ± ; 
Pompey  rules,  10593;  Romans  surrender, 
1060' ;  Romans  repulsed,  10G02  ;  Csesar 
propretor,  10592;  Augustus  surrenders; 
subdued,  lOGOa  ;  partly  annexed  to  Ro- 
man Emp.,  10103,  10632;  relricus  rules ; 
subdued  by  Rome,  10672  ;  Romans  visit, 
10673;  monks  abomid,  10663;  East  Gotb 
kingdom  est.,  10C93  ;  Vandals  and  Bur- 

fundians  settle,  1071 1 ;  Atawulf  invades, 
070» ;  West  Gothic  kingdom  est.,  10711 ; 
Romans  expelled  by  West  Goths,  10712; 
Moslem  empire,  4852  :  royal  library 
burned;  philosophy  cultivated;  philos- 
ophers banished  ;  Alfonso  X.  astron- 
omer, 4862;  Mex.  a  province,  10952;  con- 
quest of  Salvador,  11231  ;  Sp.-Aust. 
ascendency  in  It.,  10813;  Peru  conquered, 
I1O81 ;  loses  fleet,  8I ;  imperilled  in 
Chile,  6(Hi;  at  war  with  Chile,  6013,605 1 ; 
war  with  Neth.,  10981 ;  Port,  annexed, 
lost,  11101,  2;  naval  power  ruined  by 
Dutch,  11001 ;  Eng.  captures  Sp.  ships, 
8881;  war  against  Eng.,  9201,  9332  ;  in- 
vades Port.,  11101 ;  Fr.  cedes  territory, 
5413;  acquires  influence  in  It.,  10833; 
Aust.  takes  Sp.  Neth.,  543' ;  treaty  with 
Indians  in  Chile,  6053;  demands  repara- 
tion of  Eng.,  9253  ;  evacuates  Yazoo 
country.  Am.,  1092  ;  ct)mmercial  mon- 
opoly broken  in  Cuba,6333;  independence 
of  Port.  ,1 1103 ;  Fr.  army  in,7173 ;  war  with 
Mex.,10951 ;  injustice,  Chile;  sovereignty 
in  Chile  reest.,6071 ;  Peruvian  independ- 
ence,1108i;  treaty  with  U.S.,  1272,1292, 
1433,3872,4712,6343;  independence  of  Sal- 
vador, 11231 ;  surrenders  Fla.,  1292  ;  rec- 
ognizes independence  of  Sp.  provinces, 
1312;  Colombian  insurrection,  6283; 
Mex.  independent,  10962;  Fr.  frontier 
regulations,  7371,2;  war  with  Peru  and 
Chile,  11081;  treaty  with  Port.,  11112; 
greeting  to  Fr.  Republic,  7412;  declines 
mediation  in  Fr.,  7432;  siege  in  Cuba, 
^22;  tnodus  Vivendi  with  Fr.,  7633  ;  re- 
public in  Cuba,  6332;  Morocco  pirates 
rise,  and  indemnity  claimed,  10973. 

Spalatro,  Diocletian's  palace  at,  10G62. 

Spalding  Club  fnd.,  9491 . 

,  Jesse,  gov't  director  U.  P.  R.R.,  3512. 

,  John  Franklin,  b.  (1828);  cons.  P.  E. 

bp.,  2822. 

, L.,  b.  (1840);  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  2942. 

,  Lyman,  b.,  823;  d.,  1301. 

,  Martin  John,  b.,  1162;  d.,  2762. 

Spandau,  Prus.,  Gustavue  takes,  7941 . 

Spangenberg,  August  G.,  b.,  562;  d.,  1022. 

,  Wolfhart,  Ganskimigt  7931 . 

Spangler,  Edward,  assassin,  2431 ;  sen- 
tenced, 2482.3. 

Spanish  Armada,  11281 ;  memorial,  10041. 

coins;  of  Am.  circulation,  1793. 

College  founded,  10772. 

Evangelical  Society  org.,  9603, 

Fort  invested,  2442 ;  Federals  as- 
sault, 2452. 

marriages  cause  trouble,  7293. 

Mission,  centennial  eel.  Cal,  2922. 

and  Port.  Church  Aid.  Soc.  org.,  9702. 

Succession,  war  of,  6953. 

Sparks,  Jared,  b.,  IOO1 ;  works,  137i,  141i, 
1431,  1451,  1583;  d.,2501. 

Sparksville,  Miss.,  Agricultural  and  Me- 
chanical College  opens,  3042. 

Sparre,  Count,  d.,  &42i. 

Sparta,  fnd.,  10133;  seized,  10141,  10151, 
10262;  early  kings,  10152,3, 10172,3;  sen- 
ate est.,  Ephori  est.,  10152;  conspiracy 
to  take,  10153  ;  increases  helots,  10151 ; 
supremacy,  10172,3  ;  at  war  with  Ar- 
gives;  at  war  with  Athens,  IOI6I ;  earth- 
quake, 10191;  truce  with  Athens,  10212; 
armistice  with  Athens,  10202;  sui>reme 
command,  10232;  war  with  Persia,  10221 ; 
leigue  against,  10232;  war  with  Thebes, 
10222;  attacked,  10223,  1028I,  10571 ;  ter- 
rito-y  lost,  10252;  revolts  against  Alex,, 
10242  ;  Agrarian  agitation,  10271  ;  in 
Triangular  League,  10272  ;  in  Ach:ean 
League,  10273  ;  sacked,  IO661 ;  oligarchy 
restored,  10273;  power  ends,  10262. 

Spartacus  I.,  reigns  in  Bosporus,  11473. 

II.,  reigns,  11473, 

captures     Thurii,    10281  ;    escapes  ; 

threatens  Rome,  10581 . 

Spartan,  mora  cut,  10222;  children  raised 
together,  10143;  harmosts  expelled  from 
Greece,  10222. 

Spartanburg,  Pa.,  Woffard  Coll.  org.,1763. 


Spartanburg,  S.  C,  mayor  shot,  3923. 
Spartianus,  -Elius,  work,  10671. 
Spaulding,  Oliver  L.,  in  treas.  dept.,  3511. 
,  R.  P.,  amendment  to  Constitution. 

2512. 

,  Solomon,  b.,723;  work,  121 1;  d.,1242. 

,  Rev.,  missionary  in  Tiraz.,  5542. 

Speakers  in  Congress,  IOI2+. 
Speakership,  long  struggle,  1791 ,  I87i . 
Speaking-trumpet  improved,  7962. 
Spear,  Col.,  at  Franklin,  2161 ;  at  South 

Anna,  2231  ;  at  Jarratt's  Station;  raid 

in  Va.,  2322. 
,  Samuel  Thayer,  b.  (1812);  clergyman; 

d.,  3801. 
Spearflsh,  S.D.,  Normal  School  opd.,  3143. 
Spearville,  Kan,,  bank  robbery,  417i . 
Specie  Circular,  U.  S.  A.,  issued,  1472. 

Payment  Act  passes.  2873. 

Payments  suspended  at  Phila.;  N.Y. 

banks  resume,  1493;  suspended  in  N.  O., 
1993;  suspended,  2032,  6332;  Resump- 
tion Bill  passes  house,  2873;  resumption 
favored,  2972,3;  resumed, 3012,  9393. 

Specific  duties,  abolished,  Australia,  5011 . 
Speckter,  Erwin,  b.,  8083;  d.,  8143. 
Spectacles,  gold,  manf.,  1501 ;    invented, 

8541, 10762. 
Spectattur  de  V  Orient  issued  in  Fr.,  11571 . 
Spectator,  9043. 
Spectairice,  La.,  issued,  699^. 
Spectrum,  lines  compared,  8O8I ;  analysis 

solved,  9402,  9422. 
Speculation,  general,  3251 . 
Spec,  Friedrich,  work,  7971 . 
Speech  of  Lamech  written,  11411. 
Speed,  James,  b.  (1812);  resigns  as  atty."; 

gen.,  2532;  d.  (1887). 

,  John,  History  of  Great  Britain,  8783. 

Speedivell  purchased,  293. 

Spegel,  Haquin,  b.-d..  11342;  works,  11351. 

Speke,  Capt.  John  Manning,  b.,9423;  Afr. 

discoveries,  5603;  dis.  Lake  Tanganyika, 

8381;  d.  (186i). 
Spelling,  Bill  for  phonetic,  3562. 

Reform  Asso.  org.,  2922. 

Spelman,  Sir  Henry,  b.,  8721 ;  d.  (1641). 
Spelsbury,  John,  pastor,  8822. 
Spence,  William,  prosecuted,  9311 . 
Spencer,  Mass.,  David  Prouty  gift,  a  high 

school  3443. 

,  Tenn.,  Burritt  College  org.,  1643. 

,  Charles,  E.  of  Sunderland,  b.,  8923; 

minister,  9033,  9053,  9072;  lord  treas., 

9072. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9152. 

,  Earl,  George  John,  b.  (1758+);  lord 

adm.,9273;  d.  (1834). 
,  Herbert,  b.,  9402;  works,  9563,  a&is, 

9063,9723,9783,9882. 
,  .John  Poyntz,  b.  (1835);    lord-lieut., 

9732,9892,9952,10092;  resigns,  9912. 

, ,  gov.  India,  10452. 

, Canfield,    b.  (1788) ;    sec.    war, 

1533;  d.,1761. 

,  Piatt  E.,d.,  2332. 

,  liobert,  B.  of  Sunderland,  b.,  8842; 

sec.  of  state,  8953;  bribe  from  Fr.,  897' ; 

minister,  8972,  8992;  d.,  9022. 
Churchill.  (See  Marlborough,  !>.  of). 

repeating  rifle  patented,  1902. 

Spencerian  Philanthropists  Soc.  est.,  9392. 

Spencers,  opposed,  Eng.,  8572. 

Spenser,  Edmund,  b.,  8702;  works,  875', 

877';  d.,8762. 

,  John  Charles,  Viscount  Althorp,  b. 

(1782) ;  leader  H.  C.  (1830-34) ;  minister, 
9452,  9472;  earl,  (ISH);  d.  (1845). 

Spener,  Philipp  Jakob,  b.,  7963  ;  Pia  de- 
sideria,  7972;  d.,  7983. 

, James,  fnds.  Pietists  sect,  7983. 

Speranski,  Mikhail,  b.,  11162;  d.,  11163. 

Sperry,  Lewis,  b.,  164' . 

Speyer,  Diet  of,  789',  7902,  7913;  taken, 
7%' ;  retaken,  806' 

Sphacteria,  besieged;  taken,  10202. 

Sphinx  burned,  5^3. 

Sphinx  Temple  built,  Egy.,  645' . 

Sphir,  Moritz,  d.,  820' . 

Sphygmograph  invented,  736' . 

Spicer,  Albert,  pres.  Congregational  Con- 
gress, 10102. 

Spickardsville,  Mo.,  temp,  crusade,  3523. 

Spiegel,  Friedrich,  b.,  8122. 

Spielhagen,  Friedrich,  b.,  8142;  works, 
8203,  8263,  8303,  8322,  8362. 

Spies,  August,  executed,  3272. 

Spless,  Heinrich,  b.,  8142;  d.,  8282. 

Spina,  Alex,  de,  invents  spectacles,  10762. 


Spindler,  Karl,  b.,  8063;  TAe  ,7eM),.815'; 
d.,820'. 

Spink  County,  S.  Dak.,  natural  gas  discov- 
ered, 350'. 

Spinner,  Francis  E.,  b.  (1802);  d.,  3742.   • 

Spinning,  by  machine,  invented.  8062;  In- 
tro. Eng.,  8662;  water  power,  918' . 

jenny  invented,  916' ,  9182  ;  com- 
pleted, 9172;  opposed,  925';  introduced, 
9262. 

— machine  patented,  9102. 

wheel  invented,  790' ;  patent  granted, 

9143. 
Spinola,  Ambrosio,  Marq.  di,  b.-d.,  11282; 

takes    Breda,   1100' ;  against  Maurice, 

10982. 
,  Francis  B.,  d.,  382' . 

family  in  ascendency,  10772. 

Spinoza,  Baruch,  b.-d.,  11003. 

Spirits,  tax  raised  on  distilled,  2313,  2413. 

Spiritual  Magazine  issued,  9&J3. 

Spiritualism, 'rise,  1632;  first  lecture,  1653; 
medium  gets  house,  3852;  cong.  of  be- 
lievers, N.  Y.,  3883;  in  law,  4263;  at- 
tracts attention,  957' . 

Spiritualist  issued,  9723. 

Spitalflelds,  London,  Eng.,  riots,  9172. 

Spitchnev  I.,  duke,  503' . 

II.,  duke,  5033. 

Spitbead,  Eng.,  naval  review,  996' , 

Spitzbergen,  Willoughby  expedition, 870' ; 
whale  lishing,  8762. 

Spotlord,  Ainsworth  Band,  b.  (1825) ;  li- 
brarian of  Congress,  3512,  4473. 

,  Harriet  Prescott,  b.,  1442  ;    works, 

2252,2412,2803,3283. 

Spohr,  Louis,  b.,  8042;  works,  812';  d., 
8202. 

Spoils  System,  inaug.,  1372, 141 ' ,  14.33, 

Spokane  Falls,  Wash.,  Spokane  College 
fnd.,  3123;  flre,  3433;  explosion,  3693; 
M13. 

Spoletium,  colonized,  10533;  Hannibal  at, 
1054';  action  at,  1058'. 

Spoliation,  indemnitication  for  Brit.,  1352; 
Indemnity  Bill,  French  vetoed,  I6I2. 

Sponai,  mission  at,  10922. 

Sponsors,  first  appointed,  10643. 

Spontana,  Queen,  killed.  843' . 

Spontini,  Gaspare  Luigi  Pacitico,b., 10843; 
d.,  10863. 

Spooner,  John  E.,  nom.  for  gov.  Wis.,  4132. 

Spoons  forged,  7982. 

Spotswood,  Alex.,  b.  (1676) ;  gov.  Va.,  573; 
upholds  Indians,  583;  crosses  Blue 
Eidge  ;  opens  road,  592;  d.  (1740). 

Spottiswood  Society  fnded.,  Scot.,  953' . 

Spottiswoode,  William,  ores.,  976' ,  984' . 

Spottsylvania,  Va.,  settled,  623;  battle  of. 
2322,3. 

Spragg,  Sir  Edward,  destroys  ships;  k., 
8921. 

Sprague,  C.  E.,  Handbook nf  f'olapiik,9983. 

,  Charles,  b.,  1022;  d.  (1875). 

,  Peleg,  b.  (1793) ;  d.,  304' . 

,  William,  b.  (1799) ;  gov.  R.  I.,  1512, 

1903;  soldier,  1942;  d.  (18i)6). 

, Buell,  clerg.,  b.  (1795)  ;  d.,  2902. 

Sprat,  Thomas,  b.,  8822;  d.,  9042. 

Spree,  accident  to  shaft,  8373,  4193. 

Sprengel,  Kurt,  b.,  8023;  d.,  8142. 

Sprigg,  J.  Gordon,  ministry,  6012;  resigns, 
603';  premier,  6032. 

Spring,  spiral  pendulum,  invented,  900' . 

,  Gardiner,  b.,  962;   moderator,  1563; 

d.,  282' . 

,  Samuel,  Am.  Board  of  Commission- 
ers, 1163. 

Springboro,  O.,  Miami  Valley  College 
organized,  277' . 

Springer,  Wni.  McKendree,b.,  1402;  Com- 
mittee of  Seven,  2933;  Ways  and  Jleaus 
Committee,  3972;  substitute,  4792. 

Springfield,  111.,  Lincoln  practises  law, 
147';  capital,  1512;  Oakndge  Cemetery 
opd.,  1893;  Lincoln's  farewell,  1913; 
Lincoln  monument,  286' ;  P.  E.  diocese 
org.,  2962;  new  stock-yard  company, 
3373;  Nancy  Hanks  record,  4373. 

,  Kan.,  outlaws  fight,  3983. 

,  Ky.,  Thomas  Edgerton  killed,  4763. 

.Mass.,  settled,  352;  Indians  attack, 

46';  A'.  Republican  issued,  103';  E.  C. 
diocese  of,  est.,  2722;  Fr.  Prot.  College 
est.,  347' ;  Fire  Engineers  Conven.,3892; 
flre,  4453;  Knappe  embezzlement,  4(H3. 

,  Mo.,    battle    of,    2002  ;     expedition 

against, 211' ;  Confederates  attack, 218'; 
Urury  College  founded,  2823. 


Spri-Stau. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INUtX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1415 


Springfield,  N.  J.,  Brit,  defeated ;    Gen. 
Greene  at,  92' ;  fire,  1273. 

,  N.  Y.,  Brant  raids,  883. 

,  o.,  Wittenberg  Coll.  org.,  1683;  City 

Hall    threatened,   3822;    strike,   426 » ; 
Sooteh-Irish  Congress  session,  430*. 
Spring  Hill  College,  Ala.,  founded,  1383. 

,  Kiui.,  women  in  office,  4.'i43. 

,  N.  S.,  sutferers  aided,  592';  ex- 
plosion, 5932. 

,  Tenn.,  Confed.  defeated,  2402. 

,  Va.,  assaulted,  2382. 

Springville,  la.,  neglected  children  die, 

3802. 
Spuller,  Eugene,  b.  (1835) ;  minister,  7663, 

7S"2,-G7<;  work,  7602. 
Spur,  John,  expelled  from  church,  383. 
Spurgeon,  Charles  Haddon,  h.,  9462;  pas- 
tor; in  Loudon,  5X562;  Tabernacle  opd., 
9W2;   est.  Stockwell  Orphanage,  971' 
works,  9723,  981';    d.,  1008';    body  in 
state,  10083. 

,  Thomas,  pastor  Tabernacle,  10102. 

Spurs,  in  use,  8613;  battle  of  the,  672', 

680'. 
Spurzheim,  Johanu  Kaspar,  b.,  8042;  d., 

8142. 
Spuyten  Duyvll  Creek,  N.  T.,  B.  B.  acci- 
dent, 3113. 
"  Squatter  Sovereignty,"  issue,  175' . 
Squaw  Gulch,  Colo.,  gold  found,  400' . 
Squior,  Ephraim  George,  b.,  130' ;  d.  ,330'. 
Squire,  Watson  C,  b.,    1502;   gov.,  3193; 

protection  of  Chinese,  3232. 
Staiil  De,  Count,  in  London  Conference, 

9932. 
Stack,  Charles  Maurice,  cons,  bp.,  996». 
Staokpole,  Capt.,  in  duel,  9372. 
Stade  vessels  pay  toll,  6353. 
Stadiou,  Gen.,  at  Montebello,  524' . 
Stadtlohn,  battle  at,  7941 . 
Stael-Holstein,     Madame    de,    Baronne, 
Anne  Louise  Germain,  b.,  703' ;  works, 
7063,  7151 ,  722' ,  727' ;  d.,  7223. 
Staempfi,    Baron,    Alabama   Arbitrator, 

2752. 
Stafford,  Baron,  title  created,  883' . 

,  Edward,  D.  of  Buckingham,  leads 

revolt;  beheaded,  8653. 

,  John,  archbp.  Canterbury,  8622;  d. 

(14.92). 
Staffordshire,    Eng.,    collieries    strikes, 

991',  1047'. 
Stagil,  Germans  repulsed,  7423. 
Stagira  founded,  10153. 
Stahl,  Friedrich  Julius,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8202. 

-,  Georg   Ernst,    b.,    7963;    system   of 

chemistry,  800' ;  d.,  8002. 
,  Gen.  Julius,  b.  (1825) ;  at  Thorough- 
fare Gap,  2142;  d.  (1862). 
Stahr,  John  S.,  pres.  Marshall  Coll.,  3682. 
Staines,  Sir  Wm.,  1.  m<ayor  London,  9312. 
Stair,  E.  of,  title  created,  903' . 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Dalrymple.) 

Stakebold,  John,  bailiff,  8572. 
Stalbridge,  Baron,  title  created,  9963. 
Staley,  Thomas,  consecrated  bp.,  1O103. 
Staleybridge,  Eng.,  riots,  967' . 
Stalker,  Gen.,  at  Bushire,  960' . 
Stallings,  Jesse  P.,  d.,  178' . 
Siallninf/aroclt  Forhallanden  issued,  11362. 
Stambuiotf,  Stephen,  b.  (1853) ;  emp.  re- 
ceives,   5.37';    premier,    568';    cabinet 
fmd.;  ministry,  569';   stoned,  570';  re- 
signs, 5702;  prefers  charges,  5703. 
Stamer,  Sir  L.  T.,  cons,  bishop,  9983. 
Stamford,  Conn.,  anniversary  settlement, 
4173. 

,  Eng.,  Mercury  issued,  9003, 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  883'  . 

,  Lord.    (See  Grey,  Thomas.) 

Stamp  use<l  on  newspapers,  9043, 
Act,  proposed,  613,  (J72,  9172;  re- 
jected, 713;  colonial  agitation  against; 
troops  to  enforce  ;  rights  affirmed,  743 ; 
favored,  75' ;  passes,  76' ,  9172;  colonies 
take  oath ;  effect  in  Am.  colonies ; 
rei)ealed,  752;  anniversary  of  protest, 
4403. 

cutting  known,  610' . 

duties  imposed,  9052,  9232;  abolished, 

9612;  added,  9652;  on  leases,  9653. 

taxes  abolished,  2712. 

Stamped  leather  press  invented,  792'. 
Stamps  reduced,  G.  B.,  9492. 
Staubery,  Henry,   b.   (1803) ;    appt.   atty.- 
gen.,  2532;  on  Reconstruction  Act, 2573; 
Johnson's  counsel,  2612;  d.  (1881). 
Standard,  battle  of  the,  Eng.,  848' . 


Standard  musical  pitch  determined,  392' . 

Oil  Co.  fmd.,  2653,  2813;  trust   org., 

3112,  3713;  absorbs  O.  Oil  Co.,  3393;  full 
control  trade,  U.  S.,  3833;  obtains  wells 
In  O.,  3893  ;  controls  gas  companies, 
4713;  trust  dissolved,  4033;  extradition 
papers  refused;  indictments,  477' . 

Standing  Army  first  org.,  China,  610' . 

Kock,  Dak.,  Indian  council,  3412. 

Standish,  Miles,  b.  (1548±);  defeats  In- 
dians; explorations, 30' ;  d.,  40'. 

Stanfield,  Clarkson,  b..  9263;  d.,  970' . 

Stanford,  John,  b.  (1764);  in  America, 
982;  d.  (1834). 

,Leland,  b.,  132' ;  gov.Cal.,  2012,2173; 

unites  U.  &  C.  P.  K.  E.,  2673;  nom.  for 
pres.,  411';  d.,432'. 

,  Mrs.    Leland,    trust-deed   executed, 

3863;  gift  to  orphans,  391';  attack  on 
car,  4532;  Leland  Stanford  Jr.  Univ., 
3802;  corner-stone  laid,  3263,  3923;  Har- 
rison lectures,  454' ,  4562. 

Stanhope,  Earl  of,  title  created,  905' . 

,  Adelaide,  b.,  7342. 

,  Charles,  Earl  of,  b.,  9123;  d.,9382. 

,  Edward,  minister,  9933,  9953,  9972. 

,  Lady  Hester  Lucy,  b.,  9203;  d.,  9483. 

,  James,  b.,  8922;  at  Sardinia,  1082'; 

at  Almenara,  6962;  d.  (1721). 

,  Philip   D.,  Earl  of  Chesterfield,  b., 

9002;  d.,9183. 

, Henry,  Lord  Mahon,  Earl  of, 

b.,  9323;  chairman  Irish  Church  Com- 
mittee, 9702,  9713;  d.,  9802. 

,  iron  printing-press,  930' ,  9322. 

Stanislaus,  Augustus  Poniatowski,  b.-d., 
11143  ;  reigns  ;  abolishes  torture ;  re- 
signs crown,  11172. 

,  St.,  murdered,  11132. 

I.,  Leszcyn8ki,b,-d., 11142;  enthroned 

in  Poland  ;  deposed,  11153. 

Stanley  wrecked,  9673. 

Stanley,  Arthur  Penrhyn,  b.,9363;  d.,986' . 

,  Baron,  title  created,  945' . 

,  Gen.  David  S.,  at  Snow  Hill,  2202  ; 

at  Middletown,  Tenn.,  2332;  at  Spring 
Hill,  2402. 

,  Edward,  arrives  at  New  Berne,  2093. 

, Geoffrey  Smith,  E.  of  Derby,  b., 

9283,  ministry,  9472,  9512,  9572,  9632, 
969', 2,  9792;  postmaster,  9652;  ultima- 
tum, 32;  resigns  ofiice,  9713,9832;  trans. 
Homer's  Iliad,  9682;  d.,  9722;  statue, 
976' ,  978' . 

, Henry  Smith,  E.  of  Derby,  b., 

9422;  d.,  1010'. 

,  Frederick  Arthur,   E.  of  Derby,  b. 

(1841) ;  minister,  9933,  9953  ;  gov  .-gen. 
Can., 6863;  tour,  5892,3. 

,  Henry  Morton,  b.,  9502;  in  Abys.,  3' ; 

in  Confederate  army,  202' ;  in  Zanzibar, 
270' ,  278' ,  5632;  in  Afr.,  270' ;  finds  Liv- 
ingstone, 561' ;  Bennett  expedition,272' ; 
expedition  starts,  561';  displays  Am. 
flag ;  tidings  of  Livingstone ;  reaches 
Ungauyembe,  274';  Hmc  I  Found  Liv- 
ingstone, 2803;  surveys  Victoria  Nyanza, 
561';  at  Cape  Town,  296':  explorer  in 
Kongo,  1093';  in  Sudan,  6603;  relief  of 
Emin  Pasha,  502' ;  meets  Tippoo  Tib, 
838' ;  return  journey  ;  letter,  562' ; 
progress;  search  ended,  563' ;  sails  for 
Egy.,5632;  in  Afr.,  8382;  letter  to  Tip- 
poo Tib,  5462  ;  expe<lition  meets,  8382  ; 
receives  medal,  10023;  Loud,  honors, 
1003';  /»  Darkest  Africa,  3622;  first 
lecture  in  N.  Y.,  3702;  reception,  3712; 
in  Belgium,  546' ,3;  gov.  Congo  State, 
6472. 

,  John,  cons.  E.  C.  bp.,  2482. 

.Sir ,    deputy    gov.,  861';    holds 

Isle  of  Man,  8613;  at  Clontarf,  863' . 

,  Lady,  refuses  divorced  lady,  6902. 

,  Maude,  Working  Girls,  3743. 

,  Sir  Thomas,  lord-lieut.,  8632. 

Stannard,  Mary,  murder  of,  3032. 

,  Gen.    Geo.   Jefferson,  b.  (1820) ;    at 

Fort  Harrison,  2382;  d.  (1886). 
Stansfield,  James,  minister,  9952. 
Stanton,  Edwin  McMasters,  b.,  123' ;  Lin- 
coln's sec.  of  war,  2032;  moves  troops 
rapidly,  2293;  requested  to  resign;  re- 
moved, 259' ;  Johnson's  message  con- 
cerning, 2693;  senate  refuses  to  concur; 
non-concurrence ;  arrests  Thomas  ;  re- 
sumes office,  261';  impeachment  pro- 
ceedings dismissed,  2612;  resigns,  263' ; 
appt.  Ass.  Justice  U.  S.  S.  Ct.,  2692;  d., 
268'. 


Stanton,  Elizabeth  Cady,  b.,  1242 ; 
Woman's  Suffrage  campaign,  2592;  peti- 
tion for  Supreme  Court,  5703. 

,  Fred.  P., gov.  Kan.,  187'. 

,  G.  H.,  elected  bp.,  9803;  bp.,  1004*. 

,  Com.  Oscar  F.,  S.  Atlantic  station, 

430',  salutes  fiag  440'. 

,  liobert  Livingston,  b.  (1810);  moder- 
ator, 2542. 

,  Thaddeus  H.,  commissioned  colonel, 

420'. 

Stanwix,  John,  b.  (1690+) ;  d.,  74' . 

Staplehurst  railway  accident,  9693. 

Staples,  Ont.,  explosion,  5953. 

,  John,  lord  mayor  London,  995' . 

Star  attacks  Sewell's  Point,  1943. 

Star-and-Stripes  canvass,  I652. 

Chamber,  court,  restricts  press,  883' 

abolished,  8852. 

City,  Ind.,  Italian  riot,  4122. 

of  the  Cross,  order  fmd.,  513' . 

of  India,  order  find.,  965' . 

Koute    frauds    exposed,   3073,  309' j 

conspirators'  trial,  3103,  3131 . 

Star  of  the  West  approaches  Fort  Sumter, 
100'. 

Stara-Zagora,  mission,  5653;  Insurrection, 
568'. 

starch  from  potatoes,  9022. 

Starching  linen,  introduced,  Eng.,  870'. 

Stargard,  Truce  of,  concluded,  5162. 

Starhemborg,  Count  Ernst  liiidiger  von, 
b.  (1C35);  defends  Vienna,  5122;d.  (1701). 

,  Count  Guido,  b.  (1657) ;  at  Almenara, 

6962;  at  Villaviciosa,  1128';  d.  (1737). 

Starin,  John  H.,  soldiers'  and  sailors'  ex- 
cursion, 3852. 

Staring,  Antoni  Christian  Winand,  b. 
(1767);  Poems,  11022;  d.  (1810). 

Stark  County,  O.,  ex-treas.  accounts  short, 
4743. 

,  Caleb,  b.  (1804) ;  d.,  2312. 

,  John,  b.,  602;    at  Carillon,  70';  at 

Bennington,  87';  d.,  1302;  statue,  370', 
4273. 
Starkey,  Thomas  Alfred,  cons,  bp.,  3023. 
Starley,  James,  b.-d.,  9882. 
Starr,  C.  J.,  college  gift,  4082. 
Stars,  meteoric  seen,  142' ;  catalogue  of, 
8982;  Chinese  chart  of,  6102;  light  of 
dis.,  explained,  908' . 
Star's  Mill,  Ga.,  race  fight,  3623. 
Starter,  Jan  Janssen,b.  (1594) ;  work,  11012. 
State  Allegiance,  paramount,  S.  C,  1412. 

bank  circulation  tax  imposed,  2423; 

repealed,  457',  4012. 

College,  Pa.,  org.,  1823. 

State  of  Georgia  in  ice-fioes,  4553. 

State  Railroad  Commissioners  Nat.  Con- 
vention, 359' . 

Rights,  Senator  Hayne  defends,  137*. 

supremacy  over  church,  Eng.,  8482. 

Univ.,  la.,  est.,  163' . 

of  Ky.  (Bapt.),  est.  at  Louis- 
ville (1879). 

Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  purchased,  33' ;  first 
distillers,  34' ,  36' ;  Indians  ravage,  36' ; 
colonized,  372;  Huguenot  church  fmd., 
483;  Brit,  forces  on,  823;  Sir  William 
Howe  on,  84';  raided  Ams.,  87',  923; 
quarantine  ho.spital  mob,  185' ;  draft 
riots,  2263;  Tunnel  Act  approved,  3783; 
Prohibition  Park  dedicated,  387' ;  In- 
ternat.  Medical  congress,  3882;  election 
frauds,  461'. 

States-General  meets,  7072. 

Statesville,  N.  C,  railway  accident,  391». 

Statillius,  conspirator,  1(^92. 

Statistical  congress  meets,  544' ;  Fr.,  7332. 

Society  fmd.,  Eng.,  946'  ,3. 

Statistics,  U.  S.,  (yearly  after  A.D.  1800) ; 

Production  and  Currency,  1893 +•;  Reve- 
nue Expenditure,  Public  Debt,  1972  +  . 
Statue  of  Victory,  Gettysburg,  432' . 

of  Liberty,  3162.    (See  others  under 

names  of  cities.) 

Statues,  casting  invented,  10142. 
Statute  of  L.aborers  passed,  Eng.,  8692. 

of  Limitations  passed,  8813. 

of  Merchants  passed,  8663. 

of  Mortmain,  8542. 

-  of  PriBinunire  passed,  857' ,  8592. 

of  Provisors  passed,  8582. 

of  Westminster  passes,  8553. 

of  Winchester  passes,  8653. 

Scabdulum  Magnatum,  861'. 

Statutes  first  printed,  Eng.,  8643. 

of  Malbridge  passed,  8552. 

Staub,  Nicholas,  elected.  Conn.,  377'. 


1416 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Coiumn. 


Stau-Stew. 


Staudlin,  Karl  Friedrich,  b., 8023;  d., 812a. 

iStaunton,  Va.,  Joues's  raid  arrested,  224a; 
Gen.  Averell  at,  2262;  Federals  occupy, 
2342;  Sheridan  raids,  2422. 

,  Col.,  at  Blacltstook,  923. 

Btauracius,  reigns,  10331 . 

Stead,  William  Thomas,  b.  (1849) ;  book 
excluded, 45G2;  works, 9983,  10023,10122. 

Steamboats,  stern-wlieel  built,  1042;  ist 
on  Hudson,  1081;  in  igll,  1193;  ist  on 
Lake  Erie,  1273;  anthracite  coal  used, 
1461;  screw  iutro.,  1481;  Ist  in  G.  B., 
9'24i,  9381;  experimental,  930';  Ist  in 
France,  7022;  ist  in  Ire.,  9401 . 

Steam-engine  first  built  in  Am.,  78' ;  for 
raising  water,  8001 ;  suggested,  8901 ;  inv., 
916';  model  completed,  9162;  patented, 
9181;  in  mines,  9022;  works  est.,  9182; 
rotary  motion  ;  double  acting,  9202;  ist 
constructed,  9261 ;  expansion,  686i ;  in- 
jector invented,  9622. 

Makers'  Society  formed,  9431 . 

engineers  oppose  strikes,  4602. 

fire-engine  constructed,  Eng.,  944'. 

hammer  made,  7501 ,  9521 , 

heat,  first  used,  9322,  9382. 

jet  applied,  942' . 

motor  man  exhibited,  260' . 

navigation  est.  across  Atlantic,  1493  ; 

on  Itliine,  812' ;  set  forth,  908' . 

packet  breaks  records,  Eng.,  950' . 

power  suggested,  900' ;  used  in  mines, 

Etig.,  9343. 

printing-press  invented,  808' . 

ram,  naval,  invented,  918' . 

road-carriage  invented,  95' ,  964' . 

whistles  prohibited  on  factories,  9773 . 

Stearns,  George  Luther,  b.  (1809);  d.,  256' . 

,  Jonathan  French,  b.  (1808) ;  modera- 
tor, 2642. 

,  M.  L.,  governor  Fla.,  2873. 

Stedmau,  Edmund  Clarence,  b.,  142' ; 
works,  188' ,  1991 ,  2643,'  2683,  291' ,  2963, 
3001 .  3223,  3323. 

,  Griflln  Alex.,  b.  (1838)  ;  d.,  2373. 

Steel,  W.  H.,  vice-pres.  convention,  4593. 

,  Bessemer   process   patented,  9602  ; 

tried  in  Am.,  180' ;  cast,  9102,  9343;  en- 
graving on,  126',  9382,  9J0' ;  puddle 
process  patented,  956' ;  Heaton's  process 
announced,  970' . 

guns  manufactured,  1963. 

ingot  exhibited,  820' . 

pens,  general  use,  Eng.,  946' . 

squiires  manufactureu,  128' . 

Steele,  Gen.  Fred.,  b.  (1819);  captures 
Little  Rock,  2262;  at  Camden,  231';  at 
Jenkins*  Ferry,  232' ;  at  Canton  ;  at 
Fort  Blakely  ;  at  Mitchell's  Fork  ;  at 
Pine  Barren  Creek,  2442;  d.,  260' . 

,  Joel  Dorman,  b.  (1836) ;  d.,  3222. 

,  John,  shot  dead,  3643. 

, H.,  governor  N.  H.,  1592. 

,  Sir  Richard,  b.,  8922  ;  works,  683, 

9023,  90t3,  907' ;  d.,  9082. 

Memorial  Library  Asso.  incor.,  438' . 

Steele's  Bayou,  Federals  at,  220' . 

Steell,  John,  b.(1804);  Dr.  Chalmers  statue, 
9821. 

Steelyard  Society  est.,  Eng.,  8533. 

Steenkerke,  Belg.,  royalists  def eated,694' . 

Steenwyck,  Cornells,  mayor  N.Y.,  45'  ,492. 

,  Hendrik,  b.-d.,  .'S403. 

Steers,  James,  org.  Washingtoniau  move- 
ment, 151' 

Steevens,  George,  b.,  9082;  d.,  9302. 

Steilacoom,  Wash.  Insane  Asylum  opened, 
3332. 

Stein,  Baron  vom  und  zum  (Heinric^i 
Friedrich  Karl),  b.,  8023;  chief  minister  * 
org.  Tugeudbund,  8093;  fnds.  Soc.  for 
Qer.hist.,813';  d.,8142;  memorial, 826'. 

,  Lorenz  von,  b.,  8103. 

Steinmetz,  Karl  Frederich  von,  b.  (1796) ; 
at  Forbach,  738' ;  at  Colombey-Nouilly, 
740' ;  d.  (1877). 

Steins,  Fredrick  W.,  d.,  3M' . 

Steinway,  Henry  Englehard,  d.,  272' . 

,  William,  pres.  Piano  Mnf .  Com. ,392' . 

and  Sons,  gift  library,  3722. 

Stellaland,  Air.,  crown  colony,  6032. 

Stellmacher,  Hermann,  executed,  5303. 

Sternberg,  Alexander,  b.,  8083. 

Stenay  captured,  742' . 

Stendal,  mission,  5983. 

StenkiU  reigns  in  Sweden,  11333  ;  against 
Swedes,  1134'. 

Steno,  Nicolas,  b.;  discovers  .Steno's  duct, 
6363;  d.,  6363. 


Stenography  first  attempted,  690' ;  in- 
vented, 812';  system  of,  814';  intro- 
duced, 9041 ,  9162,  9241 ,2. 

Stenyclerus,  Plain  of,  action  at,  10141 . 

Stephan,  M.,  discovers  Julia,  7361 . 

Stephane,  M.,  Panama  Canal  scandal, 
7642. 

Stepliania,  asteroid,  discovered,  5282. 

Steplianie,  Princess  Clotilde,  betrothed, 
5461 ;  married,  5302. 

Stephanug  murders  Domitian,  10633. 

Stephen,  St.,  stoned,  11523. 

,  king,  Eng.,  b.-d.,  8482. 

I.,  St.,  b.,  5022;  baptized,  5023;  King 

of  Himg.,  5032;  crown  discovered,  5253  ; 
d.,  5022. 

II.,  K.  of  Hung.;  K.  of  Croatia,  5033. 

III.,  King  of  Hung.,  5043;  d.,  5042. 

IV.,  King  of  Hung.,  5043. 

v.,  King  of  Hung.,  5052. 

I.,  St.,  pope,  10643. 

II.,  St.,  pope,  10722. 

III.,  pope,  10722. 

IV.,  pope,  10722. 

v.,   pope,   10723  ;    eicommunloated, 

10323. 

VI.,  pope,  10723. 

VII.,  pope,  10723. 

VIII.,  pope,  10723. 

IX.,  pope,  10723. 

X.,  pope,  10731 ;  founds  Papal  States, 

10732. 

,  Duke  of  Bavaria,  7833. 

the    Great,    develops     principality  ; 

against  Turks  and  Poles  ;  at  Lake  Ita- 
kovietz;  d.,  11121. 

,  patriarch,  10323  ;  reigns  ;  banished, 

10332. 

of  Blois,  usurper,  8493 ;  captured ;  d., 

8511. 

of  Chartres  in  First  Crusade,  6683. 

Dusan,  enlarges  Servia,  1123'. 

Stepiien  1).  Hooper  burned,  5573. 

Stephen,  Maj.-Gen.,  commissioned,  86'; 
dismissed,  88',  89'. 

,  Sir  James,  b.,  9243  ;  d.  (1859). 

,  Sir ,    Fitzjames,    b.    (1829)  ;    d., 

10102. 

,  Leslie,  Hours  in  Library,  979' . 

,  Mr.,  expelled  from  Temple,  9192. 

Stephens,  Alex.  Hamilton,  b.,  183;  Union 
speech,  1883  ;  minister  of  S.  C^oufed., 
195'  ;v.-pre8.S.Confed.,2012;cominission- 
er  to  Lincoln,  2253;  peace  commissioner, 
2431 ;  applies  for  pardon,  2483  ;  i>aroled, 
2491 ;  War  betioeen  file  States,  2723  ;  re- 
presentative in  Cong.  ;  vote  for  speaker, 
2832;  goT.Ga.,3132;  d.,312a;  monument, 
4301. 

,  Anna  Sophia,  b.,  121 ' ;  d.,  324' . 

,  Father,  arrested,  10003. 

,  F.  G.,  IJante  Oahriel  Rossetti,  4782. 

,  James,  Fenian,  9083;  arrested,  969' ; 

arrives  N.  Y.,  2522. 

,  John,  prints  Latin  Bible,  681'. 

, Lloyd,  b.,  1122;  d.  (1852). 

- — ,  Samuel,  governor  N.  C,  433. 

,  Thomas,  first  Englishman  in  India, 

10443. 

,  Justice,  decision  for  cremation,  993' . 

,  explorer,  returns  to  N.  Y.,  563' . 

Stephenson,  Sir  E.,  in  Sudan,  66O2. 

,  George,  b., 9222;  1st  locomotive,  9362; 

safety  lamp,  9381 ;  Stockton  and! >ar ling- 
ton  B.R.,  942' ;  d.,954a;  centenary, 987'. 

-. — ,  J.  C,  assassinated,  2772. 

,  John,  d.,  434'. 

, T.,  police  capt.,  bribery,  469'; 

dismissed,  4703;  guilty,  4763. 

,  Robert,  b.,  9323  ;  ftritanuia  Tubular 

Suspension  Bridge ;  high  level  bridge, 
9541;  d.,  9622;  statue,  976'. 

,  Rowland,  defaulter,  9432. 

,  Samuel  M.,  b.,  1382. 

,  William  E.,  governor  W.  Va.,  2693. 

Stephenson's  Depot,  Va.,  Confederates  de- 
feated, 2362. 

Stepniak,  Sergius,  b.  (1861±);  arrives  in 
N.  Y.  City,  3751. 

Steptoe,  Col.  E.  J.,  gov.  Utah,  177'  ,2. 

Stereochromy  invented,  814' . 

Stereoscope,  reflecting,  invented,  9482  ; 
prismatic,  invented,  9602. 

Stereotype  plates  used  for  book-priiiting, 
938'. 

Stereotypes,  increased  durability  of,  956' . 

Stereotyping  intro.,  Am.,  911 ,1211 ;  known, 
Eng.,  9041;  improved  method,  9202  ;  re- 
vived, 9322. 


Sterling,  Colo.,  Pres.Smith  sentences,4483. 

,  111.,  Soldiers' and  Sailors' Monument, 

3621. 

,  John  b.  (1806) ;  d.,  9522. 

,  W.  H.,  cons,  bishop,  9663. 

Stern,  Dr.,  miss.,  23;  imprisoned,  3' . 

,  Maurice  Reinhold  von,  Erster  Frilh- 

ling,  8362. 

Sterntierg,  Alexander,  d.,  8243. 

,  George  M.,  a  brig.-gen.,  430' ;  in  war 

dept.,  4472. 

Sterne,  Lawrence,  b.,  904*  ;  Tristram 
tilianily, 9151;  d.,9163. 

Sternbold,  Thomas,  b.  (1500+)  ;  d.,  870' . 

Sterrett,  J.  R.  Stillington,  work,  9963. 

Stethoscope  invented,  722' . 

Stethotelephone  patented  by  Louth,  352' . 

Stetson,  Amos  W.,  gift  to  \Vellesley,  3362. 

University,  Deland,  founded,  3143. 

Stettin,  Prus.,  seat  of  dukes,  7771;  allies 
possess,  7212  ;  annexed  to  Prus.,  7993; 
taken,  80§i ;  retaken,  8101 ;  Overture  per- 
formed, 8121 ;  Peace  of,  11352  ;  surren- 
dered to  Prussia,  11353. 

Steuart  (or  Stewart),  Sir  James  Denham, 
b.,9042;  d.,  9211. 

Steuben  (Jo.,  N.  Y.,  natural  gas,  332' . 

,  Baron  Fred.,  b.,  62' ;  volunteers,  88' ; 

inspector  gen.  in  Va.,  882,  941 ;  d.,  8063. 

SteubenviUe,  O.,  honors  Baron  Steuben, 
3663;  labor  demonstration,  3871 . 

Stevens,  Edwin  Augustus,  b.,  IO61 ;  *'  Ste-_ 
vens  Battery  "  gift,  266' ;  batte'*y  sold,' 
2872;  fnds.  Institute,  2763;  d.,  2622. 

Stevens'  Gap,  Tenn.,  action  near,  2262. 

Institute  at  Hoboken  fnd.,  2763. 

Point,  Wis.,  strike,  4123. 

Stevens,  Isaac  Ingalls,  b., 1262;  gov. Wash., 

1743;  at  PortBoyal  Ferry,  S.  C,  202' ;  at 

Chantilly,  2122;  d.,  2132. 
,  John,  b.  (1749) ;  builds  Phcrnix,  114' ; 

d.,  1502. 

, ,b.,  662;  d.  (1838). 

, Livingstone,  reply   to   Blount, 

445' ;  condemned  by  Cleveland,  10413. 

,  Moses  T.,  b.,  1322. 

,  Robert  Livmgstone,  b.,  100' ;  d.,178«. 

,  Samuel,  gov.  N.  C,  433,  45' . 

,  Simon,  d.,  470' . 

,  Thaddeus,  b.,  1022;  proposes  amend., 

^92  ;  Joint  Committee  of  Reconstruc- 
tion, 2493;  on  14th  Amend.,  253' ;  intro. 

Reconstruction  Act,  257' ;  impeachment 

of  Johnson,  2612;  bill  to  readmit  Ark., 

263';  d.,2622;  will  sustained,  472' . 
,  Thos.  Holdup,  b.  (1819) ;  attacks  Port 

Sumter,  2262. 
,  ,  ends  bicycle  tour,  3273  ;   work, 

3323. 

,  Uriah  S., org. Knights  of  Labor, 269'. 

,  Walter  Husted,  b.  (1827) ;  d.,  2582. 

,  Win.  Bacon,  b.  (1815) ;  cons.  P.  E. 

bishop,  2023  ;  d.,  3262. 
Stevenson,  Ed.  A.,  gov.  Ida.,  3252. 
,  Adlai  Ewing,  b.  (1835) ;  nom.  for  v.- 

pres.,  4092;  nom.  for  pres.,  4092,  4113; 

vote, 4192,  4243. 
.Andrew,  b.,  962;  speaker,  1353;  d., 

1821. 

,  Christopher  C,  governor  Nev.,  329*. 

,  John  W.,  against  lynching  ;  gov.  Ky., 

2592  ;  pres.  Dem.  Nat.  Conven.,  305' . 

,  Robert,  b.,  9183;  d.,  9562. 

, Louis  Balfour,  works,  4203,9842, 

9902,9963,  10063. 

,  Thomas  Greeley,  b.  (1836±)  ;  d.,  2332. 

,  Walter,  gives  breakwater,  948' . 

,  Messrs.,  dispute  on  duties,  499' . 

Stevenson's,  Cal.  regiment,  sails,  160'. 

Stewart,  Baron,  title  created,  9252. 

,  Alex.  Turney,  b.,  IIO2  ;    noin.  sec. 

treas.  ;    declines,  267' ;  d.,  2902  ;  body 

stolen,  2991 ;  will  case,  3533. 

,  Balfour,  b.,  9423;  d.,  9962. 

,  Capt.,  survey  of  Palestine,  1158' . 

,  Ch;irles,  b.,  912;  d.,  268' . 

, E.,  president  senate,  1803. 

, Seaforth,  b.,  1082. 

, Stewart  Vane  Tempest,  minister, 

9953. 

,  Sir  Donald,  commander,  6' ,  10482. 

- — ,  Dugald,  b.,  9123;  works,  9272,  9352. 

,  Mrs.  E.  D.,  in  woman's  crusade,  293' . 

,  Edwin,  in  navy  dept.,  3512,  4472. 

,  Gideon  Tabor,  b.  (1824)  ;    nom.  for 

pres.,  2'J3'  ,2,  4092;  vote,  2952. 
.Herbert,  b.  (1843);  in  Afgh.,  6';  in 

Sudan,  6582, 660';  d.(1885);  tablet,  998'. 
,  James,  settles  N.  S.,  5732;  d.,  586' . 


Stew-Stre. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


un 


Stewart,  John,  d.,  1302. 

, \V.,  governor  Vt.,  273*. 

,  Lieut.,  in  duel,  9372. 

,  lUtbert  Marcelius,  b.  (1815) ;  governor 

Mo.,  1832;  d.  (1871). 

— .— , CastlereagU,  Marq.  of  London- 
derry, b.,  9182;  minister,  9333,9353;  in 
duel,  9352,9372;  d.,9403. 

,  Thomas  J.,  report  of  Pa.  floods, 3453. 

,  William  H.,  b.,  1342. 

, Morris,  b.  (18'27) ;  Free  Coinage 

Bill,  4051;  speech,  4083,  409<,  4372, 4383, 
4411;  attack  on  pre8.,439i,2;  bond  reso- 
lution ;  debate,  4511 . 

Stewartsville  College,  Mo.,  org.,  3023. 

Stickney,  A.  13,,  railroad  problem,  3963. 

Stieber  censured,  8203. 

Stiles,  Ezra,  b.,  603 ;  pres.  Yale  College, 
891;  d.,  1061. 

Stilicho,  chancellor  of  Flavins  Honoring, 
10693;  at  Fajsulas ;  at  Polentia,  10701 ;  k., 
10711.  10702. 

Still.;,  Alfred,  b.,  121». 

,  Charles  Janeway,   b.  (1839) ;    Gen. 

Wayne,  4482. 

,  John  W.,  work, 3962. 

Stillingfleet,  Edward,  b.,  8822;  d.  (1699). 

Stillman,  Samuel,  b.  (1737) ;  against  Stamp 
Act ;  pastor  Boston  ch.,  742  ;  d.,  1141 . 

,  Thomas  Bliss,  b.  (1806) ;  d.,  2.501 . 

Stillwater,  N.Y.,  Agriculture  College  opd. 
at,  3962;  battle  of,  872. 

,  Okla.,  settlers  expelled,  3191 . 

Stillwell,  Amos  J.,  murdered,  3331 . 

Stimpsou,  William,  b.,  1402;  d.,  2781 . 

Stiny,  Thos.,  book  for  his  children,  5071 . 

Stirbieu,  Barbu,  Pr.  of  Wallachia,  11123. 

Stirling,  Scot.,  battle  of  ;  Castle  besieged, 
taken,  8561  •  Wallace  monument,  9721 . 

Stirling  Castle  wrecked,  9021 . 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Alexander,  William.) 

,  Capt.,  Sir  .James,  lieut.-gov.,  4952. 

Maxwell,  Sir  William,b.,9383 ;  d.,9822. 

,  Maj.-Gen.,  commissioned,  861. 

,  Yates,  promoted  captain,  4481 . 

Stisted,  Gen.,  administrator  Can.,  5832. 

Stith,  William,  b.  (1689£) ;  History  of  Vir- 
ginia, 671  ;  d.  (1755). 

Stjornhjelm,  Georg,  works,  11343. 

Stookach,  Baden,  battle  at,  5182. 

Stockbridge,  Mass.,  Indian  school,  671, 
683,  1363;  J.  Edwards,  pastor,  691 . 

,  Francis  B.,  b.,  1342  ;  d.,  4581. 

Stocker,  Dr.,  resigns  chaplaincy,  8342;  ar- 
rives in  America,  4361 . 

Stockhardt,  Julius  Adolf, b.,  8083;  d.,832i. 

Stockholm,  Swe.,  nobility  killed,  6371 ; 
treaty  concluded,  6933,  7992,  ^373;  Ordi- 
naire Post  Tidende  published,  11343  j 
fnd. ;  fortified,  11351 ;  Gothic  Soc.  fnd., 
11362;  receives  Ericsson's  body,  3683. 

Stockings  first  knit,  8721;  weaving  iuv., 
876' ;  cotton  made,  9081 . 

Stockley,  Charles  C,  inaug.  gov.,  3152. 

Stockport,  Eng.,riot  at,  9571  j  ceases,  9591. 

Stockton,  Cal.,  fire  iit,  1693. 

Park,  Eng.,  opened,  10113. 

,  O.  W.,  mnf.  mineral  teeth,  1441 . 

— ,  Frank  llichard,  b.  (1834) ;  works, 
3031 ,  3183,  32J3,  3283,  4783. 

,  .John  P.,  senator,  2492  ;  loses  seat, 

2523. 

,  Kiohard,  in  N.  J.,  86'. 

— — , ,  b.,621 ;  electoral  vote  vico-pres., 

1292  ;  d.,931. 

,  Com.  Robert  Field,  b.  (1796) ;  block- 
ades Mex.  jjorts ;  takes  Los  Angeles, 
1601;  est.  military  gov't,  Cal.,  1612;  gov. 
Cal.,  1613;  d.,25t1. 

,  Thomas,  governor  Del.,  1591 , 

and  Darlington  Kailway  opd.,  1H21 . 

Stoddard,  Charles  A.,  Across  Russia,  3982. 

,  llichard  Henry,  b.,  1322;  works, 2133, 

2771,3962. 

Stoddert,  Benjamin,  b.  (1751) ;  sec.  navy, 
1061;  d.  (1813). 

Stoiloff  Ministry  formed,  5691 . 

Stoke,  Melis,  Ihjinlcronils,  10991. 

Stokes,  missionary  to  Uganda,  5622. 

,  Caroline  Phelps,  library  gift,  4081. 

,  Col.,  at  Gallatin,  2141 . 

,  Edward  S.,  kills  Col.  Fiske,  2772; 

convicted,  2811;  sentenced,  2831 . 

,  George  Gabriel,  b.,  9383  ;  dis.  flores- 
cence, 9582  ;  pres.  Koyal  Society,  9941 . 

,  Montford,  b.  (1700) ;  governor  N.  C, 

1392  ;  d.  (1842). 

Stoke-upon-Trent,  action  at,  8661 ;  Church 
Congress  at,  9742. 


Stolberg,  Ct.  Christian,  b.  (1748) ;  Poems, 

8051;  d.  (1821). 

,  Count  Friedrich  Leopold,  b.,  8022 ; 

works,  8051 ,  8071 ,  8103  ;  a.,  8122. 

Stolhard,  Thomas,  Inteniperance,  9202. 

Stolietoff,  signs  treaty  for  Kussia,  63. 

Stolze,  Henrich  August  Wilhelm, b. (1794); 
system  of  stenography,  8141 ;  d.  (1867). 

Stone,  Chas.  Poineroy,  b.  (1826) ;  plans  de- 
fence of  Wash.,  1901 ;  exonerated,  2021 ; 
arrested,  2022,  2041 ;  d.  (1887). 

, W.,  b.,  1562. 

,  David,  b.  (1770) ;  gov.  N.  C,  1153  ;  d. 

(1818). 

, Henry,  lord  mayor, London,  9753. 

,  .John  M.,  governor.  Miss.,  3751 . 

,  Lucy  Blaekwell,  b.  (1818) ;  Woman's 

Suffrage  campaign,  2592  ;  d.,  4401 . 

,  Marcus,  b.,  9502. 

,  S.  C,  accused  of  arson,  3903. 

,  W.  I.,  noiu.  for  governor.  Mo.,  4113. 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1693±) ;  gov.,  Md. ;  deposed, 

392;  proclamation  resisted,  393. 

, A.,  b.,  1602. 

, J.,  b.,  1522  ;  governor,  4471 . 

, Leete,  b.,  1022  ;  d.,  1562. 

, ,  b.,  1442. 

, M.,  governor  Md.,  2413. 

, Murray,  b.  (1779) ;  cons.  P.  E.  bp., 

1382  ;  d.  (1838). 

,  etching,  5191 ;  buildings,  Eng.,  8421 ; 

artificial  intro.,  9202,  9541 ;  engraved, 
astronomical  cycle  of  Aztecs,  10953. 
(See  Moabite.) 

Stoneman,  Geo.,  b.  (1824) ;  at  Fredericks- 
burg, 2162;  raid,  2211 ;  raids  in  Ga.,2363; 
raid  in  Tenn  ,  Va.;  pushes  Breckinridge, 
2402;  raid  in  Va.,  2442;  raidinN.C;  raids 
in  Tenn.,  Va., 2441 ;  captures  Boone,2442; 
at  Wytheville,  2462  ;  at  Salisbury,  2461 ; 
at  Grant's  Creek,  2462  ;  commands  1st 
military  district,  2621;  gov.,  Cal.,  3161; 
d.,  4701 . 

Stonewall  burneil,  2693. 

Stonington,  Conn.,  settled,  412  ;  British 
bombard,  1222  ;  attacked,  8O2. 

Stono  Ferry,  S.  C,  attack  at,  902. 

Stony  Point,  N.  Y.,  abandoned;  retaken; 
902;  J.  1).  Sheehau  murdered,  4062. 

Stoiiford,  Adni.  Sir  Robert,  b.  (1768);  at 
St.  Jean  d'Acre,  6563,  9501 ;  d.  (1847). 

Storace,  Anna  Selina,  b.  (1766) ;  first  ap- 
pearance, 9242  ;  d.  (1817). 

,  Stephen,  b.  (1763) ;  Watemuin,  pro- 
duced, 9241;  d.  (1796). 

Storage  of  Grain  Bill  passes,  Fr.,  7612. 

Storch,  Heinrich  Friedrich  von,  b.,  11162; 
d.,  11163. 

Storck  leads  Levelers,  7911 . 

Storer,  Bellamy,  b.,  1623. 

,  George  Wash.,  b.  (1789) ;  d.,  2291 . 

College  opened,  2603. 

Storm,  Theodor  W.,  d.,  8321 . 

Lake,  Normal  and  Business  School 

opened,  3183. 

signals  introduced,  Eng.,  9641 . 

Storms,  great,  in  Alger.,  93  ;  inAm.,  1361 , 
1721,2581,  3041,  3222,  3261,  3401,  3441, 
3473,  3521,  3533,  3.553,  3933,  4152,  4493, 
4541,4601,4613,4733;  in  Austral.,  6013; 
in  Can.,  5861 ;  in  Fr.,  5741 .  5761 ;  in  6.  B., 
9001,  9143,  9222,  9262,  9301,  9362,  9401, 
9422,  9602,  9G41 ,  9661 ,  10O11 ;  in  Sweden, 
11341. 

Stormont,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  881 1 . 

Storrs,  Richard  .Salter,  b.,  1301 ;  works, 
3283  ;  pres.  Mission  Board,  3462,  3701 , 
4161. 

,  S.,  bishop  of  Richmond,  3462. 

,  annexed  to  Cincinnati,  2733. 

Storthing,  est.  at  Bergen,  11051;  distilled 
liquors  prohibited,  I1053. 

Story.  Dr.  John,  hanged,  8743. 

,  Joseph,  b.,  912;  justice,  1192;  works, 

1423,  1443,  1463,  1511  ;  d.,  1581 . 

,  Win.  Wetmore,  b.,  1281 ;  work,  3963. 

Stoughton,  Edwin  Henry,  b.  (1838) ;  cap- 
tured, 2201 ;  d.  (1868). 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1632) ;  gov.  Mass.,  652  ;  d. 

(1701). 

Stourton,  Baron,  title  created,  8551 . 

,  Lord,  hanged,  8731 . 

Stout,  Jacob,  governor  Del.,  1292. 

,  L.,  on  Committee  of  33,  1891 . 

,  Richard,  at  Middletown,  N.  J.,  38». 

Stove-molders  strike,  N.  Y.,  3232. 

Stoves,  first  iLsed,  7822. 

Stow,  John,  b.  (1526);  works,  8751,  8?71; 
d.  (1604). 


Stowe,  Vt.,  centennial,  4693. 

,  Calvin  Ellis,  b.,  II02  ;  d.,  3241 . 

■ ,  Mrs.  (Harriet  Elizabeth  Beecher),  I). 

1163  ;  in  London,  9591 ;  works,  1443, 1703. 
1802,  1863,  2603,  2M3,  2683,  2771,  2803, 
2823,  291 1 ,  2923,  2963    3003  ;  bust,  4601 .  , 

Stowell,  Baron.    (See  Scott,  William.) 

Stowmarket,  Eng.,  explosion,  9753. 

Strabo,  b.-d.,  10283  ;  geographical  work, 
10291 ;  discourses  on  nature,  11502. 

,  Cneius    Pompeius,     defeats    Marsl, 

10562. 

Strachau,  Gen.  von  Kaltenbom,  minister, 
8362. 

,  J.  M.,  consecrated  bishop,  9862, 

Strachey,  Sir  John,  viceroy,  10492. 

,  William,  works,  282. 

Stradbroke,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9372. 

,  Lord,  seconds  address,  10032. 

Stradella,  Alessandro,  b.,  10823;  d.,  10831. 

Stradivarius,  or  Stradivari,  Antonio,  b., 
10823;  d.,  10842. 

Stratt'ord,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9511 .  (See 
Wentworth,  Thomas.) 

Strahan,  Gov.,  against  slave-trade,  11611. 

Strahl,  Brig.-Gen.  O.  F.,  killed  at  Frank- 
lin, 2402. 

Straight  Univ.,  N.  O.,  org.,  2062. 

Strait,  Thomas  J.,  b.,  1602. 

Straithnaim  collides  with  E.  Hough,  985*. 

Straits  of  Belle  Isle,  Kite  ice-bound,  3881. 

Settlements,  acquired  by  6.  B.,  9432  ; 

under  India,  10473  ;  Malay  revolt,  10482  : 
defined,  10492. 

Strakosch,  Max,  b.  (1835) ;  d.,  4021 . 

Stralsniund,  Prussia,  peace  of,  6372  ;  be- 
sieged, 7941 ;  ceded  to  Prussia,  11363. 

Stranahan,  James  Sam.  Thomas,  b.  (1808); 
statue,  3841. 

Strange,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9231 , 

,  Sir  Robert,  b.,  9062;  d.,  9262. 

,  Gen.,  at  Fort  Pitt,  5841 . 

Strangford,  Viscountess,  Emil'v  Anne,  d., 
9962. 

Strasburg,  Ger.,  captured  by  Alemannl, 
10701;  gov.  by  Alemannl;  by  Franks; 
ruled  by  Franks,  7693  ;  cathedral  de- 
stroyed ;  reconstructed,  7742  ;  besieged, 
7781;  imperial  city,  7812;  mobs  burn 
Jews,  7822  ;  guilds  in  gov't,  7832  ;  cathe- 
dral tower  completed,  7842  ;  Louis  XIV. 
seizes,  7973;  annexed  to  Fr.,  6933;  cathe- 
dral clock  repaired,  8I61 ;  Ger.  invest, 
7381;  bombardment  of,  7401, 2;  surren- 
ders, 7403  ;  entered,  8261 ;  cathedral  in- 
jured, 8262  ;  library  destroyed ;  Univ. 
restored,  8263. 

,  Va.,  JYemont  enters,  2083  ;  Confeds. 

defeated  near,  2203  ;  Early  arrives,  2363. 

Stratford,  Can.,  Weekly  Beacon,  6803. 

,  Conn.,    Christ's    Church   org.,  563  ; 

Episcopal  church  built,  6O2, 

,  Earl  of,  lord  admiralty,  9031 . 

Canning.    (See  Canning.) 

upon-Avon.Shakesperian  monument, 

9901 ;  Memorial  Theater  opd.,  9841 . 

Stratiiairly  wrecked  on  coast,  N.  C,  3813. 

Strathnairn,  Lord.  (See  Rose,  Hugh 
Henry.) 

Strathallan,  Vise,  of,  title  createjl,  8971 . 

Strathbogie  Presb.,  minister  deposed,  953, 

Strathclyde  collides  withi''ra7Jeo?iia,  9813, 

Strathmore,  Earl  of,  title  created,  8932. 

Strathspey,  Baron,  title  created,  9871 . 

Straton,  Isorman  D.  J.,  cons,  bp.,  10082. 

Stratonice,  Queen,  divorced,  11483. 

Stratton  Hill,  Eng.,  battle  of,  8841 . 

,  Chas.  C,  gov.,  N.  J.,  1592. 

, Sherwood,  b.  (1838) ;  d.,  3141 . 

,  D.  T.,  assaulted,  robbed,  4262. 

,  J.  L.  N.,  on  Committee  of  33,  1891 , 

Stranbeuzee,  commander,  6182. 

Strauch,  Capt.,  suppresses  slave-trade, 
10932. 

Straus,  Nathan,  nom.  mayor,  N.  Y.,  4732, 

,  Oscar  Solomon,  b.  (1850) ;  lioger  Wil- 
liams, 4782. 

Strauss,  David Friedrich,b., 8083;  d.,8281. 

,  Johann,  b.,  5191 ;  d.,5223  ;  jubilee  of, 

5381,2. 

, ,  Jr.,  b.,  8123. 

Straw,  Ezekiel,  governor,  N.  H.,  2811. 

,  Jack,  leader,  861 1 . 

,  weaving,    patent    for,    IIO1 ;    paper 

made,  1361 . 

Strawberry  Plains,  Va.,  action  at,  '2372. 

Straw-Hiinlers'  Asso.  boycott,  4662. 

Streatfield,  Lieut.  Eric,  appointed  A.  D.  C., 
6901. 


1418 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        iWDt-X,        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Stre-Stur. 


Streator,  Lieut.-Col.,  Pa.,  criticized,  412'; 
indicted,  4163  ;  acquitted,  418^ . 

Street,  Alfred  Billings,  b.,  1163  ;  d.,  3062. 

,  George  Edmund,  b.  (1824) ,  d.,  9882. 

plays  performed,  England,  854^ . 

Railway  Association  meets,  417' . 

Streeter,  Alison  J.,  popular  vote,  3312. 

Streight,  Col.  Abel  D.,  raid,  2202  ;  escapes 
from  Libby  Prison,  230i ;  d.  (18&4). 

Strelitz  (Neustrelitz) ;  org.,  1114» ;  rebel- 
lion of,  11153. 

Strelnikoff,  Gen.,  assassinated,  11211. 

Stremayr,  Dr.,  forms  new  ministry,  531' . 

Strickland,    Agnes,    b.,    9331;    Queens   of 
£?H^.,9503;  d.,  9782. 

Strikes;  in  N.  V.,  1131,2772,  2783;  in  Fall 
Kiver,  Mass,  2891;  in  Mass.-Me.,  2943; 
K.K.,  in  Md. ;  in  W.  Va.,  2963;  Heading 
andPitt8burg,Pa.,297» ;  at  New  Orleans, 
3083  ;  miners  and  iron  workers,  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  3103,  3151 ;  weavers  and  spin- 
ners, Mass.,  N.  v.,  3103;  bricklayers,  at 
Chicago, 3132;  glass-blowers;  telegraph- 
ers, 3151 ;  in  Brazil,  Ind.;  miners  m  Pa., 
3171,  3203,  3211 ;  painters  in  N.Y. ;  spin- 
ners at  Fall  River,  Mass.,  3171;  miners 
in  Hocking  Valley,  O., 3172;  carpet-weav- 
ers at  Philadelphia,  3191;  rolling-mill 
hands,  Cleveland,  O.,  3203;  shoemakers, 
Brockton,  Mass.,  3211 ;  glove-makers, N. 
Y.,  3231;  cigar-makers,  N.  Y.;  Third 
Ave.  horse-car  line ;  lumber  shovers  ; 
Pac.  R.R. ;  stove  molders  ;  street  car, 
3233  ;  pork-packers,  Chicago,  3243,  3251 ; 
on  Reading  R.R.,  3291 ;  on  C.  B.Q.  R.R., 
3292  ;  coaUlock  laborers,  Duluth ;  L.  E. 
&  W.  R.  R.  ;  Burlington,  R.R.,  3332  ;  in 
Haverhill,  3511;  of  rolling-mill  at  Fla.; 
glass-makers,  3523;  Nashua  Mills, N.H.; 
N.  Y.C.  R.  R.,3531;  Ashland,  Wis.;  bolt- 
makers,  Pittsburg;  Shfeldon  Axle  Works, 
AVilkesbarre,  Pa. ;  shirt-makers,  N.  Y., 
ended  ;  switchmen,  C.  and  Nw.  R.  R., 
3551 ;  Chicago  carpenters  and  plumb- 
ers ;  clothing-makers,  N.  Y. ;  framers 
3563  ;  waiters  in  Chicago,  359* ;  brake- 
men,  Pittsburg;  street-car  men,  Colum- 
bus ;  switchmen,  Cleveland,  O. ;  miners, 
Mich.;  pool  beer,N.  Y..  361 1 ;  at  Pough- 
keepsie,  N.  Y.;  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  3623  ; 
cloak-makers,  N.  Y.,  3623,  3392  ;  train- 
men,III., 3623, 3663;  street-cleaning  dept., 
N.Y. ,3642;  N.J.  steel-works  men  ;  union 
workmen,  N.  Y.,3643;  coal-miners,  Ala., 
3651 ;  lumbermen  in  Minn.,  3661 ;  Knights 
of  Labor,  N.Y.,  3662;  carpenters  in  Cinn., 
O,;  varnishers  and  painters,  I^.Y.,  3663; 
telegraphers,  St.  Louis,  3703  ;  thread 
mills,  Newark  ;  school  building,  N.  Y., 
3731 ;  coke-makers,  CounelsviUe,  Pa.; 
Pittsburff  and  Western  R.R., 3763;  Dob- 
son's  mills,  Boston  ;  Troy  Laundry  Co., 
N.  Y.,  3782  ;  street-car,  Detroit,  Mich., 
marble-cutters,  Chicago,  miners,  Ind., 
3823;  strikers  fined,  389 1;  general,  in 
North  and  East  for  eight-hour  day  and 
higher  wages;  house-smiths, N.Y.;  street- 
cars. Long  Island  City,  3831 ;  molders 
sympathetic,  Chicago,  3863  ;  street-car, 
Newarlj ,  N.  J.,  3883 ;  cabinet-makers, 
Chicago,  3903  ;  wharf  men.  Savannah, 
Ga.,  3923  ;  Buffalo  lithographers,  3931 ; 
coal  miners,  Pittsburg,  3931,  4123;  trou- 
ble, Crested  Butt,  Colo.,  397' ;  engineers 
refuse  at  New  Haven  ;  R.R.  at  Gorcum, 
Tex.;  street-cars,  Indianapolis,  3991; 
4022 ;  electric  car,  Allegheny,  Pa. ;  Edison 
Electric  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  laundry  workers, 
Troy,  N.  Y.,  4002  ;  granite-cutters.  New 
Eng.,  4063,  4071;  Pavers'  Union,  N.  Y., 
4063;  street-cars,  Cleveland,  O.,  4083; 
coal-miners,  Coal  Creek,  Tenn. ;  U.  S. 
troops,  Duquesne,  Pa.,  4121 ;  r.  r.  men, 
Buffalo,  4123,  Gov.  Flower's  proclama- 
tion, 4142 ;  sawmills,  Steven's  Point, 
Wis.,  4123*  miners,  Tracy  City,  in  Oliver 
Springs,  in  Coal  Creek,  Tenn.,  413* ; 
shoemakers,  N.Y.;  puddlers,  Pittsburg, 
4142  ;  D.  and  R.  G.  R.  R. ;  telegraphers, 
Santa  F6  R.  R.,  417' ;  general,  New  Or- 
leans ;  street  railway,  Columbus,  0.,4182; 
telegraphers,  Rock  Island  R.R.,  111.; 
school-teachers,  Garden  City,  4191 ;  elec- 
tric line  men,  Toledo,  0.,421i;  resume 
work,  Dunkirk,  N.Y. ;  silk-weavers,  Pat- 
terson, N.J,,  4222;  Nantieoke  mine,  Pa., 
4242  ;  Lake  Shore  R.R.;  switchmen,  O.; 
T.,  A.  H.  and  N.  M.  R.  R.,  Mich.,  4262  ; 
weavers,  Palmer,  Mass. ;  carriage-mak- 


ers, Boston  ;  unlawful  in  La.,  4263  ;  on 
World's  Fair  buildings  ;  Mich,  decision 
against :  Santa  F6R.  K.,427i ,  4282;  min- 
ers in  Ind,  4273  ;  Union  Pacific  shops, 
Neb., 4282;  iron-workers,  N.Mex.;  wait- 
ers, N.  J.;  guards.  World's  Fair,  4283, 
4531 ;  coal-miners  in  O.,  4291;  gold-mi- 
ners, Wash.,  4301;  garment-w<)rkers, 
Phila. ;  street-cars,  Bridgeport,  Conn. ; 
lumbermen,  Tonawanda,  N.  Y.,  4323  ; 
coal-men,  Kan. ,4342;  miners,  Colo., 4343, 
4382  ;  R.  R.,  Decatur,  Ala.,  4381 ;  wire- 
workers,  Trenton,  N.J. ,4382;  R.R.  men, 
Indianola,  111.;  weavers  in  R. I., 4402;  Le- 
high Valley  R.  R.,  4442  ;  traction-men, 
Bridgeport,  Conn.,  4483;  hatters,  Conn., 
4502  ;  N,  Pacific  R.R.,  and  decision  re- 
versed, 4723  ;  silk  factories,  N.J.,  strikers 
attack  silk-workers,  4503,  4522;  miners, 
W.  Va.,  4522;  dyers,  Patterson,  N.  J., 
4531 ;  street-cars.  Long  Island  City, 4542; 
coke  region,  Pa.,  4543,  4571,  4581;  gen- 
eral, N.  Dak.  to  Wash.;  Great  Northern 
R.R. ;  painters,  Chicago,  4563;  miners  in 
U.S., 4571 ;  coal-miners.  111. -Tenn., Crip- 
ple Creek,  Colo.,  Mt.  Iron  mine,  Minn., 

4582  ;  Pullman  Palace  Car  employees, 
4583,4591 ;  U.  S.  troops  subdue  m  Ala., 

4583  ;  Evansville  and  Terre  Haute  R.R.; 
street-cars,  Brooklyn,  4603  ;  Cripple 
Creek,  Colo.,  461 1;  miners,  Md.  and 
Mich.;  miners,  McKeesport,  Pa.;  R.  K. 
men,  O.,  4622;  R.R. men,  Buffalo,  N.Y.; 
resolutions  of  sympathy  for,4G13;  dock- 
men,  Duluth,  Minn. ;  Trinidad,  Cal, ;  vi- 
olent at  Sacramento,  4642 ;  Constitu- 
tional Conven.,  N.  Y.,  on,  4643  ;  injimc- 
tion  against,  4651 ;  Pullman,  Chicago, 
4643,  4683,  4702,  4733,  4752;  R.  R.  block- 
ades ;  Pres.  Debbs  arrested,  4652  ;  In- 
vestigating Committee,  pres.  consents  ; 
R.  R.  men,  Toledo,  O.,  4653;  firemen  dis- 
missed; olT S.Pacific  R.R.;  R.R.  rails  re- 
moved, 4602,  itends,  471i ;  mechanics  and 
workmen  in  N.  Y.;  beef-killers,  Omaha, 
Neb.,  4663 ;  stockyards,  Chicago,  off, 
4683;  textileworkers, Mass.;  sympathetic 
condemned,  469i;  garment-workers,  N. 
Y.,4703;  coke-workers,  Pa.,  4703,4751; 
garment-makers, Boston;  garment-work- 
ers, Newark,  N.  J.;  shirt-makers,  N.Y., 
4722  ;  decision  against  engineers,  4723  ; 
weavers,  Fall  River,  Mass. ;  cigar-mak- 
ers, Fla.,  4731 ;  arson  during,  O.,  4762;  La- 
bor Commission  report  on,  4763,  4772; 
street-car.  Wash.,  D.  C,  4763. 

Strikes,  Eng.,  in  Lond.,  9471 ;  union  work- 
ers great  puddlers,  9683  ;  colliers  near 
St.  Helens  ;  Northeastern  R.R. ;  London 
and  Brighton  R.  R. ;  tailors  in  London, 
9703;  on  Great  Southern  and  Western 
R.  R.,  9823  ;  shipwrights,  Eng.,  9943  ;  at 
Blackburn,  9983 ;  railway  men ;  engi- 
neers ;  dock  laborers  ;  tailors  ;  ship-car- 
penters ;  shoemakers  ;  miners  ;  general, 
10031 ;  dock,  10043  ;  shipyard  men  ;  dock 
men;  sailors,  etc. ;  colliers,  10051 ;  R.R. 
men,  10052  ;  ship-workers,  10063  ;  omni- 
bus, London;  miners,  W.,  1007';  coal 
porters, London;  great  coal-miners, 10083, 
10111 ,  10123;  great  cotton-workers,  1009 1 , 
10103 ;  dock  laborers,  Hull ;  Victoria 
docks,  Lond.,  10103;  mill-hands  in  Scot., 
10111 ;  Lond.  cab-drivers  ;  miners,  1013' . 

,  New  Zealand  ;  frequent.  New  Castle ; 

Sydney,  6OO2  ;  settled,  N.  S.  W..  5003  ;  in 
Moravia,  5311;  hi  Prague,  5323,5343; 
riots,  Kladno,  Bohemia ;  in  Saar ;  in 
Brunn,5323;  in  Vienna,5323,  5333,  5343; 
in  Gratz;  Wilczek  collieries,  5331;  in 
Belgium  ;  in  Namur  and  Lic^ge  ;  dock  la- 
borers at  Antwerp;  coal-miners,  Mons, 
5462  ;  Borinage  District,  5463  ;  general, 
Belg.,  5471,  5481,2;  Charleroi  District, 
5482  ;  Cornwall,  Can.,  5862,  a  ;  Toronto, 
5863  ;  Halifax,  5883  ;  Can.  Pacific  R.  R., 
5942  ;  nitrate  districts,  Chile,  6083  ;  in 
Havana,  6341;  at  Lyons,  Fr.,  7272;  in 
Fr.,  7503,  7543,  7603,  7633,  7642;  fund  for 
strikers,  Fr.,  7592;  in  Berlin,  in  Nurem- 
burg,  in  Westphalia,  8323  ;  miners  at 
SosnowJce,  Rus.,  11212. 

Strikers  denied  amnesty  in  Fr.,  759*  ;  im- 
prisoned, 8331 ;  make  trouble,  8343  +  . 

Stringham,  Silas  Horton,  b.,  1082;  com- 
mands Hatteras  exped.,  1981 ;  d.,  2902. 

Strinnholm,  Anders  Magnus,  b.  (1786);  Bis- 
ton/  of  Sweden,  11362  ;  d.  (1857). 

Strotel,  E.  H.,  minister,  4473. 


Strong,  Caleb,  b.  (1745);  gov.,  III2, 1193  ; 
d.  (1819). 

,  Gen.  Geo.  Crockett,  b.  (1832);  assaulta 

Fort  Wagner,  2243;  d.,  2272. 

,  James,  b.,  1302;  works,  2603;  d., 4681 . 

, C.,  work,  4783. 

,  Josiah,  New  Era,  4481 . 

,  Luther  M.,  b.,  1502. 

,  S.  H.,  chief-justice.  Can.,  5952. 

,  Thos.  M.,  pres.  Reformed  Synod,  1462. 

,  William,  b.,  1142 ;  associate  justice, 

2731 ;  on  Electoral  Commission,  2951 . 

, L.,  mayor,  N.  Y.,  4732. 

Strongbow.     (See  Clare,  Richard.) 

Strother,  David  Hunter,  b.,  1242. 

Stroud,  Lord,  impeached,  8852. 

Struensee,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.,  6381  j  be- 
headed, 6392. 

Struthas  slays  Thibron,  10222. 

Strutt,  Joseph,  b.,  9103  ;  d.,  9303. 

Struve,  Burkhard  Gotthelf,  b.,  7963;  d., 
8002. 

,  Georg  Adam,  b.,  7943  ;  d.,  7982. 

,  Friedrich    Georg  Wilhelm  von,  b., 

8062  ;  d.,  8222. 

,  Gustave  von,  b.  (1805);  insurrection 

leader,  8172  ;  d.  (1870.) 

,  Otto  Wilhelm  von,  b.,  11163. 

Stryker,M.  W.,  pres.  Hamilton  Coll.,  4221 . 

Strype,  John,  b.,  8843;  d.,  9083. 

Strzelecki,  Count,  gold  discovery,  4942  ; 
explorations,  496i . 

Stuart,  Alexander,  administration.  Aus- 
tral., 4992. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9252. 

,  Alex.  H.  H.,  b.  (1807)  ;  sec.  interior, 

1672;  d.,3781. 

,  Arabella,  b.,  8742;  imprisoned,  8793  ; 

d.,  8801. 

,  Archibald,  trip  inland,  5961 . 

,  Maj.-Gen.  Charles,  in  duel,  9232  ;  d., 

10081. 

, Edward,  b.,  9062  ;  d.,  9243. 

,  Edmund  Craig,  elected  bp.,  9803. 

,  George  Hay,  b.  (1816);  pres.,  2602. 

,  Gilbert  Charles,  b.,71i ;  works,  104», 

1061,1341;  d.,1362. 

,  Granville,  minister  4473. 

,  Henry  A.,  d.,  4281 . 

, Benedict,  Duke  of  York,  d. ,  933' . 

,  James,  E.  of  Moray,  b.,  868I;  titles 

of,  8643  ;  at  Langside,  872 1 ;  regent ;  as- 
sassinated, 8733  ;  d.,  8742. 

, Gen.  Ewell  Brown,  b.  (1833);  at 

Dranesville,  2021 ;  raid,  2091 ,  2143  ;  near 
Mattapony  River,  2103  ;  at  Rapidan, 
2111;  captures  Catlett's  Station,  2121;  at 
Edwards'Ferry  ;  crosses  Potomac,  212», 
2142  ;  in  Md.,  2123  ;  iu  Pa.,  2142 ;  at 
Shelby  depot,  2143  ;  at  Dumfries,  2163; 
at  Beverly  Ford ;  at  Brandy  Station, 
2223;  at  Aldie,  2231;  at  Carlisle ;  at  Get- 
tysburg, 2241 ;  joins  Lee,  2242  ;  south  of 
Rapidan,  2321 ;  at  Todd's  Tavern,  2323  ; 
killed  at  Y^ellow  Taveni,  233 1 . 

,  Francis  Edward,  Chevalier  de 

St.  George,  b.,  8992;  proclaimed;  aban- 
dons followers,  9053  ;  acknowledged  as 
king,  9032  ;  attempt  to  land  in  Scot., 
9033,9041;  d.,9163. 

,  John,  Earl  of  Bute,  b.,  9(W2  ;  minis- 
ter, 9153. 

-.^— ,  Sir  John,  at  Maida,  7161 . 

, MacDonell,   b.    (1818)  ;     inland 

lakes,  4961 ;  crosses  cont.,  4962;  d.,(1866), 

,  Mary  Macrae,  d.,  3961 . 

,  Moses,  b.,  931 ;  miss,  movement,  1171; 

works,  1212,  1351,  1403,  1551;  d.,  1702. 

,  Robert,  at  Berwick.  8581 . 

,  House  of,  8791 ;  restoration  of,  8919. 

,  Lady,  fined  for  playing  faro,  9292. 

Stubbe7ikvk  quarantined,  4152. 

Stubbs,  Geo.,  b.,  9062,  or  (1722);  d.  (1806). 

,  Wm.,   b.   (1825)  ;  Constitutionai  mat, 

of  Eng.,  9791 ;  cons,  bp.,  998*. 

Stucco-work  invented,  10761 . 

Students,  shot,  Cuba,  6323  ;  in  politics  ; 
societies  of,  (rer.,  8I32  ;  political  disturb- 
ance by,  in  Hung.,  5322;  in  Rus.,11183±; 
religious  culture,  11221 . 

Studlev,  John  B..  b.,  1402. 

Stueben,  Baron  Fred.  Wm.  A.,  d.,  1042. 

Stukelev,  William. b., 8962;  discovers  <?ur- 
«us,  9061;  d.,9163. 

Stundists  persecuted,  11201 ,  11222. 

Sture,  Sten  defeated,  11341;  fnds.  Univ. 
Upsala,  11343;  protector,  11352  ;  d.  (1504V 

, (the  Younger),  protector,  11352; 

d.  (1520). 


Stur-Sund. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        IrsXjlLX..       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1419 


Sture,  Svante  NUsso,  protector,  11352  •  d. 

(1512). 
Sture  Icronikoma-WTitteu,  11343. 
Sturgeon,  Mo.,  Confed.  defeat,  2141 . 

,  Willijun,  b.,  9223;  d.,  9582, 

Stiirgis,  Gen.  Samuel  !>.,  h.  (1846) ;  at  Fay- 
ettevilltt,  Va.,    215';    at    lirice's    Cross 
Koad8,2342;  d.,  3442. 
Sturleson,  Snorro,  murdered,  132. 
Sturm,  Oliristoplier  Cliristiau,  b.,  8002;  d., 
8043. 

,  Johaau,  b.,  7863;  d.,  7922. 

Sturt,    Chas.,     explorer,    494 1 ;    advance 

496';  d.,  9722. 
Stuttgart,  Ger.,  Castle  of,  burned,  7803  j 
Ist  mentioned,  781 ' ;  capital,  7872  ;  pari. 
adjourns  to,  5232;  statuea  of  Bismarck 
and  Von  Moltke,  832i ;  R.  E.  collision, 
8333. 
Stuyvesant,  Peter,  b.,  262  ;    gov.  N.  Y.; 
claims  to  lands,  39' ;  in  Del.,  40' ;  signs 
capitulation,  42' ;  d.,  48' . 
Styria,  margravate,  5032  ;  margraves  of, 
5032,3;  ceded  to  Huug.,504';  annexed 
to  Aust.;  lapses  to  empire,  505' ;  imperial 
tief,    5052  ;    conquered,    5052  ;    Jesuits 
arrive,  5103;  earthquakes,  5302. 
Suadea,  Kef.  Presb.  mission  at,  11582. 
Suakiiu,  Kgy.,  attacked,  6582, 660' ;  open  to 

commerce,  6612. 
Suarez,  Francisco,  b.-d.,  11282. 
Subhaukuly,  ruler,  Bokhara,  5492. 
Submarine  cable,  Dover  and  Fr.,  956' . 

Congress,  Parts,  7523, 

Sub-prefects  removed,  Fr.,  751' . 

Subsidies  levied,  Eug.,  8593. 

Subtropical     Exhibition,     Fla.,    opened, 

351 1,3. 
Sucjisica,  Indian  uprising,  5502. 
Suchet,  Louis  Gabriel,  Due  d'Albufera, 
b.,  7042  ;  takes  Valencia ;  at  Albufera, 
7182;  at  Castalla,  7183;  d.,  7*^3. 
Suckling,  Sir  John,  b.,  8782  ;  works,  883' ; 

d.  (1012?). 
Sucre,  Antonio  Jos^  de,  b.-d.,  5502;  enters 
Peru,  550' ;  driven  from  La  Paz  ;  pres., 
6503;  in  Ecu.,  043'. 
Sucro,  battle  at,  1058' . 
Sud  America  collides,  7573. 
Sudan  (or  Soudan),  independence  of,  651 ' ; 
slave  dealers  rebel,  658';  defense,  6593; 
abandoned  to  Mahdists,  6602  ;   war  in, 
992' ;  Pioneer  Mission  party,  3582. 

,  campaign,  992' ;  Can.  olt'ers  men  for, 

5852. 
Sudbury,  Mass.,  Indians  attack,  462. 

,  Simon    of,  archbp.   Canterbury,   d., 

8G02. 
Sudeikin,  Lieut.,  assassinated,  1121', 
Sudoley,  Baron,  title  created,  945', 
Sudennaun,  Herman,  works,  8302. 
Sudley,  Baron,  title  created,  987' . 
Sue,  Marie  Joseph  Eugiine,  b.,715' ;  works, 

7263,  727',  729',  2;  J.,  7323. 
Suessa  Pometia  conquered,  1051 ' . 
Suetonius    Pauliuus    in    Mauritania,   8' ; 

commander  ;  subdues  Druids,  839' , 
Suevi  invade  Kom.  empire,  1064' ;  invade 
,    Sp.,  10701;  in  Sp.,  11253. 
Suez,  telegraph  lino  to  Aden,  6573,  11583; 
(    occupied,  G58' . 

Canal  begun,  6563,  6573  ;  part  opd.  ; 

,  Fr.  loan,  6573;  Eng.  buys,  6.39' ,  3;  iuter- 
nat.  protection,  6592;  Brit,  neutrality;' 
formally  opd.;  raises  toll,  6593;  plans 
for  widening;  neutral,  6612,  7573;  ist 
ship  in,  9713  ;  opd.,  9733  ;  Brit.  Gov't 
buys  shares,  9813  ;  agreement,  ratified, 
9913  ;  conventions  signed  ;  canal  com- 
missions, 9973  ;  vote  against,  7533  ;  pen- 
sions to  de  Lesseps  family,  7663. 
Sutfavean  dynasty  est.,  11072. 
Suttield,  Coim.,  school  largest  attendance 
in  N.  Eng.,3G42. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9232. 

,  K.  Kodolph,  d.,  10062. 

Sulfolk,  Eng.,  action  in,  846' . 

Conf.,  Unit,  org.,  Boston,  2542. 

,  Va.,  Federals  occupy,  208';  expedi- 
tion leaves,  216';  action,  218';  Confed. 
defeated,  221';  Federals  capture,  2303, 

,  Thomas,  Earl  of,  minister,  881 ' . 

,  E.  of  (William  de  la  Pole),  adviser  to 

K.;  arrested  ;  sentenced  ;  beheaded,  8633. 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  8772  ;   minister, 

879',  2. 
Suffrage,  limited,  45' ;  restricted  to  whites, 
Kan.,  1852  ■  of  free  men  protected,  2512; 
to  negroes  in  D.  C.,  2552, 259' ;  impartial 


in  South,  257' ;  impartial  by  Amend., 
2653  ;  negro,  asked  tor.  Ivan.,  '2672  ;  Act 
to  protect,  2732;  universal  in  Landtag, 
827' ;  extended  in  It..  10902. 

demonstration,    Aust.-Hung.,  5362  ; 

Bill  discussed,  5372. 

,  Braz.,  for  males,  5572. 

,  Borough,  reduced,  Eng.,  9832.    (See 

Female  Sutlrage.) 

Conf.,  Brussels,  5463. 

Suffrein,  Mous,  at  battle  St,  Jago,  9202. 
Sufi  dymiaty  est.,  11072. 
,  Shah,  reigns,  11072. 

II.,  Shah,  reiijns,  11072. 

Suft  Meodom  mission,  657' . 

Sugar,  made  from  starch,  11162;  bounties, 
Am.,  4732,  9<j<)2  ;  frauds,  report  in  sen- 
ate, 337';  retining,  Eng.,  890';  tariti', 
Cuba,  6333;  tax,  Eng.,  8973. 

Act  moditied,  75' . 

Bill  in  senate,  4772. 

--caneintro.,  Am.,662,  693;  to  W.lnd., 

6313;  in  Madeira,  11093;  in  Sicily,  10742; 
in  Japan,  10912;  in  Cyprus,  1155'. 

,  Abbot,     of     St.     Denis,     b.,     6682  ; 

minister,  6693;  d.,  6712. 

River,  pearls  found,  344'. 

Trust  dissolved,  363' ;  investigation, 

3802,  3782,  4533,  4592  ;  charges,  4613  ; 
report,  4612,  4632;  senate  consideration, 
4613  ;  examinations,  4632  ;  indictments, 
4642,  465' .  4723  ;  committee  reopens, 
senators  exonerated,  467 ' ;  report  signed, 
4672;  refuse  to  show  books,  3793. 

Creek,  Ark.,  action  at,  2042. 

Sugden,  Edward   Burtenshaw,  Baron  St. 

Leonards,  b.  (1781);  lord  chancellor,  9473; 
9512,9572;  minister,  9572;  d.  (1875). 

,  John,  cons.  bp.  Free  Church,  9803. 

Suhm,  Peter  Frederik,  b.,  638' ;  d.,  6382. 
Sui,  at  war,  612'. 
Suicides,  bodies  of,  9912. 
Suidas,  b.,  10322, 
Suintila,  reigns,  11253. 
Sujin,  reigns,  10912. 
Sukkur  mission,  10483. 
Suleiman,    Piiaha,   commands,    566';    at 
Shipka  Pa«s,  5652. 

,  leader,  6202  ;   for  Eng.   recognition, 

622' ;  applies  to  Eng.,  6232. 

Sami  convicted,  6583. 

Suleyman  Aba-Jahir,  at  Mecca,  486'. 

assassinates  Kleber,  714' .    (See  Soly- 

man.) 
Sulfureous  carbon  produced,  782', 
Sulina,  Bus.,  batteries  destroyed,  958' . 
Suliotes,  rebel,  10342,  10353  ;  sub.,  11573. 
Sulla,  Lucius  Cornelius,  b.-d.,  10563  ;  con- 
quers Rome;  attacks  Mithridates  VI.; 
defeats  Archelaus  ;  captures  Bovianum  ; 
dismissed ;  tines  cities  of  Gr.  j  in  Mithri- 
datic   War ;   war   with    Manus,   10562  ; 
sends  library  to   Rome,  10563  ;  consul ; 
reforms;  deposed,  10573  ;atBrundu8ium, 
1058' ;   builds   capitol,   10683  ;   conquers 
Norbanus  ;  in  Capua  ;  defeats  Marius  at 
Sacriportus  ;  in  Etruria;  repels  Samnites 
at  Colline   Gate,    1058';    edict    against 
Samnite    prisoners  ;     liberates    slaves, 
10583 ;  Constitution  by  ;  dictator;  consul ; 
abdicates  ;  treaty  with  Mithridates  ;  d., 
1059'. 
Sullivan  Co.,  N.  Y.,  train- wreckers,  341' ; 
canvassers,  3952. 

,  Alexander  M.,  d.,  9922. 

, ,  sentenced,  3482. 

,  Arthur  Seymour,  b.,  9522,  or  (1842) ; 

works,  978' ,  984' ,  988' ,  990* ,  992' ,  996' , 
998'. 

,  Barry,  b.  (1824) ;  d.,  1006' . 

,  Sir  Bartholomew  J.,  d.,  10021. 

,  Daniel,  sentenced,  963'. 

,  Dennis,  wounded,  414' . 

,  Edward,  cons,  bp.,  9862, 

,  Sir  E.,  lord  chancellor,  9932. 

,  James,  b.,  662;  gov.,  115' ;  d.,  114*, 

,  John,  b.,  642  ;   at  Portsmouth,  78'; 

driven  from  Can. ;  on  Long  Island,  84' ; 
in  Pa.,  843;  on  Staten  Island,  87';  in 
R.  I.,  883  ;  among  N.  Y.  Indians,  903  • 
d.,  106', 

,  John  L.,  indictments  annulled,  3543; 

wins  championship,  3433  ;  loses  cham- 
pionship, 4143. 

,  Gen.Thos.  Crook,b.(1833);  at  Parker's 

Cross  lioadB,217' ;  near  Lexington, 218', 

,  Thomas  C.,  commissioned  col.,  400' . 

,  T.  D.,  punished  for  libel,  971' ;  testi- 
mony, 9993  ;  Irish  agitator  arrives,  371' . 


Sullivan,  **  Yankee,"  fights  Morrisey,1732. 
Sullivan's  Island,  fort  bombarded,  823. 
Sully,  Daniel,  b.,  176'. 

,  James,  b.  (1842);  Human  Mind,  4203. 

,  Due  de  (MaximJlien  de  B^thune),  b., 

6822  ;  minister,  6853  ;  resigns,  6873  j  d., 
6883. 

Prudhomme,  Ren^  Francois  Armand, 

Academician,  762' ;  works,  7363,  7503. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  96';   works,  130',  150'; 

d.,  278'. 
Sulpicians,  Soc.  f  nd.  in  Paris  (1645) ;  possess 

Montreal,  5732. 
Sulpius  defeats  Philopoemen,  10262. 
Sumarokotf,  Alexander,  b.-d.,  11143. 
Sumatra,  Quallo    Batto    attacked,   140'; 

war  with  Achinese,  1102'. 
Sunibalpur  mission,  1047' . 
Summertield,  John,  b.,  1082;  d.,  1322. 
Summer  School  Pedagogy  and  Psychol- 
ogy, 4102. 
Summit,  Miss.,  Lea  Female  College  fnd.» 

2963. 
Sumner,  Archdeacon,  cons,  bp.,  9983. 

,  Charles,  b.,  1163;  enters  House,  1092  ; 

*'  Crime  against  Kansas,'"  1792;  as- 
saulted, 179',  2,  candidate  for  noni.  for 
v.-pres.,  1803  ;  deposed  from  chairman- 
ship; against  annexation  San  Domingo, 
2733;  against  Grant,  279' ;  d.,  284' . 

, Richard,  bp.  elected,  9423. 

,  Edwin  Vose,   b..   106' ;   in  Army  of 

Potomac,  2043  ;  at  Williamsburg,  207' ; 
at  Fair  Oaks,  2082  ;  at  Seven  Days'  liat- 
tles,209';  at  Antietam,  213' ;  atFreder- 
icksburg,  2162;  d.,2212. 

, ,  commissioned  col.,  470'. 

,  George  W.,  promoted  capt.,384', 

.Increase,   b.   (1746);    gov.,  109';     d. 

(1799). 

,  John   Bird^  archbp.  Canterbury,  b.^ 

9211,9543;  d.  (1862). 

,  Wm.  Graham,  b.  (1840)  ;  Alexander 

Hamilton, Z^3. 
Sumter  runs  blockade,  1962. 
Sumter,  Fort,  to  be  reinforced,  1903  ;  de- 
manded, 1913;  expedition  for,  192' ;  bom- 
barded; evacuated    1922;  flag  replaced, 
M62. 

,  Col.,    Thomas,    b.,    622  ;    at  Rocky 

Mount,  92' ;  in  South;  at  Hanging  Rock, 
S,  C. ;  at  Fishing  Creek,  922  j  at  Black- 
stocks,  923;  d.,  1402. 
Sumor,  Jauos,  b.,  5202, 
Sumptuary  Laws  in  Va.,  283  ;  opposed, 
3172. 

enacted,  Fr.,  6732. 

■ —  in  Eng.,  859'  ,8752, 10143. 

Sumu-Abi   fnds.    dynasty  in    Babylonia, 

11393. 
Sun,  eclipse  of,  observed,  320' ,  8502,8562, 
8622,  890',  904',  906',  912',  916',  1151', 
1154';  motion  of,  894';  distance  meas- 
ured, 8982,  906' ;  red  flames,  904'  j  spots 
on,  124',  812',  916',  918',  9202,  1072'. 
Sun  Chia  Su  in  embassy,  6213. 

Keuen  Khan,  Prince,  613' . 

Sunbury,  Pa.,  tornadoes,  332' . 
Sunda  Islands  conquered,  10433. 
Sunday,  Can.,  closing  enforced,  392' ,  581' , 
9443;  street  cars  proliibited,  592' . 

,  Fr.,  battles  prohibited,  6682;  opening 

of  museums,  7482. 

Liquor  Law  passed,  O.,  333'. 

Rest  Bill  passes,  5343,  5352. 

dress  parades  abolished,  Am.,  336'. 

newspaper  selling  opposed,  '*99  . 

Observance  Cong.,  Paris,  1583. 

opening.  Metropolitan  Museum  Art, 

403' ;  museums,  Eng.,  refu8ed,9782, 9822; 
motion  rejected,  9793. 

labor  prohibited,  Eng.,  841'. 

Act  passes,    921';    amended,   9743; 

closing  unobserved,  9443, 

Bill.  G.  B„9612. 

,  *'  Billy,"  evangelist,  336' . 

Lecture  Soc.  fmd.,  9722. 

school,  Internat. lesson  course,  3403; 

World's  Conven.,  3423;    6th  Internat. 

Conven.    meets,    362' ;    conven.,    436' ; 

buildings  exempt,  9722  ;  monument  to, 

9842;  centenary  of  est.,  9832. 

Union  Am.  fmd.,  1323. 

fmd.,  Eng.,  9303. 

Society  org.,  981';  opening  refused, 

982';  Closing  Act  passes,  983';  opposed 
by  Pari.,  985'  2;  Closing  Bill,  IOOI2. 

Sunderland  lost,  9142. 

Sunderland,  Kng.,  engineers  strike,  994*. 


1420 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  Sund— Synd. 


Sunderland,  Le  Roy,  d.,  320a. 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Spencer.) 

Sundry  Civil  App.  Bill  passes,  3S7',  36ia, 

365a,  6772,  3792,  407a,  4131 ,  4232,  4251 ,2, 

4511. 
Sun^  dynasty  rules,  6133. 
Sumncas,  Moors  defeated  at,  11261 . 
Sunium,  Temple  of  Athene  begun,  10203. 
Sunnites  oppose  All,  4852. 
Sunal,  trotter,  solil,  3473;  trots,  3673, 3953. 
Suomi  mission,  10183. 
Superb  wrecked,  9221 . 
Superintendents  of  Insane  Asylums  meet, 

Niagara  Falls,  361 1 . 
Superior  wrecked,  1801 , 
Superior  Courts  abolished,  N.  Y.,  3672. 

Gubernative  Prov.  Union  installed, 

6303. 

SuppUment  des  Nouvelles  Ecclesiaatiques 

Issued,  6992. 
Supplementary      Reconstruction       Act, 

passes,  2572,  2.591 ;  vetoed,  2572. 
Suprem.acy  of  pope  acknowledged,  10703. 
Supreme  Council  of  Labor,  est.,  7612. 
Court, Cong,  limits  membership,  2532; 

open,  4172. 

of  Judicature,  operative,  9812; 

Act  passes,  9832. 

Surajah  Dowlah,capture8  Calcutta,  10441  ■ 

d.,  10443. 
Surat,  E.  I.,  taken,  9153;  pillaged,  10441; 

gov't   seat     removed,    10451  ;    mission, 

10462,  10471. 
Surgeons'  Society  fnd.,  London,  9102. 
Surinam,  Quiana,  dis.,  I51;  settled,   332; 

taken,  42i;    occupied,  433;    Moravians 

in,  623;   Maroon  revolt,  773;  colonists, 

10391. 
Surname  Act  passed,  8651 . 
Surnames  employed,  8471 ,  8511 . 
Surplices,  Intro.,  10723;  first  worn,  10682. 
Surprise  captures  Kutous,  II81 . 
Surratt,  John  H.,   assassination  of  Lin- 
coln,   2431 ;    tried;    discharged,    248=; 

jury  discharged,  2583. 
,  Mary  E.,  assassination  of  Lincoln, 

2131 ;  sentenced;  hanged,  ^182,3. 
Surrey,  Dulwich  College  fnd.,  8803;  Zo- 
ological Gardens  est.,  9441. 

,  Earl.    (See  Howard,  Henry.) 

Surtees  Society  est.,  9463;  find.,  947' . 
Survey,  trigonometrical,  9221. 
Surveyors,  start  for  Pacific,  1733;  for  ship 

canals,  229 1 ;  maps  published,  9382. 
Susa  captured,  10242;  action  at,  IO662. 
Susanvillej  Gal.,  earthquake  shocks,  3741. 
Susarion,  invents    theatrical   exhibition, 

10162. 
Suspension  Bridge.    Niagara,    men  fall, 

1753;  Coll.  of  Our  Lady  of  Angels  org., 

1802:  Niagara  R.  R.  opd.,  1761 ;  strike 

N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,3531. 
Susquehanna,  collision  on,  1753;  Militai'y 

dopt.    fmd.,    2222;    Gen.  Synod  Evan. 

Luth.  org.,  2602. 
Suffqaehanna  lays  Atlantic  cable,  1833. 
Sussex,  Eng.,  converted,  8423;  iron,  8681 ; 

ArchsBological  Society  fmd.,  9541 ;  strike 

9831. 

,  D.  of.    (See  Augustus,  Frederick.) 

Susikiug,  Capt.von,Cross  Legionof  Honor, 

7671. 
Sutor,  Andrew  B.,  cons,  bp.,  9663. 
Sutherland,  Charles,  in  war  dept.,  3512. 

-,  Duchess  of,  against  slavery,  171 1 . 

,  Earl  of,    title    created,   8523.     (See 

Leveson-Gower.) 

,  Maj.,  in  Sepoy  rebellion,  IOJ81 . 

,  Kenneth  F.,  guilty,  453i ;  sentenced, 

4iiD3. 

,  William,  counsel,  4523. 

Sutri,  It.,  Council  of  7743. 

Sutrium,  Volscii  defeated,  10621:  be- 
sieged, 10521. 

Sutro,  Adolph,  supplies  trees  for  Arbor 
Day,  325' . 

tunnel,  Nev.,  completed,  3033. 

Suttee  abolished,  9452. 

Sutter,  John  Augustus,  b.  (1803);  at  Sacra- 
mento, 1513;  gold  dis.,  1622;  d.  (1880). 

Sutton,  Bng.,  bridge  f.illB,  9693. 

,  Vt.,  Female  Miss.  Soc.  org.,  163' . 

,  W.  Va.,  action  near,  2021 . 

,  Charles    Manners,  b,,  9123;  arcbbp. 

Canterbury,  933' ;  d.  (184S). 

1 ,  Jr.  speaker,  9393. 

,  J.  H.,  governor  N.  B.,  5792. 

,  John,  governor,  8632. 

. II.  T.,  governor  Victoria,  488a. 


Sutton,  Thos.  Manners,  lord  chancellor, 
9333. 

Suvaroff,  Alexei  Vasilievitcb,b.-d.,  11143; 
aids  Aust.  against  Fr.;  at  Kinburn  ;  at 
Praga,  1116';  at  Zurich;  at  Alessandria, 
7123;  leaves  Switz.,  8062;  Russ.  gen- 
eral, 5182. 

Suyders,  Franz,  d.,641'. 

Svaitoslaf ,  divides  kingdom  of  Bus. ,11133. 

Svatopluk  II.,  defeated,  772' . 

Sven,  king  of  Denmark,  7773. 

Svenigorod,  conquers  Tartars,  11141. 

Svensk  LUeratur-Tidning  issued,  11362. 

Mercurius  issued,  1134a. 

Sviatoslaf,  Izbornik,  intro.  Christianity, 

11131. 

Svold,  battle  of,  lOOti. 

Swabia,  Ger.,  ceded,  5193;  fortified,  7771 ; 
reduced,  7802. 

Swabian  League  joins  Rhine  cities,  7852; 
fmd.,  7872. 

Swaby,  William  Procter,  cons,  bp.,  lOloa. 

Swaim,  David  Gaskill,  b.  (1834);  commis- 
sioned brig.-gen.,  3061 . 

Swain,  Charles,  b.,9323;  d.  (1874). 

,  David  Lowry,   b.  (1801);  gov.  N.  C, 

1412;  <1.  (1868). 

,  Peter  T.,  commissioned  col.,  316' . 

Swainson,  William,  b.,  9243;  d.,  9003. 

Sirnllfiir  huuii-hed,  9921 . 

Straiiij/  An<i'.'l  bursts,  2261 . 

Swaiiip-laiiil  Bill  defeated.  Ark.,  4223. 

Swan  wrecked,  922* . 

Swan,  Chas.  H.,  bridge  commission,  3683. 

,  Jf>sepli  Wilson,  o.  (1828) ;  inv.  elec- 
tric-light carbon,  410' . 

,  Mr.,  imprisoned  for  bribery,  9392. 

Point  Cemetery,  incorporated,  1853. 

River.  W.  A.,  Stirling's   exjiedition; 

immigrants;  settlement  projected,  4952; 
colony  settled,  94S2. 

Swann,  Thomas,  Credit  Mobilier  investi- 
gation, 2812. 

Swansea,  Eng.,  waterspout,  994' . 

,  Mass.,  Urst  Baptist  church,  422, 

,  Lord.    (See  Vivian.) 

Swanson,  Claude  A.,  d.,  2172. 

Swanzey,  Mass.,  war  begins,  44' . 

Swarthmore,  Pa.,  College  org., 2663;  Pres. 
Foulke  at,  3722. 

Swartout,  John,  fights  duel,  III1. 

Swat,  won  by  Mali,  4i ;  conquest,  53. 

Swatow,  mission,  6203. 

Swayne,  Noah  Haynes,  b.,  1122;  justice, 
'2032;  d.,  3162. 

Swaziland,  Afr.,  annexed,  11253. 

Sweaborg,  bombarded,  9601 ;  fortifica- 
tions commenced,  11141. 

Swearing  on  Gospels  intro.,  8432. 

Sweating  sickness,  in  N.  Ger.,  7911;  in 
Eng.,  8673,8713. 

System,    investigation,    4013,    414a  j 

discussed,  4142;  abolishea,  4731. 

Sweaton,  Arthur,  elected  bp.,  9803. 

Sweden.  (See  text,  pp.  1123-1136.)  Against 
Ger.,  5121 ;  battle  of  Falkoping  ;  peace 
with;  war  with,  6361  2;  Malnio  truce  is 
signed,  frlOi ;  peace  negotiations  open, 
6373;  declines  alliance, 6412;  Fr.  mission- 
aries, 6662;  forms  Continental  system, 
7193;  grants  to,  797';  cedes  territory  to 
Hanover,  7993;  peace  with  Denmark, 
7961 ;  alliance  against  Prus.,  8032; 
armed  neutrality,  9312;  -war  with  Neth., 
11001 ;  unites  with  Norway  and  Den. 
11051 ;  crown  prince  viceroy;  separated 
from  Den.,  11052;  war  with  Kus.,  III41 ; 
for  Protestantism,  ll.'M3. 

Swedenborg,  Emanuel,  b.-d.,  11342;  visions 
of,  11343;  Arcana  Caleatia,  11351. 

,  disciples  org.,  9241 ;  Society  org.,945'. 

Swedes,  preach  in  Del.,  362;  eel.  anni- 
versary, 391';  invade  Norway,  1104'; 
in  Rus.,  11132;  conquer  Poland,  11153. 

Swedish  Acad,  created,  1135';  1st  book 
appears,  11343;  Mission  Union  org., 
113C';  Mission,  N.  Y.,  1582;  Pomerania 
exchanged,  521' ;  Co.  chartered,  10452. 

Sweeny,  Thomas  William,  b.  (1820) ;  at 
Forsyth,  1963;  defeated  near  Corinth, 
2162;  d.,  404'. 

,  John,  consecrated  bishop,  6802. 

Sweet,  Charles  F.,  work,  4782. 

,  Willis,  d.,  178'. 

Swennka  Art/us  issued,  11362. 

Mercurius  issued,  1135'. 

Swerker  I.,  Karlson,  reigns  in  Swe.,  11333. 

XL,  reigns,  1135' ;  petition  to  pope, 

11343. 


Swerro,  .adventurer,  defeats  Magnus  V,, 
not',  1105';  d.,  1104'. 

Swetchine,  Madame  (Anne  Sophie  Soy- 
monotf),  b.,705';  d.,  73-23. 

Swetenham,  Edmund,  d.,  1002' . 

Swett,  Leonard,  b.  (1782) ;  d.,  3401 . 

Sweyii  1.,  enthroned,  6352;  invades  G.  B., 
8461,8471;  d.,  6351. 

II.,  or  Suenon  Estridsen,  enthroned, 

6363. 

III.  (  Suenon  III.), enthroned, 6353. 

Swiatopolk,  grand  duke  of  Russia,  11133. 

II.,  duke  of  Russia,  11133. 

Swieten,  Gerard  van,  b.-d.,  IIOI1 . 

Swift  Creek,  Va.,  Confeds.  defeated,  2323. 

,  George  B.,  mayor,  4431 ,  4452. 

,  John  F.,  minister,  3513;  d.,  3801 . 

,  Jonathan    (Dean    Swift),    b.,    8922; 

works,  9023,  9043,  907',  9091,  9151 ;  d., 
9103. 

,  Lewis,  b.  (1820) ;   dis.  comets,  294' ; 

346'. 

Swinburne,  Algernon  Charles,  b.,  9482, 
works,  9643,  9791 ,  9963,  10022,3. 

Swing,  David,  b.  (1830) ;  heresy  trial, 2842; 
d.,  4721 . 

Swinton,  W.,  b.  (1833) ;  d.,  416i . 

Swiss-Americans,  anniversary,  3912. 

Conference  formed,  11373. 

Confederacy  formed,  7823,  783' ;  re- 
newed; confirmed,  783';  oppressed, 
784'. 

National  Church  organized,  11382. 

Rebellion,  6792. 

Republic  formed,  7853. 

Switzerland.  (See text, pp.1137,1138);  Aust. 
defeflted  at  Morgarten,  604' ;  revolts, 
6053;  liberty  assured,  606';  Peace  of 
Basle,  5093,  7112;  conquest  of,  7122; 
find,  in  Helvetian  Republic ;  Fr.  con- 
quer, 7133;  civil  war,  784' ;  independent, 
7873, 7972;  Roman  army  defeated,  1066' , 
Cfcsar  invades,  10582;  Am.  and  Brit, 
claims  in,  2762. 

Swofford-ToUette  feud,  4182. 

Swolerlowes,  factory  collapses,  5333. 

Swords,  small,  introduced,  Eng.,  8772. 

Sybaris,  It.,  fnd.,  10153;  destroyed,  1016'. 

Sybel,  Heinrich  von,  b.,  812' ;  works,  8162, 
8'.;02,  8342. 

Sybota,  battle  of,  1020' . 

Sycamore  Church,  Va.,  action  at,  238' . 

Syddal,  the  Barber, raises  tumult;  hanged, 
905'. 

Sydenham  Society  established,  953' . 

- — ,  Thomas,  b.,  8802;  d.,  8982. 

Sydney,  Australia,  bishopric,  4942,  9543; 
missions  est.,  4942  ;  fnd.,  4943  ;  lighted, 
4953;  races  est.;  Brit,  flag,  4943;  Legis- 
lative Council,  4952;  Pari,  library,  496' ; 
great  comet  seen,  4962;  miss,  jubilee, 
4963;  incorp.,  497' ;  mint  est.;  first  Pari., 
4972;  fire,  4973,  499»,  6013;  synod  assem- 
bles ;  Free  Public  Library  ;  Capt.  Cook 
monument ;  cathedral  cons., 4981 ;  Duke 
Edinburgh  visits,  4982;  Intercolonial 
Exhibition  ;  R.R.  connects  to  Goulburn, 
4993  ;  Home-rulers  arrive ;  riot-act ; 
strikers  ;  Sunday  advertisements  illegal, 
6002;  Constitution  Conven..  6012:  steam- 
ers collide, 6013;  capital,  6772;  The  Advo- 
cate issued, 6823;  Bp.  Smith  cons.,  10042. 

,  Thomas,  lord  mayor,  Loudon,  9572. 

University  founded  ;  inaug.,4961. 

Svkes,  George,  b.  (1822) ;  at  Gettysburg, 

"•2241 ;  d.  (1880). 

,  James,  b.  (1761) ;  gov..  Ilia;  d.  (1822). 

Sylander  cuirass,  adopted  in  Aust.,  6361 . 
Sylhet  mission,  10471 . 
Sylverius,  St.,  pope,  10703. 
Sylvester,  Domostroi^  11143. 

I.,  St.,  pope,  10663. 

II.,  invents  escapements  for  clocks, 

10721;  pope,  10731. 

III.,  anti-pope.  10742. 

Sylvius  reigns,  10133, 

sVmbert,  John,  Bp.  Berkeley,  63'. 

.Sjme,  James,  b.,  9283;  d.,  9742. 

Symington,  W.,  steamboat  on  canal,  9242; 
steamboat  experiment,  9301 . 

Symmachus,  St.,  pope,  10703;  pleads  for 
Paganism,  10691. 

Symonds,  John  Addington,  b.,  9602; 
works,  3743,  3962,  9783,9923,10043;  d., 
10101. 

Syncellus,  George,  Select  Chronicle,  10323. 

Syndicate,  flour,  Minneapolis  ;  iron,  Mil- 
waukee ;  Denver  breweries,  3433;  starch 
factories,  Des  Moines  ;  Cleveland  brew- 


Synn-Talm. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page         INDli.X.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1421 


eries,  3533;  Pa.  cotton-mills,  SflOS;  Bos- 
ton breweries ;  Murphy  Varnish  Co., 
NewarK  ;  paper-mills,  3.573;  Koach  sliip- 
buildiljg  works,  Chester,  3ti33;  arrears  <jf 
taxes,  Brooklyn,  3653;  oil-carrying  craft, 
3713;  Knglish  in  Am.;  O.  oil  works, 3833; 
stores  of  Cambria  Iron  Co.,  3873;  street- 
cars, lighting,  Milwaukee,  3893;  land  in 
Ky.,  3a33;  Chicago  land,  3953;  street-car 
lines,  N.  Y.,  4053;  infg.  works,  Hart- 
ford; street  It.  K.,  N.  y!,4193;  Chicago 
stock-yards,  4232;  lumber,  Minn.,4'J33; 
iron  and  steel,  Cincinnati ;  cooperage, 
N,  v.;  Am.  press,  N.  J.,  4273;  electric 
power,  Niiigara,  4312;  Lincoln  Homo- 
stead,  Ky.,  4513;  banks  in  important 
cities,  4772;  in  Can., coffee, 5593;  cotton, 
5953;  brewery  plants;  twine  factories, 
5913;  silver,  5932. 
Synuot,  detective,  killed,  10083. 
Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  salt  mfd.,  9Si ;  S.  &  Au- 
burn R.  li.opd.,  1513;  explosion,  1533;  S. 
&  Utica  U.K. opd., 1573;  A'orthtni  Chris- 
tian Adrocate  issued,  1543;  lire,  1813, 
3813,  3953;  Gen.  Assembljr  N.  S.  Presb. 
meets,  2023:  2d  Nat.  Unitarian  Conf., 
2542;  B.  C.  diocese  est.,  3242;  Glass  Cos. 
consolidate,  3493;  Reform  Party  Con- 
ven.,  36P  ;  railway  accident,  3893;  Con- 
ven.  Typographical  Unions,  3931 ;  Dem. 
State  Conven.,  4073;  sheriff's  sale,  4473; 
Indian  Council,  4681 . 

,  Sicily,  fnd.,  10153,  10511 ;  expedition 

against ;  stormed  ;  besieged,  10202,10542; 
captured,  102G2,  10542  ;  Temple  of  Mi- 
nerva built,  10502;  tributary  to  Rome, 
10533;  destroyed  by  earthquake,  10802; 
surrenders,  10861 .    (See  Sicily.) 

Univ.,  f  nd.,2722 ;  observatory  erected, 

3281;  gift;  Wolfe  Collection  at  uuiv., 
3522;  J.  K.  Day,  chancellor,  4421. 
Syria,  revolts  against  Egy.,  6492;  invaded, 
11441;  alliance  against ;  annexed  to  As- 
syria, 11451 ;  tributary  to  Assyria,  11452; 
conquered,  114(31 ;  taken  by  Antiochus 
III.,  11492;  w-ar  with  Romans,  10553;  in- 
vades Judea,  11493;  reconquered,  11503; 
annexed  to  Armenia  ;  taken  by  Romans, 
11511;  reduced,  10582;  marble  theater 
built,  11501,2;  R,jman  province,  10592, 
10732,  11511,2;  Crassus  rules,  10593; 
Parthian  invasion ;  Parthians  take ; 
proconsuls  as  rulers,  11512;  Octavian's 
advance,  10(303;  earthquakes,  11502;  an- 
nexes Chalcis,  11533;  Parthian  invasion, 
10641 J  pers.  invasion  ;  Saracen  invasion, 
11522;  Persians  devastate,  11061 ;  Jacob- 
ites fad.,  10703;  ravaged  by  Chosroes, 
10302,  by  Arabs,  10313,  by  Antony,  10602; 
Christian  massacre,  10722;  conquered 
by  califs,  11541 ;  taken  from  Egy.,  11552; 
desolated  by  Crusaders,  11551 ;  emirs  re- 
volt; subdued,  10321;  Noureddin  con- 
quers, 11541;  annexed  to  Turk.,  11572; 
overrun  byTartars,ll.'>4i  ,2;  conquered  by 
Mozutfer,  6541 ,  by  Arabs,  10302,  by  ca- 
.lifs,  10321;  Christians  expelled,  11542; 
Turks  take,  10.341;  plague,  11571;  Mo- 
haininodanismintro., 10351 ;  taken  by  Fr., 
11573;  ceded  to  All,  6572;  massacre  of 
Christians,  11571,  11583;  Syrian  expedi- 
tion, 9652 ;  Fr.  troops  avenge  Christians, 
7341 ;  Fr.  troops  withdrawn,  7353, 11591 ; 
Protestant  Coll.  opd.,  11582 ;  earthquake, 
11562;  Ref.  Presb.  mission,  11532;  text 
of  the  four  Gospels  found,  4881 . 
Syriam,  E.  I.,  fort  taken,  10401. 
Syro-Egyptian  Society  formed,  9521 . 
Syad  Hedin,  driven  out,  4882;  he  regains 

office,  4883. 
Szaiks/,0,  battle  of,  5221 . 
Szapary,  Count  Julius  von.  premier,  533*; 
minister,  6333;  resigns,  5363 ;  shot,  6361. 
Szchuen,  annexed,  6113,  6133;  revolt  sub- 
dued, 6121 ;    mission,    6223;    murderers 
punished,  6251 . 
Szechenyi,  Istian,  b.,519i;  d.,  6242. 
Szegedin,  Hung.,  Hood  wave,  530i  ,2;  quay 

falls  in  river,  5333. 
Szekhely,  George  von  Mailath  von,  mur- 
dered, 5303. 
Szemakwang,(7ar(/eno/.f2emai«>an(7,6122. 
Szentivanyi,  Carl,  pres  Reichstag,  5271 . 
Szil,  crushed  in  wine-press,  5323. 
Szilagyi,  D.  von,  appointed,  5383. 
Szlavy  ministry  resigns,  5292, 
Szobozlo  riots,  5362. 
Szolnok,  battle  at,  5222. 
Szorek,  battle  at,  6222. 


Taaffe,  premier,  changes  ministry,  Aust., 
6312. 

,  Viscount,  Ire.,  title  created,  8811. 

Taba  Mossegu,  inission_,  11242 

Tabernacle  of  Closes  built,  1 1402 ;  at  Sinai, 
11403;  at  Shiloh,  11411. 

Tabitha  restored,  11523. 

Table  Bay,  breakwater,  5993. 

Tablets,  use  of,  6103. 

Tabontos  defeated,  6062. 

Tabor,  Bohemia,  built,  5073. 

,  la..  Tabor  College  organized,  2543. 

,  Carlos  R.,  minister,  (3443. 

Taboritcs,  annihilated,  507 1 ;  divided ; 
burned  ;  separate  from  Bohemian  ch., 
B063. 

Tabriz,  mission  at,  11071 ,  11082. 

Tache,  Alex.  Antoine,  b.  (1823) ;  cons.  R. 
C.  bishop,  5802  ;  archbp.,  5822  ;  d.,  5961 . 

Tachos  in  Egypt,  10233. 

Tacitus,  Cains  Cornelius,  b.-d.,  10G23, 

y  Marcus  Claudius,  b.-d.,  10(342 ;  against 

Alani,  IO661 ;  reigns  ;  d.,  IO672. 

Tacna,  surrenders,  6OO2, 11083 ;  coded,  C073. 

Tacoma,  Wash.,  Cieo.  Francis  Train  ar- 
rives in,  3593;  laiul  engulfed,  4773. 

Tacon,  Gen.,  gov.-gen.  Cuba,  6331 . 

Tacua  sinks,  6073. 

Tacuarembo,  gold  dis.,  II6O2 ;  mission, 
11603. 

Taddeo,  paintings,  10781 . 

Taduiaj,  battle  of,  10702. 

Tadmor.    (See  Palmyra.) 

Taetwine,  archbp.  Canterbury,  8431 . 

Tafalla,  action  at,  11322. 

Taffeta,  first  manufactured,  8762. 

Taffra,  Tamils  kingdom,  10432. 

Tafna,  fort  taken  by  French,  83. 

Taft,  Alphonso,  b.  (1810) ;  attorney-gen., 
2931;  a.,  3842. 

,  Royal  C,  governor,  R.  I.,  3332. 

Tages,  Maximo,  pres.  Uruguay,  11603. 

Taggert,  senator,  is  acting  governor,  3572. 

Tagguin,  surprised,  101 , 

Tagher,  action  at,  8561. 

Tagliameuto,  It.,  Austrian  defeat,  7121 . 

Taglioni,  Marie,  b.-d.,  11361 . 

,  Marie,  b.  (1833) ;  d.,  5342. 

TiKjus  captures  Certs^  9361 . 

Tagus,  American  squadron  at,  IIIII. 

Taherite  dynasty  established,  487 1 ,  IIO72. 

Taherites  overthrown,  4871 . 

Tahir  Pasha  reigns,  Egypt,  6572. 

Tahiti,  cargo  of  slaves,  3911 . 

Tahiti,  French  occupy,  7281 ;  annexed  to 
France,  7531,7613. 

Tahlequah,  Ind.  Ter.,  sem.  for  girls,  3423; 
Indian  desperado,  4223. 

Tahniasp  II.  recovers  throne,  11072. 

Tahureau,  Jacques,  b.  (1627);  work,  6831; 
d.  (1786). 

Tai-char,  mission,  6211 , 

Taif ,  Wahabis  subdue,  4861 . 

Taiguen,  artillery  used,  6122. 

Taikang  enthroned,  Egypt,  611 1 . 

Taikia  enthroned,  6II2. 

Taiko-Sama,  einp.,  invades  Korea,  10941 . 

Tai-ku,  mission,  6231 . 

Taller,  Win.,  governor,  Mass.,  592,  (352. 

Tailhaud,  M.,  minister,  7491 . 

Taillandier,  Ken6  Gaspar  Ernest,  b.,  7223; 
works,  7303,7331;  d.,  7521. 

Taille,  Jean  de  la,  works,  6832. 

Taillebourg,  Fr.,  battle  of,  6702. 

Taillon,  L.  O.,  premier,  5952. 

Tailors  strike,  England,  10083. 

Tallour,  Lieut.,  destroys  Fr.  ships,  9341 , 

Taiinar  Shah  executed,  7 1 . 

Taine,  Hippoly te  Adolphe,  b.,  7243  ;  works, 
7323,  7363,  7462,  7483,  7562  ;  d.,  7641 , 

Taiuter,  Sumner,  inv.  photophone,  2982  ; 
sound  by  electricity,  3081 . 

Tai-ping,  China,  army  increased,  617 1 ;  dy- 
nasty proclaime<l ;  rebellion,  6I81 ;  re- 
bellion, semi-religious,  6191 . 

Tal-pings  at  Nanking,  6201 . 

Taira  clans,  war  with  Minamoto,  Jap., 
10901 ;  in  military  offices,  10912. 

no    Kiyomori,     prime    minister,    d., 

10912. 

Taislian-fu,  mission,  6223. 

Tait,  Archibald  Campbell,  b.,  9351;  arch- 
bishop Canterbury,  9722  ;  d.,  9901 . 

,  ArthurF.,inNat.Acad.  Design,  1841. 

,  PeterGuthrie,b.,9422;  ozone  theory, 

9641. 

Tailing,  China,  enthroned,  6II2. 


Taitsan,  China,  captured,  6202. 
Tai-tso,  Japan,  ruler,  10942. 
Taitsong,  standing  army,  6121,  6132  ;  en- 
throned, G123;  recovers  empire  ;  alliance 

with  Turks,  6132  ;  d.,  6122. 
Taitsou,  China,  at   Loo-chow,  6121;    en- 
courages arts,  6122  ;  gains  throne,  6133  ; 

d.,  6122. 
Taiwou,  China,  enthroned,  6II2. 
Taiyuen,  artillery  used  at,  6121;  mission, 

6223. 
Takahira  reigns,  Japan,  10912. 
Takeleth  I.  reigns,  Egypt,  6511 . 

II.  reigns,  Egypt,  0511 . 

Taku,  China,  allies  land,  6201 ;  forts  taken, 

6182,  6301 . 
Ta-ku-tang,  mission,  6222. 
Talamanca,  fnd.  ;  Indian  uprising,  6301 , 

and  resubjected,  (5302. 
Talavera  de  la  Reina,  Sp.,  battle  of,  7181 ; 

taken,  11261 . 

,  archpriest  of,  works,  11271 . 

Talaveranno,  Fernando,  gov.,  Chile,  6052. 

Talbert,  W.  J.,  b.,  1581 . 

Talbot,  Charles,  i)uke  of  Shrewsbury,  b., 

8902;  minister,  8992,  9012;  lord-lieut., 

Iord-trea8.,9052;  d.,  9062. 
, ,  Lord    Talbot,    b.    (1684) ;    lord 

chancellor,  9093  ;  d.  (1737). 

,  Col.  at  Black  River,  1982. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9231. 

,  Earl,  Charles  Chetwynd,  b.  (1777) ; 

lord-lieut.,  9393  ;  d.,  (1849). 
— ,  Ethelbert,  b.  (1848) ;  cons,  missionary 

bishop,  3262  ;  of  Ga.,  3801 . 
,  John,  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  b.  (1373) ; 

lord-lieut.,    8631, 2;    evacuates    Rouen, 

killed,  6781. 
— ,  Joseph  Cruikshank,  b.  (1816) ;  cone. 

bp.,  1862  ;  in  Ind.,  2482  ;  d.  (1883). 

,  Matthew,  governor,  1273. 

,  Richard,   Earl  of   Tyrcoimel,    lord- 
lieut.,  8973  ;  d.  (1691). 
Thomas,  b.  (1818) ;  governor,  Mass., 

2873,3033;  d.  (1886). 
,  Wm.  Henry  Fox,  b.,  9302  ;  observes 

spectrum,  9421 ;  photographs  on  paper, 

9481;  negative  photograph,  9501 ;  photo- 

glyphicengraviiigproce8s,962i ;  d.,  9822. 
— ^,  missionary  in  Conn.,  542. 
Talcose  silica  deposits  dis.,  Colo.,  4161 . 
Talcott,  Joseph,  b.  (1669);  gov..  Conn.,  6ia  ; 

d.  (1741). 
Tale  of  the  Two  Brothers,  6483. 
Talfourd,  Thomas,  iron  bridge,  9262. 

,  Sir Noon,  b.,  9263  ;  d.  (1854). 

Talhouet  (A uguste Frederic  Bon  Amour), 

Marquis  de,  b.  (1788) ;  minister  public 

works,  Fr.,  7392  ;  d.  (1842). 
Taliaferro,  lieniamin,  b.,  662  ;  d.,  1301 . 

,  Wm.  Booth,  b.  (1822) ;  in  Va.,  1911 . 

Talien-Wan,  China,  Chinese  possess  forts, 

6263. 
Talifoo,  China,  captured,  6221. 
Talladee,  C.  W.,d.,4701. 
Talladega,  Ala.,  battle,  1203  ;  Acad,  for 

Blind  opens,  333' ;  T.  Coll.  opd.,  2583. 
Tallaght,  Fenian  uprising.  9703. 
T'aUahassee  blown  up,  2421 . 
Tallahassee,  Fla.,  Gen.  Jones  surrenders, 

2463  ;  State  conven.,  2491 ,  2611 ;  Consti- 
tutional Union  Party  org.,  2591 . 
Tallah-ud-din  reigns,  Ind.,  10432. 
Tallard,  Due  de  (Camille  d'Hostun),  b. 

(1662) ;  at  Blenheim,  5123  ;  d.  (1728). 
Tallet,  Louis  de,  shelters  Calvin,  6803. 
Talleygaum  mission;  10483. 
Talleyrand-P^rigord,  Charles  Maurice  de, 

b.,  7022  ;  minister  ;  resigns,  7232;  d.,7282. 
Tallien,  Jean  Lambert,  b.,  70*2  ;  d.,  7223. 
Tallmadge,  O.,    collision,   3353 ;    Female 

Charitable  Society  org.,  1243. 

,  Benjamin,  b.,  683  ;  d.  (1836). 

,  Fred.  Augustus,  b.  (1792) ;  d.,  2662. 

,  James,  b.,  912  ;  slavery  amendment, 

1272  ;  d.,  1722. 

,  N  athaniel  P.,  governor,  1692. 

Tallman,  Jacob  B.,  vs.  Rutgers  Female 

College,  3852. 
Tallow  candles,  common,  Eng.,  8541. 
Tallushatchie,  Ala.,  Indians  at.  1203. 
Talma,  Fraiifois  Joseph,  b.,703i ;  d.,7243. 
Talmage,  Sam.  Kennedy,  b.  (1798);  d.,248i . 
,  Thomas  De  Witt,  b.,   1402  ;   works, 

2723,2871;  new  Tabernacle  built,  2842  ; 

Tabernacle  destroyed ;    2d  Tabernacle, 

3462,  3821 ;  preaches  on  Mars  Hill,  3481 ; 

at  Hawarden ;  returns  from  Eur.,  3.522  ; 

New  Tabernacle  opd., 3821 ;  in  OldSouth 


1422 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  Talm-Tayl. 


Church,  Boston,  3851 ;  visits  Russia,  411 ' , 
11223;  anniversary,  4581 ;  tour  of  world, 
460*,  4743  ;  resignation,  4742. 

Talmudt  translated,  48(32;  (second)  com- 
pleted, 1071'. 

Babyionicum  printed,  10812. 

Hierosolytanum  printed,  1081*. 

,  Jerusalem,  compiled,  11532. 

Taltal  occupied,  6082. 

Talybont,  K.  K.  accident,  9833. 

Tainanieb,  Sudan,  battle  of,  6601 , 

Tamaqua.  Pa.,  Molly  Maguires  in,  289' . 

Tamar  reinforcements  for  Natal,  6002. 

Tamar  Shall  executed,  71. 

Tamarack  Mine,  Mich.,  strike,  3611. 

Tamatave,  Madagascar, bombarded,  10953; 
expedition  against,  10952. 

Tamaulipas,  Mex.,  expedition  lands, 10951 . 

Tamberlik,  Enrico,  b.-d.,  1090' . 

Tamerlane,  b.-il.,  10431;  begins  conquests, 
41;  in  India,  4i,  10422;  at  Balkh,  5i ; 
conquers  Bokhara,  5491 ;  at  Aleppo, 
6542 ;  in  Armenia,  11542  ;  overthrows 
Tughlak  dynasty,  10133  ;  invades  Persia, 
11062,  11072  ;  pyramid  of  skulls,  11073  ; 
burns  Moscow,  11141;  House  of,  reigns, 
11433. 

Tameeyah,  mission,  6571 . 

Tammany  Hall,  defeated,  2751;  protest 
against,  3172;  bribe  offered,  3703. 

Society,  N.  Y.,  org.,  99i;  1st  meets, 

1003. 

Tampico,  Mex.,  occupied,  1602;  evacuated ; 
taken,  10961 ;  mission,  10962. 

Tamsin,  bombarded;  Chinese  defeat,  6221. 

Tanagra,  Gr.,  action  at,  10193. 

Tanbody,  mission  at,  6571 . 

Tancred  and  Gixmunda  issued,  8731 , 

Tancred,  b.-d.,  6683  ;  1st  crus.ade,  6683  ; 
king  of  Naples,  10753  ;  besieged  at  Na- 
ples, 7792. 

Tanda,  mission,  657i . 

Tandy,  Napper,  liberated;  flees,  9282, 

Tanenberg,  battle  of,  7841 . 

Taney,  Roger  Brooke,  b.,  89i ;  atty.-gen., 
1392;  sec.  treas.,  1433  ;  chief  justice  su- 
preme court,  1472  ;  renders  Dred  Scott 
decision, 183 1 ,  and  .Tohn  Merryman,  1953 ; 
d.,  2392  ;  bust,  2&52. 

Tang  dynasty  rules,  China,  6131 ;  Golden 
Age  of  literature,  6122. 

Tanganyika,  Lake,  dis.,  5611,  838';  com- 
pany to  develop,  6033;  slave-raida,  8383; 
surveyed,  10931 ;  missions,  10941. 

Tang  Chuang,  mission  work,  6243. 

Tangier,  ceded  to  Eng.,  1097*  ;  Spanish 
squadron  at,  10973. 

Tanis,  Louis,  insurrection,  10403. 

,  Hyksos  dynasty  at,  6473 ,  6493 ,  ffil  1 . 

Tankerville,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9051 . 

Tann,  Baron  Ludwig  von  der,  b.,  8103  ;  at 
Artenay;  at  Orleans,  742';  defeated  Or- 
leans, 7422  ;  d.,8301. 

Tannah,  Ind.,  Ist  railway  opened,  10473. 

Tannahill,  Robert,  b.,  9191 ;  Poems,  933i  j 
d.,9351. 

Tanner,  Henry  S.,  fast,  3053  ;  sentenced, 
10011 ;  imprisoned,  10003 ;  wounded,1008». 

,  James,  resigns  office,  3451 . 

Tannhdiiser  appears,  8161 . 

Tanning,  by  electricity  discovered,  6341 ; 
in  Egypt,6462. 

Tanta,  mission,  6571. 

"Tantalum  columbium  discovered,  11361 . 

Tantia  Topi  defeated.  Sepoy  rebellion, 
10481;  captured,  10482. 

Taonism  abolished,  6122;  declines,  6123. 

Taonist  priests  forbidden  marriage  ;  ban- 
ished, 6123. 

Taoukwang,  reply  to  Pottinger,  6171;  en- 
throned, 6172;   d.,  6183. 

Tapestry,  first  made  by  Flemings,  6861; 
intro.  Eng..  8801 . 

Tapia,  Don  Eugenic  de,  b.-d.,  1130*. 

Taplin,  George,  opens  mission,  4962. 

Tappan,  N.  Y.,  Andr6  tried,  92*;  monu- 
ment to  Maj.  Andr6,  3021 . 

,  A.  B. , Grand  Sachem, Tammany,345i. 

,  Arthur,  b.,  981 ;  org.  antislavery  so- 
ciety, 1411     1431;  d.,  2481. 

,  Henry  Philip,  b.,  112*;  d.,  3081 . 

,  John,  d.,  2721. 

,  Lewis,  b.  (1788);  mob  attacks,  143*  : 

d.,  2821. 

,  Mason  "Weare,  b.  (1817);  on  Commit- 
tee of  3.3,  1891  ;d.  (1886). 

,  William  Bingham,  b.,  104*;  d.,  166*. 

Tar,  made  from  pit-coal,  9221. 

■Tara,  Ire.,  action  at,  9281. 


Tarapaca,  Chile,  taken,  606*;  ceded,  6073. 

Tarbac,  W.,  mine  explosion,  10033. 

Tarbell,  John  Adams,  b.  (1810);  d.,  231*. 

Tarbes,  battle  at,  7203. 

Tarbox,  Increase  Niles,  b.  (1815);  d.,  3301 . 

Tard's  Dictionnaire  de  Hyt/eine,  7323, 

Tareutum,  fnd.,  10152-  Spartans  colo- 
nize<l,  1C61 1 ;  war  witn  Rome  ;  sm'ren- 
dered  to  Rome,  10522;  Hannibal  con- 
quers, 1054*;  Romans  capture,  10543. 

,  Pa.,  petroleum  discovered,  1591 . 

Tarifa,  action  at,  1126' . 

Taritf  resolution  renews,  Can.,  5951 ; 
changes  in,  596*. 

,  in  Chile,  6072. 

Ecu.  passes,  6443. 

,  new,   Fr.,  7352,7471,  7612,3,7632,3, 

7651 ;  lowered  on  Swiss  manuf.,  765' . 

,  Ger.,  Union  est.,  8153;  war   against 

Sp.,  8372. 

Act  passed,  Australia,  4973. 

,  U.  S.,  pres.  approves  first,  101*; 

new  protective,  125*,  2031;  protective 
bill  passed,  1313  ;  High  Protective, 
"  Tariff  of  Abominations,"1353, 1411, *,3, 
1552,3,  1923,  1931,211*,  2453,2891;  pro- 
test against  high,  1372,  2372;  high  con- 
ven.  meets,  1392;  low  protective  T., 
1411,1812;  duties  resisted,  1412;  Clay's 
Compromise  T.,  1413,  1432;  modified  pro- 
tective T.,  1552;  pres.  vetoes  bill,  1553; 
lower  non-protective  T.  passeti,  161*, 3; 
Polk's  T.  modified,  181*;  Morrill  T.  en- 
acted and  operative,  187*,  193', 2,  1992, 
2572;  Morrill  extended,  199*;  new  law 
effective,  237*  ;  high,  law  operative. 
2453;  reduced  revenue,  271*,  279',  283*; 
new,  273*;  changes,  2773,  2783,  279', 
2813,  2832,  289',  3013,  3133;  new,  271*; 
T.  commission,  311'  ,*. 

Bill  passes;  approved,  313*;  changes, 

3-252;  (Mills)  T.  bill  intro.,  3293;  passed 
H.  but  tailed  in  S.,331'  ;  discusse<l,  33;!*; 
anti-free  cftal  amend.;  on  fish,  3333;  slib- 
Btitute,  3363;  McKinley  T.  Bill  debate, 
359*,  3593,  3613,  3052,  367', 2,3,  369', 2; 
passes;  approved;  operative,3692;  consti- 
tutional, 403' ;  retaliatory  ;  reciprocity 
clause  repeal,  3992;  opposition  T.  bills, 
401';  discussed,  405 1;  free  list  to  Cuba 
and  Porto  Rico,  409*;  Wilson  T.  Bill, 
449'  to  4711.     (See  Duties,  Duty,) 

Taritfville,  Conn.,  R.  R.  accident,  2993. 

Tarik,  Saracen  leader,  II251 ;  Spanish  con- 
quests, 484*;  subdued,  486*. 

Tarkio  Coll.  (U.  Presb.)  est.,  Tarkio,  Mo. 
(1883). 

Tarku,  at  Memphis,  1144*. 

Tarleton,  Bannastre,  b.,  9123;  Col.  mas- 
sacres Am.,  921 ;  at  Fishing  Creek,  92*, 
Cowpens,  Blackstocks,  923;  d.,  946*. 

,  Capt.,  in  Burmese  war,  1046*. 

Tarnow,  Fanny,  b.,  804*;  b.,  820*. 

Tarnowski,  Jan,  b.-d.,  1114*. 

Tarpon  Springs,  Fla.,  Univ.  of  fnd.,  3582. 

'Tarquinii,  war  with,  10621. 

Tarquinius,  Lucius  CoUatiuus,  consul, 
1051*. 

,  Prisons,    lays   foundation  of   Rome, 

10502;  est.  games  in  Circus  Maximus, 
10503;    reigns,  1051 1 ;  d., 10502. 

,  Superbus,  builds    Temple    Jupiter, 

10502;  reigns;  conquests,  10511. 

Tarquins,  attack  Roman  republic,  1050' ; 
overthrown,  10503. 

Tarr,  Ralph  S.,  work,  478*. 

Tarracina,  Latin  colony  at,  10513. 

Tarragona,  occupied,  11281 . 

Tarrytown,  N.  Y.,  railway  accident;  dyn- 
am"ite  explosion,  3853;  J.  Hannon  killed, 
4003;  Revolutionary  monument,  4741. 

Tarsney,  John  C,  M.  C,  b.,  1581 . 

,  Adj.-Gen.,  Colo.,  captured,  4631 . 

Tarsus,  captured,  IO661 ;  mission  at,  1158*. 

Tartaric  acid  discovered,  1134*. 

Tartars,  invade  China,  6IO1,  6121;  ex- 
pelled, 6101;  ravage  China,  6121;  con- 
quests, 6133;  in  India,  1043*;  in  Syria, 
11542,  in  Bithynia  ;  in  Armenia,  11553, 
war  with  Rus.;  plunder  Moscow;  invade 
Poland,  11141 , 

Tartary,  held  by  Ghengis  Khan,  11151 . 

Tarte,  'M.,  briberv,  594*. 

Tartini,  Giuseppe,  b.,  10831 ;  d.,  10S42. 

Taschenberg,  Ernst  Ludwig,  b.,  812*. 

Taschereau,  Elz^ar-Alexandre,  b.,  578' ; 
cons,  archbp.,  582*;  cardinal,  584*;  con- 
firmation, 588*;  celebration,  5941. 

,  H.E.,  judge,  d.,  5961. 


Taschereau, Jules  Antoine,b..7143  ;d.,748*. 

Tash  Kurgan,  Ishak  Khan  defeated,  6*. 

Tasker,  Benjamin,  gov.  Md.,  69*. 

Tasman,  Abel  Janszen,  b.  (1602±) ;  dis. 
Tasmania,  4931 ;  dis.New  Zealand,  IIO31 ; 
d.,  11003. 

Tasmania,  explorations,  496';  A'an  Die- 
men's  Land  dis.,  493' ;  detached,  4962; 
convict  penal  station,  495' ,  599' ;  trans- 
portation, 4963;  Brit.  Colony,  9313; 
bishopric  est.,  9483;  Bp.  Montgomery 
cons.,  10022. 

Tasou,  Pei,  prince,  613' . 

Tassilo  II.,  deposed,  7713. 

Tasso,  Bernardo,  b.,  10783;  d.  (1569). 

,  Torquato,    b.,    10803;    works,    877*, 

10813;  p.,  10823. 

Tassoni,  Alessandro,  work,  1083*. 

T'at'ai  reigns,  Egypt,  6453. 

Tate,  E.M.,  shot,  391*. 

,  Parish  C,  d.,  178'. 

,  Nahum,  b.,8882;  poet  laureate,  900*; 

Psalms,  9003;  d.,  9042. 

Tat-f-Ka  reigns,  Egjpt,  0453. 

Tat-Ka-Ra  reigns,  Egypt,  &472. 

Tat-Ka-Ra-Maat  reigns,  Egjpt,  647*. 

7'o«er  founded,  903'. 

Tattersall's  est.,  London,  9173. 

Tattnall,  Com.  Josiah,  b.(1795);  in  China; 
assists  Eng.,  184' ;  fires  3/en-imac,  207*; 
d.,  274'. 

Ta-Tung  mission,  6243. 

Tatutpa,  Australia,  gold  dis.,  498'. 

Tauberbischofeheini,  battleat.  8243, 

Tauchnitz, Baron  Christian  Bernhard  von, 
b.,  812'. 

,  Karl  Christoph  Fraugott, b.,  8023;  d., 

9143. 

Tauenzein,  Gen.,  at  Dennewitz,  720' . 

Taulbee,  ex-congressman  shot,  3523. 

Tauler,  Johann,  b.-d.,  780*. 

Taunton,  Eng.,  R.R.  collisiin,  10053. 

Taurasia.    (See  Turin.) 

Tanrisci,  invasion  of,  602'  ,3. 

Taussig,  F.  W.,  works,  4203,  448*. 

Tavares-Bastoe,  Aureliano  Candido,  b., 
554*;  d.  (1874). 

Taverner,  Richard.  Bible  translation ,8683. 

Tavernier,  Jean  Baptiste,  Baron  d'Au- 
bonne,  b.,  6862;  d.,6942. 

Tavoy  taken,  11242;  mission,  1047'. 

Tawuey,  James  A.,  b.,  176' . 

Tax,  on  tea,  77*;  distilled  liquors,  103', 
1213;  insurrection  against  window,  1093; 
direct,  est.,  1213,  1992;  first  Am.  war 
tax,  1233;  direct,  repealed  and  abol- 
ished, 1253;  on  beer  restored,  2313- 
raised  on  spirits,  2313,  2363,  2413;  01 
Nat.  Banks  defeated,  2333;  on  banks 
and  incomes,  2433;  on  spirits  reduced, 
2692;  mnfs.  relieved.  263' ;  stamp  T. 
abolished  ;  on  legacies  repealed,  271*; 
revenue  T.  reduced,  2783;  repayment 
of  direct,  327*,  3483;  direct  tax  bill, 
331 ',3363,  337',  353',  379',*,  381';  liq- 
uor tax  fixed.  343' . 

Taxation,  revolt  against;  7';  recom- 
mended for  Am.;  proposed,  693;  right 
denied;  opposed  in  Boston,  75' ;  Eng. 
partly  renounces  right,  89*;  for  ex- 
penses unapproved,  97' ;  in  Egy.,649'; 
Paris  against,  6763,  677' ;  in  G.  Brit., 
841'  ;  opposed,  8693. 

Taxes  universally  applied,  2353;  reduced, 
253*,  2773;  stamp  and  income,  abolished; 
revenue  reduced,  279' . 

,  tenths  collected,  Eng.,  852*. 

,  levied  universally,  Fr.,  7013;  edict, 

Fr.,707',*. 

,  internal  revenue.  (See  Am.  1033,  and 

each  year  following.) 

.  internal,  on  fish,  fruits,  and  meats 

removed,  2773;  collection  resisted.  Can., 
688*;  in  specie  intro.,  G.  B.,  8473;  re- 
mitted. %13;  collected  in  advance,  1)313. 

Tay  Bridge  opd.,  974*;  injured  by  gale, 
9333;  disaster,  9853;  aid  for  sufferers  in 
disaster,  987' ;  new  bridge  opd.  (1887). 

Tai/leur  wrecked,  9593. 

Taylor,  Alfred,  b.  (1810);  d.,  382' . 

, A.,  b.,  166*. 

,  Alva  B.,  d.,  334' . 

,  Arthur  H.,  b.,  170*. 

,  Bayard,  b.  132*;  works,  155',  163', 

1683,  1703,  1763,  1783,  1823,  2133,  225*, 
241*,  255',  2603,  2683,  2723,  2803,  2843, 
287' ,  2903,  2943,  3003;  library  gift,  426' ; 
d.,  300'. 

,  Benj.  Franklin,  b.,  130*  ;  d.  (1887). 


Tayl-Temp. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1423 


^ 


Taylor.  Brook,  b.  (1685) ;  d.,  8962. 

,  Corporal,  wins  rifle  prize,  9821 , 

,  Kdward  Burnett,  b..  9462. 

,  K.  B.,  iutro.  Bankruptcy  Bill,  349' . 

,  Ilamiis,  minister,  4473. 

,  Harvey  S.,d.,  2721. 

,  Sir  Henry,  b.,  9303;  d.,9&42. 

, C.,  promoted  captain,  448* . 

,  Horace  A.,  in  int.  dept.,  3512. 

,  Isaac,  b.,  9242;  d.,  9462. 

, E.,  d.,  3461 . 

,  Jeremy,  b.,  8801;    works,  8863; 

8922. 

,  John,  b..  8742;  d.,  8882, 

, ,  b.  (1770);   gov.  S.  C,  1352;   d. 

<1832). 

^ ,  b.  (1808) ;  pres.  of  Mormon8,2962; 

d.  (1887). 

, W.,    b.    (1784) ;    speaker,    1292, 

1333;  d.  (1854). 

,  Josepb  P.,  d.,  2352. 

,  Meadows,  b.,  9343;  d.  (1876). 

,  Moses,  b.  (1806) ;  org.  Cable  Co.,  1753. 

,  M.,  on  Committee  of  33,  1891 . 

,  M.  N.,  provisional  gov.  of  N.  C,  2012. 

,  Peter  Alfred,  d.,  10062, 

,  Gen.    Kichard,    b.    (1826)  ;    assaults 

Donaldsonville,  2232;  defeated  at  Cane 
River ;  at  Sabine  Cross  Roads  ;  at  Pleas- 
ant Hill,  2311;  capitulates,  ai63;  d., 
3002. 

,  Robert  L.,  governor  Teun.,  3293. 

,  Sir ,  b.,9042. 

,  Ross,  house  burned,  4752. 

,  Rowland,  bishop,  burned,  8703. 

,  Sally  Knox,  marries  J.  Davis,  1452. 

,  Tom,  b.,  9382;  d.,986i. 

,  Tliomas  House,  b.  (1799) ;  d.,  2582. 

,  \Vm.,  -b.    ^1821) ;    street    preaching, 

1662;  revival  in  India,  10491;  miss,  bp, 
for  Afr.,  3163,  11613;  self-supporting 
missions,  3302;  at  Lueba,  10943. 

, H.,  governor  Wis.,  2873. 

, Mackergo,  clerg.,  b.,  1362;  re- 
signs pulpit,  4162. 

, Rogers,  b.  (1811) ;  d.,  3382. 

,  Zachary,  b.,  962;  marries,  1171 ;  signs 

Delavan's  declaration,  1451 ;  brevetted 
brig.-gen.,  148 1 ;  defeats  Indians,  1461; 
in  Tex.,  158i;  on  Rio  Grande;  relieves 
Fort  Taylor;  invades  Mex.;  at  Palo 
Alto  ;  at  Resaca  de  la  Palma  ;  at  Mon- 
terej;,  160i ;  at  Buena  Vista,  162i ;  poli- 
tics in  army;  war  hero,  1633;  nom.  for 
pres.,  1651 ;  electoral  vote ;  popular  vote; 
maug.,1652;  filibusters  denounced,  6331 ; 
d.,  1672,  1682. 

University,  Ind.,  founded,  3742. 

Taylor's  Stenography  introduced,  9241. 

Tayport,  Fife,  R.  R.  collision,  9893. 

Tazewell,  Henry,  b,  (1753) ;  pres.  senate, 
1071;  d.  (1799). 

,  Littleton  W.,  b.  (1774);  pres.  senate, 

1392,  1411 ;  gov.  Va.,  1452;  vote  for  vice- 
pres.  U.  S.,  1532;  d.  (1860). 

Tchernaieff,  Gen.,  in  Central  Asia,  11201. 

Tchernaya,  Rus.,  action  at,  9601 . 

Tchernyshevsky,  Nikolai,  b.,  11163;  d., 
11201. 

Tcbesme  launched,  1120' . 

Tcho^vfoo  mission,  6243. 

Tea,  first  used  in  Am.,  593;  export  tax 
on ;  Boston  Tea  Party ;  revenue  f  rom,783 ; 
Intro.  Eng.,6153,  8773,8933;  taxed, 8912; 

green,  intro.  in  Eng.,  9053;    and  sugar 
uties,  9652;   plant  intro.,  Braz.,  5541; 

plant  in  Eng.,  9173. 
Teachers*  Association,  Nat.,  held,  343i. 
College,  N.  Y.,  charter,  4182;  gift  to, 

4262. 

Guild,  9923. 

Retreat  opened,  N.  Y.,  4102. 

Teaching  of  Twelve  Apostles  written,  11551 . 
Teanura  given  to  Samnites,  10532. 
Tebee,  Stephen,  Cherokee  chief,  397'. 
Tebhau  captured,  6241. 
Techotl,  d.,  122. 
Techow,  battle  at,  6141. 
Tecklenburg  purchased,  7993. 
Tecumseh  lost  in  Mobile  Bay,  237*. 
,  b.,  761;    besieges  Fort  Meigs,  1202; 

killed,  1203,  1211, 
Teen-ke,  d.,  6142. 
Teeth  mnf.  from  minerals,  1441. 
Teetotaler,  term  applied,  947i . 
Tee-To-Tura  Club,  N.  Y.,  4111,  4263. 
Tefei,  empress,  regent,  6133. 
Tefft,  Ben.  Franklin,  b.  (1813) ;  d.,  3202. 
Tegea  pillaged,  10282. 


Tegethotf,  Wilhelm  von,  b.,  5202;  defeats 
Bosnians,  5281 ;  at  Lissa,  8242;  d.,  5282. 
Tegn^r,  Esaijis,  b.-d.,  11342-  works,  11361. 
Tegyra,  action  near,  10222. 

Teheran,  capital  Persia,  11072;  mission, 

11082:  R.  R.  opened,  11083. 
Tehichipa,  Cal.,  R.  R.  wreck,  3133. 
Tehucana,  Tex.,  Trinity  Univ.  opd.,  2663. 

Tehwei  sacked,  G24i . 

Teias,  reigns,  10713;  killed,  10302. 

Teignmouth  devastated,  8981 . 
d.,    ,  Baron,  title  created,  9252. 

Teja  murders  Romans,  7703;  k.,  7712. 

Tekeen  El  Gezeree,  d.,  6542. 

Tekoar,  action  at,  10961. 

Telamon,  Gauls  defeated,  662*. 

Telche,  Turks  expelled,  5661 , 

Telegrams,  seized  by  gov't,  1951;  army, 
prohibited,  1973. 

Telegraph.  (See  Morse) ;  Morse  exhibits, 
1481;  patented,  152 1 ;  submarine  laid, 
1.541 ;  inPbila.;  Balto.;  Boston;  N.  Y.; 
Buffalo ;  Harrisburg,  1613;  gutta-percha 
insulation,  164i ;  right  of  way  granted, 
1773;  communication  suspended,  1973; 
line  to  Cal.,  1993;  Pacific  line  opd.,  2013. 

in  Australia,  4993 ;  China,  communica- 
tion refused;  lines  connected,  6253;  in 
Colombia,  6293;  in  Costa  Rica,  6313;  in 
Cuba,  6333 ;  in  Sweden,  6423 ;  from  Aden 
to  Suez,  6573. 

,  Fr.,  optical,  706i ,  7082;  Ampere's  in- 
ventions, 7222  j  between  Fr.  and  Eng., 
7313;  beacon  inv.,  7943;  machines  ex- 
hibited, 8081 ;  from  Cromer  to  Emden, 
8201 ;  electromagnetic,  invented,  8141. 

,  Eng.,    signaling,    8821 ;     suggested, 

890»,8D6i;  electric  inv., 9381 ,  9481 ;  mag- 
netic needle  inv.,  948i ;  wire  cables  pa- 
tented, 9501 ;  alphabetical  printing,9502; 
line  erected,  9513;  transatlantic  cable 
planned, 9522;  electric,  authorized, 9532; 
purchase,  9731 ;  submarine  cable  between 
Eng.  and  Fr.,  9561 ;  London  to  Dublin, 
9573;  intro.,  9622;  London  and  Constan- 
tinople, 9633;  Eng.  and  Bombay,  9693; 
column  printing,  1000 1. 

,  St.  Petersburg  to  Japan,  III8I ;  treaty 

between  Kus.  and  China,  11231. 

cable  laid,  Braz.,  5573,  5593. 

clock,  electromagnetic  inv.,  950'. 

Conference,  International,  7603. 

Engineers  Society  established,  977'. 

Telegraphe  issued,  5443,  58II . 

Telegraphers  strike,  3151 ,  3703. 

Telegraphic  cable,  European,  convention 
for, 7373. 

fire-alarms,  Boston,  1713. 

Union  formed,  Ger.,  8193. 

Teleki,  Count,  expedition  starts,  562'. 

,  Ladislaus,  b.,  5202;  d.,  5262. 

,  Michael,  Protestant  leader ;  revolt, 

Hung.,  5122. 

Tel-el-Kebir  occupied  by  British,  6582. 

Telemachus  in  arena;  stoned,  10702. 

Ttn^maque,  Gen.,  killed,  10403. 

Telephone,  principle  advanced, 11381 ;  elec- 
tric mfd.,  2841 ;  Graham  describes,  2901 ; 
T.,2941 ;  Edison  inv.;  exhibited,  Boston, 
2941;  Dolbear  system,  3081 ;  mechanical 
inv.,  3201;  electric,  at  Frankfort,  544i; 
from  Paris  to  Brussels  ;  micro-tel.  used^ 
7553  ;  Paris  to  Marseilles,  7573  ;  Bill 
passes,  Fr.,  7591 ;  Fr.  gov't  owns,  7593; 
connects  Paris  and  London,  7613;  trans- 
mission of  music,  8341 ;  musical,  inv., 
9741 ;  discussions,  10092. 

Telescope  inv.,  6362,  7932,  8541 ;  exhibited 
at  Paris,  7361;  mnf.,  7921;  improved, 
3081;  reflecting  inv.,  8901;  DoUand's 
achromatic,  9142;  completed,  9241;  for 
Madrid,  9302;  reflecting  erected,  &40i ; 
at  Parsonstown,  9441 ;  of  Yale  Univ., 
1381. 

Telesilla,  poet,  10171. 

Telesphorous,  St.,  at  Rome,  10623. 

Telfair,  Edward,  electoral  vote,  1012;  gov- 
ernor Ga.,  1032. 

Telford,  Thomas,  b.,  914*:  erects  chain 
bridge,  9421;  d.,  9462. 

Tell,  William,  b.,  11371;  shoots  Gesler, 
7831;  legend,  7811,11381. 

Teller,  Henry  Moore,  b.,  1382;  sec.  interior, 
3111;  Free  Coinage  of  Silver  Bill,  373i; 
speech,  4372, 4383, 4391 . 

Tellez,  Balthazar,  b.,  11102;  d.  (1675). 

,  Gabriel,  b.-d.,  11282;  works.  11291. 

,  Jos^  Vasquez  y,  governor,  6303. 

-^—  yGiron,  Pedro,  D.  of  Osuna.d.,  10823. 


Teluga  mission,  10463,  10491 . 

Telurias  at  Asjiendos,  10222. 

Temeuus,  leader,  10151 . 

Temeraire  launched,  9741 . 

Temescal  mines,  Cal.,  block  tin,  3853. 

Temesvdr,  Hung.,    representative   gov't, 

5073;  battle,  5223. 
Temminck,  Coenraad  Jacob,  b.-d.,  1101'. 
Tempel,    Ernst   Wilhelm   Leberecht,   b. 

(1821)  ;  planets,  7342;  d.  (1889). 
Temperance  Movement  and  the  Liquor 
Traflic,  Am.:  Chileans  make  fermented 
drink;  drunkenness  in  Mex.;  in  Peru, 
152;  prohibited  Indians,  322,  351,  37i, 
391,  403,  423,  471,  483,  583,  1111,1251, 
1451,2172;  restricted  sale  in  Mass.;  dis- 
tillery on  Staten  Island,  35 1;  drunken- 
ness fined,  Md.,  37i ;  penalty  for  drunk 
enness.  It.  I.;  brew-houses  in  Va.;  ex- 
cessive drinking  punished,  Conn., Mass., 
391 ;  drunkenness  punished,  Md.,  Va., 
Conn.;  distillation  of  corn  or  malt  pro- 
hibited. Conn. ,411 ;  ministers  restricted, 
Va. ;  prices  fixed,  N.  Y.  ;  drunkenness 
fined,  N.  J.,  423;  drunkards'  names 
posted,  Mass. ,443;  prohibition,  Va.,47i ; 
Friends  on  moderation,  482  ;  Sunday 
drinking  fined,  N.  H.,  543;  dnmkenness 
fined,  N.  H.,  55';  drunkards'  names 
posted,  N.  H.,  591 ;  importation  prohib- 
ited, Ga.,63i  ,2;  rum  necessary,  Ga.,  652; 
licenses  restricted,  Ga.,  712  ;  rum  in 
Ohio  Valley,  73i ;  Cont.  Cong,  against 
distilling,  ^1 ;  drunkenness  tinetf,  Va.; 
Methodists  eitpel  distillers,  912;  liquors 
unnecessary, Conn.,  1003;  liquor  rations, 
1023,  1071,  1111,  1131,  1192,  1271,  1411, 
1511,  1552,2031,2133,2511;  T.  memorial 
to  Cong.;  taxing  liquors,  1031 ;  Whisky 
Rebellion,  Pa.,  1041,  1051,  1063  ;  Sober 
Soc.  fmd.,  N.  J.,  1131 ;  Ist  T.  Soc,  II6I ; 
Methodists  exi>el  ministerial  traffickers, 
1191 ;  prohibited  in  army,  127 1 ;  tipplers 
names  posted.  Me.,  1291;  Am.  Soc.  for 
Promotion  of  T.  fmd.,  Boston,  1352  ; 
Congregational  T.  Soc.  org.,  I).  C.,  1431, 
1551 ,  2562.  istNationat  T.  Soc,  Phila.; 
1st  local  option  law,  Ga.,143i ;  Delavan's 
declaration ;  Presbyterians  against  traf- 
fic, 1451 ;  local  option,  R.I.;  N.H.,  1492; 
Washingtonian  movement,  151 1;  Na- 
tional T.  conven.,  1531 ,  2483  (and  suc- 
ceeding years) ;  Abraham  Lincoln  com- 
mends abstinence ;  Order  of  Rechabites 
fmd.;  John B.Gough pledged,  1551, 1571, 
1591 .  Ore.  prohibits  ;  disgrace  in  Cong,, 
1571;  new  law,  Me.,  I6II;  Methodists 
forbid  drinking ;  Ore.  repeals  prohib., 
1643  ;  Father  Mathew  honored,  1663; 
Neal  Dow's  Me.  law  ;  National  T.  con- 
ven.; Mich.  Constitution  forbids  license, 
1691 ;  Me.  law  strengthened  ;  Good  Tem- 
plars org.;  Ohio  constitution  forbids 
license,  1703;  Lincoln  a  Son  of  T.;  R.  I. 

grohibits,  unconstitutional,  1711,1732; 
onn.  prohibits,  1742  ;  Gov.  Clark,  Pro- 
hib., elected,  N.Y.;  pro-liquor  riot.  Me., 
1763  ;  prohibition  reenacted,  Me.;  R.  I., 
1783;  Me.  law  repealed,  1803  ;  Constitu- 
tional Prohib.  Amendments  proposed, 
N.Y., 1823,1922;  Lincoln  declines  liquors, 
1881;  prohibited  soldiers,  199 :  ,2031 ;  U. 
S,  Brewers  Asso.  org.,  2152,2213,2971; 
R.  I.  repeals  prohib.,  2292;  first  asylum 
for  inebriates,  2412  ;  Presbyterians  ex- 
clude makers  and  dealers,  2503;  T.  drifts 
into  politics,  2562,  3,  3163  ;  Brewers* 
Cong,  in  politics,  2563  ;  Me.  prohibita 
with  constables,  2591,  2523,2811;  Mass. 
prohibits  ;  Presbyterians  for  total  absti- 
nence, 2691;  Minn,  enacts  local  option; 
2723;  Asso.  for  Cure  Inebriates  :  Royal 
Templars  of  T.  org.,  2731 ;  igt  National 
Conven.  of  Prohibition  Party,  2773  (See 
Prohibition  Party) ;  Conn,  repeals  pro- 
hibition ;  Pa.  enacts  local  option  ;  la. 
regulates  licenses,  2803;  Wis.  punishes 
drunkenness,  281 1;  women's  crusade  in 
N.  Y.,2831;  in  Ohio, 283i  ,2,2843;  inKy., 
4302;  Murphy's  blue  ribbon, 2831;  R.I. 
prohibits,  2843  ;  Women's  Christian  T, 
Union,  inception  (see  W.  C.  T.  U.)  ;  red 
ribbon,  2841  ;T.  women  convention,  2851 ; 
Ohio  rejects  license  amend.,  2871 ;  whisky 
ring,  D.  C,  2872,  2883,2912;  Me.  repeals 

I»rohib.,2883,  Mass.  repeals;  Pa. repeals 
ocal  option  ;  R.  I.  repeals  prohib.;  Tex. 
constitution  guarantees  local  option, 
2911 ;  Federal  prohib.  intro.,  8enate,2923; 


1424 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  Toinp— Tem. 


Mich,  constitution  forbids  license,  2943; 
Chicago  Citizens'  League,297a;Inebriate 
Asylum,  Mich.,  301 1 ;  Coustitutioual  i*ru- 
hibition  Movement  ;  Bill  passes,  Kan.; 
Neb.  rejects, 3103;  la.  adopts,  3131, 317Z; 
Mass.  petitioned,  3151,  3191,  3343;  Ohio 
adopts;  defeated,  317*;  Me.  opposes, 
3191;  S.  Dak.  approves,  3211 ,  »47i ,  3G82; 
R.I.  approves, 3232,3243;  Tenn.  defeiits, 
3272;  Md.  defeats,  329i;  Ore.,  Tex.,  de- 
feat, 3292  ;  w.  Va.  defeats,  3332  ;  N.  H. 
rejects,  33G2  ;  R.  I.  rescinds,  3362,  3411 ; 
N.  Dak.  approves;  Wash., Conn.,  reject, 
3471 ;  Neb.  rejects,  3711;  Mich,  defeats 
prohib.,  3032  ;  outrages  sutfered,  3032, 
3243,4003,4161,4363;  sales  prohibited  at 
army  posts  ;  high  license  crusade  ;  Slo- 
cumb  Law,  Neb.,  307i ;  Mo.  enacts 
Downing  Law,  3131 ;  m.  enacts  Harper 
Law,  3151;  Ohio,  Soott  Law,  3171;  Ga. 
enacts,  3211 ;  Ohio  enacts  Dow  Law,  325' ; 
Minn,  enacts,  3291;  Pa.  enacts  Brooks 
Law,  3303  ;  N.  C.  rejects  prohib.,  3083- 
Miss,  limits  distance,  3131;  prohibited 
in  Alaska,  3171 ;  Democratic  platform; 
Prohibitionists  org.,  Kan.,  3172  ;  R.  C. 
Plenary  Council  against  traffic ;  saloons 
and  politics,  N.  Y.,  319i ;  la.  enacts  pro- 
hib. ;  Anti-Saloon  Republicans  org.: 
Knight8  0fX.org.  (Epis.),323i ;  Brewers' 
compensation  decision,  3232;  Unitarian 
T.  Soc,  aim  ;  Christian  Ch.  for  prohib., 
3243;  instruction  in  D.  C;  Commercial 
T.  League  org.,  325i;  local  option  in 
D.  C,  3351,  3983  ;  Indians  instructed, 
3263;  Ch.  of  God  for  prohib.;  Ger.  Re- 
formed Ch.,  sentiments ;  Evangelical 
Ch.  for  prohib.,  3271 ;  Mich,  has  partial 
prohib.;  Federal  prohib.  proposed;  Kans. 
restricts  druggists,  329 1 ;  Mo.  partially 

Srohibits  ;  Wesleyans  for  prohib.,  3292j 
[at.  Repub.  Conven.  for ;  Afr.  Metho- 
dists, 3303;  Meth.  Epis.  Ch.  for  prohib., 
3303,  4071 ;  High  License  Congress  in 
Mass.,  3332;  in  Boston,  3362  ;  in  Mich.  ; 
in  R.  1.,  3431 ;  in  Wis.,  351* ;  defeated  in 
la.,  3562;  inBalt.,375i;inN.  Mex.,3983; 
Moravians,  Adventists,  for  prohib.  ;  N, 
Y.  City  regulates  ;  original  package 
struggle,  la.,  3331 ,  3563,  3533,  3591 ,3603, 
3621,  3043, 3662,  371 1,3851, 2;  Ohio  passes 
Sunday  Law,  3331,  3363  ;  Pa.  senate 
passes  prohib.,  3342  ;  Conn,  against 
women's  vote  ;  Ind.  decision,  license  a 
special  tax ,341 1 ;  Omaha  prohib.  conven. ; 
N.  Dak.  prohibits,  3483  ;  dealers  rebel 
in  S.  Dak.,  3511;  crusade  in  Mo.,  3523  ; 
divisions  in  la.,  3551 ;  beer  in  canteens, 
saloonists  excluded,  3583 ;  Presbyterians 
commend  prohib.,  3602;  Meth  Protest- 
ants for  prohib.,  3G03;  N.  Y.  T.  conven.; 
Reform  Party,  N.  Y.  ;  N.  Y.  Citizens' 
Alliance,  361 1;  R.  R.  Cos.  against  sa- 
loons, 361 ' ,  3783  ;  Independent  Party  ; 
3623;  Non-Partizan  W.C.T.U.  org.,3623, 
3712,  3943;  Sons  of  T.  for  prohib.,  3623  ; 
citizens  violent,  la., 3643;  in  Kan., 3752; 
in  O.,  3803;  local  option  constitutional, 
Mich.,  3702;  Cambridge,  Mass.,  "no- 
license,"  3723;  saloons  in  N.  Y.,374i, 
4022,  40i3,4063,  4761 ;  wrecks  of  society, 
U.  S.  A.,  3751;  illicit  stills,  Fla.,  3783; 
Pa.,  4002,  4042  ;  Ky.,  4042  ;  N.  Y.,  4143  ; 
Tenn.,  4163;  N.  C.,419l;  Md.,4263;  Me. 
enacts  rigid  law,  3803 ,  383 1 ,  3942 ;  Sunday 
Law  struggle,  3803, 3851 ,3903,'393i  ,4062, 
4262;  protests  against  gov't  extension  of 
traffic  ;  Del.  enacts  local  option  ;  saloon- 
ists ineligible,  3831 ;  gov't  commission  of 
inquiry ;  N.  Y.  Excise  Reform  Asso., 
3851;  anti-prohib.  conven..  Wis.,  3863  ; 
Prohibition  Park,  3871,  3882,  4611,  4631 ; 
Ga.  limits  distance,  3892;  prohib.  peti- 
tion 10mile8long,393i ;  Brooklyn  saloons, 
4022;  Boston  Anti-Saloon  League  org., 
4042  ;    Brooklyn  Enforcement   League, 

fi3,4522;  Cong,  prohibits  intoxicants, 
orld'sFair;  reconsiders,  4112;  Tee-To- 
Tum  est.,  N.  Y.,  411 1 ;  saloons  in  S.  Dak., 
4122;  first  sales  in  Vineland  ;  Murphy's 
pledges,  4191 ;  saloon  annex  to  churches, 
war  on  "joints,"  Kan.,  4262  ;  saloon 
screens  removed,  la.,  4303;  S.  C.  dispen- 
saries monopolize  traffic,  4323 ,  433 1 ,  4342, 
4502,  4543,  4583,  4723;  Ohjo  dealers  in 
politics,  4343;  elections  in  Conn.,  4422  ; 
R.  C.  decisions  against  traffic,  4661 ,  2; 
Brooklyn  Law  Enforcement  League, 
4761 ;  intoxication  a  misdemeanor,  4762; 


N.  Y.  Committee  of  Fifty,  479 1.  (See 
License,  Liquor,  Local  Option,  and  Pro- 
hibition.) 

Temperance,  Conference,  Internat.,  9903. 

Jubilee,  National,  London,  9903. 

League,  National,  formed,  Eng.,961i. 

Society,  Church  of  England,  fnd.,9762. 

,  National,  find., 2483.  (For  meet- 
ings see  text  in  each  following  year.) 

formed,  Eng.,  9531 . 

Union,  National,  formed,  9771 ,  9972. 

,  National  Conference  for,  3852. 

Templars,  Order  of,  statutes  drawn,  669 1 ; 
knights  persecuted,  67234: ;  burned;  or- 
der abolished,  6731 .  (See  Teutonic 
Knights.) 

Temple  of  Abydos  erected;  of  Amnion 
erected,  6482;  of  Der-el-Bahari,  at  Kar- 
nak,  6462;  of  Jupiter  at  Corinth;  of 
Athens,  10162  ;  of  Victory ;  Theseum, 
10191;  of  Diana  at  Ephesus,  10162,  1046 1 ; 
destroyed,  10282,  11462^  and  re-erected, 
11462  ;  of  Edfoo,  6522;  of  Gebel-Barkal, 
6481;  of  Juggernaut;  state  allowance 
to,  10472;  of  Jupiter  Ammon,  expedition 
against,  6503  ;  to  Roma  erected,  10642  ; 
of  Serapis,  library  of,  6651 ;  of  Venus 
erected,  10642. 

,  N.  H.,  glass-factory  erected,  931 . 

,  Earl,  lord  admiralty,  9133;  minister, 

dismissed,  9152  ;  lorti-lieut.,  9232  ;  re- 
signs, 9233. 

,  Frederick,  b.  (1821);  cons,  bp.,  9663, 

9922;  spelling  reform  association,  9843. 

,  Henry  John,  Viscount  Palmerston, 

b.,  9223;  minister,  9353,  9372,  JM32,  9452, 
9472,3,  9533,  9591,3,  9G33-  disapproves 
Russell,  2012  ;  offers  U.  S.  mediation, 
2152;  ministry  famed,  9691 ;  d.,968i. 

,  William,  governor  Del.,  1613. 

,  Sir ,  b.,  8822;  works,  8931 ,  8983  ; 

forms  Council  of  Thirty  ;  resigns  from 
Council,  8952  ;  d.,  9002. 

, Granville,  b.  (1824) ;  d.,  4641 . 

Hall,  London,  8741. 

of  Stowe,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9412, 

Templemore,  Baron,  title  created,  9451 . 

Temples  destroyed  in  Egy.,  6463;  of  Abu- 
Simbel  built,  6482. 

Templeton,  Viscount,  title  created,  9311 . 

Temporal  power,  foundation  of,  10682;  be- 
gins, 10723  ;  abolished,  108G3,  10873  ;  re- 
stored, 10871;  downfall,  10873  ;  restora- 
tion demandetl,  5861 ;  denied,  7822;  con- 
sidered, 8342;  declaration  against,  10883, 

Ten  Virgins  written,  6711. 

Tenants'  Defense  Conven.,  Ire.,  10023. 

League  formed,  1001 1 . 

Relief  Bill  rejected,  9953. 

Ten  liroeck,  running  record,  2953. 

Ten  Commandments  given,  11403,  114II . 

Tenerani,  Pietro^  b.,  10843  ;  d.  (1869). 

Teneriffe,  expedition  waits,  I31 . 

Teniers,  David,  b.-d.,  5403. 

.  (younger),  b.,  5403  ;  d.,  6422. 

Tenison,  Thomas,  b.  (1636)  ;  archbp.  of 
Canterbury,  8983  ;  d.  (1715). 

Tennant,  Sir  James  Emerson,  b.,  9323;  d., 
9722. 

,  William,  b.,  9223;  d.,  9542. 

, M.,  moderator,  b.,  1082. 

Tennemann,  Wilhelm  Gottlieb,  b.,  8023  ; 
d.,  8122. 

Tennent,  Gilbert,  b.,  541 ;  d.,  74i . 

,  William,  b.,  562  ;  hi  N.  Y.,  582;  est. 

Log  College,  583,603;  d.,  891. 

Tennessee  captured,  2371 . 

Tennessee,  labor  contract  binding,  393; 
explored,  653;  1st  settlement,  713;  Bapt. 
churches  fmd.,  742;  Watauga  Asso.  set- 
tles; settlers  in, 772;  expedition  against 
Indians,  902;  settlers  revolt,  972;  John 
Sevier,  gov.  ;  state  of  Franklin,  99 1; 
Kuoxville  settled,  1013  ;  Wm.  Blount, 
gov.  Ter.,  1032  ;  ist  printing-press,  1013; 
John  Sevier,  gov.,  1072,1132;  admitted: 
constitution  adopted,  1072;  Archibald 
Roane,  gov.  (1801);  Univ.  org., 983,  1143; 
Wm.  Blount,  gov.,  II72  ;  Jos.  McMum, 
gov.,  1252;  Evan.  Luth.  Synod  org.,  1283; 
Memphis  laid  out ;  Wm.  Carroll,  gov., 
1293,  1373;  N.  S.Presb.  synod  org.,  i;J43; 
capital  moved  to  Nashville,  1352;  Sam 
Houston,gov.,1^3;p.E. diocese  est. ,1363; 
Newton  Cannon,  gov.,  1453  ;  meteoric 
shower,  1481  j  James  K.  Polk,  gov.,  1512; 
James  C.  Jones,  gov.,  1652;  Southwest- 
ern Bapt.  Univ.  est.  at  Jackson  (1845) ; 
Aaron  V.  Brown,  gov.,  I6II;    Neil  S. 


Bro%vn,  gov.,  1633;  Hiwassee  Coll.  fnd., 
16G3;  Wm.  Trousdale,  gov.,  1671;  calls 
Southern  Cong.,  1672;  Wm.  B.Campbell, 

fov.,1692;  And.  Johnson,  gov. ,1743 ,2053; 
sham  G.  Harris,  gov.  (1857) ;  unionists 
elect,  1913;  enters  military  league,  1942; 

gov.  seizes  U.  S  fxmds,  1951 ;  league  with 
onfederacy  ;  refuses  troops  to  Lincoln ; 
enters  league  with  S.  Confed.,  1952; 
Union  conven.  meets ;  independence 
proclaimed ;  ratified ;  secedew  by  proc- 
lamation, 1972  ;  senator  expelled,  1973  j 
Tenn.  River  exi)edition  lands,  2043  ; 
Army  of  Tenn.  fmd.,  2063;  State  reor- 
ganized; many  unionists,  2073;  guerillas 
overrun,  209i ;  Unionists  meet,  2093 ; 
Fed.  raiders  devastate,  2163;  Confeds. 
defeated  at  Nolensville,  2183  ;  Union 
Conven.  meets,  2253;  Confeds.  defeated 
at  Columbia  and  CoUinsville,  2281 ;  Con- 
feds. defeated  at  Sevierville,  230* ;  loyal 
conven.  reorg.  State,  2413;  slavery  pro- 
hibited, 2431 ;  new  constitution  ratified, 
2432,  2711;  ratifies  13th  Amend.,  2453; 
insurrection  suppressed,  2483;  Wm.  G. 
Brownlow,  gov.,  2511 ;  secessionists  dis- 
franchised, 253i ;  ratifies  14th  Amend.; 
readmitted, 2532;  Meth.  Epis.  conf.  org., 
2643 ;  negroes  and  Indians  testimony  ac- 
cepted,255i ;  color  distinctionsabolisned; 
political  disabilities  ;  Kuklux  Klan  pen- 
alty, 2652;  martial  law,  2653 ;  ratifies  15th 
Amend.;  DeWitt  C.  Senter,  gov.,  2693  ; 
constitutional  conven.;  constitution  rat- 
ified, 2711;  Central  South  Cong.  Asso. 
org.,  2742  ;  Agricul.  Bureau  provided, 
2752 ;  Le  Moyne  Normal  School  est. ,2763 ; 
John  C.  Brown,  gov.,  2772  ;  new  State 
movement  ;  State  conven.  at  Jackson, 
2832;  negro  uprising,  2851;  insane  asy- 
lum at  Knoxville,  2872  ;  constitutional 
conven. ,2892;  Southwestern  Presb.  Univ. 
est.,  2903;  James  D.  Porter,  Jr.,  gov., 
2912;  scaling  of  public  debt,  3013,  3032  ; 
Albert  S.  Marks,  gov.,  3033;  farmers  in- 
aug.  New  Rugby,  3043  ;  Alvin  Hawkins, 

§ov.,3093  ;  Polk  defalcation,  3131 ;  State 
ebt,3152;  Wm.B.  Bate, gov., 3153;  Hos- 
pital for  Insane,  3263  ;  Prohibitorv 
Amend.  defeate<l,  3272;  Robt.  L.  Taylor 
gov.,  3293;  Mormons  driven  out,  3422,3; 
reunion  of  veterans,  344i ;  East  Tenn. 
Land  Co.  org.,  3493;  earthquake,  3521, 
4501 ;  J.  P.  Buchanan,  gov.,  365i ;  negro 
lynched,  3883;  convict  leases, 3912, 4022, 
4131,  2;  Nat.  Guard  Bill  passes,  3912; 
Labor  Day,  legal  holiday,  3983;  refuses 
World's  Fair  appro.;  Doritch  Election 
Bill  passes,  3992;  White  Caps' raid,  4062; 
Confed.  Soldiers' Home  opd.,  4063;  illicit 
still  captured,  4163  ;  gold  found,  4301 ; 
coal  miners  strike,  4682;  Peter  Turney, 
gov.  (1893) ;  banks  resume  business,  4353 ; 
Dem.  lose  elections,  4672  ;  H.  Clay 
Evans,  gov.  (1895),  4692. 

Tennessee,  Univ.  of,  org.,  983,  ii43;  Med. 
Dept.  Univ.  of  Tenn.  opened,  2963. 

Tenney,  Sanborn,  b.  (1827)  ;  d.,  2961 . 

Tennis  introduced,  Eng.,  8911 . 

Tournament,  Ladies'  National,  4083. 

Tennyson,  Alfred,  b.,  9343;  works,  9431, 
9603,  9603,  9723,  04^2,  3,  10103;  poet  lau- 
reate, 9563  ;  d.,  10081. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  987i . 

,  Charles.    (See  Turner,  C.  T.) 

,  Frederick,  b.  (1806r) ;  Daphne,  10063. 

Tenoarino  destroyed,  10953. 

Tenochtitlan,  Mexico,  founded,  133. 

Tenterden,  Baron,  title  created,  9412 

,  Lord.    (See  Abbott,  Charles.) 

Tenths  collected,  Eng.,  8522  ;  king  de- 
mands, 8651. 

Tenure  of  Land  Bill,  10091 . 

of  office,4 years,  1291 ;  Rill intro.,2252; 

Bill  discussed ;  it  includes  cabinet  ; 
passes,  2563;  substitute  for,  2671 ;  vetoed; 
passed  over  veto,  2571;  Act  repealed; 
substitute  Act,  2G7i . 

Tepanecs  invade  Mexico,  121 ,  133. 

Teplitz,  alliance  formed,  621 1 ;  ministerial 
conference  at,  5212. 

Terence,  PubUus  Terentius  Afer,  b.-d., 
works,  10552. 

Teres  retains  independence,  10173. 

Terhune,  Mrs.  (Mary  Virginia  Hawes),  Ma- 
rionHarland,b.,1282;  works,  1731,  1783, 
1823,2651,2722,2771,2823,2943,3083,3151. 

Ternaux-Compana,  Henri,b.,9163 ;  d,  (1864). 

Terntowski,  Ferdinand  B.,  d.,  8262, 


Tero-Thea. 


Ttxt  Flguna  denote  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  FIgurtt  Indicate  Column. 


1425 


TeroUanne  beeiegoU  ;  capitulates,  680' ; 
gurrondere,  68*21 ,  7921 . 

Terpaiuior,  b.  ;  improves  lyre,  1014* ; 
musiciim,  10143. 

Terpsichore^  asteroid,  discovered,  7342. 

captured,  936^ . 

Terra  del  Fuego  divided,  491*  ;  mission- 
aries killed,  4902;  civilized,  4932. 

Flnna,  name  for  Venezuela,  1160'. 

Terral,  Ben,  nom.  for  v.-pres.,411i. 

Terrall,  Chas.  M.,  commissioned  coi.,420i. 

Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  Rose  Polytechnic  In- 
stitute opd.,  3143;  relief  mass-meeting, 
4443. 

Terrell,  Alexander  W.,  minister,  447*. 

,  Edwin  H.,  envoys,  3513. 

Terrence  Bay  fisheries  failed,  6893. 

Terrier,  Louis,  minister,  7652. 

Terrill,  Wm.  K.,  b.  (1832);  d.,  2152. 

Terris,  William,  b.,  9542. 

Territorial  Waters  Jurisdiction  Act 
passes,  9832. 

Territory,  proposed  division  in  U.  S.,  972. 

Terror,  Reign  of  (see  Paris),  7083,  7443. 

Terrorists  in  Ire.,  9863. 

Terry,  Ky.,  mob  violence  suppressed,  298'. 

,  Alfred  Howe,  b.,  1342 ;  assaults  James 

Island,  2:^3  ;  on  Darbytown  Road,  2383; 
leaves  Fortress  Monroe ;  at  Ft.  Fisher, 
2403;  captures  Ft.  Anderson,  2422;  com- 
mands Ga.  District,  268';  on  military 
board,  3221;  d.,  3721. 

,  D.  S.,  kills  Broderick,  1871 . 

,  Eli,  manufactures  clocks,  104i . 

,  Ellen  Alice,  b.,  9542.     (See  Kelly, 

E.  A.  T.) 

,  Kate,  last  appearance  as  Juliet,  970' . 

— — ,  Sarah  Althea,  disappearance,  4003. 

,  Silas  W.,  promoted  captain,  420i . 

,  William  L.,  b.,  I682. 

Tersteegeu,  Gerhard,  b.,  7982;  d.,  803' . 

Tertullian  (Quintus  Septimus  Florens 
TertuUianus),  b.-d.,  10642;  a  Chriatian, 
10643. 

Terunish,  Queen,  Abyg.,  32. 

Teryoort,  Henry,  burned,  874», 

Teach  shoots  at  king,  817' . 

Teschen,  Peace  concluded,  5173. 

Tescott,  Kan.,  bank  robbery,  4702. 

Teacuco  occupied,  181 . 

Test  Act,  Eng.,  passes,  6923;  enforced,  522; 
dispensed  with,  8963;  repealed,  9253. 

Testament,  copies  forbidden,  6703  ;  Old 
and  New,  in  Greek,  10883. 

Testament  of  Love  issued,  8603. 

Testatori  of  Milan  invents  violin,  10822. 

Testri,  Fr.,  battle  of,  6641. 

Teta  reigns,  Egy.,  G453,  6472. 

Tete,  Livingstone  arrives  at,  5602. 

Tetricus  captured,  IO661  j  in  Gaul  and  Sp., 
10672. 

Tetsong  prohibition,  6123. 

Tettenhall,  action  at,  8442. 

Tetuan,  Morocco,  taken,  1130* . 

Tetzel,  Johann,  b.  (1465±) ;  indulgences 
condemned,  7882  ;  rates,  absolution, 
7863;  d.  (1590). 

Teuflfel,  Wilhelm  Sigiamond,  b.,  8122  • 
work,  8251;  d.,  8282. 

Teutoburg,  Romans  defeated  at,  10621 . 

TeiUon  founders,  9S93. 

Teutones  defeat  Romans  in  lUyria,  IO66I. 

TexUonic  in  trans-ocean  race,  3452;  record 
3673,. 3913, 3933. 

tribes,   migration  of,  760*,  7691,  a. 

10693. 

Knights  conquer   Poland,  7783  ;   in 

Holy  Land,  7782  ;  conquer  Prus.,  7801 ; 
defeated,  7841 ;  oppressive, 7842;  opposed, 
7853  ;  bribe  emp.,  7872  ;  grand  master 
made  prince,  7892.    (See  Templars.) 

language  intro.,  Ger.,  7703. 

Teutons  invade  Gaul,  6621 ,6631 ,  a;  against 
Gauls,  6632. 

Teutopolis,  111.,  St.  Joseph'a  College  char- 
tered, 3082. 

Teutscke  Acta  Eruditorum  issued,  799 1 . 

Tewfik,  Mahoramed  Pasha,  b.  (1852) ;  dis- 
missed; pres.  council,  6591 ;  d.,  66II ,  3. 

B«y  at  Sinkat,  6582. 

Tewkesbury,  Eng.,  battle  of,  8641 . 

Texan  Legion  Ky.,  surrenders,  2203. 

Texarkana,  Ark,,  negro  burned  at  stake, 
4022;  Prof.  Ellis  wounded,  4722. 

,  Tex.,  train  robbery,  3611 . 

Texas  launched,  4081 . 

Texas,  Franciscan  missionariea  In,  582  ; 
U.  S.  claims  surrendered  to  Sp.,  1272  ; 
colonization  begins,  1293;  Austin  grant 


by  Mex.,  131*,  3,  war  for  independence, 
1421  ;  declares  independence  ;  Henry 
Smith,  provisional  pres.,  1453;  republi- 
can gov't  fmd.,  1471  ;  Sam.  Houston, 
pres.,  1472,  1552  ;  Democrats  favor  an- 
nexation, 1472;  East  Meth.  Epis.  confer- 
ence fmd.,  1503  ;  Mirabeau  B.  Lamar, 
pres.,  1512;  David  G.  Burnet,  pres.,  1531 ; 
annexation  plan,  1572,1591 ;  VanBuren's 
opposition;  annexed,  1591,  a;  Anson, 
Jones,  pres.,  1592;  admitted;  constitu- 
tion raliiied,  159^  ;  1st  legislatme;  war 
precipitated,    I6II;    J.    P.    Henderson, 

fOT.,  1613;  Geo.  T.  Wood,  gov.,  1633  ; 
'.E.  diocese  org.,  1662;  P.  Hansborough 
Bell,  gov.,  1671 J  James  S.  Calhoun, 
gov.,  1092  ;  Evan.  Luth.  synod  org., 
1702  ;  Edward  M.  Pease,  gov.,  1743  ;  El- 
dership Church  of  God  org.,  1822;  H.  G. 
Runnels,  gov.,  1832;  Sam  Houston,  gov., 
1872  ;  Secession  conven.,  1912  ;  state 
secedes,  1913  ;  Gen.  Twiggs  surrenders  ; 
Federals  surrender,  192i  ;  Secession 
ratified,  1923;  represented  in  both  con- 
gresses ;  proclaimed  out  of  Union  ;  Gov. 
Houston  blocks  secession,  193i ;  State 
Conven.  ;  ratifies  Confederate  Constitu- 
tion; conven.  vacates  governorship,  1932; 
payment  of  Northern  debts  prohibited, 
1972  ;  senators  expelled,  1973  ;  Edward 
Clark,  gov. ;  Francis  R.  Lubbock,  gov., 
2032  ;  Ft.  steamers  arrive  to  invade 
Mex.,  2281  j  Pendleton  Murrray,  gov., 
2293;  A.  J.  Hamilton,  provisional  gov., 
2483 ,  249 1 ,  251 1 ;  proclamation  for  recon- 
struction, 2483;  Constitutional  conven., 
2513 ;  Northwest  Meth.  Epis.  South. 
Conf.  fmd.,  2522  ;  constitution  ratified, 
2532;  war  ended,  2533;  Meth.  Epis.  Conf. 
org.,  2543;  J.  W.  Throckmorton,  gov., 
2553;  Edward  M.  Pease,  gov., 2593;  state 
convention  held,  2632  ;  no  voting,  2652  ; 
rivers  rise,  2661 ;  Constitution  ratified, 
2692;  ratifies  15th  Amend.,  2693;  read- 
mitted to  Cong.  ;  ratifies  14th  and  15th 
amend.,  271i;  Edmund  J.  Davis,  gov., 
2732  ;  public  school  system  intro.,  2742  ; 
Southwestern  Univ.  (Meth.  E.  S.)  est.  at 
Georgetown  (1872)  ;  special  election ; 
Henderson  Coll.  org.,  2823;  E.  J.  Davis 
and  Richard  Coke  for  gov.,  2832,  2873  ; 
North  T.  Meth.  Epis.  Conf.  South  org., 
2842  ;  special  election  unconstitutional  ; 
two  legislatures  org.,  285 1 ;  Western 
Texas  P.  E.  diocese  org.,  2862  ;  storm 
damages  coast,  2881 ;  constitutional  con- 
ven. ;  new  Constitution  ratified,  2892  ; 
local  option  guaranteed,  291 1 ;  Agricul, 
and  Mechanical  Coll.  opd.,  2922;  normal 
school  opd.  at  Cedar  Falls,  2923;  Rich. 
R.  Hubbard,  gov.,  2951 ;  North  T.  Female 
Coll.  est.,  2963;  state  troops  attacked  by 
Mexicans,  2961  ;  Eastern  conven.  of 
Bapt.  fmd.,  2982;  Prairie  View  Normal 
School  opd,,  3023;  Sam  Houston  Normal 
School  opd.,  3031 ;  Oran  M.Roberts,  gov,, 
3033;  State univ.org., 3081, 3, 3143;  John 
Ireland,  gov.,  3153  ;  cyclone,  324* ;  Pro- 
hibitory Amend,  defeated,  3292  ;  Law- 
rence S.  Ross,  gov.,  3293;  election  out- 
rages-debated, 33G3  ;  tin  ore  dis.,  338 1 ; 
floods,  3421,  2,  4701;  Arbor  Day  fixed, 
3513;  hurricane,  3581;  train  robberies, 
3611,  3911^  4742,  4762;  harbor  iraprove- 
menta  enacted,  3693;  earthquakes,  3741 ; 
nuns  eligible  to  teach,  3882 ;  Constitu- 
tional Amends,  ratified,  3892  j  Dyren- 
forth  rain  experiments,  3901 ;  against 
Bible  in  public  schools,  3923  ;  Garza's 
men  pursued,  398 1 ;  Universalist  State 
conven.  org.,  3982 ;  Gorcum  strikers, 
3991 ;  James  S.  Hog^gov.,  3992 ;  drought, 
407»  ;  no  part  in  World's  Fair,  4113  ; 
bandits  against  U.  S.  troops,  4201 ;  mob 
checked,  4223  ;  land  commissioner  im- 
peached, 4272;  cyclone,  4281 ,  4551 ;  mail 
stage  robbery,  4402;  Sheriff  Dickson 
shot,  4503;  heavy  storms,  4541 ;  destitu- 
tion, 4553  ;  Chas.  A.  Culbertson,  gov., 
4692  ;  boll-worms,  4701 ;  floods  destroy 
R.  R.,  4713  ;  Standard  Oil  Trust  indict- 
ment, 4771 ;  prairie  fire,  4773;  requisi- 
tion for  Flagler,  4792;  R.  R.  collision, 
4793. 

Texas  Univ.  org.,  3081,  a,  3143  ;  Medical 
Branch  Univ.  opd.,  3923. 

Texel  Island,  surrender  at,  9282. 

Texier,  Charles  Felix  Marie,  b.,  7143;  d., 
7461. 


Teynham,  Baron,  title  created,  881 1 , 

Tezcucano  subdued,  121 ; 

Tezcuco,  Mex.,  art  and  culture,  12'; 
king's  concubines,  132. 

Thaarup,  Thomas,  b.,  6381 ;  d.,  6382. 

Thaba-Bosiou,  O.  Free  State,  mission  at, 
11051. 

Thacher,  James,  b.  (1754) ;  d.,  1562. 

Thackeray,  William  Makepeace,  b.,  9351; 
works,  9491 ,  9543,  9643  ;  d.,  9662. 

Thackwell,  Gen.,  in  Sikh  war,  10462. 

Thaer,  Albert,  b.,  8022  ;  d.,  8142. 

Thai-Nguyen  captured,  4821 . 

Thalberg,  Sigismund,  b.-d.,  11381. 

Thales,  b.-d. ;  primary  substance ;  earth's 
form,  10142 ;  astronomer ;  predicts 
eclipse,  IOI61 ,  11462  ;  fuds.  Ionic  phil- 
osophy ;  one  of  Seven  Sages,  10163. 

Thalestris  visits  Alex.,  10242,  10251 . 

Thames  wrecked,  9513. 

Thames,  overflows,  852i ;  frozen,  8622. 
9143  ;  ebbs  and  flows,  8882,  9202  ;  naval 
battle,  8921 ;  regatta  on,  9192  ;  canal  to 
Severn,  9253 ;  fair  on  ice ;  Ist  steam- 
vessel  on,  9362,  9381;  very  low,  9402; 
bridged,  8502;  conservation  of,  9631; 
navigable,  8813  ;  traffic  blocked,  9281 ; 
overflows,  9813  ;  tunnel  begun,  9421 ; 
Embankment  Bill  passes,  9672,  first 
stone  laid,  9673,  Burns  statue  on,  9921 . 

Thanhoa,  pirates  defeated,  762i;  French 
occupy,  4822. 

Thanksgiving  Day,  est.,  Mass.,  321,363; 
observed,  37i ,  713,  5903;  Southern,  2133; 
national  for  victories,  2393  ;  inU,  S.  for 
peace,  2492. 

. in  Eng.,  9011,  9023,  9252,  9371, 

9623  ;  London,  royal,  9243. 

Than-Moi  attacked,  4823, 

Thann,  battle  at,  5183. 

Thapsus,  Afr.,  battle  of,  IO6OI . 

Thasos,  punished,  10183  ;  secedes,  10193  ; 
conquered,  IOI6I . 

Thatcher,  Adm.,  James,  b.,  683  ;  attacks 
Sp.  fort,  2442  ;  takes  FortBlakely,2452; 
d.,  3821 . 

Thatone  mission,  10472. 

Thau-Khai,  King,  4833. 

Thaw,  William,  d.,  3442. 

Thaxter,  Celia,  works,  2823,  2871,  3003, 
3191;  d.,  4701. 

Thaxton,  Va.,  R.  R.  accident,  3433. 

Thayer,  Samuel  R.,  minister,  3513  ;  gov. 
refuses  to  vacate,  3752  ;  reinstated,  3832; 
resigns,  4012. 

,  Wm.  B.,  Italian  Independence,  4462. 

, W.  governor,  Oregon,  3012. 

Thayetmayo  mission,  10463. 

Theater,  Am.:  let  play  in  Can.,  522  ;  ist 
play  in  W.  Indies ;  1st  play  in  Boston, 
in  Phila.,  in  N.  y.,66i;  in  Va.  by  first 
regular  stock  co.,  682;  2d  theater  in 
N.  Y. ;  lat  in  Phila.,  683;  in  N.  Y.,  703  ; 
play  in  R.  I.,  722  ;  ist  play  written  by 
Am. ;  in  N.  Y.,  741 ;  play  in  Albany, 76i ; 
inS.  C.,781,981;  Brit,  ofllcers  in  Boston, 
823  ;  let  in  Bait.,  89i ;  in  N.  Y.,  98i ;  1st 
in  La.;  in  Boston,  1021,  1041,  II61 ;  in 
Hartford,  1061;  G.  F.  Cook,  Mrs.  Dutf 
appear,  II6I ;  E.  Kean,  J.  B.  Booth  ap- 
pear, 1281 ;  C.  Matthews  appears,  1301 ; 
E.  Forrest,  W.  C.  Macread;',  J.  H.  Hack- 
ett,  appear,  134i;  C.  J.  Kean  appears, 
1381 ;  Itavel  family,  C.  Kemble,  F.  Kem- 
ble  appear,  1401;  opera  fails,  1421;  c. 
Cushman  appears,  1441 ,  1431 ;  Ellen  Tree 
appears,  146i ;  F.  Elsler,  W.  J.  Florence 
appear,  152i ;  G.  Vanderhotf  appears, 
1541 ;  Mrs.  Mowatt  appears,  1581 ;  1st  in 
Chicago,  1622 ;  W.  C.  Macready,  F.  S. 
Chanfrau  appear,  1641  j  E.  Booth,  F.  B. 
Conway  ;  Jenny  Liud  sings  ;  166 1 ,  T.  Pa- 
ro.li.  Mad.  Ponisi,  Lola  Montez  appear, 
1681  •  Wallack's  est.,  1721 ;  opera,  Castle 
Garden,  Acad,  of  Music,  N.  Y.,  Mile. 
Rachel  appears,  176i ;  A.  Phillips  ap- 
pears, 1781 ;  Mile.  Piccolomini  appears, 
1841 ;  A.  Patti  appears,  I86I ;  C.  L.  Kel- 
logg appears,  190i  ;  E.  Forrest,  J. McCul- 
lough  appear,  219i;  1st  in  Brooklyn, 
2291 ;  E.  Booth  appears,  2411 ;  j.  Jeffer- 
son appears,  250i ;  G.  L.  Fox  appears, 
2601;  Booth's  opd.,  2641;  Daly's  opd., 
2681 ;  s.  Bernhardt  appears,  3041 ;  Henry 
Irving,  E.  A.  Terry  Kelley  appear,  3141 . 
— ,  Eng.,  mi  Acle  play  intro.,  8482 ;  street- 
plays  performed  and  Chester  mysteries, 
8541;  parish  clerks  perform,  86OI;  lat 
regular  comedy;    aacred  drama,  870i; 


1426 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figuree  Intlicate  Column,  Thea-Thom. 


1st  tragedy,  872' ;  stage  plays  licensed  ; 
Blackfriars'  Theater  built,  8741 ;  Shake- 
speare in  Lond.,  876' ,  his  Globe  Theater 
built;  Lord  Chamberlain's  Co.,  87G2 ; 
Puritans  close,  8871;  1st  female  actor, 
8881,8901;  theaters  reopd.,  8911;  Drury 
Lane  T.  rebuilt,  8922;  operas  Intro.,  8961 ; 
Lincoln's  Inn  T.  opd.,  90O1 ;  Haymarket 
T.  opd.,  9021;  Her  Majesty's  T.  [Italian 
OperaHouse], opd. ,9021 ;  Hiindel's  opera, 
9W1 ;  Convent  Garden  T.  opd. ;  Eng. 
opera  intro.,  9081 ;  Handel's  Jephtha  per- 
formed ;  Queen's  T.,  Manchester,  9122  ; 
Covent  Garden  Theatrical  Fund  est., 
9142  ;  Sadler's  Wells  T.  opd.,  9161 ;  Pan- 
theon built ;  Liverpool  T.  built,  Miss 
Farrenin  ;  Astley's  Amphitheater  opd. ; 
Garrick  in  Loud.,  9182;  Mrs.  liobinson 
In  Loud.,  9202  ;  Surrey  X.  ojjd. ;  T.  at 
Exeter,  9221 ;  j.  Braham  appears  ;  It. 
Opera  revived,  9241 ;  juad.  Storace,  0.  B. 
Incledon  appear ;  Lodiska  performed, 
9242;  Lyceum  built;  Miss  Mellon  ap- 
pears, 9262  ;  Creation  composed,  9282  ; 
Betty  appears,  9302  ;  Olympic  Adelphoi 
T.  opd. ;  T.  lioyal,  Manchester,  built, 
9322  ;  Lyceum  opd.,  9343  ;  Mrs.  Jordan, 
last  appearance,  Macready  as  Romeo, 
9362;  J.  B.  Booth  appears,  9381;  Hay- 
market  T.  rebuilt,  940' ;  Shepherd's  last 
appearance,  9402  ;  Liver.  T.,  Liverpool, 
9421 ;  Queen's  T.  opd.,  9422  ;  F.  Kemble 
appears;  Garrick  T,  opd.;  Strand  T.  opd., 
9441 ;  E.  Kean,  last  appearance;  Lyceum 
reopd. ;  Tke  Mountain  Sijlph  produced  ; 
St.  James  [Princess's]  opd.,  9461 ,  9501 ; 
City  T.  opd.,  J.  Liston,  last  appearance, 
9841;  A.  Kemble,  1st  appearance,  9501; 
Marylebone  T.  opd.,  9502  ;  Astley's  Am- 
phitheater reopd.,  9521 ;  Jenny  Lind  ap- 
pears, 9541 ;  Lyceum  reopd.,  9561 ;  Stan- 
dard T.  opd.,  9582  ;  Covent  Garden  re- 
opd., 9621;  Adelina  Patti  appears,  9641 ; 
Royalty  T.,  Soho,  opd.,  966 1 ;  Kate  J. 
Bateraan  appears,  9662  ;  Holborn  'T. 
[Mirror]  opd.,  9681 ;  Mile.  Nilsson,  Mile. 
Kellog  appear,  Kate  Terry  last  appear. ; 
East  London  T.,  Queen's 'T.;  St.  George's 
Opera  House  opd.,  9701 ;  GlobeT.;  Gaiety 
T. ;  Charing  Cross  T. ;  Vaudeville  T. 
opd.,  9721;  Op^ra  Comique  opd.,  9741; 
Royal  Alexandra  T.  opd.,  9761 ;  H.  Irving 
appears  ;  Pirates  of  Penzance,  iMhengrin 
produced,  9781 ;  l^ational  Opera  House 
fnd.,  9801 ;  Imperial  T.  opd.,  9841 ;  Prin- 
cesses T.  rebuilt,  986 1 ,  9881;  Savoy  T. 
opd. ;  Patience,  Ring  des  Nibelungen  pro- 
duced, 9881;  /o/ait^Ae  produced,  9901 ;  Al- 
hambra  rebuilt.  Empire  T.  opd.,  9921  - 
Yeoman  o/*  the  Guard  produced,  998i ; 
Irving  in  Lond.,  IOO61 ;  Trafalgar  Square 
T.  opd.,  HiMldon  Hall  produced,  IOO81 . 

Theater,  Dublin,  Ire.,  Ist,  8821 ;  Orange  St. 
T.  built,  8901 ;  Aungier  Street  T.  [Victor] 
built ;  Crow  Street  Music  Hall  built, 
9081 ;  1st  Oratorio,  Handels  ;  Fishamble 
Street  Music  Hall  opd.;  Chapel  Street 
T  opd.,  9102;  Crow  Street  T.  opd.,  9142; 
T.  Royal  opd.  ;  Hawkins  Street  T.  opd., 
9401 ;  Queen's  T.  opd.,  9521 . 

,  Soot.,  Theater  of  Music  built,  8922  • 

Allan  Ramsay's  T.  built,  9081 ;  T.  Royal 
opd.,  9181;  Victoria  (Coburg)  T.  opd., 
9382;  Caledonian  T.  opd.,  9401. 

Theatines,  Order  of,  founded,  IO8II. 

Theatrical  fund  est.,  9142,  951 1 . 

performances,  Fr.,  6742,  3  ;    first  in 

Japan,  10911 ;  in  It.,  10622. 

Theban  Sacred  Band  annihilated,  10241 . 

Thebans,  est.  republic,  10151 ;  revolt,  10241 . 

Thebaw,  King,  sent  to  Madras ;  cruelty, 
104921 

Thebean  Legion,  martyred,  10663. 

Thebes,  Egypt,  dynasty  at,  6471 ;  capital 
of  dynasty,  6472;  new  empire  est. ;  build- 
ings at,  6481  ;  dynasties  est.,  6491 ;  public 
library  at,  6483;  Ramesseum  built,  6482; 
captured,  6512;  sacked;  falls;  decays, 
6501;  siege  of,  6521. 

,  Qr.,  fnd.,  10133;  wars,  10141 ;  Greeks 

before,  10183 ;  ally  of  Sparta  ;  liberated, 
war  with  Sparta,  10222 ;  freed  from 
Spartans ;  head  of  Boeotian  League, 
10233;  garrison  in  Cadmea;  destroyed, 
10241,  11453;  rebuilt,  10253. 

Theed,  William,  b.  (1804);  d.*,  1006'. 

Theiss,  river,  overflows.  5301 . 

Thellusson  Act  passes,  Eng.,  9312. 

Themis,  asteroid,  discovered,  10862. 


Themistocles,  b.-d.,  10162 ;  statesman, 
10192;  banished;  driven  toPersia, 10193. 

Thenard,  Arnauld  Paul  Edmond,  b.,  7223  • 
d.,  7542. 

,  Baron  Louis  Jacques,  b.,  7043;  work, 

7192;  (1.,  7323. 

Theobald,  or  Thibaud,  archbp.  Canter- 
bury, 8483  ;  intro.  law  study,  8493  ;  ex- 
iled, 8502;  d.,  (1161). 

1.  reigns  in  Navarre,  11272. 

II.  reigns  in  Navarre,  11273. 

.  Lewis,  d.,  9103. 

Theocritus,  b.,  10263  ;  flourishes,  6523  ; 
Idylls,  10271. 

Theodates  reigns  ;  assassinated,  10713. 

Theodebald,  king,  d.,  6012. 

(Hildebald),  assassinated,  10713. 

Theodobert  sacrifices  children,  7703. 

Theodolinda,  Queen,  a  Christian,  7702;  se- 
lects king;  Christian  influence,  7711; 
d.,  7702. 

Theodolite  completed,  9241 . 

Theodora,  empress,  b.-d.,  10303  :  reigns, 
10333. 

,  "  the  Younger,"  a  power,  10733. 

Theodore,  vengeance  of ;  routs  gov.  of 
Tigre;  submits,  21;  oppression  of,  32; 
suicide,  33. 

of  Tarsus,  in  Eng. ;  archbp.  of  Can- 
terbury, 8423  ;  est.  Canterbury  School, 
8431. 

I.,  pope;  d.,  10721. 

II.,  pope;  d.,  10721. 

Lascaris  I.,  reigns,  1035* . 

Theodoret,  b.-d.,  11&42;  bp.  of  Antioch, 
10702. 

,  Bp.  of  Cyprus,  b.-d.,  10283. 

Theodoric  the  Great,  b.-d.,  10702;  est.  East 
Goth  kingdom,  10693;  hostage  for  peace; 
general,  10312;  invasions,  10301;  devel- 
ops Pavia,  10713;  peace  with  Odoacer, 
ascends  throne,  7693  ;  suppresses  gladi- 
atorial contests,  10713  ;  at  Aries,  6&41 ; 
subdues  Thuringia,7712;  subdues  Italy, 
10701 . 

I.,  reigns,  11253  ;  settles  along  Dan- 
ube, 7693. 

II.,  reigns,  11253. 

Theodorus  I.,  pope;  title  of  Sovereign 
Pontiff,  10722;  d.,  10721. 

II., -pope,  10723. 

of  Cyrene,  b.,  10243. 

Angelus,  seizes  Epirus  ;  made  em- 
peror ;  captive,  10351 . 

Theodosius  I.,  Flavins,  b.-d.,  IO682  ;  de- 
feats invaders,  8401 ;  peace  with  Goths, 
V692  ;  supports  orthodoxy,  10683  ;  rules 
in  E.,  10693  ;  co-regent,  7692  ;  proclaims 
doctrines,  10291 ;  enrolls  Goths  ;  at  Aqui- 
leia,  10282  ;  destroys  Serapis  temple, 
6543  ;  abolishes  Eleusinian  mysteries ; 
abolishes  Olympic  games ;  expelled  from 
Church,  10691;  massacre  at  Thessalon- 
ica,  10292;  suppresses  idolatry,  10691 ;  at 
Frigidus,  10282  ;  last  soleemp.;  d.,  10693. 

II.,  reigns,  10312;  enip.  of  West;  con- 
quers John  the  usurper,  1071 1 ;  revival 
of  learning,  1031 1 ;  at  Council  Ephesus, 
10303;  code  promulgated,  10312;  (jrreciau 
architecture,  10702. 

III.,  reigns,  10331 . 

writes  Pouehenia,  11132. 

,  bishop,  expelled,  Bulg.,  568 

Theognis,  poet,  10163. 

Theoliania  marries  Nicephorus  II.,  10323. 

Theology,  medicine,  law,  and  arts  sup- 
pressed, 7103. 
Theologisch  Tijdschrift  issued,  11022. 

Theophano,  Queen,  regent ;  d.,  7752. 

Theophilus,  high  priest,  11523 . 

,  condemns    image    worship,    10322  ; 

reigns,  10332  ;  jn  Armenia,  11541 ,  11551 . 

Tlieophrastus,  b.-d. ,10231 ;  studies  botany, 
10243  ;  works,  10271. 

Theophylact,  b.-d.,  10322. 

Theosinia,  in  Messenian  war,  10141 . 

T'lieosophic  Soc,  Lond.,  Conven.,  10061 ,2  ; 
Madame  Blavatsky  and  Col.  Olcott  ad- 
vocated, 2902;  Nat.  Conven.,  3823,  4283. 

Theosophists,  Am.,  meet,  3383  ;  teachers 
dismissed,  4322. 

Theosophy,  lectures  by  Olcott,  3923  ; 
"White  Lotus  Day"  observed,  4291; 
E.  Indians  welcomed,  4363. 

Tberamenes,  d.,  10231 . 

Theremin,  Ludwig  Friedrioh  Frani.,  b., 
8042  ;  d.,  8162. 

Theresa,  Empress,  Braz.,  b.,  6642 ;  at  Wash- 
ington, 2912;  d.,588I. 


Theresa,  St.,  b.-d.,  11282. 

Therese,  Alexandre,  d.,  7301 , 

,  Charlotte,  d.,  7302. 

Thermes,  Paul  do  la  Barthe  de.  b.  (1482); 
at  Gravelines,  6821 ;  d.  (1562). 

Thermidor  suppressed,  7601 . 

Thermo-electricity  discovered,  812' . 

electrometer  invented,  9422. 

Thermometer  invented,  8OO1 ,  IIOO2  ;  alco- 
hol T.  devised,  88O1 . 

Thermopylaj,AmphictyonicCouncl], 10152; 
battle,  10181 ,  10342;  BrennuB  at,  10261. 

Theseus  conquers  Amazons,  1013 1 ;  fnds. 
Athens ;  K.,  10133  ;  steals  Helen,  10143. 

Thesiger,  Fred.,  L.  Chelmsford,  b.,  9263  ; 
mmister,9632;  in  Zulu  war,  6002;  leader, 
6001;  d.,9822. 

Thespije  destroyed,  10182. 

Thespis,  b.;  Alcestis;  1st  tragedian,  10162.  ^ 

Thessalonians,  Epistles  to,  written,  11531 . 

Thessalonica,  fnd.,  10253 ;  massacre  at, 
10292;  taken,  10321 ,  2,  10341 . 

Thessaly,  Turk,  subdued,  10241 ;  overrun 
with  Goths,10293;  ceded  to  Gr.,  11593. 

Thessander,  king  of  Thebes,  10133. 

Thetford,  Bishop  Lloyd,  cons.,  10121. 

Theudas  leads  revolt,  killed,  11.533. 

Theudebert,  confined,  killed,  7711 . 

Theuderich,  cruelty  ;  poisoned,  771'. 

Theudewald  executed,  7701 , 

Theudis  reigns,  11263  ;  d.,  (648). 

Theudisela  reigns,  11253. 

Th^venot,  Jean  de,  b.,  6882;  d.,  6903. 

,  Melchisi5dech,  b.,  6863  ;  d.,  6942. 

,  M.,  minister,  7572. 

Thibaud.    (See  Theobald.) 

Thibaudeau,  Comte,  Antoine  Claire  de, 
b.,  7031 ;  d.,  7322. 

Thibaudin,  Gen.,  minister,  7543  ;  resigni, 
7551. 

Thlbaut,  rebels  against  Louis  TIL,  668' . 

,  Anton  F.  J.,  b.,  8041 ;  d.,  8143. 

,  Comte  de  Champagne,  b.-d.,  6702. 

Thibetans  in  Bokhara,  5491 . 

Thibodeaux,  H.  S.,  gov.  La.,  1312. 

Thibron,  leader,  10221 ;  killed,  1022*. 

Thiebault,  Gustave,  murdered,  9671 . 

Thiel,  College  org.,  2722. 

Thien  Tu,  k.,  4811 ;  d.,  4813. 

Thierry,  Am^^e  Simon  Dominique,  b., 
7123  ;  works,  7323,  7331 ;  d.  (1873). 

,  Edouard,  b.  (1813);  d.,  7661 . 

,  Jacques  Nicolas  Augustin,  b.,  710*  ; 

works,  7251,  7283;  d.,  7322. 

I.,  Fred.,  reigns  in  Austrasia,  6652. 

II.,  king;  d.,  6652. 

IV.,  king,  6653. 

Thiers,  Louis  Adolphe,  b.,  7123  ;  -works, 
7251,7292;  ministry, 7273, 7293;  fall ;  ex- 
iled, 7293  ;  returns  from  exile,  7332  ; 
leads  opposition,  7371,3,  7453;  on  de- 
fense committee,  741' ;  diplomatic  mis- 
sion fails  ;  appeals  to  Vienna,  7413;  ne- 
gotiates with  Bismarck,  7433 ;  peace  with 
Ger. ;  pres.  provisional  gov't,  7451 ;  im- 
peached, 7452 ;  issues  decree,  7453 ;  prea. 
Fr.  republic,  7463  ;  advocates  duties ; 
est.  ministry  in  Paris  ;  inaugural,  7472  ; 
resigns,  7473  ;  Republican  leader,  7512  ; 
senator,  7611 ;  d.,  7502. 

Thiersch,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.,  8042;  d., 
8202. 

Thimble  League,  queen  patronizes,  9963. 

Thimbles  made  of  gold,  I6O1 ;  mnt.,  900' . 

Tbimonnier,  inv.  sewing  machine,  7261 . 
Thingralla  collides  with  Oeiser,  8333. 

Thionville,  Ger.,  surrenders  to  Fr.,  682' ; 
taken,  688I ;  bombarded,  7402,  7423  ;  in- 
vested, 7422;  ceded  to  Ger.,  7451 . 

Thirkill,  Lancelot,  explorer,  I61 . 

Thirlwall,  Connop,  bp.,  b.,  9283;  Greece, 
9483  ;  d.  (1875). 

Thirty  dukes  rule,  10313. 

Years'  War,  5101 ;  cause.  Bill;  ends, 

6122,  5132,  7962  ;  all'ects,  7951 . 
Thishe,  asteroid,  dis.  2521 . 
Thistle,  loses  yacht  race,  327*. 

,  crew  murdered,  6I82. 

Tliistle,  order  of,  inst..  8692. 

Thiu,  German  god,  7682. 

Thizy,  cotton-weavers  strike,  7582. 

Thiotse  Heights,  mission,  11053. 

Thode,  Henry,  Der  Ring  des  Frangipani, 
8362. 

Thokore,  of  Marvi.  arrives.  Am.,  4343. 

Tholuck,  Friedrich  August  Gottreu,  b., 
8063;  fnds.  society ;  Christianity  among 
Jews,  813';  d.,  8282. 

Thom,  James,  b.,  9283  ;  d.,  9662. 


Thom-Tici. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        liNlJilfX,        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1427 


Thorn,  John,  impostor,  9491 . 

Thomas,  St.,  apostle,  in  China,  6103. 

,  A.  G.,  pres.  Couven.  Disciples,  3182. 

,  Antoine  L»iouard,  b.  (1732)  ;  works, 

703»,  7052  ;  a.  (1785). 

,  Arthur  L.,  gov.  Utah,  3492. 

,  B.  L.,  cons.  card,  priest,  7022. 

,  Clt^nittnt,  b.  (1809);  gen.;  assassinated, 

7442  ;  murderers  sentenced,  7463. 

■ ,  Col.,  killed  in  duel,  9231 . 

. ,  Count,  acquires  Piedmont,  10793. 

,  Cyrus,  b.,  1322. 

,  Dake  of  Chirence,  gov.  Ire.,  8613. 

,  Earl  of  Elgin.    (See  Bruce.) 

,  Earl  of  Sussex.    (See  Sussex.) 

,  Elisha  Smith,  b.  (1834) ;  cons.  P.  E. 

bp.,  3262,  3742. 

,  Evans,  massacred  by  Indians,  2801 . 

,  Gen.,  at  Constantinople,  10321 . 

,  Sir  George,  b.  (1705+) ;  gov.  Pa.,  652; 

d.  (1775). 

,  George  Henry,  b.,  1242;  commands  in 

liy.,  1982;  at  Mill  Springs,  2022  ;  at  Shi- 
loh,  2061;  at  Murfreesboro,  2171  ;  at 
Milliken's  Bead,  2222;  at  Chickamauga, 
2263  ;  commands  Army  of  Cumberlaml, 
•2271,  2322,  2361;  at  Chattanooga,  2282; 
at  Columbia,  2401 ;  at  Nashville,  2402  ; 
maj..gen.,  U.  S.  A., 2403;  3d  military  dis- 
trict, -2561 ;  d.,  2701 . 

,  »Jas.,  Jr.,  surety  for  Jeff.  Davis,  2563. 

,  Henry  F.,  b.,  1562. 

,  Isaiah,  b.,  662  ;  d.,  1382. 

,  John,  sculptor,  b.,  9363  ;  d.  (1862). 

, ,  missionary,  9263 ;  iulndm,  10443. 

, ,  gen.,    b.,  602  ;    at    Dorchester 

Heights,  821 ;  retreat  from  Quebec ;  d., 
822. 

, L.,  in  p.-o.  dept,  4472;  in  dept.  of 

justice.  4473. 

,  Joseph,  b.,  1163. 

,  Julia  Martha,  murdered,  9843. 

,  Lorenzo,  b.  (1804);  appt.  sec.  war ;  de- 
clared illegal ;  arrested,  bailed,  released, 
2612;  d. (1875). 

,  Philip  F.,b.  (1810);  sec.of  treas.,  1891 ; 

aided  by  banks,  1893  ;  resigns,  1911. 

,  Theodore,  b.,  1442  ;  concerts  in  N.Y., 

2411;  resignation  ordered,  4301;  festival, 
Cincinnati,  4601 . 

— -, Gaillard,  b.,  1382. 

,  William,  W.,  minister,  3613. 

,  W.  R.,  bp.  of  Northern  Mich.,  4162. 

Thoinasius,  Christian,  b.  (1655) ;  Monats- 
gesprache,  799^ ;  d.  (1728). 

Tuomasville,  Ga.,  train  robbery,  4631 . 

,  N.  C,  Female  Coll.  org.,  1783  j  Bapt. 

Orpliauage  fnd.,  3231 . 

Thomists  appear,  8542. 

Thompson,  Gen.  Alex.  Ramsay,  k.,  1441 . 

,  Alfred  Wordsworth,  b.,  1522. 

,  Arthur  J.,  Animal  Life^  4782. 

,  A.  M.,  uom.  for  vice-pre8.,305i ;  pres. 

vote,  3072. 

,  Sir  August  Rivers,  d.,  10O42. 

,  Benjamin,  Poems  oA  39i . 

,  Sir ,  Comit  Ruiiiford,  b.,  68»,  9123; 

water  boils  by  friction,  9282  ;  medal 
awarded,  9301 ;  Tory  officer,  943;  ambas- 
sador, 4473;  d.,  l'2.3i. 

,  Capt.,  at  Warrensburg,  2051 . 

,  Cephas  Giovanni,  b.,  1162;  d.  (1888). 

,  Charles,  b.,  602  ;  d.,  1321 . 

, Powlett,  gov.-gen.  Can.,  5793. 

,  Daniel  Pierce,  b.,  1061 ;  d.,  2G21 . 

,  Denman,  b.,  1421 , 

,  Edward,  b.  (1810) ;  ord.  Metb.  Epis. 

bp.,  2332;  d.  (1870). 

,  Eliza  J.,  pres.  Woman's  CruBad6,283i . 

,  Frederick  D.,  At  Sea,  4482. 

,  Sir  Henry,  b.  (1820);  originates  Prayer 

Gauge  debate,  9762. 

,  Hugh  .Miller,  b.  (1830) ;  cons.  bp. ,  312*. 

, S.,  gov.  S.  C,  3132  ;  Civil  Service 

commission,  3512. 

,  Jacob,  b.  (181<)) ;  sec.  int.,  1831 ;  re- 
signs, 1911 ;  gov.  Mfiss.,  2173;  reward  for 
capture,  2473  ;  amnesty  refused,  2912  : 
d.,3202. 

,  Rev.  James,  suspended.  Can.,  592t. 

,  Gen.  Jeff.   C,   at  Ironton,  Mo. ;  at 

Fredericktown ;  at  Big  River  Bridge, 
2001 ;  east  of  Helena,  2103  ;  captured, 
2261 ;  surrenders,  2463. 

,  Jerome,  b.,  1232  ;  d.  (1886). 

,  Sir  John  S.  D.,  arbitrator  4252  ;  min. 

justice,  5931 ;  R.  C.  public  schools,  6942  ; 
premier,  6951  a  ;  cabinet  fmd.,  6952  ;  d., 
£961. 


Thompson,  Joseph,  expedition  for  E.  Air,, 

6612. 

, Parrish,  b.,  1281 ;  d.  (1879). 

,  Launt,  b.,  1421 ;  in  Academy  Design, 

2171;  d.  4721. 

,  Sir  Matthew  W.,  d.,  1006*. 

,  Maurice,  b.,  1562. 

,  M.  L.  P.,  moderator,  1842. 

,  Mr.,  photographs  bottom  of  sea,  9642. 

,  Richard   Wigginton,  b.  (1809) ;    sec. 

navy,  2953  ;  resigns,  3052. 
,  Robt.  Ellis,  b.  (1814) ;  Life  of  George 

H.  Stuart,  3743. 
,  Smith,  b.,  741 ;  sec.  navy,  1292  ;  jus- 
tice U.S.  Supreme  Court,  1313;  d.(1843). 

,  Thomas  L.,  minister,  4473. 

,  Waddy,  b.  (1798) ;  d.,  2041 . 

,  Wm.,  lord  mayor,  London,  Mia. 

, ,  bp.,  9583;  archbp.,  9663. 

, P.,  for  gov.  Me.,  3632. 

,  Wordsworth,  Acad.  Design,  2861 . 

,  smoke-consmning  furnace,  9941 . 

Thompsonville,  111.,  farmers  boycott  the 

merchants,  3891. 
Thoms,  William  John,  b.,  9323;  d.  (1885). 
Thomson,  Chas.,  b.  (1729);  sec.  Continental 

Cong.,  792,  812;  d.  (1824). 

, L.,  moderator,-3322,  3402. 

,  James,  poet,  b.  9022  ;  works,  9071 , 

9131;  d.,  9122. 

, ,  engineer,  b.,  9382;  works,  9791 . 

— -,  Sir  William,  b.,  9422;  d.,  10042. 
Thongze  niission,  10472. 
Thorbecke,  Jan  Rudolph,  b.-d.,  11021 . 
Thoreau,  Henry  D.,  b.,  1262;  works,  1763, 

2253,  2412,  2503  ;  d.,  2072. 
Thorinum,  discovered,  11361 . 
Thorn,  W.  Prus.,  fnd.,781i ;  treaty  at,  7872; 

religious  riot,  8003. 
,  Poland,  Protestants  are  persecuted, 

11143. 

Thornburn,  Grant,  b.  (1773);  d.,  2291 . 

Thornbury,  Pa.,  first  iron  mill,  66i . 

,  Majy  k.  at  Milk  Creek,  Colo.,  3021 . 

Thornohffe,  riot  and  strike,  9731 . 

Thorncreek,  Pa.,  oil-well  sunk,  3181 . 

Thorndike,  Rachel  Sherman,  Zieiiers,  4782. 

Thome,  Edwin  F.,  b.,  1581 . 

,  Robert,  explorer,  5701 . 

Thornhill,  ^ir  James,  b.,  8942 ;  opens 
Academy  of  Art,  9061 ;  d.,  9082. 

Thornton,  Ark.,  race-war,  4162. 

.  Capt.,  attacked  on  Rio  Grande,  1601 . 

,  Sir  Edward,  b.  (1817);  proposes  joint 

commission,  2732. 

,  Samuel,  elected  bp.,  9803. 

,  W.  T.,  gov.  N.  Mex.,  4472. 

Thorold,  AJithony  Wilson,  cons,  bp.,9803. 

, ,  elected  bp.,  9803;  cons,  bp., 

10062. 

Thorolf  in  Iceland,  10412. 

Thoroughfare  Gap,  Va.,  Federals  occupy, 
2061;  Confederates  capture,  2142, 

Thorp,  William,  gov.  Del.,  1613. 

Thorpe,  Benjamin,  b.,  9343  ;  d.,  9742. 

,  John  T.,  lord  mayor,  9393. 

,  Rt)bert,  voyage,  8662. 

,  William  de,  hanged,  8591. 

Thorp's  Springs,  Tex.,  Add-Rau  Christian 
Coll.  org.,  2823. 

Thorrismund,  reigns,  11253. 

Thorstien,  on  New  England  coast,  112. 

Thorvaldsen,  Albert,  b.,  6382  ;  d.,  6403; 
statue.  New  York,  4741 . 

Thorwald,  visits  New  Eng. ;  avenges  in- 
sult; explorations  extended,  112. 

Thou,  Jacques  Auguste  de,  b.,6822;  work, 
6871;  d.,  6862. 

T'houry,  Germans  defeated,  7403. 

Thousand  Islands,  Can.,  sold,  5962. 

Park,  Miss.  Union,  5843. 

Years'  Jubilee,  celebrated,  8163. 

Thouvenel,  Edouard  Antoine,  b.,  7223  ; 
minister,  7352;  resigns,  7353  ;  d.,  7362. 

Thothmes  I.,  married,  6483 ;  conquests, 
(y49i ;  worships  Amnion,  6482. 

11.  reigns  (Egy.),  6491. 

III.  reigns  (Egy.),  6492  ;   conquests, 

6481 ;  clironologv  of  kings,  0483. 

IV.  reigns  (Eiy.),  6492. 

Thoweynee,  killed,  4883. 

Thrace  conquered,  lOlCi,  10241;  settled, 
11.511;  coast  subdued,  10101;  Greek  colo- 
nies in,  10193  ;  Athenian  empire  over- 
thrown, 10213;  invaded,  10241,  i032i ; 
tributary,  10252;  ceded  to  Philip  V., 
10273  ;  (ioths  overrun,  10293,  11541 ;  rav- 
aged, 10301,  10321;  Lysiinachus  rules, 
11491 ;  Turks  in,  10362;  rebellion,  11613  ; 


subdued,  10021;  Rom  province  10032, 
11513;  concjuered,  11542. 

Thracian  Chersonese  conquered,  10223  ; 
possession  dispute,  10233 

Thrasybulus  rules,  expelled,  10193  :  com- 
mander. 10203;  atMunychia,  1022) ;  over- 
throws Thirty  Tyrants,  10232;  d.,  10231. 

Thrax,  Maximin  us, expels  Alemanni, 10641. 

Thread,  cotton  sewing  miii,  1042. 

Three  Rivers,  Can.,  battle  of,  5761;  R.  C. 
diocese  est.,  6802;  farmers  pay  tithes, 
6902. 

Threshing-machine  invented,  9081    9202. 

Thrift  Society,  Nat.,  fnd.,  9843. 

Thring,  Baron,  title  created,  9963. 

Throckmorton,  James  Webb,  b.  (182S) ; 
gov.  Tex.,  2553,  removed,  2591. 

Throop,  Enos  Thompson,,  b.  (1784) ;  goT. 
N.  y;,  1373. 

Polytechnic  Inst,  est.,  Pasadena,  Cal. 

(1891). 

Thncydides,  b.-d.,  10191;  leader;  ban- 
ished; Pelopoimesian  fFar,  10212. 

Thumb,  Tom.  (See  Stratton,  Charlaa 
Sherwood). 

ThUmmel,  Moritz  August,  b,  (1738):  Wil- 
helmine,  8032;  d.  (1817). 

Thunberg,  Karl  Peter,  b.  <!.,  11342. 

Thunderer,  launched,  974' :  explosion  on, 
9801,9841. 

Thundering  Legion  escapes,  10641, 

Thurber,  H.  J.,  sec.  to  Cleveland,  425». 

Thureau-Dangin,  Paul  Louis,  Academl* 
cian,  7561, 

Thurgau  canton.  Act  Mediation  11382. 

Thurii,  fnd.,  10193;  refnd.,  10212;  captured, 
10281. 

Thuringia,  Ger.,  separate  from  Sax.,  78B*. 

Thurloe,  John,  b.,  8801 ;  d.  (1668). 

Thurlow,  Baron,  title  created,  925». 

,  Baron  Edward,  b.,  9082;  lord  chano., 

9213,9233;  minister.  9233;  d.,  9331. 

Thurman,  Allen  G.,  b.,  1211 ;  on  Commit- 
tee of  Seven,  2933;  on  Electoral  Com- 
mission, 2951 ;  pres.  senate,  3013,  3033; 
conven.  vote,  3051;  vote  for  vice-pres., 
3173 ;  nom.  for  pres.,  3311 ;  birthday  cel- 
ebration, 3712. 

Thurn,  Count  Heinrich  Matthias  von,  b. 
(1580);  at  Vienna,  6101 5  d.  (1636  4-). 

Thurot,  Franf  ois,  b.  (1727) ;  invades  Ire- 
land ;  Isle  of  Man  ;  killed,  702 1. 

Thursby,  Emma,  b.,  1821, 

Thurston,  Asa,  b.  (1787);  miss.,  1263;  d. 
(1868). 

,  Gates  P.,  works,  3962. 

,  Loriu  A.,  Hawaiian  minister,  4312. 

,  Robert  Henry,  b.  (1839) ;  works,  478». 

Thury,  Cassini  de.    (See  Cassini.) 

Thusnelda,  asteroid,  discovered,  6282, 

Thwaites,  Reuben  Gold,  b.  (1863);  Colo- 
nies, 3962. 

Thymactes  reigns,  10133. 

Thymbra,  battle  at,  11461. 

Thynne,  Thomas,  murdered,  8961. 

Thyra,  asteroid,  discovered,  2741. 

,  Princess,  Den.,  marries,  642». 

Ti,  tomb  of,  6461 . 

Tiago,  explosion  on,  3633. 

Tiben,  synod  of  Armenian  bishops,  10711 , 

IVier  captures  Leo,  1231 . 

Tiber  River,  floating  mills  on,  10702;  over- 
flows, 10882;  improvements;  inunda- 
tion, 10893. 

Tiberias,  Pal.,  Christians  defeated  at,487»; 
mission,  11582. 

,  Lake,  crusaders  defeated,  664^. 

Tiberius,  Alex.,  procurator,  11533. 

,  Claudius  Nero  Caisar,  b.  d.,  10603;  re- 
sides at  Rhodes,  11513;  emperor,  7691, 
10632;  est.  Roman  power  in  Ger. ,  7Cyi ; 
associate  ruler,  10313;  against  Suevi ; 
in  Aust.,  10621;  power  of;  retires  to 
Capri ;  sent  to  Armenia,  10632, 

11.  reigns,  10313. 

,  usurper,  degraded,  10312. 

Tibet,  subdued,  G121;  Buddhism  prevails, 
6123;  .Jesuits  enter,  6143j  annexed  to 
Ind.,  6151,3;  earthquake,  627',-  Fort  ol 
Lingtu  captured,  9981 . 

Tibni,  reigns;  k.,  11433. 

Tibullus,  book  of  poems,  10614. 

Tibur,  villa  erected,  10642. 

Tlchborne  trial  begins,  9762. 

Tichenor,  Isaac,  b.  (1764);  gov.  Vt.,  109', 
1153;  d.  (1838). 

Tichi  enthroned,  6111 . 

Ticino,  Switz.,  fortifications,  625*;  canton 
joins  Act  Mediation,  11382. 


1428 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Tick-Tole. 


Tlokell,  Thomas,  b.,  8962;  d.,  9103. 
Tickets  of  leave  granted,  G.  B.,  9G11 . 
Tloknor,  George,  b.,  1022;   works,  1663, 

2272:  d.,2721. 
Ticonderoga,  N.  Y.,  fortified,  682,  701 ; 
ambuscade;  battle,  702;  surrendered  to 
Allen,  80^ ;  Continental  army  at ;  Schuy- 
ler leaves,  802;  celebration,  3832. 
Tide-mills  in  Venice,  10741 . 
Tides  explained,  7041 ,  7921 . 
Tidningar  om  den  Lardas  Arheten  issued, 

H351. 
Tid8»krift for  Ziiteratur  eg Kritici:^J>en., 

6391. 
TidssleriflfdrLifteratur.S-we.,issuei,n362. 
Tleck,  Cfiristian  Friedrich,  b.,  8042;  d., 
8181. 

,  LuQwig,  b.,8041;  works,  8071,  8091, 

8132,8151;  d.,8201. 
Tiedge,  Christoph  August,  b.,  8032;  Ura- 
nia, SOri^;  d.,  8162. 
Tieling  mission,  6222. 
Tiemann,  Daniel  N.,  mayor  N.  Y.,  1852. 
Tien,  worship  of,  6163. 

Tsin,  treaty  with  China  signed,  1851 ; 

treaty  signed,  4812,  4831,  9632;  treaty 
ratified,  4832;  expedition  at,  6183;  mis- 
sion, 6203,  6222,  6231,  6243;  occupied, 
6201 ;  mob  massacres  missionaries, 6212±; 
treaty  supplement,  6213;  treaty  vio- 
lated, 6221 ,  7341 ;  hospital  started,  6231 ; 
submerged,  6242;  K.  B.  opens,  6253; 
troops  ordered,  6262;  consuls  seek  pro- 
tection, 6272,3. 

Wang,  northern  march,  6I8I . 

Tierney,  George,  b.  (1761) ;  In  duel,  9272; 

minister,  9433;  d.  (1S30). 
Tierra  de  Santo  Cruz,  named,  5531 . 

Pirma,  province  formed,  6283. 

Tiersot,  Julian,  works,  7602. 
Tietjen,  F.,  discovers  asteroid,  8221 , 
TIternum,  action  at,  10522. 
Tiffany,  Louis  Comfort,  b.  (1848) ;  Acad- 
emy of  Design,  3061 . 

,  O.  H.,  clergyman,  d.,  3941 . 

Tiffin, O.,  Heidelberg  Coll.  fnd.,1683;  show- 
er of  snails,  3881. 

.Edward,    b.   (1776);    gov.,    1132;    d. 

(1829). 
Tiflis,  built,  11132;  capital,  11173. 
TigellinuB,  adviser  of  Nero,  10633. 
Tiger,  Indian  trader,  29 1 . 

,  ashore,  9581 . 

Tiglathinin  reigns,  11413. 
Tiglath-Pileser  I.,  victories, 11421 ;  builder, 
11422;  reigns,  11432. 

II.  reigns,  11433. 

III.,  reigns,  11452;  expeditions  of; 

ally  of  Ahaz,  11441 ;  art  patron,  11442; 
captivity  of  Jews,  11443. 
Tigranes  1.,  reigns,  11472;  annexes  Syria  to 
Armenia,  11511;  ravages  Cappadocia, 
11501 ;  war  on,  10582,  10591 ;  submits  to 
Pompey,  10582,  11501 ;  aggressions  of, 
10591. 

II.,  enthroned,  11511 ,3. 

III.,  governor  Syria,  11513. 

IV.,  king  of  Armenia,  11513. 

Tigranocerta,  battle  at,  10582, 11501 . 
Tigress  rescue  of  Polaris  exped.,  2801 . 
Tijdsc/iri/l  voor  Nederlandscti  /ntfi€  issued, 

11022. 
T^jdstroom  issued,  11022. 
Tiki  seizes  throne,  611 1 . 
Tiklat-Adar  II.  reigns,  11433. 
Tikou,    est.     schools,    6102;    enthroned, 

6111. 
Tilbury  lost,  9141 . 

Tilden,  Samuel  Jones,  b.,  1232;  gov.  N.Y., 
2872;   nom.  for  pres.,  2931;  vote,  2932, 
3051 ;  electoral  vote,  2952;  declines  can- 
didacy, 3051;  d.,3241. 
Tilford,  Tenn.,  Federals  defeated,  2262. 
Tilghman,  B.  C,  inv.  of  sand-blast,  2721 . 

,  William,  b.,  711 ;  d.,  1342. 

Tilikot,  battle  of,  10422. 

Till  Eulenspiegel  stories  appear,  7871 . 

Tillemont,  Sebastieu  Le  Nain  de,  b.,  6882; 

work,  6951 ;  d.,  6943. 
Tilley,  Sir  S.  L.,  governor  N.  B.,  5831 . 
Tillman,  Benj.  Kyan,  nom.  for  gov.  S.  C, 
3552,3691 ;  gov., 3751 , 4212; senator, 477*. 

,  James  P.,  in  trea«.  dept.,  4472. 

Tilloch,  Mr.,  stereotyping,  9202. 
Tillotson,  John,  b.,  8822;  archbp.  Canter- 
bury, 8983;  d.,  9002. 
Tilly,  Count  of  (Johann   Tserclaes),  b., 
7922;    commands    Catholics,    5101 ;     in 
Thirty  Years'  War,  794i ;  d.,  7943. 


Tilsit,  Prus.,  peace  of,  7172. 

Tilton,  N.  H.,  Suldierfs'  Home  est.,  3511 . 

,  Theo.,  b.  (1835);  against Beecher ,2843. 

,  W.  S.,  d.,3382. 

Tinia  mission,  6571 . 
Timanthes,  b.,  10263. 

of  Cythnos,  b.,  10231 . 

Timber,  growth  encouraged,  285',  3012, 
3552,3691. 

reserves,  Manitoba,  5963. 

Timble,  Allen,  d.,  2682. 
Timbuctoo,  Fr.  expelled  ;  occupied,  101 ; 
column  annihilated,  103,7661 ;  occupied, 
7652;  independent,  10972. 
Time  ball,  placed,  N.  Y.,  1902;  electric,  set 
up,  Eng.,  9602. 

keeper,  John  Harrison's  used,  9161 . 

pieces  produced,  9081 . 

Times,  est.,  9231 ,  9251 ;  trial,  9972;  Parnell 

Commission  reports,  10032. 
Timmerman,  Claus,  sentenced,  4381 . 
Timoleon,  reigns,  10532;  d.,  10243. 
Timotbeus,  destroys  Spartan  fleet,  10222; 

commands  Athenians,  10223. 
Timothy  stoned,  11532. 
Timotliy,  Epistle  to,  written,  11532. 
Timour,  or  Timur,  captures  Bajazet, 11121 ; 

saves  Greek  empire;  10352. 
Timrod,  Henry,  b.  (1829) ;  Poems,  I88I ;  d. 

(1867). 
Timsah,  Lake,  channel  from  Mediterra- 
nean, 6573. 
Timur  Shah,  reigns, 51 ;  d.,43. 
Tin,  dis.  in  S.  Dak.,  3141 ;  in  Tex.,  3381 ; 
in  Mex.,  11973;  production  Am.,  4252; 
duties,  4253. 

plate  Bill,  4111 ,  4252. 

industry,    increase,   4172;    mills 

closed,  4733. 
Tinchebray,  Fr.,  battle  of ,  668I . 
Ting,  Admiral,  degraded,  6272. 

Ang,  a  convert,  6191 , 

Wang  enthroned,  6II2. 

Tinghai,  bombarded  ;  taken,  6102; 
Tlngitana,  Roman  province,  10632. 
Tinmore,  action  at.  8442. 
Timievelli,  India,  Bp.  Elwes  cons.,  1012' ; 

mission,  10462, 
Tinning  of  iron  Intro.,  Eng.,  8941 . 
Tinsley's  Magazine  issued,  9702. 
Tintoretto,  Jacopo  Kobusti,  b.,  IO8O2 ;  d. 

(1594). 
Tinware  mfg.  in  colonies,  761 . 
Tioga,  N.  Y.,  patriots  succeed,  903. 
Tip,  elephant,  killed,  4613, 
Tipolitza  taken,  10342, 
Tippecanoe,  Ind.,  battle  of,  116'. 
Tippermuir,  Scot.,  action  at,  8842. 
Tippling  Acts  passed,  Eng.,  879' . 
Tippoo  Sahib,  b.-d.,  10443;  attacks  Eajah 
Travancore  ;   conquered,  10442  ;  sultan 
of  Mysore;  treaty  with  Eng.,  10453. 

Tib,  letter  to,  5462  ;  meets  Stanley, 

8381 ;  paralyzed,  5633. 
Tipton,  Ind.,  gas-well  struck,  3681 . 
Tirant  lo  'Blanche  appears,  11271 . 
Tirard,  Pierre  Emmanuel,  minister,  7532, 
3,  7543,  757',  7651,  2;    premier;   new 
ministry,  7572;  d.,  7661. 
Tirhakah  vanquished;  6501 ;   aids  Heze- 
kiab,  6502  ;  defeated  by  Sennacherib, 
11442  ;    takes    Memphis,    6501 ;   reigns, 
Egy.,  6511. 
Tiridates  II.,  enthroned,  Armenia  ;  ex- 
pelled, 11533  ;  restored,  10633, 11533. 
Tirleinont,  Belg.,  French  defeat,  6961 , 
Tirloch,  King,  d,,  8482, 
Tirman,  Louis,  governor  ;  retires,  102. 
Tirnova,   Bulg.,  captured,   6651 ;   against 
ministry  ;  Alex,  arrives  ;  Nat.  Assembly 
meets,  6663  :  manifesto  issued,  6673. 
Tirsa,  asteroid,  discovered,  7561 . 
Tiryns,  Gr.,  walls  erected,  10141 , 
Tischendorff,   Lobegott    Friedrich    Kon- 
stantin  von,  b.,  8103;  dis.  Codex  Sinaiti- 
CMS,  8162;  d.,  8281. 
Tisdale,  John  A.,  shot,  3963, 
Tissaphernes,  Persian   satrap,    10221 ;    k, 

(396+  B.C.). 
Tissot,  John  M.,  cons,  bp.,  9681 , 

,  Pierre  Francois,  b.,  7042;  d.,  7322, 

,  Simon  Auguste  Andre,  b,-d,,  11372, 

Tisza  von  Borosjeno,  Koloman,  b.  (1820) ; 
premier,  6293  ;  ministry  reorganized  ; 
ministry  resigns.  531',  5333;  Army  Bill, 
5321;  assassination  plot,  6323;  abused; 
vindicated,  5332. 
Titania,  America  outsails,  1693. 
Titans,  revolt  of,  10131 . 


Tithe  Commutation  Act  passes,  9492. 
Tithes  abolished,  Fr.,7073;  imposed,  Ger.. 
7702;  compulsory,  Eng.,  8442;  collected, 
8451;  for  church,  8462, 
Ttian,  Tziano  Vecellio,  b,,  10783  ;  works 

of,  10801;  d,,  10811, 
Titicaca,  Lake,  battle  near,  22' ,  550' . 
Titres  de  la  Dynastie  Imp^riale,  Les,  7383, 
Tittmann,  Johann  A.,  b.,  804' ;  d.,  8142, 
Titus,  Epistle  to,  written,  11532. 

,  Flavins  Sabinus  Vespasianus,  b.-d., 

10622  ;  emperor,  10633  ;  against  Jews, 
10621;  takes  Jerusalem,  10621,  11502, 
11511;  Triumphal  Arch  erected,  10622; 
destroys  Temple,  Jerusalem,  10623 ; 
assassmated,  10633. 

,  Col.,  captured;  exchanged,  1811 . 

,  Col.,  Killing  no  Murder,  8893, 

,  James,  killed  T,  Smith,  3263, 

Titusviile,  Pa.,  petroleum  dis,,  1853, 
Tiverton,  R.  I.,  Bapt.  church  fmd.,  262. 
Tly  enthroned,  6II2,  6131 . 
TiYuen  enthroned,  6113, 
Tizoc  enthroned,  133  ;  d.,  122, 
Tlascalon  conquered,  18 1 . 
Tlem?en  captured  by  French,  82,  3. 
Tobacco,    Am.,    cultivation,    281,    6313; 
currency,  292,  302;  exported,  311,  713  ; 
monoply,  312h  ;  duty  on,  483  ;  church 
revenue,  543;  legal  tender,  632;  fine  cut 
mnf.,  1461 ;  internal  revenue  tax,  3013  j 
prohibited  in  West  Point  Military  Acad., 
3073;  sale  of  tobacco  restricted.  Conn., 
3363;  denounced  by  Ger.  Baptists,  3403; 
trust  fmd.,  3413  ;    largest   crop,  3933  ; 
intro.,  Eng.;  proclamation  against,  8772: 
cultivation  restricted,  8973  ;  prohibited 
to   preachers,    9163  ;     cultivation   per- 
mitted, 9953;  consumption  of,  9993;  con- 
sumption in  Rus.,  11213  ;  Intro,  in  Sp., 
11281. 

Act  approved,  3773  ;  T.  Rebate  Bill, 

3732, 
Tobasco,  Mex,,  bombarded,  I601 , 
Tobago,  W.  I.,  settled,  373  ;   taken  ;  re- 
taken,  441 ;    recovered    by   Fr.,   7053  ; 
neutral,  072, 
Tobitschau,  Aust.-Hung.,  action  at,  526' . 
To-Cheng,  mission,  6203, 
Tocqueville,  Alexis  Charles  Henri  Cl^rel 

de,  b.,  7163;  works,  727', 7331 ;  d.,  7342. 
Tocuyo  settled,  1160' . 
Tod,  David,  b.  (1805) ;  gov.  O.,  2173  ;  d. 

(1868). 
Todd,  John,  b.,  1082;  d.,  282' . 

,  Mabel  Looinis,  Eclipses  of  Sun,  4783. 

,  Maj.,  declines  colonelcy,  588' . 

,  Mary,  marries  A.  Lincoln,  1551 . 

,  Robert  Bentley,  b.,  9361 . 

,  Thomas  b.,  74i ;  justice,  1162. 

Todd's    Tavern,    Va.,    Confederates   de- 
feated, 2323, 
Todgarth  mission,  KH83. 
Todleben    (or    Totleben),    Count    Franz 
Eduard  b.,  11163;  at  Plevna,  promoted, 
5652  ,  commands,  5661 ;  d.,  11201 . 
Toebbe,  Augustus  Mary,  d.,  3162. 
Togrel  (or  Togrul)  Beg,  elected  sultan, 
11552;  conquers  Persia,  4872;  rules  Per- 
sia, 11072. 
Togugawa  rises  to  power ;  shoguns  rule; 

titles,  10913. 
Togus  Springs,  Me.,  soldiers'  home,  2551 , 
Tokar,  Nubia,  sui-renders,  660' ;  taken, 

6603. 
Tokav,  Hung.,  fire,  5353, 
Tokoly,  Emfle,  prince  Transylvania,  5133. 
Tokolyi,  Emeric,  Protestant  leader,  5122, 
Tokyo,  Jap.,  missions  at,  1092' ;  Biblical 
Inst.  est. ;  library  fnd. ;  mission  work  ; 
native  church  est.;  univ.  est.,  10922' 
Viscount    Armori    assassinated  ;    food 
scarce,  10923 ;  capital,  10931 ;  ambassador 
from  China,  6273, 
Tola  reigns,  11431 , 
Toland,  Jolm,  b.,  8922;  d.  (1722). 
Tolbia«um  Zulpich,  battle  at,  6622. 
Toledo,  la..  Western  College  org.,  I8O2. 

,  O.,  Nat.  Greenback   Conven.,  299'; 

Dr.  Quigley  suspended,  3423  j  earth- 
quake, 360'  ,  374 1 ;  railway  accident,  3953 ; 
bribery  in  Common  Council,  4103,  4182; 
electric  wires  cut,  421 1 ;  R.  R.  men  with 
strikers,  4262  ;  R.  R,  boycotts  illegal, 
4282;  cadets  start  for  Chicago,  4342;  fire, 
4493,  4773;  R,  R,  strike,  4653. 

,  Sp,,  chm'ch  council,  11252  ;  capital, 

Sp.,  11253;  conquered;  taken,  11261; 
archbp.,  primate  of  Sp.,  11263 ;  uni». 


Tole-Towl. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1429 


fnd.,  1127  <;  annexed  by  Ferdinand, 
11273. 

Toledo,  Francisco  de,  b.-d.,  1128»  j  vice- 
roy. 25'. 

,  Pedro  de,  b.-d.,  11263. 

Tolentino,  battle  at,  620< , 

Tolerance  granted  by  emp.,  Tt.,'1085*. 

Toleration  in  N.  Eng.,  362;  denied;  in 
Flushing,  N.  Y.,  363;  in  Del. ;  in  B.  1., 
38»,  422  ;  in  Md.,  382  ;  in  New  Amster- 
dam, 40<;  inN.  Y.,482,492;  inN.0.,523; 
in  N.  J. ;  in  Pa.,  542  ;  in  Hung.,  5163  ; 
edict  of,  6543,  7062,  gOBi;  granted  by 
Henry  IV.,  Fr.,  6853 ;  to  Huguenots,  687  < ; 
in  Fr.,  6892,  7062  ;  to  Lutherans,  6923  ; 
forbidden  Huguenots,  C943;  to  Vaudois, 
6951 ;  principles  prevail,  7032;  to  Protes- 
tants in  Bavaria,  7913;  in  Ger.,  7923, 
797< ;  to  Protestants,  7923;  edict  of,805< ; 
to  Waldenses,  8883 ;  recommended,  G.B., 
8902;  to  Dissenters,  90<53 ;  to  all  religions, 
11173  ;  prohibited,  11202  ;  to  Catholics, 
11222  ;  decreed,  11303  ;  in  Sp..  11322  ;  ex- 
tended Swe.,  1136^ ;  Act  passes,  Chile, 
6072,  8982, 8992. 

Toliekoua  rules  Mongols'  gov.,  615* . 

Tolland,  John,  at  Wytheville,  226'  j  raid 
in  \V.  Va.,'226'. 

Toll-bars  appear,  Bn^.,  8553. 

ToUemache,  Baron,  title  created,  975' . 

Tollens,  Heiidrik,  b.  (1780),  Winter  in  Nova 
Zembla,  11022;  d.  (1856). 

ToUigungo  mission,  1047*. 

ToUiver,  Craig,  killed,  327'. 

Tolly,  Marshal  Barclay  de,  at  Smolensk, 
7182;  leaves  Vilna,  7182. 

Tolosa,  Sp.,  action  at,  1132' . 

.    (See  Toulouse.) 

Tolosa^  asteroid,  discovered,  748' . 

TolstoV,  Count  Alexil  Konstantinovitch, 
b.,  11163;  works,  11183;  d.,  11182. 

,  Count  Dmitri,  b.,  11163  ;    minister, 

11213;  d.,  1120>. 

,  Count  Lyeif,  or  Lyoff,  Nikolaievioh, 

b.,  11163  ;  Kreutzer  Hottata  excluded, 
3612;  works,  11183. 

Toltec  empire  est.;  fall  of,  113. 

Toltecan  family  in  Peru,  Hex.,  and 
Bogota,  152. 

ToItecB  invade  Mex.,  11' ;  clTilizatlon,  112; 
decay, 152. 

Toman  Bey,  sultan,  6553. 

Tomich,  Ptee,  work,  1127'. 

Tomline,  George,  bp.  of  Winchester,  b., 
9123;  bp.,9383;  d.  (1827). 

Tomliuson,  Gideon,  b.  (1780) :  gov.  Conn., 
1353;  d.  (1854). 

Tomo-chioni,  present  to  Gov.  Oglethorpe, 
631. 

Tompion,  Thomas,  invents  escapement, 
900'. 

Tompkins,  Charles  H.,  b.  (1830) ;  military 
cummi.ssioner,  2472;  col.,  306' . 

,  Daniel  D.,  b.,  78' ;  gov.  N.  Y.,  1152; 

electoral  vote,  1252,  1292  ■  vice-pres., 
1202;  d.,  1322. 

Toms  River,  N.  J.,  blockhouse  taken,  94*. 

Tonawanda,  N.  Y.,  riot,  408»  ;  troops 
ordered,  432' ;  strike,  4323. 

Tone,  Theobald  Wolfe,  b.  9162;  captured, 
9282;  suicide,  9292;  d.,9283. 

Tonga  Islands,  Brit,  protection,  10052. 

Tonghaks  attack  Itoshin,  627' . 

Tongking  (see  Annam,  text  pp.  480-483), 
annexed  to  China  as  a  province ;  only 
tributary  state,  6152  ;  defense  of,  622' ; 
Fr.  conquer,  6232 ;  evacuation  de- 
manded ;  Fr.  recognized,  6233 ;  telegraph 
complete,  6253  ;  subdued,  748'  ;  Fr. 
credit ;  protectorate  threatened,  755' ; 
Fr.  garrison  overcome,  760' ;  pirate 
stronghold  captured,  762 ' ;  pirates  attack 
Fr.,766'. 

Toniataba,  E.  I.,  captured,  1008' . 

Tonic  Sol-fa  Asso.  founded ;  est.,  9582. 

Tonnage  dues  abolished,  Fr.,  7372 ; 
gr.anted  to  Eng.,  8912;  repealed,  9252. 

Tonti  on  Mississippi  River,  5733. 

— — ,  Lorenzo,  b.,  10823. 

,  Order  of,  assignment,  4613. 

Too-Fuku-no-in,  succeeds  to  throne,10913. 

Tooke,  .John  Home,  b.,  9082;  work,  925' : 
d.,  9363. 

Toole,  Jos.  K.,  nom.  for  gov.,  345';  gov. 
Montana,  3492. 

Too-le,  Mongol  leader,  614' . 

Tooloonide,  dynasty  overthrown,  11552. 

Toombs,  Robert,  b.,  1162;  on  Committee 
of  33,  1892;    denounces  Lincoln,  191'; 


sec.  State,  1913;  exposes  Confederacy, 
2273;  amnesty  refused,  2812;  d.,  3202. 

Toomey,  Michael,  d.,  182' . 

Toorkee,  guerilla  bands,  488' . 

Toosoon  Pasha,  against  Wahabis;  at  Me- 
dina, 6562. 

Tooth,  Rev.  A.  H.,  inhibited,  9803. 

To{>eka,  Kan.,  Free-State  conven.;  Con- 
stitution, 179';  legislature  meets,  1792, 
181';  Free-State  legislature  org.;  dis- 
persed, 1812;  Washburn  Coll.  org.,  2502; 
colored  conven.  at,  251',  2672;  Capital 
issued,  2662  •  Farmers'  Cong,  meets, 
3313;  state  (Jonven.  against  whisky  in- 
vasion,36£3;  injunction  against  original 
packages,  3043;  Pros.  Harrison  at,  370' ; 
original  package  agent  sentenced,  3852; 
Republicans  vs.  Populists;  political 
compromise,  4242;  Republicans  hold 
Representatives  Hall,  425' ;  M.  E.  Lease 
in  Charities  Board,  4512. 

Topelius,  Zucharias,  b.,  11163. 

Topiltzin  Ceacatl  Quetzalcoatl,  est.  cap- 
ital, 113. 

Toplady,  Augustus  Montagu,  Bock  of 
Aqe.t,  hymn,  921' . 

Toplitz,  sovereigns  meet  at,  8212. 

Topographical  Society  fnd.,  Lond.,  986' . 

Topsham,  Eng..  canal  at,  8953. 

Tordenskjold,  Peter,  b.,  6363;  d.,  638'. 

Torebio,  St.,  archbp.,  b.  (1534);  at  Lima, 
242;  d.  (1606). 

Toreno,  Jos^  Maria  Queypo  de  Llano  Ruiz 
de  Savaria,  b.-d.,  11302. 

Torgau,  Prus.,  allies  possess,  7212;  Prot- 
estant alliance  at,  7893;  besieged;  re- 
taken; surrenders,  810' ;  Frederick  vic- 
torious at,  6162,  802' , 

Tories,  punishment  of,  783;  named,  79'; 
arrest  urged,  813;  measures  against, 
83' ;  banished;  leave  Pbila.,893;  against 
Mass.,  893,  913;  defeated  in  N.  C,  93' ; 
in  Eng.,  972. 

Tornado,  at  Natchez,  150' ;  In  Me.,  170' , 
392';  obstructs  P.  &  C.  R.  R.,  174';  in 
Phila.,  178';  in  111.,  la.,  186' ;  Mo.,  Kan-, 
Neb.,  300';  Rochester,  Minn.,  314' ;  Buf- 
falo, 332' ;  St.  Cloud,  Minn.;  in  O.,  3222; 
Lockport,  N.  Y.;  Reading,  Pa.,  332'; 
N.  Dak.,  362' ;  St.  Louis,  362' ;  Frank- 
lin, Pa.,  358';  N.  Dak.,  364';  Okla., 
426', 456';  Kan. ,428', 4321,  456';  West- 
ern states,  428';  Ark.,  430',  450',  4733; 
La.,  432',  4501;  Ind.,  3222,  456';  Mich, 
and  Minn.,  466';  Ohio,  442' ,  456' ;  Tex., 
456' ;  in  the  South,  310' ,  316' ;  Ga.,  La., 
312';  111.,  3222-  Pa.,  332'. 

Torney,  George  H.,  a  major,  456' . 

Toronto  (York),  Can.,  fnd.,  5772;  as- 
saulted, 1202;  Can.  Science  Asso.  meets, 
3442;  Bapt.  Y.  P.  Union  Conven.,  466'; 
York  seat  of  gov't,  6773;  insurrection, 
678' ;  diocese  est.;  Univ.  fnd.,  5783; 
Christian  Guardian,  672' ;  Globe  ;  Up- 
per Can.  Coll.  and  Academy,  679';  re- 
named Toronto,  5793;  Canadian  Bap- 
tist ;  Christian  Messenger ;  Univ.,  Trin- 
ity Coll.;  Univ.  renamed,  5803;  11.(3. 
archdiocese  est.,  5822;  The  Mail,  6823; 
Evening Netos;  Evening  Telegram;  War 
(Try,  5843;  dynamite  in,  585'';  fire;  In- 
dustrial Exposition  opd;  R.  R.  collision, 
5853;  Empire;  Jailers  Cong.;  Toronto 
Mail,  libel  suit ;  novels  destroyed  ;  Sat- 
urday Night;  Weekly  Empire;  W.  En- 
franchisement Asso.,  5862;  A.  O.  United 
Workmen ;  Harvey  arrested  ;  strike, 
5863;  Industrial  Exposition,  5872;  Sur- 
gical Hospital  for  Women,  5863;  Bapt. 
Cong,  of  Am.  meets;  Presb.  Gen.  As- 
som.  meets,  5882;  w.  C.  T.  U.  Conven., 
6883;  (lancing  exhibitions  agitate,  5891 ; 
Exhibition  opd.;  syndicate  buys  brew- 
eries, 5893;  diocesan  jubilee,  5901 ;  Univ. 
burned,  5913,  Univ.  rebuilt,  6902;  no 
Sunday  street-cars,  .')92',  5943;  Harbor 
Works  scandal,  5922;  Liberal  demon- 
stration, 5923  ;  Industrial  Exhibition, 
5933 ;  females  on  school-board  ;  free 
text-books;  Sun,  5942;  Sunday  driving 
fined;  women  practise  in  courts,  5943; 
Columbian  caravels,  5953;  Macdonald's 
statue, 596' ;  laborprocession,5962;  bish- 
opric est.,9483;  Bp.  Sweaton  elected,9803. 

Torpedo,  submarine  invented,  112' ;  shells 
inv.,  920' ;  school  est.  at  Newport,  268'. 

Torpichen,  Baron,  title  created,  873' . 

Torquatus,  Titus  Manlius  Imperiosus, 
near  Trifanum,  1052' . 


Torquemada,  Tomas  de,  b.-d.,  11262. 
Torre  del  Greco  destroyed,  10822,  io84' . 
Torregiani,  Elzear,  elected  bp.,  9803. 
Torrenee,Maior,  at  Silver  Creek,  Mo.,  202 ' . 
Torrens,  Williaiu  Torrens  Maccullaugh, 

b.,  9363. 
Torres,  Luis  Vaez  de,  explorer,  493' . 

Vedras,  defended,  718' ;  action,  1110' . 

Torrey,  John,  b.  (17%);  d.,  2802. 
Torricelli,  Evangelista,  discovers  barom- 
eter, 10822-  d.,  10823. 

Torrington,  JEng.,  action  at,  886' . 

,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  906' . 

,  Viscount,  George  Byng,  b.,  8902;  off 

Beachy  Head,  694';  against  Spanish 
fleet,  906';  Lord  of  Admiralty,  9073;  d. 
0733). 

Torstenson,  Lennart,  b.-d.,  11342;  com- 
mander ;  conquers  Moravia,  796' ;  at 
Jenkau,  5122;  in  Ger.;  at  Magdeburg; 
conquers  Holstein,  636'. 

Tortola,  W.  I.,  settled,  8932. 

Tortugas,  Fla.,  Habeas  Corpus  suspended, 
1952. 

Islands  discovered,  162. 

Torture,    punishment   by,    abolished    in 
Hung.,  6172;  in  Fr.,  7053;  in  Eng.,  9112. 
Tory  conspiracy  dis.,  823;  origin,  ^12. 

peers  created,  Eng.,  9052. 

Toscanelli,  Paoli,  encourages  Columbus, 

123. 

Tostig,  Earl  of  Northumberland,  8473; 
killed,  8461.  W 

Total  Abstinence  Society  org.,  U.  8.  A., 
3462. 

Tothmes  III.,  art  patron,  648' . 

Totila  takes  Naples  ;  takes  Rome ; 
wounded,  10702;  reigns,  10713;  d.,  1030', 
1113'. 

Totopotomoy  River,  Grant  and  Lee  at, 
234'. 

Tott,  Baron  de,  Francois,  b.,  6983 ;  d.,7081. 

Tottel,  Richard,  work,  8723. 

Totten,  Joseph  G.,  b.,  100' ;  d.,  2332. 

Tottenham  Savings  Bank  instituted,  9292, 

Touat  Oasis,  sovereignty  of,  7632. 

Toucey,  Isaac,  b.  (1796);  gov.,  1613;  d.(1869). 

,  Jacob,  sec.  navy,  183' . 

Tougaloo  University,  Miss.,  est.,  2663. 

Tout,  Fr.,  taken,  6882;  besieged,  740' ;  at- 
tack, 7402. 

Toulon,  Fr.,  bombarded,  696' ;  Eng.  de- 
feated, 700' ;  surrenders,  708' ;  taken  by 
Eng.,  710';  cholera  at,  7553;  Jauregue- 
berry  launched,  766' . 

Toulouse,  Fr.,  Tolosa,  capital  West  Goths, 
6G23;  taken,  C622;  settled  by  Romans, 
10572;  fnd., 6611,  1071';  captured,  661' ; 
county  created,  6653  ;  dukes  of  Aqui- 
taine  reign,  6652;  conquered,  670';  In- 
quisition est.;  massacre  at,  6703;  Univ. 
of  est.,  6711;  annexed,  6713;  united  to 
Fr.  monarchy,  6732;  battle  of,  7203;  in- 
undated, 7481,  7493;  army  corps  mobil- 
ized, 7561 ;  war  of  succession,  8501 , 

,  Comte  de,  at  Malaga,  9021 . 

Touraine,  Fr.  occupy,  4811;  ceded,  6692; 
seized,  6713. 

Tour  du  Mcfnde  issued,  7343. 

Tourgee,  Albion  Winegar,  b.  (1838);  works, 
2871 ,  303' ,  3143,  3743,  3882, 

Touiji^e,  Eben,  d.,  3801 . 

Tournaments,  frequent  in  Fr., 6663;  abol- 
ished, 6831;  prohibited,  Eng.,  8523. 

Tournay,  Belg.,  Fr.  attack  allies,  5181 . 

Tournefort,  Joseph  Pitten  de,  b.,  6902; 
botanical  system,  6942;  d.,  6963. 

Tournelles,  fiastile,  captured,  676'. 

Tourniquet  invented,  698' . 

Touro,  Judah,  b.  (1776);  d.,  1742 

Touron,  Annam,  stormed,  480' . 

Tours,  Fr.,  Alcuin  in  Abbey  of  St.  Mar- 
tin's, 666';  States-General  meets,  6792; 
council  of  clergy,  6812;  Roman  circus 
dis.,  7333;  occupied,  743';  successor  of 
Jeanne  d'Arc  appears,  7433. 

Tourville,  Comte  de  (Anne  Hilarion  de 
Contentin),  b.,  6883  ;  nt  Beachy  Head; 
battle.La  Hogue  ;  in  Belg.,684' ;  d.  (1701). 

Toussaint,  Anna  L.  G.    (See  Bosboom.) 

L'Ouverture,  b.,  662;  adopts  consti- 
tution; aidsFr.;  deserts  Sp. ;  fights  Sp., 
1040';  surrenders,  714',  10402;  capitu- 
lated; arrested,  10102;  d.  (1803). 

Toutinho, Pedro  de  Campo,captaincy,6532, 
Tower,  Minn.,  striking  miners,  408' ,3. 

,  Orson  Squire,  d.,  3262. 

Towle,  George  Makepeace,  b.  (1841); 
Glimpses  of  History,  2503 :  d.,  434' . 


1430 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column,         ToWll-TreV, 


Town,  Ft.,  liberties  increase,  6693. 

Creek,  X.  C,  action  at,  2302,  2422. 

,  Francis  L.,  commissioned  col.,  4581 . 

Sites  Entry  Bill  passes,  4512. 

Town  Topics  issued,  3»J23. 
Towns,  Edwin  F.,  a  colonel,  322' . 

,  George  W.  B.,  gov.  Ga.,  1633. 

,  M.  X».,  resolution,  4643. 

Townsend,  Wash.,  fleet  sails,  4573. 
,  Edward  D.,  d.,.4282. 

,  Luther  Tracy,  b.,  1463. 

,  Thomas  S.,  b.  (1829);  Nat.  Becords 

purchased,  369'. 

Xownshend  Act  repealed,  773. 

,  Lord,  in  duel,  9193. 

,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  923' . 

,  Viscount  Charles  b.,8942;  sec.  state, 

9073;  d.  (173S). 

, ,  b.,  9063;  asst.  prime  minister  ; 

lord-lieut.,9173;  d.  (1767). 

,  Richard    Wellington,  b.  (1840);    d., 

336'. 

,  Thomas,  minister,  9233. 

Towton,  Eng.,  battle  of,  864' . 

Toxophilites  Society  founded,  9213. 

Toy,  Crawford  Howell,  b.,  1462;  work, 
3962. 

Traoey,  Charles,  b.,  1623;  d.  (1885). 

Tract  Soc.  Am.    (See  Am.  Tract  Soo.) 

,  Conn.,  organized,  125' . 

,  Evangelical,  organized,  1183. 

,  Religious,  org.  at  Albany,  1183. 

Tracts^^r  the  Times  published,  9462. 

Tracy, "Tenn.,  explosion,  4G62;  riots,  413' . 

,  Comte  Alex.  Cesar  Victor    Charles 

Destutt  de,  b.  (1754) ;  works,  715' ,  7192; 
d.,  7262. 

, De   Prouville,   Marquis   of,    b. 

(1603);  at  Montreal,  5732;  d.  (1670). 

,  Benj.    Franklin,  b.   (1830) ;    sec.    of 

navy,  3372;  navy  dept.  org.,  342' ;  reclas- 
sifles  war-ships,  398' . 

,  Joseph,  b.  (1794) ;  d.,  284' . 

,  Sir  K.,  commissioner,  9072. 

,  Uriah,  b.  (1755);  pres.  senate,  1093; 

d.  (1807). 

,  William,  kills  Becket,  8512. 

,  W.  W.,  pres.  Republican  Club,  4292. 

Trade,  colonial  limited  ;  Am.,  prohibited 
with  Pr.,  593;  interdicted,  1172,3;  re- 
etrictions  removed,  1173;  restrictions 
N.  and  S.  removed  in  South,  2483;  de- 
pression of ,  G.  B.,  995 ' .  (See  Commerce.) 

dollar  not  legal  tender,  2932. 

marks  legalized,  3092. 

policy,  sustained,  Can.,  593' ;  recipro- 
city defeated,  5863. 

Society,  Nat.,  formed,  9752. 

Union    Act    passes,    G.    B.,    9753  ; 

amended,  9812. 

——  Congress  in  Paris,7553 ;  advocates 

nationalization,  9903 ;  disapproves  na- 
tionalization land,  991';  in  Liverpool, 
10043;  at  Newcastle,  1007'. 

Unions  organized,  169'. 

Trades  separated,  Eng.,  8813. 

and  Labor  Asso.,  World's  Fair,  4443. 

Societies  Cong,  at  Manchester,  973' . 

Unions,  laws  against,  abolished,  943' . 

Tradescant,  John,  b.,  8782;  d.,  8842. 

Trafalgar  launched,  994' . 

Trafalgar  Cai>e,  battle  of  ,719 ' ;  disheartens 
Napoleon,  9332. 

Tranedy  of  Sir  T.  More  produced,  8763. 

Train,  George  Francis,  b.  (1829) ;  opens 
street  railways,  964' ;  trip  round  world, 
3543,  3503. 

Training-school  begun,  9352;  fnd..  Batter- 
sea, '9.503. 

ship,  tirst  on  Thame8j925' ;  est.,  9683. 

Trajan,  Marcus  Ulpius  Trajanus,  b.-d., 
10623;  reigns;  annexes  territory;  war 
with  Dacians,  1065' ;  subdues  Dacians, 
769';  against  Parthians ;  conquers  Se- 
leucia  ;  seizes  Ctesiplion  ;  in  Transylva- 
nia ;  reduces  Dacia,  1064' ;  briilges  "Dan- 
ube; persecutes  Christians,  10642;  eel. 
triumph;  est.  orphan  houses;  d.,  1065'. 

Trajan's  .A.roh,  Pillar  erected,  10642. 

Tralee,  dynamite  Edinburgh  House,  993' . 

Trail,  Russell  Thatcher,  b.,  1183;  d.,  296'. 

Trararoad,  iron,  completed,  930' . 

Tramways  used,  812' ,  912' . 

Tranguebar,  Danes  settle,  10443;  Protea- 
tant  mission,  10443,  1017'. 

Transalpine  Gaul,  partly  captured,  1056' . 

Transcaucasia,  fighting  grasshoppers, 
1120';  earthquake,  1122'. 

Transcribing  manuscripts  fashionable, 
665'. 


Transcript  issued,  Can.,  5843. 

Transfiguration,  Feast  of,  eel.,  10703. 

Transforming  Act  passed,  Eng.,  8992. 

Transfusion  of  blood  practised,  6782. 

Transkei,  mission,  6003;  annexed,  6012. 

Transmission  of  Powers  Bill,  Fr.,  7492. 

Trans-Mississippi  Cong.,  Denver,  385', 3, 
4772. 

Sahara  K.  B.  opened,  103. 

Siberian  R.  B.  opened,  11232. 

Transportation  opposed,  Australia,  4963; 
Act,  Eng.,  8932;  sentences,  907';  for 
crime  ceases,  9192;  in  G.  B.,  9473. 

Transubstantiation,  opposed,  8462;  doc- 
trine accepted,  1073' ;  adopted,  1075' . 

Transvaal,  diamonds,  598' ;  color-line 
drawn,  5992;  arbitration;  boundaries 
enlarged,  601';  flag  unfurled,  6012;  an- 
archy, 6013;  Republic  annexed,  6012;  in- 
surrection, 6013;  Dinizulu  invades.  6022; 
gold-seekers,  0023 ;  republic,  603' ;  treaty 
of  peace,  603' ,  9873 ;  see  of,  est.,  9803 ;  an- 
nexed, 9832;  proclaimed,  11'243.  (See 
South  African  Republic.) 

Transylvania,  Hung.,  Dfician  war,  1064' ; 
defeat  Turks,  508' ;  J.  Zapolya,  pr.,511' ; 
principality  fnd.;  .J.  Sigismund,  king ;  S. 
B. Zapolya,  pr.,5112;  Gabriel  I.,  pr.;  Ga- 
briel II., pr.;  Siglsmuud  Batory,  pr.;  Sig- 
ismund Rakocsy,  pr.;  Stephen  Borskay 
pr.,  5113;  Michael  I.  pr.,  5132;  reformed 
religion,  513' ;  E.  Tokoly,  pr.,  5133;  Geo. 
I.,pr.;  J.Kemin.pr.;  revolt  against  Aust.; 
war  with  Turks,  5132;  Mich.ael  IX.,  pr., 
6133;  F.  Rakocsy,  pr.,  5143;  Pragmatic 
Sanction,  515';  Diet  convoked,  5263; 
union  with  Hung.,  5272;  cyclone,  532' ; 
church  fight,  5343;  conquered  by  Mi- 
chael, 11122;  annexed  to  Turkey,  11572. 

Coll.,  Ky.,  fnd.,  109';  joined  to  Ken- 
tucky University,  M22. 

Trappist  monks  in  Ire.,  7263,  9442. 

Trasimene  Lake,  action  at,  1054' . 

Traugott,  Romuald,  hanged,  11193. 

Trautenau,  Bohemia,  action  at.  526' . 

Trautwiue,  John  C,  b.,  1162;  d.  (1883). 

Travancore,  India,  see  of,  est.,  9803;  Bp. 
Hodges  consecrated,  10042. 

Trave,  La,  captured,  936'. 

Traverse  City,  Mich.,  insane  asylum, 313' . 

Travnik,  Austrians  occupy,  528'. 

Treadmill  invented,  938' . 

Treadwell,  Daniel,  b.,  1022;  d.,  2762. 

,  John,  b.  (1745) ;  gov.  Couu,,  1172;  d. 

(1823). 

Treason,  report  on,  852;  in  Egypt,  6612; 
plotted,  Braz.,  5682. 

Treasons,  statute  of,  passes,  Eng.,  8592. 

Treasury,  U.  S.,  germ  of  department  org., 
832;  department  formed.  1012;  building 
burned,  1433;  in  1858,  1852;  issues  bonds, 
1882;  highest  reserve,  477';  lowest  re- 
serve, 4792  ;  debt  reduced,  3532,  3632, 
3673,  3912;  redemption  of  bonds,  3672; 
debt, 3712,375'  ,3872,3992,4083,4172,445' ; 
449';  report  (1893),  447';  deficit,  465'; 
bids  for  loan,  477'. 

Notes,  issued,  1492;  authorized,  2013, 

2193;    legal-tender,    2053,    2112;    issue, 
2193,  2553;  Chicago  bankers  buy,  4273. 

Treat,  Robert,  Am.,  b.,  62' ;  gov.  Conn., 
492,513. 

Treaties  relating  to  U.  S.  A.,  Mass.,  with 
Massasoit,  303;  New  Netherlands  with 
Inds.,  33' ;  Eng.-Sp.  of  Aix-la-Cliapelle, 
433;  Penn  with  Inds.;  Shockamoxon, 
492;  Colonists-Inds.;  Albany,  493,  532, 
652,  59',  673;  Eng.-Fr.  of  Utrecht,  59'; 
Inds.  with  British,  612,3,  71', 2;  Inds. 
with  Colonists  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  653; 
Va.-Inds.,  67' ,  692;  Eng.-Fr.-Sp.  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle  672;  Mass.-Indians,  672;  Fr.- 
Sp.,  ceding  Louisiana.  732;  G.  B.-Fr.- 
Sp.-Port.,  of  Paris,  733;  U.  S.  A.,  20)'; 
Fr.,  853,873,  892,1093;  purchase,  1113; 
extradition,  405' ,  4232;  G.  B.,  913,  952 
3,  97' ,  of  Paris  ;  Jay's  1053 ;  Monroe  and 
Pinckney,  113',  1252,  1592,  1672,  1752, 
2073,  2.513,  2672,  2692,  2873;  Swe.,  97'; 
with  Inds., 973,  99', 2,  101',  103',  105', 
1(W2,  1172,  1252,  1332,  2.571,  335',  3372, 
3432,  3632,  4172,  4211;  Prus.,  973;  Mo- 
rocco, 992,3;  Algiers,  1072,  1193;  Sp.,  of 
San  Lorenzo,  107':  of  lldefonso.  111'; 
ceding  Fla.,  1272,  1433,  38T2;  Tripoli, 
1132;  San  Salvador,  3973;  Honduras, 
407';  Norway,  extradition,  443';  Bus., 
boundary,  1332;  commercial,  1412;  pur- 
chase of  Alaska,  2572;  extradition,  4312; 


Columbia,  1.333;  Germany,  3572,  igZ9- 
Denmark,  1372,  2592;  Brazil,  3772  j 
Turkey,  1373  ;  Dominican  Republic, 
2692,  2712,  3892;  Mex.,  boundary,  1392; 
ceding  territory,  1633,  165 ',1732,  1903; 
Naples,  141';  Texas,  1672-,  China,  1572, 
1592,  185', 2633, 3073;  immigration, 3293: 
Jap.,  175',  183',  3073,  3363,  4771 ;  of 
Paris,  203';  Hawaii,  259';  annexation, 
425',  427';  Dominican  Eepublic,  2692; 
Belg.,  3793,  3832,  3992;  Guatemala, 3973, 
4072;  Eng.,  of  Ghent,  1233;  commercial, 
1252;  indemnification,  1352;  Oregon, 1363, 
1592,  1612;  Washington  boundary,  1553; 
Bulwer-Clayton,  Can.  1672;  reciprocity, 
1752,2513;  accedes  to  treaty  of  Paris, 
203';  antislave  trade,  2073;  of  Wash- 
ington, Alabama  claims,  2662,  276' ;  San 
Juan,  2792;  ttsheries,  3293,331";  eitra- 
dition,'S49',  3562;  Samcan,  3672;  Bering 
Sea,  3952,  403'.  (For  treaties  between 
other  countries  follow  text.  Also  see 
titles  of  treaties.) 

Trebelli-Bettini,  Zelia,  d.,  762'. 

Trebia,  action  at,  1054' . 

Trebinje,  insurgents  defeated ;  surren- 
ders, 528' . 

Trebizonde,  seat  of  empire,  11653  ;  taken, 
1166' ;  Turks  take,  1034' . 

Trebonianus  Gallus  reigns,  10293. 

Trebonius,  Caius,  captiues  Marseilles. 
1060'. 

Treby,  Sir  Geo.,  b.  (1644);  lord  keeper, 

9013  ;   d.  (IWl). 

Tredegar,  S.  C,  manganese  found,  360' , 

,  Baron,  title  created,  959' . 

Tredgold,  Thomas,  b.,  9243  ;  d.  (1829). 

Tree,  Ellen.    (See  Kean,  Mrs.) 

,  Lambert,  nom.  for  vice.-pres.,  409*. 

Trees,  of  Liberty  planted, Fr., 7073;  sacred 
to  gods,  Ger.,  7682. 

Trefoil,  Smaadigte,  11042. 

Treilhard,  Count  Jean  Baptiste,  b.  (1742) ; 
forced  to  retire,  7133  ;  d.  (1810). 

Trelawney,  Bishop,  acquitte<l,  8903. 

Tremilius,  Emmanuel, b.  (1510i  );  d.,  10822. 

Trench,  Baron  Franz  von  der,  b.,  7983;  d., 
8003. 

,  Baron  Friedrich  von  der,  b.,  8OO2  ; 

d.,8063. 

,  Richard  Chenevix,  b.,  933' ;  works, 

9663,  9842  ;   archbp.,  9663  ;  d.,  9942. 

,  Thomas,  governor  Md.,  553. 

Trendelenburg,  Friedrich  Adolf,  b.,  8O82  ; 
d.,  828'. 

Trenholm,  Geo.  A., paroled,  249' ;  d.  (1876). 

,  William  L.,  People^s  Monty,  4482. 

Trent,  Confed.  envoys,  200' ,  201 ' ,  2022,3. 

Trent,  Tyrol,  council  of,  681';  dissolved, 
6823  ;  decrees  enforced,  10983, 

Trenton  lighted  by  electricity,  312'; 
wrecked  at  Samoa,  336' ;  battery  of, 
saved,  3.'58'. 

Trenton,  N.  C,  action  near,  208' . 

,  N.    J.,    occupied    by    Washington, 

843  ;  battle  of,  85' ;  Continental  Con- 
gress meets,  972;  steel  giuisinnfd.,1963' 
home  for  soldiers'  children,  2463  ;  school 
for  deaf  mutes,  323' ;  pottery  trust  fmd., 
3413 ;  rubber  trust  fmd.,  36|3 ;  Am. 
Gas  Investment  Co.,  3633  ;  battle  monu- 
ment, 396',  440' ,3;  leather  trust;  U. 
S.  Cutlery  Co.,  4093  ;  Race-track  Bills 
rally,  4243  ;  Am.  Stave  and  Cooperage 
Co.,  4273  ;  strike,  4382  ;  R.  H.  collision, 
4432 ;  Miss  Phillbroke's  application, 
4622  ;  Phila.  and  N.  Y.  Traction  Co.,  ■ 
4653;  Great  White  Spirit  Co.  org.,  4752. 

,  Teim.,  action  at,  2182  ;  negroes  shot, 

285',  387'. 

Bridge,  N.    C,   Confeds.    defeated, 

2072. 

Trenton's  Neck,  skirmish  at,  2083. 

Trentowski,  Ferdinand  B.,  b.,  11163  ;  d., 

11182. 

Trepotf,  Gen.,  shot  at,  1119' . 

Treskow,  Gen.,  ordered  to  So.  Fr.,  7403  ; 
at  Drenx,  7423. 

Trisor  Rationale  issued,  Belg.,  6443. 

Tresilian,  chief  justice,  executed,  8603. 

Tressan,  La  Vergne  de,  works,  7062,  713». 

Trevecca,  W.,  theolog.  school  fnd.,  913' . 

Trevellick,  Richard,  pres.  Greenback  Con- 
vention, 305'. 

Trevelyan,  Sir  Charles  Edwiird,  b.,  933'; 
governor  Madras,  1049' ;  d.,  9942. 

,  Sir  George  Otto,  b.,  9482  ;  work,  981'; 

chancellor  Lancaster,  9932  ;  chief  secre- 
tary, 9892  ;  minister,  9952, 10092. 


Trev-Tuck. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        lNL)il,X.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1431 


Treves,  Prus.,  fnd.,709> ;  taken, 6881 ,  692' , 
698<,  7962  ;  bpric.  iud.,  7682  ;  ch.  coun- 
cil, 7682,  7843  ;  church  of  Simeon  fnd., 
7682 ;  archbishopric  find.,  7723  ;  Univ. 
of  est.,  7863,  7871 ;  besiegod,  7881 ;  electo- 
rate revoked,  7923  ;  occupied,  7981 ;  Fr. 
exiles  in, 8072;  pilgriiuago.s  to  cathedral, 
8342;  prosperous,  10tli2;  capital,  10G73. 

Trevethick,  patent  grauteil,  9302. 

Trevilian  Station,  Va.,  Sheridan  at,  2342. 

Trevira.    (See  Treves.) 

Treviranus,  Gottfried  Keinhold,  b.,  8042  ; 
d.,  8143. 

Trevisa,  John,  Polychronicon,  8603 ;  d., 
8622. 

Trt'vise,  Due  de.    (See  Mortier.) 

Troviso,  It.,  Univ.  chartered,  10771. 

Trevor,  George,  b.  (1809) ;  d.,  9982. 

,  Sir  John,  b.  (1535) ;  keeper,  8993;  ex- 
pelled, 9003,9012  ;  d.  (1717). 

Trew  Christoph  Jakob,  b.,  7982  ;  d.,  8031 . 

Trial  at  bar  adopted,  G.  B.,  9472  ;  by  com- 
bat first.  It.,  10733;  by  jury,  est.,  Gr., 
8431 ;  by  juries,  Kus.,  11192,  11333  ;  by 

iury,  Fr.,  7472;  by  ordeal,  abolished,  G. 
(.,  8523  ;  by  peers,  est.  It.,  10712  ;  by 
torture,  abolished,  Port.,  11113. 

for  Treason  Act,  G.  B.,  9012. 

Ti'iana  wrecked  off  Guttyhunk,  3701 . 

,  Rodrigo  de,  discovers  land,  132. 

Tribunal  of  Rites,  decision  of,  6151 , 

Tribunate,  privileges  restored,  10591. 

TribwiCt  Lilt  wrecked,  928'. 

Tribunes,  increased  to  ten,  10512;  military 
successors  to  decemvirs  ;  military,  abol- 
ished, 10513  ;  power  in  senate,  10532. 

Tribur,  or  Trebur,  Ger.,  Diet  of,  7751 ,3. 

Trichinopoli,  India,  battle  at,  7<)0i . 

Tridates  II.,  reigns,  11533 ;  converted, 
11543. 

Triennial  Act  repealed,  Eng.,  8913 :  passed, 
8851. 

Meeting.    (See  Baptist.) 

Parliament  Act,  Eng.,  9012. 

Trieste,  Aust.,  severe  cold,  5341 ;  water- 
spout, 5342  ;  Episcopal  palace  endan- 
gered, 5351 ;  dynamite  explosion  ;  free 
port,  6353  ;  storm,  5361 . 

Trillo,  Juan  de  Ocon  y,  governor,  6301 . 

Trim,  Ire.,  bishopric  created,  8403. 

Trimberg,  Hogo  von,  lienner,  7823. 

Trimble,  Allen,  b.  (1783) ;  governor  O., 
1312,  1352  ;  d.  (1870). 

,  Robert,  b.,  891 ;  justice  U.  S.  court, 

1352  ;  d.  (1838). 

Trimlestown,  Baron,  title  created,  8631 . 

Trimountain  (Boston),  founded,  331 . 

Trincomalee,  Fr.  fleet  defeated,  10442. 

Trinidad,  W.  I.,  dis.,  143  ;  settled,  173, 
6313;  taken,  24i,  462 -G.  B.  acquires, 
9292  ;  see  est.,  9722  ;  Bp.  Hayes  cons., 
10022  ;  mission,  11003. 

,  Cal.,  riotous  strikers,  4G42, 

Trinitarians,  rupture  with  Unitarians,  N. 
Eng.,  1243. 

Trinity  painted,  7862. 

Trinity  Coll.  est.,  Dublin,  8771 ,8783,  8831 ; 
barracks,  8983  ;  erected,  9152  ;  religious 
tests  abolished,  9771 . 

■ .    (See  Cambridge  and  Oxford.) 

est.,  Durham,  N.  C,  1863. 

est.,  Hartford,  Conn.,  1312. 

Fraternity  instituted,  Rome,  IO8II . 

Univ.  (Cumb.  Presb.),  est.,Tehuacana, 

Texas  (1869). 

Trinpany,  A.  V.,  missionary,  5822. 

Triopas  reigns  in  Argos,  10133. 

Tripartite  treaty  signed,  Fr.,  7333. 

Triple  Alliance  War,  Brazil,  55Gi ;  signed 
against  Fr.,  6913  ;  fmd.  against  Sweden 
and Sp., 8973  <  Rus.,  Aust.,  Fr.,  fmd. 8032; 
Ger.,  Aust.,  It.  against  Rus.,  Fr.,  10902  ; 
extended,  5352,  8352,3. 

TripoU,  Atr.,  war  with  U.S.  A. ,1101 ,  1112; 
siege  of,  1121 ;  Am.  prisoners  liberated, 
1133  ;  treaty  with  U.  S.  A.,  1132  ;  taken 
from  Christians,  6542.  (See  text,  pp. 
1138, 1139.) 

Tripolis,  or  TripoUtza,  taken,  10321; 
stormed,  10342. 

Tnpp,  Bartlett,  minister,  4473. 

Triremes  invented,  10142. 

Trissino,  Gian-Giorgio,  b.  (1478) ;  work, 
10812  ;  d.  (1550). 

Trist,  Mr.,  commissioner,  163*. 

Tristan  I'Hermite,  Fran(oiB,  b.,  C862  ; 
d.,  6902. 

TYistant  issued,  7783. 

Tritiea  in  Achaean  League,  1027'. 


Triumph  launched,  9701 , 

0/  Oermanicus  painted,  828' . 

Triumvir,  appointed,  6071;  lstfmd.,1059»; 

2d  fmd.,  10612;  war  of,  IOGO2. 
Triune,  Tenn.,  action  at,  2222. 
Trivet,  Nicholas,  b.  (1258±) ;  work,  8662  ; 

d.  (1358). 
Trn,  Bulg.,  battle  of,  5662. 
Trobriand,  Philippe  Rfigis  de,  b.,  7222. 
Trochu,  Gen.  Louis  Jules,  b.,  7222  ;  forti- 
fies Paris,  7401 ;  decree  against  foreign- 
ers ;  gov.  of  Paris  ;  refuses  gov't  of  Fr., 
7411 ;  issues  proclamatioji ;  pres.  senate, 
7412;  resigns;  sortie  from  Paris,  7441; 
libeled,  7463. 
Troil,  Uno,  b.-d.,  11342. 
Troisvllle,  Belg.,  taken,  7101 . 
Trojan  Pass,  Russians  take,  666'. 

War,  10141. 

Trojans  settle  in  Latium,  1051' . 
TroUope,  Anthony,  b.,  9363;  works,  9543, 
9723;  d.,  9901. 

,  Mrs.  (Frances  Milton),  d.,  9662. 

,  Thomas  Adolphus,  b.,935i ;  d.,  IOO82. 

Trommsdorff,  Johaun  Bartholomiius,  b., 

8031;  d.,  8143. 
Trorap,  Admiral  Cornelius,  or  Cornells, 
van,  b.-d.,  11003. 

,  Marten  Harpertzoon  van,  b.-d.,  10983; 

adm.,  at  Dunkirk,  688I ;  naval  battles 
of;  at  Downs,  888I;  in  Eng.  Channel; 
victories,  IIOO1 ;  killed,  8881 . 
Troost,  Gerard,  b.,  85i ;  d.,  1682. 
Troplong,  Raymond   Thtodore,  b.,  7012; 

d.,  7382. 
Troppau,  Silesia,  emperors  meet  at,  5212; 

Anti-Semites  opposed,  5362. 
Tros  reigns,  11413. 
Tross-jagerndorf ,  battle  of,  5161 . 
Troubadour  period,  6663,  6691 . 
Troublesome  lieign  of  Kintf  John,  877' . 
Troup,  George  M.,  b.  (1780) ;  gov.  Ga.,  13H  ; 

d.  (1856). 
Trousdale,  William,  gov.  Tenn.,  167' . 
Trousers,  loose,  intro.,  G.  B.,  939' . 
Trousseau,  Armand,  b.,  7143;  d.,  7362. 
Trowbridge,  John,  b.,  1562. 

, Townsend,  b.,  1342. 

,  William  Petit,  b.,  1362;  d.  (1892). 

Troy,  Ala.,  normal  school  opened,  3282. 

,  Ancient,  Asia,  siege  of ;    captured, 

1142' ;  destroyed,  1014' ;  site  explored, 
1158'. 

,  N.  Y.,  first  house,  603 ;  flro,  1293, 1773, 

2073;  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Inst,  org., 
1323  ;  horseshoes  made,  144' ;  landslide, 
154';  stove-molders  strike,  3232;  steam- 
boats sold,  3493  ;  soldiers'  and  sailors' 
monument,  390'  ;  laundry  strike,  3782, 
4002;  Liberty  Bell  cast,  4332  ;  election 
riot,  4522  ;  Bipartisan  Election  Inspec- 
tors Bill,  4533  ;  citizens'  petition,  4552  ; 
"  Bat "  Shea's  trial,  4012. 
Troyes,  Fr.,  capitulates,  676' ;  treaty  of, 
signed,  6773,  8733;  allies  retreat  to,  7203. 

,  Chrestien  de.    (See  Chrestien.) 

,  Jeande,  Chronique  Scandal euse,^&^ . 

Troyon,  Constant,  b.,  721' ;  d.,  7362. 
Truce,  of  Antwerp  concluded,  1100' ;  Eng. 
and  Fr.,  574' ;  two  years  with  Eng., 
674';  five  years  with  Eng.,  Fr.,  678'; 
Ft.  with  Sp.,  6793;  Eng.  28  years  with 
Fr.,  8612;  Eng.  22  months  with  Fr.,  862' ; 
of  God  est.,  6682,  6691 ,  2;  favored,  7753. 
Truck  Act  passes,  9752. 

system  forbidden,  9451 . 

True  Christian  jBeHe/ published,  7923. 

Chronicle  History  of  K.  Lear,  8771 . 

Truett,  George,  gov.  Del.,  1153. 
Trujillo,  Gen.,  pres.  Colombia,  6292. 
Trumbull,  Benj.,  b.,  622;  d.,  1282. 

,  Henry  Clay,  b.,  1382. 

,  James  Hammond,  b.,  130'. 

,  John,  b.,662;  d.,  1562. 

, ,  b.,  711 ;  paintings,  77i ,  831 ,  031 , 

951 ,  2,  981 ,  100' ,  102' ;  commission  from 
Congress,  126' ;  d.,  138*. 

, G.,  commissioned  major,  456' . 

,  Jonathan,  b.,  562  ;  gov.  Conn.,  772  ; 

1092  ;  speaker,  1032  ;  d.    1162  ;  statue, 
276'. 

,  Joseph,  gov.  Conn.,  167' . 

,  Lyman,  b.,  121';  Free-Soil  senator, 

1812;  Confiscation  Bill,  2013;  Intro.  Civil 
Rights  Bill,  2512. 
Trun,  Sp.,  action  at,  1130' . 
Truro,  Eng.,  action  at, 886' ;  see  est., 9803; 
Cathedral  of  St.  Mary  fnd.,  9842  ;  Bp. 
Gott  cons.  1C062. 


Truro,  N.  S.,  Presbytery,  676';  coal  dla., 
688'. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  951 ' . 

,  Lord.    (See  Wilde,  Sir  Thos.) 

Truscott,  Sir  Francis  Wyatt,  lord  mayor, 
9852. 

Trust,  sewer  pipe,  fmd.,  3353;  pottery,  at 
Trenton,  3413;  sweet  potato  fmd.,  Balti- 
more, 3433;  tobacco  fmd.,  3413;  cigarette 
mnf.  ;  cracker-makers,  3533  ;  smelt- 
ing organizations,  3553  ;  ice-dealers, 
Chicago,  3573  ■  publishers  of  cheap 
novels,  3593  ;  Nat.  Casket  Co.,  3653  ; 
Standard  Oil  Co.,  3713  (dissolved,  4033  ; 
indictment,  477');  sugar  refiners,  N.  Y., 
3713  ;  window-glass,  3733  ;  table  glass- 
ware ranf.,3773;  s.ash  and  door  ;  Spreck- 
els  and  Havemeyers  sugar,  3813  ; 
whisky,  annual  meeting,  3833;  kindling 
wood,  3893 ;  barbed  wire  ;  Chicago  sch. 
furniture,  4013  ;  brewers,  Chicago ; 
Phila.,  purclKise  refinery  ;  Standard  Oil 
dissolved,  4033;  rice.  New  Orleans;  rub- 
ber,N.  Y.,40i)3;  leather,  4093;  brewers'  j 
flour ;  shoe,  4133  ;  liverymen,  4172 ;  West- 
ern book  publishers,  4193;  sole-leather, 
4233  ;  iron  pipe,  4273  ;  sewer-pipe  men, 
4293  ;  oak-harness  leather  men,  4393  ; 
fruit-canners,  4633  ;  Chicago  gas,  dis- 
solved, 4653  ;  wheel,  4733  ;  wharfage, 
Brooklyn,  4773  ;  wrapping  paper,  Can., 
6893;  cordage.  Can.,  6933;  colliery,  Eng., 
10053, 

Trutch,  J.  W.,  gov.,  Br.  Col.,  6833. 

Truxillo  (or  Trujillo),  Peru,  battle,  1096' . 

Truxtum,  Thomas,  b.,  71';  battles  with 
Fr.,  108' ;  d.,  1302. 

Tryon,  Dwight  William,  b.  (1849);  In 
Academy  of  Design,  398' . 

,  Sir  Geo.,  vice-adm.,  drowned,  1010' . 

,  Gen.  J.  Bufus,  in  navy  dept.,  447*. 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1725+) ;  gov.  N.  C,  75',  of 

N.  Y.,  773;  retires,  83';  at  Daubury, 
Conn.,  862;  in  Conn,  90' ,  2;  d.,  9243. 

Tryphon,  insurrectionist,  in  Sicily,  1066*. 

,  usurper,  1148';  kills  J.Maccabeus; 

kills  Antiochus  ;  reigns,  11493. 

Trytaius  flourishes,  10143. 

Tsa  Koma  mission,  1124' . 

Tsao-Khan  captured,  626' . 

Tsaou  Taaou  defeats  Chang  Keo,  612' . 

Tschang  Heiig,  astronomer,  6122. 

Tschirnhausen,  Ehi-enfried  Walter,  b. 
(1651);  inv.  telescopes,  7982;  d.  (1708). 

Tschudi,  Friedrich  von,  b.-d.,  1138' . 

Tse-nan  Foo  taken,  612' . 

Tseng,  Marq.,  b.  (1839) ;  signs  ti'eaty,  623»; 
director  R.  K.,  6253  ;  d.  (1890). 

Tsenge  Kwofan,  d.,  6222. 

Tseu-kwo-fan,  struggle  for  power,  6219. 

Tshak-Khan  retires,  62. 

Tsi  dynasty  rules,  613' . 

Tsiampa,  Annam  conquers,  481'. 

Tsin  dynasty  rules,  6I12. 

Chi  Hwangti,  buildings  erected,  6102; 

enthroned,  6II2. 

Ching  Wang  org.  army,  610' . 

Li  Chow,  cloud  burst,  624'. 

Tsinghai,  rebels  besieged,  618' . 

Tsing-kiang-pu  mission,  6243. 

Tsi-tsien  dynasty  formed,  10942. 

Tsi-yuen,  Japanese  cruiser,  sunk,  626' . 

Tsiu  Kno  Yin,  Chinese  ambassador,  345' . 

Tso-tsung-tang,  Chinese  leader,  622' ;  d., 
6242. 

Tsoupa  Wang  enthroned,  6113. 

Tsousin  enthroned,  6II2. 

Tsouting  enthroned,  611 2. 

Tsouy  enthroned,  6II2. 

Tsunayoski,  shogun,  10913. 

'Tsunhua  mission,  623' . 

Tsychandyr,  action  at,  1118' . 

Tsze-Au,  d.,  6222. 

Tualis,  storm,  634' . 

Tuam,  see  of,  erected,  8403;  archbishopric 
est.,  8502;  Bp.  O'Sullivan  cons.,  10042. 

Tuathal  org.  army,  8392. 

Tubal-Cain  inv.  iron  forging,  1139' . 

Tubertus  defeats  Veientes  and  Volseil, 
1050'. 

Tubarao  River,  coal  discovered,  6542. 

Tuberculosis,  Koch's  remedy,  834' . 

Tubing  and  fitting  first  mnf.,  146' . 

Tubingen,  Ger.,  univ.  chartered,  787' . 

Tucapel,  battle  of,  6043. 

Tuchbald,  Elizabeth,  d.,  9403. 

Tucker,  Abraham,  b.,  9022;  d.,  919' . 

,  Alfred  Robt.,  cons.  bp.  of  Afr.,  10042; 

caravan  to  Uganda,  6622. 


1432 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column.  Tuck-Tynd. 


Tucker,  Beverly,  reward  for,  2473 ;  d.,  36(H . 

,  Capt.,  at  Old  Eiver,  2183. 

,  Charlotte  (A.  h.  O.  K.),  b.    (1821) : 

d.,  10122. 

,  George,  b.  (1775) :  History,  1802  ;  d., 

1922. 

,  Gideon  J.,  for  Socialists,  4(j7i . 

,  Heury  St.  George,  b.,  1722  ;  d.  (1848). 

,  Tilgliinan,  M.,  gov..  Miss.,  1552, 

,  WiUiain  Jewett,  b.  (1839) ;  pres.  Dart- 
mouth College   4022,  422' . 

Tuckerman,  Bayard,  b.  (1856) ;  Oen.  Lafay- 
ette, 3803. 

,  Uenry  Theodore,    b.,    121';    works, 

1451,  1631,  llitis,  1742,1863,2603;  d.,2742. 

Bepeal  Bill,  4392,  4J03,  441i,  4492, 

4512. 

Tuckey,  James  Kingston,  b.  (1778) ;  ex- 
plorer, 10931 ;  d.  (1816). 

Tucson,  Ariz.,  Leon,  stage  robber,  3852  ; 
Geroniino  killed,  3852. 

Tucuman  founded,  4892;  saved,  4921, 

Tudela,  Sp.,  Spanisli  defeat,  7162. 

Tudonumyos  (/yujetemeny  issued,  5203. 

Tudor,  William,' b.,  912;  d.,  1382. 

,  House  of,  8672. 

Tu  Due,  King,  Aunam,  4812  ;  resists  Fr., 
4813;  d.,  4813. 

Tufts,  B.  R.,  arrested,  4663. 

,  Charles,  b.  (1781) ;  donor  ;  d.,  2921 . 

,  Lieut.,  at  Beckwith's  Farm,  2001 . 

,  (Juiucy,  d.,  2762. 

College,  Miiss.,  org.,  1703. 

Tugenbund  formed,  Ger.,  8091 ,  a. 
Tughlak,  House  of,  rules,  10432  ;  dynasty 

overthrown,  10433. 

Tugu,  mission,  8383,  10472. 

Tugwell,  Herbert,  cons,  bp.,  10121 , 

Tulgg,  John,  b.  (1820);  d.,  3481 . 

Tuileries.    (See  Paris.) 

Tukulti  Adar  1.,  conquers  Babylon,  1140' ; 
reigns,  1143' . 

Tulaue  Univ.  org.,  1431 ;  opd.,  3183. 

Tulga  reigns,  11253. 

Tullia  d'Aragona,  Infinity  of  Love,  10812. 

TuUius,  Servius,  advancement  of  ;  divides 
property  holders,  10G03  ;  reigns,  10511 . 

Tulloch,  John,  9403;  d.,  9942. 

Tullus,  Ho8tiliU8,b.-d.,  10502  ;  king,  1051'. 

Tully,  William,  b.,  962  ;  d.,  1842. 

Tuaibez,  Peru,  Pizarro  arrives,  20' . 

Tuinkur  mission,  10483. 

Tummoo,  Burmese  war,  10482. 

Tumr  Bogha,  eultan,  6553. 

Tunbridge  Wells,  Eug.,  medicinal  springs, 
8793. 

Tungani  of 'Kashgaria,  revolt,  6202,  622' . 

Tungche,  euthroncil,  6213,  ^fc32;  receives 
ministers,  6232  ;  d.,  6222. 

Tung-Chow,  mission,  6203,  621';  suD- 
merged,  6242. 

Tungi  stormed,  1112' . 

Tuug-Kwan,  pass  of  ;  taken,  612' . 

Tungsten  steel  manufactured,  820' . 

Tungu  mission,  1047' . 

Tungurahua,  Mount,  eruption  of,  &i33. 

Tunis  (see  text,  p.  1139), subjugated,  10502; 
annexed  to  Turk.,  11592  ;  Fr.  army  in, 
10' ;  Bey  cedes  territory,  102  ;  Fr.  expe- 
dition, 7532,  790' ;  Fr.  protectorate  est., 
755' ;  action  at,  10523. 

Tunnel,  1st  in  Eug.,  916' ;  great  canal  T. 
opdy  9182;  Thames  T.  opd.,  952' ;  under 
St.  Clair  River,  3693.  (See  also  under 
specific  names.) 

Hill,  Ga.,  Bragg  pursued,  2282  ;  Con- 
federates defeated,  230' ;  action  at,  2302. 

Tunstall's  Station,  Va.,  cavalry  fight,  2343. 

Tupac,  Amaru,  captured,  550' ;  leads  re- 
bellion, 11082. 

Yupanqui,  at  Quito,  643' . 

Tupelo,  Miss.,  Confederates  defeated,  2212, 
2362;  H(X)d  retreats  to,  2403. 

Tupper,  Sir  Charles,  b.  (1821) ;  minister 
fisheries.  Can.,  593',  5952;  knighted, 
5943;  justice, 5963;  at  Washington, 3273; 
reciprocity,  3812. 

,  Martin  Farqubar,   b.,  935';    works, 

9503  ;  d.,  1002'. 

Tura  mission,  10472. 

Turbine,  Ralph  de,  archbp.  Canterbury, 

wheel  inv.  by  Fourneyron,  724' . 

Turcoing,  Neth.,  allies  defeated,  710'. 

Turcomans  defeated,  62. 

Turoo-Kussiau  neutrality  of  rulers,  5293. 

Turenne,  Vicomte  de  (Henry  de  la  Tour 
d'Auvergne),  b.,  6862  ;  at  Slergentheim, 
630';    in  Fr,  army;  campaign  in  Ger., 


688',  692';  joins  royalists;  at  Rhetel, 
690';  inNeth.,540',692';  in  Palatinate, 
692';  end  of  Thirty  Years'  War,  796'; 
joins  court  party,  6912  ;  commander;  in 
Hesse,  796';  at  Dunkirk,  888' ;  k.,692'. 
Turgeneff,  Ivan,  b.,  11163;  works,  11172; 
d.,  1120' . 

Turgeon,  Peter  Flavian,  cons.  bp.  Que., 
5802;  d.,582'. 

Turgot,  Anne  Robert  Jacques,  Baron  de 
I'Aulue,  b.,  6982  ;  comptroller-general, 
7053;  d.,  705'. 

Turin,  It.,  siege  raised,  514';  surrenders, 
688';  peace  of,  694';  battle  at,  696', 
10662;  captured,  1054' ;  Savoy  acquires, 
10752;  Univ.  fnd.,  1079';  occupied  by  Fr., 
10813, 10853;  seized,  1081' ;  L'Ojjinion  Jte- 
vista  Contemporanea ;  Sardinia  gets, 
1087' ;  R.  R.  to  Lusa  ;  R.R.  to  Florence, 
10873  ;  monument  to  Cavour,  10882. 

Turkestan  independent,  487' ;  province 
fnd.,  11193. 

Turkey  (see  text,  pp.  1139-1159);  indepen- 
dence of,  92;  treaty  with  U.  S.,  1373; 
fieet  captured,  6563  ;  quadrui>le  alliance 
with,  7293  ;  Bng.  trade,  8713;  appeals  to 
Eng.,  9.592  ;  Eiig.  aids,  958' ;  wars  with 
Rome,  1028';  aid  for  Christians,  9803  ; 
peace  with  Venice  ;  peace  with  Austria, 
11572 ;  ally  of  Fr.,  11553  ;  manifesto 
against ;  treaty  with  Rus. ;  league  with 
Eng.  and  Rus.,  11573;  war  with  Monte- 
negro; war  with  Servia  ;  Turko-Russian 
war;  evacuation,  1158' ;  famine,  11583; 
war  with,  llus.,  1114',  1110',  1118';  war 
indemnity  pressed,  11213;  Servia  strug- 
gles against,  11233;  treaty  to  maintain 
empire,  525' ;  Pers.  invade,  1016' ,  1018' ; 
Goths  invade,  10282;  Huns  invade;  Gette 
ravages,  1030';  Romans  invade,  1032'; 
Gr.  revolts  ;  Suliotes  rebel,  10353;  Great 
Brit,  aids,  10372;  Romans  invade,  1056' ; 
Gauls  invade,  1056' ;  rupture  with  Gr., 
10572;  Pompey  in,  1060';  Goths  ravage, 
1066' ,  1068' . 

red  dye  introduced,  7002. 

and  Levant  Co.  chartered,  8753, 

Turkeys  introduced,  Fr.,  6833. 

Turkheim,  Imperialists  defeated,  692' . 

Turkish  Mission  Aid  Soc.  org.,  9583. 

"  Turkish  tax"  refused,  Fr.,  7912. 

Turkoman  dynasty  fnd.,  11073. 

Turkoman?  defeated,  62;  conquer  Persia  ; 
driven  out,  11072. 

Turko-Russian  war,  565'+. 

Turks,  Ist  mentioned,  10313;  invade  Asia 
M.,  1032' ;  in  N.  Afr.,  8' ;  conquer  Egy. 
and  Arabi.'i  ;  expelled,  486' ;  conquer 
Wahabis,  4882  ;  in  Arabia,  4883;  tribute 
to,  5112  ;  in  Aust.,  514' ;  hold  Greece, 
10363;  in  Hung.,  514',  788';  conquer 
Bokhara,  549' ;  in  China,  613' ;  in  Italy, 
1078';  in  U.  Lepanto,  1080';  conquered, 
1082';  invade  Montenegro,  1097' ,2;  war 
with  Montenegro,  10972;  war  with  Pers., 
1100';  Port,  troops  against,  1110';  nms- 
sacred,  1112';  defeat  Servians,  1123'. 

Turnau,  engagement  at,  824' . 

Turnebus,  Adrianus,  b.,  0802;  d.,  6842. 

Turner,  A.  W.,  arrested,  4122. 

— ,  Charles,  (1.,  9622. 

, Tennyson,  b.  (1808) ;  Poems  by 

Two  Brothers,  943' ;  d.  (1874). 

, Yardley,  b.  (1850) ;  Academy  of 

Design,  324' . 

,  Col.,  at  Salem,  Mo.,  2003. 

,  Edward,  b.  (1797);  d.,  9482. 

,  Francis,  Bp.,  acquitted,  8963 ;  d.(1700). 

, Palgrave,  b.,  9422. 

,  Sir  George  James,  lord  justice,  9692. 

,  Henry  G.,  b.,  1602. 

, McNeal,  b.  (1833);  mobbed, 327' . 

,  James,  b.  (1766) ;  gov.  N.  C,  1113  ;  d. 

(1824). 

, W.,  nom.  for.  gov.,  3672. 

,  J.  Fraser,  cons,  bp.,  9663. 

,  John    Wesley,  b.    (1833)  ;    at  Forts 

Gregg  and  Witworth,  2443. 

,  Joseph  Edward,  d.,  3422. 

, Mallord    William,     b.,     919'  ; 

paintings,  9322,9343,  9362,  938' ;  d.,9562. 

,  Nat,  b.  (1800  ^);  leads  negro  insurrec- 
tion, 139';  d.  (1831). 

Nolin  feud  fight,  4503. 

,  Richard,  temperance  address,  947', 

,  Samuel  Hulbeart,  b.,  1022  ;  d.,2023. 

,  Sharon,  b.  (1768);  d.,  9H2. 

-^,  Thomas  G.,  gov.  R.  I.,  1872. 

,  W.  A.,  arrested,  4743. 


Turner,  William,  eons,  bp.,  10102. 

, Wadden,  b.,  1162  ;  d.,  1842. 

Falls,  Mass.,  Indians  defeated,  462. 

Turpie,  David,  b.,  1362. 

Turpin,  archbp.  of  Reims,  works,  6663  ;  d. 
(812+). 

,  Louis  W.,  b.,  1662. 

Turquet,  Dep.,  arraigned,  7582. 

Turretini,  Fran9ois,  b.-d.,  1137' . 

,  Jean  Alphonse,  b.-d.,  11372. 

Tuscaloosa  Univ.,  Ala.,  org.,  139' ;  French 
College  est.,  1822;  Institute  opd.,  2922. 

Tuscans,  defeated  at  Tusculum,  1050'. 

Tuscany,  It.,  annexed  to  Rome,  10532  ; 
duchy  in  Medici  family,  10813  ;  occupied 
by  Fr.,  1084' ;  annexed  to  Fr.,  10853  ; 
ceded  to  Parma,  6193  ;  occupancy  pro- 
tested ;  restored,  5253 ;  new  constitution 
10872  ;  provisional  gov't,  10883  ;  appeal 
to  Victor  Emmanuel ;  votes  for  union, 
1089'. 

Tuscarora  village  burned  by  Brit.,  121' . 

Tusculum  destroyed,  778' ;  action  at,  1050* . 

Tuscumbia,  Ala.,  Confederates  defeated, 
2162,  2203;  J.  Steele  shot,  3613. 

^^,  Tenn.,  Blair  at,  227' . 

Tuskegee,  Ala.,  Normal  and  Industrial 
School  est.,  3082  ;  colored  people's  con- 
vention, 421' . 

Tuspan,  Mex.,  taken,  162' . 

Tuttle,  Charles  Wesley,  b.  (1829);  d.,3081. 

,  Frederick  A.,  gov.  Ariz.,  3132. 

,  Hiram  A.,  gov.  N.  H.,  3692,  399' . 

,  H.  P.,  dis.  asteroids,  Jtfaia,  1922,  C'ly- 

tia,'Xy!2;  comet,  211'. 

Tu  Wensin  (Suleiman),  d.,  6222. 

Tuyen-Kouan,  siege  of,  4822. 

Quan,  besieged,  624' . 

Tuyutu,  battle  at,  556' . 

Twain,  Mark.    (See  Clemens,  Samuel.) 

Tweed  wrecked,  9553. 

Frear  charter,  granted  in  N.Y.,  271 ' . 

,  Wm.  M.,  b.,  1303  ;  controls  election, 

266' ;  swindle  in  N.  Y.,  273' ;  arrested  ; 
uiTomb8,2743;  trial,  281';  2d  trial, 283' ; 
civil  suit,  2883  ;  verdict,  291 ' ;  arrested 
in  Sp.;  in  N.Y'.,2923  ;  discloses  scheme, 
297';  d.,  2982. 

Ring,  exposed  by  A'".  F.  Times,  2703;  in- 
vestigation, 2743  ;  newspapers  oppose, 
2782. 

Tweeddale,  Baron,  title  created,  987' . 

Tweedmouth,  Baron,  title  created,  987'. 

Twesten,  August  Detlev  Christian,  b.,8043 ; 
d.,  8282. 

, Karl,  b.,  8122;  d.,  8262. 

Twiggs,  David  Emanuel,  b.,  1022  ;  cash- 
iered ;  superseded  in  Tex. ;  surrenders, 
192' ;  d.,  2132. 

Twiller,  Wouter  van,  gov.  N.  Y.,  333. 

Twiss,  Sir  Travers,  b.,  835' . 

7'u'iss's  Index  to  Shakespeare  issued,  933' . 

Tw'itchell,  Geo.  S.,  sentenced,  266' . 

,  Joseph  H.,  John  Winthrop,  4203. 

Twopenny  Register  powerful,  9392. 

Two  Sicilies  conquered,  6793  ;  subdued; 
778' ;  restored  to  Frederick  III.,  10792. 

doilars-a-day  Bill  repealed,  3672. 

Tyard, Pontusde,b.,6803  ;  Erreurs  amou- 
rrttSf. 1,6831;  d.,  6862. 

Tvce,  John,  makes  Taffeta,  8762. 

Tjchsen,  Olaus  Gerhard, b., 8002  ;  d.,8103. 

,  Thomas  Christian,  b.,  8023;  d.,  8143. 

Tygart's  Valley,  Gen.  Averell  at,  2262. 

Tyler,  B.  B.,  moderator,  3122. 

,  D.  Gardner,  b.,  1602. 

Davidson,  fountain  unveiled,  274'. 

. ,  E.  B.,  Spelling  Reform  Asso.,  9843. 

,  Geo.  Robt.,  lord  mayor  Lond.,  10112. 

- — ,  Gen.  Daniel,  b.  (1799);  at  Blackburn's 
Ford,  Va.,  1963;  d.  (1882). 

,  Col.  Erastus  B.,  b.  (1822±);   at  Cross 

Lanes,  198' ;  d.  (1891). 

,  John,  b.,  1022;  gov.  Va.,  1153,  1333; 

marries,  12iz,  159';  signs  Delavan's  de- 
claration ;  pres.  senate,  1452  ;  vote  for 
y.-pres.,  1472, 1532;  vice-pres.,  1512, 1533; 
cabinet  disagrees ;  vetoes  bank  bill ; 
pres.,  1532;  vetoes  tarilf  bill,  1563;  nom., 
1572;  withdraws  from  conven.,  1573;  en- 
tertains Father  Mathew,  1663;  seeks 
truce, 1912;  pres.  of  Peace  Conven.,  1913; 
d.,2023;  widow  pensioned,  311'. 

,  Moses  Coit,  b.  (1835);  work,  329' . 

,  Wat.,  opposes  tax;  k.,  860' ;  d.,  86O2. 

,  William  S.,  b.,  1162. 

Tyndale  (or  Tindale),  William,  b.,  8642  ; 
translates  Bible,  866»:  Practice  of  Prel- 
ates, SW^;  burned,  8682,3. 


Tynd-Unit. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        Iv^UiLJi.,       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1433 


Tyndall,  Prof.  Jolin,  on  dust,  9721;  in 
U.  S.,  2783;  diamagnetic  polarity,  960a; 
works,  9743,  9783,  988»;  d.  (1893). 

Tyndaris,  naval  battle  near,  10523. 

Tyne,  Sir  Richard,  chief  justice,  901*. 

Tyner,  James  Noble,  b.  (1826);  post-mas- 
ter gen.,  293i ;  in  p.-o.  dept.,3512. 

Tyng,  Stephen  Higginson,  b.,1082;  d.(1886). 

Tynte,  Edward,  gov.,  573. 

Type-setting  machine  used,  950*. 

Types,  first  in  England,  9061 . 

Typhoon  in  China,  622*. 

Typographical  Unions  Conven.,  393', 
against  liquor  traffic,  4763. 

. Union,  International,  4083. 

Typothetaj, United  Asso.of, in  6e8sion,3683; 
for  nine  hours,  3863 ;  conven.  Cincinnati, 
3942 ;  Franklin  anniversary,  399 1 ;  con- 
vention, Phila.,  4722. 

Tyrconnel,  E.^rlot.   (See  Talbot,  Richard.) 

Tyre,  built,  11412;  rebuilt,  11431;  pre- 
eminent,  11432;  tribute  to  Assyr.,  11451 ; 
besieged,  10342,  ii4Gi ;  taken,  10322, 
10741 ,  11541 ;  Council  of,  10692. 

Tyrol,  Bohemians  expelled,  7821 ;  gained 
by  (jer.,  7832;  Aust.  acquires, 507 2;  Jes- 
uits arrive,  5103;  ceded  to  Aust.,  5132, 
6193,7973;  revolts  from  Bavaria,  8093; 
abandoned  ;  armed  against  Fr.  suprem- 
acy, 5193;  South  T.  annexed  to  It.,  7193; 
rebellion,  5213;  stormed,  5341;  request 
for  Trieste,  5353. 

Tyron,  George  Washington,  d.,  3281. 

Tyrone,  Ire.,  proclaimed,  9952. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9232. 

Tyrrel,  Walter  (?),  shoots  king,  8192. 

Tyrrell,  James,  b.,  8842;  d.  (1718). 

Tyrt:Bus,  d.,  10142. 

Tyson,  Edward,  b.,  8862;  d.,  9022. 

Tytler,  Alex.  Fraser,  b.,  9122;  d.,  9363. 

.Patrick  Fraser,  b.,  9243;   Seotland, 

9443;  d.,  9542. 

Tywappity,  Miss.,  1st  Baptist  church, 1123. 

Tzatcheff,  Dr.,  conspirator,  5683. 

Tzegedinac,  Pero,  leader  of  revolt,  5151. 

Tze-kee,  Chinese  routed,  6162. 

Tzitzania,  Slavic  Grammar,  11151. 


C. 

Uat'-nes  reigns,  Egy.,  6453. 

Ubeda,  Francisco  Lopez  de,  Picara  Ju8' 
Una,  11291. 

Ubicini,  Jean  Henri  Abdolonyme,  b., 
7223  ;  d.,  7542. 

Ubiquarians  est.,  7903. 

Uchch  taken,  10421. 

Udabuko,  trial,  6033. 

Udaipur  mission,  10483. 

Udall,  Nicholas,  b.,  8661 ;  work,  8691 ;  d., 
8721 . 

Udayagiri  mission,  10472. 

Udiierzook,  William  E.,  convicted.  2871. 

Ueberwog,  Friedrioh,  b.,  8123;  d.,  8262. 

Uechtritz,  Friedrich  von,  b.,  8071  ;"d., 8-282. 

Uffenbach,  Zacharias  Conrad  von,  b., 
7982;  d.,  8002. 

Ufford,  Sir  Ralph,  gov.,  8592. 

Ufzul  rebels,  52. 

Uganda,  Karema  conquers,  5632;  Han- 
nington  leaves,  5612.  (See  British  East 
Africa.) 

Ugentlige  korte  Afhxmdllnger  issued,11042. 

Uguru  mission,  8383. 

tJhl,  Edwin  F.,  in  state  dept.,  4472. 

,  Friedrich,  b.,  8123. 

Uhl;ind,  Johaun  Ludwig,  b.,  8013;  works, 
8111,8152,  8163;  d.,  8202. 

Uhlich,  Leberecht,  b.,  8063;  d.,  8281. 

Ullrich,  Jean  Jiicques  Alexis,  b.,  7143; 
surrenders  Strasburg,  7403  ;  Cross  of 
Legion  of  Honor,  8261 ;   d.,  7522. 

Ulfalvy,  do,  Ch.arles  Eugene,  b.,  5203. 

Uira-Cocha,  Inca  reigns,  133. 

UJiji,  Afr.,  Stanley's  band  marches  into, 
274 1 ;  Livingstone  reaches,  661 1 ;  mis- 
sion, 8383. 

Ukiah,  Cal.,  comer-stone  laid, 3723;  stage 
robbery,  4703. 

Ukraine,  plain,  ceded  to  Cossacks,  11153. 

Ulbach,  Louis,  b.  (1822);  d.,7581. 

Ulfijot,  leader,  113. 

Ulflliis,  Bp.,  b.  (311);  translates  Scrip- 
tures, 7683,  10683;  Oothic  Gospels  pub- 
lished, 7971;  cons.  bp.  of  W.  Goths, 
105*3;  d.  (381). 

Uliok,  Marqms  of  Clanricarde,  post-mat- 
ter, 955t. 


U.  S.  Grant  University  org.,  2543. 

Ullmann,  Karl,  b.,  8063;  J.,  8221 . 

UUoa,  Antonio  de,  b.-d.,  11283;  takes  New 
Orleans,  74i. 

— -,  Francisco  de,  b.-d.,  11282 ;  in  Gulf 
of  Cal.,  211. 

,  Lopez  de,  gov.  Chile,  6052;  d.,  6051. 

,  Pedro  Sorez  de,  gov.  Chile,  6052. 

Ulm,  Ger.,  treaty  of,  6893,  7952;  cathe- 
dral commenced,  7822;  cath.  finished, 
8342;  Ney  victorious,  7161;  besieged, 
7801 ;  Maurice  repelled,  7921 ;  captured, 
6183,7981. 

Ulman,  Daniel,  d.,  4161 . 

Ulpean  library  est.,  10643. 

Ull)ianus,  Domitius,  jurist,  10653. 

Uli)ius,  Marcelius,  expels  Caledonians, 
8401. 

Ulrich,  Saint,  b.-d.,  7722. 

,  Count,  at  Reutlingen;  woanded,781i . 

I.,  Duke  of  Carinthia,  5033. 

111.,  Duke  ;  bequest,  5052. 

,  Duke  of  Wiirtemberg,  7873. 

,  Charles  Frederick,  1842. 

,  Titus,  b.,  8102. 

Ulrici,  Hermann,  b.,  8083;  d.,  8302. 

Ulrika,  Eleonora,  b.  (1688);  reigns ;  abdi- 
cates, 11353;  d.  (1741). 

Ulster,  Ire.,  ravaged,  8441 ;  loses  charter, 
8833;  convention  nieets,  10083;  Defense 
League  fmd.,  10112. 

Ultramarine  known,  10263. 

Ultranmontanism,  in  Prus.,  8151;  agita- 
tion in  Ger.,  8263;  in  Reichstag,  8292; 
resolution  in  Pari.,  Can.,  5862. 

Umachiri,  action  at,  11081 , 

Umballa,  mission,  10171. 

Umbrellas,  intro.  Am.,  771 ;  Eng.,  (?)  9202; 
known  China,  6101 ;  used  Fr.,  68«2;  fold- 
ing intro..  It.,  10822. 

Umbreit,  Freidrich  Wilhelra  Karl,  8063; 
d.,  8202. 

Umbria,  speed  record,  3313,  10013. 

Umhlonhlo,  murders  colonists,  602*. 

Umlazi,  Zulu  mission,  5982. 

Unipanda,  king,  5992. 

Umtwalume,  mission,  5983. 

Una,  against  Herusha,  6461 . 

Una,  asteroid,  discovered,  2901 . 

Unam  Sanctum  issued,  6733. 

Unas  reigns,  Egypt,  6472. 

Uncle  Sam,  cholera  on,  1793. 

Undabuko,  trial  of,  6022. 

Undaunted  launched,  9941 . 

Underbill,  Eugene,  canoe  journey,  5933. 

,  John,  subdues  Indians,  36i ;  d  (1672±). 

Underwood,  Francis  Henry,  b.,  1322. 

,  John  Wm.   Henry,  b.    (1816);    tariff 

commissioner,  3111 ;  d.  (1888). 

,  Lucien  Marcus,  b.,  1722. 

Undina,  asteroid,  discovered,  2581. 

Undop,  mission,  5523. 

Unganyerabe,  Afr.,  Stanley  reache8,274i . 

Unger,  Franz,  b.,  5191 ;  d.,  6282. 

Uniform  Bankruptcy  Bill  passes,  4653. 

Uniformity,  Act  of,  stringent,  363 ;  passed, 
8702,  8712,  8722,  8903,  8913,  9762;  re- 
pealed, 8713. 

of  Process  Act  passes,  9471. 

Union,  Ore.,  Ist  Baptist  church  org.,  1582. 

Am.  M.  E.  Church  org.,  1212. 

Bill,  Canada  under,  5793. 

of  Brussels  proclaimed,  10991 . 

of  Calmar,  kingdoms  united,  11362. 

Car  Co.,  sold,  3353. 

Chargeability  Act  passes,  9691 . 

for  Christian  work  org.,  R.  I.,  2602. 

Christian  College    (Christian)  org., 

Merom,  Ind.  (1859). 

City,  Tenn.,  taken,  2052. 

Coll.  (Meth.    Epis.)    org.,    Barbour- 

ville,  Ky.  (1886). 

(non-sect.)  org..  College  View, 

Neb.  (1891). 
org.,  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  1063, 

1643;  Pres.  Raymond  installed,  4602. 

of  Conservative  Associations,  10082. 

,  Edict  of,  issued,  Fr.,  6853. 

Fund  of  Mass.,  1971 . 

Generale,  directors  imprisoned,  7531. 

German  Princes  fmd,  5173. 

Gospel  .A^ews  issued,  3322. 

Iron   Works,    San   Francisco,    est., 

3461. 

Jack,  national  flag  of  England,  8792. 

League  Club  fnd.,  Phila.,  2172;  In 

N.  Y.,  2431 ;  C.  Depew  pres.,  N.Y.,  361«. 

Magazine  appears,  1632, 

Mills,  Mo.,  action  near,  212 1 . 


Union  Pacific  R.R.eharter  purchased,2573 » 
joins  Cent.  Pac,  2673;  Credit  Mobilier 
builds,  2593;  completed,  2713;  strike, 
3232,4662;  robbers  routed,  4131 . 

Party  Convention,  Baltimore,  1872. 

Pipe-Line    incorporated,    2853;    lay 

pipes,  3073. 

Prisoners  Nat.  Memorial  Asso. meets, 

3783. 

Stock-yards  opened,  2493. 

Theological  Sem.  org.,  1323, 1463;  Li- 
brary org.,  1463;  accepts  Chas.  Butler's 
gift,  3582;  Prof.  Briggs  Installed,  3761. 

Veteran  Legion  org.,  3171;  National 

Organization,  3251 , 
Unionist   Roman    Catholics,    address    to 

Queen,  9942. 
Uniontown,  ice-dam,  3421. 
Unitarian  Church,  Am.,  first,  582.  In 
Mass.,  643,  1103,  1123,  1243,  1343,  2542, 
2561,2,2722,3262;  org., 982.  H.  Ballon, 
1062 ;  Congregationalists,  1063 ;  Plymouth 
Church,  Mass.,  1103;  in  Harvard,  1123; 
disrupt  Congreg.  Ch.,  II71,  1243;  Theo. 
Education  Soc;  Harvard  Divinity  Sch. 
est.,  1243;  Christian  Examiner  issued, 
1271 ;  Channing's  sermon,  1282;  S.  S. 
Soc.  org.,  1343;  Benevolent  Fraternity 
est.,  1431;  Am.  U.  Asso.  incorp.,  1623; 
Asso.  of  Ministers  at  Large  fmd.,  1682. 
In  O.,  1702, 3961.  lnN.H.,2191.  In 
Me., 2362.  National  Conf.,  2462, 2642. 
In  Wis.,  2642.  Conn.  Valley  Conf.  In 
Conn.,  2661.  Plymouth  Bay  Conf.  In 
K.  I.;  Channing  Conf.,  2562.  National 
Conf.  in  N.  Y.,  2722,  in  Boston,  2782,  at 
Saratoga,  2861 ,  2922,  2983,3042,3102,3182, 
3242,inPhila.,3462,atSaratoga,3922,4721; 
U.  Ministers  Institute  meets,  2922.  in 
Mich.,2882.  lnla.,2942.  lnlnd.,2983. 
Birth  of  Channing  eel.,  3042.  in  III., 
3062,  3242.  Woman's  Western  Conf., 
org.,  3062.  In  Mo., 3062.  In  Neb., 
3102.  In  Ga.,  3163.  Middle  States 
Conference,  3202;  Indian  mission  work 
begins.  In  Mont.,  3223.  Western 
Asso.  org.,  3242;  Bureau  of  Unity  Clubs 
org., 3262.  InMinn.,3263.  InN.Y., 
3282.  U.Younger  Ministers' Asso. ,3463; 
Nat.  Guild  Alliance  org.,  3463.  In 
Colo.,  3682.  Central  Conf.  org.,  3961 ; 
conf.  in  Baltimore,  4781 . 

party,  rally,  4901 .  (See  text,  Argen- 
tine Republic,  j)p.  490+.) 

Unitarians,  in  Europe,  9002;  Presbyter- 
ians become,  9083;  exempt  from  penal- 
ties, 9371 ;  association  founded,  9822. 

Unite  captured,  9342. 

United  Alkali  Company  registered,  10073. 

Am.  Mechanics  statistics,  4463. 

Association  of  TypothetEenieet8,368i . 

Belgium  formed,  6432. 

Brethren  in  Christ  fnd.,  691;    org., 

1103;  Otterbein  Univ.  org.,  1632;  Harts- 
ville  Univ.,  1703  ;  Westminster  Coll.; 
Miss.  Society  org.,  1723;  Western  Coll., 
1802;  Lane  Univ.,  2093;  Bp.  'Weaver 
elected,  2462 ;  Lebanon  Valley  Coll. ,2682; 
Philmoath  Coll.,  2023;  Bp.  Dickinson 
elected,  2682 ;  Woman's  Asso.  fmd.,  2882 ; 
San  Joaquin  Coll.  org.,  2962;  Bp.  Castle 
elected,  2983;  Bj).  Kephart  elected,  3082; 
Gen.  Conf.  at  York,  3403;  Bp.  Holt 
elected,  3462;  Central  Coll.,  Kan.,  est., 
3962;  York  College  org.  at  York,  Neb. 
(1890). 

Church  in  Christ  in  Japan  fmd.,  10922. 

Confederate  Veterans  Conven.,  4043. 

Domestic  Miss.  Soc.  formed,  1303. 

Friends,  order  of,  inst.,309i;  statis- 
tics, 4463. 

Irishman  Soc.  org.,  361 1 ;  active,  9272; 

insurrection,  9281 . 

Kingdom  Alliance  founded,  9591 . 

Beneficent  Asso.  founded,  9671 . 

Home  Rule  League  fmd.,  9953. 

Norwegian  Lutheran  Free  Church  of 

Am.  formed,  3601 . 

Order  Golden  Cross,  fnd.,  2943;  sta- 

tistics  447' 

^"of  Pilgrim  Fathers  fnd.,  3032. 

Presbyterians.     (See  Presbyterians.) 

Provincial  Diet,  summons  to,  8171 . 

Secession  Working  Men's  Insurance 

est.,  mil. 

Service  Jmimal  issued,  9443. 

Sons  of  America  formed,  4682. 

States  of   Am.     (See    text,  84-479) ; 

Bank   (see    Bank) ;    bonds    redeemed, 


1434 


Text  Figures  denote  Page,        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


TJnit-TItah. 


3733  (see  Bonds) ;  Mex.  boundary  fixed, 
3932 ;  Courts,  jurisdiction  defined, 
3692;  Supreme  Court,  centennial  eel., 
female  practitioner  in,  3523;  political 
existence,  812;  flag  adopted,  1272;  Fr. 
Kepublic  congratulates,  1G51 ;  treasury, 
statistics,  2893;  statistics,  revenue,  ex- 
penses, etc.,  2712,  2733,  2751 ,  279' ,  2832, 
2852,  2892,  2931 ,  2953,  2992,  3013,  305'  ,3, 
3073,  3093,  3111 ,  al33,  3152,3,  3173,  3193, 
3212,3,  325', 3,  3272,  3293,  331 ',  3333, 
343',  3632,  4093,  4213,  433',  4473;  treaty 
with  Korea,  10943;  treaty  witli  Mad., 
10953;  war  with  Mex.,  109t>' ;  boundary 
dispute  with  Mex.,  10962;  war  claims  re- 
fused by  Port.,  1111' ;  treaty  with  Siam, 
11242;  Sp.  acknowledges  independence, 
11312;  claims  from  Cuban  duties,  11333; 
Brewers'  Asso.,  Wash.,  D.  C,  359'; 
Apostolic  delegate  est.,  422' . 
United  States  South,  failure,  1672. 
United  States  captures  Macedonia,  1182. 
United  States  Cutlery  Co.  incorporated, 

4093. 
United  States  Mat^azine  appears,  1083. 
United  States  Military  Acad.  (See  West 
Point.) 

Naval  Acad.    (See  Annapolis.) 

United  States  Revietv  appears,  3*93. 
United  States  Rolling  Stock  Co.,  assign- 
ment, 3733. 

Workmen.     (See  Ancient  Order  U. 

W.) 
Universal  Amnesty  Bill  fails,  2912. 

Exhibition  opd.  in  Paris,  7593. 

Universal  German  Library,  8032. 

sutfrage,  Aust.,   agitated,  5362;  Bill 

favored  ;  in  Socialist  Assembly,  5363; 
extended;  in  Bohemia,  537' ;  Leopold 
favorsj  Belg.,  547' ;  petition  to  Council ; 
Socialists  favor,  5463;  in  Brussels;  in 
Belgium,  548' . 

favored,  Swe.,  11332,  H333. 

Universalist  Church,  Am.,  first  believers, 
422,  432;  first  preacher,  65' .  In  Pa., 
65' ,  95' ,  1402.  ,J.  Mayhew  avows,  723; 
founder  Murray  arrives, 742.  in  MCass., 
723,  932,  982,  1422,  1703.  in  N.  J., 
742,583.  Firstchurch,932;  Istconven., 
982;  new  era,  new  theology;  H.  Ballou 
preaches,  1083;  Winchester  Confession 
adopted,  1123.  in  N.  Y.,  1323,  I8O2 
In  O.,  1343,  2782.  In  Me.,  1362.  in 
Conn.,  1402.  In  N.  H.,  1402.  State 
oonven.  org.,  1323,  1402,  1442,  1433,  1563, 
1583,  2882,  2882,  2962,  3932,  446'.  In 
Pa.,  1402.  In  B.  I.,  1502.  In 
Micli.,1562.  U, Quarterly  Reolew,  1583. 
In  Ind.,  1642.  in  Wis.,  1642.  Tufts 
Coll.,  Mass.,  org.,  1703;  St.  Lawrence 
Univ.,  1802.  In  Kan.,  2682,  2882. 
Buehtel  Coll.,  O.,  2782.  in  Ida.,  2962. 
In  Tex.,  3982.  In  W.  Va.,  3982.  in 
Vt.,446'.  In  Can.,  446'.  In  Wash., 
446'. 
Universities,  degrees  inst.,  10752;  suffer 
from  plague,  10772;  at  Bologna;  reor- 
ganized, Fr.,  715' ;  erap.  seeks  to  control, 
Ger.,  8052;  under  police  supervision, 
813';  Act  passes,  G.  B.,9832;  riots  of 
students,  Kus.;  gov't  restrictions,  11203. 
University  of  Alabama  est.,  139' ,  2742, 
3103. 

of  Arizona  org.  at  Tucson  (1891). 

of  California  est.,  2623,  2822,   3282; 

Lick  Observatory  est.,  330' ,  4142. 

of  Chicago  est.,  3522,  3682,  4162    4182 

4202, 422' . 

of  Cincinnati  est.,  2702,  2863. 

of  City  of  New  York  est.,  139',  1423; 

Butler  gift,  3582;  J.  Hall,  chanc,  3843, 
404';  land  purchase,  4302;  Lagarde  Li- 
brary, 4342;  graduates  of,  404',  4562; 
Medical  College  burned,  2633. 

of  Colorado  est.,  2962. 

of  Denver  est.,  2093. 

of  Deseret  est,  2662. 

of  Florida  est.,  358*. 

of  Georgia  est.,  983. 

of  Idaho  est.  (1892). 

of  Illinois  est.,  2583. 

of  Indianapolis  est.  (1850). 

Institute  (non-sect.),  org.,  Lockhart, 

Miss.  (1881). 

of  Iowa  org.,  Iowa  City  (1855). 

of  Kansas  est.,  219' ,  2543. 

of  Lewisburg  est.,  1663, 

of  Louisiana  est.,  3003. 

—  of  Maine  org.  at  Orono  (1865). 


University  of  Michigan   est.,  1483,  1543, 
2703   402'. 

or  Minnesota  est.,  2623. 

of  Mi8sis8i^)pi  est.,  1642, 

of  Missouri  est.,  1543. 

of  Montana  est.  (1895). 

of  Nashville  est.,  983. 

of  Nebraska  est,  2663,  2763. 

of  Nevada  org.,  2863. 

of  New  Mexico  est.,  3082,  3502. 

of  North  Carolina  est,  1063,  468' . 

- —  of  North  Dakota  est.,  3183. 

of  Notre  Dame  org.,  155' . 

of  Oklahoma  est.  (1892). 

of  Omaha  est.  (1880). 

of  Oregon  est.,  2922. 

of  Pacific  est.,  1702. 

of  Pennsylvania  est.,  347' ,  3843,  3882 

456', 2. 

of  Kochester  est.,  1683. 

of  Southern  California  est.,  3042. 

■  of  South  Dakota  est.,  3143. 

of  the  South  est.,  26J3. 

of  Tennessee  est.,  1143.    (See  Nash- 
ville.) 

of  Texas  est.,  3143. 

of  Urbana  est.,  1703. 

of  Utah  est.,  1083,  3643. 

of  Vermont  est.,  1023. 

of  Virginia  est.,  133' ,  2923. 

of  Washington  est.  (1892). 

of  Wisconsin  est.,  1643. 

of  Wooster  est.,  2623. 

of  Wyoming  est.,  3263. 

of  Berlin  est.,  8103. 

of  Paris  controls  education,  725' . 

of  Rostock,    fnd.,    785';    Faculty    of 

Theology,  7852. 

of  Toronto,  Can.,  5803. 

of  Trinity  Coll.  fnd.,  Toronto,  6803. 

(See  also  specific  names  in  Vocabulary 
place  as  Cambridge,  Dublin,  Harvard, 
Oxford,  Victoria,  Yale,  etc.) 

boat-races,  3153,  3213,  3253. 

Club,  N.Y., org., 3003;  admits  women, 

4562. 

degrees  denied  to  women,  Scot.,  979' . 

Extension,    N.    Y.,    380',    3832,    396'; 

conf.,  Phila.,  4202;  summer  meeting, 
4342;  society  first  meeting,  464'. 

Settlement,    art    exhibit,  408' ;    aids 

poor ;  society  meets,  4262. 
Tests  Bill    passes,  9732;    tests  abol- 
ished, 9743. 
UnBtrut,  Ger.,  victory  on,  772'. 
Unyamyembe,  explorers  reach,  661'. 
Updegraff,  Thomas,  b.,  1422. 
Upfold,    George,  b.    (1796) ;  cons,  bishop, 

1662;  d.  (1872). 
Upham,  Charles  Wentworth,  b.,  U02;  d., 
2881. 

,  Frederick  W.,  d.,  380'. 

,  Thomas  Cogswell,  b.,  1082;  d.,  2762. 

,  W.  H.,  nom.  for  governor  "Wis.,  4672. 

Upington  ministry  formed,  6032. 
Upjohn,  Richard,  b.  (1802) ;  d.,  2982. 
Upper  Alton,  111.,  Shurtletf  College,  135' . 

Canada  Coll.  and  Academy  fnd.,  579' . 

(rermany  founded,  769 ' . 

Iowa  University  founded,  1822. 

Upsala,    fortress    taken ;     Garden     est., 

1134';    archbishopric   est.  ;    University 

fnd.,  11343;  Theolog.  School  opd.,  1136'. 

Upshur,  Abel  Parker,  b.  (1790) ;  sec.  navy, 

1533  ;  killed,  156' . 
Upton,  Anson  J.,  chancellor,  4162. 

,  Gen.    Emory,  b.  (1839);  work,  2603; 

d. (1881). 

,  George  F.,  Vise.  Templeton,  d.,  1002' . 

,  John,  steam-plow,  948' . 

Ur,  ruling  city,  11393. 
Uraca  reigns  in  Leon-Castile,  11272. 
Urambo,  mission,  8383. 
Uranium  discovered,  804' . 
Uranus  in  Greece,  10133. 
Uranus,  planet,  discovered,  9202,  954' . 
Urartu,  King,  expeditions  against,  1144'. 
Urban,  Sir  Benj.  D',  sets  boundary,  598' . 
Urban  I.,  St.,  pope,  10643. 
II.,  pope,  10743  ;  council,  10323  ;  re- 
strictions in  Lord's  Supper,  10743;  d., 
10742. 

in.,  pope,  d.,  10742. 

IV.,  pope,  d.,  10762. 

v..  pope,  1077' ;  d.,  10762. 

VI.,  pope,  1077' ;  d.,  10762. 

VII.,  pope,  10812;  d.,  10822. 

Urban  Vm.,pope,  10832;  d.,  10823 
Ur-Baha  reigns,  11393. 


Urbana,  Md.,  action  near,  120' . 

,0.,  University  org.,  1703. 

Urbieus,  Lollius,  governor,  10652. 
Urbina,  dictator  Ecuador,  6442. 
Urbino,  It.,  taken,  1078' ;  duchy  created  : 
seized,  10793  ;  goes  to  L.  de  Medici  ;  an- 
nexed to  Papal  States,  10813;  annexed 
to  Italy,  10892. 
,  Gen.,  at  battle  of  Galte,  6432. 

Urdu,  asteroid,  discovered,  290' . 
Urdamen  captures  Pharaoh  Necho,  660'. 
Urfe,  Honors  d',  b.,  6823;  Astrie,  687' :  d., 

6863. 
Urgel,  action  at,  11322. 
Ur-Gur,  king  of  Shunier,  11393. 
Uri,  Switz.,  confederated,  11373. 
Uriarte,  Higinio,  elected  president,  11063. 
Uric  secedes,  11382. 

Urquhart,  Richard,  b.,  878' ;  d.,  8902. 

Urquiza,  Justo  Jos6,  b.,  4893;  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  490', 2;  gov.,  4903;  deposed;  de- 
feat at  India  Muerta,  490' ;  commander, 
4902  ;  conquest ;  navigation  secured ; 
pres.  ;  deposed  ;  dictator  ;  repels  fili- 
busters, 491';  neutral,  4912;  assassi- 
nated, 4913. 

Urraca  attacks  Countess  of  Port.,  1126' . 

Urriola,  Col.,  leader,  6072;  killed,  606'. 

Ursere  Zeit  issued,  8203. 

tJrsicinus  elected  anti-pope,  10683. 

Ursinus  College  organized,  Pa.,  2722. 

,  Zacharius,  b.,  7902;  d.,7922. 

Ursua,  Pedro  d',  in  Colombia;  seeks  El- 
dorado, 223. 

Ursula,  d.,  8402. 

Ursuline  nuns,  order  fnd.,  1081';  est.  at 
New  Orleans,  603. 

Uruguay.    (See  text,  pp.  1159-1160.) 

Urukh,  king,  builder,  1140'. 

Urumiah,  Per.,  revival,  1107';  printing- 
press  est.,  11073. 

Usagala,  Stanley  meets  missionaries,5622. 

Usambara,  Moslems  close  mosques,  8383. 

Usambrioa,  Mackay  remains  at,  56*2' . 

User-en-Ka,  in  Arabia,  646' ;  titles,  6462  ; 
reigns,  Egypt,  647' . 

User-ka-f  reigns,  Egypt,  647' . 

Usertsen  I.,  art  patron,  646'  +  ;  erects  obe- 
lisk, 646'. 

II.,  and  III.  reign,  6473. 

Usher,  or  Ussher,  James,  archbp.  of  Ar- 
magh, chronologist,  b.,8742  ;  d.,  8882. 

Uslbepu,  Chief,atUlundi,602';  defeated, 
6022. 

Uskuto,  Bp.  Theodosius  expelled,  668'. 

llssagah  dies,  429' . 

Usse,  Anthony,  cons.  R.  C.  bishop,  1012' . 

UsBiiig,  Tage  Aigreen,  b.,  6382;  d.,  642'. 

Ustariz,  Juan  Andres  de,  gov.,  6053. 

Ufiu,  mission  at,  II6I2. 

"  Usufruct,"  cii)her  despatches,  3012. 

Usury  prohibited,  Eng.,  8592;  allowed  to 
Christians,  It.,  10793. 

Usutus,  Chief,  fugitive,  6022. 

Utah,  U.  S.  A.:  ceded  by  Mex.  to  U.  8., 
1633:  territory  org.,  1672;  Univ.  of  Utah 
fnd.,  1683;  Brigham  Young,  gov.,  1692: 
Col.  E.  J.  Steptoe,  gov.,  177';  State  of 
Deseret  fnd.,  1792;  revolt  against  U.  S.» 
1812;  rebellion;  army  at  Salt  Lake,  182' J 
Mountain  Meadow  massacre,  1823  j 
Young  vs.  army,  183';  A.  Cummingi 
gov.,  1832,  197';  leaders  indicted  for 
treason,  1832;  compromise;  peace,  184'; 
J.  \V.  Dawson,  gov.;  S.  Harding,  gov., 
2032  ;  conven.  meets  ;  Constitution  rati- 
fied, 2053  ;  Morrisites  defy  sheylf,  2093, 
2213  ;  D.  Doty,  gov.,  2413  ;  c.  Durkee, 
gov.,  2512;  Union  Pacific  E.  R.  com- 
pleted, 2673;  Univ.  of  Deseret  est.,  2662; 
Mormons  rise  against  B.  Y'oung,  269'; 
J.  Wilson  Slatfer,  gov.,  2693  ;  Mormon 
militia  repressed,  270' ,  2713,  2742,  2752 ; 
protest  .against  interference  with  polyg- 
amy, 2703 ;  polj'gamists  deprived  of  civil 
rights;  woman's  suffrage  est.,  271*; 
Zion's  Cooperative  Mercantile  Institu- 
tion est.,  2733  ;  B.  Young  arrested  for 
bigamy;  escapes,  2743,  2783,287';  Geo. 
L.Woods,  gov.,  277';  Ogden  Sem.  est., 
2782;  B.  Young  resigns  temporal  power, 
2802  ;  Geo.  W.  Emery,  gov.,  2912  ;  .John 
Taylor,  chief  apostle,  2962;  Meth.  Epis. 
Conf.  fmd.,  2982;  Brigham  Young  Coll. 
est.,  3003  ;  Eli  H.  IVIurray,  gov.,  3052; 
Congregational  Asso.  fmd.,  3102;  mis- 
sionaries sent  out,  3142;  expelled  Mor- 
mons enter  Montana,  3152;  Deaf  Mutes 
Instit.  est.,  319' ;  Edmunds  Anti-Folyg- 


Ute-Vane. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


1435 


amy  Bill,  31U  ,  3203,  it  is  constitutional, 
3212  ;  Insane  Asylum  est.,  323' ;  Caleb 
W.  West,  gov.,  3252;  Women's  Indus- 
trial Home  est.,  3263;  Prot.  Epis.  dio- 
cese, 3282;  niinerjil  wax  ;  ice-«ave,  334»; 
Gentiles  elect,  3382,3432;  priesthood  de- 
ficient, 3482  ;  A.  L.  Thomas,  gov.,  3492  ; 
migration  to  Mex.,  3553;  Utah  Univ., 
3&43;  Agricultural  Coll  est.,  3(ifi2;  polyg- 
amy abolished,  3G82,  3  ;  free  schools, 
3743  ;  Irrigation  Cong.,  3911 ;  Liberals 
elect,  4012;  .Mormon  Temple  built,  404^ ; 
4261;  Gov't  Bill  passes,  411';  admission, 
429 <, 2,  4693;  U.  and  Nevada  consolida- 
tion, 439' ;  W.  West,  gov., 4472;  receiver 
for  M(»rmon  church  funds,4492;  wreckers 
caught,  4662;  liep.  Conven.,  free  coinage 
of  silver,  4712  ;  settlers  against  Utes, 
4762;  annexation  resolution,  4772. 

Ute  Indians  removed  from  N.  Mex.,  299' ; 
subdued,  476', 2. 

Utlca  (Tunis),  flourishes  ;  ally  of  Car- 
thage, 1139' ;  Roman  armies  unite,  1055' ; 
captured,  1060' . 

,  N.  Y'.,(N.S.>Presb.  synod  fmd.,  1363; 

conven.  of  mechanics,  145'  ;Barnburner8 
Dem.  Conven.  meets,  165';  Gen.  Asso. 
N.  S.  Presb.  meets,  1702;  B.R.  accident, 
1853 ;  Saturday  Globe  issued,  3123  ;  fire, 
3633,  4293  ;  natural  gas  found,  362' ; 
against  gambling,  453';  ai'Leod  ac- 
quitted, 579'. 

and  Schenectady  R.  R.  opened,  1463. 

Utopia,  steamboat,  accident,  3813. 

sinks,  10903. 

Utraquist  Synod,  imitate  Luther,  5083. 

Utrecht,  Neth., Peace  of,  59' ,  6973;  Pr.  of 
Orange  abandons,  692' ;  quarrel  of  minis- 
ters, 6972;  Union  of,  541' ;  Christian  Ch. 
fnd.,1097' ;  in  alliance, 1099'  ;8urrendered 
to  Prus.,  11002;  observatory  est.,  11003; 
annexed  to  Fr.,  11013;  Miss.  Soc.  fnd., 
11022 ;  anniversary  of  Seven  Uniteti 
Provinces,  11023. 

,  Adriaan  van,  b.-d.,  5403. 

Uttlman,  Barbara,  lace-making,  7882. 

Uttoxeter,  Scots  surrender  at,  8862. 

Uvalde,  socialist  refused  naturalization, 
393' ;  flood,  4713. 

Uyui,  mission,  8383. 

Dz.  Johana  P.,  b.,  7983;  works,  801' j  d., 
81183. 

tTzbeck  Tartars,  in  Bokhara,  549' . 

tJzzah  smitten,  11423. 

Uzzi,  high  priest,  1141'. 

Uzziah  (Azariah),  reigns,  1145' . 

,  defeated,  1144' . 


Vaal  River,  R.  R.  connection,  6033. 

Vaart,  Jan  van  der,  b.-d.,  11003. 

Vaballathus,  heir  to  Palmyra,  10672. 

Vaca,  Cabeza  de.    (See  Cabeza.) 

Vaccai,  or  Vaccaj,  Nicolo,  d.,  1()S63. 

Vaccination,  intro..  Am.,  613,  11073;  Anti- 
C/ompulsory  League  org.,  457' ;  Law  con- 
stitutional. Conn.;  in  Hartford  schools, 
4602;  not  compulsory,  N.  Y.,  4612;  riots. 
Can.,  585';  first  used  in  Qer.,804';  in 
Belg.,544';  in  Persia,  11073;  idea  con- 
ceived, Eng.,  9202  ;  experiment,  9262; 
lymph  procured,  950' ;  Act  passes,  G.B., 
9512;  compulsory,  959' ;  opposed,  975' . 

Vacherot,  Etienne,  b.,  719' ;  works,  7292, 
7343,  7383. 

Vacqu^rie,  Auguste,  b.,  7223. 

Vacslav,  the  Saint,  duke,  5032. 

VafJerlandsclle  Letteroefeilingen,  11012. 

Vailimonian  Lake,  battle  at,  662' ,  1052' . 

Vagrancy,  penalties,  Eng.,  867' ;  punished, 
8752. 

Vail,  Chag.  N.,  Bridge  Commission,  3613. 

,  Thomas  Hubbard,  b.  (1812) ;  cons.  P. 

E.  bishop,  211';  d.,  346'. 

Vaillant,  Auguste,  anarchist,  7662;  bomb 
in  Chamber  of  Deputies,  767' ;  executed, 
7663. 

,  Jean  Baptiste    Philibert,  b.,  7062  ; 

minister  fine  arts,  7392;  d.  (1872). 

,  SiSbastien,  b.,  0903;  d.,  6982. 

Vakhtang  builds  Tiflis,  11132. 

Valabhis  dynasty  reigns,  10432. 

Valaduc,  prince  Carinthia.  503'. 

Valais  canton,  joins  Act  Mediation,  11382. 

Valarsaces,  or  Vagharshag,  est.  Arsacidae 
dynasty,  11493. 

Valderrama,  Baltazar  Francisco  de,  gov., 
6302. 


Vald^s,  Juan  de,  work,  1129' ;  d.  (1540). 

Valdivia,  Pedro  de,  b.-<l.,  11263;  fuds.  Val- 
paraiso, 23' ;  conquers  Chile  ;  to  Peru ; 
repulsed,  6042  ;  return,  6043;  explorer, 
605' ;  taken,  606' ;  killed,  6043,  605' . 

Valdrome,  Chevandier  de,  minister,  7392. 

Vali5o,  Comte  Sylvain  Charles,  b.  (1773) ;  in 
Algeria,  83,  93;  d.  (184G). 

Valenvay,  Fr.,  treaty  of,  11312. 

Valence,  Fr.,  University  est.,  6783. 

Valencia,  Sp.,  taken,  7182;  capital,  11272  ; 
Cancionero  General,  1127' ;  insurrection, 
1130' ;  conspiracy,  11313  ;  surrendered, 
1132';  taken,  1126',  1132';  cholera, 
11323,  1133';  bomb  for  archbp.,  1133'; 
Tirant  lo'  Blanche,  1127'. 

,  Gen.,  defeated  at  Conteras,  162' . 

Valenciennes,  Fr.,  siege  of,  690',  1098'; 
captured,  692',  708',  710',  722';  Fr. 
gains,  6933  ;  revolt,  7823. 

Valengia,  annexed  to  Ger.,  7993. 

Valens,  Flavins,  b.-d.,  10682;  defeated, 
1068':  reigns,  10692;  Augustus,  10293; 
killed,  10282. 

Valentia,  Ire.,  cable  laid,  2833,  1333,  2533. 

,  Scot.,  a  Roman  province,  10693. 

,  Lord,  in  duel,  9272. 

,  Viscount,  title  created,  881'. 

Valentin,  Gabriel  Gustav,b.,8102;  d.,8302. 

Valentine  founders,  9853. 

,  pope,  d.,  1072'. 

,  St.,  beheaded,  10663. 

Valentinian  I.,  b.-d.,  10682;  defeats  Ale- 
manni,  1068' ;  reigns,  10692. 

II.,b.-d.,10082;reigus,10693;  strangled, 

6633. 

III.  (Flavins  Placidus  Valentinianus), 

b.-d.,  10702;. at  Council  Ephesus,  1030*; 
reigns;  1071' ;  assassinated,  10712,  3. 

Valentius,  pope,  10723. 

Valerian  (Publius  Aurelius  Licinius  Vale- 
rianus),  persecutes  Christians,  10663; 
reigns,  captured  by  Pers.;  conquests; 
prisoner,  1066';  executed,  1007',  2;  d., 
10662. 

Valerius  defeats  Philip  V.,  1026*. 

Gratus  rules  in  .Judea,  11513. 

Maximus,  historian,  b.,  10622. 

Corvinus  Messala,  against  Car- 
thaginians and  Syracusans,  10523. 

Vaiette,  Marquis  de  la,  minister,  739' . 

Valfogona,  massacre  of  prisoners,  11322. 

Vallcyrie  in  N.  Y.,  4393  ;  races  Vigilant, 
4413. 

//.  races  Defender  ;  wins  race,  10013. 

Valla,  Lorenzo,  b.-d.,  10782. 

Vallabha-Swami,  religion  of  pleasure, 
1(«3';  enthroned,  10432. 

Valladolid,  Univ.  fnd.,  1127';  recovered 
from  Saracens,  11272. 

Vallandigham,  Clement  L.,  b.  1282  ;  ob- 
structionist, 203';  anti-Lincoln  speech, 
2213;  arrested,  2212;  escorted  to  Confed. 
lines,  2222;  in  Bermuda,  223' ;  nom.  for 
gov.  O.;  release  urged  ;  no  Habeas  Cor- 
pus, 2233;  in  Nova  Scotia,  2242;  returns 
from  Can.,  2352;  kills  himself,  2753. 

Vallo,  Pietro  della,  d.,  1083'. 

Vallojo,  Manuel  G.,  d.,  352' . 

Valley  City,  N.  Dak.,  Normal  school6,3742. 

I'orge,  Pa.,   sufferings;  Fr.  alliance 

celebrated ;  encounter,  882, 

of  Taos,  action  in,  163' . 

Valtiant  launched,  966' . 

Valliant,  Francois  le.     (See  Le  Valliant.) 

ValUfere,  Duchesse  de  la,  Louise  Franyoise 
de  la  Baume  le  Blanc,  b.,  0883;  d.,  6963. 

Vallis  Ranch,  Confeds.  defeated,  205' . 

Vallombrosa,  It.,  Benedictine  Abbey  at, 
10742. 

Valniy,  Fr.,  battle  at,  708' . 

Valois,  House  of,  enthroned,  675'. 

,  Charles  de.  (SeeAngouleme,  Ducd'.) 

,  Felix  de,  forms  Mathnrins,  6703. 

Valparaiso,  Cal.,  mobs  org.,  3992. 

,  Chile,  fnd.,  6O52  ;  bombarded,  606' ; 

earthquake  ;  storm,  6063;  revolt ;  threat- 
ened, 608' ;  plot  foiled,  6082  ;  battle  ; 
surrenders,  6083;  eel.;  Baltimore  crew 
attacked,  609'. 

Valsalva,  Antonio  Maria,  b.,  1083'  j  d., 
10832. 

Valsequa,  chart  of  Atlantic,  12' . 

Valtelline,  It.,  Fr.  seize,  686' ;  Protes- 
tants massacred,  10823, 

Valtezza,  battle  at,  1156». 

Valverde,  N.  Mex.,  action  at,  2042. 
Van,  Turk.,  mission,  11563  ;  council  dis- 
solved, 11582. 


Vanadis,  asteroid,  discovered,  748' . 

Van  Alen,  J.  J.,  ambassador, 439'  j  resigns, 
4412. 

Van  Allen,  W.,  Coxey  resolution,  4592, 

Van  Amburg,  Isaac,  b.,  1242  ;  d.,  250'. 

Van  Arteveld,  Philippe,  killed,  6742. 

Vanbrugh,  Sir  John,  b.,  8922;  works, 9003; 
d,,  9063. 

Van  Brunt,  Gershom  Jacques,  b.  (1798) ;  d., 
229'. 

Van  Buren,  Ark.,  Confederate  defeat,2143, 
217'. 

,  John,  b.   1162;  d.,  254' . 

,  Martin,  b.  (1782) ;  marries,  1143;  elec- 
toral vote,  1332,  1413,  1472,  1632,  1652; 
gov.,  1363,  1372,3  ;  leads  N.  Y.  democ- 
racy, 137' ;  sec.  state,  1372  ;  nom.  for 
pres.,  141',1513,165',2;  vice-pres.,  1432; 
signs  Delavan's  declaration,  145' ;  pop- 
ular vote,  1472,  153',  1652;  inaug.  Pres., 
1473;  pres.  nomination,  1613;  successful 
administration;  est.  10-hour  syetenj,  163' ; 
"successful  but  inglorious,'  153';  mis- 
take ;  opposes  Tex.,  159' ;  d.,  211' . 

,  W.H.,  Sanitary  Commissioner,  197'. 

Vance,  Jos.,  b.  (1786) ;  gov.,  1472;  d.  (1852). 

,  Zebulon,  b.,  1382  ;  gov.  K.  C,  217»  ; 

2973;  speech,  4372;  d.,  4662. 

Van  Courtland,  Henry  C,  d.,  9982. 

Vancouver,  Br.  Col.,  Jiaytien  Bejiuhlic 
seized,  6952;  Sp.  seize,  5772;  petroltum 
dls.,588'. 

City,  Wash.,  Holy  Angels'  Coll.  est., 

211' ;  defective  youth  school, 3263. 

,  Wash.,  Bishop  of  Nesqually's  land 

claim,  3712. 

Island,  Can.,  settled,  5772  ;  captured 

bySp.,924';  diocese  est.;  coal  dis.,  680' ; 
granted  Hudson  Bay  Co.,  5812  ;  Scottish 
crofters,  695' . 

,  George,  b.,  9123;  explorer,  102'  ,576», 

1041' ;  possessions  of  Sp.  received,  5772; 
voyage,  9202  ;  d.  (1798). 

Vandalia  wrecked,  336' ,  338' . 

Vandals  in  N.  Afr.,  8';  expelled,  8' ,  9' ; 
settle  in  Gaul,  6632,3;  in  Ger.,  6622;  pos- 
sess Dacia,  7692  ;  invade  Roman  empire, 
1064';  in  Tunis,  1139';  in  Fr.,  10C7'; 
expedition  against ;  invade  Afr. ;  invade 
Sp. ;  In  Sicily,  1070';  take  Sardinia; 
plunder  It.,  10712 ;  conquer  Morocco, 
1097' ;  power  ;  destroyed  in  Afr.,  lOiiO' . 

Vandamme,  Dominique  Josephe.  Comte 
d'Unebourg,  b.,  7042  ;  at  Kulm,  620'; 
at  NoUendorf,  720' ;  d.,  726' . 

Vanderbilt,  Congress  thanks  for,  2312. 

Vanderbilt,  Ccuiielius,  b.,  IO42  ;  gift  to 
TJ.  S.,2312  ;  gift  to  Univ.,  2903  ;d.,294i. 

,  Geo.  W.,  gift  to  Fine  Art  Soc,  396' . 

,  William  Henry,  b.  (1821) ;  d.,  3202. 

,  W.  K.,    yacht  .^(r«  sinks,  4133. 

Univ.  (Meth.  Epis.  S.)  org., Nashville 

Tenn.  (1872). 

Vanderbilts  control  D.,  L.  and  W.,  4432. 

Vanderhorst,  Arnoldus,  gov.  S.  C,  105' . 

Vanderhofl:',  George,  appears,  154'. 

Vanderlyn,  John,  b.,  86';  paintings,  112' ; 
114' ;  d.,  1702. 

Vanderpool,  Geo.,  trial  for  murder,  274». 

Van  Der  Voort,  Paul,  commander-in- 
chief,  3103. 

Vandersniissen,  M.,  sentenced,  5462. 

Vandervelde,  Willem,  b.-tl.,  11003. 

Van  de  Vyver,  bp.  of  Richmond,  3462. 

de  W'eyer,    Sylvanus,  b.  (1802±) ;   d. 

(1874)  ;  statue,  544' . 

Diemen's  Land.    (See  Tasmania.) 

Dorn,Earl,  b.,  1303 -at  Saluria,  1942  ; 

at  Pea  Ridge,  2042  ;  at  rarmington,207' ; 
at  Vicksburg,  2102  ;  at  Corinth  ;  super- 
seded by  Pemberton,  2142 ;  at  Davis 
Mills,  2163  ;  at  Franklin.  2202  ;  captures 
aRosecrans  force,  220';  near  Franklin, 
221' ;  assassinated,  222' ;  d.,  2232. 

Dyck,  Sir  Antliony,  b.-<l.,  6403  ;  ap- 
prenticed ;  enters  Rubens'  studio  ;  altar- 
piece,  5402  ;   paintings,  880' ,  882' . 

Dyke,  Henry  J.,  b.,  1302;  moderator, 

2942  ;  d.,  3842. 

Vane,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9412. 

,  Sir  Henry,   b.,  8782  ;  in  Mass.;  gov., 

352 ;  returns  to  Eng.,  363 ;  minister, 
8833  ;  beheaded  (1662). 

,  Charles  William  Stewart,  M.  of  Lon- 
donderry, b.,  9203;  d.,  9583. 

Van  Eyck,  Hubert  and  John,  (nd.  Flemish 
School,  10982. 

Elton,  Hendrik  Dirk  Kriiseman,  b., 

1362  ;  Nat.  Academy,  314'. 


1436 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX,        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  Vanf-Vcill, 


Van  Fleet,  Abraham,  d.,  4781. 
Vangerow,  Karl  Adolf  von,  b.,  8083  j  d.; 

8262. 
Van  Gorder,  G.  S.,  Election  Inspectors 

Bill,  4243. 

Belmont.     (See  Belmont.) 

Vanguard  wrecked,  9021. 

sunk,  980 » . 

Horn,  James  J.,  a  colonel,  382* , 

,  Major  Tbos.  B.,  at  Brownatown, 

1181 J  at  Kansas  City,  1933. 
Huten,  Philip,  search  for  Eldorado, 

223, 
Vaui^re,  Jacques,  b.,  6903  ;  d.,  700*. 
Vauiui,  Lucilio,   b.,  10822  ;  work,  10832 ; 

burned,  6871. 
Vanloo,  Charles  Andr6,  b.,  6962  ;  d.,  7031 . 

,  Jean  Baptiste,  b.,  6923  ;  d.,  7003. 

Marum,  electric  machine  constructed, 

11003. 

Murray,  minister  to  France,  1093. 

Ness,  Cornelius  Peter,  b.  (1782) ;  gov. 

Vt.,  1313  ;    d.,    1682. 

Nort,  W.  G.,  nom.  for  gov.  Md.,  3912. 

Vanorden,  E.,  mission,  5563. 

Van  Pare,  George,  martyr,  burned,  8703. 

Vanquelin,  Louis  Nicolas,  d.,  7243. 

Van  Kenssalaer,  Cortlandt,  b.,H42  ;  mod- 
erator, 1821;  d.,  1862. 

,  Col.  Henry,  d.,  2312. 

,  Solomon,  b.,  781 ;  Gen.  at  Queens- 
town,  1182  ;  d.,  1702. 

,  Stephen,  b.,  74i ;  d.,  1502. 

Sautvoord,  George,  b.,  128i ;  d.,  2212. 

Shaick,  Gen.  Gozen,  b.  (1737) ;  destroys 

Ind.  towns,  902;  d.  (1787). 

Vansittart,  H,,  gov.,  India,  10452. 

,  Nicholas,  L.  Bexley,  b.  (1766) ;  min- 
ister, 9372  ;  d.  (1851). 

Van  Straubenzee,  Sir  Charles  T.,  d.,  10081 . 

Syckel,  Judge,  church  lotteries,  472i . 

Tromp,  Adm.    (See  Tromp.) 

Vechten,  Jacob,  b.  (1788) ;  pres.  synod, 

1563,  1662;  d.  (1871). 

Voorhis,  Henry  C,  b.,  1702. 

Vranken,  Sam.  A.,  pres.    Reformed 

Synod,  1423. 

Wart,  Isaac,  b.,  722  ;  d.,  1362. 

Zandt,  Charles  C,  gov.  R.  I., 2973  ;  d., 

4621. 

Vapereau,  Louis  Gustave,  b.,  7223. 

V^aranes  I.  (Bahrain),  persecutions  of, 
11063  ;  reigns,  11071. 

II.,  defeated,  11061 ;  reigns,  11071 . 

III.,  resists  Romans;  defeated;  reigns, 

11071, 

IV.,  reigns,  11072. 

v.,  conquers  Arabia  Felix,  11061 ;  per- 
secutes Christians,  11063  ;  reigns,  11072. 

Varaville,  invaders  conquered,  6681. 

Varchi,  Benedetto,  b.  (1502) ;  works,  10812; 
d.  (1565). 

Varela,  Pedro,  pres.  Uruguay,  11603. 

Vargas,  Jos6  Maria,  pres.  Venezuela;  re- 
signs, 11602. 

,  Luis  de,  b.-d.,  11263, 

Varian,  Isaac  L.,  mayor  N.  Y.,  1512. 

Variedades  de  Ciencias,  Literatura  y  Aries 
issued,  11311. 

Varignon,  Pierre,  b.,  6902  ;  d.,  6982. 

Varley,  Cromwell,  musical  telephone, 
9741. 

Varna,  Hnng.  defeated,  5081 ;  Ladislaus 
falls,  5091 ;  Russian  amvy  in,  520i ;  re- 
stored by  Russia.  5653  ;  Russians  land ; 
mission,  5662  ;  Alex,  arrives,  5663;  Eng. 
army  at ;  armies  leave,  958i ;  surrenders, 
11562. 

Varnes,  Crete,  seized,  11581. 

Varuhagen,  Francisco  Adolpho  de,  b., 
5542;  d.,5562 

vonEnse,  Karl  August,  b.,  8042;  d., 

8202. 

Varnish,  mnf.  in  Am.,  1361 . 

Varnum,  Jos.  Bradley,  b.  (17554:) ;  speaker, 
1151,  1172;  pres.  senate,  1213  ;  d.  (1821). 

Varoli  Costanzo,  b.-d.,  10803. 

,  N.,  discovers  optic  nerves,  10802. 

Varro,  Caius  Terentius,  elected  consul; 
army  annihilated,  10541  j  capitulates  at 
Cadiz,  10603. 

,  Marcus  Terentius,  b.-d.,  10563. 

,  Publius  Terentius,  b.-d.,  10583. 

Varroy,  M.,  minister,  Fr.,  7532. 

Varus,  Publius  Quintilius,  commands, 
10621;  gov.  Syria,  11513  ;  suicide,  10621. 

,  killed  at  Munda,  10602. 

asari,  Giorgio,  b. ;  paints  Supper  of  St, 
Gregory,  10802  ;  d.,  10811 . 


Vase,  Portland,  smashed,  repaired,  952 1 , 

Vasey,  George,  b.,  1302. 

Vashou  Coll.  (non-sect.),  org.  at  Burton, 

Wash.  (1892). 
Vasilii  1.,  reigns  in  Russia,  11152. 

II.,  reigns,  11152. 

III.,  rules  Moscow,  11152. 

IV.,  rules  Moscow  ;  banished;  retuma, 

1U52. 
v.,  enthroned  as  Czar  of  Muscovy, 

receives  title  of  emperor,  11152. 

Choniski,  Czar  of  Russia,  11152. 

Vaaquez,  Juan    Francisco    Saenz,  gov. ; 

expels  pirates,  6302. 
Vassar,  Matthew,  b.,1022;  gift  to  college, 

1991;  d.,  2621. 
College   fnd.,  199 1;    name   changed, 

2562  ;  observatory  established,  300i . 
Vassy,  Fr.,  attack  on   Huguenots,  682'; 

massacre  of  Protestants,  683 1 . 
Vater,  Johann  Severin,  b.,  8031 ;  d.,  8123. 
Vatican,  Rome,  papal  residence,  10762  ; 

reading-room  gift,  5373. 
Codex,  Old  and  New  Testament  in 

Greek,  10883. 
Vatke,  Johann  Karl  Wilhelm,  b.,  8083  ; 

d.,  8302. 
Vattel,  Emmeric  de,  b.-d.,  11372. 
Vauban,  S^bastien  LePrestrede,b.,6882; 

at  Treves,  692i ;  works,  701 1 ;  d.,  6963. 
Vaucanson,  Jacques  de,  b.,  6963;  d.,  7051. 
Vauyelles,  Fr.,  truce  concluded  at,  6832, 
Vauchamps,  Prussians  defeat,  7203. 
Vaud,  Switz.,  canton,  joins  Act  Mediation, 

secedes,  11382. 
Vaudois    (or    Waldenses)   sect   prospera, 

5062;  freedom  of  religion,  6951 . 
Vaudreuil,  Marquis  de  (Philippe  de  Ri- 

guad),  b.,  6883  ;  governor,  5752,3  ;  signs 

•conven.  for  Can.,  7033  j  d.,  6982. 
Vaugelas,  Claude  Favre  de,  b.,  6842  •  d., 

6902. 
Vaughan,  Alfred,  b.,  940a  ;  d.  (1857). 
, J.,  Gen.,  at  Carroll  Station,  2382; 

at  Morristown,  2391 . 
,  Henry,  b.,  8802  ;    Silex  Scintillans. 

8883  ;  d.  (1693). 
,  Herbert,  cons.  R.C.bp.,  9742;  archbp. 

Westminster  :  pallium  conferred,  10082; 

cons,  cardinal  priest,  10103. 

,  Sir  John,  Gen.,  b.,  9103. 

,  Thomas,  b.,  8802, 

,  William,  forger,  executed,  9152. 

, ,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,9603  ;  est.  Truth 

Society,  9722. 
Vaughn,  Sir  William,  b.  (1577);   Golden 

Fleece,  322  ;  d.  (IfrlO). 

,  liobert,  governor,  Md.,  391 . 

,  Sir  ThomaSj  executed,  8653. 

V'aulabelle,  Achille  Tenoille  de,  b.,  7142  ; 

work,  7291;  d.,  7522. 
Vauquelin,  Louis  Nicolas,  b,,  703i;  min- 
erals discovered,  7123  ;  d.  (1829). 
Vautier,  Benjamin,  b.,  11381 . 
Vauvenargues,  Marquis  de  (Due  de  Cla- 

pier),  b.  (1715) ;  Human  Mind,  701* ;  d. 

(1747). 
Vaux,  Baron,  title  created,  8672. 

,  Count,  lands  in  Corsica,  7041 . 

,  Robert,  b.,  98i ;  d.,  1462. 

,  William  Sandys  Wright,  b.,  9383  •  d. 

(1885). 
Veazey,   Wheelock    G.,  interstate   com- 
missioner, 3512,  4473. 
Veccio,  Palma,  TTiree  Graces,  10801. 
Vecellio,  Marco,  b.,  10803. 
\^echte,  Antoine,  b.,  7223;  d.,  7382. 
Vedder,  Elihu,  b.,  1462  ;  Nat.  Academy 

Design,  2501. 
Vedei,  A.  G.,  collects  KJcumpeviser,  6371 . 
Vega  Polar  expedition,  9821 . 
Vega,  Carpio  Lope,  Felix  de,  b.-d.,  11282. 

,  Francisco  Laso  de  la,  governor,  6(K2. 

,  Garcillaso  Inca  de  la,  b.-d.,  1128*  ; 

■    works  of,  11291,2,  11303. 

,  Georg  von,  b.,  5143;  k.  (1802). 

Vegetarian  Society  fnd.,  9551 . 
Vehicle  tax,  England,  9233. 
Vehmic  Tribunals,  flourish,  7782. 
Vehse,  Karl  Eduard,  b.,  8082  ;  d.,  8262. 
Veientes,  defeated  by  Romans ;  slay  Fabll, 

10501. 
Veiga,  Diego  Laurenco  da,  gov.,  Brazil, 

252. 
Veil,  It.,  taken  ;  wars  with,  10501. 
Veit.  Philipp,  b.,  8002  ;  d.,  8282. 
Veitoh,  John,  b.,  9442  ;  d.,  9941. 

, ,  h.  (18294);  d.,  10121, 

,  William,  b,,  926®;  d.  (1885). 


Vela,  Blasco  Nufiez.    ^See  Nufiez.) 

Velasco,  Jos<^  Miguel  ue,  b.  (1795±);  prea. 
Bolivia,  5503;  d.  (1859). 

,  Rodrigo  Arias    Meldonado  y,  gov., 

6302. 

Velasquez,  Diego,  b.-d.,  11283;  conquers 
Cuba,  161 ;  Sp.  leader,  631 1 ;  at  Baracoa, 
6313. 

, Rodriguez   de   Silva,  b.    (1699): 

paintings,  11282;  d.  (16(»). 

Veldeke,  Heinrich  von,  jEneid,  7783. 

Velencze,  battle  at,  622 1 . 

Veli  Mehemet,  ruler  Bokhara,  5492, 

Velleda^  asteroid,  discovered,  7461. 

Velletri,  It.,  action  at,  lOSOi, 

Vellore,  India,  Sepoys  rebel,  10461 , 

Vellum  leaves  in  books,  10271 , 

Velocipede,  inv.,  7222;  deflcription,  704'; 
in  use,  9642;  common,  9713. 

Velpeau,  Alfred  Arniaud  Louis  Marie,  b., 
7102;  d.,7362. 

Velvet,  mnf.  intro.,  England,  8962,  9142. 

Venable,  Charles  S.,  b.,  1342. 

,  William,  lord  mayor  Loudon,  941>* 

Venables,  George  S.,  d.,  9982. 

Vendal  drowns  herself,  11132. 

Vendean  insurgents  assemble,  Fr,,  711»; 
sign  treaty,  7112. 

Vendue,  Fr.,  subjugation  completed,  7141; 
war  of,  7081 . 

Vendome,  Fr.,  French  defeated,  5421. 

,  Louis   Joseph,  Due  de,  b.,  6902;  at 

Oudenarde,  514* ;  d.,  6963. 

,  Francois  de  ,  Due  de  Beaufort,  b., 

6862;    -war  of   Sp.  succession,  6961;  at 
Villa  Viciosa,  698i,  11281 ;  d.,  6903. 

Column.     (See  Paris.) 

Venedey,  Jakob,  b.,  8082;  d.,  8262, 

Venedi  inhabit  Prussia,  7683. 

Veneer  mills  invented,  7921. 

Venerable  captures  Fr.  frigates,  9361 , 

Veneration  of  saints,  Ger.,  7723. 

Venetia,  It.,  cededtoFr.,  10892;  It.  covets, 
5271 ;  seized,  825';  transferred  to  It., 
5271,  10892;  ceded  to  Austria,  10852; 
ceded  to  France,  825 1 . 

Venetians  against  Algerines,' 8I;  take 
Zadar,  504i;  hold  Ionian  Islands;  in 
Gr.,  10353;  aid  crusaders;  inTyre,  10741 ; 
war  with  Turks,  11542;  defeat  Turks, 
10821. 
Vtnezuela  goes  ashore,  4013, 

A'enezuela,  S.  Am.  (see  text,  p.  1160);  gold 
dis.,  202;  fnd.;  withdraws  from  S.  Am. 
Republic,  6283;  to  join  Confederation, 
6291 ;  Arbitration  Treaty,  4032. 

,  Gulf  of,  discovered,  isi. 

Vengeur,  Le,  suppressed,  7443. 

Venqeance  escapes,  IO8I. 

Venice,  Gauls  conquer,  10531 ,2;  fnd., 
10712  ;  campanile  commenced  ;  basilica 
rebuilt  ;  St.  Mark's  Church  built,  10723; 
Republic  est.,  10732;  independent,  10733; 
war  with  Genoa.  10741 ,  I076i ;  important 
city,  10752;  burned;  enriched  by  cru- 
saders; maritime  power;  quarantine 
enforced ;  bank  fnd.  ;  commercial 
power  ;  dominion  over  sea,  10753,  10773; 
peace  signed,  7791 ;  war  with  Hungary, 
10761 ;  Doge's  palace  begun,  10702;  Great 
Council  ceases  ;  acquires  Corfu,  10773; 
alliance  against  Fred.  II,  10772;  treaty 
with  Sultan ;  loses  Istria,  Dalmatia; 
golden  book  of  nobility  ;  gov't  by  Coun- 
cil of  Ten,  10773;  acquires  Padua  and 
Verona  ;  loses  provinces  ;  Palazzo  Ven- 
dramin-Calergi  built ;  takes  Brescia ; 
war  with  Turks,  10781,  1080 1 ,  10S21, 
10833;  height  of  power.  10792;  acquires 
Cyprus ;  against  Naples ;  declines ; 
burned ;  gov't  of  Inquisitors,  10793; 
war  with  Fr.,  IO8OI;  Gazetta  issued, 
10812;  despoiled  ;  Grand  Council  Pa- 
lazzo Ducale  burned,  10813;  Bridge  of 
Sighs  built ;  aids  Greece ;  war  with 
pope,  10821;  retains  Dalmatia,  5151; 
peace  with  Turk.,  11572;  Jesuits  ex- 
iled, 10832;  disregards  papal  interdict; 
Galleria  de  Minerva,  10833;  Giordano 
Bruno  burned,  10832;  surrenders  Crete. 
10833;  Bonaparte  est.  gov't,  7132;  ceded 
to  Aust.,  10852;  ceded  to  It.,  10853;  re- 
volts, 8173;  free  port;  incorporated 
with  Sardinia ;  insurrection  ;  Rejniblic 
proclaimed;  10872;  taken,  5223;  Victor 
Emmanuel  enters,  10892;  Internal.  Fine 
Arts  Exhibition;  Bruno  statue,  10901. 

Preserved  performed,  76' . 

Venlo,  Neth.,  taken,  9021 ;  besieged,  10981 ; 
surrendered,  IIOO2. 


Venn-Vict. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column, 


1437 


Venner,  Thomaa,  leader  of  revolt,  8912. 

Venoues,  King,  in  Armenia,  11513. 

Veuosta,  Marquis  Emilio  Visconti,  arbi- 
trator, 4252. 

Ventidius  Oumanus,  procurator,  11533. 

Ventilators  inv.,  9102;  iutro.  Eng.,  946^ ; 
work  on,  9482. 

Ventiniiglia,  Antonio,  d.,  5513. 

Ventriloquism,  described,  11442. 

Venus,  Temple  of,  erected,  10642. 

Venus,  transit  foretold,  7943;  transit  ob- 
served, 8.S-J1 ,  9143,  9181 . 

Venus  de  Medicis  removed  to  France,6922. 

Veutry,  Baron,  title  created,  931' . 

Vera,  action  at,  11322. 

,  Augusto,  b.,  10862;  d.,  10901 . 

Cruz,  fud.,  192;  Cortez  arrives,  212; 

Scott  lands,  162 1 ;  bombarded,  162', 
7261 ,  10961 ;  evacuated  ;  surrendered, 
1621,  1096';  Maximilian  and  Cbarlotte 
land,  5263;  republic  proclaimed,  10953. 

Ver.lgua,  Colombia,  secedes,  6291 . 

,  Dukede,  arrives  N.  Y.,  4282;  recep- 
tion, 4283,  4311 . 

Vorapoli,  Bp.  Berardi  elected,  9803. 

Verba  Buena,  Cal.,  missions  at,  85i . 

Ve'rboeckhoven,  Eugfene  Joseph,  b.,5423: 
d.,  6461. 

Vercellje  (or  Vercelli),It.,  battleat,  10562; 
Universitj;  fnd.,  10752. 

Vercingetorix,  surrenders,  6622;  against 
Caisar,  10583. 

Verdaguer,  Peter,  vicar-apostolic,  86J2. 

Verden,  Prus.,  ceded  to  Hanover,  11353. 

Verdi,  Giuseppe,  b.,  10862;  writes  operas, 
10861 ;  Legion  of  Honor,  7671 . 

Verdun,  Fr.,'rreatyof,667i ;  annexed,B832, 
7813;  Prussians  take,  7081 ;  ceded  to 
Eng.,9072;  attack  repulsed;  emperor's 
headquarters,  740 1;  Fr.  resist,  7402; 
Ger.  Invest,  7403;  capitulates,  7422; 
bishopric,  7703. 

Vere,  Robert  de,  title  of  marquis,  8603; 
gov.  Ire.;  impeached,  8611 . 

,  Thomas  de,  b.,  8682. 

Vereez,  dynamite  wrecks  house,  536' . 

Verela,  Sixto,  killed,  6342. 

Verelst,  Harry,  gov.,  India,  10453. 

Vereinuudo  1.  (Bermuda)  reigns,  11253. 

II.  (Bermuda)  reigns,  11272. 

III.  (Bermuda)  reigns,  11272. 

Verendre,  explorer;  in  Kockv  Mts.,  675' . 
Verestchagiu,  Basil,  or  Vasili,  b.,  11163. 
Vergas,  Diego  de,  in  Mexico,  52' . 
Vergennes,  Comte  de  (Chas.  Gravier),  b. 

(1(17);  king's  favorite,  7053;  d.  (1787). 

Verger,  Jean,  assassinates  Sibour,  7332. 

Vergil  (Publius  Vergilius  Maro),  b.-d., 
10583;  works,  10603. 

Vergniaud,  Pierre  Viotttmien,  b.,  7033; 
d.,7082. 

Verhuel,  Carel  Hendrik,  b.-d.,  1101' . 

Verhulst,  William,  governor,  312. 

Verlage,  action  at,  2243. 

Vermandois,  Fr.,  incorporated,  671* ; 
united  to  Fr.,6712. 

Vermeulen,  Jan,  b.-d.,  5403. 

Vermillion,  S.  Dak.,  University  of  S. 
Dak.  org.,  3143. 

Vemiilye,  Thomas  Edward,  b.  (1803);  pres. 
Reform  Synod,  lfr42. 

Vermischle  'BiUiothek  issued,  799' . 

Vermont,  U.  S.  A.;  Fr.  settle,  612;  royal 
claims,  733;  state,  893;  intemperance 
flned,  912;  Thos.  Chittenden,  gov.,  913, 
1032;  lat  newspaper  issued,  952;  Moses 
Kobinson,  gov.,  1013;  p.  E.  diocese  org., 
1023,  1403;  Univ.  fnd.,  1023;  state  ad- 
mitted ;  approves  Fed.  Constitution, 
1032,  1072;  (Jongregational  Conven  org., 
1062;  Paul  Brightun,  gov.,  109';  Isaac 
Tichnor,  gov.,  109' ,  1153;  Israel  Smith, 
gov.,  1152;  Jonas  Galusha,  gov.,  1172, 
1252;  Martin  Chittenden,  gov.,  1213;  1st 
bank  est.,  1273;  Kich.  Skinner,  gov., 
1292;  C.  P.  Van  Kess,  gov.,  1313;  Ezra 
Bntler^ov.,  1352;  Sam.  C.  Crafts;  gov., 
1372;  Sfim.  A.  Palmer,  gov.,  1393;  Silas 
H.  Jenison,   gov.,  1453;  Charles  Paine, 

Sov.,  1.552;  Meth.  Epis.  Conf.fmd..l563; 
ohn  Mattocks,  gov.,  1572;  Wm.  Slado, 
gov.,  1592;  Horace  Eaton,  gov.,  1613; 
Carlos  Coolidge,  gov.,  167';  Charles  K. 
Williams, gov.,  1692;  Erastus Fairbanks, 
gov.,  1712,  1903;  .John  S.  Kobinson,  gov., 
1743;  Stephen  Koyce,  gov.,  1772;  Ky- 
land  Fletcher,  gov,,  1812;  Personal  Lib- 
ert.v  Bill  passes,  186';  repealed,  2032; 
Hlland Hall, gov.,  1862;  Fred.  Holbrook, 


gov.,  2032;  John  G.  Smith,  gov.,  2293; 
ratifles  13th  Amend.,  2432;  Paul  Dil- 
lingham, gov. ,  '251 2 ;  ratifles  14th  Amend., 
2552,  2592;  JohuB.  Paige,  gov.,  2593; 
Normal  School  opd.,  2603,  2923;  ratifles 
15th  Amend.,  2672;  Peter  T.  Washburn, 
gov.,  '2693;  G.  W.  Hendee  (1870),  John 
W.  Stewart,  gov.,  2732;  Constitution 
amended,  '2772;  governors:  Julius  Con- 
verse, 281',  Asahel  Peck,  2873,  Horace 
Fairbanks,  2951,  Kedfield  Proctor,  3012, 
lloswell  Farnham,  3052,  John  L.  Bar- 
stow,  3132,  Sam.  E.  Pingree,  319»,  Eben. 
J.  Urmsbee,  3'252;  Soldiers'  Home  lo- 
cated,3263;Wm.P.Dillingham,gov.,3332; 
legislature  rejects  female  suffrage, 3723; 
Carroll  S.  Paige,  gov.;  375' ;  Levi  K. 
Fuller,  gov.,  4092,  4212;  Universallst 
State  Conven.  org.,  446' ;  Urban  A. 
Woodruff,  gov.  (1894). 

Verne,  Jules,  b.,  7243;  works,  736»,  743», 
7462, 7602. 

Vernet,  Antoine  Charles,  Horace,  b.,  7023  ; 
d.,  7-262. 

,  Claude  Joseph,  b.,  6963;  d.,  7062. 

,  £niile  Jean  Horace,  b.,  7062  ;  Battle 

0/ Jena,  726';  d.,  7362. 

Verneuil,  Fr.,  battle  of,  676' . 

Vernois,  Verdizdu,  minister,  8332;  resigns, 
8352. 

Vernon,  Ind.,  action  at,  2243. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9152. 

,  Edward,  b.,  8962;  at  Porto  Bello,  61', 

910';  at  Cartagena;  in  Am.,  910';  d., 
9143. 

Vernor,  Henry  G.,  b.,  5782. 

V^ron,  Louis  Dfaird,  b.,  713' ;  d.,  7362. 

Verona,  It.,  action  at,  10662  ;  conquered, 
10781 ;  taken, 712' ;  Fr,  defeat, 7122;  Cong, 
of,  5212;  Austria  retains,  5252. 

Veronese,  Paul  (Paolo  Carliari),  b.,  10803; 
painting,  10802  ;  d.,  10822. 

Verplanck,  Gulian  Crommelin,  b.,  98' ; 
works,  127' ,  1'283,  1323,143'  ,163'  ;  d.,270' . 

Verplank's  Point,  N.  Y.,  snbjjued,  902. 

Verrazzano,  Giovanni  da,  b.,  10783  ;  sails 
west,  182  ;  explorations,  19' ,  570' ,  571' ; 
claims  forFr.,  193  ;  d.,  10803. 

Verrochi,  Andrea,  b.  (143'2) ;  takes  casts 
from  faces,  1078' ;  d.  (1488). 

Versailles,  Fr.,  treaty  signed,  953,  5153, 
481'  ,8053;  hunting  seat  at,  6893;  palace 
mobbed  ;  Paris  Pari,  summoned  to,  707' ; 
bread  riot,  7073  ;  vine  disease,  7313  ;  Fr. 
surrender  ;  Ger.  headquarters,  7403;  sor- 
tie against,  742'  ;  Ger.  arm^  leaves,  7442; 
treaty  with  Ger.,  745';  ^at.  Assembly 
at,  7462  ;  Assembly  reopens,  7472;  anar- 
chists convicted,  763' . 

Verstegan,  Richard,  d.,  8822. 

Vertin,  John,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  3022. 

Vertot,  d'Auba?uf,  Ren6  Aubert  de,  b., 
6902;  works,  085' ,  699' ;  d.,  6983. 

Vertue,  George,  b.,  8962  ;  d.,  9143. 

Verulam,  Eng.,  council  of,  8403. 

,  Lord.    (See  Bacon,  Francis.) 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  9372. 

Verus,  Lucius  Aurelius  (M.  Aurelius),  war 
in  Asia,  1064' ;  adopted ;  co-regent,  10652; 
d.  (180). 

Verville,  Beroalde  de,  work,  687'. 

Vervins,  Fr.,  Treaty  of,  6872. 

Vesalius,  Andreas,  b.-d.,  10982  ;  dissects 
body,  .''>402  ;  works,  IO8O2. 

Vesoi,  Baron  de,  title  created,  987';  vis- 
count, title  created,  9172. 

Vesey,  W.,  pastor  Trmity,  N.T.,  523. 

Vesoul,  Fr.,  captured,  742'. 

Vesovici  family  murdered,  6023. 

Vespasianus,  Titus  Flavins  Sabinus,  b.-d., 
10622;  against  Jews;  conquests,  1062'; 
Invades  .Judea,  11533  ;  erects  Coliseum  ; 
erects  Temple  to  Peace,  10622  ;  defeats 
Aulus  Vitellius  ;  reigns  in  Greece,  10()33; 
takes  Rhodes,  1161'. 

Vespucci,  Amerigo,  b.,  10783  ;  1st  voyage, 
143;  in  Ojeda's  expedition,  15' ;  as  pilot, 
16' ;  in  Brazil ;  3d  voyage,  162  ;  narra- 
tive, 17' ;  dis.  in  Am.,  663' ,  10782,  11262; 
d.,  10802. 

Vessel,  1st  built  in  Am. ,28', 30' ;  Ist  built  in 
West,  463;  forbidden  to  sail,  35';  sunk, 
Fr.,  743. 

Vest,  George  C,  b.,  1382  ;  favors  free  coin- 
age, 4363. 
Vesta  collides  with  ArctiCt  1773. 

on  ocean  r<ace,  2663. 

,  asteroid,  discovered,  8062, 

Vesta  worshiped,  10S03. 


Vestals  est.,  10503. 

Vesteras,  fortress  taken,  1134' . 

Vestibule  dining-cars  intro.,  G.  B.,  10113. 

Vestiges  of  Creation  appears,  9523. 

Vestris,  Gaetano  Apolliue  Baldassare,  b., 
6983  ;  d.  (1842). 

Vesuvius,  eruption,  10622,  10702,  10822, 
1084',  10862;  suicide  in,  10873. 

Veszary,  Claudius,  consecrated,  536' . 

Veterans  of  1870,  order  created,  8363. 

Veterinary  Surgeons'  Act  passed,  989' . 

Vethake,  Henry,  d.,  254' . 

A'^eto,  President's,  first  overridden,  1592. 

Vetters,  J.  P.,  inv.  pedal  harp,  8OO2. 

Veturius,  T.,  in  Caudine  Forks,  1052' . 

Veuillot,  Louis,  b.,  721' ;  d.,  754' . 

Vevaliehes,  Gen.,  at  AlcoUa,  11302. 

Vey,  mission  at,  11613. 

Vezin,  Hermann,  b.,  1362. 

Via  iEmilia  constructed,  10543, 

Viacha,  battle  at,  660' . 

Vial,  Capt.  W.  G.,  shot,  417' . 

Viand,  Louis  Marie  Julien  (Pierre  Loti), 
Academician,  756' . 

Viardot-Garcia,  Michele  Ferdiuande  Paul- 
ine, b..  724' . 

Viau,  Th^ophile  de,  b.  (1590) ;  Pyrami  et 
Thisbi,  6872  ;  d.  (1626). 

Vibbard,  Chauncy,  d.,  3842. 

Vibert,  Jehan  Georges,  b.  (1840) ;  works, 
&»82,  743'. 

Vibilia,  asteroid,  discovered,  288' . 

Vibourg  Jan,  ceded  to  Rus.,  11353. 

Vicat,  Lonis  Joseph,  b.,  7062  ;  d.,  7342. 

Vice,  Eng.,  proclamation  against,  925'. 
(See  under  Society.) 

Vice-adm.,  rank  abolished,  U.S.A.,  280'. 

Vice-chancellor,  3d  app.,  9572. 

Vicente,  Gil,  b.  (1470i);  Inez Pereira,  1109' ; 
d.  (1537'/). 

Vicenza,  It.,  taken,  786' ;  Univ.  of,  fmd., 
10752;  univ.  Soc.  fnd.,  1081'. 

Vick,  makes  a  clock,  6742. 

Vicksburg,  Miss.,  yellow  fever,  1752;  for- 
tified, 190';  defenses,  2072;  Farragut  at, 
208',  2092  ;  campaign,  208',  '2092,  2222  ; 
invested,  208';  Farragut  passes,  210'; 
Van  Dorn  commands,  2102  ;  Pemberton 
supersedes  Van  Dorn,  2142 ;  Grant 
moves  on,  2143,  2I62,  222' ;  expedition, 
2163,  217' ,  2182  ;  mine  fired,  '223' ,  224' ; 
surrenders,  2242;  Sherman  leaves,  230' ; 
Grierson's  raid,  2403  ;  Gen.  Grd  in  mili- 
tary district,  2672;  race  riot,  287 ' ;  Levee 
Conven.,  3163 ;  reunion  of  Blue  and  Gray, 
359',  360'. 

Vico,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.  (1668);  works, 
10833  ;  d.,  10842. 

Vicq  d'Azyr,  F<51ix,  b.,  7002;  d.,  7102. 

Victor  I.,  St.,  pope,  killed,  10643. 

II.,  pope,  1073' . 

III.,  pope,  10743. 

IV.,  anti-pope,  1075' . 

Amadeus  II.  (I.),  b.,  1083' ;  d.,  10842. 

(See  Amadeus  II.) 

IIL,  b.,  1084' ;  d.,  10843. 

Claude,  Duo  de  Belluno,  b.,  703' ;  d., 

7282. 

, Perrin,  b.  (1764);  marshal,  at  Tal- 

avera  de  la  Reina,  718' ;  at  Barrosa, 
9342;  d.  (1841). 

Emmanuel  I.,  b.,  10842;  K.;  abdicates, 

10853  ;  d.,  10862. 

II.,  b.,  10862  ;    K.  of   Sardinia, 

10873  ;  at  Solferino,  524' ;  recognized, 
8232  ;  commander,  824' ,  1088' ;  K.  of  Na- 
ples, 1089' ;  surrenders  civil  lists,  10892  ; 
d.,  10882;  statue,  1090'. 

,  Ferdinand,  b.,  10882. 

,  Pr.,  Bonapartists'  leader,  7533,  7551 . 

Victoria  sunk,  5853. 

wrecked,  7573. 

launched,  996' ;  sunk,  1010' . 

,  Austral.,  bishopric  divided,  4962;  con- 
victs arrive ;  gold-field  disturbances  ; 
population,  4963  ;  Brit,  province,  497' ; 
ballot  system;  constitution,  4972  ;  com- 
mercial crisis,  4973 ;  creditors  i)rotected ; 
judges  dismissed  ;  ministry  resigns;  min- 
istry reformed  ;  ministry  approved,  499' ; 
strikes,  5002  ;  City  of  Melbourne  Bank 
fails,  5013  ;  bishopric  est.,  9543  ;  bishop 
Bunion  cons.,  9742. 

,  Br.  Col. ,  selected  port,  5793 ;  Colonist, 

681 ' ;  It.R.  opd. , 5813 ;  John  Grant,  mayor; 
6863  ;  sealers  for  Bering  Sea,  6933,  Ma- 
jestic arrives,  5953. 

,  Queen    (Aleiandrina   Victoria),    b., 

9393;  reigns,  9492;  accession  eel.,  C^an., 


1438 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Vict-Vinc. 


678SJ  crowned,  9492;  Chinese  appeal  to, 
617<;  marries,  9512;  attempted  assassi- 
nations; 1st  in  Scot,  9513;  statue  erected, 
9522,  9861.  9921,  ggfii,  loooi ;  in  Ger., 
9531;  in  Ire.,  955t,2,3,  9591,  9631 ;  at 
Manchester,  y57 1 ;  visits  Belgium.  6443; 
Resolute  presented,  1813;  1st  cable  mes- 
sage, 1853,  2533;  proclaimed  queen  in 
India,  9632;  Prince  Albert,  queen's  con- 
sort d.,96i2;  works,  9702,3,  9771,9923; 
life  threatened,  9771 ;  thanks  from  Fr., 
7483;  proclaimed  Kiupressof  India, 9312, 
10491;  Order  of  White  Elephant,  9Sli; 
cables  to  Mrs.  GarHeld,  3083;  Arab 
horses  for,  4883;  jubilee,  9971;  jubilee 
gift  to  pope,  9962;  meets  Bismarck,  8323 ; 
cables  Pres.  Harrison,  3892;  writes  Bar- 
oness McDonald,  5922;  reviews  Fr.  and 
Brit,  fleets,  7621 . 

Victoria  Adelaide  Mary  Louisa,  princess 
royal,  b.,9502;  royal  dower,  9613;  weds 
Prince  Fred.  William  of  Prus.,  9631 . 

,  daughter  of  Alfred  Ernest,  b.,  9813. 

,  daughter  Prince  of  Wales,  b.,  973' . 

,  Duchess  of  Kent,  d.,  9642. 

Melita,   Princess    of    Saxe-Coburg, 

married,  83G3. 

,  Princess  of  Ger.,  marries  Pr.  Adol- 

phus,  10051, 
,  Princess  of  Prus.,  married,  8343. 

(Vitoria)  B'rauoesco,  d.,  11282. 

,  Guailalupe  (Juan  Felix  Fernandez), 

b.-d.,  10952;  president   10953. 
,  Apache  leader,  killed,  3011 . 

and  Albert,  Order  of,  est.,  9851 . 

Coll.,  Can.,  confederation  restrained, 

5862. 

Cross  instituted,  9611. 

diamond  found,  6022. 

Falls,  East  Afr.,  discovered,  560*. 

,  Manuel,  governor,  1392. 

Nyanza,  dis.,  5603, 5011 ;  fortified  sta- 
tion, 8362. 

,  Treaty  of,  II6OI ;  mission,  11613. 

Univ.  org.,  5791 ;  confederated  with 

Toronto,  5862. 

Victorious  takes  Rivoli,  9342. 

Victory  wrecked,  9101 . 

. ,  bears  body  of  Nelson,  9321 . 

Victualling  otiice  instituted,  Eng.,  890' ; 
changed,  9472. 

Vicuna  Mackenna,  Benj.,  b.  (1831);  d., 
6063. 

,  Sellor,  for  pres.,  6091 ;  elected,  6092. 

A^ida,  Marco  Girolamo,  b.,  10783 ;  d., 
10803. 

Vida  y  Heouos  de  Mstabanillo  Oonzales,  La, 
11292. 

Vidal,  F.  A.,  pres.  Uruguay,  11603. 

,  Ramon,  works,  11271 . 

Vidar  issued,  IIO42. 

Videla,  Gen.,  rebellion  of,  4902. 

Vidocq,  Eugene Fraufois,  b.,  7043;  d.,  7302, 

Vie,  treaty  of,  6892. 

Vie  de  Saint  Alexis,  La,  written,  669'. 

(jtrigoire.  La,  written,  6691 . 

Vieira,  Jofto  Fernandez,  leader,  36i . 

Vieu,  Joseph  Marie,  b.,  6971 ;  d.,  7191 . 

Vienna,  taken,  5041 ;  Jewish  synagogue 
est.,  5042;  Imperial  City,  5043;  capital 
empire,  6052,  6672;  synod  est.,  6723;  en- 
larged, 5053;  St.  Stephen  Cathedral  be- 
gun, 5062;  Univ.  of,  5071 ;  Concordat  of, 
with  pope,  7851;  Frederick  III.  besieged, 
6081 ;  Imperial  Library  fnd.;  enlarged, 
6083;  Aulic  Council;  Matthias  takes, 
6093;  Solyman  besieges,  5101;  Corpus 
Christi  procession  abandoned  ;  peace  of, 
tolerates  Protestants,  5103;  besieged  by 
Turks,  5122;  Swedes  approach,  638'; 
Cong,  of,  7213,  8113;  lottery  for  hospital, 
6I31 ;  grand  alliance ;  Leopold  I,  flees  ; 
Turks  in;  wolves  ravage,  5133;  Prag- 
matic Sanction,  5143;  treaty  of,  5151, 
625 1 ,  52G3 ,  527 2 ,701 3 ,805 2 ;  normal  school ; 
State  controls  schools  ;  Univ.  of,  profes- 
sors chosen,517i  ;  removal  of  crown,5173; 
Napoleon  captures  ;  Fr.  evacuate ;  peace 
with  Fr.,  5183;  Peace  of,  5193;  sub- 
merged, 5202;  slavery  abolished ;  Bona- 
parte marries  Maria  Louisa,  5203 ;  Cong, 
of,  521',  6432;  alliance  fmd.;  treaty  of. 
signed,  521',  2;  treaty  revoked,  5213; 
oonf.  at,  .5212;  Cong,  settles  boundaries. 
5211;  agitations;  steamboats  in;  con- 
trol of  burgher-guard;  Constituent  Diet 
fniLJ.;  Cong,  signs  Final  Act,  5213;  Hmi- 

farians  apnroacli ;  besiege  ;  withdraw  ; 
ombarded;    taken,   6221;    riot,    5223, 


633',  5362;  treaty  of,  819' ;  2d  insurrec- 
tion; Reichstag  meets,  523';  reconsti- 
tuted, 5251 ;  Imperialists  in,  5232;  st. 
Stephen's  crown,  5233;  Hung,  army  ap- 
proaches, 5232;  assassination  of  emperor 
fails,  5243;  conferences;  preliminaries 
of  peace;  treaty  of,  5251;  enlarged, 
6252,3;  fortifications  demolished,  5253; 
Prus.besiege,526i  ,2;  treatyof,5203;  peace 
of,  6413 ;  sultan  in,  5262 ;  peace  of,  5272;  fi- 
nancial conven.;  dual  gov't  approved, 
5273 ;  Polar  expedition  arrives  ;  Medical 
Cong,  held;  Paljice  of  Fine  Arts  fnd., 
6282;  Old  Catholics  meet,  5283;  Danube 
channel  opd.;  water-works  opd.;  Inter- 
nat.  Exliibition  ;  sharp-shootmg  match, 
6293;  storm  ;  Art  Exhibition  ;  shoemak- 
ers riot,  530' ;  Maria  Theresa  monu- 
ment ;  Internat.  Literary  Society  meets : 
K.  and  Q.  of  It.  in ;  Meteorological 
Cong.,  5302;  Hygienic  Cong.;  Socialists 
expelled ;  conspiracies,  5203 ;  Beetho- 
ven's funeral  eel.;  Industrial  Exhibition, 
531';  conspiracy  to  burn,  531 ',2;  Wil- 
liam n.  visits,  531';  police  approved; 
Reform  Act  approved,  5312 ;  star  o/Btth' 
lehem  appears,  532' ;  Cath.  Cong,  meets, 
6322 ;  strike,  5323 ,  533' ,  6343  j  Shall  visits, 
6323;  May-day  eel. ;  Rothschilds  threaten 
to  go;  Socialists  in  riots,  533' ;  suburbs  in- 
corp.,  6332 ;  tramway  reforms  demanded, 
5332,3;  water  famine;  grain  market  boy- 
cotted ;  work  ceases  ;  influenza  in,  6333 ; 
Museum  of  Fine  Arts  opd. ;  earthquakes, 
534';  Radetzky  statue;  Meth.  church 
closed;  primate  threatened,  6342;  Ger. 
emp.  at ;  Agri.  Cong,  opens,  5343;  fires  ; 
famine  sufferers  ;  Austro.<Hung.  conf ., 
535' ;  police  suppress  workingmen,635' , 
5362;  murders,  535';  World's  Fair  ap- 
propriation, 5353;  Democratic  Asso.  dis- 
solved, 5352;  Agri.  Exhibition;  panic; 
press  attacks  McKinley  Bill ;  recipro- 
city with  U.  S.;  Internat.  Postal  Conf. 
meets,  535*;  Acad,  of  Art,  anniversary, 
536';  primate  of  Hung.,  assassination 
attempted,  5362;  meetings  for  suffrage, 
5362,3;  Ferles'  suicide;  Oder  and  Dan- 
ube river  connect ;  emperors  confer, 
6363;  conven.  with  G.  Brit., 5372;  Inter- 
nat. Exhibition,  6373;  Strauss  jubilee, 
6381,2;  suffrage  demonstration;  hail- 
storms; Socialists  arrested,  6381;  post- 
office  to  Brussels,  5413. 

Vienna,  W.  Va.,  Federals  surprised,  1961 ; 
action  at,  2003. 

Vienne,  Fr.,  capital  of  Burgundy,  6633; 
general  conference,  7822. 

Viennet,  Jean  Pons  Guillaume,  b.,  7043; 
d.,  7382. 

Vientenilla,  Gen.,  at  battle  of  Calte,  6432; 
leads  revolt ;  president  Ecuador,  6443. 

Vieta,  Francois,  b.,  6803;  d.,  6862. 

Viette,  M.,  minister,  7571 ,  7632,  7652. 

Vieussens,  Raimoiul,  b.,  6883;  d.,  6971 . 

Vieux  Testament,  Le,  appears,  6783. 

Vieuxtemps,  Henri,  b.,  5423;  d.,  5461 . 

Vieyra,  Joal  Fernandes,  leader  of  revolt, 
5&43. 

Viger,  Albert,  minister,  7052,  7671 ,2. 

Vigil,  Father,  rec'd  by  Pres.  Pierce,  1792. 

Vigilance  Committee.    (See  Cal.) 

Vigilant  seizes  ship,  5861 . 

,  selected  for  race,  4392;    wins   Am. 

cup,  4413;  loses  race,  4672,3,4693. 

Vigilantius,  writes  on  worship,  6631 . 

Vigilius,  pope,  10703;  d.  (554). 

Vigne,  Jean,  b.,  292. 

,  Peter  de  la,  for  poison,  7812, 

Vigny,  Alfred  Victor  de,  Comte,  b.,  7123; 
works,  7251 ,  7271  ;  d.,  7362. 

Vigo,  Sp.,  Wm.  M.  Tweed  arrested,  2923; 
attacked;  taken,  11281;  Carlists  defeat, 
11301. 

,  Bay  of,  Fr.,  fleet  attacked,  6961. 

Vijaya  rules  in  Ceylon,  10432. 

Vijil,  Father,  minister,  1792. 

Viking  ship  at  N.  Y.,  4332,  11053;  for 
World's  Fair,  4332;  given  Chicago, 4613. 

Vikings  attack  Franks,  7721 . 

Vikramaditya  conquers  Scythians,  10421. 

Vilflgos,  Gen.  Gorgey  surrenders,  5'223. 

Vilas,  Wm.  F.,  b.,  1522;  minister,  3212; 
defends  sec.  treas.,  4511 ;  defends  presi- 
dent, 4671. 

Vilemov,  truce  signed,  5081 . 

Villach  ceded,  6193. 

Villafranca,  It.,  peace  signed,  524',  5252; 
emperors  meet,  5252. 


Village  Creek,  Ark.,  Confederates  de" 
feated,  '2091 . 

Villagran,  Francisco  de,  capt.-gen.,  6052. 

Villani,  Giovanni,  b.-d.,  10762. 

Villanova,  Port.,  St.  Augustiuian  College 
est.,  1643. 

Coll.(R.  Cath.),  org.  at  Villanova,  Pa., 

(1842.) 

Villaiiueva,  Joaquin  Lorenzo  de,  b.-d., 
112S3. 

Villars,  Due  de  (Claude  Louis  Hector),  b., 
6902;  at  Friedlengen,  6941 ;  suppresses 
Caniisards  ;  war  of  Sp.  Succession,  696'  ; 
Imperialists  defeated,  696' ;  at  Malpla- 
quet,  5141 ;  in  Wurtemberg,  798' ;  d., 
6983. 

Villarsel,  Diego  de,  leader,  4892. 

Viliaviciosa,  Port.,  action  at,  1110'  ,1128' . 

Vitle  de  Havre  sinks,  7493. 

Villefranche,  Fr.,  Am.  squadron  sails, 
352'. 

Tillegagnon,  Nicolas  Durand  de,  b.  (1510); 
colonists  in  Brazil,  232;  joins  Catholics, 
222,  233-  Rio  de  Janeiro,  553' ;  d  (1571). 

Villegas,  Estebau  Manuel  de,  b.-d.,  1128*; 
Amatorias,  11292. 

Villehardouin,  Geoffrey  de,  b.-d.,  6702; 
obtains  Achaia,  6713. 

Ville-la-Grande,  conflict  at,  734' . 

Villele,  Comte  Jean  Baptiste  S^raphin 
Joseph  de,  b.,  7043;  premier,  7233;  re- 
signs, 7252;  d.,  7322. 

Villemain,  Abel  Francois,  b.,  7062;  works, 
7251 ,  7'292,  7482;  d.,  7382. 

Villeme,  M.,  photos  for  sculpture,  736' . 

Villenave,  Mathieu  Guillaume  Th^rfese, 
b.,  7023;  d.,  7283. 

Villeneuve,  Pierre  Charles  Jean  Baptiste 
Silvestre  de,  b.,703i ;  at  Trafalgar,  716' ; 
d.,  7163. 

Villere,  Jacques,  b.  (1761) ;  gov.  La.,  1252; 
d.  (1831). 

Villerm^,  Louis  Ren«,  b.,  705' ;  d.,  7362. 

Villeroi.  Due  de  (Francois  de  Neufville), 
b.,  6883;  at  Chiari,  694' ;  war  of  Sp.  Suc- 
cession, 696';  bombards  Brussels,  642'; 
d.,6983. 

Villers,  Charles  Franjois  Dominique  de, 
b.,  703' ;  d.,  7222. 

,  Le  Myre  De,  Fr.  force,  4813. 

Villersexel,  Fr.,  French  defeated,  743'. 

Vilieta,  near  Paris,  battle  at,  556' . 

Villetard,  Le  testament  de  C^sar  Oirodot, 
7343. 

Villette,  Colonel,  imprisoned,  7483. 

Villieger,  George,  d.,  8822. 

Villiers,  Charles  Pelham,  leader  Anti-oorn 
League,  9493;  minister,  9692. 

,  George,  D.  of  Buckingham,  b.  (1592) , 

attacks  Isle  of  Rh,  686' ;  created  D.  of 
Buckingham,  8812;  minister  ;  881' ,2; 
aids  Huguenots,  882' ;  impeachment, 
8813;  assassinated,  883' . 

, ,  D.  of  Buckingham,  b.,882i ;  The 

Rehearsal,  8931 ;  minister,  8932;  d.,  8982. 

, ,  General,  d.,  10062. 

, Wm.  Frederick,  E.  of  Clarendon, 

b.,  9302;  minister,  9492,  9593,  9731 ;  Ala- 
bama Claims,  2652,3,  2692;  d.,  9742. 

Villius,  L.,  lex  annalis  est.,  10553. 

Villoison,  Jean  Baptiste  Gaspard  d'Ansse 
de,  b.,  7011;  d.,  7163. 

Villon,  Fran90is,  b.  (1431) ;  works,  6783;  d. 


(14841). 
Vilna,   o 


occupied,  7182;  Univ.  of  Kieff, 
11171 ;  Czechs  in  Greek  Church,  11202. 

Vimeiro,  Port.,  battle  at,  7162. 

Vimeure,  Jean  Baptiste  Donatien  de, 
Comte  de  Rochambeau,  b.,  6982;  aids 
Am.  colonies,  7053;  arrives  in  Am.;  at 
Newport,  922;  with  Washington,  922, 
942;  d.,  7163. 

Tina,  Cal.,  ruffians  attack,  4502. 

del  Mar,  battle  at,  6083. 

Vince,  Samuel,  d.,  9403. 

Vincennes,  Fr.,  balloon  ascension,  7443; 
review  of  troops,  7501 . 

,  Ind.,  misson  at,  502;  fnd.,  553;  cap- 
tured ;  retaken,  901 ;  R.  c.  diocese  est., 
1442. 

Univ.  (non-sect.),  org.  at  Vincennes, 

Ind.  (1806). 

Vincennes  exploring  expedition,  1481. 
Vincennes,  .Jean  Baptiste  Bissot  de,  b., 

5722;  d.,5751. 
Vincent,  Boyd,  b.  (1845)  ;  cons,  bp.,  3342. 

de  Paul,  St.,  b.,  684' ;  d.,  6902. 

,  I.  H.,  defalcation,  313' . 

,  Gen.  John,  at  Burlington  Heights. 

1202. 


Vinc-Virg. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


1439 


Vincent,  John  Heyl,  b.,  1402;  elected  bp., 

3302. 
Vinci,    Leonardo   da,    b.,    10783;   worke, 

10781,2,  10833;  d.,  10802. 
Vincke,  Ernest  Georg  von,  b.,  8102;  d., 

8282. 
Vindelicia,  conquered,  10603;  Item,  prov- 
ince, 10632. 
Vindex,  C.  Julius,  rebels,  6632;  defeated, 

50-2*. 
Vinegar  Hill,  Ire.,  action  at,  928^ . 
VinoUnd,  N.   J.,  Home,  Feeble    minda, 

opens,  3331 ;  igt  liquor-license,  4191 . 
Vinos,  Richard,  b.  (1585+) ;  in  Me.,  332; 

d.  (1651). 

,  Sidney  H.,  Text-book  of  Botany,  ^7 8^. 

Vinet,  Alexandre  Rodolphe,  b.-d.,  1138'. 

Vineyard  Haven,  Mass.,  tire,  3153. 

Vin^arla  sinks,  9853. 

Vinmg,  Frank,  forger,  4222. 

Vinje,  Aasmund  Olafsen,  b.  (1818) ;  Star*^ 

put,  11043;  d.  (1870). 

Vinland,  search  for,  122. 

Vinoy,  Gen.,  in  Paris,  7402;  retires,  7442; 
suppresses  newspapers,  7443  j  deposed, 
7452. 

Vinton,  Fred.  Porter,  b.  (1846)  ;  Academy 
of  Design,  4981. 

Vinuconda  mission,  10471 . 

Violet  wrecked,  9613. 

Violins  introduced,  894' . 

VioUet  Le  Due,  Eugene  Emmanuel,  b., 
7211;  d.,  7621. 

Vionville,  battle  of,  7401 . 

Virchow,  Rudolf,  b.,  8122  ;  at  Medical 
Cong.,  8341. 

Virey,  Julien  Jos.,  b.,  7043;  d.,  7283. 

Virgin  Islands  settled,  8932. 

Virginia,  U.  S.  A.:  Dominican  missionaries 
in,  183 ;  named ;  Melendez  colonizes,  252 ; 
religious  charter,  262  ;  colonists  perish ; 
colonists  become  pirates  ;  property  in 
common, 263;  ist  charter, 27 1 ;  Ed.  Wing- 
fleld,  gov;  John  Ratclitfe,  gov.,  272;  Oapt. 
John  Smith,  gov.,  Geo.  Percy,  gov. ;  Lord 

.  Delaware,  gov.,  273  ;  immigrants  arrive, 
273  282;  famine ;  Inferior (Jouncil ;  gold- 
seeking,  273;  Church  of  Eng.  confirmed  ; 
colonists  return  ;  orthodoxy  enforced, 
282  ■  immigrant  reenforcements  ;  felons 
held  as  slaves  ;  land  divided  ;  women 
imported,  293,  303  ;  Sir  Thomas  Dale, 
gov.,  291 ;  Sir  ihomas  Gates,  gov. ;  land 

f;rants ;  starving-time,  29i ;  Geo.  Yeard- 
ey.  gov.,  292,  a,  313;  Sam.  Argall,  gov., 
292;  colonies  increased;  popular  gov't, 
293  ;  1st  gristmill;  industries  ;  Indians 
attack;  settlers' depredations,  30i ;  Univ. 
fmd.,  302;  lat  Assembly;  new  constitu- 
tion, 303 ;  people  massacred  ;  population, 
311 ,413,451 ,  633;  colonists  perish;  royal 
colony,  31 2 ,493 ;  Sir  Francis  Wy att,  gov. , 
31 2 ;  1000  emigrants ;  Francis  West,  gov. ; 
John  Potts,  gov.,  313  ;  R.  c.  services 
begun,  322;  John  Harvey,  gov.,  33i,  352; 
non-Conformists  expelled,  342 ;  John 
West,  gov.,  352  ;  colonists  persecuted, 
353,  413  ;  Sir  F.  Wyatt,  gov.,  353  ;  sir 
Wm.  Berkeley,  gov.,  372,  a,  412;  trade 
crippled,  372;  favors  king,  38i ;  churches 
est.,  382;  building  list,  39i ;  R.  Bennett, 

fov.,  393  ;  Lord  Culpepper,  land  grant, 
?2;  loyalists  surrender ;  Rich.  Bennett, 
gov.,  393  ;  laws  against  Quakers  ;  Bap- 
tists oppressed;  religious  liberty  ;  tolera- 
tion, 403;  Ed.  Diggs,  gov.,  41',  433; 
hereditary  slavery;  intemperance;  Sam. 
Matthews,  gov. ;  commerce  oppressed. 
Sir  Wm.  Berkeley,  gov.  (1663-77),  412; 
Assembly  perpetual ;  Col.  Francis  Mory- 
Bon,  gov.,  413;  royalists;  "The  Old 
Dominion, "412;  imposition  on  tobacco  ; 
royalist  assembly,  413  ;  intolerance  ; 
Separatists  oppressed,  422  ;  clergy  re- 
strained ;  killing  of  slaves  unpunished, 
423;  Dutch  ravage  coast,  441 ;  education 
opposed  ;  felons  excluded  ;  48  parishes, 
443;  colored  refugees;  dismembered  by 
grants;  non-Christian  servants,  slaves; 
suffrage  limited;  unequal  taxation,  451 ; 
grant  changed;  leased,  452;  Lord  Cul- 
pepper, gov.,  453,  472,  3  ;  reform  move- 
nient  suppressed ;  remonstrance  of  colo- 
nists, 453  ;  Bacon's  rebellion  ;  liberal 
charter  ;  liquor  forbidden  ;  two  parties, 
471 ;  Ist  Revolution  in  Am. ;  Ist  martyr 
to  liberty,  472  ;  king's  commissioners  ; 
Sir  Herbert  Jeffreys,  gov. ;  legal  reformar 
tion  ;  popular  conven. ;  tyranny  of  gov., 


472;  Sir  Henry  Chicheley,  gov.,  443, 473; 
Cromwell's  soldiers  executed,  482;  print- 
ing-press suppressed  ;  Eng.  servants 
banished  to  ;  tobacco  duty  ;  toleration 
denied  servants,  483  ;  Lord  Howard,  of 
Effingham,  gov.,  492  ;  royal  appeals  for- 
bidden, 492  ;  distress  prevails  ;  again  a 
royal  province,  493;  despotism  resisted, 
503;  Nath.  Bacon,  gov.  511 ;  Fr.  Protes- 
tants enter,  613  ;  Presbyterians  in,  523, 
542;  William  and  Marjr  Coll.,  522,  3;  Sir 
Edm.Andros,gov.,532;  industry  ebbs  and 
iitimigration  languish., 533;  A.D.  1700^- 
clergy  irremovable,  543  ;  F.  Nicholson, 
gov., 551 :  Huguenots  in,  552;  Fdw.  Nott, 
gov. ;  Edm.  Jennings,  gov. ;  slaves,  real 
estate,  572;  Alex.  Spotswood,  gov.,  573; 

§ig-iron  mnf.,  58i ;  Ist  Bapist8,582  ;  In- 
ians  honor,  583  ;  p.-o.  extended,  692  ; 
negroes  disfranchised  ;  opposition  to 
slave  trade,  01 1;  Hugh  Drysdale,  gov., 
612  ;  Robt.  Carter,  gov.  ;  Wm.  (iooch, 
gov.,  613;  y.  Gazette  appears,  63i ;  land 
purchase,  67i ;  Thos.  Lee,  gov.;  Lewis 
Burwell,  gov.  ;  Lord  Albemarle,  gov. ; 
Washington  and  Lee  Univ.  org.,  67i; 
Lord  Halifax  in,  672;  regular  theatrical 
troop,  681;  Geo.  Washington  serves, 
681 ,  2^  592,  3,  701 ,3;  church  attendance 
required,  691  ;  Robt.  Dinwiddie,  gov., 
692;  Fr.  encroach  in;  Colonial  Cong., 
693;  Washington  against  Inds.,  70i; 
John  Blair,  gov.,  713  ;  p,  Henry  pleads  ; 
collision  of  authorities,  733  ;  Francis 
Fauquier,  gov. ;  tobacco  exported,  713  ; 
leads  in  education,  723 ;  social  laws  rigor- 
ous, 731 ;  denies  king's  taxation;  P. 
Henry's  speech,  751 ;  Lord  de  Botetourt, 
gov.;  against  slavery  ;  John  Blair,  lieut.- 
gov. ;  gov.  dissolves  assembly  ;  non-im- 
portation agreement,  772;  Wm.  Nelson, 
gov.,  773  ;  Lord  Dunmore,  gov.,  783  ;  gov. 
removes  powder  ;  patriots  force  pay- 
ment, 801 ;  in  Va. ;  War  of  Revolution  ; 
fighting,  803,  821,  87t,  882,  902,  921,  3, 
941 ,  2,  3;  Declaration  of  Rights  adopted  ; 
833;  Patrick  Henry,  gov.,  853,973;  Thos. 
Jefferson,  gov.,  913  ;  Thos.  Nelson,  gov. 
(1781)  ;  Benj.  Harrison,  gov.  (1781-84)  ; 
offers  lands  to  Cong.,  933  ;  conquest 
planned,  94i;  Lafayette  in,  942;  cedes 
western  claims,  953,  972  ;  Edm.  Ran- 
dolph, gov.,  992;  Beverly  Randolph, gov.; 
ratities  Federal  constitution,  101 1  ; 
Henry  Lee,  gov.,  1032;  James  Wood,  gov., 
1073  ;  Harper's  Ferry  a  Federal  armory, 
1081 ;  A.D.  1800+  Jas  .Monroe,gov.,1093, 
1192;Wa8hington  andj  elfersonColl.org., 
1111 ;  John  Page,  gov.,  1113  ;  Accomack 
Bapt.  Asso.  fmd.,  1143  ;  w.  H.  Cabell, 
gov.,  1133  ;  John  Tyler,  gov.,  1153,  1333  ; 
naval  battle  olf  coast,  1182;  James  Mon- 
roe, gov.  ;  Geo.  W.  Smith,  gov.,  1192  ; 
James  Barbour,  gov.,  1193  ;  Wilson  C. 
Nicolas,  gov.,  1233  ;  James  P.  Preston, 
gov.,  1252;  Thos.  M.  Randolph,  gov., 
1273  ;  Luth.  Synod  fmd.,  1283  ;  state 
library  fnd.,  1311 ;  igt  observatory,  1321 ; 
University  org.,  1331 ;  James  Pleasant, 
gov.,  1313  ;  Wm.  B.  Giles,  gov.,  1353  ; 
United  Synod  South,  Evan.  Luth.,  org., 
1383  ;  negro  insurrection,  1391,  2;  John 
Floyd, gov.,  1392,1671 ;  1st  railroad  opd., 
1413;  Littleton  W.  Tazewell,  gov.,  1452; 
Wyndham  Roberts,  gov.,  1472  ;  Emory 
and  Henry  Coll.  org.,  1491 ;  Dav.  Camp- 
bell, gov.,  1492;  Thos.  W.  Gilmer,  gov., 
1531 ;  Southwest  United  Synod,  Evan. 
Luth.  org.,  1543;  John  Rutherford,  gov., 
1552;  James  M'Dowell,  gov.,  1572  ;  Wm. 
Smith,  gov.,  1612  (1864-65)  ;  Constitu- 
tional Conven.  meets,  1691 ;  illiteracv  in 
(1850),  1691 ;  John  Johnson,  gov.  (1851-^2); 
Jos.  Johnson,  gov.,  1712  ;  Henry  A. 
Wise,  gov.,  1812;  Richmond  Central  R.R. 
opd.,1833;  Mount  Vernon  sold,185i ;  John 
Brown  raid,  1863,  187 1 ;  J.  Letcher,  gov., 
1903;  coercion  by  Confederates  j  legisla- 
ture meets,  1911;  peace  commissioners 
sent  to  Wash.,  1912;  election,  1933;  state 
conven.,  1913;  F.  H.Pierpont,  gov.,  1923, 
2032,  2413  ;  state  conven.  meets,  1923  ; 
conven.  rejects  secession ;  commission- 
ers for  Wash.,  1932;  secedes,  1933  ;  ves- 
sels sunk  at  Norfolk,  1941 ;  s.  Confeder- 
acy recognized  ;  prepares  for  war, 
1943  ;  blockade  extended  ;  commission- 
ers to  S.  Confederacy;  secession  precipi- 
tated, 1951,  2;  military  league,  1951; 


admitted  in  S.  Confed.,  1952;  West  Va. 
loyal,  1962,  1972  ;  secession,  subject  to 
ratification,  1952,  ratified  ;  favor  seces- 
sion or  leave  state,  1953;  slaves  as  con- 
traband, 196i ,  1971;  state  troops  trans- 
ferred to  Confederacy,  196i ;  ordinance 
to  reorganize,  1972  ;  senators  expelled, 
1973;  royalty  to  U.  S.  treason,  199i; 
Unionists  exiled,  1992  ;  (gee  Southern 
Confederacy  :  Congress) ;  army  of  Poto- 
mac reorganized,  198i ,  2003;  Civil  War ; 
actions  in  Va.  in  1861+  ;  Sewall's  Point, 
Big  Bethel,  196i ;  Martinsburg,  Manas- 
sas-Bull  Run,  19G2,  3;  Ball's  BluH",  200* ; 
Lancaster,  Hranesville,  Vienna,  2()03  ; 
Uranesville,  Newport,  News,  New  Mar- 
ket ;  actions  in  1862  :  Big  Bethel,  2021 ; 
Fairfax  Courthouse,  Linn  Creek,  Bloom- 
ing Gap,  2041;  Winchester^  Hampton 
Roads,  Centerville,  2043  ;  Winchester, 
Yorktown,205i;  Woodstock,  2052;  York- 
town,  Thoroughfare  Gap,  2061 ;  York- 
town.Lee's  Mills,  2062 ;  West  Point,York- 
town,  2063;  Williamsburg,  West  Point, 
McDowell,  Somerville  Heights,  Seweira 
Point,  Norfolk,  2071;  Drewey's  Bluff, 
Front  Royal,  New  Bridge,  208 1 ;  Win- 
chester, Hanover  Courthouse,  Front 
Royal,  Fair  Oaks  (Seven  Pines),  2082  j 
Strasburg,  New  Bridge,  Cross  Keys, 
Port  Republic,  2083;  Stuart's  raid,  209*, 

2142  ;  Seven  l)ays'  Battle,  Mechanics- 
ville,  Beaver  Dam  Creek,  209i ;  Chicka- 
honiiny.  Gain's  Mill,  Savage's  Station, 
White  Oak  Swamp,  Frayser's  Farm 
(Glendale),  Malvern  Hill,  2092;  Orange 
Courthouse,  Malvern  Hill,  2102,  a; 
Mattapony  River,  Cedar  Mt.,  Shenan- 
doah Valley,  Jackson's  raids,  2103  ; 
White  Oak  Ridge,  Catlett's  Station, 
Waterloo  Bridge,  Kettle  Run,  212i; 
Centerville,  Manassas  Junction,  Grove- 
ton,  City  Point,  Manassas,  Chantilly, 
2122  ;  Fairfax  Courthouse,  Edward's 
Ferry,  Williamsburg,  2123;  Fayetteville, 
Harper's  Ferry,  2131 ;  Warrenton,  214' ; 
Thoroughfare  Gap,  2142  ;    Philomount, 

2143  ;  Warrenton,  Fredericksburg,  Fay- 
etteville, 2151  :  Winchester,  Cold  Knob 
Mt.,  Hartwood,  Berryville,  King  George 
C.  H.,  2161;  Port  Royal,  Blackwater. 
Fredericksburg,  2162,3 ;  Oceoquan,  Dum- 
fries, 2163.  Actions  in  1863:  Suffolk, 
2181;  Deserted  House,  2182;  Williams- 
burg, Annandale,  2183  ;  Woodstock, 
Aldie,  Chapel  Hill,  2191 ;  Fairfax  Court- 
house, 2201 ;  Dranesville,  Londoun  Co. 
raid,  2202;  Strasburg,  Chancellorsville, 
2203;  Stoneman's  raid,  Chancellorsville, 
Williamsburg,  Suffolk,  2211 ;  Warrenton 
Junction,  Suffolk,  2212;  Culpepper  con- 
centration, 2222  ;  Brandy  Station,  BeT- 
erly  Ford,  Winchester,  Aldit-,  2223;  Mid- 
dleburg.  South  Anna,  Lee  crossea 
Harper's  Ferry,  223 1 ;  Hanover  Junction, 
2241 ;  Monterey  Gap,  Jones' raid,  Staun- 
ton, 2242 ;  Antietani,  Falling  Waters, 
Sheppardstown,  2243  ;  Manassas  Gap, 
2251 ;  Kelley's  Ford,  2261 ;  Warm  Springs, 
Cumberland  Gap,2262;  Culpepper  Court- 
house, Madison  (jourthouse,  2263;  race 
ends  ;  Bristow's  Station,  Backland's 
Mills,  2271  ;  Rappahannock  Station, 
Kellev's  Ford,  228i :  Locust  Grove,  2282; 
Mineltun,  Averell's  raid, 2283.  Actions 
in  18G4  :  Jonesville,  2283  ;  Dranesville, 
Kilpatrick's  raid.  2302;  Suffolk,  Grant's 
first  headquarters  at  Culpepper,  2301; 
Grant's  campaign,  2322+  ;  Spear's  raid  ; 
battle  of  Wilderness  ;  Bermuda  Hun- 
dred, 2322  ;  Spottsylvania  Court-House  ; 
Guiney  Station  ;  Cloyd's  Mt.  ;  New 
River  ;  Wytheville,  2323 ;  Yellow  Tavern, 
2331 ;  Sheridan's  raid;  Drury's  Bluff; 
New  Market;  Winchester,  233i ;  North 
Anna  ;  Wilson's  Landing,  2332;  Pamun- 
key  River  ;  Hawes'  Shop  ;  Cold  Harbor  : 
Bermiida  Hundred,  2341 ;  Sheridan's  2a 
raid ;  Piedmont ;  Staunton  ;  Petersburg ; 
Trevilian  Station,  2342;  Petersburg: 
Reams's  Station,  Lvnchburg,  King  ana 
Q.'s  Court-H. ;  White  House;  Weldon 
R.  R.,  23434-;  Jones's  Bridge  ;  Early's 
raid,  235 1 ;  White's  Ford,  Stephenson's 
Depot,  2352  ;  Kearnstown  ;  Petersburg, 
2363  ;  Moorefield,  2371  ;  Strawberry 
Plains  ;  Crooked  Run  ;  Weldon  R.  R. ; 
Duvall's  Bluff;  Reams's  Station,  2372  ; 
Petersburg  Berryville,  Sycamore   Ch., 


14-10 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column,  Virg— Wagn, 


238' ;  Wiuohester  battle  ;  Fisher's  Hill ; 
Spring  Hill ;  Fort  Harrison,  Chapin's 
Bluir,  2382  ;  Peeble'8  Farm ;  Petersburg ; 
Abingdon  ;  Shenandoah  Valley  devas- 
tated ;  Fisher's  Hill ;  Darbytown  Road 
2383;  Cedar  Creek;  Hatcher's  Kun; 
Dutch  Gap  Canal  dug,239<;  Petersburg; 
Fort  Sedgwick,  23y2;  Front  lloyal ;  Ber- 
muda Hundred,  2401;  Hatcher's  Kun; 
Darby's  Mill's,  2421;  Sheridan's  raid; 
Waynesboro,  2422.  Actions  in  1865 : 
Grant's  tinal  advance  ;  Fort  Steadraan  ; 
Quaker  Road ;  Diuwiddie  C.-House ;  Five 
Forks,  2«2,  3  ;  Boydtou ;  White  Oak 
Roads  ;  battle  of  Five  Forks  ;  Peters- 
burg ;  Richmond  abandoned,  2443  ; 
Petersburg  falls  ;  Amelia  C.-House  ; 
Sailor's  Creek;  High  Bridge;  Fanu- 
ville,  2451;  Wytheville  ;  Appomattox 
Station,  2452  ;  Appomatox  C.-House  ; 
lee's  surrender,  2461  ;  ratifies  13th 
Amend.,  2432  ;  restored  to  union,  2473; 
Jett.  Davis  indicted,  2631;  ratifies  14th 
Amend.,  2562  ;  under  Federal  gov't ;  re- 
jects 14th  Amend.,  2572  ;  Constitutional 
Oonven.,  2592  ;  Meth.  Epis.  Conf.  fmd., 
2602;  new  constitution  adopted,  2613, 
2672  ;  Hampton  Inst,  org.,  2643  ;  not 
voting  in  nat.  election,  2652  ;  Henry  H. 
Wells,  gov.,  2653  :  Gen.  Canby,  military 
gov.,  2672 ;  legislature  meets  ;  ratifies 
14th  and  15tb  Amends.,  2692  ;  fully  re- 
constructed ;  M.  C.  admitted  ;  turned 
over  to  State  authorities,  2693;  Gilbert 
O.  Walker,  gov.,  2732  ;  eldership  of 
Church  of  God  org.,  2802  ;  Constitution 
amended ;  James  L.  Kemper,  gov.,  2873; 
Fred.  W.  M.  HolUday,  gov.,  3012  ;  Con- 
stitutional Amend,  abrogated,  3112  ; 
normal  school  opd.,  3123  ;  corporal  pun- 
ishment abolished,  3131 ;  Wm.  E.  Cam- 
eron, gov.,  3132;  Normal  and  Collegiate 
Inst,  est.,  3143 ;  lunatic  asylum  provided, 
3191 ;  McCormick  observatory  dedicated, 
3201 ;  Fitzhugh  Lee,  gov.,  3252;  gold  dis., 
3361 ;  ballot  reform,  3392 ;  Wm.  F. 
Mahone  uom.  for  gov.,  345i;  frost  in 
July,  3621;  phil.  W.  McKinney,  gov., 
3751 ;  Gerrymandering  Reapportionment 
Bill,  3793  ;  Debt  Bill  passes  S.,  4023  ; 
Republicans  unite  with  3d  party,  4172; 
no  Republican  nominations,  4352;  chas. 
T.  O'Ferrall,  gov.,  437',  4793;  oyster 
schooners  captured,  4532.  (See  South- 
ern Confederacy.) 

Virginia,stabbed  in  forum  by  father,  10513, 

Central  R.  R.  completed,  1833. 

City,  Nev.,  first  sermon,  2822;  fire, 

2893;  Enterprise  suspends,  4221 . 

Military  Inst.  org.  at  Petersburg,  Va. 

(1839). 

Polytechnic  Inst.  org.  at  Blacksburg, 

Va.  (1872). 

Virginius  captured  ;  Americans  shot ;  sur- 
vivors surrendered  ;  founders,  2833  ;  Sp. 
indemnity  fixed,  2873. 

Viriathus,  Lusitanian,  betrayed;  d.,  10551 . 

Viridomar,  commander,  6621 , 

Virtue,  John,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  9862. 

Vlscher,  Friedrich  Theodor,  b.,  8083  ;  d., 
8321. 

Vischering,  Droste  von,  quarrel,  8153. 

Visconti,  Azzo,  lord  of  Milan,  10773. 

,  Emiro  Quirino,  d.,  10862. 

,  Filippo  Maria,    D.  of   Milan ;    war 

with  Florence,  10781 . 

,  Galeazzo,  at  Milan,  10761 ;    lord  of 

Milan  ;  rules  Lombardy,  10773. 

,  Gian  Galeazzo  takes  title  D.  of  Milan, 

10792. 

,  Giovanni,  lord  of  Milan,  10773. 

,  Matteo,  the  Great,  b.-d.,  10762  ;  de- 
feats Torriani,  10761;  captain  of  the 
people,  10772  ;  gov.  Venice,  10773. 

,  family  ascendant,  10772. 

Vishni  Volotchok,  colony  at,  11212. 
Vishnu  Purana  written,  10431 . 

Visigoths.    (See  West  Goths.) 

Vistor,  Marshal,  at  Barosa,  718* . 

Vistula  Elver,  flotilla  on,  11201 . 

Vital  statistics,  G.  B.,  9492. 

Vitalianus  besieges  Constantinople,  10303. 

,  St.,  pope  ;   orders  church  services  in 

Latin,  10722. 

Vitebsk,  Russia,  French  defeated,  7183 . 

Vltellischi,  Mutius,  Jesuit  gen.,  10811 . 

Vitelline,  legatus  in  Syria,  11513. 

,  Aulus,  reigns,  10631 ,3;  defeats  Otho, 

10633  ;  put  to  death,  10631 . 


Viterbo,  It.,  action  at,  10881. 

Vitericus  reigns,  11253. 

Vitiges,    conquers   Milan,   7703 ;    reigns, 

10713 ;  attacks  Rome ;  captures  Ravenna; 

in     Constantinople,    10301 ;     captured, 

10702. 
Vitry,  Fr.,  castle  of,  burned,  668i ,  0693. 

le-Fran^ois  surrendered,  7401 . 

Vitterheteus  Vanner  established,  11351 . 
Vittoria  surrendered  to  Spain,  11321 . 
Vittoria,  Sp.   battle  of,  9361 . 
Vitu,  Af r.,  McKenzie  at,  5632  ;  ceded,  5633 ; 

Ger.  outposts  raided  ;  csEptured,  8382  ; 

massacre,  8383. 

,  Auguste,  d.,  7621 . 

Vitus,  St.  Anthony,  relics  removed,  7723, 
Vlvanco,  Gen.,  insurrectionist,  11081 . 
Vivarini,  Bartolomeo,  paints  St,  Oeorge 

and  tile  Dragon,  10821 . 
Vivero,  Manuel  de  Bustamente  y,  gover- 
nor, C.  R.,  6302. 
Vives,  Juan  Louis,  b.-d.,  11263. 
Vivian,  patent  granted,  9302. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  9511, 

,  Henry  H.,  Lord  Swansea,  d,,  10121. 

Viviani,  Yincenzo,  b.,  10823;  d.,  10831 . 
Vivisection  condemned,  9651 ;  society  for 

abolishing,  981 1 ;  Internat.  Asso.  against, 

9812. 
Vivonne,  Catherine  de,  Marquise  de  Ram- 

bouillet,  b.,  6S42  ;  d.,  6903. 
ViviUB  Lupus,  governor,  10652, 
Vizagapatam,  Madras,  mission,  10462, 
Vizcaino,  Sebastian,  d,,  11283, 
Vizcaya  collision,  3713, 
Vizetelly,  Henry  Richard,   b.,  9403  ;  d,, 

10102. 

Vlaardingen,  action  at,  10981 , 
Vladimir,  fnd,,  cap,  grand  duchy,  11151 , 
I.,  the  Great,  baptized,  11131 ;  marries 

Anne,  11132 ;    grand    duke,   11133  ;    d., 

11131. 

,  Duke  of  Kietf,  11133. 

Vladislav.    (See  Ladislaus.) 

II.,  duke, 6033;  king,  5043;  abdicates, 

5051. 
Vladivostok  fortified,  11221 , 
Vlaemoche  liederyker  issued,  5443, 
Vlamingh,  explorer,  4933, 
Voeux,  Sir  G,  Wm.,  des.  gov.,  11032. 
Vogel,  Eduard,  b.,  8142  ;  d.,  8201 . 
Voges,  Capt.  ordered  to  Fort  Pickens,  1921 . 
Vogt,  Karl,  b.,  8122  ;  works,  8163,  8203. 
Vogue,  Chas.  Jean  Melchior,  b.,  7243. 
Voigt,  Johannes,  b.,  8043  ;  d.,  8221 . 
Voirol,  Gen.,  gov.  Algeria,  92. 
Voiture,  Vincent,  b.,  6861;  Uranie,  6891; 

d.,  6883. 
Volage  attacked,  6161 , 
VolapUk,  invented,  7541 ;  successful,  3323; 

convention  held,  3662, 
Volcano  de  Agua,  destroys    Guatemala, 

10383, 
Volhyuia,  Russia,  invaded,  11181, 
Volkmann,  Alfred  Wilhelm,  b.,  8071;  d,, 

8282, 
Volney,  Comte,  Constantin  Francois  Chas- 

sebceut  de,  b,,  7023  ;  d,,  7223, 
Vologarses  III,,  king  in  Armenia,  11533, 
Volontaire  captures  Aspasia,  1231. 
Volpiscus,    Flavins,    Augustan    History, 

10671. 
Volscii,  defeated,  10501 ;  subjugated,  10532, 
Volta,  Count,  Alessandro,  b.,  10842  ;  elec- 

trophorus  improved,  9221 ;  researches, 

9242  ;    dis.  chemical  electricity,  1084' ; 

d.,  10862. 
Voltaic  arc  exhibited,  9362. 

battery  inv.,  1084' ;  improved,  9381 , 

Voltaire,  Francois  Marie  Arouet  de,  b., 

6943;    works,  6013,  6972,  6991,2,  7012, 

7032  ;  leader,  7011 ;  in  Eng.,  9072;  d.,  7043. 
Volteline,  Protestant,  massacred,  11372. 
Volterra,  Daniele  da,  b. ;    Descent  from 

Cross,  10802  ;  d.,  10803. 
Voltri,  It.,  Pr.  defeat,  7141 . 
Volturno,  It.,  action  at,  IO881 . 
Voluntary  School  Society  fmd.,  9523, 
Volunteer  wins    yacht   race,    3273 ;    pur- 
chased, 3353, 
Volunteer  Army  Service  corps  est,,  972' , 
force  est.,  926',  9321;  appropriation, 

Eng.,  9772. 

Reserve  for  Navy  Act,  G.  B.,  %2i . 

Volunteers  for  Mexican  war,  161 1 ,  1643  ; 

for  Civil  war,  1922, 1942,  1952,1973,  2101' 

3,  2111,  2362,  2373,  2413;    favored   in 

Ohio,  2032, 
organized,  Can.,  5812. 


Volunteers,  Ger,  calls  for,  811 1 , 

First   Middlesex,   fmd.,  Eng.,    932' ; 

Officers'  Decoration  instituted,  IOIOI. 

•  Act  amended,  9732. 

Volusianus  killed,  10671 . 
Vompomern  annexed  to  Prus.,  7993, 
Vondel,  Joost  van  den,  b,-d,, 10983;  works, 

11012, 
Voorhees,  Daniel  Wolsey,  b,,  1342  ;  Bank 

Issue  Bill,  4363, 

Repeal  Bill  passes,  4431 , 

Vorontzof ,  Mikhail  Seminovitch,b, ,  11162 ; 

d,,  11182, 
Vorosmarty,  Mihaly,  b,,  519i ;  d.,  6242, 
Vorstius,  Conrad,  b.,  7922  ;  d,,  7943, 
Vortigem,  king,  8412, 
V08,  Jan,  Aaron  and  Titus,  Medea,  IIOI2, 
Vosges,  Fr,,  Fr.  army  defeated,  7422. 
V088,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.,  8022 ;  worka, 

8051,8071;  d.,  8123, 

,  R.,  works,  8322,  8342, 

Vossera,  Peace  of,  6933, 

Vossius,  or  Voss,  Gerard  Johannes,  b,> 

7922  ;  d,,  7963, 

,  Isaac,  b.,  7943  ;  d.,  7982. 

Vote,  Congress  enforces  right  to,  271' . 
Voting  by  proxy   abolished,  9813.     (See 

Suffrage.) 
Vouet,  Simon,  b.,  6842  ;  d.,  6883. 
Vound,  chieftain,  leader,  5653. 
Vouti,  expedition,  6IO1 ;  patronizes  art  and 

science,  6102;  enthroned,  6113,  613'. 
Vox  Femenina  issued,  11102, 
Vratislav  I,,  duke,  6O32, 

II,,  duke  ;  king,  5033. 

Vrlzy  stormed,  7402. 
Vroom,  Peter  D.,  gov.  N.  J,,  1373,  1433, 
Vrooman,  Henry,  d,,  3382, 
Vucatovitch  surrenders,  5261 , 
Vuillaume,  Jean  Baptiste,  b,,  7131 ;  d., 

7482. 
Vulcan  launched,  1000' . 

,  planet,  discovered,  7342. 

Vulgate  Bible,  Mentz,  787' . 
Vulpius,  Christian  A.,  b.,  8023. 
Vulso,  L.  Manlius,  naval  com,,  1052*, 
Vyver,  Van  de.  A,,  promoted  bp,,  3403, 
,  S,  Van  de,  installed  bishop,  3462, 


W. 

Waagen,  Gustav  Friedrich,  b.,  8063  ;  d., 
8243, 

Wabash,  Ind.,  train  wreckers,  386' . 

College  established,  1403, 

R.  R.,  robbery, 4242. 

. and  Erie  Canal  completed,  1712. 

TVace,  Master  Robert,  b.-d.,  8482  ;  works, 
8503. 

Wachter,  Johann,  b.,  7963  ;  d.,  8023. 

,  Karl  Georg  von,  b.,  8063;  d.,  830'. 

Wachtisett  captures  Florida,  2383. 

Waddington,  Win.  Henri,  b.,  7242  ;  min- 
ister, 7473,  7512  ;  ambassador  at  Berlin, 
7512  ;  premier,  7513  ;  resigns,  753'  ;  at 
Congress  of  Berlin,  831 ' ;  London  Con- 
ference, 9932 ;  d.,  866'. 

Wade,  Benj.  Franklin,  b.,  1082  ;  senator, 
1692  ;  on  Committee  of  13,  1892  ;  on  war 
investigation  com.,  203';  pres.  senate, 
2672;  conven.  vote,  v. -Pres.,  263' ;  com- 
mission, 2732;  d.,2982; 

,  Field-Marshal,  commander-in-chief ; 

Royalist  commander,  910' . 

,  James  F.,  a  colonel,  326' . 

Wadesmill,  Thomas  Clark  memorial,  984', 

Wadhams,  Edgar  P.,  cons.  K.  C.  bp.,  2782. 

Wadleigh,  Bainbridge,  376' . 

,  Geo.  H.,  promoted  captain,  448' , 

Wadsworth,  James,  b.,  76' ;  d.,  1562, 

, Samuel,  b.   (1807)  ;  in  Army  of 

Potomac,  '2043  ;  defends  Wash.,  206'  j 
nom,  for  gov,,  2152  ;  k,,  2322  ;  d.,  2332. 

, W.,  b.,  1602, 

,  .Joseph,  Charter  Oak,  51';  intimi- 
dates Gov,  Fletcher,  533, 

Wage-workers'  Political  Alliance  peti- 
tions president,  3703, 

Wager,  Sir  Charles,  b.  (1666) ;  lord  admi- 
ralty, 9073  ;  d.  (1743). 

River,  Capt.  Back's  voyage,  948' . 

Wages  regulated  by  law,  Eng.,  867' ;  table 
of,  897';  of  harvestmen, 907', 9112, 9162, 
9262,  9272,  931',  943';  laborers',  869', 
897',  949'. 

Waggoner,  Link,  killed,  4703. 

Waghausel,  Ger.,  battle  at,  818'. 

Wagner  Inlet,  visited,  575'. 


Wagn  Wals. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1441 


Wagner,  Irving  P.,  b.,  1702. 

,  John,  coniniaiider  G.  A.  R.,  3043. 

,  Moritz,  b.,  8102  ;  d.,  832' . 

,  KicharU,  b.,  8082  ;  operas,  8161 ,  8243, 

8281,  9781;  London  festival,  9821;  d., 
8222. 

,  Kudolph  Johannes,  b.,8123;  d.,830'. 

,  Wilhelm  Eichard,  b.,  8102;  d.,  8302. 

Palace  Car  Co.  incorporated,  2613, 

Wagrani,  Aust.,  battle  of,  6183. 

■\Vagsham  Gobazye  revolts,  32, 

Wahabis,  4861  to  4882;  insurrection  of, 
11562;  overthrown,  11573. 

Wahayama,  floods,  10921 . 

Wahlstatt,  Silesia,  battle  at,  7201 . 

Wahoo  Swamp,  Indian  fight  at,  1461 . 

Waiapu,  N.  Z.,  see  of, est.,  9583;  Bp.  Stu- 
art elected,  9803;  Bp.  Williams  cons., 
10121. 

Waijen  enthroned,  6112. 

Wailly,  Charles  de,  b.,  6983;  d.,  7131. 

WainwTight,  Jonathan  M.,  d.,  2191 . 

, Mayhew,  b.  (1792) ;  cons.  P.  E. 

bishop,  1702;  d.,  1741. 

Wairarapic  wreclted,  11033. 

Waite,  Gen.  Carlos  Adolphus,  b.  (1800) ; 
commands  in  Tex.,  1921 ;  d.,  2521 . 

,  Davis  H.,  gov.,  4471;  arrested  ;  ac- 

qiiitted,  4702;  nom.  for  gov.,  471  2. 

,  Morrison  Remiek,b.,  1242;  chief  jus- 
tice, 2852;  N.  Y.  and  N.  H.  case,  3133  ; 
d.,  3282. 

Waitliraan,  Robert,  lord  mayor  London, 
9413;  obelisk  in  memory  or,  9461 . 

Waitzen,  Hung.,  action  at,  6222. 

Wakayama,  lives  lost ;  famine,  10921 . 

Wake  ITorest,  N.  C,  College  est.,  1423. 

,  William,  archbp.  Canterbury,  9043, 

Wakefield,  Eng.,  battle,  8641;  Bishop 
Walsham  cons.,  9983. 

,  Mass.,  quarter-millennial  anniver- 
sary, 4613. 

,  It.  1.,  burglars,  4602. 

,  Edward  Gibbon,  b.,  9283;  d.  (1862). 

,  Gilbert,  b.,  9143;  d.,9303. 

,  Mrs.  Prificilla,  est.  bank,  9311 . 

Wakes,  regulations  for,  Eng.,  8692;  intro- 
duction. It.,  10713. 

Wakkersoon,  mission,  11243. 

Wakley,  Thomas,  b.,  9263;  d.,  9662. 

Walbrook  Church  completed,  8941 . 

Walch,  Christian  Wilhelm  Franz,  b.,  8002; 
d.,  8042. 

Walcber,  Bishop,  Earl,  d.,  8482. 

Walcberen  expedition  fails,  9341. 

,  Isle  of,  fever  ravages  army,  9341 . 

Walckenaer,  Charles  Athanase,  b.,  7042  ; 
d.,  7322. 

Walcott,  Charles  Doolittle,  b.  (1850) ;  in 
interior  department,  4472. 

Waldashach,  Prussian  victory,  8242. 

Waldeck,  Count  [Prince  of  Prus.],  (Georg 
Friedrich),  b.  (1620)  ;  at  Mmister,  7903  ; 
defeated  at  Fleurus,  5421 ;  d.  (1692). 

,  Count  (Jean  Fred.),  d.,  7601 . 

Pyrmont,  Ger.,    principality,   7992  ; 

new  constitution,  8113. 

Rousseau,  minister,  7532,  7643. 

Waldegrave,  Earl  of,  title  created,  905', 

Waldemar,  Prince,  elected  Prince  of  Bul- 
garia; declines,  567  J. 

I.  (Valdemar),  b.-d.;  conquests ;  de- 
feats,6351  ;  builds  Copenbagen  ;  elected, 
6353. 

lI.,inBornhtBved;  inPrus.;  in  Rus.; 

unfurls  standard,  6361 ;  converts  pagans, 
6352;  attempts  to  regain  Holstein ;  im- 
prisoned ;  loses  power  ;  reigns  ;  unsuc- 
cessful in  Nor.  and  Swe.,  6353;  d.,  6351 ; 
kingdom  divided,  637 1 . 

III.    accepts  peace  of  Stralamund  ; 

reigns,  6372;  d.,6362. 

rv.,  of  Den.,  ravages  Sweden,  11341 . 

V.  reigns,  11351. 

(false)  appears,  7833. 

Walden,  Baron  Howard  de,  title  created, 
8772. 

,  John  M.,  elected  M.  E.  bishop,  3163. 

Waldenses   appear,  6702  ;    massacred  at 
Toulouse, 6703 ;  persecuted, 8822;  tolera- 
tion, 8883,  8892.    (See  Vaudois.) 
Waldhouser,  Conrad,  attempts  reforma- 
tion, 5002. 

Waldis,  Burkhard,  b.  (1500±) ;  works,  7911 . 

Waldo,  Daniel,  b.  (1762) ;  d.,  2373. 

,  Pierre,  b.-d.,  6683. 

Waldoborough,  Me.,  settled,  652. 

Waldseemiiller,  Martin,  b.  (1470i:);  d.,7882. 

Wales,  invaded,  7121 ;  Romans  resisted, 


8391;  leek,  national  emblem, 8401;  Eng. 
language  in  ;  see  of  Asaph  ;  see  of  Clan- 
datt,  8403;  early  kings,  W32;  devastated, 
8442;  early  rulers,  8452,3,8473,8493, 8661; 
Koderic  rules,  8462;  subjugated,  8461; 
wolves'  heads  as  tribute,  8471 ;  conquest 
of,  8541,8562;  insurrection;  statute  of 
W.  promulgated ;  8563;  united  to  Eng., 
8553,  8692  ;  rebellion,  8601 ;  Merthyr- 
Tydvil  canal  opd.,  9273  ;  Kr.  invasion, 
9281 ;  St.  David's  Coll.  fnd.,  9411 ;  chain 
suspension  bridge  erected,  9421 ;  Brit. 
Tubular  Suspension  Bridge  erected  ; 
Conway  Tubular  Bridge  erected,  9.541; 
Aberystwith  College  fnd.,  9763  ;  strike, 
9772,3,  10023,10071,10111;  tithe  collec- 
tors mobbed,  10003  ;  earthquake,  10081, 
10101 ;  University  College,  library  opd., 
10082;  coal-pit  explosion  and  fire,  10093, 
10113,  .10123  ;  Great  Western  Colliery 
fire,  10113. 

Walewski,  Comte  Alexandre  Florian  Jo- 
seph Colouna,b., 7191  ;  resigns, 7352,7373; 
d.,  7382. 

Walhalla,  Bavaria,  begun,  8141 . 

,  S.  C,  W.  Female  College  opd.,  2782; 

Alger  College  org.,  2963. 

Wahd  I.,  calif,  4852. 

II.,  calif,  4852. 

Walke,  Commander  Henry,  b.  (1808); 
passes  Island  No.  10,  2061 . 

Walker,  senator  seated,  N.  Y.,  3992. 

,  makes   ice,  9221;  friction  matches, 

9401 . 

,  Amasa,  b.,  1082;  d.,  2881 . 

,  Andrew,  est.  Ragged  School,  9491; 

gift  of,  9821. 

,  Sir  Charles  P.  Beauchamp,  d.,  10102. 

,  D.  A.,  Civil  Service  commissioner, 

2732. 

,  David,  hanged,  3303. 

, S.,  governor  Fla.,2653. 

,  Francis  Amasa,  b.  (1810);  works,  3031 ; 

Monetary  Conference,  4132. 

.Frederick,  b., 9502;  d.,9802. 

,  George  Leon,  Thomas  JIooker,3982. 

, ,  defense  of  Londonderry,  ^8i . 

,  Gilbert  Carleton,  b.  (1832) ;  gov.  Va., 

2732  ;  Va.  reconstructed,  2693;  d.  (1886). 

,  Henderson,  b.  (1660) :  gov.  N.C.,  652; 

d.  (1704). 

,  Horatio,  in  Acad,  of  Design,  3981 . 

,  Sir  Hovenden,  b.  (1660±)  ;  at  Quebec, 

561 ;  d.  (1726). 

,  James,  b.,  1042  ;  president  Harvard, 

1731 ;  d.,  2861 . 

, B.,  presidential  vote  for,  2932  ; 

electoral  vote,  2952. 

p_   d.   3641 , 

1  John,  i).,  9082  ;'d.,9331. 

, (Jeorge,  rear-adm.,  4481 . 

,  Joseph,  governor  La.,  1692. 

, H.,  b.,  1362. 

,  Leroy  Pope,  Confed.  sec.  war,  1913; 

at  Pocotaligo,  2143  ;  near  Tupelo,  2362; 
d.  (1888). 

,  Rev.  R.  H.,  Uganda  mission,  5621 . 

,  Robert  John,  b.  (1801);  gov.  Kan., 

1831 ,3;  sec.  treas.,  1692;  d.,  268i . 

,  Samuel,  lord  chancellor,  10092. 

,  Sears  Cook,  b.,  1122;  d.,  1722. 

,  William,  filibuster,  b.,    1322  ;  sails 

for  Cal.,  1732;  in  Lower  Cal.;  in  Sonora, 
1743;  defeats  Nicaraguans,  1761;  leaves 
N.  Y.,  1783  ;  at  Nicaragua  ;  recognized 
as  pres.,  1803;  expedition  lands,  1823; 
expedition  wrecked,  1851 ;  sails  for  Hon- 
duras, 1882;  in  Costa  Rica,  6311;  in 
Guatemala,  10382  ;  driven  from  Nica- 
ragua ;  aids  Nicaragua,  11032  ;  d.,  1862. 

, W.,  cons.  P.  E.  bishop,  3142. 

■,  Williston,  work,  4782. 

Walking-sticks,  term  applied  toM.P.,9832. 
Walk-in-the-Water  launched,  1273. 

Wall,  great  Chinese,  buiit,  6101;  Agrico- 
la's,  8391;  Antoninus's,  8392;  Severus' 
840'. 

Wall,  D.  C,  bomb  discovered,  461' . 

Wallace,  Ida.,  fire,  3663. 

,  Alfred  Russell, b., 9403;  works, 9621; 

9743, 10022. 

,  Ciapt.,  at  Wounded  Knee,  374'. 

,  Corporal,  shot,  989' . 

,  D.  A.,  I  oderator,  241' . 

,  David,  b.  (1799) ;  gov.,  1492;  d.  (1859). 

,  Horace  Binney,  b.,  1262;  d.,  178' . 

,  Joseph,  work,  4782. 

,  Gen.  Lewis,  b.  (1827)  ;  works,  2823, 

3063,  3323,  3502,  4442  ;  saves  Cincinnati, 


2122;  on  the  Monocacy,  236' ;  military 
commission,  2472;  gov.  New  Mex.,  3012. 

Wallace,  N.  Clarke,  comptroller  customs, 
Can.,  5952,  6963. 

,  Sir  Richard,  gift  to  Paris,  7463;  d., 

10O41. 

,  Rush  R.,  commodore,  4561 . 

,  Prof.  William,  b.  (1768) ;  pantagraph 

improved,  940' ;  d.  (1843). 

, ,  b.-d.,  8542  ;  defeats  Eng.,  866' ; 

executed,  857 ' . 

, H.,  governor  Wash.,  2032,  229»  | 

speaker,  2932. 

, Harvey  Lamb,  b.  (1821) ;  d.,  2072. 

, M.,  commissioned  major,  4561 . 

, Vincent^  b.,  9363;  d.,  9681 . 

Wallachia,  conquered,  1156' ;  revolts, 
11562  ;  Aust.  enter,  524' ;  army  with- 
drawn, 5262;  evacuated;  invasions  of; 
laid  waste;  uprising,  1112';  gov't  pur- 
chased by  Alex. ;  oath  to  Russian  queen ; 
princes  purchase  appointments ;  re- 
turned, 11122. 

Wallachians  expelled  from  Poland,  1114' . 

Wallack,  James  William,  b.  (1795) ;  opens 
theater,  172';  d.,Ml'. 

,  Lester  (John  Johnstone  W.),  b.  (1820); 

d.,3301. 

Walla-Walla,  printing-press  set  up,  151'; 
missionaries  murdered,  1623  ;  constitu- 
tion convention,  2992  ;  Witman  College 
opened,  3143. 

Wallenstein,  Albrecht  Eusebius  von,  Duke 
of  Friedland,  b.,  7922;  defeats  Protest- 
ants, 512';  dismissal,  512',  794';  peace 
atLubeck  ;  recalled,  512' ;  invades  Den., 
636' ;  D.  of  Mecklenburg,  6373  ;  com- 
mands imperial  army  ;  in  Nureniburg, 
794' ;  cruelty  ;  faces  Gustavus  ;  relieves 
Maximilian,  7942;  prince  of  emp.,  7952; 
lands  bestowed ;  power  alarms  ;  army 
disbanded  ;  loses  favor ;  treason ;  at 
Eger;  assassinated,  7953 ;  d.,  7943. 

Waller,  Edmund,  b.,  878' ;  works,  880», 
886' ,  8883,  8903;  plot  of,  8863  ;  d.,  8962. 

,  Thomas  M.,  gov.  Conn.,31B2;  World's 

Fair  Commission,  3633. 

,  Sir  William,  parliamentary  gen.,  b., 

8762 ;  at  Landsdown  ;  at  Cropredy  Bridge, 
884'  ;  d.,8922. 

Wallia  fights  for  Romans,  1070' . 

Wallin,  Johan  Olif,  b.  (1779);  National 
Hymn  Hook  of  Sweden,  11362;  d.  (1839). 

Walling,  Henry  Francis,  d.,  330' . 

Wallingford,  Cfonn.,  Baptist  church,  623. 

Wallis,  Samuel,  voyage,  916';  explora- 
tions, 4932  ;  d.  (1795). 

,  Dr.,  deaf  mutes,  887'. 

,  John,  b.,  880' ;  d.,  9022. 

,  Sir  Provo  William  Parry,  d.,  1008'. 

Wallon,  Henri  Alexandre,  b.,  7192;  works, 
7303,  735',  7363,7482,7522,7602;  minis- 
ter, 7493. 

Walloons,  persecuted,  30' ;  build  Fort 
Orange;  in  N.  Y..  31';  near  Hudson 
River,  312. 

Wallscourt,  Baron,  title  created,  931'. 

Walmannsthal,  mission,  1124'. 

Walmesley,  Charles,  b.,  9062  •  d.  (1797), 
9283. 

Walpole,  N.  H.,  Farmer's  Museum,  1043. 

,  Horace,  E.  of  Orford,  b.,  9062;  Cas- 
tle of  Otranto,  917' ;  d.  (1797). 

,  Sir  Robert,  E.  of  Orford,  b.,  8942; 

bill,  672;  minister,  9033;  premier,  9053, 
9073;    resigns;    created   E.  of  Orford, 

9113;  d.,9103. 

,  Spencer  Horatio,  b.  (1806);  minister, 

9573,  9632,  9692;  withdraws,  9633. 

Walram,  Archbp.,  freed,  7822. 

Walrutf,  John,  upholds  prohibition,  3232. 

Walsh,  John,  minister,  resigns,  3032. 

, ,  b.  (1830);  cons.,  5822;  archbp., 

5882;  testimony,  9993. 

, Henry,  d.,  998'. 

,  Mayor  of  Wexford,  imprisoned,1006' . 

,  Michael,  convicted  of  murder,  990*. 

,  Mr.,  arrested,  9863. 

,N.,  printing  in  Celtic  letters,  8743. 

,  Patrick,  senator  for  Ga.,  4662. 

, ,  executed,  9903. 

,  Robert,  b.,  962;  Am.   Quarterly  St- 

vUw,  135' ;  d.,  1842. 

,  Thomas,  arrested,  989' . 

,  William,  cons,  bp.,  10063. 

, J.  cons,  arcnbp.,  9922. 

, Parkerham,  elected  bp.,  9803. 

Walsham,  William,  cons,  bp.,  9983. 

Walsingham,  Baron,  title  created,  9212. 


1442 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column.  Wals-Wash. 


WalsingUam,  Sir  Francis,  b.,  868*:  minis- 
ter, 8753;  a.  (1590;. 

■Walthall,  Edward  Cary,  b.,  138*. 

"Walthani,  Mass.,  first  power  cotton  mill, 
123' ;  statuary  destroyed,  4MS. 

Walter,  Hubert,  death  of,  862*. 

,  Johann  Gottlieb,  b.,  800*;  d.,  812*. 

,  John,  b.,  U103;  logographic  printing, 

922*;  d.,  10121. 

of  tile  Strong  Hand  appears,  7723. 

,  the  Penniless,  nobility  support,  6683; 

in  Orusade,  10743. 

.Thomas  Usticlc,  b.,  112*;  d.,  3281. 

Waltheof,  Earl,  beheaded,  8491. 
Walther  von  der  Vogelweide.  b.-d.,  778*; 

collection  for  choral  singing,  789*. 
Walters,  Mr.,  gift  to  Art  Museum,  338' . 

,  Robert,  mayor  N.  Y.,  593. 

,  William  Thompson,  <i.,  4761 . 

Walton,  Ind.,  tenant  sliot,  4403. 

Junction,  Eng.,  U.K.  accident,  9713. 

,  F.  A.,  absconds,  3623. 

,  Geo.,  b.  (1740i);  gov.  Ga.,  1013;  d., 

112*. 
,  Izaak,   b.,   876*;     Complete    Angler, 

8883;  d.,896*. 
Waltz  introduced  into  England,  937*. 
Waltzeemiiller,  Martin,  names  America, 

171. 
Walworth,  Frank  M.,  sentenced,  293'. 

,  Reuben  Hyde,  b.  (1789);  d.,  258*. 

,  William,  lord  mayor  London,  861'. 

Wainba,  subdues  Saracens,  1125' ;  reigns, 

ir263. 
Wambe  wrecked,  3113. 
Wampauoags  defeated  in  R.  I.,  46' . 
Wampum;  currency,  313. 
Wanamaker,  Alfred,  a  suicide,  3683. 
,  John,  b.  (1837);  p.-m.  gen.,  337*;  Log 

College  eel.,  3443;  letter-box  order,415' . 
Wanborough,  battle  at,  842' . 
WandewasTi,  India,  action  at,  914*,  1044*. 
Wandsworth,  Eng.,   first  Presb.  church, 

8743;  iron  tramroad,  930'. 
Wangeman,  A.  G.,  robbed,  476*. 
Wangti,  inventions  of,  610' . 
Wanloh,  land  grant,  615*;  d.,  614*. 
WangMang  rebel iion,  China,  610',  6113; 

enthroned, 6113. 
Wanstead,  Eng.,  Orphan  Asylum  est. ,942*. 
Wantage,  Baron,  title  created,  987' . 
Wanton,  Gideon,  gov.  R.  1.,  67*. 

,  John,  gov.  R.  I.,  633. 

,  William,  gov.  It.  1.,  63*. 

Wapping,  E.  India  warehouse   burned, 

9273. 
War,  Civil,  war  funds,  197*;  loan,  1973; 

appropriations,      199*  ;      investigation, 

Cong.,  2913,  203';  able  governors,  203*; 

complications  ;  Order  No.  1,  2033;  daily 

cost,  2093;  last  loan,  2433;  ends,  2473; 

total  cost,  2491 .    (See  pp.  188-248.) 

,  French  and  Indian.    (See  pp.  68-73.) 

,  Kin^  Philip's  (Indian).  (See  pp.44-46.) 

,  Mexican.    (See  pp.  158-164). 

of  1812,   Cong,   doclares  war,   119*  ; 

politics  in,  1173;  New  Eng.  opposes, 
1173,  1193.    (See  pp.  118-123.) 

,  Revolutionary,  for  American  Inde- 
pendence.   (See  pp.  80-97.) 

Warbeck,  Perkin,  pretender ;  at  Beaulieu 
monastery,  867';  attacks;  defeated; 
hanged,  866'. 

Warburg,  Prus.,  French  defeat, 702'  ,802' . 

Warburton,  Eliot  Bartholomew  George, 
b.,  935';  d.,  958*. 

,  Wm.,  b.,  900*;  work,  911' ;  d.  (1779). 

Ward,  Artemas,  b.,  60*;  commander-in- 
chief,  80*;  d.,  108*. 

,  Artemus,  liumorist.  (See  Brown, C.F.) 

,  Edgar  M.,  Academy  Design,  314' . 

,  Sir  Edward,  lord  keeper,  9013. 

,  Edward  Matthew,  b.,  938*;  d.  (1879). 

,  Elizal)eth   Phelps,   b.  (1844);  hoctor 

Zay,  319K 

,  Ferdinand,  indicted,  341';  released 

from  Sing  Sing,  4063. 

,  Freda,  assaulted,  400*. 

,  Frederick,  b.  (1851);  enters  service; 

reorganizes  army,  620' ;  d.  (1862). 

,  Gen.,  envoy  at  Peking,  1853. 

,  Sir  H.,  gov.,  1049' . 

,  Herbert  I).,  work,  3743. 

,  Mrs.  Humphry  (Mary  Augusta  Ar- 
nold), b.  (1851);  works,  9983. 

,  John,  d.  10041. 

, Quincy  Adams,  b.,  138*;  paints, 

1821,2023;  Acad.  Design,  229';  statue 
o£  Lincoln,  290' ,  of  Washington,  3121 . 


Ward,  John  S.,  breach  of  privilege,  985*. 

,  Marcus  Lawrence,  b.  (1812);  gov.  N. 

J.,  2553;  vetoes,  261*;  d.  (1884). 

,  Mr.,  expelled  H.  C.  for  forgery,  907*. 

,  Nathaniel,  b.  (1578i);  Simple  Cobbler 

of  Agawam,  38*;  d.  (1653+). 

,  N.  B.,  devises  Wardian  cases,  9441 . 

,  Kadclitfe,  electric  omnibus,  1000' . 

,  Richard,  b.  (1689);  gov.,  66*;  d.  (1763). 

,  Robert  Plumer,  b.,  9163;  d.  (1846). 

,  Rodney  C,  d.,  344*. 

,  S.,  gov.  India,  10491 . 

,  Sam.,  b.  (1725);  gov.  R.  I.,  73*,  763; 

opposes  Stamp  Act,  75*;  d.  (1776). 

Warden,  D.,  train  wrecker,  464*. 

Wardian  Cases  devised,  9441 . 

Wardley,  James,  revives  Friends'  Society, 
9123. 

Wardner,  Ida.,  non-union  men,  4103;  U.S. 
troops,  4101 , 

Wardrop,  Maj.,  in  Sudan,  660*. 

Ware,  Edward  Ash,  cons.  bp.  Derby,  1002*. 

,  Henry,  Jr.,  b.,  104*;  Harvard  prof., 

1123;  d.,  156*. 

, ,  b.,  741 ;  d.  (1845). 

, ,  cons,  bp.,  1002*. 

,  William,  b.,  106*;  d.,  170*. 

Wareham,  Eng.,  takeii,  8441 . 

Warham,  Wm.,  b.  (1450+);  arohbp.  Can- 
terbury, 862*;  lord  ohan.,  867*;  d.  (1632). 

Warehousemen's  Asso.  org.,  U.  S.,  393*. 

Warehouse  system  est.,  161*. 

Waring,  Edward  John,  d.,  1004*. 

,  George  E.,  b.  (1833);  work,  478*;  d. 

(1898). 

Warm  Springs,  Va.,  action  at,  226*. 

Warmouth,  Henry  C.,  gov.  La.,  265*;  sus- 
pended, 2793. 

faction.  New  Orleans,  400*. 

Warmstadt,  battle  at,  7761 . 

Warner,  A.  J.,  pres.  Silver  Conven.,  349*. 
,  Charles    Dudley,    b.,    136* ;    works, 

2723,  280*,  2823,  2943,   2983,  3003,  3263, 

3503,  3963. 

,  Daniel  B.,  pres.  Liberia,  Afr.,  1161*. 

,  John  D.,  b.,  168*. 

,  Olin  Levi,  b.  (1844) ;    sculptor,  3161 ; 

Academy  of  Design,  3601 . 
,  Seth,  b.,  64*;  at  Crown  Point,  80'; 

d.,  96*. 
,  Susan  (Elizabeth  Wetherell),b., 128' ; 

works,  1683,  3031  ;  d.,  320*. 
,  William,    b.   (1840);    commander-in- 
chief,  3303. 

,  Maj. ,  nom.  for  gov.  Mo.,  4071 , 

, ,  b.     (1558)  ;    Albion's    England, 

8763;  d.  (1609). 

Observatory  est.,  Rochester,  3021. 

Warrants,  general,  illegal,  Eng.,  9173. 
Warren,  It.  1.,  Brown  University  est., 74*. 

Baptist  Association  formed,  74*. 

,  Charles,  b.,9403. 

,  Sir ,  commissioner  ;    agreement 

with  Kruger,  603*. 

,  Sir ,  excavations  at  Jerusalem, 

11581. 

,  Fitz  Henry,  d.,  298*. 

,  Francis  E.,  b.,  166*;  gov.  Wyo.,  349*, 

3671. 

,  Gouverneur  Kemble,  b.,  138*  ;  north 

of  Rapidan,  2321 ;  at  Spottsylvania,  2323 ; 
takes  Weldon  R.  It.  ;  at  (jlobe  'Tavern, 
237*  ;  at  Peeble's  Farm,  2383;  at  Hatch- 
er's Run,  2391  ;  at  Five  Forks  ;  reeuforces 
Sheridan;  relieved,  2443 ;  d.,  310*. 

,  John,  b.,  683  ;  d.  (1815). 

,  Sir  John  Borlase,  b.,9123  ;  captures 

Fr.  ships,  9231 ;  blockades  Chesapeake 
Bay,  1201;  d.,9403. 

, Collins,  anatomist,  b.,  91*  ;  d., 

1781. 

,  floseph,  b.,  64*;  leaves  Harvard,  723; 

massacre  oration,  83' ;  d.,  823. 

,  Lieut.,  wins  rifle  prize,  994' . 

.  Mercy,  b.,  00*;  Am.  Ilerolution,  113'. 

,  Sir  Peter,  b.,  902*;  d.,  9123. 

,  Samuel,  b.,933' ;  works,  9443 ;  d.,  982*. 

,  S.  I).,  estate  damaged,  40^4*. 

,  Wm.,  Jr.,  b.,  1183  ;  d.,  330' . 

Warrenne,  Earl,  treachery  of,  8553. 

Wiirrensliurg,  Mo.,  Confederates  defeated, 
205' ;  State  Normal  School  est.,  2763. 

Warrenstown,  Ire.,  tenants'  right  demon- 
stration, 957'. 

Warrenton,  Mo.,  Central  Wesleyan  Coll. 
fiid.,241*;  colIisi(m,  361'. 

,  Va.,  Federals  take,  2141;  action,  2151; 

Confederates  defeated,  221*. 

Warriner,  Francis,  b.  (1805);  d.,  252' . 


Warrington,  Lewis,  b.,  95' ;  d.,  168*. 

Warrior  launched,  964' . 

Warrior,  Ala.,  Prohibitionist  killed,  4003. 

Warsaw,  Mo.,  battle  near,  196' . 

,  N.  v..  Liberty  Party  Conven.  meets, 

at,  151*;  rock  salt  dis.,  298' . 

,  Aust.,  enlarged,  5193. 

,  Rus.,  diet  est.  at,  1115*  ;  Polish  de- 
feat, 1114' ;  alliance  of ;  capital  of  Po- 
land, 11153;  surrenders  to  Charles  XII., 
1114';  Rus.  garrison  expelled;  taken, 
1116';  a  ducliy  ;  annexed  to  Saxony; 
general  diet  at ;  overrun ;  revolution, 
11173;  riot, 11191;  sovereigns  meet,  821*; 
besieged,  1119*  ;  Reign  ol  Terror,  11181 ; 
military  arrests  1118*;  decree  on  educa- 
tion ;  Univ. provided  for,  11183;  martial 
law,  1121*;  Nihilist  printing-est.,  11211; 
anarchists  arrested  ;  bomb  iu  Greek  ch.; 
centenary  of  partition  of  Poland,  11223. 

Wurtburg,  Cape  Colony,  mission,  5983. 

,  Ger.,  festival  of,  8123. 

,  Evan.  Luth.  General  Synod  org.,  294*. 

Wartenburg,  Prus.,  battle  of,  720*. 

Warton,  Joseph,  b.,  906*. 

,  Thomas,  b.,908' ;  poet  laureate, 915' ; 

d.,  9243. 

,  William,  msl.  of  Eng.  Poetry,  919*. 

AVarwick,  Abraham,  surety  for  tfefferson 
Davis,  2563. 

,  E.  of  (Richard  Neville),  b.-d..  862*  ; 

arrested,  861*  ;  captures  Sp.  fleet,  8621 ; 
in  Eng.,  8643;  intrigues  against  king; 
instigates  rebellion ;  declared  traitor, 
killed,  865*. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  911*. 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Edward  Plantagenet.) 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Dudley,  John  ;  Rich, 

Robert). 

,  John  G.,  d.,  4121 . 

Warwickshire,  Eng.,  Kenilworth  castle 
built,  848*  ;  miners  strike,  9811 . 

Washburn,  Cadwallader  Colden,  b.  (1818); 
on  Committee  of  33,  1891 ;  commands 
Tex.  expedition,  228';  gov.  Wis.,  281i; 
d.  (1382). 

,  Emory,  b.  (1800);  gov.  Mass.,  177i . 

,  Israel,  Jr.,  b.  (1813) ;  gov.  Me.,  203*  ; 

occupies  Helena,  2101 ;  near  La  Grange, 
218';  d.,  312*. 

,  John  W.,  defaulter,  438*. 

,  Peter  Thacher,  b.  (1814) ;  gov.  Vt., 

2093  ;  d.  (1870). 

,  Wm.  Barrett,  b.  (1820) :  gov.  Maes., 

281 1 ;  d.  (1887). 

, Drew,  b.,  138*. 

College  org.,  250*. 

Flour  Mills,  Wis.,  burn,  299*. 

Washburne,  Elihu   Benjamin,  b.  (1816) ; 

defends  Grant,  2073;  Joint  Com.  of  Re- 
construction, 2493  ;  sec.  state  retires  ; 
minister  to  Fr.,  2671 ;  nom.  for  pres.  can- 
didate, 3043,  3061 ;  work,  3291  ;  d.,  326*. 

,  Hempstead,    mayor,    Chicago,  381' ; 

closes  gambling-houses,  3823. 

Wanhington  puts  to  sea,  1241. 

sails,  1623. 

,  state  :  Alexander  Mackenzie  reaches 

coast,  1041 ;  Territory  created,  1743  ; 
printing-press  set  up,  151',  Isaac  I. 
Stevens,  gov.,  1743;  J.  p,  Anderson, 
gov.,  183*;  Fayette  MMullen,  gov.. 
1833;  Univ.  est.,  Seattle,  1991;  R.  I). 
Gohlson,  gov.;  Wm.  Pickering,  gov.; 
Wm.  H.  Wallace,  gov.,  203*;  Nat.  Deaf 
Mute  Coll.  opd.,  235*;  Marshall  F. 
Moore,  gov.,  2693;  Alvin  Flanders,  gov., 
2683;  Ed.  S.  Salomon,  gov.,  273*;  Ell- 
slia  P.  Ferry,  gov.,  291 1 ;  Constitutional 
Conven.;  Constitution  ratified,  299*, 3; 
Wm.  A.  Newell,  gov.,  306*;  Free  Meth. 
Conf.  org.,  318*;  Watscm  C.  Squire.gov., 
3193;  Chinese  protecte<i.  3211 ,3,  323*; 
Anti-Chinese  not,  323*;  school  for 
defective  youths  opd.,  326*,  Normal 
School  at  Lynden,  324*;  tunnel  under 
Cascade  Riuige,  3313  ;  insane  asylum 
ojiens,  333*;  Bill  to  admit,  3363;  Ena- 
bling Act  signed,  337';  Gen.  Congrega- 
tional Asso.  org.,  342*;  E.  P.  Ferry  nom. 
for  gov.;  Eugene  Semple  nom.  for  gov., 
3451 ;  constitution  ratified ;  Prohibition 
law  rejected,  3471  •  admitted,  347*  ; 
storm,  3621 ;  cattle  thieves,  380*,  wheat 
crop  destroyed,  386' ;  Italians  riotous, 
race-flght,  3863;  State  Railroad  Com- 
missioners, 3591 ;  Great  Northern  R.  B. 
completed, 4213;  gold  strike, 430';  ,lohn 
H.   McGraw,   gov.,   447*  ;    wheat    ae- 


Wash-Weav. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INlJtX.       Superior  Figures  intlicate  Column, 


1443 


stroyed,  4493;  cloudburst,  4W;  fir©  in 
luiue,  4712;    woman  suifrage  adopted, 

Washington,  D.  C,  city  fnd.,  1033;  oapitol 
begun,  1041 ;  Wash.  Gazettt^  1063;  Intetli- 
ytncer  issued,  IIP;  Brit,  advance  on, 
1222;  Nat.  Library  burned,  123';  Am. 
Colonization  Soc. fnd. ,125t ;  capitolbuilt, 
1273,  1341 ;  Columbian  Univ.  fnd.,  1311 ; 
treasury  building  destroyed,  1433;  pat- 
ent ortice  and  nost-ofllee  burned,  1473; 
telegraph  to  Baft,  est.,  1501 ;  Democratic 
Jierieiv  est.,  1483;  Soc.  for  Promotion  of 
Science  and  Useful  Arts  est.,  1521 ;  Naval 
Observatory  est.,  154i ;  Kossuth  arrives, 
1091;  \V.  Univ.org.,  1731;  aqueduct  in- 
aug.,  1733;  race  riot,  1S23;  reijresenta- 
tives  in  new  chamber,  1832;  senate  in 
new  chaniber,  1852;  patent  office  com- 
pleted, 1853;  Japanese  embassy  rec'd 
1871;  defenses  planned,  1901;  Lincoln 
arrives,  1923;  defense  in  Civil  War, 
1923,  ISMI  ,2,  1981 ,  20(51  ,  2082,  2123;  Con- 
federate Commissioners  in,  1932;  balloon 
ascension,  1963;  Holy  Angels' Coll.  org., 
2111;  Nat.  Acad,  of  Science  est.,  2212; 
Gen.  Grant  arrives,  2302;  Conf.  Meth. 
Epis.org.,  2332;  Ladies' National  Cove- 
nant fmd.,  2333;  Qen.  Early  threatens, 
2351,  2361;  Smithsonian  Institution  li- 
brary burned,  2423  ;  review  of  Fed. 
army,  2463;  obsequies  of  Lincoln  held, 
2472  ;  polychromy  applied  to  patent 
office  ;  dome  of  capitol  frescoed,  2501 ; 
St.  Louis  Coll.  org.;  surgeon-gen's  of- 
fice library  fnd.,  2502;  Howard  lust. 
fnd.,  2523;  Mary  Harris  tried,  2551; 
Howard  Uuiv.  org.,  2583;  Corcoran  Art 
Gallery  donated,  2621,2701;  Bureau  of 
Education  library  fnd.,  2623;  Chinese 
embassy  in,  2632;  Nat.  Conven.  Colored 
Men  Asso.,  2653;  Burlingame  treaty  ne- 
gotiated, 2633  ;  Clark  equatorial 
mounted,  2821;  Lincoln  Park;  statue 
of  Lincoln,  2901 ;  Natioiial  Tribune, 
2962;  Soc.  Asso.  Charities  org.,  3072: 
Chas.  Guiteau  hanged,  3103;  National 
Theater  burns,  3212  ;  Cath.  Univ.  of 
Am.  org.,  3282,  3302,  3471 ;  National 
JHconomist, 332^;  siteof  Zoological  Park, 
3401 ;  sale  of  pardons  exposed,  2551 ;  Bill 
to  est.  Univ.  of  U.  S.,  3582;  Italo-Ams. 
hold  meeting  3871 ;  Nat.  Art  Asso. 
Cong.,  4061;  Fr.  legation  an  embassy, 
4252;  Webster  statue,  4273;  Ford's  Thea- 
ter disaster,  4323  ;  Lincoln  Memorial 
Home  opd.,  4413.  (See  District  of  Co- 
lumbia.) 

,  la.,  Gen.  Ass.  United  Presb.  meets, 

2502. 

,  N.  J.,  zinc  manufacture,  1501. 

,  N.  C,  Federals  at,  2051 ;  action  near, 

2082,  2123. 

,  Pa.,  Wash,  and  Jefferson  Coll.  est., 

1111;  militia  arrive,  1941;  Slocum  rob- 
bery, 4791 . 

,  Bushrod,   b.,  723;  justice,  1092;  d., 

1362. 

.George,  b.,  621;  surveyor-gen.,  673; 

at  Fort  Necessity ;  at  Great  Meadows; 
adj.-gen.  for  Va.;  lieut.-col.,  681 ;  visits 
Lake  Erie  ;  Fr.  aggressions,  692,  7021 ; 
Indians  threaten,  692;  brings  letter; 
visits  Am.  colonies,  093;  in  Shenandoah 
Valley,  701 ;  resigns,  703;  marries,  712; 
at  Cambridge ;  commander-in-chief, 
802,813;  at  Boston,  811,  822,831,1013; 
at  Charlestown,  Mass.,  82i;  no  super- 
vision of  navy ;  leaves  Cambridge  ;  in 
New  York,  822;  gold  medal,  831 ;  plot 
against,  833;  army  report ;  retreats  to 
New  York,  84i ;  in  North  Castle,  N.  Y., 
retreats  to  N.  J.;  in  Pa.,  843;  crosiies 
Del.  at  Trenton,  851 ;  at  Princeton,  861 ; 
recrosses  the  Del.,  803;  forbids  games; 
letter  from  Howe,  852;  military  power, 
853;  at  .Morristown,  861 ;  force  increased, 
862;  marches  south,  863;  in  Phila.;  en- 
ters Chesapeake  Valley,  871;  at  White 
Marsh,  881;  conspiracy  against,  882; 
at  Monmouth;  at  White  Plains,  883 ;  at 
Mlddlebrook,  901;  army  destitute,  911 ; 
meets  Koi^hambeau,  9'2i,  942;  troops 
mutiny,  921,3;  at  Totowa,  923 ;  a  lleut.- 

fen.  and  adm.  of  Fr.,  933;  recnforced 
;f  Fr.;  transfers  army  from  N.  Y.  to 
\a.,942;  at  Williamsburg;  Newburgh, 
headquarters,  943;  despatch  of  victory, 
952;  farewell  address  ;  surrenders  com- 


mission, 96*;  last  circular,  971;  ad- 
dresses Congress,  972;  inspects  O.Val- 
ley, 973;  pres.  Nat.  Constitution  Con- 
ven., 992;  electoral  vote,  1012,  1032 
1073;  1st.  pres.  U.  S.;  approves  Taritf 
Act,  1012-  visitingtour,  1013,1023, 1051; 
re-elected  pres.,  1023;  second  term ; 
proclamation  of  neutrality,  1051 ;  lieut.- 
gen.,  1061;  ascendency  over  people, 
107 1 ;  declines  3d  term  ;  farewell  ad- 
dress, 1072;  meets  Cong,  last  time,  1073; 
appointed  1st  general,  IO8I;  d.,  1082, 
1091;  monument,  N.  Y.,  1622;  monu- 
ment, D.  C,  1641,  1742,  2932;  farewell 
address  Ms.  sold,  1673;  statue  in  Phila., 
2661;  in  N.  Y.,  1581,  I801,  3121,  3141, 
and  in  Milwaukee,  3201 . 

Washington,  Joseph  E.,  b.,  1682. 

,  Madison,  leads  uprising  slaves,  1531 . 

,  Martha,  d.,  II02. 

,  Mary,  day  at  World's  Fair,  4403. 

,  Wm.  Augustine,  b.  (1752);  d.,  1162. 

and  Bait.  K.  R.  sold,  3453. 

Centennial  Arch  fnd.,  366' . 

College  (non-s6ct.)  org  at  Chester- 
town,  Md.  (1783). 

(non-sect.)  org.  at  Wash.  Coll., 

Tenn.  (1795). 

Court-house,  O.,  lynchers,  4731 ;  tor- 
nado, 3201 . 

inauguration,  centennial,  3491 ;  tab- 
let unveiled,  3722;  birthday  honored, 
4251,4532. 

and  Jefferson  College  org.,  1111. 

and  Lafayette,  monument  to,  2661 . 

and  Lee  University  fnd.,  671. 

monument,  description,  3181 ;  black 

destroyed,  1742;  appropriationfor,  2932; 
inaugurated,  3'20i . 

,  Treaty  of,  fmd.,  1553,  2751 ,  5833;  op- 
posed, 5833. 

Univ.  (non-sect.)  org.  at  St.  Louia, 

Mo.  (1853). 

Washingtoinan  temp. movement  org. ,151 1 . 
Wasp  captures  Frolic,  1182;  captures  Rein- 
deer, 1221 . 

lost,  9921. 

Wasta,  mission,  6571 . 

Watch  and  Ward  Act  enforced,  G.  B., 
9391. 

Watches  mnf.  by  machinery,  1821;  first 
made,  7863;  in  Eng.,  8753;  Ist  used  in 
Eng.,  8833;  pocket  made,  8882;  inv., 
8941;  marine  mv.,  9061 ;  taxed,  9292. 

Watchman  issued,  Eng.,  9463. 

Water;  components,  7041,  7221 ;  supply, 
London,  8521;  salt,  freshened,  8961;  by 
friction,  9282;  decomposed,  9301 ,  9541 . 

Beggars  capture  Brille,  5401 . 

Waterberg,  mission,  11242. 

Waterbury,  Conn.,  Silas  Bronson  Library 

fnd.,  2703. 

,  N.  J.,  lawyer,  d.,  4562. 

,  Vt.,  Insane  Asylum  opened,  3332, 

,  Ward,  kidnapped,  4002. 

W^ater-famine,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  4453. 

W^aterford,  Conn.,  Bapt.  church  org.,  57*. 

,  Ire.,  built,  8452;  lire,  8473;    Trinity 

Cathedral  fnd.,  8483;  see  unites  with 
Lismore,  8582;  Richard  II.  lands,  86O1 ; 
W.  Flying  Post,  9091;  w.  Chronicle, 
9171;  storm,  9261;  cathedral  destroyed, 
9373;  see  unites  with  Cashel,  9462*  mar- 
tello  tower  attacked,  971 1 ;  Bp.  Power 
cons.,  9962;  election  riots  ;  Irish  Nat. 
Federation,  10071. 

,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  923'. 

Water-glass  invented,  8121 . 

lily,  Victoria  Regia  intro.,  9482. 

Waltrloo  lost,  9513. 

Waterloo,  battle  of,  W22,  7221 . 

,  Duke  of  Brunswick's  statue,  546'. 

Waterloo  Advertiser,  5803. 

Waterloo  Bridge,  Va.,  skirmish  at,  212' . 

,  Sir  Sidney,  1.  mayor  Lond.,  9753. 

Waterman,  Robert  Whitney,  b.  (1826);  d., 
3801. 

Water-mills  in  operation,  10622. 

organ  invented,  10552. 

Waterpark,  E.,  title  created,  9252. 

Waters,  Horace,  b.,  1183;  d.,  4281. 

,  Margaret,  convicted,  9751 . 

,  Richard,  bp.  Af.  M.  E.  eh.,  1403. 

,  W.  E.,  pres.  Wells  College,  4682. 

Watersmeet,  Mich.,  car  accident,  3363. 

Waterspout,  Canon  City,  Colo.,  410' ; 
Chan^  Ping,  6241;  destructive,  944'; 
machme  made,  8022. 

Watertown,  Mass.,  founded,  33' . 


Watertown,  N.  Y.,  fire,  3553;  bank  run 
prevented,  4333;  train  wreckers,  4663. 

,  Wis.,  Northwestern  Univ.  org.,  2503, 

Waterville,  Me.,  Colby  Univ.  fnd.,  129' . 

Waterways  Conven.,  Nat.,  meets,  3932. 

Water  Witch  tired  on,  1772;  Confederates 
capture,  234' . 

Watkins,  N.  Y.,  cashier  absconds,  4503. 

Watling  Island  dis.,  132;  Columbus  on 
coast,  142. 

WatrouB,  George  H.,  d.,  3422. 

,  electricity,  transmission  of,912' . 

Watson,  Alfred  Augustus,  b.  (1818);  cons. 
P.  E.  bp.,  3163. 

,  Andrew,    moderator   Gen.   Assem., 

3742. 

,  Baron,  title  created,  987' . 

,  J.  B.,  d.,5013. 

,  James  Craig,  b.  (1838) ;  dis.  satellites, 

1881,  2272,  2681,  262',  2741,  2761,  2861, 
2901,  '2961;  sees  Vulcan,  2981;  intra- 
Mercurial  planets,  3001 ;  d.,  3(M1 . 

,  J.  Crittenden  promoted  captain,  326' , 

,  John,  first  Am.  artist,  58' . 

, Fanning,  b.,  912  ;  d.,  1862. 

,  Lewis  F.,  d.,  366' . 

,  Richard,  bp.  of  LlandafT,  b.,  9083  ;  d. 

(1816). 

,  Thomas,  b.  (1557±) ;  work,  876' :  d. 

(1592). 

, E.,  intoxication,  4131 . 

,  William,  works,  9863,  10022,  10122. 

Watt,  James,  b.,  9082  ;  mathematical  in- 
struments, 9142  ;  method  of  condensa- 
tion ;  steam-engine  inv.,  9161,  model, 
9162;  awarded  patent,  9181,  9221;  with 
Boulton,  9181 ;  expansion  engine,  9202  ; 
in  Lunar  Society,  9212  ;  water  composi- 
tion,9221;  rotary  engine,  924 1 ;  gas  used, 
9282  ;  stereo  plates,  9381 ;  d.,  9.'!83. 

,  Joseph,  exports  wheat,  2653. 

,  Robert,  b.,  9191 ;  d.  (1819). 

Watteau,  Antoine,  b.,  6923  ;  d.,  6982. 

Watterson,  Henry,  b.  (1840) ;  nom.  for  vice- 
president,  4092. 

,  Hervey  McGee,  d.,  3922. 

,  John  Ambrose,  b.  (1844) ;  cons.  B.  0. 

bp.,  3042  ;  sustained,  4661 . 

Wattignies,  Fr.,  Austrians  defeated,  710', 

Watts,  George  Frederick,  b.,  9403. 

,  Isaac,  b.,  8923  ;  d.,  9122. 

,  John,  baptisms,  542. 

,  Thomas  Hill,  b.  (1819) ;    gov.  Ala., 

2293  ;  d.,414'. 

Waud  Ali  Shah  rules,  10473. 

Waudenkolk,  Adm.,  captured,  568' . 

Waugh,  Beverly,  b.  (1789) ;  cons.  Meth. 
Epis.  bishop,  1462  ;  d.  (1858). 

,  Dauiel,  b.,  1622. 

Wauhatchie,  Tenn.,  battle  of,  227' . 

Waukomis,  Okla.,  bridge  burned,  4642  ; 
desperado,  4382. 

■Waverly,  N.  Y.,  A.  Hyatt,  murderer, 4602. 

,  Tenn.,  action  at,  2143. 

Watvasset  burns,  2833, 

Waxhaw  Creek,  S.  C,  Buford  massacre, 
92'. 

Way,  James,  missionary,  4962. 

,  Lewis,  Christian  Soc.  former,  813'. 

Wayland,  Francis,  b.,  106' ;  works,  14B', 
1491, 1763  ;  d.,  248'. 

Wayman,  Alex.  Washington,  b.,  130' . 

Wayne,  Pa.,  Drexel  Industrial  College 
founded,  3362. 

,  Anthony,  b.,  662  ;  brie.-gen.,  86' ;  at 

Paoli,  Pa.,  872  ;  at  Stony  Point,  902  ;  at 
Ball's  Ferry,  92' ;  commander  of  army, 
1021;  attacks  Indians  in  O.;  builds  Fort 
Greenville;  builds  Ft.  Recovery,  1041; 
treaty  with  Indians,  1071 ;  d.,  IO61 . 

,  James  Moore,  b.  (1790) ;  justice  U.  S. 

Supreme  Court,  1463  ;  d.  (1867). 

Waynesboro,  Ga.,  Haven  Normal  Acad- 
emy founded,  2623. 

,  Va.,  Sheridan  raids;   Confederates 

defeated,  2422. 

Wazen,  sheriff  of,  detained,  102. 

Wazirabad  mission,  10483. 

Weadock,  Th.  A.,  b.,  1682. 

Wearmouth,  library  fnd.  by  Benedict  Bls- 
cop,  8431 ;  monastery  founded,  8423. 

Weather  Bureau  est.,  2693  ;  transferred, 
.3092,  3872. 

Weathersfield,  Conn.,  conference,  94' . 

Weathershed,  Richard,  archbishop,  862*. 

Weaver,  James,  B.,  b.  (1833) ;  nom.  for 
pres.,  3061,  4111,  4152;  popular  vote, 
305' ,  4192  ;  electoral  vote,  4243. 

,  Jonathan,  b.  (1824) ;  elected  bp.,  2452. 


1444 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.  WcaV— Wcsl, 


■WeaTerville,  N.  C,  college  org.,  286'. 

Weavers  riotH,  England,  9352. 

Weaving  in  Chile,  (j05» . 
Webb  captured,  2462. 

■\Vebb,  Alex.  Stewart,  b.  (1835) ;  at  Bris- 
tow's  station,  227' . 

,  Allan  B.,  cons,  bishop,  9862. 

,  Charles,  b.  (1724) ;   refuses  aid,  701 ; 

d.  (1794+). 

,  James  Watson,  b.,  1102  ;  d.,  3162. 

,  Lucy  Ware,  marries  R.  Hayes,  171 1 . 

,  Matt.,  swims  English  channel,  9813  ; 

drowned,  3153. 

,  Mohammed  Alex.  Bussell,  repudi- 
ated, 4761. 

,  Thomas,  b.  (1724) ;  intro.  Meth.  in 

Phlla.,  742  ;  d.  i;i796). 

,  Samuel,  JHbliolheca  Lileraria,  907'. 

,  Wm.  Henry,  b.  (1816) ;  endows  col- 
lege home,  2642. 

Webbe,  .Jolin,  publisher,  65i . 

,  William,  English  Poetrie,  8762. 

Webber,  Chas.  Wllkins,  b.  (1819)  ;  d.,  1781 . 

,  W.,  arrested,  4623. 

,  W.  T.  X.,  cons,  bishop,  9922. 

Weber  Invents  machine  ram,  7901 . 

,  Georg,  b.,  8083  ;  d.,  8321 . 

,  Baron  Karl  Maria  Friedrich  Ernst 

Ton,  b.,  8043  ;  d.,  8123. 

,  Paul,  b.,  8122. 

,  Veit,  German  Ballads,  787' . 

,  Wilhelm  Eduard,  b.,8082  ;  dismissed 

from  university,  8152  ;  d.  (1891). 

Webster  Co.,  Kv.,  action  in,  2151 . 

,  B.  C,  shoots  Goodwin,  3891 ,  4163. 

,  Daniel,  b.,  951;  enters  coll. ,1091 ;  stud- 
ies law,  1133  ;  enters  Cong.,  1192  ;  slavery 
ag;itation,  1291;  oration  at  Bunker  Hill, 
1321 ,  1641 ;  defends  Union,  1373  ;  opposes 
removal  of  funds,  1412  ;  nullitlcation  de- 
bate, 1413  ;  electoral  vote  ;  popular  vote, 
1472  ;  sec.  state,  1532,3, 1553, 1672;  signs 
Wash,  treaty,  1553  ;  against  antislavery 
friends,  1671;  candidate  at  Whig  Con- 
vention, 1711;  d.,  1702,  1712  ;  100th  An- 
niversary eel.,  3103  ;  statues,  3222,  4273. 

,  John,  dramatist,  works,  8783;  d.,  8882. 

, ,  governor.  Conn.,  411 . 

,  Major,  at  Huntersville,  2021 . 

,  Katherine,  murderess, executed,9843. 

,  Noah,  b.,  711 ;  works,  963,  983,  1003, 

1013,  1083,  1363,  1523,  2412  ;  Copyright 
Act,  1023  ;  on  Am.  policy,  991 ;  dictionary 
revised,  1683  ;  d.,  1562. 

,  Pelatiah,  b.  (1725) ;    gov't    revision, 

953  ;  d.  (1795). 

,  Sir  Richard  Everard,  minister,  9933, 

9953  ;  counsel  for  Times,  9993  •  banquet 
to,  10003. 

Weckherlin,  Rudolf,  b.  (1684) ;  Oden  und 
Gesange,  7951 ;  d.  (1653+). 

"Wedde,  funeral  attendance,  8331 . 

Wedderburn,  Alexander,  Baron  Lough- 
borough, Earl  of  Roslyn,  b.,  9082  ;  com- 
missioner, 9233  ;  d.  (1805). 

Wedel,  Georg  Wolfgang,  b.,  7963  ;  d.,  7983. 

Wedell,  Gen.  H.  von,  Prussian  leader, 5161 . 

Weder,  Gen.  von,  at  Belfort,  826 1 . 

Wedgwood,  Josiah,  b.,9082  ;  produces  W. 
pottery,  916' ,  9182  ;  d.,  9263. 

,  Thomas,  photographs  produced,  9302. 

Weed,  Stephen  Hillsdale,  b.  (1834):  d., 
2251. 

,  Thurlow,  b.,  1062  ;  political  leader, 

1652  ;  d.,  3102. 

Weeden,  Wm.  B.,  work,  3743. 

Weehawken  captures  Atlanta,  2223  ;  sinks, 
2283. 

Weeicly  Memorials  f&r  the  Inaenius,  8943. 

Weeks,  Francis  H.,  defalcation,  4302. 

Weeras,  Mason  Locke,  b.,  1322  ;  d.  (1825). 

Weenini,  Jan,  b.-d.,  11003. 

Wei,  Gen.,  beheaded  by  proxy,  6271 . 
Weiber  Zeitttng  issued,  3742. 

Weigel,  Christian  E.  von,  b.,  8003;  d.,814». 

Weighing  machine  invented,  8062. 

Weights  and  Measures,  International  Con- 
gress, 7503. 

Weih,  John,  convicted  of  robbery,  4002. 

Wei-Hai-Wei  fortified,  6263. 

Wei-Hien,  mission,  6231 . 

Weik,  Jesse  W.,  joint  author,  Lincoln, ZSA*. 

Weil,  Benjamin,  claimants,  3993. 

,  Gustav,  b.,  8083  ;  d.,  8321 . 

Weiland,  Der  Deutsche  Merkur,  8051 . 

Weilburg,  Prus.  Nassau,  balloon  at,  9481 . 

Weili  Wang  enthroned,  6II2. 

Weimar,  Fruchtbringende  Soc.  fmd.,  796' . 

Weingarten,  treaty  of,  7893. 


Weinsburg,  Ger.,  battle  of,  504' ,  788' . 

Weir,  .Julian  Alden,b.  (1852);  Academy  of 
Design,  3241. 

,  Itobert  Walter,  b.,  1102;  d.  (1889). 

Weisbach,  Julius,  d.,  8262. 

Weisbaden,  inundated,  8301  j  statue  of 
emp.,  8361. 

Weise,  Christian,  b.  (1642);  works,  797'; 
d.  (1708). 

Weishaupt,  Adam,  b.,8003;  fnds.  lUumi- 
nati  Soc,  8052;  d.,8142. 

Weiss,  Geo.  Michael,  in  Pa.,  603. 

,  Jean  Jacques,  works,  766' ,  7602. 

Weisse,  Christian  Felixi  b.,  8002  ;  works, 
8031,8051;  d.,  8082. 

Weissenberg, Ger., battle  of,738' ;  stormed, 
8061. 

Weissert,  A.  G.,  commander  G.A.R.,415'. 

Wei  Tsing,  against  Tartars,  610' . 

Weitzel,  Gen.  Godfrey,  b.  (1835) ;  at  Don- 
aldsonvi  lie,  2143;  on  Bayou  Teche,  218' ; 
defeated  on  James,  239' ;  occupies  Rich- 
mond, 2451 ;  d.  (1884). 

Wekerle,  Dr.,  fms.  new  ministry,  5363  ;  re- 
signs,5382, 3;  conferences ;  cabiiiet,5383. 

Welby,  Amelia  B.,  b.,  1301 ;  d.  (1802). 

.,  Tliomas  Earle,  elected  bp.,  9583. 

Welcker,  Friedrich  Gottlieb,  b.,  8042 ; 
work,  8132;  d.,  8243. 

Weld,  Frederick  A.,  gov.,  4983,  10492. 

Weldon  Extradition  Act,  5872,  6892. 

,  Moses,  robbed,  4683. 

R.  R.,  force  advances,  2343;  Wilson's 

raid  on,  235t. 

Weleed,  El,  reigns,  Egy.,  6552. 

Welf,  or  Guelf,  of  Altorf,  duke,  5033. 

,  possesses  Bavaria,  7753. 

v.,  marries  Matilda  of  Tuscany,  10753. 

VI.,  claims  Bavaria,  7773. 

Welfesholze,  Ger.,  battle  of,  7761 . 

M'elfs  defeated,  7781. 

Welhaven,  Johann  Sebastian  Cammer- 
nieyer,  b.  (1807);  works,  IIO42  ;  d.  (1873). 

Weiland,  Ont.,  Tribune,  6803. 

Canal  commenced,  6793  ;  opd.,  5873; 

1st  vessel,  1393, 1813. 

Weller,  Congressman,  encounter,  157 1 . 

,  John  B.,  b.  (1812) ;  gov.  Cal.,  1852  ; 

d.  (1875). 

Welles,  Edward  Randolph,  b.  (1830);  cons. 
P.  E.  bp.,  2861;  d.,  3301. 

,  Gideon,  b.,  II02  ;  sec.  navy,  193' ;  d., 

2982. 

,  Sir  Robert,  insurrectionist,  8652. 

,Thos.,  b.  (1598);  gov., 41', 2;  d.  (1060). 

Wellesley,  Mass.,  Wellesley  College  org., 
2883;  Martineau  statue,  324';  Stetson 
gift,  3362;  dedicated,  347'. 

,  Marquis  of,  Henry  Richard  Charles 

Cowley,  d.,  9922. 

(or  Wesley),  Arthur,  Visc't  Wellesley, 

D.  of  Wellington,  b.,  9182  ;  enters  army, 
9241;  inParl.;  minister,  9333,9433,  9473, 
9512  ;  at  Vimeiro,  7162  ;  takes  Oporto, 
7181 ;  atTalavera  de  la  Reina,  718' ;  titles 
conferred,  9341 ;  in  Sp.,  7182;  at  Almeida, 
9342;  in  Port.,  718',  934';  campaign  in 
Belg.,722';  inFr.;  campaign  in  Sp.,  936' ; 
created  duke;  in  House,  9373;  assassina- 
tion attempted,  9392  ;  w.  shield  pre- 
sented, 9402;  conspiracy  against,  9412; 
lord  lieut.,  9413  ;  commander-in-chief, 
942' ,  950' ;  premier,  9452  ;  opposes  Pari, 
reform,  9452;  mobbed,  947';  in  India, 
1M4' ,  2  ;  d.,9582  ;  funeral,  9573  ;  statue, 
952' , 998' . 

(or  Wesley),  Marq.  of,  Richard  Cow- 
ley, b.,  9151 ;  resigns,  9353  ;  lord  lieut., 
9472;  d.,9502. 

Wellingborough,  Eng.,  shop  laborers' 
strike,  1005' . 

,  Australia,  mission,  4942,  4962  ;  coal- 
mines shut  down,  .'3872. 

,  Kan.,  cyclone,  406' . 

,  N.  Zealand,  New  Zealand  Co.  settles, 

11032;  see  est.,  9583;  Bp.  Hatfield  cons., 
9742. 

,  Baron  of,  title  created,  9372. 

,  Duke  of.    (See  Wellesley,  Arthur.) 

College,  Sandhurst,  est.,  961 ' . 

Wellingtonia  Gigantea,  disc,  168'. 

Wellman  top-card  cotton  stripper,  172' . 

Wells,  Eng.,  see  created,  8443  ;  Bp.  Ken- 
nion  cons.,  1012' . 

,  David  Ames,  b.,  1362. 

,  E!ijaR.,d.,380'. 

,  Henry  Horatio,  b.  (1823) ;  gov.  Va., 

2653. 

,  Horace,  b.,  1242;  d.,  164' . 


Wells,  James  M.,  gov.  La.,  251' ;  opposes 

Reconstruction  Act,  2573. 

,  Lemuel  H.,  Bp.  Wash.,  4202. 

,  Lord,  lord  lieut.  Ire.,  8632. 

,  Owen  A.,  b.,  1662. 

,  Samuel,  b.  (1801);  gov.  Me.,  I8I2  ;  d. 

(1868). 

, Roberts,  b.,  1282;  d.  (1875). 

,  William,  deputy,  8632. 

, Gorman,  d.,  10062. 

College  org.,  N.  Y.,  2623. 

,  Fargo  and  Co.,  robbery,  399' ;  4063  : 

4083,4703,4723. 
Wellsville,  O.,  H.  R.  collision,  4413. 
Wels,  Aust.,  Hungarians  defeated,  502' . 
Welsh  invade  Eng.,  860';  church  disest., 

1009',  10102;  wars,  850';   emigrants  in 

Pa.,  492.    (See  Wales.) 

Local  Ojition  Bill  passed,  10053. 

Presby.  Mission  Society  est.,  9502. 

Sunday  Liquor  Closing  Act  passed, 

989'. 

,  Aristides,  surety  for  Jeif.Davis,356». 

,  Vicar,  hanged,  8702. 

Weltmann,  wife  poisoner,  8203. 
Welwyn,  IJ.  B.  collision,  9733. 
Wemyss,  Baron,  title  created,  9372. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  883' . 

Wenceslaus  I.,  king,  505' . 

II. ,  prisoner  ;  king, 6043, 5052;  d., 6042; 

III.,  reign, 5053;  assassinated,  ijOi3. 

,  Prince,  king,  5053 ;  reigns  in  Poland  ; 

abandons  Poland,  III52. 

,  b.,  5062  ;  K.  of  Bohemia  ;  K.  of  Ro- 
mans, 5072;  abdication,  5073;  emp.  Ger., 
5072;  war  against,  606' ;  proclaims  pub- 
lic peace  ;  imprisoned,  deposed,  7852  ; 
d.,  5073. 

Wen-Chau,  mission,  6223. 

Wenchow,  pirates,  626' . 

Wenekhein,  Baron  of,  ministry,  5292. 

Wendell,  Barrett,  works,  3982,  4203. 

Wends,  defeated,  772' ;  rebel,  7741 ;  drive 
Ger.  to  N.  Mark,  7752;  converted,  7763; 
revolt,  6351;  war  with  Danes,  6351;  in 
Rus.,  11132. 

Wenlock,  Baron,  title  created,  9451. 

Wenman,  William,  publisher,  69' . 

Wennington  Junction,  R.R.  accident,  9853. 

Wenti,  restores  literature,  6102;  order  for 
old  men  ;  abolishes  mutilation,  611 ' ;  en- 
throned, 6113,  613' ;  at  Techow,  614' . 

Wentworth,  explorer,  494 ' ;  at  Cartagena, 
910'. 

,  Benning,  b.,  622;  d.,  762. 

,  Chas.  W.,  Marq.  of  Rockingham,  b., 

9082;  ministry,  75',  953;  d.,  9232. 

,  John,  b.  (1816);  mem.  Cong.;  d.,330'. 

,  Sir ,  b.,  622  ;  gov.  N.  H.  (1767); 

gov.  N.  S.,5753;  d.,  1282. 

,  Peter,  protest  in  Parliament,  8752. 

,  Thos.,  E.  of  Stratford,  b.,  8762;  coun- 
cillor, 8832;  lord  lieut. ;  treason;  minis- 
ter,8833;  trial;  execution, 885' ;  d.,8842. 

Werbach,  Baden,  battle  at,  8243. 

Werder,  Von,  August,  at  Strasburg,  738' ; 
takes  Nuits,  7421 ;  at  Pasque,  7423  ;  at 
Dijon  ;  at  Nuits,  7431 ;  at  Belfort,  7441 ; 
b.,8321. 

Werf,  Van  der,  Adriaan,  b.-d.,  11003. 
Wergeland  arrives  in  Chicago,  4073. 

. ,  Henrik  Arnold,  b.-d.,  11041;  works, 

11042. 

Werner,  Count  of  Hapsburg,  5033. 

,  Abraham  Gottlob,  b.,8022;  d.,  8122. 

,  Friedrich  Ludwig  Zacharias,  b.,  803' ; 

24th  of  Feb.,  8091 ;  3.,  8123. 

Wernicke,  Christian,  b.,  (1670i) ;  Volume 
of  Epigrams,  799i ;  d.  (1720±). 

Worth,  Gen.  Johann  von  (Jean  de  Weert), 
at  Duttlingen,  7961 ;  d.  (1652). 

Werts,  George  Theodore,  b.  (1846) ;  gov. 
N.  J.,  4151,  4471. 

Wescote,  Baron,  title  created,  9172. 

Wesel,  annexed  to  Fr.,  7161 . 

Wesley,  111.,  coal-miners  riot,  4622. 

,  Charles,  b.,  9202;  sails  for  Am.,  62»; 

returns  to  Eng.,  642;  at  Oxford,  9073; 
"  rest  to  his  soul,"  9091 ;  d.,  9243. 

,  John,  b.,  9022,3;  early  home,  3862; 

reorg.  Christian  community,  8962  ;  en- 
ters coll.,  9063;  sails  for  Am.,  623,  9083; 
returns  from  Am.;  builds  meeting- 
houses ;  observes  Moravians ;  curate, 
9083;  conversion,  9103;  in  Herrnhut, 
Ger.;  preaching;  slandered;  excessive 
preaching;  ducked,  9111;  temperanca 
stand,  9112;  in  Ire.,  9123,  9151 ;  in  Soot., 
9131 ;  est.  Methodist  conferences,  9223; 


Wesl-Wejrm. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INUKX.       Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column. 


1445 


I 


i 


authority  ends  in  U.  S.,J>G3;  anniversary 
eel..  354* ;  John  Wesley  Swedish  mission 
begun,  1582. 

Wesley,  Samuel,  b.,  8902;  marries,  899». 

College,  Shetlieid,  opened,  9491 . 

Wesleyan  Church.    (See  Methodists.) 

College  founded,  Cincinnati,  155' . 

,  N.  S.  W.,  subscription,  49G3. 

Female  College  foiuided,  Ont.,  5803. 

Lay  Mission  started,  China,  6242. 

University,  Conn.,  fnd.,  139' ;  library 

fnd.,  1423;  boat-races,  3153. 

est.,  la.,  1571 .  1782. 

org.,  111.,  1731 ;  Hiram  Buck  gift, 

3923. 

,  East,  Tenn.,  org,,  2602. 

., at  Cameron,  Mo.,  3283. 

,  Lincoln,  Neb.,  opd.,  3322. 

Wessels,  Gen.  Henry  W.,  b.  (18091) ;  pris- 
oner at  Plymouth,  232 1 . 

Wessex,  Eng.,  Christianized,  8422;  rav- 
aged, 8441 ;  annexes  Mercia,  8453-  king- 
dom fnd.,  8413;  earldom  abolished,  849' . 

West  Africa  synod  constituted,  11G12. 

African  Cfonf .,  slave-trade  prohibited, 

9931. 

Westall,  Richard,  b.,  9163;  d.,  9482. 

West,  A.  M.,  nom.  for  vice-pres.,  3051 ,317*. 

Belfast,  Ire.,  religious  riots,  9943,9963. 

Beuj.,  b.,  &J2;  Death  of  Socrates,  G83; 

portrait  painter,  661,  703;  abroad,  722; 
pres.  Royal  Soc,  926i ;  pres.  Hoyal  Acad., 
9322;  d.,  1282. 

Berkeley, powder- works  explode,4113. 

Westbrook,  C.  D.,  pres.  Synod,  1263. 

Westbury,  Baron,  title  created,  9651. 

,  Lord.    (See  Bethell,  Richard.) 

West,  Caleb  W.,  gov.  U.,  3252,  4472. 

Cambridge  Jxmction,  Mass.,  R.  R.  ac- 
cident, 4153. 

Cape  Colony,  Bp.  Leonard  cons. ,9742. 

Chester  Railroad  opened,  1413. 

Taylor  collection,  426' . 

Westcott,  Brooke  Foss,  b.  (1825) ;  cons, 
bp.,  10012. 

West  Cumberland,  miners  strike,  9931. 

Des  Moines  Training  School  opd. ,3123. 

Drayton    to    Paddington,    telegraph 

line,  9493. 

Equatorial  Afr.,  Bps-   Phillips   and 

Oluwole  cons.,  10102;  Bp,  Tugwell  cons., 
10121. 

Westergaard,  Niels  Ludwig,  b.,  6382;  d., 
&421. 

Westermann,  Gen.,  at  Le  Manes,  7101 . 

Western  Australia  (see  Australia) ;  bank- 
ruptcy universal,  4943;  explorers  ;  /Vce- 
mantle  Gazette,  ¥JG^ ;  convicts  welcomed; 
criminal  transportation  stopped,  49G3; 
legislative  council,  4983  ;  responsible 
gov't  favored,  5011 ;  bicameral  constitu- 
tion, 5012. 

College  org.,  la.,  1802. 

Kulia  ceded.  6232. 

lands  otfered  to  Cong,,  933,952,3,  972, 

3,992,3,  1011,3,  1031,  1071. 

Literary  Institution  founded,  9423. 

Maryland  College  (Meth.  Prot.),  org. 

(1867),  2663. 

Western  Methodist  Protestant  issued,  1783. 

Western  Milit.  Dept.  under  Halleck,2003. 

Miss.  Society,  Indian  work,  1303. 

Western  Monthly  Mar/azine  appears,  1423. 

Western  R.  R.,  Mass.",  built,  1513,  1553. 

Western  Recorder,  145 1 . 

Reserve  lost,  4152. 

Western  Reserve,  O.,  conveyed,  IO51  ; 
Conn,  alienates,  1071,  2. 

Coll.  fnd.,  Hudson  O.,  1351;  ob- 
servatory for,  1501 ;  name  changed  to 
Adelbert ;  removed,  3123. 

Univ.  (non-sect.),  org.  at  Cleve- 
land, O.  (1886). 

Western  Review  appears,  1371. 

Western  States  Commercial  Congress 
meets,  38.'i3. 

Theo.  Coll.  fnd.  at  Plymouth,  913i . 

Union  Telegraph  Co.  reply,  3432. 

Univ.  of  Pa.  org.,  Pittsburg.  1283. 

Westervelt,  Jacob  A.,  mayor  N.  Y.,  1743, 

Westerville  O,,  Otterbein  Univ.  org.,  1632. 

Westfall,  A.  J.,  nom.  for  gov.,  3853. 

West  Farms,  N.  Y.,  Baptist  Ministers* 
Home  founded,  3122. 

Westfield,  explosion  on,  2753. 

Westfleld,  111.,  W.  College  of,  org.,  2502. 

,  N,  J.,  tramps  abound,  383i ;  centen- 
nial celebrated,  4513. 

West,  FrauciB,  governor  Va.,  313. 


West  Galicia  ceded,  5193  ;  Aust.  recovers, 
5212. 

Goths,  kingdom  erected,  5023;  king- 
dom overthrown,  4842;  in  Kom.  terri- 
tories, 10693;  conquered,  11091 ;  in  Port., 
11092;  rule  in  Sp.,  11251 ,3. 

Greenwich,  Conn.,  burned,  902, 

Griqualand,  colony  constituted,  601' . 

India  Co.,  Dutch,  chartered,  303,  313, 

Indies,  Columbus  viceroy, 13i :  named, 

153;  discord  and  mutinies;  Inuians  en- 
slaved, 152;  islands  colonized;  Colum- 
bus ceases  tobe viceroy, 172;  hurricane; 
buccaneers  in,  42 1 ;  buccaneers  ravage, 
433,  451 ;  buccaneers  suppressed,  58i; 
yellow  fever,  633,  653,  673;  Eng.  posses- 
sions in;  Fr.  islands  surrender,  722; 
colonial  trade  ruined,  75 1 ;  piracy  com- 
mon, 1312;  Eng.  loses  possessions,  9213; 
slavery  proscribed,  Eng.,  9333.  (See 
names  of  Islands.) 

Westinghouse,  George,  air-brakes,  2641; 
triple-valve  attachment,  2801. 

West,  James,  pres.  Royal  Academy,  9162. 

, J.,  sentenced,  3523, 

— — ,  J.  S.,  on  original  packages,  3602. 

,  Capt.  John,  governor  Va.,352,  452. 

,  Joseph,  in  S,  C,  45i ;  gov.,  452. 

Liberty,  Mo.,  action  at,  2001 . 

,  W.  Va.,  Normal  Sch,  opd.,  2722. 

,  Lionel  Sackville.    (See  Sackville.)  -j 

Westmacott,  Sir  Richard,  b.,  9191;  d., 
9603, 

Westmeath,  Earl  of,  title  created,  881 1 . 

Westminster,  Md.,  Western  Md.  College 
est.,  2663. 

Ragged  School  started,  948'. 

Westminster  Review  issued,  9411;  united 
with  London  Review,  9443, 

Westminster  Royal  Opthalmic  Hospital 
est.  939 1 

School  founded,  8723. 

Theological  Seminary  founded,  3123. 

,  Vt.,  Vermont  Gazette  issued  ;  Alount- 

ain  Post-boy  issued,  952. 

Abbey,  fnd.,  8422  ;  royal  inaugura- 
tions, 8463;  1st  stone,  8521;  convent  de- 
molished, 8523;  nave  rebuilt,  851 1 ;  strik- 
ing clock,  8582  ;  reliefs  of  angels,  8541 ; 
coronation  stone,  8571;  bronze  effigies, 
8562  ;  rebuilt,  8463,  8581 ;  St.  Stephen's 
Chapel  rebuilt,  8483,8582;  Gothic  archi- 
tecture, 8582  ;  chapel  commenced,  8662  ; 
reest.,  8722 ;  made  collegiate  church, 
8723;  tower  burned,  9313;  entrance  re- 
paired, 9882;  new  organ,  9922;  Lowell 
memorial,  4441 ;  Phillips  Brooks  memo- 
rial, 10101. 

Assembly  fmd.,  8843. 

Bridge  begun,  9102;  opened,  9122. 

Bridge  (suspension)  opened,  9661 ,9673. 

Catechism  adopted,  IOO1 . 

College  org.  at  Fulton,  1782. 

(Unit.  Presb.)  org.  at  North  Wil- 
mington, Pa   (1852). 

colliery,  riot  on,  9412. 

Confession,  adopted,  8863;    in  Gen. 

Assembly,  3462, 

,  Duke  of,  title  created,  9751 . 

Hall  built,  8482;  entertainment,  8623; 

repaired,  86O2,  9302. 

Hospital  fnd.,  907' ;  repaired,  9302. 

Literary  Institution  founded,  9463. 

Westmoreland.  Earl  of,  title  created,  881 1 . 

,  Earl  of,  lord  lieutenant,  9253. 

West  Muncie,  lud,,  gas-well  burns,  4513. 

Weston,  Mo.,  Platte  Co.  Defense  Associa- 
tion meets,  1743, 

,  W.  Va.,  insane  asylum  opd.,  2412. 

,  Edward  Payson,  American    record, 

2873;  London  record,  9813, 

,  James  A.,  gov.  N.  IL,  2772,  2873. 

,  John  D.,  murder  of,  2843. 

,  Richard,  Earl  of  Portland,  minister, 

8832  ;  d.  (1551). 

Westphalia,  kingdom  fnd.,  7173,  8092  ; 
feuds  prevail,  7791;  secret  tribunals 
power,  7853  ;  ceded  to  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
8091;  annexes  Hanover,  8III;  ceded  to 
Prus.,  8113;  miners'  riot,  8323;  strike; 
miners*  uni<m  fmd. ,8331 ;  explosion,  8333; 
anti-strike  insurance  union  fnd.,  8342, 

,  Peace  of,  5132,  7853. 

West  Point  sinks,  2113, 

■  wrecked,  3093. 

West  Point,  Miss.,  Federals  defeated,  2302 ; 
surrender  saluted,  2461 . 

,N.  Y.,  fortified,  903;  Gen.  Ar- 
nold at,  92 1. 


West  Point  Military  Academy  est.,  IIO1 , 
1111;  library  fnd.,  1191;  observatory 
erected,150i ;  admission  to,  limited,  252i ; 
cadets  at  World's  Fair,  436i ;  applicants, 
4621. 

tVa.,  Confederates  defeated,  2063, 

2071. 

West,  Richard,  1.  chanc,  9073  ;  d..  (1720). 

Saxons,  see  erected,  8422  ;  king's  su- 
premacy, 8452. 

Shore  R.  R.,  fast  train,  3213;  conspir- 
acy, 4063;  wreck,  4153. 

Superior,  Wis.,  silver  dis.,  3921 . 

— — ,  T.,  favors  auricular  confession,  9622. 

Texas,  M.  E.  Conference  fmd.,  2622. 

,  Thomas,  Lord  Delaware,  gov.  Va., 

273,  291 ;  in  Eng,,  29i ;  d.,  292,  a. 


1952;  civil  war,  actions:  Grafton;  Vi- 
enna, 1961 ;  Garrick's  Ford  ;  Rich  Mt., 
1962;  Bunker  Hill,  1063;  Cheat  Mt.,1982; 
Green  Briar,  1983;  Romney,  2002  ;  Dam 
No.  5,  2011;  Huntsville  ;  Bath,  2021; 
Lewisburg,  208 1;  Martinsburg,  2123; 
Harper's  Ferry  ;  Gauley,  2131  j  Shep- 
herdstown,  2132  :  Charleston  ;  Frank- 
fort, 2161 ;  Beverley;  Rowlesburg, 2203 ; 
Tollard's  raid,  2261 ;  Averill's  raid,  2262; 
Mooretield,  2301 ;  Beverley,  2403  ;  Cum- 
berland, 2422;  loyal  state  conven.  meets, 
1972,  2013;  senators  in  Cong.,  1973;  Gen. 
Floyd  in  ;  Gen.  H.  A.  Wise  in,  1982  ;  on 
dinance  for  new  state,  1992;  new  state 
approved,  2012;  state  constitution  fmd., 
2013;  Francis  H.Pierpont,  gov.,  2032;  ist 
legislature,  1972;  constitution  ratified  : 
new  state  approved,  2073  ;  Stonewall 
Jackson  retreats,  2082;  admitted,  2112, 
2173,2223;  Berkeley  Co.  transferred  to, 
2273  ;  Geh.  W.  S.  Jackson  forced  out, 
2281 ;  Arthur  J.  Boreman,  gov.,  2293  ; 
Gen,  Franz  Sigel  commands  dept.,  2332; 
Early  crosses  Potomac,  237';  ratifies 
13th  Amend.,  2432;  Berkeley  and  Jef- 
ferson comities  annexed, 2513;  constitu- 
tion ratified,  2531;  w.  Va.  Univ.  org., 
2561 ;  ratifies  14th  Amend.,  2573;  Normal 
School  at  Huntington,  2643;  W.  Va.  Coll. 
opd.,  2643;  ratifies  15th  Amend.,  267i; 
Wm.  E.  Steijhenson,  gov.,  2693;  citizen- 
ship rights  restored,  2751 ;  constitutional 
conven.  ;  John  J.  Jacobs,  gov.,  2772; 
constitution  ratified,  2792;  Nomial  Sch. 
opd.,  2722,  2823;  nat.  troops  arrive, 2963; 
Charleston,  capital  ;  pres.  proclamation 
to,  2972;  Henry  M.  Matthews,  gov.,  2973; 
Prot.  Epis.  diocese  fmd.,  2981 ;  Board  of 
Health  org.,  3072;  Jacob  R.  Jackson, 
gov. ,3093 ;  Normal  Buckhannon  Classical 
Acad,  opd.,  3123;  eldership,  Ch.  of  God, 
org.,  3182;  Prohibitory  Amend,  submit- 
ted, 3292  ;  governorship  contest,  3372, 
»49i;  storm,  »44i;  A.  B.  Fleming,  g<jv., 
3532,3751;  cattle-famine,  3593;  Hatfield 
McCoy  vendetta  ended,  3802  ;  railway 
accident,  3873;  W.  A.  MaoCorkle,  gov., 
4472;  state  debt, 4492;  earthquake,  4501 ; 
striking  miners'  depredations,  4522 ; 
miners  strike,  4583  ;  Conimonwealers' 
band  arrested,  4643. 

College  opened,  2643. 

University  org.,  2561 . 

Wetherell,  Sir  Charles,  b.  (1770) ;  causes 
riots,  9451 ;  d.  (1846). 

■ ,  Elizabeth.    (See  Warner,  Susan.) 

Wethersfield,  Conn.,  Presb.  worship  est., 
321 ;  Indians  massacred,  34i ;  fnd.,  352. 

Wetmore,  Chas.  7'.,  whaleback,  at  Valpa- 
raiso, 6093, 

Wetmore,  George  P.,  gov.  R.  I.,  3233. 

Wetumpka,  Ala.,  action  at,  2461 . 

,  I,  T.,  Manual  Labor  School  fnd.,  3082. 

Wetzlar,  Prus.,  cathedral  completed,  7802, 

Wever,  Col.  Clark  R.,  at  Resaca,  2383. 

,  John  M.,  b.,  1623. 

Wexford,  Eng.,  taken,  8862. 

Weyde,  H.  Van  der,  electric  photography, 
2941. 

Weyer.or  Van  de  Weyer,  Sylvanus  vande, 
b.  (1802±) ;  d.,  5442. 

Weyland,  Thomas  de,  banished,  8551 . 

Weyman,  Stanley  J.,  b.  (1855);  work,  10121 . 

Weymouth,  Mass.,  fur-trading  expedition, 
273;  settlement  begun  ;  abandoned,  311; 
Indians  attack,  46i . 

,  George,  in  .Me.,  26i ,  27i ;  enters  Hud- 
son Str.,  5702;  Arctic  expedition,  8781 . 


1446 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column.  WeyHl—  W Mt, 


"Weymouth,  Lord,  libel  on,  9173. 
Whale-fishery  est.,  453 ,  8753 ;  at  New  Lon 

don,  1293. 
Whaley,  Col.  K.  V.,  at  Guyandotte,  2003. 
Whalley,  Edward,  b.  (1620±) ;  in  Boston, 

411 ;  refugee, 413,  423;  d.  (1678±). 
■Wharncliffe,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9751 , 
Wharton,  Charles  Henry,  b.  (1748) ;  pree. 
Columbia  College,  Uli ;  d.  (1833). 

,  Edward,  minister,  9012. 

,  Francis,  b.,  128^;  d.,  3361 . 

,  Gen.,  at  Yellow  Bayou,  2331 . 

,  Mrs.,  acquitted,  3102. 

,  Philip,  Duke  of,  b.,  9002  ;  d.,  9082. 

,  Thomas,  Marquis  of,  b.,   8842;  lord 

lieut.,9052;  d.  (1715). 

, ,  b.  (1735) ;  pres.  Pa.,  892;  d.  (1778). 

, ,  anatomist,  b.,  8782;  d.,  8922. 

,  William  F,,  in  state  dept.,  3511 . 

Whatcoat,  Rioh.^rd,  b.  (1736) ;  Meth.  Epis. 

bishop,  1083;  d.  (1806). 
Whately,  Miss,  missionary  at  Cairo,  6563, 

,  Richard,  b.,  9212  ;  works,  937t ,  9431 : 

archbp.  Dublin,  9142  ;  Irish  National 
school  system  9143;  d.,  9662. 
Wheat,  crop  destroyed  in  O.,  1853;  ex- 
portedj  2653;  Chicago  exchange,  3913; 
low  prices,  4773;  s.  Am.  crop,  5013;  cor- 
ner. Can.,  5912;  gov't  aids  farmers,  5913; 
crop.  Can.,  5933;  price  of,  Eng.,  8553, 
8613;  imported,  Eng., 8593;  scarce,8733. 

-growers  convention  org.,  3473. 

Wheatly,  Capt.,  at  Dunksburg,  Mo.,  2003. 

,  Phillis,  b.,  683;  Poems,  763  ;  d.  (1794). 

Wheaton,  111.,  W.  College  org.,  1863. 

,  Frank,  b.  (1833) ;  commissioned  brlg.- 

gen.,4041. 

,  Henry,  b.,  962;  d.,  1641 . 

,  Nath.Sheldon,clerg.,b.(1792);d.,2052. 

Wheatstone,  Sir  Charles,  b.  (1802) ;  con- 
veys sound,  9401 ;  magnetic  telegraph, 
9481 ;  inv.  concertina,  9421 ;  electro-mag- 
netic apparatus  ;  electric  telegraph,948i ; 
optical  dis.;  reflectingstereos^ope, 9482; 
telegraph  clock,950i ;  alphabetical  print- 
ing telegraph,  9502;  automatic  printing 
press,  9641 ;  d.  (1875). 
Wheel,  punishment  by,  Fr.,  6812;  abol- 
ished, 7083. 
Wheeler,  discovers  electrical  phenomena, 
9061, 

,  Eiierett  P.,  nom.  for  gov.  N.  Y.,  4732. 

,  H.  H.,  d.,  4481 . 

,  Hamilton  K.,  b.,  1641 . 

,  Henry,  murdered,  9863. 

,  Hiram  C,  nom.  for  gov.  la.,  3872. 

,  Joseph,  b.,  1462. 

,  M.  D.,  in  p.-o.  department,  4472. 

,  Nathaniel,  d.,  4461 . 

,  Wm.  Adolphus,  b.,  1421 ;  d.,  2861 . 

,  Joseph,  b.  (1836) ;  at  Ft.  Donelson, 

2183;  captures  Federals,  2201 ;  at  Charles- 
ton, Tenn.,  2283;  follows  Sherman,  2363; 
at  Dalton,  2372 ;  cavalry  raid  in  Ga., 
2381;  at  Aiken,  2422. 

,  William  Almon,  b.,  1281 ;  candidate 

for  pres.;  nom.  for  vice-pres.,  2931 ;  elec- 
toral  vote  ;    election  confirmed,  2952  ; 
sworn,  2953;  d.,  3261. 
Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  loyal  conven.,  1952;  ist 
legislature  org.,  1972;  loyal  state  conven. 
meets   at,  1972,  2013  ;    Bp.  Keane  do- 
nounces  public  schools,  3362  ;  Sunday 
traffic  stopped,  3683;  mob,  4241. 
Wheelmen's  League,  Am.,  org.,  3043. 
Wheelock,  Charles,  d.,  2423. 

,  Eleazer,    b.,   562;   Indian    training- 

Bchool,  743;  d.,912. 
Wheelwright, John,b. (1694);  bani8h6d,34»; 

d.,463. 
Whelan  convicted,  Can.,  5823. 
Whelehan,  constable,  killed,  997' . 
Whetham,  Sir  Charles,  lord  mayor,  9851. 
Whetstone,  George,  work,  8751 . 
Whewell,Wm.,b.,9263;w'ks,949i;d.,970i. 
WTilohcote,  George,  d.,  10061 . 
Whigs,  U.S.,  named,772,79i ;  anti-Jackson, 
1333;  barbecue,  1431 ;  Nat.  Conven.,  1512; 
victorious  ;  Birney's  nomination  defeats, 
1631;  Nat.  Conven.,   1572;    conven.   at 
Phil.,  1651 ;  Conscience  Whigs  refuse  to 
vote ;  elect  pres.,  1652  ;  party  dies,  1752; 
conven.  at  Balto.,  1711;    coalesce  with 
antislavery  Democrats,  1771;  Nat.  Con- 
ven., meets,  1512, 1572,  1651, 1711,  I8I2, 
adopts  Am.  Party  candidates,  1812;  dis- 
appear, 1791 . 

origin,    Eng.,    8812  ;    ministers   difl- 

misseiT,  9052;  party  broken  up,  9272. 


Whinyates,  Capt.,  commands  Frolic,  1182. 

Whipping-law  repealed  in  K.  1.,  1491 . 

post  est.  New  York,  631 . 

Whipple,  Abraham,  b.,  622  ;  gent  to  Ber- 
muda, 802;  d.  (1829). 

,  Edwin  Percy,  b.,  1281;  works,  1663, 

255' ,  2683,  2771 ,  3283;  d.,  3222. 

,  Henry  Benj.,  b.  (1822);  cons,  bp.,  1862. 

Whippoorwill  Bridge,  Ky.,  action,  2011 . 

Whish,  Gen.,  in  Sikh  war,  10162. 

Whisky  disturbance ;  militia  revolt,  S.  C, 
4543. 

invasion,  Kan.,  3623. 

Rebellion,  Pa.,  1041 ,  1003 ;  ring,  power, 

2872;  frauds  exposed,  2883, 2893 ;  in  Kan., 
3603. 

Trust  favored,   4083  ;    investigation, 

House,  4231 ;  meets,  4573;  illegal,  4722, 

»rAis<  issued,  9271. 

Whist  Congress,  Am.,  3883. 

Whistler  carries  wheat  to  Australia,  2613. 

Whistler,  Ala.,  store  robbery,  3651. 

,  James  Abbott  McNeill,  b.,  9462. 

Whiston,  William,  b.,  8922;  d.,  9123. 

Whitaker,  Alexander,  b.  (1585);  Good  News 

V'rom  Va.,  283;  d.  (1613+). 
hitaker,  Ozi  William,  b.  (1830) ;  cons. 

P.  E.  bp.,  2682. 
Whitborne,  Rich.,  at  Newfoundland,  292. 
Whitby,  Eng.,  abbey  erected,  8423, 
Whitcomb,  James,   b.  (1795)  ;  gov.  Ind., 

1572;  d.  (1852). 
White,  Andrew,  b.  (1579±) ;  R.  C.  services, 

322;  expelled,  363;  d.  (1666). 
, Dickson,  b.,  1402;  San  Domingo 

Commission,  2732  ;  address,  3901;  Pres. 

Social  Science  Asso.,  3442,  3903. 

,  Benjamin  F.,  gov.,  3492. 

,  Bp.,  Eng.,  acquitted  by  James  II., 

8963. 

,  Chandler,  org.  Cable  Co.,  1753. 

,  Edward  D.,  gov.  La.,  1452, 1472. 

, D.,  b.,  1681 ;  justice  S.  Ct.,  4533. 

,  F.  G.,  at  Grand  Prairie,  2143  ;  near 

Strasburg,  2203. 

,  Gilbert,  works,  9251 . 

, C,  promoted  captain,  3261 . 

,  Henry,  d.,  1004'. 

, Kirke,  b.,  9223;  Poems,  931' ;  d., 

9331. 
,  Hugh  Lawson,  b.  (1773) ;  pres.  senate, 

1412,  1432;  presidential  vote;  electoral 

vote,  1472;  d.  (1840). 

,  James  E.,  p.-o.  dept.,  4472. 

,  John,  at  Roanoke,  253  ;  colony  on 

■  Cape  Cod,  312. 

, ,  b.  (1805);  speaker,  1532  ;  d.  (1845). 

,  Jos.  Blanco,  b.,  9191 ;  d.,  9502. 

,  Gen.  Julius,  b.  (1816) ;  at  Martins- 
burg,  2123. 
,  Richard  Grant,  b.,  1301 ;  works,  2721 ; 

3003,  3123,  3183,  3233;  d.,  3202. 

,  Sally  Joy,  works,  3982. 

,  Stephen  M.,  b.,  1722;  speech,  4391 . 

,  Susanna,  marriage,  302. 

,  Thomas,  b.  (1830) ;  d.,  5861 . 

,  Sir ,  lord  mayor  London,  9813. 

,  T.  W.,  S.  L.  Messenger,  1431 . 

,  William,    b.    (1748)  ;    advises    Epia. 

churches,  951 ;   cons,   in  Eng.,  983  ;  in 

House   of    Bps.,    IOO2  ;    presides    Gen. 

Conven.,  1002;  d.  (1836). 

,  Sir  William,  d.,  10062. 

,  William  J.,  b.,  1682. 

Caps,  Hopedale,  O.,  3331 ;  raid,  Cov- 
ington, Ky.,  3643  ;  murder,  Lebanon, 
Ind. ;  pay  damages,  3643  ;  nearly  kill 
minister.  Mo.,  3671 ;  flog  woman,  Ind., 
3762,  3923  ;  raid,  Tenn.,  4063  ;  Kokomo 
outrage,  Ind.,  4211 ;  persecute  Hebrews, 
Miss.,  4221;  outrage,  Miss.,  4263,  4383; 
kill,  Miss. ;  shot,  Ga.,  4263;  u.  S.  troops 
suppress,  Miss.,  428i ;  sentenced,  Ga., 
4283  ;  assassinate  witness.  Miss.,  4323  ; 
14  indictments,  111.,  4382;  active,  Ala., 
4402 ;  pardoned,  Ga.,  4422  ;  burn  court 
house.  Miss.,  4423  ;  terrorize  settlers, 
I.  T.,  4442  ;  terrorize  in  Ky.,  4482  ;  kill 
WooUey,  Ga.,  4571;  lynch  negroes,  W. 
Va.,  4602  ;  punish  drunkenness  ;  N.  Y., 
4631 ;  in  Georgetown,  Can.,  5863. 

Cross  Army  est.,  9922,  9931. 

Line  of  steamers  est.,  2853. 

Earth  Reservation  opened,  3431 . 

Hall,  N.  C,  action  at,  2163. 

Whitehall,  N.  Y.,  military  stores  captured, 

863. 

and  Rutland  R.R.  opened,  1692. 

,  London,  James  II.  statue,  8962. 


Whitehaven,  railroads  for  collieries,  9102. 
Whitehead,    Cortlandt,    b.  (1842)  ;    cons. 

P.  E.  bp.,  3102. 
,  James,  lord  mayor,  London,  999» ; 

est.  volunteer  fund,  10023. 

,  W.,  dis.  Wellingtonm  Gigantea,  168'. 

,  William,  b.,  9042;  poet  laureate,  915' : 

d.   9223. 
'-', Adee,  b.  (1810) ;  d.,  3162. 

House,  D.C.,  closed  to  office  seekers, 

4292. 

House,    Va.,    McClellan    at,   208'  ; 

cavalry  fight,  2343  ;  Sheridan  reaches, 
2441. 

Marsh,  Pa.,  Washington  at,  881 . 

League,    Crescent   City,   La.,  fmd., 

2872. 

Mountain,  Boh.,  battle  of,  6I01 . 

StatePark,  N.  H.,362'. 

Oak  Bridge,  Va.,  action  at,  212' . 

Roads,  Va.,  battle  of,  2443. 

Run,Pa.,C.Ehrleckkilled,4522. 

Swamp,  Va.,  battle  of,  2092. 

Pigeon,  Mich.,  dynamite  explosion, 

3913. 

Plains,  N.  Y.,  battle  of,  842  ;  pro- 
vincial Cong,  meets,  852;  Am.  army  at, 
883;  railway  collision, 3873  ;  Presb.  Rest 
opd.,431'. 

River,  Ind.,  R.  R.  train  in,  3173. 

June,  Vt.,  R.  R.  accident,  327». 

White  Ship  sinks,  8493. 

— -  Stone  Hill,  S.  Dak.,  Indian  fight,  2262. 

SulphurSpringSjW.Va., wreck, 3493. 

Whitebait  dinner  revived,  9792. 
Whiteboys  in  Ire.,  9142,  9152. 
Whitechapel  murder,  1007' . 
Whitefleld,  George,  b.,  9042;  1st  Am.  visit, 

641;  est.  orphan  asylum,  642;  sails  for 
Eng. ;  2d  visit  to  Ani. ;  in  Phila.,  6^3  ;  in 
N.  Y.,  642;  before  commissary  64»;  in 
New  Eng. ;  colleges  oppose,  66' ;  3d  visit 
to  Am.,  663;  farewell  address,  6-3;  re- 
vival New  Eng.,  65' ;  ordained,  90»3;  at 
Oxford,  9083  ;  in  Am.,  9083,  913' ;  fioid 
preaching,  911' ;  followers  named.  9i3' ; 
itinerates  in  Scot. ;  in  Ire.,  913' ;  Taber- 
nacle built,  9151 ;  last  voyage  to  Am., 
9191;  d.,9183. 

Whitelock,  John,  b.  (1767±)  ;  River  La 
Plata,  4891;  in  Sepoy  rebellion,  10481; 
d.  (1808+). 

,  Bulstrode,  b.,  8781 ;  d.  (1676). 

White's  Ford,  Early  crosses  Potomac, 2362. 

Whiteside,  James,  b.  (1806+) ;  chief  jus- 
tice, 9692;  Fenian  trial,  9703  ■  d.  (1870). 

,  Maj.,  at  Wounded  Knee  Creek,  3741 . 

,  Thomas,  cons.  R.  C.  bp.,  10121 . 

Whitewater,  Wis.,  normal  school  opened, 
2643. 

Whitfield,  James,  gov.  Miss.,  1693  ;  con- 
venes Provincial  Council,  1363. 

,  J.  W.,  elected  to  Congress,  1771 ,  179' . 

,  Smith  A.,  p.-o.  dept.,  3612. 

Whitgift,  John,  b.,  868';  archbp.  Canter- 
bury, 8743;  d.,878'. 

Whiting,  Justin  H.,  b.,  1623. 

,  Wm.,  b.,  1211 ;  at  West  Point,  Va., 

2071;  d.,2821. 

Whitingham,  Wm.  Rollingson,  bp.,  1522. 

Whitley,  Jabez  C,  cons,  bp.,  10042. 

,  W.  G.,  on  Committee  of  33,  1891 , 

Whitman,  Deputy-marshal,  k.,  4343. 

,  G.  A.,  embezzler, 4303. 

,  J.  W.,  pres.  Bapt.  Conven.,  5882. 

,  Marcus,  b.  (1802);  murdered,  1623. 

,  Walt  (or  Walter),  b.,  128' ;  works, 

1783,2503,2723,2771,2813,3123;  d.,4041. 

Whitney,  Mrs.  (Adeline  Dutton  Train), 
b.,  1322;  works,  1803,  2252,  2603,  2683, 
2723,  2771,  2943,  3063,  3242. 

,  Edward  B.,  in  dept.  of  just.,  4473. 

,  Eli,  b.,  74' ;  inv.  cotton-gin,  104' ;  d., 

1322. 

,  G.  P.,  defalcation,  3583. 

,  Henry  C,  Life  on  the  Circuit,  446*. 

,  Josiah  Dwight,  b.,  128' . 

,  Wm.  ComnB,b.(1841);  minister,  321' ; 

candidate  for  pres.,  4092. 

,  Wm.  Dwight,  b.,  1342;  works,  1863, 

2603,  2683,  2723,  2803,  2863,  3191,  3602, 
3963  ;  d.,  462' . 

,  Commodore  W.  D.,  d.,  454'. 

Whitshed,  W.,  chief  justice,  9053. 

Whitsuntide  celebrated,  849' . 

Whittaker,  John,  gov.  Ore., 187' ;  at  Moore- 
field,  242' . 

Whittemore,  James  M.,  commissioned 
col.,  326'. 


Whit-Wm. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column, 


1447 


■WTxittier,  John  Q.,  b.,  114';  works,  1403, 
146»,  1683,  1743,  1863,  2273,  2503,  2551, 
2603,  2643,  2683,  2723,  2803,  2863,  290», 
3003,3083,  3143;  birthday  oel.,  3731;  d., 
414 1. 

Whltthorno,  Washington  C,  d.,  392». 

Whittington,  Sir  Kichard,  b.,8582;  mayor 
London,  861 2 ;  est.  almUouBes  ;  fnds.  coll. 

8623;  d.,  8fti3. 

Whittle,  Francis  McNeeoe,  b.  (1823) ;  con- 
secrated assistant  bishop,  2622. 
Whittredge,  Worthington,  b.  (1820) ;  paint- 
ings, 2601,  280',  ;i00',  302',  306',  310', 
316',  318',  3222,  .Tie'. 
Whitworth,  Charles,  Earl,  b.  (1754)  ;  in- 
sulted, 9313;  demands  passports,  7153; 
lord-lieut.  Ire.,  9373;  d.  (1825). 

,  G.  K.,  kills  chancellor  A.  Allison  of 

of  Tenn.,  4763. 

,  Sir    Joseph,    b.,    9323;    mechanism, 

962' ;  d.,  9962. 
Whole  Duty  of  Man  issued,  8903. 
Wholesale  D'ruggists'  Convention,  3932. 

Lumber  Dealers'  Asso.  meeting,  4.593. 

Whytlah,  Fr.  gov't  refuses   occupation, 

761' ;  secession  demanded,  1161 2, 
Wiatachelaw,  Duke  of  Kieft,  11133. 
Wibbandun.    (See  Wimbledon.) 
Wiberg,  Andreas,  b.  (1816) ;  fnds.  Baptist 

Church,  Sweden,  1136' . 
Wichern,  Johann  Heiurich,  b.,8083;  d., 

830'. 

Wichita,  Kan.,  Garfleld  Univ.  org.,  3242; 

K.  C.  diocese  org.,  3282;  new  bp.  con- 

flrraed,  336' ;  Repub.  League  meets,  .353' . 

Wickes,  Capt.  Lambert,  cruising,  842;  d., 

(1778). 
Wickham,  Wm.  H.,  mayor  New  York,2892. 

,  Williams  Carter,  b.  (1820) ;  at  Crooked 

Run,  2372;  at  Fisher's  Hill,  2383. 
Wicklitfe,  Charles  A.,  b.  (1788) ;  gov.  Ky., 
1512;  p.-m.-gen.,  1533;  d.  (1869). 

,  (leorge,  trial  of,  2703. 

,  R.  C.,  governor  La.,  1812. 

Wicklow,  Ire.,  County  Conven.  held,  995' . 

,  Earl,  title  created,  9252. 

Wickram,  ,Torg,  works,  791' . 

Widdin,    Bulgarian    bishop,    appointed, 

5652;  besieged,  5662. 
Wide  Awake  clubs  formed,  1882. 
Widower's  tax  euacted,  901' . 
Witlandt  Cath.  pilgrims  sail  on,  336' . 
Wieland,   Christopher  Martin,  b.,  8002; 

works,  803'  ,2,  805', 2;  d.,  8102. 
Wien,  German  for  Vienna, 
in^ner  Literaturzeitung  issued,  8103. 
Wienhen,  theater  accident,  6253. 
Wlertz,  Antoine  Joseph,  b.,&123;  d.,  6442. 
Wiesbach,  Julius,  b.,  8083. 
Wiesbaden,  Prus.,  occupied,  8242;  Cong. 

of  Ger.  Philologists  meets,  829' . 
Wieselgren.  Peter,  b.  (1800) ;  Swedish  Lit- 
erature, 11362;  d.  (1877). 
Wiesenthal,  battle  at,  8242. 
Wiesloch,  battle  at,  794' . 
Wife  sold,  G.  B.,9392. 
Wife's  debt,  decision,  9863. 
Wiffan,  Eng.,  colliery  strike,  1011' ;  col- 
liers   strike,   9723;    colliery   explosion, 
9833, 10093. 
Wigfall,  Louis  Trezevant,  b.  (1816) ;  sena- 
tor expelled,  1973;  d.  (1874). 
Wigger,  Michael  Wlnland,  b.  (1841) ;  cons. 
K.  C.  bp.,  3082;  on  parochial  schools, 
3522;  Satolli  against,  4221. 
Wigglesworth,  Michael,  b.(1631) ;  The  Day 

of  Doom,  wa;  d.  (1705). 
Wight,  Orlando  Williams,  b.,  1322;    d., 

330'. 
Wightman,  Edward,  burned,  8783. 

,  Valentine,  b.  (1681) ;  Bapt.  preacher, 

67';  d.  (1747). 

,  Win.  May.b.  (1808) ;  ord.  Meth.  Epis. 

bishop,  2522;  d.  (1882). 
Wignel,  Mr.,  opens  theater,  Phila.,  1042. 
Wlhan,  Baron,  title  created,  9412. 
Wi  Ju,  captured,  6263. 
Wikc,  Scott,  in  treas.  dept.,  4472. 
Wilberforce  University,  O.,  org.,  2252. 

,  Ernest  Roland,  b.  (1840) ;  cons,  bp., 

9862. 

,  Samuel,  b.,  9323;  cons,  bp.,  9663. 

,  William,   b.,   9143;    anti^slave-trade 

investigation,  9252;  antislayery  resolu- 
tions,9272;  Practical  Christianity ,9'£)^ ; 
Antislavery  Act ;  antislavefy  motto, 
9292'  d    9462.  ^' 

Wilbraniit,  Adolf,  b.  (1887)  ;  Der'-Meister 
von  Palmyra,  8362.  \ 


Wilbrord,  Saint,  b.-d.,  7702. 

Wilbur,  Isaac,  governor  R.  I.,  115' . 

College,  M.  E.,  Ida.,  founded,  3123. 

Wilburton,  I.  T.,  Choctaws  on  war-path, 
4753. 

Wilcox,  Cadmus  Marcelhis,  b.  (1826);  at 
Gettysburg,  224' ;  d.  (1890). 

Wilczek,  Count,  miners  strike,  633' . 

Wild  Binis'  Protection  Act,  9812,  9872. 

,  Edward  Augustus,  b.  (1825) ;  at  Wil- 
son's Landing,  2332. 

Wilde,  Sir  Thomas,  Lord  Truro,  b.  (1732)  ; 
miui8ter,9533;  lord chanc, 9653;  d.  (1855). 

,  Oscar  Fingall  O'Flahertie  Wills,  b. 

(1856) ;  works,  9882,  10O43. 

,  Richard  Henry,  b.  (1789) ;  work,  155' ; 

d.  (1847). 

Wildeiibruch,  Haubenlerche,  8362. 

Wilder,  Marshal  Pinckney,  b.  (1798) ;  pres. 
Nat.  Agri.  Conven.,  171' ;  d.  (1886). 

,  Col.,  at  Mumfordville,  213'. 

,  Sainson  Vryling  Stoddard,  b.  (1780) ; 

d.,  2452. 

Wililerness,  battle  of,  2322. 

Wildes,  Frank,  promoted  cajjtain,  448' . 

Wildgoose,  Thomas,  inv.  engines,  889' . 

Wiler,  Fred.,  obtains  Yttrium,  814' . 

Wiley,  Isaac  Wm.,  b.  (1825) ;  cons.  M.  E. 
bishop,  2763;  d.  (1884). 

Univ.  org.  at  Marshall,  Tex.,  2823. 

Wilfrid,  Saint,  b.-d.,  842';  uses  silver 
plate,  8432. 

Wilhelmiua  Carolina  Dorothea  marries, 
9032. 

,  Queen,  reigns,  11023. 

Wilhelmshafen,  Prus.,  military  post  est., 
827'. 

Wilhems,  Jan  Franz,  b.,  6422. 

Wilken,  Friedrich,  b.  (1777) ;  Crusades, 
809'  ;  d.  (1840). 

Wilkes,  Charles,  b,  (1801) ;  U.  S.  explor- 
ing expedition,  148' ;  on  Cal.  coast,  152' ; 
overhauls  Trent,  2003;  Cong,  thanks, 
2013;  at  Bermuda,  214';  suspended, 
2322;  d.,2M'. 

,  John,  b.,  908';  North  Bnton,  9162; 

in  prison,  917'  ,2;  action  against  L.  Hal- 
ifax, 9172;  minister;  expelled,  9173;  1. 
mayor  London;  in  Pari.,  9193;  d.,  9283. 

,  Mr.,  mission  work,  5782. 

Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  earthquake,  332' ;  cy- 
clone visits,  3413;  strike  in  axle  works, 
355';  collieries  resume,  3.'J93;  mine  ex- 
plosion, 4393;  house  wrecked,  4743. 

Wilkie,  Sir  David,  b.,  9223;  works,  938'; 
942',  9502;  d.  (1811). 

Wilkins,  Sir  Charles,  b.,  9122;  d.,  9482. 

,  John,  b.,  880' ;  d.,  8922. 

,  Mary  E.,  works,  3283. 

,  William,  vote  for  vice-pres.,  1413. 

, Noy,  Durability  in  Art,  9803. 

Wilkinson,  builds  railroads,  916' . 

,  Henry,  governor  N.  C,  49' . 

,  James,  D.,  71' ;  commander  U.  S.  A., 

106' ,  110' ;  at  La  CoUe  Mills  ;  at  French 
Mills,  122' ;  d.,  1322. 

,  Jemima,  b.  (1753) ;  d.,  128' . 

,  John,  founds  mission,  502. 

,  Sir Gardiner,  b.,  9283;  d.,  9802. 

,  Morton  Smith,  b.  (1819) ;  d.,  450' . 

,  T.  E.,  cons.  Ch.  Eng.  bp.,  9962. 

,  T.  W.,  cons.  bp.  (R.  C),  9982. 

Willamette  Umv.,  Ore.,  fnd.,  1583;  medi- 
cal department  opened.  2543. 

Willard,  Ashbel  P.,  gov.  Ind.,  1832. 

,  Emma  H.,b.,  982;  d.,270'. 

,  Frances  Elizabeth,  b.  (Sept.  28, 1839) ; 

pres.  W.  C.  T.  U.,  3032,  307' ,  309' ,  313' , 
316',  319',  3203,  325',  329',  3712,  417', 
4402,  4743;  pres.  Internat.  W.  C.  T.  U., 
3943;  arrives,  N.  Y.;  reception,  4623. 

,  Geo.,  on  Committee  of  Seven,  2933. 

,  John  Dwight,  b.  (1799) ;  d.,  2392. 

,  Joseph,  d.,  247' . 

Willcox,  Orlando  Bolivar,  b.  (1823) ;  near 

Rapidan,  232'. 
Wille,  Johann  Geor^,  b.,  7983;  d.,  8083. 
WiUevi  liarentz,  arctic  explorations,  1102' . 
Willes,  dan  Frans,  d.,  6442. 
WUlett,  Gen.  Marinus,  b.  (1740) ;  at  Fort 
Schuyler,  87' :  at  Oswego,  95' ;  mayor  of 
N.  Y.,  1152;  d.  (1830). 

,  Thomas,  b.  (1611) ;  mayor  N.  Y.,  432. 

3;  d.  (1674). 
Willett's  Point,  N.  Y.,  torpedo-boat,  388' . 
Willey,  Norman  B.,  gov.  Ida.,  376';  calls 

for  aid,  4072. 
Willey,  S.  J.,  expelled  from  order,  431' . 
William  I,  the  Conqueror,  b.,  846' ;  at  Val 


de  Dunes;  at  Varaville,  668';  est.  St. 
Etienne  CJhurch,  6683;  defeats  Henry  I.; 
conquers  Maine,  668' ;  war  for  Nor- 
mandy, 6692;  conquers  Maine,  Fr.,668' : 
at  Pevensey,  846';  obtains  crown  01 
Eng.  at  Hastings,  6692,  846', 8473;  intro. 
Fr.  customs,  847 ' ;  est.  court  of  chan- 
cery, 8472;  conqueror,  king;  introduces 
horse-shoeing,  8473;  exactsliomage,848' ; 
learns  Eng.;  state  policy,  8483;  devas- 
tations ;  feudal  system  intro.,  849' ;  in- 
vades Vexin,  668';  refuses  papal  hom- 
age, 8492;  encourages  fairs,  8493;  d., 
6G8',  6692,  8192. 
William  II.,Rufus,Eng.  king,  b.-d.,  8462  ;, 
reigns,  8492. 

III.,  of  Eng.,  William  Henry  of  Nas- 
sau, Pr.  of  Orange,  K.  of  Eng.,  b.,  11003; 
stadtholder,  11013;  takes  Bonn,  692'; 
visits  Eng.;  marries,  895' ;  conspiracy 
to  enthrone  ;  issues  declaration  ;  em- 
barks with  army,  896' ;  commissioners  ; 
to  treat,  8973  ;  enters  London  ;  en- 
throned, 899' ;  in  Ire.;  battle  of  Boyne  ; 
assaults  Limerick,  898' ;  abolishes  hearth 
tax ;  Mary  crowned ;  crown  of  Scot., 
8992;  visits  Holland;  extirpates  Mac- 
donalds,  8993;  aids  Swe.;  defeated  at 
Neerwinden,  6941;  at  Steenkerke;  at 
Landen;  takes  Namur,  694',  900';  life 
endangered,  901 ' ;  grand  reception,  9003; 
assassination  plot,  901 ' ;  forms  grand 
alliance;  falls;  d.,  9032. 

IV.,  b.,  9162;  king  of  Hanover;  at- 
tempt to  kill ;  eel.  anniversary  Prus. 
monarchy ;  Sofelage  attempts  to  kill, 
8183;  marries,  9392;  reigns,  Eng.,  9452, 
10473;  assaulted,  947' ;  d.,  0482,  9492. 

I.,  K.  of  Prus.,  emp.  of  Ger.,  b.,  8063; 

at  Gravelotte,  740' ;  at  Sedan  ;  at  Reims, 
7402;  D.  of  Brunswick,  7863;  D.  of  Ba- 
varia, 7873;  elector,  809';  K.  of  Wur- 
temburg,  8113;  abolishes  serfdom,  8132; 
marries,  8152;  concordat  with  Rome; 
regent  of  Prus.;  king,  821';  crowned, 
8213;  commander,  822' ;  meets  Emperor 
Francis  Joseph,  5273,  8'223;  war  with 
Fr.,  8242;  becomes  emp.;  proclaimed 
emp.;  commands  army,  8272;  life  en- 
dangered, 829' ;  grants  amnesty,  8272; 
arbitrates  San  Juan  boundary,  8292; 
eel.  golden  wedding,  8303;  king,  d.,  832' , 
8332;  William  II.  noni.  emp., 8272;  obse- 
quies, 8523;  statue,  832',  836';  monu- 
ment, 832'. 

II. , Frederick  Wilhelm  Victor  Albert, 

b.  (Jan.  27,  1869) ;  prince  regent ;  emp. 
reigns,  8332;  meets  the  czar  ;  in  Swe.; 
travels,  8323;  visits  Vienna,  531';  at 
the  Vatican,  8322;  in  Eng.,  1001' ;  visits 
empress  of  Aust.,  633';  Anti-socialist 
Law,  8343;  at  Helgoland,  8352;  gift  to 
Prof.  Koch,  8343;  on  educational  sys- 
tem, 8342;  opposes  Berlin  Exposition, 
8372;  in  En^.,  1007';  army  maneuvers, 
536' ;  gambling  edict ;  visits  Bismarck  ; 
arrests  Von  Kotze ;  decorates  Von  Ca- 
privi ;  infernal  machine  for,  8363;  in 
Eng.,  10122. 

I.,  of  Holland,  rules ;  gives  charters, 

1099';  d.,  10983. 

II.,  of  Holland,  k.  of  Romans,  1099' ; 

d.,  10982. 

III.,  rules ;    peace   with    Flanders, 

1099';  d.,  10982, 

IV.,  reigns, Neth.,  K.,1099';  d.,10982. 

v.,  reigtis,  10992;  defeats  the  Hooks, 

1098' ;  d.,  10982. 

VI.,  reigns,  10992;  d.,  10982. 

L.Frederick  Wilhelm,  b.-d.,  1101'; 

king  of  Neth.,  11023. 

II.,  b.-d.,  1101';  stadtholder,  IIOIS; 

reigns  Neth.,  11023. 

III.,  b.-d.,  1102' ;  reigns  Neth.;  mar- 
ries Emma  ;  marries  Sophia,  11023. 

I.,  king  of  Naples,  10753. 

II.,  king  of  Naples,  10753. 

III.,  king  of  Naples,  10753. 

I.,  the  Lion,  reigns  in  Scot.,  8612;  in- 
vades Eng.;  prisoner,  860';  prisoner, 
8512. 

,  Prince  of  Achaia ;  rules,  1035'. 

,  Archduke,  Aust.,  wounded,  538' . 

,  Duke,  Austria,  6072,3. 

II.,Dukeof  Bavaria,  7933. 

the  Breton,  b.-d.,  6702. 

of  Brescia,  founds  college,  1077'. 

II.,  Duke  of  Brunswick,  7872. 

Fred.,D.  of  Brunswick,  8093;k.,810' . 


1448 


Text  Figures  denote  ^age.       INDEX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column.         Will— WlDll), 


William  of  Champlitte,  organizes  Achaia, 
10351 . 

,  Crown  Prince  of  Ger.,  in  power,  8332. 

,  Prince  of  Ger.,  marries  Augusta  Vic- 
toria, 8303  ;  banlcrupt,  8343  ;  ship- 
wreclied,  8493. 

II.,  of  Hesse,  elector,  8133. 

,  Pr.  of  Holienzollern,  marries,  833' . 

,  Ct.  of  Holland,  anti-Icing,  7812. 

,  Lord    Heytesbury,   lord  lieut..  Ire., 

9532. 

of  Malmesbury,  worlcs,  8503. 

,  Lord  Maryborough,  postmaster ,9473. 

is  grand  dulce,  Mecltlenburg,8"212. 

I.,  the  Silent,  of  Nassau,  inlierits  es- 
tates, 5412;  rules  Holland ;  recovers 
Orange;  leaves  Council  of  Ten,  10992; 
resists  Inquisition,  10993;  assassinated, 
541 «. 

of  Newbury,  English  Affairs,  8523. 

,  D.  of  Normandy.      (See  William   I. 

of  England.) 

,  Prince  of  Orange.    (See  William  III. 

of  England.) 

of  Orange,  inheritance  ;  estate  con- 
fiscated, 5412;  converted  to  Calvinisui; 
Calvinism  protected,  10983  ;  represses 
other  religious,  5411,  10983;  leaves 
Netherlands,  5412  ;  leads  revolution- 
ists, 10981  ;  in  Brabant,  540'  ;  navy 
vexes  Sp.  navy,  10981 ;  re-enters  Neth- 
erlands, 10983;  proclaimed  gov.;  retires; 
outlawed,  10993;  Sp.  assassins,  10991; 
governor  ;  count  ;  murdered,  10993  ; 
statue,  10021 . 

,  E.  of  Pembroke;  regent,  8532;d., 8533. 

IX.,  Count  of  Poitiers,  poems,  6(J9i . 

Louis,  Duite  of  Wurtemburg,  7973. 

,  Pr.  of  Wlirtemburg,  sliot  at,  8331 . 

William  Browne  wreclce<l,  9513. 
Williamette  Univ.  org.,  .Salem,  1<'>83. 
William  Huskisson  wrecked,  9513. 
William  Jewell  Coll.,  Mo,,  fnd.,  1G62. 
William  and  Mary  wrecked,  9393. 
William  and  Mary  Coll.  est.,5'22,3;  James 

Blair,  pres,  523;  ftrgt  graduates,  543. 
William  nice  lost  at  sea,  3G53, 
Williams,  Alexander  S.,  police  inspector, 

bribery,  4462,  4523. 
,  Ben].,  b.  (1754);  gov.  N.  C,  1093, 1152; 

d. (1814). 

,  Capt.,  captures  Covadonga,  11302. 

,  Charles   Kilborn,  b.  (1782);  gov.  Vt., 

1632,  d.  (1853). 
,  Channing    Moore,    b.    (lS29j ;    cons. 

P.  E.  miss,  bp.,  2542. 

,  C.  K.,  embezzler,  4183. 

,  David,  b.  (1724);  arrests  AndrcS,  922; 

d.  (1831). 

, ,  est.  Royal  Literary  Fund,  9252. 

,  Eleazer,  b.,  982;  d.,  1842. 

,  Elisha,b.  (1694);  rector  Yale,  003;  d. 

(1755). 
.Col.  Ephraim,  b.,  581;  leaves  Lake 

George,  682;    k.,  682,  711 ;  bequest    to 

Williams  Coll.,  1043. 

,  Sir  Fenwick,  gov.  N.  S.,  6792,  5832. 

,  Geo.,  organizer  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  5783. 

,  George  Henry,  b.  (1823);    Com.    on 

Reconstruction,  2493;  intro.  Tenure  of 

Office  Bill,2552;  atty.-gen.,2813;  resigns, 

2891. 
,  George  Wash.,  b.  (1849);  The  Negro 

Troops,  3323. 
,  James  Douglas,  b.  (1808);  gov.  Ind., 

2973;  d.  (1880). 

,  James  K.,  b.,  1682. 

,  James  William,  elected  bp.,  9583. 

,  Jared  Warner,  b.   (17%);  gov.,  1633; 

d.,  2392. 

,  John,  captive,  b.  (1044);  d.,  C02. 

, ,  b.  (1817);  cons.  P.  E.  bp.,  1683. 

, ,  lord  keeper,  881 2. 

, ,  Dean  of  Westminster ;  minis- 
ter, 8812. 

, ,  missionary,  b.,  9283;  d.,  9483. 

, A.,  sentenced,  3782. 

, Joseph,  b.  (1822);  cons.  R.  C.  bp., 

2502;  archbp.  Boston,  2803. 

, S.,  b.,  1741. 

,  Joseph  H.,  gov.  Me.,  1832. 

,  Mr.,    org.    Patagonian   Miss.     Soc, 

9523. 

,  Otho  Holland,  b.,  662;  d.,  1082. 

,  Robert,  plants  Meth.  in  Va.,  762. 

, ,  b.  (1765*);  gov.  Miss.,  1133. 

,  Roger,   b.   (1600+);    in  Boston,    321 ; 

religious  toleration;  pastor  Salem  Ch., 

322;  in  Mass.,  323;  banished;  land  own- 


ership,  342  •  rejects  infant  baptism  ; 
withdraws  from  Bapt.,  343;  banished, 
352;  truce  with  Indians,  301;  works, 
371,  391 ;  obtains  charter  in  Eng.,  373; 
gov.  R.I.;  consummation  of  charter,393; 
d.,  481 ;  statue,  2721 ,  2761 . 

Williams,  Sam.  Wells,  b.,  1183;  d.,  3102. 

,  Thomas,  b.  (1815);  at  Baton  Rouge, 

2102;  k.,2103. 

,  Thomas,     b.    (1806) ;    impeachment 

manager,  2012. 

, ,  est.  Meth.  in  Dublin,  9123. 

,  William,  b.,  021 ;  d.,  1103. 

,  Sir  Wm.  Fenwick,  gen.,  surrenderst 

Kars,  9601 . 

^,  W.  L.,  cons,  bp.,  10121 . 

,  Zephaniah,  transported,  9511. 

Coll.,  Mass.,  incorp.,  1043;  observa- 
tory, 1461;  James  A.  Gartield  graduates, 
1803;  centennial  celebration,  4401 . 

Williamsburg,  Can.,  skirmish  at,  1203. 

- — ,  Ky.,  lynching,  4191 . 

,  Mass.,  floods,  2853. 

■ ,  N.  Y.,  Meth.  build  first  church,  1143; 

consolidated,  1773. 

,  Va.,  Va,  Gazette,  lii^;  gunpowder  re- 
moved, 801 ;  Brit,  evacuate;  Cornwallis 
evacuates,  942;  Washington  at,  943; 
battle  of,  2071 ;  Confeds.  repulsed,  2133, 
2211;  action,  2183. 

Williamson,  Alexander,  d.,  6242. 

,  Col.  Andrew,  against  Indians,  841; 

massacres,  943. 

,  Atkin,  Episcopal  clergyman,  482, 

,  Hugh,  b.,  622;  d.,  1281 . 

,  Isaiah  v.,  d,,  3361 . 

,  Judge,  state  tax  decision,  4512. 

,  L,  J.,  executes  statue  of  Queen, IOOOI , 

,  Major,  in  Burmese  war.  10482, 

,  William  Durkee    b,  (1779);  gov.  Me., 

1293;  d.  (1810), 

Williamsport,  Md,,  Gen.  Lee  at,  2243. 

,  Pa.,  Smith  and  Miller  hanged,  3071 ; 

Penn.  Grit  issued,  3123;  accident,  3413, 

,  W,  Va,,  Federals  cross  Potomac, 1962; 

Early  crosses  Potomac,  2371. 

Williamstown,  Mass.  (See  Williams  Coll.) 

,  Ire,,  moonlighters  active,  9943, 

Willich,  August,  b,  (1810);  at  Liberty  Gap., 
223 1 . 

Willigris,  Archbp,,  regent,  7752, 

Willimantic,  Conn,,C(numbus  6tatue,4161 . 

Willing,  James  C,  d,,  4701 . 

Willingboro,  N,  J,,  Mrs,  Ashebrooke  non- 
voter,  4223. 

Williiik,  Robert,  killed  in  prize-fight,  380». 

Williram,  Song  of  Solomon,  7751 . 

Willis,  Alfred,  elected  bp.,  9742,  10411 . 

,  A.  S.,  minister,  4473;  presents  cre- 
dentials, 10413. 

,  John,  Stenographie,  8783. 

,  Lillian,  patricide,  4542. 

.Nathaniel  Parker,  b.,  1123;  works, 

1451,  1463,  1491,  1511,  1623,  1683,1083, 
1742,  1763,  1783;  d.,  2561, 

,  Robert,  b,,  9303;  d.,  9802, 

,  Thomas,  b,,  88O2;  d,,  8942. 

Willisen,  Gen.  Wilhelni,  b,  (1790);  at  Id- 
stedt ;  commander,  640i ;  d,  (1879). 

Williston,  S.  C,  Confeds,  repulsed,  2421. 

, ,  Samuel,  b,  (1793);  d,,  2842. 

Willits,  Edwin,  in  dept,  agriculture,  3512. 

Willo,  song  on  Li/e  of  Christ,  175^ . 

Will  of  the  People  circulated,  11203. 

Will  6'  the  IVisp  wrecked,  9593, 

Willoughby  Coll,,  Ohio,  est,,  1803,  2503, 

,  Francis,  b,  (1635);  botanist;  journeys, 

8902;  d,  (1672), 

,  Sir   Hugh,  Arctic    expedition,   223, 

8701 ;  fired  on,  11123;  d,,  8702, 

,  Lord,  Giuana  granted  to,  10391;  d,, 

421, 

Society  fnd,,  9841. 

Wills,  William  John,  explorer,  4962. 

Wilmarth,  Lemuel  Everett,  b.  (1835);  in 
Academy  Design,  2841 . 

Wilmer,  Joseph  Pere  Bell,  b,  (1812);  cons, 
P,  E,  bp.,  2542;  d,  (1878), 

,  Richard  Hooker,  b.  (1816);  cons.  P.E. 

bishop,  2052, 

Wilmington,  Del,,  Lutherans  settle,  343; 
Trinity  Church  cons,,  542;  W.  Gazette 
issued,  731 ;  explosion,  1273;  St,  Mary's 
Coll,  fnd.,  1631 ;  powder  explosion,  1753; 
B.C.  diocese  est,,26J2;  race  riot,  3331; 
explosion,  3713  ;  Republican  ticket 
elected,  3853, 

,  N.  C,  Lord  Cornwallis  at,  94i ;  fire, 

1273  ;  K.  R.  completed,  1533  ;  Confed. 


works  destroyed,  2321 ;  action  near ; 
Federals  occupy,  2422  ;  Gregory  Inst,, 
colored,  fnd,,  2863. 

Wilmington,  O.,  W.  Coll.  org.,  2722  ; 
opened,  2883;  tornado,  4421 . 

,  E.  of,  lord  treas.;  d,,9113. 

Wilmot,  David,  b.,  1232  ;  intro.  W.  pro- 
viso, 1593;  proviso  approved,  1612;  candi- 
date for  vice-pres.,  1803;  d,,  2602. 

,  Col,,  gov.,  N.  S.,  5753. 

,  John,  E,  of  Rochester,  b.,  8862 :  d. 

(1680), 

,  Lemuel  Allan,  b,  (1809) ;  lieut.-gov. 

N.B,,5832;  d,  (1878). 

,  Robert  Duncan,  b.  (1809) ;  gov.  N.  B., 

6832. 

Wilsbach,  Anna  P.,  will,  4022. 

Wilson,  Mrs.  (Augusta  J.  Evans),  b.,  1442; 
Saint  Elmo,  "iSSf. 

,  revives  stereotyping,  9322. 

— — ,  Alexander,  b.,74i ;  works,  1143, 1212; 
d,,  1211, 

,  Sir  Archdale,  b,  (1803);  in  Sepoy  rebel- 
lion, 1<M81 ;  d.  (1874), 

,  Capt.,  troops  massacred,  6041 , 

,  Catherine,  executed,  9671 . 

,  Cecil,  cons,  bp.,  1012 1 , 

,  Col,,  at  Santa  Rosa  Island, Ha., 200' . 

,  Col.,  in  Sudan,  66O2. 

,  Dr.,  observes  smi-spots,  9181. 

,  Daniel,  illegal  election,  7031 . 

,  Sir  l>aniel,  b.  (1810)  ;   works,  6803, 

5811 ,  5823,  5843,  5942;  d.,  6941 . 

,  Ebenezer,  mayor  N,  Y,,  572, 

,  Edward,  cons,  R,  E.  bp.,  3042. 

,  Ephraim  K,,  d,,  3781 . 

,  E.  Willis,  gov.  W.  Va.,  3233;  sus- 
tained, 3372. 

,  George  W.,  M.  Cong.,  b.,  1622. 

, ,b.,9383;  d.,9622. 

,  Henry,  b.,  1183;  army  investigation, 

2192;  revives  Cong.  Tem.  Soc. ,2502;  nom. 
for  pres,;  nom,  for  vice-pres,,  2791 ;  vote, 
2812;  elected;  enters  office,  2813;  d,, 
2881,2892. 

,  Horace  Haynian,  b.,  9242;  d,,  9642, 

,  James,  b.,  642 ;  justice  S.  Ct.,  1012  ; 

d.,  1082. 

, Grant,  b.  (1832) ;  north  of  Rapi- 

dan,  2321 ;  destroys  R,  Hs,,  2343  ;  raid  on 
Weldon  B.R,,236i ;  raid  on  Mobile;  raid 
in  Tenn,,244i;  at  Montevallo,  2443;  at 
Ebenezer  Church;  cajitures  Selma,245i ; 
captures  Columbus,  2402;  enters  Macon, 
2462  ;  presiding  officer,  4751  ;  w'orks, 
2083,  2871;  3502, 

, F,,  b,,  1302;  impeachment  man- 
ager, 2012;  intro.  Original  Package  Bill, 
3483. 

,  J.  M.,  Credit  Mobilier  investigation, 

2812, 

,  John,  b,  (1588);  elected,  302  ;  pastor 

in  Mass,  colony,  333;  d,,422, 

, (Christopher   North),   b.,  9223  ; 

works,  9371 ,  9411 :  d,,  9583, 

, ,  convicted,  treason-felony,  9751 . 

, Leighton,  b.  (1809);  moderator, 

1503;  d.  (1886), 

, Lyde,  b,,  1682  ;  gov,,  1313  ;  d, 

(1849), 

,  Joseph  T,,  The  Black  Phalanx,  3323. 

,  M.,  imprisoned,  7562. 

,  Richard,  b,,  9042;  d,,  9223. 

,  Rivers,  minister  to  Egy.,  6591 . 

,  Samuel,  lord  mayor  London,  9492. 

, J.,  moderator,  2862. 

,  Theodore  Delevan,  b.  (1840) ;  in  navy 

dept.,  3512;  commodore ;  retires,  4341 . 

,  Tliomas,  b.  (1827) ;  nominated  gov., 

Minn.,  3691. 

, ,  Rhetoric  and  Logic, in''  ■,ii.,«H». 

,  William  Dexter,  b.,  1242. 

, Lvne,  b.,  1562;  chairman  Con- 

ven.,  4092';  intro.  Silver  Repeal  Bill,  4352; 
intro.  Tariff  Bill,  4491 .    (gee  Tarifi .) 

,  Woodrow,b,  (1856);  works, 3503, 4462. 

Coll.  (Presb.)  org.  at  Chambersburg, 

Pa.  (1870). 

Wilson's  Landing,  Va.,  action  at,  2332. 

Wilton,  Eng.,  action  at,  8441. 

,  E,  of,  title  created,  9311 . 

Wiltse,  Gilbert  C,  d.,  4281 . 

Wiltz,  Louis  A.,  gov.  La.,  3052. 

Wiltzi  defeated,  7701 . 

Wilze  on  shores  of  Baltic  Sea,  III32. 

Wlman,  Erastus,  b.  (1&34);  arrested,  4521 ; 
sentenced,  4623;  on  bail ;  acquitted,  4643. 

Wimbledon,  Eng.,  1st  English  fight,  8401 ; 
Belgian  visitors  at  camp,  6451 . 


Wimb-With. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


1449 


Wimbledon  Camp,  international  rifle- 
shooting  contests,  9621 ,  9661 ,  974> ,  978' , 
!(«;', 9921,9941. 

Wimpfelins,  Jacob,  History  of  Ger.,  7871 . 

Wimpfeli-Uessc,  battle  at,  7941 . 

Wimptfen,  Kmmanuel  F^lix  de,  b.,  719*; 
at  battle  of  Sedan,  7402;  d.,  7542. 

Wimshurst,  H.,  Ist  screw  propeller,  9482. 

■\Viiia.  bishop  of  Winchester,  8423. 

WiiiaMl,  action  at,  S42i . 

Wiiichburgh  railway  collision, 9673. 

Wini-hell,  Alexander,  b.,  1322;  works, 2871 , 
2723,  2963,  ;«)63;  d.,  3781 . 

Wiuolielsea,  Kng.,  sea  overflows,  8541 . 

,  E.  of,  title  created,  883t . 

,  E.  of,  lord    admiralty,   9073,  9133  ; 

minister,  9113. 

Winchesley,  Robt.,  archbp.,  8522. 

Wincheater  wrecked,  9593. 

,  Kng.,  church  built ;  see  erected,  8423 ; 

cathedral  begun,  8482;  Hospital  of  Holy 
Cross  fnd.,  8491 ;  naval  battle  off,  8581 ; 
oldest  school;  St.  Mary's  Coll.  est.,  8583; 
surrendered,  886 1 ;  palace  begun,  8961; 
Charitable  Soc.  of  natives  fmd.,  9011; 
nuns  received,  9263  ;  Bp.  Browne  cons., 
9742  ;  diocese  ro-arrangeil,  9802  ;  coll. 
opd.,  9923;  New  College  anniversary  eel., 
9963;  cathedral  800th  anniversary,  10102; 

,  111.,  mobstone  J. G.W. Morrison, 4443. 

,  Ind.,  soldiers*  monument,  4101 . 

,  Ky.,  Coufeds.  defeated,  2261 . 

,  Tenn.,   Mary    Sharpe   Female  Coll. 

org.,  1703. 

,  Va.,  action  at,  2043  ;  battle  of,  205' , 

2382  ;  battle  near,  2082,  2I61 ;  invested  ; 
Feds,  defeated,  2223,  2363  ;  Confeds. 
defeated  near,  2331 ,  2362  ;  Early  moves 
from,  2351 ;  soldiers'  mouuraent  at,  4101 . 

Confession  adopted,  1123. 

,  Elhanan,    b.  (1751) ;    joins    Univer- 

salists,  951 ;  d.  (1797). 

,  Gen.,  at  Frenchtown,  120' . 

,  Henry,  lord  mayor  London,  9453. 

,  Marquis,  title  created,  871' . 

Winckelmann,  Johann  Joachim,  b.,7983; 

works  ;  d.,  803' . 
Windebank,  Sir  Francis,  minister,  8833. 
Windeck,  Eberhard, £;n.  Sigismund,  7862. 
Winder,    Wm.  H.,  Gen.,    at    Burlington 

Heights,  1202;  at  Bhadensburg,  1222. 
Windermere  aground  at  Deal  Beach,  4033. 
Windliam,    Conn.,    Fourdrinier   machine 

made,  138' . 
,  Chas.  Ash,  b.  (1810) ;  in  Sepoy  rebel- 
lion, 1048' ;  d.  (1870). 

,  William,  b.,  9123;  d.,  935' . 

Windischgratz,    Pr.    Alfred    zu    (Alfred 

Claudius  Ferdinand),  b.  (1787)  ;    Aust. 

leader,  522';  suppresses  Czechs,  523'; 

new  ministry,  5372;  d.  (1862). 
Wiudmac,  Ind.,  land  settlement  suit,  4772. 
Windmill  erected,  New  York,  40' ;  1st  in 

Fr.,  783' ;  general  use,  Neth.,  10982. 
Windom,  William,  b.,  1342;  on  Committee 

of  33, 189 ' ;  vote  for  pres.  candidate,  305 ' ; 

sec.  treas., 3072, 3372;  exchanges  bonds; 

resigns,    3092  ;    seal    protection,    349' ; 

landing  of  immigrants,  3572  ;  4%  bids, 

3732;  (T.,  376' ,  2;  Cong,  adjourns,  377' . 
Window  glazing  common,  1072' . 

tax,  Eng.,  enacted,  9012  ;  increased, 

9113,  9292;  reduced, 9233, 9413;  repealed, 
9572. 

Windrim,  James  H.,  in  treas.  dept.,  3512, 
Windsor,  Conn.,  fort  at,  32' ;  trading-post, 
333;  fnd.,.^'>2. 

,  Eng.,  Belgian  visitors  received,  545' ; 

tournament,  8683  ;  Albert  Memorial 
Chapel  opd.,  9802;  lacrosse  played,  9813; 
statue  Pr.  Louis  Napoleon, 986' ;  Bn.  Da- 
vidson cons. ,9802;  Ijond.  Royal  Agri.  Soc. 
exhibit,  J0013;  Pr.  Albertistatue,  1002' ; 
Emp.  Frederick  statue,  10O4' ;  castle 
enlarged.  8482,  and  reerected,  8582,  and 
enlarged,  942' ;  chapel  opd.,  9253;  forest 
restricted,  8793  ;  forest  surveyed,  9213; 
marches  drained;  trees  planted,  9133. 

,  N.S.,  King's  College  est. ,577' ;  Hants 

Jottrnai,  5823;   The  Tribune,  mA3. 

,  Ont.,  opium  smugglers,  5942. 

,  Vt.,  bank  est.,  1273;  murder,  301'. 

,  Bjiron,  title  created,  8672. 

,  Sir  William  de,  gov.,  8593. 

Windthorst,  Ludwig,  b.,  8102;  d.,  834' . 

Windward,  Polar  expedition,  1012' . 

Wine,  Fr.,  consumption  of,  7432,  7543. 

,  prices  raised,  Eng.,  8533  ;  druggists 

cell,  8563;  tuunage  on,  8592;  prices  regu- 


lated,   8603;    prices,    8613;    claret   Im- 
ported, 8673;  duties,  9453. 
Wine  and  games,  Mohammed  prohibits, 
4843. 

Winebrenner,  John,  b.,  IO62  ;  leader 
Church  of  God,  1382;  d.,  1862. 

Winer,  George  B.,  b.,  8043;  d.  8202. 

Winfield,  Kan.,  Southwest  K.  Coll.  org., 
3242. 

,  Edward,  gov. :  embezzles  stores,  272. 

Winfrid.     (See  St.  Boniface.) 

Wing,  Simon,  nom.  for  pres.,  415';  vote, 
4192,4-243. 

Wingtield,  John  Henry  Ducachet,  b.  (1833); 
cons.  P,  E.  bp.,  2862. 

,  Lewis,  d.,  10062. 

Wingi  burned,  563' . 

Wiiikelried,  Arnold  von,  falls,  506' ;  d., 
1137'. 

Winlock,  Joseph,  b.  (1826);  uses  photo- 
heliograph,  'i70' ;  d.  (1875). 

Winnepeg, Can. .Gilder's  expedition  starts, 
324' ;  returns, 326' ;  Manitoba  Free  Press, 
5823,-  Nor'west  Farmer;  Manitoba  Wes- 
leyan  Inst,  est.,  5843;  j)en  Skandina- 
riske  Canadiensaren ;  The Loeaberg, 5862- 
Burke  arrested,  5863  ;  Anglican  Synod 
est.,  5882;   Tribune,  592' . 

Winona,  Minn.,  Are,  3453.  » 

Winslow,  Edward,  b.  (1595) ;  marriage  of, 
302  ;  returns,  312  ■  gov.,  333,  352  373  ; 
d.,  40'. 

,  E.    D.,   forgeries    discovered,  291'; 

causes  diplomatic  dispute,  2913. 

. ,  Forbes,  b.  (1810);  Psychological  Jour- 
nal i.ssued,  9543  ;  d.  (1874). 

,  Hubbard,  b.  (1800);  d.,  2373. 

,  James,  b.  (1814);  d.,  2842. 

,  John  Ancrum,  b.,  1163;  oaKearsarge, 

2343,  d.,  282'. 

,  Josiah,  b.  (1629) ;  gov.,  462  ;  peace 

with  Indians,  473;  d.  (1680). 

,  Miron,  b.,  1001 ;  d.,  2392. 

,  Samuel,  d.,  474' . 

,  Warren,  b.  (1810) ;  on  Committee  of 

;»,  189';  d.  (1862). 

WiiiBor,  Frederick  Albert,  b.,  9162  ;  d. 
(1830). 

,  Justin,  b.  (1831);  works,  3183,  3503, 

3982,  4783. 

Winstead,  J.  M.,  suicide,  4693. 

Winston,  Ala.,  moonshiners  raid,  4262. 

,  John  Anthony,  b.  (1812) ;  gov.  Ala., 

175' ;  d.  (1871). 

Winter,  Thos.,  gunpowder  plot,  8792. 

,  William,  b.,  1462  ;  works,  1763,  3003, 

3083,  3143. 

Assizes,  Act  for,  9812. 

Winterfried  invents  waterspout,  8022. 

W^interhalter,  Franz  Xavier,  b..  9323 ;  d, 
(1873). 

Winter  Park,  Fla.,  Rollins  College  org., 
3223. 

Winters,  Francis  de,admin--general,  10932. 

Winterton,  Earl  of,  title  created,  9172. 

Winther,  Rasmus  Willads  Christian  Fer- 
dinand, b.  (1796);  work,  6403  ;  d.  (1876). 

Winthrop,  Gen.  F.,  d.,  2452. 

,  Fitz-John,  b.  (1639);    gov.,  55';   d. 

(1707). 

,  John,  b.,  262  ;  gov.  Mass.,  313,  331, 

35', 2, 372, 39',  2,432;  Episcopalian, 32' ; 
Christian  ChaHty,322;  arrives  with  char- 
ter,33'  ;  at  Saybrooke,34' ;  sent  to  Eng., 
413;  president, confederacy, 373;  d.,463. 

- — ,  Robert  Charles,  b.,  1162  ;  oration, 
320';  d.,  474'. 

,  Theodore,  b.,1362;  works,  1991, 2132; 

d.,  1%3. 

Winton  wrecked,  9913. 

,  Earl  of,  title  created,  959' . 

Winwood,  Sir  Ralph,  b.  (ID&ii) ;  minister, 
8793;  d.  (1617). 

Wippidsfleet,  lintons  defeated,  840' . 

Wire,  David  W.,  lord  mayor,  Lond.,  961» . 

bridges  invented,  9642. 

drawing  invented,  7822. 

mill  erected,  890' . 

Wireker,  Nigel,  works,  8503. 

Wir8^n,KarlDavid,b. (1842);  Poems,  11363. 

Wirt,  Isaac,  arrests  Andr6,  922. 

,  William,  b.,  762;  works,  1123,  127': 

atty.-gen.,  1253, 1292,  1333  ;  presidential 
vote,  1412,  3  ;  d.,  1422. 

Wirz,  Henry,  tried,  hanged,  248' ,  9492. 

Wl8consin,U.S.A.:  Chas.  deLangdale  set- 
tles, 67';  Colorado  beetle,  132';  terri- 
tory org.,  147' ;  Henry  Dodge,  gov.,  1472, 
161';  James  D.  Doty,  gov.,  1552  ;  Na- 


thaniel P.  Tallmadge,  gov.,  1592  ;  State 
govt,  authorized,  1612;  Meth.  Epis.  Conf. 
find.,  164';  Universalist  State  Conven. 
org.,  1642  ;  Univ.  of  W.  org.,  1613  ;  St.ate 
admitted,  165' ;  Nelson  Dewey,  gov. ,1652; 
State  Hist.  Soc.  library  fnd.,  1663 ;  Leon- 
ard J.  Farwell,  gov.,  1692  ;  o.  S.  Pres. 
Synod  org.,  1702  ;  Win.  A.  Barstow,  gov. 
(1854);  Bashford  Coles,  gov.,  1792;  lands 
granted  to  railroads,  1813 ;  Alex.  W.  Ran- 
dall, gov.,  1833  ;  Louis  P.  Harvey,  gov., 
2032  ;  Personal  Liberty  Bill  repealed, 
2113  ;  Edward  Salomon,  gov.,  2173;  Jas. 
T.  Lewis,  gov.,  2293;  ratifies  13th  Amend. 
2432  ;  Negro  Suffrage  Amend,  rejected, 
2492;  soldiers'  orphans' home  opd.,  251' ; 
Normal  Schools  opd.,  2543,  2643,  2763, 
2903,  3223,  3283  ;  Lucius  Fairchild,  gov., 
2553;  ratifles  14th  Amend.,  2573;  Milton 
Coll.  org.,  2603  ;  ratifies  15th  Amend., 
267' ;  forest  flres,  2741 ;  prairie  fires,  2753: 
Insane  Asylum  at  Oshkosh,  281 ' ,  and  at 
Milwaukee,  3032;  C.  C.  Washburne,gov.; 
intemperance  punished, 281 ' ;  PotterLaw 
passes,  '2852,  affirmed,  2873,  and  modi- 
fled,  2912  ;  Win.  H.  Taylor,  gov.,  2873  ; 
women  lawyers  rejected,  2912,  and  ad- 
mitted, 2983;  Harrison  Ludington,  gov., 
295';  Win.  E.  Smith,  gov.,  3012;  Com- 
pulsory Education  Bill,  303' ;  Jer.  M. 
Rusk,  gov.,  3132  ;  pearls  found,  2j41  ; 
pearl  finding  craze,  .'5452  ;  Secret  Ballot 
Law  enacted  ;  Win.  D.  Hoard,  gov.,  3492; 
Local  Option  Bill  passed,  351';  Am, 
Cath.  Clerical  Union  org.,  3522  ;  excite- 
ment ;  English  in  public  schools,  3542  ; 
Supreme  Ct.  decision  against  Bible  in 
schools,  3542;  Bennett  Smiool  Law  issue, 
35424-  ;  Ger.  Catholics  against  Bennett 
Law,  3582  ;  Republicans  divide  on  Ben- 
nett Law,  3602,  373' ;  Democrats  oppose 
Bennett  Law,  3672,  3  ;  Bennett  Law  re- 
scinded, 3702,  3763  ;  recount  gives  Re- 
publicans control,  3731 ;  lanil  claims 
filed,  3952  ;  settlers  rush  in,  3953  ;  Geo. 
W.  Peck,  gov.,  3992;  special  session  leg- 
islature for  reapportionment,  4091 ,4172; 
reapportionment  invalid  ;  Apportion- 
ment Bill;  no  agreement,  4172;  arrested 
legislators,  4272  ;  Anti-Pinkerton  Bill, 
4273  ;  forest  flres,  4332,  435a,  4663,  4673, 
4713,4733;  copper  ore  found,  4421 ;  army 
worm  devastates,  4661 ;  Geo.  W.  Peck 
renom.  gov.,  4712  ;  canal  survey  com- 
pleted,4772;  Wm.  H.  Upham,  gov.  (1895). 

Univ.    org.,  1643  ;    Charles    Kendall 

Adams,  pres.,  4042,  4221 ;  Univ.  Exten- 
sion Dept.,  4162. 

Wise,  George  Douglas,  b.,  1442. 

,  Henry  Alex.,  b.,  1123;  gov.  Va.,  1812; 

in  W.  Va. ,  1982 ;  at  Roanoke  Island,  2041 ; 
d.,2661. 

,  Isaac  Mayer,  b.  (1819);  presides,  386*. 

,  John,  b.  (1808) ;   balloon  ascension, 

1841 ;  d.  (1879). 

,  Mr.,  steel  pens,  932' . 

,  AVilliam  C,  promoted  captain,  4481 , 

Wiseman,  Nicholas  Patrick  Stephen,  b. 
9303  ;archbp.,9562;jp'n6«o(o,  9603  ;d., 9681. 

W^ishar,  George,  b.,  8701  ■  burned,  8691 . 

Wisner,  Moses,  gov.  Mich.,  1871, 

,  Wm.,  moderator,  1623. 

, C.,  moderator,  1782. 

Wisnetzar,  battle  of,  7981 . 

Wissig,  Philip  threatens,  4523. 

Wissmann,  Hermann  von,  b.  (1853) ;  at 
Zanzibar,  8381 ,2;  at  Pangani ;  at  Wingi, 
6631 ;  explorer,  10931 ;  at  Lubuku  ;  fnds. 
Luluburg  and  Luebo,  10932. 

Wistar,  Casper,  b.,  7'23;  d.,  1202. 

Witboy,  Henric,  defeated,  8383. 

Witch,  burned  in  Peru,  11093. 

Witchcraft,  New  Eng.,  punished,  41 1; 
breaks  out,  523;  victims,  53 1. 

punished,  Fr.,  6851 . 

felony,  Eng.,  8692;  statute  against, 

8731,  8791;  punished,  8943,  1079 1 ;  law» 
repealed,  9093. 

Witches  executed, 8643, 9031  •  test  of, 9152. 

convicted,    Fr.,  6791;    burned,  685'; 

punished,  6912. 

burned.  It.,  10811. 

burned,  Russia,  11172. 

burned  in  Geneva,  11373. 

Wither,  George,  b.,8762  ;  works,  8802;  d., 
8922. 

Witherell,  Lizzie,  burglar,  3851 . 

Withering  Wm.,  b.  (1741) :  in  Lunar  Soo, 
9212;  d.,  (17J»9). 


1450 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.       INDKX.        Superior  Figures  Indicate  Column.  With-Wood. 


■Witherings,  Thomas,  postmaster,  8832. 

Witherington,  Buccaneer,  at  Bahia,  24' . 

"Withers,  Jones  Mitchel,  b.  (1814);  at  Miir- 
freesboro,  217' . 

Witherspoon,  John,  b.,  60' ;  pres.  N.  J. 
Coll.,  762,3  ;  moderator,  1462;  d.,  1042. 

Withlacoochee,  Fla.,  Seminoles  defeated 
at,  1441. 

"Witiza  reigns,  11263. 

Witman  College,  Wash.,  opd.,  3143. 

Wittekind,  Saxon,  baptized,  6643;  leader; 
submits  to  Charlemagne,  7713. 

Wittenberg,  O.,  W.  College  org.,  1583;  Gen. 
Synod  Evan.  Luth.  of,  org.,  1623; 

,  Prus.,  belongs  to  Saxony,  779' ;  fa- 
vored by  Golden  Bull,  7833;  Univ.,  char- 
tered; Martin  Luther,  professor,  787'; 
possessed  by  allies,  7212  ;  retaken,  810' ; 
Univ.  unites  with  Halle,  811' . 

Wittenborg,  John,  invades  Denmark  ;  ex- 
ecuted, 782' . 

"Wittenmeyer,  Annie,  pres.  W.  C.  T.  U., 
291', 2M3, 297', 301'. 

Witter,  Wm.,  against  infant  baptism,  37 ' . 

,  Speaker  of  Montana,  d.,  377' . 

Witteric,  takes  throne  of  W.  Goths,  7712. 

Witteveen,  Pastor,  fnds.  Ermelo  Miss. 
Society,  1102' . 

Wittgensteig,  Marshal,  in  Dresden,  7183. 

Wittingham,  William  R.,  b.,  1122. 

Wittstock,  Swedes  victorio\is,  612' . 

Witu,  E.  Afr.,  investigation ;  ceded,  5633; 
captured, 5643. 

Witzeleben,  Karl  August  Friedrich  von, 
b.,804';  d.,  8143. 

Witzius,  Hermann,  b.-d.,  11003. 

"Wladislaw  attacks  Mark  of  Brandenburg 
782'. 

.    (See  Ladislaus.) 

"Woburn,  Mass.,  anniversary,  4173. 

Wodehouse,  John,  Earl  of  Ivimberley,  b., 
9422  •  u.  S.  Civil  War  statement,  9652  ; 
lordlieut.,  9672;  minister,  973',  9852, 
9912, 9952, 10092  ;  chancellor,  9893  ;  tar- 
iff system,  4983. 

,  Sir  Philip,  governor,  10473, 

Woden,  German  god,  7682. 

Wodrow,  Robert,  b.  (1679) ;  d.,  9082. 

■Wofford  College  org.,  S.  C,  1763. 

Wohler,  Friedrich,  b.,  807' ;  d.,  8302. 

Wohlgemuth,  Michael,  b.,  7842  ;  d.,  7882. 

Wokong  surrenders,  6202. 

Wolcott,  Edward  O.,  b.,  164' ;  Silver  Pur- 
chase Repeal  Bill  amend.,  423' ;  speech, 
4372,439'. 

,  John  (Peter  Pindar),  b.,  9103  ;    d., 

9383. 

,  Oliver,  b.,  722  ;  gov.  Conn. ,  1073 ,  1272  ; 

d.,  142' . 

,  Roger,  b., 463; gov.  Mass. ,673; d., 74'. 

, ,  b.  (1847);  gov.  Mass.  (1874+). 

Wolcottville,  Conn.,  brass  kettles,  144' . 

Wolf,  Christian  von,  b.  (1679) ;  works,  799' , 
801';  d.  (1754). 

,  Friedrich  August,  b.,  8023  ;    work, 

807' ;  d.,  8123. 

,  George,  b.  (1777) ;  gov.  Pa.,  1373  ;  d. 

(1840). 

,  J.  G.,  shot,  4723. 

,  Johann  Christoph  von,  b.,  797' ;  d., 

8022. 

Wolfall,  Master,  Ist  communion  in  Am., 
5703. 

Wolfboro,  N.  H.,  hall  and  library  dedi- 
cated, 3522. 
Wolfdietrich  issued,  7803. 

Wolfe,  Arthur,  chief  justice,  9293. 

,  Charles,  b.,  9243;    work,   939';    d., 

9403. 

,  James,  b.,  908' ;    In   Am.,  702 ;    at 

Point  Levi ;  checked  at  Quebec,  703  ; 
killed,  72' ;  d.,  722. 

Wolff,  Albert,  b.,  8103  ;  d.,  762' . 

,  Betieu,  works,  11012. 

,  Emil,  b.,  8082  ;  d.,  830' . 

,  Sir  H.  Drummond,  b.  (1830) ;  signs 

convention,  6612. 

,  Wilhelm,  b.,  812'. 

Wolfley,  Lewis,  governor,  Ariz.,  3492. 

Wolford,  Capt.,  near  Lebanon,  215' . 

WoUaston,  Mass.,  settlement,  313. 

,  Wm.  Hyde,  b.,9163  ;  solar  spectrum, 

9302  ;  dis.  rhodium  ;  dis.  palladium,  9322  ; 
camera  lucida,  9342 ;  voltaic  battery, 
938';  pres.  Royal  Soc.,940i;  d.,9423. 

Wollner,  Dr.,  excommunicated,  8263. 

Wollstonecraft,  Mary.  (See  Godwin,  Mrs.) 

Wolowski,  Louis  Francois  Michel  Ray- 
mond, b.,  719'  ;  d.,  760'.     , 


Wolseley,  Garnet  Joseph,  Vise.  Wolseley, 
b.,  946'2  ;  at  Fort  Garry,  582' ;  for  Natal, 
600' ,2;  gov.  Cape  Colony,  6012,3;  re- 
ceives Zulus,  6013  ;  in  Sudan,  660'  ±;  in 
Cairo,  6612  ;  commander ;  in  Dublin, 
1004';  in  So.  Afr.  Rep.,  11242;  in  W. 
Afr.,  11612. 

,  Viscount  of,  title  created,  987' . 

Wolsey,  Thomas,  b.,  8642  ;  bp.  of  Lincoln ; 
archbp.  of  York  ;  cardinal  high  chanc, 
8673  ;  loses  favor,  8692  •  d.  (1630). 

Wolstenholme'a  Sound,  Canada,  dis.,  28' . 

Wolverene  donated,  4993. 

Wolverton,  Baron,  title  created,  965'. 

,  Simon  P.,  b.,  1482. 

Wolves,  mandate  for  destruction  of,  8553. 

Woman  practices  in  U.  S.  Sup.  Ct.,  3522. 

Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union, 
germinates  atFredonia,283'  ;org.,  2862, 
287',  291';  Nat.  Conven.,  2943,  297', 
301',  3032  ;  307',  3091,  3131,  3151,  3191, 
3203,  325',  329',  3712,  3942,  417',  4402, 
4743,  5883, 589' ;  Worlds  W.  C.  T.  U.  org., 
315' ;  department  of  temperance  instruc- 
tion fmd.,  309' ;  Temple,  Chicago,  cor- 
ner-stone laid,  370';  division  by  seces- 
sion, 3712;  ill-treated  in  North  Dakota, 
4263  ;  World's  Fair  session,  4402  ;  foun- 
tahi  in  Willard  Hall,  4733;  org.  in  Bug., 
10972. 

,  non-partisan  fnd.,  3623; 

convention,  3712,  3943. 

Committee  of  Christian  Work,  9762. 

Meth.  Epis.  College  founded,  3322. 

Municipal  League,mass-meeting,4743. 

Nat.  Indian  Asso., mission-work,  3182; 

at  Boston,  3712;  at  New  Haven,  4762. 

Nat.  Triennial  Coxmcil  meets,  3782. 

Prison  Association  reports,  3762. 

Relief  Corps  of  U.  S.,  3862,  389' . 

Republican  League  org.,  331' . 

Rights  Convention  meets,  1643. 

Suffrage    campaign,  2592  ;    defeated 

N.  Y.,  339';  adopted  in  Utah,  271'; 
campaign  In  Kan.,  2592  ;  Constitutional 
Amend,  to  secure,  359' ;  Wash,  constitu- 
tional conven.  submits,  343' ,  and  re- 
jected, 347'  ;  bill  for  cities  rejected,  3672; 
Suffrage  Bill  fails,  N.  Y.,  4052  ;  conven- 
tions, 269' ,2,3,  4503;  unconstitutional 
in  Mich.,  4412. 

Asso.,  Am.,   org.,  2692 ;    meets, 

399',  4222,  4503. 

League,  N.  Y.,  petition  to  czar, 

355' ;  reception,  N.  Y^.,  3802. 

Amend.  Bill  reported,  359' . 

Bill,  Eng.,  9932,  999' ,  10092. 

Soc.,  annual  meeting,  9943  ;  Nat. 

Conven.,  9723. 

Society  org.  in  S.  Dak.,  3603. 

in  France,  7632. 

Women,  meeting  of,  Mass.  colony,  323; 
patriotic  Am.,  932 ;  lawyers  in  Su- 
preme Courts,  301 ',2;  excluded  from 
gov't,  309';  administration  in  Kansas, 
331 ' ;  stage  robbers,  4042  ;  in  law  schools, 
407' ;  in  public  offices,  Kan.,  4543  ;  in- 
spectors of  streets,  Chicago,  4622. 

,  manners  of,  Fr.,  675' ;  influence  in 

society,  6952  ;  in  factories,  7613  ;  labor ; 
regulated,  7683  ;  honored,  771' . 

imported,  Va.,  283,  303,  881';  posi- 
tion improved,  Eng.,  949' ;  marriage 
property,  975' ;  degrees  denied  to,  979'. 
bill  for,  in  Lond.  Council  rejected,  IOO12. 

churching  of,  Italy,  106*3. 

Women's  Clubs,  Gen.  Federation  Conven., 

3663  ;  Am.  Federation,  4063,4583  ;  State 
Federation  begins,  475' . 

Congress,  Paris,  7563. 

Crusade.    (See  Temperance.) 

Education  Union  founded,  976». 

Enfranchisement  Society  fnd..  Can., 

5862, 5903. 

Missionary  Societies.    (See  names  of 

various  churches.) 

Protective    and    Provident    League 

founded,  9792. 

Wonderful  Parliament,  England,  861' . 

W^oo  Hoo,  riot  at,  625' . 

How,  influence,  6123  ;  abdicates ;  ex- 
cludes heir,  6132  ;  d.,  6122. 

Wood,  used  to  make  paper,  268' ;  first  en- 
graving, 7842;  engraving  improved,  9242. 

,  Alplionso,  b.,  1162  ;  d.,  3062. 

,  Anthony,  b.,  8822;  d.,  9002. 

,  Col.,  at  Trenton,  2182. 

,  Sir  Charles,  Viscount  Halifax,  min- 
ister, 9612,  9692;  d.,  994'. 


Wood,  De  Volson,  b.,  1402. 

,  Fernando,  b.  (1812)  ;    mayor  N.  Y., 

179' ,  1903;  arrested,  1823;  resists  police 

law,  183' ;  advises  secession,  191' ;  leads 

peace-party,  2233;  vote  for  speaker,  2832; 

d.,  3062. 
,  George  Bacon,  b.,  1062  ;   physician, 

author.  A.,  3002. 

, T.,  governor  Tex.,  1633. 

,  Sir  Henry  Evelyn,  b.  (1838) ;  changes 

made,  603' ;  at  Cairo,  6682  ;  in  Sudan, 

6602;  against  Zulus,  600' . 

,  Horatio  C,  b.,  1622. 

,  James,  b.    (1750) ;    gov.    Va.,    1073  ; 

moderator,  241' ;  d.,  256' . 

,  John  George,  b.,  9423;  d.,  1000' . 

, 1.,  comptroller  Can.,  5952. 

, F.,  comptroller  Can.,  6963. 

,  Leonard,  b.,  78' . 

,  Lieut.-Col.,  at  Coldwater,  2183. 

,  Marshall  W.,  commissioned  major, 

466'. 
,  Sir  Matthew,  b.  (1768) ;  lord  mayor, 

London,  9353;  d.  (1843). 

,  R.  C,  sanitary  commissioner,  197', 

,  Reuben,  b.    (1792) ;  gov.  O.,  1692  ;  d. 

(1864). 
,  Thomas  Waterman,  b.,  1303 ;  paint- 
ings, 260' ,  302' ,  306' ,  310' ,  312' ,  316' , 

318' ,  322' ,  326' ;  Acad.  Design,  276' . 

,  Walter  Abbott,  b.  (1815) ;  d.,  398' . 

,  Sir  Wm.  Page,  b.  (1801) ;  lord  justice, 

9713;  minister,  9732;  d.  (1881). 

Lake,  Minn.,  Indians  defeated,  214' . 

Woodberry,  George  Edward,    b.    (1855) ; 

works,  3743. 
Woodbine,  La.,  Normal  School  opd.,  318». 
Woodbridge,    Oal.,  San   Joaquin   Valley 

College  org.,  2962. 

,  N.  J.,  first  printing-press,  69' . 

,  Wm.,  b.  (1780)  ;  gov.,  153' ;  d.  (1861). 

Woodbury,  Tenn.,  action,  2182,  2202. 

,  George  Edward,  b.,  176' . 

,  Levi,  b.,  100' ;  gov.  N.  H.,  1313;  see. 

navy,  1392  ;  sec.  treas.,  1473  ;  justice, 

1593;  d.,  1682. 
Woodfall,  William  (Junius's),  b.,  9103. 
Woodford,  William,  b.  (17.35) ;  brig.-gen., 

commissioned,  86' ;  d.  (1780). 
Woodhouse  Junction,  R.B.  collision,  9773. 

,  Sir  Philip,  gov.  Cape  Colony,  5993. 

Woodhull,  Caleb  S.,  gov.  N.  Y.,  167'. 
,  John,  b.  (1744) ;  moderator,  1023;  d. 

(1824). 

,  S.  S.,  pres.  Reformed  Synod,  1283. 

Woodland,  Cal.,  Hesperian  Coll.  org. ,266*. 

,  Wis.,  cyclone,  182' . 

Woodley,  A.,  kills  Miss  Buchanan,  4583. 
Woodlock,  Bartholomew,  cons,  bp.,9823. 
Woodmason,  ruling  machine,  9302. 
Woodmen  of  the  \V  orld  Society  est.,  3983; 

statistics,  447' . 
Wood-paving  unsuccessful,  Eng.,  950' . 
Woodrow,  James,  evolutionist  case,  3402. 
AVoodruff,  Carle  A.,  commissioned  major, 

450'. 

,  Col.,  at  Barbourville,  W.  Va.,  1962. 

,  W.   E.,    accoimts    short,   376' ;    ac- 
quitted, 3863. 
,  Wilford,  b.  (1807) ;  Mormot:  pres.  for- 
bids plural  marriages,  3082  ;  completes 

temple,  4(M' . 
Woods,  George  L.,  gov.  Ore.,  2553;  gov. 

Utah,  2772  ;  d.,  aw  . 

,  John  L.,  gift  to  college,  4202. 

,  Katharine,  BuKk  to  Ikiwn,  4462. 

,  Leonard,  b.,  114' ;  d.,  174' . 

,  William  Burnham,  b.  1322  ;  justice 

supreme  court,  3052;  d.  (1887). 
Woodson,  Daniel,  acting  gov.  Kan.,  1773  ; 

against  rebellion,  181' . 

,  Silas,  governor  Mo.,  285' . 

Woodson's  Gap,  Tenn.,  action  at,  2062. 
Woodstock,  N.  B.,  Carleton  Sentinel,  579' ; 

College  buildings,  685' ;    trial   of   Bir- 

chall,  5903. 
Woodstock,  Eng.,  great  park,  8493. 

,  Md.,  center  of  population,  1293. 

,  Va.,  Gen.  Banks  at,  2052;  Confedg. 

defeated,  219' . 
,  Thomas,  Duke  of  Gloucester,  gov. 

Ire.;  arrested,  8612. 
Woodville,  Pa.,  mob  of  strikers,  4602. 

,  Tenn.,  Confeds.  defeated,  2143. 

,  Anthony,  Earl  of  Rivers,  b.  (1442) ; 

works,  86*2;  beheaded,  8653. 

,  Elizabeth.  (See  Elizabeth  Woodville.) 

Woodward,  Col.,  at  Ft.  Donelson,  212' . 
,  E.  T.,  d.,  452' . 


Wood-Wris. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INUIlX^.  Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1451 


Woodnarii,  Frederick  A.,  b.,  174' . 

,  Joseph  Janvier,  b.,  142<  ;  d.,  316». 

Woodwark,  Okla.,  robbery,  463' . 

Woodwortli,  Mrs.,  predictions  believed, 
Cal.,  356». 

,  Samuel,  b.,  962;  d.,  1542. 

,  William,  planing  machine,  136'. 

Wool,  duties  on,  Eng.,  8552;  importation 
from  Ire.  prohibited,  9013;  commerce  of 
Eng.,  *4y3;  first  spun,  858' ;  Act  passed, 
9072,  9113;  duty  repealed,  91ia  ;  law  re- 
pealed, 9413. 

growers  Asso.,  petition  to  pres.,  341*. 

Wool,  John  Ellis,  b.,  962;  commands  Fort- 
ress Monroe,  198' ;  occupies  Norfolk, 
207' ;  dept.  Maryland,  2083  ;  d.,  268' . 

Woolen  Exhibition,  International,  9873, 

goods  manufactured,  1042, 

manufacture  est.,  Eng., 8562. 

Woolf,  cylinder  expansion  engine,  9322, 

WooUey,  Henry,  white  Caps  kill,  467' . 

Woolman,  John,  b.,  582;  Journal  of,  782; 
d,,  762, 

Woolner,  Thomas,  b,,  M22  ;  statue  of 
queen,  992'. 

Wooisey,  .Sarah  Ohaoncey  (Susan  Cool- 
idge),  b.  (1345 1);  Kut;/  Did,  2303. 

,Theo.l)wight,b.,110'  ;works,143'  ,145' , 

14J' ,  155' ;  pres.  of  Yale,  161' ;  d.,  3422, 

Wool-shearers'  strike,  Eng.,  1005' . 

Woolson,  Constance  Fenirnore,  b.  (1848) ; 
works,  291',  303',  3063,  3263,  4783;  d. 
(1894). 

Woolwich,  Eng.,  arsenal  at ;  largest  gun 
cast,  110  ton,  906' ;  Royal  .Military  Acad, 
org.,910' ;  magneto-electricity  used,9502; 
dockyard  closed ;  floating  dry-dock 
launched,  972' ;  arsenal  flooded,  9813  ; 
collision  on  Thames,  9833  ;  Gordon's 
dynamo  machine, 990' ;  steam  ferry  opd., 

10013. 

Woomer,  Bphraira,  b.,  1562. 
Wooster,  O.,  Univ.  of  Wooster  est.,  2543; 
University  org.,  2623. 

,  David,  b.  (1710) ;  d.,  89' . 

Woo-sung  captured,  6162, 

Worcester,  Gape  Colony,  mission,  6023, 

,  Enj'.,see  erected,8423 ;  married  priests 

leave,  8462;  threatened,  860';  battle  of, 
88-i' ;  ir.  Postman,  8933,  9043;  anti-ma- 
chinery riot,  925' ;  cathedral  opd.,  9782; 
Baxter  statue,  9802. 

,  Mass.,  granted,   433  ;    settled,  59'; 

Am.  Antiquarian  Soc.  Library,  119' ; 
knives  ratd.,  136';  College  of  the  Holy 
Cross  org.,  157' ;  Are,  1753;  Free  Public 
Library  fnd.,  1843;  \y.  Co.  Mutual  Asso. 
org.,  229' ;  Polytechnic  last,  org.,  2623  ; 
Normal  School  opd.,  2343;  Clark  Univ. 
dedicated,  3463  ;  strike,  361' ;  musical 
festival,  392' ;  summer  school,  4102;  ex- 
plosion, 4233, 

,  Earl  of.    (See  Tiptof t,  John.) 

,  Earl  of,  minister,  879' . 

,  Earl  of,  minister,  8793, 

,  Joseph  Emerson,  b.,  962;  d.,  2182. 

,  missionary,  opposed,  1383, 

,  Noah,  b,,  71' ;  work,  1403;  d.,  148*, 

,  Samuel,  b.  (1770) ;  board  of  commis- 
sioners, 1163;  d.  (1821). 
Worden,  John  Lorimer,  b.,  1262:  Congress 

thanks,  2183. 
Wordnor,  Ida.,  fire,  4293. 
Wordsworth,     Christopher,    b.     (1808i:) ; 
elected  bishop,  OjSS;  d.  (1885), 

,  John,  cons,  bishop,  9922. 

,  William,  b.,  9183;  works,  927',  933', 

937', 9563;  poet  laureate,  9523;  d.,  9562, 

■ Society  forme.l,  London,  9862, 

Work,  ten  hours  legal  day's,  1632;    eight 

hours,  263' . 
Working  cbisses  restless,  Eng.,  859' . 

Girls  Clubs,  conven.,  2563,  4583. 

Workiugmen,  Gong,  at  Brussels,  545' . 

,  New  Eng.  Association,  159' . 

Workingmen's  Asso.,  Internat.,  9672,977'. 

Benevolent  .\8so.  orders  strike,  273' . 

Club  and  Institute  Union  est.,  9663, 

9883. 

- —  College  est.  London,  Cambridge,  959' , 
9703. 

dwellings  protected,  9773. 

Exhibition,  International,  974' . 

International  Association  demonstra- 
tion. Am.,  2772;  crushed  in  Fr.,  7463, 

^—  International  Conference,  7543, 

—  Organization  appears,  1372, 

—^ticket  appears,  1372;  Party  reorgan- 
ized, 2983, 


Working-women's  Bill,  Fr.,  7592, 

College  begmi,  9682. 

Workman,  Mr.,  gift  of,  5883. 

Workmen,  in  Fr.  army,  7312;  compulsory 
funds,  Ger.,  8323. 

Workmen's    International    Congress    at 
Lausanne,  11383. 

. Congress,  International  Social,  Ber- 
lin, 835'. 

. meetings,  Belg.,  547' . 

Nat'l  presidential  conven.,  279' . 

Peace  Asso.  meets,  London,  9752. 

Social  Education  League  fmd.,  9843. 

Works  of  Learned  issued,  8983. 

Workshop  Ilegulation  Act  passes,  9703. 

World's  Agricultural  Cong,  opens,  4413. 

World's  Columbian  Exposition,  Chicago; 
finances,  3473,  3493,  3513,  3912,  4033, 
413', 2,  4193,  427';  legislation,  349', 
3532,355', 2,  357', 2,  3713 ,3771,  3812,  3912, 
3993,  401',  403',  413',  427';  location, 
3513,  3623,  3532;  site,  3653,3693;  Sun- 
day opening  ditlioulty,  370' ,  3722,  391', 
3972,  4022,  4032,  4012,  4072,  4103.  4112,3, 
4143,  419',  429',  4302,3,  4322,3,  4342,3; 
liquor  selling,  4112;  incorporated  and 
org.,  3573;  commission  org.,  3632,3693; 
George  K.  Davis,  director-general,  3693; 
women  managers  organize,  3712;  presi- 
dent's proclamation,  3733;  non-union 
labor,  3763;  Italians  fear  union  men, 
3782;  J.  A.  Scott,  pres.  board  directors, 
3813;  directors'  banquet,  3923;  direc- 
tory reelects  Pres.  Baker,  4053;  Texas 
declines  part,  4113;  memorial  half-dol- 
lars, 4132,  4193;  dedicated;  Mr.  Cleve- 
land absent,  417', 3;  Ada  Kehan  statue 
cast,  426' ;  Columbian  Guards  strike, 
4283 ;  gates  closed  Sunday ;  opened ; 
Woman's  Building  finisheci,  429';  ex- 
hibitors time  extended,  4292;  admis- 
sions ;  directorate  otlicers  elected ; 
Spanish  caravels  arrive,  4293,  4333  ; 
"Theo.  Thomas  resigns,  430' ;  Judiciary 
Committee's  report  accepted,  4303  ; 
Sunday  attendance,  431',4;i23;  English 
and  Italian  exhibits  ;  floor  breaks  ;  for- 
eign exhibitors  withdraw  ;  gates  closed 
Sunday ;  Swiss  exhibit  clo^d,  4313  ; 
Gladstone's  statue,  432';  German  day 
attendance,  4322;  battle  of  Bunker  Hill 
eel.,  4323;  Independence  Day;  Liberty 
Bell  dedicated,  433' ;  lace  missing  ;  com- 
pleted ;  admission  payments;  lire;  Pres. 
Palmer  resigns  ;  R.K.  rates,  4333;  Edi- 
toi'ial  Day;  cold  storage  warehouse  fire  ; 
open  all  Sundays,  4;J43;  Sunday  attend- 
ance, 435',  438' ,  4393;  attendance,  4353; 
Cadets'  lawn  party ;  Jewish  Cong.  ; 
Peace  Cong.,  4362;  live  stock  exhibit, 
4373  :  Pari,  of  Religion,  438' ;  Odd  Fel- 
lows day,  4383;  artisans  arrive,  4392; 
Chicago  day;  Public  School  day,  4402; 
Am.  Bankers'  Asso.  Conven.  ;  Mary 
Washington  day,  4403;   duties  remitted; 

fovernraents  thanked,  4412;  large  pro- 
ts,  4413;  Midway  Plaisance  flgbt,  4422; 
admissions  ;  cities  represented  by  may- 
ors; close,  4432;  statistics,  4433;  assets 
shrinking,  4453;  buildings  burned,  4493, 
4513,  4.533,  4653;  dividend  to  stockhold- 
ers, 4513;  Columbian  Guards  strike, 
453',  4553;  Field  Columbian  Museum 
deilicated,  460' ;  Fr.  Republic  vs.  U.  S. 
World's  F.air,  4612;  Salvage  Co.  claim 
for  damage,  4073. 
— —   Exhibition,  Antwerp,  5493. 

Industrial  Cotton  Exposition  opened, 

3193. 

Peace  Jubilee  celebrated,  278'  ,3. 

Students*  Conf.  closes,  4342, 

Sunday  School  Conven,  opd,,  10002, 

W,  G.  T.  U.  org.,  315'. 

Worlingham,  Baron,  title  created,  945' . 
Worm,  Olaus,  b.-d.,  6.362. 

Worms,  Ger.,  fnd.,  7692;  plundered  ;  re- 
built, 7693  ;  Mayfleld  assembly,  7713  ; 
Diet  deposes  Gregory,  775';  Concordat, 
7763;  battle,  780' ;  Imperial  Diet,  7873; 
Diet  of,  7883,  7893;  taken,  796';  occu- 
pied, 798' ;  retaken,  806';  Luther  mon- 
ument, 825' ;  flooded,  830' . 

Wormwood,  Scrubbs,  Eng.,  experiments 
in  atmospheric  railways,  952' . 

Wornum,  Ralph  Nicholson,  b.,  9363;  d. 
(1877). 

Worsaai,  Jens  Jacob  ABmussen,-b.,  6382; 
d.,  642'. 

Worship,  ancient  Egyptian,  6463. 


Worship  of  ancestors,  forbidden ;  toler- 
ated, 6143. 
Worsley,  subterranean  canals  completed, 

916'. 
Worsted,  first  spun,  858' . 

Bill  passed,  3573,  3593, 

Worth,  Alsace,  battle  of,  738' . 

,  Jonathan,  b.  (1802);  gov.  N,  C,  2493, 

251';  d.  (1869). 

,  Win.  Jenkins, b.,  1042;  captures  Sal- 

tillo,  1602  ;    at  Chapultepec,  1622  ;  at 
Molino  del  Rey,  1622;    d.,  1662;  shaft 
unveiled,  182' . 
Worthington,  George,  b.  (1848)  ;  cons.  P, 
E,  bp.,  3202. 

,  N.  E.,  strike  investigation,  4662. 

,  Richard,  embezzler,  4642. 

,  Thomas,  b.  (1773)  ;  gov.  O.,  123»  ;  d. 

(1327). 
Wotton,  Sir  Henry,  b.,  8722;  work,  8883; 
d.,  8822. 

,  WilUam,  b.  (1666) ;  d.  9063. 

Wou  Sankwei,  leads  rebellion,  6142,6163. 

W^oukai  enthroned,  6112. 

Woulfe,  Peter,  scientific  lectures,  916' ;  <i, 

(1806). 
Wounded  Knee  Creek,  S.  Dak.,  battle, 

3741 ;  Col.  Forsjth  exonerated,  378' . 
Wouters,  Franyois,  b.,  5403;  d.,  541' , 
W^outing  enthroned,  6II2. 
Woutsong,  against  religions,  6123. 
Wou-Wang  dynasty  est.;  divides  country, 

6112. 
Wouy  enthroned,  6II2. 
TVoyenthin,  mission,  11242. 
Wrangel,   Ct.    Karl    Gustav  von,   b.-d., 
11342;oppresses  Danes,636'  ;commander, 
796' ;  general,  5122. 

,  Baron  Friedrich  Heinrich  Ernst  von, 

b.  (1784);  at  Danewerk,  610' ;  in  Berlin, 
816' ;  at  Susniarchausen,  7962;  at  Eck- 
ernforde  ;  in  Holsteiu,  0402;  d.  (1871). 

Land,  possession  of,  3092. 

Wrangell,  Ferdinand  Petrovitch  von,  b,, 

11162;  d.,  11182. 

Wraxall,  Sir  Nathaniel  Wm.,  b.  (1751);  d,, 
9442. 

Wray,  Sir  Christopher,  chief  justice,  8753, 

W'rede,  Karl  I'hilipp,  Prince,  b.  803' ;  at 
Hanau,  7202;  d.,  8143. 

Wren,  Sir  Christopher,  b.,  8822;  completes 
cathedral,  9042;  d.,9062. 

Wrexham,  W.,  miners  riot,  989' ,9943;  col- 
liery explosion,  10013. 

■Wright,  Arthur  Williams,  b.,  1462;  pro- 
duces ozone,  280' . 

,  Ashley  B.,  b,,  1522, 

,  Austin  J.,  pork  conspiracy,  4163, 

,  Capt.,  near  Lebanon,  200' . 

,  Capt.,  settlement  Australia,  495' . 

,  Carroll  Davidson,  b.  (1840);  commis- 
sioner of  Labor,  3363;  in  labor  dept., 
3512,  4473;  investigation,  4662;  in  mt. 
dept.,  4472, 

,  Elizur,  b.,  1122;  d.,  3202. 

,  Frances,  b.,  9263;  d.,  9682. 

,  Geo.  Fred.,  b.,  1502;  work,  3963,4203. 

,  Horatio  Gouveriieur,  b.,  1303;  at  Cold 

Harbor,  234';  at  Weldon  It.  K.,  2343; 
defense  of  Washington,  236';  Army  of 
Shenandoah,  237' ;  at  Cedar  Creek,239' ; 
at  Petersburg.  2443, 

,  J.  H.,  d.,  476'. 

,  Sir  James,  b.  (1714+);  gov.  Ga.,  732; 

d.  (1786). 

,  John,  gunpowder  plot,  8792. 

,  Jos.,  b.  (1756);  John  Jay,  98' ;  d.(1793). 

, Albert,  b.  (1810);  gov.  Ind.,  167' ; 

d.  (1867). 

, P.,  commissioned  colonel,  458' . 

,  Major,  defeats  Confederates,  200' . 

,  Marcus  J.,  General  A'co/f,  479'. 

,  Myron,  b.,  1623. 

,  Sir  Nathan,  b.   (1663);  lord  keeper, 

9013,  9032;  d.  (1721). 

,  Patience,  sculptor,  662. 

,  Richard,  in  Philadelphia,  763. 

,  Sir  Robert,  chief  justice,  8973. 

,  Silas,  b.   (1795);  leads  Barnburners, 

165' ;  gov.  N.  Y.,  1592;  d.,  1623. 

,  Strethiil,  electrophone  inv.,9662. 

, 'Tliomas,   b.,  935';   William  Cowpert 

10082;  d.,  9822. 

,  William,  b.,  9442. 

Wriotheslev,  Henry,  E.  of  Southampton, 
b.,  8742;  imprisoned,  8813;  d.  (1624). 

,  Thomas,  lord  chancellor,  8693;  min- 
ister, 8712. 

Wrlsberg,  Heinrich  A.,  b.,  8002;  d.,  8083. 


1452 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        \ri  DEX.       Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


Writ-Yeat. 


Writing    invented,     6502;    alphabetical, 

found,  11402. 
Wrottesley,  Baron,  title  created,  945 » . 

,  Baron,  John,  b.,  9283;  d.  (1867). 

Wsewolod  I.,  expels  Isialaw;  duke,  1113*. 

II.,  Duke  of  Kieff,  11133. 

lU.,  Grand  Duke  of  Vladimir,  1116'. 

Wuchang  mission,  6203,  621 1 ,  6222. 
Wuhu,  Cliina,  governor  removed,  6252; 

mission, 6242;mis8ionaries  attacked,625i . 

Wulfere,  King,  founds  abbey,  8423. 

Wulfred,  arclibp.  Canterbury,  8442. 

Wunderlich,  Karl  August,  b.,  8103;  d., 
8282. 

Wundt,  Wilhelm  Max,  b.,  8142. 

Wupperthal  mission,  5982. 

■WurraBer,Count  Dagobert  Sigismund  von, 
b.,5143;  at  Kovedere,  712';  at  Mann- 
heim, 7102;  capitulates,  712';  at  Weis- 
senburg,  806';  d.,519i. 

WUrtemberg,  Ger.;  B.  of  Weinsberg,  776' ; 
Welfs  defeated,  778'  ;  Diet  of,  7792  ;  ulm 
besieged,  780' ;  Eberhard  againstSwabia, 
7802  ;  Stuttgart  mentiouetl,  781' ;  county 
of,  7813  ;  Ulm  cathedr.al  fnd.,  7822  ;  B. 
of  Reutlingen,  of  Dotfingen,  784'  ;  Swa- 
bian  City  League  est..  7852  ;  Univ.  of 
Tubingen  fnd.,  787' ;  Esslingen  under 
Baden ;  Albert  111.,  margrave,  John 
III. ;  Stuttgart,  capital ;  Great  Swabian 
League  fmd.,  7872  ;  ducliy  est. ;  Eber- 
hard I.,  D. ;  Eberhard  II.,  D. ;  Uric, 
D. ;  Poor  Conrad  conspiracy,  7873;  Peas- 
ants' War,  788' ;  Albert  a  Protestant, 
789' ;  Protestant  league,  7923  ;  Chris- 
topher, D.,  793' ;  Louis,  1). ;  Fred.  I.,D.; 
John  Fred.,  D.,  7933  ;  Eberhard  III.,  I)., 
7952  ;  League  of  Heilbronn  ;  Peace  of 
Prague,  7953  ;  Fr.  invade,  796'  ;  Wm. 
Louis,  D. ;  Eberhard  Louis,  D.,  7973  ; 
Maximilian  takes  Ulm ;  Fr.  invasion, 
793'  ;  duke  turns  Catholic  ;  Cbas.  Alex., 
D. ;  Chas.  Eugene,  D.,  8012;  Louis  Eu- 

fene,  D.,  8073  ;  niado  an  electorate,  809' ; 
'red.  I.,  D. ;  Fred.  II.,  D. ;  cedes  terri- 
tory to  Fr. ;  leaves  Confed.  of  Rhine, 
7212;  Fred.  II.,  king,  ,8092;  in  G.  Con- 
federation, 8113  ;  leaves  Confederation, 
8112;  Wm.  I.,  king  ;  representative  gov't, 
8113  ;  serfdom  abolished,  8132  ;  work- 
men's schools  est.,  S163  ;  4  parties  ;  rep- 
resentatives resign,  8I72  ;  favors  Con- 
federate revision,  819' ;  disperses  Rump 
Pari.,  5232 ;  against  Prus.,  8192  ;  con- 
cordat with  Rome,  821' ;  allv  of  Aust., 
822' ;  Chas.  I.,  king,  823' ;  Peace  with 
Prus.,  825' ;  pays  indemnity  to  Prns., 
8252  ;  joins  N.  Ger.  Confederation,  8272; 
Pr.  William  shot,  833' . 

,  Prince  of,  at  H.alle,  716' . 

,  Duchess  of,  d.,  7282. 

Wurtz,  Charles  Adolphe,  b.,7223  ;  d.,7542. 

,  Henry,  b.,  1362. 

Wurttemberglsche  Nebenstmiden,  799' . 

Wiirzburg,  'Ger.,  battle  at,  5182  ;  bom- 
barded ;  Prussians  enter,  5262 ;  Diet 
assemblies,  7773,7792;  witclies  punished, 
795',  8012;  Bavaria  receives,  809' ;  occu- 
pied, 8242  ;  citadel  bombarded,  8243. 

,  Johannes  von,  work,  7823. 

Wu-slish-shan  mob,  6223. 

Wuttke,  Heinrich,  b.,  8122  ;  <l.,  8282. 

Wyandotes,  expedition  against,  943;  mis- 
sionary for,  1282,  1303. 

Wyandotte,  Kan.,  State  convention,  1852. 

,  Mich.,  Salvationists  attacked,  4162. 

Wyant,  Alex.  H.,  b.  (1836) ;  d.,  418' . 

,  E.  L.,  member  of  the  National  Acad- 
emy of  Design,  268' . 

Wyatt,  Sir  Francis,  governor,  303,  312, 
353 ;  d.  (1644). 

,  James, b., 9103  ;  Pantheon opd., 9182; 

Lee  Priory  erected,  9222  ;  FonthiU  Ab- 
bey, 9262  ;  pres.  Royal  Acad.,  9322  ;  d., 
9363. 

,  John,  executed,  8703. 

, ,  wins  prize,  966' . 

,  Matthew  Digby,  b.,  9403  ;  d.,  9822. 

,  Sir  Thomas,  b..    866';    work,  869'; 

leads  rebellion,  870' ;  opposes  royal 
treaty,  8712  ;  executed,  8682,  870' ,  8713. 

Wycherly,  William,  b.,  8842;  works,  893' ; 
d.,  9042. 

Wyclif  (or  Wycliffe),  John,  b.-d.,  8562 ; 
writings  discussed,  5062  ;  summoned  to 
Ijondon,  8533  ;  doctrines  ;  denies  tran- 
substantiation  ;  translation  of  Bible  ; 
works  ;  escapes  martyrdom  ;  followers 
persecuted,  8602;  bones  burned,  8O22. 


Wycotf ,  Isaac  Newton,  b.  (1792);  pres.  Ref. 
Synod,  1483  ;  d.  (1869). 

Wycombe,  lEng.,  Roya  Military  College, 
9292. 

Wykeham  founders,  9913, 

■Wykeham,  William  of,  b.-d.,  8562. 

Wylie  Station,  Tex.,  agent  arrested,  4743. 

Wyllie,  Sir  William,  d.,  1006' . 

Wyllys,  Geo.,  b.  (1570±) ;  gov.  Conn.,  373  ; 
d.  (1645). 

Wyinan,  Andrew  A.,  d.,  476' . 

— '-,  .James,  guilty  of  extortion,  4003. 

,  Jeffries,  b.,  1232  ;  sanitary  commis- 
sioner, 197';  d.,  '2842. 

,  Walter,  in  treas.  dept.,  4472. 

Wynants,  Jan,  b.-d.,  10983. 

Wynford,  Baron,  title  created,  9412. 

Wyndham,  Thomas,  lord  lieut.,  9073. 

,  Sir  William,  b.,  9462  ;  d.  (1740). 

Wynn,  C.  W.  W.,  minister,  9432,3. 

Wynne,  Frederick  Richards,  cons,  bishopi 

10102. 

Wyoming,  Pa.,  massacre,  883  ,  avenged, 
89';  tornado,  366'. 

State  ;  Meth.  Epis.  Conf.  org.,  1702  ; 

Daily  Argus  issued ;  Rocky  Mountain 
Star  issued,  2583  ;  gold  dis.,  260' ,  336' ; 
territory  org.,  2633  ;  coal  dis.,  264' ;  John 
A.  Campbell,  gov.  (1869) ;  John  M. 
Thayer  (1875) ;  Yellowstone  Park  est., 
276' ,  2773  ;  female  suffrage  permitted, 
•297';  John  M.  Hoyt,  gov.  (1879);  Wm. 
Hale  (1883) ;  F.  E.  Warren  (1885) ;  Thomas 
Moonlight  (1887);  W.  Univ.  opd.,  3263: 
female  suffrage  est.,  3293 ;  Deaf  and 
Dumb  school  opd.,  3332  ;  state  admitted, 
337',  349',  3.552,  363',  Constitutional 
Conven. called,  3412;  Cheyenne,  capital, 
3452  ;  constitution  ratifled,  3483  ;  F.  E. 
Warren,  governor  Ter.,3492;  Excelsior 
Geyser  active,  364' ,  466' ;  1st  State  Con- 
vention, 367' ;  1st  State  gov.  elected,  F. 
E.  Warren,  3(X)';  Forest  Reservation 
est.,  3812 ;  Indians  cede  reservation, 
3933  ;  ranchmen  shot,  3963  ;  cattlemen's 
disturbances,  404' ,  cattle  thieves,  4<M3 ; 
cowboys  subside,  4122  ;  president's  pro- 
clamation, 413' ;  John  E.  Osborne,  gov., 
4192, 4472  ;  desperados  killed,  421 ' ;  Amos 
W.  Barber,  gov.  (1892),  Wm.  A.  Rich- 
ards (1895) ;  blizzard,  4.54' . 

Wyae,  L.  N.  Bonaparte,  b.,  7283  ;  reports 
to  Panama  Canal  Commission,  7613. 

Wysocki,  Joseph,  insurrectionist,  1118'; 

(1.,  11182. 

,  Peter,  b.,  11162  ;  d.,  11163. 

Wythe,  George,  602  ;  d.,  11'23. 
Wytheville,  Va.,  action  at,  225' ;  Confeds. 

defeated,  2323 ;  Confed.  stores  destroyed, 

2452. 
Wzehod,  Vict.  Com.  de.  Art  of  Governing, 

5083. 


Xanthippe,  asteroid,  discovered,  5282. 

Xanthippe,  b.,  1021'. 

Xantbippus,  commander,  10183  ;  in  Afr., 
10262  ;  aids  Carthaginians  ;  defeats  Ro- 
mans, 10523. 

Xanthus,  taken,  1146' . 

Xavier,  St.  Francis,  b.-d.,  11263  ;  in  Goa, 
India,  10432  ;  in  China,  6143  ;  in  Japan, 
1091'. 

,  Silva,  conspiracy,  555' . 

Xeiiia,  O.,  waterspout,  3*222. 

,  Grand  Duchess  marries,  11223. 

Xenocrates,  b.-d.,  1023'. 

Xenophanes,  founder  of  Eleatic  school, 
10163. 

Xenophon,  b.-d.,  1021';  works,  1019'; 
leader,  1022'. 

Xeres  (or  Jerez  de  la  Frontera),Anarchist8 
attack,  1133'. 

Xerxes,  the  Great,  b.-d.,  11062  ;  reigns  in 
Egypt,  6513  ;  reigns,  1107' ,  11472  ;  enters 
Greece  ;  in  Mysia  ;  commander,  1018' ; 
losses  ;  non-resistance  in  Gr. ;  retreats, 
10182;heraldsof,10192;  murdered,  11073. 

II.,  Sogdianus,  reigns,  11473  ;  mur- 
dered, 11072. 

Xeaibeland  invaded,  6022. 

Xlmena,  French  defeated,  7182. 

Ximenes,  Francisco,  b.-d.,  11263  ;  Crestia, 
1127';  regent,  11293. 

de  Queseda,  Gonsalo,  b.  (1495+) ;   in 

New  Granada,  20' ;  d.  (after  1576). 

Xoite,  dynasty  at,  6473. 

Xylander,  Wilhelm,  b.,  7902  ;  d.,  7922. 


Y. 

Yacht  race,  4693.     (See  also   names  of 

competing  yachts.) 
Yaculjbin-Leis,  gov.  Bokhara,  649' . 
Yadkin,  N.  C,  tight  at  the,  93' . 
Yadrintsef,  Nikolai  M.,  d.,  11'22' . 
Yaliuar-Huaccac,  Inca,  reigns,  133. 
Yakima,  Wash.,  Coxeyites  trouble,  458*. 

Beg,  ruler  China,  6213  ;  assassinated, 

622'. 

Yakoob,  in  Afghanistan,  52,3  ;  gov.;  abdi- 
cates ;  treaty  with,  63. 
Yakoub  takes  Tripoli,  1138' . 
Yakub  Ebn  Seis  founds  dynasty,  487'. 
Yale,  Pa.,  fatal  fight,  4663. 
,  Elihu,  b.,  38' ;  d.,  60' . 

University,  college  cliartered ;  opd.; 

A.  Pierson,  rector  ;  tirst  student,  543; 
T.  Cutler,  rector  ;  moved  to  New  Haven, 
583;  Elisha  Williams,  rector ,603;  against 
Whiteflold;  Thomas  Clap,  pres.,  65'; 
Napbtali  Daggett,  pres.,  743 ;  Ezra  Stilea, 
pres.,  89';  observatory  erected,  138', 
312';  alumni  endowment,  1403;  Y.  Lit- 
erary Magazine  appears,  1463;  Theo.  D. 
Woolsey,  pres.,  161';  endowment  in- 
creased, 173' ;  School  of  Fine  Arts  opd., 
254';  Noah  Porter,  pres.,  2763;  Bona- 
parte publications  presented,  341'  ;  Prof. 
Loomis's  gift,  3443;  Moody's  religious 
services,  M82;  systematic  Bible  study, 
347' ;  B.  Cath.  Club  fmd.,  3482;  Osborne 
Hall  dedicated,  3503;  Cornell  freshmen 
defeated,  3623;  gift  of  Mrs.  Osborne, 
383' ;  cap  and  gown  adopted,  3842;  first 
woman  admitted,  3862;  post-graduate 
courses  for  both  sexes,  4022;  gymnasium 
built,  422';  Soc.  of  iN'aturalists  meet, 
446'. 

Yaloo  River,  naval  battle ;  troops  land, 
6263. 

Yamashina,  Prince,  in  D.  C,  473' . 

Yamaska,  earthquake,  596' . 

Yamato-Dake  reigns,  10912. 

Yancey,  Wm.  Lowndes,  b.,  1232;  d.,  2272. 

Yang-Chau(Yangchow),mission-nouses  de- 
stroyed, 621';  mission,  6212;  redress 
declined,  6213. 

Yang  Keen  d.,  6122. 

Yangkia  enthroned,  6112. 

Yang-tse  valley,  Eng.  attack,  6272. 

Yang-tse-Kiang  (Yellow  River),  British  as- 
cend,6162;  Chinese  settle,611 ' ;  dikes  cut, 
6142. 

Yangti,  expedition  of,  612' ;  builds  canals  ; 
library  gift,  6122;  enthroned;  levies 
laborers,  6123;  assassinated,  6122,3. 

Yankee  captures  Thames,  1202. 

Doodle  sung,  912,  9132. 

Yankton,  S.  Dak.,  made  capital  of  Dak., 
2173;  Insane  Asylum  at.,  317'. 

College  opened,  3123. 

Yao,  the  Great,  abstainer,  -6103;  en- 
throned; improvements,  611', 3. 

Yara,  insurrection,  633' . 

Yarborough,  E.  of,  title  created,  945' . 

Yard  measure  formed,  8482. 

Yarimar,  Prince,  at  Copenhagen,  636'. 

Yarmouth  destroys  Randolph,  882. 

Yarmouth,  Eng.,  Nelson  pillar  erected, 
938';  bridge  falls,  9533;  riots,  957';  dis- 
franchised, 9703 ;  Aquarium  and  Winter 
Garden  opened,  980' . 

,  Mass.,  anniversary,  3453. 

Yaroslav,  Russkvaia  Pravda,  1113' ;  d., 
(1054). 

Yaroslavez,  contest  at,  7183. 

Yarrell,  William,  b.,  9223;  d.,  9603. 

Yarriba.    (See  text,  p.  1161.) 

Yates,  Edmund  Hodgson,  b.,9442;  works, 
9683;  d.,  1012'. 

,  .Joseph,  governor  N.  Y.,  1312. 

,  Richard,   b.   (181S) ;    gov.   111.,  2032; 

sends  troops  to  Cairo,  194';  appoints 
Grant^l942;  d.  (1873). 

Fazoo  sinks,  3133. 

Yazoo  City,  Miss.,  disunion  meetings, 
169';  Cairo  blown  up,  2162;  taken  by 
Federals,  222' ;  Confeds.  defeated,  2302; 
riots,  289';  fire,  3493. 

country.  Miss.,  Spain  evacuates,  1092. 

Pass,  Miss.,  action  at ;  levee  cut,  2183. 

Yeamans,  Sir  John,  b.  (16051) ;  in  N.  C, 
43', 2;  Intro,  slavery,  45';  gov.,  452;  d. 
(1676±). 

VeariUey,  Geo.,  b.  (1580±)  ;  gov.  Va.,  292, 
3,312;  d.,  30'. 

Yeatinen,  W.  H.,  consecrated  bp.,  10003. 


i 


Yedd-Zald. 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        INDKX.        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column. 


1453 


Yeddo,  Jap.,  first  theater  opd.;  ruinous 
earthquake,  10911;  free  hospital  est., 
10912;  opd.  to  traue,  10922;  sugar-caue 
Intro.,  10912;  important  city,  10913.  (See 
Tokyo.) 

Yeh,  captive,  6182;  joins  army ;  rewarded, 
6262;  degraded,  6263. 

Yelizavetgrad,  Kug.,  anti-Semitic  riots, 
11222. 

Yell,  Archibald,  b.  (1797) ;  gov.  Ark.,  1631 ; 
d.  (1847). 

Yellow  Bayou,  La.,  Confeds.  repulsed, 
2331. 

Creek,  Mo.,  Confeds.  defeated,  2103. 

fever,  in  Phila.,  S-iS,  733,  1053,  1U3; 

inN.  C,  573;  in  S.C.,  633,1273;  in  W.  I., 
653.  673;  in  Havana,  6313;  in  New  York, 
1033,  1073,  1133,  2593,  4372;  in  U.  S., 
lOi'3;  in  Baltimore,  1113;  in  Southern 
States,  1273,  2993;  at  Natchez,  Miss., 
1313;  in  Xew  Orleans,  1333,  1733,1752,3, 
2593;  great  sums  raised,  1732;  in  Vicks- 
burg,  1752;  at  Portsmouth  and  Norfolk, 
Va.,  1773;  in  La.,  2993;  at  Jacksonville, 
3313;  panic,  Pensacola,  Fla.,  4353;  in 
Brunswick,  Ga.,  4393;  appears,  Brazil, 
6553;  rages,  5.')73,  5593,  5603;  in  Halifax, 
Can.,  5873;  in  Aspinwall,  6293;  in  Spain, 
11311. 

Medicine  Birer,  Minn.,  Indian  battle, 

2141. 

Springs,  O.,  Antioch  Coll.  org.,  1723. 

Tavern,  Va.,  cavalry  battle,  2331 . 

Yellowstone  Nat.  Park,  Wyo.,  est.,  2761 , 
2773,  4072;  geyser  active,  36J1 ,  4661 ;  elk 
and  buffalos  destroyed,  4541 . 

Yellville,  Ark.,  salt-works  destroyed,  2163. 

Yemen,  invasion,  483i ;  monarchy  est., 
4832;  overthrown,  4833;  monarchy  ab- 
sorbed, 4851 ;  revolt,  4881 ,  11531 . 

Yemenites,  expel  Turks,  4861 ;  est.  king- 
dom, 4873. 

Yen  Cliing,  ambassador,  in  N.  Y.,  4613. 

Yenell,  George  Henry,  b.,  1382. 

Yenta,  made  prince,  6152. 

Yeola,  religious  riots,  10193. 

Yeomans,  James  D.,  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission,  4473. 

,  .John  William,  b.  (1800) ;  moderator, 

1902;  d.  (1863). 

Yeou  Wang  enthroned,  611 2. 

Yepez,  Gen.,  overthrows  ConservatiTes, 
6443. 

Yermuk,  action  at,  10302. 

Yewell,  George  Henry,  b.  (1830) ;  in  Nat. 
Academy  of  Design,  3061 , 

Yezdegerd  Era  begins,  11073. 

1.,  reigns,  11072;  conquers  Armenia, 

11061. 

H.  reigns,  11072. 

• III.,  reigns,  11072;  d.,  1106». 

Yezid  I.,  calil,  4852;  in  Egy.,  6552. 

II.,  calif,  4852. 

IlL,  calif;  d.,  4852. 

YIndaawango  action,  Burmese  war,  10482. 

Yingtse  mission,  6212. 

Ying  Wang  enthroned,  6131 . 
Yngavi,  battle  at,  5501 . 

Yngtsong,  captured ;  restored,  6152;  mur- 
dered, 0151. 

Yoe-Duc,  king,  4831 . 

Yokio,  Heishiro  assassinated,  10921 . 

Yokohama,  .Jap.,  mission,  10921  ^2;  floods, 
10921;  flshing-place ;  destroyed  by  Are; 
Y.  and  Tokyo  Railroad,  10922;  Internat. 
Exliibition  opened,  10923. 

Yondu,  colliery  explosion,  10O93. 

Yonge,  Charles,  Duke,  b.,  9363. 

,  Charlotte  Mary,  b.,  9403. 

Yonghai,  Ire.,  riots.,  9971. 

Yonfflo,  encourages  literature ;  d.,  6142. 

Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  Salvationists  arrested, 
3562;  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  monument, 
3861 ,  3901 . 

Yoriiye  reigns,  10912. 

Yoritomo,  reigns  ;  generalissimo ;  con- 
quests ;  d.,  10912. 

York,  Can.    (See  Toronto.) 

,  Eng.,  archbishopric    erected,    8402; 

center  of  European  learning ;  school  ana 
library  est. ,8431 ;  St.  Mary's  Abbey  fmd., 
8463;  burned,  8481 ;  fire,M93;  chartered, 
8611 ;  Guildhall  erected,  8622;  taken.8841 ; 
bridge  falls,  9653;  Fine  Arts  Exhibition 
opened,  9841;  Royal  Agricultural  Soo. 
meets,  9901 ;  bishop  appointed,  10682. 

— ^,  Me.,  Indians  attack,  521 . 

— — ,  House  of,  reigns,  8651 . 

Minster,  Eng.,  erected,  8502. 


York,  Duke  of,  Frederick  Augustus,  b., 
9162 ;  at  Valenciennes,  708 1 ;  at  Dunkirk  ; 
at  Bois-le-Duc  ;  at  Nimeguen,  7101 ;  in 
duel,  9252;  recalled  from  Holl.;  com- 
mander-in-chief,  9261 ;  at  Alkmar,  7123; 
capt.-gen.  ;  surrenders,  9282  ;  cliarges 
against,  9352  ;  acquitted,  9353  ;  com- 
mander-in-chief, 9342;  as  prince  regent, 
9353;  defeated  at  M<mtmirail,7202;  lord 
justice,  9413;  d.,  9423,  9432. 

,  George,  B.  of,  b.  969' ;  marries,  I0101 . 

,  Patrick,  hired  to  kill  queen,  8773. 

College    (U.  Breth.),  org.  at  York, 

Neb.  (1890). 

River,  Va.,  burn  gunboats,  2063. 

Yorke,  Charles,  Lord  Morden,  b.,  9062; 
lord  chancellor,  9193. 

, ,  E.  of  Hardwicke,  b.,  9183;  lord 

lieut.,9312;  lord  admiralty,  9332;  min- 
ister 9592  9632. 

,  p'hilip.Earl  of  Hardwicke,  b.,  8982  ; 

chief  justice;  lord  chanc, 9093;  d.,Sil62. 
Yorkshire,  Eng.,  inundated,  8962,  918I ; 
petition  in  Parliament,  9213;  Philosoph- 
ical Soc.  org.,  9401 ;  Coll.  of  Science  opd., 
9783,  9801;  earthquake,  9921;  miners 
strike,  9811;  Inst,  opd.,  9923  ;  colliers 
strike,  9931 ;  riots,  1011 1 . 
Yorktown  captures  Avery^  1202. 

sails,  3961. 

Yorktown,  Va.,  Brit,  forces  concentrate, 
942;    siege,  943;    Brit,   surrender,  952, 
9202;  news  of  victory,  952;  siege  begun, 
2061 ;  action  ;  Johnston  commands,  2062; 
Confeds.  evacuate,  2063;  memorial, 3051 ; 
anniversary  eel.,  3093. 
Yosemite  Valley  a  national  park,  2351 . 
Yoshiake,  shogun,  10913. 
Yoshikage  dejKJses  Yoshiake,  10913. 
Yoshimoto  defeated,  10911. 
Y'oshimune  shogun,  10913. 
Yoshitsune  reigns,  10912. 
Youan  Wang  enthroned,  6112. 
You-Kiang  attacked,  6183. 
Youmans,  Edward  Livingstone,  b.,  1301 ; 

d.,  3261 . 
Young,  Alex.,  b.  (1800);  moderator,  2291 ; 
d.  (1854),  3801 . 

,  Allen,  polar  expedition,  9801 , 

,  Arthur,  b.,  9103;  Travels  in  France, 

9271  *  d.  9403. 

,  c'ol.A.  W.',  gov.  P.  E.  Island,  5792. 

,  Bennett  H.,  raids  St.  Alliaus,  2391 . 

,  Brigham,  b.,  II01 ;  pres.  of  Mormons, 

1571;  leader,  1582;  in  Utah,  1623;  gov. 
Utah,  1692;  u.  S.  justice  ignored,  1771  j 
forbids  U.  S.  force  to  enter ;  removed, 
1831;  indicted  (or  treason,  1832;  Mor- 
mons rebel  against,  2691;  approves 
woman  suffrage,  271 1 ;  arrested  ;  escapes 
trial,  2743  ;  surrenders,  2772  ;  bigamy 
proceedings  aimulled,  2783 ;  resigns  tem- 
poral power,  2802;  indicted,  2871 ;  sup- 
ports wife,  2883 ;  d.,2961. 

,  Capt.,  at  Dunksburg,  Mo.,  2003. 

,  Charles  Augustus,  b.,  1422. 

Czech  party  rejected,  5293 ;  agitation  ; 

excluded;  protest,  5371. 

,  Edward,  b.,  8962;  works,  9063,9111, 

9171;  d.,  9163. 

,  Edward  Daniel,  b.  (1831) ;  search  for 

Livingstone,  5611 . 

,  George  Paxton,  b.  (1818) ;  d.,  5861 . 

,  Sir  Henry  Fox,  gov.,  497 1 . 

,  James, uses  type-composing  machine, 

9502;  paraflin  from  mineral  oil,  9541 . 

,  John,  Puritan  church  organizer,  362. 

, ,  b.  (1802)  ;  gov.,  1613;  d.  (1852). 

,  Sir ,  b.  (1807) ;  gov.  N.  S.  Wales, 

4972;  gov.-gen.  Can.,  6832;  d.  (1876). 

,  John  Clark,b.(1803);  moderator,  1723; 

d.  (1857). 

, Freeman,  b.  (1820) ;  cons.  P.  E. 

bishop,  2582;  d.,  3202. 

,  Matthew,  b.,  9123;  d.,  9303. 

Men's  Christian  Asso.  org.,  1683  -est. 

in  N.  Y.,  1702;  Internat.  Assembly,  D.C., 
2742;  Railroad  Y.  M.  C.  A.  anniversary, 
3322;  35th  anniversary,  Brooklyn,  3342; 
conven.inPhila.,3383;  in  Kan.  City  ;  In- 
ternat. Conven.,  3831 ;  in  Indianapolis, 
4301;  World's  Cong.,  Chicago,  4401;  in 
Paris,  7323;  in  Amsterdam,  11022;  in  Lon- 
don,10121  ;org.  inLondon,Can.,5783;  org. 
in  Montreal,  5802;  org.  in  Glasgow,  9423; 
org.  in  London,  9523;  buys  Exeter  Hall, 
9842;  Foreign  Miss.  Soc.  founded,  9803. 

,  Pierce  Manning  Butler,   b.    (1839)  ; 

minister,  4473. 


Young,  Richard,  cons,  bishop,  9922. 

,  Robert,  impostor,  9003. 

, ,  b.  (1822) ;  Concordance,  9843. 

,  Thomas,  sentenced,  4131 . 

, ,  b.,  9183  ;  interference  of  light, 

theory  ot  light,  9302;  d.,  9442. 

, Lowry,   b.  (1832) ;  gov.  O.,  2973;. 

•d.  (1888). 

Italy  Party  founded ;  rise  in  Bologna, . 

10872. 
Democratic  League,  conven. ,3451 . 

Young  Misses'  Magazine,  1443. 

Y'oung  People's  Society  Christian  En- 
deavor, membership,  3842;  meets,  3862. 
(See  Christian  Endeavor.) 

Women's  Christian  Asso.  incor.,2502;. 

2822  ;  Internat.  Asso.   fmd.,  3263;  con- 
vention, 3462, 4001 . 

Young's  Point,  Ark.,  Grant  occupies,  2182; 
expedition  returns,  2201 . 

Youngstown,  Ala.,  Gen.  Rousseau  at,  2362,. 

,  N.  y.,  burned  by  British,  1211. 

,  O.,  miser  dies,  3682. 

Youtville,  Cal.,  Veterans'  Home,  3503. 

Yples,  Charles  de,  b.-<l.,  6402. 

Ypres,  Belg.,  surrenders,  6921 ;  Fr.  gains,. 
6933;  "  Alpha  and  Omega"  est.,  10991 . 

Ypsilanti,  Mich.,  tornado,  4281 . 

,  Alexander,  b.-d.,  10343  ;    leader    in. 

Roumania,  10342;  leader  Hetseria  Phil- 
ike, 10353. 

,  Demetrius,  b.  (1793) ;  d.,  11123. 

Ysabeau,  Clement  Alexandre,  b.  (1754) ;. 
d.,  7582. 

,  Victor  Fr^^ric  Alexandre,  b.  (1793) ;; 

d.,  7462. 

Ysleta,  Tenn.,  election  fight,  3643. 

Ysui  Kwo  Yin,  minister,  4372, 

Ytsong  reigns,  6123. 

Yttrium  first  obtained,  8141 . 

Yu  enthroned,  6111. 

Yuangti  enthroned,  6131 . 

Yucatan  dis.,  163;  conquest,  182;  Cortes- 
arrives,  183;  separated  from  Mex.,  233; 
Indians  slaves,  6323;  declares  independ- 
ence, 10952;  revolts,  10963. 

Yueii-Ching  reigns,  6151 . 

Yuenti  enthroned,  6113,6131. 

Yuen-Tsung  reigns,  6121 , 

Yu  Ho  Canal  completed,  6142. 

Yuh-shau,  mission,  6223. 

Yule,  Henry,  b.,9403;  d.  (1889). 

Yungay,  Peruvians  attack  pres.,  5503. 

Y^ung-Ching  expels  missionaries  from^ 
schools,  6142;  enthroned,  6172  ;  d.,  6163.. 

Yungki  enthroned,  6II2. 

Yung  Ping,  mission  work,  6242. 

Yunnan,  China,  Mohammedanism  intro.^. 
6142;  Mohammedans  attack,  6181,3; 
massacre  of  Mohammedans,  6191 ;  Mo- 
hammedans rebel,  6192,3,  6202,  621»; 
]uission,623i ;  Chinese  mis8ionaries,6242.. 

Fu  capitulates,  6201 . 

Yupanqui,  Inca  Lloque,  reigns,  132. 

, Pachacutec,  reigns,  133. 

Yu8suf-el-Tehri,  last  emir,  11253. 

Yu-yaou  taken,  6162. 

Yvau,  Melchior,  b.,  7151 ;  d.,  7462. 

YTon,  Adolphe,  b.,  7223;  d.,  7641. 

Y  Wang,  enthroned,  6112. 


Zabzalians,  sect  arises,  11543. 

Zacatecas,  mission  at.  10962. 

Zaccheus  entertains  Christ,  11523. 

Zach,  Franz  Xavier  von,  b.,  6143;  d.,  6202;. 

Zachariah,  Just  F.  W.,  b.,  8002;  d.,  8042. 

,  reigns,  11452;  murdered,  11451. 

Zachary,  St.,  pope,  10722;  d.,  10721 . 

Zacher,  Ernst  Julius  August,  b.,  8121 , 

Zacoone,  Pierre,  b.,  7223. 

Zacynthus  [Zante],  captured,  10262. 

Zadar  taken,  6041 , 

Zafarwal  mission,  10483. 

ZagSizie,  mission,  6671 . 

Zagonyi,  Maj.,  at  Springfield,  Mo.,  2002. 

Zagoskin, Mikhail,  b.,  11162;  Young  Mus- 
covite, 11171 ;  d.,  11182. 

Zagrab  (or  Agram),  University  fnd.,  5283. 

Zaher  Beybars,  Ez,  sultan,  6553. 

Berbook,  Ez,  sultan,  6553. 

Zahn,  Johann  Karl  Wilhelm,  b.,  8071 ;  d.,. 
8262. 

Zaia,  anti-Jewish  riots,  5303. 

Zaldiver,  R.,  pres.  San  Salvador,  11232. 

Zaldua,  F.  J  .,  pres.  Colombia,  6292  ;  d., 
6282. 


1454 


Text  Figures  denote  Page.        Lri  Dt^X.,        Superior  Figures  indicate  Column, 


Zale-ZylL 


Zaleski,  Bolidan  Joseph,  b.,  11162  ;  d., 
11201. 

Zaleucus,  compiles  laws,  10143,  10153  ; 
code,  restrictions,  1015'. 

Zaluski,  Josef  Andrew,  b.-d.,  1114*. 

Zaina,  Afr.,  Hannibal's  army  annihilated, 
10543;  battle  at,  662' ;  Invaded,  661' . 

Zamacois,  Eduardo,  b.-d.,  11303. 

Zamama-sum-iddina  defeated,  1140' . 

Zaman  enthroned ;  dethroned,  5' . 

Zanibert,  Bartholomew,  translation  £vr 
clid's  Elements,  1079*. 

Zambesi,  Afr.,  Mackenzie  arrives,  561*. 

River,  course  traced,  5602;  reached, 

660'  i  mission  ;  steamers  on,  11122. 

Zamoiski,  Jan,  b.-d.,  11142. 

,  Androej,  b.-d.,  11143. 

Zamosc,  allies  possess,  7212  ■  retaken, 
810'. 

Zamoyski,  Count,  exiled,  11192. 

Zancle.    (See  Messina.) 

Zancoff,  Dragan,  b.  (1828) ;  in  Eng.,5662  ; 
accusation,  6683  ;  ministry ;  resigns, 
667';  arrested,  6662;  released,  6673. 

Zane  family  settle  in  O.,  773. 

Zanesville,  O.,  partly  burned,  479', 

Zanzibar,  Stanley  arrives  at,  270' ;  Ben- 
nett expedition  starts,  272' ;  Madjid  ob- 
tains, 5613  ;  Brit,  protectorate  recog., 
761' ;  peace  declared,  8382;  coast  ceded 
toGer.,8352,  8382;  missionaries  killed, 
8383  ;  fleet  at,  1002' ;  Eng.  protectorate, 
10062;  free  port,  1009';  war  with  Mo- 
zambique, 1112 ' .    (See  text,  pp.  561-564.) 

Zapolya,  John,  b.  (1487) ;  rival  king,  5093; 
crowned,  511' ;  anti-king,  5112;  favored, 
788' ;  defeats  Ger.  emp.,  788' ;  d.,  5102. 

, ,  b.  (1640) ;  Pr.  of  Transylvania, 

611';d.  (1570±). 

,  Stephen  Batory,  grand  prince,  5112  • 

d.  (1499). 

Zara,  Aust. ,  captured,  1074' ;  revolts  from 
Venice,  10753;  Louis  of  Hung,  defeated, 
1076' . 

Zarala,  Gen.,  at  Montevideo,  60' . 

Zaribrod,  Servians  defeated,  5662. 

Zasius,  Ulrio,  b.,  7862;  d.,  7902. 

Zauner,  Franz,  b.,  8003;  d.,  8122. 

Zavala,  Gen.,  at  Montevideo,  11593. 

,  Joaquin,  pres.  Nicaragua,  11033. 

Zayas,  Maria  do,  in  China,  6143;  J>^ovelas, 
11292. 

Zea,  Francisco  Antonia,  b.,  762. 

Zeachen,  explorer,  493' . 

Zealand  overflowed,  638' . 

Zechariah,  the  priest,  killed,  11443. 

,  prophet,  completes  temple,  11463. 

Zedekiah  reigns,  1147' . 

Zedeslav,  Prince,  503' . 

Zeditz,  Joseph  0.  von,  d.,  8043. 

Zedler,  Johann  H.,  Universal  Lexicon  of 
Science  and  Arts,  801' . 

Zedlitzs,  Count  von,  resigns,  8363 ;  d.,  8202. 

Zedwitz,  Baron  von,  marriage  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  361'. 

Zeigler,  Anselm  von,  Asiatic  Banise,  799' . 

Zeisberger,  David,  b,,  60' ;  d.,  U42. 

Zela,  action  at,  1060' . 

Zelas  reigns,  11492. 

Zeley,  Maj.,  at  Smithvllle,  209'. 

Zelia,  minor  planet,  discovered,  741 ' . 

Zelienopole,  Pa.,  railway  collision,  3933. 

Zell,  W.  T.,  embezzler,  4483;  surrenders, 
4&43 

Zeller,'  Eduard,  b.,8103;  works,  8152,8202; 
829'. 

,  Jules  Sylvain,  b.,  7223. 

Zeiuethen,  Burmese  war,  10482. 

Zenger,  John  Peter,  b.  (1680+) ;  Weekly 
Journal,  623;  arrested,  63' ,  2:  acquitted, 
63'  i  d.  (1746). 


Zenji,  Isono,  *'  mother  of  drama,"  flour- 
ishes, 1091'. 
Zeno,b.-d.,  10243;  fnds.  Stoic  school,  10263. 

,  Antonio,  explorer,  10383.     , 

,  Apostolo,  works,  10833. 

of  Elea,  b.,  10162. 

— ^,  the  Isaurian,  emperor,  10312;  issues 

Henotioon,  10703. 
,  Nicolo,  b.-d.,  10762;  visits  Greenland, 

123;  in  China,  6142. 

of  Pontus,  king  of  Armenia,  11513. 

Zenobia,  Queen,  defeated,  652' ;  conquers 

Egy.,  6533;  regent  in  Palmyra,  10672;  d., 

11542. 
Zenodotus,  b.,  10263. 
Zenta,  Hung.,  Turks  defeated,  6122. 
Zepce,  action  at,  528' . 
Zephaniah,  prophet,  11443. 
Zephyrinus,  St.,  pope,  10643, 
Zerabi  mission,  657' . 
Zerah  invades  Palestine,  650' ;  at  Miire- 

shak,  11421. 
Zerkler,  Thomasin,  Welsche  Gast,  7783. 
Zerubbabel  leads  Jews  back  to  Pal.,  11472. 
Zesen,  Philipp  von,  b.  (1619) ;  works,  797' ; 

d.  (1689). 
Zetetical  Soc.  est.,  983' . 
Zethos  besieges  Thebes,  1013' . 
Zetland,  Marquis  of,  title  created,  109' . 
Zettersedt,  Johan  Wilhelm,  b.-d.,  11342. 
Zetunium,  battle  of,  666' . 
Zeuss,  Johann  Kasper,  b.,  8083;  d.,  820' . 
Zeuxis,  b.,  1021'. 
Zhidiata,  Luke,  Discourse,  11132. 
Zhookovsky,    Vaailii    Andreievitch,     b., 

11162;  translations,  1117';  d.,  11182. 
Ziar  Yen  Foo,  arrival,  4613. 
Zich,  Johann,  stones  ambassador,  5303. 
Zidek,  Paul,  works,  5083. 
Ziegler,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.,  8023  ;  d., 

814'. 
Ziem,  Faix,  b.,  724' . 
Ziemomislas  elected  D.  of  Poland,  1113*. 
Ziemovitus  elected  D.  of  Poland,  11132. 
Zier,  Victor  Casimir,  b.,  7242. 
Zietben,  Hans  Johachim  von,  b.,  7983:  d., 

8043. 
Zifkoflf,  regent,  Bulgaria,  6673. 
Ziliite  dynasty  extinguished,  1139' . 
Zitnines,  John,  assassinates  Kicephorus 

II.,  10323,  10332. 
Zinimermann,  Albert,  b.,  8083. 

,  Clemens  von,  b.,  8043;  d.,  8262. 

,  Eberhard  A.  W.   von,  b.,  8003 ;  d. 

8103. 

,  Johann  von,  b.-<l.,  11372. 

Zimmern,  Helen,  d.,  8162. 

Zimri  assassinates   King  Elah,  1143' ,  a  j 

reigns,  11433. 
Zinc  mnf.  from  red  oxide,  150' ;  dis.  in 

Pa.,  1622;  mnf.  at  Bethlehem,  2452;  dis- 

in  Yorkshire,  9343. 
Zincgref,  Julius  Wilhelm,  b.  (1591);  work, 

795'  ;  d.  (163.5). 
Zingarelli,  Niocolo,  b.,  10842  ;  d.,  10862. 
Zino,  storm  at,  532' . 
Zinzendorf     und     Pottendorf,    Nikolais 

Ludwig,  Count  von,  b.,  7983  ;   in  Am. ; 

mission  at  Oly,  65' ;  Hermhut  on  estate, 

5143;  d.,  8023. 

Zion,  Mormons  found,  1402. 

Zion's  Co-operative  Mercantile  Institution 

est.,  2733. 
ZipiBtes  dies,  1149'. 
Zirconium  discovered,  804' ,  1136' . 
Zlska,  John,  b. ,  5062 ;  Hussite  leader,  606' , 

5073;  at  siege  of  Prague,  784' ;  d.,  5062. 
Zitacuaro  mission,  10962. 
Ziu,  German's  god,  7682. 
Znaim,  battle  of,  5183  ;   Eobber  Tower 

faUs,  6342. 


Zoar  mission,  582' . 

Zobel.  Benjamin,  b.,  8023;  d.,  8142. 

Zodiac  observed,  10162. 

Zee,  regent,  1U332  ;  punishes  Michael  V. ; 

poisons  Romanus  III.,  10333  ;  empress: 

d.,  10322,  1033',  3. 
Zoega,  Georg,  b.,  638' ;  d.,  6382. 
Zollus.  b.,  10243. 
Zola,  Emile,  b.,  7282  ;  novels  destroyed, 

6862  ;  works,  7363    7502,  7562  ;   elected 

pres.,  7602- officer  Legion  of  Honor,  765' , 
ZoUicotfer,  Felix  Kirk,  b.  (1812) ;  at  Cum- 
berland Ford,   1982  ;    at  Mill  Springs, 

2022;  d.,  2023. 
Zoning,  Theophil,  b.,  818' . 
Zollner,  Johann  Karl  Friedrich,  b.,  8143; 

d.,8302. 
ZoUverein  fmd.,  8162,3,  8263. 
Zoological  Society  fnd.,  London, 942';  gift 

of  Pr.  of  Wales,  9813. 
Zorndorf,  Prus.,  Russians  defeated,  616' . 
Zoroaster,  b.-d.,    11062  ;    fnds.  order   of 

Magi,   11063  ;   king  of  Bactria ;  reigns, 

1107'. 
Zorrilla,  Manuel  Ruiz,  b.,  11303. 
y  Moral,  JosS,  b.-d.,  11303  ;  crowned 

poet  laureate,  11323. 
Zosimus    St.,  b.,  10303;  History  Soman 

Empire,  1031';  pope,  10702. 
Zouche,    Baron    of   Haryngworth,   title 

created,  8543. 
Zoulpansberg  mission,  11242. 
Zoutman,Adm.,b.  in  German  Ocean. 9202. 
Zrinyi,  Count  Niklas,  b.,  5082  ;  besieged, 

510' ;  d.,  6102. 
Zschokke,  Johann  Heinrich  Daniel,  b., 

803';  work,  807';  d.,8162. 
Zukertort,  Johannes  Hermann,  b.,  11163; 

d.,  1120' . 
Zulick,  C.  Meyer,  gov.  Ariz.,  3262. 
Zulllkar  Pass  differences, 7' +. 
Zuloaga,  Gen.,  assumes  authority ;  abdi- 
cates; deposes  Miramon,  10963. 
Zululand,  Bp.  Mackenzie  cons.,  9862  ;  Bp. 

Carter  cons.,  10062 ;  appropriation  for 

war,  985' .     (See  text  pp.  696-603.) 
Znmarraga,  Juan  de,  b.  (1486) ;  first  Mex. 

bishop,  212;  d.  (1548). 
Zampt,  Augiist  Wilhelm, b.,8103;  d.,8282. 

,  Karl  Gottlob,  b.,  8062;  d.,  818'. 

Zuni,  mission  to,  2982. 
Zunis  discovered,  Mex.,  21' . 
Zunz,  Leopold,  b.,  8063;  d.,  832' . 
Znrbano,  Gen.  Martin,  captures  Bilbao, 

revolts,  1130' . 
Zurbaran,  Francisco,  b.-d.,  11283. 
Zurich,  ally  of   Aust.,  509' :   treaty  with 

Fred.  111.,  784';  besieged,  784',  1137'; 

war  with  Schwyz,  1137';  ally  of  Aust., 

11373;  treaty  signed,  5252;  Fr.  defeated, 

7122;  Russians  defeated,  7123;  peace  of, 

734' ;  council  of  envoys,  5252. 
Zurita,  Geronimo  de,  Anales  de  la  Corona 

de  Aragon,  1129'. 
Zugmarshausen,  battle  at,  7962. 
Ziitphen,  Neth.,  actional,  874' ;  Sir  Philip 

Sidney  at,  1098' . 
Zuverlassige  Nachrichten  issued,  801 ' . 
Zuyder  Zee,  Neth.,  naval  battle,  888' . 
Zuyper  Slays,  Neth.,  Fr.  defeated,  7123. 
Zwlcker,  Daniel,  b.,  7923;  d.,  7963. 
Zwingli,  Huldreich  (or  Ulric),  b.-d.,  1137'; 

inaug.     reformation,    7883  ;    reformer, 

11372;  killed,  7903,  1137'. 
Zwirner,    Ernst    Friedrich,  b.,  8082 ;  d., 

8202. 
Zwomik,  surrender  of,  528' , 
Zyll,  Otho  van,  b.-d.,  10983. 


The  Perfegt  Calendar 


FOR 


EVERY  YEAR  OF  THE  CHRISTIAN  ERA 


DESIGNED   FOR   PRACTICAL.    EyERY-DAY   USE 


BY 

HENRY    FITCH 


PATENTED    SEPTEMBER     HT,    18»1 


FUNK   &   WAGNALLS   COMPANY 

NEW    YORK   AND    LONDON 
1900 


Copyright,  1891,  by 

FUNK  &  WAGNALLS. 

[Registered  at  Stationers'  Hall,  London,  Eng,] 

PRINTED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES    OF    AMERICA 

[All  rights  reserved] 


CONTENTS. 


Preface ,        .  ■, 

Directions  for  Use  and  Examples, q 

Explanatory  Notes, u 

Special  Calendar  for  1582 j. 

Special  Calendar  for  1752, 14 

Calendars  "Ai"  to  "A7"  Inclusive,.' 15 

Index  of  Years  by  Centuries 22 

Calendars  "  Bi  "  to  "B7"  Inclusive, 24 

A  Brief  History  of  the  Calendar, 3x 


\ 


PREFACE. 


This  Perpetual  Calendar  has  been  preceded  by  a  variety  of 
perpetual  calendars  which  have,  unfortunately,  been  unable  to  work 
their  way  into  general  use.  It  is  believed  that  this  calendar  has 
merits  which  will  save  it  from  a  similar  fate.  Be  that  as  it  may,  it 
will  not  detract  from  whatever  accuracy  or  value  other  calendars  may 
have  to  contrast  the  simplicity  and  practical  features  of  this  with  the 
lack  of  such  qualities  in  them — qualities  that  are  essential  to  a  popular 
and  successful  calendar. 

That  form  of  annual  calendar  has  been  adopted  which  long  usage 
has  rendered  most  popular.  In  other  calendars  the  use  of  unusual 
or  distorted  forms  has  been  imperative:  in  one  case  the  days  of  the 
month  are  in  an  extended  row  or  column,  like  a  tape-measure  ;  in 
another  case  a  single  monthly  block  of  31  days  is  made  to  do  duty 
for  all  the  months  and  years  by  having  a  shifting  list  of  week-days 
above  it.  The  liability  to  error  arising  from  the  manipulation  and 
adjustment  of  mechanical  devices  is  avoided  in  this  calendar  because 
it  has  no  wheels,  sectors,  pointers,  or  sliding-slips  to  consume  time 
and  tax  patience.  In  brief,  it  consists  of  but  14  different  annual 
calendars — all  there  is  in  either  the  Julian  or  in  the  Gregorian  Sys- 
tem-!— and  an  index  including  every  year  of  the  Christian  Era, 
referring  to  the  proper  calendar  for  any  year  desired.  How  could  it 
be  more  simple  or  better  adapted  to  practical  use  ? 

It  commends  itself  to  the  commercial  world  because  its  accuracy 
is  so  evident  or  so  easily  proven,  and  because  it  is  convenient  to  use 
it  for  daily  reference  to  the  current  year,  and  equally  so  for  dates  in 
years  recently  past  or  soon  to  come,  there  being  in  no  event  a  puz- 
zling rule  for  busy  brains  to  worry  over.  Although  intended  prim- 
arily for  commercial  use  and  for  modern  dates,  it  will  be  found  of 
special  value  to  students  of  profane  and  sacred  history. 

7 


DIRECTIONS  FOR  USE. 


Opposite  each  year  [see  Index  on  pages  22,  23]  will  be  found  one 
of  the  following  series  of  symbols  : 

Ai,  A2,  A3,  A4,  As,  A6,  A7;     Bi,  B2,  B3,  B4,  Bs,  B6,  B7, 

which  symbol  indicates,  in  each  case,  that  the  Calendar  having  the 
same  symbol  at  its  top  [see  Calendars,  pages  15-21  and  24-30]  is  the 
correct  calendar  for  that  year. 

The  numeral  or  figure  of  the  symbol,  in  each  instance,  corresponds 
to  the  day  of  the  week  on  which  the  year  begins.  Figure  i  stands 
for  Sunday,  2  for  Monday,  and  so  on  through  the  week.  The  letter 
A  is  used  to  indicate  ordinary  years,  and  the  letter  B  to  indicate  leap- 
years.  Every  year  must  be  either  an  ordinary  year  or  a  leap-year, 
and  must  begin  on  some  one  of  the  seven  days  of  the  week  ;  hence 
some  one  of  the  seven  ordinary  year  calendars,  or  the  seven  leap-year 
calendars  herein  provided,  will  be  the  correct  calendar  for  any  year 
that  may  be  selected  from  the  entire  range  of  the  Christian  Era. 

In  the  Index  the  years  are  shown  complete  from  the  beginning  of 
the  i2th  century  to  the  end  of  the  20th  century,  and  earlier  and  later 
centuries  are  indicated  in  the  headings.  It  will  be  well  for  those  who 
are  not  well  acquainted  with  the  fact  to  notice  that  only  the  last  year 
in  each  century  gives  the  number  of  the  century  by  omitting  the 
last  two  figures,  and  that  in  all  other  cases,  by  cutting  off  the  last  two 
figures  of  any  year,  the  remaining  figures  are  one  less  than  the  num- 
ber of  the  century  to  which  it  belongs.  Thus  if  a  date  in  the  year 
A.D.  857  is  wanted,  being  in  the  9th  century,  it  will  be  found  the  same 
as  though  it  were  in  a.d.  1557,  for  which  calendar  "  A6  "  is  indicated. 

EXAMPLES. 

Siege  of  Jerusalem  ended,  July  13,  a.d.  70. A2,  Friday. 

John  Huss  executed,  July  7,  1415 A3,' Sunday. 

Shakespeare  born,  April  23,  1564. B7,  Sunday. 

9 


lO 


Inaugural  Ceremonies  Occurred  as  Follows  : 

George  Washington April    30,  1 789,  As,  Thursday. 

John  Adams March    4,  1797,  Ai,  Saturday. 

Thomas  Jefferson March    4,  1801,  As,  Wednesday 

James  Madison March    4,  1809,  Ai,  Saturday. 

James  Monroe March    4,  1817,  A4,  Tuesday. 

John  Quincy  Adams March    4,  182s,  A7,  Friday. 

Andrew  Jaclcson March    4,  1829,  As,  Wednesday 

Martin  Van  Buren March    4,  1837,  Ai,  Saturday. 

WilHam  Henry  Harrison March    4,  1841,  A6,  Thursday. 

John  Tyler April      6,  1841,  A6,  Tuesday. 

James  Knox  Folic March    4,  184s,  A4,  Tuesday. 

Zachary  Taylor March    5,  1849,  A2,  Monday. 

Millard  Fillmore. July        9,  1850,  A3,  Tuesday. 

Franklin  Pierce March    4,  1853,  A7,  Friday. 

James  Buchanan March    4,  1857,  As,  Wednesday. 

Abraham  Lincoln March    4,  1861,  A3,  Monday. 

Andrew  Johnson April    is,  1865,  Ai,  Saturday 

Ulysses  S.  Grant March    4,  1869,  A6,  Thursday. 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes March    s.  1877,  A2,  Monday. 

James  A.  Garfield March    4,  1881,  A7,  Friday. 

Chester  A.  Arthur Sept.     20,  1881,  A7,  Tuesday. 

Grover  Cleveland March    4,  i88s,  As,  Wednesday. 

Benjamin  Harrison March    4,  1889,  A3,  Monday, 

Grover  Cleveland March  4,  1893,  Ai,  Saturday. 

William  McKinley March  4,  1897,  A6,  Thursday. 


Coronation  of  English  Kings  and  Queens. 

Mary,  July  6,  O.  S.,  15S3 Ai,  Thursday. 

Elizabeth,  November  17,  O.  S.,  iss8 A7,  Thursday. 

James  I.,  March  24,  O.  S.,  1603 A7,  Thursday. 

Charles  I.,  March  27,  O.  S.,  162s A7,  Sunday. 

Parliamentary  Executive,  January  30,  O.  S.,  1649.. . .  A2,  Tuesday. 
Cromwell,  Lord  Protector,  December  16,  O.  S.,  1653.  .A7,  Friday. 

Charles  II.  enters  London,  May  29,  O.  S.,  1660 Bi,  Tuesday. 

James  H.,  February  6,  O.  S.,  i68s A5,  Friday. 

William  and  Mary,  February  13,  O.  S.,  1689 A3,  Wednesday. 

William  III.,  December  28,  O.  S.,  1694 A2,  Friday. 

Anne,  March  8,  O.  S.,  1702 A5,  Sunday. 

George  I.,  August  i,  O.  S.,  1714 A6,  Sunday. 

George  II.,  June  11,  O.  S.,  1727 Ai,  Sunday. 

George  III.,  October  2S,  N.  S.,  1760 B3,  Saturday. 

George  IV.,  January  29,  N.  S.,  1820. , B7,  Tuesday. 

William  IV.,  June  26,  N.  S.,  1830 A6,  Saturday. 

Victoria,  June  20,  N.  S.,  1837 Ai,  Tuesday. 


EXPLANATORY  NOTES. 


The  calendar  from  the  year  45  B.C.,  to  October  4,  a.d.  1582,  is 
known  as  the  Old  Style  or  Julian  Calendar,  and  from  then  as  the 
New  Style  or  Gregorian  Calendar.  The  Index  exhibits  both  styles 
up  to  the  year  1800  because  the  Old  Style  did  not  fall  into  entire 
disuse  until  about  that  time. 

To  avoid  confusion  of  symbols,  those  for  the  Old  Style  are  printed 
in  red,  and  the  New  Style  in  black.  The  order  of  the  calendars 
required  for  every  seventh  century  of  the  Old  Style,  and  for  every 
fourth  century  of  the  New  Style,  is  the  same,  as  reference  to  the 
columns  of  the  Index  will  show.  As  a  check  against  the  use  of  a 
wrong  calendar  for  the  more  modern  dates,  there  have  been  placed 
on  the  outside  margin  of  each  calendar  all  the  years  of  the  19th  and 
20th  centuries,  for  which  that  calendar  is  correct. 

Ordinary  or  common  years  contain  52  full  weeks  and  i  day  over, 
so  that  all  such  years  begin  and  end  on  the  same  day  of  the  week. 
Leap-years  end  on  the  day  of  the  week  succeeding  the  day  on  which 
they  begin.  Any  year  following  an  ordinary  year  will  therefore 
begin  one  day  later  in  the  week,  and  the  year  next  after  a  leap-year 
will  begin  two  days  later  in  the  week.  The  Julian  Calendar  reckons 
those  years  that  are  divisible  by  4  without  a  remainder  as  leap-years. 
The  Gregorian  Calendar  does  the  same  with  all  years  except 
centennial  years,  where  the  rule  is  to  make  leap-years  of  such  as  are 
divisible  by  400  without  a  remainder,  and  to  reckon  all  other  centen- 
nial years  as  ordinary  years. 

Bearing  these  facts  in  mind,  and  beginning  at  the  current  year, 
the  accuracy  of  the  entire  Index  on  pages  22  and  23,  and  on  margin 
of  page  13,  can  be  verified  in  a  few  hours'  time.  In  doing  so,  notice 
that  each  leap-year  recurs  in  cycles  of  28  years  within  each  century, 
and  ordinary  years  recur  in  a  series  of  years  that  may  be  represented 
thus  : 

6,  II,  II,  6,  II,  II,  6,  II,  II,  6,  II,  II,  6. 

Any  three  consecutive  terms  of  this  series  make  up  a  cycle  known 
as  the  Solar  Cycle.  The  Index  and  Calendars  are  free  from  errors. 
Their  verification  is  urged  because  the  subsequent  use  of  the  Calendar 
will  be  attended  with  the  greatest  confidence. 

II 


13 


Old  Style  to  Oct. 

4. 

1582. 

New  Style  from  Oct 

.  15. 

JANUARY. 

JULY. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

Index 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

for 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

Years 

21 
28 

22 
19 

23 
30 

24 
31 

25 

26 

27 

22 
29 

23 
30 

24 
31 

25 

26 

27 

28 

B.C. 

Yr 

Old 
B5 

I 

FEBRUARY. 

AUGUST. 

2 

^4 
A2 

.. 

I 

2 

3 

.   , 

.    , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

3 

4 

s 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

1 

B7 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

A6 

B2 

18 
25 

19 
26 

20 
27 

21 
28 

22 

23 

24 

19 
26 

20 

27 

21 

28 

22 
29 

23 

30 

24 

31 

25 

I 
q 

10 

TI 

Ai 

A7 

MARCH. 

SEPTEMBER. 

12 
13 
14 
IS 

a6 

4 

5 

"6 

7 

I 
8 

2 
9 

3 
10 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

1 
8 

A2 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

Ax 

18 

IQ 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

'Z 

Bb 
A4 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

18 
19 

3" 

20 
21 
22 

23 

24 

2S 

A3 

APRIL. 

OCTOBER. 

Bi 

A7 

I 
8 

2 

9 

3 
10 

4 
II 

5 
12 

6 
13 

7 
14 

17 

I 
18 

2 
19 

3 
20 

4 
21 

'5 

22 

16 

23 

A6 
B3 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

24 

25 

2b 

27 

28 

29 

30 

26 

A2 

22 

23 

24 

2S 

26 

27 

28 

31 

, , 

,  , 

, . 

.    . 

. . 

27 

Ai 

29 

30 

,    . 

, , 

.    , 

,  , 

28 
29 
30 

^7 
A4 

MAY. 

NOVEMBER. 

31 
32 

33 
34 
35 
36 

^3 

A2 

'6 

7 

I 

8 

2 

9 

3 
10 

4 
II 

5 
12 

7 

I 
8 

2 

9 

3 
10 

4 
II 

5 
12 

6 
13 

B? 
A6 

AS 
A4 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

8 

39 

B2 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

•• 

•• 

28 

29 

30 

•• 

•• 

•• 

Ai 
A7 

*   • 

■   * 

•   ■ 

■ " 

■   • 

"   ' 

*   * 

■  * 

40 

A6 

JUNE. 

DECEMBER. 

41 
42 

43 

B4 

Alt 

I 

2 

I 

2 

3 

4 

A2 

Ai 
B6 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 
14 

8 
15 

9 
16 

5 

6 
13 

7 
14 

8 
15 

9 
16 

10 
17 

II 

18 

44 
45 

13 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

3° 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

14 


Old  Style  to  Sept.  2. 

1752. 

New  Style  from  Sept 

.  14. 

JANUARY. 

JULY. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

.. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

.. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

lb 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

2S 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

2S 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

2b 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

•• 

FEBRUARY. 

AUGUST. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

I 

8 

2 

3 

4 

"5 

b 

'7 

I 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

9 

10 

II 

T2 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

lb 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

23 
30 

24 
31 

2S 

26 

27 

28 

29 

MARCH. 

SEPTEMBER. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

,  , 

,  , 

I 

2 

14 

IS 

16 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

24 

2S 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

22 

23 

24 

2S 

2b 

27 

28 

.  , 

,  , 

,  , 

29 

30 

31 

•• 

•• 

•• 

•• 

•• 

•• 

•• 

APRIL. 

OCTOBER. 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

5 

b 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

t2 

13 

14 

15 

lb 

17 

18 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

22 

23 

24 

2S 

26 

27 

28 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

•• 

29 

30 

31 

•• 

■• 

MAY. 

NOVEMBER. 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

1 

2 

,  , 

,  , 

.. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

3 

4 

5 

b 

7 

8 

9 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

lb 

12 

13 

14 

1=; 

16 

17 

18 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

19 

20 

21 

22 

2^ 

24 

2S 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

31 

JUNE. 

DECEMBER. 

•  • 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

•  • 

.. 

.. 

I 

2 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

14 

IS 

lb 

17 

18 

19 

20 

10 

II 

12 

i^ 

14 

I'; 

16 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

28 

29 

30 

•• 

24 
31 

2S 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

IS 
Al 


JANUARY. 

JULY. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

.s 

6 

7 

.  , 

,  , 

.  . 

I 

8 

Q 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

2 

3 

4 

S 

b 

7 

8 

^5 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

'S  ( 

22 

2S 

24 

2'? 

26 

27 

28 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

29 

30 

31 

23 

30 

24 
31 

25 

2b 

27 

28 

29 

FEBRUARY. 

AUGUST. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

S 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

12 

13 

14 

I'? 

16 

17 

18 

13 

14 

IS 

lb 

17 

18 

19 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

26 

27 

28 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

.  • 

MARCH. 

SEPTEMBER. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

.  , 

,  , 

,  , 

.  . 

I 

2 

S 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

3 

4 

S 

b 

7 

8 

9 

I  2 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

2.5 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

APRIL. 

OCTOBER.          1 

I 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

7 

8 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

22 

23 

24 

25 

2b 

27 

28 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

29 

30 

31 

•• 

•• 

•• 

30 

MAY. 

NOVEMBER.          1 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

,  . 

. . 

I 

2 

3 

4 

7 

8 

P 

10 

II 

12 

13 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

12 

13 

14 

15 

lb 

17 

18 

21 

22 

23 

24 

2S 

26 

27 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

28 

29 

30 

31 

2b 

27 

28 

29 

30 

•  • 

JUNE. 

DECEMBER. 

I 

2 

3 

,  , 

,  . 

.  . 

.  . 

I 

2 

4 

S 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

3 

4 

S 

b 

7 

8 

9 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

18 

IQ 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

2S 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

24 

25 

2b 

27 

28 

29 

30 

•• 

3' 

•• 

Correct 

Calendar 

for 

1809 
181S 
1826 
1837 
1843 
1854 
1865 
1871 
1882 
1893 
1899 

1 90s 
19IX 
1922 
1933 
1939 
1950 
1961 
1967 
1978 
1989 
199s 


i6 
A2. 


Correct 

Calendar 

for 

1810 
1821 
1827 
1838 
1849 

i8S5 
1866 
1877 
1883 
1894 
1900 

1906 
1917 
1923 
1934 
194s 
1951 
1962 

1973 
1979 
1990 


JANUARY. 

JULY. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

8 

9 

10 

1 1 

12 

13 

14 

14 

15 

1(5 

17 

18 

19 

20 

i.S 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

22 

23 

24 

2S 

26 

27 

28 

28 

29 

30 

31 

:: 

29 

3° 

31 

FEBRUARY. 

AUGUST. 

I 

2 

3 

,  . 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

4 

5 

b 

7 

8 

9 

10 

.s 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

1 1 

11 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

lb 

17 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

iH 

19 

20 

21 

32 

23 

24 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

2S 

25 

26 

27 

28 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

MARCH. 

SEPTEMBER. 

.  . 

.  , 

I 

2 

3 

.. 

.. 

.. 

.. 

I 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

lb 

17 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

16 

>7 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

23 
30 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

APRIL. 

OCTOBER. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

9 

10 

1 1 

12 

13 

14 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

29 

30 

:; 

28 

29 

30 

31 

MAY. 

NOVEMBER. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

s 

.  . 

.  . 

.  . 

I 

2 

3 

b 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

4 

5 

b 

7 

8 

9 

10 

13 

14 

15 

lb 

17 

18 

19 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

2.S 

2b 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

27 

-■ 

28 

29 

30 

31 

25 

26 

27 

28 

£9 

30 

JUNE. 

DECEMBER. 

,  , 

.. 

I 

2 

.. 

.. 

.. 

.. 

I 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

7 

8 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

24 

25 

2b 

27 

28 

29 

30 

23 

24 

25 

2b 

27 

28 

29 

..    .. 

30 

31 

17 
A3. 


JANUARY. 

JULY. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 
6 

,  , 

•  • 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

,  . 

I 

2 

3 

4 

.■) 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

28 

29 

30 

31 

FEBRUARY. 

AUGUST. 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

I 

2 

.. 

.. 

.. 

.. 

I 

2 

3 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

4 

S 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

1 1 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

MARCH, 

SEPTEMBER. 

.  , 

.  . 

.  . 

I 

2 

I 

2 

3 

4 

.■; 

6 

7 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

S 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

29 

30 

. . 

. . 

. , 

31 

■  • 

APRIL. 

OCTOBER. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

I 

2 

3 

4 

S 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

z"! 

26 

28 

29 

3° 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

•• 

MAY. 

NOVEMBER. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

•  • 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

.. 

I 

2 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

3 

4 

S 

6 

7 

8 

9 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

lO 

II 

12 

13 

14 

11 

16 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

2S 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

20 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

24 

25 

26 

27 

«i) 

29 

30 

JUNE. 

DECEMBER. 

,  , 

.  . 

I 

I 

2 

3 

4 

s 

6 

7 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

» 

9 

10 

1 1 

12 

13 

14 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

22 

23 

24 

«5 

26 

27 

28 

23 

24 

2S 

26 

27 

28 

29 

29 

30 

31 

. , 

,  , 

30 

•  • 

•• 

_-.:_ 

•• 

•• 

•■ 

Correct 

Calendar 

for 

1805 
1811 
1822 
1833 
1839 
1850 
1861 
1867 
1878 
1889 
189s 

1901 
1907 
1918 
1929 

1935 
1946 

1957 
1963 

1974 
198S 
1991 


i8 

A4. 


Correct 

Calendar 
for 

1806 
1817 
1823 
1834 
184s 
1851 
1862 

1873 
1879 
1890 

1902 

1913 
1919 
1930 
1941 
1947 
1958 
1969 

1975 
1986 
1997 


JANUARY. 

JULY.            1 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

.. 

.. 

,  ^ 

I 

2 

3 

4 

,  . 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

30 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

z6 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

:: 

FEBRUARY. 

AUGUST. 

.. 

.. 

I 

.  , 

.. 

.. 

.. 

.. 

I 

2 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

It) 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

ita 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

24 
31 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

MARCH. 

SEPTEMBER. 

, , 

.  , 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

.  . 

I 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

M 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

28 

29 

30 

30 

31 

•  • 

.. 

APRIL. 

OCTOBER. 

,  , 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

I 

2 

3 

4 

0 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

27 

28 

29 

30 

2tj 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

MAY. 

NOVEMBER. 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

,  . 

.  , 

I 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

7 

8 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

18 

IQ 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

23 

30 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

JUNE. 

DECEMBER. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

J  3 

14 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

29 

•  • 

30 

,  , 

28 

29 

30 

31 

•  • 

19 
A5. 


JANUARY. 

JULY.             1 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

4 
1 1 
i8 
25 

s 

12 
26 

6 

13 

20 

27 

7 
14 
21 
28 

I 

8 

IS 
22 

29 

2 

.9 
16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 
24 
31 

5 
12 

J9 
26 

6 

13 
20 
27 

7 
14 
21 
28 

I 

8 

15 
22 

29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 
24 
31 

4 

1 1 

18 

25 

FEBRUARY. 

AUGUST. 

I 
8 

22 

2 

9 
16 

23 

3 
10 

17 
24 

4 
1 1 

18 

25 

5 
12 

19 
26 

6 

13 
20 

27 

7 

14 
21 
28 

2 

9 
16 

23 
3° 

3 
10 

17 
24 
31 

4 
II 
18 

25 

5 
12 

19 
26 

6 

13 

20 

27 

7 
14 
21 
28 

I 
8 

IS 

22 
29 

MARCH. 

SEPTEMBER. 

I 
IS 

22 
29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
3° 

3 
10 

17 
24 
31 

4 
1 1 
18 

25 

5 
12 

19 
26 

6 

13 
20 
27 

7 
14 
21 
28 

6 

'3 

20 

27 

7 

14 
21 
28 

I 
8 

IS 

22 

29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
3° 

3 
10 

17 

24 

4 
II 
18 

25 

5 
12 

19 
26 

APRIL. 

OCTOBER. 

5 

12 

19 
26 

6 

13 

20 
27 

7 
14 
21 
28 

I 
8 

15 
22 
29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 
24 

4 
II 
18 
25 

4 
II 
18 

25 

5 
12 

19 
26 

6 

13 

20 

27 

7 
14 
21 
28 

I 
8 

15 
22 

29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 
24 
31 

MAY. 

NOVEMBER. 

3 
10 

17 
24 

31 

4 
II 
18 
25 

5 
12 

19 
26 

6 

13 
20 
27 

7 
14 
21 
28 

I 

15 
22 
29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

1 

8 

15 

2  Z 

29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 

24 

4 
II 

i8- 

25 

5 
12 

2'^ 

6 

13 
20 

27 

7 

14 
21 
28 

JUNE. 

DECEMBER. 

7 

14 
2  I 

2S 

I 

8 

15 
22 

29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 

24 

4 
II 
18 

25 

5 
12 

19 
26 

6 

13 
20 
27 

6 

'3 
20 

27 

7 
14 

21 
28 

I 
8 

15 

22 

29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 

10 

17 
24 
31 

4 
II 
18 
25 

S 
12 

19 
26 

Correct 

Calendar 

for 

1801 
1807 
1818 
1829 
1835 
1846 

1857 
1863 
1874 
1885 
1891 

1903 
1914 
1925 

1931 
1942 

1953 
1959 
1970 
1981 
1987 
1998 


20 

A6. 


Correct 

Calendar 
for 

1802 
1813 
1819 
1830 
1841 
1847 
1858 
1869 

187s 
1886 
1897 

1909 

1926 
1937 
1943 
1 954 
1965 
1971 
1982 

1993 
1999 


JANUARY. 

JULY. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

.. 

.. 

.. 

.. 

.. 

I 

2 

,  , 

,  , 

.. 

.. 

I 

2 

3 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

31 

FEBRUARY. 

AUGUST. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

28 

29 

30 

3' 

MARCH. 

SEPTEMBER. 

.  , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

.  . 

I 

2 

3 

4 

7 

8 

9 

10 

1 1 

12 

13 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

14 

IS 

16 

'7 

18 

19 

20 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

21 

22 

23 

24 

2S 

26 

27 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

28 

29 

3° 

31 

20 

27 

28 

29 

30 

APRIL. 

OCTOBER. 

.. 

.. 

.. 

I 

2 

3 

.  , 

.  , 

,  , 

,  . 

I 

2 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

:: 

24 
31 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

MAY. 

NOVEMBER. 

.. 

.. 

.. 

,  , 

,  , 

I 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

7 

« 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

28 

29 

3° 

30 

31 

JUNE. 

DECEMBER. 

.. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

.  , 

. . 

I 

2 

3 

4 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1.0 

1 1 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

27 

28 

29 

30 

2b 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

21 

A7. 


JANUARY. 

JULY.            I 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

1 

.. 

.. 

.. 

.. 

.. 

I 

2 

n 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

3 

4 

5 

b 

7 

8 

9 

0 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

lb 

i6 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

~2> 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

24 

25 

2b 

27 

28 

29 

3° 

3° 

31 

31 

FEBRUARY. 

AUGUST. 

,  , 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

.  , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

n 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

14 

15 

lb 

17 

18 

19 

20 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

2b 

27 

27 

28 

:: 

28 

29 

30 

31 

:: 

MARCH. 

SEPTEMBER. 

.. 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

.  . 

.  . 

.  , 

I 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

4 

5 

b 

7 

8 

9 

10 

i,^ 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

lb 

17 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

2b 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

25 

2b 

27 

28 

29 

30 

APRIL. 

OCTOBER. 

.. 

.. 

I 

2 

*  *. 

,  , 

.. 

.. 

, 

.. 

I 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

■^ 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

23 
30 

24 
31 

25 

2b 

27 

28 

29 

MAY. 

NOVEMBER. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

S 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

b 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

13 

14 

15 

lb 

17 

18 

19 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

2b 

29 

30 

31 

:: 

,  ^ 

27 

28 

29 

30 

:: 

JUNE. 

DECEMBER. 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

.  . 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

4 

5 

b 

7 

8 

9 

10 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

x6 

17 

18 

II 

12 

13 

14 

■5 

16 

17 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

25 

2b 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

Correct 

Calendar 

for 

1803 
1814 
1825 
1831 
1842 
1853 

1859 
1870 
1881 
1887 
1898 

191O 
1921 
1927 
1938 
1949 

1955 
1966 
1977 

1983 
1994 


22 


CENTURIES. 


ist  0.  S. 

2d  0.  S. 

Sth  O.  S. 

6th  0.  S. 

7th  0.  S. 

Sth  0.  S. 

9th  0.  S. 

i2th. 

13th. 

14th. 

iSth. 

1 6th. 

Yr. 

Old 

Yr. 

Old 

Yr. 

Old 

Yr. 

Old 

Yr, 

Old 

Yr, 

Old 

Yr. 

Old 

Yr. 

Old 

Yr, 

Old   Yr. 

Old 

As 

New 

IIOI 

A3 

1151 

A2 

1201 

A2 

I2SI 

Ai 

1301 

Ai 

1351 

A7 

1401 

A7 

1451 

A6 

1 501 

A£ 

iSSt 

02 

A4 

52 

B3 

02 

A3 

52 

B2 

02 

A2 

52 

Bi 

02 

Ai 

52 

B7 

02 

A7 

52 

B6 

03 

As 

53 

As 

03 

A4 

53 

A4 

03 

A3 

53 

A3 

03 

A2 

53 

A3 

03 

Ai 

53 

Ai 

04 

B6 

54 

A6 

04 

Bs 

54 

As 

04 

B4 

54 

A4 

04 

B3 

54 

A3 

04 

B2 

54 

A2 

05 

Ai 

55 

A7 

OS 

A7 

55 

A6 

05 

A6 

55 

As 

05 

As 

55 

A4 

05 

A4 

55 

A3 

06 

A2 

56 

Bi 

06 

Ai 

56 

B7 

06 

A7 

56 

B6 

06 

A6 

56 

Bs 

06 

As 

56 

B4 

07 

A3 

57 

A3 

07 

A2 

57 

A2 

07 

Ai 

57 

Ai 

07 

A7 

57 

A7 

07 

A6 

57 

A6 

08 

B4 

58 

A4 

08 

B3 

58 

A3 

08 

B2 

58 

A2 

08 

Bi 

58 

Ai 

08 

B7 

S8 

A7 

09 

A6 

59 

As 

09 

As 

59 

A4 

09 

A4 

59 

A3 

09 

A3 

59 

A2 

09 

A2 

59 

Ai 

IIIO 

A7 

1160 

B6 

1210 

A6 

1260 

Bs 

1310 

As 

1360 

B4 

1410 

A4 

1460 

B3 

1510 

A3 

1560 

B2 

II 

Ai 

61 

Ai 

II 

A7 

61 

A7 

II 

A6 

61 

A6 

II 

As 

61 

As 

II 

A4 

61 

A4 

12 

B2 

62 

A2 

12 

Bi 

62 

Ai 

12 

B7 

62 

A7 

12 

B6 

62 

A6I 

12 

Bs 

62 

As 

13 

A4 

63 

A3 

13 

A3 

63 

A2 

13 

A2 

63 

Ai 

13 

Ai 

63 

A7 

13 

A7 

63 

A6 

14 

As 

64 

B4 

14 

A4 

64 

B3 

14 

A3 

64 

B2 

14 

A2 

64 

Bi 

14 

Ai 

64 

B7 

15 

A6 

65 

A6 

15 

As 

65 

As 

15 

A4 

65 

A4 

15 

A3 

65 

A3 

15 

A2 

65 

A2 

16 

B7 

66 

A7 

16 

B6 

66 

A6 

16 

Bs 

66 

As 

16 

B4 

66 

A4 

16 

B3 

66 

A3 

17 

A2 

67 

Ai 

17 

Ai 

67 

A7 

17 

A7 

67 

A6 

17 

A6 

67 

As 

17 

As 

67 

A4 

18 

A3 

68 

B2 

18 

A2 

68 

Hi 

18 

Ai 

68 

B7 

18 

A7 

68 

B6 

18 

A6 

68 

Bs 

19 

A4 

69 

A4 

19 

A3 

69 

A3 

19 

A2 

69 

A2 

19 

Ai 

69 

Ai 

19 

A7 

69 

A7 

1120 

B5 

1 170 

As 

1220 

B4 

1270 

A4 

1320 

B3 

1370 

A3 

1420 

B2 

1470 

A2 

IS20 

Bi 

1570 

Ai 

21 

A7 

71 

A6 

21 

A6 

71 

As 

21 

As 

71 

A4 

21 

A4 

71 

A3 

21 

A3 

71 

A2 

22 

Ai 

72 

B7 

22 

A7 

72 

B6 

22 

A6 

72 

Bs 

22 

As 

72 

B4 

22 

A4 

72 

B3 

23 

A2 

73 

A2 

23 

Ai 

73 

Ai 

23 

A7 

73 

A7 

23 

A6 

73 

A6 

23 

As 

73 

As 

24 

B3 

74 

A3 

24 

B2 

74 

A2 

24 

Bi 

74 

Ai 

24 

B7 

74 

A7 

24 

B6 

74 

A6 

25 

As 

75 

A4 

25 

A4 

75 

A3 

2S 

A3 

75 

A2 

25 

A2 

75 

Ai 

25 

Ai 

75 

A7 

26 

A6 

76 

Bs 

26 

As 

76 

B4 

26 

A4 

76 

B3 

26 

A3 

76 

B2 

26 

A2 

76 

Bi 

27 

A7 

77 

A7 

27 

A6 

77 

A6 

27 

As 

77 

As 

27 

A4 

77 

A4 

27 

A3 

77 

A3 

28 

Bi 

78 

Ai 

28 

B7 

78 

A7 

28 

B6 

78 

A6 

28 

Bs 

78 

As 

28 

B4 

78 

A4 

29 

A3 

79 

A2 

29 

A2 

79 

Ai 

29 

Ai 

79 

A7 

29 

A7 

79 

A6 

29 

A6 

79 

As 

1130 

A4 

1180 

B3 

1230 

A3 

1280 

B2 

1330 

A2 

1380 

Bi 

1430 

Ai 

1480 

B7 

1530 

A7 

1580 

B6 

31 

As 

81 

As 

31 

A4 

81 

A4 

31 

A3 

81 

A3 

31 

A2 

81 

A2 

31 

Ai 

81 

Ai 

32 

B6 

82 

A6 

32 

Bs 

82 

As 

32 

B4 

82 

A4 

32 

B3 

82 

A3 

32 

B2 

82 

A2 

# 

33 

Ai 

83 

A7 

33 

A7 

83 

A6 

33 

A6 

83 

As 

33 

As 

83 

A4 

33 

A4 

83 

A-! 

A7 

34 

A2 

84 

Bi 

34 

Ai 

84 

B7 

34 

A7 

84 

B6 

34 

A6 

84 

Bs 

34 

As 

84 

B4 

Bi 

35 

A3 

85 

A3 

35 

A2 

85 

A2 

35 

Ai 

85 

Ai 

35 

A7 

85 

A7 

35 

A6 

85 

A6 

A3 

36 

B4 

86 

A4 

36 

B3 

86 

A3 

36 

B2 

86 

A2 

36 

Bi 

86 

Ai 

36 

B7 

86 

A7 

A4 

37 

A6 

87 

As 

37 

As 

87 

A4 

37 

A4 

87 

A3 

37 

A3 

87 

A2 

37 

A2 

87 

Ai 

As 

38 

A7 

88 

B6 

38 

A6 

88 

Bs 

38 

As 

88 

B4 

38 

A4 

88 

B3 

38 

A3 

88 

B2 

86 

39 

Ai 

89 

Ai 

39 

A7 

89 

A7 

39 

A6 

89 

A6 

39 

As 

89 

As 

39 

A4 

89 

A4 

Ai 

1 140 

82 

iigo 

A2 

1240 

Bi 

1290 

Ai 

1340 

B7 

1390 

A7 

1440 

B6 

1490 

AG 

1540 

Bs 

1590 

As 

A2 

41 

A4 

91 

A3 

41 

A3 

91 

A2 

41 

A2 

9^ 

Ai 

41 

Ai 

91 

A7 

41 

A7 

91 

A6 

A3 

42 

As 

92 

B4 

42 

A4 

92 

B3 

42 

A3 

92 

B2 

42 

A2 

92 

Bi 

42 

Ai 

92 

B7 

B4 

43 

A6 

93 

A6 

43 

'^S 

93 

As 

43 

A4 

93 

A4 

43 

A3 

93 

A3 

43 

A2 

93 

A2 

A6 

44 

B7 

94 

A7 

44 

B6 

94 

A6 

44 

Bs 

94 

As 

44 

B4 

94 

A4 

44 

B3 

94 

A3 

A7 

45 

A2 

95 

Ai 

45 

Ai 

95 

A7 

45 

A7 

95 

A6 

45 

Ae 

95 

As 

45 

At; 

95 

A4 

Ai 

46 

A3 

96 

B2 

46IA2 

96 

Bi 

46 

Ai 

96 

B7 

46 

A7 

96 

B6 

46 

A6 

96 

Bs 

B2 

47 

A4 

97 

A4 

47|A3 

97 

A3 

47 

A2 

97 

A2 

47 

Ai 

97 

Ai 

47 

A7 

97 

A7 

A4 

48 

Bs 

98 

As 

48  B4 

98 

A4 

48 

B3 

98 

A3 

48 

B2 

98 

A2 

48 

Bi 

98 

Ai 

As 

49 

A7 

99 

A6 

49' A6 

99 

As 

49 

As 

99 

A4 

49 

A4 

99 

A3 

49 

A3 

99 

A2 

A6 

1150 

Ai 

1200  B7 

1250  A7 

1300 

B6 

1350 

A6 

1400 

Bs 

1450 

As 

1500B4 

1550 

A4 

1600 

Bj 

1 

See  Special  Calendar  for  IS82,  page  13. 


23 


CENTURIES. 

3d  O.  S. 

2Sth  N.  S. 

4th  0.  s. 

26th  N.  S. 

27th. 

28th. 

loth  O.  S. 

2ist  N.  S. 

iithO.  S. 

22d  N.  S. 

23d. 

24th. 

17th. 

1 8th. 

19th. 

20th. 

Yr. 

Old 

New 

Yr. 

Old 

New 

Yr. 

Old 

New 

Yr. 

Old 

New 

Yr. 

New 

Yr. 

New 

Yr. 

New 

Yr. 

New 

1 601 

As 

A2 

1651 

A4 

Ai 

1701 

A4 

A7 

17S1 

A3 

A6 

1801 

As 

1851 

A4 

1901 

A3 

1951 

A2 

02 

A6 

A3 

52 

Bs 

82 

02 

As 

Ai 

*S2 

84 

B7 

02 

A6 

52 

Bs 

02 

A4 

52 

B3 

03 

A7 

A4 

53 

A7 

A4 

03 

A  6 

A2 

53 

A6 

A2 

03 

A7 

53 

A7 

03 

A5 

53 

As 

04 

Bi 

B5 

54 

Ai 

As 

04 

B7 

B3 

54 

A7 

A3 

04 

81 

54 

Ai 

04 

B6 

54 

A6 

05 

A3 

A7 

55 

A2 

A6 

OS 

A2 

As 

55 

Ai 

A4 

OS 

A3 

55 

A2 

05 

Ai 

55 

A7 

06 

A4 

Ai 

56 

B3 

B7 

06 

A3 

A6 

56 

B2 

Bs 

06 

A4 

56 

B3 

06 

A2 

56 

Bi 

07 

A5 

A2 

57 

As 

A2 

07 

A4 

A7 

57 

A4 

A7 

07 

As 

57 

A; 

07 

A3 

57 

A3 

08 

B6 

B3 

S8 

A6 

A3 

08 

Bs 

Bi 

58 

A-; 

Ai 

08 

86 

58 

A6 

08 

B4 

58 

A4 

09 

Ai 

As 

S9 

A7 

A4 

09 

A7 

A3 

59 

A6 

A2 

09 

Ai 

59 

A7 

09 

A6 

59 

As 

i6io 

A2 

A6 

1660 

Bi 

Bs 

1710 

Ai 

A4 

1760 

B7 

B3 

tSio 

A2 

i860 

Bi 

1910 

A7 

i960 

B6 

II 

A3 

A7 

61 

A3 

A7 

II 

A2 

As 

61 

A2 

As 

II 

A3 

61 

A3 

II 

All     6i 

Ai 

12 

B4 

Bi 

62 

A4 

Ai 

12 

B3 

B6 

62 

A3 

A6 

12 

B4 

62 

A4 

12 

B2 

62 

A2 

13 

A6 

A3 

63 

As 

A2 

13 

As 

Ai 

63 

A4 

A7 

13 

A6 

63 

As 

13 

A4 

63 

A3 

14 

A7 

A4 

64 

B6 

B3 

14 

A6 

A2 

64 

B5 

Bi 

14 

A7 

64 

B6 

14 

As 

64 

84 

15 

Ai 

As 

6S 

Ai 

As 

IS 

A7 

A3 

65 

A7 

A3 

IS 

Ai 

65 

Ai 

15 

A6 

65 

A6 

16 

B2 

86 

66 

A2 

A6 

16 

Bi 

B4 

66 

Ai 

A4 

16 

82 

66 

A2 

16 

B7 

66 

A7 

17 

A4 

Ai 

67 

A3 

A7 

17 

A3 

A6 

67 

A2 

As 

17 

A4 

67 

A3 

17 

A2 

67 

Ai 

18 

As 

A2 

68 

B4 

81 

18 

A4 

A7 

68 

B3 

B6 

18 

As 

68 

84 

18 

A3 

68 

B2 

19 

A6 

A3 

69 

A6 

A3 

19 

As 

Ai 

69 

As 

Ai 

19 

A6 

69 

A6 

19 

A4 

69 

A4 

1620 

B7 

B4 

1670 

A7 

A4 

1720 

B6 

B2 

1770 

A6 

A2 

1820 

B7 

1870 

A7 

1920 

Bsii970 

As 

21 

A2 

A6 

71 

A I 

As 

21 

A I 

A4 

71 

A7 

A3 

21 

A2 

71 

Ai 

21 

A7 

71 

A6 

22 

A3 

A7 

72 

B2 

86 

22 

A2 

As 

72 

Bi 

84 

22 

A3 

72 

B2 

22 

Ai 

72 

B7 

23 

A4 

Ai 

73 

A4 

Ai 

23 

A3 

A6 

73 

A3 

A6 

23 

A4 

73 

A4 

23 

A2 

73 

A2 

24 

Bs 

82 

74 

As 

A2 

24 

B4 

B7 

74 

A4 

A7 

24 

Bs 

74 

As 

24 

B3 

74 

A3 

25 

A7 

A4 

75 

A6 

A3 

25 

A6 

A2 

75 

As 

Ai 

25 

A7 

75 

A6 

25 

As 

75 

A4 

26 

Ai 

As 

76 

B7 

84 

26 

A7 

A3 

76 

B6 

82 

26 

Ai 

76 

B7 

26 

A6 

76 

Bs 

27 

A2 

A6 

77 

A  2 

A6 

27 

Ai 

A4 

77 

Ai 

A4 

27 

A2 

77 

A2 

27 

A7 

77 

Aj 

28 

B3 

B7 

78 

A3 

A7 

28 

B2 

Bs 

78 

A2 

As 

28 

B3 

78 

A3 

28 

Bi 

78 

Ai 

29 

As 

A2 

79 

A4 

Ai 

29 

A4 

A7 

79 

A3 

A6 

29 

As 

79 

A4 

29 

A3 

79 

A2 

1630 

A6 

A3 

1680 

Bs 

B2 

1730 

As 

Ai 

1780 

H4 

B7 

1830 

A6 

1880 

Bs 

1930 

A4 

1980 

B3 

31 

A  7 

A4 

81 

A7 

A4 

31 

A6 

A2 

81 

A6 

A2 

31 

A7 

81 

A7 

31 

As 

81 

As 

32 

Bi 

Bs 

82 

Ar 

As 

32 

B7 

B3 

82 

A: 

A3 

32 

Bi 

82 

Ai 

32 

B6 

82 

A6 

33 

A3 

A7 

83 

A2 

A6 

33 

A  2 

As 

83 

Ai 

A4 

33 

A3 

83 

A2 

33 

Ai 

83 

Ay 

34 

A4 

Ai 

84 

B3 

B7 

34 

A3 

A6 

84 

H2 

Bs 

34 

A4 

84 

B3 

34 

A2 

84 

81 

35 

As 

A2 

8S 

As 

A2 

35 

A4 

A7 

8S 

A4 

A7 

35 

As 

8S 

As 

35 

A3 

85 

A3 

36 

86 

B3 

86 

A6 

A3 

36 

HS 

81 

86 

As 

Ai 

36 

B6 

86 

A6 

36 

84 

86 

A4 

37 

Ai 

As 

87 

A7 

A4 

37 

A  7 

A3 

87 

A6 

A2 

37 

Ai 

87 

Ay 

37 

A6 

87 

As 

38 

A2 

A6 

88 

Bi 

Bs 

38 

A I 

A4 

88 

H7 

B3 

38 

A2 

88 

Bi 

38 

A7 

88 

86 

39 

A3 

A7 

89 

A3 

A7 

39 

A  2 

As 

89 

A  2 

As 

39 

A3 

89 

A3 

39 

Ai 

89 

Ai 

1640 

B4 

Hi 

1690 

A4 

Ai 

1740 

H3 

86 

1790 

A3 

A6 

1840 

84 

1890 

A4 

1940 

B2 

1990 

A2 

41 

A& 

A3 

91 

As 

A2 

41 

As 

Ai 

91 

A.I 

A7 

41 

A6 

9^ 

As 

41 

A4 

91 

A3 

42 

A7 

A4 

92 

B6 

B3 

42 

Aft 

A2 

92 

H5 

Bi 

42 

A7 

92 

B6 

42 

As 

92 

84 

43 

A I 

As 

93 

Ai 

As 

43 

A  7 

A3 

93 

A? 

A3 

43 

Ai 

93 

Ai 

43 

A6 

93 

A6 

44 

B2 

86 

94 

A2 

A6 

44 

Ml 

84 

94 

A I 

A4 

44 

82 

94 

A2 

44 

B7 

94 

A7 

45 

A4 

Ai 

95 

A3 

A7 

45 

A_3 

A6 

95 

A2 

As 

45 

A4 

95 

A3 

45 

A2 

95 

Ai 

46 

A:; 

A2 

96 

B4 

Bi 

46 

A-l 

A7 

96 

Ht 

86 

46 

As 

96 

84 

46 

A3 

96 

B2 

47 

At 

A3 

97 

\i, 

A3 

47 

A; 

Ai 

97 

As 

Ai 

47 

A6 

97 

A6 

47 

A4 

97 

A4 

48 

By 

84 

98 

A: 

A4 

48 

ilii 

82 

98 

Ad 

A2 

48 

B7 

98 

A7 

48 

Bs 

98 

As 

49 

A2 

A6 

99 

Ai 

As 

49 

:\  1 

A4 

99 

A? 

A3 

49 

A2 

99 

Ai 

49 

A7 

99 

A6 

1650 

Ai 

A7 

1700  f'-l  A6  17S0  '- 

As 

1800 

I!  I 

A4 

i8so 

A31900 

A2 

1950 

Ai 

2000 

B7 

*  See  Special  Calendar  for  17S2,  page  14. 


24 

B1 


JANUARY. 

JULY. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

: 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

Correct 

Calendar 

for 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

29 

3° 

31 

1804 
1832 

FEBRUARY. 

AUGUST. 

i860 

.  . 

. , 

I 

2 

^ 

4 

. . 

I 

2 

3 

4 

1888 

s 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

12 

13 

14 

•5 

16 

17 

18 

1928 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

2S 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

2S 

1956 

z6 

27 

28 

29 

•  • 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

1984 

MARCH. 

SEPTEMBER. 

,  , 

,  , 

. . 

. , 

I 

2 

3 

.  , 

,  , 

.  , 

, , 

, , 

I 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

lb 

17 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

23 
30 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

APRIL. 

OCTOBER. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

s 

6 

7 

.. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

s 

6 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

i.S 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

29 

30 

28 

29 

30 

31 

•  • 

MAY. 

NOVEMBER. 

.   , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

S 

.  , 

,  . 

.  , 

I 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

4 

s 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

'5 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

JUNE. 

DECEMBER. 

.. 

.. 

I 

2 

.. 

.. 

.. 

, , 

I 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

7 

8 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

23 
30 

24 
31 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

25 

B2. 


JANUARY. 

JULY.             1 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

, , 

I 

2 

3 

V 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Q 

10 

II 

12 

13 

1 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 
28 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

21 

28 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

29 

30 

31 

:: 

29 

30 

31 

,  , 

,  , 

•  • 

FEBRUARY. 

AUGUST. 

,. 

.. 

.. 

I 

2 

3 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

lb 

17 

18 

IQ 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

MARCH. 

SEPTEMBER. 

.. 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

I 

2 

I 

s 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

0 

4 

.■) 

6 

7 

8 

9 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

^b 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

24 

2S 

26 

27 

28 

29 

3° 

-9 

30 

31 

.. 

APRIL. 

OCTOBER. 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

■6 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

M 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

28 

29 

30 

:: 

~J 

28 

29 

3° 

31 

, , 

MAY. 

NOVEMBER. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

I 

2 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

10 

1 1 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

2S 

1; 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

26 

27 

28 

29 

?,6 

31 

24 

25 

•  • 

26 

27  '  '"■'^ 
..    1  .. 

29 

30 

JUNE. 

DECEMBER. 

,  , 

,  , 

•  « 

,  , 

.  , 

I 

I 
8 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

2 

.3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

1 1 

12 

13 

14 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

iS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

It) 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

22 

23 

24 

^b 

26 

27 

28 

23 
30 

24 

2S 

26 

27 

28 

29 

2y 

30 

31 

. . 

,  . 

,  , 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

Correct 

Calendar 

for 

1816 
1844 
1872 

1912 
1940 
1968 
1996 


26 

B3. 


JANUARY. 

JULY.            1 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

.  . 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

S 

.  . 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

9 

10 

II 

12 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

Correct 

Calendar 
for 

13 

20 

14 
21 

IS 

22 

16 
23 

17 
24 

18 
25 

19 
26 

13 
20 

14 
21 

15 
22 

16 
23 

17 
24 

18 
25 

19 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

•• 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

•• 

•• 

1828 

1856 

FEBRUARY. 

AUGUST. 

1884 

I 

2 

.. 

.. 

.. 

.. 

I 

2 

3 

10 

4 

■S 

6 

7 

8 

9 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1924 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

1952 

17 

24 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

1980 

25 

26 

27 

28 

!' 

74 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

3° 

MARCH. 

SEPTEMBER. 

,  . 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

I 

.  , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

7 

8 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

0 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

t6 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

2^ 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

28 

29 

30 

.^0 

31 

APRIL. 

OCTOBER. 

«  . 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

. . 

.  . 

I 

2 

3 

4 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

S 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

13 

14 

15 

i6 

17 

18 

19 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

tf) 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

27 

28 

29 

30 

26 

27 

28 

29 

•  • 

30 

31 

MAY. 

NOVEMBER.          1 

•  • 

.. 

.. 

.. 

I 

2 

3 

.. 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

,  , 

I 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

23 

,30 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

JUNE. 

DECEMBER. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

7 

,  . 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

29 

30 

.  . 

2S 

29 

3° 

31 

•  ' 

27 

B4. 


JANUARY. 

JULY.            1 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

.  , 

,  , 

,  , 

1 

2 

3 

4 

,  . 

,  , 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

12 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

H 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

10 

20 

21 

22. 

23 

24 

25 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

3° 

31 

:: 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

FEBRUARY. 

AUGUST. 

3 

3 

4 

S 

6 

7 

I 

8 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

I 

8 

Q 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

a 

16 

17 

18 

79 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

23 

30 

24 
31 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

MARCH. 

- 

SEPTEMBER. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

7 

.  . 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

23 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

29 

30 

31 

37 

28 

29 

3° 

APRIL. 

OCTOBER. 

.  , 

•  • 

..1  I 

2 

3 

4 

,  . 

,  . 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

s 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

4 

S 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

12 

>3 

14 

'5 

16 

17 

18 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

MAY. 

NOVEMBER. 

>  • 

,  , 

.  , 

,  , 

.  . 

I 

2 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

^ 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

32 

23 

24 

25 

z6 

27 

28 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

JO 

39 

30 

•• 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

.. 

.^1 

JUNE. 

DECEMBER. 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

.  . 

• . 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

13 

'4 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

2.S 

26 

28 

29 

30 

, . 

•  ' 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

•  • 

■  • 

■  • 

Correct 

Calendar 

for 

1812 
1840 
1868 
1896 

1908 
1936 
1964 
1993 


28 

B5. 


JANUARY. 

JULY.            1 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Correct 

Calendar 

for 

1824 
1852 

4 
II 
18 

25 

S 
12 

19 
26 

6 

13 

20 

27 

7 
14 

21 
28 

t 

8 

IS 
22 

29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 
34 
31 

4 
II 
18 

25 

5 

12 

19 
26 

6 

13 
20 

27 

7 
14 
21 

28 

I 
8 

IS 
22 

29 

3 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 
24 
31 

FEBRUARY. 

AUGUST. 

1880 

1920 
1948 
1976 

I 
8 

IS 
22 

29 

2 

9 
16 

23 

3 
10 

17 
24 

4 
11 

18 
25 

5 

12 

19 

26 

6 

13 

20 
27 

7 

14 
21 
28 

I 
8 

IS 

82 
29 

2 

9 

16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 
24 
31 

4 
II 

18 

25 

S 
12 

19 
26 

6 

'3 

-20 

27 

7 

14 
21 

28 

MARCH. 

SEPTEMBER. 

•  • 

7 
14 

21 
28 

I, 

i 

IS 

22 
29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 

10 

17 
24 

31 

4 

18 
25 

5 
12 

19 
26 

6 

13 

20 
27 

12 

19 
26 

6 

13 
20 
27 

7 

14 
21 

28 

I 
8 

15 
22 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 
24 

4 
II 
18 

25 

APRIL. 

OCTOBER. 

•  • 

4 
II 

18 

25 

5 
12 

19 
26 

6 

13 
20 

27 

7 
14 

21 
28 

I 
8 

15 
22 

29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 

24 

"3 
10 

17 

24 

31 

4 
II 

18 
25 

•  • 

S 
12 

19 

26 

6 

13 

20 

27 

7 

14 
21 
28 

I 
8 

15 
22 
29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

MAY. 

NOVEMBER. 

•  • 

9 

9 
r6 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 
24 

31 

4 
II 
18 
25 

5 
12 

19 
26 

6 

13 

20 
27 

7 

14 
21 
28 

I 

8 

15 
22 

29 

*7 
14 
31 
28 

I 
8 

15 

22 

29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 
24 

4 
II 
18 
'5 

S 
12 

19 
36 

6 

13 

20 

27 

•  • 

JUNE. 

DECEMBER.          | 

13 
20 

a? 

7 
14 

21 
28 

I 

8 

IS 
22 

29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 
24 

4 
II 
18 

2S 

S 
12 

19 
26 

*5 
12 

19 

26 

13 
20 

27 

7 
14 
21 

28 

I 
8 

W 

29 

2 

9 
16 

23 

3° 

3 

10 

17 
24. 
31 

4 
II 
18 
as 

•  • 

29 

B6. 


JANUARY. 

JULY.            1 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

I 

2 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

lO 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

IQ 

20 

21 

22 

23 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

•  • 

31 

FEBRUARY. 

AUGUST. 

a  • 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

.  - 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

i.S 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

28 

29 

30 

31 

,  , 

MARCH. 

SEPTEMBER. 

.. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

. . 

.  . 

I 

2 

3 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

:: 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

•  • 

APRIL. 

OCTOBER. 

.. 

I 

2 

. . 

^  , 

,  , 

,  _ 

.  .. 

I 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

lb 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

23 
30 

24 
31 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

MAY. 

NOVEMBER. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

I 

2 

3 

4 

S 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

22 

23 

24 

25  '   26 

27 

28 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

29 

3* 

31 

.  •• 

•• 

•• 

27 

38 

29 

30 

•• 

•  • 

•  ■ 

JUNE. 

DECEMBER. 

.. 

.. 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

4 

,  , 

,  , 

,  . 

,  , 

I 

2 

3 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

X2 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

II 

18 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

34 

26 

•  • 

27 

28 

29 

30 

25 

•  • 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

Cofed 

Calendai 

for 

1808 
1836 
1864 
1892 

1904 
1932 
i960 
1988 


30 
B7. 


JANUARY. 

JULY.            j 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Su. 

Mo. 

Tu. 

We. 

Th. 

Fr. 

Sa. 

Correct 

Calendar 

for 

1820 

2 

9 
16 

»3 

30 

•  a 

3 
10 

17 

24 

31 

4 
II 
18 

25 

S 
12 

19 
26 

6 

13 

20 

27 

7 
14 
21 
28 

I 

8 

15 
22 

29 

3 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 
24 
31 

•  ■ 

4 
II 
18 

25 

5 
12 

19 
26 

6 

13 

20 
27 

7 
14 
21 
28 

I 
8 

15 
22 

29 

1848 

FEBRUARY. 

AUGUST. 

1876 

1916 

1944  . 

1972 

2000 

6 

«3 

20 
27 

7 

14 
21 

28 

I 
8 

15 
as 

29 

2 

9 
16 

23 

3 
10 

17 
24 

4 
II 
18 
25 

5 
12 

19 
26 

6" 

»3 
20 

27 

7 

14 
21 

28 

I 
8 

15 
22 

29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 
24 
31 

4 
II 
18 
25 

5  • 
12 

19 
26 

•  • 

MARCH. 

SEPTEMBER,          | 

5 

13 

19 
26 

6 

13 
20 
27 

7 
14 
21 
28 

I 
8 

15 
22 
29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 
24 
31 

4 
II 
18 
25 

3 
10 

17 
24 

4 
II 
18 

25 

S 
12 

19 

26 

6 
1'. 

7 

14 
21 
28 

I 
8 

15 

22 

29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

APRIL. 

OCTOBER. 

2 

9 
16 

23 

30 

3 
10 

17 

24 

4 
II 
18 

25 

S 
12 

19 
26 

6 

13 

20 

27 

7 

14 
21 
28 

I 
8 

IS 
22 

29 

X 

8 

15 

22 

29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 
24 
31 

4 
II 

18 

25 

5 

12 

19 
26 

6 

13 

20 
27 

7 

14 
21 
28 

1 

MAY. 

NOVEMBER. 

7 

14 
21 

28 

I 
8 

29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
SO 

3 
10 

17 
24 
31 

4 
II 
18 

25 

5 
12 

19 
26 

6 

13 

20 

27 

S 
12 

19 
26 

6 

13 

20 

27 

7 

14 
21 
28 

I 

8 

15 

22 
29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
90 

3 
10 

17 
24 

4 
II 
18 

25 

JUNE. 

DECEMBER. 

4 
11 

18 

25 

5 
12 

19 
26 

6 

13 
20 
27 

7 

14 
21 
28 

I 
8 

15 
22 
29 

2 

9 
16 

23 
30 

3 
10 

17 

24 

3 

10 

17 

24 

3' 

4 
II 
18 
as 

id 

19 
26 

6 

13 
20 
27 

•  • 

7 

14 
21 
28 

I 
8 

15 
22 

29 

•  • 

2 

9 
16 

23 

30 

A  BRIEF  HISTORY  OF  THE  CALENDAR. 


To  devise  a  calendar  adapted  to  the  needs  of  mankind  in  all  ages, 
is  not  an  easy  task.  It  must  contain  the  day,  the  month,  and  the 
year  which  are  natural  divisions  measured  by  alternating  light  and 
darkness,  by  the  waxing  and  waning  of  the  moon,  and  by  the 
recurring  seasons.  The  difficulty  of  harmonizing  these  elements  is 
at  once  apparent  when  it  is  considered  that  the  number  of  days  in  a 
month  or  year,  or  of  months  in  a  year,  in  each  case  includes  a 
fraction. 

The  sidereal  day  or  time  of  a  complete  rotation  of  the  earth  on 
its  axis,  as  measured  by  the  a'pparent  passage  of  the  fixed  stars,  is  a 
constant  period,  and  subject  to  no  changes  that  man  can  discover. 
It  is  3  minutes  and  55.909435  seconds  shorter  than  the  mean  or  aver- 
age solar  day,  so  that  it  would  not  do  for  a  standard  day  because  its 
beginning  would,  in  the  course  of  the  year,  have  occupied  every  hour 
of  the  natural  day. 

The  solar  day  is  measured  by  the  apparent  passage  of  the  sun 
from  the  meridian  of  one  day  to  the  meridian  of  the  next.  The  dura- 
tion of  this  day  is  affected  by  the  elliptical  orbit  of  the  earth,  the 
inclination  of  its  axis,  and  the  perturbations  of  the  planets.  Though 
subject  to  fluctuations  from  these  causes,  observation  has  determined 
that  from  year  to  year  a  constant  average  of  length  is  maintained. 
This  average  or  mean  solar  day  has  been  adopted  as  the  unit  or 
standard  of  astronomical  and  civil  time,  and  is  arbitrarily  divided 
into  24  hours  and  subdivided  into  minutes  and  seconds.  Observation 
has  shown  that  the  noon  or  meridian  of  a  natural  or  solar  day  may 
occur  i4jf  minutes  sooner,  or  i6i  minutes  later  than  mid-day  of  mean 
solar  or  common  clock  time. 

The  solar  year  is  also  subject  to  slight  changes  caused  by  the 
attraction  of  other  planets,  hence  the  mean  solar  year  has  been 
adopted  as  a  standard  to  which  the  calendar  must  conform  as  nearly 
as  possible.  Its  length  has  been  found  to  be  365.24224  days,  which 
being  fractional  requires  the  addition  of  a  day  from  time  to  time  to 
the  year  of  365  days  to  keep  the  seasons  in  the  same  portion  of  the 
calendar.  ♦ 

31 


32 

Our  present  calendar  is  a  growth,  which  may  be  traced  back  to 
738  B.C.,  when  Romulus  introduced  the  Roman  calendar,  in  which  the 
year  comprised  ^0%  days,  divided  into  10  months,  described  as  fol- 
lows :  March,  the  first  month,  was  named  in  honor  of  Mars,  the  god 
of  war.  The  name  of  the  second  month,  April,  was  derived  from 
aperire,  to  open,  as  the  month  in  which  the  earth  opened  for  new 
fruit.  May,  the  third  month,  was  so  called  in  honor  of  Maia,  the  god- 
dess; while  June,  the  fourth  month,  was  sacred  to  Juno,  the  goddess 
of  marriages.  Quintilis  was  then  the  fifth  month,  Sextilis  the  sixth, 
our  September  the  seventh,  October  the  eighth,  November  the  ninth, 
and  December  the  tenth.  During  the  reign  of  Julius  Caesar  Quin- 
tilis  was  changed  to  July  at  the  suggestion  of  Mark  Antony,  and 
subsequently  Caesar  Augustus,  not  to  be  outdone  by  Julius,  gave  the  • 
place  of  Sextilis  to  August.  But  this  year  of  304  days  did  not  agree 
with  the  solar  year  of  365  days  or  the  lunar  year  of  354  days,  nor  did 
it  recur  at  any  fixed  season.  In  713  B.C.,  to  correct  this  error,  Numa 
Pompilius  added  two  months,  January  and  February,  to  the  year,  fix- 
ing its  beginning  at  the  winter  solstice.  This  made  the  year  consist 
of  354  days,  or  12  lunar  months,  to  which  an  additional  one  was 
added  every  two  or  three  years.  As  Numa's  calendar  was  not  based 
on  a  knowledge  of  the  true  length  of  the  year,  the  error  arising  from 
it  accumulated  as  the  years  went  by  and  began  to  confuse  the 
seasons.  In  Julius  Caesar's  time.  Spring  came  about  the  first  of 
January. 

This  confusion  led  to  the  reformation  of  the  calendar  by  Caesar 
in  the  year  46  B.C.  Sosigenes,  an  Alexandrian  astronomer  and  mathe- 
matician, was  sent  for,  who  made  calculations  showing  there  was  a 
discrepancy  of  about  80  days  in  the  old  reckoning.  Caesar  then 
decreed  that  the  year  46  B.C.  should  have  445  days,  and  that  the  year 
45^B.c.  should  commence  on  the  first  day  of  the  new  moon  following 
^  the  winter  solstice,  which  date  was  to  be  the  first  day  of  January. 
The  year  46  B.C.  with  its  445  days  was  well  named  "the  year  of  con- 
fusion." In  the  Julian  Calendar  thus  established,  each  fourth  year 
was  known  as  a  leap-year  or  bissextile,  because  instead  of  adding 
an  extra  day  to  February,  as  we  do  now,  the  6th  of  March  was 
duplicated. 

The  error  in  the  Julian  Calendar  is  [365.25-365.24224]  .00776  of  a 
day  per  year,  and  in  129  years  it  would  amount  to  i  day.  In  1582 
the  error  from  this  and  other  causes  amounted  to  10  days.  Pope 
Gregory  XIII.  undertook  to  rectify  the  error.  After  consulting  with 
ecclesiastics,  princes,  and  mathematicians,  the  plan  finally  adopted^ 
was  that  proposed  by  the  astronomer  Luilius,  and  in  accordance 
therewith  a  brief  was  issued  decreeing  that  after  October  4th,  1582, 
to  days  should  be  omitted,  so  that  the  next  day  ghould  be  the  xsth 


33 

instead  of  the  sth.  The  special  calendar  on  page  13  shows  this  change 
clearly.  The  Old  Style  dates  are  printed  in  red,  and  the  New  Style 
in  black. 

The  New  Style  was  not  approved  by  Protestant  nations  for  a 
time.  So  much  confusion  resulted  from  the  adherence  to  the  Old 
Style  in  commercial  affairs,  that  by  degrees  the  popular  prejudice 
against  the  change  was  overcome,  until  even  in  conservative  England 
it  was  adopted  by  Act  of  Parliament.  The  change  provided  for  by 
this  Act  is  shown  in  the  special  calendar  for  1752,  which  will  be 
found  on  page  14.  By  the  terms  of  the  Act  what  would  have  been 
September  3  was  to  be  known  as  September  14.  England  dropped 
II  days  instead  of  10,  as  Gregory  had  done  in  1582,  because  in  the 
170  years  intervening  the  error  of  the  Old  Style  had  amounted  to  one 
full  day  or  more.  The  only  Christian  country  that  has  not  adopted 
the  New  Style  is  Russia.  In  writing  to  or  from  that  empire  it  is  cus- 
tomary to  use  a  dual  system  of  dating,  placing  the  Old  Style  over 
the  New  Style,  thus  : 

December  25,  1890  February  10,  1891 

January       6,  1891       ""^      February  32,  1891 

as  the  case  may  be.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  dlSerence  between 
these  dates  is  12  days,  or  2  days  more  than  the  Gregorian  correction 
in  1582.  February  in  1700  and  1800  having  29  days  by  the  Old  Style 
and  but  28  days  by  the  New  Style,  accounts  for  the  difference.  After 
February,  1900,  the  difference  in  this  double  system  of  dating  will  be 
13  days,  should  Russia  continue  the  system. 

The  Gregortan  Calendar  provides  for  97  leap  years  in  each  400, 
which  makes  the  length  of  its  average  year  365.2425  days.  This  is 
.00026  of  a  day  in  excess  of  the  mean  solar  year  [365.24224].  It  will 
require  about  3846  years  to  elapse  from  a.d.  1582  before  this  error 
amounts  to  one  day.  As  that  would  be  in  a.d.  5428,  it  is  a  question 
for  future  ages  to  decide  whether  a.d.  4000  or  a.d.  5000  should  have 
but  28  days  in  its  February. 


(^y 


I 


aii»i 


„4 


9-J?// 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


